bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Healthy Heroines: Sue Barton,
Lillian Wald, Lavinia Lloyd
Dock and the Henry Street
Settlement
Authors: PHILIPS DEBORAH 
Published: July 2002

Sue Barton is the fictional redhaired nursing heroine of a series of novels
written for young women. Recalled by several generations of women
readers with affection, Sue Barton has remained in print ever since the
publication of the first novel in the series: Sue Barton, Student Nurse,
written by Helen Dore Boylston, was published in America in 1936.
Neither the covers of her four novels now in paperback, nor the
publisher's catalogue entry, however, acknowledge Sue Barton's age:
“Sue Barton Series – The everyday stories of redheaded Sue Barton and
hospital life as she progresses from being a student nurse through her
varied nursing career.”The catalogue entry for the series and the novels' paperback covers
now claim Sue Barton as a contemporary young woman, poised for
romance. Sue is, however, a pre-war heroine, and very much located
within an American history and tradition of nursing. With her close
contemporary, Cherry Ames, Sue Barton is one of the nursing heroines
who were to establish a genre in popular fiction for young women, the
career novel, and, more particularly, the nursing career novel.
Effect of protein content on low temperature inactivation of the
extracellular proteinase from Pseudomonas fluorescens 22F
Authors: SCHOKKER ERIX P. , VAN BOEKEL MARTINUS A. J. S. 
Published: July 2002

Previously we have examined the inactivation of unpurified extracellular

proteinase from Pseudomonas fluorescens 22F diluted in demineralized
water
(Schokker & van Boekel, 1998) in the range 40–70°C. It appeared
that the
inactivation was most probably caused by intermolecular autoproteolysis,
which is
the hydrolysis of unfolded proteinase molecules by native (not yet unfolded)

molecules. It has been reported that purification of proteinases from Pseudomonas

spp. enhances the susceptibility of the proteinase to autoproteolysis (Barach
et al.
1976; Griffiths et al. 1981; Leinmüller &
Christophersen, 1982; Kroll, 1989; Kumura
et al. 1991). On the other hand, when the proteinase is heated
in milk or when
proteins are added to the enzyme solution, the rate of inactivation by
autoproteolysis
diminishes (Barach et al. 1978; Kroll & Klostermeyer,
1984; Stepaniak et al. 1991).
Apparently, proteins stabilize the proteinase against inactivation by autoproteolysis.Substrate or other ligands stabilize many enzymes against limited proteolysis.

Binding of these substances to the enzyme molecule, either to the catalytic
centre or
to amino acid residues on the enzyme molecule surface, may impose steric
difficulties
so that the susceptible peptide bonds are protected against proteolysis
(Mihalyi,
1978). Such binding may also cause a conformational change of the enzyme
molecule,
such that susceptible peptide bonds cannot be attacked or that the conformation
is
stabilized against unfolding (Mihalyi, 1978). In the latter case an increase
in the
denaturation temperature (Td) would be expected.In the case of proteinases, addition of substrate to the enzyme solution
may
protect the enzyme by a third mechanism. Besides autoproteolysis of the
proteinase,
the added proteins can be digested. An enzyme molecule digesting a protein
is not
available at the same time for autoproteolysis, so that the substrate may
act as a
competitive inhibitor against autoproteolysis.The aim of this study was to determine the mechanism of protection of
the
proteinase from Ps. fluorescens 22F by sodium caseinate.
Vergerio's Anti-Nicodemite Propaganda and England, 1547–1558
Authors: OVERELL M. A. 
Published: July 2002

Deceit is normally held in low esteem; pointing as it does to an evil
disposition; there are, nonetheless, countless instances when it has
reaped obvious benefits and deflected all manner of harm and ill report
and mortal perils. For our conversation is not always with friends in this
earthly life: Ariosto, Orlando Furioso, canto 4, iA common response to the enforcement of religious conformity in
the sixteenth century was deceit, either by silence or dissimulation.
Contemporaries called people who chose this evasion Nicodemites,
after Nicodemus who came to Christ by night. The propaganda campaign
conducted against them by anti-Nicodemites stressed the necessity of
individual witness, supported by scriptural references. Virtually all the
major reformers made their contribution – Calvin, Viret, Bullinger –
even Bucer after an earlier more easy-going phase. Prominent among the
lesser lights were Italian exiles who had personal experience of Nicodemite
dilemmas after conformity began to be enforced in Italy in the early
1540s. Peter Martyr Vermigli, Francesco Negri and Caelio Secondo
Curione all wrote on the subject, but Pier Paolo Vergerio, who left his
Italian bishopric for exile in 1549, was by far the most outspoken and
prolific.
Laboratory studies of double-diffusive sources in closed regions
Authors: TURNER J. S. , VERONIS G. 
Published: July 2002

Various observations of layering and intrusions in the ocean strongly suggest that such
structures and motions are produced and driven by horizontal and vertical gradients
of temperature and salinity, i.e. by double-diffusive processes. Much of the laboratory
work in this field has concentrated on one-dimensional problems, with the neglect
of two-dimensional phenomena. The latter are addressed explicitly in the present
paper, using the salt–sugar analogue system in a simple geometry, but with the aim
of establishing some more widely applicable general principles. Two sources of salt or
sugar solution were fed in at opposite ends of a 750 mm long tank, with an overflow
tube drawing fluid from a point at the centre of the tank. With two salt sources
of different concentrations and densities, a stratification built up through the ‘filling
box’ process, and the total density range lay within that of the input solutions. For
one salt and one sugar source, a much larger density gradient could be set up, with
the range lying outside that of the inputs. The flows were monitored using various
experimental techniques: photographs of dye streaks with still and video cameras; a
polarimeter to monitor sugar concentration; and the withdrawal of samples for the
measurement of density and refractive index, from which the separate contributions
of salt and sugar to the density could be calculated.Three related experiments with simple input conditions were particularly instructive,
and these will be described first. Both inputs and the withdrawal tube were located
at mid-depth, and the tank fluid and the salt and sugar supplies had the same
density. The only difference between runs was the initial composition of the solution
in the tank: pure salt, pure sugar, and a 50[ratio ]50 mixture of the two. Following an
initial transient response which was different in the three experiments, they all tended
to the same asymptotic distributions of salt, sugar and density after about 100 h,
with a sharp central interface and weakly stratified upper and lower layers. This
state corresponded approximately to the one-dimensional ‘rundown’ of a layer of
salt solution above sugar solution, with a slightly higher, unstable concentration of
salt in the top layer compared to the bottom and a very stable sugar distribution,
with a much larger concentration in the bottom layer than in the top one. This
distribution cannot be produced by ‘finger’ rundown, and it corresponds to the
maximum release of potential energy. It was, however, achieved through the action of
many intrusions, which remained active in the dynamic final state, and maintained a
strong communication between the two ends of the tank. A comparable experiment
was carried out using a tank 1820 mm long. With this larger aspect ratio there was
a predominantly local influence of the sources at each end of the tank. Other runs
have explored a variety of geometries of the sources and sinks, and the final state has
been shown to be sensitive to these boundary conditions.
The capacity of people with a ‘mental disability’ to
make a health care decision
Authors: WONG J. G. , CLARE I. C. H. , HOLLAND A. J. , WATSON P. C. , GUNN M. 
Published: July 2002

Background. Based on the developing clinical and legal literature, and using the framework adopted
in draft legislation, capacity to make a valid decision about a clinically required blood test was
investigated in three groups of people with a ‘mental disability’ (i.e. mental illness (chronic
schizophrenia), ‘learning disability’ (‘mental retardation’, or intellectual or developmental
disability), or, dementia) and a fourth, comparison group.Methods. The three ‘mental disability’ groups (N = 20 in the ‘learning disability’ group, N = 21 in
each of the other two groups) were recruited through the relevant local clinical services; and through
a phlebotomy clinic for the ‘general population’ comparison group (N = 20). The decision-making
task was progressively simplified by presenting the relevant information as separate elements and
modifying the assessment of capacity so that responding became gradually less dependent on
expressive verbal ability.Results. Compared with the ‘general population’ group, capacity to make the particular decision
was significantly more impaired in the ‘learning disability’ and ‘dementia’ groups. Importantly,
however, it was not more impaired among the ‘mental illness’ group. All the groups benefited as
the decision-making task was simplified, but at different stages. In each of the ‘mental disability’
groups, one participant benefited only when responding did not require any expensive verbal ability.Conclusions. Consistent with current views, capacity reflected an interaction between the decision-maker and the demands of the decision-making task. The findings have implications for the way in
which decisions about health care interventions are sought from people with a ‘mental disability’.
The methodology may be extended to assess capacity to make other legally-significant decisions.
Long-term effects of alprazolam on memory: a 3·5 year follow-up
of
agoraphobia/panic patients
Authors: KILIÇ C. , CURRAN H. V. , NOSHIRVANI H. , MARKS I. M. , BA[Sogon];OĞLU M. 
Published: July 2002

Background. Benzodiazepines (BZs) can impair explicit
memory after a single dose and also when
taken repeatedly for treatment of anxiety disorders. A previous study with
agoraphobia/panic
patients found that the BZ alprazolam impaired memory during an 8-week
treatment and residual
impairments were still manifest several weeks after drug withdrawal (Curran
et al. 1994). The
present study followed up the same group of patients 3·5 years after
treatment to determine whether
those memory impairments persisted.Method. Thirty-one patients, 15 who had originally been treated
with alprazolam and 16 with
placebo, were assessed on a battery of psychometric tests and self-rating
scales.Results. Ex-alprazolam patients performed at the same levels
as ex-placebo patients on the memory
task and on other objective tests. Performance levels of both groups were
similar to pre-treatment
baselines, however there were differences in subjective ratings whereby
ex-alprazolam patients rated
themselves as less attentive and clear headed and more incompetent and
clumsy than ex-placebo
patients.Conclusions. Explicit memory impairments found while patients
were taking alprazolam and weeks
after drug withdrawal did not persist 3·5 years later. We suggest
that the memory impairments
observed in our previous study weeks after withdrawal of alprazolam were
not residual effects of
alprazolam but rather were due to the drug's interference with practice
effects on the tests and
habituation of anxiety over repeated exposure to the test situation.
Plantinga on warrant
Authors: SWINBURNE RICHARD 
Published: July 2002

Alvin PlantingaWarranted Christian Belief(New York NY: Oxford University Press,
2000).In the two previous volumes of his trilogy on ‘warrant’, Alvin Plantinga
developed his general theory of warrant, defined as that characteristic enough
of which terms a true belief into knowledge. A belief B has warrant if and only if:
(1) it is produced by cognitive faculties functioning properly, (2) in a cognitive
environment sufficiently similar to that for which the faculties were designed, (3)
according to a design plan aimed at the production of true beliefs, when (4) there
is a high statistical probability of such beliefs being true.Thus my belief that there is a table in front of me has warrant if in the first
place, in producing it, my cognitive faculties were functioning properly, the way
they were meant to function. Plantinga holds that just as our heart or liver may
function properly or not, so may our cognitive faculties. And he also holds that if
God made us, our faculties function properly if they function in the way God
designed them to function; whereas if evolution (uncaused by God) made us, then
our faculties function properly if they function in the way that (in some sense)
evolution designed them to function.
X-ray emission produced by hot electrons from fs-laser produced
plasma— diagnostic and application
Authors: USCHMANN I. , GIBBON P. , KLÖPFEL D. , FEURER T. , FÖRSTER E. , AUDEBERT P. , GEINDRE J.-P. , GAUTHIER J.-C. , ROUSSE A. , RISCHEL C. 
Published: July 2002

High intensity fs-laser pulses can deliver focused intensities
in the region of 1016–1019
W/cm2. If the laser pulse is focused onto a
solid or gaseous material, a plasma is created. The electrons,
as well as the ions are accelerated in the strong laser
field up to energies in the range of keV to several MeV.
The interaction of the high energy particles with cold
material, that is, the solid target yield of intense X-ray
emission, K-shell—as well as bremsstrahlung-radiation.
The K-shell emission from layered targets is a
useful indicator of the production efficiency, energy distribution,
and transport of hot electrons produced in fs-laser plasmas.
For the diagnosis of laser plasma interaction and its application
as an intense X-ray source, the spatial, temporal and spectral
distribution of K-shell X rays is of fundamental
importance. Focusing crystal spectrographs can be used
to obtain a single shot X-ray spectra of laser plasmas
produced by table top fs-lasers. With a spatial- and spectral-focusing
spectrograph based on a toroidally bent crystal, the emission
region of the hot plasma and Kα-radiation
can be determined. Recording the spectra online by a frontside
illuminated charge-coupled device (CCD) allows alignment
of the crystal spectrograph, as well as the laser beam
focusing leading to different X-ray source sizes. Using
a controlled fs-prepulse, an increase in Kα
radiation could be observed with the diagnostic.Measurements of calibrated high resolution spectra are compared
with particle-in-cell (PIC) calculations of the laser absorption
and hot electron production postprocessed by a Monte–Carlo
(MC) transport model of electron stopping and Kα X-ray
generation.
Providing for the elderly in eighteenth-century England
Authors: OTTAWAY SUSANNAH R. 
Published: July 2002

In 1776, in the parish of Puddletown, Dorset, Sarah Dibben, an
elderly,
impoverished widow, was examined as to her place of settlement by the
local justice of the peace to determine whether the parish should pay for
her poor relief. At the same time, the JP interviewed her son,
Melchizedeck, with whom Sarah had been living, to shed further light on
Sarah's situation. Melchizedeck told the justice that because Sarah
was his
mother he ‘thought it his Duty to assist her if he could without
injuring
his family’. However, he was at the marginal level of poverty himself,
‘having nothing but what he can earn to support his family’.
As a
consequence of these examinations, Sarah was removed to the neighbouring
parish
of Piddlehinton, where she had borne her children over
forty years earlier.The case of Sarah Dibben's settlement highlights the main issues
surrounding provisions for the elderly in eighteenth-century England.
(Here, the elderly are defined as those aged 60 and above.) The provisions
of the poor law of 1601 meant that both the local community and the
family had a legal obligation to support the aged. This law stated that
‘the
aged and decrepit’ of every parish were to be supported by a tax,
collected
from all those who held property in the parish. At the same time, the law
dictated:The father and grandfather, mother and grandmother, and children of
every poor, old, blind,
lame and impotent person, or other person not able to work, being of sufficient
ability, shall
at their own charges, relieve and maintain every such poor person, in that
manner, and
according to that rate, as by the justices in sessions shall be assessed:
on pain of 20s. a
month. [I will be referring to this clause as the family-support
section of the poor laws.]
Policy issues, and challenges in Canadian management of the Atlantic fisheries
Authors: AKIBA OKON 
Published: July 2002

Despite steady injection of public funds by successive administrations, the Canadian fishery industry is characterized by resource depletion, vessel tie-ups, and overcapacity, which have led to plant closures and rising unemployment. This paper assesses the progress Canadian marine policies have been making towards rational use and conservation of fisheries and promotion of employment and economic development in fishing communities since 1977.The analysis begins with the creation of the 200-mile exclusive economic zone (EEZ) and its rationale in the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), namely conservation. State subsidies for fleet upgrading, industry modernization, marketing, and the introduction of quota systems, such as the individual transferable quotas (ITQs) and enterprise quotas (EQs), are identified as the key policy initiatives which might realize an economically-viable fishing industry in the post-1977 period. These policies produced corporate expansion and prosperity in the mid-1980s, but there followed corporate losses because of Canadian over-dependence on American markets and sharp quota cuts.With regard to conservation, shortcomings are identified in the virtual population analysis model (VPA), and the inability of the Department of Fisheries to monitor fishing effort by domestic and foreign vessels. The need for radical change in the future direction of marine policies is emphasized and arguments made which support the following objectives: elimination of ecologically-harmful fishing technologies; use of community quotas (with a modified individual quota system); strengthening of community management systems and development of co-management approaches to fisheries management, involving government and fishing communities.
Selective phonological impairment: a case of apraxia of speech
Authors: Dogil Grzegorz , Mayer Jörg 
Published: July 2002

The present study proposes a new interpretation of the underlying
distortion in APRAXIA OF SPEECH. Apraxia of speech, in its pure
form, is the
only neurolinguistic syndrome for which it can be argued that phonological
structure is selectively distorted.Apraxia of speech is a nosological entity in its own right which co-occurs with aphasia only occasionally. This…conviction rests on
detailed descriptions of patients who have a severe and lasting disorder
of speech production in the absence of any significant impairment of
speech comprehension, reading or writing as well as of any significant
paralysis or weakness of the speech musculature.(Lebrun 1990: 380)Based on the experimental investigation of poorly coarticulated speech
of
patients from two divergent languages (German and Xhosa) it is argued
that apraxia of speech has to be seen as a defective implementation of
phonological representations at the phonology–phonetics interface.
We
contend that phonological structure exhibits neither a homogeneously
auditory pattern nor a motor pattern, but a complex encoding of
sequences of speech sounds. Specifically, it is maintained that speech
is
encoded in the brain as a sequence of distinctive feature configurations.
These configurations are specified with differing degrees of detail
depending on the role the speech segments they underlie play in the
phonological structure of a language. The transfer between phonological
and phonetic representation encodes speech sounds as a sequence of vocal
tract configurations. Like the distinctive feature representation, these
configurations may be more or less specified. We argue that the severe
and
lasting disorders in speech production observed in apraxia of speech are
caused by the distortion of this transfer between phonological and
phonetic representation. The characteristic production deficits of apraxic
patients are explained in terms of overspecification of phonetic representations.
Convergent evolution of plant chemical discrimination by omnivorous and herbivorous scleroglossan lizards
Authors: Cooper William 
Published: July 2002

AbstractBecause sensory capacities and responsiveness must correspond to adaptively important environmental cues, they may require evolutionary modification to match shifts in the adaptive milieu. Many lizards identify prey by tongue‐flicking, especially actively foraging species of Scleroglossa, the speciose lizard taxon that includes snakes. Correspondence between diet and chemosensory responsiveness, although known in two genera of colubrid snakes, has not been established in lizards because most species are generalist predators. Omnivory and herbivory are uncommon among scleroglossans, but have evolved frequently enough to permit tests of the hypothesis that shifts to plant consumption have been accompanied by acquisition of responsiveness to plant food chemicals. Based on literature surveys I traced the evolution of scleroglossan lizard diet and food chemical discrimination. Three tests taking phylogenetic relationships into account (concentrated changes tests, Pagel's tests, and a modification of Ridley's test) showed that correlated evolution has occurred, with strong responses to plant chemicals having evolved convergently in at least five taxa that underwent shifts from insectivory to omnivory or herbivory. In all four origins of omnivory and herbivory in taxa derived from ancestral active foragers, lizards retained prey chemical discrimination. In the single origin of omnivory in an ancestrally ambush foraging taxon, both plant and prey chemical discrimination evolved de novo. These findings show that one aspect of chemosensory identification of food has been evolutionarily adjusted to diet in a major group of vertebrates.