bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Water Management Approach for Shale Operations in North America
Authors: Kuijvenhoven C.. , Fedotov V.. , Gallo D.. , Hagemeijer P.. 
Published: November 2013

Abstract
This paper discusses technical drivers that influence the produced/flowback water management goals and decisions in unconventional hydrocarbon developments and then presents case studies and a decision tree chart for effective water treatment. Produced/flowback water quality in shale projects is influenced not only by the formation, but also by the fracturing fluid introduced to the formation during hydraulic stimulation. The water produced by shale wells can contain suspended solids, dissolved solids, organics including hydrocarbons and residual fracturing fluid chemicals, and bacteria. Furthermore the water composition can change rapidly during the short flowback period followed by gradual stabilization during the production phase. The clean-up treatment of water with complex and highly varying quality with an effective and robust treatment process presents specific challenges.
Conventional oilfield water treatment technologies may not be always effective in unconventional gas projects due to specific constituents in produced/flowback water such as residual polymers. This paper describes the functional water treatment steps, which target the most common removal of suspended solids and oil/condensate from flowback water/produced water for recycling or disposal operations. In addition pilot tests were run to validate and assess the performance of solids and oil/condensate removal processes. One key learning is that residual guar gum polymer in the water has a major impact on treatment effectiveness and thus the equipment selection process.
First Reverse Circulation Cement Job in Australia Executed in HP-HT Geothermal Well in Cooper Basin
Authors: Bour Daniel L. , Hodson-Clarke Amy , Russell Peter 
Published: November 2013

Abstract
Drilling and completing Enhanced Geothermal Systems (EGS) / geothermal wells poses unique well construction problems and challenges. These operations have proven to be especially challenging for the wells drilled in the Cooper Basin, South Australia. High temperatures encountered, in combination with the high pressures are a key consideration in the design of the well, for both drilling and stimulation operations.
A well failure in 2009 led to an in-depth investigation into the cause of the failure. Results of the investigation revealed the most probable cause of the failure was caustic stress cracking corrosion as a result of unset cement plus cyclic temperature and pressure loading of the casing string. This discovery had a major affect on the subsequent well design and operational plan for well construction. The learnings that came about from the failure and subsequent investigation were incorporated into the well design and operations of the following well, Habanero 4. A key area of focus in the investigation lay with the cementing of the primary production casing. It was identified that risk of unset cement in the annulus needed to be reduced. To accomplish this, a reverse circulation cement job was planned and executed.
Details of planning the reverse cementing operation, including cement design and placement modelling will be provided. In addition, a comprehensive account of the execution and equipment used to carry out the operation will be given. Job results will be provided along with a detailed analysis of the final outcome. A discussion of the accomplishments will also be included. Recommendations and conclusions for other operators facing similar challenges and/or who are considering a reverse circulation cement job will also be provided. This will include conclusions on what was critical to the success of the job, limitations and potential improvements for fluid modeling programs, and rheological properties and other related drilling fluid properties.
Novel Approach to EUR estimation in Coal Seam Gas Wells
Authors: Sharma Himanshu , Tovar Miguel , Philpot Jared , Gilbert Tonna , Mazumder Saikat 
Published: November 2013

Abstract
Decline curve analysis (DCA) has been a popular technique to forecast production and estimate reserves using production data for about seven decades. The reliability of forecasts and reserves estimates obtained through DCA ultimately depends on the quality of the data collected and on the experience and judgment of the analyst. It is important to know what assumptions are being made during DCA analysis and under which conditions the application is valid. Originally DCA have been applied to conventional oil reservoirs. Later on, mathematical manipulations of rate versus time and cumulative versus rate decline equations defined by Arps (1) as well as combinations with other analysis techniques have extended the application of DCA to conventional and unconventional gas reservoirs.
The objective of this work is to investigate the applicability of DCA techniques for reserve estimation and production forecasting of Coal Seam Gas (CSG) wells using rate-cum and rate-time technique, and provide general guidelines and limitations for its use.
This paper compares production forecasts from reservoir simulation and DCA. It also presents guidelines for selection of DCA candidates based on field/well maturity and shows the application of DCA in well and reservoir management, i.e. statistical results from Arps DCA analysis can be used to identify production enhancement potential and to generate typical distributions of EUR and decline parameters for specific fields.
The results indicate that the ultimate recovery of CSG wells is dependent on such factors as gas content, seam thickness, well type, depth and well inseam length. Correlations developed to estimate ultimate recovery ranges can be used to estimate a well's EUR without the need for intensive dynamic reservoir simulation modeling and would enables efficient well-by-well analysis for development scenarios where it is not otherwise practical to perform DCA on each individual well.
The results of this paper can be used as a helpful guide to understand the importance of various parameters to CSG wells elsewhere.
Shale Gas Volumetrics of Unconventional Resource Plays in the Canning Basin, Western Australia
Authors: Triche Nina E. , Bahar Mohammad 
Published: November 2013

Abstract
Recent analyses of the potentially vast unconventional shale-gas resource in the Canning Basin, onshore Western Australia, estimate nearly 800 Tcf in the Goldwyer Formation alone. This and other Paleozoic marine shales share numerous characteristics with successful US shale-gas plays and commonly source conventional petroleum accumulations, although none has yet been produced directly. In order to further constrain volumetric estimates in the Canning Basin, we examined two formations that we identify as highly prospective, the Goldwyer and Laurel. Our assessment includes all data currently available for the basin and applies a combined volumetric modeling approach (USGS and PMRS). We compiled data regarding kerogen type, thermal maturity, hydrocarbon generation potential, rock mineralogy, and fluid analyses, in addition to data on porosity, permeability, and pressure and temperature variation, in every well that intersected these shales. Analysis showed maximum total organic content (TOC) of 6.4% (Goldwyer Formation), maximum vitrinite reflectance of nearly 2.0%, (Laurel Formation), and average Hydrogen Index of 0.13 gHC/gTOC (maximum of &gt;1 in both formations). We then calculated total gas-in-place for the rock volumes corresponding to gas-prone sections of each shale (the Goldwyer III and Upper Laurel) by estimating total generation potential, original TOC, primary and secondary cracking of kerogen, and retained oil. Probabilistic analysis of the distribution of key parameters allowed estimation of total hydrocarbon in place, by applying a Monte Carlo simulation based on P90, P50, and P10. This resulted in the third independent estimate of Canning Basin shale-gas volumes and the first ever for the Goldwyer III and the Upper Laurel. Our work thus greatly improves confidence in estimates of the size of shale-gas accumulations in the basin, significantly increases the amount of data utilized in such estimations and provides the first reported volumes for previously unexamined shale layers.
Land, Air, and Water Footprint Reductions Through Technology
Authors: Hackbarth Claudia , Fonseca Ernesto , LaMantia Barbara , Barnes Lisa 
Published: November 2013

Abstract
Because of the very large number of wells in a typical development, and because the wells require fracture stimulation, shale and tight sand unconventional projects may have large land, water, and air "footprints". Responding to rapid industry growth, the public has become concerned about the impacts of development on their communities. This has resulted in protests, moratoria, and bans against exploration in general and hydraulic fracture stimulation in particular. In order to gain social license to operate going forward, industry must be both responsible in fact and also seen to be responsible in mitigating these impacts and addressing concerns.
Fortunately there are a number of technology opportunities that serve the twin goals of environmentally responsible operations and efficient exploration and development. For example in the exploratory stage, better models to predict the economically viable part of the play, and to know what to measure and how to assess productivity in early wells, will allow companies to drill fewer, widely spread single wells and more quickly move to multi-well pads in the ultimately developable area. Real-time monitoring of fracture stimulation gives feedback to optimize pumping strategies and increase per-well productivities. Shear stimulation can require less water than current practice, which helps both the source and disposal sides of the process. Fit-for-purpose drilling rigs of the future can be tuned to the minimum necessary size and require fewer staff to run.
These examples and others are either already in hand or on the horizon, and are active areas of research for both service companies and many oil companies. They can be applied globally to lift the performance of all operators both in fact and also in public perception, thus helping to ensure continued access to these important resources for the future of our industry.
Fracturing Fluid Testing for Design Purposes and Regulatory Oversight in a Shale Gas Project
Authors: Crane B.. , Magill D.. , Squires S. T. , Johnson R. L. 
Published: November 2013

Abstract
Concerns by regulatory authorities regarding cumulative effects or reservoir adsorption of hydraulic fracturing fluid have increased, with an overall focus on fracturing fluid additives. Operators do not always obtain adequate core materials to fully evaluate additive effectiveness or to belay regulatory concerns regarding the cumulative interaction effects of fracturing fluids with the formation. Without these materials, operators are often required to representatively sample post-fracturing fluids and hypothesize the volumes of additives remaining in the formation, material balancing on a qualitative post-frac testing basis, which can be highly unrepresentative.
This paper presents the results from a study from a prospective shale gas interval where formation materials or cuttings were sampled across a representative producing interval, offsetting the proposed multistage fracturing treatment. The processes of how the fluid formulation was optimized using established qualitative procedures for clay sensitivity (i.e., capillary suction testing) and then further evaluated for surfactant requirements (e.g., tensiometry) are demonstrated. Following final fluid formulation, interactive testing with reservoir materials was performed, providing insight into the level of fluid and additive interaction that might result between the formation and the proposed fluid. This study provides practical approaches to testing and defines benefits and limitations of employing these approaches to belay potential concerns evolving related to fracturing fluid interaction within reservoirs and their cumulative effects.
Multi-Realisation Full-Field History-Matching For CBM Resources a New Approach with Global Optimisation Coupled with Geo-Statistical Filtering
Authors: Alessio Laurent D. , Nasri Haitham , Pan Sophoana , Clement Lee Thian , Peng Chua Ket 
Published: November 2013

Abstract
CBM reservoirs are known to exhibit a large degree of variability in production characteristics and performance at the inter-well space. This is a consequence of the variable nature of the fractured permeability network, but also other important measurable parameters such as gas content, isotherms, and much more difficult to measure ones such as porosity, relative permeability and matrix shrinkage.
Once the field is on production for a period of time, operators often wish to perform a history-match of the asset, to determine the remaining production potential, and the most adequate future development activities. Traditionally, this exercise is conducted with numerical models.
An unfortunate reality of history matching is the existence of multiple solutions, which will behave differently when forecasted in the future. This is a consequence of the fact that multiple parameters influence the match and their inter-dependency produces effects that are may compensate each other; many of these parameters are generally either poorly understood and/or highly variable at the inter-well scale. In addition, most of the critical parameters for dynamic performance are not measured in well logs, nor seismic (which often is not available) – only through more expensive activities such as coring and production testing.
Given this reality, using the classical conventional gas workflows for the implementation of 3D history matched models for CBM fields is shown to be inefficient since the transition from the reservoir characterization to the static modelling is insufficiently constrained, and doesn't include the production performance of the existing wells.
In order to adapt the classical workflows to the complex case of CBM fields, we introduce in this paper a filtering process based on geo-statistical constraints which uses the single well stochastic history matches to generate field matches and invest the matched drainage areas on the generation of "average properties" maps.
These maps can thereafter be used as input into the infill drilling analysis and the resource assessment studies, but also introduced into the static model to condition the property model, and achieve a field history-match which much more closely reproduces the production behavior of individual wells.
Pathological Complete Response Induced by the Combination Therapy of Gemcitabine and 24-h Infusion of Cisplatin in Two Cases Initially Diagnosed as Node-Positive Advanced Urothelial Carcinomas
Authors: Kenji   Ina  , Ryuichi   Furuta  , Tomoko   Nishio  , Satoshi   Kayukawa  , Takae   Kataoka  , Haruhito Totani  , Takashi Kanamori  , Takaki Kikuchi  , Shun Umeda  , Tamio Fujita  
Published: November 2013

We report on two patients, successfully treated by the combination therapy of gemcitabine and 24-h intravenous infusion of cisplatin, who were initially diagnosed with node-positive advanced urothelial cancer. Each patient had a very good clinical response and underwent curative radical surgery after gemcitabine/cisplatin chemotherapy. A microscopically detailed examination of surgically obtained specimens showed the complete disappearance of malignant cells in the two cases. As a pilot study, we have used the regimen of gemcitabine plus 24-h continuous infusion of cisplatin, instead of bolus injection, for the treatment of 20 patients with node-positive or metastatic urothelial cancer. The clinical response rate in this regimen was 75% (complete response 7/20; 35%, partial response 8/20; 40%). The median overall survival was 665 days. As for the adverse effects, the incidences of severe neutropenia and thrombocytopenia (grade 3-4) were 20% and 15%, which might be less toxic than conventional gemcitabine plus cisplatin therapy. The 24-h infusion of cisplatin combined with gemcitabine can be highly recommended as neoadjuvant chemotherapy for locally advanced urothelial cancer.
Role of Primary Tumour Resection and Addition of Bevacizumab to Chemotherapy in the Management of Advanced Colorectal Cancer with Inoperable Metastasis: A Retrospective Analysis
Authors: Javier Garde Noguera  , Elena Evgenyeva  , Mireia Gil Raga  , Asunción Juárez Marroquí  , Juan  Manuel  Gasent  Blesa  , Juan  Laforga  , Laia  Bernet  , Mónica  Clemente  Císcar  , Carlos Camps Herrero  , Antonio Llombart Cussac  
Published: November 2013

Purpose:To analyze the impact of primary tumour resection on treatment outcomes in patients with advanced colorectal cancer (CRC) and inoperable metastases at diagnosis in combination with optimal systemic therapy. Methods:A retrospective study was carried out in four hospitals in Valencia (Spain) including all consecutive patients diagnosed between 1/2009 and 12/2010 of advanced CRC with inoperable metastasis and treated with a fluoropyrimidine and oxaliplatin combination chemotherapy regimens with or without bevacizumab (B). Treatment outcomes were compared between patients undergoing or not primary tumour resection. Results:A total of 112 patients met inclusion criteria: 62 patients underwent resection of the primary tumour (Group 1) and 50 were treated with exclusive chemotherapy (Group 2). Globally, patients in group 2 presented more disfavorable characteristics. Forty-five (72%) and 31 (62%) patients received chemotherapy with bevacizumab respectively. Overallresponse rate(ORR) were 67% in Group 1 and 56% in Group 2. There were no statistically significant differences between the two groups in progression free survival (PFS) (12 vs. 10 months; p =0.11) and overall survival (OS) (27 vs. 22 months; p 0.1). B regimens increased ORR (73% vs. 42%; p = 0.003) and PFS (12 vs. 11 months; p = 0.019) but not OS. Complications were higher in the group of patients without primary tumour resection, particularly when associated to B regimens. Conclusions:Primary tumour resection offers no survival gain for patients with advanced CRC and inoperable metastases. Benefits of adding Bevacizumab to standard chemotherapy were similar in both groups, but it increases the risk of complications in non-resected patients.
Solar wind‐driven plasma fluxes from the Venus ionosphere
Authors: Pérez‐de‐Tejada H. , Lundin R. , Durand‐Manterola H. , Barabash S. , Zhang T. L. , Sauvaud J. A. , Reyes‐Ruiz M. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractMeasurements conducted with the ASPERA‐4 instrument and the magnetometer of the Venus Express spacecraft show that the kinetic pressure of planetary O+ ion fluxes measured in the Venus wake can be significantly larger than the local magnetic pressure, and as a result, those ions are not solely being driven by magnetic forces but also by the kinetic energy of the solar wind. Beams of planetary O+ ions with those properties have been detected in several orbits of the Venus Express through the Venus wake as the spacecraft traverses by the noon‐midnight plane along its near‐polar trajectory. The momentum flux of the O+ ions leads to superalfvenic flow conditions. It is suggested that such O+ ion beams are produced in the vicinity of the magnetic polar regions of the Venus ionosphere where the solar wind erodes the local plasma leading to plasma channels that extend downstream from those regions. The distribution of the number of cases where superalfvenic and subalfvenic conditions are measured along the Venus Express trajectory leads to dominant values when the total kinetic plasma pressure (including that of the solar wind protons) and the magnetic pressure are comparable, thus suggesting a possible equipartition of energy between the plasma and the magnetic field.
Englishas a Lingua Franca
Authors: Jenkins Jennifer , Leung Constant 
Published: November 2013

Speakers of English as a lingua franca (ELF) represent the largest contemporary group of English users around the world. Much empirical research into the phenomenon of ELF over the past 10 years or so has focused on identifying the linguistic regularities of their English in diverse contexts of use. More recently, research has demonstrated the extent to which ELF is characterized by extensive online variability, with speakers accommodating their English to an extent not found in other language use, so as to make it appropriate to the interaction in hand and the diverse interlocutors involved.The acknowledged variability of ELF has resulted in a dilemma for English language teaching and assessment. That is, grammatical and pragmatic norms conventionally associated with an idealized “standard” version of the native language no longer seem appropriate as benchmarks, because the majority of ELF use takes place among non‐native English speakers. English language assessment thus needs to develop new benchmarks that are able to evaluate the degree to which ELF users’ English is fit for purpose.This chapter begins by discussing ELF from the perspective of teaching and learning, and, in doing so, dispels the myth that ELF eschews any kind of standards. It goes on to explore the notion of “standard” English and the extent to which it is grounded in language ideology rather than appropriate use of language in context, as well as the ways in which this ideology is being reinforced by the powerful transnational English language testing enterprises and, in turn, diverting attention from the changes needed in English language teaching. Finally, taking note of work in the field of critical language assessment and paying attention to empirical findings regarding ELF‐mediated communication, the factors that need to be taken into account in order to enrich the agenda for future developments are considered.
Computer‐Assisted Language Testing
Authors: Suvorov Ruslan , Hegelheimer Volker 
Published: November 2013

Technological advancements that occurred since the late 1980s have revolutionized many aspects of human life including second language (L2) education. Language learners and teachers are now presented with a plethora of technology‐enhanced instructional materials and resources varying from simple electronic dictionaries to full‐fledged online language programs. The ubiquity of technology has also affected language assessment and engendered the field of computer‐assisted language testing (CALT), dedicated to exploring how computers and technology can be utilized for evaluating different language skills of non‐native speakers.Computers have had a significant impact on language testing. First, Web‐based L2 tests have created new opportunities for measuring the L2 proficiency of multiple students anywhere in the world without a need for them to be physically present at a language test center. In addition, progress in natural language processing (NLP) techniques have made it possible for test takers to receive immediate assessment of their L2 abilities. Technological advances have also resulted in the development of more secure and reliable language tests. Nowadays one can either choose from a variety of computer‐based language tests designed for different groups of users and different purposes or develop customized language assessment using available tools and applications. However, even though technology appears to have promising potential for language testing, its use is not without challenges and problems.This chapter begins with a brief introduction of the field and presents a framework for the description of computer‐assisted language tests. Next, it includes a description of major existing language tests and platforms for test development and delivery. The following discussion focuses on the principal recent developments in CALT and reports on the main trends in research. The last section of the chapter concludes by outlining the key challenges and future directions for CALT.