bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Applications of spatial statistical network models to stream data
Authors: Isaak Daniel J. , Peterson Erin E. , Ver Hoef Jay M. , Wenger Seth J. , Falke Jeffrey A. , Torgersen Christian E. , Sowder Colin , Steel E. Ashley , Fortin Marie‐Josee , Jordan Chris E. , Ruesch Aaron S. , Som Nicholas , Monestiez Pascal 
Published: March 2014

AbstractStreams and rivers host a significant portion of Earth's biodiversity and provide important ecosystem services for human populations. Accurate information regarding the status and trends of stream resources is vital for their effective conservation and management. Most statistical techniques applied to data measured on stream networks were developed for terrestrial applications and are not optimized for streams. A new class of spatial statistical model, based on valid covariance structures for stream networks, can be used with many common types of stream data (e.g., water quality attributes, habitat conditions, biological surveys) through application of appropriate distributions (e.g., Gaussian, binomial, Poisson). The spatial statistical network models account for spatial autocorrelation (i.e., nonindependence) among measurements, which allows their application to databases with clustered measurement locations. Large amounts of stream data exist in many areas where spatial statistical analyses could be used to develop novel insights, improve predictions at unsampled sites, and aid in the design of efficient monitoring strategies at relatively low cost. We review the topic of spatial autocorrelation and its effects on statistical inference, demonstrate the use of spatial statistics with stream datasets relevant to common research and management questions, and discuss additional applications and development potential for spatial statistics on stream networks. Free software for implementing the spatial statistical network models has been developed that enables custom applications with many stream databases.This article is categorized under:

Water and Life > Nature of Freshwater Ecosystems
Similarity
Authors: Hahn Ulrike 
Published: March 2014

Similarity is a fundamental concept within Cognitive Science. It is routinely invoked in the explanation of cognitive processes as diverse as memory retrieval, categorization, visual search, problem solving, learning, language processing, reasoning, and social behavior. At the same time, it is of fundamental practical concern to computer scientists concerned with clustering and machine learning, and it figures in many philosophical contexts. Crucially, ‘similar’ is not a relationship that simply reflects objective properties of the objects under consideration but rather is dependent on how those objects are represented by an observer. This ties theories of similarity closely to theories of representation.This article is categorized under:

Philosophy > Foundations of Cognitive Science
Review on wind turbines with focus on drive train system dynamics
Authors: Struggl S. , Berbyuk V. , Johansson H. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThe strong growth within the wind technology market, underpinned by policy goals around the world, has highlighted the demand for advanced engineering analysis to improve wind turbine (WT) design, both in terms of reliability and design of larger turbines. This paper presents a review of the latest research that has been carried out in modeling and analysis of load transmission in WT drive train systems and their components. Common failure roots are elaborated, and probable hypotheses are presented. A modeling approach is derived by classification into engineering, mathematical and computational models with a focus on gearbox modeling efforts. Precise understanding of drive train system dynamics and load transmission is necessary for a cost efficient and robust system design to enhance reliability and reduce the maintenance costs. Design optimization of WTs and their subsystems will make future WTs more attractive compared with fossil and nuclear power plants, and it is therefore an important issue for a more sustainable environment. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A study on rotational augmentation using CFD analysis of flow in the inboard region of the MEXICO rotor blades
Authors: Guntur Srinivas , Sørensen Niels N. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThis work presents an analysis of data from existing as well as new full‐rotor computational fluid dynamics computations on the MEXICO rotor, with focus on the flow around the inboard parts of the blades. The boundary layer separation characteristics on the airfoil sections in the inboard parts of the rotor are analysed using the pressure and the skin friction data at a range of angles of attack. These data are used to gain insight on the relative behaviour of separated boundary layers in 3D flow compared with 2D flow. It has been found that separation on airfoils in rotating flows is different from that in 2D flows in two respects: (i) there is a chord‐wise postponement (or delay) of the separation point, and (ii) the angle of attack at which separation is initiated is higher in 3D compared with 2D. Comments are made on the mechanism of stall delay, and the main differences between the skin friction and pressure distribution behaviours in 2D and 3D rotating flows are highlighted. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Replacing a suite of commercial pectinases with a single enzyme, pectate lyase B, in Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentations of cull peaches
Authors: Edwards M C , Williams T , Pattathil S , Hahn M G , Doran-Peterson J 
Published: March 2014

Abstract
Fermentation of pectin-rich biomass with low concentrations of polysaccharides requires some treatment of the pectin, but does not need complete degradation of the polysaccharide to reach maximum ethanol yields. Cull peaches, whole rotten fruits that are not suitable for sale, contain high concentrations of glucose (27.7 % dw) and fructose (29.3 % dw) and low amounts of cellulose (2.8 % dw), hemicellulose (4.5 % dw) and pectin (5.6 % dw). Amounts of commercial saccharification enzymes, cellulase and cellobiase can be significantly decreased and commercial pectinase mixtures can be replaced completely with a single enzyme, pectate lyase (PelB), while maintaining ethanol yields above 90 % of the theoretical maximum. PelB does not completely degrade pectin; it only releases short chain oligogalacturonides. However, the activity of PelB is sufficient for the fermentation process, and its addition to fermentations without commercial pectinase increases ethanol production by ~12 %.
Synthesis, Characterization and Investigation of Different Properties of Three Novel Thiourea‐Based Non‐ionic Surfactants
Authors: Ullah Imdad , Shah Afzal , Badshah Amin , Rana Usman Ali , Shakir Imran , Khan Asad Muhammad , Khan Shahan Zeb , Zia‐ur‐Rehman  
Published: March 2014

AbstractThree novel thiourea‐based non‐ionic surfactants, 3‐decanoyl‐1,1‐diphenylthiourea, 3‐dodecanoyl‐1,1‐diphenylthiourea and 1,1‐diphenyl‐3‐tetradecanoylthiourea were synthesized from carbonyl chlorides, potassium thiocyanate and amines in high yield. The synthesized compounds were characterized by different techniques like 1H NMR, 13C NMR, FTIR and UV‐Visible spectrophotometry. These surfactants are soluble in nonpolar and polar organic solvents and resist solubility in water due to the presence of thiourea group. Electronic absorption spectroscopy was used to evaluate their critical micelle concentration (CMC) in different solvents. The CMC was found to decrease with increase in hydrophobic carbon chain length as expected. Moreover, the effect of pH on their spectral transition was investigated and the two peaks were found to merge in highly alkaline conditions.
Comparison of Fatty Acid Methyl and Ethyl Esters as Biodiesel Base Stock: a Review on Processing and Production Requirements
Authors: Yusoff Mohamad Firdaus Mohamad , Xu Xuebing , Guo Zheng 
Published: March 2014

AbstractFatty acid methyl esters (FAME) were the first fatty acid esters to be introduced for use as biodiesel. However, there is a growing interest in the use of fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEE) in biodiesel. Both FAME and FAEE have their own unique advantages and disadvantages. These differences are ultimately attributable to the structural differences imparted by the alcohols used in their production. Sources of reactants as well as their safety issues, are a focus of this review. Also reviewed are the comparative characteristics and properties of both biodiesel types in terms of physicochemical features and performance. Processing requirements, reaction times and molar ratios of alcohol to oil, together with problems and drawbacks, are discussed. Recent developments on improving the yield of biodiesel, include mixing methanol and ethanol in the same reaction with ethanol acting as a co‐solvent, and enzymatic methanolysis and ethanolysis are also highlighted.
Lange nichtkodierende RNA (lncRNA)
Authors: Maass P.G. 
Published: March 2014

Zusammenfassung
Lange nichtkodierende RNAs (lncRNA) ergänzen die bisher bekannten Mechanismen und Möglichkeiten der Genregulation. lncRNAs beeinflussen auf transkriptioneller oder posttranskriptioneller Ebene – in Interaktion mit der Genomarchitektur – fundamentale biologische Prozesse, wie genomisches Imprinting, Histonmodifikationen, Genaktivierung oder -repression, die Determinierung von Gewebespezifitäten oder Zellproliferation. Die Assoziation von lncRNAs in der molekularen Pathogenese von klinisch apparenten Phänotypen wurde gezeigt und unterstreicht die Bedeutung der lncRNA-vermittelten Genregulation und jeglicher Veränderungen der regulativen Netzwerke im Nukleus. Aufgrund der gewebespezifischen lncRNA-Expression und der Zielgenspezifität stellen lncRNAs potenzielle Ziele für therapeutische Ansätze dar.
Diagnosing young children with autism
Authors: Matson Johnny L. , Goldin Rachel L. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThe starting point for any research on Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) involves the identification of people who evince the condition. From this point follows research on symptom presentation, genetics, epidemiology, animal models, treatment efficacy, and many other important topics. Major advances have been made in differential diagnosis, particularly with young children. This fact is particularly important since ASD is a life long condition. This review documents recent advances and the current state of research on this topic.
E-theory for C[0, 1]-algebras with finitely many singular points
Authors: Dadarlat Marius , Vaidyanathan Prahlad 
Published: March 2014

AbstractWe study the E-theory group E[0, 1](A, B) for a class of C*-algebras over the unit interval with finitely many singular points, called elementary C[0, 1]-algebras. We use results on E-theory over non-Hausdorff spaces to describe E[0, 1](A, B) where A is a sky-scraper algebra. Then we compute E[0, 1](A, B) for two elementary C[0, 1]-algebras in the case where the fibers A(x) and B(y) of A and B are such that E1 (A(x), B(y)) = 0 for all x, y ∈ [0, 1]. This result applies whenever the fibers satisfy the UCT, their K0-groups are free of finite rank and their K1-groups are zero. In that case we show that E[0, 1](A, B) is isomorphic to Hom(0(A), 0(B)), the group of morphisms of the K-theory sheaves of A and B. As an application, we give a streamlined partially new proof of a classification result due to the first author and Elliott.
Effects of the particle deformability on the critical separation diameter in the deterministic lateral displacement device
Authors: Ye Shangjun , Shao Xueming , Yu Zhaosheng , Yu Wenguang 
Published: March 2014

AbstractDeterministic lateral displacement (DLD) technology is a newly developed method which can separate microscale and nanoscale particles continuously and efficiently. In this paper, a direct numerical simulation method (i.e. a fictitious domain method) is used to simulate the motion of an elastic particle (modelled as homogeneously elastic body) in the DLD device. The effects of the particle deformability on the critical separation diameter are investigated. Our results indicate that there exists a critical deformability, below which the critical diameter decreases with increasing deformability, whereas beyond which the critical diameter increases with increasing deformability. The reasons are discussed via the consideration of the effects of the particle deformation and the lubrication force on the lateral position of the particle centre point. In addition, our results show that the increase in the gap distance between adjacent posts in both directions or in the longitudinal direction alone leads to the increase in the critical particle size with respect to the gap size, which can be explained by the lateral position of the separation streamline of the undisturbed flow.
Computational modelling of flow through prosthetic heart valves using the entropic lattice-Boltzmann method
Authors: Yun B. Min , Dasi L. P. , Aidun C. K. , Yoganathan A. P. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractPrevious clinical, in vitro experimental and in silico simulation studies have shown the complex dynamics of flow through prosthetic heart valves. In the case of bileaflet mechanical heart valves (BMHVs), complex flow phenomena are observed due to the presence of two rigid leaflets. A numerical method for this type of study must be able to accurately simulate pulsatile flow through BMHVs with the inclusion of leaflet motion and high-Reynolds-number flow modelling. Consequently, this study aims at validating a numerical method that captures the flow dynamics for pulsatile flow through a BMHV. A $23~ \mbox{mm}$ St. Jude Medical (SJM) Regent™ valve is selected for use in both the experiments and numerical simulations. The entropic lattice-Boltzmann method is used to simulate pulsatile flow through the valve with the inclusion of reverse leakage flow, while prescribing the flowrate and leaflet motion from experimental data. The numerical simulations are compared against experimental digital particle image velocimetry (DPIV) results from a previous study for validation. The numerical method is shown to match well with the experimental results quantitatively as well as qualitatively. Simulations are performed with efficient parallel processing at very high spatiotemporal resolution that can capture the finest details in the pulsatile BMHV flow field. This study validates the lattice-Boltzmann method as suitable for simulating pulsatile, high-Reynolds-number flows through prosthetic devices for use in future research.
Incorporating parasite data in population structure studies of South African sardine Sardinops sagax
Authors: VAN DER LINGEN CARL DAVID , WESTON LAURA FRANCES , SSEMPA NURUDEAN NORMAN , REED CECILE CATHARINE 
Published: March 2014

SUMMARYA multidisciplinary approach has been applied to examine the population structure of sardine Sardinops sagax off South Africa, where this species supports significant fisheries and is also of ecological and eco-tourism importance. Observations of discontinuous sardine distribution patterns, discrete spawning grounds and significant spatial differences in a variety of phenotypic characteristics have suggested the existence of discrete western, southern and eastern sardine sub-populations or stocks. The use of parasites as biological tags to elucidate sardine population structure has recently been investigated, and strong spatial gradients around South Africa in the prevalence, mean infection intensity and mean abundance of a digenean ‘tetracotyle’ type metacercarial endoparasite considered to be of the genus Cardiocephaloides and found in the humours of fish eyes support and have proved particularly convincing evidence for the sardine multiple stock hypothesis. A discontinuous distribution in the occurrence of another parasite, the coccidean Eimeria sardinae found in fish testes, has provided additional but weaker evidence of discrete stocks. These results have contributed to a changed understanding of the population structure of South African sardine and have significant implications for management of the fisheries for this species.
Genetic and environmental influences on the relationship between adult ADHD symptoms and self-reported problem drinking in 6024 Dutch twins
Authors: Derks E. M. , Vink J. M. , Willemsen G. , van den Brink W. , Boomsma D. I. 
Published: March 2014

BackgroundCross-sectional and longitudinal studies have shown a positive association between attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and problematic alcohol use in adults. To what extent this association is explained by genetic and environmental factors is largely unknown.MethodData on ADHD and alcohol consumption were collected by self-report in 6024 adult Dutch twins. ADHD symptoms were assessed by three subscales of the Conners' Adult ADHD Rating Scales – Self-Report: Screening Version (CAARS–S:SV): inattentiveness, hyperactivity and the ADHD index (ADHD-I). Problem drinking was defined as at least two self-reported alcohol-related problems on the CAGE questionnaire. Structural equation modelling was applied to the bivariate twin data to estimate genetic and environmental influences.ResultsHeritability of ADHD symptoms ranged between 32% and 40% and heritability of problem drinking was 50%. The positive correlation between ADHD symptoms and problem drinking was confirmed in this general population sample, with phenotypic correlations between 0.20 and 0.28 and genetic correlations between 0.39 and 0.50. Phenotypic correlations are primarily (61–100%) explained by genetic influences with non-shared environmental influences explaining the remaining covariance. No significant quantitative or qualitative gender differences in covariance structure were found.ConclusionsThis study convincingly shows that ADHD symptoms and problem drinking are moderately but significantly correlated in adults and that genetic correlations are primarily underlying this association. This suggests that early interventions are required to prevent adolescents with ADHD from developing problematic levels of alcohol use. Furthermore, clinicians who treat alcohol-dependent patients should be aware that the patient may have a co-morbid condition of ADHD; integrated interventions are required.
Collaborative research projects in the technology-enhanced language classroom: Pre-service and in-service teachers exchange knowledge about technology
Authors: Cutrim Schmid Euline , Hegelheimer Volker 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThis paper presents research findings of a longitudinal empirical case study that investigated an innovative Computer Assisted Language Learning (CALL) professional development program for pre-service English as Foreign Language (EFL) teachers. The conceptualization of the program was based on the assumption that pre-service language teachers learn better in situated contexts (Egbert, 2006). Therefore, a key component of the program was the development of school-based research projects, in which the student teachers needed to design, implement, and evaluate technology-enhanced EFL lessons in collaboration with in-service teachers. Data were collected via field notes, video recordings of lessons, academic research reports produced by the pre-service teachers, and in-depth interviews with the pre-service and in-service teachers. Our findings indicate that the field experiences provided professional learning opportunities that supported the student teachers’ development as CALL practitioners. The participating pre-service teachers especially emphasized the important role played by school-based experiences in allowing them to use technology in authentic language teaching scenarios and to evaluate the impact of technology on language teaching and learning. The paper concludes with a discussion of important principles and guidelines that should underlie and inform such collaborative efforts and a summary of the implications of the findings for the design of CALL pre-service teacher education programs.
The effects of communication mode on negotiation of meaning and its noticing
Authors: Yuksel Dogan , Inan Banu 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThis study examined the effects of communication mode (i.e., face to face versus computer mediated communication) on the instances of negotiation of meaning (NofM) and its level of noticing by learners. Sixty-four participants (32 dyads) completed two jigsaw tasks in two different mediums (one in each) and four days after the tasks they were asked to identify the instances where they had communication breakdowns in a stimulated recall protocol. The findings of the study revealed that the average number of the NofM exchanges and durations of the tasks were higher in face to face mode (F2F) but the participants of the synchronous computer mediated communication (SCMC) group noticed a higher average of NofM instances (M=10.72) compared to the F2F group (M=9.13) and the difference was significant. Based on these results, we can argue that F2F promotes a better context for the production of NofM, but the SCMC environment leads to more instances of noticing.
Exercise as an add-on strategy for the treatment of major depressive disorder: a systematic review
Authors: Mura Gioia , Moro Maria Francesca , Patten Scott B. , Carta Mauro G. 
Published: March 2014

Antidepressants are currently the treatment of choice for major depressive disorder (MDD). Nevertheless, a high percentage of patients do not respond to a first-line antidepressant drug, and combination treatments and augmentation strategies increase the risk of side effects. Moreover, a significant proportion of patients are treatment-resistant. In the last 30 years, a number of studies have sought to establish whether exercise could be regarded as an alternative to antidepressants, but so far no specific analysis has examined the efficacy of exercise as an adjunctive treatment in combination with antidepressants. We carried out a systematic review to evaluate the effectiveness of exercise as an adjunctive treatment with antidepressants on depression.A search of relevant papers was carried out in PubMed/Medline, Google Scholar, and Scopus with the following keywords: “exercise,” “physical activity,” “physical fitness,” “depressive disorder,” “depression,” “depressive symptoms,” “add-on,” “augmentation,” “adjunction,” and “combined therapy.” Twenty-two full-text articles were retrieved by the search. Among the 13 papers that fulfilled our inclusion criteria, we found methodological weaknesses in the majority. However, the included studies showed a strong effectiveness of exercise combined with antidepressants.Further analyses and higher quality studies are needed; nevertheless, as we have focused on a particular intervention (exercise in adjunction to antidepressants) that better reflects clinical practice, we can hypothesize that this strategy could be appropriately and safely translated into real-world practice.
Hypothermia-Induced Neuroprotection is Associated with Reduced Mitochondrial Membrane Permeability in a Swine Model of Cardiac Arrest
Authors: Gong Ping , Hua Rong , Zhang Yu , Zhao Hong , Tang Ziren , Mei Xue , Zhang Mingyue , Cui Juan , Li Chunsheng 
Published: March 2014

Correction to: Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism (2013) 33, 928–934; doi: 10.1038/jcbfm.2013.33 ; published online 13 March 2013 A fund grant number was incorrectly omitted from the Acknowledgements. The following sentence should be read with the Funding Statement: ‘This work was supported by the Liaoning Province Nature Science Foundation (Grant No. 2013023020).’