bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of Urethral Stent Placement for Benign Urethral Obstructions in Dogs
Authors: Hill T.L. , Berent A.C. , Weisse C.W. 
Published: July 2014

BackgroundBenign urethral obstructions (BUO) in dogs result in substantial morbidity because of challenges with conventional therapies. Treatment of malignant urethral obstructions with intraluminal urethral stents is reported to successfully relieve obstructions.Hypothesis/ObjectivesTo evaluate the efficacy and outcome of urethral stent placement for treatment ofBUOin dogs.AnimalsEleven client‐owned animals with urethral stents placed for treatment ofBUO.MethodsRetrospective study in which medical records were reviewed in dogs diagnosed withBUOand treated with a metallic urethral stent. Data collected included signalment, cause of benign obstruction, procedure time, size and type of stent, complications, and short‐ and long‐term outcome.ResultsEleven dogs with 15 urethral stents were included. Intraluminal urethral stent(s) relieved the obstructions in all dogs. Four dogs had 2 stents placed in separate procedures because of incomplete patency after treatment (n = 1), inadvertent compression of the stent (n = 1), or tissue ingrowth through the stent (n = 2). The median continence score after stent placement was 10 of 10 (range 3–10) with 6 dogs being continent, 3 mildly incontinent, and 1 each moderately and severely incontinent. All owners considered their dog to have an excellent long‐term clinical outcome with long‐term urethral patency. The median follow‐up time was 24 months (range 4–48).Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceUrethral stents appear to be an effective treatment for benign urinary obstructions. Moderate to severe incontinence developed in a minority (12.5%) of dogs. Stents relieved obstructions in all dogs with an excellent long‐term outcome.
Is Organizational Justice the New Industrial Relations? A Debate on Individual Versus Collective Underpinnings of Justice
Authors: Gilliland Stephen W. , Gross Michael A. , Hogler Raymond L. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThis study is based on a debate about the nature of two intellectual domains, industrial relations (IR) and organizational behavior (OB). Ray Hogler (Colorado State University) argues that the distinguishing feature of IR is its collectivist approach to work and organizations. As OB came to dominate the academic landscape, the research landscape shifted to a microanalytical focus. In consequence, business schools have failed to engage with the social problem of inequality of wealth. Early figures in American economic development, such as John D. Rockefeller, Jr., offered a more expansive vision of firms and labor than the current intellectual climate driven by an agency theory of management aimed at short‐term profit. In his response, Stephen Gilliland (University of Arizona) asserts that the individualistic orientation of organizational justice provides a much more strategic and aligned approach to employee–employer relations. Unions provide a broad brush approach grounded in adversarial relationships and unfairness. By satisfying individual interests of fair treatment, leading through organizational justice provides benefits for employees, organizations, and their stakeholders. Fair treatment of employees has a ripple effect that impacts customer treatment and satisfaction. Whether the organization's strategy is based on value, customer service, or innovation, organizational justice can be aligned with strategic goals for the benefit of all.
Gluten quality of bread wheat is associated with activity of RabD GTPases
Authors: Tyler Adam M. , Bhandari Dhan G. , Poole Mervin , Napier Johnathan A. , Jones Huw D. , Lu Chungui , Lycett Grantley W. 
Published: July 2014

SummaryIn the developing endosperm of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum), seed storage proteins are produced on the rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and transported to protein bodies, specialized vacuoles for the storage of protein. The functionally important gluten proteins of wheat are transported by two distinct routes to the protein bodies where they are stored: vesicles that bud directly off the ER and transport through the Golgi. However, little is known about the processing of glutenin and gliadin proteins during these steps or the possible impact on their properties. In plants, the RabD GTPases mediate ER‐to‐Golgi vesicle transport. Available sequence information for Rab GTPases in Arabidopsis, rice, Brachypodium and bread wheat was compiled and compared to identify wheat RabD orthologs. Partial genetic sequences were assembled using the first draft of the Chinese Spring wheat genome. A suitable candidate gene from the RabD clade (TaRabD2a) was chosen for down‐regulation by RNA interference (RNAi), and an RNAi construct was used to transform wheat plants. All four available RabD genes were shown by qRT‐PCR to be down‐regulated in the transgenic developing endosperm. The transgenic grain was found to produce flour with significantly altered processing properties when measured by farinograph and extensograph. SE‐HPLC found that a smaller proportion of HMW‐GS and large proportion of LMW‐GS are incorporated into the glutenin macropolymer in the transgenic dough. Lower protein content but a similar protein profile on SDS‐PAGE was seen in the transgenic grain.
Hydroxyl Radical as an Unlikely Key Intermediate in the Photodegradation of Emerging Pollutants
Authors: Rodriguez‐Muñiz Gemma M. , Gomis Juan , Arques Antonio , Amat Ana M. , Marin M. Luisa , Miranda Miguel A. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractIn this work, a kinetic model, in combination with time‐resolved experiments, is applied to assess the involvement of ·OH in the photodegradation of emerging pollutants (EPs) by means of advanced oxidation processes. In contrast with the general assumption, quenching of the short‐lived ·OH in the real waters by the (highly diluted) EPs must be very inefficient, so removal of EPs cannot purely rely on the generation and reaction of ·OH. This suggests that more complex pathways have to be considered to explain the photodegradation of EPs actually achieved under the employed oxidative conditions, possibly involving other reactive species with longer lifetimes or chain degradation processes.
Techno‐social Life: The Internet, Digital Technology, and Social Connectedness
Authors: Chayko Mary 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThis essay explores what it means to be socially connected in a techno‐social world. It describes how a “triple revolution” in social connectedness has been catalyzed by the ever‐increasing use of the Internet, mobile communication, and social media networking (Rainie and Wellman 2012). It argues for the usefulness of the concepts of the community and the network in understanding how social connectedness is created and experienced in the use of digital (computerized) communication technology. It examines some of the consequences – both benefits and hazards – of being near‐continuously available to one another via the Internet, mobile phones, and social media. And it describes how digital (online) and face‐to‐face (offline) spaces become fully integrated and experienced as a single, enmeshed reality. The article concludes that people's use of digital communication technology tends to strengthen social connectedness and prompt, not deter, face‐to‐face interaction and local community ties.
Comparative study of maximum likelihood and spectral angle mapper algorithms used for automated detection of melanoma
Authors: Ibraheem I. 
Published: July 2014

BackgroundMelanoma is a leading fatal illness responsible for 80% of deaths from skin cancer. It originates in the pigment‐producing melanocytes in the basal layer of the epidermis. Melanocytes produce the melanin (the dark pigment), which is responsible for the color of skin. As all cancers, melanoma is caused by damage to the DNA of the cells, which causes the cell to grow out of control, leading to a tumor, which is much more dangerous if it cannot be found or detected early. Only biopsy can determine exact malformation diagnosis, although it can rise metastasizing. When a melanoma is suspected, the usual standard procedure is to perform a biopsy and to subsequently analyze the suspicious tissue under the microscope.MethodsIn this paper, we provide a new approach using methods known as ‘imaging spectroscopy’ or ‘spectral imaging’ for early detection of melanoma using two different supervised classifier algorithms, maximum likelihood (ML) and spectral angle mapper (SAM). SAM rests on the spectral ‘angular distances’ and the conventional classifier ML rests on the spectral distance concept.Results and conclusionsThe results show that the ML classifier was more efficient for pixel classification than SAM. However, SAM was more suitable for object classification.
Direct Democracy and Political Equality in the American States*
Authors: Flavin Patrick 
Published: July 2014

ObjectivesThis study investigates the relationship between direct democracy and the equality of opinion‐policy representation in the American states.MethodsUsing public opinion measures from the National Annenberg Election Surveys and data on state policy outputs, I generate an index of the equality of political representation (based on citizens’ incomes) that is comparable across the states. I then evaluate the relationship between different measures of direct democracy and political equality.ResultsStates with the ballot initiative process are no more politically equal than states without the process. However, among those that have the ballot initiative process, states where it is easier to place a measure on the ballot for popular vote and states where the ballot initiative is more frequently used tend to weigh citizens’ opinions more equally in the policy‐making process.ConclusionThese findings suggest that having and frequently using direct democracy leads to more egalitarian policy outcomes. More generally, this study underscores the importance of laws and institutional design in promoting political equality in the United States.
Giardiasis in a hematopoietic stem cell transplant patient
Authors: Ajumobi A.B. , Daniels J.A. , Sostre C.F. , Trevino H.H. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractGiardiasis can mimic diarrhea secondary to mucosal injury from the conditioning therapy prior to hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT), as well as from graft‐versus‐host disease (GVHD). Herein, we describe the endoscopic diagnosis of giardiasis in a patient 2 months after HSCT for myelodysplastic syndrome. The patient was referred to gastroenterology service for suspected GVHD, but duodenal biopsy results showed Giardia lamblia. He was successfully treated with metronidazole with prompt resolution of all of his gastrointestinal symptoms. This case highlights the need to consider giardiasis in the differential diagnosis of diarrhea in the peri‐transplant period.
A plant‐specific HUA2‐LIKE (HULK) gene family in Arabidopsis thaliana is essential for development
Authors: Jali Sathya S. , Rosloski Sarah M. , Janakirama Preetam , Steffen Joshua G. , Zhurov Vladimir , Berleth Thomas , Clark Richard M. , Grbic Vojislava 
Published: July 2014

SummaryIn Arabidopsis thaliana, the HUA2 gene is required for proper expression of FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC) and AGAMOUS, key regulators of flowering time and reproductive development, respectively. Although HUA2 is broadly expressed, plants lacking HUA2 function have only moderately reduced plant stature, leaf initiation rate and flowering time. To better understand HUA2 activity, and to test whether redundancy with similar genes underlies the absence of strong phenotypes in HUA2 mutant plants, we identified and subsequently characterized three additional HUA2‐LIKE (HULK) genes in Arabidopsis. These genes form two clades (HUA2/HULK1 and HULK2/HULK3), with members broadly conserved in both vascular and non‐vascular plants, but not present outside the plant kingdom. Plants with progressively reduced HULK activity had increasingly severe developmental defects, and plants homozygous for loss‐of‐function mutations in all four HULK genes were not recovered. Multiple mutants displayed reproductive, embryonic and post‐embryonic abnormalities, and provide detailed insights into the overlapping and unique functions of individual HULK genes. With regard to flowering time, opposing influences were apparent: hua2 hulk1 plants were early‐flowering, while hulk2 hulk3 mutants were late‐flowering, and hua2 acted epistatically to cause early flowering in all combinations. Genome‐wide expression profiling of mutant combinations using RNA‐Seq revealed complex transcriptional changes in seedlings, with FLC, a known target of HUA2, among the most affected. Our studies, which include characterization of HULK expression patterns and subcellular localization, suggest that the HULK genes encode conserved nuclear factors with partially redundant but essential functions associated with diverse genetic pathways in plants.
Combining the Perspective of Satellite- and Ground-Based Observations to Analyze Cloud Frontal Systems
Authors: Hünerbein Anja , Deneke Hartwig , Macke Andreas , Ebell Kerstin , Görsdorf Ulrich 
Published: July 2014

AbstractA method is presented to analyze the cloud life cycle of frontal systems passing over European supersites. It combines information on the vertical profiles of cloud properties derived from ground-based observations with cloud products obtained from satellite-based observations, including their spatial variability. The Euler and Lagrange perspectives are adopted to consider the history of a cloud system that passes the supersites. The forward model known as RTTOV (Radiative Transfer for the Television and Infrared Observation Satellite Operational Vertical Sounder) and the ground-based “CloudNET” products are used to simulate synthetic satellite observations at the supersites, which are subsequently compared with the actual observations of the Meteosat Spinning Enhanced Visible and Infrared Imager (SEVIRI) instrument. Different metrics are considered to quantify and interpret the consistency of the synthetic and the observed satellite data: brightness temperatures at the thermal IR channels, the split-window channels, and trispectral combinations, as well as the outgoing longwave radiation. In this way, the uncertainties of the individual datasets are investigated. This knowledge provides the motivation to combine the disjunct cloud products from satellite with those from ground instruments to characterize the development of the passing cloud frontal systems. In addition, back trajectories started at different stages of the cloud system were used to analyze its history prior to the supersite overpass. The trajectories are used to study, for example, the life time of the cloud frontal system, changes of the cloud phase, and the evolution of cloud physics such as optical thickness, effective particle size, and water path. As a test bed, a case study with a cold front passing Lindenberg, Germany, is presented.
Role of Changes in Mean Temperatures versus Temperature Gradients in the Recent Widening of the Hadley Circulation
Authors: Adam Ori , Schneider Tapio , Harnik Nili 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
The Hadley circulation (HC) has widened in recent decades, and it widens as the climate warms in simulations. But the mechanisms responsible for the widening remain unclear, and the widening in simulations is generally smaller than observed.
To identify mechanisms responsible for the HC widening and for model–observation discrepancies, this study analyzes how interannual variations of tropical-mean temperatures and meridional temperature gradients influence the HC width. Changes in mean temperatures are part of any global warming signal, whereas changes in temperature gradients are primarily associated with ENSO. Within this study, 6 reanalysis datasets, 22 Atmospheric Modeling Intercomparison Project (AMIP) simulations, and 11 historical simulations from phase 5 of the Climate Modeling Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) are analyzed, covering the years 1979–2012. It is found that the HC widens as mean temperatures increase or as temperature gradients weaken in most reanalyses and climate models. On average, climate models exhibit a smaller sensitivity of HC width to changes in mean temperatures and temperature gradients than do reanalyses. However, the sensitivities differ substantially among reanalyses, rendering the HC response to mean temperatures in climate models not statistically different from that in reanalyses.
While global-mean temperatures did not increase substantially between 1997 and 2012, the HC continued to widen in most reanalyses. The analysis here suggests that the HC widening from 1979 to 1997 is primarily the result of global warming, whereas the widening of the HC from 1997 to 2012 is associated with increased midlatitude temperatures and hence reduced temperature gradients during this period.
Submesoscale Cold Filaments in the Gulf Stream
Authors: Gula Jonathan , Molemaker M. Jeroen , McWilliams James C. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
A set of realistic, very high-resolution simulations is made for the Gulf Stream region using the oceanic model Regional Oceanic Modeling System (ROMS) to study the life cycle of the intense submesoscale cold filaments that form on the subtropical gyre, interior wall of the Gulf Stream. The surface buoyancy gradients and ageostrophic secondary circulations intensify in response to the mesoscale strain field as predicted by the theory of filamentogenesis. It can be understood in terms of a dual frontogenetic process, along the lines understood for a single front. There is, however, a stronger secondary circulation due to the amplification at the center of a cold filament. Filament dynamics in the presence of a mixed layer are not adequately described by the classical thermal wind balance. The effect of vertical mixing of momentum due to turbulence in the surface layer is of the same order of magnitude as the pressure gradient and Coriolis force and contributes equally to a so-called turbulent thermal wind balance. Filamentogenesis is disrupted by vigorous submesoscale instabilities. The cause of the instability is the lateral shear as energy production by the horizontal Reynolds stress is the primary fluctuation source during the process; this contrasts with the usual baroclinic instability of submesoscale surface fronts. The filaments are lines of strong oceanic surface convergence as illustrated by the release of Lagrangian parcels in the Gulf Stream. Diabatic mixing is strong as parcels move across the filaments and downwell into the pycnocline. The life cycle of a filament is typically a few days in duration, from intensification to quasi stationarity to instability to dissipation.
Evaluating the Impact of the COSMIC RO Bending Angle Data on Predicting the Heavy Precipitation Episode on 16 June 2008 during SoWMEX-IOP8
Authors: Yang Shu-Chih , Chen Shu-Hua , Chen Shu-Ya , Huang Ching-Yuang , Chen Ching-Sen 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Global positioning system (GPS) radio occultation (RO) data have been broadly used in global and regional numerical weather predictions. Assimilation with the bending angle often performs better than refractivity, which is inverted from the bending angle under spherical assumption and is sometimes associated with negative biases at the lower troposphere; however, the bending angle operator also requires a higher model top as used in global models. This study furnishes the feasibility of bending-angle assimilation in the prediction of heavy precipitation systems with a regional model. The local RO operators for simulating bending angle and refractivity are implemented in the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF)–local ensemble transform Kalman filter (LETKF) framework. The impacts of assimilating RO data from the Constellation Observing System for Meteorology Ionosphere and Climate (COSMIC) using both operators are evaluated on the prediction of a heavy precipitation episode during Southwest Monsoon Experiment intensive observing period 8 (SoWMEX-IOP8) in 2008. Results show that both the refractivity and bending angle provide a favorable condition for generating this heavy rainfall event. In comparison with the refractivity data, the advantage of assimilating the bending angle is identified in the midtroposphere for deepening of the moist layer that leads to a rainfall forecast closer to the observations.
ELM: enhanced lowest common ancestor based method for detecting a pathogenic virus from a large sequence dataset
Authors: Ueno Keisuke , Ishii Akihiro , Ito Kimihito 
Published: July 2014

Abstract

Background
Emerging viral diseases, most of which are caused by the transmission of viruses from animals to humans, pose a threat to public health. Discovering pathogenic viruses through surveillance is the key to preparedness for this potential threat. Next generation sequencing (NGS) helps us to identify viruses without the design of a specific PCR primer. The major task in NGS data analysis is taxonomic identification for vast numbers of sequences. However, taxonomic identification via a BLAST search against all the known sequences is a computational bottleneck.

Description
Here we propose an enhanced lowest-common-ancestor based method (ELM) to effectively identify viruses from massive sequence data. To reduce the computational cost, ELM uses a customized database composed only of viral sequences for the BLAST search. At the same time, ELM adopts a novel criterion to suppress the rise in false positive assignments caused by the small database. As a result, identification by ELM is more than 1,000 times faster than the conventional methods without loss of accuracy.

Conclusions
We anticipate that ELM will contribute to direct diagnosis of viral infections. The web server and the customized viral database are freely available at http://bioinformatics.czc.hokudai.ac.jp/ELM/.
A translational approach to ventilator associated pneumonia
Authors: Piazza Ornella , Wang Xiangdong 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThe management of Ventilator Associated Pneumonia (VAP) presents many difficulties because of the heterogeneity of the disease; the way the immunocompromised host and the aggressive ICU environment interact is only partially discovered, the available biomarkers for diagnosis are not sufficient to ensure prompt differentiation between sick patients and patients at risk, the microbiological cultures require invasive techniques and time consuming methods. A translational medicine and bio‐informatics approach can enable the identification of the main players of pathology, which may represent novel therapeutic targets or biomarker candidates. Analysis of proteome i.e. allows to individuate proteins that act as biomarkers, for patient‐centered research strategies. Similarly, the genomic approach has proved useful to individuate those patients who are prone to develop VAP, and, in the future, we could be able to immunomodulate their responses to save them from nosocomial infections.