bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Biological control of garlic (Allium) white rot disease using antagonistic fungi-based bioformulations
Authors: Mahdizadehnaraghi Razak , Heydari Asghar , Zamanizadeh Hamid Reza , Rezaee Saeed , Nikan Jafar 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
White rot disease caused by Sclerotium cepivorum is a major yield reducing fungal disease of garlic found throughout the world, including Iran. The use of chemical fungicides is the most common control method for the disease at the present time. This control measure is costly, contaminates the environment, and harms non-target organisms. Moreover, since the pathogen is soil-borne, chemical control strategy is not quite effective against the disease. In this study, we tried to develop and prepare some new bioformulations based on three antagonistic fungal species: Trichoderma harzianum, T. asperellum, and Talaromyces flavus. Six isolates of the above-mentioned fungi were used along with the organic and inorganic carriers, rice bran and talc, to develop twelve new bioformulations. The effectiveness of the bioformulations were then evaluated in the control of garlic white rot disease in the greenhouse conditions in comparison with the healthy control, infected control, and the commonly used fungicide Carbendazim. The design of the experiment was completely randomised. There were 15 treatments each, with four replicates. The results of the greenhouse experiments indicated that almost all the developed bioformulations resulted in significant reductions (34.50 to 64.50%) in the incidence of white rot disease. In general, bioformulations which contained the organic carrier (rice bran) performed more effectively than those that contained the inorganic carrier (talc). Bioformulations which contained an organic carrier (rice bran) were as effective as the fungicide Carbendazim.
The Metrology of Ground Concrete Surfaces Morphology With 3D Laser Scanner
Authors: Sadowski Lukasz , Mathia Thomas G. 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
This paper is devoted to machining of concrete by grinding and the metrology of its surface morphologies. The surface morphology is still open problem from metrological as well as mathematical morphology points of views. In order to understand better abrasive process the raw morphologic state is compared with the ground concrete surfaces. The most significant results are presented in the form of profiles, 3D isometric views and isotropy analysis. Several 3D surface roughness parameters were calculated.
Why Does the Archbishop Not Tweet?
Authors: Gelfgren Stefan 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
In summer 2012, the Archbishop of the Church of Sweden appeared on Twitter. There was only one problem - it was not the Archbishop himself who was tweeting, but an anonymous person. A discussion then ensued on Twitter and in the blogosphere between those in favor of the Archbishop and his department and mainly social media proponents.
The present article describes and analyzes the social media debate, and how authority and hierarchies are negotiated in and through social media. The analysis is based on Heidi Campbell’s “Religious-Social Shaping of Technology” model, and emphasizes the need to take into account not only the faith and tradition of the religious actor, but also the societal context in which the negotiating process takes place. In this case, the concepts of “mediatization” and “secularization” are used to understand the broader context of the process.
Preliminary studies of photocatalytic activity of gypsum plasters containing TiO2 co-modified with nitrogen and carbon
Authors: Janus Magdalena , Bubacz Kamila , Zatorska Justyna , Kusiak-Nejman Ewelina , Czyżewski Adam , Morawski Antoni W. 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
The conducted studies were focused on the development of the gypsum material exhibiting self-cleaning properties. To this end, the raw gypsum was mixed with unique TiO2-based photocatalysts, previously modified by nitrogen and/ or carbon doping. The photocatalytic activity of the obtained gypsum plasters was evaluated trough the degradation of model organic compound (Reactive Red 198) under UV-vis irradiation. The impact of the photocatalysts presence on the physicochemical properties of the obtained gypsum plasters was evaluated. Furthermore, the role of non-metals presence on the photocatalytic properties of the TiO2 was determined. It was confirmed that the addition of N,C co-modified titanium dioxide into gypsum bestows this material with self-cleaning properties. The highest dye removal rate was displayed by the gypsum plaster containing optimal amount (10 wt%) of co-modified TiO2/N,C photocatalyst, after 20 hours of UV-vis irradiation.
Modification of industrial divinyl rubber by oxidative chlorophosphorylation and assess-ment of metal ion removal efficiency of obtained polymer sorbent
Authors: Akhmedov Vagif M. , Alfadul Sulaiman , Maharramov Abel M. , Azizov Abdulsaid A. , Alosmanov Rasim M. , Buniyad-Zadeh Irada A. 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
The main goal of this study was the preparation of materials containing phosphoric functionalities on the base of industrial polymer - divinyl rubber and the assessment of their removal efficiency of heavy metals from aqueous solutions. The new method concerns the oxidative chlo-rophosphorylation of divinyl rubber by PCl3 with the following modification of obtained inter-mediates to create -PO(OH)2, -OPO(OH)2 groups in the polymer chain. The obtained modified polymers get some new properties such as complex formation and capability for ion exchange. The nature and distribution of phosphoric functionalities in the polymer were studied by the methods of NMRand FTIR- spectroscopy, thermal analysis and scanning electron microscopy. The sorption properties of synthesized polymers towards some cations (Cu+2, Ni+2, Co+2 and Zn+2) from water solutions have been tested. It has been shown that the metal removal efficiency of prepared material depends on pH of medium, initial concentration and type of metal ions.
Thermodynamic analysis of medium pressure reciprocating natural gas expansion engines
Authors: Farzaneh-Gord Mahmood , Izadi Soheil , Pishbin Seyed Iman , Sheikhani Hamideh , Deymi-Dashtebayaz Mahdi 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
Natural gas pressure has to be reduced from medium pressure of 1.724 MPa (250 psia) to lower pressure of 0.414 MPa (60 psia) at Town Border pressure reduction Station (TBS). Currently, the pressure reduction is carried out by throttling valves while considerable amount of pressure energy is wasted. One of the equipment which could be used to recover this waste energy is the reciprocating expansion engine. The purpose of this research is to simulate one-sided reciprocating expansion engine thermodynamically for TBS pressure range. The simulation is based on first law of thermodynamics, conversation of mass and ideal gas assumptions. The model could predict in-cylinder pressure and in-cylinder temperature at various crank angles. In addition, the effects of the engine geometrical characteristics, such as intake and exhaust port area and ports timing on the Indicated work per cycle output are investigated.
Ultrasound-assisted Matrix Solid Phase Dispersion for the HPLC-DAD analysis of amphenicols in shrimps
Authors: Samanidou Victoria F. , Makrygianni Evgenia A. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractUltrasound-assisted matrix solid phase dispersive extraction was applied for the selective isolation and clean-up of three amphenicol antibiotics, chloramphenicol (CAP), thiamphenicol (TAP) and florfenicol (FFC) from shrimp. The target antibiotics were separated on a LiChroCART-LiChrospher® 100 RP-18 (5 μm, 250 × 4 mm) analytical column in less than 9 min, with isocratic elution using a mixture of 70% ammonium acetate (0.05 M) and 30% acetonitrile (v/v). Matrix Solid Phase Dispersion protocol was optimized in terms of extraction sorbent and elution solvent. Two polymer based (Oasis and Nexus) sorbents and one silica based (Lichrolut C18) were compared and different elution solvents such as methanol, acetone, acetonitrile and isopropanol were evaluated based on the achieved recovery rates as well as on the cleanup efficiency. The extraction procedure was performed with and without sonication to evaluate the impact of ultrasounds. TAP and FFC were monitored at 234 nm and CAP at 280 nm by a photodiode array detector. The method was validated according to the European Union Decision 2002/657/EC in terms of linearity, selectivity, stability, accuracy, precision and sensitivity. Detection capability values (CCb) were 64.6 μg/kg for TAP and 1046.8 μg/kg for FFC and 63.8 μg/ kg for CAP.
Isotopie-Effekte nach neutronen-induzierten Kernreaktionen in Germanium-Verbindungen
Authors: Merz E. 
Published: June 2015

Zusammenfassung
An den nach (n, γ)- und (n, 2n)-Reaktionen in metallorganischen Verbindungen des Germaniums isolierten chemischen Rückstoßprodukten wurden Isotopie-Effekte beobachtet. Bei der Bestrahlung von Getetraphenyl mit thermischen Neutronen konnten Verschiebungen im 71Ge/77Ge-Isotopenverhältnis sowohl an der festen (bis zu 9%) als auch an der in Cyclohexan bzw. Benzol gelösten Verbindung (bis zu 8%) gemessen werden; außerdem auch an flüssigem Gie-diphenyl (bis zu 6%). Die beim (n, 2n)-Prozeß an kristallinem Ge-tetraphenyl gefundenen 69Ge/75Ge-Isotopenverhältnisse zeigen ebenfalls deutsche Verschiebungen (bis zu 10%). Der Eifekt scheint bei der Bestrahlung im festen Zustand stärker als im flüssigen ausgeprägt zu sein. Die möglichen Ursachen für das Zustandekommen des beobachteten Isotopie-Effektes werden diskutiert.
Heteropoly Salts
Authors: Healy T. V. 
Published: June 2015

Summary
A number of mixed alkali phosphotungstates such as the dicaesium sodium salt have been isolated. Mixed salts containing divalent or trivalent ions such as barium or cerium have been prepared. Similarly, mixed salts of alkali phosphomolybdates and silicotungstates have been examined. These alkali mixed salts have properties similar to the parent dialkali hydrogen heteropoly salt. Most of the simple and mixed salts of heteropoly acids examined, have strong base exchange properties and these are discussed.
Activation Analysis of the Dutch 50 c. Stamp of 1867
Authors: Flegenheimer J. 
Published: June 2015

Summary
Good and bad samples of this stamp, whose price changes considerably with the colour variation, were activated in a neutron flux and the resulting activity analyzed. One day after a short irradiation the main activity is due to copper. The copper content is related to the quality of the colour and this permits an evaluation of this stamp by activation analysis.
Radiochemical Studies of Fission Induced by 14.7 MeV Neutrons
Authors: Lyle S. J. , Martin G. R. , Whitley J. E. 
Published: June 2015

Summary
Measurements have been made of the yields of 14 nuclides from the fission of natural thorium (232Th) induced by neutrons of 14.7 ± 0.2 MeV. A peak-to-valley yield ratio of 5.2 is found, with the yield at the maximum of the light peak measured as 6.50 ± 0.33%. The maxima of the light and heavy peaks fall respectively at masses 91 and 137, the peak width being 12.5 mass units.
The probability of symmetric fission is discussed in terms of a simple liquid drop model, and it is shown that, over the range from 227Ra to 240Pu, this quantity shows a systematic dependence on an available energy term deduced from the model.
Graphical Representation of Double Neutron Capture in Gold and Tantalum
Authors: Heydobn K. 
Published: June 2015

Summary
The planning of high flux reactor irradiations for the preparation of radioisotopes, where the effect of multiple neutron capture has to be taken into account, is facilitated by the introduction of a series of graphs representing calculated data for a wide range of fluxes.
General formulae for the calculation of activities produced by Single and double neutron capture are given, and the validity of various approximations is discussed.
Comprehensive calculations are presented for gold and tantalum in the flux range from 1011
n/cm2 • sec to 1015
n/cm2 • sec, graphs being given for maximum activities versus flux together with growth curves for discrete flux values.
Radioactivation Analysis of Manganese by Counting Deuterium Photoneutrons
Authors: Amiel S. , Stuhl Z. 
Published: June 2015

Summary
A method is described for the assay of 2.58 hour 56Mn in different radioactive samples by counting photoneutrons. The high energy portion of the gamma radiation of seMn, produced upon neutron activation of samples containing manganese, causes emission of photoneutrons from a D2O reservoir incorporated in a 4π neutron counting assembly. To cause photoneutron emission from D2O the gamma ray energy must exceed 2.23 MeV and thus the method discriminates efficiently against all gamma rays of lower energies. The photoneutron activity is proportional to the 56Mn content of the sample, and submilligram quantities of manganese have been analysed with a precision of ~ 1%. Sensitivities of ~ 1 /μg and better are indicated. The only serious sources of interference are sodium and fissionable elements, when present in large proportions. The method is rapid and can be used to analyse manganese in complex matrices, without any chemical processing. The neutron counting apparatus required is relatively cheap, simple and versatile.
Selective Advantages of a Parasexual Cycle for the YeastCandida albicans
Authors: Zhang Ningxin , Magee Beatrice B , Magee Paul T , Holland Barbara R , Rodrigues Ely , Holmes Ann R , Cannon Richard D , Schmid Jan 
Published: June 2015

AbstractThe yeast Candida albicans can mate. However, in the natural environment mating may generate progeny (fusants) fitter than clonal lineages too rarely to render mating biologically significant: C. albicans has never been observed to mate in its natural environment, the human host, and the population structure of the species is largely clonal. It seems incapable of meiosis, and most isolates are diploid and carry both mating-type-like (MTL) locus alleles, preventing mating. Only chromosome loss or localized loss of heterozygosity can generate mating-competent cells, and recombination of parental alleles is limited. To determine if mating is a biologically significant process, we investigated if mating is under selection. The ratio of nonsynonymous to synonymous mutations in mating genes and the frequency of mutations abolishing mating indicated that mating is under selection. The MTL locus is located on chromosome 5, and when we induced chromosome 5 loss in 10 clinical isolates, most of the resulting MTL-homozygotes could mate with each other, producing fusants. In laboratory culture, a novel environment favoring novel genotypes, some fusants grew faster than their parents, in which loss of heterozygosity had reduced growth rates, and also faster than their MTL-heterozygous ancestors—albeit often only after serial propagation. In a small number of experiments in which co-inoculation of an oral colonization model with MTL-homozygotes yielded small numbers of fusants, their numbers declined over time relative to those of the parents. Overall, our results indicate that mating generates genotypes superior to existing MTL-heterozygotes often enough to be under selection.
A Simple Mandibular Distraction Protocol to Avoid Tracheostomy in Patients with Pierre Robin Sequence
Authors: Ching Jessica A. , Daggett Justin D. , Alvarez Sergio A. , Conley Cathy L. , Ruas Ernesto J. 
Published: June 2015

Objective Recent treatment goals for Pierre Robin sequence (PRS) focus on avoiding tracheostomy through modalities such as mandibular distraction osteogenesis (MDO). We primarily evaluated the efficacy of our straightforward MDO treatment protocol for resolution of PRS-associated airway obstruction while secondarily analyzing patient characteristics associated with success or failure of MDO. Design A retrospective chart review before and after treatment. Setting Tertiary institutional center and private practice setting. Patients All patients were diagnosed with PRS and treated with MDO, according to the MDO treatment protocol, by a single surgeon with the same operative technique from 1999 to 2013. A sample size of n = 38 met the inclusion criteria. Data assessed included tracheostomy status (pre-MDO, post-MDO, or none), microlaryngoscopy and bronchoscopy (MLB) findings, multipositional airway study results, clinical resolution of airway obstruction following MDO, and patient characteristics. Main Outcome Measure Resolution of airway obstruction with avoidance of a tracheostomy. Results Prior to referral for MDO, five patients required urgent tracheostomy. Of patients without a pre-MDO tracheostomy (n = 33), two patients required tracheostomy post-MDO, while 94% avoided tracheostomy with clinical resolution of airway obstruction (n = 31). On secondary analysis, anatomic abnormalities diagnosed by MLB were associated with a higher rate of tracheostomy ( P = .037), confirming the utility of preoperative evaluation with MLB; otherwise, no patient characteristics demonstrated significance in patient selection. Follow-up ranged from 6 months to 10 years (mean = 6.45 years, median = 7.61 years). Conclusions Our treatment protocol demonstrates MDO is highly effective for resolving severe airway obstruction related to PRS. Based on secondary analysis, our simplified protocol does not require amendment.
Opportunities and Challenges in Establishing a Cohort Study: An Example from Cleft Lip/Palate Research in the United Kingdom
Authors: Stock Nicola Marie , Humphries Kerry , Pourcain Beate St , Bailey Maggie , Persson Martin , Ho Karen M. , Ring Susan , Marsh Cathy , Albery Liz , Rumsey Nichola , Sandy Jonathan 
Published: June 2015

Background Cleft lip and/or palate (CL/P) is one of the most common birth conditions in the world, but little is known about its causes. Professional opinion remains divided as to which treatments may be the most beneficial for patients with CL/P, and the factors that contribute to psychological adjustment are poorly understood. The use of different methodological approaches and tools plays a key role in hampering efforts to address discrepancies within the evidence base. A new UK-wide program of research, The Cleft Collective, was established to combat many of these methodological challenges and to address some of the key research questions important to all CL/P stakeholders. Objective To describe the establishment of CL/P cohort studies in the United Kingdom and to consider the many opportunities this resource will generate. Results To date, protocols have been developed and implemented within most UK cleft teams. Biological samples, environmental information, and data pertaining to parental psychological well-being and child development are being collected successfully. Recruitment is currently on track to meet the ambitious target of approximately 9800 individuals from just more than 3000 families. Conclusions The Cleft Collective cohort studies represent a significant step forward for research in the field of CL/P. The data collected will form a comprehensive resource of information about individuals with CL/P and their families. This resource will provide the basis for many future projects and collaborations, both in the United Kingdom and around the world.
Is There an Increasing Regionalization of Surgical Repair of Craniosynostosis Procedures into Teaching Hospitals? Implications of Regionalization
Authors: Allareddy Veerasathpurush 
Published: June 2015

Objective The objective of the present study is to examine whether surgical repairs for craniosynostosis have been regionalized to teaching hospitals over the 8-year period from 2003 to 2010. Design Retrospective analysis of hospital discharge database. Setting Nationwide Inpatient Sample for years 2003 to 2010. All patients aged up to 3 years who had a surgical repair for craniosynostosis were selected. Interventions Surgical repair for craniosynostosis. Main Outcome Measures Performance of surgery in a teaching hospital. Result During the study period (years 2003 to 2010), a total of 19,417 patients aged up to 3 years underwent a surgical repair for craniosynostosis. The number of surgical procedures increased during the study period. It ranged from 1628 procedures in year 2003 to 3001 procedures during 2010. Data show that 83.3% of all procedures in 2003 were performed in teaching hospitals; whereas, 97.5% of procedures in 2010 were performed in teaching hospitals. Following adjustment for patient-level factors, year 2010 was associated with increased odds of having the surgical procedures performed in a teaching hospital as opposed to a nonteaching hospital when compared with year 2003 (odds ratio = 10.43, 95% confidence interval, 1.10 to 98.98; P = .04). Conclusions An increasing proportion of surgical repairs of craniosynostosis are performed in teaching hospitals, suggesting there is an increasing concentration of these complex surgical procedures in select centers. As more longitudinal data become available, the relative benefits and drawbacks associated with regionalization of surgical repairs of craniosynostosis should be examined.
Decreasing Hepatitis C Incidence Among a Population With Repeated Tests: British Columbia, Canada, 1993–2011
Authors: Kuo Margot , Janjua Naveed Z. , Burchell Ann N. , Buxton Jane A. , Krajden Mel , Gilbert Mark 
Published: June 2015

Objectives. We estimated HCV incidence among individuals who repeatedly underwent anti-HCV testing. Methods. We studied HCV-negative individuals who had at least 2 tests between April 1992 and September 2012 in British Columbia, Canada. We calculated incidence as the number of new infections per 100 person-years at risk. Results. From 1992 to 2012, 323 598 individuals who persistently tested negative and 7490 HCV seroconverters contributed 1 774 262 person-years of observation time. Incidence rates ranged from 2.66 infections per 100 person-years (95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.07, 3.35) in 1993 to 0.25 infections per 100 person-years (95% CI = 0.21, 0.29) in 2011. Rates declined sharply in the 1990s and declined more gradually in the 2000s. Incidence declined with age; highest incidence rates were among those aged 15 to 24 years. Incidence among male repeat testers exceeded that of female repeat testers across all years, although the gap narrowed over time. Conclusions. Addictions treatment, harm reduction, prevention education, and novel initiatives to remove barriers in health infrastructure need to be intensified for those who inject drugs, particularly men and younger persons.
Extensive Lower-Extremity Deep Venous Thrombosis Following Arthroscopic Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction Related to May-Thurner Syndrome
Authors: Ackerman Jeffrey , Kurdziel Michael D. , Dutcheshen Nicholas T. 
Published: June 2015

Case:
An extensive iliofemoral-popliteal deep venous thrombosis following arthroscopic anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction presented on the ninth postoperative day as the result of underlying May-Thurner syndrome. The patient was managed with therapeutic anticoagulation and mechanical disruption of the thrombus. The focal stenosis of the left common iliac vein was addressed with angioplasty and stent placement. Repeat venography demonstrated no residual stenosis of the vein.

Conclusion:
A multidisciplinary approach remains necessary for treating and reducing the risk of post-thrombotic syndrome. The present case further emphasizes the need for aggressive workup and response when a patient presents with left-sided deep venous thrombosis associated with underlying May-Thurner syndrome.