bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Contesting sustainability in urban transport — perspectives from a Swedish town
Authors: Fenton Paul , Gustafsson Sara 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThis paper presents findings from a document study, survey, and workshops held in a Swedish municipality. The empirical focus of the study is on the role of transport in municipal planning and transport's potential contribution to urban sustainability in the municipality. The case study highlights a problem familiar to many municipalities — a transport sector largely dependent on fossil fuel private vehicles that generates significant impacts on the climate and environment, along with other economic and social costs. However, despite awareness of these negative impacts, it is difficult to implement measures to reduce the use of private vehicles and enable a transition towards a sustainable transport sector. In Sweden, municipalities have exclusive planning monopolies and an extensive range of other powers. Despite this, many municipalities are struggling to reduce car dependency and enable sustainable mobility. This paper questions the extent to which the municipality and its governance processes are capable of contributing toward sustainable development, both locally and globally, in the absence of radical measures. In particular, the paper considers why, despite having adopted objectives to promote sustainable mobility, does the municipality struggle with the implementation of measures to enable sustainable mobility? Why is there a difference between words and actions?
Unconventional Gas in Australia: Towards a Legal Geography
Authors: TURTON DAVID J. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractRecent commentary on future research directions for legal geography highlights the need for studies that are historically grounded and focused on human–environment interactions in rural settings. As a current, controversial land use in Australia, unconventional gas (UG) development provides an ideal lens through which researchers can investigate these themes. Utilising emerging international literature and current Australian examples, this paper surveys major trends in the Australian literature relating to UG, before exploring some of the ways in which Australian legal geographers might contribute constructively to community debates around this resource. Seeking to encourage further analysis, this paper contributes to this developing literature by focusing on two key areas: the various legal actors involved in UG development in Australia (including their regulatory choices, spatial interpretations, expertise, and influence) and the implications for legal geography where attempts are made to establish ‘social licence’ through contractual arrangements between industry and individual landholders. This article also delves into the place of Indigenous Australians in relation to UG extraction and the questions this resource raises about land use conflicts in Australia more generally – offering suggestions for comparative international studies and further critique at the domestic level.
Craving and substance use among patients with alcohol, tobacco, cannabis or heroin addiction: a comparison of substance‐ and person‐specific cues
Authors: Fatseas Melina , Serre Fuschia , Alexandre Jean‐Marc , Debrabant Romain , Auriacombe Marc , Swendsen Joel 
Published: February 2015

AbstractBackground and aimsIt is well established that craving increases following exposure to substance‐related ‘cues’, but the role of life‐styles or substance use habits that are unique to each person remains poorly understood. This study examines the association of substance‐specific and personal cues with craving and substance use in daily life.DesignEcological momentary assessment was used during a 2‐week period.SettingData were collected in a French out‐patient addiction treatment centre.ParticipantsA total of 132 out‐patients beginning treatment for alcohol, tobacco, cannabis or opiate addiction were included.MeasurementsUsing mobile technologies, participants were questioned four times per day relative to craving, substance use and exposure to either substance‐specific cues (e.g. seeing a syringe) or personal cues unique to that individual (e.g. seeing the specific person with whom the substance is used).FindingsCraving intensity was associated with the number of concurrently assessed substance‐specific cues (t = 4.418, P < 0.001) and person‐specific cues (t = 4.006, P < 0.001) when analysed jointly within the same model. However, only person‐specific cues were associated with increases in craving over subsequent hours of the day (t = 2.598, P < 0.05). Craving intensity, in turn, predicted increases in later substance use (t = 4.076, P < 0.001). Causal mediation analyses demonstrated that the association of cues with later substance use was mediated by craving intensity (mediated effect = 0.007, 95% confidence interval = 0.004–0.011).ConclusionsUnique person‐specific cues appear to have a robust effect on craving addictive substances, and the duration of this association may persist longer than for more general substance‐specific cues. Mobile technologies provide new opportunities for understanding these person‐specific risk factors and for providing individually tailored interventions.
Ischaemic postconditioning: cardiac protection after the event
Authors: Jivraj N. , Liew F. , Marber M. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractIschaemic heart disease remains the leading cause of death worldwide. Novel approaches to improve morbidity and mortality in this population are essential. Cardiac ischaemic postconditioning – the technique of applying alternating cycles of sublethal myocardial ischaemia and reperfusion after a sustained insult – is one cardioprotective strategy that can reduce reperfusion injury. Infarct size reduction and improvements in left ventricular ejection fraction have been demonstrated with mechanical or pharmacological postconditioning, both after spontaneous acute myocardial infarction, and associated with cardiac surgery. Nonetheless, the benefits of postconditioning can be easily attenuated. For maximal benefit, postconditioning demands a particular patient population (large area at risk, with little collateral blood flow), timely application and the measurement of appropriate clinical endpoints. Furthermore, confounders such age, sex and medication, as well as a plethora of co‐morbidities common in patients with ischaemic heart disease, all impact on the efficacy of postconditioning. This fragility requires the security of outcomes from large‐scale human trials to ensure robust applicability to everyday clinical practice, and to provide assurance of an impact on long‐term clinical outcome. This review highlights the development of current postconditioning algorithms, the findings from current proof‐of‐concept trials, and the barriers that may limit its broad uptake into clinical practice.
What lies beneath: detecting sub‐canopy changes in savanna woodlands using a three‐dimensional classification method
Authors: Fisher Jolene T. , Witkowski Ed T.F. , Erasmus Barend F.N. , Mograbi Penelope J. , Asner Gregory P. , van Aardt Jan A.N. , Wessels Konrad J. , Mathieu Renaud 
Published: February 2015

AbstractQuestionIncreasing population pressure, socio‐economic development and associated natural resource use in savannas are resulting in large‐scale land cover changes, which can be mapped using remote sensing. Is a three‐dimensional (3D) woody vegetation structural classification applied to LiDAR(Light Detection and Ranging) data better than a 2D analysis to investigate change in fine‐scale woody vegetation structure over 2 yrs in a protected area (PA) and a communal rangeland (CR)?LocationBushbuckridge Municipality and Sabi Sand Wildtuin,NESouth Africa.MethodsAirborne LiDARdata were collected over 3 300 ha in April 2008 and 2010. Individual tree canopies were identified using object‐based image analysis and classified into four height classes: 1–3, 3–6, 6–10 and >10 m. Four structural metrics were calculated for 0.25‐ha grid cells: canopy cover, number of canopy layers present, cohesion and number of height classes present. The relationship between top‐of‐canopy cover and sub‐canopy cover was investigated using regression. Gains, losses and persistence (GLP) of cover at each height class and the four structural metrics were calculated.GLPof clusters of each structural metric (calculated usingLISA– Local Indicators of Spatial Association – statistics) were used to assess the changes in clusters of each metric over time.ResultsTop‐of‐canopy cover was not a good predictor of sub‐canopy cover. The number of canopy layers present and cohesion showed gains and losses with persistence in canopy cover over time, necessitating the use of a 3D classification to detect fine‐scale changes, especially in structurally heterogeneous savannas. Trees >3 m in height showed recruitment and gains up to 2.2 times higher in theCRwhere they are likely to be protected for cultural reasons, but losses of up to 3.2‐fold more in thePA, possibly due to treefall caused by elephant and/or fire.ConclusionLand use has affected sub‐canopy structure in the adjacent sites, with the low intensity useCRshowing higher structural diversity. A 3D classification approach was successful in detecting fine‐scale, short‐term changes between land uses, and can thus be used as a monitoring tool for savanna woody vegetation structure.
The role of electronic healthcare record databases in paediatric drug safety surveillance: a retrospective cohort study
Authors: de Bie Sandra , Coloma Preciosa M. , Ferrajolo Carmen , Verhamme Katia M. C. , Trifirò Gianluca , Schuemie Martijn J. , Straus Sabine M. J. M. , Gini Rosa , Herings Ron , Mazzaglia Giampiero , Picelli Gino , Ghirardi Arianna , Pedersen Lars , Stricker Bruno H. C. , van der Lei Johan , Sturkenboom Miriam C. J. M. ,   on behalf of the EU‐ADR consortium
Published: February 2015

AimElectronic healthcare record (EHR)‐based surveillance systems are increasingly being developed to support early detection of safety signals. It is unknown what the power of such a system is for surveillance among children and adolescents. In this paper we provide estimates of the number and classes of drugs, and incidence rates (IRs) of events, that can be monitored in children and adolescents (0–18 years).MethodsData were obtained from seven population‐based EHR databases in Denmark, Italy, and the Netherlands during the period 1996–2010. We estimated the number of drugs for which specific adverse events can be monitored as a function of actual drug use, minimally detectable relative risk (RR) and IRs for 10 events.ResultsThe population comprised 4 838 146 individuals (25 575 132 person years (PYs)), who were prescribed 2170 drugs (1 610 631 PYs drug‐exposure). Half of the total drug‐exposure in PYs was covered by only 18 drugs (0.8%). For a relatively frequent event like upper gastrointestinal bleeding there were 39 drugs for which an association with a RR ≥4, if present, could be investigated. The corresponding number of drugs was eight for a rare event like anaphylactic shock.ConclusionDrug use in children is rare and shows little variation. The number of drugs with enough exposure to detect rare adverse events in children and adolescents within an EHR‐based surveillance system such as EU‐ADR is limited. Use of additional sources of paediatric drug exposure information and global collaboration are imperative in order to optimize EHR data for paediatric safety surveillance.
Liver injury with novel oral anticoagulants: assessing post‐marketing reports in the US Food and Drug Administration adverse event reporting system
Authors: Raschi Emanuel , Poluzzi Elisabetta , Koci Ariola , Salvo Francesco , Pariente Antoine , Biselli Maurizio , Moretti Ugo , Moore Nicholas , De Ponti Fabrizio 
Published: February 2015

AimWe assessed the hepatic safety of novel oral anticoagulants (NOACs) analyzing the publicly available US‐FDA adverse event reporting system (FAERS).MethodsWe extracted reports of drug‐induced liver injury (DILI) associated with NOACs, including acute liver failure (ALF) events. Based on US marketing authorizations, we performed disproportionality analyses, calculating reporting odds ratios (RORs) with 95% confidence interval (CI), also to test for event‐ and drug‐related competition bias, and case‐by‐case evaluation for concomitant medications.ResultsDILI reports represented 3.7% (n = 146) and 1.7% (n = 222) of all reports for rivaroxaban and dabigatran, respectively. No statistically significant association was found for dabigatran, in primary and secondary analyses. Disproportionality signals emerged for rivaroxaban in primary analysis (ALF: n = 25, ROR = 2.08, 95% CI 1.34, 3.08). In a large proportion of DILI reports concomitant hepatotoxic and/or interacting drugs were recorded: 42% and 37% (rivaroxaban and dabigatran, respectively), especially statins, paracetamol and amiodarone. Among ALF reports, fatal outcome occurred in 49% of cases (44% and 51%, rivaroxaban and dabigatran, respectively), whereas rapid onset of the event (<1 week) was detected in 46% of patients (47% and 44%, respectively).ConclusionsThe disproportionality signal for rivaroxaban calls for further comparative population‐based studies to characterize and quantify the actual DILI risk of NOACs, taking into account drug‐ and patient‐related risk factors. As DILI is unpredictable, our findings strengthen the role of (a) timely pharmacovigilance to detect post‐marketing signals of DILI through FAERS and other data sources, (b) clinicians to assess early, on a case‐by‐case basis, the potential responsibility of NOACs when they diagnose a liver injury.
Simulated Small Scale Disturbances Increase Decomposition Rates and Facilitates Invasive Species Encroachment in a High Elevation Tropical Andean Peatland
Authors: Urbina Jenny C. , Benavides Juan C. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractTropical alpine peatlands are important carbon reservoirs and are a critical component of local hydrological cycles. In high elevation peatlands slow decomposition rates result from a nutrient‐poor substrate resistant to decay. The responses of páramo peatland ecosystems to increased nutrient additions and physical disturbance due to agricultural activities are unknown. Here, we conducted a two‐year fertilization and physical disturbance experiment in a Sphagnum—dominated peatland in the Central Andes of Colombia. We hypothesized that fertilization and physical disturbance will diminish the ability of the peat to store organic matter by increasing decomposition and that vascular plants will displace Sphagnum as the dominant plant group. We simulated cattle activity by adding manure as a fertilizer and physical disturbance as a proxy for cattle trampling. Species composition varied in proportion to the intensity of disturbance. Sphagnum cover was reduced under any disturbance treatment. Non‐native grasses usually found in cattle pastures invaded treatments with fertilizer additions or physical disturbance. Overall aboveground plant biomass doubled in fertilized treatments, suggesting that plant biomass production was nutrient limited. Decomposition rates tripled in disturbed treatments as compared to controls. This reduces the ability of the peatland to store organic matter. Andean peatlands are prized ecological assets; however, our results show that the El Morro páramo peatland experienced increased decomposition rates over short time periods after small‐scale disturbances. This created profound consequences for the ecological services offered by these peatlands.
The association between current unemployment and clinically determined poor oral health
Authors: Al‐Sudani Fouad Y. H. , Vehkalahti Miira M. , Suominen Anna L. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractObjectivesThe aim of this study was to assess whether current unemployment was associated with poor oral health and whether there was a difference in oral health according to the duration of the current unemployment.MethodsAs part of the Health 2000 Survey in Finland (a nationwide comprehensive health examination survey), we used its data based on interviews, questionnaires, and clinical oral examinations of the 30‐ to 63‐year‐old respondents (n = 4773). Current employment status was measured in its dichotomous form, employed versus unemployed, and length of current unemployment was classified into four categories. We measured oral health in terms of numbers of missing teeth, of sound teeth, of filled teeth, of decayed teeth, and of teeth with deepened periodontal pockets (≥4 mm, ≥6 mm). Poisson regression models were fitted for all oral health outcomes except number of decayed teeth, for which negative binomial regression model was used. Oral health‐related behaviors and sociodemographic and socioeconomic factors were added to the analyses.ResultsThe unemployed subjects had higher numbers of missing teeth, of decayed teeth, and of teeth with periodontal pockets than the employed ones. The association remained consistent even after adjustments. Oral health‐related behaviors seemed to mediate the association. We found no association between unemployment and number of sound teeth. Current long‐term unemployment showed stronger association with poor oral health than short‐term among women.ConclusionsThe unemployed can be considered as a risk group for poor oral health. Oral healthcare should be reoriented toward those who are unemployed.
Host‐derived biomarkers at teeth and implants in partially edentulous patients. A 10‐year retrospective study
Authors: Ramseier Christoph A. , Eick Sigrun , Brönnimann Claudia , Buser Daniel , Brägger Urs , Salvi Giovanni E. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractObjectivesTo assess a selection of host‐derived biomarkers in peri‐implant sulcus fluid (PISF) and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) from adjacent teeth 10 years following implant placement.Material and methodsPeri‐implant sulcus fluid and GCF samples obtained from the deepest sites of 504 implants and 493 adjacent teeth were analysed for levels of interleukin (IL)‐1β, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)‐3, MMP‐8, MMP‐1, and MMP‐1 bound to tissue inhibitor of MMP (TIMP)‐1 (MMP‐1/TIMP‐1) by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique.ResultsOverall, MMP‐8 was detected in 90% of the sites. In more than 50% of the sites, IL‐1β was identified while in 30% of the sites MMP‐1, MMP‐1/TIMP‐1 and MMP‐3 were found over the detection level. Increased biomarkers levels from PISF and GCF were positively correlated (r = 0.375–0.702; P < 0.001). However, no qualitative and quantitative differences were found between PISF and GCF. The levels of MMP‐1 were negatively correlated with those of MMP‐1/TIMP‐1 at implants (r = −0.644; P < 0.001). Median MMP‐1 levels at implants were high (5.17 pg/site) in subjects with severe chronic periodontitis and low in patients with mild‐to‐moderate chronic periodontitis (0 pg/site; P = 0.026) or gingivitis (0 pg/site; P = 0.034). Levels of IL‐1β were found to be different in GCF according to the periodontal conditions (P = 0.001) with the highest level found in mild‐to‐moderate periodontitis (6.2 pg/site). Clinical attachment levels at implants demonstrated an inverse correlation with MMP‐1/TIMP‐1 (r = −0.147; P = 0.001).ConclusionsIncreased levels of MMP‐8 and IL‐1β in PISF or GCF may be associated with inflammation around teeth and implants while lower levels of MMP‐1/TIMP‐1 may be an indicator of disease progression around implants.
Comorbidity has no impact on eosinophil inflammation in the upper airways or on severity of the sinonasal disease in patients with nasal polyps
Authors: Uhliarova B. , Kopincova J. , Kolomaznik M. , Adamkov M. , Svec M. , Calkovska A. 
Published: February 2015

ObjectiveThe study was designed to determine whether there is an association between the comorbidity as atopy, bronchial asthma, aspirin intolerance and eosinophil infiltration of the upper airways, severity of the sinonasal disease and rate of revision sinus surgery in patients with nasal polyps.Material and methodsOne hundred and fifty patients were enrolled in the prospective study. Differences in CT score, rate of revision surgery, concentration of eotaxin and eosinophil cationic protein in nasal lavage fluid (NALF) and distribution of eosinophils in NALF and nasal tissue in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP), chronic rhinosinusitis without nasal polyps (CRSsNP) and control group were investigated. We focused on the relationship between presence of comorbidity (atopy, bronchial asthma and aspirin intolerance) and severity of the disease, the need of revision surgery and markers of eosinophil inflammation in upper airways in patients with CRSwNP.ResultsPatients with CRSwNP had more severe form of the sinonasal disease, higher rate of revision FESS and significant higher presence of markers of eosinophil inflammation in NALF and nasal tissue than patients with CRSsNP (P < 0.05). Atopic and non‐atopic asthma as well as aspirin sensitivity significantly more often coexisted with CRSwNP. Comorbidity did not influence eosinophil infiltration or severity of the disease in patients with CRSwNP.ConclusionPresence of comorbidity (atopy, bronchial asthma and aspirin intolerance) has no impact on severity of the disease or eosinophil content in the upper airways in patients with CRSwNP.
Heart rate and blood pressure control in obesity – how to detect early dysregulation?
Authors: Javorka Michal , Turianikova Zuzana , Tonhajzerova Ingrid , Lazarova Zuzana , Czippelova Barbora , Javorka Kamil 
Published: February 2015

SummaryObesity is accompanied by many severe complications including various cardiovascular disorders. An impairment of cardiovascular control by autonomic nervous system could be one of the possible links between obesity and cardiovascular complications development. The aim of this study was to compare spontaneous heart rate and systolic blood pressure oscillations reflecting cardiovascular autonomic control of young obese subjects with normal control subjects by linear and nonlinear methods and to find sensitive markers of early autonomic dysregulation. Continuous recordings of beat‐to‐beat systolic blood pressure and RR intervals from ECG were obtained from 40 obese subjects (25 female, age 14·2 [13·1–16·1] (median [interquartile range]) years) and gender and age matched non‐obese control subjects. In addition to linear measures (time and frequency domain), we performed recurrence quantification analysis (RQA) and multiscale entropy analysis for both signals. While no significant differences in heart rate and systolic blood pressure dynamics were detected by linear measures and MSE, analysis of recurrence plots from RR intervals time series showed significant differences – indices trapping time and maximal length of vertical from RQA were significantly higher in obese compared to control group. We conclude that heart rate and blood pressure control by autonomic nervous system in young obese subjects is relatively well preserved. However, novel RQA‐related measures are able to detect early subtle abnormalities in cardiac autonomic control in obese subjects indicating decreased signal complexity.