bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
End‐of‐Life Treatment of Poly(Vinyl Chloride) and Chlorinated Polyethylene by Dehydrochlorination in Ionic Liquids
Authors: Glas Daan , Hulsbosch Joris , Dubois Philippe , Binnemans Koen , De Vos Dirk E. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThere is an urgent need for green technologies to remove halogens from halogenated polymers at the end of their lifetime. Ionic liquids (ILs) were used to dehydrochlorinate and/or dissolve the chlorinated polymers poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) and chlorinated polyethylene (CPE). The dehydrochlorination activity of an IL depends mainly on its anion and is related to the high hydrogen‐bond‐accepting ability (β value) of the anion. Different phosphonium ILs successfully dissolve and dehydrochlorinate PVC and CPE at temperatures from 80 °C. PVC is dehydrochlorinated up to 98 % after 60 min in tetrabutylphosphonium chloride ([P4444][Cl]) at 180 °C. PVC pieces stabilized by calcium stearate (4 mm3) are dehydrochlorinated more slowly; conversions of 85 and 96 % are reached after 1 and 8 h, respectively. Smaller pieces are dehydrochlorinated faster. High loadings, for example, 0.3 g stabilized PVC in 0.5 g IL, can be applied with only a minor loss of conversion. [P4444][Cl] proved to be stable during several consecutive reactions; after each run more than 99 % of the IL can be recovered. The structure of the dehydrochlorinated PVC was studied by 13C cross‐polarization magic‐angle spinning NMR and FTIR spectroscopy; the removal of Cl and the formation of double bonds were confirmed. Carefully dehydrochlorinated CPE was processed further by acyclic diene metathesis depolymerization with ethylene and the Hoveyda–Grubbs second‐generation catalyst to yield α,ω‐dienes such as 1,5‐hexadiene and 1,6‐heptadiene.
Benzochalcogenodiazole‐Based Donor–Acceptor–Acceptor Molecular Donors for Organic Solar Cells
Authors: Ting Hao‐Chun , Chen Yi‐Hong , Lin Li‐Yen , Chou Shu‐Hua , Liu Yi‐Hung , Lin Hao‐Wu , Wong Ken‐Tsung 
Published: January 2014

AbstractFour new molecules with a donor–acceptor–acceptor (D‐A‐A) configuration, in which 2,1,3‐benzoxadiazole or 2,1,3‐benzoselenodiazole were adopted as the central bridging acceptor, were synthesized as electron donors for small‐molecule organic solar cells. In conjunction with two previously reported 2,1,3‐benzothiadiazole‐based compounds, the influences of the benzochalcogenodiazole acceptor unit and the ditolylarylamine donor moiety on the molecular structure, electrochemical behavior, and optical properties of the materials were investigated systematically to obtain a clear structure–property relationship. Vacuum‐deposited hybrid planar mixed‐heterojunction devices fabricated with the new donors and C70 as the acceptor showed power conversion efficiencies in the range of 2.9–4.3 % under 1 sun (100 mW cm−2) AM 1.5 G simulated solar illumination. The current density–voltage characteristics of solar cells at various light intensities were measured, which revealed a high bimolecular recombination.
High performance 8 bit cascaded carry look ahead adder with precise power consumption
Authors: Johri Raj , Akashe Shyam , Sharma Sanjay 
Published: January 2014

SummaryMultiple bit adders like ripple carry adder make the propagation of carry bit very slow and this is the reason why it must be replaced with fast adders as carry‐look‐ahead adder (CLA). Power consumption in digital circuits depends on the number of metal–oxide–semiconductor field‐effect transistor employed and various other parameters. If number of metal–oxide–semiconductor field‐effect transistor is reduced the power consumption would definitely be reduced. Conventional CLAs would consume significant amount of power that still needs to be improved. The paper here deals with the implementation of 8 bit CLA with the aim of reducing the size and to precise the power consumption within nanowatt range, by improving the fundamental components of the circuit. All the parameters have been calculated by using Cadence Virtuoso tool at 45 nm technology. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A content analysis of healthy living blogs: Evidence of content thematically consistent with dysfunctional eating attitudes and behaviors
Authors: Boepple Leah , Thompson Joel Kevin 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACTObjective“Healthy” living blogs are a recent addition to internet media that offer advice on improving physical and mental health. Often, these sites include information on eating, exercise, and self‐image. This study was a content analysis designed to evaluate the information included on these sites.MethodA sample of 21 blogs was selected from a larger sample for evaluation. These blogs were chosen based on two criteria: they had won an award for healthy blogs and they had a large number of pageviews (pageviews were calculated using a web analytics website). Two raters (kappa reliability = 0.82) rated these blogs on multiple variables related to the blogger's characteristics, the content provided by the blogger, and entries posted on the blog.ResultsFive of the bloggers self‐identified as having had an eating disorder; seven mentioned difficulties with either menstruation or fertility; 11 referenced being on a diet; five indicated that they were using some form of dietary restraint; and 11 included some form of written negative/guilt‐inducing message about food. Blog entries and About Me sections contained a variety of content indicative of problematic eating and body image information.DiscussionThese findings suggest the content of healthy living blogs might be problematic for viewers who have eating or body image issues. The content does not approach the inflammatory nature of pro‐eating disorder websites, yet information promoted clearly indicates that future research should further evaluate these sites. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Int J Eat Disord 2014; 47:362–367)
Pilot‐scale processing with alkaline pulping and enzymatic saccharification for bioethanol production from rice straw
Authors: Sekine Motoi , Ogawa Yukiharu , Matsuoka Nobuhiro , Izumi Yoshiya 
Published: January 2014

AbstractWe examined pilot‐scale bioethanol production from rice straw using sodium carbonate pulping as the alkaline pulping method and enzymatic saccharification. The yield of prewashed rice straw after the crushing and prewashing stage decreased with an increase in the input in rice straw. The pulp yield after alkaline cooking was 66–68% at kappa number ranging from 32 to 36, which was comparatively higher than the laboratory‐scale study. The yield of enzymatic saccharized glucose was decreased with the increase in washed pulp and its saccharification rate was approximately 20%. We successfully produced approximately 100 liters of 95% ethanol from 1000 Bone‐Dry kg (BDkg) rice straw. The results of our pilot‐scale study indicated that the relationship between resource input and product yield for each operation exhibited exponential or logarithmic curves, rather than linear decreases or increases, which could suggest a high‐cost structure for bioethanol production when the resource input is larger. However, we established an optimum quantity of resource input, approximately 2000–3000 BDkg in our pilot‐scale study, for higher efficiencies.
Teriparatide (PTH 1-34) Treatment Increases Peripheral Hematopoietic Stem Cells in Postmenopausal Women
Authors: Yu Elaine W , Kumbhani Ruchit , Siwila-Sackman Erica , DeLelys Michelle , Preffer Frederic I , Leder Benjamin Z , Wu Joy Y 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACT

Cells of the osteoblast lineage play an important role in regulating the hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) niche and early B-cell development in animal models, perhaps via parathyroid hormone (PTH)-dependent mechanisms. There are few human clinical studies investigating this phenomenon. We studied the impact of long-term daily teriparatide (PTH 1-34) treatment on cells of the hematopoietic lineage in postmenopausal women. Twenty-three postmenopausal women at high risk of fracture received teriparatide 20 mcg sc daily for 24 months as part of a prospective longitudinal trial. Whole blood measurements were obtained at baseline, 3, 6, 12, and 18 months. Flow cytometry was performed to identify hematopoietic subpopulations, including HSCs (CD34+/CD45(moderate); ISHAGE protocol) and early transitional B cells (CD19+, CD27-, IgD+, CD24[hi], CD38[hi]). Serial measurements of spine and hip bone mineral density (BMD) as well as serum P1NP, osteocalcin, and CTX were also performed. The average age of study subjects was 64 ± 5 years. We found that teriparatide treatment led to an early increase in circulating HSC number of 40% ± 14% (p = 0.004) by month 3, which persisted to month 18 before returning to near baseline by 24 months. There were no significant changes in transitional B cells or total B cells over the course of the study period. In addition, there were no differences in complete blood count profiles as quantified by standard automated flow cytometry. Interestingly, the peak increase in HSC number was inversely associated with increases in bone markers and spine BMD. Daily teriparatide treatment for osteoporosis increases circulating HSCs by 3 to 6 months in postmenopausal women. This may represent a proliferation of marrow HSCs or increased peripheral HSC mobilization. This clinical study establishes the importance of PTH in the regulation of the HSC niche within humans. © 2014 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
How Tough Is Brittle Bone? Investigating Osteogenesis Imperfecta in Mouse Bone
Authors: Carriero Alessandra , Zimmermann Elizabeth A , Paluszny Adriana , Tang Simon Y , Bale Hrishikesh , Busse Bjorn , Alliston Tamara , Kazakia Galateia , Ritchie Robert O , Shefelbine Sandra J 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACT

The multiscale hierarchical structure of bone is naturally optimized to resist fractures. In osteogenesis imperfecta, or brittle bone disease, genetic mutations affect the quality and/or quantity of collagen, dramatically increasing bone fracture risk. Here we reveal how the collagen defect results in bone fragility in a mouse model of osteogenesis imperfecta (oim), which has homotrimeric α1(I) collagen. At the molecular level, we attribute the loss in toughness to a decrease in the stabilizing enzymatic cross-links and an increase in nonenzymatic cross-links, which may break prematurely, inhibiting plasticity. At the tissue level, high vascular canal density reduces the stable crack growth, and extensive woven bone limits the crack-deflection toughening during crack growth. This demonstrates how modifications at the bone molecular level have ramifications at larger length scales affecting the overall mechanical integrity of the bone; thus, treatment strategies have to address multiscale properties in order to regain bone toughness. In this regard, findings from the heterozygous oim bone, where defective as well as normal collagen are present, suggest that increasing the quantity of healthy collagen in these bones helps to recover toughness at the multiple length scales. © 2014 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Rapid Quantification of Efavirenz in Human Plasma by Electrospray Ionization Tandem Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Kailasa Suresh Kumar , Wu Hui‐Fen 
Published: January 2014

AbstractWe report a rapid and sensitive method for detecting efavirenz in human plasma by electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (ESI‐MS/MS). Detection of efavirenz in human plasma samples was confirmed by acquiring MS/MS of protonated efavirenz at m/z 316.5 to yield the characteristic fragment ions at m/z 298, 274, 272, 251, 246, 237, 232, 203 and 168, respectively. This approach provided good linearity for the quantification of efavirenz (R2 = ∼0.9989), with good precision (RSD >10%) and limit of detection (0.20 nM). This method can be widely applied for precise quantitative analysis of a variety of drugs in clinical samples.
Liquefaction necrosis of mitral annulus calcification
Authors: Mallisho Maram , Hwang Inyong , Alsafwah Shadwan F. 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACTLiquefaction necrosis of the mitral annulus is a rare form of peri‐annular calcification that the cardiologist must be able to differentiate from other cardiac masses. It classically looks like a round or semilunar hyperdense mass with a denser peripheral rim, located mainly in the posterior mitral annulus. The case we report here was diagnosed in a 78‐year‐old female patient who presented with an embolic cerebral vascular accident, which raises the question of its etiopathogenic responsibility. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 42:382–383, 2014
Splenic littoral cell hemangioendothelioma: Report of a case with hepatic metastases and review of the literature
Authors: He Ping , Yan Xi‐De , Wang Jin‐Rui , Guo Run‐Cai , Zhang Hua‐Bin 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACTLittoral cell tumors are unique to the spleen and are different from all other primary splenic tumors. These tumors may be divided into three types: “littoral cell angioma,” “littoral cell hemangioendothelioma,” and “littoral cell angiosarcoma.” We present a patient with splenic littoral cell hemangioendothlioma accompanied by hepatic metastases. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 42:308–312, 2014
Two‐ and three‐dimensional prenatal sonographic diagnosis of alagille syndrome
Authors: Wax Joseph R. , Chard Renée , Pinette Michael G. , Cartin Angelina 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACTWe describe a case of Alagille syndrome diagnosed by second‐trimester ultrasound. Features included the characteristic prominent chin, single umbilical artery, and hemivertebrae. Three‐dimensional imaging demonstrated classic butterfly vertebrae, which were not otherwise appreciable. Alagille syndrome may be detected by second‐trimester ultrasound in the at‐risk fetus. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 42:293–296, 2014
Measurement of rat brain tumor kinetics using an intravascular MR contrast agent and DCE‐MRI nested model selection
Authors: Chwang Wilson B. , Jain Rajan , Bagher‐Ebadian Hassan , Nejad‐Davarani Siamak P. , Iskander A.S.M. , VanSlooten Ashley , Schultz Lonni , Arbab Ali S. , Ewing James R. 
Published: January 2014

PurposeUsing dynamic contrast‐enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE‐MRI) in a rat glioma model, and nested model selection (NMS), to compare estimates of the pharmacokinetic parameters vp, Ktrans, and ve for two different contrast agents (CAs)—gadofosveset, which reversibly binds to human serum albumin, and gadopentetate dimeglumine, which does not.Materials and MethodsDCE‐MRI studies were performed on nine Fisher 344 rats inoculated intracerebrally with 9L gliosarcoma cells using both gadofosveset and gadopentetate. The parameters vp, Ktrans, and ve were estimated using NMS.ResultsKtrans estimates using gadofosveset, compared to gadopentetate, differed in their means (gadofosveset 0.025 ± 0.008 min−1 vs. gadopentetate 0.046 ± 0.011 min−1; P = 0.0039). This difference notwithstanding, the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) for the two estimates of Ktrans showed nearly perfect linear dependence (ICC = 0.8479 by Pearson's r). Other estimates, ve (gadofosveset 22.7 ± 4.7% vs. gadopentetate 23.6 ± 5.6%; P = 0.4258) and vp (gadofosveset 1.5 ± 0.5% vs. gadopentetate 1.6 ± 0.4%; P = 0.25), were not different in their means between the two CAs, and there was almost perfect agreement for ve (ICC = 0.8798) and substantial agreement for vp (ICC = 0.7981) between the two CAs.ConclusionEstimates of Ktrans were statistically different using gadofosveset and gadopentetate, whereas ve and vp were similar with two CAs. NMS produced robust estimates of pharmacokinetic parameters using DCE‐MRI that show promise as important measures of tumor physiology and microenvironment. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2014;40:1223–1229. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Noncontrast mapping of arterial delay and functional connectivity using resting‐state functional MRI: A study in Moyamoya patients
Authors: Christen Thomas , Jahanian Hesamoddin , Ni Wendy W. , Qiu Deqiang , Moseley Michael E. , Zaharchuk Greg 
Published: January 2014

PurposeTo investigate if delays in resting‐state spontaneous fluctuations of the BOLD (sfBOLD) signal can be used to create maps similar to time‐to‐maximum of the residue function (Tmax) in Moyamoya patients and to determine whether sfBOLD delays affect the results of brain connectivity mapping.Materials and MethodsTen patients were scanned at 3 Tesla using a gradient‐echo echo planar imaging sequence for sfBOLD imaging. Cross correlation analysis was performed between each brain voxel signal and a reference signal comprised of either the superior sagittal sinus (SSS) or whole brain (WB) average time course. sfBOLD delay maps were created based on the time shift necessary to maximize the correlation coefficient, and compared with dynamic susceptibility contrast Tmax maps. Standard and time‐shifted resting‐state BOLD connectivity analyses of the default mode network were compared.ResultsGood linear correlations were found between sfBOLD delays and Tmax using the SSS as reference (r2 = 0.8, slope = 1.4, intercept = −4.6) or WB (r2 = 0.7, slope = 0.8, intercept = −3.2). New nodes of connectivity were found in delayed regions when accounting for delays in the analysis.ConclusionResting‐state sfBOLD imaging can create delay maps similar to Tmax maps without the use of contrast agents in Moyamoya patients. Accounting for these delays may affect the results of functional connectivity maps. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2015;41:424–430.© 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Bare finger 3D air‐touch system with embedded multiwavelength optical sensor arrays for mobile 3D displays
Authors: Wang Guo‐Zhen , Huang Yi‐Pai , Chang Tian‐Sheuan 
Published: January 2014

AbstractA camera‐free 3D air‐touch system was proposed. Hovering, air swiping, and 3D gestures for further interaction with the floated 3D images on the mobile display were demonstrated. By embedding multiwavelength optical sensors into the display pixels and adding angular‐scanning illuminators with multiwavelength on the edge of the display, the flat panel can sense images reflected by a bare finger from different heights. In addition, three axis (x, y, z) information of the reflected image of the fingertip can be calculated. Finally, the proposed 3D air‐touch system was successfully demonstrated on a 4‐inch mobile 3D display.
Multi‐planar plenoptic displays
Authors: Ranieri Nicola , Heinzle Simon , Barnum Peter , Matusik Wojciech , Gross Markus 
Published: January 2014

AbstractMulti‐planar plenoptic displays consist of multiple spatially varying light‐emitting and light‐modulating planes. In this work, we introduce a framework to display light field data on this new type of display device. First, we present a mathematical notation that describes each of the layers in terms of the corresponding light transport operators. Next, we explain an algorithm that renders a light field with depth into a given multi‐planar plenoptic display and analyze the approximation error. We show two different physical prototypes that we have designed and built: The first design uses a dynamic parallax barrier and a number of bi‐state (translucent/opaque) screens. The second design uses a beam splitter to co‐locate two pairs of parallax barriers and static image projection screens. We evaluate both designs on a number of different 3D scenes. Finally, we present simulated and real results for different display configurations.
α‐Tocopherol transfer protein is not required for the discrimination against γ‐tocopherol in vivo but protects it from side‐chain degradation in vitro
Authors: Grebenstein Nadine , Schumacher Monika , Graeve Lutz , Frank Jan 
Published: January 2014

ScopeThe mechanisms underlying the preferential retention of a single compound (α‐tocopherol (αT)) of the eight vitamin E compounds in the body are incompletely understood. We hypothesized that vitamin E metabolism and not the hepatic α‐tocopherol transfer protein (TTP) is responsible for the discrimination against non‐αT congeners.Methods and resultsTTP knockout and wild‐type mice (n = 12/group) were fed equimolar concentrations of αT and γ‐tocopherol (γT; 50 mg/kg diet each) alone or together with sesamin (2 g/kg diet) for 6 wk. Inhibition of vitamin E metabolism with sesamin, but not TTP knockout, increased γT tissue concentrations. TTP‐expressing and TTP‐free cells were incubated with equimolar concentrations of αT and γT (25 μmol/L each) with or without sesamin (2 μmol/L). The preferential degradation of γT independently of TTP expression was confirmed and a decrease in the production of the metabolite γ‐carboxyethyl hydroxychromanol (CEHC) with increasing TTP expression revealed. Displacing γT from TTP in these cells by incubation with increasing αT concentrations enhanced the secretion of γ‐CEHC in TTP‐transfected cells, suggesting that TTP might protect γT from β‐oxidation.ConclusionsWe conclude that vitamin E metabolism and not TTP controls γT concentrations in vivo and observed an interaction of TTP with vitamin E metabolism that results in reduced production of the metabolite γ‐CEHC.
Ectopic expression of the male BmDSX affects formation of the chitin plate in female Bombyx mori
Authors: Duan Jianping , Xu Hanfu , Ma Shangyuan , Guo Huizheng , Wang Feng , Zhang Liying , Zha Xingfu , Zhao Ping , Xia Qingyou 
Published: January 2014

SUMMARYMating structures are involved in successful copulation, intromission, and/or insemination. These structures enable tight coupling between external genitalia of two sexes. During Bombyx mori copulation, the double harpagones in the external genitalia of males clasp the female chitin plate, which is derived from the larval eighth abdominal segment; abnormal development of the female chitin plate affects copulation. We report that ERK phosphorylation (p‐ERK) and expression of Abdominal‐B (Abd‐B) in the posterior abdomen of the female adult is lower than in the male. Ectopic expression of the male‐specific spliced form of B. mori doublesex (BmdsxM) in females, however, up‐regulates Abd‐B and spitz (spi) expression, increasing EGFR signaling activity, and thus forming an abnormal chitin plate and reduced female copulation. These findings indicate that Bmdsx affects the development of the eighth abdominal segment by regulating the activity of EGFR signaling and the expression of Abd‐B, resulting in an extra eighth abdominal segment (A8) in males versus the loss of this segment in adult females. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Choosing arrival process models for service systems: Tests of a nonhomogeneous Poisson process
Authors: Kim Song‐Hee , Whitt Ward 
Published: January 2014

AbstractService systems such as call centers and hospital emergency rooms typically have strongly time‐varying arrival rates. Thus, a nonhomogeneous Poisson process (NHPP) is a natural model for the arrival process in a queueing model for performance analysis. Nevertheless, it is important to perform statistical tests with service system data to confirm that an NHPP is actually appropriate, as emphasized by Brown et al. [8]. They suggested a specific statistical test based on the Kolmogorov–Smirnov (KS) statistic after exploiting the conditional‐uniform (CU) property to transform the NHPP into a sequence of i.i.d. random variables uniformly distributed on [0,1] and then performing a logarithmic transformation of the data. We investigate why it is important to perform the final data transformation and consider what form it should take. We conduct extensive simulation experiments to study the power of these alternative statistical tests. We conclude that the general approach of Brown et al. [8] is excellent, but that an alternative data transformation proposed by Lewis [22], drawing upon Durbin [10], produces a test of an NHPP test with consistently greater power. We also conclude that the KS test after the CU transformation, without any additional data transformation, tends to be best to test against alternative hypotheses that primarily differ from an NHPP only through stochastic and time dependence. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics 61: 66–90, 2014