bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Moral Development
Authors: Wren Thomas E. 
Published: January 2013

Abstract

The term “moral development” is sometimes used in a very general way to refer to any sort of formative process leading to a robust sense of morality or a well‐formed conscience. In such cases the process is usually understood as a sequence of increasingly adequate cognitive, affective, or motivational dispositions toward moral or ethical issues. For instance, the development of moral virtue was a familiar theme in classical and medieval philosophy, and modern philosophers such as Adam Smith, Thomas Reid, and Dugald Stewart (
see
Smith, Adam; Reid, Thomas; Stewart, Dugald) wrote extensively in the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries about the development of the “moral sentiments.” But “moral development” is now a technical or quasi‐technical term of art, often used in the literature of Anglo‐American philosophy but having its origins in the cognitive developmental psychology of James Mark Baldwin (1906), Jean Piaget (1932), and Lawrence Kohlberg (1984). Although the term is sometimes also used by Freudians and social learning theorists (see Hoffman 1970), within the cognitive developmental paradigm “development” is understood as denoting a movement from one set of relatively well‐integrated cognitive competencies or “stages” to the next. Progress through the stages depends in large part on the social environment, but developmental psychologists usually postulate some universal, in effect innate sequence.
Specifically moral
development is understood as a passage through increasingly adequate stages of moral competence, the basic structures (though not necessarily the contents) of which are universal even though their surface manifestations vary from culture to culture.
Ultrafast magnetization dynamics of nanostructures
Authors: Bigot Jean‐Yves , Vomir Mircea 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe study and control of magnetic materials using ultrashort laser pulses is of great interest both from a fundamental point of view and for potential applications in the technology of information and communication. In this review the state of the art experimental and theoretical works in the field of Ultrafast Magnetization Dynamics is described, with a particular emphasis on the dynamics of nanostructures. The elementary physical mechanisms involving the spin dynamics when exciting magnetic nanostructures with femtosecond optical pulses are considered. The variety of experimental methods and theoretical approaches used to study the magnetic properties of the materials on a broad range of temporal and spatial scales are examined. The concepts of coherent photon‐spin coupling, spin thermalization, precession dynamics and damping, magneto‐acoustic interactions, are discussed. Some general trends and prospective works are also envisaged.
Clerical Abuse and Laicisation: Rhetoric and Reality in the Catholic Church in England and Wales
Authors: Gilligan Philip 
Published: January 2013

Discussion of the declared policies of the Catholic Church in England and Wales, since 2001, with regard to the ongoing status of priests convicted in criminal courts of offences against children is presented. The extent to which these policies have followed recommendations 77 and 78 of A Programme for Action (Nolan, 2001a) and the extent to which they have resulted in the laicisation (removal from the clerical state) of priests are both explored, using national data and with reference to two particular cases from the Diocese of Salford. The potentially adverse impact on victims and survivors of any mismatch between the rhetoric of policy and the reality of practice by the Church is emphasised. Data presented demonstrate that, between November 2001 and September 2010, a majority (64%) of relevantly convicted and sentenced priests had not been laicised as would be expected. Suggestion is made that the Church is inhibited in carrying out its declared policies because it is attempting to serve legitimacy communities beyond victims and survivors of clerical abuse. Full commitment to the paramountcy principle by the Church and genuinely independent external scrutiny of its relevant decision‐making processes are recommended. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.‘Discussion of the declared policies of the Catholic Church in England and Wales, since 2001’‘Suggestion is made that the Church is inhibited in carrying out its declared policies’Key Practitioner Messages

Public declarations from the Roman Catholic Church in England and Wales regarding responses to priests convicted of offences against children cannot be relied on to indicate action taken in particular cases.
The mismatch between policy rhetoric and the reality of practice has potentially adverse impacts on victims and survivors.
The Church appears inhibited in carrying out declared policies because it attempts to serve legitimacy communities beyond victims and survivors of clerical abuse.‘Mismatch between policy rhetoric and the reality of practice has potentially adverse impacts on victims and survivors’
Survival after lumpectomy and mastectomy for early stage invasive breast cancer
Authors: Hwang E. Shelley , Lichtensztajn Daphne Y. , Gomez Scarlett Lin , Fowble Barbara , Clarke Christina A. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractBACKGROUND:Randomized clinical trials (RCT) have demonstrated equivalent survival for breast‐conserving therapy with radiation (BCT) and mastectomy for early‐stage breast cancer. A large, population‐based series of women who underwent BCT or mastectomy was studied to observe whether outcomes of RCT were achieved in the general population, and whether survival differed by surgery type when stratified by age and hormone receptor (HR) status.METHODS:Information was obtained regarding all women diagnosed in the state of California with stage I or II breast cancer between 1990 and 2004, who were treated with either BCT or mastectomy and followed for vital status through December 2009. Cox proportional hazards modeling was used to compare overall survival (OS) and disease‐specific survival (DSS) between BCT and mastectomy groups. Analyses were stratified by age group (< 50 years and ≥ 50 years) and tumor HR status.RESULTS:A total of 112,154 women fulfilled eligibility criteria. Women undergoing BCT had improved OS and DSS compared with women with mastectomy (adjusted hazard ratio for OS entire cohort = 0.81, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.80‐0.83). The DSS benefit with BCT compared with mastectomy was greater among women age ≥ 50 with HR‐positive disease (hazard ratio = 0.86, 95% CI = 0.82‐0.91) than among women age < 50 with HR‐negative disease (hazard ratio = 0.88, 95% CI = 0.79‐0.98); however, this trend was seen among all subgroups analyzed.CONCLUSIONS:Among patients with early stage breast cancer, BCT was associated with improved DSS. These data provide confidence that BCT remains an effective alternative to mastectomy for early stage disease regardless of age or HR status. Cancer 2013. © 2012 American Cancer Society.
Color‐Tunable Luminescent Films Based on the Hybrid Assemblies of [EuW10O36]9–, Bis(N‐methylacridinium) Nitrate, and Layered Double Hydroxide
Authors: Han Zhenzhen , Guo Ying , Tsunashima Ryo , Song Yu‐Fei 
Published: January 2013

AbstractOrdered luminescent ultrathin films (UTFs) have been fabricated by means of layer‐by‐layer assembling of Na9[EuW10O36]·32H2O (abbreviated as EuW10), the photoactive organic molecule of bis(N‐methylacridinium) nitrate (denoted BNMA), and exfoliated Mg2Al‐LDH (layered double hydroxide). The assembly process has been monitored by UV/Vis absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy to obtain a stepwise and regular growth of the UTFs upon increasing the deposited cycles. The alternative intercalation of EuW10 and BNMA into LDHs results in the formation of well‐ordered UTFs with tunable color. Each LDH monolayer with rigid structure provides a confined and protective microenvironment for BNMA and EuW10, and the guest molecules exhibit orientation effect.
Local and Electronic Structure of Americium‐Bearing PuO2
Authors: Prieur Damien , Carvajal‐Nunez Ursula , Vitova Tonya , Somers Joseph 
Published: January 2013

AbstractX‐ray diffraction and X‐ray absorption spectroscopy have shown that a material composed of two (Pu,Am)O2–x substoichiometric fluorite‐type structures is obtained by sintering in moisturized Ar/H2. The Pu oxidation state is strictly +IV, whereas Am exhibits a +III/+IV mixed valence. Thus, the Am–O system and particularly the Am oxidation state play a major role in the sintering behavior of the Pu–Am–O system. The heating of this compound in air leads to the formation of a fluorite Pu0.80Am0.20O1.98 solid solution. The transition from a one‐phase to a two‐phase structure takes place at a temperature lower than 800 °C. The results were compared with previous studies on Am‐bearing UO2 and ThO2, which have evidenced different behaviors.
RB1 in cancer: Different mechanisms of RB1 inactivation and alterations of pRb pathway in tumorigenesis
Authors: Di Fiore Riccardo , D'Anneo Antonella , Tesoriere Giovanni , Vento Renza 
Published: January 2013

AbstractLoss of RB1 gene is considered either a causal or an accelerating event in retinoblastoma. A variety of mechanisms inactivates RB1 gene, including intragenic mutations, loss of expression by methylation and chromosomal deletions, with effects which are species–and cell type‐specific. RB1 deletion can even lead to aneuploidy thus greatly increasing cancer risk. The RB1gene is part of a larger gene family that includes RBL1 and RBL2, each of the three encoding structurally related proteins indicated as pRb, p107, and p130, respectively. The great interest in these genes and proteins springs from their ability to slow down neoplastic growth. pRb can associate with various proteins by which it can regulate a great number of cellular activities. In particular, its association with the E2F transcription factor family allows the control of the main pRb functions, while the loss of these interactions greatly enhances cancer development. As RB1 gene, also pRb can be functionally inactivated through disparate mechanisms which are often tissue specific and dependent on the scenario of the involved tumor suppressors and oncogenes. The critical role of the context is complicated by the different functions played by the RB proteins and the E2F family members. In this review, we want to emphasize the importance of the mechanisms of RB1/pRb inactivation in inducing cancer cell development. The review is divided in three chapters describing in succession the mechanisms of RB1 inactivation in cancer cells, the alterations of pRb pathway in tumorigenesis and the RB protein and E2F family in cancer. J. Cell. Physiol. 228: 1676–1687, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Nocturia and overnight polysomnography in Parkinson disease
Authors: Vaughan Camille P. , Juncos Jorge L. , Trotti Lynn Marie , Johnson Theodore M. , Bliwise Donald L. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractAimCharacterize clinical factors related to nocturia and sleep disruption in Parkinson disease (PD) using polysomnography (PSG).MethodsSixty‐three PD patients were recruited regardless of sleep or voiding complaints from a university‐based movement disorders clinic for a 48 hr inpatient PSG protocol. Nocturia frequency and bother related to urinary symptoms were assessed using the International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) and were corroborated by measurements of PSG‐defined sleep made immediately preceding and subsequent to each in‐lab voiding episode. PSG measures included whole‐night total sleep time (TST), sleep efficiency (SE), apnea/hypopnea index (AHI), and time to PSG‐defined sleep following nocturia episodes. Differences between groups were assessed using Mantel–Haenszel chi‐square, t‐tests, or Wilcoxon signed rank tests. Linear regression was used to assess factors associated with reported nocturia frequency.ResultsSixty patients completed the IPSS. Thirty‐seven (61%) reported at least two nocturia episodes nightly; those individuals demonstrated lower PSG‐defined SE (P = 0.01) and TST (P = 0.02) than patients with 0–1 episodes. Participants reporting 2–3 episodes of nocturia with high bother on the IPSS (n = 12) demonstrated lower whole‐night TST (280.5 ± 116.1 min vs. 372.5 ± 58.7 min, P = 0.03) and worse SE (59.2 ± 22.7% vs. 75.9 ± 11.2%, P = 0.04) when compared to participants with 2–3 episodes of nocturia with low bother (n = 13).ConclusionsThese results verify objectively that PD patients with nocturia have poor sleep. Furthermore, among individuals with comparable levels of reported nocturia, higher bother is associated with poorer sleep as defined on PSG. Neurourol. Urodynam. Published 2013. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA. Neurourol. Urodynam. 32:1080–1085, 2013.
A block Krylov subspace time‐exact solution method for linear ordinary differential equation systems
Authors: Botchev M.A. 
Published: January 2013

SUMMARYWe propose a time‐exact Krylov‐subspace‐based method for solving linear ordinary differential equation systems of the form y ′ = − Ay + g(t) and y ′ ′ = − Ay + g(t), where y(t) is the unknown function. The method consists of two stages. The first stage is an accurate piecewise polynomial approximation of the source term g(t), constructed with the help of the truncated singular value decomposition. The second stage is a special residual‐based block Krylov subspace method. The accuracy of the method is only restricted by the accuracy of the piecewise polynomial approximation and by the error of the block Krylov process. Because both errors can, in principle, be made arbitrarily small, this yields, at some costs, a time‐exact method. Numerical experiments are presented to demonstrate efficiency of the proposed method. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Characterization of placenta‐specific microRNAs in fetal growth restriction pregnancy
Authors: Higashijima Ai , Miura Kiyonori , Mishima Hiroyuki , Kinoshita Akira , Jo Ozora , Abe Shuhei , Hasegawa Yuri , Miura Shoko , Yamasaki Kentaro , Yoshida Atsushi , Yoshiura Koh‐ichiro , Masuzaki Hideaki 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACTObjectiveThe aim of this study was to characterize placenta‐specific microRNAs in fetal growth restriction (FGR) pregnancy.MethodPlacenta‐specific miRNAs were identified by next‐generation sequencing analysis. Subsequently, quantitative real‐time reverse‐transcription polymerase chain reaction was used to identify FGR placenta‐specific miRNAs whose level of expression was significantly decreased in FGR placenta (n = 45) compared with uncomplicated placenta (n = 50). FGR pregnancy‐associated, placenta‐specific microRNAs were identified in maternal plasma after delivery at significantly decreased concentrations, and their circulating levels in maternal plasma was compared between FGR pregnancies (n = 10) and uncomplicated pregnancies (n = 10).ResultsOut of the ten placenta‐specific microRNAs that we identified, seven placenta‐specific microRNAs (hsa‐miR‐518b, hsa‐miR‐1323, hsa‐miR‐516b, hsa‐miR‐515‐5p, hsa‐miR‐520h, hsa‐miR‐519d, and hsa‐miR‐526b) from the chromosome 19 microRNA cluster were identified as FGR placenta‐specific microRNAs. Four FGR placenta‐specific microRNAs (hsa‐miR‐518b, hsa‐miR‐1323, hsa‐miR‐520h, and hsa‐miR‐519d) were confirmed as FGR pregnancy‐associated, placenta‐specific miRNAs, but their circulating levels in maternal plasma showed no significant differences between FGR pregnancy and uncomplicated pregnancy.ConclusionOur data suggest that reduced expression in placenta of certain FGR placenta‐specific miRNAs is associated with FGR and that the discrepancy between expression in FGR placenta and their circulating levels in maternal plasma will be crucial to understanding how placenta‐specific microRNAs are released into the maternal circulation. © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Safety information in drug labeling: a comparison of the USA, the UK, and Japan
Authors: Shimazawa Rumiko , Ikeda Masayuki 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACTPurposeDespite globalization of drug approvals, there is a disparity in drug safety regulations among the USA, Europe, and Japan. We sought to determine differences in safety information on drug labels among the three regions.MethodsThis was a cross‐sectional study with quantitative survey of safety information on labels of 189 new molecular entities approved in the USA, the UK, and Japan. Outcome measures were the proportions of total safety information (PSI), of contraindications (PCI), and of boxed warnings (PBW) to all information on the label. We identified a boxed warning (BW) on US and Japanese labels through a manual search. These measures were analyzed according to therapeutic indications.ResultsOn the Japanese labels, PSI was smaller than that on the US and UK labels for cardiovascular diseases. For neoplastic and immunologic diseases, PSI on the Japanese labels was larger than that on the UK labels. For nervous system diseases, PSI on the US labels was larger than that on the UK and the Japanese labels. PCI showed contrasting results with PSI except for neoplastic and immunologic diseases. BWs showed a poorer concordance between the USA and Japan in hematologic and genitourinary diseases than in other therapeutic areas.ConclusionsSubstantial differences in safety information exist depending upon outcome measures and therapeutic areas among the US, the UK, and the Japanese labels. This underscores the need for further analyses to determine causes of these differences to optimize drug safety regulations. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prediction, refinement, and persistency of transmembrane helix dimers in lipid bilayers using implicit and explicit solvent/lipid representations: Microsecond molecular dynamics simulations of ErbB1/B2 and EphA1
Authors: Zhang Liqun , Sodt Alexander J. , Venable Richard M. , Pastor Richard W. , Buck Matthias 
Published: January 2013

AbstractAll‐atom simulations are carried out on ErbB1/B2 and EphA1 transmembrane helix dimers in lipid bilayers starting from their solution/DMPC bicelle NMR structures. Over the course of microsecond trajectories, the structures remain in close proximity to the initial configuration and satisfy the majority of experimental tertiary contact restraints. These results further validate CHARMM protein/lipid force fields and simulation protocols on Anton. Separately, dimer conformations are generated using replica exchange in conjunction with an implicit solvent and lipid representation. The implicit model requires further improvement, and this study investigates whether lengthy all‐atom molecular dynamics simulations can alleviate the shortcomings of the initial conditions. The simulations correct many of the deficiencies. For example, excessive helix twisting is eliminated over a period of hundreds of nanoseconds. The helix tilt, crossing angles, and dimer contacts approximate those of the NMR‐derived structure, although the detailed contact surface remains off‐set for one of two helices in both systems. Hence, even microsecond simulations are not long enough for extensive helix rotations. The alternate structures can be rationalized with reference to interaction motifs and may represent still sought after receptor states that are important in ErbB1/B2 and EphA1 signaling. Proteins 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The structure of a shellfish specific GST class glutathioneS‐transferase from antarctic bivalveLaternula ellipticareveals novel active site architecture
Authors: Park Ae Kyung , Moon Jin Ho , Jang Eun Hyuk , Park Hyun , Ahn In Young , Lee Ki Seog , Chi Young Min 
Published: January 2013

AbstractGlutathione‐S‐transferases have been identified in all the living species examined so far, yet little is known about their function in marine organisms. In a previous report, the recently identified GST from Antarctic bivalveLaternula elliptica(LeGST) was classified into the rho class GST, but there are several unique features of LeGST that may justify reclassification, which could represent specific shellfish GSTs. Here, we determined the crystal structure of LeGST, which is a shellfish specific class of GST. The structural analysis showed that the relatively open and wide hydrophobic H‐site of the LeGST allows this GST to accommodate various substrates. These results suggest that the H‐site of LeGST may be the result of adaptation to their environments as sedentary organisms. Proteins 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Tissue engineering for urologists
Authors: Chopra Nikhil , Kayes Oliver 
Published: January 2013

AbstractTissue engineering and stem‐cell technologies are now at the forefront of scientific advances and offer novel methods for regenerating and recreating tissue. There is cautious optimism that tissue engineering will play an increasing role in the management of a spectrum of urological disease in the future. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons
Examination of the Modified Villavecchia Test for Detecting Sesame Oil
Authors: Lee Wei‐Ju , Su Nan‐Wei , Lee Min‐Hsiung , Lin Jui‐Tsung 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACTThe official methods of the American Oil Chemists’ Society recommend the modified Villavecchia test Cb 2‐40 for detecting sesame oil in animal and vegetable fats and oils. The test is based on the reactivity of sesamol and sesamolin to furfural under acidic conditions. Although the contribution of sesamol and sesamolin to the reaction has been reported, little information is available on how the test performed with oils prepared from different sesame varieties or for effects of roasting conditions of seeds. The objective of this study was to clarify the contribution of various lignans to the Villavecchia test results. Chromogenic products of the Villavecchia test with sesame oil prepared from different varieties of sesame seeds gave different absorbance intensities at 520 nm, and the absorbance intensities were positively correlated with the content of sesamolin in sesame oil. Roasting conditions affected the content and concentration of lignans in sesame oil, and consequently the corresponding chromogenicity of the Villavecchia test. Roasting seeds at 230 °C for 5 min caused a significant loss of sesamolin in oil, the level of sesamol increased, and the absorbance intensity at 520 nm of the corresponding Villavecchia testing product also increased. Roasting seeds at 280 °C for 5 min caused loss of sesamin and the disappearance of sesamolin from the resultant oil, whereas the level of sesamol increased. These results provide guidance for determining the utility of the Villavecchia test for detecting sesame oil in mixtures of other foods.
Carbon Mitigation Policies, Distributional Dilemmas and Social Policies
Authors: GOUGH IAN 
Published: January 2013

AbstractContemporary policies to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs) will have distributive consequences and thus implications for the scope and remit of social policy. This paper studies current carbon mitigation policies and their distributive impacts. It considers a range of current and proposed social programmes to ameliorate these impacts, before proposing alternatives. This argument is pursued in two parts according to whether emissions are conceived and accounted within a production or a consumption framework. The first part works within the Kyoto policy framework, critiques the present suite of policies and suggests alternative policy scenarios that may better marry together the goals of carbon reduction and social equity. The second half justifies and operationalises a broader focus on all GHGs emitted by British consumers, whether directly or embodied in goods and services. It argues that to target these will require going beyond the current policy paradigm to develop more radical policies to modify preferences and behaviour, and to constrain total consumption demand. It then speculates on ways that new social policy programmes might combine the pursuit of these goals together with social equity.