bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mind the gap: An empirical study of post‐trial access in HIV biomedical prevention trials
Authors: Haire Bridget , Jordens Christopher 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe principle of providing post‐trial access for research participants to successful products of that research is widely accepted and has been enshrined in various declarations and guidelines. While recent ethical guidelines recognise that the responsibility to provide post‐trial access extends to sponsors, regulators and government bodies as well as to researchers, it is the researchers who have the direct duty of care to participants. Researchers may thus need to act as advocates for trial participants, especially where government bodies, sponsors, and regulatory bodies have complex interests vested in decisions about whether or not new interventions are made available, how, and to whom. This paper provides an empirical account of post‐trial access in the context of HIV prevention research. It describes both access to the successful products of research and the provision antiretroviral drugs for trial participants who acquire HIV. First, we provide evidence that, in the current system, there is considerable variation in the duration and timeliness of access. We then argue that by analysing the difficulties faced by researchers to this point, and their efforts to meet this obligation, much can be learned about how to secure post‐trial access in HIV biomedical preventions trials. While researchers alone have a limited obligation, their advocacy on behalf of trial participants may be necessary to call the other parties to account.
Overcoming Entrenched Disagreements: the Case of Misoprostol for Post‐Partum Haemorrhage
Authors: Ghinea Narcyz , Lipworth Wendy , Little Miles , Kerridge Ian , Day Richard 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe debate about whether misoprostol should be distributed to low resource communities to prevent post‐partum haemorrhage (PPH), recognised as a major cause of maternal mortality, is deeply polarised. This is in spite of stakeholders having access to the same evidence about the risks and benefits of misoprostol. To understand the disagreement, we conducted a qualitative analysis of the values underpinning debates surrounding community distribution of misoprostol. We found that different moral priorities, epistemic values, and attitudes towards uncertainty were the main factors sustaining the debate. With this understanding, we present a model for ethical discourse that might overcome the current impasse.
Normative values for the Timed ‘Up and Go’ test in children and adolescents and validation for individuals with Down syndrome
Authors: Nicolini‐Panisson Renata D'Agostini , Donadio Márcio V F 
Published: November 2013

AimTo determine normative values for the Timed Up and Go (TUG) test in typically developing children and adolescents and to validate its use in individuals with Down syndrome.MethodParticipants in this cross‐sectional study were South Brazilian schoolchildren aged 3 to 18 years. In phase 1, 459 typically developing individuals (227 males, 232 females; mean age 10y 8mo (SD 4y 4mo) were included; and in phase 2, 40 individuals with Down syndrome (16 males, 24 females; mean age 10y 6mo (SD 4y 4mo). Anthropometric measurements, real leg length, TUG test scores, and Gross Motor Function Measure (GMFM) scores were evaluated. The association between the TUG test and possible predictive variables was analyzed.ResultsIn phase 1, the mean time to perform the TUG test was 5.61 seconds (SD 1.06). Values were stratified in age groups that served as normative data for both sexes. A multiple linear regression analysis was conducted and the best variables to predict TUG scores were age and weight. The best model obtained presented an R2 of 0.25 and a standard error of the estimate of 0.92. Excellent intrasession reliability in the three tests performed (intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC] of 0.93, 0.94, and 0.95) and between the sessions (both with an ICC of 0.95) was demonstrated. In phase 2, the test also showed excellent reproducibility (ICC=0.82 between the two tests performed). The performance time was significantly longer (p<0.001) in individuals with Down syndrome compared with sex‐ age‐, and weight‐matched typically developing children with a mean difference of −3.53 (95% confidence interval −4.05 to −3.00). Dimension E of the GMFM (Walking, Running and Jumping) showed the highest correlation (r=−0.55, p<0.001) with the test.InterpretationThis study provides normative values for the TUG test and shows that TUG scores can be predicted as a function of age and weight in typically developing individuals. The test can also be used for assessment of functional mobility in individuals with Down syndrome.
Diagnostic thresholds for gestational diabetes and their impact on pregnancy outcomes: a systematic review
Authors: Hartling L. , Dryden D. M. , Guthrie A. , Muise M. , Vandermeer B. , Donovan L. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractAimsTo assess different diagnostic thresholds for gestational diabetes on outcomes for mothers and their offspring in the absence of treatment for gestational diabetes. This information was used to inform a National Institutes of Health consensus conference on diagnosing gestational diabetes.MethodsWe searched 15 electronic databases from 1995 to May 2012. Study selection was conducted independently by two reviewers. Randomized controlled trials or cohort studies were eligible if they involved women without known pre‐existing diabetes mellitus and who did not undergo treatment for gestational diabetes. One reviewer extracted, and a second reviewer verified, data for accuracy. Two reviewers independently assessed methodological quality.ResultsThirty‐eight studies were included. Three large, methodologically strong studies showed a continuous positive relationship between increasing glucose levels and the incidence of Caesarean section and macrosomia. When data were examined categorically (i.e. women meeting or not meeting specific diagnostic thresholds), women with gestational diabetes across all glucose criteria had significantly more Caesarean sections, shoulder dystocia, macrosomia (except for International Association of Diabetes in Pregnancy Study Groups’ criteria) and large for gestational age. Higher glucose thresholds did not consistently demonstrate greater risk for all outcomes.ConclusionsHigher glucose thresholds did not consistently demonstrate greater risk, possibly because studies did not compare mutually exclusive groups of women. A pragmatic approach for diagnosis of gestational diabetes using Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome Study odds ratio 2.0 thresholds warrants further consideration until additional analysis of the data comparing mutually exclusive groups of women is provided and large randomized controlled trials investigating different diagnostic and treatment thresholds are completed.
Optimal control of population recovery – the role of economic restoration threshold
Authors: Lampert Adam , Hastings Alan 
Published: November 2013

AbstractA variety of ecological systems around the world have been damaged in recent years, either by natural factors such as invasive species, storms and global change or by direct human activities such as overfishing and water pollution. Restoration of these systems to provide ecosystem services entails significant economic benefits. Thus, choosing how and when to restore in an optimal fashion is important, but has not been well studied. Here we examine a general model where population growth can be induced or accelerated by investing in active restoration. We show that the most cost‐effective method to restore an ecosystem dictates investment until the population approaches an ‘economic restoration threshold’, a density above which the ecosystem should be left to recover naturally. Therefore, determining this threshold is a key general approach for guiding efficient restoration management, and we demonstrate how to calculate this threshold for both deterministic and stochastic ecosystems.
Interpopulation Variations in Behavioral Syndromes of a Jumping Spider from Insecticide‐Treated and Insecticide‐Free Orchards
Authors: Royauté Raphaël , Buddle Christopher M. , Vincent Charles 
Published: November 2013

AbstractVariations in environmental conditions can influence behavioral syndromes (correlated tendencies in behaviors), and understanding the factors that shape trait covariation is particularly relevant when species are challenged by environmental changes. We investigated how behavioral syndromes varied at extremes of a gradient of anthropogenic disturbance, using apple orchards with different histories of insecticidal applications as a model system. Eris militaris (Araneae: Salticidae) jumping spiders were sampled from an insecticide‐free orchard and an insecticide‐treated orchard from Southern Québec. Spiders were tested for activity, aggression, boldness, and voracity under standardized conditions. Behavioral syndrome structure was compared between the two populations using Bayesian multiresponse models and structural equation modeling. Syndrome structure differed significantly between the two populations. The insecticide‐free population showed evidence of a syndrome involving all measured traits, while only aggression, boldness and voracity were correlated in the insecticide‐treated population. The insecticide‐free population showed negative correlations between active and voracious behavioral types vs. aggressive and bold types while the insecticide‐treated population showed a negative correlation between aggression‐boldness and voracity. This research is a first step in investigating the impact of anthropogenic disturbances on behavioral syndromes and demonstrates that behavioral syndromes may vary with respect to insecticidal applications.
Localization of SERBP1 in stress granules and nucleoli
Authors: Lee Yu‐Jen , Wei Hung‐Ming , Chen Ling‐Yun , Li Chuan 
Published: November 2013

SERPINE1 mRNA‐binding protein 1 (SERBP1) is an arginine‐methylated RNA‐binding protein whose modification affects protein interaction and intracellular localization. In the present study, we show that, under normal growth conditions without stress, SERBP1 interacts with arginine‐methylated and stress granule‐associated proteins such as heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A1, fragile X mental retardation protein and fragile X mental retardation syndrome‐related protein 1 in an RNA‐dependent manner. We also show that, after arsenite treatment, a proportion of full‐length SERBP1 protein co‐localizes with the typical stress granule marker T‐cell intracellular antigen‐1 in the cytoplasmic stress granules. Truncated SERBP1 with an N–terminal, central RG or C–terminal deletion, or single‐domain segments comprising the N–terminal, central or C–terminal region, were recruited to stress granules upon arsenite treatment but with reduced efficiency. In addition, upon arsenite treatment, the localization of SERBP1 changed from a diffuse cytoplasmic localization to nuclear‐dominant (concentrated in the nucleolus) A similar distribution was observed when cells were treated with the methylation inhibitor adenosine periodate, and was also detected for N‐ or C–terminal domain deletions and all three single‐domain fragments even without stress induction. We further demonstrate that adenosine periodate treatment delays the association/dissociation of SERBP1 with stress granules. Hypomethylation retains SERBP1 in the nucleus/nucleolus regardless of arsenite treatment. Our study indicates that arginine methylation is correlated with recruitment of SERBP to stress granules and nucleoli and its retention therein. To our knowledge, this is the first report of an RNA‐binding protein that is shifted simultaneously to cytoplasmic stress granules and nucleoli, two ribonucleoprotein‐enriched subcellular compartments, upon stress.
Benzodiazepine discontinuation and patient outcome in a chronic geriatric medical/psychiatric unit: A retrospective chart review
Authors: Yokoi Yuma , Misal Meenal , Oh Esther , Bellantoni Michele , Rosenberg Paul B 
Published: November 2013

AimA substantial number of elderly patients take benzodiazepines (BZD) regularly despite concerns about toxicity and possible dependence, and there are relatively few data to guide clinicians' decisions regarding discontinuing benzodiazepines in the elderly.MethodsWe carried out a retrospective chart review of 75 elderly patients admitted to a chronic medical/psychiatric unit who were taking a standing dose of benzodiazepines on admission, comparing 40 patients who discontinued benzodiazepines versus 35 who did not discontinue.PurposeWe examined the association of BZD discontinuation versus continuation with clinical outcomes on discharge, and further examined clinical characteristics associated with BZD discontinuation.ResultsDiscontinuers had shorter length of stay without evidence of worse cognitive and functional outcome except a trend toward increased incidence of agitation. Logistic regression models suggested anxiety, higher age and higher dose of antidepressants at the beginning were significantly related to successful discontinuation during admission after regression.ConclusionThese data imply that BZD withdrawal during admission can be safe and feasible in many elderly frail patients, and that withdrawal might be associated with shorter duration of chronic hospitalization. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2014; 14: 388–394.
Prediction of non‐biochemical recurrence rate after radical prostatectomy in a Japanese cohort: Development of a postoperative nomogram
Authors: Okubo Hidenori , Ohori Makoto , Ohno Yoshio , Nakashima Jun , Inoue Rie , Nagao Toshitaka , Tachibana Masaaki 
Published: November 2013

ObjectiveTo develop a nomogram based on postoperative factors and prostate‐specific antigen levels to predict the non‐biochemical recurrence rate after radical prostatectomy in a Japanese cohort.MethodsA total of 606 Japanese patients with T1‐3N0M0 prostate cancer who underwent radical prostatectomy and pelvic lymph node dissection at Tokyo Medical University hospital from 2000 to 2010 were studied. A nomogram was constructed based on Cox hazard regression analysis evaluating the prognostic significance of serum prostate‐specific antigen and pathological factors in the radical prostatectomy specimens. The discriminating ability of the nomogram was assessed by the concordance index (C‐index), and the predicted and actual outcomes were compared with a bootstrapped calibration plot.ResultsWith a mean follow up of 60.0 months, a total of 187 patients (30.9%) experienced biochemical recurrence, with a 5‐year non‐biochemical recurrence rate of 72.3%. Based on a Cox hazard regression model, a nomogram was constructed to predict non‐biochemical recurrence using serum prostate‐specific antigen level and pathological features in radical prostatectomy specimens. The concordance index was 0.77, and the calibration plots appeared to be accurate.ConclusionsThe postoperative nomogram described here can provide valuable information regarding the need for adjuvant/salvage radiation or hormonal therapy in patients after radical prostatectomy.
Template‐based lymphadenectomy in urothelial carcinoma of the renal pelvis: A prospective study
Authors: Kondo Tsunenori , Hara Isao , Takagi Toshio , Kodama Yoshiki , Hashimoto Yasunobu , Kobayashi Hirohito , Iizuka Junpei , Omae Kenji , Yoshida Kazuhiko , Tanabe Kazunari 
Published: November 2013

ObjectivesRecent studies showed the therapeutic benefit of lymphadenectomy in advanced stage urothelial carcinoma of the upper urinary tract, but there is still a lack of prospective studies and standardization of the extent of lymphadenectomy. The aim of this multi‐institutional study was to examine the role of lymphadenectomy in urothelial carcinoma of the upper urinary tract.MethodsFrom January 2005 to September 2012, 77 patients undergoing nephroureterectomy and lymphadenectomy for non‐metastatic (cN0M0) urothelial carcinoma of the upper urinary tract were included in a prospective study at two Japanese institutions (lymphadenectomy group). Lymphadenectomies were carried out according to definite anatomical template. Results from this group were compared with those from a control group of 89 patients who did not receive lymphadenectomy during the study period (no lymphadenectomy group).ResultsIn patients with urothelial carcinoma of the upper urinary tract in the renal pelvis of pathological stage 2 or higher, template‐based lymphadenectomy resulted in significantly higher cancer‐specific survival (89.8% and 51.7%, P = 0.01) and overall survival (86.1% and 48.0%, P = 0.01). Disease‐free survival tended to be higher in the lymphadenectomy group (77.8% and 50.0%, P = 0.06). Template‐based lymphadenectomy was a significant independent factor for reducing the risk of cancer death in patients with renal pelvic cancer of ≥pT2 by multivariate analysis. In contrast, cancer‐specific survival of patients with ureteral urothelial carcinoma of the upper urinary tract was not significantly different between the lymphadenectomy and no lymphadenectomy groups.ConclusionsThis multi‐institutional prospective study further supports the therapeutic role of template‐based lymphadenectomy in patients with advanced‐stage urothelial carcinoma of the upper urinary tract in the renal pelvis. This is not the case for patients with ureteral urothelial carcinoma of the upper urinary tract.
Postural Position Constrains Multimodal Object Exploration in Infants
Authors: Soska Kasey C. , Adolph Karen E. 
Published: November 2013

Recent research has revealed the important role of multimodal object exploration in infants' cognitive and social development. Yet, the real‐time effects of postural position on infants' object exploration have been largely ignored. In the current study, 5‐ to 7‐month‐old infants (N = 29) handled objects while placed in supported sitting, supine, and prone postures, and their spontaneous exploratory behaviors were observed. Infants produced more manual, oral, and visual exploration in sitting compared to lying supine and prone. Moreover, while sitting, infants more often coupled manual exploration with mouthing and visual examination. Infants' opportunities for learning from object exploration are embedded within a real‐time postural context that constrains the quantity and quality of exploratory behavior.
Ultrastructure of the sperm of Adelobothrium sp. (Cestoda: Lecanicephalidea)
Authors: Cielocha Joanna J. , Yoneva Aneta , Cantino Marie E. , Daniels Stephen , Jensen Kirsten 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThis study provides the first description of the ultrastructure of the spermatozoon of a lecanicephalidean cestode. Based on our observations on Adelobothrium sp. (Cestoda: Lecanicephalidea), we confirm the placement of the spermatozoa of lecanicephalideans in the Type IV spermatozoan category. A new feature, the anterior spiral structure, is described at the anterior extremity of the mature spermatozoon. The crested body is present in the anterior half of the spermatozoon and is identified by its ovoid to lunar shape, becoming circular and decreasing in size near its posterior limit. A row of ten parallel cortical microtubules persists in the anterior region of the mature spermatozoon, terminating at the level of the nucleus. The nucleus continues after the disassociation of the axoneme in the posterior region. A review of other cestodes with Type IV spermatozoa is presented, including confirmation that members of the Rhinebothriidea have spermatozoa of this type. That phyllobothriid tetraphyllideans have Type IV spermatozoa is called into question. Spermatozoa of a mere 2.6% of all cestode species have been studied. Further studies are needed to better understand spermatozoan character variation, especially if it is to be useful in elucidating evolutionary patterns among cestodes.
Functional morphology of the seminal receptacle in the crab Metacarcinus edwardsii
Authors: Pardo Luis Miguel , Riveros Marcela , Fuentes Juan Pablo , López‐Greco Laura 
Published: November 2013

AbstractOne of the most remarkable features of the reproductive systems of eubrachyuran crabs is the presence of specialized organs for sperm storage, the seminal receptacles. Descriptions of seminal receptacle morphology, sperm storage time, sperm retention across molts, and the capacity to store multiple ejaculates from different males can help in understanding crab mating strategies as well as in preventing negative effects of male‐biased fisheries of heavily harvested species. Metacarcinus edwardsii is the most harvested crab in Chile, but its reproductive biology is largely unstudied. In this study, the morphology of the seminal receptacles of M. edwardsii is characterized from the macroscopic to the microscopic level, during key points in the reproductive cycle. The receptacles of experimentally mated and wild‐caught females were included in this analysis. Metacarcinus edwardsii has ventral‐type seminal receptacles that are able to retain sperm after molting, and even after extrusion of the eggs. Stratification of multiple ejaculates is clearly observed. In general, the pattern of sperm storage indicates that populations of this species, like those of other cancrid crabs, could have high resilience to the negative effects of the selective harvest of males, principally because females have a great sperm storage capacity.
Patient perceptions of patient‐empowering nurse behaviours, patient activation and functional health status in postsurgical patients with life‐threatening long‐term illnesses
Authors: Jerofke Teresa , Weiss Marianne , Yakusheva Olga 
Published: November 2013

AbstractAimTo explore the trajectory of associations between the nursing care process of patient empowerment during postsurgical hospitalization and postdischarge patient self‐management outcomes, specifically patient activation and functional health status.BackgroundPatient‐centred care models advocate for patient empowerment in long‐term illness care. Postsurgical patients with life‐threatening long‐term illnesses frequently feel powerless, have unmet needs, decreased functional health status and high readmission rates; however, previous studies of patient empowerment have conceptualized empowerment as an outcome primarily in outpatient settings, with little attention paid to provider processes used to empower patients during hospitalizations.DesignA non‐experimental, prospective, correlational study.MethodsThis sample consisted of 113 postsurgical cancer and cardiac patients enrolled between August 2012–February 2013. Patient perceptions of patient‐empowering nurse behaviours and baseline patient activation were measured prior to discharge. Patient activation and functional health status were measured 6 weeks following discharge. Data were analysed with multiple linear regression using a simultaneous equation approach.ResultsPatients reported high perceptions of patient‐empowering nurse behaviours and patient activation levels. Functional health status scores were below population norms. Patient perceptions of empowering nurse behaviours were positively associated with postdischarge patient activation, which was positively associated with mental functional health status. Length of stay was the only significant predictor of physical functional health status.ConclusionThis study provides further quantitative evidence supporting the relationship between quality nursing care and postdischarge patient outcomes. Intentional use of patient‐empowering nurse behaviours could lead to improved patient activation and functional health status in postsurgical patients with life‐threatening long‐term illnesses.