bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reversible cholinesterase inhibitors as pre‐treatment for exposure to organophosphates: assessment using azinphos‐methyl
Authors: Petroianu Georg A. , Nurulain Syed M. , Hasan Mohamed Y. , Kuča Kamil , Lorke Dietrich E. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractPre‐treatment with reversible acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors before organophosphorous compound (OPC) exposure can reduce OPC‐induced mortality. However, pyridostigmine, the only substance employed for such prophylaxis, is merely efficacious against a limited number of OPCs. In search of more efficacious and broad‐range alternatives, we have compared in vivo the ability of five reversible AChE inhibitors (pyridostigmine, physostigmine, ranitidine, tacrine and K‐27) to reduce mortality induced by the OPC azinphos‐methyl. Protection was quantified using Cox analysis by determining the relative risk (RR) of death in rats that were administered these AChE inhibitors in equitoxic dosage (25% of LD01) 30 min before azinphos‐methyl exposure. Azinphos‐methyl‐induced mortality was significantly reduced by all five tested compounds as compared with the reference group that was only exposed to azinphos‐methyl without prior pre‐treatment (RR = 1). The most efficacious prophylactic agents were K‐27 (RR = 0.15) and physostigmine (RR = 0.21), being significantly more efficacious than ranitidine (RR = 0.62) and pyridostigmine (RR = 0.37). Pre‐treatment with tacrine (RR = 0.29) was significantly more efficacious than pre‐treatment with ranitidine, but the difference between tacrine and pyridostigmine was not significant. Our results indicate that prophylactic administration of the oxime K‐27 may be a promising alternative in cases of imminent OPC exposure. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
5‐Caffeoylquinic acid decreases diet‐induced obesity in rats by modulating PPARα and LXRα transcription
Authors: Huang Kang , Liang Xiu‐ci , Zhong Ying‐li , He Wan‐yan , Wang Zheng 
Published: September 2014

AbstractBackgroundChlorogenic acids (CGAs) are widely distributed in plant material, including foods and beverages. 5‐Caffeoylquinic acid (5‐CQA) is the most studied CGA, but the mechanism of its hypolipidaemic effect remains unclear. This study aimed to determine the effect of 5‐CQA on lipid metabolism in the liver of Sprague–Dawley rats fed a high‐fat diet (HFD).Results5‐CQA suppressed HFD‐induced increases in body weight and visceral fat‐pad weight, serum lipid levels, and serum and hepatic free fatty acids in a dose‐dependent manner. Real‐time polymerase chain reaction revealed that 5‐CQA altered the mRNA expression of the transcription factors peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor α (PPARα) and liver X receptor α (LXRα) and target genes involved in hepatic fatty acid uptake, β‐oxidation, fatty acid synthesis, and cholesterol synthesis. Moreover, hepatic tissue sections from HFD‐fed rats showed many empty vacuoles, suggesting that liver cells were filled with more fat droplets. However, 5‐CQA significantly ameliorated this effect.Conclusion5‐CQA may improve lipid metabolism disorders by altering the expression of PPARα and LXRα, which are involved in multiple intracellular signalling pathways. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Yellow River Sediment as a Soil Amendment for Amelioration of Saline Land in the Yellow River Delta
Authors: Mao Weibing , Kang Shaozhong , Wan Yongshan , Sun Yuxia , Li Xiaohua , Wang Yifan 
Published: September 2014

AbstractSoil salinization and sedimentation in the Yellow River Delta pose significant environmental concerns in China. This study demonstrated for the first time that the Yellow River sediment can be used as a soil amendment to remediate the salt‐affected soil. Four treatments including the control (CK), Yellow River sediment application at 70 Mg ha−1 (S70) and 140 Mg ha−1 (S140), and crop residue application at 3 Mg ha−1 (P3) were replicated in two blocks in the field. Cotton, one of the most common crops in the Yellow River Delta, was planted. Soil physical properties and electrical conductivity (EC) were measured. The results indicated that mixing the Yellow River sediment, a poorly graded sand, with the clayed saline soil improved soil texture, macroporosity, and saturated hydraulic conductivity. Mean EC of treated soils was significantly lower than for the control. Improved cotton emergence and stand establishment were observed along with a significant treatment effect on cotton yield. The effects of S140 and P3 on soil macroporosity, hydraulic conductivity, soil EC, and cotton growth were comparable. This study concluded that applying Yellow River sediment in the saline land is a technically feasible and environmentally sustainable approach for saline soil remediation in the Yellow River Delta. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Polymeric Anti‐HIV Therapeutics
Authors: Danial Maarten , Klok Harm‐Anton 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThe scope of this review is to highlight the application of polymer therapeutics in an effort to curb the transmission and infection of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Following a description of the HIV life cycle, the use of approved antiretroviral drugs that inhibit critical steps in the HIV infection process is highlighted. After that, a comprehensive overview of the structure and inhibitory properties of polymeric anti‐HIV therapeutic agents is presented. This overview will include inhibitors based on polysaccharides, synthetic polymers, dendritic polymers, polymer conjugates as well as polymeric DC‐SIGN antagonists. The review will conclude with a section that discusses the applications of polymers and polymer conjugates as systemic and topical anti‐HIV therapeutics.
Cold spraying of Cu‐Al‐Bronze for cavitation protection in marine environments
Authors: Krebs S. , Gaertner F. , Klassen T. 
Published: September 2014

High strength metal coatings are promising for reducing the cavitation damage of ship rudders. Cold spraying offers the opportunity to produce coatings that have similar properties as respective bulk material. In this study, conditions for cold spraying CuAl10Fe5Ni5 bronze are evaluated for the use at ship rudder applications. The spray parameter sets were varied with respect to nozzle type, process gas pressure and temperature.Single particle impact morphologies were investigated by scanning electron microscopy and categorized into different classes to obtain information on the deformation behavior. Within the selected parameter regime, coatings were processed with deposition efficiencies of up to 70%. The coating microstructures were analyzed by optical microscopy to gain information on spraying conditions for minimum porosity. For the higher parameter sets, porosities of less than 2% were obtained. Coating performance was investigated by cavitation test procedures. These first results show that cold sprayed bronze coatings still faces challenges with respect to powder properties. With further optimization, respective coatings could have a high potential for ensuring a good performance in rudder protection.
Dietary fat intake and risk for Parkinson's disease
Authors: Dong Jing , Beard John D. , Umbach David M. , Park YikYung , Huang Xuemei , Blair Aaron , Kamel Freya , Chen Honglei 
Published: September 2014

AbstractPrevious epidemiological studies have generated inconsistent results regarding the associations between dietary fat intakes and risk for Parkinson's disease (PD). We therefore prospectively examined these associations in the National Institutes of Health–American Association of Retired Persons (NIH‐AARP) Diet and Health Study. A 124‐item food frequency questionnaire was administered at baseline in1995 to 1996, and PD diagnosis was self‐reported at the follow‐up survey in 2004 to 2006. A total of 1,087 cases with a PD diagnosis between 2000 and 2006 and 299,617 controls were included in the analyses. Overall, intakes of fats and other macronutrients were not associated with PD risk. However, we found a weak positive association between n‐6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and the risk for PD. After adjusting for potential confounders, the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) between extreme quintiles of n‐6 PUFA intake was 1.23 (95% CI = 1.02‐1.49, P for trend = 0.02). A similar association was observed for the intake of linoleic acid. Results were similar among men and among women. Our study suggests that fat intake in general is not related to the risk for PD. The weak positive association between intake of n‐6 PUFA and PD risk needs further investigation. © 2014 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
Phenotypic variability and molecular genetics in proximal myotonic myopathy
Authors: Papadimas George Konstantinos , Kekou Kiriaki , Papadopoulos Constantinos , Kararizou Evangelia , Kanavakis Emmanuel , Manta Panagiota 
Published: September 2014

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Myotonic dystrophy type 2 (DM2) is an autosomal dominant inherited disorder with (CCTG)n repeat expansion in intron 1 of the CNBP gene. Methods: We studied the first 16 Greek DM2 patients who had undergone thorough evaluation. Results: The age at diagnosis ranged from 38 to 69 years. The initial symptoms were proximal weakness, myalgias, and myotonia. Clinical myotonia was elicited in 10 patients, whereas electromyographic myotonic discharges were observed in almost all patients. Subcapsular cataract was frequently present, but cardiac arrhythmias were rare. Conclusions: In this study of Greek DM2 patients, proximal weakness was the most common initial symptom. Myalgias were also reported in a few patients, yet myotonia was not a major complaint. Although DM2 is considered relatively benign, there are patients who may be affected severely. Thus, a high index of suspicion must be maintained to make a timely diagnosis, especially in those of reproductive age. Muscle Nerve 51:686–691, 2015
Motor unit number estimation: A technology and literature review
Authors: Gooch Clifton L. , Doherty Timothy J. , Chan K. Ming , Bromberg Mark B. , Lewis Richard A. , Stashuk Dan W. , Berger Michael J. , Andary Michael T. , Daube Jasper R. 
Published: September 2014

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Numerous methods for motor unit number estimation (MUNE) have been developed. The objective of this article is to summarize and compare the major methods and the available data regarding their reproducibility, validity, application, refinement, and utility.Methods: Using specified search criteria, a systematic review of the literature was performed. Reproducibility, normative data, application to specific diseases and conditions, technical refinements, and practicality were compiled into a comprehensive database and analyzed.Results: The most commonly reported MUNE methods are the incremental, multiple‐point stimulation, spike‐triggered averaging, and statistical methods. All have established normative data sets and high reproducibility. MUNE provides quantitative assessments of motor neuron loss and has been applied successfully to the study of many clinical conditions, including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and normal aging.Conclusions: MUNE is an important research technique in human subjects, providing important data regarding motor unit populations and motor unit loss over time.Muscle Nerve50: 884–893, 2014
Diagnostic outcome of muscle biopsy
Authors: Shaibani Aziz , Jabari Duaa , Jabbour Moussa , Arif Chia , Lee Minjae , Rahbar Mohammad Hossein 
Published: September 2014

ABSTRACTIntroduction: We reviewed the diagnostic yield of muscle biopsy according to the presence or absence of muscle weakness, hyperCKemia, and electromyogaphic (EMG) abnormalities. Methods: In a retrospective study, 698 muscle biopsy reports were analyzed. Logistic regression models for myopathy and specific myopathy were fit, and receiver‐operating characteristic (ROC) curves were generated to assess prediction accuracy. The probability of finding specific myopathy was considered the main indication of a positive muscle biopsy. Results: Isolated hyperCKemia was poorly predictive of either myopathy or specific myopathy. Combined myopathic EMG, proximal weakness, and hyperCKemia were predictive. The predictability increased proportionally to the creatine kinase (CK) level in patients with proximal weakness and myopathic EMG. Cross validation showed accuracy around 70% for a probability threshold of 50%. Conclusions: The presence of hyperCKemia, proximal weakness, and myopathic EMG together were associated with highly positive diagnostic outcome of muscle biopsy. Isolated hyperCKemia had a poor diagnostic yield. Muscle Nerve 51:662–668, 2015
Testing the Feasibility of¡Cuídate!With Mexican and Central American Youth in a Rural Region of a Southern State
Authors: Larson Kim L. , Ballard Sharon M. , Nuncio Brenda J. , Swanson Melvin 
Published: September 2014

AbstractRegions of the US with growing Latino populations are in need of culturally sensitive sexual risk reduction programs. A Latino community, a public school district, and a university in eastern North Carolina collaborated to test the feasibility of¡Cuídate!, a culturally tailored, evidence‐based sexual risk reduction program, with Mexican and Central American youth. Ten male and 10 female adolescents, ages 13–17 years, participated in the¡Cuídate!program and post‐program focus groups. Early adolescent boys and girls (ages 13–15) gained the most from this program. A safe environment facilitated healthy sexual communication, and condom skills‐building provided a context for shared partner responsibility. Grade‐level and gender differences were significant. Analysis of the focus group data identified three important messages: Everybody needs sex education, We like this program better because it is hands‐on, and I'm going to make better decisions about sex. The findings of this study support the need for community‐based interventions that ensure cultural respect, trust, and a safe environment in which to discuss sexual issues. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Daily pain in adolescents with CF: Effects on adherence, psychological symptoms, and health‐related quality of life
Authors: Blackwell Laura S. , Quittner Alexandra L. 
Published: September 2014

SummaryBackgroundCystic fibrosis (CF) is a progressive, life‐shortening disease currently treated symptomatically. Among the consequences of daily treatments and long‐term progression of the disease is significant discomfort and pain. This study measured pain systematically in adolescents with CF using a pain diary, and evaluated its associations with treatment adherence, psychological symptoms, and health‐related quality of life (HRQOL).MethodsThis study was part of a larger, multi‐center study. Ninety‐five adolescents with a mean age of 15.8 were enrolled. A total of 413 online pain diaries were completed for 6 days following a routine clinic visit. Diaries measured pain intensity, location, duration, affective ratings, and coping responses. Adherence to pulmonary medications was measured using prescription refill data; other measures included ratings of depression, anxiety and HRQOL.ResultsPain was reported by 74.5% of participants, generally in the mild range, averaging 2.1 on a 10‐point scale. Daily pain ratings were highly variable both within and between participants. Pain was significantly associated with worse adherence, more psychological distress, and worse HRQOL.ConclusionsResults indicated that pain is a common problem for adolescents with CF and negatively affects their disease management, psychological symptoms and health outcomes. Routine assessment of pain and systematic studies of interventions to treat pain are recommended. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2015; 50:244–251. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Reptin Regulates Pluripotency of Embryonic Stem Cells and Somatic Cell Reprogramming Through Oct4-Dependent Mechanism
Authors: Do Eun kyoung , Cheon Hyo Cheon , Jang Il Ho , Choi Eun Jung , Heo Soon Chul , Kang Kyung Taek , Bae Kwang Hee , Cho Yee Sook , Seo Jeong Kon , Yoon Jong Hyuk , Lee Taehoon G. , Kim Jae Ho 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
Oct4 has been implicated in regulation of pluripotency in embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and reprogramming of somatic cells into induced pluripotent stem cells. However, the molecular mechanisms involved in Oct4-dependent regulation of pluripotency and reprogramming have not been clear. To gain insight into the mechanism of regulation of Oct4-mediated self-renewal of ESCs and reprogramming of somatic cells, we attempted to identify Oct4-binding proteins using affinity purification and mass spectrometry. We identified Reptin, a key component of ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling complexes, as an Oct4-binding protein. Depletion of endogenous Reptin using lentiviral short hairpin RNA (shRNA) led to a decrease in the number and size of alkaline phosphatase-positive colonies of mouse ESCs. In addition, shRNA-mediated silencing of Reptin resulted in decreased expression of pluripotency-specific marker genes, including Oct4, Sox2, Nanog, and SSEA-1. Results of the Oct4 reporter assay showed synergism between Oct4 and Reptin, and depletion of endogenous Reptin abolished Oct4 transcriptional activity. Results of a chromatin immunoprecipitation assay showed the overlapping interaction of Reptin and Oct4 to CR4 in the Oct4 enhancer in ESCs. Knockdown of Reptin using shRNA suppressed the reprogramming of mouse embryonic fibroblasts to induced pluripotent stem cells, whereas overexpression of Reptin resulted in enhanced efficiency of induced pluripotent stem cell generation. These results strongly suggest that Reptin plays a key role in maintaining the pluripotency of ESCs and in establishing the pluripotency during reprogramming of somatic cells by regulation of Oct4-mediated gene regulation. Stem Cells 2014;32:3126–3136
The Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p27kip1 Regulates Radial Stem Cell Quiescence and Neurogenesis in the Adult Hippocampus
Authors: Andreu Zoraida , Khan Muhammad Amir , González-Gómez Pilar , Negueruela Santiago , Hortigüela Rafael , San Emeterio Juana , Ferrón Sacri R. , Martínez Gloria , Vidal Anxo , Fariñas Isabel , Lie Dieter Chichung , Mira Helena 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
Members of the cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK)-inhibitory protein (CIP)/kinase-inhibitory protein (KIP) family of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors regulate proliferation and cell cycle exit of mammalian cells. In the adult brain, the CIP/KIP protein p27kip1 has been related to the regulation of intermediate progenitor cells located in neurogenic niches. Here, we uncover a novel function of p27kip1 in the adult hippocampus as a dual regulator of stem cell quiescence and of cell-cycle exit of immature neurons. In vivo, p27kip1 is detected in radial stem cells expressing SOX2 and in newborn neurons of the dentate gyrus. In vitro, the Cdkn1b gene encoding p27kip1 is transcriptionally upregulated by quiescence signals such as BMP4. The nuclear accumulation of p27kip1 protein in adult hippocampal stem cells encompasses the BMP4-induced quiescent state and its overexpression is able to block proliferation. p27kip1 is also expressed in immature neurons upon differentiation of adult hippocampal stem cell cultures. Loss of p27kip1 leads to an increase in proliferation and neurogenesis in the adult dentate gyrus, which results from both a decrease in the percentage of radial stem cells that are quiescent and a delay in cell cycle exit of immature neurons. Analysis of animals carrying a disruption in the cyclin-CDK interaction domain of p27kip1 indicates that the CDK inhibitory function of the protein is necessary to control the activity of radial stem cells. Thus, we report that p27kip1 acts as a central player of the molecular program that keeps adult hippocampal stem cells out of the cell cycle. Stem Cells 2015;33:219–229
Combination of Systemic Chemotherapy with Local Stem Cell Delivered S-TRAIL in Resected Brain Tumors
Authors: Redjal Navid , Zhu Yanni , Shah Khalid 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
Despite advances in standard therapies, the survival of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) patients has not improved. Limitations to successful translation of new therapies include poor delivery of systemic therapies and use of simplified preclinical models which fail to reflect the clinical complexity of GBMs. Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) induces apoptosis specifically in tumor cells and we have tested its efficacy by on-site delivery via engineered stem cells (SC) in mouse models of GBM that mimic the clinical scenario of tumor aggressiveness and resection. However, about half of tumor lines are resistant to TRAIL and overcoming TRAIL-resistance in GBM by combining therapeutic agents that are currently in clinical trials with SC-TRAIL and understanding the molecular dynamics of these combination therapies are critical to the broad use of TRAIL as a therapeutic agent in clinics. In this study, we screened clinically relevant chemotherapeutic agents for their ability to sensitize resistant GBM cell lines to TRAIL induced apoptosis. We show that low dose cisplatin increases surface receptor expression of death receptor 4/5 post G2 cycle arrest and sensitizes GBM cells to TRAIL induced apoptosis. In vivo, using an intracranial resection model of resistant primary human-derived GBM and real-time optical imaging, we show that a low dose of cisplatin in combination with synthetic extracellular matrix encapsulated SC-TRAIL significantly decreases tumor regrowth and increases survival in mice bearing GBM. This study has the potential to help expedite effective translation of local stem cell-based delivery of TRAIL into the clinical setting to target a broad spectrum of GBMs. Stem Cells 2015;33:101–110
The Kynurenine Pathway of Tryptophan Degradation is Activated During Osteoblastogenesis
Authors: Vidal Christopher , Li Wei , Santner-Nanan Brigitte , Lim Chai K. , Guillemin Gilles J. , Ball Helen J. , Hunt Nicholas H. , Nanan Ralph , Duque Gustavo 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
The mechanisms involved in the anabolic effect of interferon gamma (IFNγ) on bone have not been carefully examined. Using microarray expression analysis, we found that IFNγ upregulates a set of genes associated with a tryptophan degradation pathway, known as the kynurenine pathway, in osteogenic differentiating human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSC). We, therefore, hypothesized that activation of the kynurenine pathway plays a role in osteoblastogenesis even in the absence of IFNγ. Initially, we observed a strong increase in tryptophan degradation during osteoblastogenesis with and without IFNγ in the media. We next blocked indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase-1 (IDO1), the most important enzyme in the kynurenine pathway, using a siRNA and pharmacological approach and observed a strong inhibition of osteoblastogenesis with a concomitant decrease in osteogenic factors. We next examined the bone phenotype of Ido1 knockout (Ido1−/−) mice. Compared to their wild-type littermates, Ido1−/− mice exhibited osteopenia associated with low osteoblast and high osteoclast numbers. Finally, we tested whether the end products of the kynurenine pathway have an osteogenic effect on hMSC. We identified that picolinic acid had a strong and dose-dependent osteogenic effect in vitro. In summary, we demonstrate that the activation of the kynurenine pathway plays an important role during the commitment of hMSC into the osteoblast lineage in vitro, and that this process can be accelerated by exogenous addition of IFNγ. In addition, we found that mice lacking IDO1 activity are osteopenic. These data therefore support a new role for the kynurenine pathway and picolinic acid as essential regulators of osteoblastogenesis and as potential new targets of bone-forming cells in vivo. Stem Cells 2015;33:111–121