bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Acute and Steady‐State Pharmacokinetics and Antihypertensive Effects of Felodipine in Patients with Normal and Impaired Renal Function
Authors: Larsson Rutger , Karlberg Bengt E. , Gelin Agneta , Åberg Jan , Regårdh Carl‐Gunnar 
Published: March 2013

Eighteen patients (14 men and 4 women, aged 36–74 years) treated with metoprolol for a month were included in the study. Twelve had impaired renal function (IRF) with a glomerular fitration rate (GFR) of 7.5–77.1 mL/min and six having normal renal function (NRF) with a GFR of 84.9–113.0 mL/min. Plasma and urine concentrations of felodipine and metabolites, heart rate, and blood pressure were recorded over 24 hours on day 1 after an oral dose of 10 mg felodipine and 0.04 mg 3H‐felodipine IV and repeated on day 29 during continuous treatment with felodipine, 10 mg bid.The bioavailability of the oral dose on day 1 and day 29 was 13% and 12.5%, respectively. The terminal plasma half‐life (t1/2) on day 29 was 22 hours and systemic clearance was 490 mL/min on day 1 and 434 mL/min on day 29 (NS). There were no differences in these parameters between NRF and IRF. The protein binding determined by equilibrium dialysis in the six patients with the lowest GFR was 99.74% on day 1 and 99.73% on day 29 and did not differ significantly from previously reported values in healthy subjects.The mean supine blood pressure before the acute dose of felodipine was 164/96 mm Hg in the IRF patients and 145/95 mm Hg in the NRF patients. A maximum decrease of 37/22 mm Hg and 32/19 mm Hg, respectively, was seen within 1.5 hours after dose and at 12 hours the reduction was 12/9 and 15/10 mm Hg, respectively, compared to baseline values. At steady state the morning blood pressure before dose was 152/87 mm Hg in the IRF patients and 129/86 mm Hg in the NRF patients. Similar maximum decreases and effects at 12 hours were seen after dose on day 29 as on day 1. Data on the effect on diastolic blood pressure and plasma felodipine concentrations were well fitted to the Emax model. The maximum reduction in diastolic blood pressure using this model was 27% and the plasma concentration leading to 50% of the maximum effect was 6.2 nmol/L. In conclusion, renal disease does not affect the pharmacokinetics of felodipine. The pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic effects of felodipine are not altered during steady state. The renal excretion of inactive metabolites is reduced in IRF. However, the accumulation of metabolites in the blood does not affect the protein binding or the clearance of felodipine. No dosage adjustment of felodipine seems to be necessary in patients with hypertension and renal impairment.
Innovative Approaches to Teaching Clinical Pharmacology: Problems of an Emerging Curriculum
Authors: Burford Hugh J. 
Published: March 2013

The Journal of Clinical Pharmacology is publishing an educational series dealing with Innovative Teaching programs in Clinical Pharmacology. Claire M. Lathers, PhD, FCP, and Alphonse J. Ingenito, PhD, FCP, are coediting this series of articles. Two articles have been published to date. The first is coauthored by AJ Ingenito, CM Lathers, and HJ Burford, and is entitled “Instruction in Clinical Pharmacology: Changes in the Wind” (J Clin Pharmacol 1989;29:7–17) and the second was written by CM Lathers and CM Smith and is entitled “Teaching Clinical Pharmacology: Coordination with Medical Pharmacology Courses” (J Clin Pharmacol 1989;29:581–597). The third article, “Incorporation of Clinical Pharmacology into the Fourth Year of the Medical Curriculum: Teaching Clinical Pharmacology Without a Clinical Pharmacologist,” (J Clin Pharmacol 1990;30:1065–1073) was written by Patricia Williams, PhD at Eastern Virginia Medical School. The fourth article (in press) written by Duncan E. Hutcheon, MD, FCP of UMDNJ in Newark, and Hoda Wadie El‐Gawly, MD, PhD, from the University of Suez, describes a computer‐based problem‐solving system in clinical pharmacology.A system that isn't innovating is a system that is dying. In the long run, the innovators are the ones who rescue all human ventures from death by decay. So value them. You don't have to be one yourself, but you should be a friend of the innovators around you. And if you don't have any around you, you had better import some.
BOOK REVIEWS
Authors: Maggio Beth 
Published: March 2013

Book reviewed in this article:Manual of Quantitative Pathology in Cancer Diagnosis and Prognosis Baak JPA, Editor.Drugs in Gastroenterology Braga P, Guslandi M, Tittobello A, Editors.Excitatory Amino Acids (Fidia Research Foundation Symposium Series, Vol. 5) Meldrum BS, Moroni F, Simon RP, Woods JH, Editors.Retinoids: 10 Years On Saurat JH, Editor.The Design of Analgesic Clinical Trials (Advances in Pain Research and Therapy, Vol. 18), Mitchell B. Max, Russell K. Portenoy, and Eugene M. Laska, EditorsPatient Compliance in Medical Practice and Clinical Trials, Joyce A. Cramer and Bert Spilker, EditorsClinical Drug Therapy, Anne Abrams, Editor
Clinical Pharmacology of Antiepileptic Drug Use: “Clinical Pearls about the Perils of Patty”
Authors: Schraeder Paul L. , Lathers Claire M. 
Published: March 2013

This Clinical Pharmacology Problem Solving (CPPS) Unit is for use with fourth‐ or fifth‐year pharmacy students and third‐ or fourth‐year medical students during conferences held when they are taking either a rotation in Neurology or Clinical Pharmacology. It may also be used for house staff teaching of residents in Neurology, Pediatrics, Internal Medicine, and Family Practice and fellows in Clinical Pharmacology. This material was prepared for a Teaching Clinic in Clinical Pharmacology taught by Claire M. Lathers, PhD, FCP, Hugh J. Burford, PhD, FCP, and Cedric M. Smith, MD, FCP, and sponsored by the American College of Clinical Pharmacology, September 19–20, 1992, Washington, DC.This workbook includes: (1) an introduction to the Clinical Pharmacology Problem Solving (CPPS) Unit; (2) the learning objectives of the clinical simulation; (3) a pretest; (4) four clinical episodes occurring over many years in the life of a patient; (5) answers to the pretest; (6) a posttest; (7) answers to the posttest.
A Simplified Account of Drug Accumulation and Steady‐State Dose Equivalences
Authors: Swartz Conrad M. 
Published: March 2013

The accumulation of medication taken regularly can influence its clinical effects, cumulative toxicities and steady‐state equivalent doses to similar agents, and the elimination of concurrent medications. A basic expression of drug accumulation, the Unit Dose Accumulation Ratio (UDAR), is defined as the ratio of the day‐average blood drug concentration at steady‐state to the peak blood drug concentration after one dose. In a single‐compartment analysis the UDAR is found to equal 0.0601 multiplied by the elimination half‐life (in hours). The UDARs estimated in this way approximate those found from measurements of valproic acid, desipramine, and reboxetine. Further modeling reveals that in common situations graduality of release has only small effects on UDARs. Extension to multiexponential elimination is described by simple expressions in terms of ratios of kinetic coefficients. Modeling of accumulation with biexponential elimination is depicted on a graph.Several applications of the UDAR are illustrated. The UDAR permits determination of steady‐state dose equivalences from single dose equivalences and vice‐versa. This facilitates medication interchange, as in clinical withdrawal management by replacement of short‐acting sedative‐hypnotics with long‐acting agents, e.g., alprazolam with clonazepam. The UDAR reflects tolerance, e.g., if 30‐mg flurazepam equals 4‐mg lorazepam, the UDAR indicates that at steady‐state, 30 mg/day of flurazepam approximates 21 mg/day of lorazepam. The UDAR can estimate total exposure, e.g., to organic chlorine. The UDAR complements methods described previously for drug dose prediction and blood drug level monitoring that were simplified by expressing blood levels as averages over the day. J Clin Pharmacol 1997;37:962–970.
Hyperbranched Conjugated Polyelectrolytes for Biological Sensing and Imaging
Authors: Feng Guangxue , Liang Jing , Liu Bin 
Published: March 2013

AbstractOver the recent decades, conjugated polyelectrolytes have attracted great research interests due to their unique physical and chemical properties. In this feature article, we summarize the recent advances of hyperbranched conjugated polyelectrolytes (HCPEs) in biological sensing and imaging applications. The HCPEs possess three‐dimensional core‐shell architectures with plenty of functional groups at the peripheries. Through further bioconjugation, the obtained functional HCPEs have wide applications in biomolecules sensing in solution, in vitro cell detection and imaging, specific protein detection in live cells, real‐time cell apoptosis detection, gene delivery, and in vivo dual‐modal fluorescence and magnetic resonance imaging. Some further outlooks are also highlighted at the end of the feature article.magnified image
Effect of curauá fiber content on the properties of poly(hydroxybutyrate‐co‐valerate) composites
Authors: Rossa Lilian Vanessa , Scienza Lisete Cristine , Zattera Ademir José 
Published: March 2013

AbstractPoly(hydroxybutyrate‐co‐valerate) (PHBV), a biodegradable polymer produced from a renewable microbiological source, was reinforced with varying amounts of curauá fibers (CFs). The composites were produced using a twin‐screw extrusion and injection process. Scanning electron microscopy showed poor adhesion between the matrix and fiber; however, mechanical testing showed that the addition of the fiber improved the mechanical properties. Composites with 20 and 30 wt% CF displayed the best properties; however, because of the difficulties in processing composites with a CF content of 30 wt%, it was concluded that the ideal content of CF was 20 wt%. POLYM. COMPOS., 2013. © 2013 Society of Plastics Engineers
Effect of insulation layer for thermal shock in cryogenic composite laminates
Authors: Oh Bong Taek , Lagoudas Dimitris C. , Moon Sung Cheal 
Published: March 2013

AbstractThe structural weight of a cryogenic propellant tank for reusable launch vehicles (RLVs) can be effectively reduced by the use of advanced composite materials. However, microscopic damage such as transverse matrix cracks (TMC) and delaminations are prone to develop in composites well below the load levels that would result in mechanical failure. This microscopic damage leads to a leakage path for the fuel. The leakage is influenced by many factors including connectivity of the cracks, residual and service‐induced stresses, and composite stacking sequence. This article is concerned with the effect of thermal gradients due to sudden exposure to a cryogenic temperature with and without insulation layer. An investigation of the insulation layer for sudden exposure to cryogenic temperatures is conducted numerically. The exposure of the harsh environment could make the damages such as delaminations, TMC, and leakage path. The defects from manufacturing could be formed, and they are critical parts under sudden exposure to cryogenic temperature. Therefore, the qualitative analysis for insulation technique is needed. The results from this article are very important because the stress levels which cause damages can be predicted and also controlled using the insulating techniques. The insulation skill which can suppress the stress levels is newly introduced in this article for RLV cryogenic fuel tank. Moreover, the effect of lay‐ups is also investigated in this article. The thermal gradient can be controlled by using different lay‐ups. POLYM. COMPOS., 2013. © 2013 Society of Plastics Engineers
A reactive extrusion process for the free radical grafting of silanes onto polypropylene: Effects of processing conditions and properties of water cross‐linked silane‐grafted polypropylene
Authors: Li Zheng‐Hui , Hu Guo‐Hua , Corriou Jean‐Pierre , Hoppe Sandrine , Fonteix Christian , Laine Richard , Habimana Jean , Deheunynck Damien 
Published: March 2013

AbstractSilane grafting and water cross‐linking of polypropylene (PP) are a recent method to modify its properties, such as melt strength, heat, and chemical resistance. This work aims at grafting silanes onto PP by reactive extrusion. The occurrence of the grafting of silane onto PP was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and a method based on FTIR was developed to quantify the amount of polymerized silane and that of silane grafted onto PP. The molar mass of the silane‐grafted PP and its melt viscosity were also measured. A multiobjective optimization strategy was used to study the effects of processing conditions on the quality of the silane‐modified PP. It was concluded that to maximize the amount of silane grafted on PP and minimize the amount of polymerized silane and the decrease in PP chain scission, screw speed and barrel temperature should be low and feed rate high. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2013. © 2013 Society of Plastics Engineers
Putative cholesterol‐binding sites in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) coreceptors CXCR4 and CCR5
Authors: Zhukovsky Mikhail A. , Lee Po‐Hsien , Ott Albrecht , Helms Volkhard 
Published: March 2013

AbstractUsing molecular docking, we identified a cholesterol‐binding site in the groove between transmembrane helices 1 and 7 near the inner membrane‐water interface of the G protein‐coupled receptor CXCR4, a coreceptor for HIV entry into cells. In this docking pose, the amino group of lysine K67 establishes a hydrogen bond with the hydroxyl group of cholesterol, whereas tyrosine Y302 stacks with cholesterol by its aromatic side chain, and a number of residues form hydrophobic contacts with cholesterol. Sequence alignment showed that a similar putative cholesterol‐binding site is also present in CCR5, another HIV coreceptor. We suggest that the interaction of cholesterol with these putative cholesterol‐binding sites in CXCR4 and CCR5 is responsible for the presence of these receptors in lipid rafts, for the effect of cholesterol on their conformational stability and function, and for the role that cell cholesterol plays in the cell entry of HIV strains that use these membrane proteins as coreceptors. We propose that mutations of residues that are involved in cholesterol binding will make CXCR4 and CCR5 insensitive to membrane cholesterol content. Cholesterol‐binding sites in HIV coreceptors are potential targets for steroid drugs that bind to CXCR4 and CCR5 with higher binding affinity than cholesterol, but do not stabilize the native conformation of these proteins. Proteins 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Analysis of the caudate artery with three‐dimensional imaging
Authors: Oshiro Yukio , Sasaki Ryoko , Takeguchi Takaya , Ibukuro Kenji , Ohkohchi Nobuhiro 
Published: March 2013

AbstractBackground/purposeTo date there have been only a few radiological studies of the caudate artery. This study aimed to precisely analyze the caudate artery as well as the relationship between the caudate arteries, the arterial plexus at the hilar plate, and the hilar bile duct.MethodsReconstructed three‐dimensional (3D) computed tomography images from 50 patients during hepatic arteriography were analyzed. The caudate arteries were classified as right branches (Irs) or left branches (Ils). The communicating artery (CA) was defined as the artery connecting the right, left, segmental, and common hepatic arteries.ResultsThe caudate artery was divided into 3 types: an independent branch (Type 1); the common tract formed by Ir and Il (Type 2); and an arterial branch from the CA (Type 3). The CA was recognized in 25 of 50 patients. There was a total of 65 arteries to the hilar bile duct observed in 40 patients, and 24 (37 %) of these 65 arteries to the hilar bile duct originated from the caudate artery or CA.ConclusionThe caudate artery plays an important role not only in connecting the blood supply of the right and left livers but in the blood supply to the hilar bile duct.
Morphine‐enhanced apoptosis in selective brain regions of neonatal rats
Authors: Bajic Dusica , Commons Kathryn G. , Soriano Sulpicio G. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractProlonged neonatal opioid exposure has been associated with: antinociceptive tolerance, long‐term neurodevelopmental delay, cognitive, and motor impairment. Morphine has also been shown to induce apoptotic cell death in vitro studies, but its in vivo effect in developing rat brain is unknown. Thus, we hypothesized that prolongued morphine administration in neonatal rats in a model of antinociceptive tolerance and dependence is associated with increased neuroapoptosis. We analyzed neonatal rats from the following groups (1) naïve group (n = 6); (2) control group (normal saline (NS), n = 5), and (3) morphine group (n = 8). Morphine sulfate or equal volume of NS was injected subcutaneously twice daily for 6½ days starting on postnatal day (PD) 1. Development of antinociceptive tolerance was previously confirmed by Hot Plate test on the 7th day. Evidence of neuronal and glial apoptosis was determined by cleaved caspase‐3 immunofluorescence combined with specific markers. At PD7, morphine administration after 6½ days significantly increased the density of apoptotic cells in the cortex and amygdala, but not in the hippocampus, hypothalamus, or periaqueductal gray. Apoptotic cells exhibited morphology analogous to neurons. Irrespective of the treatment, only a very few individual microglia but not astrocytes were caspase‐3 positive. In summary, repeated morphine administration in neonatal rats (PD1–7) is associated with increased supraspinal apoptosis in distinct anatomical regions known to be important for sensory (cortex) and emotional memory processing (amygdala). Brain regions important for learning (hippocampus), and autonomic and nociceptive processing (hypothalamus and periaqueductal gray) were not affected. Lack of widespread glial apoptosis or robust glial activation following repeated morphine administration suggests that glia might not be affected by chronic morphine at this early age. Future studies should investigate long‐term behavioral sequelae of demonstrated enhanced apoptosis associated with prolonged morphine administration in a neonatal rat model.
Joint ergodicity of actions of an abelian group
Authors: SON YOUNGHWAN 
Published: March 2013

AbstractLet $G$ be a countable abelian group and let ${T}^{(1)} , {T}^{(2)} , \ldots , {T}^{(s)} $ be measure preserving $G$-actions on a probability space. We prove that joint ergodicity of ${T}^{(1)} , {T}^{(2)} , \ldots , {T}^{(s)} $ implies total joint ergodicity if each ${T}^{(i)} $ is totally ergodic. We also show that if $G= { \mathbb{Z} }^{d} $, $s\geq d+ 1$ and the actions ${T}^{(1)} , {T}^{(2)} , \ldots , {T}^{(s)} $ commute, then total joint ergodicity of ${T}^{(1)} , {T}^{(2)} , \ldots , {T}^{(s)} $ follows from joint ergodicity. This can be seen as a generalization of Berend’s result for commuting $ \mathbb{Z} $-actions.
Some consequences of the shadowing property in low dimensions
Authors: KOROPECKI ANDRES , PUJALS ENRIQUE R. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractWe consider low-dimensional systems with the shadowing property and we study the problem of existence of periodic orbits. In dimension two, we show that the shadowing property for a homeomorphism implies the existence of periodic orbits in every $\epsilon $-transitive class, and in contrast we provide an example of a ${C}^{\infty } $ Kupka–Smale diffeomorphism with the shadowing property exhibiting an aperiodic transitive class. Finally, we consider the case of transitive endomorphisms of the circle, and we prove that the $\alpha $-Hölder shadowing property with $\alpha \gt 1/ 2$ implies that the system is conjugate to an expanding map.
USES AND “AUTOMATIC” RESULTING TRUSTS OF FREEHOLD
Authors: Jones N.G. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractDrawing upon the history of the doctrine of the old use, Professor John Mee has suggested both that the extent of the authority for a “retention” approach to “automatic” resulting trusts has been overlooked, and that while as a matter of history a “retention” approach has significant support, as a matter of principle in the modern law it is not fully satisfactory, so that it is necessary to look elsewhere for a theoretical explanation for the “automatic” resulting trust. This article examines the reasons for the inconsistency identified by Professor Mee, seeking to elucidate the relationship between uses and trusts, to contribute to the history of resulting uses and trusts, and to explain why the modern “automatic” resulting trust has become a rule in search of a rationale.
IT'S ONLY WORDS: ON MEANING AND MENS REA
Authors: Stark Findlay 
Published: March 2013

AbstractIn English law, mens rea terms can be defined differently depending on the context. This article attacks this approach, arguing that it pays insufficient attention to the criminal law's twin needs to communicate effective guidance to citizens who wish to avoid punishment, and to control the discretion accorded to the criminal law's institutions. It would be preferable to have clear definitions of mens rea terms applied uniformly across the criminal law. If there are gaps, these ought to be filled by additional mens rea terms. The practical issues raised by this argument are considered briefly.
Burden of illness and factors associated with duration of illness in clinical campylobacteriosis
Authors: DECKERT A. E. , REID-SMITH R. J. , TAMBLYN S. , MORRELL L. , SELISKE P. , JAMIESON F. B. , IRWIN R. , DEWEY C. E. , BOERLIN P. , McEWEN S. A. 
Published: March 2013

SUMMARYA population-based study investigated the burden of illness, including the duration of illness associated with laboratory-confirmed cases of campylobacteriosis in two health unit areas. Questionnaire data were collected for 250 cases. The median duration of illness was 8 days and 66% of cases reported symptoms of moderate severity or greater. A Cox proportional hazards model identified antimicrobial use factors associated with a significantly increased rate of symptom resolution (shorter duration of illness): macrolides for less than the recommended number of days, ciprofloxacin for at least 3 days, and antimicrobials not recommended for campylobacteriosis. The impact of antimicrobial use was consistent regardless of when, during the course of illness, the antimicrobial use began. The effectiveness of ciprofloxacin in these results may be due to the low prevalence of resistance to ciprofloxacin in isolates from this study. The effect of antimicrobials not recommended for campylobacteriosis should be further investigated.
The brewery horse and the importance of equine power in Hanoverian London
Authors: ALMEROTH-WILLIAMS THOMAS 
Published: March 2013

ABSTRACT:Hanoverian London was a city full of people, a city built by people for people. These impressions dominate traditional studies of the metropolis to a remarkable extent. By contrast, historians have largely overlooked the ubiquitous presence of non-human animals in the city and underestimate their impact on urban life. This article challenges key assumptions about the Hanoverian metropolis by highlighting the role of its quadruped architects, and specifically its working horses. In doing so, it urges the recognition of animals as influential actors in social, urban and economic history. The article focuses on the role of the horse in brewing, a major metropolitan industry which relied heavily on equine power. Crucially, it shows that the brewery horse became more, rather than less, influential during the industrial revolution.