bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Spatial Resolution of an Eye Containing a Grouped Retina: Ganglion Cell Morphology and Tectal Physiology in the Weakly Electric Fish Gnathonemus petersii
Authors: Pusch Roland , Wagner Hans‐Joachim , von der Emde Gerhard , Engelmann Jacob 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACTThe retina of the weakly electric fish Gnathonemus petersii is a so‐called grouped retina where photoreceptors are bundled. These bundles are regarded as functional units and this type of retinal specialization is uniquely found in teleosts. To understand how this anatomical organization influences visual information processing we investigated the morphology and distribution of retinal ganglion cells (GCs) and the response properties of retinal afferents terminating in the major retinorecipient area, the optic tectum. GCs were classified based on their dendritic morphology (dendritic field diameters <90–100 μm: narrow‐field GCs; 110–280 μm: widefield GCs; >280 μm: giant GCs). Within these classes subtypes were distinguished based on the ramification patterns of the dendrites in the sublaminae of the inner plexiform layer. Properties of presumed optic nerve terminals were investigated in the optic tectum using extracellular recordings. Physiological classes could be observed based on their response to visual stimuli (on; off; on‐off, and fast units). Receptive field sizes and spatiotemporal properties were classified and the topographical representation of the visual space was mapped in the tectum. Gratings of low spatial frequencies were best responded to and followed up to high temporal frequencies (>30 Hz). Most of the recorded units were directionally selective. No evidence of distorted topographies in the tectum was found, i.e., no overrepresentation of the retina was seen in the tectum opticum. The grouped retina of G. petersii seems to be optimized for the detection of large, fast objects in an environment of low optical quality. J. Comp. Neurol. 521:4075–4093, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Neuropeptidome of Tribolium castaneum antennal lobes and mushroom bodies
Authors: Binzer Marlene , Heuer Carsten M. , Kollmann Martin , Kahnt Jorg , Hauser Frank , Grimmelikhuijzen Cornelis J.P. , Schachtner Joachim 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACTNeuropeptides are a highly diverse group of signaling molecules that affect a broad range of biological processes in insects, including development, metabolism, behavior, and reproduction. In the central nervous system, neuropeptides are usually considered to act as neuromodulators and cotransmitters that modify the effect of “classical” transmitters at the synapse. The present study analyzes the neuropeptide repertoire of higher cerebral neuropils in the brain of the red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum. We focus on two integrative neuropils of the olfactory pathway, the antennal lobes and the mushroom bodies. Using the technique of direct peptide profiling by matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight (MALDI‐TOF) mass spectrometry, we demonstrate that these neuropils can be characterized by their specific neuropeptide expression profiles. Complementary immunohistological analyses of selected neuropeptides revealed neuropeptide distribution patterns within the antennal lobes and the mushroom bodies. Both approaches revealed consistent differences between the neuropils, underlining that direct peptide profiling by mass spectrometry is a fast and reliable method to identify neuropeptide content. J. Comp. Neurol. 522:337–357, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Endocortical bone loss in osteoporosis: the role of bone surface availability
Authors: Buenzli Pascal R. , Thomas C. David L. , Clement John G. , Pivonka Peter 
Published: July 2013

SUMMARYAge‐related bone loss and postmenopausal osteoporosis are due to a dysregulation of bone remodelling in which less bone is reformed than resorbed. This dysregulation of bone remodelling does not occur with equal strength in all bone regions. Loss of bone is more pronounced near the endocortical surface. This leads to thinning of the cortical wall proceeding from the endosteum, a process sometimes called ‘trabecularisation’. In this paper, we investigate the influence of the nonuniform distribution of bone surface within bone tissue for osteoporotic bone losses. We use a spatio‐temporal computational model of bone remodelling in which microstructural changes of bone tissue are represented by a phenomenological relationship between bone specific surface and bone porosity. The simulation of an osteoporotic condition by our model shows that the evolution of bone porosity within a bone cross section is significantly influenced by the nonuniform availability of bone surface. Greater bone loss occurs near the endocortical wall, leading to cortical wall thinning and to an expansion of the medullary cavity similar to cross‐sectional observations from human femur midshafts. Our model suggests that the rate of cortical wall thinning is fast/slow in the presence/absence of an adjacent trabecular or trabecularised bone compartment. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Electrorheological Effect and Electro‐Optical Properties of Side‐on Liquid Crystalline Polysiloxane in a Nematic Solvent
Authors: Kaneko Kosuke , Oto Kodai , Kawai Toshiaki , Choi Hyunseok , Kikuchi Hirotsugu , Nakamura Naotake 
Published: July 2013

AbstractThe electrorheological (ER) effect and the electro‐optical properties of a ′′side‐on′′ liquid crystalline polysiloxane (PS) are investigated. A large ER effect is observed and the response to the shear stress of neat PS in the nematic phase is shown to be affected by the shear rate. PS is also mixed with a low‐molar nematic liquid crystal (5CB) in order to improve the response behavior to the applied electric field. The rheological properties of such mixtures are highly dependent on the concentration of 5CB. The composites respond faster to the applied electric field and have improved electro‐optical properties. This study offers a new perspective on the development of liquid crystal materials for the ER effect.
Microwave‐Assisted Synthesis of HKUST‐1 and Functionalized HKUST‐1‐@H3PW12O40: Selective Adsorption of Heavy Metal Ions in Water Analyzed with Synchrotron Radiation
Authors: Zou Fang , Yu Runhan , Li Rongguan , Li Wei 
Published: July 2013

AbstractA simple, rapid and efficient synthesis of the metal‐organic framework (MOF) HKUST‐1 [Cu3(1,3,5‐benzene‐tri‐carboxilic‐acid)2] by microwave irradiation is described, which afforded a homogeneous and highly selective material. The unusually short time to complete the synthesis by microwave irradiation is mainly attributable to rapid nucleation rather than to crystal growth rate. Using this method, HKUST‐1‐MW (MW=microwave) could be prepared within 20 min, whereas by hydrothermal synthesis, involving conventional heating, the preparation time is 8 h. Work efficiency was improved by the good performance of the obtained HKUST‐1‐MW which exhibited good selective adsorption of heavy metal ions, as well as a remarkably high adsorption affinity and adsorption capacity, but no adsorption of Hg2+ under the same experimental conditions. Of particular importance is the preservation of the structure after metal‐ion adsorption, which remained virtually intact, with only a few changes in X‐ray diffraction intensity and a moderate decline in surface area. Synthesis of the polyoxometalate‐containing HKUST‐1‐MW@H3PW12O40 afforded a MOF with enhanced stability in water, due to the introduced Keggin‐type phosphotungstate, which systematically occluded in the cavities constituting the walls between the mesopores. Different Cu/W ratios were investigated according to the extrusion rate of cooper ions concentration, without significant structural changes after adsorption. The MOFs obtained feature particle sizes between 10–20 μm and their structures were determined using synchrotron‐based X‐ray diffraction. The results of this study can be considered important for potentially wider future applications of MOFs, especially to attend environmental issues.
Emotion‐Focused Therapy for the Treatment of Social Anxiety: An Overview of the Model and a Case Description
Authors: Shahar Ben 
Published: July 2013

Emotion‐focused therapy (EFT) is an integrative and experiential treatment approach that views emotions as fundamentally adaptive and privileges attention to, and exploration of, emotional experiences. EFT has been demonstrated to be efficacious with depression, interpersonal trauma and marital discord, but application to anxiety disorders is in its initial stages. The purpose of this paper is to present the main principles of using EFT with socially anxious patients and to make the case that EFT is particularly well suited for working with this patient group. The primary change processes in EFT for social anxiety include improving emotion awareness, reducing experiential avoidance and the activation and transformation of shame that underlies the symptomatic anxiety. Such processes lead to less self‐criticism, to more self‐compassion and self‐soothing and to a more favourable perception of the self. A case example is used to illustrate how these principles were applied with a socially anxious patient. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.Key Practitioner MessageAlthough cognitive‐behavioral therapies (CBT) are effective for social anxiety disorder (SAD), a substantial number of patients do not respond to CBT or remain considerably symptomatic at the end of treatment. Therefore, more treatment options for SAD are necessary in order to improve patient care.Emotion‐focused therapy (EFT), which is an efficacious treatment for depression, complex trauma, and couples' distress may also be efficacious for SAD.EFT offers an emotion‐based case formulation of SAD, in which social anxiety is conceptualized as secondary to primary maladaptive shame. A primary goal in EFT for SAD is to access and evoke shame in order to transform it.
Benzonitrile Insertion into Silylarylamides – ansa‐Bis(benzamidinate) Ligand Systems with Rigid o‐ and m‐Phenylene Linkers in the Synthesis of Lithium and Rare Earth Complexes
Authors: Skvortsov Grigorii G. , Fukin Georgy K. , Ketkov Sergey Yu. , Cherkasov Anton V. , Lyssenko Konstantin A. , Trifonov Alexander A. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractThe reactions of the lithium silylarylamides [1,2‐C6H4(NSiMe3)2Li2]2 and [1,3‐C6H4(NSiMe3)2Li2] with two equivalents of PhCN [tetrahydrofuran (thf), room temp.] is an efficient synthetic approach to the ansa‐bis(amidinate) ligand systems [1,2‐C6H4{NC(Ph)NSiMe3}2Li2(thf)]2 and [1,3‐C6H4{NC(Ph)NSiMe3}2Li2(thf)2]2, which were isolated in 54 and 60 % yields, respectively. However, lithium silylarylamide [2,6‐C5H3N(NSiMe3)2Li2] containing a pyridine fragment does not undergo PhCN insertion even at elevated temperatures (thf, toluene), and the reaction affords the silylarylamido complex [2,6‐C5H3N{NSiMe3}2Li2]3·(C6H5CN)4, which contains a coordinated benzonitrile molecule. The different reactivity of the compounds correlates with the changes in the molecular orbital energies estimated by DFT calculations. The salt metathesis reaction of anhydrous YCl3 with lithium amidinate [1,2‐C6H4{NC(Ph)NSiMe3}2Li2(thf)]2 in 2:1 molar ratio (thf, 20 °C) afforded a neutral bis(amidinate) chloro yttrium complex [1,2‐C6H4{NC(Ph)NSiMe3}2]YCl(thf)2 in 80 % yield. With NdCl3, the analogous reaction resulted in a trinuclear neodymium chloro ate complex with a rather unusual μ‐bridging lateral coordination of the amidinate fragment [1,2‐C6H4{NC(Ph)NSiMe3}2Nd(thf)(μ‐Cl)(1,2‐C6H4{NC(Ph)NSiMe3}2Nd{μ‐Cl}2)][Li(thf)2].
Copper C‐Nitroso Compounds: Activation of Hydroxylamines and NO Reactivity
Authors: Williams Kamille D. , Cardenas Allan Jay P. , Oliva Jennifer D. , Warren Timothy H. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractAddition of nitrosobenzene to β‐diketiminato and tris(pyrazolyl)borate copper complexes [[Me2NNF6]Cu(NCMe)] (2) and [iPr2TpCu(NCMe)] (3) gives the corresponding nitrosobenzene adducts [[Me2NNF6]Cu(η2‐ONPh)] (5) and [iPr2TpCu{κ1‐N(O)Ph}] (6). Backbonding to the nitrosoarene is strongest via the η2‐ON binding mode, which is sterically inaccessible for the tris(pyrazolyl)borate complexes. The strength of the interaction is judged by the N–O bond length, the νNO stretching frequencies observed for 5 and 6, as well as by the DFT LUMO energies of 5‐η2‐ON, 5‐κ1‐N, 6‐κ1‐N, which range from highest to lowest. Nitrosoarene complexes 5 and 6 are also produced upon reaction of [[Me2NNF6]Cu(NCMe)] (2) and [iPr2TpCu(NCMe)] (3) with 2 equiv. N‐phenylhydroxylamine (PhNHOH), though a considerable amount of the azoxybenzene PhN=N(O)Ph is observed along with 6. The addition of slight excess of NO to 5 and 6 results in the formation of copper(II) diazeniumdiolates [[Me2NNF6]Cu(κ2‐O2N2Ph)] (7) and [iPr2TpCu(κ2‐O2N2Ph)] (8), which exhibit square‐planar and square‐pyramidal geometries, respectively. These findings give insight into PhNO and PhHNOH reactivity at copper(I) and foreshadow possible transformations of considerably more reactive nitroxyl (HNO) and hydroxylamine (H2NOH) analogues.
Synthesis, Structure, and Magnetic Properties of a Family of Heterometallic Pentanuclear [Co4Ln] (Ln = GdIII, DyIII, TbIII, and HoIII) Assemblies
Authors: Chandrasekhar Vadapalli , Das Sourav , Dey Atanu , Hossain Sakiat , Lloret Francesc , Pardo Emilio 
Published: July 2013

AbstractThe reaction of 6‐formyl‐2‐(hydroxymethyl)‐4‐methylphenol (LH2) with appropriate lanthanide salts followed by reaction with Co(OAc)2·4H2O afforded the pentanuclear heterobimetalllic compounds [Co4Ln(L)4(OAc)2(S)4](NO3)(S) [LnIII = GdIII, S = MeOH (1); LnIII = DyIII, S = H2O (2); LnIII = TbIII, S = MeOH (3); LnIII = HoIII, S = MeOH (4)] in good yields. All the compounds are stable in solution as confirmed by ESI‐MS studies. These complexes contain a distorted Co4 tetrahedral core, which encapsulates a central lanthanide ion. The CoII and LnIII ions are in an all‐oxygen environments. All the CoII ions possess a distorted octahedral geometry, and the LnIII ions are in a distorted square‐antiprismatic geometry. The magnetic properties of 1–4 have been investigated in the temperature range 2–300 K. In addition, the magnetic properties of 1 were fitted by using a Hamiltonian of the type H = HSO + Haxial + Hexchange + HZeeman. A moderately strong antiferromagnetic interaction between the nearest‐neighbour CoII ions was found, whereas the magnetic interaction between the CoII ions and the corresponding LnIII ions is negligible.
Water‐Soluble Half‐Sandwich RuII–Arene Complexes: Synthesis, Structure, Electrochemistry, DFT Studies, and Aqueous Phase Hydroformylation of 1‐Octene
Authors: Matsinha Leah C. , Malatji Peter , Hutton Alan T. , Venter Gerhard A. , Mapolie Selwyn F. , Smith Gregory S. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractWater‐soluble mononuclear ruthenium complexes containing monodentate P‐donor ligands [1,3,5‐triaza‐7‐phosphaadamantane (PTA) and P(OMe)3], together with a mononuclear bidentate salicylaldimine ruthenium–arene complex, were synthesized from a water‐soluble dimeric ruthenium(II)–arene precursor. These complexes were used as catalyst precursors in the aqueous biphasic hydroformylation of 1‐octene. Hydroformylation reactions with these Ru‐arene complexes showed that the complexes are active hydroformylation catalyst precursors in water. The catalyst precursors convert 1‐octene into a range of products, which include aldehydes and alcohols, as well as isomerization and hydrogenation products. The less basic the ligand, the more it favoured the production of aldehydes. The relative basicity of the ligands P(OMe)3, PTA and the N,O‐chelating ligand was elucidated by cyclic voltammetry and supported by DFT calculations. The catalysts show good recyclability without a significant decrease in 1‐octene conversion. All of the catalysts could be reused three times.
The Effect of Aryl Substitution on the Properties of a Series of Highly Absorptive Cationic Iridium(III) Complexes Bearing Ancillary Bis(arylimino)acenaphthene Ligands
Authors: Hasan Kamrul , Zysman‐Colman Eli 
Published: July 2013

AbstractA family of cationic heteroleptic iridium(III) complexes of the form [Ir(ppy)2(Ar‐BIAN)]PF6 (ppyH = 2‐phenylpyridine) in which Ar‐BIAN [bis(arylimino)acenaphthene] acts as an ancillary ligand were synthesized and characterized. Their ground‐state electronic structures were probed by UV/Vis spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry. The X‐ray structure of [Ir(ppy)2(4‐MeO2CPh‐BIAN)]PF6 was solved. The first and second reduction wave potentials are strongly influenced by the substituent on the Ar‐BIAN ligand and follow a Hammett relationship. The absorption spectra for complexes incorporating an electron‐donating Ar‐BIAN ligand are noticeably redshifted, and absorption tails off past 800 nm. Notably, the absorption spectrum for [Ir(ppy)2(4‐NMe2Ph‐BIAN)]PF6 shows an intense band centered at 576 nm, and it was assigned computationally to a mixed metal‐to‐ligand charge‐transfer/ligand‐to‐ligand charge‐transfer state.
Asymmetric C–C Bond Formation between Chiral N‐Phosphonyl Imines and a Nickel(II)‐Complexed Glycine Schiff Base Provides Efficient Synthesis of α,β‐syn‐Diamino Acid Derivatives
Authors: Sun Hao , Zhang Haowei , Han Jianlin , Pan Yi , Li Guigen 
Published: July 2013

AbstractThe group‐assisted purification asymmetric synthesis of α,β‐diamino acid derivatives was achieved by treating chiral N‐phosphonyl imines with a NiII‐complexed glycine‐derived enolate; traditional purification techniques such as chromatography and recrystallization are not required. Successful control of the syn stereochemistry of the vicinal diamino products complements our previous methods that afforded anti stereoisomers; thus, all four individual isomers can be synthesized simply by changing the geometry of the enolate. In contrast to our previous synthesis in which at least 5 equiv. of the glycine Schiff base enolate was required for complete conversion, the new synthesis only needs 1.1 equiv. of the glycine Schiff base enolate to give complete diastereoselectivity (>30:1 dr) and high yields (91–97 %). The absolute stereochemistry was unambiguously determined by X‐ray structure analysis.
Two‐dimensional model of burning for pyrolyzable solids
Authors: Stoliarov Stanislav I. , Leventon Isaac T. , Lyon Richard E. 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACTQuantitative understanding of the processes that take place inside a burning material is critical for the prediction of ignition and growth of fires. To improve this understanding and enable predictive modeling, we developed a numerical pyrolysis solver called ThermaKin. This solver computes transient rate of gaseous fuel production from fundamental physical and chemical properties of constituents of a pyrolyzing solid. It was successfully applied to the simulation of combustion of a broad range of materials. One limitation of ThermaKin was that it could handle only one‐dimensional burning problems. As a consequence, flame spread, which is an important contributor to fire growth, could not be simulated. Here, we present a new computational tool, ThermaKin2D, that expands ThermaKin model to two dimensions and combines it with a flexible analytical representation of a surface flame. It is our expectation that this tool will enable highly accurate simulations of flame spread dynamics. This manuscript contains a description of this new computation tool, reports results of a series of verification exercises, and demonstrates some of the ThermaKin2D's capabilities. Published 2013. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Airborne‐radar and ice‐core observations of annual snow accumulation over Thwaites Glacier, West Antarctica confirm the spatiotemporal variability of global and regional atmospheric models
Authors: Medley B. , Joughin I. , Das S. B. , Steig E. J. , Conway H. , Gogineni S. , Criscitiello A. S. , McConnell J. R. , Smith B. E. , van den Broeke M. R. , Lenaerts J. T. M. , Bromwich D. H. , Nicolas J. P. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractWe use an airborne‐radar method, verified with ice‐core accumulation records, to determine the spatiotemporal variations of snow accumulation over Thwaites Glacier, West Antarctica between 1980 and 2009. We also present a regional evaluation of modeled accumulation in Antarctica. Comparisons between radar‐derived measurements and model outputs show that three global models capture the interannual variability well (r > 0.9), but a high‐resolution regional model (RACMO2) has better absolute accuracy and captures the observed spatial variability (r = 0.86). Neither the measured nor modeled accumulation records over Thwaites Glacier show any trend since 1980. Although an increase in accumulation may potentially accompany the observed warming in the region, the projected trend is too small to detect over the 30 year record.
Hydraulic fracture height limits and fault interactions in tight oil and gas formations
Authors: Flewelling Samuel A. , Tymchak Matthew P. , Warpinski Norm 
Published: July 2013

AbstractThe widespread use of hydraulic fracturing (HF) has raised concerns about potential upward migration of HF fluid and brine via induced fractures and faults. We developed a relationship that predicts maximum fracture height as a function of HF fluid volume. These predictions generally bound the vertical extent of microseismicity from over 12,000 HF stimulations across North America. All microseismic events were less than 600 m above well perforations, although most were much closer. Areas of shear displacement (including faults) estimated from microseismic data were comparatively small (radii on the order of 10 m or less). These findings suggest that fracture heights are limited by HF fluid volume regardless of whether the fluid interacts with faults. Direct hydraulic communication between tight formations and shallow groundwater via induced fractures and faults is not a realistic expectation based on the limitations on fracture height growth and potential fault slip.
The influence of patient's sex, race and depression on clinician pain treatment decisions
Authors: Hirsh A.T. , Hollingshead N.A. , Bair M.J. , Matthias M.S. , Wu J. , Kroenke K. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractBackgroundPain treatments often vary across patients' demographic and mental health characteristics. Most research on this topic has been observational, has focused on opioid therapy exclusively and has not examined individual differences in clinician decision making. The current study examined the influence of patient's sex, race and depression on clinicians' chronic pain treatment decisions.MethodsWe used virtual human technology and lens model methodology to enhance study realism and facilitate a richer understanding of treatment decisions. Clinicians and trainees (n = 100) made treatment decisions (opioid, antidepressant, pain specialty referral, mental health referral) for 16 computer‐simulated patients with chronic low back pain. Patients' sex, race and depression status were manipulated across vignettes (image and text).ResultsIndividual‐ and group‐level analyses indicated that patient's depression status had the strongest and most consistent influence on treatment decisions. Although less influential overall, patient's sex and race were significantly influential for a subset of participants. Furthermore, the results indicated that participants who were influenced by patient's race had less experience in treating chronic pain than those who were not influenced by patient's race [t(11.59) = 4.75; p = 0.001; d = 1.20].ConclusionsThe results of this study indicated considerable variability in participants' chronic pain treatment decisions. These data suggest that interventions to reduce variability in treatment decision making and improve pain care should be individually tailored according to clinicians' decision profiles.