bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: Special Diagnostic and Therapeutic Considerations for Children
Authors: Kamangar Faranak , Okhovat Jean‐Phillip , Schmidt Timothy , Beshay Abram , Pasch Lauri , Cedars Marcelle I. , Huddleston Heather , Shinkai Kanade 
Published: March 2015

AbstractPolycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is an endocrine syndrome with variable phenotypic expression and important systemic associations and sequelae, including obesity, insulin resistance, infertility, risk of endometrial cancer, and possible risk of cardiovascular events. PCOS is recognized as a condition influenced by genetic and environmental factors and distinct manifestations in all stages of life, including the prenatal period, childhood, adolescence, and adulthood. Identification of this disorder in childhood and adolescence has received growing attention, in part because of emerging evidence of the benefit of early intervention, but the diagnosis and management of PCOS in children and adolescents can be challenging. Diagnostic and therapeutic considerations of PCOS in children are reviewed to enhance identification and evaluation of patients suspected of having this disorder. When a diagnosis of PCOS is suspected in a child but cannot be confirmed, a provisional diagnosis is strongly recommended so as to prompt ongoing monitoring with an emphasis on important early interventions such as obesity reduction.
Distinct germination response of endangered and common arable weeds to reduced water potential
Authors: Rühl A. T. , Eckstein R. L. , Otte A. , Donath T. W. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractArable weeds are one of the most endangered species groups in Europe. Modern agriculture and intensive land‐use management are the main causes of their dramatic decline. However, besides the changes in land use, climate change may further challenge the adaptability of arable weeds. Therefore, we investigated the response pattern of arable weeds to different water potential and temperature regimes during the phase of germination. We expected that endangered arable weeds would be more sensitive to differences in water availability and temperature than common arable weeds. To this end, we set up a climate chamber experiment where we exposed seeds of five familial pairs of common and endangered arable weed species to different temperatures (5/15, 10/20 °C) and water potentials (0.0 to −1.2 MPa). The results revealed a significant relationship between the reaction of arable weed species to water availability and their Red List status. The effects of reduced water availability on total germination, mean germination time and synchrony were significantly stronger in endangered than in common arable weeds. Therefore, global climate change may present a further threat to the survival of endangered arable weed species.
The Mesopotamian God Enki/Ea
Authors: Galter Hannes D. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThe traditions and beliefs about the Mesopotamian deity Enki/Ea – the god of water, wisdom, magic, and creation – formed a major part of the Sumerian and Babylonian religious text material. They cover a period from the 3rd to the 1st millennium BCE. This paper traces the history of these traditions focussing on the later periods, reviews the mythological texts representing the ‘Eridu tradition’, and outlines Enki/Ea's change of roles especially during the 1st millennium BCE. It deals in detail with the story of the Great Flood and considers the conditions for a possible influence of the Enki/Ea mythologies on neighboring literatures.
Chronic bronchitis leads to accelerated hyperinflation in COPD patients during exercise
Authors: Zhang Wen , Lu Haitao , Peng Liyue , Ren Xiaoxia , Lu Yong , An Li , Zhang Hong , Tan Xiaoyue , Sun Xingguo , Huang Kewu 
Published: March 2015

AbstractBackground and objectiveIt is not known whether patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) have a different exercise capacity with (CB+) or without accompanying chronic bronchitis (CB−).MethodsWe conducted spirometry, a 6‐min walk distance test and cardiopulmonary exercise test in 50 age‐matched healthy control subjects, 45 COPD patients without CB (CB−) and 37 COPD patients with CB (CB+). A multiple regression model was established to identify factors independently associated with peak oxygen consumption ().ResultsPatients with and without CB had similar forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1). CB+ patients had a lower . CB+ and CB− participants had similar increases in tidal volume at peak exercise; however, CB+ patients had an increased respiratory rate (RR). These patients reached the peak value for ratio of end‐expiratory lung volume to total lung capacity (TLC) at a lower work load. A stepwise multiple linear regression analysis identified chronic bronchitis, FEV1, diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide, the ratio of residual volume to TLC and serum tumour necrosis factor‐α as independent predictors of peak .ConclusionsCB significantly lowers exercise capacity in COPD patients because of dynamic hyperinflation during exercise. The accelerated dynamic hyperinflation may contribute to increased airway and systemic inflammation in COPD patients.
Pre‐existing Arterial Micro‐Calcification Predicts Primary Unassisted Arteriovenous Fistula Failure in Incident Hemodialysis Patients
Authors: Choi Su Jin , Yoon Hye Eun , Kim Young Soo , Yoon Sun Ae , Yang Chul Woo , Kim Yong‐Soo , Park Sun Cheol , Kim Young Ok 
Published: March 2015

AbstractVascular access micro‐calcification is a risk factor for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in hemodialysis (HD) patients but its influence on vascular access patency is still undetermined. Our study aimed to determine the impact of arterial micro‐calcification (AMiC) on the patency of vascular access in HD patients. One‐hundred fourteen HD patients receiving arteriovenous fistula (AVF) operation were included in this study. During the operation, we obtained partial arterial specimen and performed pathological examination by von Kossa stain to identify AMiC. We compared primary unassisted AVF failure within 1 year between positive and negative AMiC groups, and performed Cox regression analysis for evaluating risk factor of AVF failure. The incidence of AMiC was 37.7% and AVF failure occurred in 45 patients (39.5%). The AVF failure rate within 1 year was greater in the positive AMiC group than those in the negative AMiC group (53.5% vs. 31.0%, p = 0.02). Kaplan–Meier analysis showed that the positive AMiC group had a lower AVF patency rate than the negative AMiC group (p = 0.02). The presence of AMiC was an independent risk factor for AVF failure. In conclusion, preexisting AMiC of the vascular access is associated with primary unassisted AVF failure in incident HD patients.
How bioturbation obscured the Cretaceous–Palaeogene boundary record
Authors: Alegret Laia , Rodríguez‐Tovar Francisco J. , Uchman Alfred 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThe Cretaceous–Palaeogene (K/Pg) boundary interval is often penetrated by burrows, which may obscure stratigraphic and micropalaeontological records, leading to misinterpretations of the sequence of events spanning the K/Pg boundary. Here, we assess the role of burrowing organisms in the redistribution of benthic foraminifera across the boundary at Bidart (France), and report a strong relationship between the behaviour represented by pre‐ and post‐K/Pg trace fossils and their benthic foraminiferal content. We further infer a brief interval of eutrophic conditions at the seafloor, as reported from other locations, which disappeared from the lowermost Danian stratigraphic record and is represented only inside post‐K/Pg trace fossils hosted in Cretaceous strata. The combined study of trace fossils and microfossils is a powerful tool in eco‐stratigraphy and event‐stratigraphy, and can yield important insights into the completeness of the K/Pg record, especially at locations such as Bidart where this interval has traditionally been assumed to be complete.
Phytotyping4D: a light‐field imaging system for non‐invasive and accurate monitoring of spatio‐temporal plant growth
Authors: Apelt Federico , Breuer David , Nikoloski Zoran , Stitt Mark , Kragler Friedrich 
Published: March 2015

SummaryIntegrative studies of plant growth require spatially and temporally resolved information from high‐throughput imaging systems. However, analysis and interpretation of conventional two‐dimensional images is complicated by the three‐dimensional nature of shoot architecture and by changes in leaf position over time, termed hyponasty. To solve this problem, Phytotyping4D uses a light‐field camera that simultaneously provides a focus image and a depth image, which contains distance information about the object surface. Our automated pipeline segments the focus images, integrates depth information to reconstruct the three‐dimensional architecture, and analyses time series to provide information about the relative expansion rate, the timing of leaf appearance, hyponastic movement, and shape for individual leaves and the whole rosette. Phytotyping4D was calibrated and validated using discs of known sizes, and plants tilted at various orientations. Information from this analysis was integrated into the pipeline to allow error assessment during routine operation. To illustrate the utility of Phytotyping4D, we compare diurnal changes in Arabidopsis thaliana wild‐type Col‐0 and the starchless pgm mutant. Compared to Col‐0, pgm showed very low relative expansion rate in the second half of the night, a transiently increased relative expansion rate at the onset of light period, and smaller hyponastic movement including delayed movement after dusk, both at the level of the rosette and individual leaves. Our study introduces light‐field camera systems as a tool to accurately measure morphological and growth‐related features in plants.
Anticoagulant rodenticide toxicity in six dogs presenting for ocular disease
Authors: Griggs Angela N. , Allbaugh Rachel A. , Tofflemire Kyle L. , Ben‐Shlomo Gil , Whitley David , Paulsen Michael E. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractObjectiveTo describe cases of suspected anticoagulant rodenticide toxicity manifesting with predominantly ocular signs.Materials and methodsSix canine cases that presented to veterinary referral hospitals for ocular abnormalities and were diagnosed with suspected or confirmed anticoagulant rodenticide ingestion were reviewed for commonalities in presentation and outcome.ResultsFive dogs had unilateral ocular signs and one dog had bilateral manifestations. Signs included subconjunctival hemorrhage, exophthalmos, and commonly orbital pain without other significant physical examination findings. Prothrombin time was measured in 5 of 6 dogs and was prolonged in all. Partial thromboplastin time was measured in 4 of 6 dogs and was prolonged in all. Complete blood cell count and serum chemistry profiles demonstrated mild, if any, abnormalities. Five dogs had known anticoagulant rodenticide exposure, and rodenticide ingestion was suspected in 1 additional case based on clinical signs, clinical pathologic abnormalities, and response to treatment. Five of 6 cases were hospitalized overnight for plasma transfusions along with oral or injectable vitamin K1, and all dogs were treated with oral vitamin K1 for 30 days. All dogs experienced complete resolution of clinical signs within 6 weeks of initiating treatment.ConclusionsAnticoagulant rodenticide toxicity can present with predominantly ocular manifestations. Rodenticide ingestion should be considered in dogs with unilateral or bilateral subconjunctival hemorrhage, exophthalmos, and orbital pain.
Dosimetric measurements of an n‐butyl cyanoacrylate embolization material for arteriovenous malformations
Authors: Labby Zacariah E. , Chaudhary Neeraj , Gemmete Joseph J. , Pandey Aditya S. , Roberts Donald A. 
Published: March 2015

Purpose:The therapeutic regimen for cranial arteriovenous malformations often involves both stereotactic radiosurgery and endovascular embolization. Embolization agents may contain tantalum or other contrast agents to assist the neurointerventionalists, leading to concerns regarding the dosimetric effects of these agents. This study investigated dosimetric properties of n‐butyl cyanoacrylate (n‐BCA) plus lipiodol with and without tantalum powder.Methods:The embolization agents were provided cured from the manufacturer with and without added tantalum. Attenuation measurements were made for the samples and compared to the attenuation of a solid water substitute using a 6 MV photon beam. Effective linear attenuation coefficients (ELAC) were derived from attenuation measurements made using a portal imager and derived sample thickness maps projected in an identical geometry. Probable dosimetric errors for calculations in which the embolized regions are overridden with the properties of water were calculated using the ELAC values. Interface effects were investigated using a parallel plate ion chamber placed at set distances below fixed samples. Finally, Hounsfield units (HU) were measured using a stereotactic radiosurgery CT protocol, and more appropriate HU values were derived from the ELAC results and the CT scanner's HU calibration curve.Results:The ELAC was 0.0516 ± 0.0063 cm−1 and 0.0580 ± 0.0091 cm−1 for n‐BCA without and with tantalum, respectively, compared to 0.0487 ± 0.0009 cm−1 for the water substitute. Dose calculations with the embolized region set to be water equivalent in the treatment planning system would result in errors of −0.29% and −0.93% per cm thickness of n‐BCA without and with tantalum, respectively. Interface effects compared to water were small in magnitude and limited in distance for both embolization materials. CT values at 120 kVp were 2082 and 2358 HU for n‐BCA without and with tantalum, respectively; dosimetrically appropriate HU values were estimated to be 79 and 199 HU, respectively.Conclusions:The dosimetric properties of the embolization agents are very close to those of water for a 6 MV beam. Therefore, treating the entire intracranial space as uniform in composition will result in less than 1% dosimetric error for n‐BCA emboli smaller than 3.4 cm without added tantalum and n‐BCA emboli smaller than 1.1 cm with added tantalum. Furthermore, when effective embolization can be achieved by the neurointerventionalist using n‐BCA without tantalum, the dosimetric impact of overriding material properties will be lessened. However, due to the high attenuation of embolization agents with and without added tantalum for diagnostic energies, artifacts may occur that necessitate additional imaging to accurately identify the spatial extent of the region to be treated.
Actinomyces and Related Organisms in Human Infections
Authors: Könönen Eija , Wade William G. 
Published: March 2015

SUMMARYActinomyces israeliihas long been recognized as a causative agent of actinomycosis. During the past 3 decades, a large number of novelActinomycesspecies have been described. Their detection and identification in clinical microbiology laboratories and recognition as pathogens in clinical settings can be challenging. With the introduction of advanced molecular methods, knowledge about their clinical relevance is gradually increasing, and the spectrum of diseases associated withActinomycesandActinomyces-like organisms is widening accordingly; for example,Actinomyces meyeri,Actinomyces neuii, andActinomyces turicensisas well asActinotignum(formerlyActinobaculum)schaaliiare emerging as important causes of specific infections at various body sites. In the present review, we have gathered this information to provide a comprehensive and microbiologically consistent overview of the significance ofActinomycesand some closely related taxa in human infections.
Phosphorylation Controls the Nuclear-Cytoplasmic Shuttling of Influenza A Virus Nucleoprotein
Authors: Zheng Weinan , Li Jing , Wang Shanshan , Cao Shuaishuai , Jiang Jingwen , Chen Can , Ding Chan , Qin Chuan , Ye Xin , Gao George F. , Liu Wenjun 
Published: March 2015

ABSTRACT
The nucleoprotein (NP) is a major component of the viral ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) complex. During the replication of influenza virus, the vRNP complex undergoes nuclear-cytoplasmic shuttling, during which NP serves as one of the determinants. To date, many phosphorylation sites on NP have been identified, but the biological functions of many of these phosphorylation sites remain unknown. In the present study, the functions of the phosphorylation sites S9, Y10, and Y296 were characterized. These residues are highly conserved, and their phosphorylation was essential for virus growth in cell culture and in a mouse model by regulating the activity of the viral polymerase and the nuclear-cytoplasmic shuttling of NP. The phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of S9 and Y10 controlled nuclear import of NP by affecting the binding affinity between NP and different isoforms of importin-α. In addition, the phosphorylation of Y296 caused nuclear retention of NP by reducing the interaction between NP and CRM1. Furthermore, tyrosine phosphorylation of NP during the early stage of virus infection was ablated when Y296 was mutated to F. However, at later stages of infection, it was weakened by the Y10F mutation. Taken together, the present data indicate that the phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of NP control the shuttling of NP between the nucleus and the cytoplasm during virus replication.

IMPORTANCE
It is well known that phosphorylation regulates the functions of viral proteins and the life cycle of influenza A virus. As NP is the most abundant protein in the vRNP complex of influenza A virus, several phosphorylation sites on this protein have been identified. However, the functions of these phosphorylation sites were unknown. The present study demonstrates that the phosphorylation status of these sites on NP can mediate its nuclear-cytoplasmic shuttling, which drives the trafficking of vRNP complexes in infected cells. The present data suggest that the phosphorylated residues of NP are multistep controllers of the virus life cycle and new targets for the design of anti-influenza drugs.
Diversity of Viruses Infecting the Green Microalga Ostreococcus lucimarinus
Authors: Derelle Evelyne , Monier Adam , Cooke Richard , Worden Alexandra Z. , Grimsley Nigel H. , Moreau Hervé 
Published: March 2015

ABSTRACT

The functional diversity of eukaryotic viruses infecting a single host strain from seawater samples originating from distant marine locations is unknown. To estimate this diversity, we used lysis plaque assays to detect viruses that infect the widespread species
Ostreococcus lucimarinus
, which is found in coastal and mesotrophic systems, and
O. tauri
, which was isolated from coastal and lagoon sites from the northwest Mediterranean Sea. Detection of viral lytic activities against
O. tauri
was not observed using seawater from most sites, except those close to the area where the host strain was isolated. In contrast, the more cosmopolitan
O. lucimarinus
species recovered viruses from locations in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans and the Mediterranean Sea. Six new
O. lucimarinus
viruses (OlVs) then were characterized and their genomes sequenced. Two subgroups of OlVs were distinguished based on their genetic distances and on the inversion of a central 32-kb-long DNA fragment, but overall their genomes displayed a high level of synteny. The two groups did not correspond to proximity of isolation sites, and the phylogenetic distance between these subgroups was higher than the distances observed among viruses infecting
O. tauri
. Our study demonstrates that viruses originating from very distant sites are able to infect the same algal host strain and can be more diverse than those infecting different species of the same genus. Finally, distinctive features and evolutionary distances between these different viral subgroups does not appear to be linked to biogeography of the viral isolates.

IMPORTANCE
Marine eukaryotic phytoplankton virus diversity has yet to be addressed, and more specifically, it is unclear whether diversity is connected to geographical distance and whether differential infection and lysis patterns exist among such viruses that infect the same host strain. Here, we assessed the genetic distance of geographically segregated viruses that infect the ubiquitous green microalga
Ostreococcus
. This study provides the first glimpse into the diversity of predicted gene functions in
Ostreococcus
viruses originating from distant sites and provides new insights into potential host distributions and restrictions in the world oceans.
A Japanese Encephalitis Virus Genotype 5 Molecular Clone Is Highly Neuropathogenic in a Mouse Model: Impact of the Structural Protein Region on Virulence
Authors: de Wispelaere Mélissanne , Frenkiel Marie-Pascale , Desprès Philippe 
Published: March 2015

ABSTRACT

Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) strains can be separated into 5 genotypes (g1 to g5) based on sequence similarity. JEV g5 strains have been rarely isolated and are poorly characterized. We report here the full characterization of a g5 virus generated using a cDNA-based technology and its comparison with a widely studied g3 strain. We did not observe any major differences between those viruses when their infectious cycles were studied in various cell lines
in vitro
. Interestingly, the JEV g5 strain was highly pathogenic when inoculated to BALB/c mice, which are known to be largely resistant to JEV g3 infection. The study of chimeric viruses between JEV g3 and g5 showed that there was a poor viral clearance of viruses that express JEV g5 structural proteins in BALB/c mice blood, which correlated with viral invasion of the central nervous system and encephalitis. In addition, using an
in vitro
model of the blood-brain barrier, we were able to show that JEV g5 does not have an enhanced capacity for entering the central nervous system, compared to JEV g3. Overall, in addition to providing a first characterization of the understudied JEV g5, our work highlights the importance of sustaining an early viremia in the development of JEV encephalitis.

IMPORTANCE
Genotype 5 viruses are genetically and serologically distinct from other JEV genotypes and can been associated with human encephalitis, which warrants the need for their characterization. In this study, we characterized the
in vitro
and
in vivo
properties of a JEV g5 strain and showed that it was more neuropathogenic in a mouse model than a well-characterized JEV g3 strain. The enhanced virulence of JEV g5 was associated with poor viral clearance but not with enhanced crossing of the blood-brain barrier, thus providing new insights into JEV pathogenesis.