bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reproductive escape: annual plant responds to butterfly eggs by accelerating seed production
Authors: Lucas‐Barbosa Dani , van Loon Joop J. A. , Gols Rieta , van Beek Teris A. , Dicke Marcel 
Published: November 2012

SummaryPlants respond to insect herbivores with changes in physical and chemical traits, both locally and systemically, in leaves and flowers. Such phenotypic changes may influence the behaviour of every community member that interacts with the plant. Here, we address effects of plant responses to eggs and subsequent herbivory by caterpillars on plant‐mediated interactions with pollinators and consequences for plant fitness.Using a common garden set‐up, we have investigated responses ofBrassica nigraplants to herbivore exposure from egg deposition onwards throughout larval development. We quantified effects of infestation by the specialistPieris brassicaeon: 1. behaviour of pollinators; 2. volatile emission and 3. timing and number of seeds produced.Egg deposition and folivory did not influence visitation by pollinators to plots of infested or control plants. Effects of herbivore infestation on both pollinator visitation and volatile emission were observed only at a later stage, when caterpillars were feeding on the flowers.Remarkably, before eggs had hatched, infested plants accelerated seed production. The caterpillars that developed from the eggs fed on flowers but not on seeds and thus seed production prior to herbivory on flowers safeguarded reproductive output.The results of this study show that early plant investments in reproduction can successfully prevent consumption of expensive reproductive tissues. By accelerating seed production, plants prevented consumption of flowers and effectively defended themselves against the herbivores.
The size‐number trade‐off in clonal broods of a parasitic wasp: responses to the amount and timing of resource availability
Authors: Saeki Yoriko , Crowley Philip H. 
Published: November 2012

Summary

Life‐history traits that shift in response to environmental conditions are well studied; however, allocation patterns of traits in the context of a trade‐off shifting with the environment are hardly examined.

Using a polyembryonic parasitoid wasp system, we revealed features of the plasticity in allocation by observing the trade‐off outcome between individual body mass and the number of offspring in a wasp brood in response to different host conditions.

We manipulated food availability to the host caterpillar at two different phases of development: early host instars during wasp embryo division and late host instars after completion of wasp embryo division. The food manipulation allowed us to shift the rate of development and the total mass of the wasp brood both separately and together through altered host development time and final size.

With greater host mass, the trade‐off relationship between wasp body mass and brood size shifted, to the same extent for both sexes, towards higher wasp brood size and individual body mass. On the other hand, with faster host development, the trait combinations shifted towards greater wasp body mass but smaller brood size along the same trade‐off relationship.

These shifts indicate a reduction of wasp brood size when resource level is reduced late in host development. This adjustment yields wasp brood size and body mass in rough proportion to each other and positively related to resource availability late in development.

Our demonstration of simultaneous shifts in traits under the trade‐off relationship indicates that wasp broods respond differently to the different environmental conditions by altering body mass and the number of wasp individuals, suggesting that the plastic response in the trade‐off allocation pattern may be adaptive.
Personality and the pace‐of‐life syndrome: variation and selection on exploration, metabolism and locomotor performances
Authors: Le Galliard Jean‐François , Paquet Matthieu , Cisel Matthieu , Montes‐Poloni Laetitia 
Published: November 2012

Summary

Consistent individual differences in behaviour are seen in numerous animals and could be maintained by life‐history trade‐offs and integrated within a pace‐of‐life syndrome involving physiological and locomotor traits.
Lizard species are characterized by inter‐specific variation in activity and foraging behaviours associated with differences in locomotor performances and metabolic rates. Similar syndromes could exist within species, but have not been investigated so far.
We scored the exploratory behaviour of newborn common lizards (Zootoca vivipara) using a neutral arena test and measured concomitantly resting metabolic rate (RMR), maximal sprint speed (MSS) and endurance capacity. Animals were released in outdoor enclosures exposed to avian predation and measured again for the same traits 1 year later.
Common lizards displayed consistent individual differences over a week for an exploration score associated with high activity in the neutral arena. Individual differences in three activity scores were also consistent over the first year of life.
Correlations among behavioural, metabolic and locomotor traits were weak, except for a marginally significant, positive correlation between exploration score and MSS and endurance at the age of 1 year.
Correlational survival selection was found for RMR and exploration score such that newborns with low exploration score and high RMR and newborns with high exploration score and low RMR survived better. Correlational growth selection was also found with faster growth in newborns with low exploration score and high RMR.
The results are discussed against recent hypotheses to explain the maintenance of animal temperaments.
Catabolite repression in Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 regulates the uptake of C4‐dicarboxylates depending on succinate concentration
Authors: Valentini Martina , Lapouge Karine 
Published: November 2012

SummaryIn Pseudomonas aeruginosa carbon catabolite repression (CCR) is exerted by the CbrA/B‐CrcZ‐Crc global regulatory system. Crc is a translational repressor that, in the presence of preferred carbon sources, such as C4‐dicarboxylates, impairs the utilization of less preferred substrates. When non‐preferred substrates are present, the CrcZ sRNA levels increase leading to Crc capture, thereby allowing growth of the bacterium at the expense of the non‐preferred substrates. The C4‐dicarboxylate transport (Dct) system in P. aeruginosa is composed of two main transporters: DctA, more efficient at mM succinate concentrations, and DctPQM, more important at μM. In this study, we demonstrate that the Dct transporters are differentially regulated by Crc, depending on the concentration of succinate. At high concentrations, Crc positively regulates the expression of the dctA transporter gene and negatively regulates dctPQM post‐transcriptionally. The activation of dctA is explained by a Crc‐mediated repression of dctR, encoding a transcriptional repressor of dctA. At low succinate concentrations, Crc regulation is impaired. In this condition, CrcZ levels are higher and therefore more Crc proteins are sequestered, decreasing the amount of Crc available to perform CCR on dctR and dctPQM. As a result, expression of dctA is reduced and that of dctPQM is increased.
Intraoperative post‐conisation human papillomavirus testing for early detection of treatment failure in patients with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia: a pilot study
Authors: Torné A , Fusté P , Rodríguez‐Carunchio L , Alonso I , del Pino M , Nonell R , Cardona M , Rodríguez A , Castillo P , Pahisa J , Balasch J , Ramírez J , Ordi J 
Published: November 2012

ObjectiveTo evaluate the feasibility and utility of intraoperative post‐conisation human papillomavirus (IOP‐HPV) testing and cytology to detect treatment failure in patients with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grades 2–3 (CIN2–3).DesignProspective observational pilot study.SettingBarcelona, Spain.PopulationA cohort of 132 women treated for CIN2–3 by loop electrosurgical conisation.MethodsAn endocervical sample was obtained intraoperatively with a cytobrush from the cervix remaining after the conisation. The material was kept in PreservCyt medium and processed for Hybrid Capture 2 and cytology. Patients were followed‐up for 24 months. The performance of IOP‐HPV testing and IOP cytology was compared with conventional indicators of recurrence (cone margin, endocervical curettage, and HPV testing and cytology at 6 months).Main outcome measureTreatment failure (i.e. recurrent CIN2–3 during follow‐up).ResultsTreatment failure was identified in 12 women (9.1%). IOP‐HPV testing for sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values for treatment failure were 91.7, 78.3, 62.2, and 96.0%, respectively, which are similar to the figures for conventional HPV testing at 6 months (91.7, 76.0, 64.0, and 95.1%, respectively), and are better than the values of other conventional predictive factors (cone margin, endocervical curettage, and cytology intraoperative at 6 months). IOP‐HPV was strongly associated with treatment failure in the multivariate analysis (OR 15.40, 95% CI 1.58–150.42).ConclusionIOP‐HPV testing is feasible, and accurately predicts treatment failure in patients with CIN2–3. This new approach may allow an early identification of patients with treatment failure, thereby facilitating the scheduling of an attenuated follow‐up for negative patients who are at very low risk of persistent disease.
Childbirth after pelvic floor surgery: analysis of Hospital Episode Statistics in England, 2002–2008
Authors: Pradhan A , Tincello DG , Kearney R 
Published: November 2012

ObjectiveTo report the numbers of patients having childbirth after pelvic floor surgery in England.DesignRetrospective analysis of Hospital Episode Statistics data.SettingHospital Episode Statistics database.PopulationWomen, aged 20–44 years, undergoing childbirth after pelvic floor surgery between the years 2002 and 2008.MethodsAnalysis of the Hospital Episode Statistics database using Office of Population, Censuses and Surveys: Classification of Interventions and Procedures, 4th Revision (OPCS‐4) code at the four‐character level for pelvic floor surgery and delivery, in women aged 20–44 years, between the years 2002 and 2008.Main outcome measuresNumbers of women having delivery episodes after previous pelvic floor surgery, and numbers having further pelvic floor surgery after delivery.ResultsSix hundred and three women had a delivery episode after previous pelvic floor surgery in the time period 2002–2008. In this group of 603 women, 42 had a further pelvic floor surgery episode following delivery in the same time period. The incidence of repeat surgery episode following delivery was higher in the group delivered vaginally than in those delivered by caesarean (13.6 versus 4.4%; odds ratio, 3.38; 95% confidence interval, 1.87–6.10).ConclusionsThere were 603 women having childbirth after pelvic floor surgery in the time period 2002–2008. The incidence of further pelvic floor surgery after childbirth was lower after caesarean delivery than after vaginal delivery, and this may indicate a protective effect of abdominal delivery.
Plantar pressures in diabetes with no known neuropathy (无神经病变的糖尿病患者的足底压力)
Authors: Syed Nafeez , Maiya Arun G. , Hanifa Nazia , Goud Sandeep 
Published: November 2012

AbstractBackgroundThe aim of the present study was to investigate associations of arch type and gender with plantar pressure distribution in non‐diabetic subjects and subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) without peripheral neuropathy (PN).MethodsPlantar pressures were recorded in 62 subjects with T2DM but without PN (mean [±SD] age 63.6 ± 7.6 years, body mass index [BMI] 24.3 ± 2.9 kg/m2, and duration of diabetes 7.0 ± 3.0 years) and in 63 non‐diabetic adults (62.5 ± 8.5 years of age; BMI 22.4 ± 2.5 kg/m2) in static stance using a foot analyzer. Data were collected from both feet and were analyzed for their association with disease, arch type, and gender using the Mann–Whitney U‐test and Chi‐squared test, respectively.ResultsThere were significant differences in plantar pressures between the left and right feet in T2DM subjects, regardless of gender, and their metatarsal heads were overloaded. There were poor correlations between the overloaded plantar pressures and both foot arch and gender for all diabetic subjects. However, there were no differences in pressures at different zones between the diabetic and non‐diabetic subjects.ConclusionsThere were no differences in plantar pressures between non‐diabetic and T2DM subjects without PN. Furthermore, there were no significant correlations between plantar pressures in diabetic subjects and either arch type or gender. However, there were significant differences in plantar pressures between the right and left feet.
Kakkalide ameliorates endothelial insulin resistance by suppressing reactive oxygen species‐associated inflammation (葛花苷通过抑制活性氧相关的炎症改善内皮细胞胰岛素抵抗)
Authors: Zhang Dongyan , Gao Xuejiao , Wang Qi , Qin Minjian , Liu Kang , Huang Fang , Liu Baolin 
Published: November 2012

AbstractBackgroundKakkalide is the predominant isoflavone derived from the flowers of Pueraria lobata (Willd.) Ohwi. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of kakkalide on insulin resistance in the endothelium.MethodsHuman umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) were stimulated with 100 μmol/L palmitate (PA) for 30 min and the effects of 30 min pretreatment with 0.1–10 μmol/L kakkalide on reactive oxygen species (ROS)‐associated inflammation in cells were evaluated by western blot analysis and reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction. Furthermore, we investigated the biomodulation of insulin signaling by kakkalide along the insulin receptor substrate (IRS)‐1/Akt/endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) pathway. We also determined the effects of 30 min pretreatment with 0.1–10 μmol/L kakkalide on insulin‐mediated endothelium‐dependent vasodilation of rat aorta in vitro following stimulation with 100 μmol/L PA.ResultsKakkalide inhibited ROS overproduction and effectively restored mitochondrial membrane potential, demonstrating its chemoprotection of mitochondrial function. In addition, kakkalide inhibited ROS‐associated inflammation in the endothelium by inhibiting tumor necrosis factor‐α and interleukin‐6 production and gene expression, as well as suppressing the phosphorylation of c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase and IκB kinase β/nuclear factor‐κB. Inflammation impaired insulin phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase (PI3K) signaling and reduced insulin‐mediated NO production in endothelial cells. Kakkalide facilitated PI3K signaling by positively regulating serine/tyrosine phosphorylation of IRS‐1.ConclusionsKakkalide inhibited ROS‐associated inflammation and ameliorated insulin‐resistant endothelial dysfunction by beneficial effects on IRS‐1 function.
The Clermont Escherichia coli phylo‐typing method revisited: improvement of specificity and detection of new phylo‐groups
Authors: Clermont Olivier , Christenson Julia K. , Denamur Erick , Gordon David M. 
Published: November 2012

SummaryThere is extensive genetic substructure within the species Escherichia coli. In 2000 a simple triplex PCR method was described by Clermont and colleagues that enables an E. coli isolate to be assigned to one of the phylo‐groups A, B1, B2 or D. The growing body of multi‐locus sequence data and genome data for E. coli has refined our understanding of E. coli's phylo‐group structure and eight phylo‐groups are now recognized: seven (A, B1, B2, C, D, E, F) belong to E. coli sensu stricto, whereas the eighth is the Escherichia cryptic clade I. Here a new PCR‐based method is developed that enables an E. coli isolate to be assigned to one of the eight phylo‐groups and which allows isolates that are members of the other cryptic clades (II to V) of Escherichia to be identified. The development of the method is described and the method is validated. Over 95% of E. coli isolates can be correctly assigned to a phylo‐group. Two collections of human faecal isolates were screened using the new phylo‐group assignment method demonstrating that about 13% of E. coli isolates belong to the newly described phylo‐groups C, E, F and clade I.
Is Typhoid Mary a good role model?
Authors: Hough‐Goldstein J. A. 
Published: November 2012

Read the Feature Paper: Typhoid Mary in the frogpond: can we use native frogs to disseminate a lungworm biocontrol for invasive cane toads?Other Commentaries on this paper: Benefits and costs of using a lungworm parasite to control invasive toads in AustraliaResponse from the authors: New methods in the battle against cane toads: when should we move from research to implementation?
Transition of children with epilepsies to adult care
Authors: Khan Arif , Baheerathan Aravindhan , Hussain Nahin , Whitehouse William 
Published: November 2012

AbstractYoung people aged between 10 and 20 years will account for nearly 23% of the UK's total population by the end of 2012. This fact, coupled with an increasing number of children with chronic illness surviving into adulthood, means that the transition of children with chronic illness into adult care is becoming an increasingly important issue. Epilepsies are pervasive disorders that consist not only of recurrent epileptic seizures that can change over time, but also of evolving behavioural, academic and social difficulties. Many of these young individuals feel ‘dumped’ or ‘left in the dark’ once they are ‘transferred’ to adult care.ConclusionTherefore, it is essential to acknowledge that ‘transition of care’ in children with epilepsies is not a ‘step’ but a ‘process’. It is a very challenging time with increased stress and anxiety, for both the individual and their families. This article will discuss the various factors associated with the complex topic and aim to establish a framework for the successful transition of children with epilepsy into adult care.
Pharmacokinetic profiles for oral and subcutaneous methotrexate in patients with Crohn's disease
Authors: Wilson A. , Patel V. , Chande N. , Ponich T. , Urquhart B. , Asher L. , Choi Y. , Tirona R. , Kim R. B. , Gregor J. C. 
Published: November 2012

SummaryBackgroundMethotrexate (MTX) is administered subcutaneously to Crohn's Disease (CD) patients. There are very few studies evaluating the use of oral (PO) MTX in CD. A drug and its pharmaceutical alternative are equivalent (bioequivalence) when the bioavailability of the alternative falls within 80–125% of the bioavailability of the standard (US Food and Drug Administration ‐ FDA).AimTo compare the pharmacokinetic (PK) profiles of PO and subcutaneous (SC) MTX in CD patients to determine the bioequivalence of these two routes.MethodsEleven patients received a PO and an SC MTX dose (25 mg) separated by one week over a two‐week interval. Blood samples were collected at specified times over a 24‐h period for each patient on two separate days. MTX plasma levels were obtained using sensitive mass spectrometry. Areas under the curve (AUC) were compared between the two routes.ResultsThe mean AUC values were 3375 ng/mL × h (PO MTX) and 3985 ng/mL × h (SC MTX). The mean AUC ratio (PO/SC) was 0.86 (0.62–1.08). This correlates with a relative PO bioavailability of 86% in comparison to SC. The 90% confidence interval for the mean AUC (PO/SC) ratio is (0.785, 0.929). There were no adverse events.ConclusionsThe mean MTX AUC (PO/SC) in these patients falls outside the 90% confidence interval for the bioequivalence limit. SC MTX is more bioavailable than PO MTX; however, the mean relative MTX bioavailability (PO/SC) nearly met the FDA bioequivalence standard and PO MTX could be proposed in responders who would prefer this route.
Review article: the management of acute gastroenteritis in children
Authors: Pieścik‐Lech M. , Shamir R. , Guarino A. , Szajewska H. 
Published: November 2012

SummaryBackgroundIn 2008, the European Society for Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition (ESPGHAN) and the European Society of Paediatric Infectious Disease (ESPID) developed evidence‐based guidelines for the management of acute gastroenteritis (AGE) in children in Europe.AimTo summarise data published subsequently to the ESPGHAN/ESPID guidelines.MethodsMEDLINE and The Cochrane Library were searched in August 2012 for randomised controlled trials (RCTs) or their meta‐analyses published after 2008.ResultsEfforts to improve the taste and/or efficacy of oral rehydration solution (ORS) continue, and some interventions are promising. While standard (over 24 h) nasogastric rehydration is still being used, new evidence confirms that rapid (over 4 h) rehydration is also effective. For intravenous rehydration, new evidence is available regarding rapid or ultrarapid and large‐volume vs. standard‐volume rehydration; as the new evidence is not consistent, until more data are available, the administration of 20 mL/kg seems appropriate. Convincing evidence has accumulated showing that ondansetron reduces the risk for vomiting; however, a clearance on safety in children is needed. New evidence has reconfirmed that in Europe, where zinc deficiency is rare, there is no benefit from the use of zinc. New data, although mainly from outside of Europe, have reconfirmed that either smectite or racecadotril is an effective adjunctive therapy to oral rehydration. There is a clear effect of using certain probiotics, such as Lactobacillus GG or S. boulardii.ConclusionsThe update of current ESPGHAN/ESPID recommendations is warranted.
Exploring early self‐referential memory effects through ownership
Authors: Cunningham Sheila J. , Vergunst Francis , Macrae C. Neil , Turk David J. 
Published: November 2012

The self‐reference effect (SRE) is the reliable memory advantage for information encoded about self over material encoded about other people. The developmental pathway of the SRE has proved difficult to chart, because the standard SRE task is unsuitable for young children. The current inquiry was designed to address this issue using an ownership paradigm, as encoding objects in the context of self‐ownership have been shown to elicit self‐referential memory advantages in adults. Pairs of 4‐ to 6‐year‐old children (n = 64) sorted toy pictures into self‐ and other‐owned sets. A surprise recognition memory test revealed a significant advantage for toys owned by self, which decreased with age. Neither verbal ability nor theory of mind attainment predicted the size of the memory advantage for self‐owned items. This finding suggests that contrary to some previous reports, memory in early childhood can be shaped by the same self‐referential biases that pervade adult cognition.