bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Semiparametric methods for multistate survival models in randomised trials
Authors: Hudson Harold M. , Lô Serigne N. , John Simes R. , Tonkin Andrew M. , Heritier Stephane 
Published: December 2013

Transform methods have proved effective for networks describing a progression of events. In semi‐Markov networks, we calculated the transform of time to a terminating event from corresponding transforms of intermediate steps. Saddlepoint inversion then provided survival and hazard functions, which integrated, and fully utilised, the network data.However, the presence of censored data introduces significant difficulties for these methods. Many participants in controlled trials commonly remain event‐free at study completion, a consequence of the limited period of follow‐up specified in the trial design. Transforms are not estimable using nonparametric methods in states with survival truncated by end‐of‐study censoring. We propose the use of parametric models specifying residual survival to next event. As a simple approach to extrapolation with competing alternative states, we imposed a proportional incidence (constant relative hazard) assumption beyond the range of study data.No proportional hazards assumptions are necessary for inferences concerning time to endpoint; indeed, estimation of survival and hazard functions can proceed in a single study arm. We demonstrate feasibility and efficiency of transform inversion in a large randomised controlled trial of cholesterol‐lowering therapy, the Long‐Term Intervention with Pravastatin in Ischaemic Disease study.Transform inversion integrates information available in components of multistate models: estimates of transition probabilities and empirical survival distributions. As a by‐product, it provides some ability to forecast survival and hazard functions forward, beyond the time horizon of available follow‐up. Functionals of survival and hazard functions provide inference, which proves sharper than that of log‐rank and related methods for survival comparisons ignoring intermediate events. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Death discussion in science read‐alouds: Cognitive, sociolinguistic, and moral processes
Authors: Oliveira Alandeom W. , Reis Giuliano , Chaize Daniel O. , Snyder Michele A. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractLittle research has been conducted on how to address the complex topic of death when teaching science to children. The present paper addresses this issue by examining how three elementary teachers discuss the death of wild animals during science read‐aloud sessions. Our findings reveal the variety of ways in which nonhuman death can be cognitively, sociolinguistically and morally organized in such contexts. In terms of cognition, animal death was conceptualized metaphorically in terms of linear or cyclic motion (SOURCE‐PATH‐GOAL and CYCLE image schemas). Sociolinguistically, animal death was sometimes approached as the product of an agent's action (e.g., a predator) and at other times as an agentless outcome (e.g., a biological event that simply befell upon living creatures). Lastly, natural death was presented as morally “good” (i.e., acceptable biological outcomes of life in the wild), whereas pollution‐related death was organized as unnatural and morally “bad” (i.e., unacceptable loss of natural life whose occurrence students should critically question). This study highlights the centrality of metaphorical structuring to nonhuman death discussions in the science read‐alouds investigated and the possible pedagogical implications of favoring the approaches described. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 51: 117–146, 2014
MoravaK-theory rings for the groupsG38, …,G41of order 32
Authors: Bakuradze Malkhaz , Jibladze Mamuka 
Published: December 2013

AbstractB. Schuster [19] proved that themod2 MoravaK-theoryK(s)*(BG) is evenly generated for all groupsGof order 32. For the four groupsGof order 32 with the numbers 38, 39, 40 and 41 in the Hall-Senior list [11], the ringK(2)*(BG) has been shown to be generated as aK(2)*-module by transferred Euler classes. In this paper, we show this for arbitrarysand compute the ring structure ofK(s)*(BG). Namely, we show thatK(s)*(BG) is the quotient of a polynomial ring in 6 variables overK(s)*(pt) by an ideal for which we list explicit generators.
On the free-surface flow of very steep forced solitary waves
Authors: Wade Stephen L. , Binder Benjamin J. , Mattner Trent W. , Denier James P. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractThe free-surface flow of very steep forced and unforced solitary waves is considered. The forcing is due to a distribution of pressure on the free surface. Four types of forced solution are identified which all approach the Stokes-limiting configuration of an included angle of $12{0}^{\circ } $ and a stagnation point at the wave crests. For each type of forced solution the almost-highest wave does not contain the most energy, nor is it the fastest, similar to what has been observed previously in the unforced case. Nonlinear solutions are obtained by deriving and solving numerically a boundary integral equation. A weakly nonlinear approximation to the flow problem helps with the identification and classification of the forced types of solution, and their stability.
Accumulation of motile elongated micro-organisms in turbulence
Authors: Zhan Caijuan , Sardina Gaetano , Lushi Enkeleida , Brandt Luca 
Published: December 2013

AbstractWe study the effect of turbulence on marine life by performing numerical simulations of motile micro-organisms, modelled as prolate spheroids, in isotropic homogeneous turbulence. We show that the clustering and patchiness observed in laminar flows, linear shear and vortex flows, are significantly reduced in a three-dimensional turbulent flow mainly because of the complex topology; elongated micro-organisms show some level of clustering in the case of swimmers without any preferential alignment whereas spherical swimmers remain uniformly distributed. Micro-organisms with one preferential swimming direction (e.g. gyrotaxis) still show significant clustering if spherical in shape, whereas prolate swimmers remain more uniformly distributed. Due to their large sensitivity to the local shear, these elongated swimmers react more slowly to the action of vorticity and gravity and therefore do not have time to accumulate in a turbulent flow. These results show how purely hydrodynamic effects can alter the ecology of micro-organisms that can vary their shape and their preferential orientation.
Characteristics of energy intake under-reporting in French adults
Authors: Berta Vanrullen Isabelle , Volatier Jean-Luc , Bertaut Aurélie , Dufour Ariane , Dallongeville Jean 
Published: December 2013

Energy intake under-reporting (UR) is a concern in nutritional epidemiological studies, as it may distort the relationships between dietary habits and health. Although UR is known to be associated with certain characteristics, few studies have investigated them in France. Therefore, the goal of the present study was to assess the prevalence and characteristics of UR in French adults. UR was defined according to Goldberg's classification. A sample of 1567 adults was drawn from the nationally representative French dietary survey (Individuelle Nationale des Consommations Alimentaires 2 2006–7). Food intake (7 d record), dietary habits, socio-economic status, region of residence, sedentary behaviour and weight perception variables were assessed. Multivariate logistic regression was used to investigate the associations between UR and a number of covariates. The overall prevalence of UR was 22·5 %, similar in men and women. In both sexes, UR was positively associated with overweight and protein intake and inversely associated with age. In women, UR was associated with eating lunch in the office, poor perception of diet quality and sedentary behaviour and was inversely associated with educational level, residence in the Paris region, cereal product intake and eating lunch in a friend's or family member's home. In men, UR was positively associated with a history of slimming and inversely associated with dairy product intake and eating lunch at a staff canteen. In conclusion, UR is prevalent in French adults and is associated with several different characteristics. It is important to take account of UR when investigating diet–disease associations in adults.
Nutrient deposition partitioning and priorities between body compartments in two size classes of rainbow trout in response to feed restriction
Authors: Salze Guillaume , Alami-Durante Helene , Barbut Shai , Marcone Massimo , Bureau Dominique P. 
Published: December 2013

Adaptations in growth dynamics in fish, i.e. how fish prioritise tissue accretion between organs, remains poorly understood. In the present study, we investigated the effects of graded feed restriction levels on nutrient deposition in 1·3 g fingerlings and 70 g juveniles. At the whole-body level, highly restricted juveniles strove to maintain body protein while mobilising lipid reserves and compensating for mass loss by increasing water content. In contrast, fingerlings maintained body water and energy contents. Additionally, we investigated deposition patterns in four body compartments (red and white axial muscles, viscera and rest of the carcass) in juveniles and changes in the cellularity of the white and red muscles in fingerlings. We provide evidence of priorities in growth and nutrient deposition in body compartments in response to low feeding levels. In juveniles, feed intake (FI) primarily affected the white muscle, while the red muscle and the viscera appeared to be preserved. Specific proteins (45 and 173 kDa) were preferentially deposited in the white muscle, while others (22 and 32 kDa) were preferentially mobilised. In fingerlings' muscle anterior to the anus, the cross-sectional surface areas increased with increasing FI in a logarithmic fashion in the white muscle, and in linear fashion in the red muscle. The maximum diameter of white fibres decreased linearly with fish length, while that of red fibres remained stable. This suggests an adaptation mechanism by decreasing white muscle hyperplasia in favour of hypertrophy when feed is restricted. Overall, these results indicate some mechanisms by which fish cope with low food availability. Our findings also suggest different adaptation strategies employed by fish of different body weights.
Tea consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes: a dose–response meta-analysis of cohort studies
Authors: Yang Wan-Shui , Wang Wei-Ye , Fan Wen-Yan , Deng Qin , Wang Xin 
Published: December 2013

Tea consumption has inconsistently been shown to be associated with the risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D). The aim of the present study was to conduct a dose–response meta-analysis of cohort studies assessing the association between consumption of tea and risk of developing T2D. Pertinent studies were identified by searching PubMed, Web of Science and EMBASE through 31 March 2013. A total of sixteen cohorts from fifteen articles that reported 37 445 cases of diabetes among 545 517 participants were included. A significant linearly inverse association between tea consumption and T2D risk was found (P for linear trend = 0·02). An increase of 2 cups/d in tea consumption was found to be associated with a 4·6 (95 % CI 0·9, 8·1) % reduced risk of T2D. On the basis of the dose–response meta-analysis, the predicted relative risks of diabetes for 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 cups of tea consumed per d were 1·00 (referent), 0·97 (95 % CI 0·94, 1·01), 0·95(95 % CI 0·92, 0·98), 0·93 (95 % CI 0·88, 0·98), 0·90 (95 % CI 0·85, 0·96), 0·88 (95 % CI 0·83, 0·93) and 0·85 (95 % CI 0·80, 0·91), respectively. There was a statistically significant heterogeneity within the selected studies (Q= 45·32, P< 0·001, I2= 60·3 %). No evidence of substantial small-study bias was found (P= 0·46). Our findings suggest that tea consumption could be linearly inversely associated with T2D risk. Future well-designed observational studies that account for different characteristics of tea such as tea types, preparation methods and tea strength are needed to fully characterise such an association.
Assessment of the dietary intake of total flavan-3-ols, monomeric flavan-3-ols, proanthocyanidins and theaflavins in the European Union
Authors: Vogiatzoglou Anna , Mulligan Angela A. , Luben Robert N. , Lentjes Marleen A. H. , Heiss Christian , Kelm Malte , Merx Marc W. , Spencer Jeremy P. E. , Schroeter Hagen , Kuhnle Gunter G. C. 
Published: December 2013

Dietary interventions with flavan-3-ols have shown beneficial effects on vascular function. The translation of these findings into the context of the health of the general public requires detailed information on habitual dietary intake. However, only limited data are currently available for European populations. Therefore, in the present study, we assessed the habitual intake of flavan-3-ol monomers, proanthocyanidins (PA) and theaflavins in the European Union (EU) and determined their main food sources using the EFSA (European Food Safety Authority) Comprehensive European Food Consumption Database. Data for adults aged 18–64 years were available from fourteen European countries, and intake was determined using the FLAVIOLA Flavanol Food Composition Database, developed for the present study and based on the latest US Department of Agriculture and Phenol-Explorer databases. The mean habitual intake of flavan-3-ol monomers, theaflavins and PA ranged from 181 mg/d (Czech Republic) to 793 mg/d (Ireland). The highest intakes of flavan-3-ol monomers and theaflavins were observed in Ireland (191/505 mg/d) and the lowest intakes in Spain (24/9 mg/d). In contrast, the daily intake of PA was highest in Spain (175 mg/d) and lowest in The Netherlands (96 mg/d). Main sources were tea (62 %), pome fruits (11 %), berries (3 %) and cocoa products (3 %). Tea was the major single contributor to monomer intake (75 %), followed by pome fruits (6 %). Pome fruits were also the main source of PA (28 %). The present study provides important data on the population-based intake of flavanols in the EU and demonstrates that dietary intake amounts for flavan-3-ol monomers, PA and theaflavins vary significantly across European countries. The average habitual intake of flavan-3-ols is considerably below the amounts used in most dietary intervention studies.
Critical airway induced by formalin injection: case report
Authors: Yeh C-F , Lee T-L 
Published: December 2013

AbstractBackground:Formalin is a saturated aqueous solution comprising 37–40 per cent formaldehyde. It is often used in histopathology laboratories as a tissue preservative. The ingestion or injection of formalin has an immediate, powerful and destructive impact on humans. This paper reports a case of formalin injection and reviews the relevant world literature.Case report:A 36-year-old male attempted suicide by injecting formalin into the right side of his neck, resulting in a critical airway situation. An endotracheal tube was inserted and a tracheostomy was then performed to secure his airway. After receiving medical treatment, including antibiotics and N-acetyl cysteine, the status of the patient's airway improved.Conclusion:When examining patients who have injected substances into their neck, the possibility of deep neck inflammation with airway compromise should be considered. Immediate management, which should include establishment of a definitive airway and prophylactic infection control, is crucial.
Filamentation instability of electron/ion beams in magnetized plasma waveguide
Authors: Hasanbeigi A. , Moghani S. , Azimi S. , Mehdian H. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractThe filamentation instability due to the interaction of two relativistic electron and ion beams with magnetized plasma in a waveguide is studied within the framework of a macroscopic cold fluid description. It is assumed that the background plasma provides charge and current neutralization of the injected beams. The dispersion relation is obtained by solving wave eigenvalue equation. The resulting dispersion equation is analyzed numerically over a wide range of system parameters. It is found that the velocity difference factor can strongly affect the filamentation instability.
Wakefield effects on three-dimensional dust-lattice modes
Authors: Farokhi B. , Hameditabar A. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractDispersion relations of dust-lattice waves in three-dimensional body-centered cubic (bcc) and face-centered cubic (fcc) dusty plasma crystals are derived taking into account particle–wake interactions. Results show that resonance coupling between the longitudinal and out-of-plane transverse wave modes set in if the vertical confinement is below a certain critical value. The imaginary part of the wave frequency shows that the hybrid mode cannot propagate in the crystal.
Head-on collision of dust magnetoacoustic solitary waves in magnetized plasmas
Authors: Ruan Shi-Sen , Li Zhong-Ming 
Published: December 2013

AbstractThe head-on collision of dust magnetoacoustic solitary waves (DMASWs) is studied in magnetized electron–ion–dust plasma. The extended Poincaré–Lighthill–Kuo perturbation method is used to derive the Korteweg de Vries equations for DMASWs in this three-component plasma. The effects of the magnetic field intensityB0, the number of electrons residing on dust surfaceZd, the ratio of electron to dust number density δ, the ratio of electron to ion temperature σ, and the ratio of dust acoustic velocity to dust Alfvén velocity β on the phase shift are investigated. It is found that these parameters can significantly influence the phase shifts of colliding DMASWs. The present investigation may be beneficial to understand the interaction between two DMASWs that may occur in plasma with dust impurities situations.
Exact Riemann solver for ideal magnetohydrodynamics that can handle all types of intermediate shocks and switch-on/off waves
Authors: Takahashi K. , Yamada S. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractWe have built a code to obtain the exact solutions of Riemann problems in ideal magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) for an arbitrary initial condition. The code can handle not only regular waves but also switch-on/off rarefactions and all types of non-regular shocks: intermediate shocks and switch-on/off shocks. Furthermore, the initial conditions with vanishing normal or transverse magnetic fields can be handled, although the code is partly based on the algorithm proposed by Torrilhon (2002) (Torrilhon, M. 2002 Exact solver and uniqueness condition for Riemann problems of ideal magnetohydrodynamics. Research report 2002-06, Seminar for Applied Mathematics, ETH, Zurich, Switzerland), which cannot deal with all types of non-regular waves nor the initial conditions without normal or transverse magnetic fields. Our solver can find all the solutions for a given Riemann problem, and hence, as demonstrated in this paper, one can investigate the structure of the solution space in detail. Therefore, the solver is a powerful instrument to solve the outstanding problem of existence and uniqueness of solutions of MHD Riemann problems. Moreover, the solver may be applied to numerical MHD schemes like the Godunov scheme in the future.
Debating Revolution: Early eighteenth century Sikh public philosophy on the formation of the Khalsa
Authors: SINGH SYAN HARDIP 
Published: December 2013

AbstractThis paper examines the public debate that happened among Delhi's Sikh community following the formation of the Khalsa by Guru Gobind Singh. The detail of this debate was expressed in the early eighteenth century Sikh text, Sri Gur Sobha. The Sri Gur Sobha explains how Delhi's Sikhs became divided into pro-Khalsa and anti-Khalsa factions, and how this conflict resulted in a campaign of persecution against Delhi's Khalsa Sikhs. In this paper I endeavour to analyse exactly why this dispute occurred and how it reflects wider political and socio-economic processes in early modern India and Sikh society. In addition, the paper will explore how the elite Khatri community consequently became an object of hatred in eighteenth century Khalsa Sikh literature.
The role of chemokines in severe malaria: more than meets the eye
Authors: IOANNIDIS LISA J. , NIE CATHERINE Q. , HANSEN DIANA S. 
Published: December 2013

SUMMARYPlasmodium falciparummalaria is responsible for over 250 million clinical cases every year worldwide. Severe malaria cases might present with a range of disease syndromes including acute respiratory distress, metabolic acidosis, hypoglycaemia, renal failure, anaemia, pulmonary oedema, cerebral malaria (CM) and placental malaria (PM) in pregnant women. Two main determinants of severe malaria have been identified: sequestration of parasitized red blood cells and strong pro-inflammatory responses. Increasing evidence from human studies and malaria infection animal models revealed the presence of host leucocytes at the site of parasite sequestration in brain blood vessels as well as placental tissue in complicated malaria cases. These observations suggested that apart from secreting cytokines, leucocytes might also contribute to disease by migrating to the site of parasite sequestration thereby exacerbating organ-specific inflammation. This evidence attracted substantial interest in identifying trafficking pathways by which inflammatory leucocytes are recruited to target organs during severe malaria syndromes. Chemo-attractant cytokines or chemokines are the key regulators of leucocyte trafficking and their potential contribution to disease has recently received considerable attention. This review summarizes the main findings to date, investigating the role of chemokines in severe malaria and the implication of these responses for the induction of pathogenesis and immunity to infection.
Recovering from forest-to-pasture conversion: leaf decomposition in Central Amazonia, Brazil
Authors: Lorenzo Leda , Pérez-Harguindeguy Natalia , Casanoves Fernando , de Oliveira Alexandre Adalardo 
Published: December 2013

Abstract:Land-use change in tropical forests can affect the micro-environment for decomposition under modified canopies. In turn, decomposition may have consequences for soil fertility and ecosystem sustainability. The effects of the conversion from primary forest to pastures on leaf-litter decomposition and its recovery in secondary forests 20 y after pasture abandonment were evaluated using litterbags and a general mixed model approach. Litterbags containing leaf-litter of two contrasting qualities were placed in those three ecosystems and the mass remaining after 90 d was quantified. The mass remaining was 50% lower in high- than in low-quality leaves. The effects of the decomposition environment depended on the substrate quality. Although differences among ecosystems were not significant for low-quality leaves, high-quality leaves decomposed more slowly in pastures than in forests (mean dry mass remaining was 38% in pastures, 14% in secondary and 12% in primary forest). The decomposition of common substrates did not differ among forests. Results show that the conversion of primary forest to pasture may produce conditions for slower decomposition; however, these conditions appear be restored to a great extent in 20-y-old secondary forests.