bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Industrialization
Authors: Ashworth William J. 
Published: March 2013

According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the term “industry” probably originated from the 14th-century French word industrie and initially meant “intelligent or clever working; skill, ingenuity, dexterity, or cleverness in doing anything” (Oxford English Dictionary [2012], Industry). The word industrialization appears to have been first coined in 1906 to describe “the process of industrializing or fact of being industrialized; also, the conversion of an organization into an industry” (Oxford English Dictionary [2012], Industrialization). The connotation and denotation of the term still embody perceptions of knowledge and levels of skill and loom large in the history of industrialization. In the early 21st century industrialization is explicitly associated with the movement from a predominantly agrarian and handicraft economy to centralized production and machine manufacture. Great Britain was said to be first to experience this transition between c. 1760 and 1830. The British Industrial Revolution has long been seen as the spark to modern industrialization and the commencement of sustained economic growth. In the early 21st century there is far from a consensus over what triggered this revolutionary leap into the modern economic world, but the ghost of Britain’s manufactured past still haunts the halls of economic development, from the type of institutions and culture needed to an evangelical promotion of free trade. In concrete terms this means the need for some form of elected parliament, a national bank, protection of property rights, a limited state, and an emphasis on individualism. However, accompanying the rise of the newly industrializing East there has been a movement away from an Anglocentric focus on industrialization to a much more global emphasis and the underlining of contingent factors.
The Second Sino-Japanese War (1937-1945)
Authors: Phillips Steve 
Published: March 2013

The Second Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945), what the Chinese often refer to as the Eight Year War of Anti-Japanese Resistance, began with the Marco Polo Bridge Incident of July 1937 and ended with Japan’s surrender in September 1945. This conflict marked the culmination of almost a half-century of growing Japanese aggression toward China. In 1895, Japan took the island of Taiwan from China’s ailing Qing Dynasty after the First Sino-Japanese War, and in 1931 the Japanese Army occupied Manchuria, China’s three northeastern provinces. Despite the superiority of Japan’s military, by 1937 no Chinese government could accept further territorial losses while maintaining legitimacy with the Chinese people. Japan’s all-out invasion and Chinese resistance would be second only to the clash between Germany and the Soviet Union in terms of destruction and the number of dead. Early scholarship focused on the battlefield. Experts placed the 1937 to 1945 period into different contexts—a China-centered War of Resistance, a regionally based Second Sino-Japanese War or Pacific War, or a global war. One controversial issue is how much Chinese resistance figured in the ultimate defeat of the Japanese. If China’s role was limited, what factors hampered the resistance effort? Later, scholars examined the political aspects of the war. Debate over the nature and effectiveness of Chiang Kai-shek’s Nationalist government dominates much of the English-language material. Did the Nationalists vigorously prosecute the war against the Japanese? Could the United States have done more to assist Chiang Kai-shek and his Nationalist government? The legacy of Communist victory in China’s civil war is another issue confronting those who research Sino-Japanese conflict. Memoirs, oral histories, and the secondary literature on the 1937–1945 period often present the war as a prelude to Communist victory, or as a case study in Nationalist defects that would lead to the regime’s collapse in 1949. As Steven Levine writes in China’s Bitter Victory, “If not for the Sino-Japanese War, it is doubtful whether the Chinese Communist party would ever have come to power.” (Hsiung and Levine 1992, p. xvii; cited under General Overviews) In the past few decades, scholars expanded from military or state-centric topics to issues of collaboration and the impact of war on Chinese society. Japanese atrocities, such as the Nanjing Massacre, and postwar reconciliation also have received more attention from researchers in recent years.
Acoustic Phonetics
Authors: Jongman Allard 
Published: March 2013

Acoustic phonetics is the study of the acoustic characteristics of speech, including an analysis and description of speech in terms of its physical properties, such as frequency, intensity, and duration. Descriptions of speech sounds in these terms date back as far as 1830 (Willis), but the invention of the sound spectrograph (1945) was the major technological breakthrough that made the analysis and visualization of the speech signal possible. Subsequent developments in digital signal processing, most notably the discrete Fourier transform, have made it possible to conduct all acoustic analyses with a basic microcomputer. Rousselot (b. 1846–d. 1924) is widely regarded as the “father of experimental phonetics.” Rousselot applied the kymograph to the study of speech. The kymograph, invented in the 1840s by Ludwig, was originally used for measuring blood pressure and other physiological processes. For speech, the kymograph consisted of a rotating drum covered with paper coated with soot; speakers spoke into a rubber tube and the sound vibrations were captured by a stylus that registered the variations in air pressure, from which duration, intensity, and pitch could be measured. Edison’s invention of the phonograph in 1877 was of crucial importance since it was the first device that allowed the recording and reproduction of sound. This invention meant that speech was no longer a fleeting event but could be repeatedly heard and analyzed. A number of researchers developed additional devices to visualize and analyze the sound waveforms, including Hermann, Scripture, and Verner. Although the speech waveform (oscillogram) is the basis of all acoustic speech research, it is rarely used as a source. One important reason is that it is “too rich” since it contains information about frequency, intensity, and phase of the signal components, while human perception disregards the latter. Hence, the spectrogram provides a better representation.
Vulnerability, Risk, and Hazards
Authors: Haney Jennifer J. , Montz Burrell E. , Tobin Graham A. 
Published: March 2013

Consideration of the nexus between the geophysical and social components of natural hazards can be dated to Gilbert White’s recognition in 1942 that “floods are acts of God, but flood losses are largely acts of man [sic].” Since that time, hazards researchers have sought to understand the extent to which the losses from extreme natural events can be explained by physical processes of the events and characteristics of those at risk. This has led to considerations of how risk and vulnerability are conceptualized, measured, and mitigated. Some researchers have focused on geophysical risk and the vulnerability of locations, while others have been concerned with understanding vulnerability comprising social, demographic, and economic factors, no matter what the risk. As a result, the body of literature is diverse, with foci ranging from works addressing a physical perspective of risk to those documenting vulnerability as a product of the political-economic systems in which people reside. With this diversity has come a variety of definitions of the terms “risk” and “vulnerability.” For instance, risk analysts often define risk as the product of the probability of an event’s occurrence and its magnitude (i.e., probability × magnitude = risk), while hazards researchers in geography and other disciplines tend to view this relationship as including an exponent to account for social values or societal impacts (i.e., probability × magnitude n), although n may be difficult to measure. Similarly, much discussion in the literature deals with defining vulnerability, with some works equating it with risk and others expressing it in relationship to resilience. Yet, it has been recognized that the mitigation and adaptation options available to reduce risk and vulnerability may be quite different. This article addresses these topics by focusing on works that seek to improve our understanding of the complexities of each term and then turning to research that has advanced our understanding of how risk and vulnerability might be measured and, ultimately, mitigated to reduce losses. The references cited do not compose a definitive list of publications on vulnerability and risk but instead represent a sample of those available. The references have been organized into different categories based on general vulnerability factors, such that readers will see a cross-section of the available literature. However, many citations could easily fit into two or more categories; indeed, it is the overlapping and interdisciplinary nature of the topic that exemplifies this area of research.
Increasing zooplankton size diversity enhances the strength of top‐down control on phytoplankton through diet niche partitioning
Authors: Ye Lin , Chang Chun‐Yi , García‐Comas Carmen , Gong Gwo‐Ching , Hsieh Chih‐hao 
Published: March 2013

Summary

The biodiversity‐ecosystem functioning debate is a central topic in ecology. Recently, there has been a growing interest in size diversity because body size is sensitive to environmental changes and is one of the fundamental characteristics of organisms linking many ecosystem properties. However, how size diversity affects ecosystem functioning is an important yet unclear issue.

To fill the gap, with large‐scale field data from the East China Sea, we tested the novel hypothesis that increasing zooplankton size diversity enhances top‐down control on phytoplankton (H1) and compared it with five conventional hypotheses explaining the top‐down control: flatter zooplankton size spectrum enhances the strength of top‐down control (H2); nutrient enrichment lessens the strength of top‐down control (H3); increasing zooplankton taxonomic diversity enhances the strength of top‐down control (H4); increasing fish predation decreases the strength of top‐down control of zooplankton on phytoplankton through trophic cascade (H5); increasing temperature intensifies the strength of top‐down control (H6).

The results of univariate analyses support the hypotheses based on zooplankton size diversity (H1), zooplankton size spectrum (H2), nutrient (H3) and zooplankton taxonomic diversity (H4), but not the hypotheses based on fish predation (H5) and temperature (H6). More in‐depth analyses indicate that zooplankton size diversity is the most important factor in determining the strength of top‐down control on phytoplankton in the East China Sea.

Our results suggest a new potential mechanism that increasing predator size diversity enhances the strength of top‐down control on prey through diet niche partitioning. This mechanism can be explained by the optimal predator–prey body‐mass ratio concept. Suppose each size group of zooplankton predators has its own optimal phytoplankton prey size, increasing size diversity of zooplankton would promote diet niche partitioning of predators and thus elevates the strength of top‐down control.
Cervical Carcinoma Cells Stimulate the Angiogenesis through TSLP Promoting Growth and Activation of Vascular Endothelial Cells
Authors: Xie Feng , Meng Yu‐Han , Liu Li‐Bing , Chang Kai‐Kai , Li Hui , Li Ming‐Qing , Li Da‐Jin 
Published: March 2013

ProblemTo explore whether cervical carcinomas cells‐derived thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) modulates the biologic behavior of vascular endothelial cells and herein participates in the angiogenesis in the cervical cancer pathogenesis.Method of studyWe analyzed expression of TSLP and its receptor (TSLPR) in cervical cancer cells by immunohistochemistry, ELISA, and flow cytometry, respectively. We further investigated the effects of TSLP on the proliferation, apoptosis, activation, and angiogenesis in vitro of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs).ResultsIt has been found that the cervical cancer cells translate TSLP and endothelial cells express TSLPR in cervical cancer tissues. Both HeLa and CaSki cells secret TSLP in a time‐dependent manner, and the ratio of TSLPR‐positive HUVECs is about 30%. It has been showed that recombinant human TSLP (rhTSLP) can significantly increase Ki67 and CD62E expression in HUVECs and interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) levels from HeLa and CaSki cells; on the contrary, anti‐human TSLP or TSLPR neutralizing antibody down‐regulates the expression of Ki67, angiogenesis‐relative molecules CD62E, and CD105 in HUVECs cocultured with HeLa or CasKi cells and inhibits IL‐6 secretion from HeLa and CaSki cells. Moreover, both rhTSLP and endogenous TSLP from HeLa or CaSki cells obviously stimulate the proliferation, activation, and angiogenesis, but not influence the apoptosis of HUVECs in vitro.ConclusionThis study has demonstrated that TSLP secreted by cervical carcinomas cells is involved in the angiogenesis of cervical cancer in a paracrine manner.
Improved intensive care unit survival for critically ill allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients following reduced intensity conditioning
Authors: Townsend William M. , Holroyd Ailsa , Pearce Rachel , Mackinnon Stephen , Naik Prakesh , Goldstone Anthony H. , Linch David C. , Peggs Karl S. , Thomson Kirsty J. , Singer Mervyn , Howell David C. J. , Morris Emma C. 
Published: March 2013

SummaryThe use of allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (Allo‐HSCT) is a standard treatment option for many patients with haematological malignancies. Historically, patients requiring intensive care unit (ICU) admission for transplant‐related toxicities have fared extremely poorly, with high ICU mortality rates. Little is known about the impact of reduced intensity Allo‐HSCT conditioning regimens in older patients on the ICU and subsequent long‐term outcomes. A retrospective analysis of data collected from 164 consecutive Allo‐HSCT recipients admitted to ICU for a total of 213 admissions, at a single centre over an 11·5‐year study period was performed. Follow‐up was recorded until 31 March 2011. Autologous HSCT recipients were excluded. In this study we report favourable ICU survival following Allo‐HSCT and, for the first time, demonstrate significantly better survival for patients who underwent Allo‐HSCT with reduced intensity conditioning compared to those treated with myeloablative conditioning regimens. In addition, we identified the need for ventilation (invasive or non‐invasive) as an independently significant adverse factor affecting short‐term ICU outcome. For patients surviving ICU admission, subsequent long‐term overall survival was excellent; 61% and 51% at 1 and 5 years, respectively. Reduced intensity Allo‐HSCT patients admitted to ICU with critical illness have improved survival compared to myeloablative Allo‐HSCT recipients.
Overexpression of the insulin‐like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF‐1R) is associated with malignancy in familial pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas
Authors: Fernandez María Celia , Martin Ayelen , Venara Marcela , Calcagno María de Luján , Sansó Gabriela , Quintana Silvina , Chemes Héctor E. , Barontini Marta , Pennisi Patricia A. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractContextPheochromocytomas and paragangliomas (pheo/pgl) are neuroendocrine tumours derived from chromaffin cells. Although mostly benign, up to 26% of pheo/pgl will undergo malignant transformation. Reliable histological signs to differentiate benign pheo/pgl from malignant tumours are currently lacking. Increased IGF‐1R expression has been shown during progression to metastatic phenotypes of several types of cancer.ObjectiveTo analyse the distribution and expression of the IGF‐1R in pheo/pgl of different genetic origin and degree of malignancy.MeasurementsWe studied the expression of the IGF‐1R protein by immunohistochemistry, in 40 primary tumours from patients with pheo/pgl from different genetic aetiology (11 of 29 metastatic/nonmetastatic diseases).ResultsWe found a strong association between increased expression of IGF‐1R and malignant behaviour regardless of the age at diagnosis and the genetic aetiology. IGF‐1R labelling was mostly weak in primary tumours from patients with nonmetastatic pheo/pgl. Conversely, intense IGF‐1R labelling was predominant in cases of pheo/pgl with confirmed metastatic disease. The risk of metastases was 11·7 times higher if tumour IGF‐1R labelling was intense independently of age at diagnosis. The probability of remaining free of metastases was higher in patients with pheo/pgl scored weak for IGF‐1R at 60 months and more than twofold higher at 120 months of follow‐up than in patients with intense IGF‐1R labelling in their primary tumours.ConclusionsOur results strongly suggest that IGF‐1R is associated with malignancy in familial pheo/pgl and that IGF‐1R expression in the primary tumour might be a useful tool to detect those patients harbouring pheo/pgl who have an increased risk of metastasis.
Moderate and severe malnutrition alters proliferation of spleen cells in rats
Authors: Cortés‐Barberena E. , Ceballos‐Olvera I. , González‐Márquez H. , Ortiz‐Muñiz R. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractObjectivesPrevious studies have shown alterations in bone marrow cell proliferation in malnourished rats, during lactation. The objective of this study was to determine in vivo effects of moderate and severe malnutrition on spleen cell proliferation in 21‐day‐old rat pups.Materials and methodsSpleen cell proliferation was determined following administration of bromodeoxyuridine (BrdUrd) over a time course of 2, 4, 6 and 8 h. Incorporation of BrdUrd was detected using FITC‐conjugated anti‐BrdUrd monoclonal antibodies and total DNA content was detected and evaluated using propidium iodide using flow cytometry.ResultsProportions of cells in S and G2/M were reduced in the rats with moderate (MN2nd) and severe (MN3rd) malnutrition. BrdUrd incorporation was lower in both groups of malnourished rat. In cells of MN2nd individuals, length of G1 became shorter, while length of S‐phase increased. In contrast, fraction of cells in proliferation was significantly lower in both groups of malnourished rat, with MN3rd group having lowest percentage of cell population growth. In this study, severe malnutrition did not significantly affect duration of phases of the cell cycle, although fractions of proliferating cells were dramatically reduced.ConclusionModerate malnutrition increased time of cells in DNA synthesis and time of total cell cycle and severe malnutrition reduced growth fraction of spleen cells in malnourished rats during lactation.
Fractone‐heparan sulphates mediate FGF‐2 stimulation of cell proliferation in the adult subventricular zone
Authors: Douet V. , Kerever A. , Arikawa‐Hirasawa E. , Mercier F. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractObjectives: Fractones are extracellular matrix structures that form a niche for neural stem cells and their immediate progeny in the subventricular zone of the lateral ventricle (SVZa), the primary neurogenic zone in the adult brain. We have previously shown that heparan sulphates (HS) associated with fractones bind fibroblast growth factor‐2 (FGF‐2), a powerful mitotic growth factor in the SVZa. Here, our objective was to determine whether the binding of FGF‐2 to fractone‐HS is implicated in the mechanism leading to cell proliferation in the SVZa.Materials and methods: Heparitinase‐1 was intracerebroventricularly injected with FGF‐2 to N‐desulfate HS proteoglycans and determine whether the loss of HS and of FGF‐2 binding to fractones modifies FGF‐2 effect on cell proliferation. We also examined in vivo the binding of Alexa‐Fluor‐FGF‐2 in relationship with the location of HS immunoreactivity in the SVZa.Results: Heparatinase‐1 drastically reduced the stimulatory effect of FGF‐2 on cell proliferation in the SVZa. Alexa‐Fluor‐FGF‐2 binding was strictly co‐localized with HS immunoreactivity in fractones and adjacent vascular basement membranes in the SVZa.Conclusions: Our results demonstrate that FGF‐2 requires HS to stimulate cell proliferation in the SVZa and suggest that HS associated with fractones and vascular basement membranes are responsible for activating FGF‐2. Therefore, fractones and vascular basement membranes may function as a HS niche to drive cell proliferation in the adult neurogenic zone.
The link between logic, mathematics and imagination: evidence from children with developmental dyscalculia and mathematically gifted children
Authors: Morsanyi Kinga , Devine Amy , Nobes Alison , Szűcs Dénes 
Published: March 2013

AbstractThis study examined performance on transitive inference problems in children with developmental dyscalculia (DD), typically developing controls matched on IQ, working memory and reading skills, and in children with outstanding mathematical abilities. Whereas mainstream approaches currently consider DD as a domain‐specific deficit, we hypothesized that the development of mathematical skills is closely related to the development of logical abilities, a domain‐general skill. In particular, we expected a close link between mathematical skills and the ability to reason independently of one's beliefs. Our results showed that this was indeed the case, with children with DD performing more poorly than controls, and high maths ability children showing outstanding skills in logical reasoning about belief‐laden problems. Nevertheless, all groups performed poorly on structurally equivalent problems with belief‐neutral content. This is in line with suggestions that abstract reasoning skills (i.e. the ability to reason about content without real‐life referents) develops later than the ability to reason about belief‐inconsistent fantasy content.A video abstract of this article can be viewed at http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=90DWY3O4xx8
Bridging developmental systems theory and evolutionary psychology using dynamic optimization
Authors: Frankenhuis Willem E. , Panchanathan Karthik , Clark Barrett H. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractInteractions between evolutionary psychologists and developmental systems theorists have been largely antagonistic. This is unfortunate because potential synergies between the two approaches remain unexplored. This article presents a method that may help to bridge the divide, and that has proven fruitful in biology: dynamic optimization. Dynamic optimization integrates developmental systems theorists’ focus on dynamics and contingency with the ‘design stance’ of evolutionary psychology. It provides a theoretical framework as well as a set of tools for exploring the properties of developmental systems that natural selection might favor, given particular evolutionary ecologies. We also discuss limitations of the approach.