bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The State of the Question Regarding Early Medieval Fortress Construction in Southern Germany
Authors: Ettel Peter 
Published: February 2014

AbstractEarly medieval fortresses and fortifications in southern Germany, and consequently both within the Frankish region and in the region influenced by the Franks, usually filled more than one function. Indeed, even large‐scale fortifications, which sometimes are denoted simply as refuges (Germ. Fluchtburgen) often can be identified as multi‐functional. Fortresses were a central tool of rule for kings, the church, and the high nobility beginning in the seventh century, and then especially again during the tenth century. This was equally true in the context of the development of territorial lordships, and in the assarting and development of new lands, both within long‐settled areas and on the frontier, from the tenth century onwards, and went hand in hand with the development of new types of fortifications. In addition, fortifications also served as symbols of power. The nobility certainly always had a part to play in these developments, and sometimes a decisive role. Thus, rather than a “dark century,” the tenth century saw a flowering in the construction of fortresses and fortifications, which were more multifunctional, multi‐dimensional, and differentiated than had been true at any other period in the early Middle Ages.
New Perspectives on the Legal History of the Middle East? Rediscovering Jacques Berque, the “Field Historian”
Authors: Clément Anne 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThis article explores Jacques Berque's early works on the legal history and anthropology of the Maghreb, originally published between 1936 and 1958 and republished about a decade ago. In the midst of the current debates about legal reform in the Middle East and North Africa, this paper argues that both Berque's method and his theoretical contributions can serve as a powerful framework to better approach the phenomenon of legal pluralism in the region. Developed at a time when the study of law was strictly divided between Orientalists, anthropologists, and social historians, Berque's truly interdisciplinary method sought to transcend the prevailing barriers and dichotomies by holistically apprehending the “legal life” of the populations studied. Such an approach subsequently allowed him to explore issues of legal and normative pluralism by focusing on the multiple symbioses betweensharī‘aand customary law and by considering the region's legal history as a succession of creations, destructions, and revivals of these syntheses.
Switch to raltegravir decreases soluble CD14 in virologically suppressed overweight women: the Women, Integrase and Fat Accumulation Trial
Authors: Lake JE , McComsey GA , Hulgan T , Wanke CA , Mangili A , Walmsley SL , Stramotas SA , Tracy R , Currier JS 
Published: February 2014

ObjectivesSoluble CD14 (sCD14) is a monocyte activation marker associated with increased mortality in HIV infection. We assessed 48‐week changes in sCD14 and other inflammatory biomarkers in virologically suppressed, HIV‐infected women switching to raltegravir (RAL) from a protease inhibitor (PI) or nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI).MethodsHIV‐infected women with central adiposity and HIV‐1 RNA < 50 HIV‐1 RNA copies/mL continued their thymidine‐sparing nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) backbone and were randomized to switch to open‐label RAL at week 0 (immediate) or 24 (delayed). In an exploratory analysis, inflammatory biomarkers were measured on stored fasting plasma.ResultsOf the 37 evaluable subjects, 78% were non‐White; the median age was 43 years, the median body mass index (BMI) was 32 kg/m2 and the median CD4 count was 558 cells/μL. At baseline, biomarker values were similar between groups. After 24 weeks, median sCD14 significantly declined in subjects switching to RAL [−21% (P < 0.001) vs. PI/NNRTI −5% (P = 0.49); between‐group P < 0.01]. After 48 weeks, immediate‐switch subjects maintained this decline and delayed‐switch subjects experienced a similar decline following the switch to RAL (−10%; within‐group P < 0.01). Immediate‐switch subjects also experienced an initial increase in tumour necrosis factor (TNF)‐α that was neither maintained after 48 weeks nor seen in delayed‐switch subjects. After adjustment for multiple testing, only declines in sCD14 remained significant.ConclusionsIn this randomized trial of women with central adiposity, a switch to RAL from a PI or NNRTI was associated with a statistically significant decline in sCD14. Further studies are needed to determine whether integrase inhibitors have improved monocyte activation profiles compared with PIs and/or NNRTIs, and whether measured differences between antiretroviral agents translate to demonstrable clinical benefit.
Contradictory Fin-de Siècle Reform: German Masculinity, the Academic Honor Code, and the Movement against the Pistol Duel in Universities, 1890–1914
Authors: Zwicker Lisa Fetheringill 
Published: February 2014

The pistol remains the weapon of cripples, the senile, and those infected with a communicable disease. The murder instrument of the highwayman, the dastardly, insidious pistol, is the preferred weapon of the officer.—Hugo Böttger, Editor of theBurschenschaftliche BlätterEven though fraternity men glorified their duels with swords, a series of frivolous pistol duels with deadly ends led students to organize a movement against pistol duels that swept German universities in 1902 and 1903. Students argued that pistol duels violated the rules of reason, morality, and religion—and were thus also purportedly un-German. Male students organized assemblies, made passionate speeches, and passed resolutions in opposition to the pistol duel. They then sent these resolutions to the War Ministers in Prussia, Bavaria, and Saxony. Burschenschaft fraternity men built on their long tradition of liberal political activism and convened assemblies in Berlin, Bonn, Breslau, Freiburg, Giessen, Greifswald, Halle, Kiel, Königsberg, Leipzig, Marburg, Munich, Rostock, and Tübingen and passed resolutions inspired by the movement. Some of these assemblies drew large numbers of students, for example, 600 students in attendance in Leipzig, 1,500 in Munich, and 1,500 in Freiburg. In Berlin, leaders of 67 organizations representing 2,400 members signed petitions against the pistol duel. Other universities not included were majority Catholic institutions, such as Münster or Würzburg, where the opposition to all forms of the duel was even stronger as a result of the Catholic Church's prohibition against dueling. Reaching universities throughout Germany, this movement united students from across the political spectrum.
Because It's Good for You: An Argument for History of Education in Liberal Education
Authors: Graves Karen 
Published: February 2014

Whatever we determine a good education to be, and a well-educated person to be, our teachers should be that and no less—not because they are teachers but because they are persons.“This is what college is supposed to be like!” That is what I thought before I was too far along in my EPS 201 course, “Social Foundations of American Education,” at the University of Illinois. I was a transfer student, and it was my first semester at the university. The professor was Paul Violas and my teaching assistant (TA) was Steve Tozer; the course was a survey of the history of education in the United States. I recall one day we had a guest lecture by Professor James Anderson, who drew material from a new book he was working on. What we learned in EPS 201 was substantial. It was, far and away, the most meaningful course in my undergraduate education. It was, also, the most significant preparation I had as a secondary school mathematics teacher.
Cannon‐ball bladder stones: a complication of prolonged recumbence and benign prostate enlargement
Authors: Mandal Swarnendu , Massey Mercy , Goel Apul 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACTChronically bedridden patients are predisposed to various urological complications such as urinary infections, incomplete urinary bladder emptying after voiding and stone formation in the urinary tract, more so in the absence of good nursing care. Multiple giant bladder stones giving rise to ‘cannon ball’ appearance have rarely been reported. We present the case of an 85‐year‐old frail gentleman who was bedridden for the last 25 years and presented with haematuria. On evaluation he was found to have multiple large bladder stones and bladder diverticuli with enlarged prostate gland. This case highlights a relatively rare urological complication of prolonged recumbency, and emphasizes the importance of proper nursing care, early detection, management and prevention of such complications.
Bilateral oral focal mucinosis on the palate of a 2‐year‐old child: a case report
Authors: Woo Johnathan , Cheung Wa Sham 
Published: February 2014

BackgroundOral focal mucinosis (OFM) is an uncommon benign oral lesion. The aetiology of the lesion is unknown. Histologically, it appears as a well‐circumscribed myxomatous mass surrounded by denser, collagenous connective tissue. Most cases of OFM were found in adults. It is very unusual for young children to have OFM.Case ReportA case of OFM in a 2‐year‐old child is reported. The patient was presented with non‐painful bilateral enlargements on the palate. The overlying mucosa was smooth and not ulcerated and appeared in the same colour as the adjacent tissue. The histology of the lesion showed myxomatous mass indicative of OFM. Treatment consisted of surgically removing the lesions under general anaesthetic.ConclusionPaediatric dentists should consider OFM in their differential diagnosis of soft tissue oral lesions in children.
Assessing the impact of public health interventions on the transmission of pandemicH1N1 influenza a virus aboard a Peruvian navy ship
Authors: Vera Delphis M. , Hora Ricardo A. , Murillo Anarina , Wong Juan F. , Torre Armando J. , Wang David , Boulay Darbi , Hancock Kathy , Katz Jacqueline M. , Ramos Mariana , Loayza Luis , Quispe Jose , Reaves Erik J. , Bausch Daniel G. , Chowell Gerardo , Montgomery Joel M. 
Published: February 2014

BackgroundLimited data exist on transmission dynamics and effectiveness of control measures for influenza in confined settings.ObjectivesTo investigate the transmission dynamics of a 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza A outbreak aboard a Peruvian Navy ship and quantify the effectiveness of the implemented control measures.MethodsWe used surveillance data and a simple stochastic epidemic model to characterize and evaluate the effectiveness of control interventions implemented during an outbreak of 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza A aboard a Peruvian Navy ship.ResultsThe serological attack rate for the outbreak was 49·1%, with younger cadets and low‐ranking officers at greater risk of infection than older, higher‐ranking officers. Our transmission model yielded a good fit to the daily time series of new influenza cases by date of symptom onset. We estimated a reduction of 54·4% in the reproduction number during the period of intense control interventions.ConclusionOur results indicate that the patient isolation strategy and other control measures put in place during the outbreak reduced the infectiousness of isolated individuals by 86·7%. Our findings support that early implementation of control interventions can limit the spread of influenza epidemics in confined settings.
Ultrastructural and elemental analysis of sialoliths and their comparison with nephroliths
Authors: Rakesh Nagaraju , Bhoomareddy Kantharaj Yashoda Devi , Agarwal Manjushree , Agarwal Kunal 
Published: February 2014

AbstractAimSialoliths are common in the submandibular gland and its duct system, although their exact cause of formation is still a matter of debate. The aims of this study were to: (a) analyze sialoliths ultrastructurally, and to determine the role of foreign bodies or organic materials in the formation of sialolith nuclei; and (b) compare nephroliths with sialoliths ultrastructurally.MethodsThree sialoliths and two nephroliths were analyzed ultrastructurally by a scanning electron microscope and X‐ray diffractometer.ResultsThe main structures of the sialoliths were found to be hydroxyapatite crystals. No organic cores were observed in the central parts of the sialoliths. In nephroliths, calcium oxalate, calcium phosphate, and struvite crystals were found. The energy‐dispersive X‐ray microanalysis found that sialoliths and nephroliths were predominantly composed of elements comprising calcium, phosphorous, magnesium, sodium, chloride, silicon, iron, and potassium.ConclusionSialoliths in the submandibular salivary glands might form secondary to sialadenitis, but not via a luminal organic nidus.
Microwave‐assisted Hydrothermal Synthesis of Single‐crystal Nanorods of Rhabdophane‐type Sr‐doped LaPO4·nH2O
Authors: Colomer María T. , Delgado Ismael , Ortiz Angel L. , Fariñas Juan C. 
Published: February 2014

A novel, simple, soft, and fast microwave‐assisted hydrothermal method was used for the preparation of single‐crystal nanorods of hexagonal rhabdophane‐type La1−xSrxPO4−x/2·nH2O (x = 0 or 0.02) from commercially available La(NO3)3·6H2O, Sr(NO3)2, and H3PO4. The synthesis was conducted at 130°C for 20 min in a sealed‐vessel microwave reactor specifically designed for synthetic applications, and the resulting products were characterized using a wide battery of analytical techniques. Highly uniform, well‐shaped nanorods of LaPO4·nH2O and La0.98Sr0.02PO3.99·nH2O were readily obtained, with average length of 213 ± 41 nm and 102 ± 25 nm, average aspect ratio (ratio between length and diameter) of 21 ± 9 and 12 ± 5, and specific surface area of 45 ± 2 and 51 ± 1 m2/g, respectively. In both cases, the single‐crystal nanorods grew anisotropically along their c crystallographic‐axis direction. At 700°C, the hexagonal rhabdophane‐type phase has already transformed into the monoclinic monazite‐type structure, although the undoped and Sr‐doped nanorods retain their morphological features and specific surface area during calcination.
Effect of BiMeO3 on the Phase Structure, Ferroelectric Stability, and Properties of Lead‐Free Bi0.5(Na0.80K0.20)0.5TiO3 Ceramics
Authors: Hao Jigong , Shen Bo , Zhai Jiwei , Chen Haydn 
Published: February 2014

The effects of BiMeO3 (Me = Fe, Sc, Mn, Al) addition on the phase transition and electrical properties of Bi0.5(Na0.80K0.20)0.5TiO3 (BNKT20) lead‐free piezoceramics were systematically investigated. Results showed that addition of BiFeO3 into BNKT20 induces a phase transition from tetragonal–rhombohedral coexisted phases to a tetragonal phase with the observation of enhanced piezoelectric properties (d33 = 150 pC/N for 0.02BiFeO3). BiScO3, BiMnO3, and BiAlO3 substitutions into BNKT20 induce a phase transition from coexistence of ferroelectric tetragonal and rhombohedral to a relaxor pseudocubic with a significant disruption of the long‐range ferroelectric order, and correspondingly adjusts the ferroelectric–relaxor transition point TF–R to room temperature. Accordingly, large accompanying normalized strains of 0.34%–0.36% are obtained near the ferroelectric–relaxor phase boundary, and the mergence of large strain response can be ascribed to a reversible field‐induced ergodic relaxor‐to‐ferroelectric phase transformation. Moreover, our study also revealed that the composition located at the ferroelectric–relaxor phase boundary where the strain response is consistently derivable shifts to a BNKT20‐rich composition as the tolerance factor t of the end‐member BiMeO3 increases, and this relationship is expected to provide a guideline for designing high‐performance (Bi0.5Na0.5)TiO3‐based materials by searching the ferroelectric–relaxor phase boundary.
Short‐Range Order in Ge–As–Te Glasses
Authors: Jóvári Pál , Lucas Pierre , Yang Zhiyong , Bureau Bruno , Kaban Ivan , Beuneu Brigitte , Bednarčik Jozef 
Published: February 2014

The structure of Te‐rich (75–80 at.% Te) and Te‐poor (40 at.% Te) Ge–As–Te glasses has been investigated by diffraction and extended X‐ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) measurements. Large‐scale structural models have been created by fitting simultaneously diffraction and EXAFS datasets by the reverse Monte Carlo simulation technique. It is found that As–As bonds improve the fit quality in the case of Te‐rich glasses while no Ge–Ge bonding is necessary in these compositions. In the Te‐poor glasses, Te–Te homopolar bonds are also observed while Ge binds preferentially to Te rather than to As. Ge–As and Ge–Te coordination numbers do not change significantly with increasing Ge content.
Microstructure Development of PZT Ceramics by Doping with Small Amounts of Al2O3, SiO2, and Fe2O3
Authors: Kühnlein Tobias , Stiegelschmitt Alfons , Roosen Andreas , Rauscher Martin 
Published: February 2014

Lead zirconate titanate (PZT) ceramics are used in a wide range of applications as sensors and actuators. Typically, they are formulated by the mixed oxide route, using several mixing and milling steps. Due to wear, these processes introduce impurities into the ceramic mass, which on their part can strongly influence densification behaviour and final properties of the PZT. In this study, the effect of such impurities, such as iron oxide, alumina, and silica, on the sintering behaviour and microstructure development of PZT ceramic is evaluated. A commercial Nb‐doped PZT powder was used and doped by adding Al2O3, SiO2, and Fe2O3 with an amount of up to 0.001 mol%. Bulk samples were prepared and sintered in air. The mass loss, density, and grain size were correlated by regression analysis using the doping elements and levels, respectively. Due to the complex interactions between the oxides and the ceramic properties, the experiments were performed with the design‐of‐experiment method (DoE). The results showed a significant influence of these low amounts of doping levels on the microstructure development. Moreover, it was shown that doping after calcination affects the microstructure in a similar way to doping before calcination. Thus, a possibility to compensate concentration variations in the calcined ceramic mass is demonstrated, to homogenize the chemical composition and the final microstructure of the sintered PZT ceramic in the manufacturing processes.
Dielectric Relaxor Evolution and Frequency‐Insensitive Giant Strains in (Bi0.5Na0.5)TiO3‐Modified Bi(Mg0.5Ti0.5)O3–PbTiO3 Ferroelectric Ceramics
Authors: Zhao Wanli , Zuo Ruzhong , Zheng Donggeng , Li Longtu 
Published: February 2014

The 0.45Bi(Mg0.5Ti0.5)O3–(0.55 − x)PbTiO3–x(Bi0.5Na0.5)TiO3 (BMT–PT–xBNT) ternary solid solution ceramics were prepared via a conventional solid‐state reaction method; the evolution of dielectric relaxor behavior and the electrostrain features were investigated. The XRD and dielectric measurements showed that all studied compositions own a single pseudocubic perovskite structure and undergo a diffuse‐to‐relaxor phase transition owing to the evolution of the domain from a frozen state to a dynamic state. The formation of the above dielectric relaxor behavior was further confirmed by a couple of measurements such as polarization loops, polarization current density curves, as well as bipolar strain loops. A large strain value of ~0.41% at a driving field of 7 kV/mm (normalized strain d33* of ~590 pm/V) was obtained at room temperature for the composition with x = 0.32, which is located near the boundary between ergodic and nonergodic relaxor. Moreover, this electric field‐induced large strain was found to own a frequency‐insensitive characteristic.
Sodium Doping Effects on Layered Cobaltate Bi2Sr2Co2Oy Thin Films
Authors: Wei Renhuai , Tang Xianwu , Hui Zhenzhen , Yang Jie , Hu Ling , Chen Li , Dai Jianming , Zhu Xuebin , Sun Yuping 
Published: February 2014

Highly c‐axis oriented Bi2−xNaxSr2Co2Oy (x = 0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3) thin films were successfully deposited onto LaAlO3 (0 0 1) single crystal substrates by the chemical solution deposition method. The Na‐doping effects on microstructures as well as transport and thermoelectric properties were investigated. The crystallite size normal to the thin film surface was decreased with Na doping, and the carrier concentration and mobility was enhanced and decreased, respectively. As for the transport properties, it is suggested that Na‐doping‐induced disorders play a more important role at low temperatures, while at the medium temperature the doping play a trivial role, at higher temperatures Na‐doping weakens the electron correlation. Combined with the transport properties and Seebeck coefficient results, it is suggested that the thermoelectric properties are mainly controlled by carrier concentration due to the hole doping in blocking layers. Power factor at 300 K was enhanced about 22% for the Bi1.7Na0.3Sr2Co2Oy thin film as compared with that of the undoped thin films, suggesting that Na doping at blocking layer in Bi2Sr2Co2Oy was an effective route to enhance the thermoelectric power factor.
A longitudinal exploration of ‘Four Critical Moments’ during treatment trajectory in patients with operable lung cancer and the feasibility of an exercise intervention: a research protocol
Authors: Missel Malene , Pedersen Jesper Holst , Hendriksen Carsten , Tewes Marianne , Christensen Karl Bang , Adamsen Lis 
Published: February 2014

AbstractAimThis article described a research protocol for a study exploring the lived experiences of patients with operable lung cancer in daily life at ‘Four Critical Moments’ during the disease and treatment trajectory.BackgroundPatients with lung cancer may experience complex problems during the disease and treatment trajectory, and studies conclude this population to be at higher risk in developing emotional distress than other cancer populations. It is required to explore the supportive needs of patients with lung cancer through the treatment trajectory.DesignA longitudinal design with a method of multiple data collection. The study is performed at four time points ‘Four Critical Moments’.MethodsThe study contained three samples. Sample I and sample II explored the expected four critical moments for patients with operable lung cancer within the first 4 months following diagnosis and surgery. Sample III explored the patients' participation and the feasibility of an exercise intervention targeting patients with operable lung cancer. For all three samples, interviews will be performed: (1) 5 days following diagnosis; (2) the day after surgery; (3) 7 weeks; and (4) 4 months following surgery. Data from questionnaires for all three samples will be collected at baseline and 4 months following surgery.DiscussionThe study will add new perspectives on the lived experiences of patients with lung cancer along the treatment trajectory based on empirical and theoretical findings for both the general lung cancer population and patients participating in an exercise intervention. This will provide a basis for optimizing and developing interventions for patients with lung cancer starting in the surgical context.
What Does Society Owe Me If I Am Responsible for Being Worse Off?
Authors: Andersen Martin Marchman 
Published: February 2014

AbstractLuck egalitarians need to address the question of cost‐responsibility: If an individual is responsible for being worse off than others, then what benefits, if any, is that individual uniquely cost‐responsible for? By applying luck egalitarianism to justice in health I discuss different answers to this question inspired by two different interpretations of luck egalitarianism, namely ‘standard luck egalitarianism’ and ‘all luck egalitarianism’, respectively. Even though I argue that the latter is more plausible than the former, I ultimately suggest and defend a third interpretation of luck egalitarianism, which I label ‘universal luck egalitarianism’. Finally, I adjust my findings to a (all things considered) more plausible currency, namely welfare.