bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ethnic segmentation in marketing: a tool for social domination in France
Authors: Zouaghi Sondes 
Published: October 2015

Purpose– This paper aims to deal with the issue of researchers’ responsibility for the dissemination of ideologies which have led to the cultural marginalisation and categorisation of minority social groups into a dominant/dominated relationship in France. One telling example is the way ethnic segmentation – as now used in marketing – finds its roots in the colonial paradigm.Design/methodology/approach– A critical and analytical review of the literature on ethnic marketing.Findings– The current paradigm which splits the world into centre and periphery or dominant and dominated, in the French context, is not the only existing one. In the framework of postcolonial studies, researchers in marketing now approach the ethnic market by being as close to consumers as possible and by adapting their methodology to the Consumer Culture Theory.Originality/value– Some researchers have become aware that the feeling of ethnic self-identification would not exist without the involvement of the dominant group who imposes their view on minorities. As to multicultural individuals, minorities have to adjust to a great variety of social situations by drawing from a set of available cultural identities. It is therefore more a question of multiple selves than ethnic identity. Multicultural individuals create their own identity and co-create new social categories from the grey area between dominant and dominated groups. The postcolonial approach raises the question as to whether ethnicity is a mere ideological construct with no underlying reality but the actual domination of minorities.
Reduction of Food Loss and Waste: An Exaggerated Agitation
Authors: Koester Ulrich 
Published: October 2015

SummaryThere is increasing public concern about the present state of food loss and waste (FLW). Numerous studies convey the message that there is a high potential to save food in order to improve food security, efficiency of resource use and to generate positive environmental effects. However, the evidence has not been well investigated. The widely accepted definition of FLW and the collected data do not inform equally well on the potential contributions of FLW reductions. This article focuses on the potential for FLW reductions to improve food security. It is argued that the underlying definition exaggerates the actual amount of FLW that could be used to feed humans. Most studies use volume measures to aggregate FLW along the supply chain and across food items, which is highly questionable; we cannot reasonably add together tonnes of meat and potatoes. Likewise, meat products at different stages along the supply chain are different economic goods and can hardly be aggregated meaningfully in volume terms. Moreover, present research often neglects the economic costs incurred in reducing FLW. Moving the product from the field or stable to households requires additional complementary resources to store, trade, process and prepare the final food.
Nicotine delivery, retention and pharmacokinetics from various electronic cigarettes
Authors: St.Helen Gideon , Havel Christopher , Dempsey Delia A. , Jacob Peyton , Benowitz Neal L. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractAimsTo measure the systemic retention of nicotine, propylene glycol (PG) and vegetable glycerin (VG) in electronic cigarette (e‐cigarette) users, and assess the abuse liability of e‐cigarettes by characterizing nicotine pharmacokinetics.DesignE‐cigarette users recruited over the internet participated in a 1‐day research ward study. Subjects took 15 puffs from their usual brand of e‐cigarette. Exhaled breath was trapped in gas‐washing bottles and blood was sampled before and several times after use.SettingSan Francisco, California, USA.ParticipantsThirteen healthy, experienced adult e‐cigarette users (six females and seven males).MeasurementsPlasma nicotine was analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC‐MS/MS) and nicotine, VG and PG in e‐liquids and gas traps were analyzed by LC‐MS/MS. Heart rate changes and subjective effects were assessed.FindingsE‐cigarettes delivered an average of 1.33 (0.87‐1.79) mg [mean and 95% confidence interval (CI)] of nicotine, and 93.8% of the inhaled dose, 1.22 (0.80‐1.66) was systemically retained. Average maximum plasma nicotine concentration (Cmax) was 8.4 (5.4–11.5) ng/ml and time of maximal concentration (Tmax) was 2–5 minutes. One participant had Tmax of 30 minutes. 84.4% and 91.7% of VG and PG, respectively, was systemically retained. Heart rate increased by an average of 8.0 beats per minute after 5 minutes. Withdrawal and urge to smoke decreased and the e‐cigarettes were described as satisfying.ConclusionsE‐cigarettes can deliver levels of nicotine that are comparable to or higher than typical tobacco cigarettes, with similar systemic retention. Although the average maximum plasma nicotine concentration in experienced e‐cigarette users appears to be generally lower than what has been reported from tobacco cigarette use, the shape of the pharmacokinetic curve is similar, suggesting addictive potential.
Feasibility of intercostal blood flow measurement by echo‐Doppler technique in healthy subjects
Authors: de Bisschop Claire , Montaudon Michel , Glénet Stéphane , Guénard Hervé 
Published: October 2015

SummaryIntercostal artery blood flow supplies the external and internal intercostal muscles, which are inspiratory and expiratory muscles. Intercostal blood flow measured by the echo‐Doppler (ED) technique has not previously been reported in humans. This study describes the feasibility of this measurement during free and loaded breathing in healthy subjects. Systolic, diastolic and mean blood flows were measured in the eighth dorsal intercostal space during free and loaded breathing using the ED technique. Flows were calculated as the product of the artery intraluminal surface and blood velocity. Ten healthy subjects (42 ± 13·6 years) were included. Integrated electromyogram (iEMG), arterial pressure, cardiac frequency and breathing pattern were also recorded. Mean blood flows were 3·5 ± 1·2 ml min−1 at rest, 6 ± 2·6 ml min−1 while breathing through a combined inspiratory and expiratory resistance and 4·0 ± 1·3 ml min−1 1 min after unloading. Diastolic blood flow was about one‐third the systolic blood flow. The changes in blood flows were consistent with those in iEMG. No change in mean blood flow was observed between inspiration and expiration, suggesting a balance in the perfusion of external and internal muscles during breathing. In conclusion, ED is a feasible technique for non‐invasive, real‐time measurement of intercostal blood flow in humans. In healthy subjects, mean blood flow appeared tightly matched to iEMG activity. This technique may provide a way to assess the vascular adaptations induced by diseases in which respiratory work is increased or cardiac blood flow altered.
The impact of venous occlusion per se on forearm muscle blood flow: implications for the near‐infrared spectroscopy venous occlusion technique
Authors: Cross Troy J , Sabapathy Surendran 
Published: October 2015

SummaryThe purpose of this study was to examine the effect of venous occlusion per se on forearm muscle blood flow, as determined by the near‐infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) venous occlusion technique (NIRS‐VOT). NIRS data were obtained from the flexor digitorum superficialis (FDS) muscle on the dominant arm of 16 young, ostensibly healthy participants (14 men and two women; 30 ± 6 year; 73 ± 7 kg). Participants completed a series of five venous occlusion trials while seated at rest, and a series of 12 venous occlusion trials during a reactive hyperaemia induced by 5 min of forearm arterial occlusion. The NIRS‐VOT was used to assess FDS muscle blood flow (), beat‐by‐beat, over the first four cardiac beats during venous occlusions. was also reported as a cumulative value, wherein the first two, first three and first four cardiac beats were used to calculate muscle blood flow. We observed that was highest when calculated over the first cardiac beat during venous occlusions performed at rest and throughout reactive hyperaemia (P<0·05). Moreover, the inclusion of more than one cardiac beat in the calculation of underestimated muscle blood flows, irrespective of the prevailing level of arterial inflow. These findings support the idea that venous occlusion per se affects the measurement of via the NIRS‐VOT. Accordingly, it is recommended that is determined over the first cardiac beat when using the NIRS‐VOT to assess microvascular blood flow of human forearm muscles.
A systematic review of outcome measures used in clinical trials of treatment interventions following traumatic dental injuries
Authors: Sharif Mohammad Owaise , Tejani‐Sharif Ambareen , Kenny Kate , Day Peter F. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractBackgroundTraumatic dental injuries (TDI) are common, and appropriate treatment will maximize the chances of maintaining teeth in function while safeguarding their longevity and aesthetics. Subjectively, it appears that outcome measures used in studies investigating TDI are numerous and diverse.ObjectivesTo undertake a systematic review of the outcomes used in clinical trials of treatment interventions following TDI.Data sourcesThe MEDLINE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews and EMBASE databases were searched up to June 2014. Reference lists of eligible studies were cross‐checked to identify additional studies and strategies to identify grey literature and ongoing trials were employed.Study selectionTwo authors independently assessed studies for inclusion and undertook data extraction. The study designs included were as follows: systematic reviews with/without meta‐analyses, randomized and pseudo‐randomized controlled trials and controlled clinical trials. There were no language restrictions.ResultsTen studies confined to two types of TDI were included: avulsion (5) and non‐vital immature permanent incisor teeth (5). The outcomes reported predominantly concentrated on injury activity and the physical consequence of injury. There was little consistency between studies for the length of follow up, the time points at which outcomes were evaluated or the methods used to measure them.ConclusionsThere is significant heterogeneity in outcomes reported for TDI in the literature. These findings preclude meaningful meta‐analysis between studies. Future clinical studies need to consider collecting a more consistent and wider range of outcomes, which should include one or more from each of the following domains: health resources utilisation, adverse effects and quality of life and family outcome.There is a clear need for the development of a Core Outcome Set for TDI using robust and established methodology, thus optimizing the value of future research.
Intermodal Transport as a Regional Development Strategy: The Case of Italian Freight Villages
Authors: Monios Jason 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThis paper examines the development of intermodal transport operations at freight villages in Italy. Quantitative data on public and private investment and ownership in each of the 25 Italian freight villages are analysed to identify relevant issues, which are then explored through five qualitative case studies. The research considers how intermodal transport stimulation links national modal shift policy with regional economic development strategies based on the promotion of logistics growth. The research identifies a misalignment between national and regional scales, as funding based on national policy does not align with port and freight village planning strategies developed at the regional level. From an operational perspective, this misalignment is exacerbated by the often adversarial relations between ports and intermodal terminals, in addition to the fragmented nature of the Italian freight sector. Even with a national policy to promote freight villages with intermodal terminals and a dedicated funding stream to support this network of approved sites, operational issues mean that establishing intermodal shuttles remains a difficult and marginal enterprise, particularly in the case of southern Italy due to its location on the periphery of intra‐European freight flows.
HISTORICAL UNDERSTANDING AND HISTORICAL INTERPRETATION AS CONTEXTUALIZATION
Authors: MITROVIĆ BRANKO 
Published: October 2015

ABSTRACTThis article discusses the theoretical problems pertaining to the relationship between historical contextualization and historical understanding and interpretation. On the one hand, there is the view that documents need to be understood in relation to their historical context; on the other, it is not clear how a historian can get out of his or her own historical context in order to be able to engage with the conceptual frameworks, beliefs, or ways of reasoning that are radically different from his or her own. The paper proposes a resolution to this dilemma; its upshot is that historical understanding is constituted by contextualization.
STALINISM IN RETROSPECT: HANNAH ARENDT
Authors: BAEHR PETER 
Published: October 2015

ABSTRACTEstablished writers whose reputation is affixed to a particular line of argument are typically ill disposed to change their minds in public. Some authors sincerely believe that the historical record vindicates them. Others are determined that the historical record will vindicate them. Still others ignore the historical record. Among students of totalitarianism, no one had more at stake reputationally than Hannah Arendt. It is not just that The Origins of Totalitarianism (1951) established her as the premier thinker on its topic. It is also that totalitarianism, as she understood it, ribbons through all of her subsequent books, from the discussion of “the social” in The Human Condition (1958) to the analysis of thinking in the posthumously published The Life of the Mind (1978). How ready was she to adapt or to change entirely arguments she had first formulated as early as the mid‐to‐late 1940s? “Stalinism in Retrospect,” her contribution to Columbia University's Seminar on Communism series, offers a rare opportunity to answer, at least partially, this question.Arendt's foil was the publication of recent books on Stalin and the Stalin era by three Russian witnesses: Nadezhda Mandelstam, Roy Medvedev, and Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn. According to Arendt, the books meshed with her own theoretical conception of Bolshevism while changing the “whole taste” of the period: they contained new insights into the nature of totalitarian criminality and evil. “Stalinism in Retrospect” documents Arendt's arguments and challenges to them by a number of the seminar's participants. Of particular note is the exchange between her and Zbigniew Brzezinski, an expert on the Soviet Union, a major interpreter of totalitarianism in his own right, and soon to be President Carter's National Security Advisor (January 1977–January 1981). Notes by the editor, Peter Baehr, offer a critical context for understanding Arendt's argument.
Motor neuron disease: current management and future prospects
Authors: Simon N. G. , Huynh W. , Vucic S. , Talbot K. , Kiernan M. C. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractMotor neuron disease (MND) is characterised by progressive neurological deterioration and coexistence of upper and lower motor neuron signs. Over the past decade, evidence has emerged of unique pathophysiological processes, including glutamate‐mediated excitotoxicity, which has resulted in the development of novel diagnostic investigations and uncovered potential therapeutic targets. Advances in genetics, including the recently discovered C9orf72 gene, have radically changed the pathological mindset, from MND being classified as a neuromuscular disease to one that MND forms a continuum with other primary neurodegenerative disorders, including frontotemporal dementia. The present review will highlight the improvements that have occurred in clinical care, in conjunction with recent scientific developments.
Disseminated Mycobacterium haemophilum skeletal disease in a patient with interferon‐gamma deficiency
Authors: Otome O. , O'Reilly M. , Lim L. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractDisseminated non‐tuberculous mycobacterial (NTM) infection is rare in immunocompetent adults. Anti‐interferon‐gamma (IFN‐γ) autoantibodies have recently been associated with NTM infections, particularly in patients of Asian ethnicity. We describe a case of disseminated Mycobacterium haemophilum skeletal infection due to anti IFN‐γ autoantibodies in a 71‐year‐old Cambodian man. He responded to a combination of anti‐mycobacterial antibiotics without requirement for immunomodulator therapy. Testing for acquired IFN‐γ deficiency due to IFN‐γ autoantibodies should be considered when standard tests for immunodeficiency are negative in patients with unusual or severe opportunistic infections, including NTM.
Compliance of males with stage 1 testicular germ cell tumours on an active surveillance protocol
Authors: Honeyball F. , Murali‐Ganesh R. , Hruby G. , Grimison P. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThe aim of this retrospective study was to determine the rate of compliance among 57 males with stage 1 testicular germ cell tumours on an active surveillance protocol at a single Australian centre. At median follow up of 24 months, 81% had adequate compliance with the follow‐up regimen, 12% were lost to follow up, and 16% relapsed; none between protocol visits. Active surveillance is an acceptable alternative to adjuvant therapy for stage 1 testicular germ cell tumours, with reduced toxicity for most and equivalent survival, but requires efforts to maintain adequate compliance with follow up to avoid late detection of recurrence.
Single‐phase slack‐based centralized DEA for resource reallocation
Authors: Yu Ming‐Miin , Hsiao Bo 
Published: October 2015

AbstractData envelopment analysis (DEA) is an effective method for measuring the relative efficiency of a set of homogeneous decision‐making units (DMUs). Yu et al.’s study proposed an extended centralized DEA (CDEA) model that utilizes a two‐phase process for reallocating resources to project not only in each DMU (e.g., branch company) but also in the central DMU (e.g., headquarters, central authority) on the production frontier. However, evaluating the two‐phase model using the approach of Yu et al. may present some challenges because of inconsistent benchmarks. To solve this issue, we modified a single‐phase slack‐based CDEA that considers transfer‐in and transfer‐out slacks to facilitate the reallocation and adjustment of resources. Our modified single‐phase slack‐based CDEA is demonstrated with a numerical example illustrating input resource reallocation. Results show that the modified single‐phase CDEA model is effective to deal with a more realistic inconsistency reference set and provide much more reallocation ability than the two‐phase approach.
Effect of an educational intervention on parental readiness for premature infant discharge from the neonatal intensive care units
Authors: Chen Yongfeng , Zhang Jun , Bai Jinbing 
Published: October 2015

AbstractAimTo examine the effect of an educational intervention on parental readiness for premature infant discharge from neonatal intensive care units.BackgroundLow readiness for discharge can result in negative healthcare outcomes for infants and their parents. However, few studies have examined the effect of discharge education programmes on parental readiness for premature infant discharge in Chinese critical care settings.DesignA quasi‐experimental study.MethodsBetween October 2011–March 2012, 154 parents of premature infants were recruited from neonatal intensive care units of two tertiary hospitals in Central China. These parents were assigned to either the intervention or control group based on their entry order. Parents in the intervention group received two sessions of 60‐minute discharge education along with hospital routine care; parents in the control group only received hospital routine care. Parental readiness for discharge and quality of discharge education were assessed on the day of infant discharge from neonatal intensive care units. Independent samples t‐test and linear regression were used to analyse the data.ResultsParental readiness for premature infant discharge was in the moderate level. Independent samples t‐test showed that both mean scores of parental discharge readiness and discharge teaching quality from the intervention group were significantly higher than those in the control group. Linear regression analysis showed that discharge teaching quality explained 39·7% of the variance in parental readiness for premature infant discharge.ConclusionDischarge education can improve parental readiness for premature infant discharge. Quality of discharge teaching can significantly predict parental readiness for premature infant discharge.
Joint attention behaviours in people with profound intellectual and multiple disabilities: the influence of the context
Authors: Neerinckx Heleen , Maes Bea 
Published: October 2015

BackgroundIn spite of the profound cognitive and physical problems, people with profound intellectual and multiple disabilities (PIMD) are able to develop joint attention behaviours (JAB) and benefit from positive interactions.AimsTo investigate which context factors influence the JAB of people with PIMD.MethodBased on video recordings of 45 participants, JAB and context factors were analysed.ResultsAn unstructured interaction situation produced the most responses of a person with PIMD, whereas a structured interaction situation produced the most initiatives. Furthermore, the familiarity of the partner and the familiarity of objects used in the interaction had no influence on the JAB. The sensitivity of the interaction partner was positively related to the presence of JAB.ConclusionsInteraction partners of people with PIMD should be aware of both the ability of people with PIMD to use JAB and the influence of different context factors on these JAB.
Do Banks Price Litigation Risk in Debt Contracting? Evidence from Class Action Lawsuits
Authors: Yuan Qingbo , Zhang Yunyan 
Published: October 2015

AbstractClass action lawsuits can be detrimental to debtholders because they deteriorate defendant firms’ financial position and lower these firms’ value. This study examines whether banks price their borrowers’ litigation risk in debt contracting. We find that banks charge 19% higher interest spreads on loans to lawsuit firms after litigation. In addition, banks monitor lawsuit firms more closely by using tighter non‐price terms. The results are robust after correcting for possible endogeneity issues using the propensity score matching approach. We further find that the effects of lawsuit filing are more pronounced for firms with weaker corporate governance. Following a lawsuit in the industry, banks also perceive an increased likelihood of litigation for industry peer firms and adjust price and non‐price terms accordingly. Finally, we find that the magnitude of the lawsuit filing effect is greater for firms with lower ex‐ante litigation risk. Taken as a whole, our findings suggest that banks, as informed stakeholders, perceive litigation risk to be detrimental and price this risk in debt contracting.