bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mineral dust impact on snow radiative properties in the European Alps combining ground, UAV, and satellite observations
Authors: Di Mauro B. , Fava F. , Ferrero L. , Garzonio R. , Baccolo G. , Delmonte B. , Colombo R. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractIn this paper, we evaluate the impact of mineral dust (MD) on snow radiative properties in the European Alps at ground, aerial, and satellite scale. A field survey was conducted to acquire snow spectral reflectance measurements with an Analytical Spectral Device (ASD) Field Spec Pro spectroradiometer. Surface snow samples were analyzed to determine the concentration and size distribution of MD in each sample. An overflight of a four‐rotor Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) equipped with an RGB digital camera sensor was carried out during the field operations. Finally, Landsat 8 Operational Land Imager (OLI) data covering the central European Alps were analyzed. Observed reflectance evidenced that MD strongly reduced the spectral reflectance of snow, in particular, from 350 to 600 nm. Reflectance was compared with that simulated by parameterizing the Snow, Ice, and Aerosol Radiation radiative transfer model. We defined a novel spectral index, the Snow Darkening Index (SDI), that combines different wavelengths showing nonlinear correlation with measured MD concentrations (R2 = 0.87, root‐mean‐square error = 0.037). We also estimated a positive instantaneous radiative forcing that reaches values up to 153 W/m2 for the most concentrated sampling area. SDI maps at local scale were produced using the UAV data, while regional SDI maps were generated with OLI data. These maps show the spatial distribution of MD in snow after a natural deposition from the Saharan desert. Such postdepositional experimental data are fundamental for validating radiative transfer models and global climate models that simulate the impact of MD on snow radiative properties.
China's Seasonal Influenza Vaccination Policy in a Post‐Health Care Reform Era
Authors: Ruan Ningzhen , Nguyen Thao , Khor Kellynn 
Published: May 2015

AbstractVaccination is recognised as one of the most effective ways to combat seasonal influenza—a disease that exerts significant social and economic costs, yet is often neglected by policy‐makers and the vaccine target population in developing countries. The situation in China is no exception with seasonal influenza vaccine remaining as a class II vaccine and being financed by citizens' out‐of‐pocket payments. The different cultural backgrounds, climate patterns and living standards across China further complicate the policymaking process of developing national level policy guidelines. Nevertheless, China's recent health care reform that focuses on preventive care, elderly care and equitable health care access has motivated policy‐makers at the local level to formulate policies facilitating seasonal influenza vaccination provision. This article seeks to understand this process at the city level under China's current economic transition background, and aims to identify policy experiences that may be applicable for the larger Asia‐Pacific region.
Health in All Policies Approaches: Pearls from the Western Pacific Region
Authors: Friel Sharon , Harris Patrick , Simpson Sarah , Bhushan Anjana , Baer Britta 
Published: May 2015

AbstractHealth in All Policies is an approach that seeks to strengthen public policy‐making across health and other sectors in order to achieve the most favourable health impacts. There is currently interest in understanding how Health in All Policies is applied in different contexts; whether it makes a difference to policy practices, health outcomes and health equity; and what is required to equip the different sectors to work effectively to improve the health equity impacts of their policies. This article presents findings from a review of domestic policies and practices of Health in All Policies in countries across the World Health Organization Western Pacific Region. The findings illustrate that there is a strong foundation for action, particularly given prior intersectoral action and the important convening point that issues like non‐communicable diseases and transport provide for Health in All Policies within the Western Pacific Region. However, the consideration of health equity in Health in All Policies needs more explicit attention. This knowledge can be used for building capacity within the health sector and other sectors to undertake sustainable and effective intersectoral collaboration for improved health equity.
Luminescent Nanofibers Fabricated from Phenanthroimidazole Derivatives by Organogelation: Fluorescence Response towards Acid with High Performance
Authors: Peng Jiang , Sun Jingbo , Gong Peng , Xue Pengchong , Zhang Zhenqi , Zhang Gonghe , Lu Ran 
Published: May 2015

AbstractNanofibers based on phenanthroimidazole derivatives PCC, PDC, and PSC were fabricated by organogelation processes, and their fluorescence sensory properties towards acid were investigated. It was found that the emission of PCC in the nanofiber‐based film could be quenched significantly upon exposure to gaseous TFA due to the formation of protonated PCC, in which ICT (intramolecular charge transfer) would occur. On the other hand, TFA vapor led to the emitting colors of PDC and PSC in the nanofiber‐based films to turn to yellow and green from sky blue and blue, respectively. Additionally, we found that the decay times of PCC were 0.1 s and 1.9 s in probing the saturated vapor of TFA in nanofiber‐based film and in spin‐coated film, respectively. The results suggested that the high surface‐to‐volume ratio and large interspace in the nanofiber‐based networks favored the enhanced adsorption, accumulation, and diffusion of gaseous molecules, resulting in such a high performance.
Facile Synthesis of Functionalized Carbene Metal Complexes from Coordinated Isonitriles
Authors: Lothschütz Christian , Wurm Thomas , Zeiler Anna , Freiherr v. Falkenhausen Alexander , Rudolph Matthias , Rominger Frank , Hashmi A. Stephen K. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThe scope and limitations of the isonitrile‐based NHC template synthesis were investigated with a series of precursors containing a nucleophilic amine in combination with tethered electrophiles. In the case of alkynes and phosphonic esters as electrophiles no ring closure was observed and new functionalized NAC gold complexes were obtained. By the use of unsaturated esters and phosphonic esters as Michael acceptors in the amine precursors, ester‐modified gold and palladium NHC complexes were accessible in high efficiency.
Sequential SNAr Reaction/Suzuki–Miyaura Coupling/C−H Direct Arylations Approach for the Rapid Synthesis of Tetraaryl‐Substituted Pyrazoles
Authors: Morita Taiki , Kobayashi Daisuke , Matsumura Keisuke , Johmoto Kohei , Uekusa Hidehiro , Fuse Shinichiro , Takahashi Takashi 
Published: May 2015

AbstractA rapid synthesis of 1,3,4,5‐tetraaryl‐substituted pyrazoles has been achieved through a sequence of SNAr reaction/Suzuki–Miyaura coupling/Pd‐catalyzed direct arylations that used 3‐iodo‐1H‐pyrazole as a scaffold. Pyrazoles with four different aryl groups were synthesized in a straightforward manner with no extra synthetic steps, such as protection/deprotection or the introduction of activating/directing groups, using readily available substrates and reagents. The developed synthetic approach enabled the structurally diverse synthesis of multiaryl‐substituted pyrazoles without using a glovebox technique.
Wege zur Plusenergieschule
Authors: Hausladen Gerhard , Hutter Christina , Jacobsen Cornelia 
Published: May 2015

AbstractAls Pilotprojekte haben Plusenergieschulen eine Vorreiterrolle für die Umsetzung der Energiewende. Daher wird in einer Machbarkeitsstudie die Erreichbarkeit des Plusenergiestandards für Schulgebäude untersucht sowie eine Definition und Berechnungsmethodik für Plusenergieschulen entwickelt. Die Berechnungsmethodik wird an drei Beispielschulen unter Variation von Standort und Anlagentechnik überprüft und auf end‐ und primärenergetischer Ebene ausgewertet.Bei der Berechnung der Beispielschulen zeigt sich, dass der Plusenergiestandard prinzipiell für alle drei Beispielschulen erreichbar ist. Voraussetzung hierfür sind ein hoher Dämmstandard sowie eine effiziente Anlagentechnik in Verbindung mit einer Photovoltaikanlage. Die Wärmeerzeugung muss zum Großteil auf Basis erneuerbarer Energieträger erfolgen. Ob eine Dach‐PV‐Anlage alleine ausreichend ist, die erforderliche Energieerzeugung für die Plusenergieschule bereitzustellen, hängt von der Gebäudekubatur und dem Verhältnis von Dachfläche zur Nettogrundfläche ab. Bei mehrgeschossigen Schulgebäuden muss die PV‐Anlage gegebenenfalls noch durch eine fassadenintegrierte PV‐Anlage ergänzt werden. Andere Stromerzeugungsanlagen (z. B. Windkraft auf dem Schulgelände) können nur einen geringen Beitrag zur Umsetzung des Plusenergiestandards leisten.Ways of realizing energy‐plus schools. As pilot projects energy‐plus schools could play a key role in the exit from nuclear and fossil‐fuel energy. Therefore the practicability of energy‐plus schools was examined and a definition as well as a calculation methodology developed. In addition the calculation methodology was vetted regarding three schools using sensitivity analyses in which final and primary energy were evaluated.Calculations show that all three schools could meet the energy‐plus standard provided that they have very good insulation and efficient building technologies paired with a photovoltaic system. Heat must be generated primarily via sources of renewable energy. Whether a roof‐top photovoltaic system is sufficient to generate the required energy depends on the massings of the school and the ratio between rooftop capacity for PV modules and energy requirements. If necessary multi‐level buildings must be optimized by installing PV units in façades. Other methods of producing electricity (e.g. wind energy on school ground) cannot provide a significant contribution.
A Comparison of ToxCast Test Results with In Vivo and Other In Vitro Endpoints for Neuro, Endocrine, and Developmental Toxicities: A Case Study Using Endosulfan and Methidathion
Authors: Silva M. , Pham N. , Lewis C. , Iyer S. , Kwok E. , Solomon G. , Zeise L. 
Published: May 2015

INTRODUCTIONThe U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA's) Toxicity Forecaster (ToxCast) is a potential tool for chemical prioritization, hazard identification, and risk assessment. We conducted a case study to compare ToxCast data with endpoints from other in vitro and in vivo studies for two data‐rich pesticides: endosulfan and methidathion.METHODSToxCast assays for endocrine disruption, development (zebrafish), and neurotoxicity were qualitatively compared to traditional neurotoxicity, developmental and reproductive toxicity findings. We also used in vitro–in vivo extrapolation to convert half‐maximal activity concentrations in active ToxCast assays to rat oral equivalent doses, and quantitatively compared these to the lowest observable effect level (LOEL) from in vivo studies.RESULTSEndosulfan was inactive for GABAAR, unlike in vivo; but active with dopamine transporter assays and was neurotoxic in zebrafish as expected. Methidathion was not active for these endpoints in vivo or in vitro. Acetylcholinesterase inhibition was ToxCast‐inactive, although both pesticides are inhibitors in vivo. ToxCast results were generally inactive for endosulfan estrogen receptor agonism and androgen receptor antagonism unlike in vivo. Calculated oral equivalent doses for estrogen receptor and androgen receptor pathways and for zebrafish assays for both compounds were generally consistent with in vivo LOELs. Endosulfan showed neurotoxicity and both pesticides showed developmental effects in the zebrafish assays, although methidathion is not developmentally toxic in vivo.CONCLUSIONSToxCast's predictions showed concordance on some endpoints and nonconcordance, consisting mainly of false inactives, in several critical endpoints, likely due to a lack of metabolic activation and limitations in assay design. Zebrafish assays were good predictors of developmental toxicity and neurotoxicity for endosulfan
Validated spectrofluorimetric method for determination of two phosphodiesterase inhibitors tadalafil and vardenafil in pharmaceutical preparations and spiked human plasma
Authors: Abu El‐Enin Mohammed Abu Bakr , Al‐Ghaffar Hammouda Mohammed El‐Sayed Abd , El‐Sherbiny Dina Tawfik , El‐Wasseef Dalia Rashad , El‐Ashry Saadia Mahmoud 
Published: May 2015

AbstractA valid, sensitive and rapid spectrofluorimetric method has been developed and validated for determination of both tadalafil (TAD) and vardenafil (VAR) either in their pure form, in their tablet dosage forms or spiked in human plasma. This method is based on measurement of the native fluorescence of both drugs in acetonitrile at λem 330 and 470 nm after excitation at 280 and 275 nm for tadalafil and vardenafil, respectively. Linear relationships were obtained over the concentration range 4–40 and 10–250 ng/mL with a minimum detection of 1 and 3 ng/mL for tadalafil and vardenafil, respectively. Various experimental parameters affecting the fluorescence intensity were carefully studied and optimized. The developed method was applied successfully for the determination of tadalafil and vardenafil in bulk drugs and tablet dosage forms. Moreover, the high sensitivity of the proposed method permitted their determination in spiked human plasma. The developed method was validated in terms of specificity, linearity, lower limit of quantification (LOQ), lower limit of detection (LOD), precision and accuracy. The mean recoveries of the analytes in pharmaceutical preparations were in agreement with those obtained from the comparison methods, as revealed by statistical analysis of the obtained results using Student's t‐test and the variance ratio F‐test. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
President's page
Authors: Hirsh Sandy 
Published: May 2015

EDITOR'S SUMMARYFrom focus groups and other member input opportunities at the 2014 Annual Meeting in Seattle, several themes emerged for organizational goals and priorities. Seeing ASIS&T as a professional home, members appreciate opportunities for recognition and development and look for stronger links between theory and practice. Commenters approve of the association's international scope, and many note the value of expanding strategic alliances with other information‐oriented organizations, the desire to network outside the Annual Meeting and build regional chapters and the need to improve internal communications. The Strategic Planning Task Force will continue collecting and analyzing data and, drawing on feedback, draft and finalize a strategic plan for the Association's long‐term success.
Simplicity in data models
Authors: Coyle Karen 
Published: May 2015

EDITOR'S SUMMARYEvolving from database models using punch cards, strict linear relational databases and predefined object‐oriented data structures, the triple statements underlying Semantic Web technologies bypass many design constraints to offer endless flexibility. Overcoming structure is challenging, especially the relatively recent structure formalized in the Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records (FRBR). Though geared to easier access and interoperability and recognizing a multilevel bibliographic model, FRBR remains tied to translating entity‐relation diagrams to data structures. Resource Description Framework (RDF) provides a more flexible way to express concepts, in which bibliographic models may be thought of as graphs of properties and relationships. But even RDF‐based models can undermine that flexibility by mixing concept classes and data structures. The advantage of RDF classes is to provide semantics that enable a user to focus on similarities, not bound by contextual constraints.and success metrics.
Tobramycin Variants with Enhanced Ribosome‐Targeting Activity
Authors: Fosso Marina Y. , Zhu Hongkun , Green Keith D. , Garneau‐Tsodikova Sylvie , Fredrick Kurt 
Published: May 2015

AbstractWith the increased evolution of aminoglycoside (AG)‐resistant bacterial strains, the need to develop AGs with 1) enhanced antimicrobial activity, 2) the ability to evade resistance mechanisms, and 3) the capability of targeting the ribosome with higher efficiency is more and more pressing. The chemical derivatization of the naturally occurring tobramycin (TOB) by attachment of 37 different thioether groups at the 6′′‐position led to the identification of generally poorer substrates of TOB‐targeting AG‐modifying enzymes (AMEs). Thirteen of these displayed better antibacterial activity than the parent TOB while retaining ribosome‐targeting specificity. Analysis of these compounds in vitro shed light on the mechanism by which they act and revealed three with clearly enhanced ribosome‐targeting activity.
When insanity has gone undiscovered by the courts: The practice of the Norwegian Criminal Cases Review Commission in cases of doubts about insanity
Authors: Grøndahl Pål , Stridbeck Ulf 
Published: May 2015

AbstractBackgroundEngland, Scotland and Norway have established Criminal Cases Review Commissions to review the convictions of persons who may have been wrongly found guilty of a criminal offence.AimsThe aim of this study was to explore the Norwegian Criminal Cases Review Commission (NCCRC) practice when legal insanity constitutes grounds for possible reopening of a criminal case.MethodsWe identified all cases between 2004 and 2012 where an application to the NCCRC to reopen a case was on grounds of concerns about insanity. Data were extracted from records. Differences between reopened and disallowed insanity cases and variables that may explain the NCCRC's decision to reopen a case were analysed using multiple logistic regression.ResultsForty cases were allowed, and 34 disallowed. The NCCRC relied fully and unanimously on the conclusions of the expert reports in making these decisions. In 26 of the 40 cases that the Commission reopened, psychosis had gone undetected by the courts. Such undetected cases were most often discovered in the wake of a new criminal case in connection with the defendant. If the length of the sentence were short, it was less likely that insanity had been considered by the court in the index judgement.ConclusionsThe NCCRC may rely excessively on the forensic psychiatric reports. The experts' conclusions may be uncertain, given that they often have to look back several years to establish mental state and its relevance at the time of the crime. As nearly two‐thirds of the reopened insanity cases had been given penalties of under 6 months, it may be asked whether such further investigation of fairly low‐level crimes is the best use of resources. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Metabolic Instability of Cyanothiazolidine‐Based Prolyl Oligopeptidase Inhibitors: a Structural Assignment Challenge and Potential Medicinal Chemistry Implications
Authors: Schiavini Paolo , Pottel Joshua , Moitessier Nicolas , Auclair Karine 
Published: May 2015

AbstractAs part of the development of cyanothiazolidine‐based prolyl oligopeptidase inhibitors, initial metabolism studies suggested multiple sites of oxidation by P450 enzymes. Surprisingly, in‐depth investigations revealed that epimerization at multiple stereogenic centers was responsible for the conversion of the single primary metabolite into a panel of secondary metabolites. The rapid isomerization of all seven detected molecules precluded the use of NMR spectroscopy or X‐ray crystallography for complete structural determination, presenting an interesting structure elucidation challenge. Through a combination of LC–MS analysis, synthetic work, deuterium exchange studies, and computational predictions, we were able to characterize all metabolites and to elucidate their dynamic behavior in solution. In the context of drug development, this study reveals that cyanothiazolidine moieties are problematic due to their rapid P450‐mediated oxidation and the unpredictable stability of the corresponding metabolites.
Biocatalysis at Work: Applications in the Development of Sagopilone
Authors: Gottfried Kathrin , Klar Ulrich , Platzek Johannes , Zorn Ludwig 
Published: May 2015

AbstractFor the antitumour agent sagopilone, an epothilone analogue, a large‐scale synthesis was developed to synthesise the active pharmaceutical ingredient for clinical trials, exploring enzymatic and microbial methods to produce chiral building blocks on a multi‐kilogram scale. The three building blocks were identified as key intermediates in the synthesis and needed to be produced with high optical purity in yields higher than those previously published. The improved syntheses of two of these building blocks are detailed herein. For building block A, the chemical research synthesis was abandoned, and a novel chemical route was developed leading to building block A via an enzymatic hydrolysis process. For building blocks C, replacement of a chemical catalytic procedure by a microbial process meant that the development of a new starting material could be avoided, thereby accelerating the development process. For the clinical development process, a human metabolite of sagopilone was required as a reference. To accelerate the synthesis of the metabolite, no chemical synthesis was investigated; rather, we relied solely on oxidoreductases. The human metabolite of sagopilone was synthesised on a multi‐gram scale in a single‐step process using genetically engineered E. coli expressing human cytochrome P450 enzyme 2C19. The integration of enzymatic and microbial processes provided tools that enable the synthesis of highly functionalised intermediates and metabolites.
AMC: an adaptive multi‐level cache algorithm in hybrid storage systems
Authors: Cheng Yuxia , Chen Wenzhi , Wang Zonghui , Yu Xinjie , Xiang Yang 
Published: May 2015

SummaryHybrid storage systems that consist of flash‐based solid state drives (SSDs) and traditional disks are now widely used. In hybrid storage systems, there exists a two‐level cache hierarchy that regard dynamic random access memory (DRAM) as the first level cache and SSD as the second level cache for disk storage. However, this two‐level cache hierarchy typically uses independent cache replacement policies for each level, which makes cache resource management inefficient and reduces system performance. In this paper, we propose a novel adaptive multi‐level cache (AMC) replacement algorithm in hybrid storage systems. The AMC algorithm adaptively adjusts cache blocks between DRAM and SSD cache levels using an integrated solution. AMC uses combined selective promote and demote operations to dynamically determine the level in which the blocks are to be cached. In this manner, the AMC algorithm achieves multi‐level cache exclusiveness and makes cache resource management more efficient. By using real‐life storage traces, our evaluation shows the proposed algorithm improves hybrid multi‐level cache performance and also increases the SSD lifetime compared with traditional multi‐level cache replacement algorithms. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.