bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prior Experience Biases Subcortical Sensitivity to Sound Patterns
Authors: Skoe Erika , Krizman Jennifer , Spitzer Emily , Kraus Nina 
Published: July 2014

AbstractTo make sense of our ever-changing world, our brains search out patterns. This drive can be so strong that the brain imposes patterns when there are none. The opposite can also occur: The brain can overlook patterns because they do not conform to expectations. In this study, we examined this neural sensitivity to patterns within the auditory brainstem, an evolutionarily ancient part of the brain that can be fine-tuned by experience and is integral to an array of cognitive functions. We have recently shown that this auditory hub is sensitive to patterns embedded within a novel sound stream, and we established a link between neural sensitivity and behavioral indices of learning [Skoe, E., Krizman, J., Spitzer, E., & Kraus, N. The auditory brainstem is a barometer of rapid auditory learning. Neuroscience, 243, 104–114, 2013]. We now ask whether this sensitivity to stimulus statistics is biased by prior experience and the expectations arising from this experience. To address this question, we recorded complex auditory brainstem responses (cABRs) to two patterned sound sequences formed from a set of eight repeating tones. For both patterned sequences, the eight tones were presented such that the transitional probability (TP) between neighboring tones was either 33% (low predictability) or 100% (high predictability). Although both sequences were novel to the healthy young adult listener and had similar TP distributions, one was perceived to be more musical than the other. For the more musical sequence, participants performed above chance when tested on their recognition of the most predictable two-tone combinations within the sequence (TP of 100%); in this case, the cABR differed from a baseline condition where the sound sequence had no predictable structure. In contrast, for the less musical sequence, learning was at chance, suggesting that listeners were “deaf” to the highly predictable repeating two-tone combinations in the sequence. For this condition, the cABR also did not differ from baseline. From this, we posit that the brainstem acts as a Bayesian sound processor, such that it factors in prior knowledge about the environment to index the probability of particular events within ever-changing sensory conditions.
Ice Concentration Retrieval in Stratiform Mixed-Phase Clouds Using Cloud Radar Reflectivity Measurements and 1D Ice Growth Model Simulations
Authors: Zhang Damao , Wang Zhien , Heymsfield Andrew , Fan Jiwen , Luo Tao 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Measurements of ice number concentration in clouds are important but still pose problems. The pattern of ice development in stratiform mixed-phase clouds (SMCs) offers an opportunity to use cloud radar reflectivity (Ze) measurements and other cloud properties to retrieve ice number concentrations. To quantify the strong temperature dependencies of ice crystal habits and growth rates, a one-dimensional (1D) ice growth model has been developed to calculate ice diffusional growth and riming growth along ice particle fallout trajectories in SMCs. The radar reflectivity and fallout velocity profiles of ice crystals calculated from the 1D ice growth model are evaluated with the Atmospheric Radiation Measurements (ARM) Climate Research Facility (ACRF) ground-based high-vertical-resolution radar measurements. A method has been developed to retrieve ice number concentrations in SMCs at a specific cloud-top temperature (CTT) and liquid water path (LWP) by combining Ze measurements and 1D ice growth model simulations. The retrieved ice number concentrations in SMCs are evaluated using integrated airborne in situ and remote sensing measurements and three-dimensional cloud-resolving model simulations with a bin microphysical scheme. The statistical evaluations show that the retrieved ice number concentrations in the SMCs are within an uncertainty of a factor of 2.
Effects of Vertical Wind Shear on Inner-Core Thermodynamics of an Idealized Simulated Tropical Cyclone
Authors: Gu Jian-Feng , Tan Zhe-Min , Qiu Xin 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
A suite of idealized simulations of tropical cyclones (TCs) with weak to strong vertical wind shear (VWS) imposed during the mature stage was employed to examine the effects of VWS on the inner-core thermodynamics and intensity change of TCs using a three-dimensional full-physics numerical model as well as a budget analysis of moist entropy. For sheared TCs with shear-induced convective asymmetries, VWS tends to reduce moist entropy within the midlevel eyewall and the boundary layer (BL) but supply moist entropy outside the eyewall above the BL. Such changes in moist entropy reduce the radial gradient of moist entropy across the eyewall, resulting in weakening of the TC. Budget analysis showed that the intense eddy fluxes are mainly responsible for the reduction and/or increase in entropy in the sheared TCs. The entropy reduction within the midlevel eyewall is a result of both the radial eddy flux and the vertical eddy flux. These eddy fluxes are effective at introducing low-entropy air into the midlevel eyewall. Accompanying the flushing of midlevel low-entropy air into the BL, there is an increase in moist entropy outside the eyewall above the BL due to the upward transport of moisture from the BL by shear-induced convection. This represents a new potential pathway to further restrain the radial gradient of moist entropy across the eyewall and hence TC intensity in the sheared environmental flow.
Structure and Statistical Analysis of the Microphysical Properties of Generating Cells in the Comma Head Region of Continental Winter Cyclones
Authors: Plummer David M. , McFarquhar Greg M. , Rauber Robert M. , Jewett Brian F. , Leon David C. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
This paper presents analyses of the microphysical structure of cloud-top convective generating cells at temperatures between −10° and −55°C across the comma head of 11 continental cyclones, using data collected by the W-band Wyoming Cloud Radar and in situ instrumentation aboard the National Science Foundation (NSF)/NCAR C-130. A case study of one cyclone is presented, followed by statistical analyses of the entire dataset.
Ice particle number concentrations averaged 1.9 times larger inside generating cells compared to outside, and derived ice water contents and median mass diameters averaged 2.2 and 1.1 times larger in cells, respectively. Supercooled water was directly measured at temperatures between −31.4° and −11.1°C, with the median and 95th-percentile liquid water content increasing from ~0.09 to 0.12 g m−3 and 0.14 to 0.28 g m−3 over this temperature range, respectively. Liquid water was present in 26% of observations within cells and 18% of observations between cells over the same temperature range, and it was nearly ubiquitous at temperatures above −16°C.
The larger ice particle concentrations in cells are consistent with greater ice production in convective updrafts. The increased mass and diameter of the ice particles demonstrate that generating cells provide environments favorable for enhanced particle growth. The impact of water saturation and supercooled water in the cells was evident, with rapid particle growth by diffusion and sometimes riming apparent, in addition to aggregation. Turbulent mixing lessened the observed differences between cells and surrounding regions, with supercooled water observed within and between cells, similar habits within and between cells, and rimed particles evident even in ice-phase conditions.
On Pacific Subtropical Cell Variability over the Second Half of the Twentieth Century
Authors: Farneti Riccardo , Dwivedi Suneet , Kucharski Fred , Molteni Franco , Griffies Stephen M. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThe evolution of the Pacific subtropical cells (STC) is presented for the period 1948–2007. Using ocean models of different resolutions forced with interannually varying atmospheric forcing datasets, the mechanisms responsible for the observed STC weakening and late recovery during the period of study are analyzed. As a result of the STC weakening (strengthening), warming (cooling) trends are found in the equatorial Pacific sea surface temperatures (SSTs). Model results agree well with observed estimates of STC transport, STC convergence, and equatorial SST anomalies. It is shown that subtropical atmospheric variability is the primary driver of the STC and equatorial SST low-frequency evolution and is responsible for both the slowdown during the second half of the twentieth century and the rebound at the end of the century. Subtropically forced STC variability is identified as a major player in the generation of equatorial Pacific decadal SST anomalies, pacing tropical Pacific natural climate variability on interdecadal time scales, as observed in historical records. The natural mode of variability has implications for the evolution of equatorial SST in the coming decades under the concomitant effects of climate change.
Skillful Seasonal Prediction of the Southern Annular Mode and Antarctic Ozone
Authors: Seviour William J. M. , Hardiman Steven C. , Gray Lesley J. , Butchart Neal , MacLachlan Craig , Scaife Adam A. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Using a set of seasonal hindcast simulations produced by the Met Office Global Seasonal Forecast System, version 5 (GloSea5), significant predictability of the southern annular mode (SAM) is demonstrated during the austral spring. The correlation of the September–November mean SAM with observed values is 0.64, which is statistically significant at the 95% confidence level [confidence interval: (0.18, 0.92)], and is similar to that found recently for the North Atlantic Oscillation in the same system. Significant skill is also found in the prediction of the strength of the Antarctic stratospheric polar vortex at 1 month average lead times. Because of the observed strong correlation between interannual variability in the strength of the Antarctic stratospheric circulation and ozone concentrations, it is possible to make skillful predictions of Antarctic column ozone amounts. By studying the variation of forecast skill with time and height, it is shown that skillful predictions of the SAM are significantly influenced by stratospheric anomalies that descend with time and are coupled with the troposphere. This effect allows skillful statistical forecasts of the October mean SAM to be produced based only on midstratosphere anomalies on 1 August. Together, these results both demonstrate a significant advance in the skill of seasonal forecasts of the Southern Hemisphere and highlight the importance of accurate modeling and observation of the stratosphere in producing long-range forecasts.
Cardiac surgery antibiotic prophylaxis and calculated empiric antibiotic therapy
Authors: Gorski Armin , Hamouda Khaled , Özkur Mehmet , Leistner Markus , Sommer Sebastian-Patrick , Leyh Rainer , Schimmer Christoph 
Published: July 2014

Background Ongoing debate exists concerning the optimal choice and duration of antibiotic prophylaxis as well as the reasonable calculated empiric antibiotic therapy for hospital-acquired infections in critically ill cardiac surgery patients. Methods A nationwide questionnaire was distributed to all German heart surgery centers concerning antibiotic prophylaxis and the calculated empiric antibiotic therapy. Results The response to the questionnaire was 87.3%. All clinics that responded use antibiotic prophylaxis, 79% perform it not longer than 24 h (single-shot: 23%; 2 doses: 29%; 3 doses: 27%; 4 doses: 13%; and >5 doses: 8%). Cephalosporin was used in 89% of clinics (46% second-generation, 43% first-generation cephalosporin). If sepsis is suspected, the following diagnostics are performed routinely: wound inspection 100%; white blood cell count 100%; radiography 99%; C-reactive protein 97%; microbiological testing of urine 91%, blood 81%, and bronchial secretion 81%; procalcitonin 74%; and echocardiography 75%. The calculated empiric antibiotic therapy (depending on the suspected focus) consists of a multidrug combination with broad-spectrum agents. Conclusion This survey shows that existing national guidelines and recommendations concerning perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis and calculated empiric antibiotic therapy are well applied in almost all German heart centers.
Effect of Changes in Pelvic Tilt on Range of Motion to Impingement and Radiographic Parameters of Acetabular Morphologic Characteristics
Authors: Ross James R. , Nepple Jeffrey J. , Philippon Marc J. , Kelly Bryan T. , Larson Christopher M. , Bedi Asheesh 
Published: July 2014

Background: The current understanding of the effect of dynamic changes in pelvic tilt on the functional acetabular orientation and occurrence of femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) is limited. Purpose: To determine the effect of changes in pelvic tilt on (1) terminal hip range of motion and (2) measurements of acetabular version as assessed on 2- and 3-dimensional imaging. Study Design: Controlled laboratory study. Methods: Preoperative pelvic computed tomographic scans of 48 patients (50 hips) who underwent arthroscopic surgery for the treatment of FAI were analyzed. The mean age of the study population was 25.7 years (range, 14-56 years), and 56% were male. Three-dimensional models of the hips were created, allowing manipulation of the pelvic tilt and simulation of hip range of motion to osseous contact. Acetabular version was measured and the presence of the crossover sign, prominent ischial spine sign, and posterior wall sign was recorded on simulated plain radiographs. Measurements of range of motion to bony impingement during (1) hip flexion, (2) internal rotation in 90° of flexion, and (3) internal rotation in 90° of flexion and 15° adduction were performed, and the location of bony contact between the proximal femur and acetabular rim was defined. These measurements were calculated for −10° (posterior), 0° (native), and +10° (anterior) pelvic orientations. Results: In native tilt, mean cranial acetabular version was 3.3°, while central version averaged 16.2°. Anterior pelvic tilt (10° change) resulted in significant retroversion, with mean decreases in cranial and central version of 5.9° and 5.8°, respectively ( P < .0001 for both). Additionally, this resulted in a significantly increased proportion of positive crossover, posterior wall, and prominent ischial spine signs ( P < .001 for all). Anterior pelvic tilt (10° change) resulted in a decrease in internal rotation in 90° of flexion of 5.9° ( P < .0001) and internal rotation in 90° of flexion and 15° adduction of 8.5° ( P < .0001), with a shift in the location of osseous impingement more anteriorly. Posterior pelvic tilt (10° change) resulted in an increase in internal rotation in 90° of flexion of 5.1° ( P < .0001) and internal rotation in 90° of flexion and 15° adduction of 7.4° ( P < .0001), with a superolateral shift in the location of osseous impingement. Conclusion/Clinical Relevance: Dynamic changes in pelvic tilt significantly influence the functional orientation of the acetabulum and must be considered. Dynamic anterior pelvic tilt is predicted to result in earlier occurrence of FAI in the arc of motion, whereas dynamic posterior pelvic tilt results in later occurrence of FAI, which may have implications regarding nonsurgical treatments for FAI.
Structural, spectroscopic and computational studies on the monoclinic polymorph (form I) of potassium hydrogen disilicate (KHSi2O5)
Authors: Schmidmair D. , Kahlenberg V. , Perfler L. , Többens D. M. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractHydrothermal treatment of quartz with 2 M K2CO3solutions at 623 K and 1 kbar resulted in the formation of single crystals of the monoclinic polymorph of potassium hydrogen disilicate (KHSi2O5or KSi2O4(OH)). Basic crystallographic data of this so-called phase I at room conditions are as follows: space groupC2/m,a= 14.5895(10) Å,b= 8.2992(3) Å,c= 9.6866(7) Å, β = 122.756(10)°,V= 986.36(10) Å3,Z= 8. The structure was determined by direct methods and refined to a residual of R(|F|) = 0.0224 for 892 independent observed reflections withI> 2σ(I). The compound belongs to the group of chain silicates. It is based on crankshaft-likeviererdouble-chains running parallel to [010]. The H atoms are associated with silanol groups. Hydrogen bonding between neighbouring double-chains results in the formation of ∼5 Å wide slabs. The three crystallographically independent K cations with six to eight O ligands provide linkage (1) between the chains of a single slab or (2) between adjacent slabs. Structural investigations have been supplemented by micro-Raman spectroscopy. The interpretation of the spectroscopic data including the allocation of the bands to certain vibrational species has been aided by DFT calculations.
First accurate location of two proton sites in tourmaline: A
single-crystal neutron diffraction study of oxy-dravite
Authors: Gatta G. D. , Bosi F. , McIntyre G. J. , Skogby H. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractA single-crystal neutron diffraction study of oxy-dravite from Osarara
(Narok district, Kenya) was performed. Intensity data were collected in Laue
geometry at 10 K and anisotropic-structure refinement was undertaken. For
the first time, two independent H sites were refined unambiguously for a
mineral belonging to the tourmaline supergroup and located at 0.26, 0.13,
0.38 (labelled as H3, site occupancy ∼98%) and at 0, 0, 0.9 (labelled as H1,
site occupancy ∼25%). The H-bonding scheme can thus be defined as follows:
(1) the O at the O3 site acts as a ‘donor’ and the O at the O5 site as
‘acceptor’, the refined O3–H3 bond distance is 0.972(2) Å (and 0.9946 Å
corrected for “riding motion”), H3⋯O5 = 2.263(2) Å, O3⋯O5 = 3.179(1) Å and
O3–H3⋯O5 = 156.6(1)°; (2) the oxygen at the O1 site acts as a ‘donor’ and
the O atoms at O4 and O5 as ‘acceptors’, the refined O1–H1 bond distance is
0.958(8) Å (and 0.9833 Å corrected for “riding motion”), H1⋯O4 = 2.858(6) Å,
O1⋯O4 = 3.378(1) Å and O1–H1⋯O4 = 115.12(1)°, whereas H1⋯O5 = 2.886(6) Å,
O1⋯O5 = 3.444(1) Å and O1–H1⋯O5 = 118.23(1)°. A further test refinement was
performed with the H1 site out of the three-fold axis (at 0.02, 0.01, 0.90);
this leads to O1–H1 = 0.995(8) Å (and 1.0112 Å corrected for “riding
motion”), H1⋯O4 = 2.747(6) Å and O1–H1⋯O4 = 121.7(4)°, whereas H1⋯O5 =
2.654(9) Å and O1–H1⋯O5 = 136.5(6)°. Bond-valence analysis shows that the
H-bonding strength involving O3 is stronger than that involving O1: ∼0.11
and <0.05 valence units, respectively.The refined angle between the O3–H3 vector and [0001] is 3.40(9)°. Such a
small angle is in line with a pleochroic scheme for the OH-stretching
absorption bands measured by infrared spectroscopy.
‘At the right time, in the right way, with the right resources’: perceptions of the quality of care provided during childbirth in Malawi
Authors: O’Donnell Elizabeth , Utz Bettina , Khonje Diana , van den Broek Nynke 
Published: July 2014

Abstract

Background
Improving the quality of care women receive during childbirth is as important as ensuring increased availability of care and numbers of healthcare providers. To be able to improve quality of care, it is important to understand what quality means for mothers as well as providers of care.

Methods
33 postnatal mothers and 10 healthcare providers from all 4 major hospitals in one district in Malawi were interviewed via 27 in-depth interviews and 2 focus group discussions. Data was transcribed and analysed using the thematic framework approach.

Results
Perceptions of quality of care differed substantially between care providers and postnatal mothers. For caregivers, characteristics of good quality care included availability of resources while for postnatal mothers positive relationships with their caregiver were important. Lack of autonomy and decision making power is a barrier to quality of care and it exists both at the level of the patient (mother) and at the level of her caregiver with healthcare providers unable to influence decisions made by more senior staff or management. Lack of autonomy was linked with the emerging themes of staff de-motivation, frustration, lack of empowerment to make change and resulting in a poor quality of care provided.

Conclusions
Creating a reciprocal understanding of what good quality care comprises and the barriers as well as promoters of this should be the starting point for improving the quality of maternity care. A renewed focus is needed on improving communication, strengthening patient rights and autonomy whilst simultaneously motivating and enabling healthcare workers to provide comprehensive and inclusive quality of care.
Identification of prognostic inflammatory factors in colorectal liver metastases
Authors: Hamilton Trevor D , Leugner Derek , Kopciuk Karen , Dixon Elijah , Sutherland Francis R , Bathe Oliver F 
Published: July 2014

Abstract

Background
The modified Glasgow Prognostic Score (mGPS) has been reported to be an important prognostic indicator in a number of tumor types, including colorectal cancer (CRC). The features of the inflammatory state thought to accompany elevated C-reactive protein (CRP), a key feature of mGPS, were characterized in patients with colorectal liver metastases. Additional inflammatory mediators that contribute to prognosis were explored.

Methods
In sera from 69 patients with colorectal liver metastases, a panel of 42 inflammatory mediators were quantified as a function of CRP levels, and as a function of disease-free survival. Multivariate statistical methods were used to determine association of each mediator with elevated CRP and truncated disease-free survival.

Results
Elevated CRP was confirmed to be a strong predictor of survival (HR 4.00, p = 0.001) and recurrence (HR 3.30, p = 0.002). The inflammatory state associated with elevated CRP was comprised of raised IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12 and IL-15. In addition, elevated IL-8 and PDGF-AB/BB and decreased eotaxin and IP-10 were associated with worse disease-free and overall survival.

Conclusions
Elevated CRP is associated with a proinflammatory state. The inflammatory state is an important prognostic indicator in CRC liver metastases. The individual contributions of tumor biology and the host to this inflammatory response will require further investigation.
Coregulation of FANCA and BRCA1 in human cells
Authors: Haitjema Anneke , Mol Berber M , Kooi Irsan E , Massink Maarten PG , Jørgensen Jens AL , Rockx Davy AP , Rooimans Martin A , de Winter Johan P , Meijers-Heijboer Hanne , Joenje Hans , Dorsman Josephine C 
Published: July 2014

AbstractFanconi anemia (FA) is a genetically heterogeneous syndrome associated with increased cancer predisposition. The underlying genes govern the FA pathway which functions to protect the genome during the S-phase of the cell cycle. While upregulation of FA genes has been linked to chemotherapy resistance, little is known about their regulation in response to proliferative stimuli. The purpose of this study was to examine how FA genes are regulated, especially in relation to the cell cycle, in order to reveal their possible participation in biochemical networks. Expression of 14 FA genes was monitored in two human cell-cycle models and in two RB1/E2F pathway-associated primary cancers, retinoblastoma and basal breast cancer.In silicostudies were performed to further evaluate coregulation and identify connected networks and diseases. OnlyFANCAwas consistently induced over 2-fold;FANCFfailed to exhibit any regulatory fluctuations. Two tools exploiting public data sets indicated coregulation ofFANCAwithBRCA1. Upregulation ofFANCAandBRCA1correlated with upregulation ofE2F3. Genes coregulated with bothFANCAandBRCA1were enriched for MeSH-Term id(s) genomic instability, microcephaly, and Bloom syndrome, and enriched for the cellular component centrosome. The regulation of FA genes appears highly divergent. In RB1-linked tumors, upregulation of FA network genes was associated with reduced expression ofFANCF. FANCA and BRCA1 may jointly act in a subnetwork - supporting vital function(s) at the subcellular level (centrosome) as well as at the level of embryonic development (mechanisms controlling head circumference).