bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rationing of Health Care
Authors: Mechanic David 
Published: May 2015

AbstractRationingrefers to the allocation of a scarce supply relative to need and demand. In market‐based economies, price typically establishes access to valued commodities except when ethical values, norms, and technical limitations make it impossible to allocate simply on the basis of price. Commonly recognized prototypes include allocation of scarce resources such as gasoline during war or currently in transplantation where the number of available organs is insufficient to respond to need and there are long waiting lists.Medical care, even in countries that still depend on a marketplace model such as the United States, is an expensive service substantially funded by government. The availability and amount of services depend on government financing and its willingness to redistribute income through taxation. As the potentialities and costs of medical care continue to escalate beyond economic growth throughout the world, rationing is increasingly applied in distributing medical entitlement and resources. Such rationing is evident at every level of organization from defining the scope of health coverage to the allocation of care at the point of service.Rationing can usefully be conceptualized as explicit (as in planned and defined allocations) to implicit when the norms are unclear and managers and clinicians use their discretion in allocation. This review examines the range of rationing approaches and dilemmas and how members of the public construe various rationing processes and their understanding. It examines the many levels of rationing decisions, many that are unrecognized, and how they are related to equity and social disparities of various kinds.
Regime Type and Terrorist Attacks
Authors: Kingma Kara , Cramer Bryan , Chenoweth Erica 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
We review the current literature on why democracies experience terrorist attacks. Noting that most of these studies were based on data that ended in 2004, we update the data and analyze regime type and terrorist attacks through 2012. We identify a key trend: 2009 appears to have been a watershed year, where terrorist attacks began to occur more often in failed states and countries under military occupation than in democratic ones. Most strikingly, we find that autocratic regimes have experienced a modest increase in terrorist attacks, whereas democracies have experienced a generalized decrease. We then review the literature on terrorism in autocratic regimes, which is mainly focused on explaining variation in terrorist attack patterns across autocratic regimes with different capacities for coercion and co‐optation and different sensitivities to audience costs. We conclude by highlighting some of the research and policy implications on regime type and terrorism.
Remote Sensing with Satellite Technology
Authors: Parcak Sarah 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
This essay discusses the current capabilities in the field of remote sensing in multiple social and behavioral science fields (Anthropology, History, Government, Psychology, Sociology, and Social work), and shows how remote sensing is playing an increasingly important role in social and behavioral science research. Why social and behavioral scientists apply satellite data, or should apply remote sensing data, is reviewed and evaluated, especially in connection to nonsatellite datasets (including US census data). This study clarifies how high resolution satellite data will impact research in the social and behavioral sciences, especially considering the release of additional sensors in 2014 and later, including new potential application of data collected from drones. Social and behavioral scientists will also need to develop research methodologies appropriate to their subfields. Last, coverage is given to present capabilities and emerging trends for remote sensing research, with an emphasis on, future possibilities for applying satellite data in the social and behavioral sciences.
Rent, Rent‐Seeking, and Social Inequality
Authors: Bird Beth Red , Grusky David B. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThe compensation paid out to workers reflects (i) the value of their contribution to their firm or organization and (ii) a possible premium because of restrictions on competition. The latter restrictions, which may take the form of corruption or monopolies that preclude labor from freely flowing throughout the economy, allow for various types of rent to be extracted. This essay addresses the way in which rents may arise, the sectors of the labor market that are gaining new opportunities to extract rent, and the sectors of the labor market that are losing the capacity to extract rent. Although it is typically argued that all forms of rent are gradually withering away, the available evidence suggests, to the contrary, that rent destruction is mainly occurring at the bottom of the class structure. At the top of the class structure, new opportunities to collect rent appear to be emerging, opportunities that raise earnings among the already privileged and thus increase income inequality. The foregoing characterization of the evidence, although not without support, is necessarily controversial because of intrinsic difficulties in distinguishing the true marginal contribution of workers from returns that are attributable to market failure.
Resilience
Authors: Diminich Erica D. , Bonanno George A. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractResearch on resilience is still evolving. For decades, developmental researchers have documented resilient outcomes in children exposed to chronic maltreatment who nonetheless thrived. Relatively more recently the study of resilience has migrated to the investigation of acute and potentially traumatic life events (PTE) in adults. We first consider some of the key differences in the conceptualization of resilience following chronic adversity versus resilience following single‐incident traumas, and then describe some of the misunderstandings that have developed about these constructs. We describe the termsemergent resilienceandminimal‐impact resilience(Bonanno & Diminich, 2013) to represent trajectories of positive adjustment in these two domains, respectively. In particular, we focus on minimal‐impact resilience, and review recent advances in the literature. We then briefly discuss the most widely researched factors (e.g., age, gender, personality) suggested to influence resilient outcomes following exposure to PTEs. In closing, we suggest future areas of research to further expand the study of resilience within the social sciences.
Restoring Racial Justice
Authors: Davis Fania E. , Lyubansky Mikhail , Schiff Mara 
Published: May 2015

AbstractDespite important overlapping interests, until recently, few racial justice advocates have embraced restorative justice (RJ), and the RJ community has largely failed to explicitly address race. Suggesting a convergence of the two movements, this essay presents an overview of RJ principles, history, and methods. We review the evidence for racial bias in criminal justice and school discipline and then note emerging restorative initiatives to ameliorate historical and contemporary racial inequities. We conclude by touching on gaps and challenges characterizing research and applied work in the field while suggesting strategies to move toward a racially‐conscious restorative movement as both an effective alternative to state‐imposed punishment and a powerful force for racial justice.
The Role of School‐Related Peers and Social Networks in Human Development
Authors: Muller Chandra 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThis essay describes the foundational research on peers within schools, the recent advances in the field, and new challenges and opportunities for future research. Schools bring together children and youths for many hours of the day over many years. The intensity of interaction and judgment within of peers within the school setting heightens the potential impact on human development during the crucial adolescent years. Extant research on the effects of peers in school cuts across disciplinary lines and is of interest to developmental psychologists, economists, sociologists, and anthropologists, who observe the potential for peers to structure and reinforce status hierarchies and opportunities to learn, contribute to the development of personality, identity, interests, and motivation, and shape the cultures that emerge in schools, all of which may impact students' learning, educational attainment, and adult earnings. Social network methods combined with more readily available data on students' course taking in schools provides rich and promising new opportunities for future research.
Rulemaking Pursuing a Policy Agenda
Authors: Waterman Richard W. 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
Rulemaking is a difficult process that involves interpreting legislation, often vaguely written, by legislators into formal rules of action for bureaucratic implementation. The process is highly political and often confrontational, with varied interests attempting to influence the behavior of the bureaucratic experts involved in writing rules, regulations, and setting standards. The end result is often delay, during which time the bureaucracy gets the blame. Even under the best of circumstances, however, rulemaking is a difficult process.
Sensational Jurisprudence: Visual Culture and Human Rights
Authors: Renteln Alison Dundes 
Published: May 2015

AbstractSensational jurisprudence is a new branch of sociolegal studies that deals with the five senses and public policy. Because the law privileges the visual, this essay examines social science research about images of suffering and the implications of these findings. The interdisciplinary scholarship about visual culture emphasizes the negative aspects of humanitarian appeals for funding to aid the distant sufferer, and it suggests that bombarding the public with graphic depictions of pitiable individuals is counterproductive. Instead, researchers ought to develop methodologies to ascertain which emotions motivate individuals to engage in global civic action.
Sexual Behavior
Authors: Emery Thompson Melissa 
Published: May 2015

AbstractResearch on human sexual behavior is a multidisciplinary pursuit that seeks to understand one of the most vital and complex aspects of our biology. Foundations for this study include the basic principles of sexual selection, including differential reproductive roles of male and female, and the processes of sexual differentiation. Study of human sexual behavior is made vastly more complex by emotional involvements and the diversity of sexual behaviors exhibited by our species. Historically, sex researchers have struggled to overcome the methodological challenges involved with objective study of behavior in our own species and with the ethical and political implications of their work. Early research focused on merely quantifying the spectrum of human sexual behaviors and on understanding the physiological and psychological processes of sexual response. Subsequent work developed the concept of gender and began to address how behavioral and corporeal manifestations of sex can diverge from one another. Modern studies incorporate a variety of advanced scientific techniques to investigate mechanistic and functional hypotheses for specific behaviors. This review highlights four prominent research topics, highlighting current understanding, cutting edge work, and key issues for future research: mate preferences, concealed ovulation, sexual coercion, and homosexuality. In each of these areas of research, there is strong evidence for biological influences on behavior. It is also clear that known biological mechanisms only partly explain actual behavioral patterns, suggesting strong mediation by cultural, environmental, and developmental processes.
Emerging Trends: Shaping Age By Technology and Social Bonds
Authors: Spellerberg Annette , Schelisch Lynn 
Published: May 2015

AbstractGlobal ageing is a challenge, particularly with the high speed of the ageing process. As the orientation toward nuclear families without extended family members is growing and the number of children is decreasing, fewer senior citizens in developed countries live under the same roof with their children as in past decades. Families are less and less able to provide support and comfort for older people. Social communities are expected to secure the quality of life of senior citizens as well as their ability to lead a self‐reliant, autonomous life. Social policies emphasize ageing in place and therefore the enhancement of neighborhoods and community resources. Digital technologies can contribute to the welfare of the elderly, as they offer communication opportunities, safety functions or health support. More and more the question of enabling contacts and service provision is increasingly based on access to broadband and ICT.In this essay the question is pursued as to which extent new intelligent devices in senior households, often referred to asAmbient Assisted Living(AAL), increase comfort and safety, provide support and facilitate social contact for elderly people in their homes. Already by now, older people are able to use assistive technologies on a regular basis and in very different ways. Modern user interfaces empower senior citizens, ensuring information and entertainment of the Internet. AAL technologies do not diminish direct social contact, but strengthen the sense of belonging by offering new possibilities of getting and keeping in contact.
Sibling Relationships and Development
Authors: Campione‐Barr Nicole , Killoren Sarah 
Published: May 2015

AbstractAlthough research on sibling relationships has been far less frequent than research on other close relationships such as parent–child, peer, and romantic partner relationships, researchers have found siblings to be important for the development of social competence as well as positive and negative adjustment. In addition, the sibling relationship is considered the longest lasting relationship across the life span and it serves unique developmental functions. This essay briefly describes foundational research on the influence of dyadic structural variables, relationship dynamics, and sibling influences on adjustment; outlines cutting‐edge research within the field on the contexts of family ethnicity, developmental period, and important processes and influences on relationship dynamics; and discusses key issues for future research such as expanding to under‐studied ethnic groups (e.g., Native American and Asian‐American families), family structures and contexts (e.g., adoption, single‐parents by choice, gay/lesbian parents), and mechanisms for relationship influence. Expanding the field to incorporate such research questions will likely require sibling researchers to examine findings from research on other important, close relationships, as well as collaboration of researchers from a variety of psychological disciplines as well as in the fields of sociology, neuroscience, genetics, anthropology, and human development and family studies.
Social Aspects of Memory
Authors: Hirst William , Stone Charles B. 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
No one doubts that memories are shaped by the social context in which they are formed or later remembered. In this essay we focus on how the social context of remembering and memorizing with others shapes the way both the speaker and listener remember the past, what we refer to as collaborative remembering. In addressing the mnemonic consequences of collaborative remembering, we discuss 1) how it shapes what is occurrently remembered in the group and 2) how it affects both what the speaker and listener subsequently remember. In terms of the former, we discuss the robust collaborative inhibition literature; in terms of the latter, we discuss the social contagion, retrieval induced‐forgetting and socially shared retrieval‐induced forgetting literature. In conclusion, we highlight areas in need of future research within the area of “social aspects of memory”: 1) whether the mnemonic effects of collaborative remember propagate across a group, that is, to move beyond dyadic interactions and examine larger groups; 2) examining the evolutionary advantages of human memory being susceptible to the influence of others; and, in turn, 3) how this mnemonic susceptibility may help foster social bonds.
Social Class and Parental Investment in Children
Authors: Gauthier Anne H. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThis essay critically reviews the literature on social class differences in parental investment in children including differences in (i) parenting practices or behavior; (ii) parenting styles, logics, and strategies; and (iii) parenting values and ideologies. The essay reveals how structural and cultural barriers contribute to creating social class differences in the ways parents interact with their children, as well as in the way they protect and promote their children's development and well‐being. This essay covers some of the foundational research in the field as well as newer research which has started to question the strict social class divide in parental investment. In particular, this essay discusses recent research on the resistance to the dominant ideology of good parenting, and studies of the complex interactions between social class, race and ethnicity, and gender. This essay concludes with a discussion of future research avenues including a call for a better empirical operationalization of the concept of parental investment.
Social Neuroendocrine Approaches to Relationships
Authors: van Anders Sari M. , Gray Peter B. 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
Social neuroendocrinology is the study of social behaviors and hormones, using ultimate (evolutionary) and proximate (mechanistic) considerations, alongside social context. In this entry, two scholars from psychology and anthropology focus on social relationships (e.g., parenting, romantic relationships, sexual contacts) and both peptide (e.g., oxytocin, vasopressin) and steroid hormones (e.g., testosterone, estradiol, cortisol). Basic theoretical underpinnings of social neuroendocrinology are discussed, along with classic and cutting edge scholarship alongside newer theories. The challenges and promises of social neuroendocrine approaches to relationships are detailed, with an eye to the future of the discipline.
Social, Psychological, and Physiological Reactions to Stress
Authors: McEwen Bruce S. , McEwen Craig A. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractEmerging research examines biological processes not as primary causes of social outcomes but rather as mechanisms that themselves depend on social environments. In particular, environments that produce toxic stress help shape brain development and brain and body function throughout the lifespan. Early life stress, in particular, has serious consequences for life‐long health and affects cognitive performance, emotional intelligence, and self‐regulation. Because the brain is plastic, social as well as individual behavioral interventions can alter some of these developmental paths, modifying brain function and individual life trajectories—but with increasing difficulty as children become adolescents and adults. Now reflecting the new era of “epigenetics” and a life course perspective, this new view of stress, the brain, and social environments highlights the importance of the social, psychological, and biological sciences working together to elucidate underlying mechanisms both to expand knowledge and help promote a better society.
Speech Perception
Authors: Vouloumanos Athena 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
Speech perception is the process by which listeners presented with a distribution of audible frequencies modulated in amplitude (loudness) and spectral (the frequency set) content across time turn this sound into a coherent unit of perception that is interpreted as language. Classic studies established that speech is not perceived by simply mapping sets of invariant acoustic properties onto different speech sounds. In fact, speech perception is robust even when the acoustic signal has been dramatically distorted. Current approaches focus on understanding how we perceive speech by investigating the neural basis of processing different physical aspects of the speech signal, the encoding of acoustic information in the speech signal at different time scales, the developmental of speech perception, and the multimodal representation of speech. Understanding how humans perceive speech will require the expertise of psychologists, neuroscientists, and engineers.
State of the Art in Competition Research
Authors: Fülöp Márta , Orosz Gábor 
Published: May 2015

AbstractUntil the 1990s in psychology, competition was conceived as a unidimensional concept which is opposed to cooperation. Since then, the competition–cooperation dichotomy has shifted and competition is conceptualized as a multifaceted concept that is not in mutually exclusive relationship with cooperation. Constructive and destructive forms of competition have been distinguished regarding their motivational, strategic, and behavioral consequences. Personality psychologists identified different competitive attitudes and research on the psychology of winning and losing, and differentiated specific patterns of emotional and behavioral coping with winning and losing. More recently, psychophysiological, genetic, and neuroimaging studies enrich the understanding of competition. The warrior and worrier genes, the psychology and physiology of challenge and threat, and the neurohormonal changes open up new dimensions of interpretation of competitive encounters and winning and losing. The new challenge of the field is the integration of the accumulated knowledge in a new bio‐psycho‐socio‐cultural model of competition.
Statistical Power Analysis
Authors: Aberson Christopher L. 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
Statistical power refers to the probability of rejecting a false null hypothesis (i.e., finding what the researcher wants to find). Power analysis allows researchers to determine adequate sample size for designing studies with an optimal probability for rejecting false null hypotheses. When conducted correctly, power analysis helps researchers make informed decisions about sample size selection. Statistical power analysis most commonly involves specifying statistic test criteria (type I error rate), desired level of power, and the effect size expected in the population. This article outlines the basic concepts relevant to statistical power, factors that influence power, how to establish the different parameters for power analysis, and determination and interpretation of the effect size estimates for power. I also address innovative work such as the continued development of software resources for power analysis and protocols for designing for precision of confidence intervals (aka, accuracy in parameter estimation). Finally, I outline understudied areas such as power analysis for designs with multiple predictors, reporting and interpreting power analyses in published work, designing for meaningfully sized effects, and power to detect multiple effects in the same study.