bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mutation of Arabidopsis CATALASE2 results in hyponastic leaves by changes of auxin levels
Authors: GAO XIANG , YUAN HONG‐MEI , HU YE‐QIN , LI JING , LU YING‐TANG 
Published: June 2013

AbstractAuxin and H2O2 play vital roles in plant development and environmental responses; however, it is unclear whether and how H2O2 modulates auxin levels. Here, we investigate this question using cat2‐1 mutant, which exhibits reduced catalase activity and accumulates high levels of H2O2 under photorespiratory conditions. At a light intensity of 150 μmol m−2 s−1, the mutant exhibited up‐curled leaves that have increased H2O2 contents and decreased auxin levels. At low light intensities (30 μmol m−2 s−1), the leaves of the mutant were normal, but exhibited reduced H2O2 contents and elevated auxin levels. These findings suggest that H2O2 modulates auxin levels. When auxin was directly applied to cat2‐1 leaves, the up‐curled leaves curled downwards. In addition, transformation of cat2‐1 plants with pCAT2:iaaM, which increases auxin levels, rescued the hyponastic leaf phenotype. Using qRT‐PCR, we demonstrated that the transcription of auxin synthesis‐related genes and of genes that regulate leaf curvature is suppressed in cat2‐1. Furthermore, application of glutathione rescued the up‐curled leaves of cat2‐1 and increased auxin levels, but did not change H2O2 levels. Thus, the hyponastic leaves of cat2‐1 reveal crosstalk between H2O2 and auxin signalling that is mediated by changes in glutathione redox status.
Effect of Concentration on the Photophysics of Dyes in Light‐Scattering Materials.
Authors: Rodríguez Hernán B. , San Román Enrique 
Published: June 2013

AbstractPhotoactive materials based on dye molecules incorporated into thin films or bulk solids are useful for applications as photosensitization, photocatalysis, solar cell sensitization and fluorescent labeling, among others. In most cases, high concentrations of dyes are desirable to maximize light absorption. Under these circumstances, the proximity of dye molecules leads to the formation of aggregates and statistical traps, which dissipate the excitation energy and lower the population of excited states. The search for enhancement of light collection, avoiding energy wasting requires accounting the photophysical parameters quantitatively, including the determination of quantum yields, complicated by the presence of light scattering when particulate materials are considered. In this work we summarize recent advances on the photophysics of dyes in light‐scattering materials, with particular focus on the effect of dye concentration. We show how experimental reflectance, fluorescence and laser‐induced optoacoustic spectroscopy data can be used together with theoretical models for the quantitative evaluation of inner filter effects, fluorescence and triplet formation quantum yields and energy transfer efficiencies.
Cat scratch‐induced Pasteurella multocida necrotizing cellulitis in a dog
Authors: Banovic Frane , Linder Keith , Boone Alison , Jennings Sam , Murphy K. Marcia 
Published: June 2013

BackgroundIn humans, rapidly developing Pasteurella multocida cellulitis after a cat scratch or bite is a well‐known entity that sometimes progresses to necrotizing fasciitis and can be fatal.Case reportA 3‐year‐old female spayed whippet dog developed ecchymosis, swelling and pain within 24 h of being scratched by a cat on the ventral thorax. Over the following days, while being treated only with pain medications, the lesions rapidly progressed into haemorrhagic bullae with expanding skin necrosis. A heavy growth of P. multocida was seen on bacterial cultures, and histological examination showed marked, suppurative panniculitis with necrosis of the epidermis, dermis and panniculus. Special histological stains highlighted a moderate amount of Gram‐negative coccobacilli admixed with inflammatory cells. Complete resolution was achieved with surgical debridement, skin grafting and intravenous antibiotic treatment. Positive bacterial culture for P. multocida, in conjunction with the history, clinical findings, histology results and the rapid response to therapy, strongly supports a diagnosis of P. multocida necrotizing cellulitis.Conclusions and clinical importanceComplications of cat bite‐associated P. multocida infections in humans are well known. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first documentation of P. multocida necrotizing cellulitis in a dog following a cat scratch wound. This case highlights the rapidity and severity of P. multocida cellulitis, if not recognized and treated early. Veterinarians should include P. multocida in the differential diagnosis of any local wound infection following a cat scratch.
Imaging the Transport Dynamics of Single Alphaherpesvirus Particles in Intact Peripheral Nervous System Explants from Infected Mice
Authors: Granstedt Andrea E. , Brunton Bingni W. , Enquist Lynn W. 
Published: June 2013

ABSTRACT

Alphaherpesvirus particles travel long distances in the axons of neurons using host microtubule molecular motors. The transport dynamics of individual virions in neurons have been assessed in cultured neurons, but imaging studies of single particles in tissue from infected mice have not been reported. We developed a protocol to image explanted, infected peripheral nervous system (PNS) ganglia and associated innervated tissue from mice infected with pseudorabies virus (PRV). This
ex vivo
preparation allowed us to visualize and track individual virions over time as they moved from the salivary gland into submandibular ganglion neurons of the PNS. We imaged and tracked hundreds of virions from multiple mice at different time points. We quantitated the transport velocity, particle stalling, duty cycle, and directionality at various times after infection. Using a PRV recombinant that expressed monomeric red fluorescent protein (mRFP)-VP26 (red capsid) and green fluorescent protein (GFP)-Us9 (green membrane protein), we corroborated that anterograde transport in axons occurs after capsids are enveloped. We addressed the question of whether replication occurs initially in the salivary gland at the site of inoculation or subsequently in the neurons of peripheral innervating ganglia. Our data indicate that significant amplification of infection occurs in the peripheral ganglia after transport from the site of infection and that these newly made particles are transported back to the salivary gland. It is likely that this reseeding of the infected gland contributes to massive invasion of the innervating PNS ganglia. We suggest that this “round-trip” infection process contributes to the characteristic peripheral neuropathy of PRV infection.

IMPORTANCE
Much of our understanding of molecular mechanisms of alphaherpesvirus infection and spread in neurons comes from studying cultured primary neurons. These techniques enabled significant advances in our understanding of the viral and neuronal components needed for efficient replication and directional spread between cells. However,
in vitro
systems cannot recapitulate the environment of innervated tissue
in vivo
with associated defensive properties, such as innate immunity. Therefore, in this report, we describe a system to image the progression of infection by single virus particles in tissue harvested from infected animals. We explanted intact innervated tissue from infected mice and imaged fluorescent virus particles in infected axons of the specific ganglionic neurons. Our measurements of virion transport dynamics are consistent with published
in vitro
results. Importantly, this system enabled us to address a fundamental biological question about the amplification of a herpesvirus infection in a peripheral nervous system circuit.
The contribution of prescription chart design and familiarity to prescribing error: a prospective, randomised, cross-over study
Authors: Tallentire Victoria R , Hale Rebecca L , Dewhurst Neil G , Maxwell Simon R J 
Published: June 2013

Purpose of studyInitiatives to standardise hospital paper-based prescription charts are underway in various countries in an effort to reduce prescribing errors. The aim of this study was to investigate the extent to which prescribing error rates are influenced by prescription chart design and familiarity.Study designIn this prospective, randomised, cross-over study, Foundation Year 1 doctors working in five Scottish National Health Service (NHS) Boards participated in study sessions during which they were asked to prescribe lists of medications for five fictional patients using a different design of paper prescription chart for each patient. Each doctor was timed completing each set of prescriptions, and each chart was subsequently assessed against a predefined list of possible errors. A mixed modelling approach using three levels of variables (design of and familiarity with a chart, prescribing speed and individual prescriber) was employed.ResultsA total of 72 Foundation Year 1 doctors participated in 10 data-collection sessions. Differences in prescription chart design were associated with significant variations in the rates of prescribing error. The charts from NHS Highland and NHS Grampian produced significantly higher error rates than the other three charts. Participants who took longer to complete their prescriptions made significantly fewer errors, but familiarity with a chart did not predict error rate.ConclusionsThis study has important implications for prescription chart design and prescribing education. The inverse relationship between the time taken to complete a prescribing task and the rate of error emphasises the importance of attention to detail and workload as factors in error causation. Further work is required to identify the characteristics of prescription charts that are protective against errors.
Patient safety in healthcare preregistration educational curricula: multiple case study-based investigations of eight medicine, nursing, pharmacy and physiotherapy university courses
Authors: Cresswell Kathrin , Howe Amanda , Steven Alison , Smith Pam , Ashcroft Darren , Fairhurst Karen , Bradley Fay , Magnusson Carin , McArthur Maggie , Pearson Pauline , Sheikh Aziz ,   on behalf of the Patient Safety Education Research Group
Published: June 2013

BackgroundWe sought to investigate the formal and informal ways preregistration students from medicine, nursing, pharmacy and the allied healthcare professions learn about patient safety.MethodsWe drew on Eraut's framework on formal and informal acquisition of professional knowledge to undertake a series of phased theoretically informed, in-depth comparative qualitative case studies of eight university courses. We collected policy and course documentation; interviews and focus groups with educators, students, health service staff, patients and policy makers; and course and work placement observations. Data were analysed thematically extracting emerging themes from different phases of data collection within cases, and then comparing these across cases.ResultsWe conducted 38 focus groups with a total of 162 participants, undertook 82 observations of practice placements/learning activities and 33 semistructured interviews, and analysed 44 key documents. Patient safety tended to be either implicit in curricula or explicitly identified in a limited number of discrete topic areas. Students were predominantly taught about safety-related issues in isolation, with the consequence of only limited opportunities for interprofessional learning and bridging the gaps between educational, practice and policy contexts. Although patient safety role models were key to student learning in helping to develop and maintain a consistent safety ethos, their numbers were limited.ConclusionsConsideration needs to be given to the appointment of curriculum leads for patient safety who should be encouraged to work strategically across disciplines and topic areas; development of stronger links with organisational systems to promote student engagement with organisation-based patient safety practice; and role models should help students to make connections between theoretical considerations and routine clinical care.
Volunteer activity in specialist paediatric palliative care: a national survey
Authors: Burbeck Rachel , Low Joe , Sampson Elizabeth L , Scott Rosalind , Bravery Ruth , Candy Bridget 
Published: June 2013

ObjectiveTo assess the involvement of volunteers with direct patient/family contact in UK palliative care services for children and young people.MethodCross-sectional survey using a web-based questionnaire.SettingUK specialist paediatric palliative care services.ParticipantsVolunteer managers/coordinators from all UK hospice providers (n=37) and one National Health Service palliative care service involving volunteers (covering 53 services in total).Main outcomesService characteristics, number of volunteers, extent of volunteer involvement in care services, use of volunteers’ professional skills and volunteer activities by setting.ResultsA total of 21 providers covering 31 hospices/palliative care services responded (30 evaluable responses). Referral age limit was 16–19 years in 23 services and 23–35 years in seven services; three services were Hospice at Home or home care only. Per service, there was a median of 25 volunteers with direct patient/family contact. Services providing only home care involved fewer volunteers than hospices with beds. Volunteers entirely ran some services, notably complementary therapy and pastoral/faith-based care. Complementary therapists, school teachers and spiritual care workers most commonly volunteered their professional skills. Volunteers undertook a wide range of activities including emotional support and recreational activities with children and siblings.ConclusionsThis is the most detailed national survey of volunteer activity in palliative care services for children and young people to date. It highlights the range and depth of volunteers’ contribution to specialist paediatric palliative care services and will help to provide a basis for future research, which could inform expansion of volunteers’ roles.
The challenges and suffering of caring for people with primary malignant glioma: qualitative perspectives on improving current supportive and palliative care practices
Authors: Collins Anna , Lethborg Carrie , Brand Caroline , Gold Michelle , Moore Gaye , Sundararajan Vijaya , Murphy Michael , Philip Jennifer 
Published: June 2013

ObjectivesCarers of patients with high-grade primary malignant glioma (PMG) are known to face extraordinary challenges, as they care for patients with multiple profound and often devastating physical, cognitive and behavioural changes. This study aimed to understand the supportive and palliative care needs in this setting, with a particular focus upon care at the end-of-life, which has hitherto been neglected.MethodsThis prospective qualitative study undertook in-depth interviews with 23 current and bereaved carers of adults with PMG. Carers were recruited from outpatient and inpatient services of two Australian metropolitan hospitals, including neurosurgery, oncology and palliative care. Thematic analysis was conducted by three independent researchers, using methods informed by grounded theory.ResultsCarers described significant needs in relation to three distinct domains: the challenge of caring; the lack of support available to carers and the suffering of caring. The need for care coordination was highlighted as it may enable a series of recommendations for improved care, including: navigation between health providers, individualised, staged information; routine, proactive telephone needs-assessment and emotional support; and early routine integration of palliative care services.ConclusionsThe results of this study shed new light on providing timely information and palliative care to support carers. We call for health services to reconsider the current medical model for this patient group, where patients are the centre of care, information and support, towards a more collaborative model which places carers and patients into a partnership.
Dying to get out: young drivers, safety and social inequity
Authors: Audrey S , Langford R 
Published: June 2013

ObjectiveDeaths and serious injuries among young drivers are an important public health concern. Road safety researchers and policy makers tend to focus on strategies to restrict the driving activities of young people. Other social research suggests the disadvantages experienced by young people in socially deprived groups are exacerbated by not having a driving licence or owning a car. In this qualitative study, we consider the views of young people from less affluent backgrounds in the south-west of England who took part in a brief intervention to encourage them to delay gaining a driving licence and car ownership.MethodsBetween September 2011 and January 2012, a researcher observed four training sessions involving 173 young people. Postintervention, digitally recorded focus groups were conducted at three venues involving 23 randomly selected young people. Data from the focus group transcripts were sorted into charts in relation to key research questions and scrutinised using constant comparison.ResultsThese young people believed the ability to drive, and car ownership, could increase their independence, improve access to further education, widen their employment opportunities, and enable them to contribute to family or household responsibilities.ConclusionsWe argue there is a potential conflict between some strategies seeking to promote young driver safety and the impact this may have on equity and social disadvantage. Interdisciplinary work is required between professionals and researchers in transport, road safety, public health and social equity. Government policies should include low-cost, safe, reliable and attractive transport alternatives for young people in more deprived communities.
Childhood and adulthood socio-economic position and hypertensive disorders in pregnancy: the Uppsala Birth Cohort Multigenerational Study
Authors: Heshmati Amy , Mishra Gita , Koupil Ilona 
Published: June 2013

BackgroundChildhood and adulthood socio-economic position (SEP) is associated with cardiovascular disease in later life, but associations with hypertensive disorders in pregnancy are not well established.ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to investigate the association of childhood and adulthood SEP with hypertensive disorders in pregnancy (chronic hypertension, gestational hypertension and pre-eclampsia/eclampsia).MethodStudy participants were Swedish women (n=9507) from generation 3 of the Uppsala Birth Cohort Multigenerational Study (UBCoS Multigen) who delivered a live singleton offspring between 1982 and 2008. Social and health data were obtained from routine Swedish registers. Associations of own education (adulthood SEP), and parental education and social class (childhood SEP) with hypertensive disorders were studied using logistic regression with adjustments for age, calendar period, parity, smoking and body mass index.ResultsLow own education was associated with chronic hypertension, but not with gestational hypertension or pre-eclampsia/eclampsia. Increased risk of chronic hypertension was seen in women whose mothers had medium education compared with women whose mothers had high education (OR 2.18, 95% CI 1.03 to 4.62). Women from a manual social class during childhood had twice the risk of chronic hypertension compared with those from non-manual backgrounds (OR 2.19, 95% CI 1.28 to 3.75). Childhood SEP was not associated with gestational hypertension or pre-eclampsia/eclampsia.ConclusionsChildhood and adulthood SEP was associated with chronic hypertension in pregnancy. In contrast, no association with childhood or adulthood SEP was seen for gestational hypertension or pre-eclampsia/eclampsia.
The association between binge drinking and birth outcomes: results from the Born in Bradford cohort study
Authors: Cooper Duncan L , Petherick Emily S , Wright John 
Published: June 2013

BackgroundVarious human and animal studies suggest that peak alcohol exposure during a binge episode, rather than total alcohol exposure, may determine fetal development. Research about the impact of binge drinking on birth outcomes is sparse and inconclusive. Data from the Born in Bradford cohort study were used to explore the impact of binge drinking on birth outcomes.MethodsInterview-administered questionnaire data about the lifestyle and social characteristics of 10 851 pregnancies were linked to maternity and birth data. The impact of self-reported binge drinking (5 units: 40 g of pure alcohol) on two birth outcomes (small for gestational age (SGA) and preterm birth (<37 weeks)) was assessed using multivariate logistic regression models, while adjusting for confounders.ResultsThe percentage of women classified as binge drinkers fell from 24.5% before pregnancy to 9% during the first trimester and 3.1% during the second trimester. There was a significant association between SGA birth and binge drinking (all categories combined; OR 1.68, 95% CI 1.15 to 2.47, p=0.01). No association was observed between moderate drinking and either birth outcome, or between binge drinking and preterm birth.ConclusionsBinge drinking during the second trimester of pregnancy was associated with an increased risk of SGA birth. No association was found between any level of alcohol consumption and premature birth. This work supports previous research showing no association between SGA and low-alcohol exposure but adds to evidence of a dose–response relationship with significant risks observed at binge drinking levels.
Determining the velocity required for skin perforation by fragment simulating projectiles: a systematic review
Authors: Breeze John , Clasper JC 
Published: June 2013

IntroductionExplosively propelled fragments are the most common cause of injury to soldiers on current operations. Researchers desire models to predict their injurious effects so as to refine methods of potential protection. Well validated physical and numerical models based on the penetration of standardised fragment simulating projectiles (FSPs) through muscle exist but not for skin, thereby reducing the utility of such models.MethodA systematic review of the literature was undertaken using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses methodology to identify all open source information quantifying the effects of postmortem human subject (PMHS) and animal skin on the retardation of metallic projectiles. Projectile sectional density (mass over presented cross-sectional area) was compared with the velocity required for skin perforation or penetration, with regard to skin origin (animal vs PMHS), projectile shape (sphere vs cylinder) and skin backing (isolated skin vs that backed by muscle).Results17 original experimental studies were identified, predominantly using skin from the thigh. No statistical difference in the velocity required for skin perforation with regard to skin origin or projectile shape was found. A greater velocity was required to perforate intact skin on a whole limb than isolated skin alone (p<0.05). An empirical relationship describing the velocity required to perforate skin by metallic FSPs of a range of sectional densities was generated.DiscussionSkin has a significant effect on the retardation of FSPs, necessitating its incorporation in future injury models. Perforation algorithms based on animal and PMHS skin can be used interchangeably as well as spheres and cylinders of matching sectional density. Future numerical simulations for skin perforation must match the velocity for penetration and also require experimental determination of mechanical skin properties, such as tensile strength, strain and elasticity at high strain rates.