bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Syntezator mowy jako narzędzie wspierające pracę tłumacza
Authors: Figiel Wojciech 
Published: September 2014

The speech synthesiser as a tool supporting the job of the translator
The present paper discusses the speech synthesis technology and its potential use as a tool supporting translators. The growing popularity, improving quality and ubiquity of speech synthesis on the one hand and continuously falling prices of solutions that adopt this technology lead to a situation in which the use of synthesizers as a tool supporting the job of translators becomes a real perspective. The article suggest the use of speech synthesis for proof reading and editing of translated documents. Speech synthesis can help eliminate those mistakes that cannot be detected by auto correction, such as some spelling errors, punctuation mistakes, mistakes in proper names, lacking words. The article also presents advantages and disadvantages of using synthetic speech.
Przekład środowiskowy na rzecz uchodźców w Polsce – między mitem i rzeczywistością
Authors: NDiaye Iwona Anna 
Published: September 2014

Community Translation for refugees in Poland – Between Myth and Reality
Increase in emigration, family reunification, the opening of borders, etc. Due to these processes, there have appeared issues with community interpreting occurring in various institutional contexts, between participants of unequal status. In this unique act of communication, a translator becomes an active participant in roles ranging from a negotiator to a lawyer. The author of the article attempts to specify the needs of community interpreting while at the same time defining it. She focuses on the community interpreting specifically for Russian‑speaking refugees.
,,Realizm” polityczny w kierownictwie PZPR – płaszczyzny i interpretacje
Authors: Szumiło Mirosław 
Published: September 2014

Political “realism” in the leadership of PUWP – aspects and interpretations
The subject of this article are interpretations of the policy of PUWP in which the activities of the party leadership was presented as manifestations of political realism. Author analyzes two aspects of this policy: 1) relations with the Soviet Union under the rule of Wladyslaw Gomulka and Edward Gierek, 2) two different strategies used by the party leadership to resolve socio‑political crisis in Poland in the years 1980‑1981. Until 1970 the main argument in favor of such “realism” was the fact that the Soviet Union was the guarantor of the western Polish border. In the 70’s Gierek allegedly led the game with Moscow: for the price of dependence on USSR he modernized the state and developed contacts with the West. Imposition of martial law in 1981 in the interpretation of Jaruzelski prevented Soviet intervention and destabilization of the situation in the country. In fact, the alleged realistic attitude PUWP leadership meant the choice of such a strategy which allowed to remain in power.
Program Stowarzyszenia PAX
Authors: Dudek Antoni 
Published: September 2014

The program of the PAX association. Realism, opportunism or utopia?
The article concerns political concepts of Bolesław Piasecki – the leader of the PAX. The PAX was the organization of Catholics supporting the Communist regime. Piasecki was trying to reconcile Catholicism and communism. It resulted in the conflict with the Catholic Church. The communist authorities while using the PAX as a war tool in a battle with the Catholic Church, did not trust Piasecki. This resulted in the PAX and Piasecki being under permanent surveillance of secret police. The PAX did not grow in importance until after 1956 when, Władysław Gomułka had come into power. Gomułka allowed development of the PAX structures throughout the country. At the same time he criticized the ideology of the association.
Problem realizmu w polskiej myśli politycznej na uchodźstwie po II wojnie światowej – pytania i tezy
Authors: Kornat Marek 
Published: September 2014

Problems of political realism in Polish political thought in exile after World War II – questions and theses
The study is devoted on the problem of political realism in Polish political thought in exile after World War II (1945‑1989). The author concludes that the categories of “political realism” and “political idealism” are generally inadequate to the history of Polish political thought. There is rather difficult to find the “political realism” or “political idealism” in a clear substantial phenomenon. Very often, political ideas incorporate idealism and realism. Realist analysis of the realities could lead to a moral capitulation under the conviction that the change of the conditions is impossible. Sometimes it permit to keep the “idealist” aims but also avoiding the hopeless decisions (insurrections). Obviously, a future restoration of Polish independence after Yalta required a great geopolitical revolution in Europe. Poles had no means to achieve this aim acting in isolation. They also had no idea to reconcile themselves with the realities of Soviet domination. Polish political thought after Yalta was an exercise in resolving the impossible questions. The most prominent Polish political writer in exile Juliusz Mieroszewski argued that the categories of “realism” and “idealism” are changing in history. Their real sense depends on geopolitical constellation of a given nation in a given time. A perfect policy is idealist in the sphere of aims and realist in the domain of methods as Prince Adam Jerzy Czartoryski thought. Political thinkers of Polish emigration tried to reconsider the lesson of the past – especially from the tragedy of Warsaw Uprising of 1944 – and not to permit for a new insurrection in 1956. Significant internal autonomy of the Polish People’s Republic after 1956 was considered not as a final achievement but only an “stage” on the rather long way to future independence. Mieroszewski’s „evolutionism” was not a sort of reconciliation with the communist order and the dependence on the USSR but a conception based on the conviction that only the internal changes inside the communist regime could bring the real progress in the fight for independence.
„Niesłychanie pożyteczni szaleńcy”
Authors: Gąsowski Tomasz 
Published: September 2014

“Extremely useful madmen”. Opposition in Poland before the “Solidarity” movement in search of a realistic formula for action
To assess a level of realism of the opposition in Poland before the “Solidarity” movement we must first determine its effects. The estimate as modest. Polish opposition members from the 70s failed to effectively influence the public mood to initiate systemic change in the country. There have also developed valuable doctrine, or any political approach to be applicable in a free country. From this perspective, political activities in the 70s was completely devoid of realism. This does not mean, however, that the efforts of this people have gone completely down the drain. The achievements of the opposition in non‑democratic system, which was a communist, another measure should be assessed. Undoubted achievements of the five‑years activity of several opposition tendencies was to create a new elite that since the birth of “Solidarity” to this day the tone of public life in Poland. It was also planting at different points of the country and different social group the seeds of contention for further life in the communist lie.
Okrągły stół
Authors: Terlecki Ryszard 
Published: September 2014

The Round Table. Was it worth it?
In 1989 Realists were on both sides of the political contention. Realists from the Communist party thought it was necessary to make changes that would prevent the outbreak of social discontent. They also wanted to partly shift the responsibility for the condition of the state onto the opposition. Realists from the Solidarity camp thought the offer of the Communist was acceptable, and that the Solidarity should wait for further developments strengthening itself. Each group had to overcome its inner opponents and eventually a concept of the compromise prevailed. It saved the first group from bearing consequences for the times of dictatorship, and allowed the second group to build up a sovereign, democratic state. However, the victory of the latter turned out to be illusory as Communists settled down within democratic structures, infesting them with pathologies of the their system: corruption, bribery, impunity of secret services, dependency of courts and ideological deviations.
Czy prymasa Wyszyńskiego można określać mianem realisty politycznego?
Authors: Łatka Rafał 
Published: September 2014

Can we call cardinal Wyszyński the political realist?
The Roman Catholic Church was main enemy of communist government in Polish People Republic. Wise leadership of cardinal Stefan Wyszyński prevented this institution from destruction or lost independence. All of his activity had one main purpose – give protection from the plans of communist dignities. So I try to show that cardinal Wyszyński was probably the most realistic person in the history of the Polish People Republic. His attitude was main reason that polish Catholic Church didn’t lost their independence from communist system.
Czy niezależne pisma emigracyjne mogą zmienić rzeczywistość polskiej diaspory?
Authors: Chwastyk‑Kowalczyk Jolanta 
Published: September 2014

Can independent emigration press change the reality of Polish diaspora?
The article analyses the subject of utilizing the potential of the columns of the independent Polish press and the internet to consolidate the emigration environment in order to preserve their national identity and improve their living standards abroad. It compares the social activities and the articles of the “Polish Daily and Soldier’s Daily” – the organ of the “steadfast” generation with similar activities of the independent periodical “The New Time”, which is issued in London from the year 2006 to the present day and serves as the representative of Polish intelligence abroad.
Funkcjonowanie polityków w nowych mediach – pomiędzy kreowaniem wizerunku a agresją elektroniczną
Authors: Kaczmarek‑Śliwińska Monika 
Published: September 2014

New media and politicians – between image creation and electronic aggression
New Media brought new roles for all actors engaged in politics: politicians and their coworkers, potential voters and media itself. As users of new media are active politicians have broaden their scope of communication with an external environment and opportunities to construct their social image. Also the social control of general public and media over the politicians’ activities is nowadays much stronger. Unfortunately some features of new media may also be utilized in negative actions such as so called electronic aggression against a politician or his/her image. In this context the new media play a negative role for a politician using them to build his/her image.
Media jako źródło informacji o wymiarze sprawiedliwości
Authors: Daniel Krystyna 
Published: September 2014

The Media as the Source about Administration of Justice
According to the results of the study one of the most surprising changes that can be observed in the Polish society is a significant decrease of social confidence toward courts. It is worth noticing that society under communism and during the first years after its collapse had a rather positive attitude toward court activity. The explanation of this visible paradox concerning a little social confidence in courts in the post communist Poland is mostly created by the way in which media (television, radio, press and Internet) present court and judges. It should be noted that media very often concentrate on the negative as well as sensational aspects of administration of justice. It is also worth noticing that such not always objective and just evaluation can undermine the social trust toward jurisdiction and thus to the whole social and legal order.
Prywatność w mediach – obraz polityka w tygodniku opinii „Wprost”
Authors: Szwed Anna 
Published: September 2014

Privacy in the media – the policy image in the weekly „Wprost”
In the election campaign, politicians use the media to improve the image. They also want to discredit political opponents. They use rumors and factoids. Politicians in „Wprost” before the parliamentary election in 2011, in Poland, they created positive image and they competed about the place on the election list. Because of celebritisation of politics disappeared border between the public sphere and the private sphere of the activities. Politicians in the pre‑election interviews are telling about family, hobby, the private life and friendships. In this way, they let journalists on continuing the subject of their private life on. The text illustrated with examples taken from polish politics before the parliamentary election in 2011.
Modernizacja Unii Europejskiej w dobie kryzysu i kształtowania się nowego ładu globalnego
Authors: Fiszer Józef M. 
Published: September 2014

Modernization of the European Union in the times of crisis and the new global order. Threats and opportunities
This study is devoted to the modernization of the European Union and constitutes an endeavour to present the heart of the matter, the internal and external circumstances, beginning with the UE’s political system, its policies and leaders and concluding with the financial and economic crisis and the processes of building a new international order and of globalisation. The study comprises two primary sections. In the first, the author sets out the essence, the circumstances for the modernization of the European Union and the objectives thereof, while the second part looks at the opportunities for, and threats to, that modernization. The entire work is rounded off with a summary, from which it emerges, expressis verbis, that the EU has been drifting for years and is in urgent need of a far‑reaching modernization which will renderit an active entity in international relation and a vital link in a multipolar global order. The alternative to this scenario is increasing erosion and, finally, the disintegration of the European Union, which would constitute a critical threat to both Europe and the individual states. The work was compiled on the basis of a broad spectrum of source materials and in line with the research methodology employed in the social sciences, particularly when it comes to political science and the science of international relations. In calling upon such methods as the analysis, description and exegesis of documents and comparative research, the author attained the research objective he had set for himself and what we are dealing with here is both a solid diagnosis of the EU’s present situation and status and a picture of the opportunities for, and threats to, its future in a multipolar world.
Kierunki rozwoju systemów partyjnych w państwach postjugosłowiańskich
Authors: Morawski Konrad Sebastian 
Published: September 2014

The Directions of Party System Development in the Post‑ Yugoslav States
By analyzing the party systems in the post‑ Yugoslav states by means of the effective number of parties index and the fractionalization index, it was possible to outline directions of future development and propose various scenarios of this development after the year 2010. The analyzed time span included the period from the early 1990s, which marked the rise of the first sovereign states (Croatia, Slovenia, Macedonia and Bosnia and Herzegovina) and the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia up to the transformations of the 2000s, which saw the breakup of the “Third Yugoslavia” and the rise of the second group of independent states (Serbia, Montenegro and Kosovo).
Wobec problemu tożsamości kulturowej – Aleksander Hercen
Authors: Liburska Lidia 
Published: September 2014

В отношении вопроса культурной идентичности – Александр Герцен
Статья рассматривает куртрологический аспект понимания Герценом религии и народности в качестае личностного и собирательного опыта в поисках идентичности. Потребность в обяснении интелектуальной биографии мыслителя приводит нас к наиболее интересным сторонам культурного самосознания в первой половине XIX века в России. Мыслитеь яавляется представителем эпохи, которая под влиянием мистико‑ рационалистических систем Шеллинга, Гегеля и религии человекобожия у Фейербаха, пыталась заместить традиционное восприятие и понимание религиозной культуры – атеизмом. Герцен, подверг переоценке роль христианства в истории европейского общества, обрывая связь человека с Богом. Для писателя, индивидуальная свобода есть метафизический Абсолют, в котором каждый человек признает своё тождество с другими. В размышлениях о национальности, Герцен исходит из того, что многообразные особенности жизни русской нации, состовляющие суть ее отличия от других, имеют основу во внутренней связи с православием и церковной традицей. Это в явном виде выражает его русский социализм, который можно считать духовным возвращением Герцена к народу, самораскрытием его национального существа.
Paradygmat synergijny – szansa na integrację humanistyki
Authors: Kuffel Józef 
Published: September 2014

Синергийная парадигма – шанс на интеграцию гуманистики
Главная цель этой статьи заключается в том, чтобы в общих чертах показать новое философское направление инспированное святоотеческой исихасткой литературой, которое определяет себя как синергийная (или синергическая) антропология. Оно появилось в России в конце 80. – начале 90. годов прошлого столетия. Здесь представлена деятельность Института Синергийной Антропологии – Московского центра, который выступает с предложением создания универсального дискурса, т. е. цельной, междисциплинарной системы знаний, понятий и методов, использующей материал разъединенных друг с другом областей творческой деятельности человека. Эта цельная система – в намерении адептов синергизма – должна исполнить интегрирующую роль в современной культуре и науке. В этой программе как средство объединяющее – в первой очереди для гуманитарных наук, но также и других – разрабaтываетя новая антропологическая парадигма. В статье сделан просмотр отзывов польских ученых на программные положения и издаваемые, главным образом на русском языке, работы представителей синергийной антропологии. Кроме того в ней намечены некоторые перспективы использования научных результатов и методов новой школы в исследованиях православной культуры. На основании „Аналитического словаря исихастской антропологии” Сергия Хоружего, одного из основоположников синергизма – харатеризуются методы описаний стратегии православной мистики и аскезы, соответсвующие стандартам совремменного антропологического дискурса. С этой целью – как пример их приложения – в окончании печатается польский перевод фрагмента Словаря обясняющий смысл понятия «подвиг» в исхастской традиции.
Miejsce kultury sowieckiej w kształtowaniu świadomości zbiorowej współczesnych Rosjan
Authors: Żak Elżbieta 
Published: September 2014

Место советской культуры в формировании коллективного сознания жителей современной России
В настоящей статье обращается внимание на советскую культуру, представленную как подбор определенных культурных кодов, которые формировались в условиях централизированной государственной культурной политиги и поэтому остались узнаваемыми. Эти коды уже тогда в коллективном сознании приобретали многозначный смысл, с одной стороны официальный, допускаемый цензурой, но одновременно народ обогащал их своим переносным смыслом, более универсальным. Подбор такого рода кодов положил основу для целой сферы культуры повседневной жизни, своеобразие которой в долговременной перспективе воспринимается все более положительно. Ссылки, ностальгия, воспоминания о советских временах начинают в сегодняшней России занимать все больше места в формировании современной русской идентисности, обеспечивая чувство своеобразности и индивидуальности в контрасте к западной культуре. Раньше подобные культурные коды играли роль «медиаторов» (понятие Марка Липовецкого) – становились точкой прикосновения для официальной и неофициальной сфер, однако в настоящее время элементы советской культуры оказались на стыке двух противоположных измерений – узнаваемой и однообразной культуры жителя СССР и туманной, запутанной действительности гражданина сегодняшней России. Все чаще появляются голоса, что советская культура вместе с ее мифами превращается в основополагающую часть для сегодняшней русской тождественности. Вышеуказанные тезисы в настоящей статье илюстрируются примерами в области кино‑ кодов (фигура Штирлица), телепрограмм (Старая квартира, Старые песни о главном), проекта Намедни. Наша эра и других.
Kami semua headbangers: Heavy metal as multiethnic community builder in Penang Island, Malaysia
Authors: Ferrarese Marco 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
This article investigates how heavy metal music promotes the development of multiethnic community interactions by focusing on Penang Island, Malaysia as a case study, where individuals of different ethnic backgrounds have intermingled in the heavy metal music scene as a consequence of the dearth of spaces dedicated to the practice and performance of such music. Through the use of ethnographic participant observation over the course of two years (2011–2013), I demonstrate how the heavy metal music scene in early 2010s Penang had outgrown the country’s ethnic structure in which heavy metal music was used to build a community where musicians of different ethnic backgrounds interact in settings where ethnicity is of reduced salience. Fostered by the forced cohabitation of the scarce spaces dedicated to extreme music practices in the country, I argue that the case of Penang’s heavy metal music scene outlines how the localization of imported forms of western popular music in a fast developing South East Asian society have challenged and reconfigured ethnic boundaries that are frequently reified in and through public and political discourses.
On your knees and pray! The role of religion in the development of a metal scene in the Caribbean island of Puerto Rico
Authors: Varas-Díaz Nelson , Rivera-Segarra Eliut , Mendoza Sigrid , González-Sepúlveda Osvaldo 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
Heavy metal music is simultaneously reflective of, and reactive to, the cultural underpinnings of the spaces in which it is created. Wallach et al. have emphasized the need to understand metal music outside of Anglo-American contexts and culture. Although the Caribbean island of Puerto Rico seems like an unlikely scenario for the emergence of a metal scene, it has in fact existed via underground means for the past 25 years. Due to the Island’s strong Hispanic and Catholic roots, stemming from Spanish colonialism in the fifteenth century, religion has played a central role in the development of the local metal scene. The first systematic organization of a metal scene was structured by Christian metal groups under the name of ‘Metal Mission’ and served as a meeting space for social interaction based on metal music and religion. The objective of this article is to document the role of Christian religion in the emergence and maintenance of a metal scene in Puerto Rico. We will present data from a larger study of the metal scene in Puerto Rico, which used a mixed methods approach including ethnographic observations (300 hours), qualitative interviews (n=50) and surveys (n=400) with members of Puerto Rico’s metal scene. Although metal music has roots in critical perspectives towards religion, our research shows how it has also helped shape the Island’s metal scene.