bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Elements of an Educational Environments Empowering Students to Perform Reasoning on Their Career Choice
Authors: Surgėlienė Jurgita , Bankauskienė Nijolė 
Published: October 2015

Despite the abundance of career education interventions and information on career opportunities, in reality, the search for information process is not necessarily performed very thoroughly, and thus persons, choosing a profession, do it in the simplest way, being unable to properly explain their decisions afterwards (Philips, Jome, 2005). It has been noticed (Wu, 2002) that students tend to identify their ideas as reasoning. Instead of proper reasoning on their decision, they tend to choose intuitively, based on their feelings. A certain environment is required in order to empower a student to perform reasoning. An environment providing students with conditions for developing the necessary skills and enabling them to implement these skills.
It is critical to discover to what are the elements of an educational environment empowering students to perform reasoning on their career choice?
The aim of this work is to reveal the elements of an educational environment empowering students to perform reasoning on their career choice.
Objectives:
1. To reveal the essence of the elements of an educational environment empowering students to perform reasoning on their career choice.
2. To point out the elements of an educational environment empowering students to perform reasoning on their career choice in general secondary school.
The main elements of the educational environment empowering students to perform reasoning on their career choice are: empowering conditions present at educational institution, engaged subjects from school community, educational technologies, orientation to students’ preparedness to perform reasoning on their career choice, peculiarities of activities are necessary, educational environment of relatives.
Links between the Factors in Selecting Pedagogical Studies and Students’ Further Professional Road
Authors: Indrašienė Valdonė , Merfeldaitė Odeta , Šimkutė Laura 
Published: October 2015

Competence of the pedagogues, their individual qualities, motivation, creativity, the desire to constantly develop their skills and grow, and the ability to share the best practices are the main factors of success in education. In view of this, assistance to a young teacher is given great importance, as well as favourable conditions for a career-building. According to the Lithuanian and foreign research, major and sustainable changes in the area of education are possible only when teachers themselves are engaged in the implementation of changes (Ingersoll, Smith, 2004; Kennedy, 2008; Tatto, 2007; Review of the Lithuanian Education System, 2013). It means, that teacher’s profession requiring high level responsibility and altruism is the central axis in creating well-being of the country (Watt, 2012; Taylor, 2006). Yet, in Lithuania, as well as in the entire Europe, there is still a problem of ageing teachers, and it becomes more and more topical, since the number of young people selecting profession of a pedagogue is continuously decreasing. Thus, we have to solve a complicated task – to motivate young people to select profession of a teacher.
The Article analyses the factors in selecting pedagogical studies and their links with further selection of a profession. In pursuance of these goals, the research applied the methods of the literature and document analysis, a questionnaire survey and mathematical statistics.
Quantitative research and questionnaire survey were carried out in March-April 2014. The research involved 117 respondents from 4 Lithuanian universities. The respondents were 2nd–4th year students: social pedagogues, special pedagogues and career education pedagogues.
Pursuant to the research findings, selection of pedagogical studies was determined by the internal factors (interests, predisposition, values), the perceived value of social services, the possibility to be useful for the society), understanding of own teaching abilities depending on the acquired experience (e.g. delivered lessons, taking care of small children). The majority of respondents intended to relate their life to the selected profession of a pedagogue. Mainly these were the persons who have selected the studies as the first or one of the first priorities; selected the studies individually, inspired by this profession as calling and after gaining experience in school. The motives fostering connection of the career with the selected profession are also very important, e.g. desire to grow and take care of other people, quest for independence at work, used pedagogical practices, an interesting profession meeting the expectations and a desire to ensure successful future.
Columellar-Frenulum Angle - A Significant Clinical Parameter in Assessing the Degree of Severity in Unilateral Cleft Lip
Authors: Vathulya Madhubari , Jain Pradeep 
Published: October 2015

Objectives The study was carried out to learn if the columellar-frenulum angle could be used as one of the most important anthropometric measurements to predict the clinical severity in unilateral cleft lip patients. Settings and Design This is a prospective case series conducted at Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India. Methods and Material The study was based on the Thomson and Reinders criteria (1995), and various anthropometric measurements, including the columellar-frenulum angle, were measured. A total of 30 patients (21 boys and 9 girls) were included in the study. The ages of the children varied from 4 months to 15 years. The left side was affected in 18 patients, and 2 gave a significant positive family history. All the patients were subjected uniformly to Tennison's cleft lip repair. Patients with strictly unilateral complete cleft lip and palate were included in the study. Microform clefts, incomplete cleft lips, and bilateral clefts were excluded from the study. Statistical Analysis The data was analyzed using Pearson's correlation coefficient. Results The CF angle correlated negatively with the soft tissue defect of the cleft, cutaneous lip length, and vermilion lip length discrepancies from normal and soft tissue width just behind the alveolus. Conclusions CF angle promises to offer a method by which prognosis of clefts can be predicted in terms of its severity in patients with unilateral cleft lip.
Assessing the Interdental Septal Thickness in Alveolar Bone Grafting Using Cone Beam Computed Tomography
Authors: Liu Luwei , Ma Lian , Lin Jiuxiang , Zhang Chunan , Jia Yilin 
Published: October 2015

Objective To assess the interdental septal thickness of grafted bone bridges using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). Patients Of 71 patients with cleft lip and/or palate having undergone alveolar bone grafting for the first time at least 6 months previously, 52 patients with 57 grafted sites rated type I or II based on the Bergland scale using occlusal radiographs were selected. Interventions CBCT was performed for each bone-grafted alveolar cleft within 1 week after the occlusal radiographs were taken. Main Outcome Measures The thickness of the grafted bone bridge was evaluated using CBCT according to the relationship between crest thickness and the root width of cleft-adjacent teeth, and the results were classified into four categories, with scores of 1 to 4 indicating that the thickness of the bony bridge was ≥100%, ≥75%, ≥50%, and <50% of the root width of the cleft-adjacent teeth, respectively. Results Of the 34 grafted sites rated type I on the Bergland scale, 15 (44.12%), 10 (29.41%), 4 (11.76%), and 5 (14.71%) clefts were scored 1 to 4 on interdental septal thickness using CBCT, respectively. Of the 23 cases of type II, 3 (13.04%), 9 (39.13%), 1 (3.45%), and 10 (43.48%) clefts were scored 1 to 4, respectively. Conclusions The interdental septal thickness of grafted bone bridges with clinically successful heights based on the Bergland scale (type I or II) using occlusal radiographs varied significantly in the evaluation using CBCT.
Filling the Gap: Oral History in the Archives
Authors: Fogerty James 
Published: October 2015

Few manuscript collections contain thorough documentation of all phases of the subject's life, especially of those important phases during which his impact was most clearly evident. Even those periods of a donor's life that appear best documented will usually be found wanting; the documents seldom adequately reflect the considerations that contributed to key decisions and very rarely betray the donor's candid opinion of events and people with whom he interacted. Collections of personal papers are especially weak in the information they provide on the formative years of their donors—years that often hold the keys to perceptions that influenced their subsequent actions. Even correspondence does not always betray the author's inner thoughts, and it may, depending upon the intent behind it, be quite misleading to the researcher.
In these and related instances oral history seems a necessity rather than the luxury it often appears to be. Without properly conducted interviews, the papers of a politician or businessman may lack highly significant perspectives that do not appear on paper. Oral history interviews can document current events in a manner that traditional archival collecting cannot. Interviews can most definitely help deal with the modern paper mountain and its paucity of hard data.
The NHPRC/Mellon Foundation Fellowship in Archives Administration: Structured Training on the Job
Authors: Endelman Judith , Wurl Joel 
Published: October 2015

Since 1985 the National Historical Publications and Records Commission, supported in part by the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation, has sponsored a fellowship program in archival administration designed to provide professional archivists an opportunity to develop practical administrative skills through appointments at selected archival repositories. This article traces the history of the fellowship program and analyzes its value for fellows, host institutions, and the profession as a whole.
Judith Endelman outlines the basic structure of the fellowship and chronicles its evolution. She identifies several factors crucial to the success of a fellowship experience and discusses ways in which the program might be strengthened.
Joel Wurl presents the results of a survey of the fellows and host institution project directors from the first two years. Overall, participants reported satisfaction with their experiences, but noted some structural weaknesses, including the desire, expressed by project directors, for a larger pool of fellowship applicants. Participants concluded almost unanimously that the program should continue and be supported more actively by the profession.
Fluid-Filled Fracture Propagation With a Phase-Field Approach and Coupling to a Reservoir Simulator
Authors: Wick Thomas , Singh Gurpreet , Wheeler Mary F. 
Published: October 2015

Summary
A quantitative assessment of hydraulic-fracturing jobs relies on accurate predictions of fracture growth during slickwater injection for single and multistage fracturing scenarios. This requires consistent modeling of underlying physical processes, from hydraulic fracturing to long-term production. In this work, we use a recently introduced phase-field approach to model fracture propagation in a porous medium. This approach is thermodynamically consistent and captures several characteristic features of crack propagation such as joining, branching, and nonplanar propagation as a result of heterogeneous material properties. We describe two different phase-field fracture-propagation models and then present a technique for coupling these to a fractured-poroelastic-reservoir simulator. The proposed coupling approach can be adapted to existing reservoir simulators. We present 2D and 3D numerical tests to benchmark, compare, and demonstrate the predictive capabilities of the fracture-propagation model as well as the proposed coupling scheme.
Multivariate Control for Managed-Pressure-Drilling Systems by Use of High-Speed Telemetry
Authors: Shishavan Reza Asgharzadeh , Hubbell Casey , Perez Hector D. , Hedengren John D. , Pixton David S. , Pink Anthony P. 
Published: October 2015

Summary
With the recent advance in high-speed data communication offered by wired-drillpipe (WDP) telemetry, it is now possible to design automated control systems that directly use downhole data (e.g., pressure) to optimize drilling procedures. This research couples drilling hydraulics, rate of penetration (ROP), and rotational-speed (rev/min) control into a single controller for managed-pressure-drilling (MPD) systems. This novel multivariate controller improves drilling performance during normal drilling operations and enhances safety during abnormal drilling conditions such as unwanted gas-influx situations.
New advances in drilling automation have made the closed-loop control of downhole weight on bit (WOB) and drillstring rotational speed (rev/min) possible. This study uses two feedback controllers that control the downhole WOB and rev/min by use of surface data. A multivariate nonlinear model-predictive controller (NMPC) uses downhole and surface measurements to simultaneously regulate the bottomhole-assembly (BHA) pressure and maximize the ROP. For this purpose, NMPC provides the necessary set points for the WOB and rev/min feedback controllers and manipulates the choke-valve opening and pump-flow rates. Controller performance is enhanced by means of a nonlinear estimator that works continuously online with the NMPC and provides the necessary estimated parameter values (such as annulus density, friction factor, and gas influx) for precise and efficient drilling control.
The designed NMPC controller has a multipriority approach that is described in the following three scenarios: during unexpected gas influx, the NMPC gives priority to BHA pressure control and attenuates the influx effectively by means of a novel kick-attenuation method that switches the control objective from BHA pressure to choke-valve pressure; during connection procedures when adding a new stand, ROP is stopped and the NMPC focuses on maintaining the BHA pressure constant; and during normal drilling operation, which involves changes in the rock formation and differential pressures, NMPC gives priority to ROP maximization while maintaining rev/min, WOB, and BHA pressure within specified bounds.
Preliminary results suggest that this multivariate controller for ROP and BHA-pressure control decreases drilling costs, reduces operator workload, and minimizes risk significantly. Specific improvements in drilling performance include higher ROP, effective kick attenuation, and more-uniform cuttings. The use of a multivariate NMPC allows for better ROP optimization and BHA-pressure control than is possible with the use of two independent controllers. These benefits are demonstrated across the three scenarios mentioned previously. In simulation, this technology delivers significant performance improvements during MPD and furthers the development of automated-driller systems.
Upscaling for Compositional Reservoir Simulation
Authors: Li Hangyu , Durlofsky Louis J. 
Published: October 2015

Summary
Compositional flow simulation, which is required for modeling enhanced-oil-recovery (EOR) operations, can be very expensive computationally, particularly when the geological model is highly resolved. It is therefore difficult to apply computational procedures that require large numbers of flow simulations, such as optimization, for EOR processes. In this paper, we develop an accurate and robust upscaling procedure for oil/gas compositional flow simulation. The method requires a global fine-scale compositional simulation, from which we compute the required upscaled parameters and functions associated with each coarse-scale interface or wellblock. These include coarse-scale transmissibilities, upscaled relative permeability functions, and so-called α-factors, which act to capture component flow rates in the oil and gas phases. Specialized near-well treatments for both injection and production wells are introduced. An iterative procedure for optimizing the α-factors is incorporated to further improve coarse-model accuracy. The upscaling methodology is applied to two example cases, a 2D model with eight components and a 3D model with four components, with flow in both cases driven by wells arranged in a five-spot pattern. Numerical results demonstrate that the global compositional upscaling procedure consistently provides very accurate coarse results for both phase and component production rates, at both the field and well level. The robustness of the compositionally upscaled models is assessed by simulating cases with time-varying well bottomhole pressures that are significantly different from those used when the coarse model was constructed. The coarse models are shown to provide accurate predictions in these tests, indicating that the upscaled model is robust with respect to well settings. This suggests that one can use upscaled models generated from our procedure to mitigate computational demands in important applications such as well-control optimization.
Simultaneous and Sequential Estimation of Optimal Placement and Controls of Wells With a Covariance Matrix Adaptation Algorithm
Authors: Forouzanfar Fahim , Poquioma Walter E. , Reynolds Albert C. 
Published: October 2015

Summary
In this paper, we present both simultaneous and sequential algorithms for the joint optimization of well trajectories and their life-cycle controls. The trajectory of a well is parameterized in terms of six variables that define a straight line in three dimensions. In the simultaneous joint optimization algorithm, the set of controls of a well throughout the life cycle of the reservoir is constructed as a linear combination of the left singular vectors that correspond to the largest singular values of a specified temporal covariance matrix. This covariance matrix is used to impose a temporal correlation on the controls at each well. In this approach, well controls are parameterized in terms of a few optimization parameters to reduce the dimension of the joint optimization problem. Moreover, the imposed smoothness on the well controls will result in temporally smooth well controls. We use an implementation of the covariance matrix adaptation–evolution strategy (CMA-ES) optimization algorithm to solve the defined optimization problem. In the sequential optimization algorithm, first, the trajectories of the wells are optimized with the CMA-ES optimization algorithm whereas the controls of the wells are prespecified. After the optimum trajectories of the wells are obtained, the life-cycle production optimization step is performed to find the optimal well controls for the specified well trajectories. For the production optimization step, we compare the performance of three optimization algorithms that are the standard ensemble-based optimization algorithm (EnOpt), the standard CMA-ES algorithm, and a variant of the CMA-ES algorithm in which we set the initial covariance matrix equal to a prespecified covariance that imposes a temporal correlation on the controls of each well. The performance of the proposed algorithms is tested for the joint optimization of well trajectories and controls of injectors and producers for the PUNQ reservoir model. The proposed simultaneous well placement/well control optimization algorithm obtained better results than did the sequential optimization framework. The CMA-ES algorithm performed well for both well placement and production optimization purposes. Moreover, the CMA algorithm with a prespecified covariance that imposes a temporal correlation on the well controls obtained a higher net present value compared with EnOpt for the life-cycle production optimization step of the sequential framework.
A Method for Optimizing Jet-Mill-Bit Hydraulics in Horizontal Drilling
Authors: Chen Xuyue , Gao Deli , Guo Boyun 
Published: October 2015

Summary
Efficient cuttings transport is a major challenge in horizontal drilling; one can use a new type of jet-mill bit to overcome the challenge fundamentally. However, currently, there is no available method for optimizing jet-mill-bit hydraulics, which restricts the jet-mill bit from being widely used. In this paper, on the basis of the high-pressure water-jet comminution and jet-pump theory, a basic performance model of the jet-mill bit is developed. Then, the optimal parameter model for the jet-mill bit is presented according to the multivariable limitation theory; meanwhile, a method for optimizing jet-mill-bit hydraulics is also developed. With the method, one can determine the optimal jet-mill-bit hydraulics. Theoretical analysis and discussion show that the impact angle and the friction-loss coefficient are the key factors affecting the efficiency of the jet-mill bit; the impact angle is suggested to be set at approximately 70 ° and the optimal flow-rate ratio at appoximately 1.0; and the effect of rate of penetration (ROP, m/h) is not obvious, and one can ignore it. The optimal area ratio is almost not related to friction-loss coefficient and ROP, but it is related to the impact angle significantly. It provides drilling engineers a practical tool for determining the optimal jet-mill-bit hydraulics in horizontal drilling and promotes the jet-mill bit to be widely used.
Birth and Neonatal Outcomes following Opioid Use in Pregnancy: A Danish Population-Based Study
Authors: Nørgaard Mette , Nielsson Malene Schou , Heide-Jørgensen Uffe 
Published: October 2015

Background Few population-based data exist on birth outcomes in women who received opioid maintenance treatment during pregnancy. We therefore examined adverse birth outcomes in women exposed to methadone or buprenorphine during pregnancy and the risk of neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS) among neonates exposed to buprenorphine, methadone, and/or heroin in utero. Patients and Methods This study included all female Danish residents with a live birth or a stillbirth from 1997 to 211. We identified the study population, use of opioids and opioid substitution treatment, birth outcomes, and NAS through medical registers. Birth outcomes included preterm birth (born before 38th gestational week), low-birth weight (LBW) (<2,500 g, restricted to term births), small for gestational age (SGA) (weight <2 standard deviations from the sex- and gestational-week-specific mean), congenital malformations, and stillbirths. We used log-binomial regression to estimate the prevalence ratio (PR) for birth outcomes. Results Among 95,172 pregnancies in a total of 571,823 women, we identified 557 pregnancies exposed to buprenorphine, methadone, and/or heroin (167 to buprenorphine, 197 to methadone, 28 to self-reported heroin, and 165 to combinations). Compared with nonexposed pregnancies, prenatal opioid use was associated with greater prevalence of preterm birth (PR of 2.8 (95% confidence interval (CI), 2.3–3.4)), LBW among infants born at term (PR of 4.3 (95% CI, 3.0–6.1)), and being SGA (PR of 2.7 (95% CI, 1.9–4.3)). Restricting the analyses to women who smoked slightly lowered these estimates. The prevalence of congenital malformations was 8.3% in opioid-exposed women compared with 4.2% in nonexposed women (PR of 2.0 (95% CI, 1.5–2.6)). The risk of NAS ranged from 7% in neonates exposed to buprenorphine only to 55% in neonates exposed to methadone only or to opioid combinations. Conclusion The maternal use of buprenorphine and methadone during pregnancy was associated with increased prevalence of adverse birth outcomes, and this increase could only be explained to a smaller extent by increased prevalence of smoking. The risk of NAS was eight-fold higher in methadone-exposed neonates than that in buprenorphine-exposed neonates, but this difference may at least partly be explained by differences in underlying indications (analgesic versus opioid maintenance treatment) between the two groups.