bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Does social capital matter? A quantitative approach to examining technology infusion in schools
Authors: Li S.C. , Choi T.H. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractChanging teachers’ perceptions about the value of technology and equipping them with appropriate knowledge and skills in pedagogical use of technology is often regarded as a key determinant of success in technology infusion in schools. However, recent studies have indicated that changing teachers’ epistemological beliefs about the use of technology in teaching and learning may not necessarily bring about change in their practice, and that technology implementation in schools can be affected by other instrumental forces, such as collegial trust, support for risk taking and access to expertise within an organization. In this article, we delineate collegial trust, access to expertise, willingness to take risks, etc. as manifestations of social capital in an organization. We argue that social capital plays a pivotal role in leveraging pedagogical change in schools. To gauge teachers’ self‐perceived change in their pedagogical use of technology, we take a constructivist perspective to explore how technology serves as a tool for facilitating students to articulate their thoughts, to explore and construct knowledge, and to become more autonomous in learning. The results of our questionnaire survey indicate that (1) the social capital of a school had a strong direct effect on teachers’ self‐perceived changes in their pedagogical use of technology, and that the effect of social capital on pedagogical change outweighed that of teachers’ perceived effectiveness of professional development; (2) teachers’ receptivity towards technology use had a direct effect on their perceived effectiveness of professional development but a very weak effect on fostering changes in their pedagogical use of technology; and (3) the social capital of a school had a direct influence on teachers’ receptivity towards technology use and their perceived effectiveness of professional development. To further unfold the complexity of technology implementation, more in‐depth qualitative studies on how social forces shape the change process are deemed necessary.
Remote biopsy darting and marking of polar bears
Authors: Pagano Anthony M. , Peacock Elizabeth , McKinney Melissa A. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractRemote biopsy darting of polar bears (Ursus maritimus) is less invasive and time intensive than physical capture and is therefore useful when capture is challenging or unsafe. We worked with two manufacturers to develop a combination biopsy and marking dart for use on polar bears. We had an 80% success rate of collecting a tissue sample with a single biopsy dart and collected tissue samples from 143 polar bears on land, in water, and on sea ice. Dye marks ensured that 96% of the bears were not resampled during the same sampling period, and we recovered 96% of the darts fired. Biopsy heads with 5 mm diameters collected an average of 0.12 g of fur, tissue, and subcutaneous adipose tissue, while biopsy heads with 7 mm diameters collected an average of 0.32 g. Tissue samples were 99.3% successful (142 of 143 samples) in providing a genetic and sex identification of individuals. We had a 64% success rate collecting adipose tissue and we successfully examined fatty acid signatures in all adipose samples. Adipose lipid content values were lower compared to values from immobilized or harvested polar bears, indicating that our method was not suitable for quantifying adipose lipid content.
Prognostic factors of congenital diaphragmatic hernia accompanied by cardiovascular malformation
Authors: Takahashi Shigehiro , Sago Haruhiko , Kanamori Yutaka , Hayakawa Masahiro , Okuyama Hiroomi , Inamura Noboru , Fujino Yuji , Usui Noriaki , Taguchi Tomoaki 
Published: April 2013

AbstractBackgroundCongenital diaphragmatic hernia is associated with cardiovascular malformation. Many prognostic factors have been identified for isolated congenital diaphragmatic hernia; however, reports of concurrent congenital diaphragmatic hernia and cardiovascular malformation in infants are limited. This study evaluated congenital diaphragmatic hernia associated with cardiovascular malformation in infants. Factors associated with prognosis for patients were also identified.MethodsThis retrospective cohort study was based on a Japanese survey of congenital diaphragmatic hernia patients between 2006 and 2010. Frequency and outcome of cardiovascular malformation among infants with congenital diaphragmatic hernia were examined. Severity of congenital diaphragmatic hernia and cardiovascular malformation were compared as predictors of mortality and morbidity.ResultsCardiovascular malformation was identified in 76 (12.3%) of 614 infants with congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Mild cardiovascular malformation was detected in 19 (33.9%) and severe cardiovascular malformation in 37 (66.1%). Their overall survival rate at discharge was 46.4%, and the survival rate without morbidity was 23.2%. Mortality and morbidity at discharge were more strongly associated with severity of cardiovascular malformation (adjusted OR 7.69, 95%CI 1.96–30.27; adjusted OR 7.93, 95%CI 1.76−35.79, respectively) than with severity of congenital diaphragmatic hernia.ConclusionsThe prognosis for infants with both congenital diaphragmatic hernia and cardiovascular malformation remains poor. Severity of cardiovascular malformation is a more important predictive factor for mortality and morbidity than severity of congenital diaphragmatic hernia.
Targeting of the Small GTPase Rab6A′ by the Legionella pneumophila Effector LidA
Authors: Chen Yang , Machner Matthias P. 
Published: April 2013

ABSTRACT

When the bacterium
Legionella pneumophila
, the causative agent of Legionnaires' disease, is phagocytosed by alveolar macrophages, it delivers a large number of effector proteins through its Dot/Icm type IV secretion system into the host cell cytosol. Among those proteins is LidA, an effector that interacts with several host GTPases of the Rab family, including Rab6A′, a regulator of retrograde vesicle trafficking within eukaryotic cells. The effect of LidA on Rab6A′ function and the role of Rab6A′ for
L. pneumophila
growth within host cells has been unclear. Here, we show that LidA preferentially binds Rab6A′ in the active GTP-bound conformation. Rab6 binding occurred through the central region of LidA and followed a stoichiometry for LidA and Rab6A′ of 1:2. LidA maintained Rab6A′ in the active conformation by efficiently blocking the hydrolysis of GTP by Rab6A′, even in the presence of cellular GTPase-activating proteins, suggesting that the function of Rab6A′ must be important for efficient intracellular replication of
L. pneumophila
. Accordingly, we found that production of constitutively inactive Rab6A′(T27N) but not constitutively active Rab6A′(Q72L) significantly reduced the ability of
L. pneumophila
to initiate intracellular replication in human macrophages. Thus, the presence of an active pool of Rab6 within host cells early during infection is required to support efficient intracellular growth of
L. pneumophila
.
Anti-CTLA-4 Antibodies of IgG2a Isotype Enhance Antitumor Activity through Reduction of Intratumoral Regulatory T Cells
Authors: Selby Mark J. , Engelhardt John J. , Quigley Michael , Henning Karla A. , Chen Timothy , Srinivasan Mohan , Korman Alan J. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractAntitumor activity of CTLA-4 antibody blockade is thought to be mediated by interfering with the negative regulation of T-effector cell (Teff) function resulting from CTLA-4 engagement by B7-ligands. In addition, a role for CTLA-4 on regulatory T cells (Treg), wherein CTLA-4 loss or inhibition results in reduced Treg function, may also contribute to antitumor responses by anti-CTLA-4 treatment. We have examined the role of the immunoglobulin constant region on the antitumor activity of anti-CTLA-4 to analyze in greater detail the mechanism of action of anti-CTLA-4 antibodies. Anti-CTLA-4 antibody containing the murine immunoglobulin G (IgG)2a constant region exhibits enhanced antitumor activity in subcutaneous established MC38 and CT26 colon adenocarcinoma tumor models compared with anti-CTLA-4 containing the IgG2b constant region. Interestingly, anti-CTLA-4 antibodies containing mouse IgG1 or a mutated mouse IgG1-D265A, which eliminates binding to all Fcγ receptors (FcγR), do not show antitumor activity in these models. Assessment of Teff and Treg populations at the tumor and in the periphery showed that anti-CTLA-4-IgG2a mediated a rapid and dramatic reduction of Tregs at the tumor site, whereas treatment with each of the isotypes expanded Tregs in the periphery. Expansion of CD8+ Teffs is observed with both the IgG2a and IgG2b anti-CTLA-4 isotypes, resulting in a superior Teff to Treg ratio for the IgG2a isotype. These data suggest that anti-CTLA-4 promotes antitumor activity by a selective reduction of intratumoral Tregs along with concomitant activation of Teffs. Cancer Immunol Res; 1(1); 32–42. ©2013 AACR.
Logic of the Immune System
Authors: Ploegh Hidde L. 
Published: April 2013

Abstract
Our immune system evolves under continuous selection to protect us against pathogens, a trait that can be used to deploy the immune system or its component parts for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes in cancer. What follows is a thumbnail sketch of the logic that underlies immune recognition, so that those not directly active in the field of immunology may grasp both possibilities and pitfalls when considering applying the tools and concepts of immunology to cancer and cancer therapy. Cancer Immunol Res; 1(1); 5–10. ©2013 AACR.
Overcoming adversity: Trauma in the lives of music performers and composers
Authors: Swart Inette 
Published: April 2013

Music therapy literature describes how music is used in the facilitation of healing from psychological trauma. This theoretical article addresses the converse, namely how trauma can impact on music creation, interpretation and performance. Psychological effects of trauma include Acute Stress Disorder and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. When composers and performers suffer from these disorders, the effects may become audible in the musical result. Obstacles encountered during the translation of emotion into physical motions can be linked to the adverse influence of tension, involving overlap between the physiological similarities of the state in which trauma is encoded and the experience of Music Performance Anxiety. Examples from the lives of great musicians illustrate ways in which trauma impacts on creative expression. Interference and anxiety influence the resulting level of performance. Strategies to overcome consequences of unresolved trauma include therapeutic intervention, learning to trust the arousal cycle again, the release of frozen energy, and the creation of adequate dress rehearsal opportunities, enabling individuals to again enter the state of “flow.” It is emphasized how adverse experience can catalyze Post-Traumatic Growth and how integration can facilitate healing and optimal performance.
When Australian defence procurement goes wrong: Improving outcomes in a troubled contractual environment
Authors: Stewart Jenny , Ablong Tony 
Published: April 2013

AbstractDefence procurement is a notoriously difficult and often controversial field of public management. In Australia, problems with schedule and budget overruns have been addressed through business process reforms aimed at tightening control and improving professionalism. However, studies of complex contracting in other contexts show the importance of relational factors of trust, collaboration and risk-sharing. These factors are not encouraged by the predominantly transactionally based contractual environment of Defence. Based on a detailed examination of three case studies, we suggest that there is a disjunct between the types of controls that are applied by Defence and the requirements of delivering complex, long-term projects involving multiple stakeholders. The need for both improved flexibility as well as heightened accountability is evident. We argue that balancing these values involves processes that encourage, rather than discourage, communication, risk-sharing and trust.
Interventions to reduce neonatal mortality from neonatal tetanus in low and middle income countries - a systematic review
Authors: Khan Adeel Ahmed , Zahidie Aysha , Rabbani Fauziah 
Published: April 2013

Abstract

Background
In 1988, WHO estimated around 787,000 newborns deaths due to neonatal tetanus. Despite few success stories majority of the Low and Middle Income Countries (LMICs) are still struggling to reduce neonatal mortality due to neonatal tetanus. We conducted a systematic review to understand the interventions that have had a substantial effect on reducing neonatal mortality rate due to neonatal tetanus in LMICs and come up with feasible recommendations for decreasing neonatal tetanus in the Pakistani setting.

Methods
We systemically reviewed the published literature (Pubmed and Pubget databases) to identify appropriate interventions for reducing tetanus related neonatal mortality. A total of 26 out of 30 studies were shortlisted for preliminary screening after removing overlapping information. Key words used were “neonatal tetanus, neonatal mortality, tetanus toxoid women”. Of these twenty-six studies, 20 were excluded. The pre-defined exclusion criteria was (i) strategies and interventions to reduce mortality among neonates not described (ii) no abstract/author (4 studies) (iii) not freely accessible online (1 study) (iv) conducted in high income countries (2 studies) and (v) not directly related to neonatal tetanus mortality and tetanus toxoid immunization (5). Finally six studies which met the eligibility criteria were entered in the pre-designed data extraction form and five were selected for commentary as they were directly linked with neonatal tetanus reduction.

Results
Interventions that were identified to reduce neonatal mortality in LMICs were: a) vaccination of women of child bearing age (married and unmarried both) with tetanus toxoid b) community based interventions i.e. tetanus toxoid immunization for all mothers; clean and skilled care at delivery; newborn resuscitation; exclusive breastfeeding; umbilical cord care and management of infections in newborns c) supplementary immunization (in addition to regular EPI program) d) safer delivery practices.

Conclusion
The key intervention to reduce neonatal mortality from neonatal tetanus was found to be vaccination of pregnant women with tetanus toxoid. In the resource poor countries like Pakistan, this single intervention coupled with regular effective antenatal checkups, clean delivery practices and compliance with the “high- risk” approach can be effective in reducing neonatal tetanus.
An in-vitro biomechanical study of different fixation techniques for the extended trochanteric osteotomy in revision THA
Authors: Zhu Zhonglin , Ding Hui , Shao Hongyi , Zhou Yixin , Wang Guangzhi 
Published: April 2013

AbstractBackgroundThe wire fixation and the cable grip fixation have been developed for the extended trochanteric osteotomy (ETO) in the revision of total hip arthroplasty (THA). Many studies reported the postoperative performance of the patients, but with little quantitative biomechanical comparison of the two fixation systems.MethodsAn in-vitro testing approach was designed to record the loosening between the femoral bed and the greater trochanter after fixations. Ten cadaveric femurs were chosen in this study. Each femur underwent the THA, revision by ETO and fixations. The tension to the greater trochanter was from 0 to 500N in vertical and lateral direction, respectively. The translation and rotation of the greater trochanter with respect to the bony bed were captured by an optical tracking system.ResultsIn the vertical tension tests, the overall translation of the greater trochanter was observed 0.4 mm in the cable fixations and 7.0 mm in the wire fixations. In the lateral tension tests, the overall motion of the greater trochanter was 2.0 mm and 1.2° in the cable fixations, while it was 6.2 mm and 5.3° in the wire fixations. The result was significantly different between the two fixation systems.ConclusionsThe stability of the proximal femur after ETO using different fixations in the revision THA was investigated. The cable grip fixation was significantly more stable than the wire fixation.
Adiponectin complexes composition in Japanese-Brazilians regarding their glucose tolerance status
Authors: Crispim Felipe , Vendramini Marcio F ,   the Japanese-Brazilian Diabetes Study Group, Moisés Regina S 
Published: April 2013

Abstract

Background
Adiponectin circulates in different multimer complexes comprised of low molecular weight trimeric form (LMW), hexamer of middle molecular weight (MMW) and high molecular weight multimers (HMW). In Japanese-Brazilians, a population with high prevalence of glucose metabolism disturbances, we examined the associations of total adiponectin and its multimers with diabetes mellitus.

Methods
Two study groups were examined: 26 patients with diabetes mellitus (DM,14 women and 12 men, aged 55.3 ± 8.6 years) and 27 age-matched control subjects with normal glucose tolerance (NGT,12 women and 15 men, aged 54.0 ± 9.2 years).

Results
We found no significant differences in total [NGT: 6.90 ug/ml (4.38-13.43); DM: 5.38 ug/ml (3.76-8.56), p = 0.35], MMW [NGT:2.34 ug/ml (1.38-3.25); DM: 1.80 ug/ml (1.18-2.84), p = 0.48] or LMW adiponectin [NGT: 2.07 ug/ml (1.45-3.48), DM: 2.93 ug/ml (1.78-3.99), p = 0.32] between groups. In contrast, HMW adiponectin levels were significantly lower in patients with DM [TGN: 2.39 ug/ml (1.20-4.75); DM: 1.04 ug/ml (0.42-1.60), p = 0.001]. A logistic regression analysis was done to identify independent associations with diabetes mellitus. The results showed that HOMA-IR and HMW adiponectin in women were independently associated with diabetes mellitus.

Conclusion
The current investigation demonstrates that in Japanese-Brazilians HMW adiponectin is selectively reduced in individuals with type 2 diabetes, while no differences were found in MMW and LMW adiponectin isoforms.
Calcium hydroxide nanosols for the consolidation of porous building materials - results from EU-STONECORE
Authors: Daehne Arnulf , Herm Christoph 
Published: April 2013

Abstract

Introduction
The main idea of the European STONECORE R&D project (2008 to 2011) was to develop and evaluate nano materials for the use in refurbishment and conservation of historic monuments. A set of different calcium hydroxide (“lime”) nanoparticles dispersed in alcohols (CaLoSiL®) available on the market were tested. The general advantages attributed to alcoholic lime dispersions were: compatibility of the consolidant with the original building material, no limitation of penetration due to the particle size, and no mobilisation of soluble salts.

Results
The paper mainly reports the evaluation of lime nanosols for consolidation of lime mortar, gypsum stucco, and mural painting layers. In order to achieve a penetration behaviour which is adequate to the pore structure of the substrate, the composition of the nanosol as well as its application procedure had to be adjusted. This could be achieved by dilution, additives, or after-treatment of the surface. Apart from structural strengthening of porous structures the lime nanosols were tested for treatment of larger defects such as fissures, cracks, detachment, and delamination. For this purpose the nanosols were modified with additives, fillers, and aggregate. The developed lime nanosol formulations were applied to test sites at three historic monuments with promising results.

Conclusion
A ‘modular system’ was developed to meet all these conservation needs. These materials showed sufficient adhesive strength. They proved applicable for the consolidation of severely cracked limestone as well.
Germline BRCA Mutations Are Associated With Higher Risk of Nodal Involvement, Distant Metastasis, and Poor Survival Outcomes in Prostate Cancer
Authors: Castro Elena , Goh Chee , Olmos David , Saunders Ed , Leongamornlert Daniel , Tymrakiewicz Malgorzata , Mahmud Nadiya , Dadaev Tokhir , Govindasami Koveela , Guy Michelle , Sawyer Emma , Wilkinson Rosemary , Ardern-Jones Audrey , Ellis Steve , Frost Debra , Peock Susan , Evans D. Gareth , Tischkowitz Marc , Cole Trevor , Davidson Rosemarie , Eccles Diana , Brewer Carole , Douglas Fiona , Porteous Mary E. , Donaldson Alan , Dorkins Huw , Izatt Louise , Cook Jackie , Hodgson Shirley , Kennedy M. John , Side Lucy E. , Eason Jacqueline , Murray Alex , Antoniou Antonis C. , Easton Douglas F. , Kote-Jarai Zsofia , Eeles Rosalind 
Published: April 2013

Purpose To analyze the baseline clinicopathologic characteristics of prostate tumors with germline BRCA1 and BRCA2 (BRCA1/2) mutations and the prognostic value of those mutations on prostate cancer (PCa) outcomes. Patients and Methods This study analyzed the tumor features and outcomes of 2,019 patients with PCa (18 BRCA1 carriers, 61 BRCA2 carriers, and 1,940 noncarriers). The Kaplan-Meier method and Cox regression analysis were used to evaluate the associations between BRCA1/2 status and other PCa prognostic factors with overall survival (OS), cause-specific OS (CSS), CSS in localized PCa (CSS_M0), metastasis-free survival (MFS), and CSS from metastasis (CSS_M1). Results PCa with germline BRCA1/2 mutations were more frequently associated with Gleason ≥ 8 (P = .00003), T3/T4 stage (P = .003), nodal involvement (P = .00005), and metastases at diagnosis (P = .005) than PCa in noncarriers. CSS was significantly longer in noncarriers than in carriers (15.7 v 8.6 years, multivariable analyses [MVA] P = .015; hazard ratio [HR] = 1.8). For localized PCa, 5-year CSS and MFS were significantly higher in noncarriers (96% v 82%; MVA P = .01; HR = 2.6%; and 93% v 77%; MVA P = .009; HR = 2.7, respectively). Subgroup analyses confirmed the poor outcomes in BRCA2 patients, whereas the role of BRCA1 was not well defined due to the limited size and follow-up in this subgroup. Conclusion Our results confirm that BRCA1/2 mutations confer a more aggressive PCa phenotype with a higher probability of nodal involvement and distant metastasis. BRCA mutations are associated with poor survival outcomes and this should be considered for tailoring clinical management of these patients.