bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dependence of the relationship between the tropical cyclone track and western Pacific subtropical high intensity on initial storm size: A numerical investigation
Authors: Sun Yuan , Zhong Zhong , Yi Lan , Li Tim , Chen Ming , Wan Hongchao , Wang Yuxing , Zhong Kai 
Published: October 2015

AbstractA suite of numerical experiments were conducted to investigate the sensitivity of the tropical cyclone (TC) motion—western Pacific subtropical high (WPSH) intensity relationship to initial storm size. Two TC cases, Songda (2004) and Megi (2010), were studied. It was found that with the increase of initial storm size, the main body of the WPSH tends to withdraw eastward and the TC tends to turn northward earlier. The involved physical mechanism was investigated. Rather than the change of the beta effect due to storm size change, it is the change of the geopotential height in the TC outer region that is critical for the different TC tracks between the sensitivity experiments. Due to increase of the initial storm size, the inflow mass flux entering the TC region increases, leading to a significant decrease in 500 hPa geopotential height in the TC outer region after 2–3 day integration. As a result, the simulated intensity of the WPSH over its fringe close to the TC decreases notably when the WPSH edge is within the TC outer region. Such a decrease leads to a break of WPSH. Subsequently, the TC turns northward toward the break of the subtropical high. This further weakens the intensity of the WPSH over the region close to the TC. The result helps us better understand the relationship between the TC track and WPSH intensity. It also indicates that a proper representation of initial storm size is important for realistic prediction of TC track and the change of the WPSH.
UFCORIN: A fully automated predictor of solar flares in GOES X‐ray flux
Authors: Muranushi Takayuki , Shibayama Takuya , Muranushi Yuko Hada , Isobe Hiroaki , Nemoto Shigeru , Komazaki Kenji , Shibata Kazunari 
Published: October 2015

AbstractWe have developed UFCORIN, a platform for studying and automating space weather prediction. Using our system we have tested 6160 different combinations of Solar Dynamic Observatory/Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager data as input data, and simulated the prediction of GOES X‐ray flux for 2 years (2011–2012) with 1 h cadence. We have found that direct comparison of the true skill statistic (TSS) from small cross‐validation sets is ill posed and used the standard scores (z) of the TSS to compare the performance of the various prediction strategies. The z of a strategy is a stochastic variable of the stochastically chosen cross‐validation data set, and the z for the three strategies best at predicting X‐, ≥M‐, and ≥C‐class flares are better than the average z of the 6160 strategies by 2.3σ, 2.1σ, and 3.8σ confidence levels, respectively. The best three TSS values were 0.75 ± 0.07, 0.48 ± 0.02, and 0.56 ± 0.04, respectively.
Multiscale hyporheic exchange through strongly heterogeneous sediments
Authors: Pryshlak Timothy T. , Sawyer Audrey H. , Stonedahl Susa H. , Soltanian Mohamad Reza 
Published: October 2015

AbstractHeterogeneity in hydraulic conductivity (K) and channel morphology both control surface water‐groundwater exchange (hyporheic exchange), which influences stream ecosystem processes and biogeochemical cycles. Here we show that heterogeneity in K is the dominant control on exchange rates, residence times, and patterns in hyporheic zones with abrupt lithologic contrasts. We simulated hyporheic exchange in a representative low‐gradient stream with 300 different bimodal K fields composed of sand and silt. Simulations span five sets of sand‐silt ratios and two sets of low and high K contrasts (1 and 3 orders of magnitude). Heterogeneity can increase interfacial flux by an order of magnitude relative to homogeneous cases, drastically changes the shape of residence time distributions, and tends to decrease median residence times. The positioning of highly permeable sand bodies controls patterns of interfacial flux and flow paths. These results are remarkably different from previous studies of smooth, continuous K fields that indicate only moderate effects on hyporheic exchange. Our results also show that hyporheic residence times are least predictable when sand body connectivity is low. As sand body connectivity increases, the expected residence time distribution (ensemble average for a given sand‐silt ratio) remains approximately constant, but the uncertainty around the expectation decreases. Including strong heterogeneity in hyporheic models is imperative for understanding hyporheic fluxes and solute transport. In streams with strongly heterogeneous sediments, characterizing lithologic structure is more critical for predicting hyporheic exchange metrics than characterizing channel morphology.
Antiquity and diversity of aboriginal Australian Y‐chromosomes
Authors: Nagle Nano , Ballantyne Kaye N. , van Oven Mannis , Tyler‐Smith Chris , Xue Yali , Taylor Duncan , Wilcox Stephen , Wilcox Leah , Turkalov Rust , van Oorschot Roland A.H. , McAllister Peter , Williams Lesley , Kayser Manfred , Mitchell Robert J. ,   The Genographic Consortium
Published: October 2015

ABSTRACTObjectiveUnderstanding the origins of Aboriginal Australians is crucial in reconstructing the evolution and spread of Homo sapiens as evidence suggests they represent the descendants of the earliest group to leave Africa. This study analyzed a large sample of Y‐chromosomes to answer questions relating to the migration routes of their ancestors, the age of Y‐haplogroups, date of colonization, as well as the extent of male‐specific variation.MethodsKnowledge of Y‐chromosome variation among Aboriginal Australians is extremely limited. This study examined Y‐SNP and Y‐STR variation among 657 self‐declared Aboriginal males from locations across the continent. 17 Y‐STR loci and 47 Y‐SNPs spanning the Y‐chromosome phylogeny were typed in total.ResultsThe proportion of non‐indigenous Y‐chromosomes of assumed Eurasian origin was high, at 56%. Y lineages of indigenous Sahul origin belonged to haplogroups C‐M130*(xM8,M38,M217,M347) (1%), C‐M347 (19%), K‐M526*(xM147,P308,P79,P261,P256,M231,M175,M45,P202) (12%), S‐P308 (12%), and M‐M186 (0.9%). Haplogroups C‐M347, K‐M526*, and S‐P308 are Aboriginal Australian‐specific. Dating of C‐M347, K‐M526*, and S‐P308 indicates that all are at least 40,000 years old, confirming their long‐term presence in Australia. Haplogroup C‐M347 comprised at least three sub‐haplogroups: C‐DYS390.1del, C‐M210, and the unresolved paragroup C‐M347*(xDYS390.1del,M210).ConclusionsThere was some geographic structure to the Y‐haplogroup variation, but most haplogroups were present throughout Australia. The age of the Australian‐specific Y‐haplogroups suggests New Guineans and Aboriginal Australians have been isolated for over 30,000 years, supporting findings based on mitochondrial DNA data. Our data support the hypothesis of more than one route (via New Guinea) for males entering Sahul some 50,000 years ago and give no support for colonization events during the Holocene, from either India or elsewhere. Am J Phys Anthropol 159:367–381, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Environmental and individual determinants of parasite richness across seasons in a free‐ranging population of Mandrills (Mandrillus sphinx)
Authors: Poirotte Clémence , Basset Didier , Willaume Eric , Makaba Fred , Kappeler Peter M. , Charpentier Marie J.E. 
Published: October 2015

ObjectivesParasites are ubiquitous and evolve fast. Therefore, they represent major selective forces acting on their hosts by influencing many aspects of their biology. Humans are no exception, as they share many parasites with animals and some of the most important outbreaks come from primates. While it appears important to understand the factors involved in parasite dynamics, we still lack a clear understanding of the determinants underlying parasitism. In this 2‐year study, we identified several factors that influence parasite patterns in a wild population of free‐ranging mandrills (Mandrillus sphinx).MethodsWe explored the potential impact of seasonal factors—rainfall and temperature—and host characteristics, including sex, age, rank, and reproductive status, on parasite richness. We analyzed 12 parasite taxa found in 870 fecal samples collected from 63 individuals. Because nematodes and protozoa have different life‐cycles, we analyzed these two types of parasites separately.ResultsContrary to other studies where humid conditions seem favorable to parasite development, we report here that rainfall and high temperatures were associated with lower nematode richness and were not associated with lower protozoa richness. In contrast, female reproductive status seemed to reflect the seasonal patterns found for protozoa richness, as early gestating females harbored more protozoa than other females. Sex and dominance rank had no impact on overall parasite richness. However, age was associated with a specific decrease in nematode richness.ConclusionOur study emphasizes the need to consider the ecological context, such as climatic conditions and habitat type, as well as the biology of both parasite and host when analyzing determinants of parasite richness. Am J Phys Anthropol 159:442–456, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Detecting Cytosolic Peptide Delivery with the GFP Complementation Assay in the Low Micromolar Range
Authors: Schmidt Samuel , Adjobo‐Hermans Merel J. W. , Wallbrecher Rike , Verdurmen Wouter P. R. , Bovée‐Geurts Petra H. M. , van Oostrum Jenny , Milletti Francesca , Enderle Thilo , Brock Roland 
Published: October 2015

AbstractTransfection of cells with a plasmid encoding for the first ten strands of the GFP protein (GFP1‐10) provides the means to detect cytosolic peptide import at low micromolar concentrations. Cytosolic import of the eleventh strand of the GFP protein either by electroporation or by cell‐penetrating peptide‐mediated import leads to formation of the full‐length GFP protein and fluorescence. An increase in sensitivity is achieved through structural modifications of the peptide and the expression of GFP1‐10 as a fusion protein with mCherry.
Directed meta‐Selective Bromination of Arenes with Ruthenium Catalysts
Authors: Yu Qingzhen , Hu Le'an , Wang Yue , Zheng Shasha , Huang Jianhui 
Published: October 2015

AbstractA Ru‐catalyzed direct CH activation/meta‐bromination of arenes bearing pyridyl, pyrimidyl, and pyrazolyl directing groups has been developed. A series of bromo aryl pyridines and pyrimidines have been synthesized, and further coupling reactions have also been demonstrated for a number of representative functionalized arenes. Preliminary mechanistic studies have revealed that this reaction may proceed through radical‐mediated bromination when NBS is utilized as the bromine source. This type of transformation has opened up a new direction for the radical non‐ipso functionalization of metal with regard to future CH activation development that would allow the remote functionalization of aromatic systems.
Kinetic Resolution of Azomethine Imines by Brønsted Acid Catalyzed Enantioselective Reduction
Authors: Bongers Amanda , Moon Patrick J. , Beauchemin André M. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractAzomethine imines are valuable substrates in asymmetric catalysis, and can be precursors to β‐amino carbonyl compounds and complex hydrazines. However, their utility is limited because complex and enantioenriched azomethine imines are often unavailable. Reported herein is a kinetic resolution of N,N′‐cyclic azomethine imines by enantioselective reduction (s=13–43). This resolution was accomplished using a Brønsted acid catalyst, and represents the first example of the asymmetric reduction of azomethine imines. The pyrazolidinone product (up to 86 % ee) and the recovered azomethine imine (up to 99 % ee) can both be used to access the opposite enantiomers of valuable products.
Hexaphyrin–Cyclodextrin Hybrids: A Nest for Switchable Aromaticity, Asymmetric Confinement, and Isomorphic Fluxionality
Authors: Ménand Mickaël , Sollogoub Matthieu , Boitrel Bernard , Le Gac Stéphane 
Published: October 2015

AbstractConformational control over the highly flexible π‐conjugated system of expanded porphyrins is a key step toward the fundamental understanding of aromaticity and for the development of molecular electronics. We have synthesized unprecedented hexaphyrin–cyclodextrin (HCD) capped hybrids in which the hexaphyrin part is constrained in a planar rectangular conformation in either a 26 or a 28 π‐electron oxidation state ([26]/[28]HCD). These structures display strong aromaticity and antiaromaticity, respectively, exhibit markedly different chiroptical properties, and are interconvertible upon the addition of DDQ or NaBH(OAc)3, thus affording a rare switchable aromatic–antiaromatic system with a free‐base expanded porphyrin. Conformational analysis revealed discrimination of the two coordination sites of the hexaphyrin, one of which was coupled to a confined asymmetric environment, and fluxional behavior consisting of apparent rotation of the hexaphyrin cap through a shape‐shifting mechanism.
Highly Enantioselective Aza‐Michael Reaction between Alkyl Amines and β‐Trifluoromethyl β‐Aryl Nitroolefins
Authors: Wang Leming , Chen Jiean , Huang Yong 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThe aza‐Michael addition reaction is a vital transformation for the synthesis of functionalized chiral amines. Despite intensive research, enantioselective aza‐Michael reactions with alkyl amines as the nitrogen donor have not been successful. We report the use of chiral N‐heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) as noncovalent organocatalysts to promote a highly selective aza‐Michael reaction between primary alkyl amines and β‐trifluoromethyl β‐aryl nitroolefins. In contrast to classical conjugate‐addition reactions, a strategy of HOMO‐raising activation was used. Chiral trifluoromethylated amines were synthesized in high yield (up to 99 %) with excellent enantioselectivity (up to 98 % ee).
Flexible, Stretchable, and Rechargeable Fiber‐Shaped Zinc–Air Battery Based on Cross‐Stacked Carbon Nanotube Sheets
Authors: Xu Yifan , Zhang Ye , Guo Ziyang , Ren Jing , Wang Yonggang , Peng Huisheng 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThe fabrication of flexible, stretchable and rechargeable devices with a high energy density is critical for next‐generation electronics. Herein, fiber‐shaped Zn–air batteries, are realized for the first time by designing aligned, cross‐stacked and porous carbon nanotube sheets simultaneously that behave as a gas diffusion layer, a catalyst layer, and a current collector. The combined remarkable electronic and mechanical properties of the aligned carbon nanotube sheets endow good electrochemical properties. They display excellent discharge and charge performances at a high current density of 2 A g−1. They are also flexible and stretchable, which is particularly promising to power portable and wearable electronic devices.
Single Nanoparticle Voltammetry: Contact Modulation of the Mediated Current
Authors: Li Xiuting , Batchelor‐McAuley Christopher , Whitby Samuel A. I. , Tschulik Kristina , Shao Lidong , Compton Richard G. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThe cyclic voltammetric responses of individual palladium‐coated carbon nanotubes are reported. Upon impact—from the solution phase—with the electrified interface, the nanoparticles act as individual nanoelectrodes catalyzing the hydrogen‐oxidation reaction. At high overpotentials the current is shown to reach a quasi‐steady‐state diffusion limit, allowing determination of the tube length. The electrochemical response of the individual nanotubes also reveals the system to be modulated by the electrical contact between the electrode and carbon nanotube. This modulation presents itself as fluctuations in the recorded Faradaic current.
Extending the Family of V4+S= Kagome Antiferromagnets
Authors: Clark Lucy , Aidoudi Farida H. , Black Cameron , Arachchige Kasun S. A. , Slawin Alexandra M. Z. , Morris Russell E. , Lightfoot Philip 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThe ionothermal synthesis, structure, and magnetic susceptibility of a novel inorganic–organic hybrid material, imidazolium vanadium(III,IV) oxyfluoride [C3H5N2][V9O6F24(H2O)2] (ImVOF) are presented. The structure consists of inorganic vanadium oxyfluoride slabs with kagome layers of V4+ S= ions separated by a mixed valence layer. These inorganic slabs are intercalated with imidazolium cations. Quinuclidinium (Q) and pyrazinium (Pyz) cations can also be incorporated into the hybrid structure type to give QVOF and PyzVOF analogues, respectively. The highly frustrated topology of the inorganic slabs, along with the quantum nature of the magnetism associated with V4+, means that these materials are excellent candidates to host exotic magnetic ground states, such as the highly sought quantum spin liquid. Magnetic susceptibility measurements of all samples suggest an absence of conventional long‐range magnetic order down to 2 K despite considerable antiferromagnetic exchange.
Overcoming Statistical Complexity: Selective Coordination of Three Different Metal Ions to a Ligand with Three Different Coordination Sites
Authors: Akine Shigehisa , Matsumoto Takashi , Nabeshima Tatsuya 
Published: October 2015

AbstractIn general, it is difficult to selectively introduce different metal ions at specific positions of a cluster‐like structure. This is mainly due to statistical problems as well as the reversibility of the formation of coordination bonds. To overcome this statistical problem, we used a carefully designed ligand, H6L, which can accommodate three different kinds of metal ions in three types of coordination sites. The complex [LNiZn2La]3+, which contains three different metals, was quantitatively obtained by a stepwise procedure, but different products were obtained when the metal ions were added in a different order. However, equilibration studies indicated that this complex was almost solely formed among 54 (=3×3×3H2) possible products upon heating; the formation efficiency (ca. 100 %) was significantly higher than the statistical probability (2.47 %). Such carefully designed ligands should be useful for the synthesis multimetallic systems, which are of interest because of the interplay between the different metals.
Copper‐Catalyzed Reaction of Trifluoromethylketones with Aldehydes via a Copper Difluoroenolate
Authors: Doi Ryohei , Ohashi Masato , Ogoshi Sensuke 
Published: October 2015

AbstractA copper‐catalyzed reaction of easily accessible α,α,α‐trifluoromethylketones with various aldehydes affords difluoro‐methylene compounds in the presence of diboron and NaOtBu. The key process of the reaction is the formation of a copper difluoroenolate by 1,2‐addition of a borylcopper intermediate to α,α,α‐trifluoromethylketones and subsequent β‐fluoride elimination. Mechanistic studies including the isolation and characterization of a possible anionic copper alkoxide intermediate are also described.
Production of the Bengamide Class of Marine Natural Products in Myxobacteria: Biosynthesis and Structure–Activity Relationships
Authors: Wenzel Silke C. , Hoffmann Holger , Zhang Jidong , Debussche Laurent , Haag‐Richter Sabine , Kurz Michael , Nardi Frederico , Lukat Peer , Kochems Irene , Tietgen Heiko , Schummer Dietmar , Nicolas Jean‐Paul , Calvet Loreley , Czepczor Valerie , Vrignaud Patricia , Mühlenweg Agnes , Pelzer Stefan , Müller Rolf , Brönstrup Mark 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThe bengamides, sponge‐derived natural products that have been characterized as inhibitors of methionine aminopeptidases (MetAPs), have been intensively investigated as anticancer compounds. We embarked on a multidisciplinary project to supply bengamides by fermentation of the terrestrial myxobacterium M. virescens, decipher their biosynthesis, and optimize their properties as drug leads. The characterization of the biosynthetic pathway revealed that bacterial resistance to bengamides is conferred by Leu 154 of the myxobacterial MetAP protein, and enabled transfer of the entire gene cluster into the more suitable production host M. xanthus DK1622. A combination of semisynthesis of microbially derived bengamides and total synthesis resulted in an optimized derivative that combined high cellular potency in the nanomolar range with high metabolic stability, which translated to an improved half‐life in mice and antitumor efficacy in a melanoma mouse model.
Transfer function and working principle of a pressure/temperature sensor based on carbon black/silicone rubber composites
Authors: Liu Ping , Liu Caixia , Huang Ying , Wang Weihua , Fang Ding , Zhang Yugang , Ge Yunjian 
Published: October 2015

ABSTRACTPressure/temperature sensitive silicon rubber (SR) filled with carbon black (CB) was prepared by a liquid mixing method. The transfer function of a pressure/temperature sensor based on CB/SR was derived by general effective media theory. The results show that the transfer functions coincided well with the experimental data, and the negative pressure coefficient of the resistance/positive temperature coefficient of resistance are shown. The working principles of these two kinds of sensors are different. The working principle of the pressure sensor based on CB/SR was related to the volume fraction of CB. With increasing volume fraction of CB, the working principle of this kind of pressure sensor varied from a piezo‐resistive effect to a strain effect. In addition, the working principle of the temperature sensor based on CB/SR was that the resistivity changed with temperature; this was not related to the volume fraction of CB. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci.2016,133, 42979.
Effect of microcellular foaming on the fracture behavior of ABS polymer
Authors: Gómez‐Monterde Javier , Schulte Manfred , Ilijevic Stefan , Hain Jörg , Sánchez‐Soto Miguel , Santana Orlando O. , Maspoch Maria Lluisa 
Published: October 2015

ABSTRACTIn this work, the properties of microcellular ABS were studied. Foamed samples exhibited a solid skin/foamed core structure, with some elongated cells in the flow direction, while spherical cells were mostly observed in the transversal direction. The flexural modulus, flexural strength, and fracture toughness KIc decreased with the density. However, the Crack Tip Opening Displacement (CTOD) was found to increase with the foaming ratio. The evolution of the mechanical properties and fracture toughness was well described by prediction models considering the skin/core morphology of these microcellular materials. Foaming increased the anisotropic behavior of the material, due to the cell elongation caused by the fountain flow during injection. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43010.
Scatheless active functionalized poly(p‐phenylene terephthalamide) fibres and their outstanding potential in enhancing interface adhesion with polymer matrix
Authors: Yuan Ye , Song Shaokun , Deng Sufen , Wang Qin , Feng Qisong , Xiong Chuanxi , Dong Lijie 
Published: October 2015

ABSTRACTExploration of new functionalization approaches to inert rigid fiber, activation inert surface, and enhancing interface adhesion is urgently required for fiber‐based multiphase materials. In this paper, we developed a simple yet efficient method towards active functionalized poly(p‐phenylene terephthalamide) fiber through mussel‐adhesive, self‐polymerization, and successive dipping–drying procedure based on as‐designed detachable equipment. In comparison with current acid etching and high energy radiation methods, the active functional strategy achieves scatheless functional modification to inert rigid fiber. Attribute to π–π conjugation effect, the new active nanolayers integrate rigid fiber and polymer matrix into homogeneous‐like structure. Consequently, the functionalized fiber‐based composites exhibit great mechanical property and desirable field‐responsive ability. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43018.