bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The structure of terrestrial mammal communities along an elevation gradient in the tropics.
Authors: McShea William J , Cosby Olivia , Boyce Andy J , Herrmann Valentine , Ragai Rosalina , Imbun Paul Y 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The correlates of mammal species richness and community associations along elevation gradients have resulted in conflicting results within tropical systems. We surveyed the terrestrial mammal and gallinaceous bird community (&gt;200 g body size) along transects at 4 mountain sites in Malaysian Borneo using camera traps to assess structuring of the mammal community along the elevation gradient. Between 2015 and 2021, we surveyed Bukit Lanjak (elevation 1,300 m) in Sarawak (Lanjak Entimau Wildlife Sanctuary; LEWS) and Mts. Kinabalu, Tambuyukon, and Magdalena (up to 2,400 m) in Sabah, with a total sample effort of 20,600 camera nights. We detected 48 species of mammals and 9 species of large terrestrial birds. There was mostly a common species pool across the sites, with only 9 species detected solely in LEWS and 5 species only in Sabah. Over our limited elevation range, no species were detected across the entire elevation range and no common species were confined to the highest elevation sites in Sabah or LEWS (&gt;1,000 m). A species richness curve for each location indicated a slight peak at ~1,000 m for LEWS, but the mid-elevation peak was not evident at Sabah. The individual response curves of relative abundance to the elevation gradient for 15 species with sufficient detections were similar across sites (1 exception—Malaysian Porcupine) with 6 species showing no correlation with elevation, while 4 species increased and 4 species decreased in detections with elevation. A multivariate analysis of species detections found herbivores at lower elevations and mesocarnivores at higher elevations, while species of the same foraging guilds differed in body size at the same elevation. As opposed to studies focused on smaller vertebrate species (i.e., rodents, songbirds), larger mammal and terrestrial bird communities in these mountains did not form unique communities along the elevation gradient but did structure according to the functional traits of foraging guilds and body size.
Activity patterns of the nectar-feeding bat Leptonycteris yerbabuenae on the Baja California Peninsula, Mexico
Authors: Rivera-Villanueva A Nayelli , Frick Winifred F , Cheng Tina L , Zamora-Gutierrez Veronica 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Temporal activity patterns of animals can indicate how individuals respond to changing conditions. Gregarious roosting bats provide an opportunity to compare activity patterns among individuals living in the same location to investigate how reproductive status or sex may influence activity budgets. We examined how the activity patterns of the nectarivorous bat Leptonycteris yerbabuenae vary depending on reproductive conditions, sex, and environmental conditions. We analyzed 5 years of individual mark-resighting data using daily detections of L. yerbabuenae marked with passive integrated transponder tags (PIT-tags) at 3 subterranean roosts on the Baja California Peninsula, Mexico. We derived 4 metrics using PIT-tag detections at roost entrances to calculate periods inside the roost and time spent outside the roost (time of emergence, returns to the roost, hours inside the roost, and hours of activity). We found differences among pregnant, lactating, and nonreproductive females for roost returns, hours inside the roost, and hours of activity outside the roost. Lactating females spent the longest time outside the roost, suggesting that the energetic demands of lactation require longer foraging bouts. Contrary to our expectations, lactating females had the fewest returns to the roost during the night, suggesting that lactating females did not shorten foraging bouts to return to nurse pups. Activity patterns differed between females and males and among seasons associated with different food availability. Females had fewer returns during the night and spent more time outside the roost than males. The time of emergence for males was earlier than for females except during the nectar season when most females are reproductively active. Differences in activity patterns among reproductive status, sex, and environmental conditions show how individuals modify behaviors to meet their energetic demands. We demonstrate how mark-resighting data from PIT-tag systems at roost entrances can be used to compare activity patterns of gregarious roosting bats.
The impact of financial incentives on physical activity for employees in the context of workplace health promotion: a systematic review
Authors: Vitzthum Miriam Alice , Krüger Karsten , Weyh Christopher 
Published: August 2024

Abstract

Objectives
The global increase in physical inactivity is progressively evolving into a significant health challenge. Alongside the promotion of more active leisure pursuits, elevating physical activity in the workplace has come into focus. Financial incentives are not only a popular but also a promising tool in this regard. According to behavioral economics, they are able to initiate physical activity and thus create the basis for behavioral change.

Methods
The present systematic review was prepared according to the current PRISMA guidelines and with reference to the Cochrane Handbook. A systematic literature search of 6 electronic databases and 3 study registers was conducted to identify relevant literature. Both randomized controlled trials (RCTs) as well as non-RCTs were included. The Cochrane Risk-of-Bias Tool and the ROBINS-I Tool were used to assess the risk of bias of individual studies, whereas the GRADE approach was used to evaluate the quality of evidence for all studies related to physical activity outcomes. A narrative synthesis was conducted.

Results
Six studies were included in the review. Among the total of 2646 participants, the average age ranged from 35.5 to 43.3 years, and women accounted for between 48.6% and 88%. Risk of bias was rated as “high” in 3 studies, “moderate” in 2, and “low” in 1. The quality of evidence was assessed as “moderate.” Four of the 6 studies reported positive effects on physical activity during the incentive period.

Conclusions
Workplace health promotion incorporating financial incentives has the potential to positively impact the physical activity levels of employees.
A cross-sectional study of the quality of work life of hospital pharmacists in southern Vietnam
Authors: Van Vo Bay , Sunantiwat Montaya , Pumtong Somying , Vo Trung Quang , Anuratpanich Luerat 
Published: August 2024

Abstract

Objective
This study aims to explore the quality of work life among hospital pharmacists in southern Vietnam, focussing on understanding the specific challenges they face and how occupational stress impacts their overall quality of work life. Given pharmacists’ crucial role in healthcare delivery and the diverse stressors they encounter, particularly amid the global pandemic, investigating their well-being and job performance is paramount.

Methods
Utilizing the second-generation Work-Related Quality of Life Scale (WRQoLS-2), a cross-sectional study was conducted from April to July 2019 across 31 hospitals in southern Vietnam. The WRQoLS-2, consisting of 32 items related to seven psychosocial factors, was administered to participating pharmacists. Bootstrapping techniques in R were employed to estimate the 95% confidence interval (CI) of mean values and test significant differences.

Findings
Analysis of 490 valid questionnaires revealed an overall Work-Related Quality of Life (WRQoL) score of 3.508 (95% CI: 3.458–3.553) out of 5. Significant variations in mean WRQoL were observed among pharmacists categorized by gender, employment status, hospital affiliation, participation in continuing pharmacy education, extra work hours, income satisfaction, and number of dependents.

Conclusion
While hospital pharmacists in southern Vietnam exhibit a reasonable balance between their personal and professional lives, they grapple with notable work-related stress. To address this, employers should adopt supportive strategies aimed at relieving pressure on employees, thereby enhancing their well-being and job performance, especially during challenging times such as the ongoing global pandemic.
A health equity ECHO for clinicians of individuals with SCD
Authors: Shook Lisa M , Crosby Lori E , Farrell Christina Bennett , Nelson Stephen C 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
SCD is the most common genetic disorder in the United States, affecting nearly 100 000 Americans, with the majority of affected individuals identifying as Black. Studies have shown that both children and adults with SCD face stigmatization resulting in low-quality care stemming from institutional racism and implicit bias by clinicians. Clinician biases often result from a lack of awareness of their own racial identity, failure to develop an anti-racist or social justice lens, and absence of skills to mitigate racist practices and policies. The Sickle Treatment and Outcomes Research in the Midwest (STORM) multi-state regional learning network developed a health equity training curriculum that was delivered as a continuing education learning series using the Project ECHO® virtual telementoring framework supplemented with an online learning management system. The curriculum addressed foundations of race, racism, and whiteness along with social justice strategies for the individual and institutional level and was piloted with 2 clinician cohorts to assess its feasibility, acceptability, and the potential impact on clinician self-efficacy. Feasibility and acceptability data, including qualitative feedback, suggest that this is a promising method for multidisciplinary clinicians and trainees for raising self-awareness about racism and bias, providing a safe community for self-reflection, and building skills to address inequities within healthcare settings.
The Continental Shelf Beyond 200 Nautical Miles
Authors: Mossop Joanna 
Published: August 2024

AbstractUnder the United Nations Law of the Sea Convention (LOSC), coastal States have sovereign rights over the resources of their continental shelf out to 200 nautical miles (nm) from the coast. Where the physical shelf extends beyond 200 nm, States may exercise rights over those resources to the outer limits of the continental shelf. More than eighty States may be entitled to claim sovereign rights over their continental shelf where it extends beyond 200 nm, and the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf (CLCS) is currently examining many of these claims. This book examines the nature of the rights and obligations of coastal States in this area, focusing on the options for regulating activities on the extended continental shelf. Because the extended continental shelf lies below the high seas, the area poses unique legal challenges for coastal States, which are different from those faced in respect of the shelf within 200 nm. In addition, the LOSC imposes some specific obligations that coastal States must comply with in respect of the extended continental shelf. The book discusses the development of the concept of the extended continental shelf. It explores a range of issues facing the coastal State in regulating matters such as environmental protection, fishing, bioprospecting, exploitation of non-living resources, and marine scientific research on the extended continental shelf. The book proposes a framework for navigating the intersection between the high seas and the extended continental shelf and minimizing the potential for conflict between flag and coastal States.
The Intersection Between Coastal State Rights and High Seas Freedoms
Authors: Mossop Joanna 
Published: August 2024

AbstractThis chapter explores the dynamics between the rights of the coastal State to the continental shelf beyond 200 nm and the rights and freedoms of other States in the high seas that lie above the shelf. In Part VI of the Law of the Sea Convention (LOSC), article 78 requires coastal States not to ‘infringe or unjustifiably interfere’ with high seas freedoms. The article 78 language is examined with reference to the negotiating history of article 78 and its predecessor, article 5(1) of the Convention on the Continental Shelf. The chapter then outlines a proposed framework for decision making to determine whether a coastal State’s regulations or actions violate the terms of article 78. This discussion explores the extent to which coastal States can unilaterally interfere with the exercise of high seas freedoms.
Cooperative Approaches to Regulating Activities on the Continental Shelf Beyond 200 Nautical Miles
Authors: Mossop Joanna 
Published: August 2024

AbstractThis chapter suggests that, rather than dealing with activities on the continental shelf beyond 200 nm through unilateral action, coastal States should adopt bilateral and multilateral approaches to addressing their concerns. International organizations, regional fisheries management authorities (RFMOs), and regional environmental regimes may offer solutions that minimize the risk of potential disputes. The chapter examines two examples of State practice in this regard. First, Portugal has worked with the regional environmental and fishing regimes in the North-east Atlantic to gain protection for some areas on its extended continental shelf. Secondly, Mauritius and the Seychelles provide a model for cooperative development of the resources of the continental shelf beyond 200 nm.
Looking Ahead
Authors: Mossop Joanna 
Published: August 2024

AbstractThe final chapter draws some conclusions and lessons from the previous chapters, and makes recommendations for future approaches by coastal States and flag States. As States work through the process of producing their submissions to the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf (CLCS), they will need to turn their attention to the activities occurring on their extended continental shelves. This chapter discusses some issues that arise in exercising sovereign rights where the boundaries between neighbouring continental shelves are not delimited. It also recognizes that there is a knowledge gap about the resources of the continental shelves which applies to all States, but has a particular impact on developing States. Finally, the relationship between coastal State rights to the extended continental shelf and the negotiations for a new implementing agreement for biodiversity beyond national jurisdiction is explored. States will need to accommodate the existence of coastal State rights when establishing a regime that applies to activities on the high seas.
Implications for Public International Law
Authors: Carazo María Pía , Klein Daniel 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter seeks to situate the Paris Agreement within the broader realm of public international law. It focuses on the possible implications and influence of the Agreement on other international treaty regimes and policy areas, and vice versa. The Paris Agreement sets the collective struggle against climate change on a new course and has the potential to be a game changer, also in relation to other areas of international law and policy. One question that arises is whether conflicts between the climate and other treaty regimes will intensify and whether they will impair an effective and successful implementation either of the Paris Agreement or of the other treaty regimes. If so, the chapter considers what might be the best avenues for preventing this and instead improving harmonization and synergies between international legal regimes.
Introduction
Authors: Blake Janet 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This introductory chapter traces the history of the Convention on Safeguarding Intangible Cultural Heritage (‘2003 ICHC’ or the ‘2003 Convention’). The 2003 ICHC is modelled on the 1972 Convention on the Protection of World Cultural and Natural Heritage. It contains generally similar elements to the 1972 heritage treaty but also contains some significant adaptations as well as additions required by the specific character of ‘intangible cultural heritage’ (‘ICH’) as a subject of safeguarding. The chapter considers the history of the 2003 ICHC, which now spans more than a decade. It discusses the challenges of implementing the convention’s provisions as well as the impacts it has left upon international law.
Inventories
Authors: Cornu Marie , Smeets Rieks 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter covers Article 12. Here, the legal scope of Article 12 is considered from the angle of obligations and indications deriving from the 2003 Convention. Since the entry into force of the Convention, its scope has been further determined by the Convention’s Operational Directives (‘ODs’), by other decisions taken by the Committee, and by approaches advocated by the Committee and the UNESCO Secretariat, including the recently adopted set of Ethical Principles. The inventorying processes that take place in the States Parties have been increasingly commented upon, and influenced by the Committee and the Secretariat. This chapter demonstrates how the Committee created itself a powerful tool for influencing inventorying processes in the States Parties, by regulating in the ODs that only elements of ICH that have been included in official inventories can be submitted for inscription on the lists of the Convention. This chapter also pays attention to implementation processes and their legal embedding in the States Parties. Finally, special attention is given to the ways in which States Parties deal with the leeway that is granted to them in Article 12(1).
Article 3
Authors: Thornberry Patrick 
Published: August 2024

AbstractThis chapter looks at the provisions of Article 3, which condemns racial segregation and apartheid. In light of its emergence from a matrix of argument regarding equality and discrimination, segregation has essentially been regarded as a concentrated form of discrimination through exclusion and the implicit or explicit ranking of populations. Apartheid represents a further concentration of the segregation phenomenon, possessing additional characteristics in terms of domination, imposition of hierarchy, assignment of racial identity by fiat, all holistically integrated into a determinate public policy. While segregation is the broader concept, neither it nor apartheid is defined in the Convention. These provisions also deliver a short lesson in the history and ethics of the Convention.
Article 20
Authors: Thornberry Patrick 
Published: August 2024

AbstractThis chapter details the reservations clause in the Convention—Article 20—which had been a subject of controversy and contradictory stances by the drafting bodies. The making of reservations is a power that derives from the sovereign prerogative of States to refuse to give their consent to particular provisions in a treaty. Proponents of the clause visualized it as saving the Convention from destruction; opponents argued the case for deleting the clause and encouraging the greatest number of ratifications of a ‘controversial’ Convention, leaving the matter of reservations to be addressed under general international law. The chapter notes, however, that it is too early to conclude that Article 20 has not worked. Generally speaking, challenges to the Committee’s understanding of the Convention have tended to come through the options for dialogue and comment available to State parties under the ‘regular’ procedures, rather than through the medium of reservations.
European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines and Healthcare (EDQM)
Authors: Uerpmann-Wittzack Robert 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter presents an overview of the European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines and Healthcare (EDQM). The EDQM designates a partial agreement established by the Council of Europe (CoE) Member States parties to the European Pharmacopoeia Convention, comprising four intergovernmental steering committees operating in the public health field. From an administrative point of view, the EDQM is the secretariat of the European Pharmacopoeia Commission and the intergovernmental bodies set up under the partial agreement. The European Pharmacopoeia is furthermore at the core of the EDQM activities. Hence, this chapter deals first with the European Pharmacopoeia and then with other EDQM activities, before it goes on to address institutional issues. It then seeks to evaluate the impact of the European Pharmacopeia and the EDQM, and concludes with a final assessment.
Convention on Human Rights and Biomedicine
Authors: Uerpmann-Wittzack Robert 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter details the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Dignity of the Human Being with regard to the Application of Biology and Medicine: Convention on Human Rights and Biomedicine (the Convention). The Convention is the first legally binding international instrument with regard to biomedicine. It is a so-called framework Convention, laying down some basic principles and leaving further regulation for a series of additional protocols. This chapter first outlines relevant Council of Europe action in general and the Convention on Biomedicine with its Protocols in particular, before the institutional framework for these activities is addressed. It then looks at the impact of CoE bioethical standard setting on States, other international organisations, and European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) case-law. Finally, a short assessment concludes the chapter.
Core Monitoring Mechanisms and Related Activities
Authors: Drzemczewski Andrew 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines the Council of Europe’s (CoE’s) diverse monitoring mechanisms. It provides overviews on the Council’s statutory organs, its key mechanisms, and other related topics. In recent years measures have been undertaken to coordinate and reinforce the work of several monitoring and evaluation mechanisms. They include, in addition to the provision of additional logistical back-up to the key human rights monitoring bodies, the putting into place of informal meetings of their presidents, a shared monitoring visits calendar and, above all, efforts to focus on the manner in which the follow-up of their findings can be reinforced. However, it is generally recognised that there is still a need to better process monitoring and evaluation data into the Council’s mainstream intergovernmental activities and assistance programmes.
The Temporal Scope of Application of the Conventions
Authors: Venturini Gabriella 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter deals with the temporal scope of application of the Geneva Conventions. Based on state practice and on the case law of international tribunals it details the beginning and end of applicability of the Conventions in international and non-international armed conflicts and peacekeeping operations. It argues that it is necessary for military doctrine and instructions to find a way to regulate the behaviour of the armed forces so that they are able to identify the events that trigger the application of different sets of rules, and to act accordingly. It also covers the temporal limits of international and individual criminal responsibility for violations of the Geneva Conventions and concludes with a discussion of the challenges of co-ordinating the application of the Conventions with human rights law, which continues to apply during armed conflict.