bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Contrasting architecture of key African and Australian savanna tree taxa drives intercontinental structural divergence
Authors: Moncrieff Glenn R. , Lehmann Caroline E. R. , Schnitzler Jan , Gambiza James , Hiernaux Pierre , Ryan Casey M. , Shackleton Charlie M. , Williams Richard J. , Higgins Steven I. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractAimWe examined differences in the architecture of African and Australian savanna trees. We sought to attribute variation in tree architecture to current environments, wood density and phylogeny, and thereby elucidate the relative importance of biogeographic idiosyncrasies versus current factors in underpinning architectural differences.LocationAfrica and Australia.MethodsWe compiled canopy diameters and stem diameters from 4867 trees of 97 species and heights and stem diameters from 10,786 trees of 155 species from a range of African and Australian savanna ecosystems and climates. Using Bayesian methods we first estimated continental‐scale savanna tree allometries, ignoring species differences. We then examined continental differences in species‐specific allometries accounting for trait covariation using a phylogeny of our study species. Environmental variables and wood density data were included as covariates, allowing us to assess the potential underpinning of regional differences in tree allometries by differences in current environments and traits.ResultsSubstantial allometric differences exist between Australian and African savanna trees. Australian trees are on average 6 m taller at 20 cm diameter, with a 53% smaller canopy area than African trees. However, this extreme continental‐scale variation is driven by the architecture of only a few taxa in this study – Vachellia and Senegalia versus Eucalyptus and Corymbia – rather than systematic differences between species, wood density and environment. These same genera often dominate the woody strata of South African and Australian savannas, respectively.Main conclusionsStark differences in the architecture of African and Australian savanna tree taxa are not a product of environmental differences and are not consistent across species. Rather, the most likely explanation is the different evolutionary histories of African and Australian savannas, which share no woody species. We consider that these architectural differences are likely to impact regional patterns of woody biomass accumulation.
Phosphate binders and metabolic acidosis in patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis—sevelamer hydrochloride, calcium carbonate, and bixalomer
Authors: Sanai Toru , Tada Hideo , Ono Takashi , Fukumitsu Toma 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThe serum bicarbonate (HCO3–) levels are decreased in chronic hemodialysis (HD) patients treated with sevelamer hydrochloride (SH). We assessed the effects of bixalomer on the chronic metabolic acidosis in these patients. We examined 12 of the 122 consecutive Japanese patients with end‐stage renal disease on HD, who orally ingested a dose of SH (≥2250 mg), and an arterial blood gas analysis and biochemical analysis were performed before HD. Patients whose serum HCO3– levels were under 18 mmol/L were changed from SH to the same dose of bixalomer. A total of 12 patients were treated with a large amount of SH. Metabolic acidosis (a serum HCO3– level under 18 mmol/L) was found in eight patients. These patients were also treated with or without small dose of calcium carbonate (1.2 ± 1.1 g). The dose of SH was changed to that of bixalomer. After 1 month, the serum HCO3– levels increased from 16.3 ± 1.4 to 19.6 ± 1.7 mmol/L (P < 0.05). Metabolic acidosis was not observed in four patients (serum HCO3– level: 20.3 ± 0.7 mmol/L) likely because they were taking 3 g of calcium carbonate with SH. In the present study, the development of chronic metabolic acidosis was induced by HCl containing phosphate binders, such as SH, and partially ameliorated by calcium carbonate, then subsequently improved after changing the treatment to bixalomer.
Opportunities for product innovation using authorised European Union health claims
Authors: Richardson David P. , Eggersdorfer Manfred 
Published: July 2014

SummaryFor authorisation of a health claim in Europe, applicants must follow the procedures in the legislation and in the guidelines for submission of a dossier, as well as the guidance in the European Food Safety Authority's opinions on the scientific requirements for health claims. In addition to the authorised functional benefits of the vitamins and minerals, certain foods and food constituents offer beneficial physiological effects that extend beyond traditionally accepted nutritional effects. The elucidation of these effects is becoming more important, as reflected by the increasing amount of nutrition research and number of product innovations. Provided that they are scientifically substantiated, health claims linked to food and food supplement products can help consumers make well‐informed food choices. The present review focuses on scientific substantiation and consumer understanding of health claims, and it aims to help those involved in academic research, food product development and consumer education about food and health.
Kidney disease health literacy among new patients referred to a nephrology outpatient clinic
Authors: Burke M. T. , Kapojos J. , Sammartino C. , Gray N. A. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractBackgroundKnowledge about kidney disease among the general population is poor but has not been assessed in the population selected for referral to nephrology care.AimThis study aimed to determine patients' understanding of chronic kidney disease (CKD) when first presenting to a nephrology clinic.MethodsNewly referred patients to a nephrology clinic were surveyed with open‐ended questions about their understanding of CKD causes, symptoms and management.ResultsTwo hundred and ten patients were surveyed. Median age was 66.5 years (interquartile range 52–77), 50.5% female and mean body mass index 29.7 ± 6.8 kg/m2. Prevalence of risk factors for CKD included 31% diabetic, 62% hypertension, 19% family history of CKD and 2% Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander. CKD stage prevalence was 0 (8%), 1 (24%), 2 (11%), 3 (38.5%), 4 (18%) and 5 (0.5%). Eighty‐two per cent were referred by their primary care physician and 29% had seen a nephrologist previously. Kidney Health Australia was mentioned by 2.4%. Sixteen per cent were unsure why they had been referred. CKD causes identified by patients were unsure (40%), alcohol (29%), hypertension (16%) and diabetes (14%). Symptoms identified included asymptomatic (16%), kidney pain (17%) and other (42%). Management suggested by patients was uncertain (51%), dialysis (32%) and anti‐hypertensive medication (16%). Eighty‐two per cent reported unsatisfactory education from their primary care physician.ConclusionsNew patients referred to a renal outpatient department had poor knowledge about kidney disease. Education of patients should begin in primary care prior to referral. For most patients, education programmes need to be targeted at a simplistic level.
The effects of nurse eggs and sibling interactions on the larval development of the poecilogonous annelid Boccardia proboscidea (Spionidae)
Authors: Oyarzun Fernanda X. , Brante Antonio 
Published: July 2014

AbstractIn poecilogony, different types of larvae are produced within the same species. Previous studies have suggested maternal control of the production of larval types; however, it is not clear which factors or mechanisms generate contrasting developmental patterns among siblings. The spionid polychaete Boccardia proboscidea produces within the same capsule adelphophagic larvae that eat nurse eggs and siblings and complete all or most of their development inside the capsule (Type A larvae), and larvae with little growth until they hatch as planktotrophic larvae (Type B larvae). In this study, we manipulated capsule content to explore the factors determining larval type in B. proboscidea and the role of extra‐embryonic maternal nutrition and sib–sib interaction in the developmental fate of offspring. When early larval stages were grown individually in vitro, with nurse eggs as the only food source, some of them remained small, while others continue developing into larger pre‐competent larvae by feeding on nurse eggs. This suggests that larval types in B. proboscidea are determined very early in development and are not solely the product of sib–sib interaction inside the capsule. However, our data also suggest that hatching size variability within larval types of a clutch depends on nurse egg availability. Type B larvae grew normally to metamorphosis when phytoplankton was available, but suffered high rates of cannibalism by Type A larvae. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that individual larval fates are determined very early in development and that once their fate is determined, hatching size and intracapsular survival are affected by maternal food provisioning and sibling interaction.
Effect of Apple and Pectin Diets on Serum and Liver Cholesterol in Rats
Authors: Karvinen Esko , Miettinen Matti 
Published: July 2014

AbstractMale rats were fed isocaloric diets in which were incorporated 46.4 g unpeeled apple or 2 g pectin per day per rat. Serum cholesterol level of the rats on the apple diet was significantly lower than that of the controls. Serum cholesterol level of the rats on the pectin diet was not altered significantly. The amounts of liver cholesterol were not significantly changed by the apple or pectin diet. Uptake of orally given cholesterol‐4‐C14 in the liver unsaponifiable lipid was lower in the pectin fed and apple fed animals compared with that of the controls.
Studies on the Dual Action of Guanethidine in Sympathetic Nerves
Authors: Lundborg Per , Stitzel Robert E. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractEvidence is presented indicating that guanethidine inhibits both the transport of amines through the nerve cell membrane and an uptake mechanism present in amine‐storing granules. In vivo the onset of membrane pump blockade is the more rapid process, but inhibition of granular uptake is more long‐lasting. In vitro studies demonstrate that guanethidine can inhibit the uptake of 14C‐adrenaline into bovine adreno‐medullary granules. The depletion of 3H‐metaraminol seen after guanethidine administration may result from a reserpine‐like action on the amine storage granules and/or a protriptyline‐like action on the membrane pump. It is suggested that the membrane pump inhibiting ability possessed by guanethidine, but not reserpine, may account for the sympathomimetic activity and exogenous amine potentiation which often accompanies guanethidine, but not reserpine, administration.
Nervous Control of Urinary Bladder in Cats
Authors: Edvardsen Per 
Published: July 2014

AbstractBladder motility in anesthetized or decerebrated cats was recorded under isometric conditions before and after the administration of graded doses of various agents with peripheral or ganglionic blocking effects on the autonomic nervous system. Direct or indirect cystometry was employed when the effects on the collecting or on the expulsion phase, respectively, were studied. Atropine, which blocks at cholinergic receptor sites, made the micturition contraction inefficient as the ability of the bladder to sustain the initial contraction was abolished. Hexamethonium, which blocks ganglionic transmission, impaired the spontaneous micturition contraction as well, by also preventing the initial pressure rise from occurring. The drug blocked the sympathetic ganglia at doses smaller than those which blocked the parasympathetic ones. The effects of propranolol and dibenzyline, which block adrenergic inhibitory and excitatory receptors respectively, suggest that both these receptors are present in the bladder. The former drug increased bladder tone, the latter had an atropine‐like effect on the micturition contraction and an excitatory influence on the micturition reflex. Finally, guanethidine, which blocks the adrenergic neuro‐muscular junction, had an excitatory effect on the bladder and a facilitatory effect on the micturition reflex in addition to its presynaptic blocking effect. These results support previous hypotheses of a sympathetic inhibition and absence of parasympathetic activity during the collecting phase, and of bladder pressure as the determinant of the micturition threshold.
Treatment for palmoplantar pustular psoriasis: systematic literature review, evidence‐based recommendations and expert opinion
Authors: Sevrain M. , Richard M.‐A. , Barnetche T. , Rouzaud M. , Villani A.P. , Paul C. , Beylot‐Barry M. , Jullien D. , Aractingi S. , Aubin F. , Joly P. , Le Maitre M. , Cantagrel A. , Ortonne J.‐P. , Misery L. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractBackgroundPalmoplantar pustular psoriasis (PPPP) is a variant of psoriasis whose the association with psoriatic arthritis (PsA) has been recently described. There is limited evidence regarding how to best reduce palmoplantar pustular psoriasis severity and to maintain remission once achieved.ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to elaborate evidence‐based recommendations for PPPP treatment supported by a systematic literature review.MethodsA systematic literature search was carried out in Embase, Medline and Cochrane Library databases from 1980 to February 2013 searching for any trial in patients with PPPP assessing therapeutic interventions not including a systemic biotherapy. The selection of articles was limited to human subjects and English or French languages.ResultsAmong the 675 articles identified, 29 including one Cochrane review were analysed. The Cochrane review summarised 23 randomised controlled trials (RCTs) in chronic PPPP until February 2003, including 724 patients. The authors concluded that oral retinoid therapy (acitretin), photochemotherapy or combination of both, low dose of ciclosporin or topical corticosteroids under occlusion appeared to be helpful in relieving symptoms of PPPP. Since the publication of this review, 9 open studies on PPPP treatment have been published. Three new studies evaluated the benefits of PUVA on PPPP. They all showed a better efficacy of PUVA compared to UVB therapy. One open study concluded that a retinoid treatment with an arotinoid ethylesther showed a good efficacy. Five prospective studies (level of evidence of 3) assessed Laser Excimer UVB‐NB (Excimer 308 nm) in PPPP. The combined analysis of these studies showed that 64% of patients experienced an improvement of 70% at the end of treatment.ConclusionPhototherapy, ciclosporin and topical corticosteroids seem to be able to control PPPP. However, the standard of care for PPPP remains an issue and there is a strong need for reliable RCTs to better define treatment strategies for PPPP.
Color Stability of Denture Teeth and Acrylic Base Resin Subjected Daily to Various Consumer Cleansers
Authors: Moon Audrey , Powers John M. , Kiat‐amnuay Sudarat 
Published: July 2014

AbstractObjectiveThis study evaluated color stability of acrylic denture teeth and base resins after 48 weeks of commercial denture cleanser simulation.Materials and MethodsTwo brands of denture teeth (Trubyte Portrait IPN, TP; SR Vivodent DCL, SR) in shades A1, B1, and C1 and three acrylic base resins (Lucitone, LU; Paragon, PA; Valplast, VA) prepared to manufacturer's specifications were exposed 10 hours daily to four cleansers (Clorox Bleach, CB; Polident 3 minute, PO3; Efferdent, EF; and Kleenite, KL) and distilled water control, approximating consumer overnight use. Color measurements used the standard Commision International de l'Eclairage (International Commission on Illumination, CIE L*a*b*) color space (0, 4, 12, 24, 36, and 48 weeks.) Color differences (ΔE*) at 48 weeks were subjected to four‐way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Mean values were compared with Fisher's (protected least significant difference) intervals (0.05 significance level).ResultsMean color differences (ΔE*) demonstrated color changes in each material. ANOVA‐indicated color changes in teeth were significantly affected by both cleansers and teeth brand (p < 0.05), but not shade. Color changes in base resins were significantly affected by cleansers (p < 0.05), but not brand alone. Overall, KL produced the least color change while CB and PO3 produced the most for all materials.ConclusionsAfter 48 weeks of daily simulation, TP teeth were more color stable than SR in all cleansers except EF (p < 0.0001). Base resin VA was less color stable than LU and PA. Cleanser KL resulted in the lowest color changes.Clinical SignificanceAll tested materials yield clinically acceptable color changes (ΔE* < 3.5); all cleansing methods tested can be recommended, although Kleenite demonstrated the least change after 48 weeks.
Waiting for the Surveyor: Development Promises and the Temporality of Infrastructure
Authors: Hetherington Kregg 
Published: July 2014

ResumenTras décadas de reforma agraria en la región oriental del Paraguay, la promesa y la esperanza de una redistribución de las tierras estatales sigue presente en la apreciación que tienen los campesinos de los agrimensores del estado. Esta valorización sigue a pesar de decepciones constantes, de corrupción abierta y paternalismo abusivo. El artículo sostiene que la promesa que da el agrimensor se basa en la lógica infraestructural del desarrollo: la premisa que las pequeñas inversiones en el terreno pueden conducir, con el tiempo, a importantes cambios sociales y económicos. Mirando esta historia en relación a las últimas décadas de las teorías del desarrollo en América Latina, el artículo también sugiere un replanteamiento del concepto de infraestructura para la antropología en general. El concepto suele evocar la dimensión espacial del ambiente humano, a costas de la dimensión temporal que le da tanto poder político.
EFFECTS OF LIVE SAXOPHONE MUSIC ON PHYSIOLOGICAL PARAMETERS, PAIN, MOOD AND ITCHING LEVELS IN PATIENTS UNDERGOING HAEMODIALYSIS
Authors: Burrai Francesco , Micheluzzi Valentina , Zito Maria Pia , Pietro Giurdanella , Sisti Davide 
Published: July 2014

SUMMARYBackgroundFew studies have focused on the effect of music in patients undergoing haemodialysis.ObjectivesTo determine the effects of live saxophone music on various physiological parameters and pain, mood and itching levels.DesignA randomised controlled study with 114 patients undergoing haemodialysis with a control group (n = 57) and an experimental group (n = 57) who received 30 minutes of live saxophone music therapy.MeasurementsSystolic and diastolic blood pressure, pulse rate, glycaemia, oxygen saturation, pain, mood and itching levels were measured before and after the live music performance, resulting in baseline and post‐test values for the patients in the experimental group.ResultsThe experimental group showed a statistically significant reduction in pain level, and an improvement in mood and itching levels and in the oxygen saturation.ConclusionLive saxophone music could be introduced to improve clinical and quality‐of‐life measures in patients undergoing haemodialysis.
Hypomagnesemia in Brachycephalic Dogs
Authors: Mellema M.S. , Hoareau G.L. 
Published: July 2014

BackgroundBrachycephalic dogs are at risk for arterial hypertension and obstructive sleep apnea, which are both associated with chronic magnesium (Mg) depletion.Hypothesis/ObjectivesTo compare the period prevalence of hypomagnesemia between Boxers and Bulldogs presented to a referral teaching hospital. To screen a group of Bulldogs for evidence of hypomagnesemia, and to obtain pilot data regarding the utility of parenteral Mg tolerance testing (PMgTT) in the diagnosis of whole‐body Mg deficiency.AnimalsChemistry laboratory submissions were retrospectively analyzed for serum total Mg (tMg) in Boxers and Bulldogs. Prospectively, 16 healthy client‐owned Bulldogs were enrolled.MethodsRetrospective case study. tMg concentrations were compared between Boxers and Bulldogs. Dogs with low serum albumin or high serum creatinine concentrations were excluded. Prospectively, ionized Mg (iMg), tMg, and arterial blood pressure were measured and iMg‐to‐tMg ratio (iMg : tMg) was calculated. Parenteral Mg tolerance testing (PMgTT) was performed in 3/16 dogs.ResultsIn the retrospective study, period prevalence of hypomagnesemia was 4.7% in Boxers and 15% in Bulldogs (P = .02). The risk ratio for hypomagnesemia in Bulldogs was 1.8 when compared to Boxers (CI: 1.3–2.7). In the prospective study, iMg was [median (interquartile)] 0.43 (0.42–0.46) mmol/L (reference range 0.4–0.52), tMg was 1.9 (1.8–1.9) mg/dL (reference range 1.9–2.5). iMg : tMg was [mean (±SD)] 0.59 ± 0.04. Percentage retention after PMgTT were 55%, 95%, and 67%, respectively.Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceMg deficiency is common in Bulldogs and could contribute to comorbidities often observed in this breed. iMg : tMg and PMgTT might prove helpful in detecting chronic subclinical Mg deficiency.
The Mongols, Eastern Europe, and Western Europe: The Mirabilia Tradition in Benedict of Poland's Historia Tartarorum and John of Plano Carpini's Historia Mongalorum
Authors: Czarnowus Anna 
Published: July 2014

AbstractJohn of Plano Carpini's Historia Mongalorum and Benedict of Poland's Historia Tartarorum were inspired by the Marvels of the East tradition recorded in, respectively, Italy and Poland in Latin. Historia de proellis was a text that influenced Polish scholars the most, and it was ultimately translated into Polish in the 16th century. The first translator was Leonard of Bończa, and the other, more competent, translator remains anonymous. Particularly, the later 1550 version focuses on the monstrous races of India. The two ethnographic relations about the 1247 papal mission to the Tartars must have used similar sources when they related the existence of dog heads and other monstrous races in the Tartar territory. The friars' orientalism was more intellectual than ideological, and it was an impediment in their empirical cognition of the East.
The Libro de los ejemplos del Conde Lucanor and the Panchatantra: Translatio, Power, and Comparison
Authors: Hernandez Gloria 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThis article compares the Castilian Medieval Libro del Conde Lucanor alongside its eldest predecessor in the storytelling tradition, the Sanskrit Panchatantra, attributed to the Indian sage Viṣṇu Śarma and dated around the eighth century. Observing how the Conde Lucanor and the Panchatantra dwell upon questions of governance, trust, and textual ambiguity makes evident that both works represent the transferring of knowledge as means to support imperial power. The comparison examines the dynamics of auctoritas – concerning authorship – and authority – concerning power – through which Don Juan Manuel appropriated the stories of the Panchatantra and integrated them into his own cultural domain, thus complying with the demands of conquest and colonization at play in the thirteenth and fourteenth‐centuries Christian Kingdom of Castile.
Normative Ethics after Pragmatic Naturalism
Authors: Sager Alex 
Published: July 2014

AbstractPhilipKitcher presents an ambitious account of pragmatic naturalism that incorporates an explanatory story of the emergence and development of ethics, a metaethical perspective on progress, and a normative stance for moral theorizing. This article contends that Kitcher's normative stance is incompatible with the explanatory and metaethical components of his project. Instead, pragmatic naturalists should endorse a normative ethics that is experimental, grounded in practice, and acutely aware of cognitive and informational limitations. In particular, the ethical project would benefit from endorsing empirical work on participatory democracy for the identification of mechanisms to guide us on deep moral conflicts.