bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Multiple perspectives on the terms “cyberneticist” versus “cybernetician”
Authors: Vinnakota Tirumala Rao , Kadri Faisal L , Grant Simon , Malinova Ludmila , Tuddenham Peter Davd , Garcia Santiago 
Published: November 2014

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to investigate and clarify possible distinctions between the terms “cyberneticist” and “cybernetician” with the intention of helping the growth of the cybernetics discipline in new directions.

Design/methodology/approach
– After the American Society for Cybernetics ALU 2013 conference in Bolton, a small group of conference participants continued the conversations they had begun during the event, focusing on the comparison of the terms “cyberneticist” vs “cybernetician”. The group felt the need for clearer distinctions drawn (or designed) between the terms, in order to sustain the discipline of cybernetics and to support its growth. The aim of providing these distinctions is that theory should feed into practice and practice should feed into theory, forming a cybernetic loop, so that the discipline of cybernetics is sustained while growing. The conference participants had conversations between themselves, and came up with multiple perspectives on the distinction between “cyberneticist” vs “cybernetician”. The distinctions drawn mirror the distinctions between Science and Design: the science of cybernetics contrasted with the design of cybernetics.

Findings
– The findings of this paper consist of recommendations to understand and act differently in the field of the discipline of cybernetics. In particular, a clear distinction is suggested between the terms “cyberneticist” and “cybernetician”. It is also suggested that in order for cybernetics to grow and be sustained, there should be a constant flow of developments in theory of cybernetics into the practice of cybernetics and vice-versa.

Originality/value
– The authors believe that some people (called “cyberneticists”) should work on the science side of cybernetics, making strong contributions to the understanding and development of cybernetics theory. Others, (called “cyberneticians”) should work on the design side of cybernetics, to contribute through their actions and through the development of cybernetics practice. The result of this will be a self-organization that evolves naturally between theory and practice of cybernetics, leading to better learning of cybernetics, and in the process, sustaining it through continued growth. In this direction, the paper proposes several radical suggestions that may not be to the liking of traditionalists, but may be better received by the scientists and designers of cybernetics who can make a difference to the growth of the discipline of cybernetics.
The communication of expectations and individual understanding
Authors: Leydesdorff Loet , Johnson Mark William , Ivanova Inga A. 
Published: November 2014

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to present the case for an analysis of communication at the supra-individual level as a means of rendering the understanding of learning and acting tractable. The paper introduces a method of analysis of redundancy to achieve this.Design/methodology/approach– The paper argues for a supra-individual approach to acting, learning, and understanding against focusing on an individual or quasi-transcendental “observer”. The argument is outlined in four steps: first, articulation of the dynamics of the communication system; second, consideration of the redundancies of expectations within communication; third, the computation of anticipation which enables the authors to model meaning processing; and fourth the feedback of meaning processing on information processing can be measured as redundancy. Anticipated future states can reflexively drive reconstructions in meaning-processing systems.Research limitations/implications– The social system can be considered as a symbolic order of coordination mechanisms. Reflexive agency can access this order and partake in it. However, expectations and their structures do not “exist”, but remain uncertain with the status of hypotheses. Historical embodiment in intentional action is structurally coupled to the order of expectations. The historical instantiations condition and enable the further development of the expectations as a retention mechanism.Originality/value– The modelling and measurement of meaning processing in terms of inversion of the arrow of time and the generation of redundancy provide extensions to the mathematical theory of communication.
Design transformations: teaching design through evaluations
Authors: Morrison Ann , Knoche Hendrik 
Published: November 2014

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to synchronize two courses to focus on the students working with learning and applying tools in the one course and acting on understandings gained to produce artefacts in the other.

Design/methodology/approach
– Working with real users throughout all stages of the design process, the authors structured two courses so findings from the evaluation methods learnt in the one course (their analyses) were directly acted on in the other (their re-designs). The authors fostered a group-spirited learning environment where students presented designs-in-process; explained the findings from focused evaluation methods using tangible representations; identified the relationship from these findings for subsequent re-design rationales; and discussed and critiqued each other's work using multiple feedback, teach-back and discursive strategies.

Findings
– The authors found that in-depth coverage of material, working with real data and users at all stages of assessment and producing visualizations from evaluations, naturally forced student motivation to act and redesign better solutions. The authors noted improved attendance and students reported high engagement and content appreciation.

Research limitations/implications
– Ensuring relevance, by adding larger context concerns, expansive critical methods and feedback processes in a cycle of understanding, acting, learning can have useful practical and social implications. This is germane when designing for quality of everyday use in, for example, education, urban environments and mobile applications.

Practical implications
– The paper includes implications for the development of learning environments where course and semester content is developed in tandem to support integrated learning by acting with project output and teach back “presentations” throughout the course.

Originality/value
– The paper proposes a unifying tandem approach to learning and applying evaluation tools with real users, teachback and acting to improve redesigns with potential to improve human computer interaction educational standards for learning and design outcomes.
Applying cybernetic thinking to becoming a learning organization
Authors: Clement-Okooboh Kesiena Mercy , Olivier Bill 
Published: November 2014

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to provide a case study of the application of cybernetic thinking by the learning and development unit in a national branch of a large multinational company to help move towards its strategic objective of becoming a learning organization.

Design/methodology/approach
– A work-based action research approach was adopted. Through a series of action research cycles, the paper presents the interplay between developments in the organization and several strands of cybernetic thinking.

Findings
– Cybernetic thinking was incrementally integrated to create a new support framework for developing a learning organization.

Research limitations/implications
– As a case study the work reported has limited generality. Users of the support framework need to take account of and, to some degree, replicate the specific conditions that led to its success. These included the strategic aim of becoming a learning organization and supportive senior management.

Practical implications
– The case study and framework will be of greatest use to other organizations that have the strategic intent of becoming a learning organization, but seek guidance on implementation.

Social implications
– Cybernetic thinking was used to create feedback loops from internal and external conditions, to enhance learning, performance and adaptivity. This involved all employees in their and their organization's future development.

Originality/value
– The paper's value offers a concrete instance of applying cybernetic thinking to the creation of a learning organization, a task often found to be difficult in practice. This has been abstracted into a support framework.
Contextual inquiry and socio-technical practice
Authors: Bednar Peter , Welch Christine Elizabeth 
Published: November 2014

Purpose
– During discussions at the ASC 2013 Conference, the authors were stimulated to consider acting, learning and understanding in the context of organizational change, and in particular the relationship between organizational actors and external analysts. The purpose of this paper is to review from a cybernetic perspective how a socio-technical toolbox can help to facilitate organizational change, and to examine issues involved in use of such a toolbox by organizational actors supported by expert analysts.

Design/methodology/approach
– The paper is conceptual and adopts a critical stance, i.e. to provide support for emancipation of individuals through ownership and control of their own analyses.

Findings
– Drawing on work by e.g. Bateson, the authors consider organizations as dynamic and complex human activity systems, and how actors can be helped to develop a productive learning “spiral” of acting and reflecting by means of a proposed socio-technical toolbox. Acting and reflecting upon action can be seen to form a “double helix” of learning, leading to richer understandings of contextual dependencies. Engaged actors need support to surface their contextually dependent understandings, individual and collectively and engage in a “dance of change”.

Practical implications
– Change is endemic in organizational life. When engaging with change activity that attempts to address complexity (as opposed to complicatedness), contextual experts need to be the key decision takers. This means a redistribution not only of responsibility and action but also decision-taking power.

Originality/value
– The paper suggests augmentation of traditional socio-technical methods to address dynamic complexity.
Learning about learning: a cybernetic model of skill acquisition
Authors: Scott Bernard , Bansal Abhinav 
Published: November 2014

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to explain some phenomena observed in the acquisition of motor skills: the loss of conscious access to knowledge of the structure of a skill and the awareness that an error has been made prior to the receipt of knowledge of results. Although there are rich descriptive accounts of skill acquisition in the literature, there are no satisfactory explanatory models of the cognitive processes involved. The paper provides such a model.

Design/methodology/approach
– In the 1970s, the first author implemented a computer program model of the cognitive processes involved in learning and skill acquisition, based on a series of empirical investigations. Recently, with assistance from the second author, the model has been reviewed, updated and re-implemented. The paper sets this work in the broader context of a theory of learning and teaching, conversation theory.

Findings
– The model provides a constructivist account of skill acquisition and associated phenomena. The model provides theoretical foundations for conversation theory.

Practical implications
– The model adds to the understanding of motor skill acquisition and to the understanding of processes of learning and teaching in general.

Originality/value
– The model and its interpretation are an original contribution to the skills acquisition literature.
Capital structure and size: new evidence across the broad spectrum of SMEs
Authors: Daskalakis Nikolaos , Eriotis Nikolaos , Thanou Eleni , Vasiliou Dimitrios 
Published: November 2014

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to add to the existing literature by examining a number of hypotheses relating to the capital structure decision in relation to the firms’ size, namely by distinguishing among micro, small and medium firms.Design/methodology/approach– The paper examines the hypothesis that the factors determining capital structure are different for firms belonging to different size groups. The authors use a panel data model capturing the dynamic concept of capital structure.Findings– The authors find that whereas the size of the firm does affect how much debt a firm will issue, it does not influence the relationship between the other regressors and debt usage.Research limitations/implications– The paper examines the small and medium enterprises (SMEs). Does not examine the large firms.Practical implications– During the last decade there has been a gradually increasing interest shown in the field of SMEs. These enterprises represent important parts of all economies in terms of both their total number and their job offer and job creation. For example, in the European Union (EU), in 2005, SMEs accounted for 99.8 percent of the total number of enterprises operating in EU-27, covering 66.7 of total employment in the non-financial business economy sector.Social implications– This paper relates capital structure decision to firms’ size distinguishing them among micro, small and medium firms.Originality/value– The paper tests differences in capital structure determination among different size groups of enterprises in a dynamic framework for more than one year.
Selected reference sources in disability studies: an annotated bibliography
Authors: Khailova Ladislava 
Published: November 2014

Purpose
– This paper aims to provide an overview of reference sources in the discipline of disability studies to aid academic and larger public libraries in their collection building efforts. Each discussed source is annotated, offering information on the title’s model for viewing disability, scope, structure and audience.

Design/methodology/approach
– Reference titles in disability studies were located through searches in WorldCat, then evaluated, selected and carefully annotated. Resources included in this annotated bibliography are those that move beyond the medical model of disability, exploring disability rather as a social construct. Also, works with interdisciplinary focus were preferred during selection.

Findings
– There is a variety of recently published reference resources in disability studies, including companions, encyclopedias, handbooks and series, that would potentially represent good additions to collections in academic and public libraries. Seven of these are annotated in this study.

Originality/value
– Post-medical disability studies target a broad range of audiences: sociologists, arts and humanities scholars, activists, people with disabilities, individuals without disabilities and medical practitioners and caretakers. Given this broad audience appeal, it can be argued that any academic library or large public library will benefit from setting up or updating its collections on this relatively new discipline of study. The resources annotated in this study assist interested libraries in this endeavor.
Earthworm invasion, white‐tailed deer and seedling establishment in deciduous forests of north‐eastern North America
Authors: Dobson Annise , Blossey Bernd 
Published: November 2014

Summary

Earthworm invasions and high deer populations are among many stressors threatening long‐term population viability of forest understorey plants in north‐eastern North America. Stressor effects are typically tested one at a time; however, stressors often co‐occur and plants respond to effects of multiple stressors simultaneously.

We used a factorial design to test independent and combined effects of non‐native earthworms and native white‐tailed deer on survival of seedling transplants of 15 native understorey plants in five forests in New York State.

Earthworm biomass was negatively correlated with survival of 12 of 15 species. We found no interactive effect of deer and earthworms, but did find a positive, non‐consumptive effect of deer on Geranium maculatum and Polygonum virginianum survival.

Deer and earthworm presence/absence indirectly influenced other trophic levels: earthworm presence increased the likelihood of insect attack, and deer exclusion increased the likelihood of rodent disturbance of transplants.

Synthesis. Invasive earthworms negatively affected seedling survival of many understorey plants, including species previously thought to benefit from earthworm associations. This effect was a function of earthworm biomass, a surrogate for earthworm activity. We expect deer herbivory to increase in importance, including indirect effects, as seedlings grow into browse height over the next years. Investigations of co‐occurring stressors can result in ‘ecological surprises’ including previously overlooked non‐consumptive effects or effects on other trophic levels.
Anti‐inflammatory properties of resveratrol in the retinas of type 2 diabetic rats
Authors: Ghadiri Soufi Farhad , Arbabi‐Aval Elham , Rezaei Kanavi Mozhgan , Ahmadieh Hamid 
Published: November 2014

SummaryResveratrol (trans‐3,5,4′‐trihydroxystilbene) is a nutritional supplement with anti‐inflammatory properties. The present study investigated the long‐term anti‐inflammatory property of resveratrol in the retinas of type 2 diabetic rats. Male Wistar rats were divided into four groups: normal control, diabetic control, resveratrol‐treated normal rats and resveratrol‐treated diabetic rats. Type 2 diabetes was induced by a single dose injection of streptozotocin (50 mg/kg; i.p.) 15 min after the administration of nicotinamide (110 mg/kg; i.p.) in 12‐h fasted rats (the streptozotocin–nicotinamide type 2 diabetic model). Oral resveratrol administration (5 mg/kg per day for 4 months) significantly improved glucose tolerance, and alleviated hyperglycemia and weight loss in diabetic rats. Furthermore, resveratrol administration significantly decreased the elevated levels of nuclear factor‐κB activity, and mRNA expression, tumour necrosis factor alpha level and apoptotic cells in the retinas of the diabetic rats. Furthermore, resveratrol did not significantly affect plasma insulin levels. Long‐term resveratrol administration has beneficial anti‐inflammatory properties in a rat model of diabetes. However, whether resveratrol exerts its effects directly or through reducing blood glucose levels requires further investigation.
Peptidyl‐prolyl isomerases: Functionality and potential therapeutic targets in cardiovascular disease
Authors: Rostam Muhamad A , Piva Terrence J , Rezaei Hossein B , Kamato Danielle , Little Peter J , Zheng Wenhua , Osman Narin 
Published: November 2014

SummaryPeptidyl‐prolyl cis/trans isomerases (PPIases) are a conserved group of enzymes that catalyse the conversion between cis and trans conformations of proline imidic peptide bonds. These enzymes play critical roles in regulatory mechanisms of cellular function and pathophysiology of disease. There are three different classes of PPIases and increasing interest in the development of specific PPIase inhibitors. Cyclosporine A, FK506, rapamycin and juglone are known PPIase inhibitors. Herein, we review recent advances in elucidating the role and regulation of the PPIase family in vascular disease. We focus on peptidyl‐prolyl cis/trans isomerase NIMA‐interacting 1 (Pin1), an important member of the PPIase family that plays a role in cell cycle progression, gene expression, cell signalling and cell proliferation. In addition, Pin1 may be involved in atherosclerosis. The unique role of Pin1 as a molecular switch that impacts on multiple downstream pathways necessitates the evaluation of a highly specific Pin1 inhibitor to aid in potential therapeutic drug discovery.
First record of the subfamily Oxytorinae (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) from Korea with descriptions of two new species
Authors: Kasparyan Dmitri Rafaelevich , Oh Seung‐Ho , Choi Gang Won , Lee Jong‐Wook 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThe subfamily Oxytorinae (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) is recorded from South Korea for the first time along with descriptions of two new species, Oxytorus diceratops Lee et Kasparyan sp. nov. from South Korea and O. areolator Lee et Kasparyan sp. nov. from South Korea and the South Far East of Russia. A key for identification of the Palaearctic species of Oxytorus is given. Line drawings and photos of diagnostic characters of new species are also provided.
Effects of the evolution of theSerra doMar mountains on the shape of the geographically isolated populations ofAegla schmittiHobbsIII, 1979 (Decapoda:Anomura)
Authors: Trevisan André , Marochi Murilo Zanetti , Costa Marcelo , Santos Sandro , Masunari Setuko 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThe Aeglidae family is a useful model for evaluating the shape variation to present small geographically isolated populations and present a carapace structure that allows precise placement of landmarks. We analysed variations of the size and shape of the carapace of seven populations ofA. schmitti. We used 18 bidimensional anatomical landmarks on the carapace of adult males. Size variation between the populations was analysed through a univariate analysis of variance, while the shape variation was analysed through a multivariate analysis of variance using the configurations aligned by the generalized Procrustes analysis. The ordination of the populations was investigated through a canonical variables analysis. Individuals from the populations differed in the carapace size, in this case, we observed the largest individuals in the Iguaçu river basin, followed by Ribeira do Iguape and the Coastal basin. Carapace shape also differed between the populations ofA. schmitti, with the exception of the Mato Grande and Piraquara rivers: populations from the Iguaçu River presented a larger and rounder carapace when compared with the slenderer carapace of the Coastal basin, and the Ribeira do Iguape animals presented intermediate shapes. Data from the present study show great congruency with the draining pattern and geological history of the region.
Intravenous Administration of Apomorphine Does NOT Induce Long QT Syndrome: Experimental Evidence from In Vivo Canine Models
Authors: Watanabe Yudai , Nakamura Yuji , Cao Xin , Ohara Hiroshi , Yamazaki Yukiko , Murayama Norie , Sugiyama Yosuke , Izumi‐Nakaseko Hiroko , Ando Kentaro , Yamazaki Hiroshi , Sugiyama Atsushi 
Published: November 2014

AbstractApomorphine is a non‐selective dopamine D1/D2 receptor agonist, which has been used for patients with Parkinson's disease and reported to induce QT interval prolongation and cardiac arrest. To clarify their causal link, we assessed the cardiovascular and pharmacokinetic profile of apomorphine with the halothane‐anaesthetized canine model (n = 4), whereas pro‐arrhythmic potential of apomorphine was analysed with the chronic atrioventricular block canine model (n = 4). In the halothane‐anaesthetized model, 0.01 mg/kg, i.v. of apomorphine hydrochloride over 10 min., providing about 10 times of its therapeutic concentration, increased the heart rate and ventricular contraction; 0.1 mg/kg over 10 min., providing about 100 times of the therapeutic, prolonged the ventricular effective refractory period; and 1 mg/kg over 10 min., providing about 1000 times of the therapeutic, decreased the ventricular contraction, mean blood pressure and cardiac output together with the intraventricular conduction delay and prolongation of the effective refractory period, whereas the left ventricular end‐diastolic pressure, atrioventricular nodal conduction or ventricular repolarization were hardly affected. Meanwhile, in the atrioventricular block model, 1 mg/kg, i.v. of apomorphine hydrochloride over 10 min. neither prolonged the QT interval nor induced torsade de pointes. These results suggest that apomorphine may possess a wide margin of cardiovascular safety contrary to our expectations.