bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Structure downdip of deep low‐frequency earthquakes in western Shikoku, Japan, revealed by P and S waves propagating at slow apparent velocities from intraslab earthquakes
Authors: Kuge Keiko 
Published: October 2013

AbstractFor P waves traveling downdip of deep low‐frequency earthquakes (LFEs) from intraslab earthquakes in western Shikoku, Japan, we observed distinct later arrivals with slow apparent velocities comparable to velocities of the lower crust. The apparent velocities of predominant S waves were also in the range of lower crust speeds. Such observations suggest that the low‐velocity oceanic crust connects with the island arc crust beneath the western Seto Inland Sea, which may be due to direct contact or the presence of low‐velocity wedge mantle between the crusts. As high‐velocity mantle is not likely near deep LFEs in the region, deep LFEs occur either at the crust‐crust boundary or at the boundary between the oceanic crust and the overriding low‐velocity mantle. Observations of later arrivals differed between earthquakes in eastern and western Shikoku, implying that the location of the high‐velocity mantle can vary and affect temperatures along the zone where deep LFEs occur.
Ellipsoidal topographic potential: New solutions for spectral forward gravity modeling of topography with respect to a reference ellipsoid
Authors: Claessens S. J. , Hirt C. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractForward gravity modeling in the spectral domain traditionally relies on spherical approximation. However, this level of approximation is insufficient for some present day high‐accuracy applications. Here we present two solutions that avoid the traditional spherical approximation in spectral forward gravity modeling. The first solution (the extended integration method) applies integration over masses from a reference sphere to the topography and applies a correction for the masses between ellipsoid and sphere. The second solution (the harmonic combination method) computes topographic potential coefficients from a combination of surface spherical harmonic coefficients of topographic heights above the ellipsoid, based on a relation among spherical harmonic functions introduced by Claessens (2005). Using a degree 2160 spherical harmonic model of the topographic masses, both methods are applied to derive the Earth's ellipsoidal topographic potential in spherical harmonics. The harmonic combination method converges fastest and—akin to the EGM2008 geopotential model—generates additional spherical harmonic coefficients in spectral band 2161 to 2190 which are found crucial for accurate evaluation of the ellipsoidal topographic potential at high degrees. Therefore, we recommend use of the harmonic combination method to model ellipticity in spectral‐domain forward modeling. The method yields ellipsoidal topographic potential coefficients which are “compatible” with global Earth geopotential models constructed in ellipsoidal approximation, such as EGM2008. It shows that the spherical approximation significantly underestimates degree correlation coefficients among geopotential and topographic potential. The topographic potential model is, for example, of immediate value for the calculation of Bouguer gravity anomalies in fully ellipsoidal approximation.
Hydration adjacent to a deeply subducting slab: The roles of nominally anhydrous minerals and migrating fluids
Authors: Hebert Laura B. , Montési Laurent G. J. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractSubduction‐related transport of water into the mantle has significant dynamical and geochemical implications. Dehydration of hydrous phases within the slab can introduce water into the transition zone and lower mantle, potentially hydrating nominally anhydrous minerals (NAM) and impacting the viscosity and density structure of the mantle over a wide area. We present models of fluid transport and mantle hydration in the vicinity of a deeply subducting slab, focusing on the fate of water released by deep dehydration reaction in the subducted serpentinized mantle. A sharp decrease in water storage capacity across the lower boundary of the transition zone may produce “secondary dehydration” of hydrated NAM, leading to precipitation of a hydrous fluid and heterogeneous hydration of the transition zone. Rapid fluid migration relative to the solid flow field can lead to a broad region of diffuse hydration within the upper mantle wedge and the potential for localized melt regions at the top of the transition zone coincident with fluid pathways. Slower fluid migration instead implies that the fluid phase can be transported deep into the lower mantle. Water stabilized in NAM and as a free fluid can initiate upwelling within and above the transition zone. A less abrupt change in water storage capacity across the base of the transition zone leads to high NAM water contents in a channel adjacent to the slab where viscosity is reduced. However, seismic and electromagnetic observations of hydration in the transition zone are most compatible with a sudden drop of water storage capacity.
Impact of initial soil moisture anomalies on climate mean and extremes over Asia
Authors: Liu Di , Wang Guiling , Mei Rui , Yu Zhongbo , Yu Miao 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThis paper focuses on the impact of soil moisture anomalies on subsequent precipitation and surface air temperature over Asia based on numerical experiments using a regional climate model. Soil moisture anomalies are applied on 1 March, 1 June, and 1 September for the spring, summer, and autumn experiments, respectively, and their impacts on both the climate mean and extremes are examined. Major findings are the following. (1) The land surface memory for soil moisture anomalies is longer in the midlatitudes and shorter in the Tropics, and such memory is enhanced by soil moisture‐precipitation feedback. (2) The wet (dry) initial soil moisture anomalies increase (reduce) the subsequent precipitation amount and reduce (increase) surface temperature. For precipitation, the strongest impacts are found in midlatitude to high‐latitude regions including northwest China, central Asia, southern Siberia; for temperature, the strongest response is found in India and Indochina regions and most of the midlatitude areas in spring, in high‐latitude and midlatitude regions in summer, and in India and eastern China (lower Yellow river basin) in autumn. (3) The impact on mean climate variables can last for 2–3 months over most regions of strong response, and the impact of wet initial soil moisture anomalies tends to be stronger but dissipates faster than the dry initial anomalies. (4) Both the dry and wet initial soil moisture anomalies tend to reinforce severe flood extremes, while other climate extremes respond to initial anomalies in a way similar to the mean climate: wet (dry) initial soil moisture anomalies reduce (amplify) the drought extremes, diminish (reinforce) the hot extremes, and enhance (reduce) the cold extremes over areas of strong soil moisture‐atmosphere coupling.
Determination and localized analysis of intersatellite line of sight gravity difference: Results from the GRAIL primary mission
Authors: Han Shin‐Chan 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThe line of sight (LOS) gravity difference between two coorbiting spacecrafts is determined in terms of intersatellite range‐acceleration measurements available from the Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory (GRAIL). The precise orbit data are crucial for retrieving gravity difference from range acceleration and aligning the LOS data particularly in altitude. A relative orbit error of a few centimeters in position and a few tens µm/s in velocity is commensurate with the GRAIL‐ranging instrument noise at a few μGal in LOS gravity difference. The power spectrum, as well as the topography correlation and admittance, is quantified by upward continuing the topographic potential, forward modeling the LOS gravity along the spacecraft trajectory (i.e., Bouguer correction) and comparing with the GRAIL LOS observations. Based on the data analysis from the primary GRAIL mission, I found that the LOS gravity difference observation produced near unity correlation with topography potential out to degree 550, higher than the global estimate, over the areas covered by the low‐altitude orbit (~20 km). The crustal density was estimated to be 2500–2600 kg/m3 with regional variations of about 10%, by minimizing the Bouguer coherence of the GRAIL data at the degree band 150–300. Systematic decrease in the density estimates by 3–4% or 100 kg/m3 was observed at shorter wavelengths (degree band 300–500). It implies the inadequacy of a uniform density model across the entire lithosphere and suggests radial stratification of the bulk density (or porosity). Due to spatially localized characteristic, the LOS gravity difference data are well suited to regional analysis at the highest‐possible resolution.
Large‐scale production of red blood cells from stem cells: What are the technical challenges ahead?
Authors: Rousseau Guillaume F. , Giarratana Marie‐Catherine , Douay Luc 
Published: October 2013

AbstractBlood‐transfusion centers regularly face the challenge of donor blood shortages, especially for rare blood groups. The possibility of producing universal red blood cells from stem cells industrially has become a possible alternative since the successful injection of blood generated in vitro into a human being in 2011. Although there remains many biological and regulatory issues concerning the efficacy and safety of this new product, the major challenge today for future clinical applications is switching from the current limited 2‐dimensional production techniques to large‐scale 3‐dimensional bioreactors. In addition to requiring technological breakthroughs, the whole process also has to become at least five‐fold more cost‐efficient to match the current prices of high‐quality blood products. The current review sums up the main biological advances of the past decade, outlines the key biotechnological challenges for the large‐scale cost‐effective production of red blood cells, proposes solutions based on strategies used in the bioindustry and presents the state‐of‐the‐art of large‐scale blood production.
Targeting DUSPs in glioblastomas – wielding a double‐edged sword?
Authors: Prabhakar Sheila , Asuthkar Swapna , Lee William , Chigurupati Srinivasulu , Zakharian Eleonora , Tsung Andrew J. , Velpula Kiran Kumar 
Published: October 2013

AbstractSeveral dual‐specificity phosphatases (DUSPs) that play key roles in the direct or indirect inactivation of different MAP kinases (MAPKs) have been implicated in human cancers over the past decade. This has led to a growing interest in identifying DUSPs and their specific inhibitors for further testing and validation as therapeutic targets in human cancers. However, the lack of understanding of the complex regulatory mechanisms and cross‐talks between MAPK signaling pathways, combined with the fact that DUSPs can act as a double‐edged sword in cancer progression, calls for a more careful and thorough investigation. Among the various types of brain cancer, glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is notorious for its aggressiveness and resistance to current treatment modalities. This has led to the search for new molecular targets, particularly those involving various signaling pathways. DUSPs appear to be a promising target, but much more information on DUSP targets and their effects on GBM is needed before potential therapies can be developed, tested, and validated. This review identifies and summarize the specific roles of DUSP1, DUSP4, DUSP6 and DUSP26 that have been implicated in GBM.
Simulation of Orifice Flow Influenced by Lateral Flow in a Trough‐Type Liquid Distributor
Authors: Yu H. , Li X. , Sui H. , Xu C. , Li H. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractA computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation is performed to investigate the influence of lateral flow on the orifice flow in a trough‐type liquid distributor. The discharge coefficients from the simulation are in good agreement with the experimental values, indicating that the CFD simulation is accurate in describing the outflow through orifices. The lateral flow near an orifice can change the velocity and pressure distributions of flow regions in front of this orifice, causing a decrease in the discharge coefficient. This phenomenon is supported by the theory of flow past a blunt body. An important implication derived from this finding is that the influence of lateral flow should be minimized in the design of a trough‐type liquid distributor, because the decrease in the discharge coefficient leads to non‐uniform outflow. The structure of a trough‐type liquid distributor is optimized to improve the liquid distribution performance by reducing the influence of lateral flow.
Cobalt‐Based Particles Formed upon Electrocatalytic Hydrogen Production by a Cobalt Pyridine Oxime Complex
Authors: Ghachtouli Sanae El , Guillot Regis , Brisset Francois , Aukauloo Ally 
Published: October 2013

AbstractAn open‐coordination‐sphere cobalt(III) oximato‐based complex was designed as a putative catalyst for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Electrochemical alteration in the presence of acid occurs, leading to the formation of cobalt‐based particles that act as an efficient catalyst for HER at pH 7. The exact chemical nature of these particles is yet to be determined. This study thus raises interesting issues regarding the fate of molecular‐based complexes designed for the HER, and points to the challenging task of identifying the real catalytic species. Moreover, understanding and rationalizing the alteration pathways can be seen as a new route to reach catalytic particulates.
Crosslinking of collagen scaffolds promotes blood and lymphatic vascular stability
Authors: Chan Kelvin L. S. , Khankhel Aimal H. , Thompson Rebecca L. , Coisman Brent J. , Wong Keith H. K. , Truslow James G. , Tien Joe 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThe low stiffness of reconstituted collagen hydrogels has limited their use as scaffolds for engineering implantable tissues. Although chemical crosslinking has been used to stiffen collagen and protect it against enzymatic degradation in vivo, it remains unclear how crosslinking alters the vascularization of collagen hydrogels. In this study, we examine how the crosslinking agents genipin and 1‐ethyl‐3‐(3‐dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide alter vascular stability and function in microfluidic type I collagen gels in vitro. Under moderate perfusion (∼10 dyn/cm2 shear stress), tubes of blood endothelial cells (ECs) exhibited indistinguishable stability and barrier function in untreated and crosslinked scaffolds. Surprisingly, under low perfusion (∼5 dyn/cm2 shear stress) or nearly zero transmural pressure, microvessels in crosslinked scaffolds remained stable, while those in untreated gels rapidly delaminated and became poorly perfused. Similarly, tubes of lymphatic ECs under intermittent flow were more stable in crosslinked gels than in untreated ones. These effects correlated well with the degree of mechanical stiffening, as predicted by analysis of fracture energies at the cell–scaffold interface. This work demonstrates that crosslinking of collagen scaffolds does not hinder normal EC physiology; instead, crosslinked scaffolds promote vascular stability. Thus, routine crosslinking of scaffolds may assist in vascularization of engineered tissues. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 102A: 3186–3195, 2014.
Contemporary Risk of Hip Fracture in Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes: A National Registry Study From Scotland
Authors: Hothersall Eleanor J , Livingstone Shona J , Looker Helen C , Ahmed S Faisal , Cleland Steve , Leese Graham P , Lindsay Robert S , McKnight John , Pearson Donald , Philip Sam , Wild Sarah H , Colhoun Helen M 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACT

The purpose of this study was to compare contemporary risk of hip fracture in type 1 and type 2 diabetes with the nondiabetic population. Using a national diabetes database, we identified those with type 1 and type 2 diabetes who were aged 20 to 84 years and alive anytime from January 1, 2005 to December 31, 2007. All hospitalized events for hip fracture in 2005 to 2007 for diabetes patients were linked and compared with general population counts. Age- and calendar-year-adjusted incidence rate ratios were calculated by diabetes type and sex. One hundred five hip fractures occurred in 21,033 people (59,585 person-years) with type 1 diabetes; 1421 in 180,841 people (462,120 person-years) with type 2 diabetes; and 11,733 hip fractures over 10,980,599 person-years in the nondiabetic population (3.66 million people). Those with type 1 diabetes had substantially elevated risks of hip fracture compared with the general population incidence risk ratio (IRR) of 3.28 (95% confidence interval [CI] 2.52–4.26) in men and 3.54 (CI 2.75–4.57) in women. The IRR was greater at younger ages, but absolute risk difference was greatest at older ages. In type 2 diabetes, there was no elevation in risk among men (IRR 0.97 [CI 0.92–1.02]) and the increase in risk in women was small (IRR 1.05 [CI 1.01–1.10]). There remains a substantial elevation relative risk of hip fracture in people with type 1 diabetes, but the relative risk is much lower than in earlier studies. In contrast, there is currently little elevation in overall hip fracture risk with type 2 diabetes, but this may mask elevations in risk in particular subgroups of type 2 diabetes patients with different body mass indexes, diabetes duration, or drug exposure. © 2014 The Authors. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Dropped omental fat post laparoscopy‐assisted distal gastrectomy with omentectomy mistaken for malignant peritoneal seeding on sonography
Authors: Yang Dal Mo , Kim Hyun Cheol , Kim Sang Won , Choi Sung Il 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACTWe report the sonographic findings in a case of dropped omental fat post laparoscopy‐assisted distal gastrectomy with omentectomy for stomach cancer mistaken for malignant intraperitoneal seeding. Gray‐scale sonography revealed an ovoid‐shaped hyperechoic mass with central poorly defined hypoechoic portion in the right perihepatic space. Color Doppler sonography showed no blood flow within the mass. Contrast‐enhanced CT scan of the liver revealed an oval‐shaped fatty mass with a CT number of −100 HU. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 42:305–307, 2014
Binding to E1 and E3 is mutually exclusive for the human autophagy E2 Atg3
Authors: Qiu Yu , Hofmann Kay , Coats Julie E. , Schulman Brenda A. , Kaiser Stephen E. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractUbiquitin‐like proteins (UBLs) are activated, transferred and conjugated by E1‐E2‐E3 enzyme cascades. E2 enzymes for canonical UBLs such as ubiquitin, SUMO, and NEDD8 typically use common surfaces to bind to E1 and E3 enzymes. Thus, canonical E2s are required to disengage from E1 prior to E3‐mediated UBL ligation. However, E1, E2, and E3 enzymes in the autophagy pathway are structurally and functionally distinct from canonical enzymes, and it has not been possible to predict whether autophagy UBL cascades are organized according to the same principles. Here, we address this question for the pathway mediating lipidation of the human autophagy UBL, LC3. We utilized bioinformatic and experimental approaches to identify a distinctive region in the autophagy E2, Atg3, that binds to the autophagy E3, Atg12∼Atg5‐Atg16. Short peptides corresponding to this Atg3 sequence inhibit LC3 lipidation in vitro. Notably, the E3‐binding site on Atg3 overlaps with the binding site for the E1, Atg7. Accordingly, the E3 competes with Atg7 for binding to Atg3, implying that Atg3 likely cycles back and forth between binding to Atg7 for loading with the UBL LC3 and binding to E3 to promote LC3 lipidation. The results show that common organizational principles underlie canonical and noncanonical UBL transfer cascades, but are established through distinct structural features.
The sugar phosphate/phosphate exchanger family SLC37
Authors: Olcese C. , Bartoloni L. 
Published: October 2013

The solute‐carrier (SLC) superfamily is divided into 55 different families of genes coding for integral membrane proteins, which transport not only all kinds of endogenous solute substrates, but also exogenous drugs and chemicals. The SLC37 transporters are members of the organophosphate:Pi antiporter family (OPA) and therefore they belong to the major facilitator superfamily (MFS). The SLC37 family members diverged early in evolution. SLC37A1 and SLC37A2 transporters are closely related and they have 57% of identical amino acids, while they have an average of 31% identical amino acids with SLC37A3. SLC37A4 is however quite different from them, sharing an average of 15% identity with the other three members. The SLC37A4 gene (also known as glucose‐6‐phosphate transporter, G6PT) is mutated in the glycogen storage disease non‐1A type, therefore it is well studied both at the DNA and protein levels. Major function of SLC37A4 is to preserve interprandial glucose homeostasis. Data on SLC37A1 and SLC37A2 genes expression are available both in humans and in mice, but there is still little information on their protein function. Even if they are homologous to glycerol‐3‐phosphate transporters, they were described to transport glucose‐6‐phosphate; therefore, they might be multisolute carriers. SLC37A3 is still poorly investigated and the only described feature is that it seems not to transport glucose‐6‐phosphate. WIREs Membr Transp Signal 2013. doi: 10.1002/wmts.98Conflict of interest: The authors have declared no conflicts of interest for this article.For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
α‐(1,4)‐Amylase, but not α‐ and β‐(1,3)‐glucanases, may be responsible for the impaired growth and morphogenesis of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis induced by N‐glycosylation inhibition
Authors: Dos Reis Almeida Fausto Bruno , Pigosso Laurine Lacerda , de Lima Damásio André Ricardo , Monteiro Valdirene Neves , de Almeida Soares Célia Maria , Silva Roberto Nascimento , Roque‐Barreira Maria Cristina 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThe cell wall of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, which consists of a network of polysaccharides and glycoproteins, is essential for fungal pathogenesis. We have previously reported that N‐glycosylation of proteins such as N‐acetyl‐β‐d‐glucosaminidase is required for the growth and morphogenesis of P. brasiliensis. In the present study, we investigated the influence of tunycamicin (TM)‐mediated inhibition of N‐linked glycosylation on α‐ and β‐(1,3)‐glucanases and on α‐(1,4)‐amylase in P. brasiliensis yeast and mycelium cells. The addition of 15 µg/ml TM to the fungal cultures did not interfere with either α‐ or β‐(1,3)‐glucanase production and secretion. Moreover, incubation with TM did not alter α‐ and β‐(1,3)‐glucanase activity in yeast and mycelium cell extracts. In contrast, α‐(1,4)‐amylase activity was significantly reduced in underglycosylated yeast and mycelium extracts after exposure to TM. In spite of its importance for fungal growth and morphogenesis, N‐glycosylation was not required for glucanase activities. This is surprising because these activities are directed to wall components that are crucial for fungal morphogenesis. On the other hand, N‐glycans were essential for α‐(1,4)‐amylase activity involved in the production of malto‐oligosaccharides that act as primer molecules for the biosynthesis of α‐(1,3)‐glucan. Our results suggest that reduced fungal α‐(1,4)‐amylase activity affects cell wall composition and may account for the impaired growth of underglycosylated yeast and mycelium cells. © 2013 The Authors. Yeast published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.