bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
IMPULSES IN VAGAL AFFERENT FIBRES FROM SPECIFIC PULMONARY DEFLATION RECEPTORS. THE RESPONSE OF THESE RECEPTORS TO PHENYL DIGUANIDE, POTATO STARCH, 5‐HYDROXYTRYPTAMINE AND NICOTINE, AND THEIR RÔLE IN RESPIRATORY AND CARDIOVASCULAR REFLEXES
Authors: Paintal A. S. 
Published: December 2014

1. The endings of certain vagal afferent fibres have been located in the lungs, using the method of locating visceral receptors described recently [Paintal, 1954 a). These receptors were sensitized specifically by pulmonary deflation.2. The fibres were found to be normally inactive. With the cats' chest intact it was sometimes possible to evoke a rapidly adapting discharge of impulses by suction of air from the trachea or by collapse of the lungs with open chest. The receptors were unaffected by anoxia but they could be sensitized by congestion of the lungs.3. The action potentials of these fibres were the smallest yet observed in vagal afferent fibres; in most deflation fibres the potentials barely exceeded the base‐line noise level. It is estimated that the conduction velocities of the majority of the fibres are below 6 m./sec.4. The receptors were stimulated by injection of phenyl diguanide, starch, nicotine and 5‐hydroxytryptamine. Some of the receptors yielded considerably reduced responses following subsequent injections of phenyl diguanide, but the majority of them were little affected.5. The injection‐discharge time following rapid injections of phenyl diguanide into the right atrium of cats with intact chest ranged from 0·9 to 2·7 sec. With open chests the injection‐discharge time could be varied by injecting the drug during different phases of artificial respiration; the values were increased when the drug was injected during inflation of the lungs. The drug sensitized the receptors from 7 to 21 sec.6. Apart from the usual response of respiratory inhibition, phenyl diguanide on many occasions gave rise to respiratory acceleration without the initial period of apnœa. This response could be elicited more frequently by small doses of phenyl diguanide, but it could also be produced by large doses injected slowly.7. Nicotine, starch and HT gave rise to early reflex respiratory and cardiac responses identical with those following phenyl diguanide.8. It is suggested that the deflation receptors are primarily responsible for producing reflex respiratory acceleration (rapid shallow breathing) and that they cause respiratory inhibition when greatly stimulated by drugs. They may also take part in the reflex bradycardia following injections of the drugs used in this investigation.9. The receptors are not connected with the bronchial circulation or with any part of the broncho‐pulmonary shunt, but with the pulmonary circulation. They are probably situated near the alveoli.10. In many cats the deflation fibres were encountered grouped in bundles. At present the only way of isolating them is by injecting drugs which stimulate them.11. These deflation receptors are quite different from the so‐called deflation receptors described previously [Adrian, 1933; Paintal, 1953 b].
THE EXCRETION OF ADMINISTERED SODIUM CHLORIDE BY THE CONSCIOUS DOG, AND THE EFFECT OF OCCLUSION OF THE CAROTID ARTERIES
Authors: O'Connor W. J. 
Published: December 2014

1. The excretion of sodium chloride administered by stomach tube to the conscious dog was not altered by previous denervation of the kidneys or by injections of desoxycorticosterone acetate.2. The excretion of administered sodium chloride was not determined by changes in the sodium or chloride concentration of the plasma, but there was a close relationship between the rate of excretion of sodium and total solid content of the plasma, which was used to follow changes in the plasma protein concentration. Ingestion of ammonium chloride or water caused no increase in sodium excretion, and there was no large fall in plasma solid. Ingestion of sodium bicarbonate caused an increased excretion of sodium associated with dilution of the plasma solids, but there was no corresponding increase in the excretion of chloride.3. Occlusion of both carotid arteries caused immediately an increased output of urine and of both sodium and chloride. This persisted after denervation of the kidneys, and was attributed to the increased arterial pressure produced by the occlusion.4. The relationship between plasma solid content and rate of excretion of sodium has been plotted, and from this an estimate made of the probable relationship between plasma protein concentration, glomerular filtration rate and sodium excretion. The effects of dilution of plasma protein and of increased arterial blood pressure in increasing sodium excretion have been compared quantitatively.5. Measurements of inulin or creatinine clearance are not sufficiently accurate to elucidate problems of sodium excretion.6. The relationship between plasma solid content and rate of excretion of sodium is discussed with reference to the sodium balance of the body.
THE ROLE OF CHOLESTEROL IN THE INTERACTION OF CHYLE AND PLASMA
Authors: French J. E. , Robinson D. S. , Harris P. M. 
Published: December 2014

1. Chyle from rats or rabbits fed a mixture of cholesterol and olive oil can be cleared when added to heparinized plasma in vitro.2. The plasma of rabbits fed cholesterol contains lipoid particles which have a much greater relative concentration of cholesterol than lipoid particles from the chyle. These particles clear slightly or not at all when added to heparinized plasma in vitro.3. The plasma of rabbits fed cholesterol has an inhibitory effect on the rate of clearing of added chyle by heparinized plasma in vitro.4. The lipæmia in rabbits fed cholesterol can be attributed primarily to failure in the disposal of the cholesterol‐containing residue of the chylomicra rather than to failure in the mechanism for breakdown of these particles in the blood.
OCULAR STRUCTURE IN VITAMIN A DEFICIENCY IN THE MONKEY
Authors: Ramalingaswami V. , Leach E. H. , Sriramachari S. 
Published: December 2014

1. The role of vitamin A in the metabolism of cone cells of the retina was investigated, from the morphological angle, by studying their structure in induced deficiency of vitamin A in three monkeys.2. Unequivocal signs of structural damage were observed in the cone and rod cells of the deficient animals, which also showed the classical signs of vitamin A deficiency in other organs.3. In vitamin A deficiency, damage to the visual cell layer of the retina occurred in one monkey in the absence of corneal involvement. This finding suggests that chronic vitamin A deficiency in the community may lead to progressive damage to the visual cells in a much larger number of persons than the incidence figures for keratomalacia indicate.4. Degeneration of pigment epithelium was present in retinal sections from all the deficient animals. The possible role of the pigment epithelium in the pathogenesis of the visual defect in vitamin A deficiency has been discussed.5. Degenerative changes were noted in Descemet's endothelium. This damage may contribute to the degeneration of the corneal epithelium.
THE SINU‐ATRIAL NODE OF THE RAT HEART
Authors: Muir A. R. 
Published: December 2014

1. The sinu‐atrial node can be observed in the rat as a thickening, composed of modified myocardium, in the medial wall of the right cranial vena cava from the 15th day of prenatal life onwards.2. The node is most obvious, and has its maximum size relative to the body weight from one day before to three days after birth.3. In the embryonic and neonatal rat the node is a compact syncytium, with few poorly striated myofibrils and very numerous dark, spherical nuclei. During post‐natal life the relative reduction in size, the progressive invasion by connective tissue, and the decrease in nuclear density are the main factors which make the node a less obvious structure.4. In the adult rat, the node, composed of paler fibres, has the shape of an inverted horseshoe in the cranial part of the sinu‐atrial orifice.5. From the 18th day of prenatal life onwards nervous structures are closely associated with the node.
AUTORADIOGRAPHIC OBSERVATIONS ON THE MUCOUS CELLS OF THE STOMACH AND INTESTINE
Authors: Jennings M. A. , Florey H. W. 
Published: December 2014

1. Certain of the epithelial cells of the stomach and duodenum take up 35S from intravenously injected Na235SO4 and incorporate it in the mucous secretion. The particular types of cell which do this vary from species to species.2. The goblet cells of the small and large intestines of all the species examined take up 35S from Na235SO4. The 35S iS first concentrated in the supranuclear or “Golgi body” region, before being distributed through the intracellular mucin.3. The 35S is taken up rapidly, and radioactive mucin is being discharged within an hour or so of the injection of Na235SO4. Most of the radioactivity has disappeared from the cells in 24 hours.4. After the intravenous injection of [35S] methionine, radioactivity appears diffusely in gastro‐intestinal epithelium, and shows no concentration in the mucus‐producing cells.5. Some implications of the results are discussed.We wish to acknowledge our debt to Mr. J. Kent who assisted in all the animal work, Mr. D. Jerrome who prepared the autoradiographs and devised suitable staining methods, and Mr. B. H. Glass who took the photographs.
ANTERIOR PITUITARY NECROSIS. INFARCTION OF THE PARS DISTALIS PRODUCED EXPERIMENTALLY IN THE RAT
Authors: Daniel P. M. , Prichard Marjorie M. L. 
Published: December 2014

1. Infarction of the anterior lobe (pars distalis) of the pituitary gland was produced in rats by arresting the blood flow in the hypophysial portal vessels in the pituitary stalk. These vessels were occluded by the application of a fine cautery. The necrosis was of variable extent and occurred in the central part of the anterior lobe; the lateral, dorsal and caudal regions of this lobe remained healthy, as did also the neural lobe (pars infundibularis).2. A study was also made of the vascular anatomy of the pituitary gland in normal rats. This showed that the part of the anterior lobe which became infarcted is the territory supplied by hypophysial portal vessels which drain the median eminence and run down the ventral aspect of the stalk, i.e. the vessels which had been occluded by cauterization. The regions of the anterior lobe which remained healthy are territories supplied by hypophysial portal vessels which had not been interfered with, in particular the group of portal vessels which, in the rat, drain part of the neural lobe. As in man, the sinusoids of the rat's anterior lobe receive no arterial blood.3. The experiments support the view that the lesion seen in the human condition of “post‐partum necrosis of the anterior pituitary” is due to a severe impairment of the circulation in the vessels of the hypophysial stalk and lower infundibular stem, which in man provide the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland with its sole blood supply.
LOSS OF COLLAGEN FROM THE UTERUS OF THE RAT AFTER OVARIECTOMY AND FROM THE NON‐PREGNANT HORN AFTER PARTURITION
Authors: Harkness Margaret L. R. , Harkness R. D. , Moralee Brenda E. 
Published: December 2014

1. Loss of collagen from the uterus of the rat after spaying, and from a non‐pregnant horn after parturition has been investigated.2. Loss of collagen from a non‐pregnant horn after parturition proceeds rapidly, at about the same rate as loss of collagen from the uterine cervix after parturition.3. After spaying, loss of collagen from the uterus proceeds much more slowly than after parturition, and more slowly than loss of weight and non‐collagenous protein N.4. An incidental finding was that the number of foetal sites in the horn of the opposite side after unilateral spaying was approximately the same as in both horns, i.e. double that normally found in a single horn.
THE EFFECT ON SWEATING OF PRESSURE ON THE BODY SURFACE
Authors: Watkins E. S. 
Published: December 2014

1. Simultaneous collections of sweat from both scapular regions of West Africans, using a filter‐paper weighing technique, have been made to observe the changes in sweating during the application of pressure to one side of the body.2. When no pressure was applied, it was found that sweating on the two sides of the body may be changing in opposite directions at any one time.3. The hemihidrotic response to pressure, described by Takagi and Sakurai [1950] was only occasionally demonstrated, and its validity is suspect in view of the changes in sweating found when no stimulus was applied.
FURTHER OBSERVATIONS ON THE EFFECTS OF ETHANOLAMINE PHOSPHATIDE ON PLASMA COAGULATION
Authors: Poole J. C. F. , Robinson D. S. 
Published: December 2014

1. An increase in the amount of thrombin generated from plasma during coagulation, and a shortening of plasma clotting times in the presence of Russell's viper venom, is produced by ethanolamine phosphatide prepared from brain, from egg yolks and by synthesis.2. In a series of brain fractions, coagulant activity is correlated with the ethanolamine content of their acid hydrolysates.
THE ABSORPTION OF BICARBONATE‐SALINE SOLUTIONS BY THE SMALL INTESTINE AND COLON OF THE WHITE RAT
Authors: Parsons D. S. 
Published: December 2014

1. During the absorption of isotonic solutions containing 160 mM Na, 135 mM Cl and 25 mM HCO3, the contents of rat jejunum become progressively more acid than the contents of the ileum or colon.2. During absorption there is a net entry of total CO2 into the contents of the ileum and colon, while from the jejunum there is a net absorption of total CO2.3. The carbonic anhydrase inhibitor 6063 depresses the absorption of water and electrolytes from the jejunum, ileum and colon, and reverses the direction of net movement of CO2 in ileal segments.4. After absorption of saline solutions, the water content of the wall of the jejunum and colon is increased.
THE LOCATION AND EXCITATION OF PULMONARY DEFLATION RECEPTORS BY CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES
Authors: Paintal A. S. 
Published: December 2014

1. Deflation fibres from the intact chest of the cat can be identified by observing that inflation of the lungs abolishes the discharge produced by phenyl diguanide and that this discharge reappears when the lungs collapse.2. Some deflation receptors in the intact chest were stimulated by collapse of the lungs without chemical sensitization. This indicates that in some cats these receptors may be activated normally during rapid expiratory efforts.3. The injection‐discharge time shortened as the dose of phenyl diguanide injected into the right atrium was increased. However, increasing the dose did not influence the intensity of the discharge.4. The stimulating effect of 5‐hydroxytryptamine was not affected by a previous injection of dibenzyline; in this respect deflation receptors differ from smooth muscle.5. Nicotine and urethane stimulated and sensitized the deflation receptors. The injection‐discharge time was shorter than that following phenyl diguanide. Unexpectedly, however, the duration and intensity of the discharge produced by nicotine and urethane were also shorter than those produced by phenyl diguanide.6. Acetylcholine stimulated and sensitized some deflation receptors. This response was abolished by atropine. The injection‐discharge time following acetylcholine was greater than that following phenyl diguanide. In other respects the discharges produced by the two substances were similar. It was concluded that the activation time of acetylcholine for stimulating deflation receptors is the longest, and that of nicotine and urethane the shortest; phenyl diguanide and 5‐hydroxytryptamine occupy an intermediate position.7. Large doses of potassium chloride and veratrum alkaloids did not stimulate the receptors.8. Discharges in deflation fibres were again shown to produce reflex slowing of the heart.9. Insufflation of the lungs with ether, trichlorethylene and chloroform stimulated and sensitized the deflation receptors. This was followed by depression or total loss of excitability of the receptors. A varying degree of depressed excitability was also found after all the chemical substances which stimulated the deflation receptors.10. The results have provided conclusive evidence that the deflation receptors are located in the respiratory bronchioles, atria or the alveoli.
THE CARDIAC OUTPUT DURING THE STEADY‐STATE IN OXYGEN LACK IN THE UNANÆSTHETIZED RABBIT AND ITS RELATION TO THE EARLY CIRCULATORY RESPONSE
Authors: Korner P. I. , Edwards A. W. T. 
Published: December 2014

The effects of breathing 11·5 per cent and 10 per cent O2 for 1 hr. were studied in unanæsthetized rabbits. With 11·5 per cent O2 there was a large increase in ventilation and the arterial O2 saturation averaged 86 per cent. There was no significant change in heart rate, arterial pressure or cardiac output after an hour's hypoxia. In animals breathing 10 per cent O2 the changes in the circulation after 1 hr. correlated well with the severity of bradycardia produced in the first few minutes of hypoxia. This suggested that the circulatory behaviour during the steady‐state was related to the activity of the arterial chemoreceptors. In animals in which the early bradycardia was mild there was a relatively small increase in respiratory rate: the cardiac output was increased at the end of 1 hr., tachycardia developed and the blood pressure was either normal or slightly reduced. In other animals the bradycardia and rise in respiratory rate were more marked. Some of these animals maintained an arterial O2 saturation above about 80 per cent and there was no change in cardiac output. In others with lower arterial O2 saturations (comparable with those of the high output group) the cardiac output was low at the end of an hour's hypoxia and bradycardia was still present; in this group the early vasoconstriction in the first few minutes of hypoxia seemed to persist.A high output state was produced in the presence of a normal arterial pO2 by inducing tissue hypoxia with carbon monoxide. Reduction of the arterial pO2 superimposed on this state resulted in a fall in cardiac output. It was concluded that the arterial chemoreceptors played no direct part in the development of a high cardiac output in arterial hypoxia.
THE EFFECT OF PROLONGED INTRAGASTRIC INFUSIONS OF ISOTONIC AND HYPERTONIC SALINE ON WATER AND SODIUM EXCRETION AND ON EXCHANGEABLE BODY SODIUM IN NORMAL AND ADRENALECTOMIZED RATS
Authors: Edmonds C. J. 
Published: December 2014

A method is described for implanting stomach tubes into rats. This has been used to study the effects on sodium metabolism of prolonged infusions of saline in normal and adrenalectomized rats. Adrenalectomy resulted in a delay in the excretion of sodium and water, but the excess fluid was excreted within 12 hr. of stopping the infusion. This fluid retention was associated with a considerable reduction in voluntary fluid intake. Adrenalectomized rats infused for 4 days with either 55 ml. of 2 per cent saline or 95 ml. of 0·9 per cent saline daily showed no increase of total exchangeable sodium when this was measured 12 hr. after stopping the infusion.In normal rats infused with 2 per cent saline, GFR rose immediately and remained elevated throughout the infusion. When 0·9 per cent saline was given, a rise did not occur until the 5th hr. of infusion. The adrenalectomized rats showed no significant changes in GFR with either solution. The delay in dosium excretion after adrenalectomy appears to be due, in part, to an alteration in renal tubular function.
THE REPRESENTATION OF THE RETINA ON THE OPTIC TECTUM OF THE FROG. CORRELATION BETWEEN RETINOTECTAL MAGNIFICATION FACTOR AND RETINAL GANGLION CELL COUNT
Authors: Jacobson M. 
Published: December 2014

The projection of the retina to the optic tectum of Rana temporaria and Bufo vulgaris was mapped by recording action potentials evoked in the tectum by a small light in the visual field. The magnification factors were then calculated: that is, the number of microns of tectum representing 1° of retina measured radially from the optic axis. The retinal region which has the greatest magnification factor forms a horizontal band above the horizontal meridian. In this area the magnification factor is nearly three times that in the upper and lower peripheral retina.Ganglion cells were counted in horizontal and vertical serial sections of the retina of Rana temporaria. The number of cells in a 10° segment in vertical sections of the retina is greatest 10–20° above the optic axis. From this region the number of ganglion cells diminishes by a factor of about 3 with retinal eccentricity towards the upper and lower margins of the retina. In horizontal sections of the retina, the greatest density of ganglion cells is 50–60° temporal to the optic axis, and the number diminishes by a factor of less than 1 with retinal eccentricity along the horizontal meridian.There is a close correlation between the region of greatest magnification factor and the retinal area with the greatest density of ganglion cells. The number of ganglion cells per degree of retina and the magnification factor both vary in the same way with retinal eccentricity.
LIPID DEPOSITION IN THE INJURED WALL OF THE CAROTID ARTERY IN THE HYPERCHOLESTEROLÆMIC AND HYPERLIPÆMIC RABBIT
Authors: Courtice F. C. , Schmidt-Diedrichs A. 
Published: December 2014

A portion of the inner wall of the carotid artery was injured by physiological saline at 55–60° C. for 30 sec. in four groups of rabbits, (i) on a normal diet; (ii) on a normal diet with intravenous infusions of Lipomul; (iii) on a normal diet with repeated Triton WR‐1339 injections to give a sustained hyperlipæmia; (iv) with cholesterol added to the diet to give a sustained hypercholesterolæmia.In the first two groups, injury caused a fibrocellular thickening of the intima with no lipid deposition 1 week or more after injury. The Lipomul particles did not penetrate the endothelium.In Triton hyperlipæmia and in hypercholesterolæmia, the injury immediately caused patchy extravasations of lipoprotein into the media, either localized just beneath the internal elastic lamina or involving most of the media. The permeability of the arterial endothelium to lipoproteins in each group after injury was similar to that in the capillaries of the leg.From 1 to 8 weeks after injury the intima in the injured area showed fibrocellular thickening in each case; but in the Tritonized group there was little or no lipid deposits whereas in the hypercholesterolæmic group the resulting lesion contained large amounts of lipid, partly intracellular, and resembled the atheromatous plaques found in the aorta after prolonged cholesterol‐feeding.The difference in these two groups appeared to be due not to any difference in permeability of the endothelium to lipoproteins, but to a difference in the ultimate fate of the lipoproteins in the arterial wall. The possible mechanisms are discussed.
INVESTIGATIONS ON THE HORMONES IN UDDER LYMPH AND PLASMA FROM CATTLE
Authors: Heyndrickx G. V. 
Published: December 2014

Hydrocortisone, corticosterone, protein‐bound iodine and inorganic iodine have been determined in udder lymph and plasma of the udder veins. Hydrocortisone in absolute value and in percentage of total steroids is lower in lymph than in plasma, while corticosterone occurs in practically the same concentration in the two fluids.Protein‐bound iodine expressed in absolute values and as a percentage of total iodine, occurs in lower concentration in lymph than in plasma, but more iodine per g. protein is bound in lymph. A positive correlation has been established in udder lymph between the hydrocortisone and the protein‐bound iodine.