bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Overview of Mouse Models of Autism Spectrum Disorders
Authors: Bey Alexandra L. , Jiang Yong‐hui 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThis overview describes many well characterized mouse models of autism spectrum disorders (ASDs). Mouse models considered here were selected because they are examples of genetically engineered models where human genetic evidence supports a causative relationship between the targeted mutation and the behavioral phenotype. As the ASD diagnosis is based primarily on behavioral evaluations in humans in the domains of social interaction, communication, and restricted interests, the murine phenotypes analogous to human autistic behaviors are highlighted for the different models and behaviors. Although genetically engineered mouse models with good construct and face validity are valuable for identifying and defining underlying pathophysiological mechanisms and for developing potential therapeutic interventions for the human condition, the translational value of various rodent behavioral assays remains a subject of debate. Significant challenges associated with modeling ASDs in rodents because of the clinical and molecular heterogeneity that characterize this disorder are also considered. Curr. Protoc. Pharmacol. 66:5.66.1‐5.66.26. © 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Identification of Genes Important for the Physical Interaction between Protein Pairs through Reverse PCA (rPCA)
Authors: Lev Ifat , Volpe Marina , Ben‐Aroya Shay 
Published: September 2014

AbstractCells contain many important protein complexes involved in performing and regulating structural, metabolic, and signaling functions. Understanding physical and functional interactions between proteins in living systems is of vital importance in biology. The importance of protein‐protein interactions (PPIs) has led to the development of several powerful methodologies and techniques to detect them. All of this information has enabled the creation of large protein‐interaction networks. One important challenge in biology is to understand how protein complexes respond to genetic perturbations. Here we describe a systematic genetic assay termed “reverse PCA,” which allows the identification of genes whose products are required for modulating the physical interaction between two given proteins. Our assay starts with a yeast strain in which the PPI of interest can be detected by resistance to the drug methotrexate, in the context of the protein‐fragment complementation assay (PCA). By combining the synthetic genetic array (SGA) technology, we can systematically screen mutant libraries of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae to identify trans‐acting mutations that disrupt the physical interaction of interest. The identification of such mutants is valuable for unraveling important regulatory mechanisms, and for defining the response of the protein interactome to specific perturbations. Curr. Protoc. Cell Biol. 64:17.15.1‐17.15.11. © 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Standardized Cryopreservation of Human Primary Cells
Authors: Ramos Thomas V. , Mathew Aby J. , Thompson Maria L. , Ehrhardt Rolf O. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractCryopreservation is the use of low temperatures to preserve structurally intact living cells. The cells that survive the thermodynamic journey from the 37°C incubator to the −196°C liquid nitrogen storage tank are free from the influences of time. Thus, cryopreservation is a critical component of cell culture and cell manufacturing protocols. Successful cryopreservation of human cells requires that the cells be derived from patient samples that are collected in a standardized manner, and carefully handled from blood draw through cell isolation. Furthermore, proper equipment must be in place to ensure consistency, reproducibility, and sterility. In addition, the correct choice and amount of cryoprotectant agent must be added at the correct temperature, and a controlled rate of freezing (most commonly 1°C/min) must be applied prior to a standardized method of cryogenic storage. This appendix describes how human primary cells can be frozen for long‐term storage and thawed for growth in a tissue culture vessel. Curr. Protoc. Cell Biol. 64:A.3I.1‐A.3I.8. © 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Underlying scaling relationships between solar activity and geomagnetic activity revealed by multifractal analyses
Authors: Yu Zu‐Guo , Anh Vo , Eastes Richard 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThis paper identifies some scaling relationships between solar activity and geomagnetic activity. We examine the scaling properties of hourly data for two geomagnetic indices (ap and AE), two solar indices (solar X‐rays Xl and solar flux F10.7), and two inner heliospheric indices (ion density Ni and flow speed Vs) over the period 1995–2001 by the universal multifractal approach and the traditional multifractal analysis. We found that the universal multifractal model (UMM) provides a good fit to the empirical K(q) and τ(q) curves of these time series. The estimated values of the Lévy index α in the UMM indicate that multifractality exists in the time series for ap, AE, Xl, and Ni, while those for F10.7 and Vs are monofractal. The estimated values of the nonconservation parameter H of this model confirm that these time series are conservative which indicate that the mean value of the process is constant for varying resolution. Additionally, the multifractal K(q) and τ(q) curves, and the estimated values of the sparseness parameter C1 of the UMM indicate that there are three pairs of indices displaying similar scaling properties, namely ap and Xl, AE and Ni, and F10.7 and Vs. The similarity in the scaling properties of pairs (ap,Xl) and (AE,Ni) suggests that ap and Xl, AE and Ni are better correlated—in terms of scaling—than previous thought, respectively. But our results still cannot be used to advance forecasting of ap and AE by Xl and Ni, respectively, due to some reasons.
Interseismic locking on the Hikurangi subduction zone: Uncertainties from slow‐slip events
Authors: McCaffrey Robert 
Published: September 2014

AbstractInterseismic locking on the Hikurangi subduction zone in New Zealand is examined in light of alternative assumed locking distributions and the impact of transients (slow‐slip and volcanic sources) on temporal and spatial resolution. The modern pattern of locking in the north is poorly resolved and, based on simulations of possible transient behavior, may be an ephemeral feature of the subduction cycle. While there appears to be some contemporary locking in the northern half of the Hikurangi subduction zone (HSZ), its location is model dependent, and hence, its relationship to structure, slow‐slip, or any transition zone there is unclear. Simulations of site velocities using the 14 year history of transient events reveal that in the timescale of the interseismic period the northern half of the HSZ could be either locked or unlocked, and this may not be resolvable for decades. In the southern half, there is strong contemporary locking in the 15 to 40 km depth range, but again, the slow‐slip history leads to uncertainty in the long‐term pattern. Slow‐slip events not only reduce the long‐term locking by aseismic slip but also greatly hinder our ability to see it. It is within the range of possible models that the slip deficit rate at the HSZ is more uniform along strike, and the modern appearance is controlled by the particular pattern of transients over the past 10 to 20 years when the GPS data were collected. Similarly, uncertainties in surface velocities will be large at any subduction zone with large transients.
Differential distribution of diatoms and dinoflagellates in a cyclonic eddy confined in the Bay of La Paz, Gulf of California
Authors: Coria‐Monter Erik , Monreal‐Gómez María Adela , Salas‐de‐León David Alberto , Aldeco‐Ramírez Javier , Merino‐Ibarra Martín 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThe differential distribution of diatoms and dinoflagellates in the Bay of La Paz, Gulf of California, Mexico, was analyzed in summer of 2009, when a cyclonic eddy confined in the bay dominated the circulation. An uplift of the nutricline in the eddy drove high concentrations of nutrients to the euphotic layer. A differential phytoplankton distribution was observed to be associated with the eddy: there was an abundance of dinoflagellates close to the center of the cyclonic eddy, whereas diatoms were more abundant at the periphery. A significant inverse correlation (R = −0.62, p < 0.002) was found between the temperature at 25 m depth and the dinoflagellates abundance. Based on the temporal evolution of chlorophyll measured by MODIS satellite images, and a conceptual model proposed for the lifecycle of eddies, the cyclonic eddy may have been an old decaying structure. The effect of the cyclonic eddy on the phytoplankton distribution in this small semienclosed region was apparently similar to that found in larger eddies in the open ocean, but this is the first time such a differential distribution has been found associated to a confined eddy.
The Evolving Space Weather System—Van Allen Probes Contribution
Authors: Zanetti L. J. , Mauk B. H. , Fox N. J. , Barnes R. J. , Weiss M. , Sotirelis T. S. , Raouafi N.‐E. , Kessel R. L. , Becker H. N. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThe overarching goal and purpose of the study of space weather is clear—to understand and address the issues caused by solar disturbances on humans and technological systems. Space weather has evolved in the past few decades from a collection of concerned agencies and researchers to a critical function of the National Weather Service of NOAA. The general effects have also evolved from the well‐known telegraph disruptions of the mid‐1800s to modern day disturbances of the electric power grid, communications and navigation, human spaceflight and spacecraft systems. The last two items in this list, and specifically the effects of penetrating radiation, were the impetus for the space weather broadcast implemented on NASA's Van Allen Probes' twin pair of satellites, launched in August of 2012 and orbiting directly through Earth's severe radiation belts. The Van Allen Probes mission, formerly the Radiation Belt Storm Probes (RBSP), was renamed soon after launch to honor the discoverer of Earth's radiation belts at the beginning of the space age, the late James Van Allen (the spacecraft themselves are still referred to as RBSP‐A and RBSP‐B). The Van Allen Probes are one part of NASA's Living With a Star program formulated to advance the scientific understanding of the connection between solar disturbances, the resulting heliospheric conditions, and their effects on the geospace and Earth environment.
Charge‐Separated Fmoc‐Peptide β‐Sheets: Sequence‐Secondary Structure Relationship for Arranging Charged Side Chains on Both Sides
Authors: Nakayama Toru , Sakuraba Taro , Tomita Shunsuke , Kaneko Akira , Takai Eisuke , Shiraki Kentaro , Tashiro Kentaro , Ishii Noriyuki , Hasegawa Yuri , Yamada Yoichi , Kumai Reiji , Yamamoto Yohei 
Published: September 2014

Abstractβ‐Sheet formation from fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl (Fmoc)‐substituted polar oligopeptides was demonstrated, where acidic and basic side chains are located separately on either side of the β‐sheet surfaces. For yielding such charge‐separated β‐sheets, self‐assembly of 18 pentapeptides was studied, all of which contain glutamic acid (E), lysine (K), and valine (V). Fmoc‐pentapeptides containing one E and one K all formed fibrillar nanostructures consisting of stacked β‐sheets. On the other hand, Fmoc‐pentapeptides containing two E and two K formed β‐sheet fibrils only when V was located at the center and separated two EK pairs. Photoluminescence studies of these peptides in a glycine buffer containing thioflavin T revealed a clear relationship between the amino acid sequence and secondary structure, where the location of neutral V plays a pivotal role for the β‐sheet formation. The β‐sheet formation propensity was further supported by computer simulation studies with the TANGO algorithm.
Surgery for allergic rhinitis
Authors: Chhabra Nipun , Houser Steven M. 
Published: September 2014

BackgroundAllergic rhinitis (AR) is a highly prevalent disorder that significantly impacts quality of life and affects millions of people annually. The most bothersome complaint is nasal obstruction, which is most commonly due to inferior turbinate hypertrophy.MethodsThis work presents a review of the literature and an overview of operative techniques.ResultsA variety of methods are available for addressing inferior turbinate hypertrophy in patients afflicted with AR. Although no single modality has been defined as the gold standard for treatment, the otolaryngologist should be familiar with an armamentarium of surgical techniques.ConclusionThe inferior turbinate is the initial deposit point for allergens and undergoes dynamic changes through the allergic cascade, which results in nasal obstruction. Targeting the inferior turbinate to augment the nasal airway is the mainstay of surgical treatment in AR. Judicious technique and a mucosal sparing philosophy are necessary to maximize outcomes and improve quality of life.
Skin testing for inhalant allergy
Authors: Fornadley John A. 
Published: September 2014

BackgroundAllergy is diagnosed by a combination of history, physical examination, and confirmatory testing. Modalities for testing include skin testing, in vitro assessment, and challenge testing of the conjunctiva or nasal mucosa. Challenge testing is primarily reserved for research.MethodsA review of the literature on skin testing methods for inhalant allergic rhinitis was performed.ResultsDifferent forms of commonly used skin testing are available, including: individual prick; multiple prick; single, intradermal, and intradermal dilutional testing; and blended techniques. Each has inherent benefits and limitations.ConclusionSkin testing remains a valid and in some cases superior means of identifying inhalant allergy. Skin‐prick testing and intradermal testing are the primary categories, although different formats exist for each. Caution must be taken to avoid creating a serious systemic reaction by injecting an injudicious amount of antigen into the skin, or in skin testing a patient whose medication profile puts them at increased risk.
In natürlicher DNA wird der Zerfall des angeregten Zustands durch Watson‐Crick‐Basenpaarung bestimmt
Authors: Bucher Dominik B. , Schlueter Alexander , Carell Thomas , Zinth Wolfgang 
Published: September 2014

AbstractDie Dynamik des angeregten Zustands ist wesentlich für ein Verständnis der UV‐Licht‐induzierten Schadensbildung der DNA. Mithilfe von Femtosekunden‐IR‐Spektroskopie konnten wir die Lebenszeit des angeregten Zustands aller vier Nukleobasen in der doppelsträngigen natürlichen DNA bestimmen. Wir stellten einen konzertierten Zerfall des angeregten Zustands von Watson‐Crick‐Basenpaaren nach UV‐Anregung fest. Durch einen Vergleich von einzelsträngiger und doppelsträngiger DNA konnten wir zeigen, dass die in Einzelsträngen auftretenden reaktiven, ladungsgetrennten Zustände durch Basenpaarung im Duplex unterdrückt werden. Der starke Einfluss der Watson‐Crick‐Wasserstoffbrücken deutet auf einen Protonentransfer hin, der einen neuen Zerfallskanal eröffnet und damit die Bildung von reaktiven ladungsgetrennten Zuständen vermeidet oder deren Lebenszeit verkürzt.
Photo‐induced graft copolymerization of acrylonitrile onto sodium salt of partially carboxymethylated guar gum
Authors: Trivedi J. H. , Thaker Mehul D. , Trivedi Harikrishna C. 
Published: September 2014

ABSTRACTPhoto‐induced graft copolymerization of acrylonitrile (AN) onto sodium salt of partially carboxymethylated guar gum (Na‐PCMGG,
= 0.291) was carried out in an aqueous medium using ceric ammonium nitrate (CAN) as photo‐initiator to synthesize a novel graft copolymer, Na‐PCMGG‐g‐PAN, which may find potential application as a superabsorbent hydrogel. Studying the influence of concentrations of photo‐initiator (CAN), nitric acid, monomer (AN) as well as reaction time, temperature, and amount of substrate on the grafting yields, the reaction conditions for optimum grafting were evaluated. Maximum values of the grafting yields achieved were %G = 285.77 and %GE = 70.76 at optimized conditions. The proposed kinetic scheme could explain very well the experimental results. The influence of different kind of acids on the grafting yields was also studied. Grafting process was confirmed with the help of FTIR, thermal (TGA/DSC), and SEM techniques. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41371.
Quantitative Determination of Cellular Farnesyltransferase Activity: Towards Defining the Minimum Substrate Reactivity for Biologically Relevant Protein Farnesylation
Authors: Flynn Susan C. , Lindgren Danielle E. , Hougland James L. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractPrenylation is a post‐translational modification wherein an isoprenoid group is attached to a protein substrate by a protein prenyltransferase. Hundreds of peptide sequences are in vitro substrates for protein farnesyltransferase (FTase), but it remains unknown which of these sequences can successfully compete for in vivo prenylation. Translating in vitro studies to predict in vivo protein farnesylation requires determining the minimum reactivity needed for modification by FTase within the cell. Towards this goal, we developed a reporter protein series spanning several orders of magnitude in FTase reactivity as a calibrated sensor for endogenous FTase activity. Our approach provides a minimally invasive method to monitor changes in cellular FTase activity in response to environmental or genetic factors. Determining the reactivity “threshold” for in vivo prenylation will help define the prenylated proteome and identify prenylation‐dependent pathways for therapeutic targeting.
Ruthenium‐Catalyzed N‐Alkylation for the Synthesis of 2‐N‐Pyridylmethyl Benzonitriles and an Exploration of Its Synthetic Utility
Authors: Chen Mengmeng , Zhang Min , Xie Feng , Wang Xiaoting , Jiang Huanfeng 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThe N‐alkylation of 2‐aminobenzonitriles with pyridyl methanols as the alkylating reagents has been demonstrated by using an easily available Ru3(CO)12/Binap/tBuOK [Binap=2,2′‐bis(diphenylphosphino)‐1,1′‐binaphthyl] catalyst system. The synthetic protocol can be used to synthesize various 2‐N‐pyridylmethyl benzonitriles in moderate to good isolated yields. Through an exploration of its synthetic utility, we have demonstrated a novel straightforward synthesis of biologically interesting 2,3‐diaryl‐1,2,3,4‐tetrahydrobenzo[e][1,4]diazepin‐5‐ones, which provides an important basis for the discovery of new bioactive compounds.
Photoelectrochemical Properties of LaFeO3 Nanoparticles
Authors: Celorrio Verónica , Bradley Kieren , Weber Oliver J. , Hall Simon R. , Fermín David J. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThe photoelectrochemical properties of LaFeO3 nanoparticles are discussed for the first time. Highly phase‐pure LaFeO3 particles prepared by a novel ionic‐liquid‐based method are characterized by a (60±14) nm mean size and a band gap of (2.56±0.07) eV. Thin films deposited by screen printing exhibit photocurrent responses associated with hydrogen generation at potential up to 1 V more positive than the formal hydrogen potential. Analysis of the photocurrent responses as a function of photon flux and potential bias suggest that the hole‐collection efficiency at the back contact is in competition with interfacial water oxidation.
Synthesis and Analysis of the Conformational Preferences of 5‐Aminomethyloxazolidine‐2,4‐dione Scaffolds: First Examples of β2‐ and β2, 2‐Homo‐Freidinger Lactam Analogues
Authors: Greco Arianna , Tani Sara , De Marco Rossella , Gentilucci Luca 
Published: September 2014

AbstractConstrained peptidomimetic scaffolds are of considerable interest for the design of therapeutically useful analogues of bioactive peptides. We present the single‐step cyclization of (S)‐ or (R)‐α‐hydroxy‐β2‐ or α‐substituted‐α‐hydroxy‐β2, 2‐amino acids already incorporated within oligopeptides to 5‐aminomethyl‐oxazolidine‐2,4‐dione (Amo) rings. These scaffolds can be regarded as unprecedented β2‐ or β2, 2‐homo‐Freidinger lactam analogues, and can be equipped with a proteinogenic side chain at each residue. In a biomimetic environment, Amo rings act as inducers of extended, semi‐bent or folded geometries, depending on the relative stereochemistry and the presence of α‐substituents.
Effect of p53 activity on the sensitivity of human glioblastoma cells to PARP‐1 inhibitor in combination with topoisomerase i inhibitor or radiation
Authors: Sabbatino Francesco , Fusciello Celeste , Somma Domenico , Pacelli Roberto , Poudel Ravin , Pepin David , Leonardi Antonio , Carlomagno Chiara , Della Vittoria Scarpati Giuseppina , Ferrone Soldano , Pepe Stefano 
Published: September 2014

AbstractPoly (ADP‐Ribose) polymerase‐1 (PARP‐1) is involved in the DNA repairing system by sensing and signaling the presence of DNA damage. Inhibition of PARP‐1 is tested in combination with DNA damaging agents such as topoisomerase I inhibitors or ionizing radiations (RT) for the treatment of glioblastoma (GBM). Disruption of p53, widely prevalent in GBMs, plays a major role in DNA repairing system. The current study investigates whether p53 activity has an effect on the sensitivity of human GBM cells to PARP‐1 inhibitors in combination with topoisomerase I inhibitor topotecan (TPT) and/or RT. Human GBM cell lines carrying a different functional status of p53 were treated with PARP‐1 inhibitor NU1025, in combination with TPT and/or RT. Cytotoxic effects were examined by analyzing the antiproliferative activity, the cell cycle perturbations, and the DNA damage induced by combined treatments. PARP inhibition enhanced the antiproliferative activity, the cell cycle perturbations and the DNA damage induced by both TPT or RT in GBM cells. These effects were influenced by the p53 activity: cells carrying an active p53 were more sensitive to the combination of PARP inhibitor and RT, while cells carrying an inactive p53 displayed a higher sensitivity to the combination of PARP inhibitor and TPT. Our study suggests that p53 activity influences the differential sensitivity of GBM cells to combined treatments of TPT, RT, and PARP inhibitors. © 2014 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry