bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Adaptive Comanagement of a Marine Protected Area Network in Fiji
Authors: WEEKS REBECCA , JUPITER STACY D. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractAdaptive management of natural resources is an iterative process of decision making whereby management strategies are progressively changed or adjusted in response to new information. Despite an increasing focus on the need for adaptive conservation strategies, there remain few applied examples. We describe the 9‐year process of adaptive comanagement of a marine protected area network in Kubulau District, Fiji. In 2011, a review of protected area boundaries and management rules was motivated by the need to enhance management effectiveness and the desire to improve resilience to climate change. Through a series of consultations, with the Wildlife Conservation Society providing scientific input to community decision making, the network of marine protected areas was reconfigured so as to maximize resilience and compliance. Factors identified as contributing to this outcome include well‐defined resource‐access rights; community respect for a flexible system of customary governance; long‐term commitment and presence of comanagement partners; supportive policy environment for comanagement; synthesis of traditional management approaches with systematic monitoring; and district‐wide coordination, which provided a broader spatial context for adaptive‐management decision making.Co‐Manejo Adaptativo de una Red de Áreas Marinas Protegidas en Fiyi
BRAF mutation is associated with distinct clinicopathological characteristics in colorectal cancer: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Clancy C. , Burke J. P. , Kalady M. F. , Coffey J. C. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractAimColorectal cancer is a heterogeneous disease with multiple underlying genetic mutations resulting in different phenotypes. Mutation in the v‐Raf murine sarcoma viral oncogene homolog B1 (BRAF) proto‐oncogene is an important event in the methylator pathway. There is no consensus, however, on the clinicopathological characteristics associated with BRAF mutation.MethodA comprehensive search for published studies examining the effect of BRAF mutation on colorectal cancer was performed. Random effects methods were used to combine data.ResultsData were retrieved from 21 studies describing 9885 patients. BRAF associated colorectal cancer is associated with proximal tumour location (OR 5.222, 95% CI 3.801–7.174, P < 0.001), T4 tumours (OR 1.761, 95% CI 1.164–2.663, P = 0.007) and poor differentiation (OR 3.816, 95% CI 2.714–5.365, P < 0.001) and is negatively associated with male sex (OR 0.623, 95% CI 0.505–0.769, P < 0.001), age of diagnosis under 60 years (OR 0.453, 95% CI 0.280–0.733, P = 0.001) and rectal cancer (OR 0.266, 95% CI 0.122–0.422, P < 0.001).ConclusionBRAF mutation appears to be associated with distinct, unfavourable clinicopathological characteristics in colorectal cancer.
Clinicopathologic analysis of 66 Japanese thin melanomas with metastasis of sentinel or regional lymph node
Authors: Mori Mayumi , Sugiura Mitsuhiro , Kono Michihiro , Matsumoto Takaaki , Sawada Masaki , Yokota Kenji , Yasue Satoshi , Shibata Shinichi , Sakakibara Akihiro , Nakamura Shigeo , Tomita Yasushi , Akiyama Masashi 
Published: October 2013

BackgroundAssessment of sentinel lymph node status is commonly performed in the treatment of cutaneous melanoma. However, there are no definite guidelines for thin melanomas with Breslow tumor thickness <1.0 mm, in part because thin melanomas are relatively infrequently positive for lymph node metastasis.MethodsWe analyzed the clinicopathologic relationship among tumor thickness, mitotic index, tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL), tumor size, regional lymph node metastasis and prognosis in 66 Japanese patients with thin melanomas. Immunohistochemical evaluations for TIL were also performed.ResultsThirty‐one of the 66 melanomas were Clark level I without lymph node metastasis (0/31, 0%). In tumors of Clark level II or higher (35/66), there were five (14%) regional lymph node metastasis. Melanomas with two or more mitoses in 1 mm2 per high‐power fields showed higher frequencies of lymph node metastasis (2/3, 67%), compared to those with fewer than two mitoses (3/32, 9%). Tumors with intensive TIL that partially or completely surrounded the tumor revealed higher frequencies of lymph node metastasis (5/28, 18%), compared to those with none or slight TIL (0/7, 0%). The main components of TIL were CD8‐positive T lymphocytes. No metastasized tumors were under 2.0 cm2.ConclusionsThe presence of mitotic activity, large tumor size and an intense lymphocytic infiltrate should prompt sentinel lymph node biopsy in thin melanomas.
Smoldering multiple myeloma: present position and potential promises
Authors: Tageja Nishant , Manasanch Elisabet E. , Korde Neha , Kwok Mary , Mailankody Sham , Bhutani Manisha , Roschewski Mark , Landgren Ola 
Published: October 2013

AbstractSince smoldering multiple myeloma (SMM) was first described over three decades ago based on a case series of six patients, its definition and our understanding of the entity have evolved considerably. The risk of progression to symptomatic myeloma (MM) varies greatly among individuals diagnosed with myeloma precursor disease. Epidemiologic, molecular, flow cytometric and radiological techniques have demonstrated that this transformation to MM from precursor states is not sudden but rather a continuous overlapping series of events with evidence of end‐organ damage that could manifest in the earliest stages of disease. Contemporary antimyeloma therapies can yield rapid, deep, and durable responses with manageable toxicities, and molecular‐cell‐based measures are now available to rule out minimal residual disease. With this information, clinical studies with correlative measures can now be developed to test the fundamental hypothesis that intervention in early myeloma may provide a measurable clinical benefit to patients by either delaying progression or eradicating plasma cell clones.
Efficacy of a trauma‐focused treatment approach for dental phobia: a randomized clinical trial
Authors: Doering Stephan , Ohlmeier Marie‐Christin , de Jongh Ad , Hofmann Arne , Bisping Vanessa 
Published: October 2013

It has been hypothesized that treatment specifically focused on resolving memories of negative dental events might be efficacious for the alleviation of anxiety in patients with dental phobia. Thirty‐one medication‐free patients who met the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM‐IV‐TR) criteria of dental phobia were randomly assigned to either Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) or a waitlist control condition. Dental anxiety was assessed using the Dental Anxiety Questionnaire (DAS), the Dental Fear Survey (DFS), a behavior test, and dental attendance at 1‐yr of follow up. Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing was associated with significant reductions of dental anxiety and avoidance behavior as well as in symptoms of post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The effect sizes for the primary outcome measures were d = 2.52 (DAS) and d = 1.87 (DFS). These effects were still significant 3 months (d = 3.28 and d = 2.28, respectively) and 12 months (d = 3.75 and d = 1.79, respectively) after treatment. After 1 yr, 83.3% of the patients were in regular dental treatment (d = 3.20). The findings suggest that therapy aimed at processing memories of past dental events can be helpful for patients with dental phobia.
Equine piroplasmosis: An updated review
Authors: Tamzali Y. 
Published: October 2013

SummaryEquine piroplasmosis (EP) is a tick‐borne protozoal disease. The causative agents are Babesia caballi and Theileria equi. Horses infected with T. equi remain carriers for life. Iatrogenic means can also be factors for transmission. Typical clinical signs of acute EP can include fever, anorexia, anaemia, icterus, congested mucous membranes, tachypnoea and tachycardia, sweating, and limb and supraorbital oedema. In severe cases, haemoglobinuria and bilirubinuria are present as well as a variety of atypical presentations due to organ damage and dysfunction. Because clinical pathology is not specific of EP, accurate diagnosis requires specific diagnostic tests. The value and the pertinence of blood smears, polymerase chain reaction and serological tests are presented. Imidocarb propionate is considered as the drug of choice against EP. However, treatment strategies differ greatly between endemic and nonendemic regions. In endemic regions the goal is to reduce clinical disease because premunition plays an important role in the protection of horses, while in nonendemic regions the goal of treatment is to eliminate the risk of transmission with sterilising treatment protocols. As there is no effective vaccine available to date, prevention relies mainly on drug therapy, restriction in the movement of infected horses, and control of tick vectors.
Moose (Alces alces) reacts to high summer temperatures by utilizing thermal shelters in boreal forests – an analysis based on airborne laser scanning of the canopy structure at moose locations
Authors: Melin Markus , Matala Juho , Mehtätalo Lauri , Tiilikainen Raisa , Tikkanen Olli‐Pekka , Maltamo Matti , Pusenius Jyrki , Packalen Petteri 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThe adaptation of different species to warming temperatures has been increasingly studied. Moose (Alces alces) is the largest of the ungulate species occupying the northern latitudes across the globe, and in Finland it is the most important game species. It is very well adapted to severe cold temperatures, but has a relatively low tolerance to warm temperatures. Previous studies have documented changes in habitat use by moose due to high temperatures. In many of these studies, the used areas have been classified according to how much thermal cover they were assumed to offer based on satellite/aerial imagery data. Here, we identified the vegetation structure in the areas used by moose under different thermal conditions. For this purpose, we used airborne laser scanning (ALS) data extracted from the locations of GPS‐collared moose. This provided us with detailed information about the relationships between moose and the structure of forests it uses in different thermal conditions and we were therefore able to determine and differentiate between the canopy structures at locations occupied by moose during different thermal conditions. We also discovered a threshold beyond which moose behaviour began to change significantly: as day temperatures began to reach 20 °C and higher, the search for areas with higher and denser canopies during daytime became evident. The difference was clear when compared to habitat use at lower temperatures, and was so strong that it provides supporting evidence to previous studies, suggesting that moose are able to modify their behaviour to cope with high temperatures, but also that the species is likely to be affected by warming climate.
HIV‐1 drug resistance prevalence, drug susceptibility and variant characterization in the Jacobi Medical Center paediatric cohort, Bronx, NY, USA
Authors: de Mulder M , York VA , Wiznia AA , Michaud HA , Nixon DF , Holguin A , Rosenberg MG 
Published: October 2013

ObjectivesWith the advent of combined antiretroviral therapy (cART), perinatally HIV‐infected children are surviving into adolescence and beyond. However, drug resistance mutations (DRMs) compromise viral control, affecting the long‐term effectiveness of ART. The aims of this study were to detect and identify DRMs in a HIV‐1 infected paediatric cohort.MethodsPaired plasma and dried blood spots (DBSs) specimens were obtained from HIV‐1 perinatally infected patients attending the Jacobi Medical Center, New York, USA. Clinical, virological and immunological data for these patients were analysed. HIV‐1 pol sequences were generated from samples to identify DRMs according to the International AIDS Society (IAS) 2011 list.ResultsForty‐seven perinatally infected patients were selected, with a median age of 17.7 years, of whom 97.4% were carrying subtype B. They had a mean viral load of 3143 HIV‐1 RNA copies/mL and a mean CD4 count of 486 cells/μL at the time of sampling. Nineteen patients (40.4%) had achieved undetectable viraemia (< 50 copies/mL) and 40.5% had a CD4 count of > 500 cells/μL. Most of the patients (97.9%) had received cART, including protease inhibitor (PI)‐based regimens in 59.6% of cases.The DRM prevalence was 54.1, 27.6 and 27.0% for nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs), PIs and nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs), respectively. Almost two‐thirds (64.9%) of the patients harboured DRMs to at least one drug class and 5.4% were triple resistant. The mean nucleotide similarity between plasma and DBS sequences was 97.9%. Identical DRM profiles were present in 60% of plasma−DBS paired sequences. A total of 30 DRMs were detected in plasma and 26 in DBSs, with 23 present in both.ConclusionsAlthough more perinatally HIV‐1‐infected children are reaching adulthood as a result of advances in cART, our study cohort presented a high prevalence of resistant viruses, especially viruses resistant to NRTIs. DBS specimens can be used for DRM detection.
The ‘Meanings’ of Female Staff in Male Therapeutic Community Prisons: Gender as Symbolism and Specialism
Authors: Stevens Alisa 
Published: October 2013

AbstractInformed by observations of, and interviews with, male prisoners and female staff, this article proposes that women working in democratic therapeutic communities (TCs) are credited by prisoners with two ‘meanings’: as symbolic representatives of familial and intimate nurturers and as gender specialists. The former allows for the emergence of transference relationships, which invites analysis of prior, present, and prospective attachments. The latter enables the communication and translation of ‘the woman's perspective’, which encourages the development of empathy. Both increase appreciation, and advance reduction, of male offenders' risk factors. Accordingly, the gender of female staff represents a significant rehabilitative resource.
Oral health status and behaviours of children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: a case–control study
Authors: El Khatib Amira A. , El Tekeya Magda M. , El Tantawi Maha A. , Omar Tarek 
Published: October 2013

BackgroundAutism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a lifelong neuro‐developmental disorder characterized by abnormalities in social interactions and communication and by stereotyped, repetitive activities.PurposeAssess the oral health status and behaviours of children with ASD.MethodsThe study included 100 children with ASD and 100 healthy children from Alexandria, Egypt. Data were collected using a questionnaire and clinical examination. Questionnaire assessed socio‐demographics, medical history, dental history, oral hygiene, dietary habits, and presence of self‐injurious behaviours. Clinical examination assessed behaviour during examination, gingival condition, plaque accumulation, caries, and other oral conditions.ResultsChildren with ASD had significantly poorer oral hygiene and gingival condition than healthy children (P < 0.001 for both). No significant differences were found in caries prevalence or experience in primary or permanent dentition. More children with ASD behaved ‘negatively’ or ‘definitely negatively’ (37% and 11%) than did healthy controls (11% and 2%) (P < 0.0001). Self‐injurious behaviour and bruxism were more practised by children with ASD (32% of children with ASD and 2% of healthy children, P < 0.001). More children with ASD had difficulty in accessing dental care (P = 0.002).ConclusionsThe oral condition of children with ASD might increase the risk of developing dental diseases. Their behaviour and life factors may complicate provision of services and limit access to dental care. Therefore, individualized oral health education programmes should be implemented for those children.
The association between childhood sexual and physical abuse with incident adult severe obesity across 13 years of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health
Authors: Richardson A. S. , Dietz W. H. , Gordon‐Larsen P. 
Published: October 2013

SummaryWhat is already known about this subject
Severe obesity prevalence in adults has close to doubled from the 1990s to 2010 and is expected to double again by 2030.
Over 3 million reports of child maltreatment were received by child protective services in 2008.
While clinic and population‐based studies have found high rates of adult psychological distress among severely obese individuals, little is known about how the experience of abuse during childhood relates to the risk of severe obesity later in life.
What this study adds
Using data from a nationally representative, longitudinal study, we found that incidence rates and 13‐year risk of developing severe obesity in adulthood varied by abuse type.
We found significantly higher risk of incident severe obesity in non‐minority females and males who experienced the combined occurrence of sexual and physical abuse during childhood, relative to individuals with no history of abuse.
In addition to other social and emotional risks, exposure to sexual and physical abuse during childhood may increase risk of severe obesity later in life.
BackgroundSevere obesity has increased, yet childhood antecedents of adult severe obesity are not well understood.ObjectiveEstimate adult‐onset severe obesity risk in individuals with history of childhood physical and/or sexual abuse compared with those who did not report abuse.MethodsLongitudinal analysis of participants from the US National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (n = 10 774) wave II (1996; aged 12–22 years) followed through wave IV (2008–2009; aged 24–34 years). New cases of adult‐onset severe obesity (body mass index [BMI] ≥ 40 kg/m2 using measured height and weight) in individuals followed over 13 years who were not severely obese during adolescence (BMI <120% of 95th percentile Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Center for Health Statistics growth curves).ResultsThe combined occurrence of self‐reported sexual and physical abuse during childhood was associated with an increased risk of incident severe obesity in adulthood in non‐minority females (hazard ratio [HR; 95% Confidence Interval] = 2.5; 1.3, 4.8) and males (HR = 3.6; 1.5, 8.5) compared with individuals with no history of abuse.ConclusionIn addition to other social and emotional risks, exposure to sexual and physical abuse during childhood may increase risk of severe obesity later in life. Consideration of the confluence of childhood abuse might be considered as part of preventive and therapeutic approaches to address severe obesity.
Onychomatricoma has channel‐like structures on in vivo reflectance confocal microscopy
Authors: Sanchez MI , Hu S , Miteva M , Tosti A 
Published: October 2013

AbstractBackgroundOnychomatricoma is a benign fibroepithelial nail matrix tumor that infiltrates the nail plate leading to multiple tunneled cavities lined with matrix epithelium and filled with serum. Diagnostic features of onychomatricoma on reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) have not been previously described.ObjectiveWe sought to demonstrate the feasibility of using RCM to diagnose onychomatricoma.MethodsReflectance confocal microscopy was used to evaluate four patients with onychomatricoma before tumor excision. We evaluated the affected nail and one unaffected nail of each patient with VivaScope 1500 (Lucid Inc., Rochester, NY, USA).ResultsReflectance confocal microscopy evaluation of onychomatricomas revealed longitudinal dark areas and bright/grey lines, forming channel like structures. The channels were outlined by bright circular lines with grey dot centers. These RCM features correlated with the pathology of the onychomatricomas within the nail plate.LimitationsProximal portion of onychomatricoma was not reach by RCM.ConclusionsReflectance confocal microscopy can assist in rapid and noninvasive diagnosis of onychomatricoma showing characteristic channel like structures within nail plates.
Pressure ulcer in patients with severe traumatic brain injury: significant factors and association with neurological outcome
Authors: Dhandapani Manju , Dhandapani Sivashanmugam , Agarwal Meena , Mahapatra Ashok K 
Published: October 2013

Aims and objectivesTo assess the factors associated with development of pressure ulcer in patients with severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) and study its prognostic significance with respect to neurological outcome at three months.BackgroundPatients with severe TBI are prone to develop pressure ulcer due to various factors, which have never been studied in detail.DesignProspective longitudinal study.MethodsEighty‐nine patients of TBI in age group 20–60 years admitted with Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) 4–8 without serious systemic disorder were enrolled for the study. Patient characteristics, haemoglobin, serum albumin levels at admission and their weekly changes till 21 days were noted along with daily assessment for presence of pressure ulcer. Mortality was assessed at 21 days and neurological outcome at three months through telephonic interview.ResultsOf 89 patients studied, pressure ulcer was observed in 6 (7%) and 14 (16%) at the end of two and three weeks, respectively. Pressure ulcer in univariate analysis was significantly associated with poorer GCS (p = 0·05), delayed enteral feeding (p = 0·005) and fall in haemoglobin at two weeks (p = 0·005). Only the latter two were found significant in multivariate analysis. Age, gender, surgical intervention, tracheostomy, prolonged fever and change in albumin had no significant association with pressure ulcer development. Presence of pressure ulcer was significantly associated with mortality at 21 days (p = 0·006) and unfavourable neurological outcome at three months (p = 0·01).ConclusionsThe significant factors influencing pressure ulcer development in patients with TBI were delayed enteral feeding and fall in haemoglobin. Pressure ulcer had significant association with mortality at 21 days and recovery status at three months.Relevance to clinical practiceEarly nutritional supplementation and monitoring of haemoglobin should be an important part of nursing care interventions for patients at increased risk of developing pressure ulcer.
Optimal Emission Policy under the Risk of Irreversible Pollution
Authors: LE KAMA ALAIN AYONG , POMMERET AUDE , PRIEUR FABIEN 
Published: October 2013

AbstractWe consider an optimal consumption and pollution problem that has two important features. Environmental damages due to economic activities may be irreversible and the level at which the degradation becomes irreversible is unknown. Particular attention is paid to the situation where agents are relatively impatient and/or do not care a lot about the environment and/or Nature regenerates at low rate. We show that the optimal policy of the uncertain problem drives the economy in the long run toward a steady state while, when ignoring irreversibility, the economy follows a balanced growth path accompanied by a perpetual decrease in environmental quality and consumption, both asymptotically converging toward zero. Therefore, accounting for the risk of irreversibility induces more conservative decisions regarding consumption and polluting emissions. In general, however, we cannot rule out situations where the economy will optimally follow an irreversible path and consequently will also be left, in the long run, with an irreversibly degraded environment.
A Note on Discounting an Increasingly Uncertain Future
Authors: CHIU W. HENRY 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThis note clarifies the roles played by the wealth and precautionary effects in determining the socially efficient discount rate for public investment projects and how the rate should vary over time. We first give a general characterization of the effects of stochastic shifts in the consumption growth rate on the magnitude of the socially efficient discount rate. We then show that increasing uncertainty in the consumption growth rate provides a natural and compelling rationale for discounting more distant future consumption at a lower rate.