bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Spectral variation and pigmentary basis of ornamental and mimetic wing colour patches of swallowtail butterflies
Authors: Dharmaraaj Bhavya , Venkatesan Radhika , Kunte Krushnamegh 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Colours and colour patterns are diverse traits that are often used as visual signals. To test ecological and evolutionary drivers of these visual signals, a clear understanding of their nature and variation is necessary. Here we characterize variation in wing coloration of mormon swallowtail butterflies (Papilio, subgenus Menelaides). These species exhibit two kinds of colour patches on black wings: creamy white/yellow/green patches that are presumably used as sexual ornaments, and pure white patches that are presumably used as mimetic signals. Using reflectance spectrophotometry we quantified spectral properties of black wing background and colour patches between sexes, wing surfaces, and mimicry status. We found that brightness and saturation of the black background were less variable across sexes, wing surfaces, and mimetic/nonmimetic status. However, colour contrast and saturation were higher on dorsal surfaces than on ventral surfaces, and colour contrast between the black background and colour patches was higher in males than in females. Colour patches in nonmimetic butterflies were brighter and more saturated across the whole colour spectrum compared to mimetic butterflies. Thus, our study characterizes colour variation in an extraordinary signal radiation on the wings of swallowtail butterflies, a model clade in ecology, evolution, and genetics. Our results generate numerous hypotheses about the ecological and sexual functions of these colour patches, which may guide further behavioural experiments. Finally, using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry we identified the pigment papiliochrome-II to be the chemical basis of the presumed sexual ornaments in mormon swallowtails.
Dissecting negative effects of two root-associated bacteria on the growth of an invasive weed
Authors: Liu Xiangyu , Fernandes Hocelayne Paulino , Ossowicki Adam , Vrieling Klaas , Lommen Suzanne T E , Bezemer Thiemo Martijn 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Plant-associated microorganisms can negatively influence plant growth, which makes them potential biocontrol agents for weeds. Two Gammaproteobacteria, Serratia plymuthica and Pseudomonas brassicacearum, isolated from roots of Jacobaea vulgaris, an invasive weed, negatively affect its root growth. We examined whether the effects of S. plymuthica and P. brassicacearum on J. vulgaris through root inoculation are concentration-dependent and investigated if these effects were mediated by metabolites in bacterial suspensions. We also tested whether the two bacteria negatively affected seed germination and seedling growth through volatile emissions. Lastly, we investigated the host specificity of these two bacteria on nine other plant species. Both bacteria significantly reduced J. vulgaris root growth after root inoculation, with S. plymuthica showing a concentration-dependent pattern in vitro. The cell-free supernatants of both bacteria did not affect J. vulgaris root growth. Both bacteria inhibited J. vulgaris seed germination and seedling growth via volatiles, displaying distinct volatile profiles. However, these negative effects were not specific to J. vulgaris. Both bacteria negatively affect J. vulgaris through root inoculation via the activity of bacterial cells, while also producing volatiles that hinder J. vulgaris germination and seedling growth. However, their negative effects extend to other plant species, limiting their potential for weed control.
Factors Associated With Intended Utilization of Home-Based Long-Term Care Among Older Adults in China: The Moderating Effect of Community Support
Authors: Che Run-Ping , Cheung Mei-Chun 
Published: August 2024

Abstract

Objectives
Guided by Andersen’s behavioral model, the objectives of this study were to (a) examine the associations between individual factors and the intended utilization of home-based long-term care (LTC) services among older adults in China and (b) explore the influence of community support, if any, on these associations.

Methods
Using a multistage random sampling approach, we recruited 1,064 older adults in Chengdu, China. Hierarchical regression was employed to investigate the direct effects of individual predictors and community support on the intended use of home-based LTC services. The moderating effect of community support was examined using the Hayes Process.

Results
Two predisposing (i.e., being old and unmarried), 4 enabling (i.e., living alone, having fewer children, and receiving less family and peer support), and 6 need factors (i.e., having more chronic illnesses; decreased performance in instrumental activities of daily living; higher levels of depression, anxiety, loneliness; and a lower self-image of aging), and low community support were significantly associated with increased intended utilization of home-based LTC. In addition, community support moderated the effects of family support (B = −0.20, p &lt; .001), peer support (B = −0.20, p &lt; .001), self-image of aging (B = −0.39, p &lt; .001), depression (B = −0.34, p &lt; .001), and loneliness (B = −0.48, p &lt; .001) on the intended utilization of home-based LTC services.

Discussion
Policy-makers and practitioners should consider delivering tailored services for older adults and involve the community in the context of enhancing home-based LTC services.
The Spatiotemporal properties of afterslip following the 2016 Kaikoura earthquake in New Zealand from GPS observations: Its complementary and inherited patterns with coseismic slip
Authors: Zhang Lupeng , Meng Guojie , She Yawen 
Published: August 2024

Summary
The Mw 7.8 Kaikoura earthquake, which occurred on November 13, 2016, ruptured a complex system of strike-slip and reverse faults in northeastern South Island, New Zealand. However, the postseismic afterslip behavior and its relationship to the coseismic slip remain incompletely understood. This study investigates the spatiotemporal characteristics of afterslip following the mainshock by using four years of position data from 58 continuous GPS (cGPS) stations, considering the viscoelastic relaxation. Meanwhile, this study considers the contributions of crustal and the interface faults when exploring the combined effect of afterslip and viscoelastic relaxation. Results reveal substantial coseismic deformation northeastern of the epicenter, and postseismic displacements exhibit a continuation of the northeastward evolution. The primary coseismic slip occurred along the Kekerengu and Jordan Thrust faults, while secondary slip was accommodated by the Humps fault and the shallow subduction interface. Two primary afterslip zones are identified: one extending downdip from the secondary coseismic slip areas, and the other adjacent to shallow primary coseismic slip areas near the seismogenic Needles and Hope faults. The afterslip distribution exhibits a spatially complementary pattern to the coseismic slip areas, suggesting that velocity-strengthening zones may have hindered coseismic rupture propagation. The total seismic moment released by afterslip is estimated at ∼2.51×1020 N·m (Mw ∼7.53), approximately 30% of the coseismic moment. Meanwhile, about 80% of the postseismic seismic moment is ascribed to the slip along the southern subduction interface, suggesting the subduction fault plays an important role during postseismic slip. Temporal evolution modeling highlights that roughly 55% of the total afterslip moment was released within the initial three months. Postseismic afterslip dominated during the first month following the earthquake, with a slip rate of ∼10 mm/day. This rate subsequently decreased to ∼5 mm/day over the following two to three months, indicating that the majority of postseismic afterslip occurred shortly after the mainshock. In contrast to the earlier afterslip stages, the latter stages show continued movement along the Needles fault and the subduction interface. Cumulative peak slips have reached 2 cm since mid-2018, with fault slip rates decreasing to approximately 0.6-1.0 mm/day. This indicates ongoing afterslip at shallow faults and the subduction interface, with a steady slip rate over time. Importantly, the cumulative Coulomb stress changes induced by both coseismic slip and afterslip have increased the earthquake hazards potential near the Wellington fault, a densely populated region warranting further investigation.
Plesio-geostrophy for Earth’s core – II: thermal equations and onset of convection
Authors: Maffei Stefano , Jackson Andrew , Livermore Philip W 
Published: August 2024

SUMMARY
The columnar-flow approximation allows the development of computationally efficient numerical models tailored to the study of the rapidly rotating dynamics of Earth’s fluid outer core. In this paper, we extend a novel columnar-flow formulation, called Plesio-Geostrophy (PG) by including thermal effects and viscous boundary conditions. The effect of both no-slip and stress-free boundaries, the latter being a novelty for columnar-flow models, are included. We obtain a set of fully 2-D evolution equations for fluid flows and temperature where no assumption is made regarding the geometry of the latter, except in the derivation of an approximate thermal diffusion operator. To test the new PG implementation, we calculated the critical parameters for onset of thermal convection in a spherical domain. We found that the PG model prediction is in better agreement with unapproximated, 3-D calculations in rapidly rotating regimes, compared to another state-of-the-art columnar-flow model.
C-C Motif Ligand 7 and C-C Motif Chemokine Receptor 3 Dysregulation in Patients With Scrub Typhus and Association With Mortality
Authors: Ueland Thor , Astrup Elisabeth , Otterdal Kari , Lekva Tove , Janardhanan Jeshina , Michelsen Annika E , Aukrust Pål , Varghese George M , Damås Jan K 
Published: August 2024

Abstract

Background
Scrub typhus, caused by Orientia tsutsugamushi, involves infiltration of a mixture of perivascular lymphocytes and macrophages into affected organs. We investigated if this is characterized by chemokine dysregulation.

Methods
mRNA expression of chemokines and receptors was screened in whole blood by cDNA microarray in a subgroup of patients and controls. Regulated transcripts were analyzed in plasma by enzyme immunoassays (chemokines) and in whole blood by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (receptors) from patients with scrub typhus (n = 129), patients with similar febrile illness without O tsutsugamushi infection (n = 31), and healthy controls (n = 31).

Results
cDNA microarray identified dysregulation of the chemokines CCL18 and CCL23 and the receptor CCR3 in severe scrub typhus. Plasma CCL7 (a ligand for CCR3), CCL18, and CCL23 were higher in patients with scrub typhus, with a decline during follow-up. Conversely, mRNA levels of CCR3 and CCR8 (the receptor for CCL18) were decreased in whole blood at hospital admission, followed by an increase during follow-up. CCL7 was independently associated with disease severity. Admission CCL7 levels were associated with short-time mortality.

Conclusions
Our findings suggest that CCL7 could represent a hitherto unknown pathogenic mediator in O tsutsugamushi infection, contributing to local and systemic inflammation.
Respiratory Viral Infections From 2015 to 2022 in the HIVE Cohort of American Households: Incidence, Illness Characteristics, and Seasonality
Authors: Monto Arnold S , Foster-Tucker Joshua E , Callear Amy P , Leis Aleda M , Godonou Elie-Tino , Smith Matthew , Truscon Rachel , Johnson Emileigh , Thomas Lara J , Thompson Mark S , Fry Alicia M , Flannery Brendan , Malosh Ryan E , Petrie Joshua G , Lauring Adam S , Martin Emily T 
Published: August 2024

Abstract

Background
Viral respiratory illnesses are the most common acute illnesses experienced and generally follow a predicted pattern over time. The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic interrupted that pattern.

Methods
The HIVE (Household Influenza Vaccine Evaluation) study was established in 2010 to follow a cohort of Southeast Michigan households over time. Initially focused on influenza, surveillance was expanded to include other major respiratory pathogens, and, starting in 2015, the population was followed year round. Symptoms of acute illness were reported, and respiratory specimens were collected and tested to identify viral infections. Based on the known population being followed, virus-specific incidence was calculated.

Results
From 2015 to 2022, 1755 participants were followed in HIVE for 7785 person-years with 7833 illnesses documented. Before the pandemic, rhinovirus (RV) and common cold human coronaviruses (HCoVs) were the viruses most frequently identified, and incidence decreased with increasing age. Type A influenza was next but with comparable incidence by age. Parainfluenza and respiratory syncytial viruses were less frequent overall, followed by human metapneumoviruses. Incidence was highest in young children, but infections were frequently documented in all age groups. Seasonality followed patterns established decades ago. The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic disrupted these patterns, except for RV and, to a lesser extent, HCoVs. In the first 2 years of the pandemic, RV incidence far exceeded that of SARS-CoV-2.

Conclusions
Longitudinal cohort studies are important in comparing the incidence, seasonality, and characteristics of different respiratory viral infections. Studies documented the differential effect of the pandemic on the incidence of respiratory viruses in addition to SARS-CoV-2.
Efficacy and Safety of Artemether-Lumefantrine Against Uncomplicated Falciparum Malaria Infection in Tanzania, 2022: A Single-Arm Clinical Trial
Authors: Laury Jessica E , Mugittu Kefas , Kajeguka Debora C , Kamugisha Erasmus , Ishengoma Deus S , Mandara Celine I , Ngasala Billy , Chiduo Mercy G , Mahende Muhidin K , Kitau Jovin , Ahmed Maimuna M , Mkumbaye Sixbert I , Francis Filbert , Chacky Frank , Warsame Marian , Serbantez Naomi , Kitojo Chonge , Reaves Erik J , Bishanga Dunstan R , Bajic Marko , Kabula Bilali I , Muro Florida , Kavishe Reginald A 
Published: August 2024

Abstract

Background
Artemether-lumefantrine (AL) is the first-line antimalarial drug for the treatment of uncomplicated malaria in Tanzania. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends regular efficacy monitoring of antimalarial drugs to inform case management policy decisions. This study assessed the safety and efficacy of AL for treating uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Tanzania in 2022.

Methods
Children aged 6 months to 10 years with uncomplicated P falciparum malaria were recruited from 4 sentinel sites and treated with the standard 6-dose, 3-day regimen for AL. Clinical and parasitological responses were monitored for 28 days using the WHO standard protocol. Genotyping based on msp1, msp2, and glurp was used to distinguish recrudescence from reinfection. Sanger sequencing was used to detect K13 mutations.

Results
Three hundred fifty-two participants, 88 per site, were enrolled. Four withdrew and 55 experienced parasite recurrence. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR)–corrected Kaplan-Meier efficacies were 89.9% in Pwani, 95.0% in Kigoma, 94.4% in Tanga, and 98.9% in Morogoro. No K13 mutations were found.

Conclusions
Artemether-lumefantrine remains highly efficacious in 3 regions of Tanzania, but the PCR-corrected efficacy in Pwani fell below the WHO-defined 90% threshold at which policy change is recommended. Implementing strategies to diversify artemisinin-based combination therapies to ensure effective case management in Tanzania is critical.
Adaptation strategies of giant viruses to low-temperature marine ecosystems
Authors: Buscaglia Marianne , Iriarte José Luis , Schulz Frederik , Díez Beatriz 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Microbes in marine ecosystems have evolved their gene content to thrive successfully in the cold. Although this process has been reasonably well studied in bacteria and selected eukaryotes, less is known about the impact of cold environments on the genomes of viruses that infect eukaryotes. Here, we analyzed cold adaptations in giant viruses (Nucleocytoviricota and Mirusviricota) from austral marine environments and compared them with their Arctic and temperate counterparts. We recovered giant virus metagenome-assembled genomes (98 Nucleocytoviricota and 12 Mirusviricota MAGs) from 61 newly sequenced metagenomes and metaviromes from sub-Antarctic Patagonian fjords and Antarctic seawater samples. When analyzing our data set alongside Antarctic and Arctic giant viruses MAGs already deposited in the Global Ocean Eukaryotic Viral database, we found that Antarctic and Arctic giant viruses predominantly inhabit sub-10°C environments, featuring a high proportion of unique phylotypes in each ecosystem. In contrast, giant viruses in Patagonian fjords were subject to broader temperature ranges and showed a lower degree of endemicity. However, despite differences in their distribution, giant viruses inhabiting low-temperature marine ecosystems evolved genomic cold-adaptation strategies that led to changes in genetic functions and amino acid frequencies that ultimately affect both gene content and protein structure. Such changes seem to be absent in their mesophilic counterparts. The uniqueness of these cold-adapted marine giant viruses may now be threatened by climate change, leading to a potential reduction in their biodiversity.
O02 Beyond borders: a global risk analysis of XDR Salmonella Typhi and typhoid outbreaks in Pakistan
Authors: Ahmad Saeed , Idrees Fahmeeda 
Published: August 2024

Abstract

Background
Pakistan has experienced a surge in typhoid outbreaks caused by an emergent strain of XDR Salmonella Typhi since 2016. This strain, resistant to multiple antibiotics including third generation cephalosporins, poses a significant public health threat not only within Pakistan but also globally due to international travel. Understanding the mechanisms of transmission and identifying high-risk regions for importation and onward transmission of XDR S. Typhi are crucial for effective outbreak management and containment efforts.

Objectives
This study investigates the global risk posed by XDR S. Typhi outbreaks, with a focus on understanding the dynamics of transmission and identifying regions at heightened vulnerability. The research aims to assess the association between air travel patterns from Pakistan and the spread of XDR S. Typhi globally, providing insights for targeted public health interventions.

Methods
Using data from the District Health Information System (DHIS-2) for reporting priority infectious diseases in Pakistan, this study employs a combination of epidemiological analysis and phylogeographic modelling. Air travel volume data from Pakistan are analysed to discern patterns of XDR S. Typhi transmission to other countries. Phylogeographic models are fitted to identify associations between air travel volume and the movement of the H58 haplotype of S. Typhi. Flight itinerary data are cross-referenced with model-based estimates of typhoid fever incidence to identify countries at highest risk of importation and sustained transmission of XDR S. Typhi.

Results
The analysis reveals a significant association between air travel volume from Pakistan and the rate of between-country movement of XDR S. Typhi, particularly the H58 haplotype. Countries with strong travel links to Pakistan and efficient local S. Typhi transmission are identified as being at highest risk of importation and sustained onward transmission of XDR S. Typhi. These findings underscore the importance of targeted public health interventions in high-risk countries to mitigate the spread of XDR S. Typhi.

Conclusions
This study highlights the global threat posed by XDR S. Typhi outbreaks originating in Pakistan. The identification of high-risk countries based on air travel patterns and transmission dynamics provides valuable insights for prioritizing public health activities to track and mitigate the spread of XDR S. Typhi. Efforts to strengthen surveillance, enhance antimicrobial stewardship and improve sanitation infrastructure are critical for preventing and controlling future outbreaks of XDR typhoid on a global scale.
P15 The main aetiological factors of lung damage in severe pneumonia and sepsis in military servicemen: retrospective analysis for 2023
Authors: Viltsaniuk Oksana , Syvak Viktor , Lysak Tatiana , Sokolovska Nataliia , Viktoria Martyniuk , Viltsaniuk Oleksandr 
Published: August 2024

Abstract

Background
Today, the problem of pulmonary pathology is very relevant in Ukraine, as it is not always possible to provide timely and high-quality medical care owing to the Russian invasion of Ukraine.

Objectives
To analyse the types of the main aetiological factors of lung pathology and their susceptibility to different groups of antimicrobial agents used at different stages of treatment of these patients.

Materials and methods
Microbiological studies of 36 case histories of severe patients who were inpatients in the pulmonology department of the Military Medical Centre were analysed.

Results
The main diseases that caused lung pathology were community-acquired pneumonia (44%), septic pneumonia (29%) and nosocomial pneumonia (27%). When studying the extent of lung involvement, the most common was involvement of four and five lobes of the lungs, which accounted for 61% of all cases, and the most common complication was exudative pleurisy (57%). In the course of studying the microbiological characteristics of pathogens, a monoculture was isolated in 80% of cases, in 12% of cases there was a combination of Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae, and in 8% of cases S. aureus, K. pneumoniae and Enterobacter were identified. S. aureus and K. pneumoniae were most often isolated from sputum and pleural fluid. Susceptibility testing showed that in the vast majority of cases S. aureus was susceptible to meropenem, linezolid, cefepime, cefoperazone, ciprofloxacin and amikacin. K. pneumoniae was susceptible to cefepime and ciprofloxacin in only 2% of cases, while it was resistant to other antibiotic groups. Pathogens isolated from blood were mostly S. aureus and Staphylococcus haemolyticus, which were susceptible to meropenem and vancomycin, while resistance to ceftazidime, moxifloxacin, cefazolin and amikacin was noted.

Conclusions
The isolated pathogens are resistant to the main groups of antimicrobial drugs recommended for use according to the AWaRe antibiotic classification in the initial stages of empirical antimicrobial therapy. This is of concern because there is an active use of reserve drugs, which in turn also contributes to the progression of resistance to such drugs. In addition, active migration of people between countries may lead to the spread of this trend beyond Ukraine.