bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Immunophenotypic features by multiparameter flow cytometry can help distinguish low grade B‐cell lymphomas with plasmacytic differentiation from plasma cell proliferative disorders with an unrelated clonal B‐cell process
Authors: Rosado Flavia G. , Morice William G. , He Rong , Howard Matthew T. , Timm Michael , McPhail Ellen D. 
Published: February 2015

SummaryHighly sensitive flow cytometry studies may incidentally identify B cell clones when used to assess plasma cell clonality in bone marrows. Clinical history, which can help differentiate related clones (low grade B cell lymphoma with plasmacytic differentiation/LBCL‐PD) from unrelated ones (plasma cell proliferative disorder (PCPD) with an unrelated B cell clone), is often unavailable in referred specimens. We sought to identify morphologic or phenotypic features that would help predict the significance of these clones in the absence of history. We included only cases with identical light chain B and plasma cell clones, as determined by 6‐color flow cytometry with additional DNA ploidy analysis, in which the relationship between clones could be established by review of medical records. There were 26 cases; 18 were related (14 were Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia) and eight were unrelated (seven multiple myeloma). Features seen exclusively in LBCL‐PD include CD19+/CD45+ clonal plasma cell phenotype (66·7%, P = 0·0022) and morphologic features such as paratrabecular bone marrow involvement, increased mast cells, and plasma cells surrounding B‐cell nodules. Aneuploidy was identified exclusively in PCPD cases (75%, P = 0·000028). We conclude that CD19+/CD45+ clonal plasma cell phenotype and aneuploidy are useful in distinguishing related clones (LBCL‐PD) from unrelated clones (PCPD).
Angry Responses to Infant Challenges: Parent, Marital, and Child Genetic Factors Associated With Harsh Parenting
Authors: Hajal Nastassia , Neiderhiser Jenae , Moore Ginger , Leve Leslie , Shaw Daniel , Harold Gordon , Scaramella Laura , Ganiban Jody , Reiss David 
Published: February 2015

This study examined genetic and environmental influences on harsh parenting of adopted 9‐month‐olds (N = 503), with an emphasis on positive child‐, parent‐, and family‐level characteristics. Evocative gene–environment correlation (rGE) was examined by testing the effect of both positive and negative indices of birth parent temperament on adoptive parents’ harsh parenting. Adoptive fathers’ harsh parenting was inversely related to birth mother positive temperament, indicating evocative rGE, as well as to marital quality. Adoptive parents’ negative temperamental characteristics were related to hostile parenting for both fathers and mothers. Findings support the importance of enhancing positive family characteristics in addition to mitigating negative characteristics, as well as engaging multiple levels of the family system to prevent harsh parenting.
Treatment of acromegaly in the era of personalized and predictive medicine
Authors: Puig Domingo Manuel 
Published: February 2015

SummaryAcromegaly is a chronic disorder usually diagnosed late in the disease evolution. Such delayed diagnosis, together with the inability to achieve the treatment goals of normalizing biochemical disease markers and controlling tumour mass may result in substantial morbidity and mortality. Somatostatin analogues (SSA) are accepted as first‐line medical therapy or as second‐line therapy in patients undergoing unsuccessful surgery and are considered a cornerstone in the treatment of acromegaly. However, because a high percentage of patients experience SSA medical treatment failure, the identification of biomarkers associated with a successful or unsuccessful response to all classes of medical therapy would help in the choice of treatment and potentially allow for a quicker normalization of biochemical parameters. The current treatment algorithms for acromegaly are based upon a “trial‐and‐error” approach with additional treatment options provided when disease is not controlled. In many other diseases, therapeutic algorithms have been evolving towards personalized treatment with the medication that best matches individual disease characteristics, using biomarkers that identify therapeutic response. Additionally, a personalized approach to complementary treatment of comorbidities present in the acromegalic patient is also required. This review will discuss the development of a potential treatment algorithm for acromegaly addressing the biochemical control of the disease as well of its associated comorbidities, under a personalized approach based upon markers of prognostic and predictive significance, such as tumour size, MRI adenoma signal, GH value after acute octreotide test, granular adenoma pattern, Ki‐67, somatostatin receptor phenotype, aryl hydrocarbon‐interacting protein expression, gsp mutations, RAF kinase activity, E‐cadherin and beta‐arrestin‐1.
Nasal Foreign Bodies: A Sweet Experiment
Authors: Leopard D.C. , Williams R.G. 
Published: February 2015

IntroductionIt is generally accepted that paediatric intranasal foreign bodies should be removed in the emergency setting. In the case of a difficult to access dissolvable foreign body in an uncooperative child, the question must be raised regarding whether or not a watch and wait strategy is more appropriate. We ask: How long does it take for popular sweets (candy) to dissolve in the human nose?MethodsFive popular UK sweets were placed in the right nasal cavity of a 29‐year‐old male (the author) with no sino‐nasal disease. Time taken to dissolve was recorded.ResultsAll five sweets were completely dissolved in under one hour.DiscussionA watch and wait strategy in favour of examination under anaesthetic may be a viable option in some cases. Limitations of the study include the age of the participant and size of the sweets. It is also important in practice that the clinician is able to elicit an accurate history regarding the exact nature of the foreign body.ConclusionIt remains prudent to perform an examination under anaesthetic of an uncooperative child with a solid or unknown nasal foreign body. However, if the clinician can be certain the foreign body is a small sugar or chocolate based sweet only, a watch and wait strategy may be a reasonable choice.
The Limits of Artificial Stimuli in Behavioral Research: The Umwelt Gamble
Authors: Lahti David C. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThe use of artificial stimuli in behavioral experimentation is pervasive and well precedented. A perspective by Hauber et al. (2014) Ethology describes advantages of this approach and highlights the use of model bird eggs and artificial egg coloration in research on egg rejection in the context of brood parasitism. Here, as a companion piece focused on quality control, I outline limitations and pitfalls associated with the use of artificial stimuli. In general, the practice makes assumptions about the perception and cognition of the study organism, therefore involving what could be called an umwelt gamble. The magnitude of this gamble and the prospects for interpretable results depend on the experimental design, the particular stimulus, and its intended role. Common roles are (1) as a representative stimulus to be generalized to a broader class; (2) as a substitute for a natural stimulus; (3) as a modification or exaggeration of natural stimuli; or (4) as an entirely novel stimulus. Whether the gamble is successful—whether the methodology navigates peculiarities of the study organism in the way the researchers intend—can be tested with controls that function as artifact detection tests. Given the propensity of animals to be biased, sometimes in unforeseen ways, in the way they perceive and interpret their environments, researchers should be careful when considering the use of artificial stimuli, weighing the advantages against the risks in any particular case.
Selectivity of substrate binding and ionization of 2‐methyl‐3‐hydroxypyridine‐5‐carboxylic acid oxygenase
Authors: Luanloet Thikumporn , Sucharitakul Jeerus , Chaiyen Pimchai 
Published: February 2015

2‐Methyl‐3‐hydroxypyridine‐5‐carboxylic acid (MHPC) oxygenase (EC 1.14.12.4) from Pseudomonas sp. MA‐1 is a flavin‐dependent monooxygenase that catalyzes a hydroxylation and aromatic ring cleavage reaction. The functional roles of two residues, Tyr223 and Tyr82, located ~ 5 Å away from MHPC, were characterized using site‐directed mutagenesis, along with ligand binding, product analysis and transient kinetic experiments. Mutation of Tyr223 resulted in enzyme variants that were impaired in their hydroxylation activity and had Kd values for substrate binding 5–10‐fold greater than the wild‐type enzyme. Because this residue is adjacent to the water molecule that is located next to the 3‐hydroxy group of MHPC, the results indicate that the interaction between Tyr223, H2O and the 3‐hydroxyl group of MHPC are important for substrate binding and hydroxylation. By contrast, the Kd for substrate binding of Tyr82His and Tyr82Phe variants were similar to that of the wild‐type enzyme. However, only ~ 40–50% of the substrate was hydroxylated in the reactions of both variants, whereas most of the substrate was hydroxylated in the wild‐type enzyme reaction. In free solution, MHPC or 5‐hydroxynicotinic acid exists in a mixture of monoanionic and tripolar ionic forms, whereas only the tripolar ionic form binds to the wild‐type enzyme. The binding of tripolar ionic MHPC would allow efficient hydroxylation through an electrophilic aromatic substitution mechanism. For the Tyr82His and Tyr82Phe variants, both forms of substrates can bind to the enzymes, indicating that the mutation at Tyr82 abolished the selectivity of the enzyme towards the tripolar ionic form. Transient kinetic studies indicated that the hydroxylation rate constants of both Tyr82 variants are approximately two‐ to 2.5‐fold higher than that of the wild‐type enzyme. Altogether, our findings suggest that Tyr82 is important for the binding selectivity of MHPC oxygenase towards the tripolar ionic species, whereas the interaction between Tyr223 and the substrate is important for ensuring hydroxylation. These results highlight how the active site of a flavoenzyme is able to deal with the presence of multiple forms of a substrate in solution and ensure efficient hydroxylation.
Landscape fragmentation affects responses of avian communities to climate change
Authors: Jarzyna Marta A. , Porter William F. , Maurer Brian A. , Zuckerberg Benjamin , Finley Andrew O. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractForecasting the consequences of climate change is contingent upon our understanding of the relationship between biodiversity patterns and climatic variability. While the impacts of climate change on individual species have been well‐documented, there is a paucity of studies on climate‐mediated changes in community dynamics. Our objectives were to investigate the relationship between temporal turnover in avian biodiversity and changes in climatic conditions and to assess the role of landscape fragmentation in affecting this relationship. We hypothesized that community turnover would be highest in regions experiencing the most pronounced changes in climate and that these patterns would be reduced in human‐dominated landscapes. To test this hypothesis, we quantified temporal turnover in avian communities over a 20‐year period using data from the New York State Breeding Atlases collected during 1980–1985 and 2000–2005. We applied Bayesian spatially varying intercept models to evaluate the relationship between temporal turnover and temporal trends in climatic conditions and landscape fragmentation. We found that models including interaction terms between climate change and landscape fragmentation were superior to models without the interaction terms, suggesting that the relationship between avian community turnover and changes in climatic conditions was affected by the level of landscape fragmentation. Specifically, we found weaker associations between temporal turnover and climatic change in regions with prevalent habitat fragmentation. We suggest that avian communities in fragmented landscapes are more robust to climate change than communities found in contiguous habitats because they are comprised of species with wider thermal niches and thus are less susceptible to shifts in climatic variability. We conclude that highly fragmented regions are likely to undergo less pronounced changes in composition and structure of faunal communities as a result of climate change, whereas those changes are likely to be greater in contiguous and unfragmented habitats.
Trait‐based analysis of decline in plant species ranges during the 20th century: a regional comparison between the UK and Estonia
Authors: Laanisto Lauri , Sammul Marek , Kull Tiiu , Macek Petr , Hutchings Michael J. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractAlthough the distribution ranges and abundance of many plant species have declined dramatically in recent decades, detailed analysis of these changes and their cause have only become possible following the publication of second‐ and third‐generation national distribution atlases. Decline can now be compared both between species and in different parts of species' ranges. We extracted data from distribution atlases to compare range persistence of 736 plant species common to both the UK and Estonia between survey periods encompassing almost the same years (1969 and 1999 in the UK and 1970 and 2004 in Estonia). We determined which traits were most closely associated with variation in species persistence, whether these were the same in each country, and the extent to which they explained differences in persistence between the countries. Mean range size declined less in Estonia than in the UK (24.3% vs. 30.3%). One‐third of species in Estonia (239) maintained >90% of their distribution range compared with one‐fifth (141) in the UK. In Estonia, 99 species lost >50% of their range compared with 127 species in the UK. Persistence was very positively related to original range in both countries. Major differences in species persistence between the studied countries were primarily determined by biogeographic (affiliation to floristic element) and ecoevolutionary (plant strategy) factors. In contrast, within‐country persistence was most strongly determined by tolerance of anthropogenic activities. Decline of species in the families Orchidaceae and Potamogetonaceae was significantly greater in the UK than in Estonia. Almost all of the 736 common and native European plant species in our study are currently declining in their range due to pressure from anthropogenic activities. Those species with low tolerance of human activity, with biotic pollination vectors and in the families referred to above are the most vulnerable, especially where human population density is high.
Marine nano‐ and microphytoplankton diversity: redrawing global patterns from sampling‐standardized data
Authors: Rodríguez‐Ramos Tamara , Marañón Emilio , Cermeño Pedro 
Published: February 2015

AbstractAimWe analysed marine phytoplankton diversity data as a function of latitude, temperature, primary production and several environmental and biological variables to ascertain whether large‐scale variability in the diversity of marine nano‐ and microphytoplankton (including diatoms, dinoflagellates and coccolithophores) follows similar patterns to those observed for macroorganisms. For the first time we explored these relationships after correcting the observed patterns of species richness by sampling effort.LocationThe global ocean.MethodsTo standardize the estimates of species richness by sampling effort we used interpolation and extrapolation based on Hill numbers and shareholder quorum subsampling (SQS) methods. Then, we fitted linear and quadratic models to species richness data to explore their variability with latitude, inverse temperature and biomass. These relationships were compared with the patterns obtained from non‐standardized data. In addition, we used a stepwise multiple linear regression model to explain the variability of species richness as the combined effect of multiple drivers acting together.ResultsMarine phytoplankton diversity was weakly correlated with latitude, temperature or biomass. The hotspots of species richness at intermediate latitudes largely vanished after standardization for sampling effort. Neither latitude, temperature, primary production (as diagnostics of energy supply) nor any other variable or combination of variables, explained the patterns of phytoplankton species richness.Main conclusionsNone of the hypotheses tested explained a significant amount of the variability in species richness. The patterns observed for microorganisms in previous studies may have resulted at least partially from differences in sampling effort along productivity gradients and systematic undersampling of species. We conclude that large‐scale processes such as passive dispersal and recurrent habitat recolonization dominate the distribution of species. Sampling protocols and data analyses must be improved in order to obtain estimates of diversity that are comparable across ecosystems.
The global ocean is an ecosystem: simulating marine life and fisheries
Authors: Christensen Villy , Coll Marta , Buszowski Joe , Cheung William W. L. , Frölicher Thomas , Steenbeek Jeroen , Stock Charles A. , Watson Reg A. , Walters Carl J. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractAimThere has been considerable effort allocated to understanding the impact of climate change on our physical environment, but comparatively little to how life on Earth and ecosystem services will be affected. Therefore, we have developed a spatial–temporal food web model of the global ocean, spanning from primary producers through to top predators and fisheries. Through this, we aim to evaluate how alternative management actions may impact the supply of seafood for future generations.LocationGlobal ocean.MethodsWe developed a modelling complex to initially predict the combined impact of environmental parameters and fisheries on global seafood production, and initially evaluated the model's performance through hindcasting. The modelling complex has a food web model as core, obtains environmental productivity from a biogeochemical model and assigns global fishing effort spatially. We tuned model parameters based on Markov chain random walk stock reduction analysis, fitting the model to historic catches. We evaluated the goodness‐of‐fit of the model to data for major functional groups, by spatial management units and globally.ResultsThis model is the most detailed ever constructed of global fisheries, and it was able to replicate broad patterns of historic fisheries catches with best agreement for the total catches and good agreement for species groups, with more variation at the regional level.Main conclusionsWe have developed a modelling complex that can be used for evaluating the combined impact of fisheries and climate change on upper‐trophic level organisms in the global ocean, including invertebrates, fish and other large vertebrates. The model provides an important step that will allow global‐scale evaluation of how alternative fisheries management measures can be used for mitigation of climate change.
Mispricing of Risk in Sovereign Bond Markets with Asymmetric Information
Authors: Mihm Benedikt 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
The likelihood that a government will repay its sovereign debt depends both on the amount of debt it issues and on the government’s future ability to repay. Whilst the former is publicly observable, the government may have more information about the latter than investors. This paper shows that this asymmetric information problem impairs the market’s ability to differentiate economies according to their fiscal sustainability, and can lead to a disconnect between bond prices and default risk. The model can help rationalise the behaviour of Eurozone bond prices prior to the recent European sovereign debt crisis.
Impact of oral hygiene on oral health‐related quality of life of preschool children
Authors: Shaghaghian S , Bahmani M , Amin M 
Published: February 2015

AbstractObjectivesTo assess the impact of oral hygiene of preschool children and parental attitude on children's oral health‐related quality of life (OHRQoL).MethodsIn this cross‐sectional study, 396 children of Shiraz kindergartens were selected by a randomized cluster sampling. Children's oral hygiene was assessed using the Simplified Debris Index (DI‐S) and a self‐made questionnaire about oral hygiene habits. Children's OHRQoL was evaluated by the Farsi version of Early Childhood Oral Health Impact Scale (F‐ECOHIS). The effect of oral hygiene determinants on OHRQoL was measured using Pearson and Spearman correlation, independent‐sample t‐test and anova.ResultsChildren's mean DI‐S and F‐ECOHIS scores were 1.19 (± 0.77) and 19.36 (±8.42), respectively. Only 75% of the children had their teeth brushed once a day or more, and in 28%, toothbrushing had started before 2 years of age. DI‐S values (P < 0.001) and frequency of toothbrushing (P < 0.001) had a statistically significant impact on OHRQoL of the children. Children's OHRQoL was also significantly associated with parents’ attitude towards the importance of brushing deciduous teeth (P = 0.002).ConclusionsOral health status of preschool children in Shiraz was less than optimal and had a significant impact on their OHRQoL. Therefore, improvement of children's OHRQoL could be achieved by improving their home dental care. Strategies promoting parental attitude about the importance of children's toothbrushing may significantly influence children's oral hygiene and are highly recommended.
The issue of moral distress in community pharmacy practice: background and research agenda
Authors: Astbury Jayne L , Gallagher Cathal T , O’Neill Richard C 
Published: February 2015

AbstractObjectivesMoral distress arises from situations in which the individual identifies the morally right action required, but feels unable to act accordingly due to organisational constraints within the work place. Research into this phenomenon has focused predominately on the experience of those in the nursing profession, due to its perceived moral grounding and its traditionally subordinate role. As the conceptual boundaries of moral distress have developed, so too has the research interest in the experiences of other professional groups. Here, we seek to determine if there is scope to study moral distress in pharmacists.MethodsA review of the literature on moral distress in healthcare professions was undertaken.Key findingsPharmacists working in the UK operate within a highly-regulated occupational sphere, and are bound by strict legal frameworks and codes of professional conduct. This regulatory environment, when combined with the emerging recognition that pharmacy is a value-based profession with a strong ethical grounding, creates the potential for moral distress to occur due to the limitations placed on acting in congruence with ethical judgements. Studies concerning moral distress in nurses have identified significant negative consequences for both the practitioner and for the quality of patient care.ConclusionsTo date, the incidence of moral distress among UK-based community pharmacists remains unexamined. Research must be undertaken to determine what situations cause the highest instances of moral distress for community pharmacists, and the extent to which these pharmacists experience moral distress in their working lives.