bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dawna leksyka Ciechanowca i okolicznych wsi
Authors: Maryniakowa Irena 
Published: July 2015

Former lexis of Ciechanowiec and surrounding villagesIntroduction includes: a) the synthetic approach to the history of micro-regions – geographic location, ethnic and confessional composition, Krzysztof Kluk Museum of Agriculture, Krzysztof Kluk – a priest, an eighteenth-century naturalist who was born and settled here; b) a description of the microtoponimy of Ciechanowiec; c) a description of the local dialect; d) a list of place names; e) a dialect dictionary in alphabetical order; f) a list of proverbs and phraseological saings. In the dictionary part there is lexical material no longer used today, or so we hear rarely, usually at home, in the family. Using it is subject to certain factors: age of the caller, the themes of conversation, particular emotional situation or the other. The entries record not only the meaning of the word, but also the diversity of phonetic, inflectional, peculiar grammatical forms. The usual entry articles are examples of the use of the word in context, and often phrases and proverbs. Ранее употребляемая лексика города Цехановец и окрестных деревеньВступительная часть исследования состоит из: а) синтетического подхода к истории микрорайона – географическое положение, этнический и религиозный состав, краткий очерк истории Сельскохозяйственного музея имени священника и биолога Кшиштофа Kлюка, родившегося и работавшего в Цехановце в XVIII столетии; б) описания микротопонимии города Цехановец; в) описания местного говора; г) списка географических названий; д) словаря местного диалекта; е) списка пословиц и фразеологических оборотов. В словарь включены лексемы сегодня уже не употребляемые или употребляемые редко, как правило, дома, в семейном кругу. Примнение этой лексики обусловлено некоторыми факторами: возраст собеседника, тема разговора, особое эмоциональное состояние и др. Словарная статья отражает значение лексемы, разнообразие фонетических и морфологических форм, примеры использования слов в контексте.
Из истории Тартуской Полонистики
Authors: Дуличенко [Dulichenko] Александр [Aleksandr] Д. [D.] 
Published: July 2015

History of the Faculty of Polish studies at Tartu University Slavic Studies in Tartu (Dorpat) came to existence at the beginning of the 19th century when Russian language and literature started to be taught here. Other Slavic languages and literatures were gradually being included in the curriculum. Polish Studies were initiated in 1883 by a distinguished Polish linguist J. Niecisław Baudouin de Courtenay. In the article the author discusses gradual development of Polish Studies, expanding Slavic courses, contribution of particular famous scholars mainly from Poland in the inter-war period. The author lists the most important research topics and highlights the Tartu scholars’ special interest in Kashubian matters. Currently the Faculty of Polish Studies is supported by the Polish Ministry of Education which delegates Polish lecturers to run classes and enables Estonian students to undergo their training in Poland as well as participate in language courses. The author presented important publications from the field of Polish Studies published in Tartu.
Nauczanie języka polskiego na Uniwersytecie Dyneburskim: przeszłość i teraźniejszość
Authors: Rubene Diana , Kazjukevičs Andris 
Published: July 2015

Polish philology at the Daugavpils University – yesterdays and present In 1991, in the Daugavpils Pedagogical Institute was opened the first group of Polish. This was the beginning of the studies of Polish language not only in Daugavpils, but also in the Second Republic of Latvia. Students of the first groups had possibility to receive a diploma of specialist teaching Polish language from Polish and Russian, as well as Russian literature. In 2005 was created the program “Bachelor of Polish philology with a second foreign language”. After receiving a bachelor’s degree in Polish philology students have possibility to continue their education at two-year master’s degree. Currently, the “Polish Studies” among the universities of Latvia proposes only Daugavpils University. Every year Polish language institution is organizing an international conference “Polish-Baltic cultural associations”, which involved researchers from the Polish and Baltic countries. In 2010 at the Daugavpils University was opened Centre of Polish Language and Culture, which functions as a center for education and research. Polish philology at the Faculty of Humanities of the Daugavpils University support Polish Embassy, Foundations “Semper Polonia” and “Pomoc Polakom na Wschodzie” and the Association “Wspólnota Polska”.
Repeat Storm Surge Disasters of Typhoon Haiyan and Its 1897 Predecessor in the Philippines
Authors: Soria Janneli Lea A. , Switzer Adam D. , Villanoy Cesar L. , Fritz Hermann M. , Bilgera Princess Hope T. , Cabrera Olivia C. , Siringan Fernando P. , Maria Yvainne Yacat-Sta. , Ramos Riovie D. , Fernandez Ian Quino 
Published: July 2015

AbstractOn 8 November 2013, Typhoon Haiyan impacted the Philippines with estimated winds of approximately 314 km h-1 and an associated 5–7-m-high storm surge that struck Tacloban City and the surrounding coast of the shallow, funnel-shaped San Pedro Bay. Typhoon Haiyan killed more than 6,000 people, superseding Tropical Storm Thelma of November 1991 as the deadliest typhoon in the Philippines. Globally, it was the deadliest tropical cyclone since Nargis hit Myanmar in 2008. Here, we use field measurements, eyewitness accounts, and video recordings to corroborate numerical simulations and to characterize the extremely high velocity flooding caused by the Typhoon Haiyan storm surge in both San Pedro Bay and on the more open Pacific Ocean coast. We then compare the surge heights from Typhoon Haiyan with historical records of an unnamed typhoon that took a similar path of destruction in October 1897 (Ty 1897) but which was less intense, smaller, and moved more slowly. The Haiyan surge was about twice the height of the 1897 event in San Pedro Bay, but the two storm surges had similar heights on the open Pacific coast. Until stronger prehistoric events are explored, these two storm surges serve as worst-case scenarios for this region. This study highlights that rare but disastrous events should be carefully evaluated in the context of enhancing community-based disaster risk awareness, planning, and response.
Long-Lived Mesoscale Systems in a Low–Convective Inhibition Environment. Part II: Downshear Propagation
Authors: Moncrieff Mitchell W. , Lane Todd P. 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Part II of this study of long-lived convective systems in a tropical environment focuses on forward-tilted, downshear-propagating systems that emerge spontaneously from idealized numerical simulations. These systems differ in important ways from the standard mesoscale convective system that is characterized by a rearward-tilted circulation with a trailing stratiform region, an overturning updraft, and a mesoscale downdraft. In contrast to this standard mesoscale system, the downshear-propagating system considered here does not feature a mesoscale downdraft and, although there is a cold pool it is of secondary importance to the propagation and maintenance of the system. The mesoscale downdraft is replaced by hydraulic-jump-like ascent beneath an elevated, forward-tilted overturning updraft with negligible convective available potential energy. Therefore, the mesoscale circulation is sustained almost entirely by the work done by the horizontal pressure gradient and the kinetic energy available from environmental shear. This category of organization is examined by cloud-system-resolving simulations and approximated by a nonlinear archetypal model of the quasi-steady Lagrangian-mean mesoscale circulation.
Changes in Independency between Two Types of El Niño Events under a Greenhouse Warming Scenario in CMIP5 Models
Authors: Ham Yoo-Geun , Jeong Yerim , Kug Jong-Seong 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
This study uses archives from phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) to investigate changes in independency between two types of El Niño events caused by greenhouse warming. In the observations, the independency between cold tongue (CT) and warm pool (WP) El Niño events is distinctively increased in recent decades. The simulated changes in independency between the two types of El Niño events according to the CMIP5 models are quite diverse, although the observed features are simulated to some extent in several climate models. It is found that the climatological change after global warming is an essential factor in determining the changes in independency between the two types of El Niño events. For example, the independency between these events is increased after global warming when the climatological precipitation is increased mainly over the equatorial central Pacific. This climatological precipitation increase extends convective response to the east, particularly for CT El Niño events, which leads to greater differences in the spatial pattern between the two types of El Niño events to increase the El Niño independency. On the contrary, in models with decreased independency between the two types of El Niño events after global warming, climatological precipitation is increased mostly over the western Pacific. This confines the atmospheric response to the western Pacific in both El Niño events; therefore, the similarity between them is increased after global warming. In addition to the changes in the climatological state after global warming, a possible connection of the changes in the El Niño independency with the historical mean state is discussed in this paper.
Extremely Intense Hurricanes: Revisiting Webster et al. (2005) after 10 Years
Authors: Klotzbach Philip J. , Landsea Christopher W. 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Ten years ago, Webster et al. documented a large and significant increase in both the number as well as the percentage of category 4 and 5 hurricanes for all global basins from 1970 to 2004, and this manuscript examines whether those trends have continued when including 10 additional years of data. In contrast to that study, as shown here, the global frequency of category 4 and 5 hurricanes has shown a small, insignificant downward trend while the percentage of category 4 and 5 hurricanes has shown a small, insignificant upward trend between 1990 and 2014. Accumulated cyclone energy globally has experienced a large and significant downward trend during the same period. The primary reason for the increase in category 4 and 5 hurricanes noted in observational datasets from 1970 to 2004 by Webster et al. is concluded to be due to observational improvements at the various global tropical cyclone warning centers, primarily in the first two decades of that study.
Bulk Mass-Flux Perturbation Formulation for a Unified Approach of Deep Convection at High Resolution
Authors: Gerard Luc 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Parameterizing deep convection at model resolutions of a few kilometers or less requires diverging from several simplifying assumptions valid at coarser resolutions. The separation or complementarity between the deep-convection scheme and the model cloud scheme must be addressed properly to prevent a double counting of some phenomena, account for evolution in time, and keep consistent results while approaching resolutions where deep convection can be treated explicitly (without parameterization). In this paper, the author formulates and tests a perturbation approach of the bulk mass-flux representation of deep convective updrafts and downdrafts. The subgrid deep-convection scheme represents only the effect of the unresolved part of the real updrafts, complementing an explicit part associated with the mean gridbox vertical velocity. Special attention is paid to the ordering and interactions of the moist parameterizations, the formulation of the closure and of the triggering, and the accounting of time evolution aspects. The multiresolution behavior of the scheme is assessed in the operational numerical prediction model ALARO [a version of the Action de Recherche Petite Echelle Grande Echelle-Aire Limitée Adaptation Dynamique Développement International (ARPEGE-ALADIN) operational limited area model with a revised and modular structure of the physical parameterizations]. Unlike most mass-flux schemes, the parameterized part gradually fades out when the model resolution is increased, allowing the results to approach those of an explicit treatment of deep convection.
An Analysis of Cloud-to-Ground Lightning in China during 2010–13
Authors: Yang Xinlin , Sun Jianhua , Li Wanli 
Published: July 2015

AbstractThe cloud-to-ground (CG) lightning data being detected by the China Lightning Detection Network between 2010 and 2013 are employed to gain insight into the spatial and temporal distribution of CG lightning in China. There are clear interannual and seasonal variations of CG lightning activity. The mean total CG and positive CG (PCG) flashes in 2010–13 are approximately 6.44 million and 0.42 million, respectively, and the mean percentage of PCG (PPCG) is 6.6%. CG and PCG flashes predominately occur during summer, with August being the peak month for CG and June for PCG. PPCG in the cold season is considerably greater than in the warm season; its maximum of 56.2% is in January and the minimum value of 4.0% is found in August. The centers of maximum mean annual CG density are scattered throughout southern China, the Sichuan basin, and the south of Jiangsu Province. The CG density in the high elevations and arid regions of western China is less than that in the low elevations and coastal regions of southeastern China. In addition, daily CG density and CG lightning days in southeastern China are greater than in northwestern China, but PPCG in western China is apparently greater than that in eastern China. Areas experiencing more than 30 CG lightning days per year are primarily south of 30°N, with 10–30 lightning days per year in northern and northeastern China, and approximately 10–20 lightning days per year over the central Tibetan Plateau.
4K Video-Laryngoscopy and Video-Stroboscopy
Authors: Woo Peak 
Published: July 2015

Introduction: 4K video is a new format. At 3840 × 2160 resolution, it has 4 times the resolution of standard 1080 high definition (HD) video. Magnification can be done without loss of resolution. This study uses 4K video for video-stroboscopy. Material and Method: Forty-six patients were examined by conventional video-stroboscopy (digital 3 chip CCD) and compared with 4K video-stroboscopy. The video was recorded on a Blackmagic 4K cinema production camera in CinemaDNG RAW format. The video was played back on a 4K monitor and compared to standard video. Pathological conditions included: polyps, scar, cysts, cancer, sulcus, and nodules. Results: Successful 4K video recordings were achieved in all subjects using a 70° rigid endoscope. The camera system is bulky. The examination is performed similarly to standard video-stroboscopy. Playback requires a 4K monitor. As expected, the images were far clearer in detail than standard video. Stroboscopy video using the 4K camera was consistently able to show more detail. Two patients had diagnosis change after 4K viewing. Conclusion: 4K video is an exciting new technology that can be applied to laryngoscopy. It allows for cinematic 4K quality recordings. Both continuous and stroboscopic light can be used for visualization. Its clinical utility is feasible, but usefulness must be proven.
Association between Drug‐Induced Sleep Endoscopy and Measures of Sleep Apnea Burden
Authors: Dedhia Raj C. , Weaver Edward M. 
Published: July 2015

ObjectiveTo test the following associations: (1) complete obstruction on drug‐induced sleep endoscopy (DISE) and polysomnographic and subjective measures of obstructive sleep apnea; (2) tongue base/epiglottic obstruction and apnea index.Study DesignRetrospective cohort.SettingAcademic medical center.Subjects and MethodsSubjects included surgically naïve adult patients with DISE. Chart extraction included demographics, polysomnography, and Epworth Sleepiness Scale and SNORE25 (Symptoms of Nocturnal Obstruction and Related Events 25) scores. Each DISE video was examined for complete obstruction at velum, oropharynx, tongue, epiglottis (VOTE system). Student’s t test, correlation, and multivariate linear regression were performed.ResultsAmong 65 subjects, complete obstruction was observed at 0 (3%), 1 (46%), 2 (48%), and 3 (3%) subsites, respectively. Subjects with 0‐1 subsites vs 2‐4 subsites of complete obstruction had similar apnea indexes (13 ± 24 vs 12 ± 17, P =. 78, 83% power to detect difference of 15), apnea‐hypopnea indexes (30 ± 25 vs 31 ± 28, P =. 96, 54% power to detect difference of 15), Epworth Sleepiness Scale scores (11 ± 7 vs 12 ± 5, P =. 34, 91% power to detect difference of 5), and SNORE25 scores (2.0 ± 1.1 vs 1.9 ± 1.0, P =. 70, 96% power to detect difference of 1.0), with similar results after adjusting for age, sex, body mass index, and tonsil status. Neither tongue base nor epiglottic obstruction was associated with apnea index.ConclusionThe number of subsites with complete obstruction on DISE was not associated with polysomnographic, subjective sleepiness, and quality‐of‐life measures. Tongue base and epiglottic obstruction were not associated with apnea index. Larger detailed analyses are needed to determine the importance of each site and degree of obstruction seen on DISE.
Cost‐Benefit Analysis of an Otolaryngology Emergency Room Using a Contingent Valuation Approach
Authors: Naunheim Matthew R. , Kozin Elliot D. , Sethi Rosh K. , Ota H. Gregory , Gray Stacey T. , Shrime Mark G. 
Published: July 2015

ObjectivesDedicated otolaryngology emergency rooms (ERs) provide a unique mechanism of health care delivery. Relative costs and willingness to pay (WTP) for these services have not been studied. This study aims to provide a cost‐benefit analysis of otolaryngology‐specific ER care.Study DesignCost‐benefit analysis based on contingent valuation surveys.SettingAn otolaryngology‐specific ER in a tertiary care academic medical center.Subjects and MethodsAdult English‐speaking patients presenting to an otolaryngology ER were included. WTP questions were used to assess patient valuations of specialty emergency care. Sociodemographic data, income, and self‐reported levels of distress were assessed. State‐level and institution‐specific historical cost data were merged with WTP data within a cost‐benefit analysis framework.ResultsThe response rate was 75.6%, and 199 patients were included in the final analysis. Average WTP for otolaryngology ER services was $319 greater than for a general ER (95% CI: $261 to $377), with a median value of $200. The historical mean cost per visit at a general ER was $575, and mean cost at the specialty ER was $551 (95% CI: $529 to $574). Subtracting incremental cost from incremental WTP yielded a net benefit of $343.ConclusionDedicated otolaryngology ER services are valued by patients for acute otolaryngologic problems and have a net benefit of $343 per patient visit. They appear to be a cost‐beneficial method for addressing acute otolaryngologic conditions. This study has implications for ER‐based otolaryngologic care and direct‐to‐specialist services.
Labral Morphologic Characteristics in Patients With Symptomatic Acetabular Dysplasia
Authors: Sankar Wudbhav N. , Beaulé Paul E. , Clohisy John C. , Kim Young-jo , Millis Michael B. , Peters Christopher L. , Podeszwa David A. , Schoenecker Perry L. , Sierra Rafael J. , Sink Ernest L. , Sucato Daniel J. , Zaltz Ira 
Published: July 2015

Background: The morphologic characteristics of the labrum in patients with symptomatic acetabular dysplasia have been described to some extent in smaller retrospective series, but the need remains to further define these disease characteristics and their importance as a diagnostic feature of hip instability. Purpose: To (1) characterize the morphologic characteristics of the labrum in patients with symptomatic acetabular dysplasia and (2) test the relationships between specific labral variants, severity of dysplasia, and duration of symptoms. Study Design: Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: Thirteen surgeons from 10 centers enrolled patients undergoing periacetabular osteotomy (PAO) for symptomatic acetabular dysplasia from 2008 to 2014. Patient demographics, presenting characteristics, preoperative radiographic data, operative data, and intraoperative findings were prospectively collected and retrospectively reviewed. Results: A total of 942 patients (972 hips) met the initial inclusion criteria, with a mean age of 25.2 years (range, 9-51 years; 84% female, 16% male). In addition to having PAO, 52.6% of hips had an anterior arthrotomy and 19.8% had a hip arthroscopy either to perform an osteochondroplasty of the femoral head-neck junction or to address labral pathologic changes. Of these 553 hips in which the labrum was visualized, labral morphologic status was graded as hypertrophic in 50%, normal in 45%, hypoplastic in 4%, and ossified in less than 1%. Decreased lateral center-edge angle and anterior center-edge angle and increased acetabular inclination were associated with labral hypertrophy, but chronicity of symptoms was not. Of the 553 hips, 64% had tears of the labrum, with the majority being degenerative-type tears. Conclusion: Labral pathologic changes are common in patients with symptomatic acetabular dysplasia. Labral hypertrophy, however, is not a universal finding, particularly in hips with mild dysplasia, and therefore should not be considered a reliable diagnostic criterion for instability.
Combinations of dexmedetomidine and alfaxalone with butorphanol in cats: application of an innovative stepwise optimisation method to identify optimal clinical doses for intramuscular anaesthesia
Authors: Adami Chiara , Imboden Tobias , Giovannini Annalisa Elena , Spadavecchia Claudia 
Published: July 2015

Objectives The aim of this study was to optimise dexmedetomidine and alfaxalone dosing, for intramuscular administration with butorphanol, to perform minor surgeries in cats. Methods Initially, cats were assigned to one of five groups, each composed of six animals and receiving, in addition to 0.3 mg/kg butorphanol intramuscularly, one of the following: (A) 0.005 mg/kg dexmedetomidine, 2 mg/kg alfaxalone; (B) 0.008 mg/kg dexmedetomidine, 1.5 mg/kg alfaxalone; (C) 0.012 mg/kg dexmedetomidine, 1 mg/kg alfaxalone; (D) 0.005 mg/kg dexmedetomidine, 1 mg/kg alfaxalone; and (E) 0.012 mg/kg dexmedetomidine, 2 mg/kg alfaxalone. Thereafter, a modified ‘direct search’ method, conducted in a stepwise manner, was used to optimise drug dosing. The quality of anaesthesia was evaluated on the basis of composite scores (one for anaesthesia and one for recovery), visual analogue scales and the propofol requirement to suppress spontaneous movements. The medians or means of these variables were used to rank the treatments; ‘unsatisfactory’ and ‘promising’ combinations were identified to calculate, through the equation first described by Berenbaum in 1990, new dexmedetomidine and alfaxalone doses to be tested in the next step. At each step, five combinations (one new plus the best previous four) were tested. Results None of the tested combinations resulted in adverse effects. Four steps and 120 animals were necessary to identify the optimal drug combination (0.014 mg/kg dexmedetomidine, 2.5 mg/kg alfaxalone and 0.3 mg/kg butorphanol). Conclusions and relevance The investigated drug mixture, at the doses found with the optimisation method, is suitable for cats undergoing minor clinical procedures.