bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Roles, tasks and educational functions of postgraduate programme directors: a qualitative study
Authors: Frydén Hanna , Ponzer Sari , Heikkilä Kristiina , Kihlström Lars , Nordquist Jonas 
Published: August 2015

ABSTRACT

Background
A programme director is often required to organise postgraduate medical education. This leadership role can include educational as well as managerial duties. Only a few published studies have explored programme directors’ own perceptions of their role. There is a need to explore the use of theoretical frameworks to improve the understanding of educational roles.

Objective
To explore programme directors’ own perceptions of their role in terms of tasks and functions, and to relate these roles to the theoretical framework developed by Bolman and Deal.

Methods
Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 17 programme directors between February and August 2013. The data were subjected to content analysis using a deductive approach.

Results
The various roles and tasks included by participants in their perceptions of their work could be categorised within the framework of functions described by Bolman and Deal. These included: structuring the education (structural function); supporting individuals and handling relations (human resource function); negotiating between different interests (political function); and influencing the culture at the departmental level (symbolic function). The functions most often emphasised by participants were the structural and human resource functions. Some tasks involved several functions which varied over time.

Conclusions
Programme directors’ own perceptions of their roles, tasks and functions varied widely. The theoretical framework of Bolman and Deal might be helpful when explaining and developing these roles.
ECONOMIC GROWTH OF SELECTED EAST ASIAN COUNTRIES: A MACROECONOMIC VIEW OF THEIR DEPENDENCE ON THE US AND EUROPE
Authors: TAN EU CHYE , TANG CHOR FOON 
Published: September 2015

This paper aims to ascertain whether direct macroeconomic linkages exist between some East Asian (EA) countries on the one hand and the United States (US) and Europe on the other, based upon quarterly real gross domestic product (GDP) series spanning from the early 1990s. Long-run and short-run lead-lag relations are explored within a trivariate modeling framework. Contrary to popular belief, the empirical evidence suggests generally either very nominal or no direct links at all between these EA countries and the US in terms of GDP. Direct links with Europe are completely ruled out. All these would allude to a very limited susceptibility of these EA economies to shocks in the US and Europe, barring a global economic crisis of catastrophic proportions. The growing belief that if China sneezes, the world catches the flu is also not borne out by the empirical results.
Korean Air Cargo: Strategic Challenges in an Evolving Environment
Authors: Park Namgyoo K. , Lee Jeonghwan , Park Uisung D. 
Published: September 2015

This case study conducted qualitative research of the air cargo transportation industry, focusing on the case of Korean Air Cargo. The air cargo business was now in its maturity stage and had revenues of $66 billion in 2010. Since the deregulation of the air industry during the expansion stage, the industry had witnessed fierce competition. Radical changes in the business environment and international politics also affected the industry and cargo airlines need to adjust to industry lifecycles and industry circumstances. In 2004, Korean Air Cargo was ranked the world's largest air cargo carrier. This was the result of adaptation to the business environment and meeting the needs of the market. The firm offered a new service, focusing on delivery of IT products and targeted niche markets. However, the double-digit growth rate of the Chinese economy offered huge opportunity for Chinese and Hong Kong airlines, and by 2010, Cathay Pacific surpassed Korean Air Cargo to become the market leader. With the double-dip global recession and the slowdown in the Chinese economy as well as lowered barriers to entry due to international deregulation, the air cargo industry has entered a hyper-competition phase. What should Korean Air Cargo do to proactively address world economic trends and the industry environment in order to capture market leadership again?
Brugada Syndrome Phenotype Elimination by Epicardial Substrate Ablation
Authors: Brugada Josep , Pappone Carlo , Berruezo Antonio , Vicedomini Gabriele , Manguso Francesco , Ciconte Giuseppe , Giannelli Luigi , Santinelli Vincenzo 
Published: September 2015

Background—
Whether Brugada syndrome (BrS) depends on functional epicardial substrates, which may be definitively eliminated by radiofrequency ablation, remains unknown.

Methods and Results—

Patients with BrS underwent epicardial mapping to identify areas of abnormal electrograms as target for radiofrequency ablation. Substrate identification consisted in mapping right ventricle epicardial surface before and after flecainide (2 mg/kg per 10 minutes). After radiofrequency ablation, flecainide and remap confirmed elimination of abnormal substrate, BrS ECG pattern, and ventricular tachycardia/ventricular fibrillation inducibility. Flecainide testing was performed at each follow-up visits ≤6 months. Fourteen patients with BrS, median age 39 years (30.3–42.3) with implantable cardioverter–defibrillator were enrolled. Low-voltage areas (<1.5 mV) were commonly identified on the anterior right free wall and right ventricular outflow tract, which increased after flecainide from 17.6 cm
2
(12.1–24.2) to 28.5 cm
2
(21.6–30.2;
P
=0.001). Similarly, areas with abnormal electrograms increased after flecainide from 19.0 (17.5–23.6) to 27.3 cm
2
(24.0–31.2;
P
=0.001). After 23.8 minutes (18.1–28.5) of radiofrequency ablation, abnormal electrograms disappeared, whereas low-voltage areas were replaced by scar areas (<0.5 mV) of 25.9 cm
2
(19.6–31.0). Substrate elimination resulted in BrS ECG pattern disappearance and no ventricular tachycardia/ventricular fibrillation inducibility without complications. After a median follow-up of 5 months (3.8–5.3), ECG remained normal despite flecainide.

Conclusions—
In patients with BrS, there is a relationship between abnormal ECG pattern, the extent of abnormal epicardial substrate, and ventricular tachycardia/ventricular fibrillation inducibility. Ablation of the substrate identified in the presence of flecainide can eliminate the BrS phenotype and warrants further study.
Human Carotid Plaques With High Levels of Interleukin-16 Are Associated With Reduced Risk for Cardiovascular Events
Authors: Grönberg Caitríona , Bengtsson Eva , Fredrikson Gunilla Nordin , Nitulescu Mihaela , Asciutto Giuseppe , Persson Ana , Andersson Linda , Nilsson Jan , Gonçalves Isabel , Björkbacka Harry 
Published: September 2015

Background and Purpose—
Interleukin-16 (IL-16) functions as a regulator of T-cell growth and acts as an inducer of cell migration. The aim of this study was to determine whether IL-16 measured in human carotid plaques was associated with symptoms (eg, stroke, transient ischemic attack, or amaurosis fugax), markers of plaque stability, and postoperative cardiovascular events.

Methods—
Plaques obtained from patients who had ≥1 cerebrovascular ischemic events within 1 month before endarterectomy (n=111) were compared with plaques from patients without symptoms (n=95). Neutral lipids, smooth muscle cell, and macrophage contents were evaluated histologically, and collagen, elastin, and caspase-3 activity were measured biochemically. IL-16, matrix metalloproteinases, and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases were measured in plaque homogenates using a multiplex immunoassay. IL-16, CD3, CD4, and FoxP3 mRNA expressions in carotid plaques were analyzed with quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction.

Results—

Carotid plaques from asymptomatic patients had higher levels of IL-16 mRNA. High plaque IL-16 protein levels (above median) were associated with reduced incidence of postoperative cardiovascular events during a mean follow-up of 21 months (hazard ratio, 0.47; 95% confidence interval, 0.22–0.99;
P
=0.047). IL-16 levels correlated with the plaque-stabilizing components: elastin, collagen, matrix metalloproteinase-2, tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase-1, tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase-2 and FoxP3 mRNA.

Conclusions—
This study shows that high levels of IL-16 are associated with asymptomatic carotid plaques, expression of factors contributing to plaque stability, and decreased risk of new cardiovascular events during a 2-year period after surgery, suggesting that IL-16 might have a protective role in human atherosclerotic disease.
The Impact of a Variable Mixing Efficiency on the Abyssal Overturning
Authors: de Lavergne Casimir , Madec Gurvan , Le Sommer Julien , Nurser A. J. George , Naveira Garabato Alberto C. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractIn studies of ocean mixing, it is generally assumed that small-scale turbulent overturns lose 15%–20% of their energy in eroding the background stratification. Accumulating evidence that this energy fraction, or mixing efficiency Rf, significantly varies depending on flow properties challenges this assumption, however. Here, the authors examine the implications of a varying mixing efficiency for ocean energetics and deep-water mass transformation. Combining current parameterizations of internal wave-driven mixing with a recent model expressing Rf as a function of a turbulence intensity parameter Reb = εν/νN2, the ratio of dissipation εν to stratification N2 and molecular viscosity ν, it is shown that accounting for reduced mixing efficiencies in regions of weak stratification or energetic turbulence (high Reb) strongly limits the ability of breaking internal waves to supply oceanic potential energy and drive abyssal upwelling. Moving from a fixed Rf = 1/6 to a variable efficiency Rf(Reb) causes Antarctic Bottom Water upwelling induced by locally dissipating internal tides and lee waves to fall from 9 to 4 Sverdrups (Sv; 1 Sv ≡ 106 m3 s−1) and the corresponding potential energy source to plunge from 97 to 44 GW. When adding the contribution of remotely dissipating internal tides under idealized distributions of energy dissipation, the total rate of Antarctic Bottom Water upwelling is reduced by about a factor of 2, reaching 5–15 Sv, compared to 10–33 Sv for a fixed efficiency. The results suggest that distributed mixing, overflow-related boundary processes, and geothermal heating are more effective in consuming abyssal waters than topographically enhanced mixing by breaking internal waves. These calculations also point to the importance of accurately constraining Rf(Reb) and including the effect in ocean models.
Combination of Lidar and Model Data for Studying Deep Gravity Wave Propagation
Authors: Ehard Benedikt , Achtert Peggy , Dörnbrack Andreas , Gisinger Sonja , Gumbel Jörg , Khaplanov Mikhail , Rapp Markus , Wagner Johannes 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
The paper presents a feasible method to complement ground-based middle atmospheric Rayleigh lidar temperature observations with numerical simulations in the lower stratosphere and troposphere to study gravity waves. Validated mesoscale numerical simulations are utilized to complement the temperature below 30-km altitude. For this purpose, high-temporal-resolution output of the numerical results was interpolated on the position of the lidar in the lee of the Scandinavian mountain range. Two wintertime cases of orographically induced gravity waves are analyzed. Wave parameters are derived using a wavelet analysis of the combined dataset throughout the entire altitude range from the troposphere to the mesosphere. Although similar in the tropospheric forcings, both cases differ in vertical propagation. The combined dataset reveals stratospheric wave breaking for one case, whereas the mountain waves in the other case could propagate up to about 40-km altitude. The lidar observations reveal an interaction of the vertically propagating gravity waves with the stratopause, leading to a stratopause descent in both cases.
TNF-α-mediated microRNA-136 induces differentiation of myeloid cells by targeting NFIA
Authors: Mei Shiyue , Liu Yu , Wu Xue , He Qingsheng , Min Siping , Li Ling , Zhang Yuan , Yang Rongcun 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
Immune cell-lineage specification and function are influenced by progenitor origin and environmental factors. The mechanism of differentiation of immune cells, such as neutrophils, monocytes, and myeloid-derived suppressor cells, in inflammatory environments has not been elucidated completely. In this study, we have identified human microRNA-136 as a positive regulator of the differentiation of granulocytes and monocytes. Ectopic microRNA-136 induced cells to express higher levels of CD11b, CD14, and C/EBPɛ, secrete more cytokines, and synthesize higher levels of reactive oxygen species and H2O2. microRNA-136 was shown to target and degrade multiple differentiation-associated molecules, such as the transcription factor NFIA, which induced the release of another microRNA, microRNA-223, with the ability to promote CD11b expression. Furthermore, microRNA-136 expression was remarkably increased by TNF-α, which activated NF-κB to bind to the DNA-promoter region controlling microRNA-136 expression. Additionally, TNF-α may alter NFIA expression through its modulation of microRNA-136 expression. Thus, TNF-α-mediated microRNA-136 may play a critical role in the generation and differentiation of inflammatory immune cells.
Mediators and molecular pathways involved in the regulation of neutrophil extracellular trap formation mediated by activated platelets
Authors: Carestia Agostina , Kaufman Tomás , Rivadeneyra Leonardo , Landoni Verónica Inés , Pozner Roberto Gabriel , Negrotto Soledad , D’Atri Lina Paola , Gómez Ricardo Martín , Schattner Mirta 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
In addition to being key elements in hemostasis and thrombosis, platelets amplify neutrophil function. We aimed to gain further insight into the stimuli, mediators, molecular pathways, and regulation of neutrophil extracellular trap formation mediated by human platelets. Platelets stimulated by lipopolysaccharide, a wall component of gram-negative bacteria, Pam3-cysteine-serine-lysine 4, a mimetic of lipopeptide from gram-positive bacteria, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, or physiologic platelet agonists promoting neutrophil extracellular trap formation and myeloperoxidase-associated DNA activity under static and flow conditions. Although P-selectin or glycoprotein IIb/IIIa were not involved, platelet glycoprotein Ib, neutrophil cluster of differentiation 18, and the release of von Willebrand factor and platelet factor 4 seemed to be critical for the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps. The secretion of these molecules depended on thromboxane A2 production triggered by lipopolysaccharide or Pam3-cysteine-serine-lysine 4 but not on high concentrations of thrombin. Accordingly, aspirin selectively inhibited platelet-mediated neutrophil extracellular trap generation. Signaling through extracellular signal-regulated kinase, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, and Src kinases, but not p38 or reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase, was involved in platelet-triggered neutrophil extracellular trap release. Platelet-mediated neutrophil extracellular trap formation was inhibited by prostacyclin. Our results support a role for stimulated platelets in promoting neutrophil extracellular trap formation, reveal that an endothelium-derived molecule contributes to limiting neutrophil extracellular trap formation, and highlight platelet inhibition as a potential target for controlling neutrophil extracellular trap cell death.
The impact of UVB radiation on the glycoprotein glue of orb-weaving spider capture thread
Authors: Stellwagen Sarah D. , Opell Brent D. , Clouse Mary E. 
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACT
Many spider orb-webs are exposed to sunlight and the potentially damaging effects of ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation. We examined the effect of UVB on the viscoelastic glycoprotein core of glue droplets deposited on the prey capture threads of these webs, hypothesizing that webs built by species that occupy sunny habitats are less susceptible to UVB damage than are webs built by species that prefer shaded forest habitats or by nocturnal species. Threads were tested shortly after being collected in the early morning and after being exposed to UVB energy equivalent to a day of summer sun and three times this amount. Droplets kept in a dark chamber allowed us to evaluate post-production changes. Droplet volume was unaffected by treatments, indicating that UVB did not damage the hygroscopic compounds in the aqueous layer that covers droplets. UVB exposure did not affect energies of droplet extension for species from exposed and partially to mostly shaded habitats (Argiope aurantia, Leucauge venusta and Verrucosa arenata). However, UVB exposure reduced the energy of droplet extension in Micrathena gracilis from shaded forests and Neoscona crucifera, which forages at night. Only in L. venusta did the energy of droplet extension increase after the dark treatment, suggesting endogenous molecular alignment. This study adds UVB irradiation to the list of factors (humidity, temperature and strain rate) known to affect the performance of spider glycoprotein glue, factors that must be more fully understood if adhesives that mimic spider glycoprotein glue are to be produced.
Book Reviews
Authors: Keating Patrick , Aspell Luke , Mustafa Suzan Ashleigh , Khelifa Nadja Ben , Buckle Luke , Conterio Martyn , Robinson Matthew S. , Sayed Yusef 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
Love in the Time of Cinema, Kristi McKim, (2012) New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 208 pp., ISBN 9780230301368 (hbk), $90.00
Thomas Ince: Hollywood’s Independent Pioneer (Screen Classics), Brian Taves, (2011) Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 368 pp., ISBN 9780813134222 (hbk), $39.95
Greek Cinema: Texts, Histories, Identities, Lydia Papadimitriou and Yannis Tzioumakis (eds), (2012) Bristol: Intellect Ltd, 279 pp., ISBN 9781841504339 (pbk), £24.95, $40
Scotland: Global Cinema – Genres, Modes and Identities, David Martin-Jones, (2009) Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 254 pp., ISBN 9780748633913 (hbk), £70.00
Brutal Vision: The Neorealist Body in Postwar Italian Cinema, Karl Schoonover, (2012) Minneapolis and London: University of Minnesota Press, 283 pp., ISBN 9780816675555 (pbk), £18.50; ISBN 9780816675546 (hbk), £55.00
World Film Locations: London, Neil Mitchell (ed.), (2011) Bristol: Intellect, 136 pp., ISBN 9781841504841 (pbk), £11.50
Popular Italian Cinema: Culture and Politics in a Postwar Society, Flavia Brizio-Skov, (2011) London: I.B. Tauris, 255 pp., ISBN 9781848855724 (hbk), £50.58
Virtual Hallyu: Korean Cinema of the Global Era, Kyung Hyun Kim, (2011) Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 255 pp., ISBN 9780822351016 (pbk), $24.95; ISBN 9780822350880 (hbk), $89.95
Postfeminism and heavy metal in the United Kingdom: Sexy or sexist?
Authors: Savigny Heather , Sleight Sam 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
As feminist scholars, and heavy metal fans, it has been regularly pointed out that the two positions are inconsistent, ontologically and politically, given the linkages between misogyny and metal in public and scholarly discourse. Weinstein used sociology to inform public discussion of heavy metal; but given our own epistemology, we thought it would be interesting to analyse heavy metal through a postfeminist lens. Postfeminism contains a set of contradictions: on the one hand it contains claims that feminism is no longer necessary, the battles have been won; on the other, it argues the need for feminism is ever more urgent. These tensions can be explored with reference to postfeminist notions of ‘empowerment’ and we argue that there are similar contradictions in heavy metal. To make this argument, empirically we have explored what is happening on stage and in audiences at festivals and at the intersection between bands and audiences. We use postfeminist theorizing to inform our discussion, as a mechanism to unpack the ways in which heavy metal can be both empowering (sexy) and problematic for women (sexist). Understanding the tensions between and the duality of these positions also enables us to understand predominantly masculine cultures. We argue that where heavy metal is situated as marginal it may provide a site of empowerment where women are liberated from mainstream hegemonic patriarchal structures. In this sense, heavy metal provides a site where patriarchy may be destabilized. Paradoxically, we argue, this site of empowerment may also be limited by masculine definitions of the extent to which gender norms may be subverted.
‘To Holmgard … and Beyond’: Folk metal fantasies and hegemonic white masculinities
Authors: Spracklen Karl 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
On first inspection, the metal music subgenre of folk metal might be arguably residual white, masculine spaces. The subgenres are not fashionable within the metal music scene. Folk metal bands are ridiculed by fans of black metal for being too mainstream and crowd-pleasing, constructing fantasies of drinking and fighting that have no authentic connection to Vikings, Saxons or other (supposed) nationalist patriarchs. But folk metal bands are not part of the mainstream of modern heavy metal, judged by sales of records and numbers of fans on social media. This article draws on new research on folk metal and its reputation within heavy metal, using a range of Internet sources and semiotic analysis of folk metal bands’ songs and images. The bands at the focus of the case study research are bands that have been deliberately selected because they are well-established in the industry, and generally known to fans of heavy metal: Turisas (Finland), Týr (Faroe Islands), Eluveitie (Switzerland), In Extremo (Germany) and Cruachan (Ireland). In this article, I argue that folk metal is not easily dismissed as a fantasy space for young, white European men left behind by postmodernity, postcolonialism and a rearrangement of the gender order. Rather, folk metal remains central to the ongoing construction of heavy metal as a form of commodified leisure that makes the power of western, instrumental whiteness and hegemonic masculinity invisible, while ironically being in plain sight.
Reviews
Authors: Calvo Manuela Belén , Riches Gabby 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Metal Culture: Papers, Discussions and Exhibitions of the First Metal Music Book Fair of Buenos Aires, Gito Minore et al. (2014) Number 1, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires: Clara Beter Ediciones, 72 pp., ISBN: 9789872829964, p/bk, 90 Argentine Pesos
Melancology: Black Metal Theory and Ecology, Scott Wilson (ed.) (2014) Alresford, UK: Zero Books, 255 pp., ISBN: 9781780991894, p/bk, £12.99