bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Optimization of behavioral dynamic treatment regimens based on the sequential, multiple assignment, randomized trial (SMART)
Authors: Collins Linda M , Nahum-Shani Inbal , Almirall Daniel 
Published: June 2014

Background and purpose A behavioral intervention is a program aimed at modifying behavior for the purpose of treating or preventing disease, promoting health, and/or enhancing well-being. Many behavioral interventions are dynamic treatment regimens, that is, sequential, individualized multicomponent interventions in which the intensity and/or type of treatment is varied in response to the needs and progress of the individual participant. The multiphase optimization strategy (MOST) is a comprehensive framework for development, optimization, and evaluation of behavioral interventions, including dynamic treatment regimens. The objective of optimization is to make dynamic treatment regimens more effective, efficient, scalable, and sustainable. An important tool for optimization of dynamic treatment regimens is the sequential, multiple assignment, randomized trial (SMART). The purpose of this article is to discuss how to develop optimized dynamic treatment regimens within the MOST framework. Methods and results The article discusses the preparation, optimization, and evaluation phases of MOST. It is shown how MOST can be used to develop a dynamic treatment regimen to meet a prespecified optimization criterion. The SMART is an efficient experimental design for gathering the information needed to optimize a dynamic treatment regimen within MOST. One signature feature of the SMART is that randomization takes place at more than one point in time. Conclusion MOST and SMART can be used to develop optimized dynamic treatment regimens that will have a greater public health impact.
Comparison of bias resulting from two methods of self-reporting height and weight: a validation study
Authors: Scribani Melissa , Shelton Jessica , Chapel David , Krupa Nicole , Wyckoff Lynae , Jenkins Paul 
Published: June 2014

Objectives To contrast the validity of two modes of self-reported height and weight data. Design Subjects’ self-reported height and weight by mailed survey without expectation of subsequent measurement. Subjects were later offered a physical exam, where they self-reported their height and weight again, just prior to measurement. Regression equations to predict actual from self-reported body mass index (BMI) were fitted for both sets of self-reported values. Residual analyses assessed bias resulting from application of each regression equation to the alternative mode of self-report. Analyses were stratified by gender. Setting Upstate New York. Participants Subjects ( n = 260) with survey, pre-exam and measured BMI. Main outcome measures Prevalence of obesity based on two modes of self-report and also measured values. Bias resulting from misapplication of correction equations. Results Accurate prediction of measured BMI was possible for both self-report modes for men ( R2 = 0.89 survey, 0.85 pre-exam) and women ( R2 = 0.92 survey, 0.97 pre-exam). Underreporting of BMI was greater for survey than pre-exam but only significantly so in women. Obesity prevalence was significantly underestimated by 10.9% ( p < 0.001) and 14.9% ( p < 0.001) for men and 5.4% ( p = 0.007) and 11.2% ( p < 0.001) for women, for pre-exam and survey, respectively. Residual analyses showed that significant bias results when a regression model derived from one mode of self-report is used to correct BMI values estimated from the alternative mode. Conclusions Both modes significantly underestimated obesity prevalence. Underestimation of actual BMI is greater for survey than pre-exam self-report for both genders, indicating that equations adjusting for self-report bias must be matched to the self-report mode.
Thoracic amyloidomas: Two case reports of an evasive diagnosis
Authors: Cresner Rosie , Mahmood Shameem , Chen Jane , Rowan Camilla , Wechalekar Ashutosh D 
Published: June 2014

Lesson Amyloidosis is a rare differential diagnosis of a mass detected in the chest. Amyloidoma is caused by a local proliferation of clonal B-cells secreting an unstable immunoglobulin light chain which accumulates. FDG-PET scan are useful but not specific. Treatment is generally by local resection for treatment of symptoms. We report two cases of amyloidomas, which are rare entities characterised by large local amyloid deposits. These can occur in the upper respiratory tract, soft tissues and central nervous system. 1
Correlates of Knowledge of HIV Transmission Among Incident Cases of HIV in a Cohort of Injection Drug Users Receiving Harm Reduction Services at Karachi, Pakistan
Authors: Samo Rab Nawaz , Altaf Arshad , Shah Sharaf Ali 
Published: June 2014

Background: Knowledge of risk factors for HIV transmission in high-risk population plays a critical role in averting the risk of HIV transmission. In Pakistan, injection drug users (IDUs) constitute the core risk group of HIV prevalence, where the epidemic has transitioned to a “concentrated level.” Still nothing is known about the role of knowledge in HIV transmission and HIV sero-conversion among IDUs in Pakistan. Methods: From 2009 to 2011, a nested case–control study was conducted in a cohort of 636 IDUs receiving harm reduction services in the mega city of Karachi. Results: In multivariable regression analysis, 3 factors, namely HIV does not spread through unprotected sex (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]: 3.1, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.39-6.90, P value .01), HIV does not transmit by sharing syringes (AOR: 3.5, 95% CI 1.97-6.40, P value <.00), and the risk of HIV cannot be minimized by using new syringe every time (AOR: 2.0, 95% CI 1.16-3.60, P value .01), were significantly associated with the incident cases of HIV. Conclusion: The study findings suggest the association between knowledge of HIV transmission and HIV sero-incident cases.
PTEN microdeletions in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia are caused by illegitimate RAG-mediated recombination events
Authors: Mendes Rui D. , Sarmento Leonor M. , Canté-Barrett Kirsten , Zuurbier Linda , Buijs-Gladdines Jessica G. C. A. M. , Póvoa Vanda , Smits Willem K. , Abecasis Miguel , Yunes J. Andres , Sonneveld Edwin , Horstmann Martin A. , Pieters Rob , Barata João T. , Meijerink Jules P. P. 
Published: June 2014

Key Points
Microdeletions represent an additional inactivation mechanism for PTEN in human T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. PTEN microdeletions are RAG-mediated aberrations.
Estimates for the extremal sections of complex "Equation missing" -balls
Authors: Lai Duc Nam , Huang Qingzhong , He Binwu 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
The problem of maximal hyperplane section of

B
p

(

C
n

)

with

p
≥
1

is considered, which is the complex version of central hyperplane section problem of

B
p

(

R
n

)

. The relation between the complex slicing problem and the complex isotropic constant of a body is established, an upper bound estimate for the volume of complex central hyperplane sections of normalized complex

ℓ
p

(

C
n

)

-balls that does not depend on n and p is shown, which extends results of Oleszkiewicz and Pełczyński, Koldobsky and Zymonopoulou, and Meyer and Pajor.

MSC:52A21, 46B07.
Case–control study of risk factors for infectious mastitis in Spanish breastfeeding women
Authors: Mediano Pilar , Fernández Leónides , Rodríguez Juan M , Marín María 
Published: June 2014

Abstract

Background
The purpose of this study was to identify potential predisposing factors associated with human infectious mastitis.

Methods
We conducted a case–control study among breastfeeding women, with 368 cases (women with mastitis) and 148 controls. Data were collected by a questionnaire designed to obtain retrospective information about several factors related to medical history of mother and infant, different aspects of pregnancy, delivery and postpartum, and breastfeeding practices that could be involved in mastitis. Bivariate analyses and multivariate logistic regression model were used to examine the relationship between mastitis and these factors.

Results
The variables significantly- and independently-associated with mastitis were cracked nipples (P < 0.0001), oral antibiotics during breastfeeding (P < 0.0001), breast pumps (P < 0.0001), topical antifungal medication during breastfeeding (P = 0.0009), mastitis in previous lactations (P = 0.0014), breast milk coming in later than 24 h postpartum (P = 0.0016), history of mastitis in the family (P = 0.0028), mother-infant separation longer than 24 h (P = 0.0027), cream on nipples (P = 0.0228) and throat infection (P = 0.0224).

Conclusions
Valuable factors related to an increased risk of infectious mastitis have been identified. This knowledge will allow practitioners to provide appropriate management advice about modifiable risk factors, such as the use of pumps or inappropriate medication. They also could identify before delivery those women at an increased risk of developing mastitis, such as those having a familial history of mastitis, and thus develop strategies to prevent this condition.
Attributable fraction of tobacco smoking on cancer using population-based nationwide cancer incidence and mortality data in Korea
Authors: Park Sohee , Jee Sun Ha , Shin Hai-Rim , Park Eun Hye , Shin Aesun , Jung Kyu-Won , Hwang Seung-Sik , Cha Eun Shil , Yun Young Ho , Park Sue Kyung , Boniol Mathieu , Boffetta Paolo 
Published: June 2014

Abstract

Background
Smoking is by far the most important cause of cancer that can be modified at the individual level. Cancer incidence and mortality rates in Korea are the highest among all Asian countries, and smoking prevalence in Korean men is one of the highest in developed countries. The purpose of the current study was to perform a systematic review and provide an evidence-based assessment of the burden of tobacco smoking-related cancers in the Korean population.

Methods
Sex- and cancer-specific population-attributable fractions (PAF) were estimated using the prevalence of ever-smoking and second-hand smoking in 1989 among Korean adults, respectively, and the relative risks were estimated from the meta-analysis of studies performed in the Korean population for ever-smoking and in the Asian population for passive smoking. National cancer incidence data from the Korea Central Cancer Registry and national cancer mortality data from Statistics Korea for the year 2009 were used to estimate the cancer cases and deaths attributable to tobacco smoking.

Results
Tobacco smoking was responsible for 20,239 (20.9%) cancer incident cases and 14,377 (32.9%) cancer deaths among adult men and 1,930 (2.1%) cancer incident cases and 1,351 (5.2%) cancer deaths among adult women in 2009 in Korea. In men, 71% of lung cancer deaths, 55%–72% of upper aerodigestive tract (oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus and larynx) cancer deaths, 23% of liver, 32% of stomach, 27% of pancreas, 7% of kidney and 45% of bladder cancer deaths were attributable to tobacco smoking. In women the proportion of ever-smoking-attributable lung cancer was 8.1%, while that attributable to second-hand smoking among non-smoking women was 20.5%.

Conclusions
Approximately one in three cancer deaths would be potentially preventable through appropriate control of tobacco smoking in Korean men at the population level and individual level. For Korean women, more lung cancer cases and deaths were attributable to second-hand than ever-smoking. Effective control programs against tobacco smoking should be further developed and implemented in Korea to reduce the smoking-related cancer burden.
Evaluation of simplified acute physiology score 3 performance: a systematic review of external validation studies
Authors: Nassar Antonio Paulo , Malbouisson LuizMarcelo Sa , Moreno Rui 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Introduction
Simplified Acute Physiology Score 3 (SAPS 3) was the first critical care prognostic model developed from worldwide data. We aimed to systematically review studies that assessed the prognostic performance of SAPS 3 general and customized models for predicting hospital mortality in adult patients admitted to the ICU.

Methods
Medline, Lilacs, Scielo and Google Scholar were searched to identify studies which assessed calibration and discrimination of general and customized SAPS 3 equations. Additionally, we decided to evaluate the correlation between trial size (number of included patients) and the Hosmer-Lemeshow (H-L) statistics value of the SAPS 3 models.

Results
A total of 28 studies were included. Of these, 11 studies (42.8%) did not find statistically significant mis-calibration for the SAPS 3 general equation. There was a positive correlation between number of included patients and higher H-L statistics, that is, a statistically significant mis-calibration of the model (r = 0.747, P <0.001). Customized equations for major geographic regions did not have statistically significant departures from perfect calibration in 9 of 19 studies. Five studies (17.9%) developed a regional customization and in all of them this new model was not statistically different from a perfect calibration for their populations. Discrimination was at least very good in 24 studies (85.7%).

Conclusions
Statistically significant departure from perfect calibration for the SAPS 3 general equation was common in validation studies and was correlated with larger studies, as should be expected, since H-L statistics (both C and H) are strongly dependent on sample size This finding was also present when major geographic customized equations were evaluated. Local customizations, on the other hand, improved SAPS 3 calibration. Discrimination was almost always very good or excellent, which gives excellent perspectives for local customization when a precise local estimate is needed.
Multiplexed modulation of behavioral choice
Authors: Palmer Chris R. , Barnett Megan N. , Copado Saul , Gardezy Fred , Kristan, Jnr William B. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractStimuli in the environment, as well as internal states, influence behavioral choice. Of course, animals are often exposed to multiple external and internal factors simultaneously, which makes the ultimate determinants of behavior quite complex. We observed the behavioral responses of European leeches, Hirudo verbana, as we varied one external factor (surrounding water depth) with either another external factor (location of tactile stimulation along the body) or an internal factor (body distention following feeding). Stimulus location proved to be the primary indicator of behavioral response. In general, anterior stimulation produced shortening behavior, midbody stimulation produced local bending, and posterior stimulation usually produced either swimming or crawling but sometimes a hybrid of the two. By producing a systematically measured map of behavioral responses to body stimulation, we found wide areas of overlap between behaviors. When we varied the surrounding water depth this map changed significantly, and a new feature - rotation of the body along its long axis prior to swimming - appeared. We found additional interactions between water depth and time since last feeding. A large blood meal initially made the animals crawl more and swim less, an effect that was attenuated as water depth increased. The behavioral map returned to its pre-feeding form after about 3 weeks as the leeches digested their blood meal. In summary, we found multiplexed impacts on behavioral choice, with the map of responses to tactile stimulation modified by water depth, which itself modulated the impact that feeding had on the decision to swim or crawl.
Metabolic incentives for dishonest signals of strength in crustaceans
Authors: Bywater Candice , White Craig R. , Wilson Robbie 
Published: June 2014

AbstractTo reduce the potential costs of combat, animals may rely upon signals to resolve territorial disputes. Signals also provide a means for individuals to appear better than they actually are, deceiving opponents and gaining access to resources that would otherwise be unattainable. However, other than resource gains, incentives for dishonest signalling remain unexplored. In this study, we tested the idea that unreliable signallers pay lower metabolic costs for their signals, and that energetic savings could represent an incentive for cheating. We focused on two-toned fiddler crabs (Uca vomeris), a species that frequently uses their enlarged claws as signals of dominance to opponents. Previously, we found that regenerated Uca vomeris claws are often large but weak (i.e. unreliable). Here, we found that the original claws of male Uca vomeris consumed 43% more oxygen than weaker, regenerated claws suggesting that muscle quantity drives variation in metabolic costs. Therefore, it seems that metabolic savings could provide a powerful incentive for dishonesty within fiddler crabs.
Blood flow for bone remodelling correlates with locomotion in living and extinct birds
Authors: Allan Georgina H. , Cassey Phillip , Snelling Edward P. , Maloney Shane K. , Seymour Roger S. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractNutrient arteries enter limb bones through discrete foramina on the shafts. They are required for bone remodelling in response to mechanical loading and dynamic forces imposed by locomotion. The cross-sectional area of the nutrient foramen of the femur represents an index of blood flow rate to the shaft and thus provides insight into the animal’s level of activity. Morphometric data on femoral length, mass and foramen size from 100 extant bird species and eight extinct moa species were analysed allometrically and phylogenetically. The nutrient foramen blood flow index (Qi) and femur mass (Mf) increase with body mass (Mb). At 1 kg body mass, cursorial species have approximately 2.1 times higher Qi and 1.9 times heavier Mf than volant species. The scaling of Qi on Mf is independent of the primary mode of locomotion, but the ratio Qi/Mf decreases significantly in larger birds, although absolute Qi increases. The overall avian equation for Qi on Mb is not significantly different from previous data from mammals, but when differences in blood pressure are accounted for, estimated blood flow to the femur is about 1.9 times higher in cursorial birds than in mammals, possibly in relation to bipedalism and quadrupedalism, respectively. Femoral bone blood flow in both endothermic groups is estimated to be 50-100 times higher than in ectothermic reptiles.
Cold-induced depolarization of insect muscle: Differing roles of extracellular K+ during acute and chronic chilling
Authors: MacMillan Heath Andrew , Findsen Anders , Pedersen Thomas Holm , Overgaard Johannes 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Insects enter chill coma, a reversible state of paralysis, at temperatures below their critical thermal minimum (CTmin), and the time required for an insect to recover after a cold exposure is termed chill coma recovery time (CCRT). The CTmin and CCRT are both important metrics of insect cold tolerance that are used interchangeably although chill coma recovery is not necessarily permitted by a direct reversal of the mechanism causing chill coma onset. Onset and recovery of coma have been attributed to loss of neuromuscular function due to depolarization of muscle fibre membrane potential (Vm). Here we test the hypothesis that muscle depolarization at chill coma onset and repolarization during chill coma recovery are caused by changes in extracellular [K+] and/or directly by low temperature. Using Locusta migratoria we measured in vivo muscle resting potentials of the extensor tibialis during cooling, following prolonged exposure to -2°C and during chill coma recovery, and related changes in Vm to transmembrane [K+] balance and temperature. Although Vm was rapidly depolarized by cooling, hemolymph [K+] did not rise until locusts had spent considerable time in the cold. Nonetheless, a rise in hemolymph [K+] during prolonged cold exposure further depressed muscle resting potential and slowed recovery from chill coma upon rewarming. Muscle resting potentials had a bimodal distribution, and with elevation of extracellular [K+] (but not temperature) muscle resting potentials become unimodal. Thus, a disruption of extracellular [K+] does depolarize muscle resting potential and slow CCRT, but it is unrelated to the insect CTmin, which is caused by an as-yet-unknown effect of temperature on muscle function.
Communicants’ Personal World in the Verbal Texture of the Interpreted Discourse
Authors: Бойко  , Boyko Galina 
Published: June 2014

The paper is devoted to the linguistic representation of the communicants’
individual inner world. German narrative discourse is viewed as the center
of different evaluative cognitive worlds, which create a poliphony of points
of view and evaluative attitudes. The author gives examples of verbal reflection
of the axiological orientations change predetermined by sociocultural
causes.
Non-verbal Language of Germans
Authors: Дубинский  , Dubinskiy Vladimir 
Published: June 2014

In this issue we are starting to publish the research paper presented by V.I.
Dubinskiy. The author aims at demonstrating non-verbal means of communi-
cation in the German language as well as showing the way they are used
in everyday life and the specifics of teaching them further cross-cultural
communication with Germans. Knowing non-verbal means of communication
typical of native speakers means broadening the general knowledge
of the student of the language and developing an active communicative
approach to speech interaction.
The Role of the Sintactic Structures in the Development of Critical Text’s Modus Meanings
Authors: Кремер  , Kremer Inessa 
Published: June 2014

The paper is devoted to the linguistic analysis of the modus meanings in
the critical text of the scientific sphere of communication. The author demonstrates
the role of the syntactic structures in the realization of modus of
real and probable evaluations. As a means of interpretation analysis mental
modus is used, with the help of which it is possible to reconstruct the evaluative
scale of the text. The main focus of the article is concentrated on the
constructions of the subordinate relations, the choice of which is predetermined
pragmatically.
Does Inventory Productivity Predict Future Stock Returns? A Retailing Industry Perspective
Authors: Alan Yasin , Gao George P. , Gaur Vishal 
Published: June 2014

We find that inventory productivity strongly predicts future stock returns among a sample of publicly listed U.S. retailers during the period from 1985 to 2010. A zero-cost portfolio investment strategy, which consists of buying from the two highest and selling from the two lowest quintiles formed on inventory turnover, earns more than 1% average monthly abnormal return benchmarked to the Fama–French–Carhart four-factor model. Our results are robust to different measures of inventory productivity, distinct from the well-known firm characteristics known to generate abnormal returns, and not driven by a particular subsample period. A longitudinal analysis of portfolio returns over longer holding periods shows that although inventory productivity is predictive of stock returns, its information dissipates about one to two years after release. This paper was accepted by Serguei Netessine, operations management.