bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Chikungunya virus with E1-A226V mutation causing two outbreaks in 2010, Guangdong, China
Authors: Wu De , Zhang Yonghui , ZhouHui Qiong , Kou Jing , Liang Wenjia , Zhang Huan , Monagin Corina , Zhang Qiaoli , Li Wenjie , Zhong Haojie , He Jianfeng , Li Hui , Cai Songwu , Ke Changwen , Lin Jinyan 
Published: June 2013

Abstract

Background
CHIKV is a mosquito-borne emerging pathogen that has a major health impact in humans in tropical zones around the globe. A new variant of the virus, E1-A226V caused a large outbreak in the Indian Ocean islands and India from 2004–2007. CHIKV outbreak was initially reported in Dongguan region of Guangdong in 2010 in China, another smaller CHIKV outbreak was found in Yangjiang region of Guangdong two weeks later. The viral agent causing the two outbreaks was inferred to be the new E1-A226V variant and Yangjiang CHIKV might be introduced from Dongguan. To confirm the hypothesis and determine the origin of CHIKV causing the outbreaks, we described Yangjiang outbreak in this study, and the molecular characterization of CHIKV from Yangjiang and Dongguang outbreaks were analyzed.

Results
27 clinical cases of CHIK fever were reported in outbreak in Yangjiang region. Sera sample from 12 clinical cases were collected from the outbreak, and nucleic acid and antibody tests for CHIKV were performed using Real-time RT-PCR and indirect immunofluorescence. Positive samples of Real-time RT-PCR were subjected to viral isolation. The results showed 3/12 samples positive for Real-time RT-PCR. 7/12 and 4/12 samples were positive for IgM and IgG against CHIKV respectively, two virus strains were isolated. Four viral genomes from Dongguan and Yangjiang were sequenced, characterized and phylogeneticly analyzed. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the four seqeunced viruses had the closest relationship (99.4~99.6% identify) with the Singapore 2008 isolate belonging to the Indian ocean clade. A common mutation at the site of the E1-A226V was observed among four viruses. Four and three aa substitutions were detected in the CHIKV sequence from the Dongguan and Yangjiang outbreak strains respectively.

Conclusion
CHIKV with an E1-A226V mutation that originated from Southeast Asia isolates caused two outbreaks in China in 2010, and originated from two different infectious sources.
Multiscale perspectives of virus entry via endocytosis
Authors: Barrow Eric , Nicola Anthony V , Liu Jin 
Published: June 2013

Abstract
Most viruses take advantage of endocytic pathways to gain entry into host cells and initiate infections. Understanding of virus entry via endocytosis is critically important for the design of antiviral strategies. Virus entry via endocytosis is a complex process involving hundreds of cellular proteins. The entire process is dictated by events occurring at multiple time and length scales. In this review, we discuss and evaluate the available means to investigate virus endocytic entry, from both experimental and theoretical/numerical modeling fronts, and highlight the importance of multiscale features. The complexity of the process requires investigations at a systems biology level, which involves the combination of different experimental approaches, the collaboration of experimentalists and theorists across different disciplines, and the development of novel multiscale models.
Room temperature aqueous phase synthesis and characterization of novel nano-sized coordination polymers composed of copper(II), nickel(II), and zinc(II) metal ions with p-phenylenediamine (PPD) as the bridging ligand
Authors: Gupta Rimpy , Sanotra Sumit , Sheikh Haq Nawaz , Kalsotra Bansi Lal 
Published: June 2013

Abstract
Nanostructured metal-organic hybrid materials composed of nickel(II), copper(II), and zinc(II) metal ions and p-phenylenediamine (PPD) as the organic ligand were synthesized in aqueous medium at room temperature. The synthesized compounds were characterized by elemental analyses, powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) spectra, Fourier transform infrared spectra, nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) spectra, electronic spectra, scanning electron microscopy, N2 adsorption-desorption isotherm, and dynamic light scattering studies. N2 adsorption-desorption isotherm of copper(II)-PPD compound confirmed that it has mesoporous structure as it exhibits type-IV reversible isotherm with H1 hysterisis. Steep adsorption indicated that the mesopores possessing it are of uniform order. Barrett-Joyner-Halenda model showed an average pore diameter of 5.2 nm. The PXRD patterns of all the three compounds are identical and showed well-defined and highly intense diffraction peaks, thereby suggesting their nature as crystalline. The broadness of the diffraction peaks indicated that the particles are of nanometer dimensions.
Glucocorticoid-Dependent Hippocampal Transcriptome in Male Rats: Pathway-Specific Alterations With Aging
Authors: Chen Kuey-Chu , Blalock Eric M. , Curran-Rauhut Meredith A. , Kadish Inga , Blalock Susan J. , Brewer Lawrence , Porter Nada M. , Landfield Philip W. 
Published: June 2013

Abstract
Although glucocorticoids (GCs) are known to exert numerous effects in the hippocampus, their chronic regulatory functions remain poorly understood. Moreover, evidence is inconsistent regarding the long-standing hypothesis that chronic GC exposure promotes brain aging/Alzheimer disease. Here, we adrenalectomized male F344 rats at 15 months of age, maintained them for 3 months with implanted corticosterone (CORT) pellets producing low or intermediate (glucocorticoid receptor–activating) blood levels of CORT, and performed microarray/pathway analyses in hippocampal CA1. We defined the chronic GC-dependent transcriptome as 393 genes that exhibited differential expression between intermediate and low CORT groups. Short-term CORT (4 days) did not recapitulate this transcriptome. Functional processes/pathways overrepresented by chronic CORT–up-regulated genes included learning/plasticity, differentiation, glucose metabolism, and cholesterol biosynthesis, whereas processes overrepresented by CORT–down-regulated genes included inflammatory/immune/glial responses and extracellular structure. These profiles indicate that GCs chronically activate neuronal/metabolic processes while coordinately repressing a glial axis of reactivity/inflammation. We then compared the GC transcriptome with a previously defined hippocampal aging transcriptome, revealing a high proportion of common genes. Although CORT and aging moved expression of some common genes in the same direction, the majority were shifted in opposite directions by CORT and aging (eg, glial inflammatory genes down-regulated by CORT are up-regulated with aging). These results contradict the hypothesis that GCs simply promote brain aging and also suggest that the opposite direction shifts during aging reflect resistance to CORT regulation. Therefore, we propose a new model in which aging-related GC resistance develops in some target pathways, whereas GC overstimulation develops in others, together generating much of the brain aging phenotype.
The effect of flow speed and body size on Kármán gait kinematics in rainbow trout
Authors: Akanyeti Otar , Liao James C. 
Published: June 2013

SummaryWe have little understanding of how fish hold station in unsteady flows. Here we investigate the effect of flow speed and body size on the kinematics of rainbow trout Kármán gaiting behind a 5 cm diameter cylinder. We establish a set of criteria revealing that not all fish positioned in a vortex street are Kármán gaiting. By far the highest probability of Kármán gaiting occurred at intermediate flow speeds between 30 and 70 cm s-1. We show that trout Kármán gait in a region of the cylinder wake where the velocity deficit is about 40% of the nominal flow. We observed that the relationships between certain kinematic and flow variables are largely preserved across flow speeds. Tail-beat frequency matches the measured vortex shedding frequency, which increases linearly with flow speed. Body wave speed is about 25% faster than the nominal flow velocity. At speeds where fish have a high probability of Kármán gaiting, body wavelength is about 25% longer than the cylinder wake wavelength. Likewise, the lateral (i.e. cross-stream) amplitude of the tail tip is about 50% greater than the expected lateral spacing of the cylinder vortices, while the body centre (BC) amplitude is about 70% less. Lateral COM acceleration increases quadratically with speed. Head angle decreases with flow speed. While these values are different from those found in fish swimming in uniform flow, the strategy for locomotion is the same; fish adjust to increasing flow by increasing their tail-beat frequency. Body size also plays a role in Kármán gaiting kinematics. Tail beat amplitudes of Kármán gaiting increase with body size, as in freestream swimming, but are almost three times larger in magnitude. Larger fish have a shorter body wavelength and slower body wave speed than smaller fish, which is a surprising result compared to freestream swimming, where body wavelength and wave speed increases with size. In contrast to freestream swimming, tail beat frequency for Kármán gaiting fish does not depend on the body size and is a function of the vortex shedding frequency.
Bilateral flight muscle activity predicts wing kinematics and 3-dimensional body orientation of locusts responding to looming objects
Authors: McMillan Glyn A. , Loessin Vicky , Gray John R. 
Published: June 2013

SummaryWe placed locusts in a wind tunnel using a loose tether design that allowed for motion in all three rotational degrees of freedom during presentation of a computer-generated looming disc. High-speed video allowed us to extract wing kinematics, abdomen position and 3-dimensional body orientation. Concurrent EMG recordings monitored bilateral activity from the first basalar depressor muscles (m97) of the forewings, which are implicated in flight steering. Behavioural responses to a looming disc included cessation of flight (wings folded over the body), glides and active steering during sustained flight in addition to a decrease and increase in wingbeat frequency prior to and during, respectively, an evasive turn. Active steering involved shifts in bilateral m97 timing, wing asymmetries, and whole body rotations in the yaw (ψ), pitch (χ), and roll (η) planes. Changes in abdomen position and hindwing asymmetries occurred after turns were initiated. Forewing asymmetry and changes in η were most highly correlated with m97 spike latency. Correlations also increased as the disc approached, peaking prior to collision. On the inside of a turn, m97 spikes occurred earlier relative to forewing stroke reversal and bilateral timing corresponded to forewing asymmetry as well as changes in whole body rotation. Double spikes in each m97 occurred most frequently at or immediately prior to the time the locusts turned, suggesting a behavioural significance. These data provide information on mechanisms underlying 3-dimensional flight manoeuvres and will be used to drive a closed loop flight simulator to study responses of motion-sensitive visual neurons during production of realistic behaviours.
A Simple Colorimetric Method for Detection of 16,17-Epoxyprogesterone
Authors: Jiang Dan , Tu Ran , Bai Peng , Wang Qinhong 
Published: June 2013

Abstract
As a steroidal drug intermediate, 16,17-epoxysterol plays an important role in pharmaceutical steroid synthesis. Current methods for epoxysterol determination normally require expensive equipment, are highly labor intensive, and are not suitable for a high-throughput system. Here we report an improved colorimetric assay with the potential to detect 16,17-epoxysterol at high throughput. The assay was developed by a colorimetric reaction using picric acid and validated in a 96-well microtiter plate format, which represents a simple and reliable assay for 16,17-epoxysterol. This method has a high potential application for the discovery of steroidal drugs.
Metallohydrogel Formed from Amphiphilic Pd Complex and α-Cyclodextrin: Control of Its Sol–Gel Transition
Authors: Taira Toshiaki , Suzaki Yuji , Osakada Kohtaro 
Published: June 2013

Abstract
Addition of α-cyclodextrin (α-CD) to amphiphilic Pd(II) complex with bipyridinium ligands forms the metal-containing rotaxane, and its aqueous solution undergoes sol–gel transition depending on the temperature and concentration.
From Nature to Fabrication: Biomimetic Design Principles for the Production of Complex Spatial Structures
Authors: Magna Riccardo La , Gabler Markus , Reichert Steffen , Schwinn Tobias , Waimer Frédéric , Menges Achim , Knippers Jan 
Published: June 2013

In the current paper the authors present a biomimetic design methodology based on the analysis of the Echinoids (sea urchin and sand dollar) and the transfer of its structural morphology into a built full-scale prototype. In the first part, an efficient wood jointing technique for planar sheets of wood through novel robotically fabricated finger-joints is introduced together with an investigation of the biological principles of plate structures and their mechanical features. Subsequently, the identified structural principles are translated and verified with the aid of a Finite Element Model, as well as a generative design system incorporating the rules and constraints of fabrication. The paper concludes with the presentation of a full-scale biomimetic prototype which integrates these morphological and mechanical principles to achieve an efficient and high-performing lightweight structure.
Topic marking in a Shanghainese corpus: from observation to prediction
Authors: Han Weifeng , Arppe Antti , Newman John 
Published: June 2013

AbstractShanghainese is an extremely topic-prominent language with many topic markers in competition with one another, often without any obvious basis for the selection of one topic marker over another. We explore the influence of five variables on the five most frequent topic markers in a corpus of (spoken) Shanghainese: topic length, syntactic category of the topic, function of the topic, comment type, and genre. We carry out a multivariate statistical analysis of the data, relying on a polytomous logistic regression model. Our approach leads to a satisfying quantification of the role of each factor, as well as an estimate of the probabilities of combinations of factors, in influencing the choice of topic marker. This study serves simultaneously as an introduction to thepolytomouspackage (Arppe 2013) in the statistical software package R.
A Satake isomorphism for representations modulo p of reductive groups over local fields
Authors: Henniart Guy , Vignéras Marie-France 
Published: June 2013

Abstract

Let F be a local field with finite residue field of characteristic p. Let G be a connected reductive group over F and B a minimal parabolic subgroup of G with Levi decomposition

B
=
Z
U

$B=ZU$

. Let K be a special parahoric subgroup of G, in good position relative to (Z,U).
Fix an absolutely irreducible smooth representation of K on a vector space V over some field C of characteristic p. Writing

ℋ
(
G
,
K
,
V
)

$\mathcal {H}(G,K,V)$

for the intertwining Hecke algebra of V in G, we define a natural algebra homomorphism from

ℋ
(
G
,
K
,
V
)

$\mathcal {H}(G,K,V)$

to

ℋ
(
Z
,
Z
∩
K
,

V

U
∩
K

)

$\mathcal {H}(Z,Z\cap K,V^{U\cap K})$

, we show it is injective and identify its image. We thus generalize work of F. Herzig, who assumed F of characteristic 0, G unramified and K hyperspecial, and took for C an algebraic closure of the prime field 𝔽
p
. We show that in the general case

ℋ
(
G
,
K
,
V
)

$\mathcal {H}(G,K,V)$

need not be commutative; that is in contrast with the cases Herzig considers and with the more classical situation where V is trivial and the field of coefficients is the field of complex numbers.
Off-grid PV in Developing Countries is More Than Poverty Mitigation – It is Sound Business Sense
Authors: Wiemann Marcus 
Published: June 2013

AbstractOne of the biggest challenges of rural electrification through renewables is getting people to see the bigger picture: we are not only helping African children who still do their homework by candlelight, there is also a growing market out there yet to be fully tapped by the private sector. It is the proverbial win-win situation.If private companies are willing to take a chance and invest on the extraordinary potential of these countries, there is no telling the proportions that the market might take. In the next few years, renewable energy can become both a formidable boost to Africa's economic development and the answer to the problem of energy access.
Cyanoacetanilide intermediates in heterocyclic synthesis. Part 7: preparation of some spiro[indoline-3,4′-pyridine] and chromeno[3,4-c]pyridine derivatives
Authors: Ammar Yossry A. , Ali Mohsan M. , Mohamed Yahia A. , Thabet Hamdy Khamees , El-Gaby Mohamed S.A. 
Published: June 2013

Abstract
The reaction of cyanoacetanilide derivative 1 with some electrophiles was investigated. Treatment of compound 1 with 2-(2-oxoindol-3-ylidene)malononitrile (2a) under reflux in ethanol in the presence of piperidine afforded the spiro[indoline-3,4′-pyridine] derivative 3. Under similar conditions, condensation of compound 1 with the analog 2b yielded a spiroindole 4. Chromeno[3,4-c]pyridine derivative 6 was obtained by cyclization of chromene derivative 5 with ethyl cyanoacetate. In a similar manner, condensation of compound 5 with cylcohexanone under reflux in ethanol in the presence of sodium acetate furnished chromeno[3,4-c]quinoline derivative 7. Compound 1 was condensed with 2-hydroxy-1-naphthaldehyde to yield the benzo[f]chromeno derivative 8. Refluxing of benzochromene derivative 8 with ethyl cyanoacetate in ethanol in the presence of catalytic amount of piperidine produced benzo[f]chromeno[3,4-c]pyridine derivative 9. The structures of the newly synthesized compounds were confirmed on the basis of analytical and spectral data.
Synthesis and biological activities of α-pinene-based dithiadiazoles
Authors: Lin Gui-Shan , Ma Chang-Hua , Duan Wen-Gui , Cen Bo , Lei Fu-Hou , Yang Zhang-Qi 
Published: June 2013

Abstract
This work is aiming at the preparation of new bioactive compounds from α-pinene as starting material. To this purpose, the intermediates (disubstituted phenyl acylamino thioureas, class G) were cyclized to dithiadiazoles (class H). The intermediates and target compounds were analyzed by Fourier transform infrared, 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), 13C NMR, and electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry and elemental analysis. The bioassay experiments showed that the compounds G and H have herbicidal, fungicidal, and plant growth-regulating activities. The compounds 2,2′-dimethylphenyl thiadiazole and 3,3′-dimethylphenyl thiadiazole exhibited a growth inhibition activity of 72% and 68% against the root of rape (Brassica campestris L.) at a concentration of 100 μg ml-1 (60–79% inhibition level). The compound 4,4′-dichlorophenyl acylamino thiourea displayed an inhibition activity of 75% against Physalospora piricola at a concentration level of 50 μg ml-1 (60–79% inhibition level).
Effect of Storage Conditions on Microbiological and Physicochemical Parameters of Cloudy Apple Juice Concentrate
Authors: Brugnoni Lorena I. , Pezzutti Adriana , Gonzalez Maria Teresa 
Published: June 2013

Abstract
The effects on microbiological parameters of minimally pasteurized cloudy apple juice concentrate obtained in a pilot scale from two apple varieties, and their changes with storage time and temperature were investigated. The juice obtained from Red Delicious apples showed an adequate biological stability for import and export market for storage at −8.5 and −20°C during a period of three months. The preservation of samples at −20 and −8.5°C limited to acceptable values the growth of molds and yeasts during the first two months in the case of juice obtained from Granny Smith apples. Neither lactic acid nor thermo acidophilic bacteria were isolated from the samples in all storage conditions. No noticeable differences in pH and soluble solids content were observed among storage times and temperatures. Turbidity increased slightly with storage time. Viscosity decreased substantially during storage at 2°C. Color was stable for all storage conditions evaluated.
On a backward nonlinear parabolic equation with time and space
dependent thermal conductivity: Regularization and error estimates
Authors: Quan Pham Hoang , Trong Dang Duc , Triet Le Minh 
Published: June 2013

Abstract.
We study the inverse problem for nonlinear parabolic equation with variable
thermal conductivity

a
(
x
,
t
)

${a(x,t)}$

which is a ill-posed problem. We regularize this
problem by using the truncated integral method and then obtain the error
estimate between the exact solution and the regularized solution. A numerical experiment is given for illustrating our method.
A Novel Full-Reference Color Image Quality Assessment Based on Energy Computation in the Wavelet Domain
Authors: Hanumantharaju M.C. , Ravishankar M. , Rameshbabu D.R. , Aradhya V.N. Manjunath 
Published: June 2013

AbstractThis article presents a novel full-reference (FR) image quality assessment (QA) algorithm by depicting the sub-band characteristics in the wavelet domain. The proposed image quality assessment method is based on energy estimation in the wavelet-transformed image. Image QA is achieved by applying a multilevel wavelet decomposition on both the original and the enhanced image. Next, the wavelet energy (WE) and vector are computed to obtain the percentage of the energy that corresponds to the approximation and the details, respectively. Further, the approximate and detailed energy levels of both the original and the enhanced images are compared to formulate an image quality assessment. Numerous experiments are conducted on a dozen of image enhancement algorithms. The results presented show that the image with poor contrast in the foreground than the background has continuous regular coefficient values. The probability density function for such an image has a relatively lower WE and skewness compared with the background. The proposed scheme not only evaluates the global information of an image but also estimates the fine, detailed changes in an enhanced image. Thus, the proposed metric serves as an objective and effective FR criterion for color image QA. The experimental results presented confirm that the proposed WE metric is an efficient and useful metric for evaluating the quality of the color image enhancement.