bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Simultaneous multiple mycotoxin quantification in feed samples using three isotopically labeled internal standards applied for isotopic dilution and data normalization through ultra‐performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Jackson Lewis C. , Kudupoje Manoj B. , Yiannikouris Alexandros 
Published: November 2012

RATIONALEMycotoxins are typically present in grain and are also concentrated in distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS), common feed ingredients for food animals. The diversity of mycotoxins and feed matrices has made the routine detection and quantification of mycotoxins in feed both complex and prohibitively expensive.METHODSUltra‐performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization triple quadrupole detection (UPLC/ESI‐TQD) (tandem mass spectrometry, MS/MS) with 13C‐labeled isotopic dilution was used to analyze internal standard isotopologues of three mycotoxin molecules, as well as 29 other structurally differing mycotoxin molecules from four common feed matrices: corn, wheat, barley, or DDGS. Mycotoxins were extracted via a single‐step procedure using a mixture of acetonitrile/water/formic acid. Labeled isotopologues were used as a surrogate to account for extraction quality and as internal standards for the evaluation of the feed matrix signal suppression/enhancement (SSE) contributed by each mycotoxin and by each matrix. The SSE was corrected by matrix‐matched calibration with blank certified reference feed material.RESULTSThe limits of detection for individual mycotoxins in buffer ranged from 0.01 to 206.7 µg/mL but could increase by up to four times depending on the matrix effect. The accuracy and precision were enhanced by the use of isotopically labeled standards. The recoveries were somewhat negatively affected by the SSE contributed by each matrix. Each mycotoxin was successfully detected and assigned to one of four SSE categories: high (–66%), intermediate (–48%), low (–19%) signal suppression and signal enhancement (> +300%).CONCLUSIONSAn improved LC/MS method was validated, which offers a practical and economical means for large‐scale detection and quantification of multiple mycotoxins in common animal‐feed matrices, including DDGS. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Big Ideas Behind Daily 5 and CAFE
Authors: Boushey Gail , Moser Joan 
Published: November 2012

AbstractThe Daily 5 and CAFE were born out of The Sister's research and observations of instructional mentors, their intense desire to be able to deliver highly intentional, focused instruction to small groups and individuals while the rest of the class was engaged in truly authentic reading and writing, and their understanding that a one size fits all approach wasn't working. The Daily 5, which is essentially a structure for organizing the literacy block. Many educators will recognize that it is simply a workshop approach with two or three cycles imbedded. What sets the Daily 5 apart from other approaches is the system for teaching independence, what students are doing, and what teachers are doing, during the literacy block.CAFÉ composes the content within The Daily 5 Structure. It is the assessment, data analysis and instructional piece that make high academic achievement truly possible for all.
Close Reading In Elementary Schools
Authors: Fisher Douglas , Frey Nancy 
Published: November 2012

AbstractClose reading is a recommended instructional approach to meet the challenges of teaching complex texts. But close readings are more common in high school and college than in elementary schools. In this article, we identify the components of close reading that were developed after a group of elementary school teachers observed their colleges in high school. In addition, we focus on the modifications necessary to implement close reading in elementary schools.
Helping Children Become More Knowledgeable Through Text
Authors: Neuman Susan B. , Roskos Kathleen 
Published: November 2012

AbstractWith the adoption of the Common Core State Standards, curriculum resources are shifting from an emphasis on literary texts to a greater focus on informational texts. Although we need to understand the intention of these new Common Core State Standards, and the important drive toward greater content knowledge for all students, we must be wary of the pendulum shifting too far in one direction. Content‐rich instruction is important at all grade levels, and there are many different types of texts that can support it. Text sets that include challenging and informational content using multiple genre on a common topic can support students' developing knowledge networks, reading skills and content‐area learning.
Preparation of a New Type of Polyamidoamine and Its Application for Soy Flour‐Based Adhesives
Authors: Gui Chengsheng , Liu Xiaoqing , Wu Di , Zhou Tuo , Wang Guyue , Zhu Jin 
Published: November 2012

AbstractThe most commonly used curing agents for soy‐based adhesives are polyamines, which have the problem of low solid content and/or high viscosity. To overcome this problem, a new type of polyamidoamine (PADA) resin was synthesized and applied to soy flour‐based adhesives to improve their water resistance. The PADA solution obtained had a high solid content of 50 wt% and low viscosity of 270 cP. The optimum weight ratio of soy flour/PADA/maleic anhydride to prepare adhesive was 40/7/1.68. The wet strength of plywood prepared at the optimum weight ratio was 0.82 MPa, which meant the plywood could be used as type II plywood according to the Chinese National Standard GB/T 9846.7‐2004. The results of water‐insoluble solid content measurement and SEM observation demonstrated that cured soy flour–PADA–maleic anhydride adhesive had a 16 % greater water‐insoluble solid content than soy flour–NaOH adhesive. The cross‐linking network formed by the reactions of PADA and MA would increase the water‐insoluble solid contents and improve water resistance of cured soy flour‐based adhesives.
Influence of Disperse Phase Characteristics on Stability, Physical and Antimicrobial Properties of Emulsions Containing Cinnamaldehyde
Authors: Bilbao‐Sainz Cristina , Chiou Bor‐Sen , Du Wen‐Xian , Gregorsky Kay S. , Orts William J. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractCinnamaldehyde was delivered in emulsion form using Acetem 90‐50K as a carrier and Tween 60 as emulsifier. Cinnamaldehyde interacted with Acetem 90‐50K by forming H‐bonds. The effect of disperse phase characteristics on storage stability, physical and antimicrobial properties was investigated. A storage test of emulsions was carried out for 15 days at two temperatures (22 and 4 °C). Emulsions and nano‐emulsions showed higher stability at 22 °C than at 4 °C. Nano‐emulsions displayed excellent stability versus creaming and coalescence after 15 days storage at 22 °C (z‐avg <100 nm). Physical properties were greatly affected by droplet size and concentration. Emulsions became less viscous, more transparent and darker as the droplet size or concentration decreased. The antimicrobial activity was measured against Listeria monocytogenes and Escherichia coli. Escherichia coli was highly resistant to cinnamaldehyde compared to L. monocytogenes. Incubation with cinnamaldehyde at 2.5 mM caused the complete inactivation of L. monocytogenes after 1 day and of E. coli after 9 days. There was no difference in the antimicrobial effect of cinnamaldehyde due to different droplet sizes (~80 and ~5,000 nm).
The Essential Dimension of Stacks of Parabolic Vector Bundles over Curves
Authors: Biswas Indranil , Dhillon Ajneet , Lemire Nicole 
Published: November 2012

AbstractWe find upper bounds on the essential dimension of the moduli stack of parabolic vector bundles over a curve. When there is no parabolic structure, we improve the known upper bound on the essential dimension of the usual moduli stack. Our calculations also give lower bounds on the essential dimension of the semistable locus inside the moduli stack of vector bundles of rankrand degreedwithout parabolic structure.
Trends and biases in the listing and recovery planning for threatened species: an Australian case study
Authors: Walsh Jessica C. , Watson James E. M. , Bottrill Madeleine C. , Joseph Liana N. , Possingham Hugh P. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractMany countries rely on formal legislation to protect and plan for the recovery of threatened species. Even though the listing procedures in threatened species legislation are designed to be consistent for all species there is usually a bias in implementing the laws towards charismatic fauna and flora, which leads to uneven allocation of conservation efforts. However, the extent of bias in national threatened species lists is often unknown. Australia is a good example: the list of threatened species under the Environmental Protection and Biological Conservation Act has not been reviewed since 2000, when it was first introduced. We assessed how well this Act represents threatened species across taxonomic groups and threat status, and whether biases exist in the types of species with recovery plans. We found that birds, amphibians and mammals have high levels of threatened species (12–24%) but < 6% of all reptiles and plants and < 0.01% of invertebrates and fish are considered threatened. Similar taxonomic biases are present in the types of species with recovery plans. Although there have been recent improvements in the representation of threatened species with recovery plans across taxonomic groups, there are still major gaps between the predicted and listed numbers of threatened species. Because of biases in the listing and recovery planning processes many threatened species may receive little attention regardless of their potential for recovery: a lost opportunity to achieve the greatest conservation impact possible. The Environmental Protection and Biological Conservation Act in Australia needs reform to rectify these biases.
Identification and characterization of a cDNA clone-encoding antigen of Eimeria acervulina
Authors: ZHU HUILI , XU LIXIN , YAN RUOFENG , SONG XIAOKAI , TANG FANG , WANG SONG , LI XIANGRUI 
Published: November 2012

SUMMARYEimeria spp. are the causative agents of coccidiosis, a major disease affecting the poultry industry. So far, only a few antigen genes of E. acervulina have been reported. In this study, a clone, named as cSZ-JN2, was identified from a cDNA expression library prepared from E. acervulina sporozoite stage with the ability to stimulate the chicken immune response. The sequence analysis showed that the open reading fragment (ORF) of cSZ-JN2 was 153 bp in size and encoded a predicted protein of 50 amino acids of Mr 5·3 kDa. BLASTN search revealed that cSZ-JN2 had no significant homology with the known genes of E. acervulina or any other organism (GenBank). The recombinant cSZ-JN2 antigen expressed in E. coli was recognized strongly by serum from chickens experimentally infected with E. acervulina. Immunofluorescence analysis using antibody against recombinant cSZ-JN2 indicated that this protein was expressed in sporozoite and merozoite developmental stages. Animal challenge experiments demonstrated that the recombinant protein of cSZ-JN2 and DNA vaccine carrying cSZ-JN2 could significantly increase the average body weight gains, decrease the mean lesion scores and the oocyst outputs of the immunized chickens and presented anti-coccidial indices of more than 165. All the above results suggested that the cSZ-JN2 was a novel E. acervulina antigen and could be an effective candidate for the development of a new vaccine against E. acervulina infection.
Alteration in mononuclear cell subpopulations in dogs immunized with gentamicin-attenuatedLeishmania infantum
Authors: DANESHVAR HAMID , SEDGHY FARNAZ , DABIRI SHAHRIAR , KAMIABI HOSSEIN , MOLAEI MOHAMMAD M. , PHILLIPS STEPHEN , BURCHMORE RICHARD 
Published: November 2012

SUMMARYThe impact of immunization with gentamicin-attenuatedLeishmania infantum(H-line) on the immunophenotypic profile of popliteal lymph node (PLN) and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of dogs was assessed by flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry. Compared with the dogs infected withL. infantumwild-type (Group WT), there was a significantly higher percentage of CD4+, CD44+T cells and CD14+, MHC-II+cells and a lower percentage of CD4+CD25+regulatory T cells in PLN of the immunized dogs withL. infantumH-line (Group H). The percentage of CD4+and CD8+T cells in PBMCs of immunized dogs was higher than that in dogs of Group WT. The CD4:CD8 ratio in PLN of dogs of Group H was significantly higher than that in dogs of Group WT. A significantly higher percentage of CD21+B cells and a lower percentage of CD79b+cells were found in PLN of the immunized dogs compared with dogs of Group WT. Immunohistochemical investigation showed no parasites in the PLN of immunized dogs whereas there were parasites in the PLN of 60% of dogs infected withL. infantumWT. In this study, the immunophenotypic profile of mononuclear cells of the immunized dogs correlates with cellular immunity.
Time trends in coroners' use of different verdicts for possible suicides and their impact on officially reported incidence of suicide in England: 1990–2005
Authors: Gunnell D. , Bennewith O. , Simkin S. , Cooper J. , Klineberg E. , Rodway C. , Sutton L. , Steeg S. , Wells C. , Hawton K. , Kapur N. 
Published: November 2012

BackgroundOfficial suicide statistics for England are based on deaths given suicide verdicts and most cases given an open verdict following a coroner's inquest. Previous research indicates that some deaths given accidental verdicts are considered to be suicides by clinicians. Changes in coroners' use of different verdicts may bias suicide trend estimates. We investigated whether suicide trends may be over- or underestimated when they are based on deaths given suicide and open verdicts.MethodPossible suicides assessed by 12 English coroners in 1990/91, 1998 and 2005 and assigned open, accident/misadventure or narrative verdicts were rated by three experienced suicide researchers according to the likelihood that they were suicides. Details of all suicide verdicts given by these coroners were also recorded.ResultsIn 1990/91, 72.0% of researcher-defined suicides received a suicide verdict from the coroner, this decreased to 65.4% in 2005 (ptrend < 0.01); equivalent figures for combined suicide and open verdicts were 95.4% (1990/91) and 86.7% (2005). Researcher-defined suicides with a verdict of accident/misadventure doubled over that period, from 4.6% to 9.1% (p < 0.01). Narrative verdict cases rose from zero in 1990/91 to 25 in 2005 (4.2% of researcher-defined suicides that year). In 1998 and 2005, 50.0% of the medicine poisoning deaths given accidental/misadventure verdicts were rated as suicide by the researchers.ConclusionsBetween 1990/91 and 2005, the proportion of researcher-defined suicides given a suicide verdict by coroners decreased, largely due to an increased use of accident/misadventure verdicts, particularly for deaths involving poisoning. Consideration should be given to the inclusion of ‘accidental’ deaths by poisoning with medicines in the statistics available for monitoring suicides rates.
Preconceptions about institutionalisation at public nursing homes in Spain: views of residents and family members
Authors: RODRÍGUEZ-MARTÍN BEATRIZ , MARTÍNEZ-ANDRÉS MARÍA , CERVERA-MONTEAGUDO BEATRIZ , NOTARIO-PACHECO BLANCA , MARTÍNEZ-VIZCAÍNO VICENTE 
Published: November 2012

ABSTRACTThe aim of this article was to ascertain nursing home residents' preconceptions about institutionalisation and analyse the causes and circumstances of and the justification for their admission. Grounded theory was used to design and analyse a qualitative study based on in-depth interviews in a theoretical sampling of 20 persons aged over 65 years with no cognitive impairment, and eight proxy informants of residents with cognitive impairment, institutionalised at a public nursing home in Spain. Our analysis revealed that preconceptions about nursing homes differ between residents and relatives, and are strongly influenced by the views held by society about such centres and by previous experiences. Regarding the causes and circumstances underlying nursing home placement, while the principal cause of institutionalisation among residents with cognitive impairment was the ineffectiveness of informal care systems, in the case of residents without cognitive impairment reasons tended to revolve around two main themes: social causes (loneliness, not be a burden to the others, household-related, comfort and absence of relatives in the vicinity), and limitations in physical functioning, with the former predominating. This study shows society's perception of such centres and the circumstances surrounding admission. These points of view are useful for analysing why informal care systems prove inadequate, and are crucial for designing programmes targeted at acceptance and successful adaptation to institutionalisation when this becomes necessary.
Stability and Change in Times of Fragmentation: The Limits ofPacta Sunt ServandaRevisited
Authors: BINDER CHRISTINA 
Published: November 2012

AbstractStability versus change is one of the fundamental debates of the law of treaties. The limits ofpacta sunt servanda– under which conditions a state may derogate from treaty obligations when circumstances change – appears as a constant throughout the history of international law. This article examines the limits ofpacta sunt servandain times of fragmentation. It first discusses the mechanisms of general international law – supervening impossibility of performance and fundamental change of circumstances (Articles 61 and 62 VCLT) in the law of treaties andforce majeureand the state of necessity (Articles 23 and 25 of the ILC Articles on State Responsibility) in the law of state responsibility. It is argued that they provide only insufficient means to accommodate change. Against that background, derogation is examined in specific treaty regimes, including international human rights law, the law of the sea, and international investment law. Treaty-based termination/withdrawal clauses and emergency exceptions are analysed accordingly. Especially the latter are formulated in a regime-specific way, adapting derogation from treaty obligations to the requirements of the respective treaty regimes. On the basis of an empirical analysis of relevant state practice it is argued that this regime-specificity – a sign of fragmentation – is especially important since there is an increased need for temporary derogation in contemporary international law.
Owner-collected swabs of pets: a method fit for the purpose of zoonoses research
Authors: MÖBIUS N. , HILLE K. , VERSPOHL J. , WEFSTAEDT P. , KREIENBROCK L. 
Published: November 2012

SUMMARYAs part of the preparation of a large cohort study in the entire German population, this study examined the feasibility of cat and dog owners collecting nasal and oral swabs of their animals at home as a method of assessing exposure to zoonoses. In veterinary clinics in Hannover, Germany, 100 pet owners were recruited. Nasal and oral swabs of pets were taken by a veterinarian at the clinic and owners took swabs at home. Swabs were analysed regarding bacterial growth and compared (owner vs. vet) using Cohen's kappa and McNemar's test. The return rate of kits was 92%, and 77% of owners thought it unnecessary to have veterinarian assistance to swab the mouth. McNemar's test results: oral swabs 78% agreement with Gram-positive bacterial growth, 87% agreement with Gram-negative bacterial growth; with similar results for nasal swabs. Although sample quality differed, this method allowed the receipt of swabs from pets in order to obtain information about colonization with zoonotic pathogens.
Validation and reproducibility of an FFQ for use among adults in Botswana
Authors: Jackson Maria D , Motswagole Boitumelo S , Kwape Lemogang D , Kobue-Lekalake Rosemary I , Rakgantswana Tidimalo B , Mongwaketse Tiyapo , Mokotedi Motlalepula , Jackson-Malete Jose 
Published: November 2012

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate the validity and reproducibility of a 122-item interviewer-administered quantitative FFQ developed to determine food and nutrient intakes of adults in Botswana.DesignRelative validity of the FFQ was evaluated by comparing nutrient and food group intakes against four non-consecutive 24 h recalls administered over 12 months. The FFQ was repeated after 1 year to assess reproducibility.SettingKanye, Botswana.SubjectsSeventy-nine adults aged 18–75 years.ResultsSpearman correlation coefficients for the validity of energy-adjusted nutrients ranged from 0·42 (carbohydrate) to 0·49 (protein) for macronutrients and from 0·23 (Fe) to 0·44 (PUFA) for micronutrients. Exact agreement of quartile distribution for nutrients between the FFQ and recalls ranged from 27 % to 72 %. Weighted kappa values were lowest for retinol (0·13), Fe (0·22) and β-carotene (0·25) and ranged from 0·33 (SFA) to 0·59 (folate) for other nutrients (energy, carbohydrate, protein, fat, Ca and vitamin E). Spearman correlation coefficients between the recalls and FFQ for food groups ranged from 0·18 (dark green leafy and yellow vegetables) to 0·58 (poultry). Reproducibility correlation coefficients (energy-adjusted) varied between 0·39 for retinol and 0·66 for vitamin E, with most values falling between 0·50 and 0·60.ConclusionsThe FFQ had good relative validity for estimating habitual food group and nutrient intakes, but was poor for some micronutrients (Fe, retinol and β-carotene) and foods (fruits and dark green leafy vegetables).
Effectiveness of subsidies in promoting healthy food purchases and consumption: a review of field experiments
Authors: An Ruopeng 
Published: November 2012

AbstractObjectiveTo systematically review evidence from field interventions on the effectiveness of monetary subsidies in promoting healthier food purchases and consumption.DesignKeyword and reference searches were conducted in five electronic databases: Cochrane Library, EconLit, MEDLINE, PsycINFO and Web of Science. Studies were included based on the following criteria: (i) intervention: field experiments; (ii) population: adolescents 12–17 years old or adults 18 years and older; (iii) design: randomized controlled trials, cohort studies or pre–post studies; (iv) subsidy: price discounts or vouchers for healthier foods; (v) outcome: food purchases or consumption; (vi) period: 1990–2012; and (vii) language: English. Twenty-four articles on twenty distinct experiments were included with study quality assessed using predefined methodological criteria.SettingInterventions were conducted in seven countries: the USA (n 14), Canada (n 1), France (n 1), Germany (n 1), Netherlands (n 1), South Africa (n 1) and the UK (n 1). Subsidies applied to different types of foods such as fruits, vegetables and low-fat snacks sold in supermarkets, cafeterias, vending machines, farmers’ markets or restaurants.SubjectsInterventions enrolled various population subgroups such as school/university students, metropolitan transit workers and low-income women.ResultsAll but one study found subsidies on healthier foods to significantly increase the purchase and consumption of promoted products. Study limitations include small and convenience samples, short intervention and follow-up duration, and lack of cost-effectiveness and overall diet assessment.ConclusionsSubsidizing healthier foods tends to be effective in modifying dietary behaviour. Future studies should examine its long-term effectiveness and cost-effectiveness at the population level and its impact on overall diet intake.