bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
“FOR THE FATHERLAND AND THE STATE”: ARMENIANS NEGOTIATE THE TANZIMAT REFORMS
Authors: Ueno Masayuki 
Published: March 2013

AbstractThis article examines Ottoman Armenian attitudes toward the Tanzimat reforms, particularly in relation to the situation of provincial Armenians. Even though implementation of the reforms was slow and marked by setbacks, the promises embedded in them raised expectations of change among Armenians in both Istanbul and the provinces. In response, individuals in these areas equipped themselves with knowledge of the language and principles of the Tanzimat. They interpreted and utilized these for their own purposes, sometimes not as the Ottoman government intended. In this sense, the Tanzimat was not merely a top-down state project; it was also pluralized through interactions between the government and its subjects. Exploring how non-Muslims negotiated the Tanzimat enables reconsiderations of the Muslim-elite-centered historiography on the reforms.
Ion-acoustic double layers in electron–positron–ion plasmas with finite ion temperature
Authors: JAIN S. K. , MISHRA M. K. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractThe large-amplitude ion-acoustic double layers in a collisionless plasma consisting of isothermal positrons, warm adiabatic ions and two-temperature distribution of electrons are investigated. Using the pseudo-potential approach, an energy-integral equation for the system has been derived which encompasses complete nonlinearity for the plasma system. The existence region of the double layers is analyzed numerically. It is found that for a selected set of physical parameters, the rarefactive double layer exists in the electron–positron–ion plasma. It is found that the existence regime of the double layer is very sensitive to the plasma parameters, e.g. cold electron concentration (μ) and temperature ratio of two electron species (β). An increase in the finite ion temperature ratio increases the amplitude of the rarefactive double layer. To study small-amplitude double layers, we have expanded the Sagdeev potential. In the case of small amplitude, it is found that the amplitude of the double layer increases with increase in ion temperature ratio (σ) and cold electron concentration (μ). However increase in positron concentration (α) and temperature ratio of positrons to electrons (γ) decreases the amplitude of the double layer. The effect of various plasma parameters on the characteristics of the double layers is discussed in detail. The results of the investigation may be helpful to understanding basic plasma characteristics in space.
Invasive bryozoan alters interaction between a native grazer and its algal food
Authors: O'Brien John M. , Krumhansl Kira A. , Scheibling Robert E. 
Published: March 2013

The epiphytic bryozoan Membranipora membranacea encrusts the surface of kelp blades, causing recurrent large-scale defoliation events in kelp beds off the Atlantic coast of Nova Scotia, Canada. The gastropod Lacuna vincta grazes kelp, creating perforations that weaken blade tissues and increase the fragmentation rate. We assess the interaction between M. membranacea and L. vincta by measuring the grazing rate of snails on bryozoan-encrusted and non-encrusted kelp (Saccharina latissima) in no-choice and choice experiments in the laboratory conducted in November and December 2010. There was no effect of diet on grazing rate in no-choice experiments. In choice experiments, however, L. vincta grazed significantly more non-encrusted than encrusted kelp (7.1 versus 1.1 mg snail−1 d−1), and grazing rate of non-encrusted kelp was almost twice that in the no-choice experiment (3.8 mg snail−1 d−1), indicating that snails may avoid colonies of M. membranacea on partially encrusted kelp blades. We found no effect of diet on growth, reproduction and survival of snails maintained for four weeks on encrusted or non-encrusted kelp. By concentrating grazing damage on non-encrusted areas of blades, L. vincta may act synergistically with M. membranacea to increase the likelihood of blade breakage and canopy loss. This indirect effect of the invasive bryozoan could augment its direct effect on the standing biomass of native kelp beds and detrital export to adjacent communities.
Distributions of Order Patterns of Interval Maps
Authors: ABRAMS AARON , BABSON ERIC , LANDAU HENRY , LANDAU ZEPH , POMMERSHEIM JAMES 
Published: March 2013

A permutation σ describing the relative orders of the first n iterates of a point x under a self-map f of the interval I=[0,1] is called an order pattern. For fixed f and n, measuring the points x ∈ I (according to Lebesgue measure) that generate the order pattern σ gives a probability distribution μn(f) on the set of length n permutations. We study the distributions that arise this way for various classes of functions f.Our main results treat the class of measure-preserving functions. We obtain an exact description of the set of realizable distributions in this case: for each n this set is a union of open faces of the polytope of flows on a certain digraph, and a simple combinatorial criterion determines which faces are included. We also show that for general f, apart from an obvious compatibility condition, there is no restriction on the sequence {μn(f)}n=1,2,. . ..In addition, we give a necessary condition for f to have finite exclusion type, that is, for there to be finitely many order patterns that generate all order patterns not realized by f. Using entropy we show that if f is piecewise continuous, piecewise monotone, and either ergodic or with points of arbitrarily high period, then f cannot have finite exclusion type. This generalizes results of S. Elizalde.
Blastocyst rate of in vitro embryo production in sheep is affected by season
Authors: Mara L. , Sanna D. , Casu S. , Dattena M. , Muñoz I.M. Mayorga 
Published: March 2013

SummaryIt has been reported that the number and quality of in vitro produced embryos is season related. This study was conducted to assess the effect of season on cleavage, blastocyst and lambing rates of in vitro produced ovine embryos during 3 years of collection data. Ovaries of Sarda sheep were collected from a slaughterhouse. In total, 5035 oocytes were recovered and matured in TCM-199 with 4 mg/ml bovine serum albumin (BSA), 100 μM cysteamine, 0.3 mM Na pyruvate, 0.1 UI/ml recombinant follicle-stimulating hormone (r-FSH), 0.1 UI/ml recombinant luteinising hormone (r-LH), and 1 μg/ml estradiol-17β. Matured oocytes were fertilized with fresh semen in synthetic oviductal fluid (SOF) with 20% heat inactivated estrous sheep serum. The presumptive zygotes were cultured for 6–7 days (blastocyst stage) in SOF medium supplemented with 1% Basel Medium Eagle (BME), 1% Minimum Essential Medium, 1 mM glutamine and 8 mg/ml fatty acid-free BSA. The embryos produced were vitrified and a total of 165 blastocysts (80 from the breeding season and 85 from the anoestrous season) were transferred in pairs into recipient ewes during the reproductive period. There were no significant differences in cleavage rates between seasons in any of the 3 years examined (84% versus 83%, 81% versus 80% and 80% versus 79%, respectively). The blastocyst rate varied significantly between seasons in 2005 and 2007 (P < 0.05), and in 2006 (P < 0.001). There were no differences in pregnancy and lambing rates between embryos during anoestrous versus during the breeding season. In conclusion, only the blastocyst rate appeared to have been affected by season, possibly due to variation in the number of developmentally competent oocytes.
Diastolic dysfunction measured by tissue Doppler imaging in children with end-stage renal disease: a report of the RICH-Q study
Authors: Schoenmaker Nikki J. , Kuipers Irene M. , van der Lee Johanna H. , Tromp Wilma F. , van Dyck Maria , Gewillig Marc , Blom Nico A. , Groothoff Jaap W. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractIntroduction:Early detection of cardiovascular disease in children with end-stage renal disease is essential in order to prevent cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in early adulthood. Tissue Doppler imaging has shown to be a promising method to detect and quantify subtle abnormalities in diastolic function. We therefore compared assessment of diastolic function by conventional echocardiography and tissue Doppler imaging.Methods:We performed conventional echocardiography and tissue Doppler imaging in 38 children with end-stage renal disease and 76 healthy controls. We compared outcomes on parameters related to diastolic function (E/a ratio for conventional echocardiography and E/E′ ratio for tissue Doppler imaging) for both groups using multiple linear regression analysis. Diastolic dysfunction was defined as E/a ratio <1 or E/E′ ratio > 95th percentile for age. To assess the intra-observer reproducibility, the coefficient of variation was calculated.Results: Children with end-stage renal disease had on average a lower E/a ratio (p = 0.004) and a higher mitral and septal E/E′ ratio (both p < 0.001) compared with controls. In all, two children with end-stage renal disease (5%) had diastolic dysfunction according to the E/a ratio, 11 according to the mitral E/E′ ratio (29%), and 16 according to the septal E/E′ ratio (42%) compared with none of the controls (p = 0.109, p < 0.001, and p < 0.001, respectively). The coefficients of variation of the mitral (7%) and septal E/E′ ratio (4%) were smaller than the coefficient of variation of the E/a ratio (11%).Conclusions:Tissue Doppler imaging is a more sensitive and reliable method to detect diastolic dysfunction than conventional E/a ratio in children with end-stage renal disease.
Medical and surgical management of primary cardiac tumours in infants and children
Authors: Padalino Massimo A. , Reffo Elena , Cerutti Alessia , Favero Valentina , Biffanti Roberta , Vida Vladimiro , Stellin Giovanni , Milanesi Ornella 
Published: March 2013

AbstractPrimary cardiac tumours in infants and children are extremely rare, with an estimated incidence of 0.2% according to echocardiographic studies. Owing to their rarity, there is very little literature available, and most knowledge is based on collections of case reports. Therefore, we reviewed retrospectively our 27 years of clinical experience on the overall management of cardiac tumours among children in order to improve not only our knowledge but also to provide others with information about the incidence, clinical presentation, management, and long-term outcome of this rare disease. Between April, 1982 and April, 2009, 52 children were diagnosed with cardiac tumours at our Institution. Medical records and follow-up echocardiographic evaluations were studied. The diagnosis was prenatal in 35% of the patients. The most frequent tumour types were rhabdomyomas (61.5%), fibromas (15.4%), and myxomas (5.8%). There were no cases of primary malignant tumours. All diagnoses were achieved using two-dimensional echocardiography, and for 12 patients a pathological analysis was carried out. A total of 41 patients (79%) were managed medically, whereas 11 (21%) patients underwent surgical treatment. At a mean follow-up of 7.2 ± 5.4 years, two patients died of complications related to cardiac transplantation; all the remaining patients are in excellent clinical condition. In conclusion, cardiac tumours in paediatric practice are usually clinically and histologically benign. Only a few cases need surgery. Up to one-third of the cardiac masses are detectable prenatally. Rhabdomyoma is the most common histotype, followed by fibroma and myxoma. The long-term prognosis is generally good.
Functional Language Networks in Sedentary and Physically Active Older Adults
Authors: Zlatar Zvinka Z. , Towler Stephen , McGregor Keith M. , Dzierzewski Joseph M. , Bauer Andrew , Phan Stephanie , Cohen Matthew , Marsiske Michael , Manini Todd M. , Crosson Bruce 
Published: March 2013

AbstractFunctional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies have identified consistent age-related changes during various cognitive tasks, such that older individuals display more positive and less negative task-related activity than young adults. Recently, evidence shows that chronic physical exercise may alter aging-related changes in brain activity; however, the effect of exercise has not been studied for the neural substrates of language function. Additionally, the potential mechanisms by which aging alters neural recruitment remain understudied. To address these points, the present study enrolled elderly adults who were either sedentary or physically active to characterize the neural correlates of language function during semantic fluency between these groups in comparison to a young adult sample. Participants underwent fMRI during semantic fluency and transcranial magnetic stimulation to collect the ipsilateral silent period, a measure of interhemispheric inhibition. Results indicated that sedentary older adults displayed reductions in negative task-related activity compared to the active old group in areas of the attention network. Longer interhemispheric inhibition was associated with more negative task-related activity in the right and left posterior perisylvian cortex, suggesting that sedentary aging may result in losses in task facilitatory cortical inhibition. However, these losses may be mitigated by regular engagement in physical exercise. (JINS, 2013, 19, 1–10)
Self-stereotyping as “Evangelical Republican”: An Empirical Test
Authors: Patrikios Stratos 
Published: March 2013

AbstractThe prominence of evangelical Christians in the electoral base of the Republican Party is a noted feature of recent American elections. This prominence is linked to a key stereotype that saturates public discourse: “born-again/evangelical Republicanism.” The stereotype fuses religious and partisan social group membership to create a composite social label. Using a social categorization approach, which challenges the assumptions and methods of existing research, the present analysis asks whether voters embrace this stereotype in their definitions of self. The article employs confirmatory factor analysis of religious and partisan identity constructs from a national internet survey, the 2008 Cooperative Congressional Election Study, and finds evidence of the presence of this religious-partisan stereotype in individual self-views, and of the backlash that it has produced, particularly among citizens that are exposed to public discourse on American elections.
Complementary Sierpinski gasket fractal antenna for dual-band WiMAX/WLAN (3.5/5.8 GHz) applications
Authors: Malik Jagannath , Kalaria Parth C. , Kartikeyan Machavaram V. 
Published: March 2013

A proximity-fed complementary Sierpinski gasket fractal with equilateral triangular shape resonator in multilayer structure to achieve dual-band behavior for WiMAX and WLAN applications has been proposed. An electromagnetic coupled stacked structure of two different patches operating at two frequencies (3.5 GHz WiMAX and 5.8 GHz wireless LAN) has been designed for dual-band wireless applications. Proposed antenna was simulated using CST Microwave Studio based on the finite integration technique (FIT) with perfect boundary approximation (PBA). Finally, the proposed antenna was fabricated and some performance parameters were measured to validate against simulation results. The design procedures and employed tuning techniques to achieve the desired performance are presented.
Design and optimization of a microstrip patch antenna for increased bandwidth
Authors: Agrawal Archana , Singhal Pramod Kumar , Jain Ankit 
Published: March 2013

With the ever-increasing need for wireless communication and the emergence of many systems, it is important to design broadband antennas to cover a wide frequency range. The aim of this paper is to design a broadband patch antenna, employing the three techniques of slotting, adding directly coupled parasitic elements and fractal electromagnetic band gap (EBG) structures.The bandwidth is improved from 9.3 to 23.7%. A wideband ranging from 4.15 to 5.27 GHz is obtained. Also, a comparative analysis of embedding EBG structures at different heights is also done. The composite effect of integrating these techniques in the design provides a simple and efficient method for obtaining low-profile, broadband, and high-gain antenna. By the addition of parasitic elements the bandwidth was increased to 18%. Later on by embedding EBG structures the bandwidth was increased up to 23.7%. The design is suitable for a variety of wireless applications like WLAN and radar applications.
Entwicklungsgefährdungen im Bereich sozialer Kompetenzen bei 3- bis 6-jährigen Kindern in Kindertageseinrichtungen
Authors: Rudolph Stephanie , Franze Marco , Gottschling-Lang Annika , Hoffmann Wolfgang 
Published: March 2013

12 % der Einschüler in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern (M-V) weisen sozial-emotionale Entwicklungsverzögerungen auf. Die Ermittlung des individuellen Förderbedarfs und des Einflusses potentieller Risikofaktoren auf die Ausprägung sozialer Kompetenzen sind Voraussetzungen für die Entwicklung kindspezifischer Präventionsmaßnahmen für Kindertageseinrichtungen (KiTas) in M-V. Daten wurden mittels „Dortmunder Entwicklungsscreening für den Kindergarten” und einem auf dem Kinder- und Jugendgesundheitssurvey (KiGGS) basierenden Elternfragebogen erhoben. An der Studie nahmen 870 drei- bis sechsjährige Kinder teil (Response: 92.4 %). 599 Kinder wurden in die Analysen aufgenommen. 15.4 % der Kinder sind in ihrer sozialen Entwicklung gefährdet, 7.7 % fraglich gefährdet. Als statistisch signifikante Risikofaktoren wurden sprachlich-kognitive Entwicklungsgefährdungen, männliches Geschlecht und niedriger/mittlerer Sozialstatus identifiziert. Unregelmäßiger Kindergartenbesuch, Alter, unvollständige Teilnahme an Früherkennungsuntersuchungen und seltener TV-Konsum erreichen hingegen keine statistische Signifikanz. Präventionsansätze liegen in der Förderung sprachlich-kognitiver Kompetenzen 3- bis 6-Jähriger und einer gendersensiblen Förderung.
Hirsutella sinensis mycelium suppresses interleukin-1β and interleukin-18 secretion by inhibiting both canonical and non-canonical inflammasomes
Authors: Huang Tsung-Teng , Chong Kowit-Yu , Ojcius David M. , Wu Yi-Hui , Ko Yun-Fei , Wu Cheng-Yeu , Martel Jan , Lu Chia-Chen , Lai Hsin-Chih , Young John D. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractCordyceps sinensis is a medicinal mushroom used for centuries in Asian countries as a health supplement and tonic. Hirsutella sinensis—the anamorphic, mycelial form of C. sinensis—possesses similar properties and is increasingly used as a health supplement. Recently, C. sinensis extracts were shown to inhibit the production of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1β in lipopolysaccharide-treated macrophages. However, the molecular mechanism underlying this process has remained unclear. In addition, whether H. sinensis mycelium (HSM) extracts also inhibit the production of IL-1β has not been investigated. In the present study, the HSM extract suppresses IL-1β and IL-18 secretion and ATP-induced activation of caspase-1. Notably, we observed that HSM not only reduced expression of the inflammasome component NLRP1 and the P2X7R but also reduced the activation of caspase-4 and ATP-induced ROS production. These findings reveal that the HSM extract has anti-inflammatory properties attributed to its ability to inhibit both canonical and non-canonical inflammasomes.
Electroencephalogram signatures of loss and recovery of consciousness from propofol
Authors: Purdon Patrick L. , Pierce Eric T. , Mukamel Eran A. , Prerau Michael J. , Walsh John L. , Wong Kin Foon K. , Salazar-Gomez Andres F. , Harrell Priscilla G. , Sampson Aaron L. , Cimenser Aylin , Ching ShiNung , Kopell Nancy J. , Tavares-Stoeckel Casie , Habeeb Kathleen , Merhar Rebecca , Brown Emery N. 
Published: March 2013

Significance
Anesthesiologists reversibly manipulate the brain function of nearly 60,000 patients each day, but brain-state monitoring is not an accepted practice in anesthesia care because markers that reliably track changes in level of consciousness under general anesthesia have yet to be identified. We found specific behavioral and electrophysiological changes that mark the transition between consciousness and unconsciousness induced by propofol, one of the most commonly used anesthetic drugs. Our results provide insights into the mechanisms of propofol-induced unconsciousness and establish EEG signatures of this brain state that could be used to monitor the brain activity of patients receiving general anesthesia.
Modeling integrated photovoltaic–electrochemical devices using steady-state equivalent circuits
Authors: Winkler Mark T. , Cox Casandra R. , Nocera Daniel G. , Buonassisi Tonio 
Published: March 2013

Significance
This article extends the construction of direct solar-to-fuels devices, such as the artificial leaf based on crystalline silicon. Because a single Si junction has insufficient potential to drive water splitting, it cannot be used for direct solar-to-fuels conversion. This paper performs an equivalent circuit analysis for multiple series-connected devices. The predictive utility of the model is demonstrated in the case of water oxidation at the surface of a Si solar cell, using a cobalt–borate oxygen evolving catalyst. Considering recent cost reductions of Si solar cells, this paper offers a path to the construction of low cost solar-to-fuels devices.
Safety of Feed Treated with 17α-Methyltestosterone (17MT) to Larval Nile Tilapia
Authors: Straus David L , Bowker James D , Bowman Molly P , Carty Daniel G , Mitchell Andrew J , Farmer Bradley D , Ledbetter Cynthia K 
Published: March 2013

Abstract
As a synthetic androgen, 17α-methyltestosterone (17MT) is frequently used to redirect the course of sex differentiation by exposing the undifferentiated gonad to a sufficient dosage. This hormone has been widely accepted as a safe and effective treatment for sex reversal in many fish species, and it is administered to larval tilapia (3–12 d old) for ∼28 consecutive days to produce populations of &gt;90% males. This study assessed the safety of 17MT-treated feed when administered to larval Nile Tilapia Oreochromis niloticus at one, three, and five times (i.e., 1×, 3×, and 5×) the proposed dosage of 9 mg 17MT/kg fish daily for 28 consecutive days. Despite elevated total ammonia nitrogen levels measured during the last 5 d of the study, environmental conditions were acceptable for rearing tilapia. Fish fed aggressively regardless of the concentration of 17MT in the feed, behavior was considered normal with no dose-related differences detected, and no mortality was observed in the 3× treatment group. Fish that were treated with five times the proposed therapeutic dosage had significant pathological changes. Based on the results of this study, the 17MT margin of safety extends to at least 3× (27 mg 17MT/kg fish daily) the proposed dosage of 9 mg 17MT/kg fish daily when administered in feed for 28 d to Nile Tilapia.