bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
One‐Pot Glycosylations in the Synthesis of Human Milk Oligosaccharides
Authors: Arboe Jennum Camilla , Hauch Fenger Thomas , Bruun Linda M. , Madsen Robert 
Published: April 2014

AbstractHuman milk oligosaccharides contain a well‐defined core structure that makes them interesting synthetic targets for one‐pot glycosylation strategies. In this investigation, a one‐pot procedure was studied in which a galactose thioglycoside is coupled chemoselectively to a phthalimide‐protected glucosamine thioglycoside, and the resulting disaccharide is then coupled to the 3′‐position in lactose. Very high yields of the tetrasaccharide product can be obtained when a protected lactosamine thioglycoside is formed in the first coupling. In contrast, it was not possible to extend the one‐pot process to the synthesis of the corresponding 3″‐linked structures, due to an inefficient synthesis of the lacto‐N‐biose thioglycoside in the first glycosylation. This is explained by the reactivity difference between the 3‐ and 4‐positions in phthalimide‐protected glucosamine. The one‐pot procedure has been applied in an efficient synthesis of the pentasaccharide lacto‐N‐neofucopentaose I, which is composed of N‐acetyllactosamine, lactose, and fucose. On the other hand, a stepwise approach was found to be the preferred synthetic pathway for preparation of the isomeric lacto‐N‐fucopentaose I, which contains a lacto‐N‐biose moiety.
Improved conservative level set method
Authors: Zhao Lanhao , Bai Xin , Li Tongchun , Williams J. J. R. 
Published: April 2014

SUMMARYThe standard level set (LS) method can capture the interface smoothly and gives accurate normal vectors but suffers from an excessive amount of mass gain/loss. The conservative LS method exhibits excellent mass conservation properties, but the result is usually contaminated by inaccurate interface normal vectors. To address this problem, the improved conservative LS method is proposed to capture the interface smoothly with excellent mass conservation properties. The improvement of the method lies in that the surface normal is computed from a signed distance function, which is also advected and reinitialized in the flow fields, instead of using the Heaviside function. The proposed method is implemented by implicit two‐step Taylor–Galerkin approximation within the finite element context. The approach is validated with the well‐known benchmark problems and is found out to be highly reliable and accurate. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Effects of Disaggregation on Forecasting Nonstationary Time Series
Authors: Poncela Pilar , García‐Ferrer Antonio 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTThis paper focuses on the effects of disaggregation on forecast accuracy for nonstationary time series using dynamic factor models. We compare the forecasts obtained directly from the aggregated series based on its univariate model with the aggregation of the forecasts obtained for each component of the aggregate. Within this framework (first obtain the forecasts for the component series and then aggregate the forecasts), we try two different approaches: (i) generate forecasts from the multivariate dynamic factor model and (ii) generate the forecasts from univariate models for each component of the aggregate. In this regard, we provide analytical conditions for the equality of forecasts.The results are applied to quarterly gross domestic product (GDP) data of several European countries of the euro area and to their aggregated GDP. This will be compared to the prediction obtained directly from modeling and forecasting the aggregate GDP of these European countries. In particular, we would like to check whether long‐run relationships between the levels of the components are useful for improving the forecasting accuracy of the aggregate growth rate. We will make forecasts at the country level and then pool them to obtain the forecast of the aggregate. The empirical analysis suggests that forecasts built by aggregating the country‐specific models are more accurate than forecasts constructed using the aggregated data. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Immunocytological detection of salivary mucins (MUC5B) on the mucosal pellicle lining human epithelial buccal cells
Authors: Morzel Martine , Siying Tai , Brignot Hélène , Lherminier Jeannine 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTThe mucosal pellicle is defined as the protein film adsorbed onto oral mucosa. This study aimed at characterizing the ultrastructure of human epithelial buccal cells and localizing salivary mucins MUC5B, a major constituent of the mucosal pellicle. Cells were sampled from the buccal surface and prepared for Transmission Electron Microscopy using high‐pressure freezing/cryosubstitution followed by immunogold labelling of MUC5B. Morphologically, cells were visualized as typical cells of the superficial layer of a squamous nonkeratinized epithelium with a partly degraded plasma membrane. The outer surface of the plasma membrane was lined with a biological material of medium electron density. MUC5B were detected in the extracellular space, and particularly in the vicinity of the plasma membrane, sometimes onto fibrils protruding from the membrane. This area was, therefore, considered as constituting the mucosal pellicle, which appeared as a mixed film of both salivary and epithelial components. The distribution of gold particles suggested that the surface of the pellicle was not uniform, and that the film thickness could reach up to 100 nm. This work showed the feasibility of visualizing and characterizing the mucosal pellicle directly on human epithelial buccal cells sampled in a noninvasive manner. Microsc. Res. Tech. 77:453–457, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Development and validation of a recurrent Clostridium difficile risk‐prediction model
Authors: Zilberberg Marya D. , Reske Kimberly , Olsen Margaret , Yan Yan , Dubberke Erik R. 
Published: April 2014

BACKGROUNDRecurrent Clostridium difficile infection (rCDI) affects 10% to 25% of patients with initial CDI (iCDI). Initiation of new therapies that reduce recurrences rests on identifying patients at high risk for rCDI at iCDI onset.OBJECTIVETo develop a predictive model for rCDI based on factors present at iCDI onset.DESIGNRetrospective cohort study.SETTINGLarge urban academic medical center.PATIENTSAll adult patients with an inpatient iCDI from January 1, 2003 to December 31, 2009.INTERVENTIONNone.MEASUREMENTSPositive toxin assay for C difficile with no C difficile infection in the previous 60 days constituted iCDI. Repeat positive toxin within 42 days of stopping iCDI treatment defined rCDI. Three demographic, 13 chronic, and 12 acute disease characteristics, and 7 processes of care prior to or at the onset of iCDI, were assessed for association with rCDI. A logistic regression model to identify predictors for rCDI was developed and cross‐validated.RESULTSAmong the 4196 patients enrolled, 425 (10.1%) developed rCDI. Six factors (case status as community‐onset healthcare‐associated, ≥2 hospitalizations in the prior 60 days, new gastric acid suppression, fluoroquinolone and high‐risk antibiotic use at the onset of iCDI, age) predicted rCDI in multivariate analyses, whereas intensive care unit stay appeared protective. The model achieved moderate discrimination (C statistic 0.643) and calibration (Brier score 0.089). Its negative predictive value was 90% or higher across a wide range of risk.CONCLUSIONSAmong patients hospitalized with rCDI, multiple factors present at the onset of iCDI increased the risk for rCDI. Recognizing patients at high‐risk for rCDI can help clinicians tailor early treatment and prevention. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2014;9:418–423. © 2014 Society of Hospital Medicine
Registration of in vivo prostate MRI and pseudo‐whole mount histology using Local Affine Transformations guided by Internal Structures (LATIS)
Authors: Kalavagunta Chaitanya , Zhou Xiangmin , Schmechel Stephen C. , Metzger Gregory J. 
Published: April 2014

PurposeTo present a novel registration approach called LATIS (Local Affine Transformation guided by Internal Structures) for coregistering post prostatectomy pseudo‐whole mount (PWM) pathological sections with in vivo MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) images.Materials and MethodsThirty‐five patients with biopsy‐proven prostate cancer were imaged at 3T with an endorectal coil. Excised prostate specimens underwent quarter mount step‐section pathologic processing, digitization, annotation, and assembly into a PWM. Manually annotated macro‐structures on both pathology and MRI were used to assist registration using a relaxed local affine transformation approximation. Registration accuracy was assessed by calculation of the Dice similarity coefficient (DSC) between transformed and target capsule masks and least‐square distance between transformed and target landmark positions.ResultsLATIS registration resulted in a DSC value of 0.991 ± 0.004 and registration accuracy of 1.54 ± 0.64 mm based on identified landmarks common to both datasets. Image registration performed without the use of internal structures led to an 87% increase in landmark‐based registration error. Derived transformation matrices were used to map regions of pathologically defined disease to MRI.ConclusionLATIS was used to successfully coregister digital pathology with in vivo MRI to facilitate improved correlative studies between pathologically identified features of prostate cancer and multiparametric MRI. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2015;41:1104–1114. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Numerical optimization of a waveguide transition using finite element beam propagation
Authors: Dörfler Willy , Findeisen Stefan 
Published: April 2014

SummaryWe consider a waveguide with principal guiding direction for which the beam propagation method is applicable. A simulation method based on an FEM for Maxwell's equation with 3D Nedelec elements is developed. The power loss of the waveguide is minimized by varying a finite number of shape parameters. We validate the method by comparing our findings to some published results. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Changes in macrophage phenotype and induction of epithelial‐to‐mesenchymal transition genes following acute Achilles tenotomy and repair
Authors: Sugg Kristoffer B. , Lubardic Jovan , Gumucio Jonathan P. , Mendias Christopher L. 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTTendon injuries occur frequently in physically active individuals, but the clinical outcomes for these injuries can be poor. In many injured tissues the repair process is orchestrated by two types of cells, macrophages and fibroblasts. Macrophages, which have both pro‐inflammatory (M1) and anti‐inflammatory (M2) phenotypes, can directly participate in tissue remodeling and direct the response of other cells through the secretion of cytokines and growth factors. In many organ systems, epithelial cells can trans‐differentiate into fibroblasts, which can then regenerate damaged ECM. This process is triggered via activation of epithelial‐to‐mesenchymal transition (EMT) signaling programs. Most tendons are surrounded by sheets of epithelial cells, and these tissue layers could provide a source of fibroblasts to repair injured tendons. To gain greater insight into the biology of tendon repair, we performed a tenotomy and repair in Achilles tendons of adult rats and determined changes in macrophage phenotype, and ECM‐ and EMT‐related genes over a 4‐week time course. The results from this study suggest that changes in macrophage phenotype and activation of EMT‐related programs likely contribute to the degradation and subsequent repair of injured tendon tissue. © 2014 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 32:944–951, 2014.
Anger: Cause or Consequence of Posttraumatic Stress? A Prospective Study of Dutch Soldiers
Authors: Lommen Miriam J. J. , Engelhard Iris M. , van de Schoot Rens , van den Hout Marcel A. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractMany studies have shown that individuals with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) experience more anger over time and across situations (i.e., trait anger) than trauma‐exposed individuals without PTSD. There is a lack of prospective research, however, that considers anger levels before trauma exposure. The aim of this study was to prospectively assess the relationship between trait anger and PTSD symptoms, with several known risk factors, including baseline symptoms, neuroticism, and stressor severity in the model. Participants were 249 Dutch soldiers tested approximately 2 months before and approximately 2 months and 9 months after their deployment to Afghanistan. Trait anger and PTSD symptom severity were measured at all assessments. Structural equation modeling including cross‐lagged effects showed that higher trait anger before deployment predicted higher PTSD symptoms 2 months after deployment (β = .36), with stressor severity and baseline symptoms in the model, but not with neuroticism in the model. Trait anger at 2 months postdeployment did not predict PTSD symptom severity at 9 months, and PTSD symptom severity 2 months postdeployment did not predict subsequent trait anger scores. Findings suggest that trait anger may be a pretrauma vulnerability factor for PTSD symptoms, but does not add variance beyond the effect of neuroticism.
Controlled Synthesis and Self‐Assembly of Dopamine‐Containing Copolymer for Honeycomb‐Like Porous Hybrid Particles
Authors: Wang Jinling , Zhu Hui , Chen Gaojian , Hu Zhijun , Weng Yuyan , Wang Xinbo , Zhang Weidong 
Published: April 2014

Dopamine‐containing monomers, N‐3,4‐dihydroxybenzenethyl methacrylamide (DMA) and dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA), are successfully copolymerized in a well‐controlled manner via ambient temperature single‐electron transfer initiation and propagation through the radical addition fragmentation chain transfer (SET‐RAFT) method. The controlled behaviors of the copolymerization are confirmed by the first‐order kinetic plots, the linear relationships between molecular weights, and the monomer conversions while keeping relatively narrow molecular weight distribution (Mw/Mn ≤ 1.45). Moreover, biomimetic self‐assembly of poly(N‐3,4‐dihydroxybenzenethyl methacrylamide‐co‐dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate) PDMA‐co‐PDMAEMA and inorganic particles are employed to prepare tunable honeycomb‐like porous hybrid particles (HPHPs) by regulating the predesigned chemical composition. In addition, the inorganic sacrificial templates are successfully selective etched for the formation of porous organic materials.
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Free‐Standing, Single‐Bilayer‐Thick Polymeric Nanosheets via Spatially Confined Polymerization
Authors: Qin Haili , Wang Dong , Xiong Xiong , Jin Jian 
Published: April 2014

Polymeric nanosheets organized by molecular building blocks bearing specifically oriented reactive groups provide abundant and versatile strategies for tailoring structure and chemical functionality periodically over extended length scales that complement graphene. Here we report the bulk synthesis of free‐standing polymeric nanosheets via spatially confined polymerization from an elaborate 2D supramolecular system composed of two liquid‐crystalline lamellar bilayer membranes of a self‐assembled nonionic surfactant—dodecylglyceryl itaconate (DGI)—sandwiched by a water layer. By employing a covalent polymerization on the lamellar bilayer membranes, single‐bilayer‐thick (4.2 nm), and large area (greater than 100 μm2) polymeric nanosheets of bilayer membranes are achieved. The polymeric nanosheets could serve as a well‐defined 2D platform for post‐functionalization for producing advanced hybrid materials by introducing the reactions on the hydroxyl groups at the head of DGI on the outer surfaces.
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The Guanidinium Group as a Key Part of Water‐Soluble Polymer Carriers for siRNA Complexation and Protection against Degradation
Authors: Tabujew Ilja , Freidel Christoph , Krieg Bettina , Helm Mark , Koynov Kaloian , Müllen Klaus , Peneva Kalina 
Published: April 2014

Here, the preparation of a novel block copolymer consisting of a statistical copolymer N‐(2‐hydroxypropyl) methacrylamide‐s‐N‐(3‐aminopropyl) methacrylamide and a short terminal 3‐guanidinopropyl methacrylamide block is reported. This polymer structure forms neutral but water‐soluble nanosized complexes with siRNA. The siRNA block copolymer complexes are first analyzed using agarose gel electrophoresis and their size is determined with fluorescence correlation spectroscopy. The protective properties of the polymer against RNA degradation are investigated by treating the siRNA block copolymer complexes with RNase V1. Heparin competition assays confirm the efficient release of the cargo in vitro. In addition, the utilization of microscale thermophoresis is demonstrated for the determination of the binding strength between a fluorescently labeled polyanion and a polymer molecule.
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Taxonomic and functional profiles of soil samples from Atlantic forest and Caatinga biomes in northeastern Brazil
Authors: Pacchioni Ralfo G. , Carvalho Fabíola M. , Thompson Claudia E. , Faustino André L. F. , Nicolini Fernanda , Pereira Tatiana S. , Silva Rita C. B. , Cantão Mauricio E. , Gerber Alexandra , Vasconcelos Ana T. R. , Agnez‐Lima Lucymara F. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractAlthough microorganisms play crucial roles in ecosystems, metagenomic analyses of soil samples are quite scarce, especially in the Southern Hemisphere. In this work, the microbial diversity of soil samples from an Atlantic Forest and Caatinga was analyzed using a metagenomic approach. Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria were the dominant phyla in both samples. Among which, a significant proportion of stress‐resistant bacteria associated to organic matter degradation was found. Sequences related to metabolism of amino acids, nitrogen, and DNA and stress resistance were more frequent in Caatinga soil, while the forest sample showed the highest occurrence of hits annotated in phosphorous metabolism, defense mechanisms, and aromatic compound degradation subsystems. The principal component analysis (PCA) showed that our samples are close to the desert metagenomes in relation to taxonomy, but are more similar to rhizosphere microbiota in relation to the functional profiles. The data indicate that soil characteristics affect the taxonomic and functional distribution; these characteristics include low nutrient content, high drainage (both are sandy soils), vegetation, and exposure to stress. In both samples, a rapid turnover of organic matter with low greenhouse gas emission was suggested by the functional profiles obtained, reinforcing the importance of preserving natural areas.
Nuclear and cytoplasmic differentiation among Mediterranean populations of Bemisia tabaci: testing the biological relevance of cytotypes
Authors: Terraz Gabriel , Gueguen Gwenaelle , Arnó Judit , Fleury Frédéric , Mouton Laurence 
Published: April 2014

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe taxonomy of the species complex Bemisia tabaci is still an unresolved issue. Recently, phylogenetic analysis based on mtCOI identified 31 cryptic species. However, mitochondrial diversity is observed within these species, associated with distinct symbiotic bacterial communities forming associations, which here are called cytotypes. The authors investigated the biological significance of two cytotypes (Q1 and Q2) belonging to the Mediterranean species, which have only been found in allopatry in the Western Mediterranean to date. Sampling was done over a few years in Western Europe, and sympatric situations were found that allowed their reproductive compatibility to be tested in the field with the use of microsatellites.RESULTSThe field survey indicated that, in spite of its recent introduction, Q2 is well established in France and Spain, where it coexists with Q1. Microsatellite data showed that, in allopatry, Q1 and Q2 are highly differentiated, while there is little or no genetic differentiation when they coexist in sympatry, suggesting a high rate of hybridisation. Crossing experiments in the lab confirmed their interfertility.CONCLUSIONQ1 and Q2 hybridise, which confirms that they belong to the same species, in spite of the high degree of genetic differentiation at both the cytoplasmic and nuclear levels, and also suggests that their symbiotic bacteria do not prevent hybridisation. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Biology and management of Bemisia whitefly vectors of cassava virus pandemics in Africa
Authors: Legg James P , Shirima Rudolph , Tajebe Lensa S , Guastella Devid , Boniface Simon , Jeremiah Simon , Nsami Elibariki , Chikoti Patrick , Rapisarda Carmelo 
Published: April 2014

AbstractCassava mosaic disease and cassava brown streak disease are caused by viruses transmitted by Bemisia tabaci and affect approximately half of all cassava plants in Africa, resulting in annual production losses of more than $US 1 billion. A historical and current bias towards virus rather than vector control means that these diseases continue to spread, and high Bemisia populations threaten future virus spread even if the extant strains and species are controlled. Progress has been made in parts of Africa in replicating some of the successes of integrated Bemisia control programmes in the south‐western United States. However, these management efforts, which utilise chemical insecticides that conserve the Bemisia natural enemy fauna, are only suitable for commercial agriculture, which presently excludes most cassava cultivation in Africa. Initiatives to strengthen the control of B. tabaci on cassava in Africa need to be aware of this limitation, and to focus primarily on control methods that are cheap, effective, sustainable and readily disseminated, such as host‐plant resistance and biological control. A framework based on the application of force multipliers is proposed as a means of prioritising elements of future Bemisia control strategies for cassava in Africa. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
An evaluation of three predatory mite species for the control of greenhouse whitefly (Trialeurodes vaporariorum)
Authors: Medd Nathan C , GreatRex Richard M 
Published: April 2014

AbstractBACKGROUNDWithin integrated pest control programmes, the use of high mite inoculations to control hot spots of whitefly is desirable for many growers. In this experiment, two species of predatory mites established as commercial biological control agents, Typhlodromips montdorensis and Amblyseius swirskii (Acari: Phytoseiidae), were compared with another, more recently introduced species, Amblydromalus limonicus, for their ability to control dense populations of greenhouse whitefly (Trialeurodes vaporariorum) on cucumber plants (Cucumis sativus).RESULTSMite formulation type had a significant effect on the number of mites found on plants, but this did not correspond to increased whitefly control. Plots treated with A. limonicus or T. montdorensis, applied as loose product, had significantly reduced whitefly populations throughout the trial. Analysis showed that no species was observed more often on leaves with higher whitefly densities than on those with lower densities.CONCLUSIONNo species was clearly identified as a suitable candidate for treatment of high‐density whitefly colonies, but results suggest the highest level of predation in A. limonicus. Strategies for the effective use of these predatory mite species in control programmes are discussed. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Ultrasonic‐assisted mist chemical vapor deposition of II‐oxide and related oxide compounds
Authors: Fujita Shizuo , Kaneko Kentaro , Ikenoue Takumi , Kawaharamura Toshiyuki , Furuta Mamoru 
Published: April 2014

AbstractBasic concepts of ultrasonic‐assisted mist chemical vapor deposition (CVD), and its applications to the fabrication of II‐oxide and related oxide films are described. Fairly good thin film properties and device performance, compared to those achieved by conventional vacuum‐based processes, encourage the mist CVD as a simple, inexpensive, energy‐saving and non‐vacuum process, opening new and wide application of oxide materials for novel devices supporting the future environment. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)