bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Farm Type Effects of an EU‐wide Direct Payment Harmonisation
Authors: Gocht Alexander , Britz Wolfgang , Ciaian Pavel , Paloma Sergio Gomez y 
Published: January 2013

AbstractIn this study, we analyse how three scenarios involving different levels of harmonisation of common agricultural policy (CAP) decoupled payments in the EU affect the distribution of farm income across regions and farm types. We use the farm type extension of the common agricultural policy impact (CAPRI) model, which captures farm heterogeneity across the EU. The first scenario (NUTS1) assumes uniform per‐hectare payments at the NUTS1 level. The second scenario (MS‐CONV) equalises the per‐hectare rates inside each Member State (MS) and partially harmonises the single payment scheme (SPS) across MS in line with the 2011 Commission proposal. The third scenario simulates a uniform per‐hectare payment at the EU level. Depending on the implementation of the SPS, the NUTS1 flat rate induces a substantial redistribution of payments across farm types and NUTS2 regions, particularly in regions that apply the historical SPS. The MS‐CONV and EU flat‐rate schemes have more significant impacts at the EU‐wide level. In the EU‐15, almost all farms lose payments from MS‐CONV and EU‐wide flat rates, whereas in the EU‐10, almost all farm types gain from these scenarios. Our conservative estimates indicate that the flat‐rate payments could redistribute up to €8.5 billion. Lower land rental costs partially offset the losses of farm income in the EU‐15 from payment redistribution. Land rents drop for all flat‐rate scenarios across most sectors and farm sizes in the EU‐15. In the less productive new MS, the landowners’ rental income is largely unaffected by the introduction of the flat rate.
The Malaysian Clinical Guidance on the Management of Postmenopausal Osteoporosis, 2012: A Summary
Authors: Yeap Swan S. , Hew Fen L. , Lee Joon K. , Goh Emily M. L. , Chee Winnie , Mumtaz Malik , Damodaran Premitha , Lim Heng H. , Chan Siew P. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractAimThis Clinical Guidance is aimed to help practitioners assess, diagnose and manage their patients with osteoporosis (OP), using the best available evidence.MethodsA literature search using PubMed (MEDLINE) and The Cochrane Library identified all relevant articles on OP and its assessment, diagnosis and treatment, from 2005, to update from the previous edition published in 2006. The studies were assessed and the level of evidence assigned; for each statement, studies with the highest level of evidence were used to frame the recommendation.ResultsThis article summarizes the diagnostic and treatment pathways for OP, highlighting the new data that have changed the way we assess and treat OP. Instead of starting treatment based on bone mineral density alone, there has been a move to assessing 10‐year fracture risk before treatment, using tools such as the Fracture Risk Assessment Tool (FRAX). There has been a re‐evaluation on calcium supplementation and more emphasis on the importance of vitamin D. There has been concern about the potential adverse effects of the long‐term usage of bisphosphonates, which we have discussed fully. New drugs that have been licensed since 2006 in Malaysia have been included.ConclusionsAdequate intake of calcium (1000 mg from both diet and supplements) and vitamin D (800 IU) daily remain important in the treatment of OP. However, in confirmed OP, pharmacological therapy with anti‐resorptives is the mainstay of treatment. Patients need to be regularly assessed while on medication and treatment adjusted as required.
Evidence for a Role for the Adaptive Immune Response in Human Term Parturition
Authors: Gomez‐Lopez Nardhy , Vega‐Sanchez Rodrigo , Castillo‐Castrejon Marisol , Romero Roberto , Cubeiro‐Arreola Karen , Vadillo‐Ortega Felipe 
Published: January 2013

ProblemSpontaneous labor at term involves leukocyte recruitment and infiltration into the choriodecidua; yet, characterization of these leukocytes and their immunological mediators is incomplete. The purpose of this study was to characterize the immunophenotype of choriodecidual leukocytes as well as the expression of inflammatory mediators in human spontaneous parturition at term.Method of studyChoriodecidual leukocytes were analyzed by FACS, immunohistochemistry, and RT‐PCR in three different groups: (i) preterm gestation delivered for medical indications without labor; (ii) term pregnancy without labor; and (iii) term pregnancy after spontaneous labor.ResultsTwo T‐cell subsets of memory‐like T cells (CD3+CD4+CD45RO+ and CD3+CD4−CD8−CD45RO+ cells) were identified in the choriodecidua of women who had spontaneous labor. Evidence for an extensive immune signaling network composed of chemokines (CXCL8 and CXCL10), chemokine receptors (CXCR1‐3), cytokines (IL‐1β and TNF‐α), cell adhesion molecules, and MMP‐9 was identified in these cells during spontaneous labor at term.ConclusionsThe influx of memory‐like T cells in the choriodecidua and the evidence that they are active by producing chemokines and cytokines, and expressing chemokine receptors, cell adhesion molecules, and a matrix‐degrading enzyme provides support for the participation of the adaptive immune system in the mechanisms of spontaneous parturition at term.
Does occiput posterior position in the second stage of labour increase the operative delivery rate?
Authors: Carseldine Wendy J. , Phipps Hala , Zawada Shannon F. , Campbell Neil T. , Ludlow Joanne P. , Krishnan Surya Y. , De Vries Bradley S. 
Published: January 2013

ObjectivesTo assess the impact of occipito‐posterior position in the second stage of labour on operative delivery.MethodsDouble‐blinded prospective cohort study of ultrasound determined occiput‐posterior position during the second stage of labour compared with occiput‐anterior position. The primary outcome was operative (caesarean section, forceps or vacuum) delivery.ResultsA total of 68% (13/19) women in the occiput‐posterior group, and 27% (39/141) in the occiput‐anterior group had an operative delivery (unadjusted: P < 0.001). Caesarean section was performed in 37% and 5%, respectively (P < 0.001). The occiput‐posterior group had a longer second stage (mean 2 h 59 minutes vs 1 h 54 minutes; P = 0.001) and larger infants (mean 3723 g vs 3480 g, P = 0.024). In the logistic regression, occiput‐posterior position, nulliparity, abnormal second stage cardiotocograph and epidural analgesia were independent predictors for operative delivery.ConclusionsOcciput‐posterior position early in the second stage of labour is strongly associated with operative delivery. There is potential to explore interventions such as manual rotation.
Placenta accreta: incidence and risk factors in an area with a particularly high rate of cesarean section
Authors: Morlando Maddalena , Sarno Laura , Napolitano Raffaele , Capone Angela , Tessitore Giovanni , Maruotti Giuseppe M. , Martinelli Pasquale 
Published: January 2013

AbstractPlacenta accreta is a rare and potentially life‐threatening complication of pregnancy characterized by abnormal adherence of the placenta to the uterine wall. A previously scarred uterus or an abnormal site of placentation in the lower segment is a major risk factor. The aim of this study was to investigate the change in the incidence of placenta accreta and associated risk factors along four decades, from the 1970s to 2000s, in a tertiary south Italian center. We analyzed all cases of placenta accreta in a sample triennium for each decade. The incidence increased from 0.12% during the 1970s, to 0.31% during the 2000s. During the same period, cesarean section rates increased from 17 to 64%. Prior cesarean section was the only risk factor showing a significant concomitant rise. Our results reinforce cesarean section as the most significant predisposing condition for placenta accreta.
Single‐incision laparoscopic cholecystectomy for porcelain gallbladder: A case report
Authors: Igami Tsuyoshi , Usui Hiroaki , Ebata Tomoki , Yokoyama Yukihiro , Sugawara Gen , Takahashi Yu , Nagino Masato 
Published: January 2013

AbstractSingle‐incision laparoscopic cholecystectomy (SILC) has been performed in patients with gallbladder stones without inflammation. Porcelain gallbladder is a rare finding of chronic cholecystitis that is characterized by extensive calcification of the gallbladder wall. Herein we describe our experience with SILC for porcelain gallbladder with a successful outcome. A 67‐old‐year woman was diagnosed with porcelain gallbladder. We performed SILC using a SILS Port and a 5‐mm forceps through the umbilical incision. Because a small amount of the omentum around the gallbladder was left to facilitate grasping the fundus, a view of both the cystic artery and the cystic duct was easily obtained. The operative time and the intraoperative blood loss were 66 min and less than 1 mL, respectively. The patient was discharged 3 days after surgery and was satisfied with the cosmetic results. Our procedure may represent an alternative to conventional laparoscopic cholecystectomy in patients with porcelain gallbladder.
Encephalitis with Infiltration by CD8+ Lymphocytes in HIV Patients Receiving Combination Antiretroviral Treatment
Authors: Gray Françoise , Lescure François Xavier , Adle‐Biassette Homa , Polivka Marc , Gallien Sébastien , Pialoux Gilles , Moulignier Antoine 
Published: January 2013

AbstractWe report the neuropathological findings in 10 HIV‐infected patients treated by combination antiretroviral therapy who developed subacute encephalopathy of rapidly progressive onset. Brain biopsy showed encephalitic lesions variably associated with myelin loss and slight axonal damage. There was inconstant, weak expression of HIV protein p24; tests for other pathogens were negative. The most striking feature was diffuse, perivascular and intraparenchymal infiltration by CD8+ T‐lymphocytes. Six patients improved after the treatment. Four had an unfavorable outcome and died within a year. Post‐mortem in one case confirmed HIV leukoencephalitis with p24‐positive multinucleated giant cells, associated with acute demyelinating encephalomyelitis (ADEM) in the cerebellum. There was diffuse infiltration by CD8+ lymphocytes; CD4+ cells were virtually absent. These cases may represent a specific clinicopathological entity, of which a few comparable cases have been already described. They can be included in the wide framework of immune reconstitution disease. Such syndromes have been described with opportunistic infections, but only seldom with HIV infection of the central nervous system (CNS). Our findings support the hypothesis that CD8+ cytotoxic lymphocytes can be harmful in immune reconstitution disease, particularly in the absence of CD4+ lymphocytes. CD8 cytotoxicity produces an acutization of a smoldering infection and/or an immunopathological reaction similar to ADEM.
Inhibition of fatty acid amide hydrolase activates Nrf2 signalling and induces heme oxygenase 1 transcription in breast cancer cells
Authors: Li H , Wood J T , Whitten K M , Vadivel S K , Seng S , Makriyannis A , Avraham H K 
Published: January 2013

Background and PurposeEndocannabinoids such as anandamide (AEA) are important lipid ligands regulating cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. Their levels are regulated by hydrolase enzymes, the fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) and monoacylglycerol lipase (MGL). Here, we investigated whether FAAH or AEA are involved in NF (erythroid‐derived 2)‐like 2 (Nrf2)/antioxidant responsive element (ARE) pathway.Experimental ApproachThe aim of this study was to analyse the effects of AEA or FAAH inhibition by the URB597 inhibitor or FAAH/siRNA on the activation of Nrf2‐ARE signalling pathway and heme oxygenase‐1 (HO‐1) induction and transcription.Key ResultsEndogenous AEA was detected in the immortalized human mammary epithelial MCF‐10A cells (0.034 ng per 106 cells) but not in MCF‐7 or MDA‐MB‐231 breast cancer cells. Because breast tumour cells express FAAH abundantly, we examined the effects of FAAH on Nrf2/antioxidant pathway. We found that inhibition of FAAH by the URB597 inhibitor induced antioxidant HO‐1 in breast cancer cells and MCF‐10A cells. RNAi‐mediated knockdown of FAAH or treatment with AEA‐activated ARE‐containing reporter induced HO‐1 mRNA and protein expression, independent of the cannabinoid receptors, CB1, CB2 or TRPV1. Furthermore, URB597, AEA and siRNA‐FAAH treatments induced the nuclear translocation of Nrf2, while siRNA‐Nrf2 treatment and Keap1 expression blocked AEA, URB597 and si‐FAAH from activation of ARE reporter and HO‐1 induction. siRNA‐HO‐1 treatment decreased the viability of breast cancer cells and MCF‐10A cells.Conclusions and ImplicationsThese data uncovered a novel mechanism by which inhibition of FAAH or exposure to AEA induced HO‐1 transcripts and implicating AEA and FAAH as direct modifiers in signalling mediated activation of Nrf2‐HO‐1 pathway, independent of cannabinoid receptors.
The economic impact of early intervention in psychosis services for children and adolescents
Authors: McCrone Paul , Singh Swaran P. , Knapp Martin , Smith Jo , Clark Michael , Shiers David , Tiffin Paul A. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractAimsTo develop and populate a plausible model of the impact of early intervention (EI) for children and adolescents with psychosis to estimate potential short‐term health‐related cost savings compared to generic Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services (CAMHS).MethodA decision‐tree‐based model for EI in CAMHS was developed. The model was populated using data relating to the use of inpatient care and EI service activity for people aged under 18 from an area of North East England. Data were abstracted from the National Health Service clinical reporting systems for 2001–2008. Sensitivity analyses were performed to examine costs associated with the model under differing assumptions.ResultsEI delivered cost savings of £4814 per patient compared to care provided by generic CAMHS. Cost savings were predominantly a consequence of reduced length of hospital admissions for patients served by the EI team. The findings were robust to sensitivity analyses.ConclusionsThese findings suggest that EI services for children and adolescents with psychosis provide potential direct health cost savings comparable to those observed for working‐age adults.
Long‐acting injectable antipsychotics in early psychosis: a literature review
Authors: Emsley Robin , Chiliza Bonginkosi , Asmal Laila , Mashile Mpogisheng , Fusar‐Poli Paolo 
Published: January 2013

AbstractAimThere are sound reasons for considering the use of long‐acting injectable antipsychotics early in the course of schizophrenia. We reviewed available literature on the subject.MethodWe conducted an electronic database search and critically reviewed all studies in which a long‐acting injectable antipsychotic was evaluated in early psychosis patients.ResultsThere is a need for well‐designed studies as most of those reported were open‐label and non‐comparative, and samples were frequently small.ConclusionsThe available evidence does suggest that long‐acting injectable antipsychotics can be used safely and effectively in early stages of the illness, and that they may be associated with better outcomes than with oral medications. However, this is largely supported by evidence from naturalistic cohort studies and a small number of controlled trials of risperidone long‐acting injection. Evidence for olanzapine and paliperidone long‐acting injectables in particular is limited.
Convergence of potential net ecosystem production among contrasting C3grasslands
Authors: Peichl Matthias , Sonnentag Oliver , Wohlfahrt Georg , Flanagan Lawrence B. , Baldocchi Dennis D. , Kiely Gerard , Galvagno Marta , Gianelle Damiano , Marcolla Barbara , Pio Casimiro , Migliavacca Mirco , Jones Michael B. , Saunders Matthew 
Published: January 2013

AbstractMetabolic theory and body size constraints on biomass production and decomposition suggest that differences in the intrinsic potential net ecosystem production (NEPPOT) should be small among contrasting C3grasslands and therefore unable to explain the wide range in the annual apparent net ecosystem production (NEPAPP) reported by previous studies. We estimatedNEPPOTfor nine C3grasslands under contrasting climate and management regimes using multiyear eddy covariance data.NEPPOTconverged within a narrow range, suggesting little difference in the net carbon dioxide uptake capacity among C3grasslands. Our results indicate a unique feature of C3grasslands compared with other terrestrial ecosystems and suggest a state of stability inNEPPOTdue to tightly coupled production and respiration processes. Consequently, the annualNEPAPPof C3grasslands is primarily a function of seasonal and short‐term environmental and management constraints, and therefore especially susceptible to changes in future climate patterns and associated adaptation of management practices.
Evaluating atmospheric CO2 inversions at multiple scales over a highly inventoried agricultural landscape
Authors: Schuh Andrew E. , Lauvaux Thomas , West Tristram O. , Denning A. Scott , Davis Kenneth J. , Miles Natasha , Richardson Scott , Uliasz Marek , Lokupitiya Erandathie , Cooley Daniel , Andrews Arlyn , Ogle Stephen 
Published: January 2013

AbstractAn intensive regional research campaign was conducted by the North American Carbon Program (NACP) in 2007 to study the carbon cycle of the highly productive agricultural regions of the Midwestern United States. Forty‐five different associated projects were conducted across five US agencies over the course of nearly a decade involving hundreds of researchers. One of the primary objectives of the intensive campaign was to investigate the ability of atmospheric inversion techniques to use highly calibrated CO2 mixing ratio data to estimate CO2 flux over the major croplands of the United States by comparing the results to an inventory of CO2 fluxes. Statistics from densely monitored crop production, consisting primarily of corn and soybeans, provided the backbone of a well studied bottom‐up inventory flux estimate that was used to evaluate the atmospheric inversion results. Estimates were compared to the inventory from three different inversion systems, representing spatial scales varying from high resolution mesoscale (PSU), to continental (CSU) and global (CarbonTracker), coupled to different transport models and optimization techniques. The inversion‐based mean CO2‐C sink estimates were generally slightly larger, 8–20% for PSU, 10–20% for CSU, and 21% for CarbonTracker, but statistically indistinguishable, from the inventory estimate of 135 TgC. While the comparisons show that the MCI region‐wide C sink is robust across inversion system and spatial scale, only the continental and mesoscale inversions were able to reproduce the spatial patterns within the region. In general, the results demonstrate that inversions can recover CO2 fluxes at sub‐regional scales with a relatively high density of CO2 observations and adequate information on atmospheric transport in the region.
Curcumin alleviates immune‐complex‐mediated glomerulonephritis in factor‐H‐deficient mice
Authors: Jacob Alexander , Chaves Lee , Eadon Michael T. , Chang Anthony , Quigg Richard J. , Alexander Jessy J. 
Published: January 2013

SummaryComplement factor H (Cfh) is a key regulator of the complement cascade and protects C57BL/6 mice from immune complex‐mediated complement‐dependent glomerulonephritis. In chronic serum sickness (CSS) there are increased deposits of immune complexes in the glomeruli with inflammation and a scarring phenotype. As cucurmin is an effective anti‐inflammatory agent and reduces complement activation, we hypothesized that it should alleviate renal disease in this setting. To determine the effectiveness of curcumin, an apoferritin‐induced CSS model in Cfh‐deficient (Cfh−/−) mice was used. Curcumin treatment (30 mg/kg) given every day in parallel with apoferritin reduced glomerulonephritis and enhanced kidney function (blood urea nitrogen, 45·4 ± 7·5 versus 35·6 ± 5·1; albuminuria, 50·1 ± 7·1 versus 15·7 ± 7·1; glomerulonephritis, 2·62 + 0·25 versus 2 + 0·3, P < 0·05). In line with reduced IgG deposits in mice with CSS given curcumin, C9 deposits were reduced indicating reduced complement activation. Mice treated with curcumin had a significant reduction in the number of splenic CD19+ B cells and the ratio of CD19 : CD3 cells (P < 0·05) with no change in the T‐cell population. Myeloperoxidase assay showed reduced macrophages in the kidney. However, a significant reduction in the M2 subset of splenic macrophages by apoferritin was prevented by curcumin, suggesting a protective function. Curcumin treatment reduced mRNA expression of inflammatory proteins monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1 and transforming growth factor‐β and matrix proteins, fibronectin, laminin and collagen. Our results clearly illustrate that curcumin reduces glomerulosclerosis, improves kidney function and could serve as a therapeutic agent during serum sickness.
Detained adolescent females’ multiple mental health and adjustment problem outcomes in young adulthood
Authors: van der Molen E. , Vermeiren R.R.J.M. , Krabbendam A.A. , Beekman A.T.F. , Doreleijers T.A.H. , Jansen L.M.C. 
Published: January 2013

Background:  Although prior studies have shown that detained females are marked by significant adverse circumstances, little is known about their adult outcomes.Method:  Prospective follow‐up study of 184 (80.4% of original sample of 229) detained adolescent females who were reassessed 4.5 (SD = 0.6) years later in young adulthood (mean age = 20.0, SD = 1.4) on mental health and adjustment outcomes. Associations between these outcomes and detained females’ behavior problems and offense history were examined.Results:  In the total sample, 59.0% had one or more mental health problems at follow‐up, whereas 96.2% were facing at least one adjustment problem. Subjects with a personality disorder (PD) reported more adjustment problems compared to subjects without PD. Mental health and adjustment problems in young adulthood were predicted by detained adolescent females’ behavior problems and offense history.Conclusion:  Detained adolescent females suffered from multiple mental health and adjustment problems in young adulthood. Females who developed PD were most impaired. Results of this study underline the compelling need for continued and gender‐specific interventions. The identification of predictors during detention for poor adult outcomes can serve as targets for intervention.
Evidence of exotoxin secretion of Piscirickettsia salmonis, the causative agent of piscirickettsiosis
Authors: Rojas M E , Galleguillos M , Díaz S , Machuca A , Carbonero A , Smith P A 
Published: January 2013

AbstractPiscirickettsia salmonis is the aetiological agent of piscirickettsiosis, a disease which affects a variety of teleost species and that is particularly severe in salmonid fish. Bacterial‐free supernatants, obtained from cultures of three isolates of Piscirickettsia salmonis, were inoculated in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., and in three continuous cell lines in an effort to determine the presence of secretion of extracellular products (ECPs) by this microorganism. Although steatosis was found in some liver samples, no mortalities or clinical signs occurred in the inoculated fish. Clear cytotoxicity was observed after inoculation in the cell lines CHSE‐214 and ASK, derived from salmonid tissues, but not in MDBK, which is of mammalian origin. The degree of cytotoxicity of the ECPs was different among the P. salmonis isolates tested. The isolate that evidenced the highest cytotoxicity in its ECPs exhibited only an intermediate virulence level after challenging fish with bacterial suspensions of the three P. salmonis isolates. Almost complete inhibition of the cytotoxic activity of ECPs was seen after proteinase K treatment, indicating their peptidic nature, and a total preclusion of the cytotoxicity was shown after their incubation at 50 °C for 30 min. Results show that P. salmonis can produce ECPs and at least some of them are thermolabile exotoxins that probably play a role in the pathogenesis of piscirickettsiosis.