bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effectiveness of clopidogrel dose escalation to normalize active metabolite exposure and antiplatelet effects in CYP2C19 poor metabolizers
Authors: Horenstein Richard B. , Madabushi Rajnikanth , Zineh Issam , Yerges‐Armstrong Laura M. , Peer Cody J. , Schuck Robert N. , Figg William Douglas , Shuldiner Alan R. , Pacanowski Michael A. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractCarriers of two copies of the loss‐of‐function CYP2C19*2 variant convert less clopidogrel into its active metabolite, resulting in diminished antiplatelet responses and higher cardiovascular event rates. To evaluate whether increasing the daily clopidogrel dose in poor metabolizers (PM) overcomes the effect of the CYP2C19 * 2 variant, we enrolled 18 healthy participants in a genotype‐stratified, multi‐dose, three‐period, fixed‐sequence crossover study. Six participants with the *1/*1 extensive (EM), *1/*2 intermediate (IM), and *2/*2 poor metabolizer genotypes each received 75 mg, 150 mg, and 300 mg each for 8 days. In each period, maximal platelet aggregation 4 hours post‐dose (MPA4) and active metabolite area under the curve (AUC) differed among genotype groups (P < .05 for all). At day 8, PMs needed 300 mg daily and IMs needed 150 mg daily to attain a similar MPA4 as EMs on the 75 mg dose (32.6%, 33.2%, 31.3%, respectively). Similarly, PMs needed 300 mg daily to achieve active metabolite concentrations that were similar to EMs on 75 mg (AUC 37.7 and 33.5 ng h/mL, respectively). These results suggest that quadrupling the usual clopidogrel dose might be necessary to overcome the effect of poor CYP2C19 metabolism.
Tropical cyclone formation and motion in the Mozambique Channel
Authors: Matyas Corene J. 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTAlthough tropical cyclones (TCs) forming in the Mozambique Channel are relatively close to land and have affected vulnerable populations, few studies specifically examine these storms. This study analysed formation frequency and location and storm motion during 1948–2010. A geographic information system was employed to calculate storm trajectory and determine whether or not landfall occurred. Reanalysis data from NCEP/NCAR were examined to identify environmental conditions such as 500 hPa geopotential heights and precipitable water. Nonparametric statistical tests explored relationships between these conditions, TC attributes, and four teleconnections known to influence circulation patterns in the greater Southwest Indian Ocean: the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO), Indian Ocean Subtropical Dipole (IOSD), Madden‐Julian Oscillation (MJO), and Southern Annular Mode (SAM). Results show that 94 TCs formed in the channel, with approximately 50% making landfall. Formation frequency varied under different phases of the SAM, IOSD, and MJO. Findings differed when the study period was divided into half, suggesting that inclusion of data prior to 1979 be interpreted cautiously. During the second period, formation tended to occur in the northern (southern) portion of the channel when the IOSD and SAM were negative (positive). The MJO and SAM were associated with differences in precipitable water values, while the MJO and IOSD were associated with track curvature. Geopotential height anomalies at 500 hPa varied under the three phases of ENSO.
Contribution of East Indian Ocean SSTA to Western North Pacific tropical cyclone activity under El Niño/La Niña conditions
Authors: Ha Yao , Zhong Zhong , Yang Xiuqun , Sun Yuan 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTThis study investigates, under El Niño/La Niña conditions, the effects of sea surface temperature anomaly (SSTA) in the East Indian Ocean (EIO) on tropical cyclone (TC) genesis over the western North Pacific (WNP), and a possible mechanism is proposed. It is found that the EIO SSTA exerts a secondary modulation to cyclogenesis relative to the El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO), and the negative correlation between the EIO SSTA and WNP TC frequency is significantly weakened by the ENSO events. Under El Niño (La Niña) conditions, no matter what phases of EIO SSTA, TC genesis generally shows similar features with low (high) frequency in the western‐central WNP (15°–25°N, 120°–150°E) and high (low) frequency in the southeastern WNP (5°–15°N, 150°–170°E). In particular, the effects of warm EIO SSTA on the WNP TC activity represent an asymmetry between El Niño and La Niña. That is, the warm EIO SSTA and El Niño share combined effects to decrease TC genesis over the western‐central WNP. By contrast, under La Niña conditions, the influence of warm EIO SSTA on TC activity over the western‐central WNP is partially drown out by La Niña. Meanwhile, weaker monsoon trough with intense anomaly of easterly jointly induced by the two factors suppresses TC genesis over the southeastern WNP.
The climatological relationship between tropical cyclones in the southwest Pacific and the southern annular mode
Authors: Diamond H. J. , Renwick J. A. 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTIn this study, we focus on possible climatological relationships between southwest Pacific tropical cyclone (TC) activity and the Southern Annular Mode (SAM) and ENSO, at both interannual and synoptic time‐scales. The investigation focuses on TC seasonal characteristics (e.g. cyclogenesis, track characteristics, extratropical transition, and intensity) as modulated according to the polarity of the SAM and ENSO. At synoptic time‐scales, we also look at possible triggers of TC cyclogenesis in the SAM signal up to 20 days in advance. The physical basis for this relationship is assessed using a number of different gridded data fields. During seasons characterized by positive phases of SAM and both positive and negative Southern Oscillation Index (SOI) values, there is an increased frequency of TCs undergoing extratropical transition near New Zealand. At synoptic time‐scales, we found an interesting yet inconclusive relationship between the SAM and tropical cyclogenesis during SOI positive seasons. While statistically significant, there is no clear physical mechanism linking the mid‐latitude SAM phenomenon to the genesis of TCs. In summary, the results show a clear interannual climatological relationship between an increased frequency of TCs undergoing extratropical transition near New Zealand and the positive phase of SAM.
Low dose of propranolol does not affect rat osteotomy healing and callus strength
Authors: Smitham Peter , Crossfield Lawrence , Hughes Gillian , Goodship Allen , Blunn Gordon , Chenu Chantal 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTExperimental studies suggest that the β‐blocker propranolol stimulates bone formation but little work has investigated its effect on fracture healing. In this study, we examined if a low dose of propranolol, previously shown to be preventive against bone loss in rats, improves bone repair. Female Wistar rats were injected with saline or propranolol (0.1 mg/kg/day) (n = 20/group), 5 days a week for 8 weeks. Three weeks after the beginning of treatment, all rats underwent a mid‐diaphyseal transverse osteotomy in the left femur. Radiographic analysis of ostetomy healing was performed 2 and 5 weeks after osteotomy. Rats were sacrificed at 5 weeks and femora collected for measurements of fracture strength by torsional testing, callus volume, and mineral content by micro‐CT analysis and histology of fracture callus. Eighty nine percent of osteotomies achieved apparent radiological union by 5 weeks in both groups. Propranolol treatment did not significantly alter the torsional strength of the fractured femur compared with controls. The volume and mineralization of fracture callus at 5 weeks were not significantly different in both groups. Histology showed that endochondral ossification was not affected by propranolol. Altogether, our results demonstrate that propranolol using the regimen described does not significantly improve or inhibit rat osteotomy healing and mechanical strength. © 2014 The Authors. Journal of Orthopaedic Research Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 32:887–893, 2014.
Self‐Assembly of Polyrotaxanes Synthesized Via Click Chemistry of Azido‐Endcapped PNIPAAm‐b‐Pluronic F68‐b‐PNIPAAm/γ‐CD with Propargylamine‐Substituted β‐CDs
Authors: Jiang Lan , Ye Lin , Zhang Ai‐ying , Feng Zeng‐guo 
Published: April 2014

A kind of γ‐(cyclodextrin) (γ‐CD)‐based polyrotaxane (PR) is synthesized via an aqueous click reaction between propargylamine‐substituted β‐CD and polypseudorotaxanes (PPRs) self‐assembled from azido‐endcapped PNIPAAm‐b‐Pluronic F68‐b‐PNIPAAm with a varying amount of γ‐CD. The evolution of the self assembly, dependent on the preparation process, is observable by X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and DSC analyses. The γ‐CD is able to be included and preferably entrapped on the PNIPAAm blocks, showing a unique loose‐fit aggregate structure after the click reaction. Most γ‐CDs gradually slip over to the middle PPG block of Pluronic F68, giving rise to a characteristic channel‐type crystal structure in the dialy­sis process. In addition, the lower critical solution temperature (LCST) is sharply enhanced due to the coverage of the remaining γ‐CDs hindering the thermally responsive aggregation of the PNIPAAm blocks.
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Abnormal dorsal premotor–motor inhibition in writer's cramp
Authors: Pirio Richardson Sarah , Beck Sandra , Bliem Barbara , Hallett Mark 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTThe authors hypothesized that a deficient premotor–motor inhibitory network contributes to the unwanted involuntary movements in dystonia. The authors studied nine controls and nine patients with writer's cramp (WC). Dorsal premotor–motor cortical inhibition (dPMI) was tested by applying conditioning transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to the dorsal premotor cortex and then a test pulse to the ipsilateral motor cortex at an interval of 6 ms. The authors used an H‐reflex in flexor carpi radialis paired with TMS over the premotor cortex to assess for spinal cord excitability change. Finally, the authors interrupted a choice reaction time task with TMS over dorsal premotor cortex to assess performance in a nondystonic task. The results showed that WC patients exhibited dPMI at rest (88.5%, the ratio of conditioned to unconditioned test pulse), in contrast to controls, who did not show dPMI (109.6%) (P = 0.0198). This difference between patients and controls persisted during contraction (100% vs. 112%) and pen‐holding (95.6% vs. 111%). The H‐reflex in the arm was not modulated by the premotor cortex stimulation. The WC patients made more errors, and the error rate improved with TMS over the premotor cortex. These results suggest that abnormal premotor–motor interactions may play a role in the pathophysiology of focal dystonia. The dPMI was not modulated by task in either group, but was constantly greater in the patients. The significance of the increased inhibition is likely to be compensatory. It appears to be a robust finding and, in combination with other features, could be further explored as a biomarker. © 2014 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
Computational coupling of moisture diffusion and mechanical deformation in polymer matrix composites
Authors: Bailakanavar M. , Fish J. , Aitharaju V. , Rodgers W. 
Published: April 2014

SUMMARYA computationally efficient multiscale–multiphysics model aimed at predicting mechanical response of thermoplastic composites subjected to different levels of moisture was developed. The mathematical model of the coupled moisture‐diffusion–mechanical‐deformation phenomenon was stated at the microscale, based on the observed experimental data, and then upscaled using a mathematical homogenization approach. A two‐way coupling between moisture diffusion and mechanical deformation was introduced by which diffusivity was enhanced by hydrostatic strain, whereas strength and stiffness were assumed to degrade because of moisture ingression, which also gives rise to swelling. The computational complexity of analyzing the two coupled physical processes at multiple scales was reduced via a model reduction scheme for multiple physical processes. The model was validated for 30% by weight filled glass fiber and carbon fiber reinforced thermoplastic composites. The moisture conditioning and uniaxial tension experiments were utilized to identify diffusion and mechanical properties at a fine scale. The identified properties were then used to validate the formulation in the three‐point bending test. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A novel approach to representative orientation distribution functions for modeling and simulation of polycrystalline shape memory alloys
Authors: Junker P. 
Published: April 2014

SUMMARYA micromechanical model for polycrystalline shape memory alloys (SMAs) was introduced in a series of papers by Hackl and coauthors. In order to model the polycrystalline aspect, they assumed a specific set of orientation distribution functions that had to be resolved with high numerical effort. Although this model displays interesting aspects, its use to simulate macroscopic specimens is problematic due to the long calculation time.In this paper, we present a new approach to modeling and simulation of polycrystalline SMAs that is based on parameterization of a class of orientation distribution functions by using only a few parameters. A variational concept is applied to derive evolution equations for these parameters. The resultant material model drastically reduces the calculation time and may thus provide an approach to efficient micromechanical simulation of specimens that are of engineering interest.This study presents a variety of different numerical examples, such as pseudoelastic and pseudoplastic material behavior for CuAlNi and NiTi SMAs, to demonstrate the broad applicability of the material model. The numerical benefit of the presented modeling approach is demonstrated by comparative calculations of the new model versus the previous model. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dimensional reduction of nonlinear finite element dynamic models with finite rotations and energy‐based mesh sampling and weighting for computational efficiency
Authors: Farhat Charbel , Avery Philip , Chapman Todd , Cortial Julien 
Published: April 2014

SUMMARYA rigorous computational framework for the dimensional reduction of discrete, high‐fidelity, nonlinear, finite element structural dynamics models is presented. It is based on the pre‐computation of solution snapshots, their compression into a reduced‐order basis, and the Galerkin projection of the given discrete high‐dimensional model onto this basis. To this effect, this framework distinguishes between vector‐valued displacements and manifold‐valued finite rotations. To minimize computational complexity, it also differentiates between the cases of constant and configuration‐dependent mass matrices. Like most projection‐based nonlinear model reduction methods, however, its computational efficiency hinges not only on the ability of the constructed reduced‐order basis to capture the dominant features of the solution of interest but also on the ability of this framework to compute fast and accurate approximations of the projection onto a subspace of tangent matrices and/or force vectors. The computation of the latter approximations is often referred to in the literature as hyper reduction. Hence, this paper also presents the energy‐conserving sampling and weighting (ECSW) hyper reduction method for discrete (or semi‐discrete), nonlinear, finite element structural dynamics models. Based on mesh sampling and the principle of virtual work, ECSW is natural for finite element computations and preserves an important energetic aspect of the high‐dimensional finite element model to be reduced. Equipped with this hyper reduction procedure, the aforementioned Galerkin projection framework is first demonstrated for several academic but challenging problems. Then, its potential for the effective solution of real problems is highlighted with the realistic simulation of the transient response of a vehicle to an underbody blast event. For this problem, the proposed nonlinear model reduction framework reduces the CPU time required by a typical high‐dimensional model by up to four orders of magnitude while maintaining a good level of accuracy. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Biophysical markers for abnormal placentation: first and/or second trimester
Authors: Farina Antonio 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTPlacental development is a major cause of a successful pregnancy, and in the presence of placental dysfunction, there is a higher risk of pregnancy complications. Doppler technology can be used for screening and detecting the more common pregnancy‐associated diseases like preeclampsia, intrauterine growth retardation, and perinatal loss. In this review, the biophysical markers are discussed in the light of the latest information that appeared in the medical literature. © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and property of polyoxazolidone having fluorene moiety by polyaddition of diisocyanate and diepoxide
Authors: Azechi Motohisa , Endo Takeshi 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTPolyoxazolidones having fluorenyl group were synthesized by polyaddition of 9,9‐diglycidyl fluorene with various diisocyanates. The polymer from 9,9‐diglycidyl fluorene and methylenediphenyl 4,4′‐diisocyanate was afforded in high yield although polydispersity of the polymer was found relatively broad. The IR spectrum of the obtained polymer showed two absorption in carbonyl region. One of them was assigned to the expected oxazolidone, while the other at 1710 cm−1 appeared due to a carbonyl group of the isocyanurate moieties produced by cyclotrimerization of isocyanate. It is assumed that the cyclotrimerization would cause the broad polydispersity caused by the branched structure formed by isocyanurate. The polymers obtained with three kinds of diisocyanates (methylenediphenyl 4,4'‐diisocyanate, 1,6‐hexamethylene diisocyanate, 1,4‐phenylene diisocyanate) showed high thermal stability, as their Td10 was depended on the structure of diisocyanate. All polymers had high transparency in a visible region. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2014, 52, 1755–1760
Examining pediatric emergency home ventilation practices in home health nurses: Opportunities for improved care
Authors: Kun Sheila S. , Beas Virginia N. , Keens Thomas G. , Ward Sally S.L. , Gold Jeffrey I. 
Published: April 2014

SummaryObjectivesTo assess the pediatric home health nurses' knowledge in tracheostomy and ventilator emergency care on home mechanical ventilation (HMV).BackgroundEmergencies are frightening experiences for solo home health nurses and require advanced skills in emergency response and care, especially in pediatric patients who pose unique challenges.Working HypothesisNurses with greater years of nursing experience would perform better on emergency HMV case‐based scenarios than nurses with less years of experience.Study DesignAn exploratory online survey was used to evaluate emergency case‐based pediatric scenarios. Demographic and professional experiences were profiled.Patient‐subject SelectionSeventy‐nine nurses had an average of 6.73 (SD = 1.41) years in pediatric nursing. Over 70% received their HMV training in their agency, 41% had less than 4 years of experience, and 30.4% had encountered at least one emergency situation at home.MethodologyThe online survey was distributed by managers of 22 home health agencies to nurses providing pediatric HMV care.ResultsNurses scored an average of 4.87 out of 10 possible points. There were no significant differences between nurses with <4 years of experience versus those with more experience on ventilator alarms knowledge or total knowledge. Ninety‐seven percent of the nurses favored more training in HMV from a variety of settings (e.g., agency, on‐line training).ConclusionsNurses did not perform well in case‐based ventilator alarm scenarios. Length of nursing experience did not differentiate greater knowledge. It is clear that nurses require and want more training in emergency‐based HMV. Recommendations for an enhanced curriculum are suggested. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2015; 50:691–697. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Control of density of CdSe quantum dots grown by MEE on MgS
Authors: Rajan Akhil , Moug Richard T. , Davidson Ian A. , Prior Kevin A. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractCdSe quantum dots were grown on MgS barrier layers by migration enhanced epitaxy. Following depositon of CdSe at 240 °C, the layers were annealed at 320 °C. In this study the annealing time was varied along with a delay time introduced between the CdSe deposition and the high temperature anneal.By varying just these two parameters the CdSe dot density measured by AFM could be varied by one order of magnitude. A short growth delay of just one minute between deposition and annealing was particularly effective and gave the lowest CdSe dot density reported so far of ∼40 × 108cm–2. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Improved transport properties for ZnO films on Al2O3(11$\bar2$0) by MOCVD
Authors: Hiragino Y. , Furubayashi Y. , Moriyama K. , Fujita Y. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractZnO films on Al2O3 (112$\bar2$0) with excellent transport properties were grown using metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) with a high speed rotating disk and a separated showerhead. Diisopropylzinc and tert ‐butanol were used as Zn and O precursors, respectively. Hall‐effect measurements revealed that the ZnO films in this work showed a high mobility of 140 cm2/Vs and a low carrier concentration of 1.5×1017 cm–3, both of which are comparable to those grown by molecular beam epitaxy or pulsed laser deposition. This report should open a way to the mass production of single crystalline ZnO films which should be usable for optoelectronic devices. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Electrically driven single photon emission from a CdSe/ZnSSe/MgS semiconductor quantum dot
Authors: Quitsch Wolf , Kümmell Tilmar , Gust Arne , Kruse Carsten , Hommel Detlef , Bacher Gerd 
Published: April 2014

AbstractWe demonstrate electrically driven single photon emission from a CdSe/ZnSSe/MgS single quantum dot embedded in a resonant cavity light emitting diode. Patterned Pd/Au top contacts are used to inject the charge carriers locally. Single quantum dot electroluminescence is obtained at T = 4 K from nanoapertures lithographically defined in the top contacts. At low current densities, antibunching with a value of g(2)(0) = 0.16 is achieved. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Growth of zinc oxide on pyrolytic graphite sheet by electrochemical and mist chemical vapor depositions
Authors: Kake Shunsuke , Uno Kazuyuki , Furotani Ikuhiro , Makabe Harutaka , Yamasaki Yuichiro , Tanaka Ichiro 
Published: April 2014

AbstractGrowth of zinc oxide (ZnO) on pyrolytic graphite sheet (PGS) by electrochemical deposition (ECD) and mist chemical vapor deposition (CVD) was investigated in the viewpoint of crystal orientations. We examined the fullwidth at half‐maximum (FWHM) of X‐ray rocking curve profiles of graphite 0002 and ZnO 0002 diffractions for the investigations. In the case of ECD, thermal annealing at 400, 800, and 1000 °C for PGS before the growth reduced the FWHM value of the grown ZnO.On the other hand, in the case of mist CVD, the growth process and an etching process which may flatten the surface roughness simultaneously occurred. As a result, the FWHM values of the grown ZnO and the PGS were almost the same. These results indicate that each ZnO grain was grown on each graphite grain along with a same c‐orientation direction. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)