Abstract 3494: Microfluidic platform for a protein-based thyroid cancer diagnostics
Authors: Huang Shichu , Sharma Siddhartha , Liu Lena , Fan Andy , Klapperich Catherine , Rosen Jennifer 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
a) The current gold-standard of care in the management of patients with thyroid nodules is ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) followed by microscopic examination of cell morphology by a trained cytopathologist. Due to the lack of distinguishing morphology, 10-25% of FNAs are termed “indeterminate” and required surgery. However, only 35% of them are found to have cancer. There is a need for a more accurate and minimally invasive cancer diagnostic technology. Our objective is to develop an inexpensive, point-of-care molecular diagnostic platform to isolate and detect thyroid specific proteins to enable real-world use of biomarkers to inform patient care. b) In this study, we engineer a miniature ion exchange column within a plastic (cyclic olefin polymer), disposable lab-on-a-chip platform for sample preparation and protein purification using microfluidic channels with a specialized porous polymer monolith (PPM)-based resin bed. We capitalized on the finding that cancer cells exhibit differential protein expressional patterns compared to normal thyroid cells by targeting thyroid transcription factor (TTF-1), a thyroid specific enhancer binding protein, as a biomarker for the diagnosis of thyroid cancer. The ability to capture and release TTF-1 from the papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) cell line was evaluated via western blot. We also tested various types of thyroid samples obtained from malignant and benign human thyroid nodules. c) We compared the efficiency of a small-scale protein prep using a commercial gravity column versus our lab-on-a-chip column. Our method showed TTF-1 protein was detectable from the lysate of 5x104 cultured BCPAP cancer cell line. In contrast, it was not detectable when purified by gravity ion-exchange column. We next showed that one can maximize the concentration of protein eluted from as fewer cells as possible. We found that by titrating the elution volume per fraction down to 10 µl, the final concentration of eluted protein can be increased, and hence increase the downstream LOD to 104 cells. Next, we evaluated our extraction and purification system by using 10 mg patient thyroid tissue samples. We tested 11 human thyroid specimens for TTF-1 protein capture. They were all found to be positive which correlated with the official histopathological findings. All tissue extracts had measurable levels of TTF-1 protein and the levels of the TTF-1 were variable in the tissue specimens. We also tested one negative thyroid specimen. No TTF-1 protein was found. d) Our microfluidic protein extraction and purification system is a platform technology that may allow for optimal use of low-volume sample preparation such as we see in thyroid biopsies. This manner, when combined with an on-chip ELISA assay, would be a simple, cost effective test that gives the doctor all the needed information quickly in a single test. When mature, the device can be applied to other type of cancer based on tailored assays for specific biomarkers.
Citation Format: Shichu Huang, Siddhartha Sharma, Lena Liu, Andy Fan, Catherine Klapperich, Jennifer Rosen. Microfluidic platform for a protein-based thyroid cancer diagnostics. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 3494. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-3494