bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mixed‐linkage glucan:xyloglucan endotransglucosylase (MXE) re‐models hemicelluloses in Equisetum shoots but not in barley shoots or Equisetum callus
Authors: Mohler Kyle E. , Simmons Thomas J. , Fry Stephen C. 
Published: October 2012

Summary

Among land‐plant hemicelluloses, xyloglucan is ubiquitous, whereas mixed‐linkage (1→3),(1→4)‐β‐d‐glucan (MLG) is confined to the Poales (e.g. cereals) and Equisetales (horsetails). The enzyme MLG:xyloglucan endotransglucosylase (MXE) grafts MLG to xyloglucan. In Equisetum, MXE often exceeds extractable xyloglucan endotransglucosylase (XET) activity; curiously, cereals lack extractable MXE. We investigated whether barley possesses inextractable MXE.

Grafting of endogenous MLG or xyloglucan onto exogenous [3H]xyloglucan oligosaccharides in vivo indicated MXE and XET action, respectively. Extractable MXE and XET activities were assayed in vitro.

MXE and XET actions were both detectable in living Equisetum fluviatile shoots, the MXE : XET ratio increasing with age. However, only XET action was observed in barley coleoptiles, leaves and roots (which all contained MLG) and in E. fluviatile intercalary meristems and callus (which lacked MLG). In E. fluviatile, extractable MXE activity was high in mature shoots, but extremely low in callus and young shoots; in E. arvense strobili, it was undetectable.

Barley possesses neither extractable nor inextractable MXE, despite containing both of its substrates and high XET activity. As the Poales are xyloglucan‐poor, the role of their abundant endotransglucosylases remains enigmatic. The distribution of MXE action and activity within Equisetum suggests a strengthening role in ageing tissues.
Caesarean section in nulliparous women of advanced maternal age has been reduced in Sweden and Norway since the 1970s: a register‐based study
Authors: Waldenström U , Gottvall K , Rasmussen S 
Published: October 2012

Please cite this paper as: Waldenström U, Gottvall K, Rasmussen S. Caesarean section in nulliparous women of advanced maternal age has been reduced in Sweden and Norway since the 1970s: a register‐based study. BJOG 2012;119:1591–1596.Objective  To investigate rates of caesarean delivery in Sweden and Norway from 1973 to 2008 in relation to advanced and very advanced maternal age.Design  Register study.Setting  Sweden and Norway.Sample  All nulliparous women aged over 30 years with a singleton pregnancy, with the fetus in a cephalic presentation, and delivering at term between 1973 and 2008 were evaluated. The study population comprised 329 824 women in Sweden and 127 810 women in Norway.Methods  Data from the national Medical Birth Registers were used to describe caesarean section rates in three age groups: 30–34 years (reference group); 35–39 years (advanced age group); and ≥40 years (very advanced age group). Logistic regression analyses estimated the risk in each age group over four decades, in each of the two national samples.Results  Caesarean delivery decreased from 1973–1979 to 2000–2008 in the two oldest age groups in Sweden (35–39 years, OR = 0.53, 95% CI = 0.50–0.58; ≥40 years, OR = 0.36, 95% CI = 0.30–0.43) and Norway (35–39 years, OR = 0.61, 95% CI = 0.54–0.68; ≥40 years, OR = 0.45, 95% CI = 0.34–0.58), but increased in women aged 30–34 years. The caesarean delivery rate in the two oldest groups peaked in the second half of the 1970s. Regardless of time point, the caesarean delivery rate was always highest in women aged ≥40 years, followed by women aged 35–39 years and lowest in women aged 30–34 years.Conclusions  Caesarean delivery in nulliparous women of advanced and very advanced age peaked by end of the 1970s in Sweden and Norway. The subsequent reduction was contemporaneous with the introduction of electronic fetal monitoring and a more consistent use of the partogram, suggesting that more effective surveillance of labour increased the chance of a vaginal birth in these high‐risk women.
Anatomy of the coracoid and diversity of the Procellariiformes (Aves) in the Oligocene of Europe
Authors: ELZANOWSKI ANDRZEJ , BIEŃKOWSKA‐WASILUK MAŁGORZATA , CHODYŃ RAFAL , BOGDANOWICZ WIESŁAW 
Published: October 2012

Abstract: Two European species of the Diomedeoididae, an extinct family of procellariiform (tube‐nose) birds, have hitherto been distinguished primarily by size of their limb bones. Here, we describe an Early Oligocene (Rupelian) procellariifom coracoid that in all probability represents the larger species, Diomedeoides lipsiensis, and compare it to the coracoids of smaller diomedeoidids and extant procellariiforms. Using multivariate (Principal Component Analysis) and univariate analyses, we demonstrate that nearly all measurements are heavily size dependent, which makes the proportions and some other shape characters of little use as phylogenetic markers. Among eight measurements, the coracoid corpus width shows the highest correlation (higher than corpus depth) with body mass, permitting a precise calculation of over twofold difference in body mass between D. lipsiensis and smaller species. Among 16 qualitative characters analysed, the majority proved too variable to be used as markers of interfamily relationships and only 2–3, the ventral intermuscular line, sternocoracoid articulation (divided vs. undivided), and, with reservations, epimarginal crest vary consistently between the families. By far the most variable is the acrocoracoid process that tends to be deeper (more elongate dorsoventrally) in larger petrels but not in the albatrosses. However, the detailed shapes of the acrocoracoid heads are highly genus specific and suggest a genus‐level diversity among the Diomedeoididae from the Oligocene of Europe. The common features of the diomedeoidid coracoids are best interpreted as plesiomorphies, which accounts for some similarities to the Oceanitinae (that are probably basal among the crown‐group procellariiforms). The evidence from the coracoid is consistent with a stem‐group position of the Diomedeoididae as previously proposed by others. We emphasize the need of a group‐specific character analysis, primarily of allometries and levels of character variation, prior to a phylogenetic reconstruction.
Variation with Land Use of Immune Function and Prevalence of Avian Pox in Galapagos Finches
Authors: Zylberberg Maxine , Lee Kelly A. , Klasing Kirk C. , Wikelski Martin 
Published: October 2012

AbstractIntroduced disease has been implicated in recent wildlife extinctions and population declines worldwide. Both anthropogenic‐induced change and natural environmental features can affect pathogen spread. Furthermore, environmental disturbance can result in changes in stress physiology, nutrition, and social structure, which in turn can suppress immune system function. However, it remains unknown whether landscape variation results in heterogeneity in host resistance to pathogens. Avian pox virus, a pathogen implicated in avian declines and extinctions in Hawaii, was introduced to the Galapagos in the 1890s, and prevalence (total number of current infections) has increased recently in finches. We tested whether prevalence and recovery trends in 7 species of Galapagos finches varied by elevation or human land use. To do so, we used infection data obtained from 545 wild‐caught birds. In addition, we determined whether annual changes in 4 aspects of innate immune function (complement protein activity, natural antibody activity, concentration of PIT54 protein, and heterophil:lymphocyte ratio) varied by elevation or land use. Prevalence and recovery rates did not vary by elevation from 2008 to 2009. Avian pox prevalence and proportion of recovered individuals in undeveloped and urban areas did not change from 2008 to 2009. In agricultural areas, avian pox prevalence increased 8‐fold (from 2% to 17% of 234 individuals sampled) and proportion of recovered individuals increased (11% to 19%) from 2008 to 2009. These results suggest high disease‐related mortality. Variation in immune function across human land‐use types correlated with variation in both increased prevalence and susceptibility, which indicates changes in innate immune function may underlie changes in disease susceptibility. Our results suggest anthropogenic disturbance, in particular agricultural practices, may underlie immunological changes in host species that themselves contribute to pathogen emergence.Variación con el Uso de Suelo de la Función Inmune y la Prevalencia de la Varicela Aviar en Pinzones de las Galápagos
Characterization of acute and long‐term pathologies of superficial and deep dermal sulfur mustard skin lesions in the hairless guinea pig model
Authors: Dachir Shlomit , Cohen Maayan , Kamus‐Elimeleh Dikla , Fishbine Eliezer , Sahar Rita , Gez Rellie , Brandeis Rachel , Horwitz Vered , Kadar Tamar 
Published: October 2012

AbstractSulfur mustard induces severe acute and prolonged damage to the skin and only partially effective treatments are available. We have previously validated the use of hairless guinea pigs as an experimental model for skin lesions. The present study aimed to characterize a model of a deep dermal lesion and to compare it with the previously described superficial lesion. Clinical evaluation of the lesions was conducted using reflectance colorimetry, trans‐epidermal water loss and wound area measurements. Prostaglandin E2 content, matrix metalloproteinase‐2 and 9 activity, and histopathology were conducted up to 4 weeks post‐exposure. Sulfur mustard skin injury, including erythema and edema, impairment of skin barrier and wounds developed in a dose‐dependent manner. Prostaglandin E2 content and matrix metalloproteinase‐2 and 9 activities were elevated during the wound development and the healing process. Histological evaluation revealed severe damage to the epidermis and deep dermis and vesications. At 4 weeks postexposure, healing was not completed: significantly impaired stratum corneum, absence of hair follicles, and epidermal hyperplasia were observed. These results confirm the use of the superficial and deep dermal skin injuries in the hairless guinea pigs as suitable models that can be utilized for the investigation of the pathological processes of acute as well as long‐term injuries. These models will be further used to develop treatments to improve the healing process and prevent skin damage and long‐term effects.
Human skin transcriptome during superficial cutaneous wound healing
Authors: Nuutila Kristo , Siltanen Antti , Peura Matti , Bizik Jozef , Kaartinen Ilkka , Kuokkanen Hannu , Nieminen Tapio , Harjula Ari , Aarnio Pertti , Vuola Jyrki , Kankuri Esko 
Published: October 2012

AbstractHealing of the epidermis is a crucial process for maintaining the skin's defense integrity and its resistance to environmental threats. Compromised wound healing renders the individual readily vulnerable to infections and loss of body homeostasis. To clarify the human response of reepithelialization, we biopsied split‐thickness skin graft donor site wounds immediately before and after harvesting, as well as during the healing process 3 and 7 days thereafter. In all, 25 biopsies from eight patients qualified for the study. All samples were analyzed by genome‐wide microarrays. Here, we identified the genes associated with normal skin reepithelialization over time and organized them by similarities according to their induction or suppression patterns during wound healing. Our results provide the first elaborate insight into the transcriptome during normal human epidermal wound healing. The data not only reveal novel genes associated with epidermal wound healing but also provide a fundamental basis for the translational interpretation of data acquired from experimental models.
Heterogeneity in Growth and Desistance of Alcohol Use for Men in Their 20s: Prediction from Early Risk Factors and Association with Treatment
Authors: Capaldi Deborah M. , Feingold Alan , Kim Hyoun K. , Yoerger Karen , Washburn Isaac J. 
Published: October 2012

BackgroundThe course of men's alcohol use from ages 18 to 19 through 28 to 29 years was examined using growth mixture modeling (GMM) to determine alcohol trajectories for 3 conceptualizations of alcohol use: volume of use, heavy episodic drinking (HED), and drinking‐related problems. Trajectory classes were validated against the young men's alcohol treatment history, and childhood/adolescent predictors of trajectory membership were examined.MethodsParticipants were 205 men from the Oregon Youth Study, an ongoing longitudinal study of predominantly White men recruited from higher crime neighborhoods who were assessed annually during their 20s. The multivariate association between 3 prospectively assessed risk factors—parental alcohol use, child antisocial behavior, and age at first drunken experience—and the latent classes extracted from the GMM were examined for each alcohol indicator.ResultsA 3‐class‐solution model best fit the data for each alcohol indicator. The classes for both HED and problematic drinking for the men were significantly associated with history of treatment for alcohol use. Overall, the findings indicated a relatively large class with persistently high volume of alcohol use across the 20s and a greater prevalence of desistance for HED and alcohol problems. Age at first intoxication was the best predictor of latent class membership, and men in the initially high‐then‐desisting alcohol classes had a high level of early risk. Concordance of trajectory class membership across alcohol indicators was moderate overall but particularly strong for higher problem groups, as almost all men in the increasing HED trajectory were also in the highest volume and alcohol problems trajectory classes. Levels of treatment were high for the higher and desisting HED and alcohol problems classes.ConclusionsMany of the men showed chronic alcohol use across the decade of the 20s and had problems resulting from their high usage. Whereas most of the men showed low and/or desisting HED across this period, desistance was less common for volume of use and for alcohol problems.
Validation of the Brief Biphasic Alcohol Effects Scale (B‐BAES)
Authors: Rueger Sandra Y. , King Andrea C. 
Published: October 2012

BackgroundThe Biphasic Alcohol Effects Scale (BAES) is a reliable and valid 14‐item measure of alcohol's acute stimulant and sedative effects, but its length may preclude use in research paradigms with time constraints on assessment. Here, we report further psychometric support for the 6‐item Brief BAES (B‐BAES) originally developed by our group in 2009.MethodsTwo studies are included: the first study tested the B‐BAES in an independent sample of young adult heavy social drinkers administered 0.8 g/kg alcohol in a laboratory challenge study (N = 104) to confirm the reliability and validity of the 6‐item B‐BAES. The second study compared the predictive validity of the B‐BAES versus the BAES in a separate sample of 104 heavy drinkers who took part in a prospective laboratory alcohol challenge and follow‐up study of drinking behaviors.ResultsAn item analysis demonstrated strong support across several intervals on the breath alcohol curve for the same 6 B‐BAES items (energized, excited, up, sedated, slow thoughts, sluggish). Confirmatory factor analysis with the B‐BAES demonstrated strong support for the same underlying structure as with the full BAES, and tests of internal consistency reliability were very strong to excellent. B‐BAES subscale scores correlated highly with corresponding scores of the BAES and predicted binge‐drinking frequency during a 2‐year follow‐up.ConclusionsThese results provide strong psychometric support to confirm use of the B‐BAES in studies assessing alcohol's stimulant and sedative properties. The B‐BAES may be a useful new tool to enhance the scope of future research assessing alcohol's biphasic effects, particularly in paradigms when time and concise measurement are priorities.
Temptation to Drink as a Predictor of Drinking Outcomes Following Psychosocial Treatment for Alcohol Dependence
Authors: Witkiewitz Katie 
Published: October 2012

BackgroundAlcohol craving, defined as the subjective experience of an urge or desire to use alcohol, has been identified in numerous settings as a significant predictor of alcohol use and alcohol relapse following treatment for alcohol use disorders. Yet, numerous limitations to the conceptualization and measurement of drinking temptation have led many researchers to question whether self‐reported drinking temptation is a useful construct for evaluating treatments for alcohol use disorders.MethodsSecondary analyses of data from Project MATCH, a multisite randomized clinical trial, were conducted to examine the association between a single‐item measure of self‐reported “temptation to drink” and drinking outcomes. The first goal was to determine whether temptation to drink changed during the course of treatment for alcohol dependence. The second goal was to assess the predictive validity of temptation to drink, assessed during the fourth session of treatment, as a predictor of past 30‐day drinking rates and past 90‐day drinking‐related consequences at 1 and 3 years following treatment.ResultsThe temptation to drink decreased significantly during treatment, and self‐reported temptation to drink during the fourth session of treatment was significantly associated with numerous drinking outcomes (including quantity, frequency, and consequences) at 1 year posttreatment (R2 = 0.04 to 0.11) and number of drinks per drinking day at 3 years following treatment (R2 = 0.02). A dichotomous measure of temptation to drink (not at all tempted vs. all other levels of temptation) had greater sensitivity as a predictor of drinking outcomes at 1 and 3 years posttreatment than alternative drinking measures (e.g., any drinking, any heavy drinking days) assessed during treatment.ConclusionsA single‐item measure of temptation to drink was a reasonable predictor of short‐ and long‐term drinking outcomes following treatment and comparable to commonly used measures of drinking outcomes for alcohol clinical trials.
An Analysis of Stocks and Flows Associated with Water Consumption in Indian Households
Authors: Venkatesh G. 
Published: October 2012

SummaryThe focus of urban water system metabolism studies has, by and large, been restricted to what comes under the domain of the urban water utilities: water treatment and supply, and wastewater collection, treatment, and disposal. The material and energy flows both necessitated and facilitated by the supply of treated water to households—the water demand subsystem—are by no means negligible. This article studies the key flows into households associated with water consumption and the environmental impacts related to the same for India as a whole. Electricity consumption in washing machines and water heaters contributes the most to almost all the 13 environmental impact categories considered. This is easily explained by the fossil fuel heaviness of the Indian mix (>60%). Soaps contribute the most to terrestrial eco‐toxicity and malodorous air. In India, on a national scale, all the environmental impact categories deserve attention. The absolute consumption of electricity, soaps, and detergents, and the demand for home appliances will increase in the years to come.
Geographical Analysis: Its First 40 Years
Authors: Griffith Daniel A. , Chun Yongwan , O'Kelly Morton E. , Berry Brian J. L. , Haining Robert P. , Kwan Mei‐Po 
Published: October 2012

Geographical Analysis (GA), in cooperation with the Wiley‐Blackwell publishing business, undertook a project to complete the digitizing of all back issues of the journal and make those for the period 1969–2001 free to the academic community; the volumes for 2002–2005 already were, and continue to be, free. This article commemorates the completion of this event late in 2010, drawing upon this new resource to highlight important contributions made through the journal to the geography and spatial sciences community. Besides summarizing publication trends for the journal, in the tradition of Fenneman's Venn diagram conceptualization of overlaps between geography and its cognate disciplines, this article highlights prominent articles published in the journal that contributed to the four themes of urban and economic geography, transportation geography, spatial statistics, and geographic information science.Geographical Analysis (GA) en cooperación con publicaciones Wiley‐Blackwell llevo a cabo el proyecto de digitación de todos los números pasados de la revista, los cuales están ahora a disposición de la comunidad académica sin costo alguno; los volúmenes de los años 2000–5 ya estaban disponibles y continúan siendo gratis. El presente artículo conmemora la culminación de dicho evento a fines de 2010, recogiendo los aportes de esta nueva fuente de información y resaltando varias contribuciones importantes hechas vía GA a la comunidad de geografía y ciencias espaciales. Además de resumir las tendencia de las publicaciones de la revista, en la tradición de la conceptualización de traslapes entre la geografía y disciplinas afines de los diagramas Venn Fanneman, el presente artículo resalta, artículos prominentes publicados en GA que contribuyeron a los cuatro temas principales: geografía urbana y económica, geografía del transporte, estadística especial y ciencias (sistemas) de información geográfica.地理分析（GA）和Wiley‐Blackwell出版商合作完成了对本刊1969‐2001年所有刊册数字化的项目，并向学术界免费开放。事实上，从2002年第5卷就已经开始并将一直持续免费。本文记述了2010年末完成的这一事件，并依托这一新的数据资源，重新回顾了本刊对地理学和空间科学研究群体做出的重要贡献。本文总结了本刊论文发表趋势，从Fenneman的韦恩图概念传统来看是地理学及其相关学科的交叉。此外还回顾了本刊发表的对城市与经济地理、交通地理、空间统计以及地理信息科学方法做出卓越贡献的论文。
Histological Findings of the Atrioventricular Conductive System in Street Heroin Addicts, Victims of Sudden Unexpected Death
Authors: Nerantzis Christos E. , Couvaris Constantinos M. , Pastromas Socrates C. , Marianou Soultana K. , Boghiokas Ilias D. , Koutsaftis Philippos N. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractA study of the atrioventricular (AV) conducting tissue was considered necessary for the examination of probable histologic changes that could justify the arrhythmias observed in street‐heroin addicts. Postmortem coronary angiography and microscopic examination were performed in 50 heroin addicts (group A) and in 50 nonaddicts (group B), all male 16–40 years old. In group A, fatty and/or fibrous tissue replaced the AV node in 50% of cases while in group B in 14%. The main bundle was replaced by fatty and/or fibrous tissue in 44% in group A cases and 10% in group B. Intimal proliferation and fibromuscular dysplasia of the AV arteries in group A were correspondingly 26% and 14% and in group B 6% and 2%. Inflammation with focal and/or diffuse concentration of round cells of the AV node was detected in 54% in group A. These findings could explain a possible arrhythmia mechanism in this population.