bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Aerosol optical properties observed by combined Raman‐elastic backscatter lidar in winter 2009 in Pearl River Delta, south China
Authors: Chen Zhenyi , Liu Wenqing , Heese Birgit , Althausen Dietrich , Baars Holger , Cheng Tianhai , Shu Xiaowen , Zhang Tianshu 
Published: February 2014

AbstractWe present combined Raman and elastic backscatter lidar observations in Zhongshan, PRD (Pearl River Delta), China, during two periods in 2009: one haze period and one moderate pollution period. During the haze period, high Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) (0.86 and 1.20 at 355 nm) and medium Ångström exponents (1.23 and 1.35 at 355 nm/532 nm) were observed. In the moderate pollution period, the corresponding parameters were comparatively lower with values of 0.83 and 0.74 at 355 nm for AOD and 1.108 and 0.98 at 355 nm/532 nm for Ångström exponent. The mean lidar ratios in the two periods were 64 ± 10 sr and 56 ± 9 sr, respectively, at 355 nm. The Ångström exponent was calculated for the extinction from the wavelength pair 355 nm/532 nm, with high values of around 1.35 for the haze event. The particle size distribution and single‐scattering albedo derived from Sun photometer measurements indicate the presence of rather small particles. The 3 day back trajectories from a Hybrid Single‐Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory model in the haze period indicate that the air masses in the lower layer were advected from the southeast coast of China, where incomplete combustion of carbonaceous fuels and straw burning are frequently found in Shanghai during the heating period in winter. In the moderate pollution period, the air mass passed through western China, indicating a combination of some pollution from South Asia in case of strong convection, local aerosol aging, and smoke from adjacent fire burning spots in the PRD region.
Future potential evapotranspiration changes and contribution analysis in Zhejiang Province, East China
Authors: Xu Yue‐Ping , Pan Suli , Fu Guangtao , Tian Ye , Zhang Xujie 
Published: February 2014

AbstractPotential evapotranspiration is an important component of hydrological modeling. In this study, the objective is to project potential evapotranspiration in the future period 2011–2040 and understand their changes in Zhejiang Province, East China. The sensitivity of potential evapotranspiration to five climatic variables (solar radiation, daily minimum and maximum air temperature, relative humidity, and wind speed) is analyzed based on observation data from 1955–2008 using a global sensitivity analysis method, Sobol's method. The changes in potential evapotranspiration during the future period are generated using one regional climate model, Providing Regional Climates for Impacts Studies, with two global climate models, ECHAM5 and Hadley Centre Coupled Model version 3, and their causes are analyzed based on sensitivity analysis results. Global sensitivity analysis results reveal substantial spatial‐temporal variations in the sensitivity of potential evapotranspiration to climatic variables and unignorable interactions among climatic variables. Rather similar spatial change patterns of annual mean potential evapotranspiration (PET) are generated for both general circulation models; however, seasonal or monthly changes are very different due to different spatial‐temporal changes in climatic variables. Different contributory sources to potential evapotranspiration changes are identified at different months and stations; the PET changes in 2011–2040 are mainly due to three climatic variables including solar radiation, relative humidity, and daily minimum temperature.
Global response of glacier runoff to twenty‐first century climate change
Authors: Bliss Andrew , Hock Regine , Radić Valentina 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThe hydrology of many important river systems in the world is influenced by the presence of glaciers in their upper reaches. We assess the global‐scale response of glacier runoff to climate change, where glacier runoff is defined as all melt and rain water that runs off the glacierized area without refreezing. With an elevation‐dependent glacier mass balance model, we project monthly glacier runoff for all mountain glaciers and ice caps outside Antarctica until 2100 using temperature and precipitation scenarios from 14 global climate models. We aggregate results for 18 glacierized regions. Despite continuous glacier net mass loss in all regions, trends in annual glacier runoff differ significantly among regions depending on the balance between increased glacier melt and reduction in glacier storage as glaciers shrink. While most regions show significant negative runoff trends, some regions exhibit steady increases in runoff (Canadian and Russian Arctic), or increases followed by decreases (Svalbard and Iceland). Annual glacier runoff is dominated by melt in most regions, but rain is a major contributor in the monsoon‐affected regions of Asia and maritime regions such as New Zealand and Iceland. Annual net glacier mass loss dominates total glacier melt especially in some high‐latitude regions, while seasonal melt is dominant in wetter climate regimes. Our results highlight the variety of glacier runoff responses to climate change and the need to include glacier net mass loss in assessments of future hydrological change.
Crustal and basin evolution of the southwestern Barents Sea: From Caledonian orogeny to continental breakup
Authors: Gernigon L. , Brönner M. , Roberts D. , Olesen O. , Nasuti A. , Yamasaki T. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractA new generation of aeromagnetic data documents the post‐Caledonide rift evolution of the southwestern Barents Sea (SWBS) from the Norwegian mainland up to the continent‐ocean transition. We propose a geological and tectonic scenario of the SWBS in which the Caledonian nappes and thrust sheets, well‐constrained onshore, swing from a NE‐SW trend onshore Norway to NW‐SE/NNW‐SSE across the SWBS platform area. On the Finnmark and Bjarmeland platforms, the dominant inherited magnetic basement pattern may also reflect the regional and post‐Caledonian development of the late Paleozoic basins. Farther west, the pre‐breakup rift system is characterized by the Loppa and Stappen Highs, which are interpreted as a series of rigid continental blocks (ribbons) poorly thinned as compared to the adjacent grabens and sag basins. As part of the complex western rift system, the Bjørnøya Basin is interpreted as a propagating system of highly thinned crust, which aborted in late Mesozoic time. This thick Cretaceous sag basin is underlain by a deep‐seated high‐density body, interpreted as exhumed high‐grade metamorphic lower crust. The abortion of this propagating basin coincides with a migration and complete reorganization of the crustal extension toward a second necking zone defined at the level of the western volcanic sheared margin and proto‐breakup axis. The abortion of the Bjørnøya Basin may be partly explained by its trend oblique to the regional, inherited, structural grain, revealed by the new aeromagnetic compilation, and by the onset of further weakening later sustained by the onset of magmatism to the west.
Sensitivity of watershed attributes to spatial resolution and interpolation method of LiDAR DEMs in three distinct landscapes
Authors: Goulden T. , Hopkinson C. , Jamieson R. , Sterling S. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThis study investigates scaling relationships of watershed area and stream networks delineated from LiDAR DEMs. The delineations are tested against spatial resolution, including 1, 5, 10, 25, and 50 m, and interpolation method, including Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW), Moving Average (MA), Universal Kriging (UK), Natural Neighbor (NN), and Triangular Irregular Networks (TIN). Study sites include Mosquito Creek, Scotty Creek, and Thomas Brook, representing landscapes with high, low, and moderate change in elevation, respectively. Results show scale‐dependent irregularities in watershed area due to spatial resolution at Thomas Brook and Mosquito Creek. The highest sensitivity of watershed area to spatial resolution occurred at Scotty Creek, due to high incidence of LiDAR sensor measurement error and subtle changes in elevation. Length of drainage networks did not show a scaling relationship with spatial resolution, due to algorithmic complications of the stream initiation threshold. Stream lengths of main channels at Thomas Brook and Mosquito Creek displayed systematic increases in length with increasing spatial resolution, described through an average fractal dimension of 1.059. The scaling relationship between stream length and DEM resolution allows estimation of stream lengths from low‐resolution DEMs in the absence of high‐resolution DEMs. Single stream validation at Thomas Brook showed the 1 m DEM produced the lowest length error and highest spatial accuracy, at 3.7% and 71.3%, respectively. Single stream validation at Mosquito Creek showed the 25 m DEM produced the lowest length error, and the 1 m DEM the highest spatial accuracy, at 0.6% and 61.0%, respectively.
Time‐lapse borehole radar for monitoring rainfall infiltration through podosol horizons in a sandy vadose zone
Authors: Strobach Elmar , Harris B. D. , Dupuis J. C. , Kepic A. W. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThe shallow aquifer on the Gnangara Mound, north of Perth, Western Australia, is recharged by winter rainfall. Water infiltrates through a sandy Podosol where cemented accumulation (B‐) horizons are common. They are water retentive and may impede recharge. To observe wetting fronts and the influence of soil horizons on unsaturated flow, we deployed time‐lapse borehole radar techniques sensitive to soil moisture variations during an annual recharge cycle. Zero‐offset crosswell profiling (ZOP) and vertical radar profiling (VRP) measurements were performed at six sites on a monthly basis before, during, and after annual rainfall in 2011. Water content profiles are derived from ZOP logs acquired in closely spaced wells. Sites with small separation between wells present potential repeatability and accuracy difficulties. Such problems could be lessened by (i) ZOP saturated zone velocity matching of time‐lapse curves, and (ii) matching of ZOP and VRP results. The moisture contents for the baseline condition and subsequent observations are computed using the Topp relationship. Time‐lapse moisture curves reveal characteristic vadose zone infiltration regimes. Examples are (I) full recharge potential after 200 mm rainfall, (II) delayed wetting and impeded recharge, and (III) no recharge below 7 m depth. Seasonal infiltration trends derived from long‐term time‐lapse neutron logging at several sites are shown to be comparable with infiltration trends recovered from time‐lapse crosswell radar measurements. However, radar measurements sample a larger volume of earth while being safer to deploy than the neutron method which employs a radioactive source. For the regime (III) site, where time‐lapse radar indicates no net recharge or zero flux to the water table, a simple water balance provides an evapotranspiration value of 620 mm for the study period. This value compares favorably to previous studies at similar test sites in the region. Our six field examples demonstrate application of time‐lapse borehole radar for characterizing rainfall infiltration.
Genetic influences on the development of grip strength in adolescence
Authors: Isen Joshua , McGue Matt , Iacono William 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACTEnhanced physical strength is a secondary sex characteristic in males. Sexual dimorphism in physical strength far exceeds sex differences in stature or total body mass, suggesting a legacy of intense sexual selection. Upper‐body strength is a particularly promising marker of intrasexual competitiveness in young men. Consequently, it is assumed that sex‐influenced gene expression contributes to the development of physical strength. It is unclear, however, whether the underlying sources of individual differences in strength development are comparable across sex. We obtained three measurements of hand‐grip strength (HGS) over a six‐year period spanning adolescence in male and female same‐sex twins (N = 2,513). Biometrical latent growth models were used to partition the HGS variance at age 11 (intercept) and its growth over time (slope) into genetic and environmental components. Results demonstrated that variance around the intercept was highly heritable in both males and females (88% and 79%, respectively). In males, variance around the slope exceeded that of the intercept, while the reverse held for females. Additive genetic effects accounted for most (80%) of the variance around the slope in males, but were of less importance in females (heritability = 28%). Absolute genetic variance around the slope was nearly nine‐fold higher in males. This striking disparity suggests that the developmental processes shaping HGS growth are different between the sexes. We propose that this might account for the sex‐specific pattern of associations between HGS and external measures (e.g., digit ratio and physical aggression) typically reported in the literature. Our results underscore the role of endogenous androgenic influences in the development of physical strength. Am J Phys Anthropol 154:189–200, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Biokatalysatoren für die organische Synthese – die neue Generation
Authors: Nestl Bettina M. , Hammer Stephan C. , Nebel Bernd A. , Hauer Bernhard 
Published: February 2014

AbstractDie Verwendung von Enzymen als Katalysatoren zur Synthese neuartiger Verbindungen ist in den letzten Jahren zunehmend in den Fokus gerückt. Entsprechend hohe Erwartungen werden an die Entdeckung und Identifizierung neuer Biokatalysatoren für die organische Synthese gestellt. Dies spiegelt sich auch in der Komplexität der adressierten Reaktionen wider. Der Anwendungsbereich von Biokatalysatoren umfasst die Synthese wichtiger Zwischenprodukte für die pharmazeutische und chemische Industrie sowie die Entwicklung neuer enzymatischer Techniken und Prozesse. Enzyme sind ein wichtiger Teil des Spektrums an Katalysatoren, die der Synthesechemie zur Verfügung stehen. Die Vorteile und Anwendungsmöglichkeiten der neuesten und höchst vielversprechenden Generation von Biokatalysatoren – Reduktasen, Transaminasen, Ammoniak‐Lyasen, Epoxidhydrolasen und Dehalogenasen – werden hier vorgestellt und anhand der Synthese von Schlüsselmolekülen beispielhaft diskutiert.
Metallfreie Hydrierung von ungesättigten Kohlenwasserstoffen mit molekularem Wasserstoff
Authors: Paradies Jan 
Published: February 2014

AbstractDie metallfreie Aktivierung von Wasserstoff durch frustrierte Lewis‐Paare (FLPs) ist eine wertvolle Methode für die Hydrierung von polarisierten ungesättigten Molekülen, angefangen von Iminen, Enaminen und Silylenolethern bis hin zu Heterocyclen. Eine der wichtigsten Anwendungen von Hydrierungsmethoden ist jedoch die Umwandlung von ungesättigten Kohlenwasserstoffen in Alkane oder Alkene. Trotz der rasanten Entwicklung der FLP‐Chemie erwiesen sich solche Reaktionen als große Herausforderung. In diesem Kurzaufsatz wird ein Überblick über die grundlegenden FLP‐Konzepte, die Herausforderung bei der Hydrierung von ungesättigten Kohlenwasserstoffen und erste Lösungen zu dieser zentralen Umwandlung gegeben.
Full‐Spectrum Photonic Pigments with Non‐iridescent Structural Colors through Colloidal Assembly
Authors: Park Jin‐Gyu , Kim Shin‐Hyun , Magkiriadou Sofia , Choi Tae Min , Kim Young‐Seok , Manoharan Vinothan N. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractStructurally colored materials could potentially replace dyes and pigments in many applications, but it is challenging to fabricate structural colors that mimic the appearance of absorbing pigments. We demonstrate the microfluidic fabrication of “photonic pigments” consisting of microcapsules containing dense amorphous packings of core–shell colloidal particles. These microcapsules show non‐iridescent structural colors that are independent of viewing angle, a critical requirement for applications such as displays or coatings. We show that the design of the microcapsules facilitates the suppression of incoherent and multiple scattering, enabling the fabrication of photonic pigments with colors spanning the visible spectrum. Our findings should provide new insights into the design and synthesis of materials with structural colors.
Ein photochromer Agonist für μ‐Opioidrezeptoren
Authors: Schönberger Matthias , Trauner Dirk 
Published: February 2014

AbstractOpioidrezeptoren (ORs) sind im Gehirn, im Rückenmark und im Verdauungstrakt weit verbreitet und spielen eine wichtige Rolle in der Nozizeption. Alle bekannten ORs sind G‐Protein‐gekoppelte Rezeptoren (GPCRs) der Familie A. Ein weiteres wichtiges Mitglied dieser großen Proteinfamilie, Rhodopsin, wird durch Licht über eine cis/trans‐Isomerisierung eines kovalent gebundenen Chromophors, nämlich Retinal, aktiviert. Wir zeigen nun, wie ein OR mit einem synthetischen Azobenzol‐Photoschalter kombiniert werden kann und somit lichtempfindlich wird. Unsere Arbeit erweitert den Anwendungsbereich der Photopharmakologie und umreißt eine generelle Strategie, mit der GPCRs der Familie A, die einen Großteil wichtiger Wirkstofftargets ausmachen, in Photorezeptoren umgewandelt werden können.
N‐Terminal Protein Modification by Substrate‐Activated Reverse Proteolysis
Authors: Liebscher Sandra , Schöpfel Michael , Aumüller Tobias , Sharkhuukhen Ariunkhur , Pech Andreas , Höss Eva , Parthier Christoph , Jahreis Günther , Stubbs Milton T. , Bordusa Frank 
Published: February 2014

AbstractAlthough site‐specific incorporation of artificial functionalities into proteins is an important tool in both basic and applied research, it can be a major challenge to protein chemists. Enzymatic protein modification is an attractive goal due to the inherent regio‐ and stereoselectivity of enzymes, yet their specificity remains a problem. As a result of the intrinsic reversibility of enzymatic reactions, proteinases can in principle catalyze ligation reactions. While this makes them attractive tools for site‐specific protein bioconjugation, competing hydrolysis reactions limits their general use. Here we describe the design and application of a highly specific trypsin variant for the selective modification of N‐terminal residues of diverse proteins with various reagents. The modification proceeds quantitatively under native (aqueous) conditions. We show that the variant has a disordered zymogen‐like activation domain, effectively suppressing the hydrolysis reaction, which is converted to an active conformation in the presence of appropriate substrates.
Perovskite as Light Harvester: A Game Changer in Photovoltaics
Authors: Kazim Samrana , Nazeeruddin Mohammad Khaja , Grätzel Michael , Ahmad Shahzada 
Published: February 2014

AbstractIt is not often that the scientific community is blessed with a material, which brings enormous hopes and receives special attention. When it does, it expands at a rapid pace and its every dimension creates curiosity. One such material is perovskite, which has triggered the development of new device architectures in energy conversion. Perovskites are of great interest in photovoltaic devices due to their panchromatic light absorption and ambipolar behavior. Power conversion efficiencies have been doubled in less than a year and over 15 % is being now measured in labs. Every digit increment in efficiency is being celebrated widely in the scientific community and is being discussed in industry. Here we provide a summary on the use of perovskite for inexpensive solar cells fabrication. It will not be unrealistic to speculate that one day perovskite‐based solar cells can match the capability and capacity of existing technologies.
Monitoring and Quantifying the Passive Transport of Molecules Through Patch–Clamp Suspended Real and Model Cell Membranes
Authors: Messina Pierluca , Lemaître Frédéric , Huet François , Ngo Kieu An , Vivier Vincent , Labbé Eric , Buriez Olivier , Amatore Christian 
Published: February 2014

AbstractTransport of active molecules across biological membranes is a central issue for the success of many pharmaceutical strategies. Herein, we combine the patch–clamp principle with amperometric detection for monitoring fluxes of redox‐tagged molecular species across a suspended membrane patched from a macrophage. Solvent‐ and protein‐free lipid bilayers (DPhPC, DOPC, DOPG) patched from single‐wall GUV have been thoroughly investigated and the corresponding fluxes measurements quantified. The quality of the patches and their proper sealing were successfully characterized by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. This procedure appears versatile and perfectly adequate to allow the investigation of transport and quantification of the transport properties through direct measurement of the coefficients of partition and diffusion of the compound in the membrane, thus offering insight on such important biological and pharmacological issues.
Probing the CH⋅⋅⋅π Weak Hydrogen Bond in Anesthetic Binding: The Sevoflurane–Benzene Cluster
Authors: Seifert Nathan A. , Zaleski Daniel P. , Pérez Cristóbal , Neill Justin L. , Pate Brooks H. , Vallejo‐López Montserrat , Lesarri Alberto , Cocinero Emilio J. , Castaño Fernando , Kleiner Isabelle 
Published: February 2014

AbstractCooperativity between weak hydrogen bonds can be revealed in molecular clusters isolated in the gas phase. Here we examine the structure, internal dynamics, and origin of the weak intermolecular forces between sevoflurane and a benzene molecule, using multi‐isotopic broadband rotational spectra. This heterodimer is held together by a primary CH⋅⋅⋅π hydrogen bond, assisted by multiple weak CH⋅⋅⋅F interactions. The multiple nonbonding forces hinder the internal rotation of benzene around the isopropyl CH bond in sevoflurane, producing detectable quantum tunneling effects in the rotational spectrum.
Preparation of amphoteric N,O‐carboxymethyl hydroxypropyl chitosan by a two‐step reaction
Authors: Chen Qiong , Han Xiaoxiao , Peng Shuhua , He Jianping , Deng Mingyu , Zhao Yongchao , Jiang Bo 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACTA novel N,O‐carboxymethyl hydroxypropyl chitosan (HPCMS) derivative was prepared by a two‐step reaction. Water‐soluble hydroxypropyl chitosan (HPCS) with a degree of substitution of hydroxypropyl higher than 0.8 was first synthesized by the reaction of chitosan (CS) with propylene oxide (PO) with alkali as a catalyst. Then, amphoteric chitosan derivatives (HPCMS) with a degree of substitution of carboxymethyl ranging from 0.42 to 1.38 were prepared by the reaction of HPCS with chloroacetic acid in an aqueous solution with alkali as a catalyst. The structures of the polymers were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and NMR; this showed that the hydroxypropylation mainly occurred on the OH groups at the C‐6 of CS in the reaction of CS with PO. In the reaction of HPCS with chloroacetic acid, both the OH and NH2 groups of HPCS were susceptible to the carboxymethylation. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40460.