bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Preliminary study in the evaluation of anti‐aging cosmetic treatment using two complementary methods for assessing skin surface
Authors: Dzwigałowska A. , Sołyga‐Żurek A. , Dębowska R. M. , Eris I. 
Published: January 2013

Background/purposeOne of the constantly developing fields in the area of cosmetology is the analysis of the efficacy of cosmetics products. Various instrumental techniques are available nowadays to evaluate changes in skin surface and measure anti‐wrinkle activity. The aim of our study was to present and confront two methods of the analysis of skin surface, Primos and Visioscan, regarding their applicability in evaluating anti‐wrinkle properties of cosmetic formulations and treatments.MethodsThe study was performed on women, taking part in anti‐wrinkle cosmetic treatments. Various skin aging parameters were analyzed, including skin surface changes. The results obtained with Visioscan and Primos were compared regarding their usefulness in anti‐wrinkling properties assessment.ResultsThe assessment of skin condition suggested anti‐wrinkle properties of the applied cosmetic treatment. Both Visioscan and Primos analyses were consistent with each other and had similar faults as well.ConclusionThe results of this study show that both complementary technologies (Visioscan and Primos) are appropriate for characterizing the skin surface and could be useful in testing the efficacy of anti‐aging properties. There are some measurements which are unique to just one method, none, however, seems to be significantly more useful for efficacy testing than the other.
Interexaminer reliability of infrared thermography for the diagnosis of complex regional pain syndrome
Authors: Choi Eunjoo , Lee Pyung‐Bok , Nahm Francis Sahngun 
Published: January 2013

Background/purposeInfrared thermography (IRT) is a useful tool for assessing skin temperature abnormalities in patients with complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS). Although determining regions of interest (ROIs) is an essential process for interpreting thermographic images, there are no validated and standardized guidelines to determine ROIs. Therefore, ROIs may be determined differently by each observer even for the same IRT images, which can result in an important issue for IRT reliability. The purpose of this study was to investigate the interexaminer reliability of IRT in patients with CRPS.MethodsInfrared thermographic images of 28 patients diagnosed with CRPS were reviewed by three independent examiners. The shapes, sizes, and the detailed locations of the ROIs were determined by the investigator's own opinion based on patient history and symptoms. After maximal skin temperature of the ROI was obtained for each patient, the degree of agreement among the three examiners limbs was assessed.ResultsThe intraclass correlation coefficient among the three independent raters was 0.865 (95% confidence interval, 0.748–0.933), indicating a high degree of reliability (P < 0.001).ConclusionsThe reliability of IRT for assessing skin temperature abnormalities in CRPS was high when the ROIs were determined based on patient history and symptoms.
Development of skin aging scale by using dermoscopy
Authors: Isik Burcu , Gurel Mehmet S. , Erdemir Asli T. , Kesmezacar Ozgu 
Published: January 2013

BackgroundSome features of skin aging that cannot be detected by the naked eye can be determined more easily by dermoscopy. Therefore, we aimed to measure skin aging with dermoscopy.MethodsThe study was performed in Istanbul Training and Research Hospital, a tertiary care referral center. A total of 441 participants between the ages of 20–88 (mean 48.4 ± 17.7) were separated into six groups according to their age. All participant's facial sun‐exposed areas were examined by dermoscopy in terms of telangiectasia, vascular changes, pigmentation changes, seborrheic keratosis, actinic keratosis, periorbital comedones and cysts, superficial‐ deep‐ criss‐cross wrinkles as the signs of photoaging and scored with the help of dermoscopic photoaging scale (DPAS). The validity of the scale was assessed with DPAS by the evaluation of both the axillar and the gluteal regions, that were not sun exposed and photoaged, with DPAS.ResultsThe scale was found to be highly reliable as Cronbach's α coefficient was 0.756. Skin aging of patients from every decade was compared clinically with Glogou photoaging scale and Monheit‐Fulton photoaging index and significant correlation was calculated as 0.773 and 0.774, respectively. An increase in photoaging scores from young people toward elders according to their ages was observed and the same linear difference between their mean values was detected.ConclusionDPAS is a reliable and valid diagnostic tool that can evaluate photoaged skin quantitatively by the help of objective criteria so can be used to evaluate the effect of preventive and therapeutic applications for skin aging.
Seasonal and annual variation in the intensity of facial wrinkles
Authors: Tsukahara Kazue , Osanai Osamu , Kitahara Takashi , Takema Yoshinori 
Published: January 2013

Background/aimsWe studied annual, seasonal and gender‐dependent changes in the intensity of facial wrinkles.MethodsThe study included 32 Japanese subjects (16 men, 16 women, aged 35–47). Wrinkles on the forehead, corner of the eye, lower eyelid and nasolabial groove of each subject were captured in photos and in replicas at 3‐month intervals from March, 2009 to March, 2010. At each occasion, skin conductance in the stratum corneum and skin color were measured on the cheek. The photos obtained were used for visual scoring of wrinkle intensity, and the quantitative 3‐D data of replicas were obtained.ResultsAn apparent annual variation in skin conductance, which is supposed to be caused by skin dryness, and in the level of skin brightness, which is supposed to be caused by sun tan, was found for both genders. In contrast, no seasonal changes were determined in wrinkle intensity. Three‐D analysis revealed no annual variation in women but revealed annual variation in the depths of eye wrinkles in men.ConclusionThere was a gender‐dependent difference in the annual variation of wrinkle depth in subjects around 40 years of age. Seasonal environmental changes may affect on the eye wrinkles depth in men within a year.
A new evaluation of carbon stocks in British forest soils
Authors: Vanguelova E. I. , Nisbet T. R. , Moffat A. J. , Broadmeadow S. , Sanders T. G. M. , Morison J. I. L. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractCarbon (C) stocks in forest soils were evaluated in the first comprehensive survey of Great Britain, the BioSoil soil survey, using a total of 167 plots (72 in England, 26 in Wales and 69 in Scotland). The average C stock down to 80 cm depth for seven main soil types ranged between 108 and 448 t C/ha with maximum values from 511 to 927 t C/ha. Carbon stock varied with soil depth and type, forest type, and stand age. Stocks within the upper mineral soil (0–20 cm) represented between 29 and 69% of the total 0–80 cm C stock, while those in the top 40 cm comprised 59–100% of the total. Carbon stocks decreased in the order deep peats > peaty gleys > groundwater gleys > surface‐water gleys > podzols and ironpans > brown earths > rankers and rendzinas. Litter and fermentation horizons on average contributed an additional 7.3 and 8.8 t C/ha, respectively, to the overall soil C stock. Measured soil C stocks (0–80 cm) were upscaled by area of main soil and forest types to provide national estimates. Total forest soil stocks for England, Wales and Scotland were upscaled to 163, 46 and 337 Mt C, respectively, with an additional 17, 4 and 21 Mt C within surface organic layers (litter and fermentation horizons). Carbon stocks were larger under conifers compared with broadleaves. Peaty gleys contributed most to the total C stock in Scotland, while brown earths and podzolic soils made the largest contribution in Wales, and brown earths and surface‐water gley soils in England. Estimated total carbon stocks in forest soils in Great Britain, including organic layers, are 589 Mt C in the top 80 cm and 664 Mt C in the top 1 m of soil. The BioSoil soil survey provides the most comprehensive estimate of forest soil C stocks in Great Britain to date and provides a good baseline for assessing future change even though variability in forest soil C stocks is high. However, a relatively small number of additional plots to fill existing gaps in spatial coverage and to increase representation of rendzinas and highly organic soils would significantly reduce the level of uncertainty.
HLA class I associations with rates of HIV‐1 seroconversion and disease progression in the Pumwani Sex Worker Cohort
Authors: Peterson T. A. , Kimani J. , Wachihi C. , Bielawny T. , Mendoza L. , Thavaneswaran S. , Narayansingh M. J. , Kariri T. , Liang B. , Ball T. B. , Ngugi E. N. , Plummer F. A. , Luo M. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractClass I human leukocyte antigens (HLA) play an important role in the adaptive immune response by presenting antigens to CD8+ T cells. Studies have reported that several HLA class I alleles are associated with differential disease progression in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)‐infected individuals, however, few class I associations with resistance or susceptibility to HIV‐1 infection have been reported. We typed HLA‐A, ‐B and ‐C of >1000 women enrolled in the Pumwani Sex Worker Cohort using a sequence‐based typing method. Kaplan–Meier analysis was used to identify alleles influencing seroconversion and disease progression to acquired immune deficiency syndrome (CD4 < 200/mm3). A*01 (P = 0.020), C*06:02 (P = 0.042) and C*07:01 (P = 0.050) are independently associated with protection from seroconversion. Women with any of these alleles are less likely to seroconvert [P = 0.00001, odds ratio (OR): 0.503, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.320–0.790]. Conversely, A*23:01 (P = 0.004), B*07:02 (P = 0.003) and B*42:01 (P = 0.025) are independently associated with rapid seroconversion. Women with any of these alleles are twice as likely to seroconvert (P = 0.002, OR: 2.059, 95% CI: 1.290–3.285). The beneficial alleles confer threefold protection from seroconversion when compared with the susceptible alleles (P = 0.000001, OR: 0.268, 95% CI: 0.132–0.544). B*07:02 is the contributing allele, within the B7 supertype, to the rapid seroconversion. A*74:01 (P = 0.04/P = 0.006), B*14 (P = 0.003/P = 0.003) and B*57:03 (P = 0.012/P = 0.038) are independently associated with slower CD4+ decline and LTNP phenotype, while B*07:02 (P = 0.020), B*15:10 (P = 0.022) and B*53:01 (P = 0.007) are independently associated with rapid CD4+ T‐cell decline. B7 supertype (P = 0.00006), B*35*‐Py (P = 0.028) and B*35‐Px (P = 0.001) were also significantly associated with rapid CD4+ T‐cell decline. Understanding why these HLA class I alleles are associated with protection/susceptibility to HIV‐1 acquisition and disease progression could contribute to the development of effective prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines for HIV‐1.
Calcineurin B‐like protein CBL10 directly interacts with AKT1 and modulates K+ homeostasis in Arabidopsis
Authors: Ren Xiao‐Ling , Qi Guo‐Ning , Feng Han‐Qian , Zhao Shuai , Zhao Shuang‐Shuang , Wang Yi , Wu Wei‐Hua 
Published: January 2013

SummaryPotassium transporters and channels play crucial roles in K+ uptake and translocation in plant cells. These roles are essential for plant growth and development. AKT1 is an important K+ channel in Arabidopsis roots that is involved in K+ uptake. It is known that AKT1 is activated by a protein kinase CIPK23 interacting with two calcineurin B‐like proteins CBL1/CBL9. The present study showed that another calcineurin B‐like protein (CBL10) may also regulate AKT1 activity. The CBL10‐over‐expressing lines showed a phenotype as sensitive as that of the akt1 mutant under low‐K+ conditions. In addition, the K+ content of both CBL10‐over‐expressing lines and akt1 mutant plants were significantly reduced compared with wild‐type plants. Moreover, CBL10 directly interacted with AKT1, as verified in yeast two‐hybrid, BiFC and co‐immunoprecipitation experiments. The results of electrophysiological analysis in both Xenopus oocytes and Arabidopsis root cell protoplasts demonstrated that CBL10 impairs AKT1‐mediated inward K+ currents. Furthermore, the results from the yeast two‐hybrid competition assay indicated that CBL10 may compete with CIPK23 for binding to AKT1 and negatively modulate AKT1 activity. The present study revealed a CBL‐interacting protein kinase‐independent regulatory mechanism of calcineurin B‐like proteins in which CBL10 directly regulates AKT1 activity and affects ion homeostasis in plant cells.
Universal fractionation of lignin–carbohydrate complexes (LCCs) from lignocellulosic biomass: an example using spruce wood
Authors: Du Xueyu , Gellerstedt Goran , Li Jiebing 
Published: January 2013

SummaryIt is of both theoretical and practical importance to develop a universally applicable approach for the fractionation and sensitive lignin characterization of lignin–carbohydrate complexes (LCCs) from all types of lignocellulosic biomass, both natively and after various types of processing. In the present study, a previously reported fractionation approach that is applicable for eucalyptus (hardwood) and flax (non‐wood) was further improved by introducing an additional step of barium hydroxide precipitation to isolate the mannan‐enriched LCC (glucomannan‐lignin, GML), in order to suit softwood species as well. Spruce wood was used as the softwood sample. As indicated by the recovery yield and composition analysis, all of the lignin was recovered in three LCC fractions: a glucan‐enriched fraction (glucan‐lignin, GL), a mannan‐enriched fraction (GML) and a xylan‐enriched fraction (xylan‐lignin, XL). All of the LCCs had high molecular masses and were insoluble or barely soluble in a dioxane/water solution. Carbohydrate and lignin signals were observed in 1H NMR, 13C CP‐MAS NMR and normal‐ or high‐sensitivity 2D HSQC NMR analyses. The carbohydrate and lignin constituents in each LCC fraction are therefore believed to be chemically bonded rather than physically mixed with one another. The three LCC fractions were found to be distinctly different from each other in terms of their lignin structures, as revealed by highly sensitive analyses by thioacidolysis‐GC, thioacidolysis‐SEC and pyrolysis‐GC.
Haphazard reporting of deaths in clinical trials: a review of cases of ClinicalTrials.gov records and matched publications–a cross-sectional study
Authors: Earley Amy , Lau Joseph , Uhlig, Katrin 
Published: January 2013

ContextA participant death is a serious event in a clinical trial and needs to be unambiguously and publicly reported.ObjectiveTo examine (1) how often and how numbers of deaths are reported in ClinicalTrials.gov records; (2) how often total deaths can be determined per arm within a ClinicalTrials.gov results record and its corresponding publication and (3) whether counts may be discordant.DesignRegistry-based study of clinical trial results reporting.SettingClinicalTrials.gov results database searched in July 2011 and matched PubMed publications.Selection criteriaA random sample of ClinicalTrials.gov results records. Detailed review of records with a single corresponding publication.Main outcome measureClinicalTrials.gov records reporting number of deaths under participant flow, primary or secondary outcome or serious adverse events. Consistency in reporting of number of deaths between ClinicalTrials.gov records and corresponding publications.ResultsIn 500 randomly selected ClinicalTrials.gov records, only 123 records (25%) reported a number for deaths. Reporting of deaths across data modules for participant flow, primary or secondary outcomes and serious adverse events was variable. In a sample of 27 pairs of ClinicalTrials.gov records with number of deaths and corresponding publications, total deaths per arm could only be determined in 56% (15/27 pairs) but were discordant in 19% (5/27). In 27 pairs of ClinicalTrials.gov records without any information on number of deaths, 48% (13/27) were discordant since the publications reported absence of deaths in 33% (9/27) and positive death numbers in 15% (4/27).ConclusionsDeaths are variably reported in ClinicalTrials.gov records. A reliable total number of deaths per arm cannot always be determined with certainty or can be discordant with number reported in corresponding trial publications. This highlights a need for unambiguous and complete reporting of the number of deaths in trial registries and publications.
HIV diagnosis and utilisation of HIV-related medical care among foreign-born persons in New York City, 2001–2009
Authors: Wiewel Ellen W , Torian Lucia V , Nasrallah Hani N , Hanna David B , Shepard Colin W 
Published: January 2013

ObjectivesTo measure trends in HIV diagnoses among foreign-born (FB) New Yorkers and compare the epidemic in FB with that in non-FB (NFB).MethodsNew York City (NYC) HIV/AIDS surveillance registry data were used to measure trends in HIV diagnoses in 2001–2009, calculate HIV diagnosis rates by area of birth, and compare demographic and care characteristics of FB and NFB diagnosed in 2006–2009. The registry contains data on all New Yorkers diagnosed with HIV infection, HIV disease and AIDS, and receives laboratory results on all New Yorkers living with HIV/AIDS.ResultsFrom 2001 to 2009, new HIV diagnoses among FB increased modestly in number but significantly as a percent of all cases (17% in 2001 to 28% in 2009; p<0.01). In 2006–2009, the annual rate of diagnosis was lower among FB than NFB (37 vs 56 per 100 000). Compared with NFB, FB persons were significantly more likely to be diagnosed concurrently with AIDS; FB had a lower median CD4 count at initiation of care. FB persons were less likely to have insurance, and 13% needed language interpretation services.ConclusionsThe percentage of HIV diagnoses in NYC attributed to FB persons has increased. HIV infection may remain undiagnosed longer in FB than NFB. FB may benefit from targeted prevention outreach and other services.
Estimation of abundance and spatial distribution of Panulirus argus using different methodologies in artificial shelter, trap and coral reef fisheries
Authors: Cruz Raúl , Borda Carlos A. 
Published: January 2013

Estimates of spiny lobster stocks (Panulirus argus Latreille, 1804) represent a fundamental input for population assessment models and are, therefore, indispensable for proper management. In this study we analysed methodologies employed in the Gulf of Batabanó (Cuba) and Providencia and Santa Catalina (Colombian Caribbean) to estimate abundance (N) and stock productivity. We found evidence that the relative abundance (CPUE) for trap-like jaulones and skin diving in natural shelters was likely to remain high despite the decline in abundance (hyperstability). In contrast, the proportionality between CPUE and N was satisfactory in artificial shelters (Cuban pesqueros). Stock productivity was greater for jaulones (22 288 kg/km2) than for pesqueros (1309 kg/km2) or natural shelters (15.25 kg/km2), reflecting differences in the productive capacity of each type of fishing gear. In natural shelters the exploitable biomass is under great fishing pressure and the reproductive stock is likely to decrease. Thus, the West zone of Providencia and Santa Catalina, characterized by high-density seagrass and mangrove, should be designated a marine protection area to prevent a lobster fishing collapse. The most effective measure to revert the lobster fishing collapse in Cuba would be to ban the use of jaulones and liftable pesqueros, thereby reducing fishing intensity.
Molecular phylogenetic relationships of the Liolaemus rothi complex and a new species of lizard from Auca Mahuida Volcano (Squamata: Liolaemini)
Authors: AVILA LUCIANO JAVIER , OLAVE MELISA , PEREZ CRISTIAN HERNAN FULVIO , PEREZ DANIEL ROBERTO , MORANDO MARIANA 
Published: January 2013

A new species of lizard of the genus Liolaemus from Neuquén Province, western Argentina, is described. The new species is a member of the Liolaemus rothi species complex, and mitochondrial and nuclear molecular data show it as sister taxon of the clade composed of (L. hermannunezi (L. tromen + L. loboi)), differing in size, squamation, coloration, and sexual dimorphism from the other species of this group. Liolaemus sitesi sp. nov. has a dark body coloration with series of notched blotches on the dorsum, with bright spots, and a very iridescent yellow-green coloration in natural light. Liolaemus sitesi sp. nov. is found only in the Auca Mahuida volcano and is terrestrial, dwelling on the stony slopes with sandy soil between 1300 m and the volcano summit.
A Probabilistic Bulk Model of Coupled Mixed Layer and Convection. Part I: Clear-Sky Case
Authors: Gentine Pierre , Betts Alan K. , Lintner Benjamin R. , Findell Kirsten L. , van Heerwaarden Chiel C. , Tzella Alexandra , D’Andrea Fabio 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
A new bulk model of the convective boundary layer, the probabilistic bulk convection model (PBCM), is presented. Unlike prior bulk approaches that have modeled the mixed-layer-top buoyancy flux as a constant fraction of the surface buoyancy flux, PBCM implements a new mixed-layer-top entrainment closure based on the mass flux of updrafts overshooting the inversion. This mass flux is related to the variability of the surface state (potential temperature θ and specific humidity q) of an ensemble of updraft plumes. The authors evaluate the model against observed clear-sky weak and strong inversion cases and show that PBCM performs well. The height, state, and timing of the boundary layer growth are accurately reproduced. Sensitivity studies are performed highlighting the role of the main parameters (surface variances, lateral entrainment). The model is weakly sensitive to the exact specification of the variability at the surface and is most sensitive to the lateral entrainment of environmental air into the rising plumes. Apart from allowing time-dependent top-of-the-boundary-layer entrainment rates expressed in terms of surface properties, which can be observed in situ, PBCM naturally takes into account the transition to the shallow convection regime, as described in a companion paper. Thus, PBCM represents an important step toward a unified framework bridging parameterizations of mixed-layer entrainment velocity in both clear-sky and moist convective boundary layers.
Seasonal Variation and Spatial Patterns of the Atmospheric Component of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation
Authors: Mills Catrin M. , Walsh John E. 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
The Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO) is an El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO)-like climate oscillation that varies on multidecadal and higher-frequency scales, with a sea surface temperature (SST) dipole in the Pacific. This study addresses the seasonality, vertical structure, and across-variable relationships of the local North Pacific and downstream North American atmospheric signal of the PDO. The PDO-based composite difference fields of 500-mb geopotential height, surface air temperature, sea level pressure, and precipitation vary not only across seasons, but also from one calendar month to another within a season, although month-to-month continuity is apparent. The most significant signals occur in western North America and in the southeastern United States, where a positive PDO is associated with negative heights, consistent with underlying temperatures in the winter. In summer, a negative precipitation signal in the southeastern United States associated with a positive PDO phase is consistent with a ridge over the region. When an annual harmonic is fit to the 12 monthly surface air temperature differences at each grid point, the PDO temperature signal peaks in winter in most of North America, while a peak in summer occurs in the southeastern United States. Approximately 25% of the variance of the PDO index is accounted for by ENSO. Atmospheric composite differences based on a residual (ENSO linearly removed) PDO index have many similarities to those of the full PDO signal.