bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Stereoselective Synthesis and Physicochemical Properties of Liquid‐Crystal Compounds Possessing a trans‐2,5‐Disubstituted Tetrahydropyran Ring with Negative Dielectric Anisotropy
Authors: Araki Keisuke , Yamamoto Tetsuya , Tanaka Ryoji , Tanaka Saori , Ushioda Makoto , Gotoh Yasuyuki , Yamakawa Tetsu , Inoue Munenori 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThree stereoselective syntheses and the physicochemical properties of trans,trans‐5‐(4‐ethoxy‐2,3‐difluorophenyl)‐2‐(4‐propylcyclohexyl)tetrahydropyran, which is an important liquid‐crystal compound with a large negative dielectric anisotropy (Δε=−7.3), are described. The key step in the construction of the trans‐2,5‐disubstituted tetrahydropyran ring in the first approach involved a benzylic cation mediated intramolecular olefin cyclization of a 2‐allyloxy‐1‐arylethanol derivative. The second method included the Et2Zn‐induced 1,2‐aryl shift of a bromohydrin obtained from a hetero‐Diels–Alder reaction, followed by stereoselective bromination. The third approach utilized the hetero‐Diels–Alder reaction of trans‐4‐propylcyclohexanecarboxaldehyde and a 2‐aryl‐3‐(trimethylsilyl)oxy‐1,3‐butadiene, followed by stereoselective protonation. From results obtained by using a quantum chemical calculation method, the reason why the target compound shows a large negative Δε value is discussed.
Towards Reaction Control: An Expeditious Access to Racemic 5‐Substituted Tetramates and 5‐Substituted Tetramic Acids from Malimides
Authors: Huang Pei‐Qiang , Ou Wei , Ye Jian‐Liang 
Published: December 2014

AbstractA versatile and divergent two‐step transformation of malimides to racemic tetramates and tetramic acids is described. The method consists of Grignard reagent addition with malimides to give hemiaminals and concentrated HCl‐promoted chemoselective transformations of the latter. When running the reaction in CH2Cl2 and in the presence of 2.5 molar equiv. of conc. HCl, 5‐alkyltetramates were formed, while in neat conc. HCl, 5‐alkyltetramic acids were obtained. Using this method, a variety of title compounds were prepared in good to excellent yields (82%–99%, and 76%/85%). The work also constitutes a formal racemic total synthesis of reutericyclin. On the basis of the experimental evidences and of a deuterium labeling experiment, a plausible reaction mechanism was proposed. This work thus demonstrated two new types of step economical and chemodivergent transformations starting from malic acid.
Feedback in the brainstem: An excitatory disynaptic pathway for control of whisking
Authors: Matthews David W. , Deschênes Martin , Furuta Takahiro , Moore Jeffrey D. , Wang Fan , Karten Harvey J. , Kleinfeld David 
Published: December 2014

AbstractSensorimotor processing relies on hierarchical neuronal circuits to mediate sensory‐driven behaviors. In the mouse vibrissa system, trigeminal brainstem circuits are thought to mediate the first stage of vibrissa scanning control via sensory feedback that provides reflexive protraction in response to stimulation. However, these circuits are not well defined. Here we describe a complete disynaptic sensory receptor‐to‐muscle circuit for positive feedback in vibrissa movement. We identified a novel region of trigeminal brainstem, spinal trigeminal nucleus pars muralis, which contains a class of vGluT2+ excitatory projection neurons involved in vibrissa motor control. Complementary single‐ and dual‐labeling with traditional and virus tracers demonstrate that these neurons both receive primary inputs from vibrissa sensory afferent fibers and send monosynaptic connections to facial nucleus motoneurons that directly innervate vibrissa musculature. These anatomical results suggest a general role of disynaptic architecture in fast positive feedback for motor output that drives active sensation. J. Comp. Neurol. 523:921–942, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Baseline Patient Characteristics Predicting Outcome and Attrition in Cognitive Therapy for Social Phobia: Results from a Large Multicentre Trial
Authors: Hoyer Juergen , Wiltink Joerg , Hiller Wolfgang , Miller Robert , Salzer Simone , Sarnowsky Stephan , Stangier Ulrich , Strauss Bernhard , Willutzki Ulrike , Leibing Eric 
Published: December 2014

We examined the role of baseline patient characteristics as predictors of outcome (end‐state functioning, response and remission) and attrition for cognitive therapy (CT) in social anxiety disorder (SAD). Beyond socio‐demographic and clinical variables such as symptom severity and comorbidity status, previously neglected patient characteristics (e.g., personality, self‐esteem, shame, interpersonal problems and attachment style) were analysed.MethodData came from the CT arm of a multicentre RCT with n = 244 patients having DSM‐IV SAD. CT was conducted according to the manual by Clark and Wells. Severity of SAD was assessed at baseline and end of treatment with the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale (LSAS). Multiple linear regression analyses and logistic regression analyses were applied.ResultsUp to 37% of the post‐treatment variance (LSAS) could be explained by all pre‐treatment variables combined. Symptom severity (baseline LSAS) was consistently negatively associated with end‐state functioning and remission, but not with response. Number of comorbid diagnoses was negatively associated with end‐state functioning and response, but not with remission. Self‐esteem was positively associated with higher end‐state functioning and more shame with better response. Attrition could not be significantly predicted.ConclusionsThe results indicate that the initial probability for treatment success mainly depends on severity of disorder and comorbid conditions while other psychological variables are of minor importance, at least on a nomothetic level. This stands in contrast with efforts to arrive at an empirical‐based foundation for differential indication and argues to search for more potent moderators of therapeutic change rather on the process level.Key Practitioner Message

Personality, self‐esteem, shame, attachment style and interpersonal problems do not or only marginally moderate the effects of interventions in CT of social phobia.
Symptom severity and comorbid diagnoses might affect treatment outcome negatively.
Beyond these two factors, most patients share a similar likelihood of treatment success when treated according to the manual by Clark and Wells.
Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Der Eurocode 6 vor der bauaufsichtlichen Einführung
Authors: Schmidt‐Wottrich Jörg , Rast Ronald 
Published: December 2014

AbstractDas Regelwerk zum Mauerwerksbau befindet sich nach wie vor in einer Umstellungsphase. Die endgültige bauaufsichtliche Einführung des Eurocode 6 zur Bemessung von Mauerwerkskonstruktionen ist ab dem Jahr 2015 vorgesehen. Die Koexistenz von DIN 1053 und Eurocode 6 soll mit der endgültigen bauaufsichtlichen Einführung des Eurocode 6 beendet werden. Bis dahin gelten die bisherigen nationalen Bemessungsnormen weiter. Zusätzlich konnte schon ab Mitte 2012 der Eurocode 6 (EC 6) über eine Gleichwertigkeitserklärung zur Anwendung kommen. Das Nebeneinander beider Normenwerke wirft verschiedene rechtliche Fragen auf, die im Beitrag diskutiert werden.The Eurocode 6 prior to the final introduction by the building authority – Legal problems during and after the transition period. The rules for masonry construction are still in a transition phase. The final building inspection introduction of Eurocode 6 for the Design of masonry structures is provided from 2015. The coexistence of DIN 1053 and Eurocode 6 should be completed with the final building authority introduction of the Eurocode 6. Until then, the current national design codes shall continue to apply. In addition the Eurocode 6 could be applied on a system of equivalence statement since mid‐2012. The coexistence of both standard works raises several legal issues that will be discussed in the article.
Bemessung von Mauerwerk bei Erdbebenbeanspruchung
Authors: Fehling Ekkehard , Brenker Elena 
Published: December 2014

AbstractIn Mitteleuropa wird der überwiegende Teil der Wohngebäude sowie kleiner und mittlerer Büro‐ und Geschäftshäuser in Mauerwerksbauweise ausgeführt. Auch ein erheblicher Anteil des Gebäudebestands sind Mauerwerksbauten, deren Wände traditionell aus unbewehrtem Mauerwerk bestehen. Durch die Entwicklung der europäischen Normung, besonders im Hinblick auf die Eurocodes 6 und 8, sowie der nationalen Normen in Mitteleuropa wurde auch für Deutschland und die umliegenden Länder die Frage des Erdbebenwiderstands besonders bei Mauerwerksbauten aktuell. Anders als bei Stahlbetonbauwerken kann man nicht einfach durch Einlegen von etwas mehr Bewehrung erhöhte rechnerische Belastungen aufnehmen. Bewehrung in Mauerwerkswänden würde eine komplette Änderung der Bauweise bedingen, bei der eine Reihe der Vorzüge des Bauens mit Mauerwerk geopfert werden müssten. Der vorliegende Beitrag soll nach einer kurzen Beleuchtung der Problematik einen Überblick über Forschungsprojekte der letzten Zeit geben und Lösungsansätze aufzeigen, die auch teilweise die Normung beeinflusst haben. Dabei kommt es nicht nur auf Nachweismöglichkeiten an, die erhöhte Querschnittstragfähigkeiten von Mauerwerk nachweisbar machen, sondern auch auf den Aspekt der Verformungskapazität und des Zusammenwirkens unterschiedlicher Bauteile im Gesamttragwerk.Design of masonry structures for seismic loading. In Central Europe many residential as well as small and medium office‐ and commercial buildings are built with masonry. Moreover, a major part of existing buildings also has been built in masonry. Typically, the masonry walls consist of unreinforced masonry. For this traditional way of building construction, the development of new national and international codes, especially Eurocode 6 and 8, has given rise to the question of the seismic resistance. Other than with reinforced concrete structures it is not possible to increase the resistance just by placing some more reinforcement. Placing reinforcement into masonry at all would mean a complete change of this traditional way of building so that a lot of advantages of unreinforced masonry might be lost. In this paper, following a brief presentation of the problem, an overview about research that has been conducted in this field during the past years shall be given. Furthermore, proposals for more realistic design checks as well as for developments which have influenced the design codes will be highlighted. In this regard, not only the bearing capacity of masonry cross sections is of importance but also the aspect of deformation capacity and the interaction of different structural members within a building.
Validation of the SCOFF questionnaire for eating disorders in a multiethnic general population sample
Authors: Solmi Francesca , Hatch Stephani L. , Hotopf Matthew , Treasure Janet , Micali Nadia 
Published: December 2014

ABSTRACTIntroductionThis study aimed to validate the SCOFF, an eating disorders (ED) screening questionnaire, in a multiethnic general population sample of adults.MethodA two‐stage design was employed using the South East London Community Health Study phases I and II data. A total of 1,669 participants were screened using the SCOFF in SELCoHI, and 145 were administrated an ED clinical interview in SELCoHII. We explored the diagnostic validity of the questionnaire restricting to the 145 individuals with the clinical questionnaire.ResultsSensitivity and specificity of the SCOFF were 53.7 and 93.5%, respectively.ConclusionThe SCOFF showed good levels of specificity but low sensitivity, resulting in a high percentage of false negatives. Given the low sensitivity found in our sample the SCOFF is likely to be a suboptimal measure for the identification of ED in the community. © 2014 The Authors International Journal of Eating Disorders Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Int J Eat Disord 2015; 48:312–316)
The histamine H4‐receptor (H4R) regulates eosinophilic inflammation in ovalbumin‐induced experimental allergic asthma in mice
Authors: Hartwig Christina , Munder Antje , Glage Silke , Wedekind Dirk , Schenk Heiko , Seifert Roland , Neumann Detlef 
Published: December 2014

Via the histamine H4‐receptor (H4R), histamine promotes the pathogenesis of experimental allergic asthma in mice. Application of H4R antagonists during sensitization as well as during provocation reduces the severity of the disease. However, the specific cell types functionally expressing H4R in experimental allergic asthma have not been well characterized in vivo. In this study, we identified the cell type(s) responsible for H4R activity in experimental asthma and related physiological mechanisms. Using H4R‐deficient mice, we studied the role of H4R in the sensitization and effector phase. DCs lacking H4R expression during the in vitro sensitization reaction resulted in effector T cells unable to induce an entire eosinophilic inflammation in the lung upon adoptive transfer in vivo. Recipient mice lacking H4R expression, which were adoptively transferred with H4R+/+ T cells polarized in the presence of H4R+/+ DCs, showed reduced signs of inflammation and ameliorated lung function. Here, we provide in vivo evidence that in experimental asthma in mice the H4R specifically regulates activation of DCs during sensitization, while in the effector phase the H4R is active in cells involved in the activation of eosinophils, and possibly other cells. A putative therapy targeting the H4R may be an option for asthma patients developing IL‐5‐dependent eosinophilia.
Hexagonal‐Prism‐Shaped Optical Sensor/Captor for the Optical Recognition and Sequestration of PdII Ions from Urban Mines
Authors: Shenashen Mohamed A. , El‐Safty Sherif A. , Elshehy Emad A. , Khairy Mohamed 
Published: December 2014

AbstractIn this work, we have developed a hexagonal‐prism‐shaped optical sensor/captor (OSC) based on the immobilization of an organic probe into hexagonal, micrometric monoliths of mesoporous aluminosilica scaffolds for the colorimetric monitoring, selective sequestering, and effective recovery of PdII ions from urban mines as a promising technology for industrial applications. In such a solid OSC, H‐type aggregation and face‐to‐face (π–π* stacking) interactions between the heteroatoms‐coordinated organic probe and the active acid sites of the scaffolds lead to the formation of 1D molecular probe assemblies parallel to the interior pore walls. The design patterns of hexagonal‐prism‐shaped and open cylindrical pores (ca. 4 nm) exhibited suitable accommodation to protect the organic probe from extra H‐aggregates, as evidenced by the high affinity of the PdII–probe binding events. The OSC shows evidence of controlled PdII ion assessment in terms of the optical recognition of PdII ions down to sub‐nanomolar concentrations (3.3 × 10–9 mol/L). Our study shows that the developed OSC can be used as an effective tool for urban mining development, particularly for secondary resources in industrial countries.
Copper(I)‐Catalyzed One‐Pot Synthesis of Highly Functionalized Pyrrolidines from Sulfonyl Azides, Alkynes, and Dimethyl 2‐(Phenylamino)maleate
Authors: Ramanathan Devenderan , Pitchumani Kasi 
Published: December 2014

AbstractAn efficient one‐pot synthesis of highly functionalized pyrrolidines by using sulfonyl azides, alkynes, and dimethyl 2‐(phenylamino)maleate catalyzed by copper(I)–Y zeolite under mild reaction conditions was investigated. This cascade process involves an azide–alkyne [3+2] cycloaddition/ring rearrangement/ketenimine formation/intermolecular nucleophilic addition cascade and consequent intramolecular cyclization followed by [1,3]‐H shift. The important advantage of this methodology, which allows selective intramolecular nucleophilic attack of the generated ketenimine carbanion on an ester moiety for the first time, is that the starting materials can be easily prepared.
Inherently Chiral Calix[5]arenes Incorporating an Axially Chiral Binaphthyl Moiety: Synthesis, Structures and Chiral Recognition
Authors: Zhang Wen‐Zhen , Yang Ke , Li Si‐Zhe , Ma Hui , Luo Jun , Wang Kai‐Ping , Chung Wen‐Sheng 
Published: December 2014

AbstractInherent chirality was generated by regioselective monoalkylation of 1,3‐substituted calix[5]crown‐6 incorporating an axially chiral BINOL moiety, with ethyl bromoacetate. The resultant diastereomers 4a and 4b, which possess both axial chirality and inherent chirality, were readily separated by column chromatography. Respective hydrolysis afforded diastereomeric acids 5a and 5b. 1H NMR spectra and X‐ray crystallography established that esters 4a and 4b feature a cone‐in conformation, which disappears in the corresponding acids 5a and 5b due to intramolecular hydrogen‐bonding between the carboxyl group and a glycolic oxygen atom. Amino alcohol‐induced fluorescence quenching was observed for 5a and 5b. The highest enantioselectivity, based on the ratio of Stern–Volmer constants KSV(S)/KSV(R), reached 1.90 in the case of 5a with 2‐amino‐1‐phenylethanol (G1), and 5b with phenylalaninol (G2). The highest diastereoselectivity of 1.83, measured by KSV(5a)/KSV(5b), occurs in the case of 5a/5b with (R)‐G2.
Synthesis of Polycyclic Amines through Mild Metal‐Free Tandem Cross‐Dehydrogenative Coupling/Intramolecular Hydroarylation of N‐Aryltetrahydroisoquinolines and Crotonaldehyde
Authors: Wu Xiang , Chen Dian‐Feng , Chen Shu‐Sen , Zhu Yi‐Fan 
Published: December 2014

AbstractA [4+2] cycloaddition reaction proceeding through tandem cross‐dehydrogenative coupling/intramolecular hydroarylation between N‐aryltetrahydroisoquinolines and crotonaldehyde was developed by virtue of enamine–iminium catalysis, which enabled the rapid construction of ring‐fused tetrahydroquinolines. The first metal‐free catalytic oxidative coupling of γ‐selective C(sp3)–H bonds of crotonaldehyde was realized by using a secondary amine catalyst and 2,3‐dichloro‐5,6‐dicyanoquinone.
Neuropathic pain in a primary care electronic health record database
Authors: Shadd J.D. , Ryan B.L. , Maddocks H.L. , McKay S.D. , Moulin D.E. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractBackgroundNeuropathic pain (NP) is common in the adult population but is difficult to study in electronic health record (EHR) databases because it is a symptom rather than a pathologic diagnosis. The first step in studying NP in EHR databases is to develop methods for identifying patients with NP. The objectives of this study were to develop estimates of the prevalence of NP among patients in a primary care EHR database and describe these patients’ demographic characteristics and health‐care utilization.MethodsThis was a retrospective cohort study of de‐identified data from a 5‐year period (2005–2010) from 23 general practitioners (GPs) in 10 primary care practices in southwestern Ontario, Canada. International Classification of Diseases version 9 (ICD‐9) diagnostic codes and medication prescriptions were used to identify patients with certain and probable NP.ResultsDifferent methods produced prevalence estimates ranging from 1.5% (for certain NP in the epidemiologically rigorous period cohort) to 11.2% (for certain NP + probable NP in the more inclusive database cohort). Patients in the NP groups had more GP visits, specialist referrals and analgesic prescriptions than patients without NP.ConclusionThis study represents a step towards being able to utilize EHR databases to study NP by proposing methods to identify patients with certain and probable NP in a primary care EHR database. Validation against a gold standard is the next step.
Gender-Specific Differences in the Skeletal Response to Continuous PTH in Mice Lacking the IGF1 Receptor in Mature Osteoblasts
Authors: Babey Muriel , Wang Yongmei , Kubota Takuo , Fong Chak , Menendez Alicia , ElAlieh Hashem Z , Bikle Daniel D 
Published: December 2014

ABSTRACT

The primary goal of this study was to determine whether the IGF1R in mature osteoblasts and osteocytes was required for the catabolic actions of continuous parathyroid hormone (cPTH). Igf1r was deleted from male and female FVN/B mice by breeding with mice expressing cre recombinase under control of the osteocalcin promoter (0CNIgfr1-/-). Littermates lacking the cre recombinase served as controls. PTH, 60 μg/kg/d, was administered continuously by Alzet minipumps for 4 weeks. Blood was obtained for indices of calcium metabolism. The femurs were examined by micro-computed tomography for structure, immunohistochemistry for IGF1R expression, histomorphometry for bone formation rates (BFR), mRNA levels by qPCR, and bone marrow stromal cell cultures (BMSC) for alkaline phosphatase activity (ALP+), mineralization, and osteoblast-induced osteoclastogenesis. Whereas cPTH led to a reduction in trabecular bone volume/tissue volume (BV/TV) and cortical thickness in the control females, no change was found in the control males. Although trabecular BV/TV and cortical thickness were reduced in the 0CNIgfr1-/- mice of both sexes, no further reduction after cPTH was found in the females, unlike the reduction in males. BFR was stimulated by cPTH in the controls but blocked by Igf1r deletion in the females. The 0CNIgfr1-/- male mice showed a partial response. ALP+ and mineralized colony formation were higher in BMSC from control males than from control females. These markers were increased by cPTH in both sexes, but BMSC from male 0CNIgfr1-/- also were increased by cPTH, unlike those from female 0CNIgfr1-/-. cPTH stimulated receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL) and decreased osteoprotegerin and alkaline phosphatase expression more in control female bone than in control male bone. Deletion of Igf1r blocked these effects of cPTH in the female but not in the male. However, PTH stimulation of osteoblast-driven osteoclastogenesis was blocked by deleting Igfr1 in both sexes. We conclude that cPTH is catabolic in female but not male mice. Moreover, IGF1 signaling plays a greater role in the skeletal actions of cPTH in the female mouse than in the male mouse, which may underlie the sex differences in the response to cPTH. © 2015 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Elastic behavior of weakly cemented contact
Authors: Langlois V. 
Published: December 2014

SummaryWe investigate the elastic behavior of weakly cemented contact. We show that the radial distribution of stresses and the stiffnesses of a cemented contact are governed by the ratio a/RΛ, where R, a, and Λ are, respectively, the grain radius, the contact size, and the ratio of the elastic moduli of cement and grains. Moreover, we show that a cemented contact is always less stiff than a Hertzian contact having a similar size. Finally, we propose accurate approximate expressions of the contact stiffnesses. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Heterogeneous asynchronous time integrators for computational structural dynamics
Authors: Gravouil A. , Combescure A. , Brun M. 
Published: December 2014

SummaryComputational structural dynamics plays an essential role in the simulation of linear and nonlinear systems. Indeed, the characteristics of the time integration procedure have a critical impact on the feasibility of the calculation. In order to go beyond the classical approach (a unique time integrator and a unique timescale), the pioneer approach of Belytschko and co‐workers consisted in developing mixed implicit–explicit time integrators for structural dynamics. In a first step, the implementation and stability analyses of partitioned integrators with one time step have been achieved for a large class of time integrators. In a second step, the implementation and stability analyses of partitioned integrators with different time steps were studied in detail for particular cases. However, stability results involving different time steps and different time integrators in different parts of the mesh is still an open question in the general case for structural dynamics. The aim of this paper is to propose a state‐of‐the art of heterogeneous (different time schemes) asynchronous (different time steps) time integrators (HATI) for computational structural dynamics. Finally, an alternative approach based on energy considerations (with velocity continuity at the interface) is proposed in order to develop a general class of HATI for structural dynamics. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.