bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rowing Performance, Body Composition, and Bone Mineral Density Outcomes in College-Level Rowers after a Season of Concurrent Training
Authors: Young Kaelin C. , Kendall Kristina L. , Patterson Kaitlyn M. , Pandya Priyanka D. , Fairman Ciaran M. , Smith Samuel W. 
Published: March 2014

Purpose:To assess changes in body composition, lumbar-spine bone mineral density (BMD), and rowing performance in collegelevel rowers over a competition season.Methods:Eleven Division I college rowers (mean ± SD 21.4 ± 3.7 y) completed 6 testing sessions throughout the course of their competition season. Testing included measurements of fat mass, bone-free lean mass (BFLM), body fat (%BF), lumbar-spine BMD, and 2000-m time-trial performance. After preseason testing, rowers participated in a periodized training program, with the addition of resistance training to the traditional aerobic-training program.Results:Significant (P < .05) improvements in %BF, total mass, and BFLM were observed at midseason and postseason compared with preseason. Neither lumbar-spine BMD nor BMC significantly changed over the competitive season (P > .05). Finally, rowing performance (as measured by 2000-m time and average watts achieved) significantly improved at midseason and postseason compared with preseason.Conclusion:Our results highlight the efficacy of a seasonal concurrent training program serving to improve body composition and rowing performance, as measured by 2000-m times and average watts, among college-level rowers. Our findings offer practical applications for coaches and athletes looking to design a concurrent strength and aerobic training program to improve rowing performance across a season.
Developmental Pharmacokinetics of Piperacillin and Tazobactam Using Plasma and Dried Blood Spots from Infants
Authors: Cohen-Wolkowiez Michael , Watt Kevin M. , Zhou Chenguang , Bloom Barry T. , Poindexter Brenda , Castro Lisa , Gao Jamie , Capparelli Edmund V. , Benjamin Daniel K. , Smith P. Brian 
Published: March 2014

ABSTRACT
Piperacillin-tazobactam is often given to infants with severe infection in spite of limited pharmacokinetics (PK) data. We evaluated piperacillin-tazobactam PK in premature and term infants of ages <61 days with suspected systemic infection. Infants received intravenous piperacillin-tazobactam (80 to 100 mg/kg of body weight every 8 h [q 8 h]) based on gestational and postnatal age. Sparse plasma samples were obtained after first and multiple doses. Drug concentrations were measured by tandem mass spectrometry. PK data were analyzed using population nonlinear mixed-effect modeling. Target attainment rates for the time unbound piperacillin concentrations remained above the MIC for 50% and 75% of the dosing interval at steady state were evaluated. Bias in population PK parameter estimates was assessed for dried blood spot (DBS) samples, and a comparability analysis was performed for DBS and plasma drug concentrations using linear regression. We obtained 128 plasma samples from 32 infants, median gestational age of 30 weeks (range, 23 to 40 weeks) and postnatal age of 8 days (range, 1 to 60). Piperacillin and tazobactam PK models included body weight (WT) and postmenstrual age (PMA) as covariates for clearance and WT for volume of distribution and were used to optimize dosing in infants. DBS drug concentrations were 50 to 60% lower than those in plasma, but when combined with plasma concentrations and a matrix effect, the data generated PK model parameters similar to those for plasma alone. With PMA-based dosing (100 mg/kg q 8 h, 80 mg/kg q 6 h, and 80 mg/kg q 4 h for PMA of ≤30, 30 to 35, and 35 to 49 weeks, respectively), 90% of simulated infants achieved the surrogate therapeutic target of time above the MIC (≤32 mg/liter) for 75% of the dosing interval.
Potential of Ergosterol Synthesis Inhibitors To Cause Resistance or Cross-Resistance in Trichophyton rubrum
Authors: Ghelardi Emilia , Celandroni Francesco , Gueye Sokhna Aissatou , Salvetti Sara , Senesi Sonia , Bulgheroni Anna , Mailland Federico 
Published: March 2014

ABSTRACT

Superficial mycoses caused by
Trichophyton rubrum
are among the most common infections worldwide.
T. rubrum
infections are difficult to treat and are often associated with recurrences after interruption of the antifungal therapy. Nevertheless, reports on
T. rubrum
resistance to commonly used antifungal drugs are rare. In this study, we compared the
in vitro
resistance frequencies and development of resistance to terbinafine, itraconazole, amorolfine, and ciclopirox in
T. rubrum
. Results demonstrated that naturally occurring mutants were isolated at a frequency of 10
−7
for itraconazole and 10
−9
for terbinafine and amorolfine. To mimic conditions of body sites in which low drug levels are reached during therapy,
T. rubrum
was propagated for 10 transfers in media containing subinhibitory drug concentrations. Resistance to itraconazole, terbinafine, and amorolfine emerged at a higher frequency than was seen with spontaneous mutation. Itraconazole-resistant mutants also showed decreased susceptibility to amorolfine as well as to terbinafine, and amorolfine-resistant mutants were also less susceptible to terbinafine. No mutant resistant to ciclopirox was isolated, suggesting no propensity of
T. rubrum
to develop resistance to this drug. How different drug mechanisms of action can influence the onset of resistance is discussed.
Randomized Clinical Trial Comparing the Pharmacokinetics of Standard- and Increased-Dosage Lopinavir-Ritonavir Coformulation Tablets in HIV-Positive Pregnant Women
Authors: Santini-Oliveira Marilia , Estrela Rita de Cássia Elias , Veloso Valdiléa Gonçalves , Cattani Vitória Berg , Yanavich Carolyn , Velasque Luciane , Torres Thiago Silva , Marins Luana Monteiro Spindola , Pilotto José Henrique , João Esaú Custódio , Gonçalves José Carlos Saraiva , Grinsztejn Beatriz 
Published: March 2014

ABSTRACT
A lopinavir-ritonavir (LPV/r)-based regimen is recommended during pregnancy to reduce the risk of HIV mother-to-child transmission, but the appropriate dose is controversial. We compared the pharmacokinetics of standard and increased LPV/r doses during pregnancy. This randomized, open-label prospective study enrolled 60 pregnant women between gestational weeks 14 and 30. The participants received either the standard dose (400/100 mg twice a day [BID]) or increased dose (600/150 mg BID) of LPV/r tablets during pregnancy and the standard dose for 6 weeks after childbirth. Pharmacokinetics analysis was performed using a high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method. Adherent participants who received the standard dose presented minimum LPV concentrations of 4.4, 4.3, and 6.1 μg/ml in the second and third trimesters and postpartum, respectively. The increased-dose group exhibited values of 7.9, 6.9, and 9.2 μg/ml at the same three time points. Although LPV exposure was significantly higher in the increased-dose group, the standard dose produced therapeutic levels of LPV against wild-type virus in all adherent participants, except one patient in the third trimester; 50%, 37.5%, and 25%, and 0%, 15%, and 0% of the participants in the standard- and increased-dose groups failed to achieve therapeutic levels against resistant viruses during the second and third trimesters and after childbirth, respectively. After 12 weeks of treatment and after childbirth, all adherent participants achieved undetectable HIV viral loads, and their babies (49/54) were uninfected. No serious drug-related adverse events were observed. We conclude that the standard dose is appropriate for use during pregnancy and that an increased dose may be necessary for women harboring resistant HIV. (This study has been registered at ClinicalTrials.gov under registration no. NCT00605098.)
Decreased Susceptibilities to Retapamulin, Mupirocin, and Chlorhexidine among Staphylococcus aureus Isolates Causing Skin and Soft Tissue Infections in Otherwise Healthy Children
Authors: McNeil J. Chase , Hulten Kristina G. , Kaplan Sheldon L. , Mason Edward O. 
Published: March 2014

ABSTRACT

Topical antimicrobial and antiseptic agents are commonly used in the management of minor skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs). Resistance to mupirocin has been documented in
Staphylococcus aureus
isolates causing SSTIs. Data are limited, however, on the prevalence of retapamulin resistance or tolerance to antiseptics. We sought to determine the prevalence of decreased susceptibility to retapamulin and mupirocin as well as the potential for decreased chlorhexidine susceptibility of
S. aureus
isolates from SSTIs in children. Two hundred isolates from patients with a single SSTI and 200 isolates from patients with ≥3 previous episodes from the years 2010 to 2012 were selected from an
S. aureus
surveillance study. Screening for retapamulin resistance was performed by the broth macrodilution method; mupirocin MICs were determined by Etest. PCR was performed for the presence of the
smr
gene associated with elevated MICs/minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) to chlorhexidine. Among the isolates screened, 38 isolates (9.5%) exhibited retapamulin resistance, of which 22 (57.9%) were methicillin-resistant
S. aureus
(MRSA). Two isolates (0.5%) displayed cross-resistance to retapamulin and linezolid. Thirty-nine isolates (9.8%) were found to have mupirocin resistance.
smr
-positive
S. aureus
accounted for 14% of isolates. The proportion of
smr
-positive organisms increased during the study (
P
= 0.005). The prevalence of
in vitro
resistance to topical antimicrobials among
S. aureus
isolates causing SSTI in healthy children in our community is almost 10%. Retapamulin resistance was associated with cross-resistance to linezolid in 0.5% of isolates. In addition, there was an increase in the proportion of
smr
-positive isolates. Further research including clinical correlations with these findings is warranted.
Targeted Small Interfering RNA-Immunoliposomes as a Promising Therapeutic Agent against Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A (H5N1) Virus Infection
Authors: Khantasup Kannika , Kopermsub Phikulthong , Chaichoun Kridsada , Dharakul Tararaj 
Published: March 2014

ABSTRACTThis study describes a proof-of-concept study on the use of small interfering RNA (siRNA)-immunoliposomes as a therapeutic agent against H5N1 influenza virus infection. siRNA specific for influenza virus nucleoprotein (NP) mRNA was employed as the key antiviral agent to inhibit viral replication in this study. A humanized single-chain Fv antibody (huscFv) against the hemagglutinin (HA) of H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAI) was used as the targeting molecule to HA of H5N1 virus, which is abundantly expressed on the surface of infected cells (the HA target cells). The huscFv was applied to cationic polyethylene glycol-conjugated 3β-[N-(N′,N′-dimethylaminoethane) carbamoyl] cholesterol–dioleoylphosphatidyl ethanolamine (PEGylated DC-Chol–DOPE) liposomes to generate immunoliposomes for siRNA delivery. The immunoliposomes were shown to specifically bind HA-expressing Sf9 cells and demonstrated enhanced siRNA transfection efficiency. The siRNA transfection efficiency was significantly reduced after preincubation of the HA target cells with an excess amount of free huscFv. These results therefore demonstrated that the enhanced siRNA delivery by use of immunoliposomes was mediated via targeting by huscFv. Furthermore, the siRNA silencing effect was more pronounced when the immunoliposomes were administered 6 to 12 h post-H5N1 infection in MDCK cells compared with the nontargeted liposomes. This proof-of-concept study may contribute to the future design and development of an siRNA delivery system for combating viral infectious diseases in humans.
TolC-Dependent Modulation of Host Cell Death by the Francisella tularensis Live Vaccine Strain
Authors: Doyle Christopher R. , Pan Ji-An , Mena Patricio , Zong Wei-Xing , Thanassi David G. 
Published: March 2014

ABSTRACT

Francisella tularensis
is a facultative intracellular, Gram-negative pathogen and the causative agent of tularemia. We previously identified TolC as a virulence factor of the
F. tularensis
live vaccine strain (LVS) and demonstrated that a Δ
tolC
mutant exhibits increased cytotoxicity toward host cells and elicits increased proinflammatory responses compared to those of the wild-type (WT) strain. TolC is the outer membrane channel component used by the type I secretion pathway to export toxins and other bacterial virulence factors. Here, we show that the LVS delays activation of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway in a TolC-dependent manner, both during infection of primary macrophages and during organ colonization in mice. The TolC-dependent delay in host cell death is required for
F. tularensis
to preserve its intracellular replicative niche. We demonstrate that TolC-mediated inhibition of apoptosis is an active process and not due to defects in the structural integrity of the Δ
tolC
mutant. These findings support a model wherein the immunomodulatory capacity of
F. tularensis
relies, at least in part, on TolC-secreted effectors. Finally, mice vaccinated with the Δ
tolC
LVS are protected from lethal challenge and clear challenge doses faster than WT-vaccinated mice, demonstrating that the altered host responses to primary infection with the Δ
tolC
mutant led to altered adaptive immune responses. Taken together, our data demonstrate that TolC is required for temporal modulation of host cell death during infection by
F. tularensis
and highlight how shifts in the magnitude and timing of host innate immune responses may lead to dramatic changes in the outcome of infection.
EPIDEMIOLOGY OF INJURIES IN A WOMEN'S INTERNATIONAL RUGBY SEVENS WORLD CUP SQUAD
Authors: Gabb N , Trewartha G , Kemp S , Stokes KA 
Published: March 2014

BackgroundLittle is known about injury patterns in women's rugby sevens.ObjectiveTo investigate the incidence of match and training injuries sustained by elite female rugby sevens players during preparation for and during the world cup.DesignProspective cohort study.SettingEngland Women's Rugby Sevens World Cup Squad.Participants17 members of the England Women's Rugby Sevens World Cup training squad.Independent variablesMatch and training exposure.Main outcome measurements:Match and training injury incidence and severity.Results34 time-loss injuries (12 match and 22 training) were recorded during 2308 hours of exposure (64 hours match-play and 2244 hours training). Match and training injury incidence rates were 187/1000 hours (95% CI: 106-330) and 10/1000 hours (95% CI: 7–15), respectively. Mean severity of match injuries was 33 days (median=14 days), and 40 days (median=15 days) for training injuries. Typically, match injuries were acute onset (10 out of 12 injuries; 83%) and occurred during contact (8 out of 12; 67%). In contrast, 15 out of 22 (68%) training injuries were non-contact with an associated injury burden of 369 days absence per 1000 training hours. Over two thirds of these non-contact injuries were associated with running and the remainder recorded as chronic injuries.ConclusionsMatch injury incidence in this small cohort was higher than in women's 15s (36/1000 hours) (Tayloret al., 2011) and in men's sevens (106/1000 hours) (Fulleret al., 2010). In addition, training injury incidence rate is much higher than has been reported previously. Given that a total of 827 days were lost to non-contact training injuries, a specific focus on injury reduction in this context could have a major impact on player availability.
DECREASED TUMOUR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA (TNF-Α) IN SERUM OF PATIENTS WITH ACHILLES TENDINOPATHY: FURTHER EVIDENCE AGAINST THE ROLE OF INFLAMMATION IN THE CHRONIC STAGE
Authors: Gaida J , Alfredson H , Forsgren S , Cook J 
Published: March 2014

BackgroundAltered expression of several cytokines and growth factors has been shown in biopsies of tendinopathy tissue. Biopsy studies are however challenged by capacity to obtain i) healthy tissue for comparison, ii) multiple samples to monitor cytokine dynamics, and iii) tissue from recent onset tendinopathy. An alternative is to study cytokines in blood samples. Whether cytokines in blood samples reflect tissue levels and the degree of tendinopathy is unknown.ObjectiveTo measure serum concentration of six cytokines and growth factors suggested to have a role in tendon response to load among individuals with chronic Achilles tendinopathy and controls.DesignIn this cross-sectional study, serum cytokine concentrations were measured from fasting blood samples on the BioPlex-200.SettingSports Medicine Unit, Umeå University.ParticipantsParticipants were recreationally active individuals. Achilles tendinopathy (n=22) was diagnosed on clinical criteria and confirmed with ultrasound examination. The control group (n=10) had no history of tendon pain and had normal ultrasound findings.Independent variablesSerum concentration of tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), platelet derived growth factor BB (PDGF-BB), interferon gamma (IFN-γ), and vascular-derived endothelial growth factor (VEGF) were the independent variables.Main outcome measurementsA diagnosis of Achilles tendinopathy (yes/no) was defined as the key outcome variable prior to data collection.ResultsTNF-α concentration was lower in the tendinopathy group than the control group (P=.018); there were no other group differences.ConclusionsThe observations indicate a lowering of the TNF-α concentration in the chronic phase of Achilles tendinopathy. As TNF-α levels are elevated in chronic inflammatory conditions, this reinforces that chronic Achilles tendinopathy is not an inflammatory disorder. Collecting a blood sample to study disease biomarkers leaves the tendon intact and therefore this design can be used to study cytokine dynamics with multiple sampling during disease progression and recovery.
CENTRE OF PRESSURE EXCURSIONS IN HEALTHY AND FUNCTIONALLY UNSTABLE PARTICIPANTS FOLLOWING A SINGLE LEG DROP JUMP LANDING; ANALYSING A SUBCONSCIOUS TIME PERIOD
Authors: Gautrey C , Watson T , Mitchell A 
Published: March 2014

BackgroundCentre of pressure (COP) excursions have been repeatedly investigated in sufferers of functional ankle instability (FAI). No study to date has analysed COP excursions in a subconscious time frame. The average fastest reaction time in young males has been identified as 200 ms, therefore anything prior to this would be beyond human conscious control. Analysis of this subconscious time period may identify deficits that are sometimes not observed when analysing a conscious time frame.ObjectiveTo determine whether FAI participants suffer from subconscious (200 ms) and conscious (3 second) neuromuscular deficits compared to healthy controls, as measured by COP excursion.DesignCross-sectional study.SettingUniversity biomechanics laboratory.ParticipantsA convenience sample was used to recruit twenty males with unilateral FAI and twenty male healthy controls. Inclusion criteria included males, aged 18–25 years, who were right leg dominant.InterventionThree single leg drop jump landings from a 30 cm high bench onto a force platform. Subject group and balance analysis times were the independent variables.Main outcome measureCOP excursion in centimetres in the anterior, posterior, anteroposterior, medial, lateral and mediolateral directions, following a single leg drop jump landing.ResultsWhen analysing the 200 ms data there was a significant (P<.0125) increase in lateral and mediolateral COP excursions in the unstable and stable ankles of the FAI group when compared to the dominant and non-dominant ankles of the healthy group. No other significant differences were identified.ConclusionThe FAI participants COP excursions were increased, but only on a subconscious level. It may be possible that after the initial 200 ms the individual is able to regain stability with conscious postural modifications. COP excursions were increased within the time frame that an ankle sprain would usually occur. Therefore, this increase may be a risk factor for repeated sprains in FAI sufferers.
TEST-RETEST RELIABILITY OF THREE SETUP POSITIONS DURING ISOKINETIC ANKLE INVERSION-EVERSION EXERCISE
Authors: Gautrey C , Watson T , Mitchell A 
Published: March 2014

BackgroundStrength testing of the ankle musculature using the isokinetic dynamometer is often undertaken by sports clinicians and is of great importance for screening, rehabilitation and injury prevention. Injuries such as ankle sprains may be preventable if the risk factors can be addressed; however, the success of such screening procedures depends on the accuracy and reproducibility of the methods used.ObjectiveTo determine the test-retest reliability of three setup positions during isokinetic ankle inversion-eversion exercise, and to investigate the effect of setup position on peak torque and total work.DesignRandomised test-retest study.SettingUniversity biomechanics laboratory. Participants played at a semi-professional level of soccer.Participants:A convenience sample was used to recruit sixteen healthy male participants. Inclusion criteria included males, aged 18–25 years, who participated in semi-professional soccer and who were right leg dominant.Risk factor assessmentThree maximal concentric ankle inversion-eversion repetitions at 60, 120, 180, 240, 300 and 360° · s−1, during 10° dorsiflexion, neutral dorsiflexion/plantarflexion, and 10° plantarflexion.Set up position and isokinetic speed were the independent variables.Main outcome measurePeak torque and total work in newton metres in the three setup positions.ResultsThe results indicated that the 10° plantarflexion position was the most reliable setup, with ICC results ranging from 0.84–0.95 for peak torque and total work, at speeds 60 through 240°· s−1, during ankle inversion and eversion. The results also showed significantly greater (P<.0167) peak torque and total work values for the 10° plantarflexion position.ConclusionClinicians should consider adopting this new ankle setup when screening or rehabilitating athletes as the most reliable results were identified. The 10° plantarflexion position also most accurately represented the peak performance of the muscles tested, as peak torque and total work were maximised in this position.