bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Jasmonate‐ and salicylate‐induced defenses in wheat affect host preference and probing behavior but not performance of the grain aphid, Sitobion avenae
Authors: Cao He‐He , Wang Su‐Hua , Liu Tong‐Xian 
Published: March 2013

Abstract Jasmonate‐ and salicylate‐mediated signaling pathways play significant roles in induced plant defenses, but there is no sufficient evidence for their roles in monocots against aphids. We exogenously applied methyl jasmonate (MeJA) and salicylic acid (SA) on wheat seedlings and examined biochemical responses in wheat and effects on the grain aphid, Sitobion avenae (Fab.). Application of MeJA significantly increased levels of wheat's polyphenol oxidase, peroxidase and proteinase inhibitor 1, 2 and 6 days after treatment. In two‐choice tests, adult aphids preferred control wheat leaves to MeJA‐ or SA‐treated leaves. Electrical penetration graph (EPG) recordings of aphid probing behavior revealed that on MeJA‐treated plants, the duration of aphid's first probe was significantly shorter and number of probes was significantly higher than those on control plants. Also total duration of probing on MeJA‐treated plants was significantly shorter than on control plants. Total duration of salivation period on SA‐treated plants was significantly longer, while mean phloem ingestion period was significantly shorter than on control plants. However, no significant difference in total duration of phloem sap ingestion period was observed among treatments. The EPG data suggest that MeJA‐dependent resistance factors might be due to feeding deterrents in mesophyll, whereas the SA‐mediated resistance may be phloem‐based. We did not observe any significant difference of MeJA and SA application on aphid development, daily fecundity, intrinsic growth rate and population growth. The results indicate that both MeJA‐ and SA‐induced defenses in wheat deterred S. avenae colonization processes and feeding behavior, but had no significant effects on its performance.
Technological Approaches to Minimize Industrial Trans Fatty Acids in Foods
Authors: Menaa Farid , Menaa Abder , Tréton Jacques , Menaa Bouzid 
Published: March 2013

Abstract Trans fatty acids (TFAs) mainly arise from 2 major sources: natural ruminal hydrogenation and industrial partial catalytic hydrogenation. Increasing evidence suggests that most TFAs and their isomers cause harmful health effects (that is, increased risk of cardiovascular diseases). Nevertheless, in spite of the existence of an international policy consensus regarding the need for public health action, several countries (for example, France) do not adopt sufficient voluntary approaches (for example, governmental regulations and systematic consumer rejections) nor sufficient industrial strategies (for example, development of healthier manufacturing practices and innovative processes such as fat interesterifications) to eliminate deleterious TFAs from processed foods while ensuring the overall quality of the final product (for example, nutritional value and stability). In this manuscript, we first review the physical–chemical properties of TFAs, their occurrence in processed foods, their main effects on health, and the routine analytical methods to characterize TFAs, before emphasizing on the major industrial methods (that is, fat food reformulation, fat interesterification, genetically modified FAs composition) that can be used worldwide to reduce TFAs in foods.
Characterization of Cucumber Fermentation Spoilage Bacteria by Enrichment Culture and 16S rDNA Cloning
Authors: Breidt Fred , Medina Eduardo , Wafa Doria , Pérez‐Díaz Ilenys , Franco Wendy , Huang Hsin‐Yu , Johanningsmeier Suzanne D. , Kim Jae Ho 
Published: March 2013

Abstract Commercial cucumber fermentations are typically carried out in 40000 L fermentation tanks. A secondary fermentation can occur after sugars are consumed that results in the formation of acetic, propionic, and butyric acids, concomitantly with the loss of lactic acid and an increase in pH. Spoilage fermentations can result in significant economic loss for industrial producers. The microbiota that result in spoilage remain incompletely defined. Previous studies have implicated yeasts, lactic acid bacteria, enterobacteriaceae, and Clostridia as having a role in spoilage fermentations. We report that Propionibacterium and Pectinatus isolates from cucumber fermentation spoilage converted lactic acid to propionic acid, increasing pH. The analysis of 16S rDNA cloning libraries confirmed and expanded the knowledge gained from previous studies using classical microbiological methods. Our data show that Gram‐negative anaerobic bacteria supersede Gram‐positive Fermincutes species after the pH rises from around 3.2 to pH 5, and propionic and butyric acids are produced. Characterization of the spoilage microbiota is an important first step in efforts to prevent cucumber fermentation spoilage.Practical Application An understanding of the microorganisms that cause commercial cucumber fermentation spoilage may aid in developing methods to prevent the spoilage from occurring.
H+/K+ ATPase expression in human parietal cells and gastric acid secretion in elderly individuals
Authors: Zhang Wei , Zheng Song Bai , Zhuang Yan , Xiang Ping , Xiao Li , Li Bo , Ji Da Nian , Xia Shi Jin , Yu Zhang , Shi Dong Yun 
Published: March 2013

ObjectiveTo investigate whether the ultrastructure and hydrogen potassium adenosine triphosphate (H+/K+ ATPase) expression of human parietal cells were associated with aging.MethodsIn all, 50 participants who underwent gastroscopy due to dyspepsia were divided into two age groups, with 19 in the younger group (YG, aged 20–59 years) and 31 in the elder group (EG, aged ≥60 years). The ultrastructure of their parietal cell was determined by electron microscopy (EM), and the expressions of H+/K+ ATPase α‐subunit mRNA and β‐unit protein were detected. Furthermore, 24‐h esophageal pH monitoring was performed in the two groups.ResultsEM images showed no distinct difference in the morphology and distribution of parietal cells or the acid secretion‐related organelle between the two groups. There were no differences between YG and EG in the proportion of mitochondria and the tubulovesicular system area. The expressions of H+/K+ ATPase α‐subunit mRNA and β‐subunit protein showed no age‐related alteration between YG and EG. The expression of H+/K+ ATPase α‐subunit mRNA in EG was higher than that in YG, whereas the expression of β‐subunit protein was significantly higher in those aged ≥80 years than in the YG. No significant difference was found in the 24‐h esophageal pH monitoring between YG and EG.ConclusionAcid secretion‐related organelles in parietal cells do not degenerate with aging, the expression of H+/K+ ATPase even shows a trend to increase, indicating the existence of intact molecular biological basis for acid secretion in healthy elderly individuals.
Novel therapies for the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus: Part 1. Pramlintide and bromocriptine‐QR (2型糖尿病治疗新药：第1部分.普兰林肽与溴隐亭‐QR)
Authors: Grunberger George 
Published: March 2013

AbstractSeveral classes of antidiabetic agents have been introduced into the market place over the past dozen years. As our understanding of the underlying pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes has advanced, attempts have been made to address these defects specifically. This brief review focuses on our experience with two such pharmacological approaches: (i) a synthetic amylin analog addressing amylin deficiency; and (ii) a dopaminergic agonist, focused on enhancing the lowered dopaminergic tone in patients with type 2 diabetes. Importantly, the use of these agents is not associated with hypoglycemia or weight gain.
Validation of the 7th edition American Joint Committee on cancer staging system for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Tan Zihui , Chen Yuan , Ma Guowei , Meng Yuqi , Fu Jianhua , Zhang Lanjun , Long Hao , Rong Tiehua , Lin Peng 
Published: March 2013

AbstractBackgroundThe purpose of this study is to investigate the ability of the 7th edition of the American Joint Committee on Cancer tumor‐nodes‐metastasis (AJCC/TNM) staging system to distinguish between patients at higher risk and to predict the overall survival in patients who underwent surgical resection for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC).MethodsBetween 1998 and 2008, 560 patients with ESCC underwent R0 tri‐incisional esophagectomy at our center without neoadjuvant or adjuvant therapy. We performed univariate and multivariate analyses to identify prognostic factors for survival.ResultsThe five‐year overall survival rate was 44.1%, with a median survival of 44 months. Gender, pT status, pN status, and the retrieved lymph nodes (LNs) category (<15 vs. ≥15) were found to be significant prognostic factors, whereas histology grade and tumor location were not significant prognostic factors in our analysis. When classified as all eight sub‐stages, there were similar survival curves between stages IB and IIA (P = 0.799), and stages IIIC and IV (P = 0.635). Multivariate Cox proportional hazard regression analysis indicated that gender, pT category, pN category, and the retrieved LNs category (<15 vs. ≥15) were significantly associated with patient survival.ConclusionThe 7th edition AJCC staging system proposed a new descriptor for “N” classification. Further stratification of pN status according to number of positive LNs in the 7th edition is valuable. However, we did not find tumor location and histology grade were significant prognostic factors. Moreover, adding a substantially higher threshold of LNs retrieved in the next revision of the AJCC/TNM staging system for ESCC may be more valuable.
Canadian Evidence of Adherence to “Comply or Explain” Corporate Governance Codes: An International Comparison
Authors: Salterio Steven E. , Conrod Joan E. D. , Schmidt Regan N. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractThis study documents the rate of compliance by Canadian public firms with corporate governance recommendations imposed by the Canadian Securities Administrators. Canada uses a “comply or explain” governance structure in which harmonized provincial regulation establishes mandatory disclosure of governance practices. Firms can be compliant with these requirements either by voluntarily adopting the recommended best practices (i.e., adopt) or by explaining the alternative practices implemented to achieve the same governance principle (i.e., explain). Firms that fail to comply (i.e., neither adopt nor explain) are in violation of Canadian securities regulation with respect to governance. Using a hand‐collected sample of 742 Canadian public companies and 16 governance recommendations, our results show that an average of 82 percent of firms complied by adopting the best practice and an additional 4 percent complied by explanation. Our study also shows that 39 percent of Canadian publicly traded firms were completely compliant with all 16 recommendations examined in this study, either by adoption or explanation. To provide a broader context for these results, we compare rates of compliance in Canada to rates in Australia, a country broadly similar to Canada with comparable governance recommendations. The Australian Securities Exchange supplied data sample of 1334 Australian companies reports a complete compliance rate of 74 percent compared to Canada's 39 percent complete compliance rate. Our analysis shows that compliance by adoption of best practice is more common in Canada, whereas compliance by explanation is more common in Australia. In our analysis of compliance with individual recommendations, we find that half of the recommendations are more likely to be complied with in Australia, and the other half are more likely to be complied with in Canada.
Surnames in Albania: A Study of the Population of Albania through Isonymy
Authors: Mikerezi Ilia , Xhina Endrit , Scapoli Chiara , Barbujani Guido , Mamolini Elisabetta , Sandri Massimo , Carrieri Alberto , Rodriguez‐Larralde Alvaro , Barrai Italo 
Published: March 2013

SummaryIn order to describe the isonymic structure of Albania, the distribution of 3,068,447 surnames was studied in the 12 prefectures and their administrative subdivisions: the 36 districts and 321 communes. The number of different surnames found was 37,184. Effective surname number for the entire country was 1327, the average for prefectures was 653.3 ± 84.3, for districts 365.9 ± 42.0 and for communes 122.6 ± 8.7. These values display a variation of inbreeding between administrative levels in the Albanian population, which can be attributed to the previously published “Prefecture effect”.Matrices of isonymic distances between units within administrative levels were tested for correlation with geographic distances. The correlations were highest for prefectures (r = 0.71 ± 0.06 for Euclidean distance) and lowest for communes (r = 0.37 ± 0.011 for Nei's distance).The multivariate analyses (Principal component analysis and Multidimensional Scaling) of prefectures identify three main clusters, one toward the North, the second in Central Albania, and the third in the South. This pattern is consistent with important subclusters from districts and communes, which point out that the country may have been colonised by diffusion of groups in the North‐South direction, and from Macedonia in the East, over a pre‐existing Illiryan population.
Circadian regulation of epithelial functions in the intestine
Authors: Pácha J. , Sumová A. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractMany physiological functions exhibit a diurnal rhythmicity that is influenced by biological clocks and feeding rhythms. In this review, we discuss the growing evidence showing the important role of circadian rhythms in regulating intestinal mucosa. First, we introduce the molecular timing system and the interrelationship between the master biological clock in the suprachiasmatic nuclei of the brain and the peripheral intestinal clock and provide evidence that the intestinal clock is entrained with the external environment. Second, we review the circadian rhythmicity of enterocyte proliferation and the largely unknown regulatory mechanisms behind these rhythms. Finally, we focus on the circadian clock control of food processing that functions by regulating the expression of digestive enzymes and intestinal nutrient and salt transporters. The concepts to be discussed highlight the ability of the intestinal epithelium to utilize self‐sustained clock signals together with signals associated with changes in the cellular environment and to use endogenous temporal control of the gastrointestinal functions to meet varying physiological and pathophysiological demands. The fact that internal de‐synchronizations within the body, such as those that occur in shift workers or with changes in food intake behaviour, are often associated with malfunctions of the gastrointestinal tract indicates that more information about the connections between the circadian clock and intestinal mucosa/transporting enterocytes could provide clues for future therapies.
Safety, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of multiple oral doses of apixaban, a factor Xa inhibitor, in healthy subjects
Authors: Frost Charles , Nepal Sunil , Wang Jessie , Schuster Alan , Byon Wonkyung , Boyd Rebecca A. , Yu Zhigang , Shenker Andrew , Barrett Yu Chen , Mosqueda‐Garcia Rogelio , LaCreta Frank 
Published: March 2013

AimApixaban is an oral factor Xa inhibitor approved for stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation and thromboprophylaxis in patients who have undergone elective hip or knee replacement surgery and under development for treatment of venous thromboembolism. This study examined the safety, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of multiple dose apixaban.MethodThis double‐blind, randomized, placebo‐controlled, parallel group, multiple dose escalation study was conducted in six sequential dose panels – apixaban 2.5, 5, 10 and 25 mg twice daily and 10 and 25 mg once daily– with eight healthy subjects per panel. Within each panel, subjects were randomized (3:1) to oral apixaban or placebo for 7 days. Subjects underwent safety assessments and were monitored for adverse events (AEs). Blood samples were taken to measure apixaban plasma concentration, international normalized ratio (INR), activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) and modified prothrombin time (mPT).ResultsForty‐eight subjects were randomized and treated (apixaban, n = 36; placebo, n = 12); one subject receiving 2.5 mg twice daily discontinued due to AEs (headache and nausea). No dose limiting AEs were observed. Apixaban maximum plasma concentration was achieved ∼3 h post‐dose. Exposure increased approximately in proportion to dose. Apixaban steady‐state concentrations were reached by day 3, with an accumulation index of 1.3–1.9. Peak : trough ratios were lower for twice daily vs. once daily regimens. Clotting times showed dose‐related increases tracking the plasma concentration–time profile.ConclusionMultiple oral doses of apixaban were safe and well tolerated over a 10‐fold dose range, with pharmacokinetics with low variability and concentration‐related increases in clotting time measures.
Effect of remote ischaemic preconditioning on renal protection in patients undergoing laparoscopic partial nephrectomy: a ‘blinded’ randomised controlled trial
Authors: Huang Jiwei , Chen YongHui , Dong Baijun , Kong Wen , Zhang Jin , Xue Wei , Liu DongMing , Huang Yiran 
Published: March 2013

Objective
To evaluate whether remote ischaemic preconditioning (RIPC) reduces renal injury in patients undergoing laparoscopic partial nephrectomy (LPN).
Patients and methods
In all, 82 patients undergoing LPN were randomly assigned to either the RIPC or control group, with 40 and 38 patients, respectively completing 6‐months follow‐up.
RIPC was conducted after induction of anaesthesia, which consisted of three 5‐min cycles of right lower limb ischaemia and 5 min of reperfusion during each cycle.
The primary outcome was the absolute change in glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of the affected kidney by renal scintigraphy from baseline to 6 months.
The secondary outcomes included urinary retinol‐binding protein (RBP) levels measured at 24 and 48 h, serum creatinine, and estimated GFR (eGFR) at 1 and 6 months, and changes in GFR by renal scintigraphy.
Results
There were no differences in the change of GFR of the affected kidney at 6 months, while it was significantly decreased by 15.0% in the control group vs 8.8% in the RIPC group at 1 month (P = 0.034).
The urinary RBP levels increased 8.4‐fold at 24 h in the control group compared with a lower increase of 3.9‐fold in the RIPC group (P < 0.001).
There were no differences in the serum creatinine level or eGFR at 1 and 6 months between the two groups.
Conclusions
In patients undergoing LPN, RIPC using transient lower limb ischaemia may reduce renal impairment in the short term, but failed in the longer term despite a non‐significant trend in favour of RIPC.
These novel data support the need for a larger study of RIPC during LPN surgery.
Do Time in Child Care and Peer Group Exposure Predict Poor Socioemotional Adjustment in Norway?
Authors: Solheim Elisabet , Wichstrøm Lars , Belsky Jay , Berg‐Nielsen Turid Suzanne 
Published: March 2013

Extensive exposure to nonparental child care during the first 4.5 years of life has been demonstrated in some American studies to negatively affect children's socioemotional functioning. Data from 935 preschool children who averaged 54.9 (SD = 3.0) months of age, from Trondheim, Norway were used to examine whether such negative effects, would emerge in Norway, a country with a different child‐care system. The children's externalizing problems and social competence were unrelated to their child‐care experience. More time spent in child care during the first 4.5 years of life and experiencing peer groups of < 16 or > 18 children predicted greater caregiver–child conflict. The effect sizes were small. The results are discussed in terms of cross‐national child‐care differences.
Quad‐Mesh Generation and Processing: A Survey
Authors: Bommes David , Lévy Bruno , Pietroni Nico , Puppo Enrico , Silva Claudio , Tarini Marco , Zorin Denis 
Published: March 2013

AbstractTriangle meshes have been nearly ubiquitous in computer graphics, and a large body of data structures and geometry processing algorithms based on them has been developed in the literature. At the same time, quadrilateral meshes, especially semi‐regular ones, have advantages for many applications, and significant progress was made in quadrilateral mesh generation and processing during the last several years. In this survey we discuss the advantages and problems of techniques operating on quadrilateral meshes, including surface analysis and mesh quality, simplification, adaptive refinement, alignment with features, parametrisation and remeshing.
Accuracy of Short‐Term Demographic Data in Projecting Long‐Term Fate of Populations
Authors: JÄKÄLÄNIEMI ANNE , POSTILA HEINI , TUOMI JUHA 
Published: March 2013

AbstractShort‐term surveys are useful in conservation of species if they can be used to reliably predict the long‐term fate of populations. However, statistical evaluations of reliability are rare. We studied how well short‐term demographic data (1999–2002) of tartar catchfly (Silene tatarica), a perennial riparian plant, projected the fate and growth of 23 populations of this species up to the year 2010. Surveyed populations occurred along a river with natural flood dynamics and along a regulated river. Riparian plant populations are affected by flooding, which maintains unvegetated shores, while forest succession proceeds in areas with little flooding. Flooding is less severe along the regulated river, and vegetation overgrowth reduces abundance of tartar catchfly on unvegetated shores. We built matrix models to calculate population growth rates and estimated times to population extinction in natural and in regulated rivers, 13 and 10 populations, respectively. Models predicted population survival well (model predictions matched observed survival in 91% of populations) and accurately predicted abundance increases and decreases in 65% of populations. The observed and projected population growth rates differed significantly in all but 3 populations. In most cases, the model overestimated population growth. Model predictions did not improve when data from more years were used (1999–2006). In the regulated river, the poorest model predictions occurred in areas where cover of other plant species changed the fastest. Although vegetation cover increased in most populations, it decreased in 4 populations along the natural river. Our results highlight the need to combine disturbance and succession dynamics in demographic models and the importance of habitat management for species survival along regulated rivers.Precisión de Datos Demográficos de Corto Plazo en la Proyección del Destino de Poblaciones a Largo Plazo
Early detection of cutaneous melanoma by sequential digital dermatoscopy (SDD)
Authors: Kraus Sophie Luise , Haenssle Holger Andreas 
Published: March 2013

SummaryThe early diagnosis and excision of cutaneous melanoma is essential for an improved prognosis of the disease. Besides the investigation of pigmented lesions with the unaided eye and conventional dermatoscopy, long‐term sequential digital dermatoscopy has been shown to improve the sensitivity of melanoma detection, especially in high‐risk patients. In addition to the static clinical and dermatoscopic assessment, the sequential digital dermatoscopy strategy helps to detect changes over time. This review summarizes the latest developments in the field of sequential digital dermatoscopy, describes current strategies for the selection of patients and lesions to monitor, and suggests objective criteria that should lead to an excisional biopsy.