bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Experimental Studies of Bioinspired Shark Denticles for Drag Reduction
Authors: Graybill Marshall T , Xu Nicole W 
Published: June 2024

Synopsis
Shark skin is composed of denticles, or complex scale-like features, which have been shown to reduce drag in turbulent and laminar flow. The denticle crown features undulating structures called riblets that interact with the turbulent boundary layer to reduce drag. Two mechanisms thought to contribute to the drag-reducing properties of riblets include the lifting of streamwise vortices and the hampering of spanwise vortex interactions to reduce crossflow, which could translate to similar flow mechanisms for denticles. Because of the varied morphologies of dermal denticles on different shark species, which also depend on body location, the impact of these denticle geometries on flow is of interest to the biology community, including related fields such as fluid mechanics and oceanography. This review highlights the past 15 years of manufacturing techniques and experimental measurements of drag over denticle-inspired surface structures, including real shark skin samples and engineered denticles and riblets. State-of-the-art additive manufacturing and other techniques are primarily limited to mm-length denticle scales, which have demonstrated drag reduction in lower flow speeds, under 1 m s−1. New manufacturing approaches can create sub-mm length denticles and nanotextured surface structures, which have achieved reported drag reductions of up to 31%. We synthesize results from the literature to illustrate the drag reduction properties of bioinspired denticles and riblets according to their geometry and flow conditions. Using these trends, we suggest design features and focus areas for future research, such as increasing studies of different denticle morphologies, hydrophobicity, antifouling properties, and acoustic noise reduction. Continued work on bioinspired denticles for drag reduction has wider implications in comparative biology and applications to design more energy-efficient, persistent vehicles for environmental monitoring.
Relative Contributions of the Novel Diarylquinoline TBAJ-876 and its Active Metabolite to the Bactericidal Activity in a Murine Model of Tuberculosis
Authors: Mudde Saskia E , Ammerman Nicole C , ten Kate Marian T , Fotouhi Nader , Lotlikar Manisha U , Bax Hannelore I , de Steenwinkel Jurriaan E M 
Published: June 2024

Abstract

Background
TBAJ-876 is a next-generation diarylquinoline. In vivo, diarylquinoline metabolites are formed with activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Species-specific differences in parent drug-to-metabolite ratios might impact the translational value of animal model-based predictions. This study investigates the contribution of TBAJ-876 and its major active metabolite, TBAJ-876-M3 (M3), to the total bactericidal activity in a mouse tuberculosis model.

Methods
In vitro activity of TBAJ-876 and M3 was investigated and compared to bedaquiline. Subsequently, a dose-response study was conducted in M. tuberculosis-infected BALB/c mice treated with TBAJ-876 (1.6/6.3/25 mg/kg) or M3 (3.1/12.5/50 mg/kg). Colony-forming units in the lungs and TBAJ-876 and M3 plasma concentrations were determined. M3's contribution to TBAJ-876's bactericidal activity was estimated based on M3 exposure following TBAJ-876 treatment and corresponding M3 activity observed in M3-treated animals.

Results
TBAJ-876 and M3 demonstrated profound bactericidal activity. Lungs of mice treated for 4 weeks with 50 mg/kg M3 were culture negative. Following TBAJ-876 treatment, M3 exposures were 2.2 to 3.6-fold higher than for TBAJ-876. TBAJ-876 activity was substantially attributable to M3, given its high exposure and potent activity.

Conclusions
These findings emphasize the need to consider metabolites and their potentially distinct exposure and activity profiles compared to parent drugs to enhance the translational value of mouse model-driven predictions.
Field efficacy of a biopesticide and a predatory mite for suppression of Scirtothrips dorsalis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) in strawberry
Authors: Lahiri Sriyanka , Kaur Gagandeep , Busuulwa Allan 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Chilli thrips, Scirtothrips dorsalis Hood (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) has emerged as a severe invasive pest of strawberry Fragaria × ananassa Duchesne in the United States. The objective of this study was to assess the field efficacy of a biopesticide and thrips predator, Amblyseius swirskii Athias-Henriot for S. dorsalis management in field grown strawberry compared to synthetic insecticide applications that are current industry standard (spinetoram) conducted at UF/IFAS GCREC, FL during 2021–2022 and 2022–2023 in a 2-year field study. The following treatments were applied in the field: (1) biopesticide, capsicum oleoresin extract + garlic oil + canola oil application at maximum label rate; (2) predatory mite of thrips, A. swirskii released at 30 predators per plot; (3) spinetoram applied at maximum label rate; and (4) biopesticide applied 24 h before release of A. swirskii. A control plot with no insecticide or predatory mite releases was maintained. Results show that the capsicum extract can be used for management of S. dorsalis, especially during the latter stages of strawberry field season when resistance to spinetoram is high. The field performance of A. swirskii was variable and extensive research is needed to highlight factors affecting field performance of predatory mites for thrips management.
Novel program for automatic calculation of EPG variables
Authors: Garzo Elisa , Álvarez Antonio Jesús , Moreno Aránzazu , Walker Gregory P , Tjallingii W Fred , Fereres Alberto 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
The electrical penetration graph (EPG) technique is the most powerful tool for studying the feeding behavior of pierce-sucking insects. However, calculating EPG variables is often very time-consuming, and consequently, several software programs have been developed for the automatic calculation of EPG variables. Here we present a new user-friendly Excel Workbook that uses a standardized list of EPG variables and follows expert guidelines for calculating them. The program developed in Visual Basic for Applications (VBA) is a step up from the existing software and allows easy data analysis and interpretation. It also includes a novel option for dealing with the common problem of “truncated”—waveforms artificially terminated by the end of recording. The only requirement to run the program is Microsoft Excel software running under a PC environment. The Workbook was validated by calculating variables from EPG recordings of aphids and psyllids and the results obtained were compared with those of existing software such as the Sarria Workbook. Our EPG Workbook provides researchers with a reliable and standardized tool for the automatic calculation of up to 127 EPG variables from phloem-sap-sucking insects.
Exploiting Intraday Decompositions in Realized Volatility Forecasting: A Forecast Reconciliation Approach
Authors: Caporin Massimiliano , Di Fonzo Tommaso , Girolimetto Daniele 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
We address the construction of Realized Variance (RV) forecasts by exploiting the hierarchical structure implicit in available decompositions of RV. We propose a post-forecasting approach that utilizes bottom-up and regression-based reconciliation methods. By using data referred to the Dow Jones Industrial Average Index and to its constituents we show that exploiting the informative content of hierarchies improves the forecast accuracy. Forecasting performance is evaluated out-of-sample based on the empirical MSE and QLIKE criteria as well as using the Model Confidence Set approach.
Using neurocognitive phenotypes to inform interventions for adult survivors of childhood cancer
Authors: Banerjee Pia , Phillips Nicholas S , Liu Wei , Ehrhardt Matthew J , Bhakta Nickhill , Brinkman Tara M , Williams Annalynn M , Yasui Yutaka , Khan Raja B , Srivastava Deokumar , Ness Kirsten K , Robison Leslie L , Hudson Melissa M , Krull Kevin R 
Published: June 2024

Abstract

Background
Neurocognitive impairments are sequelae of childhood cancer treatment, however little guidance is given to clinicians on common phenotypes of impairment or modifiable risk factors that could lead to personalized interventions in survivorship.

Methods
Standardized clinical testing of neurocognitive function was conducted in 2958 (74.1%) eligible survivors, who were at least 5 years postdiagnosis and aged older than 18 years, and 477 community controls. Impairment was examined across 20 measures, and phenotypes were determined by latent class analysis. Multinomial logistic regression was used to estimate risk for phenotype, predicted by cancer diagnosis and treatment exposures, chronic health conditions, and lifestyle, adjusted for sex and age. Associations between phenotypes and social attainment were examined.

Results
Five neurocognitive phenotypes were identified in survivors (global impairment 3.7%, impaired attention 5.0%, memory impairment 7.2%, processing speed and executive function impairment 9.3%, no impairment 74.8%). Risk of global impairment was associated with severe chronic health condition burden (odds ratio [OR] = 20.17, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 11.41 to 35.63) including cerebrovascular disease (OR = 14.5, 95% CI = 5.47 to 38.44) and cerebrovascular accident (OR = 14.7, 95% CI = 7.50 to 26.40). Modifiable risk factors, such as quitting smoking, reduced risk for global impairment (OR = 0.21, 95% CI = 0.06 to 0.66). Low physical activity increased risk for global impairment (OR = 4.54, 95% CI = 2.86 to 7.21), attention impairment (OR = 2.01, 95% CI = 1.41 to 2.87), processing speed and executive function impairment (OR = 1.90, 95% CI = 1.46 to 2.48), and memory impairment (OR = 2.09, 95% CI = 1.54 to 2.82).

Conclusions
Results support the clinical utility of neurocognitive phenotyping to develop risk profiles and personalized clinical interventions, such as preventing cerebrovascular disease in anthracycline-treated survivors by preventing hypercholesterolemia, smoking, and sedentary lifestyle, to reduce the risk for global impairment.
Antifungal efficacy of natural antiseptic products against Candida auris
Authors: Wu Wing-Gi , Luk Kristine Shik , Hung Mei-Fan , Tsang Wing-Yi , Lee Kin-Ping , Lam Bosco Hoi-Shiu , Cheng Ka-Lam , Cheung Wing-Sze , Tang Hau-Ling , To Wing-Kin 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Candida auris is an emerging fungal pathogen responsible for healthcare-associated infections and outbreaks with high mortality around the world. It readily colonizes the skin, nares, respiratory and urinary tract of hospitalized patients, and such colonization may lead to invasive Candida infection in susceptible patients. However, there is no recommended decolonization protocol for C. auris by international health authorities. The aim of this study is to evaluate the susceptibility of C. auris to commonly used synthetic and natural antiseptic products using an in vitro, broth microdilution assay. Synthetic antiseptics including chlorhexidine, povidone-iodine, and nystatin were shown to be fungicidal against C. auris. Among the natural antiseptics tested, tea tree oil and manuka oil were both fungicidal against C. auris at concentrations less than or equal to 1.25% (v/v). Manuka honey inhibited C. auris at 25% (v/v) concentrations. Among the commercial products tested, manuka body wash and mouthwash were fungicidal against C. auris at concentrations less than or equal to 0.39% (w/v) and 6.25% (v/v) of products as supplied for use, respectively, while tea tree body wash and MedihoneyTM wound gel demonstrated fungistatic properties. In conclusion, this study demonstrated good in vitro antifungal efficacy of tea tree oil, manuka oil, manuka honey, and commercially available antiseptic products containing these active ingredients. Future studies are warranted to evaluate the effectiveness of these antiseptic products in clinical settings.
Unveiling lens light complexity with a novel multi-Gaussian expansion approach for strong gravitational lensing
Authors: He Qiuhan , Nightingale James W , Amvrosiadis Aris , Robertson Andrew , Cole Shaun , Frenk Carlos S , Massey Richard , Li Ran , Cao Xiaoyue , Lange Samuel C , França João Paulo C 
Published: June 2024

ABSTRACT
In a strong gravitational lensing system, the distorted light from a source is analysed to infer the properties of the lens. However, light emitted by the lens itself can contaminate the image of the source, introducing systematic errors in the analysis. We present a simple and efficient lens light model based on the well-tested multi-Gaussian expansion (MGE) method for representing galaxy surface brightness profiles, which we combine with a semi-linear inversion scheme for pixelized source modelling. Testing it against realistic mock lensing images, we show that our scheme can fit the lensed images to the noise level, with relative differences between the true input and best-fitting lens light model remaining below 5 per cent. We apply the MGE lens light model to 38 lenses from the HST SLACS sample. We find that the new scheme provides a good fit for the majority of the sample with only 3 exceptions – these show clear asymmetric residuals in the lens light. We examine the radial dependence of the ellipticity and position angles and confirm that it is common for a typical lens galaxy to exhibit twisting non-elliptical isophotes and boxy / disky isophotes. Our MGE lens light model will be a valuable tool for understanding the hidden complexity of the lens mass distribution.
The nature of diffuse ionized gas in star-forming galaxies
Authors: McClymont William , Tacchella Sandro , Smith Aaron , Kannan Rahul , Maiolino Roberto , Belfiore Francesco , Hernquist Lars , Li Hui , Vogelsberger Mark 
Published: June 2024

ABSTRACT
We present an analysis of the diffuse ionized gas (DIG) in a high-resolution simulation of an isolated Milky Way-like galaxy, incorporating on-the-fly radiative transfer and non-equilibrium thermochemistry. We utilize the Monte-Carlo radiative transfer code colt to self-consistently obtain ionization states and line emission in post-processing. We find a clear bimodal distribution in the electron densities of ionized gas ($n_{\rm e}$), allowing us to define a threshold of $n_{\rm e}=10\, \mathrm{cm}^{-3}$ to differentiate DIG from ${\rm H\, {\small II}}$ regions. The DIG is primarily ionized by stars aged 5 – 25 Myr, which become exposed directly to low-density gas after ${\rm H\, {\small II}}$ regions have been cleared. Leakage from recently formed stars ($\lt 5$ Myr) is only moderately important for DIG ionization. We forward model local observations and validate our simulated DIG against observed line ratios in [${\rm S\, {\small II}}$]/H$\alpha$, [${\rm N\, {\small II}}$]/H$\alpha$, [${\rm O\, {\small I}}$]/H$\alpha$, and [${\rm O\, {\small III}}$]/H$\beta$ against $\Sigma _{\rm H\alpha }$. The mock observations not only reproduce observed correlations, but also demonstrate that such trends are related to an increasing temperature and hardening ionizing radiation field with decreasing $n_{\rm e}$. The hardening of radiation within the DIG is caused by the gradual transition of the dominant ionizing source with decreasing $n_{\rm e}$ from 0 to 25 Myr stars, which have progressively harder intrinsic ionizing spectra primarily due to the extended Wolf–Rayet phase caused by binary interactions. Consequently, the DIG line ratio trends can be attributed to ongoing star formation, rather than secondary ionization sources, and therefore present a potent test for stellar feedback and stellar population models.
Disruption of bacterial biofilms by a green synthesized artemisinin nano-copper nanomaterial
Authors: Zhang Yan , Hua Xia , Han Xiaohu , Fang Xue , Li Peng , Zhai Jingbo , Xie Lin , Lv Yanming , Lai Yonghao , Meng Chengcheng , Zhang Yi , Liu Shiwei , Chen Zeliang 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Bacterial biofilms are associated with antibiotic resistance and account for ∼80% of all bacterial infections. In this study, we explored novel nanomaterials for combating bacteria and their biofilms. Artemisinin nano-copper (ANC) was synthesized using a green synthesis strategy, and its shape, size, structure, elemental composition, chemical valence, zeta potential, and conductivity were characterized using transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffractometer, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, zeta potential, and dynamic light scattering. The results showed that ANC was successfully synthesized utilizing a liquid phase chemical reduction method using chitosan as a modified protectant and l-ascorbic acid as a green reducing agent. The stability of ANC was evaluated using dynamic light scattering. The results showed that the particle size of ANC at different concentrations was comparable to that of the original solution after 7 days of storage, and there was no significant change in the polydispersity index (P &gt; 0.05). The antibacterial effects of ANC on Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) were determined by disc diffusion and broth dilution methods. The results demonstrated that ANC inhibited and killed E. coli and S. aureus. The effect of ANC on bacterial biofilms was investigated using crystal violet staining, scanning electron microscopy, laser confocal microscopy, and quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The results showed that ANC treatment was able to destroy bacterial biofilms and downregulate biofilm- and virulence-related genes in E. coli (HlyA, gyrA, and F17) and S. aureus (cna, PVL, ClfA, and femB). Green-synthesized ANC possesses excellent antibiofilm properties and is expected to exhibit antibacterial and antibiofilm properties.
Integrating intersectionality into child health research: Key considerations
Authors: Salami Bukola , Bharwani Aleem , Johnson Nicole , Ladha Tehseen , Hart Michael , Dixit Jaya , Benseler Susanne 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Child health inequities persist in Canada, particularly among sovereignty-deserving First Nations, Métis and Inuit groups and equity-deserving communities. We argue for a fundamental shift in research to remedy these inequities, via an intersectional lens that highlights how social identities and systems of power contribute to disparities. Specifically, we suggest (a) integrating intersectionality, from research conceptualization to results dissemination; (b) respectfully and reciprocally engaging with communities; (c) respectfully collecting and reporting data; (d) recognizing and explicating the diversity within social categories; (e) applying intersectional analytical approaches, and (f) using diverse, participatory and inclusive dissemination strategies. We further underscore the importance of researchers acknowledging their positionalities and their role in promoting reflexivity, as well as using equity, diversity and inclusion principles throughout the research process. We call for a collective commitment to adopt intersectional and EDI approaches in paediatric research, paving the way towards a more equitable health landscape for all children.
Can ultrasound-guided medial branch blocks be used to select patients for cervical facet joint radiofrequency neurotomy? A matched retrospective cohort validation study
Authors: Burnham Robert , Trow Rory , Trow James , Smith Ashley , Burnham Taylor 
Published: June 2024

Abstract

Background
Medial branch blocks are used to select patients for cervical facet joint radiofrequency neurotomy (CRFN). Blocks are typically performed under fluoroscopic guidance (ie, fluoroscopy-guided blocks [FLBs]). The validity of ultrasound-guided blocks (USBs) is not well established. No prior research has compared cervical USB validity and FLB validity with CRFN outcome used as the criterion standard.

Objective
To evaluate cervical USB versus FLB validity with CRFN outcome used as the criterion standard.

Methods
Demographic and outcome data were extracted from the electronic medical records of 2 affiliated musculoskeletal pain management clinics for all patients between 2015 and 2023 inclusive who had cervical USB leading to CRFN. CRFN outcomes of each USB patient were compared with those of a matched FLB patient from the radiofrequency neurotomy (RFN) outcome database of the same clinics. Matching variables included patient age, sex, pain duration, diagnostic/prognostic block paradigm, and CRFN number. Each patient completed a numeric rating scale (NRS) pain score and Pain Disability Quality-of-Life Questionnaire (PDQQ) just before and 3 months after CRFN. At repeat CRFN, patients provided a retrospective estimate of the duration and average magnitude (percentage) of relief after the CRFN.

Results
USB and FLB groups were comprised of 27 patients (58 RFNs) and 38 patients (58 RFNs), respectively. Post-RFN NRS pain severity and PDQQ-Spine scores demonstrated comparable (P &gt; .05) absolute improvements, proportion of patients achieving ≥50% improvement, and attainment of the minimum clinically important difference. Retrospective estimates of pain relief magnitude and duration were also comparable.

Conclusions
This study finds cervical USB and FLB to be comparably valid as defined by their ability to predict CRFN outcome. Within the limitations of operator competence, USB can be used to select patients for CRFN.
Your Typical Criminal: Why White Americans Hate Voter Fraud
Authors: Udani Adriano , Manion Anita , Kimball David 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Public concerns about voter fraud are widespread and are frequently cited to justify new voting restrictions and harsh punishment for violators. But to what extent do beliefs about a perpetrator’s identity shape public support for efforts to prevent and punish voter fraud? Antipathy toward racial and ethnic groups is a strong predictor of public beliefs about voter fraud. Yet, prior studies have only been able to approximate beliefs about deviant behavior, and not specifically casting an illegal ballot. Drawing from sociology and criminology, we use a “typification” strategy that more directly measures which people are perceived as typical perpetrators of casting illegal ballots. We utilize nationally representative surveys of US voters in the 2017–2020 modules of the Cooperative Election Study to apply and empirically test the typification theory. Among white respondents, we find that the typification of racially minoritized groups such as Blacks, Latinos, Arabs, and immigrants as illegal voters is widespread and is strongly associated with beliefs about voter fraud, support for restrictive election policies, and harsh punishment of illegal voting. The pictures of likely criminals that white voters carry in their heads shape their preferences for crime policies, and this extends to the domain of voter fraud.
The Role of Rivals in International Organizations: A Review Article
Authors: Carnegie Allison 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This article reviews Discriminatory Clubs: The Geopolitics of International Organizations by Christina L. Davis. After highlighting the many contributions of this pathbreaking work to political science scholarship, it discusses one of the manuscript's core claims: that members of international organizations (IOs) use membership to favor their allies and exclude their rivals. Specifically, it examines a potential tension that leading states may face between keeping rivals out of these organizations for security reasons versus allowing them to join to constrain their behavior and socialize them into the IO's norms. It explores whether consideration of scope conditions, IO reforms, or international regime complexes can help explain IO behavior toward rivals. In doing so, the review suggests productive directions for future work and argues that Discriminatory Clubs will spark many exciting and fruitful research directions.