bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sensitive and fast determination of papaverine by adsorptive stripping voltammetry on renewable mercury film electrode
Authors: Piech Robert , Paczosa-Bator Beata 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The renewable mercury film electrode, applied for the determination of papaverine traces using differential pulse adsorptive stripping voltammetry (DP AdSV) is presented. The calibration graph obtained for papaverine is linear from 1.25 nM (0.42 µg L−1) to 95 nM (32.2 µg L−1) for a preconcentration time of 60 s, with correlation coefficient of 0.998. For the renewable mercury electrode (Hg(Ag)FE) with a surface area of 9.1 mm2 the detection limit for a preconcentration time of 60 s is 0.7 nM (0.24 µg L−1). The repeatability of the method at a concentration level of the analyte as low as 17 µg L−1, expressed as RSD is 3.3% (n=5). The proposed method was successfully applied and validated by studying the recovery of papaverine from drugs, urine and synthetic solution.
Investigation of SOFC material properties for plant-level modeling
Authors: Kupecki Jakub , Milewski Jarosław , Jewulski Janusz 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article describes results of a recent study of SOFC (Solid Oxide Fuel Cell) material properties using a numerical tool. The created model was validated against experimental data collected for two different solid oxide fuel cells. With focus on ionic and electronic conductivities, temperature influence was investigated. Results are presented, compared with available data, and discussed. Model of a micro-CHP (Combined Heat and Power) unit based on a SOFC stack was used for evaluation of system performance with different cells. On-site generated bio-syngas was considered as a fuel fed for the unit. The overall system efficiency was analyzed using an Aspen HYSYS modeling environment. Properties of two generic electrolyte materials were implemented in the models for evaluation of a co-generative unit operation. Electrical and overall efficiencies of systems based on those cells were compared and differences were observed. Micro-scale power units with fuel cells are a promising technology for highly efficient distributed cogeneration. As it was concluded, selection of a proper cell is crucial to assure high system efficiency.
Kinetics and mechanism of solid state imidapril hydrochloride degradation and its degradation impurities identification
Authors: Regulska Katarzyna , Stanisz Beata 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
A detailed stability testing of solid state imidapril hydrochloride (IMD) was performed and its degradation products were identified. The analysis was conducted according to ICH guidelines Q1A(R2). Pure IMD samples were exposed to stress conditions of elevated temperature and relative humidity (T = 363 K, RH = 76.4%) in order to accelerate degradation. The regular loss of IMD content with time, and the formation of two degradation impurities were observed. The appropriate reaction rate constants k (for IMD degradation and for the formation of product I and II) were calculated using Prout-Tompkins equation. The obtained degradation products were separated and identified by means of LC-MS technique. Based on the obtained m/z values, the masses and the structures of the formed degradation impurities were established. Also IMD degradation scheme was constructed. It was demonstrated that under the applied analytical conditions, IMD degradation follows an autocatalytic reaction model with the rate constant k = (4.764 ± 0.34)×10 −6 s −1 and with the parallel formation of two degradation products: imidaprilat and the diketopiperazine derivative. The obtained experimental results are in agreement with IMD degradation pathways proposed theoretically.
Voltammetric methods of reboxetine analysis and the mechanism of its electrode reactions
Authors: Altunöz-Erdoğan Deniz , Erk Nevin , Kılıç Esma 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Reboxetine (RBX) electrochemical redox behavior at hanging mercury drop (HMDE) and glassy carbon electrodes (GCE) was studied in various pH Britton-Robinson universal buffers using cyclic voltammetry and square-wave voltammetry. RBX was reduced at the HMDE and oxidized at the GCE with reversible adsorption controlled and irreversible diffusion controlled processes respectively. The anodic peak is due to the amine and the cathodic peak may correspond to oxygen protonation. An oxidation reaction mechanism is proposed. The linear relation between peak currents and RBX concentration allowed simple, sensitive, precise and inexpensive voltammetric procedures to be developed. The limit of detection was 0.04 µM RBX. The procedures were successfully applied to human urine and RBX tablet assay. Therapeutic RBX concentrations in human serum were not detected due to strong drug-protein binding. Using bovine serum albumin, the methods were used to investigate the effect of serum protein binding on RBX determination.
Triple Negative Breast Cancer-An Overview and Review of Literature
Authors: Gupta Amit , Jain Jyotika , Kumar Ajay , Kumar Sunil , Wadhwa Neelam 
Published: February 2013

Triple-negative breast cancer refers to a specific subtype of breast cancer that does not express the genes for estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR) or Her2/neu. About 12-17 % of ca breast have triple negative ca breast This subtype of breast cancer is clinically characterized as more aggressive and less responsive to standard treatment and associated with overall poorer prognosis. Chemotherapy is the choice of systemic therapy for triple-negative tumors. They are more susceptible to non-receptor mediated therapies than other tumors. A number of new strategies are currently being tested in clinical trials.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ajms.v3i2.5384 Asian Journal of Medical Sciences 3(2012) 16-20
Malaria Inhibits Surface Expression of Complement Receptor 1 in Monocytes/Macrophages, Causing Decreased Immune Complex Internalization
Authors: Fernandez-Arias Cristina , Lopez Jean Pierre , Hernandez-Perez Jean Nikolae , Bautista-Ojeda Maria Dolores , Branch OraLee , Rodriguez Ana 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Complement receptor 1 (CR1) expressed on the surface of phagocytic cells binds complement-bound immune complexes (IC), playing an important role in the clearance of circulating IC. This receptor is critical to prevent accumulation of IC, which can contribute to inflammatory pathology. Accumulation of circulating IC is frequently observed during malaria, although the factors contributing to this accumulation are not clearly understood. We have observed that the surface expression of CR1 on monocytes/macrophages and B cells is strongly reduced in mice infected with Plasmodium yoelii, a rodent malaria model. Monocytes/macrophages from these infected mice present a specific inhibition of complement-mediated internalization of IC caused by the decreased CR1 expression. Accordingly, mice show accumulation of circulating IC and deposition of IC in the kidneys that inversely correlate with the decrease in CR1 surface expression. Our results indicate that malaria induces a significant decrease on surface CR1 expression in the monocyte/macrophage population that results in deficient internalization of IC by monocytes/macrophages. To determine whether this phenomenon is found in human malaria patients, we have analyzed 92 patients infected with either P. falciparum (22 patients) or P. vivax (70 patients) , the most prevalent human malaria parasites. The levels of surface CR1 on peripheral monocytes/macrophages and B cells of these patients show a significant decrease compared with uninfected control individuals in the same area. We propose that this decrease in CR1 plays an essential role in impaired IC clearance during malaria.
A Nonallergenic Birch Pollen Allergy Vaccine Consisting of Hepatitis PreS–Fused Bet v 1 Peptides Focuses Blocking IgG toward IgE Epitopes and Shifts Immune Responses to a Tolerogenic and Th1 Phenotype
Authors: Marth Katharina , Breyer Isabella , Focke-Tejkl Margarete , Blatt Katharina , Shamji Mohamed H. , Layhadi Janice , Gieras Anna , Swoboda Ines , Zafred Domen , Keller Walter , Valent Peter , Durham Stephen R. , Valenta Rudolf 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Allergen-specific immunotherapy is the only allergen-specific and disease-modifying treatment for allergy. The construction and characterization of a vaccine for birch pollen allergy is reported. Two nonallergenic peptides, PA and PB, derived from the IgE-reactive areas of the major birch pollen allergen Bet v 1 were fused to the hepatitis B surface protein, PreS, in four recombinant fusion proteins containing different numbers and combinations of the peptides. Fusion proteins expressed in Escherichia coli and purified to homogeneity showed a lack of IgE reactivity and allergenic activity when tested with sera and basophils from patients allergic to birch pollen. Compared to Bet v 1 allergen, peptides PA and PB showed reduced T cell activation in PBMCs from allergic patients, whereas PreS fusion proteins induced less IL-5 and more IL-10 and IFN-γ. Immunization of rabbits with the fusion proteins, in particular with a PreS fusion protein 2PAPB-PreS, containing two copies of each peptide, induced high levels of IgG Abs against the major IgE-reactive site on Bet v 1 and related allergens. These IgG Abs inhibited allergic patients’ IgE binding to Bet v 1 better than did IgG induced by immunization with complete Bet v 1. Furthermore, 2PAPB-PreS–induced IgG inhibited Bet v 1–induced basophil activation in allergic patients and CD23-facilitated allergen presentation. Our study exemplifies novel beneficial features for a PreS carrier–based peptide vaccine for birch pollen, which, in addition to the established reduction in allergenic activity, include the enhanced focusing of blocking Ab responses toward IgE epitopes, immunomodulatory activity, and reduction of CD23-facilitated allergen presentation.
IL-1 Receptor Regulates microRNA-135b Expression in a Negative Feedback Mechanism during Cigarette Smoke–Induced Inflammation
Authors: Halappanavar Sabina , Nikota Jake , Wu Dongmei , Williams Andrew , Yauk Carole L. , Stampfli Martin 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Although microRNA-135b (miR-135b) is known to be associated with cancer, with recent work showing that it is massively induced in the pulmonary tissues of mice challenged with nanoparticles suggests a critical role for this microRNA in mediating inflammatory response. In this study, we investigated the expression and function of miR-135b in mice exposed to cigarette smoke or nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi). Exposure to both cigarette smoke and NTHi elicited robust lung inflammation, but increased miR-135b expression was observed only in the lungs of cigarette smoke–exposed mice. Using IL-1R 1 knockout mice, we show that miR-135b expression is IL-1R1 dependent. A series of in vitro experiments confirmed the role of IL-1R1 in regulating miR-135b expression. In vitro activation of the IL-1R1 pathway in mouse embryonic fibroblast (NIH3T3) and lung epithelial (FE1) cells resulted in increased miR-135b, which was blocked by IL-1R1 antagonists or small interfering RNA–mediated silencing of IL-1R1 expression. Overexpression of mature miR-135b in NIH3T3 cells (pEGP-mmu-mir-135b) resulted in the suppression of endogenous levels of IL-1R1 expression. pEGP-mmu-miR-135b cells transiently transfected with luciferase reporter vector containing the 3′UTR of mouse IL-1R1 showed reduced luciferase activity. Finally, we demonstrate that miR-135b targets IL-1–stimulated activation of Caspase-1, the IL-1R1 downstream activator of IL-1β leading to suppressed synthesis of the active form of IL-1β protein. These results suggest that miR-135b expression during cigarette smoke–induced inflammation is regulated by IL-1R1 in a regulatory feedback mechanism to resolve inflammation.
Disparate Roles for STAT5 in Primary and Secondary CTL Responses
Authors: Mitchell Diana M. , Williams Matthew A. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
IL-2 signals during the primary response to infection are essential in shaping CD8+ T cell fate decisions. How CD8+ T cells integrate IL-2 signals in the development of functional memory is not well understood. Because IL-2 induces potent activation of the STAT5 transcription factor, we tested the role of STAT5 in CD8+ memory T cell differentiation and function using a model system in which STAT5 activity is inducibly abrogated upon CD8+ T cell activation. We report that STAT5 activity is broadly important for the expansion and effector function of all effector CTL subsets. After pathogen clearance, STAT5 was required for the survival of effector phenotype memory CTLs during the contraction phase. However, despite its role in supporting full primary CD8+ T cell expansion, and unlike IL-2, STAT5 activity is not required for the development of memory CD8+ T cells capable of robust secondary expansion upon rechallenge. Our findings highlight differential requirements for survival signals between primary and secondary effector CTL, and demonstrate that IL-2–dependent programming of memory CD8+ T cells capable of secondary expansion and secondary effector differentiation is largely STAT5 independent.
Aphrodite against Athena, Artemis, and Hestia A Contest oferga
Authors: Strolonga Polyxeni 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis paper explores the function of the description of the erga of Athena, Artemis, and Hestia at the beginning of the Homeric Hymn to Aphrodite. Though praise of the three virgin goddesses initially casts Aphrodite in a less favorable light, in the course of the Hymn Aphrodite’s primary association with unlimited, natural, and instinctive desire undergoes a transformation through which she is linked with the realm of productive love and male succession. Aphrodite’s erga in the end relate more closely to her role in cult and reveal her beneficial relationship with mortals.
Performing the Patron-Client Relationship: Dramaturgical Cues in Horace’sSermones2.5
Authors: Klein V. Sophie 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article interprets Horace’s Sermones 2.5 as a short play intended for spoken performance. It identifies and examines the dramaturgical cues encoded within the satire, in particular the stage directions, metrical prompts, and ethopoeia of supporting characters. These elements inform an actor’s reading of the poem and spotlight the theatricality inherent in the patron-client relationship, the satire’s central subject. I argue that Horace intentionally activates the language of the stage in order to characterize the client as an actor and to underline the scripted nature of his words and gestures toward his patron.
Anchises CensoriusVergil, Augustus, and the Census of 28 B.C.E.
Authors: Kondratieff Eric 
Published: February 2013

AbstractIn Vergil’s Aeneid, Anchises, like Aeneas, may be seen as a pattern of Augustus, as his survey of his progeny reflects Augustus’ censorial activity (Augustus conducted his first census, without holding the office of censor, in 28 B.C.E.). This theory is supported by: verbal cues alluding to Rome’s topography and the location for the upper-class recognitio equitum; technical terms used to describe Anchises’ activity as he assesses his descendants; Anchises’ hortatory and monitory speech, similar to that of censors known from other literary works; and Vergil’s choice of heroes to represent the republic, most of whom were censors or from censorial families.
Why is Jason Climbing the Dragon? A Hidden Catasterism in Valerius Flaccus’Argonautica8
Authors: Castelletti Cristiano 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis paper explains a controversial key passage in the episode of the capture of the Fleece in Valerius Flaccus (8.109-20). Through a complex network of allusions, involving an astronomical context, the poet exploits the analogies between the myth of the Golden Fleece and the myth of the Golden Apples of the Hesperides to establish a connection between the last actions of Jason in Colchis and the last labor of Hercules. The connection highlights the difference between the two characters and their destinies: Hercules will reach glory in the sky, while Jason will fall deeper into human tragedy. This feature also provides a concluding function to the poem, drawing together the beginnings and endings of Hercules’ and Jason’s labores with the beginning and ending of Valerius’ epic.
The Manipulation of Juno’s μῆνιϛ: A Note on Lucan’sBC9.505 and Silius Italicus’Pun.12.284
Authors: Trinacty Christopher 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis note investigates the repetition of a bilingual pun found first in Vergil’s Aeneid by Lucan and Silius Italicus. It is shown that both authors utilize this pun as a means of intertextuality, and that it leads to an identification between the figures of Juno, Cato, and Hannibal.
In Support of Clinical Case Reports: A System of Causality Assessment
Authors: Kiene Helmut , Hamre Harald J. , Kienle Gunver S. 
Published: February 2013

The usefulness of clinical research depends on an assessment of causality. This assessment determines what constitutes clinical evidence. Case reports are an example of evidence that is frequently overlooked because it is believed they cannot address causal links between treatment and outcomes. This may be a mistake. Clarity on the topic of causality and its assessment will be of benefit for researchers and clinicians. This article outlines an overall system of causality and causality assessment. The system proposed involves two dimensions: horizontal and vertical; each of these dimensions consists of three different types of causality and three corresponding types of causality assessment. Included in this system are diverse forms of case causality illustrated with examples from everyday life and clinical medicine. Assessing case causality can complement conventional clinical research in an era of personalized medicine.
The spatio‐temporal variability of annual precipitation and its local impact factors during 1724–2010 in Beijing, China
Authors: Zhai Yuanzheng , Guo Yongli , Zhou Jun , Guo Na , Wang Jinsheng , Teng Yanguo 
Published: February 2013

AbstractRapid population growth and increased economic activity impose an urgent challenge on the sustainability of water resources in Beijing. Understanding the spatial and temporal variability of precipitation is of the upmost importance in order to sustain the region's water resources. Two time series, one long term (1724–2010) from a single meteorological station and a shorter time series (1980–2010) from 20 different meteorological stations within the Beijing area, were analysed using Linear Regression, Moving Average, Mann–Kendall, Rescaled Range and Spatial Interpolation methods. Results from both the long‐ and short‐term meteorological data show a mean annual precipitation rate of 600 mm and 540 mm respectively. Annual precipitation rates have decreased during the 21st century by an estimated 100 mm or 16% in comparison to the 1990s. The 1980–2010 data show an increase in precipitation during the early 1990s followed by a sharp decrease during the subsequent years. The change of annual precipitation with time is more random and diverse in comparison to space. The main local impact factors (terrain, urbanization and elevation) and how they work on the local precipitation especially the spatial diversity are identified qualitatively. Generally speaking, (1) the annual precipitation of the plain area is more than that of the mountainous area (terrain effect), (2) the annual precipitation of the urban area in the plain area is obviously more than that of the surrounding suburb area (urbanization effect) and (3) the annual precipitation of the lower location is approximately more than that of the higher location (elevation effect). Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Study on effect of surface roughness on overland flow from different geometric surfaces through numerical simulation
Authors: Maske Sunil P. , Jain Manoj K. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractEffect of variability in surface roughness on overland flow from different geometric surfaces is investigated using numerical solution of diffusion wave equation. Three geometric surfaces rectangular plane, converging and diverging plane at slopes 1 to 3% are used. Overland flow is generated by applying rainfall at constant intensity of 10 mm/h for period 30 min and 100 min. Three scenarios of spatial roughness conditions viz. roughness increasing in downstream direction, roughness decreasing in downstream direction and roughness distributed at random are considered. Effect of variability of roughness on overland flow in terms of depth, velocity of flow and discharge along the distance from upstream to downstream for different geometric surfaces are discussed in detail. Results from the study indicate that roughness distribution has significant effect on peak, time to peak and overall shape of the overland flow hydrograph. The peak occurs earlier for the scenario when roughness increases in downstream direction as compared to scenario when roughness is decreasing in downstream for all three geometric surfaces due to very low friction factor and more velocity at the top of the domain. The converging plane attains equilibrium state early as compared to rectangular and diverging plane. Different set of random values result in different time to peak and shape of hydrograph for rectangular and diverging plane. However, in case of converging plane, the shape of computed hydrographs remains almost similar for different sets of random roughness values indicating stronger influence of converging geometry than effect due to variation of roughness sequence on computed runoff hydrograph. Hierarchically, the influence of geometry on overland flow is stronger than the influence of slope and the influence of slope is stronger than the influence of roughness. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Temporal and spatial response of hyporheic zone geochemistry to a storm event
Authors: Zimmer Margaret A. , Lautz Laura K. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractAlthough there has been recent focus on understanding spatial variability in hyporheic zone geochemistry across different morphological units under baseflow conditions, less attention has been paid to temporal responses of hyporheic zone geochemistry to non‐steady‐state conditions. We documented spatial and temporal variability of hyporheic zone geochemistry in response to a large‐scale storm event, Tropical Storm Irene (August 2011), across a pool–riffle–pool sequence along Chittenango Creek in Chittenango, NY, USA. We sampled stream water as well as pore water at 15 cm depth in the streambed at 14 locations across a 30 m reach. Sampling occurred seven times at daily intervals: once during baseflow conditions, once during the rising limb of the storm hydrograph, and five times during the receding limb. Principal component analysis was used to interpret temporal and spatial changes and dominant drivers in stream and pore water geochemistry (n = 111). Results show the majority of spatial variance in hyporheic geochemistry (62%) is driven by differential mixing of stream and ground water in the hyporheic zone. The second largest driver (17%) of hyporheic geochemistry was temporal dilution and enrichment of infiltrating stream water during the storm. Hyporheic sites minimally influenced by discharging groundwater (‘connected’ sites) showed temporal changes in water chemistry in response to the storm event. Connected sites within and upstream of the riffle reflected stream geochemistry throughout the storm, whereas downstream sites showed temporally lagged responses in some conservative and biogeochemically reactive solutes. This suggests temporal changes in hyporheic geochemistry at these locations reflect a combination of changes in infiltrating stream chemistry and hyporheic flowpath length and residence time. The portion of the study area strongly influenced by groundwater discharge increased in size throughout the storm, producing elevated Ca2+ and concentrations in the streambed, suggesting zones of localized groundwater inputs expand in response to storms. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.