bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of anti-inflammatory potential of the ethanolic extract of the Saussurea lappa root (costus) on adjuvant-induced monoarthritis in rats
Authors: Tag Hend M. , Khaled Howayda E. , Ismail Hayat A.A. , El-Shenawy Nahla S. 
Published: October 2015

Abstract

Background: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic autoimmune disorder characterized by polyarticular symmetrical arthritis. The prevalence of RA is consistent worldwide, affecting about 0.5%–1.0% of the population. The aim of this study was to investigate whether Saussurea lappa (costus) could ameliorate adjuvant arthritis (AA) in the rat for 21 days.

Methods: Animals were divided into eight groups (n=5/group). Group 1 acted as control, group 2 presented the AA rats (positive control), and groups 3, 4, and 5 were treated with different doses of S. lappa (200, 400, and 600 mg/kg, respectively), whereas groups 6, 7, and 8 were AA rats and orally administered with S. lappa (200, 400, and 600 mg/kg, respectively). The changes caused by chronic inflammation were evaluated through the measurement of ankle circumference (AC). Serum C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukins (IL-1β and IL-6), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), total oxidative capacity (TOC), and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) were determined.

Results:
Saussurea lappa dose-dependently alleviated the severity of the disease based on the reduction in AC and on the clinical scores of the histological study. Histopathological examination proved that S. lappa decreased the infiltration of inflammatory cells and synovial hyperplasia as well as protected joint destruction. Saussurea lappa reduced the serum levels of CRP, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6, reduced the TOC, and improved the TAC as compared with AA rats.

Conclusions: The S. lappa extract has potentially useful anti-arthritic activity as well as improves the immune and antioxidant responses of adjuvant-induced monoarthritis in rats.
Melatonin and vitamin C exacerbate Cannabis sativa-induced testicular damage when administered separately but ameliorate it when combined in rats
Authors: Alagbonsi Isiaka A. , Olayaki Luqman A. , Salman Toyin M. 
Published: October 2015

Abstract

Background: The mechanisms involved in the spermatotoxic effect of Cannabis sativa are inconclusive. The involvement of oxidative stress in male factor infertility has been well documented, and the antioxidative potential of melatonin and vitamin C in many oxidative stress conditions has been well reported. This study sought to investigate whether melatonin and vitamin C will ameliorate C. sativa-induced spermatotoxicity or not.

Methods: Fifty-five (55) male albino rats (250–300 g) were randomly divided in a blinded fashion into five oral treatment groups as follows: group I (control, n=5) received 1 mL/kg of 10% ethanol for 30 days; groups IIa, IIb, and IIc (n=5 each) received 2 mg/kg C. sativa for 20, 30, and 40 days, respectively; groups IIIa, IIIb, and IIIc (n=5 each) received a combination of 2 mg/kg C. sativa and 4 mg/kg melatonin for 20, 30, and 40 days, respectively; groups IVa, IVb, and IVc (n=5 each) received a combination of 2 mg/kg C. sativa and 1.25 g/kg vitamin C for 20, 30, and 40 days, respectively; group V (n=5) received a combination of 2 mg/kg C. sativa, 4 mg/kg melatonin, and 1.25 g/kg vitamin C for 30 days.

Results: Cannabis treatments reduced the Johnsen score, sperm count, motility, morphology, paired testicular/body weight ratio, and total antioxidant capacity, but increased lactate dehydrogenase activity. In addition, supplementation of cannabis-treated rats with either melatonin or vitamin C exacerbates the effect of cannabis on those parameters, whereas combination of melatonin and vitamin C reversed the trend to the level comparable to control.

Conclusions: This study further showed the gonadotoxic effect of C. sativa, which could be mediated by oxidative stress. It also showed that melatonin and vitamin C exacerbate C. sativa-induced testicular damage when administered separately but ameliorate it when combined in rats.
Inhibition of AKT signaling by supercritical CO2 extract of mango ginger (Curcuma amada Roxb.) in human glioblastoma cells
Authors: Ramachandran Cheppail , Portalatin Gilda , Quirin Karl-W , Escalon Enrique , Khatib Ziad , Melnick Steven J. 
Published: October 2015

Abstract

Background: Mango ginger (Curcuma amada Roxb.) is a less-investigated herb for anticancer properties than other related Curcuma species. AKT (a serine/threonine protein kinase B, originally identified as an oncogene in the transforming retrovirus AKT8) plays a central role in the development and promotion of cancer. In this investigation, we have analyzed the effect of supercritical CO2 extract of mango ginger (CA) on the genetic pathways associated with AKT signaling in human glioblastoma cells.

Methods: The inhibitory effect of supercritical CO2 extract of mango ginger (Curcuma amada) on AKT signaling was investigated in U-87MG glioblastoma cells.

Results: CA was highly cytotoxic to glioblastoma cell line (IC50=4.92±0.81 µg/mL) compared to mHypoE-N1 normal mouse hypothalamus cell line (IC50=40.57±0.06 µg/mL). CA inhibits AKT (protein Kinase B) and adenosine monophophate -activated protein kinase α (AMPKα) phosphorylation significantly in a dose-dependent manner. The cell migration which is necessary for invasion and metastasis was also inhibited by CA treatment, with about 43% reduction at 20 µg/mL concentration. Analysis of mRNA and protein expression of genes associated with apoptosis, cell proliferation and angiogenesis showed that CA modulates expression of genes associated with apoptosis (Bax, Bcl-2, Bcl-X, BNIP3, caspase-3, mutant p53 and p21), cell proliferation (Ki67) and angiogenesis vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Additionally, heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) and AMPKα genes interacting with the AKT signaling pathway were also downregulated by CA treatment.

Conclusions: These results indicate the molecular targets and mechanisms underlying the anticancer effect of CA in human glioblastoma cells.
Korelasi Antara Pelanggaran Etika dan Penegakan Hukum (Analisis Kasus Nikah Sirri dan Singkat Bupati Garut)
Authors: Purkon Arip 
Published: October 2015

Abstract: The correlation Between Ethical Abuse and Law Enforcement. Ethic and law are two interrelated things. Ethic is a measure of something based on conformity with the values ​​of kindness, decency and propriety. While the law is right or wrong assessment is generally based on the written norm. When the law is understood as a technical procedural and formal, then the ethical aspect is often forgotten. There are actions that are considered unlawful, but it is still perceived good ethics. Moreover, vice versa, there are actions that are considered unethical, but it does not violate the procedural and formal law. Two things need to be synchronized in order to avoid dualism between ethical and legal meaning. Abstrak: Korelasi Antara Pelanggaran Etika dan Penegakan Hukum. Etika dan hukum merupakan dua hal yang saling berkaitan. Etika merupakan tolak ukur sesuatu berdasarkan kesesuaiannya dengan nilai-nilai kebaikan, kesopanan dan kepantasan. Sementara hukum merupakan penilaian benar atau salah yang umumnya berdasarkan norma tertulis. Ketika hukum hanya dipahami sebagai teknis prosedural dan formal, maka aspek etika sering terlupakan. Ada perbuatan yang dianggap melanggar hukum, tetapi secara etika masih dipersepsikan baik. Dan juga sebaliknya, ada yang perbuatan yang dianggap melanggar etika, tetapi secara prosedural dan formal tidak melanggar hukum. Dua hal ini perlu disinkronkan agar tidak terjadi dualisme antara pemaknaan etika dan hukum DOI: 10.15408/jch.v1i2.1464
Modern Athletes’ Preparation for the Olympic Games
Authors: Karoblis Povilas , Balčiūnas Egidijus , Petkus Einius , Tamulevičius Robertas 
Published: October 2015

Sport training process has its own problems related to different sport disciplines, thus, it is essential effectively to employ sport scientists’ and coaches’ initiatives as well as their researches and gained experience. The most important sport science function is to accept and share new technologies and good practices through sport training theory and didactics alongside to the new challenges for high performance sport that settle new requirements for coaches’ competency. Such tendencies are already reflected in present scientific studies and training modes of high performance athletes. Coaching more and more appears to come as many-angled process for athletes, who strive for elite level and must be prepared to stay at this level for many years ahead; and this involves not only coach’s specific, profession-related, and general competencies but also other parties-scientists, medics, managers-alongside to national support.
When planning athletes’ training process for the Olympic Games, it is necessary to take into consideration the tendencies of sport and event perspectives as well as tendencies to anticipate results. The data of athlete’s main characteristics analysis, changes in sport training methods and its strategy, the development of increasing training loads, material facilities and technical equipment must be considered too. After analysing this, the training and participation in competitions of athletes and other participants has to be acquainted and summarized; then coach’s insights that are prognostic for sport results can be welcomed. Eventually, qualitative criteria for training evaluation must be settled, considering its scientific relevance, originality, influence to new scientific researches as well as scientists’ public behaviour, tolerance, and proper area-related growth stimulation.
GIS system and livestock field survey as tools to manage the potential reducing of fuel load for fire prevention
Authors: Pecora Giovanni , Musto Mauro , D’adamo Carmine , Adduci Francesco , Freschi Pierangelo , Cosentino Carlo 
Published: October 2015

This study would mark the potential role of grazing by Podolian cattle for reducing fuel load of fire prevention and propagation. The interconnection of Geographic Information System (GIS) and livestock field survey allowed to monitor different grazing and no-grazing areas in Basilicata region.
Fifteen grazing areas were monitored for five years during the summer pasture, when the Podolian cattle graze on green grazing areas. These areas were monitored by using GIS system and GPS application. The potential impact of Podolian cattle was monitored for the same time period. The cattle consistency allowed to calculate different parameters: livestock unit, dry matter intake and stocking estimation of potential amount of dry matter intake to understand the removal biomass in order to reduce the fuel load for fire prevention.
The spatial analysis (GIS) showed that there were only four grazing areas burned during the time sampling, compared to the surrounding areas used as control (no-grazing area). Therefore an efficient management of grazing by Podolian cattle could be an important tool to prevent the fire propagation.
What Actually Controls SRV? Three Concepts to Debate a Stimulation or Stimulate a Debate!
Authors: Stephenson B. , Cartwright J. , Hooker J. , Hnat J. 
Published: October 2015

Abstract
It is generally believed that creating a Stimulated Rock Volume (SRV) is a good thing. Completion engineers talk about creating complexity, geologists talk about stimulating a natural fracture network, geomechanicists highlight the importance of low stress anisotropy. But how much do these concepts matter and can we actually do anything about them, or do we get what we're given?
A review of producing formations from plays across North America shows that there are three primary types of sub-surface heterogeneity at the length-scale of a well-bore that should be considered together as controls on SRV: natural fractures, bedding (layering) anisotropy and stress changes. Typically bedding and stress variability are over-looked as SRV controls. The impact of each form of heterogeneity on SRV depends more on the magnitude of the change rather than the existence of the heterogeneity within the rock.
Natural fractures may contribute to a SRV where there is a geometrically-connected network in the presence of low horizontal stress anisotropy, however the contribution would be mostly unpropped conductivity. A low horizontal stress anisotropy alone, without natural fractures, is not likely to enhance a SRV because the most stress-anisotropic lithology may not be the optimal landing zone for a lateral. Bedding anisotropy (e.g. fine-scale layering, or laminations) and vertical stress changes can be the source of fracture initiation and propagation problems, and may cause an "apparent SRV" in some plays, when treating pressure is close to, but not necessarily exceeding overburden.
After a critical assessment of each control, in the form of a debate, it is concluded that if a rock has the potential for a SRV to be generated, as indicated from microseismic, then; a) not every type of complexity necessarily creates value, b) it is difficult to optimize the conductivity within an SRV, and c) it is possible to severely limit the SRV potential of a rock by not accounting for the three main sub-surface controls, together.
A Simulation Approach to Modelling and Understanding Fracture Geometry with Respect to Well Spacing in Multi Well Pads in the Duvernay – A Case Study
Authors: Ramanathan V. , Boskovic D. , Zhmodik A. , Li Q. , Ansarizadeh M. , Perez Michi O. , Garcia G. 
Published: October 2015

Abstract
Hydraulic fracturing in multi stage horizontal unconventional wells is perhaps one of the most important if not the most important in the drilling and completion cycle of these wells. It's also the most applied technique repeatedly in multiple formations throughout the world and yet the question that looms large over us, do we understand the fracture geometry in these unconventional environments. Year on year most unconventional formations seem to fall in line with the industry trend of increasing lateral lengths and pumping more stages to improve production and recovery. Again, we need to ask ourselves if this is sustainable. Introspection of data available from public data seems to indicate that a significant chunk of these wells buck the trend of increased lateral lengths and stages and we still continue to apply these techniques especially in a price sensitive oil market. What if we could challenge this paradigm through a systematic engineering process that could relate the impact of fracture geometry and well spacing? We selected one of the up and coming plays in Canada that is on the road to development called the Duvernay.
The Duvernay Formation is a unit of the Woodbend Group and is considered as the source rock for prolific reservoirs such as the Leduc reefs. Duvernay formation holds an estimated 443 trillion cubic feet of gas and 61.7 billion barrels of oil.
This paper is an attempt to model and understand complex hydraulic fractures in a multi well pad environment coupled with production modelling to understand drainage patterns. Public data from the IHS database was used to construct and build a geocellular model and wells that had petrophysical and geomechanical data were used to build a representative well pad model. Using the model built complex fractures using the unconventional fracture models were simulated in a multi well pad environment. Impact on reservoir drainage has been assessed with various simulations by changing different parameters with respect to hydraulic fracturing. The results of these various simulations are presented in the paper and these simulations act as a tool to understand when possible interference may occur in these pads. Spacing of wells and frac sizes can be adjusted to minimize competitive drainage between wells.
Designing an Optimized Surfactant Flood in the Bakken
Authors: Dawson Matthew , Nguyen Duy , Champion Nalco , Li Huina 
Published: October 2015

Summary
The Bakken is one of the most prolific plays in North America, but even with the deployment of horizontal wells and hydraulic fracturing, anticipated recovery factors under primary depletion are usually in the range of 10% to 20%. Waterflooding has been a nearly ubiquitously deployed technology in conventional reservoirs to enhance recovery beyond primary depletion. However, the Bakken's ultra-tight, largely oil-wet nature limits the potential of waterflooding. Moreover, the challenges associated with sweep after the formation has been hydraulically stimulated must also be overcome. To address these challenges an optimally-spaced well to well surfactant flooding technology is proposed. Optimal well spacing, from a flooding perspective, can mitigate rapid breakthrough while minimizing the distance through the matrix that the injection fluid must travel. An optimally designed chemical system can enhance imbibition rates and favorably alter wettability to enable economic recovery. Moreover, environmental and community benefits can be realized by utilizing abundant produced water to operate a surfactant flooding process in the Bakken.
This paper discusses a comprehensive experimental program exploring the potential of surfactant flooding in the Bakken along with a field communication study and corresponding scaled-up, well-to-well flooding models for an optimized surfactant flooding process. Results from the experimental program are provided which showcase the potential of advanced chemical systems. A brief overview of a core-scale natural fracture study and field-scale well-to-well communication study is provided. Lastly, up-scaled models, showing the potential societal and economic benefits that can be attained from an optimally designed surfactant flood, are presented.
Multi-Scale Rock Characterization and Modeling for Surfactant EOR in the Bakken
Authors: Li Huina , Dawson Matthew , Standnes Dag Chun 
Published: October 2015

Abstract
Low primary recovery factors in ultratight unconventional reservoirs such as the Bakken, usually in the range of 5-15%, present a potential opportunity for developing effective and economic Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) methods. Identified as one of the leading EOR methods for the Bakken, surfactant injection has shown good potential in the laboratory due to its capability to alter wettability, lower interfacial tension (IFT), and reduce residual oil saturation. However, successful implementation of surfactant EOR requires in-depth characterization of the rock-fluid system at multiple scales, ranging from pore scale, to core scale, to field scale. This paper presents a comprehensive study that systematically characterizes Bakken rock properties at the pore scale and the core scale, with the goal of understanding the impact of the pore structure and static and dynamic rock properties on the EOR potential for surfactant injection.
At the pore scale, high-resolution 3D X-ray microtomography (microCT) imaging was acquired to evaluate microstructure, interconnected porosity, and fluid distribution. Fluid saturation mapping, before and after surfactant Spontaneous Imbibition (SI), provides fundamental insights into pore-scale recovery efficiency.
At the core scale, techniques for measuring static rock properties, including porosity, permeability, and saturation in the Middle Bakken, are reviewed, with a particular focus on measuring matrix permeability across a broad range of values. Fluid properties critical to surfactant injection, such as water salinity and oil polarity, are also discussed. Results from SI experiments are presented with the goal of evaluating imbibition rate and oil recovery with proper scaling. To address the challenges of measuring dynamic rock properties such as imbibition capillary pressure and relative permeability, a plug-scale simulation model was used to history match the laboratory experiment and derive dynamic rock properties that govern the recovery process. The calibrated model was used to address plug-scale recovery efficiency and evaluate recovery uncertainty range, providing fundamental flow characteristics that can be incorporated into upscaled field-scale studies.
Articulating Rotational Mast Improves Operational Efficiency for Coiled Tubing Operations on Multi-Well Pads
Authors: Sato Kris , Edillon Lemuel 
Published: October 2015

Abstract
An increase in multi-well pad drilling in the Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin (WCSB) has created a need for reducing the transition time between wells (TBW) associated with servicing multiple wells on a pad with coiled tubing (CT). Reducing TBW current CT operations - utilizing a conventional crane to suspend the CT injector - is becoming a challenge as the crane and CT equipment spread is already streamlined in efficiency. However, a new piece of equipment has been developed to replace a conventional crane: The Articulating Rotational Mast (ARM). The introduction of the ARM on a conventional CT spread was designed to improve safety and increase efficiency by reducing the overall TBW on multi-well pads.
Electric Powered Hydraulic Fracturing
Authors: Oehring J. M. 
Published: October 2015

Abstract
Traditionally hydraulic fracturing fleets are powered by over twenty large diesel engines up to 2,500 BHP each. By removing all diesel engines from a hydraulic fracturing site and replacing them with mobile turbine engine generator units, a fleet can be run completely on electric power. This technology was first deployed in 2014 in the Marcellus shale formation in West Virginia, and is the first fully electric, fully mobile well stimulation system completely fueled by natural gas.
The fleet runs on electric power generated by three natural-gas-fueled turbine engine generators. The power generated by the turbines then runs through switchgear and is stepped down to 600 volts (V) using transformers. At this point, the electric powered fleet is similar to a conventional hydraulic fracturing fleet, except that all the fleet’s diesel engines and transmissions are replaced by electric motors and variable frequency drives. Pumps, blenders, hydration, data van, and sand equipment are all completely electric powered.
The electric well stimulation fleet has shown great advances in environmental responsibility.
The fleet reduces refueling traffic, fueling costs, emissions, and sound. Electric powered hydraulic fracturing is an important step to conducting well stimulation in a more environmentally responsible manner.