bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
‘The land and its people’: reflections on artistic identification in an age of nations and nationalism
Authors: Smith Anthony 
Published: January 2013

AbstractFrom the late eighteenth century onwards, increasing numbers of visual artists came to identify with their nations and with the homeland and its people. This development was strongly influenced by growing national cultural support and regulation of the arts by academies, art schools, museums and art markets inWesternEurope. On a subjective level, theRousseauan movement of a ‘return toNature’,Herder's espousal of vernacular cultural self‐expression and, above all, the widespreadRomantic cult of authenticity, were potent influences on the inner self‐identification of visual artists after 1800, and were manifested in the novel importance accorded to landscape and rural genre painting inWesternEurope. HereIconsider the role of national sentiment, the ‘return toNature’ and the cult of authenticity, first in landscape paintings byPaulSandby,J.M.W.Turner andJohnConstable in early nineteenth‐centuryBritain, and then in the rural genre paintings ofJean‐FrancoisMillet andJulesBreton in nineteenth‐centuryFrance andJosefIsraels,AntonMauve andVincentVanGogh in the later nineteenth‐centuryNetherlands. Their work reveals how nineteenth‐century visual artists became inwardly identified with the ‘land and its people’, and how they in turn contributed, especially through prints and engravings, to the dissemination of national imagery and a cultural nationalism.
“Words matter.” A Response to Jørgensen's Treatment of Historic Range and Definitions of Reintroduction
Authors: Dalrymple Sarah E. , Moehrenschlager Axel 
Published: January 2013

AbstractAccording to Jørgensen, the definition of reintroductions is crucial to their proper implementation and she highlights a number of ambiguities in existing definitions, particularly associated with the concept of historic range. We could not agree more and have incorporated her suggested term of “indigenous range” rather than “historic range” into the current revision of the InternationalUnion for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Guidelines for Reintroductions and other Conservation Translocations (in preparation by IUCN Species Survival Commission Reintroduction and Invasive Species Specialist Groups). We also agree with Jørgensen's interpretation that reintroductions are not always necessitated by humans causing the extirpation of species. However, we disagree with other aspects of Jørgensen's argument such as the critique of Seddon, the interpretation of previous IUCN guidance documents, and the recommendation that the conservation community “rethink the basic definition of reintroduction” rather than moving toward other translocation‐based interventions. With regard to the latter point, we emphasize that reintroductions are part of a spectrum of translocations and to focus on reintroductions alone would overlook the fact that introductions beyond a species' indigenous range are being attempted. The new revision of the IUCN guidelines incorporates the whole conservation translocation spectrum and aims to avoid the ambiguities of previous definitions highlighted by Jørgensen.
Testing Broadcast Seeding Methods to Restore Urban Forests in the Presence of Seed Predators
Authors: Overdyck Elizabeth , Clarkson Bruce D. , Laughlin Daniel C. , Gemmill Chrissen E. C. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractForest restoration in urban areas often occurs in isolation from remnant forest, limiting the chances for recolonization by native species. Plants with bird‐dispersed seeds can be particularly vulnerable to dispersal limitation and regeneration can be further impeded by non‐native seed predators. We used a factorial experiment to investigate broadcast seeding as a method to reintroduce trees with large seeds and fleshy fruits into early successional forests. We assessed rates of seed and fruit loss, germination and seedling establishment in three seed treatments: (1) caging to exclude introduced mammalian seed predators; (2) removal of fleshy fruit pericarp; and (3) placing seeds in nutritionally enriched clay balls. Across all species (Beilschmiedia tawa, Elaeocarpus dentatus, and Litsea calicaris) seeds and fruits accessible to mammalian predators suffered significantly greater loss (58%) than those protected by cages (4%). However, seed and fruit loss in the presence of predators was reduced to only 35% across all species by the treatment combining the removal of fruit flesh and clay ball application to seeds. Establishment of B. tawa seedlings after 1 year was significantly enhanced by the clay ball treatment (12% of seeds sown vs. 6% without clay balls). Very low establishment rates were recorded for E. dentatus and L. calicaris. Broadcast seeding was found to be a viable method of improving regeneration of large‐seeded late successional trees and may be a cost‐effective alternative to planting saplings. Seedling establishment can be improved with fruit flesh removal and clay ball treatments, especially in the presence of mammalian seed predators.
Mortality Risk and Its Effect on Shortfall and Risk Management in Life Insurance
Authors: Gatzert Nadine , Wesker Hannah 
Published: January 2013

AbstractMortality risk is a key risk factor for life insurance companies and can have a crucial impact on its risk situation. In general, mortality risk can be divided into different subcategories, among them unsystematic risk, adverse selection, and systematic risk. In addition, basis risk may arise in case of hedging, for example, longevity risk. The aim of this article is to holistically analyze the impact of these different types of mortality risk on the risk situation and the risk management of a life insurer. Toward this end, we extend previous models of adverse selection, empirically calibrate mortality rates, and study the interaction among the mortality risk components in the case of an insurer holding a portfolio of annuities and term life insurance contracts. For risk management, we examine natural hedging and mortality contingent bonds. Our results show that particularly adverse selection and basis risk can have crucial impact not only on the effectiveness of mortality contingent bonds, but also on the insurer's risk level, especially when a portfolio consists of several types of products.
A multi-pixel beamformer using an interferometric array and its application to the localization of newly discovered pulsars
Authors: Roy Jayanta , Bhattacharyya Bhaswati , Gupta Yashwant 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
We have developed a multi-pixel beamformer technique, which can be used to enhance the capability of studying pulsars using an interferometric array. Using the Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope (GMRT), we illustrate the application of this efficient technique, which combines the enhanced sensitivity of a coherent array beamformer with the wide field-of-view seen by an incoherent array beamformer. The multi-pixel beamformer algorithm is implemented using the recorded base-band data. With the optimizations in multi-pixelization described in this Letter, it is now possible to form 16 directed beams in real time. We discuss a special application of this technique, where we use continuum imaging followed by the multi-pixel beamformer to obtain the precise locations of newly discovered millisecond pulsars with the GMRT. Accurate positions measured with single observations enable highly sensitive follow-up studies using a coherent array beamformer and rapid follow-up at higher radio frequencies and other wavelengths. Normally, such accurate positions can only be obtained from a long-term pulsar timing programme. The multi-pixel beamformer technique can also be used for highly sensitive targeted pulsar searches in extended supernova remnants. In addition this method can provide optimal performance for large-scale pulsar surveys using multi-element arrays.
The 2010 British Association of Stroke Physicians Survey of Interventional Treatments for Stroke in the United Kingdom
Authors: Sanyal R. , Barrick J. , Bhalla A. , Cassidy T. , Collas D. , Cloud G. , Fearon P. , Gompertz P. , Keir S. , Khanna P. , Power M. , White P. , Roffe C. 
Published: January 2013

Introduction The UK National Stroke Strategy (Department of Health 2007) states that patients should have access to a stroke service with neurointerventional capacity. This survey was conducted by the Clinical Standards Committee of the British Association of Stroke Physicians to get a snapshot of the availability of interventional treatments for stroke in the United Kingdom. Methods Questionnaires covering availability of endovascular treatments for stroke, e.g. intra-arterial thrombolysis and mechanical thrombectomy, were emailed to all British Association of Stroke Physicians members in October 2010. Where more than one response was received from the same hospital, the data were only entered once. If there was a discrepancy between different respondents for the same hospital, details were cross-checked with the respondents to ensure accuracy. Results Responses were received from 58 hospitals in England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland. Intra-arterial thrombolysis and/or mechanical thrombectomy were available in 23 hospitals. Of these, three had not performed any procedures in 2010. Twenty centres had conducted a mean (range) of eight (2–20) procedures during the 10-month period. Thirty-five hospitals were not offering endovascular treatments. Sixteen of these were not referring patients to centres which could provide interventional treatments. Hospitals offering endovascular treatments had a mean (range) of 5·2 (2–12) stroke physicians, 2·3 (0–4) interventional neuroradiologists, and 3·6 (0–9) noninterventional neuroradiologists. Only two hospitals providing interventions had four or more interventional neuroradiologists. Conclusions Only a small number of hospitals in the United Kingdom provide interventional treatments for stroke. Almost 50% of hospitals not providing interventions had no processes in place for referral to providers.
Selection for Delayed Intravenous Alteplase Treatment Based on a Prognostic Score
Authors: Fulton Rachael L , Lees Kennedy R , Bluhmki Erich , Biegert Gabriele , Albers Gregory W , Davis Stephen M , Donnan Geoffrey A , Grotta James C , Hacke Werner , Kaste Markku , von Kummer Rüdiger , Shuaib Ashfaq , Toni Danilo ,   for the VISTA Collaboration and ECASS, ATLANTIS, NINDS, and EPITHET Investigators
Published: January 2013

Background and Purpose Approved use of intravenous alteplase for ischemic stroke offers net benefit. Pooled randomized controlled trial analysis suggests additional patients could benefit but others be harmed with treatment initiated beyond 4·5 h after stroke onset. We proposed prognostic scoring methods to identify a strategy for patient selection. Methods We selected 500 patients treated by intravenous alteplase and 500 controls from Virtual International Stroke Trials Archive, matching modified Rankin score outcomes to those from pooled randomized controlled trial 4·5–6 h data. We ranked patients by prognostic score. We chose limits to optimize our sample for a net treatment benefit significant at P = 0·01 by Cochran–Mantel–Haenszel test and by ordinal regression. For validation, we had these applied to the pooled randomized controlled trial data for 4·5–6 h, testing for net benefit by Cochran–Mantel–Haenszel test, ordinal regression, and also by dichotomized outcomes: modified Rankin score 0–1, mortality and parenchymal hemorrhage type 2 bleeds. All analyses were adjusted for age and National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale. Results In the training dataset, limits of 56–95 on a prognostic score retained 714 patients in whom there was net benefit significant at P = 0·01. When applied to the 1120 patients in the pooled randomized controlled trial 4·5–6 h dataset, score limits of 56–95 retained 711 patients and gave odds ratio for improved modified Rankin score distribution of 1·13, 95% confidence interval 0·87–1·47, Cochran–Mantel–Haenszel P = 0·89. More patients achieved modified Rankin score 0–1 (odds ratio 1·44, 1·02–2·05, P = 0·04) but mortality and parenchymal hemorrhage type 2 bleeds were increased: odds ratio 1·56, 1·01–2·40, P = 0·04; odds ratio 15·6, 3·7–65·8, P = 0·0002, respectively. Conclusion Selection of patients between 4·5 and 6 h based on simple clinical measures failed to deliver a population in whom the alteplase effect would be safe and effective.
The Progressive Course of Neurological Symptoms in Anterior Choroidal Artery Infarcts
Authors: Derflinger Sabine , Fiebach Jochen B. , Böttger Stefanie , Haberl Roman L. , Audebert Heinrich J. 
Published: January 2013

Background Infarctions of the anterior choroidal artery affect multiple anatomical structures, leading to a wide spectrum of neurological deficits with frequent symptom fluctuation or progression. Aims To assess etiological mechanisms, frequency, and predicttorsof symptom progression, as well as its impact on prognosis. Methods Anterior choroidal artery infarct patients were prospectively identified via predefined infarct locations with ischemic lesions ⩾1·5 cm vertical diameter in cerebral imaging. Definition of neurological progression was ⩾2 National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale points in motor function or ⩾4 in total National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale. Stroke etiology was determined according to Trial of Org 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment (TOAST) classification. We assessed demographical data, risk factors, and acute phase parameters in order to find predictors of neurological progression. Results Thirty patients fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Eighteen patients (60%) had neurological progression during days 1–3. Despite similar stroke severity at admission (median National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale in progressive infarcts 4·5 versus 4; P = 0·72), patients with progression had more severe deficits at day 3 (median National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale 9 vs. 3·5; P = 0·04) and worse three-month outcome. Only 31% of patients with progression scored <2 in the modified Rankin Scale compared with 89% without progression ( P = 0·01) after three-months. No statistically significant differences regarding possible predictors of progression were found. Magnetic resonance imaging findings and etiological assessment suggest overlapping mechanisms of small and large vessel disease. Conclusions Neurological deterioration is frequent in anterior choroidal artery infarcts and is associated with worse outcome. While mechanisms of small and large vessel disease seem to overlap in anterior choroidal artery infarction, we were not able to identify predictors of neurological progression.
Leucocyte Count in Young Adults with First-Ever Ischaemic Stroke: Associated Factors and Association on Prognosis
Authors: Heikinheimo Terttu , Putaala Jukka , Haapaniemi Elena , Kaste Markku , Tatlisumak Turgut 
Published: January 2013

Background Limited data exist on the associated factors and correlation of leucocyte count to outcome in young adults with first-ever ischaemic stroke. Aims Our objectives were to investigate factors associated with elevated leucocyte count and whether there is correlation between leucocyte count and short- and long-term outcomes. Methods Of our database of 1008 consecutive patients aged 15 to 49, we included those with leucocyte count measured within the first two days from stroke onset. Outcomes were three-month and long-term disability, death, and vascular events. Linear regression was used to explore baseline variables associated with leucocyte count. Logistic regression and Cox proportional models studied the association between leucocyte count and clinical outcomes. Results In our study cohort of 781 patients (61·7% males; mean age 41·4 years), mean leucocyte count was high: 8·8 ± 3·1 × 109 cells/L (Reference range: 3·4–8·2 × 109 cells/L). Higher leucocyte levels were associated with dyslipidaemia, smoking, peripheral arterial disease, stroke severity, and lesion size. After adjustment for age, gender, relevant risk factors, both continuous leucocyte count and the highest quartile of leucocyte count were independently associated with unfavourable three-month outcome. Regarding events in the long-term (follow-up 8·1 ± 4·2 years in survivors), no association between leucocyte count and the event risks appeared. Conclusions Among young stroke patients, high leucocyte count was a common finding. It was associated with vascular disease and its risk factors as well as severity of stroke, but it was also independently associated with unfavourable three-month outcome in these patients. There was no association with the long-term outcome. [Correction added on 31 October 2013 after first online publication: In the Results section of the Abstract, the cohort of 797 patients in this study was corrected to 781 patients.]
Multiple Sulfur Isotope Determination by SIMS: Evaluation of Reference Sulfides for Δ33S with Observations and a Case Study on the Determination of Δ36S
Authors: Whitehouse Martin J. 
Published: January 2013

High spatial resolution multiple sulfur isotope studies undertaken by multi‐collector secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) commonly use well‐characterised sulfide reference materials that do not (or are assumed not to) exhibit mass‐independent fractionation in 33S and 36S, taking advantage of the three‐isotope plot to evaluate the extent of such fractionation in unknown targets. As a result, few studies to date have used a mass independently fractionated reference sulfide to demonstrate accuracy of measurement and/or data reduction procedures. This article evaluates two mass independently fractionated sulfides, a pyrite from the 3.7 Ga Isua greenstone belt and a pyrrhotite from a 2.7 Ga gold deposit in Minas Gerais, Brazil, which may be used to provide additional confidence in the obtained multiple sulfur isotope data. Additionally, the article presents a method for measuring quadruple sulfur isotopes by SIMS at a comparable spatial and volume resolution to that typically employed for triple sulfur isotopes. This method has been applied to the Isua pyrite as well as to a sample of 2.5 Ga pyrite from the Campbellrand, Transvaal, South Africa, previously investigated using SIMS for triple sulfur isotopes, illustrating its potential for quadruple sulfur investigations.
Screening for impaired glucose tolerance in obese children and adolescents: a validation and implementation study
Authors: Morandi A. , Maschio M. , Marigliano M. , Miraglia Del Giudice E. , Moro B. , Peverelli P. , Maffeis C. 
Published: January 2013

Summary
What is already known about this subject
Fasting triglycerides above 1.17 mmol/L have been shown to be useful to select obese children and adolescents who may present impaired glucose tolerance in a Canadian cohort.
Fasting plasma glucose is associated with the risk to present impaired glucose tolerance in several cohorts of obese children and adolescents.

What this study adds
When applied to Italian cohorts of obese children and adolescents, the triglycerides cut‐off of 1.17 mmol/L has similar validity as in the Canadian cohort to select patients who may present impaired glucose tolerance.
Fasting plasma glucose and fasting triglycerides can be combined to obtain an accurate criterion to select obese children and adolescents who may present impaired glucose tolerance.
ObjectivesWe aimed to validate fasting triglycerides > 1.17 mmol L−1, a criterion recently proposed for selecting obese children at risk of impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), and to assess whether the accuracy of triglycerides (TG) can be improved by the use of other variables.MethodsWe studied an Italian cohort of 817 obese children and adolescents (8–18.4 years) who underwent clinical examination, fasting blood analysis and the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). The discriminative properties of TG > 1.17 mmol L−1 were assessed and compared with those observed in a Canadian cohort from which this criterion was derived: 71.4 [57.8–85.1]% sensitivity and 64.1 [57.7–70.4]% specificity. The possible contribution of other variables was evaluated by assessing the net reclassification improvement (NRI), i.e., the net increase in the percentage of subjects correctly classified.ResultsThirty‐nine children (4.7%) had IGT. The 1.17 mmol L−1 TG threshold showed 66.6 [51.8–81.4]% sensitivity and 68.2 [64.9–71.5]% specificity, thus successfully validated. Fasting plasma glucose (FPG) was independently associated with IGT (odds ratio = 3.86 [2.09–7.14], P < 0.001), besides TG. The bivariate criterion of TG ≥ 1.13 mmol L−1 plus FPG ≥ 4.44 mmol L−1 had a 69.2 [54.7–83.7]% sensitivity and a 78.2 [76.8–79.6]% specificity, thus displaying a 12.6% NRI (P < 0.001) compared with TG>1.17 mmol L−1.ConclusionsTG > 1.17 mmol L−1 is a useful criterion to detect roughly 66% of obese children with IGT through OGTT performed in about 33% of all obese children. However, the ‘TG≥1.13 mmol L−1 plus FPG≥4.44 mmol L−1’ criterion improved discrimination accuracy, leading to the possibility of detecting even more than 66% of obese children with IGT though limiting OGTT to just 25% of all obese children.
A suicidal recovery theory to guide individuals on their healing and recovering process following a suicide attempt
Authors: Sun Fan‐Ko , Long Ann 
Published: January 2013

AbstractAimTo develop a theory to guide the recovery process of a recent suicide attempt.BackgroundSuicide is one of the 10 leading causes of death in many countries. Many nations have set targets to reduce the high incidence of suicide by aiming to prevent people from taking their own lives and also providing care to promote the healing of those who attempt suicide.DesignA qualitative grounded theory approach was used.MethodsData were collected in 2011–2012 in a Taiwanese hospital until data saturation occurred. Twenty participants were interviewed, comprising patients who recovered from suicide attempts (N = 14) and their caregivers (N = 6). Data were analysed using open, axial, and selective coding and using the constant comparison technique.FindingsA substantive theory was formulated to guide the recovery process of people who have recently attempted suicide. The core category that emerged from the data collected was ‘Striving to accept the value of self‐in‐existence’. Other key categories linked to and embraced in this core category were: becoming flexible and open‐minded, re‐building a positive sense of self, and endeavouring to live a peaceful and contented life.ConclusionNurses could use this theory as a theoretical framework to guide people who are recovering from a suicide attempt by affording them the opportunity to grow and heal, and facilitating the re‐building a positive sense of self, acknowledging the uncertainties of life, and inspiring hope.