bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Re–Os andU–Pb Geochronology of theDawanMo–Zn–FeDeposit inNorthernTaihangMountains,China
Authors: Song Yang , Ding Hai‐Yang , Qu Xiao‐Ming , Wang Rui‐Jiang , Zhou Wei , Wang Shu‐Zhi 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe DawanMo–Zn–Fe deposit located in theNorthernTaihangMountains in the middle of theNorthChinaCraton (NCC) contains largeMo‐dominant deposits. The mineralization of theDawanMo–Zn–Fe deposit is associated with theMesozoicWanganzhen granitoid complex and is mainly hosted withinArchean metamorphic rocks andProterozoic–Paleozoic dolomites. Rhyolite porphyry and quartz monzonite both occur in the ore field and potassic alteration, strong silicic–phyllic alteration, and propylitic alteration occur from the center of the rhyolite porphyry outward. TheMo mineralization is spacially related to silicic and potassic alteration. TheFe orebody is mainly found in serpentinized skarn in the external contact zone between the quartz monzonite and dolomite. Six samples of molybdenite were collected forRe–Os dating. Results show that theRe–Os model ages range from 136.2 Ma to 138.1 Ma with an isochron age of 138 ± 2 Ma (MSWD= 1.2). U–Pb zircon ages determined by laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry yield crystallization ages of 141.2 ± 0.7 (MSWD= 0.38) and 130.7 ± 0.6 Ma (MSWD= 0.73) for the rhyolite porphyry and quartz monzonite, respectively. The ore‐bearing rhyolite porphyry shows higherK2O/Na2Oratios, ranging from 58.0 to 68.7 (wt%), than those of quartz monzonite. All of the rock samples are classified in the shoshonitic series and characterized by enrichment in large ion lithophile elements; depletion inMg,Fe,Ta,Ni,P,andY; enrichment in light rare earth elements with high (La/Yb)nratios. Geochronology results indicate that skarn‐typeFe mineralization associated with quartz monzonite (130.7 ± 0.6 Ma) formed eight million years later thanMo andZn mineralization (138 ± 2 Ma) in theDawan deposit. FromRe concentrations in molybdenite and previously presentedPb andSisotope data, we conclude that the ore‐forming material of the deposit was derived from a crust‐mantle mixed source. The porphyry‐skarn typeCu–Mo–Zn mineralization around the Wanganzhen complex is related to the primary magmatic activity, and the skarn‐typeFe mineralization is formed at the late period magmatism. The DawanMo–Zn–Fe porphyry‐skarn ores are related to the magmatism that was associated with lithospheric thinning in theNCC.
Minimum Wage and Capital Taxes
Authors: Chao Chi‐Chur , Yu Eden Siu Hung 
Published: April 2014

AbstractUsing a general equilibrium model, this paper examines the employment and welfare effects of minimum wages coupled with capital taxes in a small open economy. The individual and joint optimal policies for a minimum wage and capital taxes are derived and explained. Specifically, policy reform to introduce a minimum wage while lowering the capital tax can be justified for some economies, notably, Hong Kong.
Imposed Efficiency of Treaty Ports: Japanese Industrialization and Western Imperialist Institutions
Authors: Nakabayashi Masaki 
Published: April 2014

AbstractAn intrinsic feature of a pre‐modern society is in its fragmentary markets. Fragmentary markets are more likely to fail in the coordination of resource allocation. However, if a concentrated market is exogenously formed and the market could provide the only price to local markets, the market can work as a pivot of coordination for development. Treaty port markets imposed on nineteenth‐century Japan worked as the pivot and ignited Japan's industrialization. We examine the silk‐reeling industry, which was the major export industry and which led to Japanese industrialization, and the role of treaty ports in its development.
Border Trade and Regional Integration
Authors: Ge Ying , He Yin , Jiang Yeheng , Yin Xiaopeng 
Published: April 2014

AbstractAlthough it is an important building block of regional integration, very little research has investigated border trade between neighboring countries. This paper fills this gap by examining the patterns and determinants of China's border trade with its neighboring countries. First, a disaggregated, firm‐product level trade data is used to provide a detailed overview of border trade growth and dynamics. The paper shows that trade liberalization has significantly encouraged new firms to enter the export market, and new private firms account for the majority of the expansion in border exports and the shift toward more sophisticated products. Second, a gravity model is used to investigate the determinants of border trade. The results suggest that multilateral and regional integration, market size and institutional quality play important roles in promoting border trade.
Occupational Choice and Income Inequalities under Regional Integration
Authors: Yang Xi 
Published: April 2014

AbstractIn a setting with occupational choice and trade between two asymmetric regions, this paper explores the impact of market size and economic integration on both regional inequality and local income inequality within each region. It is shown that market access in a region affects income inequality measures, working through the cutoff productivity for entrepreneurship. Compared with the smaller region, selection into entrepreneurship is more likely for individuals in the larger region with better firm market access whereas the local income inequality is higher. Both regional inequality and regional disparities in the local income inequality measures exhibit an inverted U‐shaped pattern when the regional integration level increases.
Analyzing Bilateral Trade Barriers under Global Trade Context: A Gravity Model Adjusted Trade Intensity Index Approach
Authors: Chen Bo , Li Yao 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThere are two strands of approaches gauging bilateral trade barriers: the gravity models and the trade intensity index. This paper integrates these two approaches by developing a new trade intensity index. This so called “gravity model adjusted trade intensity” (GMATI) index can reflect the short run trade barriers while controlling for the long run ones under global trade context. Based on 182 countries' export data during 1988–2005, we first estimate the expected bilateral trade level using a gravity model with comparative advantage effects. Then we apply the GMATI index for China. While the conventional trade intensity index shows that China trades less than its expected level, our GMATI index nevertheless suggests the opposite in most cases. It indicates that after considering the effect of country characteristics such as distance, economic size and comparative advantage, China's world trade face less trade barriers than the world average level.
Foreign Aid, Illegal Immigration, and Host Country Welfare
Authors: Bandyopadhyay Subhayu , Chambers Dustin , Munemo Jonathan 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThis paper analyzes the effect of foreign aid on illegal immigration and host country welfare using a general equilibrium model. It shows that foreign aid may worsen the recipient nation's terms of trade. Furthermore, it may also raise illegal immigration, if the terms of trade effect on immigration flows dominates the other effects identified in our analysis. Empirical analysis of the effect of foreign aid on illegal immigration to the USA broadly supports the predictions of our theoretical model. Foreign aid worsens the recipient's terms of trade. While the terms of trade effect tends to reduce illegal immigration, countervailing effects are found to dominate. The paper contributes to the related literature by establishing that there are unintended consequences of foreign aid and, while some of them are reminiscent of the classical transfer problem, others are new and arise as a result of endogenous illegal immigration flows.
Royale with Cheese: Globalization, Tourism, and the Variety of Goods
Authors: Cole Matthew T. , Davies Ronald B. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe key result of the so‐called “New Trade Theory” is that countries gain from falling trade costs by an increase in the number of varieties available to consumers. Though the number of varieties in a given country rises, many models predict that global variety decreases as imported varieties drive out local varieties. This is potentially worrisome when consumers care about non‐exported foreign varieties as a result of tourism (especially when foreign varieties are highly desired). Since lowering trade costs induces additional firms to export and drives out some non‐exported varieties, these modifications result in welfare losses not accounted for in the existing literature. Nevertheless, improvements in non‐tourism consumption outweigh any such losses.
MMCTest—A Safe Algorithm for Implementing Multiple Monte Carlo Tests
Authors: Gandy Axel , Hahn Georg 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTConsider testing multiple hypotheses using tests that can only be evaluated by simulation, such as permutation tests or bootstrap tests. This article introduces MMCTest, a sequential algorithm that gives, with arbitrarily high probability, the same classification as a specific multiple testing procedure applied to ideal p‐values. The method can be used with a class of multiple testing procedures that include the Benjamini and Hochberg false discovery rate procedure and the Bonferroni correction controlling the familywise error rate. One of the key features of the algorithm is that it stops sampling for all the hypotheses that can already be decided as being rejected or non‐rejected. MMCTest can be interrupted at any stage and then returns three sets of hypotheses: the rejected, the non‐rejected and the undecided hypotheses. A simulation study motivated by actual biological data shows that MMCTest is usable in practice and that, despite the additional guarantee, it can be computationally more efficient than other methods.
Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Corruption
Authors: Jancsics David 
Published: April 2014

AbstractCorruption has become one of the most popular topics in the social scientific disciplines. However, there is a lack of interdisciplinary communication about corruption. Models developed by different academic disciplines are often isolated from each other. The purpose of this paper is to review several major approaches to corruption and draw them closer to each other. Most studies of corruption fall into three major categories: (i) rational‐actor models where corruption is viewed as resulting from cost/benefit analysis of individual actors; (ii) structural models that focus on external forces that determine corruption; and (iii) relational models that emphasize social interactions and networks among corrupt actors. Focusing on actors' behavior and the social context, this article explains corruption concepts taken from sociology, economics, organization studies, political science, social anthropology, and social psychology.
Enhancement of the Optical Efficiency in Organic and Non-Organic Photovoltaic Cells With Inclusion of Metallic Nanoparticles
Authors: Muñoz Ivan I. , Guzmán Amador M. , Diaz Andres J. 
Published: April 2014

The enhancement of the optical efficiency in both, organic and non-organics photovoltaic cells, with inclusion of metallic nanoparticles that induces surface plasmon resonant effects, is determined and studied by computational simulations. The Maxwell equations are solved in the frequency domain using a Finite Element Methods (FEM) based computational program. The absorption of the active layer is directly obtained and weighted by the corresponding solar spectrum. Then, the photovoltaic cell optical efficiency is ultimately determined.
This investigation demonstrated that for photovoltaic cells without nanoparticles, there exist three optimal configurations: an organic glass/PEDOT:PSS/CuPc:PTCBI/Ag cell; and non-organic glass/ ITO/CuInSe2/Ag and glass//ITO/CdTe/Ag cells. The numerical simulations show that optimal efficiency depends on the cell material and positioning of the nanoparticle within the cell. For an organic cell, the optimal efficiency was obtained with silver nanoparticles positioned at the bottom of the active layer (position 3); whereas, for non-organic cells, the optical efficiency was obtained with aluminum nanoparticles positioned between the glass and TCO layers (position 1).
From the three dimensional simulations, it was determined that silver nanoparticles with a diameter of 80nm within a cubic cell of period 230nm positioned in position 3 of the active layer of CuPc:PTCBI of an organic photovoltaic cell allow the augmentation of the efficiency such that a similar efficiency can be obtained with a cell of the same material but without nanoparticles and an active layer thickness 94% higher than with nanoparticles. For aluminum nanoparticles with a diameter of 30 nm in a cubic cell of period 40nm positioned in position 1 of the active layer de CuInSe2 of a non-organic photovoltaic cell, the efficiency is augmented to such a value that this value can be obtained with a non-organic photovoltaic cell with no nanoparticles and a an active layer thickness 137% higher than with nanoparticles.
Compressor Performance Verification: Measuring Tolerances and Guaranteed Power Consumption
Authors: Ferioli Marco 
Published: April 2014

When evaluating the power consumption of a compressor on a test bed, it is important to evaluate the inaccuracies caused by instruments measuring tolerances.
Compressor vendors need to estimate such tolerances when announcing power guarantee figures, while customers need to verify if the machine meets such performance guarantees or not. A method is proposed to assess the resulting uncertainty of the total power consumption of a centrifugal compressor, based on the instruments measuring tolerances for inter-stage pressures, inter-stage temperatures and mass flow.
The calculations are based on a Monte Carlo type simulation which generates random sets of inlet/outlet pressures and temperatures for the different compressor stages.
Such numbers are generated in order to lie within the range of the expected value ± instrument tolerances. The same technique is used for the mass flow.
A numerical example is given, in order to show how single instruments tolerances are cumulated; results may indicate which instrument to select (or discard) in order to obtain reasonable tolerances on the calculated power consumption.
Design and Analysis of Solar Tracking System for Multipurpose Domestic Applications
Authors: Rhushi Prasad P. , Gangavati P. B. , Byregowda H. V. , Badarinarayan K. S. 
Published: April 2014

Now-a-days the field of applied mechanical systems opens new horizons for the use of orientation mechanisms. The opportunity to use mechanisms with a “sustainable purpose” leads to new approaches in the development of renewable energy systems design. The evaluation of the existing products shows that the tracking mechanisms for solar energy conversion systems may improve the efficiency of the solar energy conversion systems up to 30% to 50%. Applications of solar energy for domestic and industrial heating purposes have been becoming very popular. However the effectiveness of presently used fixed flat plate collectors, PV panels and parabolic collector are low due to the moving nature of the energy source.
The presents research was carried out in the field of increasing the efficiency of the solar energy received by the solar collectors like PV panels, Flat plate collectors, Cylindrical Parabolic collectors using tracking systems by changing the position of the solar collectors correlated to the sun position for getting maximum radiation use of beam radiation falling on the solar collector. Two main aspects are taken into consideration, one optimizing the interaction between the mechatronic system components by integrating the analog electronic system by using a 555 timer in the mechanical model, and secondly by reducing the cost & time for the design process. The research work was carried out for location in chickballapur district at BGS R&D centre in Karnataka State, India.
The results obtained in work is 24% increase in tracking efficiency of experimental model of flat plate collector, 30% increase in tracking efficiency in working model flat plate collector, 39 % increase in tracking efficiency of cylindrical parabolic collector and 36% increases in tracking efficiency of the Photovoltaic panel is found when compared to the non-tracking systems respectively. This paper presents the results of PV panel collector in detail for increasing the efficiency of the PV panel collector by tracking system with comparison of non-tracking system.
Optimisation of Screw Expanders for Power Recovery From Low Grade Heat Sources
Authors: Read Matthew , Smith Ian K. , Stosic Nikola 
Published: April 2014

To obtain the best power output in wet vapour plant used in low grade heat utilisation depends not only on the conflicting requirements of high heat recovery and high working fluid temperatures but also on the dryness fraction of the fluid entering the expander, the screw expander size, rotor profile and speed and built-in volume ratio.
It is shown in this paper how the optimisation methods and associated numerical procedures can be used to obtain the best combination of the often conflicting requirements imposed upon the screw expander in order to achieve its target, the maximum power output for given flow of the heating medium and its inlet and outlet temperatures.
Measurements are performed with an expander in a steam power plant to obtain experimental results to validate performance estimation used in the optimisation process.
Potential of a Medium Grade Low Heat Rejection Diesel Engine With Crude Tobacco Seed Oil
Authors: Murali Krishna M. V. S. , Kumar P. Pavan , Murthy P. V. K. , Baswaraju D. 
Published: April 2014

Investigations were carried out to evaluate the performance of a medium grade low heat rejection (LHR) diesel engine consisting of air gap insulated piston with 3-mm air gap, with superni (an alloy of nickel) crown and air gap insulated liner with superni insert with different operating conditions of crude tobacco seed oil with varied injection timing and injection pressure.
Performance parameters of brake thermal efficiency (BTE), exhaust gas temperature (EGT), volumetric efficiency (VE), coolant load (CL) and sound intensity were determined at various values of brake mean effective pressure (BMEP) of the engine.
Exhaust emissions of smoke and oxides of nitrogen (NOx) were noted at different values of BMEP of the engine. Combustion characteristics of peak pressure (PP), time of occurrence of peak pressure (TOPP), maximum rate of pressure rise (MRPR) and time of occurrence of maximum rate of pressure (TOMRPR) were measured with TDC (top dead centre) encoder, pressure transducer, console and special pressure-crank angle software-package at the peak load operation of the engine.
Conventional engine (CE) showed deteriorated performance, while LHR engine showed improved performance with crude tobacco seed oil (CTSO) operation when compared with pure diesel operation at recommended injection timing and pressure. The optimum injection timing was found to be 32°bTDC (before top dead centre) with CE while it was 30°bTDC with LHR engine with vegetable oil operation. The performance of both version of the engine improved with advanced injection timing and higher injection pressure with test fuels. Peak brake thermal efficiency increased by 4%, volumetric efficiency decreased by 8%, smoke levels decreased by 4% and NOx levels increased by 37% with vegetable oil operation on LHR engine at its optimum injection timing, when compared with pure diesel operation on CE at manufacturer’s recommended injection timing of 27°bTDC.
Comparative Studies on Performance and Emissions of Two Stroke and Four Stroke Copper Coated Spark Ignition Engines With Methanol Blended Gasoline
Authors: Krishna M. V. S. Murali , Priyadarsini Ch. Indira , Ushasri P. , Murthy P. V. K. , Baswaraju D. 
Published: April 2014

Investigations were carried out to evaluate the performance of two stroke and four stroke of single cylinder, spark ignition (SI) engines having copper coated engine [CCE, copper-(thickness, 300 μ)] coated on piston crown and inner side of cylinder head] provided with catalytic converter with sponge iron as catalyst with methanol blended gasoline (80% gasoline and 20% methanol by volume) and compared with conventional engine (CE) with pure gasoline operation.
Performance parameters — brake thermal efficiency (BTE), exhaust gas temperature (EGT), volumetric efficiency and exhaust emissions of carbon monoxide (CO) and un-burnt hydrocarbon (UBHC) were determined with different values of brake mean effective pressure (BMEP) of the engine and compared with one over the other of two stroke and four stroke SI engine with different versions of the engine.
Formaldehyde and acetaldehyde emissions were measured by 2, 4 dinitrophenyl hydrazine (2,4 DNPH) method at peak load operation of CE and CCE of two-stroke and four-stroke SI engine. The engine was provided with catalytic converter with sponge iron as catalyst. There was provision for injection of air into the catalytic converter.
Brake thermal efficiency increased with methanol blended gasoline with both versions of the engine. CCE showed improvement in the performance when compared with CE with both test fuels. Four-stroke engine decreased exhaust emissions effectively in comparison with two-stroke engine with both versions of the engine. Catalytic converter with air injection significantly reduced exhaust emissions with different test fuels on both configurations of the engine.
Mechanical Engineering in Stimulating Well Production in the Oilfield
Authors: Surjaatmadja Jim B. 
Published: April 2014

A mechanical oil field engineer could very well be the most diverse position within the industry. Various tasks, such as entering a wellbore to a depth of 25,000 ft to deliver equipment capable of pumping sand slurries at pressures greater than 15,000 psi and temperatures often higher than 350°F, are unique to the job. Yet, there are even more areas where the mechanical engineer could excel, to include stimulation (including fracturing/fracking), rock mechanics (static or dynamic), or even geomechanics.
This paper discusses examples of mechanical engineering improving traditional approaches to well stimulation technologies. In one example, the commonly known Bernoulli equations were used to formulate a unique formation fracturing technique. Using this technique, fracturing fluid zonal distribution, which traditionally has been performed using mechanical wellbore sealing devices, was diverted using dynamic isolation of a high-pressure wellbore operation (i.e., sealing using fluid velocity). The effectiveness of such a process was demonstrated by completing the task in less than one tenth of the time required when using conventional (mechanical) techniques.
In another example, fluid rheology parameters were applied to formation rock response, simulating the formation movements as if they were a very viscous, non-Newtonian fluid. The rock could hence be modeled as if it were plastic, using the Kelvin-Voigt relationship. The primary intent of this exercise was to provide an improved stimulation technique to the oil industry, thus providing much better producing wells in the future.