bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cathodic Protection of Radiant Heating Pipes★
Authors: WASSON L. C. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
In trying to apply cathodic protection to radiant heating pipes, it was not possible to provide protection from an external ground bed so distributed anodes were installed through a concrete floor. Because some 500 anode clusters were installed in a space 300 × 1200 feet some unusual techniques of application had to be developed to make the installation feasible. These techniques, along with the reasoning that led to their use are described. Also mentioned are some of the problems encountered in trying to determine if and when complete protection of the system was obtained.
Cost data pertaining both to the installation and the operation of this cathodic protection system are reported. 5.2.3
Service Performance of Cast Magnesium Alloy Anodes
Authors: CHRISTIE G. L. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
During the course of development of cathodic protection systems suitable for the protection of active ships, a number of different designs of anodes have been tried and considerable differences in their behavior have been noted in ship trials. The designs tested have included sand cast cylindrical anodes with cast-in steel conductor rods, which corroded in a very uniform pattern, and chill cast rectangular anodes with cast-in retaining straps, which corroded preferentially at the cast-instraps. The magnesium alloy used in all cases was AZ-63. Chemical analysis of the metal indicates that the only major difference in the two anodes is inverse segregation of the major alloying constituents in the chill cast anodes. The inverse segregation found produces an anode with the most actively anodic metal on the inside of the casting. Any puncture of the anode surface (in the vicinity of a cast-in strap, for example) will lead to preferential attack at the point of puncture. Laboratory tests of the anode metal from chill cast ships' anodes and unsegregated anodes, indicates that there is sufficient difference between the outside metal and inside metal to account for the corrosion pattern observed in ship trials of chill cast anodes. 5.2.2
Topic of the Month—Corrosion of Valve Seat Ring Results in Flexible Metal
Authors: PRIOR J. E. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Failure occurred in a Type 316 stainless steel valve seat ring after nine months' service in a water treating system. Visual examination showed the ring had suffered intergranular corrosion after exposure to dilute sulfuric acid. The ring also had a high degree of flexibility.
It is believed that the casting was not given the normal homogenizing heat treatment required to properly diffuse the alloying elements throughout the casting. 7.2
High Temperature Corrosion Product Films on Aluminum
Authors: TROUTNER V. H. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
The corrosion product films formed on aluminum in aqueous environments at high temperatures have been examined with the electron microscope. A technique is described for the preparation of electron microscope replicas of the surface of the corrosion product films adjacent to the metal. Electron micrographs are shown of corrosion product films formed during various stages of corrosion in high purity water, and in corrosion inhibited systems. Corrosion inhibition was found to be assocated with different crystalline structures of the corrosion product films. 2.3.6
Deterioration of Wood By Marine Boring Organisms
Authors: HOCHMAN H. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Most untreated woods are readily attacked by marine boring organisms. Some woods are naturally resistant to attack by some borer species and serve well in some harbors. Present standard wood preservative treatment, creosote or creosote-coal tar impregnation, is satisfactory in arctic and temperate waters but does not give long-term protection in tropical and sub-tropical waters. Although creosote prevents attack by the Teredine or shipworm type of marine borer and by two of the three species of Limnoria present in U. S. harbors, one species, Limnoria tripunctata, which thrives in warm waters, successfully attacks creosoted wood. Because many Navy waterfront structures are located in areas where early failure of creosoted wood occurs, the Bureau of Yards and Docks is investigating the marine borer problem. 3.3.3
Mechanism by Which Non-Ferrous Metals Corrode in the Atmosphere★
Authors: AZIZ P. M. , GODARD H. P. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Literature dealing with the mechanism by which non-ferrous metals corrode in the atmosphere is reviewed, particular emphasis being given to the important series of papers published by W. H. J. Vernon and his co-workers in the period extending from 1923 to the present. The influence of the common atmospheric constituents is discussed and related to the chemical composition and properties of the corrosion produced film formed. The influence of these on the atmospheric corrosion rate is also discussed in relation to the nature of the corrosive atmosphere. The atmospheric corrosion of nickel, copper, zinc, aluminum and magnesium is discussed. 4.2.1
Corrosion Experience Associated With Hydrometallurgical Refining of Nickel At Sherritt Gordon Mines★
Authors: McINTOSH R. B. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Some of the conclusions drawn regarding materials of construction for the Sherritt Gordon Ammonia Leach process during pilot plant study from 1949 to 1954, are compared with experience gained after four years of refinery operations. In addition, a few corrosion experiences are described in more detail and some mention is made of general corrosion problems. 7.6.9
Electrical Bonding of Cathodically Protected to Unprotected Ships
Authors: BENNETT Cdr. G. A. , DEMPSTER N. S. , WALLACE A. J. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
This study has established the need for low resistance electrical bonding between a cathodically protected and an unprotected ship when berthed together. On the basis of three series of electrical measurements, a maximum bonding resistance of 0.0005-ohm is recommended. Calculations based on these measurements show that an instance of severe underwater hull corrosion was attributable to inadequate bonding of an unprotected ship to a cathodically protected ship berthed alongside. 5.2.5
The Residual Oil Ash Corrosion Problem—A Review
Authors: SLUNDER C. J. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Progress being made in combatting accelerated high-temperature corrosion caused by combustion products of residual fuel oils is reviewed. Results of laboratory investigations cannot be compared strictly because of wide differences in testing procedures used. No effective and economical method for removing all offending ash components has been found, although lowering «~&gt;f sodium content by washing with magnesium sulfate solution has been applied successfully to gas turbine operation. Available high-temperature alloys do not have adequate resistance to oil-ash attack at temperatures above 1200 F. Improved corrosion resistance has been attained with certain experimental alloys but some of these are difficult to fabricate into the required form and have inferior mechanical properties. Surface treatments such as aluminizing, chromizing and sili­conizing appear to have some inherent protective value, but further development of procedures for applying impervious and adherent coatings is needed.
Investigation of oil additives has received the most attention in recent years. A great many inorganic, or metal-organic compounds are effective oil-ash corrosion inhibitors but only a few have been found to be economically feasible. Additives raise melting point of ash components so they will be solid at operating temperatures in boilers and gas turbines. Under certain conditions some additives reduce corrosion but increase deposit formation.
Progress is being made in basic studies to identify reactions taking place during combustion of oil and in appplication of this knowledge to establish mechanism of the corrosion reaction. 4.3.3
Corrosion of Metals at Mandapam Camp, India
Authors: RAJAGOPALAN K. S. , SUNDARAM M. , ANNAMALAI P. L 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Monthly rates of corrosion of mild steel, zinc and copper at two sites located 150 feet and 1350 feet from the sea are reported. Coupons were exposed in under both open and sheltered conditions on racks oriented at 45 degrees facing south.
Climatic conditions at the Mandapam Campsite are discussed in detail and means of keeping the records reported. Rates of corrosion of the test samples are discussed in relation to the observed climatic conditions. Differences between the open and sheltered tests are compared.
Among the conclusions: There is no direct relation between the corrosion rate, distance from the sea and atmospheric salinity, although salinity is an important factor in the rate. Highest rates were observed in months with high mean temperature and accompanying high average humidity and salinity. 2.2.2
Case Histories and Ratings vs Corrosives of Polyester Fiber Glass Equipment★
Authors: BARNETT ROBERT E. , ANDERSON THOMAS F. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Polyesters used in situations where their chemical resistance is important are grouped into five types for convenience in considering their value under attack by industrial corrosives at varying temperatures. Data were compiled from information supplied by four of the major producers on polyester ducts, hoods and tanks as were 17 illustrations of equipment. Pictured equipment is described, environment indicated and durability reported. Corrodents involved include sulfonated fish oil, acidified oils, HCl containing benzene, nitric acid, hydrochloric acid and fumes, plating solutions, sulfuric acid and others at varying temperatures. Some of the characteristics of and reasons for using lined equipment are given.
The appendix consists of four tables in which polyesters are rated for service as open hoods and connecting ductwork and for tanks against a wide variety of industrial corrosives, plating solutions pickling and dipping solutions and stripping solutions. Over 5000 ratings are given as excellent, good, fair, poor and not recommended at temperatures of 80 F or less, 212 F or boiling point of solution, if lower: 160 F. 180 F. 6.6.8
Behavior of AZ 63 Alloy and Magnesium—1 Percent Manganese Alloy Anodes in Sodium Chloride Electrolyte
Authors: GREENBLATT J. H. , ZINCK E. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
The anodic behavor of AZ63 and magnesium-1 percent manganese alloy anodes was investigated in a manner similar to that in a previous study with pure magnesium. It was found that the solution mechanism for the dissolution of magnesium alloys is substantially the same as for pure magnesium. 3.8.3
Factors Influencing the Rate-of-Pickling Test on Tin-Plate Steel★
Authors: HUDSON R. M. , STRAGAND G. L. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
“Lag time” is a measure of the time of pickling necessary to produce a constant rate of weight loss from steel immersed in acid. This measurement has been used as a guide for improving the corrosion resistance of commercial electrolytic tin plate. It is determined by measuring either the rate of change of weight loss, hydrogen evolution, or corroding potential of a specimen in 6N hydrochloric acid at 90 C (194 F.)
The lag time depends on surface effects inasmuch as removing the surface layers of steel by abrasion or by pickling destroys the lag. The influence of box-annealing atmospheres, cleanliness of steel, and time-temperature cycles on lag time have been investigated, and the complexity of these effects has been demonstrated. Explanations in terms of oxidation or decarburization of the steel surface during annealing are not feasible for the development of lag time under all the experimental conditions studied.
Preliminary data demonstrating the high concentrations of certain elements on the steel surface before annealing, and the enrichment of the surface layer by some of these elements during annealing, are suggested as particularly promising areas for future work. In this way lag time phenomena in tin-plate steels may be better understood and further improvement in tin-plate corrosion resistance can be made. 2.3.4
Topic of the Month—Automotive Corrosion Resistance—Past and Present
Authors: ROWE LEONARD C. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
The corrosion resistance of automobiles has increased in the past 30 years despite their exposure to generally more corrosive environments. Factors responsible for this longer life include the development of more durable materials, improved machining and surface finishing, and changes in over-all design. 8.9.2
Corrosion Problems Associated With Uranium Refining★
Authors: MEYER F. H. , PODLIPEC F. J. , KATO T. R. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
A summary is made of some of the special corrosion problems associated with the production of uranium metal from ore concentrates. After a description is given of processing conditions and existing materials of construction, corrosion rates and effects are related to: (a) variable ore composition, (b) alternate materials of construction, (c) variable operating conditions, and (d) maintenance of product purity. Changes made in the processing system and materials of construction necessitated by the severity of corrosion are discussed. The basic refining process is described and the performance of presently used and alternate materials of construction are compared. 8.10.2
Corrosion of Refinery Equipment By Aqueous Hydrogen Sulfide—A Contribution to the Work of Group Committee T-8 On Refining Industry Corrosion(1),★
Authors: Comeaux Roy V. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
H2S corrosion problems at temperatures below 400 F in the presence of water are presented for a wide range of refinery equipment. The most commonly accepted solutions to the problems of corrosion and fouling are the use of resistant alloys and/or neutralization plus film-forming corrosion inhibitors. Experience at several units employing steel condenser tubes exposed to waters contaminated with H2S and other acids will be discussed. A theoretical study of the corrosion of steel in H2S solutions reveals that prevention of high velocity, low pH exposures should be an effective control measure. Analysis of several failures of steel-tubed exchangers are discussed in the light of additional improvements that may be possible in design and selection of materials. Preliminary tests indicate that zinc or aluminum coated steel tubes may be useful in this environment. 3.4.8
The Effect of Sigma Phase vs Chromium Carbides On the Intergranular Corrosion Of Type 316 and 316L Stainless Steel (Part 2—Laboratory Investigation)★
Authors: WARREN DONALD 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
A laboratory study was made of the intergranular corrosion behavior of Types 316 and 316L stainless steel in 14 different acid environments. Included were nitric, nitric-hydrofluoric, acetic, citric, sulfuric, lactic, oxalic, formic and phosphoric acids. Results of this study showed that sensitized or welded Type 316L had excellent resistance to intergranular attack in all of the acid media except nitric. This was true despite the presence of a continuous network of sigma phase in the grain boundaries of the sensitized steel. In contrast, Type 316 having a continuous grain boundary network of chromium carbides underwent severe intergranular corrosion in 12 of the 14 environments studied. 3.2.2
Classification of Topics Relating to Corrosion★
Authors: BRASHER MISS D. M. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
A classification system intended as a basis for the compilation of a complete corrosion bibliography and for the recording and indexing of technical enquiries is described. It is based on the Abstract Filing Index, published by the National Association of Corrosion Engineers. Rearranged and expanded, it is capable of accommodating all the subject headings appearing in the corrosion bibliography, initiated by W. H. J. Vernon and subsequently maintained in card index form in the Chemical Research Laboratory, Teddington.
Classification and index are briefly described, and examples are given of their use and application. 1.4
Acetylenic Alcohol-Inhibited Pickling Bath As a Pretreatment Prior to Lining Steel Pipe★
Authors: EDWARDS K. N. , NOWACKI L. J. , MUELLER E. R. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Test results on steel panels confirm that acetylenic alcohols when used as inhibitors in pickling baths provide a substrate which will increase the corrosion inhibition of epoxy-phenolic systems under extreme immersion conditions. It was found that this substrate under test conditions provided protection equal to or superior to that provided by lightweight zinc phosphate pretreatment. Certain postulated reactions are offered to explain this phenomenon. It is possible that the mechanism is tied in with acid and hydrogen embrittlement inhibitive properties.
Data reported include the effect of differing metal surface treatments on the corrosion-resisting properties of epoxyphenolic coating systems, the effect of lead ion on the corrosion resistance of pickled coated panels, and results of hydrogen embrittlement bend test for acetylenic alcohol concentration. This study was conducted primarily to improve the corrosion resistance of coated steel pipe carrying hot potable water. 5.9.2
An Analytical Procedure for Testing the Effectiveness Of Hydrogen Sulfide Corrosion Inhibitors
Authors: SHANNON DONALD W. , BOGGS JAMES E. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
A new method is proposed as a standard screening test for possible hydrogen sulfide corrosion inhibitors. This is a dynamic, weight-loss method which attempts to control conditions sufficiently well that substances which offer promise of being effective inhibitors under field conditions can be selected for further study. The test is cheap and simple, so that it can be run economically by a relatively untrained technician on large numbers of materials.
The method is described and the reasons for choosing the particular conditions are explained. Then illustrations of the application of the procedure to a number of types of inhibiting substances are presented. 2.3.4
Corrosion Resistance of Titanium and Zirconium In Chemical Plant Exposures★
Authors: GEGNER P. J. , WILSO W. L. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Corrosion tests were conducted with titanium, zirconium and a number of other metals in a wide variety of chemical plant exposures. Some of the tests were carried out under similar conditions in as many as five different plants. Titanium was found to possess low or, in many cases, nil corrosion rates in such varied exposures as wet chlorine gas, hypochlorous acid, sodium and calcium hypochlorites, sodium and potassium chlorides, sea water and a number of solutions containing wet chlorine. It was also found to be very resistant to many concentrations of calcium chloride, sodium and potassium hydroxides, nitric acid and chlorine-saturated sulfuric acid.
Zirconium exhibited low corrosion rates in nitric acid, sodium and potassium hydroxides, hydrochloric acid, dry chlorine, sodium hypochlorite, sodium and potassium chlorides, sea water and some concentrations of calcium chloride and chlorine-saturated sulfuric acid.
Results of 116 exposures involving over 800 corrosion rates on 40 different materials are described. 6.3.15
Uses and Abuses of Aluminum in Wooden-Hulled, Aluminum-Frame Minesweepers ★
Authors: ROGERS T. H. , CHINN W. K. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Results are given of laboratory experiments and periodic examinations on board ship to determine the service behavior of aluminum alloys in wooden hull minesweepers constructed with aluminum alloy frames.
Service failures are illustrated. Most of them were caused by use of incorrect materials, substitution of materials not given in specifications, poor industrial manufacturing or insufficient technical control.
Service behavior of stainless steel used in conjunction with aluminum was good if the surface area ratio of the two materials was about 1 to 5. Zinc chromate as a corrosion inhibitor for aluminum alloys gave satisfactory service.
Other topics included are lagging with asbestos, aluminum corrosion products and use of greases and lubricants containing graphite. 6.4.2
Internal Cathodic Protection Of Large Steel Pipes Carrying Sea Water
Authors: MORGAN JOHN H. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
The internal cathodic protection of large steel pipe carrying sea water is discussed both from the practical and the theoretical viewpoint. Systems considered involved use of such devices as concentric cylindrical anodes, off-center cylindrical anodes, wall mounted anodes, and central point lead alloy anodes fed with impressed current from a dc source. The cathodic protection was applied to both bare and coated pipe. Testing was done both in the laboratory and on a full scale level.
The designing of a potential measuring device and the determination of protection criteria are considered briefly. Other topics discussed include coating the pipe interior, computing the costs of cathodic protection, and determining the relationship between anode separation and anode diameter in pipes with the same coating and electrolyte.
It was found that coatings will effect the largest economies on the smaller diameter pipe where the cost of the cable is lowest and where smaller anode supports can be used with small anodes. At the moment the most economical method of protection seems to involve the use of a cheap readily applied coating of reasonable resistance and cathodic protection from point anodes mounted at or close to the center line of the pipe. 5.2.3
Screening Tests of Inhibitors to Prevent Chloride Stress Corrosion★
Authors: PHILLIPS J. H. , SINGLEY W. J. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Series of screening tests were run in tilting autoclaves to evaluate performance of selected, potential inhibitors in preventing chloride stress corrosion attack of Type 347 austenitic stainless steel in alkaline-phosphate boiler water containing 50 or 500 ppm chloride. From the test results, several inhibitors were tested further to evaluate concentration effects. Nitrate appeared to be a satisfactory inhibitor for oiler applications. Sodium sulfite also effectively prevented chloride corrosion cracking oy scavenging oxygen. 5.8.4
Design and Materials for Reduced Pump Corrosion★
Authors: PICCARDO JACK E. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Of the pumps used in the chemical and allied industries, about 90 percent are of the centrifugal and diaphragm types. These pumps are required to handle corrosive liquids under conditions of high pressure and high temperature, expensive or hazardous liquids where leakage to atmosphere cannot be tolerated, liquids with solids in suspension, often of an abrasive nature, creating both a corrosion and abrasion problems and extremely corrosive liquids which may be radioactive. Diaphragm type pumps have certain advantages over centrifugal pumps for severe chemical applications because there is no shaft sealing problem, solids in suspension can be handled at relatively low velocities and a high degree of corrosion resistance can be obtained by the use of high alloy steels for the pump body and synthetic materials for diaphragms. Packingless pumps include the so-called canned-motor centrifugal pump in which the pump impeller is mounted on the same shaft as the rotor. Both the rotor and the stator are sealed from the fluid by corrosion resistant cans or shields and the rotor moves in the liquid being pumped. The rotor-impeller shaft is supported on sleeve type bearings submerged in the liquid pumped. Canned-motor pumps usually cannot be applied where the liquid contains solids because of close clearances and possibility of damage to bearings by abrasion.
Designs giving longer service life in the conventional centrifugal pump usually include the following: Improved sealing devices where the pump shaft passes through the casing, new alloys or metals for the wetted end to provide a better corrosion resistance, improved elastomers, plastics and ceramics which permit lining entire pumps for a high degree of corrosion resistance. Improved shaft seals are discussed along with a study of new materials available for pump parts, and linings for pumps commonly used in chemical pumping service. 7.3