bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mixed duopoly, privatization, and subsidization with excess burden of taxation
Authors: Matsumura Toshihiro , Tomaru Yoshihiro 
Published: May 2013

AbstractWe investigate optimal tax‐subsidy policies in mixed and private oligopolies with excess burden of taxation. We compare the optimal subsidies and the resulting welfare levels among four regimes: mixed and private Cournot duopolies and Stackelberg competition with public and private leaderships. We show that, in contrast to the existing works on the privatization neutrality theorem, privatization affects resulting welfare.
The endowment effect and intertemporal choice: a laboratory investigation
Authors: Morrison William G. , Oxoby Robert J. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractWe present a laboratory investigation of intertemporal choice (i.e., elicited discount rates) allowing for the influence of the endowment effect. Consistent with the previous literature, we hypothesize that the endowment effect in an intertemporal choice setting results in substantially higher discount rates relative to when individuals treat the resources in question as found money. Our results support this hypothesis and our experimental design provides a new protocol for conducting choice experiments wherein the endowment effect is an important determinant of behaviour.
The Effects of Cultural Transmission Are Modulated by the Amount of Information Transmitted
Authors: Griffiths Thomas L. , Lewandowsky Stephan , Kalish Michael L. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractInformation changes as it is passed from person to person, with this process of cultural transmission allowing the minds of individuals to shape the information that they transmit. We present mathematical models of cultural transmission which predict that the amount of information passed from person to person should affect the rate at which that information changes. We tested this prediction using a function‐learning task, in which people learn a functional relationship between two variables by observing the values of those variables. We varied the total number of observations and the number of those observations that take unique values. We found an effect of the number of observations, with functions transmitted using fewer observations changing form more quickly. We did not find an effect of the number of unique observations, suggesting that noise in perception or memory may have affected learning.
Honey bee queen mandibular pheromone inhibits ovary development and fecundity in a fruit fly
Authors: Camiletti Alison L. , Percival‐Smith Anthony , Thompson Graham J. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractA key feature of eusocial insects is their reproductive division of labour. The queen signals her fecundity to her potentially reproductive daughters via a pheromone, which renders them sterile. In contrast, solitary insects lack division in reproductive labour and there is no such social signalling or need for ovary‐regulating pheromones. Nonetheless, females from both non‐social and eusocial lineages are expected to regulate their ovaries to maximize inclusive lifetime reproductive success. It is not known, however, whether the underlying networks that regulate ovary activation are homologous between non‐social and eusocial taxa, especially when these taxa are phylogenetically distant. In this study, we provide evidence that solitary fruit flies may share a conserved ovary‐regulating pathway with a eusocial honey bee, Apis mellifera L. (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Specifically, we demonstrate that honey bee queen mandibular pheromone (QMP) inhibits fly ovaries in much the same way as it suppresses worker ovaries. Drosophila melanogaster Meigen (Diptera: Drosophilidae) exposed to sufficient doses of QMP showed a reduction in ovary size, produced fewer eggs, and generated fewer viable offspring, relative to unexposed controls. Drosophila melanogaster therefore responds to an interspecific social cue to which it would not normally be exposed. Although we cannot strictly rule out an incidental effect, this conspicuous response suggests that these two species may share an underlying mechanism for ovary regulation. Why a non‐social species of fly responds to a highly social bee's pheromone is not clear, but one possibility is that solitary and social insects share pathways associated with female reproduction, as predicted by the ‘groundplan’ hypothesis of social evolution.
Distribution of chestnut blight and diversity of Cryphonectria parasitica in chestnut forests in Bulgaria
Authors: Risteski M. , Milev M. , Rigling D. , Milgroom M. G. , Bryner S. F. , Sotirovski K. 
Published: May 2013

SummaryWe surveyed chestnut stands at 18 sites in 11 locations in Bulgaria in 2005 and 2007 for the presence of chestnut blight. We found chestnut blight in seven locations (Belogradchik, Berkovitsa, Brezhani, Barziya, Govezhda, Petrich and Petrovo) but not in four others (Tsaparevo, Kresna, Dupnica and Botevgrad). We successfully isolated Cryphonectria parasitica from cankers on 606 trees with symptoms of chestnut blight and assayed them for vegetative compatibility (vc) types and mating type. Three vc types were identified among the 606 isolates; all three were among the European vc types with known vegetative incompatibility (vic) genotypes. Vc type EU‐12 was the most common, representing 80% of the isolates, and was found at all locations with blight, with the exception of Belogradchik in north‐west Bulgaria, where all isolates were vc type EU‐2. Only one population (Barziya) had more than one vc type, with a combination of EU‐12 and EU‐10 in almost equal frequencies. Similarly, the diversity of mating types was very low. All but three of 536 isolates assayed were in mating‐type MAT‐1; MAT‐2 was only found in one population in the north‐west (Berkovitsa). We inspected 671 bark samples from chestnut blight cankers with stromata of C. parasitica and found perithecia in only 33, of which 28 were from Berkovitsa where MAT‐2 was present. We did not detect hypoviruses in any of the 270 isolates screened using the standard double‐stranded RNA extraction protocol. Similar to results from previous studies in south‐eastern Europe, the diversity of vc types and mating type of C. parasitica in Bulgaria is low, and reproduction of the fungus is mainly asexual. Unfortunately, naturally occurring hypovirulence was not detected. Nevertheless, we observed a small number of superficial cankers typical of those caused by C. parasitica isolates infected with a hypovirus.
Substrate modification for enhanced native forest restoration, Reefton
Authors: Norton David A. , Creedy Simone , Keir Dean 
Published: May 2013

SummaryRestoration of postmining substrates to native forest is a standard requirement of resource consents for mine sites located within areas of native forest in New Zealand. Unweathered waste rock presents significant challenges for plant growth, and past research highlights the importance of replacing soil as part of restoration. However, replacing soil with its horizon structure intact or even obtaining sufficient soil for restoration can be a challenge in some situations. In this paper, we describe the results of two trials undertaken at the OceanaGold Ltd. open‐cast gold mine in Reefton to explore the influence of substrate conditions on the growth of native forest seedlings. We show that beech (Nothofagus) seedlings grown on A‐horizon soil grew significantly better than those grown on soil mixed with waste rock, and both grew significantly better than plants grown just on waste rock. In the second trial, we show that bark chips are not a good substitute for soil. These results confirm the importance of having the correct substrate for successful native forest restoration.
Control charts for improved decisions in environmental management: a case study of catchment water supply in south‐west Western Australia
Authors: Gove Aaron D. , Sadler Rohan , Matsuki Mamoru , Archibald Robert , Pearse Stuart , Garkaklis Mark 
Published: May 2013

SummaryEnvironmental monitoring is becoming increasingly sophisticated with the widespread adoption of data loggers, sensor arrays and remote sensing, leading to larger scale, higher resolution and superior quality data. However, interpreting monitoring data and deciding when and how to apply environmental management remains a subjective and underdeveloped area of research. Control charts, developed in industrial settings to identify when manufacturing processes were beyond the acceptable bounds of production quality, represent one solution. Despite their potential utility, control charts have rarely been adopted in environmental monitoring. In theory, they are able to identify undesirable trends early and provide transparent and broadly consensual criteria for defining when management action should take place, that is action is triggered when parameter values are observed beyond the agreed control limits of the process. Once triggered, a predetermined management action is implemented. Possible actions are many and varied, and range from investigation and increased monitoring to intervention in the system. Here, the utility of control charts in monitoring water supply in south‐western Australia from 1911 to 2010 is examined, and their ability to provide an early, transparent and easily understandable means of triggering management action is assessed. Two control chart types are applied: the X‐bar chart and the CUSUM chart. X‐bar charts varied widely in their ability to trigger action and were insensitive to many traditional threshold criteria (of which there are many to choose from). In contrast, standard CUSUM charts are specifically designed to detect subtler shifts away from a mean trend and hence provided a more consistent warning of the decline in water supply. While managers were aware of the decline in water supply from an early stage, we believe that control charts could have clearly communicated this earlier, enabling consensus among decision makers to be reached more rapidly.
Atypical presentation of caecal perforation in two horses
Authors: Gray S. N. , Dechant J. E. , Yamout S. , Devine D. V. , Schoonover M. J. 
Published: May 2013

SummaryThis case report describes retroperitoneal and subserosal emphysema as the primary indication of a caecal perforation associated with an episode of colic. Feed contamination was not noted on repeated peritoneal fluid samples or within the peritoneal cavity at the time of surgery; however, subserosal and retroperitoneal emphysema at the base of the caecum was identified during surgical exploration, which later corresponded to retroperitoneal caecal perforation at necropsy examination.
Carcinoma of an accessory genital gland in a 23‐year‐oldCamargue gelding
Authors: Suthers J. M. , Sardon D. , Blundell R. , Nikolaou G. , Archer D. C. 
Published: May 2013

SummaryThis report describes the case management, histopathological andpost mortemfindings in a 23‐year‐old gelding with a peri‐rectal mass. The mass was debulked surgically and submitted samples revealed it to be a poorly differentiated carcinoma. In the post operative period the horse developed signs of abdominal pain and dysuria and was subjected to euthanasia.Post mortemexamination revealed a large infiltrative mass located between the rectum and urethra, consistent with a carcinoma of an accessory genital gland, most likely the seminal vesicle.
In the eye of the storm: mitochondrial damage during heart and brain ischaemia
Authors: Borutaite Vilmante , Toleikis Adolfas , Brown Guy C. 
Published: May 2013

We review research investigating mitochondrial damage during heart and brain ischaemia, focusing on the mechanisms and consequences of ischaemia‐induced and/or reperfusion‐induced: (a) inhibition of mitochondrial respiratory complex I; (b) release of cytochrome c from mitochondria; (c) changes to mitochondrial phospholipids; and (d) nitric oxide inhibition of mitochondria. Heart ischaemia causes inhibition of cytochrome oxidase and complex I, release of cytochrome c, and induction of permeability transition and hydrolysis and oxidation of mitochondrial phospholipids, but some of the mechanisms are unclear. Brain ischaemia causes inhibition of complexes I and IV, but other effects are less clear.
Effect of nucleoside analog use in patients with hepatitis B virus‐related hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Nishikawa Hiroki , Nishijima Norihiro , Arimoto Akira , Inuzuka Tadashi , Kita Ryuichi , Kimura Toru , Osaki Yukio 
Published: May 2013

AimTo examine the effect of nucleoside analog (NA) therapy on clinical outcome in patients with hepatitis B virus (HBV)‐related hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) who underwent curative therapy.MethodsA total of 131 patients with HBV‐related HCC who underwent curative therapy were analyzed. They were divided into an NA group who received NA therapy (n = 99, group A) and a control group (n = 32, group B). Group A was further classified into two groups of patients who either received NA therapy before HCC therapy (n = 34, group Aa) or who received NA therapy with initial HCC therapy (n = 65, group Ab). Overall survival (OS) and recurrence‐free survival (RFS) were compared in the three groups.ResultsThe 1‐ and 3‐year cumulative OS rates were both in group Aa, 100% and 88.0% in group Ab, and 100% and 75.7% in group B (overall significance, P = 0.002), respectively. The corresponding RFS rates were 93.1% and 36.0% in group Aa, 78.3% and 45.7% in group Ab, and 78.0% and 38.0% in group B (overall significance, P = 0.734), respectively. Multivariate analysis revealed that being part of group Aa (P < 0.001) or group Ab (P < 0.001) and having albumin levels of 4.0 g/dL or more (P = 0.040) were significantly associated with OS, while HCC stage (P = 0.001) and hepatitis B e‐antigen positivity (P < 0.001) were independent predictors linked to RFS.ConclusionNA therapy in patients with HBV‐related HCC may improve survival after curative therapy.
A Thr/Ser dual residue motif in the cytoplasmic tail of human CD1d is important for the down‐regulation of antigen presentation following a herpes simplex virus 1 infection
Authors: Liu Jianyun , Glosson Nicole L. , Du Wenjun , Gervay‐Hague Jacquelyn , Brutkiewicz Randy R. 
Published: May 2013

SummaryCD1d‐restricted T (natural killer T; NKT) cells are important for controlling herpesvirus infections. Interestingly, herpes simplex virus (HSV) can down‐regulate CD1d‐mediated activation of NKT cells. We have previously shown that the Thr322 residue in the cytoplasmic tail of human CD1d is important for its intracellular trafficking and functional expression. We proposed that the phosphorylation of T322 is a signal for CD1d lysosomal targeting and subsequent degradation. In the current study, we generated dual mutants by substituting the T322 and S323 residues of wild‐type (WT) CD1d with Ala (non‐phosphorylatable) or Asp (mimicking phosphorylation) and ectopically expressed them in human embryonic kidney 293 cells. We found that the surface expression levels of the CD1d mutants was in this order: T322AS323A > WT > T322A > S323A > S323D > T322D > T322DS323D. Our results therefore suggest that mimicking the phosphorylation of both T322 and S323 has a cumulative negative effect on the functional expression of CD1d. As previously reported, we also found that upon an HSV infection, antigen presentation by WT CD1d is reduced and the CD1d molecule is degraded. Interestingly, the T322A/S323A double mutation inhibited CD1d degradation and rescued CD1d‐mediated antigen presentation following an HSV‐1 infection. This suggests that the T322/S323 dyad may be phosphorylated, which then targets CD1d for lysosomal degradation post‐infection as a means of immune evasion, explaining (at least in part) the reduced antigen presentation observed. Hence, our findings strongly suggest that T322 and S323 form a dual residue motif that can regulate the functional expression of CD1d during a viral infection.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Anatomy of the Ovine Stifle
Authors: Vandeweerd Jean‐Michel , Kirschvink Nathalie , Muylkens Benoit , Cintas Celine , Catsyne Charles Vande , Hontoir Fanny , Clegg Peter , Coomer Richard , Nisolle Jean‐Francois 
Published: May 2013

AbstractObjectiveTo describe magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) anatomy of the ovine stifle and investigate meniscotibial and cruciate ligaments anatomy.Study DesignDescriptive ex vivo study.AnimalsPelvic limbs (n = 44) from 22 adult Texel ewes.MethodsForty limbs (n = 40) were scanned using 3 Tesla MRI before gross anatomic dissection. Two other limb pairs were frozen and transected to obtain sections that were compared with MRI images for identification of anatomic structures.ResultsIn all stifles, the craniomedial bundle of the cranial cruciate ligament inserted caudally to the cranial attachment of the medial meniscus. No transverse intermeniscal ligament was identified in 80% of stifles, whereas a few small ligamentous fibers were seen crossing from 1 cranial horn to the other in 20% of stifles. There was good differentiation of menisci, ligaments, and synovial cavities on MRI images. Two bundles were identified in all cranial cruciate ligaments on MRI. Sensitivity and specificity of 3T MRI for detection of transverse intermeniscal ligament were 42% and 84%, respectively.Conclusion3T MRI provided well defined reference images for menisci, synovial cavities, and most ligaments.
Learning English Through Social Interaction: The Case of Big Brother 2006, Finland
Authors: Kääntä Leila , Jauni Heidi , Leppänen Sirpa , Peuronen Saija , Paakkinen Terhi 
Published: May 2013

ABSTRACTIn line with recent Conversation Analytic work on language learning as situated practice, this article investigates how interactants can create language learning opportunities for themselves and others in and through social interaction. The study shows how the participants of Big Brother Finland, a reality TV show, whose main communication is in Finnish, take up resources provided by English and use them for learning in their interaction. This interaction is characterized by an orientation to both the local context and the television audience, a mixture of activity types and translanguaging. It focuses on one of the participants who explicitly evaluates his own proficiency in English as limited, and demonstrates how English nevertheless constitutes a motivated choice for him that he integrates into his and the other Big Brother housemates' talk and interaction. Analysis shows how the participant actively topicalizes English not only to understand the ongoing talk, but also to serve a range of social and symbolic purposes, for example, for inviting and engaging in participation, building expert–novice participant roles, and creating entertainment and humor. In this fashion the study depicts diverging interactional environments where learning opportunities are created and shows how these are employed by the participants.
Stability of High‐Temperature Dielectric Properties for (1 − x)Ba0.8Ca0.2TiO3–xBi(Mg0.5Ti0.5)O3 Ceramics
Authors: Zeb Aurang , Milne Steven J. 
Published: May 2013

Ceramics in the solid solution system, (1 − x)Ba0.8Ca0.2TiO3–xBi(Mg0.5Ti0.5)O3, were prepared by a conventional mixed oxide route. Single‐phase perovskite‐type X‐ray diffraction patterns were observed for compositions x < 0.6. A change from tetragonal to single‐phase cubic X‐ray patterns occurred at x ≥ 0.1. Dielectric measurements indicated relaxor behavior for x ≥ 0.1. Increasing the Bi(Mg0.5Ti0.5)O3 content improved the temperature sensitivity of relative permittivity ϵr at high temperatures. At x = 0.5, a near‐plateau relative permittivity, 835 ± 40, extended across the temperature range, 65°C–550°C; the permittivity increased at x = 0.6 to 2170 ± 100 for temperatures 160°C–400°C (1 kHz). The corresponding loss tangent, tanδ, was ≤0.025 for temperatures between 100°C and 430°C for composition x = 0.5; at x = 0.6, losses increased sharply at >300°C. Comparisons of dielectric properties with other materials proposed for high‐temperature capacitor applications suggest that (1 − x)Ba0.8Ca0.2TiO3–xBi(Mg0.5Ti0.5)O3 ceramics are a promising base material for further development.
Marine dispersal and barriers drive Atlantic seahorse diversification
Authors: Boehm J. T. , Woodall Lucy , Teske Peter R. , Lourie Sara A. , Baldwin Carole , Waldman John , Hickerson Mike 
Published: May 2013

AbstractAimTo investigate how marine barriers shaped the demographic history of Atlantic seahorses (Syngnathidae: Hippocampus).LocationAtlantic Ocean.MethodsRange‐wide sampling (n = 390) at mitochondrial and up to five nuclear DNA loci was carried out across the Hippocampus erectus species complex (H. erectus from the Caribbean/North America, H. patagonicus from South America and H. hippocampus from Europe and West Africa). Multi‐species coalescent and approximate Bayesian computation (ABC) frameworks were used to estimate support of competing biogeographical hypotheses and demographic parameters, including lineage divergence times, effective population sizes and magnitudes of population size change.ResultsWe identified four distinct lineages within the H. erectus complex. A posterior probability of 0.626 and corresponding Bayes factors ranging from 3.68 to 11.38 gave moderate to strong support for a basal divergence between South American populations of H. patagonicus and Caribbean/North American populations of H. erectus coincident with the inter‐regional freshwater outflow of the Amazon River Barrier (ARB). Estimates of historical effective population sizes and divergence times indicate that European and West African populations of H. hippocampus expanded after colonization from a more demographically stable Caribbean/North American H. erectus.Main conclusionsOur findings of trans‐Atlantic colonization followed by isolation across a deep oceanic divide, and isolation across a freshwater barrier, may demonstrate a contrast in marine divide permeability for this group of rafters. Demographic inference supports the establishment of an ancestral population of the H. erectus complex in the Americas, followed by the ARB splitting it into Caribbean/North and South American lineages at a time of increased sedimentation and outflow. Our estimates suggest that following this split, colonization occurred across the Atlantic via the Gulf Stream currents with subsequent trans‐Atlantic isolation. These results illustrate that rafting can be a means of range expansion over large distances, but may be insufficient for sustaining genetic connectivity across major barriers, thereby resulting in lineage divergence.