bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Incorporating spatial autocorrelation into species distribution models alters forecasts of climate‐mediated range shifts
Authors: Crase Beth , Liedloff Adam , Vesk Peter A. , Fukuda Yusuke , Wintle Brendan A. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractSpecies distribution models (SDMs) are widely used to forecast changes in the spatial distributions of species and communities in response to climate change. However, spatial autocorrelation (SA) is rarely accounted for in these models, despite its ubiquity in broad‐scale ecological data. While spatial autocorrelation in model residuals is known to result in biased parameter estimates and the inflation of type I errors, the influence of unmodeledSAon species' range forecasts is poorly understood. Here we quantify how accounting forSAinSDMs influences the magnitude of range shift forecasts produced bySDMs for multiple climate change scenarios.SDMs were fitted to simulated data with a known autocorrelation structure, and to field observations of three mangrove communities from northern Australia displaying strong spatial autocorrelation. Three modeling approaches were implemented: environment‐only models (most frequently applied in species' range forecasts), and two approaches that incorporateSA; autologistic models and residuals autocovariate (RAC) models. Differences in forecasts among modeling approaches and climate scenarios were quantified. While all model predictions at the current time closely matched that of the actual current distribution of the mangrove communities, under the climate change scenarios environment‐only models forecast substantially greater range shifts than models incorporatingSA. Furthermore, the magnitude of these differences intensified with increasing increments of climate change across the scenarios. When models do not account forSA, forecasts of species' range shifts indicate more extreme impacts of climate change, compared to models that explicitly account forSA. Therefore, where biological or population processes induce substantial autocorrelation in the distribution of organisms, and this is not modeled, model predictions will be inaccurate. These results have global importance for conservation efforts as inaccurate forecasts lead to ineffective prioritization of conservation activities and potentially to avoidable species extinctions.
‘Holistic’ Community Punishment and Criminal Justice Interventions for Women
Authors: Malloch Margaret , McIvor Gill , Burgess Cheryl 
Published: May 2014

AbstractCalls for ‘holistic’ responses to halt the increasing imprisonment of women are continually reiterated. Solutions are sought which aim to be both ‘gender‐responsive’ and ‘community‐based’; however, the absence of meaningful definitions of ‘community’ and ‘holistic’ means that superficial responses are often put in place in response to failures of the system. Taking as an example one attempt to introduce a community‐based service for women in Scotland, this article examines the challenges of implementing services that are located within ‘the community’ and considers the consequences for feasible attempts to reduce the number of women in prison in Scotland and internationally.
Variation in the fat mass and obesity‐related (FTO) genotype is not associated with body fatness in infants, but possibly with their length
Authors: Henriksson P. , Löf M. , Söderkvist P. , Forsum E. 
Published: May 2014

SummaryBackgroundData relating variation at the fat mass and obesity‐related (FTO) locus (rs9939609) to fat mass in infancy are inconclusive.ObjectiveTo study relationships between FTO genotype and infant size (at 1 and 12 weeks and at 1 year of age) and body composition (at 1 and 12 weeks).MethodsBody composition was assessed using air displacement plethysmography in 207 infants. FTO was genotyped using the TaqMan assay.ResultsThe number of risk alleles was related to length at 1 and 12 weeks (P = 0.007–0.033) but not to fat mass. The relationship to length was stronger in boys than in girls.ConclusionsOur results suggest that the FTO genotype is not related during infancy to fat mass but is related to length in boys but not in girls.
Acute Case-Fatality Rates of Stroke and Acute Myocardial Infarction in a Japanese Population: Takashima Stroke and AMI Registry, 1989–2005
Authors: Rumana Nahid , Kita Yoshikuni , Turin Tanvir Chowdhury , Nakamura Yasuyuki , Takashima Naoyuki , Ichikawa Masaharu , Sugihara Hideki , Morita Yutaka , Hirose Kunihiko , Kawakami Kenzou , Okayama Akira , Miura Katsuyuki , Ueshima Hirotsugu 
Published: May 2014

Background Few comprehensive stroke and acute myocardial infarction registries of long duration exist in Japan to illustrate trends in acute case-fatality of stroke and acute myocardial infarction with greater precision. We examined 17-year case-fatality rates of stroke and acute myocardial infarction using an entire community-monitoring registration system to investigate trends in these rates over time in a Japanese population. Methods Data were obtained from the Takashima Stroke and AMI Registry covering a stable population of approximately 55 000 residents of Takashima County in central Japan. We divided the total observation period of 17 years into four periods, 1989–1992, 1993–1996, 1997–2000, and 2001–2005. We calculated gender, age-specific and age-adjusted acute case-fatality rates (%) of stroke and acute myocardial infarction across these four periods. Results During the study period of 1989–2005, there were 341 fatal cases within 28 days of onset among 2239 first-ever stroke events and 163 fatal cases among 433 first-ever acute myocardial infarction events. The age-adjusted acute case-fatality rate of stroke was 14·9% in men and 15·7% in women. The age-adjusted acute case-fatality rate of acute myocardial infarction was 34·3% in men and 43·3% in women. The age-adjusted acute case-fatality rates of stroke and acute myocardial infarction showed insignificant differences across the four time periods. The average annual change in the acute case-fatality rate of stroke (–0·2%; 95% CI: −2·4–2·1) and acute myocardial infarction (2·7%; 95% CI: −0·7–6·1) did not change significantly across the study years. Conclusions The acute case-fatality rates of stroke and acute myocardial infarction have remained stable from 1989 to 2005 in a rural and semi-urban Japanese population.
The THRIVE Score Strongly Predicts Outcomes in Patients Treated with the Solitaire Device in the SWIFT and STAR Trials
Authors: Flint Alexander C. , Cullen Sean P. , Rao Vivek A. , Faigeles Bonnie S. , Pereira Vitor M. , Levy Elad I. , Jovin Tudor G. , Liebeskind David S. , Nogueira Raul G. , Jahan Reza , Saver Jeffrey L. 
Published: May 2014

Background The Totaled Health Risks in Vascular Events (THRIVE) score strongly predicts clinical outcome, mortality, and risk of thrombolytic haemorrhage in ischemic stroke patients, and performs similarly well in patients receiving intravenous tissue plasminogen activator, endovascular stroke treatment, or no acute treatment. It is not known if the THRIVE score predicts outcomes with the Solitaire endovascular stroke treatment device. Aims To validate the relationship between the THRIVE score and outcomes after treatment with the Solitaire endovascular stroke treatment device. Methods The study conducted a retrospective analysis of the prospective SWIFT and STAR trials to examine the relationship between THRIVE and outcomes after treatment with the Solitaire device. We examined the relationship between THRIVE and clinical outcomes (good outcome or death at 90 days) among patients in SWIFT and STAR. Receiver-operator characteristics curve analysis was used to compare THRIVE score performance with other stroke prediction scores. Multivariable modeling was used to confirm the independence of the THRIVE score from procedure-specific predictors (successful recanalization or device used) and other predictors of functional outcome. Results The THRIVE score strongly predicts good outcome and death among patients treated with the Solitaire device in SWIFT and STAR (Mantel-Haenszel chi-square test for trend P < 0·001 for good outcome, P = 0·01 for death). In receiver-operator characteristics (ROC) curve comparisons, totaled health risks in vascular events score is superior to Stroke Prognostication using Age and NIH Stroke Scale score-100 ( P < 0·001) and performed similarly to Houston Intra-Arterial Therapy score (HIAT) ( P = 0·98) and HIAT-2 ( P = 0·54). In multivariable models, THRIVE's prediction of good outcome is not altered after controlling for recanalization or after controlling for device used. The THRIVE score remains a strong independent predictor after controlling for the above predictors together with time to procedure, rate of symptomatic haemorrhage, and use of general anesthesia. Of note, use of general anesthesia was not an independent predictor of outcome in SWIFT + STAR after controlling for totaled health risks in vascular events and other factors. Conclusions The THRIVE score strongly predicts clinical outcome and mortality in patients treated with the Solitaire device in the SWIFT and STAR trials. The lack of interaction between THRIVE and procedure-specific elements such as vessel recanalization or device choice makes the THRIVE score a reasonable candidate for use as a patient selection criterion in stroke clinical trials.
The Democratic Potential of Enfranchising Resident Migrants
Authors: Pedroza Luicy 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThe right to vote has always been the central privilege of citizenship. Its extension to resident migrants holds a promise of democratizing citizenship by bringing it closer to principles with deep roots in liberal and republican traditions, and further away from particularistic understandings that reduce citizenship to nationality. This article's main contribution is a systematic and policy‐relevant discussion of the kind of enfranchisement that can realize that potential, approached in three steps: first, a demarcation of citizenship policy within migration policy substantiates the need to employ a normative perspective; second, a description of the trend of enfranchisement of non‐citizens provides the normative paper with a sound empirical base for a non‐ideal discussion; third, a discussion of different kinds of enfranchisement tackles the controversial issues related to it and delineates the specific requisites to realize its potential.
Neutralization of interleukin‐9 ameliorates symptoms of experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis in rats by decreasing effector T cells and altering humoral responses
Authors: Yao Xiuhua , Kong Qingfei , Xie Xiaoli , Wang Jinghua , Li Na , Liu Yumei , Sun Bo , Li Ying , Wang Guangyou , Li Wenjin , Qu Siying , Zhao Haijun , Wang Dandan , Liu Xijun , Zhang Yao , Mu Lili , Li Hulun 
Published: May 2014

SummaryInterleukin‐9 (IL‐9) was initially thought to be a type 2 T helper (Th2)‐associated cytokine involved in the regulation of autoimmune responses by affecting multiple cell types. However, it was recently shown that IL‐9‐producing CD4+ T cells represent a discrete subset of Th cells, designated Th9 cells. Although Th9 cells have been shown to be important in many diseases, their roles in myasthenia gravis (MG) are unclear. The aim of this study was to determine whether IL‐9 and Th9 cells promote the progression of experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis (EAMG). The results showed that the percentage of Th9 cells changed during the progression of EAMG, accompanied by an up‐regulation of IL‐9. Blocking IL‐9 activity with antibodies against IL‐9 inhibited EAMG‐associated pathology in rats and reduced serum anti‐acetylcholine receptor IgG levels. Neutralization of IL‐9 altered the Th subset distribution in EAMG, reducing the number of Th1 cells and increasing the number of regulatory T cells. Administration of an anti‐IL‐9 antibody may represent an effective therapeutic strategy for MG‐associated pathologies or other T‐cell‐ or B‐cell‐mediated autoimmune diseases.
Prediction of Annual Streambank Erosion for Sequoia National Forest, California
Authors: Kwan Hilda , Swanson Sherman 
Published: May 2014

AbstractMany bank erosion models have limitations that restrict their use in wildland settings. Scientists and land managers at the Sequoia National Forest would like to understand the mechanisms and rates of streambank erosion to evaluate management issues and post‐wildfire effects. This study uses bank erosion hazard index (BEHI) and near‐bank stress (NBS) methods developed in Rosgen (2006 Watershed Assessment of River Stability and Sediment Supply [WARSSS]) for predicting streambank erosion in a geographic area that is dominated by colluvium and in which streambank erosion modeling has not been previously evaluated. BEHI evaluates bank susceptibility to erosion based on bank angle, bank and bankfull height, rooting depth and density, surface protection, and stratification of material within the banks. NBS assesses energy distribution against the bank measured as a ratio of bankfull near‐bank maximum depth to mean bankfull depth. We compared BEHI classes and NBS to actual bank erosion measured from 2008 to 2012. This index predicted streambank erosion with clear separation among BEHI ratings with R2 values of 0.76 for extreme, 0.37 for high/very high, 0.49 for moderate, and 0.70 for low BEHI. The relationships between measured erosion and BEHI extend the application of BEHI/NBS to a new region where they can inform management priorities, afforestation, stream/riparian restoration projects, and potentially burned area rehabilitation.
Arabidopsis transcriptional response to extracellular Ca2+ depletion involves a transient rise in cytosolic Ca2+
Authors: Wang Jing , Tergel Tergel , Chen Jianhua , Yang Ju , Kang Yan , Qi Zhi 
Published: May 2014

AbstractEcological evidence indicates a worldwide trend of dramatically decreased soil Ca2+ levels caused by increased acid deposition and massive timber harvesting. Little is known about the genetic and cellular mechanism of plants' responses to Ca2+ depletion. In this study, transcriptional profiling analysis helped identify multiple extracellular Ca2+ ([Ca2+]ext) depletion‐responsive genes in Arabidopsis thaliana L., many of which are involved in response to other environmental stresses. Interestingly, a group of genes encoding putative cytosolic Ca2+ ([Ca2+]cyt) sensors were significantly upregulated, implying that [Ca2+]cyt has a role in sensing [Ca2+]ext depletion. Consistent with this observation, [Ca2+]ext depletion stimulated a transient rise in [Ca2+]cyt that was negatively influenced by [K+]ext, suggesting the involvement of a membrane potential‐sensitive component. The [Ca2+]cyt response to [Ca2+]ext depletion was significantly desensitized after the initial treatment, which is typical of a receptor‐mediated signaling event. The response was insensitive to an animal Ca2+ sensor antagonist, but was suppressed by neomycin, an inhibitor of phospholipase C. Gd3+, an inhibitor of Ca2+ channels, suppressed the [Ca2+]ext‐triggered rise in [Ca2+]cyt and downstream changes in gene expression. Taken together, this study demonstrates that [Ca2+]cyt plays an important role in the putative receptor‐mediated cellular and transcriptional response to [Ca2+]ext depletion of plant cells.
Nondestructive Textural Assessment of Fish Freshness: A Stochastic Model‐Based Approach Robust to Fish Size Variations
Authors: Dimogianopoulos D. , Grigorakis K. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThis paper aims at proposing a nondestructive scheme for assessing freshness of whole raw fish of various sizes/weights, using a stochastic model‐based fault diagnosis framework. Unlike most alternatives, the scheme detects early postmortem texture alterations linked to freshness reductions, thus facilitating the accurate estimation of high‐quality shelf life of fish. The method involves the experimental testing of fish samples via vibration‐like procedures, and the evaluation of differences between a sample of unknown freshness and a whole group of fresh fish of possibly different sizes/weights. Freshness degree is reliably concluded via statistical decision‐making hypothesis tests, which also quantify the uncertainty of the process. Eleven whole raw sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) of various sizes/weights and freshness degrees were tested, with freshness results correctly assessed as confirmed by organoleptic freshness evaluation.Practical ApplicationsThe proposed diagnostic scheme introduces a practical, nondestructive method for assessing fish freshness by evaluating texture alterations based on a stochastic model‐based fault diagnosis framework. The scheme in its current stage of development detects differences between a sample of unknown freshness and a group of fresh fish, without requiring similar sizes/weights of the tested fish samples. Freshness degree is reliably concluded via statistical decision‐making hypothesis tests, which also quantify the uncertainty of the process. These characteristics make it ideal for assessing freshness in fisheries and aquaculture industry, with tested fish samples of unknown freshness being compared with a (potentially expanding) database of “benchmark” fresh fish.
Exploring Symbiodinium diversity and host specificity in Acropora corals from geographical extremes of Western Australia with 454 amplicon pyrosequencing
Authors: Thomas L. , Kendrick G. A. , Kennington W. J. , Richards Z. T. , Stat M. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractScleractinian corals have demonstrated the ability to shuffle their endosymbiotic dinoflagellate communities (genus Symbiodinium) during periods of acute environmental stress. This has been proposed as a mechanism of acclimation, which would be increased by a diverse and flexible association with Symbiodinium. Conventional molecular techniques used to evaluate Symbiodinium diversity are unable to identify genetic lineages present at background levels below 10%. Next generation sequencing (NGS) offers a solution to this problem and can resolve microorganism diversity at much finer scales. Here we apply NGS to evaluate Symbiodinium diversity and host specificity in Acropora corals from contrasting regions of Western Australia. The application of 454 pyrosequencing allowed for detection of Symbiodinium operational taxonomic units (OTUs) occurring at frequencies as low as 0.001%, offering a 10 000‐fold increase in sensitivity compared to traditional methods. All coral species from both regions were overwhelmingly dominated by a single clade C OTU (accounting for 98% of all recovered sequences). Only 8.5% of colonies associated with multiple clades (clades C and D, or C and G), suggesting a high level of symbiont specificity in Acropora assemblages in Western Australia. While only 40% of the OTUs were shared between regions, the dominance of a single OTU resulted in no significant difference in Symbiodinium community structure, demonstrating that the coral‐algal symbiosis can remain stable across more than 15° of latitude and a range of sea surface temperature profiles. This study validates the use of NGS platforms as tools for providing fine‐scale estimates of Symbiodinium diversity and can offer critical insight into the flexibility of the coral‐algal symbiosis.
Fungal cellulase is an elicitor but its enzymatic activity is not required for its elicitor activity
Authors: Ma Yanan , Han Chao , Chen Jinyin , Li Haiyun , He Kun , Liu Aixin , Li Duochuan 
Published: May 2014

SummaryPlant‐pathogenic fungi produce cellulases. However, little information is available on cellulase as an elicitor in plant–pathogen interactions. Here, an endocellulase (EG1) was isolated from Rhizoctonia solani. It contains a putative protein of 227 amino acids with a signal peptide and a family‐45 glycosyl hydrolase domain. Its aspartic acid (Asp) residue at position 32 was changed to alanine (Ala), resulting in full loss of its catalytic activity. Wild‐type and mutated forms of the endoglucanase were expressed in yeast and purified to homogeneity. The purified wild‐type and mutant forms induced cell death in maize, tobacco and Arabidopsis leaves, and the transcription of three defence marker genes in maize and tobacco and 10 genes related to defence responses in maize. Moreover, they also induced the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), medium alkalinization, Ca2+ accumulation and ethylene biosynthesis of suspension‐cultured tobacco cells. Similarly, production of the EG1 wild‐type and mutated forms in tobacco induced cell death using the Potato virus X (PVX) expression system. In vivo, expression of EG1 was also related to cell death during infection of maize by R. solani. These results provide direct evidence that the endoglucanase is an elicitor, but its enzymatic activity is not required for its elicitor activity.
Creating learning environments for compassionate care: a programme to promote compassionate care by health and social care teams
Authors: Bridges Jackie , Fuller Alison 
Published: May 2014

BackgroundThe consistent delivery of compassionate health and social care to older people is a matter of global concern to the nursing profession and the public it serves. The development and evaluation of effective interventions to address this concern is of prime importance.Aims and objectivesThis paper draws on findings from previous research to propose the use of a novel implementation programme designed to improve and support the delivery of compassionate care by health and social care teams.InterventionCreating Learning Environments for Compassionate Care (CLECC) is a 4‐month implementation programme designed for hospital ward nursing teams caring for older people, but relevant to other teams working with other client groups. The programme focuses on using workplace learning to promote change at unit/ward/team level by enabling the development of leadership and team relational practices which are also designed to enhance the capacity of individual team members to relate to older people. Existing research evidence suggests that optimising relational capacity in this way will support the delivery of compassionate care.ConclusionsThis evidence‐based intervention is designed to develop and sustain the relational work required by managers and team members to support care delivery and has the potential to address widely documented variations in care quality.Implications for practiceAttention should now be paid to establishing the feasibility of the intervention in practice.