bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
DEVELOPMENT OF A DISPERSANT USE PLAN FOR A COASTAL OIL TERMINAL
Authors: Reed Mark , Aamo Ole Morten , Brandvik Per Johan , Daling Per Snorre , Nilsen Per Erik , Furnes Gunnar 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The decision of whether to use dispersants in a given oil spill situation must be made extremely rapidly. The information basis for the decision must take into account the potential environmental consequences of alternative response strategies, and the response chosen must be practical to use. The OSCAR (Oil Spill Contingency And Response) model was used to simulate a series of 24 oil spill scenarios to quantify the environmental effects of alternate spill response strategies under various environmental conditions. OSCAR was used to create color-coded maps of a coastal fjord area surrounding a Norwegian oil terminal; with these maps the expected effectiveness of a dispersant application is immediately available to the responsible decision maker. The legislative framework and development process behind the plan are described, and examples of the maps are given.
PRINCE WILLIAM SOUND INTERTIDAL BIOTA SEVEN YEARS LATER: HAS IT RECOVERED?
Authors: Houghton Jonathan P. , Gilmour Robert H. , Lees Dennis C. , Driskell William B. , Lindstrom Sandra C. , Mearns Alan 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Eight years of quantitative biological and chemical data have been analyzed for trends in recovery of biota inhabiting beaches in Prince William Sound following the 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill and subsequent shoreline treatments. Sampling has focused on biota at sheltered rocky and mixed-soft sites subjected to three degrees of disturbance (unoiled, oiled but not hot-water washed, and oiled/hot-water washed). Only epibiota on sheltered rocky habitats are covered in this paper.
The majority of community dominants survived 1989 on oiled rocky shores that were not high-pressure, hot-water washed. These areas appeared to be nearly completely recovered by 1991, although subsequent monitoring has revealed oscillations in species abundances that exceed those on unoiled beaches. Hot-water treatments used in 1989 had severe short-term impacts on intertidal epibenthos. Some high-pressure, hot-water-treated rocky shores stripped of biota in 1989 showed very slow colonization through 1995; other areas that appeared to be nearly recovered in 1992 suffered severe declines in dominant taxa in 1995. The dominant age class of rockweed, which began life following hot-water treatment, matured in 1993 and died off in 1994 and 1995, resulting in declines of associated fauna. A new cycle of rockweed colonization has begun, and some recovery of rockweed and associated fauna was observed in 1996.
TEXAS AUTOMATED BUOY SYSTEM: REAL-TIME CURRENTS FOR OIL SPILL RESPONSE
Authors: Martin Robert D. , Kelly F. J. , Lee Linwood L. , Guinasso Norman L. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
If the question asked of the oil spill R&D community is, “What have you done for me lately?,” a solid answer is the Texas Automated Buoy System (TABS) and its contribution to the response effort in the 3000-barrel Buffalo Barge 292 oil spill. The TABS network consists of five automated buoys anchored off the Texas coast that report half-hourly current measurements every 6 hours under normal conditions and every 2 hours during spill events. Public access to TABS is provided via an easy-to-use Internet Web page. Because of TABS, trajectory modelers knew the offshore currents within minutes of the Buffalo Barge 292 spill and were able to continuously track the currents along the Texas coast over the next 24 days. TABS also provided the first indications of a critical current reversal during the spill that allowed planners and managers to confidently stand down response preparations (and their associated costs) in some areas while redirecting response resources to truly threatened sections of the coast. Industry partners to date include Aramco Services Company, the Marine Spill Response Corporation, and the Marine Industry Response Group. Industry involvement is critical to maintaining the operational focus of TABS.
UNDERWATER RECOVERY OF SUBMERGED OIL DURING A COLD WEATHER RESPONSE
Authors: Heiland CDR Randolph C. , Smith LTJG Benjamin L. , Hazel William Edward , Popa Michael , McCarthy Dennis J. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
On February 5, 1996, a failed gasket on a transfer system between two 700,000-gallon storage tanks caused a spill of coal tar. The spill migrated through an outfall and entered the Detroit River. Eventually it was determined that 3500 gallons of the heavy coal tar had entered the river and sunk to the bottom. Responders used submersible pumps powered by hydraulic power packs and an environmental clamshell dredge to recover the submerged coal tar. Responders constantly battled subzero temperatures on the shore and frigid temperatures below the surface throughout the entire operation. Water recovered during the operation was filtered and discharged on site under the direction of the Michigan Department of Environmental Quality. This case study presents the spill response community with an in-depth view of submerged oil recovery during unusual and harsh conditions.
THE ILWACO, WASHINGTON, TIRE FIRE OIL SPILL
Authors: Heinitz Eric F. , Lee Melany 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The Ilwaco tire fire oil spill occurred when oil generated by the pyrolysis of rubber tire chips began seeping from a hillside into an adjacent coastal wetland. The tire chips were used as road fill material to repair a section of State Route 100 damaged by a landslide. This paper discusses not only the complexities of the response to the oil spill, but also the elaborate cofferdam system and containment berm constructed to control and contain the continual flow of oil from the site until mitigation measures could be taken to eliminate the source. Because exposure to oxygen could potentially increase the risk of a tire fire, several in-situ cooling methods were evaluated. The unique properties of this oil, the environmental effects and restoration concerns, the excavation methods, and disposal problems are all discussed. This is one of two sites in the state of Washington where a road fill, constructed of shredded tire chips, has begun burning. A comparison between these two sites, along with some assumptions as to the causes and possible preventative measures, will be briefly discussed.
SPECIALIZED MECHANICAL EQUIPMENT FOR SHORELINE CLEANUP
Authors: Taylor Elliott , Owens Edward H. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
A study of mechanical equipment for shoreline cleaning, sponsored by the Marine Spill Response Corporation (MSRC), resulted in a catalog of over 100 products. The compilation includes mobile and stationary units, lifters and separators, washer and flood systems, vacuum and suction, and treatment equipment. A review of equipment performance identified machinery that is potentially capable of treating up to 3 ha/hr of shoreline. Sediment processing rates vary from 2 m3/hr to 130 m3/hr. Oil removal efficiencies of over 99% are reported for some treatment units. Despite the encouraging numbers, most equipment is suited only for a limited range of substrates or oil types. Numerous systems are available for medium- to high-viscosity oil on solid, impermeable substrates and for sand shorelines, but few devices are effective for the cleanup of mixed coarse sediment and boulder beaches or for mud and organic substrates. Test protocols are required to evaluate the efficiency or effects of these systems and to make comparisons. Guidelines for equipment selection are provided for four oil groups and six substrate classes.
HISTORICAL DISPERSANT AND IN-SITU BURNING OPPORTUNITIES IN THE UNITED STATES
Authors: Kucklick Janet H. , Aurand Don 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Evaluating the value of using dispersants or in-situ burning in various regions of the United States requires an estimate of how often such technology might reasonably be considered. This study collected information on marine oil spills of 1000 barrels or more occurring in the coastal and offshore waters of the United States (excluding Alaska) from 1973 through June 1994. Each incident was examined using criteria for oil type, weather conditions, water depth, and distance from the shoreline. This allowed the frequency and geographic distribution of dispersible and burnable spills to be estimated. The effect of modifying the criteria on the frequency distribution of dispersible and burnable spills was evaluated.
Data were obtained on 138 refined product and 69 crude oil spills. The majority of these spills occurred in shallow water, close to the shoreline, and/or close to a sensitive receptor. Depending on the severity of the criteria, between 10% and 51% of the crude oil spills and 4% and 18% of the refined oil spills studied were realistic candidates for dispersant use. Between 35% and 58% of the crude and 22% and 38% of the refined oil spills were realistic candidates for burning.
NATURAL RESOURCE IMPACTS FROM THE NORTH CAPE OIL SPILL
Authors: Michel Jacqueline , Csulak Frank , French Deborah , Sperduto Molly 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The North Cape spill of 828,000 gallons of home heating oil was unique in that the natural resources most affected by the spill were water column and benthic resources. There was a fishery closure, extensive mortality of offshore benthic organisms (e.g., lobsters, surf clams, crabs), oil contamination of the water and sediments of the coastal salt ponds, and exposure offish in the salt ponds. Studies initiated during the preassessment phase of the natural resource damage assessment included assessment of: direct mortality and reduced reproduction of lobster, winter flounder, and piping plovers; sublethal impacts on juvenile fish growth rates and survival; sediment toxicity; prey base impacts in the ponds; and extent and weathering of oil in the water column and sediments. Four technical working groups were formed to assist injury quantification and identification of restoration alternatives: salt pond communities; marine communities; birds; and economics. Each group was responsible for coordinating all aspects of damage assessment for the identified resource; ensuring that the damage assessment for the identified resource is complete and defensible; and assisting in the development and scaling of restoration options for the injured resource. This paper presents an overview of the natural resource impacts for each of the major habitats and/or resources affected by the spill.
THE ROLE OF ARPEL IN CONTINGENCY PLANNING COOPERATION: THE PETROLEUM INDUSTRY OPERATING IN LATIN AMERICA
Authors: Moyano Juan Miguel 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
ARPEL leads the activities of 26 state, private, and mixed oil and gas companies in Latin America, aiming at a regional cooperation in contingency planning preparedness and response.
This decade has marked a milestone for the petroleum industry in Latin America. Market deregulation, a growing environmental legislative framework, and the privatization of former state-owned companies imply a need to reduce industry's environmental protection-related costs and to optimize its resources. The role of ARPEL in this context is examined.
ARPEL is developing the Contingency Planning Project (PLACON), which aims to ensure a timely, efficient, cost-effective, joint response for an oil spill emergency at both the company and regional levels. The project embraces the following topics: computerized resources inventory, sensitivity mapping, training courses, and regional integration analysis.
Results of the PLACON project to date and the present situation of the companies surveyed are analyzed as they relate to the objectives of the project. Information about the oil spill contingency planning process of companies operating in countries responsible for 99.9% exportation and 85.3% importation of the crude oil in Latin America is evaluated. Data included are from companies whose operations represent approximately 91.5% of oil production and 89.9% of oil refining in the region.
TRIALS OF RECOVERY AND CLEANUP TECHNIQUES ON BITUMEN DERIVED FROM ORIMULSION
Authors: Clement F. , Gunter P. , Oland D. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Orimulsion is the trade name for a fine, bitumen-in-water emulsion produced in Venezuela by Bitor S.A. However, when it is spilled in seawater, its dispersibility does not always prevent bitumen from resurfacing as films or patches. The physical properties of the material that resurfaces (i.e., viscosity and cohesiveness) are a function of those of the natural bitumen from which Orimulsion is prepared and represent a serious challenge for oil spill response.
To address manufacturers’ and operators’ concerns about dealing effectively with such a spill, trials were organized by Cedre at its test facilities on behalf of Bitor Europe Limited and SK Power and National Power and with the participation of OSRL. The aim was to test recovery and cleaning processes to cope with bitumen originating from a spill of Orimulsion. The trials recreated a bitumen pollution incident on a Cedre lagoon and artificial beach and evaluated various recovery and cleanup equipment.
The tests showed that there is no one collecting or cleaning device that can be recommended to the exclusion of all others. Instead, different options have been highlighted, depending on the various forms that bitumen can take (films, patches, tar balls, “tea leaves “), its state (fresh or weathered), and the shoreline substrates.
On water, skimming and pumping a slick of bitumen is generally difficult because of the cohesive nature and the high viscosity of the product. On the other hand, a trawl net managed to collect bitumen lumps floating on the lagoon and accumulated them into a disposable sock.
On the shore, mechanical screening proved successful in recovering weathered bitumen on the artificial sand beach. Manual collection is also efficient when bitumen forms cohesive slicks. Pressure cleaners removed bitumen from hard surfaces when accumulations were first scraped off and a cleaning product was applied. Coated pebbles could be cleaned by mixing them with solvent in a cement mixer; recommended cleaning agents were petroleum cuts with low aromatic content. Contaminated sand could also be washed using a scrubbing machine.
Overall, these trials proved that solutions exist to cope with a spillage of Orimulsion bitumen. Operational conclusions were drawn that incorporated bitumen fate, shoreline types, and logistic considerations.
PROGRESS IN COMBATING OIL POLLUTION IN CHINA SINCE 19901
Authors: Baokang Pu 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
China has made remarkable progress in oil pollution prevention and control during the past 20 years; most of these advances are summarized in a paper in the proceedings of the 1989 Oil Spill Conference. This paper introduces achievements in the same areas 5 years since that conference. It covers legislation and its implementation; equipment, materials, and methods of usage with some national characteristics; scientific studies carried out in various institutes and colleges; monitoring of oil spills on land, in ports, and at sea by the local National Environment Protection Agent (????), the Harbor Superin-tendency Administration (HSA), and the National Oceanographic Bureau (NOB), respectively; education, training, and information services; and international activities, including Chinese delegates performance dealing with Annex I: Prevention of Pollution by Oil of the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (1973) as modified by the Protocol of 1978 relating thereto (MARPOL 73/78) of IMO. China must keep a balance between economic growth and pollution prevalency, a challenge compounded by a shortage of financial support.
RESPONSE RESOURCE INVENTORY
Authors: Van Zandt CDR Robert A. , Williams Jorice 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The Oil Pollution Act of 1990 mandated the creation of a national database of response resources. This has been accomplished with the creation of the Response Resource Inventory (RRI) located and maintained at the National Strike Force Coordination Center in Elizabeth City, North Carolina. Recent revisions to the Oil Spill Removal Organization (OSRO) classification program have mandated the use of the RRI by OSRO applicants. This poster session will describe how data are obtained from OSRO applicants, how they are manipulated to determine the OSRO's classifications, and how plan holders can access and use the RRI as a tool to conduct their own analysis of an OSRO's capacity to meet their specific planning requirements.
PILOT-SCALE STUDIES FOR HYDRAULIC WASHING OF OILED SHORELINE
Authors: Ladanowski Caroline , Bushra Hamid , Somers Andrew 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The cleanup of beaches during the Nestucca, the Exxon Valdez, and other spills has presented significant technological and logistical problems. There is a need for empirical data on the performance of different shoreline treatment methods for the vast array of shoreline substrates. The Emergencies Engineering Division (EED) of Environment Canada is currently evaluating the use of hydraulic washing in three phases at the pilot scale for the removal of oil from contaminated shoreline. This paper presents the results of the first phase, which investigates the effects of hydraulic washing pressure and temperature of fresh wash water and washing and of weathering time on the removal of Bunker C from contaminated ceramic tiles.
THE NORTH CAPE SPILL: AN INFORMATION MANAGEMENT SUCCESS STORY
Authors: Hall Christopher , Lehmann Stephen M. , Curl Virginia , Hurwitz Eliot 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Information management during the North Cape spill was successful on many levels. Communication within the incident command system (ICS) was exceptionally efficient. New information technology, including digital cameras and World Wide Web home pages, was used to disseminate pictures and spill status information. On-line interviews with the federal on-scene coordinator (FOSC) and experts from the NOAA Scientific Support Team helped to provide information to the affected community and interested persons and organizations around the world. This poster session will show examples of the products and technologies that were available to the incident command staff and the general public.
THE NEXT GENERATION IN OIL WEATHERING MODELING
Authors: Lehr W. , Overstreet R. , Jones R. , Eclipse L. , Simecek-Beatty D. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Through a project jointly funded by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and the U.S. Minerals Management Service (MMS), the Hazardous Material Response and Assessment Division of NOAA (NOAA/HAZMAT) has developed the next generation of the widely used oil weathering model, ADIOS. The algorithms for spreading, emulsification, dispersion, and evaporation have been modified to accommodate new research results. Also, the new version contains a source strength module that estimates leak rates from damaged vessels and new user inputs that allow decisions on the application of standard cleanup strategies such as skimming, burning, and chemical dispersion. Sensitivity analysis is used to identify the relative importance of input parameters and to estimate the reliability of model output results in terms of expected input uncertainty.
UTILIZATION OF TECHNOLOGY WINDOWS OF OPPORTUNITY IN MARINE OIL SPILL CONTINGENCY PLANNING, RESPONSE, AND TRAINING
Authors: Champ Michael A. , Nordvik Atle B. , Simmons James L. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
This paper discusses a newly developed scientific and engineering planning and decision-making tool, the technology windows-of-opportunity concept, and how it can be used for marine oil spill contingency planning, response, education, and training on a global basis. The “windows-of-opportunity” approach provides a common foundation for the development of a rapid and cost-effective tool for oil spill contingency planning and spill response decision making. It is intended for use by state and federal agencies, response planners, cleanup organizations (responders), insurance companies, tanker owners, and transporters. The “windows” concept has the potential for significant environmental and cost benefits in spill response. It will provide policymakers and decision makers with a scientifically based and documented “tool” in oil spill response that has not been available before.
DEGRADATION OF CRUDE OIL ENHANCED BY COMMERCIAL MICROBIAL CULTURES
Authors: Aldrett Salvador , Bonner James S. , McDonald Thomas J. , Mills Marc A. , Autenrieth Robin L. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Remediation and cleanup of oil spills has been attempted using different technologies. Biological methods such as bioremediation have been favored over others due to their cost efficiency and their low environmental impact. Bioremediation of Alaska North Slope crude oil was effectively attempted in a laboratory study using 13 commercial products. The products containing the microorganisms were provided by different vendors. The treatments were tested over a 28-day period, and the samples were extracted and analyzed using standard methods. After 28 days, four products showed an effective enhancement of the bioremediation process: the saturate fraction was degraded approximately 80%, and the aromatic fraction was degraded approximately 70%. Biological markers such as pristane, phytane, and C30 hopane were partially degraded.
A DECISION PROCESS FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF SHORELINE RESPONSE OPERATIONS
Authors: Owens Edward H. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
A decision process is described that supports the concept of management by objectives. This eight-step process is based on the definition of objectives and strategies, which in turn are evaluated with respect to feasibility and are applied to shoreline protection and shoreline treatment. Standard objective and strategy statements provide all management and operations personnel with a set of instructions or goals that reduces the potential for misinterpretation or incorrect application.
Development and Implementation of The Dispersant Observation Job Aid
Authors: Levine Edwin A. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The Job Aid is a field guide for dispersant observers after formal training. Individuals are prepared to observe applications by different platforms and able to competently describe their observations back to a command structure for decision making. The observer is not a controller or spotter for the actual application operation. For field durability it is formatted as bound 5″×7″plastic-coated cards.
This Job Aid focuses on supporting the “Observation of Aerial Applications of Dispersants” training. This training imparts the ability to identify oil, describe its characteristics, and make recommendations back to the Federal On-Scene Coordinator (FOSC) concerning future dispersant actions. The observer's recommendations to the Unified Command (UC) may range from “continue operations,” “modify operations,” or “cease operations.”, The training is based upon the supposition that the decision to use dispersants has already been made. The training does not attempt to cover the decision making process. It is incumbent on the individual to be familiar with the local and regional policies regarding use of dispersants and subsequent monitoring requirements. This job aid should be used in conjunction with the “Open Water Oil Identification Job Aid for Aerial Observation” to help describe the surface oil.