bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Resolving Strain Localization in Frictional and Time‐Dependent Plasticity: Two‐ and Three‐Dimensional Numerical Modeling Study Using Graphical Processing Units (GPUs)
Authors: Alkhimenkov Yury , Khakimova Lyudmila , Utkin Ivan , Podladchikov Yury 
Published: August 2024

AbstractShear strain localization refers to the phenomenon of accumulation of material deformation in narrow slip zones. Many materials exhibit strain localization under different spatial and temporal scales, particularly rocks, metals, soils, and concrete. In the Earth's crust, irreversible deformation can occur in brittle as well as in ductile regimes. Modeling of shear zones is essential in the geodynamic framework. Numerical modeling of strain localization remains challenging due to the non‐linearity and multi‐scale nature of the problem. We develop a numerical approach based on graphical processing units (GPU) to resolve the strain localization in two and three dimensions of a (visco)‐hypoelastic‐perfectly plastic medium. Our approach allows modeling both the compressible and incompressible visco‐elasto‐plastic flows. In contrast to symmetric shear bands frequently observed in the literature, we demonstrate that using sufficiently small strain or strain rate increments, a non‐symmetric strain localization pattern is resolved in two‐ and three‐dimensions, highlighting the importance of high spatial and temporal resolution. We show that elasto‐plastic and visco‐plastic models yield similar strain localization patterns for material properties relevant to applications in geodynamics. We achieve fast computations using three‐dimensional high‐resolution models involving more than 1.3 billion degrees of freedom. We propose a new physics‐based approach explaining spontaneous stress drops in a deforming medium.
The Impact of Model Horizontal Resolution on Simulating Regional Climate Over East Asia Using Variable‐Resolution CESM2
Authors: Wang Weiyi , Liu Xiaohong , Lin Guangxing , Wu Chenglai 
Published: August 2024

AbstractIn this study, a variable‐resolution version of the Community Earth System Model (VR‐CESM) with mesh refinement (∼0.125°) over East Asia is used to simulate the regional climate in this region. For the evaluation of model performance and sensitivity to model resolution, the simulated near‐surface temperature and precipitation are compared with observations and simulation results from a globally quasi‐uniform (∼1°) CESM (UN‐CESM). Results show that VR‐CESM better simulates the spatial patterns and seasonal variations of mean temperature and precipitation than UN‐CESM over China. For extreme events, VR‐CESM improves the simulation of the occurrence frequency of wintertime daily minimum temperature and heavy precipitation. In regions with complex terrains, VR‐CESM better resolves the topographic forcing and captures the observed fine‐scale spatial patterns of temperature and precipitation, although precipitation is still overestimated. For East Asian summer monsoon precipitation, both UN‐CESM and VR‐CESM tend to overestimate (underestimate) the precipitation over northern (southern) China, which is associated with too strong meridional water vapor transport in the models and biases in the large‐scale circulation in the middle and upper troposphere. Different from previous studies with different physics parameterizations and refined domains, as the model resolution increases, simulated monsoon precipitation evolution is not obviously improved, and convective precipitation intensity decreases over eastern China. Despite this, our results indicate that VR‐CESM simulates regional climate, topographical forcing, and large‐scale circulations over East Asia reasonably well, and thus it can be applied for the future climate projection in the region.
Inter‐Basin Versus Intra‐Basin Sea Surface Temperature Forcing of the Western North Pacific Subtropical High's Westward Extensions
Authors: Jones Jhordanne J. , Chavas Daniel R. , Johnson Zachary F. 
Published: August 2024

AbstractZonal extensions of the Western Pacific subtropical high (WPSH) strongly modulate extreme rainfall activity and tropical cyclone (TC) landfall over the Western North Pacific (WNP) region. These zonal extensions are primarily forced on seasonal timescales by inter‐basin zonal sea surface temperature (SST) gradients. However, despite the presence of large‐scale zonal SST gradients, the WPSH response to SSTs varies from year to year. In this study, we force the atmosphere‐only NCAR Community Earth System Model version 2 simulations with two real‐world SST patterns, both featuring the large‐scale zonal SST gradient characteristic of decaying El Niño‐developing La Niña summers. For each of these patterns, we performed four experimental sets that tested the relative contributions of the tropical Indian Ocean, Pacific, and Atlantic basin SSTs to simulated westward extensions over the WNP during June–August. Our results indicate that the subtle differences between the two SST anomaly patterns belie two different mechanisms forcing the WPSH's westward extensions. In one SST anomaly pattern, extratropical North Pacific SST forcing suppresses the tropical Pacific zonal SST gradient forcing, resulting in tropical Atlantic and Indian Ocean SSTs being the dominant driver. The second SST anomaly pattern drives a similar westward extension as the first pattern, but the underlying SST gradient driving the WPSH points to intra‐basin forcing mechanisms originating in the Pacific. The results of this study have implications for understanding and predicting the impact of the WPSH's zonal variability on tropical cyclones and extreme rainfall over the WNP.
Magmatism and Polyphase Deformation in the Middle Jurassic Arc of Central Chile: Implications for the Tectonic Development of the Early Andean Margin
Authors: Singleton John S. , Arancibia Gloria , Morata Diego , Pérez De La Maza Ignacia 
Published: August 2024

AbstractThe ∼173–164 Ma Papudo‐Quintero plutonic complex near 32.5°S in central Chile records three deformation events that provide insight into the tectonic development of the early Andean margin. The first event (D1) includes: (a) high‐temperature (>600°C), coaxial‐dominated strain along NE‐ to N‐striking subvertical shear zones; (b) widespread emplacement of granitic dikes that dip gently to steeply NE; and (c) development of narrow (<10 cm thick) strike‐slip and oblique‐reverse shear zones. These D1 structures record NW‐SE to WNW‐ESE transpressional shortening with a component of sinistral shear parallel to the N‐S trending magmatic arc. Zircon and apatite U‐Pb dates and cross‐cutting relations constrain most D1 deformation to ∼166–164 Ma. The second event (D2) occurred during postmagmatic cooling in the Late Jurassic and was characterized by development of pervasive E‐W‐striking veins with alteration halos and minor strike‐slip and normal faults that record N‐S extension in a transtensional regime. Structures associated with the last deformation event (D3) include Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous mafic dikes, veins, and conjugate strike‐slip faults that record NW‐SE to N‐S shortening in a strike‐slip regime. D1 deformation is consistent with studies from other areas that document NW‐SE shortening ± sinistral transpression along the arc throughout the Jurassic, suggesting this deformation was regional in scale and driven by oblique subduction convergence. Deformation associated with oblique convergence was localized within the active magmatic arc, which was an important process in the early Andean orogeny. As the arc migrated eastward, D2 and D3 structures formed in a low‐stress regime in an arc margin or forearc setting.
Water Sample Collection Methods for 222Rn Analysis by Scuba Diving: Insights on Groundwater Flushing of Anchialine Cave Systems of the Yucatan Peninsula
Authors: Cardenas M. Bayani , Chiarino Ivo , Sananda Josiah M. , Nguyen William D. , Rempe Daniella M. 
Published: August 2024

AbstractRadon (222Rn) is a widely used tracer in groundwater and surface water studies. In some applications of radon, samples need to be collected from deep submerged areas or discharge points such as caves or springs, locations typically accessed by scuba diving. However, there are no established sampling methods for collecting water by scuba diving for Rn analysis. We assessed four underwater sample collection methods: (a) injection into a catheter bag followed by transfer to a bottle after the dive, (b) air purging and then filling of a bottle by allowing gas to escape, (c) air purging followed by gas escape, and then overfilling of water with a syringe, and (d) collection with a syringe followed by transfer to a bottle. The samples were collected from the anchialine caves of the Yucatan Peninsula which are the longest underwater cave systems. The samples were analyzed using the same Rn‐in‐air analyzer and protocols. Statistical comparison of sampling at the same location with different methods showed no significant differences in Rn activity. No collection method is superior in terms of measurement quality; operational simplicity is thus preferred. Statistically significant differences in activity were observed between fresh and saline samples from the same cave, with higher activities in the fresh samples, regardless of sampling method. The saline groundwater therefore has a lower residence time, suggesting vigorous landwards flow. Our assessment shows that in situ sampling of discrete water samples for Rn tracing by divers is a useful and powerful approach allowing the study of otherwise impossible sites.
Monitoring Water Level of a Surficial Aquifer Using Distributed Acoustic Sensing and Ballistic Surface Waves
Authors: Sobolevskaia Valeriia , Ajo‐Franklin Jonathan , Cheng Feng , Dou Shan , Lindsey Nathaniel J. , Wagner Anna 
Published: August 2024

AbstractGroundwater resources play an increasingly crucial role in providing the water required to sustain the environment. However, our understanding of the state of surficial aquifers and their spatiotemporal dynamics remains poor. In this study, we demonstrate how Rayleigh wave velocity variation can be used as a direct indicator of changes in the water level of a surficial aquifer in a discontinuous permafrost environment. Distributed acoustic sensing data, collected on a trenched fiber‐optic cable in Fairbanks, AK, was processed using the multichannel analysis of surface waves approach to obtain temporal velocity variations. A semi‐permanent surface orbital vibrator was utilized to provide a repeatable source of energy for monitoring. To understand the observed velocity perturbations, we developed a rock physics model (RPM) representing the aquifer with the underlying permafrost and accounting for physical processes associated with water level change. Our analyses demonstrated a strong correlation between precipitation‐driven head variation and seismic velocity changes at all recorded frequencies. The proposed model accurately predicted a recorded 3% velocity increase for each 0.5 m of head drop and indicated that the pore pressure effect accounted for approximately 75% of the observed phase velocity change. Surface wave inversion and sensitivity analysis suggested that the high velocity contrast in the permafrost table shifts the surface wave sensitivity toward the first 3 m of soil where hydrological forcing occurs. This case study demonstrates how surface wave analysis combined with an RPM can be used for quantitative interpretation of the acoustic response of surficial aquifers.
Bayesian Joint Probability Approach for Post‐Processing Monthly Precipitation Prediction in Northwest Iran
Authors: Javanshiri Z. , Pakdaman M. 
Published: August 2024

AbstractThe probabilistic prediction of monthly precipitation events, specifically more‐than‐normal (MN), normal (N), and less‐than‐normal (LN) events, holds significant importance in the field of water resource management. In this paper, we employ the Bayesian Joint Probability (BJP) modeling approach to generate monthly probabilistic forecasts for LN, N, and MN events in Northwest Iran. To model the joint distribution of observed precipitation and model precipitation, we propose the utilization of a log‐sinh transformed multivariate normal distribution. The prior distribution for the parameters of this multivariate normal distribution is established as the normal‐inverse‐Wishart, which is known to be the conjugate of the multivariate normal distribution. Bayesian inference of model parameters and associated uncertainties is conducted using STAN Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) sampling. The methodology is applied to the outputs of four North American Multi‐Model Ensemble (NMME) models, namely CanCM4i, CCSM4, NEMO, and NASA, spanning the period from 1982 to 2017 for a 4‐month forecast horizon. The accuracy of predictions is assessed through various statistical measures and graphical methods using a 12‐fold cross‐validation strategy. The results demonstrate that (a) BJP probabilistic predictions of precipitation consistently outperform raw predictions across all models, months, lead times. (b) The BJP‐NASA model exhibits superior discrimination and reliability compared to other models. (c) May and November show the least amount of discrimination. This observation may be attributed to the fact that these months serve as transitional periods in Iran. (d) Fall forecasts are the most reliable, while summer forecasts are the least reliable.
Three Forcing Mechanisms of Freshwater Transport in Fram Strait
Authors: Karpouzoglou T. , De Steur L. , Smedsrud L. H. , Karcher M. , Sumata H. 
Published: August 2024

AbstractFram Strait is one of the main gateways for fresh water leaving the Arctic Ocean toward the deep‐water formation regions of the North Atlantic. Monitoring transport through Fram Strait is important to quantify the impact of Arctic amplification on the hydrography in lower latitudes. We update existing time series from the moorings in the western Fram Strait and investigate the monthly and interannual variability of the liquid freshwater transport (FWT, reference salinity 34.9), volume transport and freshwater content between 2003 and 2020. We examine composites and correlations of sea‐level pressure (SLP) reanalysis, and remote‐sensing dynamic‐ocean topography (DOT) in the Arctic Ocean. We identify two remote forcing mechanisms of FWT: (a) North Pole convergence freshens the region north of Fram Strait 13–24 months before high FWT events. (b) Beaufort Gyre weakening allows spreading of fresh water to the margins of the Arctic Basin zero to 9 months before high FWT events. In addition a third mechanism occurs locally, (b) Fram Strait northerly winds confine freshwater to the Greenland shelf and drive stronger southward FWT. Additionally, we find a decreasing trend in the total volume transport, concurrent with weakening northerly winds and reducing north‐south DOT gradient across the strait. We also examined correlations between the Fram Strait time series and the Arctic Oscillation and Arctic Ocean Oscillation. Both are found to correlate positively with the total volume transport, while the Arctic Oscillation correlates negatively with FWT with 1‐year lag.
Feedbacks, Pattern Effects, and Efficacies in a Large Ensemble of HadGEM3‐GC3.1‐LL Historical Simulations
Authors: Mutton Harry , Andrews Timothy , Hermanson Leon , Seabrook Melissa , Smith Doug M. , Ringer Mark A. , Jones Gareth S. , Webb Mark J. 
Published: August 2024

AbstractClimate feedbacks over the historical period (here defined as 1850–2014) have been investigated in large ensembles of historical and single forcing experiments (hist‐ghg, hist‐aer, and hist‐nat), with 47 members for each experiment. Across the historical ensemble with all forcings, a range in estimated Effective Climate Sensitivity (EffCS) between approximately 3–6 K is found, a considerable spread stemming solely from initial condition uncertainty. The spread in EffCS is associated with varying Sea Surface Temperature (SST) patterns seen across the ensemble due to their influence on different feedback processes. For example, the level of polar amplification is strongly correlated with the amount of sea ice melt per degree of global warming. This mechanism is related to the large spread in shortwave clear‐sky feedbacks and is the main contributor to the different forcing efficacies seen across the different forcing agents, although in HadGEM3‐GC3.1‐LL these differences in forcing efficacy are shown to be small. The spread in other feedbacks is also investigated, with the level of tropical SST warming strongly correlated with the longwave clear‐sky feedbacks, and the local surface‐air‐temperatures well correlated with the spread in cloud radiative effect feedbacks. The metrics used to understand the spread in feedbacks can also help to explain the disparity between feedbacks seen in the historical experiment simulations and modeled estimate of the feedbacks seen in the real world derived from an atmosphere‐only experiment prescribed with observed SSTs (termed amip‐piForcing).
Assessing Surface Saturation and Transpiration Potential by Hypsometric Curves and the HAND Model
Authors: Bjerkén August , Cuartas Luz A. , Peeters Luk , Persson Kenneth M. 
Published: August 2024

AbstractMethods for soil water conditions assessment are often highly localized or data demanding. In this study we propose a new scalable approach to assess soil water conditions. The main goal is to test whether the approach can be used to provide information about local conditions, without the need of extensive data sets. The approach utilizes a combination of normalized topography derived from the HAND terrain model (Height Above the Nearest Drainage) and hypsometric curves to identify wet and saturated areas for any given geographical extent. The study was conducted through a case study in the Lagan River catchment in the southwest of Sweden. To analyze the performance of the approach, a non‐linear regression analysis was performed to assess the relationship between the fraction of wet area and the normalized terrain. This was followed by a correlation analysis, in which the correspondence of the derived output was validated against the national Soil Moisture Map provided by the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences. The results show a strong, and statistically significant, negative exponential relationship between the fraction of wet area, and the maximum heights within the studied area. The approach also corresponds well with the spatial variations highlighted in the Soil Moisture Map, although better in predicted wetter areas than under dry conditions. Going forward, we believe the integration of hypsometric curves and the HAND model could not only improve water balance calculations but assist in the assessments of flood and drought‐prone areas.
A neutrophil elastase-generated mature form of IL-33 is a potent regulator of endothelial cell activation and proliferative retinopathy
Authors: Bisen Shivantika , Verma Shailendra Kumar , Mukhopadhyay Chandra Sekhar , Singh Nikhlesh K. 
Published: August 2024

AbstractHuman interleukin-33 (IL-33) is a 270 amino acid protein that belongs to the IL-1 cytokine family and plays an important role in various inflammatory disorders. Neutrophil proteases (Cathepsin G and Elastase) and mast cell proteases (tryptase and chymase) regulate the activity of IL-33 by processing full-length IL-33 into its mature form. There is little evidence on the role of these mature forms of IL-33 in retinal endothelial cell signaling and pathological retinal angiogenesis. Here, we cloned, expressed, and purified the various mature forms of human IL-33 and then evaluated the effects of IL-3395-270, IL-3399-270, IL-33109-270, and IL-33112-270 on angiogenesis in human retinal microvascular endothelial cells (HRMVECs). We observed that IL-3395-270, IL-3399-270, IL-33109-270, and IL-33112-270 significantly induced HRMVEC migration, tube formation and sprouting angiogenesis. However, only IL-3399-270 could induce HRMVEC proliferation. We used a murine model of oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR) to assess the role of these mature forms of IL-33 in pathological retinal neovascularization. Our 3′-mRNA sequencing and signaling studies indicated that IL-3399-270 and IL-33109-270 were more potent at inducing endothelial cell activation and angiogenesis than the other mature forms. We found that genetic deletion of IL-33 significantly reduced OIR-induced retinal neovascularization in the mouse retina and that intraperitoneal administration of mature forms of IL-33, mainly IL-3399–270 and IL-33109–270, significantly restored ischemia-induced angiogenic sprouting and tuft formation in the hypoxic retinas of IL-33–/– mice. Thus, our study results suggest that blockade or inhibition of IL-33 cleavage by neutrophil proteases could help mitigate pathological angiogenesis in proliferative retinopathies.
Age-related alveolar bone maladaptation in adult orthodontics: finding new ways out
Authors: Zhang Yunfan , Yan Jiale , Zhang Yuning , Liu Hao , Han Bing , Li Weiran 
Published: August 2024

AbstractCompared with teenage patients, adult patients generally show a slower rate of tooth movement and more pronounced alveolar bone loss during orthodontic treatment, indicating the maladaptation of alveolar bone homeostasis under orthodontic force. However, this phenomenon is not well-elucidated to date, leading to increased treatment difficulties and unsatisfactory treatment outcomes in adult orthodontics. Aiming to provide a comprehensive knowledge and further inspire insightful understanding towards this issue, this review summarizes the current evidence and underlying mechanisms. The age-related abatements in mechanosensing and mechanotransduction in adult cells and periodontal tissue may contribute to retarded and unbalanced bone metabolism, thus hindering alveolar bone reconstruction during orthodontic treatment. To this end, periodontal surgery, physical and chemical cues are being developed to reactivate or rejuvenate the aging periodontium and restore the dynamic equilibrium of orthodontic-mediated alveolar bone metabolism. We anticipate that this review will present a general overview of the role that aging plays in orthodontic alveolar bone metabolism and shed new light on the prospective ways out of the impasse.
Ecological genomics in the Northern krill uncovers loci for local adaptation across ocean basins
Authors: Unneberg Per , Larsson Mårten , Olsson Anna , Wallerman Ola , Petri Anna , Bunikis Ignas , Vinnere Pettersson Olga , Papetti Chiara , Gislason Astthor , Glenner Henrik , Cartes Joan E. , Blanco-Bercial Leocadio , Eriksen Elena , Meyer Bettina , Wallberg Andreas 
Published: August 2024

AbstractKrill are vital as food for many marine animals but also impacted by global warming. To learn how they and other zooplankton may adapt to a warmer world we studied local adaptation in the widespread Northern krill (Meganyctiphanes norvegica). We assemble and characterize its large genome and compare genome-scale variation among 74 specimens from the colder Atlantic Ocean and warmer Mediterranean Sea. The 19 Gb genome likely evolved through proliferation of retrotransposons, now targeted for inactivation by extensive DNA methylation, and contains many duplicated genes associated with molting and vision. Analysis of 760 million SNPs indicates extensive homogenizing gene-flow among populations. Nevertheless, we detect signatures of adaptive divergence across hundreds of genes, implicated in photoreception, circadian regulation, reproduction and thermal tolerance, indicating polygenic adaptation to light and temperature. The top gene candidate for ecological adaptation wasnrf-6, a lipid transporter with a Mediterranean variant that may contribute to early spring reproduction. Such variation could become increasingly important for fitness in Atlantic stocks. Our study underscores the widespread but uneven distribution of adaptive variation, necessitating characterization of genetic variation among natural zooplankton populations to understand their adaptive potential, predict risks and support ocean conservation in the face of climate change.