bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nonenzymatic Electrochemical Superoxide Sensor
Authors: Nissim Rita , Compton Richard G. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe electrochemistry of nitroblue tetrazolium chloride (NBTC) was studied in aqueous solutions of pH 6.97 on a glassy carbon macroelectrode and at a carbon fibre microelectrode; values of near unity for the reduction transfer coefficient and 7.2×10−6 cm2 s−1 for the diffusion coefficient were generated. The electrochemically produced diformazan was shown to adsorb on the glassy carbon surface if the potential was held at −0.35 V [vs. saturated calomel electrode (SCE)]. A carbon paste electrode, fabricated by using dioctyl phthalate and graphite powder, was used as a nonenzymatic sensor. The sensitivity of the diformazan oxidation signal to the presence of superoxide was exploited to detect superoxide, which is voltammetrically visible at about +0.69 V (vs. SCE). The paste electrode was first immersed in aqueous superoxide solutions. It was subsequently equilibrated with NBTC by immersing it into aqueous NBTC solutions. The reduction of NBTC (by superoxide) thus took place in the paste, which allowed quantification of the superoxide in the aqueous phase by means of the diformazan oxidation signal. Values for the practical limit of detection and the sensor sensitivity, 0.059 nM and 1.79 μA nM−1 respectively, were obtained.
A two‐layer model for improving the energy efficiency of file sharing peer‐to‐peer networks
Authors: Trunfio Paolo 
Published: January 2014

SummaryAs peer‐to‐peer networks gather and share large sets of computing resources, their aggregate energy consumption is an important problem to be addressed, given the economic and environmental impact of energy production and use. This is particularly true for file sharing peer‐to‐peer networks, considered the vast number of nodes participating to these systems. To address such problem, this paper proposes a peer‐to‐peer file sharing model organized in two logical layers. The lower layer is composed of a set of peers providing the files to be shared. The upper layer includes a set of super peers organized to form a distributed hash table, whose purpose is indexing files and peers, including their availability status. Following a sleep‐and‐wake approach, energy saving is achieved by letting peers cyclically switch between normal and sleep modes, where the time passed in normal mode by a peer depends on the number of files it provides. An energy‐saving algorithm and an associated file search and retrieval strategy are proposed within this model. Simulation results show that more than 50% of energy can be saved using the proposed model and that more than 80% of file downloads start with no additional delay compared with a network in which all peers are always powered on. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Three‐Dimensional Graphitized Carbon Nanovesicles for High‐Performance Supercapacitors Based on Ionic Liquids
Authors: Peng Chengxin , Wen Zubiao , Qin Yao , Schmidt‐Mende Lukas , Li Chongzhong , Yang Shihe , Shi Donglu , Yang Jinhu 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThree‐dimensional nanoporous carbon with interconnected vesicle‐like pores (1.5–4.2 nm) has been prepared through a low‐cost, template‐free approach from petroleum coke precursor by KOH activation. It is found that the thin pore walls are highly graphitized and consist of only three to four layers of graphene, which endows the material with an unusually high specific surface area (2933 m2 g−1) and good conductivity. With such unique structural characteristics, if used as supercapacitor electrodes in ionic liquid (IL) electrolytes, the graphitized carbon nanovesicle (GCNV) material displays superior performance, such as high energy densities up to 145.9 Wh kg−1 and a high combined energy‐power delivery, and an energy density of 97.6 Wh kg−1 can be charged in 47 s at 60 °C. This demonstrates that the energy output of the GCNV‐based supercapacitors is comparable to that of batteries, and the power output is one order of magnitude higher. Moreover, the synergistic effect of the GCNVs and the IL electrolyte on the extraordinary performance of the GCNV supercapacitors has been analyzed and discussed.
Interpersonal coping styles and couple relationship quality: Similarity versus complementarity hypotheses
Authors: Chow Chong Man , Buhrmester Duane , Tan Cin Cin 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThis study employs a dyadic approach and examines how two partners' interpersonal coping styles may independently and jointly predict their relationship quality. Hypotheses were derived on the basis of dyadic coping theory focusing on how similar versus complementary styles of interpersonal coping may be useful in explaining couples' relationship quality. On the basis of attachment theory and self‐determination theory, three interpersonal coping styles were included: dismissive, adaptive, and anxious/expressive. Data were collected from 123 romantic couples. Actor–partner interdependence models revealed that interpersonal coping styles were related to self‐perceived (actor effect) and partner‐perceived (partner effect) relationship quality. Furthermore, results also showed that relationship quality was predicted by the interactions between self's and partner's interpersonal coping styles. Findings suggest that future research should focus on understanding interpersonal coping behaviors of both partners in a relationship, especially the complex interactions between two partners' characteristics and their effects on relationship outcomes. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
MALTREATMENT AND MENTAL HEALTH IN INSTITUTIONAL CARE—COMPARING EARLY AND LATE INSTITUTIONALIZED CHILDREN IN TANZANIA
Authors: Hermenau Katharin , Hecker Tobias , Elbert Thomas , Ruf‐Leuschner Martina 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACTResearch has shown the harmful potential of institutional care on young children; however, little is known about the consequences of institutional care on infants in Sub‐Saharan Africa. We compared 35 Tanzanian children who were institutionalized at birth to 4 years of age with a matched group of 35 children who were institutionalized at 5 to 14 years of age. We examined adverse childhood experiences over the course of their entire lives, in their family of origin and in institutional care, and mental health problems at primary school age, such as depressive symptoms, aggressive behavior, and internalizing and externalizing problems. Results showed that early institutionalized children reported more adverse experiences during their time in institutional care and a greater variety of mental health problems than did late institutionalized children. Moreover, maltreatment in institutional care was positively related to mental health problems only in early institutionalized children. We conclude that adverse experiences in institutional care play an important role for early institutionalized children who need special care from adequately educated caregivers. Therefore, training concepts focusing on the needs of the youngest children have to be developed, tested, and established. Countries such as Tanzania need policies that apply to all orphanages to ensure an adequate standard of quality in childcare.
Using a new photo‐reactor to promote conductive‐diamond electrochemical oxidation of dimethyl phthalate
Authors: de Lourdes Souza Fernanda , Sáez Cristina , Cañizares Pablo , de Jesus Motheo Artur , Andres Rodrigo Manuel 
Published: January 2014

AbstractBACKGROUNDIn this work, the electrolysis and photo‐electrolysis of dimethyl phthalate (DMP, a widely‐use plasticizer) using conductive‐diamond anodes are studied.RESULTSElectrolysis and photo‐electrolysis are suitable technologies for the removal of DMP from aqueous wastes. Within the range of current densities studied (20–120 mA cm‐2), complete mineralization is achieved. UV light irradiation appears to improve mineralization and chemical oxygen demand removal rates, but not DMP removal rates, which worsened with light. The supporting electrolyte (sulfate or chloride salt) plays an important role in the electrochemical oxidation mechanisms but not in single photolysis treatment. Electrochemical mineralization is more efficient in sulfate media due to the formation of chlorates and perchlorates with diamond electrodes in chloride media. Oxidation by photolysis, electrolysis and coupled photo‐electrolysis begins with attacks on the methyl ester groups, continues with the breakage of the aromatic ring, and forms carboxylic acids. The process conditions are very harsh, and only small concentrations of intermediates were found.CONCLUSIONSElectrolysis and photo‐electrolysis with conductive‐diamond anodes led to the complete mineralization of DMP with an almost negligible formation of intermediates. Light irradiation significantly improved mineralization and COD removal, but not DMP degradation. Chloride anions led to less efficient electrolysis than sulfate anions. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Multiple Deployments and Combat Trauma: Do Homefront Stressors Increase the Risk for Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms?
Authors: Interian Alejandro , Kline Anna , Janal Malvin , Glynn Shirley , Losonczy Miklos 
Published: January 2014

AbstractMultiple deployments are common among military personnel who served in Operation Enduring Freedom and Operation Iraqi Freedom and are associated with greater posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS). Homefront stressors (i.e., family, occupational problems) resulting from deployments may increase the risk of PTSS. Moreover, with multiple deployments, a new deployment may occur while still experiencing homefront stressors from previous tours. This prospective study assessed whether homefront stressors from a previous tour increased the risk of PTSS after a new deployment. It also examined the effects of homefront stressors at postdeployment. Survey data were obtained from U.S. National Guard soldiers with previous deployments prior to (Wave 1) and after (Wave 2) a new deployment to Iraq (N = 196). Homefront stressors reported at Wave 1 (β = .154, p = .015) and Wave 2 (β = .214, p = .002) were both significantly predictive of PTSS at postdeployment, even after adjusting for warzone stressors, predeployment PTSS, and other variables. A pattern of chronic homefront stressors (i.e., homefront stressors at pre‐ and postdeployment) was associated with higher levels of PTSS at postdeployment (β = .220, p = .002). Service members with multiple deployments are at greater risk for PTSS if deployed with homefront stressors from previous tours and/or face these stressors at postdeployment.
Association Between Parents’ PTSD Severity and Children's Psychological Distress: A Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Lambert Jessica E. , Holzer Jessica , Hasbun Amber 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe authors conducted a meta‐analysis of studies on the correlation between parents’ PTSD symptom severity and children's psychological status. An extensive search of the literature yielded 550 studies that were screened for inclusion criteria (i.e., parent assessed for PTSD, child assessed for distress or behavioral problems, associations between parent PTSD and child status examined). Sixty‐two studies were further reviewed, resulting in a final sample of 42 studies. Results yielded a moderate overall effect size r = .35. The authors compared effect sizes for studies where only the parent was exposed to a potentially traumatic event to studies where both parents and children were exposed. A series of moderators related to sample characteristics (sex of parent, type of traumatic event) and study methods (self‐report vs. diagnostic interview, type of child assessment administered) were also evaluated. The only significant moderator was type of trauma; the effect size was larger for studies with parent–child dyads who were both exposed to interpersonal trauma (r = .46) than for combat veterans and their children (r = .27) and civilian parent–child dyads who were both exposed to war (r = .25). Results support the importance of considering the family context of trauma survivors and highlight areas for future research.
Exploring the Role of Productivity Propensity in Frontline Employee Performance: Its Relationship with Customer Orientation and Important Outcomes
Authors: Harris Eric G. , Brown Tom J. , Mowen John C. , Artis Andrew 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACTNumerous studies have investigated the performance of frontline employees (FLEs) and how these employees influence organizational success. Because customer‐perceived outcomes are important, much attention has been devoted to the customer orientation (CO) construct. The weak influence of CO on external measures, however, has led to numerous research questions. The current work addresses these questions by introducing a new construct, “productivity propensity,” while examining its relationship with CO and multiple outcome measures. Results from two distinct samples suggest that the construct is a valuable addition to the FLE literature.
Covalently Linked Plasticizers: Triazole Analogues of Phthalate Plasticizers Prepared by Mild Copper‐Free “Click” Reactions with Azide‐Functionalized PVC
Authors: Earla Aruna , Braslau Rebecca 
Published: January 2014

Copper‐free azide‐alkyne click chemistry is utilized to covalently modify polyvinyl chloride (PVC). Phthalate plasticizer mimics di(2‐ethylhexyl)‐1H‐triazole‐4,5 dicarboxylate (DEHT), di(n‐butyl)‐1H‐1,2,3‐triazole‐4,5‐dicarboxylate (DBT), and dimethyl‐1H‐triazole‐4,5‐dicarboxylate (DMT) are covalently attached to PVC. DEHT, DBT, and DMT have similar chemical structures to traditional plasticizers di(2‐ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), di(n‐butyl) phthalate (DBP), and dimethyl phthalate (DMP), but pose no danger of leaching from the polymer matrix and forming small endocrine disrupting chemicals. The synthesis of these covalent plasticizers is expected to be scalable, providing a viable alternative to the use of phthalates, thus mitigating dangers to human health and the environment.image
A Gibbs‐energy‐barrier‐based computational micro‐sphere model for the simulation of martensitic phase‐transformations
Authors: Ostwald Richard , Bartel Thorsten , Menzel Andreas 
Published: January 2014

SUMMARYWe introduce a material model for the simulation of polycrystalline materials undergoing solid‐to‐solid phase‐transformations. As a basis, we present a scalar‐valued phase‐transformation model where a Helmholtz free energy function depending on volumetric and deviatoric strain measures is assigned to each phase. The analysis of the related overall Gibbs energy density allows for the calculation of energy barriers. With these quantities at hand, we use a statistical‐physics‐based approach to determine the resulting evolution of volume fractions. Though the model facilitates to take into account an arbitrary number of solid phases of the underlying material, we restrict this work to the simulation of phase‐transformations between an austenitic parent phase and a martensitic tension and compression phase. The scalar model is embedded into a computational micro‐sphere formulation in view of the simulation of three‐dimensional boundary value problems. The final modelling approach necessary for macroscopic simulations is accomplished by a finite element formulation, where the local material behaviour at each integration point is governed by the response of the micro‐sphere model.Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Preclinical evaluation of a bispecific low‐molecular heterodimer targeting both PSMA and GRPR for improved PET imaging and therapy of prostate cancer
Authors: Eder Matthias , Schäfer Martin , Bauder‐Wüst Ulrike , Haberkorn Uwe , Eisenhut Michael , Kopka Klaus 
Published: January 2014

BACKGROUNDIt has recently been reported that metastases of prostate cancer usually show highly heterogeneous or partly lost prostate‐specific membrane antigen (PSMA) expression. In order to image and treat both PSMA positive and negative tissues PSMA targeting probes need to be extended by a further specificity. Since prostate cancer cells usually express both PSMA and gastrin‐releasing peptide receptor (GRPR) a bispecific low‐molecular heterodimeric molecule, addressing both targets at the same time, may significantly improve prostate cancer imaging and therapy.METHODSThe nonapeptide BZH3 representing the GRPR binding part was combined with the urea‐based PSMA inhibitor Glu‐urea‐Lys(Ahx)‐HBED‐CC. The syntheses of the compounds were performed according to standard Fmoc‐solid phase peptide synthesis. The binding properties were analyzed by competitive cell binding and internalization experiments. The in vivo targeting properties were investigated by means of biodistribution studies.RESULTSCell binding experiments revealed high binding affinities to both GRPR and PSMA expressing cell lines. The heterodimer bound with IC50‐values essentially matching the IC50 values of the respective monomers (25.0 ± 5.4 nM for PSMA and 9.0 ± 1.8 nM for GRPR, respectively). In vivo, the heterodimer showed dual targeting of PSMA (5.4%ID/g for PSMA‐positive tumors) and GRPR receptors (3.3% ID/g for GRPR‐positive tumors) while exhibiting fast pharmacokinetic properties. The clearance from background was comparable to the monomeric PSMA‐targeting reference.CONCLUSIONSThe heterodimeric molecule is a promising agent for PET imaging of primary and recurrent prostate cancer covering two receptor entities which might lead to an improved diagnostic sensitivity and therapeutic efficiency. Prostate 74:659–668, 2014. © 2014 The Authors. The Prostate published byWiley Periodicals, Inc.
New quantitative risk criteria for US LNG facilities
Authors: McInerney Ellen H. , Hart Ryan J. , Morrison Delmar “Trey” , Kytömaa Harri K. 
Published: January 2014

The recent increase in natural gas production has expanded the outlook for exporting domestically produced natural gas. As a result, many existing liquefied natural gas (LNG) import facilities in the United States are proposing to construct liquefaction facilities collocated with existing import terminals. The Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) reviews and approves applications for construction. As part of this process, the applicant must perform specific hazardous release consequence analyses to demonstrate flammable vapor dispersion exclusion zones, thermal radiation exclusion zones, and explosion overpressure exclusion zones to meet criteria established in 49 CFR 193 and NFPA 59A.Over the last few years, FERC has refined the risk analysis criteria for LNG facility construction projects. While the current regulations do not specify quantitative risk assessment (QRA) as a necessary hazard analysis tool, FERC has recently issued guidance for the selection of leak sizes based upon failure frequencies for piping systems. In particular, scenarios with failure frequencies greater than 3 × 10−5 per year must be considered. The underlying studies that FERC relied upon to derive the failure frequency criterion for single accidental leak source size determination (i.e., 3 × 10−5 to 5 × 10−5 per year) are largely based on generic industry data not LNG‐specific data. The net result of this criterion has been to require elements of QRA as part of LNG facility permitting process to identify the scenarios that need to be considered and those that do not. This is a shift in the paradigm away from prescriptive leak sizes and single accidental release scenarios that had been used for receiving terminals constructed over the last decade.This shift in paradigm coincides with and was likely motivated by the North American transition from receiving terminals to liquefaction export terminals. Receiving terminals are considerably simpler in their design than export terminals, which require refrigeration units to liquefy the gas. This article aims to provide an analysis and discussion of the FERC failure frequency arguments grounded in the strength and weaknesses of the underlying databases. An open question is whether this new criterion provides a reasonable improvement in safety over the prior requirements. The underlying historic databases and studies do not reflect the major differences on the safety records between the LNG industry and general industry. More specifically, they do not necessarily take into consideration the effects of cryogenic processes, management systems, materials of construction, or failure modes on the failure rate data. Given the basis of generic industry failure rates, the question arises as to whether the failure rate thresholds that trigger the requirement to consider certain scenarios are appropriate. © 2014 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog 33: 237–246, 2014
Glyphosate resistance: state of knowledge
Authors: Sammons Robert Douglas , Gaines Todd A 
Published: January 2014

AbstractStudies of mechanisms of resistance to glyphosate have increased current understanding of herbicide resistance mechanisms. Thus far, single‐codon non‐synonymous mutations of EPSPS (5‐enolypyruvylshikimate‐3‐phosphate synthase) have been rare and, relative to other herbicide mode of action target‐site mutations, unconventionally weak in magnitude for resistance to glyphosate. However, it is possible that weeds will emerge with non‐synonymous mutations of two codons of EPSPS to produce an enzyme endowing greater resistance to glyphosate. Today, target‐gene duplication is a common glyphosate resistance mechanism and could become a fundamental process for developing any resistance trait. Based on competition and substrate selectivity studies in several species, rapid vacuole sequestration of glyphosate occurs via a transporter mechanism. Conversely, as the chloroplast requires transporters for uptake of important metabolites, transporters associated with the two plastid membranes may separately, or together, successfully block glyphosate delivery. A model based on finite glyphosate dose and limiting time required for chloroplast loading sets the stage for understanding how uniquely different mechanisms can contribute to overall glyphosate resistance. © 2014 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
High performance normally‐off self‐aligned metal gate GaN MISFETs on free‐standing GaN substrates
Authors: Ogawa Hiroki , Kasai Hayao , Kaneda Naoki , Tsuchiya Tomonobu , Mishima Tomoyoshi , Nakamura Tohru 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThis paper describes characteristics of normally‐off mode GaN MISFETs fabricated on free‐standing GaN substrates with high drain current Idss and specific low leakage current between adjacent devices. Nitrogen ion implantation isolation processes were adopted to fabricate isolation regions in self‐aligned GaN MISFETs for the first time. Maximum drain current of 98 mA/mm, maximum trans conductance of 10 mS/mm and threshold voltage of +0.4 V were obtained for the devices. The leakage current between adjacent devices was low, i.e., in the range of 10–6 mA/mm, which is three orders of magnitude lower than those on sapphire substrates. These supreme results indicate a definite availability of normally‐off self‐aligned GaN MISFETs for power switching device applications. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Nonpolar GaN quantum dots: Impact of dot size and shape on the electron and hole wave function overlap
Authors: Schulz S. , Caro M. A. , O'Reilly E. P. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractIn this work we analyze the spatial overlap of electron and hole ground state wave functions in a‐plane GaN/AlN quantum dots. Special attention is paid to the impact of the quantum dot geometry, when taking Coulomb effects into account. Our analysis shows, comparing systems with almost identical volumes, that the shape of the quantum dot base is more important than the dimension of the dot along the c‐axis.This initially surprising result is related to the change of the potential profile inside the nanostructure. Furthermore, our analysis confirms that Coulomb effects play an important role when describing the optical properties of nonpolar nitride‐based QD structures. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)