bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Indigenous Peoples and Revolutionary Movements in Mesoamerica
Authors: Inclán María , Almeida Paul 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
This chapter analyzes the three largest insurgencies with majority Indigenous participation in Mesoamerica in the twentieth century and the ensuing trajectories of native peoples' movements in these uprisings' aftermath. It reviews the 1932 peasant uprising in El Salvador, the Guatemalan insurgency from the 1970s to the 1990s, and the 1994 Chiapas rebellion in southern Mexico and the subsequent movement it generated. The essay examines why Indigenous peoples engaged at times in radical and revolutionary tactics in collective action efforts to defend their rights, while in the contemporary period we observe less violent and confrontational agendas and strategies. Furthermore, the chapter analyzes political opportunities and various forms of threat (including state repression) so as to understand the divergent framing of Indigenous demands and forms of struggle over time and across cases. The state's actions are a crucial dimension in defining what type of strategies these movements are likely to employ.
Afro-descendants and Indigenous Rights
Authors: Hooker Juliet 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
Indigenous rights are arguably the most successfully institutionalized form of minority rights in international law today. Currently, Indigenous rights provide greater protections (particularly where the control of territory and self-government are concerned) than more general minority rights. This creates clear incentives for historically subordinated minority groups to assert Indigenous status. The proliferation of claims to indigeneity has led to debates about whether the category should be expanded to include some minority groups who now fall outside it or whether a more restricted conception of indigeneity should continue to prevail. Yet what makes Indigenous rights distinct from other kinds of minority rights, from a moral and philosophical perspective? In other words, if Indigenous peoples are entitled to certain protections to which other minority groups are not entitled, how is this disparity justified? The successful institutionalization of Indigenous rights in recent years raises important questions about what constitutes fair treatment for similarly situated minority groups, especially in countries and regions where there have been close historical connections between Indigenous peoples and other historically subordinated groups, as is the case in Latin America. Indigenous rights regimes have been quite successful in the Americas, where the proper way to define indigeneity has generally been viewed as fairly self-evident. Yet the experiences of Afro-descendants in Latin America raise important questions about whether they should be included in conceptions of indigeneity that illustrate the important public policy effects of legal and philosophical definitions of Indigenous rights. For instance, if some Afro-descendants occupy a position similar to the descendants of the region’s original inhabitants (i.e. Amerindians), should they also be included in Latin American conceptions of indigeneity? Is the best solution to devise broad legal categories that encompass both Indigenous people and Afro-descendants with similar characteristics? Or, instead, should narrower conceptions of indigeneity be preserved, while simultaneously finding ways to recognize that some Afro-descendants share similar characteristics with Amerindians and are thus entitled to similar rights? This essay analyzes the vexed relationship between Indigenous rights regimes and other minority rights frameworks through the prism of Latin American state responses to the issue of whether and how to include Afro-descendants in conceptions of indigeneity.
Food Values Beyond Nutrition
Authors: Gold Ann Grodzins 
Published: February 2014

AbstractCultural anthropologists have devoted considerable attention to multiple non-nutritional meanings and uses of food in diverse cultural worlds. This essay begins with a wide-ranging overview of some ways anthropology has portrayed food’s links to every aspect of human existence. Because this discipline’s prime method, fieldwork, is rooted in proximity and intimacy, sharing food with subjects of study has always been part of ethnographic experience. One major fascination lies in how biological food needs that are shared with all animals become culturally embellished with infinite variations that are evident in diverse aspects of life from cuisine to religious symbolism. The essay shifts focus to one ethnographic location in rural North India to examine three pervasive themes surrounding food in South Asian culture: solidarity, separation, and decline as a pervasive critique of modern tastelessness. Offering initially grounded examples of each theme, the essay moves to broader circles of related meanings in varied practices and narratives. Thus employing a classical interpretive mode in cultural anthropology, this chapter thinks through food values by tacking between far-reaching generalizations and highly localized specificities. In the context of a volume largely and properly focused on food materialities, conflicts, and policies, the chapter aims to evoke less concrete, less quantifiable aspects of comestibles in human cultures that may be nonetheless relevant to understanding interrelated workings of food, politics, and society. In many cultural worlds, moralities of sharing confront circumstances of inequity through acknowledging hunger as bodily knowledge common to all.
Global Movements for Food Justice
Authors: Chappell M. Jahi 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThis article examines La Vía Campesina (LVC), or the International Peasant Farmers' movement. The LVC, founded by farm leaders in 1993, is currently made up of 148 peasant organizations in sixty-nine countries. LVC claims to represent the interests of at least 200 million farmers and has been touted as the largest and one of the most important social movements in the world. The article describes the LVC's fight for normatively defensible values-for a food system reflecting ideals of ethics and justice-and its quest to develop defensible lifespaces for small farmers in terms of socioeconomic, ecological, and political autonomy. It also examines how their aims and tactics align with current scholarship on the issues of sustainability and autonomy.
The Twenty-First Century Agricultural Land Rush
Authors: Thaler Gregory 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThe 2007–2008 global food crisis has been followed by a rapid acceleration in large-scale agricultural land deals, which activists have labeled a “global land grab.” This chapter explores the origins of this twenty-first century agricultural land rush, its geography, and the responses it has engendered. The origins of the land rush are located in interlinked food, financial, and ecological crises that are indicative of fundamental shifts in the global political economy. In response to these crises, land grabbing represents an effort to reconstruct a stable political-economic order, both on the part of investment capital seeking to relaunch accumulation and on the part of political actors and companies seeking to secure stable supplies of food and energy. The geography of the land rush is analyzed through the interrelated variables of land availability, the structural position of a country in the global economy, and a country’s domestic institutional structure. Finally, the main theoretical positions in the debate over land deals are linked to distinct political responses. The real historical significance of the structural changes behind the agricultural land rush suggests that the implications of the land rush will be both durable and systemic.
Cultural Politics of Food Safety
Authors: Sato Kyoko 
Published: February 2014

AbstractRegulatory approaches and public responses to food made with recombinant DNA technology—genetically modified (GM) food—exhibit striking national differences. The safety concerns regarding GM food have been cautiously addressed and alarmed and repelled many consumers in France and Japan, but they have not garnered the same kind of policy response or public attention in the United States, where GM food has been widely produced and consumed. This chapter examines how such differences developed since the late 1990s, particularly by situating the politicization and institutionalization of food safety in the development of “GM food” as a cultural category in each country. We highlight three important dynamics. First, how food safety became politicized (e.g., the sequences, timing, actors who mobilized the issue) differed widely across cases. Second, other aspects of GM food became intertwined with the politics of food safety. We cannot really understand the latter in isolation from the politicization of such aspects as environmental risks. Third, the meaning of GM food itself in policy and public discourse—its salience and definition—mattered to divergence of national approaches to food safety. A comparison of three cases illustrates how divergent patterns of food safety regulation cannot be reduced to political conflicts, cultural norms, scientific debates, or historical events only. Different configurations of these factors shaped shared understandings of GM food as a category, which, in turn, affected the politics of food safety.
Science, Politics, and the Framing of Modern Agricultural Technologies
Authors: Harriss John , Stewart Drew 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThis article examines the influence of science and politics on the framing of modern agricultural technologies. It discusses the two major developments in agricultural technology in the last halfcentury: the introduction of higher-yielding or “modern” varieties (HYVs/MVs) of major cereals in the 1940s, which gave rise to “Green Revolution”; and the application of genetic engineering in agriculture beginning in the 1980s. It analyzes the arguments for and against the Green Revolution and genetic modification of crops, and highlights the controversies surrounding them. This article suggests that there remains uncertainty about the social and economic impacts of both the Green Revolution and transgenics.
Ecological opportunities and intraspecific competition alter trophic niche specialization in an opportunistic stream predator
Authors: Evangelista Charlotte , Boiche Anatole , Lecerf Antoine , Cucherousset Julien 
Published: February 2014

Summary

Many generalist populations are composed of specialized individuals that use a narrow part of the population's niche. Ecological theories predict that individual specialization and population trophic niche are determined by biotic interactions and resource diversity emerging from environmental variations (i.e. ecological opportunities). However, due to the paucity of empirical and experimental demonstrations, the genuine importance of each of these drivers in determining trophic niche attributes is not fully appreciated.

The present study aimed at determining the population level and individual responses of brown trout (Salmo trutta) to variations in ecological opportunities (terrestrial prey inputs) and autochthonous prey communities among 10 stream reaches along a riparian condition gradient using individual longitudinal monitoring and stable isotope analyses.

Our results suggested that trophic niche diversity varied along the environmental gradient, while individual trophic specialization was indirectly driven by ecological opportunities through strengthened intraspecific competition. Individual diet was repeatable over the study period, and the growth rate of juvenile brown trout increased with their specialization for aquatic predatory invertebrates.

Our findings highlight the dual influences of intraspecific competition and ecological opportunities on individual trophic specialization and population trophic niche.
Prevent, search or destroy? A partially observable model for invasive species management
Authors: Rout Tracy M. , Moore Joslin L. , McCarthy Michael A. 
Published: February 2014

Summary

The extensive impact of invasive species has motivated a growing field of research combining ecological and economic models to find cost‐effective management strategies. Ecological systems are rarely perfectly observable, meaning decision‐makers are usually uncertain about the current extent of an infestation and even whether an invasive species is present or absent. We show how to account for this uncertainty when providing decision support for invasive species management.

We constructed the first partially observable model to analyse the trade‐off between all three facets of invasive species management: quarantine, surveillance and control. We use a partially observable Markov decision process (POMDP) to determine how to allocate resources between these actions when the extent of an invasion is uncertain. We use a case study of potential black rat Rattus rattus invasion on Barrow Island, Western Australia.

Our model shows it is often better to manage based on an uncertain belief in species presence than to spend money trying to confirm the presence or absence through surveillance. While it was never optimal to invest solely in surveillance to reduce uncertainty, it was often optimal to combine surveillance with quarantine or control. These mixed strategies, where multiple actions are implemented simultaneously, were more often optimal than for similar decision models where the extent of the infestation is known, suggesting an element of risk spreading.

Optimal investments in each action were driven by their estimated efficacy, and the difference in the estimated impact of a localized and widespread invasion. For example, in our case study, it was often optimal to invest solely in control due to the low estimated efficacy of quarantine and the relatively small impact of a localized incursion.

Synthesis and applications. Our analysis shows that the cost of reducing uncertainty through surveillance is not always accompanied by an improvement in management outcomes. By carefully analysing the benefits of surveillance prior to implementation of invasive species management strategies, managers can avoid wasting resources and improve management outcomes.
Clinical research priorities in emergency medicine: Results of a consensus meeting and development of a weighting method for assessment of clinical research priorities
Authors: Thom Ogilvie , Keijzers Gerben , Davies Suzanne , McD Taylor David , Knott Jonathan , Middleton Paul M 
Published: February 2014

AbstractIntroductionThere is limited evidence regarding clinical research priorities in emergency medicine outside of some special interest groups. The ACEM Clinical Trials Group undertook a consensus meeting with the aim of developing a reproducible weighting matrix for assessing clinical research priorities.MethodsA session at the ACEM annual scientific meeting was dedicated to this meeting. Results from a survey of the ACEM researcher database were presented, along with a proposed weighting matrix. After discussion and adjustment, consensus was achieved on the matrix.ResultsIt was agreed that the following criteria be used in the matrix: research category and sub‐category priority ranking from the ACEM researcher database survey, frequency of presentation of potentially eligible participants, the level of pre‐existing evidence regarding the proposed research question and the likely clinical impact of the research. Each criterion was given a weighting, with clinical impact given the heaviest weighting. The weighting matrix was subsequently applied to the list of research questions that resulted from the researcher database survey and a list of research priorities determined.ConclusionThe weighting matrix allows reproducible comparison of research questions. The resultant list of research priorities will act as a guide for the ACEM Clinical Trials Group in determining future projects.
Chinese Consensus Statement on the Evaluation and Intervention of Collateral Circulation for Ischemic Stroke
Authors: Liu Li‐Ping , Xu An‐Ding , Wong Lawrence K.S. , Wang David Z. , Wang Yong‐Jun ,   Expert consensus group of the evaluation & intervention of collateral circulation for ischemic stroke
Published: February 2014

SummaryBackgroundCollateral circulation is becoming more significant in the individual management strategy of ischemic stroke, there are more data updated recently.AimTo make the further acknowledgment of the evaluation and how to improving collateral flow, for better treatment selection.MethodA panel of experts on stroke providing related statement based on review the results from most up‐to‐date clinical research.ResultsDSA is the gold standard in evaluating all levels of collaterals. CTA can be used for evaluating leptomeningeal collaterals, MRA for CoW, TCD or TCCS can be used as screening tool for primary evaluation. The treatment modalities include direct interventions, such as Extracranial–Intracranial bypass, and indirect interventions, as External counterpulsation and pressor therapy. The consideration of methodology to augment and improve can be considered on an individual basis.DiscussionIn this consensus, we interpret the definition, neuroimaging evaluation, intervention and potential strategy on collaterals in the future.ConclusionAssessment of collateral circulation is crucial for selecting therapeutic options, predicting infarction volume and making prognosis after ischemic stroke. Data is still needed to provide therapeutic evidence for many new developed technologies. Until more evidence is available, the clinical significance of applying the new technologies is unclear and perhaps limited.
Can a first‐order exponential decay model fit heart rate recovery after resistance exercise?
Authors: Bartels‐Ferreira Rhenan , de Sousa Élder D. , Trevizani Gabriela A. , Silva Lilian P. , Nakamura Fábio Y. , Forjaz Cláudia L. M. , Lima Jorge Roberto P. , Peçanha Tiago 
Published: February 2014

SummaryThe time‐constant of postexercise heart rate recovery (HRRτ) obtained by fitting heart rate decay curve by a first‐order exponential fitting has being used to assess cardiac autonomic recovery after endurance exercise. The feasibility of this model was not tested after resistance exercise (RE). The aim of this study was to test the goodness of fit of the first‐order exponential decay model to fit heart rate recovery (HRR) after RE. Ten healthy subjects participated in the study. The experimental sessions occurred in two separated days and consisted of performance of 1 set of 10 repetitions at 50% or 80% of the load achieved on the one‐repetition maximum test [low‐intensity (LI) and high‐intensity (HI) sessions, respectively]. Heart rate (HR) was continuously registered before and during exercise and also for 10 min of recovery. A monoexponential equation was used to fit the HRR curve during the postexercise period using different time windows (i.e. 30, 60, 90, … 600 s). For each time window, (i) HRRτ was calculated and (ii) variation of HR explained by the model (R2 goodness of fit index) was assessed. The HRRτ showed stabilization from 360 and 420 s on LI and HI, respectively. Acceptable R2 values were observed from the 360 s on LI (R2 > 0·65) and at all tested time windows on HI (R2 > 0·75). In conclusion, this study showed that using a minimum length of monitoring (~420 s) HRR after RE can be adequately modelled by a first‐order exponential fitting.
Activation of α1‐adrenoceptors enhances excitatory synaptic transmission via a pre‐ and postsynaptic protein kinase C‐dependent mechanism in the medial prefrontal cortex of rats
Authors: Luo Fei , Tang Hua , Li Bao‐ming , Li Si‐hai 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThe physiological effects of α1‐adrenoceptors (α1‐ARs) have been examined in many brain regions. However, little is known about the mechanism of modulation on synaptic transmission by α1‐ARs in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). The present study investigated how α1‐AR activation regulates glutamatergic synaptic transmission in layer V/VI pyramidal cells of the rat mPFC. We found that the α1‐AR agonist phenylephrine (Phe) induced a significant enhancement of the amplitude and frequency of miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents (mEPSCs). The facilitation effect of Phe on the frequency of mEPSCs involved a presynaptic protein kinase C‐dependent pathway. Phe produced a significant enhancement on the amplitude of α‐amino‐3‐hydroxy‐5‐methyl‐4‐isoxazolepropionic acid receptor (AMPA‐R)‐ and N‐methyl‐d‐aspartic acid receptor (NMDA‐R)‐mediated evoked excitatory postsynaptic currents (eEPSCs). Phe enhanced inward currents evoked by puff application of glutamate or NMDA. The Phe‐induced facilitation of AMPA‐R‐ and NMDA‐R‐mediated eEPSCs required, in part, postsynaptic Gq, phospholipase C and PKC. These findings suggest that α1‐AR activation facilitates excitatory synaptic transmission in mPFC pyramidal cells via both pre‐ and post‐synaptic PKC‐dependent mechanisms.
DRAWING THE VEIL OF SOVEREIGNTY: EARLY MODERN ISLAMIC EMPIRES AND UNDERSTANDING SACRED KINGSHIP
Authors: Strathern Alan 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACTThis article considers A. Azfar Moin, The Millennial Sovereign: Sacred Kingship and Sainthood in Islam, in the light of theories of sacred kingship and religious change. Although Muslim kingship has tended to be presented as an essentially secular institution, Moin is able to show how deeply divine images and understandings shaped kingship in both the Safavid and Mughal empires, which were bound together by mutual influence and competition. The divine matrix of kingship was facilitated by the influence of preeminent Sufism, Mongol universalism, millenarian technologies and dreams, and Persian tradition. The article suggests that the methodological approach adopted here, resembling l'histoire des mentalités, shows how our analyses of sacred kingship can be obscured by a focus on canonical and prescriptive texts. Taking up the theme of transgression, it compares Moin's work with recent anthropological reflections on the symbolism of the stranger‐king. The article also uses Moin's work to indicate the problems with the critical dismissal of “legitimacy” as an indispensable (though insufficient) analytical tool. The subject matter is further placed within an overarching conceptualization of global religious diversity based on the tension between transcendentalist vs. immanentist impulses. In that light the reassertion of “transcendentalist” religiosity in the guise of an orthodox push‐back against the enchanted cultural world re‐imagined by Moin only appears in greater need of explanation. Avenues of comparative reflection are also opened up with Christian monarchy, which was both less profoundly “immanentized” in the early modern era and less successful at exporting itself in areas outside of imperial influence. The article concludes by considering the implications for theories of a global early modernity, and a comparison with Andre Wink's quite different characterization of Akbar as a secular‐minded rationalist.
WRITING, BOOKS, AND AFRICA
Authors: Jeppie Shamil 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACTAmong most historians of Africa, and others in the humanities concerned with Africa, it has been almost axiomatic that writing and reading arrived in Africa and spread with the coming of European colonialism, especially through the agency of Christian missionaries. Although missionaries did indeed establish schools and introduce various kinds of literacy, there is a much longer history of the book in various parts of the continent. This essay looks at some of the recent work that focuses on the use of the Arabic script in Africa. Although the field of “Islam in Africa” has framed this work, it is necessary to see the uses of this literacy within the frame of the history of the book and related fields. The works discussed are rich in content and analysis and provide the opening for new initiatives on the content of the literacy and the methods of teaching and reading, but also the materiality of the book and the formation of the archive.