bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Economic design in a long-distance migrating molluscivore: how fast-fuelling red knots in Bohai Bay, China, get away with small gizzards
Authors: Yang Hong-Yan , Chen Bing , Ma Zhi-jun , Hua Ning , van Gils Jan A. , Zhang Zheng-Wang , Piersma Theunis 
Published: September 2013

SUMMARY
We carried out an observational and experimental study to decipher how resource characteristics, in interaction with the predator's phenotype, constrain a fitness-determining performance measure, i.e. refuelling in a migrant bird. Two subspecies of red knot (Calidris canutus rogersi and C. c. piersmai) use northern Bohai Bay, Yellow Sea, China, for the final prebreeding stopover, during their 10,000–15,000 km long migrations between wintering and breeding areas. Here, they feed on small bivalves, especially 2–7 mm long Potamocorbula laevis. With an average stay of 29 days, and the need to store 80 g of fat for the onward flights to high-Arctic breeding grounds, red knots need to refuel fast. Using existing knowledge, we expected them to achieve this on the basis of (1) prey with high flesh to shell mass ratios, (2) large gizzards to crush the ingested molluscs, or (3) a combination of the two. Rejecting all three predictions, we found that red knots staging in Bohai Bay had the smallest gizzards on record (4.9±0.8 g, mean ± s.e.m., N=27), and also found that prey quality of P. laevis is much lower than predicted for the measured gizzard size (i.e. 1.3 rather than the predicted 4.5 kJ g−1 dry shell mass, DMshell). The estimated handling time of P. laevis (0.2 s) is much shorter than the observed time between two prey ingestions (0.7 s), indicating that prey handling time is no constraint. Based on field observations of dropping rates and on indoor digestion trails, the shell processing rate was estimated at 3.9 mg DMshell s−1, i.e. three times higher the rate previously predicted for red knots eating as fast as they can with the measured gizzard size. This is explained by the small and easily crushed P. laevis enabling high processing rates. As P. laevis also occurred in high densities, the metabolizable energy intake rate of red knots with small gizzards at 5 J s−1 was as high as at northward staging sites elsewhere in the world. Currently, therefore, food characteristics in Bohai Bay are such that red knots can refuel fast whilst economizing on the size of their gizzard. These time-stressed migrants thus provide an elegant example of symmorphosis.
Expression analysis of the speech-related genes FoxP1 and FoxP2 and their relation to singing behavior in two songbird species
Authors: Chen Qianqian , Heston Jonathan B. , Burkett Zachary D. , White Stephanie A. 
Published: September 2013

SUMMARY
Humans and songbirds are among the rare animal groups that exhibit socially learned vocalizations: speech and song, respectively. These vocal-learning capacities share a reliance on audition and cortico-basal ganglia circuitry, as well as neurogenetic mechanisms. Notably, the transcription factors Forkhead box proteins 1 and 2 (FoxP1, FoxP2) exhibit similar expression patterns in the cortex and basal ganglia of humans and the zebra finch species of songbird, among other brain regions. Mutations in either gene are associated with language disorders in humans. Experimental knock-down of FoxP2 in the basal ganglia song control region Area X during song development leads to imprecise copying of tutor songs. Moreover, FoxP2 levels decrease naturally within Area X when zebra finches sing. Here, we examined neural expression patterns of FoxP1 and FoxP2 mRNA in adult Bengalese finches, a songbird species whose songs exhibit greater sequence complexity and increased reliance on audition for maintaining their quality. We found that FoxP1 and FoxP2 expression in Bengalese finches is similar to that in zebra finches, including strong mRNA signals for both factors in multiple song control nuclei and enhancement of FoxP1 in these regions relative to surrounding brain tissue. As with zebra finches, when Bengalese finches sing, FoxP2 is behaviorally downregulated within basal ganglia Area X over a similar time course, and expression negatively correlates with the amount of singing. This study confirms that in multiple songbird species, FoxP1 expression highlights song control regions, and regulation of FoxP2 is associated with motor control of song.
The effect of substrate diameter and incline on locomotion in an arboreal frog
Authors: Herrel Anthony , Perrenoud Mats , Decamps Thierry , Abdala Virginia , Manzano Adriana , Pouydebat Emannuelle 
Published: September 2013

SUMMARY
Frogs are characterized by a unique morphology associated with their saltatory lifestyle. Yet, arboreal species show morphological specializations relative to other ecological specialists allowing them to hold on to narrow substrates. However, almost nothing is known about the effects of substrate characteristics on locomotion in frogs. Here, we quantified the 3D kinematics of forelimb movement for frogs moving across branches of different diameters (1 and 40 mm) and two different inclines (horizontal and 45 deg uphill). Our results show that grip types differ while moving across substrates of different diameters and inclines. The kinematics of the wrist, elbow and shoulder as well as the body position relative to the substrate also showed significant effects of individual, diameter and incline. Kinematic differences involved duration, velocity of movement and angular excursions. Differences were most pronounced for the proximal joints of the forelimb and effects for substrate diameter were greater than for incline. Interestingly, the effects of diameter and incline on both grip type and kinematics are similar to what has been observed for lizards and primates, suggesting that the mechanics of narrow substrate locomotion drive the kinematics of movement independent of morphology and phylogeny.
Dynamic biophotonics: female squid exhibit sexually dimorphic tunable leucophores and iridocytes
Authors: DeMartini Daniel G. , Ghoshal Amitabh , Pandolfi Erica , Weaver Aaron T. , Baum Mary , Morse Daniel E. 
Published: September 2013

SUMMARY
Loliginid squid use tunable multilayer reflectors to modulate the optical properties of their skin for camouflage and communication. Contained inside specialized cells called iridocytes, these photonic structures have been a model for investigations into bio-inspired adaptive optics. Here, we describe two distinct sexually dimorphic tunable biophotonic features in the commercially important species Doryteuthis opalescens: bright stripes of rainbow iridescence on the mantle just beneath each fin attachment and a bright white stripe centered on the dorsal surface of the mantle between the fins. Both of these cellular features are unique to the female; positioned in the same location as the conspicuously bright white testis in the male, they are completely switchable, transitioning between transparency and high reflectivity. The sexual dimorphism, location and tunability of these features suggest that they may function in mating or reproduction. These features provide advantageous new models for investigation of adaptive biophotonics. The intensely reflective cells of the iridescent stripes provide a greater signal-to-noise ratio than the adaptive iridocytes studied thus far, while the cells constituting the white stripe are adaptive leucophores – unique biological tunable broadband scatterers containing Mie-scattering organelles activated by acetylcholine, and a unique complement of reflectin proteins.
Synthesis of Novel Imidazo[1,2-a]pyrimidin-5(1H)-one Derivatives by Intramolecular Cycloisomerization of 2-Amino-3-alkynylpyrimidin-4(3H)-one in the Presence of Aqueous Base
Authors: Nagender P , Reddy G Malla , Rao P Sambasiva , Kurumurthy C , Rao P Shanthan , Narsaiah B 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
An efficient strategy has been developed for the synthesis of novel imidazo[1,2-a]pyrimidin-5(1H)-one derivatives 4 from 2-amino-3-alkynylpyrimidin-4(3H)-one 2 and alkyl halides in a single step by intramolecular cycloisomerization followed by N-alkylation in the presence of aqueous base.
Analyst Recommendations, Mutual Fund Herding, and Overreaction in Stock Prices
Authors: Brown Nerissa C. , Wei Kelsey D. , Wermers Russ 
Published: September 2013

This paper documents that mutual funds “herd” (trade together) into stocks with consensus sell-side analyst upgrades, and herd out of stocks with consensus downgrades. This influence of analyst recommendation changes on fund herding is stronger for downgrades, and among managers with greater career concerns. These findings indicate that career-concerned managers are incentivized to follow analyst information, and that managers have a greater tendency to herd on negative stock information, given the greater reputational and litigation risk of holding losing stocks. Furthermore, starting in the mid-1990s (when aggregate mutual fund equity ownership is significantly higher), stocks traded by career-concerned herds of fund managers in response to analyst recommendation changes experience a significant same-quarter price impact, followed by a sharp subsequent price reversal. Our evidence suggests that analyst recommendation revisions induce herding by career-concerned fund managers, and that this type of trading has become price destabilizing with the increasing level of mutual fund ownership of stocks. This paper was accepted by Wei Jiang, finance.
Corporate Risk Management: Integrating Liquidity, Hedging, and Operating Policies
Authors: Gamba Andrea , Triantis Alexander J. 
Published: September 2013

We analyze the value created by a dynamic integrated risk management strategy involving liquidity management, derivatives hedging, and operating flexibility, in the presence of several frictions. We show that liquidity serves a critical and distinct role in risk management, justifying high levels of cash. We find that the marginal value associated with derivatives hedging is likely to be low, though we explain why some empirical studies find a higher value. We explore the complex interactions between operating flexibility and financial risk management, finding that substitution effects are nonmonotonic and are affected by operating leverage, the nature of operating flexibility, and the effectiveness of the hedging instrument. This paper was accepted by Jerome Detemple, finance.
A Closer Look at the Short-Term Return Reversal
Authors: Da Zhi , Liu Qianqiu , Schaumburg Ernst 
Published: September 2013

Stock returns unexplained by “fundamentals,” such as cash flow news, are more likely to reverse in the short run than those linked to fundamental news. Making novel use of analyst forecast revisions to measure cash flow news, a simple enhanced reversal strategy generates a risk-adjusted return four times the size of the standard reversal strategy. Importantly, isolating the component of past returns not driven by fundamentals provides a cleaner setting for testing existing theories of short-term reversals. Using this approach, we find that both liquidity shocks and investor sentiment contribute to the observed short-term reversal, but in different ways: Specifically, the reversal profit is attributable to liquidity shocks on the long side because fire sales more likely demand liquidity, and it is attributable to investor sentiment on the short side because short-sale constraints prevent the immediate elimination of overvaluation. This paper was accepted by Brad Barber, finance.
Erythropoietic protoporhyria in first pregnancy
Authors: Elliott Karan D. , Mongelli Max 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
Erythropoietic protoporphyria is a rare, inherited disorder, mainly characterised by photosensitivity. Its accompanying vitamin D and iron deficiencies, as well as potential effects on the liver, make it an important condition to monitor in pregnancy. However, as discovered in our subject case, pregnancy and delivery appear to pose little additional burden to the woman or baby, and in fact, may lead to an improvement of symptoms.
Raceways-based Production of Algal Crude Oil
Authors: Chisti Yusuf 
Published: September 2013

AbstractRaceway ponds, or “high-rate algal ponds”, of various configurations have been used to treat wastewater since the 1950s. They are also known as Oswald ponds after their inventor W. J. Oswald. Large-scale outdoor culture of microalgae and cyanobacteria in raceways is well established (Terry and Raymond 1985; Oswald 1988; Borowitzka and Borowitzka 1989; Becker 1994; Lee 1997; Molina Grima 1999; Pulz 2001; Borowitzka 2005; Spolaore et al. 2006). Raceway culture is used commercially in the United States, Thailand, China, Israel and elsewhere, mostly to produce algae for relatively highvalue applications. This chapter is focused on raceways typically used in the production of algal biomass and not in the treatment of wastewater. The engineering design, operation and performance characteristics of raceways are discussed. The biomass productivity of the raceways is assessed in relation to limits imposed by algal biology. The economics of algal oil production in raceways are discussed.
Taking Universality Seriously: A Functional Approach to Extraterritoriality in International Human Rights Law
Authors: Shany Yuval 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
International human rights law (IHRL) has struggled to define a standard for determining the extraterritorial applicability of its norms that would reconcile the ethos of universal entitlement, on the one hand, with the centrality of borders in delineating state powers and responsibilities under international law, on the other hand. The case law of the UN Human Rights Committee and the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) favors barring states from engaging in conduct outside their borders that would be impermissible if undertaken inside their borders. Still, attempts to demarcate the precise scope of extraterritorial application through allusion to degrees of control over individuals or areas, or by the nature of the obligation itself – have led to unsatisfactory, if not arbitrary results. This article opines a move to functionalism as the basis for extraterritorial applicability – requiring states to protect IHRL in situations they can do so. Under this approach, which takes universality seriously, borders lose much their normative significance. I suggest limiting the functional approach to extraterritorial applicability in accordance with two key notions: (1) the intensity of power relations – factual relations of power entailing direct, significant and foreseeable potential impact – should result in the application of IHRL obligations; or, alternatively, (2) special legal relations – relations of power that put the state in a unique legal position to afford IHRL protection would also justify the imposition of extraterritorial obligations.
Model Order Reduction by Approximate Balanced Truncation: A Unifying Framework / Modellreduktion durch approximatives Balanciertes Abschneiden: eine vereinigende Formulierung
Authors: Wolf Thomas , Panzer Heiko K. F. , Lohmann Boris 
Published: September 2013

Summary
A novel formulation of approximate truncated balanced realization (TBR) is introduced to unify three approaches: two iterative methods for solving the underlying Lyapunov equations - the alternating directions implicit (ADI) iteration and the rational Krylov subspace method (RKSM) - and a two-step procedure that performs a Krylov-based projection and subsequently direct TBR. The framework allows to compare the three methods with respect to solvability, fidelity, numerical effort, stability preservation and global error bounds, which suggests to merge ADI with the two-step procedure
Ein Beitrag zur Parameteridentifikation in örtlich verteilten Systemen / Contribution to Parameter Identification in Spatially Distributed Systems
Authors: Knüppel Torsten , Woittennek Frank 
Published: September 2013

Zusammenfassung
Im Beitrag wird eine Methode zur Bestimmung der Parameter in linearen verteiltparametrischen Systemen vorgestellt. Der Ansatz basiert auf der Herleitung eines linearen Systems von Faltungsgleichungen aus der gegebenen Randwertaufgabe und der anschließenden Elimination nicht gemessener Systemgrößen aus diesem Gleichungssystem. Dies führt, im allgemeinen auch für parameterlineare Randwertaufgaben, auf bezüglich der Parameter nichtlineare Zusammenhänge. Diese endlichdimensionalen nichtlinearen Gleichungen werden mit geeigneten numerischen Verfahren gelöst. Der Nutzen der Methode wird anhand von Simulationsbeispielen und experimentellen Daten illustriert
The Characteristic Trajectory of a Fixing Allele: A Consequence of Fictitious Selection That Arises from Conditioning
Authors: Zhao Lei , Lascoux Martin , Overall Andrew D J , Waxman David 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
This work is concerned with the historical progression, to fixation, of an allele in a finite population. This progression is characterized by the average frequency trajectory of alleles that achieve fixation before a given time, T. Under a diffusion analysis, the average trajectory, conditional on fixation by time T, is shown to be equivalent to the average trajectory in an unconditioned problem involving additional selection. We call this additional selection “fictitious selection”; it plays the role of a selective force in the unconditioned problem but does not exist in reality. It is a consequence of conditioning on fixation. The fictitious selection is frequency dependent and can be very large compared with any real selection that is acting. We derive an approximation for the characteristic trajectory of a fixing allele, when subject to real additive selection, from an unconditioned problem, where the total selection is a combination of real and fictitious selection. Trying to reproduce the characteristic trajectory from the action of additive selection, in an infinite population, can lead to estimates of the strength of the selection that deviate from the real selection by &gt;1000% or have the opposite sign. Strong evolutionary forces may be invoked in problems where conditioning has been carried out, but these forces may largely be an outcome of the conditioning and hence may not have a real existence. The work presented here clarifies these issues and provides two useful tools for future analyses: the characteristic trajectory of a fixing allele and the force that primarily drives this, namely fictitious selection. These should prove useful in a number of areas of interest including coalescence with selection, experimental evolution, time series analyses of ancient DNA, game theory in finite populations, and the historical dynamics of selected alleles in wild populations.
Highly Improved Gene Targeting by Germline-Specific Cas9 Expression in Drosophila
Authors: Kondo Shu , Ueda Ryu 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
We report a simple yet extremely efficient platform for systematic gene targeting by the RNA-guided endonuclease Cas9 in Drosophila. The system comprises two transgenic strains: one expressing Cas9 protein from the germline-specific nanos promoter and the other ubiquitously expressing a custom guide RNA (gRNA) that targets a unique site in the genome. The two strains are crossed to form an active Cas9–gRNA complex specifically in germ cells, which cleaves and mutates the target site. We demonstrate rapid generation of mutants in seven neuropeptide and two microRNA genes in which no mutants have been described. Founder animals stably expressing Cas9–gRNA transmitted germline mutations to an average of 60% of their progeny, a dramatic improvement in efficiency over the previous methods based on transient Cas9 expression. Simultaneous cleavage of two sites by co-expression of two gRNAs efficiently induced internal deletion with frequencies of 4.3–23%. Our method is readily scalable to high-throughput gene targeting, thereby accelerating comprehensive functional annotation of the Drosophila genome.
Corrosion resistance of surface modified nickel titanium archwires
Authors: Krishnan Manu , Seema Saraswathy , Kumar A. Vinod , Varthini N. Parvatha , Sukumaran Kalathil , Pawar Vasant R. , Arora Vimal 
Published: September 2013

ABSTRACT

Objective:
To compare the corrosion behavior of commercially available surface modified nickel titanium (NiTi) arch wires with respect to a conventional NiTi and to evaluate its association with surface characteristics.

Materials and Methods:
Five types of surface modified arch wires and a conventional NiTi arch wire, all from different manufacturers, were evaluated for their corrosion resistance from breakdown potential in an anodic polarization scan in Ringer's solution. Surface characteristics were determined from scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and energy dispersive analysis. One-way analysis of variance and post hoc Duncan's multiple range tests were used to evaluate statistical significance.

Results:
Surface modified NiTi wires showed significant improvement in corrosion resistance and reduction in surface roughness values. Breakdown potentials increased in the order of group 6 (conventional; 204 mV) &lt; group 1 (nitride; 333 mV) &lt; group 5 (epoxy resin; 346mV) &lt; group 3 (oxide; 523 mV) &lt; group 2 (gold; 872 mV) &lt; group 4 (Teflon; 1181 mV), but root mean square (RMS) roughness values, which indicated surface roughness, followed a different pattern: group 3 (oxide; 74.12 nm) &lt; group 1 (nitride; 221.651 nm) &lt; group 4 (Teflon; 278.523 nm) &lt; group 2 (gold; 317.894 nm) &lt; group 5 (epoxy resin; 344.236 nm) &lt; group 6 (conventional; 578.555 nm).

Conclusions:
Surface modification of NiTi wires proved to be effective in improving its corrosion resistance and decreasing surface roughness. However, neither factor could maintain a direct, one-to-one relationship. It meant that the type and nature of coating material can effectively influence the anticorrosive features of NiTi wires, compared with its surface roughness values.
Sleeping and resting respiratory rates in dogs with subclinical heart disease
Authors: Ohad Dan G. , Rishniw Mark , Ljungvall Ingrid , Porciello Francesco , Häggström Jens 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
Objective—To characterize sleeping respiratory rates (SRRs) and resting respiratory rates (RRRs), collected in the home environment, of dogs with subclinical heart disease that could result in left-sided congestive heart failure.
Design—Prospective cross-sectional study.
Animals—190 adult dogs with subclinical left-sided heart disease.
Procedures—Most dogs had mitral valve disease or dilated cardiomyopathy of various severities. Clients collected ten 1-minute SRRs or RRRs during a period ranging from 1 week to 6 months. Clinicians provided echocardiographic and medical data on each patient.
Results—The within-dog mean SRR (SRRmean; 16 breaths/min) was significantly lower than the within-dog mean RRR (RRRmean; 21 breaths/min). Seven dogs had SRRmean and 33 dogs had RRRmean > 25 breaths/min; 1 dog had SRRmean and 12 dogs had RRRmean > 30 breaths/min; these dogs mostly had a left atrial (LA)-to-aortic ratio > 1.8. Dogs with moderate LA enlargement had a significantly higher SRRmean than did other dogs. However, median SRRmean for each of 4 levels of LA enlargement was < 20 breaths/min; median RRRmean for each of 4 levels of LA enlargement was < 25 breaths/min. Both within-dog SRR and RRR remained stable for 10 consecutive measurements. Treatment with cardiac medications or presence of pulmonary hypertension was not associated with SRRmean or RRRmean.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggested that dogs with confirmed subclinical left-sided heart disease of various severities generally had SRRmean < 25 breaths/min, which was infrequently exceeded at any time, and that SRR and RRR remained stable, regardless of individual within-dog SRRmean or RRRmean. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 2013;243:839–843)