bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A study of Guillain–Barré syndrome with reference to cranial neuropathy and its prognostic implication
Authors: Bhargava Amita , Banakar Basavaraj F. , Pujar Guruprasad S. , Khichar Shubhakaran 
Published: November 2014

ABSTRACT
Background: Focused studies on cranial neuropathy in Guillain–Barrι syndrome (GBS) and its prognostic implication are not done previously. Aim: To study the clinical profile of GBS patients with special reference to cranial neuropathy and its prognostic implication. Materials and Methods: The study included 61 patients with GB syndrome, fulfilling Asbury Cornblath’s criteria for GB syndrome. A pre-designed semi-structured questionnaire was used to obtain data regarding demographic profile and clinical profile. All patients underwent detailed neurological examination, investigations including nerve conduction studies and CSF examination and treated according to the severity of the illness. Patients were followed up for 6 months. During analysis two groups were made depending on cranial nerve involvement, and compared with respect to various parameters. Results: Out of 61 patients 38 (62.3%) patients had cranial nerve palsies, in that 25 had multiple cranial nerve palsies, and 13 had single isolated nerve palsy. A majority of 30 (49.2%) had bulbar palsy, 28 (46%) had facial nerve palsy, and all had bilateral involvement except 3 patients who had unilateral palsy. Hypoglossal nerve involvement was seen in six (10%) patients and four (6.5%) patients had ophthalmoplegia. Only one had bilateral vestibulocochlear nerve palsy. On comparing various clinico-electrophysiological parameters among patients of GB syndrome with and without cranial nerve involvement, the presence of respiratory paralysis, IVIg and ventilatory support requirement had significant association with cranial nerve involvement in GBS. Conclusion: Our study found a correlation between cranial nerve palsies and severity of the illness. Cranial nerve innervated muscles recover earlier as compared to distal limb muscles. No association was found between outcome at 6 months and cranial nerve involvement.
From “The Raven” to “Le Cygne” Birds, Transcendence, and the Uncanny in Poe and Baudelaire
Authors: Farrant Timothy , Urakova Alexandra 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
Birds are centrally emblematic in both Baudelaire's and Poe's work. During his lifetime Poe was already known as “the author of ‘The Raven’” (this poem was the only one of Poe's poems Baudelaire translated [or rather, paraphrased, in prose], making it the focus for subsequent French readers); while Baudelaire's “L'Albatros” and especially “Le Cygne” encapsulate both his own position as an artist and a wider alienation within, and from, modernity. Taking as its point of contrast the traditional, beatific connotations of birds in the poets’ predecessors and contemporaries, this article seeks to situate the specificity of avian images in Poe and Baudelaire, placing these images within the dualism of presence and absence, plenitude and abjection, relativity and transcendence central to both authors.
Edgar Allan Poe by Eduardo Mendoza Poe Revisited in El asombroso viaje de Pomponio Flato
Authors: Flores Cristina 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
The Spanish novelist Eduardo Mendoza, who defined fiction as “the combining exercise of elements taken from tradition and put to work for story,” blends in his novels elements belonging to the detective and Gothic genres with the ultimate purpose of subverting them through satire. It is my purpose here to prove that one of Mendoza's referents is Edgar Allan Poe, whose tales and poems he affirms to have read at different points in his life. He overtly expressed his opinion about the American author who, he stated, deserves the highest praise for being the founder of the detective story genre and for the poetic atmosphere he created in his tales of mystery. This article is aimed at tracing the presence of E. A. Poe's works in Eduardo Mendoza's El asombroso viaje de Pomponio Flato (2008), where echoes of several of Poe's tales and poems can be seen.
Actrices des mutations ou responsables de leur précarité ?
Authors: Yerochewski2 Carole , Fortier3 Francis 
Published: November 2014

La construction des statistiques de travailleur pauvre tient pour acquis que les ménages mettent en commun leurs revenus et perpétue une vision du monde du travail reposant sur la norme de l’emploi à temps plein et permanent. Partant du concept de revenu d’activité proposé par S. Ponthieux (2009), cet article met en lumière les impacts du choix d’une définition de travailleur sur la représentation statistique de la pauvreté en emploi : les femmes constituent la majeure partie des travailleurs pauvres et leur pourcentage parmi les ménages de travailleurs pauvres progresse. Leur insertion sur le marché du travail s’avère ainsi très inégale, et cette inégalité est renforcée par des politiques publiques qui s’appuient sur la division genrée et racialisée du travail pour réduire ses coûts de main-d’oeuvre.
L’accession du Québec à la souveraineté et la nationalité
Authors: Emanuelli Claude 
Published: November 2014

Une première étude publiée en 1992 envisageait les effets d’une éventuelle sécession du Québec en termes de nationalité. Les développements intervenus depuis la publication de l’étude originale justifient-ils une modification de ses conclusions ? Tel est le thème abordé dans le présent texte. Ces développements sont passés en revue, ce qui conduit à une réponse essentiellement négative à la question posée. L’examen de l’évolution sous étude permet cependant d’ajouter certains éléments aux conclusions originales et d’y inclure de nouvelles propositions.
Probabilistic surface reconstruction of coastal sea level rise during the twentieth century
Authors: Choblet Gaël , Husson Laurent , Bodin Thomas 
Published: November 2014

AbstractWe present a new surface reconstruction procedure based on the Bayesian inference method for coastal relative sea level variation during the twentieth century. Average rates are computed from tide gauge records. Models based on a Voronoi tessellation adapt to the level of information which proves well suited to the strong heterogeneity of data. Each point of the reconstructed surface is defined through a probability density function, a format particularly well adapted to this climate‐related datum. The resolution of reconstructed surfaces strongly varies among the six large regions considered and within a given region. Anomalous sea level variations recorded locally are shown to reflect either anthropogenic effects or well‐identified fast tectonics. For a poor data coverage, these can cause a problematic distortion of the reconstructed surface. Europe, North America, Australia, and Africa present a single trend with a decreasing precision of the reconstructed surface as a function of resolution of the tide gauge record. The most prominent feature in Europe is the pronounced uplift of Fennoscandia. Coasts of United States have the best resolution in North America and present stronger rates of sea level rise on the Atlantic than their European counterparts. Australia (especially in the North) and Africa are poorly resolved. Asia and South America depart clearly from this trend: a relatively uniform rise is obtained for Asia in spite of a good tide gauge record. Conversely, the reconstructed surface for South America presents an exceptional degree of roughness, at odds with a relatively poor record. Overall, this method not only offers a new assessment of sea level change (validating earlier results) but also quantifies the reliability of estimates.
Traceless Purification and Desulfurization of Tau Protein Ligation Products
Authors: Reimann Oliver , Smet‐Nocca Caroline , Hackenberger Christian P. R. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractWe present a novel strategy for the traceless purification and synthetic modification of peptides and proteins obtained by native chemical ligation. The strategy involves immobilization of a photocleavable semisynthetic biotin–protein conjugate on streptavidin‐coated agarose beads, which eliminates the need for tedious rebuffering steps and allows the rapid removal of excess peptides and additives. On‐bead desulfurization is followed by delivery of the final tag‐free protein product. The strategy is demonstrated in the isolation of a tag‐free Alzheimer's disease related human tau protein from a complex EPL mixture as well as a triphosphorylated peptide derived from the C‐terminus of tau.
Cobalt‐Catalyzed CH Cyanation of Arenes and Heteroarenes
Authors: Li Jie , Ackermann Lutz 
Published: November 2014

AbstractCarboxylate assistance proved to be the key for the success of efficient cobalt(III)‐catalyzed CH cyanations. Thus, an in situ generated cationic cobalt complex was identified as a versatile catalyst for the site‐selective synthesis of various aromatic and heteroaromatic nitriles with ample substrate scope.
Simultaneous quantification of sildenafil and N‐desmethyl sildenafil in human plasma by UFLC coupled with ESI‐MS/MS and pharmacokinetic and bioequivalence studies in Malay population
Authors: Liew Kai Bin , Loh Gabriel Onn Kit , Tan Yvonne Tze Fung , Peh Kok Khiang 
Published: November 2014

AbstractA simple, rapid, specific and reliable UFLC coupled with ESI‐MSMS assay method to simultaneously quantify sildenafil and N‐desmethyl sildenafil, with loperamide as internal standard, was developed. Chromatographic separation was performed on a Thermo Scientific Accucore C18 column with an isocratic mobile phase composed of 0.1% v/v formic acid in purified water–methanol (20:80, v/v), at a flow rate of 0.3 mL/min. Sildenafil, N‐desmethyl sildenafil and loperamide were detected with proton adducts at m/z 475.4 > 58.2, 461.3 > 85.2 and 477.0 > 266.1 in multiple reaction monitoring positive mode, respectively. Both analytes and internal standard were extracted by diethyl ether. The method was validated over a linear concentration range of 10–800 ng/mL for sildenafil and 10–600 ng/mL for N‐desmethyl sildenafil with correlation coefficient (r2) ≥0.9976 for sildenafil and (r2) ≥0.9992 for N‐desmethyl sildenafil. The method was precise, accurate and stable. The proposed method was applied to study the bioequivalence between a 100 mg dose of two pharmaceutical products: Viagra (original) and Edyfil (generic) products. AUC0–t, Cmax and Tmax were 2285.79 ng h/mL, 726.10 ng/mL and 0.94 h for Viagra and 2363.25 ng h/mL, 713.91 ng/mL and 0.83 hour for Edyfil. The 90% confidence interval of these parameters of this study fall within the regulatory range of 80–125%, hence they are considered as bioequivalent. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Iron‐Catalyzed Alkenylation of Isochroman Acetals with Simple Alkenes
Authors: Qian Bo , Qiao Cuifang , Xie Yinjun , Huang Hanmin 
Published: November 2014

AbstractA convenient and efficient iron‐catalyzed nucleophilic addition of simple alkenes to isochroman acetals has been established for the synthesis of 1‐alkenyl isochromans. In the presence of 5–20 mol % iron(III) p‐toluenesulfonate, the alkenyl functionalized isochromans were prepared in moderate to excellent yields. This transformation provides a novel methodology for the synthesis of 1‐alkenyl isochromans from simple alkenes and isochroman acetals.
Enhanced Fill Factor of Tandem Organic Solar Cells Incorporating a Diketopyrrolopyrrole‐Based Low‐Bandgap Polymer and Optimized Interlayer
Authors: Wang Dong Hwan , Kyaw Aung Ko Ko , Park Jong Hyeok 
Published: November 2014

AbstractWe demonstrate that reproducible results can be obtained from tandem solar cells based on the wide‐bandgap poly[N‐9′‐heptadecanyl‐2,7‐carbazole‐alt‐5,5‐(4,7‐di‐2‐thienyl‐2′,1′,3′‐benzothiadiazole] (PCDTBT) and the diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP)‐based narrow bandgap polymer (DT‐PDPP2T‐TT) with a decyltetradecyl (DT) and an electron‐rich 2,5‐di‐2‐thienylthieno[3,2‐b]thiophene (2T‐TT) group fabricated using an optimized interlayer (ZnO NPs/ph‐n‐PEDOT:PSS) [NPs: nanoparticles; ph‐n: pH‐neutral PEDOT: poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene); PSS: polystyrene sulfonate]. The tandem cells are fabricated by applying a simple process without thermal annealing. The ZnO NP interlayer operates well when the ZnO NPs are dispersed in 2‐methoxyethanol, as no precipitation and chemical reactions occur. In addition to the ZnO NP film, we used neutral PEDOT:PSS as a second interlayer which is not affect to the sequential deposited bulk heterojunction (BHJ) active layer of acidification. The power conversion efficiency (PCE) of a tandem device reaches 7.4 % (open‐circuit voltage VOC=1.53 V, short‐circuit current density JSC=7.3 mA cm−2, and fill factor FF=67 %). Furthermore, FF is increased to up to 71 % when another promising large bandgap (bandgap ∼1.94 eV) polymer (PBnDT‐FTAZ) is used. The surface of each layer with nanoscale morphology (BHJ1/ZnO NPs film/ph‐n‐PEDOT:PSS/BHJ2) was examined by means of AFM analysis during sequential processing. The combination of these factors, efficient DPP‐based narrow bandgap material and optimized interlayer, leads to the high FF (average approaches 70 %) and reproducibly operating tandem BHJ solar cells.
Synthesis of Multifunctional Fe3O4@mSiO2@Au Core–Shell Nanocomposites for pH‐Responsive Drug Delivery
Authors: Cui Liru , Lin Huiming , Yang Chunyu , Han Xiao , Zhang Ting , Qu Fengyu 
Published: November 2014

AbstractA multifunctional nanocomposite has been successfully prepared for pH‐responsive and magnetic‐targeting drug delivery. First, Fe3O4@mesoporous silic (mSiO2) core–shell nanoparticles were synthesized as the nanocapsules. Doxorubicin hydrochloride was adopted as the model drug; after drug loading, gold nanoparticles (5 nm) were connected to block the mesopore through the hydrazone linkage. The hydrazone bond, a typical acid‐sensitive bond, could undergo hydrolysis in an acidic environment to induce the release of the capping agent, so that the multifunctional nanocomposite revealed acid‐enhanced release performance. What's more, before reaching acid conditions, little premature release was found to take place. Cell experiments were also carried out to reveal the good biocompatibility, fast uptake, and improved toxicity toward HeLa cells. Thus, in association with the magnetic target, the multifunctional nanocomposite shows the potential application for some low‐pH tissue‐targeted therapy, such as for inflammation and tumors.
The Effect of Counterion and Tertiary Amine on the Efficiency of N‐Triazinylammonium Sulfonates in Solution and Solid‐Phase Peptide Synthesis
Authors: Kolesinska Beata , Rozniakowski Kamil K. , Fraczyk Justyna , Relich Inga , Papini Anna Maria , Kaminski Zbigniew J. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractA collection of N‐triazinylammonium sulfonates, designed according to the concept of “superactive esters”, was obtained by treatment of ammonium sulfonates with 2‐chloro‐4,6‐dimethoxy‐1,3,5‐triazine. The structure of the tertiary amine as well as sulfonate anion influenced their reactivity and stability in N,N‐dimethylformamide (DMF) solution. The reagents were successfully used in solution‐ and solid‐phase synthesis of Z‐, Boc‐, and Fmoc‐protected peptides containing natural and unnatural sterically hindered amino acids as well as in [2+1] fragment condensation approaches, yielding the final products in 80–100 % yield and high optical purity. In manual SPPS of the [Aib]2[Aib]4‐enkephalin analogue and the ACP(65–74) peptide fragment VQAAIDYINEG, several sulfonates yielded peptides significantly faster than TBTU or HATU. Comparative analyses demonstrated that 4‐(4,6‐dimethoxy‐1,3,5‐triazin‐2‐yl)‐4‐methylmorpholinium 4‐toluenesulfonate was the most versatile reagent in a wide range of coupling procedures.
Cross-basin comparison of mercury bioaccumulation in Lake Huron lake trout emphasizes ecological characteristics
Authors: Abma Rachel A. , Paterson Gordon , McLeod Anne , Haffner G. Doug 
Published: November 2014

Abstract

Understanding factors influencing mercury (Hg) bioaccumulation in fish is important for examining both ecosystem and human health. However, little is known about how differing ecosystem and biological characteristics can drive Hg bioaccumulation in top predators. The present study compared and contrasted Hg bioaccumulation in multiple age classes of lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) collected from each of Lake Huron's Georgian Bay, North Channel, and Main Basin regions. Mercury concentrations exhibited a basin specific pattern with Main Basin fish having the highest average concentration (0.19 ± 0.01 mg/kg), followed by Georgian Bay (0.15 ± 0.02 mg/kg), and North Channel (0.07 ± &lt;0.01 mg/kg) fish. Age-related increases in Hg concentrations were observed across the 3 basins with North Channel fish exhibiting the slowest rate of Hg bioaccumulation. No significant difference was determined between the relationships describing Hg concentration and age between Main Basin and Georgian Bay fish (p &lt; 0.05). Mercury biomagnification factors (BMF) determined between lake trout and rainbow smelt, lake trout's primary prey, were significantly correlated with fish age and differed across the 3 basins (p &lt; 0.05). Specifically, Georgian Bay fish exhibited the greatest age related increase in Hg BMF followed by Main Basin and North Channel fish, and these differences could not be attributed to trophic level (δ15N) effects or lake trout growth rates. A highly significant negative relationship was determined between Hg BMFs and basin specific prey fish densities indicating that ecological factors associated with food acquisition and foraging efficiencies play an important role in Hg bioaccumulation in feral fish communities. Environ Toxicol Chem 2014;9999:1–5. © 2014 SETAC
How Can We Best Think about an Emerging Technology?
Authors: Kaebnick Gregory E. , Gusmano Michael K. , Murray Thomas H. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractHow should we think about synthetic biology—about the potential benefits and risks of these applications as well as the very idea of designed, extensively genetically modi­fied organisms? The lead article in this report sets out our thinking, but the article is rounded out with nine commentaries that sometimes expand on and sometimes argue with our perspective. Jonathan Wolff, a philosopher at the University College of London and a member of the Nuffield Council on Bioethics, and Mark Bedau, a philosopher at Reed College and a participant in several projects aimed at de­veloping artificial cells, discuss the potential consequences of synthetic biology and suggest some reasons for a precau­tionary approach to deliberating about the consequences. Jane Calvert, reader in science, technology, and innovation studies at the University of Edinburgh and a member of the Nuffield Council on Bioethics working party on emerging biotechnologies, recommends, however, that deliberation about the governance of emerging technologies focus less on consequences than on aims and purposes.Gigi Gronvall, senior associate at the Center for Health Security in the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, and David Relman, a microbiologist and immunologist at the Stanford School of Medicine, offer contrasting per­spectives about a question we raise concerning “the eth­ics of knowledge”—the values at stake in generating and disseminating potentially dangerous information. Gaymon Bennett offers some ruminations on the questions we raise about how synthetic biology might change the human re­lationship to nature in morally significant ways. He argues, too, that we can think about the ethics of synthetic biology more effectively by getting “upstream” in another way—by sitting next to the bioengineers doing the work and study­ing their “everyday practice” rather than by paying attention only to what is thought and said about their work. Colleen Grogan, professor at the University of Chicago's School of Social Administration and an expert on democratic partici­patory processes in governance, builds on our comments about the challenge of creating a meaningful public dialog about synthetic biology. Jim Thomas, a researcher with the ETC Group, challenges our view of how the public debate about synthetic biology is trending. And Sarah Carter, a policy analyst with the J. Craig Venter Institute, puts our discussion about synthetic biology in the context of debates about other new products and technologies.
Nature Natured and Nature Denatured
Authors: Bennett Gaymon 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThose who want to observe, analyze, and make judgments about synthetic biology need to think about where to stand in the world so as to get an informed sense of which new capacities and incapacities are actual and which matter. They will need something like “upstream ethics”—but not because they want to “get ahead” of the imagined onslaught of the technology. After all, the imagined capacities may remain entirely overstated. They will need upstream ethics because the question of which new capacities and incapacities are being brought into the world is unlikely to be found at the level of what bioengineers say about the work that they are doing. It is more likely to be found in the everyday spaces of practice in which engineers face the painstaking labor of making living beings that work.Those who want upstream ethics will also need to observe the relation between talk of synthetic biology and the extra‐technological effects such talk sets into motion—from the mobilization of capital to the activation of new power relations, anxieties, and displacements. It's in this motion that the biotechnical dreams generated by synthetic biology do their primary work. Any democratic deliberation about synthetic biology will need to operate as much on the ethical and political artifacts of these dreams as on any novel organisms synthetic biologists hope to build.
Context, Existing Frameworks, and Practicality: Moving Forward with Synthetic Biology
Authors: Carter Sarah R. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractSynthetic biology has generated extensive discussion about a wide range of risks and potential benefits, the intrinsic value of the technology, and the soci­etal distribution of its risks and benefits. However, be­fore these questions can be resolved, it is important to first ask a critical question: Is synthetic biology different enough from the technologies that came before it that it raises new questions or concerns? By putting synthetic biology into context, we gain a better understanding of the issues, both old and new, that it raises. We can then consider practical governance questions, including ways to improve current practices.
Do the Poor Pay More for Maize in Malawi?
Authors: Mussa Richard 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThe paper uses data from the Third Integrated Household Survey to examine whether or not the poor pay more for maize in Malawi. The paper finds that the poor in rural and urban areas pay more for maize. It is found that the poor pay more for maize irrespective of when the maize is purchased. Thus, seasonality does not seem to be behind the observed poverty penalty. The paper finds that the poverty penalty varies with seasonality; it is significantly more pronounced in the post‐harvest period when maize is in abundance, it is, however, reduced in the lean season. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.