bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Practical ECG Criterion to Unmask Left Accessory AV Connections in Patients With Subtle Preexcitation
Authors: THOMPSON J. JENKINS , SHAH JIGNESH , CHARNIGO RICHARD , TACKETT ANDREA , DARRAT YOUSEF H. , BAILEY ALISON , DELISLE BRIAN , KAKAVAND BAHRAM , DI BIASE LUIGI , NATALE ANDREA , MORALES GUSTAVO , ELAYI CLAUDE S. 
Published: May 2015

New ECG Criteria for Left‐Sided AV ConnectionsBackgroundAccessory AV‐connections capable of antegrade conduction need to be recognized because of the potential for life‐threatening arrhythmias. However, the preexcited ECG pattern may be subtle, especially among left‐sided AV‐connections. We explored whether additional ECG criteria might help identify left‐sided AV‐connections.MethodsWe analyzed 156 patients who underwent an electrophysiology study (EPS) and ablation for paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardias (PSVT). Patients were divided into 2 groups: those with left‐sided AV‐connections (Group 1) and all other PSVT (Group 2). Various ECG parameters were compared before and after ablation in both groups.ResultsThe EPS identified left‐sided AV‐connections among 43 patients (Group 1) and excluded it among 113 (Group 2). Baseline ECG in Group 1 demonstrated obvious preexcitation among 24/43 patients (55.8%), the remaining 19/43 missing obvious preexcitation. R/S ratio > 0.5 in V1 was noted in 38/43 (88.4%) patients in Group 1 before ablation (median 1.00; IQR 0.58–2.20), including 16/19 (84.2%) patients lacking obvious left‐sided AVconnections. Conversely, only 10/113 (8.8%) patients in Group 2 had R/S ratios in V1 ≥ 0.5 (0.20; 0.10‐0.31), P < 0.0001. After ablation, the R/S ratio decreased significantly in Group 1 (0.29; 0.17–0.45), P < 0.0001. Thus, a combined criterion of classic preexcitation or R/S ratio ≥ 0.5 on ECG identified 40/43 left‐sided AV‐connections (sensitivity 93.0%). The negative predictive value of this combined criterion was 103/106 (97.2%).ConclusionsIn symptomatic patients, combining the R/S ratio (≥ 0.5) in lead V1 with the classic preexcitation pattern on ECG markedly improved the sensitivity to diagnose left‐sided AV‐connections. This ratio may be particularly useful among patients lacking obvious preexcitation.
Sulforaphane enhances temozolomide‐induced apoptosis because of down‐regulation of miR‐21 via Wnt/β‐catenin signaling in glioblastoma
Authors: Lan FengMing , Pan Qiang , Yu Huiming , Yue Xiao 
Published: May 2015

AbstractTemozolomide (TMZ) has been widely used in the treatment of glioblastoma (GBM), although inherent or acquired resistance restricts the application. This study was aimed to evaluate the efficacy of sulforaphane (SFN) to TMZ‐induced apoptosis in GBM cells and the potential mechanism. Biochemical assays and subcutaneous tumor establishment were used to characterize the function of SFN in TMZ‐induced apoptosis. Our results revealed that β‐catenin and miR‐21 were concordantly expressed in GBM cell lines, and SFN significantly reduced miR‐21 expression through inhibiting the Wnt/β‐catenin/TCF4 pathway. Furthermore, down‐regulation of miR‐21 enhanced the pro‐apoptotic efficacy of TMZ in GBM cells. Finally, we observed that SFN strengthened TMZ‐mediated apoptosis in a miR‐21‐dependent manner. In conclusion, SFN effectively enhances TMZ‐induced apoptosis by inhibiting miR‐21 via Wnt/β‐catenin signaling in GBM cells. These findings support the use of SFN for potential therapeutic approach to overcome TMZ resistance in GBM treatment.
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Our studies indicate that sulforaphane (SFN) enhances temozolomide (TMZ)‐induced apoptosis because of down‐regulation of miR‐21 through Wnt/β‐catenin signaling in glioblastoma (GBM) cells. These findings demonstrate SFN could be considered as a potential adjuvant therapeutic agent in treating GBM patients combined with TMZ in the future to affect resistance emergence. The further explorations are essential for the clinical application of SFN in GBM patients, and our results reveal an important mechanism of SFN chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic activity. Chr17, chromosome 17.
Persona‐based information shapes linguistic perception: Valley Girls and California vowels
Authors: D'Onofrio Annette 
Published: May 2015

This paper investigates the effect of persona‐based information on implicit linguistic perceptions of a sociolinguistic feature – the backed trap vowel. trap‐backing is associated both with macro‐social region (California) and with a particular persona that inhabits this region (the Valley Girl). An eye‐tracking paradigm is used to examine these associations in early, automatic stages of perception. One group of listeners was told the speaker was from California, while another group was told that the speaker had been described as a Valley Girl. Findings demonstrate that both the California information and the Valley Girl information caused listeners to expect the speaker to exhibit trap‐backing. While previous studies have highlighted the influence of macro‐sociological categories on linguistic perception, the present study suggests that persona‐based social meanings can also serve to influence perception, supporting theories that foreground personae as social constructs crucial to interaction.
Are phylogenies derived from family‐level supertrees robust for studies on macroecological patterns along environmental gradients?
Authors: Qian Hong , Zhang Jian 
Published: May 2015

AbstractEcologists frequently use a supertree method to generate phylogenies in ecological studies. However, the robustness of research results based on phylogenies generated with a supertree method has not been well evaluated. Here, we use the angiosperm tree flora of North America as a model system to test the robustness of phylogenies generated with a supertree method for studies on the relationship between phylogenetic properties and environment, by comparing the relationship between phylogenetic metrics and environmental variables derived from a phylogeny reconstructed with a supertree method to that derived from a phylogeny resolved at species level. North America was divided into equal area quadrats of 12 100 km2. Nine indices of phylogenetic structure were calculated for angiosperm tree assemblages in each quadrat using two phylogenies resolved at different levels (one resolved at the family level and the other resolved at the species level). Scores of phylogenetic indices were related to two major climatic variables (temperature and precipitation) using correlation and regression analyses. Scores of phylogenetic indices resulting from the two phylogenies are perfectly or nearly perfectly correlated. On average, there is no difference in the variation explained by the two climatic variables between scores of phylogenetic indices derived from the two phylogenies. Our study suggests that a phylogeny derived from a well resolved family‐level supertree as backbone with genera and species attached to the backbone as polytomies is robust for studies investigating the relationship between phylogenetic structure and environment in biological assemblages at a broad spatial scale.
Metabolic responses to predation risk in a jumping spider
Authors: Okuyama T. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractPredators not only consume prey but also modify the traits of prey (e.g. physiology and behaviour). This study examined how the metabolic rate of prey (measured by CO2 release) changes as they perceive the presence of a predator in a laboratory setting. The jumping spider Hasarius adansoni was used as the study subject. Two species of jumping spiders, Plexippus paykulli and Ptocasius strupifer, and the oriental fruit fly Bactocera dorsalis were used as visual cues. Pl. paykulli is larger than H. adansoni and was used as a cue of predators. Pt. strupifer (smaller than H. adansoni) and B. dorsalis were used as reference controls. The response of H. adansoni to Pl. paykulli was dynamic, with CO2 release first increasing with the detection of the predator and then decreasing to a low level. Similar responses were not observed when H. adansoni detected the other species. The results show that H. adansoni reacts to visual cues of predation threat by rapidly changing its metabolic rate and suggest that the dynamic expressions of metabolism contain rich information about how H. adansoni perceives the environment.
High levels of interspecific gene flow in an endemic cichlid fish adaptive radiation from an extreme lake environment
Authors: Ford Antonia G. P. , Dasmahapatra Kanchon K. , Rüber Lukas , Gharbi Karim , Cezard Timothee , Day Julia J. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractStudying recent adaptive radiations in isolated insular systems avoids complicating causal events and thus may offer clearer insight into mechanisms generating biological diversity. Here, we investigate evolutionary relationships and genomic differentiation within the recent radiation of Alcolapia cichlid fish that exhibit extensive phenotypic diversification, and which are confined to the extreme soda lakes Magadi and Natron in East Africa. We generated an extensive RAD data set of 96 individuals from multiple sampling sites and found evidence for genetic admixture between species within Lake Natron, with the highest levels of admixture between sympatric populations of the most recently diverged species. Despite considerable environmental separation, populations within Lake Natron do not exhibit isolation by distance, indicating panmixia within the lake, although individuals within lineages clustered by population in phylogenomic analysis. Our results indicate exceptionally low genetic differentiation across the radiation despite considerable phenotypic trophic variation, supporting previous findings from smaller data sets; however, with the increased power of densely sampled SNPs, we identify genomic peaks of differentiation (FST outliers) between Alcolapia species. While evidence of ongoing gene flow and interspecies hybridization in certain populations suggests that Alcolapia species are incompletely reproductively isolated, the identification of outlier SNPs under diversifying selection indicates the radiation is undergoing adaptive divergence.
Evaluation of Disturbances in Mechanized Tunneling Using Process Simulation
Authors: Rahm Tobias , Scheffer Markus , Thewes Markus , König Markus , Duhme Ruben 
Published: May 2015

AbstractProduction in mechanized tunneling frequently encounters disruptions due to sensitive process interdependencies. Reasons can be technical failures, insufficient capacity dimensioning, organizational deficiencies, or sensitive supply chains. These unproductive times could be reduced by an adequately designed project setup including logistical aspects. Therefore, possible disturbances must be identified and analyzed in detail. Based on this investigation, the machine and logistics setup can be changed to cope with unforeseen events. We present a modeling and simulation approach to analyze production and logistic processes of mechanized tunneling processes in a transparent and understandable way. The system is formalized in the modeling standard SysML. Thereby, we consider relevant system elements and process interdependencies to assess the effect of disturbances and to identify bottlenecks. We distinguish three kinds of disruptions: (i) technical failure of main elements related to the production processes, (ii) issues resulting from an insufficient supply chain, and (iii) cascading disturbances. The implementation in a simulation environment and the processing of relevant input data are presented hereupon. The presented approach is then illustrated by means of an application example based on a completed metro project. Three extending simulation studies quantify the impact of the identified disturbance categories.
Detection of Orthobunyavirus in mosquitoes collected in Argentina
Authors: TAURO L. B. , BATALLAN G. P. , RIVAROLA M. E. , VISINTIN A. , BERRÓN C. I. , SOUSA E. C. , DIAZ L. A. , ALMIRON W. R. , NUNES M. R. , CONTIGIANI M. S. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractBunyamwera virus (BUNV) (Bunyaviridae, genus Orthobunyavirus, serogroup Bunyamwera) is considered an emerging pathogen for humans and animals in American countries. The CbaAr‐426 strain of BUNV was recovered from mosquitoes Ochlerotatus albifasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae) collected in Córdoba province (Argentina), where serological studies detected high seroprevalences in humans and animals. Molecular detection of Orthobunyavirus was performed in mosquitoes collected in Córdoba province. Seventeen mosquito pools of Oc. albifasciatus, Ochlerotatus scapularis and Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae) showed positive results; four of these positive pools, all of Oc. scapularis, were sequenced. All amplicons grouped with BUNV in the Bunyamwera serogroup. The findings highlight the circulation of BUNV in Córdoba province and represent the first report of BUNV‐infected Oc. scapularis mosquitoes in Argentina.
Dynamic evolution of Geranium mitochondrial genomes through multiple horizontal and intracellular gene transfers
Authors: Park Seongjun , Grewe Felix , Zhu Andan , Ruhlman Tracey A. , Sabir Jamal , Mower Jeffrey P. , Jansen Robert K. 
Published: May 2015

Summary

The exchange of genetic material between cellular organelles through intracellular gene transfer (IGT) or between species by horizontal gene transfer (HGT) has played an important role in plant mitochondrial genome evolution. The mitochondrial genomes of Geraniaceae display a number of unusual phenomena including highly accelerated rates of synonymous substitutions, extensive gene loss and reduction in RNA editing.

Mitochondrial DNA sequences assembled for 17 species of Geranium revealed substantial reduction in gene and intron content relative to the ancestor of the Geranium lineage. Comparative analyses of nuclear transcriptome data suggest that a number of these sequences have been functionally relocated to the nucleus via IGT.

Evidence for rampant HGT was detected in several Geranium species containing foreign organellar DNA from diverse eudicots, including many transfers from parasitic plants. One lineage has experienced multiple, independent HGT episodes, many of which occurred within the past 5.5 Myr.

Both duplicative and recapture HGT were documented in Geranium lineages. The mitochondrial genome of Geranium brycei contains at least four independent HGT tracts that are absent in its nearest relative. Furthermore, G. brycei mitochondria carry two copies of the cox1 gene that differ in intron content, providing insight into contrasting hypotheses on cox1 intron evolution.
Genes and networks regulating root anatomy and architecture
Authors: Wachsman Guy , Sparks Erin E. , Benfey Philip N. 
Published: May 2015

SummaryThe root is an excellent model for studying developmental processes that underlie plant anatomy and architecture. Its modular structure, the lack of cell movement and relative accessibility to microscopic visualization facilitate research in a number of areas of plant biology. In this review, we describe several examples that demonstrate how cell type‐specific developmental mechanisms determine cell fate and the formation of defined tissues with unique characteristics. In the last 10 yr, advances in genome‐wide technologies have led to the sequencing of thousands of plant genomes, transcriptomes and proteomes. In parallel with the development of these high‐throughput technologies, biologists have had to establish computational, statistical and bioinformatic tools that can deal with the wealth of data generated by them. These resources provide a foundation for posing more complex questions about molecular interactions, and have led to the discovery of new mechanisms that control phenotypic differences. Here we review several recent studies that shed new light on developmental processes, which are involved in establishing root anatomy and architecture. We highlight the power of combining large‐scale experiments with classical techniques to uncover new pathways in root development.

Contents

Summary
26

I.
Introduction
26

II.
Signaling modules that regulate cell fate
27

III.
Understanding global connections through gene regulatory networks
29

IV.
Signaling mechanism of organ formation: lateral root formation
32

V.
Genetic regulation of global root architecture
33

VI.
Conclusions
35

References
36
Possible World Semantics and True‐True Counterfactuals
Authors: Walters Lee 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThe standard semantics for counterfactuals ensures that any counterfactual with a true antecedent and true consequent is itself true. There have been many recent attempts to amend the standard semantics to avoid this result. I show that these proposals invalidate a number of further principles of the standard logic of counterfactuals. The case against the automatic truth of counterfactuals with true components does not extend to these further principles, however, so it is not clear that rejecting the latter should be a consequence of rejecting the former. Instead I consider how one might defuse putative counterexamples to the truth of true‐true counterfactuals.
How Long Has the Earth Existed? Persuasion and World‐Picture in Wittgenstein's On Certainty
Authors: Perissinotto Luigi 
Published: May 2015

AbstractIn some sections of On Certainty, Wittgenstein uses the term “persuasion,” pitting it, on the one hand, against “giving reasons” (proving and justifying), and comparing it, on the other, to conversion (also in the religious sense of the term), while, finally, defining it as “giving someone one's own picture of the world.” In this essay, I analyse these sections, in an effort to fit them into the broader context of On Certainty, and to clarify the meaning and the limits of the comparison between persuasion and conversion. My aim is to show that persuasion as Wittgenstein understands it here is quite similar to what we could call “re‐education.”
The Duty of Clarity: A Persuasion Effort. Continuity and Physics from Boltzmann to Wittgenstein
Authors: Montibeller Marcello 
Published: May 2015

AbstractDespite several scholars referring to the relationships between the philosophy of Boltzmann and Wittgenstein, this topic is still to be explored. The aim of this paper is to analyse the similarities between their views on mathematical continuum and on the meaning of physical theories and phenomenological states of affairs. In several arguments, they both aim to achieve a similar task: by clarifying the meaning of theories in their concrete use, both authors persuade the reader to abandon an apparently intuitive way of thinking in order to overcome theoretical problems by dissolving them.
Clostridium clariflavum: Key Cellulosome Players Are Revealed by Proteomic Analysis
Authors: Artzi Lior , Morag Ely , Barak Yoav , Lamed Raphael , Bayer Edward A. 
Published: May 2015

ABSTRACT

Clostridium clariflavum
is an anaerobic, cellulosome-forming thermophile, containing in its genome genes for a large number of cellulosomal enzyme and a complex scaffoldin system. Previously, we described the major cohesin-dockerin interactions of the cellulosome components, and on this basis a model of diverse cellulosome assemblies was derived. In this work, we cultivated
C. clariflavum
on cellobiose-, microcrystalline cellulose-, and switchgrass-containing media and isolated cell-free cellulosome complexes from each culture. Gel filtration separation of the cellulosome samples revealed two major fractions, which were analyzed by label-free liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) in order to identify the key players of the cellulosome assemblies therein. From the 13 scaffoldins present in the
C. clariflavum
genome, 11 were identified, and a variety of enzymes from different glycoside hydrolase and carbohydrate esterase families were identified, including the glycoside hydrolase families GH48, GH9, GH5, GH30, GH11, and GH10. The expression level of the cellulosomal proteins varied as a function of the carbon source used for cultivation of the bacterium. In addition, the catalytic activity of each cellulosome was examined on different cellulosic substrates, xylan and switchgrass. The cellulosome isolated from the microcrystalline cellulose-containing medium was the most active of all the cellulosomes that were tested. The results suggest that the expression of the cellulosome proteins is regulated by the type of substrate in the growth medium. Moreover, both cell-free and cell-bound cellulosome complexes were produced which together may degrade the substrate in a synergistic manner. These observations are compatible with our previously published model of cellulosome assemblies in this bacterium.

IMPORTANCE
Because the reservoir of unsustainable fossil fuels, such as coal, petroleum, and natural gas, is overutilized and continues to contribute to environmental pollution and CO
2
emission, the need for appropriate alternative energy sources becomes more crucial. Bioethanol produced from dedicated crops and cellulosic waste can provide a partial answer, yet a cost-effective production method must be developed. The cellulosome system of the anaerobic thermophile
C. clariflavum
comprises a large number of cellulolytic and hemicellulolytic enzymes, which self-assemble in a number of different cellulosome architectures for enhanced cellulosic biomass degradation. Identification of the major cellulosomal components expressed during growth of the bacterium and their influence on its catalytic capabilities provide insight into the performance of the remarkable cellulosome of this intriguing bacterium. The findings, together with the thermophilic characteristics of the proteins, render
C. clariflavum
of great interest for future use in industrial cellulose conversion processes.