bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prophylactic oral nifedipine to reduce preterm delivery: a randomized controlled trial in women at high risk
Authors: Danti Luana , Zonca Marina , Barbetti Lorena , Lojacono Andrea , Marini Silvia , Cappello Nazario , Bianchi Umberto , Benedetto Chiara 
Published: April 2014

AbstractObjectiveTo establish the efficacy of prophylactic nifedipine vs. placebo in reducing spontaneous preterm delivery in asymptomatic women at high risk for preterm delivery.DesignProspective multicentric randomized double‐blind study.SettingTertiary care centre, University Hospitals of Brescia and Torino, Italy.PopulationEighty‐seven singleton pregnancies without uterine contractions and ultrasonographic cervical length of ≤25 mm at 24–32 weeks, at risk for preterm delivery, with longitudinal follow up in our Preterm Prevention Clinic.MethodsSelection was done on the basis of ultrasonographic cervical length; 43 women were randomized to receive placebo and 44 to receive nifedipine.Main outcome measuresPrimary end point: spontaneous preterm delivery <37 weeks in nifedipine vs. placebo. Secondary outcomes: delivery <32 weeks, maternal side effects, neonatal complications, admissions to the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit and randomization/delivery time in nifedipine vs. placebo.ResultsThere was no trend towards a lower risk of spontaneous preterm delivery, neither at <37 weeks of nifedipine vs. placebo (11.4% vs. 19.0%; p = 0.320), or <32 weeks (2.3% vs. 2.4%; p = 0.973). Nifedipine reduced spontaneous preterm delivery <37 weeks (p = 0.015) in the multiparous women by stratified analysis for parity. Secondary outcomes between the groups did not differ except for a higher percentage of maternal side‐effects in the nifedipine group (31.8%) vs. placebo (11.9%) (p < 0.05). Subgroup analysis showed a borderline (p = 0.047) lower percentage of spontaneous preterm delivery in women with a ultrasonographic cervical length of <20 mm in the nifedipine group.ConclusionsProphylactic nifedipine in asymptomatic women at high risk for preterm delivery had a positive effect on the rate of spontaneous preterm delivery <37 weeks in multiparous women.
2 Olmec Things and Identity: A Reassessment of Offerings and Burials at La Venta, Tabasco
Authors: Clark John E. , Colman Arlene 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTOur study of offerings and elite burials at the Olmec site of La Venta attempts to distinguish primitive valuables from inalienable goods. According to Annette Weiner, inalienable objects are those that can circulate in exchange systems without changing ownership, or more importantly, can be withheld from exchange altogether. Key differences between inalienable goods and other valuables is group ownership through generations. Analysis of objects found in La Venta offerings and burials suggests that the most valuable possessions circulated historically and were too valuable to be buried with queens or kings. Their jade finery did not include crowns, specters, or masks.
3 Situational Inalienability and Social Change in Formative Period Coastal Oaxaca
Authors: Barber Sarah B. , Workinger Andrew , Joyce Arthur A. 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTThis paper examines the role of caches, burials, and mortuary offerings as forms of inalienable wealth in the lower Río Verde valley of Pacific coastal Oaxaca, Mexico. Interred in socially meaningful places, bodies and objects were removed from circulation but remained integral to interactions among the living, acquiring “situational” inalienability. Tracing the history of caching and burial practices over the course of the later Formative period (400 B.C.E.–C.E. 250), we argue that these buried inalienable possessions were important elements of identity creation and also served both to establish and to undermine hierarchical social relations during the process of political centralization.
6 Alienating Ancient Maya Commoners
Authors: Lohse Jon C. 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTDetermining whether or how ancient Maya commoners were alienated from the results of their labor first requires that scholars recognize what impediments or biases have hindered a theoretically informed view of commoners and their social roles. Using historical developments in Mesoamerican archaeology as a guide, I examine why Maya archaeology since the mid‐1980s has tended to focus so strongly on elites, often to the exclusion of commoners. I then discuss different identities that Maya commoners may have assumed based on alienable or inalienable social labor in both public and private contexts.
8 Maya Polychrome Vessels as Inalienable Possessions
Authors: Callaghan Michael G. 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTDuring the Late Classic period in the Maya Lowlands (C.E. 650–800), polychrome serving vessels were produced and circulated in restricted exchange systems. The production and circulation of these vessels has traditionally been understood in terms of prestige good economy. In this chapter, I use Annette Weiner's concept of inalienable possessions to extend analysis of Late Classic–period polychromes beyond the tenets of prestige goods to: (1) discuss how value came to be embedded in specific polychrome vessels; (2) identify previously overlooked ceramic social valuables; and (3) discuss how these vessels were used to simultaneously promote social hierarchy and integrate communities.
9 Negotiation of Inalienability and Meanings at the Classic Maya Center of Aguateca, Guatemala
Authors: Inomata Takeshi 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTA central issue in Annette Weiner's theory of inalienable possessions is the meaning of objects. This chapter provides a critique of conceptualizations that view objects as repositories of fixed, preexisting meaning from perspectives of practice theory, performance theory, and cognitive sciences. It examines how inalienability and associated meanings are created, negotiated, and contested. Data from the Classic Maya site of Aguateca provide an example of how symbolic objects and their perceived inalienability became points of reference and contestation among the ruler, other elites, and non‐elites.
10 Land, Labor, Bodies, and Objects: Comments on Inalienability and Mesoamerican Social Life
Authors: Mills Barbara J. 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTThe original use of the term “inalienable possessions” by Annette Weiner applied to movable objects. As the contributors to this volume bring out, the concept has much greater potential when discussed in the context of all material life. In this chapter, the advantages of a broader use of the term inalienability are discussed and the chapters compared based on three major themes: (1) the importance of eliminating dichotomies such as alienability–inalienability, prestige–nonprestige goods, and elites–commoners; (2) how inalienability extends interpretations of the materiality of social life; and (3) the varied ways in which inalienability was part of performative practices that created, reinforced, and transformed value, identity, and social distinctions in the Mesoamerican area.
Retrospective comparison of open versus laparoscopic ventral and incisional hernia repair
Authors: Tsuruta Atsushi , Hirai Toshihiro , Nakamura Masafumi 
Published: April 2014

AbstractIntroductionWe performed a retrospective study to determine the mid‐term recurrence and complication rates of patients following laparoscopic ventral and incisional hernia repair (LVHR) with DualMesh, an expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE) mesh. Additionally, a study of the mesh contraction rate was performed postoperatively.MethodsWe compared open mesh repair of ventral and incisional hernias (OR) and LVHR. We also analyzed the shrinkage rate of ePTFE mesh. We included 45 patients (21 OR, 24 LVHR) who underwent mesh repair for primary ventral and incisional hernias between January 2008 and December 2012. Patients' characteristics did not significantly differ between the two groups.ResultsMean operating time was 152.7 min for the OR group and 143.1 min for the LVHR group (P = 0.25). Mean postoperative hospital stay was 13.4 days for the OR group and 6.8 days for the LVHR groups (P = 0.01). The postoperative complication rate was 28.6% for the OR group and 12.5% for the LVHR group (P = 0.03). Among OR patients, causes of morbidity were variable: two recurrent cases, one surgical‐site infection, one re‐recurrence, one case of enteritis, and one case of heart failure. Among the LVHR patients, there was one surgical‐site infection and two cases of seroma. No patients in the LVHR group experienced recurrence, while 14.3% of OR patients had a recurrence. In the LVHR group, the mean ePTFE mesh contraction rate was 10.6%.ConclusionLVHR has advantages compared with OR, and the post‐insertion contraction rate of ePTFE mesh was 10.6%.
Comparative effects of sodium butyrate and flavors on feed intake of lactating sows and growth performance of piglets
Authors: Wang Jun , Yang Mei , Xu Shengyu , Lin Yan , Che Lianqiang , Fang Zhengfeng , Wu De 
Published: April 2014

AbstractWe examined the effects of sodium butyrate and flavors on feed intake of lactating sows and growth performance of piglets. A total of 52 primiparous sows (Large White) were randomly divided into four treatments (n = 13) and received 6 g/kg sodium butyrate (SB), fruit‐milk (FM) flavor and fruit‐milk‐anise (FMA) flavor with pair feeding to the mothers receiving the control diet. The feeding trial lasted for 29 days, including 21 days of nursing and 8 days of post‐weaning period, respectively. The nursing and weaning piglets received creep diets with the same flavor or SB supplement as their mother. The results showed that FMA flavor increased average daily feed intake (ADFI) of lactating sows (P < 0.01), as well as improved litter weight gain (P = 0.05) and ADFI (P < 0.01) of nursing pigs among treatments. Indeed, greater ADFI and average daily gain of weaning piglets for the initial 8 days after weaning was observed in the FMA group compared with those in the control group (P < 0.01). These findings indicated that adding FMA flavor was superior to SB for increasing feed intake of lactating sows and improving growth performance of piglets.
Population PK modelling and simulation based on fluoxetine and norfluoxetine concentrations in milk: a milk concentration‐based prediction model
Authors: Tanoshima Reo , Bournissen Facundo Garcia , Tanigawara Yusuke , Kristensen Judith H. , Taddio Anna , Ilett Kenneth F. , Begg Evan J. , Wallach Izhar , Ito Shinya 
Published: April 2014

AimsPopulation pharmacokinetic (pop PK) modelling can be used for PK assessment of drugs in breast milk. However, complex mechanistic modelling of a parent and an active metabolite using both blood and milk samples is challenging. We aimed to develop a simple predictive pop PK model for milk concentration–time profiles of a parent and a metabolite, using data on fluoxetine (FX) and its active metabolite, norfluoxetine (NFX), in milk.MethodsUsing a previously published data set of drug concentrations in milk from 25 women treated with FX, a pop PK model predictive of milk concentration–time profiles of FX and NFX was developed. Simulation was performed with the model to generate FX and NFX concentration–time profiles in milk of 1000 mothers. This milk concentration‐based pop PK model was compared with the previously validated plasma/milk concentration‐based pop PK model of FX.ResultsMilk FX and NFX concentration–time profiles were described reasonably well by a one compartment model with a FX‐to‐NFX conversion coefficient. Median values of the simulated relative infant dose on a weight basis (sRID: weight‐adjusted daily doses of FX and NFX through breastmilk to the infant, expressed as a fraction of therapeutic FX daily dose per body weight) were 0.028 for FX and 0.029 for NFX. The FX sRID estimates were consistent with those of the plasma/milk‐based pop PK model.ConclusionsA predictive pop PK model based on only milk concentrations can be developed for simultaneous estimation of milk concentration–time profiles of a parent (FX) and an active metabolite (NFX).
Optimal sampling of antipsychotic medicines: a pharmacometric approach for clinical practice
Authors: Perera Vidya , Bies Robert R. , Mo Gary , Dolton Michael J. , Carr Vaughan J. , McLachlan Andrew J. , Day Richard O. , Polasek Thomas M. , Forrest Alan 
Published: April 2014

AimTo determine optimal sampling strategies to allow the calculation of clinical pharmacokinetic parameters for selected antipsychotic medicines using a pharmacometric approach.MethodsThis study utilized previous population pharmacokinetic parameters of the antipsychotic medicines aripiprazole, clozapine, olanzapine, perphenazine, quetiapine, risperidone (including 9‐OH risperidone) and ziprasidone. d‐optimality was utilized to identify time points which accurately predicted the pharmacokinetic parameters (and expected error) of each drug at steady‐state. A standard two stage population approach (STS) with MAP‐Bayesian estimation was used to compare area under the concentration–time curves (AUC) generated from sparse optimal time points and rich extensive data. Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS) was used to simulate 1000 patients with population variability in pharmacokinetic parameters. Forward stepwise regression analysis was used to determine the most predictive time points of the AUC for each drug at steady‐state.ResultsThree optimal sampling times were identified for each antipsychotic medicine. For aripiprazole, clozapine, olanzapine, perphenazine, risperidone, 9‐OH risperidone, quetiapine and ziprasidone the CV% of the apparent clearance using optimal sampling strategies were 19.5, 8.6, 9.5, 13.5, 12.9, 10.0, 16.0 and 10.7, respectively. Using the MCS and linear regression approach to predict AUC, the recommended sampling windows were 16.5–17.5 h, 10–11 h, 23–24 h, 19–20 h, 16.5–17.5 h, 22.5–23.5 h, 5–6 h and 5.5–6.5 h, respectively.ConclusionThis analysis provides important sampling information for future population pharmacokinetic studies and clinical studies investigating the pharmacokinetics of antipsychotic medicines.
Cancer Biology, Toxicology and Alternative Methods Development Go Hand‐in‐Hand
Authors: Kohonen Pekka , Ceder Rebecca , Smit Ines , Hongisto Vesa , Myatt Glenn , Hardy Barry , Spjuth Ola , Grafström Roland 
Published: April 2014

AbstractToxicological research faces the challenge of integrating knowledge from diverse fields and novel technological developments generally in the biological and medical sciences. We discuss herein the fact that the multiple facets of cancer research, including discovery related to mechanisms, treatment and diagnosis, overlap many up and coming interest areas in toxicology, including the need for improved methods and analysis tools. Common to both disciplines, in vitro and in silico methods serve as alternative investigation routes to animal studies. Knowledge on cancer development helps in understanding the relevance of chemical toxicity studies in cell models, and many bioinformatics‐based cancer biomarker discovery tools are also applicable to computational toxicology. Robotics‐aided, cell‐based, high‐throughput screening, microscale immunostaining techniques and gene expression profiling analyses are common tools in cancer research, and when sequentially combined, form a tiered approach to structured safety evaluation of thousands of environmental agents, novel chemicals or engineered nanomaterials. Comprehensive tumour data collections in databases have been translated into clinically useful data, and this concept serves as template for computer‐driven evaluation of toxicity data into meaningful results. Future ‘cancer research‐inspired knowledge management’ of toxicological data will aid the translation of basic discovery results and chemicals‐ and materials‐testing data to information relevant to human health and environmental safety.
Picturing Objects in Infancy
Authors: Shinskey Jeanne L. , Jachens Liza J. 
Published: April 2014

Infants’ transfer of information from pictures to objects was tested by familiarizing 9‐month‐olds (N = 31) with either a color or black‐and‐white photograph of an object and observing their preferential reaching for the real target object versus a distractor. One condition tested object recognition by keeping both objects visible, and the other tested object representation by hiding both objects. On visible trials, infants reached more for the distractor, indicating they recognized the target object from its picture. On hidden trials, infants reached more for the target object, suggesting they formed a continued representation of the object based on its picture. Photograph color had no effect. Infants thus show picture‐to‐object transfer by 9 months with preferential reaching, even with black‐and‐white pictures.
Impaired cytokine responses in patients with cryopyrin-associated periodic syndrome (CAPS)
Authors: Haverkamp M H , van de Vosse E , Goldbach-Mansky R , Holland S M 
Published: April 2014

Summary
Cryopyrin-associated periodic syndrome (CAPS) is characterized by dysregulated inflammation with excessive interleukin (IL)-1β activation and secretion. Neonatal-onset multi-system inflammatory disease (NOMID) is the most severe form. We explored cytokine responses in 32 CAPS patients before and after IL-1β blocking therapy. We measured cytokines produced by activated peripheral blood monuclear cells (PBMCs) from treated and untreated CAPS patients after stimulation for 48 h with phytohaemagglutinin (PHA), PHA plus IL-12, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or LPS plus interferon (IFN)-γ. We measured IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, tumour necrosis factor (TNF), IL-12p70 and IFN-γ in the supernatants. PBMCs from three untreated CAPS patients were cultured in the presence of the IL-1β blocker Anakinra. Fifty healthy individuals served as controls. CAPS patients had high spontaneous production of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF and IFN-γ by unstimulated cells. However, stimulation indexes (SIs, ratio of stimulated to unstimulated production) of these cytokines to PHA and LPS were low in NOMID patients compared to controls. Unstimulated IL-10 and IL-12p70 production was normal, but up-regulation after PHA and LPS was also low. LPS plus IFN-γ inadequately up-regulated the production of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF and IL-10 in CAPS patients. In-vitro but not in-vivo treatment with Anakinra improved SIs by lowering spontaneous cytokine production. However, in-vitro treatment did not improve the low stimulated cytokine levels. Activating mutations in NLRP3 in CAPS are correlated with poor SIs to PHA, LPS and IFN-γ. The impairment in stimulated cytokine responses in spite of IL-1β blocking therapy suggests a broader intrinsic defect in CAPS patients, which is not corrected by targeting IL-1β.
Photon Differential Splatting for Rendering Caustics
Authors: Frisvad Jeppe Revall , Schjøth Lars , Erleben Kenny , Sporring Jon 
Published: April 2014

AbstractWe present a photon splatting technique which reduces noise and blur in the rendering of caustics. Blurring of illumination edges is an inherent problem in photon splatting, as each photon is unaware of its neighbours when being splatted. This means that the splat size is usually based on heuristics rather than knowledge of the local flux density. We use photon differentials to determine the size and shape of the splats such that we achieve adaptive anisotropic flux density estimation in photon splatting. As compared to previous work that uses photon differentials, we present the first method where no photons or beams or differentials need to be stored in a map. We also present improvements in the theory of photon differentials, which give more accurate results and a faster implementation. Our technique has good potential for GPU acceleration, and we limit the number of parameters requiring user adjustment to an overall smoothing parameter and the number of photons to be traced.
GEARS: A General and Efficient Algorithm for Rendering Shadows
Authors: Wang Lili , Zhou Shiheng , Ke Wei , Popescu Voicu 
Published: April 2014

AbstractWe present a soft shadow rendering algorithm that is general, efficient and accurate. The algorithm supports fully dynamic scenes, with moving and deforming blockers and receivers, and with changing area light source parameters. For each output image pixel, the algorithm computes a tight but conservative approximation of the set of triangles that block the light source as seen from the pixel sample. The set of potentially blocking triangles allows estimating visibility between light points and pixel samples accurately and efficiently. As the light source size decreases to a point, our algorithm converges to rendering pixel accurate hard shadows.
Hospital stay following complex major head and neck resection: what factors play a role?
Authors: Tadiparthi S. , Enache A. , Kalidindi K. , O'Hara J. , Paleri V. 
Published: April 2014

ObjectivesIdentify factors which have an impact on the length of postoperative hospital stay in patients undergoing major surgical resection for head and neck cancer.DesignRetrospective study using hospital case notes.SettingTertiary centre.ParticipantsOne hundred and eighty‐four patients who underwent 191 major head and neck resections between 2006 and 2010 were identified from the head and neck oncology database. An additional cohort of 52 patients from a second centre was used to externally validate the model.MethodsData collected on 13 variables including age, preoperative haemoglobin level, body mass index, timing of surgery (primary or recurrent tumour), category of surgical procedure (clean, clean‐contaminated, contaminated, dirty), tracheostomy (yes or no) and duration of the operation were analysed using a multiple linear regression.ResultsIn the 13 parameter model, the four variables that were found to significantly (P < 0.05) prolong length of stay (LOS) were surgical wound type (clean‐contaminated, P = 2.19 × 10−6 versus clean), tracheostomy (P = 0.0034), operation time (P = 0.011) and American Society of Anaesthesiologists (ASA) grades 3 and 4 (P = 0.0067) versus 1 and 2. The statistically significant variables were used to generate a preoperative submodel without the operative time and a postoperative submodel with all four variables. Overall, the best model based on adjusted R2 was the postoperative model. When fitted on the external data set, there was no significant difference in the residuals, indicating that the models generalise across centres.ConclusionClean‐contaminated wound was the most significant factor affecting the LOS, with others being ASA grades 3 and 4, longer duration of surgery and presence of a tracheostomy. Using these parameters, it is possible to predict the LOS in patients undergoing major surgical resection for head and neck cancer.