bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Not Carved in Stone
Authors: Arnold Philip J. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article examines two concepts at the core of Gulf Olmec archaeology: where the people of the region lived and how they developed. It begins with a Gulf Olmec précis that covers the space/time essentials. It then considers available data from the Gulf lowlands and argues for a more extensive “heartland” than is currently fashionable. Finally, it suggests that we reconsider the process of politico-economic development that has become the received wisdom of Gulf Olmec studies. Throughout, the article emphasizes the value of allowing the data to take the lead, rather than shaping the information toward some pre-envisioned result.
Searching for Tollan
Authors: Blomster Jeffrey P. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe Late Classic period ended in 800 ad with the demise of the largest state, Monte Albán, in prehispanic Oaxaca, Mexico. What collapsed was not society but the political systems and elite classes that mismanaged factional competition and they were no longer supported by commoners as they engaged in increasingly exclusionary strategies. In the wake of the collapse of many forms of their power, elites searched for new strategies and initiated a new covenant with commoners, which reemphasized elites' roles in providing Earth and Rain with sacrifices as their ancestors were present at the First Sunrise—the creation of the current era. Individuals who figure as powerful ancestors in the heroic histories of Postclassic dynasties come from distant places, such as the idealized center encapsulated by the concept of “Tollan.” Important Postclassic Tollans include Cholula, Tula, Chichén Itzá, and Tenochtitlan; Classic Teotihuacan may have been the first Tollan.
The Southern Pacific Coastal Region of Mesoamerica
Authors: Rosenswig Robert M. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article reviews archaeological evidence of the Olmec, Teotihuacan, and Aztec horizons in the Southern Pacific Coastal Region (SPCR). It also presents what is known of a system of emergent urban centers and “Izapan-style” iconography that unite the SPCR as a discrete region in its own right during the Late Formative period. It adopts macro-temporal and macro-spatial frameworks consistent with a world-systems perspective, which allows for synthetic treatment of geographically dispersed peoples sharing elements of symbolic culture and exchanging goods.
Networks, Cores, and Peripheries
Authors: Schortman Edward , Urban Patricia 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe terms “core,” “periphery,” and “frontier” conjure up spatial distinctions correlated with divisions among societies based on size, economic organization, and power. Leaders of core states are generally presumed to dominate developments within the smaller, poorer, less powerful societies arrayed around them. Territorial distinctions thus have important behavioral consequences. How those outcomes are understood depends heavily on the theoretical framework in which cores, frontiers, and peripheries are modeled. This article reviews the most prominent of these conceptual structures and the mechanisms of intersocietal interaction that they highlight (diffusion, trade, exploitation, and hybridity). It calls for a new approach to the study of cores, peripheries, and frontiers that does not presuppose the existence of these entities and the nature of interregional interactions generally.
The Southeastern Fringe of Mesoamerica
Authors: Henderson John S. , Hudson Kathryn M. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article reviews archaeological evidence from the southeastern fringe of Mesoamerica. Communities in all regions of the southeast fringe interacted—in different ways and with different degrees of intensity through time—with contemporaries to the west in Mesoamerica. The classificatory status of southeast fringe societies as part of the Maya world and Mesoamerica is much less the issue than the fact that they form an essential part of the context for understanding those areas. What is of greatest interest is the story that material remains have to tell about the societies of their makers and their relationships with communities to the north and west in Mesoamerica and with Central American societies to the south and east.
Markets, Merchants, and Systems of Exchange
Authors: Hirth Kenneth 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe production and exchange of goods and services is a fundamental feature of all human societies, and this certainly was the case in ancient Mesoamerica. Complex forms of exchange linked every level of Pre-Columbian society from simple households to the king's palace. Trade was important for two reasons: meeting the needs that people had for specific goods and reducing subsistence risk and resource shortages. This article examines systems of exchange within Mesoamerica's dual economy. It discusses the structure of the economy along with the role of the marketplace in Mesoamerican exchange systems and how resources were exchanged through both professional and nonprofessional commercial networks.
Scribal Traditions from Highland Mesoamerica (300–1000 ad)
Authors: Urcid Javier 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article assesses what we presently know of scribal practices between 300 and 1000 ad in “highland Mesoamerica.” Specifically, the focus is on reckonings of time, writing at Teotihuacan, scripts and historicity, and scribal emulations in the context of interregional interaction.
Capitalism as A Mixed Economic System
Authors: Nelson Richard R. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article argues that the conception and norms of capitalism, in particular the faith that market organization is the best way to govern economic activity, are much more unified and coherent than the actual organization of economic activity in countries that consider themselves capitalist. The latter is marked by great variation in the way different activities and sectors are governed. Although in countries regarded as capitalist market organization plays a powerful role in the governance of many economic activities, there also are many activities that are governed largely through nonmarket mechanisms. It is also argued that few activities or sectors are pure market or nonmarket. Most involve a mix of market and nonmarket elements.
Syndicate Partner Selection: who Syndicates with Whom?
Authors: Roosenboom Peter , van den Bosch Bram W. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article addresses the question of “who syndicates with whom?” It presents a literature review on private equity syndication and an empirical analysis of the collaboration of syndicate partners. It notes the implications of such collaborations and studies the syndicate partner selection process. This article also discusses hybrid syndication between corporate acquirers and private equity investors.
Industry Concentration, Syndication Networks, and Competition in the U.K. Private Equity Market for Management Buyouts
Authors: Meuleman Miguel , Wright Mike 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article considers industry concentration, syndication networks, and competition in the U.K. private equity market for management buyouts. It provides empirical evidence of the effect of industry market structures on syndicate relationships. This article also studies interfirm cooperation through syndication in the private equity market and determines if this decreases the extent of competition and subsequently affects the prices private equity firms are willing to pay to get buyout targets.
Fund Size, Limited Attention, and Private Equity Valuation
Authors: Cumming Douglas , Dai Na 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article discusses fund size, limited attention, and the valuation of venture capital- and private equity-backed firms. It determines that decreasing performance and distorted valuations are associated with larger private equity funds, and determine that these effects are due to the limited attention of fund managers. Some of the concepts discussed in this article include ordinary least squares (OLS) regressions and portfolio companies. It also shows that the most reputable private equities pay a lower price for portfolio companies of similar quality and that fund size and valuations of portfolio companies have a convex relationship. A relevant positive association between limited attention and valuation is also noted. This article concludes that fund size is generally positively associated with the negotiation power of private equity.
Private Equity Investors, Corporate Governance, and Performance of Ipo Firms
Authors: Filatotchev Igor 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article is concerned with the complicated interrelationships between corporate governance, the performance of IPO firms, and private equity financiers. It studies the effectiveness of firm-level signals that are connected to private equity ownership patterns and then compares the governance roles of two types of IPO private equity investors, namely the “informal” and “formal” private equity investors. This article also demonstrates how performance can vary depending on governance structures.
Private Equity Activism and the Consequences for Targets and Rivals In Germany
Authors: Mietzner Mark , Schweizer Denis 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article analyzes a detailed data set of publicly listed companies in Germany. It considers the reactions of the short-term capital market to announcements that private equity funds are targeting publicly listed companies, as well as the related effects for industry rivals. It lists the differences between new institutional investors and traditional shareholders, with regards to their skill sets, their ability to become successful active shareholders, and their perceptions. This article also reviews previous empirical studies.
Private Equity in China
Authors: Jingu Takeshi 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article records the development of the private equity market in China. It presents some data on the structure, governance, and performance of China's private equity. It then notes the possibility that Asia may become increasingly dominant and one of the most relevant economic regions in the world as the twenty-first century progresses. It also studies the extent to which the changes in the private equity-related laws and regulations in China have affected the development of private equity in China. This article shows that since the Chinese capital markets still need to develop completely, private equity has mostly been an offshore activity. The capital markets for growth companies in China are also analyzed.
Vipe Financing: Venture (Capital) Investments in Public Equity
Authors: Chaplinsky Susan , Haushalter David 
Published: February 2013

AbstractVenture investments in public equities (VIPEs) are a subset of private investments in public equities (PIPEs), which are sales of privately placed equity and equity-linked securities in companies with publicly listed shares. This article examines a large sample of VIPEs and attempts to answer the following questions: Has there been a significant increase in VIPEs over time? What are the typical characteristics of the firms receiving funding from VIPEs? Which securities and terms do venture capital firms (VCs) most frequently use? How do the public firms receiving funding from VCs perform after the issue? Because the cash flow rights obtained in PIPEs primarily pay off based on the issuer's postissue stock performance, the last question addresses how successful are the companies that VCs fund, and, to a large extent, how successful are the VCs themselves.
Valuing Common and Preferred Shares in Venture Capital Financing
Authors: Leisen Dietmar 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article compares five different methodologies to value common and preferred shares with liquidation rights in a single-period setup of venture capital financing: the venture capital (VC) method; discounted cash-flow valuation with the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM); discounted cash-flow valuation with market model in logs; a risk-preference-based approach; and the real options approach. The risk preference and the real option methodologies are the only ones that can properly account for the contingency in preferred stock. With small financings and small multiples the choice of methodology is not critical; however, with stronger preference rights, the VC method, the CAPM, and the market model in logs have difficulty coping with the contingencies, while the risk preference and the real option approach do well. The real option approach is fast and straightforward to implement as it requires only the venture value as input, which can be determined easily and accurately by any of the other four methodologies; the risk preference approach depends critically on unknown parameters and is computationally more intense.
Financial Contracting in U.S. Venture Capital: Overview and Empirical Evidence
Authors: Bengtsson Ola 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article reviews the financial contracts that are used in U.S. venture capital (VC) equity investments. It first discusses the conceptual reasons why VC contracts form a good testing ground for theoretical arguments pertaining to the design of financial contracts. It then describes the overall design of VC contracts and explains some of the most common and economically important contract terms. For these purposes, it presents summary statistics on cash flow contingencies from a broad recent data set of 1,804 unique VC contracts, and on control rights from a recent data set of 182 contracts. It proceeds by discussing the empirical results pertaining to the allocation of cash flow and control rights in VC contracts. The article concludes by discussing directions for future research on VC contracts.
Time-Inconsistent Preferences and Venture Capital Contracting
Authors: Utset Manuel A. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article covers time-inconsistent (TI) preferences and venture capital contracting. The first part provides an overview of the transactional hazards faced by venture capitalists and the governance devices used to provide entrepreneurs with proper incentives. The second part begins by setting forth a general model of TI preferences. It then extends it to the venture capital context, using it to explain the behavior of TI entrepreneurs and time-consistent (TC) venture capitalists. It ends by discussing the role played by venture capital contracts in causing entrepreneurs to internalize the costs of their TI agency misconduct. The third part first examines the agency relationship between TI venture capitalists and TC investors in venture capital funds. It then introduces the concept of “hidden-risk contracting” to describe the relationship between entrepreneurs, venture capitalists, and investors and, in particular, the role of venture capitalists in transmitting positive and negative externalities between entrepreneurs and investors.
The Impact of Venture Capital on Innovation
Authors: Dessí Roberta , Yin Nina 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article begins by reviewing the empirical evidence on the impact of venture capital on innovation. It identifies some of the key challenges to empirical research in this area and discusses the methods that have been used to address them. There is evidence of a substantial impact of venture capital on innovation, measured by patent counts, at the industry level (at least for the United States). Although estimates vary, on average a dollar of venture capital appears to be three to four times more potent in stimulating innovation than a dollar of traditional corporate R&D. There is no corresponding evidence of a significant impact of venture capital on innovation at the individual-firm level. The article discusses possible explanations for this difference, including the difficulties of adequately controlling for the endogeneity of venture capital investment at the firm level.
Comparative Psychoneuroimmunology/Ecoimmunology: Lessons from Simpler Model Systems
Authors: Adamo Shelley A. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractImmune-behavioral interactions are widespread throughout the animal kingdom. For example, decreased feeding after immune activation is common in animals. Work with insects suggests that changes in feeding behavior during an immune response (e.g., illness-induced anorexia) may be a behavioral method of biasing multifunctional physiological pathways toward immune function. Work on insects also suggests that stress hormones help to reconfigure the immune system in order to optimize its performance during the physiological shifts required for “flight-or-fight.” The effects of stress hormones on immune function appear maladaptive only when compared to what the animal could do under optimal conditions. Work with insects also cautions against overly simplistic interpretations of immune assay results. A comparative approach to psychoneuroimmunology will increase our understanding of the adaptive function of immune-behavioral interactions. Understanding why these connections exist is of both practical and theoretical importance.
Prevention in Pursuit of Social Justice
Authors: Kenny Maureen E. , Medvide Mary Beth 
Published: February 2013

AbstractAbstract Although prevention is in many ways aligned with social justice goals, it often falls short of accomplishing the level of social change critical for the advancement of social justice. Progress toward social justice requires a careful blend of person-focused ameliorative activity with transformative social change. Professionals must be equipped with multicultural competencies, insight into power dynamics, and skills in outreach, advocacy, collaboration, empowerment, social action, and political literacy, among other skills. Although most prevention activity is not fully transformative, numerous examples can be identified of activities that further social justice. Further strides in the promotion of social justice through prevention will require changes in the training, credentialing, and remuneration of psychologists.
Vars, Cointegration, and Common Cycle Restrictions
Authors: Anderson Heather M. , Vahid Farshid 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article argues that the vector autoregressive (VAR) models with cointegration and common cycles (or weaker forms of rank restrictions) can be usefully viewed as observable factor models. The factors are linear combinations of lagged levels and lagged differences, and as such, these observable factors have forecasting potential. This potential is illustrated in both a Monte Carlo and empirical setting, and the difficulties in developing “rules of thumb” for forecasting in multivariate systems are demonstrated. The article is organized as follows. Section 2 provides a synopsis of the literature on VARs with common trends, common cycles, and other common features. Section 3 extends the Monte Carlo analysis in Lin and Tsay (1996) to illustrate how model selection and the imposition of short- and long-run restrictions affect forecasts. Section 4 studies the forecasting performance of several reduced-rank multivariate models of an updated version of the Litterman (1986) data set, while Section 5 concludes.
Forecasting With Nonlinear Time Series Models
Authors: Kock Anders Bredahl , Teräsvirta Timo 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article considers nonlinear forecasting models, such as switching-regime models. These models are typically “small” compared to vector autoregressive and factor models, being either univariate or single-equation models, but tend to nest a linear relationship and so invite an assessment of whether allowing for nonlinearity improves forecast accuracy. The article is organized as follows. Section 2 considers a number of parametric time series models. Some universal approximators, including neural network models, are studied in Section 3. Forecasting several periods ahead with nonlinear models is the topic of Section 4. Forecasting with chaotic systems is briefly considered in Section 5. Comparisons of linear and nonlinear forecasts of economic time series are discussed in Section 6, and studies comprising a large number of series are discussed in Section 7. Section 8 contains a limited forecast accuracy comparison between recursive and direct forecasts. Final remarks and suggestions for further reading can be found in Section 9.
Forecasting With DSGE Models
Authors: Christoffel Kai , Coenen Günter , Warne Anders 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article reviews and illustrates the methodology of forecasting with dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) models using Bayesian methods. It discusses an algorithm for estimating the predictive distribution of the observed variables based on draws from the posterior distribution of the DSGE model parameters and simulation of future paths for the variables with the model. The article is organized as follows. Section 2 sketches the new area-wide model (NAWM) and briefly reports on its empirical implementation. Section 3 discusses how the predictive distribution of a DSGE model can be estimated and then presents the alternative forecasting models that are used in the empirical analysis. Section 4 covers the forecast evaluation of the NAWM, focusing first on point forecasts and then on density forecasts. Section 5 summarizes the main findings and concludes.
Improving the Role of Judgment in Economic Forecasting
Authors: Goodwin Paul , Önkal Dilek , Lawrence Michael 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article first explores the variety of ways in which judgment plays a role in economic forecasting before outlining the potential problems associated with these applications of judgment. It then discusses the effectiveness of methods that have been designed to improve judgment in other areas of forecasting and assesses the extent to which these methods can be usefully employed by economic forecasters.
Nowcasting
Authors: BańBura Marta , Giannone Domenico , Reichlin Lucrezia 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article presents a statistical framework for estimating the current state of the economy (together with the recent past and near future) in a way in which the latest releases of high-frequency economic data can be incorporated, and in a way in which the impact of the latest release on the forecast can be readily assessed (providing a narrative to the changes in the estimate/forecast over time as more information accrues). It is organized as follows. Section 2 defines the problem of nowcasting in general and relates it to the concept of news in macroeconomic data releases. Section 3 explains the details of the approach. Section 4 discusses related literature. Section 5 illustrates the characteristics of the model via an application to the nowcast of GDP and inflation in the euro area. Section 6 discusses issues for further research, while Section 7 concludes.