bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Intergenerational effects of inbreeding in Nicrophorus vespilloides: offspring suffer fitness costs when either they or their parents are inbred
Authors: Mattey S. N. , Strutt L. , Smiseth P. T. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractInbreeding depression is the reduction in fitness caused by mating between related individuals. Inbreeding is expected to cause a reduction in offspring fitness when the offspring themselves are inbred, but outbred individuals may also suffer a reduction in fitness when they depend on care from inbred parents. At present, little is known about the significance of such intergenerational effects of inbreeding. Here, we report two experiments on the burying beetle Nicrophorus vespilloides, an insect with elaborate parental care, in which we investigated inbreeding depression in offspring when either the offspring themselves or their parents were inbred. We found substantial inbreeding depression when offspring were inbred, including reductions in hatching success of inbred eggs and survival of inbred offspring. We also found substantial inbreeding depression when parents were inbred, including reductions in hatching success of eggs produced by inbred parents and survival of outbred offspring that received care from inbred parents. Our results suggest that intergenerational effects of inbreeding can have substantial fitness costs to offspring, and that future studies need to incorporate such costs to obtain accurate estimates of inbreeding depression.
Rivers, refuges and population divergence of fire‐eye antbirds (Pyriglena) in the Amazon Basin
Authors: Maldonado‐Coelho M. , Blake J. G. , Silveira L. F. , Batalha‐Filho H. , Ricklefs R. E. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe identification of ecological and evolutionary mechanisms that might account for the elevated biotic diversity in tropical forests is a central theme in evolutionary biology. This issue is especially relevant in the Neotropical region, where biological diversity is the highest in the world, but where few studies have been conducted to test factors causing population differentiation and speciation. We usedmtDNAsequence data to examine the genetic structure within white‐backed fire‐eye (Pyriglena leuconota) populations along the Tocantins River valley in the south‐eastern Amazon Basin, and we confront the predictions of the river and the Pleistocene refuge hypotheses with patterns of genetic variation observed in these populations. We also investigated whether these patterns reflect the recently detected shift in the course of the Tocantins River. We sampled a total of 32 individuals east of, and 52 individuals west of, the Tocantins River. Coalescent simulations and phylogeographical and population genetics analytical approaches revealed thatmtDNAvariation observed for fire‐eye populations provides little support for the hypothesis that populations were isolated in glacial forest refuges. Instead, our data strongly support a key prediction of the river hypothesis. Our study shows that the Tocantins River has probably been the historical barrier promoting population divergence in fire‐eye antbirds. Our results have important implications for a better understanding of the importance of large Amazonian rivers in vertebrate diversification in the Neotropics.
Improving Juvenile Dependency Case Timeliness Through Use of the One Family, One Judge Model
Authors: Summers Alicia , Shdaimah Corey 
Published: February 2013

AbstractMotivated by the timelines set forth by the Adoption and Safe Families Act of 1997, courts are working toward moving cases safely and expeditiously through the juvenile dependency court system. One strategy to improve timeliness is the implementation of a one family, one judge (OFOJ) model. This study examines the effects of OFOJ implementation on timeliness of case processing. Implementation of the OFOJ model showed a trend toward improved timeliness. Post‐OFOJ cases were quicker to reach case closure than pre‐OFOJ cases. Every additional judge on the case increased time to permanency (i.e., case closure) by 31 days, which means children are spending one additional month in care per judge. Resolving cases quicker could improve the courts' ability to meet statutory timelines, and could lead to better outcomes for children and families.
Dry skin in the winter is related to the ceramide profile in the stratum corneum and can be improved by treatment with a Eucalyptus extract
Authors: Ishikawa Junko , Yoshida Hiroshi , Ito Shotaro , Naoe Ayano , Fujimura Tsutomu , Kitahara Takashi , Takema Yoshinori , Zerweck Charles , Grove Gary Lee 
Published: February 2013

SummaryBackgroundDry skin in the winter has been reported to involve scaling, defects in water holding and barrier functions, and decreased ceramide (CER) levels in the stratum corneum (SC). We previously reported that a Eucalyptus extract promotes CER synthesis in cultured keratinocytes and accelerates the recovery of hydration in a barrier‐disrupted model of human skin.AimsOne of the objectives was to examine the CER profile and its contribution to the relief of dry skin. The other objective was to assess the efficacy of a Eucalyptus extract to treat dry skin.Patients/MethodsTwenty subjects with dry skin on their legs were assessed and their CER profiles were analyzed using tape‐stripping. A moisturizer with a Eucalyptus extract was assessed for its effects on dry skin using a leg regression methodology comprising 28 days of treatment and 14 days of regression.ResultsIndicators of dry skin conditions (conductance, dryness, roughness, and scaliness) strongly correlated with the level of CER, CER [NP], and CER[NH]. Treatment with the Eucalyptus extract significantly improved conductance (3 days after regression) and transepidermal water loss (14 days after regression) compared with the placebo. After 28 days of treatment with the Eucalyptus extract, the level of CER in the SC did not increase, but CER [NP] did increase.ConclusionsThese results suggest that not only the level of CER, but also specific CER species strongly contribute to dry skin relief and products that increase those are useful to improve dry skin conditions.
Tranexamic acid: an important adjuvant in the treatment of melasma
Authors: Tse Tsz Wah , Hui Edith 
Published: February 2013

SummaryThis article reviews an old drug tranexamic acid to its new use in the treatment of melasma. Its mechanism of preventing the activation of melanocyte from UV light, hormone and injured kerationcyte through the inhibition of the plasminogen activator system will be explored. The detail usage for such indication and its safety profile will also be thoroughly evaluated.
Categories, Identities, and Cultural Classification: Moving Beyond a Model of Categorical Constraint
Authors: Glynn Mary Ann , Navis Chad 
Published: February 2013

AbstractCategorization processes have gained currency in organizational theory. Categories are endemic to organizations and markets, serving as touchstones for organizational identity claims and for audience attention, legitimation, and valuation.Durand and Paolella argue for an expansion of current perspectives on categories, particularly that of prototype theory. Although we agree in spirit, we advocate an expansion of their perspective, which seems to focus primarily on the cognitive aspects of categorization and the force of their constraint, particularly at the individual level of analysis. We suggest three revisions toDurand and Paolella's arguments in order to extend the conversation. First, we advocate that categorization processes might usefully be understood by socio‐cultural perspectives that explicitly consider the role of audiences and the embeddedness of categories in wider classification systems. Second, we connect categorization processes to identity formation and maintenance at the levels of both the organization and the market. Third, we move beyond the constraining power of categories to consider their generative capabilities in processes of emergence and change. Overall, we discuss these in the context of organizational identities and cultural classification systems.
Effect of home mechanical in‐exsufflation on hospitalisation and life‐style in neuromuscular disease: A pilot study
Authors: Moran Fiona CE , Spittle Alicia , Delany Clare , Robertson Colin F , Massie John 
Published: February 2013

AimMechanical in‐exsufflation (MI‐E) augments the weakened cough of patients with neuromuscular disease (NMD), clearing secretions and overcoming atelectasis. Little has been published on the impact of MI‐E alone on rates of hospitalisation and quality of life (QOL). The aim of this study was to assess the impact of home MI‐E on hospital admissions and life‐style in children with NMD.MethodsA retrospective chart review was performed on children using MI‐E, including data on the number of admissions to hospital, length of stay and hours of ventilation. A parental survey was used to gather information on the impact of MI‐E on life‐style for the child and family.ResultsTen children with NMD (seven spinal muscular atrophy, two Duchenne muscular dystrophy and one centronuclear myopathy) using MI‐E at home were identified. MI‐E use commenced at mean age of 8.5 years (range 1.1–16.9) with 1.4 years of use (range 0.3–3.8). MI‐E pressures ranged from +/−30 to 40 cmH2O with no complications reported. There was a significant reduction in hospital days at 6 (P = 0.036) and 12 (P = 0.028) months following commencement of home MI‐E compared with the same period preceding MI‐E use. The survey highlighted positive benefits of MI‐E use, in particular the ability to treat many pulmonary exacerbations at home.ConclusionsHome MI‐E use by children with NMD can reduce hospitalisation and benefit families by maintaining their child at home.
Accuracy of cough reporting by carers of Indigenous children
Authors: Morey Matthew J , Cheng Allen C , McCallum Gabrielle B , Chang Anne B 
Published: February 2013

AimsThe study aims to determine the reliability of a 24‐h history of reported cough presence and quality (wet/dry) compared with objectively recorded cough, and evaluate factors that may influence cough reporting.MethodsA digital recorder (ICD‐PX720, Sony, Tokyo, Japan) was attached to 47 Indigenous children for 24 h during admission at Royal Darwin Hospital. After recording, carers reported their child's cough details. Cough counts were objectively measured and details of cough reports by carer (cough present/absent, quality wet/dry, cough severity determined by visual analogue scale and verbal category descriptive score) were the main outcomes measured. Other factors examined were: carer's sex, age, education, smoking, carer's cough, parent versus non‐parent, respiratory illness in child and mean parent–proxy cough‐specific quality of life questionnaire. Data were entered into STATA (V.10, STATA Corp., College Station, TX, USA). Cohen's kappa (κ) coefficients and Spearman's rank correlation coefficient (rs) were used for data analysis.ResultsReporting of cough by Indigenous carers (compared with cough monitoring) was slight when a low cough threshold (0.25 coughs/h) was used (κ = 0.17, 95% CI –0.15, 0.49) and moderate when a higher cough threshold was used (κ = 0.57, 95% CI 0.28, 0.88). Carers’ evaluation of wet cough disagreed with clinician's evaluation (κ = −0.24, 95% CI –0.58, 0.09). Subjective reporting of cough severity moderately correlated with objective cough rates (rs = 0.41 to 0.44, 95% CI 0.11, 0.67). None of the factors examined was associated with reliability of cough reporting.ConclusionsThe unreliability of reporting of cough highlights the need for community education on the importance of cough to improve health‐seeking behaviour for early detection and treatment of respiratory disease.
C‐reactive protein versus erythrocyte sedimentation rate, white blood cell count and alkaline phosphatase in diagnosing bacteraemia in bone and joint infections
Authors: Pääkkönen Markus , Kallio Markku JT , Kallio Pentti E , Peltola Heikki 
Published: February 2013

AimBacteraemia is common in childhood acute bone and joint infections and demands urgent treatment. Blood C‐reactive protein (CRP), erythrocyte sedimentation rate and white blood cell count (WBC) are well known and established markers in these infections. Instead, no information is available on serum alkaline phosphatase whose concentration is known to increase in septic conditions.MethodsIn our large prospective treatment trial comprising of 265 children with acute culture‐positive bone or joint infection, all these laboratory indices were monitored on admission to hospital. The predictive value to detect bacteraemia was assessed for each of these four indices.ResultsIn all, 59% of the patients showed bacteraemia. CRP was significantly (P < 0.05) higher among bacteraemic patients, whereas erythrocyte sedimentation rate, white blood cell count and alkaline phosphatase were not. The area under receiver operator characteristic curve for CRP was 0.588 (CI95% 0.524–0.649) and the significance level P (Area = 0.5) was <0.05.ConclusionNone of the markers could reliably diagnose bacteraemia. CRP alone was significantly higher among bacteraemic patients.
Parental stress in a paediatric intensive care unit in Punjab, India
Authors: Pooni Puneet Aulakh , Singh Daljit , Bains Harmesh S , Misra Bholeshwar Prasad , Soni Ravinder Kumar 
Published: February 2013

AimPaediatric intensive care is a fast‐growing specialty in India. There are studies on parental stress in paediatric intensive care unit (PICU) in developed countries, but limited data from developing countries, where many factors may be different, are available. This paper describes various stressors in Indian parents.MethodOne hundred parents were interviewed using the Parental Stress Scale (PSS: PICU), which rates 22 factors on a scale from 1 (not stressful) to 5 (extremely stressful).ResultsThe average parental stress score was 3.0. The main causes of extremely stressful situations were: the parents' child having breathing difficulty; their child suffering pain; their child being unresponsive; crises in other children in the PICU. Factors least associated with stress included: not being alone with baby; and the presence of monitors and equipment. Nearly all parents (99) felt that prayer was of help. The majority (67) felt stressed during procedures, and 59 parents felt stressed by the sights and sounds of the PICU. Factors significantly related to increased stress included: the severity of illness as measured by higher paediatric risk of mortality scoring (P = 0.0136); for mothers rather than fathers (P = 0.0054): for parents <30 years (P = 0.0114); and parents of a male child (P = 0.0482).ConclusionsIt is concluded that there is significant stress among parents of children admitted to an Indian PICU, and stress factors are different from studies done in developed countries. Mothers and young parents were more stressed. Type of family, income, education, number and age of children did not affect level of stress.
Usage and impact of an online education tool for preventing sudden unexpected death in infancy
Authors: Cowan Stephanie , Pease Anna , Bennett Sharon 
Published: February 2013

AimThis paper describes the usage, impact and reach of an online education tool for preventing sudden infant death.MethodsA 24‐slide presentation was formatted for online access. Content was designed for mainstream audiences to align current knowledge, attitudes and actions for a blitz approach to preventing sudden infant death in New Zealand (NZ). The tool was promoted through a network of ‘safe sleep’ champions across the country and collected basic information on usage, reach and impact.ResultsFrom 3286 completed online sessions between 18 November 2009 and 31 December 2011, there were 2683 (81.7%) with complete data. Average usage was 24.4 completed sessions/week, over a 2‐year period, at a cost of NZD1.11 per completed session. Usage reached across regions, ethnic groups and roles. On completion of the course, most rated highly (7–9/9) (68.8%) their ‘increased confidence’ to discuss infant sleep safety with others. A high increased confidence rating was significantly influenced by spending more time per slide (P < 0.05) and being Maori, Pacific, Asian or ‘other’ compared with NZ European (P < 0.05).ConclusionsThis simple online education tool achieved its aims of high usage, broad participation and cost‐effective impact on increasing confidence to discuss infant sleep safety with others. e‐Learning modes should be considered where there is a need to align large numbers of people in a short time with understandings and actions for addressing a specific health issue.
Autophagy and cancer: taking the ‘toxic’ out of cytotoxics
Authors: Giuliani Charlett M , Dass Crispin R 
Published: February 2013

Abstract

Objectives
Autophagy is the catabolic process that facilitates the degradation of proteins and organelles into recyclable nutrients for use by the cell. This article will review current literature to support the hypothesis that autophagy is pivotal in cancer progression and survival and provides some rationale behind the notion that autophagy can be a target for future cancer therapy.

Key findings
For the most part, autophagy is pro-cancerous in that it enables the affected cell to meet its nutritional requirements in hypoxic and cytotoxic environments (mainly due to chemotherapy), thus facilitating continued growth and proliferation of tumour cells. As such, it is reasonable to perceive autophagy as a mechanistic target for cancer therapy. However, the challenge to date has been the complexity of the mechanisms involved and the identification of key regulators of autophagy. This has been further complicated by the inherent variation between different cancer cell lines.

Summary
Better understanding of the role and mechanisms of autophagy in cancer, with a prelude to ways of exploiting this knowledge, may lead to better chemotherapeutic management of patients suffering from this currently incurable disease.
Recovery of intact IgG in the gastrointestinal tract of the growing rat following ingestion of an ovine serum immunoglobulin
Authors: Balan P. , Han K.S. , Dukkipati V.S.R. , Moughan P.J. 
Published: February 2013

SummaryThe aim of this study was to determine whether orally ingested ovine serum IgG partly resists digestion in the growing rat. Fifteen Sprague‐Dawley male rats were allocated to one of three diets for a 3‐week study: a control diet (CON) and two test diets containing either freeze‐dried ovine serum immunoglobulin (FDOI) or inactivated ovine serum immunoglobulin (IOI). Samples of stomach chyme and intestinal digesta from the ad libitum‐fed rats were subjected to ELISA and Western blot analysis. Amounts of intact ovine IgG for the FDOI diet were found to be 13.9, 20.0, 34.1, 13.0 and 36.9 μg in the total wet digesta from the stomach chyme, duodenal, jejunal, ileal and colonic digesta respectively. Qualitative detection by Western blot revealed the presence of intact ovine serum IgG with a ~150 kDa MW. This was detected in all of the gut segments (stomach chyme, duodenal, jejunal, ileal and colonic digesta) for growing rats fed the FDOI diet. No ovine IgG was detected in the chyme or digesta from rats fed the CON or the IOI diets. Ovine serum IgG partly resisted digestion in the growing rat fed the FDOI diet and was found throughout the digestive tract. These results provide a basis to explain the reported biological effects of orally administered immunoglobulin.
Relationships between different tooth shapes and patient's periodontal phenotype
Authors: Stellini E. , Comuzzi L. , Mazzocco F. , Parente N. , Gobbato L. 
Published: February 2013

Background and ObjectiveThe purpose of the present study was to establish whether any correlation exists between tooth shapes and patient‐related factors such as gingival and periodontal characteristics.Material and MethodsClinical measurements, including the width and the height of maxillary central incisor crowns, the apico incisal height of the keratinized mucosa (KM), the buccal gingival thickness (GT), the depth of the sulcus (SD), the bone‐sounding depth (BS) and the height of the interproximal maxillary central papilla (Ph), were investigated in 50 healthy individuals. These individuals were then divided into three groups based on the shape of their maxillary central incisor crowns: triangular; square; or square‐tapered. The three groups were analyzed to determine any significant differences among the groups in the values obtained for clinical measurements.ResultsThere were no significant differences among the three groups in terms of the SD (p = 0.11) or the BS (p = 0.54), whilst statistically significant differences were observed for the KM (p < 0.001), the GT (p = 0.012) and the Ph (p < 0.001).ConclusionThe results of this study indicate that different tooth shapes are associated with significantly different values for the extent of the KM, its bucco‐lingual thickness and the height of the interproximal maxillary central papilla.
Effects of Supraphysiological Testosterone Treatment and Orchiectomy on Ischemia/Reperfusion-Induced Bladder Dysfunction in Male Rabbits
Authors: Chuang Shu-Mien , Liu Keh-Min , Lee Yung-Chin , Lin Rong-Jyh , Chang Chao-Yuan , Wu Wen-Jen , Chang Wei-Chiao , Levin Robert M. , Juan Yung-Shun 
Published: February 2013

ABSTRACT

Introduction
The roles of testosterone and orchiectomy on male bladder subjected to ischemic/reperfusion (I/R) injuries received little attention. To fill this gap, the present study intended to examine testosterone and orchiectomy effects on male rabbits subjected to I/R damages.

Aim
To elucidate the effects of testosterone and orchiectomy on contractile response, bladder morphology, interstitial fibrosis, and oxidative stress in male rabbit bladder subjected to I/R surgery.

Methods
Male New Zealand rabbits were distributed into five groups as follows: Group 1 received sham surgical procedure. In group 2, I/R surgery was performed. In group 3, testosterone (100 μg/kg/day) was intramuscularly injected prior to I/R surgery. In group 4, orchiectomy was performed prior to I/R surgery. In group 5, orchiectomy was performed with subsequent testosterone administration, followed by I/R surgery. All the rabbits were euthanized 7 days after I/R. Comparative studies were analyzed to elucidate the effects of testosterone and orchiectomy on bladder dysfunction subjected to I/R injuries.

Main Outcome Measures
Bladder contractile function was evaluated. Masson's trichrome staining and immunohistochemical studies were performed to evaluate bladder morphology and intramural nerve terminals. Western blotting was examined to investigate the expressions of fibrosis and oxidative stress markers.

Results
I/R surgery significantly decreased bladder contractility in response to various stimulations with and without testosterone treatment. I/R damages decreased bladder nerve density with and without testosterone. The expressions of fibrosis and oxidative stress-related proteins were increased by I/R injuries with or without testosterone treatment. Testosterone depletion significantly decreased the expressions of transforming growth factor-β and fibronectin expressions after I/R injury. Supraphysiological testosterone treatment after orchiectomy greatly increased the expressions of these fibrosis proteins; however, orchiectomy alone ameliorated I/R injuries.

Conclusions
Testosterone treatment or orchiectomy affected I/R-induced bladder damages in male rabbits. Orchiectomy decreased the level of fibrosis and oxidative stress markers and increased neurofilament densities. Supraphysiological exogenous testosterone administration after orchiectomy further exacerbated such detrimental effects of I/R.