bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of plaintiff and defendant expert witness qualification in malpractice litigation in neurological surgery
Authors: Eloy Jean Anderson , Svider Peter F. , Folbe Adam J. , Couldwell William T. , Liu James K. 
Published: September 2013

Object
Expert witnesses provide a valuable societal service, interpreting complex pieces of evidence that may be misunderstood by nonmedical laypersons. The role of medical expert witness testimony and the potential professional repercussions, however, have been controversial in the medical community. The objective of the present analysis was to characterize the expertise of neurological surgeons testifying as expert witnesses in malpractice litigation.

Methods
Malpractice litigation involving expert testimony from neurological surgeons was obtained using the WestlawNext legal database. Data pertaining to duration of a surgeon's practice, scholarly impact (as measured by the h index), practice setting, and the frequency with which a surgeon testifies were obtained for these expert witnesses from various online resources including the Scopus database, online medical facility and practice sites, and state medical licensing boards.

Results
Neurological surgeons testifying in 326 cases since 2008 averaged over 30 years of experience per person (34.5 years for plaintiff witnesses vs 33.2 for defense witnesses, p = 0.35). Defense witnesses had statistically higher scholarly impact than plaintiff witnesses (h index = 8.76 vs 5.46, p < 0.001). A greater proportion of defense witnesses were involved in academic practice (46.1% vs 24.4%, p < 0.001). Those testifying on behalf of plaintiffs were more likely to testify multiple times than those testifying on behalf of defendants (20.4% vs 12.6%).

Conclusions
Practitioners testifying for either side tend to be very experienced, while those testifying on behalf of defendants have significantly higher scholarly impact and are more likely to practice in an academic setting, potentially indicating a greater level of expertise. Experts for plaintiffs were more likely to testify multiple times. Surgical societies may need to clarify the necessary qualifications and ethical responsibilities of those who choose to testify.
The lost art of localization: Franc Ingraham's legacy in pediatric neurosurgery
Authors: Cohen Alan R. , Vogel Timothy W. , Lidov Hart G. W. 
Published: September 2013

The authors describe an 8-year-old girl who underwent emergency posterior fossa surgery for resection of a large cerebellar astrocytoma in November 1939. The surgery was carried out by Franc D. Ingraham at Boston Children's Hospital a decade after he established the first pediatric neurosurgical service in the world at the same institution. Four years later the tumor recurred and the patient underwent repeat resection followed by external-beam radiation therapy. The pathological diagnosis by Sidney Farber was fibrillary astrocytoma.
The young girl is currently a healthy, functional 82-year-old woman. The authors believe that this 74-year follow-up represents one of the longest in history, if not the longest, of a patient undergoing resection of a brain tumor. A recent MRI study shows postoperative changes with no evidence of residual or recurrent tumor. The original block tissue specimen had been preserved. It was restained and examined, revealing the pathological diagnosis to be juvenile pilocytic astrocytoma.
The case is analyzed in the context of Ingraham's powerful and lasting impact on the field of pediatric neurosurgery.
Comparative study of fibrin and chemical synthetic sealant on dural regeneration and brain damage
Authors: Ito Kiyoshi , Horiuchi Tetsuyoshi , Oyanagi Kiyomitsu , Nomiyama Tetsuo , Hongo Kazuhiro 
Published: September 2013

Object
Several materials, such as polyethylene glycol (PEG) hydrogel and fibrin glue, have been used to seal dural incisions after brain and spinal surgeries. Although the use of PEG sealant is gaining popularity, it can be associated with postoperative cerebrospinal fluid leakage and infection. However, the reasons for this association are currently unknown. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of PEG sealant and fibrin glue on wound healing and brain damage in vivo.

Methods
Oval-shaped bone defects and dural defects were created bilaterally over the parietal lobes of 22 Japanese white rabbits. The dural defects were covered with 0.5 ml of fibrin glue on one side and 0.5 ml of PEG sealant on the other side. Dural regeneration and brain damage were investigated in each harvested brain and dura mater using light microscopy.

Results
Dural regeneration was more effective in the presence of fibrin glue than it was with PEG sealant (p = 0.014). Of the 22 rabbits, 11 showed thick (Grades ++ and +++) dural regeneration by 28 days postsurgery in the hemisphere where fibrin glue was used, whereas Grade +++ dural regeneration was not observed in the PEG hydrogel hemisphere, and only 4 rabbits showed Grade ++ regeneration. Abscess and granulation formation also tended to be more severe when PEG hydrogel sealant was used. No Grade ++ granulation/abscess formation was observed with fibrin glue, and Grade + was only observed in 13 of 22 rabbits. Conversely, with PEG hydrogel sealant, only 2 rabbits did not show granulation/abscess formation, and Grade +, ++, and +++ granulation/abscess formation was observed in 8, 7, and 5 rabbits, respectively. The extent of cortical damage was significantly greater in rabbits with abscesses and granulations, compared with rabbits without these lesions (p = 0.007).

Conclusions
Dural regeneration tended to occur more rapidly with fibrin glue, whereas granulation was more likely with PEG hydrogel sealant, which led to postoperative complications. Histological analysis indicated that PEG hydrogel sealant inhibited the normal tissue healing process and that outcomes were improved by the use of fibrin glue.
Intramuscular pressure of the multifidus muscle and low-back pain after posterior lumbar interbody fusion: comparison of mini-open and conventional approaches
Authors: Mukai Yoshihiro , Takenaka Shota , Hosono Noboru , Miwa Toshitada , Fuji Takeshi 
Published: September 2013

Object
This randomized study was designed to elucidate the time course of the perioperative development of intramuscular multifidus muscle pressure after posterior lumbar interbody fusion (PLIF) and to investigate whether the route of pedicle screw insertion affects this pressure and resultant low-back pain. Although several studies have focused on intramuscular pressure associated with posterior lumbar surgery, those studies examined intramuscular pressure generated by the muscle retractors during surgery. No study has investigated the intramuscular pressure after PLIF.

Methods
Forty patients with L4–5 degenerative spondylolisthesis were randomly assigned to undergo either the mini-open PLIF procedure with pedicle screw insertion between the multifidus and longissimus muscles (n = 20) or the conventional PLIF procedure via a midline approach only (n = 20). Intramuscular pressure was measured 5 times (at 30 minutes and at 6, 12, 24, and 48 hours after surgery) with an intraoperatively installed sensor. Concurrently, the FACES Pain Rating Scale score for low-back pain and the total dose of postoperative analgesics were recorded.

Results
With the patients in the supine position, for both groups the mean pressure values were consistently 40–50 mm Hg, which exceeded the critical capillary pressure of the muscle. With the patients in the lateral decubitus position, the pressure decreased over time (from 14 to 9 mm Hg in the mini-open group and from 20 to 10 mm Hg in the conventional group). Among patients in the mini-open group, the pressure was lower, but the difference was not statistically significant. Postoperative pain and postoperative analgesic dosages were also lower .

Conclusions
To the authors' knowledge, this is the first study to evaluate postoperative intramuscular pressure after PLIF. Although the results did not demonstrate a significant difference in the intramuscular pressure between the 2 types of PLIF, mini-open PLIF was associated with less pain after surgery. Clinical trial registration no.: UMIN000010069 (www.umin.ac.jp/ctr/index.htm).
Les effets de la RTT dans les CAF [Résultats d’une enquête menée auprès de salariés]
Authors: Pépin Michel , Maufroy Myriame 
Published: September 2013

Quel a été l’impact de la réduction du temps de travail (RTT) sur les salariés des caisses d’Allocations familiales (CAF) ? À partir d’une enquête réalisée auprès des employés et des cadres de dix-sept CAF, Michel Pépin et Myriame Maufroy révèlent un haut niveau d’appréciations positives. Toutefois, ils notent un décalage entre un point de vue très favorable sur la vie sociale, familiale et personnelle et un point de vue plus nuancé sur la vie au travail. Reprenant ces éléments, les auteurs étudient comment les contraintes induites dans le travail par la RTT sont contrebalancées par des formes de régulation de l’activité qui préservent les relations de travail. Ils analysent également la nature des apports de cette réduction du temps de travail dans la vie hors travail
– notamment des salariés avec enfants – et montrent, enfin, le rôle joué par les processus de concertation préalables aux accords.
Les pères bénéficiaires de l’APE : révélateurs de nouvelles pratiques paternelles?
Authors: Boyer Danielle 
Published: September 2013

Fathers taking parental leave. Towards new fathering practices ?
Couples in which the father has opted for the parental childcare leave allowance (Allocation Parental d''Education -APE) are « atypical » compared with couples with the same family situation (two children of which the younger is under 3) but where the father has not taken the APE. Nearly half of the fathers receiving the APE live with a partner of a higher socio-occupational category, 60 % of the female partners have higher earnings, and more than six in ten (65%) fathers live with a female partner who has higher educational qualifications. In the couples where the father was in paid employment before taking up the APE, the woman's earned income is on average higher than the man's. The decision of fathers to interrupt their working lives appears less an individual choice than an initiative of the couple that does not damage the professional trajectory of either partner. Moreover, the division of childcare and household tasks attests to practices associated with-but not openly adhered to-an egalitarian model though without forming a challenge to prevailing gender norms.
Évaluation économique de la loi du 31 décembre 1970 réprimant l'usage et le trafic de stupéfiants
Authors: Ben Lakhdar Christian , Tanvé Morgane 
Published: September 2013

La loi du 31 décembre 1970 prohibe l’usage et le trafic de stupéfiants. Une évaluation économique ex post de cette politique publique et de sa mise en œuvre est ici proposée au regard de la substance illicite la plus consommée en France, à savoir le cannabis. Deux indicateurs clés que sont le ratio prix/qualité et les prévalences autorisent une évaluation de l’efficacité de la mise en œuvre de la loi. L’efficience du dispositif est jaugée à l’aune des composants du coût social du cannabis. Il ressort non seulement que la loi et son implémentation n’atteignent pas les objectifs du législateur mais aussi qu’un gaspillage de ressources publiques important est généré du fait même de la politique implémentée. La loi de 1970 apparaît alors comme inefficace et inefficiente. Au regard de l’équité de la mise en œuvre de cette loi, il apparaît également qu’elle est source d’injustice sociale : il existerait une « clientèle policière » plus propice à y être confrontée alors même que la consommation de cannabis est largement répandue dans toutes les strates de la population française. Ces conclusions nous amènent à mettre en lumière les bénéfices potentiels à retirer d’un changement de régime du mode de gestion des drogues et des toxicomanies en France. Principalement, un régime de dépénalisation de l’usage de cannabis présenterait l’avantage d’éviter un gaspillage important de ressources publiques. Néanmoins, trop d’incertitudes existent encore, notamment concernant la sensibilité au prix de la demande de cannabis, pour évaluer ex ante le devenir d’un régime de légalisation.
Politics by other means: Justus von Liebig and
the German translation of John Stuart Mill's Logic
Authors: MUNDAY PAT 
Published: July 2002

Compared with other scientists of the nineteenth century, the German
chemist Justus von
Liebig (1803–73) was a complex figure. In part, this was because
Liebig established such
broad borders for his science. Chemical methods, popular and professional
publications
about chemistry, technological applications, promoting the car and even
politics – all were
central concerns stemming from Liebig's notion of chemistry as the
central science.When Liebig discovered John Stuart Mill's Logic, a work on the
philosophy of science,
it struck a deep chord within him. Mill's high praise for Liebig's
chemistry certainly
provided Liebig with a means to promote his own reputation. In addition,
Mill's Logic
presented science as a central method for the general reform of society,
a goal Liebig was
himself struggling to define in the early 1840s. In the scientific method,
Mill discovered a
‘rule by the elite’, which he could never find nor justify
in his political philosophy. This
was a rule that greatly appealed to Liebig, and he set out to ensure that
Mill's work was
translated and published in German. Though many details of this transaction
are known,
this paper seeks to investigate the relationship between Liebig and Mill's
book, and the
significance of this relationship for understanding Liebig's role
as a gatekeeper and inter-relations between science and politics.
THE GLIMM IDEAL SPACE OF A TWO-STEP NILPOTENT LOCALLY COMPACT GROUP
Authors: Kaniuth Eberhard , Moran William 
Published: July 2002

AbstractFor a two-step nilpotent locally compact group $G$, we determine the Glimm ideal space of the group $C^*$-algebra $C^*(G)$ and its topology. This leads to necessary and sufficient conditions for $C^*(G)$ to be quasi-standard. Moreover, some results about the Glimm classes of points in the primitive ideal space $\mathrm{Prim}(C^*(G))$ are obtained.AMS 2000 Mathematics subject classification: Primary 22D25. Secondary 22D10
EDITORIAL NOTE
Authors: Woodcock Nigel , McCave Nick , Bickle Mike , Holland Jane 
Published: July 2002

This issue marks the departure of the longest-serving of the current

editors of Geological Magazine, Dr Chris Hughes,

and his replacement by Dr Tim Palmer (University of Wales, Aberystwyth).
The

Geological Magazine has always had a

strong content of palaeontology and biostratigraphy, and Chris Hughes has

efficiently maintained the quality of these contributions

since 1973. He is moving on from his lectureship in the Cambridge Earth

Sciences Department to head the

Associated Examining Board, based in Guildford. The other editors thank
him

warmly for his experienced guidance over

the past 24 years and wish him success in his new post.The editors welcome Tim Palmer, whose appointment from outside the

Cambridge department represents a significant

and deliberate departure from custom. Some 13 years ago, the Magazine

broadened its editorial advice in a major way by

appointing an Editorial Board, most of whose members have come not just

from outside Cambridge, but from beyond the

UK. Our new editorial appointment signals an extension of this same policy.An important advantage of having all the Magazine's editors

under one roof has been the efficiency and speed of communicating

with each other. However, with the Cambridge editors now talking to each

other as much by Email as face-to-face,

geographical proximity has become a less crucial asset. The spread of

Email is changing many other aspects of the

editorial practice and the Geological Magazine office, run by
Jane

Holland, is now on-line at geolmag@esc.cam.ac.uk.

The editors now encourage the use of Email for all business except for

submission of manuscripts, and in particular for

contributors' queries and for referees' reports.
The response to fertilizer nitrogen of cereals grown on sandy soils
Authors: WEBB J. , SEENEY F. M. , SYLVESTER-BRADLEY R. 
Published: July 2002

The responses to fertilizer N of winter wheat and winter barley

grown on sandy soils were measured
in 74 experiments in England from 1991 to 1994. A series of curves was

fitted to the data from each
of the experiments to determine which best described the yield response
to
fertilizer N. The linear plus
exponential model, adopted for data from a range of other soil types, with

the rate parameter (r)
determined for each experiment, proved to be the most satisfactory for
these
data. The median value
of r at 0·987 was less than has usually been determined
for
other soil types, and was reduced by
increasing moisture stress in June, suggesting that the reduced efficiency

with which recovered N
produces assimilate is partly a result of moisture stress. The model produced
a mean
Nopt of 143 kg/ha following cereals.Soil N supply in spring (SNSs) was small at c. 45
kg/ha
and commensurate with a large
requirement for fertilizer N. Apparent fertilizer recovery (AFR) at
0·70 was greater than that
previously measured on clay or chalk soils, suggesting that AFR was
not restricted by lack of soil
moisture. The larger AFR is considered to be a consequence of more
rapid remobilization of fertilizer
N in these sandy soils. The greater recovery of fertilizer N
reduced the optimum requirement for
fertilizer N. Nitrogen harvest index (NHI) was decreased from
0·76 to 0·70 as fertilizer N increased
from 0 to 300 kg/ha, whereas dry matter harvest index (HI)
decreased from 0·53 to 0·50. The
economic optimum requirement for fertilizer N, at 143 kg/ha, was
less than reported for other soil types.The increase in grain yield from applied fertilizer N was less
in these experiments than in those
reported on other soil types in the UK. However, this overall observation

masks two counterbalancing
differences. Fertilizer N was recovered more efficiently on these soils;

the recovered fertilizer N was
used with similar efficiency to produce grain dry matter. The
explanation proposed is that on these
soils a large proportion of soil water is readily available to crops,
and this was taken up rapidly in
May accompanied by fertilizer N. However, shortage of water in June
restricted the ability of the crop
to produce assimilate from fertilizer N applications >c. 150
kg/ha.
Irrigation of spring field beans (Vicia faba): response
to timing at different crop growth stages
Authors: KNOTT C. M. 
Published: July 2002

The response of spring field beans (Vicia faba) (cv. Victor) to irrigation applied before, during and
after flowering and in combinations was studied on sandy soils, overlying sand, in Nottinghamshire,
England in three years, 1993, 1994 and 1995. Irrigation was only needed pre-flowering in 1995, thus
the opportunity to evaluate the effect at this timing was limited. Seasonal rainfall was higher than the
long-term 30-year mean in 1993, but lower in 1994 and much lower in 1995.Irrigation increased spring field bean yield in all three years, even in 1993 when a period of drought
post-flowering caused a yield depression of 2 t/ha on unirrigated plots. The yield response for fully
irrigated, compared with unirrigated field beans per 25 mm water was 0·34, 0·28 and 0·36 t/ha in 1993,
1994 and 1995 respectively. Irrigation applied during or post-flowering gave statistically significant
yield increases and there were indications of greater efficiency of water use from post-flowering
applications.
Meat production from female goat kids compared with males
Authors: EL MUOLA I. H. A. , BABIKER S. A. , EL KHIDIR O. A. , IBRAHIM S. E. 
Published: July 2002

Twelve female desert goat kids and an equal number of males were used to study meat production
potential of desert goats at Kuku Research Station, Khartoum North, Sudan. The kids were kept in
two separate groups according to sex. Kids were fed ad libitum a complete diet (a concentrate mix and
green lucerne) for 147 days from 12 July to 10 Oct 1997.Male kids consumed more dry matter, had significantly greater liveweight gain and had heavier
slaughter weight and superior feed conversion efficiency than females. Carcass weight was significantly
greater in males than females but females dressed out heavier than males. Male carcasses had more
muscles and bone while female carcasses had more fat and trimmings.Male goat kid carcasses yielded significantly (P<0·001) heavier wholesale cuts as single short
forequarter and neck while female kid carcasses yielded heavier wholesale cuts as leg and chump, best
end of neck as well as significantly (P<0·01) heavier loin and breast.
GEORGE KEITH BATCHELOR
8 March 1920–30 March 2000
Founding Editor, Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 1956
Authors: HUPPERT HERBERT E. 
Published: July 2002

George Batchelor was one of the giants of fluid mechanics in the second half of the
twentieth century. He had a passion for physical and quantitative understanding of
fluid flows and a single-minded determination that fluid mechanics should be pursued
as a subject in its own right. He once wrote that he ‘spent a lifetime happily within its
boundaries’. Six feet tall, thin and youthful in appearance, George's unchanging attire
and demeanour contrasted with his ever-evolving scientific insights and contributions.
His strongly held and carefully articulated opinions, coupled with his forthright
objectivity, shone through everything he undertook.George's pervasive influence sprang from a number of factors. First, he conducted
imaginative, ground-breaking research, which was always based on clear physical
thinking. Second, he founded a school of fluid mechanics, inspired by his mentor G. I.
Taylor, that became part of the world renowned Department of Applied Mathematics
and Theoretical Physics (DAMTP) of which he was the Head from its inception in
1959 until he retired from his Professorship in 1983. Third, he established this Journal
in 1956 and actively oversaw all its activities for more than forty years, until he
relinquished his editorship at the end of 1998. Fourth, he wrote the monumental
textbook An Introduction to Fluid Dynamics, which first appeared in 1967, has been
translated into four languages and has been relaunched this year, the year of his
death. This book, which describes the fundamentals of the subject and discusses
many applications, has been closely studied and frequently cited by generations of
students and research workers. It has already sold over 45 000 copies. And fifth, but not
finally, he helped initiate a number of international organizations (often European),
such as the European Mechanics Committee (now Society) and the biennial Polish
Fluid Mechanics Meetings, and contributed extensively to the running of IUTAM, the
International Union of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics. The aim of all of these
associations is to foster fluid (and to some extent solid) mechanics and to encourage
the development of the subject.