bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: Cu‐Catalyzed Direct C—H Amination of 2‐Alkylazaarenes with Azodicarboxylates via Nucleophilic Addition.
Authors: Qian Bo , Yang Lei , Huang Hanmin 
Published: May 2013

AbstractUnder optimized conditions, the title reaction provides a facile access to azaarene‐containing hydrazines from easily available starting materials.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Polysubstituted 1,4‐Dihydropyridines via Three‐Component Reaction.
Authors: Balalaie Saeed , Baoosi Leila , Tahoori Fatemeh , Rominger Frank , Bijanzadeh Hamid Reza 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThe three‐component reaction between dialkyl acetylenedicarboxylate (I), methyl(arylmethylidene) pyruvates (II), and primary amines (III) in a one‐pot fashion proceeds likely via a domino Michael/cyclization sequence.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of the N‐Substituted Pyridin‐1(2H)‐one Framework by Ligand‐Assisted Pd‐Catalyzed Reactions.
Authors: Zhou Kang , Wen Ping , Chen Wenlin , Ma Chaowei , Huang Guosheng 
Published: May 2013

AbstractAn efficient approach for the straightforward synthesis of the title frameworks, which can be found in numerous biologically active compounds, is developed from easily available starting materials.
ChemInform Abstract: Broensted Acid‐Catalyzed Four‐Component Cascade Reaction: Facile Synthesis of Hexahydroimidazo[1,2‐a]pyridines.
Authors: Wang Ren‐Lin , Zhu Ping , Lu Yu , Huang Fu‐Ping , Hui Xin‐Ping 
Published: May 2013

AbstractAn efficient four‐component cascade reaction is shown (13 examples).
ChemInform Abstract: Dihydropyridazine Derivatives with Cyclopenta‐, Benzo‐, Furo‐, Thiopyrano‐ and Pyrido‐Annulation.
Authors: Penning Miriam , Christoffers Jens 
Published: May 2013

AbstractNew title compounds of type (III) and (VI) are prepared from arylhydrazines and carbocyclic or heterocyclic β‐oxo esters with an α‐phenacetyl moiety.
ChemInform Abstract: A Microwave‐Mediated Catalyst‐ and Solvent‐Free Regioselective Biginelli Reaction in the Synthesis of Highly Functionalized Novel Tetrahydropyrimidines.
Authors: Harikrishnan Palani Sokkan , Rajesh Stephen Michael , Perumal Subbu , Almansour Abdulrahman I. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThe process is completely regioselective and affords good to excellent yields of the desired pyrimidine system within a short time.
ChemInform Abstract: Suzuki Cross‐Coupling of 5‐Bromothieno[2,3‐b]pyridines for the Convenient Synthesis of 8‐Arylpyrido[3′,2′:4,5]thieno[3,2‐d]pyrimidin‐4‐amines.
Authors: Loidreau Yvonnick , Levacher Vincent , Besson Thierry 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThe simple method may be extended to a series of boronic acids in order to create libraries of potential biologically interesting products for structure—activity studies.
ChemInform Abstract: Six‐Membered Cyclic Nitronates as 1,3‐Dipoles in Formal [3 + 3]‐Cycloaddition with Donor—Acceptor Cyclopropanes. Synthesis of New Type of Bicyclic Nitrosoacetals.
Authors: Gorbacheva Evgenia O. , Tabolin Andrey A. , Novikov Roman A. , Khomutova Yulia A. , Nelyubina Yulia V. , Tomilov Yury V. , Ioffe Sema L. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThe first formal [3 + 3]‐cycloaddition of nitronates with donor—acceptor cyclopropanes is reported.
ChemInform Abstract: A Facile Synthesis of Annulated Azolo[c][1,2,4]thiadiazine S,S‐Dioxides.
Authors: Cherepakha Artem , Kovtunenko Vladimir O. , Tolmachev Andrey 
Published: May 2013

AbstractBase‐mediated condensations of halogenated substrates (I) with 3‐aminoazoles provide directly the biologically important title scaffold in a one‐pot manner.
ChemInform Abstract: Self‐Sensitized Photooxidation of Tetrathienyltetrathiafulvalenes: Synthesis of Thienyl‐Substituted 1,2,5,8‐Tetrathiecine‐6,7‐dione, a New Heterocyclic System.
Authors: Charlton Adam , Donati Donato , Fusi Stefania , Murphy Patrick J. , Ponticelli Fabio 
Published: May 2013

AbstractAttempted oxidative photolytic conversion of tetrathiofulvalenes (I) to planar conjugated systems results in unexpected formation of the novel heterocyclic system (II).
ChemInform Abstract: Stereospecific Transformation of Protected P—H Group into P—O or P—N Group in One‐Pot Reaction.
Authors: Yao Qiuli , Yuan Chengye 
Published: May 2013

AbstractA general and efficient method for conversion of 1,1‐diethoxyalkylphosphinates into phosphonates and phosphonamides via formation of H‐phosphinates is reported.
ChemInform Abstract: Copper‐Catalyzed Oxidative Cross‐Coupling of H‐Phosphonates and Amides to N‐Acylphosphoramidates.
Authors: Jin Xiongjie , Yamaguchi Kazuya , Mizuno Noritaka 
Published: May 2013

AbstractA simple combination of cupric acetate and an appropriate base can promote aerobic oxidative cross‐coupling of H‐phosphonates with amides and indoles, respectively.
ChemInform Abstract: A One‐Pot Procedure for the Preparation of N‐9‐Fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl‐α‐amino Diazoketones from α‐Amino Acids.
Authors: Siciliano Carlo , De Marco Rosaria , Guidi Ludovica Evelin , Spinella Mariagiovanna , Liguori Angelo 
Published: May 2013

AbstractA new, simple, efficient, and widely applicable method to prepare synthetically important α‐amino diazoketones is reported.
ChemInform Abstract: cis‐Decahydroquinolines via Asymmetric Organocatalysis: Application to the Total Synthesis of Lycoposerramine Z.
Authors: Bradshaw Ben , Luque‐Corredera Carlos , Bonjoch Josep 
Published: May 2013

AbstractA concise synthesis of the Lycopodium alkaloid lycoposerramine Z (VI) is reported.
Hydrodynamics of a powder‐particle spouted bed with bottom feeding of powders conveyed by spouting gas
Authors: Nagashima Hiroshi , Suzukawa Kazumi , Ishikura Toshifumi 
Published: May 2013

AbstractHydrodynamics of a powder‐particle spouted bed (PPSB) with bottom feeding of fine powders conveyed by spouting gas has been investigated. Feeding of fine powders caused an increase in bed pressure drop, especially when a cohesive powder was fed. The minimum spouting velocity decreased with increasing feed rate of fines until a critical value, above which slugging occurred. Also, the fines became difficult to elutriate out of the PPSB when using a cohesive powder smaller than 40 µm. The elutriation rate constant and the mean residence time of fines in this study almost agreed with those obtained by top feeding.
Role of the trochlear nerve in eye abduction and frontal vision of the red‐eared slider turtle (Trachemys scripta elegans)
Authors: Dearworth J.R. , Ashworth A.L. , Kaye J.M. , Bednarz D.T. , Blaum J.F. , Vacca J.M. , McNeish J.E. , Higgins K.A. , Michael C.L. , Skrobola M.G. , Jones M.S. , Ariel M. 
Published: May 2013

ABSTRACTHorizontal head rotation evokes significant responses from trochlear motoneurons of turtle that suggests they have a functional role in abduction of the eyes like that in frontal‐eyed mammals. The finding is unexpected given that the turtle is generally considered lateral‐eyed and assumed to have eye movements instead like that of lateral‐eyed mammals, in which innervation of the superior oblique muscle by the trochlear nerve (nIV) produces intorsion, elevation, and adduction (not abduction). Using an isolated turtle head preparation with the brain removed, glass suction electrodes were used to stimulate nIV with trains of current pulses. Eyes were monitored via an infrared camera with the head placed in a gimble to quantify eye rotations and their directions. Stimulations of nIV evoked intorsion, elevation, and abduction. Dissection of the superior oblique muscle identified lines of action and a location of insertion on the eye, which supported kinematics evoked by nIV stimulation. Eye positions in alert behaving turtles with their head extended were compared with that when their heads were retracted in the carapace. When the head was retracted, there was a reduction in interpupillary distance and an increase in binocular overlap. Occlusion of peripheral fields by the carapace forces the turtle to a more frontal‐eyed state, perhaps the reason for the action of abduction by the superior oblique muscle. These findings support why trochlear motoneurons in turtle respond in the same way as abducens motoneurons to horizontal rotations, an unusual characteristic of vestibulo‐ocular physiology in comparison with other mammalian lateral‐eyed species. J. Comp. Neurol. 521:3464‐3477, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Rescue of easily shocked mutant seizure sensitivity in drosophila adults
Authors: Kroll Jason R. , Tanouye Mark A. 
Published: May 2013

ABSTRACTGenetic factors that influence seizure susceptibility can act transiently during the development of neural circuits or might be necessary for the proper functioning of existing circuits. We provide evidence that the Drosophila seizure‐sensitive mutant easily shocked (eas) represents a neurological disorder in which abnormal functioning of existing neural circuits leads to seizure sensitivity. The eas+ gene encodes for the protein Ethanolamine Kinase, involved in phospholipid biosynthesis. We show that induction of eas+ in adult mutant flies rescues them from seizure sensitivity despite previously known developmental defects in brain morphology. Additionally, through cell‐type‐specific rescue, our results suggest a specific role for eas+ in excitatory rather than inhibitory neural transmission. Overall, our findings emphasize an important role for proper phospholipid metabolism in normal brain function and suggest that certain classes of epilepsy syndromes could have the potential to be treated with gene therapy techniques. J. Comp. Neurol. 521:3500‐3507, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Electrophysiological and morphological characterization of cells in superficial layers of rat presubiculum
Authors: Abbasi Saad , Kumar Sanjay S. 
Published: May 2013

ABSTRACTThe presubiculum (PrS) plays critical roles in spatial information processing and memory consolidation and has also been implicated in temporal lobe epileptogenesis. Despite its involvement in these processes, a basic structure–function analysis of PrS cells remains far from complete. To this end, we performed whole‐cell recording and biocytin labeling of PrS neurons in layer (L)II and LIII to examine their electrophysiological and morphological properties. We characterized the cell types based on electrophysiological criteria, correlated their gross morphology, and classified them into distinct categories using unsupervised hierarchical cluster analysis. We identified seven distinct cell types: regular‐spiking (RS), irregular‐spiking (IR), initially bursting (IB), stuttering (Stu), single‐spiking (SS), fast‐adapting (FA), and late‐spiking (LS) cells, of which RS and IB cells were common to LII and LIII, LS cells were specific to LIII, and the remaining types were identified exclusively in LII. Recorded neurons were either pyramidal or nonpyramidal and, except for Stu cells, displayed spine‐rich dendrites. The RS, IB, and IR cells appeared to be projection neurons based on extension of their axons into LIII of the medial entorhinal area (MEA) and/or angular bundle. We conclude that LII and LIII of PrS are distinct in their neuronal populations and together constitute a more diverse population of neurons than previously suggested. PrS neurons serve as major drivers of circuits in superficial (LII–III) entorhinal cortex (ERC) and couple neighboring structures through robust afferentation, thereby substantiating the PrS's critical role in the parahippocampal region. J. Comp. Neurol. 521: 3116–3132, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
On the evolution of recombination in haploids and diploids: I. Deterministic models
Authors: Bergman Aviv , Otto Sarah P. , Feldman Marcus W. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractIn population genetic theory, most analytical and numerical studies of the evolution of recombination have focused on diploid genetics. In studies of the foundations and applications of genetic algorithms (GA's), however, the bit‐strings are usually treated as haploid genotypes. In this paper and its companion paper (Bergman et al., 1995), we compare results for the evolutionary dynamics of modifiers of recombination in haploids with results derived for diploids. In this paper, we study the evolution of an allele that controls the rate of recombination between two loci subject to directional selection. It is shown analytically that the fate of a recombination modifier in both haploids and diploids is determined in a complicated way by the sign of the epistasis (interaction in fitness) between the loci, the sign of the initial linkage disequilibrium, and the amount of recombination between the modifier and the genes under selection. This theory is deterministic in that the population is regarded as infinite and no sampling occurs to produce offspring from parents. In the companion paper (Bergman et al., Complexity, 1(2) 1995), we expand upon this work by addressing epistatic interactions among several loci in finite populations.
On the evolution of recombination in haploids and diploids: II. Stochastic models
Authors: Bergman Aviv , Otto Sarah P. , Feldman Marcus W. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractIn this article, we continue an investigation into the evolution of modifiers of recombination, comparing haploid and diploid models begun in Vol. 1, Issue 1, of Complexity. Here, we examine selection schemes that have been used recently in numerical studies of finite diploid populations and ask how recombination evolves in haploid versions of these models. Although the analysis keeps track of the recombination controlling locus rather than the time until a desired bit‐string appears, our result may be of use to the practitioners of genetic algorithms (GA's). We find that as a rule high recombination evolves more easily when selection is on haploids than it does in the diploid case. This is especially true of Gaussian selection schemes with high recombination recessive to low recombination. When the fitness regime is more jagged, however, the results depend on the level of jaggedness, with high recombination favored under smoother regimes. We also find that the direction of mutation and dominance relationships among the modifying alleles affect the results. Although there remains much to be done in reconciling population genetic theory with the properties of genetic algorithms, many new and interesting questions have emerged from, and will continue to be stimulated by, interactions between practitioners of each approach.
How real are virtual realities, how virtual is reality?—Constructive re‐interpretation of physical undecidability
Authors: Svozil K. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThroughout the ups and downs of scientific world conception there has been a persistent vision of a world which is understandable by human reasoning. In a contemporary, recursion theoretic, comprehension, the term “reasoning” is interpretable as “constructive” or, more specifically, “mechanically computable.” An expression of this statement is the assumption that our universe is generated by the action of some deterministic computing agent; or, stated pointedly, that we are living in a computer‐generated universe. Physics then reduces to the investigation of the intrinsic, “inner view” of a particular virtual reality which happens to be our universe. In this interpretation, formal logic, mathematics and the computer sciences are just the physical sciences of more general “virtual” realities, irrespective of whether they are “really” realized or not. We shall study several aspects of this conception, among them the conjecture that randomness in physics can be constructively reinterpreted to correspond to uncomputability and undecidability in mathematics. We shall also attack the nonconstructive feature of classical physics by showing its inconsistency. Another concern is the modeling of interfaces, i.e., the means and methods of communication between two universes. On a speculative level, this may give some clue on such notorious questions such as the occurrence of “miracles” or on the “mind‐body problem.”
Are binary codings universal?
Authors: Calude Cristian , Câmpeanu Cezar 
Published: May 2013

AbstractIt is common sense to notice that one needs fewer digits to code numbers in ternary than in binary; new names are about log32 times shorter. Is this trade‐off a consequence of the special coding scheme? The answer is negative. More generally, we argue that the answer to the question, stated in the title and formulated to the first author by C. Rackhoff, is in fact negative. The conclusion will be achieved by studying the role of the size of the alphabet in constructing instantaneous codes for all natural numbers, and defining random strings and sequences. We show that there is no optimal instantaneous code for all positive integers, and the binary is the worst possible. Codes over a fixed alphabet can be indefinitely improved themselves, but only “slightly”; in contrast, changing the size of the alphabet determines a significant, not linear, improvement. The key relation describing the above phenomenon can be expressed in terms of Chaitin complexity: changing the size of the coding alphabet from q to Q, 2 ≤ q < Q, results in an improvement of the complexity by a factor og log q.As a consequence, a string avoiding consistently a fixed letter is not random. In binary, this corresponds to a trivial situation. In the nonbinary case the distinction is relevant: more than 3.2n ternary strings of length n are not random (many of these strings are binary random). This phenomenon is even sharper for infinite sequences.
On macroevolution, extinctions and critical phenomena
Authors: Solé Ricard V. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractA new model of large‐scale evolution is presented. It involves a simple ecosystem formed by N species related among them through some connections. Random extinction and diversification are involved and it is shown that power‐laws in the extinction patterns are obtained, as well as I/f‐noise dynamics. Some implications for both theoretical studies and paleobiological data are discussed.
Amorphous Cu–In–S Nanoparticles as Precursors for CuInSe2 Thin‐Film Solar Cells with a High Efficiency
Authors: Ahn SeJin , Choi Yoo Jeong , Kim Kyunhwan , Eo Young‐Joo , Cho Ara , Gwak Jihye , Yun Jae Ho , Shin Keeshik , Ahn Seoung Kyu , Yoon Kyunghoon 
Published: May 2013

AbstractCuInSe2 (CISe) absorber layers for thin‐film solar cells were fabricated through the selenization of amorphous Cu–In–S nanoparticles, which were prepared by using a low‐temperature colloidal process within one minute without any external heating. Two strategies for obtaining highly dense CISe absorber films were used in this work; the first was the modification of nanoparticle surface through chelate complexation with ethanolamine, and the second strategy utilized the lattice expansion that occurred when S atoms in the precursor particles were replaced with Se during selenization. The synergy of these two strategies allowed formation of highly dense CISe thin films, and devices fabricated using the absorber layer demonstrated efficiencies of up to 7.94 % under AM 1.5G illumination without an anti‐reflection coating.
Synthesis and Characterisation of Selected Group 4 Metallocene Complexes with 1,2‐Bis(4′,4′,5′,5′‐tetramethyl[1′,3′,2′]dioxaborolan‐2′‐yl)acetylene
Authors: Altenburger Kai , Arndt Perdita , Spannenberg Anke , Baumann Wolfgang , Rosenthal Uwe 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThe reactions of the metallocene generators Cp′2M(L)(η2‐Me3SiC≡CSiMe3) [1a‐Ti: Cp′ = Cp = η5‐cyclopentadienyl, M = Ti, L = none; 1b‐Ti: Cp′ = Cp* = η5‐pentamethylcyclopentadienyl, M = Ti, L = none; 1c‐Ti: Cp′2 = rac‐(ebthi) = rac‐ethylenebistetrahydroindenyl, M = Ti, L = none; 1a‐Zr: Cp′ = Cp, M = Zr, L = pyridine; 1b‐Zr: Cp′ = Cp*, M = Zr, L = none; 1c‐Zr: Cp′2 = rac‐(ebthi), M = Zr, L = none] with 1,2‐bis(4′,4′,5′,5′‐tetramethyl[1′,3′,2′]dioxaborolan‐2′‐yl)acetylene (bPinBA, 2) as a di‐heteroatom‐substituted alkyne were investigated. A slightly special reaction of 1a‐Ti with 2 produced no titanacyclopropene or titanacyclopentadiene, but instead complex 3 was produced by the coupling of two alkyne units with one of the Cp ligands to form a six‐membered ring annelated to a five‐membered one. The titanocene complexes 1b‐Ti and 1c‐Ti reacted with 2 to form the titanacylopropenes 4 and 5. The complex 1a‐Zr reacts with 2 to the corresponding zirconacyclopropene 6 as a byproduct, in which the pyridine ligand remains coordinated. If the pyridine ligand dissociates, a coupling with a second alkyne yields the zirconacyclopentadiene 7 as the main product. The reaction of the sterically more demanding zirconocene precursor 1c‐Zr also yielded the zirconacyclopentadiene 8, whereas 1b‐Zr did not react with 2. The complex rac‐(ebthi)Ti(η2‐bPinBA) (5) reacts with gaseous dry CO2 directly to form the titanafuranone 9. The molecular structures of complexes 5 and 6 were characterised by single‐crystal X‐ray crystallography.
Reduction of fat content during frying using dried egg white and fiber solutions
Authors: Brannan Robert G. , Myers Andrew S. , Herrick Christopher S. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractProducers of deep‐fried foods seek new methods to lower the fat content of these foods. The effectiveness of edible films of proteins and carbohydrates and the addition of prefrying dips of egg white lower fat absorption. Common additions of chemicals to films called plasticizers allow them to improve distribution when coating a substrate and improve their water vapor permeability and mechanical properties. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the addition of corn or oat fiber to an egg albumin solution will increase fat absorption inhibition that occurs in deep‐fat frying compared to an egg albumin solution alone. Dipping chicken fritters in an egg white dip with no fiber present produced samples with the highest lipid reductions compared to the control. The addition of fiber to any of the dips did not produce a synergistic effect to reduce lipid absorption. The egg dip, 1%, and 2% fiber dip amounts were successful in reducing the lipid content compared to control, but not the 5% fiber dip amount. As the fiber dip concentration decreased for corn and oat fiber, lipid levels decreased. The addition of egg white, corn fiber, or oat fiber affected the color and texture of the fritters.Practical applications: Reducing the oil content of chicken fritters could provide lower fat alternatives to normal deep fried foods that still retain the desirable characteristics that full fat foods provide. If fat reduction below 35% calories from fat can be achieved, markets such as schools and healthcare that are currently restricted to these types of products could be opened.
Scalable Synthesis of Enantiomerically Pure cis‐1,2‐Cyclohexanediamine Derivatives and Conformationally Rigid 7‐Aza­bi­cyclo[2.2.1]heptan‐2‐amines
Authors: Pandey Ganesh , Dey Debasis , Fernandes Rushil 
Published: May 2013

AbstractA scalable approach to the syntheses of enantiomerically pure cis‐1,2‐cyclohexanediamines as well as exo‐ and endo‐7‐azabicyclo[2.2.1]heptan‐2‐amines is reported that utilizes meso‐tert‐butyl 2,3‐bis(phenylsulfonyl)‐7‐azabicyclo[2.2.1]hept‐2‐ene‐7‐carboxylate as a starting material.