bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Deployment of open source electronic content management software in national government departments in South Africa
Authors: Ngoepe Mpho 
Published: September 2015

Purpose
– This paper aims to report the deployment of open source electronic content management software in national government departments in South Africa, with the view to raise awareness of the free and open source software (FOSS) policy. Many countries including South Africa have developed policies that encourage the deployment of free and open source software (FOSS).

Design/methodology/approach
– The paper opted for qualitative data collected through interviews with four chief information officers, five information technology (IT) officials, two records managers from government departments, one archivist from the National Archives of South Africa and one IT official from the State Information Technology Agency; these were selected purposively from national government departments. Furthermore, a free test trial of open source software, Alfresco Community Edition, was conducted for a 30-day period during September 2013. Alfresco was chosen as it is the preferred FOSS in government departments in South Africa.

Findings
– The key finding reveals that, in contrast with the FOSS policy, governmental bodies in South Africa preferred proprietary software over FOSS, as only one government department has migrated to FOSS. The reasons cited for the low uptake of open source electronic content management include the perceived lack of support for FOSS or short lifespan support which was confirmed through the trial test, as well as a lack of IT skills by records management practitioners who are responsible for implementation of electronic content management and hidden costs as the internal staff would spend time supporting, tailoring and enhancing the software. It is observed that failure to raise awareness and benefits of the FOSS policy in South Africa will curtail the document into a dull epistle.

Research limitations/implications
– Due to the chosen research approach and sampling method, the results were not generalised to the population. It is hoped that the study will stimulate further research interest and raise awareness in government departments with regard to FOSS policy implementation, especially in the area of electronic content management.

Practical implications
– The paper shows the difficulty in implementing a policy and putting it into practice without looking into its practical feasibility.

Originality/value
– This research attempts to bridge the gap and bring new elements by assessing the level of FOSS adoption in the area of electronic content management which is often ignored by the government and also less researched by scholars.
The role of audit committee attributes in intellectual capital disclosures
Authors: Ahmed Haji Abdifatah 
Published: September 2015

Purpose– This study aims to examine the role of audit committee attributes in non-financial information releases, with a focus on intellectual capital (IC) disclosures, following significant policy changes, mandating the audit committee function in Malaysia. The study argues that, given the changing informational needs of stakeholders and the ongoing discussion on integrated reporting, the role of the audit committee should extend to ensuring the overall quality of corporate reporting.Design/methodology/approach– The study draws evidence from a sample of leading Malaysian companies based on their market capitalisation over a three-year period (2008-2010), a period subsequent to the recent policy changes. The extent and quality of IC information, as a surrogate of non-financial information, was measured and regressed against several audit committee attributes, such as audit committee size, independence, financial expertise and meetings, controlling the overall governance and firm-specific variables.Findings– The findings show a strong positive role of the audit committee function in the overall amount of IC information as well as all three subcomponents of IC information (internal, external and human capital). The results are robust to controls for the overall governance and firm-specific attributes as well as different measures of IC information.Practical implications– The results suggest that the role of the audit committee function extends to non-financial information communication such as IC. Policymakers in Malaysia should, therefore, build on the recent regulatory changes and encourage audit committees to ensure that the overall quality of corporate reporting processes include social, environmental, intellectual as well as financial capital of a firm.Originality/value– This study considers the role of the audit committee in the wider corporate reporting process – drawing attention to its potential role in the espoused integrated business reporting. It also challenges the taken-for-granted assumption that restricts the role of the audit committee function to the traditional financial reporting process.
The quandary between communication and certification
Authors: Ren Xiang 
Published: September 2015

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to understand individual academics’ perception, attitudes and participation in Open Access Publishing and open scholarship and revisit some principles and designs of openness in academic publishing from the perspective of creative end-users, which helps to increase the sustainability and efficiency of open models.

Design/methodology/approach
– This paper draws on a case study of China and empirical data collected through semi-structured interviews with a wide range of academics and stakeholders.

Findings
– A separation between the communication and certification functions of publishing is identified: open initiatives are valued for efficient and interactive communication while traditional publishing still dominates the legitimacy of research publications, which leads to the quandary of individual academics operating within the transitional landscape of scholarly communication.

Practical implications
– Practical recommendations for sustainable and efficient openness are derived from discussions on the difficulties associated open/social certification and the shifting maxims that govern academics from “publish or perish” to “be visible or vanish”.

Originality/value
– “Openness” is defined in broad sense integrating Open Access and open scholarship to comprehensively reflect individual academics’ views in the transitional landscape of academic publishing. The research findings suggest that new open approaches are needed to address the evolving tension and conflicts between communication and certification.
Does morphology matter? An explicit assessment of floral morphology in sexual deception
Authors: de Jager Marinus L. , Peakall Rod 
Published: September 2015

Summary

Sexually deceptive orchids are renowned for their olfactory mimicry of female insect sex pheromones to lure male pollinators, but the role of floral morphology remains unknown.

Here, we reveal compelling new experimental evidence that morphology also matters in sexual deception. Our study exploited two morphologically distinct Chiloglottis orchids that both employ the same semiochemical (chiloglottone 1) to attract their respective primary pollinator. In these experiments, we monitored attempted copulation of pollinators with orchid labella as this likely impacts plant fitness.

Reciprocal pollinator choice tests revealed significant reductions in the frequency and duration of attempted copulation when pollinators were presented with alternate orchid species that differ in floral morphology, but nevertheless exhibit identical semiochemicals. Experimentally shortening the labellum also reduced the duration of attempted copulation in one of the species.

Pollinators exhibited contrasting orientations during attempted copulation and pollination, which seem to be correlated with fundamental differences in the morphological adaptations for both mechanical fit and female mimicry in these orchids.

Our findings confirm the overlooked importance of floral morphology for sexually deceptive orchid pollination and indicate that pollinator behaviour could impose strong selection on specific floral traits.
Effect of common polymorphisms of the farnesoid X receptor and bile acid transporters on the pharmacokinetics of ursodeoxycholic acid
Authors: Hu Miao , Fok Benny SP , Wo Siu‐Kwan , Lee Vincent HL , Zuo Zhong , Tomlinson Brian 
Published: September 2015

SummaryUrsodeoxycholic acid (UDCA), a natural, dihydroxy bile acid, promotes gallstone dissolution and has been attributed with several other beneficial effects. The farnesoid X receptor (FXR) may influence the pharmacokinetics of UDCA by modulating the expression of bile acid transporters. This exploratory study examined whether common functional polymorphisms in FXR and in bile acid transporter genes affect the pharmacokinetics of exogenous UDCA. Polymorphisms in genes for transporters involved in bile acid transport, solute carrier organic anion 1B1 (SLCO1B1) 388A>G and 521T>C, solute carrier 10A1 (SLC10A1) 800 C>T and ATP‐binding cassette B11 (ABCB11) 1331T>C, and the FXR ‐1G>T polymorphism were genotyped in 26 male Chinese subjects who ingested single oral 500‐mg doses of UDCA. Plasma concentrations of UDCA and its major conjugate metabolite glycoursodeoxycholic acid (GUDCA) were determined. The mean systemic exposure of UDCA was higher in the five subjects with one copy of the FXR ‐1G>T variant allele than in those homozygous for the wild‐type allele (n = 21) (AUC0–24 h: 38.5 ± 28.2 vs. 20.9 ± 8.0 μg h/mL, P = 0.021), but this difference appeared mainly due to one outlier with the ‐1GT genotype and elevated baseline and post‐treatment UDCA concentrations. After excluding the outlier, body weight was the only factor associated with plasma concentrations of UDCA and there were no significant associations with the other polymorphisms examined. None of the polymorphisms affected the pharmacokinetics of GUDCA. This study showed that the common polymorphisms in bile acid transporters had no significant effect on the pharmacokinetics of exogenous UDCA but an effect of the FXR polymorphism cannot be excluded.
The RNA chaperone Hfq enables the environmental stress tolerance super‐phenotype of Pseudomonas putida
Authors: Arce‐Rodríguez Alejandro , Calles Belén , Nikel Pablo I. , de Lorenzo Víctor 
Published: September 2015

SummaryThe natural physiological regime of the soil bacterium Pseudomonas putida involves incessant exposure to endogenous metabolic conflicts and environmental physicochemical insults. Yet, the role of assisted small RNA–mRNA pairing in the stress tolerance super‐phenotype that is the trademark of this bacterium has not been accredited. We have thoroughly explored the physiological consequences –in particular those related to exogenous stress – of deleting the hfq gene of P. putida, which encodes the major RNA chaperone that promotes sRNA–target mRNA interactions. While the overall trend was a general weakening of every robustness descriptor of the Δhfq strain, growth parameters and production of central metabolic enzymes were comparatively less affected than other qualities that depend directly on energy status (e.g. motility, DNA repair). The overall catalytic vigour of the mutant decreased to < 20% than the wild‐type strain, as estimated from the specific growth rate of cells carrying the catabolic TOL plasmid pWW0 for m‐xylene biodegradation. Several loss‐of‐function phenotypes could be traced to the effect of the Δhfq deletion on the intracellular contents of the stationary sigma factor RpoS. It thus seems that Hfq, while not indispensable for any essential function, contributes to shape the environmental lifestyle of P. putida.
Free Shiga toxin 1‐encoding bacteriophages are less prevalent than Shiga toxin 2 phages in extraintestinal environments
Authors: Grau‐Leal Ferran , Quirós Pablo , Martínez‐Castillo Alexandre , Muniesa Maite 
Published: September 2015

SummaryStx bacteriophages are involved in the pathogenicity of Stx‐producing Escherichia coli. Induction of the Stx phage lytic cycle increases Stx expression and releases Stx phages that reach extracellular environments. Stx phage family comprises different phages that harbour any stx subtype. Stx2 is closely related with severe disease and therefore previous studies focused on free Stx2 phages in extraintestinal environments. To provide similar information regarding Stx1 phages, we evaluate free Stx1 phages in 357 samples of human and animal wastewater, faeces, river water, soil, sludge and food. Our method, based on quantification of stx1 in the DNA from the viral fraction, was validated using electron microscopy counting of phages and infectivity. The overall prevalence of Stx1 phages was very low: 7.6% of positive samples and values below 3 × 103 GC (gene copies) ml−1. These results contrast starkly with the abundance of Stx2 phages in the samples (68.4%). This environmental scarcity of free Stx1 phages is attributed to their lower rates of induction and the fact that Stx1 does not require phage induction to be expressed because it possesses an independent promoter. The implications of the low prevalence of free Stx1 phages for the emergence of new pathogenic strains in the environment are discussed.
Antiretroviral therapy and changing patterns of HIV stigmatisation in Entebbe, Uganda
Authors: Russell Steve , Zalwango Flavia , Namukwaya Stella , Katongole Joseph , Muhumuza Richard , Nalugya Ruth , Seeley Janet 
Published: September 2015

AbstractAntiretroviral therapy (ART) has the potential to change processes of HIV stigmatisation. In this article, changing processes of stigmatisation among a group of people living with HIV (PLWH) on ART in Wakiso District, Uganda, are analysed using qualitative data from a study of PLWH's self‐management of HIV on ART. There were 38 respondents (20 women, 18 men) who had been taking ART for at least 1 year. They were purposefully selected from government and non‐government ART providers. Two in‐depth interviews were held with each participant. Processes of reduced self‐stigmatisation were clearly evident, caused by the recovery of their physical appearance and support from health workers. However most participants continued to conceal their status because they anticipated stigma; for example, they feared gossip, rejection and their status being used against them. Anticipated stigma was gendered: women expressed greater fear of enacted forms of stigma such as rejection by their partner; in contrast men's fears focused on gossip, loss of dignity and self‐stigmatisation. The evidence indicates that ART has not reduced underlying structural drivers of stigmatisation, notably gender identities and inequalities, and that interventions are still required to mitigate and tackle stigmatisation, such as counselling, peer‐led education and support groups that can help PLWH reconstruct alternative and more positive identities.A video abstract of this article can be found at: https://youtu.be/WtIaZJQ3Y_8
HIV stigma and the experiences of young men with voluntary and routine HIV testing
Authors: Knight Rod , Small Will , Shoveller Jean A. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractAs routine HIV testing approaches are implemented to enhance participation rates in HIV testing, it is often widely believed that these approaches are socially and ethically justifiable given the underlying assumption that these practices will result in the widespread reduction of HIV‐related stigma. Nonetheless, a variety of empirical and theoretical gaps on how HIV testing practices may impact on HIV stigma remain, raising questions about the social underpinnings of the public health rationale. We draw on 50 interviews with 18–24 year‐old men to determine how HIV‐related stigma is experienced differentially across subgroups of young men in relation to both voluntary and routine testing practices. The men's experiences with routine testing highlight how (mis)interpretations of universal, routine testing practices may serve to (unintentionally) burden disadvantaged subgroups of men; however, when these practices are adequately explicated, the universal dimension of a routine offer greatly diminished these concerns. These findings also show that, under the right conditions, a routine offer can provide transformative opportunities for individuals to reconceptualise their expectations over HIV and HIV‐related stigma.
Molecular Modification of Polysaccharides and Resulting Bioactivities
Authors: Li Shijie , Xiong Qingping , Lai Xiaoping , Li Xia , Wan Mianjie , Zhang Jingnian , Yan Yajuan , Cao Man , Lu Lun , Guan Jiemin , Zhang Danyan , Lin Ying 
Published: September 2015

AbstractPolysaccharides are ideal natural resources for supplements and pharmaceuticals that have received more and more attention over the years. Natural polysaccharides have been shown to have fewer side effects, but because of their inherently physicochemical properties, their bioactivities were difficult to compare with those of synthetic drugs. Thus, researchers have modified the structures and properties of natural polysaccharides based on structure–activity relationships and have obtained better functionally improved polysaccharides. This review focuses on the major modification methods of polysaccharides, and discusses the effect of molecular modification on their physicochemical properties and bioactivities. Molecular modification methods mainly include chemical, physical, and biological changes. Chemical modification is the most widely used method; it can significantly increase the water solubility and bioactivities of polysaccharides by grafting onto other groups. Physical and biological modifications only change the molecular weight of a polysaccharide, and thereby change its physicochemical properties and bioactivities. Most of the molecular modifications bring about an increase in the antioxidant activity of polysaccharides, and among these, sulfated and acetylated modifications are very common. Furthermore, phosphorylation modification is the most common application to increase antitumor activity, and modified polysaccharides have been shown to have anti‐HIV activity as the result of sulfated modification.
Calcium and Phosphorus Detection Using Benchtop Versus Handheld X‐ray Fluorescence Spectrometers
Authors: Kuzel Aaron R. , Christensen Angi M. , Marvin Susan M. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractElemental analysis of calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) has been shown to be useful in differentiating skeletal and nonskeletal material. X‐ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF) is an attractive, nondestructive technique for forensic anthropologists, and the development of portable XRF instrumentation is promising for field applications. This study examines the performance of handheld XRF instrumentation operated in air compared to a traditional benchtop XRF device that has the ability to control the analysis atmosphere. Both instruments can be used to effectively distinguish skeletal from nonskeletal remains. However, as the measurement atmosphere affects detection levels for calcium and phosphorus, Ca/P ratios obtained from the instruments and analysis conditions were found to differ significantly, with analyses conducted in air showing significantly lower phosphorus detection. Consequently, comparison of Ca/P ratios to conclude skeletal versus nonskeletal origin must be based on data collected under similar analysis conditions.
Agreement between Pleth Variability Index and oesophageal Doppler to predict fluid responsiveness
Authors: Bahlmann H. , Hahn R. G. , Nilsson L. 
Published: September 2015

BackgroundOptimisation of stroke volume using oesophageal Doppler is an established technique to guide intraoperative fluid therapy. The method has practical limitations and therefore alternative indices of fluid responsiveness, such as ventilator‐induced variation in the pulse oximetric signal (Pleth Variability Index (PVI)) could be considered. We hypothesised that both methods predict fluid responsiveness in a similar way.MethodsSeventy‐five patients scheduled for open major abdominal surgery were randomised to fluid optimisation using fluid bolus algorithms based on either PVI (n = 35) or Doppler (n = 39). All patients were monitored with both methods; the non‐guiding method was blind. Primary endpoint was the concordance between the methods to predict fluid responsiveness. We also analysed the ability of each method to predict a stroke volume increase ≥ 10% after a fluid bolus, as well as the accumulated intraoperative bolus fluid volume.ResultsPVI indicated a need for fluid in one‐third of the situations when Doppler did so, Cohen's kappa = 0.03. A fluid bolus indicated by the PVI algorithm increased stroke volume by ≥ 10% in half the situations. The same was found for the Doppler algorithm. The mean total bolus volume given was 878 ml when the fluid management was governed by PVI compared to 826 ml with Doppler (P = 0.71).ConclusionPVI‐ and Doppler‐based stroke volume optimisations agreed poorly, which did not affect the amount of fluid administered. None of the algorithms showed a good ability to predict fluid responsiveness. Our results do not support the fluid responsiveness concept.
Effects of repeated social defeat on adolescent mice on cocaine‐induced CPP and self‐administration in adulthood: integrity of the blood–brain barrier
Authors: Rodríguez‐Arias Marta , Montagud‐Romero Sandra , Rubio‐Araiz Ana , Aguilar María A. , Martín‐García Elena , Cabrera Roberto , Maldonado Rafael , Porcu Francesca , Colado María Isabel , Miñarro José 
Published: September 2015

AbstractSocial stress in adulthood enhances cocaine self‐administration, an effect that has been related with an increase in extracellular signal‐regulated kinase and p38α mitogen‐activated protein kinase phosphorylation. A detrimental effect of cocaine on blood–brain barrier (BBB) integrity has also been reported. This study evaluates the effects of repeated social defeat (RSD) during adolescence on the reinforcing and motivational effects of cocaine in adult mice and the changes induced by RSD on BBB permeability. Cocaine self‐administration, conditioned place preference and quantitative analysis of claudin‐5, laminin, collagen‐IV and IgG immunoreactivity took place 3 weeks after RSD. Mice socially defeated during adolescence developed conditioned place preference and exhibited reinstated preference with a non‐effective dose of cocaine (1 mg/kg). RSD mice needed significantly more sessions than control animals for the preference induced by 25 mg/kg of cocaine to be extinguished. However, acquisition of cocaine self‐administration (0.5 mg/kg per injection) was delayed in the RSD group. Mice exposed to RSD displayed significant changes in BBB structure in adulthood, with a marked reduction in expression of the tight junction protein claudin‐5 and an increase in basal laminin degradation (reflected by a decrease in laminin and collagen‐IV expression) in the nucleus accumbens and hippocampus. The detrimental effect induced by cocaine (25 mg/kg) on collagen‐IV expression in the hippocampus was more pronounced in RSD mice. In summary, our findings suggest that stress and cocaine can increase the long‐term vulnerability of the brain to subsequent environmental insults as a consequence of a sustained disruption of the BBB.