bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The epidemiology, antibiotic resistance and post-discharge course of peritonsillar abscesses in London, Ontario
Authors: Sowerby Leigh J , Hussain Zafar , Husein Murad 
Published: January 2013

Background Peritonsillar abscesses (PTA) are a common complication of tonsillitis. Recent global epidemiological data regarding PTAs have demonstrated increasing antimicrobial resistance patterns. No similar studies have been conducted in Canada and no Canadian study has examined the post-discharge course of treated patients. Methods A prospective observational study of the epidemiology, antibiotic resistance and post-discharge course of patients presenting with a peritonsillar abscess to the Emergency Department in London, Ontario over one year. A follow-up telephone survey was conducted 2–3 weeks after abscess drainage. Results 60 patients were diagnosed with an abscess, giving an incidence of 12/100,000. 46 patients were enrolled in the study; the average duration of symptoms prior to presentation was 6 days, with 51% treated with antibiotics prior to presentation. Streptococcus pyogenes and Streptococcus anginosus were present in 56% of isolates and of those, 7/23 (32%) of specimens demonstrated resistance to clindamycin. Eight patients were treated with clindamycin and had a culture that was resistant, yet only one had recurrence. Telephone follow-up was possible for 38 patients: 51% of patients reported a return to solid food within 2 days, and 75% reported no pain by 5 days. Resolution of trismus took a week or longer for 51%. Interpretation Clindamycin resistance was identified in a third of Streptococcus isolates, which should be taken into account when prescribing antibiotics. Routine culture appears unnecessary as patients recover quickly from outpatient drainage and empiric therapy, with less pain than expected, but trismus takes time to resolve.
Percutaneous cartilage injection: A prospective animal study on a rabbit model
Authors: Beaudoin Olivier X , Mitchell Andrew , Rahal Akram 
Published: January 2013

Background Cartilage grafting is a useful technique in nasal reconstruction. Implantation of a whole graft is usually done through an incision. Crushed cartilage can also be used. Injection of cartilage could be an alternative to implantation. The objective of this study is to compare the long-term viability of percutaneously injected crushed auricular cartilage to surgically implanted cartilage in the rabbit. Methods Auricular cartilage was harvested bilaterally in 10 New Zealand white rabbits. A 1 cm2 cartilage graft was implanted surgically on the upper nasal dorsum. The remaining cartilage was crushed and percutaneously injected on the lower nasal dorsum. Volume and mass of each graft were compared between pre-implantation and after 3 months of observation. A histological study was conducted to evaluate chondrocyte viability and degree of fibrosis on pre and post-implantation cartilage. Results Mass and volume remained similar for surgically implanted cartilage grafts. Mass and volume diminished by an average of 47% and 40% respectively after 3 months for the injected crushed cartilage grafts. Chondrocyte viability was an average of 25% lower in the injected grafts. Conclusions Cartilage injection is a promising technique that must be refined to increase chondrocyte viability. Developing an appropriate injection apparatus would improve this technique.
Syntheses, characterizations and thermal analyses of four novel unsymmetrical β-diketiminates
Authors: Patil Siddappa A , Medina Phillip A , Ziller Joseph W , Fahlman Bradley D 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Four novel unsymmetrical β-diketiminates 2-(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)amino-4-(phenyl)imino-2-pentene (4a), 2-(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)amino-4-(4-methylphenyl)imino-2-pentene (4b), 2-(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)amino-4-(4-methoxyphenyl)imino-2-pentene (4c) and 2-(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)amino-4-(4-chlorophenyl)imino-2-pentene (4d) were synthesized with a 77-84% yield, and were characterized by spectroscopic methods (1H NMR, 13C NMR, IR and mass spectrometry), elemental analysis, and X-ray single-crystal diffraction, respectively. Spectroscopic and X-ray single-crystal diffraction analyses determined the structures of the four β-diketiminates. While thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) showed two distinct endothermic peaks for each β-diketiminate at temperatures of 92.55°C and 221.50°C (4a), 93.51°C and 238.82°C (4b), 109.60°C and 329.22°C (4c), 115.43°C and 243.25°C (4d), respectively, corresponding to their melting and boiling points.
Cellular Mechanism by Which Estradiol Protects Female Ovariectomized Mice From High-Fat Diet-Induced Hepatic and Muscle Insulin Resistance
Authors: Camporez João Paulo G. , Jornayvaz François R. , Lee Hui-Young , Kanda Shoichi , Guigni Blas A. , Kahn Mario , Samuel Varman T. , Carvalho Carla R.O. , Petersen Kitt Falk , Jurczak Michael J. , Shulman Gerald I. 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Estrogen replacement therapy reduces the incidence of type 2 diabetes in postmenopausal women; however, the mechanism is unknown. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the metabolic effects of estrogen replacement therapy in an experimental model of menopause. At 8 weeks of age, female mice were ovariectomized (OVX) or sham (SHAM) operated, and OVX mice were treated with vehicle (OVX) or estradiol (E2) (OVX+E2). After 4 weeks of high-fat diet feeding, OVX mice had increased body weight and fat mass compared with SHAM and OVX+E2 mice. OVX mice displayed reduced whole-body energy expenditure, as well as impaired glucose tolerance and whole-body insulin resistance. Differences in whole-body insulin sensitivity in OVX compared with SHAM mice were accounted for by impaired muscle insulin sensitivity, whereas both hepatic and muscle insulin sensitivity were impaired in OVX compared with OVX+E2 mice. Muscle diacylglycerol (DAG), content in OVX mice was increased relative to SHAM and OVX+E2 mice. In contrast, E2 treatment prevented the increase in hepatic DAG content observed in both SHAM and OVX mice. Increases in tissue DAG content were associated with increased protein kinase Cϵ activation in liver of SHAM and OVX mice compared with OVX+E2 and protein kinase Cθ activation in skeletal muscle of OVX mice compared with SHAM and OVX+E2. Taken together, these data demonstrate that E2 plays a pivotal role in the regulation of whole-body energy homeostasis, increasing O2 consumption and energy expenditure in OVX mice, and in turn preventing diet-induced ectopic lipid (DAG) deposition and hepatic and muscle insulin resistance.
Lay Patronage and the Development of Ecclesiastical Property in Spanish America: The Case of Buenos Aires, 1700–1900
Authors: Di Stefano Roberto 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Beginning with the dissolution of colonial Christendom, the development of church property has been closely tied to processes of secularization in Latin American countries. This process is to be understood not as the marginalization of religion but as the restructuring of religious matters in modern societies. The practice of lay patronage—which was common in America, as it was in Europe for centuries—channeled family wealth into the financial support of certain institutions, which in turn allowed lay patrons to intervene in decisions about religious life. In the case of Buenos Aires such properties were absorbed or expropriated during the nineteenth century as part of a process of centralization, in which local church authorities, the papacy, and the state all participated. Thus in Buenos Aires the process of disentailment of church property did not involve the transfer of property from the church to the state, as might be supposed by extrapolating from the liberal reforms that took place in other countries. Rather, there was a process of appropriation by the state and by the church of property and managerial authority that had previously been held by families and various local institutions. It is worth asking if this phenomenon was unique to Buenos Aires, or if it can be generalized in some measure to other parts of the Hispanic world.
Feasibility Study of Semiconductor Sequencing for Noninvasive Prenatal Detection of Fetal Aneuploidy
Authors: Yuan Yuan , Jiang Fuman , Hua Sang , Du Bole , Hao Yibin , Ye Lili , Liu Jiucheng , Feng Kaiyan , Huang Xinjie , Yi Xin , Wang Wei , Yang Ling , Mu Feng , Liu Caixia , Liang Yu 
Published: January 2013

BACKGROUND
Noninvasive prenatal detection of common fetal aneuploidies with cell-free DNA from maternal plasma has been achieved with high-throughput next-generation sequencing platforms. Turnaround times for previously tested platforms are still unsatisfactory for clinical applications, however, because of the time spent on sequencing. The development of semiconductor sequencing technology has provided a way to shorten overall run times. We studied the feasibility of using semiconductor sequencing technology for the noninvasive detection of fetal aneuploidy.

METHODS
Maternal plasma DNA from 13 pregnant women, corresponding to 4 euploid, 6 trisomy 21 (T21), 2 trisomy 18 (T18), and 1 trisomy 13 (T13) pregnancies, were sequenced on the Ion Torrent Personal Genome Machine sequencer platform with 318 chips. The data were analyzed with the T statistic method after correcting for GC bias, and the T value was calculated as an indicator of fetal aneuploidy.

RESULTS
We obtained a mean of 3 524 401 high-quality reads per sample, with an efficiency rate of 77.9%. All of the T21, T13, and T18 fetuses could be clearly distinguished from euploid fetuses, and the time spent on library preparation and sequencing was 24 h.

CONCLUSIONS
Semiconductor sequencing represents a suitable technology for the noninvasive prenatal detection of fetal aneuploidy. With this platform, sequencing times can be substantially reduced; however, a further larger-scale study is needed to determine the imprecision of noninvasive fetal aneuploidy detection with this system.
REVIEWS
Authors: Dorman Andrew , Chan Brenda 
Published: January 2013

JAPANESE CINEMA GOES GLOBAL: FILMWORKERS’ JOURNEYS, YOSHIHARU TEZUKA (2012) Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 200 pp.,ISBN: 978 988 8083 32 9, h/bk, £50.83,ISBN: 978 988 8083 33 6, p/bk, £38.40
SOUTHEAST ASIAN INDEPENDENT CINEMA: ESSAYS, DOCUMENT INTERVIEW
TILMAN BAUMGÄRTEL (ED.) (2012) Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 304 pp., ISBN: 978-9971-69-640-5, p/bk, US$30
Epigenetic Regulation of TNFA Expression in Periodontal Disease
Authors: Zhang Shaoping , Barros Silvana P. , Moretti Antonio J. , Yu Ning , Zhou Jing , Preisser John S. , Niculescu Mihai D. , Offenbacher Steven 
Published: January 2013

Background: Tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) plays a central role in the molecular pathogenesis of periodontal disease. However, the epigenetic regulation attributable to microbial and inflammatory signals at the biofilm–gingival interface are poorly understood. In this study, the DNA methylation alteration within the TNFA promoter in human gingival biopsies from different stages of periodontal disease is investigated and the regulatory mechanism of TNFA transcription by DNA methylation is explored.Methods: Gingival biopsies were obtained from 17 patients with chronic periodontitis (CP) and 18 periodontally healthy individuals. Another 11 individuals participated in an experimentally induced gingivitis study, and gingival biopsies were collected at the baseline, induction, and resolution phase. To confirm that TNFA promoter methylation modulated TNFA transcription, THP.1 cells were treated with a DNA methyltransferase inhibitor, 5‐Aza‐2‐deoxycytidine (5‐Aza‐2dC), and an RAW294.7 cell line transfected with a TNFA promoter‐specific luciferase reporter system with or without methylation was used.Results: In gingival biopsies from individuals with severe CP, two individual cytosine‐guanine dinucleotides (CpG sites) within the TNFA promoter (at −163 and −161 bp) displayed increased methylation in CP samples compared to those with gingival health (16.1% ± 5.1% versus 11.0% ± 4.6%, P = 0.02 and 19.8% ± 4.1% versus 15.4% ± 3.6%, P = 0.04, respectively). The methylation level at −163 bp was inversely associated with the transcription level of TNFA (P = 0.018). However, no significant difference in the TNFA promoter methylation pattern was observed in samples biopsied during the induction or resolution phase of experimentally induced gingivitis, which represented a reversible periodontal lesion. THP.1 cells treated with 5‐Aza‐2dC demonstrated a time‐dependent increase in TNFA messenger level. It was also found that the luciferase activity decreased 2.6‐fold in a construct containing an in vitro methylated TNFA promoter when compared to the unmethylated insert (P = 0.03).Conclusion: Although the biopsy samples represented a mixed cell population, the change in promoter methylation status in chronic periodontal disease suggested that DNA methylation may be an important regulatory mechanism in controlling TNFA transcriptional expression in periodontal disease.
Increased Levels of Serum and Gingival Crevicular Fluid Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein‐1 in Smokers With Periodontitis
Authors: Anil Sukumaran , Preethanath R.S. , Alasqah Mohammed , Mokeem Sameer A. , Anand Pradeep S. 
Published: January 2013

Background: Smoking alters the host response, including vascular function, neutrophil/monocyte activities, adhesion molecule expression, antibody production, and cytokine and inflammatory mediator release. Monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1 (MCP‐1) is involved in the activation and recruitment of inflammatory and immune cells to infected sites, thereby mediating a variety of pathophysiologic conditions. Estimation of serum and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) MCP levels could be a reliable indicator of periodontal disease activity. Hence, the objective of this study is to analyze the serum and GCF MCP‐1 levels of smokers and never‐smokers with periodontitis and compare them with those in periodontally healthy individuals.Methods: A total of 90 participants (30 periodontally healthy individuals, 30 non‐smoking individuals with periodontitis, and 30 smokers with periodontitis) formed the study group. Serum and GCF samples were collected, and MCP‐1 levels were estimated using enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay.Results: Mean MCP‐1 levels in serum and GCF were found to be highest in smokers with periodontitis, followed by the periodontitis group, and then by the healthy controls. The values were statistically significant (P <0.001).Conclusions: It can be concluded that the high levels of both serum and GCF MCP‐1 found in smokers could explain the severity of periodontitis in smokers. More longitudinal, prospective studies will help to verify the observations of the present study. Further research in this direction could reveal reliable markers to forecast the progression of periodontitis in high‐risk groups.
Anomalous Foam-Fractional-Flow Solutions at High-Injection Foam Quality
Authors: Roostapour A.. , Kam S.I.. I. 
Published: February 2013

Summary
A thorough understanding of foam fundamentals is crucial to the optimal design of foams for improved oil recovery (IOR) or enhanced oil recovery (EOR). This study, for the first time, presents anomalous foam-fractional-flow solutions that deviate significantly from the conventional solutions at high-injection foam qualities by comparing method-of-characteristics and mechanistic bubble-population-balance simulations.
The results from modeling and simulations derived from coreflood experiments revealed the following: The fraction of grinding energy contributed by the flowing gas (fg)There are three regions—Region A with relatively wet (or high fw) injection conditions in which the solutions are consistent with the conventional fractional-flow theory; Region C with very dry (or low fw) injection conditions in which the solutions deviate significantly; and Region B in between, which has a negative dfw/dSw slope showing physically unstable solutions.For dry-injection conditions in Region C, the solutions require a constant state (IJ) between initial (I) and injection (J) conditions, forcing a shock from I to IJ by intersecting fractional-flow curves, followed by spreading waves or another shock to reach from IJ to J.The location of IJ in fw vs. Sw domain moves to the left (or toward lower Sw) as the total injection velocity increases for both weak and strong foams until it reaches limiting water saturation.
Even though foams at high-injection quality are popular for mobility control associating a minimum amount of surfactant solutions, foam behaviors at dry conditions have not been thoroughly investigated and understood. The outcome of this study is believed to be helpful to the successful planning of foam IOR/EOR field applications.
Investigation of Anisotropic Mixing in Miscible Displacements
Authors: Adepoju Olaoluwa O. , Lake Larry W. , Johns Russell T. 
Published: February 2013

Summary
Dispersion (or local mixing) degrades miscibility in miscible-flood displacements by interfering with the transfer of intermediate components that develop miscibility. Dispersion, however, also can improve oil recovery by increasing sweep efficiency. Either way, dispersion is an important factor in understanding miscible-flood performance.
This paper investigates longitudinal and transverse local mixing in a finite-difference compositional simulator at different scales (both fine and coarse scale) using a 2D convection-dispersion model. All simulations were of constant-mobility and -density, first-contact miscible flow. The model allows for variations of velocity in both directions. We analyzed local (gridblock) concentration profiles for various miscible-displacement models with different scales of heterogeneity and permeability autocorrelation lengths. To infer dispersivity, we fitted an analytical 2D convection-dispersion model to the local concentration profile to determine local longitudinal and transverse dispersivities simultaneously. Streamlines of simulation models were traced using the algorithm proposed by Pollock (1988). To our knowledge, this is the first systematic attempt to numerically study local transverse dispersivity.
The results show that transverse mixing, which is usually neglected in the 1D convection-dispersion model of dispersion, is significant when the flow direction changes locally as a result of heterogeneity. The computed streamlines, which highlight the variation in flow directions, agree with the computed transverse-dispersivity trends. We find that both transverse and longitudinal dispersion can grow with travel distance and that there are several instances in which transverse dispersion is the larger of the two.
Often, the variations in the streamlines are suppressed (homogenized) during upscaling. This paper gives a quantitative and systematic procedure to estimate the degree of transverse mixing (dispersivity) in any model. We conclude that local mixing, including transverse mixing, should be considered when upscaling a fine-scale model for miscible displacement to ensure proper preservation of fine-scale sweep and displacement efficiency and ultimate oil recovery for miscible-displacement simulations.
Whistleblowing in Audit Firms: Organizational Response and Power Distance
Authors: Taylor Eileen Z. , Curtis Mary B. 
Published: February 2013

ABSTRACT:
This paper investigates auditors' likelihood to report observations of colleagues' unethical behavior. We consider whether two characteristics that are particularly relevant to the audit environment, prior organizational response and power distance, affect willingness to report. Data collected from 106 senior-level auditors suggest auditors are more likely to report on their peers than on their superiors, but they are more likely to report superiors when prior organizational response is strong than when it is weak. Additionally, men appear to be relatively less sensitive to variations in power distance or prior organization response than women. Moral intensity of the case is significantly related to reporting likelihood, and power distance moderates this effect such that those who perceive this scenario to be of lower moral intensity are much more influenced by power distance than are those who perceive it to be of high moral intensity. These results contribute to the existing literature on accounting ethics, as well as inform public accounting governance policies.
Caries infiltrant combined with conventional adhesives for sealing sound enamel in vitro
Authors: Yetkiner Enver , Wegehaupt Florian Just , Attin Rengin , Attin Thomas 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT

Objective:
To test the null hypothesis that combining low-viscosity caries infiltrant with conventional adhesive resins would not improve sealing of sound enamel against demineralization in vitro.

Materials and Methods:
Bovine enamel discs (N  =  60) with diameter of 3 mm were randomly assigned to six groups (n  =  10). The discs were etched with 37% phosphoric acid for 30 seconds and treated with resins of different monomer content forming the following groups: (1) Icon (DMG), (2) Transbond XT Primer (3M ESPE), (3) Heliobond (Ivoclar Vivadent), (4) Icon + Transbond XT Primer, and (5) Icon + Heliobond. Untreated etched samples served as the negative control. Specimens were subjected to demineralization by immersion in hydrochloric acid (pH 2.6) for 80 hours. Calcium dissolution into the acid was assessed by colorimetric analysis using Arsenazo III method at 16-hour intervals. Groups presenting high protection against demineralization were subjected to further acidic challenge for 15 days with calcium measurements repeated at 24-hour intervals. Data were analyzed by Kruskal-Wallis test and Mann-Whitney U-test.

Results:
Untreated specimens showed the highest amount of demineralization. Icon and Transbond XT primer decreased the mineral loss significantly compared to the control. Heliobond performed significantly better than both Icon and Transbond XT primer. Combination of Icon both with Transbond XT primer or Heliobond served as the best protective measures and maintained the protective effect for the additional 15-day acidic challenge.

Conclusions:
Within the limitations of this in vitro study, it could be concluded that the use of low-viscosity caries infiltrant prior to application of the tested conventional adhesives increases their protective effect against demineralization.