bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Intra‐generic species richness and dispersal ability interact to determine geographic ranges of birds
Authors: Laube Irina , Graham Catherine H. , Böhning‐Gaese Katrin 
Published: September 2012

AbstractAimUnderstanding the factors that influence the geographic ranges of species remains a challenge in ecology and evolutionary biology. In particular, little consensus exists as to whether geographic ranges of species are determined by biotic interactions such as inter‐specific competition. We evaluated how intra‐generic species richness, which could act as a surrogate for biotic interactions, dispersal ability, taxon age and habitat shift since theLastGlacialMaximum influenced the extent to which species in the bird genusSylvia(Old World typical warblers) occur in all areas predicted to be environmentally suitable (i.e. range filling).LocationPalaearctic,Afrotropics andIndo‐Malaya.MethodsWe quantified range filling in the bird genusSylviausing boosted regression trees and ridge regression. We tested for effects of intra‐generic species richness, dispersal ability, taxon age and habitat shift since theLastGlacialMaximum on range filling using multiple regression. To evaluate different hypotheses about how local‐scale competition might influence large‐scale range dynamics we explore patterns of intra‐generic species richness in habitats of varying suitability.ResultsSylviawarblers with higher dispersal ability showed higher range filling, but only if congeneric species richness in less suitable habitats within their potential range was low. Taxon age and habitat shift since theLastGlacialMaximum had no consistent effect.Main conclusionsWe show thatSylviaranges are shaped by the simultaneous, interactive effect of both congeneric species richness and dispersal ability. We suggest that this interaction could reflect a potential effect of competition on range filling. If biotic interactions generally influence the ability of species to colonize and occupy habitat at the continental scale, predicting the impact of climate change on biodiversity will be challenging.
Estimates of soil carbon concentration in tropical and temperate forest and woodland from available GIS data on three continents
Authors: Ladd Brenton , Laffan Shawn W. , Amelung Wulf , Peri Pablo L. , Silva Lucas C. R. , Gervassi Pina , Bonser Stephen P. , Navall Marcelo , Sheil Douglas 
Published: September 2012

AbstractAimConcern about climate change, with the subsequent emergence of carbon markets and policy initiatives such as REDD (reducing carbon emissions by decreasing deforestation and forest degradation), have focused attention on assessing and monitoring terrestrial carbon reserves. Most effort has focused on above‐ground forest biomass. Soil has received less attention despite containing more carbon than above‐ground terrestrial biomass and the atmosphere combined. Our aim was to explore how well soil carbon concentration could be estimated on three continents from existing climate, topography and vegetation‐cover data.LocationPeru, Brazil, Argentina, Australia, China.MethodsSoil carbon concentration and leaf area index (LAI) as well as GIS‐derived climate and topography variables for 65 temperate and 43 tropical, forest and woodland ecosystems, were either directly measured or estimated from freely available global datasets. We then used multiple regressions to determine how well soil carbon concentration could be predicted from LAI, climate and topography at a given site. We compared our measurements with top soil carbon estimates from the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) harmonized world soil map.ResultsOur empirical model based on estimates of temperature, water availability and plant productivity provided a good estimate of soil carbon concentrations (R2 = 0.79). In contrast, the values of topsoil carbon concentrations from the FAO harmonized world soil map correlated poorly with the measured values of soil carbon concentration (R2 = 0.0011).Main conclusionsThe lack of correlation between the measured values of soil carbon and the values from the FAO harmonized world soil map indicate that substantial improvements in the production of soil carbon maps are needed and possible. Our results demonstrate that the inclusion of freely available GIS data offers improved estimates of soil carbon and will allow the creation of more accurate soil carbon maps.
Effects of Parental Depressive Symptoms on Child Adjustment Moderated by Hypothalamic Pituitary Adrenal Activity: Within‐ and Between‐Family Risk
Authors: Laurent Heidemarie K. , Leve Leslie D. , Neiderhiser Jenae M. , Natsuaki Misaki N. , Shaw Daniel S. , Fisher Philip A. , Marceau Kristine , Harold Gordon T. , Reiss David 
Published: September 2012

Child hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) activity was investigated as a moderator of parental depressive symptom effects on child behavior in an adoption sample (n = 210 families). Adoptive parents' depressive symptoms and child internalizing and externalizing were assessed at 18, 27, and 54 months, and child morning and evening HPA activity measured through salivary cortisol at 54 months. Children's daily cortisol levels and day‐to‐day variability were tested as moderators of longitudinal associations between parent and child symptoms at within‐ and between‐family levels. Mothers' symptoms related directly to child internalizing, but child evening cortisol moderated effects of fathers' symptoms on internalizing, and of both parents' symptoms on externalizing. Different paths of within‐family risk dynamics versus between‐family risk synergy were found for internalizing versus externalizing outcomes.
Dynamics of Mothers' Goals for Children in Ethnically Diverse Populations across the First Three Years of Life
Authors: Ng Florrie Fei‐Yin , Tamis‐LeMonda Catherine S. , Godfrey Erin B. , Hunter Cristina J. , Yoshikawa Hirokazu 
Published: September 2012

AbstractParents' socialization goals are important for cultural transmission across generations, but whether such goals vary by ethnic and socioeconomic backgrounds and change over children's first years of life remains unexamined. In Study 1, African‐American, Dominican immigrant, and Mexican immigrant mothers (N = 300) reported on the qualities deemed as desirable or undesirable when children were aged 1 month, 14 months, and 2 years. Mothers spontaneously referred to a common set of qualities, including achievement, self‐maximization, proper demeanor, and connectedness. Most mothers emphasized achievement (desirable qualities) and disapproved of improper demeanor (undesirable qualities). Desirable qualities varied by age and socioeconomic factors more than did undesirable qualities. Mothers (N = 185) were followed up in Study 2 when children were aged three years, and ranked 21 qualities using a Q‐sort instrument. Ethnic differences were revealed at this more specific level, with Latina mothers being more similar in their rankings than African‐American mothers.
The Role of Social Identity Complexity in Inter‐group Attitudes Among Young Adolescents
Authors: Knifsend Casey A. , Juvonen Jaana 
Published: September 2012

AbstractTo supplement research on adolescent social identities, the current study examined how social identity complexity relates to ethnic inter‐group attitudes in a young adolescent sample (N = 97; age range = 12–14 years). Social identity complexity refers to the perceived overlap of groups with which youth align themselves. Descriptive analyses revealed that the most prevalent social groups were based on out‐of‐school sports and in‐school extracurricular activities. On average, participants reported a moderate degree of overlap among their social in‐groups. Results of regression analyses showed that high social identity complexity relates to positive inter‐group attitudes, both cross‐sectionally in seventh grade and longitudinally across eighth grade. These findings suggest that high social identity complexity may have implications for the ways in which school‐based activity groups are structured to promote inter‐group attitudes.
Temporal integration depends on increased prestimulus beta band power
Authors: Geerligs Linda , Akyürek Elkan G. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractTemporal integration was examined using a missing element task, in which task performance depends on the ability to integrate brief successive stimulus displays. Previous studies have suggested that temporal integration is under endogenous control and that integration is more likely when stimuli match the observer's temporal expectancies. Beta oscillations have previously been related to such cognitive (and attentional) control, as well as to audiovisual integration. We thus hypothesized that prestimulus power in the beta frequency band might reflect “integration readiness” and distinguish trials in which stimuli were successfully integrated from unsuccessful ones. The results showed increased upper beta power (21–30 Hz) prior to successful integration over central and parietal electrodes. This finding supported the idea that increased prestimulus beta power might reflect general control processes that can facilitate integration.
Gallery Forest or Herbaceous Wetland? The Need for Multi‐Target Perspectives in Riparian Restoration Planning
Authors: Weisberg Peter J. , Mortenson Susan G. , Dilts Thomas E. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractMuch riparian restoration focuses on establishment of gallery forests, with relatively limited effort to restore herbaceous wetlands as key components of riparian landscape mosaics. Multiple reasons for this include inherent cultural or esthetic preferences, greater availability of scientific knowledge to support riparian forest restoration, and choices of ecological indicators commonly used for monitoring and assessment. Yet riparian herbaceous wetlands have declined dramatically as a result of river regulation and agricultural development, leading to losses of important habitats and ecosystem services that differ from those provided by gallery forests. As an alternative to a single‐minded focus on tree establishment, we advocate restoration of diverse and dynamic habitat mosaics in the context of natural variability of flow and sediment regimes. Landscape context should inform active restoration activities at the local scale, such that riparian forests are not planted in ecologically inappropriate sites. Models are needed to match life history requirements of particular wetland herbaceous plant species with details of flow and sediment transport regimes. We emphasize the importance of herbaceous wetlands as a critical and often overlooked component of riparian ecosystems, and the need for both passive and active restoration of fluvial marshes, sloughs, wet meadows, alkali meadows, off‐channel ephemeral ponds, and other critical floodplain communities associated with herbaceous plant dominance.
Effects of Road Decommissioning on Carbon Stocks, Losses, and Emissions in North Coastal California
Authors: Madej Mary A. , Seney Joseph , van Mantgem Philip 
Published: September 2012

AbstractDuring the last 3 decades, many road removal projects have been implemented on public and private lands in the United States to reduce erosion and other impacts from abandoned or unmaintained forest roads. Although effective in decreasing sediment production from roads, such activities have a carbon (C) cost as well as representing a carbon savings for an ecosystem. We assessed the carbon budget implications of 30 years of road decommissioning in Redwood National Park in north coastal California. Road restoration techniques, which evolved during the program, were associated with various carbon costs and savings. Treatment of 425 km of logging roads from 1979 to 2009 saved 72,000 megagrams (Mg) C through on‐site soil erosion prevention, revegetation, and soil development on formerly compacted roads. Carbon sequestration will increase in time as forests and soils develop more fully on the restored sites. The carbon cost for this road decommissioning work, based on heavy equipment and vehicle fuel emissions, short‐term soil loss, and clearing of vegetation, was 23,000 Mg C, resulting in a net carbon savings of 49,000 Mg C to date. Nevertheless, the degree to which soil loss is a carbon sink or source in steep mountainous watersheds needs to be further examined. The ratio of carbon costs to savings will differ by ecosystem and road removal methodology, but the procedure outlined here to assess carbon budgets on restoration sites should be transferable to other systems.
Estimating Vegetation Reference Conditions by Combining Historical Source Analysis and Soil Phytolith Analysis at Pepperwood Preserve, Northern California Coast Ranges, U.S.A
Authors: Evett Rand R. , Dawson Arthur , Bartolome James W. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThe vegetation on many Californian landscapes changed substantially after the late eighteenth century arrival of European settlers. Restoring vegetation to pre‐settlement status requires an understanding of reference conditions, the range of variability of vegetation and the trajectory of vegetation change through time. We used parallel, independent studies of historical evidence and soil phytoliths to increase temporal depth and estimate reference conditions at 39 sites in a mosaic of grassland–savanna–woodland–chaparral vegetation at Pepperwood Preserve, in California's northern Coast Ranges. Historical evidence consisted of mid‐1800s General Land Office survey records and repeat aerial photographs. Survey points were relocated and survey descriptions compared with modern vegetation; vegetation type had not changed on 16 of 19 sites. Aerial photographs showed increasing tree cover and decreasing grassland from 1942 to 2000. Phytolith analysis, including soil phytolith percent weight and absolute counts of grass short cells, was used to estimate long‐term vegetation. Sites containing greater than 0.30% soil phytolith weight and greater than 90,000 rondel short cells/g soil were classified as grassland/savanna; sites below the 0.30% threshold with less than 32,000 and 32,000‐90,000 rondels/g soil were classified as forest and woodland, respectively, while chaparral had low (<0.70) rondel/elongate ratios. Phytolith‐based classification of long‐term vegetation indicated that vegetation type has not changed on 30 of 39 sites. Both historical and phytolith evidence indicated most of the vegetation landscape at Pepperwood has been long‐term stable. Historical source analysis and phytolith analysis are highly complementary approaches that should be routinely performed to provide accurate estimates of site reference conditions prior to commencing vegetation restoration.
Ecological Restoration in a Developing Island Nation: How Useful is the Science?
Authors: Florens F. B. Vincent , Baider Cláudia 
Published: September 2012

AbstractRestoration science is a relatively young branch of ecology that is growing in importance owing to the sheer scale and trend of habitat degradation worldwide and the range of strong benefits that it is seen to potentially carry. Although spearheaded mainly by developed countries, its usefulness at least for the conservation of biodiversity may be greatest in the developing world. Here we examine how Mauritius, a developing island nation that may be regarded as well equipped among developing countries in terms of access to restoration science, is using science to inform the ecological restoration of its degraded native habitats for biodiversity conservation. While Mauritius is known for a number of proactive and at times innovative approaches that may even be setting the pace worldwide, we found that the restoration activities which are impacting the largest areas and an overwhelming proportion of native biodiversity of the country sometimes remain averse to even basic ecological principles. This includes the removal from restoration areas of fast growing native pioneer species with proven nurse‐tree potential to be replaced by a multitude of nursery grown and much slower growing plants that would have naturally grown anyway. Besides representing setbacks to areas undergoing restoration, this elevates restoration costs in the face of scarcity of conservation resources and urgency to restore more than the tiny and isolated areas currently targeted. Research worldwide continues to improve restoration science but blockages to knowledge transfer can seriously undermine its impact where it is most needed.
Alteration of global workspace during loss of consciousness: A study of parietal seizures
Authors: Lambert Isabelle , Arthuis Marie , McGonigal Aileen , Wendling Fabrice , Bartolomei Fabrice 
Published: September 2012

SummaryPurpose:  Loss of consciousness (LOC) in epileptic seizures has a strongly negative impact on quality of life. Recently, we showed that LOC occurring during temporal lobe seizures was correlated with a nonlinear increase of neural synchrony in associative—and particularly parietal—cortices. Whether these mechanisms might be observed in other types of seizures is unknown. This study aimed at investigating the relationship between changes in synchrony and degree of LOC during parietal lobe epilepsy (PLE), a form of epilepsy in which seizures directly involve the parietal associative cortices.Methods:  Ten patients undergoing stereoelectroencephalography (SEEG) during presurgical evaluation of PLE were studied. The LOC intensity was scored using the Conscious Seizure Scale (CSS). For each studied seizure (n = 29), interdependencies between signals recorded from six brain regions were estimated as a function of time by using nonlinear regression analysis (h2 coefficient).Key Findings:  Seizures were divided into three groups according to the CSS scale: group A (no LOC) with a score ≤1, group B (intermediate or partial LOC) with a score ranging from 2 to 5, and group C (maximal LOC) with a score ≥6. The majority of seizures in patients with PLE disclosed significant LOC (17/29, group C). Mean h2 values were significantly different between the three groups (p = 0.008), the maximal values of synchrony being observed in group C. In addition, a statistically significant nonlinear relationship (p = 0.0021) was found between the h2 values and the CSS scores, suggesting a threshold effect.Significance:  This study indicates that excess of EEG signal synchrony within associative cortices is likely to be a crucial phenomenon associated with LOC.
Fetal Alcohol‐Related Growth Restriction from Birth through Young Adulthood and Moderating Effects of Maternal Prepregnancy Weight
Authors: Carter R. Colin , Jacobson Joseph L. , Sokol Robert J. , Avison Malcolm J. , Jacobson Sandra W. 
Published: September 2012

BackgroundFetal alcohol‐related growth restriction persists through infancy, but its impact later in life is less clear. Animal studies have demonstrated important roles for maternal nutrition in fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, but the impact of prenatal maternal body composition has not been studied in humans. This study examined the effects of prenatal alcohol exposure on longitudinal growth from birth through young adulthood and the degree to which maternal weight and body mass index (BMI) moderate these effects.MethodsNearly 480 mothers were recruited at their first prenatal clinic visit to overrepresent moderate‐to‐heavy use of alcohol during pregnancy, including a 5% random sample of low‐level drinkers and abstainers. They were interviewed at every prenatal visit about their alcohol consumption using a timeline follow‐back approach. Their children were examined for weight, length/height, and head circumference at birth, 6.5 and 13 months, and 7.5, 14, and 19 years.ResultsIn multiple regression models with repeated measures (adjusted for confounders), prenatal alcohol exposure was associated with longitudinal reductions in weight, height, and weight‐for‐length/BMI that were largely determined at birth. At low‐to‐moderate levels of exposure, these effects were more severe in infancy than in later childhood. By contrast, effects persisted among children whose mothers drank at least monthly and among those born to women with alcohol abuse and/or dependence who had consumed ≥ 4 drinks/occasion. In addition, effects on weight, height, and head circumference were markedly stronger among children born to mothers with lower prepregnancy weight.ConclusionsThese findings confirm prior studies demonstrating alcohol‐related reductions in weight, height, weight‐for‐height/BMI, and head circumference that persist through young adulthood. Stronger effects were seen among children born to mothers with smaller prepregnancy weight, which may have been because of attainment of higher blood alcohol concentrations in smaller mothers for a given amount of alcohol intake or to increased vulnerability in infants born to women with poorer nutrition.
Chronic Alcohol Ingestion in Rats Decreases Krüppel‐Like Factor 4 Expression and Intracellular Zinc in the Lung
Authors: Curry‐McCoy Tiana V. , Guidot David M. , Joshi Pratibha C. 
Published: September 2012

BackgroundChronic alcohol ingestion alters the dynamic balance between granulocyte‐macrophage colony‐stimulating factor (GM‐CSF) and transforming growth factor beta1 (TGFβ1) signaling within the alveolar space and, in parallel, impairs alveolar macrophage and epithelial cell function by inhibiting expression of the zinc importer ZIP4 and decreasing zinc bioavailability in the alveolar compartment. As the transcription factor Krüppel‐like factor 4 (KLF4) binds to ZIP4, we hypothesized that alcohol exposure and consequent perturbations in GM‐CSF and TGFβ1 signaling could decrease cellular KLF4 expression and/or binding as a mechanism by which it inhibits ZIP4 expression and decreases cellular zinc levels.Methods and ResultsAlcohol exposure in vitro or chronic ingestion in vivo decreased KLF4 expression in alveolar macrophages and epithelial cells. Treatment with GM‐CSF or TGFβ1 showed an enhancing or dampening effect on KLF4 expression and binding, respectively. Further, treatment of a rat alveolar macrophage cell line with alcohol in vitro for 4 weeks decreased the expression of the zinc transporters ZIP4 and ZNT1, and of the zinc storage protein metallothionein 1. In parallel, treating these macrophages with KLF4 siRNA decreased ZIP4 expression and decreased cellular zinc and phagocytic capacity to levels equivalent to those following alcohol exposure. In epithelial monolayers, transepithelial electrical resistance (TER) was significantly decreased by alcohol ingestion as compared with control diets, and it was restored by in vitro GM‐CSF treatment. In contrast, in vitro TGFβ1 treatment of the epithelial monolayers from control‐fed rats significantly decreased TER as compared with untreated control monolayers.ConclusionsTaken together, these results suggest that within the alveolar space, chronic alcohol exposure decreases KLF4 and ZIP4 expression and consequently decreases zinc transport into cells, which, in turn, impairs their function. Furthermore, the dynamic decrease in the relative influence of GM‐CSF versus TGFβ1 could mediate the zinc deficiency and consequent cellular dysfunction that characterize the “alcoholic lung” phenotype.