bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Storminess over the North Atlantic and northwestern Europe—A review
Authors: Feser F. , Barcikowska M. , Krueger O. , Schenk F. , Weisse R. , Xia L. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThis review assesses storm studies over the North Atlantic and northwestern Europe regarding the occurrence of potential long‐term trends. Based on a systematic review of available articles, trends are classified according to different geographical regions, datasets, and time periods. Articles that used measurement and proxy data, reanalyses, regional and global climate model data on past and future trends are evaluated for changes in storm climate. The most important result is that trends in storm activity depend critically on the time period analysed. An increase in storm numbers is evident for the reanalyses period for the most recent decades, whereas most long‐term studies show merely decadal variability for the last 100–150 years.Storm trends derived from reanalyses data and climate model data for the past are mostly limited to the last four to six decades. The majority of these studies find increasing storm activity north of about 55–60° N over the North Atlantic with a negative tendency southward. This increase from about the 1970s until the mid‐1990s is also mirrored by long‐term proxies and the North Atlantic Oscillation and constitutes a part of their decadal variability. Studies based on proxy and measurement data or model studies over the North Atlantic for the past which cover more than 100 years show large decadal variations and either no trend or a decrease in storm numbers. Future scenarios until about the year 2100 indicate mostly an increase in winter storm intensity over the North Atlantic and western Europe. However, future trends in total storm numbers are quite heterogeneous and depend on the model generation used.
A new secure Internet voting protocol using Java Card 3 technology and Java information flow concept
Authors: Mohammadpourfard Mostafa , Doostari Mohammad Ali , Ghaznavi Ghoushchi Mohammad Bagher , Shakiba Nafiseh 
Published: March 2014

ABSTRACTRecently, there has been a spate of interest in Internet voting systems because of advantages such as participation, efficiency, accuracy, and transparency. However, challenges for having a secure i‐voting system are considerable. Unless these systems are designed and implemented carefully, citizens might lose their trust on the whole voting process. This paper introduces a novel online voting protocol, which satisfies the desired security requirements of i‐voting as collusion resistance, fairness, coercion\bribery, and secure voting platform. Although Internet voting systems provide convenience for voters by requiring just a PC and an Internet connection, they might be subject to some drawbacks as PCs are very susceptible to malware and sophisticated attacks. To clarify, voter side insecure platform is one of the biggest challenges in Internet voting, which would breach voter's privacy and also affect the integrity of election. In this paper, we present an alternative to the voters' insecure PCs. Java Card 3 is the latest version of Java Card, which could be considered as voter's portable secure Web server. It can obtain an IP address and communicate with other network nodes with hypertext transfer protocol secure (HTTPS). Therefore, regardless of utilizing a trusted device at the client side, end‐to‐end security is guaranteed. This means that Java Card 3 can resolve challenges, which are posed by insecurity of the vote casting PC. Furthermore, to enhance the security and guarantee the confidentiality and integrity of the data, which are stored in the card during the voting process, we have used Java information flow. An implementation of this protocol is proposed on the basis of Java Card 3 servlet container and Web server technology in which the card and electoral servers communicate on a machine‐to‐machine basis. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Experimental evidence for protein oxidative damage and altered antioxidant defense in patients with medium‐chain acyl‐CoA dehydrogenase deficiency
Authors: Derks Terry G. J. , Touw Catharina M. L. , Ribas Graziela S. , Biancini Giovana B. , Vanzin Camila S. , Negretto Giovanna , Mescka Caroline P. , Reijngoud Dirk Jan , Smit G. Peter A. , Wajner Moacir , Vargas Carmen R. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThe objective of this study was to test whether macromolecule oxidative damage and altered enzymatic antioxidative defenses occur in patients with medium‐chain acyl coenzyme A dehydrogenase (MCAD) deficiency. We performed a cross‐sectional observational study of in vivo parameters of lipid and protein oxidative damage and antioxidant defenses in asymptomatic, nonstressed, MCAD‐deficient patients and healthy controls. Patients were subdivided into three groups based on therapy: patients without prescribed supplementation, patients with carnitine supplementation, and patients with carnitine plus riboflavin supplementation. Compared with healthy controls, nonsupplemented MCAD‐deficient patients and patients receiving carnitine supplementation displayed decreased plasma sulfhydryl content (indicating protein oxidative damage). Increased erythrocyte superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in patients receiving carnitine supplementation probably reflects a compensatory mechanism for scavenging reactive species formation. The combination of carnitine plus riboflavin was not associated with oxidative damage. These are the first indications that MCAD‐deficient patients experience protein oxidative damage and that combined supplementation of carnitine and riboflavin may prevent these biochemical alterations. Results suggest involvement of free radicals in the pathophysiology of MCAD deficiency. The underlying mechanisms behind the increased SOD activity upon carnitine supplementation need to be determined. Further studies are necessary to determine the clinical relevance of oxidative stress, including the possibility of antioxidant therapy.
Herbivory-induced plant volatiles fromOryza sativaand their influence on chemotaxis behaviour ofTibraca limbativentrisstal. (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) and egg parasitoids
Authors: Melo Machado R.C. , Sant'Ana J. , Blassioli-Moraes M.C. , Laumann R.A. , Borges M. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThe rice stem bug,Tibraca limbativentrisStal. (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) is one of the most important pests of rice crops, especially irrigated crops. Plant defence strategies against these bugs may involve the emission of chemical compounds, which are released following herbivore attacks, directly or indirectly harming pest performance. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of constitutive and herbivory-induced volatiles from rice plants (Oryza sativaL.) on the behavioural responses ofT. limbativentrisadults and egg parasitoidsTrissolcus basalis(Wollaston) andTelenomus podisi(Ashmead) (Hymenoptera, Platygastridae). Plant volatiles were collected from undamaged plants of the rice cultivar IRGA 424 and from plants that suffered herbivory by five males or five females ofT. limbativentris.Air-entrainment extracts were analysed by GC–flame ionization detector and GC–MS, and insect responses evaluated in a ‘Y’ olfactometer.T. limbativentrisfeeding damaged on rice plants induced the release of 16 volatiles compounds in a higher amounts compared to undamaged plants The main compounds induced were (E)-2-hexenal, (E)-2-octen-1-ol, methyl salicylate and α-muurolene. Female bugs were significantly attracted to air-entrainment extracts containing volatiles from undamaged plants compared with air-entrainment extracts containing volatiles emitted from plants damaged byT. limbativentris, whereas males showed no preference.Telenomus podisifemales were significantly attracted to volatiles from air-entrainment extracts of plants damaged by females, whereasT. basalisshowed no preference. These results suggest that rice plants may be emitting defence compounds, which could be avoided byT. limbativentrisfemales and also acted indirectly by attracting natural enemies.
Evidence of human neurocysticercosis in Slovenia
Authors: ŠOBA BARBARA , BEOVIĆ BOJANA , LUŽNIK ZALA , SKVARČ MIHA , LOGAR JERNEJ 
Published: March 2014

SUMMARYTo assess the prevalence ofTaenia soliumcysticercosis in patients with neurological disorders in Slovenia, serum/cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples from 348 suspected patients were collected between the beginning of January 2001 and the end of December 2012 and analysed serologically for the presence of anti-T. soliumIgG antibodies. Of 20 patients whose samples tested positive or equivocal by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), samples of 7 patients were confirmed positive by Western blot (WB). The overall seroprevalence rate ofT. soliuminfection in patients with neurological disorders included in the study was 2.0%. Serological results of positive patients corresponded to clinical and/or imaging findings concerning their brain cysts. Based on their personal data, it was ascertained that neurocysticercosis (NCC) positive patients had immigrated or came to Slovenia from the former Yugoslav republics. Since the disease is believed not to be endemic in Slovenia we assume that all of the NCC-positive patients had acquired the infection before immigration to Slovenia or visiting or being visited by their relatives infected with an adultT. soliumparasite. The present results represent the first insight into the prevalence of NCC in patients with neurological disorders in Slovenia.
Maternal parenting predicts infant biobehavioral regulation among women with a history of childhood maltreatment
Authors: Martinez-Torteya Cecilia , Dayton Carolyn J. , Beeghly Marjorie , Seng Julia S. , McGinnis Ellen , Broderick Amanda , Rosenblum Katherine , Muzik Maria 
Published: March 2014

AbstractEarly biobehavioral regulation, a major influence of later adaptation, develops through dyadic interactions with caregivers. Thus, identification of maternal characteristics that can ameliorate or exacerbate infants’ innate vulnerabilities is key for infant well-being and long-term healthy development. The present study evaluated the influence of maternal parenting, postpartum psychopathology, history of childhood maltreatment, and demographic risk on infant behavioral and physiological (i.e., salivary cortisol) regulation using the still-face paradigm. Our sample included 153 women with high rates of childhood maltreatment experiences. Mother–infant dyads completed a multimethod assessment at 7 months of age. Structural equation modeling showed that maternal positive (i.e., sensitive, warm, engaged, and joyful) and negative (i.e., overcontrolling and hostile) behaviors during interactions were associated with concurrent maternal depressive symptoms, single parent status, and low family income. In turn, positive parenting predicted improved infant behavioral regulation (i.e., positive affect and social behaviors following the stressor) and decreased cortisol reactivity (i.e., posttask levels that were similar to or lower than baseline cortisol). These findings suggest increased risk for those women experiencing high levels of depressive symptoms postpartum and highlight the importance of maternal positive interactive behaviors during the first year for children's neurodevelopment.
Contributions of magnetic resonance spectroscopy to understanding development: Potential applications in the study of adolescent alcohol use and abuse
Authors: Cohen-Gilbert Julia E. , Jensen J. Eric , Silveri Marisa M. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractA growing body of research has documented structural and functional brain development during adolescence, yet little is known about neurochemical changes that occur during this important developmental period. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) is a well-developed technology that permits the in vivo quantification of multiple brain neurochemicals relevant to neuronal health and functioning. However, MRS technology has been underused in exploring normative developmental changes during adolescence and the onset of alcohol and drug use and abuse during this developmental period. This review begins with a brief overview of normative cognitive and neurobiological development during adolescence, followed by an introduction to MRS principles. The subsequent sections provide a comprehensive review of the existing MRS studies of development and cognitive functioning in healthy children and adolescents. The final sections of this article address the potential application of MRS in identifying neurochemical predictors and consequences of alcohol use and abuse in adolescence. MRS studies of adolescent populations hold promise for advancing our understanding of neurobiological risk factors for psychopathology by identifying the biochemical signatures associated with healthy brain development, as well as neurobiological and cognitive correlates of alcohol and substance use and abuse.
The emergence of attachment following early social deprivation
Authors: Carlson Elizabeth A. , Hostinar Camelia E. , Mliner Shanna B. , Gunnar Megan R. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThis study examined the formation and quality of attachment of 65 postinstitutionalized (PI) toddlers with their parents at 1–3 and 7–9 months postadoption compared to 52 nonadopted (NA) children. The formation of attachment relationships of PI children with adoptive parents occurred relatively quickly. Children exposed to greater preadoption adversity took longer to form an attachment to their adoptive parents, although by 7–9 months postadoption, nearly all (90%) of the children achieved the highest level on an attachment formation rating scale. PI children did not differ from NA children in attachment security, based either on the Attachment Q-Sort or Strange Situation categorical scoring. However, the PI children were more likely to be disorganized in their attachment patterns. Preadoption adversity was related to lower Q-sort security scores especially at the initial assessment 1–3 months postadoption. The results indicated that attachment formation and attachment quality in PI children are differentiable constructs with different precursors.
Neural correlates of cognitive and affective processing in maltreated youth with posttraumatic stress symptoms: Does gender matter?
Authors: Crozier Joseph C. , Wang Lihong , Huettel Scott A. , De Bellis Michael D. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractWe investigated the relationship of gender to cognitive and affective processing in maltreated youth with posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms using functional magnetic resonance imaging. Maltreated (N= 29, 13 females, 16 males) and nonmaltreated participants (N= 45, 26 females, 19 males) performed an emotional oddball task that involved detection of targets with fear or scrambled face distractors. Results were moderated by gender. During the executive component of this task, left precuneus/posterior middle cingulate hypoactivation to fear versus calm or scrambled face targets were seen in maltreated versus control males and may represent dysfunction and less resilience in attentional networks. Maltreated males also showed decreased activation in the inferior frontal gyrus compared to control males. No differences were found in females. Posterior cingulate activations positively correlated with posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms. While viewing fear faces, maltreated females exhibited decreased activity in the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex and cerebellum I–VI, whereas maltreated males exhibited increased activity in the left hippocampus, fusiform cortex, right cerebellar crus I, and visual cortex compared to their same-gender controls. Gender by maltreatment effects were not attributable to demographic, clinical, or maltreatment parameters. Maltreated girls and boys exhibited distinct patterns of neural activations during executive and affective processing, a new finding in the maltreatment literature.
Investigating eye movement patterns, language, and social ability in children with autism spectrum disorder
Authors: Stagg Steven D. , Linnell Karina J. , Heaton Pamela 
Published: March 2014

AbstractAlthough all intellectually high-functioning children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) display core social and communication deficits, some develop language within a normative timescale and others experience significant delays and subsequent language impairment. Early attention to social stimuli plays an important role in the emergence of language, and reduced attention to faces has been documented in infants later diagnosed with ASD. We investigated the extent to which patterns of attention to social stimuli would differentiate early and late language onset groups. Children with ASD (mean age = 10 years) differing on language onset timing (late/normal) and a typically developing comparison group completed a task in which visual attention to interacting and noninteracting human figures was mapped using eye tracking. Correlations on visual attention data and results from tests measuring current social and language ability were conducted. Patterns of visual attention did not distinguish typically developing children and ASD children with normal language onset. Children with ASD and late language onset showed significantly reduced attention to salient social stimuli. Associations between current language ability and social attention were observed. Delay in language onset is associated with current language skills as well as with specific eye-tracking patterns.
Asymmetric Attention Networks: The Case of Children
Authors: Yaakoby-Rotem Sarit , Geva Ronny 
Published: March 2014

AbstractVisuospatial attention-networks are represented in both hemispheres, with right-hemisphere dominance in adults. Little is known about the lateralization of the attentional-networks in children. To assess the lateralization of attentional-networks in children aged 5 years, performance on a Lateralized-Attention-Network-Test specifically designed for children (LANT-C) was compared with performance on the Attention-Network-Test for children (ANT-C). Participants were 82 children, aged 5–6 years (55% boys, middle–class, mainstream schooling). They were examined with both the ANT-C and the LANT-C along with evaluation of intelligence and attention questionnaires. Multiple analysis of variance showed a main effect for network, with high efficiency for orienting and lower executive efficiency (accuracy; p < .001; η2 = .282). An effect for procedure, elucidated higher efficiency in the ANT-C relatively to the LANT-C (accuracy; p < .01; η2 = .097). A procedure × network interaction effect was also found, showing that this procedure difference is present in the alerting and executive networks (accuracy; p < .05; η2 = .096). LANT-C analysis showed a left visual-field advantage in alerting, (accuracy; p < .05; η2 = .066), while executing with the right hand benefitted executive performance (response-time; p < .05; η2 = .06). Results extend previous findings manifesting a right-hemisphere advantage in children's alerting-attention, pointing to the importance of lateralization of brain function to the understanding of the integrity of attention-networks in children. (JINS, 2014, 20, 1–10)
Invincible or Just a Flesh Wound? The Holy Grail of Scots Law
Authors: MacQueen Hector 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThis paper, by Hector MacQueen, assesses the current state of Scots law and the Scottish legal system, arguing that as a small legal system which cannot be self-contained it is inevitably in a state of crisis, from which, however, it will not be rescued by Scotland becoming independent.* Whatever happens after the referendum concerning Scottish Independence on 18 September 2014, the law is in need of active legislative reform, possibly codification, while the courts must become more positive in the attraction of business rather than, as it sometimes seems, seeking to push it away. Mere defence of the status quo will end in disablement and defeat.
Archival Sources for Legal Biography at the Institute of Advanced Legal Studies
Authors: Dawson Elizabeth 
Published: March 2014

AbstractElizabeth Dawson's article outlines archival sources for legal biography held at the Institute of Advanced Legal Studies, focussing on primary sources of information on individuals, including the Law Society and Bar Examination results. It also summarises additional sources which provide biographical information on legal practitioners and scholars eg. the archives of The Society of Legal Scholars and the Council of Legal Education, IALS institutional archives, The Bar Council, The International Law Association and academic membership associations. The article also provides guidance to researchers on using the IALS Archive, and advice on using related external archival sources.
Biographical Research and Institutional Archives: the Case of the Inns of Court
Authors: Holborn Guy 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThe Holy Grail for most biographical researchers is a large hoard of unpublished personal papers such as letters or diaries. In reality that quest will usually be in vain. Research must instead focus on institutional sources. Because of their long history and pervasive role in the English legal profession, the Inns of Court and their records are likely to be the starting point for many legal biographical research projects. They also very usefully illustrate what the biographical researcher is likely to gain (and unlikely to gain) from using institutional archives in general. This article, written by Guy Holborn, describes the main classes of records held in the Inns' archives and what they can yield.
United States – Anti-Dumping Measures on Certain Shrimp and Diamond Sawblades from China: never ending zeroing in the WTO?
Authors: AHN DUKGEUN , MESSERLIN PATRICK 
Published: March 2014

AbstractDespite many legal rulings to clarify the WTO inconsistency of zeroing practices, in practically all aspects of antidumping proceedings, the United States declined to categorically rectify the illegal antidumping duties based on zeroing calculation methods. This dispute is merely example of a number of disputes where the US government had to exhaust the whole process for proper implementation of the WTO rulings under its domestic legal system. The US approach is starkly contrasted with the position taken by the European Union that categorically terminates zeroing practices pursuant to the WTO rulings. While the WTO system indeed recognizes individual Member's peculiar regulatory systems and policies during implementation phases, the current situation in which WTO Members must individually resort to the dispute settlement system in order to rectify the US zeroing practices raises a serious concern regarding the legitimacy and integrity of the WTO dispute settlement system. Maybe it is time for WTO Members to agree on better implementation mechanisms before more Members try to develop overly burdensome and complicated regulatory processes for compliance.