bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Procedural and Evidentiary Matters
Authors: Risvas Michail 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses evidentiary matters that involve the applicable legal test for establishing breaches of the different non-discrimination obligations contained in investment treaties. It examines three procedural and evidentiary questions regarding the allocation of the burden of proof, the standard of review, and the standard of proof. Most discrimination cases in international investment treaty arbitration revolve around State measures, which do not explicitly differentiate between investors based on nationality or another protected ground. Thus, discrimination in investment treaty arbitration requires claimants to prove that their less favourable treatment correlates to their nationality. The chapter also looks into the role of parties’ duty to cooperate in the production of evidence and the tribunals’ power to draw adverse inferences in alleviating the evidentiary difficulties.
The chloroplast protease system degrades stromal DUF760-1 and DUF760-2 domain-containing proteins at different rates
Authors: Yuan Bingjian , van Wijk Klaas J 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The chloroplast chaperone CLPC1 aids to select, unfold, and deliver hundreds of proteins to the CLP protease for degradation. Through in vivo CLPC1, trapping we previously identified dozens of proteins that are (potential) substrate adaptors or substrates for the CLP chaperone–protease system. In this study, we show that two of these highly trapped proteins, DUF760-1 and DUF760-2, are substrates for the CLP protease in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Loss-of-function mutants and transgenic plants were created for phenotyping, protein expression, and localization using immunoblotting and confocal microscopy. In planta BiFC, cycloheximide chase assays, and yeast 2-hybrid analyses were conducted to determine protein interactions and protein half-life. Both DUF760 proteins directly interacted with the N-domain of CLPC1 and both were highly enriched in clpc1-1 and clpr2-1 mutants. Accordingly, in vivo cycloheximide chase assays demonstrated that both DUF760 proteins are degraded by the CLP protease. The half-life of DUF760-1 was 4 to 6 h, whereas DUF760-2 was highly unstable and difficult to detect unless CLP proteolysis was inhibited. Null mutants for DUF760-1 and DUF760-2 showed weak but differential pigment phenotypes and differential sensitivity to protein translation inhibitors. This study demonstrates that DUF760-1 and DUF760-2 are substrates of the CLP chaperone–protease system and excellent candidates for the determination of CLP substrate degrons.
Exploring the influence of a simulation-based serious game learning approach for developing an understanding of strategic thinking for policing
Authors: Alshehhi Ali Ghanem , Davies Amanda , Krame Ghaleb , Al Kaabi Faisal 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Studies associated with the application of simulation-based learning for police education and training indicate an increasing trend to progress beyond physical simulations and simulators (e.g. weapons and tactics; stop and search) and include theoretical knowledge and strategy-based fields such as leadership. The study explores the influence of a serious game approach for teaching strategic thinking (ST) and planning for police officers. Facilitator observations and participant responses from 30 United Arab Emirate senior management and operational officers were collected to address two primary areas of interest examining (a) the capability of a serious game as a learning tool and (b) the influence of the learning approach to influence understanding and adoption of ST for police organizations. The study is unique as there is a paucity of identified published studies that focus on the influence of a simulation-based learning approach in the form of a serious game’ in police education initiatives.
Evaluation of blood urea nitrogen as a new hematologic indicator associated with growth and development in newborn Hanwoo calves
Authors: Kim Youngjun , Jeong Joon , Park Jong-Kwan , Lim Young-Hwan , Lee Sung-Soo , Han Kil-woo , Ku Ji-Yeong , Jung Youngwoo , Park Jinho , Choi Kyoung-Seong 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
In immunologically naïve newborn calves, the intake of colostrum within 24−36 h after birth is responsible for the passive immunity of the calves during their first 2−4 weeks of life. However, colostrum is important from both immunological and non-immunological perspectives. In this study, we aimed to develop a hematological diagnostic tool for newborn Hanwoo calves to diagnose failure of passive transfer (FPT), as well as for calf growth and development, including average daily gain (ADG) and treatment frequency. Blood was collected at 12−24 h of age, and analyses of the complete blood count, serum biochemical profile, and blood gas were performed. Moreover, the number of treatments at weaning (up to 3 months of age) was examined, and the body weight at birth, 3 months, and 6 months of age was recorded. From the total of 90 blood samples collected, the overall prevalence of FPT was 24.4% (22/90) in Hanwoo calves. Both serum total protein and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) showed significant correlations with the albumin, globulin, albumin/globulin, creatinine, gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), glucose, and total bilirubin. Notably, only BUN was correlated with the ADG. Based on the receiver operating characteristic curve, BUN was statistically significant as a diagnostic tool for ADG with an area under the curve of 0.626 (95% confidence interval: 0.506−0.746; P &lt; 0.05), and the optimal cut-off point was 7.3 mg/dL (sensitivity 0.65; specificity 0.64). The groups with BUN ≤ 7.3 mg/dL and BUN &gt; 7.3 mg/dL showed significant differences in terms of albumin, globulin, albumin/globulin, creatinine, GGT, lymphocytes, and total bilirubin, and the results were similar to those of the comparison between the FPT and adaptive passive transfer (APT) groups. The ADG at 0−3 months and 0−6 months had a lower treatment frequency in the group with BUN ≤7.3 mg/dL. When comparing the ADG and frequency of treatment among the FPT, APT (BUN ≤ 7.3 mg/dL), and APT (BUN &gt; 7.3 mg/dL) groups, the APT (BUN ≤ 7.3 mg/dL) group had the highest ADG (P &lt; 0.01) and lowest treatment frequency. Therefore, in addition to the diagnosis of FPT, the analysis of BUN may be as a new diagnostic tool for assessing the growth and development of calves.
Quercetin induces a slow myofiber phenotype in engineered human skeletal muscle tissues
Authors: Nagai Akitoshi , Kaneda Yoshihisa , Izumo Takayuki , Nakao Yoshihiro , Honda Hiroyuki , Shimizu Kazunori 
Published: August 2024

AbstractSkeletal muscle comprises slow and fast myofibers, with slow myofibers excelling in aerobic metabolism and endurance. Quercetin, a polyphenol, is reported to induce slow myofibers in rodent skeletal muscle both in vitro and in vivo. However, its effect on human myofiber types remains unexplored. In this study, we evaluated quercetin's impact on slow myofiber induction using human skeletal muscle satellite cells. In a two‐dimensional culture, quercetin enhanced gene expression, contributing to muscle differentiation, and significantly expanded the area of slow‐type myosin heavy chain positive cells. It also elevated the gene expression of Pgc1α, an inducer of slow myofibers. Conversely, quercetin did not affect mitochondrial abundance, fission, or fusion, but it did increase the gene expression of Cox7A2L, which aids in promoting mitochondrial supercomplexity and endurance, and Mb, which contributes to oxidative phosphorylation. In a three‐dimensional culture, quercetin significantly extended the time to peak tension and half relaxation time of the engineered human skeletal muscle tissues constructed on microdevices. Moreover, quercetin enhanced the muscle endurance of the tissues and curbed the rise in lactate secretion from the exercised tissues. These findings suggest that quercetin may induce slow myofibers in human skeletal muscle.
Stomach cancer epidemic in Chinese mainland: Current trends and future predictions
Authors: Zhu Wenxuan , Dong Wanyue , Liu Yunning , Bai Ruhai 
Published: August 2024

Abstract

Background:
China is one of the countries with the highest burdens of stomach cancer. The objective of this study was to analyze long-term trends in the incidence and mortality of stomach cancer in Chinese mainland from 1990 to 2019 and to make projections until 2030.

Methods:
Data on stomach cancer were extracted from the Global Burden of Diseases Study 2019. Population data were extracted from the Global Burden of Diseases Study 2019 and World Population Prospects 2019. An age–period–cohort framework and decomposition analysis were used in this study.

Results:
The net drift for the incidence of stomach cancer was 0.2% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0, 0.4%) per year for men and –1.8% (95% CI: –2.0%, –1.6%) for women. The net drift for mortality was –1.6% (95% CI: –1.8%, –1.3%) per year for men and –3.3% (95% CI: –3.5%, –3.1%) for women. In the last 10–15 years, the risk of stomach cancer occurrence and death has continued to decline for both sexes. Regarding birth cohorts, although the risk of stomach cancer death decreased in general among women and men born after 1920, the risk of occurrence increased in recent birth cohorts (men born after 1970 and women born after 1985). It is expected that the age-standardized incidence will increase among men and decrease among women, and age-standardized mortality will decrease for both sexes. The largest contributor to the projected increase in incident cases and deaths is population aging, and elderly individuals are projected to have an increased proportion of occurrence and death.

Conclusions:
In the past three decades, the incidence of stomach cancer among men has increased in Chinese mainland, and this trend is projected to continue. Aging will be the main contributor to future increased stomach cancer occurrence and deaths. To reduce the health impact of stomach cancer, more efforts are needed.
Assessment of renal perfusion with 82-rubidium PET in patients with normal and abnormal renal function
Authors: Bibeau-Delisle Alexandre , Bouabdallaoui Nadia , Lamarche Caroline , Harel Francois , Pelletier-Galarneau Matthieu 
Published: August 2024

Background
Noninvasive measurement of renal blood flow (RBF) and renal vascular resistance (RVR) is challenging, yet critical in renal pathologies. This study evaluates the correlation between serum renal function markers and RBF/RVR assessed using rubidium PET.

Methods
Dynamic images from 53 patients who underwent rubidium PET for nonrenal indications were analyzed. RBF was determined using a one-compartment model, and RVR was calculated by dividing mean arterial pressure by RBF.

Results
The study included 51 patients (31 females and 20 males). Among them, 35 had normal renal function [estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) ≥60 ml/min/1.73 m2], and 16 had abnormal renal function (eGFR <60 ml/min/1.73 m2). Patients with normal renal function had significantly higher RBF [median (interquartile range): 443 (297–722) vs 173 (108–380) ml/min/100 g, P = 0.022] and lower RVR [19.1 (12.4–27.2) vs 49.6 (24.4–85.7) mmHg×min×g/ml, P = 0.0011) compared with those with abnormal renal function. There was a moderate correlation between RBF and eGFR (r = 0.62, P < 0.0001) and between RVR and eGFR (r = −0.59, P < 0.0001) in both groups. Among patients with normal renal function, RBF was negatively correlated with age (r = −0.51, P = 0.0017) but there was no correlation among patients with abnormal renal function (r = 0.21, P = 0.44).

Conclusion
PET-measured RBF and RVR correlate with renal function markers and differ significantly by renal function status. Further studies are needed to validate rubidium PET’s precision and clinical applicability.
Evaluation of Femoral Head Avascular Necrosis With Virtual Noncalcium Dual-Energy Computed Tomography
Authors: Ozturk Muhsin Ozgun , Kantarcı Mecit , Aydin Sonay , Kızılgöz Volkan , Kockara Nizamettin , Gur Volkan 
Published: August 2024

Objective
Our aim was to investigate the effectiveness of the dual-energy computed tomography (DECT) virtual noncalcium (VNCa) technique in avascular necrosis (AVN) for detecting bone marrow edema (BME) and staging.

Methods
This prospective study included adult patients diagnosed with unilateral or bilateral femoral head AVN between January 2023 and December 2023, who had magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and DECT. Two participants were excluded from the study due to undergoing surgical procedures during the period between the scans. Two reviewers, blinded to MRI images and clinical data, visually examined color-coded VNCa pictures to assess BME using a binary classification (0 = normal bone marrow, 1 = BME). Same 2 reviewers also used color-coded and nonmapped images to stage AVN in accordance to the “Association for Research on Osseous Circulation” (ARCO) staging system. Interobserver agreements for the visual evaluation and staging were calculated with κ coefficient. Following a visual assessment of BME and the staging of AVN, same 2 reviewers conducted CT density measurements on regions of BME regions utilizing DECT noncalcium images. An independent third investigator (reference standard) utilized MRI, x-ray, and clinical data to confirm the definitive diagnosis and staging of AVN. A P value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results
Fifty patients (28 men, 22 women, mean age: 44.2 ± 13.1 years, range: 25–75 years) were included in the final analysis. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and accuracy of the VNCa technique in detecting BME were 96.0%, 94.4%, 97.9%, 89.4%, and 95.6%, respectively, for reviewer 1; and 96.0%, 88.9%, 96.0%, 88.9%, and 94.1%, respectively, for reviewer 2. Interobserver agreement was almost perfect (κ = 0.84). Both reviewer 1 and reviewer 2 accurately classified 92.7% of the AVNs. The density measurements showed a statistically significant difference (P = 0.001) between the edema regions and the normal marrow regions. No statistically significant difference was observed in the density measurements of edema regions at different stages (P = 0.13).

Conclusions
DECT VNCa technique exhibits excellent performance in detecting BME in hip AVN cases, as well as accurately determining the stage of AVN.
Photon-Counting Detector CT Radiological-Histological Correlation in Cadaveric Human Lung Nodules and Airways
Authors: Hata Akinori , Yanagawa Masahiro , Ninomiya Keisuke , Kikuchi Noriko , Kurashige Masako , Masuda Chiaki , Yoshida Tsubasa , Nishigaki Daiki , Doi Shuhei , Yamagata Kazuki , Yoshida Yuriko , Ogawa Ryo , Tokuda Yukiko , Morii Eiichi , Tomiyama Noriyuki 
Published: August 2024

Objectives
The aim of this study was to compare the performances of photon-counting detector computed tomography (PCD-CT) and energy-integrating detector computed tomography (EID-CT) for visualizing nodules and airways in human cadaveric lungs.

Materials and Methods
Previously obtained 20 cadaveric lungs were scanned, and images were prospectively acquired by EID-CT and PCD-CT at a radiation dose with a noise level equivalent to the diagnostic reference level. PCD-CT was scanned with ultra-high-resolution mode. The EID-CT images were reconstructed with a 512 matrix, 0.6-mm thickness, and a 350-mm field of view (FOV). The PCD-CT images were reconstructed at 3 settings: PCD-512: same as EID-CT; PCD-1024-FOV350: 1024 matrix, 0.2-mm thickness, 350-mm FOV; and PCD-1024-FOV50: 1024 matrix, 0.2-mm thickness, 50-mm FOV. Two specimens per lung were examined after hematoxylin and eosin staining. The CT images were evaluated for nodules on a 5-point scale and for airways on a 4-point scale to compare the histology. The Wilcoxon signed rank test with Bonferroni correction was performed for statistical analyses.

Results
Sixty-seven nodules (1321 μm; interquartile range [IQR], 758–3105 μm) and 92 airways (851 μm; IQR, 514–1337 μm) were evaluated. For nodules and airways, scores decreased in order of PCD-1024-FOV50, PCD-1024-FOV350, PCD-512, and EID-CT. Significant differences were observed between series other than PCD-1024-FOV350 versus PCD-1024-FOV50 for nodules (PCD-1024-FOV350 vs PCD-1024-FOV50, P = 0.063; others P < 0.001) and between series other than EID-CT versus PCD-512 for airways (EID-CT vs PCD-512, P = 0.549; others P < 0.005). On PCD-1024-FOV50, the median size of barely detectable nodules was 604 μm (IQR, 469–756 μm) and that of barely detectable airways was 601 μm (IQR, 489–929 μm). On EID-CT, that of barely detectable nodules was 837 μm (IQR, 678–914 μm) and that of barely detectable airways was 1210 μm (IQR, 674–1435 μm).

Conclusions
PCD-CT visualized small nodules and airways better than EID-CT and improved with high spatial resolution and potentially can detect submillimeter nodules and airways.
Assessing the Efficacy of Submental Liposuction Association in Orthognathic Surgery
Authors: Bachesk Andressa Bolognesi , Peixoto Alexandre de Oliveira , Leal Marilia de Oliveira Coelho Dutra , Teixeira Rubens Gonçalves , Machado Renato Assis , Jodas Claudio Roberto Pacheco 
Published: August 2024

Purpose
Despite the vast literature on submental liposuction, there are few studies describing its simultaneous association in orthognathic surgery. This systematic review aimed to evaluate the available evidence on the effectiveness of the combination between the 2 techniques.

Methods
This study followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses checklist and used a comprehensive literature search across 7 databases. All studies discussing submental liposuction in orthognathic surgery were eligible for inclusion, regardless of language. The Joanna Briggs Institute assessment tools were used to assess risk of bias. After a 2-step selection process, a total of 10 studies were included, including 2 cohort studies, 1 case-control study, 1 case series, and 6 case reports.

Results
Sixty-seven patients from 5 countries were evaluated. Ages ranged from 15.1 to 50 years. The prevalence according to the facial pattern was similar, with a higher incidence in women. The major indications for surgery were related to the presence of skeletal deformities and aesthetic changes in the cervical region. The forms of evaluation used to indicate surgery were photographs (n = 29; 43.28%), visual scale by 2 surgeons (n = 20; 29.85%), clinical examination (n = 23; 34.32%), and cephalometric analysis (n = 17; 25.37%). The postoperative follow-up time ranged from 6 months to 7.9 years. Despite the different forms of evaluation, all articles mentioned benefits with the association of submental liposuction in orthognathic surgery. The most cited complications were sensory changes in the lower lip (n = 4; 5.97), facial nerve injury (n = 2; 2.98%), infection (n = 2; 2.98%), maintenance of submental lipomatosis (n = 2; 2.98%), and skin irregularities (n = 2; 2.98%).

Conclusion
This systematic review showed that submental liposuction associated with orthognathic surgery improves cervical aesthetics and that it is safe, with a low rate of complications. However, the number of studies on this topic is limited, and the studies are not standardized. There is lack of information especially regarding the evaluation methods used. Metric techniques such as ultrasound and tissue caliper adipometry could be possibilities for future studies.
Pediatric Combined Heart-liver Transplantation: A Single-center Long-term Experience
Authors: Levitte Steven , Nilkant Riya , Chen Sharon , Beadles Angela , Lee Joanne , Bonham Clark A. , Rosenthal David , Gallo Amy , Hollander Seth , Esquivel Carlos , Ma Michael , Zhang Ke-You 
Published: August 2024

Background.
Combined heart liver transplant (CHLT) continues to gain attention as a surgical treatment for patients with end-stage heart and liver disease but remains rare. We present our institutional longitudinal experience with up to 14 y of follow-up, focused on long-term outcomes in CHLT recipients.

Methods.
We conducted a single-institutional, retrospective review from January 1, 2010, to December 31, 2023, including 7 patients ages 7–17 y who underwent CHLT.

Results.
Most patients were surgically palliated via Fontan procedure pretransplant (n = 6), and all had evidence of advanced fibrosis or cirrhosis before transplant. The 30-d mortality was 14.3% (n = 1, multiorgan failure). During the follow-up period, 1 patient developed acute heart rejection which required treatment and 2 developed acute liver rejection. In all cases, rejection was successfully treated. Two patients developed acute heart rejection which did not require treatment (grade 1R). No patients developed chronic or refractory rejection. No patients developed allograft coronary artery vasculopathy.

Conclusions.
CHLT remains a rarely performed treatment for pediatric patients with end-stage heart and liver disease, but our long-term data suggest that this treatment strategy should be considered more frequently.
Minds in movement: embodied cognition in the age of artificial intelligence
Authors: Barrett Louise , Stout Dietrich 
Published: August 2024

This theme issue brings together researchers from diverse fields to assess the current status and future prospects of embodied cognition in the age of generative artificial intelligence. In this introduction, we first clarify our view of embodiment as a potentially unifying concept in the study of cognition, characterizing this as a perspective that questions mind–body dualism and recognizes a profound continuity between sensorimotor action in the world and more abstract forms of cognition. We then consider how this unifying concept is developed and elaborated by the other contributions to this issue, identifying the following two key themes: (i) the role of language in cognition and its entanglement with the body and (ii) bodily mechanisms of interpersonal perception and alignment across the domains of social affiliation, teaching and learning. On balance, we consider that embodied approaches to the study of cognition, culture and evolution remain promising, but will require greater integration across disciplines to fully realize their potential. We conclude by suggesting that researchers will need to be ready and able to meet the various methodological, theoretical and practical challenges this will entail and remain open to encountering markedly different viewpoints about how and why embodiment matters.
This article is the part of this theme issue ‘Minds in movement: embodied cognition in the age of artificial intelligence’.
A mindful body approach to creating architecture: movement, models and spatial experiences
Authors: Noel Vernelle A. A. , Parikh Shantanu , Wilson John , Grunert Sarah 
Published: August 2024

If architecture is an expression of human creativity through multi-sensory embodiment, then learning, creating and experiencing architecture should also be multi-sensory and embodied. In this article, we challenge the separation of mind and body through Sheets-Johnstone’s mindful bodies concept. We define a mindful body in architecture as one that documents, analyses and memory maps the moving body in different qualities of movement to create diverse spatial experiences. A mindful body approach to creating architecture involves: (i) engaging in meaningful movement and documenting the body, (ii) documenting embodied interactions with dynamic, animate elements in the built environment, (iii) connecting our body’s movements with emotions and memories, (iv) designing spaces that produce diverse movements and atmospheres, and (v) designing architecture based on these spaces. We hypothesize that if designers engage in a mindful body approach to design, they can create spatial experiences that help us make sense of ourselves, others and the world. A mindful body approach to design can result in architectural spaces that activate our attentional switches, connect haptic experiences and memories and reveal wonders.
This article is part of the theme issue ‘Minds in movement: embodied cognition in the age of artificial intelligence’.