bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sensitivity of snowpack storage to precipitation and temperature using spatial and temporal analog models
Authors: Luce Charles H. , Lopez‐Burgos Viviana , Holden Zachary 
Published: November 2014

AbstractEmpirical sensitivity analyses are important for evaluation of the effects of a changing climate on water resources and ecosystems. Although mechanistic models are commonly applied for evaluation of climate effects for snowmelt, empirical relationships provide a first‐order validation of the various postulates required for their implementation. Previous studies of empirical sensitivity for April 1 snow water equivalent (SWE) in the western United States were developed by regressing interannual variations in SWE to winter precipitation and temperature. This offers a temporal analog for climate change, positing that a warmer future looks like warmer years. Spatial analogs are used to hypothesize that a warmer future may look like warmer places, and are frequently applied alternatives for complex processes, or states/metrics that show little interannual variability (e.g., forest cover). We contrast spatial and temporal analogs for sensitivity of April 1 SWE and the mean residence time of snow (SRT) using data from 524 Snowpack Telemetry (SNOTEL) stations across the western U.S. We built relatively strong models using spatial analogs to relate temperature and precipitation climatology to snowpack climatology (April 1 SWE, R2=0.87, and SRT, R2=0.81). Although the poorest temporal analog relationships were in areas showing the highest sensitivity to warming, spatial analog models showed consistent performance throughout the range of temperature and precipitation. Generally, slopes from the spatial relationships showed greater thermal sensitivity than the temporal analogs, and high elevation stations showed greater vulnerability using a spatial analog than shown in previous modeling and sensitivity studies. The spatial analog models provide a simple perspective to evaluate potential futures and may be useful in further evaluation of snowpack with warming.
Heating of the plasma sheet by broadband electromagnetic waves
Authors: Chaston C. C. , Bonnell J. W. , Salem C. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractWe demonstrate that broadband low‐frequency electromagnetic field fluctuations embedded within fast flows throughout the Earth's plasma sheet may drive significant ion heating. This heating is nearly entirely in the direction perpendicular to the background magnetic field and is estimated to occur at an average rate of ~1 eV/s with rates in excess of 10 eV/s within one standard deviation of the average value over all observed events. For an Earthward flow the total change in temperature along a flow path may exceed one keV and for “wave‐rich” flows can be comparable to that expected due to conservation of the first adiabatic invariant. The consequent increase in plasma pressure and flux tube entropy may lead to braking of inward motion and the suppression of plasma interchange.
Changes of summer precipitation in China: The dominance of frequency and intensity and linkage with changes in moisture and air temperature
Authors: Lu Er , Zeng Yingting , Luo Yali , Ding Ying , Zhao Wei , Liu Siyuan , Gong Liqing , Jiang Ying , Jiang Zhihong , Chen Haishan 
Published: November 2014

AbstractUsing observed precipitation and the National Centers for Environmental Prediction–National Center for Atmospheric Research reanalysis, the changes in the metrics of the summer precipitation in China, the dominance of frequency and intensity of daily extreme precipitation, and the linkage with changes in moisture and air temperature are explored. Results show that over the recent 50 years, the total summer rainfall increased over the southeast and the west and decreased over the northeast. The changes in the frequency, identified with the 95% threshold and Poisson regression, and rainfall extremes show similar spatial patterns. The relative importance of the changes in frequency and intensity in the variability and changes in extreme precipitation are estimated. It is shown that, while the interannual variability of the rainfall amount is dominated by the frequency change in almost all stations, the long‐term change of rainfall amount can be dominated by both frequency and intensity, depending on the station. The change in the rainfall total is linked to changes in atmospheric moisture and temperature. The results show that the variability and change of the rainfall total can be dominated by changes in both moisture and air temperature, and the relative importance depends on the region.
Heterogeneity‐enhanced gas phase formation in shallow aquifers during leakage of CO2‐saturated water from geologic sequestration sites
Authors: Plampin Michelle R. , Lassen Rune N. , Sakaki Toshihiro , Porter Mark L. , Pawar Rajesh J. , Jensen Karsten H. , Illangasekare Tissa H. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractA primary concern for geologic carbon storage is the potential for leakage of stored carbon dioxide (CO2) into the shallow subsurface where it could degrade the quality of groundwater and surface water. In order to predict and mitigate the potentially negative impacts of CO2 leakage, it is important to understand the physical processes that CO2 will undergo as it moves through naturally heterogeneous porous media formations. Previous studies have shown that heterogeneity can enhance the evolution of gas phase CO2 in some cases, but the conditions under which this occurs have not yet been quantitatively defined, nor tested through laboratory experiments. This study quantitatively investigates the effects of geologic heterogeneity on the process of gas phase CO2 evolution in shallow aquifers through an extensive set of experiments conducted in a column that was packed with layers of various test sands. Soil moisture sensors were utilized to observe the formation of gas phase near the porous media interfaces. Results indicate that the conditions under which heterogeneity controls gas phase evolution can be successfully predicted through analysis of simple parameters, including the dissolved CO2 concentration in the flowing water, the distance between the heterogeneity and the leakage location, and some fundamental properties of the porous media. Results also show that interfaces where a less permeable material overlies a more permeable material affect gas phase evolution more significantly than interfaces with the opposite layering.
Functional approach to exploring climatic and landscape controls of runoff generation: 1. Behavioral constraints on runoff volume
Authors: Li Hong‐Yi , Sivapalan Murugesu , Tian Fuqiang , Harman Ciaran 
Published: November 2014

AbstractInspired by the Dunne diagram, the climatic and landscape controls on the partitioning of annual runoff into its various components (Hortonian and Dunne overland flow and subsurface stormflow) are assessed quantitatively, from a purely theoretical perspective. A simple distributed hydrologic model has been built sufficient to simulate the effects of different combinations of climate, soil, and topography on the runoff generation processes. The model is driven by a sequence of simple hypothetical precipitation events, for a large combination of climate and landscape properties, and hydrologic responses at the catchment scale are obtained through aggregation of grid‐scale responses. It is found, first, that the water balance responses, including relative contributions of different runoff generation mechanisms, could be related to a small set of dimensionless similarity parameters. These capture the competition between the wetting, drying, storage, and drainage functions underlying the catchment responses, and in this way, provide a quantitative approximation of the conceptual Dunne diagram. Second, only a subset of all hypothetical catchment/climate combinations is found to be “behavioral,” in terms of falling sufficiently close to the Budyko curve, describing mean annual runoff as a function of climate aridity. Furthermore, these behavioral combinations are mostly consistent with the qualitative picture presented in the Dunne diagram, indicating clearly the commonality between the Budyko curve and the Dunne diagram. These analyses also suggest clear interrelationships amongst the “behavioral” climate, soil, and topography parameter combinations, implying these catchment properties may be constrained to be codependent in order to satisfy the Budyko curve.
Functional approach to exploring climatic and landscape controls on runoff generation: 2 Timing of runoff storm response
Authors: Li Hong‐Yi , Sivapalan Murugesu 
Published: November 2014

AbstractHortonian overland flow, Dunne overland flow, and subsurface stormflow are the three most dominant mechanisms contributing to both the volume and timing of streamflow in headwater catchments. In this paper, guided by the Dunne diagram, we explore the impacts of climate, soil, and topography on estimated probability distributions of the travel times of each of these three runoff components. In each case, these are expressed in terms of the Connected Instantaneous Response Functions (CIRF) and account for the dynamics of their individual partial effective contributing areas that retain the connectivity to the outlet (instead of the whole catchment area). A spatially distributed hydrological model is used to derive the CIRFs numerically under multiple combinations of climate, soil, and topographic properties. The mean travel times and dimensionless forms of the CIRFs (i.e., scaled by their respective mean travel times) are used to examine both advective and dispersive aspects of catchment's runoff routing response. It is found that the CIRFs, upon nondimensionalization, collapsed to common characteristic shapes, which could be explained in terms of the relative contributions of hillslope and channel network flows, and the size of runoff contributing areas. The contributing areas, particularly for the Dunne overland flow, are themselves found to be governed by the competition between drainage of and recharge to the water table, and could be explained by a dimensionless drainage index which quantifies this competition. The study also reveals simple indicators based on landscape properties that can explain the magnitude of travel times in different catchments.
Online Games, Addiction and Overuse of
Authors: Griffiths Mark D. 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
Online gaming addiction is a topic of increasing research interest. Since the early 2000s, there has been a significant increase in the number of empirical studies examining various aspects of problematic online gaming and online gaming addiction. This entry examines the contemporary research literature by analyzing (1) the prevalence of problematic online gaming use and online gaming addiction; (2) the negative consequences of excessive online gaming; (3) the factors associated with problematic online gaming and online gaming addiction; and (4) the treatment of problematic online gaming and online gaming addiction. The entry concludes by looking at the trends in the field and a consideration of what the future of online gaming addiction might be.
Online Games, Gender and Feminism in
Authors: Jenson Jennifer , de Castell Suzanne 
Published: November 2014

AbstractGender and feminism are inextricably linked, as a feminist approach has gender as an analytical focal point. In games, this has meant challenging persisting biological determinist approaches that cast women and girls as less able than their male counterparts when it comes to both making and playing games. It has also meant tracing and documenting the marginal roles women play both as players and designers of games. This entry focuses on five significant areas of inquiry by researchers studying North American and European player populations: player participation, gender representations in games, pink games, gender and the video game industry, and gendered harassment in games.
Social Media Surveillance
Authors: Brown Ian 
Published: November 2014

AbstractHuman beings are routinely aware of their environment, noting the behavior of others nearby. This surveillance occurs in every social system, including on social media websites such as Twitter, Google+,YouTube, and Facebook. The companies providing these services use this data to create profiles that can be used to show users targeted advertisements. This has been enabled by rapid development of computing and communication technologies.Social media users spend a great deal of time curating online “exhibitions” of different aspects of their identities. This is especially important to young people developing independent identities and peer relationships. The use of social networks is a key part of this process in advanced economies, critical for friendships, social capital, and popularity. Social media surveillance reduces individuals' control over the information they disclose about their attributes in different social contexts, often to powerful actors such as the state or multinational corporations. This limits their ability to regulate their social interactions and identities. It may also have a “chilling effect” on the possibilities for whistle‐blowing and democratic activism. More broadly, new surveillance technologies can lead to “social sorting,” where discrimination and privilege are entrenched through the unplanned consequences of data gathering and analysis.
Hate Speech Law and Policy
Authors: George Cherian 
Published: November 2014

AbstractHate speech is a term normally used to cover forms of expression aimed at persecuting people by vilifying their racial, ethnic, or other identities. In the extreme, hate speech has promoted violence and genocide. While the term is always used pejoratively and implies a moral breach, not all hate speech is dangerous enough to merit government regulation. The central law and policy debate over hate speech is where to draw the line between expression that is merely morally objectionable and expression which should be legally impermissible. Hate speech often brings two rights into conflict – equality, including the right to be protected from discrimination, and freedom of expression. Digital communication has compounded the problem. It spreads messages beyond the intended audience and contexts, with unpredictable consequences. Online hate speech also raises jurisdictional conundrums, given the lack of international consensus on laws and norms, including over the liability of global internet intermediaries.
Identifying Barriers to Smoking Cessation in Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Aimer Pip , Stamp Lisa , Stebbings Simon , Valentino Natalia , Cameron Vicky , Treharne Gareth J. 
Published: November 2014

ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to investigate disease‐related issues that make smoking cessation challenging for patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). There is currently a lack of research on tailoring smoking cessation interventions for RA patients. Qualitative exploration is a necessary first step in planning targeted interventions.MethodsA qualitative mixed‐methods study was undertaken. Participants attended either a focus group or an individual interview and completed a set of standardized questionnaires. The sample consisted of 36 RA patients: 24 current smokers and 12 ex‐smokers. The transcripts were analyzed thematically using a critical realist approach to inductively identify themes.ResultsFive key barriers to smoking cessation that are faced by RA patients were identified. First, participants were unaware of the relationship between smoking and RA and therefore did not perceive this as a reason to quit. Second, smoking was used as a distraction from pain. Third, participants found it difficult to exercise and therefore were unable to use exercise as an alternative distraction. Fourth, smoking was used as a coping mechanism for the frustrations of living with RA. Fifth, participants felt unsupported and isolated from other RA patients.ConclusionDisease‐related issues may hinder smoking cessation for RA patients. Through an understanding of patients' perspectives there is an opportunity to plan an effective targeted intervention that may increase the chance of smoking cessation in RA patients where smoking may adversely influence disease progression and comorbidities.
Palladium‐Catalysed Direct Desulfitative Arylation of Pyrroles using Benzenesulfonyl Chlorides as Alternative Coupling Partners
Authors: Jin Rongwei , Yuan Kedong , Chatelain Emmanuelle , Soulé Jean‐François , Doucet Henri 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThe reactivity of pyrrole derivatives for palladium‐catalysed desulfitative arylation has been investigated. 1‐Methyl‐, 1‐phenyl‐ and 1‐benzylpyrroles were successfully coupled with a variety of benzenesulfonyl chlorides using a phosphine‐free catalyst. Highly regioselective arylations at carbon C2 of pyrroles were observed in all cases. A wide variety of substituents on the benzenesulfonyl derivative was tolerated.It should be noted that even bromo‐ and iodo‐benzenesulfonyl chlorides were successfully coupled with pyrrole derivatives without cleavage of the CBr or CI bonds, allowing further transformations. Surprisingly, with indoles, mixtures of C2‐ and C3‐arylation products were obtained.magnified image
Taurine as an additive for improving the fouling resistance of nanofiltration composite membranes
Authors: Jin Jinbo , Liu Dongqing , Zhang Dandan , Yin Yuhang , Zhao Xinyu , Zhang Yufeng 
Published: November 2014

ABSTRACTA hydrophilic compound, taurine, was investigated as an additive in the interfacial polymerization between piperazine (PIP) and trimesoyl chloride (TMC) to prepare thin‐film composite (TFC) membranes. The resulting membranes were characterized by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy and attenuated total reflectance–Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The morphology and hydrophilicity of the membranes were investigated through scanning electronic microscopy and water contact angle measurements. The separation performance of the TFC membranes was investigated through water flux and salt rejection tests. The protein‐fouling resistance of the films was evaluated by water recovery rate measurements after the treatment of bovine serum albumin. The membrane containing 0.2 wt % taurine showed the best performance of 92% MgSO4 rejection at a flux of 31 L m−2 h−1 and better antifouling properties than the PIP–TMC membranes. An appropriately low concentration of taurine showed the same MgSO4 rejection as the PIP–TMC membranes but a better fouling resistance performance. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41620.
CD8+ T Cell Profiles in Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis and Their Relationship to Disease Activity
Authors: Carvalheiro Helena , Duarte Cátia , Silva‐Cardoso Sandra , da Silva José A. P. , Souto‐Carneiro M. Margarida 
Published: November 2014

ObjectiveCD8+ T cells are abundant in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). However, their role in disease pathogenesis is poorly defined. This study was undertaken to investigate the relationship between disease activity and CD8+ T cell phenotypes, production of cytokines, and production of cytotoxic molecules in the peripheral blood (PB) and synovial fluid (SF) of patients with RA.MethodsCD8+ T cell phenotypes were determined in 96 patients with RA (44 with disease in remission, 34 with active disease, 18 with low disease activity) and in 64 sex‐ and age‐matched healthy controls. Ten paired PB and SF samples from patients with active RA were analyzed. The expression of surface markers, cytokines, and proteolytic enzymes in CD8+ T cells was evaluated using flow cytometry.ResultsPB CD8+ T cells from RA patients with active disease exhibited an effector (CD27−CD62L−) phenotype (P = 0.005), with elevated expression of proinflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor α [TNFα], interferon‐γ [IFNγ], interleukin‐6 [IL‐6], IL‐17A) when compared to healthy controls. In a state of remission, the same phenotype observed in patients with active disease persisted, including a significant increase in the frequency of CD69 (P < 0.001), but lower cytokine production was observed. SF CD8+ T cells from RA patients expressed more robust effector memory (CD27+CD62L−) and activated (CD69+) profiles compared to the T cell subsets in paired PB samples. Production of cytokines (IL‐6, IL‐17A, and IFNγ) by CD8+ T cells from RA PB was positively correlated within individual donors. Moreover, production of cytokines (TNFα, IFNγ, and IL‐17A) by CD8+ T cells from RA PB positively correlated with the Disease Activity Score in 28 joints.ConclusionThe activation status and proinflammatory potential of CD8+ T cell subsets observed in the RA patients in this study strongly suggest that a phenotype of local and systemic cytotoxic effector T cells plays a role in this disease.
Brief Report: The Ability of the 2013 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Cardiovascular Risk Score to Identify Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients With High Coronary Artery Calcification Scores
Authors: Kawai Vivian K. , Chung Cecilia P. , Solus Joseph F. , Oeser Annette , Raggi Paolo , Stein C. Michael 
Published: November 2014

ObjectivePatients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) have increased risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease that is underestimated by the Framingham Risk Score (FRS). We undertook this study to test the hypothesis that the 2013 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association (ACC/AHA) 10‐year risk score would perform better than the FRS and the Reynolds Risk Score (RRS) in identifying RA patients known to have elevated cardiovascular risk based on high coronary artery calcification (CAC) scores.MethodsAmong 98 RA patients eligible for risk stratification using the ACC/AHA risk score, we identified 34 patients with high CAC (defined as ≥300 Agatston units or ≥75th percentile of expected coronary artery calcium for age, sex, and ethnicity) and compared the ability of the 10‐year FRS, RRS, and ACC/AHA risk scores to correctly assign these patients to an elevated risk category.ResultsAll 3 risk scores were higher in patients with high CAC (P < 0.05). The percentage of patients with high CAC correctly assigned to the elevated risk category was similar among the 3 scores (FRS 32%, RRS 32%, ACC/AHA risk score 41%) (P = 0.223). The C statistics for the FRS, RRS, and ACC/AHA risk score predicting the presence of high CAC were 0.65, 0.66, and 0.65, respectively.ConclusionThe ACC/AHA 10‐year risk score does not offer any advantage compared to the traditional FRS and RRS in the identification of RA patients with elevated risk as determined by high CAC. The ACC/AHA risk score assigned almost 60% of patients with high CAC to a low risk category. Risk scores and standard risk prediction models used in the general population do not adequately identify many RA patients with elevated cardiovascular risk.