bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
School performance as a predictor of psychiatric
hospitalization in adult life. A 28-year follow-up in
the Northern Finland 1966 Birth Cohort
Authors: ISOHANNI I. , JÄRVELIN M.-R. , NIEMINEN P. , JONES P. , RANTAKALLIO P. , JOKELAINEN J. , ISOHANNI M. 
Published: July 2002

Background. Deterioration in school achievement may
pre-date adult mental disorders. We studied
the association between compulsory school performance and later
onset hospital-treated psychiatric
morbidity experienced by the Northern Finland 1966 Birth Cohort
(N=11017) in adult life.Methods. School performance was operationalized in
two ways: school class level (in normal, i.e.
age-appropriate class v. not in normal class, i.e. class below

age level or in special school) at the age
of 14, and marks for individual school subjects at the age of 16.
School class level was ascertained
by postal questionnaire and school marks from national application
register. These were linked to
data on psychiatric morbidity from the National Finnish Hospital
Discharge Register. By the end
of 1994 (between ages 16 and 28 years), a total of 383 subjects
had psychiatric illness. DSM-III-R
diagnoses were grouped into three categories: schizophrenia;
other psychoses; and non-psychotic
disorders. The remaining population with no psychiatric hospitalization
served as a single
comparison group. School class level and values of school marks
in the three diagnostic categories
were each compared with this comparison group, stratified by sex.Results. In the comparison group 6·8% of boys and 3·4%
of
girls were not in their normal class.
In all the diagnosis groups the proportions of those not in normal
class were from 2 to 8 times higher
than in the comparison group. A majority of those not in normal class and
having psychiatric
diagnosis were intellectually subnormal (IQ<85). Among adolescents who
later developed
non-psychotic disorders, means of school marks were lower
(P<0·05, adjusted for social class and place
of residence) than in the comparison group. Lower marks were not found
in categories
schizophrenia or other psychoses. Logistic regression analysis confirmed
these findings after
adjustment for confounding factors.Conclusions. Not being in the normal class at age
14 predicted future hospital-treated disorders, but
low school marks at age 16 predicted only non-psychotic
disorders. These findings may be an early
manifestation of the disorders themselves, or a marker of
vulnerability or other risk factors. The mechanisms may differ between
diagnoses.
The expressed emotion of case managers of the
seriously mentally ill: the influence of expressed
emotion on clinical outcomes
Authors: TATTAN TERESA , TARRIER NICHOLAS 
Published: July 2002

Background. Expressed emotion (EE) measured from relatives and informal carers has been
consistently demonstrated to be associated with clinical outcome in schizophrenic patients. There
have also been published studies that have investigated EE in professional carers that have
suggested that the quality of the relationship between staff and patient may also be associated with
patient outcomes. A large controlled trial of the effectiveness of different intensities of case
management provided the opportunity to assess the association between the EE of case managers,
including the quality of the relationship they had with patients under their care, and later clinical
outcomes.Method. This was a prospective naturalistic study of EE present in a case manager–patient dyad
and subsequent patient outcomes. EE was assessed from the Five Minute Speech Sample (FMSS)
at least 3 months after the case manager became responsible for the patient's care and a range of
clinical outcomes were assessed 6 to 9 months later. Assessment of clinical outcomes was made
independent and blind of the EE ratings.Results. High EE ratings were significantly associated with individual case managers and not to
symptom or illness factors. High EE was not associated with later clinical outcome, however, the
positive relationship between case manager and patient was. The absence of a positive relationship
was significantly associated with poorer outcomes.Conclusions. In spite of very low face-to-face contact between case managers and patients,
compared with the amount of contact patients have with their informal carers and family, aspects
of staff attitudes and behaviour did influence clinical outcome. There are potential implications of
these results for staff training and clinical practice.
Detection of psychological distress by practice nurses in general
practice
Authors: PLUMMER S. E. , GOURNAY K. , GOLDBERG D. , RITTER S. A. H. , MANN A. H. , BLIZARD R. 
Published: July 2002

Background. The general practitioner (GP) has traditionally been the first port of call for people with psychiatric morbidity but increasingly other members of the primary care team see the patients first, particularly practice nurses. The numbers and roles of practice nurses have expanded greatly over the past decade and it is important that practice nurses are able to recognize patients with
psychiatric morbidity. This paper reports a study to determine the abilities of 24 practice nurses to detect psychiatric morbidity in patients attending their clinics.Methods. Twenty-four practices were randomly selected from 41 practices recruited from South London and Kent. One nurse per practice took part in the study. Patients were asked to complete a 12-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) while waiting for their appointment with the practice nurse. Following their consultation, the practice nurse rated the patients' level of psychological distress on a five-point rating scale.Results. The response rate of patients was 97% (N = 1710). The GHQ case rate was 36%. The mean detection rate by practice nurses when identifying significant distress was 16% (between nurse variation, 0% to 61%). The mean specificity was 96% (variation 77% to 100%). A second analysis, changing the nurse criterion to recognition of distress increased the mean sensitivity rate to 58% (variation 31% to 84%) but the mean specificity rate decreased to 66% (variation 26% to 95%).Conclusions. These results demonstrate that practice nurses' caseloads include a high proportion of patients with psychiatric morbidity and that agreement with the GHQ classification of psychiatric morbidity is modest. Therefore, training in detection will be crucial for the nurses.
A randomized controlled trial of individual
psychological debriefing for victims of violent crime
Authors: ROSE S. , BREWIN C. R. , ANDREWS B. , KIRK M. 
Published: July 2002

Background. It has been suggested that giving people the opportunity talk about a traumatic
experience may prevent the development of later disorder. We tested the efficacy of two brief
interventions, education and psychological debriefing, designed to prevent adverse psychological
reactions to criminal victimization.Methods. Individuals who had been the victims of a violent crime within the past month were
written to and invited to take part in a study of their attitudes to crime and punishment: 2161 were
contacted and 243 replied, of whom 157 were eligible and were randomly assigned either to an
education condition, to a psychological debriefing plus education condition, or to an assessment
only condition. Education involved providing information about normal post-traumatic reactions.
Debriefing involved in-depth probing about events, thoughts and feelings experienced during the
crime. Subjects were recruited from police and hospital sources and interviewed in their own homes:
138 were followed up at 6 months, and 92 at 11 months.Results. Outcome was assessed using a DSM-III-R diagnosis of PTSD, the Post-traumatic
Symptom Scale, the Impact of Event Scale and the Beck Depression Inventory. All groups improved
over time but there were no between-group differences.Conclusions. No evidence was found to support the efficacy of brief one-session interventions for
preventing post-traumatic symptoms in individual victims of violent crime.
CAN THEOLOGICAL REALISM BE REFUTED?
Authors: SCOTT MICHAEL , MOORE ANDREW 
Published: July 2002

In a number of recent articles D. Z. Phillips has presented an

exposition and defence of his views on theological realism,

views which are based on his

reading of Wittgenstein. Eschewing the label ‘anti-realist’

so often applied

to his philosophy, Phillips claims that realists and anti-realists alike
have

‘failed to appreciate how radical a challenge Wittgenstein makes
to our

philosophical assumptions’ (SL 22). Far from supporting non-realism

above realism, Phillips – following Wittgenstein – wishes

to upset the realist/non-realist debate by showing that the two theories

offer equally confused

accounts of belief and language, and specifically religious belief and

language. If this claim could be substantiated it would, of course, be
an

extremely significant conclusion, and it is unfortunate that Phillips vacillates

in his expression of it. Realism and non-realism are variously described
as

‘empty’, ‘idle talk’ or like opposing ‘battle

cries’ (RB 35), but despite

being vacuous they are ‘not intelligible alternatives’ (RB
34)

and ‘equally confused’ (RB 34). Furthermore, realism is ‘not

coherently expressible’

(RB 45) and involves an ‘incoherent supposition’ (SL 23) and
at least

some forms of it can be ‘refuted’ (RR 194). In

addition to their vacuity,

unintelligibility and incoherence, both theories are also said to be guilty
of

a misguided reductionism (RB 47), and realists are charged with being

‘foundationalists’ who espouse a theory that ‘cannot

take seriously the central religious conviction that God is at work in

people's lives’ (RB 47).In this paper we will evaluate the arguments Phillips advances for rejecting

realism and non-realism, and consider the sort of problems they might pose

for realists. Phillips opposes the positions the realist and non-realist
take on

two crucial issues: first, whether religious practices and life are grounded
in

the belief that God is real, second, whether God may be considered to be
an

object. These are the two principal questions that occupy Phillips in his
work

on realism; it is in connection with the former that he puts forward his

‘refutation’ of realism. We aim to assess his arguments

for their philosophical cogency and value.
The divorce of REM sleep and dreaming
Authors: Coenen Anton 
Published: July 2002

The validity of dream recall is discussed. What is the relation between the actual dream and its later reflection? Nielsen proposes differential sleep mentation, which is probably determined by dream accessibility. Solms argues that REM sleep and dreaming are double dissociable states. Dreaming occurs outside REM sleep when cerebral activation is high enough. That various active sleep states correlate with vivid dream reports implies that REM sleep and dreaming are single dissociable states. Vertes & Eastman reject that REM sleep is involved in memory consolidation. Considerable evidence for this was obtained by REM deprivation studies with the dubious water tank technique.[Nielsen; Solms; Vertes & Eastman]
Alzheimer's disease: a review of current economic perspectives
Authors: STEWART ALAN 
Published: July 2002

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the most widely known of
the organic
mental disorders described as dementias. It is apparent, in both the USA
and
the UK, that AD imposes a large economic burden in terms of both formal
and
informal costs. In the UK, one estimate is that annual costs are about
£1,039
million at 1990/91 prices and another, even higher, at £4,684
million. There
is an extremely heavy burden on informal caregivers, and on agencies
providing social services and residential accommodation.After the onset of AD, the progress of the illness results in declining
levels of
functioning and increased dependency for patients, factors linked to higher

needs for care. Evidence from clinical trials indicates that some drugs
may
retard the effects of this decline. Economic evaluation of treatments has

focused on drug therapies and their ability to alter this progress. One

suggestion is that, through delaying the decline and consequent institutionalisation

of the patient, effective drug therapy would have economic
benefits and reduce health service costs, but this point has not been clearly

demonstrated and is open to question.
Ageing 2000—questions for the 21st century
Authors: HARPER SARAH 
Published: July 2002

‘Ageing of the population is … one of the most important socioeconomic
challenges … for the 21st Century’ Andrej Wojrczak, Director, WHO
Centre Health Development, Japan.This statement (WHO 1998: 5), reflects the growing awareness among
politicians, policy makers and the general public of issues which have
been recognised by gerontologists for the past 30 years or so. In both
developed and less developed countries, demographic transition and
the shift in the age structure of the population is now being publicly
recognised as having fundamental implications for everyone in society.
As British gerontology enters a new century, the time appears ripe to
reflect on past achievements and highlight some future questions. In
the following discussion I consider ageing and later life, discussing both
societal and individual ageing, and the experiences, needs and
contributions of those in later life. The paper focuses on social
gerontology, defined as social, behavioural, historical, demographic
and economic aspects of the study of ageing and later life, including the
interface of these with health and health services. It thus touches upon
medical and biological aspects only when they are of appropriate
relevance.
Safety and reliability assessment techniques in robotics
Authors: Dhillon B.S. , Fashandi A.R.M. 
Published: July 2002

A robot has to be safe and reliable. An unreliable robot may
become the cause of unsafe conditions, high maintenance costs, inconvenience,
etc.Over the years, in general safety and reliability areas various assessment
methods have been developed, e.g. failure mode and effects analysis, fault tree
analysis, and Markovian analysis. In view of these, this paper presents an
overview of the most suitable robot safety and reliability assessment techniques.
The role of the state in shaping women's and men's entrance
into the
labour market: Spain in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries
Authors: SARASÚA CARMEN 
Published: July 2002

In contemporary societies, status as a wage worker is a fundamental

source of social and political identity. Wage labour is also the main source

of income for individuals, conditioning – to a large extent –
access to
property, patterns of consumption, and receipt of public benefits. In Jane

Lewis's words, despite an unequal wage structure between the sexes,
the
‘best way of avoiding poverty risks, for both men and women, according

to statistics, is being in the labour market’.Labour markets have
almost always
had gender disparities, with
women in a secondary position in terms of wage levels and promotion
opportunities. In present-day Europe, public policies are the primary
mechanism for counterbalancing women's secondary position in the
labour market and also within the family. But this has not always been

the case. Among the profound changes in the character of European states

during the nineteenth century was their transformation from being one of

the mechanisms reinforcing and organizing labour markets along gender
lines to becoming an institution that has promoted equal-opportunity
policies in the twentieth century and attempted to improve women's

disadvantaged position.
Vocabulary development in Italian children: a longitudinal evaluation of quantitative and qualitative aspects
Authors: D'ODORICO LAURA , CARUBBI STEFANIA , SALERNI NICOLETTA , CALVO VINCENZO 
Published: July 2002

In this study vocabulary development of a sample of 42 Italian children
was evaluated through monthly administration of the Italian version of
the CDI. Data collection started at 1;0–1;1 for 32 children and at
1;3–1;4 for the remaining subjects and continued until children's
vocabulary reached 200 words. At fixed stages of vocabulary size (50,
100 and 200 words), individual differences in percentile scores and
vocabulary composition were examined. Individual growth curves were
analysed in order to verify the presence of a vocabulary spurt and the
type of lexical items which contributed most to rapid acceleration in
vocabulary growth.Stylistic differences in vocabulary composition were examined regarding
the ‘referential–expressive’ distinction, controlling vocabulary
size. Data have shown that general trends in vocabulary development are
quite similar to those obtained for other languages using CDI adaptations.
Moreover, all children in this sample eventually exhibited a
vocabulary spurt, even if some can be defined as ‘late spurters’. The
type of lexical items which are learned during the spurt depend on both
infant vocabulary size and referential score. About 28% of infants in this
sample were defined ‘referential’ when their vocabulary size was about
50 words, but the stylistic differences disappeared at the 100- and 200-word stages.Composition of vocabulary did not differ in relation to precocity in
reaching different stages of vocabulary development. The only exception
was that infants who reached the 50-word stage first also had a
vocabulary with a lower proportion of function words.
Pointwise lower bounds on the heat kernels of higher order elliptic
operators
Authors: DAVIES E. B. 
Published: July 2002

Suppose that H=H*[ges ]0 on
L2(X, dx) and that
e−Ht has an integral kernel
K(t, x, y) which is a continuous
function of all three variables. It follows from the
fact that e−Ht is a non-negative self-adjoint
operator
that K(t, x, x)[ges ]0 for all t>0
and
x∈X. Our main abstract results, Theorems 2 and 3,

provide a positive lower
bound on K(t, x, x) under
suitable general hypotheses. As an application we obtain
a explicit positive lower bound on K(t, x, y)

when x is close enough to y and H is a
higher order uniformly elliptic operator in divergence form acting in
L2(RN, dx); see

Theorem 6.We emphasize that our results are not applicable to second order elliptic
operators
(except in one space dimension). For such operators much stronger lower
bounds can
be obtained by an application of the Harnack inequality. For higher order
operators,
however, we believe that our result is the first of its type which does
not impose any
continuity conditions on the highest order coefficients of the operators.
Erratum: Integrating factors and first integrals
for ordinary differential equations
Authors: ANCO S. C. , BLUMAN G. 
Published: July 2002

Volume 9 (1998), pp. 245–259The last sentence of §3.2 should read as follows:For n=4, the splitting yields six such linear PDEs from the coefficients of the
terms involving Y(6), Y(4),
Y(5), Y(5), Y(4)3,
Y(4)2 and Y(4).In the first paragraph of §6, the penultimate sentence should read as follows:For an nth-order scalar ODE the determining equations are a linear system of PDEs
consisting of the adjoint of the determining equation for symmetries of the nth-order
ODE and additional equations when n[ges ]2.We apologise for the errors in the above paper and hope that no inconvenience has been
caused to readers.
Special issue on Haskell
Authors: Hutton Graham 
Published: July 2002

Since its inception in 1987, Haskell has provided a focal point for research in lazy
functional programming. During this time the language has continually evolved, as
a result of both theoretical advances and practical experience. Haskell has proved
to be a powerful tool for many kinds of programming tasks, and applications in
industry are beginning to emerge. The recent definition of Haskell 98 provides a
long-awaited stable version of the language, but there are many exciting possibilities
for future versions of Haskell.The fourth Haskell Workshop will be held as part of the PLI 2000 colloquium
on Principles, Logics, and Implementations of high-level programming languages
in Montreal, 17th September 2000. Previous Haskell Workshops have been held
in Paris (1999), Amsterdam (1997) and La Jolla (1995). Following on from these
workshops, a special issue of the Journal of Functional Programming will be devoted
to Haskell. Possible topics include, but are not limited to:* Critiques of Haskell 98;* New proposals for Haskell;* Applications or case studies;* Programming techniques;* Reasoning about programs;* Semantic issues;* Pedagogical issues;* Implementation.Contributors to any of the Haskell workshops are invited to submit full papers
to the special issue on Haskell, but submission is open to everyone. Submissions
should be sent to guest editor (address below), with a copy to Nasreen Ahmad
(nasreen@dcs.gla.ac.uk). Submitted articles should be sent in postscript format,
preferably gzipped and uuencoded. In addition, please send, as plain text, title,
abstract, and contact information. The submission deadline is 1st February 2001.
For other submission details, please consult an issue of the Journal of Functional
Programming or see the Journal's web pages.
Estimation of daily rainfall over the upper Nile river basin using a continuously calibrated satellite infrared technique
Authors: Todd M C , Barrett E C , Beaumont M J , Bellerby T J 
Published: July 2002

AbstractA continuously calibrated infrared (IR) geostationary satellite rainfall estimation technique (CCB4) is introduced, in the context of the Nile River Forecast System, an operational system for hydrological modelling and forecasting. The CCB4 incorporates near‐real‐time rain gauge data to continuously calibrate optimum IR rain/no‐rain thresholds and daily rain rates on a daily time step. The ability of the CCB4 and two comparative techniques to estimate daily rainfall at the regional and pixel scales is assessed, using Meteosat IR imagery and gauge data from six wet season months covering three years. The CCB4 shows improved skill in identifying rain days and estimating daily rain amounts at a range of spatial scales, from regional to pixel scales. At the pixel scale, however, improved root mean square errors remain relatively high, ranging between 66% and 84% of the mean unconditional rain rate. Copyright © 1999 Royal Meteorological Society
Net national product, wealth, and social well-being
Authors: DASGUPTA PARTHA , MÄLER KARL-GÖRAN 
Published: July 2002

This paper is about net national product (NNP). We are concerned with what NNP means, what it should include, what it offers us and, therefore, why we may be interested in it. We show that NNP, properly defined, can be used to evaluate economic policies, but we also show that it should not be used in any of its more customary roles, such as in making intertemporal and cross-country comparisons of social well-being. We develop such indices as would be appropriate for making those comparisons. In particular, we show that welfare comparisons should involve comparisons of wealth. Writings on the welfare economics of NNP have mostly addressed economies pursuing optimal policies, and are thus of limited use. Our analysis generalises this substantially by studying economies whose governments are capable of engaging only in policy reforms. We show how linear indices can be used for the evaluation of policy reform even in the presence of non-convexities in the economic environment. The analysis pertinent for optimising governments are special limiting cases of the one we develop.The literature on green NNP has widely interpreted NNP as ‘constant-equivalent consumption’. We show that this interpretation is wrong. It is the Hamiltonian that equals constant-equivalent utility. Since both theory and empirics imply that the Hamiltonian is a non-linear function of consumption and leisure, the Hamiltonian should not be confused with NNP.