bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
VI.—The Petrology and Sedimentation of Upper Ordovician Rocks in the Rhinns of Galloway, South-west Scotland
Authors: Kelling Gilbert 
Published: January 2013

SynopsisThe petrology of a group of geosynclinal rudites and arenites of Upper Ordovician age from the Rhinns of Galloway, south-west Scotland, is described. The rudites are confined to the oldest formation, the Corsewall Group, and consist of pebbly microbreccias and “boulder-beds” interbedded with coarse greywackes and platy siltstones. The composition of the microbreccias and boulder-beds varies little with stratigraphic level.The arenites comprise lithic, coarse-grained greywackes with occasional quartzose or feldspathic varieties. They carry, in aggregate, a wide range of igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary rock-fragments, quartz of variable source, a variety of feldspars, ferromagnesian minerals, micas, chlorites and a common to conspicuous argillaceous matrix. The greywackes are well defined stratigraphically as regards both overall composition and the character of the large mineral grains and rock-fragments (“granules”). Moreover composition appears to be related to grain-size in a consistent manner. The size-distribution, sorting and skewness of the greywackes based on thin section measurements show little stratigraphic variation.The aggregate suite of heavy minerals is meagre and only minor differences exist in the individual formation-suites.The character of the rock-fragments and mineral grains suggests that the earlier formations were derived from a nearby source-area in which plutonic and hypabyssal acid and basic igneous rocks were extensively exposed, together with spilitic lavas and glaucophane schists. The petrology of the upper formations reveals that a metamorphic terrain of Southern Highlands aspect became an important additional source of material. However, the highest beds were derived from a region dominated by andesitic and spilitic tuffs and lavas.The principal directional sedimentary structures are described briefly and it is suggested that the lower part of the Corsewall Group, derived mainly from the north and north-east, was deposited in a sheltered pro-delta environment, but that the boulder-beds and associated rocks were formed within a more boisterous region. The Kirkcolm Group is a turbidite-sequence deposited in a marine trough of moderate depth by currents which at first flowed dominantly in opposing directions, towards either north-east or south-west. However, transport from the north-east became progressively established. The Portpatrick Group is another turbidite-sequence but this formation was deposited by currents flowing from the west or south-west.
VII.—On an Arctolepid Fish from Gemünden
Authors: Westoll T. S. , Miles R. S. 
Published: January 2013

SynopsisThe arctolepid fish “Phlyctœnaspis” germanica is redescribed as Stuertzaspis n.gen. An interpretation of the head shield is attempted and it is suggested on this evidence that the fish is a relatively unspecialized member of Denison's subfamily Actinolepinæ. On the ventral surface of the fossil is preserved the postethmo-occipital ossification of the neural endocranium, a structure previously satisfactorily known only in Kujdanowiaspis among the Arctolepida. Generally the endocranium of Stuertzaspis is similar to that of Kujdanowiaspis, although it shows some interesting differences, particularly in the orbital and occipital regions.
VIII.—The Petrology of Picritic Rocks in Minor Intrusions—a Picrite Sill on the Island of Soay (Hebrides)
Authors: Wyllie P. J. , Drever H. I. 
Published: January 2013

SynopsisA Small picrite sill of critical significance is examined in detail, from top to bottom, with particular reference to the distribution and crystallization of the olivine. Statistical evaluation of the sizes of olivine crystals establishes a gradation from large phenocrysts to small groundmass crystals. The micrometric data indicate that, while the feldspar content has remained constant, there is an inverse relationship between the distribution of olivine and pyroxene. This relationship, viewed in conjunction with the common tendency toward skeletal crystallization of the olivine and its gradation in size, amounts to substantial evidence that much of the olivine rapidly crystallized at the time when the sill was emplaced. At a few places, the sandstones and grits, into which the sill has been intruded, have been fused. Where it has penetrated a dolerite dyke along its direction of strike, a non-porphyritic facies, with very much less olivine, is associated with xenoliths of peridotite and of fused sandstone. It is inferred, from the field relationships, that this non-porphyritic facies was intruded as a liquid, containing xenoliths, in advance of the picrite. The chemical composition of this liquid is more calcic than basalt. It is concluded that this earlier calcic liquid was followed by a later magnesian (picritic) liquid and that these liquids have probably a deep-seated genetic relationship with feldspathic peridotite. Further research must be directed toward investigating this relationship both experimentally and in picrite—peridotite rock associations.
XIII.—Liguria Nappe: Northern Apennines
Authors: Bailey E. B. , McCallien W. J. 
Published: January 2013

SynopsisWe undertake a re-interpretation of eighteen sheets of the 1: 100,000 Geological Survey map of Italy. Developing the tectonic discoveries of G. Steinmann and S. Lencewicz we group the pre-Middle Miocene rocks of the district in four structural units beginning with the lowest as follows: (1) The rocks seen through the Carrara Window; (2) Spezia Nappe; (3) Liguria Nappe; (4) Genoa Nappe. Our account mainly concerns the Liguria Nappe. In it we find too much layering to admit of G. I. Migliorini's invocation of successive piecemeal landslips. We also cannot agree with certain important features of R. Staub's synthesis of Mediterranean tectonics.
An investigation of the Encrinurinae (Trilobita) by numerical taxonomic methods
Authors: Temple J. T. , Tripp R. P. 
Published: January 2013

SynopsisNumerical taxonomic methods are applied to the Encrinurinae (Trilobita). Thirty-five cranidial and pygidial attributes are defined of which some (e.g. those relating to the glabellar tubercles) are specific to encrinurines and cybelines while others have application to non-encrinurids. Of nearly 200 named species of Encrinurinae only about one-third have been described in the literature in sufficient detail for their cranidial and pygidial attribute states be coded: a much smaller proportion of species is well enough known for librigenal, rostral, hypostomal and thoracic attributes to be coded. A comprehensive numerical taxonomy of the subfamily must therefore await detailed description of most of the known species. A list is given of encrinurine species in need of re-investigation. Meanwhile, 63 species can be coded for 34 attributes, and 75 species for 28 attributes. Principal components analysis is used to produce ordinations of these species. The minimal spanning tree superimposed on the ordination suggests possible evolutionary lineages. Ordination of the attributes is by non-linear mapping based on a distance matrix derived from the inter-attribute correlation matrix by the transformation (tanh−1|r|)−1. The ordinations compare well with subjective assessments of relations and phylogenies.
Petrology and origin of the type monchiquites and associated lamprophyre dykes of Serra de Monchique, Portugal
Authors: Rock N. M. S. 
Published: January 2013

SynopsisThe term ‘monchiquite’ has suffered such conflicting usage that a redefinition is here proposed:monchiquitesare alkaline lamprophyres with essential brown amphibole and/or biotite but not necessarily with olivine, possessing a near-isotropic feldspar-free base of glass (hyalomonchiquites), analcime (analcime-monchiquites) or nepheline (nepheline-monchiquites). This effectively reverts to Rosenbusch's original definition, whilst accommodating established practices in the subsequent literature. Notwithstanding certain published interpretations, the type monchiquites from Monchique and Rio de Janeiro are hyalomonchiquites.The Monchique monchiquites are associated with camptonites and sannaites in a dyke swarm invading the Monchique foyaitic intrusion. Field, petrological, geothermometric and geochemical evidence is presented to suggest that these dykes resulted from two mixing processes: (i) a version of Bowen's classic reaction between mafic crystals and alkaline liquids—here between cumulus divines and foyaitic magma; (ii) hybridisation of hydrous theralitic and nepheline syenite magmas, restricted by liquid immiscibility. The secondary origin of certain dykes is evinced by extreme mineralogical disequilibrium. The monchiquites could represent a more advanced stage of such processes than the camptonites and sannaites.
XIII.—Jurassic and Kainozoic Corals from Somaliland
Authors: Latham Mary H. 
Published: January 2013

The collection of fossil corals from British Somaliland described in the following paper was made by Mr R. A. Farquharson, M.A., M.Sc., F.G.S., Government Geologist, during his survey of the country in 1923–24.The first known fossil coral from Somaliland was collected in 1894–95, and in 1898–99 a collection of Jurassic, Eocene, Oligocene, and Pleistocene corals was made by Mr and Mrs Lort-Phillips, Miss Cole, Mr Aylmer, Miss Gillet, and Captain Marshall, and described by Professor Gregory, F.R.S. In 1907 Mr T. W. Vaughan described some Pleistocene and Recent corals from French Somaliland. A further large collection of Jurassic, Oligocene, and Pleistocene corals was made by Mr B. K. N. Wyllie, B.Sc., and Dr W. R. Smellie, both geologists on the staff of the Anglo-Persian Oil Company, and described in 1925 by Professor Gregory.
XXXI.—Sporangial Variation in the Osmundaceæ
Authors: Williams S. 
Published: January 2013

The characters of the sporangium have been widely used in the phyletic treatment of Ferns, and one of the most important features has proved to be the nature and position of the annulus. As Professor Bower has pointed out, the position of the annulus has long been regarded as an important character in the systematic treatment of Ferns. In the more advanced groups the annulus forms a very precise dehiscence mechanism consisting of a single layer of indurated cells passing round the sporangium in different positions in the various groups. With very few exceptions, notably found in the Gymnogrammoid circle of affinity, the structure and position of the annulus is constant in any one species. In the more primitive groups of Ferns, however, the dehiscence mechanism is much less precise, and a re-examination of the sporangia of the Osmundaceæ has shown that these are by no means constant in structure and that, in particular, they show considerable variation in the characters of their annulus. These latter variations have proved to be of interest in relation to two questions:1. The systematic placing of certain fossil sporangia.2. The evolution of the more definite annulus of the higher Leptosporangiate Ferns.Other points of interest emerged, such as the occurrence of abortive sporangia in this group, and certain facts relating to the position of the sporangia with relation to the margin of the frond.A description of the sporangia of a number of species of Osmunda and Todea will first be given. The bearing of these facts on the problems above mentioned will then be discussed.
IX.—The Postcranial Skeleton ofEnsthenopteron foordiWhiteaves
Authors: Andrews S. Mahala , Westoll T. Stanley 
Published: January 2013

SynopsisWell preserved material of the crossopterygian fishEusthenopteronenables fresh reconstructions and interpretations of its postcranial skeleton to be given. Comparisons throughout with other bony fishes show that it may be primitive in many features. Similarities with early amphibians such as the screw-shaped glenoid, the form of the humerus (on which an attempt to restore the pectoral musculature is based), the dorsal bicipital ribs and the possibility of a sacral attachment, throw much light on the origin of the tetrapod postcranial skeleton, particularly of the cheiropterygium. A functional analysis of the skeleton ofEnsthenopteronis attempted, suggesting that it resembled the pike (Esox) in its mode of life and that it may have been capable of short journeys “walking” overland. The possible selective factors stimulating the evolution of such a fish, and further evolution to the tetrapod stage are discussed.
XIV.—Observations on the structure of the shipworms,Nausitora hedleyi, Teredo furciferaandTeredora princesae (Bivalvia: Teredinidae)
Authors: Saraswathy M. , Nair N. Balakrishnan 
Published: January 2013

SYNOPSISDetailed descriptions and illustrations are presented of the structure of three representative species of tropical shipworms,Nausitora hedleyi, Teredo furciferaandTeredora princesae.The disposition of the various organ systems is described and illustrated with notes on the histology of the different regions so as to throw light on the adaptations and specializations of these unusual bivalves. The trend of evolution within the Teredinidae is discussed in the light of the available evidence contained in the present morphological studies.
1.—Dalradian Structure and Stratigraphy of the Northern Loch Awe District, Argyllshire
Authors: Borradaile G. J. 
Published: January 2013

SynopsisA structural profile has been constructed for part of the Caledonian fold belt from a map of the Dalradian rocks of the Loch Awe District of Argyllshire. The profile includes the Loch Awe Syncline (Bailey 1913) and the root to the Tay Nappe (Shackleton 1958). The Loch Awe Syncline is shown to be a compound syncline of F1 age, congruent with the Tay Nappe. The F1 structures are accompanied by a penetrative deformation and modified by secondary structures. The stratigraphic succession, which includes the Upper Dalradian and part of the Middle Dalradian, has been reconstructed from the profiles and is shown to have originally been about 10 km thick. The prominent features are the development of a basin to the south-east of the present area in the Late Pre-Cambrian and the extrusion of a 2 km thick basic submarine lava pile in Lower Cambrian times. A subsequent basic submarine lava sequence was extruded in Late Lower Cambrian or Middle Cambrian time and represents the topmos lithostratigraphic group yet recorded from the Dalradian of S.W. Argyll.
22.—The Terraces of Glen Feshie, Inverness-shire
Authors: Young J. A. T. 
Published: January 2013

SynopsisDetailed mapping and accurate heighting reveal the extent of a well-preserved terrace system whose highest fragments lie c. 40 m above contemporary stream level. Kame terraces, pitted outwash terraces, terraces dissected by braided rivers and fan terraces are identified. The terrace fragments form a valley train whose uppermost levels were produced when glacier ice was still present in the glen. As successive streams readjusted to postglacial hydrological conditions, they excavated the valley fill of glacial deposits and carved out the terraces. It is inferred that subsequent stream discharges were generally smaller than those associated with deglaciation at the end of the period of ice sheet wastage. Areally extensive, heavily dissected, low level terraces are suggested to have been produced by meltwaters from a later deglaciation at the end of Zone III.
XXVIII.—New Stelar Facts, and their Bearing on Stelar Theories for the Ferns
Authors: Thompson John M'Lean 
Published: January 2013

For over thirty years problems of stelar structure in the Ferns have claimed the attention of anatomists. By common consent protostely has been recognised as a primitive state. It is seen in all phyla of primitive vascular plants, except the semi-aquatic Equisetales, it figures universally in the juvenile plants of the Filicales, and is maintained in the adult stems of a number of their primitive genera.But as to the origin of pith, inner phloëm, and inner endodermis, and the steps by which during descent the primitive protostely has in many instances been replaced in the adult by other more complex stelar states, there is no general agreement. On the one hand, the pith, inner phloëm, and inner endodermis have been regarded as purely intrastelar tissues directly referable in origin both in individual plants and descent to the procambial mass of the growing point of the stem.
XXXII.—On Old Red Sandstone Plants showing Structure, from the Rhynie Chert Bed, Aberdeenshire. Part IV. Restorations of the Vascular Cryptogams, and Discussion of their bearing on the General Morphology of the Pteridophyta and the Origin of the Organisation of Land-Plants
Authors: Kidston R. , Lang W. H. 
Published: January 2013

This part of the account of our examination of the plants preserved in the silicified peat-bed of early Old Red Sandstone age found at Rhynie will be devoted to the consideration of a number of general questions concerning the four Vascular Cryptogams which it has yielded.1. In the first place the morphological characters of Rhynia Gwynne-Vaughani, R. major, Hornea, and Asteroxylon will be reviewed and the attempt made to reconstruct the external appearance of these plants as they grew. In relation to this a few additional features of the plants will be described.2. This will lead naturally to a consideration of the general bearings upon plant-morphology of the facts mentioned in this series of papers.
XVI.—On the Development of the Cranial Muscles in Protopterus and Lepidosiren
Authors: Edgeworth F. H. 
Published: January 2013

The cranial structures of Protopterus and Lepidosiren are now fairly well known, and especially owing to the investigations of Bischoff, Bridge, Fürbringer, Göppert, Humphry, Hyrtl, Jaquet, Luther, Maurer, Owen, Pinkus, Ruge, and Wiedersheim, on their adult anatomy, and to those of Kerr and Agar on their development.Some papers on the development of Ceratodus, which I have recently published, suggested the advisability of obtaining further information on certain points, and this became possible owing to the generosity of Professor Graham Kerr, who gave me both larval and adult stages for the purpose.
XI.—The Fish-Fauna of the Cementstones of Foulden, Berwickshire
Authors: White Errol Ivor 
Published: January 2013

So barren of fossil remains is the Cementstone Group of the Scottish Lower Carboniferous Rocks that any addition to our knowledge of the fauna and flora of the period is especially welcome. The list of vertebrate remains is notably meagre, and such as have been found,e.g.at Abden, are generally very fragmentary.The collection to be described below contained nearly 150 specimens, and includes Plants, Lamellibranchs, Annelids, Arthropods, and Fishes: of these the Plants and Fishes are by far the most important, and constitute more than two-thirds ot the total number of specimens.
XIII.—The Disturbed Glacial Deposits in the Neighbourhood of Lønstrup, near Hjørring, North Denmark
Authors: Slater George 
Published: January 2013

Lønstrup is a small fishing village and summer resort, situated on the west coast of North Jutland, a few miles west of Hjørring in the district known as Vendsyssel. The country generally is low and treeless, but is noted for its comprehensive schemes of land reclamation, and the scientific development of its agriculture.In the neighbourhood of Lønstrup the monotony of the country is relieved by two low hills, the one, a little inland, is known as Vennebjerg, the other, known as Rubjerg Knude, lies some 2 miles to the south-west and is dissected by the coast-line, the apex of the hill being marked by a lighthouse. These two adjacent hills formed islands in the Yoldia Sea.The coast-line has a uniform north-east, south-west trend, and cliffs occur from Lønstrup to Lokken in the south-west, a distance of between 7 or 8 miles, the cliff-scenery being generally similar to that of the Norfolk coast near Cromer.
XV.—On the Feeding Mechanism of Nebalia Bipes
Authors: Cannon H. Graham 
Published: January 2013

The object of this research was to compare the feeding mechanism of Nebalia with that of Hemimysis described by Miss Manton and myself (1927). The observations of the living animals were made partly at Naples while I was occupying the Cambridge University table, and partly at Plymouth where I had the use of the London University table.The methods used in determining the feeding currents were the same as those used for Hemimysis (Cannon and Manton, 1927). To obtain a ventral view of the trunk limbs, I simply held the living animal upside down, gripping the abdomen with a pair of forceps, and in this position it would feed for a long time. I found it possible even to remove the entire carapace without killing the animal or upsetting the normal movements of the limbs.
XXIX.—On the Morphology, Feeding Mechanisms, and Digestion of Ensis siliqua (Schumacher)
Authors: Graham Alastair 
Published: January 2013

The work described in the following pages was carried out in the Department of Zoology of the University of Edinburgh and at the Marine Laboratory, Plymouth. It is my pleasant task to thank the British Association for the use of their table at Plymouth, and the staffs of the Plymouth Laboratory and of the Department of Zoology at Edinburgh for help and advice; in particular, I would thank Professor J. H. Ashworth, F.R.S., under whose direction the work was carried out, for his continued aid and interest at every stage.The animal which was used throughout the investigation was the common razor shellfish or spoutfish of our coasts, Ensis siliqua (Schumacher). The specimens studied at Edinburgh were obtained from a sandy bay at Port Seton, about ten miles below Edinburgh on the Firth of Forth; at Plymouth they were got from the east bank of the Salcombe Estuary. At both places razor shellfish were abundant at the low-water mark of spring tides, and at both Ensis siliqua was the sole species obtained.For histological purposes small- whole animals, which were very rare, and small pieces of tissue were fixed in Bouin's fluid, in E. Allen's chromic Bouin with urea, or in corrosive sublimate and acetic mixture, and sections, cut 8 μ and 12 μ thick, were stained with Heidenhain's iron alum hæmatoxylin or in Delafield's hæmatoxylin and counter-stained with eosin.