bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Back to the roots: the 1987 telecom green paper 25 years after – has European telecom liberalization fulfilled its promise for Europe in the internet age?
Authors: Ungerer Herbert 
Published: February 2013

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to demonstrate that telecommunications liberalization in Europe has taken the European telecommunications and internet sectors a breathtaking leap forward. To counter the leveling off of growth and facing the smartphone revolution, new structural changes are now required.Design/methodology/approachThe paper assesses in a concise manner the effect of telecommunications liberalization in Europe based on the 1987 green paper. It demonstrates the enormous dynamics created in the mobile and fixed network sectors and the key role of liberalization to make Europe internet‐ready during the 1990s. The paper then proceeds to the analysis of the leveling off of growth during the last few years and discusses required changes to restart dynamics.FindingsThe green paper of 1987 successfully defined a framework within which political and legal action in both regulatory and competition fields could develop, leading to full liberalization of telecommunications in the European Union by 1998. The subsequent decade saw an enormous expansion of both mobile and fixed services, which only abated by the end of the decade. Liberalization and coordination of licensing of mobile systems were the basis for the entry of the internet in Europe and the explosive growth of GSM mobile services. The paper finds that the deployment of broadband internet and fourth generation mobile now needs further change to relaunch dynamics. It welcomes the goals of the digital agenda for Europe in the context of the 2020 objectives of the European Union, but argues that deeper structural changes are needed to achieve these goals.Originality/valueLiberalization of European telecommunications was guided by a strategic framework set out in the 1987 telecommunications green paper and developed subsequently further. Comprehensive frameworks of this nature will be needed if Europe wants to gain a leading role in the future smart phone and broadband internet markets.
Moving beyond liberalization: stumbling toward a new European ICT policy framework
Authors: Melody William H. 
Published: February 2013

PurposeThis paper intends to promote a re‐consideration of the most appropriate policy framework for implementing the European Union (EU) digital agenda.Design/methodology/approachThe paper examines relevant EU documentation and the related research literature on EU telecommunications reform within a context of economic market theory and policy analysis models.FindingsThe liberalization principle driving EU telecommunications reform for the past quarter century has stalled, and may be reversed by the policy framework adopted for implementing the digital agenda. The public sector broadband funding model is likely to be wasteful and ineffective. Other options for implementation should be considered.Originality/valueThis paper examines current EU policy shaping the development of broadband networks and the evolution of the digital economy and information society. It highlights the progress and limitations of EU policy as it has evolved as a reference for implementation of current policy objectives. It will be of value to policy makers, industry analysts and players, as well as researchers in academia and other institutions.
The enterprise and the digital single market: business telecommunications
Authors: Sutherland Ewan 
Published: February 2013

PurposeThe market for enterprise telecommunications has benefitted greatly from liberalisation over the last quarter century. This paper seeks to review the evolving engagement of enterprises with markets and with policy processes.Design/methodology/approachThe paper presents a review of the literature and of the experiences of telecommunications user groups, both national and international, focusing on leased lines, roaming and trans‐national service provision.FindingsThe paper reveals that telecommunications user groups have declined as enterprises have been satisfied by the level of competition on markets for integrated information communication technology (ICT) services. There is less engagement in policy and regulatory processes.Research limitations/implicationsThe secondary nature of many sources points to the need for the collection and analysis of market developments and the experiences of individual enterprises.Originality/valueThis paper brings together material on enterprise telecommunications, a subject often lost to consumer applications.
Strategic responses of foreign subsidiaries to host country corruption
Authors: Karhunen Päivi , Kosonen Riitta 
Published: February 2013

PurposeThis paper seeks to discover whether and how a subsidiary located in a high‐corruption host country can pursue its parent's corporate non‐corrupt strategy, rooted in a low‐corruption home country. Theoretically, it aims to apply the construct of institutional duality. It also aims to argue that the subsidiary's strategic response is contingent to the relative strength of two sets of institutional demands: the articulation of the multinational company's (MNC's) corporate policy towards corruption; and the direct influence of the host country corruption on the subsidiary's daily business.Design/methodology/approachA qualitative analysis of interviews with executives of 27 Finnish companies (15 large MNCs and 12 small to medium‐sized enterprises (SMEs)) with subsidiaries in Russia was conducted.FindingsThe subsidiary's strategic response to host country corruption is contingent to the firm size and the respective resources. Large MNCs can implement their non‐corrupt policy also in their Russian subsidiaries due to their financial and relational resources. SMEs, which lack such resources, need to adapt to the demands from the corrupt environment. This is usually done by “outsourcing” situations prone to corruption to a local intermediary.Research limitations/implicationsThe empirical analysis is limited to one pair of countries (Russia and Finland) and selected locations in Russia (Moscow and St Petersburg).Practical implicationsThe paper provides examples of business strategies that help to mitigate the negative consequences of host country corruption without giving up one's moral and ethical principles.Originality/valueThe paper enriches the literature on corruption in international business by identifying the firm size as a key determinant for strategic responses to host country corruption.
Slum tourism, city branding and social urbanism: the case of Medellin, Colombia
Authors: Hernandez‐Garcia Jaime 
Published: February 2013

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to explore the contribution of informal settlements to a tourism strategy and to city branding. It takes the case of Medellin, Colombia, which in recent years has developed several projects in theirbarriosusing a policy called: “social urbanism”.Design/methodology/approachThe paper is based on a case study, that of “social urbanism” in Medellin, and the relationship with what is called slum tourism and city branding. After a brief theoretical exploration about informal settlements in Latin America, slum tourism and city branding; the paper presents the urban and social transformation of Medellin's dangerous and stigmatizedbarrioswith the “social urbanism” policy. Then the relationship between social urbanism, informal settlements and city branding is discussed.FindingsMedellin, perhaps without noticing or anticipating, has found a role for informal settlements in branding the city, and promoting tourism to those areas. With “social urbanism”, it is also helping to build an image of the city more authentic and distinguishable from other cities in Colombia and Latin America.Originality/valueThe paper explores two themes that are considered nearly opposite: informal settlements and city branding. It discusses how a city in Colombia might have found a way to link them together with interesting results.
Burnout on Mars and Venus: exploring gender differences in emotional exhaustion
Authors: Rubino Cristina , Volpone Sabrina D. , Avery Derek R. 
Published: February 2013

PurposeThe aim of this paper is to draw on gender role theory and the stressor‐strain literature to examine sex differences in emotional exhaustion. The paper also investigates a mediating mechanism (i.e. work‐family conflict) and a boundary condition (i.e. ratio between actual and desired work hours, termed overemployment/underemployment) of the sex – emotional exhaustion relationship.Design/methodology/approachUsing a sample of 3,114 respondents, the paper analyzes the hypothesized moderated mediation model using Edwards and Lambert's framework.FindingsThe paper found support for the authors' model, suggesting that overemployed women are more likely to experience work‐family conflict and emotional exhaustion than men. However, when individuals work fewer hours than desired, men are more susceptible to emotional exhaustion than women by first experiencing work‐family conflict.Research limitations/implicationsAlthough support exists for the relationship between work‐family conflict and burnout, stressor/strain models also should include sex and overemployment/underemployment as predictors of emotional exhaustion.Practical implicationsThese results suggest organizations can reduce employee work‐family conflict and subsequent emotional exhaustion by adjusting the ratio of currently worked to desired work hours. Additionally, organizations can minimize emotional exhaustion by implementing work‐family balance workplace policies.Originality/valueTo address inconsistencies in studies exploring the sex‐emotional exhaustion relationship, the paper explores a mediating mechanism and boundary condition underlying the relationship between sex and emotional exhaustion. Exploring this relationship is important for organizations and employees, as both benefit by minimizing emotional exhaustion to avoid the physical and psychological consequences with which it is associated.
Combining formal and informal financial sources
Authors: Gudov Artem 
Published: February 2013

PurposeThe aim of the paper is to analyze quantitatively and qualitatively requirements of Russian micro‐ and small‐firms in financial sources, along with opportunities and restrictions in the mobilization of investment at the different stages of a firm's life cycle.Design/methodology/approachIn this paper the determinants of the propensity to invest and the supply of funding are investigated by using the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) data set for Russia in the time period from 2006 to 2011.FindingsThe paper provides the analysis of Russian early entrepreneurs' and established business owners' decisions about the preferred structure of financial sources, comprising both statistical and logistic regression approaches for this investigation. The findings indicate that in Russia the structure of financial sources of start‐up entrepreneurs is predominated by “love capital” (mainly private and family savings), meanwhile, the percentage of business angels' financing is low in comparison with innovation‐driven countries. Moreover, there are merely extra‐economic factors, which influence informal investors' decision making on funding: personal relations with a borrower, an optimistic view on macroeconomic perspective and high status of an entrepreneur.Practical implicationsThe findings in this paper suggest that this research can help the officials to formulate a program of SMEs' support at different stages of the financial chain in Russia.Originality/valueIn this paper the early and middle stages of a firm's life cycle are examined and some practical advice on a company's development and expansion are given.
Spectral sparse Bayesian learning reflectivity inversion
Authors: Yuan Sanyi , Wang Shangxu 
Published: February 2013

ABSTRACTA spectral sparse Bayesian learning reflectivity inversion method, combining spectral reflectivity inversion with sparse Bayesian learning, is presented in this paper. The method retrieves a sparse reflectivity series by sequentially adding, deleting or re‐estimating hyper‐parameters, without pre‐setting the number of non‐zero reflectivity spikes. The spikes with the largest amplitude are usually the first to be resolved. The method is tested on a series of data sets, including synthetic data, physical modelling data and field data sets. The results show that the method can identify thin beds below tuning thickness and highlight stratigraphic boundaries. Moreover, the reflectivity series, which is inverted trace‐by‐trace, preserves the lateral continuity of layers.
Adaptive scaling for an enhanced dynamic interpretation of 4D seismic data
Authors: Falahat Reza , Shams Asghar , MacBeth Colin 
Published: February 2013

ABSTRACTIn this study, importance is drawn to the role of engineering principles when interpreting dynamic reservoir changes from 4D seismic data. In particular, it is found that in clastic reservoirs the principal parameters controlling mapped 4D signatures are not the pressure and saturation changes per se but these changes scaled by the corresponding thickness (or pore volume) of the reservoir volume that these effects occupy. For this reason, pressure and saturation changes cannot strictly be recovered by themselves, this being true for all data interpretation. This understanding is validated both with numerical modelling and analytic calculation. Interestingly, the study also indicates that the impact of gas saturation on the seismic can be written using a linear term but that inversion for gas saturation can yield at best only the total thickness/pore volume of the distribution. The above provides a basis for a linear equation that can readily and accurately be used to estimate pressure and saturation changes. Quantitative updates of the static and dynamic components of the simulation model can be achieved by comparing thickness or pore volume‐scaled changes from the simulator with the corresponding quantities on the inverted observations.
Suppressing non‐Gaussian noises with scaled receiver wavefield for reverse‐time migration: comparison of different approaches
Authors: Tao Yi , Sen Mrinal K. 
Published: February 2013

ABSTRACTNumerical implementation of the gradient of the cost function in a gradient‐based full‐ waveform inversion (FWI) is essentially a migration operator used in wave equation migration. In FWI, minimizing different data residual norms results in different weighting strategies of data residuals at receiver locations prior to back‐propagation into the medium. In this paper, we propose different scaling methods to the receiver wavefield and compare their performances. Using time‐domain reverse‐time migration (RTM), we show that compared to conventional algorithms, this type of scaling is able to significantly suppress non‐Gaussian noise, i.e., outliers. Our tests also show that scaling by its absolute norm produces better results than other approaches.
Reconstruction and prediction of invasive mongoose population dynamics from history of introduction and management: aBayesian state‐space modelling approach
Authors: Fukasawa Keita , Hashimoto Takuma , Tatara Masaya , Abe Shintaro 
Published: February 2013

Summary An understanding of the underlying processes and comprehensive history of invasive species is necessary to assess the long‐term effectiveness of invasive species management. However, continuous, long‐term labour‐intensive population surveys on invasive species are often not feasible. Thus, it is important to learn about their dynamics through management action and its consequences. Amami Island, Japan, has an ongoing large‐scale and long‐term eradication programme of invasive small Indian mongooses. To estimate the long‐term pattern of population size and the parameters determining the dynamics, including anthropogenic removal, we applied a surplus‐production model within a Bayesian state‐space formulation incorporating the initial population size, number of captures and capture effort. Using the estimated process model directly, we conducted stochastic simulations to evaluate the feasibility of eradication. Estimated 32‐year annual capture probability of mongooses has increased since their introduction. The population size started to decline in 2001; mean population size in 2000 was 6141 (95%CI: 5415–6817), and declined to 169 (95%CI: 42–408) by 2011. Parameter estimates of a Weibull catchability model indicated that there was large individual heterogeneity in the probability of being captured, and per‐effort capture probability declined with an increase in annual capture effort. The simulation study indicated that the eradication feasibility in 2023 would be over 90% if the same annual capture effort is upheld as in 2010 (2 075 760 corrected trap‐days). However, increasing annual capture effort would have little effect on shortening the time to eradication. Synthesis and applications. A hierarchical model that incorporates multiple types of data to reveal long‐term population dynamics has the potential to be updated with the outcomes of control efforts, and will enhance adaptive management of invasive species. This approach will offer valuable information about trade‐offs between time to eradication success and effort per unit time in a long‐term eradication project, and the length of time needed to continue management actions to achieve eradication success.
Domestic scrutiny ofEuropean Union politics: Between whistle blowing and opposition control
Authors: Finke Daniel , Dannwolf Tanja 
Published: February 2013

AbstractSomeEuropean law proposals are subject to scrutiny by national parliaments while others go unchecked. The analysis in this article indicates that the opposition scrutinisesEuropean Union law to gather information on the proceedings inside the Council of Ministers and theEuropean Parliament. Yet whereas strong opposition parties scrutinise highly politicised law proposals, weak opposition parties tend to scrutinise those proposals that are negotiated under the non‐transparent fast‐track procedure. In addition, there is ample evidence that the leading minister initiates scrutiny in order to strengthen his or her intergovernmental bargaining leverage. Yet, this Schelling Conjecture presumes that the party of the minister is located between the expected bargaining position in the Council and the coalition partner. Any other domestic interest constellation could lead to scrutiny motivated by whistle blowing. However, an issue's salience helps us to separate the whistle blowing from the Schelling Conjecture.
Depth‐discrete profiles of bacterial communities reveal pronounced spatio‐temporal dynamics related to lake stratification
Authors: Garcia Sarahi L. , Salka Ivette , Grossart Hans‐Peter , Warnecke Falk 
Published: February 2013

SummaryWith this work we intend to stress the importance of considering discrete depth sampling for bacterial community analysis of stratified aquatic systems. Depth is a very important parameter to consider when sampling bacterial communities, as their abundance and composition can change within the distinct water layers. Stratified lakes are good model systems to study these connections since changes in environmental parameters can occur on a cm‐scale at the thermo‐ and/or chemocline. Lake Grosse Fuchskuhle was sampled at discrete fine‐scale depths at three time points covering a stage in which the lake was stratified and the beginning of winter mixing. In this paper we present the most abundant bacterial groups at the different depths sampled and also the most abundant operational taxonomic units (OTUs). Overall, oxygen was found to be an important factor shaping the microbial community composition.
Horticultural mineral oil treatments in nurseries during aphid flights reduce Plum pox virus incidence under different ecological conditions
Authors: Vidal E. , Zagrai L. , Milusheva S. , Bozhkova V. , Tasheva‐Terzieva E. , Kamenova I. , Zagrai I. , Cambra M. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe application of horticultural mineral oil (HMO) treatments has been reported as a possible control strategy to reduce Plum pox virus (PPV) incidence in Prunus nurseries. The effect of Sunspray Ultrafine HMO at 1% on the natural viral spread was evaluated in experimental nursery plots of Nemaguard and Mariana GF8‐1 Prunus rootstock blocks established under high natural inoculum pressure of the most prevalent PPV‐types. Tests were conducted in experimental nursery plots in Plovdiv, Bulgaria (PPV‐M and PPV‐Rec), in Bistrita, Romania (PPV‐D and PPV‐Rec) and in Llíria, Spain (PPV‐D). Horticultural mineral oil treatments were applied weekly during the vegetative period from spring to fall (treatments were interrupted in the summer). Nursery plants were analysed yearly by double‐antibody sandwich enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay with 5B‐IVIA/AMR monoclonal antibodies. The population dynamics of the aphids visiting plants in each experimental nursery plot was monitored by the sticky‐shoot method and also by Moericke yellow water traps. At all three locations, the aphid population first peaked in the springtime. Furthermore, a variable second peak of aphid population was observed in Plovdiv and Bistrita in autumn. The treatments reduced PPV incidence in the three experimental locations and plots and in both assayed Prunus rootstocks grown under high PPV‐inoculum pressure. A reduction from 10% to 20% of PPV‐incidence between treated and control plants (P < 0.05) in Plovdiv and Bistrita, respectively, was observed at the end of the tests. However, HMO treatments did not prevent PPV infection altogether, probably because of the high PPV prevalence in the area near the experimental nursery blocks. The control of PPV in nursery blocks based on HMO is presented as an environmentally friendly strategy based on the physical action of the treatments.
Understanding tobacco industry pricing strategy and whether it undermines tobacco tax policy: the example of the UK cigarette market
Authors: Gilmore Anna B. , Tavakoly Behrooz , Taylor Gordon , Reed Howard 
Published: February 2013

AbstractAimsTobacco tax increases are the most effective means of reducing tobacco use and inequalities in smoking, but effectiveness depends on transnational tobacco company (TTC) pricing strategies, specifically whether TTCs overshift tax increases (increase prices on top of the tax increase) or undershift the taxes (absorb the tax increases so they are not passed onto consumers), about which little is known.DesignReview of literature on brand segmentation. Analysis of 1999–2009 data to explore the extent to which tax increases are shifted to consumers, if this differs by brand segment and whether cigarette price indices accurately reflect cigarette prices.SettingUK.ParticipantsUK smokers.MeasurementsReal cigarette prices, volumes and net‐of‐tax‐ revenue by price segment.FindingsTTCs categorise brands into four price segments: premium, economy, mid and ‘ultra‐low price’ (ULP). TTCs have sold ULP brands since 2006; since then, their real price has remained virtually static and market share doubled. The price gap between premium and ULP brands is increasing because the industry differentially shifts tax increases between brand segments; while, on average, taxes are overshifted, taxes on ULP brands are not always fully passed onto consumers (being absorbed at the point each year when tobacco taxes increase). Price indices reflect the price of premium brands only and fail to detect these problems.ConclusionsIndustry‐initiated cigarette price changes in the UK appear timed to accentuate the price gap between premium and ULP brands. Increasing the prices of more expensive cigarettes on top of tobacco tax increases should benefit public health, but the growing price gap enables smokers to downtrade to cheaper tobacco products and may explain smoking‐related inequalities. Governments must monitor cigarette prices by price segment and consider industry pricing strategies in setting tobacco tax policies.