bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Le Cahier d’un retour au pays natal de 1939 à 1947 (de l’édition Volontés à l’édition Bordas)
Authors: Laforgue Pierre 
Published: November 2012

L’histoire du Cahier d’un retour au pays natal commence en 1939, lorsque le poème paraît dans la revue Volontés. Pendant près de dix ans, Césaire en modifiera profondément le texte et son travail aboutira à deux éditions en 1947, l’une chez Brentano’s en janvier 1947, l’autre, deux mois plus tard, en mars, chez Bordas, présentant des différences importantes entre elles, dans la forme comme dans l’esprit. Cet article étudie d’un point de vue génétique l’évolution textuelle du poème et s’emploie à mettre au jour les étapes successives de l’élaboration du Cahier. La difficulté d’une telle étude de genèse vient de l’absence à peu près complète d’un manuscrit ; ce sont les différentes éditions successives qui en tiennent lieu, la génétique pratiquée est donc celle de l’imprimé. L’un des résultats de cette étude est que le Cahier a paradoxalement une grande stabilité et qu’il est un texte en mouvement, qui se compose et se recompose au contact des autres poèmes que Césaire écrit pendant cette période décisive des années 1939-1947, alors qu’il explore de multiples voies, en particulier dans la revue Tropiques et dans les revues new-yorkaises Hémisphères et VVV. Le Cahier se trouve à la croisée d’écritures poétiques et de tentatives poétiques multiples, et de ce fait apparaît comme le « miroir de concentration » de l’oeuvre de Césaire en train de s’inventer. Sont ainsi appréhendées les relations que le Cahier entretient avec les poèmes qui entreront en 1946 dans Les armes miraculeuses, comme est étudiée la part du surréalisme que Breton fait découvrir à Césaire en 1941. Toute la production du « jeune Césaire » se trouve de la sorte prise en écharpe dans cette entreprise de génétique.
Ruptures d’union et vie familiale dans un contexte de forte mortalité : l’exemple de la Dombes (France) du milieu du xviiie siècle au milieu du xixe siècle
Authors: Brunet Guy 
Published: November 2012

La petite province de Dombes, située au nord de la ville de Lyon, se caractérise essentiellement par la présence de nombreux étangs insalubres et une mortalité élevée. À Saint-Trivier en particulier, et jusqu’aux premières décennies du xixe siècle, le nombre de décès est supérieur au nombre de naissances. Une immigration constante permet toutefois une légère croissance de la population. La vie des familles se trouve bouleversée par la forte mortalité des enfants mais aussi par celle des adultes : à la fin du xviiie siècle, près d’un mariage sur trois dure moins de 5 ans, et c’est encore le cas d’un mariage sur quatre au début du xixe siècle. Ces ruptures familiales entraînent l’existence de très nombreux orphelins, les enfants ayant de fait une faible probabilité de grandir avec leurs deux parents biologiques. L’assèchement de nombreux étangs au milieu du xixe siècle ainsi que l’amélioration des conditions de vie entraînent le renversement rapide de ce régime démographique original.
HIV‐infected viremic long‐term non‐progressors and controllers display different immunological mechanisms for preserved CD4+cell counts
Authors: Gaardbo J , Ronit A , Hartling H , Thorsteinsson K , Ullum H , Andersen A , Nielsen S 
Published: November 2012

PurposeMost HIV‐infected patients develop immunodeficiency without treatment. However, Long‐Term Non Progressors (LTNP) and Viremic Controllers (VC) maintain normal CD4 counts and do not progress in the absence of treatment. While VC are able to control viral replication LTNP are not. Thus, lack of viral replication cannot explain non‐progression in LTNP. Therefore we hypothesized that the immunological mechanism responsible for preserved CD4 counts in LTNP is different from that in VC.Methods69 treatment naïve HIV‐infected patients were included in a cross‐sectional study. A total of 14 LTNP (viral load, VL>5000 copies/ml, CD4+ cell count>350 cells/ul, infected>10 years), 30 VC (VL<5000 copies/ml, CD4 count>350 cells/ul), and 25 progressors (PR) (VL>5.000 copies/ml, CD4 count>350 cells/ul) were included. Immune activation (CD4+ and CD8+cells co‐expressing CD38+HLA‐DR+), apoptosis (CD8+CD28‐CD95+), Th17 cells (CD4+CD161+), and regulatory T cells (Tregs, CD4+CD25+CD127lowFoxP3+) were evaluated using flow cytometry. For statistics Kruskal‐Wallis test followed by Mann‐Whitney U test were used. Data are given as medians.Summary of resultsLTNP had higher frequency of activated CD4+ and CD8+cells compared to VC (3.4% vs. 1.6%, P=0.007, 21.7% vs. 12.0%, P=0.051) and similar levels to PR (4.2%, 22.4%, P>0.05). Likewise, LTNP had higher frequency of apoptotic cells compared to VC (63.7% vs. 48.6%, P=0.0408) and similar levels to PR (63.8%, P>0.05). Interestingly, borderline significant trends towards lower Th17/Treg ratio in LTNP compared to VC were found (3.8 vs. 5.5, P=0.068) while ratios in LTNP and PR were similar (4.0, P>0.05).ConclusionLTNP displayed high levels of immune activation, apoptotic cells and reduced Th17/Treg ratio compared to VC, while LTNP were similar to PR. Thus, the immunological mechanism responsible for preserved CD4 counts in LTNP is still unclear but seems to be different from that in VC.
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Progression to AIDS or death in HIV‐infected patients initiating cART with CD4<200 cells/µ L: the role of CD4 and viral load changes during follow‐up
Authors: Ferrer E , Curto J , Esteve A , Miro J , Tural C , Riera S , Segura F , Force L , Casabona J , Podzamczer D 
Published: November 2012

Purpose of the studyOur aim was to evaluate factors associated with progression to AIDS/death in HIV‐infected naïve pts initiating cART with low CD4 counts.MethodsAdult HIV‐infected ARV‐naïve pts with CD4 <200 who initiated NNRTI or PI‐containing regimens between 1998 and 2009, were included. Primary end point was progression to AIDS (a first episode or a new AIDS‐defining condition in pts with prior AIDS) or death. Kaplan‐Meier curves were used to determine progression‐free survival and multivariate Cox regression models were used to identify independent predictive factors of progression to AIDS/death.Summary of resultsWe included 1427 patients (80% men, median age 38 years, 25% IDU, 37% AIDS, 20% HCV) between 1998 and 2009. At baseline (BL), median (range) CD4 and viral load (VL) was 77 (1–199) cells/µL and 170,000 (19–8,750,000) copies/mL, respectively. After a median follow‐up 4.6 years, 70% of pts reached CD4>200/µL, 65.2% reached undetectable VL and 268 (19%) pts progressed to AIDS/death during follow‐up. The probability of AIDS/death at 5 years was 76%, 34%, 3% and 3%, in pts with BL CD4<100/VL>5 log and CD4<200/VL detectable during FU, BL CD4<100/ VL>5 log and CD4<200/VL undetectable during FU, BL CD4<100 and/or VL>5 log and CD4>200/VL undetectable during FU and BL CD4>100/ VL<5 log and CD4>200/VL undetectable during FU, respectively. In the multivariate analysis, several variables were associated with AIDS/death: CD4< 200 during FU (HR 10.89, p<0.001), detectable VL during FU (HR 3.49, p<0.001), age>50 years (HR 1.75, p=0.001), prior AIDS (HR 1.71, p<0.001) and BL VL>5 log (HR 1.45, p=0.011). If only pts without prior AIDS (n=895) were analyzed, the variables independently associated with AIDS/death were: CD4<200 during FU (HR 9.90, p<0.001), detectable VL during FU (HR 2.78, p<0.001) and BL VL>5 log (HR 1.62, p=0.016).ConclusionsIn immunosuppressed patients initiating cARV therapy, not reaching CD4>200/µL during FU was the strongest variable associated with progression to AIDS/death. VL at BL and mainly at follow up also played a role in patient outcome.
Long‐term therapy with nevirapine and tropism
Authors: Moling O , Andreis S , Bressan S , Basso M , Monticelli J , Menegotto N , Nicolè S , Scaggiante R , Andreoni M , Palù G , Parisi S 
Published: November 2012

ObjectiveA more potent effect on the residual viraemia was ascribed to nevirapine (NVP) with respect to other antiretroviral drugs; moreover a selection of X4 strains was described in patients (pts) with undetectable viraemia; our aim was to study viro‐immunological parameters and tropism for co‐receptor in pts on a long term successful therapy with NVP.Methods14 pts on HAART from 130 months (GL, median value, range 118–156 months) without occurrence of blips, as assessable with the available methods at that time, were retrospectively selected from a single center cohort (Bolzano). Tropism for V3 was determined by population sequencing on blood, and using geno2pheno algorithm; cellular HIV DNA load was analysed by in‐house Real‐Time. A further eighteen months (mo) follow up was then observed. Data were compared with those obtained from a control group of 50 naïve pts (GS), evaluated after a 36‐mo successful therapy (median, range 12–84) with various drug combinations, with median baseline (BL) CD4 of 50/μl, comparable value with the GL cohort.ResultsIn 7 pts a R5‐tropic (GLR5, FPR median 84.8%) and in 7 an X4‐tropic strain (GLX4, FPR median 1.1%) was demonstrated. BL data of GLR5 were 46 y old, CD4 54/l, HIV‐RNA 104,000 cps/ml; HAART from 142 mo, with NVP from 125 (one after 70 mo on NVP switched to protease from 57); at follow up CD4 were 679/l, HIV‐DNA 60 cps/106 PBMCs (range<5–252). GLX4 were 46 y, at BL 38 CD4/l, HIV‐RNA 250,000 cps/ml; in HAART from 121 mo, with NVP from 97; at follow up CD4 902/l, HIV‐DNA 60 cps/106 PBMCs (range<5–225). Six out of seven pts of the two groups were on treatment with abacavir+lamivudine (ABC+3TC) and one with tenofovir+emtricitabine. In the subsequent 18 mo four blips were observed (21–71 cps/ml); the backbone was changed to raltegravir in two GLR5 and one GLX4 for convenience. In the 50 GS pts at follow up an X4 strain was found in 50% of 14 efavirenz‐treated, in 16% of 6 NVP, and 63% of 30 protease.DiscussionIn a group of very long‐term treated pts with NVP plus two NRTI (ABC+3TC in 12 out of 14), a tropism for CXCR4 was demonstrated in 50%, without significant differences in the CD4 gain and in the HIV‐DNA load archived in the peripheral blood. With respect to pts on various therapies from a median of 36 mo, the type of archived virus does not seem to have a role on the outcome of a very long therapy, 130 mo, with NVP+ABC+3TC; this therapy does not seem able to select a special tropism in pts.
Factors associated with immune status in the diagnosis of HIV infection
Authors: Cardoso S , Figueiredo C , Santos A , Poínhos R , Piñeiro C , Xerinda S , Soares J , Marques R , Serrão R , Sarmento A 
Published: November 2012

IntroductionCurrent guidelines recommend the start of antiretroviral therapy before advanced immunosuppression, which is not always possible. The purpose of this study is to evaluate factors associated with the degree of immunosuppression at the diagnosis of HIV infection.MethodsWe evaluated demographic and epidemiological data of HIV‐infected patients observed at the Department of Infectious Diseases diagnosed between 2006–2011, and analyzed the relationship between these data and the immune status at diagnosis. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 20.0 for Windows.ResultsData from 600 new patients were analyzed. 584 (97.3%) infected by HIV‐1. 426 (71%) male. Mean age=42 years (SD=14). Risk factor for HIV infection: sexual in 548 patients (91.3%) (22.8% homo/bisexual). 153 (25.5%) patients had AIDS ‐defining illness. Origin of patients: general practitioner ‐ 153 (25.5%), hospitalization in the Department of Infectious Diseases ‐ 110 (18.3%), diagnostic screening after partner's diagnosis ‐ 69 (11.5%), hospital consultation ‐ 68 (11 3%), emergency room ‐ 61 (10.2%), anonymous diagnostic testing center ‐ 46 (7.7%), other hospital inpatient services ‐ 31 (5.2%), hospitalization in another hospital ‐ 30 (5%), attempted blood donation ‐ 15 (2.5%), drug addiction treatment center ‐ 8 (1.3%), pregnancy screening ‐ 3 (0.5%) and patient's own initiative ‐ 6 (1%). The mean CD4+ cell count was 319 cells/cmm (SD=274; range: 2–1416). Women were diagnosed at significantly higher CD4+ cell count levels (p=0.005), as well as younger patients (p<0.001). Homo/bisexual patients had CD4+ cell counts significantly higher than the other groups (p<0.001). There were differences in CD4+ cell count depending on the origin of the patients (p<0.001): patients diagnosed at anonymous diagnostic center, drug addiction treatment center, blood donors, pregnant women and coming on their own initiative, had higher CD4+ cell count levels (p<0.001). Patients admitted in the Department of Infectious Diseases were those with the lower CD4+ cell counts. No relationship was found between CD4+ cell count level and year of diagnosis.ConclusionThese results indicate the importance of early HIV screening even in individuals without a perceived risk of acquisition of this infection, so they can benefit from antiretroviral treatment before having advanced immunosuppression.
HIV elite controllers as a key to novel strategies in treatment of HIV infection
Authors: Pronin A , Zukova E , Orlova‐Morozova E , Serkov I , Kaminskiy G 
Published: November 2012

Purpose of the studyTo identify and primarily characterize the elite controllers (EC) in Moscow Regional HIV Living People Cohort (Russia).Methods2682 HIV‐1‐positive individuals with A1 (asymptomatic) stage of HIV infection were under regular physician observation continuously for at least 5 years. Verification antibody testing was performed with “New Love Blot” and “Autoblot 2000” (Biorad). Patients underwent scheduled HIV viral load and T‐lymphocyte subpopulation measurement (twice a year) and did not have indications to HAART (viral load less then 5 log10/ml, CD4+ counts more then 500 cells/mm3). HIV viral load was detected by PCR m2000rt Abbott Biosystems analyzer, “RealTime HIV‐1” sets with 20 copies per ml sensitivity) and major subpopulation of T‐lymphocytes were analyzed by flow cytometer BD FACSCount, sets of antibodies ÑD3/CD4/CD8/CD45) [1].imageSummary of resultsAverage log10 viral load was defined in each patient for 5‐year period, and the distribution appeared to have a bimodal character (Figure 1). 106 EC were primarily identified as having average viral load less then 1.7 log10 (50) HIV copies/ml.The incidence of EC appeared to be 3.95% (95% CI: 3.2%; 4.7%) of population with A1 (asymptomatic) disease with no indications to HAART, that corresponds to literary data [2]. Belonging to EC was then proved by laboratory dynamics. In EC 3 types of viral load dynamics were identified: 1) absence of detectable viremia, 2) single spikes, 3) episodic temporary elevation(s) (at mean 500‐900 copies) lasting half a year. All these emphasize the control of virus. In EC 3 types of ÑD4+T‐lymphocyte dynamics were defined: 1) CD4+ elevation (in case beginning from the acute stage of the disease), 2) stable ÑD4+ cells, 3) CD4+ cell depletion with very small velocity. 12 EC had “minimal change disease” defined additionally by the absence or trace appearance of pol 68/66, 52/51, 34/31 antibodies (Table 1) and non‐detectable PCR levels in all measurements. These represent 11.32% (95% CI: 5.17%; 17.47%) from EC and 0.45% (95% CI: 0.19%; 0.71%) from population with A1 (asymptomatic) HIV‐disease.

Env
Env
Env
Gag
Gag
Gag
Gag
Pol
Pol
Pol

Patient number
160
120
41
55
40
24/25
18
68/66
52/51
34/31

1
+
*
+
+
+
+
−
−
−
−

2
+
+
+
+
*
+
−
*
*
+

3
+
*
+
*
‐
*
−
*
*
*

4
+
+
+
+
+
+
−
+
*
+

5
+
+
+
+
−
+
−
+
+
−

6
+
+
+
+
+
+
*
+
+
*

7
+
+
+
+
+
+
*
*
*
+

8
+
*
+
*
‐
*
*
*
−
*

9
+
+
+
+
‐
+
*
−
−
−

10
+
‐
+
*
‐
+
−
−
−
−

11
+
+
+
+
+
+
*
−
−
−

12
+
*
+
+
+
+
−
*
−
−

Signs of antibodies: +, presence; *, traces; −, absence

ConclusionsAmong EC patients with “minimal change disease” were identified. They may represent: (i) primarily persistent HIV infection (with reduced productive cycle), (ii) low dose (localized) HIV‐infection, (iii) rare successful immune‐mediated elimination of HIV that could be the model for novel elimination strategies.
Test for CCR5 tropism and treatment with maraviroc in Sicily: an observational retrospective multicentre study
Authors: Celesia B , Gussio M , Franco A , Scifo G , Prestileo T , Di Lorenzo F , La Rosa R , Nigro L , Colomba C , Ingrassia D , Galvagna S , Mannino G , Storaci N , Migliore S , Salvo A , Todaro G , Portelli V , Sturniolo G , Davi’ A , Bruno S , Bellissima P , Guarneri L , Palermo F , Zagami A , Nunnari G , Cosentino S 
Published: November 2012

Purpose of the studyMaraviroc (MVC) is the first CCR5 inhibitor licensed for clinical use. A pre‐treatment test is mandatory to identify R5 tropic patients. Aim of this study is to detect indications and results of tropism test and to evaluate efficacy and tolerability of MVC‐based regimen.MethodsAn observational retrospective multicentre study was performed in Sicily in 15 Infectious Diseases Units. Clinical records of 213 screened for tropism HIV+ subjects were reviewed for age, sex, risk, clinical stage (CDC, CD4 cell count, HIV RNA viral load), therapeutic line, indication and result of test for tropism; within subjects treated with MVC, HIV RNA, CD4 cell count and metabolic parameters trend and adverse events were analysed.Summary of resultsMedian age 44 (IQR 30–50) years, 67.1% males; 46.3% heterosexuals, 28.6% MSMs, 21.4% IVDUs; 23.7% CDC A, 32.1% CDC B, 44.2% CDC C; median CD4 was 217 (IQR 121–374) cells/µl and mean of HIV RNA was 4.72 (Cl 95% 4.07–4.67) log10 copies/ml; median therapeutic line was 4 (IQR 2–7). 80.8% were submitted to Trofile™ test, 19.2% to genotypic test, 75.5% after a therapeutic failure. 56.8% of subjects screened were R5, 7.5% X4, 21.6% DM, 14% undefined. All X4 patients were tested after a therapeutic failure; patients screened for toxicity were more frequently R5 (75%) (p<0.01). 76 (35.7%) multi‐experienced (at baseline 8% HIV RNA<50 copies/ml, median CD4 cell count 219 (IQR 124–345) cells/µl) subjects were treated with MVC plus an optimized background treatment: MVC was associated in 74% of cases with a protease inhibitors (56% darunavir/ritonavir), in 42% with raltegravir, in 56% with a NUC‐sparing regimen. After 12 months of treatment 56.8% (ITT analysis) and 61.7% (AT) of patients had HIV RNA<50 copies/ml; median CD4 cell count was 387 (IQR 222–455) cells/µl. After 24 months 64.8% (ITT) 80% (AT) had HIV‐RNA<50 copies/ml. Median CD4 cell count was 381 (IQR 218.515) cells/µl with a median increase of 168 (IQR 54–274) cells/µl. At 24 months median value of total and HDL cholesterol and triglycerides were within the normal range. 7 patients stopped the treatment: 2 died, 1 adverse event, 4 virological failure.ConclusionsAlthough the test has been proposed to patients with long treatment history and failure, only 3/5 of R5 tropic patients were treated with MVC. An high number of multi‐experienced subjects treated with a MVC‐based regimen obtained HIV RNA<50 copies/ml and a satisfactory increase of CD4 cell count.
Recent Advances in the Construction of Polycyclic Compounds by Palladium‐Catalyzed Atom‐Economical Cascade Reactions
Authors: Ohno Hiroaki 
Published: November 2012

AbstractThe development of cascade reactions that realize step‐economical syntheses of complex compounds by multiple bond formation is one of the most attractive subjects in modern organic chemistry. Another important challenge in this area is to improve atom economy by minimizing waste product formation and avoiding prefunctionalization of the substrates. Because palladium catalysts are well known to promote a variety of atom‐economical elementary reactions, many useful palladium‐catalyzed cascade reactions have been developed. In this Focus Review, recent advances in palladium‐catalyzed atom‐economical cascade reactions for the construction of polycyclic compounds are summarized. Especially, the cascade reactions reported in the past decade, which include carbopalladation onto alkyne/alkene/allenes, nucleophilic reaction, and direct arylation/CH bond functionalization, are highlighted.
Synergetic Effects of In Situ Formed CaH2 and LiBH4 on Hydrogen Storage Properties of the Li–Mg–N–H System
Authors: Li Bo , Liu Yongfeng , Gu Jian , Gao Mingxia , Pan Hongge 
Published: November 2012

AbstractHydrogen storage properties and mechanisms of the Ca(BH4)2‐doped Mg(NH2)2–2 LiH system are systematically investigated. It is found that a metathesis reaction between Ca(BH4)2 and LiH readily occurs to yield CaH2 and LiBH4 during ball milling. The Mg(NH2)2–2 LiH–0.1 Ca(BH4)2 composite exhibits optimal hydrogen storage properties as it can reversibly store more than 4.5 wt % of H2 with an onset temperature of about 90 °C for dehydrogenation and 60 °C for rehydrogenation. Isothermal measurements show that approximately 4.0 wt % of H2 is rapidly desorbed from the Mg(NH2)2–2 LiH–0.1 Ca(BH4)2 composite within 100 minutes at 140 °C, and rehydrogenation can be completed within 140 minutes at 105 °C and 100 bar H2. In comparison with the pristine sample, the apparent activation energy and the reaction enthalpy change for dehydrogenation of the Mg(NH2)2–2 LiH–0.1 Ca(BH4)2 composite are decreased by about 16.5 % and 28.1 %, respectively, and thus are responsible for the lower operating temperature and the faster dehydrogenation/hydrogenation kinetics. The fact that the hydrogen storage performances of the Ca(BH4)2‐doped sample are superior to the individually CaH2‐ or LiBH4‐doped samples suggests that the in situ formed CaH2 and LiBH4 provide a synergetic effect on improving the hydrogen storage properties of the Mg(NH2)2–2 LiH system.
Biocatalytic reduction of short‐chain carboxylic acids into their corresponding alcohols with syngas fermentation
Authors: Perez Jose M. , Richter Hanno , Loftus Sarah E. , Angenent Largus T. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractShort‐chain carboxylic acids generated by various mixed‐ or pure‐culture fermentation processes have been considered valuable precursors for production of bioalcohols. While conversion of carboxylic acids into alcohols is routinely performed with catalytic hydrogenation or with strong chemical reducing agents, here, a biological conversion route was explored. The potential of carboxydotrophic bacteria, such as Clostridium ljungdahlii and Clostridium ragsdalei, as biocatalysts for conversion of short‐chain carboxylic acids into alcohols, using syngas as a source of electrons and energy is demonstrated. Acetic acid, propionic acid, n‐butyric acid, isobutyric acid, n‐valeric acid, and n‐caproic acid were converted into their corresponding alcohols. Furthermore, biomass yields and fermentation stoichiometry from the experimental data were modeled to determine how much metabolic energy C. ljungdahlii generated during syngas fermentation. An ATP yield of 0.4–0.5 mol of ATP per mol CO consumed was calculated in the presence of hydrogen. The ratio of protons pumped across the cell membrane versus electrons transferred from ferredoxin to NAD+ via the Rnf complex is suggested to be 1.0. Based on these results, we provide suggestions how n‐butyric acid to n‐butanol conversion via syngas fermentation can be further improved. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2013; 110: 1066–1077. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.