bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Semiconductors
Authors: Solymar Laszlo , Walsh Donald , Syms Richard 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Summarises basic semiconductor material properties needed before any device fabrication can begin, starting with pure (or intrinsic) group V material such as silicon, and then moving to doped (or extrinsic) material that uses impurities to control the carrier type. Discusses the behaviour of carriers, including the scattering of carriers from the lattice and impurities, and the relation between electron and hole densities that follows from generation and recombination processes. Considers alternative III-V and II-VI materials, non-equilibrium processes such as photoconduction, the effect of the detailed band structure in real semiconductors, and the possibilities offered by lower-cost materials with a less than perfect crystal lattice (amorphous semiconductors). Concludes by discussing how properties such as carrier mobility, the Hall coefficient, the effective mass and the energy gap are measured, and how pure material may be grown and controllably doped with impurity atoms.
Magnetic materials
Authors: Solymar Laszlo , Walsh Donald , Syms Richard 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Uses the classical Curie-Weiss model to explain the mechanisms underpinning the phenomenon of permanent magnetism. Discusses the Curie temperature at which magnetization is lost, the formation and subsequent change in shape of magnetic domains, the nature of domain walls, the hysteresis curve for magnetization and demagnetization, magnetic anisotropy, soft and hard magnetic materials, and the perfomance of the best modern materials. Uses detailed quantum mechanical theory and the periodic table to compare the different forms of magnetism, including paramagnetism, antiferromagnetism, ferromagnetism and ferrimagnetism. Considers additional magnetic phenomena including electron spin resonance, nuclear magnetic resonance, cyclotron resonance, the quantum Hall effect, the magneto-electric effect, magnetoresistance and spin waves. Presents applications for magnetic materials including spintronic devices, Faraday effect isolators, sensors, read heads for magnetic data storage and permanent magnet electric motors.
Artificial materials or metamaterials
Authors: Solymar Laszlo , Walsh Donald , Syms Richard 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Describes new artificial materials generally operating in the electromagnetic domain and based either on structured dielectrics (photonic bandgap materials), or combinations of structured dielectrics and metals (metamaterials). Discusses the dielectric properties of arrays of wires and the magnetic properties of arrays of resonant loops such as split ring resonators. Introduces the idea of an effective permittivity and permeability at RF or optical frequency resulting from these ararngements and discusses the new effects that can arise when both are negative (and the refractive index is also negative). Considers applications in the form of photonic bandgap fibres (which can confine light inside a hollow core), the perfect lens (whose resolution can exceed the diffraction limit) and detectors for magnetic resonance imaging (whose periodic construction can provide patient safety in internal imaging).
Politics and Society in Mid Thirteenth-Century England
Authors: Coss Peter 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This book is a reinterpretation of what it prefers to call the ‘crisis’ rather than the ‘revolution’ of mid-thirteenth-century England. Paradoxically, given the multidirectional nature of modern research, the interpretation of the political history of this period has remained locked into a traditional framework bequeathed by the mid-twentieth-century historian R. F. Treharne, and embellished by the emphases and accentuations of his present-day successors. With its high-flown interpretation of concepts like community, its constitutionalism, its ready identification of a national enterprise, and its predilection for idealism and progressive thinking, this interpretation remains uncomfortably close to the Whig interpretation of English history. It is reinforced by a continuation of a rather ahistorical reverence for the baronial leader Simon de Montfort. The book offers an alternative, less idealistic, and more down-to-earth approach which is anchored in the social mores and cultural values of thirteenth-century England. More emphasis is placed upon the interests, ambitions, and needs of contemporaries, upon social networks of various kinds, and upon how interests both clashed and cohered as people strove to improve or preserve their situations. It was a crisis born of political instability, but in the context of institutional, administrative, and legal growth, that is to say at a particular point in the evolution of the state. It deals with the generation of the crisis, the factors which influenced its course, and its (partial) resolution. In short, it explores the anatomy and physiology of a troubled realm.
Spontaneous Renal Artery Dissection in Active Duty Male
Authors: Kennedy John , Rouse Jake , Roth Michael 
Published: August 2024

ABSTRACT
Spontaneous renal artery dissection is a rare condition with nonspecific symptoms that can be challenging to diagnose. We present the case of a 25-year-old male presenting with left flank pain, mild leukocytosis, and a benign urinalysis found to have renal artery dissection on computed tomography angiogram. The patient’s condition improved following conservative management with anticoagulants. This case demonstrates that Spontaneous renal artery dissection may be a potential cause of renal artery infarction in young, previously healthy patients.
A review of vaping's health effects, treatment, and policy implications
Authors: Buettner-Schmidt Kelly , Fraase Kolby Schaeffer , Barnacle Mykell , Peltier Allison , Saarinen Heidi , Maack Brody , Turrubiates Nancy 
Published: August 2024

ABSTRACT
The emergence and subsequent surge in popularity of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS), especially among adolescents and young adults, have reshaped the landscape of tobacco consumption, including use patterns and beliefs as well as therapeutic approaches to the condition. The health implications of ENDS are a cause for concern among NPs, as they include severe nicotine dependence, mental health consequences, and adverse effects on respiratory and cardiac systems, among other issues. This article focuses on the health implications of vaping across the lifespan and emphasizes the need for NPs to evaluate ENDS use consistently across age groups and offer age-appropriate treatment within the clinical setting. Importantly, although vaping is prevalent among various age groups, most tobacco use, including vaping, begins and becomes established during adolescence. This back-to-school season therefore marks an ideal time for NPs to educate their pediatric patients, along with their parents or caregivers, about the widespread effects of vaping on health, and it also serves as a reminder to screen for the condition in adults, regardless of smoking history. To combat this trend on a larger scale, NPs can further advocate for community health by promoting youth prevention programs and supporting policy initiatives aimed at curbing ENDS use.
Proportion and clinical characteristics of metabolic-associated fatty liver disease and associated liver fibrosis in an urban Chinese population
Authors: Hou Mengmeng , Gu Qi , Cui Jiawei , Dou Yao , Huang Xiuhong , Li Jie , Qiao Liang , Nan Yuemin 
Published: August 2024

Abstract

Background:
Metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) is the predominant form of chronic liver disease worldwide. This study was designed to investigate the proportion and characteristics of MAFLD within the general Chinese population and to identify the contributory risk factors for liver fibrosis among MAFLD individuals.

Methods:
The participants were recruited from a cohort undergoing routine health evaluations at the Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University between May 2019 and March 2023. The diagnosis of MAFLD was based on the established clinical practice guidelines. The fibrosis-4 index score (FIB-4) was employed to evaluate hepatic fibrosis, with a FIB-4 score of ≥1.3 indicating significant fibrosis. Binary logistic regression analyses were used to determine risk factors associated with significant hepatic fibrosis in MAFLD.

Results:
A total of 22,970 participants who underwent comprehensive medical examinations were included in the analysis. The overall proportion of MAFLD was 28.77% (6608/22,970), with 16.87% (1115/6608) of these patients showing significant fibrosis as assessed using FIB-4. Independent risk factors for significant liver fibrosis in MAFLD patients were male (odds ratio [OR] = 0.676, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.558–0.821), hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) positivity (OR = 2.611, 95% CI: 1.557–4.379), body mass index ≥23.00 kg/m2 (OR = 0.632, 95% CI: 0.470–0.851), blood pressure ≥130/85 mmHg (OR = 1.885, 95% CI: 1.564–2.272), and plasma glucose ≥5.6 mmol/L (OR = 1.815, 95% CI: 1.507–2.186) (all P <0.001).

Conclusions:
The proportion of MAFLD in an urban Chinese population is 28.77%. About 16.87% of MAFLD patients presented with significant liver fibrosis.
POU2F1 inhibits miR-29b1/a cluster-mediated suppression of PIK3R1 and PIK3R3 expression to regulate gastric cancer cell invasion and migration
Authors: Xiao Yizhi , Yang Ping , Xiao Wushuang , Yu Zhen , Li Jiaying , Li Xiaofeng , Lin Jianjiao , Zhang Jieming , Pei Miaomiao , Hong Linjie , Yang Juanying , Lin Zhizhao , Jiang Ping , Xiang Li , Li Guoxin , Ai Xinbo , Dai Weiyu , Tang Weimei , Wang Jide 
Published: August 2024

Abstract

Background:
The transcription factor POU2F1 regulates the expression levels of microRNAs in neoplasia. However, the miR-29b1/a cluster modulated by POU2F1 in gastric cancer (GC) remains unknown.

Methods:
Gene expression in GC cells was evaluated using reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (PCR), western blotting, immunohistochemistry, and RNA in situ hybridization. Co-immunoprecipitation was performed to evaluate protein interactions. Transwell migration and invasion assays were performed to investigate the biological behavior of GC cells. MiR-29b1/a cluster promoter analysis and luciferase activity assay for the 3′-UTR study were performed in GC cells. In vivo tumor metastasis was evaluated in nude mice.

Results:

POU2F1 is overexpressed in GC cell lines and binds to the miR-29b1/a cluster promoter. POU2F1 is upregulated, whereas mature miR-29b-3p and miR-29a-3p are downregulated in GC tissues. POU2F1 promotes GC metastasis by inhibiting miR-29b-3p or miR-29a-3p expression in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, PIK3R1 and/or PIK3R3 are direct targets of miR-29b-3p and/or miR-29a-3p, and the ectopic expression of PIK3R1 or PIK3R3 reverses the suppressive effect of mature miR-29b-3p and/or miR-29a-3p on GC cell metastasis and invasion. Additionally, the interaction of PIK3R1 with PIK3R3 promotes migration and invasion, and miR-29b-3p, miR-29a-3p, PIK3R1, and PIK3R3 regulate migration and invasion via the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B/mammalian target of rapamycin (PI3K/Akt/mTOR) pathway in GC cells. In addition, POU2F1, PIK3R1, and PIK3R3 expression levels negatively correlated with miR-29b-3p and miR-29a-3p expression levels in GC tissue samples.

Conclusions:
The POU2F1-miR-29b-3p/miR-29a-3p-PIK3R1/PIK3R1 signaling axis regulates tumor progression and may be a promising therapeutic target for GC.
Kirenol Alleviates Inflammation and Oxidative Stress to Improve Myocardial Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury in Rats
Authors: Shi Jinlong , Guan Bingfeng , Gong Minghui , He Xinyi 
Published: August 2024

Abstract:
Ischemic heart disease gravely threatens human health and even results in death. Kirenol is predominantly derived from the Herba Siegesbeckiae plant species and possesses a wide range of biological effects (such as antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and cardioprotective). However, the regulatory effects and associated mechanisms of kirenol in myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury (MI/RI) remain unclear. In this study, first, the MI/RI rat model was established. It was demonstrated that kirenol protected against the aggravation of cardiac function in MI/RI rats. In addition, the inflammation was induced by ischemia reperfusion (IR), which was likewise affected by kirenol (5 or 10 mg/kg). Moreover, IR enhanced oxidative stress, a process that was counteracted by kirenol. Next, cell apoptosis was discovered to be heightened after IR, but this effect was neutralized by kirenol. Finally, it was revealed that kirenol has the ability to block the activation of the NF-κB pathway. In conclusion, it was disclosed that kirenol alleviated inflammation and oxidative stress through modulating the NF-κB pathway to improve MI/RI in rats. This work may offer novel insights for searching useful drugs for treating MI/RI.
Comparison of Oncological and Aesthetic Outcomes between Tissue Rearrangement Technique and Pedicled Latissimus Dorsi Flap Reconstruction in Cases of Upper Outer Quadrant Breast Cancer
Authors: Ahmed Ahmed S. , Mohamed Mohamed A.K. , Mostafa Hesham S. , El Naggar Abdel Naser M.E. , Ali Abdel Halim M.A. , Ahmed Ahmed Safaa , Ibrahim Mostafa F. 
Published: August 2024

Background:
Emerging as an adjunct to breast-conserving surgery, oncoplastic breast surgery seeks to improve the cosmetic and functional outcomes for breast cancer surgery. The objective was to assess the potential advantages of using the latissimus dorsi (LD) flap, in comparison with local tissue rearrangement, in terms of aesthetic results and postoperative problems.

Methods:
This study compared the outcomes of patients with a malignant tumor removed from the upper outer quadrant of the breast using a comparative nonrandomized control approach. Participants were split into two groups: reconstruction using local tissue rearrangement was performed on 20 patients (group A), and a pedicled LD flap was used to treat the same number of patients (group B). All patients were examined in the clinics’ outpatient setting. Every 3 months, the medical oncology team would do a thorough clinical assessment.

Results:
Better aesthetic outcomes were significantly higher among patients with an LD flap. The LD flap was able to maintain breast shape in 90%, breast volume in 85%, and the nipple-areola complex direction in 90% of patients. Surgeons’ evaluation of both techniques reported significantly higher satisfaction for LD flap than local tissue replacement. Patient satisfaction was significantly higher among patients with an LD flap. With regard to the postoperative complications, there were no significant differences between either group.

Conclusions:
Oncoplastic breast surgery with reconstruction using the pedicled LD flap provides maintenance of the shape of female breasts with better aesthetic outcomes and patient and surgeon satisfaction than reconstruction using local tissue rearrangement, with a comparable complication rate.
Geospatial Demand for Approved Cleft Care in the United States
Authors: Parham Matthew J. , Williams Austin D. , Layon Sarah A. , Burns Heather R. , Abu-Ghname Amjed , Hollier Larry H. 
Published: August 2024

Background:
Geographic information systems are powerful tools for characterizing the geospatial factors influencing access to care. As patients with cleft lip and/or palate (CL/P) require long-term care, with numerous operations and therapies, access to timely, quality care is extremely important. This study uses population level analysis and geographic information systems to identify United States counties with limited access to American Cleft Palate Association–approved cleft teams.

Methods:
Natality data were queried from the National Vital Statistics System. Population and geographic data were obtained from the US Census Bureau. The Social Vulnerability Index (SVI) was utilized to account for social inequality. Total births with CL/P, population estimates, SVI, distance to the nearest center, and total centers within 50 km were used to generate the cleft care demand index (CCDI).

Results:
Ninety-two counties had CCDIs between 66.7 and 100. The highest scoring county, Hidalgo County, Texas, had 62 births with CL/P, population estimate of 888,367 persons, distance to the nearest cleft center of 368.4 km, and SVI of 0.99.

Conclusions:
This study demonstrates the power of geographic information systems for identifying areas with limited access to approved cleft teams. The CCDI measures cleft burden, socioeconomic disadvantage, and geographic barriers to quantify the demand for approved cleft care in each county. Utilizing these scores can help direct future interventions, outreach efforts, and cleft care center planning.
Limb Preservation and Functional Reconstruction after Complete Amputation and Replantation of the Upper Arm and Thigh
Authors: Zhou Zhegang , Yu Longbiao , Meng Fanbin , Wen Jingjing , Xiao Yingfeng , Wan Shengxiang , Zeng Hui , Yu Fei 
Published: August 2024

Summary:
A 26-year-old man was admitted to our hospital due to the replantation of the severed right upper arm and right thigh injury 6 days before. The patient received emergency treatment at a local hospital. He underwent amputation and replantation for the right upper arm and right thigh. After surgery, he experienced fever, limb swelling, and wound pain. At the time of admission to our hospital, the patient exhibited stable vital signs. An infection was found at the replanted wound, and the culture results showed Pseudomonas aeruginosa. After admission, the patient underwent symptomatic antiinflammatory treatment. In addition, he received fracture reduction and external fixation with a bracket, radial nerve exploration and release of the upper and lower limb external fixation with a bracket, upper femur osteotomy, and external fixation with a bracket. He also received reconstruction of elbow flexion functions with biceps femoris tendon transplantation; reconstruction of wrist joint fusion, finger extension function, and palm function; removal of the femoral external fixation with a bracket; and tibiofibular osteotomy and leg lengthening surgery. Moreover, the anterior tibial tendon was fixed to correct foot drop deformity, and the external fixation bracket was removed. Owing to these efforts, the patient achieved limb preservation with well-reconstructed functions.
Prospective Randomized Study on the Use of Sentinel Node Biopsy for High-risk Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinomas of the Head and Neck
Authors: Spyropoulou Georgia-Alexandra , Mpalaris Vassilis , Pervana Stavroula , Trakatelli Myrto , Foroglou Periklis , Milothridis Panagiotis , Garoufalias Theodoros , Drougou Avra , Demiri Efterpi 
Published: August 2024

Background:
The use of sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) for high-risk cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (CSCC) is not yet clearly documented, especially for the head and neck area, due to its rich and cross-branching lymphatic system. We present the first prospective randomized study on the use of SLNB in high-risk CSCCs of the head and neck.

Methods:
Seventy-six patients with high-risk CSCCs of the head and neck were randomly divided into two groups: A (n = 38) and B (n = 38). In group A, SLNB was performed additionally to the excision of squamous cell carcinoma, whereas in group B, only excision of the lesion was performed. The patients were followed up for 5 years postoperatively, and local recurrences, regional metastases (regional lymph nodes), and mortality were documented.

Results:
One patient of group A, who never attended any follow-up, was excluded. Both groups had similar characteristics regarding Breslow thickness, perineurial invasion, peripheral limits, differentiation, size, previous incomplete excision, age, sex, education, sun exposure, Fitzpatrick score, previous incomplete excision, previous skin cancer, and smoking. Two patients had a positive sentinel lymph node and were submitted to regional lymphadenectomy. We documented deaths (three in group A and two in group B; P = 0.674), local recurrence (seven in group A and six in group B; P = 0.768), and regional metastasis (zero in group A and two in group B; P = 0.159).

Conclusion:
There is no clear benefit on the use of SLNB in high-risk CSCCs of the head and neck regarding metastasis, mortality, or local recurrence control.
NIRO200NX: Reliable Monitoring System for Buried Deep Inferior Epigastric Perforator Flap
Authors: Tanaka Mami , Umemoto Yasutaka , Ohashi Wataru , Watanabe Hideto , Nagata Ayako , Furukawa Hiroshi 
Published: August 2024

Background:
The deep inferior epigastric perforator (DIEP) flap is a useful tool for breast reconstruction and tends to be transferred into the breast envelope as the buried flap from an aesthetic point of view. However, it is difficult to monitor the blood flow in the buried DIEP flap after reconstructive microsurgery. Near-infrared spectroscopy devices have recently been used for monitoring the blood flow of various organs. NIRO200NX (Hamamatsu Photonics) continuously measures the tissue oxygen index (TOI) and quickly reflects changes in flap blood flow. In this study, we investigated whether and how much the NIRO200NX applies to monitoring the blood flow of the buried flap.

Methods:
We included 156 patients who underwent breast reconstruction using a DIEP flap from October 2013 to May 2022, comprising 57 exposed and 99 buried-type DIEP flap cases. We measured TOI using NIRO200NX, in combination with conventional evaluation methods, including color check, pinprick test, and Doppler sound.

Results:
A criterion of TOI 50 gave the best evaluations. All the 57 exposed-type flap cases showed no false evaluations, and NIRO200NX performed precise judgment. In 99 buried-type flap cases, NIRO200NX correctly evaluated 96 cases. For those buried-type cases, we found only two false-positive and one false-negative case. The misjudgments by NIRO200NX were likely caused by hematoma.

Conclusion:
We propose NIRO200NX as a reliable device for monitoring the blood flow of the DIEP flap and predicting the outcomes of breast reconstruction by the DIEP flap transfer.
Retrorectus Ventral Hernia Repair Utilizing T-line Hernia Mesh: Technical Descriptions
Authors: Naga Hani I. , Oyola Anna Malysz , Kim Joshua K. , Hope William W. , Farber Lee , Yoo Jin S. 
Published: August 2024

Summary:
The T-line hernia mesh is a synthetic, polypropylene mesh with mesh suture extensions designed to prevent anchor point failure by evenly distributing tension across the soft tissue. Previous studies have demonstrated the success of onlay ventral hernia repair with T-line hernia mesh, but retrorectus applications of the mesh have not yet been characterized. This technique article illustrates technical descriptions and clinical applications of the T-line hernia mesh in the retrorectus plane.