bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
VISUAL COMPARISONS OF SELECTED SHORES AFFECTED BY THE Prestige OIL SPILL, NORTHERN SPAIN 2002–2004
Authors: Little David I. , Fichaut Bernard 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Walkover and photographic surveys were conducted on four occasions up to February 2004 on shorelines of Galicia, Asturias and Vizcaya that were severely affected by Heavy Fuel Oil (HFO) from the November 2002 Prestige incident. The geomorphology and ecology impacts resulting from both the oil and cleanup actions were observed by experienced scientists. Some cleanup methods worked well, and environmental disturbance was minimized. However, inefficient or over-zealous treatments also occurred, particularly early in the incident response. The study showed that rocky headlands are now often clean, and that wave-cut rock platforms have been cleaned effectively by high-pressure flushing. Maritime vegetation has, however, been trampled and oiled secondarily in the supra-tidal zone. Backshore botanical impacts resulted from cleanup equipment lay-down, vehicle refueling, and vehicular and pedestrian traffic. In some cases, vegetation and often soil removal during construction of access routes across the backshore will mean permanent adverse impact. Boulder and cobble storm berms were often oil-saturated above the mean high water level. Some of these are in fact relict geomorphic features inherited from previous higher sea levels during the interglacial periods, and so natural recovery would be very slow indeed. These coarse deposits were commonly treated by inefficient storm berm relocation, although good results were also achieved elsewhere. Numerous cases were seen of underlying and non-oiled finer sediments being exposed to erosion. Vegetation and substrate impacts were most severe where oil quantities were large and cleanup protracted or imperfectly supervised. Generally, estuaries were well protected by booming, and were only slightly oiled. Sand dunes have also escaped the worst impacts of oil and intrusive cleanup. There was, however, criticism of the government's handling of offers of advice from Spanish scientists expert in shoreline dynamics. This was in contrast to the international cooperation that typified the tracking, modeling and cleanup of oil offshore. It is recommended that existing best practices (e.g. Shoreline Cleanup Assessment Technique; SCAT) be more widely adopted in spills with potentially prolonged and injurious shoreline cleanups.
ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS IN A SUBTROPICAL BRAZILIAN RIVER AFTER AN OIL SPILL
Authors: de Faria Bias Marçal , Timmerman Mário César , Platte Eduardo Barcellos , Rosário Mário do 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Part of the production of the Refinery Getúlio Vargas (Paraná State, South Brazil), is transported through OLAPA Pipeline to a Marine Terminal in Paranaguá. In February/2001 occurred a displacement of a great amount of land which caused abrupt rupture of the pipeline in km 57, and 57.000 liters of diesel oil was spilled. Despite all efforts of PETROBRAS contingency team, the oil spilled reached 3 rivers (Meio River, Sagrado River and Nhun-diaquara River) and ending at the sea in Antonina Bay. Right after the incident, a monitoring program was established to evaluate short term effects. One year after the incident, long term effects were also evaluated, especially concerning benthic community and ecotoxicology on the rivers affected by the spill, and plant and birds community in region on its influence.
The results point short term effects on water chemistry, but those lasted no more than one week. Short and long term effects on birds and benthic community were not detected.
KEYS TO SUCCESS IN DEVELOPING THE FIRST JOINT TRANS-BOUNDARY WILDLIFE RESPONSE GUIDELINES: THE CANADA/UNITED STATES DIXON ENTRANCE EXAMPLE
Authors: Bergmann Pamela , Ross Paul 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
A paper written for the 2001 International Oil Spill Conference (Bergmann and Russo, 2001) discussed the first-of-its-kind, wildlife-response contingency planning effort underway in the trans-boundary area, known as Dixon Entrance, between British Columbia (B.C.) in Canada and Alaska in the United States (U.S.). The paper described how this initiative was conducted within the framework of Canadian Coast Guard (CCG) and United States Coast Guard (USCG) joint contingency planning in Dixon Entrance. The paper focused on activities successfully completed at that time; namely, a 1999 workshop attended by key Canadian and U.S. stakeholders, which resulted in an agreement by Canadian and U.S. wildlife resource agency representatives to develop a joint Dixon Entrance wildlife response plan focusing on migratory birds and sea otters.
This paper describes how, following the workshop, a joint Canada/U.S. Dixon Entrance (CANUSDIX) wildlife response working group was established to complete this task. The resulting Canada-United States Marine Spill Pollution Contingency Plan CANUSDIX Annex-Operation Appendix: Wildlife Response Guidelines (CANUSDIX Wildlife Response Guidelines) (DOI-OEPC et al, 2003) were completed and signed by appropriate Canadian and U.S. wildlife resource agency officials in April 2003, and were then adopted by the CCG and USCG in September 2003.
The paper also provides an overview of the process used by working group members and their stakeholder partners to develop the guidelines. Moreover, the paper describes: (1) factors that helped contribute to the success of the effort; (2) challenges that had to be overcome; (3) milestones that helped keep the work on track; and (4) additional unanticipated benefits. Together, this information will allow other parties in trans-boundary areas around the world to use the Dixon Entrance wildlife response guidelines, and the process undertaken to develop the document, as a model for conducting similar pre-incident planning.
JOINT MEXICO-UNITED STATES OIL SPILL RESPONSE PREPAREDNESS TRAINING ACTIVITIES
Authors: Parker-Hall Heather A. , Holmes Timothy P. , Ramirez Norma A. Hernandez 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Exercise and evaluation of the Pacific Annex of the Joint Contingency Plan Between the United Mexican States and the United States of America Regarding Pollution of the Marine Environment by Discharges of Hydrocarbons or Other Hazardous Substances (MEXUSPLAN) uncovered a significant need for joint training between spill responders, planners, decision-makers and stakeholders on both sides of our border.
Sponsored by U.S. Coast Guard District 11 (USCG Dll) and the Second Mexican Naval Zone (ZN2), a series of training sessions were held for Mexican officials from the Northern Baja California region and Mexico City in early 2003. The first of these well-attended sessions was held in two locations: San Diego, CA and Ensenada, Mexico in February 2003. The U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Hazmat facilitated the first session, the Joint Mexico-United States Oil Spill Science Forum. It provided a scientific view of oil spills. The following joint session facilitated by USCG Dll and held in Ensenada was a tabletop exercise designed in preparation for the signing of the MEXUSPAC Annex. Through the use of a spill drill scenario, this session included instruction and dialogue about the roles and responsibilities of both U.S. and Mexican spill responders. Both sessions included presentations from several agencies of the Regional Response Team IX/Joint Response Team: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, U.S. Dept. of the Interior and California's Office of Spill Prevention and Response. Industry partners also contributed topics of discussion, further complementing the U.S. response landscape. Mexican response agencies, including PEMEX, SAGARPA, SEMARNAT and PROFEPA, provided valuable input ensuring dialogue helping to identify additional joint response gaps. Upon the most significant gaps brought to light was the need for additional information regarding dispersant use by Mexican agencies, particularly in light of the approaching international SONS Exercise in April 2004. To this end, USCG Dll and NOAA HAZMAT developed and presented a modified Ecological
Risk Assessment for their Mexican counterparts. Hosted by ZN2 in October 2003, this highly successful workshop brought together many key decision makers, planners and stakeholders from both sides of the border to discuss tradeoffs inherent in the use of existing spill response tools, including dispersants. Joint training and discussion sessions such as these are key to ensuring any measure of success in a joint spill response. Several additional training and discussion topics designed for the Mexican-U.S. joint response forum have been identified with many in the planning phase. Acknowledging the similarities as well as differences in response systems of our two nations' is essential to the success of these joint collaborations. Such continued efforts will help bridge existing gaps.
MEXUS GULF EXERCISE 2004*
Authors: Hutto Warren T. (Tommy) , Pertuz David 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The Agreement of Cooperation Between the United States of American and the United Mexican States Regarding Pollution of the Marine Environment by Discharges of Hydrocarbons and Other Hazardous Substances signed in February 2000 by the U.S. Coast Guard and the Secretaria de Marina-Armada de Mexico, established the beginning of a successful bilateral cooperation between both countries for the preparation and response to pollution incidents that could affect the coastal waters of both countries. The agreement calls for joint pollution response exercises to be conducted to exercise the bilateral coordination and joint response system.
In May 2004, the Shell Exploration and Production Company acted as the Responsible Party in such a joint exercise, denominated MEXUS GULF 2004. The exercise was conducted in Matamoros, Tamaulipas, Mexico May 25–27, 2004. Building on a previously conducted exercise in 2002, the objectives of the 2004 exercise were to exercise and identify joint response procedures following a significant impact to the shared shorelines. Specifically, the four identified objectives included:Identify Natural Resources Damage Assessment (NRDA) Procedures in Mexico.Address transboundary movement Procedures of collected waste and contaminated equipment with emphasis on movement from Mexico to the U.S.Identify joint procedures for clean-up and rehabilitation of oiled wildlife.Exercise Joint Command and Control Procedures including transboundary and field communications
Shell Exploration and Production Company (SEPCo), working jointly with the U.S. Coast Guard, and the Mexican Secretaria de Marina—Armada de Mexico and with outstanding support from the National Ocaanographic and Atmospheric Administration, The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, the Minerals Management Service and the Texas General Land Office designed and executed an outstanding exercise well lessons learned were captured and shared.
This paper will cover the planning, logistical considerations, execution and lessons learned from the joint exercise as well as the successful use of the Incident Command System as an incident response management tool for bilateral cooperation.
MODELING FATES AND IMPACTS OF HYPOTHETICAL OIL SPILLS IN DELAWARE, FLORIDA, TEXAS, CALIFORNIA, AND ALASKA WATERS, VARYING RESPONSE OPTIONS INCLUDING USE OF DISPERSANTS
Authors: McCay Deborah French , Whittier Nicole , Dalton Colleen , Rowe Jill , Sankaranarayanan Subbayya , Aurand Don 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Oil spill response may include use of chemical dispersants and in situ burning equipment, in addition to traditional mechanical response equipment. To evaluate the potential impacts of various response strategies, oil spill and atmospheric plume modeling were performed to evaluate areas of the atmosphere at sea level, water areas, shoreline lengths, sediment areas, and water volumes impacted above thresholds of concern to biological species and habitats, human health and socioeconomic resources. For the oil spill modeling, a stochastic approach was used to allow the range and frequency of possible environmental conditions to be examined for each spill site, spill volume and response option evaluated. Long term (decade or more) wind and current records were sampled at random and model runs were performed for each of the spill dates-times selected. This provides a statistical description of the environmental fate and impacts that would result if a spill occurred. Stochastic modeling was performed in five representative locations in the US: (1) offshore of Delaware Bay, (2) offshore of Galveston Bay, (3) offshore of San Francisco Bay, (4) Prince William Sound, and (5) offshore of the Florida Keys. These data were used to evaluate potential impacts of changes in response strategies, i.e., combining use of dispersants and in situ burning with traditional mechanical recovery. The results of the oil spill modeling for the Florida Straits location are summarized herein.
OIL SPILL PREPAREDNESS & RESPONSE IN THE BOHAI BAY REGION – A MULTI LAYERED APPROACH 1
Authors: Ooi Patrick , O'Driscoll Declan , Ng Sean 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
In recent years, the Bohai Bay region has seen increasing activities in the areas of offshore oil exploration and production. This paper looks at the multi-layered approach taken by the oil industry members and the Peoples Republic of China (PRC) Government Authorities, to address oil spill response (OSR) preparedness and response capabilities in the region. It documents the OSR activities conducted by EARL and the setting up of OSR equipment Centres. A good and strong approach has been given to OSR preparedness and response capability for the Bohai Bay region, by both the Government and oil industry members. This paper identifies, and suggest further steps needed to ensure preparedness and the capability to deliver an effective response to an oil spill incident in the region.
RECENT DEVELOPMENTS WITHIN THE INTERNATIONAL COMPENSATION REGIME
Authors: Jacobsson Måns 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The international compensation regime is based on two international treaties elaborated under the auspices of the International Maritime Organization (IMO), namely the 1992 Civil Liability Convention and the 1992 Fund Convention. The 1992 Civil Liability Convention governs the liability of the shipowner, whereas the 1992 Fund Convention provides supplementary compensation through the International Oil Pollution Compensation Fund 1992 (1992 Fund), financed by a levy on oil receipts in Member States.
This paper describes recent developments in the international compensation regime.
The total amount of compensation available under the 1992 Conventions was increased from United States (US) $210 million to US $315 million for incidents occurring after 31 October 2003
In view of the experience of recent major incidents, the 1992 Fund set up a Working Group to hold an exchange of views concerning the need for and possibilities of improving the international compensation regime established by the 1992 Conventions.
As a result of preparatory work carried out by the Working Group, a Diplomatic Conference held in May 2003 adopted a draft Protocol establishing an optional third tier of compensation by means of a Supplementary Compensation Fund which would provide additional compensation over and above that available under the 1992 Conventions. The total amount of compensation available for pollution damage in the nations that become Parties to it will be US $1,150 million per incident, including the amounts payable under the 1992 Conventions. The Protocol will enter into force on 3 March 2005.
The Working Group continues its review of the 1992 Conventions and will examine a number of issues, inter alia, shipowners' liability. It is expected that the Working Group will make its final recommendations to the 1992 Fund Assembly in 2005 as to whether the 1992 Conventions should be re-opened and, if so, which issues should be considered.
UPTAKE OF FOUR PAHS OCCURRING INTO AERIAL PLANT TISSUE ARTIFICIALLY EXPOSED TO HEAVY FUEL OIL IN SALICORNIA
Authors: Meudec Anna , Dussauze Jacques , Deslandes Eric , Poupart Nathalie 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Coastal salt-marsh vegetations are directly exposed to accidental marine pollution by oil spill, as it was the case in winter of the year 2000 following Erika tanker oil spill in France. As petroleum is incorporated in sediment, it tends to coat aerial parts of plants. Among fuel hydrocarbons, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are the most toxic compounds known in marine organisms. Although their low water solubility, they can be taken up and bioaccumulated by plants. This work was conducted to determine whether PAHs, like naphthalene, phenanthrene, pyrene and benzo(a)pyrene, present in artificially fuel contaminated soils are transferred or not to aerial part of the coastal and edible plant, Salicornia fragilis. Sediments were mixed up with N°6. heavy fuel oil. Young plants of Salicornia were sampled in spring at the “Aber du Conquet” (Finistère, France), and cultured artificially in three different mixture conditions of oil and sediment: 0.2%, 2% or 20%. Two durations of culture were tested: one or five weeks. At the end of the culture, shoot are then cut off and PAHs concentrations were determinate by (GC-MS). Results showed that whatever the time of exposure and the concentrations of fuel oil in soil, significant PAHs concentrations were measured in Salicornia tissues. Phenanthrene and pyrene are the most abundant compounds. The particular morphology of Salicornia plants and the absence of PAHs in control also suggest that root uptake was the main pathway for accumulation of PAHs in this halophytic plant. By this capacity to uptake PAHs from fuel oil contaminated soil, Salicornia fragilis appears as a potential bioindicator of marine pollution by petroleum and may have a role in remediating contaminated soil.
NOAA'S ABANDONED VESSEL PROGRAM AND RESOURCES AND UNDER SEA THREATS PROJECT – PARTNERSHIPS AND PROGRESS FOR ABANDONED VESSEL MANAGEMENT1
Authors: Zelo Ian , Overfield Mike , Helton Doug 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Recent incidents within our National Marine Sanctuaries and throughout our country have directed the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration to begin to look proactively at catastrophic oil and other chemical releases from submerged and abandoned sources. Integrating data from several federal, state, and private sources, the Abandoned Vessel Program (AVP) and Resources and UnderSea Threats (RUST) database worked hand in hand to develop a joint inventory of submerged and abandoned vessels to determine through analysis the scope of this potential threat.
REMOVAL OF GROUNDED, DERELICT OR ABANDONED VESSELS AS SITE RESTORATION1
Authors: Zelo Ian , Helton Doug 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Many agencies and organizations in the United States are implementing habitat restoration using a wide array of methods across a variety of habitats. These efforts are often motivated by legislative actions like the Oil Pollution Act, Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act, and the Clean Water Act but may also be implemented to meet the mission statements of particular agencies and organizations. While the goals and objectives of restoration efforts vary greatly and the range of potential restoration alternatives is large, these activities fall into three general categories; direct restoration, prevention and public education.
The removal of derelict, abandoned and grounded vessels is a tool that can be used as an effective part of many habitat restoration projects. Removals, on their own or in conjunction with other actions, clearly can be used as part of direct restoration. Additionally, in almost every case a removal will also reduce or prevent the threat of future harm to natural, public, or private resources as well as public safety.
The four case studies presented highlight the benefits of removal and hazards of failing to act. The Seagull (Guam) demonstrates how effective cooperation can successfully salvage a valuable vessel while protecting natural resources. The M/V Kimton (Puerto Rico) demonstrates that simply removing oil from a grounded vessel is not necessarily the best alternative. The F/V Mwaalil Saat (Saipan) is an example of what can happen if a vessel is identified as a threat but is not removed and the Tesoro Net Removal Project (Kauai, HI) is a valuable example of how the removal of debris unrelated to the primary incident can be a preferred restoration alternative.
COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION IN OIL SPILL CLEAN-UP EXERCISE: A CASE STUDY OF RUMUEKPE PK 26.5 OIL SPILL, NIGER DELTA, NIGERIA1
Authors: Mrabure Charles , Ngene Patrick 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Crude oil exploration and production in Niger Delta area of Nigeria started over fifty (50) years ago, and had brought with it several cases of oil pollution which as well as other human activities have resulted in devastation of the ecological landscape leading to depletion of natural resources, a source of livelihood for the indigenous people.
Due to the stress/hardship occasioned by depletion of natural resources such as fishes, other aquatic life, Land etc, the people have evolved from peace loving to hostile communities. They have embarked on several protests and kidnappings, the oil companies being primary target in all cases. Working in this area became a risk for the companies. Clean up of polluted sites thus became an almost impossible activity; initiating dialogue with the people became a herculean task because of lack of mutual trust.
In the case of PK26.5 oil spill clean up, several fruitful efforts were made to dialogue with the people, and this resulted in a partnership that saw Elf Petroleum Nigeria Ltd and her Contractor clean up an oil polluted site in this volatile region to the satisfaction of Regulatory authorities. Of the forty-four workers, forty (40) were from the community.
FULL SCALE IMPLEMENTATION OF STATE-OF-THE-ART MECHANICAL OIL SPILL RESPONSE TECHNOLOGY ON THE NORWEGIAN CONTINENTAL SHELF
Authors: Brekne Tharaid M. , Eide Gry Asheim , Skeie Geir M. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The Norwegian Clean Seas Association for Operating Companies (NOFO) has recently completed a comprehensive Research & Development (R&D) program. The main objective of this program was to provide a basis for decisions regarding selection of equipment in the next generation of NOFO's oil spill response. The R&D program was initiated in 2000 and the results from the preliminary phase of the program were presented at the 2003 IOSC in Vancouver.
In the summer of 2003, NOFO successfully carried out an Oil-on-water exercise. This exercise encompassed a full scale testing of new equipment developed in the second phase of the program. A series of experiments were performed where oil was released to the sea and subsequently recovered. In total, 170 cubic meters of oil emulsion was released, and approximately 80 % recovered. Based on the experiences from the Oil-on-water exercise, NOFO implemented Phase 3 of the R&D program. This phase comprised of redesign and modifications to two types of booms, and of a high capacity skimmer. Final testing of the Phase 3 results was completed in the first quarter of 2004, and concluded that the design criteria were met. Concurrently, NOFO has embarked on a three-year replacement plan, in which existing booms and skimmers are replaced by the new equipment types.
Phase 2 included a feasibility study on enhanced detection of oil spills under conditions of low light and reduced visibility. Based on results from this study, a project has been initiated to develop and implement a ship based radar system for detection of oil spills. This project is considered the first step towards the goal of achieving an oil spill response that is independent of light and visibility.
This paper outlines the conclusions of the R&D program and the 2003 Oil-on-water exercise, as well as the results from the final performance tests of the new equipment. Further, the new oil spill response is comprehensive, in terms of total capability and geographical coverage.