bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Adversus Iudaeos
Authors: Jacobs Andrew S. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThe body of literature “against the Jews” may refer narrowly to specific treatises so entitled (by their authors or later editors) that responded to real or imagined Jewish accusations against Christ, Christians, and Christianity. Texts entitledAdversus Iudaeoswere written by, or later attributed to, Tertullian, Cyprian of Carthage, Gregory of Nyssa, John Chrysostom, Ambrosiaster, Augustine, and Theodoret of Cyrus. Although varying in format (from sermon to formal treatise to lists oftestimonia, or “proof‐texts,” drawn from the Old Testament), these treatises shared common arguments: Jesus' messiahship according to scripture, God's repudiation of Jews as the chosen people, and the rejection of Jewish Law in light of a new, spiritual revelation.
Ascension of Isaiah
Authors: Nicklas Tobias 
Published: December 2012

Abstract

The
Ascension of Isaiah
is one of the oldest Christian apocalyptic writings. The full text of this apocryphon, which has been considered as deuterocanonical in the Ethiopian church for a long time, has only survived in an Ethiopic translation. Parts of the Greek original are preserved in the fifth‐ or sixth century Papyrus Amherst I. Coptic and (later) Latin and Old Church Slavonic versions of the text are also extant.
Bardesanes
Authors: Marx‐Wolf Heidi 
Published: December 2012

AbstractBardesanes (ca. 155–ca. 222ce), also called Bardaisan, was an early Christian philosopher and theologian who spent most of his life in Edessa, capital of Osroene. He was educated together with Abgar the Great (VIII, d. 212), king of Osroene, at whose court Bardesanes would later become a dignitary (Ramelli 2009: 5–6).
Barnabas, Epistle of
Authors: Rhodes James N. 
Published: December 2012

Abstract

The
Epistle of Barnabas
is a Christian text from the late first or early second century
ce
, one of the earliest and most important examples of Christian Adversus Iudaeos literature. Falsely attributed in Antiquity to Barnabas, the traveling companion of the Apostle Paul, the epistle lingered on the margins of the New Testament canon until the fourth or fifth century.
Celsus, philosopher
Authors: Hauck Robert J. 
Published: December 2012

Abstract

Celsus (ca. 180
ce
) was a second‐century intellectual who provided the earliest articulate criticism of Christianity in the Roman world. His only known work,
The True Doctrine
(
Alethes Logos
), does not survive, but is known through the extensive direct quotations provided by Origen in his
Against Celsus
.
Codex
Authors: Haines‐Eitzen Kim 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThe codex book form and its significance are summarized well in the opening lines of Roberts and Skeat's foundational work on the subject: “the most momentous development in the history of the book until the invention of printing was the replacement of the roll by the codex; this we may define as a collection of sheets of any material, folded double and fastened together at the back or spine, and usually protected by covers” (Roberts and Skeat 1987: 1).
John, Acts of
Authors: Lalleman Pieter J. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractTheActs of Johnis the oldest of the group of second‐century apocryphal Acts of Apostles. TheActs of Johnis a complex, anonymous text of which only two‐thirds of the ancient text has been preserved in total. Written in Greek, parts were incorporated in collections of stories about the apostle John and thus transmitted, to be reconstructed by modern scholarship.
John, Apocryphon of
Authors: Pleše Zlatko 
Published: December 2012

AbstractComposed probably in the mid‐ to late second centuryce, this fully narrated version of the classic gnostic myth contains a secret revelation (Gr.apokruphon) by the resurrected Christ to the apostle John about the supreme God and his spiritual realm; the creation of the physical world by an inferior deity; and the origin, present state, and final destiny of the human race.
Judas Iscariot
Authors: Paffenroth Kim 
Published: December 2012

AbstractIn Gospel traditions Judas is named as one of Jesus' twelve disciples (Matt 10:4; Mk 3:19; Lk 6:16; Jn 6:71) and specified as the one who “betrayed” or “handed” Jesus over to the authorities (Matt 26:14–16; Mk 14:10–11; Lk 22:3–6), leading to Jesus' death.
Tertullian
Authors: Dunn Geoffrey D. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractA Latin‐writing Christian author of the Severan age (late second and early third centuriesCE) from North Africa, Tertullian (Septimius Tertullianus) is an important figure in the history of Christian theology because of his contribution to the development of a Latin theological language, and his rigorous attitudes on wide‐ranging topics give an insight into a style of Christianity whose appeal is still attractive to many.
Ager publicus
Authors: Harvey Paul B. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractAger publicus, “public land,” was territory acquired by the Roman state through conquest or surrender. That land was the property of the Roman people as a whole, to be administered through lease‐hold, by tenant‐farmers, or lease‐contractors (for pasturage), as authorized by Roman magistrates (especially, censors and consuls), and occasionally (as in the Gracchan era) by legislation requested by the plebeian tribunes.Ager publicuscould be ceded by the Roman people, through legal (legislative) action, to individuals on terms of limited possession or as private property enjoying full civil rights.
Agoranomoi
Authors: Boehm Ryan 
Published: December 2012

AbstractAgoranomoiwere officials responsible for overseeing the upkeep and regulation of the Agora in Greek cities. Their duties included maintaining the order and cleanliness of the agora, imposing punishments or fines on those who violated the laws, and, in most cities, verifying weights and measures and seeing to the importation of grain supplies.
Agriculture, Greek
Authors: Jew Daniel 
Published: December 2012

AbstractAgriculture was central to the life of the thousand or so city‐states which made up ancient Greece, and was the base upon which their economies and political cultures depended. Agriculture was affected by climate, land distribution, the socioeconomic status of households, and the issue of slave labor. Hesiod, Theophrastus, and Xenophon provide a good picture of specific crops farmed, the agricultural year, and slave‐management, all from a relatively elite point of view. Scholars however debate the actual cropping strategies which more ordinary households may have adopted.
Improving the Antitumor Activity of Squalenoyl‐Paclitaxel Conjugate Nanoassemblies by Manipulating the Linker between Paclitaxel and Squalene
Authors: Caron Joachim , Maksimenko Andrei , Wack Séverine , Lepeltier Elise , Bourgaux Claudie , Morvan Estelle , Leblanc Karine , Couvreur Patrick , Desmaële Didier 
Published: December 2012

AbstractA series of new lipid prodrugs of paclitaxel, which can be formulated as nanoassemblies, are described. These prodrugs which are designed to overcome the limitations due to the systemic toxicity and low water solubility of paclitaxel consist of a squalene chain bound to the 2′‐OH of paclitaxel through a 1,4‐cis,cis‐dienic linker. This design allows the squalene‐conjugates to self‐assemble as nanoparticular systems while preserving an efficient release of the free drug, thanks to the dienic spacer. The size, steric hindrance, and functional groups of the spacer have been modulated. All these prodrugs self‐assemble into nanosized aggregates in aqueous solution as characterized by dynamic light scattering and transmission electron microscopy and appear stable in water for several days as determined by particle size measurement. In vitro biological assessment shows that these squalenoyl–paclitaxel nanoparticles display notable cytotoxicity on several tumor cell lines including A549 lung cell line, colon cell line HT‐29, or KB 3.1 nasopharyngeal epidermoid cell line. The cis,cis‐squalenyl‐deca‐5,8‐dienoate prodrug show improved activity over simple 2′‐squalenoyl‐paclitaxel prodrug highlighting the favourable effect of the dienic linker. The antitumor efficacy of the nanoassemblies constructed with the more active prodrugs has been investigated on human lung (A549) carcinoma xenograft model in mice. The prodrug bearing the cis,cis‐deca‐5,8‐dienoyl linker shows comparable antitumor efficacy to the parent drug, but reveals a much lower subacute toxicity as seen in body weight loss. Thus, nanoparticles with the incorporated squalenoyl paclitaxel prodrug may prove useful for replacement of the toxic Cremophor EL.
Synthesis and properties of photocross‐linked polymers of epoxidized linseed oil with different reactive diluents
Authors: Remeikyte Ausra , Ostrauskaite Jolita , Grazuleviciene Violeta 
Published: December 2012

AbstractCross‐linked polymers were obtained by photopolymerization of epoxidized linseed oil with different reactive diluents (3,4‐epoxycyclohexylmethyl‐3,4‐epoxycyclohexane carboxylate, 1,4‐cyclohexane dimethanol diglycidyl ether, bisphenol A diglycidyl ether, trimethylolpropane triglycidyl ether, and bis[4‐(glycidyloxy)phenyl]methane) using the mixture of triarylsulfonium hexafluoroantimonates as photoinitiator. The kinetic of photocross‐linking reactions of compositions with different concentrations of reactive diluents was investigated. The 69%–91% conversion of epoxy groups of the compositions containing reactive diluents was reached. The mechanical properties, thermal stability, and swelling in polar and nonpolar solvents of the photocross‐linked polymers were studied. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Energieeffiziente Kühlung und thermischer Raumkomfort: Vergleichende Analyse von acht europäischen Nichtwohngebäuden (Teil 1)
Authors: Kalz Doreen , Pfafferott Jens 
Published: December 2012

AbstractUnter dem europäischen Programm Intelligent Energy for Europe (IEE) fanden sich acht europäische Partner zusammen, um im Rahmen des Projektes ThermCo Lüftungs‐ und Kühlenergiekonzepte für Nichtwohngebäude mit niedrigem Energieeinsatz im Hinblick auf die Energieeffizienz und den thermischen Raumkomfort zu bewerten. Die Analyse erfolgte auf Basis von detaillierten Langzeitmessungen über ein Betriebsjahr in acht Demonstrationsgebäuden in unterschiedlichen klimatischen Zonen Europas und einer standardisierten Datenauswertung. Im Quervergleich aller acht Gebäude werden die Kühlkonzepte gleichermaßen nach dem thermischen Kühlenergiebezug, dem thermischen Raumkomfort und dem Primärenergieeinsatz für die technische Gebäudeausrüstung und die Beleuchtung bewertet. Ein Energiekonzept ist erst dann zufriedenstellend, wenn mit möglichst geringem Energieeinsatz und bei hoher Anlageneffizienz ein guter thermischer Raumkomfort zur Verfügung gestellt werden kann. Mit entsprechenden Gebäudesignaturen werden diese Parameter in einen Zusammenhang gebracht und die Zielstellung überprüft. Detaillierte Komfortuntersuchungen nach der europäischen Komfortnorm DIN EN 15251:2007‐08 geben Hinweise auf die Wirksamkeit der eingesetzten Kühltechnologien in den jeweiligen Klimazonen. Daraus lassen sich Handlungsempfehlungen ableiten.Energy efficient cooling and thermal interior comfort: comparison of eight European non‐residential buildings. Under the framework of the European Program Intelligent Energy for Europe (IEE), the project ThermCo evaluates low‐energy ventilation and cooling concepts for non‐residential buildings all‐over Europe using a standardized method based on existing monitoring data from best practice examples. The proposed approach is applied to eight demonstration projects in different climatic zones of Europe. The analysis is based on long‐term monitoring campaigns in high‐time resolution over one year of operation. In cross‐comparison of all eight buildings, the cooling concepts are evaluated according to the thermal cooling energy consumption, the thermal interior comfort, and the building’s total primary energy use for heating, cooling, ventilation, and lighting.
Schallschutz im Geschosswohnungsbau − mehr Planungssicherheit durch neue Prognoseinstrumente
Authors: Schäfers Martin , Pekrul Olga 
Published: December 2012

AbstractInnerhalb der zukünftigen Schallschutznorm DIN 4109 ist für den Nachweis des Luftschallschutzes die Umstellung auf das europäisch harmonisierte Verfahren nach DIN EN 12354‐1 [1] vorgesehen. Nach einem einleitenden Überblick über den aktuellen Entwicklungsstand der in Deutschland relevanten Regelwerke zum Schallschutz im Wohnungsbau werden die Grundzüge dieses Rechenverfahrens sowie die national im Zuge der Normungsarbeit vorgenommenen Präzisierungen desselben vorgestellt. Anhand von vergleichenden Berechnungen wird aufgezeigt, dass das neue Rechenverfahren gegenüber dem bisherigen Verfahren nach DIN 4109, Beiblatt 1 einen deutlich größeren Anwendungsbereich sowie eine gesteigerte Prognosesicherheit aufweist. Abschließend wird der neue Kalksandstein‐Schallschutzrechner vorgestellt, welcher dem Planer die Möglichkeit gibt die Nachweise nach dem neuen (genaueren) Verfahren bereits jetzt einfach und zielgerichtet zu führen und somit schallschutztechnische Schwachstellen frühzeitig zu identifizieren und zu optimieren.
Analyzing the bio‐energy supply system in the context of the 20‐20‐20 targets and the 2050 decarbonization targets in the EU
Authors: Tasios Nikolaos , Apostolaki Evi , Capros Pantelis , De Vita Alessia 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThis paper presents the methodology and the main energy‐related projections for various scenarios quantified with the PRIMES biomass model. The PRIMES biomass model quantifies scenarios for the biomass supply system based on a given demand for bio‐energy commodities which is exogenous to the model. The scenarios quantified the impacts of different scenario contexts (only climate and energy package targets and long‐term decarbonization targets) and/or of different policies and measures on the biomass supply system. The analysis shows that the demand for bio‐energy commodities in the case of achieving only the climate and energy package targets can be met mostly with currently known technologies; the assessment has also shown that demand projected by the National Renewable Energy Action Plans (NREAPs) could be met for most bio‐energy commodity types with known technologies; however, some issues have been identified regarding the mix of commodities. The 2050 decarbonization objectives are found to be feasible as far as biomass contribution is concerned, but for this, considerable development of advanced technologies will be necessary. However, if sustainability criteria are stricter the achievement of the 2020 targets is found problematic; although in the long‐term toward 2050 the effect is lower, thanks to advanced technology developments. In case demand for biofuels in transportation increases beyond standard projections, due to for example a delay in transport electrification, stronger development of advanced technologies was found necessary. © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Efficacy ofGinkgo bilobaon Vaginal Estrous and Ovarian Histological Alterations for Evaluating Anti‐Implantation and Abortifacient Potentials in Albino Female Mice
Authors: ElMazoudy Reda H. , Attia Azza A. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractGinkgo extract, EGb 761 is known as a vasoregulatory variable for the conventional reproduction therapy. EGb 761 was orally administered in 0 (control), 3.7, 7.4, and 14.8 mg/kg bw/day for 28 days (thereafter mated with normal fertile male), from day 1 to day 7 of pregnancy or from the 10th to 18th day of pregnancy, respectively. Vaginal smears were performed daily. On 20th day of pregnancy, the females were killed by cervical dislocation and their kidneys, liver, brain, placenta, spleen and ovaries were removed and weighed. The ovaries were prepared for histological examinations, and then ovarian follicles were counted. Maternal toxicity, estrous cycle, reproductive hormones, ovarian follicle counts, resorption index, implantation index, fetal viability and fetuses, and placenta mean weights were evaluated. There was a dose‐dependent ovarian toxic effect of EGb 761. Ovarian follicle counts, resorption index, implantation index, fetal viability were significantly reduced in 14.8 mg/kg bw/day dose. Treatment with 14.8 mg/kg bw/day EGb 761 induced disruption of estrous cycle and caused maternal toxicity, in addition to fetal toxicity. Therefore, the data obtained indicate thatGinkgo bilobaextract at 14.8 mg/kg bw/day dose level exhibit toxic effect on reproductive cyclicity and could have anti‐implantation and abotifacient properties in female mice.
Stammzellen I: Basiswissen updated
Authors: Müller Werner A. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractStammzellen wurden erstmals 1883 von A. Weismann als Urkeimzellen, das heißt als Stammzellen der Keimzellen, beschrieben und so benannt. Im gesamten Tierreich sind Stammzellen durch eine Reihe von Transkriptionsfaktoren wie Oct4, c‐MYC und Mitgliedern der Sox‐ und Klf‐Proteinfamilen charakterisiert, welche die Zellen im Zustand der Teilungsfähigkeit und Pluripotenz halten und die in Krebszellen nicht ausreichend stillgelegt sind. Vielfach sichert asymmetrische Teilung eine ausgewogene Balance zwischen Selbsterneuerung der Stammzellen und ihren in Differenzierungswege gelenkten Abkömmlingen. In diesen Artikel werden die Stammzellensysteme vorgestellt, welche das Wachstum des Gehirns, die laufende regenerative Erneuerung der Haut und der Dünndarmzotten ermöglichen (das blutbildende System wird folgen), und es wird auf die Gefahr der Krebsbildung hingewiesen.
Nanopartikel in Konsumgütern
Authors: Donauer Julia , Schimmelpfeng Jutta 
Published: December 2012

AbstractDie Nanotechnologie nutzt die verbesserten Eigenschaften von Teilchen und Strukturen im Milliardstel‐Meterbereich. Dabei werden Nanoteilchen als nützliche Zusatzstoffe in vielen Bereichen eingesetzt – von Kosmetika bis hin zum Imprägnierspray. So kommen sie zum Teil auch in direkten Kontakt mit den Anwendern. Ihre geringe Größe ermöglicht es ihnen theoretisch, in den menschlichen Körper und sogar in die Zellen selbst einzudringen, so dass sie dort möglicherweise unerwünschte Wirkungen hervorrufen könnten. Jedoch spielen in der Praxis noch viele weitere Faktoren eine Rolle. Die Frage, ob Nanoteilchen denn nun gefährlich sind oder nicht, ist ähnlich schwer zu beantworten wie die, ob Chemikalien schädlich sind: es ist ein weitgefasster Begriff, und jede Art von Nanomaterial muss getrennt betrachtet werden. Parallel zur Entwicklung neuer Materialien und Anwendungen müssen auch die möglichen schädlichen Wirkungen von Nanomaterialien untersucht werden.
Kreationismus und Szientismus. Relevanz biologiedidaktischer Forschung, Teil 2
Authors: Asshoff Roman , Konnemann Christiane 
Published: December 2012

AbstractGibt es kreationistisch und szientistisch eingestellte Schülerinnen und Schüler in deutschen Klassenzimmern? Und warum greift die Biologiedidaktik dieses Thema auf? Immer wieder wird argumentiert, dass kreationistische Einstellungen Lernprozesse im Bereich der Evolutionstheorie behindern können. Ebenso wird auch behauptet, dass mangelndes Wissen verhindert, dass sich positive Einstellungen überhaupt erst ausbilden können. Daher stellt sich für Biologiedidaktiker die Frage, welche Ursachen kreationistische und szientistische Einstellungen haben und ob der Biologieunterricht dazu beitragen kann, solchen Einstellungen entgegenzuwirken.
Total lesion glycolysis in positron emission tomography is a better predictor of outcome than the International Prognostic Index for patients with diffuse large B cell lymphoma
Authors: Kim Tae Min , Paeng Jin Chul , Chun In Kook , Keam Bhumsuk , Jeon Yoon Kyung , Lee Se‐Hoon , Kim Dong‐Wan , Lee Dong Soo , Kim Chul Woo , Chung June‐Key , Kim Il Han , Heo Dae Seog 
Published: December 2012

AbstractBACKGROUND:This study was undertaken to evaluate the prognostic value of quantitative metabolic parameters in [18F]2‐fluoro‐2‐deoxyglucose (FDG)‐positron emission tomography (PET) for diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL).METHODS:A total of 140 DLBCL patients underwent FDG‐PET scans before rituximab, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisolone (R‐CHOP) chemotherapy. The maximal standardized uptake value (SUVmax) and total lesion glycolysis (TLG) were calculated, with the margin thresholds as 25%, 50%, and 75% of SUVmaxof all lesions. Treatment outcomes were compared between groups according to metabolic parameters and the International Prognostic Index (IPI).RESULTS:After a median follow‐up of 28.5 months (range, 5‐81 months), the 2‐year progression‐free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were 83% and 87%, respectively. Among metabolic parameters, TLG at the threshold of 50% (TLG50) was significantly associated with treatment outcomes. High TLG50values (>415.5) were associated with reduced survivals compared with low TLG50values (≤415.5) (2‐year PFS of 73% versus 92%,P= .007; and 2‐year OS of 81% versus 93%,P= .031). High IPI score (≥3) significantly reduced OS (2‐year OS of 79% versus 90%,P= .049). Ann Arbor stage III/IV adversely affected PFS (P= .013). However, high IPI score and Ann Arbor stage of III/V did not significantly shorten PFS (P= .200) and OS (P= .921), respectively. High TLG50values independently predicted survivals by multivariate analysis (hazard ratio = 4.4; 95% confidence interval = 1.5‐13.1;P= .008 for PFS and hazard ratio = 3.1; 95% confidence interval = 1.0‐9.6;P= .049 for OS).CONCLUSIONS:Combined assessment of volume and metabolism (ie, TLG) is predictive of survivals in DLBCL patients who are treated with R‐CHOP. Cancer 2013. © 2012 American Cancer Society.
Supramolecular Assemblies with Symmetrical Octahedral Structures – Synthesis, Characterization, and Electrochemical Properties
Authors: Jiang Fei , Wang Jun , Li Jianzhong , Wang Ning , Bao Xichang , Wang Ting , Yang Ying , Lan Zhenggang , Yang Renqiang 
Published: December 2012

AbstractFunctional nanosized cage complexes with an octahedral framework have been synthesized by the facile self‐assembly reactions of six 90° PdII‐containing compounds {[Pd(dppf)(OTf)2] or [Pd(PPh3)(OTf)2], dppf = 1,1′‐bis(diphenylphosphanyl)ferrocene, OTf = trifluoromethylsulfonate} and four 120° functional tritopic ligands [2,4,6‐tri(4‐pyridyl)‐1,3,5‐triazine] in acetone. Diffusion‐ordered NMR spectroscopy (DOSY) and AFM images clarify the formation of 3–4 nm nanoparticles. These highly symmetrical cage complexes are discrete, face‐directed, functional nanoparticles with symmetrical octahedral structures. The self‐assembled functional cage complexes exhibit interesting electrochemical activities, and thus will potentially be useful in the catalysis of redox reactions, the encapsulation of sizeable guest molecules and the control of organic synthetic reactions.