bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Problems of Measuring Workforce Productivity and Performance
Authors: Одегов  , Odyegov YUriy , Разинов  , Razinov A. 
Published: October 2014

Activities of any organization are determined by a set of a range of parameters that are unique for each individual company and aff ect directly or indirectlymanufacture
performance indicators. This article discusses the diff erences between categories of «workforce productivity», «labor productiveness», «performance»,
and «effi ciency»; it analyzes various approaches to these categories depending on the level and measurement tasks. The problem of determining the values of
these parameters is directly related to changes in the external conditions of functioning of organizations, primarily the declining share of human labor in
production of goods and services. This issue acquires particular importance in view of the changes in nature and content of work and the transition to information
society and knowledge economy. According to the authors, an integrated approach is necessary for solving the problem of determining the level of
performance.
Akcja Wyborcza Polaków na Litwie w wyborach na Litwie
Authors: Kazėnas Gediminas 
Published: October 2014

Electoral Action of Poles in Lithuania in elections in Lithuania. How Electoral Action of Poles in Lithuania managed to surpass the 5 percent electoral treshold?
Political activity of Poles in Lithuania started around the same time as Lithuanian. The Union of Poles in Lithuania was established at the congress on 15‑16 April, 1989, which transformed the Socio‑Cultural Association of Poles in Lithuania, founded a year earlier – in 1988. In the first parliamentary elections in independent Lithuania, Polish minority was not very active. Looking at the public space, the internal situation in the political elite of the Polish minority in Lithuania and the development of Polish‑Lithuanian relationship as well as election results of AWPL in Lithuania have a noticeable direct relationship. The development of Polish‑Lithuanian relations after the collapse of the Soviet Union can be divided into three stages: 1st from 1990 to 1994, 2nd from 1995 to 2005 period, 3rd from about 2007 to the present time. AWPL is a regional party and its political influence is limited over the whole country. Meanwhile, the party has regionally dominant positions in two municipalities (the Vilnius region and Šalčininkai), and even in the two municipalities (Vilnius city, Trakai) is a influential party. Cooperation of AWPL with Russian parties in Lithuania started already during 1995 elections. Without support of Russian voters and other marginal parties, AWPL would probably not have been able to overcome 5 percent barier for parties in proportional system.
Wolność według Lorda Actona i Józefa Tischnera. Analiza porównawcza myśli dwóch katolickich liberałów
Authors: Przybyło Sławomir 
Published: October 2014

Freedom according to Lord Acton and Józef Tischner. The comparison of notions by two Catholic liberals
The aim of this article is to provide a comparison between Lord Acton’s and Józef Tischner’s notions of freedom and liberalism. According to these authors, liberalism and Catholicism are not incompatible. Liberty, according to both Acton and Tischner, is inseparably related to Conscience, Responsibility and Good. Despite the differences between them, in particular the reflection on equality, both authors agreed that freedom of religion, private property or civil rights are the values that must be defended. Furthermore, they both were convinced of the huge role of Christianity in the history of freedom. Unlike classical liberals, in their opinion positive liberty is more important than negative liberty.
Stosunki Stolicy Apostolskiej z Polską z perspektywy Ostpolitik
Authors: Silvestrini Achille 
Published: October 2014

Relations of the Holy See with Poland from the perspective of Ostpolitik
The author discusses few selected issues from the intricate history of the postwar relations between the communist regime in Poland and the Holy See. He underlines the major role played by the cardinal Stefan Wyszyński and the importance of his leadership. The history of these relations should be put in a proper perspective that includes the urging need to sustain the unity between the Holy See and the Polish Church with regard to any agreement struck with the PPR’s government, especially during the pontificate of Paul VI.
We the people shall inherit the past: The re-imagining of the self within post-Francoist collective memory in the Spanish television series Cuéntame cómo pasó
Authors: Rey Diana 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
Departing from a synthesis of Cuéntame como pasó as a cultural memory text, this article intends to draw an open, indefinite assessment of the significance of the series after thirteen years of broadcasting. This shall result in the proposition of some key interpretative lines of enquiry that are worthy of further observation, research and debate, insofar as they reflect the complexity and dynamism of collective memory processes in post-Francoist Spain.
Media configurations of the First Portuguese Republic and the Second Spanish Republic in the early twenty-first century
Authors: Pinheiro Teresa 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
Portugal and Spain both experienced republican regimes in the first half of the twentieth century, namely the First Republic in Portugal (1910–1926) and the Second Republic in Spain (1931–1936). Their contemporary memorial configurations reveal significant differences between the two countries. As I will argue in this article, this is due not so much to the differences between the historical periods of the Portuguese and Spanish republics, but rather to the different situations in both countries today. Whereas, in Portugal, remembering the First Republic is a way of confirming national identity, in Spain, the memory of the Second Republic functions as a claim for ‘rehabilitating’ this period, stressing its political and social achievements. I will address this theme by means of a comparative analysis of the treatment given to the republics in two different TV series: República/Republic (Portugal 2010) and 14 de Abril. La República/14 of April: The Republic (Spain 2011). As we will see, the different functions performed by the memory of the republics in both states affect the representation of the republics in the TV series.
Influence of salt and herbal substance on the drying and reconstitution performance of Bombay duck, Harpodon nehereus
Authors: Roy Vikash Chandra , Kamal Md. , Faridullah Md. , Haque Syed Ariful , Reza Md. Shaheed 
Published: October 2014

Effects of salt, chili and turmeric powder on the production of high quality dried fish products from Bombay duck (Harpodon nehereus) under open sun drying was investigated. Five different types of dried products (T1-T5) were produced and studied. Moisture content in T3 decreased more rapidly to below 16% within 28 hrs of drying compared to those treated with other treatments (temperature varied from 24.6°C to 34°C and relative humidity varied between 60% and 48%) . Drying process was very slow in control samples where it took 32 hrs for reaching the moisture level to 18.75%. Both turmeric and chili powders had strong repellency effect against insect infestation. Bombay duck treated with salt and herbal products were less infested by the blowfly whereas samples dried under control treatment were severely infested by blowfly.
Qualitative performance and economic analysis of low cost solar fish driers in Sub-Saharan Africa
Authors: Mustapha Moshood Keke , Salako Abdulbashir Femi , Ademola Sunmola Kayode , Adefila Ifeoluwa Abimbola 
Published: October 2014

Qualitative performance and economic analysis of five low cost solar driers were evaluated at the Zoology and Physics Laboratories of the University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria. The solar driers were constructed from mosquito net, plastic, aluminum and glass with black stone inserted in it. The driers were found to be better than the other driers because they are cheap, reliable, safe to use, easy to repair, well insulated, and cost effective. The solar driers are compact, efficient with drying of fish with lowest moisture content achieved within a few days and the dried products of good quality, with long shelf life, highly acceptable to consumers. The driers save man-hour, money, use renewable energy, with no operational or maintenance costs. The driers have a long life span, with net income to fisher folks very high and the payback time for the driers very low. The adoption of the driers will contribute to the economy of rural populace in the developing countries where there is no electricity and the challenges of deforestation are becoming prominent. The improved low cost solar driers will ensure food safety and security and assist in combating climate change resulting from burning of wood and fossil fuel.
Psychopathy, Academic Accountants' Attitudes toward Unethical Research Practices, and Publication Success
Authors: Bailey Charles D. 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACT
Psychopathy is characterized by deficits of conscience and empathy, and is measurable in nonclinical populations. It is one of the “Dark Triad” of personality variables, but has received minimal attention in accounting literature, despite obvious implications for fraud. In the practice of empirical research, two sides of the “Fraud Triangle,” motive and opportunity, are in place, awaiting only rationalization. For one high on the psychopathy scale, rationalization of fraud is easy or moot. Widespread fraud exists in scientific research, and studies indicate that accounting is not exempt. I hypothesize and find a positive effect of psychopathy on article publication count in leading accounting journals, mediated by individuals' greater acceptance of unethical acts in research and publication. Participants are 546 North American accounting faculty who have published in accounting research journals, who are lower on the psychopathy scale than previous samples from other populations. Policy and research implications are discussed.
The Influence of CEO Power on Compensation Contract Design
Authors: Abernethy Margaret A. , Kuang Yu Flora , Qin Bo 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACT
We investigate whether CEO power influences a firm's decision to change its compensation system in response to regulatory and public pressure. In particular, we assess whether CEO power influences the choice of performance measures as a form of camouflage to minimize the impact of these reforms on their wealth. We examine one component of CEO pay, namely, the use of performance-vested stock option (PVSO) plans, and find that firms with powerful CEOs attach less challenging targets in the initial PVSOs granted to their CEOs. Such firms also appear to adopt PVSO plans early, and are more likely to do so when faced with public outrage over executive compensation. Our results suggest that powerful CEOs attempt to appease public outrage by quickly adopting PVSOs, but that adopting PVSOs early does not appear to be an optimal strategy for increasing shareholder value. Regulators intended that implementation of PVSOs would be beneficial to shareholders by improving the link between CEO pay and firm performance. However, our results indicate that powerful CEOs can negate some of the beneficial effect of PVSOs through their influence on adoption and choice of performance targets.
Data Availability: All data used in this study are publicly available from the sources indicated in the paper.
Detection of Abnormal Glucose Tolerance in Africans Is Improved by Combining A1C With Fasting Glucose: The Africans in America Study
Authors: Sumner Anne E. , Thoreson Caroline K. , O'Connor Michelle Y. , Ricks Madia , Chung Stephanie T. , Tulloch-Reid Marshall K. , Lozier Jay N. , Sacks David B. 
Published: October 2014

OBJECTIVE
Abnormal glucose tolerance is rising in sub-Saharan Africa. Hemoglobin A1c by itself and in combination with fasting plasma glucose (FPG) is used to diagnose abnormal glucose tolerance. The diagnostic ability of A1C in Africans with heterozygous variant hemoglobin, such as sickle cell trait or hemoglobin C trait, has not been rigorously evaluated. In U.S.-based Africans, we determined by hemoglobin status the sensitivities of 1) FPG ≥5.6 mmol/L, 2) A1C ≥ 5.7% (39 mmol/mol), and 3) FPG combined with A1C (FPG ≥5.6 mmol/L and/or A1C ≥5.7% [39 mmol/mol]) for the detection of abnormal glucose tolerance.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
An oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was performed in 216 African immigrants (68% male, age 37 ± 10 years [mean ± SD], range 20–64 years). Abnormal glucose tolerance was defined as 2-h glucose ≥7.8 mmol/L.

RESULTS
Variant hemoglobin was identified in 21% (46 of 216). Abnormal glucose tolerance occurred in 33% (72 of 216). When determining abnormal glucose tolerance from the OGTT (2-h glucose ≥7.8 mmol/L), sensitivities of FPG for the total, normal, and variant hemoglobin groups were 32%, 32%, and 33%, respectively. Sensitivities for A1C were 53%, 54%, and 47%. For FPG and A1C combined, sensitivities were 64%, 63%, and 67%. Sensitivities for FPG and A1C and the combination did not vary by hemoglobin status (all P &gt; 0.6). For the entire cohort, sensitivity was higher for A1C than FPG and for both tests combined than for either test alone (all P values ≤ 0.01).

CONCLUSIONS
No significant difference in sensitivity of A1C by variant hemoglobin status was detected. For the diagnosis of abnormal glucose tolerance in Africans, the sensitivity of A1C combined with FPG is significantly superior to either test alone.
Limitations in identifying the equilibrium-line altitude from the optical remote-sensing derived snowline in the Tien Shan, China
Authors: Yuwei WU , Jianqiao HE , Zhongming GUO , Anan Chen 
Published: October 2014

AbstractOptical remote-sensing derived end-of-summer snowline altitude (SLA) has long been employed on glaciers as an indicator of the equilibrium-line altitude (ELA). In the Tien Shan, northwest China, both accumulation and ablation of glaciers occur mainly in the warm season, making it difficult to obtain the representative snowline (highest snowline) in the area. The high spatio-temporal resolution of HJ-1 satellite images enables the highest snowline to be acquired. In this paper, we compare image-derived SLA and measured in situ ELA for two adjacent glaciers in the Tien Shan over the period 2009–10. Results indicate that (1) in 2009, there was a substantial difference between SLA and ELA on one glacier, suggesting inconsistent applicability in using SLA to identify ELA over a large area; and (2) in 2010, an intense ablation year, the field-data-derived ELA surpassed the glacier peak. In this situation, there is no theoretical relationship between SLA and ELA, and the image-derived snowline actually indicates the boundary between ice and firn from previous years. In summary, errors will arise from the discrepancies between individual glaciers and from intensive ablation when using SLA to identify ELA over a large area.
Exploring seasonal accumulation bias in a west central Greenland ice core with observed and reanalyzed data
Authors: Porter Stacy E. , Mosley-Thompson Ellen 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThe seasonality of accumulation in west central Greenland is investigated to determine whether a summer bias exists in a multi-century ice core recovered from Crawford Point (CP). Such a bias would negatively affect the ice core’s potential for reconstructing the history of winter circulation patterns including the North Atlantic Oscillation. An automatic weather station (AWS) installed at the CP site in 1995 records sub-daily surface heights and affords a unique opportunity to assess the seasonal distribution of accumulation and test the performance of five gridded reanalysis datasets and a regional climate model. Simulated accumulation compares remarkably well with in situ measurements from both the AWS and CP ice core, demonstrating their potential to accurately represent accumulation in this region. Seasonal accumulation exhibits no summer maximum, indicating that any concurrent precipitation maximum is likely offset by melt and/or sublimation effects. The lack of a strong seasonal accumulation bias implies that the CP ice core is well suited for future investigations of the history of winter circulation patterns.
Flow dynamics of Byrd Glacier, East Antarctica
Authors: Van Der Veen C.J. , Stearns L.A. , Johnson J. , Csatho B. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractForce-balance calculations on Byrd Glacier, East Antarctica, reveal large spatial variations in the along-flow component of driving stress with corresponding sticky spots that are stationary over time. On the large scale, flow resistance is partitioned between basal (~80%) and lateral (~20%) drag. Ice flow is due mostly to basal sliding and concentrated vertical shear in the basal ice layers, indicating the bed is at or close to the pressure-melting temperature. There is a significant component of driving stress in the across-flow direction resulting in nonzero basal drag in that direction. This is an unrealistic result and we propose that there are spatial variations of bed features resulting in small-scale flow disturbances. The grounding line of Byrd Glacier is located in a region where the bed slopes upward. Nevertheless, despite a 10% increase in ice discharge between December 2005 and February 2007, following drainage of two subglacial lakes in the catchment area, the position of the grounding line has not retreated significantly and the glacier has decelerated since then. During the speed-up event, partitioning of flow resistance did not change, suggesting the increase in velocity was caused by a temporary decrease in basal effective pressure.
Le financement du logement social : forces et éléments de fragilité du modèle économique français
Authors: Hoorens Dominique 
Published: October 2014

Face à la crise désespérément durable du logement, les objectifs que la France vient de s’assigner sont à la fois ambitieux et légitimes : produire 500 000 logements par an dont 150 000 logements sociaux, accélérer la rénovation thermique du parc et poursuivre la rénovation urbaine. Leur concrétisation est rendue difficile par le contexte de crise des finances publiques, par la complexité du marché du logement où la rationalisation à moyen terme se heurte aux effets à court terme et par le choix malheureux fait de longue date par notre pays de favoriser la « rente foncière ».	Les organismes de logement social sont des acteurs majeurs du secteur locatif et se mobilisent actuellement pour assurer toute leur part de l’objectif national.	Le modèle économique du logement social en France repose sur un système à la fois classique (utilisation de l’effet de levier de la dette, mobilisation de subventions) et spécifique (utilisation d’un circuit d’épargne quasiment dédié, coordination d’aides à la pierre et d’aides à la personne). Il a permis la constitution d’un parc de plus de quatre millions de logements dans de bonnes conditions d’exploitation pour les locataires et de sécurité financière pour les prêteurs et les pouvoirs publics.	Classification JEL : R31, R38.
Marchés du logement et politiques macroprudentielles : la situation européenne
Authors: de Bandt Olivier , Durant Dominique 
Published: October 2014

Depuis quelques années, les politiques macroprudentielles ont trouvé un domaine d’application privilégié sur le marché immobilier et notamment le marché du logement. Après une analyse des expériences au niveau international, l’article étudie leur intérêt, mais souligne aussi, malgré le faible recul, certaines limites importantes. Il montre ensuite comment le dispositif européen formé par la directive et le règlement de 2013 sur les exigences de fonds propres, et les nouveaux pouvoirs confiés à la Banque centrale européenne ainsi qu’en France, au Haut Conseil de stabilité financière pourraient offrir une réponse partielle à ces questions.	Classification JEL : G21, G22, G28.
Inflammation and Lymphopenia Trigger Autoimmunity by Suppression of IL-2–Controlled Regulatory T Cell and Increase of IL-21–Mediated Effector T Cell Expansion
Authors: Chevalier Nina , Thorburn Alison N. , Macia Laurence , Tan Jian , Juglair Laurent , Yagita Hideo , Yu Di , Hansbro Philip M. , Mackay Charles R. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThe dynamic interplay between regulatory T cells (Tregs) and effector T cells (Teffs) governs the balance between tolerance and effector immune responses. Perturbations of Treg frequency and function or imbalances in Treg/Teff levels are associated with the development of autoimmunity. The factors that mediate these changes remain poorly understood and were investigated in this study in murine autoimmune arthritis. Tregs displayed a stable phenotype in arthritic mice and were fully functional in in vitro suppression assays. However, their expansion was delayed relative to Teffs (T follicular helper cells and Th17 cells) during the early stages of autoimmune reactivity. This imbalance is likely to have led to insufficient Treg control of Teffs and induced autoimmunity. Moreover, a counterregulatory and probably IL-7–driven increase in thymic Treg production and recruitment to inflamed tissues was too slow for disease prevention. Increased Teff over Treg expansion was further aggravated by inflammation and lymphopenia. Both these conditions contribute to autoimmune pathogenesis and were accompanied by decreases in the availability of IL-2 and increases in levels of IL-21. IL-2 neutralization or supplementation was used to show that Treg expansion mainly depended on this cytokine. IL-21R−/− cells were used to demonstrate that IL-21 promoted the maintenance of Teffs. Thus, at inflammatory sites in experimental arthritis, a deficit in IL-2 hampers Treg proliferation, whereas exaggerated IL-21 levels overwhelm Treg control by supporting Teff expansion. This identifies IL-2 and IL-21 as targets for manipulation in therapies for autoimmunity.
Helping Themselves: Optimal Virus-Specific CD4 T Cell Responses Require Help via CD4 T Cell Licensing of Dendritic Cells
Authors: Olson Matthew R. , Seah Shirley G. K. , Cullen Jolie , Greyer Marie , Edenborough Kathryn , Doherty Peter C. , Bedoui Sammy , Lew Andrew M. , Turner Stephen J. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractAlthough CD4+ T cell help (Th) is critical for inducing optimal B cell and CD8+ T cell responses, it remains unclear whether induction of CD4+ Th responses postinfection are also dependent on CD4+ T cell help. In this study, we show that activation of adoptively transferred Th cells during primary influenza A virus (IAV) infection enhances both the magnitude and functional breadth of endogenous primary IAV-specific CD4+ T cell responses. This enhancement was dependent on CD154-CD40–dependent dendritic cell licensing and resulted in a greater recall capacity of IAV-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T memory responses after heterologous IAV infection. These data suggest that engaging pre-existing CD4 responses at the time of priming may be a strategy for improving cellular immunity after vaccination.