bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lipolytic Activities in Post-Heparin Plasma in Man Measured with Different Substrate Emulsions
Authors: Vessby B. , Boberg J. , Lithell H. 
Published: August 2015

1. Post-heparin lipolytic activity in man has been studied by using a triglyceride substrate emulsion containing different emulsifiers.
2. The lipolytic activity measured was profoundly influenced by the type of emulsifier used in the substrate. Substrates stabilized by synthetic emulsifiers give higher lipolytic activity than Intralipid, which contains egg phospholipids as emulsifiers. This difference was solely explained by higher salt-resistant lipase activities found with emulsions containing synthetic emulsifiers. The salt-inhibited lipase activity, which has properties as a lipoprotein lipase, was not influenced by the type of emulsifier.
3. When used under specified conditions Intralipid seems to be virtually specific for extrahepatic post-heparin lipolytic activity.
Renin, Blood Volume and Response to Saralasin in Patients on Chronic Haemodialysis: Evidence against Volume- and Renin-‘Dependent’ Hypertension
Authors: McGrath B. P. , Ledingham J. G. G. 
Published: August 2015

1. No significant relationship was found between blood pressure and blood volume, sulphate space or plasma angiotensin II concentration in 59 non-nephrectomized haemodialysis patients, of whom 42 were hypertensive. Supine mean blood pressure was only weakly correlated with plasma renin activity and the correlation was not improved when blood pressure was related to expressions combining renin and volume.
2. Changes in supine mean blood pressure during saralasin infusion were related to pre-infusion plasma renin activity (P < 0·001) or plasma angiotensin II (P < 0·02) but also to blood volume (P < 0·001) or sulphate space (P < 0·001). A fall of more than 10% in mean blood pressure during saralasin infusion was observed in only 12 patients (one normotensive), in five of whom there was evidence of volume depletion.
3. Thirteen patients (nine hypertensive) were studied at two levels of dietary sodium: 100 mmol/day and < 20 mmol/day. Supine mean blood pressure in hypertensive patients was lower during the period of higher salt intake despite increased volumes.
4. Hypertension in haemodialysis patients cannot be adequately explained by abnormalities either in volume homeostasis and/or in the renin—angiotensin system.
The Causation of Splenomegaly in Schistosomiasis in Mice
Authors: Mahmoud Adel A. F. , Woodruff A. W. 
Published: August 2015

1. Mice were infected with fertile bisexual Schistosoma mansoni and compared with similar animals infected with unisexual worms or sterile bisexual worms.
2. A significant increase in splenic weight occurred in all infected animals.
3. Administration of well-tolerated doses of 6-mercaptopurine abolished the increase in relative splenic weight in animals infected with ordinary S. mansoni.
4. In splenectomized uninfected mice leucocytosis but no other haematological changes developed.
5. In splenectomized mice lower values for packed cell volume were observed 8 weeks after, but not 12 weeks after, infection with S. mansoni.
6. Slight prolongation of the life-span of erythrocytes occurred in splenectomized infected mice.
7. It is concluded that anaemia in schistosomiasis depends to a significant extent on immunity developed to adult schistosomal worms and can develop in the absence of schistosomal ova.
8. The anaemia resulting from such an immune response may be suppressed by administration of 6-mercaptopurine.
9. Such anaemia occurs even in splenectomized mice; thus hypersplenism is not necessary for its development although splenectomy slightly prolongs the erythrocyte life-span.
Circadian Rhythmicity of Delayed Hypersensitivity to Oxazolone in the Rat
Authors: Pownall R. , Knapp M. S. 
Published: August 2015

1. A marked circadian rhythm was detected in the ear swelling of rats immunized and then challenged with oxazolone.
2. The peak response observed at 10.00 hours was over eight times the minimum at 16.00 hours.
3. As related tests are used frequently in man greater attention to clock time is necessary in clinical immunology.
Effects of Diuretics on Renal Glucose Transport in the Dog
Authors: Wen S.-F. , Boynar J. W. , Stoll R. W. 
Published: August 2015

1. In order to study the relationship between sodium and glucose transport along the nephron, clearance and micropuncture experiments were performed in 16 dogs before and after administration of diuretics with different sites of action.
2. Administration of acetazolamide, 20 mg (90 μmol)/kg, in nine dogs significantly reduced proximal tubular reabsorption of sodium and glucose and slightly increased ‘distal’ delivery of glucose. Since no glycosuria developed despite significant natriuresis, the increased ‘distal’ load of glucose must have been reabsorbed.
3. The possible site of this ‘distal’ glucose reabsorption was further studied in seven dogs which had received extracellular volume expansion to 10% of body weight and acetazolamide, 10 mg (45 μmol)/kg, to suppress proximal tubule reabsorption. When frusemide, 10 mg (30 μmol)/kg, was added, fractional glucose excretion increased from 0·3 to 2% in the absence of additional proximal tubular effect. However, the frusemide effect on ‘distal’ glucose transport was far smaller than that on sodium since fractional sodium excretion reached 40%.
4. Our results indicate a good correlation between sodium and glucose transport in the proximal tubule since both are inhibited by acetazolamide. Administration of large doses of frusemide leads to a modest glycosuria, probably by inhibition of glucose reabsorption in the loop of Henle. However, frusemide effect on the proximal tubule of deep nephrons cannot be completely excluded. The large discrepancy in the magnitude of natriuresis and glycosuria suggests dissociation of ‘distal’ sodium and glucose transport. Alternative explanations for the frusemide-induced glycosuria are also discussed.
Biochemical and Clinical Effects of Ethane-1-Hydroxy-1,1-Diphosphonate in Calcium Nephrolithiasis
Authors: Baumann J. M. , Bisza S. , Fleisch H. , Wacker M. 
Published: August 2015

1. The short- and longer-term effects of ethane-1-hydroxy-1,1-diphosphonate (EHDP), an inhibitor of crystal growth and potential preventive agent against urinary tract stones in man, have been studied.
2. Measurement of urinary excretion of EHDP was used to define the best dosage regimen. When 4·4 mmol of EHDP was given daily in four divided doses the urinary concentration of EHDP achieved was high enough (10−5 mol/l) to inhibit the crystallization of calcium crystals throughout the day.
3. Nine patients with recurrent calcium stones were given this dose of EHDP daily for 12 months and seven were then studied for a further 12 months under placebo. During treatment with EHDP, inhibitory activity in urine towards precipitation of calcium phosphate was restored from low values to greatly above normal. This could be accounted for by the inhibitory effect of EHDP itself, coupled with an increase in urinary inorganic pyrophosphate. After stopping EHDP the excretion of EHDP rapidly fell to undetectable levels but the excretion of pyrophosphate remained elevated throughout the 12 months of placebo treatment. EHDP also induced a rise in plasma phosphate and an increase in the urinary excretion of oxalic acid and uric acid, but these changes were all fully reversible when EHDP was stopped.
4. The average rate of stone formation per patient per year decreased from 2·4 to 0·2 during treatment with EHDP and remained low during the following 24 months. However, the dose needed for this effect is known to affect bone turnover and mineralization.
Effect of Zinc on Leucocyte Sodium Transport In Vitro
Authors: Patrick J. , Michael J. , Golden M. N. , Golden B. E. , Hilton P. J. 
Published: August 2015

1. In a preparation of human leucocytes maintained in tissue culture fluid, increasing the extracellular zinc concentration leads to a significant increase in both ouabain-sensitive sodium efflux and in sodium influx.
2. Cell water and sodium content do not alter significantly with increasing extracellular zinc concentration.
3. A small increase in the ouabain-insensitive sodium efflux can be demonstrated when the external zinc concentration is raised from 0·75 μmol/l to 90 μmol/l.
Natriuretic Effect of Propranolol on Dogs with Chronic Bile-Duct Ligation
Authors: Winaver J. , Chaimovitz C. , Better O. S. 
Published: August 2015

1. Chronic ligation of the bile duct in dogs is associated with salt retention and a blunted natriuretic response to extracellular volume expansion. The mechanism of this phenomenon has not been clarified.
2. We have examined the influence of chronic β-adrenergic blockade on sodium excretion in dogs with bile-duct ligation during extracellular hypotonic volume expansion.
3. Urinary excretion of sodium and fractional excretion of sodium rose significantly after 5 days of oral dl-propranolol administration to dogs with bile-duct ligation.
4. The antinatriuresis after bile-duct ligation was not followed by a significant alteration in the mean peripheral plasma renin activity as compared with control values.
5. It is suggested that propranolol can partially reverse the antinatriuresis of chronic bile-duct ligation, and that this is mediated by an extrarenal effect of the β-adrenergic blockade.
Central and Peripheral Fatigue in Sustained Maximum Voluntary Contractions of Human Quadriceps Muscle
Authors: Bigland-Ritchie B. , Jones D. A. , Hosking G. P. , Edwards R. H. T. 
Published: August 2015

1. The fatigue of force that occurs during the first 60 s of a maximum voluntary contraction of the human quadriceps has been examined by comparing the voluntary force with that obtained by brief tetanic stimulation at 50 Hz in nine healthy subjects. In three subjects the voluntary force declined in parallel with the tetanic force whereas in the remainder it fell more rapidly, suggesting that central fatigue was present.
2. For those subjects who showed little or no central fatigue, surface electromyograph (EMG) activity remained approximately constant while the force declined by about 60%. In the others, EMG activity and force declined in parallel but when an extra effort was made the subjects could briefly increase their force and this was accompanied by a proportionately greater increase in EMG activity (generally up to the original value).
3. It is concluded that in sustained maximum voluntary contractions of the quadriceps (a) central fatigue may account for an appreciable proportion of the force loss, (b) surface EMG recordings provide no evidence that neuromuscular junction failure is the limiting factor determining the loss of force in this muscle.
Blood Alcohol and Impairment of Judgment
Authors: Pohl J.E.F. 
Published: August 2015

1. The cerebral depressant effect of 30 ml of aqueous ethanol diluted to 25% and administered orally to 16 volunteer subjects was compared with a control group of 15 volunteer subjects.
2. The two parallel forms of the Watson-Glaser Critical Thinking Appraisal tests were employed as a measure of cerebral function.
3. The control group showed a small but statistically insignificant improvement on retesting with Watson-Glaser test form ZM after preliminary administration of form YM.
4. The relationship between the blood alcohol time curve and the alcohol effect was analysed for each individual subject, each subject being used as his own control.
5. The main peak cerebral depressant effect was substantial and occurred on average 25.5 min before the attainment of the peak blood alcohol concentration.
6. There was no significant correlation between blood alcohol concentration and contemporaneous cerebral impairment (r = −0.01).
7. There was a highly significant correlation (r = 0.60) between the effect upon cerebral function and the gradient of the blood alcohol curve at that time.
Definition of a Conjugation Dysfunction in Gilbert's Syndrome: Studies of the Handling of Bilirubin Loads and of the Pattern of Bilirubin Conjugates Secreted in Bile
Authors: Goresky C. A. , Gordon Ellen R. , Shaffer E. A. , Paré P. , Carassavas D. , Aronoff A. 
Published: August 2015

1. Intravenous doses of bilirubin (3.4 μmol/kg) were given to normal subjects and patients with Gilbert's syndrome. Both groups displayed an identical initial disappearance of a substantial proportion of the bilirubin but, late in time, the Gilbert's patients exhibited reduced clearance with a sustained elevation of the plasma bilirubin and no reflux into the plasma space of conjugated bilirubin. Increasing the dose in normal subjects (by factors of 3 and 6) failed to reproduce the response found in the Gilbert's patients.
2. In the bile-containing duodenal aspirates of Gilbert's patients the average proportion of bilirubin found as bilirubin diglucuronide was 68% (normal 88%) and of bilirubin monoglucuronide, 23% (normal 7%). Both differences were significant at the P < 0.001 level. In the Gilbert's patients restriction of caloric intake to 1569 kJ/day for 2 days characteristically raised the serum bilirubin with no modification of the biliary pigment pattern; phenobarbital (180 mg/day for 2 weeks) decreased the plasma bilirubin to the normal range with, concomitantly, a reversion of the biliary pigment pattern towards normal.
3. We conclude that there is no hepatic uptake defect in Gilbert's syndrome but that there is decreased activity in the conjugation process underlying the addition of the second glucuronic acid moiety to bilirubin, to form bilirubin diglucuronide.
Exchange of Metabolites in the Leg of Exercising Juvenile Diabetic Subjects
Authors: Lyngsøe J. , Clausen J. P. , Trap-Jensen J. , Sestoft L. , de Muckadell O. Schaffalitzky , Holst J. J. , Nielsen S. L. , Rehfeld J. F. 
Published: August 2015

1. Exchange of metabolic substrates was studied across the leg at rest and during a bicycle exercise demanding 50% of the maximal oxygen uptake in seven patients with juvenile diabetes and six control subjects. The leg blood flow and the femoral arterial and venous substrate concentrations were measured in the fasting state and, in the diabetic subjects, 24 h after the last administration of insulin.
2. At rest a close correlation was seen in the control subjects between the leg glucose uptake and the arterial insulin concentration. The diabetic subjects, including three patients in whom it could be shown that the insulin concentrations were extremely low, had a resting glucose uptake in the same order of magnitude as the control subjects. The glucose uptake was inversely related to the arterial concentrations of non-esterified fatty acids in both groups.
3. During exercise the glucose uptake increased in both patients and control subjects, but the increase was not related to arterial concentrations of insulin or non-esterified fatty acids.
4. The release of lactate, pyruvate, alanine and glycerol from the leg was not different in diabetic and control subjects neither at rest nor during exercise.
5. The ketonaemia was increased in the diabetic subjects, but the uptake of total ketone bodies was not different in the two groups. No increase in the uptake of total ketone bodies in control and diabetic subjects was found during exercise. The leg uptake of acetoacetate was a function of the substrate load and tended to be higher in diabetic subjects during exercise, when no net uptake of β-hydroxybutyrate was found.
6. The above results suggest that the glucose uptake in human skeletal muscle at rest depends on the concentration of insulin and possibly also of non-esterified fatty acids in arterial blood. In contrast the glucose uptake during exercise is not related to the concentration of insulin or non-esterified fatty acids, which may explain why no differences in this aspect are seen between the leg metabolism of diabetic and normal subjects.
Biphasic Changes in Thymus Structure during Evolving Renal Hypertension
Authors: Chatelain R. E. , Ferrario C. M. 
Published: August 2015

1. Structural changes in the thymus during the evolution of experimental renal hypertension were investigated to determine their possible role in the genesis of hypertensive vascular disease.
2. The thymus, adrenal glands and the progression of hypertensive vascular lesions were investigated in rats during the first 30 days after occlusion of the aorta between the two renal arteries.
3. Hypertension was initially accompanied by marked atrophy of the thymus, most pronounced 9 days after operation. During this time, the adrenal glands doubled in size and the heart became enlarged.
4. After 21 days the thymus regenerated and became hypertrophic. Histological features of hyperactivity accompanied by infiltration of plasma cells were evident, while the adrenal glands remained enlarged.
5. The observed structural changes of the regenerated thymus in the presence of sustained adrenal hypertrophy indicate that the thymus may contribute to the production of hypertensive vascular disease.
Analytical Subcellular Fractionation Studies on Enterocytes from the Jejunum and Ileum of the Rat and Some Properties of Brush-Border Alkaline Phosphatase
Authors: Batt R. M. , Peters T. J. 
Published: August 2015

1. Enterocytes, isolated from the proximal jejunum and distal ileum of the rat, were homogenized and their organelles separated by isopycnic centrifugation on continuous sucrose density gradients. The distributions of marker enzymes for the principal organelles, RNA and protein were determined in the sucrose gradients and related to the activities per enterocyte.
2. In the jejunum the modal equilibrium densities of the various organelles were: brush borders (1.20), lysosomes (1.20), peroxisomes (1.19), mitochondria (1.17) and basal-lateral membranes (1.13). These values were not significantly different in the ileum. The activities of brush-border enzymes, soluble and mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase, soluble and membrane-associated lactate dehydrogenase and particulate protein content, however, were greater in the jejunal than the ileal enterocytes.
3. Detergent exposed latent alkaline phosphatase activity in jejunal enterocytes and indicated that this enzyme is present not only in the brush border but also in the basal-lateral membrane and soluble fractions of the cell.
4. Isolated jejunal brush-border preparations showed latent activities of both alkaline phosphatase and γ-glutamyltransferase whereas the activities of α-glucosidase and leucyl-β-naphthylamidase were not affected by detergent. Mechanical disruption of these preparations suggested the presence of two forms of alkaline phosphatase in the brush border and provides a technique to assess membrane fragility.
Role of Persistent Vascular Renin after Bilateral Nephrectomy in Goldblatt-Two Kidney Hypertension
Authors: Thurston H. , Hurst B. C. , Bing R. F. , Swales J. D. 
Published: August 2015

1. Aortic homogenate contains renin-like activity which on incubation generates angiotensin I over a wide pH range.
2. Rat aortic renin measured at an incubation pH of 6·5 rose and fell in parallel to plasma renin with salt depletion and salt-loading respectively. Renin measured at an incubation pH of 5·3 showed little relationship with plasma renin.
3. Aortic renin (pH 6·5) was elevated in Goldblatt-two kidney hypertension and slowly fell for 24 h after bilateral nephrectomy whereas the fall in plasma renin was complete by the first hour. Aortic renin (pH 5·3) was also high, but did not fall after bilateral nephrectomy.
4. Aortic renin (pH 6·5) is probably derived from plasma renin whereas renin measured at pH 5·3 is probably a tissue renin.
5. The prolonged half-life of aortic renin (pH 6·5) explains the observation that the renin—angiotensin system appears to be active in maintaining blood pressure for several hours after bilateral nephrectomy whereas the decline in plasma renin is rapid and does not continue significantly beyond 1 h.
Bile Secretion and Bile Composition in the Freely Moving, Unanaesthetized Rat with a Permanent Biliary Drainage: Influence of Food Intake on Bile Flow
Authors: Vonk R. J. , van Doorn A. B. D. , Strubbe J. H. 
Published: August 2015

1. In freely moving, unanaesthetized rats bile flow was measured continuously over the whole day-night cycle. Bile composition was analysed and the influence of food intake on bile flow was investigated.
2. In both sexes a distinct circadian variation of bile production was observed. The mean night-time production was 50% higher than the day-time value for female rats and 38% for male rats. In the morning when the light was switched on, a sharp decrease in secretion rate was prominent and bile flow gradually increased in the afternoon.
3. The pattern of food intake was positively correlated with the pattern of bile secretion. During fasting only the general level of bile flow decreased, but the circadian variation persisted. Refeeding again increased the mean level of bile flow.
4. The chenodeoxycholate/cholate ratio in these rats with permanent bile fistulae was higher than in rats with ‘acute’ bile fistulae and changed during the day-night cycle. The ratio decreased from 1.01 at 05.00 hours to a minimum of 0.41 at 15.00 hours.
5. During the day-night cycle the sodium, potassium, calcium and cholesterol concentrations were relatively constant. The total bile salt concentration was only slightly changed, so that both the bile salt-dependent fraction and the bile salt-independent fraction were subject to about the same circadian variations.
The Relationship between Blood Pressure and Aortic Collagen Metabolism in Renal Hypertensive Rats
Authors: Foidart J. M. , Rorive G. L. , Nusgens B. V. , Lapiere C. M. 
Published: August 2015

1. Biosynthesis and deposition of collagen, as well as DNA and total proteins, are increased in aortae of rats after 1, 3 and 6 weeks of hypertension.
2. The maximal increase in the rate of synthesis of collagen is observed within one week of hypertension when the stress to the arterial wall is maximal.
3. Reserpine administration prevents hypertension and inhibits the increase of collagen metabolism.
4. At any time of evolution of the hypertension, a linear positive correlation is found between the collagen content in the aorta and the level of blood pressure.
5. These data suggest that synthesis of matrix components by the arterial smooth-muscle cells is controlled by variation in the blood pressure level and is not a direct consequence of circulating humoral factors liberated by the ischaemic kidney.