bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
L’accès des femmes aux emplois de direction générale dans les grandes collectivités locales : état des lieux et points de résistance
Authors: Sam-Giao Muriel 
Published: June 2015

Résumé	Les résultats des enquêtes menées par l’Association des administrateurs territoriaux de France et la promotion Aimé Césaire à la fin 2009 et en 2010 sur un échantillon représentatif des plus importants employeurs territoriaux montrent la sous‑représentation des femmes : 10 % des directeurs généraux des services sont des femmes, tandis que c’est le cas de 20 à 25 % en moyenne des directeurs généraux adjoints. L’explication de cet apparent plafond de verre dans l’accès aux emplois de direction est complexe. L’examen du vivier de personnes susceptibles d’accéder aux emplois de direction générale montre que l’ascension professionnelle se fait en plusieurs étapes et qu’à chacune d’entre elles les femmes sont sous‑représentées. Dans ce contexte, il faut parler d’une multitude d’inégalités d’accès qui prennent la forme d’une « pyramide des plafonds de verre ».
Homogénéité et diversité des élèves administrateurs territoriaux
Authors: Magnier Jacqueline , Marchal Clémentine 
Published: June 2015

Résumé	Les administrateurs territoriaux occupent en France les places de dirigeants dans la fonction publique territoriale. Ils accèdent à ce grade par concours, suivi d’une scolarité à l’Institut national des études territoriales (INET). En 2012, l’INET a lancé une enquête auprès de l’ensemble de ses anciens élèves pour mieux connaître leurs origines. Dont une partie est présentée dans cet article. Elle montre que les deux sexes sont aujourd’hui équitablement représentés parmi les élèves administrateurs, et que ces derniers sont issus de tous les territoires français. Toutefois, les milieux sociaux les plus défavorisés peinent encore à accéder à ce statut d’élite.
Community perceptions of childbearing and use of safer conception strategies among HIV‐discordant couples in Kisumu, Kenya
Authors: Breitnauer Brooke T , Mmeje Okeoma , Njoroge Betty , Darbes Lynae A , Leddy Anna , Brown Joelle 
Published: June 2015

IntroductionSafer conception strategies (SCS) have the potential to decrease HIV transmission among HIV‐discordant couples who desire children. Community perceptions of SCS may influence the scale‐up and uptake of these services, but little is known about how communities will react to these strategies. Without community support for SCS, their success as an HIV prevention tool may be limited. The objective of this study is to characterize community perceptions of SCS for HIV‐discordant couples in Kisumu, Kenya, to inform ongoing and future safer conception intervention studies in low‐resource settings.MethodsWe conducted six focus group discussions and 11 in‐depth‐interviews in Kisumu, Kenya, among a diverse group (N=59) of community members, including men, women, youth (age 19–25), community health workers and local leaders. An iterative qualitative analysis using a grounded theory approach was employed.Results and discussionAll participants emphasized the importance of childbearing in their society and the right to have children, regardless of an individual's HIV status. While most participants believed that HIV‐discordant couples should be allowed to have children, they discussed several barriers to the uptake of SCS such as HIV‐related stigma, fear of HIV transmission to the uninfected partner and child, fear of unfamiliar medical procedures and lack of information among community members and health care providers about HIV prevention interventions that allow safer conception. Access to information, community experiences with successful safer conception interventions, healthcare provider training, male engagement and community mobilization may help overcome these barriers. Though assisted reproduction strategies generated the most negative reactions from participants, our results suggest that with education and explanation of these services, participants express interest in these strategies and want them to be offered in their community.ConclusionsMany community members noted a need and desire for safer conception education and services in Kisumu. However, community barriers such as fear, stigma and lack of information should be addressed before safer conception interventions can be successfully implemented and delivered. Further research focused on community education, male engagement and healthcare provider training is a crucial next step in delivering safer conception in this region.
Immunological Synapse
Authors: Agüera‐Gonzalez Sonia , Bouchet Jérôme , Alcover Andrés 
Published: June 2015

Abstract

Immunological synapses are dynamically organised cell–cell interfaces formed between cells of the immune system. Different types of immunological synapses lead to distinct functional outcomes. Thus, T and B lymphocytes form immunological synapses with each other and with dendritic cells or macrophages, conveying mutual activation cues. Moreover, natural killer cells or cytotoxic T lymphocytes form synapses with tumour or infected cells delivering cytotoxic granules that destroy those anomalous cells. Immunological synapses are the result of an orchestrated cell polarisation process that involves cytoskeleton rearrangements, intracellular vesicle traffic and the clustering of receptors, adhesion molecules and signalling effectors, which together ensure the immunological synapse stability, its structure and function. Immunological synapses play key roles in immune responses, like T‐ and B‐cell activation, and polarised secretion of cytokines or cytotoxic granules.

Key Concepts

T cells recognise antigens as molecular fragments associated with major histocompatibility complex proteins displayed at the surface of antigen presenting cells.

Immunological synapses are subcellular structures formed at the interface between T cells and antigen presenting cells.

Immunological synapses regulate lymphocyte activation and effector functions, like polarised secretion of cytokines, or cytotoxic granules.

T‐cell polarisation induced by T‐cell receptor engagement drives the formation of the immunological synapse and ensures its functions.

The immunological synapse is characterised by the reorganisation of the T‐cell actin and microtubule cytoskeleton at the antigen presenting cell contact site.

Intracellular vesicle traffic, including that of the Golgi apparatus, endosomes and lysosomes, polarises to the immunological synapse.

Endosomal vesicles convey the T‐cell receptor and signalling molecules to the immunological synapse.

The Golgi apparatus reorients towards the immunological synapse favouring the polarised secretion of cytokines from T cells to B cells.

T‐cell receptor, co‐receptors, adhesion proteins and signalling molecules form dynamic clusters at the immunological synapse.

Signalling microcluster dynamics regulate the T‐cell receptor signal transduction capacity.
Iklaina in Messenia
Authors: Kelder Jorrit M. 
Published: June 2015

Abstract

Iklaina, a Mycenaean settlement situated 10 km northeast of the modern town of Pylos was probably the seat of a local ruler during the early Mycenaean period. It was destroyed, probably as a result of enemy conquest, around 1400–1350 BCE, and subsequently became a district capital in the kingdom of Pylos, probably known as a‐pu
2
(Alphys) in the Pylian administration.
Gunthamund
Authors: Merrills A. H. 
Published: June 2015

Abstract

Gunthamund was king of Vandal North Africa from 484 to 496
ce
. Little is known for certain about his reign, thanks to a relative dearth of source material, but there is some evidence that he oversaw a substantial reworking of the fisc, and several important economic sources date to this period. Viewed together, these documents provide some sense of the sophistication of the state economy in post‐Roman North Africa.
Naassenes
Authors: Rasimus Tuomas 
Published: June 2015

Abstract

The Naassene teaching is only known through a hostile description by the author of
Refutatio omnium haeresium
. The cornerstone of their teaching was a doctrine of a heavenly Adam who was identified as Logos and Christ in his capacity of the divine image and world soul. He was additionally symbolized by the snake, based partially on a Christological interpretation of Moses’ brazen serpent (John 3:14–15). The Naassenes pointed out a similarity between the Greek word for temple (
naos
) and the Hebrew word for snake (
nahash
), whence hostile outsiders labeled them Naassenes, “snake people.” In reality they called themselves gnostics. It is a commonly held but mistaken belief that the Naassenes engaged in actual serpent handling and worship.
Berenike, daughter of PtolemyII
Authors: D'Agostini Monica 
Published: June 2015

AbstractSecond wife of the Seleucid king Antiochos II Theos, Berenike was the daughter of Ptolemy II Philadelphos and his first wife Arsinoe I. After the death of her husband Antiochos II in 246bce, she acted in political opposition to Seleukos II Kallinikos and Laodike, Antiochos II's first wife. Berenike and her infant son Antiochos were killed in Antioch by partisans of Laodike and Seleukos II, but the exact chronology of the murder is uncertain. The division of the Seleucid kingdom in two fronts led to the Third Syrian War between Berenike's brother Ptolemy III and Seleukos II.
Toumba in Thessalonike
Authors: Saripanidi Vivi 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
The archaeological site of Toumba in Thessalonike is probably to be identified with one of the settlements that formed ancient Therme. This site has yielded the remains of habitation areas that date from the Early Bronze Age to the Early Hellenistic era, as well as numerous burials from the period between the ninth and the third century BCE.
Andalusia
Authors: Ferrer‐Albelda Eduardo 
Published: June 2015

Abstract

The geographical position of Andalusia and its natural resources, particularly metal ores, contributed to its inclusion within both the Atlantic and the Mediterranean cultural dynamics of the first millennium
bce
, for instance, in the metal exchange networks of the Late Bronze Age or in the Phoenician colonization. Due to the diversity of its substrates and adstrates, this area was inhabited by a mosaic of communities that displayed diverse degrees of sociopolitical aggregation, from the characteristic city‐states of Phoenician tradition to the shaping of territorial domains of different scales or the complex chiefdoms of the peripheral areas. From a cultural perspective there were four groups: Iberians, Turdetani, Phoenicians, and Celts. The Carthaginian occupation and the Roman conquest disrupted the traditional systems of coexistence between these groups, but no major cultural changes occurred until the first century
bce
.
Dux
Authors: Eaton Jonathan 
Published: June 2015

Abstract

The title
dux
(plural
duces
) was synonymous with military command throughout much of the Roman period, though its usage changed considerably over time. Initially used generically during the republican period to refer to senior individuals bearing military commands, from the reign of Diocletian the
duces
were invariably powerful military commanders with responsibility for protecting large swathes of the imperial frontier.
Hupshu
Authors: von Dassow Eva 
Published: June 2015

Abstract

The Semitic word
hupshu
(
ḫupṯu
) denoted the free population subject to conscription, who were distinguished neither by special privation nor by privilege. It is best attested in sources from the Late Bronze Age (ca. 1550–1200
bce
), whereafter its derivatives survive in classical and modern Hebrew. The word belongs to the vocabulary of the West Semitic languages, though it is also attested in Akkadian texts and has a possible cognate in Arabic. Based on the Ugaritic evidence, it derives from a root
ḫ‐b‐ṯ
that yielded a verb meaning “to labor” and the noun
ḫupṯu
(with devoiced middle radical), meaning persons whom the state obliged to labor. The state could conscript only its free citizens, not men in servitude to other men, nor citizens of other states. Hence in Hebrew the derivative adjective
hofshi
(
ḥopšî
) came to mean “free” and the abstract noun
hofesh
(
ḥopeš
) to mean “freedom” (as distinct from bondage).
Banquets, Greek and Roman
Authors: Hänninen Marja‐Leena 
Published: June 2015

AbstractHospitality was an essential virtue in ancient Greece and Rome. Feasting and drinking together strengthened friendships, political alliances, and solidarity among peers. Furthermore, banquets had cultural significance since they provided a stage for philosophical and political conversations as well as performances of dance, music, and literature. The actual meal was usually followed by a drinking party, calledsymposiumby the Greeks, orcomissatioby the Romans. In Rome, respectable women, too, could participate in banquets, while Greek women were usually excluded. In addition to private banquets, there were also various public feasts, often at major religious festivals. Public banquets could be funded by local authorities or private benefactors, and there were also banquets organized by clubs, priestal colleges, or religious communities.
Vagabonds
Authors: Brüggemann Thomas 
Published: June 2015

Abstract

The term vagabond stems from the Latin adjective
vagabundus
, which is derived from the verb
vagari
(“to wander”), meaning “strolling about,” “wandering purposelessly,” “extravagating,” or “being erratic.” In antiquity, the term remained socially unspecific and simply refers to the process of “wandering” on a case‐by‐case basis, regardless of the (social) status or milieu of the wandering person. Hence,
vagabundus
was neither used to label a heterogeneous roaming fringe‐group or a social category nor to designate the “traveler‐lifestyle.” The term did not point to a specific group of persons at all. Although
vagabundus
was not associated with sociopolitical ideas and/or corresponding concepts and did not serve the social qualifying of specific population groups, the term's equivocality, its original indecisiveness with its slight pejorative tendency, may have caused its development in the Postclassical period: Suitable for a wide range of people living rough, by the Middle Ages
vagabundus
had become the synonym for vagrants and goliards as well as a generalizing label, a social category
sui generis
that subsumed any kinds of people who lived on the streets permanently or temporarily.
Organocatalyzed Asymmetric Conjugate Addition of Heteroaryl and Aryl Trifluoroborates: a Synthetic Strategy for Discoipyrrole D
Authors: Shih Jiun‐Le , Nguyen Thien S. , May Jeremy A. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractBis‐heteroaryl or bis‐aryl stereocenters were formed by an organocatalytic enantioselective conjugate addition using the respective trifluoroborate salts as nucleophiles. Control studies suggested that fluoride dissociation is necessary in the anhydrous conditions. This strategy is applicable to the synthesis of discoipyrrole D, an inhibitor of BR5 fibroblast migration.
Superstructure in the Metastable Intermediate‐Phase Li2/3FePO4 Accelerating the Lithium Battery Cathode Reaction
Authors: Nishimura Shin‐ichi , Natsui Ryuichi , Yamada Atsuo 
Published: June 2015

AbstractLiFePO4 is an important cathode material for lithium‐ion batteries. Regardless of the biphasic reaction between the insulating end members, LixFePO4, x≈0 and x≈1, optimization of the nanostructured architecture has substantially improved the power density of positive LiFePO4 electrode. The charge transport that occurs in the interphase region across the biphasic boundary is the primary stage of solid‐state electrochemical reactions in which the Li concentrations and the valence state of Fe deviate significantly from the equilibrium end members. Complex interactions among Li ions and charges at the Fe sites have made understanding stability and transport properties of the intermediate domains difficult. Long‐range ordering at metastable intermediate eutectic composition of Li2/3FePO4 has now been discovered and its superstructure determined, which reflected predominant polaron crystallization at the Fe sites followed by Li+ redistribution to optimize the LiFe interactions.
The Corrole Radical
Authors: Schweyen Peter , Brandhorst Kai , Wicht Richard , Wolfram Benedikt , Bröring Martin 
Published: June 2015

AbstractThe reaction of 5,10,15‐trimesitylcorrole (H3cor) with tungsten hexachloride and tungsten hexacarbonyl resulted in the unexpected formation of the 3,17‐dichloro‐5,10,15‐trimesitylcorrole radical (H2cor*) as an air‐stable product. X‐ray crystallography proved the planarization of the corrole radical structure, which was rationalized by the reduced steric hindrance of two versus three hydrogen atoms inside the N4 cavity. Although the aromaticity was lost, no specific changes in CC or CN bond distances could be observed. The regioselectivity of the two‐fold chlorination is the result of the nucleophilic attack of chloride ions to an oxidized corrole macrocycle, and is supported by DFT results. The corrole radical acts as a dianionic ligand and allows the insertion of the divalent zinc(II) cation, which usually does not form neutral corrole complexes.
Non‐invasive high throughput approach for protein hydrophobicity determination based on surface tension
Authors: Amrhein Sven , Bauer Katharina Christin , Galm Lara , Hubbuch Jürgen 
Published: June 2015

ABSTRACTThe surface hydrophobicity of a protein is an important factor for its interactions in solution and thus the outcome of its production process. Yet most of the methods are not able to evaluate the influence of these hydrophobic interactions under natural conditions. In the present work we have established a high resolution stalagmometric method for surface tension determination on a liquid handling station, which can cope with accuracy as well as high throughput requirements. Surface tensions could be derived with a low sample consumption (800 μL) and a high reproducibility (<0.1‰ for water) within a reasonable time (3.5 min per sample). This method was used as a non‐invasive HTP compatible approach to determine surface tensions of protein solutions dependent on protein content. The protein influence on the solutions’ surface tension was correlated to the hydrophobicity of lysozyme, human lysozyme, BSA, and α‐lactalbumin. Differences in proteins’ hydrophobic character depending on pH and species could be resolved. Within this work we have developed a pH dependent hydrophobicity ranking, which was found to be in good agreement with literature. For the studied pH range of 3–9 lysozyme from chicken egg white was identified to be the most hydrophilic. α‐lactalbumin at pH 3 exhibited the most pronounced hydrophobic character. The stalagmometric method occurred to outclass the widely used spectrophotometric method with bromophenol blue sodium salt as it gave reasonable results without restrictions on pH and protein species. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2015;112: 2485–2494. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Surface Functionalization of g‐C3N4: Molecular‐Level Design of Noble‐Metal‐Free Hydrogen Evolution Photocatalysts
Authors: Chen Yin , Lin Bin , Yu Weili , Yang Yong , Bashir Shahid M. , Wang Hong , Takanabe Kazuhiro , Idriss Hicham , Basset Jean‐Marie 
Published: June 2015

AbstractA stable noble‐metal‐free hydrogen evolution photocatalyst based on graphite carbon nitride (g‐C3N4) was developed by a molecular‐level design strategy. Surface functionalization was successfully conducted to introduce a single nickel active site onto the surface of the semiconducting g‐C3N4. This catalyst family (with less than 0.1 wt % of Ni) has been found to produce hydrogen with a rate near to the value obtained by using 3 wt % platinum as co‐catalyst. This new catalyst also exhibits very good stability under hydrogen evolution conditions, without any evidence of deactivation after 24 h.
Microwire Chronoamperometric Determination of Concentration, Diffusivity, and Salinity for Simultaneous Oxygen and Proton Reduction
Authors: Weber James , Wain Andrew J. , Marken Frank 
Published: June 2015

AbstractA microwire chronoamperometric method is reported employing a 25 µm diameter platinum microwire for multi‐parameter electroanalysis with digital simulation‐based evaluation (employing DigiElch 4.F). Concentration and diffusion coefficient data are obtained for the reduction of oxygen and for the reduction of protons individually and simultaneously in saline (0.1 M to 4.0 M NaCl) electrolyte media. The diffusion coefficient and concentration data for oxygen allows salinity levels to be estimated. The microwire chronoamperometry method offers versatility and precision due to (i) a slow approach to steady state (when compared to microdisc methods) and (ii) insignificant viscosity effects (when compared to hydrodynamic methods).
Intercalation of Proflavine in ssDNA Aptamers: Effect on Binding of the Specific Target Chloramphenicol
Authors: Pilehvar Sanaz , Jambrec Daliborka , Gebala Magdalena , Schuhmann Wolfgang , De Wael Karolien 
Published: June 2015

AbstractThe structural modification of ssDNA‐based aptamers upon specific binding of its target molecule leads to changes of the charge‐transfer resistance (Rct) of a negatively‐charged free‐diffusing redox probe. The aptamer adopts a structure due to self‐hybridization which is stabilized using profalvine as intercalator. The pre‐organized aptamer structure is used to detect chloramphenicol (CAP) requiring a substantial change of the aptamer structure indicated by a CAP concentration dependent increase in the Rct values. Pre‐incubation of the aptamer‐modified electrode with an intercalator allows for the modulation of the aptamer/target interaction and hence for a modulation of the CAP‐dependent variation of the Rct values.
A case of ST elevation myocardial infarction precipitated by methylphenidate therapy for gait freeze
Authors: Connell Cia , Gellatly Rochelle , Dooley Michael , Shaw James 
Published: June 2015

AbstractBackgroundParkinson's disease affects 1% of the population older than 60 years. Motor symptoms can be difficult to treat in end‐stage disease, leading to the use of therapies with less favourable adverse effect profiles.AimTo promote awareness of the risks associated with the off‐label use of methylphenidate for hypokinesia in Parkinson's disease patients with cardiovascular risk factors.Clinical detailsA 70‐year‐old Caucasian non‐smoking male presented to the hospital with chest pain and inferior ST segment elevation 2 months after commencing methylphenidate for gait hypokinesia. His past medical history was significant for end‐stage Parkinson's disease with associated psychosis, and ischaemic heart disease with previous myocardial infarction. Relevant therapies included levodopa, benserazide, amantadine, pramipexole, quetiapine, atorvastatin and perindopril.OutcomesThe patient received a drug eluting stent to the circumflex artery, followed by a staged percutaneous coronary intervention to the left anterior descending artery. Methylphenidate was discontinued on day 2 post myocardial infarction in light of published data indicating an increased risk of myocardial infarction with methylphenidate use. Methylphenidate is known to stimulate catecholamine release, thereby increasing the risk of ischaemic cardiovascular events by increasing myocardial oxygen demand.ConclusionThis is the first reported case to describe methylphenidate use in Parkinson's disease complicated by a myocardial infarction. This case, in conjunction with other published literature, suggests that the use of methylphenidate for this novel indication must be carefully considered for each individual, and avoided in those with cardiovascular risk factors or known ischaemic heart disease.