bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Unified Theory of Allocations and Constructs in Life Cycle Assessment and Input‐Output Analysis
Authors: Majeau‐Bettez Guillaume , Wood Richard , Strømman Anders Hammer 
Published: August 2014

SummaryThe treatment of coproducts is one of the most persistent methodological challenges for both input‐output (IO) analysis and life cycle assessment (LCA). The two fields have developed distinct modeling traditions to artificially extract independent Leontief production functions (technological “recipes”) for products of multioutput activities; whereas IO operates in terms of system‐wide models named constructs, LCA practitioners usually use allocations or system expansion on a process‐by‐process basis. Recently, there have been renewed efforts to connect these two modeling traditions on the basis of their underlying assumptions. A formal description of a unified framework for the treatment of coproducts is still lacking, however. The present article strives to fill this gap. From a single generalized allocation equation, we derive all practical LCA allocations and IO constructs. This approach extends previous studies by arranging the different models in a formal “taxonomic tree,” clarifying the relation between the different LCA allocation and IO construct models. This framework also clarifies the relation of certain models to classical system expansion. We then analyze the properties of these models when combined with different types of inventories and make recommendations for best practice in inventory compilation.
Reduction of the scanning time by total variation minimization reconstruction for X‐ray tomography in a SEM
Authors: LALOUM D. , PRINTEMPS T. , SANCHEZ D.F. , LORUT F. , AUDOIT G. , BLEUET P. 
Published: August 2014

SummaryTotal variation minimization is applied to the particular case of X‐ray tomography in a scanning electron microscope. To prove the efficiency of this reconstruction method, noise‐free and noisy data based on the Shepp & Logan phantom have been simulated. These simulations confirm that Total variation minimization‐reconstruction algorithm better manages data containing low number of projections with respect to simultaneous iterative reconstruction technique or filtered backprojection, even in the presence of noise. The algorithm has been applied to real data sets, with a low angular sampling and a high level of noise. Two samples containing micro‐interconnections have been analyzed and 3D reconstructions show that Total variation minimization‐based algorithm performs well even with 60 projections in order to properly recover a 500 nm diameter void inside a copper interconnection.
Psychopathy Deconstructed and Reconstructed: Identifying and Assembling the Personality Building Blocks of Cleckley's Chimera
Authors: Lilienfeld Scott O. , Watts Ashley L. , Francis Smith Sarah , Berg Joanna M. , Latzman Robert D. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThe psychopathy field has long been beset by confusion and contention regarding the boundaries and features of this chimerical condition. We propose that this disagreement stems largely from the historical separation between psychopathy and basic personality psychology. Using findings from a meta‐analysis of the correlations between the Psychopathy Checklist‐Revised (PCL‐R) and normal‐range personality traits as a launching point, we (a) deconstruct widely used measures of psychopathy into their constituent subdimensions and (b) examine the associations of these subdimensions with higher‐order and lower‐order personality dimensions drawn from the Big Five and Big Three frameworks. Our review of the adult psychopathy literature reveals broad agreement that psychopathy measures are imbued with low Agreeableness and low Conscientiousness. Nevertheless, substantial disagreement revolves around the place of largely adaptive features, especially high agentic Extraversion, low Neuroticism, and high Openness, within the psychopathy construct. We propose that ongoing debates regarding the nature and boundaries of psychopathy reflect a focus on two differing operationalizations of this condition, each of which reflects a different “species” of individual.
Fashion and Dress Culture
Authors: Parker Sarah 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThis article summarises the significant critical works on fashion and dress culture in 19th‐century literature published during the last 10 years, identifying the key trends in this area of scholarship, including work on shopping and consumption, the ‘shopgirl’ and the needlewoman, and reform movements such as the Rational and Aesthetic dress movements. During the 19th century, dress was a battleground on which a number of key debates were fought and contested. But whilst fashion and art historians have long been interested in this period, literary studies has tended to overlook dress, perhaps due to fashion being associated with shallowness and triviality. Fortunately, in the last 10 years, there has been a noticeable increase in critical work that focuses on the important role of fashion and dress in 19th‐century literature and culture. Such work moves beyond viewing dress as merely a metaphor or symbolic device – instead approaching dress as a cultural phenomenon worthy of attention in its own right.
Life Stage Studies and the Eighteenth Century: Reading Age in Literature
Authors: Gustafson Katherine 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThis essay traces the field of life stage studies, surveying its general trends and its particular impact on our understanding of eighteenth‐century culture. Also known as “life cycle studies,” “life span studies,” or “age studies,” this field has been largely overlooked until recently, but has yielded new insights into identity and literary formations. When aggregated, recent studies show a profound change in how aging was perceived and treated in the eighteenth century as more fluid ideas about three stages of the life cycle – childhood, adolescence, and senescence – gradually became identified not simply by social rituals or external appearance but also by numerical age. Because of its multidisciplinary approach, life stage studies allows us both to recognize this transformation and to connect it to developments in the eighteenth century in the fields of philosophy, law, education, social policy, and literature.
Diminishing Returns from Higher Density Restoration Seedings Suggest Trade‐offs in Pollinator Seed Mixes
Authors: Wilkerson Marit L. , Ward Kimiora L. , Williams Neal M. , Ullmann Katharina S. , Young Truman P. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractNative forbs have become a more central component of restoration programs, especially because of their role in supporting crop pollinators. This study evaluates the success of different native forb mixes and seeding rates using shared goals of restoration practitioners and agroecologists, namely percent native species cover, floral resources, native diversity, and cost‐effectiveness. At 6 sites with hedgerows adjacent to agricultural lands in California's Central Valley, we planted 3 native forb seed mixes at 3 seeding rates and monitored germination, percent cover, and floral resources for 2 to 3 years. We also evaluated the cost of the mixes based on seeding rates and original seed prices. More than mix type, relative seeding rate strongly affected germination, cover, and floral resource success. The relative benefits of seeding with more species diminished at higher seeding rates, especially when cost was considered. Cover increased significantly over the years but diversity declined sharply after the first year. Increased cover of target species was mainly due to the effect of 1 dominant species Grindelia camporum, common gumplant. We summarize data from a similar forb restoration study showing that the species that dominated in our mix‐and‐rate experimental sites also attracted the greatest diversity and abundance of pollinators. These findings highlight trade‐offs and balance‐points within restoration and pollination services goals. We offer suggestions on how to weigh those trade‐offs, given particular priorities and how native forb plantings can support combined goals of pollination services and restoration.
Self‐forgiveness: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly
Authors: Wohl Michael J. A. , McLaughlin Kendra J. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractTraditionally, self‐forgiveness has been framed as a process that helps facilitate psychological as well as physiological well‐being following wrongdoing. In the present paper, we outline the limits and boundaries of this presupposition. Specifically, we outline contexts in which self‐forgiveness might yield negative consequence that include, among other things, a continuation of the wrongful behavior. First, we provide evidence that self‐forgiveness for ongoing, wrongful behavior (e.g., smoking) alleviates negative feelings associated with acknowledged wrongs committed by the self, which does little to motivate behavioral change. We then discuss the complication that is pseudo‐self‐forgiveness – a situation in which people shift some responsible away from the self for wrongs committed by the self. This outward shift in responsibility lets the self “off the hook”, which increases the likelihood that the wrongful behavior will continue. Drawing on these discussions, a path model for behavioral change that places self‐forgiveness at its core is offered. Although we present some pessimism regarding the outcome of the self‐forgiveness process, this paper points to situations and attributions that maximize its positive effects.
Street‐level Bureaucrats' and the General Public's Deservingness Perceptions of Social Assistance Recipients in Finland
Authors: Kallio Johanna , Kouvo Antti 
Published: August 2014

AbstractPerceptions of deservingness are crucial when we attempt to explain public support for welfare policies or try to understand the development of modern welfare states. These perceptions also reveal the status of a particular population group in society and the social cohesion between marginalized groups and the general public. In this article, we are concerned about whether perceptions of the deservingness of social assistance recipients vary between different street‐level bureaucrat groups, citizens and those individuals who have received social assistance or whose family members have been recipients of social assistance at some stage of their life. We focus on the nature of the impact of various individual level factors in these perceptions. The studied street‐level bureaucrats are social workers in municipalities, deacons of the Church of Finland and benefit officials of the Social Security Institution of Finland. Two nationwide surveys among street‐level bureaucrats (N = 2,124) and citizens (N = 1,883) are used. Descriptive statistics and rank ordered logistic regression are utilized. According to the results, street‐level bureaucrats and the general public perceive social assistance recipients in quite a positive way. However, there are clear differences between and within these groups. Street‐level bureaucrats' attitudes towards social assistance recipients are more positive than those among the public. However, benefit officials have a more critical stance on the deservingness of social assistance recipients than social workers and deacons. Those who have received social assistance are more positive than those who have not had these experiences. Age, education and political identification further explain the attitudes of bureaucrats and citizens.
Carbapenem‐resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae infections in kidney transplant recipients: a case–control study
Authors: Simkins J. , Muggia V. , Cohen H.W. , Minamoto G.Y. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractIntroductionCarbapenem‐resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CRKP) infections have emerged as a significant challenge in solid organ transplantation. CRKP infections in other patient populations have been associated with higher mortality, when compared to infections caused by carbapenem‐sensitive K. pneumoniae (CSKP).AimsThe aim of this study was to evaluate possible risk factors, clinical characteristics, and outcomes of CRKP infections compared with CSKP infections in kidney transplant recipients (KTR).MethodsWe retrospectively investigated 13 CRKP infections and 39 CSKP infections in KTR (2006–2010).ResultsCRKP was not significantly associated with age, gender, or comorbidities. CRKP infections were significantly associated with recent exposure to broad‐spectrum antibiotics and were more likely to have been managed on an inpatient basis and to have required source control. CRKP was significantly associated with earlier mortality. Six of 13 (46%) patients with CRKP infection, and none of the patients with CSKP infection, died within 6.5 months of infection onset. Although cases and controls did not differ significantly with respect to diabetes, all patients (100%, n = 9) who died during the study had diabetes, while 58% of the 43 survivors had diabetes (P = 0.02).ConclusionIn conclusion, CRKP compared with CSKP is associated with greater risk of mortality. Investigations on ways to better prevent CRKP are urgently needed.
Finding roots in with the successive resultants algorithm
Authors: Petit Christophe 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThe problem of solving polynomial equations over finite fields has many applications in cryptography and coding theory. In this paper, we consider polynomial equations over a ‘large’ finite field with a ‘small’ characteristic. We introduce a new algorithm for solving this type of equations, called thesuccessive resultants algorithm(SRA). SRA is radically different from previous algorithms for this problem, yet it is conceptually simple. A straightforward implementation using Magma was able to beat the built-inRootsfunction for some parameters. These preliminary results encourage a more detailed study of SRA and its applications. Moreover, we point out that an extension of SRA to the multivariate case would have an important impact on the practical security of the elliptic curve discrete logarithm problem in the small characteristic case.Supplementary materials are available with this article.
Inhibition of Cyclooxygenase-1 and Cyclooxygenase-2 Impairs Trypanosoma cruzi Entry into Cardiac Cells and Promotes Differential Modulation of the Inflammatory Response
Authors: Malvezi Aparecida D. , Panis Carolina , da Silva Rosiane V. , de Freitas Rafael Carvalho , Lovo-Martins Maria I. , Tatakihara Vera L. H. , Zanluqui Nágela G. , Neto Edecio Cunha , Goldenberg Samuel , Bordignon Juliano , Yamada-Ogatta Sueli F. , Martins-Pinge Marli C. , Cecchini Rubens , Pinge-Filho Phileno 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACT

The intracellular protozoan parasite
Trypanosoma cruzi
is the etiologic agent of Chagas disease, a serious disorder that affects millions of people in Latin America. Cell invasion by
T. cruzi
and its intracellular replication are essential to the parasite's life cycle and for the development of Chagas disease. Here, we present evidence suggesting the involvement of the host's cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes during
T. cruzi
invasion. Pharmacological antagonists for COX-1 (aspirin) and COX-2 (celecoxib) caused marked inhibition of
T. cruzi
infection when rat cardiac cells were pretreated with these nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) for 60 min at 37°C before inoculation. This inhibition was associated with an increase in the production of NO and interleukin-1β and decreased production of transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) by cells. Taken together, these results indicate that COX-1 more than COX-2 is involved in the regulation of anti-
T. cruzi
activity in cardiac cells, and they provide a better understanding of the influence of TGF-β-interfering therapies on the innate inflammatory response to
T. cruzi
infection and may represent a very pertinent target for new therapeutic treatments of Chagas disease.
Linezolid Manifests a Rapid and Dramatic Therapeutic Effect for Patients with Life-Threatening Tuberculous Meningitis
Authors: Sun Feng , Ruan Qiaoling , Wang Jiali , Chen Shu , Jin Jialin , Shao Lingyun , Zhang Ying , Zhang Wenhong 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACT
We conducted a retrospective cohort study of patients with MRC grade II/III tuberculous meningitis (TBM) who accepted a background antitubercular regimen (BR) with or without linezolid (LZD). At the 4th week, the LZD-BR group achieved a faster and higher percentage of Glasgow coma scale recovery and temperature recovery, a higher cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)/blood glucose ratio, and lower CSF white blood cell counts than did the BR group. Short-term linezolid supplementation may be a more effective treatment for life-threatening TBM.
The New Pyrazolyltetrazole Derivative MSN20 Is Effective via Oral Delivery against Cutaneous Leishmaniasis
Authors: Faiões Viviane dos Santos , dos Santos Maurício Silva , Bernardino Alice Maria Rolim , Cunha-Júnior Edézio Ferreira , Canto Cavalheiro Marilene Marcuzzo do , Torres-Santos Eduardo Caio 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACT

An orally delivered, safe and effective treatment for leishmaniasis is an unmet medical need. Azoles and the pyrazolylpyrimidine allopurinol present leishmanicidal activity, but their clinical efficacies are variable. Here, we describe the activity of the new pyrazolyltetrazole hybrid, 5-[5-amino-1-(4′-methoxyphenyl)1H-pyrazole-4-yl]1H-tetrazole (MSN20). MSN20 showed a 50% inhibitory concentration (IC
50
) of 22.3 μM against amastigotes of
Leishmania amazonensis
and reduced significantly the parasite load in infected mice, suggesting its utility as a lead compound for the development of an oral treatment for leishmaniasis.
An Upstream Truncation of the
furA-katG
Operon Confers High-Level Isoniazid Resistance in a Mycobacterium tuberculosis Clinical Isolate with No Known Resistance-Associated Mutations
Authors: Siu Gilman Kit Hang , Yam Wing Cheong , Zhang Ying , Kao Richard Y. T. 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACT

Although the major causes of isoniazid (INH) resistance in
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
are confined to structural mutations in
katG
and promoter mutations in the
mabA-inhA
operon, a significant proportion of INH-resistant strains have unknown resistance mechanisms. Recently, we identified a high-level INH-resistant
M. tuberculosis
clinical isolate, GB005, with no known resistance-associated mutations. A comprehensive study was performed to investigate the molecular basis of drug resistance in this strain. Although no mutations were found throughout the
katG
and
furA-katG
intergenic region, the
katG
expression and the catalase activity were greatly diminished compared to those in H37Rv (
P
< 0.01). Northern blotting revealed that the
katG
transcript from the isolate was smaller than that of H37Rv. Sequencing analysis of
furA
and upstream genes discovered a 7.2-kb truncation extended from the 96th base preceding the initiation codon of
katG
. Complementation of the
M. tuberculosis
Δ(
furA-katG
) strain with
katG
and different portions of the truncated region identified a 134-bp upstream fragment of
furA
that was essential for full catalase activity and INH susceptibility in
M. tuberculosis
. The promoter activity of this fragment was also shown to be stronger than that of the
furA-katG
intergenic region (
P
< 0.01). Collectively, these findings demonstrate that deletion of the 134-bp
furA
upstream fragment is responsible for the reduction in
katG
expression, resulting in INH resistance in GB005. To our knowledge, this is the first report showing that deletion of the upstream region preceding the
furA-katG
operon causes high-level INH resistance in a clinical isolate of
M. tuberculosis
.
Impact of MIC Range for Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Streptococcus pneumoniae on the Ceftolozane
In Vivo
Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Target
Authors: Lepak A. J. , Reda A. , Marchillo K. , Van Hecker J. , Craig W. A. , Andes D. 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACT

Ceftolozane is a novel cephalosporin with activity against drug-resistant pathogens, including
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
and
Streptococcus pneumoniae
. The
in vivo
investigation reported here tested the limits of this drug against 20
P. aeruginosa
and
S. pneumoniae
isolates across a wide MIC range and defined resistance mechanisms. The times above the MIC (
T
>MIC) targets for stasis and 1- and 2-log reductions were 31%, 39%, and 42% for
P. aeruginosa
and 18%, 24%, and 27% for
S. pneumoniae
, respectively. The 1-log endpoint was achieved for strains with MICs as high as 16 μg/ml.
Alveolar Macrophages and Neutrophils Are the Primary Reservoirs for Legionella pneumophila and Mediate Cytosolic Surveillance of Type IV Secretion
Authors: Copenhaver Alan M. , Casson Cierra N. , Nguyen Hieu T. , Fung Thomas C. , Duda Matthew M. , Roy Craig R. , Shin Sunny 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTLegionella pneumophila, an intracellular pathogen responsible for the severe pneumonia Legionnaires' disease, uses itsdot/icm-encoded type IV secretion system (T4SS) to translocate effector proteins that promote its survival and replication into the host cell cytosol. However, by introducing bacterial products into the host cytosol,L. pneumophilaalso activates cytosolic immunosurveillance pathways, thereby triggering robust proinflammatory responses that mediate the control of infection. Thus, the pulmonary cell types thatL. pneumophilainfects not only may act as an intracellular niche that facilitates its pathogenesis but also may contribute to the immune response againstL. pneumophila. The identity of these host cells remains poorly understood. Here, we developed a strain ofL. pneumophilaproducing a fusion protein consisting of β-lactamase fused to the T4SS-translocated effector RalF, which allowed us to track cells injected by the T4SS. Our data reveal that alveolar macrophages and neutrophils both are the primary recipients of T4SS-translocated effectors and harbor viableL. pneumophiladuring pulmonary infection of mice. Moreover, both alveolar macrophages and neutrophils from infected mice produced tumor necrosis factor and interleukin-1α in response to T4SS-sufficient, but not T4SS-deficient,L. pneumophila. Collectively, our data suggest that alveolar macrophages and neutrophils are both an intracellular reservoir forL. pneumophilaand a source of proinflammatory cytokines that contribute to the host immune response againstL. pneumophiladuring pulmonary infection.
The Agr Quorum-Sensing System Regulates Fibronectin Binding but Not Hemolysis in the Absence of a Functional Electron Transport Chain
Authors: Pader Vera , James Ellen H. , Painter Kimberley L. , Wigneshweraraj Sivaramesh , Edwards Andrew M. 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACT

Staphylococcus aureus
is responsible for numerous chronic and recurrent infections, which are frequently associated with the emergence of small-colony variants (SCVs) that lack a functional electron transport chain. SCVs exhibit enhanced expression of fibronectin-binding protein (FnBP) and greatly reduced hemolysin production, although the basis for this is unclear. One hypothesis is that these phenotypes are a consequence of the reduced Agr activity of SCVs, while an alternative is that the lack of a functional electron transport chain and the resulting reduction in ATP production are responsible. Disruption of the electron transport chain of
S. aureus
genetically (
hemB
and
menD
) or chemically, using 2-
n
-heptyl-4-hydroxyquinoline
N
-oxide (HQNO), inhibited both growth and Agr activity and conferred an SCV phenotype. Supplementation of the culture medium with synthetic autoinducing peptide (sAIP) significantly increased Agr expression in both
hemB
mutant strains and
S. aureus
grown with HQNO and significantly reduced staphylococcal adhesion to fibronectin. However, sAIP did not promote hemolysin expression in
hemB
mutant strains or
S. aureus
grown with HQNO. Therefore, while Agr regulates fibronectin binding in SCVs, it cannot promote hemolysin production in the absence of a functional electron transport chain.