bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Counting the lost drops: South Africa's study into non-revenue water
Authors: Bhagwan J. , Wegelin W. , Mckenzie R. , Wensley A. 
Published: January 2015

The Draft Second National Water Resources Strategy of South Africa, which has been published for comment, has identified the implementation of water use efficiency, conservation and water demand management as a core strategy to ensure sufficient water to meet South Africa's needs going into the future. This, ‘non-negotiable performance area’, it says, must be implemented immediately in all water use sectors, specifically municipalities. ‘In view of water scarcity, it is essential that such water losses must be curtailed, especially in terms of the need to provide for the growing water demands of new socioeconomic development’, the strategy points out.
While South Africa's non-revenue water levels compare well internationally, as a water scarce country it needs to do all it can to prevent the unnecessary loss of water. This is one of the main recommendations of a recent study into the state of non-revenue water in South Africa commissioned by the Water Research Commission (WRC).
To improve the current situation, the water sector must have a clear indication of the current status of non-revenue water in South African municipalities, more specifically what the actual water losses are and how they are split between physical leakage (real losses) and commercial losses (apparent losses). It is for this reason that the WRC, in collaboration with the Department of Water Affairs, launched the latest investigation into the state of non-revenue water in South Africa, which has now been published.
In the most comprehensive and detailed study of its kind, to date, data were gathered from 132 municipalities throughout South Africa representing over 75% of the total volume of municipal water supply. The study follows on from similar WRC assessments undertaken in 2001, 2005 and 2007. This is the first time the country has a single, representative estimate of non-revenue water as opposed to various estimates in previous years.
The paper shares in more detail findings from this study which have highlighted on average 38% non-revenue water and provide a deeper insight into the problems and challenges faced in tackling water losses in South Africa.
Board Risk Committees and Audit Pricing
Authors: Hines Christopher S. , Masli Adi , Mauldin Elaine G. , Peters Gary F. 
Published: January 2015

SUMMARY
Conditions leading up to and surrounding the global financial crisis prompted an increasing number of firms to create board-level risk oversight committees (RCs). The Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act (U.S. House of Representatives 2010) even legislates RCs for certain large banks. Distinct from audit committees, RCs present a unique setting to extend our understanding of the relation between emerging governance mechanisms and auditing. Using a sample of 3,980 U.S.-listed banks from 2003–2011, we find that on average, the presence of RCs is associated with higher audit fees. Our results are robust to multiple specifications, including self-selection and propensity score matched samples. For a reduced sample of 458 firms that employ an RC we also examine RC characteristics. We find RC independence and audit committee overlaps are associated with lower audit fees and RC size, relative to board size, is associated with higher audit fees. Supplemental analysis provides discussion of the potential audit environment implications of mandatory versus voluntary risk management controls.
Data Availability: The data used are publicly available from the sources cited in the text.
Enhancing the Quality of Blended Learning through Six Sigma Methodologies
Authors: Rinu Vasanth C.R. , Vignesh P. , Kuamri R. Swapna 
Published: January 2015

In the current scenario quality control became mandatory for all the sectors .This study is intended to examine the impact of internet facilities on students’ performance through a Blended Learning as a medium in an academic institution. It was examined, how the Blended Learning encompasses a variety of tools to create flexible, rich learning environments that stimulate learners and maximizes the potential for learning? Another objective is Application of Six Sigma methodology in this study is to improve the medium of learning i.e. internet connectivity through a set of procedures in an effective way. Six Sigma can be again viewed as a discipline or an approach driven by data and methodology for eliminating defects in any process- from manufacturing to transactional and from product to service.Keeping the aforesaid two objectives in mind, data was collected from a sample of 119 students residing in various hostel blocks using stratified random sampling technique. Questionnaire was developed after an extensive literature review to measure the impact of internet connectivity in Blended Learning of the students. The questionnaire to measure was based on the model developed by Shawn M. Glynn (2011).The scale was developed by referring to previous models developed by various authors to measure the impact of internet connectivity in the Blended Learning of the students. The statistical analysis used was reliability statistics, KMO, Bartlett’s test and Factor Analysis. The data was analyzed by SPSS version 20). We observed that application of Six Sigma methodology is useful to improve the medium of learning.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijssm.v2i1.11520 Int. J. Soc. Sci. Manage. Vol-2, issue-1: 36-39
Intellectual Capital Disclosures in IPO Prospectuses of Indian Companies
Authors: Bhatia Meena , Agarwal Bhawna 
Published: January 2015

The study is based on companies that went through IPO on the Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE) and/or National Stock Exchange in the period 2011-2012. The paper applied a disclosure index comprising of 78 items to quantify the amount of information regarding intellectual capital included in the IPO prospectuses of Indian companies. The sum of disclosed score is divided by 78 to arrive at the index. For disclosure index content analysis is used. Multiple regression model and Correlation is used to examine the significance and association between disclosure index with independent variables. The main objective of this paper is to study the extent of intellectual capital disclosures in Initial Public offering (IPO) prospectus of Indian companies and also to examine the factors that influence the intellectual capital disclosure. The regression results reveal that of all the independent variables studied i.e. Board size Board independence Size Age Leverage Managerial ownership and Industry differences; Intellectual capital disclosure is influenced by industry differences. India is considered as knowledge economy and has highest contribution in gross domestic product from services sector wherein intellectual capital plays the most important role. As regards intellectual capital the studies have been insufficient. To our knowledge this is the first research on intellectual capital disclosures in IPO prospectuses of Indian companies.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijssm.v2i1.11685 Int. J. Soc. Sci. Manage. Vol-2, issue-1: 40-51
Study Habits of Secondary School Students in Relation to their Socio-Economic Status and Gender
Authors: Razia B. 
Published: January 2015

The study aims to explore the relationship of study habits with socio-economic status and gender. The research was carried out on a sample of 224 students studying in class IX of Aligarh district. Standardized scales were used to collect the data which in turn was analyzed by applying Mean (M), Standard Deviation (SD), Product moment correlation (r), t-test and ANOVA. Findings revealed that significant difference exists in the study habits of students in relation to gender. Significant and positive relationship exists between study habits and Socio-economic status but interaction effect of gender and SES was not found on study habits. Finally the study puts forth some suggestions to enhance the study habits of secondary school students.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijssm.v2i1.11815 Int. J. Soc. Sci. Manage. Vol-2, issue-1: 68-73
Knowledge on prevention of complications related to immobility among caregivers of orthopedic patients at selected hospitals of Chitwan district
Authors: Poudyal S , Neupane M , Lopchan M 
Published: January 2015

Immobility is a condition in which a person is unable to move freely or is restricted for therapeutic reasons. Immobility affects all systems of the body leading to complications. The objective of the study is to find out the knowledge on prevention of complications related to immobility among caregivers of orthopedic patients admitted on orthopedic ward of Chitwan Medical College Teaching Hospital (CMCTH), College of Medical Sciences Teaching Hospital (CMSTH) and Bharatpur Hospital, Chitwan. The study design was descriptive, cross sectional and 133 caregivers were interviewed by using semistructured interview schedule. Data was analyzed by using SPSS and various tests such as frequency distribution, chisquare and odds ratio. The study findings revealed that 45.9% of respondents were from adjacent districts of Chitwan, 45.9% were between age group 16-30 years, 56.4% were female, 84.2% were married and 70.7% were literate. The highest mean knowledge score of caregivers was in the area of joint contracture (44.4%) followed by bedsore (39.3%), hypostatic pneumonia (37.6%), urinary tract infection (32.1%) and least mean knowledge score was in the area of deep vein thrombosis(25.2%) and constipation (25.1%) respectively. The level of knowledge is statistically significant with area of residence (p=0.038), marital status (p=0.020) and educational status (p=0.001) of respondents. The study concluded that caregivers had poor knowledge regarding preventive measures. Awareness programme need to be planned and implemented. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jcmc.v4i3.11932Journal of Chitwan Medical College 2014; 4(3): 9-12
Role of coagulation profile in the management of patient with epistaxis
Authors: Parajuli R , Ghimire A , Limbu T R , Bhandari R , Thapa S , Tulachan B 
Published: January 2015

Epistaxis is a common emergency in otorhinolaryngology. Most patients with epistaxis don’t have an identifiable cause. The role of routine coagulation screening in the management of patients with epistaxis is unclear. The aim of this study was to observe the significance of routine coagulation screening tests in patients suffering from epistaxis. There are various treatment modalities for epistaxis. The study concludes that there is no role for routine coagulation profile in all the patients with epistaxis, which should only be performed when clinically indicated and most of the patients with epistaxis are managed with simple measures. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jcmc.v4i3.11937Journal of Chitwan Medical College 2014; 4(3):32-33
Contributing factors of utero-vaginal prolapse among women attending in Bharatpur Hospital
Authors: Thapa B , Rana G , Gurung S 
Published: January 2015

Uterine prolapse is a major public health problem in rural Nepal. It is a medical and social problem, deeply rooted with poor health services and socio-cultural beliefs. The objective of this study was to find out the contributing factors of utero-vaginal prolapse among women attending in Bharatpur hospital. Descriptive study design was used. A total of 100 women diagnosed with utero-vaginal prolapse were selected by using purposive sampling technique. Data processing and analysis was done using SPSS. The study reveals that 88% of women were involved in agriculture and 82% of them were illiterate. Ninety two percent of the women got marriage before the age of 20, 42% women became pregnant 3-5 times, 96.33% of babies were born at home and 100% of them were born vaginally. Sixty six percent of the women gave birth to first child between the ages of 16-20, 92% had done heavy work during pregnancy and postnatal period and none of the women did kegal exercise. Based on the findings of the study it is concluded that the most important contributing factors found by our study were heavy work, illiteracy, early marriage and child birth, inadequate food during pregnancy and postpartum period, multi parity, home delivery, vaginal delivery, less rest period in post partum, no kegal exercise. The relationship between age of uterine prolapse and age of first child birth was 0.306 which was positive relationship between them. Which shows that there was statistically significant (P- value=0.002). DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jcmc.v4i3.11939Journal of Chitwan Medical College 2014; 4(3):38-42
Isolated myeloid sarcoma
Authors: Rauniyar B P , Liu X , Shrestha J , Devkota K R , Poudel S , Thapa S 
Published: January 2015

Myeloid Sarcoma (MS) is a tumour mass of myeloblasts or immature myeloid cells in an extra-medullary site. Isolated MS is a red disease found only seen in case reports. Here, we present the case of a 25years old man with bilateral cervical lymphadenopathy who was diagnosed as MS on the basis of lymph node biopsy and immunohistochemistry. There is no definite consensus on management of MS and needs prospective trials. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jcmc.v4i3.11941Journal of Chitwan Medical College 2014; 4(3):46-48
Microstructure and mechanical properties of deformed Mg–Mn–Sn alloys
Authors: Fang Daqing , Liang Chao , Cai Kangle , Gao Zhigang , Peng Qiuming , Chai Yuesheng 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
The microstructure and age hardening response of deformed Mg-1.5Mn-xSn (x = 1 and 5, wt.%) alloys under three different aging temperatures (100°C, 150°C, 200°C) have been investigated. The aging behavior and the mechanical properties are improved by increasing Sn content. On ther other hand, the pre-rolling process is an effective method to improve the age hardening response, and therefore the mechanical properties of ERA (extruded + rolled + aging treatment) state alloys are improved compared with those of EA (extrusion + aging treatment) state samples. The improved mechanical properties of ERA alloys are mainly related to the extensive twins and dislocations formed during the extrusion/rolling processes and Mg2Sn precipitates formed in the aging treatment.
Et la lumière ne fut plus : les effets de la guerre sur la publicité lumineuse
Authors: Le Gallic Stéphanie 
Published: January 2015

L’essor de la publicité lumineuse à partir de la fin du XIX e siècle avait fait émerger un nouveau métier, entre publicité et électricité. La Seconde Guerre mondiale remit en cause ce qui était devenu une industrie : l’obscurité imposée et les pénuries d’énergie s’ajoutèrent aux bombardements et à l’occupation allemande. Cet article s’intéressera aux stratégies adoptées par les entreprises de publicité à New York, Londres et Paris, qui subirent toutes trois la guerre mais selon des modalités assez différentes.
Les usines expérimentales de carburants de remplacement, carburants nationaux, en France, de 1934 au début des années 1950
Authors: Passaqui Jean-Philippe 
Published: January 2015

Au cours des années 1930, certaines entreprises mettent au point des procédés pour produire de l’essence à partir de combustibles fossiles solides. Mais les prix de revient restent élevés, limitant les réalisations à quelques usines prototypes. La défaite de 1940 provoque un regain d’intérêt en faveur de ces sites expérimentaux. Ils sont copiés, multipliés, afin de retrouver la mobilité perdue.
Soigner et guérir au pays des mille collines : de l'activité sanitaire à la quête d'autonomie
Authors: Cornet Anne 
Published: January 2015

Bien que la congrégation missionnaire des Sœurs Blanches fût la seconde en importance au Rwanda belge, elle demeure largement absente de la production scientifique. Les religieuses se montraient-elles vraiment effacées sur le terrain ? Cet article fait le point sur leur activité médicale en interaction avec l’État et les Pères Blancs. Il relève les contradictions et ambiguïtés de leur attitude face à l’emprise coloniale et à la dépendance vis-à-vis de la hiérarchie catholique. Le champ sanitaire s’y révèle propice à une montée en puissance dans l’espace public et à une quête d’autonomie des religieuses.
La réforme scolaire entre France et États-Unis (1945-1952)
Authors: Ottavi Dominique 
Published: January 2015

Des travaux récents ont mis en évidence (Savoye, 2010 a et 2010 b) l’intérêt des Classes nouvelles mises en place en France par Gustave Monod après la deuxième Guerre Mondiale. Ces classes accompagnent la rédaction du Plan Langevin-Wallon pour la réforme de l’enseignement. Ce moment d’expérimentation tourne court, tout en laissant des traces dans le système éducatif. L’étude de la revue l’Éducation Nationale de 1945 à 1952 montre l’influence du modèle américain et notamment du Plan Dalton sur ces classes. Nous voudrions mettre en évidence des « moments » de cet emprunt aux idées américaines, et comment un consensus apparent autour des méthodes dites nouvelles au service d’une éducation démocratique dissimule des tensions relatives au rôle des élites, à la finalité des études.
N'oublie pas le meilleur
Authors: Boulanger Sylvie 
Published: January 2015

« Pricer », « marketer », « auto-fixing », curation, diffusion, réflexivité : cet article explore quelques-uns des innombrables ruses par lesquelles la raison de l’art jongle avec les valeurs du marché. Des travaux de Claude Rutault et Ben Kinmont servent de contre-exemples à certaines tendances dominantes.
Dans quel état, nos États-nations ?
Authors: Puel Hugues 
Published: January 2015

Le concept de souveraineté de l’État a des contours historiques précis : Jean Bodin, Thomas Hobbes, puis une évolution vers une approche constitutionnelle aux xix e et xx e siècles. Origine religieuse rappelée avec force par Carl Schmitt, dialectique hégélienne, etc. Il convient de mentionner aussi, bien sûr, le traité de Westphalie jusqu’à la mise en place de l’ONU actuelle. Le rôle de quelques grandes nations est à situer correctement : États-Unis, Allemagne, Chine... Tout cela dessine une complexité lourde et peu coopérative dans une mondialisation économique qui est avant tout celle des entreprises transnationales. Notons encore l’absence de sécurité mondiale qui devrait, à elle seule, souligner l’urgence d’un principe de fédération qui fait toujours défaut.
Faut-il s'inquiéter du retour de la morale ?
Authors: Lemoine Laurent 
Published: January 2015

Dans quel contexte précis s’inscrit le retour de la morale, si retour il y a, et s’il est en effet à craindre ? L’athéisme actuel est différent des formes militantes que l’on a connues. Les menaces qui pèsent au quotidien sur nos vies sont multiformes. Elles contribuent à engendrer des éthiques de conviction qui confondent identité et identitaire. Le retour conjoint du religieux assimilé au fanatisme et de la morale réduite au respect indéfectible du code se fait sur fond de rejet de l’histoire et de recomposition personnelle ou communautariste des « fondamentaux » de sa propre tradition religieuse. Face à ce péril, Julia Kristeva en appelle à la « transvaluation » de l’héritage gréco-judéo-chrétien et le Pape François à jeter des ponts par la mise en œuvre de Dignitatis humanae et de Nostra Aetate (Vatican II).
Emergency Medicine Resident Physicians’ Perceptions of Electronic Documentation and Workflow
Authors: Neri P.M. , Redden L. , Poole S. , Pozner C.N. , Horsky J. , Raja A.S. , Poon E. , Schiff G. , Landman A. 
Published: January 2015

SummaryObjective: To understand emergency department (ED) physicians’ use of electronic documentation in order to identify usability and workflow considerations for the design of future ED information system (EDIS) physician documentation modules.Methods: We invited emergency medicine resident physicians to participate in a mixed methods study using task analysis and qualitative interviews. Participants completed a simulated, standardized patient encounter in a medical simulation center while documenting in the test environment of a currently used EDIS. We recorded the time on task, type and sequence of tasks performed by the participants (including tasks performed in parallel). We then conducted semi-structured interviews with each participant. We analyzed these qualitative data using the constant comparative method to generate themes.Results: Eight resident physicians participated. The simulation session averaged 17 minutes and participants spent 11 minutes on average on tasks that included electronic documentation. Participants performed tasks in parallel, such as history taking and electronic documentation. Five of the 8 participants performed a similar workflow sequence during the first part of the session while the remaining three used different workflows. Three themes characterize electronic documentation: (1) physicians report that location and timing of documentation varies based on patient acuity and workload, (2) physicians report a need for features that support improved efficiency; and (3) physicians like viewing available patient data but struggle with integration of the EDIS with other information sources.Conclusion: We confirmed that physicians spend much of their time on documentation (65%) during an ED patient visit. Further, we found that resident physicians did not all use the same work-flow and approach even when presented with an identical standardized patient scenario. Future EHR design should consider these varied workflows while trying to optimize efficiency, such as improving integration of clinical data. These findings should be tested quantitatively in a larger, representative study.Citation: Neri PM, Redden L, Poole S, Pozner CN, Horsky J, Raja AS, Poon E, Schiff G, Landman A. Emergency medicine resident physicians’ perceptions of electronic documentation and workflow – a mixed methods study. Appl Clin Inf 2015; 6: 27–41http://dx.doi.org/10.4338/ACI-2014-08-RA-0065
Recent Advances in Transition Metal‐Catalyzed Hydrogenation of Nitriles
Authors: Bagal Dattatraya B. , Bhanage Bhalchandra M. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractAmines are important building blocks possessing various applications in agrochemicals, the fine chemical industry, pharmaceuticals, materials science and biotechnology. The catalytic hydrogenation of nitriles is an important reaction for the one‐step synthesis of diverse amines. However, significant amounts of side product formation during the course of the reaction is a major issue. In recent years, an enormous amount of work has been reported using both homogeneous and heterogeneous transition metal complex catalysts for the selective reduction of nitriles. Transition metal catalysts are the most crucial factor that controls the selectivity in this reaction. Therefore, transition metal catalysts are the central point of this review. We have also briefly discussed the effect of reaction parameters, selectivity to different substrate structures and reaction mechanisms. This review provides an overview of recent developments in transition metal‐catalyzed nitrile reduction along with examples which highlight its vast potential in organic transformations.magnified image