bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Identification of Heroin and Three Structurally Related Isoheroins
Authors: Medina F 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Heroin and three structurally related isomers were studied. The configurational assignments of the structural isomers supported from nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrometry data are discussed. Infrared spectroscopy spectra are also presented. Gas chromatography procedures using packed and capillary systems demonstrated how the isomers could be best fully resolved.
Use of Aquatic Insects in Determining Submersion Interval
Authors: Haskell NH , McShaffrey DG , Hawley DA , Williams RE , Pless JE 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Although its potential is great, the use of aquatic insects in determining submersion intervals at death-scene investigations has not been exploited in the past. Aquatic environments have no known true specific indicator species, as do terrestrial habitats. However, aquatic environmental studies show that organisms may colonize a substrate dependent on factors such as size, position, exposure to current, water temperature, current speed, water depth, the presence of algal communities, or detritus. Certain aquatic insects such as the chironomid midges (Diptera, Chironomidae), and the caddisflies (Trichoptera), are capable of colonizing immersed bodies; and with the known biology of a specific species of insect for a certain geographic area, time intervals of submersion can be established.
A Professional Profile of the Physical Anthropology Section Membership, American Academy of Forensic Sciences
Authors: Wienker CW , Stanley Rhine J 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The membership of the Physical Anthropology Section of the American Academy of Forensic Sciences was surveyed regarding training; section activity; teaching; forensic science activities; and trial, deposition, and caseloads over the last 20 years. Over 75% of the active members responded. Over half of the respondents had formal forensic anthropology training, 70% held a Ph.D. degree and 52% had primary appointments in university and college departments of anthropology. Approximately half of those involved in teaching were producing forensic anthropology students. Local areas (36%) and states (45%) are primary sources of cases. Respondents spend nearly 60% of their professional time on forensic science activity, mostly in casework and research/writing. Over the past 20 years, there has been a revolution in the training of forensic anthropologists, in terms of formal coursework and supervision of student cases. Also in that time, caseloads, depositions given, and trial appearances have greatly increased. When region, highest degree earned, membership status, and board certification are considered, there are few significant differences in the forensic anthropology activity of members, and most of these differences are in training and Academy membership status.
Detection of Orosomucoid 1 Phenotypes in Semen and Semen Stains
Authors: Harada A , Umetsu K , Yuasa I , Ikeda N , Suzuki T 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Orosomucoid 1 phenotypes were detected in seminal plasma by isoelectric focusing and immunoprinting. The orosomucoid 1 phenotypes in seminal plasma correlated with the types found in the corresponding serum specimens. Semen stains stored for ten days could be typed for orosomucoid 1. The present work revealed that orosomucoid 1 is a useful genetic marker for the medicolegal grouping of semen stains.
Cardiac Rhabdomyoma Presenting as Sudden Infant Death Syndrome
Authors: Rigle DA , David Dexter R , McGee MB 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A case of cardiac rhabdomyoma presenting as sudden infant death in a four-and-one-half month-old infant is reported. The child was the product of an essentially uncomplicated pregnancy and enjoyed good health before his unexpected, sudden death. Autopsy examination revealed the presence of multiple cardiac lesions which histologically were diagnosed as rhabdomyomas. Death was attributed to fatal cardiac arrhythmia caused by the tumor. To the authors' knowledge this represents the first reported case in the forensic science literature of death as a result of cardiac rhabdomyoma presenting as sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS).
True Paternity or Exclusion: Analysis in the Case of a Deceased Party
Authors: Boonlayangoor PW 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
State-of-the-art technology can play a significant role in solving forensic and parentage problem cases if an expert scientist is employed in the analysis and interpretation of test results. As presented in this paper, there are differences of opinion among witnesses examining the same evidence, therefore illustrating the need for careful examination of evidence even by the expert.
Detection of Organophosphate Poisoning in a Putrefying Body by Analyzing Arthropod Larvae
Authors: Gunatilake K , Lee Goff L 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Deaths as a result of organophosphate poisoning are usually detected by analysis of body fluids and tissues for the presence of the toxic agent. These procedures present particular difficulties when performed on remains in an advanced stage of decomposition. Malathion poisoning was suspected in a case in which the remains were in an advanced stage of decomposition and the presence of malathion was confirmed by analyses of gastric content and body fat. Two species of fly larvae, Chrysomya megacephala (Fabricius) and Chrysomya rufifacies (Macquart), were present on the remains. A sample of these larvae was analyzed for malathion content. A total of 574 μg of malathion was detected in 0.26 g of pooled larvae, or a level corresponding to 2050 μg/g of larvae. Presence of organophosphates in arthropod larvae has not been documented previously and the analysis of larvae from decomposing remains may prove a useful technique for detection of these toxicants in decomposing remains.
A Review of Police Professionalism
Authors: Labowitz DI 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
We of the forensic sciences work very closely with the police in the United States yet know very little of how those police organizations became what they are today. Thomas J. Deakin, an attorney and editor of the FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin attempts to correct that in this book. This would be an excellent text for a police science course or for any individual who would like to learn somewhat how today's police organizations came to be. The text stresses the “professionalization” of police and more specifically, the philosophy of how such organizations changed from the political handiwork of the 19th century to the efficient and mostly apolitical police forces of today.
Effect of Hyperthermia on Breath-Alcohol Analysis
Authors: Fox GR , Hayward JS 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Mild hyperthermia to the extent of a 2.5°C increase above normal body temperature was produced by immersion of ethanol-intoxicated subjects in a warm water bath. Hyperthermia did not influence the blood-alcohol decay curve of the subjects. Hyperthermia did cause a significant distortion of the breath-alcohol decay curve, up to as much as a 23% increase above blood-alcohol concentration. The magnitude of this distortion effect was calculated to be a 8.62% increase in breath-alcohol concentration over blood-alcohol concentration for each °C increase in core body temperature. The forensic relevance of these results is that further support is given to previous recommendations that temperature monitoring be included in procedures for breath-alcohol analysis. This leads to the recommendation that mouth temperature be measured before breath sampling to screen for abnormal body temperature and to allow for potential use of a “temperature correction factor.” This modification to existing analytical procedures would optimize the reliability of breath-ethanol analysis for prediction of blood-ethanol concentration.
Comparison of Drug Abuse in Different Military Populations
Authors: Needleman SB , Romberg RW 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Quantitative analytical data, generated at the Navy Drug Screening Laboratory, Great Lakes, Illinois, expressed as percent confirmed positives for four drugs of abuse (marijuana metabolite, cocaine metabolite, amphetamines, and opiates) are summarized and compared according to their population of origin. The four populations of interest included U.S. Navy and Marine Corps recruits and service school members.
Confirmed positive urines for marijuana showed a small but significant decline (p &lt; 0.001) from about 1.2% confirmed positive among U.S. Navy recruits entering service school commands in 1984 to 0.9% among Navy service school members in 1988 and from 2.0% among U.S. Marine Corps recruits entering service schools in 1984 to 0.8% among Marine Corps service school members in 1988. Navy and Marine Corps recruits showed a significantly higher (p &lt; 0.001) confirmed positive use rate (6.1 and 3.3%, respectively) compared to service school members, perhaps reflecting their recent civilian use pattern. The relatively high confirmed positive cocaine rate among all groups may have reflected an increasing trend in all populations, confirming a similar trend in high school and other civilian populations. Generally, the frequency of confirmed positive urines with amphetamines and opiates, based upon the findings at the Navy Drug Screening Laboratory at Great Lakes, has been static except for an apparent recent increase in amphetamine use in 1988. The decline in confirmed positive drug urinalyses among service school members from both the Navy and Marine Corps indicated that perhaps education and maturity had a positive effect upon their behavior.
An Early Twentieth-Century Skeleton Collection
Authors: Gindhart PS 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The collecting of human remains for study in museums and medical schools has been a vital scientific endeavor for many years. In some cases, such as the fetal and neonatal skeletons discussed, surreptitious dealings were involved. However, one must consider the attitudes that prevailed at the time, the high rate of fetal and infant mortality, and the blossoming role of museums as repositories of knowledge.
Assay of Free and Total Tocainide by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) with Ultraviolet (UV) Detection
Authors: Harris SC , Guerra C , Wallace JE 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A rapid high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method for the determination of tocainide, using N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-2-amino-butanimide as an internal standard, was developed. A methylene chloride extraction involving salting out at pH 9.0 was employed. An 85:15 mixture of 0.025M monobasic potassium phosphate at pH 3.0 and acetonitrile was used as the mobile phase. The separation and quantitative analysis of tocainide was performed on a mixed phase column with a 1.0-mL/min flow rate and detection at 210 nm. Separation of tocainide from some of its metabolites required the use of heptane sulfonic acid as an ionpairing reagent. For the free-drug assay, the specimen was centrifuged through an Amicon Centrifree filter before being processed.
The Stereoisomers of 4-Methylaminorex
Authors: Klein RFX , Sperling AR , Cooper DA , Kram TC 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Physical constants and instrumental data (melting point [mp], thin-layer chromatography [TLC] [Rf], gas chromatography [GC] [Rt], [α]D25, 1H- and 13C-nuclear magnetic resonance [NMR], infrared (IR), 70-eV, electron impact-mass spectroscopy [EI-MS], color, and microcrystalline tests) are reported for the individual stereoisomers, racemates, and corresponding hydrochloride salts of 4-methylaminorex (2-amino-4-methyl-5-phenyl-Δ2-oxazoline, 4,5-dihydro-4-methyl-5-phenyl-2-oxazolamine, McN-822, “U4Euh,” “ICE”). The data allow identification and differentiation of illicit samples of 4-methylaminorex.
Determination of C3 Phenotype in Dried Bloodstains Using Isoelectric Focusing
Authors: Garg RK , Kobilinsky L 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Fresh whole blood and bloodstains were analyzed by isoelectric focusing (IEF) to determine the C3 phenotype of the blood donor. Three common phenotypes exist as a result of two autosomal alleles. The three phenotypes can be identified in fresh serum or in serum samples which had been stored at −20°C for more than a year. Bloodstains maintained in a desiccator at 25 or at 37°C retained the native form of C3 which could be detected for at least two weeks. Beyond two weeks of storage, stains became difficult to phenotype due to decreased banding intensity. Bloodstains aged longer than one month could not be phenotyped. C3 could not be detected in human semen by the serological methods employed.
The Computer-Assisted Postmortem Identification (CAPMI) System: Sorting Algorithm Improvements
Authors: Lorton L , Rethman M , Friedman R 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Refinements to the original Computer-Assisted Postmortem Identification (CAPMI) software algorithms and general data handling were suggested as a result of observations made following the Gander plane crash of 1985. The presence of highly fragmented and scattered remains following most plane crashes suggested that changes to procedure might improve CAPMI performance for use in these types of disasters. A total of 162 ante- and postmortem dental records which had been used successfully to identify victims of the Gander disaster were coded for anonymity and used for this investigation. Changes in data construction and management were made to CAPMI, according to concepts which were thought might improve system performance, and tested. Although most tested techniques improved CAPMI performance, the data suggested that replacement of “virgin” chartings with “data unknown” results in improved performance of CAPMI largely independent of other factors. Of 162 possible record matches, the original algorithm successfully listed the true record match in the top 20 possibilities 74% of the time; the tested variations on the original algorithm yielded results across a range of 38 to 83% successes, with most techniques performing better than the original algorithm. Results of this investigation have been incorporated into improved CAPMI procedures and software.
Population Data of Casework in West Virginia on Six Genetic Marker Systems
Authors: Zain FS , Smith TA , Myers HB 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Blood specimens and stains submitted from all geographic regions of West Virginia were analyzed for six genetic markers: International ABO, phosphoglucomutase (PGM), esterase D (ESD), erythrocyte acid phosphatase (EAP), adenylate kinase (AK), and adenosine deaminase (ADA). The four-year study indicates that markers identified were distributed in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and are consistent with population data previously reported.
A Trajectory Analysis of Billy Dixon's Long Shot
Authors: Thornton JI , Shirokawa JM 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
At the Second Battle of Adobe Walls, in June 1874, Billy Dixon shot an Indian at a range of 1538 yd, give or take just a few. A computer analysis of this trajectory indicates that the bullet drop would have been 3823.8 in., the time of flight 4.838 s, and the windage adjustment would have been 337.8 in.
A Review of Practical Forensic Pathology
Authors: Reay DT 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
There are few forensic pathology books or manuals which one can enjoyably read cover to cover in one evening. The book Practical Forensic Pathology (138 pages) is worthy of the effort. This is a very readable book and should provide valuable information to pathologists who do occasional forensic autopsies. For full-time forensic pathologists, the book is highly recommended since it provides an opportunity for the experienced who are dulled by routine and repetition to compare current procedures with those recommended by the authors.
The Effects of Environment and Substrata on Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA): The Use of Casework Samples from New York City
Authors: McNally L , Shaler RC , Baird M , Balazs I , Kobilinsky L , De Forest P 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
This study was designed to analyze the effects of the environment and substrata on the quality of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) isolated from evidentiary specimens. The quality of DNA isolated from actual casework specimens was determined by measuring its size by agarose gel electrophoresis. The information obtained could be used to predict the suitability of the DNA in the samples for restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis. The evidentiary specimens chosen for DNA were classified according to substrate (scrapings, plastic bags, synthetics, denim, and carpet) and according to a subjective evaluation of the condition of the stain (soiled, damp, or putrified) and to its size (small or large). The results show that DNA of sufficient quality and high molecular weight (HMW) can be reliably isolated from bloodstains deposited on evidentiary items which have an unknown environmental history and which have dried onto a variety of substrata. Subsequent RFLP analysis of a selected number of these samples verified that the DNA was suitable for this type of analysis.
The Detection of Soluble ABH Blood Group Substances in Semen and Saliva Using Monoclonal Blood Grouping Reagents
Authors: Mudd JL 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), this study investigated the use of monoclonal antibodies for detecting secreted ABH blood group substances in semen and saliva. The results demonstrated that the behavior of some monoclonals were unpredictable and often failed to detect the corresponding antigen in a number of the specimens tested. The suitability of the monoclonal reagents for detecting soluble blood group antigens could not be predicted by their behavior with red cell antigens. Consequently, care must be taken in the selection of monoclonal reagents for use in the detection of secreted blood group antigens.
Genetic Analysis of Erythrocyte Uridine Monophosphate Kinase and Aminolevulinate Dehydrase and Its Application to Biological Paternity Testing
Authors: Caeiro JLB , Llano C , Garcia-Luengo S , Canabal O 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Simultaneous determination of uridine monophosphate kinase (UMPK) and aminolevulinate dehydrase (ALAD) has been carried out after discontinuous starch gel electrophoresis in the Galician population (NW Spain), including 129 families with a total of 291 descendents. Formal genetic studies are in agreement with the autosomal codominant way of inheritance for each locus. No evidence of phenotype association between both loci among the offspring is observed. Chance of exclusion for non-fathers is 0.041 13 for UMPK and 0.0702 for ALAD configuring a total exclusion rate of 0.1085 when both systems are evaluated together.
Behavior of Animal Blood in Blood Typing Systems. Isoelectric Focusing of Erythrocyte Acid Phosphatase and Phosphoglucomutase
Authors: Stowell LI , Thomson DG , Vintiner SK , Dick GL 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Isoenzyme band patterns of animal blood erythrocyte acid phosphatase (EAP) and phosphoglucomutase-1 (PGM) were studied by isoelectric focusing on ultrathin polyacrylamide gels. For blood from all animals tested (dog, cat, cow, sheep, and goat), the overall band patterns for both isoenzymes were different from those of the most common human types of these enzymes, although some animal EAP and PGM bands appeared in the human band areas. When mixtures of human and animal red blood cells were studied, it was found that misinterpretation of human types was possible only if the overall band pattern of the mixtures was ignored. For the animal blood tested, the strong PGM bands appearing outside the human band areas could be used as “markers” for the possible presence of animal blood in the samples tested.
Behavior at School and Social Maladjustment
Authors: Osuna E , Luna A 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
School maladjustment is one of the first symptoms to appear in response to alterations in the child's development and maturation. The aim of this paper is to study school maladjustment in minors confined in juvenile court center and its associations with sociofamiliar, psychobiographical, and social maladjustment variables among others, given the fact that school is one of the earliest agents of socialization. The results point to the influence of family conflict on the subject's behavior in association with the anxiety trait and extroversion. We believe that an accurate diagnosis of school maladjustment is essential as it is in this setting where the treatment of social maladjustment can be initiated with a minimum of delay.
Transcripts for Law Enforcement: Special Requirements
Authors: Pickett PO 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Problems for law enforcement, both in the examination of taped evidence and in the presentation of evidential transcripts in the courtroom, have arisen as a direct result of misconceptions of what constitutes a transcript of a voice recording. This paper introduces a variety of transcript types, pointing out that transcripts for use by the law enforcement community have special requirements that need to be recognized, that are not being met by transcript types presently in use, and that would distinguish this type of transcript from other types. To assist the law enforcement community in meeting these special requirements, a unique format for transcribing voice recordings is presented, with accompanying guidelines.
Characterization of N-Ethyl-1-Phenylcyclohexylamine Reaction Components
Authors: Krefft RH , Masumoto SS , Caldwell TV 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Impurities found in the two principal methods of the manufacture of N-ethyl-1-phenylcyclohexylamine (cyclohexamine, PCE) are identified. Identification of N-ethylcyclohexanecarbonitrile allows the forensic science analyst to determine the specific synthesis route.
The Biohazard Potential of Cyanide Poisoning During Postmortem Examination
Authors: Andrews JM , Sweeney ES , Grey TC , Wetzel T 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A case of suicide by ingestion of cyanide salts provided an opportunity to determine whether personnel involved in postmortem examination of such cases are exposed to any significant degree of biohazard from cyanide remaining in body cavities or tissues of the decedent or both. It was found that potentially toxic concentrations of cyanide can develop in personnel so exposed. These findings have implications not only for the safety of pathologists and pathology assistants, but also for first responders (for example, police, firemen, emergency medical technicians [EMTs], paramedics, R.N.s) and emergency room personnel who may be involved in resuscitation efforts or removal of gastric contents or both in cyanide poisoning victims. Symptoms of cyanide toxicity and recommendations for reducing the potential for clinically significant cyanide exposure in medical settings are briefly reviewed.
A Review of Analytical Procedures for Therapeutic Drug Monitoring and Emergency Toxicology, 2nd ed.
Authors: Poklis A 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
This is the second edition of a popular laboratory procedures manual first published in 1980. The volume retains the same format as the original work. Drugs or classes of drugs commonly analyzed for in therapeutic monitoring or clinical toxicology are indexed in alpha-betical order with one or more specific procedures for their analysis in blood, plasma, serum, and/or urine presented. Each procedure includes: the principle of the method, necessary reagents and their preparation, instrumental conditions, extraction protocol, calculation of results, performance characteristics, and possible interferences with the assay. The directions are well written, clear, concise, and easy to follow. Should the analyst wish to inquire further, at least one reference is presented for each procedure. One hundred seventy-four procedures for the analysis of one hundred and one drugs are presented. Unfortunately, only IS of these are new additions to the 1980 first edition. The remaining 159 procedures are exactly as previously published reflecting 1970s technologies (for example, packed gas chromatographic [GC] columns, flame ionization detectors [FID]).