bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Personal Identification of Human Remains: An Overview
Authors: Warren CP 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Personal identification of human remains, as a science and as an art, occurs in a variety of sociocultural contexts. Unknown remains resulting from accidents and homicides occupy the attention of identification specialists in criminalistics, and unknowns resulting from military engagements and mass disasters are the focus of identification specialists in both military and civilian agencies. Each group of specialists has, within its respective identification agency, its own techniques and methods for establishing identity, and each group has its own criteria with which to verify identification. The purpose and functions of personal identification also vary within the context of the investigative agencies, but all identification specialists, regardless of their agency affiliation, are oriented toward establishing an individuality that can be validated by comparison with supporting social data.
NOMIS: A Computerized Information and Communications System for a Statewide Medicolegal Investigative System
Authors: Fullilove JP , Weston JT , Reddish CA 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
The New Mexico Office of the Medical Investigator was created by the New Mexico State Legislature in a series of statutes which became effective on 1 July 1973. The comprehensive nature of this legislation and its subsequent statewide implementation created a unique opportunity for the effective use of electronic data processing for augmenting the functions of the office. Accordingly, preliminary planning was begun early in 1975 with the employment of two part-time programmers and the placement of equipment orders. Preliminary system development and programming was accomplished before the delivery of the equipment in June, 1976.
A Review of Science and Crime Detection
Authors: Cordova VF 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
The style and content of the book are written and directed towards the reader who possesses a maximum of a secondary educational school background and has no familarity with the forensic sciences. The author presents his material in a clear and lucid fashion, wherever possible using simple and easily understandable examples. The book is profusely documented with photographs and reproductions of laboratory data to an extent that far exceeds some of the more advanced contemporary texts of its kind.
A Review of Color Atlas of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology
Authors: Andujar JJ 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
This excellent color atlas is another in the series of more than two dozen color atlases produced mostly in England and printed in Holland. These books cover a wide variety of fields of medicine and invariably adhere strictly to the task indicated in their titles, namely to produce a color atlas. The present opus on tropical medicine and parasitology is no exception. It is written by two physicians from the faculty of Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, one of the outstanding British schools in this field.
The Effect of Glass as an Intermediate Target on Bullets: Experimental Studies and Report of a Case
Authors: Stahl CJ , Jones SR , Johnson FB , Luke JL 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
It is well known that intermediate targets may influence the distribution of pellets in fatal injuries by shotguns [1–3] and that a variety of objects, including glass, window screens, and articles of clothing, may serve as intermediary targets for bullets, may cause ricochet of bullets, or may become secondary missiles [4,5]. Although methods are available for examination and comparison of glass fragments, recent textbooks do not consider the potential effect of glass as an intermediate target on the characteristics of the wound of entrance. The results of experimental ballistic studies with glass, as well as a medico-legal case, are discussed in this report.
Dissecting Coronary Artery Aneurysm: A Report of Two Cases
Authors: Pisano RV , Taylor MB , Sopher IM 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Dissecting aneurysm of a coronary artery is an unusual occurrence, with a review of the literature revealing only 32 cases. Because this process results in sudden and unexpected death, frequently in young individuals, such cases often fall within the jurisdiction of the medical examiner. This paper reports two cases of coronary artery dissection seen at the Office of the Chief Medical Examiner, State of West Virginia, during a recent six-week period. A review of the literature concerning this unusual entity is also presented.
Human Plague in New Mexico: Report of Three Autopsied Cases
Authors: Jones AM , Mann J , Braziel R 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Plague is an ancient bacterial disease of rodents that occurs in man in sporadic and epidemic forms. The causative organism is the Gram-negative bacterium Yersinia pestis, which multiplies in the stomach of fleas (particularly the Oriental rat flea Xenopsylla cheopis) [1,2]. Microscopic examination of infected fleas reveals large masses of bacteria in their stomachs. The bacterial masses eventually block passage of the victim's blood and when blockage occurs, bacteria are regurgitated into the wound and passed in the feces of the flea. Fortunately, the rat flea prefers the rat as a host but, if the rat dies, the flea seeks a new warm-blooded host. The nearest warm-blooded animal may be man, and when man is infected the symptoms are those of many febrile diseases and include fever, malaise, tachycardia, headache, vomiting, lymphadenopathy, delirium, and shaking chills. The flea bite is rarely seen, and if it is present a papule or vesicle is identified which is usually pustular. Sixty to seventy-five percent of lymphadenopathy occurs in the inguinal areas because the majority of flea bites occur on the legs. Enlarged inguinal nodes were named buboes, but the use of this term has been expanded to include other lymph node groups as well. Plague occurs in three forms: bubonic, septicemic (bacteremic), and pneumonic. Bubonic plague is now the most common form seen in man and fever, malaise, and buboes are the usual symptoms. Proliferation of plague organisms produces enlargement of the lymph node and the organisms may escape into the circulation, causing septicemia (bacteremia). Organisms may be trapped in the lungs, resulting in secondary plague pneumonia. The pneumonic form can result in man-to-man infection by aspiration of infected exhaled droplets from a plague victim and this mode of transmission potentially can produce an epidemic (primary plague pneumonia) [3]. The last cases of primary plague pneumonia occurred in California in 1924 [4]. Unfortunately, pulmonary findings in plague pneumonia may be lacking until the final day when the victim coughs up copious bloody sputum. In bubonic plague, the disease can be transmitted from man to man by the human flea, Pulex irritans. If septicemia occurs, subcutaneous hemorrhages can occur which, if massive, impart a “black” color to the patient and therefore the term “Black Death” evolved.
Determination at the Nanogram Range of Rilatinic Acid in Urine After Ion-Pair Extraction
Authors: Van Boven M , Daenens P 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Methylphenidate (α-phenyl-2-piperidineacetic acid methyl ester), synthetized by Panizzon [1], is a central nervous system stimulant of the amphetamine series. It differs from many of the phenylisopropylamines in having moderate effects on the peripheral circulatory system. It is used in the management of hyperkinetic and perceptually handicapped children [2] where it is claimed to improve both behavior and learning ability [3]. It is not only a doping agent for sportsmen but also an increasing factor in the drug abuse problem. In many countries this drug has been submitted to narcotic regulations.
Correlates of Outcome Following Acute Glutethimide Overdosage
Authors: Greenblatt DJ , Allen MD , Harmatz JS , Noel BJ , Shader RI 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Glutethimide was introduced as a hypnotic agent in the United States in the mid-1950s. Shortly thereafter it became evident that overdosage with glutethimide could readily produce serious and fatal intoxication [1–3]. Numerous subsequent studies demonstrate that the sleep-inducing efficacy of glutethimide is no greater than that of many other drugs, including some that are clearly safer [4–13]. Furthermore, glutethimide continues to be a popular agent of self-poisoning, with an associated high morbidity and mortality [11,13–23]. Despite the obvious hazards and disadvantages of glutethimide, it is still widely used in clinical practice. An estimated 2.7 million prescriptions for glutethimide were dispensed at American retail pharmacies in 1975.
Laser Detection of Latent Fingerprints—Treatment with Fluorescers
Authors: Menzel ER , Duff JM 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
In 1976 a method for the detection of latent fingerprints by their inherent luminescence using continuous-wave (CW) argon-ion laser excitation [1] was discovered at Xerox Research Centre of Canada, where the first detection by this method of an identified print from an actual criminal exhibit (a fingerprint on the sticky side of a piece of black electrical tape) was also achieved. Basically, the laser procedure involves illumination of the exhibit under scrutiny with the blue-green light from the argon-ion laser and photography of the resulting yellow-green fingerprint luminescence. The viewing and photography are carried out in a darkened room. A filter is used to block the laser light scattered from the exhibit to prevent eye damage and film exposure by the laser light. Spectroscopic and chromatographic features of fingerprint material indicate that riboflavin is one of several inherent luminescers in fingerprint residue and our findings suggest potential for fingerprint age determination [2].
Reconstruction of Fractured Glass by Laser Beam Interferometry
Authors: Thornton JI , Cashman PJ 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
The matching of fractured glass fragments has been extended by von Bremen [1] to include the intrinsic heterogeneities referred to in the glass industry as “ream” [2]. Von Bremen used a fiber optics source to project a shadowgraph of fractured glass onto a photographic film that was then developed. Although this is a powerful method for comparing ream marking, the technique suffers a disadvantage in that the ream cannot readily be seen with the naked eye in all samples. It is readily apparent in container glass, lamp bulb glass, and drawn window glass. In other types of glass including float glass, the photographic film must be developed before it is known whether an image of the heterogeneities of the glass has been adequately recorded.
A Stability Study of the Esterase D Isoenzymes
Authors: Jay BW-H , Philp WMS 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Evidence of variations in human red cell esterase was first presented by Tashian [1–3]. With starch gel, borate buffer electrophoresis followed by azo-dye-coupled staining procedures, zones of esterase activity were classified as A1, A2, A3, B, and C. Population variants of these esterase enzymes have proven to be either exceedingly rare or nonexistent and consequently have no forensic application.
Drugs (Other than or in Addition to Ethyl Alcohol) and Driving Behavior: A Collaborative Study of the California Association of Toxicologists
Authors: Lundberg GD , White JM , Hoffman KI 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
The influence of the consumption of ethyl alcohol on motor vehicle driver behavior is well established [1,2]. Innumerable other psychoactive drugs are now used widely by the populations of developed countries. That these drugs are also used by motor vehicle drivers on occasion has been documented [3] and discussed [4]. The effects of these drugs alone, in combination, or with ethyl alcohol on driver behavior are not fully understood. Approaches that could clarify such effects include prospective experimentation with human volunteers in simulated driving situations, prospective experimental studies with human volunteers in actual driving situations, retrospective toxicological analyses of fatal automobile accident victims in mass statistical studies, reconstruction of fatal automobile accidents, and comparative study of individuals with specific, observed driving behavior in real-life situations who were subsequently determined to be with and without drugs.
Factors Influencing Criminal Behavior in Newark: A Local Study in Forensic Psychiatry
Authors: Feldman HS , Jarmon RG 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Numerous factors, environmental and others, have had an important influence on the scope and intensity of crime. To understand more fully the nature of crime in the state of New Jersey, the Office of the Attorney General recorded [1, pp. 11–28] a revised section entitled “Profiles of Incorporated Municipalities in New Jersey” in its Uniform Crime Reports of 1971. These profiles included the following factors: areas of population; density rates; population growth; urban, suburban, and rural characterizations; given land areas; and industrial populations. Even though these factors are out of police control, they can affect the crime rate, which can vary from town to town. It also is of interest that since the effects of these factors cannot be easily determined more aggressive research has not been conducted in attempts to decrease state and national crime rates. In New Jersey, during the calendar year 1971, a total of 224 709 crime index offenses were reported to state law enforcement agencies. This was a 14% increase in crime volume over 1970 and a 61% increase compared with the five-year period between 1967 and 1971. The crime index offenses referred to here represent the most common problems to law enforcement and the municipality. They include such violent crimes as atrocious assault, forcible rape, murder, and robbery, and such nonviolent crimes as auto theft, breaking and entering, and larceny of $50 and over in value.
Enuresis, Firesetting, and Cruelty to Animals: The Significance of Two Thirds of This Triad
Authors: Felthous AR , Bernard H 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
The familiar childhood behavioral triad of persistent enuresis, firesetting, and cruelty to animals has been suggested as a predictor of dangerously aggressive acts at a later age [1]. These studies, which support an association between these triadic elements and assaultive behaviors, involve only subjects who have already been identified as “dangerous” or “antisocial.” How then does the incidence of a partial or complete triad in an aggressive population compare with that of a nonaggressive population? What is the significance of a single element of the triad or of two out of three elements? Finally, is there a sex-related difference in the significance of a partial or complete triad?
A Review of Investigative Methods
Authors: Osterburg JW 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
The title of this work is somewhat misleading since it is intended to provide “a general introduction and basic guidance” for those “processing crime scenes without the assistance of highly skilled laboratory or other technical personnel” (p. ix). It is refreshing to read on the same page that “the purpose of evidence is not necessarily to convict the most likely suspect, but to determine the truth so that the innocent may go free and the guilty be as quickly and positively identified.” The content of the book is indicated by the titles of the chapters and appendixes: Chapter 1 Notes and Reports Chapter 2 Crime Scene Searches and Sketches Chapter 3 Collection of Evidence Chapter 4 Photography Chapter 5 Fingerprints Chapter 6 Firearms Evidence Chapter 7 Toolmark Evidence Chapter 8 Injuries and Death Chapter 9 Arsons and Bombings Chapter 10 Questioned Documents Appendix 1 Vocabulary Appendix 2 Course Outline—Practical Photography Training Appendix 3 Developing and Lifting Latent Fingerprints Appendix 4 Glossary of Sex Crimes
A Review of 1977 Year Book of Pathology and Clinical Pathology
Authors: Johnson RD , Sexton JS 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Keeping abreast of current medical literature is rapidly becoming an impossible task. The &gt;1977 Yearbook of Pathology and Clinical Pathology is one publisher's attempt to provide a source book of recent informative articles (in this instance through May 1976) to update the practicing pathologist's fund of current literature developments.
A Review of 1978 Year Book of Pathology and Clinical Pathology
Authors: Jones AM 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Within this small, but extremely informative, volume are the well-written synopses of over 250 recent journal articles concerning new diagnostic and therapeutic procedures of pathological significance. The editors and associate editors selected excellent articles from May 1976 through May 1977 and divided the text into anatomical and clinical pathology sections. Practically every subspecialty area is covered, with the majority of articles devoted to anatomical pathology. The anatomical pathology section includes general, cellular, inflammation and infectious disease, neoplasia, immunopathology, forensic pathology, cardiovascular, hematopoietic and lymphatic system, respiratory, alimentary system, hepatobiliary, urinary tract, genital system, endocrine, muscular, skin and subcutaneous tissue, and nervous system topics. The clinical pathology section includes chemical pathology, microbiology, diagnostic immunology, blood banking, hematology, and lab data processing topics.
Forensic Pathology—The Hidden Specialty: A Survey of Forensic Pathology Training Available to Medical Students and Residents
Authors: Sexton JS , Hennigar GR 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
For years it has been a curious fact that very few doctors have gone into the subspecialty of forensic pathology. In February 1978, there were 11 087 pathologists and only 354 had taken the forensic boards. It has been estimated by various surveys that less than 200 pathologists practice forensic pathology full time [1].
Quantitative Determination of Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol in Cadaver Blood
Authors: Rosenthal D , Brine D 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
A long-term program involving the quantitative identification of cannabinoids in biological fluids made it clear that there was a significant need for the development of an accurate and reliable assay procedure for the determination of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) in blood samples obtained from autopsy. It is frequently of considerable concern to know whether a subject was under the influence of marijuana at the time of death, and since Δ9-THC is the major psychoactive agent present in marijuana, a definitive identification of Δ9-THC in blood from an autopsy sample presents direct and unquestionable evidence of the subject's use of this drug.
Determination of the Enantiomorphic Composition of Cocaine Using the Chiral Lanthanide Shift Reagent Europium Tris-d-Trifluoroacetyl-Camphorate
Authors: Kroll JA 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
The discovery of lanthanide shift reagents [1] and the examination of their influence on the nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra of various Lewis bases [2] have established their importance in structural determination for organic chemistry. More recently, chiral lanthanide tris-d-3-acyl-camphorates have been applied to the direct determination of enantiomorphic compositions [&gt;3–6].
Incidence of Cocaine Metabolites in Urine Specimens from Medical Examiners' Cases
Authors: Harris SC , Hamilton HE , Wallace JE 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
In their recent report on the toxicology and epidemiology of cocaine, Finkle and McCloskey summarized data from 27 medical examiners' offices [1]. Methods used by the contributing laboratories varied widely in sensitivity and specificity and included thin-layer chromatography, gas-liquid chromatography, mass spectrometry, spectrophotometry, radioimmunoassay, and enzyme-linked immunoassay. The sensitivity range generally reported by participating laboratories was 1 to 2 μg/ml cocaine. Sixteen laboratories relied on detecting only parent cocaine, while eleven laboratories also analyzed for benzoylecgonine, the principal cocaine metabolite.
Racial Classifications Based on Blood Group Protein Systems
Authors: Selvin S , Black DM , Grunbaum BW , Pace N 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
A large series of blood group protein systems has been analyzed as part of a project funded by the California Office of Criminal Justice Planning. These blood group protein systems potentially form the basis for establishing useful probabilities associated with the occurrence of particular sets of phenotypes. Two facts must be established concerning these systems in order to calculate most types of probabilities. First, the proportion of each phenotype must be accurately estimated for the population of interest. Second, statistical independence must be established among all systems considered.
Alteration of Electrophoretic Mobility of Hemoglobin in Bloodstains
Authors: Barnard PA , Grunbaum BW 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Phenotyping of hemoglobin variants from whole blood and dried bloodstains is an important procedure for the forensic scientist. Although electrophoretic techniques for hemoglobin phenotyping have been described [1–5], there has been to our knowledge no published report of alterations in the electrophoretic mobility of hemoglobin in dried bloodstains. In the present study, observations were made on changes after electrophoresis on cellulose acetate membranes in the mobility of hemoglobin from bloodstains 1 to 28 days old. A procedure has been worked out to prevent these changes which may cause errors in the phenotyping of hemoglobin variants.
Particle Analysis for the Detection of Gunshot Residue. I: Scanning Electron Microscopy/Energy Dispersive X-Ray Characterization of Hand Deposits from Firing
Authors: Wolten GM , Nesbitt RS , Calloway AR , Loper GL , Jones PF 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Several methods of bulk elemental analysis, such as fiameless atomic absorption, flame emission spectroscopy, neutron activation analysis, and photoluminescence spectroscopy, can reliably and quantitatively determine the amounts of antimony and barium (antimony and lead in the case of photoluminescence) removed from the hand. The information thus furnished, however, in most cases is not sufficient to constitute presumptive evidence of the presence of gunshot residue. Many analyses are inconclusive because the amounts of antimony and barium (lead) are less than certain “thresholds” considered necessary because these elements are not unique to gunshot residue. Firings from .22 caliber weapons, unless the cartridge is known to be a Federal brand, are not usually analyzed because domestic rimfire primers, except Federal, do not contain antimony. Understandably, there has been great interest in alternative analysis methods capable of furnishing additional information of potentially higher specificity for gunshot residue.
Separation of Standard Opiates and Their Analysis in Pharmaceutical and Illicit Preparations by Paired-Ion Reverse-Phase High-Pressure Liquid Chromatography
Authors: Soni SK , Dugar SM 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
There are many methods of analysis at the disposal of a forensic scientist for the routine analysis of controlled drug substances. However, the main objective has always been to introduce new, versatile techniques with high efficiency, selectivity, and excellent precision.