bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Relief Valve Stress and Fatigue Study Using Non-Linear Analysis
Authors: Griffin David , Kelly John , Bowie Gareth , Hunt David , Fletcher Andrew , Reed Gary , Hugill Peter 
Published: July 2013

Non-linear elastic-plastic techniques have been used to study the level A operating conditions of a relief valve subject to a small number of severe thermal shock transients during operation. The analysis uses a detailed FE mesh verified to capture the elastic-plastic behaviour of the valve. In addition, short duration transient heat loading on the valve was calculated using computational fluid dynamics using a conjugate heat transfer approach.
The non-linear plasticity behaviour of the model was simulated using a kinematic hardening model incorporating non-linear hardening. Due to the very localised plasticity around small radius fillets in the model, a highly refined mesh strategy was needed. An innovative meshing strategy was therefore incorporated utilising a similar methodology to that used for fluid dynamics meshing; the fluid facing surfaces and nozzles were finely meshed with hexahedral elements, while parts of the internal bulk material were meshed using high order tetrahedral elements.
Primary strength was analysed using traditional elastic methods. The progressive distortion check was based on the elasto-plastic through-wall strain distribution and the fatigue analysis based on the equivalent strain range.
Analysis of 4” Schedule 160 Pipe With a Wall Thinning Subject to Torsion, Bending and Pressure Loads
Authors: Bezensek Bostjan 
Published: July 2013

Pipes with local wall thinning can be simultaneously subject to multi-axial loads such as the internal pressure loads, axial loads, bending and torsion (twist) moments. Continued operation of such items makes use of fitness-for-service assessments using codes such as the ASME Boiler and Pressure vessel Code, Section XI. Currently the non-mandatory Appendix C of the Code gives guidance for performing assessment for various modes of failure. However in the current guidance there is no provision for inclusion of the torsion loads for either planar (crack) or non-planar (wall thinning) type flaws under predominant membrane and bending loading.
This paper is a continuation of the study reported at the earlier PVP conferences, whereby the intent is to provide guidance on inclusion of small amounts of torsion with the dominant pressure and bending loading for a pipe containing a wall thinning. In this paper the results are reported for a 4″ (100mm) nominal diameter Schedule 160 pipe. Two shapes of the wall thinning are examined; a cylindrical with round edges and an ellipsoidal shape. These are chosen to span a range of real shapes. The limits on the applicability of the equivalent moment, defined as the root of the sum of the squares (RSS) in construction codes is presented in terms of the wall thinning dimensions.
Buried Piping: Managing the Challenge
Authors: Angell Peter , Moir Michelle , Munson Douglas , Berger Mike , Barton Robert 
Published: July 2013

Nuclear utilities have many kilometres of piping buried in a relatively small physical area resulting in what has been called a “spaghetti bowl”. Until recently, much of this piping has been neglected and considered “out of sight / out of mind” therefore given a low operational impact. However, current failures have raised the profile of buried piping maintenance with both utilities and regulators.
Buried piping programs face many of the challenges familiar to well run maintenance programs, but these challenges are compounded for a number of reasons. This paper will discuss how Atomic Energy of Canada Limited (AECL) Nuclear Laboratories have partnered with utilities, service providers, CANDU Owners Group (COG), and the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) to provide support to the development and implementation of maintenance programs for buried piping.
Initially, AECL developed station strategy manuals to establish a mechanism to ensure a proficient ongoing program. As part of this program, extensive data on the systems was collected using station records. This data was then used to produce risk informed assessments, with the help of EPRI’s BPWORKS™ software, and ultimately the selection of inspection locations. Lessons learned from this work have not only been integrated into the station’s buried piping program, but also incorporated into improvements to the EPRI BPWORKS software.
Application of Water Jet Peening on Pre-Cracked Nickel Based Alloy and Stainless Steel
Authors: Morinaka Ren , Hasegawa Kunihiro , Saito Noboru , Yoshikubo Fujio , Kanno Akihiro 
Published: July 2013

Water Jet Peening (WJP) has been widely applied to Japanese nuclear power plants since 1999 in order to mitigate stress corrosion cracking (SCC) generation on SCC susceptible material used their reactors as an approved mechanical mitigation technique against SCC [1].
Laboratory data shows that WJP has an effect to mitigate or suppress shallow crack propagation if the achieved compression depth is deeper than the crack, and that WJP has no adverse effect on pre-existing cracks on the mitigated surface, such as crack propagation during WJP treatment or acceleration effect after its treatment [2]. However, there was no field experience of applying WJP on cracked surfaces of operating reactor internals since we removed the crack(s) as the practice in Japan was to remove the crack prior to WJP implementation.
When observed crack can be left as is according to its profile, it is required to perform the crack sizing periodically by Ultrasonic Testing in order to monitor its propagation. In order to apply WJP on the cracked surface, additional testing was needed to clarify that no adverse effect on UT sizing capability after WJP will be observed. The Japan Atomic Power Company (JAPC) and Hitachi-GE Nuclear Energy, Ltd. (HGNE) have performed several tests about this UT crack sizing test before and after WJP treatment and other related test before its field application.
Two Heme-Dependent Terminal Oxidases Power Staphylococcus aureus Organ-Specific Colonization of the Vertebrate Host
Authors: Hammer Neal D. , Reniere Michelle L. , Cassat James E. , Zhang Yaofang , Hirsch Amanda O. , Indriati Hood M. , Skaar Eric P. 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACT

Staphylococcus aureus
is a significant cause of infections worldwide and is able to utilize aerobic respiration, anaerobic respiration, or fermentation as the means by which it generates the energy needed for proliferation. Aerobic respiration is supported by heme-dependent terminal oxidases that catalyze the final step of aerobic respiration, the reduction of O
2
to H
2
O. An inability to respire forces bacteria to generate energy via fermentation, resulting in reduced growth. Elucidating the roles of these energy-generating pathways during colonization of the host could uncover attractive therapeutic targets. Consistent with this idea, we report that inhibiting aerobic respiration by inactivating heme biosynthesis significantly impairs the ability of
S. aureus
to colonize the host. Two heme-dependent terminal oxidases support aerobic respiration of
S. aureus
, implying that the staphylococcal respiratory chain is branched. Systemic infection with
S. aureus
mutants limited to a single terminal oxidase results in an organ-specific colonization defect, resulting in reduced bacterial burdens in either the liver or the heart. Finally, inhibition of aerobic respiration can be achieved by exposing
S. aureus
to noniron heme analogues. These data provide evidence that aerobic respiration plays a major role in
S. aureus
colonization of the host and that this energy-generating process is a viable therapeutic target.

IMPORTANCE
Staphylococcus aureus
poses a significant threat to public health as antibiotic-resistant isolates of this pathogen continue to emerge. Our understanding of the energy-generating processes that allow
S. aureus
to proliferate within the host is incomplete. Host-derived heme is the preferred source of nutrient iron during infection; however,
S. aureus
can synthesize heme
de novo
and use it to facilitate aerobic respiration. We demonstrate that
S. aureus
heme biosynthesis powers a branched aerobic respiratory chain composed of two terminal oxidases. The importance of having two terminal oxidases is demonstrated by the finding that each plays an essential role in colonizing distinct organs during systemic infection. Additionally, this process can be targeted by small-molecule heme analogues called noniron protoporphyrins. This study serves to demonstrate that heme biosynthesis supports two terminal oxidases that are required for aerobic respiration and are also essential for
S. aureus
pathogenesis.
Improving continence services for older people from the service-providers’ perspective: a qualitative interview study
Authors: Orrell Alison , McKee Kevin , Dahlberg Lena , Gilhooly Mary , Parker Stuart 
Published: July 2013

ObjectiveTo examine in depth the views and experiences of continence service leads in England on key service and continence management characteristics in order to identify and to improve our understanding of barriers to a good-quality service and potential facilitators to develop and to improve services for older people with urinary incontinence (UI).DesignQualitative semistructured interviews using a purposive sample recruited across 16 continence services.Setting3 acute and 13 primary care National Health Service Trusts in England.Participants16 continence service leads in England actively treating and managing older people with UI.ResultsIn terms of barriers to a good-quality service, participants highlighted a failure on the part of commissioners, managers and other health professionals in recognising the problem of UI and in acknowledging the importance of continence for older people and prevalent negative attitudes towards continence and older people. Patient assessment and continence promotion regardless of age, rather than pad provision, were identified as important steps for a good-quality service for older people with UI. More rapid and appropriate patient referral pathways, investment in service capacity, for example, more trained staff and strengthened interservice collaborations and a higher profile within medical and nurse training were specified as being important facilitators for delivering an equitable and high-quality continence service. There is a need, however, to consider the accounts given by our participants as perhaps serving the interests of their professional group within the context of interprofessional work.ConclusionsOur data point to important barriers and facilitators of a good-quality service for older people with UI, from the perspective of continence service leads. Further research should address the views of other stakeholders, and explore options for the empirical evaluation of the effectiveness of identified service facilitators.
Impaired Coronary Autoregulation Is Associated With Long-term Fatal Events in Patients With Stable Coronary Artery Disease
Authors: van de Hoef Tim P. , Bax Matthijs , Damman Peter , Delewi Ronak , Hassell Mariëlla E.C.J. , Piek Martijn A. , Chamuleau Steven A.J. , Voskuil Michiel , van Eck-Smit Berthe L.F. , Verberne Hein J. , Henriques José P.S. , Koch Karel T. , de Winter Robbert J. , Tijssen Jan G.P. , Piek Jan J. , Meuwissen Martijn 
Published: July 2013

Background—
Abnormalities in the coronary microcirculation are increasingly recognized as an elementary component of ischemic heart disease, which can be accurately assessed by coronary flow velocity reserve in reference vessels (refCFVR). We studied the prognostic value of refCFVR for long-term mortality in patients with stable coronary artery disease.

Methods and Results—

We included patients with stable coronary artery disease who underwent intracoronary physiological evaluation of ≥1 coronary lesion of intermediate severity between April 1997 and September 2006. RefCFVR was assessed if a coronary artery with <30% irregularities was present. RefCFVR >2.7 was considered normal. Patients underwent revascularization of all ischemia-causing lesions. Long-term follow-up was performed to document the occurrence of (cardiac) mortality. RefCFVR was determined in 178 patients. Kaplan–Meier estimates of 12-year all-cause mortality were 16.7% when refCFVR >2.7 and 39.6% when refCFVR ≤2.7 (
P
<0.001), whereas Kaplan–Meier estimates for cardiac mortality were 7.7% when refCFVR >2.7 and 31.6% when refCFVR ≤2.7 (
P
<0.001). After multivariable adjustment, refCFVR ≤2.7 was associated with a 2.24-fold increase in all-cause mortality hazard (hazard ratio, 2.24; 95% confidence interval, 1.13–4.44;
P
=0.020) and a 3.32-fold increase in cardiac mortality hazard (hazard ratio, 3.32; 95% confidence interval, 1.27–8.67;
P
=0.014). Impairment of refCFVR originated from significantly higher baseline flow velocity in the presence of significantly lower reference vessel baseline microvascular resistance (
P
<0.001), indicating impaired coronary autoregulation as its cause.

Conclusions—
In patients with stable coronary artery disease, impaired refCFVR, resulting from increased baseline flow velocity indicating impaired coronary autoregulation, is associated with a significant increase in fatal events at long-term follow-up.
Real-Time Track Prediction of Tropical Cyclones over the North Indian Ocean Using the ARW Model
Authors: Osuri Krishna K. , Mohanty U. C. , Routray A. , Mohapatra M. , Niyogi Dev 
Published: July 2013

AbstractThe performance of the Advanced Research version of the Weather Research and Forecasting (ARW) model in real-time prediction of tropical cyclones (TCs) over the north Indian Ocean (NIO) at 27-km resolution is evaluated on the basis of 100 forecasts for 17 TCs during 2007–11. The analyses are carried out with respect to 1) basins of formation, 2) straight-moving and recurving TCs, 3) TC intensity at model initialization, and 4) season of occurrence. The impact of high resolution (18 and 9 km) on TC prediction is also studied. Model results at 27-km resolution indicate that the mean track forecast errors (skill with reference to persistence track) over the NIO were found to vary from 113 to 375 km (7%–51%) for a 12–72-h forecast. The model showed a right/eastward and slow bias in TC movement. The model is more skillful in track prediction when initialized at the intensity stage of severe cyclone or greater than at the intensity stage of cyclone or lower. The model is more efficient in predicting landfall location than landfall time. The higher-resolution (18 and 9 km) predictions yield an improvement in mean track error for the NIO Basin by about 4%–10% and 8%–24%, respectively. The 9-km predictions were found to be more accurate for recurving TC track predictions by ~13%–28% and 5%–15% when compared with the 27- and 18-km runs, respectively. The 9-km runs improve the intensity prediction by 15%–40% over the 18-km predictions. This study highlights the capabilities of the operational ARW model over the Indian monsoon region and the continued need for operational forecasts from high-resolution models.
NOAA’s 1981–2010 U.S. Climate Normals: Monthly Precipitation, Snowfall, and Snow Depth
Authors: Durre Imke , Squires Michael F. , Vose Russell S. , Yin Xungang , Arguez Anthony , Applequist Scott 
Published: July 2013

AbstractThe 1981–2010 “U.S. Climate Normals” released by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s (NOAA) National Climatic Data Center include a suite of monthly, seasonal, and annual statistics that are based on precipitation, snowfall, and snow-depth measurements. This paper describes the procedures used to calculate the average totals, frequencies of occurrence, and percentiles that constitute these normals. All parameters were calculated from a single, state-of-the-art dataset of daily observations, taking care to produce normals that were as representative as possible of the full 1981–2010 period, even when the underlying data records were incomplete. In the resulting product, average precipitation totals are available at approximately 9300 stations across the United States and parts of the Caribbean Sea and Pacific Ocean islands. Snowfall and snow-depth statistics are provided for approximately 5300 of those stations, as compared with several hundred stations in the 1971–2000 normals. The 1981–2010 statistics exhibit the familiar climatological patterns across the contiguous United States. When compared with the same calculations for 1971–2000, the later period is characterized by a smaller number of days with snow on the ground and less total annual snowfall across much of the contiguous United States; wetter conditions over much of the Great Plains, Midwest, and northern California; and drier conditions over much of the Southeast and Pacific Northwest. These differences are a reflection of the removal of the 1970s and the addition of the 2000s to the 30-yr-normals period as part of this latest revision of the normals.
Linearization of Microphysical Parameterization Uncertainty Using Multiplicative Process Perturbation Parameters
Authors: van Lier-Walqui Marcus , Vukicevic Tomislava , Posselt Derek J. 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
Recent studies have shown the importance of accounting for model physics uncertainty within probabilistic forecasts. Attempts have been made at quantifying this uncertainty in terms of microphysical parameters such as fall speed coefficients, moments of hydrometeor particle size distributions, and hydrometeor densities. It has been found that uncertainty in terms of these “traditional” microphysical parameters is highly non-Gaussian, calling into question the possibility of estimating and propagating this error using Gaussian statistical techniques such as ensemble Kalman methods. Here, a new choice of uncertain control variables is proposed that instead considers uncertainty in individual modeled microphysical processes. These “process parameters” are multiplicative perturbations on contributions of individual modeled microphysical processes to hydrometeor time tendency. The new process parameters provide a natural and appealing choice for the quantification of aleatory microphysical parameterization uncertainty. Results of a nonlinear Monte Carlo parameter estimation experiment for these new process parameters are presented and compared with the results using traditional microphysical parameters as uncertain control variables. Both experiments occur within the context of an idealized one-dimensional simulation of moist convection, under the observational constraint of simulated radar reflectivity. Results indicate that the new process parameters have a more Gaussian character compared with traditional microphysical parameters, likely due to a more linear control on observable model evolution. In addition, posterior forecast distributions using the new control variables (process parameters) are shown to have less bias and variance. These results strongly recommend the use of the new process parameters for an ensemble Kalman-based estimation of microphysical parameterization uncertainty.
Observation Quality Control with a Robust Ensemble Kalman Filter
Authors: Roh Soojin , Genton Marc G. , Jun Mikyoung , Szunyogh Istvan , Hoteit Ibrahim 
Published: July 2013

AbstractCurrent ensemble-based Kalman filter (EnKF) algorithms are not robust to gross observation errors caused by technical or human errors during the data collection process. In this paper, the authors consider two types of gross observational errors, additive statistical outliers and innovation outliers, and introduce a method to make EnKF robust to gross observation errors. Using both a one-dimensional linear system of dynamics and a 40-variable Lorenz model, the performance of the proposed robust ensemble Kalman filter (REnKF) was tested and it was found that the new approach greatly improves the performance of the filter in the presence of gross observation errors and leads to only a modest loss of accuracy with clean, outlier-free, observations.
Diagnostic applications of newborn screening for α-thalassaemias, haemoglobins E and H disorders using isoelectric focusing on dry blood spots
Authors: Jindatanmanusan Punyanuch , Riolueang Suchada , Glomglao Waraporn , Sukontharangsri Yaowapa , Chamnanvanakij Sangkae , Torcharus Kitti , Viprakasit Vip 
Published: July 2013

Background Neonatal screening for haemoglobin (Hb) disorders is a standard of care in several developed countries with the main objective to detect Hb S. Such practice has not been established in Thailand where α-thalassaemia and haemoglobin E (Hb E) are highly prevalent. Early identification of thalassaemias could be helpful and strengthen the programme for prevention and control for severe thalassaemias. Methods Data from isoelectric focusing (IEF) and Isoscan® for detecting types and amount (%) of each haemoglobin in 350 newborn’s dried blood spots were analysed and compared with the comprehensive genotype analysis by DNA studies as a gold standard. Results Based on genetic profiles, there were 10 different categories: (1) normal ( n = 227), (2) α+-thalassaemia trait ( n = 14), (3) α0-thalassaemia trait ( n = 13), (4) β0-thalassaemia trait ( n = 7), (5) Hb E trait ( n = 72), (6) Hb E trait with α0-thalassaemia or homozygous α+-thalassaemia ( n = 5), (7) Hb E trait with α+-thalassaemia trait ( n = 5), (8) homozygous Hb E ( n = 3), (9) homozygous Hb E with α0-thalassaemia trait ( n = 1) and (10) Hb H disease ( n = 3). The presence of Hb Bart’s and Hb E were used to identify cases with α-thalassaemia and Hb E, respectively. We set 0.25% of Hb Bart’s and 1.5% of Hb E as a cut-off level to detect α+-thalassaemia trait (sensitivity 92.86% and specificity 74.0%) and Hb E trait with 100% of both sensitivity and specificity for IEF diagnosis. Conclusion Although molecular diagnosis seems to be better for definitive diagnosis of thalassaemia syndromes at birth, however, using our reference range described herein, IEF can be applied in a resource-limiting setting with acceptable reliability.
How do online patient support communities affect the experience of inflammatory bowel disease? An online survey
Authors: Coulson Neil S 
Published: July 2013

Objective To explore how participation in an online support community may impact upon the experience of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Design An online survey. Setting Study participants recruited through 35 IBD online communities. Participants A total of 249 males and females aged 16–69 years, living with either Crohn’s disease (65.9%) or ulcerative colitis (26.1%) or awaiting formal diagnosis (8%). Results Patients reported being members for an average of two years, with the majority accessing the community on a daily (46.9%) or weekly (40%) basis. Spending on average four hours per week online, approximately two-thirds of members posted between one and five messages per week. Members joined to find others in a similar situation and to obtain and share information and emotional support. Through participation members accessed a wealth of knowledge about all aspects of living with IBD and this was helpful in terms of accepting their illness and learning to manage it. The community also helped members see their illness more positively as well as contributing to an improvement in subjective wellbeing. However, some negatives aspects were noted. Conclusions Online support communities may provide a useful shared space through which IBD patients may seek and provide both informational and emotional support. Many of these benefits may not be available through traditional healthcare. Whilst online support communities may be beneficial for those who choose to participate in them, they are not without limitations. Health professionals should be aware of the potential benefits and limitations of online communities.