bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Further Comments on Archaic Greek Inscriptions
Authors: Jeffery L. H. 
Published: October 2013

In JHS LXIX (1949), 25 ff., I commented on various Greek inscriptions, mainly archaic. This is a second series on the same lines. The inscriptions are listed geographically, if possible under the relevant headings of Inscriptiones Graecae; when the inscription discussed is not in IG, the heading is bracketed.[IG I2.] Attica. Graffiti on Attic ‘SOS’ amphorae (Fig. 1).In Malerei und Zeichnung der Griechen I (1923), 127, Pfuhl described a type of amphora of which stray examples have been found in many parts of the Mediterranean world, in contexts of the seventh and sixth centuries B.C. The clay and paint resembled that of Attic pottery, some of the examples had actually been found in Attica, and, though describing it as ‘eine noch ungelöste Frage’, he was inclined to agree with those archaeologists who called the ware Attic. This was later proved beyond doubt by the American excavators of the Athenian Agora, when they found there numerous examples of the whole series, from its start in Geometric times to its decline during the sixth century. They are described thus by R. S. Young: ‘Their decoration is conventional and very simple; the body is glazed, with reserved bands around the shoulder, and the neck is reserved and decorated with wheels, concentric circles, or diminishing triangles between wavy lines.’ A typical and often-quoted example, showing the wavy-line-and-circle (‘SOS’) decoration of the neck, is that carried by Dionysus on the François Vase, painted by Kleitias c. 570.They are big enough to carry wine or oil; after Solon's legislation they can have carried only oil to the far parts where they have been found. Their size made them useful, when empty, for urn-burials; most of our examples come from cemeteries.
Another Warrior-Grave at Ayios Ioannis near Knossos
Authors: Hood M. S. F. 
Published: October 2013

Position. This tomb (Knossos Survey 5) lay about 130 metres east along the most southerly of the roads leading from the main Knossos-Herakleion road to Ayios Ioannis, and some 160 metres due south of the Late Minoan shaft-grave discovered in this area in 1950.The tomb, although of modest size and mutilated before excavation, has more than ordinary interest from the presence in it of a gold cup, the first recorded from an excavation in Crete. The arms accompanying the single warrior buried in the part of the tomb preserved to us were by no means exceptional in point of decoration and adornment; but they represent the most complete and formidable armoury of Bronze Age weapons that has yet been found in Crete, standing comparison with such ‘royal’ collections of weapons as those from the Mycenae shaft-graves or the Dendra tholos tomb.
The semantic measures library and toolkit: fast computation of semantic similarity and relatedness using biomedical ontologies
Authors: Harispe Sébastien , Ranwez Sylvie , Janaqi Stefan , Montmain Jacky 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
Summary: The semantic measures library and toolkit are robust open-source and easy to use software solutions dedicated to semantic measures. They can be used for large-scale computations and analyses of semantic similarities between terms/concepts defined in terminologies and ontologies. The comparison of entities (e.g. genes) annotated by concepts is also supported. A large collection of measures is available. Not limited to a specific application context, the library and the toolkit can be used with various controlled vocabularies and ontology specifications (e.g. Open Biomedical Ontology, Resource Description Framework). The project targets both designers and practitioners of semantic measures providing a JAVA library, as well as a command-line tool that can be used on personal computers or computer clusters.
Availability and implementation: Downloads, documentation, tutorials, evaluation and support are available at http://www.semantic-measures-library.org.
Contact: harispe.sebastien@gmail.com
Workplace stress among construction professionals in South Africa
Authors: Bowen Paul , Edwards Peter , Lingard Helen 
Published: October 2013

Purpose
– The discrimination/harassment experiences of survey respondents in different construction professional groups in South Africa is compared, and the relationship between harassment/discrimination and perceived work stress is examined.

Design/methodology/approach
– An online survey was administered and 626 responses (ca. 6.5 per cent of target population) received. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyse the response data.

Findings
– Harassment and discrimination on ethnic grounds are experienced in all of the South African construction professions included in the survey. Respondents also indicated that they felt underpaid and that their job security was adversely affected by their ethnicity. Sexual harassment and gender-based harassment and discrimination were more frequently reported by architects than by other professionals. Harassment and discrimination were found to correlate with higher perceived levels of work stress.

Research limitations/implications
– Harassment and discrimination, on ethnic and on gender-based grounds, constitute a significant stressor for many construction professionals in South Africa, particularly among architects.

Practical implications
– Strategies designed to address and counter harassment/discrimination in the South African construction industry should be implemented or reinforced as part of broader stress management programmes. Employers have a major role to play in this, but unions and professional associations should also take part.

Originality value
– Previous research into work stress has focused on the experiences of workers in developed countries. The paper provides insight into the problem of harassment and discrimination in the unique situation of post-apartheid South Africa. It supports the link between harassment and discrimination and perceived levels of personal stress in this context.
Role of macrophage infiltration in successful repigmentation in a new periphery‐spreading vitiligo lesion in a male Japanese patient
Authors: Oiso Naoki , Tanemura Atsushi , Kotobuki Yorihisa , Kimura Masatomo , Katayama Ichiro , Kawada Akira 
Published: October 2013

AbstractVitiligo is an acquired disorder in which depigmented macules result from mostly autoimmune loss of melanocytes. The initiating process in vitiligo has still been uncertain. Here, we report the case of a 19‐year‐old man with undetermined/unclassified vitiligo with a new periphery‐spreading vitiligo lesion on the right dorsal hand after rigorous sun exposure. Histopathological evaluation showed noticeable infiltration of CD68+ macrophages, moderate infiltration of CD3+ T cells, little infiltration of CD8+ T cells and CD11c+ myeloid dendritic cells, HMB45/CD11c double‐positive cells, and Melan‐A/MART1+ deposits in the dermis. We surmised that melanocyte‐derived deposits were mostly phagocytosed by CD68+ macrophages and were faintly phagocytosed by CD11c+ myeloid dendritic cells, referring distribution of CD68+ mononuclear cells and melanocyte biomarkers. Complete repigmentation was achieved following topical application of hydrocortisone butyrate propionate 0.1% ointment. We summarize that prompt clearance of debris by macrophages would be essential to an excellent prognosis of complete repigmentation.
The functional assembly of experimental grasslands in relation to fertility and resource heterogeneity
Authors: Price Jodi N. , Gazol Antonio , Tamme Riin , Hiiesalu Inga , Pärtel Meelis 
Published: October 2013

SummaryNiche differences among species are considered key drivers of coexistence (limiting similarity), and increased heterogeneity of resources should promote species diversity through niche partitioning (niche theory). Two predictions follow – co‐occurring species should be more different than expected by chance, especially in productive communities due to increased competition, and heterogeneity should increase both species and functional diversity. However, evidence for these predictions in plant communities is limited.We examined niche overlap in functional traits among co‐occurring grassland species in relation to fertility and resource heterogeneity to determine whether species are more different than expected and reveal dominant assembly processes. We conducted a mesocosm experiment with five treatments, with three levels of soil nutrient availability (low, medium, high) and scale of resource heterogeneity (at medium fertility, large‐scale heterogeneous – patch size 156 cm2, small‐scale heterogeneous – patch size 39 cm2).We measured community weighted means and niche overlap for three functional traits related to resource acquisition and competitive ability (specific leaf area, leaf size and plant height), and compared our observed values to those expected when abundance was randomly allocated to species in the experimental treatments.For leaf size and plant height, we found more niche overlap with increased fertility, and a positive relationship between shoot biomass and niche overlap, whereas the opposite pattern was found for specific leaf area. For all traits, the heterogeneity treatments generally had similar niche overlap values as the high‐fertility treatment and differed significantly from the homogeneous treatment of the same overall fertility. Patch type was important in most cases; significant differences were detected in functional composition and niche overlap between the low‐ and high‐fertility patches in the heterogeneity treatments.Increased niche overlap with increased fertility and heterogeneity can be due to both habitat filters restricting the range of trait values and competition – when resources are either homogenously high or high‐fertility patches are available. The small‐scale distribution of soil resources impacts on community assembly processes and should be incorporated into future studies examining functional diversity, especially when the aim is to determine the influence of productivity gradients.
Herbivores in a small world: network theory highlights vulnerability in the function of herbivory on coral reefs
Authors: Fox Rebecca J. , Bellwood David R. 
Published: October 2013

Summary

The application of network theory within the field of ecology has predominantly been based around the examination of species interactions (e.g. food webs). Extension of networks to spatial ecology is currently limited, yet the approach has significant potential as a framework for analysing habitat connectivity and ecosystem stability. Examination of network structures characterizing the spatial dynamics of organisms has the potential to highlight the relative robustness or vulnerability of the ecosystem processes they support.

On coral reefs, grazing by large herbivorous fishes is critical in maintaining the balance between coral and algae and is widely recognized as a key process in reef ecosystem functioning. However, the spatial dynamics exhibited by roving herbivores, and the implications of these dynamics for the overall stability and resilience of herbivory on reefs are not well understood.

Here, we present a novel extension of network theory to the analysis of movements of marine herbivorous fishes within a reef system. Using an array of remote acoustic receivers, over a period of 12 months, we tracked the movements of fishes belonging to the three dominant species of roving herbivore within a particular coral reef community.

Analysing these movements in terms of network graph theory, we found that individual fishes clustered their activities within small sections of the available linear reef habitat, and movements within and outside of these home ranges were made along predictable routes. All three species were heavily reliant on particular, well‐connected parts of the reef (nodes), mirroring an ‘ultra‐small‐world’ network. This underlying dynamic creates vulnerability in the system, making targeted removal by fishing or the degradation of individual pockets of reef habitat more likely to result in a complete collapse in the overall process of herbivory at that particular area of reef.

Our results highlight an inherent vulnerability in the movement dynamics of herbivorous fishes and, by extension, in the overall process of herbivory in reef ecosystems. They suggest that maintaining high herbivore abundances across all reef habitats is critical in preserving the integrity of the grazing function on reefs. The approach of using network graph theory to analyse acoustic telemetry data is illuminating and is likely to have a range of applications across diverse ecosystems.
Mountain hares Lepus timidus and tourism: stress events and reactions
Authors: Rehnus Maik , Wehrle Martin , Palme Rupert 
Published: October 2013

Summary

Winter tourism in the European Alps has developed rapidly over the past few decades, leading to the expansion of ski resorts, growing numbers of visitors and a massive increase in snow sport activities such as free‐ride skiing and snowboarding, backcountry skiing and snowshoeing. Wildlife is often disturbed by these largely unpredictable activities, and animals may have limited opportunities to adapt. Mountain hares Lepus timidus are affected by this increase in alpine tourism, but their physiological and behavioural reactions to tourist activity are still unknown.

We measured the levels of faecal glucocorticoid metabolites (GCM) in wild mountain hares living in areas that had no, medium or high levels of tourist activity during winter in 2011. Furthermore, we compared the changes in GCM excretion, behaviour and food intake of six captive mountain hares following predator challenge experiments from early to mid‐winter.

Our field results showed that GCM excretion is positively correlated with increased tourism intensity. In the predator challenge experiments, hares spent less time resting and grooming (including re‐ingesting faecal pellets) during and after the stress treatments. These stress events lead to higher energy demands due to flushing, increased GCM levels, and disrupted the energy intake that hares derive from faeces.

We conclude that mountain hares living in areas with frequent human winter recreational activities show changes in physiology and behaviour that demand additional energy in winter, when access to food resources is limited by snow.

Synthesis and applications. To bring down the frequency of stress threats for mountain hares, we recommend that managers keep forests inhabited by mountain hares free of tourism infrastructure and retain undisturbed forest patches within skiing areas. Other species such as black grouse Tetrao tetrix and/or capercaillie Tetrao urogallus are also likely to benefit from such management activities because they share similar habitat requirements with mountain hares.
Cerebral open flow microperfusion: A new in vivo technique for continuous measurement of substance transport across the intact blood–brain barrier
Authors: Birngruber Thomas , Ghosh Arijit , Perez‐Yarza Veronica , Kroath Thomas , Ratzer Maria , Pieber Thomas R , Sinner Frank 
Published: October 2013

Summary

The blood–brain barrier (BBB) limits substance transport to the brain and is therefore the major hurdle to overcome when developing neuroactive drugs. Herein, we report on cerebral open flow microperfusion (cOFM) as a new membrane‐free technique for measuring substance transport across the intact BBB.

The cOFM technique is based on a probe that is inserted into the brain, rupturing the BBB. The BBB is re‐established within 15 days, which then allows sampling of interstitial brain fluid under physiological conditions. The aims of the present proof‐of‐concept study were to: (i) determine the time between cOFM probe insertion and BBB re‐establishment; and (ii) demonstrate the ability of cOFM to sample the interstitial cerebral fluid with an intact BBB.

The cOFM probe was inserted into the frontal lobe of Sprague–Dawley rats, resulting in BBB rupture. Re‐establishment of the BBB was determined using Evans blue (EB) dye, which is an established marker for BBB intactness because it does not cross the intact BBB. Evaluating EB levels in the brain tissue indicated that the BBB was healed 11 days after probe insertion.

To demonstrate transport across the healed BBB, we used sodium fluorescein (Naf), a sensitive, low molecular weight marker that can cross the intact BBB and can be used to monitor changes in BBB permeability. Significantly increased Naf levels were found in the interstitial fluid when hyperosmolar mannitol (known to open the BBB) was introduced via cOFM, which indicated partial opening of the BBB surrounding the cOFM probe.

In conclusion, we show herein that cOFM allows monitoring of BBB permeability, which should be useful for measuring pharmacokinetics across the BBB and pharmacodynamics in the brain.
Riluzole reduces arrhythmias and myocardial damage induced by coronary occlusion in anaesthetized pigs
Authors: Weiss Steven M , Dahlstrom Jane E , Saint David A 
Published: October 2013

Summary

The cardiac persistent sodium current (INaP) presents a novel target for cardiac ischaemic protection. Herein we investigated the effects of the INaP blocker riluzole in a pig model of regional myocardial ischaemia.

Landrace or Large White pigs were subjected to 3 h ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD). Pigs received either saline (500 mL/h, i.v.) throughout the experiment (control; n = 7) or riluzole (2 mg/kg in 2 mL propylene glycol in 100 mL saline, i.v.; RIL; n = 7) between 15 and 5 min prior to ligation. The arrhythmia score was calculated in 5 min epochs. Myocardial damage was assessed using epicardial image analysis and histological sectioning.

In the control group, all seven pigs developed premature ventricular contractions (PVC), seven developed non‐sustained arrhythmias and six of seven developed sustained arrhythmias. Of the sustained arrhythmias, 23 of 28 instances were initiated by R‐on‐T extrasytoles (extrasystoles within the vulnerable period that can trigger re‐entrant arrhythmias). In the RIL group, all seven pigs developed PVC, six of seven developed non‐sustained arrhythmias and only three developed sustained arrhythmias, of which two of five instances were R‐on‐T initiated. The riluzole‐treated pigs exhibited less myocardial damage than pigs in the control group (65% smaller surface area (P = 0.008) on gross epicardial inspection, 51% less oedema (P = 0.01), 53% less fibre waviness (P = 0.029) assessed by haematoxylin and eosin staining and 79% fewer fragmented nuclei (P = 0.009) assessed by terminal deoxyribonucleotidyl transferase‐mediated dUTP–digoxigenin nick end‐labelling).

In conclusion, riluzole significantly reduced Phase 2 (the period associated with irreversible damage) ischaemic R‐on‐T triggered and non‐R‐on‐T arrhythmias and myocardial damage occurring during the 3 h period of regional ischaemia.
Streptococcus thermophilus strains of plant origin as dairy starters: Isolation and characterisation
Authors: Umamaheswari Thiyagamoorthy , Anbukkarasi Kaliyaperumal , Singh Prashant , Tomar Sudhir K , Singh Rameshwar 
Published: October 2013

Streptococcus thermophilus strains have been isolated mainly from dairy environments. To prospect for new strains of S. thermophilus, isolation was made from different plant sources. In this study, 74 plant isolates were characterised as S. thermophilus by a polyphasic approach and by 16S rRNA sequencing. The isolates were further evaluated for their physiological and biochemical properties. Plant isolates exhibited good acid production and varying proteolytic activity. All the isolates showed acetaldehyde and capsular exopolysaccharide (EPS) production and few revealed diacetyl production. In contrast to industrial strains, six isolates were able to ferment galactose and 25 were found to have no urease activity. Both the plant isolates and reference dairy cultures were found to possess similar physiological and biochemical properties and can be considered for developing new starters.
The Effect of SN‐6, a Novel Sodium‐Calcium Exchange Inhibitor, on Contractility and Calcium Handling in Isolated Failing Rat Ventricular Myocytes
Authors: Gandhi Ajay , Siedlecka Urszula , Shah Adarsh P. , Navaratnarajah Manoraj , Yacoub Magdi H. , Terracciano Cesare M. 
Published: October 2013

SummaryBackground and PurposeSpecific Na+/Ca2+ exchanger (NCX) inhibition is a potential strategy to correct reduced contractility and depleted sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca2+ content in heart failure (HF). SN‐6, a benzyloxyphenyl derivative and proposed selective NCX inhibitor, could be used for this purpose. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of SN‐6 on contractility and Ca2+ handling in normal and failing rat cardiomyocytes.Experimental ApproachHF was induced in rats by coronary artery ligation. Left ventricular myocytes were isolated and superfused with increasing concentrations of SN‐6.Key ResultsSarcomere shortening, induced by field‐stimulation, was reduced in amplitude with increasing concentrations of SN‐6 compared with control solution. This effect was greater in failing cells. Kinetics of contractility (time to 90% peak and time to 50% relaxation) were significantly faster. Despite this, intracellular Ca2+ transients demonstrated no change in the peak amplitude at low concentrations of SN‐6, suggesting that SN‐6 may affect myofilament sensitivity to Ca2+. Ten micro molar SN‐6 significantly reduced peak Ca2+ amplitude by 61.57% and 64.73% in normal and failing cells, respectively. Diastolic Ca2+ was significantly increased at 1 μM SN‐6. SR Ca2+ content, assessed by rapid application of caffeine, was reduced in failing cells with 1 μM SN‐6. Peak ICa, measured by whole‐cell patch clamping, was significantly reduced in normal and failing myocytes at 1 μM SN‐6.Conclusions and ImplicationsOur data suggest that SN‐6 is not a selective inhibitor of NCX and impairs contractility and Ca2+ handling. Its use, together with similar putative NCX blockers, in correcting the contractile abnormalities of heart failure requires further studies.
Joint analysis of additive, dominant and first‐order epistatic effects of four genes (IGF2, MC4R, PRKAG3 and LEPR) with known effects on fat content and fat distribution in pigs
Authors: López‐Buesa P. , Burgos C. , Galve A. , Varona L. 
Published: October 2013

SummaryLEPR, MC4R, IGF2 and PRKAG3 are genes with known effects on fat content and distribution in pig carcass and pork. In a study performed with Duroc × Landrace/Large White pigs, we have found that IGF2 has strong additive effects on several carcass conformational traits and on fatty acid composition in several anatomical locations. MC4R shows additive effects on saturated fatty acid content in several muscles. On the other side, almost no additive effect has been found for PRKAG3 and very few for LEPR. In this work, no dominant effect has been found for any of the four genes. Using a Bayesian Lasso approach, we have been able now to find first‐order epistatic (mainly dominant–additive) effects between LEPR and PRKAG3 for intramuscular fat content and for saturated fatty acid content in L. dorsii, B. femoralis, Ps. major and whole ham. The presence of interactions between genes in the shaping of traits of such importance as intramuscular fat content and composition highlights the complexity of heritable traits and the difficulty of gene‐assisted selection for such traits.