bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
When the Rain Stops Falling. Effects of Droughts on the Tunisian Labour Market
Authors: Alfani Federica , Pallante Giacomo , Palma Alessandro , Talhaoui Abdelkader 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
We investigate the effects of severe drought shocks in Tunisia’s agricultural sector during the period 2000-2019. Using labour force surveys aligned with granular weather data, we calculate Standardized Potential Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) to detect moderate-to-severe drought shocks occurred at the governorate level and frame the analysis in a staggered difference-in-differences setting with repeated negative events. We find that shocked areas experience a maximum of 7.4 to 10.6 percentage point drop in agricultural employment compared to the untreated or not-yet-treated governorates. We observe a contemporaneous opposite dynamic in the employment rate of low-skill and less climate-sensitive sectors, as well as a modest and transient increase in unemployment. The effects are largely heterogeneous across workers' groups, with women, young individuals and low-educated workers paying the highest toll. Urban non-agricultural workers are temporarily crowded out from the labour market due to the increase in the informal labour supply.
Large-Dimensional Portfolio Selection with a High-Frequency-Based Dynamic Factor Model
Authors: Bodilsen Simon T 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This article proposes a new predictive model for large-dimensional realized covariance matrices. Using high-frequency data, we estimate daily realized covariance matrices for the constituents of the S&P 500 Index and a set of observable factors. Using a standard decomposition of the joint covariance matrix, we express the covariance matrix of the individual assets similar to a dynamic factor model. To forecast the covariance matrix, we model the components of the covariance structure using a series of autoregressive processes. A novel feature of the model is the use of the data-driven hierarchical clustering algorithm to determine the structure of the idiosyncratic covariance matrix. A simulation study shows that this method can accurately estimate the block structure as long as the number of blocks is small relative to the number of stocks. In an out-of-sample portfolio selection exercise, we find that the proposed model outperforms other commonly used multivariate volatility models in extant literature.
New insight into the molecular mechanism of TCM Bufei Huoxue formula for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease based on network pharmacology and experimental verification
Authors: Zhu Yuanying , Hao Shengyuan , Wu Yan , Lin Yuxian , Liu Xuecun , Luo Ting , Zhou Yubing , Yang Xin , Xu Hui 
Published: August 2024

Abstract

Objectives
To unveil the mechanism of the Bufei Huoxue formula (BHF) for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) through integrated network pharmacology (NP) and experimental verification.

Methods
LC-MS was first applied to the analysis of both in vitro and in vivo samples from BHF for chemical profiling. Then a ligand library was prepared for NP to reveal the mechanism of BHF against COPD. Finally, verification was performed using an animal model related to the results from the NP.

Key findings
A ligand library containing 170 compounds from BHF was obtained, while 357 targets related to COPD were filtered to construct a PPI network. GO and KEGG analysis demonstrated that bavachin, paeoniflorin, and demethylation of formononetin were the major compounds for BHF against COPD, which mainly by regulating the PI3K/Akt pathway. The experiments proved that BHF could alleviate lung injury and attenuate the release of TNF-α and IL-6 in the lung and BALF in a dose-dependent manner. Western blot further demonstrated the down-regulated effect of BHF on p-PI3K.

Conclusion
BHF provides a potent alternative for the treatment of COPD, and the mechanism is probably associated with regulating the PI3K/AKT pathway to alleviate inflammatory injury by bavachin, paeoniflorin, and demethylation of formononetin.
Olfactory neuroblastoma with orbital protrusion arising in the background of maxillary carcinoma
Authors: Wadhwani Nikhar , Bhola Nitin 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
An uncommon entity in the class of malignant neuroectodermal nasal tumors is the olfactory neuroblastoma, which originates in the roof of the nasal cavity from the olfactory epithelium. It is often mistaken by clinicians for a nasal polyp because it presents with indistinct features such as nasal obstruction and secondary sinus disease. Olfactory neuroblastoma has been observed to cause morbidity by distant metastasis, invasion through the cribriform plate, and secondary meningitis in most instances. It exhibits a range of biologic activities, from slow growth accompanied by long-term patient survival to a very aggressive malignancy with extensive metastases. We report the incidence of a rare case in which a patient, previously operated on and irradiated for squamous cell carcinoma of the maxilla, developed an olfactory neuroblastoma with orbital protrusion.
Primary multistep phosphorelay activation comprises both cytokinin and abiotic stress responses: insights from comparative analysis of Brassica type-A response regulators
Authors: Nicolas Mala Katrina Leslie , Skalak Jan , Zemlyanskaya Elena , Dolgikh Vladislav , Jedlickova Veronika , Robert Helene S , Havlickova Lenka , Panzarova Klara , Trtilek Martin , Bancroft Ian , Hejatko Jan 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Multistep phosphorelay (MSP) signaling integrates hormonal and environmental signals to control both plant development and adaptive responses. Type-A RESPONSE REGULATOR (RRA) genes, the downstream members of the MSP cascade and cytokinin primary response genes, are thought to mediate primarily the negative feedback regulation of (cytokinin-induced) MSP signaling. However, transcriptional data also suggest the involvement of RRA genes in stress-related responses. By employing evolutionary conservation with the well-characterized Arabidopsis thaliana RRA genes, we identified five and 38 novel putative RRA genes in Brassica oleracea and Brassica napus, respectively. Our phylogenetic analysis suggests the existence of gene-specific selective pressure, maintaining the homologs of ARR3, ARR6, and ARR16 as singletons during the evolution of Brassicaceae. We categorized RRA genes based on the kinetics of their cytokinin-mediated up-regulation and observed both similarities and specificities in this type of response across Brassicaceae species. Using bioinformatic analysis and experimental data demonstrating the cytokinin and abiotic stress responsiveness of the A. thaliana-derived TCSv2 reporter, we unveil the mechanistic conservation of cytokinin- and stress-mediated up-regulation of RRA genes in B. rapa and B. napus. Notably, we identify partial cytokinin dependency of cold stress-induced RRA transcription, thus further demonstrating the role of cytokinin signaling in crop adaptive responses.
Molecular dialogue between light and temperature signalling in plants: from perception to thermotolerance
Authors: Sharma Aishwarye , Samtani Harsha , Laxmi Ashverya 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Light and temperature are the two most variable environmental signals that regulate plant growth and development. Plants in the natural environment usually encounter warmer temperatures during the day and cooler temperatures at night, suggesting both light and temperature are closely linked signals. Due to global warming, it has become important to understand how light and temperature signalling pathways converge and regulate plant development. This review outlines the diverse mechanisms of light and temperature perception, and downstream signalling, with an emphasis on their integration and interconnection. Recent research has highlighted the regulation of thermomorphogenesis by photoreceptors and their downstream light signalling proteins under different light conditions, and circadian clock components at warm temperatures. Here, we comprehensively describe these studies and demonstrate their connection with plant developmental responses. We also explain how the gene signalling pathways of photomorphogenesis and thermomorphogenesis are interconnected with the heat stress response to mediate thermotolerance, revealing new avenues to manipulate plants for climate resilience. In addition, the role of sugars as signalling molecules between light and temperature signalling pathways is also highlighted. Thus, we envisage that such detailed knowledge will enhance the understanding of how plants perceive light and temperature cues simultaneously and bring about responses that help in their adaptation.
Update to Chapter 18: Brussels and Lugano: Grounds for Refusal of Recognition and Enforcement of Judgments
Authors: Hartley Trevor C 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter assesses the reasons why some judgments from other Member States or Lugano States under Brussels and Lugano should not be recognized. The grounds for refusal set out in the instruments apply to both recognition and enforcement of a judgment. However, in the case of enforcement, the judgment debtor may also invoke grounds that apply under national law for the non-enforcement of national judgments-for example, that the judgment has been satisfied. This is not possible with regard to recognition: recognition may be refused only on the grounds set out in the instruments. The principal grounds are set out in Brussels 2012, Article 45, and Lugano 2007, Articles 34 and 35. They are similar (though not entirely the same) under both instruments.
Non-Legal Indicators and Risks
Authors: Wood Philip R 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses various non-legal indicators relevant to a choice of governing law and courts, including familiarity with the governing law and courts, language, location of financial centres, and legal infrastructure, including the rule of law and efficiency. The goodwill attached to a governing law that is often used, such as English and New York law, generally makes it unnecessary to investigate the detail of the legal system each time, which in many cases would be impracticable. This reduces transaction costs. The choice of law ceases to be something that has to be negotiated each time. As to legal infrastructure, such as political risks, a distinction must be made between the written law of a jurisdiction and how the law is applied, if at all. A jurisdiction may have a sound legal system on paper, but the political risks are too great. There appears in most cases to be a striking correlation between the wealth of a country and its ranking on political risks.
Market Power
Authors: Niels Gunnar , Jenkins Helen , Kavanagh James 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The chapter deals with market power, a core economic concept for competition law. Market power is not usually prohibited as such, since in competitive markets the prospect of achieving market power drives competitive effort and attracts entrants. Rather, competition law tries to prevent the abuse of market power. Market power is a matter of degree. This chapter discusses the assessment of market power with reference to market shares, concentration measures, and entry and exit barriers (such as economies of scale, sunk costs, and network effects). It explores the role of profitability as an indicator of market power, and discusses buyer power and bidding markets. The chapter also deals with the insights from behavioural economics into the interaction between consumers and suppliers, and resulting market power. Finally, the chapter considers market power in dynamic, innovative markets.
Abuse of Dominance
Authors: Niels Gunnar , Jenkins Helen , Kavanagh James 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The chapter deals with the economics of abuse of dominance. It discusses form-based and effects-based approaches to unilateral conduct, and explains the economic criteria that can be used, including the degree of foreclosure, the as-efficient competitor test, and cost benchmarks. The chapter then addresses specific types of exclusionary abuse, including predatory pricing, price discrimination, rebates, margin squeeze, bundling and tying, and refusal to supply and essential facilities. As each of these practices may reflect normal competition and have beneficial efficiency and welfare effects, this chapter sets out how economic tests can be applied to identify instances where the practices produce significant anti-competitive effects. While interventions under the abuse of dominance rules tend to focus on exclusionary behaviour, competition laws also deals with exploitative conduct. This chapter sets out the economic principles of excessive pricing as a specific form of exploitative abuse.
The Use of Economic Evidence in Competition Cases
Authors: Niels Gunnar , Jenkins Helen , Kavanagh James 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Competition lawyers and economists routinely work alongside each other as complements (not substitutes). This chapter explores best practice in presenting economic evidence. Various competition authorities have issued guidance on this. It also looks at how courts can assess what weight and credibility to attach to the evidence of economic experts, especially in situations where two experts reach different conclusions. Useful criteria for dealing with these situations have been developed in the United States (the Daubert test), the United Kingdom (the ‘duty to help the court’), and Australia (the ‘hot tub’). The chapter discusses some of the themes that have arisen in court cases with regard to economic evidence and how it can be interpreted—do economists in court always get a fair hearing? It concludes with some, mostly optimistic, observations about future trends in the use of economics in competition law.
Conclusion
Authors: Secomb Matthew 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter concludes that international arbitrators do not yet take a uniform approach to the granting of interest on awards. However, the law and practice of international arbitration seem to have converged, or be converging, on certain aspects of interest. An example of this is respecting any agreement by the parties on interest. By contrast, on other aspects, there remains some significant variance in the way the issues are dealt with. An illustration of this is whether interest should be simple or compound. The chapter argues that there should be convergence between the law and practice of international arbitration with regard to interest on a three-step uniform approach. First, the parties' agreement should be respected if it determines the rate, calculation method, or dates over which interest should be granted. Second, absent such agreement, the claimant should be able to claim the losses it incurred because it did not have the use of the money in question. The rate, calculation method, and period over which interest is granted should reflect those losses. Third, if the claimant cannot, or does not, prove its actual losses, then it should be granted interest at a commonly used commercial rate, augmented appropriately, for the relevant currency at the place of payment; compounded, with the rests corresponding to the rate used; and running from the date the payment should have been made, or the date of the loss, until the date of payment. It is the third step that is most important in practice. While the first two steps can sometimes be important, in the majority of cases, they do not apply.
The Harmonization of Costs Practices in International Arbitration
Authors: O’Reilly Michael 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines the prospects for harmonizing cost practices in international arbitration. It argues that the prospects look extremely positive. There is a growing consensus that costs should generally reflect success, but that conduct is also important. Article 28.3 of the LCIA Arbitration Rules further provides that the arbitral tribunal shall ‘decide the amount of Legal Costs on such reasonable basis as it thinks appropriate’. Even in investment arbitrations, where there has been a marked reluctance by some tribunals to shift costs, it is becoming the norm to award costs to the successful party unless there is some other overriding interest, such as the access of individuals to justice. However, growing confidence about these general propositions-that costs awards should reflect success and that conduct should be taken into account-should not obscure the reality that there are still many details and nuances that need to be worked through.
United States of America
Authors: Rutledge Peter Bowman , Kent Rachael D , Henel Christian F 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter deals with the arbitration system of the United States. It first provides a short history of US arbitration law before discussing the current status of the law, the distinction between national and international arbitration, and the practice of arbitration in the country. It then examines the jurisdiction of the arbitral tribunal, focusing on the arbitration agreement itself (eg, requirements as to the contents of the arbitration agreement, law applicable to the interpretation of arbitration clauses) and the issue of arbitrability in the context of international arbitration (‘personal arbitrability’, ‘objective arbitrability’). The chapter also describes the composition of the arbitral tribunal, and especially how arbitrators are appointed, as well as the extent of party autonomy to determine the arbitral procedure, how an arbitral award is rendered, and the question of liability of arbitrators. Finally, it analyses the enforcement of national and foreign awards in the United States.
Regional Aid
Authors: Bacon Kelyn 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter covers the regional aid exemption contained within the General Block Exemption Regulation (GBER), and the application of the Regional Aid Guidelines to regional aid that falls outside the scope of the GBER. It explains the demarcation of Article 107(3)(a) and Article 107(3)(c) regions under the 2014–2020 Regional Aid Guidelines, before going on to address the scope of and conditions for the three types of regional aid measure exempted by the GBER: regional investment aid, regional operating aid, and regional urban development aid. The compatibility assessment of aid under the Regional Aid Guidelines is then discussed in detail.
Comparative Regulation of Corporate Governance in the Insurance Sector
Authors: van den Hurk Arthur , Siri Michele 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter focuses on corporate governance in the insurance sector. Insurers fulfil an essential role in the economy as managers of insurable risk over potentially long periods of time. This role requires a corporate culture and environment of shared values and respect of sound ethical principles. Overall, this is a system which is composed of corporate structures and related governing policies. EU prudential regulation has to deal with the specificities of the insurance sector and to have sufficient flexibility to take into account the characteristics of each type of insurance activity and various forms of corporate structure. There are also expectations to shape corporate governance frameworks of financial institutions in a comparable and similar way for all types of financial institutions, often using banking regulation as the underlying template.
State-Owned Financial Institutions
Authors: Adolff Johannes , Langenbucher Katja , Skinner Christina 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter assesses whether State-ownership of financial institutions can further systemic stability and allocative efficiency. State-owned financial institutions are not common in most Western developed and capitalist economies. However, the United States and Germany may be seen as partial exceptions among their peer Western economies, with the United States' Government-Sponsored Enterprises (GSEs) and Germany’s State-owned banks. In the United States, the State-ownership conversation has been framed largely in terms of public utility regulation. Likewise, in Germany, where almost half of banking activities are carried out by ‘alternative banks’, there is a certain level of support for the notion that such ‘alternative’ ownership structures have their merits and that, therefore, a good mix of private and non-private ownership structures may well be the most promising approach for pursuing allocative efficiency and overall system stability.
Cooperative Banking—A Dutch Experience
Authors: van Olffen Martin , van Solinge Gerard 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter focuses on cooperative banks. Although smaller in number, cooperative banks are significant players in the financial market. All cooperative banks have in common the fact that they are key players in local communities and provide access to finance at a local level. The purpose of cooperative banks is value creation for their members as opposed to the profit maximization that defines other types of banks. Each member of a cooperative bank has a vote in the strategy and the governance of their cooperative bank. The governance structures and strategies that guide cooperative banks today have their roots in ethical principles that were developed in the nineteenth century. Studying the history and recent developments taking place at Rabobank — one of the major Dutch banks — the chapter then addresses whether cooperative banking makes a difference in terms of governance, financial stability, conduct, and social responsibility.
Managing Conduct Risk
Authors: Alibrandi Antonella Sciarrone , Frigeni Claudio 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines the concepts of conduct risk and misconduct risk. Despite the attention paid to this subject by regulators, commentators, and others, there is some confusion about what conduct risk specifically is. Conduct risk is generally viewed as the risk associated with illegal or unethical conduct engaged in by financial firms and their employees. Beyond this broad definition, different institutions have focused their attention on specific areas or activities in which misconduct may occur and attempted to understand the drivers of conduct risk in these areas or activities. Taking into account that the main objective should be the prevention — rather than punishment — of misconduct, the international debate on conduct risk has begun stressing the importance of fostering robust firm cultures, in which customer satisfaction and ethical behaviour would become widespread among financial firms and their employees.
Concluding Remarks
Authors: Cox Johanne M 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This concluding chapter discusses certain principles on expropriation that are settled as well as the fundamental tensions in the case law that continue to exist. The settled principles include the following: expropriation is not per se unlawful under international law; a wide array of property rights, including tangible and intangible assets, can be expropriated; the customary international law remedy for unlawful expropriation is the principle of full reparation. On the other hand, some of the tensions that exist relate to the legality requirements for expropriation; whether omissions or acts can constitute expropriatory acts; the role of legitimate expectations and proportionality in the test for indirect (regulatory) expropriation; the concept of partial expropriation; and whether the HULL standard represents customary international law today. The chapter concludes by revisiting the question of whether any of the settled principles in the case law translate into — or otherwise manifest themselves — in customary international law.