bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Counts of Anjou in the Tenth and Eleventh Centuries: Understanding Power and Authority in the High Middle Ages
Authors: Dachowski Elizabeth 
Published: January 2015

AbstractThe county of Anjou has a central place in French and English historiography as one of the main territorial principalities that emerged in the tenth and eleventh centuries. The power and authority of Angevin counts in the tenth and eleventh centuries make the county central to debates over public and private authority – violence, coercion, and cooperation – and the continuity or discontinuity of Carolingian institutions in the early Capetian era. Its rich primary source record has allowed numerous studies to address these questions, but more work needs to be done making use of the methodology of emerging fields within medieval studies and with a focus on how the lesser nobility functioned in Anjou.
Routine HIV testing within the emergency department of a major trauma centre: a pilot study
Authors: Bath R , Ahmad K , Orkin C 
Published: January 2015

ObjectivesUK guidelines recommend routine HIV testing for all medical admissions where the local prevalence exceeds 2 per 1000. We aimed to review uptake of HIV testing in the emergency department (ED) of one of the country's major trauma centres in a 3‐month pilot study (March−June 2013).MethodsED attendees already having blood tests were routinely tested for HIV (based on the recommendation being made to all to test when having blood taken). Uptake was determined using the surrogate marker of ED attendees who had full blood counts (FBCs) as the denominator. Newly diagnosed patients were linked to care and contacts tested. Staff completed an anonymous online survey to determine acceptability at the end of the pilot study.ResultsA total of 2828 patients were tested over 3 months. Nineteen HIV‐positive individuals were identified. Eight were newly diagnosed, of whom two were thought to be seroconverting. The prevalence of new diagnoses was 8/2828 (0.28%); for comparison, the Public Health England (PHE) actual prevalence for Tower Hamlets is 6.25/1000 (0.625%). Uptake for HIV testing was 30%, a significant increase from 72 tests performed in the 2 months prior (P < 0.001). Ninety‐five per cent of respondents to the staff survey agreed that routine HIV testing should be rolled out permanently in the ED.ConclusionsDespite an average uptake rate, there were 19 positive tests: eight in patients who were newly diagnosed, six in patients who had been lost to follow‐up, and five in patients who were known to be positive and linked to care. The staff survey indicated recognition of the importance of HIV testing in the ED. These persuasive data achieved short‐term Clinical Commissioning Group (CCG) funding for routine ED testing.
Alendronate rescued osteoporotic phenotype in a model of glucocorticoid‐induced osteoporosis in adult zebrafish scale
Authors: Pasqualetti Sara , Congiu Terenzio , Banfi Giuseppe , Mariotti Massimo 
Published: January 2015

SummaryLong‐term effects of glucocorticoid treatment in humans induce bone loss and increase the risk of fracture in the skeleton. The pathogenic mechanisms of glucocorticoid‐induced osteoporosis (GIOP) are still unclear. The GIOP and its effects have been reproduced in several animal models including Danio rerio (zebrafish) embryo. The treatment of adult fish with prednisolone (PN) has shown a dose‐dependent decrease of mineralized matrix in the scales. Large resorption lacunae are characterized by single TRAP‐positive cells which migrate to the margin of the scale merging into a multinucleated structures. The treatment with PN of cultured scales did not increase TRAP activity suggesting that the massive presence of osteoclasts in the resorption sites could be likely the result of a systemic recruitment of monocyte–macrophage precursors. We observed that treatment with PN induced a significant decrease of the alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity in scale scleroblasts if compared with untreated controls. Then, we investigated the total mineral balance under prednisolone treatment using a time‐dependent double live staining. The untreated fish fully repaired the resorption lacuna induced by prednisolone, whereas treated fish failed. The presence of osteoclast resorption fingerprints on new matrix suggested that the osteoclast activity counterbalances the osteodepositive activity exerted by scleroblasts. The treatment with PN in association with alendronate (AL) has surprisingly resulted in a significant decrease of TRAP activity and increase of ALP compared to PN‐treated fish in biochemical and histological assays confirming the action of alendronate against GIOP in fish as well in humans.
In vivo regulation of gene expression and T helper type 17 differentiation by RORγt inverse agonists
Authors: Skepner Jill , Trocha Mark , Ramesh Radha , Qu Xiaoyan A. , Schmidt Darby , Baloglu Erkan , Lobera Mercedes , Davis Scott , Nolan Michael A. , Carlson Thaddeus J. , Hill Jonathan , Ghosh Shomir , Sundrud Mark S. , Yang Jianfei 
Published: January 2015

SummaryThe orphan nuclear receptor, retinoic acid receptor‐related orphan nuclear receptor γt (RORγt), is required for the development and pathogenic function of interleukin‐17A‐secreting CD4+ T helper type 17 (Th17) cells. Whereas small molecule RORγt antagonists impair Th17 cell development and attenuate autoimmune inflammation in vivo, the broader effects of these inhibitors on RORγt‐dependent gene expression in vivo has yet to be characterized. We show that the RORγt inverse agonist TMP778 acts potently and selectively to block mouse Th17 cell differentiation in vitro and to impair Th17 cell development in vivo upon immunization with the myelin antigen MOG35–55 plus complete Freund's adjuvant. Importantly, we show that TMP778 acts in vivo to repress the expression of more than 150 genes, most of which fall outside the canonical Th17 transcriptional signature and are linked to a variety of inflammatory pathologies in humans. Interestingly, more than 30 genes are related with SMAD3, a transcription factor involved in the Th17 cell differentiation. These results reveal novel disease‐associated genes regulated by RORγt during inflammation in vivo, and provide an early read on potential disease indications and safety concerns associated with pharmacological targeting of RORγt.
Intra‐ and interspecific interactions between Nephus includens and Cryptolaemus montrouzieri
Authors: Gkounti V. T. , Savopoulou‐Soultani M. , Milonas P. G. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractThe introduced coccinellid Cryptolaemus montrouzieri is extensively used by biological control practitioners against mealybugs. Potential risks on native guilds of natural enemies have recently been recognized, as C. montrouzieri has managed to establish in many of the regions, it has been released. We investigated in the laboratory the direct trophic interactions between Cryptolaemus montrouzieri and Nephus includens, a predatory coccinellid native to the Mediterranean region. For both adult coccinellid species, predation rates on conspecific or heterospecific juvenile stages, with different amounts of shared prey, were recorded after 24 h. Both predators consumed eggs and larvae, but only C. montrouzieri preyed upon pupae. In general, cannibalism decreased with shared prey abundance, regardless of species. A high level of asymmetry was found on intraguild predation, in favour of C. montrouzieri. The probability of displacement threat of N. includens by C. montrouzieri in nature, in addition to possible effects of the studied trophic interactions on the outcome of biological control, is discussed.
Effects of Soybean Oil, Moisture and Setting on the Textural and Color Properties of Surimi Gels
Authors: Chang Tong , Wang Chenjie , Wang Xianfeng , Shi Liu , Yang Hong , Cui Min 
Published: January 2015

AbstractThe objective of this study was to determine the effects of soybean oil, moisture and setting on the texture and color of surimi gels. Increasing the moisture and soybean oil contents resulted in increased whiteness values in the gels, but reduced the breaking forces, hardness and chewiness. The highest deformation, cohesiveness and resilience values were observed in gels with 78% moisture, while the lowest in gels with 80% moisture. At soybean oil content >3%, gels with 80% moisture had a lower springiness than those with 76% and 78% moisture. Setting significantly increased the breaking force, deformation, hardness, cohesiveness, chewiness, resilience and whiteness of surimi gels with soybean oil. Results indicated that soybean oil and setting procedure could be used to modify the texture and color of surimi‐based products.Practical ApplicationsIn China, animal fats are often added into surimi‐based products to improve their flavor, taste and color. In the present study, soybean oil was added into the surimi, while the effects of soybean oil associated with the surimi moisture and setting on the textural and color properties of surimi gel were investigated. The study was aimed to provide experimental evidence for application of vegetable oils in the production of surimi‐based products.
Avoiding artefacts during electron microscopy of silver nanomaterials exposed to biological environments
Authors: CHEN S. , GOODE A.E. , SKEPPER J.N. , THORLEY A.J. , SEIFFERT J.M. , CHUNG K.F. , TETLEY T.D. , SHAFFER M.S.P. , RYAN M.P. , PORTER A.E. 
Published: January 2015

SummaryElectron microscopy has been applied widely to study the interaction of nanomaterials with proteins, cells and tissues at nanometre scale. Biological material is most commonly embedded in thermoset resins to make it compatible with the high vacuum in the electron microscope. Room temperature sample preparation protocols developed over decades provide contrast by staining cell organelles, and aim to preserve the native cell structure. However, the effect of these complex protocols on the nanomaterials in the system is seldom considered. Any artefacts generated during sample preparation may ultimately interfere with the accurate prediction of the stability and reactivity of the nanomaterials. As a case study, we review steps in the room temperature preparation of cells exposed to silver nanomaterials (AgNMs) for transmission electron microscopy imaging and analysis. In particular, embedding and staining protocols, which can alter the physicochemical properties of AgNMs and introduce artefacts thereby leading to a misinterpretation of silver bioreactivity, are scrutinized. Recommendations are given for the application of cryogenic sample preparation protocols, which simultaneously fix both particles and diffusible ions. By being aware of the advantages and limitations of different sample preparation methods, compromises or selection of different correlative techniques can be made to draw more accurate conclusions about the data.
Differentiating the two main histologic categories of fibroadenoma tissue from normal breast tissue by using multiphoton microscopy
Authors: NIE Y.T. , WU Y. , FU F.M. , LIAN Y.E. , ZHUO S.M. , WANG C. , CHEN J.X. 
Published: January 2015

SummaryMultiphoton microscopy has become a novel biological imaging technique that allows cellular and subcellular microstructure imaging based on two‐photon excited fluorescence and second harmonic generation. In this work, we used multiphoton microscopy to obtain the high‐contrast images of human normal breast tissue and two main histologic types of fibroadenoma (intracanalicular, pericanalicular). Moreover, quantitative image analysis was performed to characterize the changes of collagen morphology (collagen content, collagen orientation). The results show that multiphoton microscopy combined with quantitative method has the ability to identify the characteristics of fibroadenoma including changes of the duct architecture and collagen morphology in stroma. With the advancement of multiphoton microscopy, we believe that the technique has great potential to be a real‐time histopathological diagnostic tool for intraoperative detection of fibroadenoma in the future.
A double‐blind randomized study comparing the association of Retinol and LR2412 with tretinoin 0.025% in photoaged skin
Authors: Bouloc Anne , Vergnanini Andre Luiz , Issa Maria Claudia 
Published: January 2015

AbstractIntroductionTopical tretinoin is considered the gold standard to treat photoaged skin, but it is associated with side effects and only available upon prescription.Aim of the studyTo compare the efficacy, tolerance, and perception of a fixed proprietary combination (Retinol 0.2%/LR2412 2%) vs. tretinoin 0.025% cream in women with photoaged skin.Material/MethodsIn this randomized, parallel, double‐blind, controlled clinical study, women applied to the entire face for 3 months in the morning a SPF 50 sunscreen and in the evening either the association of Retinol 0.2%/LR2412 2% or tretinoin 0.025%. Clinical and instrumental parameters were assessed at days 0, 28, 56, and 84. Subject perception of the efficacy, tolerance and cosmeticity of the tested products were assessed at days 28, 56, and 84.ResultsA total of 120 women (60 to Retinol 0.2%/LR2412 2% cream and 60 to tretinoin 0.025% cream) were included in the study. Both products improved considerably wrinkles, mottled pigmentation, pores, and global photodamage. No statistically significant differences were noted between Retinol 0.2%/LR2412 2% cream and tretinoin 0.025% cream. Adverse effects were mostly graded mild. Overall, Retinol 0.2%/LR2412 2% cream was better tolerated than tretinoin 0.025% cream. At all visits, subject perception of the association of Retinol 0.2%/LR2412 2% was either comparable to or better than tretinoin 0.025% cream.ConclusionThe treatment outcome of Retinol 0.2%/LR2412 2% cream does not differ from the one of tretinoin 0.025% cream. Clinical results were not statistically different. Furthermore, Retinol 0.2%/LR2412 2% cream is better tolerated and better perceived by women used to rejuvenation procedures.
Ease of intravenous catheterisation in dogs and cats: a comparative study of two peripheral catheters
Authors: Chebroux A. , Leece E. A. , Brearley J. C. 
Published: January 2015

OBJECTIVESTo evaluate animal comfort and ease of placement of a veterinary‐specific intravenous catheter compared with a catheter manufactured for human use.METHODSFifty‐nine veterinary undergraduates were recruited to perform intravenous catheterisations with two brands of over‐the‐needle catheter [Smiths Medical Jelco® (human use) and Abbott Animal Health catheter® (veterinary use)] in 69 healthy cats (n = 28) and dogs (n = 41) requiring general anaesthesia. After a standardised pre‐anaesthetic medication, each animal was randomly allocated to have one of the two brands of catheter placed. Each student was allowed a maximum of three attempts to achieve cephalic vein catheterisation. The student and a single experienced observer evaluated each attempt. Observations related to ease of placement and to the animal's reaction were recorded.RESULTSHuman use catheters were placed in 34 and veterinary use in 35 animals. There was no difference in weight, sex or sedation score between the two groups. The number of failed attempts was similar between the two groups. There was no difference between groups for the number of animals reacting to catheter insertion.CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCEThe two types of catheters evaluated are equally suitable for intravenous catheterisation of sedated animals by veterinary undergraduate students.
Two‐Group Dynamic Conflict Scenarios: “Toy Model” with a Severity Index
Authors: Kaufman Sanda , Kaufman Miron 
Published: January 2015

AbstractThis article draws on several research domains and disciplines—social psychology, models of complex systems, and planning scenario analysis—to propose a “toy” model of the dynamics of intergroup conflicts. The ingroup–outgroup conflict literature supports the notion that inside groups in conflict there are subgroups of intransigents seeking to “fight it out,” and flexibles seeking avenues for settlements. There is also support for the intransigents and flexibles in the two groups being susceptible to each other's goading to escalate conflicts or entreaties to reach agreement. However, since two‐group conflicts are embedded in complex systems with which they interact, it is difficult to predict outcomes and to assess the chances that intervention strategies might succeed or fail. We propose to use the model of two‐group conflicts based on the mutual susceptibilities of flexibles and intransigents (Kaufman & Kaufman, ) to construct toy model scenarios of possible conflict trajectories. For each scenario, we compute a Severity Index for Conflicts (SIC) that captures the likelihood that it will end in confrontation (rather than agreement). We offer some examples of intranational and international conflicts and show how the scenarios can be analyzed qualitatively to explore the range of possible outcomes. Further developments will include sensitivity analyses for various assumptions and asking “what if” questions that can inform strategies of response and intervention.
Limitations of Dormant Conduction as a Predictor of Atrial Fibrillation Recurrence and Pulmonary Vein Reconnection after Catheter Ablation
Authors: LIN FRANK S. , IP JAMES E. , MARKOWITZ STEVEN M. , LIU CHRISTOPHER F. , THOMAS GEORGE , LERMAN BRUCE B. , CHEUNG JIM W. 
Published: January 2015

BackgroundAdenosine (ADO) can uncover dormant conduction following pulmonary vein (PV) isolation. We sought to identify the value of dormant conduction for predicting atrial fibrillation (AF) recurrence and chronic PV reconnection.MethodsOne hundred fifty‐two patients (80 male; age 60 ± 11 years) undergoing PV isolation for AF were studied. After PV isolation, sites of ADO‐induced PV reconnection were recorded and targeted with additional ablation. In patients undergoing repeat ablation for recurrent AF, chronic PV reconnection was assessed.ResultsForty‐five (30%) patients had ADO‐induced PV reconnection following PV isolation. Dormant conduction was successfully eliminated with additional ablation in 41 (91%) of these patients. After follow‐up of 598 ± 270 days, 60 (39%) patients had recurrent AF. Dormant PV conduction was not a significant predictor of AF recurrence (hazard ratio 1.51; 95% confidence interval: 0.89–2.56; P = 0.12) although three of four (75%) patients with residual dormant conduction following initial ablation developed recurrent AF. Twenty‐six patients with recurrent AF underwent repeat ablation with 52 of 99 (53%) PVs found to have chronic reconnection. Nine of 11 (82%) PVs with dormant conduction and 43 of 88 (49%) PVs without dormant conduction at initial procedure had chronic reconnection at repeat ablation.ConclusionsWhen additional ablation is performed to eliminate ADO‐induced PV reconnection after PV isolation, dormant conduction is not a significant predictor of recurrent AF. Although PVs with dormant conduction at initial procedure may develop chronic reconnection, the majority of PVs that show conduction recovery at repeat ablation occur in nondormant PVs.
Crista Terminalis as the Anterior Pathway of Typical Atrial Flutter: Insights from Entrainment Map with 3D Intracardiac Ultrasound
Authors: NAKANISHI TOMOYUKI , FUKUZAWA KOJI , YOSHIDA AKIHIRO , ITOH MITSUAKI , IMAMURA KIMITAKE , FUJIWARA RYUDO , SUZUKI ATSUSHI , YAMASHITA SOICHIRO , MATSUMOTO AKINORI , KONISHI HIROKI , ICHIBORI HIROTOSHI , HIRATA KEN‐ICHI 
Published: January 2015

BackgroundThe precise location of truly active reentry circuits of typical atrial flutter (AFL) has not been well identified. The purpose of this study was to verify our hypothesis that the posterior block line is located along the posteromedial right atrium (PMRA) and the crista terminalis (CT) is the anterior pathway of AFL, with real‐time intracardiac echo (ICE).MethodsThe entire right atrium (RA) three‐dimensional activation and entrainment mapping were evaluated during AFL in 18 patients using CARTO sound.ResultsThe CT was clearly visualized by ICE and the local electrograms along the CT were single potentials in all the patients. The CT was recognized as the truly active anterior pathway based on entrainment mapping in all patients. Double potentials were recorded along the PMRA. Entire RA entrainment mapping could be performed in 16 patients. The reentry circuits were separated into three passages. The first was around the tricuspid annulus (TA), the second the anterior superior vena cava (SVC; AFL waves passed between the anterior SVC and RA appendage), and the last the posterior SVC (between the posterior SVC and upper limit of the PMRA). All three of these passages were active in four, around the TA and anterior SVC in eight, around the TA and posterior SVC in three, and around only the anterior SVC in one patient.ConclusionsThe CT functions as the anterior pathway of typical AFL, and the posterior block line was located along the PMRA. Dual or triple circuits were recognized in the majority of AFL patients.
Relationship between Neurocardiogenic Syncope and Ventricular Repolarization
Authors: SUCU MURAT , OZER ORHAN , DAVUTOGLU VEDAT , ERCAN SULEYMAN , YUCE MURAT , COSKUN FATMA YILMAZ 
Published: January 2015

BackgroundWe aimed to analyze ventricular repolarization in neurocardiogenic syncope (NCS) patients by using T‐peak‐T‐end interval, T‐peak‐T‐end/QT ratio, T‐peak‐T‐end/QTc ratio and corrected QT interval (QTc), QT dispersion (QTd), QT index (QTI) and corrected QT interval index (QTcI) comparing with the corrected JT dispersion (JTcd), and corrected JT (JTc) and the corrected JT interval index (JTcI), by inspecting ventricular activation until termination of repolarization. These parameters are used as an index of potential ventricular arrhythmogenesis.MethodsWe have studied patients with head‐up tilt table test (HUTT) (+) (33 patients; mean age: 28 ± 11 years) and HUTT (–) as control group (33 patients; mean age: 30 ± 11 years). In all patients, T‐peak‐T‐end interval, T‐peak‐T‐end/QT ratio, T‐peak‐T‐end/QTc ratio, QT, QTd, QTI, QTc, QTcI, JTd, JTc, and JTcI were measured on electrocardiogram.ResultsThe following parameters were statistically significant between groups: QTd (22.72 ± 17.54 msn; 11.21 ± 13.40 msn; P = 0.004), QTc (424.27 ± 33.75 msn; 403.66 ± 38.08 msn; P = 0.023), QTcI (114.09 ± 14, 29%; 106.71 ± 15.33%, P = 0.047), and QTI (100.72 ± 7.19%; 97.14 ± 7.13%, P = 0.046). Furthermore, T‐peak‐T‐end interval was significantly prolonged in the study group (93.78 ± 20.27 msn; 81.21 ± 11.66 msn; P = 0.003). T‐peak‐T‐end/QT ratio was significantly higher in the study group (0.24 ± 0.04 msn; 0.22 ± 0.04 msn; P = 0.030). T‐peak‐T‐end/QTc ratio was significantly higher in the study group (0.22 ± 0.04 msn; 0.20 ± 0.03 msn; P = 0.015). The JTc and JTd were also significantly higher in the study group ([103.00 ± 9, 72%; 95.44 ± 10.26%, P = 0.003], [27.57 ± 16.01 msn; 10.45 ± 16.08 msn; P < 0.001], respectively).ConclusionsElectrocardiographic ventricular repolarization parameters including T‐peak‐T‐end interval, T‐peak‐T‐end/QT ratio, T‐peak‐T‐end/QTc ratio, QTc, QTd, QTI, QTcI, JTc, JTd, and JTI are prolonged in NCS.