bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Differences in post‐mortem findings after stillbirth in women with and without diabetes
Authors: Edwards A. , Springett A. , Padfield J. , Dorling J. , Bugg G. , Mansell P. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractAimsThe reason for the fivefold increased risk of stillbirth in women with diabetes is not known. Further understanding of the underlying mechanisms may facilitate identification of pregnancies at increased risk. We have compared post‐mortem reports in matched pairs of stillbirths in women with and without diabetes.MethodsPost‐mortem reports were provided by the Centre for Maternal and Child Enquiries. Stillbirths as a result of lethal congenital and genetic abnormalities were excluded. Whole body, placenta and organ weights and histo‐pathological findings in cases and controls were compared and also related to published reference values.ResultsWe analysed post‐mortem reports on 23 matched pairs of stillbirths from 2009 to 2010. Mean placental weight in women with diabetes was 75 g less than in control subjects (95% CI −143 to −7 g; P = 0.032). In maternal diabetes, the thymus was often small and showed a ‘starry sky’ pattern on histology in 11 of 20 cases compared with four of 22 controls (P = 0.03). This histological finding was associated with a particularly low mean placental weight z‐score −2.1 (1.1) standard deviations below a reference population corrected for gestational age.ConclusionsIn over half of the stillbirths occurring in women with diabetes, there was a ‘starry sky’ appearance in the fetal thymus on histology, this being associated with a small placenta. These findings are consistent with a critical subacute metabolic disturbance being a prominent cause of the increased risk of stillbirth in pregnancies complicated by maternal diabetes.
The use of T‐DNAtagging to isolate mutants ofColletotrichum gloeosporioidesandColletotrichum acutatumwith reduced virulence againstHevea brasiliensis
Authors: Lin C.‐H. , Cai Z.‐Y. , Shi T. , Dai Y.‐K. , Li C.‐P. , Huang G.‐X. 
Published: July 2013

SummaryAgrobacterium tumefaciens‐mediated transformation (ATMT) is being increasingly recognized as an effective insertional mutagenesis tool in studies of filamentous fungi for gene discovery and functional analysis. We developed and optimizedATMTfor 2Colletotrichumspecies,Colletotrichum gloeosporioidesandColletotrichum acutatum, the causative agents ofColletotrichumleaf disease in rubber trees in Southern China.A. tumefaciensstrainAGL‐1 carrying anILV1gene and a green fluorescent protein gene were used to transform the conidia of these 2Colletotrichumspecies. The transformation efficiency was correlated with the co‐cultivation duration and bacterial cell concentrations, which reached 300–400 transformants per 1 × 106conidia after optimization. Southern blot analysis indicated that about 60.0% of theC. gloeosporioidestransformants and 46.2% of theC. acutatumtransformants had a single copy of T‐DNAin their genomes. Fungal genomicDNAsegments flanking the T‐DNAwere identified in the transformants through thermal asymmetrical interlaced polymerase chain reaction followed by sequencing. The flanking sequences from 4C. acutatumand 7C. gloeosporioidestransformants showed moderate or weak homology to theNCBIdatabase entries. Some sequences matching those reported virulence‐related genes. The results suggest that the T‐DNAinserted mutants banks constructed are useful for the discovery of new or important genes and to elucidate their function in the 2Colletotrichumspecies.
Population genomics shed light on the demographic and adaptive histories of European invasion in the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas
Authors: Rohfritsch Audrey , Bierne Nicolas , Boudry Pierre , Heurtebise Serge , Cornette Florence , Lapègue Sylvie 
Published: July 2013

AbstractCrassostrea gigas originated from the Pacific coast of Asia, but was introduced into several European countries in the early 1970s. Natural populations have now spread across the length of the western seaboard of Europe. To elucidate the demographic and selective processes at play during this rapid expansion, genome‐scan analysis was performed on different populations. High diversities and low differentiation were observed overall, but significant genetic differentiation was found among newly established populations and between the newly established northern group and a nearly panmictic group composed of southern European populations and a population from Japan. Loss of genetic diversity was also seen in the north, likely caused by founder events during colonization. The few strongly supported outlier loci revealed a genetic structure uncorrelated with the north/south differentiation, but grouping two samples from the Danish fjords (northern group) and one from the Dutch Scheldt estuary (southern group) with the one from Japan. These findings might reflect the following: (i) parallel adaptation to similar environmental pressures (fjord‐like environment) within each of the two groups or (ii) a footprint of a secondary introduction of an alternative genomic background maintained by multifarious isolation factors. Our results call for a closer examination of adaptive genetic structure in the area of origin.
Higher β‐ and γ‐diversity at species and genetic levels in headwaters than in mid‐order streams in Hydropsyche (Trichoptera)
Authors: Múrria Cesc , Bonada Núria , Arnedo Miquel A. , Prat Narcís , Vogler Alfried P. 
Published: July 2013

Summary

The influence of local habitat characteristics and landscape barriers on the distribution of species and genetic diversity remains poorly known. We tested for differences in turnover and total diversity in aquatic insect assemblages among headwater and mid‐order reaches, two habitats presumably differing in their connectivity between catchments.

The genus Hydropsyche (Trichoptera) includes 17 species in the eastern Iberian Peninsula and northern Morocco. Cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (cox1) gene was sequenced for Hydropsyche assemblages at 38 headwater sites and 12 mid‐order sites. Local species and intraspecific genetic diversity and differentiation among populations were measured.

A total of 231 cox1 sequences resulted in 83 unique haplotypes that clustered into 19 genetic species entities. We find that α‐diversity did not differ between headwater and mid‐order habitats at species and genetic levels, but total species numbers and intraspecific genetic diversity (γ‐diversity) were higher for headwater than for mid‐order or lowland clades, due to greater turnover among sites (β‐diversity).

The study revealed lineage‐specific evolutionary responses to different river zones, presumably because of differences in the strength of landscape barriers. The multispecies community genetic approach provides a comprehensive picture of diversity patterns in Hydropsyche, as it links habitat heterogeneity and dispersal limitations to genetic structure and lineage diversification.
Land cover change or land‐use intensification: simulating land system change with a global‐scale land change model
Authors: van Asselen Sanneke , Verburg Peter H. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractLand‐use change is both a cause and consequence of many biophysical and socioeconomic changes. The CLUMondo model provides an innovative approach for global land‐use change modeling to support integrated assessments. Demands for goods and services are, in the model, supplied by a variety of land systems that are characterized by their land cover mosaic, the agricultural management intensity, and livestock. Land system changes are simulated by the model, driven by regional demand for goods and influenced by local factors that either constrain or promote land system conversion. A characteristic of the new model is the endogenous simulation of intensification of agricultural management versus expansion of arable land, and urban versus rural settlements expansion based on land availability in the neighborhood of the location. Model results for the OECD Environmental Outlook scenario show that allocation of increased agricultural production by either management intensification or area expansion varies both among and within world regions, providing useful insight into the land sparing versus land sharing debate. The land system approach allows the inclusion of different types of demand for goods and services from the land system as a driving factor of land system change. Simulation results are compared to observed changes over the 1970–2000 period and projections of other global and regional land change models.
The density and type of MECA‐79‐positive high endothelial venules correlate with lymphocytic infiltration and tumour regression in primary cutaneous melanoma
Authors: Avram Gabriela , Sánchez‐Sendra Beatriz , Martín José M , Terrádez Liria , Ramos David , Monteagudo Carlos 
Published: July 2013

AimsTumour‐infiltrating lymphocytes have prognostic value in malignant melanoma. High endothelial venules (HEVs) are specialized vessels present in lymph nodes and tertiary lymphoid organs. CCL19, CCL21 and CCR7 regulate lymphocyte migration through HEVs. The aim of our study was to correlate HEV density in cutaneous primary and metastatic malignant melanomas with clinicopathological parameters, and with CCL19, CCL21 and CCR7 mRNA expression.Methods and resultsHigh endothelial venule density was evaluated by immunohistochemistry with a specific antibody, MECA‐79, and chemokine expression was evaluated by real‐time PCR. MECA‐79‐positive vessels, covered by cuboidal (C‐HEV) or flat (F‐HEV) endothelium, were detected in 55% of melanomas. HEV density was higher in primary melanomas than in metastases. Positive correlations were found between C‐HEV density and lymphocytic infiltration, and between F‐HEV density and tumour regression. Cases in which the number of C‐HEVs exceeded that of F‐HEVs had higher levels of CCL19, CCL21, and CCR7.ConclusionsOur results support a predominant role for C‐HEV in the recruitment of lymphocytes in cutaneous melanomas, mediated by CCL19 and CCL21, whereas the density of F‐HEV strongly correlates with tumour regression, Therefore, cuboidal and flat HEVs may serve as indicators of the active and late quiescent phases, respectively, of tumour regression in cutaneous malignant melanoma.
An introduction to primary skin imaging
Authors: Dasgeb Bahar , Kainerstorfer Jana , Mehregan Darius , Van Vreede Anthony , Gandjbakhche Amir 
Published: July 2013

AbstractDermatology is a field in which clinical examination is heavily relied upon for diagnosis. When required, a tissue biopsy may also be performed to confirm the diagnosis. Recent advances in imaging techniques have been applied to cutaneous lesions to improve diagnostic accuracy without the need for biopsy. These new imaging techniques are reviewed for their developing role in dermatology.
The effect of domestic laundry processes on fungal contamination of socks
Authors: Amichai Boaz , Grunwald Marcelo H. , Davidovici Batya , Farhi Renata , Shemer Avner 
Published: July 2013

AbstractTinea pedis is a common chronic skin disease. The role of contaminated clothes as a possible source of reinfection is not fully understood. This study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of domestic laundering at different temperatures in the eradication of fungal pathogens from contaminated socks. Samples from 81 socks worn by patients suffering from tinea pedis underwent domestic laundering at either 40 °C or 60 °C. The socks were dried at room temperature; fungal cultures were taken from two samples from, respectively, the toe and heel areas of the socks. Samples from socks washed at 40 °C revealed 29 (36%) positive fungal cultures, of which 14 came from the toe and 15 from the heel areas of socks. Trichophyton rubrum was isolated in four specimens, and Aspergillus spp. were found in 20 (70%) specimens. Samples from the same socks washed at 60 °C revealed five (6%) positive fungal cultures, of which three came from the toe and two from the heel areas of socks. Only Aspergillus spp. were detected. Yeasts were eradicated at 40 °C. Contravening current trends for energy saving and environmental protection, laundering at low temperatures is not effective in eradicating fungal pathogens, which requires high‐temperature laundering at 60 °C.
Dermatologic toxicities to targeted cancer therapy: shared clinical and histologic adverse skin reactions
Authors: Curry Jonathan L. , Torres‐Cabala Carlos A. , Kim Kevin B. , Tetzlaff Michael T. , Duvic Madeleine , Tsai Kenneth Y. , Hong David S. , Prieto Victor G. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractBackgroundDermatologic toxicities (DT) to targeted cancer therapy may present as inflammatory dermatoses, keratoses, and as benign and malignant squamous proliferations.MethodsPublished reports of DT with cancer therapy with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), tyrosine kinase (TK), MEK, PI3K, AKT, and BRAF inhibitors were reviewed.ResultsDT associated with targeted cancer therapy demonstrated similar reactions and may be grouped as (i) DT as cutaneous inflammation, and (ii) DT as cutaneous epithelial proliferation. EGFR inhibitor, cetuximab, and MEK inhibitors, selumetinib and trametinib, demonstrated papulopustular rash with a suppurative folliculitis in 83%, 93%, and 80% of the patients on therapy, respectively. Common DT with EGFR inhibitors erlotinib and tyrosine kinase inhibitor sorafenib were hand–foot skin reactions in 30–60% of patients on therapy. PI3K inhibitor BKM‐120 and AKT inhibitor MK2206 produced maculopapular eruptions seen as dermal hypersensitivity reaction on the skin biopsy. RAF inhibitors vemurafenib and sorafenib were associated with a variety of cutaneous epithelial proliferations (keratosis pilaris, seborrheic keratosis, verruca vulgaris, actinic keratosis, keratoacanthoma, and squamous cell carcinoma.ConclusionVarious anticancer agents may target similar cellular compounds and/or cell signaling pathways thus share similar clinical and histologic features of DT. The knowledge of the overlap of DT with different types of targeted cancer therapy will assist in evaluation of cutaneous reactions.
Solution‐Controlled Dissolution of Supplementary Cementitious Material Glasses at pH 13: The Effect of Solution Composition on Glass Dissolution Rates
Authors: Snellings Ruben 
Published: July 2013

Supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) are widely used to partially replace portland clinker in blended cements. Reducing clinker contents further without compromising the development of early strength necessitates a better assessment and enhancement of the reactivity of the available SCMs. To this purpose, the reactivity of synthesized calcium aluminosilicate glasses covering a compositional range from blast‐furnace slags (BFS) over fly ashes to silica fume was analyzed by dissolution experiments. Initial glass dissolution rates were measured at 20°C and pH 13, and with varying initial concentrations of aqueous Al, Ca, and Si. At pH 13, glass dissolution rates were observed to scale linearly with the glass Ca/(Al + Si) molar ratio. Ca‐rich blast‐furnace type glass dissolution was shown to be up to one order of magnitude faster than tectosilicate fly ash and silica fume type glass dissolution, supporting different pathways to dissolution. In solutions that are strongly undersaturated with respect to hydrous glass and hydration products, glass dissolution rates are independent of changes in solution undersaturation and aqueous Si activity. In contrast, dissolution rates decrease with aqueous Ca concentration for all glasses and with aqueous Al concentration for tectosilicate‐type glasses. The insights gained are instrumental in finding ways to enhance SCM reactivity.
The response of arboreal marsupials to landscape context over time: a large‐scale fragmentation study revisited
Authors: Youngentob Kara N. , Wood Jeff T. , Lindenmayer David B. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractAimSpecies extinction from habitat fragmentation and loss is a major concern world‐wide. Given the temporal variability inherent in many ecosystems, long‐term studies are important to understand how species respond to landscape change. We revisited a large‐scale, natural experiment, 10 years after initial surveys to investigate the response of arboreal marsupials to anthropogenic landscape change over time.LocationThe Tumut Fragmentation Study in south‐eastern Australia encompasses 50,000 ha of contiguousEucalyptusforests and eucalypt forest remnants surrounded by an exotic pine (Pinus radiata) plantation.MethodsThis study followed an established, statistically rigorous, replicated design that matched remnant eucalypt sites within the plantation to control sites within contiguous eucalypt forests. We recorded the presence and abundance of arboreal marsupials by spotlighting along transects. We used a range of generalized linear models to investigate interactions among independent and dependent variables and test hypotheses established at the outset of the study.ResultsAll of the species observed in eucalypt remnants in 1996 were present in 2007. However, the presence and abundance of some species had changed significantly between periods. Remnant size, isolation, the disturbance history of the pine matrix adjoining remnants, time since pine establishment, and/or the age of the pines were significant factors in explaining the presence and abundance of some species. We identify mechanistic processes that may be responsible for the differing response patterns of the four most common arboreal marsupial species.Main conclusionsMost native forest remnants continued to provide habitat for several arboreal marsupial species over the past decade. These results add considerable weight to recommendations calling for the preservation of native forests remnants during and after plantation establishment. The condition and management of the matrix can significantly affect wildlife populations in modified landscapes, and this should be given more consideration in conservation planning. Small changes to plantation design and management could have large positive impacts on indigenous wildlife populations around the world.
Linking present environment and the segregation of reproductive modes (geographical parthenogenesis) in Eucypris virens (Crustacea: Ostracoda)
Authors: Schmit Olivier , Bode Saskia N. S. , Camacho Antonio , Horne David J. , Lamatsch Dunja K. , Martens Koen , Martins Maria J. F. , Namiotko Tadeusz , Rossetti Giampaolo , Rueda‐Sevilla Juan , Schön Isa , Vandekerkhove Jochen , Mesquita‐Joanes Francesc 
Published: July 2013

AbstractAimGeographical parthenogenesis – in which parthenogenetic populations are more widely distributed than sexually reproducing populations – is observed in many plant and animal species. Many hypotheses have been proposed to account for this biogeographical pattern, and these often invoke historical processes such as the influence of glaciation. However, there are relatively few empirical studies of the contemporary factors associated with geographical parthenogenesis. The aim of this study was to understand its causes by linking contemporary environmental gradients with reproductive modes in the freshwater ostracod Eucypris virens.LocationEurope and North Africa.MethodsWe sampled populations of E. virens from 147 sites in 20 countries from Estonia to Morocco and from Portugal to Turkey. At each site we measured aspects of pond geography (latitude, longitude, elevation, pond area and depth), water chemistry (temperature, pH, conductivity, oxygen and ion concentrations) and macroinvertebrate assemblages. We used principal components and logistic regression analyses to test for the associations between environmental variables and the presence of males, indicating sexual reproduction, in a population.ResultsSexual populations were restricted to the Mediterranean, whereas parthenogenetic populations extended into the Baltic and Ponto‐Caspian areas. Significant environmental features were not only latitude, but also elevation, aridity and principal components summarizing water chemistry and invertebrate communities: sexual populations were more common at high elevations, in arid regions, and in turbid ponds. Ponds harbouring exclusively parthenogenetic populations were also characterized by having longer‐hydroperiod biological communities.Main conclusionsThe link between current environmental conditions and the reproductive modes of E. virens suggests a contemporary adaptation besides historical factors such as climatic cycles or the differential colonization success of sexual and asexual lineages. We propose that the pattern of geographical parthenogenesis in E. virens reflects the ability of asexual populations to colonize rapidly, and the higher adaptability of sexual populations to unpredictable hydroperiods.
There is No such Thing as a Free Open Sky: Financial Markets and the Struggle over European Competences in International Air Transport
Authors: Rauh Christian , Schneider Gerald 
Published: July 2013

AbstractAviation is a prime example of a policy area where the clash over supranational regulatory responsibilities had pronounced economic repercussions. In this article, we examine the economic effects of the European Commission's struggle to obtain competences in international air transport. Stock market reactions to key events in the political conflict between 1995 and 2004 unravel whether investor beliefs about the distribution of power in the EU follow the basic conjectures of neofunctionalism, intergovernmentalism or institutionalism. The event studies show that particularly judicial proceedings and the involvement of the ECJ send credible integration signals to financial markets. This supports the hypothesis that investors consider the subtleties of the EU's decision‐making apparatus carefully and only react to developments that definitively alter the political regime and thus also the market situation. These findings are in line with an institutionalist interpretation of a reform that has radically changed the international aviation regime.
EUUnilateral Trade Policy‐Making: What Role for Import‐Dependent Firms?
Authors: Eckhardt Jappe 
Published: July 2013

AbstractThis article looks at political mobilization and the influence of import‐dependent firms in the context of theEuropeanUnion's (EU) trade defence instrument (TDI) policy. By looking at this increasingly relevant set of economic actors during (unilateral)TDIdecision‐making, the article provides a much needed complement to the existingEUtrade policy literature, which is dominated by analyses of the trade policy preferences and involvement of import‐competing and export‐dependent firms during multilateral and bilateral trade co‐operation. The article defines import‐dependent firms and theorizes the circumstances under which they are capable of lobbying and of wielding influence inEU TDIcases. The argument is discussed with case study evidence drawn from a series of recentEU TDIepisodes.