bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Partner choice, fairness, and the extension of morality
Authors: Baumard Nicolas , André Jean-Baptiste , Sperber Dan 
Published: February 2013

AbstractOur discussion of the commentaries begins, at the evolutionary level, with issues raised by our account of the evolution of morality in terms of partner-choice mutualism. We then turn to the cognitive level and the characterization and workings of fairness. In a final section, we discuss the degree to which our fairness-based approach to morality extends to norms that are commonly considered moral even though they are distinct from fairness.
Intertemporal bargaining predicts moral behavior, even in anonymous, one-shot economic games
Authors: Ainslie George 
Published: February 2013

AbstractTo the extent that acting fairly is in an individual's long-term interest, short-term impulses to cheat present a self-control problem. The only effective solution is to interpret the problem as a variant of repeated prisoner's dilemma, with each choice as a test case predicting future choices. Moral choice appears to be the product of a contract because it comes from self-enforcing intertemporal cooperation.
Partner selection, coordination games, and group selection
Authors: Alvard Michael S. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe process of partner selection reflects ethnographic realities where cooperative rewards obtain that would otherwise be lost to loners. Baumard et al. neglect frequency-dependent processes exemplified by games of coordination. Such games can produce multiple equilibria that may or may not include fair outcomes. Additional, group-selection processes are required to produce the outcomes predicted by the models.
Can mutualistic morality predict how individuals deal with benefits they did not deserve?
Authors: Bonnefon Jean-François , Girotto Vittorio , Heimann Marco , Legrenzi Paolo 
Published: February 2013

AbstractAn individual obtains an unfair benefit and faces the dilemma of either hiding it (to avoid being excluded from future interactions) or disclosing it (to avoid being discovered as a deceiver). In line with the target article, we expect that this dilemma will be solved by a fixed individual strategy rather than a case-by-case rational calculation.
More to morality than mutualism: Consistent contributors exist and they can inspire costly generosity in others
Authors: Gill Michael J. , Packer Dominic J. , Van Bavel Jay 
Published: February 2013

AbstractStudies of economic decision-making have revealed the existence of consistent contributors, who always make contributions to the collective good. It is difficult to understand such behavior in terms of mutualistic motives. Furthermore, consistent contributors can elicit apparently altruistic behavior from others. Therefore, although mutualistic motives are likely an important contributor to moral action, there is more to morality than mutualism.
Your theory of the evolution of morality depends upon your theory of morality
Authors: Kirkby David , Hinzen Wolfram , Mikhail John 
Published: February 2013

AbstractBaumard et al. attribute to humans a sense of fairness. However, the properties of this sense are so underspecified that the evolutionary account offered is not well-motivated. We contrast this with the framework of Universal Moral Grammar, which has sought a descriptively adequate account of the structure of the moral domain as a precondition for understanding the evolution of morality.
Not all mutualism is fair, and not all fairness is mutualistic
Authors: Shaw Alex , Knobe Joshua 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe target article convincingly argues that mutualistic cooperation is supported by partner choice. However, we will suggest that mutualistic cooperation is not the basis of fairness; instead, fairness is based on impartiality. In support of this view, we show that adults are willing to destroy others' resources to avoid inequality, a result predicted by impartiality but not by mutualistic cooperation.
Disentangling the sense of ownership from the sense of fairness
Authors: Tummolini Luca , Scorolli Claudia , Borghi Anna M. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractBoth evolutionary and developmental research indicate that humans are adapted to respecting property rights, independently (and possibly orthogonally) of considerations of fairness. We offer evidence from psychological experiments suggesting that enforcing one's rights and respecting others' possessions are basic cognitive mechanisms automatically activated and grounded in humans' sensory-motor system. This may entail an independent motivation that is more profound than considerations of fairness and impartiality.
Sense of fairness: Not by itself a moral sense and not a foundation of a lot of morality
Authors: Ramlakhan Nalini , Brook Andrew 
Published: February 2013

AbstractBaumard et al. make a good case that a sense of fairness evolved and that showing this requires reciprocity games with choice of partner. However, they oversimplify both morality and the evolution of morality. Where fairness is involved in morality, other things are, too, and fairness is often not involved. In the evolution of morality, other things played a role. Plus, the motive for being fair originally was self-interest, not anything moral.
Baumard et al.'s moral markets lack market dynamics
Authors: Fessler Daniel M. T. , Holbrook Colin 
Published: February 2013

AbstractMarket models are indeed indispensable to understanding the evolution of cooperation and its emotional substrates. Unfortunately, Baumard et al. eschew market thinking in stressing the supposed invariance of moral/cooperative behavior across circumstances. To the contrary, humans display contingent morality/cooperation, and these shifts are best accounted for by market models of partner choice for mutually beneficial collaboration.
A longitudinal study of basic auditory processing and phonological skills in children with low IQ
Authors: KUPPEN SARAH , HUSS MARTINA , GOSWAMI USHA 
Published: February 2013

ABSTRACTHere we report a longitudinal follow-up of 103 children with low or typical IQ and good or poor word reading, first studied by Kuppen, Huss, Fosker, Mead, and Goswami (2011). Our current goal was to explore whether different basic auditory processing measures taken 14 months previously would predict development in word reading and phonology in this sample. We also assessed the stability over time for the associations among basic auditory processing, phonology, and reading reported by Kuppen et al. (2011) for low IQ readers. The auditory processing measures showed significant longitudinal relations with both reading and phonology, and associations between the measures were largely stable over time. The data suggest that basic auditory processing skills and phonological skills, rather than IQ, determine a child's progress in word reading, throwing light on the fundamental biological mechanisms that determine reading development. Children with low IQ and poor reading should thus be treated in the same way as children with an IQ-discrepancy defined reading disability, both in research studies and in terms of gaining access to targeted remediation.
Older people as co-researchers: a collaborative journey
Authors: BINDELS JILL , BAUR VIVIANNE , COX KAREN , HEIJING SERVÉ , ABMA TINEKE 
Published: February 2013

ABSTRACTIn recent years there has been a distinguishable trend towards user involvement in ageing research. Researchers and policy makers both are increasingly convinced that user involvement is necessary to adapt research questions and methods to meet the needs of older people. Little is known, however, about the quality of collaborations between older people and researchers. This study systematically evaluates a collaboration undertaken between two academic researchers and three older people acting as co-researchers in an effort to identify the conditions required for equal collaboration. To evaluate the collaboration the co-researchers and academic researchers took part in individual in-depth interviews (after six months) and two reflection meetings (after six and 12 months). Throughout the collaboration, field notes were taken by both academic researchers and co-researchers. A detailed description of the collaboration is provided here, using the metaphor of a journey to illustrate the dynamics and the learning process of the participants. Interim reflection meetings – at which mutual expectations were expressed along with a frank discussion of prejudices, tasks and role divisions, and the sharing of personal and project-related needs and information – were found to be fruitful in achieving a positive working relationship and fostering an effective collaboration. We conclude that a learning perspective on participation can be a resource for learning and adaptive change.
The velocity dependent Krook model to calculate energetic electron transport in a laser produced plasma
Authors: Manheimer Wallace 
Published: February 2013

AbstractEnergetic electrons, with energy from many tens to several hundred keV can be generated in laser produced plasmas by such laser plasma instabilities as the 2ωp instability, which occurs at the quarter critical density. It is important to know not only how these are produced, but also how they are transported and deposit their energy in the interior and whether they preheat the fuel. We introduce the velocity dependent Krook approach to this problem, and compare it to other approaches that have appeared in the literature as regards accuracy and economy of incorporating in a fluid simulation. This velocity dependent Krook technique is reasonably accurate and reasonably simple and economical to incorporate into a fluid simulation.
Third harmonic generation of a nonlinear laser Eigen mode of a self sustained plasma channel
Authors: Kumar K.K. Magesh , Tripathi V.K. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe third harmonic generation of a self organized nonlinear laser Eigen mode of a two-dimensional plasma channel with complete electron evacuation from the inner region is investigated. The nonlinearities arise through the ponderomotive force and relativistic mass variations, while the ions are taken to be immobile. The second harmonic ponderomotive force produces electron density oscillations that beat with the oscillatory velocity due to the laser Eigen mode to create a nonlinear current, driving the third harmonic. As a0 increases up to the threshold value amin, at which complete electron evacuation begins in the inner region, the third harmonic amplitude rises rapidly. Above the threshold, as a0 increases, the width of the inner region where there is no third harmonic current, increases and third harmonic amplitude rises less rapidly. The conversion efficiency is found to be in reasonable agreement with the experimental results.
Research on the electromagnetic fields radiating during the operation of intense electron-beam accelerator
Authors: Fan Xuliang , Liu Jinliang , Lv Xinming 
Published: February 2013

AbstractStrong electromagnetic fields are radiated during the operation of the intense electron-beam accelerator (IEBA), and it is investigated in this paper. It is obtained that the triggered spark-gap switch and the main switch of the IEBA are the radiation resources. Here, the radiation of the triggered spark-gap switch is researched carefully. Firstly, circuit simulation is used to simulate the current going through the switch. The electric fields generated by the current and its frequency spectra are both calculated. The electric fields of the IEBA are measured by using a bi-cone antenna. When the primary capacitor of the IEBA is charged to 20 kV, the radiation field with amplitude of 753.4 V/m, dominant frequency of 20.8 MHz and high frequency 100 MHz is obtained. The experiment results show reasonable agreements with the analysis. It is believed that the gas-gap switch is a new method to achieve wide-band radiation.
Modulation of continuous ion beams with low drift velocity by induced wakefield in background plasmas
Authors: Hu Zhang-Hu , Song Yuan-Hong , Zhao Yong-Tao , Wang You-Nian 
Published: February 2013

AbstractTwo-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations are performed to investigate the propagation of low energy continuous ion beams through background plasmas. It is shown that the continuous ion beam can be modulated into periodic short beam pulses by the induced wakefield, which can be adopted as a method to produce ultrashort ion beam pulses. Furthermore, the transport of the continuous ion beam in plasma with density gradient in the beam propagation direction is proposed and an enhanced longitudinal compression by density gradient is found due to the phase lock of ion pulses in the focusing regions of wakefield and reduced heating of plasma electrons.
Time evolution of the two-dimensional expansion velocity distributions of the cathode plasma in pulsed high-power diodes
Authors: Yang Jie , Shu Ting , Fan Yuwei 
Published: February 2013

AbstractA combination of electrical and optical diagnostics has been used to investigate the time evolution of the two-dimensional expansion velocity distributions of the cathode plasma in pulsed high-power diodes. The perveance model based on the Child-Langmuir law was used to calculate the expansion velocity of the diode plasmas from voltage and current profiles. Additionally, a four-channel high speed framing camera was used to observe the formation and subsequent movement of the cathode plasma. More accurate and valuable information about the dynamics of the cathode plasma was also acquired by utilizing the digital image processing methods. Results from the experiments and theoretical analysis were compared. In this paper, the experiments have been performed using a high-voltage pulse generator with 200 kV output voltage and 110 ns pulse duration. Current densities up to 440 A/cm2were produced. The observation of the cathode plasma expansion in transverse direction indicated that the diode current was cathode-limited in the current rising stage (the first 60 ns of the current pulse). The perveance model should be modified taking in account the time dependent expanding plasma surface (i.e., not the whole cathode surface) for this period. The velocity in the direction parallel to the cathode surface (transverse velocity) was much larger than that in the direction perpendicular to the cathode surface (longitudinal velocity), and further, it dropped from 90 cm/μs to nearly 20 cm/μs rapidly. It was shown that, during the current flattop stage, the plasma filled out all the surface of cathode and the diode current was space-charge-limited. The values of the transverse velocity and longitudinal velocity were nearly the same and decreased relatively slowly. The satisfactory coincidence of experimental and calculated (both were in the range of 6–8 cm/μs) values of the cathode plasma expansion velocities was obtained.
A flexible method combining camera calibration and hand–eye calibration
Authors: Zhao Zijian , Weng Ying 
Published: February 2013

SUMMARYWe consider the conventional techniques of vision robot system calibration where camera parameters and robot hand–eye parameters are computed separately, i.e., first performing camera calibration and then carrying out hand–eye calibration based on the calibrated parameters of cameras. In this paper we propose a joint algorithm that combines the camera calibration and the hand–eye calibration together. The proposed algorithm gives the solutions of the cameras' parameters and the hand–eye parameters simultaneously by using nonlinear optimization. Both simulations and real experiments show the superiority of our algorithm. We also apply our algorithm in the real application of the robot-assisted surgical system, and very good results have been obtained.
Hierarchical safety supervisory control strategy for robot-assisted rehabilitation exercise
Authors: Pan Lizheng , Song Aiguo , Xu Guozheng , Li Huijun , Xu Baoguo , Xiong Pengwen 
Published: February 2013

SUMMARYClinical outcomes have shown that robot-assisted rehabilitation is potential of enhancing quantification of therapeutic process for patients with stroke. During robotic rehabilitation exercise, the assistive robot must guarantee subject's safety in emergency situations, e.g., sudden spasm or twitch, abruptly severe tremor, etc. This paper presents a hierarchical control strategy, which is proposed to improve the safety and robustness of the rehabilitation system. The proposed hierarchical architecture is composed of two main components: a high-level safety supervisory controller (SSC) and low-level position-based impedance controller (PBIC). The high-level SSC is used to automatically regulate the desired force for a reasonable disturbance or timely put the emergency mode into service according to the evaluated physical state of training impaired limb (PSTIL) to achieve safety and robustness. The low-level PBIC is implemented to achieve compliance between the robotic end-effector and the impaired limb during the robot-assisted rehabilitation training. The results of preliminary experiments demonstrate the effectiveness and potentiality of the proposed method for achieving safety and robustness of the rehabilitation robot.
Does Women's Knowledge of Voting Rights Affect their Voting Behaviour in Village Elections? Evidence from a Randomized Controlled Trial in China
Authors: Pang Xiaopeng , Zeng Junxia , Rozelle Scott 
Published: February 2013

AbstractOfficials in China claim that voting rates in rural village elections are high. However, the true voting rate is lower, especially for women. We postulate that women are less likely to vote owing to insufficient knowledge about their rights. The objective of this paper is to test whether the knowledge levels of women and village leaders about women's voting rights can affect women's voting behaviour. We report on the results of a randomized controlled trial (RCT) involving 700 women in China's Fujian and Liaoning provinces. Villages were randomly assigned to either a control group or one of three intervention groups. One intervention provided voting training to women only, another provided training to both women and village leaders, and the third provided training to village leaders only. After women received training, their scores on a test of voting knowledge increased, and they more fully exercised their voting rights. When only village leaders were trained, test scores and voting behaviour were not statistically different from the control villages.
Seed dormancy in four Tibetan Plateau Vicia species and characterization of physiological changes in response of seeds to environmental factors
Authors: Hu Xiaowen , Li Tingshan , Wang Juan , Wang Yanrong , Baskin Carol C. , Baskin Jerry M. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractAlthough seed dormancy of temperate legumes is well understood, less is known about it in species that grow in subalpine/alpine areas. This study investigated dormancy and germination of four Vicia species from the Tibetan Plateau. Fresh seeds of V. sativa were permeable to water, whereas those of V. angustifolia, V. amoena and V. unijuga had physical dormancy (PY). One year of dry storage increased the proportion of impermeable seeds in V. angustifolia, but showed no effect on seed coat permeability in V. amoena or V. unijuga. Seeds of all four species also had non-deep physiological dormancy (PD), which was especially apparent in the two annuals at a high germination temperature (20°C). After 1 year of storage, PD had been lost. The hydrotime model showed that fresh seeds obtained a significantly higher median water potential [Ψb(50)] than stored seeds, implying that PD prevents germination in winter for seeds dispersed without PY when water availability is limited. After 6 months on the soil surface in the field, a high proportion of permeable seeds remained ungerminated, further suggesting that PD plays a key role in preventing germination after dispersal. Addition of fluridone, an inhibitor of abscisic acid (ABA) biosynthesis, evened-out the differences in germination between fresh and stored seeds, which points to the key role of ABA biosynthesis in maintaining dormancy. Further, fresh seeds were more sensitive to exogenous ABA than stored seeds, indicating that storage decreased embryo sensitivity to ABA. On the other hand, the gibberellic acid GA3 increased germination rate, which implies that embryo sensitivity to GA is also involved in seed dormancy regulation. This study showed that PY, PD or their combination (PY+PD) plays a key role in timing germination after dispersal, and that different intensities of dormancy occur among these four Vicia species from the Tibetan Plateau.
Effects of Early Thyroid Hormone Deficiency on Children's Autobiographical Memory Performance
Authors: Willoughby Karen A. , McAndrews Mary Pat , Rovet Joanne 
Published: February 2013

AbstractMemory deficits and hippocampal abnormalities have been described in individuals with thyroid hormone (TH) insufficiencies; however, no study has yet examined their autobiographical memory (AM) abilities, which are known to be compromised by hippocampal damage. Investigations in adults have shown that AM consists of both episodic and semantic components and that the hippocampus is preferentially involved in episodic AM. The present study used the Children's Autobiographical Interview (CAI) to study episodic and semantic AM in 79 children aged 9 to 14 years, including 26 with early-treated congenital hypothyroidism (CH), 23 born to women with inadequately treated hypothyroidism during pregnancy (HYPO), and 30 typically developing controls. Results showed that relative to controls, CH and HYPO groups both exhibited weaknesses in episodic AM, but not semantic AM. In particular, CH and HYPO groups showed difficulty in recalling event details (i.e., the main happenings) and visual details from past experiences. Overall, this study highlights the importance of TH for early neurodevelopment and provides critical new insight into the effects of early treated TH deficiency on long-term memory performance. Furthermore, the present study indicates that the CAI is an effective tool for investigating episodic AM impairment in clinical pediatric populations. (JINS, 2013, 19, 1–11)
Recognition of Positive Vocalizations Is Impaired in Behavioral-Variant Frontotemporal Dementia
Authors: Hsieh Sharpley , Hodges John R , Piguet Olivier 
Published: February 2013

AbstractRecognition of negative emotions is impaired in behavioral-variant frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD). Less is known about the identification of positive emotions. One limitation likely arises from the stimulus sets used in previous studies. The widely used Ekman 60 Faces Test, for example, consists of four negative emotions (anger, fear, disgust and sadness) but only one positive emotion (happiness). Here, patients with bvFTD (n = 9), AD (n = 9), and controls (n = 15) recognized a range of experimentally-validated positive and negative non-verbal vocalizations (e.g., cheers for triumph; retching for disgust) that have recently become available. The bvFTD group was impaired in the recognition of both positive and negative vocalizations. In contrast, performance in the AD cohort was comparable to that of controls. Findings in the bvFTD group point to a global emotion recognition deficit in this syndrome. These results are consistent with a growing body of research showing that deficits also extend to positive emotions. (JINS, 2013, 19, 1–5)
A common risk classification system for the Actuarial Profession ‐ Abstract of the Edinburgh discussion
Authors: Kelliher Patrick 
Published: February 2013

This abstract relates to the following paper:KelliherP.O.J., WilmotD., VijJ. and KlumpesP.J.M.A common risk classification system for the Actuarial Profession.British Actuarial Journal, doi:10.1017/S1357321712000293