bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Consumption in India
Authors: Mathur Nita 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
Consumption studies in India are of particular salience because of the peculiar juxtapositioning of traditional values emphasizing frugality, voluntary poverty, and sense of community with the practice of consumption emphasizing, among others, lavishness, ostentation, and individuation. A niche is carved out in which traditional values and the practices of consumption get mutually constituted. Many of the moralistic concerns of consumption are based on scriptural injunctions that lie deep in people's psyche, and to a large extent influence their decisions and/or choices. Nearly all the main religions in the country press for altruism, sharing, benevolence, and abstemiousness – which are antithetical to the very grain of consumption. Gandhi reiterated that it is necessary to control one's indulgences. He came down heavily on the ideology promoting sovereignty of money over human spirit, and maintained that the compulsive need to expand the vast captive market lay at the root of colonial domination in India. It is often argued that the fancy products that dominate the market space project an illusion of prosperity which camouflages the reality that large sections of the population are living under conditions of poverty and deprivation.
Consumption Rituals
Authors: Ruth Julie A. , Otnes Cele C. 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
Consumption rituals are performative events that are often planned, repeated over time within a social group or culture, and characterized by intensive use of goods and services. Consumption rituals are structured by their scripts, performance roles, audience, and artifacts such as consumer goods that are imbued with symbolic meaning. Consumption rituals serve important sociocultural functions such as order, transformation, and communitas. The most visible consumption rituals are associated with rites of passage, holidays, and gift giving. Consumption rituals are renewed through energy and other resources devoted to them, and they change as ritual elements are appropriated, revised, and transformed.
Counterfeiting/Piracy
Authors: Botterill Jacqueline 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
Counterfeiting and piracy are consumer culture quagmires. By definition they refer to legal boundaries drawn around copying in market societies. To counterfeit is to copy or imitate in an unfavorable way. Piracy contravenes copyright, or the legal control extended to authors and producers over the reproduction of their creations. The assertion of these legal boundaries involves the separation of private rights from public interests, which is rarely clear‐cut because each is profoundly intertwined in the other.
Cultural Capital
Authors: Klimczuk Andrzej 
Published: March 2015

AbstractCultural capital is usually defined as set of social features that provide individuals with social mobility and the possibility of changing their hierarchical position in systems such as wealth, power, prestige, education, and health. Cultural capital thus affects the processes of social promotion or degradation. It also includes social characteristics that allow horizontal mobility, that is, changes in social group membership. An individual's cultural capital includes his or her social origin, education, taste, lifestyle, style of speech, and dress.
Cultural Intermediaries
Authors: Maguire Jennifer Smith 
Published: March 2015

AbstractCultural intermediaries mediate how goods are perceived by others, by framing those goods as culturally legitimate and thereby adding symbolic value to them. Informed by the work of Pierre Bourdieu, new economic sociology, and cultural economy, research on cultural intermediaries has focused on specific occupations, and increasingly on the interconnections between cultural intermediaries within commodity chains and cultural fields. Issues highlighted include the role of cultural intermediaries as taste makers; the implications of cultural capital and personal disposition for professional credibility; the material practices, devices, and dispositions involved in the qualification of goods and governmental mobilization of consumption; and the significance of the agency and everyday practices of market actors for the production of consumer culture.
Culture‐Ideology of Consumerism
Authors: Sklair Leslie 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
While the idea of consumerism as an ideology has been familiar in the social sciences for several decades, the concept of the culture‐ideology of consumerism as a key component in a theory of capitalist globalization is of relatively recent origin. It was initially proposed by Sklair in 1991 and refers to the transformation of excessively above‐subsistence consumption from a sectional practice of the rich throughout human history to a globalizing phenomenon directed at the mass of the population in the era of capitalist globalization. Its emergence can be explained in terms of two historically unprecedented factors. First, capitalism entered a qualitatively new globalizing phase in the 1950s, facilitated by the electronic revolution. Substantial increases were made possible in the productivity of factories and systems of extraction and processing of raw materials, accompanied by vastly greater efficiencies in product design, marketing, financing, and the distribution of goods and services. Second, new mass media and communications technologies made it very easy for new consumerist lifestyles to become the dominant motif for these media, which became in time extraordinarily efficient vehicles for disseminating the culture‐ideology of consumerism globally.
Department Stores
Authors: Spiller Keith 
Published: March 2015

AbstractLate nineteenth‐century and early twentieth‐century department stores have been described as luxurious and grandiose “cathedrals of consumption” that contributed to, for instance, the creations of phantasmagoria, the promotion of commodity fetishes, and urban freedoms for unchaperoned women. The stores were a novel idea to the nineteenth‐century consumer used to small shops specializing in specific products. For the first time a vast array and range of goods were available all within one space.
Ethical Consumption
Authors: Andorfer Veronika A. 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
Scholars and practitioners alike use the term “ethical consumption” in reference to consumers who satisfy their own needs and desires but are at the same time mindful of the consequences their consumption practices have on the environment, on animals, and on other human beings. A variety of other terms is used: green consumption/green consumerism, sustainable consumption, socially conscious consumption, political consumption. Having evolved at the beginning of the 1980s, initially focusing on the environmental consequences of consumption, the concept is now applied more broadly to denote a growing field of consumer practices and interdisciplinary research. Scholars from agronomy, anthropology, business and marketing, economics, ethics and philosophy, geography, political science, (social) psychology, sociology, and sustainability studies contribute to the field. The manifestations in everyday life are as diverse as the disciplines they are studied in. Common examples include buying organic, local, or fair trade products; boycotting clothes manufactured in sweatshops; or investing in green companies.
Facebook
Authors: Murthy Dhiraj 
Published: March 2015

Abstract

Facebook is an online social networking site which has more than 1.2 billion users. The site seeks to foster interactions between “friends” through updates, sharing photographs, and playing games together. The medium also encourages social commentary through these interactions. Facebook has become a household name, not only because of its large user base, but also its prominent use in social movements (including the Arab Spring), elections (e.g., the 2012 American presidential election), the 2011
UK
riots, and a successful feature film about it,
The Social Network
. Facebook relies on the production of large amounts of “user‐generated content,” which can include low‐effort content such as clicking a button to “like” a photograph or a comment on a wall. This follows the trends of other online social networking sites to foster “easy” interactions.
Fashion
Authors: Sullivan Anthony 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
Fashion's changing temporal cycle distinguish it from both dress and style. While dress and style can be used to express, hide, or manipulate a range of identities from gender and class to subcultural affiliation and group belonging, fashion is characterized by a logic of stylistic change. Originating in the intensified sociality of capitalist modernity, “trickle‐down” fashion saw “inferior” classes emulate the innovative styles of their “superiors.” The emergence of “bubble‐up” youth styles in the second half of the twentieth century has transformed fashion as both a material embodied and immaterial practice. Yet today fashion continues to engender a range of critiques which attempt to come to terms with it as a hybrid phenomenon and, most pressingly, with its gender politics and ethical dilemmas.
Femininities
Authors: Smith Alexandra Nutter 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
Manifestations of gender identity presented by people who identify as women are collectively called femininities. Femininity is not biologically determined; rather, gender identities are socially constructed and legitimated over time by the performance of gender within the boundaries of a static masculine–feminine boundary. While many forms of femininity (femininities) are possible, the traits that have historically been deemed most acceptable in patriarchal society include beauty, softness, compassion, and nurturing. In capitalist society, femininity has largely been co‐opted by corporate interests who play on women's insecurity about failing to conform to femininity in order to achieve financial gain. This commodification of a certain kind of femininity has led to the social exclusion and underrepresentation in media of alternative femininities.
Gender and Consumer Culture
Authors: Casey Emma 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThis entry presents key theoretical debates and literature surrounding gender and consumer culture. Drawing on the relative lack of attention that has traditionally been paid to gendered accounts of consumer behavior, the entry suggests some of the reasons for that dearth and discusses some of the key feminist research which has attempted to readdress this imbalance. It concludes by arguing that consumption studies has much to benefit from the dedicated study of women and their consumption experiences.
Gentrification
Authors: Passell Aaron 
Published: March 2015

AbstractGentrification is a kind of neighborhood change in which the character of a working‐class or poor area shifts as higher‐status, higher‐income residents move in. It is facilitated and reinforced by commercial entities that support the consumption practices of the new residents. The process raises concerns about the displacement and deprivation of the original residents. The stages of gentrification have become almost clichés, but there is ongoing debate about many elements of the process.
Green Consumption
Authors: Atkinson Lucy 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
Green consumption – the choice of environmentally friendly and prosocial goods and services – has witnessed a resurgence since the turn of the century. Still, it represents a small percentage of overall sales. Although consumers increasingly claim to be concerned about the environment, they rarely follow through with these concerns in the market. Efforts to identify the details of this attitude–behavior gap, or “green gap,” have focused on a variety of attitudinal, cognitive, and behavioral causes. Still others have focused on information sources, specifically green advertising and the potential for deceptive claims, as a cause of green consumer misgivings.
Infomercial
Authors: Delaney Tim 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
Derived from the words “information” and “commercial,” an infomercial is a program‐length commercial, designed to resemble regular television programming, that informs or instructs and may often include a discussion or demonstration of specific products, or product line, to an audience. Infomercials are designed to encourage people to consume specific products and represent a money‐making mechanism for many companies.
Intellectual Property
Authors: Granstrand Ove , Holgersson Marcus 
Published: March 2015

Abstract

A property can be defined as a resource with some form of assigned ownership, and an intellectual property is then a property of intellectual or intangible character. An intellectual property right (
IPR
) is a legally codified right created and used to assign ownership to intellectual resources such as knowledge, technologies, brand names, and other types of intellectual creations. The family of
IPRs
includes patent rights, copyrights, design rights, trademark rights, trade secret rights, and some other types of ancillary rights.
IPRs
are granted mainly to incentivize investments in creation and commercialization of new intellectual resources in order to improve the provision of innovations of various kinds to the benefit of consumers and society in general. However,
IPRs
have received criticism not only for creating monopoly distortions but, more recently, also for counteracting innovativeness due to their increasingly dispersed exclusionary function. Nevertheless, various
IPR
laws have become adopted more or less worldwide.
Latinos and Consumption
Authors: Peñaloza Lisa , Chávez Christopher 
Published: March 2015

AbstractLatinas (feminine) and Latinos (masculine) make up a diverse diaspora configured at the nexus of Native American peoples, Europeans, Blacks, and Asians. Its geographic coordinates span Latin America, the United States, the Caribbean and Mediterranean regions, and a few Southeast Asian nations. As a collective bloc, Latinas/os have evolved into a global social, economic, and cultural force as consumers, corporations, and media institutions have become more transnational in nature. Today, the growing importance of the Latina/o consumer market has raised new concerns over the relationship between collective identity and market activity, and a growing body of research has flourished on a host of topics including globalization, postcolonial development, immigration and acculturation, language ideologies, political incorporation, remittances, transnational family dynamics, marketing representations, and social media participation.
Leisure and Consumption
Authors: Wearing Stephen L. , McDonald Matthew 
Published: March 2015

AbstractLeisure and consumption have always been intimately linked, in the same way as work and production are. During the industrial Protestant era, consumption and leisure were seen as indulgent, decadent, feminine pursuits not worthy of serious intellectual analysis. One reason for this was that production, commerce, and industry were embodied in the concept of work, emphasized by the dominant culture of the time as central to the development of good character. Consumption, however, was seen as an inconsequential activity engaged in during one's leisure time.
Material Culture Studies
Authors: Falls Susan 
Published: March 2015

AbstractAn interdisciplinary endeavor addressing empirical and theoretical questions, material culture studies examine the dynamic role that things play within social organization and in subjective experience. It is partly through our interactions with material culture (at times referred to as “goods,” “commodities,” “objects,” “artifacts,” or even “stuff”) that we both interpret and insert ourselves into the world, and thus it represents an extremely important, but oddly underexamined area of research, perhaps because, as many scholars have pointed out, the ubiquity of material culture makes it easy to overlook. Since most commodities present some aspect of materiality, the field of material culture studies is of considerable significance to consumption studies (and indeed the histories of these two fields of research are entwined). Advances in material culture studies will continue to inform research on consumption by refiguring our understandings of subject–object relations, practices of acquisition and divestment, and processes of interpretation, resistance, and alienation.
Methods of Consumer Research
Authors: Bielenia‐Grajewska Magdalena 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
Consumer research is not restricted to one area of study and it does not rely on a fixed repertoire of methodologies. Since consumer research itself encompasses various factors, characteristics, and environments, the way purchasers behave can be investigated by using different methodological tools, characteristic of, among others, humanities and social studies, as well as those typical of interdisciplinary research (e.g., discourse and network theories). In addition, methods applied to consumer research may rely on such issues as quality and quantity, online and offline environments, as well as verbal and pictorial representation. Taking into account the growing role of neuroscience, which offers new insights into the way people behave, consumer research may also benefit from neuroscientific tools and methods of researching the products and their stakeholders.
Prosumption
Authors: Boesel Whitney Erin , Jurgenson Nathan 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
Prosumption is characterized by the blurring of production and consumption. Prosumption analyses therefore focus on both production and consumption simultaneously, rather than on either independently. Prosumers consume what they produce and/or produce what they consume. Prosumptive practices are increasingly common, and the prosumption concept is particularly relevant to the explosion of user‐generated content online. Users now produce not only open source software, mobile apps, and content for most of “Web 2.0” (including social networking sites) but also individual and collective identities – as well as entire subcultures – through prosuming online content. It is debatable, however, whether the expansion of prosumption online signifies empowerment or exploitation for consumers. Prosumption characterizes prosumer capitalism, and has been further analyzed through the Marxist “labor theory of value,” through Foucauldian notions of government, and through Bourdieusian theories of cultural/social (re)production.
Semiotics
Authors: Rattasepp Silver , Kull Kalevi 
Published: March 2015

AbstractSemiotics is a discipline that studies meaning and meaning‐making, conceived of as the action of signs, or sign processes, also called semiosis. Any relation of referral, where something stands for something else for someone, can be taken to fall within the scope of semiotics. This includes both linguistic and nonlinguistic sign systems. Therefore, language, communication, codes, symbolism, signification, and hence literature, the arts, media, social patterns of belief and habit, and communicative aspects of biology all comprise the topics studied within semiotics.
Shopping Malls
Authors: Langman Lauren 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
Ever since people lived in permanent settlements, they came to markets, fairs, and bazaars to trade various foods, spices, adornments, and handicrafts from rugs to pottery. With the rise of capitalism, itself based on flourishing trade as markets expanded, a rising merchant class consumed more and more of the newly available goods. Consumption accelerated with capitalism, modernity, industrialization, and the mass production of consumer goods. One early moment of this transformation was seen in the arcades of Paris around 1822 when a more or less self‐contained collage of adjacent shops and stores erected glass roofs over its passageways to protect shoppers from inclement weather. These arcades provided “phantasmagorias” of commodities for the growing, affluent urban classes.
Simulations
Authors: Langman Lauren 
Published: March 2015

AbstractOne of the defining qualities of the twentieth century was the mass production of mechanically reproduced images. Photography, lithography, records, movies, videotapes andCDsbecame ways of recording and widely distributing representations of events, from major wars and disasters to entertainments. While for most of our history, communication media attempted to represent the world, reproduce images of an event that corresponded to the world, one of the most important changes has been the creation of a new order of signs and symbols that simulated the world. According to some theorists, these simulations and simulacra have created a new “reality,” a “hyperreality” of systematically created images and representations that were endless copies where originals never existed. With this blending of image and reality wherein the image triumphed over the real, simulation became more real than reality.
Slow Food Movement
Authors: Bommel Koen Van , Spicer Andre 
Published: March 2015

AbstractSlow Food is part of a broader backlash against the culture of the global food industry. It has over time managed to transform itself from a somewhat snobbish middle‐class gastronomic movement into one that appeals to a broader constituency of environmentalists and people concerned with fair trade and social justice. Groups that were previously relatively separate were thus linked and the reach of the movement extended as they infused existing products with novel meaning.
Symbolic Exchange
Authors: Ryan Michael T. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractSymbolic exchange is the organizing principle, the cellular structure, of the earliest forms of society, the forms that Anthony Giddens designates as “tribal cultures.” The exchanges that take place within and between clans, within and between tribes, and between chiefs and other members of the tribe are more than economic exchanges as we know them in modern societies, and their circulation integrates the members of these societies. Marcel Mauss conceptualizes these exchanges as a form of gift giving, and the gift is a “total social phenomenon.” They are multidimensional: economic, moral, religious, mythological, juridical, political, aesthetic, and historical.
Symbolic Value
Authors: Bonazzi Michele 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
The symbolic value of an object refers to the semantic and cultural universe linked to it, which allows consumers to express their identity and social membership. Goods are symbolic as opposed to their supposed functionality; they are symbolic because they represent embodied symbols. The value of a good, therefore, is not only connected to its tangible aspects, that is, its structural characteristics and usefulness, but it is dematerialized and becomes sign, symbol, and communication. A commodity tells a story and at the same time becomes a form of identity expression, with a code and a language that are reflected in the system of meanings attributed to it. This process of signification is developed through a subjective reworking that, however, can be extended to the collective level, through rituals of exchange and sharing. Cultural anthropology has undoubtedly been a particularly fertile field for the study of consumption as a practice of signification.