bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
NOAA'S NATIONAL MARINE SANCTUARY RESOURCES AND UNDERSEA THREATS DATABASE: PAST, PRESENT, AND FUTURE
Authors: Madrigal Melissa D. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Recent incidents within our National Marine Sanctuaries (NMS), throughout the United States, and around the world have led the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) to begin to look proactively at catastrophic hazardous material releases from submerged sources. Not knowing and understanding the reality of the ecological and economic impacts associated with submerged threats (such as vessels, pipelines, abandoned wellheads, ammunition, and chemical weapon dumpsites) is no longer an option for the nation'S leading ocean agency.
Reactive strategies for addressing these threats after a release incident have proved to be ineffective and costly. For example, the decade-long release of heavy fuel oil from the MIV Jacob Luckenbach off the coast of California not only caused the loss of thousands of seabirds, but also cost the nation upwards of $20 million dollars to mitigate and remove the oil from the sunken cargo ship. We know there are potential threats out there and the National Marine Sanctuary Program (NMSP) is taking the proactive first steps in understanding this issue.
NOAA'S NMSP and the Office of Response and Restoration'S Hazardous Materials Division have developed the Resources and Undersea Threats Database (RUST). RUST addresses the need for a centralized planning tool to safeguard the marine, historical, and cultural resources within the NMSP. This paper addresses database development and how meeting present needs of the database will shape future uses as a response and planning tool for the United States Coast Guard (USCG), state and federal resource protection staff, oil spill responders, and coastal environmental planners.
INTERTIDAL ZONE OIL RECOVERY FROM THE BURIED DERELICT S.S. CATALA
Authors: McCarthy M.W. (Mac) , Grennan Devon 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Built in Scotland as a Union Steamship Company tramper in 1925, the S.S. Catala plied the coast of British Columbia for decades before ending her sailing career as a floating hotel in Ocean Shores, Washington. In 1965 a fierce Pacific storm capsized the 229’ riveted steel-hulled vessel at her moorings transforming a real estate developer'S dream into a local attractive nuisance. The casualty occurred at Damon Point, a land spit that has since become a State Park and is one of the coast'S richest migratory waterfowl habitats as well as the nesting ground for two federal and state-listed threatened birds. Multiple salvage efforts had failed before the derelict'S superstructure was cut away and the hull buried in the mid-80'S. In the spring of 2006 a beachcomber discovered black oil within the Catala'S rusted remains setting-off a Washington State Department of Ecology driven effort to remediate the wreck before the winter storm season created a catastrophic persistent oil release. Time was short: site access could not begin until August when the threatened birds vacated the spit; the contractor had to withdraw by the end of September when the site became vulnerable to ocean storm surges. Regulatory compliance was complicated: Ecology had to win fast-track permits from five separate agencies before they could authorize their contractor, Global Diving & Salvage, to begin work. Engineering was challenging: heeled over and buried in the intertidal zone, the Catala'S keel was 26’ below grade; a robust sheet pile cell had to be constructed to provide worker safety from unstable soils and manage water inflow. Despite these conditions the project team was able to safely remove over 30,000 gallons of bunker oil from the ship delivering to the State of Washington a striking example of the benefits of a pro-active derelict vessel response. This case study will discuss the technical and managerial process by which this intertidal site was remediated.
THE IPIECA GUIDE TO TIERED PREPAREDNESS AND RESPONSE
Authors: Santner Richard , White David , Bennett Bernie , Clark Jim , Osikilo Yvette , Przelomski Skip 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The profile of global oil spill risk is continually changing; as exploration/production activities expand, ship and pipeline transportation patterns alter and new fields are developed that encompass different political, economic and environmental challenges.
The Tiered Response Concept was first developed by the oil industry in the 1980s as a means to ensure that appropriate response capabilities were available to deal with oil spills. Recognised since then by government and industry as international best practice, the tiered approach ensures a rapid and effective response can be mounted to events ranging from small operational spillages to worse case scenarios.
Building response capabilities calls for careful consideration of the specific risks (probable events and their consequences at specific sites) that prevail in each case. The arrangements and resources that are determined appropriate for the risks faced in one case, may thus be deemed excessive, or inadequate, to deal with those prevailing in another. What a particular tier comprises, and the boundaries between the tiers of preparedness, will be different in each case under consideration. These differences may be slight, or very substantial, depending on what circumstances prevail and the tier level under scrutiny.
Over the years, operators and government regulators have sought prescriptive rules to define what constitutes a Tier 1, 2 or Tier 3 capability. To address this, the IPIECA Guide to Tiered Preparedness and Response, originally published in the late 1990s, has recently been substantially updated. Whilst retaining the very same core principles, the new Report provides more guidance and illustration of the way in which tiered preparedness and response may be interpreted and implemented in practice. The scope of application, across marine operations in all sectors of the oil industry, has been embraced, and the issues are set out so that they may apply also to land-based scenarios.
This Paper introduces the new IPIECA Report, provides clarity on the key features to be considered in assessing the risks of oil spills, and discusses the factors that may influence how preparedness and response capabilities may be built. It has relevance to all organisations involved in building or regulating oil spill response arrangements.
EFFECTIVE MANAGEMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION OF THE IMO-IPIECA REGIONAL OIL SPILL PREPAREDNESS AND RESPONSE PROGRAMME FOR CENTRAL & WESTERN AFRICA (GI-WACAF)
Authors: de Susanne Philippe 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The GI WACAF programme is led and funded jointly by the IMO and IPIECA members. Its purpose is to improve oil spill preparedness and response capability across 21 coastal states of West and Central Africa. Launched in 2006, this programme takes earlier IMO/IPIECA work forwards in a newly focused, structured and sustained manner to progress tangible change.
The programme faces many challenges with rapidly increasing oil activities in the region and a generally low level of current preparedness; set against improvements needing to suit individual country circumstances and also be consistent and coordinated across the region.
Reference is made in this Paper to the IMO'S strategy for oil spill preparedness and response (OPRC Convention 1990). Drawing these together, the six Key Elements of Preparedness, which underpin the GI-WACAF programme, are summarised.
The GI-WACAF programme has a Project Coordinator, working under the guidance of the IMO and IPIECA funding members. An action plan was developed after consultation with government and oil industry representatives from the countries in the region, taking the six Elements of Preparedness and translating them into a workable plan for action and improvement.
This Paper describes the programme management system and the key features critical to make tangible progress. These include Clarity of Purpose; Commitment from Key Stakeholders; a gap analysis on the Elements of Preparedness and measurable objectives; a Network of ‘Implementers’ and ‘Influencers at different levels of government and industry; follow-up and monitoring of results and achievement; and a Biennial Review to ensure process improvement and action planning. Through this refocused and business-like approach, demonstrate success is being achieved, and will be illustrated in the Paper.
Every country and region has unique circumstances but the underlying principles of oil spill preparedness and response are common. This Paper has relevance for any organisation involved in change/improvement processes; both in setting programme objectives and in the essential programme management and implementation.
EVOLUTION OF REGIONAL RESPONSE PREPAREDNESS IN THE WIDER CARIBBEAN THROUGH RAC/REMPEITC-CARIBE: ENHANCING A LONG TERM CYCLE
Authors: Couzigo Benjamin , Peter Brian , Silonero Herbert 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
RAC/REMPEITC-Caribe is a United Nation'S Regional Activity Centre, established in 1994 by the International Maritime Organization and the United Nations Environment Program for the Caribbean Sea. The Centre exists to assists countries in the Wider Caribbean region and Latin America to prevent and respond to major oil pollution incidents. While developing a systematic approach to capacity building, resulting in comprehensive regional projects including the Caribbean Islands Regional OPRC Plan and the Central America CAOP Project (design to establish a Central America Regional OPRC Plan), the constant interaction of the Centre within the region with the various cultures of response preparedness, regularly raises the following questions:– How to improve a standard, constant, and effective system for capacity building in regards to contingency planning?– How to improve the co-operation between the regional partners?– How to define a better mechanism for funding?
The analysis of the last ten years activities developed by the Centre shows the alternation of established priorities developed under the objectives of the strategic plan for enhancing regional response preparedness. Key components for the definition of a long term development cycle, required to build capacity, and enhance regional co-operation, are identified. The elements to stand out are:– the development of a constructive succession in the activities thematic;– a time frame of 5 years to complete a cycle for a regional centre with RAC/REMPEITC characteristics;– the key role of metrics to assess priorities for the cycle;– the need of a common overview of the process to facilitate co-operation / co-ordination;– the need of sustained commitment.
The identification of those parameters allow a regional centre to clarify the status of national contingency planning for governments, establish the extent of training and exercises needed in the region and most importantly, facilitates the synchronization of resources and support between stakeholders.
COLLABORATIVE DEVELOPMENT OF RECOMMENDATIONS FOR A COOPERATIVE NRDA
Authors: Cramer Marty , Helm Roger , Ammann Mike , Hebert Charlie , Doty Dan , Yamamoto Julie , Helton Doug , Gorbics Carol , Cameron Jean , Cubit John 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Collaboration is defined in some dictionaries as “working with the enemy” which can be the position both the responsible parties (RPs) and natural resource trustees (trustees) take when conducting “cooperative” natural resource damage assessments (NRDAs). In many incidents, collaboration on the collection of time-critical or ephemeral environmental data is delayed or the opportunity is lost while the RP and trustees negotiate the details of the scope and procedures of the data collection activities as well as future analyses/interpretation of the data collected. Consequently, in the absence of pre-spill planning as well as the commitment to basic tenets of cooperative work, the ephemeral data critical to determining the environmental effects of the oil and, subsequently, to conducting a successful damage assessment, can be lost.
In order to support successful outcomes of cooperative NRDAs, the West Coast Joint Assessment Team (JAT) developed a document titled Recommendations for Conducting Cooperative Natural Resource Damage Assessments. The intent of the JAT document is to promote cooperative NRDAs and facilitate the development of an ephemeral data collection (EDC) plan to ensure the opportunity for collecting time-critical information is not lost. Specifically, the document outlines the cooperative assessment process including regulatory guidance and considerations for conducting a cooperative assessment. It also includes recommendations for organizing an EDC team, collection of source oil, water, sediment, and biota samples, analysis of those samples, and establishing data quality objectives. Additionally, an example of a trustee funding commitment letter is provided to expedite the initiation of the cooperative process and avoid prolonged legal negotiations.
The JAT is an ad-hoc volunteer group of west coast-based oil company, federal and state trustee, and NGO representatives that was formed to share information and experiences related to NRDA and to discuss how best to improve the process for cooperative assessments. After several years of meetings, discussions, and presentations, the JAT put pen to paper and developed, in a collaborative and consensus based effort, recommendations for use by its members and others to facilitate cooperative NRDAs. This paper describes pertinent features of the JAT cooperative assessment recommendations document, the document development process as well as a brief background of the JAT.
UNIQUE LOGISTICS DIFFICULTIES ENCOUNTERED DURING RESPONSE TO THE M/V SELENDANG AYU STRANDING AND BREAK UP
Authors: Gallagher John J. , Gudonis Nancy A. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The response to the MIV SELENDANG AYU stranding, breakup and oil spill in the Aleutian Islands presented unique logistics challenges for the response organization. Conducted over the best part of two years in an environment described as containing “some of the harshest weather conditions Alaska has to offer,” the response effort was heartily tested by both location and setting of the operation. The coincidental opening of the largest fishery in the U.S. nearby, weeks after the casualty, placed significant pressures on matters from the very inception. Added to this, the limited availability of traditional indigenous OSRO support as well as the extreme distances to sources of resource supply and receptors for recovered oil and associated wastes further encumbered the effort and posed extraordinary logistics and transport problems. With one important element of logistics, the rugged topography and lack ground access to impacted shorelines complicated the establishment of reliable and effective communications between incident command and response forces in the field presenting challenges of their own. A key to dealing effectively with the unique array of problems presented by the situation was the development and implementation of an overall logistics plan adapted to and workable under the unusual constraints posed. Lessons learned included the realization that there still exist areas in the world and/or prevailing conditions that, even with the advanced capabilities provided by current technology, ad-hoc augmentation, resourcefulness and ingenuity to make things work are still important assets. Because of the unavailability of major OSRO support, we were also obligated to create our own OSRO to be capable of fielding the forces necessary effect the major shoreline cleanup effort when the time came to do that. Most importantly, the results demonstrated that maritime oil spills can be effectively dealt with in even the most hostile and remote locations. A significant factor helping achieve these results was the outstanding cooperation between and support by all of the elements involved in the response including both the Federal and State on Scene Coordinators, the local populace and, most importantly, the Aleut stakeholders of the impacted areas.
THE ALASKA SHORELINE CLEANUP GUIDANCE AND STANDARDS MANUAL
Authors: Crosby Clara , Bauer John , Gardner Dale 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation (ADEC) Spill Prevention and Response Division is compiling a Shoreline Cleanup Guidance and Standards Manual that captures statewide standards for oil-impacted shoreline cleanup and the lessons learned from previous spill response efforts, including the MIV Selendang AYU (2004), the M/V Kuroshima (1997), and the T/V Exxon Valdez (1989) oil spills.
Important elements of the manual include the capture of cleanup endpoint criteria and prescribed controls required for specific techniques. The criteria and controls have been developed as a result of experience from previous oil spill cleanups. The criteria, reviewed and approved by State resources agency representatives from the Alaska Departments of Environmental Conservation, Fish and Game, and Natural Resources, now sets the statewide standard for shoreline cleanup of persistent oiling.
The manual presents not only the State of Alaska'S shoreline endpoint standards but also the State'S requirements, policies, and expectations for cleanup of oil-impacted shorelines, including: the cleanup approval process; prescribed controls required for specific techniques; and the identification of current, ‘alternative’, or chemical shoreline treatment techniques that may be considered during shoreline cleanup operations. The manual describes many common shoreline cleanup techniques and outlines “best-use” practices, but does not identify new techniques or technologies. Conditions specific to Alaska are summarized, including primary shoreline types and primary oil types that are transported in bulk or most likely to be of concern.
In most instances, the primary users will be incident management teams facilitating development of incident-specific shoreline cleanup plans. The manual will also serve ADEC staff, Responsible Parties, State and federal trustee agencies, and land managers.
NEW DISPERSANT DELIVERED AS A GEL
Authors: Nedwed Tim , Canevari Gerard P. , Clark James R. , Belore Randy 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Recent research has led to a next-generation dispersant that potentially provides significant improvements for all spill scenarios where dispersants are an option in addition to extending dispersant use to oils previously considered too viscous.
The new dispersant is formulated as a positively buoyant viscous gel with the consistency of honey. This allows delivery as a spray of large (up to 0.5 cm) droplets that are persistent in breaking-wave conditions and adhere to an oil slick rather than being washed off as do many commercial dispersants. The new formulation is roughly 90% active ingredient while currently available dispersants are at most 40–50% active ingredient with the remainder being a solvent.
Wave-basin tests indicate that the increases in dispersant viscosity and active ingredient content allow the new dispersant to treat conventional oils with very low dispersant-to-oil ratios (as low as 1:100 or lower) and disperse oils currently considered too viscous. The new formulation dispersed heavy California crude oils and heavy fuel oil collected after the Prestige spill significantly better than a commercial dispersant in wave-basin and lab tests. Responders did not attempt to use dispersants on the Prestige spill because they considered the oil too viscous.
The new dispersant also includes advances not readily evaluated in basin tests. It is a white gel-like material that visually contrasts with oil allowing response personnel to immediately evaluate slick coverage after application. Application as buoyant, pea-size droplets can reduce spray drift and increase delivery accuracy. The large, persistent, and buoyant droplets allow the new dispersant to penetrate slicks after initial contact or even miss the slick altogether but remain intact and floating near the oil allowing re-contact with the slick. Aircrafts apply most conventional dispersants as small 300–700 µm droplets. The conventional-dispersant spray is not visible after application, and the small droplets are susceptible to spray drift in turbulent wind conditions.
The advances provided by the new dispersant - those shown by basin tests and the expected field application improvements - may more than triple the capacity of a single plane load of dispersant, and disperse oils currently considered too viscous either because of naturally high viscosity, weathering, emulsification, or cold temperatures.
CONDUCTING AN OIL SPILL CLEANUP IN THE AFTERMATH OF A NATURAL DISASTER – A CAYMAN ISLANDS CASE STUDY
Authors: Johnson Antoinette Yvette , Jensen David Allen , Carter Roydell Alston 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
On the morning of the 12th of September 2004, a storm surge produced by Hurricane Ivan moved across Grand Cayman and swept an estimated 900 drums of used oil from their storage site, scattering some as far away as 350 meters from the original location. Given the extent of the devastation caused by the hurricane and the limitations placed on equipment and personnel, it was some time before a number of drums could be recovered from the canals and vegetation to the west of the storage area. At the start of the recovery process there was significant free-product in the canals mixed in with hurricane debris, sewage from a sewer line break and vegetation which presented a real challenge to the response team. Ultimately, the team recovered some 2000 gallons of free product from the waterways, with another 8,500 gallons collected from drums recovered intact. The process involved the removal of oil-soaked debris, washing of vegetation and the separation of oil and water with a very limited amount of equipment and personnel. Once the free product had been removed to the level of sheen, absorbent pads and bioremediation completed the process.
OIL SPILL VULNERABILITY ATLAS FOR THE CANTABRIAN COAST (BAY OF BISCAY, SPAIN)
Authors: Castanedo S. , Pombo C. , Fernandez F. , Medina R. , Puente A. , Juanes J. A. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
In order to respond rapidly and successfully to an oil spill occurring in a defined geographical area, a contingency plan which includes information and processes for oil spill containment and clean-up is required. An important part of the plan'S development, should involve evaluating oil spill risk based on the identification of vulnerable coastal environments. In this work, a methodology to determine an index that represents the oil spill vulnerability of a specific coast is developed. In order to provide a useful decision-making tool, special emphasis is given to the integration in one single index, of physical, biological as well as socio-economical aspects. To do this, three intermediate indexes which include different indicators are defined. The oil spill vulnerability index, V, is calculated by means of a weighting scheme as a result of the participation of interest groups involved in the decision-making process. The presented methodology is applied to the Cantabrian coast (Bay of Biscay, Spain) which was one of the areas most affected by the Prestige oil spill. The work is based on GIS technology allowing an efficient information management and the generation of updated oil spill vulnerability maps.