bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Les vitraux disparus de l'église des Cordeliers de Nancy
Authors: Hérold Michel 
Published: December 2014

The Lost Windows of the Church of the Cordeliers in Nancy, by M. Herold.
In 1482, René II, duke of Lorraine, founded a Franciscan convent in Nancy. The chapel of this convent, destined to house the sepulchres of the dukes, was built between 1483 and 1526 and sumptuously decorated. Its furnishings and stained- glass Windows, which are of particular interest, hâve disappeared. A reconstruction of twelve of thèse Windows is now possible with the help of some archivai material and various prints and drawings, in particular an early seventeenth-century engraving, by Frederic Brentel, depicting the funeral cérémonies of duke Charles III.
Donations made over a sixty-year period (1486-1545) insured the progressive installation of the Windows. Seven of them were offered by duke René II, his mother Yolande d'Anjou, his wife, and his sons — the duke Antoine, Jean Cardinal de Lorraine, Louis comte de Vaudemont — and are the expression of a véritable princely patronage in the Angevin tradition. A certain number of recently ennobled ducal officers, a new élément in Lorraine Society, followed their example.
The iconography chosen by the donors was not subject to an overall programme ; hierarchically, however, the ducal Windows were given privileged positions in the bays of the choir and the rose of the façade.
A prestigious glass maker, Pierre Hemmel d'Andlau, received from Yolande d'Anjou and René II a commission for three Windows, but the rest are by local artists from Nancy whose existence had heretofore scarcely been imagined. The study of the lost Windows from the chapel of the Cordeliers in Nancy brings an important contribution to our knowledge of the art of glass making in the duchy of Lorraine at a time when that art was at its apogée.
Chronologie des sermons de Grégoire de Nysse
Authors: Daniélou Jean 
Published: December 2014

Deux excès semblent avoir vicié les nombreuses études portant dès 1949 sur la question des rapports entre la communauté essénienne du khirbet Qumrân et l'Église judéo-chrétienne des origines : la tendance à voir dans les textes judaïques l'explication même de la littérature et du fait chrétiens, une certaine méfiance par ailleurs à l'égard de toute comparaison des écrits apostoliques et qumrâniens. La critique actuelle réagit de plus en plus contre ces extrêmes et souligne vigoureusement la complexité du débat.
La présente étude, qui s'ouvre sur un répertoire des travaux publiés depuis 1949 sur le problème, a pour objet de faire le point de la discussion et d'en reconsidérer les résultats.
Aucune des multiples analogies entre Jean le Baptiste et la confrérie de la Mer Morte n'apparaît pure de divergences notables Jean est issu du sacerdoce messianiste, mais il ne s'affirme pas irréconciliable avec les représentants du parti antisadoqite des Sadducéens. De même, il cite le Deutéro-Isaie comme la source de son eschatologie, mais il le commente dans un sens moins légaliste et plus prophétique que les gens de l'Alliance.
Gene prediction and annotation in Penstemon (Plantaginaceae): A workflow for marker development from extremely low‐coverage genome sequencing
Authors: Blischak Paul D. , Wenzel Aaron J. , Wolfe Andrea D. 
Published: December 2014

• Premise of the study: Penstemon (Plantaginaceae) is a large and diverse genus endemic to North America. However, determining the phylogenetic relationships among its 280 species has been difficult due to its recent evolutionary radiation. The development of a large, multilocus data set can help to resolve this challenge.• Methods: Using both previously sequenced genomic libraries and our own low‐coverage whole‐genome shotgun sequencing libraries, we used the MAKER2 Annotation Pipeline to identify gene regions for the development of sequencing loci from six extremely low‐coverage Penstemon genomes (∼0.005×–0.007×). We also compared this approach to BLAST searches, and conducted analyses to characterize sequence divergence across the species sequenced.• Results: Annotations and gene predictions were successfully added to more than 10,000 contigs for potential use in downstream primer design. Primers were then designed for chloroplast, mitochondrial, and nuclear loci from these annotated sequences. MAKER2 identified longer gene regions in all six Penstemon genomes when compared with BLASTN and BLASTX searches. The average level of sequence divergence among the six species was 7.14%.• Discussion: Combining bioinformatics tools into a workflow that produces annotations can be useful for creating potential phylogenetic markers from thousands of sequences even when genome coverage is extremely low and reference data are only available from distant relatives. Furthermore, the output from MAKER2 contains information about important gene features, such as exon boundaries, and can be easily integrated with visualization tools to facilitate the process of marker development.
Development and characterization of nuclear microsatellite markers in the endophytic fungus Epichloë festucae (Clavicipitaceae)
Authors: von Cräutlein Maria , Korpelainen Helena , Helander Marjo , Öhberg Annika , Saikkonen Kari 
Published: December 2014

• Premise of the study: Microsatellite primers were developed for the endophytic fungus Epichloë festucae, which is symbiotic with Festuca rubra, to study the population genetics of the species and to compare population structures between E. festucae and its host F. rubra.• Methods and Results: We developed 14 polymorphic markers using the unplaced genomic scaffold sequences of E. festucae from GenBank. The number of alleles per locus (A) varied from four to 16, and unbiased haploid diversity (h) was 0.717 in eight populations located in the Faroe Islands, Finland, and Spain. The Spanish populations possessed a higher number of alleles and haploid diversity (on average A = 5.1 and h = 0.591, respectively) compared to northern populations (on average A = 1.5 and h = 0.199, respectively).• Conclusions: These polymorphic markers will be used by grass breeders for uses including the improvement of commercial turfgrass cultivars, and by population geneticists to study different species of the Epichloë genus.
Het kwaad
Authors: van Stokkom Bas , Cools Marc 
Published: December 2014

Evil. Some introductory thoughts
Journalists are accustomed to investigate and interpret current forms of violent conflicts and massacres. Psychologists and social scientists lag behind and seem to focus more on ‘remote’ forms of evil, often focusing on forms of authoritarian behaviour and obedience, especially related to the Holocaust. It is striking that reflections on collective violence are often ignored by criminologists. How can this ‘distance’ be explained? Why is there little incentive to study ‘evil’? In this introduction we first discuss the difficult issue of how to define ‘evil’ and we clarify its various meanings. Then we focus on the Holocaust, an oppressive theme that still instigates much debate. In particular, the thesis of the ‘banality of evil’ is controversial. This interest in appalling forms of mass destruction – by theologians, ethicists and historians – raises once again the question why criminological reflection and research of barbarity remains underdeveloped.
De seriemoordenaar als moreel verantwoordelijke actor
Authors: Piret Jean-Marc 
Published: December 2014

The serial killer as a moral responsible actor. Christian, Sadean and Nietzschean perspectives on evil
This article is about the ability of human beings to make a deliberate choice to do evil. Punishing evildoers according to penal law presupposes that they are responsible for their acts, i.e. that they acted out of free will. In the first part I recall the origins of the classical nexus between free will, responsibility and punishment in Christian theology and scholastic philosophy. Then I analyze the philosophies of Sade and Nietzsche in order to demonstrate how the traditional conception of good and evil can be inverted. Sades extreme moral relativism and Nietzsches radical perspectivism open the gates for a justification of moral evil. In the final part I look at the serial killer as an actor who deliberately chooses to do evil. The personality disorder (psychopathy) of most serial killers probably affects their inhibition to harm others. But although their lack of empathy can lower the threshold for harming others, this (mostly) does not annihilate their moral responsibility. Such can be exemplified by the fact that many serial killers are acting in an extremely strategic, opportunistic and deceitful way in order to ensure the persistence of their deliberate choice to do evil. Moreover, some serial killers, when justifying their behavior, engage in arguments putting into perspective ‘good’ and ‘evil’ in a way that is reminiscent of Sade and Nietzsche.
Juegos marciales en las ciudades italianas antes del Renacimiento: entre fiesta y «deporte»
Authors: Martín Prieto Pablo 
Published: December 2014

En el presente artículo se pasa revista a algunos de los ejemplos más característicos y significativos de juegos competitivos de actividad física que se celebraban en las ciudades del centro y norte de Italia en tiempos medievales. Se contempla si tales juegos pueden ser considerados como «deportes» en el sentido más general y habitual del término (en su acepción contemporánea), así como se examina su relación con las festividades tradicionales y prácticas de entrenamiento militar ciudadano en el contexto de la vida urbana de la Italia de aquel tiempo. Una breve descripción de algunos de dichos juegos marciales ilustra su importancia social y cultural dentro de este contexto.This study examines some of the most characteristic and significant examples of competitive physical games that took place in the cities of the centre and the north of Italy in the Middle Ages. The article assesses if these games can be considered sport in the general sense of the term (according to modern usage), as well as consider its relationship with traditional festivities and military training activities in the context of urban life in the Italy of that time. A brief description of certain martial games will demonstrate its social and cultural importance in this context.
El converso sevillano Nicolás Martínez de Medina (o de Sevilla), contador mayor de Castilla. Apuntes para una biografía
Authors: Montes Romero-Camacho Isabel 
Published: December 2014

A partir de la conquista de Sevilla, en 1248, fueron muchos los judíos, primero, y los conversos, después, que llegaron a ocupar una posición preeminente, tanto en la ciudad, como en la corte, desempeñando, casi siempre, importantes oficios, al servicio de la hacienda real castellana, en una secuencia prácticamente ininterrumpida que va desde Alfonso X (1252-1284) hasta la nueva dinastía Trastámara. Uno de estos importantes conversos fue Nicolás Martínez de Medina (o de Sevilla), cuya actuación pública se desarrolló durante los reinados y a la sombra de los primeros Trastámara, desde Enrique II (1369-1379) hasta Juan II (1406-1454) y que, tras una brillante carrera en Sevilla y en la corte, llegaría a ser contador mayor de Castilla y, por tanto, uno de los personajes más influyentes de su época.After the conquest of Seville in 1248, many Jews and later «Conversos» played a prominent role both in the city and in the Court. They occupied significant positions at the service of the Spanish royal treasury almost uninterruptedly from the reign of Alfonso X (1252-1284) to that of the new Trastámara dynasty. One of these important «Conversos» was Nicolás Martínez de Medina (or de Sevilla), who held public positions under the reigns of the first Trastámara kings, from Enrique II (1369-1379) to Juan II (1406-1454). After a brilliant career in Seville and in the Court, he would become chief accountant of Castile and, consequently, one of the most influential individuals of his time.
Status Update for Six Rare Crayfishes (Decapoda: Cambaridae) in Western North Carolina
Authors: Russ William T. , Fraley Stephen J. 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
From 2009–2012 detailed distribution data, information to update conservation status, and additional life history and habitat observations were obtained for six rare crayfishes in Western North Carolina. The Hiwassee Headwaters Crayfish, Cambarus (Puncticambarus) parrishi, continues to occupy a very limited range in Clay County, with most known occurrences from the Tusquitee Creek system. The Chauga Crayfish, C. (P.) chaugaensis, appears to be abundant throughout much of its range in the upper Savannah River Drainage, in Transylvania, Jackson, and Macon counties. The French Broad River Crayfish, C. (P.) reburrus, has declined in Madison and Buncombe counties, while populations in Transylvania County appear to have remained relatively stable. The Broad River Stream Crayfish, C. (Cambarus) lenati continues to occur primarily in the upper First Broad River drainage where it is common in some streams in Rutherford County. The Broad River Spiny Crayfish, C. (P.) spicatus is rare but continues to exist in two isolated populations: upper First Broad and North Pacolet river drainages. The Little Tennessee River Crayfish, C. (P.) georgiae continues to occupy Jackson and Macon counties where it is most abundant in the upper Little Tennessee River Drainage. No range expansions were observed for any of these crayfish species.
How unusual is the 2012–2014 California drought?
Authors: Griffin Daniel , Anchukaitis Kevin J. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractFor the past three years (2012–2014), California has experienced the most severe drought conditions in its last century. But how unusual is this event? Here we use two paleoclimate reconstructions of drought and precipitation for Central and Southern California to place this current event in the context of the last millennium. We demonstrate that while 3 year periods of persistent below‐average soil moisture are not uncommon, the current event is the most severe drought in the last 1200 years, with single year (2014) and accumulated moisture deficits worse than any previous continuous span of dry years. Tree ring chronologies extended through the 2014 growing season reveal that precipitation during the drought has been anomalously low but not outside the range of natural variability. The current California drought is exceptionally severe in the context of at least the last millennium and is driven by reduced though not unprecedented precipitation and record high temperatures.
Nonlinear growth, bifurcation, and pinching of equatorial plasma bubble simulated by three‐dimensional high‐resolution bubble model
Authors: Yokoyama T. , Shinagawa H. , Jin H. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractA new three‐dimensional high‐resolution numerical model to study equatorial plasma bubble (EPB) has been developed. The High‐Resolution Bubble (HIRB) model is developed in a magnetic dipole coordinate system for the equatorial and low‐latitude ionosphere with a spatial resolution of as fine as 1 km. Adopting a higher‐order numerical scheme than those used in the existing models, the HIRB model is capable of reproducing the bifurcation, pinching, and turbulent structures of EPB. From a seeding perturbation resembling large‐scale wave structure (LSWS), EPB grows nonlinearly from the crest of LSWS upwelling, bifurcates at the top of EPB, then becomes turbulent at the topside of the F region. One of the bifurcated EPB is pinched off from the primary EPB and stops growing after pinching. The narrow channel of EPB tends to have a wiggle due to the secondary instability along the wall of EPB. Because of the fringe field effect above and below the EPB, upward drifting low‐density plasma converges toward the F peak altitude, forming a narrow‐depleted channel, and diverges above the peak, forming a flattened top of the EPB. The flattened top which has a steep upward density gradient is so unstable that bifurcation can easily occur even from a very small thermal perturbation. A higher density region between the bifurcated EPB moves downward due to westward polarization electric field. The EPB is pinched off when it reaches the wall of the primary EPB. It is concluded that turbulent plume‐like irregularities can be spontaneously generated only from large‐scale perturbation at the bottomside F region.
Modeling seasonal snowpack evolution in the complex terrain and forested Colorado Headwaters region: A model intercomparison study
Authors: Chen Fei , Barlage Michael , Tewari Mukul , Rasmussen Roy , Jin Jiming , Lettenmaier Dennis , Livneh Ben , Lin Chiyu , Miguez‐Macho Gonzalo , Niu Guo‐Yue , Wen Lijuan , Yang Zong‐Liang 
Published: December 2014

AbstractCorrectly modeling snow is critical for climate models and for hydrologic applications. Snowpack simulated by six land surface models (LSM: Noah, Variable Infiltration Capacity, snow‐atmosphere‐soil transfer, Land Ecosystem‐Atmosphere Feedback, Noah with Multiparameterization, and Community Land Model) were evaluated against 1 year snow water equivalent (SWE) data at 112 Snow Telemetry (SNOTEL) sites in the Colorado River Headwaters region and 4 year flux tower data at two AmeriFlux sites. All models captured the main characteristics of the seasonal SWE evolution fairly well at 112 SNOTEL sites. No single model performed the best to capture the combined features of the peak SWE, the timing of peak SWE, and the length of snow season. Evaluating only simulated SWE is deceiving and does not reveal critical deficiencies in models, because the models could produce similar SWE for starkly different reasons. Sensitivity experiments revealed that the models responded differently to variations of forest coverage. The treatment of snow albedo and its cascading effects on surface energy deficit, surface temperature, stability correction, and turbulent fluxes was a major intermodel discrepancy. Six LSMs substantially overestimated (underestimated) radiative flux (heat flux), a crucial deficiency in representing winter land‐atmosphere feedback in coupled weather and climate models. Results showed significant intermodel differences in snowmelt efficiency and sublimation efficiency, and models with high rate of snow accumulation and melt were able to reproduce the observed seasonal evolution of SWE. This study highlights that the parameterization of cascading effects of snow albedo and below‐canopy turbulence and radiation transfer is critical not only for SWE simulation but also for correctly capturing the winter land‐atmosphere interactions.
Pathways of sulfate enhancement by natural and anthropogenic mineral aerosols in China
Authors: Huang Xin , Song Yu , Zhao Chun , Li Mengmeng , Zhu Tong , Zhang Qiang , Zhang Xiaoye 
Published: December 2014

AbstractChina, the world's largest consumer of coal, emits approximately 30 million tons of sulfur dioxide (SO2) per year. SO2 is subsequently oxidized to sulfate in the atmosphere. However, large gaps exist between model‐predicted and measured sulfate levels in China. Long‐term field observations and numerical simulations were integrated to investigate the effect of mineral aerosols on sulfate formation. We found that mineral aerosols contributed a nationwide average of approximately 22% to sulfate production in 2006. The increased sulfate concentration was approximately 2 µg m−3 in the entire China. In East China and the Sichuan Basin, the increments reached 6.3 µg m−3 and 7.3 µg m−3, respectively. Mineral aerosols led to faster SO2 oxidation through three pathways. First, more SO2 was dissolved as cloud water alkalinity increased due to water‐soluble mineral cations. Sulfate production was then enhanced through the aqueous‐phase oxidation of S(IV) (dissolved sulfur in oxidation state +4). The contribution to the national sulfate production was 5%. Second, sulfate was enhanced through S(IV) catalyzed oxidation by transition metals. The contribution to the annual sulfate production was 8%, with 19% during the winter that decreased to 2% during the summer. Third, SO2 reacts on the surface of mineral aerosols to produce sulfate. The contribution to the national average sulfate concentration was 9% with 16% during the winter and a negligible effect during the summer. The inclusion of mineral aerosols does resolve model discrepancies with sulfate observations in China, especially during the winter. These three pathways, which are not fully considered in most current chemistry‐climate models, will significantly impact assessments regarding the effects of aerosol on climate change in China.
Validation and modification of dried blood spot‐based glycosylated hemoglobin assay for the longitudinal aging study in India
Authors: Hu Peifeng , Edenfield Michael , Potter Alan , Kale Varsha , Risbud Arun , Williams Sharon , Lee Jinkook , Bloom David E. , Crimmins Eileen , Seeman Teresa 
Published: December 2014

ObjectivesThis study aims to validate a modified dried blood spot (DBS)‐based glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) assay protocol, after a pretest in India showed poor correlation between the original DBS‐based protocol and venous results.MethodsThe original protocol was tested on different chemistry analyzers and then simplified at the University of Washington (UW). A second pretest was conducted in India to validate the modified assay protocol, using 44 quality control specimens.ResultsData from UW indicated that, using the original protocol, the correlation coefficients between DBS and venous results were above 0.98 on both Bio‐Rad and Olympus chemistry analyzers. The protocol worked equally well on filter paper, with or without pre‐treatment, and when the recommended amount of blood spot material, or less, was used. A second pretest of the modified protocol confirmed that DBS‐based levels from both Olympus and Roche chemistry analyzers were well correlated with DBS results from UW (correlation coefficients were above 0.96), as well as with venous values (correlation coefficients were above 0.94).ConclusionsThe DBS‐based HbA1c values are highly correlated with venous results. The pre‐treatment of filter paper does not appear to be necessary. The poor results from the first pretest are probably due to factors unrelated to the protocol, such as problems with the chemistry analyzer or assay reagents. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 27:579–581, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.