bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Genome mining of the Streptomyces avermitilis genome and development of genome-minimized hosts for heterologous expression of biosynthetic gene clusters
Authors: Ikeda Haruo , Shin-ya Kazuo , Omura Satoshi 
Published: August 2013

Abstract
To date, several actinomycete genomes have been completed and annotated. Among them, Streptomyces microorganisms are of major pharmaceutical interest because they are a rich source of numerous secondary metabolites. S. avermitilis is an industrial microorganism used for the production of an anthelmintic agent, avermectin, which is a commercially important antiparasitic agent in human and veterinary medicine, and agricultural pesticides. Genome analysis of S. avermitilis provides significant information for not only industrial applications but also understanding the features of this genus. On genome mining of S. avermitilis, the microorganism has been found to harbor at least 38 secondary metabolic gene clusters and 46 insertion sequence (IS)-like sequences on the genome, which have not been searched so far. A significant use of the genome data of Streptomyces microorganisms is the construction of a versatile host for heterologous expression of exogenous biosynthetic gene clusters by genetic engineering. Since S. avermitilis is used as an industrial microorganism, the microorganism is already optimized for the efficient supply of primary metabolic precursors and biochemical energy to support multistep biosynthesis. The feasibility of large-deletion mutants of S. avermitilis has been confirmed by heterologous expression of more than 20 exogenous biosynthetic gene clusters.
Gratitude is associated with greater levels of protective factors and lower levels of risks in African American adolescents
Authors: Ma Mindy , Kibler Jeffrey L. , Sly Kaye 
Published: August 2013

ABSTRACTThe literature suggests gratitude is associated with positive youth development. The current study examined the relationship between gratitude and protective/risk factors among African American youth. Adolescents (N = 389; 50.4% males) ages 12–14 completed measures of gratitude (moral affect and life‐orientation), protective factors (e.g., academic and activity engagement, family relationship), and high‐risk behaviors (e.g., sexual attitudes and behaviors, drug/alcohol use). Results indicated greater moral affect gratitude was the only variable significantly associated with greater academic interest, better academic performance, and more extra‐curricular activity engagement. Greater moral affect and life‐orientation gratitude both significantly correlated with positive family relationship. Greater life‐orientation gratitude was the only variable significantly associated with abstinence from sexual intimacy, sexual intercourse, likelihood of engaging in sex during primary school, and abstinence from drug/alcohol use. The findings suggest that moral affect gratitude may enhance protective factors while life‐orientation gratitude may buffer against high‐risk behaviors among African American youth.
Invariant measures for interval maps with different one-sided critical orders
Authors: CUI HONGFEI , DING YIMING 
Published: August 2013

AbstractFor an interval map whose critical point set may contain critical points with different one-sided critical orders and jump discontinuities, under a mild condition on critical orbits, we prove that it has an invariant probability measure which is absolutely continuous with respect to Lebesgue measure by using the methods of Bruin et al [Invent. Math. 172(3) (2008), 509–533], together with ideas from Nowicki and van Strien [Invent. Math. 105(1) (1991), 123–136]. We also show that it admits no wandering intervals.
Intercomponent energy transfer in incompressible homogeneous turbulence: multi-point physics and amenability to one-point closures
Authors: Mishra Aashwin A. , Girimaji Sharath S. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractIntercomponent energy transfer (IET) is a direct consequence of the incompressibility-preserving action of pressure. This action of pressure is inherently non-local, and consequently its modelling must address multi-point physics. However, in second moment closures, pragmatism mandates a single-point closure model for the pressure–strain correlation, that is, the source of IET. In this study, we perform a rapid distortion analysis to demonstrate that for a given mean-flow gradient, IET is strongly dependent on fluctuation modes and critically influences the flow stability, asymptotic states and their bifurcations. The inference is that multi-point physics must be characterized and appropriately incorporated into pressure–strain correlation closures. To this end, we analyse and categorize various multi-point characteristics such as: (i) the fluctuation mode wavevector dynamics; (ii) the spectral space topology of dominant modes; and (iii) the range of IET behaviour and statistically most likely (SML) outcomes. Thence, this characterization is used to examine the validity and limitations of current one-point closures and to propose directions for improving the fidelity of future models.
Direct numerical simulations of instability and boundary layer turbulence under a solitary wave
Authors: Ozdemir Celalettin E. , Hsu Tian-Jian , Balachandar S. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractA significant amount of research effort has been made to understand the boundary layer instability and the generation and evolution of turbulence subject to periodic/oscillatory flows. However, little is known about bottom boundary layers driven by highly transient and intermittent free-stream flow forcing, such as solitary wave motion. To better understand the nature of the instability mechanisms and turbulent flow characteristics subject to solitary wave motion, a large number of direct numerical simulations are conducted. Different amplitudes of random initial fluctuating velocity field are imposed. Two different instability mechanisms are observed within the range of Reynolds number studied. The first is a short-lived, nonlinear, long-wave instability which is observed during the acceleration phase, and the second is a broadband instability that occurs during the deceleration phase. Transition from a laminar to turbulent state is observed to follow two different breakdown pathways: the first follows the sequence of $K$-type secondary instability of a near-wall boundary layer at comparatively lower Reynolds number and the second one follows a breakdown path similar to that of free shear layers. Overall characteristics of the flow are categorized into four regimes as: (i) laminar; (ii) disturbed laminar; (iii) transitional; and (iv) turbulent. Our categorization into four regimes is consistent with earlier works. However, this study is able to provide more specific definitions through the instability characteristics and the turbulence breakdown process.
Generalization of the Rotne–Prager–Yamakawa mobility and shear disturbance tensors
Authors: Wajnryb Eligiusz , Mizerski Krzysztof A. , Zuk Pawel J. , Szymczak Piotr 
Published: August 2013

AbstractThe Rotne–Prager–Yamakawa approximation is one of the most commonly used methods of including hydrodynamic interactions in modelling of colloidal suspensions and polymer solutions. The two main merits of this approximation are that it includes all long-range terms (i.e. decaying as ${R}^{- 3} $ or slower in interparticle distances) and that the diffusion matrix is positive definite, which is essential for Brownian dynamics modelling. Here, we extend the Rotne–Prager–Yamakawa approach to include both translational and rotational degrees of freedom, and derive the regularizing corrections to account for overlapping particles. Additionally, we show how the Rotne–Prager–Yamakawa approximation can be generalized for other geometries and boundary conditions.
From garden biotech to garage biotech: amateur experimental biology in historical perspective
Authors: CURRY HELEN ANNE 
Published: August 2013

AbstractThis paper describes the activities of amateur plant breeders and their application of various methods and technologies derived from genetics research over the course of the twentieth century. These ranged from selection and hybridization to more interventionist approaches such as radiation treatment to induce genetic mutations and chemical manipulation of chromosomes. I argue that these activities share characteristics with twenty-first-century do-it-yourself (DIY) biology (a recent upswing in amateur experimental biology) as well as other amateur science and technology of the twentieth century. The characterization of amateur plant breeding as amateur experimental biology offers a corrective to a dominant narrative within the history of biology, in which the turn to experimental research in the early twentieth century is thought to have served as an obvious dividing line between amateur and professional activities. Considered alongside other better-known amateur efforts, it also suggests that we might gain something by taking a more unified approach to the study of amateur science and technology.
Aroma exposure time and aroma concentration in relation to satiation
Authors: Ramaekers Mariëlle G. , Luning Pieternel A. , Ruijschop Rianne M. A. J. , Lakemond Catriona M. M. , Bult Johannes H. F. , Gort Gerrit , van Boekel Martinus A. J. S. 
Published: August 2013

The present study investigated the effect of aroma exposure time and aroma concentration on ad libitum intake and subjective satiation. In a within-subject study, thirty-eight unrestrained, healthy female participants (age: 18–39 years; BMI: 18·5–26·0 kg/m2) were asked to consume tomato soup during lunchtime, until they felt comfortably full. Every 30 s, the participants consumed 10 g of a bland soup base while tomato soup aroma was delivered separately through the nose via a retronasal tube that was attached to an olfactometer. This gave the impression of consuming real tomato soup. For each sip, the aroma varied in exposure time (3 and 18 s) and concentration (5 × ), resulting in four different test conditions. Ad libitum food intake and appetite profile parameters were measured. A 9 % lower food intake was observed when the participants were exposed to the condition with 18 s exposure time and a high concentration than when exposed to the other three conditions. These results indicate that changing the retronasal aroma release by aroma concentration and aroma exposure time affects food intake.
The Expendables: Community Organizations and Governance Dynamics in the Canadian Settlement Sector
Authors: Acheson Nicholas , Laforest Rachel 
Published: August 2013

Abstract.An emerging pattern of governance in contemporary liberal democratic welfare states is a move away from interest group representation and a public sphere organized around demands for extensions of rights to something much more constrained. This article asks how such a profound shift in representation has occurred through governance spaces that are co-constructed by community organizations. It examines the case of Canadian immigrant settlement where beliefs about citizen representation, the role of the state and the nature of the public sphere have undergone profound change, leaving immigrant organizations as either marginal players or fully incorporated in state sanctioned immigrant service provision. Drawing on documentary evidence and interviews with immigrant organizations and public officials in Ottawa, it shows how immigrant organizations have actively interpreted their interests in the light of this changing web of beliefs to co-construct a new policy regime that favours organizational interests over citizen participation.Résumé.Au cours des dernières décennies, une des tendance de gouvernance qui se desssine dans la plupart des États providence est que l'espace de représentation politique et de la défense des droits collectifs est devenu de plus en plus restraint. Cet article examine comment ce changement a pris forme dans des espaces de gouvernance qui sont de plus en plus marqués par une interaction dynamique de coconstruction des politiques publiques. L'analyse est basée sur une étude de cas d'organismes communautaires oeuvrant dans le domaine de l'intégration des immigrants dans la ville d'Ottawa. L'analyse de documents et les entrevues qualitatives révèlent que les organismes ont stratégiquement redéfinis leurs intérêts en matière de représentation politique et ont contribué à la coconstruction d'un nouveau régime de gouvernance qui privilégie les intérêts organisationnels au-dessus de la participation citoyenne.
Mobilizing in the Vernacular: Environmentalists and Federal Institutional Change in Belgium and Germany
Authors: Erk Jan 
Published: August 2013

Abstract.This article proposes the nexus between social movements, interest groups and citizen initiatives, on the one hand, and federalism, on the other, as the key to unlock a theory of gradual institutional change. The empirical context is the pattern of mobilization of Belgian and German environmentalists. In time, subnational jurisdiction over environment in Germany gave way to a nationwide one, while national policy in Belgium was devolved to the subnational level. Evidence shows that, in addition to direct institutional opportunities and constraints external to interest groups, a key internal factor—language—indirectly influenced the level mobilization in the long run. United by a common language, various German environmentalist groups gravitated towards a nationwide frame of reference, in due course bringing about institutional changes towards nationwide policies. In Belgium, divisions between Flemings and Francophones brought institutional change in the opposite direction.Résumé.Cet article propose de mettre en relation d'une part mouvements sociaux, groupes d'intérêt et initiatives citoyennes, et d'autre part la réflexion sur le fédéralisme comme clé pour formuler une théorie du changement institutionnel graduel. Le contexte empirique de l'article est le modèle de mobilisation des mouvements écologistes belges et allemands. Avec le temps, en Allemagne, la compétence sous-nationale sur l'environnement a fait place à l'échelon national, alors que la politique nationale en Belgique a été transférée au niveau sous-national. L'analyse montre qu'outre les opportunités institutionnelles et les contraires extérieurs aux groupes d'intérêt, un facteur-clé interne – la langue – a indirectement influencé le niveau de mobilisation sur le long terme. Unis par une langue commune, divers groupes écologistes allemands ont évolué vers un cadre national de référence, apportant en temps voulu des changements institutionnels à l'égard des politiques à l'échelle nationale. En Belgique, les divisions entre Flamands et Francophones ont mené les changements institutionnels dans la direction opposée.
Corporate Lobbying and Immigration Policies in Canada
Authors: Rheault Ludovic 
Published: August 2013

Abstract. This study examines the enduring claim that firms exert influence on immigration policies, prompting governments to open the doors to foreign labour. Although intuitively appealing, this claim has received little empirical support so far, the actual channels of influence from special interests to policy makers being usually opaque to public scrutiny. To address this problem, I rely upon the vector autoregression methodology and make use of fine-grained quarterly data on lobbying, skills-based immigration and temporary workers in Canada, between 1996 and 2011. A key result is the positive and robust response of temporary worker inflows to the intensity of corporate lobbying, even after accounting for labour market conditions. In contrast, there is no conclusive evidence that lobbyists carry weight when it comes to permanent migrants.Résumé. Cette étude examine la thèse voulant que le secteur privé exerce une influence sur les politiques d'immigration, poussant les gouvernements à accroître le nombre d'immigrants. Malgré son attrait, cette thèse n'a reçu qu'un soutien empirique très limité à ce jour, notamment puisque l'influence des groupes d'intérêt s'exerce souvent à huis clos. Afin de surmonter ce problème, je recours à la méthode des vecteurs autorégressifs et utilise des données trimestrielles détaillées sur le lobbying, l'immigration économique et les travailleurs temporaires au Canada entre 1996 et 2011. Un résultat clé est la réponse positive des influx de travailleurs temporaires à l'intensité du lobbying des entreprises, même après avoir pris en compte les conditions du marché du travail. En comparaison, la conclusion que les lobbyistes influencent les niveaux d'immigration permanente apparaît peu robuste.
CROPPING SYSTEM EFFECTS ON SOIL QUALITY FOR THREE AGRO-ECOSYSTEMS IN INDIA
Authors: SINHA NISHANT K. , CHOPRA USHA KIRAN , SINGH ANIL KUMAR 
Published: August 2013

SUMMARYSoil quality integrates the effects of soil physical, chemical and biological attributes. Some of them are dynamic in nature and behave differentially in various agro-ecosystems (AESs) and are quantified in terms of a soil quality index (SQI). An attempt has been made in this paper to develop an SQI based on a minimum data set (MDS), which could be used to evaluate the sustainability of the crop production in three varying AESs in India, namely sub-humid, semi-arid and arid. Thirteen indicators were utilized to develop the SQI from the properties measured from the surface soil layer (0–15 cm). Each indicator of the MDS was transformed into a dimensionless score based on scoring functions (linear and non-linear) and integrated into four SQIs. The weighted non-linear index (WNLI) was identified as the most sensitive for all the AESs and was recommended as an index for future assessments. Based on this index, the quantification of soil quality under several cropping systems was carried out for sub-humid, semi-arid and arid AESs and the most suitable cropping system was identified. WLNI was positively and significantly correlated (R2= 0.79,p< 0.01) with wheat equivalent yield for all the cropping systems. This clearly indicated that the index may be used satisfactorily for quantifying soil quality.
The Gender Citation Gap in International Relations
Authors: Maliniak Daniel , Powers Ryan , Walter Barbara F. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractThis article investigates the extent to which citation and publication patterns differ between men and women in the international relations (IR) literature. Using data from the Teaching, Research, and International Policy project on peer-reviewed publications between 1980 and 2006, we show that women are systematically cited less than men after controlling for a large number of variables including year of publication, venue of publication, substantive focus, theoretical perspective, methodology, tenure status, and institutional affiliation. These results are robust to a variety of modeling choices. We then turn to network analysis to investigate the extent to which the gender of an article's author affects that article's relative centrality in the network of citations between papers in our sample. Articles authored by women are systematically less central than articles authored by men, all else equal. This is likely because (1) women tend to cite themselves less than men, and (2) men (who make up a disproportionate share of IR scholars) tend to cite men more than women. This is the first study in political science to reveal significant gender differences in citation patterns and is especially meaningful because citation counts are increasingly used as a key measure of research's quality and impact.
Reinfection studies of canine echinococcosis and role of dogs in transmission of Echinococcus multilocularis in Tibetan communities, Sichuan, China
Authors: MOSS J. E. , CHEN X. , LI T. , QIU J. , WANG Q. , GIRAUDOUX P. , ITO A. , TORGERSON P. R. , CRAIG P. S. 
Published: August 2013

SUMMARYIn the eastern Tibetan plateau both human cystic and alveolar echinococcosis (AE) caused by infection with Echincoccus granulosus or Echinococcus multilocularis, respectively are highly endemic. The domestic dog plays a key role in zoonotic transmission in this region. Our primary objective was to investigate the role of domestic dogs in maintaining transmission of E. multilocularis in Shiqu county, Sichuan. A cohort of 281 dogs was followed up over one year after a single treatment with praziquantel followed by re-infection surveillance at 2, 5 and 12 months post-treatment. Faecal samples were tested by an Echinococcus genus-specific coproantigen ELISA and two species-specific copro-PCR tests. Total Echinococcus coproantigen prevalence in Shiqu at baseline was 21% and 9·6% after 2 months. E. multilocularis copro-PCR was positive in 11·2% of dogs before treatment (vs 3·6% with E. granulosus copro-DNA), 2·9% at 2 months post-treatment, and 0% at 5 month and 12 months. The results suggest that dogs may have the potential to maintain E. multilocularis transmission within local pastoral communities, and thus dog dosing could be an effective strategy to reduce transmission of E. multilocularis as well as E. granulosus in these co-endemic Tibetan communities.
Genetic diversity ofEchinococcusspp. in Russia
Authors: KONYAEV SERGEY V. , YANAGIDA TETSUYA , NAKAO MINORU , INGOVATOVA GALINA M. , SHOYKHET YAKOV N. , BONDAREV ALEXANDR Y. , ODNOKURTSEV VALERIY A. , LOSKUTOVA KYUNNYAY S. , LUKMANOVA GULNUR I. , DOKUCHAEV NIKOLAI E. , SPIRIDONOV SERGEY , ALSHINECKY MIKHAIL V. , SIVKOVA TATYANA N. , ANDREYANOV OLEG N. , ABRAMOV SERGEY A. , KRIVOPALOV ANTON V. , KARPENKO SERGEY V. , LOPATINA NATALIA V. , DUPAL TAMARA A. , SAKO YASUHITO , ITO AKIRA 
Published: August 2013

SUMMARYIn Russia, both alveolar and cystic echinococcoses are endemic. This study aimed to identify the aetiological agents of the diseases and to investigate the distribution of eachEchinococcusspecies in Russia. A total of 75Echinococcusspecimens were collected from 14 host species from 2010 to 2012. Based on the mitochondrial DNA sequences, they were identified asEchinococcus granulosussensu stricto (s.s.),E. canadensisandE. multilocularis. E. granulosuss.s. was confirmed in the European Russia and the Altai region. Three genotypes, G6, G8 and G10 ofE. canadensiswere detected in Yakutia. G6 was also found in the Altai region. Four genotypes ofE. multiloculariswere confirmed; the Asian genotype in the western Siberia and the European Russia, the Mongolian genotype in an island of Baikal Lake and the Altai Republic, the European genotype from a captive monkey in Moscow Zoo and the North American genotype in Yakutia. The present distributional record will become a basis of public health to control echinococcoses in Russia. The rich genetic diversity demonstrates the importance of Russia in investigating the evolutionary history of the genusEchinococcus.
Political life beyond accommodation and return: rethinking relations between the political, the international, and the body
Authors: PUUMALA EEVA 
Published: August 2013

AbstractThis article explores political agency in the interstices of the bodily politics of asylum. It shows how its practices make bodily surfaces and how alternative forms of political authority emanate from bodies. Relying on Jean-Luc Nancy's ontology of the body, it examines forms of political agency that are enacted by people often considered as abjective subjectivities in the spaces of the international. Deriving from interviews conducted with failed asylum seekers, the article sheds light on agencies and resistances embedded in and extant despite the governmental efforts to solve the problem of the moving body. Ethnographic data and interviews with the failed asylum seekers show how they take control over their lives, not as separate, sovereign subjects, but in relation to their political surroundings and others. In a way, the failed asylum seekers produce and practice their own politics that both takes part in and exceeds the limits set by sovereign politics. By exploring political agency from underneath and beyond sovereign power and governmentality, the article presents a reading of the intertwining of the international, political, and bodily.