bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE NERVOUS MECHANISM OF MICTURITION
Authors: Barrington F. J. F. 
Published: December 2014

It has frequently been stated that micturition is dependent on the integrity of a centre in the lumbo‐sacral region of the cord and on the connexions of this with the bladder and urethra, and that micturition takes place when this part of the cord is isolated from the parts of the central nervous system above it. Some authors even go so far as to state that a centre exists in the ganglia outside the cord, and that micturition can take place with these alone intact after removal of the lower end of the cord. As far as the cat is concerned this conclusion is proved to be false by the single experiment of dividing the sacral posterior (dorsal) roots, when micturition is permanently abolished. The escape of urine in jets and the reflex production of bladder contractions, after transection of the cord, are the two chief facts brought forward to support the hypothesis of a centre for micturition in the lumbo‐sacral cord, and whether or not the bladder empties itself has not been considered. The first, as has been explained, can occur without any co‐ordination. The second is what would be expected from the anatomical fact that the fibres of the pelvic nerve arise from cells situated in this part of the cord (2). The fact that in a normal cat a motor tone arising from above the lumbo‐sacral region is constantly passing out through the pelvic nerves, and a similar inhibitor tone through the hypogastrics, is quite inexplicable on the supposition of a lumbo‐sacral centre. That various factors in the function of micturition can and in some cases do arise in this part of the cord, and even, as has been shown, in the inferior mesenteric ganglia, is certain; but that any mechanism for piecing them together in a co‐ordinate act of micturition exists below the lower thoracic region of the cord is entirely without proof, whether one considers the various factors in the act or the ways in which the whole function is affected by thoracic transections of the cord.If the facts already stated are reviewed it will be seen that except for the inhibitor tone exercised on the bladder, which may quite probably prove to be something rather peculiar to the cat (2), the hypogastric appears to play little if any part in ordinary micturition. Even the closing mechanism of the bladder, which of all things one would expect to be due to a nervous motor tone, is seen to be independent of the hypogastrics. It would seem from this that the hypogastrics are only for use on certain occasions, as for instance, in coitus. A little support is lent to this suggestion by the fact that in guinea‐pigs during sexual excitement jets of urine are constantly shot out of the urethra; that the bladder is not emptied by this process is seen from the fact that the animals can continue doing it for a considerable time. Peripheral stimulation of the hypogastric in the guinea‐pig is followed by a very powerful contraction of the bladder.
EXPERIMENTAL THERMAL BURNS, ESPECIALLY THE MODERATE TEMPERATURE BURN
Authors: Leach E. H. , Peters R. A. , Rossiter R. J. 
Published: December 2014

I. With the object of producing standard low‐temperature burns in animals, and of studying the area of tissue only partly damaged in a burn, a burning iron has been made capable of applying temperatures from 45°‐80°C. to the skin; with this the amount of heat and temperature causing skin damage has been studied, and the macroscopic and microscopic damage due to graded temperatures have been delineated.II. Macroscopic Changes.1. Graded temperatures of 45°‐80°C. have been applied to the skin of shaved, anæsthetised guinea‐pigs, and in some cases rats, for times varying from 10 sec. to 6 and 10 min. Observations have been made of the development of erythema, flare, blanching, blueing, heat fixation, incipient blister formation, œdema, and edge wheal, as also upon the later scab formation and rate of epithelium regeneration.2. Applications of 47°C. up to 6 minutes produce no visible change.3. At 50°‐55°C. applied for 1 minute and over, there is a critical temperature for the development of permanent and irreversible damage; in animals good scab formation occurs after burning at this temperature.4. After temperatures of 60°‐65°C. the epidermis can be peeled off from the exposed area, leaving a punched‐out exposed surface area somewhat like the exposed human blister.5. A temperature of 70°‐80°C. for 10‐20 seconds produces severe scabbing.6. Observations of œdema formation have been checked by wet and dry weights of specimens of skin taken 2 hours after heating. At 55°C. there is some change, but this is more definite at 60°C.7. The observations recorded here are readily reproducible and provide a standard method of burning for experimental work.III. Microscopic Changes.1. The histological effects of mild burns of varying intensity and duration have been described in detail. They follow the general picture previously recorded in necrotic changes.2. Two different types of reaction are described; with milder burns there is cellular disintegration; with more intense burns, heat coagulation.3. In more intense burns there is a peripheral shell of changes characteristic of burns of lower temperature.4. Two substances are lost by the epithelium of skin which has been subjected to a burn:(a) Basophil granules from the cytoplasm.(b) Nucleoprotein from the nuclei.These two substances can be identified in the intercellular blister spaces.5. Collagen fibres change in structure and staining affinity in the more intense burns.Our thanks are due to the Carnegie Trustees for a personal grant to one of us (R. J. Rossiter); to the Nuffield Committee and Trustees and to the Medical Research Council for grants which have helped the cost of this research, though this has been also much financed from University sources. We are grateful to Dr. M. C. Manifold for help with some of the preliminary observations and to Dr. A. N. Drury, Dr. L. Colebrook, and Mr. E. Rock Carling for their interest. We also wish to thank Mr. Marsden for technical assistance with the histology.
THE PRODUCTION OF RENAL FAILURE FOLLOWING INJECTION OF SOLUTIONS CONTAINING MYOHÆMOGLOBIN
Authors: Bywaters E. G. L. , Stead J. K. 
Published: December 2014

Following our failure to reproduce the renal effects of crush syndrome in rabbits, whose muscles are virtually devoid of myoHb., we have injected solutions containing this pigment into rabbits in doses equivalent to the amount excreted in human crushing injury.1. In normal rabbits no lesion results.2. If myoHb. is injected after release of a standardised leg compression, renal impairment may follow.3. In rabbits with acid urine (pH 4·5‐6·1) the injection of myoHb. solutions led to more severe renal failure, with death in uræmia in 4/25 cases. This renal damage was associated with pigment retention to a significant degree.4. Experiments with limb compression and rabbit (non‐pigmented) muscle extract injections in “acidified” rabbits gave negative results.5. It is concluded, by analogy with these experiments, that myohæmoglobin excreted in an acid urine such as occurs in the crush syndrome may play an important role in the genesis of the renal failure seen in that type of injury. Analogies with the mismatched transfusion kidney are pointed out.
THE MECHANISM OF ANTIDROMIC VASODILATATION
Authors: Ibrahim F. D. , Stella G. , Talaat M. 
Published: December 2014

1. In the skin, in response to stimulation of the posterior root fibres, histamine is released into the venous blood. The release of histamine is paralleled by an increase in blood flow.2. In muscles, antidromic stimulation of the posterior roots does not release histamine nor increase the blood flow.3. After the intravenous injection of antihistamine preparations, dorsal root stimulation causes a much smaller vasodilatation in the skin.4. Antihistamine preparations prevent the skin vasodilatation caused by histamine but not that caused by acetylcholine.5. It is concluded that the antidromic vasodilatation in the skin, produced by dorsal root stimulation, is due to the release of histamine in the skin as first suggested by Lewis and Marvin.
Assessment of Weld Residual Stress Measurement Precision: Mock-Up Design and Results for the Contour Method
Authors: Olson Mitchell D. , Hill Michael R. , Willis Eric , Peterson Artie G. , Patel Vipul I. , Muránsky Ondrej 
Published: December 2014

Recent experimental work has shown residual stress measurements in welded material to be difficult. To better assess the precision of residual stress measurement techniques, a measurement article was designed to allow repeated measurements of a nominally identical stress field. The measurement article is a long 316L stainless steel plate containing a machine-controlled eight-pass slot weld. Measurements of weld direction residual stress made with the contour method found high tensile stress in the weld and heat-affected zone, with a maximum near 450 MPa and compressive stress away from the weld, a typical residual stress profile for constrained welds. The repeatability standard deviation of repeated contour method residual stress measurements was found to be less than 20 MPa at most spatial locations away from the boundaries of the plate. The repeatability data in the weld are consistent with those from a previous repeatability experiment using the contour method in quenched aluminum bars. A finite-element simulation and neutron diffraction measurements were performed for the same weld and provided results consistent with the contour method measurements. Much of the material used in the work remains available for use in assessing other residual stress measurement techniques, or for an interlaboratory reproducibility study of the contour method.
Suicide among first-generation and second-generation immigrants in Sweden: association with labour market marginalisation and morbidity
Authors: Di Thiene Domitilla , Alexanderson K , Tinghög P , La Torre G , Mittendorfer-Rutz E 
Published: December 2014

BackgroundPrevious research suggests that first-generation immigrants have a lower suicide risk than those both born in Sweden and with both parents born in Sweden (natives), while the suicide risk in the second generation seems higher. The aim of this study was to investigate to what extent suicide risk in first-generation and second-generation (both parents born abroad) and intermediate-generation (only one parent born abroad) immigrants compared with natives is associated with sociodemographic factors, labour market marginalisation and morbidity.MethodsA prospective population-based cohort study of 4 034 728 individuals aged 16–50 years was followed from 2005 to 2010. HRs for suicide were calculated for first-generation, intermediate-generation and second-generation immigrants compared with natives. Analyses were controlled for sociodemographic factors, morbidity and labour market marginalisation.ResultsThe HR of suicide was significantly lower in first-generation immigrants (HR 0.83 CI 0.76 to 0.91), and higher in second-generation (HR 1.32, CI 1.15 to 1.52) and intermediate-generation immigrants (HR 1.20, CI 1.08 to 1.33) in comparison to natives. The excess risk was explained by differences in sociodemographics, morbidity and labour market marginalisation. In the fully adjusted models, a higher HR remained only for the Nordic second generation (HR 1.29, CI 1.09 to 1.52). There were no sex differences in HRs.ConclusionsThe risk of suicide was shown to be lower in the first generation and higher in the second generation compared with natives. The higher HR in the Nordic second generation was not explained by differences in sociodemographics, labour market marginalisation and morbidity. Further research is warranted to investigate factors underlying this excess risk.
Induction of Telomere Dysfunction Mediated by the Telomerase Substrate Precursor 6-Thio-2′-Deoxyguanosine
Authors: Mender Ilgen , Gryaznov Sergei , Dikmen Z. Gunnur , Wright Woodring E. , Shay Jerry W. 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
The relationships between telomerase and telomeres represent attractive targets for new anticancer agents. Here, we report that the nucleoside analogue 6-thio-2′-deoxyguanosine (6-thio-dG) is recognized by telomerase and is incorporated into de novo–synthesized telomeres. This results in modified telomeres, leading to telomere dysfunction, but only in cells expressing telomerase. 6-Thio-dG, but not 6-thioguanine, induced telomere dysfunction in telomerase-positive human cancer cells and hTERT-expressing human fibroblasts, but not in telomerase-negative cells. Treatment with 6-thio-dG resulted in rapid cell death for the vast majority of the cancer cell lines tested, whereas normal human fibroblasts and human colonic epithelial cells were largely unaffected. In A549 lung cancer cell–based mouse xenograft studies, 6-thio-dG caused a decrease in the tumor growth rate superior to that observed with 6-thioguanine treatment. In addition, 6-thio-dG increased telomere dysfunction in tumor cells in vivo. These results indicate that 6-thio-dG may provide a new telomere-addressed telomerase-dependent anticancer approach.
Significance: Telomerase is an almost universal oncology target, yet there are few telomerase-directed therapies in human clinical trials. In the present study, we demonstrate a small-molecule telomerase substrate approach that induces telomerase-mediated targeted “telomere uncapping,” but only in telomerase-positive cancer cells, with minimal effects in normal telomerase-negative cells. Cancer Discov; 5(1); 82–95. ©2014 AACR.
See related commentary by Wellinger, p. 19.
This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 1
Foot posture as a risk factor for lower limb overuse injury: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Neal Bradley S , Griffiths Ian B , Dowling Geoffrey J , Murley George S , Munteanu Shannon E , Franettovich Smith Melinda M , Collins Natalie J , Barton Christian J 
Published: December 2014

AbstractBackgroundStatic measures of foot posture are regularly used as part of a clinical examination to determine the need for foot level interventions. This is based on the premise that pronated and supinated foot postures may be risk factors for or associated with lower limb injury. This systematic review and meta‐analysis investigates foot posture (measured statically) as a potential risk factor for lower limb overuse injuries.MethodsA systematic search was performed using Medline, CINAHL, Embase, SportDiscus in April 2014, to identify prospective cohort studies that investigated foot posture and function as a risk factor for lower limb overuse injury. Eligible studies were classified based on the method of foot assessment: (i) static foot posture assessment; and/or (ii) dynamic foot function assessment. This review presents studies evaluating static foot posture. The methodological quality of included studies was evaluated by two independent reviewers, using an adapted version of the Epidemiological Appraisal Instrument (EAI). Where possible, effects were expressed as standardised mean differences (SMD) for continuous scaled data, and risk ratios (RR) for nominal scaled data. Meta‐analysis was performed where injuries and outcomes were considered homogenous.ResultsTwenty‐one studies were included (total n = 6,228; EAI 0.8 to 1.7 out of 2.0). There was strong evidence that a pronated foot posture was a risk factor for medial tibial stress syndrome (MTSS) development and very limited evidence that a pronated foot posture was a risk factor for patellofemoral pain development, although associated effect sizes were small (0.28 to 0.33). No relationship was identified between a pronated foot posture and any other evaluated pathology (i.e. foot/ankle injury, bone stress reactions and non‐specific lower limb overuse injury).ConclusionThis systematic review identified strong and very limited evidence of small effect that a pronated foot posture is a risk factor for MTSS and patellofemoral pain respectively. Evaluation of static foot posture should be included in a multifactorial assessment for both MTSS and patellofemoral pain, although only as a part of the potential injury risk profile. Whilst the included measures are clinically applicable, further studies are required to determine their relationship with dynamic foot function.
Preferência alimentar de Phaedon confinis Klug (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae) frente a quatro espécies de Senecio (Asteraceae) de interesse pecuário
Authors: Milléo Julianne , Karam Fernando Sérgio Castilhos , Farago Paulo Vitor 
Published: December 2014

Uma das principais causas de mortalidade em bovinos está relacionada à intoxicação por plantas de Senecio spp. (Asteraceae). Assim, alternativas para a redução dessas plantas na região sul do Brasil são necessárias a fim de diminuir as perdas na atividade pecuária. Estudos indicam o crisomelídeo Phaedon confinis Klug como potencial agente de controle biológico de plantas de Senecio brasiliensis Less. O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar a preferência alimentar de larvas e adultos de P. confinis pelas espécies S. brasiliensis, Senecio madagascariensis Poiret, Senecio oxyphyllus DC e Senecio selloi DC. Os insetos foram alimentados com S. brasiliensis anteriormente ao experimento à temperatura de 22 ± 1ºC, umidade relativa de 60 ± 5% e fotofase de 12 horas. Os resultados obtidos indicam que as categorias de injúria ocasionada por P. confinis foram dependentes da espécie de Senecio oferecida ao inseto, com maior consumo de S. brasiliensis. O estágio de desenvolvimento dos insetos influencia a preferência alimentar, uma vez que larvas neonatas apresentaram maior seletividade ao hospedeiro do que os adultos. Além de S. brasiliensis, os adultos podem colaborar no controle de outras espécies de Senecio, principalmente de S. madagascariensis, uma vez que há oviposição nessas plantas.
Feeding Preference of Larvae and Adults of Phaedon confinis Klug (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) for Senecio spp. (Asteraceae)

Abstract. One of the main causes of death in cattle is related to poisoning by plants of Senecio spp. (Asteraceae). Thus, alternatives for reduction of these plants in the Southern region of Brazil are necessary to diminish losses in livestock. Studies have demonstrated the chrysomelid Phaedon confinis Klug as a potential biological agent of Senecio brasiliensis Less. Our study aimed to evaluate the feeding preference of larvae and adults of P. confinis by the species S. brasiliensis, Senecio madagascariensis Poiret, Senecio oxyphyllus DC and Senecio selloi DC. Previously, the insects were fed on S. brasiliensis to the experiment at 22 ± 1oC temperature, 60 ± 5% relative humidity and 12h photophase. Results obtained indicate that injury caused by P. confinis depended on the species of Senecio offered to the insect, with higher consumption of S. brasiliensis. The developmental stage of the insect influences the feeding preference, since neonate larvae demonstrated higher selectivity to the plant host than adults. In addition to S. brasiliensis, adults can be used to control other species of Senecio, especially S. madagascariensis, since there is oviposition on these plants.
Physico-mechanical characterization and biodegradability behavior of polypropylene/poly(L-lactide) polymer blends
Authors: Jain Kimi , Madhu Gaurav , Bhunia Haripada , Bajpai Pramod K. , Nando Golok B. , Reddy Mondem S. 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
Partially biodegradable polymer films from the blends of polypropylene (PP) and poly(L-lactide) (PLLA) were prepared in an internal mixer by melt blending technique, with and without compatibilizer, maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene (MAPP), followed by compression molding. With regard to tensile properties, 80/20 (PP/PLLA) and 80/20/6 (PP/PLLA/MAPP) were found as the optimum blends with best combination of the ingredients. Therefore, the blend samples, namely, PP80 (80% PP+20% PLLA) and PP80C6 (80% PP+20% PLLA+6 phr MAPP) were selected as ‘optimized’ blends and further characterized for their physical, chemical, morphological, and thermal properties. X-ray diffraction studies showed that neat PP and PP80C6 had the same crystallite size indicating compatibility between PP and PLLA due to MAPP. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microsopy investigations revealed that the two polymers were completely immiscible in absence of the compatibilizer. Bacterial biodegradation of the samples was performed by exposure to Pseudomonas stutzeri for 60 days and measured in terms of weight loss, optical density, and thermal stability of the samples before and after degradation. The results showed that 80/20 (PP/PLLA) blends undergo considerable degradation. Reduction in thermal stability of the film samples was also observed through thermogravimetric analysis, which was useful in accelerating their biodegradation.
Effect of chemical treatment on the mechanical and water absorption properties of bagasse fiber-reinforced epoxy composites
Authors: Mittal Varun , Sinha Shishir 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThe present article presents a study on the mechanical and water absorption properties of bagasse fiber-reinforced epoxy composites. Bagasse fibers are subjected to chemical treatment with 1% sodium hydroxide followed by 1% acrylic acid at ambient temperature to enhance the bonding strength between the fiber-polymer, resulting in high values of the mechanical properties and a reduction in the water absorption properties of the composites. We analyzed the optimum value of fiber treatment, and it was found that 15% treated fiber loading yields enhanced the mechanical properties together with a reduction in water absorption properties.
BRAZIL NUT (Bertholletia excelsa Bonpl.): CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND ITS HEALTH BENEFITS.
Authors: BALBI Maria Eugenia , PENTEADO Patricia Teixeira P. da Silva , CARDOSO Guilherme , SOBRAL Marina Gomes , SOUZA Vanessa Rodrigues de 
Published: December 2014

Foram analisadas sementes de castanhas-do-pará sem casca adquiridas a granel no comércio varejista de Curitiba. Os teores de umidade, lipídios e minerais foram determinados de acordo com a metodologia proposta pelo Instituto Adolfo Lutz. O teor de carboidratos foi obtido por diferença. As quantidades de proteínas, fibra alimentar, selênio e aflatoxinas totais foram determinadas segundo metodologia da Association of Official Analytical Chemists. As determinações analíticas mostraram que 100g de sementes de castanha-do-pará contêm elevado valor calórico (691 kcal), 14,28g ± 0,08 de proteínas, 67,52g ± 0,45 de lipídeos, 6,56g de carboidratos, 3,64g de fibra alimentar, 3,65g ± 0,03 de minerais e 0,425mg de selênio. O teor de aflatoxinas totais inferior a 1,00µg/kg indicou a segurança da amostra em relação a este metabólito tóxico. A ingestão diária recomendada de selênio é de 0,034mg; 7g da amostra de castanha-do-pará (2 unidades) correspondem a 87,65% das necessidades diárias
Some observations regarding the thermal flux from Earth's erupting volcanoes for the period of 2000 to 2014
Authors: Wright Robert , Blackett Matthew , Hill‐Butler Charley 
Published: December 2014

AbstractWe present satellite measurements of the thermal flux observed from 95 active volcanoes, based on observations made daily over the past 15 years by NASA's Terra and Aqua Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer sensors. Excursions from an apparent baseline level of thermal emission are attributable to episodic lava‐flow‐forming eruptions. Highest average intensity was associated with the July 2001 eruption of Etna, Italy, which radiated an average of 2.5 × 109 W over 23 days. However, recent fissure eruptions in the Afar Rift have attained higher average intensities of 2.4–4.4 × 109 W, albeit for days, not weeks. The largest magnitude eruption was the ongoing eruption of Bardarbunga, Iceland, which radiated 2.6 × 1016 J. Kīlauea, Hawai'i, has radiated the most energy since 2000, although the lava lake at Nyiragongo, Democratic Republic of Congo, comes a close second. Time series analysis reveals evidence for periodicity in radiant flux at some volcanoes but not at others.