bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nitric oxide affects short-term olfactory memory in the antennal lobe ofManduca Sexta
Authors: Gage Stephanie L. , Daly Kevin C. , Nighorn Alan 
Published: May 2013

SummaryNitric oxide (NO) is thought to play an important neuromodulatory role in olfaction. We are using the hawkmoth Manduca sexta to investigate the function of NO signaling in the antennal lobe (AL; primary olfactory network in invertebrates). We have found previously that NO is present at baseline levels, dramatically increases in response to odor stimulation, and alters the electrophysiology of AL neurons. It is unclear, however, how these effects contribute to common features of olfactory systems such as olfactory learning and memory, odor detection, and odor discrimination. In this study, we have used chemical detection and a behavioral approach to further examine the function of NO in the AL. We have found that basal levels of NO fluctuate with the daily light cycle being higher during the nocturnal active period. NO also appears necessary for short-term olfactory memory. NO does not appear to affect odor detection, odor discrimination between dissimilar odorants, or learning acquisition. These findings may suggest a modulatory role for NO in the timing of olfactory-guided behaviors.
Physiological and metabolic consequences of viral infection in Drosophila melanogaster
Authors: Arnold Pieter A. , Johnson Karyn N. , White Craig R. 
Published: May 2013

Summary
An extensively used model system for investigating anti-pathogen defence and innate immunity involves Drosophila C virus (DCV) and Drosophila melanogaster. While there has been a significant effort to understand infection consequences at molecular and genetic levels, an understanding of fundamental higher-level physiology of this system is lacking. Here, we investigate the metabolic rate, locomotory activity, dry mass and water content of adult male flies injected with DCV, measured over the four days prior to virus-induced mortality. DCV infection resulted in multiple pathologies, notably the depression of metabolic rate beginning two days post-infection as a response to physiological stress. Even in this depressed metabolic state, infected flies did not decrease their activity until one day prior to mortality, which further suggests that cellular processes and synthesis are disrupted due to viral infection. Growth rate was also reduced, indicating that energy partitioning is altered as infection progresses. Microbial infection in insects typically results in an increase in excretion; however water appeared to be retained in DCV infected flies. We hypothesise that this is due to a fluid intake-output imbalance due to disrupted transport signalling and a reduced rate of metabolic processing. Furthermore, infected flies had a reduced rate of respiration as a consequence of metabolic depression which minimised water loss, and the excess mass as a result of water retention is concurrent with impaired locomotory ability. These findings contribute to developing a mechanistic understanding of how pathologies accumulate and lead to mortality in infected flies.
Long-term fasting in the anadromous Arctic charr is associated with down-regulation of metabolic enzyme activity and up-regulation of leptin A1 and SOCS expression in the liver.
Authors: Jørgensen Even H. , Martinsen Mads , Strøm Vidar , Hansen Kristin E. R. , Ravuri Chandra S. , Gong Ningping , Jobling Malcolm 
Published: May 2013

Summary
The life-strategy of the anadromous Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus) includes several months of voluntary fasting during overwintering in fresh water leading to emaciation prior to seawater migration in spring. In this study we compared changes in condition, substrate utilization and liver metabolism between captive anadromous charr subjected to food-deprivation during late winter and spring, and conspecifics fed in excess. In March, 9 out of the 10 sampled fed fish had not eaten, indicating that they were a voluntary anorexic state. In June, the fed fish were eating and all had higher body mass (BM), condition factor (CF) and adiposity than in March. In fasted fish there were only small decreases in BM, CF and adiposity between March and May, but all these parameters decreased markedly from May to June. The fasted fish were fat- and glycogen-depleted in June, had suppressed activity of hepatic enzymes involved in lipid metabolism (G6PDH and HOAD) and seemed to rely on protein-derived glucose as a major energy source. This was associated with up-regulated liver gene expression of leptin A1, leptin A2, SOCS1, SOCS2 and SOCS3, and reduced IGF-I expression. In an in vitro study with liver slices it was shown that recombinant rainbow trout leptin stimulated SOCS1 and SOCS3 expression, but not SOCS2, IGF-I or genes of enzymes involved in lipid (G6PDH) and amino acid (AspAT) metabolism. It is concluded that liver leptin interacts with SOCS in a paracrine fashion to suppress lipolytic pathways and depress metabolism when fat stores are depleted.
Structural Characterization of Reduced-Charge Montmorillonites. Evidence Based on FTIR Spectroscopy, Thermal Behavior, and Layer-Charge Systematics
Authors: Skoubris Evangelos N. , Chryssikos Georgios D. , Christidis George E. , Gionis Vassilis 
Published: May 2013

AbstractIn the present study, the gradual layer-charge reduction of two Li-saturated smectites, SAz-1 from Arizona, USA, and FEO-G from Troodos, Cyprus, with octahedral charge of 0.54 electrons per half unit cell (e/huc) and 0.39 e/huc, respectively, was monitored by X-ray diffraction of K-saturated, ethylene glycol-solvated samples, by thermogravimetry-differential thermogravimetry, and by mid- and near-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy after heating at 80–300ºC. With increasing heating temperature, the layer charge and cation exchange capacity (CEC) of both smectites decreased gradually due to Li fixation. At temperatures >200ºC, ~25% residual CEC was observed, suggesting incomplete Li fixation due to kinetic constraints. Dehydration of the original Li-smectites occurred in two steps, one peaking at ~100ºC and another at 175–180ºC. The latter decreased upon progressive Li fixation and vanished from smectites treated above ~125ºC. Dehydroxylation occurred at 635–640ºC in both smectites and was not affected by Li fixation. The second derivative analysis of the infrared spectra showed that Li fixation was manifested in both smectites by the growth of two new sharp OH-stretching fundamentals at ~3640 and 3670 cm−1 and their overtones at ~7115 and 7170 cm−1. The new bands constitute pairs of fixed energy and relative intensity which grow simultaneously at the expense of the broad OH-stretching and overtone features of the original smectites. Based on this result, Li fixation is suggested to be accompanied by the simultaneous formation of two distinct trioctahedral-like structural OH species, which is compatible with Li+ occupying trans-octahedral vacancies in both smectites.
Thermal History of Lower Paleozoic Rocks on the Peri-Tornquist Margin of the East European Craton (Podolia, Ukraine) Inferred from Combined XRD, K-Ar, and AFT Data
Authors: Środoń Jan , Paszkowski Mariusz , Drygant Daniel , Anczkiewicz Aneta , Banaś Michał 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThe Upper Silurian–Lower Devonian section of the Dniester gorge in Podolia and samples from boreholes located S and N of this area were studied in order to reconstruct the thermal history of Lower Paleozoic sedimentary rocks in the Dniester segment of the Peri-Tornquist margin of the East European Craton which is the most eastern part of a major shale-gas target in Europe. X-ray diffraction data for illite-smectite from shales and carbonates indicate very advanced diagenesis and maximum paleotemperatures of ~200ºC, higher than interpreted from the ‘conodont alteration index’ (CAI) data. Diagenesis of the Devonian section is slightly less advanced than that of the underlying Silurian section, indicating that it is a regional feature and the result of burial. The regional distribution of the diagenetic grade based on illite matches well with the pattern established from the CAI data. K-Ar dating of illite-smectite from Silurian bentonites and shales gave a consistent set of dates ranging from 390 to 312 Ma. To explain such advanced levels of diagenesis and such K-Ar dates, the extension of the Carboniferous foreland basin (which today is only preserved to the NW of L’viv) toward the SE on the craton margin has to be assumed. The diagenetic zonation pattern of the Carboniferous coals supports this hypothesis. The Carboniferous cover may have been either sedimentary or partially tectonic (Variscan intracratonic duplexes) in origin and the thickness, necessary for the observed level of diagenesis, may have been reduced by an elevated heat flow along the major tectonic zone at the edge of the craton (TESZ). The presence of such cover is confirmed by completely reset Cretaceous apatite fission track (AFT) ages of the Silurian bentonites. The AFT dates also imply a Tertiary heating event in the area.The 10 Å clay mineral present in the dolomitic part of the profile (Silurian), both in bentonites and in other rocks, is aluminoceladonite or intermediate between illite and aluminoceladonite, while in the Devonian shale section only illite was documented. Chlorite is also common in the studied rocks and is at least partially authigenic. It is non-expandable in the samples from boreholes, while often expandable to variable extents in the samples from outcrops, which also contain goethite. Such variation in chlorite is attributed to contemporary weathering.
Quantitative In Situ Study of the Dehydration of Bentonite-Bonded Molding Sands
Authors: Jordan Guntram , Eulenkamp Constanze , Calzada Elbio , Schillinger Burkhard , Hoelzel Markus , Gigler Alexander , Stanjek Helge , Schmahl Wolfgang W. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractBentonite-bonded molding sand is one of the most common mold materials used in metal casting. The high casting temperatures cause dehydration and alteration of the molding sand, thereby degrading its reusability. Neutron radiography and neutron diffraction were applied to study these processes by using pure bentonite-quartz-water mixtures in simulation casting experiments. The aim of the experiments was to compare the dehydration behavior of raw and recycled mold material in order to assess possible causes of the limited reusability of molding sands in industrial application. Neutron radiography provided quantitative data for the local water concentrations within the mold material as a function of time and temperature. Dehydration zones, condensation zones, and areas of pristine hydrated molding sand could be established clearly. The kinematics of the zones was quantified. Within four cycles of de- and rehydration, no significant differences in water kinematics were detected. The data, therefore, suggest that the industrial handling (molding-sand additives and the presence of metal melt) may have greater effects on molding-sand reusability than the intrinsic properties of the pure bentonite–quartz–water system.
Anisotropic Surface Charging of Chlorite Surfaces
Authors: Yin Xihui , Yan Lujie , Liu Jing , Xu Zhenghe , Miller Jan D. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractChlorite is a layered silicate mineral group of importance in geology, agriculture, and in the processing of mineral resources. A more detailed analysis of the surface charge of chlorite minerals is important in order to improve our fundamental understanding of such particle structures and their behavior in suspension. In this study, the anisotropic surface charging of chlorite has been established using Atomic Force Microscopy surface-force measurements with a silicon nitride tip. The surface-charge densities and surface potentials at the chlorite basal-plane surfaces and edge surface were obtained by fitting force curves with the Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek theoretical model. The results show that at pH 5.6, 8.0, and 9.0 the chlorite mica-like face is negatively charged with the isoelectric point (IEP) less than pH 5.6. In contrast, the chlorite brucite-like face is positively charged in this pH range and the IEP is greater than pH 9.0. The surface charging of the chlorite edge surface was found to be pH-dependent with the IEP occurring at pH 8.5, which is slightly greater than the edge surfaces of talc and muscovite due to the larger content of magnesium hydroxide at the chlorite edge surface. Findings from the present research are expected to provide a fundamental foundation for the analysis of industrial requirements, e.g. collector adsorption, slime coating, and particle interactions in the area of mineral-processing technology.
Trends in Hospitalization Rates and Severity of Injuries From Abuse in Young Children, 1997–2009
Authors: Farst Karen , Ambadwar Pratibha B. , King Andrew J. , Bird T. M. , Robbins James M. 
Published: May 2013

OBJECTIVES:
To examine trends in incidence of hospitalizations for injury from abuse in young children from 1997 through 2009 and to examine injury severity trends.

METHODS:
Cases were identified in the National Inpatient Sample database of the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project by using International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification codes for child maltreatment and external cause of injury for assault in children aged 0 through 3 years. Incidence was calculated by age, gender, and region. Trends in incidence of hospitalization and injury severity were calculated over time.

RESULTS:
Hospitalization rates for injury from abuse showed no significant change over the study period, ranging from a low of 2.10 per 10 000 children in 1998 to a high of 3.01 per 10 000 children in 2005 (P = .755). Children aged &lt;1 had significantly higher hospitalization rates for injury from abuse (6.01 vs 1.12, P &lt;.001) and higher mean injury severity scores compared with children aged 1 to 3 years (12.50, SD = 0.14 vs 8.56, SD = 0.21, P &lt;.001). Injury severity scores increased significantly over the study period.

CONCLUSIONS:
No significant change in hospitalization rates for injury from abuse among young children was observed from 1997 to 2009. These results coincide with other reports of stable or modestly increasing rates of serious physical abuse or death in young children but not with reports from child welfare data showing declines in physical abuse during the same period. Diverse sources of data may provide important complementary methods to track child abuse.
The Initial Startup Wave Velocity in Isothermal Pipeline With Compressible Gelled Crude Oil
Authors: Guozhong Zhang , Wentao Xiao , Gang Liu , Hao Lan 
Published: May 2013

Summary
The results of pipe-flow experiments show that the advancement velocity of pressure is considerably slower than the transient-pressure-wave velocity during the startup of pipeline with compressible gelled crude oil under constant flow rate. The startup wave velocity that dominates the advancement velocity of pressure in pipeline with compressible gelled crude oil was described and explained, and the essential difference between the startup wave velocity and the transient-pressure-wave velocity was also described in detail. The startup wave front marks the substantive commencement of breakdown of gel structure, and also indicates when the flow rate starts to become stable in the pipeline segments passed through during startup under constant flow rate, so it is a crucial factor affecting the calculation of startup pressure. In this paper, the efficient numerical formulas to compute the startup wave velocity were deduced on the basis of the analysis of 1D flow of viscoplastic media in elastic pipeline. The reliability of the formulae was verified by the well agreement between the calculated values and the results of pipeline startup experiments carried out with the N-Y gelled crude oil. These formulas facilitate scientific analysis for the safe and economical operation of pipeline transporting waxy crude oil. During the initial startup of pipeline with compressible gelled crude oil under constant flow rate, the startup wave velocity is considerably slower than the transient-pressure-wave velocity, decreases with the increase of the propagation distance and the gel strength of crude oil, and increases with the increase of startup flow rate (the volume elastic/plastic coefficient of gelled crude oil and the ratio of the wall thickness to the inside diameter of the pipeline). It is noticeable that the formulae deduced in this paper are not limited to the pipelines with gelled crude oil. They are also applicable to most kinds of pipelines transporting compressible viscoplastic fluid with strong structure.
Selection Criteria and New Technologies On The Artificial Lift Systems for Heavy-Oil And Extra-Heavy-Oil Wells In Colombia
Authors: Cuesta J. J. , Ortega J. D. 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
This paper is focused on analyzing the behavior of the oil industry in the last years in Colombia, where barrels of oil have increased considerably, both in secondary recovery processes of mature fields, as well as in field development and reservoir with heavy and extra heavy crude, is in this latter, where there is the greatest hope for achieving sustainable increase in reserves and production in the country, which is why it is very important the right selection process and criteria to choose the appropriate artificial lift system, according to the needs required by the conditions of each specific well.
Based on the experience already gained in different heavy oil and extra heavy oil fields in Colombia, will explain what are the best applications results obtained and what is the result of applying new technologies implemented in Colombia, for increased production.
The history of most operating companies shows that these operators focus on selecting different artificial lift systems without performing analysis with all team involved in other areas (such as areas of drilling, reservoir, subsurface, production and maintenance). The reservoir conditions, completion, and other characteristics of the field should be linked globally so that they can determine what is the best application of pumping system, to ensure optimal production of each well in specific.
The ultimate goal of this paper is to establish criteria that help oil companies to determine the proper selection process of the right artificial lift system for the operation and production of fields with heavy and extra heavy crude, and the end of this action, the result is to achieve the desire increase in oil in the field, and to increase oil production and reserves in Colombia.
Operational Cost Saving through Artificial Lift Optimization with Long Stroke Pumping Units in Fields of Cravo Viejo Block
Authors: Sarmiento Varela D. B. , Herrera J. F. , Caicedo M. R. 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
Based on mechanical pumping concept which includes long strokes and low pumping velocities as key factor to improve the lifting efficiency, a first experience in that area (Cravo Viejo Block) with Long Stroke Pumping Units was successfully developed, supplying proven technology and efficient designs and obtaining a high impact in wells with high pumping costs, failure rate and volume & depth wells.
Use of Long Stroke Pumping Systems as economic and efficient alternative to produce all oil wells where operational and energetic optimization is needed for artificial lift methods installed. For this specific case Hydraulic Lift was the traditional artificial lift system.
Since August 2010, nine artificial lift conversions were implemented achieving significant reductions in operation and maintenance costs compared to method previously installed in each well. Important decrease in operational and maintenance cost was achieved.
These savings are mainly represented by reducing of fuel consumption around 67% and 69% in lost production considering fewer corrective and preventive interventions. Besides, the short torque arm of these pumping units resulted in smaller gear reducers and more economical primer movers.
Additional benefits were got because of the improved geometry of Long Strokes Pumping Units like reduction of wearing effect on sucker rod strings and rod pumps components. Compressive efforts (buckling) and rod floating were reduced too because of lower pumping velocities handled.
The Accounting Entity, Relevance, and Faithful Representation: Linking Financial Statement Notes to the FASB and IASB Conceptual Frameworks
Authors: Ruhl Jack M. , Smith Ola M. 
Published: May 2013

ABSTRACT
Although notes are an integral part of the financial statements, users lacking a technical accounting background often overlook them or consider them to be too difficult (Kieso et al. 2010). The authors observe that faculty generally devote little or no class time to the discussion or drafting of notes. Intermediate accounting textbooks relegate the presentation of notes to the end of the second intermediate accounting course. Nonetheless, notes are extremely important to financial statement users. In this case, students examine selected notes of the Consolidated Financial Statements of the Holy See (the financial entity associated with the Roman Catholic Papacy) for the year 2007. The Holy See's financial statement notes are ideal for discussion purposes, because students find “surprises.” Upon completion of the Discussion Questions, students have a new appreciation for financial statement notes, along with insights into how certain aspects of the FASB and IASB Conceptual Frameworks are linked to the notes. A case that attempted to include discussion of all the notes or the entire Conceptual Framework would become unwieldy. Therefore, in this case, we limit our focus to the accounting entity concept, relevance, and faithful representation. The case may be used with students enrolled in accounting courses from the principles level to the graduate level.
Circulating Estrone Levels Are Associated Prospectively With Diabetes Risk in Men of the Framingham Heart Study
Authors: Jasuja Guneet Kaur , Travison Thomas G. , Davda Maithili , Rose Adam J. , Zhang Anqi , Kushnir Mark M. , Rockwood Alan L. , Meikle Wayne , Coviello Andrea D. , D’Agostino Ralph , Vasan Ramachandran S. , Bhasin Shalender 
Published: May 2013

OBJECTIVE
In postmenopausal women and preclinical murine models, estrogen administration reduces diabetes risk; however, the relationship of estradiol and estrone to diabetes in men is poorly understood. We determined the relationship between circulating estradiol and estrone levels and diabetes risk in community-dwelling men of the Framingham Heart Study (FHS).

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Cross-sectional relationships of estradiol and estrone levels with diabetes were assessed at examination 7 (1998–2001) in FHS generation 2 men (n = 1,458); prospective associations between hormone levels at examination 7 and incident diabetes were assessed 6.8 years later at examination 8. Type 2 diabetes mellitus was defined as fasting glucose &gt;125 mg/dL, medication use, or both. Estradiol, estrone, and testosterone levels were measured with liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry, and free estradiol and estrone were calculated.

RESULTS
In cross-sectional models, men with elevated estrone and estradiol had 40% and 62% increased likelihoods of existing diabetes per cross-sectional doubling of estrone and estradiol levels, respectively. Free estrone (cross-sectional odds ratio 1.28 [95% CI 1.02–1.62], P = 0.04) was associated with impaired fasting glucose at examination 7. There was an increase in risk of existing diabetes with increasing quartiles of total and free estrone and estradiol and an increase in risk of incident diabetes with increasing quartiles of estrone levels. In multivariate longitudinal analyses, a twofold increase in total or free estrone levels at examination 7 was associated with 77 and 93% increases, respectively, in odds of incident diabetes at examination 8.

CONCLUSIONS
Although both estradiol and estrone exhibit cross-sectional associations with diabetes in men, in longitudinal analyses estrone is a more sensitive marker of diabetes risk than is estradiol.