bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
NÖT – von der Bauweise zum System
Authors: Schubert Wulf , Lauffer Harald 
Published: April 2013

AbstractDer Begriff NÖT wurde von Rabcewicz geschaffen, der ihn erstmalig beim Geomechanik Kolloquium 1962 verwendete. In seinem damaligen Beitrag fasst er die während der letzten Dekaden entwickelten Tunnelbaumethoden und die Vorstellungen über die Mechanik der Vorgänge im Gebirge zusammen. Aufbauend auf vorliegenden Erfahrungen und Erkenntnissen haben überwiegend österreichische Ingenieure diese Methode entwickelt und umgesetzt. Standen anfänglich Probleme einer praktischen Umsetzung im Vordergrund, so war doch klar, dass die traditionellen Planungsgrundsätze der Vergangenheit angehörten. Deswegen musste man sich noch überwiegend auf Erfahrungen und Beobachtungen stützen. Von Anfang an wurde die Bedeutung von Messungen zur ingenieurmäßigen Erfassung des Gebirgsverhaltens erkannt und deren Weiterentwicklung laufend vorangetrieben. Parallel zur erfolgreichen Anwendung der Methode in allen Gebirgsarten wurden auch Vertragsmodelle entwickelt, die eine faire Vergütung bei wechselhaftem und unvorhersehbarem Gebirgsverhalten ermöglichen.Zur Gewährleistung einer strukturieren geotechnischen Planung wurde eine eigene Richtlinie erarbeitet. Für den Erfolg der Methode sind entscheidungswillige und sachkundige Auftraggeber, eine entsprechende Baustellenorganisation, qualifizierte Ingenieure und Mineure, eine praxisorientierte Forschung und Ausbildung und schlussendlich ein intensiver Erfahrungsaustausch notwendig.NATM – from a construction method to a systemThe term NATM was introduced by Rabcewicz during a lecture at the Geomechanics Colloquium in 1962. In this lecture, he summarizes the development of tunnelling methods and insight into mechanical processes in the ground over the last decades, and points out the positive experience made with a combination of shotcrete and rock bolts instead of the traditional timber or steel supports. Building on experience and development around the world, it has been Austrian engineers who have systematically developed and applied the method. In the beginning technological questions played a major role, but it was also clear that traditional design methods were no longer applicable. Thus it was still unavoidable to rely heavily on experience and observation. The importance of measurements for observing the system behaviour has been acknowledged, and techniques have been developed considerably further since then. Parallel to gaining more experience with the method in all kinds of ground conditions, contractual practices have also been further developed with the aim of establishing rules, which allow fair compensation of the contractor in spite of all the inherent uncertainties. In Austria, tunnel design practice has been standardized by the introduction of a guideline.Some of the factors contributing to the success of the method are the awareness of the client of his responsibilities, appropriate site organization, qualified engineers and miners, practically oriented research and education, as well as extensive exchange of experience.
Triple echo steady‐state (TESS) relaxometry
Authors: Heule Rahel , Ganter Carl , Bieri Oliver 
Published: April 2013

PurposeRapid imaging techniques have attracted increased interest for relaxometry, but none are perfect: they are prone to static (B0) and transmit (B1) field heterogeneities, and commonly biased by T2/T1. The purpose of this study is the development of a rapid T1 and T2 relaxometry method that is completely (T2) or partly (T1) bias‐free.MethodsA new method is introduced to simultaneously quantify T1 and T2 within one single scan based on a triple echo steady‐state (TESS) approach in combination with an iterative golden section search. TESS relaxometry is optimized and evaluated from simulations, in vitro studies, and in vivo experiments.ResultsIt is found that relaxometry with TESS is not biased by T2/T1, insensitive to B0 heterogeneities, and, surprisingly, that TESS‐T2 is not affected by B1 field errors. Consequently, excellent correspondence between TESS and reference spin echo data is observed for T2 in vitro at 1.5 T and in vivo at 3 T.ConclusionTESS offers rapid T1 and T2 quantification within one single scan, and in particular B1‐insensitive T2 estimation. As a result, the new proposed method is of high interest for fast and reliable high‐resolution T2 mapping, especially of the musculoskeletal system at high to ultra‐high fields. Magn Reson Med 71:230–237, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Reconstruction of magnetic resonance imaging by three‐dimensional dual‐dictionary learning
Authors: Song Ying , Zhu Zhen , Lu Yang , Liu Qiegen , Zhao Jun 
Published: April 2013

PurposeTo improve the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data acquisition speed while maintaining the reconstruction quality, a novel method is proposed for multislice MRI reconstruction from undersampled k‐space data based on compressed‐sensing theory using dictionary learning.Theory and MethodsThere are two aspects to improve the reconstruction quality. One is that spatial correlation among slices is used by extending the atoms in dictionary learning from patches to blocks. The other is that the dictionary‐learning scheme is used at two resolution levels; i.e., a low‐resolution dictionary is used for sparse coding and a high‐resolution dictionary is used for image updating. Numerical experiments are carried out on in vivo 3D MR images of brains and abdomens with a variety of undersampling schemes and ratios.ResultsThe proposed method (dual‐DLMRI) achieves better reconstruction quality than conventional reconstruction methods, with the peak signal‐to‐noise ratio being 7 dB higher. The advantages of the dual dictionaries are obvious compared with the single dictionary. Parameter variations ranging from 50% to 200% only bias the image quality within 15% in terms of the peak signal‐to‐noise ratio.ConclusionDual‐DLMRI effectively uses the a priori information in the dual‐dictionary scheme and provides dramatically improved reconstruction quality. Magn Reson Med 71:1285–1298, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Local anesthetic effects on gene transcription in human skeletal muscle biopsies
Authors: Trappe Todd A. , Standley Robert A. , Liu Sophia Z. , Jemiolo Bozena , Trappe Scott W. , Harber Matthew P. 
Published: April 2013

ABSTRACTIntroduction: We examined if epinephrine in the local anesthetic to help control incision‐related bleeding interferes with molecular measurements obtained with the Duchenne‐Bergström percutaneous needle biopsy technique for sampling human skeletal muscle. Methods: Three groups received 2.5–3.0 ml of 1% lidocaine in 2 injections: (1) 0.5–1.0 ml superficially, which varied among the groups according to (i) −Epi; intra‐ and subcutaneous without epinephrine, (ii) +Epi −Fascia; intra‐ and subcutaneous with epinephrine, avoiding the fascia, and (iii) +Epi +Fascia; intra‐ and subcutaneous with epinephrine, directing a small amount (∽0.2 ml) into the fascia area; and (2) ∽2.0 ml without epinephrine into the fascia area for all subjects. A muscle biopsy was obtained 5–10 min later for IL‐6 and MuRF‐1 mRNA levels. Results: IL‐6 mRNA levels were low in −Epi and +Epi −Fascia, but ∽300‐fold higher in +Epi +Fascia. MuRF‐1 mRNA levels were similar among the groups. Conclusions: Lidocaine with epinephrine can confound intramuscular measurements from needle biopsies, but this can be avoided with a careful injection approach. Muscle Nerve 48: 591–593, 2013
Empowering Elderly Women with Osteoarthritis Through Hands‐On Exploration of Adaptive Equipment Concepts
Authors: Flinn Sharon R. , Sanders Elizabeth B.‐N. , Yen Wei‐Ting , Sommerich Carolyn M. , Lavender Steven A. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractThe study investigated the participation experiences of elderly women with hand limitations in a maketools‐inspired activity for improving bottle openability and verified the usefulness of the results from this approach. Participatory design was used to stimulate participants' hands‐on fabrication of new bottle lid concepts. Air‐dry modeling clay, Crayola Model Magic® (Crayola LLC, 1100 Church Lane Easton, PA 18044‐0431), clay modeling tools sets and empty bottles were the tools used to explore feasible and user‐envisioned ideal lids that could potentially reduce hand pain and improve function when opening bottles. Twenty‐five elderly women fully participated in the study. They generated 36 bottle lid design concepts. Qualitative analysis identified inclusion of four primary design features as follows: 1) surface texture; 2) increased leverage through lid shape or diameters; 3) increased contact surface with palm/fingers through lid shape or height; and 4) facilitation of alternative grip types. The major limitations of the study were inclusion of only women participants and healthier persons living in a retirement community. Future research is needed to investigate the bottle lid preferences of men and persons with more severe hand function living in places other than independent living communities. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Development of electrical conductivity in PP/HDPE/MWCNT nanocomposite by melt mixing at very low loading of MWCNT
Authors: Bhagat Narendra A. , Shrivastava Nilesh K. , Suin Supratim , Maiti Sandip , Khatua Bhanu B. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractA method of developing an electrical conductivity in polypropylene (PP) with a very low loading of multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) by melt‐mixing method was described. PP/high‐density polyethylene (HDPE; 70/30, w/w) was melt blended simultaneously in the presence of MWCNT using two sequential heating protocol (MWCNT was first interacted with HDPE chain at 140°C followed by melt blending of PP at 200°C). Very interestingly, a cocontinuous morphology in the blend was found even for very high asymmetric composition. This has been explained in terms of barrier effect of the MWCNT dispersed selectively in the HDPE phase that restricts the phase inversion into the matrix droplet morphology. A simple method was used for proper dispersion, distribution, and formation of effective conducting network path [carbon nanotube (CNT)–CNT contact] of MWCNT through cocontinuous HDPE phase (minor phase) into PP matrix of the blend which in turn enhanced the electrical conductivity of the nanocomposite with minimum percolation threshold. The percolation threshold of PP/HDPE/MWCNT nanocomposite found at 0.352 wt% loading of MWCNT, which is significantly lower than those reported for developing electrical conductivity in PP/MWCNT nanocomposite. Phase morphology, extent of dispersion and location of the MWCNT in the blend has been investigated with a scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Thermal and mechanical properties of PP/HDPE/MWCNT nanocomposite with variation of MWCNT loading have also been studied. POLYM. COMPOS., 2013. © 2013 Society of Plastics Engineers
Secondary findings from non‐invasive prenatal testing for common fetal aneuploidies by whole genome sequencing as a clinical service
Authors: Lau Tze Kin , Jiang Fu Man , Stevenson Robert J. , Lo Tsz Kin , Chan Lin Wai , Chan Mei Ki , Lo Pui Shan Salome , Wang Wei , Zhang Hong‐Yun , Chen Fang , Choy Kwong Wai 
Published: April 2013

ABSTRACTObjectiveTo report secondary or additional findings arising from introduction of non‐invasive prenatal testing (NIPT) for aneuploidy by whole genome sequencing as a clinical service.MethodsFive cases with secondary findings were reviewed.ResultsIn Case 1, NIPT revealed a large duplication in chromosome 18p, which was supported by arrayCGH of amniocyte DNA, with final karyotype showing mosaic tetrasomy 18p. In Case 2, a deletion in the proximal long arm of chromosome 18 of maternal origin was suspected and confirmed by arrayCGH of maternal white cell DNA. In Case 3, NIPT was negative for trisomies 21 and 18. In‐depth analysis for deletions/duplications was requested when fetal structural anomalies were detected at routine scan. A deletion in the proximal long arm of chromosome 3 was found and confirmed by karyotyping. In Case 4, NIPT correctly predicted confined placental mosaicism with triple trisomy involving chromosomes X, 7 and 21. In Case 5, NIPT correctly detected a previously unknown maternal mosaicism for 45X.ConclusionNon‐invasive prenatal testing is able to detect a wide range of fetal, placental and maternal chromosomal abnormalities. This has important implications on patient counseling when an abnormality is detected by NIPT. © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Facile synthesis and electro‐optic activities of new polycarbonates containing tricyanofuran‐based nonlinear optical chromophores
Authors: Deng Guowei , Bo Shuhui , Zhou Tingting , Huang Heyan , Wu Jieyun , Liu Jialei , Liu Xinhou , Zhen Zhen , Qiu Ling 
Published: April 2013

ABSTRACTTwo series of novel electro‐optic (EO) polycarbonates containing two different kinds of nonlinear optical (NLO) chromophores with tricyanofurane (TCF) electron acceptor have been successfully prepared through the facile polycondensation between diol NLO chromophore and bisphenol A bis(chloroformate). These new polycarbonates which were characterized by 1H‐NMR and Fourier transform infrared exhibited good solubility in common polar organic solvents. They also showed glass transition temperatures (Tg) in the range of 124–156 °C. The morphology studies indicated that these polycarbonates had good film quality before and after corona poling. The EO coefficients (r33) of two polycarbonates films were up to 45 pm/V (PC‐TCFC‐2) and 75 pm/V (PC‐DFTC‐3) at the wavelength of 1310 nm. Moreover, good temporal stability of the poling‐induced dipole alignment was also achieved, and the resulting poled films of PC‐TCFC‐2 and PC‐DFTC‐3 could retain 90 and 80% of the initial EO activities at 85 °C for more than 500 h, respectively. Both EO activity and temporal stability results were better than the guest–host EO polymers containing the same concentration chromophores, which indicated that such kind of polycarbonates could effectively suppress the intermolecular electrostatic interaction and translate microscopic molecular hyperpolarizability into macroscopic EO activity. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2013, 51, 2841–2849.
Platinum and gold diffusion monitor vacancy profiles induced into silicon wafers by aluminum alloying
Authors: Abdelbarey D. , Kveder V. , Schröter W. , Seibt M. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractIn this paper, we use the gold and platinum marker method, to confirm our preliminary finding that aluminum indiffusion into Si crystal during so‐called “aluminum gettering” (AlG) can result in the injection of vacancies into Si crystal. Depth profiles of Au in p‐type Si have been studied by the DLTS after diffusion at 850 °C for 2 h prior to and subsequent to AlG. The donor concentration attributed to Aus is about two orders of magnitude higher compared with that measured in samples without AlG. Similar results were also observed for Pt. The increase in Pts or Aus concentration in the silicon bulk provides the most direct evidence so far that AlG with 400 nm Al layer, for 50 min at 1100 °C injects vacancies with non‐equilibrium concentrations of about 1015 cm−3. The possible mechanism of vacancies generation is discussed.
Pressure studies of multicarrier conduction in undoped InN grown on GaN buffer
Authors: Dmowski L. H. , Konczewicz L. , Suski T. , Contreras S. , Lu H. , Schaff W. J. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractThe importance of multicarrier contributions to electrical conductivity in epitaxial InN layered structures has been debated for last few years. In this work hydrostatic pressure was used to verify multicarrier conduction in nominally undoped InN layers with In‐growth polarity. To distinguish between different types of carriers the mobility spectrum analysis was applied, based on conductivity tensor components σxx and σxy measured as a function of magnetic field. Different contributions to the electric conduction (including the surprising presence of holes) and their evolution with pressure have been shown.
Extracting the hybrid functional mixing parameter from a GW quasiparticle approach
Authors: Mitra Chandrima 
Published: April 2013

AbstractRelying on quasiparticle GW electronic structure calculations we present an approach to obtain an “optimal value” of the so called “mixing parameter,” α, in hybrid functional calculations. We show that when this “optimal” amount of exact exchange (we denote this as αopt) is mixed with the semi‐local PBE exchange‐correlation functional, the net quasiparticle corrections to the PBE Kohn–Sham eigenvalues attain a minimum value. We employ this approach to perovskite oxide insulators SrTiO3 and PbTiO3 and compare that to the widely studied semiconductor compounds, Si and Ge. A system dependence of the optimal choice of the mixing parameter is revealed.
NIR Photoresponsive Crosslinked Upconverting Nanocarriers Toward Selective Intracellular Drug Release
Authors: Yang Yanmei , Velmurugan Bhaarathy , Liu Xiaogang , Xing Bengang 
Published: April 2013

AbstractAn NIR‐responsive mesoporous silica coated upconverting nanoparticle (UCNP) conjugate is developed for controllable drug delivery and fluorescence imaging in living cells. In this work, antitumor drug doxorubicin (Dox) molecules are encapsulated within cross‐linked photocaged mesoporous silica coated UCNPs. Upon 980 nm light irradiation, Dox could be selectively released through the photocleavage of theo‐nitrobenzyl (NB) caged linker by the converted UV emission from UCNPs. This NIR light‐responsive nanoparticle conjugate demonstrates high efficiency for the controlled release of the drug in cancer cells. Upon functionalization of the nanocarrier with folic acid (FA), this photocaged FA‐conjugated silica‐UCNP nanocarrier will also allow targeted intracellular drug delivery and selective fluorescence imaging towards the cell lines with high level expression of folate receptor (FR).
Colloid‐in‐Liquid Crystal Gels that Respond to Biomolecular Interactions
Authors: Agarwal Ankit , Sidiq Sumyra , Setia Shilpa , Bukusoglu Emre , de Pablo Juan J. , Pal Santanu Kumar , Abbott Nicholas L. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractThis paper advances the design of stimuli‐responsive materials based on colloidal particles dispersed in liquid crystals (LCs). Specifically, thin films of colloid‐in‐liquid crystal (CLC) gels undergo easily visualized ordering transitions in response to reversible and irreversible (enzymatic) biomolecular interactions occurring at the aqueous interfaces of the gels. In particular, LC ordering transitions can propagate across the entire thickness of the gels. However, confinement of the LC to small domains with lateral sizes of ∼10 μm does change the nature of the anchoring transitions, as compared to films of pure LC, due to the effects of confinement on the elastic energy stored in the LC. The effects of confinement are also observed to cause the response of individual domains of the LC within the CLC gel to vary significantly from one to another, indicating that manipulation of LC domain size and shape can provide the basis of a general and facile method to tune the response of these LC‐based physical gels to interfacial phenomena. Overall, the results presented in this paper establish that CLC gels offer a promising approach to the preparation of self‐supporting, LC‐based stimuli‐responsive materials.
Amorphous Ni(OH)2 Nanoboxes: Fast Fabrication and Enhanced Sensing for Glucose
Authors: Nai Jianwei , Wang Shuqian , Bai Yang , Guo Lin 
Published: April 2013

AbstractInspired by Pearson's hard and soft acid‐base (HSAB) principle, uniform amorphous Ni(OH)2 nanoboxes with intact shell structures and various sizes are quickly fabricated by deliberately selecting S2O32− as the coordinating etchant toward Cu2O templates and optimizing the reaction conditions. It is found that not only the solvent system but also the employing of a surfactant is vital for the fabrication of the nanoboxes. Ni(OH)2 nanoboxes, as an example, demonstrate an improved electrochemical sensing ability for glucose, which might be due to their amorphous and hollow structural features.
Research of the Continuous Casting Slab Transverse Cracking During Retarded Cooling Process
Authors: Wu MaoMeng , Yu Hao , Fan YonFei , Wang FengXian , Wang JianJing 
Published: April 2013

AbstractIn this paper, the reason of 50Mn2V transverse cracking is studied by optical metallographic, SEM and in situ analysis system. Results show that the pearlite is surrounded by the net‐like pro‐eutectoid ferrite which locates at the former austenite grain boundary, the hydrogen content (ca.2 × 10−4 wt%) exceeds the critical solubility in room temperature structure, divers types, and sizes inclusions (10–100 µm), plenty of fissures (2–50 µm) and classical cleavage fracture surface are obviously observed, meanwhile, a great degree of elements segregation (P, S, V, Ni, Cr correspond to 1.757, 1.674, 1.729, 1.475, 1.195, respectively) and a poorly 0.9283 integral density exist in this blank. From the above, internal gas pressure should be the dominant factor that leads the transverse embrittlement, while internal stresses, element segregation, and defects play an ancillary role.
Optimization of Fine Hydro‐Blanking
Authors: Wang Jang‐Ping , Huang Guo‐Ming , Lee Hsien‐Der , Chen Chih‐Chun , Chen Te‐Tsun , Chen Chia‐Ling 
Published: April 2013

AbstractOptimization of the process of the fine hydro‐blanking is proposed. In this approach, the V‐ring indenter carved on the work piece substitutes for the guide plate that is used by the conventional fine blanking and is pressurized by hydraulic pressure. In addition, the counter force is also replaced by hydraulic pressure to produce a uniform back‐pressure by acting as the ejector. To find the final optimal solution, the Taguchi‐FE method is adopted to simulate and find the optimal factors according to the Taguchi technology. Once the optimal factors were chosen, a hybrid system that combined the artificial neural network (ANN) with the genetic algorithm (GA) is used to search and find the final optimal solution. It was observed that the V‐ring cavity on the work‐piece has the same efficacy as conventional fine blanking. In addition, the results of the experiment and finite element simulation using the optimal factors were compared. It was found that the study could achieve its stated objectives.
Optimization in Rolling and Cooling Process of Line Pipe Steels
Authors: Agarwal Pradeep , Sah Rameshwar , Madhusudhan Raj Gopalan , Manjini Sambandam , Chandra Ashish 
Published: April 2013

AbstractOptimized microstructure and mechanical properties are the key requirements for line pipe steels. In the hot rolling process, it can be achieved through optimization in rolling schedule and cooling process. The present study uses hot strip mill modeling (HSMM) interface to model hot rolling process. Two API line pipe grades equivalent to “API X‐70 & API X‐80” have been modeled for its final microstructure and mechanical properties based on thermal, mechanical, and microstructural changes occurring during hot rolling. The model has been validated with plant data and test results. Austenite recrystallization model has been validated against calculated flow stresses from actual roll forces applied. Phase transformation model has been validated with the final microstructure and mechanical properties. The API X‐70 grade shows strain accumulation (i.e., no recrystallization) in the finish rolling stage only, while the X‐80 grade carries the strain accumulation from the roughing passes also, resulting in very fine grain ferrite. It is due to high retained strain before the phase transformation on run out table. The predicted properties by the model are in close proximity for multiple coils and different locations in the coil for both the grades.