bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Determinative Role of the Exchange Cation and Layer-Charge Density of Smectite on Aflatoxin Adsorption
Authors: Deng Youjun , Liu Lian , Velázquez Ana Luisa Barrientos , Dixon Joe B. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractUsing bentonites to adsorb aflatoxin is an effective method of minimizing the toxicity of aflatoxin to animals and humans. Early studies indicated a more than 10-fold difference in aflatoxin adsorption capacity among different bentonites. The determining mineralogical and chemical properties of the clays in aflatoxin adsorption are still poorly understood. The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that a bentonite’s selectivity and adsorption capacity for aflatoxin is mainly determined by the ‘size matching’ requirement, on a nm scale, between the non-polar interlayer surface domains and the aflatoxin molecules. The non-polar surface domain size of smectites was varied by (1) selecting smectites with different charge densities; and (2) changing the valence and the size of exchange cations to control the amount of water in the hydration shells of the cations. Infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction were also used to characterize the aflatoxin-smectite complexes to investigate if layer-charge density would affect the bonding strength between aflatoxin and the minerals. A large aflatoxin adsorption capacity and high selectivity for aflatoxin were achieved by selecting smectites that had low charge density as represented by their <110 meq/100 g cation exchange capacity. An individual smectite’s selectivity and adsorption capacity for aflatoxin could be enhanced or weakened by replacing the exchange cation. When the smectite was saturated with divalent cations that have smaller hydrated radius (e.g. Ba2+), the smectite’s adsorption capacity and affinity for aflatoxin were enhanced. Aflatoxin entered the interlayer of all six smectites tested. The strength of its bonding to the smectites was not affected by the layer-charge density of the smectites. The results confirmed the importance of nm-scale polarity and size match between aflatoxin molecules and the adsorbing sites on smectite. The high selectivity for aflatoxin can be achieved by selecting a smectite with adequate charge density or by replacing the exchange cations with divalent cations that have low hydration energy.
A local-to-global result for topological spherical buildings
Authors: McCallum Rupert 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
Suppose that Δ;Δʹ are two buildings each arising from a semisimple algebraic group over a field, a topological field in the former case, and that for both the buildings the Coxeter diagram has no isolated nodes. We give conditions under which a partially defined injective chamber map, whose domain is the subcomplex of Δ generated by a nonempty open set of chambers, and whose codomain is Δʹ, is guaranteed to extend to a unique injective chamber map. Related to this result is a local version of the Borel-Tits theorem on abstract homomorphisms of simple algebraic groups.
汉语的主观情态和客观情态
Authors: 彭, 利贞 , 刘, 翼斌 
Published: November 2012

提要在情态研究中，对主观情态与客观情态的区别的认识远非清楚。现代汉语的情态表达，从如下方面表现出主观与客观的区别：（一）不同类型情态的情态动词连续同现遵循的EDD规则，体现了不同类型的情态之间主观与客观的区别，它要求主观性强的情态类型先于主观性弱的情态类型排列。（二）表达同义情态的两个情态动词的同现，原因在于它们表达的情态存在主观和客观的区别，两个同义情态动词同现时，主观情态先于客观情态。（三）表达同义情态的不同情态构式存在功能上的差别，原因也在于它们表达的同义情态存在主观与客观的差别。（四）出于语用目的，现代汉语存在大量的情态客观化表达，说明主观情态与客观情态的区别存在语用动因。
汉语教材词语注解中文化因素的呈现
Authors: 赵, 明 
Published: November 2012

提要语言与文化相融的特性决定了汉语教材中词语注解也具有跨文化属性。通过对目前较典型的中级汉语教材的分析发现，目前汉语教材的词语注解中存在着忽略词语的文化意义、文化意义呈现不够充分或未能提供与文化有关的例证等问题。这些问题的出现，原因主要在于忽略文化层级性、忽视文化意义的隐含性和教材编者主体的失误。要解决这些问题，汉语教材词语注解涉及文化因素时则应遵循“适度、有效、优先、多维”的原则，也在多个方面还存在可完善和改进之处。
What do subject pronouns do in discourse? Cognitive, mechanical and constructional factors in variation
Authors: Travis, Catherine E. , Torres Cacoullos, Rena 
Published: November 2012

AbstractIn languages with variable subject expression, or “pro-drop” languages, when do speakers use subject pronouns? We address this question by investigating the linguistic conditioning of Spanish first-person singular pronoun yo in conversational data, testing hypotheses about speakers' choice of an expressed subject as factors in multivariate analysis. Our results indicate that, despite a widely held understanding of a contrastive role for subject pronouns, yo expression is primarily driven by cognitive, mechanical and constructional factors. In cognitive terms, we find that yo is favored in the presence of human subjects intervening between coreferential 1sg subjects (a refined measure of the well-described phenomenon of “switch-reference”). A mechanical effect is observed in two distinct manifestations of priming: the increased rate of yo when the previous coreferential first singular subject was realized as yo and when the subject of the immediately preceding clause was realized pronominally. And evidence for a particular yo + cognitive verb construction is provided by a speaker-turn effect, the favoring of yo in a turn-initial Intonation Unit, that is observed with cognitive (but not other) verbs, which form a category centered around high frequency yo creo ‘I think’.
Whatisduality of patterning, anyway?
Authors: Ladd D. Robert 
Published: November 2012

AbstractThe notion of duality of patterning (henceforth DoP), at least for readers of this special issue, is probably most closely associated with Charles F. Hockett's project of identifying the ‘design features’ of language in order to characterise the ways in which human language is unique among biological communication systems (Hockett 1958: chapter 64; Hockett 1960; Hockett and Ascher 1964). Roughly speaking, DoP refers to the fact that the meaningful units of language – words or morphemes – are made up of meaningless units – phonemes or features – whose only function is to distinguish the meaningful units from one another. Stated this way, the idea seems quite straightforward, and to have it explicitly stated as a property of language seems a useful insight. In fact, though, of all the design features discussed by Hockett, DoP seems to have engendered the most confusion. The idea that meaningful units are composed of meaningless ones seems simple enough, but many complications arise when we look more closely. The goal of this short paper is to document some of the complications and perhaps alleviate some of the confusion.
Outcome following Secondary Autogenous Bone Grafting before and after Canine Eruption in Patients with Unilateral Cleft Lip and Palate
Authors: Nishihara Kazuhide , Nozoe Etsuro , Maeda Aya , Hirahara Narihiro , Okawachi Takako , Miyawaki Shouichi , Nakamura Norifumi 
Published: November 2012

Objective To determine whether the long axis and eruption of the cleft-adjacent canine affect postoperative outcomes in secondary autogenous bone grafting (SABG). Design Retrospective longitudinal study. Setting Multidisciplinary long-term follow-up at Kagoshima University Hospital. Subjects and Methods Twenty-five patients with complete unilateral cleft lip and palate (11 male, 14 female) were compared between unerupted and erupted groups for canine developmental stage, canine angle, and vertical height at bone grafting at 1 year and more than 4 years after SABG. The interalveolar septal heights at 1 and more than 4 years were evaluated by orthopantomograms. Results All patients in both groups accomplished dental rehabilitation with orthodontic treatment alone without prosthetic appliances. Although the rate of an acceptable bone bridge tended to be lower in the unerupted group (62.5%) than in the erupted group (88.8%), the difference was not significant ( P = .158). The canine angle at bone grafting was significantly different between acceptable (69.2° ± 12.2°) and poor cases (77.3° ± 6.2°) at more than 4 years in the unerupted group ( P = .049). The acceptable bone bridge rate might reflect mechanical stress added by natural eruption and orthodontic force. Conclusions We suggest that SABG should be planned in accordance with the canine angle, crown and root development, the eruption position of the cleft-adjacent canine, and the timing of added mechanical stress in the alveolar cleft, considering the bone formation in the alveolar cleft.
Small substructures and decidability issues for first-order logic with two variables
Authors: Kieroński Emanuel , Otto Martin 
Published: November 2012

AbstractWe study first-order logic with two variables FO2 and establish a small substructure property. Similar to the small model property for FO2 we obtain an exponential size bound on embedded substructures, relative to a fixed surrounding structure that may be infinite. We apply this technique to analyse the satisfiability problem for FO2 under constraints that require several binary relations to be interpreted as equivalence relations. With a single equivalence relation, FO2 has the finite model property and is complete for non-deterministic exponential time, just as for plain FO2. With two equivalence relations, FO2 does not have the finite model property, but is shown to be decidable via a construction of regular models that admit finite descriptions even though they may necessarily be infinite. For three or more equivalence relations, FO2 is undecidable.
Philometroides acanthopagri sp. nov., a new philometrid (Nematoda, Philometridae) from the musculature of Acanthopagrus latus (Sparidae) from marine waters of Iraq
Authors: Moravec František , Jassim Abdul , Al-Salim Nadrah 
Published: November 2012

AbstractA new nematode species, Philometroides acanthopagri sp. nov. (Philometridae), is described from gravid and subgravid specimens found in the musculature near pectoral fins and in nasal cavity of the yellowfin seabream Acanthopagrus latus (Houttuyn) (Sparidae, Perciformes) from marine waters off the coast of southern Iraq. Based on light and scanning electron microscopical examination, the new species differs from its congeners in a combination of morphological and biometrical features. It is the first species of Philometroides reported from a sparid fish and the first representative of this genus recorded from fishes in the Arabian Gulf. A key to Philometroides species parasitizing marine and brackish-water fishes is provided.
Syringophilopsis davidi sp. nov. (Prostigmata, Syringophilidae) a new quill mite species parasitizing Calandrella brachydactyla (Passeriformes, Alaudidae) in Egypt
Authors: Glowska Eliza , Laniecka Izabella 
Published: November 2012

AbstractA new quill mite species Syringophilopsis davidi sp. nov. (Prostigmata, Syringophilidae) parasitizing Greater Short-toed Lark Calandrella brachydactyla (Leisler) (Passeriformes, Alaudidae) in Egypt is described. This new species is distinguishable from S. tyranni Bochkov and Galloway by 10–13 chambers of the peritremal lateral branches, setae se located slightly anterior to c1, and by setae ag2 about twice longer than the genital setae. This is the first record of this genus from the hosts of the family Alaudidae and in the Arab Republic of Egypt.
Trichinella spiralis reinfection: changes in cellular and humoral immune response in BALB/c mice
Authors: Dvorožňáková E. , Kołodziej-Sobocińska M. , Hurníková Z. 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
Trichinella spiralis infection induces a host cell-mediated and humoral response. The role of T and B lymphocytes in the immune response of mice reinfected with 2 × 400 T. spiralis larvae was studied in relation to the parasite burden. BALB/c mice were infected on days 0 and 60 and immunological parameters were examined within a period of 180 days. In comparison with a single T. spiralis infection, T- and B-lymphocytes in reinfected mice responded by a significant increase in the proliferative activity during 10 days after reinfection. At the same time, the percentages of CD4+ T-cells of reinfected mice were also increased. In contrast, the CD8+ T-cell numbers were significantly reduced almost 30 days after reinfection. High concentration of serum IFN-γ lasted till the end of the experiment. The IL-5 level was increased only for 2 weeks after reinfection, followed by its decrease. Kinetics of specific anti-Trichinella immunoglobulins IgG2a was not affected with reinfection, but specific antibodies IgG1 significantly increased after reinfection and persisted elevated till the end of the experiment. Lower numbers of adults (69.2 % reduction) in the small intestine and 72.3 % reduction in muscle larvae were found after reinfection. Stimulation of the host immune response — the increased activity of CD4+ T lymphocytes and high levels of IFN-γ and specific IgG1 after reinfection, contributed to the reduction of the parasite burden.
Effect of albendazole therapy on susceptible and resistant Haemonchus contortus larvae in Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus) and distribution of inflammatory cells in the stomach wall
Authors: Königová A. , Hrčková G. , Velebný S. , Dolinská M. , Molnár L. , Várady M. 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
The effect of albendazole therapy on the reduction of drugsusceptible and drug-resistant strains of Haemonchus contortus larvae on day 10 post infection (p.i.), distribution and the relative numbers of innate immunity cells — eosinophils/neutrophils and mast cells in the stomach wall of immunosupressed Mongolian gerbils on days 4/1, 7/4, 10/7 and 14/11 post infection/post therapy (p.i./p.t.) were investigated in the present study. The efficacy of albendazole was significantly lower on benzimidazole (BZ) resistant larvae (L3 and L4 stages) (58.92 %) than the efficacy on susceptible strain of larvae (94.15 %). H. contortus infection elicited strong inflammation in mucosal and submucosal layers of the stomach, where mucosal mast cells MMC) were in the highest numbers in the lamina propria mucosae on day 7/4 p.i./p.t. Reduction of larval numbers following treatment resulted in a gradual decrease of MMC and connective tissue mast cells (CTMC). The lower counts of CTMC in the submucosa were seen in gerbils infected with BZ-susceptible strain during the whole period post therapy. In case of infection with BZ-resistant strain, peroxidase containig cells (eosinophils) peaked on day 7/4 p.i./p.t., whereas infection with BZ-susceptible strain elicited massive accumulation of these cells on day 4/1 p.i./p.t., particularly in the submucosa. No marked differences in eosinophils localisation were observed between both groups after the therapy. Goblet cells were found only in the proximal parts of glandulae gastricae close to the mucosal surface and no differences in the distribution in the stomach wall of both groups of animals were observed. After therapy the higher larval counts in case of BZ-resistant strain were in the correlation with the lower decline of CTMC and eosinophils, but MMC numbers were not significantly different between both treated groups. Present data indicate that in early stage post infection, the distribution of individual innate immunity cells might be directly affected by the larvae, and that the genetic and consequently biological differences related to the resistance to benzimidazoles probably had the impact on the interactions of larvae with the different immune cells in their niche.
Monitoring of Ascaris suum in slaughter pigs during 2000–2009 in Slovakia
Authors: Ondrejková A. , Černek Ľ. , Prokeš M. , Ondrejka R. , Hurníková Z. , Takáčová D. 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
Ascaris suum is a parasitic nematode of pigs with worldwide distribution causing economic loses due do health interactions, reduced feed to gain efficiency and loses due to liver condemnation at abattoirs. To survey the herd prevalence of ascariosis in Slovakia, the presence of milk spots in liver of slaughtered pigs is monitored at abattoirs. According to shortened life-span of fattening pigs, this is the most suitable screening method for efficiency evaluation of control measures. Within the monitoring in 2000–2009, in total 279 herds (19 017 animals) were examined. During this period, marked decrease in occurrence of pathological lesions, resp. milk spots, in liver was recorded (from 39.51 % to 6.85 %) in investigated herds.
Canine subcutaneous dirofilariosis — noteless and neglected (Difficulties in disease monitoring)
Authors: Miterpáková M. , Iglódyová A. , Hurníková Z. 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
In Central Europe, several new endemic regions of subcutaneous dirofilariosis caused by filarial nematode Dirofilaria repens were identified during recent years. Among those countries is also Slovakia, where the infection in dogs was recorded for the first time in 2005. We summarize here the activities intended to increase the veterinarian’s awareness of dirofilariosis and problems connected with establishing cooperation in monitoring of the infection in Slovakia. We also present the results of the questionnaire survey of public (foremost dog breeders and owners) knowledge on dirofilariosis.
Our experience shows that despite the fact that the disease was discovered in Slovakia already 6 years ago, veterinarians still do not attach adequate importance and attention to it. Out of over 540 veterinarians, who have been repeatedly requested to cooperate, only 26 were willing to engage in the monitoring programme. Surprisingly, we noticed much higher interest from the general public and dog owners: 53.1 % of responders indicated that they had already heard about dirofilariosis and 45.2 % of them knew about the risk of transmission to humans. But as many as 78.9 % of animal owners pointed out, that they were not informed by their veterinarian about the possibilities of testing and prevention.
Nevertheless, in spite of multiple negative experiences, it is necessary to continue the monitoring of dirofilariosis given that the real distribution of the parasite in Slovakia is still unknown, which prevents the introduction of effective preventive measures.
Changes of enzymatic antioxidant system in the small intestine of rats after the chronic invasion by Hymenolepis diminuta (Cestoda, Hymenolepididae)
Authors: Czeczot H. , Skrzycki M. , Majewska M. , Podsiad M. , Salamatin R. , Twarowska J. , Grytner-Zięcina B. 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate changes in the enzymatic antioxidant system in rat small intestine caused by invasion of tapeworms Hymenolepis diminuta. The study material consisted of samples of the rats small intestine after short- (1.5-months) and long-term (1.5-years) larvae invasion of tapeworm H. diminuta. In tissue extracts the concentration of oxidative stress markers (GSH and TBARS) and activity of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT, total GSHPx, SeGSHPx, GST and GSHR) were determined. Changes demonstrated for GSH and TBARS level and the activity of antioxidant enzymes in the small intestine in rats indicate the induction of oxidative stress and weakening of antioxidant defense mechanisms, after both short- and long-term invasion of H. diminuta tapeworms. Observed profile of antioxidant enzymes activity in the small intestine of rats after prolonged exposure to direct or indirect contact with H. diminuta tapeworms points to the adaptation of the definitive host to oxidative stress and defense against parasitic invasions.
Parasitic helminthes — probable cause of death of birds
Authors: Okulewicz A. , Sitko J. 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
Parasitic helminths were the probable cause of death of 41 passeriform birds (29 adults and 12 juveniles in their first year of life) caught in the net during the spring and autumn ringing (1986–2010). The birds (1 Chaffinch Fringilla coelebs, 1 House Martin Delichon urbica, 2 Blue Tit Cyanistes caeruleus, 9 Great Tit Parus major, 3 Willow Tit Poecile palustris, 1 Great Reed Acrocephalus arundinaceus, 1 Chiffchaff Phylloscopus collybita, 3 Blackcap Sylvia atricapilla, 2 Dunnock Prunella modularis, 1 Magpie Pica pica, 5 Robin Erithacus rubecula, 9 Common Blackbird Turdus merula and 3 Song Thrush T. philomelos) were caught in the environs of Přerov (Czech Republic). The helminths: trematodes, tapeworms, nematodes and hook worms, were located in the intestine, glandular and muscular stomach, cloaca, rectum, gall bladder, liver, pulmonary cavity, air sac, nasal and orbital cavity and subcutaneous tissue of the hosts. The intensity of invasion with different species of parasites was up to 734 per host. Some parasites Brachydistomum ventricosum, Mosesia sittae, Aprocta cylindrica, Diplotriaena tridens were acquired at the wintering grounds. All the helmniths were heteroxenous, with development cycle involving intermediate hosts (invertebrates) which are part of the birds’ diet.
The egg-shell ultrastructure of Blatticola blattae (Graeffe, 1860) (Oxyuridomorpha: Thelastomatidae)
Authors: Guzeeva E. , Spiridonov S. 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
The egg-shell ultrastructure of Blatticola blattae has been studied under scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Similar to other studied oxyurids, it consists of five layers: a lipid layer, a chitinous layer, a vitelline layer, internal and external uterine layers. Unlike in the closely related thelastomatid Hammerschmidtiella diesingi, the external uterine layer of B. blattae has a honeycomb structure, the complex system of tightly joined prismatic chambers.
Effects of some abiotic factors on the occurrence of aquatic mycobiota in lakes of the Drawa National Park
Authors: Mazurkiewicz-Zapałowicz Kinga , Silicki Artur , Gregorczyk Andrzej , Biedunkiewicz Anna , Wolska Maria 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
Effects of environmental factors, including acidity, temperature, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphate and total iron content, on the diversity of aquatic mycobiota in lake water were studied in two lakes in Northern Poland in 2005–2007. Fifty four species of fungi and fungus-like organisms were recorded in the sub-surface and benthic of both lakes. There were 36 and 45 species in Lakes Marta and Sitno, respectively. The greatest species diversity was observed with a higher content of oxygen and biogenic compounds in the surface water. Temperature and oxygen content were the most important factors affecting the distribution of mycobiota in lake water.
Exposure to chlorine affects the extracellular polymeric substance production and cell surface hydrophobicity in biofilm bacteria
Authors: Rathi Rengaswamy , Satheesh Sathyaneson 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
Chlorination is a common antifouling method adopted by industrial units to minimize the fouling growth on cooling systems. In the present study, the effect of sodium hypochlorite on extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) production, hydrophobicity, cell adhesion and viability of marine bacteria involved in biofilm formation were assessed in laboratory condition. Two bacterial strains, tentatively identified as Alteromonas sp. and Pseudomonas sp. isolated from the surface of seaweeds were used as test organisms for the present study. The bacterial cultures were treated with sodium hypochlorite at 25% of the minimum inhibitory concentration. Results showed considerable variation in the production of EPS, viable counts, hydrophobicity and adhesion ability of bacteria treated with sodium hypochlorite. In general, the present study indicated that chlorination affects some important characteristics involved in the biofilm formation and thereby reduces the adhesion rate on surfaces.