bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
UNDERGROUND STORAGE TANK CORRECTIVE ACTION TECHNOLOGIES
Authors: Ammon Douglas C. , Cochran S. Robert 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Of the estimated 1.4 million underground petroleum and chemical storage tanks in the United States, between 100,000 and 400,000 may leak. The average cleanup cost is estimated by industry sources at $70,000, but corrective action may cost more than $1 million if water supplies are affected. Leaks can occur for several reasons, the most common of which is corrosion of the tank or associated piping systems. To detect leaks, a tank monitoring program can use any of four methods: (1) volumetric (quantitative) leak testing; (2) qualitative leak testing; (3) inventory controls; and (4) environmental effects monitoring, in which wells outside the tank are tested.
Response to an underground storage tank leak takes two forms: the initial response to control immediate impacts, and permanent corrective measures. To be effective, the initial response technologies should be in place within hours of the discovered release. Such action usually consists of removing any remaining product in the tank and minimizing immediate risk to public health and the environment. Permanent corrective action focuses on site characterization and assessment to determine the need for further action, on calculation of transport rates, on assessment of the hazard to the environment and public, and on collection of data for selecting and designing further corrective actions.
PNEUMATIC HAMMER SOIL VAPOR PROBES AND MINIATURE PIEZOMETERS FOR GASOLINE SPILL DELINEATION AND CLEANUP
Authors: Kerfoot William B. , Soderberg Jon R. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
In a new twist on an old procedure, pneumatically injected miniature well points may change soil investigations much as nail guns have changed carpentry. Soil vapor analysis has increasingly gained attention as a means of locating and monitoring subsurface gasoline spills. Accurate depiction of the plume position requires reproducible vapor detection and monitoring. In addition, static water level needs to be determined to understand flow direction.
Miniature aluminum slitted well points can be mass-produced by computer-aided production facilities to create low-cost identical copies about 10 cm in length. The small points can be inserted into shafts and injected into the ground. The shaft is then pulled back, leaving a flexible teflon or polypropylene tubing attached.
A gasoline spill at Falmouth, Cape Cod, Massachusetts, provided an opportunity to test the use of the injected “shield” points. More than 40 vapor points were installed in two days during four transects across a product plume located 10 m below grade.
TECHNOLOGIES FOR THE REMOTE DETECTION OF HYDROCARBONS IN THE SUBSURFACE
Authors: McCarthy Mike , Denahan Barbara J. , Herbert John R. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
An increase in the frequency of hydrogeologic assessments in response to hydrocarbon losses from storage systems has prompted this research effort to evaluate economical and effective remote detection techniques. Two general technology groups were evaluated for their ability to detect the contaminant as well as their cost effectiveness. These technologies include soil gas and geophysical techniques. The soil gas techniques evaluated included active and passive procedures. The geophysical technologies which were evaluated on the basis of the same criteria included electromagnetic surveys, resistivity, and ground penetrating radar. This paper describes the interference factors associated with each technique and the relative costs of the technologies given the same set of assumptions.
MANAGEMENT ELEMENTS OF RESPONSE TO MAJOR MARITIME OIL SPILLS
Authors: Gallagher John J. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Implementing oil spill contingency plans in the event of a major maritime spill demands the kind of strategic and tactical planning and execution seen in military operations. Essential elements of a spill response include such diverse considerations as the initial cleanup actions best-suited for a particular situation, potential legal and economic liabilities under law, the environmental and economic sensitivities of the spill area, selection of contractors and materials for cleanup operations, proper scientific and technical support, and close liaison with federal, state and local government agencies involved in a spill or potential spill. The manager of a spill response must be able to handle every aspect of the response short of litigation, performing a “balancing act” to keep governments and the public satisfied, and to keep owner costs and liabilities to a minimum.
EVALUATION OF THE ACCURACY OF VOLUMETRIC LEAK DETECTION METHODS FOR UNDERGROUND STORAGE TANKS CONTAINING GASOLINE1
Authors: Maresca Joseph W. , Starr James W. , Roach Robert D. , Farlow John S. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
A United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) research program evaluated the current performance of commercially available volumetric test methods for the detection of small leaks in underground gasoline storage tanks. The evaluations were performed at the EPA Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory's Underground Storage Tank Test Apparatus in Edison, New Jersey.
The methodology used for evaluation made it possible to determine and resolve most of the technological and engineering issues associated with volumetric leak detection, as well as to define the current practice of commercially available test methods. The approach used (1) experimentally validated models of the important sources of ambient noise that affect volume changes in nonleaking and leaking tanks, (2) a large data base of product-temperature changes that result from the delivery of product to a tank at a different temperature than the product in the tank, and (3) a mathematical model of each test method to estimate the performance of that method. The test-method model includes the instrumentation noise, the configuration of the sensors, the test protocol, the data analysis algorithms, and the detection criterion.
Twenty-five commercially available volumetric leak detection systems were evaluated. The leak rate measurable by these systems ranged from 0.26 to 6.78 L/h (0.07 to 1.79 gal/h), with a probability of detection of 0.95 and a probability of false alarm of 0.05. Five methods achieved a performance between 0.19 L/h (0.05 gal/h) and 0.57 L/h (0.15 gal/h). Only one method was able to detect leaks less than 0.57 L/h (0.15 gal/h) if the probability of detection was increased to 0.99 and the probability of false alarm was decreased to 0.01. The measurable leak rates ranged from 0.45 to 12.94 L/h (0.12 to 3.42 gal/h) with these more stringent detection and false alarm parameters.
The performance of the methods evaluated was primarily limited by test protocol, operational sensor configuration, data analysis, and calibration, rather than by hardware. The experimental analysis and model calculations suggested that substantial performance improvements can be realized by making procedural changes. With modifications, it is estimated that more than 60 percent of the methods should be able to achieve a probability of detection of 0.99 and a probability of false alarm of 0.01 for leak rates between 0.19 L/h (0.05 gal/h) and 0.56 L/h (0.15 gal/h), and 100 percent should be able to achieve this performance for leak rates of approximately 0.76 L/h (0.20 gal/h).
THE ASHLAND OIL SPILL OF JANUARY 1988: AN EPA PERSPECTIVE
Authors: Laskowski Stanley L. , Voltaggio Thomas C. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The Ashland oil spill of January, 1988 near Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, was one of the largest inland releases of oil in U.S. history. The response to this release lasted over a month and involved the combined resources of government, industry, and the public. This paper discusses the spill incident, the response, and the causes of the release; an inquiry into the regulatory aspects of this incident is continuing and is not a focus here.
The major issues brought out in the response to the release were the determination of the cause of the release, the role that the responsible party played in the cleanup efforts, the role of the first responders to the release, and the role that governmental agencies played in maintaining adequate water supplies to the many communities which take their drinking water from the Monongahela and Ohio rivers.
The response to the release and the methods which were used to track the plume and provide early warning to downstream users, as well as the active role played by the Regional Response Team in coordinating the many governmental entities involved are described.
ENHANCEMENT OF THE NATURAL BIODEGRADATION OF CONDENSATE AND CRUDE OIL ON BEACHES OF ATLANTIC CANADA
Authors: Lee Kenneth , Levy Eric M. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Low-energy coastal systems are considered among the most sensitive of marine ecosystems to oil spills because of their vulnerability to oil stranding and the difficulty in cleanup. Field experiments, in an aerobic intertidal sand-beach environment, demonstrated that the biodegradation of Scotian Shelf condensate and Hibernia crude oil can be substantially accelerated by periodic application of agricultural fertilizers. Due to the diauxic growth response of microorganisms, similar applications of an oleophilic nutrient mixture were found to be less effective.
AMOCO CADIZ LITIGATION: SUMMARY OF THE 1988 COURT DECISION
Authors: Gundlach Erich R. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
In January 1988, Judge Frank McGarr of the United States District Court in Chicago presented the decision concerning all claims by the French government, local communes, fisheries groups, and other parties, concerning the financial liability of the Amoco parties for damages related to the Amoco Cadiz oil spill of March 1978. Several categories of claims, including lost image, lost enjoyment, and ecological damage were eliminated as being uncognizable under French law. Claims for unpaid volunteers who worked on the spill were also eliminated. Most other categories were substantially reduced for a variety of factors including exaggeration, lack of evidence, double billing of certain claims against Amoco Cadiz and the Tanio spill of two years later, and the inability to attribute damage directly to Amoco Cadiz.
This paper summarizes the major claims and awards, and discusses the court's decision. Altogether, the court recognized 252.8 million francs of claims against Amoco, plus interest compounded annually at the rate of 7.22 percent since December 31, 1979. Utilizing the current exchange rate (6.28 francs/U.S. dollars) yields an approximate judgment of $40.26 million in claims and $35 million in interest through December 1988. The judgment is expected to be appealed by both sides.
THE CABO PILAR GROUNDING AND OIL SPILL
Authors: Pizarro Francisco 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The carrier Cabo Pilar, 31,781 gt, 249 m in length, flying the Chilean flag, grounded at Punta Davis, Chile, on the Magellan Strait on October 8, 1987, loaded with 70,347.8 m3 of ENAP crude oil. The area is a desolate zone without inhabitants. However, there are many places where king crabs and other shellfish are harvested. Weather conditions are normally bad, with prevailing winds from the northwest, of force 6 to 8, and sometimes up to force 12. As a result of the impact, some tanks were damaged and open to the sea and 6,500 m3 of crude oil and bunkers were spilled. Maritime authorities undertook control and preventive measures, and dispersants were sprayed one day after the ship stranded, during low tides. They also ordered cleanup of the Abra Canal, where most of the untreated oil covered some rock and stone beaches. The University of Magallanes carried out an environmental study of the area three months after the ship was refloated.
ESTABLISHING A WILDLIFE RESPONSE AFTER THE ASHLAND OIL SPILL
Authors: Frink Lynne , Dalton Mary Jane 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
On January 2, 1988, an Ashland Oil Company storage tank in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, ruptured, spilling about 750,000 gallons of No. 2 diesel fuel into the Monongahela River. This spill, the largest documented inland oil spill in history, occurred in an area that was unprepared for this kind of environmental disaster.
Tri-State Bird Rescue & Research, Inc., was requested by state and federal authorities to establish a wildlife response plan, set up a treatment center, and train professionals and volunteers to treat contaminated wildlife.
Using previously developed training packets and supplies lists, Tri-State personnel established task forces, trained volunteers in tested medical protocols, equipped a center, and began treating birds within 12 hours of their arrival at the scene. While only 5 percent of the birds affected could be retrieved, 94 percent of the birds retrieved were successfully treated, released, and subsequently monitored in the wild.
This paper focuses on the need for rapid response, adherence to protocols, interagency communication, and hands-on experience in establishing a successful response to wildlife contaminated by oil.
Efficiency of Selected Oil Skimming Systems in Irregular Seas
Authors: Clauss G. F. , Kühnlein W. L. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
In offshore oil spills a very thin oil layer has to be skimmed off from the sea surface. Generally this operation has to be carried out in rough seas, requiring a very accurate separation of oily water from the water surface. This paper presents three different systems for oil recovery in the seaway. All are in service in the Federal Republic of Germany.
The development of spilt-hull multipurpose vessels introduced a new technical concept for oil recovery in the seaway. The ships show good efficiency in open seas up to wave heights of 2 m. The advantage of a split-hull oil combat vessel is its high transit speed. Its operation is favorable in following waves, since the two hinged parts of the hull act as a shielding device.
Also for open sea operations, the Mobil Oil Dike (MOD) has been developed. In this system, 49 m long and 27 m wide, with a draft of 3.2 to 4.4 m, a wave breaking beach is integrated between the two hulls of a catamaran. The vessel moves at an operating speed of 3 to 4 knots, which raises the water level at the beach and forces the surface oil-water layer to rise above the dam crest and splash into the sump. Driven by the pressure head, the mixture proceeds through the settling tanks of the catamaran hulls. The separated water is discharged into the sea through valves in the hull's stern.
For inshore operations a third system has been developed. The Multipurpose Oil Skimming System (MPOSS) is a dock-shaped vessel with two horizontal flap systems that follow the wave profile. The front flap-floater system skims off the oil by controlled undercutting of the water surface. Its motions are damped by a counter-rotating wing, acting as a balanced rudder. After the oil-water layer has passed the intake, it proceeds to the aft separation flap where accurate separation takes place. The overflowing oil proceeds over the flap to the oil sump and is removed by pumps. For offshore missions in coastal waters, this oil skimmer is integrated into a catamaran-type pontoon. The vessel is 33.5 m long, 12 m wide and has a draft of 1.5 m.
All these systems raise considerable hydrodynamic problems as only a thin oil-water layer has to be skimmed off. The motion of the flaps, the deviation of substantial water quantities and the related vortex generation disturb the oil flow at the surface. In waves, breaking phenomena and related forces have been studied. Based on model tests and full scale experience this paper describes some hydrodynamic problems and their solution.
Implementation and Revision of the Wildlife Protection Guidelines for Alaska's Federal On-Scene Coordinators
Authors: Bergmann Pamela Ann 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The Alaska Regional Response Team (RRT) established the Wildlife Protection Working Group in September 1987 to develop and maintain guidelines to assist Alaska's federal on-scene coordinators (OSC) in dealing with potential wildlife impacts resulting from oil spills. The working group is composed of representatives of four federal and state agencies and three special-interest groups. The guidelines, which were adopted by the Alaska RRT on December 14, 1988, address three response strategies: controlling the release and spread of oil to protect wildlife, keeping wildlife away from spills through the use of deterrent techniques, and attempting to capture and rehabilitate oiled wildlife.
Since adoption by the Alaska RRT, the guidelines have been used in conjunction with response activities associated with the following spills: the Swallow diesel fuel and fuel oil spill near Dutch Harbor on February 27, 1989, the Exxon Valdez crude oil spill in Prince William Sound on March 24, 1989, and the Milos Reefer fuel oil and diesel fuel spill on St. Matthew Island on November 15, 1989. In the Swallow incident, protective booming, bird hazing, and bird capture and rehabilitation programs were conducted in accordance with the guidelines. In the Exxon Valdez incident, information in the guidelines was used to establish the sea otter rescue program and to begin implementation of the bird capture and rehabilitation program. In the Milos Reefer spill, the guidelines were used as the basis for a decision not to initiate a rescue program for birds oiled as a result of the vessel's grounding.
In October 1989, the working group met to conduct a review of the guidelines based on experience gained through the Swallow and Exxon Valdez incidents. As a result of this meeting, seven principal additions have been proposed for the guidelines.
Shoreline Cleanup: Equipment and Operations
Authors: Nauman Scott A. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The extreme diversity of affected shoreline areas in Prince William Sound necessitated a variety of treatment techniques. Innovation produced equipment that was versatile and effective in the environment encountered. This paper reviews some of the key shoreline treatment equipment used during the summer of 1989: the cold water landing craft vessel (LCV), the maxi-barge, the omni-barge, and the hot water LCV. Also addressed are the containment and collection methods used to support this treatment equipment. The paper concludes with a description of the treatment equipment and techniques used to respond to the shoreline conditions encountered in 1990, the second year of the cleanup. The paper stresses the need for flexibility and innovation in cleanup techniques.
Shoreline Cleanup—Reconnaissance, Evaluation, and Planning Following the Valdez Oil Spill
Authors: Teal Andrew R. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The shoreline cleanup following the Exxon Valdez spill was a mammoth task complicated by geographical and ecological factors. Shoreline assessment was a prerequisite to the cleanup program in both 1989 and 1990, and provided the cornerstone for the development and monitoring of the cleanup program. Information provided by the assessment teams included geomorphological, biological, archaeological, and oiling information that led to site specific treatment plans. These plans were submitted for interagency review prior to approval by the federal on-scene coordinator. This process was instrumental in developing an environmentally sensitive approach to the cleanup of over 1,000 miles of remote shoreline in 1989.
Marine Operations and Logistics During the Exxon Valdez Spill Cleanup
Authors: Carpenter A. D. , Dragnich Robert G. , Smith Michael T. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The Exxon Valdez oil spill required unprecedented marine operations and logistics support for cleanup. At the peak of operations, more than 11,000 people, 1,400 vessels and 85 aircraft were required.
Due to the remoteness of the spill location and the absence of land access, virtually all cleanup was conducted from vessels. Three types of vessels were used: landing craft and barges for oil recovery and shoreline treatment; berthing vessels for housing offshore workers; and support vessels for transporting personnel and materials.
Major logistic challenges in the oil spill response included providing offshore housing; replenishing food, water, and fuel for the offshore operations; establishing a large aircraft operation; installing a telecommunications network that was essentially built from scratch; providing onshore support; handling and disposing of more than 25,000 tons of oily solid waste and several hundred thousand barrels of oily liquid waste; and safely demobilizing the effort.
Bald Eagles in Alaska Following the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill
Authors: Gibson Marjorie J. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Despite initial concerns about the impact of the Exxon Valdez oil spill on bald eagles in Prince William Sound, accumulating evidence indicates that the area's eagle population is doing well. This paper presents and discusses the 1989 data collected during the Prince William Sound and Kodiak Island Eagle Capture and Short-term Rehabilitation Programs, as well as 1990 data from the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's operational field surveys.
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Response Activities Following the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill
Authors: Parker Jill 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
In nonfederalized oil spill responses (in which the spillers assume responsibility), the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service of the U.S. Department of the Interior is responsible for advising the Regional Response Team and the federal on-scene coordinator on the protection of fish and wildlife resources, overseeing the rehabilitation of wildlife resources, and assessing the extent of environmental damage. The Exxon Valdez spill, in March 1989, required a major effort by the service, due to the amount of oil spilled, the large area affected, the environmental sensitivity of the area and its wildlife, and the spill's impacts on National Wildlife Refuge lands. The service's response began within 24 hours of the spill, and continued until fall 1990. Wildlife surveys were conducted by aircraft and boat throughout the spring and summer of 1989, and in the summer of 1990. Live oiled birds and sea otters were rescued and, when possible, rehabilitated and relocated; dead ones were collected for study, and to protect scavengers from ingesting oil. Service personnel also monitored shoreline cleanup efforts in bald eagle nesting sites. Further response work is anticipated in the 1991 season. The Service is updating its National and Regional Oil Spill Contingency Plans to take account of the lessons learned in this major response.
Review of Analyses of the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill by the Policy Committee of the OCS Advisory Board1
Authors: Thorman Jan C. , Groat Charles G. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
On May 23, 1990, the Policy Committee of the Outer Continental Shelf Advisory Board approved a report containing 24 recommendations. These recommendations are intended to help develop a credible national oil spill prevention and response program for both OCS and non-OCS spills in the marine environment. The committee concluded that such a program is needed to improve public confidence and foster the public support necessary for a viable OCS oil and gas program in the wake of the Exxon Valdez oil spill. Eight essential elements of such a program were identified, and recommendations addressing these elements were presented in the report. This paper focuses on recommendations dealing with command of oil spill response and public involvement and education in oversight of oil spill prevention efforts, contingency planning, and spill response.
A subcommittee of the Policy Committee is pursuing the implementation of the recommendations in the report, focusing on Minerals Management Service actions and the extent to which the Oil Pollution Act of 1990 addresses the committee's recommendations.