bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Is prostate cancer changing?: Evolving patterns of metastatic castration‐resistant prostate cancer
Authors: Doctor Stephanie M. , Tsao Che‐Kai , Godbold James H. , Galsky Matthew D. , Oh William K. 
Published: December 2013

BACKGROUNDMetastatic castration‐resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) most commonly metastasizes to the bone, and less commonly to nonosseous sites (eg, lymph nodes, liver, lung). With new therapies extending survival in mCRPC, it was hypothesized that the pattern of metastases is changing over time. The pattern of metastatic disease was evaluated in men with mCRPC, as reported in baseline characteristics of prospective clinical trials over 2 decades.METHODSThis study identified all phase 2 and 3 therapeutic studies in men with mCRPC in PubMed and American Society of Clinical Oncology abstracts from 1990 to 2012. Studies were excluded if they did not report demographic data and sites of metastasis, or excluded patients with a specific site of metastatic disease (except brain). For each type of metastasis, weighted least squares linear regression models were used to evaluate temporal trends.RESULTSA total of 290 eligible studies (270 phase 2 studies and 20 phase 3 studies) involving 19,110 patients were identified. Between 1990 and 2012, the rate of nonosseous metastasis increased significantly at 1.6% per year (P < .0001), whereas the rate of osseous metastasis decreased at 0.5% per year (P < .0001). The rate of lymph node metastasis increased at 1.4% per year (P < .0001), but the rate of liver and lung metastasis remained relatively stable.CONCLUSIONSA notable change was found in the pattern of metastasis in patients with mCRPC. Because these evolving patterns may have important implications in treatment selection and prognosis, it is crucial that future clinical trials of patients with mCRPC define patients with a uniform reporting of nonosseous metastasis. Cancer 2014;120:833–839. © 2013 American Cancer Society.
Drug resistance and BCR‐ABL kinase domain mutations in Philadelphia chromosome–positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia from the imatinib to the second‐generation tyrosine kinase inhibitor era: The main changes are in the type of mutations, but not in the frequency of mutation involvement
Authors: Soverini Simona , De Benedittis Caterina , Papayannidis Cristina , Paolini Stefania , Venturi Claudia , Iacobucci Ilaria , Luppi Mario , Bresciani Paola , Salvucci Marzia , Russo Domenico , Sica Simona , Orlandi Ester , Intermesoli Tamara , Gozzini Antonella , Bonifacio Massimiliano , Rigolin Gian Matteo , Pane Fabrizio , Baccarani Michele , Cavo Michele , Martinelli Giovanni 
Published: December 2013

BACKGROUNDPatients with Philadelphia chromosome–positive (Ph+) acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) frequently relapse on imatinib with acquisition of BCR‐ABL kinase domain (KD) mutations. To analyze the changes that second‐generation tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) have brought in mutation frequency and type, a database review was undertaken of the results of all the BCR‐ABL KD mutation analyses performed in the authors' laboratory from January 2004 to January 2013.METHODSInterrogation of the database retrieved 450 mutation analyses in 272 patients with Ph+ ALL. Prescreening of samples was performed with denaturing high‐performance liquid chromatography (D‐HPLC), followed by direct sequencing of D‐HPLC–positive cases.RESULTSBCR‐ABL KD mutations were detected in 70% of imatinib‐resistant patients, with T315I, E255K, and Y253H mutations accounting for 75% of cases. Seventy‐eight percent of the patients reported to be resistant to second‐generation TKIs after imatinib failure were positive for mutations, and 58% of them had multiple mutations. Analysis of patients relapsing on dasatinib revealed a newly acquired T315I mutation in almost two‐thirds of the cases. Direct sequencing detected no mutations at diagnosis, even in patients who relapsed after a few months.CONCLUSIONSSecond‐generation TKIs ensure a more rapid debulking of the leukemic clone and have much fewer insensitive mutations, but long‐term disease control remains a problem, and the T315I mutation is revealed to be an even more frequent enemy. BCR‐ABL KD mutation screening of patients with Ph+ ALL who are receiving imatinib or second‐generation TKIs would be a precious ally for timely treatment optimization. In contrast, the clinical usefulness of conventional direct sequencing at diagnosis seems to be very low. Cancer 2014;120:1002–1009. © 2013 American Cancer Society.
Elevated intrinsic cancer stem cell population in human papillomavirus‐associated head and neck squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Zhang Manchao , Kumar Bhavna , Piao Longzhu , Xie Xiujie , Schmitt Alessandra , Arradaza Nicole , Cippola Michael , Old Matthew , Agrawal Amit , Ozer Enver , Schuller David E. , Teknos Theodoros N. , Pan Quintin 
Published: December 2013

BACKGROUNDHuman papillomavirus 16 (HPV16) is a major risk factor for the development of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), particularly the development of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC). Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are resistant to conventional therapies, and it is postulated that they are responsible for disease recurrence and/or progression. Because the prognoses of patients with HPV16‐positive and HPV‐negative HNSCC are distinct, the authors sought to determine whether differences in the number of CSCs could account for this clinical observation.METHODSCSC populations in HPV16‐positive and HPV‐negative HNSCC were assessed using a proprietary assay based on expression of the enzyme aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH), an in vitro tumorsphere formation assay, and an in vivo limiting cell dilution in nonobese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficiency mice. A high‐density tissue microarray was stained with ALDH1, a CSC marker, to determine the association between CSCs and HPV16‐positive/HPV‐negative OPSCC.RESULTSHPV16‐positive HNSCC had a greater intrinsic CSC pool than HPV‐negative HNSCC. Inactivation of p53 has been identified as a major mechanism for the elevated CSC population in HPV16‐positive HNSCC. In vivo limiting cell dilution experiments using tumors from patients with HPV16‐positive and HPV‐negative OPSCC indicated that the CSC frequency was 62.5‐fold greater in an HPV16‐positive OPSCC tumor than in an HPV‐negative OPSCC tumor. Primary tumors from patients with HPV16‐positive OPSCC were associated with elevated tumor ALDH1 staining, further extending the association between HPV16 and CSCs.CONCLUSIONSThe current data and the clinical observation that patients with HPV16‐positive HNSCC respond more favorably to current treatment paradigms than patients with HPV‐negative HNSCC support the suggestion that CSC phenotype is not homogeneous. Therefore, the reliance on the CSC number may be insufficient to accurately assess the potential of a particular tumor for disease recurrence and/or progression. Cancer 2014;120:992–1001. © 2014 American Cancer Society.
Invariant Measures and the Soliton Resolution Conjecture
Authors: Chatterjee Sourav 
Published: December 2013

The soliton resolution conjecture for the focusing nonlinear Schrödinger equation (NLS) is the vaguely worded claim that a global solution of the NLS, for generic initial data, will eventually resolve into a radiation component that disperses like a linear solution, plus a localized component that behaves like a soliton or multisoliton solution. Considered to be one of the fundamental open problems in the area of nonlinear dispersive equations, this conjecture has eluded a proof or even a precise formulation to date.This paper proves a “statistical version” of this conjecture at mass‐subcritical nonlinearity, in the following sense: The uniform probability distribution on the set of all functions with a given mass and energy, if such a thing existed, would be a natural invariant measure for the NLS flow and would reflect the long‐term behavior for “generic initial data” with that mass and energy. Unfortunately, such a probability measure does not exist. We circumvent this problem by constructing a sequence of discrete measures that, in principle, approximate this fictitious probability distribution as the grid size goes to 0. We then show that a continuum limit of this sequence of probability measures does exist in a certain sense, and in agreement with the soliton resolution conjecture, the limit measure concentrates on the unique ground state soliton. Combining this with results from ergodic theory, we present a tentative formulation and proof of the soliton resolution conjecture in the discrete setting.The above results, following in the footsteps of a program of studying the long‐term behavior of nonlinear dispersive equations through their natural invariant measures initiated by Lebowitz, Rose, and Speer and carried forward by Bourgain, McKean, Tzvetkov, Oh, and others, are proved using a combination of techniques from large deviations, PDEs, harmonic analysis, and bare‐hands probability theory. It is valid in any dimension. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Role of Molecular Dipole Orientation in Single‐Molecule Fluorescence Microscopy and Implications for Super‐Resolution Imaging
Authors: Backlund Mikael P. , Lew Matthew D. , Backer Adam S. , Sahl Steffen J. , Moerner W. E. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractNumerous methods for determining the orientation of single‐molecule transition dipole moments from microscopic images of the molecular fluorescence have been developed in recent years. At the same time, techniques that rely on nanometer‐level accuracy in the determination of molecular position, such as single‐molecule super‐resolution imaging, have proven immensely successful in their ability to access unprecedented levels of detail and resolution previously hidden by the optical diffraction limit. However, the level of accuracy in the determination of position is threatened by insufficient treatment of molecular orientation. Here we review a number of methods for measuring molecular orientation using fluorescence microscopy, focusing on approaches that are most compatible with position estimation and single‐molecule super‐resolution imaging. We highlight recent methods based on quadrated pupil imaging and on double‐helix point spread function microscopy and apply them to the study of fluorophore mobility on immunolabeled microtubules.
Hollow Porous Carbon Fiber from Cotton with Nitrogen Doping
Authors: Shen Wenzhong , Hu Tuoping , Wang Peiyu , Sun Haizhen , Fan Weibin 
Published: December 2013

AbstractPorous carbon fiber with hollow structure and hydrophilic groups was successfully prepared from cotton. The structures and surface chemical properties of the porous carbon fiber were characterized by nitrogen adsorption isotherms, thermogravimetry, FTIR spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. The morphologies of porous carbons prepared under different conditions were observed and compared. The resulting porous carbons had a microporous structure with a pore size distribution around 0.7–2.0 nm. The pyrolysis and decomposition of cotton to form a condensation cross‐linked ring structure took place from 230 to 350 °C. Nitrogen‐containing groups could be incorporated into the carbon matrix by urea decomposition during the carbonization process. The porous carbon contained more hydrophilic groups and its fiber structure was kept; the carbon yield was improved in the presence of KOH/urea. The porous carbon fiber showed high adsorption capacities of CO2 as a result of its surface hydrophilic groups and developed pore structure.
Influence of Chromophore Length and Acceptor Groups on the Optical Properties of Rigidified Merocyanine Dyes
Authors: Kreß Katharina Christina , Fischer Thomas , Stumpe Joachim , Frey Wolfgang , Raith Melanie , Beiraghi Omid , Eichhorn S. Holger , Tussetschläger Stefan , Laschat Sabine 
Published: December 2013

AbstractInvited for this month’s cover are the three collaborating groups from the University of Stuttgart and the Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Polymer Research in Potsdam, both from Germany as well as the University of Windsor, Canada. The cover picture shows the shift of frontier orbital energies and symmetries upon excitation with light for three different chromophore lengths. Read the full text of the article at 10.1002/cplu.201300308
Mesostructured Platinum‐Free Anode and Carbon‐Free Cathode Catalysts for Durable Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells
Authors: Cui Xiangzhi , Shi Jianlin , Wang Yongxia , Chen Yu , Zhang Lingxia , Hua Zile 
Published: December 2013

AbstractAs one of the most important clean energy sources, proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) have been a topic of extensive research focus for decades. Unfortunately, several critical technique obstacles, such as the high cost of platinum electrode catalysts, performance degradation due to the CO poisoning of the platinum anode, and carbon corrosion by oxygen in the cathode, have greatly impeded its commercial development. A prototype of a single PEMFC catalyzed by a mesostructured platinum‐free WO3/C anode and a mesostructured carbon‐free Pt/WC cathode catalysts is reported herein. The prototype cell exhibited 93 % power output of a standard PEMFC using commercial Pt/C catalysts at 50 and 70 °C, and more importantly, CO poisoning‐free and carbon corrosion‐resistant characters of the anode and cathode, respectively. Consequently, the prototype cell demonstrated considerably enhanced cell operation durability. The mesostructured electrode catalysts are therefore highly promising in the future development and application of PEMFCs.
Upward appearance comparison and the development of eating pathology in college women
Authors: Arigo Danielle , Schumacher Leah , Martin Lindsay M. 
Published: December 2013

ABSTRACTObjectiveBody dissatisfaction and disordered eating behaviors are common among college women, yet only a subset of this population develops clinically significant disordered eating symptoms during college. Appearance‐based social comparisons, particularly those made to others with “better” bodies (i.e., upward appearance comparisons), have demonstrated concurrent relationships with body dissatisfaction and disordered eating. Little is known about the value of these comparisons for predicting the development of eating pathology, however.MethodThe present study examined the predictive value of upward appearance comparisons, as well as established risk factors (e.g., body dissatisfaction, negative affect), for the onset of clinically significant eating pathology over one college semester. College women (N = 454) completed validated self‐report measures at the beginning of one semester, and again nine weeks later.ResultsWomen who were newly above the clinical threshold for eating pathology at follow‐up (n = 31) exhibited stronger baseline tendencies toward upward appearance comparisons than women who were below the threshold at both time points. In contrast, women who were already above the clinical threshold at baseline scored higher on established risk factors.DiscussionThese findings suggest that the extent of upward appearance comparison may be useful for identifying college women at particular risk for developing clinically significant disordered eating symptoms. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Int J Eat Disord 2014; 47:467–470)
On the evolution of omnivory in a community context
Authors: Chubaty Alex M. , Ma Brian O. , Stein Robert W. , Gillespie David R. , Henry Lee M. , Phelan Conan , Palsson Eirikur , Simon Franz W. , Roitberg Bernard D. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractOmnivory is extremely common in animals, yet theory predicts that when given a choice of resources specialization should be favored over being generalist. The evolution of a feeding phenotype involves complex interactions with many factors other than resource choice alone, including environmental heterogeneity, resource quality, availability, and interactions with other organisms. We applied an evolutionary simulation model to examine how ecological conditions shape evolution of feeding phenotypes (e.g., omnivory), by varying the quality and availability (absolute and relative) of plant and animal (prey) resources. Resulting feeding phenotypes were defined by the relative contribution of plants and prey to diets of individuals. We characterized organisms using seven traits that were allowed to evolve freely in different simulated environments, and we asked which traits are important for different feeding phenotypes to evolve among interacting organisms. Carnivores, herbivores, and omnivores all coexisted without any requirement in the model for a synergistic effect of eating plant and animal prey. Omnivores were most prevalent when ratio of plants and animal prey was low, and to a lesser degree, when habitat productivity was high. A key result of the model is that omnivores evolved through many different combinations of trait values and environmental contexts. Specific combinations of traits tended to form emergent trait complexes, and under certain environmental conditions, are expressed as omnivorous feeding phenotypes. The results indicate that relative availabilities of plants and prey (over the quality of resources) determine an individual's feeding class and that feeding phenotypes are often the product of convergent evolution of emergent trait complexes under specific environmental conditions. Foraging outcomes appear to be consequences of degree and type of phenotypic specialization for plant and animal prey, navigation and exploitation of the habitat, reproduction, and interactions with other individuals in a heterogeneous environment. Omnivory should not be treated as a fixed strategy, but instead a pattern of phenotypic expression, emerging from diverse genetic sources and coevolving across a range of ecological contexts.
Is the prognosis in patients with diabetes and heart failure a matter of unsatisfactory management? An observational study from the Swedish Heart Failure Registry
Authors: Johansson Isabelle , Edner Magnus , Dahlström Ulf , Näsman Per , Rydén Lars , Norhammar Anna 
Published: December 2013

AimsTo analyse the long‐term outcome, risk factor panorama, and treatment pattern in patients with heart failure (HF) with and without type 2 diabetes (T2DM) from a daily healthcare perspective.Methods and resultsPatients with (n = 8809) and without (n = 27 465) T2DM included in the Swedish Heart Failure Registry (S‐HFR) 2003–2011 due to a physician‐based HF diagnosis were prospectively followed for long‐term mortality (median follow‐up time: 1.9 years, range 0–8.7 years). Left ventricular function expressed as EF did not differ between patients with and without T2DM. Survival was significantly shorter in patients with T2DM, who had a median survival time of 3.5 years compared with 4.6 years (P < 0.0001). In subjects with T2DM. unadjusted and adjusted odds ratios (ORs) for mortality were 1.37 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.30–1.44) and 1.60 (95% CI 1.50–1.71), and T2DM predicted mortality in all age groups. Ischaemic heart disease was an important predictor for mortality (OR 1.68, 95% CI 1.47–1.94), more abundant in patients with T2DM (59% vs. 45%) among whom only 35% had been subjected to coronary angiography and 32% to revascularization. Evidence‐based pharmacological HF treatment was somewhat more extensive in patients with T2DM.ConclusionThe combination of T2DM and HF seriously compromises long‐term prognosis. Ischaemic heart disease was identified as one major contributor; however, underutilization of available diagnostic and therapeutic facilities for ischaemic heart disease was obvious and may be an important area for future improvement in patients with T2DM and HF.
Two‐dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography combined with high‐sensitive cardiac troponin T in early detection and prediction of cardiotoxicity during epirubicine‐based chemotherapy
Authors: Kang Yu , Xu Xiaoping , Cheng Leilei , Li Lin , Sun Minmin , Chen Haiyan , Pan Cuizhen , Shu Xianhong 
Published: December 2013

AimsTo investigate whether alterations of myocardial strain and high‐sensitive cardiac troponin T (cTnT) could predict future cardiac dysfunction in patients after epirubicin exposure.MethodsSeventy‐five patients with non‐Hodgkin lymphoma treated with epirubicin were studied. Blood collection and echocardiography were performed at baseline, 1 day after the third cycle, and 1 day after completion of chemotherapy. Patients were studied using echocardiography during follow‐up. Global longitudinal (GLS), circumferential (GCS), and radial strain (GRS) were calculated using speckle tracking echocardiography. Left ventricular ejection fraction was analysed by real‐time 3D echocardiography. Cardiotoxicity was defined as a reduction of the LVEF of ≥5% to <55% with symptoms of heart failure or an asymptomatic reduction of the LVEF of ≥10% to <55%.ResultsFourteen patients (18.67%) developed cardiotoxicity after treatment. GLS (−18.48 ± 1.72% vs. −15.96 ± 1.6%), GCS (−20.93 ± 2.86% vs. −19.20 ± 3.21%), and GRS (39.23 ± 6.44% vs. 34.98 ± 6.2%) were markedly reduced and cTnT was elevated from 0.0010 ± 0.0020 to 0.0073 ± 0.0038 ng/mL (P all < 0.01) at the completion of chemotherapy compared with baseline values. A >15.9% decrease in GLS [sensitivity, 86%; specificity, 75%; area under the curve (AUC) = 0.815; P = 0.001] and a >0.004 ng/mL elevation in cTnT (sensitivity, 79%; specificity, 64%; AUC = 0.757; P = 0.005) from baseline to the third cycle of chemotherapy predicted later cardiotoxicity. The decrease in GLS remained the only independent predictor of cardiotoxicity (P = 0.000).ConclusionsGLS combined with cTnT may provide a reliable and non‐invasive method to predict cardiac dysfunction in patients receiving anthracycline‐based chemotherapy.
Electrochemiluminescence Biosensor Based on PEDOT‐PSS‐ Graphene Functionalized ITO Electrode
Authors: Gao Ying , Li Jing , Yang Xiaodong , Xiang Qian , Wang Kunqi 
Published: December 2013

AbstractA novel and sensitive electrochemiluminescence (ECL) method for ethanol biosensor was developed by co‐immobilizing the enzyme and ECL reagent Ru(bpy)32+ on the poly‐(3,4‐ethylene dioxythiophene) and polystyrene sulfonate functionalized graphene (PEDOT‐PSS‐G) nanocomposite film. Positively charged Ru(bpy)32+ could be immobilized effectively on the electrode surface with the negatively charged PSS and graphene, which provided a stable ECL platform for further modification with the enzyme. Moreover, the introduction of PEDOT and graphene can be acted as a conducting pathway to accelerate the electron transfer due to the high conductivity. Such biosensor combined enzymatic selectivity with the amplification of PEDOT‐PSS‐G performed well with a wide linear range, high sensitivity and good stability. The sensing platform was successfully applied to determine the amounts of alcohol in real samples.