bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hallux Abductus Interphalangeus in Normal Feet, Early-Stage Hallux Limitus, and Hallux Valgus
Authors: Castillo-Lopez Jose M. , Ramos-Ortega Javier , Reina-Bueno Maria , Domínguez-Maldonado Gabriel , Palomo-Toucedo Inmaculada C. , Munuera Pedro V. 
Published: April 2014

BackgroundExcessive deviation of the distal phalanx in abduction frequently occurs in advanced stages of hallux rigidus but not in hallux valgus. Therefore, theoretically there should be no significant differences in the hallux interphalangeal angle (HIPA) between individuals with normal feet, those with hallux valgus, and those with mild hallux limitus. The objective of the present study was thus to determine if significant differences in HIPA exist in the early stages of hallux valgus or hallux limitus deformities.MethodsThe hallux interphalangeal angle was measured in three groups of participants: a control group with normal feet (45 participants), a hallux valgus group (49 participants), and a hallux limitus group (48 participants). Both of the pathologies were at an early stage. A dorsoplantar radiograph under weightbearing conditions was taken for each individual, and measurements (HIPA and hallux abductus angle [HAA]) were taken using AutoCAD (Autodesk Inc, San Rafael, California) software. Intergroup comparisons of HIPA, and correlations between HIPA, HAA, and hallux dorsiflexion were calculated.ResultsThe comparisons revealed no significant differences in the values of HIPA between any of the groups (15.2 ± 5.9 degrees in the control group, 15.5 ± 3.9 degrees in the hallux valgus group, and 16.15 ± 4.3 in the hallux limitus group; P  =  0.634). The Pearson correlation coefficients in particular showed no correlation between hallux dorsiflexion, HAA, and HIPA.ConclusionsFor the study participants, there were similar deviations of the distal phalanx of the hallux with respect to the proximal phalanx in normal feet and in feet with the early stages of the hallux limitus and hallux valgus deformities.
Musculoskeletal Pain, Job Satisfaction, Depression, and Anxiety Among Spanish Podiatric Physicians
Authors: Iglesias Marta Elena Losa , de Bengoa Vallejo Ricardo Becerro 
Published: April 2014

BackgroundThere is a high prevalence of musculoskeletal complaints related to day-to-day work among podiatric physicians. We sought to determine the relationships among musculoskeletal pain, job satisfaction, depression, and anxiety in Spanish podiatric physicians.MethodsA convenience sample of 421 Spanish podiatric physicians was administered a survey that included questions about sociodemographic variables, musculoskeletal pain, job satisfaction, depression, and anxiety.ResultsOn average, respondents were found to have a high level of pain, a moderate level of job satisfaction, and low-to-moderate levels of depression and anxiety. Young single women had the highest levels of pain and anxiety. Analysis with the Student t test indicated significant differences between the sexes for levels of pain (P &lt; .0001) and anxiety (P &lt; .014). Job satisfaction was inversely related to depression and anxiety.ConclusionsThese findings, particularly the increased levels of pain, job dissatisfaction, anxiety, and depression in young single female podiatrists, indicate a need for strategies to reduce the risks posed by the work environment in podiatric medicine, thus minimizing the negative psychological and physical consequences of participating in the profession.
Isolation of Murine Natural Killer Cells
Authors: Pak‐Wittel Melissa A. , Piersma Sytse J. , Plougastel Beatrice F. , Poursine‐Laurent Jennifer , Yokoyama Wayne M. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThis unit describes the isolation of natural killer (NK) cells from mouse spleen. The basic protocol describes a method for preparing a highly purified NK cell population from mouse spleen by depletion of contaminating cells with selected monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) and magnetic separation. There are several advantages to this negative selection process. One of these is that the NK cells are not coated with antibody and, therefore, are not at risk of functional perturbation by antibody cross‐linking. Additionally, negative selection provides a way to isolate diverse subpopulations of NK cells without selectively purifying a specific subpopulation. Following enrichment, NK cell purity can be assessed by cell surface phenotype using flow cytometry. Curr. Protoc. Immunol.. 105:3.22.1‐3.22.9. © 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Evaluation and selection of SST regression algorithms for JPSS VIIRS
Authors: Petrenko Boris , Ignatov Alexander , Kihai Yury , Stroup John , Dash Prasanjit 
Published: April 2014

AbstractTwo global level 2 sea surface temperature (SST) products are generated at NOAA from the Suomi National Polar‐Orbiting Partnership Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) sensor data records (L1) with two independent processing systems, the Joint Polar Satellite System (JPSS) Interface Data Processing Segment (IDPS) and the NOAA heritage Advanced Clear‐Sky Processor for Oceans (ACSPO). The two systems use different SST retrieval and cloud masking algorithms. Validation against in situ and L4 analyses has shown suboptimal performance of the IDPS product. In this context, existing operational and proposed SST algorithms have been evaluated for their potential implementation in IDPS. This paper documents the evaluation methodology and results. The performance of SST retrievals is characterized with bias and standard deviation with respect to in situ SSTs and sensitivity to true SST. Given three retrieval metrics, all being variable in space and with observational conditions, an additional integral metric is needed to evaluate the overall performance of SST algorithms. Therefore, we introduce the Quality Retrieval Domain (QRD) as a part of the global ocean, where the retrieval characteristics meet predefined specifications. Based on the QRDs analyses for all tested algorithms over a representative range of specifications for accuracy, precision, and sensitivity, we have selected the algorithms developed at the EUMETSAT Ocean and Sea Ice Satellite Application Facility (OSI‐SAF) for implementation in IDPS and ACSPO. Testing the OSI‐SAF algorithms with ACSPO and IDPS products shows the improved consistency between VIIRS SST and Reynolds L4 daily analysis. Further improvement of the IDPS SST product requires adjustment of the VIIRS cloud and ice masks.
On β2 stepped leaders in negative cloud‐to‐ground lightning
Authors: Campos Leandro Z. S. , Saba Marcelo M. F. , Philip Krider E. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractIn their seminal lightning studies using streak cameras, Schonland et al. (1938) identified four negative stepped leader events that they term “β2,” a “rather rare variant of the type β leader”, and in it, “the second and slower stage of the leader is associated with the appearance of one or more fast dart streamers, which travel rapidly down from the cloud along the previously formed track and cease when they have caught up with the slower leader tip.” Seven negative downward leaders that agreed with the description given by Schonland et al. for type β2 were recorded in Tucson, Arizona, USA, and in São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil. All cases were recorded by a high‐speed camera operating at 4000 frames per second, and electric field changes were measured for three of them. Their “dart streamers” had speeds between 106 and 107 m s−1, compatible with previous observations of recoil leaders (RLs). Also, during the development of the three cases with correlated electric field changes, it was possible to identify sequences of microsecond‐scale pulses preceding the propagation of a dart streamer in the channel. It is proposed that the luminous process that occurs during the development of a type β2 stepped leader is the visible manifestation of one or more RLs that begin inside the cloud and connect to the in‐cloud, positive portion of the bipolar, bidirectional leader, and then travel downward to the lower end of the negative stepped leader path.
Paradox in South Asian summer monsoon circulation change: Lower tropospheric strengthening and upper tropospheric weakening
Authors: Ma Jian , Yu Jin‐Yi 
Published: April 2014

AbstractIn the literature, there exist contradictory conclusions on the South Asian summer monsoon (SASM) precipitation and circulation changes: whether the circulation change contributes positively by strengthening or negatively by weakening to the rainfall enhancement, on a background of moisture content increase. Based on Representative Concentration Pathway 4.5 simulations by 18 Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 5 models, this study explains these puzzles by illustrating that the SASM circulation changes oppositely between the lower and upper troposphere, with tipping point at 450 hPa. However, this indicates a new paradox, created by competing mechanisms. By analyzing the intermodel variability, we determine that the mean advection of stratification change mechanism weakens the upper tropospheric circulation, while the enhanced surface land‐sea thermal contrast strengthens the lower level and surface winds. Our moisture budget analysis shows that the SASM precipitation enhancement (8% K−1) attributes to moisture increase (5% K−1) and lower tropospheric circulation strengthening (3% K−1).
Catalytic Asymmetric Conjugate Addition of Mercaptans to β‐Substituted‐β‐Trifluoromethyl Oxazolidinone Enoates: Access to Chiral Trifluoromethylated Tertiary Thioethers and Thiols
Authors: Chen Wenchao , Jing Zhengzhong , Chin Kek Foo , Qiao Baokun , Zhao Yan , Yan Lin , Tan Choon‐Hong , Jiang Zhiyong 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe first asymmetric conjugate addition of mercaptans to β‐substituted‐β‐trifluoromethyl oxazolidinone enoates has been developed. The opposite enantiomers of adducts, containing a trifluoromethylated hetero‐quaternary stereogenic centers, could be obtained by utilizing two pseudo‐enantiomeric Cinchona alkaloid‐derived tertiary amine/squaramides as catalysts. Potassium dihydrogen phosphate was found to accelerate the reaction rate without compromising the enantioselective excess. A variety of chiral trifluoromethylated tertiary thioethers and thiols were readily prepared with excellent enantioselectivity.magnified image
Non‐Covalent Immobilization of Rare Earth Heterobimetallic Frameworks and their Reactivity in an Asymmetric Michael Addition
Authors: Robinson Jerome R. , Yadav Jagjit , Fan Xinyuan , Stanton Gretchen R. , Schelter Eric J. , Pericàs Miquel A. , Walsh Patrick J. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractHeterobimetallic Lewis acid catalysts are broadly useful and methods to recycle them have immediate applications. However, their immobilization through covalent binding can be challenging. Non‐covalent immobilization of supported asymmetric catalysts is attractive due to ease of preparation and potential for reversible binding. We report a novel non‐covalent binding strategy for Shibasaki’s REMB framework {RE=rare earth metal; M=Li, Na, K; B=BINOL; RE:M:B=1:3:3, [M3(sol)n][(BINOLate)3RE]} and explore the reactivity of the supported catalyst.magnified image
Generation of (+)‐Prezizanol, (+)‐Prezizaene, and the ent‐β‐Isopipitzol Framework via Cationic Rearrangement of Khusiol and Related Compounds
Authors: Sharma Mukesh K. , Banwell Martin G. , Willis Anthony C. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractTreatment of the tosylate of khusiol with lithium carbonate in aqueous 1,4‐dioxane affords, via a Wagner–Meerwein rearrangement, (+)‐prezizanol. POCl3/pyridine‐mediated dehydration of (+)‐prezizanol then gives (+)‐prezizaene. More direct and efficient routes to this last compound were achieved by treating either khusiol or its C8 epimer with POCl3/pyridine. Under related conditions, a cyclic sulfate is converted, by a high yielding process, into an alcohol that embodies the decahydro‐1,7‐methanonaphthalene framework.
NHC‐Containing Manganese(I) Electrocatalysts for the Two‐Electron Reduction of CO2
Authors: Agarwal Jay , Shaw Travis W. , Stanton Charles J. , Majetich George F. , Bocarsly Andrew B. , Schaefer Henry F. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe synthesis and characterization of the first catalytic manganese N‐heterocyclic carbene complexes are reported: MnBr(N‐methyl‐N′‐2‐pyridylbenzimidazol‐2‐ylidine)(CO)3 and MnBr(N‐methyl‐N′‐2‐pyridylimidazol‐2‐ylidine)(CO)3. Both new species mediate the reduction of CO2 to CO following two‐electron reduction of the MnI center, as observed with preparative scale electrolysis and verified with 13CO2. The two‐electron reduction of these species occurs at a single potential, rather than in two sequential steps separated by hundreds of millivolts, as is the case for previously reported MnBr(2,2′‐bipyridine)(CO)3. Catalytic current enhancement is observed at voltages similar to MnBr(2,2′‐bipyridine)(CO)3.
Hydrogen Bonding Switches the Spin State of Diphenylcarbene from Triplet to Singlet
Authors: Costa Paolo , Sander Wolfram 
Published: April 2014

AbstractSpin specificity is one of the most important properties of carbenes in their reactions. Alcohols are typically used to probe the reactive spin states of carbenes: OH insertions are assumed to be characteristic of singlet states, whereas CH insertions are typical for the triplets. Surprisingly, the experiments presented here suggest that the spin ground state of diphenylcarbene 1 switches from triplet to singlet if the carbene is allowed to interact with methanol. Carbene 1 and methanol form a strongly hydrogen‐bonded singlet ground state complex that was synthesized in low‐temperature matrices and characterized by IR spectroscopy. This methanol complex is only metastable, and even at 3 K slowly rearranges to form the product of OH insertion through quantum chemical tunneling. Thus, the ground state triplet (in the gas phase) carbene 1 forms exclusively the products expected from a singlet carbene. Whereas the assumption of spin specific reactions of carbenes is correct, the spin state itself can be changed by solvent interactions, and therefore widely accepted conclusions drawn from earlier experiments have to be revisited.
Effect of acrylate structure on the properties of acrylate‐grafted psyllium
Authors: Kumar Ranvijay , Sharma Kaushlendra 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTTwo different acrylates, i.e. methacrylic acid (MA) and butyl methacrylate (BMA), were successfully grafted on psyllium using silver sulfate as a reaction initiator. The percentage grafting of acrylates on psyllium was determined. Acrylate‐grafted psyllium with higher percentage of grafting was subjected to Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, and scanning electron microscopy studies. The grafted psyllium showed higher thermal stability than ungrafted psyllium. Further, on the basis of flocculation study, poly‐MA‐grafted psyllium showed better flocculation efficacy for total dissolved solids, whereas poly‐BMA‐grafted psyllium showed better flocculation efficacy in total suspended solid removal. The grafted materials were also explored as a controlled drug delivery vehicle. © 2014 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Entropy principal component analysis and its application to nonlinear chemical process fault diagnosis
Authors: Deng Xiaogang , Tian Xuemin 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTMost chemical processes generally exhibit the characteristics of nonlinear variation. In this paper, an improved principal component analysis method using information entropy theory, called entropy principal component analysis (EPCA), is proposed for nonlinear chemical process fault diagnosis. This approach applies information entropy theory to build an explicit nonlinear transformation, which provides a convenient way for nonlinear extension of principal component analysis. The information entropy can capture the Gaussian and non‐Gaussian information in the measured variables via probability density function estimation. With the entropy of original measured variables, the entropy principal components are calculated using a simple eigenvalue decomposition procedure, and two monitoring statistics are built for fault detection. Once a fault is detected, EPCA similarity factors between the occurred fault dataset and historical fault pattern datasets are computed for fault recognition. Simulations on a continuous stirred tank reactor system show that EPCA performs well in terms of fault detection and recognition. © 2014 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dispersal of two freshwater invasive macroinvertebrates, Procambarus clarkii and Physella acuta, by off‐road vehicles
Authors: Banha Filipe , Marques Monica , Anastácio Pedro M. 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTThe red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) and the bladder snail (Physella acuta) are two invasive aquatic macroinvertebrate species with worldwide distribution that are plagues in rice fields.The purpose of this study was to investigate the possibility of accidental human dispersal of these two species by off‐road vehicles.An experimental approach was used owing to the difficulty of obtaining field data on low‐probability events such as passive dispersal. Experiments were performed testing the probability of attachment of both organisms to mudguards of off‐road vehicles as well as successful transport and release into the receiver water body. Recently‐hatched P. clarkii and all P. acuta sizes available in the field were used.Results showed that P. clarkii and P. acuta can be transported in mud adhering to an off‐road vehicle. No differences were found in the proportions of adhered organisms between species or for each species at the different densities used because of low overall retrieval. For P. acuta, the attachment probability varied between 0.5% both for 50 and 200 individuals m‐2 and 1% for 100 ind. m‐2. For P. clarkii, no individuals adhered at 50 ind. m‐2, but the probabilities were 1% and 1.5% for 100 and 200 ind. m‐2, respectively.A transport‐survival experiment showed a mean survival distance of 83.2 km for P. clarkii and 92.2 km for P. acuta under dry conditions. Rain or wet conditions severely reduced successful transport.The proportion of organisms falling into a receiving water body increased with the vehicle's speed while crossing the water.Although the results demonstrated a low probability of occurrence of attachment, they also showed that, if attachment occurs, aquatic organisms have a high chance to be released successfully in a suitable environment after long‐distance transport by vehicle. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Enantiospecific Synthesis and Cytotoxicity Evaluation of Ligudentatol: A Programmed Aromatization Approach to the 2,3,4‐Trisubstituted Phenolic Motif via Visible‐Light‐Mediated Group Transfer Radical Cyclization
Authors: Moustafa Gamal A. I. , Suizu Hiroshi , Aoyama Hiroshi , Arai Masayoshi , Akai Shuji , Yoshimitsu Takehiko 
Published: April 2014

AbstractA facile enantiospecific approach to (+)‐ligudentatol (1) and (−)‐ligudentatol (ent‐1) is reported. The approach features the construction of a trisubstituted phenolic motif fused to a chiral aliphatic ring by a sequence of visible‐light‐mediated radical seleno transfer cyclization, bromination, concomitant selenoxide elimination–dehydrobromination, and demethoxycarbonylation, namely, a programmed aromatization. Biological evaluation of the enantiomers of ligudentatol obtained by the present route revealed for the first time their cytotoxicity towards various cancer cell lines.
Two new rhodamine‐based fluorescent chemosensors for Fe3+ in aqueous solution
Authors: Liu Yaqi , Xu Zhanhui , Wang Jinhui , Zhang Di , Ye Yong , Zhao Yufen 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTTwo new rhodamine‐based fluorescent probes were synthesized and characterized by NMR, high resolution mass spectrometer (HR‐MS) and IR. The probes displayed a high selectivity for Fe3+ among environmentally and biologically relevant metal ions in aqueous solution (CH3OH–H2O = 3 : 2, v/v). The significant changes in the fluorescence color could be used for naked‐eye detection. Job's plot, IR and 1H NMR indicated the formation of 1: 1 complexes between sensor 1 and Fe3+. The reversibility establishes the potential of both probes as chemosensors for Fe3+ detection. The probe showed highly selectivity in aqueous solution and could be used over the pH range between 5 and 9. A simple paper test‐strip system for the rapid monitoring of Fe3+ was developed, indicating its convenient use in environmental samples. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Glimpse into the Molecular Journey inside an Ultralow Sulfur Diesel Reactor
Authors: Choudhary Tushar V. , Gong Kening , Ellison Phillipp , Subbiah Ayyappan 
Published: April 2014

AbstractRapid advances in increasing the efficiency of the ultralow sulfur diesel (ULSD) process are hindered owing to the lack of realistic understanding that could be obtained by looking inside an operating ULSD reactor. Herein, quantitative information about the molecular journey of the sulfur, nitrogen, and aromatic compounds from the inlet to the outlet of a ULSD reactor has been provided. The improved understanding resulting from this work is expected to significantly assist catalyst development and mechanistic pathway determination efforts in this important area of research.
Tandem Deprotection–Dimerization–Macrocyclization Route to C2 Symmetric cyclo‐Tetrapeptides
Authors: Ha Khanh , Lebedyeva Iryna , Hamedzadeh Sadra , Li Zhiliang , Quiñones Ryan , Pillai Girinath G. , Williams Byron , Nasajpour Amir , Martin Kristin , Asiri Abdullah M. , Katritzky Alan R. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractDimerization–macrocyclization has been a long‐standing problem in the cyclization of peptides since, together with the desired cyclic product, many cyclic oligomers and linear polymers may also be formed during the reaction. Therefore, the development of a process that affords the cyclic dimer predominantly is difficult. A novel and versatile strategy for the synthesis of symmetric cyclo‐tetrapeptides by palladium‐promoted tandem deprotection/cyclo‐dimerization from readily available Cbz‐dipeptidoyl benzotriazolides is reported (Cbz=carboxybenzyl).
Probing the Origin of Magnetic Anisotropy in a Dinuclear {MnIIICuII} Single‐Molecule Magnet: The Role of Exchange Anisotropy
Authors: Singh Saurabh Kumar , Rajaraman Gopalan 
Published: April 2014

AbstractUsing ab initio calculations all the components of the magnetic anisotropy in a dinuclear [MnIIICuIICl(5‐Br‐sap)2(MeOH)] single‐molecule magnet (SMM) have been computed. These calculations reveal that apart from the single‐ion anisotropy, the exchange anisotropy also plays a crucial role in determining the sign as well as the magnitude of the cluster anisotropy. Developed magneto‐structural correlations suggest that a large ferromagnetic exchange can in fact reduce the ground‐state anisotropy, which is an integral component in the design of SMMs.
Generation of C2F5CHN2 In Situ and Its First Reaction: [3+2] Cycloaddition with Alkenes
Authors: Mykhailiuk Pavel K. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe novel chemical reagent, C2F5CHN2, is generated in situ from C2F5CH2NH2⋅HCl and sodium nitrite. It reacts with mono‐ and disubstituted electron‐deficient alkenes at room temperature to afford C2F5‐pyrazolines in excellent yields.
Understanding the Fundamental Role of π/π, σ/σ, and σ/π Dispersion Interactions in Shaping Carbon‐Based Materials
Authors: Alonso Mercedes , Woller Tatiana , Martín‐Martínez Francisco J. , Contreras‐García Julia , Geerlings Paul , De Proft Frank 
Published: April 2014

AbstractInvited for the cover of this issue is the ALGC Quantum Chemistry group of the Free University of Brussels (VUB) in collaboration with the LCT group in Paris. The image depicts how π/π and σ/σ stacking interactions are surprisingly equal in strength for the benzene and cyclohexane dimers, but different in origin, and how π‐stacking becomes more important as the size of the dimer increases. Read the full text of the article at 10.1002/chem.201400107.