bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Laboratory Measurements on Changes in Carbonate Rock Properties due to CO2-Saturated Water Injection
Authors: Kono Fumio , Kato Ayato , Shimokawara Mai , Tsushima Kazuki 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
Carbon dioxide enhanced oil recovery (CO2-EOR) is gaining attention as a technique for reducing environmental impact and enhancing crude oil recovery. The injected CO2 reaches supercritical states at certain temperature and pressure conditions to be miscible with crude oil. Then, miscible CO2-oil mixture has lower viscosity and higher mobility than oil alone, leading to increased oil recovery rate. However, carbonate minerals are known to dissolve when CO2 is injected into reservoirs; therefore, it is important to evaluate how properties of rocks in a carbonate rock reservoir are affected by CO2-EOR. In this study, CO2-rich water was injected on carbonate rock samples mainly collected from Middle Eastern oil field and laboratory measurements including SEM image, liquid chromatography analysis, NMR T2 relaxation time and elastic wave velocity measurement, were conducted. The dissolution states of carbonate minerals were investigated by SEM images. Furthermore, liquid chromatography analysis was applied to CO2-rich water flooded through the samples to detect the amount of dissolved carbonate minerals. The porosity increase estimated from the chromatography analysis could be 0.6% or higher at 100 pore volumes (PV) injection. On the other hands, it was observed that samples became shorter as injection increased. The sample shortening may be caused by mechanical compaction associated with pressure loading test. The corresponding porosity reduction due to the sample shortening was estimated; magnitude of the average value of four sample is comparable to porosity increase due to chemical dissolution. Elastic wave velocity measurements showed P-wave velocity decreased in all the samples, as the amount of CO2-rich water increased; P-wave velocity increase at 100 PV was 2 - 10 %. S-wave velocity decrease was also observed to be 2 - 4% in the most of samples. Moreover, intensity reduction of small size pore was observed by NMR T2 relaxation time analysis. Thus, it was confirmed that effects of CO2-rich water injection on reservoir rock properties cannot be negligible.
Dynamic Modelling for Well Design, Increasing Operational Margins in Challenging Fields
Authors: Vielma W. E. , Mosti I. 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
The easy oil is gone and current field developments requires different approaches to produce oil and gas reserves in the most effective and economic ways, keeping the safety standards as high as technologically possible.
The use of dynamic hydraulic modelling software to predict and establish wellbore pressures and temperature in challenging wells (e.g.: narrow margin window, HPHT or mature/depleted reservoirs), enable Drilling Engineers (DE) to make the well design within the operational limits for drilling, tripping, casing and cementing operations, thus allowing access to reserves. However, this process must start with a management of change in the philosophy that still is being applied today in planning and operational procedures (steady state modelling).
This process starts with an in-depth review of the expected pore/fracture pressures, wellbore stability window and temperature profile along the well trajectory. The prediction of the operational window for each of the well sections will then be used to review the optimal mud weight including the dynamic ECD/ESD management and dynamic kick tolerance limitation for the proposed fluid, considering the operational transient effects on the well design. Subsequently, dynamic surge and swab and cementing calculations are included in the review to ensure that pore and fracture pressure limits are maintained during all operations. Bottomhole temperatures as well as surface temperatures can then be reviewed and predicted to ensure that downhole tools and other components can be used according to tool specifications.
A combination of drilling techniques combined with real time pore pressure predictions, dynamic modelling and online drilling systems supported by the powerful computational technologies available nowadays, will change the way we plan and work our challenging fields in the near future.
This paper will explore the fundamentals of the dynamic drilling modelling required during the well planning process, in addition to a brief description of "online drilling systems", to allow safe access to challenging fields.
Building Tomorrow's Safety Leaders - An Engaging Programme for Behavioural Change
Authors: Ross Gregory 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
To facilitate the vision of becoming The World's Most Admired Oil Service Company, Petrofac embarked on an engaging programme to cultivate the safety behaviours of its future leaders. Targeting the 2013 graduate intake to the company's prestigious graduate learning and development programme based in its Sharjah Academy headquarters, the safety programme aimed to focus on learning, innovation and action: Using learning to shape what we do and improve.Doing things differently (innovating) to be more effective.Demonstrating what we've learned and taking the lessons forward through action – changing our behaviours.
This paper describes the elements of the programme, why it was developed and how it was delivered. It is presented with source material and interactive ideas for others to model and utilize in their leadership programmes.
The programme was structured into two phases; establishing the Foundations and Readiness for Site, with the latter delivered six months later to consolidate the foundation elements prior to graduate engineers being mobilised to site.
Ideas were drawn from diverse sources such as TED Talks, Malcom Gladwell's The Tipping Point: How Little Things Can Make a Big Difference, Simon Sineck's Start With Why: How Great Leaders Inspire Everyone to Take Action, and W2 Training (who run safety leadership programmes for Petrofac).
Learning modules included: Leadership – introduction to Petrofac Leaders' Guide to Safe Operations, developed to provide thoughtful and structured advice on the behaviours to adopt for effective safety leadership.Culture - exploring the importance of organisational, cultural and behavioural aspects of safety management.Hazards, Tools and Rules – worksite hazards and risk assessment processes, HSSE tools, Petrofac's Golden Rules of Safety, and a simple model for effective intervention at site.
A case study pulls together the programme elements through review of a major accident.
The programme concludes with a call to action through the development of ‘Keystone Safety Habits’, with the hope these promote other aspects of the graduates' safety behaviours and build momentum to fuel transformative change in the company's safety culture.
Interactive Planning Tool for Integrated Activity Planning to Optimize Maintenance Activity Schedules to Minimize Production Losses Improve Forecast Quality
Authors: Said Saad A. , Al-Sheikh Medhat Ali , Al-Hadrami Hussein Amer , Al-Hamedi Kholoud Salem , Kirkman Matthew , Lasrado Vineet , Rodriguez Miguel , Habash Mahmoud 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
Production forecasting is an important business process requirement for operators to plan production operations, budgets, and future projects. Production forecasting can be performed over different time horizons—monthly, quarterly, yearly, and even longer-term over the life of the field. The tools used also depend on the time frame of the forecasting horizon. Activity planning or, more specifically, integrated activity/field planning is an equally important process that is tightly linked with the production forecasting. This is challenging for several reasons, such as the usage of different tools for planning and production forecasting, the lack of integration between the different systems, and disconnected business processes.
A major offshore operating company (ADMA-OPCO) operates two large fields with ongoing significant brownfield modifications, inspection, surveillance, and drilling activities that impact production. Planning and scheduling these activities, taking into account the production impact and helping to minimize production losses, is a complex task that requires coordination between multiple departments. The operating company recognized significant benefits could be achieved by using integrated activity/field planning to provide an understanding of the impact of activities on the production forecasts.
To achieve this, and with support of the planning group, the operating company developed an application to enable rapid visualization of the production impact resulting from the interaction of all field activities, targeting the following objectives: 1) enhance the accuracy and confidence of Field Sustainable Production Rate (FSPR) estimates and production forecasts, 2) enable workflow consistency and process efficiency, and 3) enable the realization of improved operational efficiencies and FSPRs. This application was developed as a pilot project, working in partnership with a service company. The pilot is now moving ahead to implementation so that end users can begin working with the system to help optimize activities and minimize production downtime. There are plans to further enhance the system by integrating it with engineering/simulation models. Such integration will provide the added benefit of reducing the forecasting horizon over which the system can be used and will be closely linked with production optimization.
New Method of Analyzing Cost Estimation by Integrating Monte-Carlo Simulation and Market Investigation
Authors: Li D. , Jin F. , Yin Y. 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
New method of analyzing cost estimation by integrating Monte-Carlo simulation and market investigation is proposed to consider both the uncertainties of cost estimate and their market drivers. Critical items which have big impact on cost estimation will be selected based on sensitivity analysis of Monte-Carlo simulation. By Likert scale, Relative Important Indices (RII) and Normalized Important Indices (NII), important critical items will be chosen from critical items based on both discipline experts' experience and procurement experts' experience. Important critical items will be re-enquired in details in the market. Eventually, the re-rankings of market drivers will be acted as guidelines for carrying out project cost re-simulation with inquired information of important critical items more efficiency. As one case, one petrochemical EPC contracting project in Saudi is illustrated to verify the validity of proposed method in practice. On the basis of the traditional cost risk analysis by Monte-Carlo simulation, the methodology of analyzing project cost estimates by integrating market-drivers, Monte-Carlo simulation and the Likert scale are proposed and obtain the following conclusions: (1) re-ranking of cost items are obtained by integrating sensitivity analysis of Monte-Carlo simulation with Likert scale in order to re-enquiry the prices of important critical items for adjusting cost estimates; (2) identifying market drivers affecting cost items and obtaining the re-ranking of market drivers for project management team to take effective and rational measures.
Specific Workflow for Integrated and Multiscale Geoscience & Reservoir Evaluation Dedicated to Middle East Carbonate Reservoirs
Authors: Javaux C. , Chenot D. 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
This paper explores some of the most innovative building blocks of the 3D modeling workflow used in carbonate reservoirs to deal with their natural complexity. Based on real published cases, different methodologies are presented.
Stratigraphic forward modeling can capture specific carbonate geometries, i.e. clinoforms, rudistid build-ups, incisions, tidal channels of Shuaiba and Mishrif platforms, and help predicting subtle traps. The role of 3D seismic, specifically through stochastic impedance inversion is highlighted to detect depositional heterogeneities in the Mishrif.
Another Mishrif example shows porosity prediction from post-stack impedance inversion and feedback loops between synthetic versus original seismic data and between synthetic seismic versus the reservoir model. Recent breakthrough is achieved with a 4D seismic pilot acquired over a carbonate field with a long producing history. 2G&R interpretation (including fluid and dynamic constraints) integrates 4D in-house warping processing.
Then the paper focuses on the tracking of dolomitic bodies, such as in the Khuff or the Arab formations. It is first based on the identification of their origin at wells, by petrography, geochemistry and sedimentology. Dolomitic bodies are then propagated in 3D with the constraint of seismic data. Probability cubes of dolostones versus limestones are derived from classification of multi-realization stochastic impedance inversion. These cubes are directly compatible with the geomodel grid. The spatial and petrophysical distribution of the early to late dolomitic overprints can be simulated with process-based and object-based methods.
This paper ends with a comprehensive 2G&R integration capturing heterogeneities which impact the development plan. The complex faulted Cretaceous reservoir taken as example has large matrix permeability contrasts linked to facies and diagenesis and is baffled by continuous dense zones and tar mats. To avoid any time-consuming numerical upscaling between geological and simulation grids, the same grid was built for the two models allowing quick feedback iterations during the history matching and further model updates.
Thanks to high performance (HPC) computing technology, new simulation opportunity opens the floor to Giga cell dynamic models at very fine resolution. These HPC based simulations are well adapted to the Middle East giant carbonate fields.
Risk Evaluation of a Simplified Approach to Reservoir Performance and Management in a Complex Field: Revisiting the Limits
Authors: Khan M. N. , Ouzzane D. E. , Menchaca T. Felix 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
Generally the hydrocarbon recovery factor and the complexity of the recovery mechanism are directly related. With the maturation of a producing field, enhanced monitoring plans and the implementation of fit-for-purpose data analyses workflows become necessary to understand well and reservoir dynamics for adequate reservoir management decisions. However, in reality, shifting the paradigm to adopt appropriate work strategies can, in certain circumstances, be restrained by several factors, including organizational issues.
In this paper, the risk of implementing simplified reservoir management practices in a complex carbonate field is evaluated. An extensive study carried out in a thin oil-rim carbonate reservoir which undergoes substantial gas and water injection in its huge gas cap and aquifer respectively. The objective of the study is to review the use of conventional lift curves i.e., oil rate – well head pressure cross plot, to:
Predict well performance changes under varying production conditions. Accurately allocate daily well production.
It is found that the use of a simplified approach for well performance analyses and production allocation may not be representative in this particular case. The potential risks of using simplified approach are identified and the need of adopting sophisticated processes, to carry out appropriate modelling for representative results, are also discussed in this work.
This study conceptually demonstrates that a fully integrated reservoir/well/network coupled model is required to accurately address such cases. An integrated approach would not only benefit better understanding of well and reservoir behavior, but it would also aid meaningful decisions for establishing reservoir management best practices and strategies.
Managing Process Alarms in a LNG Facility
Authors: Liu Z. , Al Hammadi J. 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
Alarm management affects the bottom line and safety. A well-managed alarm system can help a process run closer to its optimal operating point while nuisance alarms heightened as a risk of alarm flood could have consequential adverse effect on product quality, process efficiency, equipment protection, environmental incident and personnel safety. An effective alarm management program is more than good operational practice, it may also become a business necessity for insurance industry and regulatory bodies.
This paper describes an approach and methodology adopted by ADGAS to effectively manage nuisance process alarms. A comprehensive assessment on the current status of key alarm performances against EEMUA-191 guidelines and ISA-18.2 standard was presented. Although significant reduction of nuisance alarms was achieved through alarm rationalisation, documentation and various suppression techniques during an alarm management project, maintaining a good performance of the alarm system and managing the changes during daily operation can be even more important and challenging in the alarm management lifecycle. This paper also describes an initiative involving a multi-discipline team to continuously review, analyse and reduce nuisance alarms.
As a result, frequent alarms were reduced by 40% for both process and utilities. A framework is established to ensure the good alarm management practice is sustainable and maintained.
ADCO'S Leadership Talent Psychometrics: Objective Measurement of Leadership Qualities for Potential Assessment and Development
Authors: Zahoor S. , Montes T. , Wahl A. 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
In the Oil and Gas Industry today, the most pressing challenge facing almost all organisations worldwide is the availability of talent. In ensuring that companies are able to sustain and build their capabilities in both technical as well as managerial areas, the market for qualified talent has become an intense international competition that will dominate the strategic concerns of many oil companies for a long time.
For the UAE, with a large part of economic activity still dependent on the exploration and production of Oil and Gas, the perspective on the war for talent is characterised by the need to accelerate the time to proficiency of its national workforce. The crew change from retiring international expertise is now reducing operational experience from an average of 16 years down to 10 years or less.
A broad front is being taken by the ADNOC Group of Companies to address these concerns so that a continuous value chain of technical and leadership talent provides the assurance of sustaining the growth in the current demand for oil production and exports.
This paper examines one important facet of this current reality. It focuses on the efforts by Abu Dhabi Company for Onshore Oil Operations (ADCO) towards attraction, retention and development of critical leadership talent as a subset of talent and succession planning. In particular this report provides detailed insights into the use of psychometric instruments in ADCO that enables the generation of objective information about leadership behaviour and potential.
Implementation of Project Areas Reservation System
Authors: Athmaram Jayaprakash , Batahif Awad Saleh 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
Land availability in offshore Islands is becoming increasingly ambitious due to large scale developments as part of various Engineering Projects. In fact some of these Islands are fast becoming regional hub/s for accommodation, oil and gas collection, processing and shipment. Project Management Teams (PMT) often clamber and compete for space in the offshore Islands to implement several projects as per engineering priority's and other project demands. It is often noted that PMT end up holding the project due to unavailability of laydown area and/or camp area as per company regulation and HSE design philosophies. ZADCO observed that future projects in its natural and artificial islands will require exceptional coordination and collaboration. Hence, it was considered paramount to implement a centralised project area reservation procedure and land use system to efficiently manage the project interfaces and control its high value real estate offshore.
Based on this requirement, a web based system with intuitive mapping frontend and tools to create project area or space reservations was internally designed and developed by Engineering Projects, referred as ‘iSPACE’. Today, project engineers use iSPACE to draw the project area of interest and route the area reservation approvals via automated workflows. Once the area is approved by all concerned, the area is reserved in the system and a Land Use Permit Form with area map, boundary coordinates such as Latitudes and Longitudes are generated.
It was observed that the system assists top management in case of any land dispute due to various ongoing and planned project interfaces on the Islands. The system provides a snapshot of all possible facilities, utilities, habitat, underground networks that may be affected as first-hand information based on the project area derived, using which faster, better decisions can be reached by the stakeholders.
Land Use Permit report with project area map including topography data, general soil and underground utilities data had increased the awareness of the sites by PMT teams. Further the system provides a cumulative inventory of projects being executed on the islands, project types and its approval status vis-à-vis to ongoing developments.
Why Does New Equipment Fail?
Authors: Henry Neil S 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
During investigation of equipment failure and deterioration of equipment the age of the equipment has been considered as a factor in problem being studied. The equipment being studied has been from many industries, but the majority of the work carried out was in Petrochemical facilities. The pattern which emerged from a study of two years (and over 200) investigations, revealed a pattern which revealed approximately 10% of equipment was less than 5 years old and over 20% was less than 10 years old.
There is a great deal of focus on managing ageing process equipment in the petrochemical industry. The performance of "younger" equipment appears to be equally unreliable as 25 to 30 year old equipment, in terms of number of failures. Industry is perhaps suffering failure, at both ends of the operating life of a plant which could be mitigated or avoided. By integrating the reasons for failure, into the design, fabrication and operation of equipment there is an opportunity to improve the reliability of new plants.
This paper has been prepared from data gained during detailed root cause analysis of equipment failure investigation. In order to manage the challenges of confidentiality of information, the results are described broad principals of the conditions which resulted in failure. These events are rarely the result of a single factor, therefore methods of restricting the potential for the combination of these circumstances are the key message.
It may be that many people believe the situation is no worse now, than it has been in the past, but my experience over 30 plus years suggests it is now more serious. There appear to be more significant failures, leading to prolonged plant shutdown. It is likely improvements in safety management have controlled the consequences of these events, so they do not cause the level of "injury" observed historically. The business loss appears to be the major impact of failure. However, in the longer term, the integrity of equipment may not meet the expected statistical performance values, which are commonly used in risk based studies for inspection or process safety
As the improvement in the financial climate for industry leads to many new plants being constructed, the importance of learning from experience and improving reliability represents a significant financial advantage. The data indicates achieving these benefits should involve all parts of the project process. This may not be simple to achieve, but the results are considered worthwhile. Some suggestions of how to achieve this objective are included in the conclusions.