bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Structurized grammar‐based fuzz testing for programs with highly structured inputs
Authors: Yan Jingbo , Zhang Yuqing , Yang Dingning 
Published: March 2013

ABSTRACTFuzz testing, also known as fuzzing, has long been recognized as an effective technique to detect software vulnerabilities. Unfortunately, this approach is demonstrated noneffective when applied to test programs with highly structured inputs, such as interpreters and compilers. These programs usually process inputs in several stages as lexing and parsing, where the test input will be rejected if its structure does not obey the grammar. In this paper, we present a novel approach for fuzzing highly structured input programs. By disassembling the existing test cases into multiple grammatical fragments and inferring their grammar structures, we build a new series of test cases that can pass the validation and reach the previously unexplored places in the target program. We have implemented this approach in our general fuzzing framework BlendFuzz. Experiments have shown that BlendFuzz achieves higher code coverage compared with other blackbox fuzzing tools. BlendFuzz has also detected over two dozens of previously unreported vulnerabilities in real‐world applications, with seven of them being considered high risky. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Anomaly detection in big data from UWB radars
Authors: Wang Wei , Zhou Xin , Zhang Baoju , Mu Jiasong 
Published: March 2013

AbstractThe definitions of big data and anomaly detection are presented. The theory of ultra‐wideband radar and the through‐wall detection of a human model based on ultra‐wideband radar are briefly introduced. The target criterion with wavelet packet transform is deduced, and the procedure for the through‐wall human detection with statistical process control is constructed. The radar echo signals are collected at stationary and moving statuses of a human being for three types of walls. The experimental results demonstrate the effective of through‐wall target detection based on the proposed algorithm. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Suicide Prevention in a Diverse Campus Community
Authors: Shadick Richard , Akhter Sarah 
Published: March 2013

AbstractThis chapter presents a brief overview of suicide rates among college students of differing racial, ethnic, ability, and sexual orientation backgrounds in the United States, followed by factors that affect mental health negatively. The chapter concludes with a description of the development of a novel approach to suicide prevention, as implemented at Pace University in New York City.
Humidity‐driven changes in growth rate, photosynthetic capacity, hydraulic properties and other functional traits in silver birch (Betula pendula)
Authors: Sellin Arne , Tullus Arvo , Niglas Aigar , Õunapuu Eele , Karusion Annika , Lõhmus Krista 
Published: March 2013

AbstractA study was performed on saplings of silver birch (Betula pendula Roth) growing at the free air humidity manipulation site, which was established to investigate the effect of increased air humidity on tree performance and canopy functioning. The aim of the experiment was to simulate the impact of the increasing atmospheric humidity on forest ecosystems predicted for northern Europe. Artificially elevated relative humidity (RH), which causes transpirational flux to decrease, diminished nutrient supply to the foliage; leaf nitrogen content, phosphorus content and P:N ratio decreased. The changes in leaf nutritional status brought about a considerable decline in both photosynthetic capacity (Amax, Vcmax, Jmax) and tree growth rate. The manipulation induced diverse changes in tree hydraulic architecture and other functional traits. Different segments of the soil‐to‐leaf water transport pathway responded differently: leaf hydraulic conductance (KL) decreased, while hydraulic conductance of root systems (KR) and leaf‐specific conductivity of stem‐wood increased in response to elevated RH. Humidification caused the Huber values of stems to increase, thus reflecting changes in allocation patterns; relatively more resources were allocated to vascular tissue and less to foliage. The elevated RH induced substantial changes in specific leaf area (increased), branch‐ (decreased) and stem‐wood density (decreased). The observed responses suggest that the expected climate‐change‐induced increase in the growth rate of trees at northern latitudes (boreal areas) due to the earlier start of the growing season in spring or higher carbon assimilation rate could be smaller or null if temperature rise is accompanied by a rise in atmospheric absolute humidity.
The effect of guideline variations on the implementation of active management of the third stage of labor
Authors: Miranda Jezid E. , Rojas‐Suarez Jose , Paternina Angel , Mendoza Ray , Bello Camilo , Tolosa Jorge E. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractObjectiveTo determine whether healthcare providers performed active management of the third stage of labor (AMTSL) as defined by FIGO/ICM and WHO, and as described by the Cochrane Collaboration.MethodsIn a prospective observational study, a questionnaire regarding knowledge of AMTSL was administered to healthcare providers in the largest maternity teaching center in Colombia. It was subsequently observed whether and how the healthcare providers performed AMTSL in practice. The percentage of correct use of AMTSL was calculated.ResultsHealthcare providers indicated they knew what AMTSL was but disagreed on the timing of prophylactic oxytocin use. In total, 241 deliveries were observed. Oxytocin at varying doses and routes was used in 239 (99.2%) deliveries. In all deliveries, the umbilical cord was clamped early. In 49 (20.3%) deliveries, controlled cord traction was performed. Uterine massage was carried out in 213 (88.4%) deliveries. According to the FIGO/ICM and WHO definitions, and the Cochrane Collaboration description, correct use of AMTSL occurred in 0.8%, 0.0%, and 8.3%, of cases, respectively.ConclusionCorrect use of AMTSL is low at the largest maternity teaching center in Colombia. There is an urgent need for a single definition of AMTSL, which could be used globally for research, training, and scaling‐up the performance of AMTSL.
Comparison of brachial artery vascular responses among postmenopausal women receiving different doses of tibolone
Authors: Carranza‐Lira Sebastián , Cirigo‐Hernández Berenice , Sandoval‐Barragán Martha P. , Ramos‐León Julio César 
Published: March 2013

AbstractObjectiveTo compare the effects of low and conventional doses of tibolone in brachial artery flux parameters among postmenopausal women.MethodsBetween March 2011 and September 2012, 24 postmenopausal women attending Gynecology and Obstetrics Hospital Luis Castelazo Ayala, Mexico City, for hormone replacement therapy were consecutively recruited. The women were alternately assigned to receive a daily dose of either 2.5 mg (n = 11) or 1.25 mg (n = 13) of oral tibolone. Before and after treatment, all women underwent a brachial artery Doppler ultrasound. The arterial diameter was measured, and the pulsatility index (PI) and the resistance index (RI) were calculated. A hyperemic stimulus was then induced and these parameters were measured again.ResultsAmong the 24 women, the time since menopause ranged from 16 to 24 months, and the median treatment duration was 3 months. Both groups showed a significant increase in arterial diameter after treatment. There was no significant difference between the groups in arterial diameter, PI, and RI. The arterial diameter after hyperemic stimulus was significantly lower after treatment than before treatment in both groups.ConclusionLow and conventional doses of tibolone induced similar changes in brachial artery flux parameters among postmenopausal women.
Robust data-driven incorporation of prior knowledge into the inference of dynamic regulatory networks
Authors: Greenfield Alex , Hafemeister Christoph , Bonneau Richard 
Published: March 2013

Abstract
Motivation: Inferring global regulatory networks (GRNs) from genome-wide data is a computational challenge central to the field of systems biology. Although the primary data currently used to infer GRNs consist of gene expression and proteomics measurements, there is a growing abundance of alternate data types that can reveal regulatory interactions, e.g. ChIP-Chip, literature-derived interactions, protein–protein interactions. GRN inference requires the development of integrative methods capable of using these alternate data as priors on the GRN structure. Each source of structure priors has its unique biases and inherent potential errors; thus, GRN methods using these data must be robust to noisy inputs.
Results: We developed two methods for incorporating structure priors into GRN inference. Both methods [Modified Elastic Net (MEN) and Bayesian Best Subset Regression (BBSR)] extend the previously described Inferelator framework, enabling the use of prior information. We test our methods on one synthetic and two bacterial datasets, and show that both MEN and BBSR infer accurate GRNs even when the structure prior used has significant amounts of error (&gt;90% erroneous interactions). We find that BBSR outperforms MEN at inferring GRNs from expression data and noisy structure priors.
Availability and implementation: Code, datasets and networks presented in this article are available at http://bonneaulab.bio.nyu.edu/software.html.
Contact: bonneau@nyu.edu
Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
CD4+ T cells recognize unique and conserved 2009 H1N1 influenza hemagglutinin epitopes after natural infection and vaccination
Authors: Yang Junbao , James Eddie , Gates Theresa J. , DeLong Jonathan H. , LaFond Rebecca E. , Malhotra Uma , Kwok William W. 
Published: March 2013

Abstract
Influenza A/California/4/2009 (H1N1/09) is a recently emerged influenza virus capable of causing serious illness or death in otherwise healthy individuals. Serious outcomes were most common in young adults and children, suggesting that pre-existing heterologous immunity may influence the severity of infection. Using tetramers, we identified CD4+ T-cell epitopes within H1N1/09 hemagglutinin (HA) that share extensive homology with seasonal influenza and epitopes that are unique to H1N1/09 HA. Ex vivo tetramer staining revealed that T cells specific for conserved epitopes were detectable within the memory compartment, whereas T cells specific for unique epitopes were naive and infrequent prior to infection or vaccination. Following infection, the frequencies of T cells specific for unique epitopes were 11-fold higher, reaching levels comparable to those of T cells specific for immunodominant epitopes. In contrast, the frequencies of T cells specific for conserved epitopes were only 2- to 3-fold higher following infection. In general, H1HA-reactive T cells exhibited a memory phenotype, expressed CXCR3 and secreted IFN-γ, indicating a predominantly Th1-polarized response. A similar Th1 response was seen in vaccinated subjects, but the expansion of T cells specific for HA epitopes was comparatively modest after vaccination. Our findings indicate that CD4+ T cells recognize both strain-specific and conserved epitopes within the influenza HA protein and suggest that naive T cells specific for HA epitopes undergo significant expansion, whereas memory T cells specific for the conserved epitopes undergo more restrained expansion.
Incidence and Prevalence of Eosinophilic Esophagitis in Children
Authors: Soon Ing S. , Butzner J. Decker , Kaplan Gilaad G. , de Bruyn Jennifer C.C. 
Published: March 2013

ABSTRACTObjectives:The aim of the present study was to conduct a systematic review with meta‐analysis on the epidemiology of eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) in children.Methods:Studies investigating incidence and prevalence of EoE in children (≤18 years) were identified in a systematic review of MEDLINE (1950–2011) and Embase (1980–2011). Meta‐analyses were performed for incidence and subgroups with ≥5 studies: esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) for any indication, histologic esophageal disease, and celiac disease, and EGD for abdominal pain. We used a random effects model, Q statistic to assess heterogeneity, and joinpoint analysis to assess time trends.Results:We included 25 studies. The incidence of EoE varied from 0.7 to 10/100,000 per person‐year and the prevalence ranged from 0.2 to 43/100,000. The incidence and prevalence increased over time. Prevalence was highest in children with food impaction or dysphagia (63%–88%). The pooled prevalence was 3.7% (95% confidence interval [CI] 2.4–5.1) in EGD for any indication, 24% (95% CI 19–28) in histologic esophageal disease, 2.3% (95% CI 1.0–3.6) in celiac disease, and 2.6% (95% CI 1.2–4.1) in EGD for abdominal pain.Conclusions:During the last 2 decades, the incidence and prevalence of EoE in children have increased significantly; however, the population‐based incidence and prevalence of EoE vary widely across geographic variations, potentially because of variations in case of ascertainment between centers. Because EoE is common among children with food impaction and dysphagia, children with this presenting complaint should be rapidly identified at triage for timely endoscopic assessment.
Transient Benign Hyperphophatasemia
Authors: Gualco Gianluca , Lava Sebastiano A.G. , Garzoni Luca , Simonetti Giacomo D. , Bettinelli Alberto , Milani Gregorio P. , Provero Maria Cristina , Bianchetti Mario G. 
Published: March 2013

ABSTRACTBackground and Aim:Sometimes, a temporary increase in alkaline phosphatase level is found in healthy infants and toddlers without evidence of liver or bone disease. The condition is customarily termed transient benign hyperphosphatasemia of infancy and early childhood. Most textbooks do not refer to the condition. The aim of the study was to promote broader awareness of transient benign hyperphosphatasemia.Methods:We completed a systematic review of the literature using the principles underlying the UK Economic and Social Research Council guidance on the conduct of narrative synthesis and the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐analyses statement.Results:The 142 reports retained for analysis included 813 cases (male:female ratio 1.1:1.0): 80 in subjects older than 18 years and 733 in subjects 18 years or younger. The alkaline phosphatase ratio, calculated by dividing the measured level by the upper limit of normal, was ≥5.0 in ≈70% and the duration of the elevation was ≤4 months in 80% of the cases. Transient benign hyperphosphatasemia often followed a benign infection, but available data fail to demonstrate a causal link. The prevalence of transient benign hyperphosphatasemia ranged from 1.1% to 3.5% in infants 2 to 24 months of age.Conclusions:Transient benign hyperphosphatasemia is likely the most common cause of hyperphosphatasemia among healthy infants and toddlers. Sometimes it also occurs in older children and adults, indicating that the traditional term transient benign hyperphosphatasemia of infancy and early childhood may not be correct. The elevation in alkaline phosphatase persists for >4 months in ≈20% of the cases. Recognition of this benign condition is crucial to avoid unnecessary investigations.
BRANCHED1Promotes Axillary Bud Dormancy in Response to Shade inArabidopsis
Authors: González-Grandío Eduardo , Poza-Carrión César , Sorzano Carlos Oscar S. , Cubas Pilar 
Published: March 2013

AbstractPlants interpret a decrease in the red to far-red light ratio (R:FR) as a sign of impending shading by neighboring vegetation. This triggers a set of developmental responses known as shade avoidance syndrome. One of these responses is reduced branching through suppression of axillary bud outgrowth. The Arabidopsis thaliana gene BRANCHED1 (BRC1), expressed in axillary buds, is required for branch suppression in response to shade. Unlike wild-type plants, brc1 mutants develop several branches after a shade treatment. BRC1 transcription is positively regulated 4 h after exposure to low R:FR. Consistently, BRC1 is negatively regulated by phytochrome B. Transcriptional profiling of wild-type and brc1 buds of plants treated with simulated shade has revealed groups of genes whose mRNA levels are dependent on BRC1, among them a set of upregulated abscisic acid response genes and two networks of cell cycle– and ribosome-related downregulated genes. The downregulated genes have promoters enriched in TEOSINTE BRANCHED1, CYCLOIDEA, and PCF (TCP) binding sites, suggesting that they could be transcriptionally regulated by TCP factors. Some of these genes respond to BRC1 in seedlings and buds, supporting their close relationship with BRC1 activity. This response may allow the rapid adaptation of plants to fluctuations in the ratio of R:FR light.
Phosphorylation of an ERF Transcription Factor by Arabidopsis MPK3/MPK6 Regulates Plant Defense Gene Induction and Fungal Resistance
Authors: Meng Xiangzong , Xu Juan , He Yunxia , Yang Kwang-Yeol , Mordorski Breanne , Liu Yidong , Zhang Shuqun 
Published: March 2013

Abstract
Arabidopsis thaliana MPK3 and MPK6, two mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs or MPKs), play critical roles in plant disease resistance by regulating multiple defense responses. Previously, we characterized the regulation of phytoalexin biosynthesis by Arabidopsis MPK3/MPK6 cascade and its downstream WRKY33 transcription factor. Here, we report another substrate of MPK3/MPK6, ETHYLENE RESPONSE FACTOR6 (ERF6), in regulating Arabidopsis defense gene expression and resistance to the necrotrophic fungal pathogen Botrytis cinerea. Phosphorylation of ERF6 by MPK3/MPK6 in either the gain-of-function transgenic plants or in response to B. cinerea infection increases ERF6 protein stability in vivo. Phospho-mimicking ERF6 is able to constitutively activate defense-related genes, especially those related to fungal resistance, including PDF1.1 and PDF1.2, and confers enhanced resistance to B. cinerea. By contrast, expression of ERF6-EAR, in which ERF6 was fused to the ERF-associated amphiphilic repression (EAR) motif, strongly suppresses B. cinerea–induced defense gene expression, leading to hypersusceptibility of the ERF6-EAR transgenic plants to B. cinerea. Different from ERF1, the regulation and function of ERF6 in defensin gene activation is independent of ethylene. Based on these data, we conclude that ERF6, another substrate of MPK3 and MPK6, plays important roles downstream of the MPK3/MPK6 cascade in regulating plant defense against fungal pathogens.
A Major Facilitator Superfamily Transporter Plays a Dual Role in Polar Auxin Transport and Drought Stress Tolerance inArabidopsis
Authors: Remy Estelle , Cabrito Tânia R. , Baster Pawel , Batista Rita A. , Teixeira Miguel C. , Friml Jiri , Sá-Correia Isabel , Duque Paula 
Published: March 2013

AbstractMany key aspects of plant development are regulated by the polarized transport of the phytohormone auxin. Cellular auxin efflux, the rate-limiting step in this process, has been shown to rely on the coordinated action of PIN-formed (PIN) and B-type ATP binding cassette (ABCB) carriers. Here, we report that polar auxin transport in the Arabidopsis thaliana root also requires the action of a Major Facilitator Superfamily (MFS) transporter, Zinc-Induced Facilitator-Like 1 (ZIFL1). Sequencing, promoter-reporter, and fluorescent protein fusion experiments indicate that the full-length ZIFL1.1 protein and a truncated splice isoform, ZIFL1.3, localize to the tonoplast of root cells and the plasma membrane of leaf stomatal guard cells, respectively. Using reverse genetics, we show that the ZIFL1.1 transporter regulates various root auxin-related processes, while the ZIFL1.3 isoform mediates drought tolerance by regulating stomatal closure. Auxin transport and immunolocalization assays demonstrate that ZIFL1.1 indirectly modulates cellular auxin efflux during shootward auxin transport at the root tip, likely by regulating plasma membrane PIN2 abundance. Finally, heterologous expression in yeast revealed that ZIFL1.1 and ZIFL1.3 share H+-coupled K+ transport activity. Thus, by determining the subcellular and tissue distribution of two isoforms, alternative splicing dictates a dual function for the ZIFL1 transporter. We propose that this MFS carrier regulates stomatal movements and polar auxin transport by modulating potassium and proton fluxes in Arabidopsis cells.
Genotypic and technological diversity of Leuconostoc mesenteroides and Lactobacillus paracasei subsp. paracasei strains for use as adjunct starter cultures in Pecorino di Filiano cheese
Authors: Bonomo Maria G , Salzano Giovanni 
Published: March 2013

Seventeen Leuconostoc mesenteroides and 33 Lactobacillus paracasei subsp. paracasei from traditional Pecorino di Filiano cheese were tested for their potential use as adjunct starters, and a study of their genetic variability was carried out. Forty one per cent (41%) of Leu. mesenteroides and 46% of Lb. paracasei subsp. paracasei showed medium–high proteolytic activity, while high lipolytic activity was detected in 18% of Lb. paracasei subsp. paracasei. The aminopeptidase activity of Lb. paracasei subsp. paracasei was higher than that of Leu. mesenteroides. Strain diversity by RAPD analysis showed a high degree of heterogeneity. This study identified strains with unusual properties that could be good candidates as adjuncts in a starter to manufacture PF cheese.
How parties compete for votes: A test of saliency theory
Authors: Dolezal Martin , Ennser‐Jedenastik Laurenz , Müller Wolfgang C. , Winkler Anna Katharina 
Published: March 2013

AbstractSaliency theory is among the most influential accounts of party competition, not least in providing the theoretical framework for theComparativeManifestoProject – one of the most widely used data collections in comparative politics. Despite its prominence, not all empirical implications of the saliency theory of party competition have yet been systematically tested. This article addresses five predictions of saliency theory, the central claim of which is that parties compete by selective issue emphasis rather than by direct confrontation. Since a fair test of the theory's assumptions needs to rely on data that measures party issue saliency and party positions independently, this article draws on new manifesto data from theAustrianNationalElectionStudy (AUTNES). Analysing all manifestos issued for the 2002, 2006 and 2008 general elections, it shows that saliency theory correctly identifies some features of party competition. For instance, parties disproportionally emphasise issues they ‘own’. Yet, the core assumption of saliency theory that parties compete via selective issue emphasis rather than direct confrontation over the same issues fails to materialise in the majority of cases.
Gamson rule not for all: Patterns of portfolio allocation among Italian party factions
Authors: Ceron Andrea 
Published: March 2013

AbstractThis article investigates the dynamics of portfolio allocation within political parties to shed light on the patterns of conflict and cooperation between rival party factions. It provides a game‐theoretic model that helps in explaining differences in portfolio allocation due to alternative modes of party organisation or party system competitiveness. Focusing on party congresses to estimate the number, strength and policy positions of party factions, the Italian case is analysed by testing some hypotheses generated by the theoretical model. The results shown that, overall, spoils are shared in proportion to the strength of each faction, in line with the prediction of Gamson's Law. However, there are also some important deviations from this path. Rules that foster party leaders' autonomy in fact provide them with a higher degree of discretion that will be used to reward their followers and to ward off any credible and harmful threat to party unity. Indeed, strategic portfolio allocation might balance out a lower amount of policy payoffs and becomes a strategy to restrain minorities from breaking away, thus contributing to the preservation of party unity in highly competitive political systems.