bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Expression, purification, and breast cancer cell inhibiting effect of recombinant human lactoferrin C-lobe
Authors: Hu Lulu , Gao Chen-hui , Hong Chao , Zhong Qiao , Dong Hong-Liang , Gao Xiao-Ming 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
Lactoferrin (LTF), a multifunctional glycoprotein of the transferrin family mainly found in exotic secretions in mammals, is an important defense molecule against not only microbial invasion but also tumors. It folds into two globular domains (N- and C-lobes) each containing an iron-binding site. The cationic antimicrobial peptide in N-lobe is known to exert anti-tumor effect via a non-receptor-mediated pathway. However, whether LTF C-lobe also contributes to its anti-tumor activity remains to be investigated. In this study, a human LTF fragment (amino acid residues 343–682) covering the C-lobe was expressed with a histidine tag in E. coli and the purified polypeptide refolded through a series of buffer changing procedure. The resultant recombinant protein caused significant growth arrest of breast carcinoma cells MDA-MB-231 in a dose- and time-dependent manner, evidently via induction of apoptosis of the cell. Our data suggest a positive role for the C-lobe of human LTF in controlling tumors in vitro.
Glioblastoma multiforme
Authors: Awad Mohammed , O’Neill Kevin 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common form of malignant primary brain tumour. In the UK the incidence is approximately 2-3 cases per 100,000 people per year. It accounts for approximately 20% of all primary intracranial tumours. GBM is derived from glial cells, and is thought to arise either de novo as primary GBM, or secondary to malignant progression from a low-grade astrocytoma. This chapter discusses how to recognise and treat glioblastoma multiforme. Clearly the prognosis for patients with malignant glioma remains poor with median survival for those with GBM in the region of 12-14 months. This has only changed marginally over the last few decades with the use of systemic chemotherapy alongside surgical resection and radiotherapy. There are outliers who do better or worse than the median and 3 year survival percentages do seem to be increasing with current treatment regimes. There is currently a resurgence of interest in the immunology and metabolism of these tumours in the search for magic bullets.
Spondylolisthesis
Authors: Fenton Eoin , Bolger Ciaran 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
Spondylolisthesis was first described by Herbiniaux, a Belgian obstetrician in 1782, as a factor likely to hinder the delivery process. The term itself was first used by Kilian in 1854. It is defined as forward displacement of a lumbar vertebral body relative to the vertebral body or sacrum below it. This chapter discusses how to recognise and treat spondylolisthesis. Patients who do not improve with appropriate conservative therapy, patients whose symptoms progress despite conservative therapy or patients who initially present with worsening neurological deficit or significant instability are candidates for surgery. The aim of surgery is to stabilise the affected segment and, in the presence of neural compression, decompress the relevant neural elements. Surgical options range from simple decompression without fusion to posterolateral fusion to lumbar interbody fusion supplemented with posterolateral instrumentation. A recurring theme in the literature is that no significant clinical difference has been noted in many studies when interbody fusion is compared with posterolateral fusion in spondylolisthesis. The second major debate concerns fusion in situ versus reduction of spondylolisthesis.
Surgery for temporal lobe epilepsy
Authors: Wykes Victoria , Miserocchi Anna , McEvoy Andrew 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
The estimated incidence of epilepsy is 50 per 100 000 in the general population and 20% are estimated to become refractory to medication. There is a drive to identify medically refractory epileptic patients early, especially in children and offer them surgery. Favourable outcome from epilepsy surgery relies on accurate presurgical evaluation of the epileptogenic zone and the relationship of this zone to eloquent brain areas. Following review in a multidisciplinary meeting, if there is high degree of concordance of investigations surgery may be recommended with predictable levels of seizure freedom and risk, however if there is poor concordance further investigations may be recommended using more invasive techniques. This chapter reviews the surgical assessment of a patient with temporal lobe epilepsy, the relevant investigations in determining both epileptogenic zone and adjacent eloquent brain areas, discuss surgical risks and operative tips to performing an anterior temporal lobectomy.
Management of lumbosacral lipoma in childhood
Authors: Tisdall Martin M. , James Greg , Thompson Dominic N. P. 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
Lumbosacral lipoma is a form of occult spinal dysraphism. It occurs in 1:4000 live births and can lead to neurological, urological and orthopaedic disturbance. Until recently, the perceived surgical wisdom has been that all lumbosacral lipomas should be treated with surgical debulking and spinal cord detethering in an attempt to prevent neurological deterioration. This philosophy is based on the assumptions that inevitable deterioration will occur without surgery, and that surgery is safe and effective. Over the last decade evidence has emerged to suggest that, in the absence of neurological or urological deterioration, conservative management may have a similar or even superior outcome when compared to traditional surgical techniques. Conversely data from a recent single institution experience suggest that radical lipoma removal may lead to better outcome. This chapter presents a management algorithm for newly diagnosed patients with spinal lipomas which aims to recognize the benign course of the disease in many asymptomatic patients and to provide effective long term treatment results for those who deteriorate.
Deep brain stimulation for debilitating Parkinson’s disease
Authors: Hyam Jonathan A. , Green Alexander L. , Aziz Tipu Z. 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
Parkinsons disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder caused in part by the loss of dopaminergic neurones in the substantia nigra (pars compacta). This results in disruption of the normal oscillatory and synchronous neuronal activity between the cortex, globus pallidus interna (GPi) and subthalamic nuleus (STN), The three cardinal clinical manifestations of PD are bradykinesia, tremor and rigidity. Gait and postural instability is often also seen. This chapter explores the place of surgery in the management of PD. It was once the mainstay of treatment, in the form of ablative surgeries such as pedunculotomy, and was then made largely redundant by the advent of dopaminergic drugs. However, it was found that dopaminergic drugs caused side effects including dyskinesias, which could be severely incapacitating. Once again, surgery (commonly taking the form of deep brain stimulation) became an important modality in the management of PD, not only to treat the cardinal symptoms of the disease itself, but also to treat the dyskinetic side effects of medical therapy.
Trigeminal neuralgia
Authors: Phang Isaac , Suttner Nigel 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
Trigeminal neuralgia is a debilitating painful condition characterized by paroxysmal lacinating pain in the distribution of one or more branches of the trigeminal nerve. The diagnosis of TN is made on clinical history alone. There are no diagnostic tests. It can be divided into typical/classical TN (TN1) or atypical TN (TN2) It is mainly treated medically, but this can fail, leading to consideration of surgical options. Controversies in theories of pathogenesis, clinical diagnosis, imaging as well as management of recurrent disease are explored in this chapter with the use of an illustrative case. Percutaneous and microvascular surgical techniques along with their outcomes are discussed. Microvascular decompression as pioneered by Janetta in 1967 remains the mainstay for decompression of the trigeminal nerve. There is a vast body of surgical experience, and with advances in neuroanaesthesia, patients with comorbidities and advanced age have been treated successfully. It treats the underlying pathophysiology of TN, has good immediate pain relief and the incidence of facial numbness is less than that of destructive procedures.
Cervical spondylotic myelopathy
Authors: Broughton Ellie , Haden Nick 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
Cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM) is a progressive degenerative process resulting in motion abnormalities, loss of disc height, ligamentous redundancy, arthrosis of uncovertebral and facet joints and formation of osteophytes. This can result in circumferential spinal canal narrowing and nerve root compression. This chapter discusses the issues involved with managing CSM, which must be weighed up against one another so that there is minimal risk but maximal neurological benefit for the patient. Surgical intervention follows failed conservative management or patients with intractable pain and/or progressive neurology. The prognosis is variable and if stenosis has been present for many years then demyelination and necrosis of grey and white matter can lead to irreversible deficits. Deciding on the direction of approach, number of levels and graft materials to use is a complex and challenging area in the treatment of cervical spondylotic myelopathy. These choices will be influenced by pathological and patient factors in addition to the surgeon’s overall experience and skill set. It is also important to consider what is achievable, as the aim is to address the pathology whilst also limiting morbidity and optimizing long-term outcome.
Spontaneous intracerebral haemorrhage
Authors: Bodkin Peter , Statham Patrick 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
Low grade gliomas are diffusely infiltrating brain tumours, comprising: WHO grade II astrocytomas, Grade II oligodendrogliomas and oligoastrocytomas. Despite the name, low grade gliomas are not benign lesions. These tumours have growth potential and can undergo malignant transformation to high grade tumours. Seizures, often simple partial, complex partial or generalised tonic clonic, are the most common presentation in 80-90% of patients with LGG, followed by headaches and focal deficits. Close proximity to the cortex is likely to be responsible for this picture. Death is usually due to malignant change. With recent advances in neurobiology, diagnostic imaging, surgical technology and adjuvant therapies the management of these tumours has undergone a paradigm shift. This chapter explores the diagnosis and management options for low grade glioma. If the tumour has relatively discrete margins in brain tissue, a macroscopic resection may be possible without compromising function, and maximum safe surgical resection of all hyper intense tissue on FLAIR sequences should be attempted. This will improve overall and progression free survival and gives improved seizure control, as well as providing better tumour sampling for histology.
Low-grade glioma
Authors: Bhargava Deepti , Jenkinson Michael D. 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
Spontaneous intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH) may be classified as primary or secondary. Secondary ICH includes those due to trauma; structural lesions such as aneurysms, arteriovenous malformations (AVMs), cavernomas, and neoplasms; as well as haemorrhage into arterial or venous infarctions. Primary ICH is related to hypertension, amyloid angiopathy, and coagulopathy, and accounts for 78-85% of all cases. This chapter discusses the diagnostics and management options for primary spontaneous intracerebral haemorrhage. The incidence is 24.6 per 100,000 person years, more than twice that of SAH. It affects in the order of 2 million people worldwide per annum. Common sites for ICH include the deep structures of the periventricular white matter, caudate nucleus, globus pallidus, putamen, internal capsule, and thalamus (50%), in the grey matter or subcortical white matter (lobar (35%), cerebellum (10%), and brainstem (6%)) . Deciding on the best management of these patients in relation to operative versus non-operative treatment, management of hypertension, choosing between different operative techniques, and timing of surgery is a challenge faced by neurosurgeons on a daily basis.
Human bite leading to fatal Neisseria meningitidis septicaemia and pericarditis
Authors: Mahida Nikunj , Anthony Laura , Martin Nicola , Gupta Anindya , Andrewartha Fiona 
Published: September 2015

Introduction:

Neisseria meningitidis is a human pathogen with five serogroups causing the majority of invasive disease worldwide. Pharyngeal carriage of N. meningitidis is known to occur, but it is not considered a significant pathogen in skin and soft tissue infections secondary to human bites. We present a rare case of meningococcal septicaemia and pericarditis resulting from a human bite to the breast.

Case presentation:
A 43-year-old female with type 2 diabetes mellitus and hypertension presented with fever, tachycardia, hypotension and a history of a human bite to the left breast. On examination, there was an erythematous, infected wound on the left breast. Blood cultures obtained on admission were positive for N. meningitides subtype W and the patient was treated for 7 days with intravenous ceftriaxone. However, the patient was readmitted 10 days later with a relapse of fever, dyspnoea and chest pain. A chest X-ray showed an enlarged cardiac silhouette, and echocardiography confirmed the presence of a large pericardial effusion. Intravenous ceftriaxone was recommenced and an urgent pericardiocentesis performed to relieve the cardiac tamponade. Blood cultures remained sterile and no organisms were detected from the pericardial fluid.

Conclusion:
The patient unfortunately suffered a cardiopulmonary arrest and died while undergoing treatment. A post-mortem examination revealed myocardial necrosis and inflammatory debris within the pericardial sac. The most likely pathogenesis was considered to be inflammatory pericarditis secondary to meningococcal septicaemia with subsequent cardiac tamponade.
Acute myocarditis secondary to Shigella sonnei gastroenteritis
Authors: Eltawansy Sherif , Atluri Paavani , Agrawal Abhinav , Dwivedi Sukrut , Checton John 
Published: September 2015

Introduction:
The most common cause of acute myocarditis in developed countries is viruses. Bacterial myocarditis is very rare and caused by various bacteria, but only three cases have been reported in the past where Shigella sonnei was the aetiology. Two out of the three cases reported were in a paediatric population.

Case Presentation:
A 38-year-old female was presenting with chest pain and an increased level of troponins with the EKG (electrocardiogram) showing non-specific T-wave changes. Preceding the chest pain, the patient had Shigella sonnei gastroenteritis confirmed by stool culture. The patient's cardiac catheterization showed normal findings. Thus a diagnosis of bacterial myocarditis was made. The event resolved after successful treatment of the gastroenteritis with ciprofloxacin.

Conclusion:
We are reporting a very rare case of Shigella sonnei gastroenteritis that resulted in the development of acute myocarditis and was successfully treated with antibiotics.
The changing face of work: insights from Acas
Authors: Dix Gill , Barber Sir Brendan 
Published: September 2015

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of the evolving role of the Advisory, Conciliation and Arbitration Service (Acas) across a 40-year period against a backdrop of changing workplaces and institutional frameworks.Design/methodology/approach– The paper draws on the statistical and evaluation evidence together with policy commentary and employment relations literature to provide a commentary on the changing world of employment relations.Findings– Two areas have dominated policy concerns over the period: patterns of employment disputes and the question of employment regulation. The paper argues that such a focus has stimulated some dramatic changes in the way disputes manifest in Britain, and at the same time left something of a policy vacuum in relation to the wide challenges and opportunities for improving conflict handling and the employment relationship. Through the prism of Acas’ work the paper identifies some of the enduring features that are common to improving both collective and individual relationship at work.Originality/value– The paper brings together evidence from different sources combined with the unique perspectives of Acas and its service users to draw and provide explanations for aspects of the changing face of the work.
Change at work: feminisation, flexibilisation, fragmentation and financialisation
Authors: Rubery Jill 
Published: September 2015

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of the most important trends in work and employment over the past 50 years.Design/methodology/approach– The paper adopted the 50-year perspective in line with the celebration of Manchester Industrial Relations Society’s 50th anniversary. The approach adopted was to include both observable changes in work and employment and changes in the perspectives found in published research.Findings– The key trends identified were feminisation, flexibilisation, fragmentation and financialisation. These were the outcome of, on the one hand, global trends towards services, transnationalisation and transformative technologies and, on the other hand, of political choices to deregulate, decollectivise and depoliticise the employment relationship.Originality/value– The value lies in exploring the key trends in the world of work over a significant period of time, identifying the drivers behind the changes and reflecting on the implications for future prospects in work and employment.
The changing face of employment relations: equality and diversity
Authors: Moore Sian , Tailby Stephanie 
Published: September 2015

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to explore what has happened to the notion and reality of equal pay over the past 50 years, a period in which women have become the majority of trade union members in the UK. It does so in the context of record employment levels based upon women’s increased labour market participation albeit reflecting their continued over-representation in part-time employment, locating the narrowed but persistent overall gender pay gap in the broader picture of pay inequality in the UK.Design/methodology/approach– The paper considers voluntary and legal responses to inequality and the move away from voluntary solutions in the changed environment for unions. Following others it discusses the potential for collective bargaining to be harnessed to equality in work, a potential only partially realised by unions in a period in which their capacity to sustain collective bargaining was weakened. It looks at the introduction of a statutory route to collective bargaining in 2000, the National Minimum Wage from 1999 and at the Equality Act 2010 as legislative solutions to inequality and in terms of radical and liberal models of equality.Findings– The paper suggests that fuller employment based upon women’s increased labour market activity have not delivered an upward pressure on wages and has underpinned rather than closed pay gaps and social divisions. Legal measures have been limited in the extent to which they have secured equal pay and wider social equality, whilst state support for collective solutions to equality has waned. Its replacement by a statutory minimum wage initially closed pay gaps, but appears to have run out of steam as employers accommodate minimum hourly rates through the reorganisation of working time.Social implications– The paper suggests that statutory minima or even voluntary campaigns to lift hourly wage rates may cut across and even supersede wider existing collective bargaining agreements and as such they can reinforce the attack on collective bargaining structures, supporting arguments that this can reduce representation over pay, but also over a range of other issues at work (Ewing and Hendy, 2013), including equality.Originality/value– There are then limitations on a liberal model which is confined to promoting equality at an organisational level in a public sector subject to wider market forces. The fragmentation of bargaining and representation that has resulted will continue if the proposed dismantling of public services goes ahead and its impact upon equality is already suggested in the widening of the gender pay gap in the public sector in 2015.
The role of hierarchical production planning in food manufacturing SMEs
Authors: O'Reilly Seamus , Kumar Anita , Adam Frédéric 
Published: September 2015

Purpose
– In recent years there has been an increasing interest in make-to-stock and make-to-order combined strategies in food manufacturing operations. However, most scholarly work to-date has neglected the role of hierarchical production planning (HPP) in guiding small- and medium-sized enterprise (SME) implementation of such strategies. The purpose of this paper is to address food SME manufacturers’ readiness to adopt such strategies, in terms of internal integration and their capability to adopt formalised planning approaches.

Design/methodology/approach
– This study adopted an action research methodology to explore the potential impact of HPP in SME food manufacturers. Selected companies had identified product variety management as a challenge and also had recognised the need to enhance internal integration. Given this, the research team, from a theoretical perspective, proposed the use of HPP set within a broader decision-making conceptual framework to improve internal integration and planning.

Findings
– This paper adopts the fundamental position that HPP provides a useful framework in the establishment of strategic and tactical level constraints and priorities which then act as specific guides at the operational level, and presents empirical evidence in a food SME manufacturing context. In the cases the authors studies, the cascading effect of this decision-making framework focused attention on key metrics, encouraged greater internal integration and delivered tangible, significant improvements in performance. This was greatly facilitated by the provision of new key data on the cost of certain managerial trade-offs which these firms faced.

Originality/value
– SMEs are of a scale that requires a formalised planning approach; however production planning systems are typically designed for large scale enterprises. This paper addresses the need of SMEs in this regard. Well-established supply chain metrics were used to establish the benefits of both HPP and resulting improvement in internal integration and beyond, in terms of improvement in the quality of planning decisions.