bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Russian anthropogenic black carbon: Emission reconstruction and Arctic black carbon simulation
Authors: Huang Kan , Fu Joshua S. , Prikhodko Vitaly Y. , Storey John M. , Romanov Alexander , Hodson Elke L. , Cresko Joe , Morozova Irina , Ignatieva Yulia , Cabaniss John 
Published: October 2015

AbstractDevelopment of reliable source emission inventories is particularly needed to advance the understanding of the origin of Arctic haze using chemical transport modeling. This study develops a regional anthropogenic black carbon (BC) emission inventory for the Russian Federation, the largest country by land area in the Arctic Council. Activity data from combination of local Russia information and international resources, emission factors based on either Russian documents or adjusted values for local conditions, and other emission source data are used to approximate the BC emissions. Emissions are gridded at a resolution of 0.1° × 0.1° and developed into a monthly temporal profile. Total anthropogenic BC emission of Russia in 2010 is estimated to be around 224 Gg. Gas flaring, a commonly ignored black carbon source, contributes a significant fraction of 36.2% to Russia's total anthropogenic BC emissions. Other sectors, i.e., residential, transportation, industry, and power plants, contribute 25.0%, 20.3%, 13.1%, and 5.4%, respectively. Three major BC hot spot regions are identified: the European part of Russia, the southern central part of Russia where human population densities are relatively high, and the Urals Federal District where Russia's major oil and gas fields are located but with sparse human population. BC simulations are conducted using the hemispheric version of Community Multi‐scale Air Quality Model with emission inputs from a global emission database EDGAR (Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research)‐HTAPv2 (Hemispheric Transport of Air Pollution) and EDGAR‐HTAPv2 with its Russian part replaced by the newly developed Russian BC emissions, respectively. The simulation using the new Russian BC emission inventory could improve 30–65% of absorption aerosol optical depth measured at the AERONET sites in Russia throughout the whole year as compared to that using the default HTAPv2 emissions. At the four ground monitoring sites (Zeppelin, Barrow, Alert, and Tiksi) in the Arctic Circle, surface BC simulations are improved the most during the Arctic haze periods (October–March). The poor performance of Arctic BC simulations in previous studies may be partly ascribed to the Russian BC emissions built on out‐of‐date and/or missing information, which could result in biases to both emission rates and the spatial distribution of emissions. This study highlights that the impact of Russian emissions on the Arctic haze has likely been underestimated, and its role in the Arctic climate system needs to be reassessed. The Russian black carbon emission source data generated in this study can be obtained via http://abci.ornl.gov/download.shtml or http://acs.engr.utk.edu/Data.php.
Optimized coral reconstructions of the Indian Ocean Dipole: An assessment of location and length considerations
Authors: Abram Nerilie J. , Dixon Bronwyn C. , Rosevear Madelaine G. , Plunkett Benjamin , Gagan Michael K. , Hantoro Wahyoe S. , Phipps Steven J. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThe Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD; or Indian Ocean Zonal Mode) is a coupled ocean‐atmosphere climate oscillation that has profound impacts on rainfall distribution across the Indian Ocean region. Instrumental records provide a reliable representation of IOD behavior since 1958, while coral reconstructions currently extend the IOD history back to 1846. Large fluctuations in the number and intensity of positive IOD events over time are evident in these records, but it is unclear to what extent this represents multidecadal modulation of the IOD or an anthropogenically forced change in IOD behavior. In this study we explore the suitability of coral records from single‐site locations in the equatorial Indian Ocean for capturing information about the occurrence and magnitude of positive IOD (pIOD) events. We find that the optimum location for coral reconstructions of the IOD occurs in the southeastern equatorial Indian Ocean, along the coast of Java and Sumatra between ~3 and 7°S. Here the strong ocean cooling and atmospheric drying during pIOD events are unambiguously recorded in coral oxygen isotope records, which capture up to 50% of IOD variance. Unforced experiments with coupled climate models suggest that potential biases in coral estimates of pIOD frequency are skewed toward overestimating pIOD recurrence intervals and become larger with shorter reconstruction windows and longer pIOD recurrence times. Model output also supports the assumption of stationarity in sea surface temperature relationships in the optimum IOD location that is necessary for paleoclimate reconstructions. This study provides a targeted framework for the future generation of paleoclimate records, including optimized coral reconstructions of past IOD variability.
Theoretical Design and Experimental Realization of Quasi Single Electron Enhancement in Plasmonic Catalysis
Authors: Wang Jiale , Alves Tiago V. , Trindade Fabiane J. , de Aquino Caroline B. , Pieretti Joana C. , Domingues Sergio H. , Ando Romulo A. , Ornellas Fernando R. , Camargo Pedro H. C. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractBy a combination of theoretical and experimental design, we probed the effect of a quasi‐single electron on the surface plasmon resonance (SPR)‐mediated catalytic activities of Ag nanoparticles. Specifically, we started by theoretically investigating how the E‐field distribution around the surface of a Ag nanosphere was influenced by static electric field induced by one, two, or three extra fixed electrons embedded in graphene oxide (GO) next to the Ag nanosphere. We found that the presence of the extra electron(s) changed the E‐field distributions and led to higher electric field intensities. Then, we experimentally observed that a quasi‐single electron trapped at the interface between GO and Ag NPs in Ag NPs supported on graphene oxide (GO‐Ag NPs) led to higher catalytic activities as compared to Ag and GO‐Ag NPs without electrons trapped at the interface, representing the first observation of catalytic enhancement promoted by a quasi‐single electron.
Fatty acid hydration activity of a recombinant Escherichia coli‐based biocatalyst is improved through targeting the oleate hydratase into the periplasm
Authors: Jung Sang‐Min , Seo Joo‐Hyun , Lee Jung‐Hoo , Park Jin‐Byung , Seo Jin‐Ho 
Published: October 2015

AbstractWhole‐cell biotransformation of fatty acids can be influenced by the activities of catalytic enzymes and by the efficiency of substrate transport into host cells. Here, we improved fatty acid hydration activity of the recombinant Escherichia coli expressing an oleate hydratase of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia by targeting the catalytic enzyme into the periplasm instead of the cytoplasm. Recombinant E. coli producing OhyA in the periplasm under guidance of the PelB signal sequence (E. coli OhyA_PP) exhibited significantly greater hydration activity with oleic acid and linoleic acid compared to a recombinant E. coli producing OhyA in the cytoplasm (E. coli OhyA_CS). For example, the oleate double bond hydration rate of E. coli OhyA_PP was >400 μmol/g dry cells/min (400 U/g dry cells), which is >10‐fold higher than that of E. coli OhyA_CS. As the specific activities of the enzymes targeted into the cytoplasm and periplasm were comparable, we assumed that targeting OhyA into the periplasm could accelerate fatty acid transport to the catalytic enzymes by skipping the major mass transport barrier of the cytoplasmic membrane. Our results will contribute to the development of whole‐cell biocatalysts for fatty acid biotransformation.
Spatially Resolved Chemical Characterization with Scanning Photoemission Spectromicroscopy: Towards Near‐Ambient‐Pressure Experiments
Authors: Sezen Hikmet , Alemán Belén , Amati Matteo , Dalmiglio Matteo , Gregoratti Luca 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThe major experimental challenges in investigations of heterogeneous catalysis are the morphologically complex and dynamic micro‐ and nanosystems and the exploration of events that occur at the catalyst surface, which determine the catalyst activity and selectivity. Modern‐day investigations of catalytic reactions require a multitechnique experimental and computational approach, in which each tool provides specific and complementary information. The unique combination of surface and chemical sensitivity has ranked X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) as one of the most important experimental methods for the characterization of catalytic systems. After its invention, more than half a century ago, a revolutionary step in XPS development was the addition of sub‐micrometer lateral resolution intermediate between light microscopy and electron microscopy. XPS microscopes have responded to the increasing demands on nanotechnology to have access to the local chemical composition, electronic and magnetic structure, and reorganization processes at morphologically complex surfaces and interfaces. The high spatial resolution in XPS microscopes is achieved by two different approaches, magnification of the image of the irradiated surface area (X‐ray photoemission electron microscopy) or demagnification of the incident photon beam by using X‐ray focusing optics (scanning photoemission microscopy; SPEM). In the present article, using selected examples, we demonstrate the capabilities of SPEM for studies relevant to catalysis, and we will discuss the next steps in the ongoing development. In the first part, we present the successful characterization of the oxidation of (i) polycrystalline PtRh particles and (ii) Pd thin films that decorate carbon nanotubes. In the second part, we describe two new setups, developed at Elettra, to overcome the “pressure gap” for photoemission spectromicroscopy experiments, which is the major limitation in the exploration of “real world” catalytic reactions. The first measurements of core‐level photoemission spectroscopy and imaging obtained with spatial resolution of the order of 100 nm at near‐ambient pressure are presented.
Co2+@Mesoporous Silica Monoliths: Tailor‐Made Nanoreactors for Confined Soft Chemistry
Authors: Delahaye Emilie , Moulin Robinson , Aouadi Merwen , Trannoy Virgile , Beaunier Patricia , Fornasieri Giulia , Bleuzen Anne 
Published: October 2015

AbstractMesoporous silica monoliths with various ordered nanostructures containing transition metal M2+ cations in variable amounts were elaborated and studied. A phase diagram depicting the different phases as a function of the M2+ salt/tetramethyl orthosilicate (TMOS) and surfactant P123/TMOS ratios was established. Thermal treatment resulted in mesoporous monoliths containing isolated, accessible M2+ species or condensed metal oxides, hydroxides, and salts, depending on the strength of the interactions between the metal species and the ethylene oxide units of P123. The ordered mesoporosity of the monoliths containing accessible M2+ ions was used as a nanoreactor for the elaboration of various transition metal compounds (Prussian blue analogues, Hofmann compounds, metal–organic frameworks), and this opens the way to the elaboration of a large range of nanoparticles of multifunctional materials.
User‐Friendly Platinum Catalysts for the Highly Stereoselective Hydrosilylation of Alkynes and Alkenes
Authors: Dierick Steve , Vercruysse Emilie , Berthon‐Gelloz Guillaume , Markó István E. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractWith a view to addressing the shortcomings of traditional catalysts, a new generation of outstanding N‐ heterocyclic carbene platinum(0) complexes for the hydrosilylation of unsaturated carbon–carbon bonds is reported. Their discovery and application to the stereoselective addition of various silanes to silylated alkynes, terminal acetylenes, and olefins is presented. Insights into the catalytic cycle and the origin of the stereoselectivity are also discussed.
Proposal of a new staging system for intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: Analysis of surgical patients from a nationwide survey of the Liver Cancer Study Group of Japan
Authors: Sakamoto Yoshihiro , Kokudo Norihiro , Matsuyama Yutaka , Sakamoto Michiie , Izumi Namiki , Kadoya Masumi , Kaneko Shuichi , Ku Yonson , Kudo Masatoshi , Takayama Tadatoshi , Nakashima Osamu ,   on behalf of the Liver Cancer Study Group of Japan
Published: October 2015

BACKGROUNDIn the current American Joint Committee on Cancer/International Union Against Cancer staging system (seventh edition) for intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC), tumor size was excluded, and periductal invasion was added as a new tumor classification‐defining factor. The objective of the current report was to propose a new staging system for ICC that would be better for stratifying the survival of patients based on data from the nationwide Liver Cancer Study Group of Japan database.METHODSOf 756 patients who underwent surgical resection for ICC between 2000 and 2005, multivariate analyses of the clinicopathologic factors of 419 patients who had complete data sets were performed to elucidate relevant factors for inclusion in a new tumor classification and staging system.RESULTSOverall survival data were best stratified using a cutoff value of 2 cm using a minimal P value approach to discriminate patient survival. The 5‐year survival rate of 15 patients who had ICC measuring ≤2 cm in greatest dimension without lymph node metastasis or vascular invasion was 100%, and this cohort was defined as T1. Multivariate analysis of prognostic factors for 267 patients with lymph node‐negative and metastasis‐negative (N0M0) disease indicated that the number of tumors, the presence arterial invasion, and the presence major biliary invasion were independent and significant prognostic factors. The proposed new system, which included tumor number, tumor size, arterial invasion, and major biliary invasion for tumor classification, provided good stratification of overall patient survival according to disease stage. Macroscopic periductal invasion was associated with major biliary invasion and an inferior prognosis.CONCLUSIONSThe proposed new staging system, which includes a tumor cutoff size of 2 cm and major biliary invasion, may be useful for assigning patients to surgery. Cancer 2016;122:61–70. © 2015 The Authors. Cancer published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of American Cancer Society.
Endoscopic ultrasound–guided FNA and ProCore biopsy in sampling pancreatic and intra‐abdominal masses
Authors: Dwyer Jessica , Pantanowitz Liron , Ohori N. Paul , Pai Reetesh K. , Vrbin Colleen , Brand Randall E. , Monaco Sara E. 
Published: October 2015

BACKGROUNDProCore fine‐needle biopsy (FNB) was introduced to improve the diagnostic yield of endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)–guided fine‐needle aspiration (FNA) sampling. The aim of this study was to evaluate EUS‐guided sampling of intra‐abdominal masses and compare the diagnostic utility of conventional EUS‐FNA and ProCore FNB.METHODSEUS‐guided biopsy samples (FNA and/or EchoTip ProCore FNB) were retrospectively retrieved over the course of 23 months. Clinical findings, pathology reports, and available histological materials were reviewed. All cell blocks were reviewed, and their cellularity was scored (range, 0‐3).RESULTSFifty‐six masses from 58 cases were acquired, and they included 40 pancreatic sites and 16 other intra‐abdominal sites. Among the 31 FNB‐only cases, 71% were satisfactory, 65% were positive for malignancy at the time of final diagnosis, and their cell blocks were moderately cellular. For the cases with both FNB and FNA performed, more FNB samples than FNA samples were satisfactory (83% vs 76%) and were positive for malignancy (65% vs 48%) at final diagnosis, and the former had more cellular cell blocks (mean score, 1.58 vs 1.29); however, the differences were not statistically significant. Significantly more FNB samples were used for immunostains (48% vs 10%; P = .005).CONCLUSIONSThese data show that a wide variety of intra‐abdominal masses were amenable to sampling by ProCore FNB. In this subset of cases with prior/concurrent indeterminate FNAs, FNB showed slightly better diagnostic yield, and had more cellular tissue samples and more material for ancillary studies than matched FNAs. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2016;124:110–121. © 2015 American Cancer Society.
Constructing a three‐dimensional electrical model of a living cochlear implant user's cochlea
Authors: Malherbe T. K. , Hanekom T. , Hanekom J. J. 
Published: October 2015

SummaryBackgroundHearing performance varies greatly among users of cochlear implants. Current three‐dimensional cochlear models that predict the electrical fields inside a stimulated cochlea and their effect on neural excitation are generally based on a generic human or guinea pig cochlear shape that does not take inter‐user morphological variations into account. This precludes prediction of user‐specific performance.AimsThe aim of this study is to develop a model of the implanted cochlea of a specific living human individual and to assess if the inclusion of morphological variations in cochlear models affects predicted outcomes significantly.MethodsFive three‐dimensional electric volume conduction models of the implanted cochleae of individual living users were constructed from standard CT scan data. These models were embedded in head models that include monopolar return electrodes in accurate anatomic positions. Potential distributions and neural excitation patterns were predicted for each of the models.ResultsModeled potential distributions and neural excitation profiles (threshold amplitudes, center frequencies, and bandwidths) are affected by user‐specific cochlear morphology and electrode placement within the cochlea.ConclusionsThis work suggests that the use of user‐specific models is indicated when more detailed analysis is required than what is available from generic models. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Significantly Enhanced Separation using ZIF‐8 Membranes by Partial Conversion of Calcined Layered Double Hydroxide Precursors
Authors: Liu Yi , Peng Yuan , Wang Nanyi , Li Yanshuo , Pan Jia Hong , Yang Weishen , Caro Jürgen 
Published: October 2015

AbstractSignificantly enhanced H2/CH4 (ca. 80) selectivity was realized by effective suppression of the framework flexibility of a prepared ZIF‐8 membrane. Initially a ZnO buffer layer consisting of 20 nm‐sized ZnO‐nanoparticle aggregates was fabricated by controlled calcination of a ZnAl‐NO3 layered double hydroxide membrane. Owing to its high chemical reactivity, the ZnO buffer layer was partially converted into a well‐intergrown ZIF‐8 membrane with a certain penetration depth upon solvothermal treatment with ligands. Our method may represent a new concept for the design of advanced MOF membranes with high selectivity.
Efficient Synthesis of β‐Alkynylcorroles
Authors: Stefanelli Manuela , Naitana Mario L. , Chiarini Marco , Nardis Sara , Ricci Antonella , Fronczek Frank R. , Lo Sterzo Claudio , Smith Kevin M. , Paolesse Roberto 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThe introduction of alkynyl groups at the β‐pyrrolic positions of dibrominated corrole derivatives was attempted by using both Sonogashira and Stille coupling methodologies. An efficient bromination protocol was developed by using a silver corrolate, which enabled the regioselective preparation of the 3,17‐Br2 isomer in high yield. Whereas unsatisfactory results were obtained by applying Sonogashira reaction conditions, the Stille methodology produced, for the first time, novel 3,17‐diphenylethynylcorrole derivatives in good to excellent yields. A mild demetalation protocol of the silver complex led to the corresponding corrole free base, opening the way for the preparation of different metal complexes and further elaboration of the corrole platform by using alkyne chemistry.
Identification of mechano‐sensitive C fibre sensitization and contribution to nerve injury‐induced mechanical hyperalgesia
Authors: Hulse R. P. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractBackgroundC fibre hyperexcitability is fundamental to chronic pain development in humans and rodents; therefore, peripheral sensory neuronal sensitization plays a role in the development of mechanical hyperalgesia. However, the axonal properties and underlying mechanisms that are associated to these chronic pain states still require investigation.MethodsTeased fibre electrophysiology of the saphenous nerve was used to identify C fibres in naïve and nerve‐injured rats. C fibres were identified using electrical stimulation which further provided conduction velocity slowing profiles. From these nerve filaments evoked responses to mechanical stimuli were recorded. Vehicle or galanin were applied directly to the saphenous nerve trunk prior to stimulation.ResultsIncreased levels of mechanically evoked activity in mechano‐sensitive C fibres was associated to reduced conduction failure, enhanced conduction velocity latency recovery and reduced conduction velocity slowing. Mechanical hyperalgesia developed in nerve‐injured animals in which mechano‐sensitive C fibres demonstrated increased mechanically evoked responses and reduced rate of adaptation. Mechano‐sensitive C fibres in nerve‐injured animals had reduced levels of conduction velocity slowing, enhanced rate of conduction velocity recovery and reduced firing frequency failure versus naïve animals; all hallmarks of enhanced sensory neuronal excitability. Directly applying the antinociceptive agent galanin to the saphenous nerve trunk in naive animals led to increased conduction failure, reduced latency recovery rate and increased levels of conduction velocity slowing.DiscussionNerve injury‐induced enhanced neural responses to mechanical stimulation are associated to defined parameters setout by conduction velocity slowing, mediated via axonal processing. Application of galanin inhibits axonal excitability.
Furcht und Furchtgedächtnis
Authors: Pape Hans‐Christian 
Published: October 2015

AbstractBesorgniserregend: Schon jeder Fünfte durchleidet im Laufe seines Lebens eine Angststörung. Umso wichtiger ist es, die zellulären Grundlagen und molekularen Mechanismen dieser Emotionen zu verstehen. Die neurophysiologische Forschung gibt wegweisende Antworten.
Intelligent, sicher, respektvoll
Authors: Kolb Andreas , Köhler Christian 
Published: October 2015

AbstractSprengstoffe aufspüren, beim Autofahren helfen, Menschen aus Notlagen befreien — die Sensortechnik findet immer mehr Anwendungsgebiete. Forscher arbeiten nun an automatisierten Systemen, die ihre Nutzer unterstützen, ohne dabei die Privatsphäre zu verletzen.