bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Visualizing Genomes with Oligopaint FISH Probes
Authors: Beliveau Brian J. , Apostolopoulos Nicholas , Wu Chao‐ting 
Published: January 2014

AbstractOligopaint probes are fluorescently labeled, single‐stranded DNA oligonucleotides that can be used to visualize genomic regions ranging in size from tens of kilobases to many megabases. This unit details how Oligopaint probes can be synthesized using basic molecular biological techniques, and provides protocols for FISH, 3D‐FISH, and sample preparation. Curr. Protoc. Mol. Biol. 105:14.23.1‐14.23.20. © 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Energy input is primary controller of methane bubbling in subarctic lakes
Authors: Wik Martin , Thornton Brett F. , Bastviken David , MacIntyre Sally , Varner Ruth K. , Crill Patrick M. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractEmission of methane (CH4) from surface waters is often dominated by ebullition (bubbling), a transport mode with high‐spatiotemporal variability. Based on new and extensive CH4 ebullition data, we demonstrate striking correlations (r2 between 0.92 and 0.997) when comparing seasonal bubble CH4 flux from three shallow subarctic lakes to four readily measurable proxies of incoming energy flux and daily flux magnitudes to surface sediment temperature (r2 between 0.86 and 0.94). Our results after continuous multiyear sampling suggest that CH4 ebullition is a predictable process, and that heat flux into the lakes is the dominant driver of gas production and release. Future changes in the energy received by lakes and ponds due to shorter ice‐covered seasons will predictably alter the ebullitive CH4 flux from freshwater systems across northern landscapes. This finding is critical for our understanding of the dynamics of radiatively important trace gas sources and associated climate feedback.
The plasma depletion layer in Saturn's magnetosheath
Authors: Masters A. , Phan T. D. , Badman S. V. , Hasegawa H. , Fujimoto M. , Russell C. T. , Coates A. J. , Dougherty M. K. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractA plasma depletion layer (PDL) of reduced plasma density and enhanced magnetic field strength can form in the magnetosheath (shocked solar wind) adjacent to the magnetopause boundary of a planetary magnetosphere. The dominant factor controlling the level of plasma depletion and field enhancement in Earth's PDL is the magnetic shear across the magnetopause, due to the influence of this parameter on magnetic reconnection at the boundary. Here we examine the PDL in Saturn's magnetosheath using Cassini spacecraft observations. For most Cassini magnetosheath intervals analyzed, there is some level of both plasma depletion and magnetic field enhancement approaching Saturn's magnetopause, consistent with the presence of a PDL. We find some evidence that the Saturnian PDL responds to the solar wind dynamic pressure, in the same sense as Earth's PDL. However, we find no evidence for a response of Saturn's PDL to the magnetic shear across the magnetopause, in contrast with the terrestrial case. Our results thus suggest that the rate of magnetic flux transport due to reconnection at Saturn's magnetopause is generally small in comparison to the rate of magnetic flux advection by the solar wind and are consistent with the expectation that conditions at Saturn's magnetopause are less favorable for magnetopause reconnection than those at Earth's magnetopause.
The Role of Working Memory when ‘Learning How’ with Multimedia Learning Material
Authors: van Genuchten Erlijn , van Hooijdonk Charlotte , Schüler Anne , Scheiter Katharina 
Published: January 2014

SummaryThe aim of the reported experiment was to obtain insight into how learners' visuo‐spatial working memory is involved during learning how to perform procedural‐motor tasks from a multimedia instruction (i.e. ‘learning how’). Eighty‐two participants studied first‐aid procedures using text only or multimedia. Working memory involvement was gauged by measuring the interference between learning first‐aid procedures and performing a spatial dual task. Learning outcomes were measured as task performance and task description. The results showed that performing a spatial dual task interfered to a larger extent with learning from text only than from multimedia. The results tend to support the assumption that pictures in tasks focusing on ‘learning how’ are beneficial to learning, because they might omit the need to engage in imagery and therewith reduce the cognitive effort that is required to understand the learning material. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Vegetable oil based polyurethanamide/organo‐montmorillonite bio‐nanocomposite
Authors: Zafar Fahmina , Zafar Hina , Sharmin Eram 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACTThe present work describes the synthesis and characterization of polyurethanamide/organo‐montmorillonite bio‐nanocomposites (OBNC) from Linseed oil‐a renewable resource. The aim of the work is (i) to widen the scope of application and improve the performance of vegetable oil based polymers, and (ii) to investigate the effect of introduction of modified clay on their structure, morphology, thermal stability, and coating properties. OBNC has been prepared by in situ polymerization of Linseed oil derived diol fattyamide and tolulylene‐2,4‐diisocyanate in the presence of different contents of OMMT (0.5–2.5 mass % in minimum amount of dimethylformamide) at room temperature. OBNC has been characterized by optical microscopy, FTIR, XRD, TEM, and TGA, which confirm the formation of OBNC. OBNC produced tough, scratch‐resistant, impact resistant, flexibility retentive coatings, which cure at room temperature with improved coating performance and thermal stability than virgin polymer. Amongst all the compositions, OMMT‐1.5 showed the best coating properties, with good scratch hardness (3.5 kg), impact (passes 200 lb/inch.) and bent test values (passes 1/8 inch). It can be commercially used as effective green coating material in future. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40278.
A new efficient assembly language teaching aid for intel processors
Authors: Sweidan Saadeh Z. , Darabkh Khalid A. 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACTAssembly 8086 language is an essential course that is taught in many universities offering computer engineering or science degree. However, the available software simulators that are used to write and run assembly programs do not fulfill the students' expectations due to being difficult to deal with and lacking a lot of necessary GUI features. In this article, we introduce a new Assembly Language Teaching Aid (ALTA32 or ALTA8086) which is basically a simulator that helps much in delivering concepts related to assembly language programming course for Intel microprocessors (µps). Among current and relevant simulators, ALTA32 not only is the simplest and easiest to use, but also has the most fascinating user‐friendly interface that exhibits constructive and informative features. Additionally, it offers multiple run modes with the option of writing programs directly or through loading existing files. It works efficiently in both 16‐bit and 32‐bit extensions considering real mode memory addressing. It supports all data and stack memory addressing modes along with all available directives to be used in both model and full‐segment program approaches. Furthermore, to understand and recognize changes after execution, all affected fields are emphasized and shown using visual effects such as dynamic labels, blinking texts, as well as colored codes. On the other hand, it is widely known that the Complex Instruction Set Computing (CISC) architecture, which is also a register‐memory architecture, is characterized by affording many instructions with various operands, affected flags, complex operations, and sources of syntax errors. Although it is really challenging to build up a simulator that completely supports that wide range of Intel assembly instructions taking into account the variety in their lengths and formats, we succeeded eventually to eliminate the code redundancy and make our code readable, maintainable, and scalable through programming all instructions based on the methodology of combining or grouping all instructions that almost act similarly to follow a certain efficient algorithm. As a programming environment, VB.Net has been used to develop the ALTA32 simulator. Throughout our experience in teaching assembly 8086 language programming course for CISC processors, we found many difficulties in getting the students familiar with well‐known simulators such as Microsoft Macro Assembler (MASM8086 or MASM32) or 8086 µp Emulator (EMU8086). Nevertheless, the feedback from our students about ALTA32 simulator was so impressive and the complaints were totally disappeared. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 23:217–238, 2015; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/cae; DOI 10.1002/cae.21591
Ranolazine protects from doxorubicin‐induced oxidative stress and cardiac dysfunction
Authors: Tocchetti Carlo G. , Carpi Andrea , Coppola Carmela , Quintavalle Cristina , Rea Domenica , Campesan Marika , Arcari Antonella , Piscopo Giovanna , Cipresso Clemente , Monti Maria Gaia , De Lorenzo Claudia , Arra Claudio , Condorelli Gerolama , Di Lisa Fabio , Maurea Nicola 
Published: January 2014

AimsDoxorubicin is widely used against cancer; however, it can produce heart failure (HF). Among other hallmarks, oxidative stress is a major contributor to HF pathophysiology. The late INa inhibitor ranolazine has proven effective in treating experimental HF. Since elevated [Na+]i is present in failing myocytes, and has been recently linked with reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, our aim was to assess whether ranolazine prevents doxorubicin‐induced cardiotoxicity, and whether blunted oxidative stress is a mechanism accounting for such protection.Methods and resultIn C57BL6 mice, doxorubicin treatment for 7 days produced LV dilation and decreased echo‐measured fractional shortening (FS). Ranolazine (305 mg/kg/day) prevented LV dilation and dysfunction when co‐administered with doxorubicin. Doxorubicin‐induced cardiotoxicity was accompanied instead by elevations in atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), BNP, connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), and matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2) mRNAs, which were not elevated on co‐treatment with ranolazine. Alterations in extracellular matrix remodelling were confirmed by an increase in interstitial collagen, which did not rise in ranolazine‐co‐treated hearts. Levels of poly(ADP‐ribose) polymerase (PARP) and pro‐caspase‐3 measured by western blotting were lowered with doxorubicin, with increased cleavage of caspase‐3, indicating activation of the proapoptotic machinery. Again, ranolazine prevented this activation. Furthermore, in HL‐1 cardiomyocytes transfected with HyPer to monitor H2O2 emission, besides reducing the extent of cell death, ranolazine prevented the occurrence of oxidative stress caused by doxorubicin. Interestingly, similar protective results were obtained with the Na+/Ca2+ exchanger (NCX) inhibitor KB‐R7943.ConclusionsRanolazine protects against experimental doxorubicin cardiotoxicity. Such protection is accompanied by a reduction in oxidative stress, suggesting that INa modulates cardiac redox balance, resulting in functional and morphological derangements.
Hydrologic response to valley‐scale structure in alpine headwaters
Authors: Weekes Anne A. , Torgersen Christian E. , Montgomery David R. , Woodward Andrea , Bolton Susan M. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractFew systematic studies of valley‐scale geomorphic drivers of streamflow regimes in complex alpine headwaters have compared response between catchments. As a result, little guidance is available for regional‐scale hydrological research and monitoring efforts that include assessments of ecosystem function. Physical parameters such as slope, elevation range, drainage area and bedrock geology are often used to stratify differences in streamflow response between sampling sites within an ecoregion. However, these metrics do not take into account geomorphic controls on streamflow specific to glaciated mountain headwaters. The coarse‐grained nature of depositional features in alpine catchments suggests that these landforms have little water storage capacity because hillslope runoff moves rapidly just beneath the rock mantle before emerging in fluvial networks. However, recent studies show that a range of depositional features, including talus slopes, protalus ramparts and ‘rock‐ice’ features may have more storage capacity than previously thought.To better evaluate potential differences in streamflow response among basins with extensive coarse depositional features and those without, we examined the relationships between streamflow discharge, stable isotopes, water temperature and the amplitude of the diurnal signal at five basin outlets. We also quantified the percentages of colluvial channel length measured along the stepped longitudinal profile. Colluvial channels, characterized by the presence of surficial, coarse‐grained depositional features, presented sediment‐rich, transport‐limited morphologies that appeared to have a cumulative effect on the timing and volume of flow downstream. Measurements taken from colluvial channels flowing through depositional landforms showed median recession constants (Kr) of 0.9–0.95, δ18O values of ≥−14.5 and summer diurnal amplitudes ≤0.8 as compared with more typical surface water recession constant values of 0.7, δ18O ≤ −13.5 and diurnal amplitudes >2.0. Our results demonstrated strong associations between the percentage of colluvial channel length within a catchment and moderated streamflow regimes, water temperatures, diurnal signals and depleted δ18O related to groundwater influx. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pedicle screw‐based posterior dynamic stabilizers for degenerative spine: In vitro biomechanical testing and clinical outcomes
Authors: Chamoli Uphar , Diwan Ashish D. , Tsafnat Naomi 
Published: January 2014

AbstractDynamic stabilization in a degenerate symptomatic spine may be advantageous compared with conventional fusion procedures, as it helps preserve motion and minimizes redistribution of loads at instrumented and adjacent segments. This article presents a systematic review of biomechanical and clinical evidence available on some of the pedicle screw based posterior dynamic stabilization (PDS) devices. Using Medline, Embase, and Scopus online databases, we identified four pedicle‐screw‐PDS devices for which both, biomechanical testing and clinical follow‐up data are available: Graf artificial ligaments, Isobar TTL, Polyetheretherketone rods, and Dynesys. The current state‐of‐the‐art of pedicle‐screw‐PDS devices is far from achieving its desired biomechanical efficacy, which has resulted in a weak support for the posited clinical benefits. Although pedicle‐screw‐PDS devices are useful in salvaging a moderately degenerate functionally suboptimal disc, for severe disc degeneration cases fusion is still the preferred choice. We conclude that a pedicle‐screw‐PDS device should aim at restoring load sharing amongst spinal elements while preserving the qualitative and quantitative nature of spinal motion, especially minimize posterior shift of the helical axis of motion. More precise and objective assessment techniques need to be standardized for in vivo evaluation of intervertebral motion and load sharing amongst spinal elements across different pedicle‐screw‐PDS devices. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 102A: 3324–3340, 2014.
Ligand and solvent selection in challenging catalytic reactions
Authors: Moseley Jonathan D. , Murray Paul M. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractTransition metal‐catalysed reactions are often strongly dependent on ligand and selection, among other factors, which makes discovering the ideal metal/ligand/solvent combination demanding. Furthermore, the effect of ligand and solvent choice is often subtle and unpredictable. This perspective describes how two statistical techniques, design of experiments (DoE) and principal component analysis (PCA), can be combined to guide the decision‐making process. The general approach to using these techniques is described, and illustrated with a brief worked example on challenging ‘borrowing hydrogen’ chemistry. The unique combination of DoE and PCA is a useful decision‐making tool to support the selection of ligands and solvents for challenging catalytic reactions. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Assessment of brain damage and plasticity in the visual system due to early occipital lesion: Comparison of FDG‐PET with diffusion MRI tractography
Authors: Jeong Jeong‐won , Tiwari Vijay N. , Shin Joseph , Chugani Harry T. , Juhász Csaba 
Published: January 2014

PurposeTo determine the relation between glucose metabolic changes of the primary visual cortex, structural abnormalities of the corresponding visual tracts, and visual symptoms in children with Sturge‐Weber syndrome (SWS).Materials and MethodsIn 10 children with unilateral SWS (ages 1.5–5.5 years), a region‐of‐interest analysis was applied in the bilateral medial occipital cortex on positron emission tomography (PET) and used to track diffusion‐weighted imaging (DWI) streamlines corresponding to the central visual pathway. Normalized streamline volumes of individual SWS patients were compared with values from age‐matched control groups as well as correlated with normalized glucose uptakes and visual field deficit.ResultsLower glucose uptake and lower corresponding streamline volumes were detected in the affected occipital lobe in 9/10 patients, as compared to the contralateral side. Seven of these 9 patients had visual field deficit and normal or decreased streamline volumes on the unaffected side. The two other children had no visual symptoms and showed high contralateral visual streamline volumes. There was a positive correlation between the normalized ratios on DWI and PET, indicating that lower glucose metabolism was associated with lower streamline volume in the affected hemisphere (R = 0.70, P = 0.024).ConclusionWe demonstrated that 18F‐flurodeoxyglucose (FDG)‐PET combined with DWI tractography can detect both brain damage on the side of the lesion and contralateral plasticity in children with early occipital lesions.J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2014;00:000–000. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2015;41:431–438.© 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Prevalence of human rhinovirus in children admitted to hospital with acute lower respiratory tract infections in Changsha, China
Authors: Zeng Sai‐Zhen , Xiao Ni‐Guang , Xie Zhi‐Ping , Xie Guang‐Cheng , Zhong Li‐Li , Wang Juan , Huang Han , Zhang Bing , Duan Zhao‐Jun 
Published: January 2014

AbstractHuman rhinovirus (HRV) is a causative agent of acute respiratory tract infections. This study analyzed the prevalence and clinical characteristics of three HRV groups (HRV‐A, ‐B, and ‐C) among 1,165 children aged 14 years or younger who were hospitalized with acute lower respiratory tract infection in China. PCR or reverse transcription‐PCR was performed to detect 14 respiratory viruses in nasopharyngeal aspirates collected from September 2007 to August 2008 in Changsha, China. HRV was detected in 202 (17.3%) of the 1,165 children; 25.3% of the HRV‐positive children were 13–36 months of age (χ2 = 22.803, P = 0.000). HRV was detected year round and peaked between September and December. Fifty‐three percent of the HRV‐positive samples were also positive for other respiratory viruses; respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) was the most common secondary virus. Phylogenetic analysis using the VP4/VP2 region grouped the HRV‐positive strains as follows: 101 HRV‐A (50.0%), 21 HRV‐B (10.4%), and 80 HRV‐C (39.6%). HRV‐A infections occurred predominantly in spring and autumn, and the peak prevalence of HRV‐C was in early winter and late autumn. HRV‐B infections were less common in spring (χ2 = 31.914, P = 0.000). No significant difference in clinical severity or presentation was found between patients with HRV single infection and HRV co‐detections. Furthermore, the clinical characterizations did not differ among the three HRV species. These results suggest that HRV‐C is an important viral agent along with HRV‐A and HRV‐B and that among hospitalized children with acute lower respiratory tract infection in China, the three HRV genotypes have similar clinical characteristics. J. Med. Virol. 86:1983–1989, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
RF and broadband noise investigation in High‐k/Metal Gate 28‐nm CMOS bulk transistor
Authors: Danneville F. , Poulain L. , Tagro Y. , Lepilliet S. , Dormieu B. , Gloria D. , Scheer P. , Dambrine G. 
Published: January 2014

SUMMARYIn order to pursue Moore's law, material engineering has constituted a real focus during the last decade. In particular, the recent introduction of new Gate stack using High‐k dielectrics and Metal Gate (H‐k/MG) for CMOS was a key point to downscale the ‘Equivalent Oxide Thickness’. Within this context, this paper intends to investigate radio frequency (RF) and broadband noise performance of a recent Low Power 28‐nm H‐k/MG CMOS Bulk Technology. For this purpose, S‐parameters carefully measured up to 110 GHz allowed the selection of the best RF transistor, leading to the best trade‐off for fT/fmax. For this transistor, multi‐bias RF Small Signal Equivalent Circuit (SSEC) was extracted, while its noise performance was assessed through different noise measurement methods and within different frequency ranges. It turned out that H‐k/MG 28‐nm CMOS Technology offers a minimum noise figure NFmin of 0.8 dB (with an associated gain Ga equal to 14 dB) at 20 GHz, for a quite low DC drain current of 135 mA/mm. Moreover, despite the aggressive length down‐scaling, the validity of the two‐temperature noise model was verified both in W band and through tuner based noise measurement in (6–18 GHz) frequency range. Finally, the noise performance were benchmarked with the best ones reported for H‐k/MG CMOS technology up‐to‐date. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Resolving the Beaufort Sea High using synoptic climatological methods
Authors: Ballinger Thomas J. , Sheridan Scott C. , Hanna Edward 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACTMelt season frequencies of the Beaufort Sea High (BSH) have a profound effect on western Arctic climate, making the interannual spatial and temporal monitoring of this polar anticyclone important. This manuscript presents two automated synoptic climatological analyses using a two‐step cluster procedure to classify daily mean sea level pressure (MSLP) over 180–120°W and 70–85°N with an emphasis on identifyingBSHpatterns. Separate raw and anomalyMSLPcirculation pattern (CP) classifications are compared in order to assess the spatial characteristics of theBSHand its monthly frequency changes during the melt season from 1979 to 2012. Analysis of both classifications shows clear advantages to using the anomaly approach in terms of assessing temporal and spatial changes, particularly in light of the documented recent atmospheric circulation changes that have been observed over the region. Associations between the June anomaly circulation pattern (ACP) 5, a +4 hPa BSHpattern situated between 155°W and 135°W, and June indices of atmospheric teleconnections such as the Arctic Dipole and Arctic Oscillation are statistically significant. There is also a statistically significant link to the downstream Greenland Blocking Index; suggesting that theBSHmay be intricately related to climatic variability outside the analysed domain as well. Further,ACP5 occurred nearly 3 weeks more often during the melt season in recent massive Arctic Sea ice loss years (2007–2012) compared with the climatology (1979–2006). Recent increases in JuneACP5 frequencies account for a large proportion of this pattern's long‐term frequency changes.