bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Socio-demographic characteristics and consumption patterns of drug users – synthesis of outcome research at a TC for a 10 year range
Authors: Henriques Susana , Candeias Pedro 
Published: June 2015

Purpose
– Therapeutic communities (TCs) are one of the existent social responses in helping drug users overcome addiction and pursue social reintegration. The purpose of this paper is to present and discuss the general characteristics of about 200 drug users and their addiction and those of addicts abroad treated in a TC and clinically discharged. The analysis now presented is the first empirical approach to capture social regularities and singularities that are present in these individuals’ reintegration strategies.

Design/methodology/approach
– The data have a ten-year range – from 1999 to 2009 – and were statically analysed.

Findings
– They show a group of individuals with low qualifications reflected in their professional occupation, from which family is an essential support. These data also show a significant prevalence of heroin, alcohol, cocaine and polydrug uses, highlighting the need to consider new use patterns and new synthetic substances.

Originality/value
– TC have been little studied, mainly in Portugal.
Rehab, respite and recovery: the experiences of methadone users in a modified therapeutic community (MTC) in Scotland
Authors: McPhee Iain , Fenton Denice 
Published: June 2015

Purpose
– There is limited research documenting recovery experiences of residential service users. The purpose of this paper is to explore the perceptions service users on methadone have about recovery. In depth, semi structured 1-1 interviews with seven poly drug using homeless males between the ages of 37 and 46 and analysed using NVivo software. Results are presented thematically. Participants conform to “recovery” norms allowing stigma and shame of illicit drug use to be attributed to former addict identities. Participants on methadone maintenance report inner conflict arising from changing societal and cultural norms that equate recovery with abstinence. Tensions were revealed in true motivations for active rather than passive participation in adopting group work norms.

Design/methodology/approach
– A qualitative design utilises small numbers of participants to gather rich data. In depth, semi structured 1-1 interviews conducted with seven poly drug using homeless males who have completed between ten and 15 weeks of a minimum 26-week residential treatment programme. Participants were aged 37-46. Results were analysed thematically using NVivo software.

Findings
– Participants conform to “recovery” norms allowing stigma and shame of illicit drug use to be attributed to a former stigmatised addict identity. Participants on methadone maintenance report inner conflict arising from changing societal and cultural norms regards recovery and abstinence. A significant process of recovery involved adopting the norms of 12-step groups and TC therapy to gain enough trust to leave the therapeutic community (TC) unsupervised. This created tension regards motivation, were these individuals in recovery, or merely “faking it”?

Research limitations/implications
– A female perspective may have provided a more balanced discussion and yielded greater depth in results. Only one service was studied and the findings may be specific to that cohort. The duration of stay at the service of ten to 15 weeks is a relatively short time and excluded participants resident for six months or more. Longer term residents may have been more reflective and informative.

Practical implications
– Encourage active options and increased debate on the variety of treatment options available to long term homeless opiate users who have failed to comply with previous treatments. While this is a small modest study, the rich data yields practical advice for policy makers and service providers.

Social implications
– This research study adds to an informed perspective by encouraging debate on methadone as a challenge to definitions of recovery that infer abstinence as a key definition of success.

Originality/value
– There is a paucity of research documenting a Scottish TC service user perspective using qualitative methods on experiences of addiction, treatment and recovery.
The development of the therapeutic community for addictions in Denmark. A short report based on an interview with Hanne Holm Hage-Ali
Authors: Broekaert Eric , Berg-Sørensen Caroline Elizabeth , Vanderplasschen Wouter , Vandevelde Stijn 
Published: June 2015

Purpose– Even though there is much information available with regard to the development of the therapeutic community (TC) for addictions in Europe, little is known about the particular situation in Denmark.The paper aims to discuss this issue.Design/methodology/approach– In order to address this dearth, the methodology of the following historical account is largely based on an interview and personal contacts with Hanne Holm Hage-Ali, current director of TC Opbygningsgården and star witness of the development of TC in Denmark.Findings– In 1971, the Freetown “Christiania”, Copenhagen, where TC Opbygningsgården started up, was based on communal, anarchic and hippie ideas and values. In the beginning, TC Opbygningsgården was not well accepted by TC pioneers promoting the classic hierarchical TC, as it was seen as a social experiment with anti-authoritarian roots. Later, in its turn, it became influenced by TCs Veksthuset and Phoenix House Haga, Norway, which were part of the common European TC movement. At this moment, TC Opbygningsgården functions as a well-accepted member of the European Federation of Therapeutic Communities.Research limitations/implications– The interview revealed information that it is line with current trends in and challenges for TC throughout Europe, as outlined in a recent EMCDDA study: TC in Europe can be considered as “children of the late sixties”; TCs are embedded in the anti-psychiatric movement, existentialism and the promotion of alternative community living; European TC leaders had different origins and professional background; and the TC never belonged to one religion or ideology. The common human value system always transcended the different visions.Originality/value– This paper aims at addressing the dearth in knowledge on the development of TCs in Denmark.
Atorvastatin attenuates homocysteine‐induced migration of smooth muscle cells through mevalonate pathway involving reactive oxygen species and p38 MAPK
Authors: Bao Xiao‐mei , Zheng Hongchao 
Published: June 2015

SummaryStatins have been reported to have an antioxidant effect against homocysteine (Hcy)‐induced endothelial dysfunction. It is unknown whether they have the same effect against migration of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) induced by Hcy. In this study, it was investigated whether and how atorvastatin could inhibit the Hcy‐induced migration in cultured VSMCs and revealed the possible redox mechanism. VSMCs were isolated from the thoracic aortas of Sprague‐Dawley rats. The migration of VSMCs was examined using a transwell technique and cell viability was determined by 3‐(4, 5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐2, 5‐diphenyltetrazoliumbromide (MTT) assay. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) were measured using the fluoroprobe 2′7′‐dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate. The activity of NADPH oxidase was assessed by lucigenin enhanced chemiluminescence. Expressions of Nox1 mRNA and p‐p38MAPK protein were measured by reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction (RT–PCR) and Western blot analysis, respectively. The results showed that atorvastatin inhibited the migration of VSMCs induced by Hcy, which was reversed by the mevalonate. In addition, pretreatment with the NADPH oxidase inhibitor DPI, the free radical scavenger NAC and the p38 MAPK inhibitor SB203580 blocked Hcy‐induced VSMCs migration. Furthermore, atorvastatin suppressed Hcy‐induced activation of NADPH oxidase and ROS, attenuated Hcy‐induced overexpression of Nox1mRNA. Similar effects occurred with VSMCs transfected with Nox1 siRNA. Moreover, atorvastatin other than DPI, NAC, SB203580 and Nox1 siRNA transfection blocked Hcy‐induced p38 MAPK phosphorylation, which was also reversed by the mevalonate. The data demonstrates that atorvastatin inhibits Hcy‐induced VSMCs migration in a mevalonate pathway. Furthermore, a part of the biological effect of atorvastatin involves a decrease in the levels of Nox1‐dependent ROS generation and p38 MAPK activation.
Pursuing the Triple Aim: The First 7 Years
Authors: WHITTINGTON JOHN W. , NOLAN KEVIN , LEWIS NINON , TORRES TRISSA 
Published: June 2015

Policy Points:
In 2008, researchers at the Institute for Healthcare Improvement (IHI) proposed the Triple Aim, strategic organizing principles for health care organizations and geographic communities that seek, simultaneously, to improve the individual experience of care and the health of populations and to reduce the per capita costs of care for populations.
In 2010, the Triple Aim became part of the US national strategy for tackling health care issues, especially in the implementation of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA) of 2010.
Since that time, IHI and others have worked together to determine how the implementation of the Triple Aim has progressed. Drawing on our 7 years of experience, we describe 3 major principles that guided the organizations and communities working on this endeavor: creating the right foundation for population management, managing services at scale for the population, and establishing a learning system to drive and sustain the work over time.ContextIn 2008, researchers at the Institute for Healthcare Improvement (IHI) described the Triple Aim as simultaneously “improving the individual experience of care; improving the health of populations; and reducing the per capita costs of care for populations.” IHI and its close colleagues had determined that both individual and societal changes were needed.MethodsIn 2007, IHI began recruiting organizations from around the world to participate in a collaborative to implement what became known as the Triple Aim. The 141 participating organizations included health care systems, hospitals, health care insurance companies, and others closely tied to health care. In addition, key groups outside the health care system were represented, such as public health agencies, social services groups, and community coalitions. This collaborative provided a structure for observational research. By noting the contrasts between the contexts and structures of those sites in the collaborative that progressed and those that did not, we were able to develop an ex post theory of what is needed for an organization or community to successfully pursue the Triple Aim.FindingsDrawing on our 7 years of experience, we describe the 3 major principles that guided the organizations and communities working on the Triple Aim: creating the right foundation for population management, managing services at scale for the population, and establishing a learning system to drive and sustain the work over time.ConclusionsThe concept of the Triple Aim is now widely used, because of IHI's work with many organizations and also because of the adoption of the Triple Aim as part of the national strategy for US health care, developed during the implementation of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010. Even those organizations working on the Triple Aim before IHI coined the term found our concept to be useful because it helped them think about all 3 dimensions at once and organize their work around them.
Recent Applications of Spectroscopic and Hyperspectral Imaging Techniques with Chemometric Analysis for Rapid Inspection of Microbial Spoilage in Muscle Foods
Authors: Cheng Jun‐Hu , Sun Da‐Wen 
Published: June 2015

AbstractMuscle food is one of the most perishable food products because of its vulnerability to microbial spoilage, which can result in critical food safety problems. Traditional techniques for detection and evaluation of microbial spoilage in muscle foods are tedious, laborious, destructive, and time‐consuming. In recent years, spectroscopic and imaging technologies have shown great potentials for the assessment of food quality and safety due to their nondestructive, noninvasive, cost‐effective, and rapid responsive nature. This review focuses on the applications of several valuable spectroscopic techniques including visible and near‐infrared spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and hyperspectral imaging for the rapid and nondestructive detection of microbial spoilage in common muscle foods such as meat, poultry, fish, and related products. Combined with chemometric analysis, such as spectral preprocessing and modeling methods, these potential technologies have been successfully developed for the determination of total viable count, aerobic plate count, Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas, Escherichia coli, and lactic acid bacteria loads in muscle foods. Moreover, the advantages and disadvantages of these techniques are discussed and some perspectives about future trends are also presented.
Antimicrobial Effects of Nisin, Essential Oil, and γ‐Irradiation Treatments against High Load of Salmonella typhimurium on Mini‐carrots
Authors: Ndoti‐Nembe Aude , Vu Khanh Dang , Han Jaejoon , Doucet Nicolas , Lacroix Monique 
Published: June 2015

AbstractThis study aimed at using essential oil (EO) alone or combined EO with nisin and γ‐irradiation to control Salmonella Typhimurium during the refrigerated storage of mini‐carrots. Peeled mini‐carrots were inoculated with S. Typhimurium at a final concentration of approximately 7 log CFU/g. Inoculated samples were coated by 5 different coating solutions: (i) nisin solution at final concentration of 103 IU/mL; (ii) mountain savory EO solution at 0.35%; (iii) carvacrol solution at 0.35%; (iv) mountain savory EO at 0.35% plus nisin solution of 103 IU/mL; or (v) carvacrol at 0.35% plus nisin solution of 103 IU/mL. Coated mini‐carrots were then irradiated at 0.5 or 1.0 kGy and compared to an unirradiated control sample. Samples were kept at 4 °C and microbial analyses were conducted at days 1, 3, 6, and 9. The results showed that mini‐carrots coated by carvacrol plus nisin solution or mountain savory EO plus nisin solution in combination with irradiation at 1.0 kGy completely eliminated S. Typhimurium to under the detection limit during the storage. Thus, the combined treatments using carvacrol plus nisin or mountain savory EO plus nisin coating solution and irradiation at 1.0 kGy could be used as an effective method for controlling S. Typhimurium in mini‐carrots.
In‐hospital vs. 30‐day mortality in the critically ill – a 2‐year Swedish intensive care cohort analysis
Authors: Rydenfelt K. , Engerström L. , Walther S. , Sjöberg F. , Strömberg U. , Samuelsson C. 
Published: June 2015

BackgroundStandardised mortality ratio (SMR) is a common quality indicator in critical care and is the ratio between observed mortality and expected mortality.Typically, in‐hospital mortality is used to derive SMR, but the use of a time‐fixed, more objective, end‐point has been advocated. This study aimed to determine the relationship between in‐hospital mortality and 30‐day mortality on a comprehensive Swedish intensive care cohort.MethodsA retrospective study on patients >15 years old, from the Swedish Intensive Care Register (SIR), where intensive care unit (ICU) admissions in 2009–2010 were matched with the corresponding hospital admissions in the Swedish Hospital Discharge Register. Recalibrated SAPS (Simplified Acute Physiology Score) 3 models were developed to predict and compare in‐hospital and 30‐day mortality. SMR based on in‐hospital mortality and on 30‐day mortality were compared between ICUs and between groups with different case‐mixes, discharge destinations and length of hospital stays.ResultsSixty‐five ICUs with 48861 patients, of which 35610 were SAPS 3 scored, were included. Thirty‐day mortality (17%) was higher than in‐hospital mortality (14%). The SMR based on 30‐day mortality and that based on in‐hospital mortality differed significantly in 7/53 ICUs, for patients with sepsis, for elective surgery‐admissions and in groups categorised according to discharge destination and hospital length of stay.ConclusionChoice of mortality end‐point influences SMR. The extent of the influence depends on hospital‐, ICU‐ and patient cohort characteristics as well as inter‐hospital transfer rates, as all these factors influence the difference between SMR based on 30‐day mortality and SMR based on in‐hospital mortality.
A novel continuous capnodynamic method for cardiac output assessment in a porcine model of lung lavage
Authors: Hällsjö Sander C. , Hallbäck M. , Suarez Sipmann F. , Wallin M. , Oldner A. , Björne H. 
Published: June 2015

BackgroundWe have evaluated a new method for continuous monitoring of effective pulmonary blood flow (COEPBF), i.e. cardiac output (CO) minus intra‐pulmonary shunt, during mechanical ventilation. The method has shown good trending ability during severe hemodynamic challenges in a porcine model with intact lungs. In this study, we further evaluate the COEPBF method in a model of lung lavage.MethodsCOEPBF was compared to a reference method for CO during hemodynamic and PEEP alterations, 5 and 12 cmH2O, before and after repeated lung lavages in 10 anaesthetised pigs. Bland–Altman, four‐quadrant and polar plot methodologies were used to determine agreement and trending ability.ResultsAfter lung lavage at PEEP 5 cmH2O, the ratio of arterial oxygen partial pressure related to inspired fraction of oxygen significantly decreased. The mean difference (limits of agreement) between methods changed from 0.2 (−1.1 to 1.5) to −0.9 (−3.6 to 1.9) l/min and percentage error increased from 34% to 70%. Trending ability remained good according to the four‐quadrant plot (concordance rate 94%), whereas mean angular bias increased from 4° to −16° when using the polar plot methodology.ConclusionBoth agreement and precision of COEPBF were impaired in relation to CO when the shunt fraction was increased after lavage at PEEP 5 cmH2O. However, trending ability remained good as assessed by the four‐quadrant plot, whereas the mean polar angle, calculated by the polar plot, was wide.
Study design and body mass influence RAIs from camera trap studies: evidence from the Felidae
Authors: Anile S. , Devillard S. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractCamera trapping is a widespread tool used to study mammals and to derive abundance and density estimates of wild populations. For the majority of Felidae species, individuals are identifiable from camera trap images because of their unique coat patterns; therefore, camera trapping is used extensively for felids to build individual capture histories. For those species not individually identifiable, one can be tempted to use trap success rate as a relative abundance index (RAI) to inform conservation and management decisions, although robust scientific approach can be used for this scenario. Indeed, recent studies have shown that RAIs can be biased by species‐specific behaviour, camera trap deployment and by the body size of the species. Here, we investigate how camera trap rates (henceforth RAIs) vary between species within the Felidae and whether these RAIs are related to body mass or camera‐trapping approach (whether the species is targeted or not) accounting for likely confounding factors such as trapping effort, inter‐trap distance and number of deployed cameras. We explored all the literature available from primary scientific databases dealing with camera trap studies in Felidae. The literature search resulted in 179 studies from which 513 records for 30 felid species from 53 countries were obtained. Across species, the number of detections (accounting for trapping effort) was positively related to species log‐body mass and to the targeting of species in the survey. Hence, comparing RAIs across species of different body size and within species with different camera‐trapping approaches might be misleading. Accounting for variability in species body mass is of primary importance when designing multi‐species camera trap survey, and in the subsequent analysis of data, in addition to conducting trials to test for species‐specific camera‐trapping responses.
Model‐free functional connectivity and impulsivity correlates of alcohol dependence: a resting‐state study
Authors: Zhu Xi , Cortes Carlos R. , Mathur Karan , Tomasi Dardo , Momenan Reza 
Published: June 2015

AbstractAlcohol dependence is characterized by impulsiveness toward consumption despite negative consequences. Although neuro‐imaging studies have implicated some regions underlying this disorder, there is little information regarding its large‐scale connectivity pattern. This study investigated the within‐ and between‐network functional connectivity (FC) in alcohol dependence and examined its relationship with clinical impulsivity measures. Using probabilistic independent component analysis on resting‐state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs‐fMRI) data from 25 alcohol‐dependent (AD) and 26 healthy control (HC) participants, we compared the within‐ and between‐network FC between AD and HC. Then, the relationship between FC and impulsiveness as measured by the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS‐11), the UPPS‐P Impulsive Scale and the delay discounting task (DDT), was explored. Compared with HC, AD exhibited increased within‐network FC in salience (SN), default mode (DMN), orbitofrontal cortex (OFCN), left executive control (LECN) and amygdala–striatum (ASN) networks. Increased between‐network FC was found among LECN, ASN and SN. Between‐network FC correlations were significantly negative between Negative‐Urgency and OFCN pairs with right executive control network (RECN), anterior DMN (a‐DMN) and posterior DMN (p‐DMN) in AD. DDT was significantly correlated with the between‐network FC among the LECN, a‐DMN and SN in AD. These findings add evidence to the concept of altered within‐network FC and also highlight the role of between‐network FC in the pathophysiology of AD. Additionally, this study suggests differential neurobiological bases for different clinical measures of impulsivity that may be used as a systems‐level biomarker for alcohol dependence severity and treatment efficacy.