bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Collaboration among countries in marine conservation can achieve substantial efficiencies
Authors: Mazor Tessa , Possingham Hugh P. , Kark Salit 
Published: June 2013

AbstractAimMultinational collaboration is important for successfully protecting marine environments. However, few studies have assessed the costs and benefits incurred by taking collaborative action. One of the most complex marine regions in the world is theMediterraneanSea biodiversity hotspot. The sea is shared by over 20 countries across three continents with a vast array of socio‐economic and political backgrounds. We aimed to examine how collaboration between countries of theMediterraneanSea affects conservation plans when costs and threats are considered.LocationTheMediterraneanSea.MethodsWe compared three collaboration scenarios to test the efficiencies of coordinated marine conservation efforts: full coordination betweenMediterranean countries, partial coordination within continents and no coordination where countries act in isolation. To do so, we developed four basin‐wide surrogates for commercial and recreational fishing effort in the Mediterranean Sea. Using a systematic decision support tool (Marxan), we minimized the opportunity costs while meeting a suite of biodiversity targets.ResultsWe discovered that to reach the same conservation targets, a plan where all the countries of theMediterraneanSea collaborate can save over two‐thirds of the cost of a plan where each country acts independently. The benefits of multinational collaboration are surprisingly unequal between countries.Main conclusionsThis approach, which incorporates biodiversity, costs and collaboration into a systematic conservation plan, can help deliver efficient conservation outcomes when planning spatially explicit actions within marine environments shared by many countries.
Changing Internal Governance: Are Leadership Roles and Management Structures in United Kingdom Universities Fit for the Future?
Authors: Middlehurst Robin 
Published: June 2013

AbstractThis paper examines changes and developments in institutions' internal governance during the last decade, identifying points of continuity in the policy and political environment in the United Kingdom as well as points of difference. External drivers are discussed as part of the increasingly dynamic and volatile operating conditions for higher education. Institutions' internal governance arrangements are presented within a framework drawn from Clarke's studies of entrepreneurial universities. The final section of the article argues for a re‐interpretation and strengthening of collegial forms of governance, using models and examples drawn from innovative private sector companies that can indicate useful directions for higher education institutions so that they are better fitted to meet 21st century challenges. While the analysis is focused on the UK, the lessons are more widely applicable.
Ex‐offender Restrictions
Authors: Hoskins Zachary 
Published: June 2013

AbstractIndividuals convicted of crimes are often subject to numerous restrictions — on housing, employment, the vote, public assistance, and other goods — well after they have completed their sentences, and in some cases permanently. The question of whether — and if so, when — ex‐offender restrictions are morally permissible has received surprisingly little philosophical scrutiny. This article first examines the significance of completing punishment, of paying one's debt to society, and contends that when offenders' debts are paid, they should be restored to full standing as citizens. Thus all ex‐offender restrictions are presumptively unjustified. Nonconsequentialist defences of these restrictions are ultimately unsuccessful in defeating the presumption against them. In a limited range of cases, consequentialist considerations — namely, of risk reduction — may be sufficient to override the presumptive case against these restrictions. The article concludes by suggesting a number of criteria for assessing whether particular restrictive measures are permissible on grounds of risk reduction.
Resource and Climate Implications of Landfill Mining
Authors: Frändegård Per , Krook Joakim , Svensson Niclas , Eklund Mats 
Published: June 2013

SummaryThis study analyzes the amount of material deposited in Swedish municipal solid waste landfills, how much is extractable and recyclable, and what the resource and climate implications are if landfill mining coupled with resource recovery were to be implemented in Sweden. The analysis is based on two scenarios with different conventional separation technologies, one scenario using a mobile separation plant and the other using a more advanced stationary separation plant. Further, the approach uses Monte Carlo simulation to address the uncertainties attached to each of the different processes in the scenarios. Results show that Sweden's several thousand municipal landfills contain more than 350 million tonnes (t) of material. If landfill mining combined with resource recovery is implemented using a contemporary stationary separation plant, it would be possible to extract about 7 million t of ferrous metals and 2 million t of nonferrous metals, enough to meet the demand of Swedish industry for ferrous and nonferrous metals for three and eight years, respectively. This study further shows that landfill mining could potentially lead to the equivalent of a one‐time reduction of about 50 million t of greenhouse gas emissions (carbon‐dioxide equivalents), corresponding to 75% of Sweden's annual emissions.
A quantitative assessment of educational integration of students with Down syndrome in the Netherlands
Authors: De Graaf G. , Van Hove G. , Haveman M. 
Published: June 2013

AbstractBackgroundIn the Netherlands, as in many other countries, there are indications of an inclusive school policy for children with Down syndrome. However, there is a lack of studies that evaluate to what extent this policy has actually succeeded in supporting the mainstreaming of these students.MethodFor the period 1984–2011, the number of children with Down syndrome entering regular education and the percentage of children still in regular education after 1–7 years were estimated on basis of samples from the database of the Dutch Down Syndrome Foundation. These estimations were combined with historical demographic data on the total number of children with Down syndrome in primary school age. Validity of the model was examined by comparison of the model‐based estimations of numbers and percentages in regular education with relevant available empirical data from the Dutch Ministry of Education and from Dutch special schools.ResultsThe percentage of all children with Down syndrome in the age range 4–13 in regular primary education has risen from 1% or 2% (at the very most about 20 children) in 1986–1987, to 10% (about 140 children) in 1991–1992, to 25% (about 400) in 1996–1997, to 35% (about 650) in 2001–2002 and to 37% (about 800) since 2005–2006. The proportional increase stopped in recent years.ConclusionDuring the 1980s and 1990s, clearly more and more children with Down syndrome were in regular education, being supported by the then existing ad hoc regulations aimed at providing extra support in regular education. In the Netherlands, in 2003, these temporary regulations were transformed into structural legislation for children with disabilities. With regard to the mainstreaming of students with Down syndrome, the 2003 legislation has consolidated the situation. However, as percentages in regular education stayed fairly constant after 2000, it has failed to boost the mainstreaming of children with Down syndrome. The results of this study are discussed in the context of national and international legislation and educational policy.
Test of an intervention to improve knowledge of women with intellectual disabilities about cervical and breast cancer screening
Authors: Swaine J. G. , Parish S. L. , Luken K. , Son E. , Dickens P. 
Published: June 2013

AbstractBackgroundThere is a critical need for evidence‐based health education interventions for women with intellectual disabilities (IDs) to promote receipt of preventive health screenings. Previous research has established Women Be Healthy, an 8‐week classroom‐style intervention designed to teach women with IDs about breast and cervical cancer screenings, as a promising practice. However, additional research is needed to determine how to further improve screening‐related knowledge gains. This study aimed to test a modified version of Women Be Healthy, Women Be Healthy 2, and compare its effectiveness in increasing knowledge gains to the original intervention.MethodWomen living in the community across one state in the United States were randomly assigned to a treatment (n = 98), delayed treatment, (n = 35), or no intervention group (n = 65). Women in the treatment group received Women Be Healthy, and women in the delayed treatment group received the modified Women Be Healthy 2. Baseline and post‐intervention interviews were conducted to measure knowledge of cervical and breast cancer screening. Knowledge scores were compared across groups.ResultsAmong the nine knowledge items measured, one breast knowledge measure and one cervical knowledge measure showed statistically significant group differences; marginally significant differences were observed for two other knowledge measures. After adjusting for covariates, women who received Women Be Healthy 2 had increased knowledge overall compared with the women receiving no intervention.ConclusionWomen Be Healthy 2 is promising, but additional efforts appear necessary to increase the knowledge women with IDs have about cervical and breast cancer screening.
Formaldehyde in brain: an overlooked player in neurodegeneration?
Authors: Tulpule Ketki , Dringen Ralf 
Published: June 2013

AbstractFormaldehyde is an environmental pollutant that is also generated in substantial amounts in the human body during normal metabolism. This aldehyde is a well‐established neurotoxin that affects memory, learning, and behavior. In addition, in several pathological conditions, including Alzheimer's disease, an increase in the expression of formaldehyde‐generating enzymes and elevated levels of formaldehyde in brain have been reported. This article gives an overview on the current knowledge on the generation and metabolism of formaldehyde in brain cells as well as on formaldehyde‐induced alterations in metabolic processes. Brain cells have the potential to generate and to dispose formaldehyde. In culture, both astrocytes and neurons efficiently oxidize formaldehyde to formate which can be exported or further oxidized. Although moderate concentrations of formaldehyde are not acutely toxic for brain cells, exposure to formaldehyde severely affects their metabolism as demonstrated by the formaldehyde‐induced acceleration of glycolytic flux and by the rapid multidrug resistance protein 1‐mediated export of glutathione from both astrocytes and neurons. These formaldehyde‐induced alterations in the metabolism of brain cells may contribute to the impaired cognitive performance observed after formaldehyde exposure and to the neurodegeneration in diseases that are associated with increased formaldehyde levels in brain.
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The neurotoxin formaldehyde is an environmental pollutant that is also generated during normal brain metabolism. The levels of formaldehyde in brain increase with age and in some neurodegenerative disorders. As excess formaldehyde accelerates glycolysis and glutathione export in neural cells, formaldehyde‐induced alterations in brain metabolism and oxidative stress may contribute to the pathological progression of neurodegenerative disorders.
Common Heritable Effects Underpin Concerns Over Norm Maintenance and In‐Group Favoritism: Evidence From Genetic Analyses of Right‐Wing Authoritarianism and Traditionalism
Authors: Lewis Gary J. , Bates Timothy C. 
Published: June 2013

AbstractResearch has shown that in‐group favoritism is associated with concerns over the maintenance of social norms. Here we present two studies examining whether genetic factors underpin this association. A classical twin design was used to decompose phenotypic variance into genetic and environmental components in two studies. Study 1 used 812 pairs of adultU.S. twins from the nationally representativeMIDUS IIsample. Study 2 used 707 pairs of middle‐age twins from the Minnesota Twin Registry. In‐group favoritism was measured with scales tapping preferences for in‐group (vs. out‐group) individuals; norm concerns were measured with the Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire–Traditionalism (Study 1) and Right‐Wing Authoritarianism (RWA; Study 2) scales. In Study 1, heritable effects underlying traditionalism were moderately (c. 35%) overlapping with the genetic variance underpinning in‐group favoritism. In Study 2, heritable influences onRWAwere entirely shared with the heritable effects on in‐group favoritism. Moreover, we observed that Big Five Openness shared common genetic links to bothRWAand in‐group favoritism. These results suggest that, at the genetic level, in‐group favoritism is linked with a system related to concern over normative social practices, which is, in turn, partially associated with trait Openness.
Trophic ecology of Pomatoschistus microps within an intertidal bay (Roscoff, France), investigated through gut content and stable isotope analyses
Authors: Leclerc Jean‐Charles , Riera Pascal , Noël Laure M.‐L. J. , Leroux Cédric , Andersen Ann C. 
Published: June 2013

AbstractThe diet of Pomatoschistus microps has been studied using both gut content and stable isotope analyses. In the Roscoff Aber Bay (Brittany, France), this fish is commonly found on sandy muddy intertidal flats. Gut content analyses were also interpreted using trophic indices. Owing to the large diversity of prey consumed, these indices emphasised the opportunistic feeding behaviour of P. microps. Here, this species fed mainly on endofauna with meiofauna being of high relative importance. The main biotic components of its trophic habitat, characterized by δ13C and δ15N, provided evidence of a major trophic pathway based on drift Enteromorpha sp. Trophic positions estimated by both diet analyses and isotopic analyses led to similar results. In this bay, P. microps is a first‐order predator with a low degree of omnivory. Despite a preferential consumption of the amphipod Corophium arenarium, we assumed that this goby behaves as a generalist feeding on a uniform variety of endofauna taxa.
Testing the ureilite projectile hypothesis for the El'gygytgyn impact: Determination of siderophile element abundances and Os isotope ratios in ICDP drill core samples and melt rocks
Authors: Goderis S. , Wittmann A. , Zaiss J. , Elburg M. , Ravizza G. , Vanhaecke F. , Deutsch A. , Claeys P. 
Published: June 2013

AbstractThe geochemical nature of the impactites from International Continental Scientific Drilling Project—El'gygytgyn lake drill core 1C is compared with that of impact melt rock fragments collected near the western rim of the structure and literature data. Concentrations of major and trace elements, with special focus on siderophile metals Cr, Co, Ni, and the platinum group elements, and isotope ratios of osmium (Os), were determined to test the hypothesis of an ureilite impactor at El'gygytgyn. Least squares mixing calculations suggest that the upper volcanic succession of rhyolites, dacites, and andesites were the main contributors to the polymict impact breccias. Additions of 2–13.5 vol% of basaltic inclusions recovered from drill core intervals between 391.6 and 423.0 mblf can almost entirely account for the compositional differences observed for the bottom of a reworked fallout deposit at 318.9 mblf, a polymict impact breccia at 471.4 mblf, and three impact melt rock fragments. However, the measured Os isotope ratios and slightly elevated PGE content (up to 0.262 ng g−1 Ir) of certain impactite samples, for which the CI‐normalized logarithmic PGE signature displays a relatively flat (i.e., chondritic) pattern, can only be explained by the incorporation of a small meteoritic contribution. This component is also required to explain the exceptionally high siderophile element contents and corresponding Ni/Cr, Ni/Co, and Cr/Co ratios of impact glass spherules and spherule fragments that were recovered from the reworked fallout deposits and from terrace outcrops of the Enmyvaam River approximately 10 km southeast of the crater center. Mixing calculations support the presence of approximately 0.05 wt% and 0.50–18 wt% of ordinary chondrite (possibly type‐LL) in several impactites and in the glassy spherules, respectively. The heterogeneous distribution of the meteoritic component provides clues for emplacement mechanisms of the various impactite units.
Clast size distribution and quantitative petrography of shocked and unshocked rocks from the El'gygytgyn impact structure
Authors: Pittarello Lidia , Koeberl Christian 
Published: June 2013

AbstractA variety of quantitative petrographic methods, such as the study of clast size distribution (CSD), have been used in the study of melt rocks and have, for example, led to validation of the melting origin of pseudotachylites in paleoseismic faults, the estimate of the energy involved in melting and crushing processes, the distinction between seismic and aseismic faults, and understanding the crystallization process in volcanic rocks. Recently, quantitative petrography was applied to distinguish impact melts from pristine mare basalts on the Moon. Here, we apply this approach to impact lithologies formed in a volcanic target. The El'gygytgyn structure, an 18 km‐diameter and 3.58 Ma old impact crater in north‐eastern Chukotka, Arctic Russia, represents the only known impact crater on Earth mainly excavated in siliceous volcanic rocks. The structure was recently drilled in the framework of an ICDP project, providing fresh samples of suevite and other impact breccias, which can be compared with samples from the unshocked target. As the target is mostly composed of rhyolitic‐dacitic ignimbrites and tuffs, impact melt clasts are almost indistinguishable from the unshocked volcanic clasts in the absence of shock evidence. We show here that geometric characterization provides a reproducible technique for quantitative description of impact lithologies. Although the studied suevite reveals a high local variability in the evaluated geometric parameters, an overall homogenization of these parameters occurs. Furthermore, quantitative petrography allows the classification of unshocked to slightly shocked volcanic clasts included in the suevite.
Lithostratigraphy of the impactite and bedrock section of ICDP drill core D1c from the El'gygytgyn impact crater, Russia
Authors: Raschke Ulli , Reimold Wolf Uwe , Zaag Patrice Tristan , Pittarello Lidia , Koeberl Christian 
Published: June 2013

AbstractIn 2008/2009, the International Continental Scientific Drilling Program (ICDP) obtained drill cores from the El'gygytgyn impact structure located on the Chukotka Peninsula (Russia). These cores provide the most complete geological section ever obtained from an impact structure in siliceous volcanic rock. The lithostratigraphy comprises a thick sequence of lacustrine sediments overlying impact breccias and deformed target rock. The interval from 316 m (below lake floor—blf) to the end of the core at 517 m depth can be subdivided into four lithological sequences. At 316 m depth, the first mesoscopic clasts of shocked target rock occur in lacustrine sediments. The growing abundance of target rock clasts with increasing depth and corresponding decrease of lacustrine sediment components indicate the extent of this transition zone to 328 m depth. It constitutes a zone of mixed reworked impact breccia and lacustrine sediments. Volcanic clasts in this reworked suevite section show all stages of shock metamorphism, up to melting. The underlying unit (328–390 m depth) represents a suevite package, a polymict impact breccia, with considerable evidence of shock deformation in a wide variety of volcanic clasts. This includes fragments with quartz that exhibit planar fractures and planar deformation features (PDF). In addition, at three depths, several centimeter‐sized clasts with shatter cones were detected. Due to microanalytical identification of relatively rare, microscopic impact melt particles in the matrix of this breccia, this material can be confidently labeled a suevite. Also in this sequence, three unshocked, <1 m thick intersections of volcanic blocks occur at 333.83, 351.52, and 383.00 m depths. The upper bedrock unit begins at 390.74 m depth, has a thickness of 30.15 m, and represents a sequence of different volcanic rocks—an upper part with basaltic composition from 390.74 to 391.79 m depth overlying a lower, rhyodacitic part from 391.79 to 420.27 m depth. This (parautochthonous) basement unit is only very weakly affected by the impact: only one shocked quartz grain with two sets of PDF was recorded at 391.33 m depth. The lower bedrock unit (420.89–517.09 m depth [end of core]) is a brittly deformed, rather homogeneous welded ignimbrite that in part can be considered a cataclasite. The top three meters of this section are sheared, which could represent pre‐impact tectonic deformation. A 54 cm thick injection of polymict impact breccia occurs at 471.42–471.96 m depth.
Methodological development of an exploratory randomised controlled trial of an early years' nutrition intervention: the CHERRY programme (Choosing Healthy Eating when Really Young)
Authors: Watt Richard Geddie , Draper Alizon K. , Ohly Heather R. , Rees Gail , Pikhart Hynek , Cooke Lucy , Moore Laurence , Crawley Helen , Pettinger Clare , McGlone Pauline , Hayter Arabella K.M. 
Published: June 2013

AbstractGood nutrition in the early years of life is vitally important for a child's development, growth and health. Children's diets in the United Kingdom are known to be poor, particularly among socially disadvantaged groups, and there is a need for timely and appropriate interventions that support parents to improve the diets of young children. The Medical Research Council has highlighted the importance of conducting developmental and exploratory research prior to undertaking full‐scale trials to evaluate complex interventions, but have provided very limited detailed guidance on the conduct of these initial phases of research. This paper describes the initial developmental stage and the conduct of an exploratory randomised controlled trial undertaken to determine the feasibility and acceptability of a family‐centred early years' nutrition intervention. Choosing Healthy Eating when Really Young (CHERRY) is a programme for families with children aged 18 months to 5 years, delivered in children's centres in one urban (Islington) and one rural (Cornwall) location in the United Kingdom. In the development stage, a mixed‐methods approach was used to investigate the nature of the problem and options for support. A detailed review of the evidence informed the theoretical basis of the study and the creation of a logic model. In the feasibility and pilot testing stage of the exploratory trial, 16 children's centres, with a sample of 394 families were recruited onto the study. We hope that the methodology, which we present in this paper, will inform and assist other researchers in conducting community‐based, exploratory nutrition research in early years settings.
Sraffian Thoughts in Full Marginalist Dress
Authors: Steedman Ian 
Published: June 2013

AbstractIn the single‐products economy considered here, every industry has a constant‐elasticity‐of‐substitution unit cost function; moreover that constant‐elasticity‐of‐substitution is the same for each industry (0 < σ < 1). When this strongly ‘marginalist’ system is looked at from a Sraffian perspective, it is found that some significant properties of the system are not in line with normal marginalist expectations.