bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Controlling the Chromaticity of Small‐Molecule Light‐Emitting Electrochemical Cells Based on TIPS‐Pentacene
Authors: Weber Michael D. , Adam Matthias , Tykwinski Rik R. , Costa Rubén D. 
Published: July 2015

This work demonstrates a novel proof‐of‐concept to implement pentacene derivatives as emitters for the third generation of light‐emitting electrochemical cells based on small‐molecules (SM‐LECs). Here, a straightforward procedure is shown to control the chromaticity of pentacene‐based lighting devices by means of a photoinduced cycloaddition process of the 6,13‐bis(triisopropylsilylethynyl) (TIPS)‐pentacene that leads to the formation of anthracene‐core dimeric species featuring a high‐energy emission. Without using the procedure, SM‐LECs featuring deep‐red emission with Commission Internationale d'Eclairage (CIE) coordinates of x = 0.69/y = 0.31 and irradiance of 0.4 μW cm−2 are achieved. After a careful optimization of the cycloaddition process, warm white devices with CIE coordinates of x = 0.36/y = 0.38 and luminances of 10 cd m−2 are realized. Here, the mechanism of the device is explained as a host–guest system, in which the dimeric species acts as the high‐energy band gap host and the low‐energy bandgap TIPS‐pentacene is the guest. To the best of the knowledge, this work shows the first warm white SM‐LECs. Since this work is based on the archetypal TIPS‐pentacene and the photoinduced cycloaddition process is well‐knownfor any pentacenes, this proof‐of‐concept could open a new way to use these compounds for developing white lighting sources.
Nucleophilic Nitrenoids Through π‐Acid Catalysis: Providing a Common Basis for Rapid Access into Diverse Nitrogen Heterocycles
Authors: Davies Paul W. , Garzón Miguel 
Published: July 2015

AbstractNitrogen heterocycles are some of the most important and sought‐after structural motifs in synthetic chemistry. General methods that can be applied towards a structurally diverse range of different scaffolds are rare. This Focus Review discusses an emerging area with the field of π‐acid catalysis based on the activation of carbon‐carbon triple bonds in conjunction with nucleophilic nitrenoids. The resulting approach provides ready access into α‐imino metal carbene reactivity patterns that can be employed in a number of quenching processes to realize a variety of powerful new transformations. The resulting methods are characterized by high efficiency, simple and straightforward reaction set ups, mild conditions, and excellent functional group tolerance. In this Focus Review the different nucleophilic nitrenoid types are explored showing how they can be used across a range of (poly)cyclization and formal cycloaddition processes to provide an alternative and direct disconnection pathway in the generation of N‐heterocyclic motifs.
Synthesis of Oxindoles via Iron‐Mediated Hydrometallation‐Cyclization of N‐Arylacrylamides
Authors: Gui Qingwen , Hu Liang , Chen Xiang , Liu Jidan , Tan Ze 
Published: July 2015

AbstractVarious oxindoles were efficiently synthesized via Fe‐mediated hydrometallation‐cyclization of N‐arylacrylamides. The reactions were found to proceed in good yields in the presence of FeCl3 and NaBH4 in 1,2‐dimethoxyethane at 70 °C in a flask open to the air.
Energy management in crowned sifakas (Propithecus coronatus) and the timing of reproduction in a seasonal environment
Authors: Pichon Claire , Simmen Bruno 
Published: July 2015

ABSTRACTObjectivesLittle is known about the absolute pool of energy primates use in the wild and how this pool varies seasonally. It is also not fully understood why some species facing unpredictable changes in food supply and risks of energy imbalance show high breeding seasonality. We examined these issues in a folivorous gregarious lemur (Propithecus coronatus) in a dry forest of Madagascar.MethodsWe assessed energy input and activity budget in males and females from three groups during dry and wet months. Diet composition and daily food intake were determined using focal animal sampling and continuous recording of mouthfuls. Locomotion types and daily distances traveled were recorded. Time budget was determined using scan sampling, supplemented with a preliminary analysis of the energy budget using the factorial method.ResultsThe macronutrient composition of the diet did not change markedly between seasons but a large increase in energy input arose during the early wet season. Activity was highest at this period but entailed only moderate increase in energy expenditure. Females did not ingest more energy than males despite female dominance. Both sexes exhibited a thrifty energy strategy and, possibly, fat storage.ConclusionsSeasonal increase of daily energy input was likely related to male‐male mating competition and females’ need to reach physical condition prior to the dry season sufficient for reproducing. Sifakas may time their reproductive cycle according to the seasonal variation in day‐length because recurrent patterns of low (dry season) versus high (wet season) food production occur despite years of food shortage. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Am J Phys Anthropol 158:269–278, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Analysis of correlations between measures of skeletal development and dental mineralization in Pan troglodytes
Authors: Brimacombe C.S. , Kuykendall K.L. , Nystrom P. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractObjectives:This study seeks to assess the relationship between dental mineralization and skeletal development in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and to evaluate the effect that differing numbers of ordinal and continuous variables have on correlation statistics, particularly in comparison with prior human studies.Materials and Methods:This study evaluated epiphyseal fusion, dental mineralization, and growth in length of long bones using 145 juvenile chimpanzee skeletons housed in osteological collections at the Powell‐Cotton Museum, the Museum of Central Africa, and the Adolph Schultz Collection.Results:Correlations between multiple epiphyseal fusion sites and dental maturity scores for crown and root mineralization were produced using Pearson's r, Spearman's ρ, and Kendall's τ. Correlation statistics were produced using different subgroups of epiphyseal fusion sites and long bone lengths, and both summary and individual tooth development scores.Discussion:Methodological considerations were discussed as differences in sample, measurement scale, and statistical technique had an effect on the outcome of correlations obtained. These results suggest that sampling and methodological differences between studies may affect the interpretation and comparison of correlation results, and that correlation strength differences between extant species must be considered before applying such results to questions in human biology and palaeoanthropology. Even after consideration of such factors, the correlation coefficient values for chimpanzees obtained in this study were generally stronger than those previously published in human studies, and may reflect differences in skeletal and dental developmental patterns between species. Am J Phys Anthropol 158:279–287, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Characterizing cryptic species: A morphometric analysis of craniodental characters in the dwarf galago genusGalagoides
Authors: Masters Judith C. , Couette Sébastien 
Published: July 2015

ABSTRACTObjectivesThe true dwarf galagos of the genusGalagoides,G. demidoffandG. thomasi, are difficult to distinguish morphologically at a specific or subspecific level, and most taxonomic designations are based primarily on geographic localities. We used morphometrics to investigate the morphological diversity of the genus.Materials and MethodsWe conducted statistical analyses of 12 linear measurements on 290Galagoidesskulls housed in museums worldwide, and assembled body weights for 71 wild caught specimens. We examined sexual dimorphism and specific and subspecific distinctiveness using MANOVA, ANOVA, principle components analysis and canonical variate analysis.ResultsWe distinguished skulls identified asGalagoides demidoffandG. thomasiwith ∼70% reliability, and demonstrated consistently different patterns of static allometry in craniodental variables. Variables supporting specific distinction included M1width, palate width at P2, palate (snout) length, length of premaxillary tube, width across mastoids, and total skull length. The type specimens ofG. orinusandG. rondoensiswere significantly different fromG. demidoffandG. thomasi, but grouped with them in a CVA includingG. zanzibaricusandG. granti, although molecular studies indicate that their true affiliation is with the latter species. Subspecies withinG. demidoffcould not be distinguished using craniodental morphometrics.DiscussionGalagoides demidoffandG. thomasican be distinguished relatively reliably, and are broadly sympatric across western and central Africa. Neither species showed evidence of sexual dimorphism in craniodental size or shape. Size variation has a greater influence on skull morphology inG. demidoffthan it has onG. thomasi. Am J Phys Anthropol 158:288–299, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Radiological tooth/pulp ratio in canines and individual age estimation in a sample of adult neolithic skeletons from Italy
Authors: Fabbri Pier Francesco , Viva Serena , Ferrante Luigi , Lonoce Norma , Tiberi Ida , Cameriere Roberto 
Published: July 2015

ABSTRACTObjectives:The estimation of an individual's age at the time of death is one of the most important components in anthropological studies and is the basis for demographic studies on ancients. However, the different methods commonly used in anthropology for adult age estimation at death provide results with a high level of uncertainty. The consequence is the inability to develop demographic studies with a good degree of reliability. A non‐destructive method currently available is the analysis of the apposition of secondary dentine on which Cameriere's method is based.Materials and Methods:The purpose of this work was age estimation using Cameriere's method on a sample of 18 adult Neolithic skeletons from four sites in Southern Italy (Apulia): Carpignano, Masseria della Marina, Samari and Serra Cicora. The estimates derived from the study of mandibular and maxillary canines were compared with the age ranges obtained with commonly used anthropological indicators: fusion of cranial sutures, degree of tooth wear, remodelling of the pubic symphysis and the auricular surface of the ilium. The latter two provide intervals which encompass the ages estimated with Cameriere's method.Results:The results show that the population was composed of individuals of advanced age, even beyond the age of 50, hardly distinguishable by other methods.Discussion:This finding may support the hypothesis that individuals aged 50+ are rare in prehistoric skeletal samples due to the unreliability of classical anthropological methods, not only because they were actually rare in prehistoric populations, or absent for taphonomical reasons. Am J Phys Anthropol 158:423–430, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Postmortem diagnosis of massive gastrointestinal bleeding in a patient with aberrant right subclavian artery–esophageal fistula
Authors: Watanabe Maiko , Suzuki Kei , Fujinaga Kazuhisa , Yamamoto Akitaka , Fujioka Masaki , Katayama Naoyuki , Imai Hiroshi 
Published: July 2015

CaseAberrant right subclavian artery–esophageal fistula is a rare, but fatal, complication. A 55‐year‐old febrile man with a nasogastric feeding tube developed sudden massive hematemesis and shock.OutcomeUpper endoscopy revealed an intragastric hematoma with no active bleeding observed except for oozing from an esophageal tear. Enhanced computed tomography scan detected aberrant right subclavian artery but was unable to determine the bleeding source. Repeat endoscopy carried out on day 2 confirmed hemostasis and the disappearance of the intragastric hematoma. However, the patient suddenly developed recurrent massive hematemesis with refractory shock on day 4 and died. Postmortem computed tomography revealed endoscopic clips in contiguity with aberrant right subclavian artery; a final diagnosis of aberrant right subclavian artery–esophageal fistula was made.ConclusionOur case demonstrates aberrant right subclavian artery–esophageal fistula may present with transient spontaneous hematemesis in a state of shock, possibly related to fever of unknown origin, and is challenging to diagnose by repeated endoscopy once hematemesis develops.
Analysis of seasonal differences in emergency department attendance in Shiga Prefecture, Japan between 2007 and 2010
Authors: Otsuki Hideki , Murakami Yoshitaka , Fujino Kazunori , Matsumura Kazuhiro , Eguchi Yutaka 
Published: July 2015

AimEmergency department overcrowding is problematic. Some emergency departments have established a triage system to prevent overcrowding; however, effective management of a triage system requires knowledge of factors that influence emergency department attendance. Therefore, we investigated the effect of ambient temperature on emergency department attendance, as well as the types of patients that may have been affected.MethodsData on emergency department attendance at Shiga University of Medical Science Hospital (Otsu, Japan) were retrospectively collected from 1 April, 2007 to 31 March, 2010. Attendance was classified into eight categories based on a combination of symptoms (trauma or non‐trauma), transport (by ambulance or walk‐in), and severity (serious or non‐serious).ResultsA total of 7,755 patients (4,120 [53.1%] men and 3,635 [46.9%] women) attended the emergency department during the study period. Statistically significant seasonal differences were observed in emergency department attendance in walk‐in and non‐serious groups of both trauma and non‐trauma patients (P < 0.01), with the smallest differences occurring during winter. In a linear regression model, the mean ambient temperature had a positive correlation with emergency department attendance only in the walk‐in and non‐serious group of non‐trauma patients during the summer (y = 0.092 × [mean ambient temperature] − 0.565).ConclusionIn the walk‐in and non‐serious group of non‐trauma patients, emergency department attendance significantly increased with the increase in mean ambient temperature during summer. In emergency department triage systems, it may be more effective to evaluate non‐trauma and walk‐in patients during summer, especially on hot days.
Mechanical and thermal properties of biphenyldiol formaldehyde resin/gallic acid epoxy composites enhanced by graphene oxide
Authors: Chen Shihui , Lv Shufang , Hou Guixiang , Huo Li , Gao Jungang 
Published: July 2015

ABSTRACTIn this study, the gallic acid‐based epoxy resin (GA‐ER) and alkali‐catalysed biphenyl‐4,4′‐diol formaldehyde resin (BPFR) are synthesized. Glass fibre‐reinforced GA‐ER/BPFR composites are prepared. Graphene oxide (GO) is used to improve the mechanical and thermal properties of GA‐ER/BPFR composites. Dynamic mechanical properties and thermal, mechanical, and electrical properties of the composites with different GO content are characterized. The results demonstrate that GO can enhance the mechanical and thermal properties of the composites. The glass transition temperature,Tg, of the BPFR/GA‐ER/GO composites is 20.7°C higher than the pure resin system, and the 5% weight loss temperature,Td5, is enhanced approximately 56.6°C. When the BPFR: GA‐ER mass ratio is at 4 : 6 and GO content is 1.0–1.2 wt %, the tensile and impact strengths of composites are 60.97 MPa and 32.08 kJ/m2higher than the pure resin composites, respectively. BPFR/GA‐ER composites have better mechanical properties, and can replace common BPA epoxy resins in the fabrication of composites. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci.2015,132, 42637.
Intelligent micellar polymeric nanocarriers for therapeutics and diagnosis
Authors: Topete Antonio , Barbosa Silvia , Taboada Pablo 
Published: July 2015

ABSTRACTPolymeric micelles can be designed and synthesized to bear polymeric blocks with different hydrophilicities; this triggers their self‐assembly into micellar aggregates similar to those generated with traditional surfactants. The basic structure consists of a hydrophobic core, capable of containing guest substances, and a hydrophilic shell, which stabilizes the payload and protects it from external degradation or prevents its quick elimination from the body. The accumulation of block copolymer micelles (BCMs) in a target cell or tissue can be accomplished by two main mechanisms, passive and active targeting; this allows the payload release at the site of action when desired. Hence, in this general overview, we pay special attention to newly developed single‐stimulus‐ and multi‐stimuli‐responsive delivery systems capable of disassembling and reassembling (in some cases) as a response to changes in their physicochemical properties. Also, special interest is also devoted to multifunctional BCMs incorporating multiple therapeutic agents and/or multiple imaging contrast agents, which can be considered the new generation (third generation) of drug‐delivery systems, that is, nanotheranostic platforms. Finally, a summary of BCM‐based drug‐delivery systems currently under clinical trials is given. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42650.
Supervised Multi‐Rejector of Periodic Disturbances for Nonlinear Systems Using Decoupled State Multimodel
Authors: Allaoui Mouhib , Messaoud Anis , Dehri Khadija , Abdennour Ridha Ben 
Published: July 2015

AbstractIn this paper, a multi‐rejector of periodic disturbances is proposed for discrete‐time nonlinear systems represented by a decoupled state multimodel. We report a decoupled state multimodel repetitive‐predictive control based on a supervised algorithm to ensure reference trajectory tracking and periodic disturbances rejection. Partial predictors associated to the local controllers make the best choice of the most valid partial controller that meets the desired closed loop performances. The effectiveness of the supervised multi‐rejector is shown via a simulation example. The obtained results are satisfactory and show a good rejection of periodic disturbances and reference trajectory tracking.
Validation of CMIP5 models for the contiguous United States
Authors: Privalsky Victor , Yushkov Vladislav 
Published: July 2015

AbstractMajor statistical characteristics – trend rates, mean values, standard deviations, probability densities, autoregressive model orders, persistence criteria, and spectra – of annual surface temperature over the contiguous United States from 1889 through 2005 are compared with respective characteristics of 47 time series generated within the CMIP5 historical experiment. The observed and most simulated time series are Gaussian. Most autoregressive orders, persistence criteria, and spectra of simulated time series are close to what is found in nature. Although the multi‐model mean value is not biased, individual models can err by almost 3.5 °C. In addition, the models exaggerate linear trend rates and temperature variance is overestimated.
Planet formation in post‐common‐envelope binaries
Authors: Schleicher D. R. G. , Dreizler S. , Völschow M. , Banerjee R. , Hessman F. V. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractTo understand the evolution of planetary systems, it is important to investigate planets in highly evolved stellar systems, and to explore the implications of their observed properties with respect to potential formation scenarios. Observations suggest the presence of giant planets in post‐common‐envelope binaries (PCEBs). A particularly well‐studied system with planetary masses of 1.7 MJ and 7.0 MJ is NN Ser. We show here that a pure first‐generation scenario where the planets form before the common envelope (CE) phase and the orbits evolve due to the changes in the gravitational potential is inconsistent with the current data. We propose a second‐generation scenario where the planets are formed from the material that is ejected during the CE, which may naturally explain the observed planetary masses. In addition, hybrid scenarios where the planets form before the CE and evolve due to the accretion of the ejected gas appear as a realistic possibility
Rubrik
Authors: Britzen S. , Eckart A. , Lämmerzahl C. , Roland J. , Brockamp M. , Hackmann E. , Kunz J. , Macias A. , Malchow R. , Sabha N. , Shahzamanian B. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractDetailed and long‐term VLBI (Very Long Baseline Interferometry) studies of the variable jets of supermassive black holes helps us to understand the emission processes of these fascinating phenomena. When observed and traced precisely, jet component kinematics reveals details about the potential motion of the jet base. Following this motion over decades with VLBI monitoring reveals – in some cases – the signatures of precession. While several processes can cause precession, the most likely cause seems to be a supermassive binary black hole in the central region of the AGN. We present examples of the analysis of high‐resolution VLBI observations which provides us with insight into the physics of these objects and reveals evidence for the presence of double black hole cores. EHT (Event Horizon Telescope) observations will probably soon tell us more about the jet origin and launching mechanism at the very centers of nearby active galactic nuclei. An important question to be addressed by the EHT and related observations will be whether Sgr A*, the supermassive black hole in the Galactic Center, has a jet as well. (© 2015 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Recollimation shocks in the relativistic outflows of active galactic nuclei: Doctoral Thesis Award Lecture 2014
Authors: Fromm C. M. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractWe analysed the single‐dish radio light curves of the blazar CTA 102 during its major flare around April 2006. The modelling of these data revealed a possible travelling shock–recollimation shock interaction during the flare. To verify this hypothesis, we used multi‐epoch and multi‐frequency very‐long baseline interferometry (VLBI) observations and performed a detailed kinematic and spectral analysis. The results confirmed the hypothesis of a shock‐shock interaction causing the 2006 radio flare and provided indications for additional recollimation shocks farther downstream. (© 2015 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Hot subdwarfs: Small stars marking important events in stellar evolution: Ludwig Biermann Award Lecture 2014
Authors: Geier S. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractHot subdwarfs are considered to be the compact helium cores of red giants which lost almost their entire hydrogen envelope. What causes this enormous mass loss is still unclear. Binary interactions are invoked, and a significant fraction of the hot subdwarf population is indeed found in close binaries. In a large project we search for close binary sdBs with the most and the least massive companions. Significantly enhancing the known sample of close binary sdBs we performed the first comprehensive study of this population. Triggered by the discovery of two sdB binaries with close brown dwarf companions in the course of this project, we were able to show that the interaction of stars with substellar companions is an important channel to form sdB stars. Finally, we discovered a unique and very compact binary system consisting of an sdB and a massive white dwarf which qualifies as a progenitor candidate for a supernova of type Ia. In addition to that, we could connect those explosions to the class of hypervelocity hot subdwarf stars which we consider as the surviving companions of such events. Being the stripped cores of red giants, hot subdwarfs turned out to be important markers of peculiar events in stellar evolution ranging all the way from star‐planet interactions to the progenitors of stellar explosions used to measure the expansion of our Universe. (© 2015 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)