bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Animal and human mucosal tissue models to study HIV biomedical interventions: can we predict success?
Authors: Dezzutti Charlene S 
Published: November 2015

IntroductionPreclinical testing plays an integral role in the development of HIV prevention modalities. Several models are used including humanized mice, non‐human primates and human mucosal tissue cultures.DiscussionPharmaceutical development traditionally uses preclinical models to evaluate product safety. The HIV prevention field has extended this paradigm to include models of efficacy, encompassing humanized mice, non‐human primates (typically Asian macaques) and human mucosal tissue (such as cervical and colorectal). As our understanding of the biology of HIV transmission improves and includes the influence of human behaviour/biology and co‐pathogens, these models have evolved as well to address more complex questions. These three models have demonstrated the effectiveness of systemic (oral) and topical use of antiretroviral drugs. Importantly, pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic relationships are being developed and linked to information gathered from human clinical trials. The models are incorporating co‐pathogens (bacterial and viral) and the effects of coitus (mucosal fluids) on drug distribution and efficacy. Humanized mice are being tailored in their immune reconstitution to better represent humans. Importantly, human mucosal tissue cultures are now being used in early clinical trials to provide information on product efficacy to more accurately characterize efficacious products to advance to larger clinical trials. While all of these models have made advancements in product development, each has limitations and the data need to be interpreted by keeping these limitations in mind.ConclusionsDevelopment and refinement of each of these models has been an iterative process and linkages to data generated among each of them and from human clinical trials are needed to determine their reliability. Preclinical testing has evolved from simply identifying products that demonstrate efficacy prior to clinical trials to defining essential pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic relationships under a variety of conditions and has the potential to improve product selection prior to the initiation of large‐scale human clinical trials. The goal is to provide researchers with ample information to make conversant decisions that guide optimized and efficient product development.
Effects of interlayer thickness and the substrate material on the adhesion properties of CrZrN coatings
Authors: Kim Kyu-Sung , Kim Hoe-Kun , La Joung-Hyun , Lee Sang-Yul 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
To confirm the influence of the interlayer thickness and substrate material on adhesion properties, CrZrN coatings with various Cr interlayer thickness were deposited on AISI H13, high speed steel, and tungsten carbide using unbalanced magnetron sputtering. The adhesion strength showed maximum value at 300 nm of the interlayer, but as the interlayer increased further to 450 nm, the adhesion strength decreased. The adhesion properties of the coatings were dependent upon not only interlayer thickness but also the substrate materials. The adhesion strength of the coating were measured 12, 32, 53 N on the tungsten carbide, AISI H13 steel, high speed steel, respectively and three different failure modes such as buckling spallation, wedging spallation, and chipping were observed on each substrate. The difference in adhesion properties could be attributed to the difference in value of elastic strain to failure (H/E) among the CrZrN coating, the interlayer, and the substrates material.
Characteristics of plasma sterilizer using microwave torch plasma with AC high-voltage discharge plasma
Authors: Itarashiki Tomomasa , Hayashi Nobuya , Yonesu Akira 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
Microwave plasma sterilization has recently been attracting attention for medical applications. However, it is difficult to perform low-temperature sterilization in short time periods. Increasing the output power shortens the time required for sterilization but causes the temperature to increase. To overcome this issue, we have developed a hybrid plasma system that combines a microwave torch plasma and a high-voltage mesh plasma, which allows radicals to be produced at low temperatures. Using this system, successful sterilization was shown to be possible in a period of 45 min at a temperature of 41 °C.
Use of Ciliogenesis to Detect Aneugens: The Role of Primary Cilia
Authors: Divi Kathyayini V. , Ward Yvona , Poirier Miriam C. , Olivero Ofelia A. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractPrimary cilia arise from the centrosomes of quiescent or post‐mitotic cells, and serve as sensory organelles that communicate mechanical and chemical stimuli from the environment to the interior of the cell. Cilium formation may, therefore, become a useful end point signaling exposure to genotoxins or aneugens. Here we have used the aneugen, zidovudine (AZT), an antiretroviral drug that induces DNA replication arrest and centrosomal amplification (>2 centrosomes per quiescent cell), to evaluate cilia formation in retinal epithelial (pigmented) cells. Since cilia are derived from centrosomes, and aneugens can induce centrosomal amplification, the production of multiple cilia arising from multiple centrosomes may reveal the aneugenic nature of the agents. Cells were exposed to AZT to induce centrosomal amplification, cultured without serum to allow the centrioles to develop cilia, and immunostained to visualize cilia and centrosomes. Nuclear DNA was stained with DAPI. Preliminary observations suggest that cells with multiple centrosomes are able to generate extra cilia. © 2015 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Caenorhabditis elegans as a Model for Toxic Effects of Nanoparticles: Lethality, Growth, and Reproduction
Authors: Maurer Laura L. , Ryde Ian T. , Yang Xinyu , Meyer Joel N. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractThe nematode Caenorhabditis elegans is extensively utilized in toxicity studies. C. elegans offers a high degree of homology with higher organisms, and its ease of use and relatively inexpensive maintenance have made it an attractive complement to mammalian and ecotoxicological models. C. elegans provides multiple benefits, including the opportunity to perform relatively high‐throughput assays on whole organisms, a wide range of genetic tools permitting investigation of mechanisms and genetic sensitivity, and transparent bodies that facilitate toxicokinetic studies. This unit describes protocols for three nanotoxicity assays in C. elegans: lethality, growth, and reproduction. This unit focuses on how to use these well‐established assays with nanoparticles, which are being produced in ever‐increasing volume and exhibit physicochemical properties that require alteration of standard toxicity assays. These assays permit a broad phenotypic assessment of nanotoxicity in C. elegans, and, when used in combination with genetic tools and other assays, also permit mechanistic insight. © 2015 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Electroblotting from Polyacrylamide Gels
Authors: Goldman Aaron , Ursitti Jeanine A. , Mozdzanowski Jacek , Speicher David W. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractTransferring proteins from polyacrylamide gels onto retentive membranes is now primarily used for immunoblotting. A second application that was quite common up to about a decade ago was electroblotting of proteins for N‐terminal and internal sequencing using Edman chemistry. This unit contains procedures for electroblotting proteins from polyacrylamide gels onto a variety of membranes, including polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) and nitrocellulose. In addition to the commonly used tank or wet transfer system, protocols are provided for electroblotting using semidry and dry systems. This unit also describes procedures for eluting proteins from membranes using detergents or acidic extraction with organic solvents for specialized applications. © 2015 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The Isotope‐Coded Affinity Tag Method for Quantitative Protein Profile Comparison and Relative Quantitation of Cysteine Redox Modifications
Authors: Chan James Chun Yip , Zhou Lei , Chan Eric Chun Yong 
Published: November 2015

AbstractThe isotope‐coded affinity tag (ICAT) technique has been applied to measure pairwise changes in protein expression through differential stable isotopic labeling of proteins or peptides followed by identification and quantification using a mass spectrometer. Changes in protein expression are observed when the identical peptide from each of two biological conditions is identified and a difference is detected in the measurements comparing the peptide labeled with the heavy isotope to the one with a normal isotopic distribution. This approach allows the simultaneous comparison of the expression of many proteins between two different biological states (e.g., yeast grown on galactose versus glucose, or normal versus cancer cells). Due to the cysteine‐specificity of the ICAT reagents, the ICAT technique has also been applied to perform relative quantitation of cysteine redox modifications such as oxidation and nitrosylation. This unit describes both protein quantitation and profiling of cysteine redox modifications using the ICAT technique. © 2015 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The impact of pore structure and surface roughness on capillary trapping for 2‐D and 3‐D porous media: Comparison with percolation theory
Authors: Geistlinger Helmut , Ataei‐Dadavi Iman , Mohammadian Sadjad , Vogel Hans‐Jörg 
Published: November 2015

AbstractWe study the impact of pore structure and surface roughness on capillary trapping of nonwetting gas phase during imbibition with water for capillary numbers between 10−7 and 5 × 10−5, within glass beads, natural sands, glass beads monolayers, and 2‐D micromodels. The materials exhibit different roughness of the pore‐solid interface. We found that glass beads and natural sands, which exhibit nearly the same grain size distribution, pore size distribution, and connectivity, showed a significant difference of the trapped gas phase of about 15%. This difference can be explained by the microstructure of the pore‐solid interface. Based on the visualization of the trapping dynamics within glass beads monolayers and 2‐D micromodels, we could show that bypass trapping controls the trapping process in glass beads monolayers, while snap‐off trapping controls the trapping process in 2‐D micromodels. We conclude that these different trapping processes are the reason for the different trapping efficiency, when comparing glass beads packs with natural sand packs. Moreover, for small capillary numbers of 10−6, we found that the cluster size distribution of trapped gas clusters of all 2‐D and 3‐D porous media can be described by a universal power law behavior predicted from percolation theory. This cannot be expected a priori for 2‐D porous media, because bicontinuity of the two bulk phases is violated. Obviously, bicontinuity holds for the thin‐film water phase and the bulk gas phase. The snap‐off trapping process leads to ordinary bond percolation in front of the advancing bulk water phase and is the reason for the observed universal power law behavior in 2‐D micromodels with rough surfaces.
Weight Measurement
Authors: Hurdle Andrew , Guzy Michael 
Published: November 2015

AbstractThis unit provides information to aid in the selection and proper use of a laboratory balance. Laboratory balances are used for measuring the mass of an object and come in two main types: mechanical and electronic. Electronic balances generally come with a computer interface to facilitate the collection, storage, and manipulation of the data. In addition to weighing objects, electronic balances also perform a range of computations, including counting objects, measuring density, statistics, and pipet volume calibration. Balances vary widely in terms of their capacity (how heavy an object they can accurately weigh), precision, accuracy, repeatability, and robustness. Understanding the various characteristics of a laboratory balance is necessary in order to be sure that the balance is well suited for your particular scientific or industrial needs. This unit also discusses the proper use and maintenance of a laboratory balance. In general, laboratory balances are relatively easy to use and require little maintenance. © 2015 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Overview of qPCR Molecular Probes
Authors: Laikhter Andrei 
Published: November 2015

AbstractIn recent times, varieties of modified synthetic oligonucleotides conjugated with reporter molecules have been employed in hybridization‐based assays. These methods have broad applications in both basic molecular biology research and in clinical diagnostics and screening because they have high specificity to a target nucleic acid sequence. The development of the fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) process has improved the performance and utility of these hybridization‐based assays. In this unit, we discuss the main principles of the design and synthesis of the qPCR probes. © 2015 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Characteristics of workplace violence prevention training and violent events among home health and hospice care providers
Authors: Vladutiu Catherine J. , Casteel Carri , Nocera Maryalice , Harrison Robert , Peek‐Asa Corinne 
Published: November 2015

BackgroundIn the rapidly growing home health and hospice industry, little is known about workplace violence prevention (WVP) training and violent events.MethodsWe examined the characteristics of WVP training and estimated violent event rates among 191 home health and hospice care providers from six agencies in California. Training characteristics were identified from the Occupational Safety and Health Administration guidelines. Rates were estimated as the number of violent events divided by the total number of home visit hours.ResultsBetween 2008 and 2009, 66.5% (n = 127) of providers reported receiving WVP training when newly hired or as recurrent training. On average, providers rated the quality of their training as 5.7 (1 = poor to 10 = excellent). Among all providers, there was an overall rate of 17.1 violent events per 1,000 visit‐hours.ConclusionEfforts to increase the number of home health care workers who receive WVP training and to improve training quality are needed. Am. J. Ind. Med. 59:23–30, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Die Molybdän(V)‐ und Wolfram(VI)‐oxoazide [MoO(N3)3], [MoO(N3)3⋅2 CH3CN], [(bipy)MoO(N3)3], [MoO(N3)5]2−, [WO(N3)4] und [WO(N3)4⋅CH3CN]
Authors: Haiges Ralf , Skotnitzki Juri , Fang Zongtang , Dixon David A. , Christe Karl O. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractEine Serie neuartiger Molybdän(V)‐ und Wolfram(VI)‐oxoazide wurde ausgehend von [MOF4] (M=Mo, W) und Me3SiN3 synthetisiert. Während [WO(N3)4] durch Fluorid‐Azid‐Austausch in der Umsetzung von Me3SiN3 mit [WOF4] in SO2‐Lösung erhalten wurde, resultierte die Reaktion mit MoOF4 in einer Reduktion von MoVI zu MoV unter Bildung von [MoO(N3)3]. Entsprechende Umsetzungen in Acetonitrillösung führten zur Isolierung der Addukte [MoO(N3)3⋅2 CH3CN] und [WO(N3)4⋅CH3CN]. [(bipy)MoO(N3)3] und [PPh4]2[MoO(N3)5] konnten nach anschließenden Umsetzungen von [MoO(N3)3] mit 2,2′‐Bipyridin bzw. [PPh4][N3] isoliert werden. Die Molybdän(V)‐ und Wolfram(VI)‐oxoazide wurden schwingungsspektroskopisch, bezüglich ihrer Empfindlichkeit gegenüber Schlag, Reibung und Erhitzen, und im Fall von [WO(N3)4⋅CH3CN], [(bipy)MoO(N3)3] und [PPh4]2[MoO(N3)5] auch durch Kristallstrukturanalysen charakterisiert.
Optische Kontrolle der Insulinsekretion mit einem Inkretinschalter
Authors: Broichhagen Johannes , Podewin Tom , Meyer‐Berg Helena , von Ohlen Yorrick , Johnston Natalie R. , Jones Ben J. , Bloom Stephen R. , Rutter Guy A. , Hoffmann‐Röder Anja , Hodson David J. , Trauner Dirk 
Published: November 2015

AbstractInkretin‐Mimetika sind auf dem besten Weg, sich zu einer tragenden Säule in der Typ‐2‐Diabetes‐Behandlung zu entwickeln. Durch ihre Wirkung auf die Bauchspeicheldrüse und das Gehirn verstärken sie die Insulinsekretion, induzieren einen Gewichtsverlust und halten die Normoglykämie aufrecht. Allerdings wird die Inkretin‐Therapie mit Nebenwirkungen wie Übelkeit und Magen‐Darm‐Störungen in Verbindung gebracht. Hier stellen wir ein neuartiges photoschaltbares Inkretin‐Mimetikum vor, das auf Liraglutid, einem spezifischen Agonisten des Glucagon‐artigen Peptid‐1‐Rezeptors (GLP‐1R), basiert. Dieses Peptid, genannt LirAzo, enthält eine Azobenzoleinheit, wodurch der GLP‐1R mit Lichtempfindlichkeit und isomerabhängigen Signaleigenschaften ausgestattet wird. Während das trans‐Isomer in erster Linie den Ca2+‐Einstrom in das Zytosol beeinflusst, begünstigt das cis‐Isomer vorwiegend die Bildung von cAMP. Somit ermöglicht LirAzo die optische Kontrolle der Insulinsekretion und des Zellenüberlebens.
Redox‐Controlled Olefin (Co)Polymerization Catalyzed by Ferrocene‐Bridged Phosphine‐Sulfonate Palladium Complexes
Authors: Chen Min , Yang Bangpei , Chen Changle 
Published: November 2015

AbstractThe facile and reversible interconversion between neutral and oxidized forms of palladium complexes containing ferrocene‐bridged phosphine sulfonate ligands was demonstrated. The activity of these palladium complexes could be controlled using redox reagents during ethylene homopolymerization, ethylene/methyl acrylate copolymerization, and norbornene oligomerization. Specifically in norbornene oligomerization, the neutral complexes were not active at all whereas the oxidized counterparts showed appreciable activity. In situ switching between the neutral and oxidized forms resulted in an interesting “off” and “on” behavior in norbornene oligomerization. This work provides a new strategy to control the olefin polymerization process.
Highly Stereoselective Synthesis of Imine‐Containing Dibenzo[b,d]azepines by a Palladium(II)‐Catalyzed [5+2] Oxidative Annulation of o‐Arylanilines with Alkynes
Authors: Zuo Zhijun , Liu Jingjing , Nan Jiang , Fan Liangxin , Sun Wei , Wang Yaoyu , Luan Xinjun 
Published: November 2015

AbstractA novel palladium(II)‐catalyzed [5+2] oxidative annulation of readily available o‐arylanilines with alkynes has been developed for building a seven‐membered N‐heterocyclic architecture containing a biaryl linkage. This method is applicable to a wide range of unprotected o‐arylanilines and internal alkynes, and results in the chemoselective preparation of imine‐containing dibenzo[b,d]azepines in high yields with excellent diastereoselectivity with respect to the two types of stereogenic elements.
The Molybdenum(V) and Tungsten(VI) Oxoazides [MoO(N3)3], [MoO(N3)3⋅2 CH3CN], [(bipy)MoO(N3)3], [MoO(N3)5]2−, [WO(N3)4], and [WO(N3)4⋅CH3CN]
Authors: Haiges Ralf , Skotnitzki Juri , Fang Zongtang , Dixon David A. , Christe Karl O. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractA series of novel molybdenum(V) and tungsten(VI) oxoazides was prepared starting from [MOF4] (M=Mo, W) and Me3SiN3. While [WO(N3)4] was formed through fluoride–azide exchange in the reaction of Me3SiN3 with WOF4 in SO2 solution, the reaction with MoOF4 resulted in a reduction of MoVI to MoV and formation of [MoO(N3)3]. Carried out in acetonitrile solution, these reactions resulted in the isolation of the corresponding adducts [MoO(N3)3⋅2 CH3CN] and [WO(N3)4⋅CH3CN]. Subsequent reactions of [MoO(N3)3] with 2,2′‐bipyridine and [PPh4][N3] resulted in the formation and isolation of [(bipy)MoO(N3)3] and [PPh4]2[MoO(N3)5], respectively. Most molybdenum(V) and tungsten(VI) oxoazides were fully characterized by their vibrational spectra, impact, friction and thermal sensitivity data and, in the case of [WO(N3)4⋅CH3CN], [(bipy)MoO(N3)3], and [PPh4]2[MoO(N3)5], by their X‐ray crystal structures.
Optical Control of Insulin Secretion Using an Incretin Switch
Authors: Broichhagen Johannes , Podewin Tom , Meyer‐Berg Helena , von Ohlen Yorrick , Johnston Natalie R. , Jones Ben J. , Bloom Stephen R. , Rutter Guy A. , Hoffmann‐Röder Anja , Hodson David J. , Trauner Dirk 
Published: November 2015

AbstractIncretin mimetics are set to become a mainstay of type 2 diabetes treatment. By acting on the pancreas and brain, they potentiate insulin secretion and induce weight loss to preserve normoglycemia. Despite this, incretin therapy has been associated with off‐target effects, including nausea and gastrointestinal disturbance. A novel photoswitchable incretin mimetic based upon the specific glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor (GLP‐1R) agonist liraglutide was designed, synthesized, and tested. This peptidic compound, termed LirAzo, possesses an azobenzene photoresponsive element, affording isomer‐biased GLP‐1R signaling as a result of differential activation of second messenger pathways in response to light. While the trans isomer primarily engages calcium influx, the cis isomer favors cAMP generation. LirAzo thus allows optical control of insulin secretion and cell survival.
An Upstream By‐product from Ester Activation via NHC‐Catalysis Catalyzes Downstream Sulfonyl Migration Reaction
Authors: Han Runfeng , He Liwenze , Liu Lin , Xie Xingang , She Xuegong 
Published: November 2015

AbstractA sequential reaction combining N‐heterocyclic carbene (NHC) and N‐hydroxyphthalimide (NHPI) catalysis allowed for the upstream by‐product NHPI, which was generated in the NHC‐catalyzed cycloaddition reaction, to act as the catalyst for a downstream nitrogen‐to‐carbon sulfonyl migration reaction. Enantiomeric excess of the major product in the cycloaddition reaction remained intact in the follow‐up sulfonyl migration reaction.
Experimentelle Untersuchungen zum Tragverhalten von Holz‐Beton‐Verbunddecken aus Buche
Authors: Boccadoro Lorenzo , Frangi Andrea 
Published: November 2015

AbstractAm Institut für Baustatik und Konstruktion IBK der ETH Zürich wurde der Prototyp einer neuartigen Holz‐Beton‐Verbunddecke aus Laubholz entwickelt. Die Verbunddecke besteht aus dünnen (40 mm dicken) Furnierschichtholzplatten aus Buche (BauBuche) und einer 120 bis 160 mm dicken Betonschicht. Die Buchenplatten übernehmen sowohl die Funktion der Schalung als auch der Zugbewehrung. Als Verbund zwischen Beton und Holz werden 15 mm tiefe Kerben ins Holz gefräst, die zu einer steifen mechanischen Verzahnung zwischen Beton und Holz führen. Der Artikel stellt die Leitidee der Verbunddecke sowie die umfassenden durchgeführten experimentellen Untersuchungen vor. Dieses neuartige Deckensystem wurde im ETH House of Natural Resources (www.honr.ethz.ch) erstmals weltweit umgesetzt.Experimental analysis on the structural behavior of timber‐concrete composite slabs made of beechAt the Institute of Structural Engineering of the ETH Zurich, an innovative timber‐concrete composite slab made of hardwood has been developed. This composite slab is made of a 40 mm thick beech laminated veneer lumber plate (BauBuche) and a 120–160 mm thick concrete layer. The beech plates act as formwork and tensile reinforcement. The connection between the two materials is accomplished with 15 mm deep notches in the timber plate, which ensure a stiff composite action. This paper presents the basic concept of the composite slab as well as the extensive performed experimental investigations. This innovative slab system was implemented for the first time in the ETH House of Natural Resources (www.honr.ethz.ch).