bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Modeling Steam-Assisted Gravity Drainage With a Black-Oil Proxy
Authors: Ghasemi M.. , Whitson C.H.. H. 
Published: May 2013

Summary
This paper describes an alternative approach to model steam-assisted gravity drainage (SAGD) with an isothermal black-oil (BO) reservoir simulator. The oil-viscosity reduction caused by heating in the actual SAGD process is emulated by a tuned saturated pseudo-oil viscosity relation in which solution gas/oil ratio (Rs) is used as a “proxy for temperature.” In the BO formulation, fully saturated oil viscosity (μo*) at reservoir pressure equals μo that would be attained at steam-chamber temperature (T*) in the actual SAGD process; initial oil viscosity (μoi) with initial Rs = 0 represents initial oil viscosity at reservoir temperature; and BO gas properties represent steam at T*.
After careful analysis of the SAGD process, one finds that oil flows only along a narrow zone along the outer edge of the steam chamber—the “edge oil-flow zone.” The temperature gradient within this narrow zone is perpendicular to the oil-flow direction and is practically impossible to model with any precision because of the large temperature variation and dynamic steam-chamber shape over time. The BO-model solubility gradient also varies, analogous to temperature in a thermal model, from zero to fully saturated (Rs*) with an associated drop in oil viscosity from μoi to μo*.
SAGD design requires many hundreds of runs to find operational conditions that maximize economic value (e.g., injector and producer location, rates, pattern spacing, and steam-chamber temperature T*). The proposed BO proxy model runs several times faster than a thermal model while maintaining similar performance behavior.
The proxy-model saturated pseudo-oil viscosity μo(p) relation used is found by history matching a full-physics thermal-model performance prediction of oil rate, bottomhole flowing pressure, and cumulative oil for a 2D homogeneous model. We have found a single-constant μo(p) equation that yields a good match to thermal SAGD performance. The tuned pseudo-oil viscosity relation honors the measured initial reservoir and fully heated (at T*) oil viscosities. Its dependence on Rs is not physical, but reflects the use of Rs as a transform variable for temperature, capturing the strong spatial variation of temperature and oil viscosity within the localized steam/oil boundary region in which oil has been mobilized.
The pseudo-oil viscosity relation, defined by a single empirical best-fit constant n—for a given T* and a set of thermal properties—appears to be applicable for a wide range of reservoir heterogeneity, injection and production rates, and well placement. Consequently, it should be possible to use the BO proxy model for SAGD optimization of T*, control rates, and injector/producer vertical-depth difference. We also see the potential of using the BO proxy model for solvent-based SAGD, with the pseudo-oil viscosity model depending on both T* and solvent; thermal compositional modeling is yet even slower and less suitable for optimization.
Hydraulic-Fracture Geomechanics and Microseismic-Source Mechanisms
Authors: Warpinski N.R.. R. , Mayerhofer M.J.. J. , Agarwal K.. , Du J.. 
Published: May 2013

Summary
Interpretation of microseismic results and attempts to link microseismic-source mechanisms to fracture behavior require an understanding of the geomechanics of the fracturing process. Stress calculations around fractures show that the area normal to the fracture surface is stabilized by a pressurized fracture as a result of increased total stress and decreased shear stress. In this area, microseisms can occur only if leakoff pressurizes natural fractures, bedding planes, or other weakness features, and source mechanisms are thus likely to show a volumetric component that has either opening or closing movement in addition to shear slippage. Conversely, the tip tensile region is destabilized by a reduction in total stress and an increase in shear stress, with the likelihood that microseisms would be generated in this region because of these changes. Such microseisms would not yet be invaded by the fracturing fluid, and events that are mostly shear would be expected. Systems with multiple fractures, such as those that are potentially created in multiperforation-cluster stages, are much more complex, but similar elements can be outlined for those as well.
Source mechanisms can help delineate these different types of microseismic behaviors, but the evaluation of such mechanisms reveals that they provide no significant information about the hydraulic fracture. Whereas it would be valuable if source mechanisms could provide information about the mechanics of the hydraulic fracture (e.g., opening, closing, and proppant), calculations show that both the energy and volume associated with microseismicity are an insignificant fraction of the total energy and volume input into the stimulation. Thus, hydraulic fractures are almost entirely aseismic. The analysis of source mechanisms should concentrate on what those data reveal about the reservoir (e.g., natural fractures and faults). Integrated diagnostic studies provide more value in understanding both the microseismicity and interpretation of the microseismic results.
Formulation development of directly compressed Naproxen SR tablet using Kollidon SR and Avicel PH 102 polymer
Authors: Yasmin Dilshad , Rahman Md. Rashidur , Akter Morshada 
Published: May 2013

Naproxen is a well-known non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID). This work has been done for developing a formulation of 280 mg sustained release (SR) tablet where 150 mg active pharmaceutical ingredient (Naproxen) were used along with other excipients like Kollidon SR, Avicel PH 102, Lactose MH, Povidone K 30 and Mg-Stearate. Naproxen SR tablet was prepared by direct compression method aiming to enhance its dissolution properties. The physical parameters (hardness, thickness, diameter, average weight and friability) and drug release profile of this tablet were evaluated. The hardness of tablets from F1 and F2 formulation were highest and rest of them was also satisfactory. F2 formulation did not meet the friability test. But rests of the formulations were acceptable which indicate that others formulations can handle pressure during storage, transportation and packaging. All the formulations released 90% of drug within 120 minutes except F4 formulation. Among the six formulations, release was prompt in F1 formulation because of usage of higher concentration of polymer Kollidon SR. The outcome of this study indicates that the rate of dissolution of Naproxen SR tablet can be considerably improved with Kollidon SR.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/icpj.v2i6.14871 International Current Pharmaceutical Journal, May 2013, 2(6): 112-114
Recent change in non-present perfect constructions in British and American English
Authors: Yao Xinyue , Collins Peter 
Published: May 2013

A number of recent studies of grammatical categories in English have identified regional and diachronic variation in the use of the present perfect, suggesting that it has been losing ground to the simple past tense from the eighteenth century onwards ( Elsness, 1997 , 2009 ; Hundt and Smith, 2009 ; and Yao and Collins, 2012 ). Only a limited amount of research has been conducted on non-present perfects. More recently, Bowie and Aarts’ (2012) study using the Diachronic Corpus of Present-Day Spoken English has found that certain non-present perfects underwent a considerable decline in spoken British English (BrE) during the second half of the twentieth century. However, comparison with American English (AmE) and across various genres has not been made. This study focusses on the changes in the distribution of four types of non-present perfects (past, modal, to-infinitival and ing-participial) in standard written BrE and AmE during the thirty-year period from the early 1960s to the early 1990s. Using a tagged and post-edited version of the Brown family of corpora, it shows that contemporary BrE has a stronger preference for non-present perfects than AmE. Comparison of four written genres of the same period reveals that, for BrE, only the change in the overall frequency of past perfects was statistically significant. AmE showed, comparatively, a more dramatic decrease, particularly in the frequencies of past and modal perfects. It is suggested that the decline of past perfects is attributable to a growing disfavour for past-time reference in various genres, which is related to long-term historical shifts associated with the underlying communicative functions of the genres. The decline of modal perfects, on the other hand, is more likely to be occurring under the influence of the general decline of modal auxiliaries in English.
Lecture archéogéographique d’un bocage vendéen
Authors: Watteaux Magali 
Published: May 2013

L’étude archéogéographique d’un secteur dans le sud de la Vendée enserrant des paysages de bocage et d’openfield a amené à faire certaines observations et interprétations d’ordre morphologique. En partant d’une optique non périodisée, cette analyse fait ressortir la variété des héritages qui composent la planimétrie des secteurs actuellement embocagés, depuis La Tène finale jusqu’à nos jours mais avec une dominante médiévale et moderne. Sont présentés ici les principaux résultats : de nombreuses unités morphologiques ponctuelles, un grand réseau de formes qui s’étend de manière quasi exclusive dans la plaine mais qui se prolonge au-delà, et un ensemble particulier qui se distingue dans le nord-ouest de la fenêtre d’étude. Le croisement avec les données historiques et archéologiques permet de proposer un tableau impressionniste de l’histoire des planimétries dans ce secteur, qui ne s’enferme pas dans une opposition stérilisante entre bocage et openfield.
Saint Martin, l’abbatiola de Trèves
Authors: Krönert Klaus 
Published: May 2013

Cet article a pour objectif d’étudier l’histoire de l’abbaye Saint-Martin à Trèves depuis ses débuts jusqu’au xie siècle. Bien que dédié à l’un des saints les plus populaires de la Gaule au haut Moyen Âge, ce monastère n’a jamais joué un rôle majeur dans la métropole mosellane, qui était l’un des sièges épiscopaux les plus importants de la Germanie avec ceux de Cologne et de Mayence. C’est sans doute dans la rivalité entre ces trois métropoles que l’on trouve la clef pour comprendre la faible vénération de l’évêque de Tours à Trèves. En effet, depuis la fin de l’époque carolingienne, les prélats de ces villes ont essayé d’obtenir des prérogatives telles que la primatie, notamment à travers la promotion du culte des évêques fondateurs des sièges ou celui d’Hélène, mère de Constantin. Martin de Tours bénéficiait lui aussi d’une vénération importante, mais seulement à Cologne et à Mayence. Cela explique certainement pourquoi Saint-Martin resta une abbatiola à Trèves : les clercs mosellans n’étaient pas en mesure de défier, dans le domaine de ce culte, leurs concurrents rhénans.
« Pannonia letetur, Italia exultet et Gallie trina divisio, Francorum atque Germanie, omnes pariter gaudeant… » Les répertoires liturgiques latins pour saint Martin (VIe-Xe siècle)
Authors: Goudesenne Jean-François 
Published: May 2013

Le corpus des œuvres liturgiques pour saint Martin est immense et appelle encore beaucoup de recherches. Il s’agit seulement ici de dresser un tableau général mettant en valeur quelques traits essentiels. Ainsi le culte de saint Martin n’est ni complètement universel ni seulement local. Il est en outre très ancien. On trouve des pièces pour saint Martin dans les anciennes liturgies non romaines d’Espagne, de Bénévent, de Milan (rite ambrosien) et de Gaule. Paradoxalement Rome semble avoir adopté plus tard des pièces d’origine franque, malgré la présence précoce de Saint-Martin aux Monts. Certes à l’époque carolingienne, on assiste à une généralisation du répertoire romano-franc prolongé à l’époque romane par une diffusion très étendue. Mais il ne faut sans doute pas surévaluer le patronage monarchique de la « nation » franque du fait de la pluralité des foyers de création liturgique même si le foyer tourangeau a joué un rôle fondamental.
Les facultés de lettres de province dans la tourmente des réformes de l’enseignement supérieur (1896-1914)
Authors: Héry Evelyne 
Published: May 2013

« Les malheureuses facultés de province », par cette expression empruntée à Renan, un membre de la Société pour l'étude des questions de l'enseignement supérieur s'inquiète, dans la Revue internationale de l'Enseignement, de la situation des facultés de lettres depuis la réforme de 1896. Celles-ci considèrent en effet qu'elles n'ont pas les moyens de soutenir la concurrence de l'Université parisienne : elles manquent d'étudiants et donc de ressources financières. La réforme de l'École Normale Supérieure en 1903 accentue, selon elles, ces inégalités. Dénonçant cette situation, le personnel des facultés de lettres de province recherche avec détermination des solutions : mesures administratives pour accroître le nombre d'inscrits, sélection des diplômes préparés, spécialisation par pôles... Dix ans plus tard, le réveil semble s'amorcer.
Diversité floristique et valeur de la forêt sacrée Bokasso (Est de la Côte d’Ivoire) pour la conservation
Authors: Yao Adou , C.Y.  , Kpangui  , K.B.  , Kouao  , K.J.  , Adou  , L.M.D.  , Vroh  , B.T.A.  , N’Guessan  , K.E.  
Published: May 2013

La région forestière située à l’Est de la Côte d’Ivoire a été marquée par un ensemble d’activités anthropiques qui a entraîné sa dégradation. Dans cette région, les forêts sacrées, constituent aujourd’hui, pour certains départements comme celui de Transua, les quelques reliques encore intactes de la forêt qui s’étendait jusqu’au Ghana. L’une d’elles, appelé Bokassô a fait l’objet d’une étude dont les objectifs sont : (1) la détermination de sa superficie par cartographie, (2) l’inventaire botanique et (3) la détermination de sa valeur pour la conservation. Les résultats obtenus indiquent que la forêt couvre une superficie de 54.9 ha pour une richesse de 188 espèces végétales regroupées en 154 genres et 64 familles. La composition floristique montre qu’il s’agit d’un fragment de forêt dense humide semi-décidue bien conservé. Cette forêt abrite 30 espèces de plantes à statut particulier qui lui confèrent une grande valeur pour la conservation. Toutefois, de nombreuses activités anthropiques pratiquées menacent l’intégrité de la forêt sacrée Bokassô.
Pressure Distribution of the Gaseous Flow in Microchannel: A Lattice Boltzmann Study
Authors: Xu Zimian , Guo Zhaoli 
Published: May 2013

AbstractIn this paper the pressure distribution of the gaseous flow in a microchannel is studied via a lattice Boltzmann equation (LBE) method. With effective relaxation times and a generalized second order slip boundary condition, the LBE can be used to simulate rarefied gas flows from slip to transition regimes. The Knudsen minimum phenomena of mass flow rate in the pressure driven flow is also investigated. The effects of Knudsen number (rarefaction effect), pressure ratio and aspect ratio (compression effect) on the pressure distribution are analyzed. It is found the rarefaction effect tends to the curvature of the nonlinear pressure distribution, while the compression effect tends to enhance its nonlinearity. The combined effects lead to a local minimum of the pressure deviation. Furthermore, it is also found that the relationship between the pressure deviation and the aspect ratio follows a pow-law.
Muscle Dysmorphia and Personality Trait: A Significant Link in Bodybuilders
Authors: Shenoy Shweta , Sandhu Jaspal Singh , Kishore Sai , Randhawa Harwinder Singh 
Published: May 2013

ABSTRACT
The purpose of this study was to test for significant link between personality trait and muscle dysmorphia in bodybuilders. A total of 212 bodybuilders filled the muscle dysmorphia inventory of which 44.3% (n = 94) were found to be muscle dysmorphic. Their personality traits assessed using eysenck personality profiler in the vienna testing system machine revealed 65% of muscle dysmorphic bodybuilders being predominantly oriented toward extroversion type of personality. Further statistical analysis revealed, the significance between the muscle dysmorphia inventory and the personality traits and its results are discussed. Estimating the prevalence and categorizing based on personality has rather opened a new gateway to identify such vulnerable men who are susceptible to their own drive for muscularity.

How to cite this article
Sandhu JS, Kishore S, Shenoy S, Randhawa HS. Muscle Dysmorphia and Personality Trait: A Significant Link in Bodybuilders. J Postgrad Med Edu Res 2013;47(2):77-82.
Spine Hypermobility in Sports
Authors: Wicker A 
Published: May 2013

ABSTRACT
Spondylolysis and 1st degree spondylolisthesis are one of the common conditions causing low back pain in athletes. Treatment options are very variable and often controversial. Misdiagnosis and inappropriate treatment increases risk of reoccurrence in such conditions. It may also cause decrease in an athlete's performance if not treated well. Conservative management includes functional rehabilitation and anti-lordotic bracing. Therapy medium if given in right manner will have positive therapeutic effects. If conservative management fails to show any improvement, surgical stabilization with spinal fusion may be considered.

How to cite this article
Wicker A. Spine Hypermobility in Sports. J Postgrad Med Edu Res 2013;47(2):90-93.
MATHEMATICAL MODELING OF VULCANIZATION CHARACTERISTICS
Authors: Yeoh O. H. 
Published: May 2013

ABSTRACT
It is often useful to describe vulcanization reaction kinetics in terms of a mathematical model so that curing behavior may be predicted for different heat histories. Commonly used models for describing vulcanization kinetics are reviewed and discussed with emphasis on the mathematical relationships between them. The Deng-Isayev, Sestak-Berggren, and Kamal models are regarded as members of a hierarchy of increasing complexity. Simpler members are preferred for robustness. Tests of their validity against experimental data are recommended to guide the choice of models.
EVALUATION OF SIEVE ANALYSIS METHODS FOR THE DETERMINATION OF FIBER CONTENT IN SAMPLES OF RUBBER POWDER
Authors: Rodríguez-Alloza Ana María , Gallego-Medina Juan , Bermejo-Muñoz José María , Saiz-Rodríguez Leticia 
Published: May 2013

ABSTRACT
The objective of this article is to study the validity of the test methods that are currently used to determine the fiber content in samples of rubber powder made from end-of-life tires: CEN/TS 14 243, ASTM D 5603-01, and XP T 47–758. For this purpose, rubber powder samples contaminated with one weight percent (wt%) of fiber were prepared and submitted to sieve analyses, with the weight of the sample and sieving time as the variable parameters. The materials used were rubber powder without fibers and polyester fibers from recycled waste tires, both generated during the shredding of the tires. It has been observed that the procedure of determining fiber content based on sieving and extraction of fabric balls does not manage to recover more than 41.00% of the fibers contained in the samples. This research demonstrates that even with different sample weights and sieving times, is not possible to recover 100% of the fiber with which the rubber sample was contaminated. This seems to indicate that it is necessary to develop a methodology that differs from the current practice of sieving and extracting fabric balls to correctly determine the fiber content in a sample of rubber powder.
CALCIUM SILICATE (CASIO3) AS ALTERNATIVE IONIC COAGULANT AND SOLID LUBRICANT FOR CERAMIC MOLDS IN NATURAL RUBBER LATEX FILM PREPARATION
Authors: Tangboriboon Nuchnapa , Pakdeeniti Sirikarn , Kunanuruksapong Ruksapong , Sirivat Anuvat 
Published: May 2013

ABSTRACTCalcium silicate gel (CaSiO3) is a synthesized, ionic coagulant and solid lubricant prepared by the sol-gel process. Calcium silicate is an oxide compound used as an ionic coagulant in coatings on prototypic, standard molds before those molds are dipped into concentrated natural rubber latex in the latex film-production process. The advantages of coating the CaSiO3 gel, made from eggshells, on a ceramic mold surface are low water treatment, less-acid rising step, and a longer life of the standard molds. Synthesized CaSiO3 has good physical properties: a specific surface area of 107 m2/g, a small pore diameter of 14.91 nm, and a fine, average particle size of 20.76 μm, suitable for coating on standard or other ceramic molds. The concentrated latex film products obtained are thin and clear, with a smooth surfaces; they provide ease of mold release and have high tensile strength. The interfacial interaction γSL, between a prototype standard mold and the CaSiO3 gel, as an ionic coagulant is stronger than the γSL between a prototype standard mold and calcium nitrate gel is because of the electrostatic charges of CaSiO3 (Ca2+, Si4+, and O2−) on the mold surface.
MUSSEL-MIMETIC ELASTOMERS OF VARIED FUNCTIONALITY DESIGN FOR ELASTOMERIC COMPOSITES
Authors: Pan Xiao-Dong , Yan Yuan-Yong , Qin Zengquan , Brumbaugh Dennis R. , Sadhukhan Pat 
Published: May 2013

ABSTRACT
Bulk viscoelasticity and tensile behavior are examined for cross-linked compounds made of mussel-mimetic elastomers of varied functionality design. During polymerization, the mussel-mimetic functionalities containing the 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl (or catechol) group can be incorporated at the molecule chain head, along the backbone, and/or at the molecule chain tail. The compounds are either unfilled or filled to the same filler volume fraction with a single filler chosen among carbon black (hydrophobic), precipitated silica (hydrophilic), and titanium oxide (hydrophilic). For polymers bearing multiple mussel-mimetic functional groups, the polymer cold flow resistance becomes significantly enhanced, arising from the strong intermolecular hydrogen bonding interactions. Such strong intermolecular hydrogen-bonding interactions also affect the bulk viscoelasticity and tensile behavior for the cross-linked gum compounds. Because the mussel-mimetic functional groups exhibit obvious affinity to all three types of filler particles, the extent of modification to bulk viscoelasticity and reinforcement for the filled compounds is observed to vary with the distribution of such functionalities along a polymer molecule, the chemical groups immediately next to the catechol group, and the specific type of filler. As expected, microscale filler dispersion is improved from the strong polymer–filler interactions.
MAPPING STORAGE MODULUS AND LOSS MODULUS OF POLYOLEFIN/POLYSTYRENE BLENDS WITH ATOMIC FORCE MICROSCOPY
Authors: Yablon Dalia G. , Proksch Roger , Gannepalli Anil , Tsou Andy H. 
Published: May 2013

ABSTRACT
The storage modulus and loss modulus of blends of polypropylene/polystyrene and polyethylene/polystyrene have been mapped quantitatively with contact resonance atomic force microscopy. Contact resonance spectra were collected in Dual AC Resonance Tracking (DART) mode, in which the phase and amplitude are monitored at two discrete frequencies, resulting in maps of contact resonance frequency and quality factor. These data are then used to compute quantitative storage and loss moduli parameters for the materials being imaged. Computed storage moduli compare favorably with the high-frequency, time–temperature, superposed, low-frequency dynamic mechanical analyzer (DMA) values, whereas the computed loss moduli exhibited greater uncertainty in comparison with the bulk DMA values.