bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Somatostatin and dopamine receptor expression in neuroendocrine neoplasms: correlation of immunohistochemical findings with somatostatin receptor scintigraphy visual scores
Authors: Diakatou Evanthia , Alexandraki Krystallenia I. , Tsolakis Apostolos V. , Kontogeorgos George , Chatzellis Eleftherios , Leonti Anastasia , Kaltsas Gregory A. 
Published: March 2015

SummaryContextThe expression of somatostatin (sstr1‐5) and dopamine (DR) receptors in neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) facilitates diagnosis by tumour visualization with somatostatin receptor scintigraphy (SRS) and directs towards specific treatment with peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT) with radiolabelled somatostatin analogues.ObjectiveTo investigate the co‐expression of sstrs, D2R in relation to pre‐operative SRSs in NENs.DesignProspective two‐centre study.Patients and measurementsWe analysed pre‐operative SRS of 60 patients [44 with gastrointestinal (GI) NENs and 16 with lung NENs] and compared SRS results with immunohistochemical (IHC) reactivity for sstr2, sstr3, sstr5 in sample tissues from primary (n = 54) and metastatic (n = 27) lesions and IHC reactivity for D2R in 23 samples from primary GI‐NENs lesions.ResultsSstr2 was the commonest sstr expressed (65·4%) and was co‐expressed with sstr3 and sstr5 in 32·1% and 24·7% of the specimens, respectively. In 67 of 81 specimens (82·7%), there was concordance of sstr2 immunohistochemistry with SRS findings (P < 0·001). D2R was expressed in only 8 of 23 (34·8%) GI‐NENs while was co‐expressed with sstr2 in all cases. SRS grade, as per Krenning scale, was higher in metastatic foci, large‐size (>2 cm) tumours and GI‐NENs, whereas sstr2 intensity was greater in GI compared to lung NENs. SRS grade showed higher correlation with sstr2 (r = 0·6, P < 0·001) and D2R (r = 0·5, P < 0·001) IHC intensity scores than tumour size (r = 0·4, P < 0·001) and sstr3 (r = 0·4, P < 0·001) intensity score.ConclusionsSstr2 IHC expression and SRS are useful tools for the diagnosis and management of NENs because they display a high concordance. IHC expression of DR2 seems to be of potential clinical significance in GI‐NENs tumours.
Shifting elasmobranch community assemblage at Cocos Island—an isolated marine protected area
Authors: White Easton R. , Myers Mark C. , Flemming Joanna Mills , Baum Julia K. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractFishing pressure has increased the extinction risk of many elasmobranch (shark and ray) species. Although many countries have established no‐take marine reserves, a paucity of monitoring data means it is still unclear if reserves are effectively protecting these species. We examined data collected by a small group of divers over the past 21 years at one of the world's oldest marine protected areas (MPAs), Cocos Island National Park, Costa Rica. We used mixed effects models to determine trends in relative abundance, or probability of occurrence, of 12 monitored elasmobranch species while accounting for variation among observers and from abiotic factors. Eight of 12 species declined significantly over the past 2 decades. We documented decreases in relative abundance for 6 species, including the iconic scalloped hammerhead shark (Sphyrna lewini) (−45%), whitetip reef shark (Triaenodon obesus) (−77%), mobula ray (Mobula spp.) (−78%), and manta ray (Manta birostris) (−89%), and decreases in the probability of occurrence for 2 other species. Several of these species have small home ranges and should be better protected by an MPA, which underscores the notion that declines of marine megafauna will continue unabated in MPAs unless there is adequate enforcement effort to control fishing. In addition, probability of occurrence at Cocos Island of tiger (Galeocerdo cuvier), Galapagos (Carcharhinus galapagensis), blacktip (Carcharhinus limbatus), and whale (Rhincodon typus) sharks increased significantly. The effectiveness of MPAs cannot be evaluated by examining single species because population responses can vary depending on life history traits and vulnerability to fishing pressure.
A Single Counterexample Leads to Moral Belief Revision
Authors: Horne Zachary , Powell Derek , Hummel John 
Published: March 2015

AbstractWhat kind of evidence will lead people to revise their moral beliefs? Moral beliefs are often strongly held convictions, and existing research has shown that morality is rooted in emotion and socialization rather than deliberative reasoning. In addition, more general issues—such as confirmation bias—further impede coherent belief revision. Here, we explored a unique means for inducing belief revision. In two experiments, participants considered a moral dilemma in which an overwhelming majority of people judged that it was inappropriate to take action to maximize utility. Their judgments contradicted a utilitarian principle they otherwise strongly endorsed. Exposure to this scenario led participants to revise their belief in the utilitarian principle, and this revision persisted over several hours. This method provides a new avenue for inducing belief revision.
Microenvironment‐dependent respiration of T‐47D cells cultured in alginate biostructures
Authors: Larsen Benjamin Endré , Pettersen Erik Olai , Tønnesen Hanne Hjorth , Melvik Jan Egil 
Published: March 2015

AbstractObjectivesThe main objective of this paper was to investigate whether the oxygen consumption rate (OCR) of cells entrapped in alginate hydrogels depends on presence of soluble factors present in foetal bovine serum (FBS).Materials and methodsPericellular oxygen concentrations were measured using a photochemical oxygen sensor inserted into bioconstructs made from different formulations of alginate, containing T‐47D cells. Cell count was corrected for viability as determined by cell uptake and exclusion of standard live/dead fluorophores, in sections of freshly prepared biostructures. Based on concentration data, OCR of the embedded cells was calculated according to a simple algorithm.ResultsOCR was found to vary significantly between the different formulations investigated. Inclusion of high concentrations of FBS in the biostructure matrices elicited significantly higher OCRs, in guluronate‐rich gels similar to those previously found in monolayer culture. Guluronate‐rich gels also generally permitted highest OCR. Respiration also had a falling tendency with increasing alginate concentration and elastic modulus.ConclusionsPresence of FBS in biostructure matrices elicited higher OCR in T‐47D cells. Formulation of biostructures must consider differential diffusion of macromolecular substances.
Liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma comparing the Milan, UCSF, and Asan criteria: long‐term follow‐up of a Western single institutional experience
Authors: Bonadio Italo , Colle Isabelle , Geerts Anja , Smeets Peter , Berardi Giammauro , Praet Marleen , Rogiers Xavier , de Hemptinne Bernard , Van Vlierberghe Hans , Troisi Roberto I. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractBackgroundIn patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the outcome after liver transplantation (LT) is excellent if tumor characteristics are within the Milan criteria (MC). Expanded Asan criteria (AC) have not yet been validated in Western countries.MethodsA total of 76 patients with HCC underwent LT. Patients were divided and compared according to Milan, UCSF, and Asan criteria. Differences between pre‐ and post‐operative assessment were evaluated. Overall survival (OS) and disease‐free survival (DFS) were compared between groups. Predictors of recurrence were investigated.ResultsAsan criteria provided 26% and 15% more criteria‐fitting patients than MC and UCSF pre‐operatively while 49% and 35% at pathological evaluation. Discrepancy between pre‐ and post‐operative evaluation was 32% for MC, 33% for UCSF, and 18% for AC (p = 0.06). After a median follow‐up of 70.5 months, patients exceeding MC but fulfilling Asan had comparable 5‐yr OS and DFS to patients fulfilling MC (p = 0.17; p = 0.29). Patients exceeding UCSF but fulfilling AC had comparable 5‐yr OS and DFS to patients fulfilling UCSF (p = 0.26; p = 0.32). Number of nodules, macro‐vascular invasion, capsular invasion, and exceeding AC predicted recurrence at multivariate analysis (p = 0.01, 0.03, 0.01, 0.02, respectively).ConclusionsThe extension to AC allows increasing the number of patients eligible for LT without affecting OS and DFS.
Fatigue is a major issue for children and adolescents with physical disabilities
Authors: Maher Carol , Crettenden Angela , Evans Kerry , Thiessen Myra , Toohey Monica , Watson Amanda , Dollman James 
Published: March 2015

AimThis study aimed to investigate fatigue, and its correlates, in children and adolescents with physical disabilities.MethodSixty‐five young people aged 8 to 17 years (35 males, 30 females; mean age 13y 2mo, SD 2y 8mo) with mild to moderate physical disabilities (Gillette Functional Assessment Questionnaire levels 7–10) were recruited. Self‐reported fatigue was measured using the PedsQL Multidimensional Fatigue Scale. Physical activity was measured using 7‐day hip‐worn accelerometer. Associations between fatigue, physical activity, and socio‐demographic characteristics were examined using analysis of covariance, with significance (α) set at 0.05. Results were compared with normative data from other paediatric populations.ResultsAmong children with physical disabilities, fatigue was associated with being physically inactive (F‐statistic=4.42, p=0.040), female (F=4.37, p=0.042), and of low socio‐economic status (F=3.94, p=0.050). Fatigue was not associated with age, weight status, or functional impairment. Young people with physical disabilities experienced high levels of fatigue compared with other paediatric health populations, and comparable to the paediatric cancer population.InterpretationFatigue is an important issue for young people with physical disabilities. Clinicians and researchers working with this group should be mindful that fatigue is likely to impact on an individual's ability to undertake new treatment regimens or interventions. Interventions aimed at reducing fatigue are warranted. Increasing physical activity might play a role in reducing fatigue.
Botulinum toxin A injections and occupational therapy in children with unilateral spastic cerebral palsy: a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Lidman Git , Nachemson Ann , Peny‐Dahlstrand Marie , Himmelmann Kate 
Published: March 2015

AimTo investigate the effects of repeated botulinum toxin A (BoNT‐A) injections combined with occupational therapy, including a splint, compared with occupational therapy alone on hand function in children with unilateral spastic cerebral palsy (USCP), in all International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) domains.MethodThis was a randomized controlled study, population‐based and evaluator‐blinded for primary outcome (October 2004 to September 2010). Twenty children (14 males; median age 3y 1mo) with USCP, recruited at a rehabilitation centre in Sweden, were assigned to one of two parallel groups using concealed allocation. In the course of one year, 10 children received occupational therapy, while 10 received repeated BoNT‐A plus occupational therapy (BoNT‐A/OT). Primary outcome (Assisting Hand Assessment [AHA]), and secondary outcome measures (range of movement [ROM], and Canadian Occupational Performance Measure), were measured at baseline, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months.ResultsAHA revealed a superior effect in the BoNT‐A/OT group at 12 months: 6 out of 10 improved compared with 1 out of 10 in the occupational therapy group (p<0.03). A 95% Peskun exact confidence interval for the difference in proportions is given as 0.01 to 0.81. Secondary outcomes improved in both groups.InterpretationRepeated BoNT‐A/OT appeared superior to occupational therapy alone for bimanual performance in young children with USCP. Active ROM and goal performance improved in both groups.
Pathogenicity of Hymenoscyphus fraxineus and Hymenoscyphus albidus towards Fraxinus mandshurica var. japonica
Authors: Gross A. , Holdenrieder O. 
Published: March 2015

SummaryThe ash dieback pathogen Hymenoscyphus fraxineus proved to be pathogenic in a stem wound inoculation experiment on Fraxinus mandshurica var. japonica. In contrast, Hymenoscyphus albidus was proven non‐pathogenic for this host species.
Inpatient treatment has no impact on the core thoughts and perceptions in adolescents with anorexia nervosa
Authors: Fennig Silvana , Brunstein Klomek Anat , Shahar Ben , Sarel‐Michnik Zohar , Hadas Arie 
Published: March 2015

AbstractAimExamine changes in core perceptions and thoughts during the weight restoration phase of inpatient treatment for adolescents with anorexia nervosa.MethodForty‐four adolescents with anorexia nervosa consecutively admitted (2009–2012) to an inpatient paediatric‐psychiatric unit specializing in eating disorders. The programme consisted of a complete inpatient intervention combining weight restoration by structured supervised meals with individual and group cognitive‐behavioural therapy, parental training/family intervention and educational activities, followed by a half‐way day‐treatment weight‐stabilizing phase and progressive reintroduction to the community. The study focused on changes from hospital admission to discharge in patients' responses to self‐report questionnaires on eating disorder symptoms, depression, anxiety and suicidal ideation.ResultsNo significant changes in core anorexic thoughts and perceptions as Body dissatisfaction, Drive for thinness, Weight concern and Shape concern were noted. However, a reduction in the general severity of eating disorder symptoms (including Restraint and Eating concern) was observed, mainly related to the treatment structure. Levels of depression significantly decreased but remained within pathological range. We also found a concerning increase in suicidal ideation not correlated with a concomitant increase in depressive symptomatology.ConclusionsInpatient treatment of anorexia nervosa in adolescents does not significantly modify core anorexic thoughts and perceptions. This may explain the high relapse rates. Changes in core beliefs may be crucial for recovery and prevention of relapse in anorexia nervosa at this critical age. This study may have clinical implications for the development of better treatment strategies to target the gap between disturbed thoughts and distorted perceptions – the core aspects of anorexia nervosa and physical recovery during and after the weight restoration phase.
Clinical high risk for psychosis: gender differences in symptoms and social functioning
Authors: Rietschel Liz , Lambert Martin , Karow Anne , Zink Mathias , Müller Hendrik , Heinz Andreas , de Millas Walter , Janssen Birgit , Gaebel Wolfgang , Schneider Frank , Naber Dieter , Juckel Georg , Krüger‐Özgürdal Seza , Wobrock Thomas , Wagner Michael , Maier Wolfgang , Klosterkötter Joachim , Bechdolf Andreas ,   PREVENT study group
Published: March 2015

AbstractAimSchizophrenia is a heterogeneous disorder that presents differently in men and women: men show a higher propensity to negative symptoms, lower social functioning, earlier age at onset and co‐morbid substance abuse, whereas women display more affective symptoms. It is unknown whether these differences extend to subjects at high risk (HR) of psychosis. Thus, the aim of the present study was to address this question.MethodsClinical symptoms and functioning were assessed using structured interviews in 239 HR subjects (female, n = 80). The definition of being at HR was based on the criteria used in the European Prediction of Psychosis Study (EPOS).ResultsMen displayed more pronounced negative symptoms, higher rates of past substance abuse disorders and higher deficits in social functioning. No gender difference was found for depression, which affected almost 50% of the cohort, or age at onset for the fulfilment of HR criteria.ConclusionThe higher impairment in specific symptoms observed in male schizophrenia patients was also present in subjects at HR for psychosis. Further studies are required to determine whether these symptoms are gender‐specific predictors of transition to psychosis and whether they warrant gender‐specific interventions. The high propensity to depression in the present cohort, which was particularly pronounced in the male cohort compared with the general population, in conjunction with the observed increase in negative symptoms and functional impairment, should alert clinicians to the necessity for the identification and treatment of HR subjects, irrespective of the degree to which these features are associated with transition risk.
Seeing a Ghost? Vigilance and Its Drivers in a Predator‐free World
Authors: Le Saout Soizic , Martin Jean‐Louis , Blanchard Pierrick , Cebe Nicolas , Mark Hewison A.J. , Rames Jean‐Luc , Chamaillé‐Jammes Simon 
Published: March 2015

AbstractVigilance is a key to the early detection of predators, but may be costly if it impairs foraging efficiency. Hence, we would expect vigilance to be suppressed and/or counter‐selected in predator‐free environments, although this might depend on the environmental drivers influencing perceived predation risk. We studied vigilance in two populations of Sitka black‐tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus sitkensis) on Haida Gwaii (Canada) which have not been exposed to predators since they colonized the study islands approx. 60 yr ago. In this context, anti‐predator behavior should not have any obvious current benefit. Moreover, its maintenance should be particularly costly in our study populations because these deer have depleted their food resources and, thus, anti‐predator behaviors should interfere with time spent searching for scarce resources. We used bait stations equipped with camera traps to assess vigilance under standardized feeding conditions. We expected to observe lower vigilance levels than those observed elsewhere in locations with predators. We investigated how vigilance varied in relation to the amount of bait, the level of visibility, and between day and night. During the day, deer spent, on average, 14% of their time in overt vigilance during foraging bouts, a level similar to, although in the lower range of, values reported at sites where predators are present. Levels of vigilance were lower at night, and decreased with increasing visibility, but not during the day. Deer were less vigilant when bait availability was high, but only when visibility was also high. We discuss why the maintenance of vigilance is here best explained by the ghosts of predators past, and how, at the temporal scale of a few generations, the ecological factors driving vigilance levels might override the absence of significant risk from large predators.
Authoritarian Liberalism in the European Constitutional Imagination: Second Time as Farce?
Authors: Wilkinson Michael A. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThe current crisis in Europe recalls the theory and practice of authoritarian liberalism, the idea that in order to protect economic liberalism and respect for fiscal discipline, representative democracy must be curtailed. This configuration was first identified by Hermann Heller in late Weimar as a response to the imperative to maintain the ideological separation of state and economy and presented by Karl Polanyi as conditioned by broader geo‐political pressure to maintain the gold standard in the inter‐war period. Authoritarian liberalism is now conditioned by conflicting imperatives to maintain the project of the single currency, respect ordo‐liberal concerns of moral hazard, and protect ‘militant democracy’ but only in one country. Does this reflect a broader geo‐political disequilibrium, due to tensions between market integration, constitutionalism and democracy?
Ongoing ecological speciation in Cotesia sesamiae, a biological control agent of cereal stem borers
Authors: Kaiser Laure , Le Ru Bruno Pierre , Kaoula Ferial , Paillusson Corentin , Capdevielle‐Dulac Claire , Obonyo Julius Ochieng , Herniou Elisabeth A. , Jancek Severine , Branca Antoine , Calatayud Paul‐André , Silvain Jean‐François , Dupas Stephane 
Published: March 2015

AbstractTo develop efficient and safe biological control, we need to reliably identify natural enemy species, determine their host range, and understand the mechanisms that drive host range evolution. We investigated these points in Cotesia sesamiae, an African parasitic wasp of cereal stem borers. Phylogenetic analyses of 74 individual wasps, based on six mitochondrial and nuclear genes, revealed three lineages. We then investigated the ecological status (host plant and host insect ranges in the field, and host insect suitability tests) and the biological status (cross‐mating tests) of the three lineages. We found that one highly supported lineage showed all the hallmarks of a cryptic species. It is associated with one host insect, Sesamia nonagrioides, and is reproductively isolated from the other two lineages by pre‐ and postmating barriers. The other two lineages had a more variable phylogenetic support, depending on the set of genes; they exhibited an overlapping and diversified range of host species and are not reproductively isolated from one another. We discuss the ecological conditions and mechanisms that likely generated this ongoing speciation and the relevance of this new specialist taxon in the genus Cotesia for biological control.
Xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes in human skin and SkinEthic reconstructed human skin models
Authors: Eilstein Joan , Léreaux Guillaume , Arbey Eric , Daronnat Edwige , Wilkinson Simon , Duché Daniel 
Published: March 2015

AbstractSkin metabolism is becoming a major consideration in the development of new cosmetic ingredients, skin being the first organ exposed to them. In order to replace limited samples of Excised human skin (EHS), in vitro engineered human skins have been developed. 3D models are daily used to develop and evaluate new cosmetic ingredients and have to be characterized and compared with EHS in terms of metabolic capabilities. This work presents the determination of apparent catalytic parameters (apparent Vmax, Km and the ratio Vmax/Km) in 3D models compared with EHS for cytochrome P450 dependent monooxygenase isoforms involved in drug metabolism, esterases, alcohol dehydrogenases, aldehyde dehydrogenases, peroxidases, glutathione S‐transferases, N‐acetyl transferases, uridinyl diphosphate glucuronyl transferases and sulfotransferases. Results show that all these enzymes involved in the metabolism of xenobiotics are expressed and functional in the EHS and 3D models. Also, the Vmax/Km ratios (estimating the intrinsic metabolic clearances) show that the metabolic abilities are the most often comparable between the skin models and EHS. These results indicate that the 3D models can substitute themselves for EHS to select cosmetic ingredients on the basis of their metabolism, efficacy or/and safety.