bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Religion and ethno‐nationalism:Turkey'sKurdish issue
Authors: Sarigil Zeki , Fazlioglu Omer 
Published: April 2013

AbstractOne approach within theIslamic camp treatsIslam, which emphasizes overarching notions such as the ‘Islamic brotherhood’ and ‘ummah’, as incompatible with ethno‐nationalist ideas and movements. It is, however, striking that in the last decades, severalIslamic and conservative groups inTurkey have paid increasing attention to theKurdish issue, supporting their ethnic demands and sentiments. Even more striking, the leftist, secularKurdish ethno‐nationalists have adopted a more welcoming attitude towardIslam. How can we explain such intriguing developments and shifts? Using original data derived from several elite interviews and a public opinion survey, this study shows that the struggle forKurdish popular support and legitimacy has encouraged political elites from both camps to enrich their ideological toolbox by borrowing ideas and discourses from each other. Further,Turkish andKurdish nationalists alike utilizeIslamic discourses and ideas to legitimize their competing nationalist claims. Exploring such issues, the study also provides theoretical and policy implications.
Overweight, obesity and risk of premenopausal breast cancer according to ethnicity: a systematic review and dose‐response meta‐analysis
Authors: Amadou A. , Ferrari P. , Muwonge R. , Moskal A. , Biessy C. , Romieu I. , Hainaut P. 
Published: April 2013

SummaryThe association of overweight and obesity with premenopausal breast cancer remained unclear, ethnicity could play a role. A MEDLINE and PUBMED search of all studies on obesity and premenopausal breast cancer published from 2000 to 2010 was conducted. Dose‐response meta‐analysis was used to determine the risk of premenopausal breast cancer associated with different anthropometric measurements in different ethnic groups. For body mass index (BMI), each 5 kg m−2 increase was inversely associated with the risk of premenopausal breast cancer (RR = 0.95, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.94, 0.97). After stratification by ethnicity, the inverse association remained significant only among Africans (RR = 0.95, 95% CI: 0.91, 0.98) and Caucasians (RR = 0.93, 95% CI: 0.91, 0.95). In contrast, among Asian women, a significant positive association was observed. For waist‐to‐hip ratio (WHR), each 0.1 unit increase was positively associated with premenopausal breast cancer (RR = 1.08, 95% CI: 1.01, 1.16); the largest effect was detected in Asian women (RR = 1.19, 95% CI: 1.15, 1.24), while small effects of 5% and 6% were observed in African and Caucasian women, respectively. Our results suggest the importance of considering both fat distribution and ethnicity when studying premenopausal breast cancer.
MERTK controls melanoma cell migration and survival and differentially regulates cell behavior relative to AXL
Authors: Tworkoski Kathryn A. , Platt James T. , Bacchiocchi Antonella , Bosenberg Marcus , Boggon Titus J. , Stern David F. 
Published: April 2013

SummaryThe receptor tyrosine kinase AXL regulates melanoma cell proliferation and migration. We now demonstrate that AXL and the related kinase MERTK are alternately expressed in melanoma and are associated with different transcriptional signatures. MERTK‐positive melanoma cells are more proliferative and less migratory than AXL‐positive melanoma cells and overexpression of AXL increases cell motility relative to MERTK. MERTK is expressed in up to 50% of melanoma cells and shRNA‐mediated knockdown of MERTK reduces colony formation and cell migration in a CDC42‐dependent fashion. Targeting MERTK also decreases cell survival and proliferation in an AKT‐dependent manner. Finally, we identify a novel mutation in the kinase domain of MERTK, MERTKP802S, that increases the motility of melanoma cells relative to wild‐type MERTK. Together, these data demonstrate that MERTK is a possible therapeutic target in melanoma, that AXL and MERTK are associated with differential cell behaviors, and that mutations in MERTK may contribute to melanoma pathogenesis.
T cell immunotherapy for melanoma from bedside to bench to barn and back: how conceptual advances in experimental mouse models can be translated into clinical benefit for patients
Authors: Tüting Thomas 
Published: April 2013

SummaryA solid scientific basis now supports the concept that cytotoxic T lymphocytes can specifically recognize and destroy melanoma cells. Over the last decades, clinicians and basic scientists have joined forces to advance our concepts of melanoma immunobiology. This has catalyzed the rational development of therapeutic approaches to enforce melanoma‐specific T cell responses. Preclinical studies in experimental mouse models paved the way for their successful translation into clinical benefit for patients with metastatic melanoma. A more thorough understanding of how melanomas develop resistance to T cell immunotherapy is necessary to extend this success. This requires a continued interdisciplinary effort of melanoma biologists and immunologists that closely connects clinical observations with in vitro investigations and appropriate in vivo mouse models: From bedside to bench to barn and back.
Photogrammetric Monitoring of an Artificially Generated Shallow Landslide
Authors: Akca Devrim 
Published: April 2013

AbstractAn artificial rainfall event was applied to a forested slope in Ruedlingen, northern Switzerland. The experiment triggered a landslide which resulted in mobilising about 130 m3 of debris. The event was monitored by a photogrammetric network of four cameras, operating at 5 to 8 frames per second, in order to quantify spatial and temporal changes by tracking tennis balls pegged into the ground. Image measurements were performed using automated image matching methods, implemented through a software package developed in‐house. Three‐dimensional coordinates of the target points were estimated by running a customised type of bundle adjustment, achieving a positioning precision of ± 1·8 cm.
Survey on the prevalence of Rhizoctonia spp. in European soils and determination of the baseline sensitivity towards sedaxane
Authors: Goll M. B. , Schade‐Schütze A. , Swart G. , Oostendorp M. , Schott J. J. , Jaser B. , Felsenstein F. G. 
Published: April 2013

The prevalence of Rhizoctonia spp. in European soils was determined by analysing soil samples from 282 locations. Rhizoctonia spp. were found in 68% of these samples from France, Germany, the UK, Poland, Italy, Spain, Hungary and the Czech Republic. Samples from 136 locations were further analysed by pyrosequencing. Seventy‐six percent of the isolates were Rhizoctonia solani and 24% binucleate Rhizoctonia spp. Rhizoctonia solani anastomosis group (AG) 5 was detected most frequently (25%), followed by AG 9 (16%) and AG 4 (13%). For the binucleate Rhizoctonia spp., AG E was most prevalent (13%). Rhizoctonia cerealis was not detected in soil samples. Soil type or cropping history had no effect on the type of Rhizoctonia observed. Rhizoctonia solani AG 5 was the most frequently detected AG irrespective of the previous crop. The spectrum of AGs detected was similar for France, Germany and Poland but was significantly different for the UK (P = 0·0016). Finally, the baseline sensitivity towards sedaxane, a new active ingredient for seed treatment, was analysed for all isolates. The results indicate a low baseline sensitivity (average EC50 of 0·028 p.p.m.) for all Rhizoctonia AGs. No difference in sensitivity was observed with the isolates obtained from different countries.
Can stem cells be used to generate new lungs? Ex vivo lung bioengineering with decellularized whole lung scaffolds
Authors: Wagner Darcy E. , Bonvillain Ryan W. , Jensen Todd , Girard Eric D. , Bunnell Bruce A. , Finck Christine M. , Hoffman Andrew M. , Weiss Daniel J. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractFor patients with end‐stage lung diseases, lung transplantation is the only available therapeutic option. However, the number of suitable donor lungs is insufficient and lung transplants are complicated by significant graft failure and complications of immunosuppressive regimens. An alternative to classic organ replacement is desperately needed. Engineering of bioartificial organs using either natural or synthetic scaffolds is an exciting new potential option for generation of functional pulmonary tissue for human clinical application. Natural organ scaffolds can be generated by decellularization of native tissues; these acellular scaffolds retain the native organ ultrastructure and can be seeded with autologous cells towards the goal of regenerating functional tissues. Several decellularization strategies have been employed for lungs; however, there is no consensus on the optimal approach. A variety of cell types have been investigated as potential candidates for effective recellularization of acellular lung scaffolds. Candidate cells that might be best utilized are those which can be easily and reproducibly isolated, expanded in vitro, seeded onto decellularized matrices, induced to differentiate into pulmonary lineage cells, and which survive to functional maturity. Whole lung cell suspensions, endogenous progenitor cells, embryonic and adult stem cells and induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells have been investigated for their applicability to repopulate acellular lung matrices. Ideally, patient‐derived autologous cells would be used for lung recellularization as they have the potential to reduce the need for post‐transplant immunosuppression. Several studies have performed transplantation of rudimentary bioengineered lung scaffolds in animal models with limited, short‐term functionality but much further study is needed.
Trabecular Pattern of the Proximal Ulna: A Morphological Study
Authors: Zafiropoulos George T. , Prasad Kodali Siva R. K. 
Published: April 2013

Background The trabecular architecture of the olecranon and proximal ulna has not been studied in detail. We undertook a primarily cadaveric study aiming to link with the theory of biomechanics. Methods Eight pairs of ulnae were obtained from cadavers. Half of the ulnae were sliced longitudinally, each slice 2 mm to 3 mm thick (Group I), and the remaining half were sliced vertically (Group II) and radiographed to study the trabecular orientation of the olecranon and proximal ulna. Computerized tomography (CT) scans of eight patients (Group III) were studied to determine the real-life trabecular pattern. Results In Group I, two main sets of trabeculae were observed. The first set of trabeculae consists of three bundles, which arise from the anterior cortex. Anterior and middle bundles support the subarticular subchondral area. The posterior bundle curves and spreads to posterior cortex. The second set arises from posterior cortex and terminates under subchondral area. In Group II, trabeculae subtend a 90° angle to the articular surface. CT (Group III) confirmed the cadaveric observations. Conclusions Trabeculae of the olecranon and proximal ulna comprise a cluster that resists compressive loading and a further cluster that resists tensile stresses, which should be taken into consideration in the prosthetic design of elbow replacement to facilitate stress absorption.
Signatures of biologically influenced CaCo3 and Mg–Fe silicate precipitation in hot springs: Case study from the Ruidian geothermal area, western Yunnan Province, China
Authors: Jones Brian , Peng Xiaotong 
Published: April 2013

AbstractHot springs at Gongxiaoshe and Zhuyuan (maximum temperatures of 73 to 84°C, respectively) are characterized by deposits formed of calcite, aragonite, non‐crystalline Si–Mg–Fe deposits, and minor amounts of barite and gypsum. The deposits at Gongxiaoshe are formed largely of alternating calcite and aragonite laminae, whereas those at Zhuyuan are formed largely of calcite. The calcite is in the form of: (i) pseudodendrites that grew as sub‐crystals stacked upon each other; and (ii) unattached euhedral and incompletely formed dodecahedral and rhombohedral crystals. Amorphous CaCO3, formed of nanoparticles <1 μm long, is common in some of the Zhuyuan deposits, but minor in the Gongxiaoshe deposits. The morphologically diverse arrays of aragonite crystals that lie parallel to bedding were not nucleated on a growth surface. Many substrates in these deposits are covered with reticulate coatings that are formed largely of Si and Mg with minor Fe and micro‐granular coatings that are formed largely of Si and Fe. Biofilms, with their extracellular polymeric substances, and microbes are common at both springs. The compositionally and crystallographically diverse precipitates at these two springs are attributed to a biologically influenced model with precipitation taking place in micro‐domains that developed in the extracellular polymeric substances. According to this model, precipitation varied at the micron‐scale influenced by the elemental concentrations that developed in the hydrogel of extracellular polymeric substances. Critically, the very low preservation potential of the extracellular polymeric substance and its formative microbes means that the precipitates will rapidly lose evidence of their biotic origin. The compositional diversity of the precipitates, the crystallographic diversity of the calcite and aragonite with numerous incompletely formed crystals, and local concentrations of Si, Mg and Fe may, however, serve as proxies of that biologically influenced precipitation.
Spatial Integration and Functional Balance in Polycentric Urban Systems: A Multi‐Scalar Approach
Authors: Vasanen Antti 
Published: April 2013

AbstractResearch on polycentricity has focused increasingly on the multi‐scalar functional organisation of polycentric urban systems. These studies have shown that the degree of functional polycentricity varies considerably across different spatial scales. Moreover, functional polycentricity is linked to two distinct concepts: spatial integration and the balanced distribution of flows. The aim of this paper is to clarify the relation between these two concepts and to highlight the implications of this conceptual distinction for empirical research across different scales. The paper examines the connectivity field method developed to measure spatial interaction in polycentric urban systems. Using detailed commuting data, the feasibility of the method in measuring both spatial integration and the balanced distribution of flows across different scales is tested in a case study from southern Finland.
A TIR–NBS protein encoded by Arabidopsis Chilling Sensitive 1 (CHS1) limits chloroplast damage and cell death at low temperature
Authors: Zbierzak Anna Maria , Porfirova Svetlana , Griebel Thomas , Melzer Michael , Parker Jane E. , Dörmann Peter 
Published: April 2013

SummarySurvival of plants at low temperature depends on mechanisms for limiting physiological damage and maintaining growth. We mapped the chs1‐1 (chilling sensitive1‐1) mutation in Arabidopsis accession Columbia to the TIR‐NBS gene At1g17610. In chs1‐1, a single amino acid exchange at the CHS1 N‐terminus close to the conserved TIR domain creates a stable mutant protein that fails to protect leaves against chilling stress. The sequence of another TIR‐NBS gene (At5g40090) named CHL1 (CHS1‐like 1) is related to that of CHS1. Over‐expression of CHS1 or CHL1 alleviates chilling damage and enhances plant growth at moderate (24°C) and chilling (13°C) temperatures, suggesting a role for both proteins in growth homeostasis. chs1‐1 mutants show induced salicylic acid production and defense gene expression at 13°C, indicative of autoimmunity. Genetic analysis of chs1‐1 in combination with defense pathway mutants shows that chs1‐1 chilling sensitivity requires the TIR‐NBS‐LRR and basal resistance regulators encoded by EDS1 and PAD4 but not salicylic acid. By following the timing of metabolic, physiological and chloroplast ultrastructural changes in chs1‐1 leaves during chilling, we have established that alterations in photosynthetic complexes and thylakoid membrane integrity precede leaf cell death measured by ion leakage. At 24°C, the chs1‐1 mutant appears normal but produces a massive necrotic response to virulent Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato infection, although this does not affect bacterial proliferation. Our results suggest that CHS1 acts at an intersection between temperature sensing and biotic stress pathway activation to maintain plant performance over a range of conditions.
Influence of tranexamic acid on postoperative autologous blood retransfusion in primary total hip and knee arthroplasty: a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Oremus Kresimir , Sostaric Sinisa , Trkulja Vladimir , Haspl Miroslav 
Published: April 2013

BackgroundPostoperatively shed blood salvage is commonly used to reduce allogenic blood transfusion in patients undergoing total hip (THA) and knee arthroplasty (TKA). Autologous blood retransfusion is not devoid of risk. We hypothesized that adding tranexamic acid (TXA) to a restrictive blood transfusion protocol would reduce the need for postoperative autologous blood retransfusion in primary knee and hip arthroplasty.Study Design and MethodsNinety‐eight adult patients undergoing primary THA or TKA were randomly assigned to receive an intraoperative intravenous loading dose of 1.0 g of TXA followed by another 1.0‐g dose 3 hours later (TXA group) or a matching volume 0.9% saline placebo (control group). A postoperatively shed autologous blood recovery system was used in all patients and the minimum reinfusion volume set at 250 mL. Red blood cells were transfused if hemoglobin level was less than 8 or if 8 to 10 g/dL with symptoms of anemia.ResultsThe proportion of patients receiving autologous blood reinfusion was significantly lower in the TXA group (5/49) compared to placebo (42/49) with an absolute difference of −75.5% (adjusted relative risk, 0.005), and none of the patients in the TXA group received more than 400 mL retransfused. Median total external blood loss during the first 24 hours was lower in the TXA group, 320 mL (range, 80‐930 mL), compared to 970 mL (range, 100‐2600 mL) in the placebo group (p < 0.001). There were no significant differences in homologous blood transfusions and hematologic variables between groups. Treatment differences were consistent by size and significance when the analysis was repeated separately in patients undergoing TKA or THA.ConclusionAddition of TXA to a restrictive transfusion protocol makes the use of a postoperative blood salvage system in patients undergoing primary hip and knee arthroplasty unnecessary.
Pilot clinical study of carmustine associated with a lipid nanoemulsion in combination with vincristine and prednisone for the treatment of canine lymphoma
Authors: Lucas S. R. R. , Maranhão R. C. , Guerra J. L. , Coelho B. M. P. , Barboza R. , Pozzi D. H. B. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractA lipid nanoemulsion (LDE) resembling low‐density lipoprotein can target malignant tumours. Inin vivoand clinical studies, association of chemotherapeutic agents toLDEdecreased their toxicity and increased pharmacological action. Here, safety ofLDEas carmustine carrier (50 mg m−2, intravenous) combined with vincristine and prednisone for the treatment of dogs with lymphoma was tested and compared with commercial carmustine with vincristine and prednisone. In five dogs fromLDE‐carmustine and six from commercial carmustine, complete remission was achieved (P> 0.05). Partial remission occurred in two dogs from each group. In both groups, the median progression‐free intervals (119 and 199 days) and overall survival times (207 and 247 days) were equal. Neutropenia was observed in both groups, but no other major toxicities occurred. Therefore, no difference was observed between the treatments.LDE‐carmustine was shown to be safe and effective in a drug combination protocol, which encourages larger studies to investigate the use of this novel formulation to treat canine lymphomas.
Development and characterization of monoclonal antibodies to subgroup A avian leukosis virus
Authors: Qiu Y. , Li X. , Fu L. , Cui Z. , Li W. , Wu Z. , Sun S. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractAvian leukosis virus subgroup A (ALV‐A) is a retrovirus which infects egg‐type chickens and is the main pathogen of lymphoid leukosis (LL) and myeloid leukosis (ML). In order to greatly enhance the diagnosis and treatment of clinical avian leukemia, two monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) to ALV‐A were developed by fusion between SP2/0 and spleen cells from mice immunized with expressed ALV‐A env‐gp85 protein. Using immunofluorescence assay (IFA), two MAbs reacted with ALV‐A, but not with subgroups B and J of ALV. Western blot tests showed that molecular weight of ALV‐A envelope glycoprotein recognized by MAbs was about 53 kD. Isotyping test revealed that two MAbs (A5C1 and A4C8) were IgG1 isotypes. These MAbs can be used for diagnosis and epidemiology of ALV‐A.
Comparison of three staining methods to identify eosinophils in formalin‐fixed canine skin
Authors: Gomes Paulo , Torres Sheila M. F. , Plager Douglas A. , Jessen Carl R. , Lee James J. 
Published: April 2013

BackgroundStudies comparing the ability of staining methods to detect eosinophils in formalin‐fixed canine skin are lacking.Hypothesis/ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of eosinophil peroxidase monoclonal antibody (EPXmAb), Luna and haematoxylin and eosin (H&E) to detect eosinophils in fixed canine skin by assessing the following parameters: (i) specificity of eosinophil staining; (ii) extracellular eosinophil granule staining; (iii) tissue background staining; (iv) contrast between eosinophil and surrounding tissue staining; and (v) differences in the number of eosinophils detected by each stain.MethodsThree serial sections of formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded tissues of predominantly eosinophilic skin diseases (n = 8), noneosinophilic skin diseases (n = 7) and normal canine skin (n = 1) were stained with the three stains. Each parameter was independently assessed and scored by two investigators.ResultsLuna and EPXmAb were specific in detecting eosinophils. The EPXmAb was significantly more effective than Luna (P < 0.001) and H&E (P < 0.001) in its ability to detect extracellular eosinophil granules (i.e. to detect intact and released eosinophil granules). The EPXmAb showed significantly less background staining compared with Luna (P = 0.0005). Moreover, significantly more stain contrast was noted with EPXmAb compared with Luna (P = 0.003) and H&E (P < 0.001). There was no significant difference between the mean eosinophil counts among the three stains.Conclusion and clinical importanceThe three stains were shown to be useful to detect and quantify eosinophils in fixed canine skin. The EPXmAb‐based immunohistochemical stain proved to be a novel tool to detect eosinophils in canine skin.
Environmental flows in two highly regulated rivers: the Hawkesbury Nepean in Australia and the Durance in France
Authors: Warner Robin Frederick 
Published: April 2013

AbstractEnvironmental flows are waters released from storages to improve degraded ecosystems. Subsequent monitoring is then used to determine incremental benefits. These flows in the Hawkesbury Nepean and the Durance are very low compared with those advocated for other systems. In the former, water is used in Sydney and Wollongong, while the Durance water is diverted to supply 16 hydropower stations. In this system, reserved flows have been set at 2.5% of mean discharge, while in the Australian river, environmental flows have varied, but are usually 3.6% or less in the current regime. Additionally, increasing the transparencies of barrages and weirs will enhance the effectiveness of current environmental flows. Implementation of such flows imposes many problems because of structural difficulties for releasing water and compromising regulatory infrastructures. Additionally, with the onset of global warming, both systems will suffer significant water losses.