bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Associations of Perceived Neighborhood Physical and Social Environments with Physical Activity and Television Viewing in African-American Men and Women
Authors: Strong Larkin L. , Reitzel Lorraine R. , Wetter David W. , McNeill Lorna H. 
Published: February 2013

Purpose. Few studies have assessed how attributes of neighborhood environments contribute to sedentary, in addition to active, behaviors. This study investigated associations of perceived social and physical aspects of neighborhood environments with television (TV) viewing and physical activity (PA) in African-American adults. Design. Cross-sectional analysis of self-reported survey. Setting. Large mega-church in Houston, Texas. Subjects. A total of 1374 African-American men and women. Measures. Outcomes included log-transformed daily TV viewing and participation in medium/high levels of PA, measured by the short version of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire. Neighborhood perceptions were assessed with the Social Cohesion and Trust and the Neighborhood Problems scales. Analysis. Multivariable models that controlled for clustering within neighborhoods. Results. Reporting more neighborhood problems was significantly associated with greater log-transformed TV viewing in women (β = .017, SE = .006, p = .003), and social cohesion was positively associated with PA in women (odds ratio = 1.06, 95% confidence interval = 1.02, 1.11, p = .006). Concerns about litter and walking after dark and a lack of places to shop were associated with increased TV viewing among women, and concerns about traffic and walking after dark were associated with reduced PA among men. Conclusion. Physical and social neighborhood conditions were associated with TV viewing and PA, particularly in women. Neighborhood-based strategies to reduce sedentary behaviors and enhance PA should include attention to social as well as physical aspects of neighborhood environments.
Chemical Cleaning of Equipment In Refineries and Petrochemical Plants
Authors: KLINGE LAMBERT N. , SELMAN JOHAN 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Discusses advantages of chemical cleaning in refineries and petrochemical plants over mechanical methods. Describes steps necessary in analyzing deposits to be removed, chemical agents used in cleaning, effects of these agents on construction materials and cleaning of equipment in situ. Includes cleaning of columns, coolers, condensers, heat exchangers, boilers and drums. Also includes discussion of potential corrosion difficulties encountered in chemical cleaning. Describes auxiliary equipment needed. Bibliography of 258 items on chemical cleaning and related subjects is given. 5.9.2
Corrosion by Urban Cooling Waters
Authors: SUSSMAN SIDNEY 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Untreated recirculating cooling waters are likely to become corrosive when low alkalinity waters are present in an area where there is a relatively high sulfur dioxide air content. Untreated circulating cooling waters are compared with makeup waters for eight Eastern cities for such factors as pH, alkalinity, chloride content, sulfate/chloride ratio, and corrosion products. New York City water is discussed specifically. Corrosion can be mitigated by alkaline pH adjustment with maintenance of satisfactory chromate concentrations. 4.6.4
Cooling Water Inhibitor Performance
Authors: PUCKORIUS P. R. , RYZNER W. J. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Corrosion inhibitors in open recirculating cooling water systems require rapid and complete film formation for maximum effectiveness. The protective film is established on clean surfaces by initial treatment with inhibitor at high dosage levels. Protection then can be maintained by continuous treatment at substantially lower levels. If operational difficulties should cause loss of the protective film, low level treatment after the film has been lost may result in severely increased corrosion and deposition.
Laboratory corrosion, deposition and consumption studies with polyphosphate-based and chromate-based inhibitors illustrate the advantages of high level start-up and low level maintenance treatments. These data are confirmed by actual field experiences. 5.8.1
Zinc as a Self-Regulating Galvanic Anode For Ship Hulls
Authors: CARSON J. A. H. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This report presents results of service trials of up to three years duration for high purity and alloyed zinc hull anodes. The trials demonstrated that zinc anodes of suitable composition are capable of providing complete cathodic protection for ship hulls for extended periods in sea water. The current output of alloyed anodes (0.3% aluminum or 0.1% aluminum + 0.05% cadmium) is reliable and predictable because these materials do not polarize with time.
Zinc hull anodes of suitable design can have useful current outputs for periods of eight to ten years in sea water. Bolting is a satisfactory method of fastening zinc anodes to a ship's hull. Zinc anodes cause little or no accelerated break-down of the adjacent hull paint.
The two outstanding advantages of the zinc anode systems namely, self-regulation and improved current distribution, are available at a competitive price. Compared to the cheapest of the controlled type systems, whether of the galvanic or impressed voltage type, the zinc anode system at 13 cents per sq. ft. per year costs: (a) slightly more for large wetted hull areas of around 50,000 sq. ft., (b) slightly less for hull areas of around 15,000 sq. ft. and (c) markedly less for smaller hull areas.
Recommendations are made for: (1) The more widespread use of zinc anodes for cathodic protection systems both on and in ships. (2) The use of high purity (ASTM Special High Grade) zinc alloyed with either aluminum, or aluminum plus cadmium, as the standard zinc anode material for all sea water applications. 5.2.2
Applying Reinforced Plastics in Corrosive Environments of the Process Industry
Authors: Arndt Fred W. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Design considerations for applying reinforced plastic materials of construction to corrosive service in the process industries are reviewed from an over-all standpoint. Considerations affecting the basic design, such as material selection and fabrication techniques, are related to mechanical or structural characteristics. Factors concerning the application, such as strength required for normal service, mechanical abuse, thermal conditions and chemical attack are discussed. Design must also include considerations for installation, anticipated service life and variations in values caused by random production influences. Each of these items are related to case histories, and examples for employing these values to conventional design techniques are presented. 5.11
High Temperature Corrosion in Refinery And Petrochemical Service
Authors: SKINNER E. N. , MASON J. F. , MORAN J. J. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The paper is concerned with the corrosion phenomena likely to influence the selection of materials for refinery service at elevated temperatures. The problems of oxidation, sulfidation and carburization are discussed in detail and consideration is given to the effects of condensate corrosion and residual oil ash corrosion. The contributions of various alloying elements in the common engineering alloys to their physical and mechanical behavior as well as to their corrosion resistance at elevated temperatures are discussed. Basic considerations for the selection of suitable alloys to withstand high temperature corrosive environments are outlined. 8.4.3
Rapid Pitting Corrosion on Gas Scrubber
Authors: Firestone J. T. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Rapid pitting attack on stainless steel gas scrubber is described. Attack was evident in only three weeks of operation from salt accumulation on areas not washed down by water showers. Describes internal equipment and flow process of gas through scrubber. Discusses investigation for cause of corrosion and exposure tests of materials to determine suitable construction materials to solve corrosion problem. Lists materials tested. Also describes corrosive attack on internal braces. Conclusion gives five design factors that should be realized for scrubber fabrication. 3.2.2
Corrosion Testing of Two Zirconium Alloys
Authors: KASS STANLEY 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Some of the external factors influencing the high temperature water and steam corrosion properties of two zirconium alloys have been investigated. These studies coupled with eight years of extensive corrosion testing of samples and reactor components have shown that surface preparation and the manner in which the corrosion test is performed greatly influences the resultant corrosion behavior. Cleaning, pickling, and linsing of the metal surfaces, autoclave preparation, operation and cleanliness are described. Proper fixturing for the pickling and pressurized water testing are detailed.
The Oxidation and Corrosion of Zirconium and Its Alloys
Authors: COX B. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The breakdown of the oxide films, formed on carbon melted zirconium and Zircaloy-2 has been studied using optical and electron microscopes. The nature of the break away process is illustrated and an explanation is offered for the effect of tin, iron, chromium and nickel alloying additions on corrosion resistance of carbon melted zirconium. 3.2.3
Oxidation Behavior and Protection Of Refractory Metals
Authors: SIMS CHESTER T. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Relative oxidation behavior and degree to which oxide properties affect the oxidation resistance of columbium, tantalum, molybdenum, tungsten and rhenium are presented. Recent work in development of oxidation-resistant columbium and tantalum alloys is reviewed and the current status of protection of molybdenum by cladding and coating discussed. 6.5
Cathodic Protection of Hulls And Related Parts
Authors:   A Report of NACE Task Group T-3G-1 On Cathodic Protection of Hull Bottoms of Ships
Published: February 2013

Abstract
A summary is made of information known about cathodic protection of ship hulls and related parts. Problems involved in the cathodic protection of hulls are outlined and factors which influence protective current requirements are given. Data reported include protective potentials of steel hulls measured against four reference electrodes, advantages and disadvantages of the sacrificial anode vs the impressed current anode, and properties of magnesium, zinc and aluminum galvanic anodes. 5.2.1
Effect of Cold Drawing On Hydrogen Behavior in Steel
Authors: HUDSON R. M. , STRAGAND G. L 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Hydrogen absorption by and the desorption rate of hydrogen from steel were studied as a function of cold work from 0 to 55.4 percent reduction using cold-drawn capped and killed SAE 1020 steel. Increased cold work increased the hydrogen solubility in these steels. Hydrogen desorption rate increased with increasing cold work until a maximum was reached at some point below 30.5 percent reduction. With further reduction, the desorption rate decreased. 3.7.3
Microbiology in Secondary Recovery Systems
Authors: WOLFSON L. L. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
A general discussion is given of the role of microorganisms in secondary recovery systems, including the interrelationship of the organisms with chemical scale and corrosion. Specific types of microorganisms discussed include iron bacteria, algae and fungi, slime formers, and corrosive (sulfate reducing) bacteria.
The life cycles and nutritional requirements of the organisms are discussed, with emphasis on the effects of the different types of bacteria on each other. A genus of organisms, capable of hydrogen sulfide production, and previously not implicated in secondary recovery problems, is presented and described. 3.3.4
Salt Refinery Corrosion Caused By Varying Evaporator Conditions
Authors: Turnbull John M. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Effect of temperature and different operating conditions in multi-effect sodium chloride evaporators on various metals is noted. A comparison between an essentially neutral brine and a highly alkaline brine indicates that large differences in corrosion can be expected between the different pH conditions. Some of the different corrosion effects that can be expected of Monel, copper alloys, stainless steels, and other metals are listed with the corrosion rates achieved an a series of tests. 4.6.10
University Course on Corrosion Emphasizes Basic Principles
Authors: Smeltzer W. W. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Outline curriculum of a course on corrosion principles offered at McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. Course demonstrates chemical and metallurgical properties of materials in corrosive atmospheres. Course is offered by Department of Metallurgy and Metallurgical Engineering to undergraduate students in their senior year. Lists curriculum out-line for metal oxidation and aqueous corrosion. Five experiments are described that are used to demonstrate physiochemical and metallurgical factors of corrosion and corrosion control. 1.7.3
Development of Thin Metal Film Corrosion Indicators
Authors: ROLLER DAVID , ROHRBACK G. H. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
An account is given of the development of visual and electrical corrosion indicators which utilize thin metal films vacuum-deposited on non-metallic substrates. Data are presented showing the behavior of these indicators in corrosive atmospheres. Although the indicators were developed primarily to detect and mark corrosive conditions in packages and storage areas, other possible applications are described briefly. Data reported include comparative corrosion information on electrical cards and buttons in various humid atmospheres, condition of visual and resistance thin film indicators at first sign of corrosion on hardware items, and behavior of polyvinyl resistance card indicators at different sensitizations at 25 C and 60 percent relative humidity.
The paper presents the progress of this development program from the feasibility studies through the final development of manufacturing protypes. 3.23
Engineering and Design Problems Affecting Cathodic Protection of Lacq Field Well Casings
Authors: Estavoyer M. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Potential profiles taken of 95/8 inch gas well casing at the Lacq Field in south-western France were evaluated to determine the correlation between current discharge zones and geological formations. At the same time an effort was made to distinguish between galvanic currents and stray current originating from an electric railway traversing the field. Estimates of the general electrical conformation of the field were deduced from data collected on a few wells.
Numerous conventional methods were considered in attempting to fix the optimum current density to be applied to each casing. Cathodic protection currents varied in volume from 15 to 50 amperes, so ground beds of varying configurations were used, including 50 meters of pipe horizontally in a conductive zone and 50-meter vertical holes.
An investigation is under way to determine what benefits can be obtained by altering, the existing, electrical configuration resulting from the electric railway stray currents. This will be accomplished by modifications at a substation and possibly by using the pipe-line grid as a low-resistance drainage return. There is some concern that cathodic protection may produce local cells whose effect seems to be as severe as the galvanic currents normally existing. 5.2.4
Materials Problems Associated With Uncooled Rocket Nozzles
Authors: WALTON JESSE D. , MASON C. R. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
A brief discussion is given of thermal shock, erosion, and catastrophic corrosion problems connected with uncooled rocket nozzles used with solid fuels. This is followed by a description of materials and methods used to meet these problems. A small oxygen-hydrogen rocket motor was used to screen materials.
Slip cast fused silica was used as a base material and erosion and corrosion resistance was provided in the throat area with arc-sprayed coatings or shells. Fabrication and evaluation techniques used are described as are forming methods and test results. 7.2
Ablation Behavior of Materials Subjected To Missile Re-Entry Heat Flux Rates
Authors: KRUPKA R. M. , TAYLOR D. E. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Hypersonic vehicles, during re-entry, are exposed to transient heating involving extremely high heat flux rates. These heat flux rates have been simulated in the laboratory with the plasma discharge from high-intensity, air-stabilized electric arcs of approximately 1000-kw power rating. This paper describes the behavior of samples of ten different materials tested in this facility, including four metals, three ceramics, two plastics, and graphite. Ablation rates, heat balances, and effective heats of ablation are presented. The influence of changes in the test environment upon material behavior is indicated. In the highest temperature test environment utilized, the plastic and graphite samples provided lower stagnation point weight loss rates during ablation than the metal and ceramic samples. 3.5.9
Inhibition of Corrosion of Commercial Aluminum In Alkaline Solutions
Authors: SUNDARARAJAN J. , RAMA CHAR T. L. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The corrosion rates for commercial aluminum, containing 4 percent manganese and 3 percent iron, have been determined in sodium hydroxide solutions under different conditions. The inhibitor efficiencies have been calculated for the following substances, the efficiency decreasing from 90 to 60 percent in the order: agar-agar, gum-acaciae, dextrin, gelatin, glue. Corrosion potentials have been measured with and without dextrin inhibitor, and cathodic and anodic polarization studies made. The results show that the dissolution of the metal is electrochemical in character. The corrosion process appears to be under mixed control with predominance of action of dextrin inhibitor on the anodic areas of the metal surface. 6.4.2, 4.3.3, 5.8.2
Methods and Experience in Underground Cathodic Protection
Authors: HENDERSON OLIVER 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
An account is given of various methods used by a telephone company to minimize the corrosion of lead sheathed underground communication cables. Controlled drainage connections were established into all d-c railway substations, forced drainage systems set up to overcome end effects and use made of rectifiers, magnesium anodes and magnesium ribbon to overcome anodic conditions.
Utility structures were consistently isolated from each other. Insulation joints were used at building entrances, resistance bonds were avoided at pipe line crossings and insulators used in anchor guys. But the advantages of isolation will soon need re-consideration in view of the growing tendency to interconnect telephone cable sheaths and power company multi-grounded neutral system. 5.2.1, 7.7, 8.2.1
Corrosion Measuring Probes for Marine Applications
Authors: ROLLER DAVID , SCOTT WILLARD R. , PREISER HERMAN S. , COOK FRANK E. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This paper describes the design, fabrication and preliminary testing of several types of corrosion measuring probes developed for use on maritime vessels. The probes are part of a system utilizing the electrical resistance method for continuously monitoring corrosion during actual operation. One type of probe to be described is intended for monitoring corrosion on either the exterior surface of the hull or interior structural members in large compartment. Another probe has been developed for measuring condenser tube inlet (tube end) corrosion. A third probe has been developed for measuring corrosion in crevices and pipe lines. Both laboratory and simulated service testing has been carried out. Results of these tests and the effectiveness of the probes in measuring corrosive conditions on ships are discussed. 2.4.2
Leakage Conductance Coating Surveys On Asphalt Mastic Coated Pipe
Authors: PAISLEY GERALD J. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Follow-up leakage conductance surveys were made at ten-mile intervals along 335 miles of continuous asphalt mastic coated pipe. Check points included three major river crossings. Test results were compared with data reported earlier on the same pipe by D. E. Miltner (see Corrosion, 9, 210 (1953) July). It was found that the overall current requirements of the 335 miles of six-inch pipe line had not increased in 18½ years. A total current of 18 amperes over-protected the line to a minimum protective potential of 1.000 volt. Progressive deterioration of the coating as a whole was not evident although there was considerable deterioration in the immediate vicinity of coating discontinuities. The low mean average coating conductance reported indicated that cathodic protection had not adversely affected sound coatings during the 18½ year interval.
4.5.3, 5.4.10
Laboratory and Field Tests on Titanium for Oil Field Pump and Valve Parts
Authors: Jessen F. W. , Molina Ricardo J. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Laboratory and field tests are reported for titanium parts for gas lift valves and down-hole oil well pumps. While titanium performed well in the laboratory tests using aerated fluids, and did well in field tests of gas lift wells, similar trials in wells pumping sour crude oil well showed titanium to be inferior to normally used materials. Authors conclude titanium is suitable for use in gas lift valves and could be competitive to presently used materials at a lower price.
They conclude titanium is not suitable for use in oil well pumps, but might perform better if hardened. It also is at a competitive disadvantage to commonly used materials costwise.
While titanium is cathodic to materials commonly used in oil wells, no marked corrosion was attributed to this property after exposure of coupon sets in a producing well. Titanium was found resistant to abrasion by sand-laden aerated oil well fluids in laboratory tests.
6.3.15, 8.4.3
Economics of Chemical Plant Maintenance Pointing
Authors:   A Report of NACE Technical Unit Committee T-6D On Industrial Maintenance Painting; Prepared by Task Group T-6D-1 on Economics of Maintenance Painting
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Replies from a questionnaire indicate that the cost of industrial maintenance painting is increasing and that labor-to-material costs are in a ratio of 3 to 1. Data also are given on parameters by which the average cost of maintenance painting in six industrial categories may be estimated. Field testing is the most popular method of selecting a paint and the applied cost of systems based on sandblasted surfaces is noticeably higher than for systems on hand-cleaned surfaces.
Appearance was the most frequently mentioned reason for repainting, with avail ability of a budget next in significance. The concensus was that intervals for re painting indoors or out should be about four years. Engineers think improved paint ing practices have saved their companies about 26 percent of total painting costs.
1.2.2, 5.4.5
Corrosion Inhibitors for Hot-Carbonate Systems
Authors: BIENSTOCK D. , FIELD J. H. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The evaluation of the effectiveness of various inhibitors on the corrosion of steel in boiling solutions of potassium carbonate saturated with carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide is cited. The corrosion of carbon steel in a carbonate solution saturated with carbon dioxide can be eliminated with a 0.2 percent concentration of either potassium chromate or sodium metavanadate. In solutions of carbonate saturated with carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide no corrosion is obtained with 0.2 percent sodium metavanadate or 0.15 percent vanadium pentoxide. The alkaline-sulfide mixture destroys oxidizing inhibitors such as potassium chroma te. N-alkyl trimethylene diamines at a concentration of 0.1 percent reduce the corrosion rate to about 5 mpy. Sodium metasilicate, at a concentration of 0.6 percent, completely inhibits the corrosion, but deposits free silica in the system. Commercially available cladding materials such as the epoxy-coatings also prevent corrosion.
5.8.2, 6.2.3