bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Horses for War
Authors: Hyland Ann 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This chapter examines the breeding and sustaining of warhorses. Horses refer to power in military and economic fields, and were sacrificed to the Sun before battle. Xenophon described the ideal warhorse. It was important for warhorses to have a good temperament. Some horses went willingly and repeatedly into battle. In war, horses would encounter camels and elephants, which were often employed in the armies of the east. Army animals could have lameness, injury, endemic diseases, and various common ailments. Puncture wounds were the most severe injuries in these animals. Tack gave the rider control over his horse and consisted firstly of bitting, secondly of saddlery. Seat security over horse could be achieved through a hard treed saddle with retentive front and rear horns. It is observed that some cavalry were armored, both men and horses.
The Germanic and Danubian Transfrontier Peoples
Authors: Wells Peter S. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This chapter explores the character of the societies beyond the frontier and the ways in which those peoples responded to their interactions with the Roman world. Marcomanni, Quadi, Cherusci, Alamanni, Franks, Burgundians, Goths, Gepids, Alans, Huns, Avars, and Slavs were some of the transfrontier peoples. The chapter also treats the transfrontier peoples in two main groupings, one pf which consisted of peoples east of the Rhine and north of the upper Danube, as far east as modern Hungary. The second major geographical grouping was comprised of peoples north of the middle and lower Danube, from Hungary to the Black Sea. Several conflicts along the frontiers between the mid-second and fifth centuries BCaffected Roman thinking about the transfrontier peoples and influenced Roman military tactics. The continuity through time and space of specific burial practices displayed a degree of contact and communication among its enemies that Rome did not comprehend.
Military and Society in Sasanian Iran
Authors: McDonough Scott 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis chapter examines the military as an institution in Iranian politics and society, starting in the Parthian era and focusing on Sasanian developments. Sasanian Iran was a considerably less populous, rich, and centralized polity than Rome, even though the Iranian society was highly militarized and its elites defined themselves as a “warrior aristocracy.” The Iranian (“Aryan”) cavalry was the backbone of Sasanian military power. The regions on the “bleeding edge” of Sasanian expansion contributed to Sasanian military strength. Successful offensive warfare gave the Sasanians a deeper base of military manpower. The final two centuries of the Sasanian era exhibited a military crisis, and the restructuring of the Sasanian military and society, all of which eventually resulted in the end of the Sasanian army. The soldiers and principles of the Sasanian military would live on in Iran and beyond though the Middle Ages.
Inside Media Psychology: The Story of an Emerging Discipline as Told by a Leading Journal
Authors: Baker Derwin Ellen , De Merode Janet 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The journal Media Psychology debuted in 1999 as the first peer-reviewed academic publication in the United States dedicated to the intersection of psychology and communication research. Using abstracts (N = 242) and keywords (N = 5,276) we analyzed the focus of the first 12 years of publication. During this time, the journal was guided by the founding coeditors (1999–2005) and subsequent teams of editors in rotation (2006–2010). Output is traced overall and compared between the two editorship periods. Overall, television emerged as the focus of more articles than any other form of media, whereas technology, diversity, and political categories increased from the first to the second period. Young children received more attention than other age groups during all 12 years. Journal contributors indicated strong international scholarship. One particularly salient finding is that contributions from communication departments exceeded those from psychology departments. We recommend encouraging interdisciplinary work to reinforce the inaugural focus of Media Psychology.
Children's Media Use: A Positive Psychology Approach
Authors: Gregory Erik M. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe sky isn’t falling when it comes to children’s media use. The time is ripe to use media strategically, drawing from the field of positive psychology that promotes socially constructive outcomes that educate, inform, and entertain children for the 21st century. Although much of the academic literature on children’s media use has focused on the negative impact media have on children (especially television violence), less has been written on the ability of media to provide greater and more equal access to information for children around the world, or enrich and broaden the learning andunderstanding of children regardless of geographic location. Certainly, the great opportunities that the information age has brought with it have included risks for children. Parents, educators, and health care professionals are naturally concerned about the negative consequences to children who are interacting more with television and new media (such as the Internet, mobile phone texting, and MP3 players) than they often are with each other. This chapter presents arguments on the prosocial opportunities of children’s media use as informed by positive psychology’s rise in the past 10 years. Given that the proliferation of media and its globalization are shaping children today, it is important to use this powerful tool for constructive outcomes of engagement.
Violent Video Games and Aggression
Authors: Krahé Barbara 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe potential impact of violent video games on increasing players’ aggression is a highly controversial issue in public debate and has been examined thoroughly in the scholarly literature. This chapter reviews the current state of knowledge about the empirical evidence and theoretical explanations concerning the relationship between exposure to video game violence and aggressive affect, cognitions, and behavior. It starts by presenting results from content analyses on the extent to which violence features in video games before looking at usage intensity and the appeal of violent games. The main part of the chapter provides a review of meta-analytic, experimental, and longitudinal studies addressing the strength of the link between the use of violent video games and aggression, followed by a discussion of the psychological processes underlying short-term effects and long-term consequences of playing violent video games. The final section summarizes interventions directed at reducing the effects of media violence on aggression.
The Japanese Approach to Research on the Psychological Effects of Media Use
Authors: Sakamoto Akira 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The main objective of this chapter is to illustrate Japanese trends in the study of the psychological effects of media exposure, particularly electronic media. The chapter describes: (1) the history of media tool dissemination in Japan and its current state; (2) the current state and background of Japanese studies on psychological effects of use of media, and characteristics of such studies in comparison with American studies; and (3) five types of actual or potential contributions of Japanese studies to global study trends. These five types were cross-cultural generalization of research findings, expansion of study areas, deepening of understanding of preceding study findings, execution of studies unique to Japan, and execution of social experiments using the process of media tool dissemination. After these descriptions, the chapter states a brief conclusion, and finally discusses the future direction of Japanese studies.
Media Content Analysis: Qualitative Methods
Authors: Neal Michael R. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Although qualitative methods traditionally suffer from concerns about reliability, validity, and researcher bias (see Chapter 8), new computer-assisted methods can assist in addressing these issues. Intelligent software, integrated with mixed methods and visualizations can be a valuable tool for media psychology researchers. Techniques for automated text coding assistance, concept, theme, and data relationship extraction with advanced text analytics capabilities provide the ability for researchers to examine large volumes of poor quality data, such as those found in social media studies. The current chapter examines quantitative, qualitative, and text analytics methods within the context of a qualitative media content analysis. For media researchers, an example within the chapter provides insight into many of the challenges of extracting meaning from text. As an exemplar of integrated methods, this chapter extends the exploration of a definition for media psychology from the Introduction of this handbook to derive a definition of media psychology from the actual content of the Handbook.
The Cold War and the Imperialism of Nation-States
Authors: Duara Prasenjit 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This chapter examines the role of the imperialism of nation-states in the Cold War. It suggests that the Cold War rivalry provided the “frame of reference” in which the historical forces of imperialism and nationalism interacted with developments such as decolonization, multiculturalism, and new ideologies and modes of identity formation. The chapter also argues that while the equilibrium of Cold War rivalry generated an entrenched political and ideological hegemony limiting the realization of political, economic, and imaginative possibilities in much of the world, the developing world represented significant weak links and played an equally important role in its collapse.
Eastern Europe
Authors: Stöver Bernd 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This chapter examines the role and experience of Eastern Europe in the Cold War. It explains that the history of East Central Europe's Cold War began with the gradual dissolution of the anti-Hitler coalition at the end of World War 2 and that the transition to the officially declared Cold War was accompanied by various official statements. The chapter describes how the Cold War escalated with the Eastern bloc uprisings between 1953 and 1956, and argues that the construction of the Berlin Wall represented the main watershed in the history of the Eastern bloc as well as in the evolution of the Cold War.
Africa
Authors: Schmidt Elizabeth 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This chapter examines the impact of the Cold War on Africa. It explains that while Africa is the least-known Cold War battleground, the United States, the Soviet Union, China, and Cuba became embroiled in the internal affairs of countless African countries. The chapter analyzes the ideologies, practices, and interests of these main external actors and describes the four major arenas of conflict that are representative of broad trends in Cold War intervention in Africa. It also discusses how the Cold War altered the dynamics of local struggles, created unprecedented levels of destruction and widespread instability, and contributed to many of the problems that plague Africa today.
The Nuclear Revolution
Authors: Craig Campbell 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This chapter, which examines the role of nuclear weapons in the Cold War and the role of the Cold War in the nuclear revolution, argues that the development of nuclear weapons significantly affected the Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union beyond the nuclear crises and arms races. It investigates the role of the atomic bomb in making impossible the postwar cooperation between the United States and the Soviet Union, and evaluates the role of nuclear fear in invalidating the Soviet's Marxism-Leninism ideology. The chapter also considers how the mutual assured destruction pushed the superpowers away from direct military confrontation and into senseless weapon overproduction at home.
International Institutions
Authors: Sayward Amy L. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This chapter explores the role of international institutions during the Cold War. It explains that while international institutions promoted their own agendas for global action, they also provided venues for raising questions about the bipolar power contest and acted as mitigators in international conflicts. The chapter also suggests that the histories of international institutions can provide insights into the complexities of the Cold War. It furthermore discusses the role of the United Nations in creating an era of global expectations and conventions that do fit into the nation-states paradigm, and highlights the emergence of the so-called world society or world culture during the Cold War.
The International Environmental Movement and the Cold War
Authors: Tucker Richard P. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This chapter, which examines the history of the international environmental movement during the Cold War, analyzes the emergence of and tenuous collaboration between the environmental and anti-nuclear movements. It discusses the early anti-nuclear movement in the 1950s, the emergence of the international environmental movement in the late 1960s, and the environmental controversies in the Soviet Union. The chapter argues that it was the June 1972 United Nations Conference on the Human Environment which marked the official recognition that environmental challenges must be addressed globally.
Globalization and the Cold War
Authors: Lynn Hyung‐Gu 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This chapter examines the role of the Cold War in the emergence of “globalization.” It argues that globalization did not succeed or supersede the Cold War but emerged from it through the rapid increase in the speed, scale, and scope of transnational linkages, fueled largely by developments in communications, transportation, and international agreements that occurred during the years 1945 to 1989. The chapter argues against the assertion that globalization is a profoundly new phenomenon and shows how Cold War innovations contributed to the three interlinked areas of globalization, which include communications, transportation, and international agreements.
Ethical Theories of Hermann Cohen, Franz Rosenzweig, and Martin Buber
Authors: Crane Jonathan K. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the thoughts of the early twentieth-century German Jewish thinkers Hermann Cohen, Franz Rosenzweig, and Martin Buber. These three German scholars, writing in the decades surrounding World War I, were both attracted to and repulsed by modernity. On the one hand, the modern drive toward nationalism inspired their commitment to Jews and Judaism, and so each plumbed the Jewish textual tradition to ground their ethical theories. Yet the destructiveness caused by self-centeredness led each man to promote an ethic that attended to others. The chapter explores this turn to others and otherness—a turn that oriented much subsequent Jewish ethical theorizing.
Ethical Theories in the Reform Movement
Authors: Marmur Michael 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This chapter traces the emergence of Reform Jewish ethical sensibility from its early days in nineteenth-century Germany through its evolution to modern America, Israel, and beyond, identifying four major sensibilities that, while chronologically presented, are nevertheless found among contemporary Reform Jews. These include the notion that ethics rightfully should be the first theology of Judaism, a passion for tikkun olam (repairing the world from injustices), a suspicion and critique of modernity, and an ethics of authenticity.
Ethical Theories in the Orthodox Movement
Authors: Shatz David 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This chapter examines the writings of Modern Orthodox thinkers. To frame the discussion, it focuses on a so-called maximalist Modern Orthodox position consisting of four assertions, each of which is discussed in turn: (i) the validity thesis, (ii) the knowledge thesis, (iii) the jurisprudential thesis; (iv) the reconciliation thesis. The four components of the maximalist Modern Orthodox positions have varying degrees of textual, philosophical, and empirical support. Perhaps the deepest problem confronting a Modern Orthodox thinker is how a decisor can trust his ethical judgments, given that some of God's commands strike people as immoral and human judgment therefore appears to be deeply flawed.
Ethical Theories in the Reconstructionist Movement
Authors: Teutsch David A. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The Reconstructionist movement perceives Judaism as the evolving religious civilization of the Jewish people. This chapter demonstrates Reconstructionism's concern for ethics by identifying the movement's assumptions about how and why Jews should act in the world. As shaping actual Jewish living has continually been its major goal, the movement eventually developed what is now called values-based decision-making that would guide collective as well as personal ethical deliberation and concrete action.
Feminist Jewish Ethical Theories
Authors: Plaskow Judith 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This chapter highlights some key contexts in which feminist ethical discourses emerge, and important methods that Jewish feminists employ in order to address gender and other inequalities, arguing that all the many forms of Jewish feminism are “fundamentally about ethics.” Across denominations, in the broader feminist movement, in academia, and in Israel as well as North America, Jewish women have been reshaping what and how Jews and non-Jews think and act—regarding women, gender, inequality and injustice, and many other critical ethical issues, including Judaism itself. Feminist methodologies creatively critique halakhah, theology, liturgy, ritual, and textual interpretation, with implications for social and political analysis and activism. In doing so, Jewish feminists “have created both a rich literature and a legacy of activism that is ethical to its core.”
Postmodern Jewish Ethical Theories
Authors: Kavka Martin 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Nearly concurrent with the rise of feminist criticisms in recent decades was the emergence of post-modernism that both endorsed particularity (as against the universality championed by modernity) yet critiqued the totalizing effects inhering in particularity. This chapter begins by tracing the complicated interrelationship of Jewish and secular philosophy in Emmanuel Levinas' thought. It then turns to the ethical philosophy of embodiment and self-mastery by Jonathan Schofer and Chaya Halberstam, to show that postmodern Jewish ethics is simultaneously intensely personal as it is also procedural and communal.
Jewish Ethics of Speech
Authors: Gray Alyssa M. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This chapter discusses a Jewish ethics of speech under the following headings: (1) Jewish legal and ethical norms pertaining to bad language and speech about other people; (2) holy speech; and (3) speech that is beneficial to society or other people. Throughout, special attention is given to the different voices within Jewish sacred literature, including voices that express ethical considerations bound to very particular historical contexts.
Longitudinal Studies
Authors: Sankoff Gillian 
Published: February 2013

AbstractInterest in longitudinal sociolinguistic research has grown considerably over the past decade. This chapter notes that the major reason for this surge of interest is that longitudinal research has begun to answer some of the most important questions that relate language variation and language change. It examines what evidence longitudinal studies can provide about stability versus change, the relationship between language change and age grading, and whether longitudinal sociolinguistic evidence influences accepted wisdom on the relative stability of people’s grammars in adult life. Longitudinal studies are crucial in resolving these ambiguities of interpretation, and real-time data has now often been used to enrich apparent time interpretations.
English in Language Policies and Ideologies in Africa
Authors: Kamwangamalu Nkonko M. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis chapter examines the relationship between African languages and the economy by addressing vernacularization against the language ideologies from the perspective of theoretical approaches to the spread of English on the one hand, and recent developments in the economics of language on the other. First, it summarizes postcolonial language-in-education policies in Africa, and the role of English and other former colonial languages in those policies. Next, the chapter discusses theoretical approaches to the spread of English in Africa to provide the background against which the ideologies that inform the spread of English can be understood better. It argues that, for vernacularization to succeed in Africa, especially in the era of globalization, African languages must be assigned an economic value at least in the local linguistic market place.
Language Policy and Ideology
Authors: Zhang Qing 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis chapter discusses language policies in the People’s Republic of China (PRC), including the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HKSAR since 1997) and Taiwan. The term “Greater China” refers to these three territories. Contemporary language policies in the region are driven by the need for, and play a vital role in, building a unified modern nation-state. The discussion notes that language policy is informed and shaped by language ideologies and attitudes, as well as by sociohistorical, geopolitical, and economic considerations. All three territories have witnessed drastic socioeconomic and political change since the last two decades of the twentieth century. Such transformations have undoubtedly left their impact on their languages and language policies.
Language Policies and Politics in South Asia
Authors: Chand Vineeta 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis chapter explores socioeconomic, political, religious ethno-cultural, and national positions toward language management, which underlie diachronic changes in South Asian nations’ language policies and linguistic ideologies. In South Asia, feelings toward linguistic diversity, as realized through national language policies and in actual national language management practices, are highly diverse. The negotiation of and diachronic changes in language policies, together with functional and ideological goals—visible through language attitudes, overt and covert language policies, and diachronic changes in language competencies—offer a lens through which to understand language management and value.
Our Stories, Ourselves
Authors: Frankel Richard M. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis chapter aims to combine traditional approaches to analyzing narratives with strategies for using them to change organizational culture; introduce the concepts of emergent design and appreciative inquiry as a framework for uncovering and disseminating an organization’s core narrative; and describe several innovative organization-level activities that used emergent design and appreciative inquiry narratives to change the culture of a large medical school. Indiana University School of Medicine (IUSM) is currently the largest medical school in North America. In January of 2003, the Relationship-Centered Care Initiative (RCCI) was launched, with an audacious goal: to change the culture of the school and reverse some of the negative trends it had been experiencing over the past decade. Relationship-Centered Care is an expanded form of patient-centered care, which focuses on including the values, attitudes, and preferences of patients as they seek and receive care.