bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Characterization of the Ion Beam Neutralization of Plasma Thrusters Using Collecting and Emissive Langmuir Probes
Authors: Roibás E. , Tierno S.P. , Criado E. , Doménech‐Garret J.L. , Donoso J.M. , Conde L. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractIn gridded electrostatic plasma thrusters, an ion current is extracted from a primary plasma and later accelerated to impart thrust. The operation modes are strongly influenced by the neutralization of the ion current which otherwise becomes space charge limited. This neutralization process is investigated in a small diameter ring cusp ion thruster by using both collecting and emissive Langmuir probes. The ion beam was neutralized by a DC current heated wire placed at the outer section of the thruster and the probes were located between 11 and 24 cm along the axial axis of symmetry. The outgoing ion current is determined by both the magnitude of the discharge current and the ion extraction and the acceleration potentials. The levels of thrust calculated from the emitted ion current are equivalent to similar devices but requiring lower electric power levels. The experimental results evidence that the electron neutralization current not only controls the space charge level of extracted ion currents, but it also affects the spatial properties of the emitted plasmas plumes. The electron temperature of the plasma decreases along the axial distance when the neutralization of the ion beam becomes more effective. On the contrary, higher neutralizer electron currents increase the outgoing plasma density. These experimental results suggest that subtle physical mechanisms are involved in the ion beam electron neutralization process (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Transient Plasma Measured by Fixed Electric Probes in the Scrape‐Off Layer of Korean Superconducting Tokamak Advance Research (KSTAR)
Authors: Oh Y.‐S. , Bak J.‐G. , Woo H.‐J. , Park E.‐K. , Kim H.‐S. , Cho S.‐G. , Park S.‐J. , Lho T. , Chung K.‐S. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractTransient plasma behavior in the scrape‐off layer(SOL) is analyzed based upon the ion saturation current data measured by ninety‐one fixed electric probes during the second and third campaigns of Korean Superconducting Tokamak Advance Research(KSTAR) operations (2010 ∼ 2011). Experiments are implemented under the following conditions: plasma current of 600 kA, line average density of 6.1× 1019m− 3, Neutral Beam Injection(NBI) power of 1.5 MW, and injection gas of D2. Probes are made of carbon fiber composite(CFC) with a dome shape structure, and extruded about 1 mm from the surface of the background graphite tiles, which are exposed to the strongly magnetized plasma with an incident angle of the particles impinging on the probe from zero to nine degrees. Probes are installed in the limiter and divertor area of the KSTAR device with a bias voltage of ‐315 V in order to measure ion saturation currents. The ion saturation currents from the probes could identify the edge localized mode (ELM) phenomena comparing with D‐alpha signals. In the distribution of the ion saturation currents measured by a probe array during a diverted plasma discharge process, it is found that two strike points move vertically upward and poloidally up and down at the inboard and central divertors, respectively. A comparative study of plasma behavior measured by electric probes is performed with the theoretical predictors of Equilibrium FITing code (EFIT) data (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Measurements of HF‐Plasma Oscilations by means of a Laser‐Heated Emissive Probe
Authors: Schrittwieser R. , Ionita C. , Rahbarnia K. , Gruenwald J. , Windisch T. , Stärz R. , Grulke O. , Klinger T. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractIndirectly heated emissive probes have advantages compared to conventional emissive wire probes. We have developed a laser‐heated emissive probe consisting of a 1 mm diameter and 2 mm long pin of LaB6, heated by a focussed laser beam of 808 nm wavelength with a power up to 50 W. This probe is smaller and simpler than electrically heated emissive wire probes. Materials of low work function, high temperature stability and longer lifetime such as LaB6 can be used. There is no deformation in a magnetic field and no voltage drop along the probe wire. In this contribution we show the good time resolution of such a probe. Whereas emissive wire probes need two cables and an electric power supply or battery, for our probe one connection to an oscilloscope with high input impedance suffices. Therefore the probe system has a much lower stray capacitance than conventional emissive wire probes (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
High‐throughput flow cytometry compatible biosensor based on fluorogen activating protein technology
Authors: Wu Yang , Tapia Phillip H. , Fisher Gregory W. , Waggoner Alan S. , Jarvik Jonathan , Sklar Larry A. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractMonitoring the trafficking of multiple proteins simultaneously in live cells is of great interest because many receptor proteins are found to function together with others in the same cell. However, existing fluorescent labeling techniques have restricted the mechanistic study of functional receptor pairs. We have expanded a hybrid system combining fluorogen‐activating protein (FAP) technology and high‐throughput flow cytometry to a new type of biosensor that is robust, sensitive, and versatile. This provides the opportunity to study multiple trafficking proteins in the same cell. Human beta2 adrenergic receptor (β2AR) fused with FAP AM2.2 and murine C‐C chemokines receptor type 5 fused with FAP MG13 was chosen for our model system. The function of the receptor and the binding between MG13 and fluorogen MG‐2p have been characterized by flow cytometry and confocal microscopy assays. The binding of fluorogen and the FAP pair is highly specific, while both FAP‐tagged fusion proteins function similarly to their wild‐type counterparts. The system has successfully served as a counter screen assay to eliminate false positive compounds identified in a screen against NIH Molecular Libraries Small Molecule Repository targeting regulators of the human β2AR. © 2013 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
Commentary on ‘Screening programmes for developmental dysplasia of the hip in newborn infants’ with response from review authors
Authors: Kemper Alex R. , Shorter Damon , Hong Timothy , Osborn David A. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThis is a commentary on a Cochrane review, published in this issue of EBCH, first published as: Shorter D, Hong T, Osborn DA. Screening programmes for developmental dysplasia of the hip in newborn infants. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2011, Issue 9 Art. No.: CD004595. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD004595.pub2. Copyright © 2013 The Cochrane Collaboration. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. The Cochrane Collaboration
Divergence in genital morphology may contribute to mechanical reproductive isolation in a millipede
Authors: Wojcieszek Janine M. , Simmons Leigh W. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractGenitalia appear to evolve rapidly and divergently in taxa with internal fertilization. The current consensus is that intense directional sexual selection drives the rapid evolution of genitalia. Recent research on the millipedeAntichiropus variabilissuggests that the male genitalia are currently experiencing stabilizing selection – a pattern of selection expected for lock‐and‐key structures that enforce mate recognition and reproductive isolation. Here, we investigate how divergence in genital morphology affects reproductive compatibility among isolated populations ofA. variabilis. Females from a focal population were mated first to a male from their own population and, second, to a male from one of two populations with divergent genital morphology. We observed variation in mating behavior that might indicate the emergence of precopulatory reproductive barriers: males from one divergent population took significantly longer to recognize females and exhibited mechanical difficulty in genital insertion. Moreover, we observed very low paternity success for extra‐population males who were successful in copulating. Our data suggest that divergence in genital shape may be contributing to reproductive isolation, and incipient speciation among isolated populations ofA. variabilis.
Environmental heterogeneity, dispersal mode, and co‐occurrence in stream macroinvertebrates
Authors: Heino Jani 
Published: January 2013

AbstractBoth environmental heterogeneity and mode of dispersal may affect species co‐occurrence in metacommunities. Aquatic invertebrates were sampled in 20–30 streams in each of three drainage basins, differing considerably in environmental heterogeneity. Each drainage basin was further divided into two equally sized sets of sites, again differing profoundly in environmental heterogeneity. Benthic invertebrate data were divided into three groups of taxa based on overland dispersal modes: passive dispersers with aquatic adults, passive dispersers with terrestrial winged adults, and active dispersers with terrestrial winged adults. The co‐occurrence of taxa in each dispersal mode group, drainage basin, and heterogeneity site subset was measured using the C‐score and its standardized effect size. The probability of finding high levels of species segregation tended to increase with environmental heterogeneity across the drainage basins. These patterns were, however, contingent on both dispersal mode and drainage basin. It thus appears that environmental heterogeneity and dispersal mode interact in affecting co‐occurrence in metacommunities, with passive dispersers with aquatic adults showing random patterns irrespective of environmental heterogeneity, and active dispersers with terrestrial winged adults showing increasing segregation with increasing environmental heterogeneity.
Divergence of premating behaviors in the closely related species Drosophila subquinaria and D. recens
Authors: Giglio Erin M. , Dyer Kelly A. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractMost animal species use distinctive courship patterns to choose among potential mates. Over time, the sensory signaling and preferences used during courtship can diverge among groups that are reproductively isolated. This divergence of signal traits and preferences is thought to be an important cause of behavioral isolation during the speciation process. Here, we examine the sensory modalities used in courtship by two closely related species, Drosophila subquinaria and Drosophila recens, which overlap in geographic range and are incompletely reproductively isolated. We use observational studies of courtship patterns and manipulation of male and female sensory modalities to determine the relative roles of visual, olfactory, gustatory, and auditory signals during conspecific mate choice. We find that sex‐specific, species‐specific, and population‐specific cues are used during mate acquisition within populations of D. subquinaria and D. recens. We identify shifts in both male and female sensory modalities between species, and also between populations of D. subquinaria. Our results indicate that divergence in mating signals and preferences have occurred on a relatively short timescale within and between these species. Finally, we suggest that because olfactory cues are essential for D. subquinaria females to mate within species, they may also underlie variation in behavioral discrimination across populations and species.
Lipase‐catalyzed interesterification reactions for human milk fat substitutes production: A review
Authors: Soumanou Mohamed M. , Pérignon Marlène , Villeneuve Pierre 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe synthesis of human milk fat substitutes (HMFS) which show a high degree of similarity to human milk fat (HFM) is of great interest to ensure a supply in infant nutrition with a triacylglyceride composition as close as possible to mothers milk. Biocatalyzed modifications of natural oils using microbial or plant‐derived enzymes enable the production of high‐value HMFS. Due to the mild reaction conditions and the exceptionally high sn‐1,3‐regioselectivity of these enzymes, they are preferred over chemical catalysis in the development of these lipids with desired nutritional and functional properties. In this article, research spanning over 20 years of lipase‐catalysis for the production HMFS is reviewed. Specific attention is paid to the evaluation of the regiospecificity of the biocatalysts, choice of natural oils and acyl donors, production processes, purification of the HMFS, and analytical procedures for their characterization.
The Huntington disease protein accelerates breast tumour development and metastasis through ErbB2/HER2 signalling
Authors: Moreira Sousa Cristovão , McGuire John Russel , Thion Morgane Sonia , Gentien David , de la Grange Pierre , Tezenas du Montcel Sophie , Vincent‐Salomon Anne , Durr Alexandra , Humbert Sandrine 
Published: January 2013

AbstractIn Huntington disease (HD), polyglutamine expansion in the huntingtin protein causes specific neuronal death. The consequences of the presence of mutant huntingtin in other tissues are less well understood. Here we propose that mutant huntingtin influences breast cancer progression. Indeed, we show that mammary tumours appear earlier in mouse breast cancer models expressing mutant huntingtin as compared to control mice expressing wild‐type huntingtin. Tumours bearing mutant huntingtin have a modified gene expression pattern that reflects enhanced aggressiveness with the overexpression of genes favouring invasion and metastasis. In agreement, mutant huntingtin accelerates epithelial to mesenchymal transition and enhances cell motility and invasion. Also, lung metastasis is higher in HD conditions than in control mice. Finally, we report that in HD, the dynamin dependent endocytosis of the ErbB2/HER2 receptor tyrosine kinase is reduced. This leads to its accumulation and to subsequent increases in cell motility and proliferation. Our study may thus have important implications for both cancer and HD.
Two new species of Thalictrum L. in Iran
Authors: Pakravan Maneezheh , Assadi Mostafa 
Published: January 2013

AbstractTwo new species of the genus Thalictrum named Th. mazandaranicum Pakravan & Assadiand Th. tacabicum Pakravan & Assadi from Iran are described and illustrated, their differences to related species are discussed. (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Hepatic-specific activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator-1β protects against steatohepatitis
Authors: Bellafante Elena , Murzilli Stefania , Salvatore Lorena , Latorre Dominga , Villani Gaetano , Moschetta Antonio 
Published: January 2013

Abstract

Development of hepatic steatosis and its progression to steatohepatitis may be the consequence of dysfunction of several metabolic pathways, such as triglyceride synthesis, very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) secretion, and fatty acid β-oxidation. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator-1β (PGC-1β) is a master regulator of mitochondrial biogenesis and oxidative metabolism, lipogenesis, and triglyceride (TG) secretion. Here we generated a novel mouse model with constitutive hepatic activation of PGC-1β and studied the role of this transcriptional coactivator in dietary-induced steatosis and steatohepatitis. Selective activation of PGC-1β within hepatocytes is able to protect the liver from lipid overload and from progression to fibrosis. The protective function exerted by PGC-1β is due to its ability to induce mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, fatty acid β-oxidation, and citrate cycle, as well as to decrease oxidative stress and promote TG secretion in the blood stream. These findings bolster the concept that a combined hepatic specific action of PGC-1β on lipid synthesis and secretion, as well as on mitochondrial biogenesis and function, could protect against steatohepatitis.
Interruption or deferral of antiretroviral therapy reduces markers of bone turnover compared with continuous therapy: The SMART body composition substudy
Authors: Hoy Jennifer , Grund Birgit , Roediger Mollie , Ensrud Kristine E , Brar Indira , Colebunders Robert , Castro Nathalie De , Johnson Margaret , Sharma Anjali , Carr Andrew ,   for the INSIGHT SMART Body Composition Substudy Group
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT

Bone mineral density (BMD) declines significantly in HIV patients on antiretroviral therapy (ART). We compared the effects of intermittent versus continuous ART on markers of bone turnover in the Body Composition substudy of the Strategies for Management of AntiRetroviral Therapy (SMART) trial and determined whether early changes in markers predicted subsequent change in BMD. For 202 participants (median age 44 years, 17% female, 74% on ART) randomized to continuous or intermittent ART, plasma markers of inflammation and bone turnover were evaluated at baseline and months 4 and 12; BMD at the spine (dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry [DXA] and computed tomography) and hip (DXA) was evaluated annually. Compared with the continuous ART group, mean bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (bALP), osteocalcin, procollagen type 1 N-terminal propeptide (P1NP), N-terminal cross-linking telopeptide of type 1 collagen (NTX), and C-terminal cross-linking telopeptide of type 1 collagen (βCTX) decreased significantly in the intermittent ART group, whereas RANKL and the RANKL:osteoprotegerin (OPG) ratio increased (all p ≤ 0.002 at month 4 and month 12). Increases in bALP, osteocalcin, P1NP, NTX, and βCTX at month 4 predicted decrease in hip BMD at month 12, whereas increases in RANKL and the RANKL:OPG ratio at month 4 predicted increase in hip and spine BMD at month 12. This study has shown that compared with continuous ART, interruption of ART results in a reduction in markers of bone turnover and increase in BMD at hip and spine, and that early changes in markers of bone turnover predict BMD changes at 12 months.
Gender influence on left ventricular structure and function in metabolic syndrome. Are women at greater risk?
Authors: Tadic Marijana V. , Ivanovic Branislava A. , Petrovic Milan , Celic Vera , Neskovic Aleksandar 
Published: January 2013

PurposeThe aim of this study was to investigate the influence of metabolic syndrome (MS) on left ventricular (LV) structure and function depending on gender.MethodsThe study included 235 never‐treated MS subjects and 138 controls. MS was defined as the presence of three or more National Cholesterol Education Program's Adult Treatment Panel III criteria. All the subjects underwent laboratory blood tests and complete two‐dimensional, pulsed, and tissue Doppler echocardiography.ResultsLV structure, diastolic function, and global function were significantly impaired in all MS subjects. Multivariate analysis of individual MS factors showed that increased blood pressure (BP) and impaired fasting glucose were independently associated with LV hypertrophy in women, whereas the only independent predictor in men was increased BP. The same analysis revealed that the combination of impaired glucose level, abdominal obesity, and dyslipidemia was associated with LV hypertrophy only in women. Higher BP, impaired fasting glucose, and triglycerides level were independently associated with LV diastolic dysfunction in women, whereas higher BP was the only independent predictor in men. The combination of increased BP, fasting glucose, and dyslipidemia was independently associated with LV diastolic dysfunction only in women.ConclusionsDifferent MS factors are responsible for LV remodeling in women and men. The metabolic sequence of MS is more important for LV remodeling in women. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 41:538–545, 2013.
Expression levels of endogenous hydrogen sulfide are altered in patients with allergic rhinitis
Authors: Park Se Jin , Kim Tae Hoon , Lee Seung Hoon , Ryu Hyei Yul , Hong Ki Hong , Jung Jong Yoon , Hwang Gyu Ho , Lee Sang Hag 
Published: January 2013

AbstractObjectives/Hypothesis:Hydrogen sulfide (H2S), the third endogenous gaseous transmitter, may be a crucial mediator in airway hyper‐responsiveness and airway inflammation, including asthma. To elucidate the role of H2S in allergic rhinitis, the present study was undertaken to determine the level of expression of H2S in healthy nasal mucosa and mild and moderate/severe persistent allergic nasal mucosa as well as peripheral blood obtained from each patient. The expression and distribution pattern of the H2S‐synthesizing enzymes cystathione γ‐lyase (CSE) and cystathione β‐synthase (CBS) were investigated in healthy and allergic nasal mucosa.Study Design:Controlled, prospective study.Methods:The concentration of H2S in nasal mucosa and plasma was determined by zinc trap spectrophotometry. The expression levels and patterns of distribution of CSE and CBS mRNA and proteins were evaluated using real time polymerase chain reaction, Western blot, and immunohistochemistry.Results:The levels of expression of H2S in nasal mucosa and plasma were increased in patients with mild and moderate/severe persistent allergic rhinitis compared with healthy controls. CSE was localized in vascular endothelium and surrounding muscles, and submucosal glands, whereas CBS was exclusively distributed in the superficial epithelium and submucosal glands. Their expression levels were increased in mild and moderate/severe persistent allergic rhinitis.Conclusions:The current findings indicate that, in parallel with increased expression levels of CSE and CBS, H2S is upregulated in nasal mucosa and plasma of allergic patients. Based on localization of CSE and CBS, H2S may play multiple functions in human nasal mucosa, contributing to the development of allergic symptoms such as rhinorrhea, sneezing, and nasal stuffiness. Laryngoscope, 2013
Voice conversion in cochlear implantation
Authors: Wilkinson Eric P. , Abdel‐Hamid Ossama , Galvin John J. , Jiang Hui , Fu Qian‐Jie 
Published: January 2013

AbstractObjectives/Hypothesis:Voice conversion algorithms may benefit cochlear implant (CI) users who better understand speech produced by one talker than by another. It is unclear how the source or target talker's fundamental frequency (F0) information may contribute to perception of converted speech. This study evaluated voice conversion algorithms for CI users in which the source or target talker's F0 was included in the converted speech.Study Design:Development and evaluation of computerized voice conversion algorithms in CI patients.Methods:A series of cepstral analysis‐based algorithms were developed and evaluated in six CI users. The algorithms converted talker voice gender (male‐to‐female, or female‐to‐male); either the source or target talker F0 was included in the converted speech. The voice conversion algorithms were evaluated in terms of recognition of IEEE sentences, speech quality, and voice gender discrimination.Results:Voice gender recognition performance showed that listeners strongly cued to the F0 that was included within the converted speech. For both IEEE sentence recognition and voice quality ratings, performance was poorer with the voice conversion algorithms than with original speech. Performance on female‐to‐male conversion was superior to male‐to‐female conversion.Conclusion:The strong cueing to F0 within the voice conversion algorithms suggests that CI users are able to utilize temporal periodicity information for some pitch‐related tasks. Limitations on spectral channel information experienced by CI users may result in poorer performance with voice conversion algorithms due to distortion of speech formant information and degradation of the spectral envelope. Laryngoscope, 2013