bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Birth of the Rainbow Serpent in Arnhem Land rock art and oral history
Authors: Taçon Paul S.C. , Wilson Meredith , Chippindale Christopher 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThe Rainbow Serpent is agreed to be one of the most powerful, all consuming and widespread Ancestral Beings of Aboriginal Australia. It pervades not only oral history but also ceremony, performance and visual art, and is associated with great acts of creation and destruction. Although Rainbow Serpent imagery varies, its supernatural nature is usually emphasised by its form, often through the incorporation of attributes derived from a variety of natural creatures. Rock paintings of the Being are scattered across the continent but a particularly large sample can be found in western Arnhem Land. We analyse 107 of these in detail and note variation across both time and space through the use of multivariate statistical techniques. We hypothesise about the origins of the oldest images and compare key elements of Rainbow Serpent stories to those of ‘Yam Style’ Rainbow Serpents, reputed to be 4000–6000 years of age. It is our contention that an archaeological context for many of the more significant aspects of Rainbow Serpent oral history can be found over several millennia.
Backtracking to Babel: the chronology of Pama‐Nyungan expansion in Australia
Authors: McConvell Patrick 
Published: November 2014

AbstractIn the Holocene the Pama‐Nyungan language family expanded to cover most of Australia, replacing languages previously spoken in many regions. Most phases of this expansion in the west of the continent have occurred in the last 3000 years as a result of migration, and can be correlated with archaeological evidence of new activity. Intermeshed with the migration of peoples and language expansion are cultural diffusion events which can be assigned a chronology relative to each other and to the migration events by linguistics. These relative chronologies have the potential to become absolute chronologies with the assistance of archaeological evidence. Even without many such clues, however, the method of ‘backtracking’ described here allows us to construct detailed chronologies for the late Holocene. Known stages of expansion and cultural diffusion are sequenced making reasonable inferences about the time needed between each stage and ensuring that sequences in different regions which link together also connect chronologically, leading to an estimate of 6000 BP for Proto‐Pama‐Nyungan. Particularly in focus in this paper is the chronology of diffusion of the western section and subsection forms of social categorisation in the last 2000 years, and how this interacts with the later phases of Pama‐Nyungan expansion.
The New Age of alternative archaeology in Australia
Authors: Hiscock Peter 
Published: November 2014

AbstractA review of unconventional views of the chronology of humans in Australia reveals something of the structure and diversity of alternative archaeology. Alternative ideas on Australian prehistory are increasingly brought to the public through high volume sales of magazines and books, and there are indications that such views currently have a surprising level of popularity. Increasingly these views are being rephrased to be mystical or ‘New Age’ in nature rather than pseudo‐scientific. Some of the complexity of any response by conventional archaeology is discussed.
Transformations: history and prehistory in Hawaii
Authors: Gosden Chris 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThis article explores the relationship between archaeological evidence and writings on anthropological history in Hawaii. The work of Sahlins has caused a renewed interest in history and this has focused on structures of meaning and how these can be put at risk through unforeseen events. Meaning is not often accessible to the prehistorian, but through considering patterns of practice as they unfold over long periods of time we can look at the landscapes within which meanings were generated. A brief consideration of the some aspects of the archaeology of Hawaii aims to show how patterns of practice were increasingly formalised and channelled, laying the basis for social divisions and their symbolic systems which are seen from the early historic period. By combining evidence from archaeology and history it is possible to consider how thought and action are mutually influential, as well as look at the differing timescales on which these two elements of human life operate.
Understanding ‘deep’ time — Advances since Archbishop Ussher?
Authors: Murray‐Wallace Colin V. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractOur comprehension of ‘deep’ time and our approaches to measuring this phenomenon have evolved considerably since the work of Archbishop James Ussher and Rev. John Lightfoot in the 17th century. Early attempts to determine the age of the Earth (that is, the moment of creation) were primarily based on the literal interpretation of Scriptures. With the emergence of geology as a formal academic discipline, scholars began to use qualitative evidence to argue for an older Earth. Today, measurement of ‘deep’ time is based on numeric dating methods. Refinements to radiocarbon dating highlight the present day nuances of resolving ‘deep’ time. Our present conception of ‘deep’ time is not without its inherent difficulties and often involves gospel acceptance of dates and assumptions about depositional processes.
Retracted: Bone Mineral Density Predicts Fractures in Chronic Kidney Disease
Authors: West Sarah L. , Lok Charmaine E. , Langsetmo Lisa , Cheung Angela M. , Szabo Eva , Pearce Dawn , Fusaro Maria , Wald Ron , Weinstein Jordan , Jamal Sophie A. 
Published: November 2014

ABSTRACT

Fractures are common in chronic kidney disease (CKD). The optimal methods by which to assess fracture risk are unknown, in part, due to a lack of prospective studies. We determined if bone mineral density (BMD) by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), and/or high-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography (HRpQCT) could predict fractures in men and women ≥18 years old with stages 3 to 5 CKD. BMD was measured by DXA (at the total hip, lumbar spine, ultradistal, and 1/3 radius) and by HRpQCT (at the radius), and subjects were followed for 2 years for incident morphometric spine fractures and low-trauma clinical fractures. The mean age of the subjects was 62 years with equal numbers having stages 3, 4, and 5 CKD. Over 2 years there were 51 fractures in 35 subjects. BMD by DXA at baseline was significantly lower at all sites among those with incident fractures versus those without. For example, the mean BMD at the total hip in those with incident fractures was 0.77 g/cm2 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.73 to 0.80) and in those without fracture was 0.95 g/cm2 (95% CI, 0.92 to 0.98). Almost all baseline HRpQCT measures were lower in those with incident fracture versus those without. For example, volumetric BMD in those with incident fractures was 232 mg HA/cm3 (95% CI, 213 to 251) and in those without fracture was 317.6 mg HA/cm3 (95% CI, 306 to 329.1). Bone loss occurred in all subjects, but was significantly greater among those with incident fractures. Our data demonstrate that low BMD (by DXA and HRpQCT) and a greater annualized percent decrease in BMD are risk factors for subsequent fracture in men and women with predialysis CKD. © 2014 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Bone Density, Microstructure and Strength in Obese and Normal Weight Men and Women in Younger and Older Adulthood
Authors: Evans Amy L , Paggiosi Margaret A , Eastell Richard , Walsh Jennifer S 
Published: November 2014

ABSTRACT

Obesity is associated with greater areal BMD (aBMD) and is considered protective against hip and vertebral fracture. Despite this, there is a higher prevalence of lower leg and proximal humerus fracture in obesity. We aimed to determine if there are site-specific differences in BMD, bone structure, or bone strength between obese and normal-weight adults. We studied 100 individually-matched pairs of normal (body mass index [BMI] 18.5 to 24.9 kg/m2) and obese (BMI &gt;30 kg/m2) men and women, aged 25 to 40 years or 55 to 75 years. We assessed aBMD at the whole body (WB), hip (TH), and lumbar spine (LS) with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), LS trabecular volumetric BMD (Tb.vBMD) by quantitative computed tomography (QCT), and vBMD and microarchitecture and strength at the distal radius and tibia with high-resolution peripheral QCT (HR-pQCT) and micro–finite element analysis. Serum type 1 procollagen N-terminal peptide (P1NP) and collagen type 1 C-telopeptide (CTX) were measured by automated electrochemiluminescent immunoassay (ECLIA). Obese adults had greater WB, LS, and TH aBMD than normal adults. The effect of obesity on LS and WB aBMD was greater in older than younger adults (p &lt; 0.01). Obese adults had greater vBMD than normal adults at the tibia (p &lt; 0.001 both ages) and radius (p &lt; 0.001 older group), thicker cortices, higher cortical BMD and tissue mineral density, lower cortical porosity, higher trabecular BMD, and higher trabecular number than normal adults. There was no difference in bone size between obese and normal adults. Obese adults had greater estimated failure load at the radius (p &lt; 0.05) and tibia (p &lt; 0.01). Differences in HR-pQCT measurements between obese and normal adults were seen more consistently in the older than the younger group. Bone turnover markers were lower in obese than in normal adults. Greater BMD in obesity is not an artifact of DXA measurement. Obese adults have higher BMD, thicker and denser cortices, and higher trabecular number than normal adults. Greater differences between obese and normal adults in the older group suggest that obesity may protect against age-related bone loss and may increase peak bone mass. © 2014 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Ultrastructural analysis of murine hippocampal neural progenitor cells in culture
Authors: Tsupykov Oleg 
Published: November 2014

ABSTRACTDespite the great number of studies devoted to neural stem/progenitor cell biology, the ultrastructural characteristics of these cells in vitro have not been fully studied. To determine the fine structure of hippocampal neural progenitor cells (NPCs) in culture, mouse fetal hippocampi (E18) were extracted, dissected, and cells were expanded as adherent monolayer culture. Electron microscopy revealed that NPCs had an immature phenotype, with a high nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio, small and scant organelles, underdeveloped endoplasmic reticulum, and many free ribosomes and polysomes. Our results may contribute to a better understanding of the fine structure and physiology of hippocampal NPCs in vitro. Microsc. Res. Tech. 78:128–133, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Experimental Study of the Reaction of Isopropyl Nitrate with OH Radicals: Kinetics and Products
Authors: Romanias Manolis N. , Morin Julien , Bedjanian Yuri 
Published: November 2014

ABSTRACTThe kinetics of the reaction of isopropyl nitrate (IPN) with OH radicals has been studied using a low‐pressure flow tube reactor coupled with a quadrupole mass spectrometer: OH + (CH3)2CHONO2 → products (2). The rate constant of the title reaction was determined using both the absolute method, monitoring the kinetics of OH radicals consumption in excess of IPN, and the relative rate method using the reaction of OH with Br2 as reference one and following HOBr formation. As a result of the absolute and relative measurements, the overall rate coefficients, k2 = (6.6 ± 1.2) × 10−13 exp(–(233 ± 56)/) was determined at a pressure of 1 Torr of helium over the temperature range 268–355 K. Acetone, resulting from H‐atom abstraction from the tertiary C–H bond of IPN followed by 2‐nitroxy‐2‐propyl radical decomposition, was found to be a major reaction product with the yield of 0.82 ± 0.13, independent of temperature in the range 277–355 K.
Lower limb muscle impairment in myotonic dystrophy type 1: The need for better guidelines
Authors: Petitclerc Émilie , Hébert Luc J. , Desrosiers Johanne , Gagnon Cynthia 
Published: November 2014

AbstractIn myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1), leg muscle weakness is a major impairment. There are challenges to obtaining a clear portrait of muscle strength impairment. A systematic literature review was conducted on lower limb strength impairment in late‐onset and adult phenotypes to document variables which affect strength measurement. Thirty‐two articles were reviewed using the COSMIN guidelines. Only a third of the studies described a reproducible protocol. Only 2 muscle groups have documented reliability for quantitative muscle testing and only 1 total score for manual muscle testing. Variables affecting muscle strength impairment are not described in most studies. This review illustrates the variability in muscle strength assessment in relation to DM1 characteristics and the questionable validity of the results with regard to undocumented methodological properties. There is therefore a clear need to adopt a consensus on the use of a standardized muscle strength assessment protocol. Muscle Nerve 51: 473–478, 2015
Quantitative assessment of lingual strength in late‐onset Pompe disease
Authors: Jones Harrison N. , Crisp Kelly D. , Asrani Priyanka , Sloane Richard , Kishnani Priya S. 
Published: November 2014

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Skeletal muscle is common in late‐onset Pompe disease (LOPD). Recent data implicate common bulbar muscle involvement (i.e., the tongue). Methods: We used quantitative assessment of lingual strength to retrospectively determine the frequency and severity of lingual weakness in LOPD. We additionally examined associations between lingual strength and the presence or absence of dysarthria, and dysarthria severity. Results: Quantitative assessment revealed lingual weakness to be present in 80% of the sample. In the 24 affected patients, severity was mild in 29%, moderate in 29%, and severe in 42%. Patients with clinical dysarthria had greater lingual weakness than those without. As dysarthria severity increased, lingual strength decreased by an average of 6.82 kPa. Conclusions: These quantitative data provide additional evidence for presence of bulbar muscle disease in patients with LOPD. Further study is necessary to determine functional effects, temporal progression, and effects of treatment. Muscle Nerve 51:731–735, 2015
An analysis of the impact of pre‐analytical factors on the urine proteome: Sample processing time, temperature, and proteolysis
Authors: Hepburn Sophie , Cairns David A. , Jackson David , Craven Rachel A. , Riley Beverley , Hutchinson Michelle , Wood Steven , Smith Matthew Welberry , Thompson Douglas , Banks Rosamonde E. 
Published: November 2014

PurposeWe have examined the impact of sample processing time delay, temperature, and the addition of protease inhibitors (PIs) on the urinary proteome and peptidome, an important aspect of biomarker studies.Experimental designTen urine samples from patients with varying pathologies were each divided and PIs added to one‐half, with aliquots of each then processed and frozen immediately, or after a delay of 6 h at 4°C or room temperature (20–22°C), effectively yielding 60 samples in total. Samples were then analyzed by 2D‐PAGE, SELDI‐TOF‐MS, and immunoassay.ResultsInterindividual variability in profiles was the dominant feature in all analyses. Minimal changes were observed by 2D‐PAGE as a result of delay in processing, temperature, or PIs and no changes were seen in IgG, albumin, β2‐microglobulin, or α1‐microglobulin measured by immunoassay. Analysis of peptides showed clustering of some samples by presence/absence of PIs but the extent was very patient‐dependent with most samples showing minimal effects.Conclusions and clinical relevanceThe extent of processing‐induced changes and the benefit of PI addition are patient‐ and sample‐dependent. A consistent processing methodology is essential within a study to avoid any confounding of the results.
Forced LIGHT expression in prostate tumors overcomes Treg mediated immunosuppression and synergizes with a prostate tumor therapeutic vaccine by recruiting effector T lymphocytes
Authors: Yan Lisa , Silva Diane M. Da , Verma Bhavna , Gray Andrew , Brand Heike E. , Skeate Joseph G. , Porras Tania B. , Kanodia Shreya , Kast W. Martin 
Published: November 2014

BACKGROUNDLIGHT, a ligand for lymphotoxin‐β receptor (LTβR) and herpes virus entry mediator, is predominantly expressed on activated immune cells and LTβR signaling leads to the recruitment of lymphocytes. The interaction between LIGHT and LTβR has been previously shown to activate immune cells and result in tumor regression in a virally‐induced tumor model, but the role of LIGHT in tumor immunosuppression or in a prostate cancer setting, where self antigens exist, has not been explored. We hypothesized that forced expression of LIGHT in prostate tumors would shift the pattern of immune cell infiltration toward an anti‐tumoral milieu, would inhibit T regulatory cells (Tregs) and would induce prostate cancer tumor associated antigen (TAA) specific T cells that would eradicate tumors.METHODSReal Time PCR was used to evaluate expression of forced LIGHT and other immunoregulatory genes in prostate tumors samples. For in vivo studies, adenovirus encoding murine LIGHT was injected intratumorally into TRAMP‐C2 prostate cancer cell tumor bearing mice. Chemokine and cytokine concentrations were determined by multiplex ELISA. Flow cytometry was used to phenotype tumor infiltrating lymphocytes and expression of LIGHT on the tumor cell surface. Tumor‐specific lymphocytes were quantified via ELISpot assay. Treg induction and Treg suppression assays determined Treg functionality after LIGHT treatment.RESULTSLIGHT in combination with a therapeutic vaccine, PSCA TriVax, reduced tumor burden. LIGHT expression peaked within 48 hr of infection, recruited effector T cells that recognized mouse prostate stem cell antigen (PSCA) into the tumor microenvironment, and inhibited infiltration of Tregs. Tregs isolated from tumor draining lymph nodes had impaired suppressive capability after LIGHT treatment.CONCLUSIONForced LIGHT treatment combined with PSCA TriVax therapeutic vaccination delays prostate cancer progression in mice by recruiting effector T lymphocytes to the tumor and inhibiting Treg mediated immunosuppression. Prostate 75:280–291, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Improving Outcomes in Breast Cancer for Low and Middle Income Countries
Authors: Yip C. H. , Buccimazza I. , Hartman M. , Deo S. V. S. , Cheung P. S. Y. 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women world‐wide. Incidence rates in low‐ and middle‐income countries (LMICs) are lower than in high income countries; however, the rates are increasing very rapidly in LMICs due to social changes that increase the risk of breast cancer. Breast cancer mortality rates in LMICs remain high due to late presentation and inadequate access to optimal care. Breast Surgery International brought together a group of breast surgeons from different parts of the world to address strategies for improving outcomes in breast cancer for LMICs at a symposium during International Surgical Week in Helsinki, Finland in August 2013. A key strategy for early detection is public health education and breast awareness. Sociocultural barriers to early detection and treatment need to be addressed. Optimal management of breast cancer requires a multidisciplinary team. Surgical treatment is often the only modality of treatment available in low‐resource settings where modified radical mastectomy is the most common operation performed. Chemotherapy and radiotherapy require more resources. Endocrine therapy is available but requires accurate assessment of estrogen receptors status. Targeted therapy with trastuzumab is generally unavailable due to cost. The Breast Health Global Initiative guidelines for the early detection and appropriate treatment of breast cancer in LMICs have been specifically designed to improve breast cancer outcomes in these regions. Closing the cancer divide between rich and poor countries is a moral imperative and there is an urgent need to prevent breast cancer deaths with early detection and optimal access to treatment.
Reporting Child Language Sampling Procedures
Authors: Finestack Lizbeth H. , Payesteh Bita , Disher Jill Rentmeester , Julien Hannah M. 
Published: November 2014

Purpose
Despite the long history of language sampling use in the study of child language development and disorders, there are no set guidelines specifying the reporting of language sampling procedures. The authors propose reporting standards for use by investigators who employ language samples in their research.

Method
The authors conducted a literature search of child-focused studies published in journals of the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association between January 2000 and December 2011 that included language sampling procedures to help characterize child participants or to derive measures to serve as dependent variables. Following this search, they reviewed each study and documented the language sampling procedures reported.

Results
The authors' synthesis revealed that approximately 25% of all child-focused studies use language samples to help characterize participants and/or derive dependent variables. They found remarkable inconsistencies in the reporting of language sampling procedures.

Conclusion
To maximize the conclusions drawn from research using language samples, the authors strongly encourage investigators of child language to consistently report language sampling procedures using the proposed reporting checklist.
Wideband microstrip series‐fed magnetic dipole array antenna
Authors: Yang Lei , Zhang Jin‐Dong , Wu Wen 
Published: November 2014

A wideband microstrip series‐fed magnetic dipole array antenna is proposed. The five‐element dipole array antenna is designed to achieve both wide bandwidth and high gain because of its microstrip series feeding structure. The low‐profile low‐cost array is suitable for applications such as wideband high‐gain wireless communications. Measured and simulated results are in good agreement. The measured impedance bandwidth of the array is enhanced up to 28.6% (5.0–6.7 GHz). The radiation patterns show its advantages of high gain (about 10 dBi), endfire radiation and vertical polarisation.
Robust relationship between yields and nitrogen inputs indicates three ways to reduce nitrogen pollution
Authors: Bodirsky Benjamin Leon , Müller Christoph 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
Historic increases in agricultural production came at the expense of substantial environmental burden through nitrogen pollution. Lassaletta et al (2014 Environ. Res. Lett.

9 105011) examine the historic relationship of crop yields and nitrogen fertilizer inputs globally and find a simple and robust relationship of declining nitrogen use efficiency with increasing nitrogen inputs. This general relationship helps to understand the dilemma between increased agricultural production and nitrogen pollution and allows identifying pathways towards more sustainable agricultural production and necessary associated policies.