bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Race/ethnic inequalities in health: moving beyond confusion to focus on fundamental causes
Authors: Nazroo James 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This commentary will focus on health inequalities in relation to race/ethnicity, and in doing so, it will connect with the health inequalities article by Case and Kraftman and the race and ethnic inequalities article by Mirza and Warwick, both in this collection. The central argument of this commentary is that to make sense of the (complex and often confusing) patterning of race/ethnic inequalities in health in the UK and to move towards developing policy to address these inequalities, we must adopt a theoretically informed approach that centres on the fundamental causes of race/ethnic inequalities—processes that flow from (structural, interpersonal and institutional) racism. To make this argument, first I critically review the data on race/ethnic inequalities in health and interpretations of these data. Second, I discuss the central role of social and economic inequalities in driving these inequalities. Third, I provide a more detailed discussion of how racism operates to shape social and economic inequalities and thereby to shape health outcomes. Fourth, I discuss the implications of this analysis for policy, particularly how this points to the need to address institutional racism and how this might be done. Finally, I briefly revisit the question of fundamental causes and the implications of this for considerations of other dimensions of inequality, such as those related to class and gender.1
Income inequality and income poverty in a cross-national perspective
Authors: Gornick Janet C 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This commentary—a reflection on the Bourquin, Brewer and Wernham article in this collection—draws on harmonized microdata from the Luxembourg Income Study (LIS) Database. It aims to place selected results from the UK in cross-national perspective. The comparator countries, all high-income, include one Nordic country, Norway; one continental European country, Germany; and three other Anglophone countries, Australia, Canada and the USA. The commentary assesses each of these key outcomes, both cross-nationally and over time: income inequality and redistribution, top-half and bottom-half income inequality, and child and elderly poverty. It closes with a brief discussion of policy lessons.
Geographies of socio-economic inequality
Authors: van Ham Maarten , Manley David , Tammaru Tiit 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Over many decades, academics, policymakers, and governments have been concerned with both the presence of inequalities and the impacts these can have on people when concentrated spatially in urban areas. This concern is especially related to the influence of spatial inequalities on individual outcomes in terms of health, education, work and income, and general well-being amongst other outcomes. In this commentary, we provide an overview of the literature on spatial inequalities and on contextual and neighbourhood effects. We address some of the main challenges in modelling contextual effects and provide evidence that no single study can definitively provide the answer to the question whether—and how much—spatial context effects are relevant for understanding individual outcomes. It is only when taken together that the rich body of research on spatial context effects shows convincingly that spatial context effects are relevant. The commentary ends with the presentation of the vicious circle of the segregation model and suggest some ways in which this vicious circle of spatial inequality and segregation can be broken.
The history of inequality: the deep-acting ideological and institutional influences
Authors: Szreter Simon 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
After reviewing evidence on long-run national trends in inequality since the 1320s and the history of ideas and measures of inequality, the focus is on the history of institutions which have influenced the trends in inequality. Here, the major surprise for many will be to learn that a progressively funded universal social security, health and welfare system was instituted by Elizabeth I in 1601. The welfare state was not invented but restored by the Labour government of 1945–51, decreasing inequalities substantially. In 1834, the parliament had reduced the Elizabethan Poor Law to a deterrent workhouse system, its funding halved in accord with the ideas of Bentham, Malthus and economic liberalism. Since 1979, the successor ideology of neo-liberalism has again increased inequality by reducing the progressivity of taxes and restraining expenditure on public services. After 1979, child poverty more than doubled to over 30% and has never returned to previous lower levels.
Measuring and taxing top incomes and wealth
Authors: Advani Arun , Summers Andy 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
We discuss the measurement of top incomes and wealth in the UK and options for reforming their taxation. First, we highlight the importance of capital gains and migration in understanding long-term trends in top income shares and of survey under-coverage at the top in understanding top wealth shares. We next consider the scope for reforms to the taxation of capital to tackle these inequalities, whilst also improving the efficiency of taxation, emphasizing the roles of capital gains tax, inheritance tax and wealth taxes. Finally, we examine the question of who is taxed, including the tax treatment of highly mobile individuals and of trusts.
Sociological measures of inequality
Authors: Lambert Paul 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Concepts and measures of ‘social class’ and of ‘social stratification’ are used extensively within sociology and its cognate disciplines, but differ from indicators of inequality such as earnings, income, wealth, educational attainment and local area deprivation that are used elsewhere in this collection. This commentary outlines characteristics of sociological measures of inequality, discusses their relative merits and highlights some different conclusions and interpretations that a focus on sociological measures can bring to our understanding of inequality.
Spatial disparities across labour markets
Authors: Overman Henry G , Xu Xiaowei 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
We consider disparities across local labour markets in Great Britain. Disparities in wages and employment rates are large and persistent, although smaller than 20 years ago. These disparities largely reflect the concentration of high-skilled workers, who would have better labour market outcomes wherever they live. This concentration is driven by differences in the demand for, and supply of, skills and the self-reinforcing interaction between the two, which is particularly pronounced in the highest-wage areas and at the upper end of the wage distribution. The highest-paid jobs are concentrated in London and a handful of other areas and wage disparities are mostly driven by the higher-paid. Places that offer higher earnings also have higher rents, which may entirely offset gains in earnings. Consistent with this, people in higher-paid places are no happier than those in lower-paid places.
Public perceptions of inequality in the UK: a summary of key findings from the qualitative research
Authors: Pereira Isabella , McKeown Andrew , Gallacher Iona 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Primary qualitative and quantitative research was commissioned to support the strand of the IFS Deaton Review of Inequalities addressing ‘public attitudes to inequalities’, to explore: people’s awareness and concerns about different types of inequality in society; the extent to which they personally support structural explanations for inequality; and what manifestations of inequality are of most and least concern to them. In order to do this, qualitative research was designed to take an exploratory approach, as well as to dig beneath surface opinions to uncover the values and beliefs, often rooted in personal experiences, that underpinned participants’ responses. This article presents findings from 12 online discussion groups with the general public in the UK conducted in April–May 2021.
Nest site vegetation structure influences nest predators and nesting success of understory birds in a dry evergreen forest in northeastern Thailand
Authors: Phringphroh Marisa , Khamcha Daphawan , Sankamethawee Wangworn , Powell Larkin A , Angkaew Rongrong , Pierce Andrew J , Gale George A 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Nest predation is typically the main cause of nest failure in forest understory birds; thus, identification of primary nest predators is key to understanding nest predation patterns. Furthermore, the responses of predators are likely affected by vegetation structure, but predator responses to micro-scale habitat characteristics are largely unknown, especially in tropical forests. We used a long-term study with one of the largest datasets of its kind to investigate the extent to which micro-habitat structure (5-m radius surrounding a nest) can predict the likelihood of predation and by which predator. In a secondary evergreen forest in northeastern Thailand, 2013–2021, we found 1,016 active nests of 13 species and 24-hour video-monitored 500 of them. We recorded 336 predation events from 16 nest predator species. From this and previous studies at our site, we identified the top 4 predator species/species groups accounting for ~83% of predation events: Macaca leonina (northern pig-tailed macaque, 36% of predation events), cat snakes (Boiga cyanea [green cat snake] and B. siamensis [gray cat snake]; 20%), Lycodon cf. davisonii (Blandford’s bridle snake, 18%), and accipiters (Accipiter trivirgatus [Crested Goshawk] and A. badius [Shikra]; 9%). These 4 predator species differed in their responses to vegetation structure likely reflecting differences in foraging behaviors. Macaque and accipiters, both diurnal and visually oriented, tended to depredate more visible/open nests, but macaque depredated nests surrounded by more trees and short woody stems (&lt;3 m tall) compared to raptors. For snakes, both nocturnal, cat snakes depredated nests with higher numbers of both short woody stems and woody climbers, whereas bridle snake depredated nests with more trees and fewer climbers. As noted previously, nest predator identity is critical to understanding habitat-predation patterns. Our data suggest that nest site vegetation characteristics influence the likelihood of a given species of predator locating a nest and that even small changes in vegetation structure could significantly alter predation patterns.
What’s Scope 2 good for?
Authors: Roston Marc , Seiger Alicia , Mathieson Abigail 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The Greenhouse Gas Protocol’s Scope 2 has long been pivotal in addressing electricity's role in emissions, yet its effectiveness in emissions accounting is limited. This paper critiques Scope 2 for its inadequate allocation of electricity-derived emissions and for supporting misleading emissions reduction claims through market-based transactions. The paper investigates alternatives like 24/7 Carbon Free Electricity and Emissions First, noting their improvements over Scope 2, but also their failure to fully address grid embodied emissions. The concept of carbon solvency is introduced as a superior model, compelling firms to align long-term emissions liabilities with carbon removal assets, thus enabling more accurate emissions accounting and investment decisions for grid decarbonization. This approach fosters clearer decision-making, particularly in electricity generation methods with variable upstream emissions, such as hydrogen and biofuels. By redefining net zero within a rigorous, auditable framework, we propose a shift from current practices towards a more accountable and environmentally impactful model.
A new LHe-free cryostat for the heterodyne SIS receiver for the Leighton Chajnantor Telescope
Authors: Li Yao , Cao Duo , Zhang Yi , He Xiaoyong , Liu Feng , Shi Wangzhou , Shu Chenggang 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The Leighton Chajnantor Telescope (LCT) is an international collaborative program among Caltech, Shanghai Normal University (ShNU), and Universidad de Concepción (UdeC), aiming at the refurbishment and relocation of the Caltech Submillimeter Observatory (CSO) telescope from Mauna Kea, Hawaii, to the Chajnantor Plateau, northern Chile. A suite of excellent-sensitivity heterodyne superconductor–insulator–superconductor (SIS) receivers will be deployed to the telescope as the first set of instrumentations for high-resolution spectral observation. However, the current refrigeration technology for this receiver utilizes liquid helium (LHe), which greatly increases the cost of cooling and labor. To address this problem, a new LHe-free cryostat for the LCT heterodyne SIS receiver has been designed, fabricated, and tested. Mechanical and thermal analyses were performed to ensure that the cryostat meets the requirements of the telescope pointing accuracy and the SIS junction working environment, respectively. The experiment testing results are in good agreement with the calculation and analysis, indicating that the proposed LHe-free cryostat meets the operational requirements of the telescope at the new site.
COVID-19: from immune response to clinical intervention
Authors: Guo Zheng-yang , Tang Yan-qing , Zhang Zi-bo , Liu Juan , Zhuang Yu-xin , Li Ting 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has highlighted the pivotal role of the immune response in determining the progression and severity of viral infections. In this paper, we review the most recent studies on the complicated dynamics between SARS-CoV-2 and the host immune system, highlight the importance of understanding these dynamics in developing effective treatments and formulate potent management strategies for COVID-19. We describe the activation of the host's innate immunity and the subsequent adaptive immune response following infection with SARS-CoV-2. In addition, the review emphasizes the immune evasion strategies of the SARS-CoV-2, including inhibition of interferon production and induction of cytokine storms, along with the resulting clinical outcomes. Finally, we assess the efficacy of current treatment strategies, including antiviral drugs, monoclonal antibodies, and anti-inflammatory treatments, and discuss their role in providing immunity and preventing severe disease.
Holistic Care for People Living With Chronic Musculoskeletal Pain: The Relevance and Importance of Sexual Function
Authors: Ackerman Ilana N , Restoux Laura , Dobo Brooke , Slater Helen , Ross Megan H , Briggs Andrew M 
Published: July 2024

Abstract

People living with chronic primary or secondary musculoskeletal pain conditions such as low back pain, fibromyalgia, and inflammatory arthritis typically experience wide-ranging impacts on their physical function, activity participation, and psychosocial wellbeing. These can extend to negative impacts on a person’s sexual function and their intimate relationships. While sexual function is an important component of wellbeing, it is often not considered within musculoskeletal pain care. Without awareness or targeted training, physical therapists may lack the confidence and skills to screen, assess, and manage the impacts that pain may be having on a person’s sexual function and can miss the opportunity to tailor their care and optimize wellbeing. This article seeks to raise awareness among physical therapists of how living with chronic musculoskeletal pain can impact a person’s sexual function and intimate relationships, and provide guidance on how to consider these issues within a person-centered approach to care. It describes why considering sexual function and intimate relationship issues as part of a person’s lived musculoskeletal pain experience may be relevant, outlines the use of validated patient-reported outcome measures to assess sexual dysfunction, and suggests practical strategies for sensitively raising sexual function in consultations. Management approaches and possible referral pathways are also presented, to assist physical therapists in understanding available care options. This article seeks to support holistic care by improving physical therapists’ knowledge and understanding of sexual dysfunction and its management in people living with chronic musculoskeletal pain.

Impact
Considering sexual function as a valued functional activity, together with other activities of daily living, will assist physical therapists to provide more holistic and person-centered care. This article covers the main considerations for raising sexual function and intimate relationship issues with people living with chronic musculoskeletal pain, as well as management options and potential referral pathways. Physical therapists are encouraged to seek targeted training to improve their confidence and skills in this area, and to use inclusive, respectful language for discussions around sexual function and intimate relationships.
Biodegradable microspheres via orally deliver celastrol with ameliorated neuropathic pain in diabetes rats
Authors: Zhao Haosen , Chen Shurui , Lin Sen , Mei Xifan 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The treatment of peripheral neuropathy resulting from diabetes primarily emphasizes neurotrophic medications. However, a growing body of clinical studies indicates that neuroinflammation plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of neuropathic pain. This has spurred active exploration of treatment strategies leveraging nanomedicine for diseases, aiming for superior therapeutic outcomes. In this context, we have developed biodegradable nanoparticles made of polylactic-co-glycolic acid, loaded with triptolide (pCel), designed to alleviate somatic cell neuropathic pain induced by diabetes. Treatment with pCel notably reduced levels of reactive oxygen species and apoptosis in vitro. Furthermore, the progression of streptozotocin-induced diabetes, characterized by elevated renal function indices (blood urea nitrogen, creatinine), liver function indices (bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase) and decreased levels of albumin and globulin, was mitigated following pCel administration. Importantly, oral treatment with pCel significantly inhibited mechanical allodynia and the activation of the sciatic glial cells in diabetic rats. These findings indicate that this synthetic, biodegradable nanomedicine exhibits excellent stability, biocompatibility and catalytic activity, making it a promising and innovative approach for the management of chronic pain conditions associated with diabetic neuropathy.
Do functionality, strength, vascularization, inflammatory and biopsychosocial status improve by biopsychosocial model-based exercise in SSc?
Authors: Tüfekçi Orkun , Ünal Edibe , Aktaş Batuhan E , Tan Aziz A , Hartuç Çevik İrem , Karabulut Erdem , Pınar Aslı , Korkusuz Feza , Onur Mehmet R , Kiraz Sedat , Akdoğan Ali 
Published: July 2024

AbstractObjectivesThis study aimed to investigation of the effects of the Cognitive Exercise Therapy Approach [Bilişsel Egzersiz Terapi Yaklaşımı (BETY)], a supervised biopsychosocial model-based exercise intervention, on functionality, muscle strength, vascularization, anti-inflammatory and biopsychosocial status in SSc patients.MethodsThirty-seven SSc patients were included. Twenty of them were recruited into the study group (SG) undergoing BETY group exercise sessions three times a week for 3 months and seventeen were in the control group (CG) following a home exercise program. Assessment tools were the Modified Rodnan Skin Score (mRSS), Scleroderma HAQ (SHAQ), Modified Hand Mobility in Scleroderma (mHAMIS), Duruoz Hand Index (DHI), Six-Min Walk Test (6-MWT), skeletal muscle strength measurements using an isokinetic dynamometer (Biodex System 3 Pro), Shear Wave Elastography, ELISA kits (for tumour necrosis factor-alpha, Interleukin-6, IL-10, serum irisin level), BETY-Biopsychosocial Questionnaire (BETY-BQ), Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and Short Form-36 (SF-36).ResultsThe SG demonstrated improvements in SHAQ, mHAMIS, 6-MWT, BETY-BQ, HADS and SF-36 values, excluding the DHI scores (P &lt; 0.05). In contrast, CG showed worsening in SHAQ-general scleroderma symptoms and HADS scores compared with SG (P &lt; 0.05). IL-10 and TNF-alpha increased in both groups, also various vascular parameters were significantly different changed in SG than CG (P &lt; 0.05). Muscle strength values improved in the SG but decreased in the CG, however, this was statistically not significant (P &gt; 0.05).ConclusionBETY can be recommended as a non-pharmacological approach to the disease management of SSc patients.
The logic of patronage: relational work in Cambodian international nongovernmental organizations
Authors: Wilks Mary-Collier 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
How do managers in transnational workplaces adapt financial logics from the Global North to patronage systems in the Global South? This article answers this question through a comparative ethnographic study of two international nongovernmental organizations (INGOs) working in Cambodia, one with funding from Japan and the other supported by the USA. Drawing on theories of institutional logics and the sociology of economic exchange, I document how managers localize the logics of foreign aid donors to meet worker expectations around budgeting and compensation in the two INGO workplaces. I illustrate that INGOs are more likely to succeed in the localization process when aid logic enables cooperation between foreign and local managers. My findings suggest that studies of foreign aid could benefit from investigating the consequences of national variation on aid donors’ financial practices. Additionally, scholarship on transnational workplaces needs to take seriously the logic of patronage and the role of relational work in adapting this logic in workplaces in the Global South.
Professional and Personal Attitudes toward Discussing Sexuality and Degree of Religiosity among Social Workers
Authors: Ali-Saleh Darawshy Neveen , Timor-Shlevin Shachar , Lavie-Ajayi Maya 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This study investigated the correlations between social workers’ levels of religiosity and their professional attitudes toward discussing sexual health. The focus was particularly on the potential mediating role of their attitudes to heteronormative beliefs. A random sample of 150 social workers from Israel (Jewish [63.3 percent], Palestinian-Arab [36 percent], and those who self-identified as “other” [0.7 percent]) completed a self-administered questionnaire. The findings revealed significant correlations among professional attitudes toward discussing sexual health, attitudes toward heteronormativity, and degree of religiosity. Social workers with higher levels of religiosity exhibited higher levels of heteronormative beliefs, which, in turn, influenced their professional attitudes toward discussing sexual health. Furthermore, the findings highlight the importance of challenging heteronormative perspectives for all social welfare service users. Social work must establish culturally sensitive training to challenge the hegemony of heteronormative perspectives while connecting to religious and conservative values and perceptions.