bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Polar vortices on Earth and Mars: A comparative study of the climatology and variability from reanalyses
Authors: Mitchell D. M. , Montabone L. , Thomson S. , Read P. L. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractPolar vortices on Mars provide case‐studies to aid understanding of geophysical vortex dynamics and may help to resolve long‐standing issues regarding polar vortices on Earth. Due to the recent development of the first publicly available Martian reanalysis dataset (MACDA), for the first time we are able to characterise thoroughly the structure and evolution of the Martian polar vortices, and hence perform a systematic comparison with the polar vortices on Earth. The winter atmospheric circulations of the two planets are compared, with a specific focus on the structure and evolution of the polar vortices. The Martian residual meridional overturning circulation is found to be very similar to the stratospheric residual circulation on Earth during winter. While on Earth this residual circulation is very different from the Eulerian circulation, on Mars it is found to be very similar. Unlike on Earth, it is found that the Martian polar vortices are annular, and that the Northern Hemisphere vortex is far stronger than its southern counterpart. While winter hemisphere differences in vortex strength are also reported on Earth, the contrast is not as large. Distinctions between the two planets are also apparent in terms of the climatological vertical structure of the vortices, in that the Martian polar vortices are observed to decrease in size at higher altitudes, whereas on Earth the opposite is observed. Finally, it is found that the Martian vortices are less variable through the winter than on Earth, especially in terms of the vortex geometry. During one particular major regional dust storm on Mars (Martian year 26), an equatorward displacement of the vortex is observed, sharing some qualitative characteristics of sudden stratospheric warmings on Earth.
H ∞  filtering for impulsive networked control systems with random packet dropouts and randomly occurring nonlinearities
Authors: Kalidass Mathiyalagan , Su Hongye , Wu Yuan‐Qing , Rathinasamy Sakthivel 
Published: April 2014

SummaryIn this paper, the problem of H ∞  filtering for impulsive networked control systems with random packet dropouts and randomly occurring nonlinearities is investigated. By utilizing an impulsive model, the network‐induced imperfections including packet dropout and delay are described by the Bernoulli distributed sequence. The delay in the model is assumed to be time varying. Moreover, nonlinearity in the model is assumed to satisfy sector‐like nonlinearities. The H ∞  filter is designed by using the linear matrix inequality (LMI) approach and convex optimization technique. The filter gain matrices for the nonlinear networked control systems can be achieved by solving LMIs, which can be easily facilitated by using some standard numerical packages. Finally, a numerical example is presented to demonstrate the effectiveness and applicability of the proposed results. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
River classification: theory, practice, politics
Authors: Tadaki Marc , Brierley Gary , Cullum Carola 
Published: April 2014

The classification of river forms and processes has emerged as a major site for interdisciplinary cooperation and application of environmental science. Geomorphologists, ecologists, planners, and others have made concerted efforts to develop theoretical and empirical frameworks with which to classify rivers and their component parts for multiple, diverse applications. As the breadth and depth of classification logics continue to swell, this article takes stock of recent developments through three analytical lenses. First, the theoretical underpinnings of river classification are explored and summarized to provide a framework within which to situate and compare different classification approaches. Second, four emerging frameworks for river classification are described and compared to assess their epistemological, institutional, and governance implications. Different epistemic communities produce different kinds of classifications, which reveal different ‘realities’ of rivers to be acted upon by human agents. Third, by emphasizing how river classification practices are productive of environmental governance regimes and rationalities, the roles, responsibilities, and possibilities for environmental science are clarified and expanded. Rather than thinking about classification purely as a realist scientific project, attention needs to be paid to the ways in which ‘classifying mindsets’ relate to the production of social and environmental outcomes. WIREs Water 2014, 1:349–367. doi: 10.1002/wat2.1026This article is categorized under:

Water and Life > Nature of Freshwater Ecosystems
Ethical Issues Regarding Related and Nonrelated Living Organ Donors
Authors: Testa Giuliano 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe ethics of the clinical practice of transplanting human organs for end‐stage organ disease is a fascinating topic. Who is the “owner” of the transplantable organs of a deceased, brain‐dead patient? Who should have a right to receive these organs? Who set the boundaries between a living donor’s autonomy and a “paternalistic” doctor? What constitutes a proper consent? These questions are only some of the ethical issues that have been discussed in the last 60 years. All of these ethical issues are intensified by the fact that supply of human organs does not match demand, and that, as a consequence, living‐donor organ transplantation is widely utilized. The aim of this article is not to be exhaustive but to present the general ethical principles of beneficence, nonmaleficence, and justice as applied to organ transplantation. Moreover, the topic of reimbursement for organ donation is also discussed.
A service development study of the assessment and management of fracture risk in Parkinson’s disease
Authors: Shribman Samuel , Torsney Kelli M. , Noyce Alastair J. , Giovannoni Gavin , Fearnley Julian , Dobson Ruth 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is associated with an increased risk of fragility fracture. FRAX and Qfracture are risk calculators that estimate the 10-year risk of hip and major fractures and guide definitive investigation for osteoporosis using dual X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) imaging. It is unclear which PD patients should be considered for fracture risk assessment and whether FRAX or Qfracture should be used. Seventy-seven patients with PD were recruited in the movement disorders clinic. Data were collected on PD-related characteristics and fracture risk scores were calculated. Patients with previous osteoporotic fractures had a higher incidence of falls (p = 0.0026) and use of bilateral walking aids (p = 0.0187) in addition to longer disease duration (p = 0.0037). Selecting patients with falls in combination with either disease duration >5 years, bilateral walking aids, or previous osteoporotic fracture distinguished patients with and without previous osteoporotic fracture with specificity 67.7 % (95 % CI 55.0–78.8) and sensitivity 100.0 % (95 % CI 73.5–100.0). Qfracture calculated significantly higher fracture risk scores than FRAX for hip (p < 0.0001) and major (p = 0.0008) fracture in PD patients. Receiver operating characteristic curves demonstrated that FRAX outperformed Qfracture with an area under the curve of 0.84 (95 % CI 0.70–0.97, p = 0.0004) for FRAX and 0.68 (95 % CI 52–86, p = 0.0476) for Qfracture major fracture risk calculators. We suggest that falls in combination with either a disease duration longer than 5 years or bilateral walking aids or previous osteoporotic fracture should be used as red flags in PD patients to prompt clinicians to perform a FRAX fracture risk assessment in the neurology clinic.
Fate of Triton X‐100 Applications on Water and Soil Environments: A Review
Authors: Abu‐Ghunmi Lina , Badawi Munawar , Fayyad Manar 
Published: April 2014

AbstractTriton X‐100 applications as surfactant raises concern on water and soil environment due to its non‐biodegradability and inhibition effect. This paper aims at reviewing Triton X‐100 biodegradability and inhibition literature. It shows Triton X‐100 is biodegradable by aerobic and anaerobic municipal wastewater sludge and Vibrio cyclitrophicus‐sp‐Nov organism. Adsorption and biodegradation are mechanisms of Triton removal. Triton inhibits anaerobic sludge organisms and some single aerobic organisms. Inhibition mechanisms are substrate shortage, physiological membrane‐damaging and/or alteration in organism cell membrane. Thus Triton X‐100 fate in the environment and its sustainable application can be controlled via proper selection of organism type, Triton concentration, and substrate.
Riata lead failure presenting as a life‐threatening electrical storm: A novel manifestation of electrical lead failure
Authors: Shenthar Jayaprakash , Ghanta Somasekhar , Rai Maneesh K. , Walia Rohit 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe Riata and Riata ST family of implantable cardioverter‐defibrillator leads are prone to a unique type of structural failure involving exteriorization of the conductor cables, which may present as electrical failure. We report a mode of lead failure that occurred in a patient with a Riata 1570 series dual coil 8F lead. In this case, the first appropriate shock for ventricular fibrillation resulted in noise, that in turn led to recurrent inappropriate shocks and proarrhythmia, that clinically mimicked a life‐threatening electrical storm.
A Better Intellectual Community Is Possible: Dialogues with Ali A. Mazrui
Authors: Mittelman James H. 
Published: April 2014

Abstract:To probe the changing roles and responsibilities of intellectuals, this article explores the world of Ali Mazrui, one of Africa’s best-known scholars. Mazrui’s lifelong work spans the entire postcolonial period, and offers a prism for viewing African studies. Methodologically, this intellectual ethnography stages dialogues between Mazrui and other leading thinkers who have examined the nexus of knowledge and power. More specifically, Mazrui engages in controversies on complex issues such as Afrocentrism, religiosity, gender, and youth. Debates with his critics address fundamental questions facing Africa: grappling with social transformation, expanding policy space, and building ladders of development.
“Hybrid Governance,” Legitimacy, and (Il)legality in the Informal Cross-Border Trade in Panyimur, Northwest Uganda
Authors: Titeca Kristof , Flynn Rachel 
Published: April 2014

Abstract:By looking at a number of different commodities and how they are traded, this article shows how informal cross-border trade in West Nile and Panyimur, Uganda, is governed by a locally negotiated system of hybrid governance, in which neither state nor nonstate actors have a regulatory monopoly. Notions such as legality and illegality are secondary to the functioning of these hybrid institutions, which instead are the outcome of perceptions of the legitimacy of regulatory actions and trading practices and the power configurations of the actors involved. There are different “registers” at play about what constitutes legitimate economic action among different moral communities, but the actual impact of this system depends on the power of the strategic groups involved.
The Politics of Land Reform in Kenya 2012
Authors: Manji Ambreena 
Published: April 2014

Abstract:This article provides a critique of the final stages of Kenya’s land law reform process, which has resulted in the approval of the 2012 Land Act, Land Registration Act, and National Land Commission Act. It argues that in spite of the constitutional and political importance of the new legislation, the process was marked by haste, lack of engagement by legislators, and little participation by citizens. The new laws can be viewed as a deeply disappointing outcome of a decade’s struggle over land policy. The article explores the effects of the constitutional deadlines for new legislation; the contradictory role of civil society in relation to the new laws and the bureaucratic structures they create; and the redistributive intentions and potential of the new land legislation.
Rebuilding Emergency Care After Hurricane Sandy
Authors: Lee David C. , Smith Silas W. , McStay Christopher M. , Portelli Ian , Goldfrank Lewis R. , Husk Gregg , Shah Nirav R. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractA freestanding, 911-receiving emergency department was implemented at Bellevue Hospital Center during the recovery efforts after Hurricane Sandy to compensate for the increased volume experienced at nearby hospitals. Because inpatient services at several hospitals remained closed for months, emergency volume increased significantly. Thus, in collaboration with the New York State Department of Health and other partners, the Health and Hospitals Corporation and Bellevue Hospital Center opened a freestanding emergency department without on-site inpatient care. The successful operation of this facility hinged on key partnerships with emergency medical services and nearby hospitals. Also essential was the establishment of an emergency critical care ward and a system to monitor emergency department utilization at affected hospitals. The results of this experience, we believe, can provide a model for future efforts to rebuild emergency care capacity after a natural disaster such as Hurricane Sandy. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2014;0:1-4)
Impaired recognition of happy facial expressions in bipolar disorder
Authors: Lawlor-Savage Linette , Sponheim Scott R. , Goghari Vina M. 
Published: April 2014

BackgroundThe ability to accurately judge facial expressions is important in social interactions. Individuals with bipolar disorder have been found to be impaired in emotion recognition; however, the specifics of the impairment are unclear. This study investigated whether facial emotion recognition difficulties in bipolar disorder reflect general cognitive, or emotion-specific, impairments. Impairment in the recognition of particular emotions and the role of processing speed in facial emotion recognition were also investigated.MethodsClinically stable bipolar patients (n = 17) and healthy controls (n = 50) judged five facial expressions in two presentation types, time-limited and self-paced. An age recognition condition was used as an experimental control.ResultsBipolar patients’ overall facial recognition ability was unimpaired. However, patients’ specific ability to judge happy expressions under time constraints was impaired.ConclusionsFindings suggest a deficit in happy emotion recognition impacted by processing speed. Given the limited sample size, further investigation with a larger patient sample is warranted.
WHO OWNS THE DIAMONDS? THE OCCULT ECO-NOMY OF DIAMOND MINING IN SIERRA LEONE
Authors: D'Angelo Lorenzo 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTMuch of the literature on Sierra Leonean diamonds focuses on the role that this mineral resource played in the recent civil conflict (1991–2002). However, the political-economic perspective that is common to these analyses has lost sight of the main actors in this social reality. What do miners think of diamonds? Like their Malagasy colleagues engaged in the search for sapphires, the Sierra Leonean diamond miners often maintain that they do not know what diamonds could possibly be used for. What is specific to the diamond mining areas in this West African country is that suspicions and fantasies about the uses of diamonds go hand in hand with the idea that these precious stones belong to invisible spiritual entities known locally as djinns ordεbul dεn. Although this article aims to analyse the occult imaginary of diamond miners, it takes a different stand from the occult economies approach. By combining a historical-imaginative perspective with a historical and ecological one, this article intends to highlight the indissoluble interweaving of material and imaginative processes of artisanal diamond production in the context of Sierra Leone's mines.
ON REPRESENTATION AND POWER: PORTRAIT OF A VODUN LEADER IN PRESENT-DAY BENIN
Authors: Tall Emmanuelle Kadya 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTIn this paper, the author discusses the power of vodun leaders in present-day Benin, and more specifically anti-witchcraft cults born from the encounter with world religions. Offering an analysis inspired by Louis Marin's theory on power in its representation, the author illustrates her analysis through the portrait of a vodun leader with a view to escape from a functionalist analysis of occult power or syncretism. With the baroque mirror metaphor conceived as a device, which underscores what it is that connects heterogeneous practices, Tall describes what is shown in the rituals and practices of a vodun leader and emphasizes the centrality of the transubstantiation phenomenon in the production of a community of believers.
AN INTRODUCTION TO THE LETTERS OF ISAIAH MOTEKA: THE CORRESPONDENCE OF A TWENTIETH-CENTURY SOUTH AFRICAN ZIONIST MINISTER
Authors: Cabrita Joel 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTSouth African Zionism, one of the most popular Christian movements in modern South Africa, has frequently been interpreted in narrowly indigenous terms, as a local, black appropriation of Christianity, heavily invested in orality and ritual performance. The correspondence of the twentieth-century Zionist minister Isaiah Moteka tells a different story. Moteka honed the craft of letter-writing in order to build and sustain his relationship with Zion, Illinois, the headquarters of the worldwide Zionist church. Through the exchange of letters across the Atlantic, Moteka affirmed his own and his congregants’ place within a multiracial Zion diaspora. And through their complex invocation of overlapping local and global affiliations, Moteka's writings proclaimed his standing both as a regional clergyman and as a cosmopolitan internationalist. In particular, these ambiguous missives became the platform for Moteka's engagement with apartheid-era state officials. Seeking to persuade state officials that his organization fell under ‘white’ supervision, Moteka's letters proclaimed his accreditation by Zion, Illinois, thereby casting himself as a deputy of the worldwide movement. But these documents’ citation of transatlantic loyalties also suggests Moteka's own conflicted loyalties. His letters asserted loyalty to the nation state while they simultaneously subordinated earthly power to the Kingdom of God.
Microbial crust with Frutexites(?) and iron staining in chalks: Albian–Cenomanian boundary, Hunstanton, UK
Authors: ANDREWS J. E. , KENDALL A. C. , HALL A. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractNew petrographic observations and stable isotope data help reinterpret the complex sedimentology of the Albian–Cenomanian boundary exposed in the famous red and white chalks of the cliff section at Hunstanton in Norfolk, UK. Thin-section analysis of a prominent crust at the top of the Hunstanton Red Chalk Formation reveals fossil microstructures attributable to the microbe Frutexites. These Red Chalk microstructures are less bushy that Frutexites sensu stricto, and poor preservation, in part caused by later diagenetic iron migration, means they are identified only tentatively as Frutexites. Stable oxygen isotope values from the crust are similar to those from early diagenetic nodular chalks immediately below the crust, and to partially altered chalks elsewhere in Norfolk. The δ18O data are interpreted as Albian seafloor depositional values albeit slightly altered by subsequent meteoric diagenesis. The microbial affinities of Frutexites are not yet proven; thus, the presence of Frutexites alone is not diagnostic of either photic zone or deep-water sedimentation. However, the presence of Frutexites(?) suggests that the red colour of the Hunstanton Red Chalk is due, at least in part, to the mediation of iron-fixing microbes in the accumulating chalk sediment at a dysoxic–anoxic interface. Centimetre-scale columnar and nodular structures above the ‘Frutexites crust’ that project upwards into the basal Paradoxica Bed of the overlying Ferriby Chalk Formation are sites of localized syndepositional iron staining. These nodules are not stromatolitic or microbial and are not evidence for deposition in shallow-water or intertidal settings.
LATE-ENTRY-INTO-MOTHERHOOD WOMEN ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR FERTILITY RECUPERATION
Authors: CASTRO RUBÉN 
Published: April 2014

SummaryIn countries where age at parenthood has shifted to older ages, a necessary precondition for fertility recuperation is that women having their first child later in life (after age 30) will also eventually achieve a higher completed fertility, compared with the previous cohorts. This study analysed the changes in age-at-first-child-conditional fertility rates in Western Europe through three birth cohorts (1936–1940, 1946–1950 and 1956–1960). It was found that generations where recuperation is first evident (1956–1960 cohort) are characterized by comparatively higher fertility of late age-at-first-child women. This characteristic is not found in Eastern Europe, where ages at first birth and cohort fertility remained fairly constant across the cohorts analysed.
In vitrocytokines profile and ultrastructural changes of microglia and macrophages following interaction withLeishmania
Authors: RAMOS PATRICIA KARLA SANTOS , BRITO MAYSA DE VASCONCELOS , SILVEIRA FERNANDO TOBIAS , SALGADO CLÁUDIO GUEDES , DE SOUZA WANDERLEY , PICANÇO-DINIZ CRISTOVAM WANDERLEY , PICANÇO-DINIZ JOSÉ ANTONIO JUNIOR 
Published: April 2014

SUMMARYIn the present study, we assessed morphological changes and cytokine production afterin vitrointeraction with causative agents of American cutaneous leishmaniasis and compared the microglia and macrophage immune responses. Cultures of microglia and macrophages infected with stationary-phase promastigotes ofLeishmania(Viannia)shawi, Leishmania(Viannia)braziliensisorLeishmania(Leishmania)amazonensiswere evaluated 24, 48 and 72 h after interaction. Macrophages only presented the classical phagocytic process while microglia also displayed large cytoplasmic projections similar to the ruffles described in macropinocytosis. In the macrophage cultures, the percentage of infected cells increased over time, in a fashion that was dependent on the parasite species. In contrast, in microglial cells as the culture time progressed, there was a significant reduction in the percentage of infected cells independent of parasite species. Measurements of cytokines in macrophage cultures 48 h after interactions revealed distinct expression patterns for different parasites, whereas in microglial cultures they were similar for allLeishmaniatested species. Taken together, our results suggest that microglia may have a higher phagocytic ability and cytotoxic potential than macrophages for all investigated species. The robust response of microglia against all parasite species may suggest microglia have an important role in the defence against cerebral leishmaniasis.