bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Settlement history and material culture in southwest Turkey: report on the 2008–2010 survey at Çaltılar Höyük (northern Lycia)
Authors: Momigliano N. , Greaves A. , Hodos T. , Aksoy B. , Brown A. , Kibaroğlu M. , Carter T. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThis report presents the main results of research activities carried out at Çaltılar Höyük, northern Lycia, southwest Turkey, between 2008 and 2010. During this period, an international team undertook topographic, archaeological and geophysical surveys, together with artefact studies and analyses, aimed at determining the nature and extent of occupation at the site, and offering new data about the settlement history and material culture of this region in pre-Classical times. The results of this work suggest that the site was occupied from at least the fourth millennium (Late Chalcolithic) to the middle of the sixth century BC, a date that coincides with the Persian conquest of Lycia, with only scant evidence of use/occupation after this phase. In addition, the nature of our finds suggests that the site, despite its location in the summer pastures (yayla) and at a considerable altitude (1,250m), was well-connected to other Anatolian and Aegean regions, and probably served as more than just a minor seasonal agro-pastoral settlement, particularly during its Early Bronze Age and Late Iron Age periods of occupation. The evidence relevant to the second millennium BC is too limited at present to allow further interpretation about the nature of occupation at the site, but is significant per se, especially in view of the scanty archaeological remains of this period in the region, and despite the numerous references to the Lukka people and settlements available in documentary sources.
Evaluation of the pooling of swabs for real-time PCR detection of low titre shedding of low pathogenicity avian influenza in turkeys
Authors: ARNOLD M. E. , SLOMKA M. J. , COWARD V. J. , MAHMOOD S. , RALEIGH P. J. , BROWN I. H. 
Published: September 2012

SUMMARYThe purpose of this study was to determine whether pooling avian influenza (AI)-positive swabs with negative swabs has a detrimental effect on the sensitivity of AI real-time reverse transcription–polymerase chain reactions (rRT–PCRs). Cloacal and buccal swabs were sampled daily from 12 turkeys infected with A/goose/England/07(H2N2). For half the turkeys, each swab was mixed with four swabs from known AI-negative turkeys, and for the other half the swabs were tested individually. Bayesian modelling was used to (i) determine whether pooling the positive swabs compromised the cycle threshold (Ct) value obtained from the rRT–PCRs, and (ii) estimate the likelihood of detection of an H2N2 infected turkey flock via rRT–PCR for pooled and individually tested swabs (cloacal and buccal)vs. the number of days post-infection of the flock. Results indicated that there was no significant effect of compromising AI rRT–PCR sensitivity by pooling a weak positive swab with negative swabs on the Ctvalues which were obtained. Pooled sampling was able to widen the detection window compared to individual sampling, for the same number of rRT–PCR tests. This indicates that pooled sampling would be an effective method of reducing the number of tests to be performed to determine flock status during an AI outbreak and for surveillance.
Superconductivity in Bundles of Double-Wall Carbon Nanotubes
Authors: Shi Wu , Wang Zhe , Zhang Qiucen , Zheng Yuan , Ieong Chao , He Mingquan , Lortz Rolf , Cai Yuan , Wang Ning , Zhang Ting , Zhang Haijing , Tang Zikang , Sheng Ping , Muramatsu Hiroyuki , Kim Yoong Ahm , Endo Morinobu , Araujo Paulo T. , Dresselhaus Mildred S. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractWe present electrical and thermal specific heat measurements that show superconductivity in double-wall carbon nanotube (DWCNT) bundles. Clear evidence, comprising a resistance drop as a function of temperature, magnetoresistance and differential resistance signature of the supercurrent, suggest an intrinsic superconducting transition below 6.8 K for one particular sample. Additional electrical data not only confirm the existence of superconductivity, but also indicate the Tc distribution that can arise from the diversity in the diameter and chirality of the DWCNTs. A broad superconducting anomaly is observed in the specific heat of a bulk DWCNT sample, which yields a Tc distribution that correlates well with the range of the distribution obtained from the electrical data. As quasi one dimensionality of the DWCNTs dictates the existence of electronic density of state peaks, confirmation of superconductivity in this material system opens the exciting possibility of tuning the Tc through the application of a gate voltage.
Pathological calcifications and selected examples at the medicine–solid-state physics interface
Authors: Bazin D , Daudon M 
Published: September 2012

AbstractMedical treatments and diagnosis now concern concepts, techniques or nanomaterials previously the domain of solid-state physics. Examples of solid-state physics techniques applied to medicine are magnetism, Auger electron spectroscopy, nanometre-scale metallic clusters and synchrotron radiation. Here, we summarize the research into these phenomena to explain the strong interaction between solid-state physics and medicine, with its current tremendous development.
Aspects of UV-absorption spectroscopy on ozone in effluents of plasma jets operated in air
Authors: Winter J , Dünnbier M , Schmidt-Bleker A , Meshchanov A , Reuter S , Weltmann K-D 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
Cold plasmas operating under atmospheric conditions have been in the focus of scientific attention not only due to their use in plasma medicine. Many of these plasma sources most notably produce ozone. This work presents a detailed ozone analysis on an atmospheric-pressure plasma jet operated in ambient air using ultraviolet (UV) absorption spectroscopy. A special focus is placed on the question whether other species are involved, or is the absorption signal due to ozone. For this, the wavelength dependence of the optical depth was measured and compared with the theoretical optical depth including the cross section of ozone. The results show that in the case of a MHz frequency driven atmospheric-pressure argon plasma jet the absorption signal in the UV range is solely due to ozone. Furthermore, this finding is verified by spectroscopic measurements in the IR spectral range. Additional space-resolved ozone density measurements are performed in the effluent of this jet with small oxygen admixtures by means of UV absorption spectroscopy. A funnel-shaped spatial ozone profile is found for all investigated oxygen admixtures. The highest ozone density develops on the effluent axis and in close vicinity to the jet nozzle. The maximal detected value is 1.5 × 1016 cm−3 for an oxygen admixture of 1%. In order to compare the results with non-space-resolved ozone detection methods the ozone net production rate is calculated.
Evaluation of EHD films by electrical capacitance
Authors: Jablonka Karolina , Glovnea Romeo , Bongaerts Jeroen 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
The elastohydrodynamic (EHD) lubrication regime occurs in many machine elements where a combination of hydrodynamic effect, elastic deformation of the loaded surfaces and increase in the viscosity of the lubricant with pressure ensures the formation of a very thin, but continuous film of lubricant separating the contacting surfaces. Electrical methods to determine this film's thickness have preceded optical methods, which are widely used today. Although they generally give more qualitative thickness information, electrical methods have the main advantage that they can be applied to metallic contacts in machines, which makes them useful tools in the study of elastohydrodynamically lubricated contacts. This paper is part of a larger study on the application of electrical capacitance for the evaluation of film formation in EHD contacts. The main focus is on the quantitative measurements of film thickness using electrical capacitance. A new approach allowing the lubricant film thickness to be extracted from the measured capacitance is developed using a chromium-coated glass disc and subsequently applied to a steel-on-steel contact. The results show good agreement with optical measurements and theoretical models over a range of film thickness.
Synthesis and terahertz transmission properties of nano-porous vanadium dioxide films
Authors: Shi Q W , Huang W X , Xu Y J , Zhang Y X , Yue F , Qiao S , Zheng S P , Yan J Z 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
Vanadium dioxide (VO2) films were prepared by the sol–gel method on high-purity silicon substrates, in which cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) was used as a functional additive to form nano-porous structure in the VO2 films. The morphology, crystalline structure and stoichiometry of the films were investigated by field emission scanning electron microscopy, x-ray diffraction and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Furthermore, the effects of nano-scaled grain size and pores on the THz transmission properties across the phase transition in the VO2 films were studied. The results indicated that the film modified with CTAB can form a nano-porous VO2 structure with a uniform grain size of about 30 nm. The nano-porous VO2 film exhibited significantly broader hysteresis loops and a slight decrease in THz transmission reduction across the phase transition, compared with the common film without a nano-porous structure. A tentative interpretation is given for these phenomena.
Significantly reduced fluorination time needed for suppression of space charge in polyethylene by increasing the fluorination temperature
Authors: An Zhenlian , Chen Xuan , Liu Chenxia , Zheng Feihu , Zhang Yewen 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
Polyethylene samples were surface fluorinated using a F2/N2 mixture under 0.1 MPa at 35, 70 or 95 °C for different times. Space charge accumulation was found to show four basic types for each fluorination temperature with increasing fluorination time. But the fluorination times needed for the formation of the same type of charge accumulation are significantly different between the different temperature treatments. For example, the 60 min fluorination at 95 °C is sufficient to form the fourth type of charge accumulation (almost no space charge in the bulk), while this is not achieved even for the 360 min fluorination at 35 °C. Infrared analyses and scanning electron microscopy cross-section images of the fluorinated samples indicate the increases in the degree of fluorination and thickness of the fluorinated layer with fluorination time. These different types of charge accumulation arise from different blocking abilities between the fluorinated layers to both charge injection and extraction. The fluorinated layers formed at different temperatures with good blocking ability have almost the same high degree of fluorination and large thickness of about 0.70 µm. This indicates that the increase in fluorination temperature has no negative influence on the electrical properties of the formed surface layer.
Growth of atomically thin hexagonal boron nitride films by diffusion through a metal film and precipitation
Authors: Suzuki Satoru , Pallares Roger Molto , Hibino Hiroki 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
Atomically thin hexagonal boron nitride films were grown on both the top and bottom surfaces of a polycrystalline Co or Ni film by annealing a Co (Ni)/amorphous boron nitride/SiO2 structure in vacuum. This method of growing hexagonal boron nitride is much simpler than other methods, such as thermal chemical vapour deposition. B and N atoms diffuse through the metal film, although N is almost completely insoluble in both Co and Ni, and precipitation occurs at the topmost surface. The mass transport is considered to be caused by grain boundary diffusion.
Mode locking phenomena observed near the stability boundary of the ideal interchange mode of LHD
Authors: Takemura Y. , Sakakibara S. , Narushima Y. , Okamoto M. , Watanabe K.Y. , Suzuki Y. , Ohdachi S. , Ida K. , Yoshinuma M. , Tanaka K. , Tokuzawa T. , Narihara K. , Yamada I. , Yamada H. 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
This paper describes the first observation of mode locking phenomena in the Large Helical Device. In the experiments, a rotation of the m/n = 1/1 mode slowed down and stopped when the plasma approached the stability boundary of the ideal interchange mode. The minor collapse was caused by the growth of the mode just after mode locking. The mode before the locking has a radial structure with no inversion around the resonance, which implies that the mode has an interchange-type structure at least before the rotation stops. The location of the mode after the locking depends on that of the error or residual field in reduced error field operations.
Study of chirping toroidicity-induced Alfvén eigenmodes in the National Spherical Torus Experiment
Authors: Podestà M. , Bell R.E. , Bortolon A. , Crocker N.A. , Darrow D.S. , Diallo A. , Fredrickson E.D. , Fu G.-Y. , Gorelenkov N.N. , Heidbrink W.W. , Kramer G.J. , Kubota S. , LeBlanc B.P. , Medley S.S. , Yuh H. 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
Chirping toroidicity-induced Alfvén eigenmodes (TAEs) are destabilized during neutral beam injection on the National Spherical Torus Experiment (NSTX (Ono M. et al 2000 Nucl. Fusion
40 557)) by super-Alfvénic ions with velocities up to five times larger than the Alfvén velocity. TAEs exhibit repeated bursts in amplitude and down-chirps in frequency. Larger bursts, so-called TAE avalanches, are eventually observed and correlate with a loss of fast ions up to 30% over ∼1 ms. Frequency, amplitude and radial structure of TAEs are characterized via magnetic pickup coils and a multi-channel reflectometer system. The modes have a broad radial structure, which appears to be unaffected by the large frequency and amplitude variations. However, the large mode amplitude does impact the modes' dynamics by favouring the coupling among different modes. In addition, the coupling involves kink-like modes and can therefore degrade the thermal plasma confinement. In spite of the non-linear regime characterizing the TAE dynamics, the measured properties are found to be in reasonable agreement with solutions from the ideal MHD code NOVA.
Convective transport of fast particles in dissipative plasmas near an instability threshold
Authors: Lilley M.K. , Breizman B.N. 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
We demonstrate that a marginally unstable energetic particle population in a dissipative plasma can change globally due to the act of a single wave–particle resonance. The resonance serves as a seed for the continuous production of nonlinear holes and clumps, whose convective motion in phase-space results in substantial flattening of the fast particle distribution function. The holes and clumps can emerge recurrently without any particle source or collisional relaxation process that would restore the particle distribution function at the resonance. A bump-on-tail instability is considered as an example in a single-mode limit as well as in the quasilinear regime. The convective hole-clump transport tends to be more significant near the instability threshold than quasilinear diffusion.
Simulation and theory of spontaneous TAE frequency sweeping
Authors: Wang Ge , Berk H.L. 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
A simulation model, based on the linear tip model of Rosenbluth, Berk and Van Dam (RBV), is developed to study frequency sweeping of toroidal Alfvén eigenmodes (TAEs). The time response of the background wave in the RBV model is given by a Volterra integral equation. This model captures the properties of TAE waves both in the gap and in the continuum. The simulation shows that phase space structures form spontaneously at frequencies close to the linearly predicted frequency, due to resonant particle–wave interactions and background dissipation. The frequency sweeping signals are found to chirp towards the upper and lower continua. However, the chirping signals penetrate only the lower continuum, whereupon the frequency chirps and mode amplitude increases in synchronism to produce an explosive solution. An adiabatic theory describing the evolution of a chirping signal is developed which replicates the chirping dynamics of the simulation in the lower continuum. This theory predicts that a decaying chirping signal will terminate at the upper continuum though in the numerical simulation the hole disintegrates before the upper continuum is reached.
Nonlinear categorization of the energetic-beam-driven instability with drag and diffusion
Authors: Lesur M. , Idomura Y. 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
The Berk–Breizman (BB) extension of the bump-on-tail instability includes a finite, fixed wave damping (γ
d), and a collision operator with drag (ν
f) and diffusion (ν
d). The BB model is applied to a one-dimensional plasma, to investigate the kinetic nonlinearities, which arise from the resonance of a single electrostatic wave with an energetic-particle beam. For a fixed value of the linear drive normalized to the linear frequency, γ
L0/ω
0 = 0.1, the long-time nonlinear evolution is systematically categorized as damped, steady-state, periodic, chaotic and chirping. The chirping regime is sub-categorized as periodic, chaotic, bursty and intermittent. Up–down asymmetry and hooked chirping branches are also categorized. For large drag, holes with quasi-constant velocity are observed, in which case the solution is categorized into steady, wavering and oscillating holes. Two complementary parameter spaces are considered: (1) the (γ
d, ν
d) space for fixed ν
d/ν
f ratios; (2) the (ν
f, ν
d) space for fixed γ
d/γ
L0 ratios, close to and far from marginal stability. The presence of drag and diffusion (instead of a Krook model) qualitatively modifies the nonlinear bifurcations. The bifurcations between steady-state, periodic and steady-hole solutions agree with analytic theory. Moreover, the boundary between steady and periodic solutions agrees with analytic theory. Nonlinear instabilities are found in both subcritical and barely unstable regimes. Quasi-periodic chirping is shown to be a special case of bursty chirping, limited to a region relatively far from marginal stability.
Initial measurements of the DIII-D off-axis neutral beams
Authors: Heidbrink W.W. , Zeeland M.A. Van , Grierson B.A. , Muscatello C.M. , Park J.M. , Petty C.C. , Prater R. , Zhu Y.B. 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
Two of the eight neutral-beam sources on the DIII-D tokamak were modified to allow injection below the midplane. To validate off-axis beam performance, the various beams are injected sequentially into low-power plasmas that are optimized for accurate neutron, neutral–particle, fast-ion D-alpha and fast-ion pressure measurements. As expected, the fast-ion profile is broader with off-axis injection than with on-axis injection. The driven toroidal rotation also broadens with off-axis injection and the central fast-ion density is several times smaller. The number of trapped ions in the core depends sensitively on the pitch of the magnetic field lines. Comparisons with classical predictions agree with the measurements for some diagnostics but are discrepant for others.
Plasma isotopic effect on the damping rate of toroidal Alfvén eigenmodes with intermediate toroidal mode numbers*
Authors: Testa D. , Panis T. , Blanchard P. , Fasoli A. 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
This paper reports on the results of recent experiments performed on the JET tokamak on toroidal Alfvén eigenmodes (TAEs) with toroidal mode number (n) in the range up to |n| = 7. The stability properties of these medium-n TAEs are investigated experimentally using a set of compact in-vessel antennas, providing a direct and real-time measurement of the frequency, damping rate and amplitude for each individual toroidal mode number. The measurements, reported here, of the damping rate (γ/ω) for these medium-n modes were obtained during a deuterium to helium to hydrogen changeover experimental campaign, and are used to infer the effect of the plasma effective isotopic composition (A
EFF) on the stability properties of these medium-n TAEs. We find that the damping rate of n = 1 TAEs decreases approximately as γ/ω ∼ 1/A
EFF as reported previously, but only for modes whose frequency is close to the centre of the n = 1 toroidal gap and for density and current profiles giving an open gap structure. Conversely, for n ⩾ 3 TAEs we find that their damping rate approximately increases as γ/ω ∼ A
EFF.
Effects of rippled fields due to ferritic inserts and ELM mitigation coils on energetic ion losses in a 15 MA inductive scenario in ITER
Authors: Shinohara K. , Tani K. , Oikawa T. , Putvinski S. , Schaffer M. , Loarte A. 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
The energetic ion loss has been assessed using the F3D-OFMC code for a 15 MA inductive scenario with Q = 10 and the latest information on the first wall geometry, the implementation of ferritic inserts (FI) and the ELM mitigation/control coils. Alpha particles and NB ions generated by the neutral beam injectors with the injection energy of 1 MeV are well confined and the heat load on the first wall is negligibly small and allowable for the magnetic background by the toroidal field coils and FI. However, an increase in the loss of these energetic ions is observed when the magnetic field by the ELM coils is applied. The increase in the loss fraction is larger for NB ions than for alpha particles under the ELM coil field. The origin of the expelled NB ions is dominantly trapped ions generated in the peripheral region due to a high-density plasma of the 15 MA scenario.
Electron fishbones in FTU and Tore Supra tokamaks
Authors: Guimarães-Filho Z.O. , Benkadda S. , Elbeze D. , Botrugno A. , Buratti P. , Calabrò G. , Decker J. , Dubuit N. , Garbet X. , Maget P. , Merle A. , Pucella G. , Sabot R. , Tuccillo A.A. , Zonca F. 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
This work presents a comparative study of the experimental observation of MHD instabilities identified as electron fishbone-like modes that appear in plasmas with lower hybrid current drive in FTU and Tore Supra tokamaks. Initially, the mode-induced electronic temperature oscillations measured by electron cyclotron emission were used to study the evolutions of the frequency and position of these modes. In FTU, where fishbones with and without bursting behaviour are observed, it was found that the evolutions of the mode position and frequency follow opposite trend in the two regimes. In Tore Supra, where abrupt changes between modes with different mode structures are often observed, it was found that the mode position evolves continuously and the wavenumbers follow an inverse cascade starting from an m/n = 4/4 mode and finishing in an 1/1 mode. In a second step, the energy of resonant electrons was estimated from the resonant condition of the precession drift frequency. It was found that in Tore Supra the resonant condition does not change during the frequency jumps. The relevance of the correction due to the pitch angle of the resonant electrons and the possible role of the energetic passing particles in the drive of these modes are discussed from the results obtained in both machines.
Orbit-following fusion alpha wall load simulation for ITER scenario 4 including full orbit effects
Authors: Snicker A. , Sipilä S. , Kurki-Suonio T. 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
A large population of fusion-born alphas present in ITER scenario 4 is a potential risk to the first wall elements. In this study, the ITER scenario 4 alpha wall loads are estimated using the Monte Carlo orbit-following code ASCOT. To ensure realistic wall load profiles, we have adopted three different methods to record the wall collision points: (i) pure guiding centre tracking, (ii) guiding centre tracking away from the wall and gyro-orbit following close to it and (iii) pure gyro-orbit following. It is found that pure gyro-orbit simulation produces an averaged wall load roughly three times as large as the pure guiding centre wall load while the peak power loads differ roughly by a factor of five.