bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Classical logic, conditionals and “nonmonotonic” reasoning
Authors: Allott Nicholas , Uchida Hiroyuki 
Published: February 2013

AbstractReasoning with conditionals is often thought to be non-monotonic, but there is no incompatibility with classical logic, and no need to formalise inference itself as probabilistic. When the addition of a new premise leads to abandonment of a previously compelling conclusion reached by modus ponens, for example, this is generally because it is hard to think of a model in which the conditional and the new premise are true.
The δ2 glutamate receptor gates long-term depression by coordinating interactions between two AMPA receptor phosphorylation sites
Authors: Kohda Kazuhisa , Kakegawa Wataru , Matsuda Shinji , Yamamoto Tadashi , Hirano Hisashi , Yuzaki Michisuke 
Published: February 2013

Significance
Long-term depression (LTD) commonly affects learning and memory in various brain regions. Although LTD in the cerebellum absolutely requires δ2 glutamate receptors, its underlying mechanisms remain elusive. LTD is caused by endocytosis of AMPA receptors, which is triggered by activity-induced serine phosphorylation of the GluA2 subunit. Our work showed that this serine phosphorylation required prior dephosphorylation of the nearby tyrosine residue. By interaction with a tyrosine phosphatase, δ2 glutamate receptors regulated tyrosine dephosphorylation status of GluA2 to gate inducibility of LTD. These findings will provide better understanding of general mechanisms regulating AMPA receptor endocytosis during synaptic plasticity.
Mechanistic link between β barrel assembly and the initiation of autotransporter secretion
Authors: Pavlova Olga , Peterson Janine H. , Ieva Raffaele , Bernstein Harris D. 
Published: February 2013

Significance
Most proteins that reside in the bacterial outer membrane are β sheets that fold into a unique cylindrical structure known as a “β barrel.” Here we describe significant insights into the function of the Bam complex, a protein machine that catalyzes the insertion of β barrel proteins into the membrane by an unknown mechanism. By analyzing the assembly of autotransporters, a specialized family of outer membrane proteins, we found that the function of the Bam complex can be divided into an initial substrate binding stage and a subsequent insertion stage that is surprisingly sensitive to structural distortions in client proteins.
Recruitment Dynamics of Age‐0 Yellow Perch in a Drowned River Mouth Lake: Assessing Synchrony with Nearshore Lake Michigan
Authors: Janetski David J. , Ruetz Carl R. , Bhagat Yakuta , Clapp David F. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractWe assessed recruitment dynamics of juvenile Yellow Perch Perca flavescens in coastal habitats of eastern Lake Michigan. To investigate recruitment patterns and associations with environmental factors in a coastal drowned river mouth (DRM) lake, we sampled juvenile Yellow Perch seasonally in Muskegon Lake, Michigan, during 2003–2011. We also sampled three nearshore sites in Lake Michigan each fall to evaluate synchrony between the DRM lake and nearshore habitat. In Muskegon Lake, age‐0 Yellow Perch CPUE during fall was high in 2005 and 2007; moderate in 2008, 2010, and 2011; and low in other years. Fall CPUE (age 0) was positively associated with CPUE in the next spring (age 1; slope = 0.98; R2 = 0.95), which we attribute to high overwinter survival. Fall CPUE of age‐0 Yellow Perch showed a positive relationship with June air temperature (R2 = 0.76), suggesting that warm conditions at early larval stages positively influence recruitment of juveniles. Juvenile recruitment in Muskegon Lake was not synchronized with juvenile recruitment in nearshore Lake Michigan. The lack of synchrony may be an indication that (1) age‐0 Yellow Perch recruitment in DRM lakes and Lake Michigan are influenced by different environmental controls and (2) dispersal between the two habitats does not strongly affect age‐0 recruitment dynamics.
Fearless Dominance and Self-Centered Impulsivity Interact to Predict Predatory Aggression among Forensic Psychiatric Inpatients
Authors: Smith ShannonToney , Edens JohnF. , McDermott BarbaraE. 
Published: February 2013

Recent research has begun to investigate the relationship between the Psychopathic Personality Inventory-Revised (PPI-R; Lilienfeld & Widows, 2005) and its primary subscales, Fearless Dominance (FD) and Self-Centered Impulsivity (SCI), and violent behavior. In this follow-up study, we examined the PPI-R subscales’ prospective relationship with predatory, impulsive and psychosis-motivated aggression in an inpatient forensic psychiatric facility ( N = 200). FD and SCI each modestly predicted predatory aggression, and SCI was also modestly associated with any form of aggression. Neither subscale predicted impulsive or psychotic aggression. The statistical interaction between FD and SCI significantly improved the prediction of predatory aggression beyond the individual subscales, indicating that those high on both constructs were particularly at risk to engage in such conduct. Moreover, this interactive effect continued to predict predatory aggression even after controlling for the predictive utility of the Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (Hare, 2003).
Cervical Posttraumatic Unilateral Locked Facets
Authors: Piccirilli Manolo , Liberati Chiara , Santoro Giorgio , Santoro Antonio 
Published: February 2013

Study Design:
Radiographic and clinical analysis.

Objective:
Review author’s experience with anterior discectomy, interbody fusion, and anterior cervical plating in 33 patients with posttraumatic unilateral cervical locked facets.

Summary of Background Data:
Unilateral cervical locked facet syndrome is a relatively uncommon injury that often is misdiagnosed and therefore subject to a dangerous delay in surgery. Management of this trauma is controversial.

Materials and Methods:
Thirty-three patients with radiologically proven diagnosis of postraumatic unilateral cervical locked facets were treated by skull traction and surgical operation from January 2005 to December 2009. All patients preoperatively were assessed for neurological examination and underwent x-rays, magnetic resonance imaging, and computed tomography evaluation of the cervical spine.

Results:
The unilateral locked facet level was C4–C5 in 13 patients, C5–C6 in 10, C6–C7 in 8, and C3–C4 in 2 patients. After closed reduction attempt with Crutchfield system, the correct alignment was achieved in 30 patients, who underwent anterior discectomy with cage, interbody fusion, and anterior cervical plating. In 3 patients there was an overdistraction and therefore a closed reduction was not possible, so they were firstly operated by posterior approach with opened reduction of the facets, lateral mass screws, and posterolateral fusion. In 2 of these patients there was an anterior fragment of the disk in the canal, so was also performed an anterior approach with discectomy, cage, and plating. There were no surgery-related complications. Postoperative neurological status was unchanged in the 3 patients with tetraplegia and improved in 8 of the 10 patients with radiculopathy. Fusion was obtained in all patients, as showed in the clinical and radiologic follow-up.

Conclusions:
The authors conclude that an anterior approach provides a safe and effective alternative for the treatment of patients with posttraumatic unilateral cervical locked facet, when preoperatively the cervical alignment of the dislocation is achieved with a closed reduction.
Radiographic Adjacent Segment Degeneration at 5 Years After L4/5 Posterior Lumbar Interbody Fusion With Pedicle Screw Instrumentation
Authors: Imagama Shiro , Kawakami Noriaki , Matsubara Yuji , Tsuji Taichi , Ohara Tetsuya , Katayama Yoshito , Ishiguro Naoki , Kanemura Tokumi 
Published: February 2013

Study Design:
Retrospective clinical study.

Objective:
To investigate adjacent segment degeneration (ASD) at 5 years after L4/5 posterior lumbar interbody fusion with pedicle screw instrumentation and L4/5 decompression surgery using plain radiographs, computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), with the evaluation of annual changes on MRI.

Summary of Background Data:
Methods of evaluation have been inconsistent among studies of ASD. There is no report that ASD in the lumbar spine after posterior lumbar interbody fusion at the same level is thoroughly evaluated on radiographs, CT, annual MRI changes, and the impact of decompression procedures.

Methods:
ASD was evaluated in 52 patients. Disk height, vertebral slip, intervertebral angle, and intervertebral range of motion were examined on plain radiographs. Facet joint degeneration on CT and disk degradation and spinal stenosis on MRI were classified into categories, and facet sagittalization and tropism were measured on CT. The incidence of ASD was compared between the decompression procedures.

Results:
The radiographic changes observed in the study were defined as radiographic ASD (R-ASD) without reoperation, as no patient required reoperation. R-ASD was rarely detected by radiography. The incidences of facet joint degeneration, MRI-detected disk degeneration, and spinal stenosis at the L3/4 and L5/S1 levels were 21% and 23%, 27% and 17%, and 35% and 4%, respectively. Progressive disk degeneration at L3/4 was found significantly more frequently in patients with aggravation of facet degeneration (P<0.01); however, the severities of preoperative facet degeneration, facet sagittalization, and tropism were not associated with progressive disk degeneration or spinal stenosis. In annual MRI, most R-ASD cases were detected within 3 years after surgery. Patients who underwent L4 total laminectomy had significantly more frequent R-ASD compared with those who received bilateral fenestration at L4/5 (P<0.01).

Conclusions:
R-ASD was detected more frequently by CT and MRI compared with radiography. Preoperative facet joint degeneration and morphology were not always related to progressive disk degeneration or spinal stenosis. Annual MRI suggested that accelerated degeneration was due to lumbar spine fusion, rather than aging degeneration. Decompression with preservation of posterior connective components is recommended to prevent R-ASD.
The Precise Bending Rod Technique
Authors: Yang Junlin , Huang Zifang , Grevitt Michael , Li Jun , Li Fobao , Yang Jingfan 
Published: February 2013

Study Design:
To report a new technique.

Objective:
To introduce a new method of precise correction controlling for ankylosing spondylitis kyphosis.

Summary of Background Data:
The exact angle method is excellent for calculating the pedicle subtraction osteotomy angle but is difficult to perform during surgery. In this study, the precise rod bending technique was proposed as a new method for precise correction controlling for ankylosing spondylitis kyphosis through illustrative cases.

Methods:
A preoperative plan using the exact angle method, with exact osteotomy angle and level determined, was prepared using a whole-spine lateral x-ray film. Then a precise contoured rod imitating the predicted spine correction was obtained using the lateral spine x-ray film that was of the actual size of the trunk. This rod model was disinfected and used for precisely controlling kyphosis correction in ankylosing spondylitis patients with good cervical spine and hip joints.

Results:
Four ankylosing spondylitis kyphosis patients were successfully corrected using the precise bending rod technique. Their mean age was 31 years, the mean operative time was 247 minutes (160–320 min), the mean volume of bleeding was 1482 mL (727–2700 mL), and the average follow-up period was 13.8 months (9–17 mo). All patients regained their sagittal balance (all C7–SSVL≤2 cm). The predicted ostetomy degree was accurate to within 2 degrees compared with the achieved degree at the osteotomy site. No complications occurred during or after surgery.

Conclusions:
The precise rod bending technique is a simple, effective method for precise correction of kyphosis caused by ankylosing spondylitis. The surgical result corresponded to the preoperative planning.
A Role forMORE AXILLARY GROWTH1(MAX1) in Evolutionary Diversity in Strigolactone Signaling Upstream ofMAX2
Authors: Challis Richard J. , Hepworth Jo , Mouchel Céline , Waites Richard , Leyser Ottoline 
Published: February 2013

AbstractStrigolactones (SLs) are carotenoid-derived phytohormones with diverse roles. They are secreted from roots as attractants for arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and have a wide range of endogenous functions, such as regulation of root and shoot system architecture. To date, six genes associated with SL synthesis and signaling have been molecularly identified using the shoot-branching mutants more axillary growth (max) of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) and dwarf (d) of rice (Oryza sativa). Here, we present a phylogenetic analysis of the MAX/D genes to clarify the relationships of each gene with its wider family and to allow the correlation of events in the evolution of the genes with the evolution of SL function. Our analysis suggests that the notion of a distinct SL pathway is inappropriate. Instead, there may be a diversity of SL-like compounds, the response to which requires a D14/D14-like protein. This ancestral system could have been refined toward distinct ligand-specific pathways channeled through MAX2, the most downstream known component of SL signaling. MAX2 is tightly conserved among land plants and is more diverged from its nearest sister clade than any other SL-related gene, suggesting a pivotal role in the evolution of SL signaling. By contrast, the evidence suggests much greater flexibility upstream of MAX2. The MAX1 gene is a particularly strong candidate for contributing to diversification of inputs upstream of MAX2. Our functional analysis of the MAX1 family demonstrates the early origin of its catalytic function and both redundancy and functional diversification associated with its duplication in angiosperm lineages.
Reprogramming the Phenylpropanoid Metabolism in Seeds of Oilseed Rape by Suppressing the Orthologs ofREDUCED EPIDERMAL FLUORESCENCE1
Authors: Mittasch Juliane , Böttcher Christoph , Frolov Andrej , Strack Dieter , Milkowski Carsten 
Published: February 2013

AbstractAs a result of the phenylpropanoid pathway, many Brassicaceae produce considerable amounts of soluble hydroxycinnamate conjugates, mainly sinapate esters. From oilseed rape (Brassica napus), we cloned two orthologs of the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) gene REDUCED EPIDERMAL FLUORESCENCE1 (REF1) encoding a coniferaldehyde/sinapaldehyde dehydrogenase. The enzyme is involved in the formation of ferulate and sinapate from the corresponding aldehydes, thereby linking lignin and hydroxycinnamate biosynthesis as a potential branch-point enzyme. We used RNA interference to silence REF1 genes in seeds of oilseed rape. Nontargeted metabolite profiling showed that BnREF1-suppressing seeds produced a novel chemotype characterized by reduced levels of sinapate esters, the appearance of conjugated monolignols, dilignols, and trilignols, altered accumulation patterns of kaempferol glycosides, and changes in minor conjugates of caffeate, ferulate, and 5-hydroxyferulate. BnREF1 suppression affected the level of minor sinapate conjugates more severely than that of the major component sinapine. Mapping of the changed metabolites onto the phenylpropanoid metabolic network revealed partial redirection of metabolic sequences as a major impact of BnREF1 suppression.
Mating success and energetic condition effects driven by terminal investment in territorial males of a short‐lived invertebrate
Authors: González‐Tokman Daniel M. , González‐Santoyo Isaac , Córdoba‐Aguilar Alex 
Published: February 2013

Summary
The terminal investment hypothesis has two predictions: in the face of an infection (i) mature males will increase investment to traits that increase mating success, while such investments will occur to a less extent in young males; and (ii) physiological costs of resource reallocation will be more severe for infected mature males than for infected young males.
Although these predictions have been tested in long‐lived vertebrates, prior studies have not examined actual resource allocation conflicts. Here, we have tested the above predictions and have investigated the energetic costs of increased mating by old males, using a short‐lived invertebrate, the damselfly Hetaerina americana. Males of this species defend territories as the main way to obtain access to females.
Using groups of infected vs. noninfected males of two different ages, we found that compared to young infected males, mature infected males defended territories for longer, had higher mating success and directed agonistic behaviour to conspecific males more frequently. Despite similar immune responses by mature and young males, infected mature males ended up with less fat reserves compared to infected young males. This suggests that resource allocation conflicts are more severe for mature than for young males.
In general, these results suggest that the terminal investment hypothesis applies in males of short‐lived invertebrates and that a cause of increased mating success for males of advanced ages is reduced energetic stores.
A Comparative Assessment of the Chen et al. and Suchey‐Brooks Pubic Aging Methods on a North American Sample, ,
Authors: Fleischman Julie M. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractAccurately estimating the age‐at‐death of adult human skeletons is fundamental in forensic anthropology. This study evaluates the accuracy of two pubic bone age estimation methods—Chen et al. and Suchey‐Brooks. Specimens were obtained from a known collection of modern pubic bones curated at the Maricopa County Forensic Science Center in Phoenix, Arizona. A sample of 296 left male pubic bones of European ancestry was statistically evaluated via bias, absolute mean error, and intra‐ and inter‐observer error. Results indicate that the two methods are similar; the Suchey‐Brooks method is the most accurate for aging young adults (error c. 7 years), while the Revised Chen et al. method is most accurate for aging middle‐age adults (error c. 6 years). Thus, the Chen et al. method is an important contribution to forensic anthropology for aging older adult skeletal remains. There are, however, some limitations such as subjectivity and the intricate scoring system of Chen et al. method.
The Utility of the Proximal Epiphysis of the Fifth Metatarsal in Age Estimation
Authors: Davies Catriona M. , Hackman Lucina , Black Sue 
Published: February 2013

AbstractRadiographs of 277 living individuals were assessed via a numerical scoring system to determine the timing of appearance and degree of fusion between the proximal epiphysis of the fifth metatarsal and its diaphysis. The epiphysis was observed to first appear in females at 8 years and 10 years in males and fuse by 14 years in females and 15 years in males. When assessing the level of agreement of category assignment, inter‐observer agreement was 78% for females and 64% for males whereas intra‐observer agreement was 77% for females and 86.1% for males. These results suggest that the maturation of the proximal epiphysis of the fifth metatarsal may be of value in age estimation in the child and that the scoring system is sufficiently robust to merit continued investigation. Previously this epiphysis has been considered an inconstant feature, but this research confirmed its presence in all individuals studied.
Maillard‐Reaction‐Induced Modification and Aggregation of Proteins and Hardening of Texture in Protein Bar Model Systems
Authors: Zhou Peng , Guo Mufan , Liu Dasong , Liu Xiaoming , Labuza Teodore P. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract The hardening of high‐protein bars causes problems in their acceptability to consumers. The objective of this study was to determine the progress of the Maillard reaction in model systems of high‐protein nutritional bars containing reducing sugars, and to illustrate the influences of the Maillard reaction on the modification and aggregation of proteins and the hardening of bar matrices during storage. The progress of the Maillard reaction, glycation, and aggregation of proteins, and textural changes in bar matrices were investigated during storage at 25, 35, and 45 °C. The initial development of the Maillard reaction caused little changes in hardness; however, further storage resulted in dramatic modification of protein with formation of high‐molecular‐weight polymers, resulting in the hardening in texture. The replacement of reducing sugars with nonreducing ingredients such as sugar alcohols in the formula minimized the changes in texture.Practical Application: The hardening of high‐protein bars causes problems in their acceptability to consumers. Maillard reaction is one of the mechanisms contributing to the hardening of bar matrix, particularly for the late stage of storage. The replacement of reducing sugars with nonreducing ingredients such as sugar alcohols in the formula will minimize the changes in texture.
Australasian brachytherapy audit: Results of the ‘end‐to‐end’ dosimetry pilot study
Authors: Haworth Annette , Wilfert Lisa , Butler Duncan , Ebert Martin A , Todd Stephen , Bucci Joseph , Duchesne Gillian M , Joseph David , Kron Tomas 
Published: February 2013

AbstractIntroductionWe present the results of a pilot study to test the feasibility of a brachytherapy dosimetry audit.MethodsThe feasibility study was conducted at seven sites from four Australian states in both public and private centres. A purpose‐built cylindrical water phantom was imaged using the local imaging protocol and a treatment plan was generated to deliver 1 Gy to the central (1 of 3) thermoluminescent dosimeter (TLD) from six dwell positions.ResultsAll centres completed the audit, consisting of three consecutive irradiations, within a 2‐h time period, with the exception of one centre that uses a pulsed dose rate brachytherapy unit. All TLD results were within 4.5% of the predicted value, with the exception of one subset where the dwell position step size was incorrectly applied.ConclusionsWhile the limited data collected in the study demonstrated considerable heterogeneity in clinical practice, the study proved a brachytherapy dosimetry audit to be feasible. Future studies should include verification of source strength using a Standard Dosimetry Laboratory calibrated chamber, a phantom that more closely mimics the clinical situation, a more comprehensive review of safety and quality assurance (QA) procedures including source dwell time and position accuracy, and a review of patient treatment QA procedures such as applicator position verification.
An ethical analysis of proxy and waiver of consent in critical care research
Authors: BERG R. M. G. , MøLLER K. , ROSSEL P. J. H. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractIt is a central principle in medical ethics that vulnerable patients are entitled to a degree of protection that reflects their vulnerability. In critical care research, this protection is often established by means of so‐called proxy consent. Proxy consent for research participation constitutes a substituted judgement by a close relative or friend, based on knowledge of patient's values, preferences, and view of life. For the consent to be genuine, the proxy must be informed of and understand three fundamental aspects of research practice: (1) that participation is voluntary and the consent can be withdrawn at any time; (2) that the research is designed to benefit future patients and society as a whole, and not the individual study participant; and (3) that participation involves an incremental non‐therapeutic risk. If this is not fulfilled because the research is to be conducted under circumstances where the proxy is unavailable, adequate protection of the patient must be ensured by other means. Thus, the research must be designed specifically to benefit critically ill patients, and the incremental non‐therapeutic risk must only comprise a minimal risk.