bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
One hundred and fifty years of sprint and distance running – Past trends and future prospects
Authors: Weiss Martin , Newman Alexandra , Whitmore Ceri , Weiss Stephan 
Published: June 2015

AbstractSprint and distance running have experienced remarkable performance improvements over the past century. Attempts to forecast running performances share an almost similarly long history but have relied so far on relatively short data series. Here, we compile a comprehensive set of season‐best performances for eight Olympically contested running events. With this data set, we conduct (1) an exponential time series analysis and (2) a power‐law experience curve analysis to quantify the rate of past performance improvements and to forecast future performances until the year 2100. We find that the sprint and distance running performances of women and men improve exponentially with time and converge at yearly rates of 4% ± 3% and 2% ± 2%, respectively, towards their asymptotic limits. Running performances can also be modelled with the experience curve approach, yielding learning rates of 3% ± 1% and 6% ± 2% for the women's and men's events, respectively. Long‐term trends suggest that: (1) women will continue to run 10–20% slower than men, (2) 9.50 s over 100 m dash may only be broken at the end of this century and (3) several middle‐ and long‐distance records may be broken within the next two to three decades. The prospects of witnessing a sub‐2 hour marathon before 2100 remain inconclusive. Our results should be interpreted cautiously as forecasting human behaviour is intrinsically uncertain. The future season‐best sprint and distance running performances will continue to scatter around the trends identified here and may yield unexpected improvements of standing world records.
Rchemcpp: a web service for structural analoging in ChEMBL, Drugbank and the Connectivity Map
Authors: Klambauer Günter , Wischenbart Martin , Mahr Michael , Unterthiner Thomas , Mayr Andreas , Hochreiter Sepp 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
Summary: We have developed Rchempp, a web service that identifies structurally similar compounds (structural analogs) in large-scale molecule databases. The service allows compounds to be queried in the widely used ChEMBL, DrugBank and the Connectivity Map databases. Rchemcpp utilizes the best performing similarity functions, i.e. molecule kernels, as measures for structural similarity. Molecule kernels have proven superior performance over other similarity measures and are currently excelling at machine learning challenges. To considerably reduce computational time, and thereby make it feasible as a web service, a novel efficient prefiltering strategy has been developed, which maintains the sensitivity of the method. By exploiting information contained in public databases, the web service facilitates many applications crucial for the drug development process, such as prioritizing compounds after screening or reducing adverse side effects during late phases. Rchemcpp was used in the DeepTox pipeline that has won the Tox21 Data Challenge and is frequently used by researchers in pharmaceutical companies.
Availability and implementation: The web service and the R package are freely available via http://shiny.bioinf.jku.at/Analoging/ and via Bioconductor.
Contact: hochreit@bioinf.jku.at
Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
AmyLoad: website dedicated to amyloidogenic protein fragments
Authors: Wozniak Pawel P. , Kotulska Malgorzata 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
Analyses of amyloidogenic sequence fragments are essential in studies of neurodegenerative diseases. However, there is no one internet dataset that collects all the sequences that have been investigated for their amyloidogenicity. Therefore, we have created the AmyLoad website which collects the amyloidogenic sequences from all major sources. The website allows for filtration of the fragments and provides detailed information about each of them. Registered users can both personalize their work with the website and submit their own sequences into the database. To maintain database reliability, submitted sequences are reviewed before making them available to the public. Finally, we re-implemented several amyloidogenic sequence predictors, thus the AmyLoad website can be used as a sequence analysis tool. We encourage researchers working on amyloid proteins to contribute to our service.
Availability and implementation: The AmyLoad website is freely available at http://comprec-lin.iiar.pwr.edu.pl/amyload/.
Contact: malgorzata.kotulska@pwr.edu.pl
Posterior Spinal Fusion With Pedicle Screws in Patients With Idiopathic Scoliosis and Open Triradiate Cartilage: Does Deformity Progression Occur?
Authors: Sponseller Paul D. , Jain Amit , Newton Peter O. , Lonner Baron S. , Shah Suken A. , Shufflebarger Harry , Bastrom Tracey P. , Marks Michelle C. , Betz Randal R. 
Published: June 2015

Background:
Anterior-posterior spinal fusion (APSF) is the traditional treatment for patients with idiopathic scoliosis and open triradiate cartilage (OTRC). Our goals were to assess whether posterior-only spinal fusion (PSF) with pedicle screws can halt deformity progression as effectively as APSF in patients with OTRC, and whether selection of the distal fusion level influences curve progression.

Methods:
We studied a prospective multicenter database to identify all children with 2-year radiographic and clinical follow-up who were 11 years or younger with Risser grade 0 and OTRC who were treated with (1) PSF (OTRC-PSF group, N=20); or (2) APSF (OTRC-APSF group, N=9). A reference group was constructed of 20 children who were 18 years or younger with Risser grade 4 or 5 and closed triradiate cartilage (CTRC) and who were treated with PSF (CTRC-PSF group) and matched in preoperative curve magnitude and type to the OTRC-PSF group. The 3 groups were compared with respect to operative time, blood loss, length of hospital stay, and radiographic and functional outcomes (significance, P<0.05).

Results:
OTRC-APSF patients had significantly longer operative time (P<0.01), greater blood loss (P=0.02), and longer hospital stays (P<0.01) than OTRC-PSF patients. At 2 years, 7 (35%) OTRC-PSF patients had >10 degrees of curve progression compared with no patients in the OTRC-APSF group (P=0.042) and 1 patient in the CTRC-PSF group (P=0.018). The OTRC-PSF group had the highest number of patients fused to the stable vertebra. Of the 11 OTRC-PSF patients fused to 1 vertebra short of stable, 6 (55%) had >10 degrees of curve progression. Of the 9 OTRC-PSF patients fused to at least the stable vertebra or lower, only 1 (11%) had curve progression. There were no significant differences in Scoliosis Research Society outcome scores between OTRC-PSF patients who did and those who did not have >10 degrees of curve progression.

Conclusions:
PSF with pedicle screws was associated with curve progression in a significantly greater proportion of patients with OTRC compared with APSF. Not fusing to stable was also associated with curve progression in patients treated with PSF but not APSF.

Level of Evidence:
Level III—therapeutic.
Pediatric Supracondylar Fractures: Variation in Fracture Patterns and the Biomechanical Effects of Pin Configuration
Authors: Jaeblon Todd , Anthony Steven , Ogden Alan , Andary Joseph J. 
Published: June 2015

Background:
Transverse pediatric supracondylar fractures through the midolecranon fossa are frequently encountered and modeled in biomechanical studies. Our objective is to investigate the optimal pin configurations for low, sagittal oblique, and high fracture varieties that have not been previously investigated.

Methods:
A total of 100 synthetic composite pediatric humeri were tested. Three groups of 30 were used to simulate 1 of 3 fracture variations. Subgroups of 10 were stabilized with 2 lateral pins (2LP), 3 lateral pins (3LP), or cross K-wires (XP). The 90 fracture and 10 intact models were tested for anterior posterior (AP), medial lateral (ML), and rotational stiffness.

Results:
In low fractures, AP, ML, and rotational stiffness of 2LP and 3LP were similar to intact. ML stiffness was less using XP. AP and ML stiffness of 2LP and 3LP were significantly greater than XP.
In oblique fractures, AP, ML, and rotational stiffness of 2LP was similar to intact but 3LP was significantly less. AP and ML stiffness of XP was significantly less. 2LP demonstrated greater AP, ML, and rotational stiffness than 3LP and XP.
In high fractures, all configurations demonstrated significantly less rotational stiffness than intact and AP stiffness similar to intact. Rotational stiffness of 3LP was greater than 2LP and XP. AP and ML stiffness were not different among configurations.

Conclusions:
2LP are stiffer than 3LP and XP for sagittal oblique fractures. 2LP and 3LP stiffness were similar in low transverse fractures, and both constructs demonstrated greater stiffness than XP configuration. 3LP is preferable for high transverse fractures. XP were never stiffer than the lateral only constructs in any of the patterns tested.

Clinical Relevance:
All-lateral pin constructs may provide adequate stiffness to maintain reduction of low transverse, sagittal oblique, and high transverse patterns of pediatric supracondylar humerus fractures without risk of injury to the ulnar nerve.
Uniplanar Versus Taylor Spatial Frame External Fixation For Pediatric Diaphyseal Tibia Fractures: A Comparison of Cost and Complications
Authors: Shore Benjamin J. , DiMauro Jon-Paul P. , Spence David D. , Miller Patricia E. , Glotzbecker Michael P. , Spencer Samantha , Hedequist Daniel 
Published: June 2015

Background:
The purpose of this study was to compare the outcomes and cost variations between uniplanar (UNI) and Taylor Spatial Frame (TSF) external fixation for unstable pediatric tibial diaphyseal fractures.

Methods:
We performed an IRB approved, retrospective review of 44 diaphyseal tibial fractures in 42 children treated with external fixation (16 TSF and 28 UNI) between 2003 and 2011, at a single level 1 pediatric trauma center. Data on demographic, clinical, radiographic, treatment cost, and complication differences were analyzed between the 2 groups. The Student t tests, Fisher’s exact tests, χ2 trend tests, logistic regression, and a cost analysis comparison was used to assess the differences.

Results:
The mean age in both groups was 13 years (range: 6 to 18 y TSF, 9 to 17 y UNI). The mean follow-up was 8 months (TSF) and 13 months (UNI). According to the AO classification, there were 28 type A, 13 type B, and 3 type C fractures with no significant difference between the 2 groups (P=0.69). Total time in the fixator was not different between the 2 groups (UNI 14 wk, TSF 12 wk, P=0.10), but time to union was less in the TSF group (UNI 16 wk, TSF 13 wk, P<0.01). There were no differences in the final radiographic alignment between the groups. The UNI group experienced more complications (7 pin-site infections and 9 reoperations) compared with 4 pin-site infections and 2 reoperations in the TSF group. A cost analysis revealed significant differences in equipment cost (UNI frame=$5074 vs. TSF frame=$10,675; P<0.0001); however, after corrected cost analysis with calculated return to the operating room for complications, there was no difference in cost of treatment (UNI treatment=$20,113 vs. TSF treatment=$19,138).

Conclusions:
Despite an initial equipment cost difference between UNI and TSF frames, corrected cost analysis reveals equivalent costs for care delivery. Therefore, TSF can be considered as a cost-conscious device for the treatment of unstable pediatric tibial diaphyseal fractures.

Level of Evidence:
Level III—retrospective comparative cohort study.
Variation of Syndesmosis Anatomy With Growth
Authors: Nault Marie-Lyne , Hébert-Davies Jonah , Yen Yi-Meng , Shore Benjamin , Jarrett Delma Y. , Kramer Dennis E. 
Published: June 2015

Background:
Syndesmosis injury is common in trauma and in the sport medicine population. Diagnosis and treatment of this pathology is controversial in adult population and almost unknown in a growing and immature ankle. The objective of this study was to describe the relationship between the distal tibia and fibula in immature, growing, and mature children.

Methods:
A retrospective imaging study was performed on ankle magnetic resonance images (MRI), which were divided into 3 groups according to age: immature, growing, or mature. The syndesmosis anatomy was described in 3 planes following an established measurement system. The measurement system was also validated (intraobserver and interobserver reproducibility) on a subgroup of 30 MRIs with 4 surgeons.

Results:
The measurement system, previously described on CT scans, is valid when used on MRIs. The mediolateral translation significantly increases with growth and external rotation of fibula decreases. The anteroposterior position is also significantly different between groups but the ratios are similar.

Conclusions:
This study reported differences in distal tibiofibular relationship in a growing population. This information will be crucial in future development of diagnostic and follow-up criteria of syndesmosis injury. It also presented a valid and precise measurement system to describe syndesmotic anatomy in 3 planes.

Level of Evidence:
Level IV.
Prevalence of Hypertension in Pediatric Tibia Vara and Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis
Authors: Taussig Matthew D. , Powell Kenneth P. , Cole Heather A. , Nwosu Samuel K. , Hunley Tray , Romine Spencer E. , Iwinski Henry , Talwalkar Vishwas , Warhoover Tracy , Lovejoy Steven A. , Mencio Gregory A. , Martus Jeffrey E. , Walker Janet , Milbrandt Todd , Schoenecker Jonathan G. 
Published: June 2015

Background:
Slipped capital femoral epiphysis (SCFE) and tibia vara (Blount disease) are associated with childhood obesity. However, the majority of obese children do not develop SCFE or tibia vara. Therefore, it is hypothesized that other obesity-related biological changes to the physis, in addition to increased biomechanical stress, potentiate the occurrence of SCFE and tibia vara. Considering that hypertension can impose pathologic changes in the physis similar to those observed in these obesity-related diseases we set out to determine the prevalence of hypertension in patients with SCFE and tibia vara.

Methods:
Blood pressure measurements were obtained in 44 patients with tibia vara and 127 patients with SCFE. Body mass index and blood pressure were adjusted for age, sex, and height percentiles utilizing normative distribution data from the CDC. These cohorts were compared with age-matched and sex-matched cohorts derived from an obesity clinic who did not have either bone disease. A multivariable proportional odds model was used to determine association.

Results:
The prevalence of prehypertension/hypertension was significantly higher in the tibia vara (64%) and SCFE cohort (64%) compared with respective controls (43%). Patients diagnosed with either SCFE or tibia vara had 2.5-fold higher odds of having high blood pressure compared with age-matched and sex-matched obese patients without bone disease. Sex, age, and race did not have a significant effect on a patient’s blood pressure.

Conclusions:
This is the first study to establish that the obesity-related bone diseases, SCFE and tibia vara, are significantly associated with high blood pressure. These data have immediate clinical impact as they demonstrate that children with obesity-related developmental bone disease have increased prevalence of undiagnosed and untreated hypertension. Furthermore, this prevalence study supports the hypothesis that hypertension in conjunction with increased biomechanical forces together potentiate the occurrence of SCFE and tibia vara. If proven true, it is plausible that hypertension may represent a modifiable risk factor for obesity-related bone disease.

Level of Evidence:
Level III—case-control study.
Periacetabular Osteotomy Redirects the Acetabulum and Improves Pain in Charcot-Marie-Tooth Hip Dysplasia With Higher Complications Compared With Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip
Authors: Novais Eduardo N. , Kim Young-Jo , Carry Patrick M. , Millis Michael B. 
Published: June 2015

Background:
The Bernese periacetabular osteotomy (PAO) is a well-accepted reorientation pelvic osteotomy used to treat symptomatic acetabular dysplasia secondary to developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH). However, there are limited data regarding PAO in patients with symptomatic hip dysplasia secondary to Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease.

Methods:
We compared patients who underwent PAO for the treatment of Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease hip dysplasia (CMTHD group) with patients who underwent PAO for treatment of hip dysplasia secondary to DDH in terms of (1) modified Harris Hip scores; (2) radiographic correction of acetabular dysplasia; and (3) the rate of complications. Twenty-seven subjects with Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease who underwent a PAO between January 1991 and December 2010 were matched to 54 subjects with DDH on the basis of sex, age, date of surgery, and body mass index. Preoperative and postoperative hip functional scores and radiographic data were collected with a minimum 2-year follow-up. The modified Harris Hip Scores (mHHS) assessed functional hip outcomes. Radiographic variables included lateral (LCEA) and anterior (ACEA) center-edge angles, Tönnis angle and Tönnis grade of arthritis. Postoperative complications were classified according to a modified Dindo-Clavien system.

Results:
At latest follow-up mHHS improved in the CMTHD group (preoperative median 63; (interquartile range [IQR]=54-70 to postoperative median 88; IQR=74-91); P=0.004) and in the DDH groups (preoperative median 71; IQR=58-83 to postoperative median 86; IQR=73-96; P=0.002) with no difference between the 2 groups (P=0.631). Radiographic improvement (LCEA: mean difference, 36 degrees, 95% confidence interval [CI], 30-41 degrees, P<0.001; ACEA: mean difference, 27 degrees, 95% CI, 20-33 degrees, P<0.001; Tönnis angles: mean difference, 21 degrees, 95% CI, 15-26 degrees, P<0.001) was achieved in the CMTHD group. Similarly, radiographic improvements in LCEA (mean difference, 33 degrees, 95% CI, 29-37 degrees, P<0.001), ACEA (mean difference, 18 degrees, 95% CI, 13-23 degrees, P<0.001) and Tönnis angles (mean difference, 13 degrees, 95% CI, 9-17 degrees, P<0.001) were also achieved in the DDH group. After PAO, 33% of the patients in the CMTHD group and 13% in the DDH group developed a complication that required treatment (odds ratio, 3.4; 95% CI, 1.1-10.4; P=0.035).

Conclusions:
The Bernese PAO is capable of comprehensively achieving improvement in patient-reported outcome scores and redirecting the acetabulum in symptomatic acetabular dysplasia secondary to CMTHD. However, patients with CMTHD have a higher risk for developing complications.

Level of Evidence:
Level III—therapeutic study.
Risk Factors for Hip Displacement in Children With Cerebral Palsy: Systematic Review
Authors: Pruszczynski Blazej , Sees Julieanne , Miller Freeman 
Published: June 2015

Background:
When hip displacement in children with cerebral palsy (CP) is identified early, treatment is more successful. The standard test is a radiograph of the pelvis measuring the migration index (MI). Our study aims to review published literature of the natural history of hip dislocation among children with CP and to define related risk factors to develop screening criteria for early recognition.

Methods:
The review included 10 studies with sample sizes greater than 20 children with CP below18 years who had hips with no surgical intervention or dislocation at initial presentation, minimum 2-year follow-up, and recorded MI, pattern, and Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) level.

Results:
On the basis of this review, we suggest screening with 1 radiograph for GMFCS I and II, or, if MI>30%, an annual radiograph between ages 2 and 8 years, followed by a radiograph every 2 years until the age of 18 years. For GMFCS III, IV, and V, we recommend an annual radiograph if MI<30% or 1 every 6 months if MI>30% between ages 2 and 8 years, followed by radiograph every 2 years until the age of 18 years.

Conclusions:
Applying a practical surveillance program for children with CP can prevent hip dislocation, provide early treatment, and ultimately lead to consistently better outcomes than those of neglected hip dislocations. The GMFCS level has a strong impact on subluxation risk and that the risk continues to the end of growth.

Level of Evidence:
Level III—systematic review.
Correlations Between the Individual Risk for Glaucoma and RNFL and Optic Disc Morphometrical Evaluations in Ocular Hypertensive Patients
Authors: Colombo Leonardo , Bertuzzi Francesca , Rulli Eliana , Miglior Stefano 
Published: June 2015

Purpose:
To assess the correlation between the 5-year risk of developing primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) [on the basis of the Ocular Hypertension Treatment Study (OHTS)-European Glaucoma Prevention Study (EGPS) model] and optic nerve head and retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) indices as evaluated by optical coherence tomography (Stratus OCT), scanning laser polarimetry (GDx ECC), and confocal laser ophthalmoscopy [Heidelberg Retinal Tomograph (HRT) III] in ocular hypertensive (OHT) individuals.

Participants and Methods:
Sixty-eight OHT individuals with the untreated intraocular pressure in both eyes between 22 and 32 mm Hg, an ophthalmoscopically normal optic disc with a cup/disc ratio asymmetry between the 2 eyes of ≤0.2, and a visual field with glaucoma hemifield test within normal limits, and pattern SD within P<0.05 were recruited. A comprehensive glaucoma workup and examination by means of OCT, GDx ECC, and HRT III were performed in all of the patients. The probability of developing POAG in 5 years was calculated by means of the OHTS-EGPS model (risk calculator score-RS), which has been developed by the OHTS-EGPS Collaborative Study Group by taking into account the age and the mean values of the central corneal thickness, the intraocular pressure, the pattern SD, and the cup/disc ratio collected in the 2 eyes. Correlations between the individual RS and OCT, GDx, and HRT parameters were then assessed by regression analysis (exponential and linear), with a statistically significant level of P<0.01.

Results:
The RS of the 68 individuals ranged between 1.5% and 28.6%, with a mean of 10.2% (SD 6.4). Only OCT RNFL-related parameters showed a statistically significant correlation with the RS. The average RNFL thickness had an exponential regression r
2 of 0.21 (P<0.0001) and a linear regression r
2 of 0.14 (P=0.0012); the superior average RNFL thickness had an exponential regression r
2 of 0.26 (P<0.0001) and a linear regression r
2 of 0.23 (P<0.0001); the nasal average RNFL thickness had an exponential regression r
2 of only 0.12 (P=0.0031). Neither GDx RNFL-related parameters nor HRT disc-related parameters showed statistically significant correlations with the RC score.

Conclusions:
This explorative study showed that the individual risk to develop POAG within 5 years in OHT individuals is significantly correlated with OCT RNFL parameters, but not with GDx RNFL parameters or HRT disc parameters. OCT parameters could explain about 20% to 25% of the variability in individual RS. The RS seems to take into account the subclinical RNFL thinning shown by the OCT.