bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Who Is Using Long‐Acting Reversible Contraceptive Methods? Findings from Nine Low‐Fertility Countries
Authors: Eeckhaut Mieke C. W. , Sweeney Megan M. , Gipson Jessica D. 
Published: July 2014

CONTEXTLong‐acting reversible contraceptive (LARC) methods—IUDs and implants—are more effective than other reversible methods, yet are little used in the United States. Examining which U.S. women use LARC methods and how they differ from users in other low‐fertility countries may help point the way toward increasing use.METHODSData from married or cohabiting women participating in the National Survey of Family Growth (2008–2010) and in eight countries’ Generations and Gender Programme surveys (2004–2010) were used in bivariate and multinomial logistic regression analyses examining LARC use within each setting.RESULTSThe proportion of contraceptive use accounted for by LARC methods was generally greater in Europe (10–32%) than in the United States (10%) and Australia (7%). Compared with LARC use among comparable groups in other countries, use was particularly low among U.S. women who were married, were aged 40–44 or had had three or more children, yet was comparatively high among 18–24‐year‐olds. Among U.S. women, those aged 35–39 or 40–44 were more likely than 18–29‐year‐olds to rely on sterilization rather than on LARC methods (odds ratios, 3.0 and 10.7, respectively), those who had had three or more children were more likely to do so than were those who had had none or one (4.9), and women who had completed college were less likely than those who had not finished high school to do so (0.4).CONCLUSIONSCertain subgroups of U.S. women may benefit from the reversibility and effectiveness of LARC methods.
Qāt Consumption in Soqotra: Diaspora Formation and Cultural Conversion
Authors: Elie Serge D. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
This article presents the first study of a recently incorporated destination in the diffusion of a qāt chewing culture as part of a process of diaspora formation among economic migrants from mainland Yemen to Soqotra Island. Soqotra as a sub-national entity of Yemen is subject to its sociocultural influences. The article focuses on one particular manifestation of these influences, namely qāt chewing, which is leading to a gradual process of cultural conversion among an increasing proportion of the island’s urban population. This process is discussed in terms of the main domains in which its local effects are manifested: the urban milieu as a generative matrix of consumption; the nature of local market politics that regulate supply and demand; the rituals of consumption and their ramifications on islander/mainlander relations; the transformation of the communal ethos of sociability; the policy dilemmas of the local government. Finally, the article concludes with an assessment of the adequacy of the liberal policy orthodoxy for regulating qāt in Soqotra, and of the likely future of qāt consumption among Soqotran youths.
Founded by, Dedicated to, and Fighting About the Holy Savior: Schism in Waldǝba, a Microcosm of Factionalism in the Ethiopian Church
Authors: Endeg Mihretie Kindeneh 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
For members of the Ethiopian Orthodox Church, Waldəba is the emblem of monasticism. Its isolation and reputation as the site of the utmost rigorous monastic asceticism has made it the metaphor for the pursuit of spiritual life in the form of extreme self-denial. What the popular imagination does not allow for, however, is the fact that Waldəba is also a place of perpetual rivalry and acrimonious division. Betä Minas and Betä Ṭama, the two monastic houses or orders that constitute the community of Waldəba, have been bitter rivals throughout their known history. The rivalry of the two houses is in turn both an outcome and manifestation of centuries-old division and rivalry within the Ethiopian Church. The story of the rivalry of the two houses of Waldəba is therefore explored in this study for the light it throws on broader issues of factionalism in the Ethiopian Church. The main focus of the study is the period from the early seventeenth century to the present. Throughout this period, the dominant feature in the rivalry of Betä Minas and Betä Ṭama was a controversy on the doctrine of the Trinity. At about the same time, the Ethiopian Church was elsewhere beset by a Christological controversy on the meaning and relevance of the anointment of Christ. Thus far, the connection between the doctrinal rivalry in Waldəba over the question of the Trinity and the controversy on the anointment of Christ elsewhere in the country has not been carefully studied. By assessing and analyzing the relevant primary sources, this study shows that the two are in fact directly interrelated. In as much as the unction controversy was one of the most important issues in the history of the Ethiopian Church since the seventeenth century, the findings of this study therefore call for major revisions in our understating of the history of the Ethiopian Church and its relation with the central monarchy of the Christian Kingdom throughout this period. With regard to the theological issues at stake, this study shows that the controversy on the anointment of Christ was as much about the Trinity as Christology. Contrary to the tendency in the secondary literature to push the origin of one of the three doctrinal parties involved in the controversy on the anointment of Christ to the eighteenth century, this study also shows that all three were there since the outbreak of the controversy in the early seventeenth century. The amount of importance scholarship attaches to it notwithstanding, this study also shows that the synod of Boru Meda, held in 1878, to resolve the unction controversy, was not that decisive in settling the controversy. This study also casts doubt on the finality of the divorce of church and state effected as the result of the 1974 socialist revolution in Ethiopia.
Validation and perspectives of the Russian version of the quality of life questionnaire in patients with diabetic peripheral polyneuropathy
Authors: Komelyagina Elena Yurievna , Antsiferov Mikhail Borisovich , Uvarova Olga Mikhailovna 
Published: July 2014

Background. Quality of life is a multivariate indicator of patient?s perception of various aspects of his/her own life. Questionnaires (specific and non-specific) are used to assess it. Objective. . To validate the Russian version of the specific quality of life questionnaire ?NeuroQol? in diabetic patients with peripheral polyneuropathy. Materials and Methods. A total of 371 diabetic patients participated in the study. All patients were screened for the signs of peripheral neuropathy and limb ischemia. The examination results were used to evaluate the eligibility of a patient; the eligible patients were then asked to fill in the quality of life questionnaire. The validation included translation, pilot testing and assessment of reliability and validity. Results. Cronbach?s alpha coefficient of internal consistency exceeded 0.8 in all scales and proved the high reliability of the questionnaire. Criterion validity was analyzed by Spearmen correlation (r) coefficient between the domains and external parameters. The results obtained revealed significant correlation between NeuroQol domains and neuropathy severity, which indicates adequate criterion validity. The psychometric assessment (construct validity) was performed using factor analysis. The physical and psychosocial factors contributing to the quality of life were identified; they confirmed the validity of the questionnaire structure. Conclusion. The results demonstrate that the Russian version of the NeuroQol questionnaire is valid and reliable. This questionnaire enables one to assess quality of life in patients with the signs of peripheral diabetic polyneuropathy, including evaluation of the efficiency of various treatment strategies for complications. The lack of social life and psychological conditions of patients affect their quality of life more than physical complications do. These parameters must become the focus of specialists' attention in their efforts to improve the quality of life in this category of patients.
Psicologia da Saúde, saúde pública e saúde internacional
Authors: Gaspar de Matos Margarida 
Published: July 2014

A Psicologia da Saúde é um campo da Psicologia cada vez mais valorizado no campo da Saúde em áreas como a relação das pessoas, no dia a dia, com a Saúde e com a Doença, a comunicação e cooperação com os restantes técnicos de Saúde e a investigação e Sistema de Saúde. Este facto tem a ver com a evolução histórica do conhecimento, da intervenção e da investigação nesta área, que ocasionou uma convergência“histórica”, entre o âmbito da Psicologia da Saúde, o âmbito da Saúde Pública e ainda o âmbito da emergente Saúde Internacional, com benefícios para essas três áreas.Uma outra consequência foi o aumento da formação específica na área da Psicologia da Saúde por parte da maior parte das Escolas Superiores de Psicologia, com inclusão de conteúdos ligados à Saúde Pública e Saúde Internacional, o mesmo acontecendo na formação nas áreas da Saúde Pública e Saúde Internacional, que em geral passam a incluir conteúdos ligados à Psicologia da Saúde. Durante este trabalho serão revistas estas mudanças históricas bem como a sua repercussão na formulação de questões relativas à promoção da saúde/bem-estar dos indivíduos e da comunidade.
Vivências académicas e rendimento escolar: Estudo com alunos universitários do 1.º ano
Authors: Santos Luísa , Almeida Leandro S. 
Published: July 2014

Partindo de uma amostra de 456 alunos do primeiro ano da Universidade do Minho, analisam-se as dimensões da adaptação académica e o seu possível impacto no rendimento escolar dos estudantes. Os dados referentes à adaptação foram obtidos através da administração do Questionário de Vivências Académicas –QVA (Almeida & Ferreira, 1997), agrupando-se neste estudo as 17 subescalas do QVA nas dimensões pessoal, de realização académica e institucional. Para efeitos de avaliação do rendimento escolar foram recolhidos alguns indicadores referentes às avaliações destes alunos ao longo do ano lectivo de 1998/1999.Os resultados apontam para uma correlação com significado estatístico entre a dimensão de realização da adaptação académica e os indicadores de rendimento tomados. O rendimento académico foi explicado entre 16% a 30% pelas subescalas do QVA. Tendencialmente as variáveis mais decisivas para o rendimento académico foram as respeitantes aos métodos de estudo, às bases de conhecimentos, à percepção de competências cognitivas e à adaptação ao curso.
Fostering Household Formation: Evidence from a Spanish Rental Subsidy
Authors: Aparicio-Fenoll Ainhoa , Oppedisano Veruska 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
In Southern Europe youngsters leave their parental home significantly later than in Northern Europe and the United States. In this paper, we study the effect of a monthly cash subsidy on the probability that young adults live apart from parents and childbearing. The subsidy, introduced in Spain in 2008, is conditional on young adults renting accommodation, and it amounts to almost 20% of the average youngsters’ wage. Our identification strategy exploits the subsidy eligibility age threshold to assess the causal impact of the cash transfer. Difference-in-Differences estimates show positive effects of the policy on the probability of living apart from parents, living with a romantic partner, and childbearing for 22 year-olds compared to 21 year-olds. Results persist when the sample is expanded to include wider age ranges. The effect is larger among young adults earning lower incomes and living in high rental price areas. This is consistent with the hypothesis that youngsters delay household formation because the cost is too high relative to their income.
Genome‐wide siRNA screen reveals coupling between mitotic apoptosis and adaptation
Authors: Díaz‐Martínez Laura A , Karamysheva Zemfira N , Warrington Ross , Li Bing , Wei Shuguang , Xie Xian‐Jin , Roth Michael G , Yu Hongtao 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThe antimitotic anti‐cancer drugs, including taxol, perturb spindle dynamics, and induce prolonged, spindle checkpoint‐dependent mitotic arrest in cancer cells. These cells then either undergo apoptosis triggered by the intrinsic mitochondrial pathway or exit mitosis without proper cell division in an adaptation pathway. Using a genome‐wide small interfering RNA (siRNA) screen in taxol‐treated HeLa cells, we systematically identify components of the mitotic apoptosis and adaptation pathways. We show that the Mad2 inhibitor p31comet actively promotes mitotic adaptation through cyclin B1 degradation and has a minor separate function in suppressing apoptosis. Conversely, the pro‐apoptotic Bcl2 family member, Noxa, is a critical initiator of mitotic cell death. Unexpectedly, the upstream components of the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway and the mitochondrial fission protein Drp1 contribute to mitotic adaption. Our results reveal crosstalk between the apoptosis and adaptation pathways during mitotic arrest.
K‐Lysine acetyltransferase 2a regulates a hippocampal gene expression network linked to memory formation
Authors: Stilling Roman M , Rönicke Raik , Benito Eva , Urbanke Hendrik , Capece Vincenzo , Burkhardt Susanne , Bahari‐Javan Sanaz , Barth Jonas , Sananbenesi Farahnaz , Schütz Anna L , Dyczkowski Jerzy , Martinez‐Hernandez Ana , Kerimoglu Cemil , Dent Sharon YR , Bonn Stefan , Reymann Klaus G , Fischer Andre 
Published: July 2014

AbstractNeuronal histone acetylation has been linked to memory consolidation, and targeting histone acetylation has emerged as a promising therapeutic strategy for neuropsychiatric diseases. However, the role of histone‐modifying enzymes in the adult brain is still far from being understood. Here we use RNA sequencing to screen the levels of all known histone acetyltransferases (HATs) in the hippocampal CA1 region and find that K‐acetyltransferase 2a (Kat2a)—a HAT that has not been studied for its role in memory function so far—shows highest expression. Mice that lack Kat2a show impaired hippocampal synaptic plasticity and long‐term memory consolidation. We furthermore show that Kat2a regulates a highly interconnected hippocampal gene expression network linked to neuroactive receptor signaling via a mechanism that involves nuclear factor kappa‐light‐chain‐enhancer of activated B cells (NF‐κB). In conclusion, our data establish Kat2a as a novel and essential regulator of hippocampal memory consolidation.
A virus capsid‐like nanocompartment that stores iron and protects bacteria from oxidative stress
Authors: McHugh Colleen A , Fontana Juan , Nemecek Daniel , Cheng Naiqian , Aksyuk Anastasia A , Heymann J Bernard , Winkler Dennis C , Lam Alan S , Wall Joseph S , Steven Alasdair C , Hoiczyk Egbert 
Published: July 2014

AbstractLiving cells compartmentalize materials and enzymatic reactions to increase metabolic efficiency. While eukaryotes use membrane‐bound organelles, bacteria and archaea rely primarily on protein‐bound nanocompartments. Encapsulins constitute a class of nanocompartments widespread in bacteria and archaea whose functions have hitherto been unclear. Here, we characterize the encapsulin nanocompartment from Myxococcus xanthus, which consists of a shell protein (EncA, 32.5 kDa) and three internal proteins (EncB, 17 kDa; EncC, 13 kDa; EncD, 11 kDa). Using cryo‐electron microscopy, we determined that EncA self‐assembles into an icosahedral shell 32 nm in diameter (26 nm internal diameter), built from 180 subunits with the fold first observed in bacteriophage HK97 capsid. The internal proteins, of which EncB and EncC have ferritin‐like domains, attach to its inner surface. Native nanocompartments have dense iron‐rich cores. Functionally, they resemble ferritins, cage‐like iron storage proteins, but with a massively greater capacity (~30,000 iron atoms versus ~3,000 in ferritin). Physiological data reveal that few nanocompartments are assembled during vegetative growth, but they increase fivefold upon starvation, protecting cells from oxidative stress through iron sequestration.
Enhancer-Trap Flippase Lines for Clonal Analysis in the Drosophila Ovary
Authors: Huang Pamela , Sahai-Hernandez Pankaj , Bohm Rudolf A , Welch William P , Zhang Bing , Nystul Todd 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
The Drosophila melanogaster genetic tool box includes many stocks for generating genetically mosaic tissue in which a clone of cells, related by lineage, contain a common genetic alteration. These tools have made it possible to study the postembryonic function of essential genes and to better understand how individual cells interact within intact tissues. We have screened through 201 enhancer-trap flippase lines to identify lines that produce useful clone patterns in the adult ovary. We found that approximately 70% of the lines produced clones that were present in the adult ovary and that many ovarian cell types were represented among the different clone patterns produced by these lines. We have also identified and further characterized five particularly useful enhancer-trap flippase lines. These lines make it possible to generate clones specifically in germ cells, escort cells, prefollicle cells, or terminal filament cells. In addition, we have found that chickadee is specifically upregulated in the posterior escort cells, follicle stem cells, and prefollicle cells that comprise the follicle stem cell niche region. Collectively, these studies provide several new tools for genetic mosaic analysis in the Drosophila ovary.
Conditional Asymmetric Linkage Disequilibrium (ALD): Extending the Biallelic r2 Measure
Authors: Thomson Glenys , Single Richard M 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
For multiallelic loci, standard measures of linkage disequilibrium provide an incomplete description of the correlation of variation at two loci, especially when there are different numbers of alleles at the two loci. We have developed a complementary pair of conditional asymmetric linkage disequilibrium (ALD) measures. Since these measures do not assume symmetry, they more accurately describe the correlation between two loci and can identify heterogeneity in genetic variation not captured by other symmetric measures. For biallelic loci the ALD are symmetric and equivalent to the correlation coefficient r. The ALD measures are particularly relevant for disease-association studies to identify cases in which an analysis can be stratified by one of more loci. A stratified analysis can aid in detecting primary disease-predisposing genes and additional disease genes in a genetic region. The ALD measures are also informative for detecting selection acting independently on loci in high linkage disequilibrium or on specific amino acids within genes. For SNP data, the ALD statistics provide a measure of linkage disequilibrium on the same scale for comparisons among SNPs, among SNPs and more polymorphic loci, among haplotype blocks of SNPs, and for fine mapping of disease genes. The ALD measures, combined with haplotype-specific homozygosity, will be increasingly useful as next-generation sequencing methods identify additional allelic variation throughout the genome.
PHYTOCHROME C Is an Essential Light Receptor for Photoperiodic Flowering in the Temperate Grass, Brachypodium distachyon
Authors: Woods Daniel P , Ream Thomas S , Minevich Gregory , Hobert Oliver , Amasino Richard M 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
We show that in the temperate grass, Brachypodium distachyon, PHYTOCHROME C (PHYC), is necessary for photoperiodic flowering. In loss-of-function phyC mutants, flowering is extremely delayed in inductive photoperiods. PHYC was identified as the causative locus by utilizing a mapping by sequencing pipeline (Cloudmap) optimized for identification of induced mutations in Brachypodium. In phyC mutants the expression of Brachypodium homologs of key flowering time genes in the photoperiod pathway such as GIGANTEA (GI), PHOTOPERIOD 1 (PPD1/PRR37), CONSTANS (CO), and florigen/FT are greatly attenuated. PHYC also controls the day-length dependence of leaf size as the effect of day length on leaf size is abolished in phyC mutants. The control of genes upstream of florigen production by PHYC was likely to have been a key feature of the evolution of a long-day flowering response in temperate pooid grasses.
Impact of Pediatric Exclusivity on Drug Labeling and Demonstrations of Efficacy
Authors: Wharton Gerold T. , Murphy M. Dianne , Avant Debbie , Goldsmith John V. , Chai Grace , Rodriguez William J. , Eisenstein Eric L. 
Published: July 2014

BACKGROUND:
Besides vaccines and otitis media medicines, most products prescribed for children have not been studied in the pediatric population. To remedy this, Congress enacted legislation in 1997, known as pediatric exclusivity (PE), which provides 6 months of additional market protection to drug sponsors in exchange for studying their products in children.

METHODS:
We reviewed requests for pediatric studies and subsequent labeling for drugs granted PE from 1998 through 2012. Regression analysis estimates the probability of demonstrating efficacy in PE trials. Variables include therapeutic group, year of exclusivity, product sales, initiation process, and small disease population.

RESULTS:
From 1998 through 2012, the US Food and Drug Administration issued 401 pediatric study requests. For 189 drugs, studies were completed and granted exclusivity. A total of 173 drugs (92%) received new pediatric labeling, with 108 (57%) receiving a new or expanded pediatric indication. Three drugs had non-efficacy trials. Efficacy was not established for 78 drugs. Oncology, cardiovascular, and endocrine drugs were less likely to demonstrate efficacy (P &lt; .01) compared with gastrointestinal and pain/anesthesia drugs. Drugs studied later in the program were less likely to demonstrate efficacy (P &lt; .05). Sales, initiation process, and small disease population were not significant predictors.

CONCLUSIONS:
Most drugs (173; 92%) granted exclusivity added pediatric information to their labeling as a result of PE, with 108 (57%) receiving a new or expanded pediatric indication. Therapeutic area and year of exclusivity influenced the likelihood of obtaining a pediatric indication. Positive and negative outcomes continue to inform the construct of future pediatric trials.