bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Estimation of Short Term Probability Distributions of Wave Induced Loads Acting on a Cruise Vessel in Extreme Seas
Authors: Rajendran Suresh , Fonseca Nuno , Guedes Soares C. 
Published: November 2013

A time domain code based on strip theory is applied to calculate the probability distributions of relative motions and bending moments of a cruise ship in a set of extreme seas. The code includes two levels of complexity. The simpler one combines linear radiation and diffraction forces with nonlinear Froude-Krylov forces, hydrostatic forces and shipping of green water on the bow. Cummins formulation is used to represent the radiation forces. The second approach is a generalization of the first one and, although the formulation is based on the linear assumption (of the radiation forces), the effects of body nonlinearity are considered by a simplified method: the memory functions, infinite frequency added masses and the radiation restoring coefficients are assessed at each time instant as function of the instantaneous wetted surface. A similar procedure is used to calculate the diffraction forces.
The code is used to analyze the responses of a cruise ship in a set of extreme sea conditions. The nonlinear radiation and diffraction effects on the responses are analyzed by comparing the “fully nonlinear” results with the numerical predictions assuming linear radiation and diffraction forces. The short term nonlinear responses are represented by empirical probability distributions, obtained from time domain simulations, and the quality of the predictions is assessed by comparing with model tests experimental data.
Low Emission LNG Fuelled Ships for Environmental Friendly Operations in Arctic Areas
Authors: Æsøy Vilmar , Stenersen Dag 
Published: November 2013

Environmental restrictions now favor cleaner fuels, and Natural gas (LNG) is one of the most promising alternative fuels. Highly efficient natural gas fuelled engines have been developed since around 1990. These engines are now entering maritime applications, offering significant emission reductions, both in a local and global perspective. Using LNG as fuel reduce NOx emissions by up to 90%, SOx and particulate matter (soot) are reduced by 95–100% and CO2 emissions are reduced by up to 25%, when compared to traditional marine fuels. These emission reductions are significant contribution especially in local and regional environments. Using LNG as a clean fuel also offers a significant increase in total energy efficiency. Combining power and heat generation, natural gas fuelled engines for on-shore power generation offer a total thermal efficiency of 80–90%, depending on the waste heat recovery rate. For liquid fuels exhaust heat recovery is limited due to the sulfur content, which may cause acid corrosion. Onboard ships, LNG fuelled engines have potential to utilize waste heat to obtain significant higher thermal efficiency than their diesel engine counterpart.
LNG is mainly available from fossil sources, but now also increasingly from renewable sources as bio-gas. For storing and transportation LNG is preferred as less challenging compared to high pressure CNG. On the coast of Norway a LNG distribution system is now being built, supplying a fleet of more than 40 ships. LNG is transported by special designed small LNG carriers from the production plants to a series of main terminals along the coastline. From these main terminals the LNG is distributed by trucks to the local fuelling stations, or for direct fuelling of the ships.
This paper will present the basic technology and experiences from this full scale LNG fuel system. The paper will discuss local and global environmental benefits, technical solutions, safety issues, and costs issues related to the distribution system and the on-board fuel installations.
Investigations of the Mode of Action and Resistance Development of Cadazolid, a New Antibiotic for Treatment of Clostridium difficile Infections
Authors: Locher Hans H. , Caspers Patrick , Bruyère Thierry , Schroeder Susanne , Pfaff Philippe , Knezevic Andreja , Keck Wolfgang , Ritz Daniel 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACT

Cadazolid is a new oxazolidinone-type antibiotic currently in clinical development for the treatment of
Clostridium difficile
-associated diarrhea. Here, we report investigations on the mode of action and the propensity for spontaneous resistance development in
C. difficile
strains. Macromolecular labeling experiments indicated that cadazolid acts as a potent inhibitor of protein synthesis, while inhibition of DNA synthesis was also observed, albeit only at substantially higher concentrations of the drug. Strong inhibition of protein synthesis was also obtained in strains resistant to linezolid, in agreement with low MICs against such strains. Inhibition of protein synthesis was confirmed in coupled transcription/translation assays using extracts from different
C. difficile
strains, including strains resistant to linezolid, while inhibitory effects in DNA topoisomerase assays were weak or not detectable under the assay conditions. Spontaneous resistance frequencies of cadazolid were low in all strains tested (generally <10
−10
at 2× to 4× the MIC), and in multiple-passage experiments (up to 13 passages) MICs did not significantly increase. Furthermore, no cross-resistance was observed, as cadazolid retained potent activity against strains resistant or nonsusceptible to linezolid, fluoroquinolones, and the new antibiotic fidaxomicin. In conclusion, the data presented here indicate that cadazolid acts primarily by inhibition of protein synthesis, with weak inhibition of DNA synthesis as a potential second mode of action, and suggest a low potential for spontaneous resistance development.
Year-to-year variability in haemoglobin mass response to two altitude training camps
Authors: McLean Blake D , Buttifant David , Gore Christopher J , White Kevin , Kemp Justin 
Published: November 2013

AimTo quantify the year-to-year variability of altitude-induced changes in haemoglobin mass (Hbmass) in elite team-sport athletes.Methods12 Australian-Footballers completed a 19-day (ALT1) and 18-day (ALT2) moderate altitude (∼2100 m), training camp separated by 12 months. An additional 20 participants completed only one of the two training camps (ALT1 additional n=9, ALT2 additional n=11). Total Hbmasswas assessed using carbon monoxide rebreathing before (PRE), after (POST1) and 4 weeks after each camp. The typical error of Hbmassfor the pooled data of all 32 participants was 2.6%. A contemporary statistics analysis was used with the smallest worthwhile change set to 2% for Hbmass.ResultsPOST1Hbmasswasvery likelyincreased in ALT1 (3.6±1.6%, n=19; mean±∼90 CL) as well as ALT2 (4.4±1.3%, n=23) with an individual responsiveness of 1.3% and 2.2%, respectively. There was a small correlation between ALT1 and ALT2 (R=0.21, p=0.59) for a change in Hbmass, but a moderately inverse relationship between the change in Hbmassand initial relative Hbmass(g/kg (R=−0.51, p=0.04)).ConclusionsTwo preseason moderate altitude camps 1 year apart yielded a similar (4%) mean increase in Hbmassof elite footballers, with an individual responsiveness of approximately half the group mean effect, indicating that most players gained benefit. Nevertheless, the same individuals generally did not change their Hbmassconsistently from year to year. Thus, a ‘responder’ or ‘non-responder’ to altitude for Hbmassdoes not appear to be a fixed trait.
Semi-automatic rename refactoring for JavaScript
Authors: Feldthaus Asger , Møller Anders 
Published: November 2013

Modern IDEs support automated refactoring for many programming languages, but support for JavaScript is still primitive. To perform renaming, which is one of the fundamental refactorings, there is often no practical alternative to simple syntactic search-and-replace. Although more sophisticated alternatives have been developed, they are limited by whole-program assumptions and poor scalability.
We propose a technique for semi-automatic refactoring for JavaScript, with a focus on renaming. Unlike traditional refactoring algorithms, semi-automatic refactoring works by a combination of static analysis and interaction with the programmer. With this pragmatic approach, we can provide scalable and effective refactoring support for real-world code, including libraries and incomplete applications. Through a series of experiments that estimate how much manual effort our technique demands from the programmer, we show that our approach is a useful improvement compared to search-and-replace tools.
Fully concurrent garbage collection of actors on many-core machines
Authors: Clebsch Sylvan , Drossopoulou Sophia 
Published: November 2013

Disposal of dead actors in actor-model languages is as important as disposal of unreachable objects in object-oriented languages. In current practice, programmers are required to either manually terminate actors, or they have to rely on garbage collection systems that monitor actor mutation through write barriers, thread coordination through locks etc. These techniques, however, prevent the collector from being fully concurrent.
We developed a protocol that allows garbage collection to run fully concurrently with all actors. The main challenges in concurrent garbage collection is the detection of cycles of sleeping actors in the actors graph, in the presence of concurrent mutation of this graph. Our protocol is solely built on message passing: it uses deferred direct reference counting, a dedicated actor for the detection of (cyclic) garbage, and a confirmation protocol (to deal with the mutation of the actor graph).
We present our ideas informally through an example, and then present a formal model, prove soundness and argue completeness. We have implemented the protocol as part of a runtime library. As a preliminary performance evaluation, we discuss the performance of our approach as currently used at a financial institution, and use four benchmarks from the literature to compare our approach with other actor-model systems. These preliminary results indicate that the overhead of our approach is small.
Segmental and Prosodic Effects on Intervocalic Voiced Stop Reduction in Connected Speech
Authors: Bouavichith Dominique , Davidson Lisa 
Published: November 2013

Abstract
De scriptions of lenition have often assumed that connected speech reductions are the phonetic precursors of phonological lenition processes. In this article, production of intervocalic voiced stops during reading in American English is examined to determine whether connected speech reduction processes mirror the stages of lenition that have been posited in the phonological literature. The first result shows that American English speakers never lenite to fricatives or debuccalize to [h] or glottal stop, but rather produce approximants whenever reduction occurs. Second, stress plays an essential role: 51% of stops are produced as approximants when stress is on the preceding syllable (e.g. ‘yoga'), but only 7% of stops weaken when stress is on the following syllable (e.g. ‘lagoon'). Approximant productions are longer and higher in intensity than stop productions when stress precedes the target consonant, but when stress follows the target consonant, the stop cues are enhanced. These acoustic findings suggest that English speakers prioritize the realization of acoustic cues to stress, including the robust production of stop consonants, over pressures to reduce or weaken consonants in intervocalic position.
Sonorant Onset Pitch as a Perceptual Cue of Lexical Tones in Mandarin
Authors: Chen Tsung-Ying , Tucker Benjamin V. 
Published: November 2013

Abstract
Lexical tone identification requires a number of secondary cues, when main tonal contours are unavailable. In this article, we examine Mandarin native speakers' ability to identify lexical tones by extracting tonal information from sonorant onset pitch (onset contours) on syllable-initial nasals ranging from 50to 70 ms in duration. In experiments I and II we test speakers' ability to identify lexical tones in a second syllable with and without onset contours in isolation (experiment I) and in a sentential context (experiment II). The results indicate that speakers can identify lexical tones with short distinctive onset contour patterns,they also indicate that misperception of tones 213 and 24 are common. Furthermore, in experiment III, we test whether onset contours in a following syllable can be utilized by listeners in tone identification. We find that onset contours in the following syllable also contribute to the identification of the target lexical tones. The conclusions are twofold: (1) Mandarin lexical tones can be identified with onset contours; (2) tonal domain must be extended to include not just typical cues of tones but also coarticulated tonal patterns.
Two new Atlantic Forest Myrtaceae from Brazil
Authors: Bunger Mariana De Oliveira , Stehmann João Renato , Sobral Marcos 
Published: November 2013

Two new Brazilian species of Eugenia are described and illustrated, Eugenia regia and E. espinhacensis. Eugenia regia, collected in coastal Atlantic rainforests in the southeastern states of São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro, is related to E. bunchosiifolia, from which it differs by its larger leaves, flowers and trichomes. Eugenia espinhacensis was collected in seasonal Atlantic forests of the state of Minas Gerais; it is similar to E. bocainensis, from wich can be distinguished by its obtuse sepals and pilose branches, pedicels and flowers. São descritas e ilustradas duas novas espécies de Eugenia: Eugenia regia e E. espinhacensis. A primeira encontrada nas matas ombrófilas costeiras do litoral norte de São Paulo e sul do Rio de Janeiro tem sido frequentemente e erroneamente nomeada sob E. bunchosiifolia, da qual difere-se pelo discrepante tamanho das folhas, flores e pilosidade. E. espinhacensis é uma espécie ocorrente nas matas semidecíduas do Quadrilátero Ferrífero, em Minas Gerais, numa região altamente explorada pela extração de minério de ferro. Esta assemelha-se a E. bocainensis, porém difere-se pelas sépalas obtusas e pilosidade dos pedicelos, sépalas e ramos.
Steep Shelf Stabilization of the Coastal Bransfield Current: Linear Stability Analysis
Authors: Poulin F. J. , Stegner A. , Hernández-Arencibia M. , Marrero-Díaz A. , Sangrà P. 
Published: November 2013

Abstract
In situ measurements obtained during the 2010 COUPLING cruise were analyzed in order to fully characterize the velocity structure of the coastal Bransfield Current. An idealized two-layer shallow-water model was used to investigate the various instability processes of the realistic current along the coastal shelf. Particularly studied is how the topographic parameter To (ratio between the shelf slope and the isopycnal slope of the surface current) impacts the growth and the wavelength of the unstable perturbations. For small bottom slopes, when the evolution of the coastal current is controlled by the baroclinic instability, the increase of the topographic parameter To yields a selection of smaller unstable wavelengths. The growth rates increase with small values of To. For larger values of To (To ≳ 10, which is relevant for the coastal Bransfield Current), the baroclinic instability is strongly dampened and the horizontal shear instability becomes the dominant one. In this steep shelf regime, the unstable growth rate and the wavelength selection of the baroclinic coastal current remains almost constant and weakly affected by the amplitude of the bottom velocity or the exact value of the shelf slope. Hence, the linear stability analysis of an idealized Bransfield Current predicts a typical growth time of 7.7 days and an alongshore scale of 47 km all along the South Shetland Island shelf. The fact that these large growth times are identical to the typical transit time of water parcels along the shelf may explain why the current does not exhibit any unstable meanders.
Kinematic and Precipitation Characteristics of Convective Systems Observed by Airborne Doppler Radar during the Life Cycle of a Madden–Julian Oscillation in the Indian Ocean
Authors: Guy Nick , Jorgensen David P. 
Published: November 2013

Abstract
This study presents characteristics of convective systems observed during the Dynamics of the Madden–Julian oscillation (DYNAMO) experiment by the instrumented NOAA WP-3D aircraft. Nine separate missions, with a focus on observing mesoscale convective systems (MCSs), were executed to obtain data in the active and inactive phase of a Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO) in the Indian Ocean. Doppler radar and in situ thermodynamic data are used to contrast the convective system characteristics during the evolution of the MJO. Isolated convection was prominent during the inactive phases of the MJO, with deepening convection during the onset of the MJO. During the MJO peak, convection and stratiform precipitation became more widespread. A larger population of deep convective elements led to a larger area of stratiform precipitation. As the MJO decayed, convective system top heights increased, though the number of convective systems decreased, eventually transitioning back to isolated convection. A distinct shift of echo top heights and contoured frequency-by-altitude diagram distributions of radar reflectivity and vertical wind speed indicated that some mesoscale characteristics were coupled to the MJO phase. Convective characteristics in the climatological initiation region (Indian Ocean) were also apparent. Comparison to results from the Tropical Ocean and Global Atmosphere Coupled Ocean–Atmosphere Response Experiment (TOGA COARE) in the western Pacific indicated that DYNAMO MCSs were linearly organized more parallel to the low-level shear and without strong cold pools than in TOGA COARE. Three-dimensional MCS airflow also showed a different dynamical structure, with a lack of the descending rear inflow present in shear perpendicularly organized TOGA COARE MCSs. Weaker, but deeper updrafts were observed in DYNAMO.
On strong law of large numbers and growth rate for a class of random variables
Authors: Shen Yan , Yang Jie , Hu Shuhe 
Published: November 2013

Abstract
In this paper, we study the strong law of large numbers for a class of random variables satisfying the maximal moment inequality with exponent 2. Our results embrace the Kolmogorov strong law of large numbers and the Marcinkiewicz strong law of large numbers for this class of random variables. In addition, strong growth rate for weighted sums of this class of random variables is presented.

MSC:60F15.
Autonomic dysfunction in reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndromes
Authors: Chen Shih-Pin , Yang Albert C , Fuh Jong-Ling , Wang Shuu-Jiun 
Published: November 2013

Abstract

Background
Autonomic imbalance may play an important role in the pathogenesis of reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndromes (RCVS). This study aimed to assess the autonomic function by analyzing heart rate variability (HRV) in patients with RCVS.

Methods
Patients with RCVS and age- and gender-matched controls were consecutively recruited. All patients (both ictal and remission stage) and controls underwent 24-hour ambulatory electrocardiographic (ECG) recordings. HRV measures covering time and frequency domains were used to assess autonomic functioning.

Results
Thirty-nine patients with RCVS and 39 controls completed the study. Compared to the controls, RCVS patients during the ictal stage showed reductions in parasympathetic-related indices, including the root mean square of difference of consecutive interbeat intervals (RMSSD) (22.1 ± 7.0 vs. 35.2 ± 14.2, p < 0.001), the percentage of adjacent intervals that varied by more than 50 ms (pNN50) (3.7 ± 3.4 vs. 10.6 ± 8.1, p < 0.001), and high-frequency power (HF) (5.82 ± 0.73 vs. 6.77 ± 0.74; p < 0.001), and increased low-frequency/high-frequency (LF/HF) ratio (index of sympathovagal balance) (3.38 ± 1.32 vs. 2.48 ± 1.07; p =0.001). These HRV indices improved partially but remained significantly different from controls during remission.

Conclusions
Decreased parasympathetic modulations and accentuated sympathetic activity might be a biological trait in patients with RCVS.
The genome-wide binding profile of the Sulfolobus solfataricustranscription factor Ss-LrpB shows binding events beyond direct transcription regulation
Authors: Nguyen-Duc Trong , van Oeffelen Liesbeth , Song Ningning , Hassanzadeh-Ghassabeh Gholamreza , Muyldermans Serge , Charlier Daniel , Peeters Eveline 
Published: November 2013

Abstract

Background
Gene regulatory processes are largely resulting from binding of transcription factors to specific genomic targets. Leucine-responsive Regulatory Protein (Lrp) is a prevalent transcription factor family in prokaryotes, however, little information is available on biological functions of these proteins in archaea. Here, we study genome-wide binding of the Lrp-like transcription factor Ss-LrpB from Sulfolobus solfataricus.

Results
Chromatin immunoprecipitation in combination with DNA microarray analysis (ChIP-chip) has revealed that Ss-LrpB interacts with 36 additional loci besides the four previously identified local targets. Only a subset of the newly identified binding targets, concentrated in a highly variable IS-dense genomic region, is also bound in vitro by pure Ss-LrpB. There is no clear relationship between the in vitro measured DNA-binding specificity of Ss-LrpB and the in vivo association suggesting a limited permissivity of the crenarchaeal chromatin for transcription factor binding. Of 37 identified binding regions, 29 are co-bound by LysM, another Lrp-like transcription factor in S. solfataricus. Comparative gene expression analysis in an Ss-lrpB mutant strain shows no significant Ss-LrpB-mediated regulation for most targeted genes, with exception of the CRISPR B cluster, which is activated by Ss-LrpB through binding to a specific motif in the leader region.

Conclusions
The genome-wide binding profile presented here implies that Ss-LrpB is associated at additional genomic binding sites besides the local gene targets, but acts as a specific transcription regulator in the tested growth conditions. Moreover, we have provided evidence that two Lrp-like transcription factors in S. solfataricus, Ss-LrpB and LysM, interact in vivo.
Draft genome sequence of Xanthomonas fragariaereveals reductive evolution and distinct virulence-related gene content
Authors: Vandroemme Joachim , Cottyn Bart , Baeyen Steve , De Vos Paul , Maes Martine 
Published: November 2013

Abstract

Background

Xanthomonas fragariae (Xf) is a bacterial strawberry pathogen and an A2 quarantine organism on strawberry planting stock in the EU. It is taxonomically and metabolically distinct within the genus Xanthomonas, and known for its host specificity. As part of a broader pathogenicity study, the genome of a Belgian, virulent Xf strain (LMG 25863) was assembled to draft status and examined for its pathogenicity related gene content.

Results
The Xf draft genome (4.2 Mb) was considerably smaller than most known Xanthomonas genomes (~5 Mb). Only half of the genes coding for TonB-dependent transporters and cell-wall degrading enzymes that are typically present in other Xanthomonas genomes, were found in Xf. Other missing genes/regions with a possible impact on its plant-host interaction were: i) the three loci for xylan degradation and metabolism, ii) a locus coding for a ß-ketoadipate phenolics catabolism pathway, iii) xcs, one of two Type II Secretion System coding regions in Xanthomonas, and iv) the genes coding for the glyoxylate shunt pathway. Conversely, the Xf genome revealed a high content of externally derived DNA and several uncommon, possibly virulence-related features: a Type VI Secretion System, a second Type IV Secretion System and a distinct Type III Secretion System effector repertoire comprised of multiple rare effectors and several putative new ones.

Conclusions
The draft genome sequence of LMG 25863 confirms the distinct phylogenetic position of Xf within the genus Xanthomonas and reveals a patchwork of both lost and newly acquired genomic features. These features may help explain the specific, mostly endophytic association of Xf with the strawberry plant.