bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reduced bed material stability and increased bedload transport caused by foraging fish: a flume study with juvenile Barbel (Barbus barbus)
Authors: Pledger Andrew G. , Rice Stephen P. , Millett Jon 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTThe plants and animals that inhabit river channels may act as zoogeomorphic agents affecting the nature and rates of sediment recruitment, transport and deposition. The impact of benthic‐feeding fish, which disturb bed material sediments during their search for food, has received very little attention, even though benthic feeding species are widespread in rivers and may collectively expend significant amounts of energy foraging across the bed. An ex situ experiment was conducted to investigate the impact of a benthic feeding fish (Barbel Barbus barbus) on particle displacements, bed sediment structures, gravel entrainment and transport fluxes. In a laboratory flume changes in bed surface topography were measured and grain displacements examined when an imbricated, water‐worked bed of 5.6 to 16 mm gravels was exposed to feeding juvenile Barbel (on average, 0.195 m in length). Grain entrainment rates and bedload fluxes were measured under a moderate transport regime for substrates that had been exposed to feeding fish and control substrates which had not. On average, approximately 37% of the substrate, by area, was modified by foraging fish during a four‐hour treatment period, resulting in increased microtopographic roughness and reduced particle imbrication. Structural changes by fish corresponded with an average increase in bedload flux of 60% under entrainment flows, whilst on average the total number of grains transported during the entrainment phase was 82% higher from substrates that had been disturbed by Barbel. Together, these results indicate that by increasing surface microtopography and undoing the naturally stable structures produced by water working, foraging can increase the mobility of gravel‐bed materials. An interesting implication of this result is that by increasing the quantity of available, transportable sediment and lowering entrainment thresholds, benthic feeding might affect bedload fluxes in gravel‐bed rivers. The evidence presented here is sufficient to suggest that further investigation of this possibility is warranted. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modeling and simulation of the combined removal of SO2 and CO2 by aqueous ammonia
Authors: Asif Muhammad , Kim Woo‐Seung 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe combined removal of SO2 and CO2 using aqueous ammonia has many advantages over the conventional processes, such as the ability to capture multiple pollutants, the low cost of absorbent, high CO2 loading capacity, and the capacity to regenerate solvent at low temperature. In this paper, a closed‐loop CO2 absorption‐desorption process integrated with packed column flue gas desulfurization system was investigated. The CO2 absorption was modeled using the rigorous rate‐based RateFrac model in Aspen Plus, whereas the SO2 column and CO2 stripper were modeled based on the RadFrac equilibrium model. The thermodynamic properties of the components were estimated with the Electrolyte NRTL model. The model was coupled with chemical equilibrium and kinetic reactions of the NH3‐CO2‐H2O and NH3‐SO2‐H2O system. The predicted results of temperature profile, variation in CO2 concentration along the column, SO2 removal efficiency, and CO2 separation rates agreed with published experimental results. To optimize the operating conditions, the impacts of performance parameters are investigated including flue gas temperature, concentration of CO2 and SO2 in flue gases, and the temperatures of the lean solution and ammoniated water. Furthermore, the performance efficiency of the stripper column is analyzed in terms of reboiler heat duty and CO2 regeneration rate, for the stripper operating pressure range of 2–20 bar and the stripper inlet temperature range of 60–105 °C. The results show that the suggested model is an adequate approach for the combined removal of CO2 and SO2 from the stack gases.
Inter‐annual variability in the effects of riparian woodland on micro‐climate, energy exchanges and water temperature of an upland Scottish stream
Authors: Garner Grace , Malcolm Iain A. , Sadler Jonathan P. , Millar Colin P. , Hannah David M. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe influence of riparian woodland on stream temperature, micro‐climate and energy exchange was investigated over seven calendar years. Continuous data were collected from two reaches of the Girnock Burn (a tributary of the Aberdeenshire Dee, Scotland) with contrasting land use characteristics: (1) semi‐natural riparian forest and (2) open moorland. In the moorland reach, wind speed and energy fluxes (especially net radiation, latent heat and sensible heat) varied considerably between years because of variable riparian micro‐climate coupled strongly to prevailing meteorological conditions. In the forested reach, riparian vegetation sheltered the stream from meteorological conditions that produced a moderated micro‐climate and thus energy exchange conditions, which were relatively stable between years. Net energy gains (losses) in spring and summer (autumn and winter) were typically greater in the moorland than the forest. However, when particularly high latent heat loss or low net radiation gain occurred in the moorland, net energy gain (loss) was less than that in the forest during the spring and summer (autumn and winter) months. Spring and summer water temperature was typically cooler in the forest and characterised by less inter‐annual variability due to reduced, more inter‐annually stable energy gain in the forested reach. The effect of riparian vegetation on autumn and winter water temperature dynamics was less clear because of the confounding effects of reach‐scale inflows of thermally stable groundwater in the moorland reach, which strongly influenced the local heat budget. These findings provide new insights as to the hydrometeorological conditions under which semi‐natural riparian forest may be effective in mitigating river thermal variability, notably peaks, under present and future climates. © 2014 The Authors. Hydrological Processes published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Treatment of olive oil mill wastewater by a pulsed high‐voltage discharge process; process optimization and combination with Fe+2 and H2O2
Authors: Selçuk Kuşçu Özlem , Eke Ekin 
Published: April 2014

AbstractBACKGROUNDOlive oil mill wastewaters (OOMW) have caused major environmental problems because of the high organic load, high total suspended solids, high inert chemical oxygen demand (COD), low pH, a characteristic odour, its dark colour and toxicity to plants. A pulsed high‐voltage discharge (PHVD) process was developed as a novel alternative to advanced oxidation processes for effective treatment of OOMW.RESULTSThe ability of a PHVD process, after acid cracking, to treat OOMW, was investigated. For a PHVD treatment time of 60 min the chemical oxygen demand (COD), total organic carbon (TOC), phenol, and colour removal efficiencies were 21, 31, 23, and 32%, respectively. Following the addition of 63 mmol L−1 H2O2, the COD, TOC, phenol, and colour removal efficiencies reached 72, 55, 74, and 82%, respectively, for the same treatment time. When 0.37 mmol L−1 Fe2+ (but no H2O2) was added, the COD, TOC, phenol, and colour removal efficiencies were 74, 54, 79, and 72%, respectively.CONCLUSIONPHVD can be used to effectively treat OOMW, using a combination of physical and chemical effects initiated by the electrical discharge into the water. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Electrostatic interactions enable rapid penetration, enhanced uptake and retention of intra‐articular injected avidin in rat knee joints
Authors: Bajpayee Ambika G. , Scheu Maximiliano , Grodzinsky Alan J. , Porter Ryan M. 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTIntra‐articular (i.a.) drug delivery for local treatment of osteoarthritis remains inadequate due to rapid clearance by the vasculature or lymphatics. Local therapy targeting articular cartilage is further complicated by its dense meshwork of collagen and negatively charged proteoglycans, which can prevent even nano‐sized solutes from entering. In a previous in vitro study, we showed that Avidin, due to its size (7 nm diameter) and high positive charge (pI 10.5), penetrated the full thickness of bovine cartilage and was retained for 15 days. With the goal of using Avidin as a nano‐carrier for cartilage drug delivery, we investigated its transport properties within rat knee joints. Avidin penetrated the full thickness of articular cartilage within 6 h, with a half‐life of 29 h, and stayed inside the joint for 7 days after i.a. injection. The highest concentration of Avidin was found in cartilage, the least in patellar tendon and none in the femoral bone; in contrast, negligible Neutravidin (neutral counterpart of Avidin) was present in cartilage after 24 h. A positive correlation between tissue sGAG content and Avidin uptake (R2 = 0.83) confirmed the effects of electrostatic interactions. Avidin doses up to at least 1 µM did not affect bovine cartilage explant cell viability, matrix catabolism or biosynthesis. © 2014 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 32:1044–1051, 2014.
Monitoring abundance of golden eagles in the western United States
Authors: Nielson Ryan M. , Mcmanus Lindsay , Rintz Troy , Mcdonald Lyman L. , Murphy Robert K. , Howe William H. , Good Rhett E. 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTUnder the Bald and Golden Eagle Protection Act, the United States Fish and Wildlife Service (Service) can authorize take of golden eagles (Aquila chrysaetos), such as nest removal, disturbance, and lethal take, if the take is compatible with the preservation of the golden eagle. The Service needs baseline information on the current abundance and trend of subpopulations of the golden eagle to properly manage take of the species. Annually during late summer of 2006–2012, we used distance sampling on approximately 17,500 km of aerial line transects to estimate golden eagle abundance in 4 Bird Conservation Regions (BCRs; North American Bird Conservation Initiative Monitoring Subcommitte 2007) that collectively cover about 80% of the species' range in the coterminous western United States. We estimated study area abundances of 24,509 (90% CI: 19,406–31,947) in 2006 and 21,715 (90% CI: 18,165–27,624) in 2012, including all breeding and non‐breeding individuals. We used a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate trends in individual BCRs and the entire study area based on numbers of golden eagles counted along surveyed transects. We detected declines (90% credible intervals [CRIs] for trend coefficients <0.0) in numbers of golden eagles classified as juveniles in BCR 10 (Northern Rockies) and BCR 16 (Southern Rockies and Colorado Plateau) during 2006–2012. However, our results indicate the total abundance of golden eagles has not declined 2006–2012 in much of the western United States. Published 2014. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Prospective study of obesity, hypertension, high cholesterol, and risk of restless legs syndrome
Authors: De Vito Katerina , Li Yanping , Batool‐Anwar Salma , Ning Yi , Han Jiali , Gao Xiang 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTBecause previous cross‐sectional studies suggest an association between metabolic disorders and restless legs syndrome (RLS), we prospectively evaluated whether obesity, hypercholesterolemia, and hypertension were associated with increased risk of RLS. Our study consisted of 42,728 female participants from the Nurses' Health Study II and 12,812 male participants from the Health Professionals Follow‐up Study, free of RLS at baseline (2002 for men and 2005 for women), and free of diabetes and arthritis through follow‐up (2002‐2008 for men and 2005‐2009 for women). RLS symptoms were assessed using the International RLS Study Group's standardized questionnaire. We considered RLS symptoms a “case” if the symptoms occurred ≥5 times/month and met International RLS Study Group criteria. We found that obesity was associated with an increased risk RLS among both men and women (P difference for sex >0.5). The pooled multivariate‐adjusted odds ratio (OR) for RLS was 1.57 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.33‐1.85; P trend <0.0001) for body mass index >30 versus ≤23 kg/m2 and 1.56 (95% CI: 1.29‐1.89; P trend = 0.0001) comparing two extreme waist circumference quintiles, adjusting for age, ethnicity, smoking, physical activity, use of antidepressant, and other covariates. A similar significant association was found for high cholesterol; the pooled adjusted OR for total serum cholesterol >240 versus <159 mg/dL was 1.33 (95% CI: 1.11‐1.60; P trend = 0.002). There was no significant association between hypertension and RLS risk (adjusted OR: 0.90; 95% CI: 0.79‐1.02). In this large, prospective study, we found that obesity and high cholesterol, but not high blood pressure, were significantly associated with an increased risk of developing RLS. © 2014 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
Combined intravoxel incoherent motion and diffusion tensor imaging of renal diffusion and flow anisotropy
Authors: Notohamiprodjo Mike , Chandarana Hersh , Mikheev Artem , Rusinek Henry , Grinstead John , Feiweier Thorsten , Raya José G. , Lee Vivian S. , Sigmund Eric E. 
Published: April 2014

PurposeWe used a combined intravoxel incoherent motion–diffusion tensor imaging (IVIM‐DTI) methodology to distinguish structural from flow effects on renal diffusion anisotropy.MethodsEight volunteers were examined with IVIM‐DTI at 3T with 20 diffusion directions and 10 b‐values. Mean diffusivity (MD) and fractional anisotropy (FA) from DTI analysis were calculated for low (b ≤ 200 s/mm2), high (b > 200 s/mm2), and full b‐value ranges. IVIM‐parameters perfusion‐fraction fP, pseudo‐diffusivity Dp, and tissue‐diffusivity Dt were first calculated independently on a voxelwise basis for all directions. After estimating a fixed isotropic fp from these data, global anisotropies of Dt and Dp in the cortex and medulla were determined in a constrained cylindrical description and visualized using polar plots and cosine scatterplots.ResultsFor all b‐value ranges, medullary FA was significantly higher than that of the cortex. The corticomedullary difference was smaller for the high b‐value range. Significantly higher fp and Dt were determined for the cortex and showed a significantly higher directional variance in the medulla. Polar plot analysis displayed nearly isotropic Dp and Dt in the cortex and anisotropy in the medulla.ConclusionBoth flow and microstructure apparently contribute to the medullary diffusion anisotropy. The described novel method may be useful in separating decreased tubular flow from irreversible structural tubular damage, for example, in diabetic nephropathy or during allograft rejection. Magn Reson Med 73:1526–1532, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Determination of an appropriate cut‐off value for ferritin in the diagnosis of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis
Authors: Lehmberg Kai , McClain Kenneth L. , Janka Gritta E. , Allen Carl E. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractHyperferritinemia is a hallmark of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH). In the HLH‐2004 criteria, a ferritin value >500 µg/L is considered positive. However, this level was not determined based on evidence. We compared 123 patients with HLH and 320 patients with other hyperferritinemic conditions, calculated a receiver‐operating characteristic, and determined sensitivity and specificity for different values. At 2,000 µg/L a trade‐off is reached with sensitivity at 70% and specificity at 68%. If familial HLH and virus‐associated acquired HLH are analyzed separately, sensitivity and specificity are similar for this level. The results may guide a potential modification of the current HLH criteria. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2014;61:2101–2103. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Role of maternal plasma levels of placental growth factor for the prediction of maternal complications in preeclampsia according to the gestational age at onset
Authors: Meler Eva , Scazzocchio Elena , Peguero Anna , Triunfo Stefania , Gratacos Eduard , Figueras Francesc 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTObjectiveThis study aimed to describe the distribution of placental growth factor (PlGF) plasma levels in pregnancies complicated by preeclampsia (PE) according to the gestational age at clinical onset and to assess PlGF's predictive role for maternal complications.MethodsA total of 84 women whose pregnancies were complicated by PE before 37 weeks' gestation were enrolled. According to gestational age at onset, three groups were defined: group I, <28 weeks; group II, 28 to 31+6 weeks; and group III, 32 to 36+6 weeks. PlGF plasma levels were measured at diagnosis, and their association with maternal complications was investigated. Plasma PlGF levels below 12 pg/mL were designated as very low.ResultsPlGF levels were very low in seven (87.5%) of eight women diagnosed before 28 weeks' gestation, 29 (78.4%) of 37 patients diagnosed between 28 and 32 weeks' gestation, and 16 (41%) of 39 cases diagnosed after 32 weeks' gestation. The sensitivity of very low PlGF values for predicting maternal complications was 76.9%, but the false positive rate was 65.5%. Positive and negative predictive values were 34.5% and 76.9%, respectively.ConclusionThe predictive role of a low PlGF level in predicting maternal complications in very early PE is limited because of both its low specificity and low positive predictive value. © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Generation of gas‐phase zirconium fluoroanions by electrospray of an ionic liquid
Authors: Groenewold Gary S. , Delmore James E. , Benson Michael T. , Tsuda Tetsuya , Hagiwara Rika 
Published: April 2014

RATIONALENew approaches for forming anions are sought that have strong abundance and no isobaric overlap, attributes that are compatible with the measurement of isotope ratios. Fluoroanions are particularly attractive because fluorine is monoisotopic, and thus will not have overlapping isobars with the isotope of interest. Since many elements do not have positive electron affinity values, they do not form stable negative atomic ions, and hence are not compatible with isotope ratio measurement using high sensitivity isotope ratio mass spectrometers such as accelerator mass spectrometers.METHODSZirconium fluoroanions were prepared using the fluorinating ionic liquid (IL) 1‐ethyl‐3‐methylimidazolium fluorohydrogenate, which was used to generate abundant [ZrF5]− ions using electrospray ionization. The IL was dissolved in acetonitrile, combined with a dilute solution of either Zr4+ or ZrO2+, and then electrosprayed. Mass analysis and collision‐induced dissociation experiments were conducted using a time‐of‐flight mass spectrometer. Cluster structures were predicted using density functional theory calculations.RESULTSThe fluorohydrogenate IL solutions generated abundant [ZrF5]− ions starting from solutions of both Zr4+ and ZrO2+. The mass spectra also contained IL‐bearing cluster ions, whose compositions indicated the presence of [ZrF6]2− in solution, a conclusion supported by the structural calculations. Rinsing out the zirconium‐IL solution with acetonitrile decreased the IL clusters, but enhanced [ZrF5]−, which was sorbed by the polymeric electrospray supply capillary, and then released upon rinsing. This reduced the ion background in the mass spectrum.CONCLUSIONSThe fluorohydrogenate‐IL solutions are a facile way to form zirconium fluoroanions in the gas phase using electrospray. The approach has potential as a source of fluoroanions for isotope ratio measurements, which would enable high‐sensitivity measurement of minor zirconium isotopes without overlapping isobars caused by the charge carrier (i.e., the monoisotopic fluorine atoms). Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The mobility of nitrogen across tree‐rings of Norway spruce (Picea abies L.) and the effect of extraction method on tree‐ring δ15N and δ13C values
Authors: Tomlinson G. , Siegwolf R. T. W. , Buchmann N. , Schleppi P. , Waldner P. , Weber P. 
Published: April 2014

RATIONALEThe use of stable nitrogen (N) isotope ratios (δ15N values) in dendroecological studies is often preceded by an extraction procedure using organic solvents to remove mobile N compounds from tree‐rings. Although these mobile N compounds may be capable of distorting potential environmental signals in the tree‐ring δ15N values, recent investigations question the necessity of such an extraction.METHODSWe used an on‐going experiment with simulated elevated N deposition previously labelled with 15N, in conjunction with control trees, to investigate the necessity of extracting mobile N compounds (using a rapid extraction procedure) for tree‐ring δ15N and δ13C studies, as well as N and C concentration analyses. In addition, we examined the magnitude of radial redistribution of N across tree‐rings of Norway spruce (Picea abies).RESULTSThe 15N label, applied in 1995/96, was found in tree‐rings as far back as 1951, although the increased N availability did not cause any significant relative increase in tree growth. The rapid extraction procedure had no significant effect on tree‐ring δ15N or δ13C values in either labelled or control trees, or on N concentration. The C concentrations, however, were significantly higher after extraction in control samples, with the opposite effect observed in labelled samples.CONCLUSIONSOur results indicate that the extraction of mobile N compounds through the rapid extraction procedure is not necessary prior to the determination of Norway spruce δ15N or δ13C values in dendrochemical studies. δ15N values, however, must be interpreted with great care, particularly when used as a proxy for the N status of trees, due to the very high mobility of N within the tree stem sapwood of Norway spruce over several decades. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.