bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Detection and Inoculation of Peanut Witches' Broom Phytoplasma (16SrII‐A) and Periwinkle Leaf Yellowing Phytoplasma (16SrI‐B) in Citrus Cultivars in Taiwan
Authors: Feng Ya‐Chih , Hung Ting‐Hsuan , Su Hong‐Ji 
Published: October 2014

AbstractTo clarify the phytoplasma associated with Huanglongbing (HLB), a detection survey of phytoplasma in field citrus trees was performed using the standardized nested PCR assay with primer set P1/16S‐Sr and R16F2n/R16R2. The HLB‐diseased citrus trees with typical HLB symptoms showed a high detection of 89.7% (322/359) of HLB‐Las, while a low detection of phytoplasma at 1.1% (4/359) was examined in an HLB‐affected Wentan pummelo (Citrus grandis) tree (1/63) and Tahiti lime (C. latifolia) trees (3/53) that were co‐infected with HLB‐Las. The phytoplasma alone was also detected in a healthy Wentan pummelo tree (1/60) at a low incidence total of 0.3% (1/347). Healthy citrus plants were inoculated with the citrus phytoplasma (WP‐DL) by graft inoculation with phytoplasma‐infected pummelo scions. Positive detections of phytoplasma were monitored only in the Wentan pummelo plant 4 months and 3.5 years after inoculation, and no symptoms developed. The citrus phytoplasma infected and persistently survived in a low titre and at a very uneven distribution in citrus plants. Peanut witches' broom (PnWB) phytoplasma (16SrII‐A) and periwinkle leaf yellowing (PLY) phytoplasma belonging to the aster yellows group (16SrI‐B) maintained in periwinkle plants were inoculated into healthy citrus plants by dodder transmission. The PnWB phytoplasma showed infection through positive detection of the nested PCR assay in citrus plants and persistently survived without symptom expression up to 4 years after inoculation. Positive detections of the phytoplasma were found in a low titre and several incidences in the other inoculated citrus plants including Ponkan mandarin, Liucheng sweet orange, Eureka lemon and Hirami lemon. None of the phytoplasma‐infected citrus plants developed symptoms. Furthermore, artificial inoculation of PLY phytoplasma (16SrI‐B) into the healthy citrus plants demonstrated no infection. The citrus symptomless phytoplasma was identified to belong to the PnWB phytoplasma group (16SrII‐A).
Feeding practice and influence on selected blood parameters in show jumping horses competing inSwitzerland
Authors: Brunner J. , Liesegang A. , Weiss S. , Wichert B. 
Published: October 2014

SummaryThe aim of this study was to compare the nutritional management of show jumping horses in practice with recommendations from the literature. Additionally, the effects of these feeding practices on several blood metabolic parameters before and after exercise were studied. Blood samples were collected in the field from 27 different horses at 71 trials on the level M1 to S2 show jumping competitions in Switzerland and questionnaires on feeding practice of the studied horses were evaluated. The questionnaires revealed that during training and on tournament days horses received on average 3.1 kg of concentrate per day (min. 2.0 kg, max. 6.6 kg) divided into two to three meals. The horses were fed on average 6.9 kg of roughage per day (min. 4.0 kg, max. 13.0 kg). Additionally, it was observed that the horses received the last meal on average 6 h 10 min (min. 1 h 50 min, max. 12 h 30 min) before the start of the first show jumping turn, respectively, 7 h 30 min (min 1 h 50 min, max. 13 h 0 min) before the second turn. Seven horses (35%) had access to hay waiting in the trailer between two turns. The statistical analysis revealed no significant influence of the concentrate feeding time point on lactate, triglyceride and insulin levels, but a significant influence on free fatty acids (FFA) and blood glucose concentrations. Roughage feeding of the show jumping horses 2–4 h prior to exercise revealed the most remarkable changes in blood parameters during the show jumping course. These results received under field conditions should be approved in future under standardized conditions.
Genome‐scale quantitative characterization of bacterial protein localization dynamics throughout the cell cycle
Authors: Kuwada Nathan J. , Traxler Beth , Wiggins Paul A. 
Published: October 2014

SummaryBacterial cells display both spatial and temporal organization, and this complex structure is known to play a central role in cellular function. Although nearly one‐fifth of all proteins in Escherichia coli localize to specific subcellular locations, fundamental questions remain about how cellular‐scale structure is encoded at the level of molecular‐scale interactions. One significant limitation to our understanding is that the localization behavior of only a small subset of proteins has been characterized in detail. As an essential step toward a global model of protein localization in bacteria, we capture and quantitatively analyze spatial and temporal protein localization patterns throughout the cell cycle for nearly every protein in E. coli that exhibits nondiffuse localization. This genome‐scale analysis reveals significant complexity in patterning, notably in the behavior of DNA‐binding proteins. Complete cell‐cycle imaging also facilitates analysis of protein partitioning to daughter cells at division, revealing a broad and robust assortment of asymmetric partitioning behaviors.
Regulated protein aggregation: a mechanism to control the activity of the ClpXP adaptor protein YjbH
Authors: Engman Jakob , von Wachenfeldt Claes 
Published: October 2014

SummaryBacteria use stress response pathways to activate diverse target genes to react to a variety of stresses. The Bacillus subtilis Spx protein is a global transcriptional regulator that controls expression of more than 140 genes and operons in response to thiol‐specific oxidative stress. Under nonstress conditions the concentration of Spx is kept low by proteolysis catalyzed by the ClpXP complex. Spx protein levels increase in response to disulfide stress and decrease when the cells cope with the stress. The cytosolic adaptor protein YjbH is required to target Spx for efficient proteolysis by ClpXP. We demonstrate that YjbH aggregates in response to disulfide stress, that is, the YjbH protein is soluble under nonstressed conditions and destabilized during stress leading to aggregation. Stress conditions (heat and ethanol) that cause severe perturbations in protein stability/folding also induced aggregation of YjbH and led to induction of Spx. By heterologous expression of a less aggregation prone YjbH homolog Spx induction was abolished. Thus we show that moderation of YjbH solubility is an important mechanism of signal transduction and represents a new mechanism of controlling the activity of adaptor proteins.
Three‐dimensional electron microscopy reconstruction and cysteine‐mediated crosslinking provide a model of the type III secretion system needle tip complex
Authors: Cheung Martin , Shen Da‐Kang , Makino Fumiaki , Kato Takayuki , Roehrich A. Dorothea , Martinez‐Argudo Isabel , Walker Matthew L. , Murillo Isabel , Liu Xia , Pain Maria , Brown James , Frazer Gordon , Mantell Judith , Mina Petros , Todd Thomas , Sessions Richard B. , Namba Keiichi , Blocker Ariel J. 
Published: October 2014

SummaryType III secretion systems are found in many Gram‐negative bacteria. They are activated by contact with eukaryotic cells and inject virulence proteins inside them. Host cell detection requires a protein complex located at the tip of the device's external injection needle. The Shigella tip complex (TC) is composed of IpaD, a hydrophilic protein, and IpaB, a hydrophobic protein, which later forms part of the injection pore in the host membrane. Here we used labelling and crosslinking methods to show that TCs from a ΔipaB strain contain five IpaD subunits while the TCs from wild‐type can also contain one IpaB and four IpaD subunits. Electron microscopy followed by single particle and helical image analysis was used to reconstruct three‐dimensional images of TCs at ∼20 Å resolution. Docking of an IpaD crystal structure, constrained by the crosslinks observed, reveals that TC organisation is different from that of all previously proposed models. Our findings suggest new mechanisms for TC assembly and function. The TC is the only site within these secretion systems targeted by disease‐protecting antibodies. By suggesting how these act, our work will allow improvement of prophylactic and therapeutic strategies.
Inhibitory and toxic effects of extracellular self‐DNA in litter: a mechanism for negative plant–soil feedbacks?
Authors: Mazzoleni Stefano , Bonanomi Giuliano , Incerti Guido , Chiusano Maria Luisa , Termolino Pasquale , Mingo Antonio , Senatore Mauro , Giannino Francesco , Cartenì Fabrizio , Rietkerk Max , Lanzotti Virginia 
Published: October 2014

Summary

Plant–soil negative feedback (NF) is recognized as an important factor affecting plant communities. The objectives of this work were to assess the effects of litter phytotoxicity and autotoxicity on root proliferation, and to test the hypothesis that DNA is a driver of litter autotoxicity and plant–soil NF.

The inhibitory effect of decomposed litter was studied in different bioassays. Litter biochemical changes were evaluated with nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. DNA accumulation in litter and soil was measured and DNA toxicity was assessed in laboratory experiments.

Undecomposed litter caused nonspecific inhibition of root growth, while autotoxicity was produced by aged litter. The addition of activated carbon (AC) removed phytotoxicity, but was ineffective against autotoxicity. Phytotoxicity was related to known labile allelopathic compounds. Restricted 13C NMR signals related to nucleic acids were the only ones negatively correlated with root growth on conspecific substrates. DNA accumulation was observed in both litter decomposition and soil history experiments. Extracted total DNA showed evident species‐specific toxicity.

Results indicate a general occurrence of litter autotoxicity related to the exposure to fragmented self‐DNA. The evidence also suggests the involvement of accumulated extracellular DNA in plant–soil NF. Further studies are needed to further investigate this unexpected function of extracellular DNA at the ecosystem level and related cellular and molecular mechanisms.
General Anesthesia is Not Superior to Local Anesthesia for Remote Magnetic Ablation of Atrial Fibrillation
Authors: BUN SOK‐SITHIKUN , LATCU DECEBAL GABRIEL , ALLOUCHE EMNA , ERRAHMOUNI ABDELKARIM , SAOUDI NADIR 
Published: October 2014

BackgroundRemote magnetic navigation is an emerging technology for atrial fibrillation (AF) ablation. General anesthesia (GA) has shown to be superior to local anesthesia (LA) for manual AF ablation in terms of catheter stability and lesion formation. We aimed at comparing GA with LA for remote magnetic AF ablation procedures.MethodsAll patients eligible for a remote magnetic ablation of AF were included in this study. Ninety patients (70% of the patients were male; age: 60 ± 10 years; CHA2DS2‐VASC: 1.6 ± 1.2; paroxysmal AF: 60%, persistent AF: 40%), including 45 patients with GA, and 45 patients with LA were enrolled consecutively.ResultsThere was no significant difference in total procedure time between the two groups (237 ± 50 minutes in the GA group vs 240 ± 61 minutes in the LA group; P = 0.84). Fluoroscopy time was significantly increased in the GA group (14.6 ± 6 minutes vs 11.6 ± 6 minutes, P = 0.018). Ablation time was not different between the two groups (2,320 ± 984 seconds in the GA group vs 2,055 ± 1,023 seconds in the LA group; P = 0.25). After a mean follow‐up of 1 year (including repeat procedures), 39/45 patients (86.6%) within the GA group were free from recurrences versus 40/45 patients (88.8%) in the LA group (P = 0.74) without antiarrhythmic drugs.ConclusionFor remote magnetic AF ablation, procedures under LA have similar results to GA in terms of efficacy and safety after 1‐year follow‐up.
Negative Effects of Acute Sleep Deprivation on Left Ventricular Functions and Cardiac Repolarization in Healthy Young Adults
Authors: CAKICI MUSA , DOGAN ADNAN , CETIN MUSTAFA , SUNER ARIF , CANER ASLI , POLAT MUSTAFA , KAYA HAKAN , ABUS SABRI , AKTURK ERDAL 
Published: October 2014

BackgroundSleep deprivation (SD) is associated with an increased incidence of adverse cardiovascular events, we aimed to determine the impact of acute SD on structural and functional alterations of the left ventricle (LV) and on electrocardiogram (ECG) markers including T wave peak‐to‐end interval (TpTe), QT interval, and TpTe/QT ratio in healthy subjects after a night of SD.MethodsThe study population consisted of 40 healthy young adults (19 males, 21 females; mean age: 28.2 ± 3.86 years). Echocardiographic images and ECGs were obtained from the participants after a night of regular sleep (RS) and SD. The average sleep time of the subjects was 6.67 ± 1.76 hours during RS and 1.25 ± 0.74 hours during a night of SD.ResultsThe myocardial performance index, isovolumic relaxation time, and deceleration time values were significantly higher after SD. In addition, the corrected TpTe interval, corrected QT interval (QTc) max, and TpTe/QT ratio were significantly increased after a night of SD when compared with a night of RS (78.5 ± 6.8 ms vs 70.7 ± 7.6 ms, P < 0.001; 407.5 ± 18.6 ms vs 395.07 ± 21.3 ms, P = 0.001; and 0.189 ± 0.014 ms vs 0. 0.179 ± 0.016 ms, P < 0.001, respectively). However, subjects had similar QTp interval values (defined as beginning of the QRS complex to peak of the T wave) after a night of SD as a night of RS (294.6 ± 19.0 vs 291.9 ± 18.5, P = 233).ConclusionOur crossover study revealed the presence of subclinical LV diastolic functional changes and increased QT intervals, TpTe intervals, and TpTe/QT ratios in healthy young adults after one night SD. Therefore, the increased QT interval occurred secondary to the increased TpTe interval in this population.
Carbon and nitrogen allocation and partitioning in traditional and modern wheat genotypes under pre‐industrial and future CO2 conditions
Authors: Aljazairi S. , Arias C. , Nogués S. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThe results of a simultaneous 13C and 15N labelling experiment with two different durum wheat cultivars, Blanqueta (a traditional wheat) and Sula (modern), are presented. Plants were grown from the seedling stage in three fully controllable plant growth chambers for one growing season and at three different CO2 levels (i.e. 260, 400 and 700 ppm). Short‐term isotopic labelling (ca. 3 days) was performed at the anthesis stage using 13CO2 supplied with the chamber air and 15NH4‐15NO3 applied with the nutrient solution, thereby making it possible to track the allocation and partitioning of 13C and 15N in the different plant organs. We found that photosynthesis was up‐regulated at pre‐industrial CO2 levels, whereas down‐regulation occurred under future CO2 conditions. 13C labelling revealed that at pre‐industrial CO2 carbon investment by plants was higher in shoots, whereas at future CO2 levels more C was invested in roots. Furthermore, the modern genotype invested more C in spikes than did the traditional genotype, which in turn invested more in non‐reproductive shoot tissue. 15N labelling revealed that the modern genotype was better adapted to assimilating N at higher CO2 levels, whereas the traditional genotype was able to assimilate N more efficiently at lower CO2 levels.
Individual musical tempo preference correlates with EEG beta rhythm
Authors: Bauer Anna‐Katharina R. , Kreutz Gunter , Herrmann Christoph S. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractEvery individual has a preferred musical tempo, which peaks slightly above 120 beats per minute and is subject to interindividual variation. The preferred tempo is believed to be associated with rhythmic body movements as well as motor cortex activity. However, a long‐standing question is whether preferred tempo is determined biologically. To uncover the neural correlates of preferred tempo, we first determined an individual's preferred tempo using a multistep procedure. Subsequently, we correlated the preferred tempo with a general EEG timing parameter as well as perceptual and motor EEG correlates—namely, individual alpha frequency, auditory evoked gamma band response, and motor beta activity. Results showed a significant relation between preferred tempo and the frequency of motor beta activity. These findings suggest that individual tempo preferences result from neural activity in the motor cortex, explaining the interindividual variation.
Redefining National Identity and Nation‐Building inPost‐secessionSudans: Civic and Ethnic Models
Authors: Bereketeab Redie 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThe split ofSudan following popular referendum inSouthSudan may have spurred a need for a serious reconsideration of national identity and nation‐building in the two emerging states.Sudan is compelled to embark in the reconstitution of national identity in a manner that reflects the new reality.SouthSudan also needs to gear its post‐secession identity formation and nation‐building in a way that reflects and celebrates its ethnocultural diversity. This article seeks to analyse identity and nation‐building in theSudans using the sociological concepts of civic identity and ethnic identity. It examines the challenges of reconstitution of national identity and nation‐building in a postcolonial, pluralistic, and post‐secession setting. The main focus is on the post‐secession period. It argues that the hierarchical organization of the civic identity and ethnic identity, which give rise to a duality of identity, may inform the new social contract of the reconstituted nation‐building processes in the Sudans.
No Stake in Victory: North African Soldiers of the Great War
Authors: Rogan Eugene 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThe men of North Africa had no stake in the European war that erupted in August 1914. Over three hundred thousand Berber and Arab men from Algeria, Morocco, and Tunisia fought in Belgium and France. Many were wounded in some of the bloodiest engagements on the Western Front. Thousands were taken prisoner. As many as forty‐five thousand never returned home, dying for a colonial power that had reduced them to second‐class citizens in their own homelands. One particular aspect this article will focus on addresses the Muslim soldiers taken prisoner by the Germans who were interned in a special camp where they were recruited to the Ottoman army. Thousands joined the Ottoman Jihad effort that German war planners hoped might provoke uprisings among colonial Muslims in the British, French, and Russian Empires to undermine the Entente war effort. Redeployed in Mesopotamia and the Hijaz, these North African soldiers were as ill‐served by the Ottoman Empire as they had been by the French. North African survivors of World War I resumed their lives as colonial subjects in their home countries under the intensified imperial rule of the interwar years.
Am I My Genes? Perceived Genetic Etiology, Intrapersonal Processes, and Health
Authors: Cheung Benjamin Y. , Dar‐Nimrod Ilan , Gonsalkorale Karen 
Published: October 2014

AbstractWith the increasing popularity and affordability of DNA sequencing through direct‐to‐consumer DNA sequencing services, it has become apparent that researchers need to understand how the results of sequencing one's DNA affects consumers psychologically and behaviorally. In this paper, the authors discuss several intrapersonal processes that may impact how learning about our own genetic predispositions affects us. In particular, this paper sets out to identify the interplay between three relevant perspectives: genetic essentialist biases, perceived identity, and need for certainty. These interrelated perspectives and the empirical research that supports relevant underlying predictions provide a useful basis from which researchers can further identify testable hypotheses on these intrapersonal perceived genetics effects. Such research has potential far‐reaching implications, not the least of which are in the health domain.
Improvement of 2000-m Rowing Performance With Caffeinated Carbohydrate-Gel Ingestion
Authors: Scott Andrew T. , O’Leary Thomas , Walker Simon , Owen Rachel 
Published: October 2014

Purpose:To investigate the effect of ingesting a caffeinated carbohydrate gel (CC) 10 minutes prior on 2000-m rowing performance compared with a carbohydrate-only placebo gel (CP).Methods:A counterbalanced, single-blind, crossover study design was employed (N = 13). All participants completed 1 familiarization trial followed by 2 experimental rowing time trials. The experimental trials were performed 10 min after ingesting CP (21.6 g of carbohydrate, 0 mg caffeine) or CC (21.6 g carbohydrate, 100 mg caffeine), and heart rate (HR), oxygen consumption (VO2), carbon dioxide production, minute ventilation (VE), respiratory-exchange ratio (RER), rating of perceived exertion (RPE), gastrointestinal discomfort (GI), and thirst perception (Thirst) were recorded every 200 m. Blood lactate [La−] was recorded immediately before and after exercise.Results:A paired-samples t test identified a significant improvement in 2000-m performance of 5.2 ± 3.9 s (1.1% ± 1.7%; P = .034). Two-way repeated-measures ANOVA revealed no significant treatment effect for HR (177 ± 8 vs 177 ± 9 beats/min, P = .817), VO2 (46.1 ± 6.5 vs 46.6 ± 6.2 mL · kg−1 · min−1, P = .590), VE (121.8 ± 14.7 vs 124.8 ± 15.7 L/min, P = .490), RPE, GI, or Thirst for CP and CC, respectively. Paired-samples t tests revealed no treatment effect for postexercise [La−] between CP and CC (11.72 ± 2.69 vs 12.26 ± 3.13 mmol/L, P = .534).Conclusion:A relatively low dose of caffeine (1.3 ± 0.1 mg/kg body mass) in an isotonic carbohydrate gel ingested only 10 min before performance improved 2000-m rowing time by 5.2 ± 7.8 s (1.1% ± 1.7%).
Effect of Training-Session Intensity Distribution on Session Rating of Perceived Exertion in Soccer Players
Authors: Fanchini Maurizio , Ghielmetti Roberto , Coutts Aaron J. , Schena Federico , Impellizzeri Franco M. 
Published: October 2014

Purpose:To examine the effect of different exercise-intensity distributions within a training session on the session rating of perceived exertion (RPE) and to examine the timing of measure on the rating.Methods:Nineteen junior players (age 16 ± 1 y, height 173 ± 5 cm, body mass 64 ± 6 kg) from a Swiss soccer team were involved in the study. Percentage of heart rate maximum (%HR) and RPE (Borg CR100®) were collected in 4 standardized training sessions (conditions). The Total Quality of Recovery scale (TQR) and a visual analogue scale (VAS) for pain of the lower limbs were used to control for the effect of pretraining fatigue. Every session consisted of three 20-min blocks of different intensities (ie, low-moderate-high) performed in a random order. RPE was collected after every block (RPE5), immediately after the session (RPE-end), and 30 min after the session (RPE30).Results:RPE5s of each block were different depending on the distribution sequence (P < .0001). RPE-end, TQR, and VAS values were not different between conditions (P = .57, P = .55, and P = .96, respectively). The %HR was significantly different between conditions (P = .008), with condition 3 higher than condition 2 (74.1 vs 70.2%, P = .02). Edwards training loads were not significantly different between conditions (P = .09). RPE30 was not different from RPE-end (P > .05).Conclusions:The current results show that coaches can design training sessions without concern about the influence of the within-session distribution of exercise intensity on session-RPE and that RPE can be collected at the end of the session or 30 min later.