bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
How does the "ancient" asexual Philodina roseola (Rotifera: Bdelloidea) handle potential UVB-induced mutations?
Authors: Fischer Claus , Ahlrichs Wilko H. , Buma Anita G. J. , van de Poll Willem H. , Bininda-Emonds Olaf R. P. 
Published: April 2013

Summary
Like other obligate asexuals, bdelloid rotifers are expected to suffer from degradation of their genomes through processes including the accumulation of deleterious mutations. However, sequence-based analyses in this regard remain inconclusive. Instead of looking for historical footprints of mutations in these ancient asexuals, we directly examined the susceptibility and ability to repair point mutations by the bdelloid Philodina roseola Ehrenberg, 1832 by inducing cyclobutane-pyrimidine dimers (CPDs) via exposure to UVB radiation (280-320 nm). For comparison, we performed analogous experiments with the facultative asexual monogonont rotifer Brachionus rubens Ehrenberg, 1838. Different strategies were found for the two species. P. roseola appeared to shield itself from CPD induction through uncharacterized UV-absorbing compounds and, except for the genome reconstruction that occurs after desiccation, was largely unable to repair UVB-induced damage. By contrast, B. rubens was more susceptible to UVB-irradiation, but could repair all induced damage in about two hours. In addition, whereas UV-irradiation had a significant negative impact on the reproductive output of P. roseola, and especially so after desiccation, that of B. rubens was unaffected. Although the strategy of P. roseola might suffice under natural conditions where UVB-irradiation is less intense, the lack of any immediate CPD repair mechanisms in this species remains perplexing. It remains to be investigated how typical these results are for bdelloids as a group and therefore how reliant these animals are on desiccation-dependent genome repair to correct potential DNA damage given their obligate asexual lifestyle.
BRCA1/2 Sequence Variants of Uncertain Significance: A Primer for Providers to Assist in Discussions and in Medical Management
Authors: Lindor Noralane M. , Goldgar David E. , Tavtigian Sean V. , Plon Sharon E. , Couch Fergus J. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractIntroduction.DNA variants of uncertain significance (VUS) are common outcomes of clinical genetic testing for susceptibility to cancer. A statistically rigorous model that provides a pathogenicity score for each variant has been developed to aid in the clinical management of patients undergoing genetic testing.Methods.The information in this article is derived from multiple publications on VUS in BRCA genes, distilled for communicating with clinicians who may encounter VUS in their practice.Results.The posterior probability scores for BRCA1 or BRCA2 VUS, calculated from a multifactorial likelihood model, are explained, and links for looking up specific VUS are provided. The International Agency on Cancer Research (IARC) of the World Health Organization has proposed a simple five-tier system for clinical management that is not widely known to clinicians. Classes 1 and 2 in this system are managed as neutral variants, classes 4 and 5 are managed as pathogenic variants, and class 3 variants still have insufficient evidence to move to either end of this scale and, thus, cannot be used in medical management.Conclusions.Development of models that integrate multiple independent lines of evidence has allowed classification of a growing number of VUS in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes. The pathogenicity score that is generated by this model maps to the IARC system for clinical management, which will assist clinicians in the medical management of those patients who obtain a VUS result upon testing.
Empirical Prediction of Carbon-Steel Degradation Rates on an Offshore Oil and Gas Facility: Predicting CO2 Erosion-Corrosion Pipeline Failures Before They Occur
Authors: Barker R.. , Hu X.. , Neville A.. , Cushnaghan S.. 
Published: April 2013

Summary
Various sections of carbon-steel pipework removed from an offshore facility were found to have experienced severe degradation, partly attributed to an insufficient inhibitor dose rate, as discussed in a previous case study (Hu et al. 2011b). An investigation was conducted to compare the predictive capability of an empirical model generated with data from a submerged-impinging-jet laboratory apparatus. The model was assessed in its ability to determine the rate of thickness loss for carbon-steel pipework subjected to a CO2-containing erosion-corrosion environment, reviewing to what extent the prediction agrees with inspection data. The investigation considers whether the developed tool could have predicted pipework failures on the facility, comparing it with the degradation rate calculated from a leak that occurred within the past 2 years. The program of experiments set out to create a means of prediction with the material-loss data from submerged-impinging-jet tests over a range of conditions replicating those within the line. Information pertaining to the temperature, production rate, and sand loading was collated for the offshore facility. These data were used along with mass-loss results to predict the degradation rate on the asset as a function of time over a 5-year period. This in turn was used to predict the total thickness loss of the pipework wall as a function of time. Consideration was also given to the current use of inhibition (10 ppm Inhibitor A) as well as the predicted thickness losses as a function of time had a candidate inhibitor been used instead (50 ppm Inhibitor B). Limitations of the model are presented, along with suggestions for ways to develop the model further.
Improved Predictability of In-Situ-Combustion Enhanced Oil Recovery
Authors: Kovscek A.R.. R. , Castanier L.M.. M. , Gerritsen M.G.. G. 
Published: April 2013

Summary
In-situ combustion (ISC) possesses advantages over surface-generated steam injection for deep reservoirs in terms of wellbore heat losses and generation of heat above the critical point of water. ISC also has dramatically lower requirements for water and natural gas, and potentially a smaller surface footprint, in comparison with steam. In spite of its apparent advantages, prediction of the likelihood of successful ISC is unclear. Conventionally, combustion tube tests of a crude oil and rock are used to infer that ISC works at reservoir scale and estimate the oxygen requirements. Combustion tube results may lead to field-scale simulation on a coarse grid with upscaled Arrhenius reaction kinetics. As an alternative, we suggest a comprehensive workflow to predict successful combustion at the reservoir scale. The method is derived from experimental laboratory data and simulation models at all scales. In our workflow, a sample of crushed reservoir rock or an equivalent synthetic sample is mixed with water/brine and the crude-oil sample. The mixture is placed in a kinetics cell reactor and oxidized at different heating rates. An isoconversional method is used to estimate kinetic parameters vs. temperature and combustion characteristics of the sample. Results from the isoconversional interpretation provide a first screen of the likelihood that a combustion front is propagated successfully. Then, a full-physics simulation of the kinetics cell experiment is used to predict the flue gas composition. The model combines a detailed pressure/volume/temperature (PVT) analysis of the multiphase system and a multistep reaction model. A mixture identical to that tested in the kinetics cell is also burned in a combustion tube experiment. Temperature profiles along the tube, as well as the flue gas compositions, are measured during the experiment. A high-resolution simulation model of the combustion tube test is developed and validated. Finally, the high-resolution model is used as a basis for scaling up the reaction model to field dimensions. Field-scale simulations do not use Arrhenius kinetics. As a result, significant stiffness is removed from the finite-difference simulation of the governing equations. Preliminary field-scale simulation shows little sensitivity to gridblock size, and the computational work per timestep is much reduced.
Type 2 Translational Research for CKD
Authors: Tuttle Katherine R. , Tuot Delphine S. , Corbett Cynthia L. , Setter Stephen M. , Powe Neil R. 
Published: April 2013

Summary
Strategies to effectively treat people with CKD have been identified by conventional clinical research. Despite this evidence, awareness, screening, detection, diagnosis, risk factor control, treatment, and outcomes remain substandard. Translating clinical evidence into actionable measures that reduce the burden of CKD is a pressing need. Expansion from a “bench-to-bedside” paradigm (conventional type 1 translation) to research that encompasses “clinic and community” is the core concept of type 2 translation. Specifically, this is the discipline of identifying factors and using strategies that lead to adoption, maintenance, and sustainability of science-based interventions in practice. This review identifies key elements of type 2 translational research and highlights the current scope of this type of research for CKD. For type 2 translation to achieve the goals of providing high-quality care and better health outcomes, key facilitators (e.g., theory-based frameworks, adaptable interventions, and inclusion of sustainability and evaluation metrics) and essential elements (e.g., multidisciplinary team care, health information technology, and stakeholder engagement) must be integrated. The National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases recently funded five proposals that aim to improve outcomes for people with CKD, focusing on diverse components of the healthcare continuum: patient safety and transitions; delivery of high-quality, evidence-based CKD care; and elimination of disparities. The need for type 2 translational research in CKD is urgent because of preventable human suffering and unsustainable costs of providing care. Focus on the theory, framework, and approaches we have suggested may help us meet that challenge.
Does Financial Constraint Affect the Relation between Shareholder Taxes and the Cost of Equity Capital?
Authors: Dai Zhonglan , Shackelford Douglas A. , Zhang Harold H. , Chen Chongyang 
Published: April 2013

ABSTRACT:
We argue that reductions in shareholder taxes should lower the cost of equity capital more for financially constrained firms than for other companies. Consistent with this prediction, we find that, following the 1997 (TRA) and the 2003 (JGTRRA) cuts in U.S. individual shareholder taxes, financially constrained firms enjoyed larger reductions in their cost of equity capital than did other firms. The results are consistent with the incidence of the tax reductions falling mostly on firms with both pressing needs for capital and disproportionate ownership by individuals, the only shareholders who benefited from the legislations. The paper provides a partial explanation for the seemingly puzzling finding that, following the unprecedented 2003 reduction in dividend tax rates, non-dividend-paying firms outperformed dividend-paying firms. The results suggest that it was not dividend status that mattered, but financial constraint, a common attribute of non-dividend-paying companies.
Data Availability: Data are available from public sources identified in the study.
Concurrent occurrence of primary intracranial Epstein-Barr virus–associated leiomyosarcoma and Hodgkin lymphoma in a young adult
Authors: Takei Hidehiro , Powell Suzanne , Rivera Andreana 
Published: April 2013

Although Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection has been known to be associated with a heterogeneous group of malignancies including Hodgkin lymphoma (HL), its association with smooth-muscle tumors (SMTs) has recently been described. Of these SMTs, a primary intracranial EBV-associated leiomyosarcoma (EBV-LMS) is extremely rare, and most of the reported cases were of immunocompromised and/or pediatric patients.
A neurologically asymptomatic, previously healthy 27-year-old man was found to have a PET-positive brain lesion during a staging workup for his recently diagnosed HL. Subsequent MRI revealed a 2.6 × 4.0 × 3.3–cm inhomogeneously enhancing tumor with marked surrounding edema in the right anterior frontal lobe. He was serologically HIV negative. He underwent a right frontal lobectomy with gross-total resection of the tumor. Intraoperatively, the tumor had fairly discrete margins and appeared to arise from the anterior falx (that is, it was dural based).
Microscopically, the tumor was composed of interlacing fascicles of spindle cells with brisk mitotic activity and multiple foci of necrosis. Immunohistochemically, the tumor cells were positive for caldesmon and smooth-muscle actin and negative for desmin, CD34, CD99, bcl-2, S100 protein, and GFAP. A Ki-67 labeling index was up to 30%. Epstein-Barr virus–encoded RNA in situ hybridization demonstrated strong diffuse positivity with more than 90% of tumor cells staining. Most of the Reed-Sternberg cells in HL were also labeled with Epstein-Barr virus–encoded RNA.
This is the first case of a concurrent occurrence of rare intracranial EBV-LMS and HL in a seemingly “immunocompetent” adult patient (immunocompetence determined by routine laboratory data and clinical history). We should be aware of EBV-SMT as a differential diagnosis of dural-based spindle cell neoplasm in this setting given that patients with HL, even at presentation, exhibit a persistent defect in cellular immunity.
Radiation exposure in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage: a quality improvement target
Authors: Wong Judith M. , Ho Allen L. , Lin Ning , Zenonos Georgios A. , Martel Christopher B. , Frerichs Kai , Du Rose , Gormley William B. 
Published: April 2013

Object
The care of patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) has improved dramatically over the last decades. These gains are the result of improved microsurgical, endovascular, and medical management techniques. This intensive management subjects patients to multiple radiographic studies and thus increased radiation exposure. As greater understanding of the risks of radiation exposure develops, physicians must be better equipped to balance the need for optimal SAH management with the minimization of patient exposure to radiation from imaging studies. The goal in the current study was to determine if there is an opportunity for a reduction in radiation dose without a change in the quality of treatment in patients with SAH.

Methods
A retrospective chart review of all patients hospitalized for SAH at the Brigham and Women's Hospital in the period from January 1, 2009, to August 31, 2010, was performed. The authors calculated cumulative and imaging study–specific radiation doses, determined the time of day that imaging studies were performed, and surveyed neurosurgeons regarding issues surrounding imaging-related radiation exposure.

Results
The data for 77 patients were analyzed. The mean cumulative radiation dose during hospitalization was 2.76 Gy per patient (range 0.46–8.32 Gy). The mean radiation exposure from each CT, CT angiography (CTA), and angiography study was 0.08, 0.29, and 0.77 Gy (ranges 0.02–0.40, 0.15–0.99, and 0.11–4.36 Gy, respectively). Subgroup analysis of the top quartile of patients in terms of total radiation dose revealed a mean cumulative radiation dose of 4.78 Gy (range 3.42–8.32 Gy), mean cumulative number of CT and CTA scans of 14, and mean CT or CTA scan per day of 0.5 (maximum 0.8). Seventeen percent of the noncontrast head CT studies were performed just prior to morning rounds, more than double the 8% expected rate at random. Thirty-four percent of the repeat noncontrast head CTs did not show any change between scans, as documented on radiology reports. When surveyed, a majority of neurosurgeons incorrectly estimated the radiation dose typically received from CT, CTA, and angiography studies, and 65% asserted that radiation exposure is “not important” or only “somewhat important” when considering whether to order an imaging study.

Conclusions
Study findings suggested that patients with SAH have significant imaging-related exposure to radiation. The authors believe it is possible to continue the current improved outcomes in SAH with a significant reduction in radiation exposure from imaging studies. This analysis highlights the significance of accurate assessment of radiation exposure as a quality improvement target.
The 2008/09 surge of central Yulinchuan glacier, northern Tibetan Plateau, as monitored by remote sensing
Authors: Guo Wanqin , Liu Shiyin , Wei Junfeng , Bao Weijia 
Published: April 2013

AbstractThe 2008/09 surge of central Yulinchuan glacier (CYG) on the northwestern slope of Muztag mountain, Tibetan Plateau, is studied based on satellite remote sensing. The widely used cross-correlation feature-tracking method was used to collect satellite image control points and validate their geometric accuracies, as well as to derive glacier surface velocity. Changes in glacier length and area were also retrieved. Results show that the surge of CYG initiated in May 2008 and terminated in July 2009. Two diffluent glacier termini advanced 590 ± 26 m (5.1 ± 0.2% of the 2004 length) and 182 ± 26m (1.8 ± 0.3%), respectively, and glacier area increased by ∼1.41 ± 0.11 km2 (4.6 ± 0.4% of the 2004 area) during this period. The most significant surge period was October 2008 to March 2009, when most of the terminus advances and area increases occurred. The glacier surface drastically crevassed during this time, as much as 1657 ± 297 m of horizontal surface displacements were produced by surge ice, and maximum surface speed reached 13 ± 1.5 m d-1. Results of transverse and longitudinal velocity profiles revealed two surge waves during this surge of CYG.
Les activités marchandes de spectacle vivant en 2010
Authors: Deroin Valérie 
Published: April 2013

En 2010, les entreprises marchandes qui exercent leurs activités dans les secteurs des arts du spectacle vivant, dans le soutien au spectacle vivant et dans la gestion des salles de spectacles réalisent un chiffre d’affaires de 4,4 milliards d’euros et dégagent une valeur ajoutée de près de 1,5 milliard d’euros. L’intégration nouvelle de ces secteurs du spectacle vivant dans le dispositif des statistiques structurelles d’entreprises de l’Insee permet de les situer dans l’économie marchande française : ainsi les entreprises du spectacle vivant, hors unités majoritairement subventionnées qui sont non marchandes et associations non-employeuses, contribuent à 11 % du nombre des unités des secteurs culturels marchands, à 5 % de leur valeur ajoutée et à 3 % de leur excédent brut d’exploitation. La rentabilité comptable des secteurs du spectacle vivant est positive en 2010, alors que leurs charges d’exploitation sont élevées et leur taux de marge relativement inférieur à la moyenne des secteurs culturels marchands. Les secteurs du spectacle vivant marchand sont composés d’un tissu important de petites entreprises principalement installées en Île-de-France : 96 % des entreprises de moins de 10 salariés réalisent 56 % du chiffre d’affaires total par l’exercice de leur activité principale de création, production, diffusion et soutien au spectacle vivant.
« L'amitié se fait entre des personnes, pas entre des nations »
Authors: Weigand Gabriele 
Published: April 2013

L’idée du texte a vu le jour dans le cadre d‘une étude menée entre 2008 et 2013 avec le soutien de l‘Office Franco-Allemand pour la Jeunesse (OFAJ) sur le thème des « Moments interculturels dans les biographies ». Ce travail repose sur des entretiens narratifs menés avec des personnes issues du contexte franco-allemand. Le texte n’a pas l’ambition de présenter une analyse scientifique des relations d’amitié interculturelles, il se veut plutôt une étude exploratoire faisant apparaître, à travers quelques exemples individuels, l’importance de la culture de la rencontre franco-allemande et le profit qu’une recherche approfondie sur l’amitié dans ce domaine pourrait apporter. Les entretiens mettent en lumière le fait que les émotions positives sont capables d‘ouvrir un espace transculturel, qui vide peu à peu de leur signification les frontières issues des logiques nationales. Il s’avère que la Politique avec un grand « P », au niveau macroscopique des sociétés, peut contribuer et créer le cadre institutionnel adéquat pour les rencontres, mais qu’elle ne remplace pas la construction de relations basées sur la confiance qui ne peuvent naître qu’à travers des liens émotionnels des relations personnelles et les rencontres quotidiennes.
Les expériences migratoires des nouveaux États membres de l'Union européenne
Authors: Ponomareva Olena 
Published: April 2013

Il est symptomatique de constater que les processus de transition dans plusieurs pays post-totalitaires de l’Europe centrale et orientale ont été accompagnés par un vaste phénomène de migration économique dirigée le plus souvent vers les pays de l’Europe occidentale. Quel a été l’impact de l’adhésion à l’Union européenne sur les processus migratoires dans les pays néocommunautaires ? Comment les nouveaux citoyens européens perçoivent-ils la libéralisation du marché du travail à l’intérieur de l’UE ? Un cas révélateur est la migration polonaise et roumaine en Italie, ces deux communautés représentant près de 80 % de la population immigrante. Une analyse comparative met en évidence des dynamiques sociales bien distinctes dans ces deux pays et montre de quelle façon et dans quelle mesure elles déterminent les processus de transformation dans les sociétés des nouveaux membres de l’Union et, par conséquent, la création d’une « Europe sociale », un volet important de la construction européenne.
La perception de la pauvreté dans un monde globalisé
Authors: Bedock Camille , Duru-Bellat Marie , Tenret Élise 
Published: April 2013

En s’appuyant sur les données de la dernière enquête du World Value Survey , le texte explore ce que les individus d’une cinquantaine de pays considèrent comme les problèmes les plus importants du monde. On se focalise sur le fait de citer en premier lieu la pauvreté, qui constitue une dimension importante des inégalités. Des différences entre pays apparaissent : plus le pays est riche, moins la pauvreté est considérée comme un problème mondial. On peut chercher à expliquer ces différences selon deux pistes : soit elles renvoient à des contextes culturels et historiques différents, soit elles découlent de degrés inégaux de développement économique et social, l’ensemble des pays tendant alors vers un modèle unique. Au niveau des pays, on enregistre des différences selon les grandes aires géographiques, largement imputables au degré inégal de développement. Au niveau individuel, deux principaux constats sont établis. Tout d’abord, la priorité donnée à la pauvreté comme problème mondial est très liée à la sensibilité dont on fait preuve par rapport à ce problème dans son propre pays. Par ailleurs, la position sociale relative de la personne exerce également une influence : plus une personne est favorisée, moins l’importance donnée au problème de la pauvreté est grande. Les attitudes politiques (opinion sur la redistribution, orientation idéologique sur l’échelle gauche/droite) exercent aussi une influence, un positionnement à gauche et favorable à la redistribution étant associé à une plus grande sensibilité face à la pauvreté. Enfin, des modèles multiniveaux confirment le poids des variables individuelles et le peu d’impact des contextes nationaux spécifiques.