bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
‘Yeh azaadi jhooti hai!’: The shaping of the opposition in the first year of the Congress raj
Authors: SHARMA SHALINI 
Published: December 2013

AbstractWithin a year of Indian independence, the Communist Party of India declared independence to be a false dawn and the whole Socialist bloc within the ruling Indian National Congress cut its ties with the national government. The speed with which the left disengaged from what had been a patriotic alliance under colonialism surprised many at the time and has perplexed historians ever since. Some have looked to the wider context of the Cold War to explain the onset of dissent within the Indian left. This paper points instead to the neglected domestic context, examining the lines of inclusion and exclusion that were drawn up in the process of the making of the new Indian constitution. Once in power, Congress leaders recalibrated their relationship with their former friends at the radical end of the political spectrum. Despite some of the well-known differences among leading Congress personalities, they spoke as one on industrial labour and the illegitimacy of strikes as a political weapon in the first year of national rule and declared advocates of class politics to be enemies of the Indian state. Congress thus attempted to sideline the Socialists and Communists and brand them as unacceptable in the new regime. This paper focuses on this first year of independence, emphasizing how rapidly the limits of Indian democracy were set in place.
Multi-locus sequence typing confirms the clonality ofTrichomonas gallinaeisolates circulating in European finches
Authors: GANAS PETRA , JASKULSKA BARBARA , LAWSON BECKI , ZADRAVEC MARKO , HESS MICHAEL , BILIC IVANA 
Published: December 2013

SUMMARYIn recent years,Trichomonas gallinaeemerged as the causative agent of an infectious disease of passerine birds in Europe leading to epidemic mortality of especially greenfinchesChloris chlorisand chaffinchesFringilla coelebs. After the appearance of finch trichomonosis in the UK and Fennoscandia, the disease spread to Central Europe. Finch trichomonosis first reached Austria and Slovenia in 2012. In the present study the genetic heterogeneity ofT. gallinaeisolates from incidents in Austria and Slovenia were investigated and compared with British isolates. For this purpose comparative sequence analyses of the four genomic loci ITS1-5.8S-ITS2, 18S rRNA,rpb1and Fe-hydrogenase were performed. The results corroborate that one clonalT. gallinaestrain caused the emerging infectious disease within passerine birds and that the disease is continuing to spread in Europe. The same clonal strain was also found in a columbid bird from Austria. Additionally, the present study demonstrates clearly the importance of multi-locus sequence typing for discrimination of circulatingT. gallinaestrains.
Prevalence of anti-N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antibodies in patients with schizophrenia and related psychoses: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Pollak T. A. , McCormack R. , Peakman M. , Nicholson T. R. , David A. S. 
Published: December 2013

BackgroundAnti-N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor encephalitis is an autoimmune condition caused by immunoglobulin (Ig)G antibodies directed against the NR1 subunit of the NMDA glutamate receptor. Approximately 65% of cases present with psychiatric symptoms, particularly psychosis. It remains to be established whether anti-NMDA receptor antibodies can cause a ‘purely’ psychotic illness without overt neurological symptoms.MethodWe conducted a systematic literature search to establish what proportion of patients with schizophrenia and related psychoses have antibodies directed against the NMDA receptor. Studies were included if (a) subjects had a diagnosis of schizophrenia, schizophrenia spectrum disorder or first-episode psychosis (FEP) using standard criteria, (b) serum was analysed for the presence of anti-NMDA receptor antibodies; and (c) the purpose of the study was to look for the presence of anti-NMDA receptor antibodies in patients with a primary psychiatric diagnosis without clinical signs of encephalitis.ResultsSeven studies were included, comprising 1441 patients, of whom 115 [7.98%, 95% confidence interval (CI) 6.69–9.50] were anti-NMDA receptor antibody positive. Of these, 21 (1.46%, 95% CI 0.94–2.23) patients were positive for antibodies of the IgG subclass. Prevalence rates were greater in cases than controls only for IgG antibodies; other subclasses are of less certain aetiological relevance. There was significant heterogeneity in terms of patient characteristics and the antibody assay used.ConclusionsA minority of patients with psychosis are anti-NMDA receptor antibody positive. It remains to be established whether this subset of patients differs from antibody-negative patients in terms of underlying pathology and response to antipsychotic treatment, and whether immunomodulatory treatments are effective in alleviating psychotic symptoms in this group.
Road construction enables establishment of a novel predator category to resident anuran community: a case study from a primary lowland Bornean rain forest
Authors: Konopik Oliver , Linsenmair Karl-Eduard , Grafe T. Ulmar 
Published: December 2013

Abstract:For a total of 17 mo, we investigated the impact of a road constructed through pristine tropical lowland rain forest, on the composition and structure of the resident anuran community in the Ulu Temburong National Park (Brunei Darussalam). One year after road construction, eight new anuran species had immigrated into the impacted area. Encounter surveys were conducted and radio-transmitters attached to a total of 16 frogs to identify habitat use and distribution of the largest (>130 mm SVL) immigrant species (Limnonectes ingeri) in comparison with a similar sized resident congener. A strong preference for roadside habitat was found for the immigrant. However, several incursions of more than 500 m beyond the road into the pristine forest were also recorded. Over 200 stomach content samples as well as stable nitrogen isotope ratios of 76 individuals were used to assess the trophic ecology of the two species. Invertebrate diet composition did not differ. However, the immigrant species ate over 400% more frogs than its resident congener and had a significantly higher δ15N ratio, indicating a higher position in the food web. This suggests that L. ingeri acts as a new top frog predator in the system and indicates that it may have a significant negative impact on the local anuran community. Overall, road construction in the absence of logging has led to the immigration of new frog species with impacts far beyond the linear disturbance of the road itself.
GENERALIZED BIRTHDAY PROBLEMS IN THE LARGE-DEVIATIONS REGIME
Authors: Mandjes M. , Eurandom  
Published: December 2013

This paper considers generalized birthday problems, in which there aredclasses of possible outcomes. A fractionfiof theNpossible outcomes has probability αi/N, where$\sum_{i=1}^{d} f_{i} =\sum_{i=1}^{d} f_{i}\alpha_{i}=1$. Samplingktimes (with replacements), the objective is to determine (or approximate) the probability that all outcomes are different, the so-calleduniqueness probability(or:no-coincidence probability). Although it is trivial to explicitly characterize this probability for the cased=1, the situation with multiple classes is substantially harder to analyze.Parameterizingk≡aN, it turns out that the uniqueness probability decays essentially exponentially inN, where the associated decay rate ζ follows from a variational problem. Only for smalldthis can be solved in closed form. Assuming αiis of the form 1+φiɛ, the decay rate ζ can be written as a power series in ɛ; we demonstrate how to compute the corresponding coefficients explicitly. Also, a logarithmically efficient simulation procedure is proposed. The paper concludes with a series of numerical experiments, showing that (i) the proposed simulation approach is fast and accurate, (ii) assuming all outcomes equally likely would lead to estimates for the uniqueness probability that can be orders of magnitude off, and (iii) the power-series based approximations work remarkably well.
BOOTSTRAP PERCOLATION ON RANDOM GEOMETRIC GRAPHS
Authors: Bradonjić Milan , Saniee Iraj 
Published: December 2013

Bootstrap percolation (BP) has been used effectively to model phenomena as diverse as emergence of magnetism in materials, spread of infection, diffusion of software viruses in computer networks, adoption of new technologies, and emergence of collective action and cultural fads in human societies. It is defined on an (arbitrary) network of interacting agents whose state is determined by the state of their neighbors according to a threshold rule. In a typical setting, BP starts by random and independent “activation” of nodes with a fixed probabilityp, followed by a deterministic process for additional activations based on the density of active nodes in each neighborhood (θ activated nodes). Here, we study BP on random geometric graphs (RGGs) in the regime when the latter are (almost surely) connected. Random geometric graphs provide an appropriate model in settings where the neighborhood structure of each node is determined by geographical distance, as in wirelessad hocand sensor networks as well as in contagion. We derive boundspc′,pc″ on the critical thresholds such that for allp > p″cfull percolation takes place, whereas forp < p′cit does not. We conclude with simulations that compare numerical thresholds with those obtained analytically.
A metapopulation model for highly pathogenic avian influenza: implications for compartmentalization as a control measure
Authors: NICKBAKHSH S. , MATTHEWS L. , REID S. W. J. , KAO R. R. 
Published: December 2013

SUMMARYAlthough the compartmentalization of poultry industry components has substantial economic implications, and is therefore a concept with huge significance to poultry industries worldwide, the current requirements for compartment status are generic to all OIE member countries. We examined the consequences for potential outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza in the British poultry industry using a metapopulation modelling framework. This framework was used to assess the effectiveness of compartmentalization relative to zoning control, utilizing empirical data to inform the structure of potential epidemiological contacts within the British poultry industry via network links and spatial proximity. Conditions were identified where, despite the efficient isolation of poultry compartments through the removal of network-mediated links, spatially mediated airborne spread enabled spillover of infection with nearby premises making compartmentalization a more ‘risky’ option than zoning control. However, when zoning control did not effectively inhibit long-distance network links, compartmentalization became a relatively more effective control measure than zoning. With better knowledge of likely distance ranges for airborne spread, our approach could help define an appropriate minimum inter-farm distance to provide more specific guidelines for compartmentalization in Great Britain.
Second outbreak of infection with a rareCryptosporidium parvumgenotype in schoolchildren associated with contact with lambs/goat kids at a holiday farm in Norway
Authors: LANGE H. , JOHANSEN Ø. H. , VOLD L. , ROBERTSON L. J. , ANTHONISEN I. L. , NYGARD K. 
Published: December 2013

SUMMARYIn March 2012, a second outbreak ofCryptosporidium parvumaffected children following a stay at a holiday farm in Norway; the first outbreak occurred in 2009. We studied a cohort of 145 schoolchildren who had visited the farm, of which 40 (28%) were cases.Cryptosporidiumoocysts were detected in faecal samples from humans, goat kids and lambs. Molecular studies revealedC. parvumsubtype IIa A19G1R1 in all samples including human samples from the 2009 outbreak. A dose–response relationship was found between the number of optional sessions with animals and illness, increasing from two sessions [risk ratio (RR) 2·7, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0·6–11·5] to six sessions (RR 8·0, 95% CI 1·7–37·7). The occurrence of two outbreaks 3 years apart, with the same subtype ofC. parvum, suggests that the parasite is established in the farm's environment. We recommend greater emphasis on hand hygiene and routines related to animal contact.
Clustered cases ofBordetella pertussisinfection cause high levels of IgG antibodies against pertussis toxin in adolescents in Gaobeidian city, China
Authors: WU Y. , ZHU B. , GAO Y. , SHI Z. , WANG J. , WANG H. , SHAO Z. 
Published: December 2013

SUMMARYIn a large serosurvey performed in Gaobeidian city, China, 1032 children and adolescents aged 3–18 years were divided into three age groups: 3–6, 7–11, and 12–18 years. The geometric mean of IgG antibodies against pertussis toxin (anti-PT IgG) varied from 3·47 IU/ml (3–6 years) to 8·71 IU/ml (12–18 years) and the seroprevalence (⩾40 IU/ml) varied from 4·48% (7–11 years) to 11·76% (12–18 years). Infections were clustered in three secondary schools (schools 1–3). However, excluding secondary schools 1–3, the IgG PT levels, seroprevalence and rates of recent infections (>100 IU/ml) in secondary schools 4–7 (where infections were not clustered) were very close to those in the 3–6 and 7–11 years age groups. This suggests that the high seroprevalence and anti-PT IgG levels in adolescents in Gaobeidian city, China were caused by the clustered cases in certain secondary schools. Our results also suggested that pertussis was still circulating in China, and the reported incidence might be underestimated.
Large Deviations and Ratio Limit Theorems for Pattern-Avoiding Permutations
Authors: ATAPOUR MAHSHID , MADRAS NEAL 
Published: December 2013

For a fixed permutation τ, let$\mathcal{S}_N(\tau)$be the set of permutations onNelements that avoid the pattern τ. Madras and Liu (2010) conjectured that$\lim_{N\rightarrow\infty}\frac{|\mathcal{S}_{N+1}(\tau)|}{ |\mathcal{S}_N(\tau)|}$exists; if it does, it must equal the Stanley–Wilf limit. We prove the conjecture for every permutation τ of length 5 or less, as well as for some longer cases (including 704 of the 720 permutations of length 6). We also consider permutations drawn at random from$\mathcal{S}_N(\tau)$, and we investigate properties of their graphs (viewing permutations as functions on {1,. . .,N}) scaled down to the unit square [0,1]2. We prove exact large deviation results for these graphs when τ has length 3; it follows, for example, that it is exponentially unlikely for a random 312-avoiding permutation to have points above the diagonal strip |y−x| < ε, but not unlikely to have points below the strip. For general τ, we show that some neighbourhood of the upper left corner of [0,1]2is exponentially unlikely to contain a point of the graph if and only if τ starts with its largest element. For patterns such as τ=4231 we establish that this neighbourhood can be extended along the sides of [0,1]2to come arbitrarily close to the corner points (0,0) and (1,1), as simulations had suggested.
Is Prehospital Endotracheal Intubation Associated with Improved Outcomes In Isolated Severe Head Injury? A Matched Cohort Analysis
Authors: Karamanos Efstathios , Talving Peep , Skiada Dimitra , Osby Melanie , Inaba Kenji , Lam Lydia , Albuz Ozgur , Demetriades Demetrios 
Published: December 2013

AbstractIntroductionPrehospital endotracheal intubation (ETI) following traumatic brain injury in urban settings is controversial. Studies investigating admission arterial blood gas (ABG) patterns in these instances are scant.HypothesisOutcomes in patients subjected to divergent prehospital airway management options following severe head injury were studied.MethodsThis was a retrospective propensity-matched study in patients with isolated TBI (head Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) ≥ 3) and Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score of ≤ 8 admitted to a Level 1 urban trauma center from January 1, 2003 through October 31, 2011. Cases that had prehospital ETI were compared to controls subjected to oxygen by mask in a one to three ratio for demographics, mechanism of injury, tachycardia/hypotension, Injury Severity Score, type of intracranial lesion, and all major surgical interventions. Primary outcome was mortality and secondary outcomes included admission gas profile, in-hospital morbidity, ICU length of stay (ICU LOS) and hospital length of stay (HLOS).ResultsCases (n = 55) and controls (n = 165) had statistically similar prehospital and in-hospital variables after propensity matching. Mortality was significantly higher for the ETI group (69.1% vs 55.2% respectively, P = .011). There was no difference in pH, base deficit, and pCO2 on admission blood gases; however the ETI group had significantly lower pO2 (187 (SD = 14) vs 213 (SD = 13), P = .034). There was a significantly increased incidence of septic shock in the ETI group. Patients subjected to prehospital ETI had a longer HLOS and ICU LOS.ConclusionIn isolated severe traumatic brain injury, prehospital endotracheal intubation was associated with significantly higher adjusted mortality rate and worsened admission oxygenation. Further prospective validation of these findings is warranted.KaramanosE, TalvingP, SkiadaD, OsbyM, InabaK, LamL, AlbuzO, DemetriadesD. Is prehospital endotracheal intubation associated with improved outcomes in isolated severe head injury? A matched cohort analysis. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2013;28(6):1-5.
Chronic Conditions and Household Preparedness for Public Health Emergencies: Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, 2006-2010
Authors: Ko Jean Y. , Strine Tara W. , Allweiss Pamela 
Published: December 2013

AbstractIntroductionIndividuals with chronic conditions often experience exacerbation of those conditions and have specialized medical needs after a disaster. Less is known about the level of disaster preparedness of this particular population and the extent to which being prepared might have an impact on the risk of disease exacerbation. The purpose of this study was to examine the association between self-reported asthma, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes and levels of household disaster preparedness.MethodsData were analyzed from 14 US states participating in the 2006-2010 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS), a large state-based telephone survey. Chi-square statistics and adjusted prevalence ratios were calculated.ResultsAfter adjusting for sociodemographic characteristics, as compared to those without each condition, persons with cardiovascular disease (aPR = 1.09; 95% CI, 1.01-1.17) and diabetes (aPR = 1.13; 95% CI, 1.05-1.22) were slightly more likely to have an evacuation plan and individuals with diabetes (aPR = 1.04; 95% CI, 1.02-1.05) and asthma (aPR = 1.02; 95% CI, 1.01-1.04) were slightly more likely to have a 3-day supply of prescription medication. There were no statistically significant differences in the prevalence for all other preparedness measures (3-day supply of food and water, working radio and flashlight, willingness to leave during a mandatory evacuation) between those with and those without each chronic condition.ConclusionDespite the increased morbidity and mortality associated with chronic conditions, persons with diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and asthma were generally not more prepared for natural or man-made disasters than those without each chronic condition.KoJY, StrineTW, AllweissP. Chronic conditions and household preparedness for public health emergencies: behavioral risk factor surveillance system, 2006-2010. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2014;29(1):1-8.
Sample Thickness Determination by Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy at Low Electron Energies
Authors: Volkenandt Tobias , Müller Erich , Gerthsen Dagmar 
Published: December 2013

AbstractSample thickness is a decisive parameter for any quantification of image information and composition in transmission electron microscopy. In this context, we present a method to determine the local sample thickness by scanning transmission electron microscopy at primary energies below 30 keV. The image intensity is measured with respect to the intensity of the incident electron beam and can be directly compared with Monte Carlo simulations. Screened Rutherford and Mott scattering cross-sections are evaluated with respect to fitting experimental data with simulated image intensities as a function of the atomic number of the sample material and primary electron energy. The presented method is tested for sample materials covering a wide range of atomic numbers Z, that is, fluorenyl hexa-peri-hexabenzocoronene (Z = 3.5), carbon (Z = 6), silicon (Z = 14), gallium nitride (Z = 19), and tungsten (Z = 74). Investigations were conducted for two primary energies (15 and 30 keV) and a sample thickness range between 50 and 400 nm.
Gain enhancement over a wideband in CPW-fed compact circular patch antenna
Authors: Vyas Kirti , Sanyal Garima , Sharma Arun Kumar , Singhal Pramod Kumar 
Published: December 2013

The present paper reports the gain enhancement over a wideband (12–15 GHz) in a coplanar waveguide (CPW)-fed circular patch antenna with circular defected ground structure (DGS). Two compact coplanar circular antennas have been designed and fabricated with and without DGS of same volume 18 × 20 × 1.6 mm3, built over FR4-epoxy substrate (εr = 4.4). Gain enhancement has been achieved by optimizing the current distribution with suitable DGS. For this purpose, structural designs have been optimized by parametric simulations in HFSS and CST MWS. Both the antennas can perform well in variety of wireless communication including WLAN IEEE 802.11 g/a (5.15–5.35 GHz and 5.725–5.825 GHz) and X-band applications including short range, tracking, missile guidance, and radar communication that ranges roughly from 8.29 to 11.4 GHz. The measured experimental results show that impedance bandwidth (S11 < −10 dB) of antenna with DGS is 100%. The antenna with DGS offers gain improvement by 2.7 dB for 13 GHz and 7 dB for 14 GHz. The performance of antenna with DGS is compared to conventional CPW-fed circular patch antenna (without DGS) in terms of reflection coefficient, radiation characteristics, and gain.
Methanotrophic archaea possessing diverging methane-oxidizing and electron-transporting pathways
Authors: Wang Feng-Ping , Zhang Yu , Chen Ying , He Ying , Qi Ji , Hinrichs Kai-Uwe , Zhang Xin-Xu , Xiao Xiang , Boon Nico 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
Anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM) is a crucial process limiting the flux of methane from marine environments to the atmosphere. The process is thought to be mediated by three groups of uncultivated methane-oxidizing archaea (ANME-1, 2 and 3). Although the responsible microbes have been intensively studied for more than a decade, central mechanistic details remain unresolved. On the basis of an integrated analysis of both environmental metatranscriptome and single-aggregate genome of a highly active AOM enrichment dominated by ANME-2a, we provide evidence for a complete and functioning AOM pathway in ANME-2a. All genes required for performing the seven steps of methanogenesis from CO2 were found present and actively expressed. Meanwhile, genes for energy conservation and electron transportation including those encoding F420H2 dehydrogenase (Fpo), the cytoplasmic and membrane-associated Coenzyme B–Coenzyme M heterodisulfide (CoB-S-SCoM) reductase (HdrABC, HdrDE), cytochrome C and the Rhodobacter nitrogen fixation (Rnf) complex were identified and expressed, whereas genes encoding for hydrogenases were absent. Thus, ANME-2a is likely performing AOM through a complete reversal of methanogenesis from CO2 reduction without involvement of canonical hydrogenase. ANME-2a is demonstrated to possess versatile electron transfer pathways that would provide the organism with more flexibility in substrate utilization and capacity for rapid adjustment to fluctuating environments. This work lays the foundation for understanding the environmental niche differentiation, physiology and evolution of different ANME subgroups.