bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Production of 1,5-anhydro-d-fructose by an α-glucosidase belonging to glycoside hydrolase family 31
Authors: Maneesan Janjira , Matsuura Hideyuki , Tagami Takayoshi , Mori Haruhide , Kimura Atsuo 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
α-1,4-Glucan lyases [glycoside hydrolase family (GH) 31] catalyze an elimination reaction to form 1,5-anhydro-d-fructose (AF), while GH31 α-glucosidases normally catalyze a hydrolytic reaction. We determined that a small amount of AF was produced by GH31 Aspergillus niger α-glucosidase from maltooligosaccharides by elimination reaction, likely via an oxocarbenium ion intermediate.
A novel antisense long noncoding RNA within the IGF1R gene locus is imprinted in hematopoietic malignancies
Authors: Sun Jingnan , Li Wei , Sun Yunpeng , Yu Dehai , Wen Xue , Wang Hong , Cui Jiuwei , Wang Guanjun , Hoffman Andrew R. , Hu Ji-Fan 
Published: August 2014

AbstractDysregulation of the insulin-like growth factor type I receptor (IGF1R) has been implicated in the progression and therapeutic resistance of malignancies. In acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells, IGF1R is one of the most abundantly phosphorylated receptor tyrosine kinases, promoting cell growth through the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. However, little is known regarding the molecular mechanisms underlying IGF1R gene dysregulation in cancer. We discovered a novel intragenic long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) within the IGF1R locus, named IRAIN, which is transcribed in an antisense direction from an intronic promoter. The IRAIN lncRNA was expressed exclusively from the paternal allele, with the maternal counterpart being silenced. Using both reverse transcription-associated trap and chromatin conformation capture assays, we demonstrate that this lncRNA interacts with chromatin DNA and is involved in the formation of an intrachromosomal enhancer/promoter loop. Knockdown of IRAIN lncRNA with shRNA abolishes this intrachromosomal interaction. In addition, IRAIN was downregulated both in leukemia cell lines and in blood obtained from high-risk AML patients. These data identify IRAIN as a new imprinted lncRNA that is involved in long-range DNA interactions.
The iron-sensing aconitase B binds its own mRNA to prevent sRNA-induced mRNA cleavage
Authors: Benjamin Julie-Anna M. , Massé Eric 
Published: August 2014

AbstractAconitase is an iron–sulfur protein and a major enzyme of the TCA cycle that catalyzes the conversion of citrate to isocitrate under iron-rich conditions. In Escherichia coli, aconitase B (AcnB) is a typical moonlighting protein that can switch to its apo form (apo-AcnB) which favors binding its own mRNA 3′UTR and stabilize it when intracellular iron become scarce. The small regulatory RNA (sRNA) RyhB has previously been shown to promote RNase E-dependent degradation of acnB mRNA when it was expressed from an ectopic arabinose-dependent promoter, independently of intracellular iron levels. In marked contrast, we report here that expression of RyhB under low-iron conditions did not result in acnB mRNA degradation even when RyhB was bound to acnB ribosome binding site (RBS). Genetic and biochemical evidence suggested that, under low-iron conditions, apo-AcnB bound to acnB 3′UTR close to a RNase E cleavage site that is essential for RyhB-induced acnB mRNA degradation. Whereas RyhB can block acnB translation initiation, RNase E-dependent degradation of acnB was prevented by apo-AcnB binding close to the cleavage site. This previously uncharacterized regulation suggests an intricate post-transcriptional mechanism that represses protein expression while insuring mRNA stability.
Resistance and resilience to changing climate and fire regime depend on plant functional traits
Authors: Enright Neal J. , Fontaine Joseph B. , Lamont Byron B. , Miller Ben P. , Westcott Vanessa C. 
Published: August 2014

Summary

Changing disturbance–climate interactions will drive shifts in plant communities: these effects are not adequately quantified by environmental niche models used to predict future species distributions. We quantified the effects of more frequent fire and lower rainfall – as projected to occur under a warming and drying climate – on population responses of shrub species in biodiverse Mediterranean‐climate type shrublands near Eneabba, southwestern Australia.

Using experimental fires, we measured the density of all shrub species for four dominant plant functional groups (resprouter/non‐sprouter × serotinous/soil seed bank) before and after fire in 33 shrubland sites, covering four post‐fire rainfall years and fire intervals from 3–24 years.

Generalized linear mixed effects models were used to test our a priori hypotheses of rainfall, fire interval and plant functional type effects on post‐fire survival and recruitment.

At shortened fire intervals, species solely dependent on seedling recruitment for persistence were more vulnerable to local extinction than were species with both seedling recruitment and vegetative regrowth. Nevertheless, seedling recruitment was essential for population maintenance of resprouting species. Serotinous species were less resilient than soil seed storage species regardless of regeneration mode. Critically, in relation to changing climate, a 20% reduction in post‐fire winter rainfall (essential for seedling recruitment) is predicted to increase the minimum inter‐fire interval required for self‐replacement by 50%, placing many species at risk of decline.

Synthesis. Our results highlight the potentially deleterious biodiversity impacts of climate and fire regime change, and underscore weaknesses inherent in studies considering single impact factors in isolation. In fire‐prone ecosystems characterized by a projected warming and drying climate, and increasing fire hazard, adaptive approaches to fire management may need to include heightened wildfire suppression and lengthened intervals for prescribed fire to best support the in situ persistence of perennial plant species and of plant biodiversity. This conclusion is at odds with the view that more managed fire may be needed to mitigate wildfire risk as climate warms.
Examining the Scope for National Lesson‐drawing on Climate Governance
Authors: BENSON DAVID , LORENZONI IRENE 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThe need to understand the scope for comparative lesson‐drawing on national‐level climate mitigation policy has acquired added significance due to the current impasse in international‐level governance. Greater policy learning or lesson‐drawing among peers at the national level could, to an extent, foster meaningful developments by overcoming generalised international apathy and inaction. In this respect, we analyse the features of one significant example of national climate policy in order to examine the scope for lesson‐drawing, thereby setting out a normative research agenda. The UK Climate Change Act 2008 remains one of the few examples of legally enshrined national mitigation legislation and hence provides a relevant, but surprisingly under‐researched, source of learning for policy‐makers worldwide. By analysing its development, critical features and implementation, this article shows that—despite criticism of the sustainability and implementation effectiveness of the Act—some aspects of the policy could provide lessons for other states, and hence are potentially transferable extraterritorially, although lesson‐drawing itself is conditional on contextual constraints.
The pharmacy gaze: bodies in pharmacy practice
Authors: Jamie Kimberly 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThe body is a central feature of pharmacy practice. Despite this and the increased sociological focus on bodies in health and social care practice, the nature of the body and the work undertaken upon it in pharmacy have not been explored. Drawing on semi‐structured interviews with hospital and community pharmacists, this article explores the ways in which bodies are constructed and managed in these two practice contexts. It is argued that pharmacists see patients' bodies in particular ways given their expertise in medicines, which is conceptualised here as the pharmacy gaze. The notion of complexity, as a way of constructing the body, and the generation of algorithmic bodies, as a way of managing this complexity, are shown to be central to the pharmacy gaze in both hospital and community contexts. In hospitals, complexity was located in a singular body, that is, increasingly rationalised to reduce costs and toxicity. In community practice, complexity arose from the multiplicity of bodies with which pharmacists interact in their multifaceted role as retailers, dispensers and public health practitioners. The article concludes by reflecting on the ways in which current UK health policy may broaden the body work that English pharmacists undertake.
The Impact of Employees' and Managers' Training on the Performance of Small‐ and Medium‐Sized Enterprises: Evidence from a Randomized Natural Experiment in the UK Service Sector
Authors: Georgiadis Andreas , Pitelis Christos N. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractWe investigate the relationship between employees' and managers' training and firm performance using a policy intervention that randomly assigned training support to small‐ and medium‐sized enterprises in the UK accommodation and food service sector. Because the number of firms self‐selected into training exceeded available places, training was randomly assigned to some firms, resulting in a randomized natural experimental design that allowed us to identify the average effect of training on treated firms. Our empirical results suggest that employees' training had a stronger positive impact on firms' labour productivity and profitability than that of managers'.
Positional Isomerization of A Non‐Cleavable Combi‐Molecule Dramatically Altered Tumor Cell Response Profile
Authors: Huang Ying , Rachid Zakaria , Peyrard Lisa , Senhaji Mouhri Zhor , Williams Christopher , Jean‐Claude Bertrand J. 
Published: August 2014

To potentiate the quinazoline‐based inhibitor of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), a chloroethyl alkylating moiety was appended to its 6‐position. This led to molecules with extremely strong EGFR inhibitory potency and anomalously strong DNA‐damaging potential. To assess the role of the chloroethyl group on potency, we designed a molecule in which it is shifted to the 7‐position where it would be less reactive and away from the cys773 of the EGFR ATP site. The results showed that (i) ZR2009 was 10‐fold less potent than its positional isomer ZR2003 in EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibition, (ii) it consistently exhibited significantly weaker antiproliferative potency than ZR2003, (iii) in reversibility assays, while ZR2003 induced sustained inhibition of EGFR phosphorylation, ZR2009 inhibitory activity was partially reversed, and (iv) likewise, ZR2009 significantly lost its activity in short exposure growth inhibitory assays and induced lower levels of DNA damage than ZR2003. Molecular modeling suggested that while the chloroethylamino group in ZR2003 was at 3.5 Å away from Cys773, that of ZR2009 was at 6.3 Å. The results in toto suggest that, while the chloroethyl is a strong alkylating group, its appendage to the 6‐position is optimal for DNA damage, sustained EGFR, and growth inhibition.
Identification of novel CYP1B1 gene mutations in patients with primary congenital and primary open‐angle glaucoma
Authors: Micheal Shazia , Ayub Humaira , Zafar Saemah N , Bakker Bjorn , Ali Mahmood , Akhtar Farah , Islam Farrah , Khan Muhammad I , Qamar Raheel , den Hollander Anneke I 
Published: August 2014

AbstractBackgroundCYP1B1 is the most commonly mutated gene in primary congenital glaucoma (PCG), and mutations have also been identified in primary open‐angle glaucoma (POAG). This study was undertaken to describe mutations in CYP1B1 in patients and families with PCG and POAG from Pakistan.DesignCase‐control series.ParticipantsForty families, 190 sporadic POAG cases and 140 controls from Pakistan.MethodsPatients and healthy individuals of one consanguineous Pakistani family were genotyped with high‐resolution single nucleotide polymorphism microarrays. Homozygosity mapping was performed using HomozygosityMapper. Direct sequencing of CYP1B1 gene was performed in probands of the families, sporadic POAG cases and control individuals.Main Outcome MeasuresMutations in the CYP1B1 gene in PCG and POAG patients.ResultsHomozygosity mapping in a consanguineous Pakistani family revealed one 11‐Mb homozygous region encompassing the CYP1B1 gene. A homozygous CYP1B1 missense mutation (p.Arg390His) was identified in this family. Sequence analysis of CYP1B1 in 39 additional families revealed one known and three novel homozygous mutations in PCG (p.Ala288Pro, p.Asp242Ala, p.Arg355* and p.Arg290Profs*37). In POAG, one novel heterozygous missense mutation (p.Asp316Val) was identified in one family and a previously reported mutation (p.Glu229Lys) was identified in three families. Analysis of CYP1B1 in a panel of 190 sporadic POAG patients revealed three novel heterozygous variants (p.Thr234Lys, p.Ala287Pro and p.Gln362*) and three previously reported heterozygous variants (p.Gly61Glu, p.Glu229Lys and p.Arg368His). The p.Glu229Lys variant was significantly associated with POAG (P = 0.03; odds ratio 2.49).ConclusionsThis study confirms that CYP1B1 mutations are associated with POAG and PCG in the Pakistani population.
The influence of price‐related point‐of‐sale promotions on bottle shop purchases of young adults
Authors: Jones Sandra C. , Barrie Lance , Gregory Parri , Allsop Steve , Chikritzhs Tanya 
Published: August 2014

AbstractIntroduction and AimsTo investigate the impact of point‐of‐sale promotions on product choice, brand choice and purchase quantity of young adults purchasing alcohol for off‐premise consumption in Australia.Design and MethodsA cross‐sectional interviewer‐completed survey conducted at 24 bottle shops (liquor stores), 12 each in the capital cities of Sydney, New South Wales and Perth, Western Australia. Participants were 509 adults (18 and over) exiting bottle shops having purchased alcohol.ResultsWhen prompted, 26.5% indicated that there was a special offer, price discount, or special promotion connected with a product that they had purchased. Those who participated in point‐of‐sale promotions purchased a greater quantity of alcohol than those who did not participate: ready to drink, an average of 11.5 standard drinks (SD) compared with an average of 8.9 SD (t = 1.320, P = 0.190); beer, an average of 26.8 SD compared with an average of 16.4 SD; wine, an average of 16.1 SD compared with an average of 13.8 SD (t = 0.924, P = 0.357).Discussion and ConclusionsParticipation in point‐of‐sale promotions may be associated with increased purchase quantities, not solely shifting between brands. There is a need for further research to explore changes in purchase and consumption patterns as a result of the availability of price‐based promotions. The results of this study, combined with previous research, suggest that regulators—and marketers—should consider the immediate and cumulative effect of point‐of‐sale promotions on drinking patterns, particularly those of younger drinkers. [Jones SC, Barrie L, Gregory P, Allsop S, Chikritzhs T. The influence of price‐related point‐of‐sale (POS) promotions on bottle shop purchases of young adults. Drug Alcohol Rev 2015;43:170–176]
Endoscopic features of lymphoid follicles in Helicobacter pylori‐associated chronic gastritis
Authors: Hayashi Seishu , Imamura Jun , Kimura Kiminori , Saeki Shunichi , Hishima Tsunekazu 
Published: August 2014

Background and AimSmall, round, yellowish‐white nodules (YWN) are frequently observed in Helicobacter pylori‐associated gastritis. The aim of the present study was to investigate the clinical significance of these YWN.MethodsParticipants comprised 211 patients with H. pylori‐associated gastritis, ranging in age from 23 to 86 years.ResultsYWN were detected in 23% of participants, more frequently in women (33%) than in men (12%; P < 0.01). YWN were observed on the antral mucosa in 4.7% of cases, lesser curvature of the corpus mucosa in 20%, greater curvature of the corpus mucosa in 0.9%, and fundic mucosa in 12%. Most YWN located on the antral mucosa showed nodular type, and most YWN located on the corpus mucosa and fundic mucosa showed flat type. On magnifying endoscopy with narrow‐band imaging, YWN appeared as round whitish lesions with radial or branching microvessels on the surface and hypovascular globe structures just beneath the surface of the mucosa. Targeted biopsies of YWN revealed lymphoid follicles with lymphocyte infiltration or intense inflammatory cell infiltration.ConclusionThe endoscopic finding of YWN could be observed at any site of the gastric mucosa in H. pylori‐associated gastritis, and represented histological lymphoid follicles.
Thromboembolic Risk in Atrial Fibrillation: Association between Left Atrium Mechanics and Risk Scores. A Study Based on 3D Wall‐Motion Tracking Technology
Authors: Islas Fabián , Olmos Carmen , Vieira Catarina , De Agustín José A. , Marcos‐Alberca Pedro , Saltijeral Adriana , Almería Carlos , Rodrigo José L. , García Fernández Miguel A. , Macaya Carlos , Pérez de Isla Leopoldo 
Published: August 2014

Background/ObjectivesAtrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common cardiac arrhythmia and is associated with a significantly high risk of stroke and systemic embolism. The aim of our study was to assess the association between left atrium (LA) mechanics measured by 3D wall‐motion tracking (3DWMT) technology and the most common thromboembolic risk scores (CHADS2, CHA2DS2‐VASc).MethodsA total of 101 consecutive patients with permanent AF referred were included. Conventional bidimensional (2D) LA parameters, and LA mechanics by means of 3DWMT were studied. Association between LA 2D and 3DWMT parameters and both risk scores was evaluated as well as its correlation with every component of the score individually.ResultsMean age was 78 ± 10 years. Mean CHADS2 was 2.7 ± 1.3 and mean CHA2DS2‐VASc was 4.4 ± 1.7. Values of 2D and 3DWTM LA parameters were: 2D area 26.4 ± 9.7 cm2, 2D volume index 49.4 ± 10.1 mL/m2, 3DWMT left atrial emptying fraction (LAEF) 15.9 ± 8.4%, longitudinal strain 9.1 ± 4.5% and area strain 14.9 ± 8.8%. Linear regression analysis showed statistically significant correlation between LA longitudinal strain and LAEF with CHADS2 and CHA2DS2‐VASc scores. For each 10% variation in longitudinal strain, CHADS2 and CHA2DS2‐VASc scores change in 0.7 and 0.8 points, respectively.ConclusionsLeft atrial longitudinal strain and emptying fraction assessed by 3D WMT technology have correlation with both CHADS2 and CHA2DS2‐VASc scores. Each 10% of variation in longitudinal strain represents a 0.7 and 0.8 points change in those risk scores. LA mechanics evaluation might provide additional value to risk scores and could be considered to be a predictor of stroke in patients with AF.
Governing Sex Work in the City
Authors: Laing Mary , Cook Ian R. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractSex work is often constructed as an urban ‘problem’. As a result, sex workers, clients and the spaces in which people buy or sell sex are frequently the subject of intervention from those governing cities. This paper considers the ways in which problems and solutions are framed in the wider governance of sex work in cities in the global north. It draws on a range of academic literature to show how the urban governance of sex work takes relational and territorial forms. Governance is relational in the sense that it is about ‘improving’ the connections and relationships between those involved in sex work and those seemingly affected by sex work, and it is territorial in that placing sex work in the city through spatial exclusion, containment and the construction and maintenance of spatial boundaries is often the focus of strategies of governance. The paper argues that while the urban governance of sex work is contingent, there are often resonances and connections between cities in how they frame the problem of sex work and the interventions used. The paper concludes by highlighting future areas for research on the subject of sex work, governance and the city.
Relational Comparison, Queer Urbanism and Worlding Cities
Authors: Binnie Jon 
Published: August 2014

AbstractUrban studies have recently witnessed a revival of critical interest in comparison, situated within a broader postcolonial critique of the parochialism of (Western) urban theory. However, recent discussions of the comparative within urban studies have tended to neglect sexual politics, despite the emergence of a significant body of work on the queer politics of comparison. Urban research on sexualities has tended to focus on the territorialisation of same‐sex desire and identifications in territories such as gay villages or neighbourhoods and has often overlooked the sexual politics of networked relations and connections between cities. Although relational approaches to urbanism have been adopted in this field, there has been little explicit engagement with the comparative, which remains largely under‐theorised. This paper considers the usefulness of Kevin Ward's work on ‘relational comparison’ in informing research agendas on the sexual politics of (transnational) connections between cities. It argues that the use of relational comparison can help interrogate the transnational politics of knowledge production in the field and can help in opening up new research agendas.
Mirabegron 50 mg once‐daily for the treatment of symptoms of overactive bladder: An overview of efficacy and tolerability over 12 weeks and 1 year
Authors: Chapple Christopher R , Kaplan Steven A , Mitcheson David , Blauwet Mary Beth , Huang Moses , Siddiqui Emad , Khullar Vik 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThe aim of the present review article was to summarize the efficacy and tolerability for mirabegron 50 mg over 12 weeks and 1 year versus placebo (SCORPIO) or tolterodine ER 4 mg (SCORPIO and TAURUS). After a 2‐week placebo run‐in, adults with overactive bladder symptoms for ≥3 months were randomized if, during a 3‐day micturition diary period before baseline, they had an average of ≥8 micturitions/24 h and ≥3 urgency episodes. Efficacy end‐points were change from baseline to each study visit and final visit in incontinence, micturitions, volume voided/micturition, urgency incontinence, urgency (grades 3 or 4), level of urgency and nocturia. Additional secondary efficacy variables included patient‐reported outcomes. Safety variables included changes in treatment‐emergent adverse events and vital signs. For SCORPIO, statistically significant improvements from baseline in efficacy variables and patient‐reported outcomes were seen with mirabegron versus placebo from week 4, and were maintained over time. For TAURUS, numerical improvements in efficacy were evident from month 1, and were maintained throughout 12 months. Treatment‐emergent adverse events incidence was similar between groups, except for dry mouth, which was reported by fourfold (SCORPIO) and threefold (TAURUS) more patients taking tolterodine than mirabegron. Mirabegron 50 mg for 12 weeks was associated with statistically significant improvements in objective measures of efficacy and patient‐reported outcomes. At final visit, improvements with mirabegron 50 mg were statistically greater versus placebo. The efficacy profile of mirabegron 50 mg appears to be maintained over 12 months.