bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Luminal Subtypes Predict Improved Survival Following Central Nervous System Metastasis in Patients With Surgically Managed Metastatic Breast Carcinoma
Authors: Wiens Andrea L. , Martin Sarah E. , Bertsch Elizabeth C. , Vance Gail H. , Stohler Ryan A. , Cheng Liang , Badve Sunil , Hattab Eyas M. 
Published: January 2014

Context.—Metastatic breast cancer to the central nervous system (CNS) is second only to lung cancer metastasis to the CNS in frequency. Patients with triple-negative primary breast cancer and those with human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)–positive primary breast cancer are at an increased risk for metastasis. Very little is known about predictive or prognostic variables once patients develop CNS metastases. Currently, therapeutic options are limited, with surgery generally offered primarily to those with solitary lesions.Context.—To determine the influence of molecular subtypes of metastatic breast cancer on survival from the time of CNS metastasis and to aid in the prognostic stratification of these patients.Design.—We identified 59 cases of metastatic breast cancer to the CNS and analyzed them for various demographic and clinicopathologic parameters. Tumors were categorized into molecular subtypes using immunohistochemical methods: luminal A [estrogen receptor (ER)+/Ki67low], luminal B (ER+/Ki67 high), intrinsic HER2 (ER−/HER2+), and triple-negative. Survival after CNS metastasis for each group was plotted using a Kaplan-Meier curve, and multivariate analysis was performed.Results.—Patients with metastases from luminal tumors had a statistically significant survival advantage when compared with those of the triple-negative phenotype. Importantly, survival among patients with luminal A and luminal B tumors was not significantly different. Similarly, patient's age, histologic grade, and number of lesions did not contribute to determining outcomes.Conclusions.—Estrogen receptor positivity (ie, luminal phenotype) of tumors appears to determine outcomes after development of metastases. In contrast, proliferation rate had little or no effect on the long-term survival. Understanding the biology of metastases can help stratify patients into prognostically meaningful categories and tailor treatment regimens for individual patients.
Differentiation of Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma From Chronic Pancreatitis by PAM4 Immunohistochemistry
Authors: Shi Chanjuan , Merchant Nipun , Newsome Guy , Goldenberg David M. , Gold David V. 
Published: January 2014

Context.—PAM4 is a monoclonal antibody that shows high specificity for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) and its neoplastic precursor lesions. A PAM4-based serum immunoassay is able to detect 71% of early-stage patients and 91% with advanced disease. However, approximately 20% of patients diagnosed with chronic pancreatitis (CP) are also positive for circulating PAM4 antigen. The specificity of the PAM4 antibody is critical to the interpretation of the serum-based and immunohistochemical assays for detection of PDAC.Objective.—To determine whether PAM4 can differentiate PDAC from nonneoplastic lesions of the pancreas.Design.—Tissue microarrays of PDAC (N = 43) and surgical specimens from CP (N = 32) and benign cystic lesions (N = 19) were evaluated for expression of the PAM4 biomarker, MUC1, MUC4, CEACAM5/6, and CA19-9.Results.—PAM4 and monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) to MUC1, MUC4, CEACAM5/6, and CA19-9 were each reactive with the majority of PDAC cases; however, PAM4 was the only monoclonal antibody not to react with adjacent, nonneoplastic parenchyma. Although PAM4 labeled 19% (6 of 32) of CP specimens, reactivity was restricted to pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia associated with CP; inflamed tissues were negative in all cases. In contrast, MUC1, MUC4, CEACAM5/6, and CA19-9 were detected in 90%, 78%, 97%, and 100% of CP, respectively, with reactivity also present in nonneoplastic inflamed tissue.Conclusions.—PAM4 was the only monoclonal antibody able to differentiate PDAC (and pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia precursor lesions) from benign, nonneoplastic tissues of the pancreas. These results suggest the use of PAM4 for evaluation of tissue specimens, and support its role as an immunoassay for detection of PDAC.
Approach to Lung Biopsies From Patients With Pneumothorax
Authors: Schneider Frank , Murali Rajmohan , Veraldi Kristen L. , Tazelaar Henry D. , Leslie Kevin O. 
Published: January 2014

Context.—Patients with pneumothorax occasionally require limited lung resections to control persistent air leaks. In some patients, especially smokers, histopathologic findings suggest that a ruptured bulla or bleb caused the pneumothorax. Other patients only exhibit histopathologic changes related to the physical trauma of acute, and likely occult recurrent, peripheral lung injury in the setting of “spontaneous,” or idiopathic, lung rupture. Sometimes, pneumothorax occurs secondary to an underlying localized or diffuse parenchymal lung disease. A comprehensive description of the morphologic findings that may be seen in these specimens will help the surgical pathologist distinguish patients with more common and indolent occurrences of pneumothorax from those requiring additional workup or treatment.Objective.—To develop a diagnostic approach for surgical pathologists encountering lung specimens obtained in the context of pneumothorax repair.Data Sources.—Literature review and consultation experience of the authors.Conclusions.—Two general categories of histopathologic changes can be identified: (1) nonspecific changes, reflecting the lung's acute and chronic response to localized injury, and (2) changes suggesting an underlying lung disease that may have played an etiologic role in the development of pneumothorax. The latter changes are important to recognize because they may require additional workup or treatment of clinically occult lung disease. Difficulty arises when nonspecific histopathologic changes overlap with those of an underlying lung disease. Awareness of these diagnostic challenges and pitfalls, together with clinicoradiographic correlation, is essential in these situations and will help guide the surgical pathologist toward an accurate diagnosis and the appropriate management of clinically occult disease.
Transplantation of Photoreceptors Derived From Human Müller Glia Restore Rod Function in the P23H Rat
Authors: Jayaram Hari , Jones Megan F. , Eastlake Karen , Cottrill Phillippa B. , Becker Silke , Wiseman Joseph , Khaw Peng T. , Limb G. Astrid 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
Müller glia possess stem cell characteristics that have been recognized to be responsible for the regeneration of injured retina in fish and amphibians. Although these cells are present in the adult human eye, they are not known to regenerate human retina in vivo. Human Müller glia with stem cell characteristics (hMSCs) can acquire phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of rod photoreceptors in vitro, suggesting that they may have potential for use in transplantation strategies to treat human photoreceptor degenerations. Much work has been undertaken in rodents using various sources of allogeneic stem cells to restore photoreceptor function, but the effect of human Müller glia-derived photoreceptors in the restoration of rod photoreceptor function has not been investigated. This study aimed to differentiate hMSCs into photoreceptor cells by stimulation with growth and differentiation factors in vitro to upregulate gene and protein expression of CRX, NR2E3, and rhodopsin and various phototransduction markers associated with rod photoreceptor development and function and to examine the effect of subretinal transplantation of these cells into the P23H rat, a model of primary photoreceptor degeneration. Following transplantation, hMSC-derived photoreceptor cells migrated and integrated into the outer nuclear layer of the degenerated retinas and led to significant improvement in rod photoreceptor function as shown by an increase in a-wave amplitude and slope using scotopic flash electroretinography. These observations suggest that hMSCs can be regarded as a cell source for development of cell-replacement therapies to treat human photoreceptor degenerations and may also offer potential for the development of autologous transplantation.
Environmental Justice and Human Rights on the Mining Wastelands of the Witwatersrand Gold Fields
Authors: Humby Tracy-Lynn 
Published: January 2014

In South Africa, the constitutional and statutory framework seemingly establishes a strong synergy between environmental rights and environmental justice. A prevailing notion of transformative constitutionalism additionally positions law as the foundation for large-scale social change through non-violent political processes. A case study of the Tudor Shaft Informal settlement on the Witwatersrand goldfields elucidates the ambiguities in the notion of environmental justice and the tensions between claims based on the environmental right and socio-economic rights. By highlighting the existence of local moral orders—political alliances based on access to resources that frequently employ violence to achieve political ends—it also suggests the limited reach of the constitutional order and the project of transformative constitutionalism.
Une archéologie philosophique des normes environnementales : biopolitique et droit des peuples autochtones
Authors: Bertrand Aliènor 
Published: January 2014

Cet article décrit la dialectique qui oppose les droits des peuples autochtones et les normes de protection de la nature. Il défend l’hypothèse selon laquelle ces normes sont un instrument de biopouvoir. Dessinant une nouvelle archéologie philosophique, il discute et renverse la périodisation proposée par Foucault en distinguant trois grandes formes de biopolitique ayant rythmé successivement l’histoire de l’expansion occidentale : la biopolitique esclavagiste, la biopolitique sanitaire et la biopolitique environnementale. La combinaison de cette nouvelle périodisation avec l’anthropologie de la nature de Philippe Descola permet une réinterprétation puissante des dispositifs de pouvoir qui se sont succédé depuis le début de l’époque moderne. Réinscrites dans une perspective de longue durée, les normes environnementales apparaissent alors comme un outil majeur de l’imposition au monde du socle anthropologique de l’Occident moderne. Mais les dynamiques historiques d’opposition ou de synergie entre les systèmes de droit coutumier, les édifices juridiques de souveraineté et les gouvernementalités biopolitiques montrent aussi que le droit naissant des peuples autochtones ouvre une double voie de résistance au pouvoir des États et à la normativité environnementale néolibérale.
Putting Property in its Place: Relational Theory, Environmental Rights and Land Use Planning
Authors: Van Wagner Estair 
Published: January 2014

This paper examines the complex web of legal, social and ecological relationships engaged by contemporary land use disputes. In particular, it considers the role of non-owners in decision-making processes about the use of private land. Combining critical perspectives on property theory with relational approaches to rights, it examines recent conflicts around the siting of aggregate quarries in Southwestern Ontario. Three decisions of the Ontario Municipal Board and the Joint Board are analyzed to demonstrate how aggregate disputes present opportunities for the strategic advancement of non-ownership interests in land. Jennifer Nedelsky’s four-step relational approach to dispute resolution and Nicole Graham’s theory of reciprocal person-place relations are applied to the cases to show how a shift away from the ownership model of property can lead to better social and ecological outcomes in land use planning.
After the Honeymoon: The Uneasy Marriage of Human Rights and the Environment Under the European Convention on Human Rights and in UK Law Under the Human Rights Act 1998
Authors: Morrow Karen 
Published: January 2014

The European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (1950) (ECHR) regime has, in the absence of specific coverage of environmental rights, developed a “creative” approach in its jurisprudence in this area, pressing a variety of other rights, notably: Article 6 (the right to a fair hearing); Article 8 (the right to privacy and family life); and Article 1 to the First Protocol of the ECHR (the right to enjoyment of property) into service. This creativity has achieved much in according indirect protection to individuals in this regard, but has also placed additional pressure on the already congested Convention system. The entry into force of the Human Rights Act 1998 (HRA) made long-held rights under the ECHR directly accessible in domestic law in the United Kingdom. This naturally spawned a wave of litigation. One of the most prominently litigated areas concerned the pursuit of a variety of environment-based rights claims. In the intervening decade, the application of the ECHR to environmental claims in the UK courts has generated somewhat mixed results. This is in part a result of the “patchwork” approach that has developed toward environmental claims within the Convention regime itself, but it is also a product of the nature of the relationship between the ECHR and domestic law and the content and ethos of both regimes. This article will conclude by briefly considering the on-going role of the ECHR regime in environmental cases in light of subsequent developments in this area of law, notably under the Aarhus Convention.
Regards croisés sur la justice environnementale en droit états-unien et en droit européen
Authors: Alzais Sabrina 
Published: January 2014

La justice environnementale a émergé aux États-Unis d’Amérique dans les années 60; elle exprime l’idée d’une protection de l’environnement par le truchement des droits humains et plus spécifiquement par le recours au droit de la non-discrimination. Cette démarche est à explorer autant en raison de son originalité que de sa réception grandissante en droit européen. Elle repose sur le postulat selon lequel l’environnement est un concept indéterminé; sa signification ne peut être imposée. Certes, la justice environnementale porte les stigmates de sa genèse : l’immanence des droits et libertés aux États-Unis d’Amérique ne permet pas que la puissance publique en détermine la teneur. Tant et si bien que chacun peut faire valoir sa propre conception de l’environnement. Il en résulte que les règles de non-discrimination n’ont pas pour seule fonction l’égalité; elles tendent aussi à garantir l’autodétermination de la signification et de la teneur des droits et, partant, l’autodétermination de l’idée d’environnement. Loin d’être hermétiques à une telle approche, les juges de la Cour européenne des droits de l’Homme tendent aussi à prendre en compte les représentations subjectives de l’environnement. Ceci ne manque pas d’interroger le rapport entre les politiques publiques en matière d’environnement — reposant sur une large marge d’appréciation des États — et l’approche individualisée de l’environnement. Il s’agit dès lors d’étudier le discours états-unien relatif à la justice environnementale pour en déceler les idées, les pensées, les sensibilités en vue de remettre ensuite en question les évolutions du droit européen.
Use of efavirenz during the first trimester and resulting pregnancy outcome: experience of the Ambulatory Treatment Center of Brazzaville
Authors: Ekat M , Bitsindou P , Courpotin C 
Published: January 2014

BackgroundThe aim of this study is to report the experience of the Ambulatory Treatment Center of Brazzaville regarding the use of efavirenz (EFV) during pregnancy.MethodsA retrospective cohort study of HIV‐positive women was conducted at the Ambulatory Treatment Center of Brazzaville. The study examined the use of an anti‐retroviral treatment containing EFV in women who reported being pregnant during follow‐up between January 2009 and September 2011. Demographic, clinical and biological data, and adverse effects associated with exposure to EFV during pregnancy were assessed after each pregnancy from the register of pregnant women in terms of preterm delivery (birth occurring before 37 weeks of age) and spontaneous miscarriage (spontaneous expulsion of the fetus before 15 weeks of age).ResultsOf 220 patients on an anti‐retroviral treatment who reported being pregnant during follow‐up, 34 patients were administered combinations containing two nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (AZT/3TC=27; d4T/3T=4; TDF/FTC=3) and EFV, with a median age of 31.95 years (IQR: 27.71–36.37) and median durations of exposure to EFV of 11.81 months (IQR: 5.46–21.22) and 35.14 weeks (IQR: 11–39.86) before and during pregnancy, respectively. In 13 patients who reported to be in their first trimester of pregnancy, a change from EFV to nevirapine was made in nine of these patients. The median CD4 count was 271.5 cells/mm3 (IQR: 233.5−414.5) and 305 cells/mm3 (IQR: 205–408) in early pregnancy and at delivery, respectively; the viral load was undetectable in 90% and 85.7% of the patients, respectively. Twenty‐three deliveries took place after 37 weeks gestation; additionally, five preterm deliveries, four spontaneous miscarriages, one terminated pregnancy, and one death in utero occurred.ConclusionsEFV used during the first trimester of pregnancy offers security, but the number of fetal deaths is also important.
Global interior eddy available potential energy diagnosed from Argo floats
Authors: Roullet Guillaume , Capet Xavier , Maze Guillaume 
Published: January 2014

AbstractBy combining all Argo profiles for the period 2002 to present, a cumulative density function is constructed on a 3‐D grid of the global ocean. This function quantifies the statistics of isopycnals: time‐averaged density, root‐mean square of isopycnal displacement, and eddy available potential energy (EAPE). EAPE is the analogue of the eddy kinetic energy, but for the potential energy reservoir. Because it is essentially tied to the spatial structure and magnitude of mesoscale activity, EAPE is an important quantity that should be useful to evaluate eddy resolving/permitting model turbulence and circulation. Among other striking features are the turbulent behavior of Pacific and southern Atlantic Tsuchiya jets and subsurface EAPE maxima in some parts of the ocean, particularly in the Southern Ocean.
Size and shape of the distant magnetotail
Authors: Sibeck D. G. , Lin R.‐Q. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractWe employ a global magnetohydrodynamic model to study the effects of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) strength and direction upon the cross section of the magnetotail at lunar distances. The anisotropic pressure of draped magnetosheath magnetic field lines and the inclusion of a reconnection‐generated standing slow mode wave fan bounded by a rotational discontinuity within the definition of the magnetotail result in cross sections elongated in the direction parallel to the component of the IMF in the plane perpendicular to the Sun‐Earth line. Tilted cross‐tail plasma sheets separate the northern and southern lobes within these cross sections. Greater fast‐mode speeds perpendicular than parallel to the draped magnetosheath magnetic field lines result in greater distances to the bow shock in the direction perpendicular than parallel to the component of the IMF in the plane transverse to the Sun‐Earth line. The magnetotail cross section responds rapidly to variations in the IMF orientation. The rotational discontinuity associated with newly reconnected magnetic field lines requires no more than the magnetosheath convection time to appear at any distance downstream, and further adjustments of the cross section in response to the anisotropic pressures of the draped magnetic field lines require no more than 10–20 min. Consequently, for typical ecliptic IMF orientations and strengths, the magnetotail cross section is oblate, while the bow shock is prolate.
A comparison of momentum mixing models for the planetary boundary layer
Authors: Xie Bo , Fung J. C. H. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractIn a convective planetary boundary layer (PBL), nonlocal closure PBL models represent the turbulent mixing as nonlocal mixing induced by large‐scale eddies in addition to local mixing between adjacent grid levels. Recently, the nonlocal mixing approach formulated with a counter‐gradient term has been developed for the momentum transport in many numerical models, such as the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model and the UK Met Office Unified Model. This study reviews a few momentum mixing models, provides alternative mixing formulations to address the potential problem in momentum transport, and analyzes the wind and momentum flux profiles predicted by these momentum mixing models. The predictions for momentum mixing from two nonlocal closure PBL models, i.e., the Yonsei University (YSU) PBL model and the modified Frech and Mahrt (FMX) PBL model, and from one local closure PBL model (YSU‐local) are compared, using the WRF model. The YSU model, in which the nonlocal momentum flux is aligned with the surface wind shear, is found to often predict larger vertical wind shear than the local momentum mixing model YSU‐local in the interior of the convective PBL. In contrast, the FMX model produces more well‐mixed wind profiles that agree better with observations and large eddy simulations results than the YSU and YSU‐local models, especially when the sign of the bulk wind shear over the convective PBL is opposite to that of the surface wind shear.
Investigating the preservation of nitrate isotopic composition in a tropical ice core from the Quelccaya Ice Cap, Peru
Authors: Buffen Aron M. , Hastings Meredith G. , Thompson Lonnie G. , Mosley‐Thompson Ellen 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe nitrogen and oxygen isotopic composition of nitrate in ice cores offers unique potential for examining reactive nitrogen oxide (NOx) budgets and oxidation chemistry of past atmospheres. A low‐latitude record is of particular interest given that the dominant natural sources of NOx and production of hydroxyl radical are most prevalent in the tropics. Any interpretation of nitrate in ice cores, however, must first consider that nitrate in snow is vulnerable to postdepositional loss and isotopic alteration. We report and assess the integrity of nitrate–δ15N, –δ18O, and –Δ17O in a 30 m ice core from a high‐elevation site in the central Andes. Clear seasonality in δ15N, δ18O, and nitrate concentration exists throughout most of the record and cannot be explained by photolysis or evaporation based on our current understanding of these processes. In contrast, nitrate in the upper ~12 m of the core and in a snowpit shows very different behavior. This may reflect alteration facilitated by recent melting at the surface. The relationships between δ15N, δ18O, Δ17O, and concentration in the unaltered sections can be interpreted in terms of mixing of nitrate from discrete sources. Transport effects and an englacial contribution from nitrification cannot be ruled out at this time, but the observed isotopic compositions are consistent with expected signatures of known NOx sources and atmospheric oxidation pathways. Specifically, nitrate deposited during the wet season reflects biogenic soil emissions and hydroxyl/peroxy radical chemistry in the Amazon, while dry season deposition reflects a lightning source and ozone chemistry at higher levels in the troposphere.