bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Language, Political
Authors: Jarvis Sharon E. , Stephens Maegan 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
Political language encompasses the words that political actors use in public life. Office holders use these words to maintain control and challengers use them to propose change. Citizens come to know their political environments through repeated interactions with these messages. Over time and across cultures, political language has been shown to exert power over people as it shapes and sanctions worldviews, holds coalitions together, and makes mass action possible.
Public Service Broadcasting
Authors: Lund Anker Brink , Lowe Gregory Ferrell 
Published: November 2015

AbstractThis entry addresses political and economic dimensions of public service broadcasting (PSB), focusing mainly on the phenomenon from a perspective informed by the historic birth, development, and current situation in Europe, where this approach to mediation was largely invented. We consider PSB in terms of political legitimacy and relative interdependence from state and market forces, with particular emphasis on the transformation of broadcasting in the narrow sense into multifunctional organizations of public service media (PSM). It is concluded that increasingly complex societies with diverse and pluralistic media systems pose important challenges for policy‐making regarding PSB. The balance between private and public players acting not only in competition but also in cooperation demands continually reestablished regulation with restraint respecting the so‐called arm's‐length principle. In general, most political decision makers have accepted that public service institutions of the PSB type are important for sociocultural reasons. But heated debates on adequate financing, hands on management, and quality of programming trigger controversy in political systems around the world.
Media–Politics Relations
Authors: Semetko Holli A. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractMedia–politics relations or interactions have long been the subject of considerable discussion and debate among scholars and practitioners. Theoretical perspectives on media–politics interactions from the mid‐20th century to the early 21st century are critically assessed before turning to a discussion of the present. A new era of media–politics interactions has emerged due to the growth of new communications technologies and the Internet. Challenges and opportunities for media–politics interactions and related scholarship in the future are discussed in conclusion.
Spectacle, Political
Authors: Taïeb Emmanuel 
Published: November 2015

AbstractThe spectacular is inherent in political activity. Power is always “staged,” a “theatrocracy,” and a manipulation of images and symbols. While the idea that political power must make itself seen is well known, its use of spectacle is often delegitimized as it denotes an impoverishment of political participation. But it can also be a factor of politicization, an opportunity to expand the public space, or a tool for civil checks against power. Political spectacle hence appears as the place and the medium for a dialogue between social groups and between the state and the people in a democratic society.
Print Media
Authors: Eilders Christiane 
Published: November 2015

AbstractPrint media are traditional mass media published on paper. The concept not only includes the published products but also regards the organizational context shaping the journalistic routines and norms behind the printed products. Print media represents the oldest and the most widespread type of mass media because as opposed to electronic media it does not require an elaborate technical infrastructure on the part of the user. It mainly comprises of newspapers and magazines. Newspapers are clearly associated with information and show an emphasis on political issues and current events. They are valued as a backbone of the democratic public sphere because they enable comprehensive public discourse. News magazines also serve an information function, whereas most other magazines are more committed to entertainment and leisure. These magazines show a diverse spectrum ranging from lifestyle to special interest magazines. With the rise of online communication print newspapers and magazines have come under considerable economic pressure.
Migration
Authors: Titley Gavan 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
Migration involves human movement across political boundaries and reshapes sociocultural and communicative relations across borders. For political communication research, migration is important both in terms of political communication about migrants and with respect to the communicative relations and engagements of migrants themselves. This entry examines how research on the practices and politics of migration has focused on the production of discourses of anti‐immigrant racism; on the responses of media institutions, most particularly public service broadcasters, to social realities increasingly represented as multicultural and diverse; and on diasporic and transnational media networks and audiences.
Media Regulation, Political
Authors: Puppis Manuel 
Published: November 2015

AbstractMedia regulation refers to the formulation and enforcement of rules concerning mediated communication that are deployed on media organizations to achieve specified policy goals. Going beyond simply maintaining economic competition, political or societal media regulation aims at creating a media system that offers diversity and quality of content to citizens. Media regulation is of vital importance for political communication. First and foremost, safeguarding the media's contribution to a well‐functioning democracy is one of the main rationales for political media regulation. Moreover, a related but distinct area of research focuses on the regulation of political campaigns. And finally, the vested interests of policy‐makers and media owners are directly affected by such regulation.
Gatekeeping
Authors: Shoemaker Pamela J. , Riccio Jaime R. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractGatekeeping theory illustrates how gatekeepers reduce the world's information flood to the relatively few political messages that are published in print media, on television, and online (including in the social media). Gates are decision points at which political and other forces work to facilitate and constrain the movement of information past one gate and to move information toward the next gate in a channel. Although originally used to understand the process of national news flow in the latter half of the 20th century, today's theory recognizes the complexity of the global web of communication systems and networks that merge with messages from governments,NGOs, transnational conglomerates, and local sources. The Internet has made the globe a field against which the gatekeeping web of information must be understood.
Political Communication Research Methods
Authors: Bucy Erik P. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractResearch methods consist of rules and procedures that structure data collection or observations for supporting research and evaluating claims for knowledge. In political communication, research methods facilitate systematic analyses of the press and public sphere, whether relying on nonnumerical interpretation or quantitative inference, for the purpose of discovering meaning and patterns in communication about politics. Specialization and refinement have accelerated fragmentation of this dynamic and disunited field, with the influence of qualitative approaches diminishing under the perceived authority of numbers. New technologies and platforms promise unprecedented opportunities for social listening—but also for exclusion because access to big data and the advanced analytical tools to parse them raise new issues about specialized expertise. As a branch of social research, political communication should strive to better integrate its humanistic background and scientific leanings, finding creative ways to combine different approaches to research.
Globalization
Authors: Rizman Rudolf M. 
Published: November 2015

Abstract

Due to all too often inflationary use of the notion of globalization, it is urgent to take a serious and critical stand toward this salient and recent social phenomenon. In this vein the author discusses the following relevant themes concerning globalization: definitions, conceptualizations, different theoretical strategies, repertoire of potential research questions, and
last but not least
problems associated with the deficit of global governance (democracy, civil society, autonomy).
Bargaining, Political
Authors: de Albuquerque Afonso , Reis Bruno P. W. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractThis article provides a summary of political bargaining from the viewpoint of Political Communication Studies. In a general manner, it is defined as a process in which decisions result from the reciprocal adjustment of interests by self‐oriented individuals or groups. The concept of political bargaining sheds light on a diversified scope of interactions involving media and political actors, which include news production transactions between sources and journalists, and the use of the media as a resource in inter‐elites disputes and negotiations.
Justice and Politics
Authors: Guarnieri Carlo 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
Justice and politics are inevitably related, since judges participate in the authoritative allocation of values. In recent decades, the domain of adjudication has expanded thanks to institutional reforms such as constitutional review and the strengthening of judicial independence. The relationship between justice and the media has also become more significant, with courts providing the media with important news and the media supporting judges facing political pressure. However, the expansion of judicial power has triggered a reaction in the political class as it tries, with varying success, to influence judicial decisions.
Consensus
Authors: Pasquino Gianfranco 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
Political consensus is the changing product of dialogues, discussions, deliberations. It may refer to the ultimate values of a society, to the formation and functioning of the governments, to the shaping and approval of public policies. All democratic regimes are based on consensus, but their actual working entails competition and conflict to different degrees. Even authoritarian regimes may show some degree of consensus, albeit passive, selective, not susceptible to be mobilized. Free and fair elections are the best procedures to express approval and to channel dissent. Indeed, dissent is in many ways not just the salt of democratic competition, but an indispensable element in constructing overall consensus. The mass media are the instruments through which competition, conflict, dissent are communicated and consensus can be formed, challenged, and even, in not so few cases, manufactured by manipulation.
Democracy
Authors: Parkinson John 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
Democracy is often presented as a concept whose content is so contested as to have been emptied of meaning, and robbed of critical bite. This article argues that there is a common core based on political equality in determining acts of governance, and that while there is much disagreement over principles and procedures, solutions to those disagreements depend on—and are resolved in—particular political contexts. Issues considered include the origins and aims of democracy, the concept of representation, decision rules and voting systems, the public sphere and democratic innovations, concluding with challenges to democracy and some related speculations about its future.
Public Opinion
Authors: Moy Patricia , Johnson Courtney N. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractPublic opinion is a frequent topic of discussion among many people, from heads of state to news commentators to everyday citizens. Among academic scholars, the study of public opinion has been approached from numerous perspectives. This article explores public opinion from the viewpoint of communication scholars and outlines the contemporary theories and methods commonly used to study the role communication plays in shaping people's attitudes, behaviors, and cognitions.
Public Diplomacy
Authors: Gilboa Eytan 
Published: November 2015

AbstractThis entry explores the meaning and evolution of public diplomacy (PD) in historical and theoretical contexts. It traces the origins of the concept and contemporary definitions and practices. It summarizes the PD of the cold war, explains the theoretical linkage between PD and “soft power,” and the differences between PD and the New Public Diplomacy (NPD). The entry discusses central components including “nation branding” and “international public relations,” and the effects of the digital media, the multidisciplinary nature of the field as well as strengths and weaknesses in existing research and analysis.
Gold‐Catalyzed Intermolecular anti‐Markovnikov Hydroamination of Methylenecyclopropanes with 2‐Pyridones
Authors: Timmerman Jacob C. , Widenhoefer Ross A. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractThe cationic gold phosphine complex [(o‐biphenylPCy2)Au(NCMe)]+ SbF6− catalyzes the intermolecular, anti‐Markovnikov hydroamination of methylenecyclopropanes (MCPs) with 2‐pyridones at 80 °C. The transformation was effective for a range of pyridones and for monosubstituted and cis‐ and trans‐disubstituted MCPs to form 1‐cyclopropylmethyl‐2‐pyridones with excellent regio‐ and diastereoselectivity in moderate to good yields.magnified image
Multifunctional ternary drug‐loaded electrospun scaffolds
Authors: Llorens Elena , del Valle Luis J , Puiggalí Jordi 
Published: November 2015

ABSTRACTMultifunctional electrospun scaffolds were prepared from two polylactide (PLA) grades having slightly differentd‐lactide content (4.2 wt % and 2.0 wt %). Triclosan (TCS), ketoprofen (KTP), andp‐coumaric acid (CUM) were selected as bactericide, anti‐inflammatory, and antioxidant agents, respectively. Single, binary, and ternary drug‐loaded microfibers having a unimodal diameter distribution could be prepared using a common chloroform:acetone:dimethylsulfoxide mixture and similar operational parameters (i.e., voltage, flow rate, and tip–collector distance). FTIR spectra were sensitive to the low amount of drugs loaded and even showed slight differences in PLA conformation. DSC heating scans clearly demonstrated the ability of electrospinning to induce molecular orientation of PLA and also the nucleation effect of incorporated drugs to induce crystallization. Thus, crystallinity of binary drug‐loaded scaffolds was significantly higher than observed for unloaded samples. Release behavior of the three drugs from loaded scaffolds and PLA matrices in PBS:ethanol medium was evaluated. A rapid release was always detected, together with partial drug retention which was higher when the more stereoregular PLA matrix was employed. A strong bactericidal effect was found when scaffolds were loaded with 3 wt/vol % of TCS, but incorporation of a small percentage of KTP (i.e., 1 wt/vol %) had a bacteriostatic effect even in the absence of TCS. The inherent cytotoxicity of TCS could be well neutralized by enhancing cell viability by incorporation of CUM and/or KTP. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci.2016,133, 42751.
Synthesis and characterization of LiFePO4–carbon nanofiber–carbon nanotube composites prepared by electrospinning and thermal treatment as a cathode material for lithium‐ion batteries
Authors: Zhang Changhuan , Yao Lan , Qiu Yiping 
Published: November 2015

ABSTRACTBinder‐free LiFePO4–carbon nanofiber (CNF)–multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) composites were prepared by electrospinning and thermal treatment to form a freestanding conductive web that could be used directly as a battery cathode without addition of a conductive material and polymer binder. The thermal decomposition behavior of the electrospun LiFePO4 precursor–polyacrylonitrile (PAN) and LiFePO4 precursor–PAN–MWCNT composites before and after stabilization were studied with thermogravimetric analysis (TGA)/differential scanning calorimetry and TGA/differential thermal analysis, respectively. The structure, morphology, and carbon content of the LiFePO4–CNF and LiFePO4–CNF–MWCNT composites were determined by X‐ray diffraction, high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and elemental analysis. The electrochemical properties of the LiFePO4–CNF and LiFePO4–CNF–MWCNT composite cathodes were measured by charge–discharge tests and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The synthesized composites with MWCNTs exhibited better rate performances and more stable cycle performances than the LiFePO4–CNF composites; this was due to the increase in electron transfer and lithium‐ion diffusion within the composites loaded with MWCNTs. The composites containing 0.15 wt % MWCNTs delivered a proper initial discharge capacity of 156.7 mA h g−1 at 0.5 C rate and a stable cycle ability on the basis of the weight of the active material, LiFePO4. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43001.
Face‐Capped M4L4 Tetrahedral Metal–Organic Cage: Iodine Capture and Release, Ion Exchange, and Electrical Conductivity
Authors: Xu Wei‐Qin , Li Yu‐Hao , Wang Hai‐Ping , Jiang Ji‐Jun , Fenske Dieter , Su Cheng‐Yong 
Published: November 2015

AbstractAn M4L4 type metal–organic cage (MOC‐19) has been synthesized from the one‐pot reaction of tri(pyridinylmethylene)phenylbenzeneamine (TPBA) with hydrated Zn(ClO4)2 under mild conditions and characterized by single‐crystal X‐Ray diffraction. Iodine capture studies show that the porous crystals of MOC‐19 exhibit a versatile behavior to accumulate iodine species not only in vapor (for I2) but also in solution (for I2 and I3−), and anion‐exchange experiments indicate the capacity to extract IO3− anions from aqueous solution. Enrichment of iodine species from KI/I2 aqueous solution proceeds facilely, revealing a pseudo‐second‐order kinetics of I3− adsorption. Furthermore, the electrical conductivity of MOC‐19 single crystals could be significantly altered by I2 inclusion.
Secondary structural analysis of the carboxyl‐terminal domain from different connexin isoforms
Authors: Spagnol Gaëlle , Al‐Mugotir Mona , Kopanic Jennifer L. , Zach Sydney , Li Hanjun , Trease Andrew J. , Stauch Kelly L. , Grosely Rosslyn , Cervantes Matthew , Sorgen Paul L. 
Published: November 2015

ABSTRACTThe connexin carboxyl‐terminal (CxCT) domain plays a role in the trafficking, localization, and turnover of gap junction channels, as well as the level of gap junction intercellular communication via numerous post‐translational modifications and protein–protein interactions. As a key player in the regulation of gap junctions, the CT presents itself as a target for manipulation intended to modify function. Specific to intrinsically disordered proteins, identifying residues whose secondary structure can be manipulated will be critical toward unlocking the therapeutic potential of the CxCT domain. To accomplish this goal, we used biophysical methods to characterize CxCT domains attached to their fourth transmembrane domain (TM4). Circular dichroism and nuclear magnetic resonance were complementary in demonstrating the connexin isoforms that form the greatest amount of α‐helical structure in their CT domain (Cx45 > Cx43 > Cx32 > Cx50 > Cx37 ≈ Cx40 ≈ Cx26). Studies compared the influence of 2,2,2‐trifluoroethanol, pH, phosphorylation, and mutations (Cx32, X‐linked Charcot‐Marie Tooth disease; Cx26, hearing loss) on the TM4‐CxCT structure. While pH modestly influences the CT structure, a major structural change was associated with phosphomimetic substitutions. Since most connexin CT domains are phosphorylated throughout their life cycle, studies of phospho‐TM4‐CxCT isoforms will be critical toward understanding the role that structure plays in regulating gap junction function. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 105: 143–162, 2016.
Case report: vitamin D‐dependent rickets type 1 caused by a novel CYP27B1 mutation
Authors: Füchtbauer Laila , Brusgaard Klaus , Ledaal Pål , Frost Morten , Frederiksen Anja L. 
Published: November 2015

Key Clinical MessageVitamin D‐dependent rickets type 1 VDDR‐1 is a recessive inherited disorder with impaired activation of vitamin D, caused by mutations in CYP27B1. We present long‐time follow‐up of a case with a novel mutation including high‐resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography of the bone. Adequate treatment resulted in a normalized phenotype.
Familial florid Cemento‐osseous dysplasia – case report and review of literature
Authors: Thorawat Amit , Kalkur Chaitra , Naikmasur Venkatesh G. , Tarakji Bassel 
Published: November 2015

Key Clinical MessageFamilial Florid cemento‐osseous dysplasia is a very uncommon condition. Cemento‐osseous dysplasia is totally asymptomatic in many cases, in those conditions, lesions are detected in a radiograph taken for other purposes. In this report, we describe a family in which mother and daughter exhibited clinical, radiographic, and histologic features of florid cemento‐osseous dysplasia.
Papillary reconstruction and guided tissue regeneration for combined periodontal–endodontic lesions caused by palatogingival groove and additional root: a case report
Authors: Miao Hui , Chen Min , Otgonbayar Tsetsen , Zhang Sha Sha , Hou Min Hong , Wu Zhou , Wang Yong Lan , Wu Li Geng 
Published: November 2015

Key Clinical MessageWe described a combined periodontal–endodontic lesion, which was caused by a palatogingival groove and an additional root. An interdisciplinary approach involving endodontic therapy, mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) filling, root resection, guided tissue regeneration, and papillary reconstruction was used for the case. The tooth presents morphologically and functionally normal except tooth discoloration caused by MTA.
Ln12‐Containing 60‐Tungstogermanates: Synthesis, Structure, Luminescence, and Magnetic Studies
Authors: Wang Kai‐Yao , Bassil Bassem S. , Lin Zhengguo , Römer Isabella , Vanhaecht Stef , Parac‐Vogt Tatjana N. , Sáenz de Pipaón Cristina , Galán‐Mascarós José Ramón , Fan Linyuan , Cao Jie , Kortz Ulrich 
Published: November 2015

AbstractA new class of hexameric Ln12‐containing 60‐tungstogermanates, [Na(H2O)6⊂Eu12(OH)12(H2O)18Ge2(GeW10O38)6]39− (Eu12), [Na(H2O)6⊂Gd12(OH)6(H2O)24Ge(GeW10O38)6]37− (Gd12), and [(H2O)6⊂Dy12(H2O)24(GeW10O38)6]36− (Dy12), comprising six di‐Ln‐embedded {β(4,11)‐GeW10} subunits was prepared by reaction of [α‐GeW9O34]10− with LnIII ions in weakly acidic (pH 5) aqueous medium. Depending on the size of the LnIII ion, the assemblies feature selective capture of two (for Eu12), one (for Gd12), or zero (for Dy12) extra GeIV ions. The selective encapsulation of a cationic sodium hexaaqua complex [Na(H2O)6]+ was observed for Eu12 and Gd12, whereas Dy12 incorporates a neutral, distorted‐octahedral (H2O)6 cluster. The three compounds were characterized by single‐crystal XRD, ESI‐MS, photoluminescence, and magnetic studies. Dy12 was shown to be a single‐molecule magnet.
Surviving Mass Extinctions through Biomineralized DNA
Authors: Turon Pau , Puiggalí Jordi , Bertrán Oscar , Alemán Carlos 
Published: November 2015

AbstractEven in the worst of conditions, such as those which occurred during mass extinction events, life on Earth never totally stopped. Aggressive chemical and physical attacks able to sterilize or poison living organisms occurred repeatedly. Surprisingly, DNA was not degraded, denatured or modified to the point of losing the capability of transferring the genetic information to the next generations. After the events of mass extinction life was able to survive and thrive. DNA was passed on despite being an extremely fragile biomolecule. The potential implications of hydroxyapatite protection of DNA are discussed in this Concept article including how DNA acts as a template for hydroxyapatite (HAp) formation, how cell death can trigger biomineralization, and how DNA can be successfully released from HAp when the conditions are favorable for life.