bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
REACTIVITY OF THE THYROID OF THE RABBIT TO THE THYROTROPIC HORMONE OF THE ANTERIOR PITUITARY
Authors: Sinha K. N. 
Published: December 2014

1. Administration of thyrotropic hormone definitely increased the basal metabolic rate of the normal, the partially hypophysectomized, and the completely hypophysectomized rabbits.2. The increase in the metabolic rate did not appear before the fourth day of injections in animals receiving subcutaneous injection. The animals receiving intra‐muscular injection showed an earlier rise in metabolism.3. Hypophysectomy lowers the metabolic rate.I am very grateful to Professor A. J. Clark, F.R.S., for giving me the opportunity to work in his Department and to Dr J. M. Robson for doing the operative procedures and giving me advice, help, and guidance throughout.
POSTURAL CHANGES IN CARDIAC OUTPUT AND RESPIRATION IN MAN
Authors: McMichael John , Johnston E. Alan 
Published: December 2014

1. The acetylene method for the determination of cardiac output is considered in its practical details:(a) Modifications are recommended in the technique of sampling which reduce the possibility of vitiation of the results by the recirculation of acetylene‐containing blood.(b) The use of the usual modified Haldane apparatus for the gas analyses is open to serious error due to solution of acetylene in the CO2 absorbent. This analytical error can be eliminated by the use of a Van Slyke manometric apparatus.2. Studies in normal subjects of the postural changes in the circulation reveal an invariable increase of the arterio‐venous oxygen difference in the erect as compared with the reclining position: this is usually associated with a definite drop in cardiac output in the erect position, although this change may be masked by the increased rate of oxygen consumption usually found in the standing position.3. When a subject at rest on a tilting table is suddenly changed from the erect to the flat position, there occurs at once an increase in cardiac output as shown by an increase in the rate of oxygen uptake during the first 30 seconds or so after the change over. The increase in cardiac output calculated in this manner agrees closely with that calculated by the acetylene method.4. The pulmonary ventilation per 100 c.c. oxygen consumed is greater in the erect than in the reclining position. This hyperventilation can be correlated with the fall in absolute cardiac output which occurs in the erect position.This work was carried out with the aid of a grant for expenses from the Medical Research Council.
ASPHYXIAL ARREST OF THE ISOLATED RABBIT'S AURICLE
Authors: Chang I. 
Published: December 2014

1. Under asphyxial conditions, normal mechanical activity of the rabbit's auricle is not maintained for longer than a few minutes even when the conditions are most favourable for glycolysis, the mechanical activity and the phosphagen index seem to fall together, it is therefore suggested that phosphagen breakdown rather than glycolysis energises the contraction of the rabbit's auricle.2. At asphyxial arrest the glycogen content of rabbit's auricle is reduced to two‐thirds and the phosphagen content to one‐third of their normal value.3. Poisoning with I.A.A. produces changes in the response of the rabbit's auricle to asphyxia essentially similar to those observed with the frog's heart.The writer gratefully acknowledges his indebtedness to Professor A. J. Clark for his suggestions and advice throughout the experiments. Acknowledgment is also due to Dr. P. Eggleton and Dr. A. Deutsch for their kind help in connection with the chemical techniques employed.The expenses of this research are partly defrayed by a grant from the Moray Research Fund of the University of Edinburgh, for which the writer wishes to express his thanks.
THE TUMOUR‐INHIBITING PROPERTIES OF 1·2 : 5·6 DIBENZANTHRACENE
Authors: Lees J. C. 
Published: December 2014

1. 1·2 : 5·6 dibenzanthracene in doses which are sublethal to normal rats greatly reduces the growth of tumours in rats (confirmation of Haddow).2. Analysis of the growths of the tumour and the host shows that d.b.a. in the doses described inhibits the growth of the host more powerfully than the growth of the tumour.3. Doses of d.b.a. sublethal to normal rats, although they decrease tumour growth, decrease rather than increase the expectation of life of tumour‐bearing rats.4. Injections of d. b. a. act more powerfully on tumours close to than on tumours farther away from the site of injection.5. Rats dwarfed by previous injections of d.b.a. show a normal susceptibility to tumour inoculation.6. The action of d.b.a. in inhibiting tumours is not influenced by administration of œstradiol or by castration.This work was made possible by a grant from the Medical Research Council for the maintenance of animals and laboratory expenses, and by a personal grant from the Cancer Control Organisation for South‐East Scotland.Thanks are also due to Dr. C. M. Scott for advice and assistance, and to Dr. A Haddow for supplying the Jensen rat sarcoma used in these experiments.
HISTAMINE AS A NORMAL STIMULANT OF GASTRIC SECRETION
Authors: MacIntosh F. C. 
Published: December 2014

1. The histamine equivalent of the systemic blood is not significantly affected by the digestion of a meal. Whether histamine functions as a hormone in the second phase of gastric secretion has been neither proved nor disproved.2. The histamine equivalent of the gastric venous blood is unchanged by stimulation of the vagus effective in producing gastric secretion.3. The histamine equivalent of canine gastric juice, whether produced by vagal stimulation or by injection of histamine, is higher than that of blood plasma.4. The possibility is discussed that histamine mediates the secretory action of the vagus on the parietal cells.The author is greatly indebted to Dr. B. P. Babkin for much valuable advice and criticism.
HYDROLYSIS OF ACETYLCHOLINE BY TISSUES
Authors: Clark A. J. , Raventós J. 
Published: December 2014

1. The frog's auricle wetted with Ac.Ch. solution recovers activity at a rate dependent on the initial concentration of drug. The form of recovery and also the relations between initial concentration of Ac.Ch. and the rate of recovery both indicate that the esterase activity of the auricle is equal to that produced by a concentration of enzyme centres equal to 2 x 10−5 molar. There is a considerable individual variation in the esterase activity of auricles.2. The relation between dosage of Ac.Ch. and the duration of fall of blood‐pressure in the cat can be interpreted as regards the higher doses as an expression of esterase activity, but most of the Ac.Ch. introduced into the blood‐stream is rapidly removed, probably by reversible adsorption by the tissues.3. The recovery of the frog's auricle from Ac.Ch. and the duration of its action on the ca's blood‐pressure are both prolonged by eserine and the consequent relations between concentration (or dosage) and duration can be interpreted as due to inhibition of all or at least the greater portion of the esterase.4. The time for half hydrolysis of 1 in 10 million Ac.Ch. by the frog's auricle is about 20 secs., and the time for half hydrolysis of 1·0 µg./ kg. in the normal cat is between 5 and 10 secs.The authors desire to express their thanks to the Moray Fund of the University of Edinburgh for a grant which defrayed the expenses of this research. One of the authors (J. R.) is in receipt of a grant from Messrs. Imperial Chemical Industries. We also desire to thank Messrs. E. Merck for kindly supplying carbaminoyl methyl choline.
RELEASE OF ACETYLCHOLINE BY VAGAL STIMULATION
Authors: Clark A. J. , Raventós J. 
Published: December 2014

1. The rate of recovery of the frog's auricle wetted with a small volume of solution of Ac.Ch. has been compared with the rate of recovery from vagal stimulation. The latter is about five times as rapid as the former.2. Comparison of the intensity of action of vagal stimulation and of Ac.Ch. solutions indicates that vagal stimulation causes a local concentration of Ac.Ch. of a few parts per 100 million.3. Summation effects observed with vagal stimulation can be accounted for by assuming the rate of hydrolysis indicated by other experiments.4. The duration of the slow response of skeletal muscles to Ac.Ch. indicates an esterase activity not more than ten times greater than that of the auricle.The expenses of this research were defrayed by a grant from the Moray Research Fund of Edinburgh University, and one of the authors (J. R.) is in recept of a grant from Messrs. Imperial Chemical Industries Ltd. We desire to express our thanks for this help.
THE REFLEX INFLUENCE OF THE LOWER PORTION OF THE LARGE INTESTINE ON THE TONUS AND MOVEMENTS OF THE EMPTY STOMACH IN DOGS
Authors: Loew E. R. , Patterson T. L. 
Published: December 2014

1. A small amount of pressure (6‐18 mm. of mercury) in an intrarectal balloon does not produce any effect on the tonus or motility of the empty stomach in dogs.2. An intrarectal pressure of 20‐48 mm. of mercury generally produces an inhibition of gastric tonus and motility. The duration and the degree of this inhibition is somewhat dependent on the magnitude of the intrarectal pressure. The stomach generally recovers from inhibition even while the pressure is maintained in the rectum, although the pressure may decrease when the rectum adapts itself.3. Undiluted gall‐bladder bile of the dog affects the gastric hunger activity in the direction of inhibition when introduced into the rectum in such a manner that the dog is undisturbed during the administration. Glucose and physiological saline solutions have no effects.4. The inhibition of the rhythmical activity of the stomach during hunger, which is produced by rectal distention or irritation of the mucosa, may be indicative of other alterations in the physiologic activity of the animal organism.
COMB ATROPHY AFTER ADULT CASTRATION (BANTAM COCKS)
Authors: Hain A. M. 
Published: December 2014

1. Figures are given of the regression of the combs of Bantams after adult castration. There is a greater regression of height than of length.2. The percentage of regression in height varies with the initial size, but in length is almost constant at 40 per cent. Consequently, whereas the level reached in height is fairly uniform, there is a wide variation in the level of length attained.3. The levels to which the comb regresses after adult castration are much higher than those of birds castrated when immature.The expenses of the investigation were defrayed by grants from the Medical Research Council.
THE USAGE OF PYRUVIC ACID BY THE DOG'S HEART
Authors: Braun-Menendez E. , Chute A. L. , Gregory R. A. 
Published: December 2014

1. No change occurs in sodium pyruvate which is added to blood and kept at 37°C. for some hours.2. When sodium pyruvate is added to the circuit of the heart‐lung or heart‐oxygenator preparation, its effects upon the heart are similar to those of lactate. It is toxic in concentrations of about 150 mg./100 c.c.3. Under the conditions described, pyruvic acid does not form heart glycogen.4. Large amounts of pyruvic acid are used by the heart and the rate of usage is related to the concentration of pyruvate in the blood. The usage was not appreciably affected by variations in blood sugar or lactate, by iodoacetate (1: 10,000), vitamin B1, or adrenaline.5. Some preliminary experiments on the effect of pyruvate on the oxygen usage of the heart‐lung preparation are described, and the fate of the pyruvate used by the heart is discussed.The authors wish to thank Professor C. Lovatt Evans, who collaborated in part of the work, for his helpful advice and criticism throughout, and for the generous facilities afforded.The costs were in part defrayed by a grant made to R. A. G. from the Thomas Smythe Hughes Fund by the University of London, to whom the authors are indebted.
FAILURE TO ANTAGONIZE THE ACTION OF ŒSTRADIOL ON THE CORPUS LUTEUM BY PROGESTERONE OR TESTOSTERONE
Authors: Robson J. M. 
Published: December 2014

Experiments were made to determine whether the action of cestradiol in maintaining the luteal function in hypophysectomized rabbits can be antagonized by progesterone or by testosterone propionate. The luteal function was maintained when pseudo‐pregnant rabbits were hypophysectomized and then received (1) 1·0 µg. of oestradiol per day, or (2) 1·0 µg. of oestradiol and 10 mg. of progesterone per day, or (3) 1·0 µg. of oestradiol and 10 mg. of testosterone propionate per day. The luteal function was not maintained in pseudo‐pregnant hypophysectomlized animals receiving 10 mug. of progesterone or 10 ieg. of testosterone propionate per day.It is concluded that the action of oestradiol on the corpus luteum is not antagonized by progesterone or by testosterone propionate.The expenses of this investigation were defrayed by a grant from the Medical Research Council.
METABOLISM OF THE ISOLATED PERFUSED CAT's BRAIN
Authors: Chute A. L. , Smyth D. H. 
Published: December 2014

1. A method of perfusing the isolated cat's brain has been outlined together with an apparatus for recording continuously the oxygen consumption of such a preparation.2. Blood‐flows were found to be 60–90 c.c./100 g./min. at pressures of 120–150 mm. Hg. Flows below 45 c.c./100 g./min. were incapable of maintaining cerebral function as judged by the presence of the corneal reflex.3. Oxygen consumption of cat's brain was found to be between 200–300 c.c./100 g./hr. Oxygen usage was always in excess of that required for the complete oxidative removal of carbohydrate.4. Usage of both glucose and lactate has been observed, but there appears to be a predilection on the part of the brain for glucose.It is a pleasure for the authors to thank Professor C. Lovatt Evans for his kindly interest and encouragement, and we also wish to express our gratitude to Dr. R. A. Gregory and Dr. E. Braun‐Menendez for helpful advice and criticism. We are indebted to the Royal Society for a grant to one of us, A. L. C., towards defraying the expenses of this research. Some of the expenses have also been met out of a grant from the University of London Central Research Fund to Professor C. Lovatt Evans.
THE SITE OF ACIDIFICATION OF URINE IN THE FROG'S AND RAT'S KIDNEY
Authors: Ellinger P. 
Published: December 2014

1. A method has been described by which objective records can be obtained of the pH present in cells and body fluids of living organs by taking colour photomicrographs of the fluorescence of fluorescein injected into the animals.2. By means of this method it has been demonstrated that in the kidneys of frogs and rats the urine eliminated into the glomerular capsules is of the same acidity as the blood plasma. This preliminary urine is acidified exclusively in the distal tubules if the ultimate acidification is moderate, but in both proximal and distal tubules if the acidification of the bladder urine reaches a higher degree.3. The mechanism of this acidification is discussed, and it is suggested that the acidification is caused probably by absorption of alkali in both sets of convoluted tubules from the content of the lumen.I wish to express my thanks to the Lister Institute for hospitality and for a grant enabling the reproduction of the colour photomicrographs, to the Society for the Protection of Science and Learning for a Research Fellowship, and to the Ella Sachs Plotz Foundation for a grant for technical assistance. I am very much indebted to Professor R. Robison for his assistance in the preparation of the manuscript.
THE INFLUENCE OF CORAMINE ON CIRCULATORY CAROTID SINUS REFLEXES
Authors: Müller Reinhard 
Published: December 2014

1. The blood‐pressure‐decreasing carotid sinus pressure reflex is weakened in urethanised rabbits under the influence of Coramine. An essential increase in the so‐called residual blood‐pressure is to be regarded as a sign of the increase in tone of the peripheral circulation.2. Both in the urethanised rabbit and in the urethanised cat the blood‐pressure‐raising carotid occlusion reflex shows a larger rise in blood‐pressure under the effect of Coramine than before its administration. This is also to be regarded as a sign of the peripheral vascular tonic effect. This result is obtained both with intact and severed aortic nerves.3. Coramine produces in animals whose aortic nerve has been severed a larger rise in blood‐pressure than in the intact animal.4. The effect of Coramine on the carotid sinus itself can be excluded for the results reported. Coramine is capable only in high concentration of influencing the presso‐receptors locally.
CONSTRICTION OF RENAL VESSELS IN THE FROG (RANA ESCULENTA) AND ITS EFFECTS ON THE SYSTEMIC BLOOD‐PRESSURE
Authors: Vogt Marthe 
Published: December 2014

A method is described which permits daily readings of the frog's systemic blood‐pressure to be made in light ancesthesia.Constriction of one or of both renal portal veins was performed in frogs (Rana esculenta) in which the abdominal vein had been ligated. The constriction had no effect on the systemic blood‐pressure.Obstruction of the aorta just above the origin of the renal arteries in Rana esculenta did not alter the frogs' blood‐pressure, neither did this operation do so in combination with constriction of the renal portal veins.Some of these experiments were done in the Molteno Institute for Parasitology. It is a pleasure to thank Professor Keilin for the facilities he gave me.
THE HUMORAL STIMULATION OF GASTRIC SECRETION
Authors: Gregory R. A. , Ivy A. C. 
Published: December 2014

Evidence has been presented that there are at least two components in the humoral stimulation of a transplant of the gastric fundus by a meal—one liberated from the gastric mucosa by the presence of secretagogues, and the other from the mucosa of the small intestine by the presence therein of food or secretagogues. The results of the experiments in which the mucosa of one or other of the pouches of the two‐pouch preparation was aniæsthetised by procaine have provided indirect evidence that the gastric component of the humoral stimulation is hormonal in nature. No such experiments have been performed in connection with the intestinal phase.Experiments on one dog only, in which the pyloric region of the gastric mucosa was removed from the main gastric pouch of the two pouch preparation, lead to the conclusion, subject to confirmation on other animals, that the presence in the main gastric pouch of this region of the stomach is not essential for the demonstration of the humoral response of the transplant to perfusion of the main gastric pouch with a solution of secretagogues.
CLEARANCE AND CUMULATION OF ADRENALINE
Authors: Ansari M. Y. 
Published: December 2014

1. Continuous infusion of adrenaline in the cat produces over a wide range of dosage a plateau response in both the nictitating membrane and blood‐pressure.2. This indicates that enzyme saturation does not occur even with large doses [correction of conclusion of Clark and Raventos, 1939 b].3. The rate of clearance of adrenaline decreases as the concentration is increased. The relation found is that the fraction cleared per minute varies inversely as 3(conc.).4. The relation between dosage and response and the relation between rate of continuous infusion and height of plateau response indicate similar rates of clearance.5. The times of half‐clearance found varied from 0·8 to 5 minutes.I gratefully acknowledge my indebtedness to the late Professor A. J. Clark for his help and valuable suggestions throughout the course of this work. I also wish to thank Dr. J. M. Robson for going through the written matter, and Mr. N. E. Condon for the technical help.The expenses of this research were defrayed by a grant from the Moray Fund of Edinburgh University.
SOME EFFECTS OF THYROID AND GONADOTROPHIC PREPARATIONS IN THE FOWL
Authors: Greenwood Alan W. , Blyth J. S. S. 
Published: December 2014

1. Extracts of Horse, Sheep, and Pig Pituitary, Pregnant Mare's Serum and Chorionic Gonadotrophin were administered to hens prior to and during the moulting period. Dried thyroid powder was fed during the non‐productive phase.2. Injections of P.M.S. to laying hens resulted in cessation of egg production within 5 days, and the onset of a heavy moult. The combs increased in size during treatment. Apart from a slight increase in comb size in the group receiving Pig Pituitary extract, no reaction to the other gonadotrophins could be detected at the dosage‐level employed.3. In non‐laying hens P.M.S. had little effect; Pig Pituitary appeared to cause a temporary reactivation of the reproductive organs, but in no case did ovulation occur. The other gonadotrophins were again inactive.4. Consistent symptoms of ovarian stimulation resulted from the administration of thyroid, and a number of birds resumed egg production following this treatment. Variations in the degree of response obtained appeared to be related to the media in which this hormone powder was fed.
SOME MORPHOLOGICAL FEATURES OF THE SPINAL CORD IN THE RABBIT, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE PRODUCTION OF ARTIFACTS
Authors: Trowell O. A. 
Published: December 2014

1. The occurrence of artifacts in the spinal cord of the rabbit as exposed by the usual post‐mortem methods is described. Such artifacts were not met with in the spinal cords of rat, guinea‐pig, cat, dog, goat, or monkey, exposed in the same way. The artifacts occurred principally in the upper thoracic and upper lumbar regions, and were of two varieties—(A) Large discrete swellings on the posterior surface of the cord associated with large underlying cavities. This artifact was due to spontaneous herniation of cord substance through small accidental tears in the dura mater. The spontaneous herniation was shown to be the combined result of three morphological features of the exposed cord and meninges in the rabbit, namely(i) The posterior part of the dura is tightly stretched (mainly longitudinally) and exerts a direct pressure on the posterior surface of the cord, the subarachnoid space in this region being obliterated.(ii) In the upper part of the spinal cord this dural pressure is accentuated by the usual flexed attitude of the upper part of the vertebral column at post‐mortem examination.(iii) In those two regions of the cord where the artifacts most commonly occur the cord substance is softer in consistence than elsewhere. Serial sections of the cord revealed quantitative differences in the proportions of the white matter, myelin, neuroglia, and pia mater at different levels which might account for the softer consistence in these two regions. The rabbit's cord as a whole appeared to be softer than that of other species.(B) Multiple small radial cavities or cracks in the cord substance. These were shown to result from the exposure of the cord and to be related to the soft consistence of the cord, but their precise cause was not determined.2. Methods are described for histological fixation of the cord without opening the vertebral canal, by which means the above artifacts can be eliminated.3. Mention is made of the varying size of the central canal at different levels in the rabbit's cord.4. The frequent occurrence of a few small spherical empty holes in the white matter of the rabbit's brain and spinal cord is reported. Their nature is discussed, but no conclusion is reached as to their significance.5. The possible occurrence of similar artifacts in other species is discussed and the importance of eliminating such artifacts in all pathological investigations of acute traumatic lesions of the spinal cord is pointed out.I have to thank the Carnegie Trust for the Universities of Scotland for a grant towards the cost of the illustrations of this paper.