bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Particle sorting using a subwavelength optical fiber
Authors: Zhang Yao , Li Baojun 
Published: January 2013

AbstractSize‐based particle sorting using a subwavelength optical fiber was demonstrated with 600‐nm and 1‐μm sizes of polystyrene particles. Optical forces acting on the particles were calculated based on three‐dimensional finite‐difference time‐domain simulations at wavelengths of 808, 1047, and 1310 nm propagating in a subwavelength optical fiber with diameter of 800 nm. Calculations indicate that by launching two counterpropagating laser beams at different wavelengths into the fiber, the directions of the resultant optical scattering forces acting on the two particle sizes can be opposite along the fiber, which leads to a countertransport of the particles. To verify the theoretical prediction, experiments were performed using the 800‐nm fiber to sort the two particle sizes. The results show that with two counterpropagating beams at 808 and 1310 nm, a continuous particle sorting was achieved. Measured particle velocities were in agreement with the theoretical calculations.
The Pt‐Organometallic Version of Perigraniline: Going Blue
Authors: Kenny Tommy , Aly Shawkat M. , Brisard Gessie , Fortin Daniel , Harvey Pierre D. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractFour conjugated push–pull organometallic polymers ([Pt]‐AQ)n ([Pt] = trans‐bis(phenylacetylene)bis(tributylphosphine)platinum(II); AQ = 2‐bromo‐, 2,6‐dibromo‐, 2,6‐diamino‐, and unsubstituted anthraquinone diimine) were prepared and characterized by UV–vis spectroscopy and electrochemistry. A low‐energy charge transfer, CT, band ([Pt]*→AQ; confirmed by density functional theory calculations), was found in the 445–500 nm window rather than the expected red‐shifted range above 630 nm. X‐ray structures of four model compounds reveal that steric hindrance induces large dihedral angles between the C6H4 and NCC2 planes, rendering π‐orbital overlap difficult between the [Pt] and AQ units. The position of the CT band is mainly driven the reduction potential of the anthraquinone diimine unit.
Paper‐derived stoneware ceramics: Improvement of properties by calendering and evaluation of pyroplastic deformation behaviour
Authors: Kluthe C. , Kollenberg W. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractPaper‐derived ceramics are a new approach to produce thin, lightweight ceramic structures. These ceramics are derived from preceramic papers produced in a paper technological process. The amount of inorganic filler (e. g. stoneware) in the paper is increased up to 85 wt‐%. By firing at high temperatures the cellulose fibres are pyrolized and the inorganic content is sintered. One part of the technological process to produce papers is calendering. A calender consists of two rolls, between which the paper is rolled under pressure. By calendering the paper thickness is reduced and the surface of the paper is improved. Different calender parameters (pressure and temperature) are applied to the preceramic paper and ceramic properties like strength, density and surface roughness are investigated. The strength of paper‐derived stoneware ceramics can be improved by 125% to over 185 MPa by optimizing the calender process. Additionally paper‐derived stoneware ceramics were fired at 1180°C, 1200°C and 1220°C for 1 and for 2 hours at different support distances (10–150 mm) in order to determine the dependence of pyroplastic deformation on support distance. The results show a linear increase between maximum deformation and support distance by 1 hour dwell and a polynomic at 2 hours dwell. Furthermore the Pyroplastic Index (PI) was evaluated according to recent literature. The Pyroplastic Index was correlated to the amorphous content of the differently fired samples. With longer dwell and/or higher temperature the content of amorphous phase increases which lowers the bulk viscosity and supports the pyroplastic deformation. These investigations should give a direction for using paper‐derived stoneware ceramics for special design applications. Paper‐derived ceramics can be systematically deformed in many possible ways to achieve specific shapes.
Theoretical and practical aspects of seeding technology for fusion welding
Authors: Bach F.‐W. , Versemann R. , Stoll P. , Krüssel T. , Bruns C. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractIn numerous applications, contradictory properties are demanded from welded joints; for example, high seam strength and good formability or high hardness value and wear resistance with the highest possible toughness. Controlling the solidification behaviour by means of seeding the molten weld metal represents a very effective method of fulfilling such contrary demands. For this purpose, seeding methods were modified for welding technology in such a way that microstructures can be specified. The choice of seeding materials is based on a theoretical model which describes the functioning mode of complex inoculants in a melt. The effectiveness of the procedure was investigated on ferritic chromium‐steels by using various seeding methods and complex inoculants. Moreover, pronounced seeding effects were verified on nickel based superalloys and titanium.
Inverse optimal control for discrete‐time nonlinear systems via passivation
Authors: Ornelas‐Tellez Fernando , Sanchez Edgar N. , Loukianov Alexander G. 
Published: January 2013

SUMMARYThis paper presents an inverse optimal control approach for stabilization and trajectory tracking of discrete‐time nonlinear systems, avoiding to solve the associated Hamilton–Jacobi–Bellman equation, and minimizing a meaningful cost functional. The proposed controller is based on a discrete‐time control Lyapunov function and passivity theory; its applicability is illustrated via simulations for an unstable nonlinear system and a planar robot. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
First trimester maternal serum inhibin A concentrations in smokers
Authors: Cowans Nicholas J. , Spencer Kevin 
Published: January 2013

What's already known about this topic?

Inhibin A levels are considerably higher in the second trimester maternal serum of smokers compared with nonsmokers.What does this study add?

This is the first study to compare the levels of inhibin A in the first trimester maternal serum of smokers and nonsmokers.
Inhibin A levels are increased in the first trimester maternal serum of smokers, but to less of an extent than is found in the second trimester.
Cubic III‐nitride coupled quantum wells towards unipolar optically pumped lasers
Authors: Mietze C. , Bürger M. , Sakr S. , Tchernycheva M. , Julien F. H. , As D. J. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractOptical and structural properties of asymmetric coupled cubic‐GaN/‐AlN quantum wells (QW) are studied. The samples are grown by molecular beam epitaxy on a 50 nm c‐GaN buffer on 3C‐SiC substrate. The active region contains 100 periods of a 2.3 nm AlN barrier, a 1.9–2.1 nm silicon doped GaN QW and a 1.0–1.2 nm undoped GaN QW coupled by a 0.9–1.1 nm AlN tunnelling barrier. Phase purity and partial relaxation of the superlattice is observed in reciprocal space maps measured by high resolution X‐ray diffraction. Optical properties of coupled QWs are investigated using cathodoluminescence spectroscopy. A clear shift in the emission energy associated with the thickness of the QWs can be observed. Furthermore clear TM‐polarized infrared absorption in the 0.55–0.87 eV range is observed at room temperature using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The asymmetric shape of the infrared absorptions reveals the existence of a three level system in the QWs and is explained by contributions of the e1–e3 and e2–e3 intersubband transitions. Measured transition energies are compared to model calculations using a Schrödinger–Poisson solver based on an effective mass model (nextnano3).
Composition dependent spectroscopic properties of Er3+‐doped boro‐tellurite glasses
Authors: Selvaraju K. , Vijaya N. , Marimuthu K. , Lavin V. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractA new series of Er3+‐doped boro‐tellurite glasses have been prepared and their spectroscopic behavior were explored through absorption and luminescence measurements. The nature of the Er3+‐ligand bond in the host matrix were studied through bonding parameter studies using absorption spectra. Davis and Mott theory is used to determine the optical band gap energy for the direct and indirect allowed transitions of the title glasses. Optical band gap energy for the indirect allowed transitions are found to be in the range of 3.03–2.36 eV. The Judd–Ofelt intensity parameters Ωλ (λ = 2, 4, and 6) were determined from the absorption spectra and used to derive the radiative properties like stimulated emission cross‐section and gain bandwidth for the emission transition 4I13/2 → 4I15/2 of the Er3+ ions. The spectroscopic properties of the prepared glasses were studied as a function of TeO2 in the host matrix and discussed with reported literature.
Boundary formation in the development of the vertebrate hindbrain
Authors: Xu Qiling , Wilkinson David G. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe formation of a sharp interface of adjacent subdivisions is important for establishing the precision of tissue organization, and at specific borders it serves to organize key signaling centers. We discuss studies of vertebrate hindbrain development that have given important insights into mechanisms that underlie the formation and maintenance of sharp borders. The hindbrain is subdivided into a series of segments with distinct anteroposterior identity that underlies the specification of distinct neuronal cell types. During early stages of segmentation, cell identity switching contributes to the refinement of borders and enables homogenous territories to be maintained despite intermingling of cells between segments. At later stages, there is a specific restriction to cell intermingling between segments that is mediated by Eph receptor and ephrin signaling. Eph–ephrin signaling can restrict cell intermingling and sharpen borders through multiple mechanisms, including the regulation of cell adhesion and contact inhibition of cell migration. WIREs Dev Biol 2013, 2:735–745. doi: 10.1002/wdev.106This article is categorized under:

Establishment of Spatial and Temporal Patterns > Cell Sorting and Boundary Formation
Causes and Costs of a Decade of Litigation Following Emergency Appendectomy in England
Authors: Mosedale Thomas , Nepogodiev Dmitri , Fitzgerald J. Edward F. , Bhangu Aneel 
Published: January 2013

AbstractBackgroundThere has been recent interest in the delayed and nonoperative management of appendicitis. The present study assessed the causes and costs of litigation against surgeons following emergency appendectomy, with an emphasis on claims relating to preoperative management.Materials and methodsData were obtained from the English NHS Litigation Authority for claims relevant to appendectomy between 2002 and 2011. Two authors independently extracted data and classified it against predetermined criteria.ResultsSuccessful litigation occurred in 66 % of closed cases (147/223) with a total payout of £8.1 million. There were 24 claims against organizational operating room delays (9 % of total) and 27 against delayed diagnosis (10 %), with respective success rates of 70 and 68 %. From 21 claims relating to damage to fertility, nine were due to either delayed diagnosis or organizational operating room delays. Misdiagnosis was the second most common cause for litigation (16 %), but it had the lowest likelihood of success (49 %). Faulty surgical technique was the most common reason for litigation (39 %), with a 70 % likelihood of success. Of eight claims related to fatality, one was due to unacceptable preoperative delay leading to preventable perforated appendicitis. The overall highest median payouts were for claims of damage to fertility (£52,384), operating list delays (£44,716), and delayed diagnosis (£42,292).ConclusionsThere were significant medicolegal risks surrounding delays related to access to operating lists and diagnosis. Whereas future evidence regarding the safety of delayed appendectomy may provide scientific defense against these claims, the present study provides evidence of the current medicolegal risk to surgeons following delayed treatment of appendicitis.
History of faulting on the Doruneh Fault System: implications for the kinematic changes of the Central Iranian Microplate
Authors: JAVADI HAMID REZA , GHASSEMI MOHAMMAD REZA , SHAHPASANDZADEH MAJID , GUEST BERNARD , ASHTIANI MARZIEH ESTERABI , YASSAGHI ALI , KOUHPEYMA MEYSSAM 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe Doruneh Fault System is one of the major transcurrent faults in central Asia, extending ~900 km from western Afghanistan into West-Central Iran. The left-lateral Doruneh Fault System is also a key structure in the Arabia–Eurasia collisional zone, bounding the northern margin of the independent Central Iranian Microplate. The Doruneh Fault System exhibits a curved geometry, and is divided here into three segments: Eastern, Central and Western. We present the results of geological, structural and geomorphic studies into the nature of recent activity along the Doruneh Fault System segments. A surprising observation is that small, relatively young drainage systems often show recent systematic left-lateral displacement across the fault, whereas large rivers indicate a former more complex right-lateral history. Furthermore, the existence of right-lateral offsets of pre-Pliocene rocks and S-C fabrics confirm this earlier phase of right-lateral movement on the fault. We suggest that the early right-lateral kinematics resulted from an earlier NW–SE-directed regional shortening, associated with the anticlockwise rotation of the Central Iranian Microplate. The shortening is characterized by the NE–SW-striking en échelon folds within the fault slivers, the right-lateral Taknar imbricate fan and the superimposed folding exposed north of Kashmar. Thus, assuming an initiation age of Eocene (55.8 Ma) for the fault, we estimate a former right-lateral slip rate of about 5.2–5.5 mm yr−1, which accompanied the 35° anticlockwise rotation of the Central Iranian Microplate. According to our study, the youngest units exhibiting right-lateral displacement are Middle Miocene in age, suggesting a post-Middle Miocene timing for the onset of slip-sense inversion.
Addressing physical inactivity in Omani adults: perceptions of public health managers
Authors: Mabry Ruth M , Al-Busaidi Zakiya Q , Reeves Marina M , Owen Neville , Eakin Elizabeth G 
Published: January 2013

AbstractObjectiveTo explore barriers and solutions to addressing physical inactivity and prolonged sitting in the adult population of Oman.DesignQualitative study involving semi-structured interviews that took place from October 2011 to January 2012. Participants were recruited through purposive sampling. Data collection and analysis was an iterative process; later interviews explored emerging themes. Interviews were audio-recorded and transcribed and continued until data saturation; this occurred by the tenth interviewee. Thematic content analysis was carried out, guided by an ecological model of health behaviour.SettingMuscat, Oman.SubjectsTen mid-level public health managers.ResultsBarriers for physical inactivity were grouped around four themes: (i) intrapersonal (lack of motivation, awareness and time); (ii) social (norms restricting women's participation in outdoor activity, low value of physical activity); (iii) environment (lack of places to be active, weather); and (iv) policy (ineffective health communication, limited resources). Solutions focused on culturally sensitive interventions at the environment (building sidewalks and exercise facilities) and policy levels (strengthening existing interventions and coordinating actions with relevant sectors). Participants’ responses regarding sitting time were similar to, but much more limited than those related to physical inactivity, except for community participation and voluntarism, which were given greater emphasis as possible solutions to reduce sitting time.ConclusionsGiven the increasing prevalence of chronic disease in Oman and the Arabian Gulf, urgent action is required to implement gender-relevant public health policies and programmes to address physical inactivity, a key modifiable risk factor. Additionally, research on the determinants of physical inactivity and prolonged sitting time is required to guide policy makers.
The Phenomenon of Parricide
Authors: Heide Kathleen M. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThis chapter discusses the phenomenon of parricide. It begins with vignettes highlighting several parricide cases in order to demonstrate the variety of circumstances in which child, adolescent, and adult offenders have killed their parents. It reviews critical legal and developmental issues, as parricide offenders include young children, adolescents, and adults. It then presents the typology of parricide offenders that were proposed in 1992. Case examples are used to facilitate understanding of three types of parricide offenders: the severely abused, the dangerously antisocial, and the severely mentally ill. These three types have stood the test of time, as referenced in the publications of other researchers and clinicians. The chapter concludes by exploring evolving changes in society's response to adolescent parricide offenders since the 1980s.
Forensic Assessment of Parricide Offenders
Authors: Heide Kathleen M. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThis chapter discusses the importance of a thorough evaluation by a mental health professional of individuals charged with killing a parent. It emphasizes the need for corroborative sources and identifies necessary components of an evaluation. These include an assessment of the individual's level of personality development. It presents the main tenets and levels of a personality theory used widely in the classification of offenders, the Interpersonal Level of Maturity Theory. This theory is very helpful when one is attempting to understand the dynamics that led an individual to engage in violence, determine the credibility of the person's statements, and chart appropriate intervention strategies. The discussion also includes ways of identifying parricide offenders whose destructive and violent behavior appears characterologically based; this individual is referred to as the nihilistic killer.
Patty Smith
Authors: Heide Kathleen M. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThis chapter discusses the case of Patricia Smith, a 17-year-old White girl from a middle-class background, who was arrested about 32 hours after killing her father. It describes the assessment of Patty Smith based on clinical interviews with the defendant and her mother, plus a review of hundreds of pages of pertinent materials. Ten of the twelve characteristics commonly found in cases of severely abused children who kill their parents were clearly present in this case. These include a pattern of family violence in the Smith home, Patty's inability to get help or escape the family situation, and the increasing isolation the youth felt as her freedom was restricted. Patty felt increasingly helpless to deal with her home situation as her father's violence toward her escalated to an intolerable level, including sexual assault.
Probabilistic Persuasion: A Brunswikian Theory of Argumentation
Authors: Reimer Torsten , Hertwig Ralph , Sipek Sanja 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe Brunswikian lens model has been widely used to describe how individuals integrate information when making a decision (Brunswik, 1943; Dhami, Hertwig, & Hoffrage, 2004). The chapter applies and extends the lens model to a persuasion context. Specifically, the chapter introduces the probabilistic persuasion theory (PPT) as a framework within which the quality of arguments can be defined and measured, and the cognitive processes involved in the selection and in the reception of arguments can be modeled. Construing persuasion within the framework of PPT has the surplus value of opening the door to a rich literature on information processing models in judgment and decision making. The chapter outlines basic assumptions of the new theory, exemplify its application, and discuss its heuristic value. The chapter begins by briefly reviewing dual-process models of persuasion and how they account for the impact of arguments on attitudes. Second, the chapter critically discusses the theories' implications for human rationality, particularly their equation of heuristic processing with irrationality. Third, the chapter describes basic tenets of PPT as an alternative account of persuasion that is based on a Brunswikian framework (Hammond & Stewart, 2001). PPT asserts that persuasion can be construed as a decision-making process, in which a communicator provides information with the goal to influence a receiver's judgments and decisions. The chapter demonstrates how PPT can be used to specify these influence processes and to study the cognitive processes involved in the selection and reception of arguments. Forth, the chapter derives five testable predictions of the new theory and describe preliminary experimental evidence in support of this account.
Simple Heuristics and Information Sharing in Groups
Authors: Reimer Torsten , Hoffrage Ulrich 
Published: January 2013

AbstractIn today's world of business and politics, collaboration is a common and valued practice. A group's potential to outperform individual decision makers is especially apparent if the knowledge of the members of a team or committee is distributed such that each member typically favors an inferior option at the outset. This biased information distribution is called a hidden profile because the full information about the options (i.e., their profile) is initially hidden from every individual group member. Previous research indicated that groups have difficulties mastering the challenge of communicating and integrating unique information held by single group members. As a consequence, groups are typically not able to decide in favor of the best option when its profile is hidden. The chapter summarizes the results of simulation studies in which various decision strategies that a group may apply with respect to their ability to solve hidden-profile problems were compared. Specifically, the chapter describes the conditions under which compensatory strategies outperform simple heuristics, and vice versa. The chapter then reviews two experiments that focus on participants' performance as a function of how information is distributed within the group. Groups can solve hidden-profile problems if (a) group members enter discussions without preconceived opinions (naïve groups), and (b) information regarding the choice alternatives is presented in the form of common cues, which facilitates the application of a cue-based heuristic. The simulation studies and experiments support the notion of ecological rationality: The performance of strategies and of participants was affected by information structures of the environment, in particular, by the skewness of cue validities and by the distribution of cue values across group members.