bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Holding Companies and Intermediate Parents
Authors: Morris Charles H R 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter focuses on parent/holding companies: both those at the top of a group and at intermediate points within it. Such parent companies have a significant role within the regulatory system. Often, they function as the fulcrum around which a consolidation group forms, or function as a resolution entity. Regulated firms are often placed in a position of reliance on such parents: especially where the regulated firm is responsible for compliance with regulatory requirements that only the parent is in a legal and practical position to perform. The chapter then considers some of the regulatory requirements that are imposed upon, or otherwise specifically relate to, such parents undertakings and holding companies. Such regulatory requirements are particularly significant in the case of non-operating holding companies that may otherwise fall outside the direct scope of a regulator’s authority. Moreover, parent undertakings, particularly intermediate parents, are increasingly the focal point for the imposition of structural regulatory requirements.
The Law of Rescission
Authors: O'Sullivan KC Dominic , Elliott KC Steven , Zakrzewski Rafal 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This book, the leading work in the field, is an extensive analysis of the law concerning the rescission of contracts and gifts in England and Wales, and also contains detailed reference to the law of other parts of the Commonwealth including Australia, New Zealand, Canada, British Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands, Isle of Man, Singapore, Hong Kong, Malaysia, and India. The revised third edition builds on the established format, fully updating case law and considering how developments, such as the introduction of machine-generated contracts, impacts on the law. The book also incorporates new legislation, such as The Insurance Act 2015. Rescission is frequently sought in commercial, property, and insurance disputes, making this book an essential reference for all lawyers involved in civil litigation, as well as for civil judges. Academics will also find this book of interest when researching contracts, remedies, or restitution.
Intervention of Third Party Rights
Authors: O’Sullivan Dominic 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines the intervention and protection provided by third-party rights. It explains how rescission will not be barred if relief will be made in a way that does not affect the rights of innocent third parties. One of the main bars to rescission is the intervention of third-party rights, but only a few cases have invoked the bar successfully. The third-party rights bar corresponds to a small collection of cases decided by the common law courts involving the sales of goods produced by the purchaser’s fraud. A bar becomes unnecessary to the protection of the rights of innocent purchasers and recognizing it would only provide fraudulent purchasers protection.
The Legal Hurdle of Causation:
Authors: Lianos Ioannis , Davis Peter , Nebbia Paolisa 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines the different approaches taken by the legal systems of EU Member States to the description and methods of analysis of causation in their tort law. The different descriptions and methods of analysis of legal causation that have emerged in theory and practice are thoroughly examined. The chapter also explores how some key EU jurisdictions have dealt so far with the issue of causation, focusing initially on general tort law and subsequently providing illustrations from competition law cases.
The Applicable Law in the Absence of Choice
Authors: McParland Michael 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter explains Article 4 of the Rome I Regulation. If the parties to a cross-border contract have not exercised their right to choose the law that governs their contract, then a ‘choice’ of law has to be made for them. Article 4 attempts to provide rules that, for most contracts, are intended to enable this selection to be made on a uniformly predictable basis. Because of its role, Article 4 has been described as ‘the most important provision in the whole Regulation’.
Insurance and Reinsurance Contracts
Authors: McParland Michael 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter explains Article 7 of the Rome I Regulation, which contains ‘special rules on insurance contracts’. These rules are of great importance for the European insurance industry, the world's largest with a 33% share of the global market. Article 7 can only be properly understood against the background of the prior conflict rules that will continue to apply to insurance contracts concluded before 17 December 2009 and will still influence the operation of Article 7 in several key respects. The background and legislative development of Article 7 are discussed.
Introduction
Authors: Fawcett James J , Shúilleabháin Máire Ní , Shah Sangeeta 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This introductory chapter provides an overview of the central themes of the book as well as its scope and structure. This book examines the impact of human rights law on private international law and vice versa, with a focus on private international law cases and instruments. Given that it remains unclear whether private international law is compatible with human rights law, the starting point of the analysis is that no human rights instrument has provisions on private international law. Moreover, most international human rights bodies, such as the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR), are not empowered to interpret private international law rules any more than any other substantive rules of law.
The Prohibition of Discrimination and Private International Law
Authors: Fawcett James J , Shúilleabháin Máire Ní , Shah Sangeeta 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses the prohibition of discrimination and its impact on jurisdiction and recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments in private international law. One area where discrimination concerns have arisen is that of family law. There is potential for private international law rules in relation to international marriages and the recognition of a foreign status to be impacted by the prohibition of discrimination based on gender. Moreover, the recognition of polygamous marriages and extra-judicial divorces also raises issues in relation to the prohibition of discrimination based on religion. However, these rules have also been impacted by other rights, particularly by the right to respect for private life and family life.
Other Horizontal Agreements
Authors: Valdés Burgui Ángel , Faura Enriquez Pablo 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The chapter, written by Ángel Valdés Burgui and Pablo Faura Enriquez (Lupicinio, Spain), analyses specific categories of horizontal cooperation agreements between competitors, namely joint purchasing agreements, commercialization agreements, and standardization agreements, including standard terms. The chapter first discusses the qualification of an agreement as a joint purchasing agreement, commercialization agreement, or standardization agreement in the sense of the so-called Horizontal Guidelines of the European Commission. It then turns to the conditions under which such agreements may be deemed to restrict competition in the sense of Article 101(1) TFEU. For those agreements that do, the chapter analyses the Horizontal Guidelines to identify those factors that determine the possibility of an individual exemption under Article 101(3) TFEU.
The Market Investigations Regime
Authors: Farrell Lesley 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter analyses the changes to the market investigations regime made under the Enterprise and Regulatory Reform Act 2013 (ERRA). It outlines the criticisms highlighted in the Government’s consultation on the options for reform, such as the length of time taken to complete market studies and investigations and the degree of duplication as a result of a two-stage process conducted separately by the Office of Fair Trading and the Competition Commission. The chapter then describes the changes to the regime, including wider information-gathering powers of the newly created Competition and Markets Authority (CMA), an enhanced ‘concurrency’ regime and the reduced statutory time limits for market studies and investigations. Finally, it comments on the concerns relating to confirmation bias and the expected impact of the reforms.
Individual Criminal Liability— The Cartel Offence
Authors: Owen Tim , Watkins Aaron , Buckley Joanna 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter analyses the changes to the criminal cartel offence brought about by the Enterprise and Regulatory Reform Act (ERRA) in order to improve the track record of criminal prosecutions as a means of deterring hard-core cartels. The chapter provides both an overview of individual liability under the cartel offence and a critique of the recent legislative amendments, notably the removal of the ‘dishonesty’ element of the offence and the addition of specific (and controversial) statutory exclusions and defences. The chapter also discusses briefly the investigatory powers of the CMA and the availability of no-action letters in light of the recent guidance published by the CMA.
Concurrent Enforcement of Competition Law
Authors: Nazzini Renato 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This introductory chapter discusses the problems and complexities underlying the concurrent enforcement of competition law. In addition, it provides a brief overview of the historical development of the concurrent enforcement of competition law, which will serve as a foundation for later chapters. The concurrent enforcement of competition law is after all a reality that pervades any aspect of competition procedure. Furthermore, the different types of sanctions and remedies in the sphere of competition law generate problems of concurrent proceedings. The term ‘proceedings’ herein is used to denote any activity carried out by a person with the aim of obtaining a criminal or administrative sanction or a civil law remedy in competition law matters.
Disclosure and Admissibility of Evidence
Authors: Nazzini Renato 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter defines the limitations on disclosure and admissibility of evidence obtained or generated in one set of proceedings in another set of proceedings. Evidence obtained by the Commission in the course of an investigation may be relevant for the purposes of further administrative proceedings by the Commission or by national competition authorities, including the CMA. Hence, the chapter deals with the use of information obtained by the Commission for the purposes of other administrative proceedings by the Commission or an NCA, as well as the use of information by the CMA for the purposes of further administrative proceedings by the CMA itself. The chapter then looks at the use of information in proceedings relating to the cartel offence under section 188 of the Enterprise Act 2002. Finally, the chapter addresses the problems relating to use of information obtained by the Commission in litigation in national courts.
Liberalization and Regulation
Authors: Blanco Luis Ortiz , Rodríguez Elvira Aliende , Vandenbussche Julie 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Throughout history, shipping has been a key stepping-stone to economic growth and prosperity in Europe. The seas and oceans surrounding Europe continue to represent a great potential for the European economy. European companies control over 40 per cent of the world’s fleet. Member States together manage more than 1,200 commercial ports, more than 8,100 flagged vessels, and 4,300 registered maritime companies. More than 400 million passengers pass through European port each year. Shipping presents many specific features because of its international characteristics and long tradition. The development of an EU regulatory framework was a lengthy and elaborate process. This chapter describes the history of EU involvement in this subsector and the gradual introduction of EU principles on competition and freedoms of establishment and service provision. Specific regulation developed a comprehensive system of safety and security measures that dealt with social issues in the industry and articulated an approach to international relations.
Effects of cyclophosphamide administration on ovarian dysfunction in pediatric patients with connective tissue diseases: A systematic scoping review
Authors: Sada Ken-ei , Miyamae Takako , Kaneko Kayoko , Isojima Sakiko , Ichinose Kunihiro , Matsushita Masakazu , Oku Kenji , Iwata Yasunori , Fujio Keishi , Murashima Atsuko , Tanaka Yoshiya , Nakajima Ayako 
Published: August 2024

ABSTRACT

Objective
This systematic scoping review assess the effect of cyclophosphamide (CY) administration during childhood on ovarian function in patients with juvenile-onset connective tissue diseases.

Methods
A MEDLINE database search was conducted using terms related to CY, juvenile-onset connective tissue diseases, and ovarian function. Studies were included if they met specific criteria.

Results
The search, conducted on 28 November 2023, yielded 3328 references. After a two-stage screening process, six observational studies on systemic lupus erythematosus patients were included. All studies had a high risk of confounding bias, as none adjusted for confounding variables. Two studies assessing clinical ovarian dysfunction found no clear difference between CY and non-CY groups. However, statistical differences were observed in hormonal profiles. Decreased ovarian reserve was more frequent in CY-exposed patients. Two studies showed significantly higher follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) levels in the CY group, while one showed a trend towards higher FSH levels without statistical significance.

Conclusion
This review suggested that CY use in childhood may not conclusively have clinically significant effects on ovarian function. Further investigation needed on CY’s effect on hormonal levels, fertility, and pregnancy outcomes.
Epidemiology and Clinical Characteristics of Ocular Tuberculosis in the United States, 1993–2019
Authors: Filardo Thomas D , Andrzejewski Aryn , Croix Michael , Self Julie L , Fraimow Henry S , Munsiff Sonal S 
Published: August 2024

Abstract

Background
Data regarding ocular tuberculosis (OTB) in the United States have not been previously reported. We evaluated trends of OTB compared with other extrapulmonary TB (EPTB).

Methods
We estimated the proportion of all EPTB cases (with or without concurrent pulmonary involvement) with OTB reported to the National Tuberculosis Surveillance System during 1993–2019. We compared demographics and clinical characteristics of people with OTB and other EPTB during 2010–2019. P values were calculated by chi-square test for categorical variables and Kruskal-Wallis for continuous variables.

Results
During 1993–2019, 1766 OTB cases were reported, representing 1.6% of 109 834 all EPTB cases: 200 (0.5% of 37 167) during 1993–1999, 395 (1.0% of 41 715) during 2000–2009, and 1171 (3.8% of 30 952) during 2010–2019. In contrast to persons with other EPTB, persons with OTB were older (median, 48 vs 44 years; P &lt; .01), more likely to be US-born (35% vs 28%; P &lt; .01), more likely to have diabetes (17% vs 13%; P &lt; .01), and less likely to have HIV (1% vs 8%; P &lt; .01). OTB was less likely to be laboratory confirmed (5% vs 75%; P &lt; .01), but patients were more likely to be tested by interferon gamma release assay (IGRA; 84% vs 56%; P &lt; .01) and to be IGRA positive (96% vs 80%; P &lt; .01).

Conclusions
Reported OTB increased during 1993–2019 despite decreasing TB, including EPTB; the largest increase occurred during 2010–2019. OTB was rarely laboratory confirmed and was primarily diagnosed in conjunction with IGRA results. More research is needed to understand the epidemiology of OTB to inform clinical and diagnostic practices.
Childhood Deafness in Sub-Saharan Africa
Authors: Fobi Daniel , Asomaning Derrick 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines the medical and social implications of early childhood deafness in sub-Saharan African (SSA). We provide an overview of the available statistics on childhood deafness within this context. These data derive mainly from a medical and health perspective and whilst our use of medical terminology in this chapter aligns with these sources where appropriate it does not reflect our social-cultural stance. We outline the early care and education challenges that result from limited resources and an impoverished identification and intervention infrastructure in the context of SSA. We describe the consequential social and educational exclusion experienced by deaf children and their caregivers in this context in various aspects of life including education, health, and religion.
Researching Childhood Deafness and Early Support
Authors: Swanwick Ruth , Fobi Joyce 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter introduces and provides a framework for the case study research described in subsequent chapters. The authors review ethical issues associated with early childhood research and interventions across cultures that are discussed in the comparative and international research. Implications for research into the early childhood and care of deaf children are discussed. The authors explain their use of Bronfenbrenner’s bioecological model as a theoretical framework that provides opportunities to address these ethical concerns. The aims of the empirical project work undertaken in Ghana are introduced and a rationale is given for the use of the bioecological model in conjunction with social theory to inform the methodological approach. Throughout the chapter the authors draw on individual reflections among project team members to provide contextual examples of ethical dilemmas and how they were approached in project design, execution, and working practices.
The Experiences of Caregivers of Deaf Children
Authors: Swanwick Ruth , Appau Obed 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter is the first of the case study section of the book that draws on the research project findings to examine different aspects of deaf ECCE in Ghana including the experiences of caregivers, the language and communication development context, the role of professionals, and deaf intervention and leadership. In this chapter the authors focus on what was learned from the project work about caregivers’ lives, their experiences of raising their deaf children and planning for their education. The outcomes of interviews with education and health practitioners, and deaf leaders are discussed in later chapters. The project goals are briefly reviewed and the methodological approach and challenges experienced researching in this context are described. The authors introduce the 12 families who participated in the study. They outline the different family structures, and describe caregivers’ experiences of having a deaf child, and of the early care and support provision and opportunities. Additionally, as for other sections of the book, deaf members of the project and writing team have made personal contributions about their lives and experiences as young deaf children. The authors reflect on what can be learned from this specific context about the experiences of caregivers of deaf children in other African and global South contexts where there are similar resource, infrastructure, and inclusivity challenges.
Old Pattern with New Heroes
Authors: Turek Aleksandra 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The purpose of this chapter is to demonstrate that in addition to literary values, Rajasthani commemorative poems known as Ḍiṅgaḷ gīt can also be considered as a form of commentary on contemporary events and thus provide an alternative perspective on history. This specific perception of history from the Rajasthani perspective will be illustrated with the example of a contextualized analysis of some Ḍiṅgaḷ gīt from the beginning of the nineteenth century. In that period, new heroes were introduced in Rajasthani poetry as a result of contact with Europeans. Although the structure of the nineteenth-century Ḍiṅgaḷ gīt was still firmly embedded in tradition its message was related to the political and colonial reality of the early modern era.
Bilvamaṅgala in Bengal
Authors: Chakrabarti Ishan 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter deals with the fourteenth-century Kr̥ṣṇakarṇāmṛta (‘Ambrosia for Krishna’s Ears’)—an anthology of Sanskrit verses by Līlāśuka Bilvamaṅgala—and the history of its interpretation in sixteenth and seventeenth century Bengal, where the early Gauḍīya Vaishnavas commented on the work by constructing a biographical narrative about its author and then embedding their verse-by-verse commentary into that narrative. The text’s journey in Bengal began around 1510 when Caitanya first encountered the work while on pilgrimage in the Deccan. Toward the end of the sixteenth century Kr̥ṣṇadāsa Kavirāja produced a Sanskrit commentary on the text; Yadunandana Dāsa then expanded and translated both Kavirāja’s commentary and Bilvamaṅgala’s poems into Bangla. Both commentaries share the same biographical form. I argue that the early Gauḍīya turn to biographical criticism was motivated by the Kr̥ṣṇakarṇāmṛta’s unusual use of language and its concern with the aporia of Krishna’s ultimate inexpressibility.
Hacking Hybrid Media
Authors: Barnard Stephen R. 
Published: August 2024

AbstractThe contemporary public sphere is rife with problematic information, but on what terms are manipulators able to garner attention in the hybrid media system? Focusing on the messaging strategies employed by Donald Trump and his most vocal online supporters, Hacking Hybrid Media provides a theoretically oriented and empirically grounded analysis of the ways today’s media afford deceptive political communication. From the structures of social media platforms to the practices of political actors, the book offers a critical appraisal of media power and the capital required to wield it. Bringing the study of propaganda and media manipulation in conversation with literatures on media power and practice, this book examines how networked media capital is changing the fields of politics and journalism. By analyzing events like the January 6, 2021, attack on the U.S. Capitol, the White House’s first “social media summit,” and the media frenzy following CNN reporter Jim Acosta’s alleged assault of an intern, the book shows how members of Trump’s “digital army” use Facebook groups, Reddit forums, Twitter hashtags, YouTube channels, mass media, and more to shape the flow of disinformation in American media.
Power and Problematic Information in an Era of Hybrid Media
Authors: Barnard Stephen R. 
Published: August 2024

AbstractThis chapter offers an overview of media’s role in relations of power, arguing that this endeavor requires consideration of social, political, journalistic, and technological structures as well as how those structures inform media-related capital and practices. The chapter begins with an introduction to hybrid media and to other relevant theories of media and power. It then makes the case for studying media practice before situating such practice against a backdrop of social and technological affordances. Next, the chapter reviews literature on media-related forms of capital and sketches a path toward theoretical advancement through the development of new conceptual tools. It considers what is known about propaganda and media manipulation as well as what areas of study remain underdeveloped. Finally, the chapter presents a typology of manipulative media practices before concluding with a discussion of how the lessons learned in this chapter shape the book’s focus going forward.