bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Europe: Political, Not Cosmopolitan
Authors: Somek Alexander 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThe article challenges the established view according to which the authority of the EU is inexplicable in terms of collective civic self‐determination. Contrary to this widely held belief, it explains the condition under which it is plausible to impute the current shape of the Union to the collective self‐determination of European citizens. This condition is met if citizens approach the Union with a cosmopolitan attitude. The article then goes on to explain that while the Union may not appear optimal under this condition, it looks quite disastrous when approached from the perspective of political self‐determination. The argument makes an appeal to European citizens. They have to come to grips with their own self‐understanding. Should European citizens come to realise that they are, after all, political beings because they care about sustaining a form of life at specific place of the world, they will have to re‐appropriate Europe for themselves.
Aquatic grazers reduce the establishment and growth of riparian plants along an environmental gradient
Authors: Veen G. F. (Ciska) , Sarneel Judith M. , Ravensbergen Lone , Huig Naomi , van Paassen José , Rip Winnie , Bakker Elisabeth S. 
Published: May 2013

Summary

The establishment of riparian plants is determined by abiotic conditions and grazing, although it is usually presumed that the former are most important. We tested the impact of aquatic grazers on the survival and growth of establishing riparian plants and whether the impact of grazing interacts with abiotic conditions.

We conducted an experiment across 10 Dutch wetlands, covering a large range of water depth and nutrient availability. We introduced 1‐year‐old plants of an emergent (common reed, Phragmites australis) and a floating (water soldier, Stratiotes aloides) species in individual enclosures (n = 5 per site) that excluded predominantly waterbirds, which were the most abundant grazers, and on adjacent unprotected plots. Survival and growth were measured during one growing season.

Grazing reduced growth (as biomass) of Phragmites and Stratiotes by a mean of 25 and 60%, respectively. Grazing decreased survival of Stratiotes, but not of Phragmites. Shallow water, water‐level fluctuations, eutrophic conditions and enough light favoured both growth and survival of Phragmites. Growth of Stratiotes was unaffected by these factors, but they reduced its survival. For both species, grazing effects on biomass were consistent across environmental conditions, but for Phragmites, grazing effects on survival were influenced by abiotic conditions.

We conclude that aquatic grazers significantly reduce the establishment and growth of macrophytes in the riparian zone over a wide range of environmental conditions.
Modeling thermal convection in supradetachment basins: example from western Norway
Authors: Souche A. , Dabrowski M. , Andersen T. B. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThe juxtaposition of fault‐bounded sedimentary basins, above crustal‐scale detachments, with warmer exhumed footwalls can lead to thermal convection of the fluids in the sediments. The Devonian basins of western Norway are examples of supradetachment basins that formed in the hanging wall of the Nordfjord‐Sogn Detachment Zone. In the central part of the Hornelen and Kvamshesten basins, the basin‐fill is chiefly represented by fluvial sandstones and minor lacustrine siltstones, whereas the fault margins are dominated by fanglomerates along the detachment contact. Prominent alteration and low‐greenschist facies metamorphic conditions are associated with the peak temperature estimates of the sediments close to the detachment shear zone. Fluid circulation may have been active during the burial of the sediments, and we quantify the potential role played by thermal convection in redistributing heat within the basins. Different models are tested with homogeneous and layered basin‐fill and with material transport properties corresponding to sandstones and siltstones. We found that thermally driven fluid flow is expected in supradetachment basins as a transient process during the exhumation of warmer footwalls. We demonstrate that the fluid flow may have significantly affected the temperature distribution in the upper five kilometers of the Devonian basins of western Norway. The temperature anomaly induced by the flow may locally reach about 80°C. The sedimentary layering formed by sand‐ and siltstones strata does not inhibit fluid circulation at the scale of the basin. The presence of fluid pathways along the detachment has an important impact on the flow and allows an efficient drainage of the basin by channelizing fluids upward along the detachment.
Increased circulating Lin−/lowCD33+HLA‐DR− myeloid‐derived suppressor cells in hepatocellular carcinoma patients
Authors: Shen Peng , Wang Aijuan , He Mengye , Wang Qingqing , Zheng Shusen 
Published: May 2013

AimMyeloid‐derived suppressor cells (MDSC) can be induced or expanded in tumor‐bearing mice and cancer patients. The frequency of MDSC denoted here as Lin−/lowCD33+HLA‐DR− was investigated in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients. The clinical relevance of MDSC and patients' characteristics were examined. Also, MDSC‐related immune regulatory pathways in these patients were discussed.MethodsThe quantity of MDSC was tested in peripheral blood of patients with HCC (n = 63) and healthy donors (n = 56). The expressions of interferon (IFN)‐γ, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), cyclooxygenase (COX)‐2, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)‐13, nitric oxide synthase (NOS)‐2 and arginase (ARG)‐1 were analyzed. Co‐culturing with anti‐CD3/CD28‐stimulated T lymphocytes was used to determine the suppressive effect of MDSC on the T lymphocytes.ResultsPatients with treatment‐naive HCC had an increased subpopulation of Lin−/lowCD33+HLA‐DR− cells in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) with characteristics of MDSC and associated to the stage (P = 0.0004). Patients with splenomegaly had a higher frequency of circulating MDSC. Also, COX‐2, MMP‐13 and VEGF were expressed differently associated with the alteration of MDSC.ConclusionOur study provides evidence showing an increased population of Lin−/lowCD33+HLA‐DR− MDSC in the peripheral blood of HCC patients. Our data also suggest that MMP‐13 and COX‐2 in PBMC may play a new important role companied with MDSC in HCC patients.
Geological setting of basaltic rocks in an accretionary complex, Khangai–Khentei Belt, Mongolia
Authors: Tsukada Kazuhiro , Nakane Yuki , Yamamoto Koshi , Kurihara Toshiyuki , Otoh Shigeru , Kashiwagi Kenji , Chuluun Minjin , Gonchigdorj Sersmaa , Nuramkhaan Manchuk , Niwa Masakazu , Tokiwa Tetsuya 
Published: May 2013

Abstract We describe the mode of occurrence and geochemical characteristics of basalts, in the Khangai–Khentei belt in Mongolia, overlain by Middle Paleozoic radiolarian chert in an extensive accretionary complex. These basalts are greatly enriched in K, Ti, Fe, P, Rb, Ba, Th, and Nb in comparison to the composition of the mid‐ocean ridge basalts, indicative of within‐plate alkaline type. Ti/Y vs Nb/Y and MnO/TiO2/P2O5 ratios of the basalts also suggest within‐plate affinities. Considering the geochemical characteristics as well as the conformable relationship with the overlying radiolarian chert, the alkaline basalts were clearly not continental but formed a pelagic oceanic island. The mode of occurrence and geochemistry of the basalts show that the alkaline basaltic volcanic activity had taken place to form an oceanic island in the Paleozoic pelagic region sufficiently far from continents to allow radiolarian ooze accumulation.
Experimental study on drying of pear slices in a convective dryer
Authors: Doymaz İbrahim 
Published: May 2013

SummaryThe experiments were conducted on pear slices with thickness of 5 mm at temperatures of 50, 57, 64 and 71 °C with an air velocity of 2.0 m s−1. Prior to drying, pear slices were pretreated with citric acid solution (0.5% w/w, 1 min, 20 °C) or blanched in hot water (1 min, 85 °C). Also, the untreated samples were dried as control. The shortest drying time of pear slices was obtained with pretreatment with citric acid solution. It was observed that whole drying process of pear slices took place in a falling rate period. Four mathematical models were tested to fit drying data of pear slices. According to the statistical criteria (R2, χ2 and RMSE), the Midilli et al. model was found to be the best model to describe the drying behaviour of pear slices. The effective diffusivity of moisture transfer during drying process varied between 8.56 × 10−11 and 2.25 × 10−10 m2 s−1, while the activation energy of moisture diffusion in pear slices was found to be 34.95–41.00 kJ mol−1.
Experiments on dough rheology to improve screening of bread wheat cultivars
Authors: Gélinas Pierre , McKinnon Carole 
Published: May 2013

SummaryThe bread‐making potential of flour may be roughly estimated by dough rheology, especially its tolerance to over‐mixing as determined with the farinograph. The objective of this study was to identify the relative effects of experimental conditions likely to affect dough mixing stability: mixer speed, temperature, salt, yeast and bread additives such as ascorbic acid and preservatives. The addition of 1–2% salt or ascorbic acid (50 mg kg−1 flour) improved dough mixing stability and counteracted the negative effect of bread preservatives. Mixing salted dough at slow speed (63 rpm) and 25 °C might be a more realistic bread‐making procedure for performing dough rheology assays with equipment such as the farinograph, compared to official methods (only flour and water, no salt; 30 °C). Amongst five bread wheat cultivars, differences existed in dough strengthening response to both salt and ascorbic acid, a property that may find application in wheat breeding and screening.
Enlarged Perivascular Spaces and Cerebral Small Vessel Disease
Authors: Potter Gillian M. , Doubal Fergus N. , Jackson Caroline A. , Chappell Francesca M. , Sudlow Cathie L. , Dennis Martin S. , Wardlaw Joanna M. 
Published: May 2013

Background and aims Enlarged perivascular spaces (also known as Virchow-Robin spaces) on T2-weighted brain magnetic resonance imaging are common, but their etiology, and specificity to small vessel as opposed to general cerebrovascular disease or ageing, is unclear. We tested the association between enlarged perivascular spaces and ischemic stroke subtype, other markers of small vessel disease, and common vascular risk factors. Methods We prospectively recruited patients with acute stroke, diagnosed and subtyped by a stroke physician using clinical features and brain magnetic resonance imaging. A neuroradiologist rated basal ganglia and centrum semiovale enlarged perivascular spaces on a five-point scale, white matter lesions, recent and old infarcts, and cerebral atrophy. We assessed associations between basal ganglia-, centrum semiovale- and total (combined basal ganglia and centrum semiovale) enlarged perivascular spaces, stroke subtype, white matter lesions, atrophy, and vascular risk factors. Results Among 298 patients (mean age 68 years), after adjusting for vascular risk factors and white matter lesions, basal ganglia-enlarged perivascular spaces were associated with increasing age ( P = 0·001), centrum semiovale-enlarged perivascular spaces ( P < 0·001), cerebral atrophy ( P = 0·03), and lacunar stroke subtype ( P = 0·04). Centrum semiovale- enlarged perivascular spaces were associated mainly with basal ganglia-enlarged perivascular spaces. Total enlarged perivascular spaces were associated with increasing age ( P = 0·01), deep white matter lesions ( P = 0·005), and previous stroke ( P = 0·006). Conclusions Enlarged perivascular spaces are associated with age, lacunar stroke subtype and white matter lesions and should be considered as another magnetic resonance imaging marker of cerebral small vessel disease. Further evaluation of enlarged perivascular spaces in studies of ageing, stroke, and dementia is needed to determine their pathophysiological importance.
Functional Cortical Reorganization after Low-Frequency Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation plus Intensive Occupational Therapy for Upper Limb Hemiparesis: Evaluation by Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Poststroke Patients
Authors: Yamada Naoki , Kakuda Wataru , Senoo Atsushi , Kondo Takahiro , Mitani Sugao , Shimizu Masato , Abo Masahiro 
Published: May 2013

Background Low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of the nonlesional hemisphere combined with occupational therapy significantly improves motor function of the affected upper limb in poststroke hemiparetic patients, but the recovery mechanism remains unclear. Aims To investigate the recovery mechanism using functional magnetic resonance imaging. Methods Forty-seven poststroke hemiparetic patients were hospitalized to receive 12 sessions of 40-min low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation over the nonlesional hemisphere and daily occupational therapy for 15 days. Motor function was evaluated with the Fugl–Meyer Assessment and Wolf Motor Function Test. The functional magnetic resonance imaging with motor tasks was performed at admission and discharge. The laterality index of activated voxel number in Brodmann areas 4 and 6 on functional magnetic resonance imaging was calculated (laterality index range of −1 to +1). Patients were divided into two groups based on functional magnetic resonance imaging findings before the intervention: group 1: patients who showed bilateral activation ( n = 27); group 2: patients with unilateral activation ( n = 20). Results Treatment resulted in improvement in Fugl–Meyer Assessment and Wolf Motor Function Test in the two groups ( P < 0.01). The treatment also resulted in a significant increase in laterality index in group 1 ( P < 0.05), suggesting a shift in activated voxels to the lesional hemisphere. Patients of group 2 showed a significant increase in lesional hemisphere activation ( P < 0.05). Conclusions The results of serial functional magnetic resonance imaging indicated that our proposed treatment can induce functional cortical reorganization, leading to motor functional recovery of the affected upper limb. Especially, it seems that neural activation in the lesional hemisphere plays an important role in such recovery in poststroke hemiparetic patients.
Outbreak of febrile respiratory illness associated with human adenovirus type 14p1 in Gansu Province, China
Authors: Huang Guohong , Yu Deshan , Zhu Zhen , Zhao Hai , Wang Peng , Gray Gregory C. , Meng Lei , Xu Wenbo 
Published: May 2013

ObjectivesHuman adenovirus (HAdV) type 14 had been infrequently associated with outbreaks of febrile respiratory illness (FRI) until the HAdV‐14p1 emerged in 2006 and rapidly spread in the United States. Here, we report an outbreak of FRI caused by HadV‐14p1 that occurred in 2011 at a primary and middle school in China.DesignThe basic information of the outbreak was recored; throat swabs were collected from 17 patients, polymerase chain reaction, A549 cell culture, and sequencing were used to identify the pathogen of the outbreak..ResultsTotal of 43 students were infected in this outbreak. Boys were more than girls. We identified 11 HAdV‐positive specimens and 6 HAdV isolates. Genetic analysis showed that the complete hexon, fiber, and E1A sequences of isolates were nearly 100% identical with other HAdV‐14p1 sequences deposited in GenBank.ConclusionsHadV‐14p1 has caused outbreaks of pneumonia and mortality among adults in the United States and Europe. It may cause similar conditions among Chinese adults due to poor hygiene and sanitation. It seems prudent for China to develop a national surveillance system to determine the etiology of severe respiratory diseases and deaths among adults and school‐aged children.
Where is God Now?
Authors: Henry Martin 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
This article raises the question whether Christianity might itself, at
least in part, be responsible for the modern waning of belief in God because
of its New Testament teaching, unlike that of the Old Testament, that God is
‘love.’ After examining whether the Bible does in fact present two
incompatible views of God, the article looks at some signs of how the
traditional Western view of God might be changing, in response to modern
sensibilities. It concludes by considering how it might still be possible to
speak about the God of Christianity despite the new cultural conditions of
today.
Evil, Privation, Depression and Dread
Authors: Robson Mark Ian Thomas 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
In this essay I examine the idea that evil is to be understood as a kind
of absence or a privation. I put forward two arguments against this idea.
The first claims that if evil is an absence it becomes causally powerless,
which seems strongly contradicted by experience and revelation. The other
argument says that the idea that evil is an absence cannot do justice to the
evil of depression. Depression is a set of feelings which are all too real,
and so cannot be understood as literally identical with a set of
absences.
Atlantis: a time‐value model in e‐commerce
Authors: Mousavi Khaneghah Ehsan , Mirtaheri Seyedeh Leili , Minaei‐Bidgoli Behrouz , Sharifi Mohsen , Mani Yekta Mohammad Reza , Saleh Ardestani Abbas , Bornaee Zarrintaj 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThis paper presents a model for resolving two main issues of time in e‐commerce. The first issue is the time value of e‐commerce that represents the value of each moment of the commerce time from the perspective of buyers and sellers. Buyers and sellers can use this model to calculate the time value at each moment of time and accordingly decide whether it is profitable to buy or sell at that moment. The second issue is to allow buyers or sellers to increase their savings or decrease their costs by changing each of the factors governing the time value model of the concerned e‐commerce. We present relevant model specifically for Amazon e‐commerce to present a proof of concept of our proposed models.
Cognitive strategies for controlling emotional contagion
Authors: Rempala Daniel M. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThis study examined strategies for limiting susceptibility to “catching” negative emotions from others. Participants watched 3 videos of happy or sad individuals, as though they were therapists interacting with clients. The entire process was videotaped. Emotional contagion was measured by facial affect and self‐reports. Prior to viewing the videos, participants were assigned one of 4 cognitive strategies: (a) empathic imagery; (b) dissociation; (c) reflection; or (d) no instruction (control). Empathic imagery was expected to increase contagion vs. the control, while dissociation and reflection were expected to decrease contagion. Results indicated that only dissociation decreased contagion on both measures.
Self‐reported attitude scales: current practice in adequate assessment of reliability, validity, and dimensionality
Authors: Hendrick Tamara A. M. , Fischer Arnout R. H. , Tobi Hilde , Frewer Lynn J. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThe development of methods to create self‐reported attitude scales has lost momentum, in part because of increased research focused on implicit measures. This paper reviews 162 papers on methodological approaches applied to the validation and assessment of attitude scales. Assessment of methodological approaches applied indicates that neither reliability, validity, nor dimensionality assessments are consistently used according to standard operating procedures or in accordance with best practice. Within current practices in the field of attitude scale development, the full potential of self‐report scales is not met, in part because of such methodological issues. The improvement of existing practices and adoption of promising new developments in attitude scale construction and evaluation are discussed, together with recommendations for best practice in scale validation.
Two basic ethical problems of incidental findings in population‐based, non‐intervening magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) research
Authors: Hoffmann Martin 
Published: May 2013

AbstractPopulation‐based magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) generates many beneficial consequences for future generations of patients. But there are also some unintended implications for present patients and research subjects. The most important of these implications is the occurrence of incidental findings. In what follows, I will explicate two basic ethical problems concerning incidental findings. I will first argue that the main cause of these two problems lies in the conflicted nature of the medical researcher's role. I will then clarify the two problems, which involves appealing to two basic ethical requirements. The first problem originates from specific empirical conditions of epidemiological MRI research, which indicate shortcomings in the process of obtaining informed consent. The second problem is due to a conflict between obligations of beneficence for the research subjects and the researcher's duty to produce valid and generalizable study results. Finally, I will develop some preliminary perspectives for the solution of these problems.
Until RCT proven? On the asymmetry of evidence requirements for risk assessment
Authors: Osimani Barbara 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThe problem of collecting, analysing and evaluating evidence on adverse drug reactions is an example of the more general class of epistemological problems related to scientific inference and prediction, as well as a central problem of health care practice. Philosophical discussions have analysed critically the methodological pitfalls and epistemological implications of evidence assessment in medicine; however, they have focused predominantly on evidence of treatment efficacy. Most of this work is devoted to statistical methods of causal inference with a special focus on the privileged role assigned to randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in evidence‐based medicine. Regardless of whether the RCT's privilege holds for efficacy assessment, it is nevertheless important to make a distinction between causal inference in relation to intended and unintended effects, in that the unknowns at stake are heterogeneous in the two contexts. This point has been emphasized by epidemiologists in the last decade. Their primary focus is methodological and regards the fact that bias and confounding factors do not affect studies on intended and unintended effects in the same way. However, deeper concerns ground the intuition for such a distinction; these are related to the constraints we impose on evidence and their epistemological justification. My thesis is that such constraints ought to be understood as being different in evidence for risk versus for efficacy. I present the recent debate on the causal association between acetaminophen and asthma in order to illustrate the point at issue. The upshot of my analysis is that different epistemologies confer different methodological choices, which in turn bring about relevant practical implications such as the decision to restrict or suspend drug use rather than leaving it on the market. Thus, it is worth considering the criteria underlying our evidence constraints because they may be ill suited to the purpose for which they are used.