bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Kraichnan–Leith–Batchelor similarity theory and two-dimensional inverse cascades
Authors: Burgess B. H. , Scott R. K. , Shepherd T. G. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractWe study the scaling properties and Kraichnan–Leith–Batchelor (KLB) theory of forced inverse cascades in generalized two-dimensional (2D) fluids (${\it\alpha}$-turbulence models) simulated at resolution $8192^{2}$. We consider ${\it\alpha}=1$ (surface quasigeostrophic flow), ${\it\alpha}=2$ (2D Euler flow) and ${\it\alpha}=3$. The forcing scale is well resolved, a direct cascade is present and there is no large-scale dissipation. Coherent vortices spanning a range of sizes, most larger than the forcing scale, are present for both ${\it\alpha}=1$ and ${\it\alpha}=2$. The active scalar field for ${\it\alpha}=3$ contains comparatively few and small vortices. The energy spectral slopes in the inverse cascade are steeper than the KLB prediction $-(7-{\it\alpha})/3$ in all three systems. Since we stop the simulations well before the cascades have reached the domain scale, vortex formation and spectral steepening are not due to condensation effects; nor are they caused by large-scale dissipation, which is absent. One- and two-point p.d.f.s, hyperflatness factors and structure functions indicate that the inverse cascades are intermittent and non-Gaussian over much of the inertial range for ${\it\alpha}=1$ and ${\it\alpha}=2$, while the ${\it\alpha}=3$ inverse cascade is much closer to Gaussian and non-intermittent. For ${\it\alpha}=3$ the steep spectrum is close to that associated with enstrophy equipartition. Continuous wavelet analysis shows approximate KLB scaling $\mathscr{E}(k)\propto k^{-2}~({\it\alpha}=1)$ and $\mathscr{E}(k)\propto k^{-5/3}~({\it\alpha}=2)$ in the interstitial regions between the coherent vortices. Our results demonstrate that coherent vortex formation (${\it\alpha}=1$ and ${\it\alpha}=2$) and non-realizability (${\it\alpha}=3$) cause 2D inverse cascades to deviate from the KLB predictions, but that the flow between the vortices exhibits KLB scaling and non-intermittent statistics for ${\it\alpha}=1$ and ${\it\alpha}=2$.
Effect of feeding butoxybutyl alcohol on the growth performance and status of skeletal muscle proteolysis in broiler chickens
Authors: KAMIZONO T. , SAPUTRA D. , MIURA I. , KIKUSATO M. , HAYASHI K. , TOYOMIZU M. 
Published: February 2015

SUMMARYButoxybutyl alcohol (BBA) is a possible growth promoter contained in the fermentation and distillation by-products of a traditional Japanese spirit, shochu. In the present study, BBA was synthesized and its chemical structure was confirmed by gas chromatography mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance. Then, two studies were conducted to investigate the effects of feeding the synthesized BBA on the growth and skeletal muscle proteolysis of broiler chickens. Ross male broiler chickens were divided into two groups, control (basal diet: 219 g crude protein/kg and 12·66 MJ metabolizable energy/kg) and BBA diet (30 mg BBA/kg basal diet), with the experimental diets being provided from 15 to 27 days and 0 to 27 days of age, for Studies 1 and 2, respectively. Butoxybutyl alcohol supplementation increased final body weight in both studies, whereas feed intake was unchanged, thereby indicating significantly increased feed efficiency. Furthermore, the synthesized BBA increased the weights of the pectoralis superficialis and profundus muscles, and the leg. The BBA decreased theNτ-methylhistidine concentration in the excrement and plasma, which are indices of the rate of skeletal muscle protein degradation. It also decreased the mRNA levels of μ-calpain large subunit, atrogin-1/muscle atrophy F-box (MAFbx), ubiquitin and 20S proteasome C2 subunit. These suggest that growth promotion due to the feeding of synthesized BBA is caused by the suppression of skeletal muscle protein degradation, which is related to a decrease in gene expression in the calpain and ubiquitin–proteasome systems.
INTERACTIVE WORKSHOPS TO PROMOTE GENDER EQUITY AND FAMILY PLANNING IN RURAL COMMUNITIES OF GUATEMALA: RESULTS OF A COMMUNITY RANDOMIZED STUDY
Authors: SCHULER SIDNEY RUTH , NANDA GEETA , RAMÍREZ LUIS F. , CHEN MARIO 
Published: February 2015

SummaryIn Guatemala, especially in rural areas, gender norms contribute to high fertility and closely spaced births by discouraging contraceptive use and constraining women from making decisions regarding the timing of their pregnancies and the size of their families. Community workshops for men, women and couples were conducted in 30 rural communities in Guatemala to test the hypothesis that the promotion of gender equity in the context of reproductive health will contribute to gender-equitable attitudes and strengthen the practice of family planning. Communities were randomly assigned to intervention and control groups. Pre/post surveys were conducted. Odds ratios estimated with mixed effect models to account for community-level randomization and repeated measures per participant were compared. The analyses showed statistically significant effects of the intervention on two of the three outcomes examined: gender attitudes and contraceptive knowledge. Findings regarding contraceptive use were suggestive but not significant. The results suggest that it is possible to influence both inequitable gender norms and reproductive health knowledge and, potentially, behaviours in a short span of time using appropriately designed communications interventions that engage communities in re-thinking the inequitable gender norms that act as barriers to health.
Perceptive communicating capsules for fluid flow measurement and visualisation
Authors: Stewart Robert Logan , Šutalo Ilija Denis , Liovic Petar 
Published: February 2015

SUMMARYA new approach to flow measurement and visualisation in fluid dynamics based on a group of perceptive communicating capsules has been developed. Experiments were carried out with fluid-mobilised and stationary capsules deployed in a fluid flow test rig (raceway pond). Each capsule contains a microcontroller, battery, infra-red and visible LEDs and other electronics. Using optical communications, capsules can record encounters with one another. From the resulting interaction patterns, fluid flow speed and path-frequency measurements were obtained. Additionally, the capsules have shown the capacity for distributed sensing, and their streaklines provide a valuable means of external visualisation.
Recent status and population decline of the Great Bustard Otis tarda in Iran
Authors: BARATI AHMAD , ABDULKARIMI RAHIM , ALONSO JUAN CARLOS 
Published: February 2015

SummaryThe current distribution and recent population trends of the Great Bustard (Otis tarda) in Iran were investigated based on a literature review and unpublished data (1995–2008) followed by three years of census (2009–2011) in areas where the species is still breeding. Results suggest that Great Bustards have disappeared from a large part of their former distribution in the country, including East Azarbayjan, Hamedan and Kurdistan provinces. The surviving groups are concentrated in West Azarbayjan where numbers are rapidly declining. The present population is estimated at about 43–48 birds in 2011, confirming a marked decline compared to the 200–300 birds estimated in the early 1990s. About 80–90% of the extant birds are concentrated in the plains of Boukan. Strict conservation measures are urgently needed to prevent the extinction of this species in Iran.
Bypassing weak institutions in a large late-comer economy
Authors: BESSONOVA EVGUENIA , GONCHAR KSENIA 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThis paper addresses the link between the strong inflow of FDI into Russia in the 2000s and its weak institutions, using plant-level data across subnational regions. The findings imply that investors have responded positively to improved quality of institutions in certain regions, which offered a combination of wealth, skills and good infrastructure. High development levels in host regions helped to bypass some institutional shortcomings. Investors from source countries exhibiting comparable institutional environment appeared to be more immune to political conflict. Round-trip investors reacted to institutional determinants in almost the same manner as genuine investors, except for tolerance to labor market imperfections.
Inference of seasonal and pandemic influenza transmission dynamics
Authors: Yang Wan , Lipsitch Marc , Shaman Jeffrey 
Published: February 2015

Significance
Infectious disease surveillance systems are powerful tools for monitoring and understanding infectious disease dynamics; however, underreporting (due to both unreported and asymptomatic infections) and observation errors in these systems create challenges for delineating a complete picture of infectious disease epidemiology. This issue is true for influenza, an infectious disease of pandemic potential. Here we develop and present influenza inference systems capable of compensating for observational biases and underreporting. Using both Google Flu Trends and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention data in conjunction with Bayesian model inference methods, we are able to infer the evolving epidemiological features of influenza and its impacts among the large population during 2003−2013, including the 2009 pandemic. In addition, differences among regions within the United States are identified.
Persistent and widespread occurrence of bioactive quinone pigments during post-Paleozoic crinoid diversification
Authors: Wolkenstein Klaus 
Published: February 2015

Significance
Marine organisms produce a wide diversity of natural products with specific bioactivities, representing a valuable source for drug discovery. These secondary metabolites are the result of adaptation and natural selection during the evolution of the producing organisms. However, little is known about the evolutionary persistence and distribution of these secondary metabolites through deep time, because original secondary metabolites of ancient organisms usually are not preserved. Here the unique example of a group of bioactive quinone pigments is shown to have persisted almost unchanged and with a wide distribution from the Early Mesozoic (about 240 MyBP) until today within the echinoderm class Crinoidea, whereas the class underwent a major adaptive radiation and diversification after the end-Permian mass extinction.
Structural assembly of the signaling competent ERK2–RSK1 heterodimeric protein kinase complex
Authors: Alexa Anita , Gógl Gergő , Glatz Gábor , Garai Ágnes , Zeke András , Varga János , Dudás Erika , Jeszenői Norbert , Bodor Andrea , Hetényi Csaba , Reményi Attila 
Published: February 2015

Significance
Signaling pathways often use kinase cascades, but structural characterization of catalytic complexes between heterodimeric kinase pairs has been elusive. For MAPK–MAPKAPK binary complexes, a high-affinity “docking” interaction holds kinase domains proximal within a tethered complex. This heterodimer provided a unique opportunity to shed light on kinase domain–domain contacts that play a role in the assembly of the transient catalytic complex. Starting out from a new precatalytic extracellular signal regulated kinase 2–ribosomal S6 kinase 1 (ERK2–RSK1) crystallographic complex, where the activation loop of the downstream kinase (RSK1) faced the enzyme's (ERK2) catalytic site, we used molecular dynamics simulation to show how the catalytic ERK2–RSK1 complex forms. Our findings reveal the dynamic process through which transient, physiologically relevant kinase heterodimers form in a prototypical kinase cascade.
Regulation and aggregation of intrinsically disordered peptides
Authors: Levine Zachary A. , Larini Luca , LaPointe Nichole E. , Feinstein Stuart C. , Shea Joan-Emma 
Published: February 2015

Significance
The microtubule-regulating protein tau is a prototypical intrinsically disordered protein (IDP) that plays an important physiological role in the human body; however, aggregates of tau are a pathological hallmark of Alzheimer’s disease. Here we demonstrate through simulations and experiments with an aggregating tau fragment that cosolvent interactions can significantly affect the balance between hydrogen bonds and salt bridge formation in IDPs, subsequently determining their preferred conformations. These subtle perturbations can dramatically shift IDPs from compact ensembles to extended ones, thereby influencing aggregate formation. These results lend considerable insight into the biophysics of the regulation and aggregation of IDPs.
HDAC inhibition prevents white matter injury by modulating microglia/macrophage polarization through the GSK3β/PTEN/Akt axis
Authors: Wang Guohua , Shi Yejie , Jiang Xiaoyan , Leak Rehana K. , Hu Xiaoming , Wu Yun , Pu Hongjian , Li Wei-Wei , Tang Bo , Wang Yun , Gao Yanqin , Zheng Ping , Bennett Michael V. L. , Chen Jun 
Published: February 2015

SignificanceModerate or severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) damages white matter, thereby contributing to long-term neurological deficits. Currently, there are no satisfactory therapies to mitigate this white matter injury (WMI). Here we show that inhibition of histone deacetylases (HDACs) exerts robust structural and functional protection of white matter in a murine model of TBI/WMI by polarizing microglia/macrophages toward the beneficial M2 phenotype. HDAC inhibition shifted microglia/macrophage phenotype by up-regulating glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (GSK3β), which inactivated phosphatase and tensin homologue (PTEN) through phosphorylation, thereby promoting PI3K/Akt signaling. The GSK3β-dependent M2 phenotype exerted potent anti-inflammatory effects that protected myelin-forming oligodendrocytes and diminished WMI. These results reveal a previously unexplored role for GSK3β/PTEN/PI3K signaling in the regulation of microglia/macrophages and demonstrate the promise of HDAC inhibition in the treatment of TBI/WMI.
Aryl hydantoin Ro 13-3978, a broad-spectrum antischistosomal
Authors: Keiser Jennifer , Panic Gordana , Vargas Mireille , Wang Chunkai , Dong Yuxiang , Gautam Nagsen , Vennerstrom Jonathan L. 
Published: February 2015

Abstract

Objectives
Praziquantel is the only drug available for the treatment of schistosomiasis and the state of the exhausted drug discovery pipeline is alarming. We restarted investigations on the abandoned antischistosomal Ro 13-3978, an aryl hydantoin discovered in the early 1980s by Hoffmann La-Roche.

Methods
Newly transformed schistosomula and adult Schistosoma mansoni were studied in the presence of Ro 13-3978 in vitro. The metabolic stability of Ro 13-3978 was determined in vitro using human and mouse liver S9 fractions. Dose–response relationship, stage specificity, hepatic shift and scanning electron microscopy studies were carried out in S. mansoni-infected mice. In addition, efficacy experiments were conducted in rodents infected with Echinostoma caproni and Fasciola hepatica as well as in S. mansoni-infected immunocompromised nude (Foxn1nu) mice.

Results
Ro 13-3978 showed minor in vitro activity and no damage to the tegument was found. No cytotoxicity was detected for Ro 13-3978. Ro 13-3978 was metabolically stable. ED50 values of 138.9 and 14.6 mg/kg were calculated for the treatment of juvenile and adult S. mansoni infections, respectively, with a single oral dose of Ro 13-3978. SEM studies revealed severe damage to the worms 48 h post-treatment of infected mice. A single oral dose of Ro 13-3978 (100 mg/kg) administered to S. mansoni-infected (Foxn1nu) mice reduced the worm burden by 88%. Ro 13-3978 was not active against E. caproni and F. hepatica in vivo.

Conclusions
Ro 13-3978 has excellent antischistosomal properties in vivo. Structure–activity relationship studies with the aryl hydantoins have been launched in order to elucidate active pharmacophores, further investigate the mechanism of action and to identify a derivative with minimal antiandrogenic effects.
Natural Variants ofELF3Affect Thermomorphogenesis by Transcriptionally ModulatingPIF4-Dependent Auxin Response Genes
Authors: Raschke Anja , Ibañez Carla , Ullrich Kristian Karsten , Anwer Muhammad Usman , Becker Sebastian , Glöckner Annemarie , Trenner Jana , Denk Kathrin , Saal Bernhard , Sun Xiaodong , Ni Min , Davis Seth Jon , Delker Carolin , Quint Marcel 
Published: February 2015

ABSTRACTPerception and transduction of temperature changes result in altered growth enabling plants to adapt to increased ambient temperature. While PHYTOCHROME-INTERACTING FACTOR4 (PIF4) has been identified as a major ambient temperature signaling hub, its upstream regulation seems complex and is poorly understood. Here, we exploited natural variation for thermo-responsive growth inArabidopsis thalianausing quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis. We identifiedGIRAFFE2.1, a major QTL explaining ~18% of the phenotypic variation for temperature-induced hypocotyl elongation in the Bay-0 x Sha recombinant inbred line population. Transgenic complementation demonstrated that allelic variation in the circadian clock regulatorEARLY FLOWERING3(ELF3) is underlying this QTL. The source of variation could be allocated to a single nucleotide polymorphism in theELF3coding region, resulting in differential expression ofPIF4and its target genes, likely causing the observed natural variation in thermo-responsive growth. In combination with other recent studies, this work establishes the role of ELF3 in the ambient temperature signaling network. Natural variation of ELF3-mediated gating ofPIF4expression during nightly growing periods seems to be affected by a coding sequence quantitative trait nucleotide that confers a selective advantage in certain environments. In addition, natural ELF3 alleles seem to differentially integrate temperature and photoperiod cues to induce architectural changes. Thus, ELF3 emerges as an essential coordinator of growth and development in response to diverse environmental cues and implicates ELF3 as an important target of adaptation.
The fallacy of the multi-API culture
Authors: Verborgh Ruben , van Hooland Seth , Cope Aaron Straup , Chan Sebastian , Mannens Erik , Van de Walle Rik 
Published: February 2015

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to revisit a decade after its conception the Representational State Transfer (REST) architectural style and analyzes its relevance to address current challenges from the Library and Information Science (LIS) discipline.

Design/methodology/approach
– Conceptual aspects of REST are reviewed and a generic architecture to support REST is presented. The relevance of the architecture is demonstrated with the help of a case study based on the collection registration database of the Cooper-Hewitt National Design Museum.

Findings
– The authors argue that the “resources and representations” model of REST is a sustainable way for the management of web resources in a context of constant technological evolutions.

Practical implications
– When making information resources available on the web, a resource-oriented publishing model can avoid the costs associated with the creation of multiple interfaces.

Originality/value
– This paper re-examines the conceptual merits of REST and translates the architecture into actionable recommendations for institutions that publish resources.
A new proposal to improve the description of astronomical resources
Authors: Alonso Lifante Mª Pilar , Chaín Navarro Celia , González González Francisco José 
Published: February 2015

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to show that some important astronomical information is still not taken into account in the documental description of historical star catalogues.

Design/methodology/approach
– A sample of 28 historical star catalogues (eighteenth, nineteenth and twentieth centuries) from the Royal Institute and Observatory of the Spanish Navy was selected in order to analyse their structure and to identify information patterns.

Findings
– The analysis shows that there are a number of technical parameters which are not present in the cataloguing standards and which should be taken into account in the bibliographic descriptions of these specialised documents since they are of great interest to astronomers and astrophysicists. On the other hand, star catalogues provide some cartographic information which can be described by these standards but whose corresponding fields are not widely used by cataloguers.

Originality/value
– A proposal of new technical parameters is given in order to try to improve the bibliographic records of these astronomical resources. Some directions are also given in order to identify the sections of the catalogues where these parameters may be found, making the task of locating them easier.
Blossom colour change after pollination provides carbon for developing seeds
Authors: Pélabon Christophe , Hennet Lauriane , Strimbeck Richard , Johnson Hansen , Armbruster W. Scott 
Published: February 2015

Summary

We tested the hypothesis that greening of the floral (involucral) bracts of Dalechampia scandens blossoms after pollination (when bracts are white) increases carbon assimilation and provides photosynthate to developing seeds.

We investigated the importance of the involucral bracts for the process of seed development in two ways. First, we removed or shaded bracts of hand‐pollinated blossoms to prevent their photosynthesis and tested the effects of these manipulations on seed development. Secondly, we measured the photosynthetic rate of blossoms with white vs. green bracts and compared these rates with those of leaves.

After four weeks of development, seeds from blossoms with bracts removed or shaded were lighter than those produced by unmanipulated blossoms. Furthermore, although the area‐based photosynthetic rate of green bracts was much lower than that of leaves, it was much greater than that of white bracts. Estimates of the daily carbon budget based on these measurements indicate that photosynthesis in green bracts is sufficient to meet the respiratory demand of the whole blossom, but not so in white bracts.

Our results support the hypothesis that colour change in D. scandens bracts allows carbon assimilation that contributes to the carbon demand of nearby developing seeds.
Evaluating noninvasive genetic sampling techniques to estimate large carnivore abundance
Authors: Mumma Matthew A. , Zieminski Chris , Fuller Todd K. , Mahoney Shane P. , Waits Lisette P. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractMonitoring large carnivores is difficult because of intrinsically low densities and can be dangerous if physical capture is required. Noninvasive genetic sampling (NGS) is a safe and cost‐effective alternative to physical capture. We evaluated the utility of two NGS methods (scat detection dogs and hair sampling) to obtain genetic samples for abundance estimation of coyotes, black bears and Canada lynx in three areas of Newfoundland, Canada. We calculated abundance estimates using program capwire, compared sampling costs, and the cost/sample for each method relative to species and study site, and performed simulations to determine the sampling intensity necessary to achieve abundance estimates with coefficients of variation (CV) of <10%. Scat sampling was effective for both coyotes and bears and hair snags effectively sampled bears in two of three study sites. Rub pads were ineffective in sampling coyotes and lynx. The precision of abundance estimates was dependent upon the number of captures/individual. Our simulations suggested that ~3.4 captures/individual will result in a < 10% CV for abundance estimates when populations are small (23–39), but fewer captures/individual may be sufficient for larger populations. We found scat sampling was more cost‐effective for sampling multiple species, but suggest that hair sampling may be less expensive at study sites with limited road access for bears. Given the dependence of sampling scheme on species and study site, the optimal sampling scheme is likely to be study‐specific warranting pilot studies in most circumstances.