bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Dilatometric Analysis of the High Carbon Alloys from Ni-Ta-Al-M System
Authors: Bała P. 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
In the following work presents results of high carbon alloys from the Ni-Ta-Al-M system are presented. The alloys have been designed to have a good tribological properties at elevated temperatures. Despite availability of numerous hot work tool materials there is still a growing need for new alloys showing unique properties, which could be used under heavy duty conditions, i.e. at high temperatures, in a chemically aggressive environment and under heavy wear conditions. A characteristic, coarse-grained dendritic microstructure occurs in the investigated alloys in the as-cast condition. Primary dendrites with secondary branches can be observed. Tantalum carbides of MC type and graphite precipitations are distributed in interdendritic spaces in the Ni-Ta-Al-C and Ni-Ta-Al-C-Co alloys, while Tantalum carbides of MC type and Chromium carbides of M7C3 type appeared in the Ni-Ta-Al-C-Co-Cr and Ni-Ta-Al-C-Cr alloys. In all alloys g’ phase is present, however, its volume fraction in the Ni-Ta-Al-C and Ni-Ta-Al-C-Co alloys is small.During heating from as-cast state in Ni-Ta-Al-C and Ni-Ta-Al-C-Co alloys, the beginning of the tantalum carbides precipitation process (MC type) followed (or simultaneous) by the intermetallic phase precipitation (g’ – Ni3(AlTa)) was stated, while in Ni-Ta-Al-C-Co-Cr and Ni-Ta-Al-C-Cr alloys, besides Tantalum carbides also the Chromium carbides precipitation occurred. It means that the investigated alloys were partially supersaturated in as-cast state. Above 1050°C in all investigated alloys the g’ phase is dissolving. In addition, the precipitation of secondary carbides during slow cooling was occured.
Influence of Rare Earth Metals on Microstructure and Inclusions Morphology G17CrMo5-5 Cast Steel
Authors: Kasińska J. 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
This paper presents influence of rare earth metals (REM) on the microstructure and morphology of non-metallic inclusions of G17CrMo5-5 cast carbon steel The research has been performed on successive industrial melts. Each time about 2000 kg of liquid metal was modified. The REM was in the form of mishmetal of the composition 49, 8% Ce, 21, 8% La, 17, 1% Nd, 5, 5% Pr and 5, 35% the rest of REM. Therareearth metals were put into the ladle during tapping of heat melt from the furnace.
Gold Nanoparticles As A Modifying Agent of Ceramic-Polymer Composites
Authors: Sobczak-Kupiec A. , Tyliszczak B. , Krupa-Żuczek K. , Malina D. , Piątkowski M. , Wzorek Z. 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
Much effort has been invested in the development of biomaterials for the repair or replacement of hard tissue. The synthesis of composites based on mineral and organic constituents is nowadays extremely important for the development of materials for biomedical applications. In this paper we report the preparation and characterization of ceramic-polymer composites doped with gold nanoparticles. Properties and applications in medicine and dentistry of colloidal gold nanoparticles depends upon their size and shape. The influence of the presence of the metallic nanoparticles on the degradation process was investigated by pH and conductivity analyses of water filtrates. The nanocomposites were characterized with the use of X-ray Diffaction (XRD) and Fourier Transformed Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) methods.The results of in vitro tests confirmed that it is possible to produce hydroxyapatite/polymer (HA/polymer) composites doped with gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) for medical applications. Tests proved that content of gold nanoparticles in composites had influence on degradation behaviour of HA/Polymer/AuNPs in water environment.
The Magnetoelectric Effect of a Ni0.3Zn0.62Cu0.08Fe2O4 - PbFe0.5Nb0.5O3 Multilayer Composite
Authors: Guzdek P. , Sikora M. , Góra Ł. , Kapusta Cz. 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
The magnetoelectric effect in multiferroic materials has been widely studied for its fundamental interest and practical applications. The magnetoelectric effect observed for single phase materials like Cr2O3, BiFeO3, and Pb(Fe0.5Nb0.5)O3 is usually small. A much larger effect can be obtained in composites consisting of magnetostrictive and piezoelectric phases. This paper investigates the magnetoelectric effect of a multilayer (laminated) structure consisting of 6 nickel ferrite and 7 PFN relaxor layers. It describes the synthesis and tape casting process for Ni0.3Zn0.62Cu0.08Fe2O4 ferrite and relaxor PbFe0.5Nb0.5O3 (PFN). Magnetic hysteresis, ZFC - FC curves and dependencies of magnetization versus temperature for PFN relaxor and magnetoelectric composite were measured with a vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) in an applied magnetic field up to 85 kOe at a temperature range of 10 – 400 K. Magnetoelectric effect at room temperature was investigated as a function of a static magnetic field (0.3 - 6.5 kOe) and the frequency of sinusoidal magnetic field (0.01 - 6.5 kHz). At lower magnetic field, the magnetoelectric coefficient increases slightly before reaching a maximum and then decreases. The magnetoelectric coefficient aME increases continuously as the frequency is raised, although this increase is less pronounced in the 1-6.5 kHz range. Maximum values of the magnetoelectric coefficient attained for the layered composites exceed about 50 mV/(Oe cm).
Determination of Parameters of the Moulding Sand Reclamation Process, on the Thermal Analysis Bases
Authors: Łucarz M. , Grabowska B. , Grabowski G. 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
For the practical and functional reasons the investigation of the thermal decomposition process is of an essential meaning in relation to the thermal stabilisation of materials and obtaining for them the desired thermal properties. On the other side, thermal tests are carried out in order to identify degradation mechanisms, which is important in the environment protection context, including materials reuse. The cycle of investigations in which thermal TG-DTA methods were applied as supplementary ones for the works on the optimisation of the thermal reclamation process is presented in the hereby paper. The thermal reclamation process as a utilisation method of spent moulding and core sands is more costly than other reclamation methods, but in the majority of cases it simultaneously provides the best cleaning of mineral matrices from organic binders. Thus, the application of the thermal analysis methods (TG-DTA), by determining the temperature range within which a degradation followed by a destruction of bounded organic binders in moulding sands, can contribute to the optimisation of the thermal reclamation process and to the limiting its realisation costs.
Technological Properties of SiC-Based Ceramic Slurries for Manufacturing Investment Casting Shell Moulds
Authors: Małek M. , Wiśniewski P. , Matysiak H. , Zagórska M. , Kurzydłowski K. J. 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
In this work technological properties of ceramic slurries based on silicon carbide were characterized. Silicon carbide and poly(vinyl alcohol) in an amount 6%, 10% and 15 wt. % as a solution were added to prepare the ceramic slurries. Solid phase content in ceramic slurries was 62, 5 wt.%. Plate weight test, pH, density, viscosity (measured by the Zhan 4# cup) and dynamic viscosity were investigated. Dipping test on wax model was done to measure adhesive properties. Characterization of SiC fillers powder was made by determination of grain size, density, chemical composition, Zeta potential and by use of scanning electron microscopy. Obtained results of ceramic slurries based on SiC meet standard specification in industrial investment casting and its properties are very promising for future application in investment casting of superalloys.
Thermo-Insulating Moulding Sand for thin Walled Castings
Authors: Cholewa M. , Szuter T. 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
In paper the selection of the composition and determination of main properties of novel moulding sand was described. The mail goal was to create moulding sand characterized by high thermal insulating properties in relations with low specific weight. This type of moulding sand will find application in thin walled castings with complex geometry, in particular for cores of the skeleton castings. In this work the results of the compressive strength, permeability and friability was presented. It was noted that aluminosilicate microspheres are suitable as moulding sand matrix. Influence of the polyglicol addition on quality and properties of the moulding sand was described. The use of the aluminosilicate microspheres allowed to obtain the moulding sand characterized by high insulation rate, low specific weight and good mechanical properties.
Identification of Residual Stress Phenomena Based on the Hole Drilling Method in Explosively Welded Steel-Titanium Composite
Authors: Karolczuk A. , Kowalski M. , Kluger K. , Żok F. 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
The hole drilling method was used to determine residual stresses in bimetallic composite manufactured by explosive welding process. The analyzed bimetal consist of titanium Grade 1 (6mm) and S355J2+N steel (40mm). The aim of the paper is to establish the influence of the heat treatment on residual stress state in titanium layer. Residual stress calculations were performed according to standards developed by strain gauge manufacturer (TML) and ASTM standards. The main conclusion is the heat treatment considerably changes the residual stress state in titanium layer from tensile stress state (no heat treatment) to compression stress state (after the heat treatment).
Manufacturing of Porous Al-Cr Preforms for Composite Reinforcing Using Microwave Activated Combustion Synthesis
Authors: Naplocha K. , Granat K. 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
The combustion synthesis of porous skeletons (preforms) of intermetallic Al–Cr compounds intended for metal matrix composite MMC reinforcing was developed. Mixture of Al and Cr powders with granularity of −10, −44, −74mm were cold isostatic pressed and next ignited and synthetized in a microwave reactor under argon atmosphere (microwave-activated combustion synthesis MACS). In order to ignite the synthesis, microwave energy was focused by a tuner on the specimen. The analysis of reaction temperature diagrams revealed that the synthesis proceeded through the following peritectic transformations: L(liquidus)+Al7Cr→L+Al11Cr2→L+Al4Cr. Moreover, EDS and XRD examinations showed that the reaction proceeded between a solid Cr and a liquid Al to create a distinct envelope of Al9Cr4 on Cr particle which next extended and spreaded over the entire structure. The produced preforms with uniform structure and interconnected porosity were infiltrated with liquid Cu and Al alloy. The obtained composite materials exhibited high hardness, wear and distinct temperature oxidation resistance.
Mechanical Properties of Zirconium/Steel Bimetal Fabricated by Means of Explosive Welding at Varied Detonation Velocities
Authors: Prażmowski M. 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
This paper assesses the effect of various values of detonation velocity on the quality of the bond zone, and thus the properties of bimetal zirconium (Zr 700) - steel (P355NL). The research was carried out for as-bonded welds, i.e. immediately following explosion welding. The results of shearing, peeling and tensile tests as well as macro-scale structural analyses were presented. In order to determine the changes in the value of strain hardening, the microhardness measurements across the interface were carried out. Based on the performed analyses it can be claimed that, depending on the applied technological settings of welding, most cases displayed wavy bond with highly diversified parameters of the wave. The changes observed with the detonation velocity are non-monotonic. High detonation velocities favored the formation of waves with large height and length and strongly affect the increase of the volume of brittle melted zones. Increased volume of the melted regions results in strong decrease of strength properties of the clad. The analysis of strength test results allows claiming that a small volume of melted regions in the bond considerably improves the strength of the bond.As a result of explosion welding, strain hardening of the joined materials occurs near the interface. In the case of clad fabricated using high technological parameters the increase of strengthening and the depth of its influence in the interface area is observed.
On Possibility of Detonation Products Temperature Measurements of Emulsion Explosives
Authors: Silvestrov V. V. , Bordzilovskii S. A. , Karakhanov S. M. , Plastinin A. V. 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
The new view on the structure of the radiance signal recorded by optical pyrometer and the preliminary results of brightness detonation temperature of the emulsion explosive are presented. The structure of an optical signal observed is typical for the heterogeneous explosives. First, there is the short temperature spike to 2500 ÷ 3300 K connecting with a formation of “hot spots” assembly that fire the matrix capable of exothermal reaction. Then the relaxation of radiance to equilibrium level is observed that corresponds to brightness temperature 1840 ÷ 2260 K of explosion products at detonation pressure 1 ÷ 11 GPa. Experimental results are compared with the calculations of other authors. The detonation temperature of the investigated explosive is measured for the first time.
Numerical Simulation of Turbulence Flows in Shear Layer
Authors: Fortova S.V. 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
For various problems of continuum mechanics described by the equations of hyperbolic type, the comparative analysis of scenarios of development of turbulent flows in shear layers is carried out. It is shown that the development of the hydrodynamic instabilities leads to a vortex cascade that corresponds to the development stage of the vortices in the energy and the inertial range during the transition to the turbulent flow stage. It is proved that for onset of turbulence the spatial problem definition is basic. At the developed stage of turbulence the spectral analysis of kinetic energy is carried out and the Kolmogorov “-5/3” power law is confirmed.
Mechanical Properties and Fractographic Analysis of High Manganese Steels After Dynamic Deformation Tests
Authors: Jabłońska M.B. 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
Since few years many research centres conducting research on the development of high-manganese steels for manufacturing of parts for automotive and railway industry. Some of these steels belong to the group of AHS possessing together with high strength a great plastic elongation, and an ideal uniform work hardening behavior. The article presents the dynamic mechanical properties of two types of high manganese austenitic steel with using a flywheel machine at room temperature with strain rates between 5×102÷3.5×103s?–1. It was found that the both studied steels exhibit a high sensitivity Rm to the strain rate. With increasing the strain rate from 5×102 to 3.5×103s?–1 the hardening dominates the process. The fracture analysis indicate that after dynamic test both steel is characterized by ductile fracture surfaces which indicate good plasticity of investigated steels.
Using Water and Agrochemicals in the Soil, Crop and Vadose Environment (WAVE) Model to Interpret Nitrogen Balance and Soil Water Reserve Under Different Tillage Managements
Authors: Zare Narjes , Khaledian Mohammadreza , Mailhol Jean-Claude 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
Applying models to interpret soil, water and plant relationships under different conditions enable us to study different management scenarios and then to determine the optimum option. The aim of this study was using Water and Agrochemicals in the soil, crop and Vadose Environment (WAVE) model to predict water content, nitrogen balance and its components over a corn crop season under both conventional tillage (CT) and direct seeding into mulch (DSM). In this study a corn crop was cultivated at the Irstea experimental station in Montpellier, France under both CT and DSM. Model input data were weather data, nitrogen content in both the soil and mulch at the beginning of the season, the amounts and the dates of irrigation and nitrogen application. The results show an appropriate agreement between measured and model simulations (nRMSE < 10%). Using model outputs, nitrogen balance and its components were compared with measured data in both systems. The amount of N leaching in validation period were 10 and 8 kgha–1 in CT and DSM plots, respectively; therefore, these results showed better performance of DSM in comparison with CT. Simulated nitrogen leaching from CT and DSM can help us to assess groundwater pollution risk caused by these two systems.
Dynamics of Water Content in Light Bare Soil in Summer Half-Year in the Period of 2003–2012 and its Agro-Meteorological Determinants
Authors: Biniak-Pieróg Małgorzata 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
The objective of the study was the estimation of decade variation of water content in layers with thickness of 0–10, 0–20, 0–40 and 0–60 cm of a bare light brown soil in the summer half-year (May–October) in the 10-year period of 2003–2012 against the background of agro-meteorological conditions. The study was based on results of measurement of the moisture of a bare soil with the use of the TDR method, sums of atmospheric precipitations and ground water levels, conducted in the area of the Agro- and Hydrometeorology Observatory of the Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, situated in Wrocław-Swojec. The analyses revealed slight variation of mean decade values of water content in the bare soil in the summer half-year during the ten-year period under analysis. Irrespective of the thickness of the soil layer, precipitation in the 10-year period of 2003–2012 had a highly significant effect on the water content in the 2nd decade of July. In the case of soil layers with thickness down to 0–20 cm a statistically significant relation between soil water content and ground water levels was noted for the 3rd decade of May, July, and in the 3rd decade of September. In the layer with thickness of 0–60 cm the relations were statistically significant almost throughout the summer half-year, with the exception of the 1st and 2nd decades of May. Analysis of trends of mean water content of the bare soil over the 10-year period of 2003–2012 indicated their statistically significant increase in the case of most of the decades of the summer half-year only in soil layers with thickness of 0–10 and 0–20 cm.
Phase-field simulation of diffusion-controlled coarsening kinetics of γ’ phase in Ni–Al alloy
Authors: Pang Yuxuan , Li Yongsheng , Wu Xingchao , Liu Wei , Hou Zhiyuan 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
Morphology evolution and coarsening kinetics of γ’ (Ni3Al) precipitates in Ni–Al alloy were investigated quantitatively using the interface diffusion-controlled, the bulk diffusion-controlled, and the interface diffusion-controlled elastic strain models. By calculating the γ’ phase number density, volume fraction, and particle radius, the effects of diffusion and elastic strain on the γ’ phase growth and coarsening were clarified. The coarsening rate constants are smaller in the bulk diffusion-controlled and the interface diffusion-controlled elastic strain models than those of the interface diffusion-controlled model, which is due to the long-range diffusion of Al atoms and the retardant effect of coherent strain between the γ’ and γ phases, respectively. The linear fitting on the cubic exponent shows the comparable associate coefficient that gives no superiority to the different models in Ni–Al alloy.
Effect of substrates on covalent surface modification of graphene using photosensitive functional group
Authors: Saini Deepshikha 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
Graphene has gained much significance for its potential applications in optics and electronics owing to its unique physical and chemical properties. Nevertheless, its gapless band structure greatly limits its wider application in optoelectronic devices. The present study seeks to explore chemical functionalization as an effective method to tune the properties of graphene. Covalent modification of graphene by aryl diazonium salt of a photosensitive functional group (azobenzene) has been used to achieve this goal. This is based on the fact that graphene is a two-dimensional, atomically thin lattice of sp2-bonded carbon atoms, therefore, its properties can be modulated by modifying the underlying dielectric surface with a self-assembled monolayer resulting in doping control. In the study, a clear difference in the rate of electron-transfer reactions with the photosensitive functional group is shown for monolayer graphene supported on SiO2/Si substrates and organic molecule functionalized SiO2/Si substrates. Graphene supported on SiO2/ Si is more reactive towards functionalization than graphene on organic molecule functionalized surfaces, as shown by Raman spectroscopy. The transport characteristics of functionalized graphene on conventional SiO2/Si substrates as well as substrates modified with organic molecule octadecyltrichlorosilane self-assembled monolayers are also explored and compared.
Faith and Scepticism in Private International Law: Trust, Governance, Politics, and Foreign Judgments
Authors: Whytock Christopher 
Published: November 2014

Faith and Scepticism in Private International Law: Trust, Governance, Politics, and Foreign Judgments
In both the European Union (EU) and the United States (US), the law governing the enforcement of foreign judgments is evolving, but in different directions. EU law, especially after the elimination of exequatur by the 2012 ’Recast’ of the Brussels I Regulation, increasingly facilitates enforcement in member states of judgments of other member states’ courts, reflecting growing faith in a multilateral private international law approach to foreign judgments. In US law, on the other hand, increasingly widespread adoption of state legislation based on the 2005 Uniform Foreign-Country Money Judgments Recognition Act (2005 Act), which adds new case-specific grounds for refusing enforcement, suggests growing scepticism. In this essay, I explore possible reasons for these diverging trends. I begin with the most obvious explanation: the Brussels framework governs the effect of internal EU member state judgments within the EU, whereas the 2005 Act governs the effect of external foreign country judgments within the US. One would expect more mutual trust – and thus more faith in foreign judgment enforcement – internally than externally. But I argue that this mutual trust explanation is only partially satisfactory. I therefore sketch out two other possible explanations. One is that the different trends in EU and US law are a result of an emphasis on ’governance values’ in EU law and an emphasis on ’rights values’ in US law. Another explanation – and perhaps the most fundamental one – is that these trends are ultimately traceable to politics.
Amino Phenolics from the Fruit of the Argan Tree Argania spinosa (Skeels L.)
Authors: Klika Karel D. , Khallouki Farid , Owen Robert W. 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
A new phenolic-type compound containing a nitrogenous, heterocyclic-fused ring from the fruit of the argan tree, Argania spinosa (Skeels L.), is described. This and another already known compound also isolated in the course of the work belong to an obscure and rare class of natural products, the amino phenolics.