bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of Locally Applied Subatmospheric Pressure on Subcutaneous Blood Flow during the Course of Acute Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Skagen K. 
Published: August 2015

1. The effect of locally applied subatmospheric pressure on subcutaneous blood flow was studied in six patients with acute myocardial infarction.
2. Blood flow was measured by the local 133Xe washout technique.
3. Application of subatmospheric pressures of −80 and −150 mmHg to the labelled area induced no vasoconstriction on day 1. On day 7 pressures of −40, −80 and −150 mmHg induced a decrease in blood flow of about 40–50%.
4. The absence of a vasoconstrictor response to locally applied subatmospheric pressure on day 1 could not be due to decreased venous distensibility. The underlying mechanism may be neuronal inhibition, probably antidromic, in sympathetic fibres.
Bone Mineral Content of the Lumbar Spine in Normal and Osteoporotic Women: Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Studies
Authors: Krølner B. , Nielsen S. Pors 
Published: August 2015

1. Bone mineral content of the second, third and fourth lumbar vertebrae was determined in normal women and women with clinical osteoporosis by using dual-photon (153Gd) absorptiometry.
2. A cross-sectional study of 70 normal women (aged 19–88 years) showed a bone loss of 44% from the age of around 34 years throughout life.
3. Longitudinal data from 59 normal women confirmed that the vertebral bone loss started before the menopause. An accelerated bone loss amounting to nearly 6% per year was seen immediately after the menopause. The bone loss of older women was slower.
4. Mean lumbar bone mineral content of 36 women (aged 48–93 years) with recent fractures of their femoral neck after minor trauma equalled that of age-matched normal women. Lumbar bone mineral content of the women with intratrochanteric femoral neck fractures was lower than that of the women with medial femoral neck fractures.
5. Mean lumbar bone mineral content of 72 women (aged 58–89 years) with primary osteoporosis was 41% lower than that of normal premenopausal women and 18% lower than that of age-matched controls. A weak inverse relationship between lumbar bone mineral content and the number of compression fractures was found. A weak inverse relationship between lumbar bone mineral content and the number of compression fractures was found.
6. Women with lumbar bone mineral content values below the 95% confidence limits for normal premenopausal women are at risk of future vertebral compression fractures, the fracture risk being inversely related to lumbar bone mineral content.
Circadian Variation in Adrenergic Responses in Asthmatic Subjects
Authors: Barnes P. J. , Fitzgerald G. A. , Dollery C. T. 
Published: August 2015

1. To determine whether circadian variations in adrenergic responsiveness might underlie nocturnal wheezing in asthma, we measured cardiovascular, airway and plasma adenosine 3′:5′-cyclic monophosphate (cyclic AMP) responses to stepwise infusions of l-adrenaline (0.01, 0.03 and 0.075 μg min−1 kg−1) at 4 h intervals over 24 h in five extrinsic asthmatic men.
2. Peak expiratory flow, blood pressure, heart rate and plasma cyclic AMP showed a significant circadian variation with peak values at 16.00 hours and trough values at 04.00 hours.
3. The β2-adrenoceptor-mediated increases in peak flow and cyclic AMP were similar at all times, but adrenergic responsiveness (measured by response/log dose of infused adrenaline) was greater at 04.00 hours than at 16.00 hours because of the lower baseline values at night.
4. Blood pressure and heart rate responses to adrenaline infusions did not significantly differ over 24 h.
5. Airway responses to inhaled adrenaline were studied on the second day; the mean peak flow after adrenaline was similar at 16.00 hours to that at 04.00 hours and since the pretreatment values were lower at 04.00 hours, the magnitude of response to inhaled adrenaline was greater at night.
6. We conclude that there is no significant circadian change in adrenergic responses in asthma and that adrenoreceptor dysfunction is not important in the pathogenesis of nocturnal asthma.
Increase of Whole-Body Calcium and Skeletal Mass in Normal and Osteoporotic Adult Rats Treated with Parathyroid Hormone
Authors: Hefti E. , Trechsel U. , Bonjour J.-P. , Fleisch H. , Schenk R. 
Published: August 2015

1. The effect of long-term administration of parathyroid hormone (PTH) on whole-body calcium and ash weight of individual bones has been studied in normal and osteoporotic adult female rats in order to examine whether such a treatment could induce a positive calcium balance.
2. Osteoporosis was induced by calcium restriction during pregnancy and lactation. Sequential measurements of whole-body calcium were made by neutron activation.
3. In non-osteoporotic intact and thyroparathyroidectomized rats a daily dose of 75 units of human PTH 1–34 given subcutaneously for 3 weeks increased whole-body calcium.
4. In osteoporotic animals 25–50 units of either bovine PTH 1–84 or human PTH 1–34 given subcutaneously twice daily for 6 weeks increased both whole-body calcium and ash weight of individual bones. Microradiographic examination of the tibiae indicates, however, that PTH administration does not result in the restoration of individual trabeculae lost during the development of osteoporosis.
5. The results show that PTH can enhance skeletal mass in both normal and osteoporotic rats. In osteoporotic animals the restoration of whole-body calcium and ash weight of individual bones is not accompanied by a return of the morphological structure of the tibia to normal.
The Effect of Renal Function on Changes in Circulating Concentrations of 1,25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol after An Oral Dose
Authors: Papapoulos S. E. , Clemens T. L. , Sandler L. M. , Fraher L. J. , Winer J. , O'riordan J. L. H. 
Published: August 2015

1. 1,25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol [1,25-(OH)2-D3] was administered orally to four normal subjects and six patients with chronic renal failure not on dialysis. The serum concentration of 1,25-(OH)2D3 was measured by radioimmunoassay in both groups from samples taken before, and at regular intervals up to 48 h after, the oral dose.
2. The plasma half-time for the disappearance of the administered 1,25-(OH)2D3 was estimated by determining the time for a 50% reduction from the peak increment of the sterol. In normal subjects the calculated value ranged from 5 to 8 h compared with 18 to 44 h in uraemic patients.
3. It appears from our studies that in uraemic subjects there is impaired ability to metabolize or excrete 1,25-(OH)2D3.
The Effect of Intrarenal Infusion of Bile on Kidney Function in the Dog
Authors: Alon U. , Berant M. , Mordechovitz D. , Better O. S. 
Published: August 2015

1. Obstructive jaundice sensitizes the kidney to anoxic damage. To clarify further this phenomenon the effect of unilateral infusion of bile on kidney function was studied. The contralateral intact kidney served as control.
2. Intrarenal infusion of diluted bile (1:10) resulted in an ipsilateral fourfold increase in mean rate of urinary flow (P &lt; 0.01), threefold increase in mean fractional excretion of sodium (P &lt; 0.05) and more than 50% increase in mean rates of potassium excretion (P &lt; 0.05). Urinary flow rate and electrolyte excretion returned to baseline upon cessation of bile infusion. The mean clearances of inulin and p-aminohippurate were unchanged during intrarenal bile infusion.
3. Intrarenal infusion of isotonic taurocholate solution (20 mmol/l) mimicked the diuretic, natriuretic and kaliuretic effects of diluted bile, whereas intrarenal infusion of bilirubin did not cause any change in the excretion of electrolytes.
4. It is concluded that increase in circulating bile acids rather than hyperbilirubinaemia may alter kidney function during obstructive jaundice. Acute cholaemia may cause volume depletion by increasing urinary salt loss. This in turn may aggravate the direct nephrotoxicity of circulating bile compounds.
Effect of Atropine on Alveolar Gas Mixing in Man
Authors: Kox W. , Langley F. , Horsfield K. , Cumming G. 
Published: August 2015

1. Atropine is known to diminish broncho-motor tone. In order to investigate the acute effect of atropine on respiration and alveolar gas mixing, a dose of 2.4 mg was given intravenously.
2. Ten normal male volunteers were each studied three times with a nitrogen washout method, once before administration of atropine and then 20 min and 60 min thereafter.
3. After the administration of atropine there was a reduction in tidal volume, a slight increase in frequency of respiration and an increase in series dead space. The tidal mixing volume showed a fall of 25%. In spite of the reduced alveolar dead space the effective mixing volume fell by 29%. Multi-breath alveolar mixing efficiency fell by 3.5%.
4. Multi-breath alveolar mixing efficiency was found to be less with smaller tidal mixing volumes, a fall of 518 ml in the latter causing a reduction of 17.2% in mixing efficiency.
5. A reduction of 100 ml in tidal volume in normal subjects was associated with a decrease of 6.9% in alveolar mixing efficiency. In the subjects receiving atropine tidal volume reduced by 96 ml, but the observed fall in alveolar mixing efficiency was only 3.5%, This suggests an improvement in alveolar mixing of 3.4% due to the administration of atropine. Despite this small improvement, the mixing efficiency is still only 66%. The residual inefficiency of 34% cannot therefore be explained on the basis of broncho-motor tone.
Non-Pancreatic Hydrolysis of N-Benzoyl-l-Tyrosyl-p-Aminobenzoic Acid (PABA-peptide) in the Human Small Intestine
Authors: Sterchi E. E. , Green J. R. , Lentze M. J. 
Published: August 2015

1. Hydrolysis of N-benzoyl-l-tyrosyl-p-aminobenzoic acid (PABA-peptide) has been measured in soluble and particulate fractions of human small intestinal mucosa.
2. Both soluble and particulate fractions contained enzymic activity capable of splitting the PABA-peptide. In the paniculate fractions this activity increased threefold towards the distal small intestine.
3. Neither soluble nor paniculate activity was inhibited by the chymotrypsin inhibitor 1-chloro-4-phenyl-3-l-toluene-p-sulphonamidobutan-2-one (TPCK).
4. Column chromatography on Sephacryl S-300 resolved a peak of PABA-peptide hydrolase activity that was clearly distinct from other known brush-border peptide hydrolases and from added chymotrypsin standard.
5. This PABA-peptide hydrolase thus represents a distinct intestinal enzyme, possibly bound to the brush-border membrane, which could account for the residual urinary PABA recovery observed in patients and animal models with exocrine pancreatic insufficiency.
Abnormalities of Bile Acids in Serum and Bile from Patients with Myotonic Muscular Dystrophy
Authors: Tanaka Kaoru , Takeshita Kenzo , Takita Minoru 
Published: August 2015

1. Serum bile acids in seven patients with adult type myotonic dystrophy and 22 normal persons were quantitatively analysed by gas—liquid chromatography and gas chromatography—mass spectrometry for cholesterol, γ-glutamyltransferase and bilirubin. There was no bile obstruction in any patient.
2. Deoxycholic acid values in all mothers of patients with congenital type myotonic dystrophy were three times (2.1 μmol/l) that of the control (0.7 μmol/l).
3. Uncommon bile acids were detected in the patients' sera. One of them appeared to be dihydroxymono-oxocholanic acid, having a longer side chain. Another one appeared to be dihydroxycholanic acid, with a steroid-nucleus structure similar to chenodeoxycholic acid and with a longer side chain.
4. Biliary bile acids from three patients and one normal person were also analysed, and this revealed a remarkable decrease in ursodeoxycholic acid in the patients.
5. The presence of bile acid abnormality in patients with myotonic muscular dystrophy is proposed.
Myofibrillar Protein Catabolic Rates in Cirrhotic Patients with and without Muscle Wasting
Authors: Zoli M. , Marchesini G. , Dondi Cristina , Bianchi G. P. , Pisi E. 
Published: August 2015

1. The urinary excretion of 3-methylhistidine and creatinine was measured in 15 controls and in two groups of 15 patients with liver cirrhosis, with and without severe muscle wasting. All subjects were on a meat-free diet. The values obtained were used to calculate the fractional catabolic rate of myofibrillar protein.
2. In patients without muscle wasting 3-methylhistidine excretion was high in the presence of normal urinary creatinine. The fractional breakdown rate was significantly increased as compared with that of controls.
3. In patients with severe muscle wasting 3-methylhistidine excretion was normal and urinary creatinine was remarkably reduced. The myofibrillar catabolic rate was further increased compared with that of controls and of the other group of patients.
4. 3-Methylhistidine and creatinine excretion allow a complete evaluation of myofibrillar protein degradation, which appears to be remarkably increased in cirrhotic patients. The relevance of increased myofibrillar protein turnover in muscle wasting of subjects with advanced cirrhosis remains to be determined.
Detection Latency of Added Loads to Breathing
Authors: Burdon J. G. W. , Killian K. J. , Campbell E. J. M. 
Published: August 2015

1. Detection latency of a range of added elastic (0·95–4·50 kPa/l) and resistive (0·73–3·29 kPa l−1 s) loads to breathing were measured in five normal subjects. Detection latency was defined as the time from the onset of the breath to detection of the load.
2. Detection latency followed a curvilinear relationship when plotted as a function of the magnitude of the added loads. A similar relationship was found with both elastic and resistive loads although detection latencies to added elastances were longer than for added resistances.
3. When the added load was expressed in terms of comparable magnitude (peak inspiratory pressure) detection latencies for added elastances were found to be consistently longer than for added resistive loads.
4. These studies show that the detection latency to added inspiratory loads follows a reciprocal relationship, that detection latencies for elastic and resistive loads are clearly different and suggest that these loads are detected during the respiratory cycle at a time when the mechanical information regarding muscular pressure is greatest.
Renal Clearance of [14C]oxalate: Comparison of Constant-Infusion with Single-Injection Techniques
Authors: Prenen J. A. C. , Boer P. , Mees E. J. Dorhout , Endeman H. J. , Spoor S. M. , Oei H. Y. 
Published: August 2015

1. The renal clearance of [14C]oxalate was assessed by the constant-infusion technique and single-injection technique (plasma sampling only: one-compartment and two-compartment model; plasma and urine sampling). Healthy volunteers and patients with renal stones were studied.
2. Results with the constant-infusion techniques (with and without urine sampling) were not significantly different from each other.
3. The renal clearance of [14C]oxalate measured with the single-injection technique as compared with the constant-infusion technique was overestimated in the single-injection one-compartment model (52%) as well as in the two-compartment model (30%).
4. The calculated level of plasma oxalate in the healthy volunteers ranged from 1·04 to 1·78 μmol/l (mean 1·39).
5. The biological half-life of [14C]oxalate, estimated by the cumulative excretion of 14C in urine after equilibrium had been established, was 128 min (range: 113–142).
6. The oxalate/creatinine clearance ratio in the healthy volunteers ranged from 1·73 to 2·22 (mean 2·01).
Effect of Isolated Cholaemia on Systemic Haemodynamics and Kidney Function in Conscious Dogs
Authors: Alon U. , Berant M. , Mordechovitz D. , Hashmonai M. , Better O. S. 
Published: August 2015

1. Systemic haemodynamics and kidney function were studied in the same dogs before and 14 days after choledochocaval anastomosis.
2. All dogs became deeply jaundiced whereas parenchymal liver function remained unchanged as assessed biochemically.
3. After choledochocaval anastomosis there was a decrease in mean arterial pressure (118 ± 18 to 98 ± 13 mmHg, P &lt; 0·005), and total peripheral resistance (4073·8 ± 620·0 to 3327·6 ± 244·9 kPa l−1 s kg, P &lt; 0·01), whereas mean cardiac index and plasma volume corrected for body weight did not change.
4. Despite their disturbed systemic haemodynamics the cholaemic dogs had normal mean glomerular filtration rate and renal plasma flow. Maximal ability to concentrate and dilute the urine was, however, impaired during cholaemia.
5. It is concluded that cholaemia per se cuases peripheral vasodilatation, hypotension and renal tubular dysfunction. Similar phenomena in jaundiced patients may contribute to their susceptibility to postoperative shock and acute renal failure.
Blood Viscosity, Glycaemic Control and Retinopathy in Insulin-Dependent Diabetes
Authors: Poon P. Y. W. , Dornan T. L. , Orde-Peckar C. , Mullins R. , Bron A. J. , Turner R. C. 
Published: August 2015

1. In a cross-sectional study, 32 insulin-treated diabetic patients had elevated low shear (27·1 vs 22·1 mPa s, P &lt; 0·05) and high shear blood viscosity (5·4 vs 5·0 mPa s, P &lt; 0·05) when compared with 10 non-diabetic controls. After correction to 45% packed cell volume, the abnormality had a tendency to be greater in patients with proliferative (mean low shear viscosity, 30·8 mPa s) than background (29·2 mPa s) or nil/minimal retinopathy (27·6 mPa s, 0·05 &lt; P &lt; 0·07, permutational trend test).
2. The fibrinogen levels were higher in the diabetic group (P &lt; 0·05) and correlated with the low shear blood viscosity (rs = 0·38, P &lt; 0·05).
3. In a prospective study, 74 insulin-treated diabetic patients with background retinopathy were randomized into two groups. Thirty-six patients were on attempted improved therapy (A group); in these the mean glycosylated haemoglobin (Hb A1c) fell within 1 year (11·6 to 10·1%, P &lt; 0·001). Both the corrected low shear blood and plasma viscosity fell similarly (P &lt; 0·001). The fall was greater than in those patients who were kept on usual therapy (U group) and whose glycosylated haemoglobin did not change significantly (11·7 to 11·4%) over the year.
4. The effect of diabetes on blood viscosity may not be a direct pathological factor, as the same increased viscosity would be produced by a mean increase of 1·7% in packed cell volume, compared with a population range of 14% packed cell volume.
The Effect of Propranolol or Metoprolol on Thermoregulation during Insulin-Induced Hypoglycaemia in Man
Authors: Macdonald I. A. , Bennett T. , Gale E. A. M. , Green J. Hilary , Walford S. 
Published: August 2015

1. The effects of metoprolol and propranolol on heat production and body temperature have been studied in six male subjects during insulin-induced hypoglycaemia in a thermoneutral environment. Hypoglycaemia was induced by insulin infusion on three occasions in each subject, accompanied by the infusion of sodium chloride solution (154 mmol/l) (control), metoprolol (β1-selective antagonist) or propranolol (non-selective antagonist).
2. During the period of hypoglycaemia in the control experiments mean heat production (calculated from respiratory gas exchange) increased by 1·07 ± sem 0·13 kJ/min and remained elevated for 30−40 min. This heat production response was reduced by metoprolol and abolished by propranolol. During the recovery period, heat production was significantly reduced in the presence of propranolol.
3. Skin and core temperatures fell during the period of hypoglycaemia in all three experiments. The fall in skin temperature was significantly greater in the presence of propranolol (−2·51 ± 0·47°C). The reductions in core temperature recorded during the three experiments were similar (control −0·73 ± 0·17, metoprolol −0·99 ± 0·21, propranolol −0·88 ± 0·22°C), but core temperature was still falling at the end of the propranolol experiment.
4. The cardiovascular responses to hypoglycaemia were similar in the control and metoprolol experiments but were substantially modified by propranolol. During the period of hypoglycaemia in the control experiments, plasma adrenaline levels rose to 7·78 ± 1·79 nmol/l; significantly higher levels were measured in the metoprolol (10·11 ± 1·64) and propranolol (22·76 ± 7·02) experiments. The very high adrenaline levels may have been responsible for the modified cardiovascular responses to hypoglycaemia observed in the propranolol experiment.
Impaired Pancreatic Polypeptide Release to Insulin Hypoglycaemia in Chronic Autonomic Failure with Postural Hypotension: Evidence for Parasympathetic Dysfunction
Authors: McGrath B. P. , Stern A. I. , Esler M. , Hansky J. 
Published: August 2015

1. Release of pancreatic polypeptide (PP) is largely under vagal control and measurement of change in PP after insulin hypoglycaemia offers a non-invasive method of assessing vagal activity.
2. Changes in blood sugar and PP after intravenous insulin (0·2 unit/kg) were examined in six patients with idiopathic chronic autonomic failure (AF) and 12 control subjects. Six of the controls were studied before and after atropine treatment.
3. The PP levels in controls rose from 32 ± 9 (mean ± sem) to 236 ± 54 pmol/l after 45 min. Patients had similar baseline values (23 ± 5 pmol/l) but a markedly reduced and delayed PP response to hypoglycaemia (49 ± 19 pmol/l at 90 min). This impaired PP response was similar to that seen in controls after atropine.
4. The impaired PP response to insulin hypoglycaemia in patients with AF strongly suggests a dysfunction of vagal activity which is often clinically inapparent.
The Effects of Almitrine on the Ventilatory Response to Hypoxia and Hypercapnia in Normal Subjects
Authors: Stradling J. R. , Barnes P. , Pride N. B. 
Published: August 2015

1. Almitrine at a dose of 0·5 mg h−1 kg−1 given intravenously over 2 h had no effect on resting ventilation in normal males.
2. There was a small, but insignificant, rise in the hypercapnic drive to breathe as compared with placebo.
3. A large rise in the hypoxic drive to breathe was seen in response to almitrine.
4. These findings support the claim that almitrine has its action on ventilation via the peripheral chemoreceptors.
5. No correlation between blood levels of almitrine and the rise in hypoxic response was seen.
Effects of Temperature and Humidity of Inhaled Air on the Concentration of Ethanol in a Man's Exhaled Breath
Authors: Jones A. W. 
Published: August 2015

1. Ten healthy men each drank a moderate dose of ethanol in experiments to test if the temperature and moisture content of inhaled air could alter the concentration of ethanol in exhaled breath.
2. They breathed air at various temperatures and relative humidities (RH) for about 1 min before the concentration of ethanol and the temperature of end-expired breath were determined. Control breaths were analysed after the same men breathed ordinary room air (23°C, 55% RH). All tests were made during the postabsorptive phase of ethanol metabolism and the breath samples were analysed by gas-liquid chromatography.
3. When the men breathed cold dry air (5°C, 0% RH), the expired ethanol concentration decreased by 9·6 ± 0·69% (mean ± se) and breath temperature dropped by 1·40 ± 0·08°C. Cold moist air (5°C, 100% RH) decreased breath ethanol concentration by 6·4 ± 1·02% and breath temperature dropped by 1·1 ± 0·07°C. With hot dry air (80°C, 0% RH) as the breathing medium the concentration of ethanol was lowered by 4·3 ± 1·27% but expired breath temperatures were unchanged from the control tests. On breathing hot moist air (50°C, 100% RH), breath ethanol concentrations decreased by 10·3 ± 0·59%, even though breath temperatures rose by 1·8 ± 0·14°C above that of the controls.
4. Ethanol dissolves in the watery mucous membrane of the upper respiratory tract and can equilibrate with inhaled and exhaled air. It seems likely that during exchanges of heat and water vapour between respired air and the mucus, which largely depends on the temperature and humidity of inhaled air, the equilibrium of ethanol at the breath/mucus interface becomes disrupted. This leads to changes in the concentration of ethanol in expired air.