bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Strain Differences in the Immunogenicity of Aggregated Human IgG and the Adjuvant Action of Lipopolysaccharide on the Low‐Responder Strain of Mice
Authors: Fujiwara Michio , Fujiwara Shigeko , Yoshizaki Chiho , Awaya Akira 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTStrain differences in the antibody response to human IgG (HGG) were observed when aggregated HGG was injected intravenously. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) administered subsequently markedly enhanced the antibody response to HGG in low responder C57BL/6 mice as compared with that in high responder DDD, C3H/He or (C57BL/6 × DDD)F1 mice. Aggregate‐free preparation of HGG at a dose of 0.5 mg induced immunological tolerance in all strains of mice tested. LPS injected subsequently converted tolerogenic, aggregate‐free HGG into immunogen in DDD mice but not in C57BL/6 mice. To determine the correlation between adjuvanticity and mitogenicity of LPS, spleen cells from normal mice were cultured in the presence of LPS and 3H‐thymidine uptake was measured. Spleen cells of DDD mice incorporated three times as much 3H‐thymidine as those of C57BL/6 mice. There seems no strong correlation between both activities of LPS. The data obtained are discussed in terms of strain differences in the macrophage function for processing the antigen.
Effect of Capsular Polysaccharide of Klebsiella pneumoniae on Host Resistance to Bacterial Infections
Authors: Kato Nobuo , Kato Osamu , Nakashima Izumi 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTWhen Klebsiella pneumoniae capsular polysaccharide (CPS‐K) from type 1, Kasuya strain, was injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) immediately before i.p. bacterial challenge, the survival time of mice infected with Salmonella enteritidis NUB 1 (virulent strain) was shortened and the mortality rate for mice infected with S. enteritidis NUB 31 (avirulent strain) was enhanced. The promotion of infection with S. enteritidis NUB 1 by CPS‐K depended upon its dose, the effect of CPS‐K being demonstrable up to as little as 0.2 μg per mouse. In the case of S. enteritidis NUB 31, the effect of CPS‐K was detectable only when more than 20 μg per mouse was injected. As a result of enumeration of bacterial populations in the peritoneal washing, blood, liver and spleen, it was revealed that CPS‐K promoted in vivo growth of S. enteritidis NUB 1 and NUB 31. In addition, CPS‐K enhanced the mortality rate in mice infected with Streptococcus pyogenes or Streptococcus pneumoniae. The peak CPS‐K effect on infection with S. enteritidis NUB 1 was seen when given immediately before bacterial challenge. The active substance responsible for the infection‐promoting effect of CPS‐K was neutral CPS‐K, which is distinct from the O antigen and from acidic CPS‐K (the type‐specific capsular antigen). Preparations of neutral CPS‐K isolated from the other three strains of K. pneumoniae exhibited a marked infection‐promoting effect comparable with that of preparations from the Kasuya strain. Neutral CPS‐K, with identical antigenicity to that from the Kasuya strain, has already been found to exert a strong adjuvant effect on antibody responses to various antigens in mice. No parallelism exists between infection‐promoting activity and adjuvant activity of neutral CPS‐K.
An Improved Procedure of Specific Polysome Precipitation with Antibody
Authors: Ono Masao , Kawakami Masaya 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTThe specific immunoprecipitation of polysomes prepared from a mouse myeloma, 31C, synthesizing an IgG1 immunoglobulin has been investigated. A reported method in which polysomes were coprecipitated by sequential addition of antibody to 31C myeloma protein, antigen (i.e., the 31C protein) and again the antibody, was used. Salt concentration greatly affected the immunoprecipitation of polysomes. In the presence of 100 mm KCl or NaCl, 10–20% of myeloma polysomes and only 1% of mouse liver polysomes were precipitated with the antibody to myeloma protein. On the other hand, 90% of the both polysomes were precipitated by the same antibody at a salt concentration of 10 mm. Triton X‐100 and sucrose had little effect on preventing nonspecific binding of immunoglobulin to ribosomes. Experiments were carried out to obtain an optimal ratio of the amount of polysome to that of antibody and antigen to be added for the coprecipitation of polysomes. To date we have tried 25 μg of the first antibody, 14 μg of antigen added second to the polysomes and 38 μg of the antibody added finally and these were found to precipitate most efficiently one A260 unit of 31C polysomes.
Mouse Virulent Strain of Staphylococcus epidermidis
Authors: Yoshida Kosaku , Ichiman Yoshitoshi , Ohtomo Toshichika 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTUsing 109 or 107 colony‐forming units of a strain of Staphylococcus epidermidis (strain 1142) in saline or 5% mucin, respectively, 90 to 100% of mice died within 24 to 48 hr after intraperitoneal challenge infection. These organisms gradually multiplied in the peritoneal cavity when injected intraperitoneally into mice, while the mouse avirulent strain (strain 1124) rapidly decreased and no organisms were found there 20 hr after injection. This strain was capable of inducing resistance against challenge with homologous strains. The resistance appeared as early as the first week and disappeared the 4th week after the immunization. However, no resistance was induced with strain 1124 against challenge with strain 1142. Also, hyperimmune rabbit serum prepared with strain 1142 passively protected against challenge with homologous strain in mice. The protective antibody was absorbed out with homologous organisms but not with strain 1124. Subsequently, a surface substance was obtained from strains 1142 or 1124 by the method of Morse. The 1142 surface substance was capable of inducing a resistance against challenge with the homologous strain but not with the 1124 surface substance. Also, this substance absorbed the protective antibody in hyperimmune rabbit serum prepared with the homologous strain but not with the 1124 surface substance nor with the Smith surface antigen extracted from the Smith strain of Staphylococcus aureus. Conversely, the protective antibody in rabbit anti‐Smith strain serum against challenge with the homologous strain was absorbed with the Smith surface antigen but not with the 1142 surface substance. In the agar diffusion test, the 1142 surface substance and the Smith surface antigen produced single precipitin lines only against homologous antisera. Biochemical analysis of the 1142 surface substance showed that the substance contained neither nucleic acids nor proteins but is composed of hexosamine, glycerol, phosphorus, alanine, glycine and phenylalanine.
Biological Activities of Endotoxins from Yersinia enterocolitica
Authors: Kanamori Masato 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTThe chemical properties and the general biological activities of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and Boivin‐type endotoxin obtained respectively by phenol‐water and trichloroacetic acid extraction from Yersinia enterocolitica serotypes 03 and 09 were studied. The yield of LPS from the O9 strain was about 10% of the O3 strain possibly because of the lower solubility of O9‐LPS in aqueous phase. However, the chemical composition of O9‐LPS was similar to that of O3‐LPS in the proportions of reducing sugar, glucosamine, heptose, KDO, and lipid A. In pyrogenicity and local Shwartzman reactivity in rabbits and lethality for mice, there was also no difference between O3 and O9‐LPS. The anthrone‐positive carbohydrate and lipid A contents of Boivin‐type endotoxin from O3 were higher than those of the endotoxin from O9. The biological activities of Boivin‐type endotoxin from O3 were also remarkably higher than those of the endotoxin from O9. It seems that endotoxin of Y. enterocolitica serotype O3 may play an important role in infection by this organism.
Quantitative Chemical Analyses and Antigenic Properties of Peptidoglycans from Clostridium botulinum and Other Clostridia
Authors: Takumi Kenji , Kawata Tomio 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTThe cell wall peptidoglycans were isolated from Clostridium botulinum and some other species of the genus Clostridium by hot formamide extraction and their quantitative chemical composition and antigenic properties were determined. The peptidoglycan of C. botulinum type E was found to be a diaminopimelic acid (DAP)‐containing type composed of glucosamine, muramic acid, glutamic acid, alanine and DAP in the molar ratio of 0.76:0.78:1.00:1.88:0.81. All other types of C. botulinum and Clostridium sporogenes also belonged to the same peptidoglycan type. The peptidoglycans of Clostridium bifermentans and Clostridium histolyticum contained DAP but they differed from those of C. botulinum in the molar ratio of alanine to glutamic acid. The peptidoglycan of Clostridium perfringens was composed of glutamic acid, alanine, DAP and glycine in the molar ratio of 1.00:1.64:0.94:0.90. On the other hand, the peptidoglycan of Clostridium septicum was found to contain lysine instead of DAP and the molar ratio was 1.00:1.41:0.96 for glutamic acid, alanine and lysine. In spite of the difference in amino acid composition of peptidoglycans among the Clostridia, the quantitative precipitin test demonstrated that antiserum against C. botulinum type E peptidoglycan cross‐reacted with the peptidoglycans from other Clostridia as well as various types of C. botulinum.
Effects of BCG (Bacillus Calmette–Guérin) Vaccines on Immune Responses in Mice
Authors: Kitamura Yukikazu , Nomoto Kikuo , Torisu Motomichi , Takeya Kenji 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTThe effects of killed and living BCG on antibody production against hamster erythrocytes (HRBC) and the 2, 4, 6‐trinitrophenyl (TNP) group were studied in SL mice. Killed and living BCG, each in doses of 0.008 mg, 0.08 mg, 0.8 mg and 8 mg per mouse, were intravenously inoculated 7 days prior to primary immunization with HRBC. Secondary immunization was carried out 28 days later with TNP‐HRBC. Anti‐HRBC and anti‐TNP antibodies were estimated by a hemagglutination test. The results showed that pretreatment with killed or living BCG enhanced the antibody production against both HRBC and TNP. Comparing the effects of these two BCG preparations, it was noted that killed BCG augmented the anti‐HRBC antibody production more effectively than living BCG. In regard to the anti‐TNP antibody production, living BCG exhibited a greater augmenting effect than killed BCG. This difference in the modes of action of killed and living BCG was remarkable when two groups given 8 mg of killed and living BCG were compared. In addition, it was shown that living BCG at a dose as high as 8 mg was able to augment the anti‐TNP antibody production, even in the absence of preceding immunization with HRBC.
In Vitro Studies on the Mechanism of Acquired Resistance to Tuberculous Infection
Authors: Muraoka Shizuko , Takeya Kenji , Nomoto Kikuo 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTImmune lymph node cells were obtained from mice immunized with bovine gamma globulin (BGG) in complete Freund's adjuvant or allogeneic MH134 tumor cells. They showed the capacity of conferring bactericidal activity on macrophages infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, H37Rv, when they were incubated on macrophage monolayers together with the corresponding antigen, i.e., BGG or solubilized cellular antigen of the tumor cells. However, such capacity was lower than that of tubercle bacilli‐immune lymph node cells. Culture supernatants were harvested after incubation of tubercle bacilli‐immune, BGG‐immune or allogeneic tumor‐immune lymph node cells with the corresponding antigen for 24 hr. Macrophages were altered so as to suppress intracellular bacillary growth when macrophage monolayers were exposed to the supernatants for more than 2 days. When normal lymph node cells were incubated on normal macrophage monolayers together with a mitogen such as PHA or concanavalin A, growth of tubercle bacilli within the macrophages was slightly but difinitely suppressed. The mechanism of elicitation of cellular immunity to the infection with tubercle bacilli is discussed on the basis of results presented in this and the preceding paper.
Grouping Antigens of Four Lactobacillus Species and Their Characteristics
Authors: Shimohashi Hirotaka , Kodaira Shinji , Suegara Nobuo 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTAntigenic analyses of Lactobacillus bulgaricus, Lactobacillus lactis, Lactobacillus brevis and Lactobacillus buchneri were carried out by double immunodiffusion in agar. Antigens were extracted from whole cells and cell wall preparations with cold trichloroacetic acid. Most strains of the four species possessed antigen 9 in their cell walls. Another antigen, antigen 10, was found in the cell walls of all the strains of L. brevis and L. buchneri, and in some strains of L. lactis, but not in L. bulgaricus. Fractionation of the antigens was attempted using the cell wall extracts of L. lactis L‐10 with only antigen 9 and of L. brevis X‐1 with both antigens 9 and 10. The partially purified fractions of antigen 9 and of the complex of antigens 9 and 10 were obtained by zone electrophoresis. However, antigen 10 from the complex could not be separated by the same method or gel filtration on Sephadex G‐100 since the two antigens 9 and 10 of the complex always behaved together. The fraction of antigen 9 consisted almost entirely of glycerol and glucose as sugar components, the molar ratio being 2:1. The complex of antigens 9 and 10 also consisted of the same sugars, and the molar ratio of glycerol: glucose was 4:1. Inhibition tests indicated that the immunodominant component of antigen 9 was α‐methylglucoside (glucose), and most probably the determinant is a glucosylated glycerol teichoic acid. It was considered that the determinant of antigen 10 is a glycerol teichoic acid although glucosamine and galactosamine inhibited effectively the reaction between antigen 10 and its antibody.
Ineffectiveness of Lipopolysaccharide for Preventing the Tolerance Induction in Bone Marrow‐Derived Lymphoid Cells with Dinitrophenyl‐Poly‐l‐(Glutamic Acid, Lysine)
Authors: Uchiyama Takehiko , Yamaura Noboru 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTThe effect of endotoxin or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on tolerance induction in bone marrow‐derived lymphoid cells (B cells) was investigated. Dinitrophenylated amino acid copolymer‐l‐(glutamic acid, lysine) (DNP‐GL) acts as a potent tolerogen on normal and DNP‐primed B cells. LPS significantly enhanced the anti‐sheep red blood cell plaque‐forming cell (anti‐SRBC PFC) response that occurred after the immunization with a low dose of SRBC. LPS did not induce the primary anti‐DNP PFC response after the injection of DNP‐GL, nor did it prevent the tolerance induction in normal and DNP‐primed B cells that occurred after the administration of DNP‐GL.
Heterogeneity of Staphylococcal Enterotoxin A on Isoelectric Focusing and Disc Electrophoresis
Authors: Yamada Sumio , Igarashi Hideo , Terayama Takeshi 
Published: November 2013

AbstractHeterogeneity of purified staphylococcal enterotoxin A, obtained from a culture supernatant of Staphylococcus aureus, strain 13N‐2909, was demonstrated by isoelectric focusing. The toxin was composed of three immunologically identical fractions with isoelectric points of 6.5, 7.0 and approximately 8.0. Heterogeneity of the toxin was also shown by disc electrophoresis. At pH 8.0 and 9.4 two major bands and a faint minor band were observed, while at pH 4.3 only one band was observed. The faster‐moving band for the anode in disc electrophoresis at pH 9.4 was found to correspond with the pI 6.5 component from isoelectric focusing, while the slower‐moving band corresponded with the pI 7.0 component. From the results of the electrophoretic migration tests of the toxin, the components corresponding to the two major bands found in disc electrophoresis at pH 9.4 were considered to be charge isomers.
Distribution of Clostridium botulinum Type C in Ishikawa Prefecture, and Applicability of Agglutination to Identification of Nontoxigenic Isolates of C. botulinum Type C
Authors: Serikawa Toshihiko , Nakamura Shinichi , Nishida Shoki 
Published: November 2013

AbstractSince deaths of waterfowls have frequently been observed in Lake Kahoku near Kanazawa city, Japan, we attempted an ecological study on Clostridium botulinum type C in four other lakes as well as Lake Kahoku. One hundred and twenty‐nine (56%) of 230 soil samples collected gave rise to lethal toxicity in mice with the characteristic “wasp‐waist” symptom. All of the 51 samples arbitrarily selected were neutralized by C. botulinum type C antitoxic serum. A further seasonal study throughout the year at a given shore area of Lake Kahoku disclosed that nearly all samples gave rise to toxicity due to C. botulinum type C during the autumn season when the most waterfowls congregate. Toxigenic strains of C. botulinum type C were isolated together with nontoxigenic strains that were culturally and biochemically similar to the toxigenic strains. Both the toxigenic and nontoxigenic strains were equally agglutinable by an antiserum prepared against one of the nontoxigenic strains. Further extensive studies on the specificity of the agglutination method for identification were performed with 112 strains of 46 clostridial species. None of the strains used except some strains of C. novyi type A and a strain of C. botulinum type D was agglutinable. Based on the findings for cultural, biochemical, and agglutinable properties, the nontoxigenic strains were identified as C. botulinum type C. Also, C. novyi type A isolates showing colonies covered with a small pearly layer zone but surrounded by an aberrantly wide lecithinase zone are discussed.
Effect of Various Reagents on the Susceptibility of Target Cells to the Cytotoxicity of Guinea Pig Lymphotoxin (GLT)1
Authors: Sawada Jun‐Ichi , Kishie Takao , Osawa Toshiaki 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe cytotoxic activity of guinea pig lymphotoxin (GLT) was increased when the target cells were treated with the following metabolic inhibitors: puromycin, actinomycin D, NaN3, NaF, and 2,4‐dinitrophenol, whereas calf serum, N‐acetyl‐D‐galactosamine, colchicine, and vinblastin inhibited GLT‐cytotoxicity. Puromycin, an inhibitor of protein synthesis, exhibited the most potent enhancing effect on GLT‐cytotoxicity. It seems likely that there are certain cellular metabolic processes depending on cellular protein synthesis which antagonize GLT‐cytotoxicity. Taking advantage of this effect of puromycin, a time‐saving assay method for GLT‐cytotoxicity was developed.
An Analysis of Factors Influencing the Isolation Rate of Herpes Simplex Virus
Authors: Tada Aiko , Serine Noriyoshi , Toba Masanori , Yoshino Kamesaburo 
Published: November 2013

AbstractAttempts were made to improve the rate of isolation of herpes simplex virus (HSV) from clinical specimens by minimizing loss of virus infectivity during transportation and employing the most sensitive cells for isolation. Basical analyses using standard strains of type 1 and type 2 HSV indicated that virus titer decrease was marked even at low temperatures in environments free of proteinous stabilizer such as normal serum or tissue extract, negating the generally held concept that HSV is stable in distilled water. YLE (Earle‐lactalbumin hydrolysate‐yeast extract) medium containing 20% inactivated calf serum was determined to be a transport medium of choice, because degradation of suspended virus during storage and freeze‐thawing was negligible and loss of virus during Millipore filtration was minimal. Special coating of the membrane could also be obviated by the use of this solution. In a cell susceptibility test using clinical specimens, secondary rabbit kidney (SRK) cells were the most sensitive, showing a quick development of cytopathic effect. Vero and RK‐13 cells were the second best, whereas monkey kidney, HeLa and L cells were far less sensitive. A total of 136 specimens from suspected cases, sent by dermatologists, were tested using SRK cells, and 99 strains of type 1 and 15 strains of type 2 HSV were isolated. Excluding one case from which vaccinia virus was isolated, the isolation rate of HSV was 84.4%.
Characterization of Simian Virus 40 Transformed African Green Monkey Cells (CV‐1)
Authors: Hirai Kanji 
Published: November 2013

AbstractSeveral clones of SV40 transformed CV‐1 cells have been characterized for the production of T‐ and V‐antigens and for the state of viral genome. The transformed CV‐1 cells failed to produce infectious virions as assayed after sonication or cocultivation and fusion with normal CV‐1 cells, and were resistant to superinfection by SV40. Some clones of the transformed cells contained V‐antigens. The population of V‐antigen positive cells varied from 0 to 100% depending on the passage number while the T‐antigen positive cells were always 100%. The virions isolated from the transformed cells were similar in morphology to complete SV40, but lighter in density than complete SV40. In one clone, a small amount of SV40 DNA was detectable in a free state while a large proportion of the DNA hybridizable with SV40 3H cRNA was linearly integrated into the cell DNA. The free SV40 DNA was noninfectious, closed circular DNA with a size smaller than infectious SV40 DNA component I. Since the cell extracts of the transformed cells contained an agent(s) which induced T‐ and V‐antigens in normal CV‐1 cells, it was suggested that the SV40 transformed CV‐1 cells contained free as well as integrated defective SV40 genomes responsible for the synthesis of T‐ and V‐antigens.
Antiviral Effects of Double‐Stranded RNA from Rice Dwarf Virus on Infection of Mice with Western Equine Encephalitis Virus
Authors: Takehara Manabu 
Published: November 2013

AbstractA single administration (1 to 10 mg/kg) of rice dwarf virus RNA (RDV‐RNA) prior to virus challenge reduced the mortality of mice infected with western equine encephalitis (WEE) virus. The protective effect of RDV‐RNA was significantly higher than that of polyinosinic‐polycytidylic acid. However, when these RNAs were given after virus infection, the protective effect was negligible. The titer of circulating interferon in mice reached a peak about 5 hr after injection of these RNAs and remained at this level for about 24 hr. Viremia in mice infected with a lethal dose of WEE virus was markedly suppressed by the treatment of mice with these RNAs. A pathological examination of mice treated with a lethal dose of RDV‐RNA revealed marked changes including degeneration and karyorrhexis in the lymphoid tissues of the spleen.
Studies on the Pathogenicity ofYersinia enterocolitica
Authors: Une Tsutomu 
Published: November 2013

AbstractAnalysis of the pathogenicity ofYersinia enterocoliticawas performed by means of cell culture studies on the interaction of the organisms with HeLa cells and rabbit peritoneal macrophages based on observations of the pathogenic behavior of the organismsin vivo(11). The pathogenic strains, which successfully produced experimental enterocolitis in rabbits (11), had the ability to penetrate HeLa cells and to survive or multiply within the macrophages. The nonpathogenic strains, lacking the ability to produce pathological changes in rabbits (11), failed to penetrate HeLa cells, except for one strain, and also to survive totally or multiply within the macrophages. It was evident that the abilities of the organisms to penetrate epithelial linings which serve as the barrier of intestinal mucosa and to survive or multiply within the host cells appears to be closely related to the pathogenicity ofY. enterocolitica.