bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
L’expérience de la douleur, une activité symbolique ?
Authors: Denizeau Laurent 
Published: December 2013

L’expérience douloureuse constitue un lieu de réflexion privilégié pour interroger les relations entre corps et esprit, sensation et pensée, matière et sens. Appuyée sur les notions actuelles des neurosciences, une lecture anthropologique de la douleur invite à dépasser l’approche psychosomatique de la relation corps-esprit pour considérer que notre expérience du monde, dans ce qu’elle suppose de plus physiologique, participe déjà d’une activité symbolique. Les travaux précurseurs de René Leriche sur la chirurgie de la douleur, relus à travers la théorie de sélection des groupes neuronaux de Gérald Edelman, permettent de penser l’inscription du symbolique au cœur même du biologique, sans pour autant réduire le symbolique au biologique. Ainsi, l’activité symbolique ne concerne pas uniquement le psychisme : le corps est déjà du sens et non uniquement un lieu neutre, objectif, où l’esprit projetterait du sens. Cette lecture anthropologique du phénomène douloureux suggère une autre approche de la question corps-esprit, non plus dans les termes dualistes de la psychosomatique mais en termes de physiosémantique (Le Breton, 1995) pour signifier l’enracinement corporel de notre condition humaine.
Culture and grammar in scientific English
Authors: Miller Thomas 
Published: December 2013

Dans cet article, on essaie de répondre à la question de savoir comment la culture se manifeste à travers la grammaire de la langue. Pour ce faire, deux articles du même domaine (c’est-à-dire traitant d’un même sujet, mais appartenant à deux genres différents) sont étudiés. L’élément culturel n’est pas seulement dépendant du sujet traité ; il ressortit aussi à la relation auteur/lecteur. Si tant de gens prétendent qu’il n’y a pas de culture dans la langue de spécialité, c’est qu’ils ne voient que le domaine, au lieu de s’intéresser au genre. La question est traitée ici du point de vue de la grammaire systémique.
La culture de la réalité virtuelle
Authors: Coulardeau Jacques 
Published: December 2013

La Réalité virtuelle révèle l’importance de la pensée visuelle dans le monde moderne. Devons-nous développer la pensée visuelle chez tous les apprenants ? La réalité virtuelle est une technologie capacitante pour la communication et est la source d’une importante amplification intellectuelle. Elle est d’autant plus importante qu’elle devient interactive. Dans ce monde, la psychologie devient essentielle et centrale. Nous devons poser que la réalité virtuelle et ses créations sont matérielles. Il en découle la question de la nature de la réalité.
Academic text: The importance of the use and comprehension of hedges
Authors: Dudley-Evans Tony 
Published: December 2013

Les auteurs d’articles scientifiques recourent fréquemment à la « précaution oratoire » (hedging), grâce à laquelle ils se distancient des affirmations qu’ils avancent. La raison d’être de cette pratique est la prudence inhérente à tout écrit scientifique. Il existe d’autres explications sociologiquement intéressantes. Plusieurs types d’exercices sont passés en revue, qui permettent à des étudiants d’anglais de spécialité de maîtriser les différents aspects linguistiques, psychologiques et sociologiques de la précaution oratoire.
Capital social et gouvernance des ressources naturelles collectives au Bushi dans le contexte post-conflit
Authors: Basimine Jules Barhalengehwa , Sanginga Pascal 
Published: December 2013

Ce chapitre décrit les stratégies efficaces pour renforcer le capital social qui induirait des actions collectives bénéfiques de gouvernance des ressources naturelles, particulièrement dans les agroécosystèmes comme les marais et les collines au Bushi dans un contexte post-conflit. Il met en évidence les résultats d’une recherche-action sur la gouvernance des ressources naturelles dans la région du Sud Kivu. Des enquêtes par questionnaire sur 350 ménages, des focus groups et quelques entrevues ont été réalisés. L’analyse factorielle exploratoire a permis de résumer les données et identifier les dimensions du capital social les plus explicatives tandis que la fiabilité de l’échelle de mesure a été testée par le coefficient Alpha de cronbach. Les résultats de l’étude démontrent que pour renforcer le capital social qui induirait des actions collectives de gouvernance des ressources naturelles dans un contexte post-conflit, il est impérieux de travailler systématiquement dans l’ordre prioritaire suivant : sur les interactions sociales entre les habitants des villages, ensuite sur les rapports entre associations locales sous forme des réseaux de gouvernance des ressources naturelles, puis sur les rapports entre populations et autorités locales et enfin pour une bonne gouvernance des terres et champs des collines au Bushi, il faudrait finalement aussi travailler sur la mise en évidence des normes, sanctions et conventions collectives.
Anti-HIV Antibody–Dependent Activation of NK Cells Impairs NKp46 Expression
Authors: Parsons Matthew S. , Tang Chi-Chang , Jegaskanda Sinthujan , Center Robert J. , Brooks Andrew G. , Stratov Ivan , Kent Stephen J. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
There is much interest in the potential of Ab-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) to slow disease progression following HIV infection. Despite several studies demonstrating a positive association between ADCC and slower disease progression, it is possible that continued stimulation of NK cells by ADCC during chronic HIV infection could render these cells dysfunctional. Indeed, activation of NK cells by ADCC results in matrix metalloproteinase–induced reductions in CD16 expression and activation refractory periods. In addition, ex vivo analyses of NK cells from HIV-infected individuals revealed other alterations in phenotype, such as decreased expression of the activating NKp46 receptor that is essential for NK-mediated antitumor responses and immunity from infection. Because NKp46 shares a signaling pathway with CD16, we hypothesized that activation-induced downregulation of both receptors could be controlled by a common mechanism. We found that activation of NK cells by anti-HIV or anti-CD16 Abs resulted in NKp46 downregulation. The addition of a matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor attenuated NKp46 downregulation following NK cell activation by anti-HIV Abs. Consequently, these results suggest that continued stimulation through CD16 has the potential to impair natural cytotoxicity via attenuation of NKp46-dependent signals.
The Pore-Forming Toxin Listeriolysin O Is Degraded by Neutrophil Metalloproteinase-8 and Fails To Mediate Listeria monocytogenes Intracellular Survival in Neutrophils
Authors: Arnett Eusondia , Vadia Stephen , Nackerman Colleen C. , Oghumu Steve , Satoskar Abhay R. , McLeish Kenneth R. , Uriarte Silvia M. , Seveau Stephanie 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
The pore-forming toxin listeriolysin O (LLO) is a major virulence factor secreted by the facultative intracellular pathogen Listeria monocytogenes. This toxin facilitates L. monocytogenes intracellular survival in macrophages and diverse nonphagocytic cells by disrupting the internalization vesicle, releasing the bacterium into its replicative niche, the cytosol. Neutrophils are innate immune cells that play an important role in the control of infections, yet it was unknown if LLO could confer a survival advantage to L. monocytogenes in neutrophils. We report that LLO can enhance the phagocytic efficiency of human neutrophils and is unable to protect L. monocytogenes from intracellular killing. To explain the absence of L. monocytogenes survival in neutrophils, we hypothesized that neutrophil degranulation leads to the release of LLO-neutralizing molecules in the forming phagosome. In support of this, L. monocytogenes is a potent inducer of neutrophil degranulation, since its virulence factors, such as LLO, facilitate granule exocytosis. Within the first few minutes of interaction with L. monocytogenes, granules can fuse with the plasma membrane at the bacterial interaction site before closure of the phagosome. Furthermore, granule products directly degrade LLO, irreversibly inhibiting its activity. The matrix metalloproteinase-8, stored in secondary granules, was identified as an endoprotease that degrades LLO, and blocking neutrophil proteases increased L. monocytogenes intracellular survival. In conclusion, we propose that LLO degradation by matrix metalloproteinase-8 during phagocytosis protects neutrophil membranes from perforation and contributes to maintaining L. monocytogenes in a bactericidal phagosome from which it cannot escape.
Instrumented elephant seals reveal the seasonality in chlorophyll and light‐mixing regime in the iron‐fertilized Southern Ocean
Authors: Blain Stéphane , Renaut Sophie , Xing Xiaogang , Claustre Hervé , Guinet Christophe 
Published: December 2013

AbstractWe analyze an original large data set of concurrent in situ measurements of fluorescence, temperature and salinity provided by sensors mounted on the elephant seals of Kerguelen Island. Our results were mainly gathered in regions of the Southern Ocean where the typical iron limitation is relieved by natural iron fertilization. Thus the role of light as the proximal factor of control of phytoplankton can be examined. We show that self‐shading, and consequently stratification, are major factors controlling the integrated biomass during the bloom induced by iron fertilization. When the mixed layer was the shallowest, the maximum ChlML achievable by the given light‐mixing regime was however not reached, most likely due to silicic acid limitation. We also show that a favorable light‐mixing regime prevails after the spring equinox and is maintained for roughly seven months (October–April).
Equation of state for silicate melts: A comparison between static and shock compression
Authors: Wakabayashi Daisuke , Funamori Nobumasa , Sato Tomoko , Sekine Toshimori 
Published: December 2013

AbstractThe density data of silicate melts reported by static and shock compression have been compared quantitatively at the pressure condition of the Earth's deep upper mantle. The equation of state based on the static compression data cannot explain the shock compression data, and the systematic differences between them have been revealed. The shock temperatures were estimated with different methods among papers, and the reported values differed considerably from one another. The shock temperatures estimated by assuming phase‐transition‐like structural changes in melts lie between the previous estimates. Many of them are well below the liquidus temperatures of each sample, suggesting that the sample state may have been altered during the shock compression. In addition, some of the shock compression data reanalyzed in the recent paper differ considerably from the original. These results suggest that silicate melts show phase‐transition‐like structural changes at high pressures, which are consistent with the static compression data.
Aligned glaciotectonic rafts on the central Barents Sea seafloor revealing extensive glacitectonic erosion during the last deglaciation
Authors: Rüther Denise Christina , Andreassen Karin , Spagnolo Matteo 
Published: December 2013

AbstractErosion rates on glaciated continental shelves are remarkably high, especially within ice stream troughs. Although glaciotectonic erosion may have considerably contributed to enhanced glacial erosion of these landscapes, entrainment mechanisms of glaciotectonically emplaced megablocks and rafts remain little understood. Here we report a northeast‐southwest trending chain of over 1300 glacial rafts, observed on the seafloor in Bjørnøyrenna, a paleo‐ice stream trough with particularly high erosion rates. The landform assemblage adjacent to the glacial rafts includes streamlined bedforms and crevasse‐squeeze ridges and may represent a lateral shear zone where a paleo‐ice stream met cold stagnant ice during the last deglaciation. Individual glacial rafts along the chain are up to 30 m high, tend to be elongated with lengths and widths on the order of tens of meters, and are oriented from northeast‐southwest to north‐south. The north‐southern rearrangement of rafts may reflect a compressional strain regime along the ice stream margin.
Last Glacial Maximum ice sheet impacts on North Atlantic climate variability: The importance of the sea ice lid
Authors: Vettoretti Guido , Peltier W. Richard 
Published: December 2013

AbstractLast Glacial Maximum (LGM) ICE‐5G (VM2), ICE‐6G (VM5a), and Paleoclimate Modelling Intercomparison Project Phase 3 ice sheet reconstructions are employed in high‐resolution coupled climate model simulations to investigate the changes they induce in North Atlantic climate variability. An initial ICE‐5G (VM2) experiment develops a rapid increase of sea ice extent once a thermal threshold is exceeded in this multimillennial simulation. Subpolar sea ice concentration and thickness are found to be strongly impacted by topographically induced downstream thermal effects from the Laurentide Ice Sheet in each of the reconstructions. However, in the two additional LGM perturbation experiments, the modeled changes in sea ice area are sufficiently similar to the LGM ICE‐5G (VM2) experiment to lead to an equilibrium Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation strength that is also reduced by the same ~40% from preindustrial even though we find significant variation among the models in the deep convection regions of the subpolar glacial North Atlantic. Model‐predicted sea ice concentrations in this critical region exceed those based upon multiproxy reconstructions, and we trace these significant differences to the intensity of the interannual variability of sea ice cover predictions.
Seismic velocity changes in the epicentral region of the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake measured from three‐component ambient noise correlation techniques
Authors: Liu Zhikun , Huang Jinli , Peng Zhigang , Su Jinrong 
Published: December 2013

AbstractWe investigate temporal changes of seismic velocity in the epicentral region of the 12 May 2008 Mw 7.9 Wenchuan earthquake using three‐component continuous waveforms recorded by a seven‐station small‐aperture array. We use an ambient noise cross‐correlation technique to compute the empirical Green's function between station pairs from August 2004 to September 2011. Our results show no obvious precursory change immediately before the main shock, clear coseismic reduction of seismic velocity of up to 0.2%, and initial postseismic recovery followed by a long‐lived velocity reduction. The coseismic and postseismic velocity changes are most prominent in the period band of 2–4 s (approximate depth of 1–4 km), and the velocity changes are smaller in other period bands. The seismic velocity in the period band of 1–2 s (i.e., top 2 km) correlates well with the water level change of the Zipingpu Reservoir. The observed temporal changes likely reflect damage and healing processes with possible permanent deformation in the upper crust associated with the Wenchuan main shock.
Controlled delivery of growth‐hormone‐releasing peptide 6 from the poly(lactic‐co‐glycolic acid)–poly(ethylene glycol)–poly(lactic‐co‐glycolic acid) copolymer and the effect of a growth‐hormone‐releasing peptide 6–copolymer hydrogel on the growth of rex rabbits
Authors: Guan Yuan , Li Xinwei , Zhang Xin , Cheng Yunyun , Su Dan , Lu Chao , Fang Xibi , Ma Qiang , Zhang Dawei , Yu Hao , Hao Linlin , Liu Songcai 
Published: December 2013

ABSTRACTGrowth‐hormone‐releasing peptide 6 (GHRP‐6) plays an important role in animal growth. However, there have been few studies focusing on the effect of GHRP‐6 on animal growth through controlled release systems. We synthesized the poly(lactic‐co‐glycolic acid) (PLGA)–poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)–PLGA copolymer to investigate its controlled released effect on GHRP‐6 in vitro and to study the effect of a GHRP‐6–copolymer hydrogel on the growth of rex rabbits. The copolymer was synthesized with ring‐opening copolymerization and characterized by 1H‐NMR. The interaction between GHRP‐6 and the copolymer was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X‐ray diffraction. The body weight, serum level of insulin‐like growth factor 1 (IGF‐1), and hair coat quality were studied in rex rabbits. The results show that hydrogen bonds formed between the NH group in GHRP‐6 and the CO group in the copolymer. The release mechanism of GHRP‐6 was a combination of a diffusion‐controlled mechanism and an erosion‐controlled mechanism in the copolymer. The serum level of IGF‐1, hair coat quality, and body weight were all significantly higher in the GHRP‐6–copolymer hydrogel group than in the other groups. These results indicate that the copolymer effectively controlled the release of GHRP‐6. In addition, the GHRP‐6–copolymer hydrogel increased the synthesis of IGF‐1 for a prolonged period and, thereby, increased the rex rabbits' growth and hair coat quality. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40185.
Flexible memory retrieval in bilingual 6‐month‐old infants
Authors: Brito Natalie , Barr Rachel 
Published: December 2013

ABSTRACTMemory flexibility is a hallmark of the human memory system. As indexed by generalization between perceptually dissimilar objects, memory flexibility develops gradually during infancy. A recent study has found a bilingual advantage in memory generalization at 18 months of age [Brito and Barr [2012] Developmental Science, 15, 812–816], and the present study examines when this advantage may first emerge. In the current study, bilingual 6‐month‐olds were more likely than monolinguals to generalize to a puppet that differed in two features (shape and color) than monolingual 6‐month‐olds. When challenged with a less complex change, two puppets that differed only in one feature—color, monolingual 6‐month‐olds were also able to generalize. These findings demonstrate early emerging differences in memory generalization in bilingual infants, and have important implications for our understanding of how early environmental variations shape the trajectory of memory development. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 56: 1156–1163, 2014.
Effects of silver nanoparticles (NM-300K) on Lumbricus rubellus earthworms and particle characterization in relevant test matrices including soil
Authors: van der Ploeg Merel J.C. , Handy Richard D. , Waalewijn-Kool Pauline L. , van den Berg Johannes H.J. , Herrera Rivera Zahira E. , Bovenschen Jan , Molleman Bastiaan , Baveco Johannes M. , Tromp Peter , Peters Ruud J.B. , Koopmans Gerwin F. , Rietjens Ivonne M.C.M. , van den Brink Nico W. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract

The impact of silver nanoparticles (AgNP; at 0 mg Ag/kg, 1.5 mg Ag/kg, 15.4 mg Ag/kg, and 154 mg Ag/kg soil) and silver nitrate (AgNO3; 15.4 mg Ag/kg soil) on earthworms, Lumbricus rubellus, was assessed. A 4-wk exposure to the highest AgNP treatment reduced growth and reproduction compared with the control. Silver nitrate (AgNO3) exposure also impaired reproduction, but not as much as the highest AgNP treatment. Long-term exposure to the highest AgNP treatment caused complete juvenile mortality. All AgNP treatments induced tissue pathology. Population modeling demonstrated reduced population growth rates for the AgNP and AgNO3 treatments, and no population growth at the highest AgNP treatment because of juvenile mortality. Analysis of AgNP treated soil samples revealed that single AgNP and AgNP clusters were present in the soil, and that the total Ag in soil porewater remained high throughout the long-term experiment. In addition, immune cells (coelomocytes) of earthworms showed sensitivity to both AgNP and AgNO3 in vitro. Overall, the present study indicates that AgNP exposure may affect earthworm populations and that the exposure may be prolonged because of the release of a dissolved Ag fraction to soil porewater. Environ Toxicol Chem 2014;33:743–752. © 2013 SETAC
Testing the individual effective dose hypothesis
Authors: Vu Hung T. , Klaine Stephen J. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract

The assumption of the individual effective dose is the basis for the probit method used for analyzing dose or concentration–response data. According to this assumption, each individual has a uniquely innate tolerance expressed as the individual effective dose (IED) or the smallest dose that is sufficient to kill the individual. An alternative to IED, stochasticity suggests that individuals do not have uniquely innate tolerance; deaths result from random processes occurring among similar individuals. Although the probit method has been used extensively in toxicology, the underlying assumption has not been tested rigorously. The goal of the present study was to test which assumption, IED or stochasticity, best explained the response of Daphnia magna exposed to multiple pulses of copper sulfate (CuSO4) over 24 d. Daphnia magna were exposed to subsequent age-dependent 24-h median lethal concentrations (LC50s) of copper (Cu). Age-dependent 24-h LC50 values and Cu depuration test were determined prior to the 24-d bioassay. The LC50 values were inversely related to organism age. The Cu depuration of D. magna did not depend on age or Cu concentration, and 5 d was sufficient recovery time. Daphnia magna were exposed to 4 24-h Cu exposures, and surviving organisms after each exposure were transferred to Cu-free culture media for recovery before the next exposure. Stochasticity appropriately explained the survival and reproduction response of D. magna exposed to Cu. Environ Toxicol Chem 2014;33:791–797. © 2013 SETAC
Surface water mineralization of isopyrazam according to OECD 309: Observations on implementation of the new data requirement within agrochemical regulation
Authors: Hand Laurence H. , Moreland Harriet J. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract

A surface water mineralization study (according to the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development [OECD] guideline OECD 309) is a new requirement in European Union agrochemical regulations; therefore, industry has little experience with this test. The guideline allows for a number of options within the test design, notably the options to conduct the study under diffuse light and to include an inoculum of suspended sediment. The present study was designed to investigate the potential impact of these options on the degradation rate of a representative compound. The fungicide, isopyrazam, was chosen as it was previously shown to be susceptible to metabolism by phototrophic organisms under a fluorescent light–dark cycle. The impact of diffuse light was investigated at light intensities representative of those at depth in large, open water bodies (&lt;7% of the incident intensity), and it was demonstrated that metabolism of isopyrazam by phototrophic microorganisms was rapid (median degradation time for 50% of the test compound [DT50] &lt; 50 d), whereas degradation in continuous darkness was negligible. Furthermore, investigation at 2 different light intensities resulted in similar degradation rates, indicating that this transformation mechanism was not proportional to light intensity, provided that there was sufficient light for photosynthesis to occur. Inclusion of suspended sediment did not have a significant impact on the degradation rate of isopyrazam, except at extremely high sediment concentrations, which were not considered representative of conditions in large, open water bodies. Environ Toxicol Chem 2014;33:516–524. © 2013 SETAC