bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Influence of Different Soil Substrates, Planting Time and Stem Cuttings Type on Vegetative Propagation and Growth Characteristics of Vitex Agnus-Castus L. / Vplyv Rôznych Pôdnych Substrátov, Času Výsadby a Typov Stonkových Odrezkov na Vegetatívne Rozmnožovanie a Rastové Vlastnosti Vitex Agnus-Castus L.
Authors: Alkurdi Maryam I. S. , Mustafa Sabiha S. , Supuka Ján 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
The study of vegetative propagation of the Vitex agnus-castus L., was conducted in the Agriculture College - Salahaddin University field under controlled condition (plastic greenhouse) in two periods (summer time: from 26.5.2008 to 2.9.2008 and winter time: from 15.1.2009 to 28.4.2009). The object of the studies were different soil substrates (sand and river (sharp) sand - sand and peat moss - sand and river (sharp) sand and peat moss). We used two types of stem cuttings (semi-hardwood cuttings „m“ - softwood cuttings „a“). The statistical analysis is based on the experimental project Complete Randomized Design (CRD) with three replications. The results were compared with results from Duncan test at 0.05 level. The study showed that planting in the second period (T2) causes increase in number of branches and leaves, whereas planting in the first period (T1) causes increase in number of roots and root length, the increase in the weight of biomass and dry mass has been observed in the second period of planting (T2). Planting in the sand substrate using semi-hardwood cuttings (m) causes increase in number of branches, leaves, fresh weight, number of roots and root length
COPPER IN THE SEDIMENTS IN SELECTED BANSKÁ ŠTIAVNICA WATER RESERVOIRS / MEĎ V SEDIMENTOCH VO VYBRANÝCH BANSKO-ŠTIAVNICKÝCH VODNÝCH NÁDRŽIACH
Authors: Urminská Jana , Ondrišík Peter , Prokeinová Renáta 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
The aim of this paper was to analyze and evaluate sediments of selected water reservoirs Počúvadlo, Malá Richňava, Veľká Richňava, Windšachta, in order to determine the concentrations of copper in the monitored water reservoirs in the Banská Štiavnica region. The analyses of the sediment samples were carried out by flow electrochemistry and atomic absorption spectrometry. In the study area, the samples were collected from 2001 to 2010; we found the following concentrations of copper in the range from 1.66 mg.kg-1 to 14.0 mg.kg-1 Cu of dry matter. The copper concentrations in the sediments were well below the risk limit according to “The Methodological Instruction of the Ministry of Environment of the Slovak Republic no. 549/98-2”. Based on the calculated dependency index, it is possible to assess the development of changes in the concentrations over the years as highly dynamic, and unsatisfactory for natural environment.
Seeing the EU from Outside its Borders: Changing Images of Europe
Authors: Chaban Natalia , Holland Martin 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
This paper outlines the importance of the studies of EU external perceptions in the Asia-Pacific region in the times of global multipolar redesign and an ongoing eurozone sovereign debt crisis. It links understanding of the concepts of EU external images and EU international ‘branding’ to the conduct of the EU’s foreign policy. The paper also details the methodology of the transnational comparative research project ‘The EU in the Eyes of Asia Pacific’ which informs all contributions to this Issue. The paper then presents those contributions which explore EU external perceptions in nine Asia-Pacific locations, members of the Asia-Europe Meeting (ASEM) process: China, Japan, South Korea, India, Singapore, Thailand, Australia, New Zealand, and Russia.
Who Acts for the EU before and after the Lisbon Treaty? The View through the Media in Singapore and Thailand
Authors: Hwee Yeo Lay , Yeong Loke Hoe 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
This paper seeks to determine whether the EU has accomplished its objectives concerning the visibility of EU external action, which the Lisbon Treaty sought to achieve. The role of Catherine Ashton as the EU’s High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy, together with the newly formed European External Action Service (EEAS) which supports her work, aimed to “effectively project European values and interests worldwide” (Šefčovič, n.d.) and to make Europe “an actor on the global stage” (Europa, n.d.). Despite the sui generis nature of the internal functioning of the EU, there is a strong case in academic literature that the EU can be studied as an international actor like any other state actor. Southeast Asia, represented in this article by Singapore and Thailand, is a key region to test whether the post-Lisbon EU has reached the status of a key actor on the global stage. The findings from media research carried out in 2006 and 2011 (i. e. before and after the Lisbon Treaty) suggest that the EU has failed to achieve its stated aims.
Russian Vision of the EU in its Interactions with the Neighbourhood
Authors: Gulyaeva Olga 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
This article analyses images of the European Union (EU) existing in the discourse of the Russian news media, the general public and the Russian elites. The EU’s actions in the countries of Russia’s “near neighbourhood” and “far neighbourhood” were among the leading topics, showing high interest in the intensive Russia-EU political relations. The data of this paper comes from a year of monitoring of three daily newspapers, face-to-face interviews with political, business, media and civil society representatives and a public opinion survey. This analysis observed that both partnership and competition exist in Russia-EU political relations.
The Linearity of Riemann Integral on Functions from ℝ into Real Banach Space
Authors: Narita Keiko , Endou Noboru , Shidama Yasunari 
Published: January 2014

Summary
In this article, we described basic properties of Riemann integral on functions from R into Real Banach Space. We proved mainly the linearity of integral operator about the integral of continuous functions on closed interval of the set of real numbers. These theorems were based on the article [10] and we referred to the former articles about Riemann integral. We applied definitions and theorems introduced in the article [9] and the article [11] to the proof. Using the definition of the article [10], we also proved some theorems on bounded functions.
Cryo‐electron microscopy of extracellular vesicles in fresh plasma
Authors: Yuana Yuana , Koning Roman I. , Kuil Maxim E. , Rensen Patrick C. N. , Koster Abraham J. , Bertina Rogier M , Osanto Susanne 
Published: January 2014

IntroductionExtracellular vesicles (EV) are phospholipid bilayer‐enclosed vesicles recognized as new mediators in intercellular communication and potential biomarkers of disease. They are found in many body fluids and mainly studied in fractions isolated from blood plasma in view of their potential in medicine. Due to the limitations of available analytical methods, morphological information on EV in fresh plasma is still rather limited.ObjectivesTo image EV and determine the morphology, structure and size distribution in fresh plasma by cryo‐electron microscopy (cryo‐EM).MethodsFresh citrate‐ and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)‐anticoagulated plasma or EV isolated from these plasmas were rapidly cryo‐immobilized by vitrification and visualized by cryo‐EM.ResultsEV isolated from fresh plasma were highly heterogeneous in morphology and size and mostly contain a discernible lipid bilayer (lipid vesicles). In fresh plasma there were 2 types of particles with a median diameter of 30 nm (25–260 nm). The majority of these particles are electron dense particles which most likely represent lipoproteins. The minority are lipid vesicles, either electron dense or electron lucent, which most likely represent EV. Lipid vesicles were occasionally observed in close proximity of platelets in citrate and EDTA‐anticoagulated platelet‐rich plasma. Cryo‐electron tomography (cryo‐ET) was employed to determine the 3D structure of platelet secretory granules.ConclusionsCryo‐EM is a powerful technique that enables the characterization of EV in fresh plasma revealing structural details and considerable morphological heterogeneity. Only a small proportion of the submicron structures in fresh plasma are lipid vesicles representing EV.
Comparison of dexmedetomidine and lignocaine on attenuation of airway and pressor responses during tracheal extubation
Authors: Sharma Vivek , Prabhakar Hemanshu , Rath Girija , Bithal Parmod 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
Background: Haemodynamic stability and rapid emergence after general anaesthesia used in spinal surgery is a common practice, the goal of which is to permit early neurological motor and sensory examination. Extubation is almost always associated with hypertension, increased airway response and arrhythmias. We have compared the effects of the α-2 agonist Dexmedetomidine and Lignocaine given at the end of the procedure on attenuation of airway and pressor responses following tracheal extubation. This study is a randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blinded study. Materials and Methods: Sixty ASA I-III patients, aged 18-70 years, scheduled to undergo spinal surgery at the level of thoracic, lumbar or sacral region were randomly divided into three groups. Balanced general anaesthesia comprising standard procedures and drugs were used for monitoring, induction and maintenance. At the last skin suture, inhalation anaesthetic was discontinued. After turning the patient supine and return of spontaneous efforts, in Group D Dexmedetomidine 0.5 μg/kg, in Group L Lignocaine 1.5 mg/kg and in Group P normal saline (10 ml) were administered as bolus intravenously over 60 seconds. Systolic, diastolic and mean arterial pressures and heart rate were recorded before intravenous administration and also every minute for 3 minutes, at 5, 10 and 15 minutes post-extubation. Duration of emergence and extubation were noted and attenuation of airway response and quality of extubation was evaluated on cough grading. Results: Mean arterial pressures and heart rate were higher in Group L and Group P than in Group D but not statistically significant. The duration of emergence, extubation and recovery were comparable in all the groups (P > 0.05). Extubation Quality Scores was 1 in 80%, 2 in 20% in Group D; in Group L, the quality scores were 1 for 55%, 2 for 45% and I Group P 1 for 35%, 2 for 45% and 3 for 20% of the patients. The requirement of rescue analgesia was also less and after prolonged time in Group D than in Group L and Group P (P < 0.05). None of the patients in all three groups showed respiratory depression, allergic reactions, nausea, vomiting or shivering. There was occurrence of hypertension for the initial 3 minutes of administration of drug in 10 (50%) of patients in Group D (Dexmedetomidine) group. Conclusion: Without interfering in emergence and extubation times, attenuation of pressor response is comparable between Dexmedetomidine 0.5 μg/kg and Lignocaine 1.5 mg/kg but airway response is much better controlled allowing a smooth easy extubation providing a more comfortable recovery and early neurological examination following spinal surgeries.
Educational Effects of a Tailored Leaflet Addressing Drinking during Pregnancy
Authors: Toyama Natsumi , Sudo Noriko 
Published: January 2014

Objective To examine the educational effects of a tailored leaflet on current drinking behavior, thoughts about drinking alcohol during pregnancy, and knowledge of fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) among pregnant women. Design Intervention. Participants We recruited pregnant women who were participating in maternity classes held at five municipal health centers in Saitama Prefecture and Tokyo in Japan. Methods Questionnaires were administered before and after distribution of either a tailored or a non-tailored leaflet and again after the women delivered their babies. Results More women read the non-tailored leaflet than the tailored one; this was because they felt they could read the non-tailored leaflet immediately. As for educational effects, the tailored leaflet was not superior to the non-tailored one in changing the women's behavior, thoughts, or knowledge. Conclusion It is more important for health education leaflets to seem easy to read in terms of volume than to be tailored.
Directeurs de sécurité en entreprise et consommation de la sécurité. Étude exploratoire canadienne
Authors: Mulone1 Massimiliano 
Published: January 2014

Cette étude exploratoire traite de certaines logiques de consommation sur le marché de la sécurité, et plus précisément du rôle qu’y jouent les directeurs de sécurité en entreprise. En effet, alors qu’indubitablement la sécurité est aujourd’hui en partie produite sous la forme d’un bien de consommation, force est de constater que le savoir cumulé sur les dynamiques du marché au travers duquel cette sécurité est produite présente un déséquilibre certain : les producteurs de sécurité marchandée ont ainsi été largement plus étudiés que les consommateurs. Or, comprendre le fonctionnement du marché nécessite autant de se pencher sur les mécanismes de l’offre que sur ceux de la demande, objet du présent article. À partir d’une dizaine d’entretiens semi-directifs avec les responsables des départements de sécurité auprès de grandes entreprises (celles-ci faisant partie, avec l’État, des deux plus importants clients de l’industrie), il a été possible d’apporter un certain éclairage sur les dynamiques qui sous-tendent la demande dans le marché de la sécurité. Comparant leur fonction à celle de consultant, les directeurs de sécurité en entreprise se présentent ainsi comme des producteurs de la demande. Les données mettent aussi de l’avant le rôle crucial joué par le capital social. Enfin, il apparaît que la sécurité consommée par l’entreprise s’apparenterait plus à une pratique qu’à une fin en soi.
Des expériences affectives et sexuelles en situation de rue1
Authors: Côté Philippe-Benoit , Blais Martin , Bellot Céline , Manseau Hélène 
Published: January 2014

Cette étude a pour objectif de comprendre comment les jeunes construisent leurs expériences affectives et sexuelles en situation de rue à Montréal. Des entrevues individuelles ont été réalisées auprès de 32 jeunes âgés de 18 à 27 ans en situation de rue (18 femmes, 14 hommes). Les témoignages ont été analysés à partir d’une méthode typologique (Schnapper, 2005) qui a permis d’identifier cinq figures d’expériences affectives et sexuelles en situation de rue : la valorisation de la réussite criminelle, le retrait, la survie, l’engagement et l’envahissement par la drogue. L’analyse des témoignages montre que les jeunes des figures du retrait et de l’engagement s’investissent affectivement avec leurs partenaires, tandis que ceux des figures de la valorisation de la réussite criminelle et de la survie décrivent plutôt une instrumentalisation de leurs partenaires. La figure de l’envahissement par la drogue illustre, quant à elle, l’emprise de la consommation de drogues qui pousse les jeunes vers une marchandisation de la sexualité pour répondre à leur dépendance aux substances. Cette étude permet donc de nuancer une conception homogène et menaçante de la situation de rue en faisant voir comment les jeunes mobilisent de diverses façons leurs expériences affectives et sexuelles pour améliorer leur situation de vie.
Quadrant/octant sequencing and the role of coherent structures in bed load sediment entrainment
Authors: Keylock Christopher J. , Lane Stuart N. , Richards Keith S. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractTo permit the tracking of turbulent flow structures in an Eulerian frame from single‐point measurements, we make use of a generalization of conventional two‐dimensional quadrant analysis to three‐dimensional octants. We characterize flow structures using the sequences of these octants and show how significance may be attached to particular sequences using statistical mull models. We analyze an example experiment and show how a particular dominant flow structure can be identified from the conditional probability of octant sequences. The frequency of this structure corresponds to the dominant peak in the velocity spectra and exerts a high proportion of the total shear stress. We link this structure explicitly to the propensity for sediment entrainment and show that greater insight into sediment entrainment can be obtained by disaggregating those octants that occur within the identified macroturbulence structure from those that do not. Hence, this work goes beyond critiques of Reynolds stress approaches to bed load entrainment that highlight the importance of outward interactions, to identifying and prioritizing the quadrants/octants that define particular flow structures.
Splay fault triggering by great subduction earthquakes inferred from finite element models
Authors: Li Shaoyang , Moreno Marcos , Rosenau Matthias , Melnick Daniel , Oncken Onno 
Published: January 2014

AbstractWe have investigated the influence that megathrust earthquake slip has on the activation of splay faults using a 2‐D finite element method (FEM), taking into account the effects of gravity and variations in the frictional strength properties of splay faults. We simulated both landward‐dipping and seaward‐dipping splay fault geometries, and imposed depth‐variable slip distributions of subduction events. Our results indicate that the two types of splay fault exhibit a similar behavior, with variations in frictional properties along the faults affecting only the seismic magnitude. The triggering process is controlled by a critical depth. Megathrust slip concentrated at depths shallower than the critical depth will favor normal displacement, while megathrust slip concentrated at depths deeper than the critical depth is likely to result in reverse motion. Our results thus provide a useful tool for predicting the activation of secondary faults and may have direct implications for tsunami hazard research.
Slip rate and tremor genesis in Cascadia
Authors: Wech Aaron G. , Bartlow Noel M. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractAt many plate boundaries, conditions in the transition zone between seismogenic and stable slip produce slow earthquakes. In the Cascadia subduction zone, these events are consistently observed as slow, aseismic slip on the plate interface accompanied by persistent tectonic tremor. However, not all slow slip at other plate boundaries coincides spatially and temporally with tremor, leaving the physics of tremor genesis poorly understood. Here we analyze seismic, geodetic, and strainmeter data in Cascadia to observe for the first time a large, tremor‐generating slow earthquake change from tremor‐genic to silent and back again. The tremor falls silent at reduced slip speeds when the migrating slip front pauses as it loads the stronger adjacent fault segment to failure. The finding suggests that rheology and slip‐speed‐regulated stressing rate control tremor genesis, and the same section of fault can slip both with and without detectable tremor, limiting tremor's use as a proxy for slip.
An extreme coronal mass ejection and consequences for the magnetosphere and Earth
Authors: Tsurutani Bruce T. , Lakhina Gurbax S. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractA “perfect” interplanetary coronal mass ejection could create a magnetic storm with intensity up to the saturation limit (Dst ~ −2500 nT), a value greater than the Carrington storm. Many of the other space weather effects will not be limited by saturation effects, however. The interplanetary shock would arrive at Earth within ~12 h with a magnetosonic Mach number ~45. The shock impingement onto the magnetosphere will create a sudden impulse of ~234 nT, the magnetic pulse duration in the magnetosphere will be ~22 s with a dB/dt of ~30 nT s−1, and the magnetospheric electric field associated with the dB/dt ~1.9 V m−1, creating a new relativistic electron radiation belt. The magnetopause location of 4 RE from the Earth's surface will allow expose of orbiting satellites to extreme levels of flare and ICME shock‐accelerated particle radiation. The results of our calculations are compared with current observational records. Comments are made concerning further data analysis and numerical modeling needed for the field of space weather.
Circular Dichroism and Linear Dichroism
Authors: Rodger Alison 
Published: January 2014

Circular dichroism (CD) is the difference in absorption, A, of left and right circularly polarized light, Equation (1):For randomly oriented systems such as solutions of molecules, only chiral molecules will show any CD intensity corresponding to their absorption bands. Chiral molecules are those molecules that cannot be superposed on their mirror images. Chiral is derived from the Greek word χϵιρ meaning hand, hence the alternate term for chirality, ‘handedness’. Two molecules that are mirror images of each other are often referred to asenantiomers, and equimolar mixtures of two enatiomers form a racemic mixture, which has no net CD intensity in solution. CD can be used to analyze chiral structures such as protein secondary structure in molecules and to probe interactions between chiral molecules and other molecules.Linear dichroism (LD) is the difference in absorption of light linearly polarized parallel and perpendicular to an orientation axis, Equation (2):LD can be used to provide orientation information about subunits of a molecular system such as small molecules absorbed onto stretched films, flow‐oriented DNAs and fibrous proteins, and lipid bilayer systems.
Hydrosilylation of Internal Alkynes Catalyzed by Tris‐ Imidazolium Salt‐Stabilized Palladium Nanoparticles
Authors: Planellas Marc , Guo Wusheng , Alonso Francisco , Yus Miguel , Shafir Alexandr , Pleixats Roser , Parella Teodor 
Published: January 2014

AbstractPalladium nanoparticles stabilized with tris‐imidazolium tetrafluoroborates catalyze the stereoselective hydrosilylation of internal alkynes in a dry inert atmosphere to give (E)‐vinylsilanes in excellent yields. In the presence of controlled amounts of water a transfer hydrogenation reaction takes place with the formation of (Z)‐alkenes or the corresponding alkanes.magnified image
Dissecting Anion Effects in Gold(I)‐Catalyzed Intermolecular Cycloadditions
Authors: Homs Anna , Obradors Carla , Lebœuf David , Echavarren Antonio M. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractFrom a series of gold complexes of the type [t‐BuXPhosAu(MeCN)]X (X=anion), the best results in intermolecular gold(I)‐catalyzed reactions are obtained with the complex with the bulky and soft anion BAr4F− [BAr4F−=3,5‐bis(trifluoromethyl)phenylborate] improving the original protocols by 10–30% yield. A kinetic study on the [2+2] cycloaddition reaction of alkynes with alkenes is consistent with an scenario in which the rate‐determining step is the ligand exchange to generate the (η2‐phenylacetylene)gold(I) complex. We have studied in detail the subtle differences that can be attributed to the anion in this formation, which result in a substantial decrease in the formation of unproductive σ,π‐(alkyne)digold(I) complexes by destabilizing the conjugated acid formed.magnified image
The N‐Alkylation of Sulfonamides with Alcohols in Water Catalyzed by the Water‐Soluble Iridium Complex {Cp*Ir[6,6′‐(OH)2bpy](H2O)}[OTf]2
Authors: Qu Panpan , Sun Chunlou , Ma Juan , Li Feng 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe water‐soluble iridium complex {Cp*Ir[6,6′‐(OH)2bpy](H2O)}[OTf]2 (Cp*=η5‐pentamethylcyclopentadienyl, bpy=2,2′‐bipyridine) was found to be a general and highly efficient catalyst for the N‐alkylation of the poor nucleophilic sulfonamides with alcohols as alkylating agents in water. The presence of OH units in the bpy ligand is crucially important for the catalytic activity of the iridium complex. Mechanistic investigations revealed that the catalytically active species is a ligand‐metal bifunctional iridium complex bearing an N,N′‐chelated 2,2′‐bipyridinated ligand and an aqua ligand. Notably, the present catalytic system and the proposed mechanism provide a new horizon and scope for the development of “hydrogen autotransfer (or hydrogen‐borrowing) processes”.magnified image