bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Real‐Time Pricing of Reactive Power in the Voltage Profile Control Method of a Future Distribution Network
Authors: Koide Akira , Tsuji Takao , Oyama Tsutomu , Hashiguchi Takuhei , Goda Tadahiro , Shinji Takao , Tsujita Shinsuke 
Published: February 2014

SUMMARYIt is of great importance to solve the voltage maintenance problem caused by the introduction of a large number of distributed generators. We have proposed a “voltage profile control method” using reactive power control for distributed generators, and in previous works we developed new systems that can provide economic incentives to owners of distributed generators who cooperate with voltage profile management. However, it is difficult to apply the proposed economic systems to real‐time operation because they are based on optimization technology and the specific amount of incentive is given after the control action has ended. Therefore, in this paper we develop a new method that can determine the amount of incentives in real time and encourage the customers to cooperate with the voltage profile control method. The proposed method was tested in a one‐feeder distribution network and its effectiveness was demonstrated. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 187(1): 1–15, 2014; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.22427
An Estimation Method to Determine Equivalent Circuit Parameters for Harmonic Analysis
Authors: Tada Yasuyuki 
Published: February 2014

SUMMARYThis paper proposes a new estimation method to determine arbitrary circuit parameters for the harmonic analysis of a distribution network. Harmonic analysis is important in maintaining electric power quality. An interesting phenomenon, a temporary cut‐down of the harmonic voltage level at dawn, even if demand is slightly increasing at this time, is often observed in actual power systems. This paper proposes to utilize observations of this phenomenon to estimate circuit parameters. In addition, it is claimed that a detailed equivalent circuit is preferable to a conventional simplified equivalent circuit for explaining the phenomenon. This paper also discusses the usefulness of the Harmonic Characteristics Curve, which is proposed in this paper as a new concept, at the secondary winding of the distribution transformer, and the correlation of PQ, the monitored values of the active and reactive power at the secondary winding of distribution transformer. This correlation should determine the equivalent fundamental frequency admittance of the shunt capacitors installed for distribution lines. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 187(1): 16–23, 2014; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.22451
Syntheses and Structures of Potassium Complexes Containing Bis(diphenylphosphanyl)methanide Anions
Authors: Langer Jens , Geitner Robert , Görls Helmar 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThe reaction of [K{(Ph2P)2CH}(Et2O)0.5]n with an excess of tetrahydropyran yields polymeric [K{(Ph2P)2CH}(thp)]∞ (1). Application of neutral bidentate ligands such as dimethoxyethane or N,N,N′N′‐tetramethylethylenediamine leads to a splitting of the polymeric starting material into discrete dinuclear entities and the complexes [K{(Ph2P)2CH}(dme)]2 (3) and [K{(Ph2P)2CH}(tmeda)]2 (4) were isolated. In compounds 1, 3 and 4, the phosphorus atoms as well as the methanide carbon atom and two of the four phenyl groups of the anionic ligand participate in metal binding. Oligodentate ligands such as diglyme and 18‐crown‐6 enforce a reduction of the interaction between potassium and the diphosphanylmethanide anion and lead to the mononuclear complexes [K{(Ph2P)2CH}(diglyme)2] (5) and [{K{(Ph2P)2CH}(18C6)}{K{(Ph2P)2CH}(18C6)(thf)}] (6), respectively. In these compounds, only the phosphorus atoms of the diphosphanylmethanide ligands coordinate to the central potassium cation. The related lithium derivative [Li{(Ph2P)2CH}(thp)3] (2) was prepared for comparison. All complexes were characterized by NMR methods and X‐ray diffraction measurements.
Estimating fluvial wood discharge using time‐lapse photography with varying sampling intervals
Authors: Kramer Natalie , Wohl Ellen 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACTMonitoring large wood (LW: width > 10 cm, length > 1 m) in transport within rivers is a necessary next step in the development and refinement of wood budgets and is essential to a better understanding of basin‐wide controls and patterns of LW flux and loads. Monitoring LW transport with coarse interval (≥ 1 min) time‐lapse photography enables the deployment of monitoring cameras at large spatial and long temporal scales. Although less precise than continuous sampling with video, it allows investigators to answer broad questions about basin connectivity, compare drainages and years,and identify transport relationships and thresholds. This paper describes methods to: (i) construct fluvial wood flux curves; (ii) analyze the effects of sample interval lengths on transport estimates; and (iii) estimate total wood loads within a specified time period using coarse‐interval time‐lapse photography. Applying these methods to the Slave River, a large‐volume (103 m3 s‐1), low‐gradient (10− 2 m km− 1) river in the subarctic (60∘ N), yielded the following results. A threshold relationship for wood mobility was located around 4500 m3 s‐1. More wood is transported on the rising limb of the hydrograph because wood flux declines rapidly on the falling limb. Five‐ and ten‐minute sampling intervals provided unbiased equal variance estimates of 1 min sampling, whereas 15 min intervals were biased towards underestimation by 5–6%, possibly due to periodicity in wood flux. Total LW loads estimated from the 1 min dataset and adjusted for a 15% misdetection rate from 13 July to 13 August are: 1600 ± 200 # pieces, 600 ± 200 m3 and of the order of 1.3 × 105 kg carbon. The total wood load for the entire summer season is probably at least double this estimate because only the second half of the summer was monitored and a large early summer peak freshet was missed. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Enhancing water level prediction through model residual correction based on Chaos theory and Kriging
Authors: Wang Xuan , Babovic Vladan 
Published: February 2014

SUMMARYHydrodynamic models based on the physical processes are indispensable tools for predicting water levels in ocean environment. Nonetheless, their accuracies are limited by various factors such as simplifying assumptions, complex ocean bathymetry, and so on. Residual correction, as one of the data assimilation techniques, can extract information from observation and assimilate it into a numerical model to correct the model output directly. Such correction is often performed in two steps: prediction of the model residuals at measured stations followed by spatial distribution at non‐measured locations. For long‐term residual forecast, the accuracy of prediction usually deteriorates with the forecast horizon. In addition to the residual correction at measurement locations, in this paper, we address the critical question as to how to effectively update outputs for computational points without measurements. We develop a hybrid data assimilation procedure, which combines a modified local model (MLM) and an approximated ordinary kriging (AOK). This technique improves the forecasts over a long horizon over the entire computational domain. Using the proposed residual correction technique, the hybrid procedure is examined on a case study of Singapore Regional Model for correcting the water level outputs at locations with and without measurements. In order to provide a comparison, the analysis is carried out throughout prediction horizon of model residuals, tidal residuals, and sea level anomaly, respectively. The comparisons show that the proposed method can successfully assimilate and forecast all variables. Results indicate that resulting prediction accuracy can be significantly improved for all locations of interest independently of the forecast horizon. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Grid cell spatial tuning reduced following systemic muscarinic receptor blockade
Authors: Newman Ehren L. , Climer Jason R. , Hasselmo Michael E. 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACTGrid cells of the medial entorhinal cortex exhibit a periodic and stable pattern of spatial tuning that may reflect the output of a path integration system. This grid pattern has been hypothesized to serve as a spatial coordinate system for navigation and memory function. The mechanisms underlying the generation of this characteristic tuning pattern remain poorly understood. Systemic administration of the muscarinic antagonist scopolamine flattens the typically positive correlation between running speed and entorhinal theta frequency in rats. The loss of this neural correlate of velocity, an important signal for the calculation of path integration, raises the question of what influence scopolamine has on the grid cell tuning as a read out of the path integration system. To test this, the spatial tuning properties of grid cells were compared before and after systemic administration of scopolamine as rats completed laps on a circle track for food rewards. The results show that the spatial tuning of the grid cells was reduced following scopolamine administration. The tuning of head direction cells, in contrast, was not reduced by scopolamine. This is the first report to demonstrate a link between cholinergic function and grid cell tuning. This work suggests that the loss of tuning in the grid cell network may underlie the navigational disorientation observed in Alzheimer's patients and elderly individuals with reduced cholinergic tone. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effects of formulation, extrusion cooking conditions, and CO2 injection on the formation of acrylamide in corn extrudates
Authors: Masatcioglu Mustafa Tugrul , Gokmen Vural , Ng Perry K W , Koksel Hamit 
Published: February 2014

AbstractBACKGROUNDAcrylamide is a possible carcinogen and known to form in heat‐treated carbohydrate‐rich foods. This study was designed to investigate the effects of different ingredients (reducing sugars, chemical leavening agents, citric acid), processing conditions (feed moisture content: 22, 24 or 26%, exit die temperature: 110, 150 °C), and extrusion cooking methods (with or without CO2 injection) on acrylamide formation.RESULTSThe type of reducing sugar did not have a considerable effect on acrylamide formation, while increased exit die temperature had a promoting effect. Addition of chemical leavening agents (sodium bicarbonate and ammonium bicarbonate) into formulations increased acrylamide formation levels. The addition of citric acid prevented acrylamide formation, but its effect on textural properties was detrimental. Acrylamide levels of extrudates decreased gradually with increasing feed moisture in all formulations. Acrylamide content of extrudates produced with 22% feed moisture decreased by 61% in the CO2 injection method compared to conventional extrusion. Furthermore, an 82% decrease in acrylamide content was observed with the combined effect of CO2 injection and increasing feed moisture content from 22 to 24% and decreased below the limit of quantification with a further increase in feed moisture.CONCLUSIONA substantial decrease in final acrylamide level is probably due to restriction of two major steps of acrylamide formation: dehydration and decarboxylation. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Effects of processing on mycotoxin stability in cereals
Authors: Milani Jafar , Maleki Gisoo 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThe mycotoxins that generally occur in cereals and other products are not completely destroyed during food‐processing operations and can contaminate finished processed foods. The mycotoxins most usually associated with cereal grains are aflatoxins, ochratoxins, deoxynivalenol, zearalenone and fumonisins. The various food processes that may have effects on mycotoxins include cleaning, milling, brewing, cooking, baking, frying, roasting, flaking, alkaline cooking, nixtamalization, and extrusion. Most of the food processes have variable effects on mycotoxins, with those that utilize high temperatures having the greatest effects. In general, the processes reduce mycotoxin concentrations significantly, but do not eliminate them completely. This review focuses on the effects of various thermal treatments on mycotoxins. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Recovery of wolverines in the Western United States: Recent extirpation and recolonization or range retraction and expansion?
Authors: Mckelvey Kevin S. , Aubry Keith B. , Anderson Neil J. , Clevenger Anthony P. , Copeland Jeffrey P. , Heinemeyer Kimberley S. , Inman Robert M. , Squires John R. , Waller John S. , Pilgrim Kristine L. , Schwartz Michael K. 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACTWolverines were greatly reduced in number and possibly extirpated from the contiguous United States (U.S.) by the early 1900s. Wolverines currently occupy much of their historical range in Washington, Idaho, Montana, and Wyoming, but are absent from Utah and only single individuals are known to occur in California and Colorado. In response, the translocation of wolverines to California and Colorado is being considered. If wolverines are to be reintroduced, managers must identify appropriate source populations based on the genetic affinities of historical and modern wolverine populations. We amplified the mitochondrial control region of 13 museum specimens dating from the late 1800s to early 1900s and 209 wolverines from modern populations in the contiguous U.S. and Canada and combined results with previously published haplotypes. Collectively, these data indicated that historical wolverine populations in the contiguous U.S. were extirpated by the early 20th century, and that modern populations in the contiguous U.S. are likely the descendants of recent immigrants from the north. The Cali1 haplotype previously identified in California museum specimens was also common in historical samples from the southern Rocky Mountains, and likely evolved in isolation in the southern ice‐free refugium that encompassed most of the contiguous U.S. during the last glaciation. However, when southern populations were extirpated, these matrilines were eliminated. Several of the other haplotypes found in historical specimens from the contiguous U.S. also occur in modern North American populations, and belong to a group of haplotypes that are associated with the rapid expansion of northern wolverine populations after the last glacial retreat. Modern wolverines in the contiguous U.S. are primarily haplotype A, which is the most common and widespread haplotype in Canada and Alaska. For the translocation of wolverines to California, Colorado, and other areas in the western U.S., potential source populations in the Canadian Rocky Mountains may provide the best mix of genetic diversity and appropriate learned behavior. © 2014 The Wildlife Society.
The impact of fencing on the distribution of Przewalski's gazelle
Authors: Zhang Lu , Liu Jiazi , Mcshea William J. , Wu Yonglin , Wang Dajun , Lü Zhi 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACTThe endangered Przewalski's gazelle (Procapra przewalskii) experienced severe habitat loss and population decline over the last century. Illegal hunting of gazelles has been largely prevented since 2002, leaving fencing of pastures as one of the main threats to the gazelle. We conducted surveys on 810 km of parallel transects on 8 gazelle‐occupied sites and 4 nearby control sites where no gazelles were found, and evaluated the impact of fencing on gazelle distribution. A comparison of gazelle‐occupied and control sites showed the former had a lower fence density and height, lower aboveground biomass (EVI), and a longer distance to houses. Logistic regression indicated that the presence of gazelle feces on the 1‐km segment of transect was negatively affected by the density of fences and the proportion of fences with barbed wire both in spring and summer. In addition, we found a negative effect from distance to houses in spring and from EVI in summer. Gazelles did not occur more on grasslands with greater vegetation biomass, possibly because of the association of greater vegetation biomass with greater fence density and proportion of barbed wires. Although removing fences can be costly, lowering the top barbed wire, as well as constructing special gates and seasonal use of existing gates, may be beneficial for this endangered species at minimal disruption to local people. © 2014 The Wildlife Society.
Evidence for a right cochlear implant advantage in simultaneous bilateral cochlear implantation
Authors: Henkin Yael , Swead Riki Taitelbaum , Roth Daphne Ari‐Even , Kishon‐Rabin Liat , Shapira Yisgav , Migirov Lela , Hildesheimer Minka , Kaplan‐Neeman Ricky 
Published: February 2014

Objectives/HypothesisTo compare speech perception performance with right versus left cochlear implants (CIs) in children with bilateral CIs implanted simultaneously.Study DesignProspective case series of patients undergoing simultaneous bilateral cochlear implantation.MethodsSpeech perception performance was tested in 10, right‐handed children who received bilateral CIs simultaneously between 11 and 36 months (mean, 21 months), had at least 18 months of bilateral CI use, and were 5.3 years of age during testing. All children exhibited bilateral symmetrical severe‐to‐profound hearing loss prior to implantation and did not benefit from hearing aids. Speech perception performance was evaluated with the right CI and the left CI by means of an open‐set monosyllabic word test in quiet presented at 45 dB HL in a sound field.ResultsAll children exhibited higher performance with the right CI compared to the left CI. Group mean performance with the right CI was 66.5% compared to 52% with the left CI (P = .002), yielding a 14.5% difference. With increasing duration of bilateral CI use and age at evaluation, the right–left difference increased (r = 0.72, P = .019 and r = 0.74, P = .014, respectively).ConclusionsCurrent preliminary data indicate that children with bilateral CIs implanted simultaneously exhibit a significant right ear advantage for speech. Similarly to reports on normal‐hearing children, right ear preference for speech increased with increasing age and auditory–linguistic experience. Thus, simultaneous bilateral cochlear implantation may lead to normal development of auditory pathways and may be an important contributor to the superior auditory, language, and communication skills reported in children with bilateral versus unilateral CIs.Level of Evidence4. Laryngoscope, 124:1937–1941, 2014
A Political Ecology Perspective of Land Degradation in the North Ethiopian Highlands
Authors: Lanckriet Sil , Derudder Ben , Naudts Jozef , Bauer Hans , Deckers Jozef , Haile Mitiku , Nyssen Jan 
Published: February 2014

AbstractSevere environmental degradation in the north Ethiopian Highlands is among others the result of mismanagement, overpopulation and droughts. However, here, we investigate the linkages of land degradation with the historical dynamics of the political–ecological system and regional land policies. We performed semi‐structured interviews with 93 farmers in eight villages in the Tigray region (north Ethiopia) and conceptualised a political–ecological model of land tenure and degradation changes for the region. Results show that different land policies caused and still cause land degradation in several ways. Interviews reveal that the unequal character of land rights during feudal times played an important role in 19th and 20th century land degradation. In particular, poor farmers were forced to construct their farms on marginal terrains, such as steep slopes in dry areas and marshes in cold and humid areas, increasing the catchment water runoff and degradation. The interviews further suggest that after the Derg regime (1974–1991), environmental conservation strategies were successfully implemented at larger scales. Overall, feudal, Derg and contemporary land policies have all had impacts on environmental degradation and have left their fingerprints on the physical landscape of northern Ethiopia. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dual Redox and Thermoresponsive Double Hydrophilic Block Copolymers with Tunable Thermoresponsive Properties and Self‐Assembly Behavior
Authors: Chan Nicky , An So Young , Yee Nathan , Oh Jung Kwon 
Published: February 2014

The synthesis, tunable thermoresponsive properties, and self‐assembly of dual redox and thermoresponsive double hydrophilic block copolymers having pendant disulfide linkages (DHBCss) are reported. Well‐defined DHBCss composed of a hydrophilic poly(ethylene oxide) block and a dual thermo‐ and reduction‐responsive random copolymer block containing pendant disulfide linkages are synthesized by atom transfer radical polymerization. Their lower critical solution temperature (LCST) transitions are adjusted through modulating pendant hydrophobic–hydrophilic balance with disulfide–thiol–sulfide chemistry. Further, these DHBCss derivatives are converted to disulfide‐crosslinked nanogels at temperatures above LCST through temperature‐driven self‐assembly and in situ disulfide crosslinking. They exhibit enhanced colloidal stability and further reduction‐responsive degradability, thus demonstrating versatility of dual thermo‐ and reduction‐responsive smart materials.
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Controlled Polymerization of Protic Ionic Liquid Monomer by ARGET‐ATRP and TERP
Authors: Nakamura Yasuyuki , Nakanishi Kouji , Yamago Shigeru , Tsujii Yoshinobu , Takahashi Kenichi , Morinaga Takashi , Sato Takaya 
Published: February 2014

The direct synthesis of structurally well‐defined protic polymeric ionic liquid (PIL) with controlled molecular weight and molecular weight distribution is examined using N,N‐diethyl‐N‐(2‐methacryloylethyl) ammonium bis(tri‐fluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (DEMH‐TFSI) as a monomer. Three polymerization methods, namely, atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP), activators regenerated by electron transfer (ARGET)‐ATRP, and organotellurium‐mediated living radical polymerization (TERP) are employed in this study. While the polymerization by ATRP is slow and does not reach high monomer conversion that under ARGET‐ATRP and TERP proceeds smoothly and affords structurally well‐defined poly(DEMH‐TFSI)s. TERP is especially efficient for the control and poly(DEMH‐TFSI)s with low to high molecular weights ( = 49 100–392 500) and narrow molecular weight distributions (/ = 1.17–1.46) are obtained. These results represent the first example of synthesis of a structurally well‐defined protic, ammonium PIL by direct polymerization of the protic ionic liquid monomer. The polymerization of N,N‐diethyl‐N‐(2‐methacryloylethyl)‐N‐methylammonium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (DEMM‐TFSI), which possesses a quaternary ammonium salt, also proceeds in a highly controlled manner under TERP conditions. A diblock copolymer, polystyrene‐block‐poly(DEMH‐TFSI), is also successfully synthesized by TERP.
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Novel α,α‐Bischolesteryl Functional (Co)Polymers: RAFT Radical Polymerization Synthesis and Preliminary Solution Characterization
Authors: Roth Peter J. , Davis Thomas P. , Lowe Andrew B. 
Published: February 2014

Well‐defined poly[pentafluorophenyl (meth)acrylate] (PPFP(M)A) homopolymers are prepared by RAFT radical polymerization mediated by a novel chain transfer agent containing two cholesteryl groups in the R‐group fragment. Subsequent reaction with a series of small‐molecule amines in the presence of an appropriate Michael acceptor for ω‐group end‐capping yields a library of novel bischolesteryl functional hydrophilic homopolymers. Two examples of statistical copolymers are also prepared including a biologically relevant sugar derivative. Specific examples of these homopolymers are examined with respect to their ability to self assemble in aqueous media—a process driven entirely by the cholesteryl end groups. In all instances evaluated, and under the preparation conditions examined, the homopolymers aggregate clearly forming polymersomes spanning an impressive size range.
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