bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Design, Implementation and Results from a Tracer Surveillance Program to Remotely Monitor Water and Oil Inflow Data in the Deep Water Parque das Conchas (BC-10), Argonauta O-North Field Development Operated by Shell do Brasil Ltd
Authors: Hewitt Paul , Kilic Murat , Baima João 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
The heavy oilfield, Argonauta O-North Field, operated by Shell Brasil Petroleo in the Campos Basin, has been developed using eleven horizontal wells including four peripheral water injectors and seven producers. Production flow from this field uses one common riser. Successful development of the field requires effective wellbore clean out, as well as strict injection and produced water management. In order to achieve this, knowledge of positional oil flow from each well and source of water breakthrough was considered essential. Therefore, as part of the overall reservoir surveillance program, the application of over fifty unique specialist oil and water inflow tracers together with chemical waterflood tracers was planned and implemented.
The eleven wells were drilled and completed in 2013 with well testing and first oil production later in the same year. Each production well was initially monitored using standard ramp up tests followed by static pressure build up measurement. During this time produced oil samples were taken from the comingled production line located on the FPSO Espiritos Santo in order that tracer presence could be measured and quantitative information gained regarding positional oil inflow to each well. After five months of production, water cut started to increase. Water samples were taken on a regular basis from the common flow line. Using knowledge of where each of the unique water tracers was located in the lower completions, information was generated with respect to which well was producing water and from what position along the horizontal length it was originating. In addition to individual positional inflow, data was generated on whether the water was flowing from one of the four water injection wells or originated from the formation.
This paper provides an overview of the project objectives, discusses best practice for inflow and waterflood tracer design when used in a subsea field development, details critical pre-screening tests to ensure the use of optimal tracer types and formulations, how the tracers were integrated into sand screens, their deployment into each well, sampling strategy and presents and discusses a number of results from the beginning of production to present day.
Analysis of Field Trial Well Control Results with a Dual Gradient Drilling System
Authors: Hauge E. , Godhavn J.M. , Molde D.O. , Cohen J.H , Stave R.S. , Toftevaag K.R. 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
This article presents results from the Controlled Mud Pressure (CMP) field trial that encompassed well control on a rig equipped for dual gradient drilling. The tests were carried out after successfully drilling three laterals with a partly evacuated riser with a controlled mud level. The paper focus on analysis of the results to quantify the ability to: detect in-/out-fluxes of gas and liquid; circulate out gas with both an open and closed annular preventer; suppress migration of drilled gas into the evacuated part of the riser during drilling.
The CMP test objective is to verify the ability of the CMP equipment to detect and controllably circulate out simulated influxes. Five tests are documented: one with liquid in- and out-fluxes introduced through the choke line using the cement pump, and four with gas introduced through the drill string. Nitrogen was used to emulate gas kicks, which were circulated out of the well with both an open riser and with a closed annular preventer and a dedicated return line, connected to the subsea pump module and a topside-mounted choke. To address the challenge with drilled gas accumulating in the evacuated part of the riser, small portions of Methane were injected into the drill string while circulating. Gas sensor readings at the shakers and in the flow-line were used to monitor gas concentration in the mud and above the mud mirror, respectively.
The main findings from the field trial are: volume imbalances due to abrupt changes in flow rate into the well are quickly detected; it is possible to circulate small gas kicks out of the well through the subsea pump module and dedicated well control equipment when closing in the well with the annular preventer, given that the pump handles a mixture of mud and gas, and can withstand a high differential pressure to sea; it is not advisable to vent large gas kicks into the evacuated part of the riser without closing the blowout preventer (BOP). In addition, gas migration velocities in water-based mud with varying flow rates and gas content are reported.
The article directs attention to deep water well control using specialized equipment for dual gradient drilling. It also contains valuable analysis of field trial results, which contribute to the understanding of gas migration, and the possibilities and restrictions, introduced with dual gradient drilling.
Parents’ experience of childhood atopic eczema in the public health sector of Gauteng
Authors: Meintjes Kaarina F. , Nolte Ann G.W. 
Published: April 2015

Background: The World Allergy Organization found that 20% – 30%of the world’s population suffers from an allergic disease. Most allergic patients are seen by non-allergy-trained healthcare workers. The public primary healthcare (PHC) management of childhood atopic eczema (CAE) in the central Gauteng district was the focus of the overall study. The focus of this article is the parents’ experience of CAE and the management thereof. The research question was: What is the experience of parents living with a child with atopic eczema (AE)?Objectives: The overall purpose was to develop validated PHC management guidelines for CAE. One of the objectives was to explore and describe the experiences of parents regarding the AE of their children and the management thereof.Method: An embedded single case study design using a qualitative, explorative, descriptive and contextual strategy was employed. Data was collected through semi-structured individual interviews from a purposively selected sample and field notes. Ten parents were interviewed, after which data saturation occurred. Data were analysed according to Tesch’s steps of descriptive data analysis. Lincoln and Guba’s model was used to ensure trustworthiness.Results: Three main themes were identified. This article focuses on theme one: The physical, emotional and social impact of CAE. Theme two identified the management challenges and theme three indicated recommendations regarding the management of CAE.Conclusion: The facilitation of management of CAE focuses on developing PHC guidelines and addressing management challenges in order to achieve better controlled CAE.
Constructing Double Magma on Groups Using Commutation Operations
Authors: Edmunds Charles C. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractA magma (M, *) is a nonempty set with a binary operation. A double magma (M, *, •) is a nonempty set with two binary operations satisfying the interchange law (w * x) • (y * z) = (w • y)*(x•z). We call a double magma proper if the two operations are distinct, and commutative if the operations are commutative. A double semigroup, first introduced by Kock, is a double magma for which both operations are associative. Given a non-trivial group G we define a system of two magma (G, *, •) using the commutator operations x * y = [x, y](= x−1 y−1x y) and x • y = [y, x]. We show that (G, *, •) is a double magma if and only if G satisfies the commutator laws [x, y; x, z] = 1 and [w, x; y, z]2 = 1. We note that the first lawdefines the class of 3-metabelian groups. If both these laws hold in G, the double magma is proper if and only if there exist x0, y0 ∊ G for which [x0 , y0]2 ≠ 1. This double magma is a double semigroup if and only if G is nilpotent of class two. We construct a specific example of a proper double semigroup based on the dihedral group of order 16. In addition, we comment on a similar construction for rings using Lie commutators.
Occupying the Red Line--Radical Education, One Subway Car at a Time
Authors: Ramsey Joe 
Published: April 2015

We work in teams of three or four, starting at the back of the train (in Davis Square, Somerville), and working our way forward, car by car, as the Red Line heads South (towards Ashmont, Dorchester). We carry stacks of leaflets, stickers, bundles of Boston Occupier newspapers, clipboards tucked under our arms—a band of guerilla radical educator-agitators, the revolution underground, riding the rails.
Poems from the Occupy Movement
Authors: Annas Pam , Annsfire Joan , Bernard Christopher , Carroll Peter Neil , Clem Billy , Evans Eric , Hoffman Alicia , Lillis Karen , McGuire Catherine , Marchant Fred , Obenzinger Hilton , Royal Najaya , Weiss Alice , Z Mickey 
Published: April 2015

From the beginning of the Occupy Movement, poetry has occupied a major supporting role. Both the New York and Boston encampments immediately set up a library tent, and poetry readings were a regular part of the camp’s activities.
The Radical Potential of the Food Justice Movement
Authors: Romer Nancy 
Published: April 2015

The two main threats to our people and planet are climate change and corporate control of our economy and polity.[1] These enormous and completely intertwined issues will take a mass movement of epic proportions to shift. Time is of the essence as climate, economic and political disasters keep coming, ever gaining in intensity, impoverishing our people while enriching the transnational and national corporations. Agreements like the Trans Pacific Partnership that would further strip national governments of their rights to protect labor and the environments in favor of protecting corporate profits cast this future as likely to deepen. The need to build dynamic and effective movements that embody the needs of our people is an imperative for those of us who believe that only democratic struggles, led by the most oppressed and joined by allies, can create a new world. We need that new world more than ever as we face the realities of life on earth shifting before our very eyes. The Food Justice Movement (FJM) offers a door through which to enter the enormous and often baffling labyrinth of broad sectors, issues, analyses and strategies of movements that exist and need to expand and gel.
Quantifying subtropical North Pacific gyre mixed layer primary productivity from Seaglider observations of diel oxygen cycles
Authors: Nicholson David P. , Wilson Samuel T. , Doney Scott C. , Karl David M. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractUsing autonomous underwater gliders, we quantified diurnal periodicity in dissolved oxygen, chlorophyll, and temperature in the subtropical North Pacific near the Hawaii Ocean Time‐series (HOT) Station ALOHA during summer 2012. Oxygen optodes provided sufficient stability and precision to quantify diel cycles of average amplitude of 0.6 µmol kg−1. A theoretical diel curve was fit to daily observations to infer an average mixed layer gross primary productivity (GPP) of 1.8 mmol O2 m−3 d−1. Cumulative net community production (NCP) over 110 days was 500 mmol O2 m−2 for the mixed layer, which averaged 57 m in depth. Both GPP and NCP estimates indicated a significant period of below‐average productivity at Station ALOHA in 2012, an observation confirmed by 14C productivity incubations and O2/Ar ratios. Given our success in an oligotrophic gyre where biological signals are small, our diel GPP approach holds promise for remote characterization of productivity across the spectrum of marine environments.
Enhancement of dimethylsulfide production by anoxic stress in natural seawater
Authors: Omori Yuko , Tanimoto Hiroshi , Inomata Satoshi , Wada Shigeki , Thume Kathleen , Pohnert Georg 
Published: April 2015

AbstractDimethylsulfide (DMS) is produced by phytoplankton in the ocean and plays an important role in biogeochemical cycles and climate system of the Earth. Previous field studies reported a possible relationship between DMS enhancement and anoxic condition, although the governing processes are still to be identified. Here we show the first direct evidence for the enhancement of DMS production by natural planktonic assemblages caused by anoxic stress. Under the anoxic condition, DMS production was considerably enhanced and DMS bacterial consumption was inhibited, resulting in an eightfold higher rate of gross DMS production than that under the oxic condition. Our results demonstrated that anoxic stress is one of important “environmental factors” in the marine DMS dynamics, suggesting the possible global importance due to ubiquity of anoxic conditions in the coastal oceans. This process would become more important in the future due to expansion of coastal hypoxic and anoxic zones by global warming.
Glacial ocean overturning intensified by tidal mixing in a global circulation model
Authors: Schmittner A. , Green J. A. M. , Wilmes S.‐B. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractDue to lower sea levels during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), tidal energy dissipation was shifted from the shallow margins into the deep ocean. Here using a high‐resolution tide model, we estimate that global energy fluxes below 200 m depth were almost quadrupled during the LGM. Applying the energy fluxes to a consistent tidal mixing parameterization of a global climate model results in a large intensification of mixing. Global mean vertical diffusivity increases by more than a factor of 3, and consequently, the simulated meridional overturning circulation accelerates by ~21–46%. In the model, these effects are at least as important as those from changes in surface boundary conditions. Our findings contrast with the prevailing view that the abyssal LGM circulation was more sluggish. We conclude that changes in tidal mixing are an important mechanism that may have strongly increased the glacial deep ocean circulation and should no longer be neglected in paleoclimate simulations.
Eddy stirring and horizontal diffusivity from Argo float observations: Geographic and depth variability
Authors: Cole Sylvia T. , Wortham Cimarron , Kunze Eric , Owens W. Brechner 
Published: April 2015

AbstractStirring along isopycnals is a significant factor in determining the distribution of tracers within the ocean. Salinity anomalies on density surfaces from Argo float profiles are used to investigate horizontal stirring and estimate eddy mixing lengths. Eddy mixing length and velocity fluctuations from the ECCO2 global state estimate are used to estimate horizontal diffusivity at a 300 km scale in the upper 2000 m with near‐global coverage. Diffusivity varies by over two orders of magnitude with latitude, longitude, and depth. In all basins, diffusivity is elevated in zonal bands corresponding to strong current regions, including western boundary current extension regions, the Antarctic Circumpolar Current, and equatorial current systems. The estimated mixing lengths and diffusivities provide an observationally based data set that can be used to test and constrain predictions and parameterizations of eddy stirring.
Extreme detached dust layers near Martian volcanoes: Evidence for dust transport by mesoscale circulations forced by high topography
Authors: Heavens N. G. , Cantor B. A. , Hayne P. O. , Kass D. M. , Kleinböhl A. , McCleese D. J. , Piqueux S. , Schofield J. T. , Shirley J. H. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractModeling suggests that thermal circulations over Mars's highest volcanoes transport water vapor and dust from the surface into the middle atmosphere, forming detached layers in these constituents. Intense vertical mixing also takes place in regional and global dust storms, which can generate detached layers that are extreme in both altitude and magnitude. Here we employ observations by the Mars Climate Sounder (MCS) on board Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter, taking advantage of improved vertical coverage in MCS's aerosol retrievals, to discover a new class of extreme detached dust layers (EDDLs). Observed during minimal dust storm activity and furthermore distinguished by their potentially large and measurable horizontal extent (>1000 km), these EDDLs cluster near Olympus Mons and the Tharsis Montes, from which they likely originate. The existence of these EDDLs suggests that vertical mixing by topographic circulations can be much stronger than previously modeled and more frequent than previously observed.
A combined solar and geomagnetic index for thermospheric climate
Authors: Mlynczak Martin G. , Hunt Linda A. , Marshall B. Thomas , Russell James M. , Mertens Christopher J. , Thompson R. Earl , Gordley Larry L. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractInfrared radiation from nitric oxide (NO) at 5.3 µm is a primary mechanism by which the thermosphere cools to space. The Sounding of the Atmosphere using Broadband Emission Radiometry (SABER) instrument on the NASA Thermosphere‐Ionosphere‐Mesosphere Energetics and Dynamics satellite has been measuring thermospheric cooling by NO for over 13 years. In this letter we show that the SABER time series of globally integrated infrared power (watts) radiated by NO can be replicated accurately by a multiple linear regression fit using the F10.7, Ap, and Dst indices. This allows reconstruction of the NO power time series back nearly 70 years with extant databases of these indices. The relative roles of solar ultraviolet and geomagnetic processes in determining the NO cooling are derived and shown to vary significantly over the solar cycle. The NO power is a fundamental integral constraint on the thermospheric climate, and the time series presented here can be used to test upper atmosphere models over seven different solar cycles.
Transit time distributions and oxygen utilization rates from chlorofluorocarbons and sulfur hexafluoride in the Southeast Pacific Ocean
Authors: Sonnerup Rolf E. , Mecking Sabine , Bullister John L. , Warner Mark J. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractChlorofluorocarbons‐11 (CFC‐11), CFC‐12, and sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) were measured during the December 2007 to February 2008 CLIVAR/Repeat Hydrography (RH) P18 section along ∼103°W in the Southeast Pacific Ocean. Transit‐time distributions (TTDs) of 1‐D transport that matched all three tracers were consistent with high Peclet number flow ventilating the subtropical mode water and the main subtropical thermocline (30°S–42°S, 200–800 m). In the subtropics, TTDs with predominantly advective transport predicted decadal increases in CFC‐12 and CFC‐11 consistent with those observed comparing 1994 WOCE with 2007/2008 CLIVAR/RH data, indicating steady ventilation in this region, and consistent with the near‐zero changes observed in dissolved oxygen. The mean transport timescales from the tracer‐tuned TTDs were used to estimate apparent oxygen utilization rates (OURs) on the order of 8–20 μmol kg−1 yr−1 at ∼200 m depth, attenuating to ∼2 μmol kg−1 yr−1 typically by 500 m depth in this region. Depth‐integrated over the thermocline, these OURs implied carbon export rates from the overlying sea surface on the order of ∼1.8 moles C m−2 yr−1 from 30°S to 45°S, 2–2.5 moles C m−2 yr−1 from 45°S to 52°S, and 2.5–3.5 moles C m−2 yr−1 from 52°S to 60°S.
Straightforward Synthesis of Terminally Phosphorylated L‐Sugars via Multienzymatic Cascade Reactions
Authors: Hélaine Virgil , Mahdi Rima , Sudhir Babu G. V. , de Berardinis Véronique , Wohlgemuth Roland , Lemaire Marielle , Guérard‐Hélaine Christine 
Published: April 2015

AbstractTwo kinases and the key fructose‐6‐phosphate aldolase (FSA) were involved in a one‐pot multienzymatic procedure to obtain rare L‐sugars. Starting from simple achiral substrates such as glycolaldehyde and formaldehyde, L‐glyceraldehyde‐3‐phosphate (L‐G3P) was generated. When this latter compound was used as an FSA acceptor substrate along with four different donor compounds, four terminally phosphorylated L‐monosaccharides from C5 to C7 chain lengths were prepared in good isolated yields.magnified image
A Stereoselective Access to Cyclic cis‐1,2‐Amino Alcohols from trans‐1,2‐Azido Alcohol Precursors
Authors: Kim Dong‐gil , Jeong Wook , Lee Won Jong , Kang Soyeong , Pak Han Kyu , Park Jaiwook , Rhee Young Ho 
Published: April 2015

AbstractA unique one‐pot synthesis of cyclic cis‐1,2‐amino alcohols from trans‐1,2‐azido alcohol precursors was developed. The key step is highlighted by the stereoselective reduction of the cyclic α‐alkoxy imines, which could be prepared from the corresponding azides by ruthenium catalysis under photolytic conditions. Remarkably, this unprecedented reaction pathway offers a stereodivergent access to structurally diverse cyclic 1,2‐amino alcohols.magnified image
Assessing eye orbits as predictors of Neandertal group size
Authors: Traynor Sarah , Gurtov Alia N. , Senjem Jess Hutton , Hawks John 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACTObjectivesThe objective is to investigate the hypothesis that Neandertal eye orbits can predict group size and social cognition as presented by Pearce et al. (Proc R Soc B Biol Sci 280 (2013) 20130168).Materials and MethodsWe performed a linear regression of known orbital aperture diameter (OAD), neocortex ratio, and group size among 18 extant diurnal primate species. Our data were derived from Kirk (J Hum Evol 51 (2006) 159–170) and Dunbar (J Hum Evol 22 (1992), 469–493; J Hum Evol 28 (1995) 287–296).ResultsThere is a positive correlation between OAD and group size; a positive correlation between neocortex and group size; and a positive correlation between OAD and neocortex size. The strength of the collinearity between OAD and neocortex ratio accounts for any significance of OAD in a model. The model that best accounts for variation in group size is one that includes only neocortex ratio; including OAD does not strengthen the model. OAD accounts for 29 percent of the variation in group size.DiscussionLarger orbits are correlated with larger group sizes in primates, although not significantly when controlling for neocortex ratio. Moreover, the amount of variation in group size that can be explained by OAD is negligible. The larger orbits of Neandertals compared to the average modern human population do not permit any interpretation of cognitive ability related to group size. Am J Phys Anthropol 157:680–683, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Trifluoromethylchlorosulfonylation of Alkenes: Evidence for an Inner‐Sphere Mechanism by a Copper Phenanthroline Photoredox Catalyst
Authors: Bagal Dattatraya B. , Kachkovskyi Georgiy , Knorn Matthias , Rawner Thomas , Bhanage Bhalchandra M. , Reiser Oliver 
Published: April 2015

AbstractA visible‐light‐mediated procedure for the unprecedented trifluoromethylchlorosulfonylation of unactivated alkenes is presented. It uses [Cu(dap)2]Cl as catalyst, and contrasts with [Ru(bpy)3]Cl2, [Ir(ppy)2(dtbbpy)]PF6, or eosin Y that exclusively give rise to trifluoromethylchlorination of the same alkenes. It is assumed that [Cu(dap)2]Cl plays a dual role, that is, acting both as an electron transfer reagent as well as coordinating the reactants in the bond forming processes.
Interfacing Microbial Styrene Production with a Biocompatible Cyclopropanation Reaction
Authors: Wallace Stephen , Balskus Emily P. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractThe introduction of new reactivity into living organisms is a major challenge in synthetic biology. Despite an increasing interest in both the development of small‐molecule catalysts that are compatible with aqueous media and the engineering of enzymes to perform new chemistry in vitro, the integration of non‐native reactivity into metabolic pathways for small‐molecule production has been underexplored. Herein we report a biocompatible iron(III) phthalocyanine catalyst capable of efficient olefin cyclopropanation in the presence of a living microorganism. By interfacing this catalyst with E. coli engineered to produce styrene, we synthesized non‐natural phenyl cyclopropanes directly from D‐glucose in single‐vessel fermentations. This process is the first example of the combination of nonbiological carbene‐transfer reactivity with cellular metabolism for small‐molecule production.