bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reliability of a lifetime history of major depression:
implications for heritability and co-morbidity
Authors: FOLEY D. L. , NEALE M. C. , KENDLER K. S. 
Published: July 2002

Background. In unselected samples, the diagnosis of major

depression (MD) is not highly reliable.
It is not known if occasion-specific influences on reliability index
familial risk factors for MD, or
how reliability is associated with risk for co-morbid anxiety disorders.Methods. An unselected sample of 847 female twin pairs
was interviewed twice, 5 years apart, about
their lifetime history (LTH) of MD, generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)
and panic disorder (PD).
Familial influences on reliability were examined using structural equation
models. Logistic
regression was used to identify clinical features that predict
reliable diagnosis. Co-morbidity was characterized using the continuation
ratio test.Results. The reliability of a LTH of MD over 5 years
was fair (κ=0·43). There was no evidence for
occasion-specific familial influences on reliability, and heritability

of reliably diagnosed MD was
estimated at 66%. Subjects with unreliably diagnosed MD reported fewer
symptoms and, if
diagnosed with MD only at the first interview, less impairment and
help seeking, or, if diagnosed
with MD only at the second interview, fewer episodes and a longer
illness. A history of co-morbid
GAD or PD is more prevalent among subjects with reliably diagnosed MD.Conclusions. A diagnosis of MD based on a single
psychiatric interview incorporates a substantial
amount of measurement error but there is no evidence that transient influences
on recall and
diagnosis index familial risk for MD. Quantitative indices of risk for
MD based on multiple
interviews should reflect both the characteristics of MD and the temporal
order of positive
diagnoses.
Is introversion a risk factor for suicidal behaviour in depression?
Authors: ROY ALEC 
Published: July 2002

Background. Personality is an important determinant of
suicidal behaviour. However, it has been
studied little in relation to suicidal behaviour in depression.Methods. Depressed patients who had attempted suicide (N=41)
were compared with depressed
patients who had never attempted suicide (N=56) and normal controls
(N=56) for their scores
on three personality questionnaires.Results. Introversion was the only personality dimension where
the post hoc test showed a different
pattern between the two groups of depressed patients in their relation
to controls. In particular, only
depressed patients who had attempted suicide had significantly lower introversion
scores than
controls.Conclusion. The personality dimension of introversion may be
a risk factor for suicidal behaviour
in depression.
Job strain and psychiatric morbidity
Authors: CROPLEY M. , STEPTOE A. , JOEKES K. 
Published: July 2002

Background. This study examined the association between job strain and psychiatric morbidity
using interview-based assessments of mental health. We assessed the prevalence of neurotic disorder
in high job strain (high demand, low control) and low job strain (low demand, high control) school
teachers, and compared these rates with data from individuals with similar educational qualifications
from the National Psychiatric Morbidity Survey of Great Britain.Methods. One hundred and sixty primary and secondary school teachers were selected from a
larger survey on the basis of high or low job strain, and were assessed for psychiatric morbidity
using the Revised Clinical Interview Schedule (CIS-R). The prevalence of neurotic symptoms and
a total psychiatric morbidity score were calculated.Results. After adjusting for age, gender and occupational grade, the prevalence of psychiatric
morbidity was greater in high job strain than low job strain individuals. The prevalence of severe
anxiety, worry and fatigue symptoms was significantly greater in the high job strain teachers. In
comparison with the British psychiatric morbidity survey, the prevalence of neurotic disorders was
greater in the high job strain, but not in low job strain teachers. Individuals in the low job strain
group were more likely to report severe anxiety, irritability and fatigue in the week prior to
interview, than comparably educated individuals in the national survey.Conclusion. Job strain is associated with psychiatric morbidity. The high levels of neurotic
psychopathology among teachers is consistent with previous research that has found teaching to be
a highly stressful occupation.
Schizophrenics know more than they can tell:
probabilistic classification learning in schizophrenia
Authors: KÉRI S. , KELEMEN O. , SZEKERES G. , BAGÓCZKY N. , ERDÉLYI R. , ANTAL A. , BENEDEK G. , JANKA Z. 
Published: July 2002

Background. Previous studies have demonstrated impaired explicit and preserved implicit memory
functions in schizophrenia. However, it is less clear whether schizophrenics can learn complex
information (e.g. probabilistic stimulus–response associations) with or without access for conscious
recollection. In this study we applied a classification learning task to assess explicit and implicit
processes concurrently.Methods. Two test procedures were administered to 40 schizophrenic subjects and 20 healthy
volunteers: a probabilistic classification learning (PCL) task to evaluate implicit memory functions;
and a category cue recognition test to investigate the explicit memory system. The PCL task included
feedback guided category learning of geometrical shapes. These shapes were called category cues,
predicting class membership with certain probabilities. The gradual increase of categorization
performance during the feedback learning was a potentially implicit process, whereas the
subsequent recognition of category cues required explicit memory functions.Results. The schizophrenic patients improved their categorization performance to a similar extent
to the controls, but they failed to recognize the category cues. Memory performances were
independent of the positive and negative symptoms.Conclusions. Patients with schizophrenia were able to establish representations of complex
categories, but these remained unconscious. This is consistent with earlier reports, suggesting
damaged explicit and spared implicit memory in schizophrenia.
Life events and prodromal symptoms in bulimia nervosa
Authors: RAFFI A. R. , RONDINI M. , GRANDI S. , FAVA G. A. 
Published: July 2002

Background. Little is known about the interaction of life events with prodromal symptoms in
bulimia nervosa.Methods. A semistructured research interview based on Paykel's Interview for Recent Life Events
and on the Clinical Interview for Depression for eliciting prodromal symptoms was administered
to 30 patients with bulimia nervosa and 30 healthy control subjects matched for sociodemographic
variables.Results. Patients reported significantly more stressful life events than controls. Most of the patients
reported prodromal symptoms. Anorexia, low self-esteem, depressed mood, anhedonia, generalized
anxiety and irritability were the most common prodromal symptoms.Conclusions. The prodromal phase of bulimia nervosa was found to be characterized by a
combination of prodromal symptoms of affective type and stressful life events. Their joint
occurrence may increase vulnerability to bulimia nervosa.
Antecedents of the risk of recovery from DSM-III-R social phobia
Authors: DeWIT D. J. , OGBORNE A. , OFFORD D. R. , MacDONALD K. 
Published: July 2002

Background. This study reports antecedents of recovery from DSM-III-R social phobia.Methods. Retrospective data were obtained from 1116 individuals age 15 to 64 participating in a
large population health survey in the province of Ontario, Canada.Results. Approximately 50% of the sample recovered from their illness. Survival analysis revealed
a median length of illness of 25 years with peak periods of risk of recovery occurring between 30
and 45 years duration. Using discrete time multivariate hazard regression analysis, statistically
significant predictors of recovery from social phobia included: childhood social contextual factors
(one or no childhood siblings, a small town childhood place of residence), characteristics of the
disorder (onset past the age of 7, less than three disorder symptoms), an absence of co-morbid
health-related conditions and psychiatric disorders (chronic health problems and major depression),
and the occurrence of co-morbid chronic health problems and major depression prior to the onset
of the disorder.Conclusions. Our data indicate that social phobia in the general population is a chronic and
unremittent disorder. Determinants of recovery are rooted in distal childhood circumstances,
disorder attributes, and the physical and mental health status of individuals over the life course.
The Red Tape Option: Bureaucratic Collaboration and Resistance in Vichy France
Authors: Koreman Megan 
Published: July 2002

Marc Olivier Baruch, Servir l'Etat français: L'administration en France de 1940 à 1944, preface by Jean-Pierre Azéma (Paris: Fayard, 1997), 737 pp., FF 180, ISBN 2–213–59930–0.François Bloch-Lainé and Claude Gruson, Hauts Fonctionnaires sous l'Occupation (Paris: Editions Odile Jacob, 1996), 283 pp., FF 130, ISBN 2–738–10419–3.Claude Singer, L'Université libérée, l'université épurée (1943–1947) (Paris: Les Belles Lettres, 1997), 430 pp., FF 185, ISBN 2–251–38037–x.Bureaucracies are so famously capable of destroying the best-laid plans of reformers
that historians often take their power to resist or collaborate for granted. In the
burgeoning field of Vichy France, for example, we have studies of the ideologies of
the well-known collaborators and of Vichy's ’National Revolution‘ as well as
studies of the havoc those ideologies wreaked on the country and the growing
opposition to both the ideas and the consequences. What we do not have is a very
clear picture of how those ideas became consequences. The question is important
because, unlike eastern European countries where Nazi occupation was naked and
brutal, the French ended up amply serving the German cause almost despite
themselves and at remarkably low cost to the Germans in terms of personnel. The
French were not terrorised into turning over their Jews, their young people, or their
crops at gunpoint in the way that, say, the Poles were. And yet they turned them
over. Were the French, then, Nazis willing to give their all for the cause? Certainly
not: far too many heroic men and women preferred to die as resistants rather than
help the Germans.
Tissue Gene Expression Analysis Using Arrayed Normalized cDNA Libraries
Authors: Eickhoff Holger , Schuchhardt Johannes , Ivanov Igor , Meier-Ewert Sebastian , O'Brien John , Malik Arif , Tandon Neeraj , Wolski Eryk-Witold , Rohlfs Elke , Nyarsik Lajos , Reinhardt Richard , Nietfeld Wilfried , Lehrach Hans 
Published: July 2002

We have used oligonucleotide-fingerprinting data on 60,000 cDNA clones from two different mouse embryonic stages to establish a normalized cDNA clone set. The normalized set of 5,376 clones represents different clusters and therefore, in almost all cases, different genes. The inserts of the cDNA clones were amplified by PCR and spotted on glass slides. The resulting arrays were hybridized with mRNA probes prepared from six different adult mouse tissues. Expression profiles were analyzed by hierarchical clustering techniques. We have chosen radioactive detection because it combines robustness with sensitivity and allows the comparison of multiple normalized experiments. Sensitive detection combined with highly effective clustering algorithms allowed the identification of tissue-specific expression profiles and the detection of genes specifically expressed in the tissues investigated. The obtained results are publicly available (http://www.rzpd.de) and can be used by other researchers as a digital expression reference.[The sequence data described in this paper have been submitted to the EMBL data library under accession nos. AL360374–AL36537.]
Comparison of the Small Molecule Metabolic Enzymes of Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Jardine Oliver , Gough Julian , Chothia Cyrus , Teichmann Sarah A. 
Published: July 2002

The comparison of the small molecule metabolism pathways inEscherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae (yeast) shows that 271 enzymes are common to both organisms. These common enzymes involve 384 gene products in E. coli and 390 in yeast, which are between one half and two thirds of the gene products of small molecule metabolism in E. coli and yeast, respectively. The arrangement and family membership of the domains that form all or part of 374 E. coli sequences and 343 yeast sequences was determined. Of these, 70% consist entirely of homologous domains, and 20% have homologous domains linked to other domains that are unique toE. coli, yeast, or both. Over two thirds of the enzymes common to the two organisms have sequence identities between 30% and 50%. The remaining groups include 13 clear cases of nonorthologous displacement. Our calculations show that at most one half to two thirds of the gene products involved in small molecule metabolism are common to E. coli and yeast. We have shown that the common core of 271 enzymes has been largely conserved since the separation of prokaryotes and eukaryotes, including modifications for regulatory purposes, such as gene fusion and changes in the number of isozymes in one of the two organisms. Only one fifth of the common enzymes have nonhomologous domains between the two organisms. Around the common core very different extensions have been made to small molecule metabolism in the two organisms.[Online supplementary material available a http://www.genome.org.]
Duplications on Human Chromosome 22 Reveal a Novel Ret Finger Protein-Like Gene Family with Sense and Endogenous Antisense Transcripts
Authors: Seroussi Eyal , Kedra Darek , Pan Hua-Qin , Peyrard Myriam , Schwartz Charles , Scambler Peter , Donnai Dian , Roe Bruce A. , Dumanski Jan P. 
Published: July 2002

Analysis of 600 kb of sequence encompassing the beta-prime adaptin (BAM22) gene on human chromosome 22 revealed intrachromosomal duplications within 22q12–13 resulting in three active RFPLgenes, two RFPL pseudogenes, and two pseudogenes ofBAM22. The genomic sequence of BAM22ϑ1 shows a remarkable similarity to that of BAM22. The cDNA sequence comparison of RFPL1, RFPL2, and RFPL3 showed 95%–96% identity between the genes, which were most similar to theRet Finger Protein gene from human chromosome 6. The sense RFPL transcripts encode proteins with the tripartite structure, composed of RING finger, coiled–coil, and B30-2 domains, which are characteristic of the RING–B30 family. Each of these domains are thought to mediate protein–protein interactions by promoting homo- or heterodimerization. The MID1 gene on Xp22 is also a member of the RING-B30 family and is mutated in Opitz syndrome (OS). The autosomal dominant form of OS shows linkage to 22q11–q12. We detected a polymorphic protein-truncating allele ofRFPL1 in 8% of the population, which was not associated with the OS phenotype. We identified 6-kb and 1.2-kb noncoding antisense mRNAs of RFPL1S and RFPL3S antisense genes, respectively. The RFPL1S and RFPL3S genes cover substantial portions of their sense counterparts, which suggests that the function of RFPL1S and RFPL3S is a post-transcriptional regulation of the sense RFPLgenes. We illustrate the role of intrachromosomal duplications in the generation of RFPL genes, which were created by a series of duplications and share an ancestor with the RING-B30 domain containing genes from the major histocompatibility complex region on human chromosome 6.[The sequence data described in this paper have been submitted to GenBank under the following accession nos:AJ010228–AJ010233, AC000025, AC000041, AC000045, and AC002059.]
Isolation of Mutations Affecting the Development of Freezing Tolerance in Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh
Authors: Warren G. , McKown R. , Marin A. , Teutonico R. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
We screened for mutations deleterious to the freezing tolerance of Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. ecotype Columbia. Tolerance was assayed by the vigor and regrowth of intact plants after cold acclimation and freezing. From a chemically mutagenized population, we obtained 13 lines of mutants with highly penetrant phenotypes. In 5 of these, freezing sensitivity was attributable to chilling injury sustained during cold acclimation, but in the remaining 8 lines, the absence of injury prior to freezing suggested that they were affected specifically in the development of freezing tolerance. In backcrosses, freezing sensitivity from each line segregated as a single nuclear mutation. Complementation tests indicated that the 8 lines contained mutations in 7 different genes. The mutants' freezing sensitivity was also detectable in the leakage of electrolytes from frozen leaves. However, 1 mutant line that displayed a strong phenotype at the whole-plant level showed a relatively weak phenotype by the electrolyte leakage assay.
Genetic Transformation, Recovery, and Characterization of Fertile Soybean Transgenic for a Synthetic Bacillus thuringiensis cryIAc Gene
Authors: Stewart Jr C. N. , Adang M. J. , All J. N. , Boerma H. R. , Cardineau G. , Tucker D. , Parrott W. A. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Somatic embryos of Jack, a Glycine max (L.) Merrill cultivar, were transformed using microprojectile bombardment with a synthetic Bacillus thuringiensis insecticidal crystal protein gene (Bt cryIAc) driven by the 35S promoter and linked to the HPH gene. Approximately 10 g of tissue was bombarded, and three transgenic lines were selected on hygromycin-containing media and converted into plants. The recovered lines contained the HPH gene, but the Bt gene was lost in one line. The plasmid was rearranged in the second line, and the third line had two copies, one of which was rearranged. The CryIAc protein accumulated up to 46 ng mg-1 extractable protein. In detached-leaf bioassays, plants with an intact copy of the Bt gene, and to a lesser extent those with the rearranged copy, were protected from damage from corn earworm (Helicoverpa zea), soybean looper (Pseudoplusia includens), tobacco bud-worm (Heliothis virescens), and velvetbean caterpillar (Anticarsia gemmatalis). Corn earworm produced less than 3% defoliation on transgenic plants, compared with 20% on the lepidopteran-resistant breeding line GatIR81–296, and more than 40% on susceptible cultivars. Unlike previous reports of soybean transformation using this technique, all plants were fertile. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a soybean transgenic for a highly expressed insecticidal gene.
Identification of a 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-Carboxylic Acid Synthase Gene Linked to the Female (F) Locus That Enhances Female Sex Expression in Cucumber
Authors: Trebitsh T. , Staub J. E. , O'Neill S. D. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Sex determination in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) is controlled largely by three genes: F, m, and a. The F and m loci interact to produce monoecious (M_f_) or gynoecious (M_F_) sex phenotypes. Ethylene and factors that induce ethylene biosynthesis, such as 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) and auxin, also enhance female sex expression. A genomic sequence (CS-ACS1) encoding ACC synthase was amplified from genomic DNA by a polymerase chain reaction using degenerate oligonucleotide primers. Expression of CS-ACS1 is induced by auxin, but not by ACC, in wounded and intact shoot apices. Southern blot hybridization analysis of near-isogneic gynoecious (MMFF) and monoecious (MMff) lines derived from diverse genetic backgrounds revealed the existence of an additional ACC synthase (CS-ACS1G) genomic sequence in the gynoecious lines. Sex phenotype analysis of a segregating F2 population detected a 100% correlation between the CS-ACS1G marker and the presence of the F locus. The CS-ACS1G gene is located in linkage group B coincident with the F locus, and in the population tested there was no recombination between the CS-ACS1G gene and the F locus. Collectively, these data suggest that CS-ACS1G is closely linked to the F locus and may play a pivotal role in the determination of sex in cucumber flowers.
Effects of Sulfanilamide and Methotrexate on 13C Fluxes through the Glycine Decarboxylase/Serine Hydroxymethyltransferase Enzyme System in Arabidopsis1
Authors: Prabhu Vikram , Brock Chatson K. , Lui Helen , Abrams Garth D. , King John 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
In C3 plants large amounts of photorespiratory glycine (Gly) are converted to serine by the tetrahydrofolate (THF)-dependent activities of the Gly decarboxylase complex (GDC) and serine hydroxymethyltransferase (SHMT). Using 13C nuclear magnetic resonance, we monitored the flux of carbon through the GDC/SHMT enzyme system in Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. Columbia exposed to inhibitors of THF-synthesizing enzymes. Plants exposed for 96 h to sulfanilamide, a dihydropteroate synthase inhibitor, showed little reduction in flux through GDC/SHMT. Two other sulfonamide analogs were tested with similar results, although all three analogs competitively inhibited the partially purified enzyme. However, methotrexate or aminopterin, which are confirmed inhibitors of Arabidopsis dihydrofolate reductase, decreased the flux through the GDC/SHMT system by 60% after 48 h and by 100% in 96 h. The uptake of [α-13C]Gly was not inhibited by either drug class. The specificity of methotrexate action was shown by the ability of 5-formyl-THF to restore flux through the GDC/SHMT pathway in methotrexate-inhibited plants. The experiments with sulfonamides strongly suggest that the mitochondrial THF pool has a long half-life. The studies with methotrexate support the additional, critical role of dihydrofolate reductase in recycling THF oxidized in thymidylate synthesis.
Effects of Oxygen on Nodule Physiology and Expression of Nodulins in Alfalfa1
Authors: Wycoff Keith L. , Hunt Stephen , Gonzales Michael B. , VandenBosch Kathryn A. , Layzell David B. , Hirsch Ann M. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractEarly nodulin 2 (ENOD2) transcripts and protein are specifically found in the inner cortex of legume nodules, a location that coincides with the site of a barrier to O2 diffusion. The extracellular glycoprotein that binds the monoclonal antibody MAC236 has also been localized to this site. Thus, it has been proposed that these proteins function in the regulation of nodule permeability to O2diffusion. It would then be expected that the levels of ENOD2 mRNA/protein and MAC236 antigen would differ in nodules with different permeabilities to O2. We examined the expression of ENOD2 and other nodule-expressed genes in Rhizobium meliloti-induced alfalfa nodules grown under 8, 20, or 50% O2. Although there was a change in the amount of MAC236 glycoprotein, the levels of ENOD2 mRNA and protein did not differ significantly among nodules grown at the different [O2], suggesting that neither ENOD2 transcription nor synthesis is involved in the long-term regulation of nodule permeability. Moreover, although nodules from all treatments reduced their permeability to O2 as the partial pressure of O2(pO2) was increased to 100%, the levels of extractable ENOD2 and MAC236 proteins did not differ from those measured at the growth pO2, further suggesting that if these proteins are involved in a short-term regulation of the diffusion barrier, they must be involved in a way that does not require increased transcription or protein synthesis.