bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Biomechanical Analysis of Subpectoral Biceps Tenodesis
Authors: Euler Simon A. , Smith Sean D. , Williams Brady T. , Dornan Grant J. , Millett Peter J. , Wijdicks Coen A. 
Published: November 2014

Background: Humeral fracture after subpectoral tenodesis of the long head of biceps tendon (LHB) is a rare but devastating complication. Purpose: To determine whether malpositioned (laterally eccentric) tenodesis screw placement has an influence on humerus strength reduction compared with central placement. Study Design: Controlled laboratory study. Methods: Two groups, each consisting of 10 matched pairs of human humeri, were used for this study. Biceps tendons were fixed subpectorally with 8-mm screws in unicortical 8-mm sockets. In the first group, the socket was placed concentrically in the bicipital groove and the tendon was fixed with an interference screw. In the second group, the socket was malpositioned 30% eccentrically to the lateral (tension) side of the humerus. Contralateral humeri remained intact as positive controls. Specimens were aligned in 40° of abduction, and a uniaxial compressive force was applied to the humeral head until failure. Strength reduction was reported as percentage reduction in ultimate failure load between paired humeri. Relative defect size was calculated as a percentage of the total humeral width at the height of the tenodesis. Results: Laterally eccentric malpositioned biceps tenodeses significantly decreased humeral strength compared with intact (mean change, −25%; SD, 23%; P = .017), while concentrically placed biceps tenodeses did not (mean change, −10%; SD, 15%; P = .059). A linear regression between relative defect size and strength reduction in the malpositioned group showed a significant negative linear correlation (beta = −2.577; R2 = 0.423; P = .042). Conclusion: Humeral fracture after subpectoral tenodesis of the LHB is a complication that may be minimized with careful surgical technique. Laterally eccentric malpositioned biceps tenodesis caused significant reduction (25%) in humeral strength, which might be clinically relevant and contribute to postsurgical humeral shaft fracture. Strength reduction was also significantly correlated with relative defect size. Surgeons using this technique should ensure central and orthogonal placement of the socket, especially in smaller individuals. This study lends biomechanical evidence to support the clinical procedure of a correctly, concentrically placed tenodesis screw. Clinical Relevance: These biomechanical results indicate that in a clinical setting, special attention should be drawn to patient selection for LHB tenodesis. This study reveals that central screw positioning is critical, particularly in high-impact and overhead athletes, as well as for patients with small humeral widths or osteoporotic bone quality. Alternative surgical options such as smaller screws or other fixation methods might be considered to diminish the postoperative risk of humeral fracture.
Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Levels and Stress Fractures in Military Personnel
Authors: Dao Dyda , Sodhi Sukhmani , Tabasinejad Rasam , Peterson Devin , Ayeni Olufemi R. , Bhandari Mohit , Farrokhyar Forough 
Published: November 2014

Background: Low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) levels have been associated with stress fractures in various physically active populations such as the military. Purpose: To examine the association between serum 25(OH)D levels and stress fractures in the military. Study Design: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Methods: Relevant studies were identified through searching multiple databases and manually screening reference lists. Two reviewers independently selected the included studies by applying the eligibility criteria to the title, abstract, and/or full text of the articles yielded in the search. Two reviewers also independently conducted the methodological quality assessment and data extraction. A random-effects model was used to calculate the mean difference (MD) with 95% CI in serum 25(OH)D levels between stress fracture cases and controls. Results: Nine observational studies on lower extremity stress fractures were eligible, and 1 was excluded due to inadequate data. A total of 2634 military personnel (age, 18-30 years; 44% male) with 761 cases (16% male) and 1873 controls (61% male) from 8 studies were included in the analysis. Three of the 8 studies measured serum 25(OH)D levels at the time of stress fracture diagnosis, and the 5 remaining studies measured serum 25(OH)D levels at the time of entry into basic training. The mean serum 25(OH)D level was lower in stress fracture cases than in controls at the time of entry into basic training (MD, −2.63 ng/mL; 95% CI, –5.80 to 0.54; P = .10; I2 = 65%) and at the time of stress fracture diagnosis (MD, −2.26 ng/mL; 95% CI, −3.89 to −0.63; P = .007; I2 = 42%). Conclusion: Despite the inherent limitations of the included studies, the study results suggest some association between low serum 25(OH)D levels and lower extremity stress fractures in military personnel. Given the rigorous training of military personnel, implementing strategies to ensure sufficient 25(OH)D levels may be beneficial for reducing the risk of stress fractures.
Reflective Redo From the Point of Error
Authors: Scoresby Jon , Shelton Brett E. 
Published: November 2014

Background. Training simulations provide opportunity for users to repeat actions in order to master a task. Once a mistake has been identified, however, difficulties may arise in replicating the exact sequence of previous actions, particularly in complex, open-ended environments. Technology. Alongside the advent of virtual 3D environments for learning, technology can more easily support a focus on the error in ways that were previously arduous. Purpose. This research represents an investigation of student learning, reflection, and metacognition when using a 3D simulation with built-in functionality that allows students to redo their actions by focusing on the point of error instead of restarting from the beginning. Methods. Interviews and observations were used to gather qualitative data, illustrating that starting at the point of failure within a complex, multiplayer simulation holds advantages and presents obstacles for student learning. Findings. Two key findings were identified: (a) the first relating to the influence of reflection on learning in that participants used reflection with varying degrees of complexity as a scaffolding mechanism; and (b) the second was that the students’ abilities to orient themselves in the problem space contributed to the amount of contextual information they needed to be successful—in this case, either starting from the beginning or from the point of error.
Engagement as a Volitional Construct
Authors: Filsecker Michael , Kerres Michael 
Published: November 2014

Background. Interest is growing in harnessing the motivational and engaging power of games for learning purposes. However, academics frequently use the terms motivation and engagement interchangeably. Aim. In this article, we suggest that researchers should differentiate engagement from motivation and conceptualize it as a volitional process. We also argue that educational games research needs to move its focus beyond intrinsic motivation and explore the variety of cognitive, emotional, motivational, and volitional processes while learning with games. Method. Therefore, this article outlines a conceptual framework based on a multidimensional perspective on engagement. This framework is intended to help plan and organize research on learning with games, so that the field can produce evidence-based guidelines and principles that respond to the central questions of how and when educational games work. Results. A conceptual framework that integrates motivation and volition, is structured by an input-process-output model and portraits engagement as a process or mediator variable between an educational game and its learning outcomes. Conclusion. Defining engagement as a volitional process opens up a new perspective with broad theoretical and practical implications. For game design, the strategy of “learning within games” could demand increasingly higher levels of volitional control depending on the degree of coupling of the learning task and the gameplay.
Engagement and Games for Learning
Authors: Phillips Rachel S. , Horstman Theresa , Vye Nancy , Bransford John 
Published: November 2014

Aim. In this article, we argue for an expanded definition and treatment of engagement when studying games for learning. Background. It is common for researchers in the field to collapse behavioral, cognitive, and affective engagement into one shared category. We assert that educators and games for learning researchers should examine all types of engagement using multiple methodologies as a means to better understand precisely what students are learning from game play. Method. We present findings from a small ( N = 58) qualitative study that highlights the importance of accounting for behavioral, cognitive, and affective engagement when evaluating learning from games. We also discuss methodologies that are successful for this type of evaluation. Results. Finally, we discuss the implications of our findings for those creating games for learning and for measuring learning gains.
EphB2 regulates contact-dependent and contact-independent signaling to control platelet function
Authors: Vaiyapuri Sakthivel , Sage Tanya , Rana Rekha H. , Schenk Michael P. , Ali Marfoua S. , Unsworth Amanda J. , Jones Chris I. , Stainer Alexander R. , Kriek Neline , Moraes Leonardo A. , Gibbins Jonathan M. 
Published: November 2014

Key PointsEphB2 regulates initial platelet activation in the absence of ligand binding in a contact-independent manner. EphB2-mediated signaling regulates thrombus formation and clot retraction.
Involvement of adiponectin in early stage of colorectal carcinogenesis
Authors: Tae Chung Hyun , Kim Seong-Eun , Jung Sung-Ae , Joo Yang-Hee , Shim Ki-Nam , Jung Hye-Kyung , Kim Tae Hun , Cho Min-Sun , Kim Kwang Ho , Kim Joung Sook 
Published: November 2014

AbstractBackgroundAlthough altered levels of adiponectin have been reported as a potential risk factor in colorectal cancer (CRC), the importance of the role played by adiponectin in colorectal carcinogenesis has not been established. We sought to examine the expression pattern of adiponectin and adiponectin receptors (AdipoRs) in the normal-adenoma-carcinoma sequence and to assess the implications of adiponectin in colorectal carcinogenesis.MethodsSerum adiponectin concentrations, and the mRNA and protein expression of adiponectin and AdipoRs were examined using serum and tissues from patients with CRC, advanced adenoma, and a normal colon. mRNA expression of AdipoRs and epithelial-mesenchymal transition regulators including E-cadherin, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and T-cadherin were examined in HCT116 cells treated with adiponectin.ResultsSerum adiponectin concentrations in patients with advanced adenoma and CRC were lower than those in controls. Adiponectin mRNA was not detected in colonic tissue, whereas AdipoRs mRNA was lower in advanced adenoma and CRC than that in normal colon tissues. Immunohistochemical staining demonstrated that adiponectin was expressed in spindle-shaped cells of the subepithelial layer in normal colon tissues, whereas ill-defined overexpression of adiponectin was seen in the stroma of advanced adenoma and CRC tissues. AdipoRs expression was strong in normal epithelium, but weak to negative in the epithelia of CRC tissues. Adiponectin downregulated COX-2 mRNA expressionin vitro,but upregulated T-cadherin in HCT116 cells.ConclusionsSystemic adiponectin and local AdipoRs expression in the colon may be associated with anti-tumorigenesis during the early stages of CRC. These findings offer new insight into understanding the relationship between adiponectin and colorectal carcinogenesis.
The effect of dietary tryptophan levels on oxidative stress of liver induced by diquat in weaned piglets
Authors: Mao Xiangbing , Lv Mei , Yu Bing , He Jun , Zheng Ping , Yu Jie , Wang Quyuan , Chen Daiwen 
Published: November 2014

AbstractOxidative stress can induce abnormal tryptophan metabolism. The present study was mainly conducted to determine the effect of dietary tryptophan levels on oxidative stress in the liver of weaned pigs challenged by diquat. A total of 36 PIC piglets weaned at 21 days of age were randomly allotted to 1 of 3 diets containing dietary tryptophan levels of 0.18, 0.30, and 0.45% for 14 d. On day 8, the piglets were injected intraperitoneally with sterile 0.9% NaCl solution or diquat (10 mg/kg body weight). During the first 7 d of trial, increasing dietary tryptophan levels enhanced average daily gain (P = 0.09) and average daily feed intake (P = 0.08), and decreased the feed efficiency (P < 0.05) of piglets. The growth performance was decreased by diquat injection (P < 0.05). Diquat injection also decreased the activities of the superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) in the plasma and liver (P < 0.05), increased plasma malondialdehyde (MDA) (P < 0.05) and urea nitrogen (P < 0.05) concentrations, and enhanced MDA concentration (P = 0.09) and tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO) activity (P = 0.07) in liver of piglets. Increasing dietary tryptophan levels could attenuate the effects of diquat injection on the MDA (P = 0.06) concentration and the activities of SOD (P = 0.09) and GPx (P = 0.05) of the liver, and plasma urea nitrogen (P = 0.06) concentration in the piglet. There was a synergistic role for increasing TDO activity in the liver between dietary tryptophan levels and diquat injection (P < 0.05). These results suggest that increasing dietary tryptophan levels could attenuate the oxidative stress of the liver in weaned piglets intraperitoneally injected with diquat via enhancing the antioxidant capacity.
Change of the age and performance of swimmers across World Championships and Olympic Games finals from 1992 to 2013 – a cross-sectional data analysis
Authors: König Stefan , Valeri Fabio , Wild Stefanie , Rosemann Thomas , Rüst Christoph Alexander , Knechtle Beat 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
The aims of the present study were to investigate the changes in the age and in swimming performance of finalists in World Championships (1994–2013) and Olympic Games (1992–2012) competing in all events/races (stroke and distance). Data of 3,295 performances from 1,615 women and 1,680 men were analysed using correlation analyses and magnitudes of effect sizes. In the World Championships, the age of the finalists increased for all strokes and distances with exception of 200 m backstroke in women, and 400 m freestyle and 200 m breaststroke in men where the age of the finalists decreased. The magnitudes of the effects were small to very large (mean ± SD 2.8 ± 2.7), but extremely large (13.38) for 1,500 m freestyle in women. In the Olympic Games, the age of the finalists increased for all strokes and distances with exception of 800 m freestyle in women and 400 m individual medley in men. The magnitudes of the effects were small to very large (mean ± SD 4.1 ± 7.1), but extremely large for 50 m freestyle in women (10.5) and 200 m butterfly in men (38.0). Swimming performance increased across years in both women and men for all strokes and distances in both the World Championships and the Olympic Games. The magnitudes of the effects were all extremely large in World Championships (mean ± SD 20.1 ± 8.4) and Olympic Games (mean ± SD 52.1 ± 47.6); especially for 100 m and 200 m breaststroke (198) in women in the Olympic Games. To summarize, in the last ~20 years the age of the finalists increased in both the World Championships and the Olympic Games with some minor exceptions (200 m backstroke in women, 400 m freestyle and 200 m breaststroke in men in World Championships and 800 m freestyle in women and 400 m individual medley in men in Olympic Games) and performance of the finalists improved.
HARD, SOFT, AND FUZZY HISTORIOGRAPHY
Authors: Pocock J. G. A. 
Published: November 2014

In this essay, the author both reviews Scott Sowerby's book Making Toleration: The Repealers and the Glorious Revolution (2013) and makes a late contribution to, or comment on, the Common Knowledge symposium “Fuzzy Studies” (2011 – 13). Sowerby opposes the “Whig interpretation” that James II was attempting to reinstate Stuart “popery and arbitrary government” and instead presents James II's policies as aimed at liberation of the Stuart monarchy from the borough, county, and clerical elites that had brought it back to power and regarded restoration of the Church of England as their instrument and identity. The king thus had his own reasons for upholding the liberty of conscience, and so James II can be found using the language of a skeptical Enlightenment, while at the same time affirming the absoluteness of his authority and incurring the suspicion of popery. How “toleration” of Catholics and dissenters came about in Britain must be told by narrating the “hard” histories of various state structures, but there is a larger and “softer” history of Enlightenment to be extracted from that of the European ancien régime, in whose history and downfall “British history” has a part that can be narrated in both “hard” and “soft” terms. The recent revisionist accounts of James II — of which Sowerby's is said in this review to be among the best — offer the king a new role at that regime's beginnings.
This review concludes by arguing that the pursuit of history as it has come to be practiced is among the “softest” modes of explanation — since it consists of the unending and unlimited pursuit of the contexts in which actions, words, and processes have been situated and need to be studied — and that the more there are of these, the more meanings the actions may bear and the fewer reasons there are for the use of Occam's razor. “The notion of ‘fuzziness’ ” does not disturb historians, as it does scholars in some other disciplines, since historians have at their disposal an established contextualist “means of navigating it.”
Legal regulation mechanisms in the control of medicines
Authors: Dimond Bridgit 
Published: November 2014

In 2002, a case was brought against the Secretary of State — sued on behalf of the Committee for the Safety of Medicines (CSM) — by a mother who in May 1986 gave aspirin to her 6-year-old daughter who was suffering from chickenpox (Smith vs Secretary of State for Health, [2002]). The child deteriorated and following admission to hospital she was diagnosed as suffering from Reye's syndrome. As a consequence, the girl was left with a serious neurological handicap and was totally dependent on others for her care. In June 1986, the government issued a general public warning advising parents not to give aspirin in any form to children under 12 years old and told chemists to take all junior aspirin preparations off their shelves. This followed advice from the CSM that in this age group aspirin could trigger the fatal disease Reye's syndrome. The CSM had been aware of this danger in September 1982 following evidence in the USA. Further evidence was produced in 1985 and the CSM continued to monitor the situation. In April 1986, a meeting was held between the Department of Health (DoH) and members of the aspirin industry. It was subsequently agreed that the producers would withdraw stocks and there would be cooperation between the industry and the DoH rather than a public warning. In May 1986, the CSM recommended that the DoH should give a general public warning, which was made on 10 June 1986. The mother's case was that there was an unreasonable delay in publishing a warning following the CSM meeting on 26 March 1986. It was accepted that the administration of aspirin was a contributory factor in the development of the girl's neurological condition and that had her mother been aware of the warnings before May 1986 she would not have given her aspirin. Were the Secretary of State and CSM liable?
Digital inscriptions and the dancing body: Expanding territories through and with the archive
Authors: Whatley Sarah 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
This article will reflect on British choreographer Siobhan Davies and her changing relationship with her own digital archive, Siobhan Davies RePlay, to explore the creative potential of archives for dance artists, and the ways in which artists engage with and intervene in the archival process. With a focus on Davies’ work during and since the creation of the archive, the article will chart the way that her choreography has developed in effect in dialogue with the archive, whether explicit or implicit in her developing choreographic oeuvre. This dialogue has enabled Davies to investigate new ways of conceiving time and space in work that tests the conventions of choreographic practice, creating what might be described as a ‘landscape of vitality’, which reflects back on the archive as an articulation of her creative strategies. Consequently, several projects since the launch of RePlay in 2009 have developed out of Davies attending more closely to her own making process. In particular, the article will dwell on her current project, Table of Contents (2014), and trace the way in which Davies has turned towards her own history, and its representation through RePlay, to test the living potential of the archive. Through a process of reconstructing and reimagining past choreographies she is re-inscribing the archival traces through her dancers’ bodies; archival content is re-embodied, performed by finding its way back into the new work and, in turn, questioning her own choreographic choices.
Creative Articulations Process (CAP)
Authors: Bacon Jane M. , Midgelow Vida L. 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
This article outlines the ‘Creative Articulations Process’ (CAP), offering ways of coming into knowing in/through/about one’s own dance practice. This process, developed by the authors in the context of The Choreographic Lab, seeks to enrich creative activities through an elaboration tacit knowledge and practice as research. The article establishes the foundations of the process, briefly introducing the work of Hincks, Gendlin and Damasio, alongside others. It then goes on to take the reader through the six facets that form CAP – ‘Opening’, ‘Situating’, ‘Delving’, ‘Raising’, ‘Anatomizing’ and ‘Outwarding’. The article is written to encourage an active engagement, providing strategies and prompts for the artist/researcher.
Make it big. Do it right. Give it class: The curatorial legacy of Diana Vreeland’s exhibition of ‘Romantic and Glamorous Hollywood Design’
Authors: Idacavage Sara 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
Both admired and criticized, Diana Vreeland’s approaches to exhibiting fashion have left a profound impact on how curators choose to display fashion worldwide. Her ‘Romantic and Glamorous Hollywood Design’ exhibit at the Metropolitan Museum of Art is emblematic of what makes her work so notable in the field of museology. Running from 1974 to 1975, the record-breaking show exuded her idiosyncratic way of staging fashion exhibitions that blurred the lines between traditional gallery displays and fashion magazine editorials, and continues to raise interesting questions about what is appropriate in the display of historic dress. The cultural impact of the exhibit is not based solely on its curatorial work or public reception; its true legacy is also founded on how it brought Hollywood costume into the museum setting, elevating it to the status of high art while appealing to the interests and fantasies of a diverse group of visitors. A detailed analysis of Vreeland’s curatorial idioms, including abstract mannequins, dramatic lighting and sound, helps us to conceptualize the practice of exhibiting fashion as a meaningful yet theatrical discipline that dovetails with cinematic production.