bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
(Invited) Developing Optical Nanosensors for Biomedical Applications
Authors: Yaari Zvi 
Published: August 2024

Novel biomedical application technologies have been rapidly improved in the past few decades. Despite recent technological progress, significant challenges persist toward more accessible, precise, inexpensive, rapid, automated, and patient-facing methods. Optical spectroscopic and imaging technologies have multiple advantages to current practices, such as versatility, fast and robust signal, and noninvasive and nondestructive probing techniques that can be easily integrated into current medical devices such as catheters, endoscopes, or biopsy needle channels. Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) have been developed as near-infrared (NIR) fluorescent nanosensors and demonstrated in vitro and in vivo with great interest for using them in biological and clinical applications and the methods designed to probe them. The advantages of SWCNT include resistance to photobleaching and high sensitivity towards biological environments.
Gynecologic cancers are challenging to diagnose. Patient prognosis and quality of life are affected substantially by this problem. In this talk, I will present recent work on developing new technologies to improve gynecological cancer detection and grant new research tools for understanding fundamental mechanisms in cancer development using liquid biopsy and in vitro and in vivo sensor approaches. With artificial intelligence algorithms, we harness SWCNTs' unique optical properties and sensitivity to develop intelligent optical sensors. We developed platforms to detect multiple gynecological cancer biomarkers as implantable devices in patient biofluids and the uterine cavity. Applying machine learning algorithms to analyze the optical response of the sensors enabled the precise detection of multiplexed biomarkers. In addition, when implanted in human uteri, the sensors detected the biomarkers and successfully differentiated between benign and malignant cases. These technologies will significantly improve diagnostics and cancer research, leading to robust, point-of-care technologies for early-stage diagnosis.

References

[1] Yaari, Z. et al., Science Advances, 2021.
[2] Yaari, Z. et al., Nano Letters, 2020.
Engineered Carbon Nanocatalysts for Homocysteine Catabolism
Authors: Chen Alan , Miyauchi Rei , Krishna Vijay 
Published: August 2024

Cystathionine-β-synthase (CBS) deficiency or homocystinuria (HCU) is a rare inherited disorder with main clinical features of osteoporosis, dislocation of the optic lenses, learning difficulties and thromboembolism. CBS is a key enzyme in methionine catabolism pathway. CBS deficiency impairs the conversion of homocysteine (Hcy) to cystathionine, which leads to extracellular buildup of Hcy in toxic concentrations. Patients with CBS deficiency have elevated plasma Hcy and methionine.
Currently, there is no FDA approved drug for CBS deficiency. Clinical treatment options are low-protein diet and betaine for severely affected patients, and vitamin supplementation for mildly affected adults. Artificial protein-based enzymes for Hcy treatment are in clinical trials. However, protein-based artificial enzymes can be immunogenic, prone to intracellular modifications, and the treatment may not be viable after few months.
We propose a novel nanotechnology-based approach for the treatment of CBS deficiency. Carbon nanomaterials with multiple unsaturated carbons provide an excellent scaffold for engineering enzyme mimicking catalysts. We have designed carbon nanomaterial based catalytic artificial enzymes (CAEs) by surface engineering to mimic metabolic enzymes that catabolize Hcy under physiological conditions. Using a combination of paper chromatography and H1-NMR, our lab has shown that CAE can breakdown homocysteine and produce hydrogen sulfide similar to CGL enzyme. The degree of surface functionalization as well as surface curvature has profound effect on specificity and catalysis. We have shown that CAE can enter cells and lower homocysteine levels in cellular models. In preliminary studies, CAE was able to lower serum homocysteine levels in a murine model. Further studies will involve safety assessments of CAE as a treatment for HCU.
Graphene in Medicine: Revolutionizing Healthcare through Advanced Nanomaterials
Authors: Umadevi Kovuri , Ali Mohd Imran , Indira K 
Published: August 2024

Nanomaterials, particularly carbon-based structures like graphene nanostructures, have revolutionized science and technology, offering groundbreaking advancements in bioengineering and medicine. These developments have enhanced our ability to detect, diagnose, and treat diseases, leading to significant innovations in therapy methods. The evolving field of graphene synthesis, with its less complex and more effective strategies, has captured the scientific community's interest. This review seeks to delve into the latest progress in the creation and application of graphene-based nanomaterials, especially their role in biomedical applications, with a primary focus on drug delivery systems. Graphene has emerged as a versatile material in the medical field. Its application as a sensor in monitoring vital parameters such as blood pressure and blood sugar levels, as well as nitric oxide levels in oxygen, has been noteworthy. In dentistry, graphene, combined with specific peptides, can identify individual bacterial strains, aiding in accurate disease diagnosis. Its role as an immunosensor is also significant, enabling the detection of trace amounts of substances like growth hormones. In the battle against cancer, graphene has shown promising results. It is actively being researched for broader medical applications including cancer therapy, diagnostic tools for diseases, tissue engineering, implants, DNA sequencing, biomarker identification, genetic material transfer, and in the combined fields of biomedical imaging and neuroscience. This review underscores the potential of graphene in medical science. As research continues, it is anticipated that graphene-based technologies will significantly contribute to personalized therapies, enhancing healthcare quality. The conclusion of this review emphasizes the need for ongoing research to explore and refine graphene-derived smart therapeutics. Such advancements will not only improve patient care but also drive us towards the zenith of human welfare, showcasing the transformative impact of nanotechnology in healthcare.
Keywords: Graphene, Biomedical Applications, Drug Delivery Systems, Diagnostic Innovations and Personalized Therapeutics
In Situ Investigation of Defect Site Formation in Carbon Nanotubes
Authors: Lambert Benjamin Paul , Martín Muñoz Blanca , Cognet Laurent 
Published: August 2024

Semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) exhibit a photostable excitonic fluorescence in the short wave near-infrared (SWIR). Recently, the covalent functionalization of nanotubes opened new avenues to manipulate their excitonic fluorescence [1]. These “organic color centers (OCCs)” act as localized potential wells on the nanotube surface, trapping locally otherwise diffusing excitons. This effectively results in an increase in the SWCNT emission, the trapped excitons avoiding possible quenching sites along the nanotube surface (structural defects, nanotube ends) [2]. This new radiative pathway results in a shifting of the SWCNT emission towards longer wavelengths and allows SWCNT excitation on their first-order excitonic transition (ca. SWIR) [3]. Altogether, these properties make OCC-functionalized SWCNTs particularly attractive for various applications ranging from biological imaging to quantum information. Yet, the functionalization reaction of SWCNTs with OCC is still poorly understood, stochastic and, as a result, poorly controlled. To gain knowledge and control over these reactions, we developed a two-color imaging platform to image simultaneously both the SWCNT and OCC emissions in situ during the functionalization reaction [4]. We will present how this platform allows to monitor the kinetics of the functionalization reaction and further discuss our findings which provide insights on the interactions existing between OCCs and the SWCNT surface.
[1] A. H. Brozena et al., Nat. Rev. Chem., vol. 3, no. 6, pp. 375–392, 2019
[2] N. Danné et al., ACS Nano, vol. 12, no. 6, pp. 6059–6065, 2018
[3] A. K. Mandal et al., Sci. Rep., vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 1–9, 2020
[4] B.P. Lambert et al., in preparation
(Invited) Biofabricated Carbon Nanotube Electronics: Toward Energy-Efficient Switches in Multi-Dimensional Integration
Authors: Liu Zhihan , Liu Yingxia , Sun Wei 
Published: August 2024

High-performance Si devices are approaching their physical boundaries during the continuous miniaturization following Moore's Law. New semiconductor materials are in urgent necessity, among which, carbon nanotubes（CNTs）are suggested by the International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors（ITRS）as potential candidate to continue Moore's Law due to its quasi-one-dimensional structure and excellent electrical properties.
To unleash the advantages of CNTs in the post-Moore era, optimizing materials morphology, interfaces composition, and integrated structure proves to be pivotal, which constitutes the basic idea of our research. Regarding material morphology, we have fabricated evenly spaced parallel CNT materials with a spacing down to 10nm, by employing the DNA-directed high-precision assembly method. At CNT interface, we have realized fast on/off switching high-performance switches by engineering the interfacial compositions. Individual CNT displays 1G0 conductance with subthreshold swing superior to conventional Si transistors. Furthermore, we built the preliminary foundation to integrate CNT transistors into multi-dimensional circuits. Based on the control of material, interface, and integration structure, our work elucidates the potential of constructing energy-efficient computing circuit using carbon nanotube electronics.
Large Superconducting Diode Effect in Chiral Carbon Nanotubes
Authors: Cuozzo Joseph , Sizemore Michael , Leonard Francois , Rossi Enrico 
Published: August 2024

Superconducting electronics are ubiquitous in devices ranging from single-photon detectors to quantum bits. One of the most common superconducting circuit elements is a Josephson junction (JJ)—a junction of two superconductors coupled through either a small normal metal or an insulator. Recently, non-reciprocal switching currents in JJs based on traditional superconductors have been reported, demonstrating a robust diode effect. This so-called Josephson diode effects (JDEs) has since attracted interest to shed light on material and device properties, but also to enable new applications. In this talk, we will present theoretical results on the JDE in chiral carbon nanotubes (CNTs). We find that these CNT-JJs can exhibit large diode efficiencies when an external magnetic field is applied along the nanotube. Additionally, our numerical simulations show that the polarity of the diode can be tuned by electrostatically gating the CNT-JJ. We will discuss the microscopic details that give rise to large diode efficiencies and gate-tunability in chiral CNT-JJs.
This work was supported by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), Office of Science, Basic Energy Sciences (BES), under Award DE-SC0022245. The work at Sandia is supported by a LDRD project. SNL is managed and operated by NTESS under DOE NNSA contract DE-NA0003525.
Low-Temperature Synthesis of Linear Carbon Chain inside Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes
Authors: Zhang Bowen , Qiu Xiyang , Hu Qingmei , Feng Ya , Fitó-Parera Aina , Zheng Yongjia , Wang YuHuang , Matsuo Yutaka , Tanaka Takeshi , Kataura Hiromichi , Chiashi Shohei , Xiang Rong , Cambré Sofie , Wenseleers Wim , Rotkin Slava V. , Otsuka Keigo , Maruyama Shigeo 
Published: August 2024

Linear carbon chain (LCC) has attracted much interest concerning its structure and applications. It has been reported that LCC possesses higher strength, elastic modulus, and stiffness than any known material, which provides a possibility for LCC as a new composite material, yet its chemical stability remains an issue [1]. Therefore, finding a method to efficiently synthesize LCC has become a meaningful research topic in recent years. A landmark study on LCC synthesis was given by using double-walled carbon nanotubes (DWCNTs) as the template combined with a high-temperature annealing treatment at 1460°C to acquire long chains composed of more than 6,000 carbon atoms [2]. Except for DWCNTs, LCC synthesis starting from single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) as templates was also reported. However, given the instability of SWCNTs at higher temperature [2] the synthesis efficiency is not as good as for DWCNTs. As far as we know, there is still no report on an efficient LCC synthesis inside SWCNTs. Herein, we report the low-temperature (400°C) efficient LCC synthesis starting from a SWCNT template.
To this end, a SWCNT dispersion [3] underwent a surfactant exchange process and was fabricated into a SWCNT film by the filtration method. The SWCNT film was annealed under 400°C in an argon atmosphere to synthesize LCC. Raman spectroscopy (laser wavelength 532 nm) was used to characterize the efficiency of the LCC synthesis. A strong peak at 1863 cm-1 appeared after annealing, originating from the well-known C-mode of the linear carbon chain [4] thereby confirming its existence inside SWCNTs. SWCNTs synthesized by a low-pressure alcohol catalytic chemical vapor deposition (ACCVD) method [5] were also adopted for the LCC synthesis template, resulting in a similar LCC Raman peak at 1863 cm-1. We attribute this successful low-temperature LCC synthesis to the appropriate surfactant which could be encapsulated inside CNTs and converted to LCC during the annealing process.
Keywords: Linear Carbon Chain, Single-walled Carbon Nanotubes, Surfactants
References:
[1] Liu, M. et al., ACS Nano 7, 10075–10082 (2013).
[2] Lei, S. et al., Nature Mater 15, 634–639 (2016).
[3] Tanaka, T. et al., Nano Lett. 9, 4, 1497–1500 (2009).
[4] Martinati, M. et al., Carbon 189, 276–283 (2022).
[5] Maruyama, S. et al., Chem. Phys. Lett. 360, 229–234 (2002).

Figure 1
Patient reported measures of continuity of care and health outcomes: a systematic review
Authors: Burch Patrick , Walter Alex , Stewart Stuart , Bower Peter 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Background
There is a considerable amount of research showing an association between continuity of care and improved health outcomes. However, the methods used in most studies examine only the pattern of interactions between patients and clinicians through administrative measures of continuity. The patient experience of continuity can also be measured by using patient reported experience measures. Unlike administrative measures, these can allow elements of continuity such as the presence of information or how joined up care is between providers to be measured. Patient experienced continuity is a marker of healthcare quality in its own right. However, it is unclear if, like administrative measures, patient reported continuity is also linked to positive health outcomes.

Methods
Cohort and interventional studies that examined the relationship between patient reported continuity of care and a health outcome were eligible for inclusion. Medline, EMBASE, CINAHL and the Cochrane Library were searched in April 2021. Citation searching of published continuity measures was also performed. QUIP and Cochrane risk of bias tools were used to assess study quality. A box-score method was used for study synthesis.

Results
Nineteen studies were eligible for inclusion. 15 studies measured continuity using a validated, multifactorial questionnaire or the continuity/co-ordination subscale of another instrument. Two studies placed patients into discrete groups of continuity based on pre-defined questions, one used a bespoke questionnaire, one calculated an administrative measure of continuity using patient reported data. Outcome measures examined were quality of life (n = 11), self-reported health status (n = 8), emergency department use or hospitalisation (n = 7), indicators of function or wellbeing (n = 6), mortality (n = 4) and physiological measures (n = 2). Analysis was limited by the relatively small number of hetrogenous studies. The majority of studies showed a link between at least one measure of continuity and one health outcome.

Conclusion
Whilst there is emerging evidence of a link between patient reported continuity and several outcomes, the evidence is not as strong as that for administrative measures of continuity. This may be because administrative measures record something different to patient reported measures, or that studies using patient reported measures are smaller and less able to detect smaller effects. Future research should use larger sample sizes to clarify if a link does exist and what the potential mechanisms underlying such a link could be. When measuring continuity, researchers and health system administrators should carefully consider what type of continuity measure is most appropriate.
Barriers and facilitators to using a clinical decision support tool for the management of osteoarthritis pain in patients undergoing hemodialysis: a qualitative study
Authors: Mohsen Mai , Abbaticchio Angelina , Zhang Tracy , Jassal S Vanita , Battistella Marisa 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Background
While osteoarthritis is a significant issue within the hemodialysis population and contributes to reduced quality of life, pain related to osteoarthritis is poorly managed by healthcare professionals (HCPs) in hemodialysis settings due to the absence of clinical guidance applicable to this population. The purpose of this study was to explore the perceptions of HCPs on the barriers and facilitators to using a clinical decision support tool for osteoarthritis pain management in the hemodialysis setting.

Methods
A qualitative descriptive study was conducted. Purposeful and snowball sampling techniques were used to recruit hemodialysis clinicians from academic and community settings across multiple Canadian provinces. One-to-one interviews were conducted with clinicians using a semi-structured, open ended interview guide informed by the Theoretical Domains Framework, a behavior change framework. A general inductive approach was applied to identify the main themes of barriers and facilitators.

Results
A total of 11 interviews were completed with 3 nephrologists, 2 nurse practitioners and 6 pharmacists. Findings revealed 6 main barriers and facilitators related to the use of the clinical decision support tool. Alignment of the tool with practice roles emerged as a key barrier and facilitator. Other barriers included challenges related to the dialysis environment, varying levels of clinician comfort with pain medications, and limited applicability of the tool due to patient factors. An important facilitator was the intrinsic motivation among clinicians to use the tool.

Conclusions
Most participants across the included hemodialysis settings expressed satisfaction with the clinical decision support tool and acknowledged its overall potential for improving osteoarthritis pain management among patients on hemodialysis. Future implementation of the tool may be limited by existing roles and practices at different institutions. Increased collaboration among hemodialysis and primary care teams may promote uptake of the tool.
The impact of PM2.5 and its constituents on gestational diabetes mellitus: a retrospective cohort study
Authors: Liu Weiqi , Zou Haidong , Liu Weiling , Qin Jiangxia 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Background
There is increasing evidence that exposure to PM2.5 and its constituents is associated with an increased risk of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), but studies on the relationship between exposure to PM2.5 constituents and the risk of GDM are still limited.

Methods
A total of 17,855 pregnant women in Guangzhou were recruited for this retrospective cohort study, and the time-varying average concentration method was used to estimate individual exposure to PM2.5 and its constituents during pregnancy. Logistic regression was used to assess the relationship between exposure to PM2.5 and its constituents and the risk of GDM, and the expected inflection point between exposure to PM2.5 and its constituents and the risk of GDM was estimated using logistic regression combined with restricted cubic spline curves. Stratified analyses and interaction tests were performed.

Results
After adjustment for confounders, exposure to PM2.5 and its constituents (NO3−, NH4+, and OM) was positively associated with the risk of GDM during pregnancy, especially when exposure to NO3− and NH4+ occurred in the first to second trimester, with each interquartile range increase the risk of GDM by 20.2% (95% CI: 1.118–1.293) and 18.2% (95% CI. 1.107–1.263), respectively. The lowest inflection points between PM2.5, SO42−, NO3−, NH4+, OM, and BC concentrations and GDM risk throughout the gestation period were 18.96, 5.80, 3.22, 2.67, 4.77 and 0.97 µg/m3, respectively. In the first trimester, an age interaction effect between exposure to SO42−, OM, and BC and the risk of GDM was observed.

Conclusions
This study demonstrates a positive association between exposure to PM2.5 and its constituents and the risk of GDM. Specifically, exposure to NO3−, NH4+, and OM was particularly associated with an increased risk of GDM. The present study contributes to a better understanding of the effects of exposure to PM2.5 and its constituents on the risk of GDM.
Medical school origins of award-winning anaesthetists; analysis of a complete national dataset
Authors: Steele Sinclair , Shalaby Abdulaziz , Khafaja Mustafa , Andrade Gabriel 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Background
The ultimate aim of medical education is to produce successful practitioners, which is a goal that educators, students and stakeholders support. These groups consider success to comprise optimum patient care with consequently positive career progression. Accordingly, identification of the common educational features of such high-achieving doctors will facilitate the generation of clinical excellence amongst future medical trainees. In our study we source data from British clinical merit award schemes and subsequently identify the medical school origins of anaesthetists who have achieved at least national distinction.

Methods
Britain operates Distinction Award/Clinical Excellence Award schemes which honour National Health Service doctors in Scotland, Wales and England who are identified as high achievers. This quantitative observational study used these awards as an outcome measure in an analysis of the 2019–20 dataset of all 901 national award-winning doctors. Where appropriate, Pearson's Chi-Square test was applied.

Results
The top five medical schools (London university medical schools, Edinburgh, Dundee, Aberdeen and Glasgow) were responsible for 56.4% of the anaesthetist award-winners, despite the dataset representing 85 medical schools. 93.6% of the anaesthetist merit award-winners were from European medical schools. 8.06% of the anaesthetist award-winners were international medical graduates compared with 11.5% non-anaesthetist award-winners being international medical graduates.

Conclusions
The majority of anaesthetists who were national merit award-winners originated from only five, apparently overrepresented, UK university medical schools. In contrast, there was a greater diversity of medical school origins among the lower grade national award-winners; tier 3 award-winners represented 20 different medical schools from three continents. As well as ranking educationally successful university medical schools, this study assists UK and international students, by providing a roadmap for rational decision making when selecting anaesthetist and non-anaesthetist medical education pathways that are more likely to fulfil their career ambitions.