bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Knudsen cell mass spectrometry using restricted molecular beam collimation. I. Optimization of the beam from the vaporizing surface
Authors: Nuta Ioana , Chatillon Christian 
Published: December 2014

RATIONALEThis study analyzes molecular beam sampling by mass spectrometry by the Knudsen method using the so‐called " restricted collimation device" . This device, defined by the field and source apertures, was proposed in order to eliminate any additional contribution to the genuine molecular beam of surface vaporizations coming from the vicinity of the effusion orifice as usually detected by the ion source of a mass spectrometer.METHODSThe molecular transmission of the " restricted collimation device" was calculated using a vaporization law under vacuum taking into account the real surface where the molecules are emitted, i.e., the sample evaporation surface in the Knudsen cell or the effusion orifice section, towards the ion source inlet by integration of elementary solid angles.RESULTSAn optimum is observed depending on the pair of selected apertures that define the restricted collimation device, i.e., the field and source apertures. This optimum is different from that previously calculated when taking into account only the solid angle, as defined by the restricted collimation device.CONCLUSIONSThis difference is attributed to the previously approximate assumption that optimizing the restricted collimation solid angle automatically optimizes the sampling of the effused beam included in the restricted collimation angle. Moreover, the location of the evaporating surface for molecules traveling through the collimation device towards the ionization chamber remains an important factor: the distance between the sample evaporation surface and the field aperture is of paramount importance as it changes the molecular transmission to the mass spectrometer or to any target collection device in the conventional Knudsen method. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Calcined bone provides a reliable substrate for strontium isotope ratios as shown by an enrichment experiment
Authors: Snoeck Christophe , Lee‐Thorp Julia , Schulting Rick , de Jong Jeroen , Debouge Wendy , Mattielli Nadine 
Published: December 2014

RATIONALEStrontium isotopes (87Sr/86Sr) are used in archaeological and forensic science as markers of residence or mobility because they reflect the local geological substrate. Currently, tooth enamel is considered to be the most reliable tissue, but it rarely survives heating so that in cremations only calcined bone fragments survive. We set out to test the proposition that calcined bone might prove resistant to diagenesis, given its relatively high crystallinity, as the ability to measure in vivo 87Sr/86Sr from calcined bone would greatly extend application to places and periods in which cremation was the dominant mortuary practice, or where unburned bone and enamel do not survive.METHODSTooth enamel and calcined bone samples were exposed to a 87Sr‐spiked solution for up to 1 year. Samples were removed after various intervals, and attempts were made to remove the contamination using acetic acid washes and ultrasonication. 87Sr/86Sr was measured before and after pre‐treatment on a Nu Plasma multi‐collector induced coupled plasma mass spectrometer using NBS987 as a standard.RESULTSThe strontium isotopic ratios of all samples immersed in the spiked solution were strongly modified showing that significant amounts of strontium had been adsorbed or incorporated. After pre‐treatment the enamel samples still contained significant amounts of 87Sr‐enriched contamination while the calcined bone fragments did not.CONCLUSIONSThe results of the artificial enrichment experiment demonstrate that calcined bone is more resistant to post‐mortem exchange than tooth enamel, and that in vivo strontium isotopic ratios are retained in calcined bone. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Concise Reviews: Characteristics and Potential Applications of Human Dental Tissue-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells
Authors: Liu Junjun , Yu Fang , Sun Yao , Jiang Beizhan , Zhang Wenjun , Yang Jianhua , Xu Guo-Tong , Liang Aibin , Liu Shangfeng 
Published: December 2014

AbstractRecently, numerous types of human dental tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been isolated and characterized, including dental pulp stem cells, stem cells from exfoliated deciduous teeth, periodontal ligament stem cells, dental follicle progenitor cells, alveolar bone-derived MSCs, stem cells from apical papilla, tooth germ progenitor cells, and gingival MSCs. All these MSC-like cells exhibit self-renewal, multilineage differentiation potential, and immunomodulatory properties. Several studies have demonstrated the potential advantages of dental stem cell-based approaches for regenerative treatments and immunotherapies. This review outlines the properties of various dental MSC-like populations and the progress toward their use in regenerative therapy. Several dental stem cell banks worldwide are also introduced, with a view toward future clinical application. Stem Cells 2015;33:627–638
Evaluation of enzyme dose and dose‐frequency in ameliorating substrate accumulation in MPS IIIA Huntaway dog brain
Authors: King Barbara , Marshall Neil , Beard Helen , Hassiotis Sofia , Trim Paul J. , Snel Marten F. , Rozaklis Tina , Jolly Robert D. , Hopwood John J. , Hemsley Kim M. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractIntracerebrospinal fluid (CSF) infusion of replacement enzyme is under evaluation for amelioration of disease‐related symptoms and biomarker changes in patients with the lysosomal storage disorder mucopolysaccharidosis type IIIA (MPS IIIA; www.clinicaltrials.gov; NCT#01155778; #01299727). Determining the optimal dose/dose‐frequency is important, given the invasive method for chronically supplying recombinant protein to the brain, the main site of symptom generation. To examine these variables, we utilised MPS IIIA Huntaway dogs, providing recombinant human sulphamidase (rhSGSH) to young pre‐symptomatic dogs from an age when MPS IIIA dog brain exhibits significant accumulation of primary (heparan sulphate) and secondary (glycolipid) substrates. Enzyme was infused into CSF via the cisterna magna at one of two doses (3 mg or 15 mg/infusion), with the higher dose supplied at two different intervals; fortnightly or monthly. Euthanasia was carried out 24 h after the final injection. Dose‐ and frequency‐dependent reductions in heparan sulphate were observed in CSF and deeper layers of cerebral cortex. When we examined the amount of immunostaining of the general endo/lysosomal marker, LIMP‐2, or quantified activated microglia, the higher fortnightly dose resulted in superior outcomes in affected dogs. Secondary lesions such as accumulation of GM3 ganglioside and development of GAD‐reactive axonal spheroids were treated to a similar degree by both rhSGSH doses and dose frequencies. Our findings indicate that the lower fortnightly dose is sub‐optimal for ameliorating existing and preventing further development of disease‐related pathology in young MPS IIIA dog brain; however, increasing the dose fivefold but halving the frequency of administration enabled near normalisation of disease‐related biomarkers.
Seasonal pattern and induction cues of diel vertical migration of Chaoborus flavicans in Lake Fukami‐ike, Nagano, Japan
Authors: Nagano Mariko , Yagi Akihiko , Yoshida Takehito 
Published: December 2014

AbstractDiel vertical migration (DVM), which is a well‐known behavior of planktonic organisms, is influenced by several factors, including predation, ultraviolet radiation, temperature, and food. The larvae of Chaoborus (Diptera) exhibit DVM in lakes and ponds. However, it is unclear whether the DVM of Chaoborus larvae changes seasonally and whether induction cues influence the seasonal pattern of DVM. In this study, we report that Chaoborus larvae showed DVM throughout the year in a eutrophic lake (Lake Fukami‐ike, Japan). Our laboratory experiment demonstrated that the larvae showed DVM in response to light change even when they were not exposed to fish kairomone at water temperatures typical of winter and summer in the studied lake. These results differed from those of previous studies on other Chaoborus populations showing that both fish kairomone and light change were necessary to induce DVM, which suggests variation in the induction cues among local populations. We suggest that for Chaoborus larvae in Lake Fukami‐ike, a seasonally continuous DVM induced solely by light change is adaptive to their particular habitat where the population is exposed to fish predation throughout the year.
Radiographic Anatomy of the Native Anterior Cruciate Ligament: A Systematic Review
Authors: Sullivan Jaron P. , Cook Shane , Gao Yubo , Wolf Brian R. 
Published: December 2014

Background In an attempt to improve the accuracy and reproducibility of tunnel positioning, radiographs are being analyzed in an attempt to recreate the native anatomy of the ACL. Understanding the native ACL radiographic anatomy is an essential prerequisite to understand the relevance of postoperative tunnel position. Questions/Purposes We performed a systematic review of the literature to delineate the radiographic location of the native ACL femoral and tibial footprints. Methods A search was performed in March 2014 in PubMed, the Cochrane Collaboration Library, and EMBASE to identify all studies that evaluated the native anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) anatomy on radiographs. Various measurement methods were used in each study, and averages were obtained of the data from studies with the same measurement methods. Results Fifteen papers were identified (which included data on 177 femora and 207 tibiae in total). Evaluation of the femoral footprint using the quadrant method on lateral knee radiographs showed that the average percent distance location of the anteromedial (AM) bundle and posterolateral (PL) bundle was 22.8% (95% confidence interval (CI) 16.59–28.90) and 32.5% (95% CI 27.71–37.26) from the posterior condyle, respectively, and 23.2% (95% CI 19.52–26.94) and 50.0% (95% CI 46.16–53.76) from Blumensaat's line, respectively. Using the Amis and Jacob method, the tibial footprint on the lateral knee radiograph average percent distances was 35.1% (95% CI 34.46–35.72) for the center of the AM bundle and 47.3% (95% CI 41.69–52.95) for the center of the PL bundle of the ACL. The femoral and tibial ACL footprints on the anteroposterior (AP) views of the knee were not well delineated by these studies. Conclusion The information presented in this systematic review offers surgeons another important tool for accurate ACL footprint identification.
Fabry cardiomyopathy presenting with a high defibrillation threshold: A short case report
Authors: Kanda Takashi , Masuda Masaharu , Sunaga Akihiro , Fujita Masashi , Iida Osamu , Okamoto Shin , Ishihara Takayuki , Nanto Kiyonori , Shiraki Tatsuya , Sera Fusako , Uematsu Masaaki 
Published: December 2014

AbstractFabry disease is an X‐linked recessive glycosphingolipid storage disorder caused by a deficiency of lysosomal enzyme α‐galactosidase A. It is recognized that Fabry disease patients often have ventricular arrhythmias. Although the effectiveness of implantable cardioverter‐defibrillator (ICD) therapy in patients with ventricular fibrillation is established, there is little evidence regarding ICD therapy for Fabry disease. Here, we report the case of patient with Fabry disease who was treated with an ICD and presented with high defibrillation thresholds.
Severe pneumonia in mycophenolate mofetil combined with low‐dose corticosteroids‐treated patients with immunoglobulin A nephropathy
Authors: Wan Qi‐Jun , Hu Hao‐Fei , He Yong‐Cheng , Luan Shao‐Dong , Chen Hong‐Tao , Liu Hong‐Ping , Li Tong , Xu Yi , Xu Hui‐Li , Liao Ying 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThe tolerance of mycophenolate mofetil (MMF; Shanghai Roche, China) in Lee Classes III, IV, and V immunoglobulin A nephropathy (IgAN) remains unclear. This article reports nine cases of severe pneumonia (SP), including pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) and cytomegalovirus (CMV) pneumonia, and its risk factors in MMF plus low‐dose corticosteroid‐treated patients with Lee Classes III, IV, and V IgAN. Fifty‐three patients with IgAN were included in this single‐center study. The treatment regimen was MMF (1–1.5 g/d) plus low‐dose corticosteroids (0.5 mg/kg/d). SP was defined as diffuse bilateral lung infiltrate with respiratory failure. PCP was diagnosed by detecting the organisms in the sputum and bronchoalveolar lavage. CMV infection was diagnosed through serum screening for CMV‐IgG and IgM antibodies and CMV‐DNA testing by a real‐time polymerase chain reaction assay. The risk factors of SP were analyzed. Nine cases (16.9%) of SP occurred in this study. All SP developed at approximately the 10th–14th week after the initiation of the regimen: PCP was diagnosed in four cases and CMV infection in two cases. Renal function impairing was more serious in patients with SP than in those without SP, as evidenced by estimated glomerular filtration rate (p = 0.019) and serum creatinine level (p = 0.016). Six of the nine SPs occurred in MMP plus low‐dose methylprednisolone group, which was statistically higher than that in the MMF plus low‐dose prednisone group (p = 0.000). The incidence of SP in this study was 16.9%. Chronically impaired renal function and the use of methylprednisolone may be the risk factors for SP.
Land, Power, And Dependency along the Gambia River, Late Eighteenth to Early Nineteenth Centuries
Authors: Sarr Assan 
Published: December 2014

Abstract:The role of power over people and over land is an important issue in West Africa, with important implications for relationships between commoners and elites. Along with conquest, slave raiding, marriage, and procreation, control over land has enhanced the ability of chiefs and other elites to gain control over people, thus increasing their production and reinforcing social hierarchy and centralization of power. This article utilizes oral evidence and European documentary sources to examine the importance of the concept of “wealth-in-people” for understanding the significance of land in African societies. By focusing on the Gambia region, where both paddy and upland rice farming were practiced in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, the article contributes empirical observations to support the argument that control over both land and people played a central role in the accumulation of wealth in many African societies.
Feeding panicled tick-clover to growing goats reduces Haemonchus contortus infection without negative effects on growth
Authors: Cherry N.M. , Bullinger M. , Lambert B.D. , Muir J.P. , Whitney T.W. , Miller J.E. , Sawyer J.T. 
Published: December 2014

SummaryIn an effort to identify a forage legume with condensed tannins (CT) that reduce gastro-intestinal nematodes (GIN) in small ruminants without negative effects on nutrition, the following trial looked at the effects of two legumes containing CT on average daily gain (ADG) and faecal egg counts (FEC) in kid goats. Lespedeza cuneata (sericea lespedeza, SL) and Desmodium paniculatum (panicled tick-clover; PTC) were pelleted into isonitrogenous complete feeds containing 3.8% CT in a four week feeding trial. Compared to the alfalfa (Medicago sativa) control diet, SL decreased (P ≤ 0.05) feed efficiency and ADG while PTC had the same (P > 0.05) feed efficiency as alfalfa. The SL and PTC pelleted feeds increased (P = 0.006) daily feed intake by 4.5 kg and 3.7 kg, respectively, compared to alfalfa control, while kids consuming SL and PTC showed an average 44% reduction (P ≤ 0.05) in FEC compared to those fed alfalfa. The results showed that feeding PTC, an herbaceous, perennial legume native to much of North America, to goats may provide a natural means of reducing ruminant GIN while simultaneously providing a source of protein.
The morphodynamics of a swash event on an erodible beach
Authors: Zhu Fangfang , Dodd Nicholas 
Published: December 2014

AbstractA high-accuracy numerical solution, coupling one-dimensional shallow water and bed-evolution equations, with, for the first time, a suspended sediment advection equation, thereby including bed and/or suspended load, is used to examine two swash events on an initially plane erodible beach: the event of Peregrine & Williams (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 440, 2001, pp. 391–399) and that of a solitary wave approaching the beach. Equations are solved by the method of characteristics, and the numerical model is verified. Full coupling of suspended load to beach change for Peregrine & Williams (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 440, 2001, pp. 391–399) yields only slightly altered swash flows, depending on beach mobility and sediment response time; a series of similar final beach change patterns results for different beach mobilities. Suspended- and bed-load transport have distinct morphodynamical signatures. For the solitary wave a backwash bore is created (Hibberd & Peregrine, J. Fluid Mech., vol. 95, 1979, pp. 323–345). This morphodynamical bore propagates offshore initially, and leads to the creation of a beach bed step (Larson & Sunamura, J. Sedimentary Petrology, vol. 63, 1993, pp. 495–500), primarily due to bed-load transport. Its height is directly related to bed-load mobility, and also depends strongly on the bed friction coefficient. The shock dynamics of this bed step is explained and illustrated. Bed- and suspended-load mobilities are quantified using field data, and an attempt is made to relate predictions to measurements of single swash events on a natural beach. Average predicted bed change magnitudes across the swash are of the order of 2 mm, with maximum bed changes of up to approximately 10 cm at the bed step.
Toroidal and poloidal energy in rotating Rayleigh–Bénard convection
Authors: Horn Susanne , Shishkina Olga 
Published: December 2014

AbstractWe consider rotating Rayleigh–Bénard convection of a fluid with a Prandtl number of $\mathit{Pr}=0.8$ in a cylindrical cell with an aspect ratio ${\it\Gamma}=1/2$. Direct numerical simulations (DNS) were performed for the Rayleigh number range $10^{5}\leqslant \mathit{Ra}\leqslant 10^{9}$ and the inverse Rossby number range $0\leqslant 1/\mathit{Ro}\leqslant 20$. We propose a method to capture regime transitions based on the decomposition of the velocity field into toroidal and poloidal parts. We identify four different regimes. First, a buoyancy-dominated regime occurring while the toroidal energy $e_{tor}$ is not affected by rotation and remains equal to that in the non-rotating case, $e_{tor}^{0}$. Second, a rotation-influenced regime, starting at rotation rates where $e_{tor}>e_{tor}^{0}$ and ending at a critical inverse Rossby number $1/\mathit{Ro}_{cr}$ that is determined by the balance of the toroidal and poloidal energy, $e_{tor}=e_{pol}$. Third, a rotation-dominated regime, where the toroidal energy $e_{tor}$ is larger than both $e_{pol}$ and $e_{tor}^{0}$. Fourth, a geostrophic regime for high rotation rates where the toroidal energy drops below the value for non-rotating convection.
Predictors of Unfavourable Seizure Outcome in Patients with Epilepsy in Nepal
Authors: Lohani Subash , Devkota Upendra P. , Rajbhandari Hemav 
Published: December 2014

Background:Despite optimal medical therapy, a sizeable number of patients continue to have persistent seizures. We evaluated the association of pretreatment and treatment variables with unfavorable seizure outcome.Methods:Patients with follow-up over 12 years in the Nepal Epilepsy Association were evaluated. Patients having seizures for at least a year and already on polytherapy after failure of two monotherapy trials were considered having unfavourable outcome. Variables under study were: age, sex, duration and frequency of seizures prior to treatment, type of seizure, neurological status, Computed Tomography (CT) finding, and failure of first anti-epileptic drug (AED). Bivariate analysis was done with Chi-square and Fisher exact tests. Potential interaction between variables was studied with a logistic regression analysis.Results:Out of a total 529 consecutive patients, 490 were included in the study. Unfavorable seizure outcome was seen in 26.8% of patients. Among 284 patients who remained viable for analysis, bivariate analysis showed significant association of unfavorable outcome with frequency of seizure (p 0.01), abnormal neurological status (p 0.01) and failure of first AED (p 0.00), while no significant association was seen with age at onset (p 0.45), sex (p 0.47), duration of seizure (p 0.43), type of seizure (p 0.12), and presence of CT abnormality (p 0.46). The fitted regression model portended an unfavorable prognosis with failure of first AED and abnormal neurological status, however, failed to show significant association with frequency of seizure.Conclusions:Failure of first AED trial and associated neurological deficits are significant predictors of unfavorable seizure outcome.
Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy: Canadian Paediatric Neuromuscular Physicians Survey
Authors: McMillan Hugh J. , Campbell Craig , Mah Jean K. 
Published: December 2014

Background:Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is the most common form of muscular dystrophy in childhood.Method:To assess the current care of paediatric DMD patients in Canada, a questionnaire was mailed to 17 physicians who were members of the Canadian paediatric neuromuscular group. Areas of enquiry included; 1) multidisciplinary team composition; 2) means of DMD diagnosis; 3) corticosteroid use; surveillance and management for: 4) orthopaedic, 5) respiratory and 6) cardiac complications and 7) health maintenance (nutrition & immunizations).Results:Completed surveys were returned by 14/17 (82%) of physicians. Twelve respondents followed DMD patients. All centres had multidisciplinary teams, including respirology (11/12), child neurology or physiatry (11), physiotherapy (9), occupational therapy (9) and orthopaedic surgery (7). Deflazacort 0.9mg/kg/d was used at all centres, which was continued after loss of independent ambulation (11), along with routine calcium and vitamin D supplementation (10). Night splints were prescribed at all centres. Routine surveillance studies included pulmonary function testing (11), sleep studies (10), EKG/echocardiogram (10), bone density (DEXA) scans (10), spine radiography (9), and dietician referral (4).Conclusion:Paediatric DMD patients are receiving relatively consistent care in multidisciplinary clinics across Canada, in accordance with recommended guidelines for DMD.