bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Establishing an Emergency Medicine Education Research Network
Authors: Newgard Craig D. , Beeson Michael S. , Kessler Chad S. , Kuppermann Nathan , Linden Judith A. , Gallahue Fiona , Wolf Stephen , Hatten Benjamin , Akhtar Saadia , Dooley‐Hash Suzanne L. , Yarris Lalena 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThis project was developed from the research network track at the 2012 Academic Emergency Medicine consensus conference on education research in emergency medicine (EM). Using a combination of consensus techniques, the modified Delphi method, and qualitative research methods, the authors describe multiple aspects of developing, implementing, managing, and growing an EM education research network. A total of 175 conference attendees and 24 small‐group participants contributed to discussions regarding an education research network; participants were experts in research networks, education, and education research. This article summarizes relevant conference discussions and expert opinion for recommendations on the structure of an education research network, basic operational framework, site selection, leadership, subcommittees, guidelines for authorship, logistics, and measuring success while growing and maintaining the network.
Comparison of current staging systems for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma not amendable to locoregional therapy as inclusion criteria for clinical trials
Authors: Li Xing , Dong Min , Lin Qu , Chen Zhan‐Hong , Ma Xiao‐Kun , Xing Yan‐Fang , Wan Xiang‐Bo , Wen Jing‐Yun , Wei Li , Chen Jie , Wu Xiang‐Yuan 
Published: December 2012

AbstractAimsThe prognosis of patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is poor and testing drug efficacy in clinical trials is hazardous. This study was aimed to evaluate different prognostic scoring systems for HCC in estimating prognosis (3‐month survival and overall survival (OS)).MethodsFrom November 2008 to April 2010, 208 patients with advanced HCC who were not amendable to locoregional therapy were included in this study. Data were collected to classify patients according to the following: the Japanese integrated staging scoring system, TNM stage by the Liver Cancer Study Group of Japan criteria, TNM 6th edn, the cancer of the liver Italian program scoring system (CLIP), the advanced liver cancer prognostic system (ALCPS), the model of end‐stage liver disease, the Groupe d'étude et de Traitement du Carcinome Hepatocellulaire (GETCH) scoring system, the Chinese University prognostic index staging system (CUPI), the Okuda scoring system, the Child–Pugh score, the Tokyo scoring system and the Barcelona Clinic liver cancer staging. Survival analysis and relative operating characteristic (ROC) were utilized to access the prognostic value of each scoring system.ResultsALCPS performed best, with the largest area under the ROC curve in predicting 3‐month OS (sensitivity 76.32%, specificity 78.72%). CLIP and CUPI were similar to ALCPS in prognostic discrimination but with relatively lower power.ConclusionsALCPS, CLIP and CUPI are the preferred scoring systems in the prediction of OS and 3‐month survival among the 12 systems analyzed, and should be used as inclusion criteria in clinical trials for advanced HCC patients.
Evaluation of clinical characteristics of Kawasaki syndrome and risk factors for coronary artery abnormalities among children in Denmark
Authors: Patel Amy , Holman Robert C , Callinan Laura S , Sreenivasan Nandini , Schonberger Lawrence B , Fischer Thea K , Belay Ermias D 
Published: December 2012

AbstractAimTo examine clinical characteristics, treatment and outcome of Kawasaki syndrome patients in Denmark.MethodsA retrospective chart review of hospitalization records for children <15 years of age with a Kawasaki syndrome discharge diagnosis identified through the Danish National Patient Registry during 1994 through June 2008 was conducted.ResultsA total of 284 cases <15 years of age were identified as Kawasaki syndrome (n = 279) and atypical Kawasaki syndrome (n = 5); 70.4% were <5 years of age and 64.4% were male. Most patients (91.5%; 258/282) were treated with intravenous immunoglobulin and 74.6% of these patients (191/256) received intravenous immunoglobulin before the 10th day of illness. A total of 37 (13.3%) Kawasaki syndrome patients were diagnosed with coronary artery abnormalities. Not receiving intravenous immunoglobulin treatment before the 10th day of illness, young age and male sex were significantly associated with the development of coronary artery abnormalities.ConclusionsIn Denmark, more than one in 10 children with Kawasaki syndrome develop coronary artery abnormalities. Physicians should increase their index of suspicion for early diagnosis and treatment of Kawasaki syndrome among patients susceptible to increased risk of coronary artery abnormalities, particularly in infants who may have a more atypical presentation of the illness.
Surinabant, a selective cannabinoid receptor type 1 antagonist, inhibits Δ9‐tetrahydrocannabinol‐induced central nervous system and heart rate effects in humans
Authors: Klumpers Linda E. , Roy Christine , Ferron Geraldine , Turpault Sandrine , Poitiers Franck , Pinquier Jean‐Louis , van Hasselt Johan G. C. , Zuurman Lineke , Erwich Frank A. S. , van Gerven Joop M. A. 
Published: December 2012

AimCannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1) antagonists have been developed for the treatment of obesity and associated risk factors. Surinabant is a high affinity CB1 antagonist in vitro. The aim of this study was to assess the magnitude of inhibition by surinabant of CNS effects and heart rate induced by Δ9‐tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in humans.MethodsThis was a double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, randomized, four period six sequence crossover study. Thirty healthy young male occasional cannabis users (<1 per week) were included. A single oral dose of surinabant (5, 20 or 60 mg) or placebo was administered followed 1.5 h later by four intrapulmonary THC doses (2, 4, 6 and 6 mg) or vehicle, administered at 1 h intervals. The wash‐out period was 14–21 days. Subjective and objective pharmacodynamic (PD) measurements were performed. A population PK–PD model for THC and surinabant quantified PK and PD effects.ResultsSurinabant 20 and 60 mg inhibited all THC‐induced PD effects in a similar range for both doses with inhibition ratios ranging from 68.3% (95% CI = 32.5, 104.2; heart rate) to 91.1% (95% CI = 30.3, 151.8; body sway). IC50 ranged from 22.0 ng ml−1 [relative standard error (RSE) = 45.2%; body sway] to 58.8 ng ml−1 (RSE = 44.2%; internal perception). Surinabant 5 mg demonstrated no significant effects.ConclusionsThe dose‐related inhibition by surinabant, without any effect of its own, suggests that this compound behaves as a CB1 receptor antagonist in humans at these concentrations. A single surinabant dose between 5 to 20 mg and above was able to antagonize THC‐induced effects in humans.
Specific antibody deficiency in children with recurrent respiratory infections: a controlled study with follow-up
Authors: Ruuskanen O , Nurkka A , Helminen M , Viljanen M K , Käyhty H , Kainulainen L 
Published: December 2012

Summary
Specific antibody deficiency (SAD) to unconjugated pneumococcal vaccine (PPV) is an established primary B cell immunodeficiency. The occurrence and natural history of SAD in children is unclear. We conducted an observational study to identify SAD in children with recurrent respiratory infections. Ninety-nine children, mean age 5·9 (range 2–16) years, with recurrent or severe infections were vaccinated with PPV; serum antibody concentrations for serotypes 4, 6B, 9V, 14, 18C, 19F and 23F were measured before and 2 weeks after vaccination with enzyme immunoassay. The retrospective control group consisted of 89 healthy children matched for age and gender. No children had received previous conjugated pneumococcal vaccine (PCV) or PPV. The structured history of infectious diseases of all participants was collected. Ten of 91 (11%) children (eight excluded due to immunoglobulin G subclass deficiency) with recurrent respiratory infections had SAD. In the control group, three children (3%) responded inadequately to PPV (P = 0·05). Most children with SAD also had many other minor immune defects. After 0·5–5 years (medium 3·8), eight children with SAD were revaccinated with PPV; five responded adequately and three inadequately. Two SAD children were revaccinated with PCV, one developed an adequate and one an inadequate response. Two children with SAD received treatment with intravenous immunoglobulin; the remaining eight children recovered without replacement therapy during the follow-up. SAD is common in young children with recurrent respiratory infections, but it is often transient and resolves itself within a few years without specific treatment.
Human mesenchymal stem cells suppress donor CD4+ T cell proliferation and reduce pathology in a humanized mouse model of acute graft-versus-host disease
Authors: Tobin L M , Healy M E , English K , Mahon B P 
Published: December 2012

Summary
Acute graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD) is a life-threatening complication following allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), occurring in up to 30–50% of patients who receive human leucocyte antigen (HLA)-matched sibling transplants. Current therapies for steroid refractory aGVHD are limited, with the prognosis of patients suboptimal. Mesenchymal stem or stromal cells (MSC), a heterogeneous cell population present in many tissues, display potent immunomodulatory abilities. Autologous and allogeneic ex-vivo expanded human MSC have been utilized to treat aGVHD with promising results, but the mechanisms of therapeutic action remain unclear. Here a robust humanized mouse model of aGVHD based on delivery of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) to non-obese diabetic (NOD)-severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) interleukin (IL)-2rγnull (NSG) mice was developed that allowed the exploration of the role of MSC in cell therapy. MSC therapy resulted in the reduction of liver and gut pathology and significantly increased survival. Protection was dependent upon the timing of MSC therapy, with conventional MSC proving effective only after delayed administration. In contrast, interferon (IFN)-γ-stimulated MSC were effective when delivered with PBMC. The beneficial effect of MSC therapy in this model was not due to the inhibition of donor PBMC chimerism, as CD45+ and T cells engrafted successfully in this model. MSC therapy did not induce donor T cell anergy, FoxP3+ T regulatory cells or cause PBMC apoptosis in this model; however, it was associated with the direct inhibition of donor CD4+ T cell proliferation and reduction of human tumour necrosis factor-α in serum.
Neuro‐ophthalmology of invasive fungal sinusitis: 14 consecutive patients and a review of the literature
Authors: Thurtell Matthew J , Chiu Alison LS , Goold Lucy A , Akdal Gulden , Crompton John L , Ahmed Rebekah , Madge Simon N , Selva Dinesh , Francis Ian , Ghabrial Raf , Ananda Arj , Gibson John , Chan Raymond , Thompson Elizabeth O , Rodriguez Michael , McCluskey Peter J , Halmagyi G Michael 
Published: December 2012

AbstractBackgroundInvasive fungal sinusitis is a rare condition that usually occurs in immunocompromised patients and often presents as an orbital apex syndrome. It is frequently misdiagnosed on presentation and is almost always lethal without early treatment.DesignRetrospective case series of 14 consecutive patients with biopsy‐proven invasive fungal sinusitis from four tertiary hospitals.ParticipantsFourteen patients (10 men and 4 women; age range 46–82 years).MethodsRetrospective chart review of all patients presenting with invasive fungal sinusitis between 1994 and 2010 at each hospital, with a close analysis of the tempo of the disease to identify any potential window of opportunity for treatment.Main Outcome MeasuresDemographic data, background medical history (including predisposing factors), symptoms, signs, radiological findings, histopathological findings, treatment approach and subsequent clinical course were recorded and analysed.ResultsOnly one patient was correctly diagnosed at presentation. Only two patients were not diabetic or immunocompromised. The tempo was acute in two patients, subacute in nine patients and chronic in three patients. In the subacute and chronic cases, there was about 1 week of opportunity for treatment, from the time there was a complete orbital apex syndrome, and still a chance for saving the patient, to the time there was central nervous system invasion, which was invariably fatal. Only two patients survived – both had orbital exenteration, as well as antifungal drug treatment.ConclusionsInvasive fungal sinusitis can, rarely, occur in healthy individuals and should be suspected as a possible cause of a progressive orbital apex syndrome.
Is preoperative ciliary body and iris anatomical configuration a predictor of malignant glaucoma development?
Authors: Prata Tiago S , Dorairaj Syril , De Moraes Carlos GV , Mehta Siddhart , Sbeity Zaher , Tello Celso , Liebmann Jeffrey , Ritch Robert 
Published: December 2012

AbstractBackgroundTo investigate anatomical configuration of ciliary body and iris using ultrasound biomicroscopy as a predictor of malignant glaucoma development.DesignRetrospective study in a tertiary care hospital.ParticipantsCohort of 31 consecutive patients diagnosed with post‐surgical malignant glaucoma.MethodsAnterior chamber angle, iris and ciliary body configuration of involved eyes that had ultrasound biomicroscopy evaluation prior to the malignant glaucoma onset were evaluated. In cases with no presurgical ultrasound biomicroscopy exam of the involved eye, images from the fellow eye (imaged within 6 months) were analysed.Main Outcome MeasuresQualitative parameters.ResultsThirty‐one eyes (31 patients) had confirmed malignant glaucoma between 1996 and 2008. Most patients were women (65%) and had an anatomical narrow angle or angle‐closure glaucoma (77%). Mean intraocular pressure at diagnosis was 30.4 ± 13.5 mmHg. The most common operation was trabeculectomy with mitomycin C (55%, 17/31 eyes), combined (3/17) or not (14/17) with cataract extraction and intraocular lens implantation. Among these 31 cases, we were able to evaluate the ultrasound biomicroscopy images of 13 patients (13 eyes) including involved eyes imaged prior to the malignant glaucoma onset or eligible fellow eyes. A narrow angle with or without iridotrabecular contact was found in all eyes. A large and/or anteriorly positioned ciliary body associated with an iris root angulating forward and centrally, revealing a plateau iris configuration, was noticed in 85% (11/13) of these eyes.ConclusionIdentification of plateau iris configuration by ultrasound biomicroscopy should be considered as a possible predictor of post‐operative malignant glaucoma development.
Efficacy and safety of collagen matrix implants in phacotrabeculectomy and comparison with mitomycin C augmented phacotrabeculectomy at 1 year
Authors: Narayanaswamy Arun , Perera Shamira A , Htoon Hla M , Hoh Sek‐Tien , Seah Steve K , Wong Tina T , Aung Tin 
Published: December 2012

AbstractBackgroundTo assess the efficacy and safety of collagen matrix implant (Ologen) in phacotrabeculectomy.DesignProspective, non‐randomized, comparative study.ParticipantsSixty‐six Asian patients.MethodsThirty three consecutive patients underwent phacotrabeculectomy with Ologen implant and intraocular lens implantation, and 33 subjects recruited as controls underwent surgery with mitomycin C augmentation.Main Outcome MeasuresThe primary outcome measure was postoperative intraocular pressure at month 12. Additional postoperative treatments, such as bleb needling, and adverse events were secondary outcomes.ResultsThe overall percentage reduction in intraocular pressure was 13% (95% confidence interval 6.7–19.2) in the Ologen group and 26% (95% confidence interval 14.8–37.9) in the mitomycin C group (P = 0.05). At 1 year after surgery (after adjusting for baseline differences), intraocular pressure decreased by 4.2 mmHg (95% confidence interval 2.8–5.6 mmHg) and 5.6 mmHg (95% confidence interval 4.2–7.0 mmHg), respectively (P = 0.16). Needling with 5‐fluorouracil was required more often in the Ologen group (39% vs. 6%; P = 0.003). There was similar frequency (<10%) of adverse events in both groups, and there were no complications directly related to the Ologen implant. The blebs in the mitomycin C group had greater central area (P = 0.005), maximal area (P = 0.01) and height (P = 0.005), and were less vascular (P = 0.023) than the Ologen blebs.ConclusionsAt 1 year, the overall performance of Ologen in combined phacotrabeculectomy was suboptimal compared with combined surgery with mitomycin C. Eyes in the Ologen group required more frequent bleb needling procedures.
‘Coming Out’ to ‘Hit the Road’: Temporal, Spatial and Affective Mobilities of Taxi Drivers and Day Trippers inKunming,China
Authors: NOTAR BETH E. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThis article examines how people narrate the relationship between physical and socioeconomic mobility in contemporary urbanChina. To do so, it looks at the mobility of two different groups of drivers in the southwesternChinese city ofKunming: taxi drivers and “day trippers.” While a taxi driver and a day tripper engage in the same activity of driving their own vehicles, their experiences of mobility, their status identity and their views of the country and the city diverge due to their differently embodied practices in time as well as in space. The comparison underscores that there is nothing inherent in the relationship between mobility, status and freedom.
Patients’ perspectives on zirconia and titanium implants with a novel distribution supporting maxillary and mandibular overdentures: a qualitative study
Authors: Osman Reham B. , Morgaine Kate C. , Duncan Warwick , Swain Michael V. , Ma Sunyoung 
Published: December 2012

AbstractObjectivesThis qualitative study explored the perceptions of edentulous patients regarding their rehabilitation with maxillary and mandibular implant‐supported overdentures employing a protocol that featured novel implant sites and distribution.Material and MethodsIn‐depth semi‐structured interviews were conducted with 16 participants who have taken part in a randomized controlled trial. Each received implant overdentures supported by either titanium or zirconia one‐piece implants. Participants received four implants in the maxilla and three implants in the mandible. The implant distribution was: in the maxilla, a mid‐palatal implant, and three anterior implants in the incisor and first premolar regions; in the mandible, a mid‐symphseal implant, and bilateral distal implants in the first molar region. All interviews were conducted by a researcher not involved with the clinical aspect of the randomized controlled trial and were transcribed verbatim and analyzed using a thematic inductive analysis approach.ResultsThe perceived advantages of the treatment were functional improvement and increased social confidence. Cost was a significant barrier for edentulous patients seeking implant treatment. Previous experience with complete dentures, age and length of treatment was further factors that influenced decisions regarding prosthodontic rehabilitation. The novel implant protocol was acceptable to patients.ConclusionsImplant overdentures improve the quality of life of edentulous patients. Acceptance of dental implants may be increased by mitigating the cost of treatment. The mid‐palatal implant site may be a potential alternative to extensive surgical procedures during the prosthodontic rehabilitation of atrophic maxillary ridges. The mandibular design offers patients the advantages of a removable prosthesis with increased retention.
Simvastatin Induces Neuroprotection in 6‐OHDA‐Lesioned PC12 via the PI3K/AKT/Caspase 3 Pathway and Anti‐Inflammatory Responses
Authors: Xu Yun‐Qi , Long Ling , Yan Jun‐Qiang , Wei Lei , Pan Meng‐Qiu , Gao Hui‐Min , Zhou Peng , Liu Mei , Zhu Can‐Sheng , Tang Bei‐Sha , Wang Qing 
Published: December 2012

SummaryBackgroundIn addition to their original applications for lowering cholesterol, statins display multiple neuroprotective effects. Inflammatory reactions and the PI3K/AKT/caspase 3 pathway are strongly implicated in dopaminergic neuronal death in Parkinson's disease (PD). This study aims to investigate how simvastatin affects 6‐hydroxydopamine‐lesioned PC12 via regulating PI3K/AKT/caspase 3 and modulating inflammatory mediators.Methods6‐hydroxydopamine‐treated PC12 cells were used to investigate the neuroprotection of simvastatin, its association with the PI3K/AKT/caspase 3 pathway, and antiinflammatory responses. Dopamine transporters (DAT) and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) were examined in 6‐hydroxydopamine‐treated PC12 after simvastatin treatment.ResultsSimvastatin‐mediated neuroprotection was associated with a robust reduction in the upregulation induced by 6‐OHDA of inflammatory mediators including IL‐6, COX2, and TNF‐α. The downregulated DAT and TH levels in 6‐OHDA‐lesioned PC12 were restored after simvastatin treatment. Simvastatin reversed 6‐OHDA‐induced downregulation of PI3K/Akt phosphorylation and attenuated 6‐OHDA‐induced upregulation of caspase 3 in PC12. Furthermore, the PI3K inhibitor LY294002 pronouncedly abolished the simvastatin‐mediated attenuation in caspase 3.ConclusionsOur results demonstrate that simvastatin provides robust neuroprotection against dopaminergic neurodegeneration, partially via antiinflammatory mechanisms and the PI3K/Akt/caspase 3 pathway. These findings contribute to a better understanding of the critical roles of simvastatin in treating PD and might elucidate the molecular mechanisms of simvastatin effects in PD.
Considering the Artistry and Epistemology of Tacit Knowledge and Knowing
Authors: Toom Auli 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThe concepts of tacit knowledge and tacit knowing have been of interest to philosophers and epistemologists as well as behavioral and social scientists. The tacit dimension can be found in both individual and collective practices in versatile, implicit, informal, and unintentional ways. There is no clear, broadly accepted definition of tacit knowledge, but rather its complexity and ambiguity are generally acknowledged. In this essay, Auli Toom begins by presenting some general definitions of tacit knowledge and knowing, and she then draws on four perspectives to construct a more thorough understanding of these concepts. According to Toom, tacit knowledge can be considered using either its philosophical foundations or psychological foundations. In addition, tacit knowledge can be understood as an accumulated product of thinking and action, and also as a process during action. Toom observes further that while tacit knowledge is perceived as an individual and personally accumulated knowledge base, its collective and organizational characteristics are widely recognized. Toom concludes by considering the situational and contextual nature of tacit knowledge.