bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Present and Future Detection of Terrestrial Biomarkers on Earthshine
Authors: Briot Danielle , Arnold Luc , Jacquemoud Stéphane , Schneider Jean 
Published: April 2014

AbstractIn the context of life detection on terrestrial exoplanets, new methods of search for spectral signatures of chlorophyll and other biomarkers in the Earthshine have been developed in the last few decades. Astronomical observations made at OHP and ESO (NTT) showed a significant signal when continents are facing the Moon. This signal, called the Vegetation Red Edge (VRE), is undoubtedly due to chlorophyll absorption properties. In order to strengthen these results, the LUCAS (LUmière Cendrée en Antarctique par Spectroscopie) project dedicated to the measurement of the Earthshine from the Concordia Research Station (C Dome, Antarctica) has been set up. One of the objectives of LUCAS was to observe prolonged variations of the VRE corresponding to various parts of the Earth facing the Moon. An extension of this project, called LUCAS II, would allow long-term observations to detect seasonal variations of the vegetation signal. These data, together with accurate measurements of the Earth's albedo, will help validate a model of global and spectral albedo of our planet.
The Kepler Completeness Study: A Pipeline Throughput Experiment
Authors: Christiansen Jessie L. , Clarke Bruce D. , Burke Christopher J. , Jenkins Jon M. ,   the Kepler Completeness Working Group
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe Kepler Mission was designed to measure the frequency of Earth-like planets in the habitable zone of Sun-like stars. A requirement for determining the underlying planet population from a sample of detected planets is understanding the completeness of that sample—what fraction of the planets that could have been discovered in a given data set were actually detected. Here we describe an experiment designed to address a specific aspect of that question, which is the issue of signal throughput efficiency. We investigate the extent to which the Kepler pipeline preserves transit signals by injecting simulated transit signals into the pixel-level data, processing the modified pixels through the pipeline, and measuring their detection statistics. For the single channel that we examine initially, we inject simulated transit signal trains into the pixel time series of each of the 1801 targets for the 89 days that constitute Quarter 3. For the 1680 that behave as expected in the pipeline, on average we find the strength of the injected signal is recovered at 99.6% of the strength of the original signal. Finally we outline the further work required to characterise the completeness of the Kepler pipeline.
The New Photometric Observations for Transiting Exoplanet HAT-P-24b
Authors: Wang Xiao-Bin , Cameron Andrew Collier , Gu Sheng-Hong 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe transiting exoplanetary system HAT-P-24 was observed by using CCD cameras at Yunnan Observatory and Hokoon Astronomical Centre, China in 2010 and 2012. Three new transit light curves are analyzed by means of MCMC technique, and the new physical parameters of the system are derived, which are compatible with the old ones in the discovery paper. The orbital period of HAT-P-24b is refined and no obvious TTV signal can be found from five transit events during 2010-2012.
Recent Kepler Results On Circumbinary Planets
Authors: Welsh William F. , Orosz Jerome A. , Carter Joshua A. , Fabrycky Daniel C. ,   the Kepler Team
Published: April 2014

AbstractRanked near the top of the long list of exciting discoveries made with NASA's Kepler photometer is the detection of transiting circumbinary planets. In just over a year the number of such planets went from zero to seven, including a multi-planet system with one of the planets in the habitable zone (Kepler-47). We are quickly learning to better detect and characterize these planets, including the recognition of their transit timing and duration variation “smoking gun” signature. Even with only a handful of such planets, some exciting trends are emerging.
Eclipsing Binaries: Precise Clocks to Detect Extrasolar Planets
Authors: Kundra Emil , Pribulla Theodor , Vaňko Martin , Hambálek Ľubomír 
Published: April 2014

AbstractProject Dwarf is a new observing campaign focused on the detection of substellar companions to low-mass (composed of late-type, subdwarf (sd) or/and white dwarf (WD) components) detached eclipsing binaries using minima timing. The crucial condition for the object selection for this campaign is possibility to determine times of the minima with high precision. This is naturally fullfilled for eclipsing binaries with deep and narrow minima or systems hosting a WD component showing fast ingress or egress.The observing project includes three groups of close eclipsing binaries indicating presence of substellar circum-binary components:
(i)systems with K or/and M dwarf components(ii)systems with hot subdwarf (sd) and M dwarf components(iii)systems with white dwarf (WD) component(s).
The sample of the eclipsing systems have orbital periods in range of 0.1 to almost 3 days and their brightness fits possibilities of small telescopes equipped with a low-end CCD camera and at least VRI filter set. Such kind of telescopes allow us to develop observing network including also amateur astronomers.
Detection of Exomoons Inside the Habitable Zone
Authors: Tusnski Luis Ricardo M. , Valio Adriana 
Published: April 2014

AbstractSince the discovery of the first exoplanets, those most adequate for life to begin and evolve have been sought. Due to observational bias, however, most of the discovered planets so far are gas giants, precluding their habitability. However, if these hot Jupiters are located in the habitable zones of their host stars, and if rocky moons orbit them, then these moons may be habitable. In this work, we present a model for planetary transit simulation considering the presence of moons around a planet. The moon orbit is considered to be circular and coplanar with the planetary orbit. The other physical and orbital parameters of the star, planet, and moon, can be adjusted in each simulation. It is possible to simulate as many successive transits as desired. Since the presence of spots on the surface of the star may produce a signal similar to that of the presence of a moon, our model also allows for the inclusion of starspots. The goal is to determine the criteria for detectability of moons using photometry with the CoRoT and Kepler telescopes taking into account the stellar activity.
Planetary Survival and Ejection in Transient Multiple Star Systems
Authors: Meng Zeyang , Xie Ji-Wei , Zhou Ji-Lin 
Published: April 2014

AbstractMany planets have been detected in close binary stars with separation only ~20 AU. These discoveries challenge the current theory of planet formation because binary stars with such an close separation are thought to have strong perturbations and thus inhibit planet formation around them. To address this issue, another scenario had been suggested: the binary separation was wider enough for binary formation in early stages, but it shrank to the present one after a transient triple star phase (stellar scattering phase). Here, we investigate how could planet survive or be ejected under this scenario. We find that (1) the odds of planetary survival are significantly reduced if scatterings between planets and/or planetesimals are included (2) circumbinary planets/planetesimals could be readily formed during such a transient phase.
Shaping of the Inner Solar System by the Gas-Driven Migration of Jupiter
Authors: Walsh Kevin J. , Morbidelli Alessando , Raymond Sean N. , O'Brien David P. , Mandell Avi M. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractA persistent difficulty in terrestrial planet formation models is creating Mars analogs with the appropriate mass: Mars is typically an order of magnitude too large in simulations. Some recent work found that a small Mars can be created if the planetesimal disk from which the planets form has an outermost edge at 1.0 AU. However, that work and no previous work could produce a truncation of the planetesimal disk while also explaining the mass and structure of the asteroid belt. We show that gas-driven migration of Jupiter inward to 1.5 AU, before its subsequent outward migration, can truncate the disk and repopulate the asteroid belt. This dramatic migration history of Jupiter suggests that the dynamical behavior of our giant planets was more similar to that inferred for extra-solar planets than previously thought, as both have been characterised by substantial radial migration.
Main-Belt Comets as Tracers of Ice in the Inner Solar System
Authors: Hsieh Henry H. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractAs a recently recognized class of objects exhibiting apparently cometary (sublimation-driven) activity yet orbiting completely within the main asteroid belt, main-belt comets (MBCs) have revealed the existence of present-day ice in small bodies in the inner solar system and offer an opportunity to better understand the thermal and compositional history of our solar system, and by extension, those of other planetary systems as well. Achieving these overall goals, however, will require meeting various intermediate research objectives, including discovering many more MBCs than the currently known seven objects in order to ascertain the population's true abundance and distribution, confirming that water ice sublimation is in fact the driver of activity in these objects, and improving our understanding of the physical, dynamical, and thermal evolutionary processes that have acted on this population over the age of the solar system.
Planetesimal Formation in Zonal Flows Arising in Magneto-Rotationally-Unstable Protoplanetary Disks
Authors: Dittrich Karsten , Klahr Hubert , Johansen Anders 
Published: April 2014

AbstractRecent simulations show long -lived sub- and super-Keplerian flows in protoplanetary disks. These so-called zonal flows are found in local as well as global simulations of magneto-rotationally unstable disks. We investigate the strength and life-time of the resulting long-lived gas over- and under-densities as well as particle concentrations function of the azimuthal and radial size of the local shearing box. Changes in the azimuthal extent do not affect the zonal flow features. However, strength and life-time of zonal flows increase with increasing radial box sizes. Our simulations show indications, and support earlier results, that zonal flows have a natural length scale of approximately 5 pressure scale heights. For the first time, the reaction of dust particles in boxes with zonal flows are studied. We show that particles of some centimeters in size reach a hundred-fold higher density than initially, without any self-gravitating forces acting on the point masses. We further investigate collision velocities of dust grains in a turbulent medium.
Giant Impacts and Debris Disks
Authors: Genda H. , Kobayashi H. , Kokubo E. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractDuring the last stage of terrestrial planet formation, Mars-sized protoplanets often collides with each other. Our high-resolution impact simulations show that such giant impacts produce a significant amount of fragments within the terrestrial planet region. These ejected fragments form a hot debris disk around the central star. We calculated the evolution of the surface density and size distribution of the debris disk using the analytical model of collision disruption, and estimated its infrared excess emission. We found that 24 μm flux from the debris disk is higher than stellar flux throughout the giant impact stage (~ 108 years), which can explain the infrared excess recently observed around the star with the age of 107 – 108 years.
Spectral Energy Distributions of Fragmenting Protostellar Disks
Authors: Zakhozhay Olga , Vorobyov Eduard I. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractIn this article we show that massive and hot fragments forming in protostellar disks can leave characteristic signatures in spectral energy distributions (SEDs) of young stellar objects. This occurs when the fragment evaporates dust in its atmosphere, which results in a sharp drop in opacity and subsequent rise in the surface temperature of the fragment. These hot fragments can produce local maxima in the SEDs at 5–10 μm.
The Azimuthal Distribution of Dust Particles in an Eccentric Protoplanetary Disk with an Embedded Gas Giant Planet
Authors: Gu Pin-Gao , Hsieh He-Feng 
Published: April 2014

AbstractWe investigate the dust velocity and spatial distribution in an eccentric protoplanetary disk under the secular gravitational perturbation of an embedded planet of about 5 Jupiter masses. We first employ the FARGO code to obtain the two-dimensional density and velocity profiles of the gas disk with the embedded planet in the quasi-steady state. We then apply the secular perturbation theory and incorporate the gas drag to estimate the dust velocity on the secular timescale. The dust-to-gas ratio of the unperturbed disk is simply assumed to be 0.01. In our fiducial disk model with the planet at 5 AU, we find that for 0.01 cm– to 1 m–sized dust particles well coupled to the gas, the dust behaves similarly to the gas and exhibits non-axisymmetric dynamics as a result of eccentric orbits. However, for the case of a low-density gaseous disk (termed “transition disk” henceforth in this article) harboring the planet at 100 AU, the azimuthal distributions of dust of various sizes can deviate significantly.
Diversity of Planetary Atmospheric Circulations and Climates in a Simplified General Circulation Model
Authors: Wang Yixiong , Read Peter 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe parametric dependence of terrestrial planetary atmospheric circulations and climates on characteristic parameters is studied. A simplified general circulation model—PUMA is employed to investigate the dynamic effects of planetary rotation rate and equator-to-pole temperature difference on the circulation and climate of terrestrial planetary atmospheres. Five different types of circulation regime are identified by mapping the experimental results in a 2-D parameter space defined by thermal Rossby number and frictional Taylor number. The effect of the transfer and redistribution of radiative energy is studied by building up a new two-band semi-gray radiative-convective scheme, which is capable of modelling greenhouse and anti-greenhouse effects while keeping the tunable parameters as few as possible. The results will provide insights into predicting the habitability of terrestrial exoplanets.
Reconstructing the Stellar UV and EUV Emission that Controls the Chemistry of Exoplanet Atmospheres
Authors: Linsky Jeffrey L. , France Kevin , Ayres Tom 
Published: April 2014

AbstractLyman-α and extreme-ultraviolet radiation from exoplanet host stars are critically important for evaluating the phototchemistry of planetary atmospheres, but these emissions are largely or completely absorbed by hydrogen in the interstellar medium. We describe a new technique for estimating the intrinsic Lyman-α and EUV fluxes of F, G, K, and M stars using correlations with observable emission lines.
On the Current State of Ground-based Transmission Spectroscopy of Planet Atmospheres
Authors: Nortmann Lisa , Dreizler Stefan , Bean Jacob 
Published: April 2014

AbstractIn response to the large number of exoplanet detections, the characterization of these planets has become a major focus of exoplanet science. Transiting planets are of particular interest as they allow us to investigate the transmission of their atmospheres. Our group uses ground-based facilities like the ESO/VLT to probe the atmosphere of hot Jupiters with the technique of spectrophotometry. In our preliminary results for the hot Jupiters WASP-17b and WASP-31b we find the reachable precision to be limited by instrumental systematic noise rather than photon noise. We discuss the source of the noise and suggest two approaches to correct it.
Re-Evaluation of the Inner Edge of Habitable Zone
Authors: Kodama Takanori , Genda Hidenori , Abe Yutaka , Zahnle Kevin 
Published: April 2014

AbstractExistence of liquid water on the planetary surface is thought to be an important condition for the origin and evolution of life. Planets with oceans (or lakes) are classified in two types: Earth-like ‘aqua planets’ and less water ‘land planets’. The latter shows stronger resistance than the former to the runaway greenhouse caused by the increase of stellar luminosity. We examined the possibility of evolution from an aqua planet to a land planet by water loss. We showed that an aqua planet with less than about 0.1 present Earth's ocean mass can evolve to a land planet without having experience of the runaway greenhouse, and maintains liquid water on its surface for about 2Gyrs longer than planets with larger amount of water. Our results mean that the initial amount of water is important for their evolution paths and habitability.
Variations and Effects of the Venusian Bow Shock from VEX Mission
Authors: Xue Yansong , Jin Shuanggen 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe upper atmosphere of Venus is not shielded by planetary magnetic field from direct interaction with the solar wind. The interaction of shocked solar wind and the ionosphere results in ionopause. Magnetic barrier, the inner region of dayside magnetosheath with the dominated magnetic pressure deflects the solar wind instead of the ionopause at solar maximum. Therefore, the structure and interaction of venusian ionosphere is very complex. Although the Venus Express (VEX) arrived at Venus in April 2006 provides more knowledge on the Venusian ionosphere and plasma environment, compared to Pioneer Venus Orbiter (PVO) with about 14 years of observations, some important details are still unknown (e.g., long Venusian bow shock variations and effects). In this paper, the bow shock positions of Venus are determined and analyzed from magnetometer (MAG) and ASPERA-4 of the Venus Express mission from May 28, 2006 to August 17, 2010. Results show that the altitude of BS was mainly affected by SZA (solar zenith angle) and Venus bow shocks inbound and outbound are asymmetry.
Habitable Planets: Interior Dynamics and Long-Term Evolution
Authors: Tackley Paul J. , Ammann Michael M. , Brodholt John P. , Dobson David P. , Valencia Diana 
Published: April 2014

AbstractHere, the state of our knowledge regarding the interior dynamics and evolution of habitable terrestrial planets including Earth and super-Earths is reviewed, and illustrated using state-of-the-art numerical models. Convection of the rocky mantle is the key process that drives the evolution of the interior: it causes plate tectonics, controls heat loss from the metallic core (which generates the magnetic field) and drives long-term volatile cycling between the atmosphere/ocean and interior. Geoscientists have been studying the dynamics and evolution of Earth's interior since the discovery of plate tectonics in the late 1960s and on many topics our understanding is very good, yet many first-order questions remain. It is commonly thought that plate tectonics is necessary for planetary habitability because of its role in long-term volatile cycles that regulate the surface environment. Plate tectonics is the surface manifestation of convection in the 2900-km deep rocky mantle, yet exactly how plate tectonics arises is still quite uncertain; other terrestrial planets like Venus and Mars instead have a stagnant lithosphere- essentially a single plate covering the entire planet. Nevertheless, simple scalings as well as more complex models indicate that plate tectonics should be easier on larger planets (super-Earths), other things being equal. The dynamics of terrestrial planets, both their surface tectonics and deep mantle dynamics, change over billions of years as a planet cools. Partial melting is a key process influencing solid planet evolution. Due to the very high pressure inside super-Earths' mantles the viscosity would normally be expected to be very high, as is also indicated by our density function theory (DFT) calculations. Feedback between internal heating, temperature and viscosity leads to a superadiabatic temperature profile and self-regulation of the mantle viscosity such that sluggish convection still occurs.
Transforming Gas Giant Planets into Smaller Objects Through Tidal Disruption
Authors: Liu Shang-Fei , Guillochon James , Lin Douglas N. C. , Ramirez-Ruiz Enrico 
Published: April 2014

AbstractRecent observations have revealed several Jupiter-mass planets with highly eccentric and / or misaligned orbits, which clearly suggests that dynamical processes operated in these systems. These dynamical processes may result in close encounters between Jupiter-like planets and their host stars. Using three-dimensional hydrodynamical simulations, we find that planets with cores are more likely to be retained by their host stars in contrast with previous studies which suggested that coreless planets are often ejected. We propose that after a long term evolution some gas giant planets could be transformed into super-Earths or Neptune-like planets, which is supported by our adiabatic evolution models. Finally, we analyze the orbits and structure of known planets and Kepler candidates and find that our model is capable of producing some of the shortest-period objects.
Stellar Variabilities: Challenges for the Detection and Characterization of Exoplanets
Authors: Boisse I. , Dumusque X. , Santos N. C. , Oshagh M. , Bonfils X. , Montalto M. , Boué G. , Lovis C. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe photometric and RV techniques, although extremely efficient to detect and characterize planets, are, however, indirect techniques (as well as astrometry). Phenomena such as stellar pulsation, inhomogeneous convection, spots or magnetic cycles can prevent us from finding planets or they might degrade the parameters estimation. We will consider the challenges related to the knowledge of stellar activity for the next decade: detect telluric planets in the habitable zone of their stars (from G to M dwarfs), understand the activity in the low-mass end of M dwarf (on which will focus future near-infrared high-resolution spectrograph like SPIRou or CARMENES), limitation to the process of summing several transit observations (in order to characterize the atmospheric components) due to the variability of stellar activity (from the ground or with Spitzer or JWST), as well as the methods proposed and used to overcome this issue.
A Fiber Coupling Plug for Multi-Object Exoplanet Search Spectral Interferometer
Authors: Zhang Kai , Zhu Yongtian , Yue Zhongyu , Wang Lei 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe increasing number of spectral survey telescopes that are soon commissioned for exploring the universe will confront us with many new challenges on the use of optical fibers. A fiber-switching problem for telescope's terminal instrument is as important as a well-known problem of positioning fibers on telescope's focal plane. For a modern survey telescope, it generally feeds several terminal instruments with different functions. According to the observation, these instruments are seriously in need of switching fiber-link with telescope as soon as possible. A kind of multi-fiber coupling plugs introduced in this paper will work for switching fiber-link between Multi-object Exoplanet Search Spectral Interferometer (MESSI) and low resolution spectrograph at Guoshoujing telescope (LAMOST). It includes an inserter, a receptor and a socket in general. The number of simultaneously coupling fibers is up to 25 per group, and any broken fiber in a single plug can be replaced by a new standard one soon without wasting entire fiber bundle. In addition, Most of mechanical part can also be individually replaced when a normal loss happens after a long working time. The related test result is given in detail, including the machining precision and coupling efficiency.