bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rapid warming in the Tibetan Plateau from observations and CMIP5 models in recent decades
Authors: You Qinglong , Min Jinzhong , Kang Shichang 
Published: October 2015

ABSTRACTOn the basis of mean temperature, maximum temperature and minimum temperature from the updated China Homogenized Historical Temperature Data Sets, the recent warming in the Tibetan Plateau (TP) during 1961–2005 and global warming hiatus period are examined. During 1961–2005, the mean temperature, maximum temperature and minimum temperature in the whole TP show a statistically increasing trend especially after the 1980s, with the annual rates of 0.27, 0.19 and 0.36 °C decade−1, respectively. The performance of 26 general circulation models (GCMs) available in the fifth phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) is evaluated in the TP by comparison with the observations during 1961–2005. Most CMIP5 GCMs can capture the decadal variations of the observed mean temperature, maximum temperature and minimum temperature, and have significant positive correlations with observations (R > 0.5), with root mean squared error <1 °C. This suggests that CMIP5 GCMs can reproduce the recent temperature evolution in the TP, but with cold biases. However, most CMIP5 GCMs underestimate the observed warming rates, especially the CNRM‐CM5, GISS‐E2‐H and MRI‐CGCM3 models. There are significant positive correlations between the trend magnitudes and the anomaly of the mean temperature, maximum temperature and minimum temperature, with correlations of 0.85, 0.86 and 0.87, respectively. The warming from the observations and CMIP5 mean in the TP is significant during the global hiatus period, consistent with decreasing snow cover and albedo in the region. This study suggests that positive snow/ice‐albedo feedback processes may account for ongoing surface warming in the TP despite the pause in global mean surface warming.
Nonhydrogenic exciton spectrum in perovskite CH3NH3PbI3
Authors: Menéndez‐Proupin E. , Beltrán Ríos Carlos L. , Wahnón P. 
Published: October 2015

The excitons in the orthorhombic phase of the perovskite CH3NH3PbI3 are studied using the effective mass approximation. The electron–hole interaction is screened by a distance‐dependent dielectric function, as described by the Haken potential or the Pollmann–Büttner potential. The energy spectrum and the eigenfunctions are calculated for both cases. The results show that the Pollmann–Büttner model, using the corresponding parameters obtained from ab initio calculations, provides better agreement with the experimental results.
magnified image(© 2015 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH &Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The influence of different referencing methods on the accuracy of δ13C value measurement of ethanol fuel by gas chromatography/combustion/isotope ratio mass spectrometry
Authors: Neves Laura A. , Rodrigues Janaína M. , Daroda Romeu J. , Silva Paulo R. M. , Ferreira Alexandre A. , Aranda Donato A. G. , Eberlin Marcos N. , Fasciotti Maíra 
Published: October 2015

RationaleBrazil is the largest producer of sugar cane bioethanol in the world. Isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) is the technique of choice to certify the origin/raw materials for ethanol production, but the lack of certified reference materials (CRMs) for accurate measurements of δ13C values traceable to Vienna Pee Dee Belemnite (VPDB), the international zero point for 13C/12C measurements, certified and compatible with gas chromatography (GC)/IRMS instruments may compromise the accuracy of δ13C determinations.MethodsWe evaluated the influence of methods for the calibration and normalization of raw δ13C values of ethanol samples. Samples were analyzed by GC/C/IRMS using two different GC columns. Different substances were used as isotopic standards for the working gas calibration. The δ13C values obtained with the three methods of normalization were statistically compared with those obtained with elemental analyzer (EA)/IRMS, since the δ13C results obtained using EA are traceable to VPDB via the NBS 22 reference material.ResultsIt was observed that both the isotopic reference material for CO2 calibration and the GC column have a major effect on the δ13C measurements, leading to a bias of almost 2–3 ‰ in the δ13C values. All three methods of normalization were equivalent in performance, enabling an improvement in the GC/C/IRMS accuracy, compared with the EA/IRMS reference values for the samples.ConclusionsAll the methods of CO2 calibration, chromatography and normalization presented in this work demonstrated several sources of traceability and accuracy loss for the determination of δ13C values in ethanol fuel samples by GC/C/IRMS. This work has also shown the importance of using proper CRMs traceable to VPBD that should be compatible and certified using GC/C/IRMS, ideally in a wide range of δ13C values. This is important not only for bioethanol fuel samples, but also for many analytes commonly analyzed by IRMS. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Formation of amino acids from NH3/NO2, CO2 and H2O: Implications for the prebiotic origin of biomolecules
Authors: Singh Amrinder , Nisha  , Singh Palwinder 
Published: October 2015

RationaleThe search for the conditions which must have prevailed in the long‐distant past during the conversion of inanimate matter into animate matter is a fascinating area of research and it continues to draw the attention of the scientific community. The initiation of life on this planet must have been preceded by the development of biomolecules, amongst which amino acids have unique importance. Formation of amino acids under a certain set of conditions is shown in the present experiments.MethodsSolutions of ammonium carboxylates or the mixture of two such salts were prepared in 3:6.9:0.1 (v/v/v) acetonitrile/water/formic acid at a concentration of 50 μM. The studies were performed using a quadrupole time‐of‐flight (QqTOF) mass spectrometer. The formation of different amino acids was detected with high‐resolution mass spectrometry.ResultsHere, we show the formation of amino acids when a solution of ammonium salts was injected into an electrospray ionization (ESI)‐QqTOF‐MS instrument. The ammonium salts were the source of NH3 and CO2 and H2O was available in the medium. It seems that the combination of NH3, CO2, and H2O leads to the formation of amino acids.ConclusionsFurther to the literature reports of formation of amino acids under the reduced atmosphere represented by gases such as NH3, CH4, H2 and H2O, here we demonstrate the formation of amino acids by the combination of NH3/NO2, CO2 and water vapours in the ESI source of the mass spectrometer. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Using matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry to detect monoclonal immunoglobulin light chains in serum and urine
Authors: Barnidge David R. , Krick Thomas P. , Griffin Timothy J. , Murray David L. 
Published: October 2015

RationaleUse of matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (MALDI‐TOFMS) to monitor serum and urine samples for endogenous monoclonal immunoglobulins. MALDI‐TOFMS is faster, fully automatable, and provides superior specificity compared to protein gel electrophoresis (PEL).MethodsSamples were enriched for immunoglobulins in 5 min using Melon Gel™ followed by reduction with dithiothreitol for 15 min to separate immunoglobulin light chains and heavy chains. Samples were then desalted using C4 ZipTips, mixed with sinapinic acid matrix, and analyzed on a Bruker Biflex III MALDI‐TOF mass spectrometer.ResultsMonoclonal immunoglobulin light chains were identified in serum and urine samples from patients with a known monoclonal gammopathy using MALDI‐TOFMS with minimal sample preparation.ConclusionsMALDI‐TOFMS can identify a monoclonal immunoglobulin in serum and urine samples. The molecular mass of the monoclonal immunoglobulin light chain is obtained providing unprecedented specificity compared to PEL. In addition, the methodology can be automated, making it a practical alternative to PEL. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of different water storage procedures on the dissolved Fe concentration and isotopic composition of chemically contrasted waters from the Amazon River Basin
Authors: Mulholland Daniel S. , Poitrasson Franck , Boaventura Geraldo R. 
Published: October 2015

RationaleAlthough recent studies have investigated the Fe isotopic composition of dissolved, colloidal and particulate phases from continental and oceanic natural waters, few efforts have been made to evaluate whether water sample storage and the separation of different pore‐size fractions through filtration can cause any change to the Fe isotopic compositions. The present study investigates the possible biases introduced by different water storage conditions on the dissolved Fe concentration and isotopic composition of chemically different waters.MethodsWater samples were collected from an organic‐rich river and from mineral particulate‐rich rivers. Filtered and unfiltered water samples were stored either at room temperature or frozen at –18°C in order to assess possible biases due to (i) different water storage temperature, and (ii) storage of bulk (unfiltered) vs filtered water. Iron isotope measurements were performed by Multicollector Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry with a Thermo Electron Neptune instrument, after Fe purification using anion‐exchange resins.ResultsOur data reveal that bulk water storage at room temperature without filtration produces minor changes in the dissolved Fe isotopic composition of mineral particulate‐rich waters, but significant isotopic composition changes in organic‐rich waters. In both cases, however, the impact of the different procedures on the Fe concentrations was strong. On the other hand, the bulk water stored frozen without filtration produced more limited changes in the dissolved Fe concentrations, and also on isotopic compositions, relative to the samples filtered in the field. The largest effect was again observed for the organic‐rich waters.ConclusionsThese findings suggest that a time lag between water collection and filtration may cause isotopic exchanges between the dissolved and particulate Fe fractions. When it is not possible to filter the samples in the field immediately after collection, the less detrimental approach is to freeze the bulk water sample until filtration, to reduce isotopic artifacts. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Tuition Discounting and Socioeconomic Diversity at Larger Private Universities
Authors: Reinoehl Jason K. , Kowalski Theodore J. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractTuition discounting is a tactic deployed by many private four‐year institutions as a means for enhancing either tuition revenue or institutional image. This study examines associations between socioeconomic diversity and two aspects of institutional grants—freshman discount rate and freshman grant recipient discount rate—at the 30 largest private not‐for‐profit schools in the Midwest. Figures from a national database for two time periods, 1999–2001 and 2008–2011, were averaged. Socioeconomic diversity was defined as the percentage of freshmen who received a federal Pell grant. Comparisons of the two time periods revealed that 73.3% of the schools increased socioeconomic diversity, but overall the increase across the study population was small (2.4%). Concurrently, most schools became more selective; freshman acceptance rate declined at 82.1% of the schools and the overall decrease for the study population was 7.3%. In both periods, associations between the socioeconomic diversity and each of the predictor variables (freshman discount rate and freshman grant recipient discount rate) were negative. Overall, the findings indicate that when institutional grant funds were given to a higher proportion of the freshman class, the size of the individual grants and socioeconomic diversity declined.
UV‐verstärkte Silberschichten
Authors: Schwinde Stefan , Schürmann Mark , Kaiser Norbert 
Published: October 2015

AbstractFür den Bau optischer Instrumente sind silberbeschichtetet Spiegel von großer Bedeutung, weil Silber (Ag) das Metall mit der höchsten Reflexion vom sichtbaren (VIS)‐ bis in den infraroten (IR)‐Spektralbereich ist. Am IOF durchgeführte Untersuchungen zeigen, dass die Abscheidung einer geschlossenen und dichten Schutzschicht eine notwendige jedoch keine ausreichende Bedingung für einen effektiven Schutz der Silberschicht ist: Hygroskopische Partikel können auch eine Ag‐Schicht schädigen, auf die eine fehlerfreie Schutzschicht abgeschieden worden ist. Daher wurden verbesserte Schutzschichten entwickelt, die auf einem Ansatz mit Nanolaminaten basieren. Mit diesem Ansatz kann sowohl die Umweltbeständigkeit als auch die optische Performance von geschützten Silberschichten verbessert werden.
Verlust der Heliumdichtheit geschweißter Aluminiumbauteile
Authors: Brockmann Robert 
Published: October 2015

AbstractVakuum im Fusionsreaktor erfüllt zwei Aufgaben. Zum einen ist es erforderlich, um das Fusionsplasma zu betreiben, zum anderen vermindert es als Isoliervakuum den Wärmeeintrag auf die mit flüssigem Helium gekühlten supraleitfähigen Spulen. Letzteres ist besonders gefährdet, wenn es durch Verlust der Supraleitfähigkeit und einhergehenden Temperaturanstieg zu einem massiven Druckanstieg im Heliumkühlsystem kommt. Daher muss vor Inbetriebnahme des magnetischen Käfigs die Helium‐Dichtheit der Kühlkomponenten unter extremen Bedingungen nachgewiesen werden. Der vorliegende Beitrag vergleicht die dabei mit zwei verschiedenen Lecksuchverfahren gewonnen Ergebnisse und stellt die Vorzüge des für diesen Einsatz entwickelten Ultra‐Schnüffler‐Testgas‐(UST‐) Verfahrens dar.
Hochleistungsplasmen zur Synthese diamantähnlicher Kohlenstoffschichten
Authors: Bobzin Kirsten , Brögelmann Tobias , Bastürk Serhan , Engels Martin 
Published: October 2015

AbstractBeschichtungen aus diamantähnlichem Kohlenstoff (diamond‐like carbon, DLC) finden aufgrund ihrer vielfältig einstellbaren Eigenschaften, z. B. einer hohen Härte als Verschleißschutz in vielen Anwendungsgebieten Verwendung. Hinsichtlich der Synthese dieser Schichten aktuell das High Power Pulsed/Impulse Magnetron Sputtering (HPPMS/HiPIMS) Gegenstand der Forschung, welches im Gegensatz zu etablierten Verfahren, z. B. der Pulsed Laser Deposition (PLD), glatte Schichten ohne weitere Nachbearbeitungsschritte ermöglicht. Vor Abscheidung der Schichten kann das Beschichtungsplasma in‐situ mittels plasma‐analytischer Methoden untersucht und ein Prozessfenster zur Schichtsynthese definiert werden. Das Ziel dieser Arbeit war es, ein Prozessfenster mit einer möglichst hohen Anzahl energiereicher Kohlenstoffionen zu bestimmen, die eine Grundvoraussetzung zur Synthese harter DLC‐Schichten darstellen. Es wurden die hinsichtlich der Kohlenstoffionisation viel‐versprechenden Parameter Prozessgaszusammensetzung und ‐druck sowie die HPPMS‐Pulsparameter variiert, um Parameter für die Schichtsynthese abzuleiten.
Röntgenröhren in der Medizintechnik
Authors: Fürst Jens 
Published: October 2015

AbstractDie Röntgentechnik ist aus der medizinischen Diagnostik nicht mehr wegzudenken. Jedes Krankenhaus und jede etwas größere Arztpraxis nutzen Röntgenstrahlung, um innerhalb kürzester Zeit Bilder vom Inneren des menschlichen Körpers zu erhalten. Egal, ob beim Zahnarzt der Kiefer durchleuchtet oder ob ein Schwerverletzter in einem modernen Computertomographen innerhalb von wenigen Sekunden von Kopf bis Fuß gescannt wird, es kommt dabei stets die gleiche Technologie zum Einsatz. Dieser Artikel beschreibt die Geschichte der Entdeckung der Röntgenstrahlung.Anhand eines einfachen Aufbaus wird die Erzeugung von Röntgenstrahlung erklärt. Die Bedeutung und Funktion der Kathode als Elektronenquelle ist hierbei besonders wichtig. Es wird beschrieben, wie die Entwicklung von den ersten Glühfilamenten zu den Feldemittern fortgeschritten ist. Ebenso wichtig ist die Innovation des Flüssigmetall Gleitlagers, um die in der Anode entstehende Wärme zu entfernen. Nach einem kurzen Exkurs in die medizinischen Anwendungen, wird ein völlig neuartiger Ansatz eines Röntgengerätes beschrieben.
Impact of early developmental fluoride exposure on the peripheral pain sensitivity in mice
Authors: Ma Jing , Liu Fei , Liu Peng , Dong Ying‐Ying , Chu Zheng , Hou Tie‐Zhou , Dang Yong‐Hui 
Published: October 2015

AbstractConsumption of high concentration of fluoride in the drinking water would cause the fluorosis and chronic pain. Similar pain syndrome appeared in the patients in fluoride therapy of osteoporotic. The aim of the current study was to examine whether exposing immature mice to fluoride would modify the peripheral pain sensitivity or even cause a pain syndrome. We gave developmental fluoride exposure to mice in different concentration (0 mg/L, 50 mg/L and 100 mg/L) and evaluated their basal pain threshold. Von Frey hair test, hot plate test and formalin test were conducted to examine the mechanical, thermal nociceptive threshold and inflammatory pain, respectively. In addition, the expression of hippocampal brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) was also evaluated by Western blotting. Hyperalgesia in fluoride exposure mice was exhibited in the Von Frey hair test, hot plate test and formalin test. Meanwhile, the expression of BDNF was significantly higher than that of control group. The results suggest that early developmental fluoride exposure may lower the basal pain threshold and be associated with the increasing of BDNF expression in hippocampus.
Sequential screening to predict symptomatic pulmonary thromboembolism after gynecologic surgery in Nara, Japan
Authors: Haruta Shoji , Kawaguchi Ryuji , Hirai Toshiko , Kobayashi Hiroshi 
Published: October 2015

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate a sequential screening method's efficacy in predicting symptomatic pulmonary thromboembolism (PTE) after gynecologic surgery.MethodsA prospective study employing a two‐stage screening process was conducted among consecutive asymptomatic adults who underwent outpatient evaluation for gynecologic surgery at Nara Medical University Hospital, Japan, between April 1, 2004, and December 31, 2013. Patients with a preoperative plasma D‐dimer level greater than or equal to 1.0 μg/mL underwent compression ultrasonography of the lower extremities. The primary outcome measure was postoperative detection of symptomatic PTE.ResultsOverall, 1729 patients were included. The mean D‐dimer level was 1.7 ± 3.3 μg/mL. Compression ultrasonography was conducted among 470 (27.1%) patients with positive D‐dimer test results; symptomatic deep vein thrombosis (DVT) was preoperatively detected among 94 (20.0%) of them. Patients with DVT (n = 94) had higher D‐dimer levels than patients (n = 1635) without (7.8 ± 12.8 μg/mL vs 1.1 ± 1.8 μg/mL; P < 0.001). Despite anticoagulant therapy, symptomatic PTE was detected postoperatively among two of these 94 patients. Symptomatic PTE was also detected among four of 376 patients with positive D‐dimer test results but no evidence of DVT by ultrasonography. No clinical onset of postoperative PTE was observed among 1259 patients with D‐dimer levels below the cut‐off value.ConclusionThe PROVEN screening strategy (Preoperative surveillance using a sequential strategy) was ineffective at predicting postoperative symptomatic PTE.
High‐risk human papillomavirus infection in the prediction of poor treatment response and disease recurrence in patients with vulvovaginal condyloma
Authors: Koo Yu‐Jin , Kim Yeon‐Sun , Min Kyung‐Jin , Hong Jin‐Hwa , Lee Jae‐Kwan 
Published: October 2015

AbstractObjectiveTo determine the predictive factors for progression and recurrence of vulvovaginal condyloma (VVC), with a specific focus on high‐risk HPV (HR‐HPV) infections.MethodsRetrospective data were collected from 48 patients who were diagnosed with VVC and treated with topical trichloroacetic acid application or laser therapy during 2003–2014 at a hospital in South Korea. The diagnoses were made based on the presence of exophytic condylomatous lesions as assessed by direct visual inspection regardless of whether a biopsy was performed.ResultsOverall, 18 patients (50.0% of those with a test result) were positive for HR‐HPV. Three‐quarters of the patients with a poor treatment response had abnormal cytologies, and abnormal cytology was a risk factor for a poor response (odds ratio, 4.33 [95% confidence interval, 1.05–17.84]). During a median follow‐up of 24 months, VVC recurred in seven (14.6%) patients. A high viral load (more than 50 relative light units) of HR‐HPV was significantly associated with recurrence (odds ratio, 7.42, 95% confidence interval, 1.19–46.18).ConclusionA high HR‐HPV load is a risk factor for recurrence, but is not related to treatment response. A poor treatment response is more related to abnormal cytology than it is to viral load.
Phylogeny of yeasts and related filamentous fungi within Pucciniomycotina determined from multigene sequence analyses
Authors: Wang Q.-M. , Groenewald M. , Takashima M. , Theelen B. , Han P.-J. , Liu X.-Z. , Boekhout T. , Bai F.-Y. 
Published: October 2015

In addition to rusts, the subphylum Pucciniomycotina (Basidiomycota) includes a large number of unicellular or dimorphic fungi which are usually studied as yeasts. Ribosomal DNA sequence analyses have shown that the current taxonomic system of the pucciniomycetous yeasts
which is based on phenotypic criteria is not concordant with the molecular phylogeny and many genera are polyphyletic. Here we inferred the molecular phylogeny of 184 pucciniomycetous yeast species and related filamentous fungi using maximum likelihood, maximum parsimony and Bayesian inference
analyses based on the sequences of seven genes, including the small subunit ribosomal DNA (rDNA), the large subunit rDNA D1/D2 domains, the internal transcribed spacer regions (ITS 1 and 2) of rDNA including the 5.8S rDNA gene; the nuclear protein-coding genes of the two subunits of DNA polymerase
II (RPB1 and RPB2) and the translation elongation factor 1-α (TEF1); and the mitochondrial gene cytochrome b (CYTB). A total of 33 monophyletic clades and 18 single species lineages were recognised among the pucciniomycetous yeasts employed, which belonged
to four major lineages corresponding to Agaricostilbomycetes, Cystobasidiomycetes, Microbotryomycetes and Mixiomycetes. These lineages remained independent from the classes Atractiellomycetes, Classiculomycetes, Pucciniomycetes and Tritirachiomycetes
formed by filamentous taxa in Pucciniomycotina. An updated taxonomic system of pucciniomycetous yeasts implementing the ‘One fungus = One name’ principle will be proposed based on the phylogenetic framework presented here.
A multimodal approach to dementia prevention: A report from the Cambridge Institute of Public Health
Authors: Olanrewaju Olawale , Clare Linda , Barnes Linda , Brayne Carol 
Published: October 2015

AbstractIntroductionGlobally, dementia is the most frequent form of degenerative condition in the older adult population and poses a major health burden with high socioeconomic costs. So far, attempts to find pharmacologic interventions that can change the onset or progression of dementia have been largely unsuccessful, prompting a shift to focus on interventions aimed at modifying risk factors that occur throughout the life course.MethodsThe Cognitive Function and Ageing Studies, funded by the Medical Research Council, UK, convened three multidisciplinary groups of experts, expert witnesses, and advocates to discuss the state of evidence on primary, secondary, and tertiary dementia prevention and recommend future direction for intervention studies.ResultsUsing the United Kingdom Parliamentary Select Committees' approach to gathering evidence, the primary prevention working group focused their deliberation on risk factors strongly associated with dementia. The group highlighted the need for high‐quality studies to assess the effects of behavioral intervention on the delay of cognitive decline and dementia onset.DiscussionThe working group recommended that the development of a future dementia prevention trial should use a multimodal, multifactor, multilevel, community and individually tailored approach.