bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Epitaxial growth of luminescent Sn-Cr doped β-Ga2O3 nanowires
Authors: Ramírez-Castellanos Julio , Peche-Herrero Margarita-Andrea , López Iñaki , Nogales Emilio , Méndez Bianchi , Piqueras Javier , González-Calbet José María 
Published: July 2014

ABSTRACTElongated micro- and nanostructures of Sn doped or Sn and Cr co-doped monoclinic gallium oxide have been grown by a thermal method. The presence of Sn during growth has been shown to strongly influence the morphology of the resulting structures, including Sn doped branched wires, whips, and needles. Subsequent co-doping with Cr is achieved through thermal diffusion for photonic purposes. The formation mechanism of the branched structures has been studied by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Epitaxial growth has been demonstrated in some cases, revealed by a very high quality interface between the central rod and the branches of the structures, while in other cases, formation of extended defects such as twins has been observed in the interface region. Cathodoluminescence (CL) measurements show a Sn-related complex band in the Sn-doped structures. In the Sn−Cr co-doped samples, the characteristic, very intense Cr3+ red luminescence emission quenches the bands observed in the Sn doped samples. Branched, Sn−Cr co-doped structures were studied with microphotoluminescence imaging and spectroscopy, and waveguiding behavior was observed along the trunks and branches of these structures.
Technological Restrictions of Lightweight Lattice Structures Manufactured by Selective Laser Melting of Metals
Authors: Królikowski Marcin , Grzesiak Dariusz 
Published: July 2014

Summary
Selective Laser Melting technique is one of the additive manufacturing methods. The paper presents the summary of technological problems and restrictions resulting in the production of lightweight lattice structures by this technique. All the cases applies to the device SLM Realizer II 250 running the software Controler for Realizer SLM/STL.
The Mesoproterozoic ‘seismite’ at Laiyuan (Hebei Province, E China) re-interpreted
Authors: Loon A.J. (Tom) Van 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
A 1-million m3 breccia near Laiyuan (Hebei Province, E China) occurs as a block-like lithological unit between dolo-stones of the 1.55-1.45 Ga (Early Mesoproterozoic) Wumishan Formation. It has previously been interpreted as a seismite, but it appears not to fulfil any of the commonly accepted criteria that jointly are considered diagnostic for seis-mites. Its presence in a graben-like structure with almost vertical bounding fault planes rather indicates an origin as a (submarine) valley fill. As the valley originated by tectonic activity in the form of faulting, the breccia can be considered as a secondary effect of seismic activity, but it does not represent a seismite.
General Facile Approach to Transition‐Metal Oxides with Highly Uniform Mesoporosity and Their Application as Adsorbents for Heavy‐Metal‐Ion Sequestration
Authors: Seisenbaeva Gulaim A. , Daniel Geoffrey , Kessler Vadim G. , Nedelec Jean‐Marie 
Published: July 2014

AbstractMesoporous powders of transition‐metal oxides, TiO2, ZrO2, HfO2, Nb2O5, and Ta2O5, pure from organic impurities were produced by a rapid single‐step thermohydrolytic approach. The obtained materials display an impressively large active surface area and sharp pore‐size distribution, being composed of partially coalesced uniform nanoparticles with crystalline cores and amorphous shells. They reveal extremely high adsorption capacity in removal of CrVI anions from solutions (25.8 for TiO2, 73.0 for ZrO2, and 74.7 mg g−1 for Nb2O5 in relation to the Cr2O72− anion), making them very attractive as adsorbents in water remediation applications. The difference in adsorption capacities for the studied oxides may be explained by variation in surface hydration and surface‐charge distribution.
Nanostructured Manganese Oxides as Highly Active Water Oxidation Catalysts: A Boost from Manganese Precursor Chemistry
Authors: Menezes Prashanth W. , Indra Arindam , Littlewood Patrick , Schwarze Michael , Göbel Caren , Schomäcker Reinhard , Driess Matthias 
Published: July 2014

AbstractWe present a facile synthesis of bioinspired manganese oxides for chemical and photocatalytic water oxidation, starting from a reliable and versatile manganese(II) oxalate single‐source precursor (SSP) accessible through an inverse micellar molecular approach. Strikingly, thermal decomposition of the latter precursor in various environments (air, nitrogen, and vacuum) led to the three different mineral phases of bixbyite (Mn2O3), hausmannite (Mn3O4), and manganosite (MnO). Initial chemical water oxidation experiments using ceric ammonium nitrate (CAN) gave the maximum catalytic activity for Mn2O3 and MnO whereas Mn3O4 had a limited activity. The substantial increase in the catalytic activity of MnO in chemical water oxidation was demonstrated by the fact that a phase transformation occurs at the surface from nanocrystalline MnO into an amorphous MnOx (1<x<2) upon treatment with CAN, which acted as an oxidizing agent. Photocatalytic water oxidation in the presence of [Ru(bpy)3]2+ (bpy=2,2′‐bipyridine) as a sensitizer and peroxodisulfate as an electron acceptor was carried out for all three manganese oxides including the newly formed amorphous MnOx. Both Mn2O3 and the amorphous MnOx exhibit tremendous enhancement in oxygen evolution during photocatalysis and are much higher in comparison to so far known bioinspired manganese oxides and calcium–manganese oxides. Also, for the first time, a new approach for the representation of activities of water oxidation catalysts has been proposed by determining the amount of accessible manganese centers.
Single Oil Drop Electrochemistry on a Screen‐Printed Electrode Surface
Authors: Oliveira Etienne S. , Fiorito Pablo A. , Suffredini H. B. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThe use of a contaminated single oil drop on a screen‐printed carbon electrode is described for the first time here. The simple methodology developed herein opens the possibility of conducting such measurements. R‐(+)‐limonene oil, some samples of which were contaminated with 4‐nitrophenol (4‐NP), was used as the oil phase, and BrittonRobinson (BR) buffer was used as the aqueous phase. An oxidation peak at approximately 0.8 V vs. Ag was obtained when the system comprised an oil/water interface. The charge transfer resistance decreased by a factor of approximately 7.1 when an interfacial system composed of two immiscible liquids was used as an electrochemical tool.
A Convenience Yield Approximation Model for Mean‐Reverting Commodities
Authors: Dockner Engelbert J. , Eksi Zehra , Rammerstorfer Margarethe 
Published: July 2014

AbstractStandard option‐based approximations for convenience yields make use of the assumption that commodity spot prices follow a geometric Brownian motion. While there is some empirical support for this assumption, prices of a wide variety of (agricultural) commodities mean revert. Using a mean‐reverting spot price process we derive a novel convenience yield approximation analytically. It corresponds to the difference between the present values of two floating‐strike Asian options written on the spot and the futures prices, respectively. Using natural gas spot and futures price data from four different trading locations, we compare convenience yield estimates derived from existing approximations to those of our new measure. We find that convenience yield estimates vary substantially across approximation methods and that differences can be attributed to the cost of carry and the moneyness of the options. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 35:625–654, 2015
Blood oxygenation level dependent, blood volume, and blood flow responses to carbogen and hypoxic hypoxia in 9L rat gliomas as measured by MRI
Authors: Jerome Neil P. , Hekmatyar S. Khan , Kauppinen Risto A. 
Published: July 2014

PurposeTo study vascular responsiveness to hypoxia and hypercarbia together with vessel size index (VSI) in a 9L rat glioma (n = 11) using multimodal MRI.Materials and MethodsVSI was determined using T2 and MRI following AMI‐227 contrast agent. Blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) signal response was determined using T2 EPI MRI, blood volume changes using AMI‐227 and blood flow by means of continuous arterial spin labeling.ResultsVSI in the cortex, tumor rim, and core of 2.2 ± 1.0, 18.2 ± 5.4, and 23.9 ± 14.7 μm, respectively, showing a larger average vessel size in glioma than in the brain parenchyma. BOLD and blood volume signal changes to hypoxia and hypercapnia were much more profound in the tumor rim than the core. Hypoxia led to rim BOLD signal change that was larger in amplitude and it attained the low value much faster than either core or brain cortex. The vasculature in the rim appears more responsive to respiratory challenges in terms of volume adaptation than the core. Blood flow values within the gliomas were much lower than in the contralateral brain. Neither hypercarbia nor hypoxia had an effect on the tumor blood flow.ConclusionVascular responses of 9L gliomas to respiratory challenge, in particular hypoxia, are heterogeneous between the core and rim zones, potentially offering a means to classify and separate intratumor tissues with differing hemodynamic characteristics. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2014;39:110–119. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Flow Induced Crystallization of Poly(ether‐block‐amide) from the Microinjection Molding Process and its Effect on Mechanical Properties
Authors: Zhang Nan , Choi Seong Ying , Gilchrist Michael D. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractCrystallization during microinjection molding is investigated relative to process conditions. Modulus and hardness of the skin layer are higher than the core layer, regardless of core structure. Young's modulus, strain at break and yield stress all increase with an increase of skin ratio. The relationship between process, morphology and mechanical properties is studied for micro products. By using in‐line process monitoring, flow induced crystallization is characterized by shear stress and apparent specific work. Shear stress is shown to be a good candidate to characterize the formation of highly oriented structures under actual microinjection molding processes. This may provide a method for in‐line control of morphology development, and then final properties, by controlling the flow conditions.
Phylogeny and taxonomy ofStaurothele(Verrucariaceae, lichenized ascomycetes) from the karst of northern Vietnam
Authors: GUEIDAN Cécile , VAN DO Truong , LU Ngan Thi 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThe crustose genusStaurothele(Verrucariaceae, Ascomycota) is a common component of the lichen flora from subneutral to alkaline silicate rocks in temperate to cold-temperate climates. Our field study in the karst system of northern Vietnam showed that it is also common on dry to humid limestone in the wet tropics. Molecular data revealed that species ofStaurothelefrom Vietnam belong to an unnamed clade sister to the genusEndocarpon, together with the tropical Australian speciesStaurothele pallidoporaandStaurothele diffractella, a North American species recently transferred toEndocarponbased on molecular data. The genusWilleyais here resurrected for this clade of crustose epilithicStaurothelewith pale ascospores. Eight new combinations are proposed and three new species ofWilleyaare described from Vietnam. Sampling tropical members of a lichen family previously mostly known from temperate areas contributed significantly to improving its generic classification.
Rhizobial homologs of the fatty acid transporter FadL facilitate perception of long-chain acyl-homoserine lactone signals
Authors: Krol Elizaveta , Becker Anke 
Published: July 2014

Significance
Bacterial intercellular communication is crucial for developing population and community structures and for pathogenic and symbiotic interactions with eukaryotic hosts. Many Gram-negative bacteria use N-acyl-homoserine lactones (AHLs) in quorum sensing-related signaling. Although it is likely that specific transport mechanisms are required for long-chain AHLs to overcome the outer membrane, mechanisms promoting uptake have not been reported so far. Here we present evidence that homologs of the outer membrane long-chain fatty acid transporter FadL facilitate uptake of long-chain AHLs, which closes an important gap in our understanding of quorum sensing signaling. Our findings suggest that bacteria responding to long-chain AHLs have evolved specificity of FadL toward these signal molecules and have partly lost the ability to transport long-chain fatty acid by this protein.
Ras transformation uncouples the kinesin-coordinated cellular nutrient response
Authors: Zaganjor Elma , Weil Lauren M. , Gonzales Joshua X. , Minna John D. , Cobb Melanie H. 
Published: July 2014

Significance
The kinesin family member 2C (KIF2C) that regulates microtubule depolymerization, is up-regulated in a number of human cancer cells in a Ras- and ERK1/2-dependent manner. In this study, we find that KIF2C expression positively regulates signaling pathways downstream of Ras, ERK1/2, and mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 in nontransformed cells to coordinate a cellular nutrient response. Transformation by oncogenic Ras overrides the need for this level of organization and repurposes ERK1/2 and KIF2C signaling events. Therefore, this study provides a link for how cytoskeletal transformation may interconnect with cancer metabolism.
Livestock in the Food Debate
Authors: Mehta-Bhatt Purvi , Ficarelli Pier Paolo 
Published: July 2014

AbstractLivestock is an integral part of agriculture and a prominent source of food. It contributes 40% of the global value of agricultural output and supports the livelihoods and food security of almost a billion people, especially in developing countries. There is nothing new in amalgamation of farm animals in agriculture system, but the debate questioning its existence and relevance is a rather new drift. The politics, the climate debate, the nutrition debate around livestock sector, especially levitating from industrial countries, needs to be sympathetic toward the millions of people, especially in developing countries, that continue to remain dependent on livestock as an important, or often the only, source of livelihood. This chapter looks at the diverse livestock agriculture systems in industrial and less developed countries and it’s policy implications. It re-examines the prevailing debates such as, the heat and meat debate, the zoonotic disease discussions, the debate on ethics around animal-source food and the debate of over- and undernutrition. The authors take a balanced view on the pros and cons of livestock sector, considering the global debates, but at the same time, looking at livestock sector’s socioeconomic and nutrition value for the poor. Take a global view, debate, campaign but don’t forget to also look at the sector from livelihood and food-security angle. The underline message of the chapter is to call for a bounteous outlook, evidence-based debate and equable policies.
Using Learning Path Research to Balance Mathematics Education
Authors: Fuson Karen C. , Murata Aki , Abrahamson Dor 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
This chapter is an overview of central research-based perspectives that support teaching-learning for understanding and for fluency. We summarize the Class Learning Path Model that integrates two theoretical foci – a Piagetian focus on learning and a Vygotskiian focus on teaching – and specifies phases in learning that reflect Vygotsky’s assertion about the move from spontaneous to scientific concepts. Major aspects of the model were drawn from national research-based reports. This model connects understanding and fluency with a focus on mathematically important but also accessible methods in the middle and on maths drawings and other supports for understanding these methods. Such methods can be generated by students and can bridge from less-advanced student methods to formal methods that are unnecessarily complex. For three maths domains in Grades Kindergarten through Grade 6, we illustrate and discuss methods in the middle and drawings (diagrams) that support these methods: problem solving and especially the full range of word problem situations with each quantity the unknown; multidigit addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division; and ratio and proportion. Central features of the Common Core State Standards Mathematical Practices (CCSSO/NGA 2010) in these domains are identified, and how these can support understanding and fluency are briefly discussed. Further aspects of how the pedagogical supports help students move through the Class Learning Path in their own individual ways, and implications for research and for designing maths programmes are then discussed.
Monkey Mathematical Abilities
Authors: Beran Michael J. , Perdue Bonnie M. , Evans Theodore A. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Monkeys are mathematicians, albeit imprecise ones. Comparative research has illustrated that monkeys use quantitative and numerical information, and this chapter outlines many of those findings. We begin with an historical summary of work with primates in assessing the role that number plays in these animals’ lives. We then focus on the question of whether primates can count and can use symbols to represent numerical information. Evidence for counting is limited, but they can make judgments of ordered magnitudes, and they can learn to associate symbols with various quantities and numbers of items. They do this through a form of analogue magnitude estimation in which increasingly larger numbers of items are represented less and less precisely. They do this using many of the same neural structures that underlie varying types of numerical competence in humans, thereby illustrating an evolutionary progression of mathematical skills in the order Primates.
Genetic Developmental Disorders and Numerical Competence across the Lifespan
Authors: Van Herwegen Jo , Karmiloff-Smith Annette 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Due to their frequent uneven cognitive profiles, genetic developmental disorders allow researchers to investigate which numerical sub-system of those present in typically developing infants best predicts subsequent numerical abilities. More importantly, they can provide evidence of which other cognitive abilities outside number are necessary for the successful development of these numerical sub-systems. We discuss evidence from cross-syndrome comparisons of adults, adolescents, children, and infants with Williams syndrome and those with Down syndrome to show that the approximate magnitude sub-system is crucial for later number development. In addition, we show that specific problems outside the number domain, and within basic-level visual and attention systems contribute to an explanation of the difficulties and proficiencies observed within each genetic disorder. Finally, we argue that a truly developmental approach is critical when using the cross-syndrome design in order to reveal subtle differences that impact over time on the development of cognitive abilities.
Behavioural Genomics of Mathematics
Authors: Tosto Maria G. , Haworth Claire M.A. , Kovas Yulia 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
This chapter evaluates the contribution of behavioral genetics to the understanding of mathematical development. Quantitative genetic methods are introduced first and are followed by a review of the existing literature on the relative contribution of genes and environments to variation in mathematical ability at different ages and in different populations. The etiology of any observed sex differences in mathematics is also discussed. The chapter reviews literature on multivariate twin research into the etiological links between mathematics and other areas of cognition and achievement; between mathematical ability and disability; and between mathematical achievement and mathematical motivation. In the molecular genetic section, the few molecular genetic studies that have specifically explored mathematical abilities are presented. The chapter concludes by outlining future directions of behavioral genetic research into mathematical learning and potential implications of this research.
Acute myeloid leukaemia with myelodysplastic features in children: a report of Japanese Paediatric Leukaemia/Lymphoma Study Group
Authors: Kinoshita Akitoshi , Miyachi Hayato , Matsushita Hiromichi , Yabe Miharu , Taki Tomohiko , Watanabe Tomoyuki , Saito Akiko M. , Tomizawa Daisuke , Taga Takashi , Takahashi Hiroyuki , Matsuo Hidemasa , Kodama Kumi , Ohki Kentaro , Hayashi Yasuhide , Tawa Akio , Horibe Keizo , Adachi Souichi 
Published: July 2014

SummaryThe clinical characteristics and prognostic relevance of acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) with myelodysplastic features remains to be clarified in children. We prospectively examined 443 newly diagnosed patients in a multicentre clinical trial for paediatric de novo AML, and found ‘AML with myelodysplasia‐related changes’ (AML‐MRC) according to the 2008 World Health Organization classification in 93 (21·0%), in whom 59 were diagnosed from myelodysplasia‐related cytogenetics alone, 28 from multilineage dysplasia alone and six from a combination of both. Compared with 111 patients with ‘AML, not otherwise specified’ (AML‐NOS), patients with ‘AML‐MRC’ presented at a younger age, with a lower white blood cell count, higher incidence of 20–30% bone marrow blasts, unfavourable cytogenetics and a lower frequency of Fms‐like tyrosine kinase 3 internal tandem duplication (FLT3‐ITD), NPM1 and CEBPA mutations. Complete remission rate and 3‐year probability of event‐free survival were significantly worse in ‘AML‐MRC’ patients (67·7 vs. 85·6%, P < 0·01, 37·1% vs. 53·8%, P = 0·02, respectively), but 3‐year overall survival and relapse‐free survival were comparable with ‘AML‐NOS’ patients. By multivariate analysis, FLT3‐ITD was solely associated with worse overall survival. These results support the distinctive features of the category ‘AML‐MRC’ even in children.
Developmental integration in a functional unit: deciphering processes from adult dental morphology
Authors: Labonne Gaëlle , Navarro Nicolas , Laffont Rémi , Chateau‐Smith Carmela , Montuire Sophie 
Published: July 2014

SUMMARYThe evolution of mammalian dentition is constrained by functional necessity and by the non‐independence of morphological structures. Efficient chewing implies coherent tooth coordination from development to motion, involving covariation patterns (integration) within dental parts. Using geometric morphometrics, we investigate the modular organization of the highly derived vole dentition. Integration patterns between and within the upper and lower molar rows are analyzed to identify potential modules and their origins (functional and developmental). Results support an integrated adult dentition pattern for both developmental and functional aspects. The integration patterns between opposing molar pairs suggest a transient role for the second upper and lower molars during the chewing motion. Upper and lower molar rows form coherent units but the relative integration of molar pairs is in contradiction with existing developmental models. Emphasis on the first three cusps to grow leads to a very different integration pattern, which would be congruent with developmental models. The early developmental architecture of traits is masked by later stages of growth, but may still be deciphered from the adult phenotype, if careful attention is paid to relevant features.