bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A solicitor's perspective on charitable gifts in wills
Authors: Turner Victoria 
Published: January 2013

In the climate of public spending cuts, charities are increasingly expected to fill the gap. Yet charities themselves face huge challenges. Not just increasing demand for their services but falling income and low investment returns. Encouraging philanthropy has never been more important, and that includes legacy giving. Following the announcement last year of the Government's major inheritance tax incentive to encourage us to give more to charity on our death, the time is right for a major report on current trends in charitable legacy giving. Late last year, Mishcon de Reya undertook the most detailed analysis ever by a firm of solicitors of its clients' wills. In a study of over 1000 wills, we did not just look at how many people leave a legacy to charity. We considered the value of the legacy, the type of legacy, the likelihood of the charity ever receiving it, whether clients prefer to give to multiple charities, and the most popular charitable sectors. This article will give a quick overview of our research followed by a more detailed look at the three types of legacy to charity: cash—‘for example, I leave £10,000 to charity’,—specific items—‘for example, I leave a painting to charity’—and residuary gifts—‘for example, I give half my estate to charity’. The article will then briefly touch on the charity sectors most favoured by our clients before giving a brief summary of Mishcon de Reya's key findings in conclusion.Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The influence of social relationships on obesity: Sex differences in a longitudinal study
Authors: Oliveira Aldair J. , Rostila Mikael , de Leon Antônio P. , Lopes Claudia S. 
Published: January 2013

ObjectiveTo investigate the effect of five dimensions of social relationships on obesity and potential sex differences in these associations.Design and MethodsThis study used longitudinal data from the Swedish Level of Living Surveys (LNU) in 1991 and 2000. The sample included 3,586 individuals. The dimensions of social relationships examined in this study include emotional support, frequency of visiting friends, marital status, marital status changes, and a Social Relationships Index (SRI). Obesity status was based on BMI (kg/m2) and calculated with self‐reported measurements. The association between social relationships and the incidence of obesity after 9 years of follow‐up was evaluated through Poisson regressions.ResultsAfter controlling for confounders, we found that the lack of emotional support (RR = 1.98; 95% CI, 1.1‐4.6) influenced the incidence of obesity among men. In addition, men with the lowest levels of SRI (RR = 2.22; 95% CI, 1.1‐4.4) had an increased risk of being obese. Among women, SRI was not significantly associated with obesity. Women who changed their marital status from married to unmarried had lower risk of obesity (RR = 0.39; 95% CI, 0.2‐0.9).ConclusionsThis study provides evidence for the effect of social relationships on the incidence of obesity, with significant differences by sex.
Insulin‐like growth factor‐II is produced by, signals to and is an important survival factor for the mature podocyte in man and mouse
Authors: Hale LJ , Welsh GI , Perks CM , Hurcombe JA , Moore S , Hers I , Saleem MA , Mathieson PW , Murphy AJ , Jeansson M , Holly JM , Hardouin SN , Coward RJ 
Published: January 2013

AbstractPodocytes are crucial for preventing the passage of albumin into the urine and, when lost, are associated with the development of albuminuria, renal failure and cardiovascular disease. Podocytes have limited capacity to regenerate, therefore pro‐survival mechanisms are critically important. Insulin‐like growth factor‐II (IGF‐II) is a potent survival and growth factor; however, its major function is thought to be in prenatal development, when circulating levels are high. IGF‐II has only previously been reported to continue to be expressed in discrete regions of the brain into adulthood in rodents, with systemic levels being undetectable. Using conditionally immortalized human and ex vivo adult mouse cells of the glomerulus, we demonstrated the podocyte to be the major glomerular source and target of IGF‐II; it signals to this cell via the IGF‐I receptor via the PI3 kinase and MAPK pathways. Functionally, a reduction in IGF signalling causes podocyte cell death in vitro and glomerular disease in vivo in an aged IGF‐II transgenic mouse that produces approximately 60% of IGF‐II due to a lack of the P2 promoter of this gene. Collectively, this work reveals the fundamental importance of IGF‐II in the mature podocyte for glomerular health across mammalian species. Copyright © 2013 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Initial testing (stage 1) of ganetespib, an Hsp90 inhibitor, by the pediatric preclinical testing program
Authors: Lock Richard B. , Carol Hernan , Maris John M. , Kang Min H. , Reynolds C. Patrick , Kolb E. Anders , Gorlick Richard , Keir Stephen T. , Billups Catherine A. , Kurmasheva Raushan T. , Houghton Peter J. , Smith Malcolm A. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractGanetespib, an Hsp90 inhibitor, was tested against the PPTP in vitro cell line panel and selected xenografts in vivo, including JAK2‐ and BRAF‐mutated models. Ganetespib demonstrated potent in vitro cytotoxic activity (median rIC50 8.8 nM, range 4.4–27.1 nM). In vivo, ganetespib induced significant differences in EFS distribution for 4 of 11 xenografts. Intermediate activity (EFS T/C > 2) was noted only for the MV4;11 xenograft, and there were no objective responses. Administered as single agents, Hsp90 inhibitors examined by the PPTP have shown limited evidence for a therapeutic window against both solid tumor and leukemia pediatric preclinical models. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2013; 60: E42–E45. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Causes, outcome and prevention of abandonment in retinoblastoma in India
Authors: Kumar Archana , Moulik Nirmalya Roy , Mishra Ravi Krishna , Kumar Dipak 
Published: January 2013

AbstractBackgroundThe high‐cure rates of 90% in retinoblastoma are not replicated in developing countries due to late presentation and poor compliance to treatment. The present study takes a closer look at causes of abandonment of therapy and effectiveness of counselling in reducing abandonment.ProcedureA retrospective study of children with retinoblastoma registered at our centre from March 2008 through August 2011.ResultsFifty (49.50%) of 101 children registered for treatment abandoned therapy. Abandonment rates were significantly higher in rural as compared to urban children (P = 0.02). There was no significant difference in rate of abandonment between stages or laterality of disease and other socio‐demographic factors. Telephone calls were more effective than letters in tracing patients (31.2% vs. 2.4%). Major reasons cited behind abandonment were financial problems (30%) and unwillingness to enucleate (20%). Of the 12 children who returned and were retreated 6 (50%) died of progressive disease. Nineteen (73%) of those who did not return died at home. Abandonment rates steadily declined from 71.42% in 2008 to 16.66% in 2011 (P = 0.01) due to effective pre‐abandonment counselling by a support team under the National Retinoblastoma Registry of India from 2009.ConclusionsAbandonment rates for children with retinoblastoma continue to be unacceptably high. Rural background, financial constraints and hesitancy to enucleate were important causes behind abandonment. Outcome of patients who abandoned treatment was uniformly dismal. Inclusion of support team and intensified initial counselling helped in improving compliance. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2013; 60: 771–775. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Epidemiology of childhood acute myeloid leukemia
Authors: Puumala Susan E. , Ross Julie A. , Aplenc Richard , Spector Logan G. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractAlthough leukemia is the most common childhood cancer diagnosis, the subtype, acute myeloid leukemia (AML), is less common and fewer etiologic studies exist. This review summarizes the major risk factors for AML. We searched the literature using PubMed for articles on childhood AML and reviewed 180 articles. While few risk factors are definitive, we identified several with consistent evidence of a possible effect. Thorough analysis of genetic and epigenetic factors is missing from this literature and methodological issues are unresolved. Future studies should more closely examine causal mechanisms, improve exposure measurement, and include analysis using genetic and epigenetic factors. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2013; 60: 728–733. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Rapid prenatal diagnosis of fetal Zellweger syndrome by biochemical tests, complementation studies, and molecular analyses
Authors: Segers Karin , Pierquin Genevieve , Gaillez Stephanie , Delbecque Katty , Retz Maria , Tebache Malek , Waterham Hans , Wanders Ronald , Ferdinandusse Sacha , Debray François‐Guillaume 
Published: January 2013

What's already known about this topic?

Neuronal migration disorders are caused by many genetic conditions. Zellweger syndrome is a rare autosomal recessive cause. Prenatal diagnosis can be performed in further pregnancies.What does this study add?

We show that early prenatal diagnosis can be reached by biochemical testing in pregnancies at risk for ZSS, even when no definite diagnosis has been established in a previous pregnancy. ZSS should be considered in fetus presenting with lissencephaly and other specific congenital anomalies.
Highly efficient ethylene/norbornene copolymerization by o‐Di(phenyl)phosphanylphenolate‐based half‐titanocene complexes
Authors: Tang Xiao‐Yan , Wang Yong‐Xia , Li Bai‐Xiang , Liu Jing‐Yu , Li Yue‐Sheng 
Published: January 2013

AbstractA series of o‐di(phenyl)phosphanylphenolate‐based half‐titanocene complexes CpTiCl2[O‐2‐R1‐4‐R2‐6‐(Ph2P)C6H2] (Cp = C5H5, 2a: R1 = R2 = H; 2b: R1 = F, R2 = H; 2c: R1 = Ph, R2 = H; 2d: R1 = SiMe3, R2 = H; 2e: R1 = tBu, R2 = H; 2f: R1 = R2 = tBu) have been synthesized in high yields (65–87%) by treating CpTiCl3 with 1.0 equiv of the deprotonated ligands in THF. The 1H and 31P NMR spectra indicated that the phosphorus is not coordinated to titanium in complexes 2a–c, but is coordinated to titanium in complexes 2d–f. Structures for 2c–f were further confirmed by X‐ray crystallography. Complex 2c is essentially a four‐coordinate tetrahedral geometry, whereas complexes 2d‐f adopt five‐coordinate distorted square–pyramid geometry around the titanium center. All complexes exhibited low to moderate activities toward homopolymerization of ethylene. Excitingly, they displayed excellent ability to copolymerize ethylene with norbornene, and catalytic activity was more than 100 times larger than that of ethylene homopolymerization in the case of Ph3CB(C6F5)4/iBu3Al as cocatalyst, affording the copolymers with high comonomer incorporations. Moreover, DFT calculations study had been performed to shed light on the active species and the fundamental role of NBE in improving the catalytic activity. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2013
Implications of minimum‐length deformed quantum mechanics for QFT/QG
Authors: Maziashvili M. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractAfter picking out what may seem more realistic minimal gravitational deformation of quantum mechanics, we study its back reaction on gravity. The large distance behaviour of Newtonian potential coincides with the result obtained by using of effective field theory approach to general relativity (the correction proves to be of repulsive nature). The short distance corrections result in Planck mass black hole remnants with zero temperature. The deformation of position‐momentum uncertainty relations leads to the superluminal motion that can be avoided by making similar deformation of time‐energy uncertainty relation. Such deformation also avoids UV divergences in QFT.
Behavior of thermopower of graphene in Bloch–Grüneisen regime
Authors: Sankeshwar N. S. , Vaidya R. G. , Mulimani B. G. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThermopower (TP), S of pure graphene in the Bloch–Grüneisen (BG) regime is investigated assuming electrons to be scattered by in‐plane acoustic phonons and taking into account the temperature dependent effects arising from thermal averaging over carrier energy. Numerical calculations of electron mobility and TP show a signature of BG regime. The mobility is found to increase rapidly with decrease in temperature. The diffusion component Sd of TP is found to follow a non‐linear temperature dependence showing changes in sign before becoming linear at very low temperatures; this is in contrast to the usual linear dependence reported in literature. At higher temperatures Sd, as does mobility, is found to merge with values calculated using equipartition approximation. The influence of phonon drag contribution Sg on the total TP, S, is also investigated. A fairly good agreement with existing low temperature data is obtained. Detailed analysis of TP data in pure samples will enable better understanding of the electron–phonon interaction in graphene.
Density functional theory in materials science
Authors: Neugebauer Jörg , Hickel Tilmann 
Published: January 2013

AbstractMaterials science is a highly interdisciplinary field. It is devoted to the understanding of the relationship between (a) fundamental physical and chemical properties governing processes at the atomistic scale with (b) typically macroscopic properties required of materials in engineering applications. For many materials, this relationship is not only determined by chemical composition, but strongly governed by microstructure. The latter is a consequence of carefully selected process conditions (e.g., mechanical forming and annealing in metallurgy or epitaxial growth in semiconductor technology). A key task of computational materials science is to unravel the often hidden composition–structure–property relationships using computational techniques. The present paper does not aim to give a complete review of all aspects of materials science. Rather, we will present the key concepts underlying the computation of selected material properties and discuss the major classes of materials to which they are applied. Specifically, our focus will be on methods used to describe single or polycrystalline bulk materials of semiconductor, metal or ceramic form. © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.This article is categorized under:

Structure and Mechanism > Computational Materials Science
Cheminformatics and the Semantic Web: adding value with linked data and enhanced provenance
Authors: Frey Jeremy G. , Bird Colin L. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractCheminformatics is evolving from being a field of study associated primarily with drug discovery into a discipline that embraces the distribution, management, access, and sharing of chemical data. The relationship with the related subject of bioinformatics is becoming stronger and better defined, owing to the influence of Semantic Web technologies, which enable researchers to integrate heterogeneous sources of chemical, biochemical, biological, and medical information. These developments depend on a range of factors: the principles of chemical identifiers and their role in relationships between chemical and biological entities; the importance of preserving provenance and properly curated metadata; and an understanding of the contribution that the Semantic Web can make at all stages of the research lifecycle. The movements toward open access, open source, and open collaboration all contribute to progress toward the goals of integration. © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.This article is categorized under:

Computer and Information Science > Chemoinformatics
Intermediate neglect of differential overlap for spectroscopy
Authors: Voityuk Alexander A. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractIntermediate neglect of differential overlap for spectroscopy is a semiempirical approach, which is widely used to calculate spectroscopic and electron‐transfer properties of various molecular systems including biological molecules, transition metal compounds, and advanced materials. In the review, we consider the computational scheme of the method and its recent applications in chemistry, biophysics, and material science. © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.This article is categorized under:

Electronic Structure Theory > Semiempirical Electronic Structure Methods
Long‐term energy models: Principles, characteristics, focus, and limitations
Authors: Gargiulo Maurizio , Gallachóir Brian Ó 
Published: January 2013

There are many long‐term energy models currently in use with different underlying principles, characteristics, inputs, and outputs. Over the past 30 years, considerable efforts have been made to develop new models, following different approaches that vary in terms of model starting point and on the type of questions they are designed to answer. These models focus on the period to 2050 and to 2100 and are used to build future energy scenarios to assess the impacts of policy decisions and to build a rich knowledge base for climate change and energy security policies.PET,TIAM, andMESSAGE(examples of energy system models) provide a range of technology detailed energy system configurations to deliver future energy service demands at least cost. By contrast,GEM‐E3,GEMINI‐E3 and,GTEM(examples of general equilibrium models) are also optimization models, but here the energy system is less detailed but the whole economy is modeled. Other models (e.g.,POLES) simulate the future evolution of energy demand and supply and a number of models have been developed that include energy, but which focus on integrated assessment of the economy energy and climate response (e.g.,FUND,GCAM, andMERGE). It is important for energy analysts to assess what type of model best suits the requirement and to recognize the limitations of the various models available. Significant work is required to improve linkages between models to harness respective strengths and major modeling gaps (agriculture, land use, and behavior) require a specific focus for future work.This article is categorized under:Energy Systems Analysis > Systems and Infrastructure
(Sb7Te8)5+ – A Double Cube Shaped Polycationic Cluster
Authors: Eich Andreas , Schlüter Stefan , Schnakenburg Gregor , Beck Johannes 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe reactions of antimony and tellurium in molten GaCl3 or AlCl3 in the presence of MCl (M = Li, Na, In, Cu) and SbCl3 as the oxidant yield (Sb7Te8)[Ga2Cl7]2[GaCl4]3 (1), (Sb7Te8)[Ga2Cl7]3[GaCl4]2 (2), Na(Sb7Te8)[GaCl4]6 (3) and Na(Sb7Te8)[AlCl4]6 (4). All compounds form orange, highly air sensitive crystals, which grow inside a viscous melt. The crystal structures are built from [GaCl4]–, [Ga2Cl7]–, and [AlCl4]– anions and discrete (Sb7Te8)5+ cationic clusters. The cations have the structure of two cubes sharing one corner and alternating Sb/Te occupancy of the atom positions. The central position at the joint of the two cubes is occupied by antimony, which exhibits an octahedral coordination. All other antimony and tellurium atoms are in threefold trigonal‐pyramidal coordination. Density functional calculations reveal D3d as the minimum energy molecular symmetry. Analysis of the wave function using the natural bond orbital partitioning scheme comprises three bonding and three non‐bonding orbitals, leading to an overall bond order of 0.5 in terms of classical three‐center, four‐electron bonds for the central antimony atom. Compound 4 undergoes a phase transition at 177 K. The dynamic disorder of the Na+ ion in the room temperature form is resolved into two discrete positions in the low temperature form. The transition is of mainly second order but with some discontinuance close to Tc.
Transcriptional investigation of the effect of mixed feeding to identify the main cellular stresses on recombinant Pichia pastoris
Authors: Zhu Taicheng , Hang Haifeng , Chu Ju , Zhuang Yingping , Zhang Siliang , Guo Meijin 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Heterologous protein expression using Pichia pastoris causes metabolic stress on the physiology of host cells, which may compromise the yields of secreted foreign proteins. Thus, understanding these metabolic stresses during secretory expression allows us to circumvent these undesirable effects. We investigated the effect of co-feeding two alternative carbon resources, sorbitol and yeast extract (YE), on the physiology of A3, a P. pastoris strain carrying 18 copies of the porcine insulin precursor (PIP) gene. Comparative transcriptional analysis was performed on 13 selected genes involved in important cellular processes. Results showed that co-feeding of either sorbitol or YE along with methanol improved the performance of A3. The co-feeding of YE enhanced the specific growth rate of A3 and the specific PIP productivity. However, the oxidative stress in the yeast cells increased. The co-feeding of methanol and sorbitol increased the specific growth rate of A3 but did not affect the specific PIP productivity. The transcriptional results suggested that sorbitol may have repressed the expression of foreign proteins. These observations will not only guide the application of mixed feeding strategies but also give a deeper understanding of the metabolic burden in the secretory expression of foreign proteins.
Mitochondrial DNA transmission and confounding mitochondrial influences in cloned cattle and pigs
Authors: Takeda Kumiko 
Published: January 2013

AbstractAlthough somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) is a powerful tool for production of cloned animals, SCNT embryos generally have low developmental competency and many abnormalities. The interaction between the donor nucleus and the enucleated ooplasm plays an important role in early embryonic development, but the underlying mechanisms that negatively impact developmental competency remain unclear. Mitochondria have a broad range of critical functions in cellular energy supply, cell signaling, and programmed cell death; thus, affect embryonic and fetal development. This review focuses on mitochondrial considerations influencing SCNT techniques in farm animals. Donor somatic cell mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) can be transmitted through what has been considered a “bottleneck” in mitochondrial genetics via the SCNT maternal lineage. This indicates that donor somatic cell mitochondria have a role in the reconstructed cytoplasm. However, foreign somatic cell mitochondria may affect the early development of SCNT embryos. Nuclear–mitochondrial interactions in interspecies/intergeneric SCNT (iSCNT) result in severe problems. A major biological selective pressure exists against survival of exogenous mtDNA in iSCNT. Yet, mtDNA differences in SCNT animals did not reflect transfer of proteomic components following proteomic analysis. Further study of nuclear–cytoplasmic interactions is needed to illuminate key developmental characteristics of SCNT animals associated with mitochondrial biology.