bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Pins of the Jugoslav Early Iron Age
Authors: Alexander John 
Published: February 2015

In his monumental study of Greek Pins, Jacobsthal examined a number of pins from Jugoslavia. These he found to be very different from the Greek series and in the present paper some four hundred pins have been studied in the hope of providing an extension to his work. Since pins were in use before fibulae and were conservative in their forms, many in the period under review in Jugoslavia, the 8th–2nd centuries B.C., are survivals from or elaborations of Bronze Age types. In this they differ from the fibulae which are nearly all borrowings from contemporary southern and western neighbours and this gives the pins their particular interest.The dating of objects, including pins, has been placed on a firm footing in recent years by the detailed study of some of the more important Iron Age cemeteries, and in this paper the periods distinguished at Vače (Slovenia), Glasinac (Bosnia) and Nin (Dalmatia) will normally be used in preference to the more distant and often unrelated East Alpine Hallstatt terminology.Distinctive Bronze Age pin series come from neighbouring Greece, Hungary, Austria, and Italy and their relative influence in Jugoslavia can be assessed. In the Late Bronze Age, East Alpine types were found throughout Jugoslavia, and Hungarian influence was strong in the inland river basins of the Lower Save, Drave and Danube; it also penetrated into Bosnia.
The British Lower and Middle Palaeolithic: Some Problems, Methods of Study and Preliminary Results
Authors: Roe D. A. 
Published: February 2015

This is an interim report on a Cambridge Research Thesis which has been in progress for three years, and which will eventually cover the major part of the British Lower and Middle Palaeolithic. The whole project may be divided into four phases:1. Collection and examination of all the available material;2. Selection of those groups of implements appropriate for study;3. Application of objective methods of study, mainly in the field of metrical and statistical analysis;4. Interpretation of the results.The present paper gives some account of what has so far been done under the first three of these headings. It is still too early to attempt any major conclusions, although it is perhaps fair to indicate the lines along which it can be hoped they will take shape.
Jade Axes from Sites in the British Isles
Authors: Smith W. Campbell 
Published: February 2015

Several years ago during the investigation of neolithic chambered tombs in Galloway a fragment of green jade polished on two opposite flat faces was found in the floor of the ante-chamber to Tomb I at Cairnholy in Kirkcudbrightshire. It was only about 3 centimetres square and 1.5 centimetres thick but, nevertheless, Professor Stuart Piggott and Mr T. G. E. Powell recognized that it had once formed part of a flat triangular axe of a type already known from several places in Scotland. A fine collection of such axes in jade existed in the National Museum of Antiquities of Scotland in Edinburgh. In an appendix to their paper on the chambered tombs Piggott and Powell listed the jade axes recorded from British and Irish sites and republished the map compiled by Miss L. F. Chitty and published by Sir Cyril Fox in 1933. This appendix also contained brief notes supplied by me on thin microscope sections of the Cairnholy fragment and of five other British axes reported to be made in jade. Some of these identifications were only partly correct, and have now been revised (see below, pp. 145, 158, 159 and footnote 2, p. 153).Some years later the question of the identification of the material of reputed British jade axes arose again and it was decided to examine as many of the axes in Piggott and Powell's list as could be borrowed and to utilize in their examination determinations of density and refractive index, and, where possible, to obtain X-ray powder photographs and to have thin sections prepared.
Some Pottery from Eastbourne, the ‘Marnians’ and the Pre-Roman Iron Age in Southern England
Authors: Hodson F. R. 
Published: February 2015

The pottery illustrated on Plates XXI-XXII and figures 1 and 2 was found some forty years ago by the Rev. W. Budgen at Green Street Drove, Eastbourne (Budgen 1922). It is displayed in the Lewes Museum, and I must thank the curator Mr N. E. S. Norris for permission to study and republish it.Three of the vases stand out from the others because they are misformed wasters—‘cripples’ Budgen called them. It is most likely that they were fired at the same time and it seems reasonable to treat this small series as a closed group. They appear, in any case, to have been found in the same pit (Budgen 1922, 355). The rest of the pottery, or at least the more complete vessels, could have formed part of the same assemblage, but there does not seem sufficient evidence to insist on any further associations within this material.Whether associated or not, the pottery merits republication as a whole, both for its intrinsic interest and as a tribute to the skill and patience bestowed on its reconstruction by Budgen, and one purpose of this paper will be simply to present this material. However, the small group of three ‘cripples’ raises some fundamental problems of interpretation and the main part of the paper will attempt to discuss some aspects of the British Iron Age and its classification in a more general way.
Fourth Report of the Sub-Committee of the South-Western Group of Museums and Art Galleries on the Petrological Identification of Stone Axes
Authors: Evens E. D. , Grinsell L. V. , Piggott S. , Wallis F. S. 
Published: February 2015

Near the conclusion of the Third Report, which summarized the work on 710 specimens, the authors stated that it was ‘likely to be the last major report of the South-Western Sub-Committee’, and so it seemed at the time. During the 10 years that have elapsed since then, another 490 specimens have been examined, from the following counties and museums or collections:This report therefore extends the list of specimens examined by this Committee from 710 to 1200, and it is believed that this really is the last major report of this body.
A Painted Rock Shelter on Mt Elgon, Kenya
Authors: Wright Richard 
Published: February 2015

In March 1960 Mrs D. R. Tweedie discovered a painted rock shelter at 8,000 feet in the forests of Mt Elgon, about 15 miles west-north-west of Kitale, Kenya. The site is of particular interest because it is the first recorded instance of representational rock art in Kenya with any claim to antiquity.The writer visited the site during September 1960 to copy the paintings. Tracings were made on cellophane stuck to the rock with sellotape. Glass ink was used as suggested by Dr L. S. B. Leakey, but in the more awkward copying positions a chinagraph pencil gave accurate lines more easily. With a warm pencil no pressure on the rock was needed to produce an outline. A photographic record was also made on colour film with flashbulbs.The paintings have been preserved from weathering by a deep, dry overhang, and trees growing immediately in front of the shelter. They are also preserved from vandalism by the extreme difficulty of finding the site without guidance. Most of the paintings form a frieze at the left-hand side of the shelter, which is the best protected region.
The Excavation of the Long Mortuary Enclosure on Normanton Down, Wilts
Authors: Vatcher Faith De Mallet 
Published: February 2015

The Long Mortuary Enclosure on Normanton Down was excavated by the writer on behalf of the Ministry of Works throughout October, 1959. Originally a rectangular-ditched enclosure with internal banks, the banks had been completely ploughed out and the surface indications were so slight as to be visible only at certain times.The National Grid reference is SU 115411. The Enclosure is situated on the Upper Chalk of the Salisbury Plain on a gradual southern slope, at an average height of 320 feet above sea level.
The Later Prehistory of Malta
Authors: Trump D. H. 
Published: February 2015

For many years down to 1953, our knowledge of Maltese prehistory could be summed up succinctly if rather unkindly in the phrase—‘Neolithic 3,000 B.C., Bronze Age 2,000, Punic 1,000.’ In that year, J. D. Evans's researches were published in these Proceedings. These at last provided a framework for his Period I, no longer called ‘Neolithic’ because the overlap of its later phases with metal-using cultures in nearby Sicily made it unlikely that metal was quite unknown. It was assigned a duration from the mid-second to mid-first millennium B.C. The absolute chronology will need revision in the light of the C-14 dates not then available and the correlations with the Sicilian development have met with some criticism. In any case, the isolation of the different phases was an enormous advance on which all further work in Malta will have to be based, even if, as at the time of writing begins to seem likely, certain amendments to the sequence become necessary. The later prehistoric Period II, lasting down to the 9th century when the Phoenician settlement opened Period III, was described in much less detail.Enormous quantities of material of the first period, megalithic buildings as well as pottery and small finds, were available for study: the material remains of Period II were much more scanty, there being in effect at that time only a single site known of each of its three phases, which were correspondingly named after the Tarxien Cemetery, Borġ in-Nadur and Baħrija. In 1956, Evans published a more detailed study of the first of these phases bringing forward evidence for attributing to it the local dolmens. Phases II B and C were not ready for such treatment as the only excavations were at Borġ in-Nadur in 1881 (a sketch plan found in a Valletta photographer's shop twenty years later being the only record) and 1921-7 (disturbed levels overlying a Period I temple); and at Baħrija in 1909 (three days' work). These two phases therefore remained the most urgent problem in the prehistory of Malta. Accordingly, further excavation was undertaken on their type sites by the Museum Department of the Maltese Government in the spring and autumn of 1959.
Report on the First Season's Fieldwork on British Upper Palaeolithic Cave Deposits
Authors: McBurney C. B. M. 
Published: February 2015

During the Easter and Summer of 1958 a programme of investigations into British Upper Palaeolithic cave deposits was initiated on behalf of the Prehistoric Society, with the aid of a grant from the Research Fund. The work was further supported by the Crowther Beynon Fund of the Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology of Cambridge. Labour in the field was provided by students in the Department of Archaeology and Anthropology of the University, with notable assistance from several members of the Society in different areas.The prime objectives of the work, which is still in progress, are to define more precisely the character of the different stages in the British Upper Palaeolithic, and to study them against their chronological and environmental background. In this way it is hoped to throw light on wider problems of the relation of British finds to the rapidly emerging picture of the Late Glacial hunting communities of Central Europe and the Low Countries.
Close ny chollagh: an Iron Age fort at Scarlett, Isle of Man
Authors: Gelling Peter S. , Potts W. 
Published: February 2015

Close ny chollagh lies on the southern coast of the Isle of Man (fig. 1), about one mile south-west of Castletown, and is one of the group of Manx fortified coastal sites. It is not on a promontory, having land adjacent to it on two of its four sides, but the deep gully to the south combines with an artificial ditch along the rest of the landward side to make it a position of some strength.When it was chosen for excavation in 1953 it was thought that the Manx promontory forts belonged to the Viking Age, and Close ny chollagh did indeed have a mediaeval level in which the principal building was a long-house of Scandinavian type. There was also, however, an Iron Age level, separated by a sterile layer from the later one, clearly demonstrating for the first time an Iron Age origin for one of the Manx promontory forts. It is to this Iron Age phase in the history of the fort that the present report is devoted.
Some Aspects of the Physiography of the Thames Valley in Relation to the Ice Age and Early Man
Authors: Wooldridge S. W. 
Published: February 2015

The physiographic approach to the problems of Pleistocene chronology has often been under-rated and sometimes completely ignored.It will be well to begin this paper with a quite general statement of the basis on which this approach depends. In simplest terms it rests on the fact that the deposits with which we are concerned and to which it is sought to apply the method of palaeontological or archaeological dating were all accumulated on land-surfaces. These surfaces are themselves a proper subject of study by geomorphologists. The deposits are an integral part of the developing surface of the land. Any conclusions concerning their age and origin must be consistent with the general physiographic sequence. Physiographic considerations do not in themselves provide a very close or detailed chronology, but their indications are evidently worthy of consideration in any general purview of the difficult chronological problems concerned. Your ‘geo-chronologist’ needs to be, to this extent, a geomorphologist, as well as a palaeontologist or typologist. River-gravels and glacial ‘Deckenschotter’ mark, in general, old valley-floors and the movement of ice, in part at least, is controlled by the form of the underlying surface, subject to the evident fact that ice can, in some circumstances, move uphill.
Bronze Cut-and-Thrust swords in the Eastern Mediterranean
Authors: Catling H. W. 
Published: February 2015

The recent discovery in the reserve collection of the Cyprus Museum of a bronze cut-and-thrust sword of the form well known as Naue Type II provides an opportunity for a fresh consideration of the significance of the appearance of this weapon type in the Eastern Mediterranean during what, in that area, were the closing stages of the Late Bronze Age.This paper begins with a detailed account of the sword in the Cyprus Museum both on its own account and as an illustration of the class as a whole. Then follows a catalogue, illustrated by the distribution map (fig. 1), of the known examples from the Eastern Mediterranean, in which emphasis is laid as far as possible on the dating evidence for individual examples. Finally, a general summary is attempted of what is known about their origin and some discussion is offered on their general implications.
Some early pottery of Samos, Kalimnos and Chios
Authors: Furness Audrey 
Published: February 2015

It is generally recognized that the neolithic arts, and prominent among them, the art of making pottery, spread from a Mesopotamian or Syrian centre westwards into Anatolia, the Aegean and so to the Danube: but in the present light of knowledge it is far from easy to demonstrate this process by means of comparisons of the earliest known pottery in each area. In particular the immediate origins of the Greek neolithic wares are obscure; and while they have good parallels in the Balkans, geographical considerations lead one to suppose that the Balkan cultures were derivatives of, rather than ancestral to, cultures of, for example, the North Aegean sea-board. In these circumstances, links between neolithic Macedonia and sites further east are of special interest. In this paper it is hoped to show, through a detailed comparative study of material from Samos, Kalimnos and Chios, that there existed in these East Aegean Islands a culture related to the earliest civilizations of Troy and Thermi (fig. 1), but which also exhibits parallels to Heurtley's ‘Late Neolithic’ material in Macedonia.The pottery from the lowest levels of Poliokhni in Lemnos almost certainly belongs to the series now to be described. The site, excavated throughout many seasons by the Italians, revealed three or more distinct strata beneath a level corresponding with early Troy I; but there are not many notices of it available and no illustrations or photographs. The recent publication by Brea in these Proceedings gives few details of the relevant levels.
Ancient Egyptian Wheats
Authors: Helbaek Hans 
Published: February 2015

Correct identification of remains of cultivated plants is prerequisite to a reasonable concept of the early history of these plants and of agriculture in general. Sooner or later faulty or incomplete identification may lead to wrong conclusions and thus, on the one hand, obscure connections between places and peoples which might otherwise be indicated by contemporary cultivated plants, or on the other, suggest interrelations which did not exist.Perhaps of all countries in the world Egypt is the one which has yielded the most material for the study of ancient plant husbandry, and yet the introduction of the plants into that country and the species grown is not yet fully elucidated.Until quite recently Emmer (Triticum dicoccum Schübl.) was the only species of wheat reported in deposits of prehistoric and dynastic Egypt up to the Ptolemaean period. Then Eincorn (Triticum monococcum L.) was added to the list, in that its presence in the Late Neolithic find at el Omari near Helouan, and in the third dynasty tomb of Pharaoh Zoser at Saqqara was claimed by various authors. These identifications were disputed on the basis of reasonable doubt, but no documentation has hitherto been offered to prove the claim or the validity of the protest.
A Western Razor in Sicily
Authors: Hencken Hugh 
Published: February 2015

In her useful paper on Late Bronze Age razors Mrs Piggott has designated as Class II the bifid razors. For these she suggests dates ranging from about 750 B.C. to about 400 B.C. Without wishing to dispute these dates for the British examples—indeed the date of about 400 B.C. for the one from All Cannings Cross cannot be altered by much—I would suggest that such razors may have been in use some time previously if not in Britain then on the western Continent.It has been a commonly accepted view that these razors are of Sicilian origin. Sicilian tombs of the centuries before the foundation of the Greek colonies have produced a variety of razors (fig. i) and probably there is some ultimate connexion between these and bronze razors elsewhere. But the one from Cassibile that is considered to be the link between the western bifid razors and Sicily seems to be a unique feature in the island. At least I have not encountered another in the archaeological literature of Sicily, and on a recent visit to Syracuse, Dr Bernabò Brea assured me that he did not know of another Sicilian example. Hence one is inclined to suppose that the bifid razor from Cassibile is not really a Sicilian type at all but a western import. Consequently such clues as can be discovered to its date in Sicily—and these point to the vicinity of the 10th and 9th centuries B.C.—indicate at least a time when such razors were in existence somewhere in western Europe.
The Antiquity of the One-edged Bronze Knife in the Aegean
Authors: Sandars N. K. 
Published: February 2015

In the west we are accustomed to walking on bog, we therefore learn to tread light, seeing around us, but just out of reach, the contours of a more solid landscape. We have sequence and relative chronology, but if we tread too heavily, feeling for the subsoil of absolute dates and historical nomenclature, we are apt to flounder, if not to sink. Nevertheless in some places the bog has shrunk exposing solid, rock-like dates, dates that belong to a subsoil of history in a continent already mapped. As such we are concerned with the discovery of those false stepping-stones that lie deceptively on the surface of the bog. In the disclosure of the true rocks and exposure of the false, Gordon Childe has led us for long.One may preach on almost any subject from a text in The Dawn of European Civilization: I am however more concerned at present with the paper written in 1948 for these Proceedings in which Childe reviewed the beginnings of the Late Bronze Age north of the Alps, and the nature of the connexions between temperate Europe and the Near East at that particular moment, and especially as shown by a number of bronze ornaments, implements and weapons. More interesting still was the suggestion of a possible link between the exploitation of metal in the eastern Alps and the last phase of prosperity of the Minoan-Mycenaean world just before its collapse with the repercussions of that collapse.
An Italo-Celtic Helmet
Authors: Lantier Raymond 
Published: February 2015

Among the objects exhibited between December 3rd, 1954, and January 23rd, 1955, at the exhibition in the Hotel Libert at Alençon, organized by the Archaeological Society of the Orne, to commemorate the 150th Anniversary of the Empire, was an Italian helmet of bronze, that formed part of the Napoleonic relics of Count Le Marois. I owe it to M. Le Marois that I am able to publish this interesting object.There is a tradition that the object was found on the field of the battle of Cannae in the presence of General Bonaparte, who gave it to his aide-de-camp Le Marois. However, we know that Bonaparte never visited the celebrated field of battle. Also the catalogue of the Alençon exhibition lends no countenance to this tradition and gives the following information: ‘this helmet was found in excavations made in Italy in the presence of General Bonaparte’. An Italian origin is certain and, leaving aside the warlike provenance of Cannae, it may be accepted that the piece was found in the course of excavations, very probably in a grave. If it is not absolutely improbable that Bonaparte was present at the discovery, this is only a mere hypothesis; the helmet could quite as well have been offered to him on another occasion.
Early Crops in Southern England
Authors: Helbaek Hans 
Published: February 2015

In 1939 a comprehensive survey was undertaken of the prehistoric plant husbandry in Great Britain and Ireland. The result of this work was published in 1944 by Knud Jessen and the present writer. One obvious and serious omission, due to circumstances connected with the impending war, was that a series of collections in the southern part of England was not examined. Since these included the Windmill Hill Collection in the Morven Institute Museum at Avebury opportunities for elucidating the initial plant breeding in the British Isles were evidently not exhausted.This deficiency in Cereals has been commented upon and has been felt severely by the authors and the readers alike, especially in Britain, and the idea of resuming the investigation was repeatedly discussed. In 1951 the writer was offered the opportunity of taking up the thread once more, and the examination of the pottery and grain deposits of southern England was carried out in the spring of 1952.