bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Indications of M-dwarf deficits in the halo and thick disk of the Galaxy
Authors: Konishi Mihoko , Shibai Hiroshi , Sumi Takahiro , Fukagawa Misato , Matsuo Taro , Samland Matthias S. , Yamamoto Kodai , Sudo Jun , Itoh Yoichi , Arimoto Nobuo , Kajisawa Masaru , Abe Lyu , Brandner Wolfgang , Brandt Timothy D. , Carson Joseph , Currie Thayne , Egner Sebastian E. , Feldt Markus , Goto Miwa , Grady Carol A. , Guyon Olivier , Hashimoto Jun , Hayano Yutaka , Hayashi Masahiko , Hayashi Saeko S. , Henning Thomas , Hodapp Klaus W. , Ishii Miki , Iye Masanori , Janson Markus , Kandori Ryo , Knapp Gillian R. , Kudo Tomoyuki , Kusakabe Nobuhiko , Kuzuhara Masayuki , Kwon Jungmi , McElwain Michael W. , Miyama Shoken , Morino Jun-Ichi , Moro-Martín Amaya , Nishimura Tetsuo , Pyo Tae-Soo , Serabyn Eugene , Suenaga Takuya , Suto Hiroshi , Suzuki Ryuji , Takahashi Yasuhiro H. , Takami Hideki , Takato Naruhisa , Terada Hiroshi , Thalmann Christian , Tomono Daigo , Turner Edwin L. , Usuda Tomonori , Watanabe Makoto , Wisniewski John P. , Yamada Toru , Tamura Motohide 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
We compared the number of faint stars detected in deep survey fields with the current stellar distribution model of the Galaxy and found that the detected number in the H band is significantly smaller than the predicted number. This indicates that M-dwarfs, the major component, are fewer in the halo and the thick disk. We used archived data of several surveys in both the north and south field of GOODS (Great Observatories Origins Deep Survey), MODS (MOIRCS Deep Survey) in GOODS-N, and ERS (Early Release Science) and CANDELS (Cosmic Assembly Near-infrared Deep Extragalactic Legacy Survey) in GOODS-S. The number density of M-dwarfs in the halo has to be 20% ± 13% relative to that in the solar vicinity, in order for the detected number of stars fainter than 20.5 mag in the H band to match with the predicted value from the model. In the thick disk, the number density of M-dwarfs must be reduced (52% ± 13%) or the scale height must be decreased (∼ 600 pc). Alternatively, overall fractions of the halo and thick disks can be significantly reduced to achieve the same effect, because our sample mainly consists of faint M-dwarfs. Our results imply that the M-dwarf population in regions distant from the Galactic plane is significantly smaller than previously thought. We then discussed the implications this has on the suitability of the model predictions for the prediction of non-companion faint stars in direct imaging extrasolar planet surveys by using the best-fitting number densities.
Phase 1 Safety Assessment of Intrathecal Oxytocin
Authors: Eisenach James C. , Tong Chuanyao , Curry Regina 
Published: December 2014

AbstractAbstract
Subarachnoid injections of oxytocin did not produce any major adverse events or complications. In a limited protocol for testing analgesia, no analgesic effects were apparent.

Background:
Preclinical data suggest that oxytocin reduces hypersensitivity by actions in the spinal cord, but whether it produces antinociception to acute stimuli is unclear. In this article, the authors examined the safety of intrathecal oxytocin and screened its effects on acute noxious stimuli.

Methods:
After institutional review board and Food and Drug Administration approval, healthy adult volunteers received 5, 15, 50, or 150 μg intrathecal oxytocin in a dose-escalating manner in cohorts of five subjects. Hemodynamic and neurologic assessments were performed for 4 h after injections and 24 h later, at which time serum sodium was also measured. Cerebrospinal fluid was obtained 60 min after injection, and responses to noxious heat stimuli in arm and leg as well as temporal summation to repeated application of a von Frey filament were obtained.

Results:
One subject receiving the highest dose experienced transient hypotension and bradycardia as well as subjective numbness in a lumbo-sacral distribution. No other subject experienced subjective or objective neurologic symptoms. Overall, blood pressure and heart rate increased 1 to 4 h after injection by less than 15% with no dose dependency. There was no effect on serum sodium, and cerebrospinal fluid oxytocin increased in a dose-dependent manner after injection. Pain scores to noxious heat stimuli were unaffected by oxytocin, and the temporal summation protocol failed to show summation before or after drug treatment.

Conclusion:
This small study supports further investigation on oxytocin for analgesia for hypersensitivity states, with continued systematic surveillance for possible effects on blood pressure, heart rate, and neurologic function. (Anesthesiology 2015; 122:407-13)
Dissecting the Phenotypic Components of Crop Plant Growth and Drought Responses Based on High-Throughput Image Analysis
Authors: Chen Dijun , Neumann Kerstin , Friedel Swetlana , Kilian Benjamin , Chen Ming , Altmann Thomas , Klukas Christian 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
Significantly improved crop varieties are urgently needed to feed the rapidly growing human population under changing climates. While genome sequence information and excellent genomic tools are in place for major crop species, the systematic quantification of phenotypic traits or components thereof in a high-throughput fashion remains an enormous challenge. In order to help bridge the genotype to phenotype gap, we developed a comprehensive framework for high-throughput phenotype data analysis in plants, which enables the extraction of an extensive list of phenotypic traits from nondestructive plant imaging over time. As a proof of concept, we investigated the phenotypic components of the drought responses of 18 different barley (Hordeum vulgare) cultivars during vegetative growth. We analyzed dynamic properties of trait expression over growth time based on 54 representative phenotypic features. The data are highly valuable to understand plant development and to further quantify growth and crop performance features. We tested various growth models to predict plant biomass accumulation and identified several relevant parameters that support biological interpretation of plant growth and stress tolerance. These image-based traits and model-derived parameters are promising for subsequent genetic mapping to uncover the genetic basis of complex agronomic traits. Taken together, we anticipate that the analytical framework and analysis results presented here will be useful to advance our views of phenotypic trait components underlying plant development and their responses to environmental cues.
Mark Carney and the Gendered Political Economy of British Central Banking
Authors: Clarke Chris , Roberts Adrienne 
Published: December 2014

In this article We account for Mark Carney’s role in the naturalisation of gender in finance and explain how this depoliticises important questions of gendered finance. We demonstrate Mark Carney’s ability to embody a successful combination of ‘transnational business masculinity’ and ‘traditional bourgeois masculinity’. We sketch how the current monetary and financial stability concerns of the Bank of England appear to reproduce the uneven and exploitative effects of gendered finance. In this article we explore Mark Carney’s place in the gendered political economy of British central banking. We document the gendered narratives surrounding Carney around the time of his appointment as Governor of the Bank of England, suggesting that they worked to naturalise certain gender constructions in finance. We show how Carney seemingly had the ability to successfully embody a combination of two ideal-types of masculinity: both ‘transnational business masculinity’ and ‘traditional bourgeois masculinity’. We argue this contributed to three depoliticising moves, each of which gain their strength in part from the naturalisation of masculinities in finance, while obfuscating important questions of gendered finance. To elucidate the latter, we highlight some of the gendered outcomes that are obscured by the furore surrounding Carney’s character, suggesting that the monetary and financial stability concerns of the Bank under his stewardship are likely to reproduce the uneven and exploitative relations of gendered finance.
The Great British ‘Rebalancing’ Act: The Construction and Implementation of an Economic Imperative for Exceptional Times
Authors: Berry Craig , Hay Colin 
Published: December 2014

This article Examines the social construction of the economic imperative of ‘rebalancing’ and the substantive policies to which it has been linked in the UK since the crisis. Shows how the discourse of rebalancing offers a novel presentation of economic policy imperatives, but at the same time circumscribes the sectoral, regional and temporal parameters of state intervention, as such in large part legitimating the current economic order. Provides a systematic assessment of progress towards the rebalancing of the British economy. Shows that substantive evidence of rebalancing is limited and that the rhetorical claim to be engaged in rebalancing is largely illusory. Demonstrates ‘communicative dissonance’—a substantial disjuncture between the rhetoric and practice of rebalancing. The ‘rebalancing’ of the British economy has become perhaps the central motif in the public political economy of adjustment to the financial crisis. The article examines the social construction of the ‘rebalancing’ imperative and associated policies, arguing that a rebalancing discourse has served to circumscribe the parameters of acceptable state intervention in response to the crisis. It is, accordingly, to be seen as a temporary exception, after which laissez-faire can be restored. But is there any evidence for such a rebalancing? In the second half of the article we assess the extent to which its objectives have been realised in substantive economic policy change, demonstrating a disjuncture between the rhetoric and practice of rebalancing—a communicative dissonance. This leads us to question not only the extent to which rebalancing has been pursued in public policy, but also the likelihood that the interventions justified in the name of rebalancing can herald any lasting reconfiguration of the British economy.
Opportunities and Implications of Pasture‐Based Lamb Fattening to Enhance the Long‐Chain Fatty Acid Composition in Meat
Authors: Howes Natalie L. , Bekhit Alaa El‐Din Ahmed , Burritt David J. , Campbell Anna W. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractHealth‐conscious consumers following dietary fat recommendations require meat that is low in saturated fat with preferably high levels of long‐chain omega‐3 fatty acids. This review summarizes the influence of dietary lipids from red meat on human health and examines the potential to enhance lipid composition through pasture‐feeding. The role of fatty acids in plant and ruminant metabolism is discussed to highlight the complexity of ruminal digestion when trying to enhance fatty acids in meat. Generally, ruminants that consume pasture diets have been shown to produce a more desirable fatty acid composition than those fed grain and offer potential to be further enhanced by using specific plant species. Elevated polyunsaturated fat content in meat, however, tends to increase susceptibility to oxidation, which influences other meat quality characteristics including shelf‐life and color. The use of specific plant species may mitigate these negative effects due to vitamin E or other antioxidants in these plants, which protect polyunsaturated fats from oxidation. When assessing the potential of plants as a natural dietary fat source, consideration must be given to environmental influences on plant fatty acid composition to ensure consistent production of meat products with high nutritive value under a range of management practices. This review also explores the potential impact of climate change on plant fatty acid composition, and the potential implications of this for meat quality.
Natural Occurrence of Mycotoxins in Food and Feed: Pakistan Perspective
Authors: Ashiq Samina 
Published: December 2014

AbstractFungi are commonly present in the environment and can grow under favorable conditions on an extensive variety of substrates. During harvesting, handling, storage, and distribution, agricultural commodities are subjected to infection by toxigenic molds, which may cause spoilage and produce toxic metabolites called mycotoxins. Fungal contamination of various food commodities with consequent exposure of the community to mycotoxins is a hazard that may exist depending on environmental factors, crop health, and soil conditions. Mycotoxins represent serious consequences due to substantial economic loss and risk to health. The environmental conditions of Pakistan with its mostly warm temperature are conducive to growth of toxigenic fungi resulting in mycotoxin production in different food items. Moreover, the poor conditions of storage and deficiency in regulatory measures in food quality control worsen the situation in the country. This review encompasses mycotoxin contamination of food and feed in Pakistan. High concentrations of mycotoxins are found in some commodities that are used on a daily basis in Pakistan, which may be a concern depending on dietary variety and health conditions of individuals in the population. Therefore, the mycotoxin contamination of foodstuff with exceeding levels represents a serious health hazard for the local population. There is a need to conduct more studies to analyze mycotoxin occurrence in all types of food commodities throughout the country. For consumer safety and the country's economy, the regulatory authorities should take into account this issue of contamination, and control strategies should be implemented and the quality control system of food improved.
Feasibility of Detecting Aflatoxin B1 on Inoculated Maize Kernels Surface using Vis/NIR Hyperspectral Imaging
Authors: Wang Wei , Heitschmidt Gerald W. , Windham William R. , Feldner Peggy , Ni Xinzhi , Chu Xuan 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThe feasibility of using a visible/near‐infrared hyperspectral imaging system with a wavelength range between 400 and 1000 nm to detect and differentiate different levels of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) artificially titrated on maize kernel surface was examined. To reduce the color effects of maize kernels, image analysis was limited to a subset of original spectra (600 to 1000 nm). Residual staining from the AFB1 on the kernels surface was selected as regions of interest for analysis. Principal components analysis (PCA) was applied to reduce the dimensionality of hyperspectral image data, and then a stepwise factorial discriminant analysis (FDA) was performed on latent PCA variables. The results indicated that discriminant factors F2 can be used to separate control samples from all of the other groups of kernels with AFB1 inoculated, whereas the discriminant factors F1 can be used to identify maize kernels with levels of AFB1 as low as 10 ppb. An overall classification accuracy of 98% was achieved. Finally, the peaks of β coefficients of the discrimination factors F1 and F2 were analyzed and several key wavelengths identified for differentiating maize kernels with and without AFB1, as well as those with differing levels of AFB1 inoculation. Results indicated that Vis/NIR hyperspectral imaging technology combined with the PCA–FDA was a practical method to detect and differentiate different levels of AFB1 artificially inoculated on the maize kernels surface. However, indicated the potential to detect and differentiate naturally occurring toxins in maize kernel.
TR8: an R package for easily retrieving plant species traits
Authors: Bocci Gionata 
Published: December 2014

Summary

A large amount of data about plant functional traits are available for researchers, but it is scattered over various data bases; searching and downloading traits values for a specific list of plant species of interest can be a time‐consuming and error‐prone activity if carried out manually.

The TR8 package for R was built to provide plant scientists with a simple tool for retrieving plant functional traits from freely accessible online traitbases.
Efficacy of two thiamethoxam pre‐germination seed treatments and a phorate side‐dressing against neonicotinoid‐ and pirimicarb‐resistant cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii (Hemiptera: Aphididae)
Authors: Marshall Kate L , Collins Damian , Wilson Lewis J , Herron Grant A 
Published: December 2014

AbstractIn a glasshouse trial with potted cotton plants grown from thiamethoxam‐treated seed, neither 2.76 g a.i./kg seed (Cruiser®) nor 5.52 g a.i./kg seed (Cruiser Extreme®) protected plants from neonicotinoid‐resistant Aphis gossypii Glover, 1877. Against susceptible A. gossypii each treatment was highly effective, providing control of >90% for 42 days. Continued use of either thiamethoxam treatment against resistant A. gossypii will select for resistant phenotypes and probably restrict the useful life of the neonicotinoid insecticides against this pest. In a separate trial, side‐dressing of cotton seed with phorate 200 g/kg (Thimet®) effectively provided plants with protection from susceptible A. gossypii. The insecticidal activity of phorate‐treated plants against pirimicarb‐resistant A. gossypii was not statistically different to untreated plants (P > 0.05). To maintain the effectiveness of pirimicarb in the Australian cotton integrated pest management strategy, the use of phorate as an alternative pre‐germination treatment to thiamethoxam for aphid control must be managed. We recommend that the first foliar spray applied to cotton treated with phorate at planting should not be pirimicarb or any other insecticide affected by insensitive cholinesterase (ACE1) type resistance.
Systematic review: the management of hepatic cyst infection
Authors: Lantinga M. A. , Geudens A. , Gevers T. J. G. , Drenth J. P. H. 
Published: December 2014

SummaryBackgroundCyst infection is a severe complication of hepatic cystic disease. However, an evidence‐based treatment strategy is not available.AimTo assess the available treatment strategies and provide a treatment advice for de novo hepatic cyst infection.MethodsWe systematically searched PubMed (1948–2014), EMBASE (1974–2014), and the Cochrane Library (until 2014) for studies involving humans (≥18 years) treated for a hepatic cyst infection. We extracted data on patient characteristics, treatment and follow‐up.ResultsWe identified 41 articles; all were case series or case reports, implicating a high risk of bias. We included 54 hepatic cyst infection cases (male 39%; mean age 63 ± 12 years; diabetes 6%; dialysis 19%; transplant recipients 30%). Initial therapy consisted of antimicrobial (56%), percutaneous (31%) or surgical treatment (13%). We identified 42 antimicrobial regimens consisting of 23 different combinations. Most used antibiotic classes were quinolones (34%) and cephalosporins (34%). Antimicrobials failed in 70% of cases, eventually requiring percutaneous or surgical treatment in, respectively, 37% and 27%. Recurrent hepatic cyst infection was frequent (20%). Median time to recurrence was 8 weeks (IQR 3–24 weeks). In 46%, recurrence occurred in renal transplant recipients. Cyst infection related deaths occurred in 9%, of whom 40% were on dialysis.ConclusionsThe literature shows that treatment of hepatic cyst infection is highly heterogeneous. We recommend first line treatment with oral ciprofloxacin. In case of failure, percutaneous cyst drainage needs to be considered.
An Integrated Risk Reduction Intervention can reduce body mass index in individuals being treated for bipolar I disorder: results from a randomized trial
Authors: Frank Ellen , Wallace Meredith L , Hall Martica , Hasler Brant , Levenson Jessica C , Janney Carol A , Soreca Isabella , Fleming Matthew C , Buttenfield Joan , Ritchey Fiona C , Kupfer David J 
Published: December 2014

ObjectivesWe conducted a randomized, controlled trial comparing the efficacy of an Integrated Risk Reduction Intervention (IRRI) to a control condition with the objective of improving mood stability and psychosocial functioning by reducing cardiometabolic risk factors in overweight/obese patients with bipolar I disorder.MethodsA total of 122 patients were recruited from our outpatient services and randomly allocated to IRRI (n = 61) or psychiatric care with medical monitoring (n = 61). Individuals allocated to IRRI received psychiatric treatment and assessment, medical monitoring by a nurse, and a healthy lifestyle program from a lifestyle coach. Those allocated to the control condition received psychiatric treatment and assessment and referral, if indicated, for medical problems. A mixed‐effects model was used to examine the impact of the interventions on body mass index (BMI). Exploratory moderator analyses were used to characterize those individuals likely to benefit from each treatment approach.ResultsAnalyses were conducted on data for the IRRI (n = 58) and control (n = 56) participants with ≥1 study visit. IRRI was associated with a significantly greater rate of decrease in BMI (d = −0.51, 95% confidence interval: −0.91 to −0.14). Three variables (C‐reactive protein, total cholesterol, and instability of total sleep time) contributed to a combined moderator of faster decrease in BMI with IRRI treatment.ConclusionsOverweight/obese patients with bipolar disorder can make modest improvements in BMI, even when taking medications with known potential for weight gain. Our finding that a combination of three baseline variables provides a profile of patients likely to benefit from IRRI will need to be tested further to evaluate its utility in clinical practice.
Dynamic Changes of Microglia/Macrophage M1 and M2 Polarization in Theiler's Murine Encephalomyelitis
Authors: Herder Vanessa , Iskandar Cut Dahlia , Kegler Kristel , Hansmann Florian , Elmarabet Suliman Ahmed , Khan Muhammad Akram , Kalkuhl Arno , Deschl Ulrich , Baumgärtner Wolfgang , Ulrich Reiner , Beineke Andreas 
Published: December 2014

AbstractMicroglia and macrophages play a central role for demyelination in Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis (TME) virus infection, a commonly used infectious model for chronic‐progressive multiple sclerosis. In order to determine the dynamic changes of microglia/macrophage polarization in TME, the spinal cord of Swiss Jim Lambert (SJL) mice was investigated by gene expression profiling and immunofluorescence. Virus persistence and demyelinating leukomyelitis were confirmed by immunohistochemistry and histology. Electron microscopy revealed continuous myelin loss together with abortive myelin repair during the late chronic infection phase indicative of incomplete remyelination. A total of 59 genes out of 151 M1‐ and M2‐related genes were differentially expressed in TME virus‐infected mice over the study period. The onset of virus‐induced demyelination was associated with a dominating M1 polarization, while mounting M2 polarization of macrophages/microglia together with sustained prominent M1‐related gene expression was present during the chronic‐progressive phase. Molecular results were confirmed by immunofluorescence, showing an increased spinal cord accumulation of CD16/32+ M1‐, arginase‐1+ M2‐ and Ym1+ M2‐type cells associated with progressive demyelination. The present study provides a comprehensive database of M1‐/M2‐related gene expression involved in the initiation and progression of demyelination supporting the hypothesis that perpetuating interaction between virus and macrophages/microglia induces a vicious circle with persistent inflammation and impaired myelin repair in TME.