bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bridging the gap between easy generation and efficient verification of unsatisfiability proofs
Authors: Heule Marijn J. H. , Hunt Warren A. , Wetzler Nathan 
Published: October 2014

SUMMARYSeveral proof formats have been used to verify refutations produced by satisfiability (SAT) solvers. Existing formats are either costly to check or hard to implement. This paper presents a practical approach that facilitates checking of unsatisfiability results in a time similar to proof discovery by embedding clause deletion information into clausal proofs. By exploiting this information, the proof‐checking time is reduced by an order of magnitude on medium‐to‐hard benchmarks as compared to checking proofs using similar clausal formats. Proofs in a new format can be produced by making only minor changes to existing conflict‐driven clause‐learning solvers and their preprocessors, and the runtime overhead is negligible. This approach can easily be integrated into Glucose 2.1, the SAT 2012 challenge winner, and SatELite, a popular SAT‐problem preprocessor. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Childhood Income Volatility and Adult Outcomes
Authors: Hardy Bradley L. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractUsing data linked across generations in the Panel Study of Income Dynamics, I estimate the relationship between exposure to volatile income during childhood and a set of socioeconomic outcomes in adulthood. The empirical framework is an augmented intergenerational income mobility model that includes controls for income volatility. I measure income volatility at the family level in two ways: (1) instability as measured by squared deviations around a family-specific mean; and (2) instability as percentage changes of 25 % or more. Volatility enters the model both separately and interacted with income level. I find that family income volatility during childhood has a modest negative association with educational attainment. Volatility has a smaller descriptive role in explaining intergenerational outcomes relative to permanent income. Across the income distribution, the negative association between volatility exposure and educational attainment is largest for young adults from moderate-income families.
Revisiting the interplay between contractual and relational governance: A qualitative and meta‐analytic investigation
Authors: Cao Zhi , Lumineau Fabrice 
Published: October 2014

AbstractAlthough extant literature has shown that formal contracts and relational governance play a key role in interorganizational relationships, the nature of their interplay still remains equivocal. To better understand the relationships between contractual and relational governance, we conducted a qualitative review and meta‐analysis of the existing literature. Meta‐analytic results from 33,051 interorganizational relationships across 149 empirical studies have indicated that contractual governance is positively related to both sides of relational governance—trust and relational norms. Our results have also indicated that contracts, trust, and relational norms jointly improve satisfaction and relationship performance and jointly reduce opportunism. These findings provide strong evidence for the complementarity arguments of the contractual–relational governance relationships and their joint impacts on performance. We also found that the mutual relationships between contractual and relational governance are moderated by the institutional environments, the interorganizational relationship type and length, and the construct measurement of contracts. Overall, this study provides new insights onwhencontractual and relational governance complement or substitute each other. We discuss the implications of our study for theory and practice and propose a research agenda for future research on governance in interorganizational relationships.
Application of the British Food Standards Agency nutrient profiling system in a French food composition database
Authors: Julia Chantal , Kesse-Guyot Emmanuelle , Touvier Mathilde , Méjean Caroline , Fezeu Léopold , Hercberg Serge 
Published: October 2014

Nutrient profiling systems are powerful tools for public health initiatives, as they aim at categorising foods according to their nutritional quality. The British Food Standards Agency (FSA) nutrient profiling system (FSA score) has been validated in a British food database, but the application of the model in other contexts has not yet been evaluated. The objective of the present study was to assess the application of the British FSA score in a French food composition database. Foods from the French NutriNet-Santé study food composition table were categorised according to their FSA score using the Office of Communication (OfCom) cut-off value (‘healthier’ ≤ 4 for foods and ≤ 1 for beverages; ‘less healthy’ >4 for foods and >1 for beverages) and distribution cut-offs (quintiles for foods, quartiles for beverages). Foods were also categorised according to the food groups used for the French Programme National Nutrition Santé (PNNS) recommendations. Foods were weighted according to their relative consumption in a sample drawn from the NutriNet-Santé study (n 4225), representative of the French population. Classification of foods according to the OfCom cut-offs was consistent with food groups described in the PNNS: 97·8 % of fruit and vegetables, 90·4 % of cereals and potatoes and only 3·8 % of sugary snacks were considered as ‘healthier’. Moreover, variability in the FSA score allowed for a discrimination between subcategories in the same food group, confirming the possibility of using the FSA score as a multiple category system, for example as a basis for front-of-pack nutrition labelling. Application of the FSA score in the French context would adequately complement current public health recommendations.
Abnormal brain responses to social fairness in depression: an fMRI study using the Ultimatum Game
Authors: Gradin V. B. , Pérez A. , MacFarlane J. A. , Cavin I. , Waiter G. , Engelmann J. , Dritschel B. , Pomi A. , Matthews K. , Steele J. D. 
Published: October 2014

Background.Depression is a prevalent disorder that significantly affects the social functioning and interpersonal relationships of individuals. This highlights the need for investigation of the neural mechanisms underlying these social difficulties. Investigation of social exchanges has traditionally been challenging as such interactions are difficult to quantify. Recently, however, neuroeconomic approaches that combine multiplayer behavioural economic paradigms and neuroimaging have provided a framework to operationalize and quantify the study of social interactions and the associated neural substrates.Method.We investigated brain activation using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in unmedicated depressed participants (n = 25) and matched healthy controls (n = 25). During scanning, participants played a behavioural economic paradigm, the Ultimatum Game (UG). In this task, participants accept or reject monetary offers from other players.Results.In comparison to controls, depressed participants reported decreased levels of happiness in response to ‘fair’ offers. With increasing fairness of offers, controls activated the nucleus accumbens and the dorsal caudate, regions that have been reported to process social information and responses to rewards. By contrast, participants with depression failed to activate these regions with increasing fairness, with the lack of nucleus accumbens activation correlating with increased anhedonia symptoms. Depressed participants also showed a diminished response to increasing unfairness of offers in the medial occipital lobe.Conclusions.Our findings suggest that depressed individuals differ from healthy controls in the neural substrates involved with processing social information. In depression, the nucleus accumbens and dorsal caudate may underlie abnormalities in processing information linked to the fairness and rewarding aspects of other people's decisions.
Structural modulation of gut microbiota during alleviation of type 2 diabetes with a Chinese herbal formula
Authors: Xu Jia , Lian Fengmei , Zhao Linhua , Zhao Yufeng , Chen Xinyan , Zhang Xu , Guo Yun , Zhang Chenhong , Zhou Qiang , Xue Zhengsheng , Pang Xiaoyan , Zhao Liping , Tong Xiaolin 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
The gut microbiota is hypothesized to have a critical role in metabolic diseases, including type 2 diabetes (T2D). A traditional Chinese herbal formula, Gegen Qinlian Decoction (GQD), can alleviate T2D. To find out whether GQD modulates the composition of the gut microbiota during T2D treatment, 187 T2D patients were randomly allocated to receive high (HD, n=44), moderate (MD, n=52), low dose GQD (LD, n=50) or the placebo (n=41) for 12 weeks in a double-blinded trial. Patients who received the HD or MD demonstrated significant reductions in adjusted mean changes from baseline of fasting blood glucose (FBG) and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) compared with the placebo and LD groups. Pyrosequencing of the V3 regions of 16S rRNA genes revealed a dose-dependent deviation of gut microbiota in response to GQD treatment. This deviation occurred before significant improvement of T2D symptoms was observed. Redundancy analysis identified 47 GQD-enriched species level phylotypes, 17 of which were negatively correlated with FBG and 9 with HbA1c. Real-time quantitative PCR confirmed that GQD significantly enriched Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, which was negatively correlated with FBG, HbA1c and 2-h postprandial blood glucose levels and positively correlated with homeostasis model assessment of β-cell function. Therefore, these data indicate that structural changes of gut microbiota are induced by Chinese herbal formula GQD. Specifically, GQD treatment may enrich the amounts of beneficial bacteria, such as Faecalibacterium spp. In conclusion, changes in the gut microbiota are associated with the anti-diabetic effects of GQD.
Tracking progress of African Peer Review Mechanism (APRM) using fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method
Authors: Afful-Dadzie Anthony , Afful-Dadzie Eric , Nabareseh Stephen , Komínková Oplatková Zuzana 
Published: October 2014

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to propose a new assessment methodology for the African Peer Review Mechanism (APRM) using fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method (FCEM) and the Delphi technique. The proposed approach by its design simplifies the review processes and also quantifies the outcome of the assessment result for easier interpretation and benchmarking among member countries. The proposed hybrid method demonstrates how the subjective APRM thematic areas and their objectives can be efficiently tracked country by country while addressing the key identified challenges.

Design/methodology/approach
– Using a numerical example, a demonstration of how the APRM assessment could be carried is shown using the FCEM and the Delphi method. The APRM's own thematic areas are used as the evaluation factors and the weights are assigned using Delphi technique. A novel remark set is constructed to linguistically describe the performance of a country against each or all of the thematic areas. Then in line with the maximum membership degree principle, the position of the maximum number would correspond to its respective remark element to indicate the level of performance.

Findings
– The result shows a hybrid method of FCEM and Delphi used to determine whether a member country has “achieved”, “on track”, “very likely to be achieved”, “possible if some changes are made” or “off-track” on the four focus areas of the APRM. The method provides a well-organized way of tracking progress of member countries. It is also an ideal method of tracking progress of individual thematic areas and objectives. Moreover, the simplicity of the proposed method, the preciseness of the final result it generates and the clear interpretation of the result makes it a stronger alternative to the current approach for assessing member countries.

Practical implications
– The APRM is a respected body with the backing of the heads of state in Africa. As most African countries become conscious of the pressure to meet international standards as far as governance performance is concerned, this proposed assessment methodology if adopted would go a long way in improving performance evaluation on the continent.

Originality/value
– The proposed methodology is unique in its simplicity and its ability to evaluate any of the APRM thematic areas independent of the others. This means an overall performance can be tracked as well as that of individual evaluation factors.
Temporal context affects the observed rate of climate‐driven range shifts in tree species
Authors: Renwick Katherine M. , Rocca Monique E. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractAimRange shifts associated with 20th‐century warming have been documented for a wide range of taxa, but many species are not migrating fast enough to keep pace with the rapidly changing climate. Tree species can experience particularly long time lags in their migration response, resulting in altered forest composition and potentially delaying the migration of other obligate species. Here we review potential causes of these time lags and develop a conceptual framework for understanding how migration timing affects the observed rate of change.LocationGlobal forest ecosystems.MethodsWe synthesize evidence from present‐day tree species migrations to determine how different migration constraints can delay tree species range shifts.ResultsThe rate of present‐day tree migrations is frequently slower than expected, and many factors may contribute to observed migration lags. Migration constraints can be overcome given the right combination of circumstances, resulting in episodic range shifts that create temporal variability in migration rates. Given projected increases in forest disturbances and extreme climatic events, episodic range shifts are likely.Main conclusionsRecent efforts to explain the slow rate of tree migration have primarily focused on dispersal limitation and niche‐based constraints such as competition and other biotic interactions. We argue that these constraints cannot be fully understood without considering the temporal context of tree migration. Attempts to forecast and manage future distribution shifts must consequently consider how migration timing may affect observed patterns of change.
Acid‐soluble and pepsin‐soluble collagens from grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) skin: a comparative study on physicochemical properties
Authors: Chen Ye , Ye Ran , Wang Yan 
Published: October 2014

SummaryIn this study, acid‐soluble (ASC) and pepsin‐soluble (PSC) collagens with triple helical structures were successfully extracted from the skin of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) by two different extraction approaches. SDS‐PAGE pattern revealed that ASC and PSC are type I collagens with typical α1, α2 and β‐chains. In addition, the intensity of χ‐chain (trimer) in ASC was higher than that of PSC, representing the presence of the high proportion of intra‐ and intermolecular cross‐links of extracted collagens with large molecular weight using the acid method. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) results demonstrate that Td (69.04 °C) of ASC was higher than Td (62.20 °C) of PSC. Both ASC and PSC had the highest solubility at acidic pHs or at a low concentration of NaCl (<2%, w/v). The results of FTIR suggested the ASC and PSC maintained in the helical secondary structure at high degree.
Towards a model for understanding the development of post‐traumatic stress and general distress in mental health nurses
Authors: Lee Joyce , Daffern Michael , Ogloff James R. P. , Martin Trish 
Published: October 2014

AbstractIn their daily work, mental health nurses (MHN) are often exposed to stressful events, including patient‐perpetrated aggression and violence. Personal safety and health concerns, as well as concern for the physical and psychological well‐being of patients, dominate; these concerns have a profound impact on nurses. This cross‐sectional study explored and compared the psychological well‐being of 196 hospital‐based MHN (97 forensic and 99 mainstream registered psychiatric nurses or psychiatric state enrolled nurses). The aim was to examine exposure to inpatient aggression and work stress, and identify factors contributing to the development of post‐traumatic stress reactions and general distress. Multiple regression analyses indicated that working in a mainstream setting is associated with increased work stress; however, mainstream and forensic nurses experienced similar psychological well‐being. As a group, 14–17% of mainstream and forensic nurses met the diagnostic criteria for post‐traumatic stress disorder, and 36% scored above the threshold for psychiatric caseness. A tentative model of post‐traumatic stress and general distress in nurses was developed, illustrating the impact of aggression and stress on well‐being. The present study affirms that mental health nursing is a challenging and stressful occupation. Implications for organizations, managers, and individual nurses are discussed.
Neurocognitive abilities in the general population and composite genetic risk scores for attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder
Authors: Martin Joanna , Hamshere Marian L. , Stergiakouli Evangelia , O'Donovan Michael C. , Thapar Anita 
Published: October 2014

BackgroundThe genetic architecture of ADHD is complex, with rare and common variants involved. Common genetic variants (as indexed by a composite risk score) associated with clinical ADHD significantly predict ADHD and autistic‐like behavioural traits in children from the general population, suggesting that ADHD lies at the extreme of normal trait variation. ADHD and other neurodevelopmental disorders share neurocognitive difficulties in several domains (e.g. impaired cognitive ability and executive functions). We hypothesised that ADHD composite genetic risk scores derived from clinical ADHD cases would also contribute to variation in neurocognitive abilities in the general population.MethodsChildren (N = 6,832) from a UK population cohort, the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC), underwent neurocognitive testing. Parent‐reported measures of their children's ADHD and autistic‐like traits were used to construct a behavioural latent variable of ‘neurodevelopmental traits’. Composite genetic risk scores for ADHD were calculated for ALSPAC children based on findings from an independent ADHD case–control genome‐wide association study. Structural equation modelling was used to assess associations between ADHD composite genetic risk scores and IQ, working memory, inhibitory control and facial emotion recognition, as well as the latent ‘neurodevelopmental trait’ measure.ResultsThe results confirmed that neurocognitive and neurodevelopmental traits are correlated in children in the general population. Composite genetic risk scores for ADHD were independently associated with lower IQ (β = −.05, p < .001) and working memory performance (β = −.034, p = .013), even after accounting for the relationship with latent neurodevelopmental behavioural trait scores. No associations were found between composite genetic risk scores and inhibitory control or emotion recognition (p > .05).ConclusionsThese findings suggest that common genetic variants relevant to clinically diagnosed ADHD have pleiotropic effects on neurocognitive traits as well as behavioural dimensions in the general population. This further suggests that the well‐recognised association between cognition and neurodevelopmental behavioural traits is underpinned at a biological level.
Sources of vitamin D and calcium in the diets of preschool children in the UK and the theoretical effect of food fortification
Authors: Cribb V. L. , Northstone K. , Hopkins D. , Emmett P. M. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractBackgroundDietary intakes of vitamin D are very low in the UK. Dietary calcium is also necessary to promote bone health. The fortification of foods with vitamin D could be a safe and effective way of increasing intake.MethodsDiets of preschool children, 755 at 18 months and 3.5 years, from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children were assessed using dietary records completed by parents. Energy, vitamin D and calcium intakes were calculated. Multinomial logistic regression was used to estimate the odds ratio for being in the highest/lowest quartile of intake. Intakes were recalculated to test different fortification regimes.ResultsVitamin D intakes were low; all children were below the UK and US dietary recommendations. Calcium intakes decreased between the two ages as a result of reduced milk consumption. Children in the lowest quartile for vitamin D intake at 18 months were twice as likely to remain in that quartile at 3.5 years (odds ratio = 2.35; 95% confidence interval = 1.56–3.55). The majority of foods provide no vitamin D with fat spreads and milk as the main sources. The contribution from breakfast cereals increased, from 6% to 12%, as a result of the increased consumption of fortified cereals. Dairy foods provided the highest contribution to calcium at 18 months but were less important at 3.5 years. Theoretical intakes from different fortification regimens suggest that milk fortified at 2 μg 100 g–1 vitamin D would provide most children with adequate but not excessive intakes.ConclusionsDietary vitamin D intakes were very low and calcium intakes were mostly adequate. Fortification of milk with vitamin D could be a good way to boost intakes.
Intracellular Na+ inhibits volume‐regulated anion channel in rat cortical astrocytes
Authors: Minieri Laura , Pivonkova Helena , Harantova Lenka , Anderova Miroslava , Ferroni Stefano 
Published: October 2014

AbstractAccumulating evidence indicates that increased intracellular Na+ concentration ([Na+]i) in astroglial cells is associated with the development of brain edema under ischemic conditions, but the underlying mechanisms are still elusive. Here, we report that in primary cultured rat cortical astrocytes, elevations of [Na+]i reflecting those achieved during ischemia cause a marked decrease in hypotonicity‐evoked current mediated by volume‐regulated anion channel (VRAC). Pharmacological manipulations revealed that VRAC inhibition was not due to the reverse mode of the plasma membrane sodium/calcium exchanger. The negative modulation of VRAC was also observed in an astrocytic cell line lacking the predominant astrocyte water channel aquaporin 4, indicating that [Na+]i effect was not mediated by the regulation of aquaporin 4 activity. The inward rectifier Cl− current, which is also expressed by cultured astrocytes, was not affected by [Na+]i increase. VRAC depression by high [Na+]i was confirmed in adult astrocytes, suggesting that it was not developmentally regulated. Altogether, these results provide the first evidence that intracellular Na+ dynamics can modulate astrocytic membrane conductance that controls functional processes linked to cell volume regulation and add further support to the concept that limiting astrocyte intracellular Na+ accumulation might be a favorable strategy to counteract the development of brain edema.
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We show that high elevation of intracellular sodium (Na+) concentration in cultured rat astrocytes decreases the activity of volume‐regulated anion channel (VRAC) measured by patch‐clamp technique. We speculate that in ischemic conditions intracellular Na+ elevation either through the augmented activity of the Na+‐dependent glutamate transporter (GLT‐1) or by Na+‐permeable channels could modulate the astrocytic volume and glutamate release (Glu−) regulated by VRAC. Whether VRAC inhibition is mediated through cytosolic mechanisms or by the alteration of mitochondrial activity remains to be determined.