bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Presynaptic gating of excitation in the dorsal raphe nucleus by GABA
Authors: Soiza-Reilly Mariano , Anderson Wayne B. , Vaughan Christopher W. , Commons Kathryn G. 
Published: September 2013

Significance
Using a combination of approaches, a unique organization of the synaptic architecture of the dorsal raphe nucleus is revealed. That is, presynaptic GABAergic and glutamatergic boutons often pair with each other and converge on a single postsynaptic target, forming synaptic triads.
Phase behavior and critical activated dynamics of limited-valence DNA nanostars
Authors: Biffi Silvia , Cerbino Roberto , Bomboi Francesca , Paraboschi Elvezia Maria , Asselta Rosanna , Sciortino Francesco , Bellini Tommaso 
Published: September 2013

Significance
At atomic and molecular levels, particles interact via the immutable laws of quantum mechanics, whereas at nanoscopic and microscopic levels, interactions between colloidal particles can be determined by human design. We exploit DNA self-assembly to produce nanoscopic particles with a controlled number of interacting terminations, providing the particles with valence. Experimental investigation of the collective behavior of such colloids shows that reducing the number of interacting sites results in a significant shrinkage of the gas–liquid coexistence region, with critical parameters decreasing as the valence is reduced. We also observe an unconventional dynamic behavior in the proximity of the critical point. Such findings are relevant to answer fundamental physics issues and potentially to determine the stability region of new DNA-based materials.
Regional and seasonal response of a West Nile virus vector to climate change
Authors: Morin Cory W. , Comrie Andrew C. 
Published: September 2013

Significance
The potential impacts of climate change on human health are possibly large and not yet well understood, especially for vector-borne diseases. This study provides projections of how climate change may affect the population of a West Nile virus mosquito vector across the southern United States. Using a climate-driven mosquito population model, we simulate vector abundance under base and future climate. Under future climate, many locations exhibit a lengthening of the mosquito season with a decrease in summer populations. These impacts are not uniform geographically and vary with local temperature and precipitation conditions. The results imply that disease-transmission studies and vector-control programs must be targeted locally to maximize their effectiveness.
Thirst-dependent risk preferences in monkeys identify a primitive form of wealth
Authors: Yamada Hiroshi , Tymula Agnieszka , Louie Kenway , Glimcher Paul W. 
Published: September 2013

Significance
We show that monkeys display similar risk preferences and rationality to those of humans, suggesting that despite concerns raised by earlier reports, they can serve as a model for human behavior. Standard experimental economic techniques have long allowed us to evaluate human risk attitudes, but we do not know how they relate to wealth levels, a critical variable in economic models. We find thirsty monkeys to be more risk averse and discuss implications for the role of wealth in human decision making.
Herbivore exploits orally secreted bacteria to suppress plant defenses
Authors: Chung Seung Ho , Rosa Cristina , Scully Erin D. , Peiffer Michelle , Tooker John F. , Hoover Kelli , Luthe Dawn S. , Felton Gary W. 
Published: September 2013

SignificanceThe role of herbivore-associated microbes in modifying plant defenses has received scant attention. The Colorado potato beetle secretes symbiotic bacteria to wounds to manipulate plant defenses. The bacteria elicit salicylic acid (SA)-regulated defenses, and because SA signaling often negatively cross-talks with jasmonate signaling, plants are unable to fully activate their jasmonate-mediated resistance against the herbivore. From the plants’ perspective, they recognize herbivores not as such, but as microbial threats. We identified the specific bacteria from the beetle secretions and also characterized one of the bacterial effectors responsible for defense suppression. This clever, deceptive strategy for suppressing defenses has not been previously documented. Our results add a significant, unique concept to plant–insect interactions and how herbivores hijack plant defense signaling.
Processing of meteoritic organic materials as a possible analog of early molecular evolution in planetary environments
Authors: Pizzarello Sandra , Davidowski Stephen K. , Holland Gregory P. , Williams Lynda B. 
Published: September 2013

Significance
The data reported here suggest a far larger availability of meteoritic organic materials for planetary environments than previously assumed and that molecular evolution on the early Earth could have benefited from accretion of carbonaceous meteorites both directly with soluble compounds and, for a more protracted time, through alteration, processing, and release from their insoluble organic materials.
Coalescence and genetic diversity in sexual populations under selection
Authors: Neher Richard A. , Kessinger Taylor A. , Shraiman Boris I. 
Published: September 2013

Significance
Many populations are genetically diverse, and genomes of individuals can differ at millions of loci, some of which affect the fitness of the organism. Although recombination will separate distant loci rapidly, nearby loci are inherited together and stay linked for long times. Selected alleles at linked loci influence each other’s dynamics in complex ways that are poorly understood. We present an analysis of the coupled histories of linked loci subject to selection and recombination and make predictions for the resulting genetic diversity. We show that simple patterns emerge from the collective effect of many loci and that these patterns can be used to infer evolutionary parameters from sequence data.
Regulation of GDF-11 and myostatin activity by GASP-1 and GASP-2
Authors: Lee Yun-Sil , Lee Se-Jin 
Published: September 2013

Significance
The TGF-β family encompasses a large number of secreted proteins that regulate embryonic development and adult tissue homeostasis. Growth and differentiation factor (GDF) -associated serum protein-1 (GASP-1) and GASP-2 are related proteins capable of binding and inhibiting two family members, myostatin and GDF-11. Here, we show that mice genetically engineered to lack GASP-1 and/or GASP-2 exhibit muscle and skeletal phenotypes consistent with overactivity of myostatin and/or GDF-11. These studies also reveal the enormous complexity of this regulatory system in vivo and the delicate balance that must be maintained between signaling molecules and their inhibitory proteins for proper levels of signaling to be achieved.
Sensitive periods for the functional specialization of the neural system for human face processing
Authors: Röder Brigitte , Ley Pia , Shenoy Bhamy H. , Kekunnaya Ramesh , Bottari Davide 
Published: September 2013

SignificanceSensitive periods in human functional brain development were tested in humans who had been blind from birth and whose sight was restored as long as 14 y later. In investigating this rare population, our data demonstrate a general principle of brain development: rather than being born with highly specialized neural systems (e.g., for specific object categories such as faces), the functional differentiation of neural circuits seems to depend on early (visual) experience involving a decrease in responsiveness to certain events during sensitive periods. The functional tuning of neural systems seems necessary to achieve high processing proficiency.
Protein domain mimetics as in vivo modulators of hypoxia-inducible factor signaling
Authors: Kushal Swati , Lao Brooke Bullock , Henchey Laura K. , Dubey Ramin , Mesallati Hanah , Traaseth Nathaniel J. , Olenyuk Bogdan Z. , Arora Paramjit S. 
Published: September 2013

Significance
Protein–protein interactions are attractive targets for interfering with processes leading to disease states. Proteins often use folded domains or secondary structures to contact partner proteins. Synthetic molecules that mimic these domains could disrupt protein–protein contacts, thereby inhibiting formation of multiprotein complexes. This article describes protein domain mimetics (PDMs) that modulate interactions between two proteins that control expression of a multitude of genes under hypoxic environments, such as those found inside tumors. The low-oxygen conditions promote angiogenesis—process of formation of new blood vessels—that together with invasion and altered energy metabolism facilitates tumor growth. We find that the PDMs can control expression of target hypoxia-inducible genes in cell culture and reduce tumor burden in mice.
Functional and structural architecture of the human dorsal frontoparietal attention network
Authors: Szczepanski Sara M. , Pinsk Mark A. , Douglas Malia M. , Kastner Sabine , Saalmann Yuri B. 
Published: September 2013

Significance
Everyday actions require us to represent attentional priorities in different reference frames. For example, to pick up a cup of coffee, we need to know where the cup is relative to our body, and where the handle is relative to the cup (i.e., body-centered and object-centered reference frames). Multiple brain areas in frontal and parietal cortex help process attentional priorities. Although these areas are commonly conceptualized as an attentional network, it is not clear what neural pathways connect these areas, nor the pathways’ functions. We demonstrate that two pathways link these areas in frontal and parietal cortex. The pathways help represent attentional priorities in different reference frames, enabling us to flexibly interact with objects in our environment.
Complete mitochondrial genome sequence of a Middle Pleistocene cave bear reconstructed from ultrashort DNA fragments
Authors: Dabney Jesse , Knapp Michael , Glocke Isabelle , Gansauge Marie-Theres , Weihmann Antje , Nickel Birgit , Valdiosera Cristina , García Nuria , Pääbo Svante , Arsuaga Juan-Luis , Meyer Matthias 
Published: September 2013

Significance
Outside of permafrost, no contiguous DNA sequences have been generated from material older than ∼120,000 y. By improving our ability to sequence very short DNA fragments, we have recovered the mitochondrial genome sequence of a >300,000-y-old cave bear from Sima de los Huesos, a Spanish cave site that is famous for its rich collection of Middle Pleistocene human fossils. This finding demonstrates that DNA can survive for hundreds of thousands of years outside of permafrost and opens the prospect of making more samples from this time period accessible to genetic studies.
Protein hydrogen exchange at residue resolution by proteolytic fragmentation mass spectrometry analysis
Authors: Kan Zhong-Yuan , Walters Benjamin T. , Mayne Leland , Englander S. Walter 
Published: September 2013

Significance
This paper shows how hydrogen exchange–mass spectrometry data can be deconvolved to obtain direct protein structural information at amino acid resolution. The solution to this problem has eluded prior efforts and is considered to be of fundamental importance for the rapidly expanding hydrogen exchange–MS field.
Genetic population structure of European anchovy in the Mediterranean Sea and the Northeast Atlantic Ocean using sequence analysis of the mitochondrial DNA control region
Authors: Viñas Jordi , Sanz Núria , Peñarrubia Luis , Araguas Rosa-Maria , García-Marín José-Luis , Roldán Maria-Inés , Pla Carles 
Published: September 2013

AbstractViñas, J., Sanz, N., Peñarrubia, L., Araguas, R-M., García-Marín, J-L., Roldán, M-I., and Pla, C. 2014. Genetic population structure of European anchovy in the Mediterranean Sea and the Northeast Atlantic Ocean using sequence analysis of the mitochondrial DNA control region. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 71: 391–397. The European anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus) exhibits a complex population structure in the Mediterranean Sea and Northeast Atlantic Ocean. To resolve the population genetic structure of this species, we surveyed sequence variability in the mitochondrial (mtDNA) control region in samples (n = 563) from 13 locations in the Northeast Atlantic, the Bay of Biscay, and the Mediterranean Sea. Based on pairwise ΦSTs, SAMOVA, and multidimensional scaling, a complicated population structure composed of multiple populations emerged. Combining these results with those from previous population studies based on mitochondrial and nuclear markers, we identified nine genetically differentiated European anchovy populations: (i) Canary Islands; (ii) Cádiz; (iii) Alborán Sea; (iv) Garona; (v) Arcachon and Donostia; (vi) a large population in the northwestern Mediterranean, including Cadaqués, Gulf of Lyon, Elba, and Sicily; (vii) southern Adriatic; (viii) northern Adriatic; and (ix) Aegean Sea. We suggest that independent management strategies should be implemented for each genetically differentiated population, and, in cases where several fisheries stocks are recognized within an area of genetic homogeneity, each stock should be managed separately.
Transcriptional control by two interacting regulatory proteins: identification of the PtxS binding site at PtxR
Authors: Daddaoua Abdelali , Krell Tino , Ramos Juan-Luis 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
The PtxS and PtxR regulators control the expression of the glucose dehydrogenase genes from the Pgad promoter in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. These regulators bind to their cognate operators, that are separated by ∼50 nt, within the promoter region and interact with each other creating a DNA-loop that prevents RNA polymerase promoter access. Binding of the 2-ketogluconate effector to PtxS caused PtxS/PtxR complex dissociation and led to the dissolution of the repression loop facilitating the entry of the RNA polymerase and enabling the transcription of the gad gene. We have identified a hydrophobic surface patch on the PtxR putative surface that was hypothesized to correspond to the binding site for PtxS. Two surface-exposed residues in this patch, V173 and W269, were replaced by alanine. Isothermal titration calorimetry assays showed that PtxS does not interact with the mutant variants of PtxR. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay and DNAase I footprinting assays proved that both regulators bind to their target operators and that failure to interact with each other prevented the formation of the DNA-loop. In vitro transcription showed that PtxS per se is sufficient to inhibit transcription from the Pgad promoter, but that affinity of PtxS for its effector is modulated by PtxR.
On the biophysics and kinetics of toehold-mediated DNA strand displacement
Authors: Srinivas Niranjan , Ouldridge Thomas E. , Šulc Petr , Schaeffer Joseph M. , Yurke Bernard , Louis Ard A. , Doye Jonathan P. K. , Winfree Erik 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
Dynamic DNA nanotechnology often uses toehold-mediated strand displacement for controlling reaction kinetics. Although the dependence of strand displacement kinetics on toehold length has been experimentally characterized and phenomenologically modeled, detailed biophysical understanding has remained elusive. Here, we study strand displacement at multiple levels of detail, using an intuitive model of a random walk on a 1D energy landscape, a secondary structure kinetics model with single base-pair steps and a coarse-grained molecular model that incorporates 3D geometric and steric effects. Further, we experimentally investigate the thermodynamics of three-way branch migration. Two factors explain the dependence of strand displacement kinetics on toehold length: (i) the physical process by which a single step of branch migration occurs is significantly slower than the fraying of a single base pair and (ii) initiating branch migration incurs a thermodynamic penalty, not captured by state-of-the-art nearest neighbor models of DNA, due to the additional overhang it engenders at the junction. Our findings are consistent with previously measured or inferred rates for hybridization, fraying and branch migration, and they provide a biophysical explanation of strand displacement kinetics. Our work paves the way for accurate modeling of strand displacement cascades, which would facilitate the simulation and construction of more complex molecular systems.
Taking blood cultures from a newly established intravenous catheter in the emergency department does not increase the rate of contaminated blood cultures
Authors: Kelly Anne‐Maree , Klim Sharon 
Published: September 2013

AbstractObjectiveIt has been suggested that blood cultures drawn from vascular catheters have a higher false positive rate than those drawn by venepuncture. In the face of institutionally imposed practice change prohibiting obtaining blood cultures from intravenous (i.v.) catheters in the ED, our aim of was to compare the rate of contaminated blood cultures between those taken from recently placed i.v. catheters and those taken by direct venepuncture.MethodProspective, non‐randomised, observational study comparing the rate of contaminated blood cultures for specimens taken from recently placed (<1 h) i.v. catheters and direct venepuncture in adult ED patients. Outcome of interest was the rate of false positive cultures. Analysis was by comparison of proportions (χ2‐test).ResultsFour hundred seventy‐two blood culture sets were studied. There were 65 positive cultures, of which 49 (75%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 63–85%) were classified as true positive. The overall rate of contaminated blood cultures was 3.4% (95% CI, 2.0–5.6%). There was no difference in false positive rate between blood cultures taken via venepuncture and those taken from a recently placed i.v. cannula (P = 0.52; odds ratio, 0.9; 95% CI, 0.33–2.44).ConclusionWe found no difference in contaminated blood culture rate between recently placed i.v. catheters and direct venepuncture when infection control procedures were followed.
Between principle and compromise: We are all meat in someone else's sandwich
Authors: Nydam Kees 
Published: September 2013

AbstractClinical leadership and workforce management are high profile topics in many recent healthcare journals and frequently the focus of discussion in this sectors dynamic environment. Emergency physicians, like their cousins in other medical specialties, are required to work collaboratively within an increasingly complex system in order to optimise the clinical outcomes of their patients. This article presents a reflective analysis using a fictional character, Ulysses, who encounters traps and potholes in his journey to clinical leadership and management enlightenment.
Improvement in emergency department length of stay using an early senior medical assessment and streaming model of care: A cohort study
Authors: Asha Stephen Edward , Ajami Allan 
Published: September 2013

AbstractObjectiveAustralian EDs are required to conform to the National Emergency Access Target (NEAT): patients must be discharged within 4 h of arrival. The aim of the present study was to determine if a model of care called Senior Assessment and Streaming (SAS) would increase the proportion of patients achieving NEAT.MethodsStable, ambulant patients considered to have problems that early consultant‐level assessment was likely to improve processing efficiency were streamed through a dedicated clinical area staffed by an ED physician, intern and nurse. The proportion of patients achieving NEAT were compared between days with or without SAS, adjusted for confounding variables.ResultsThe 18 962 patients presented during the study, 6828 on days with SAS, 12 134 on days without. On days with SAS, there were more presentations, more admissions, lower access to ward beds and fewer staff working hours. After controlling for confounding, the odds of meeting NEAT on days with SAS was 15% higher compared with days without (odds ratio, 1.15; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.07–1.24; P < 0.001). For the subgroups of patients admitted, discharged, triage category 3, 4, 5, or presentation 12.00–18.00 the odds of meeting NEAT on days with SAS was, respectively, 1.10 (95% CI, 0.98–1.23; P = 0.10), 1.17 (95% CI, 1.07–1.28; P < 0.001), 1.17 (95% CI, 1.08–1.27; P < 0.001) and 1.19 (95% CI, 1.06–1.35; P = 0.003). The odds of a patient not waiting to be seen on days with SAS was 28% lower compared with days without (odds ratio, 0.72; 95% CI, 0.58–0.90; P = 0.003).ConclusionThrough the introduction of SAS, the present study has demonstrated that providing early senior medical assessment can improve an ED's ability to meet NEAT.
Right‐Ventricular Enlargement in Arrhythmogenic Right‐Ventricular Cardiomyopathy Is Associated with Decreased QRS Amplitudes and T‐Wave Negativity
Authors: Zusterzeel Robbert , ter Bekke Rachel M.A. , Volders Paul G.A. , Leijten Farah M.M. , van den Wijngaard Arthur , Serroyen Jan , Gorgels Anton P.M. 
Published: September 2013

BackgroundArrhythmogenic right‐ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC) can lead to RV dilatation. We hypothesized that electrocardiographic characteristics including QRS amplitudes in the extremity‐ and precordial leads, the S amplitude in lead V1, and extent of T‐wave negativity over the precordial leads are related to RV dilatation in this condition.MethodsIn 42 ARVC patients and 42 controls, we correlated total QRS amplitude in the extremity leads (∑QRSext), precordial leads (∑QRSprec) and in all leads (∑QRStot : summation of ∑QRSext and ∑QRSprec), S amplitude in lead V1 and the extent of T‐wave inversion in the precordial leads (V1 vs. beyond V1) with RV end diastolic diameter (RVEDD) by echocardiography.ResultsIn the ARVC group, the mean age was 46 ± 14 years, 31 patients were male, 28 had an implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD), and 7 had a LV ejection fraction (EF) < 55%. The control group was age‐ and gender matched to the ARVC cohort. In contrast to controls, the ∑QRSext (regression coefficient (RC), −0.29; P = 0.020), ∑QRSprec (RC, −0.20; P = 0.015), and ∑QRStot (RC, −0.14; P = 0.009) were lower with RV dilatation in ARVC. S amplitude in lead V1 was not related to RV diameter (RC, −0.98; P = 0.088). Precordial T‐wave inversion beyond lead V1 (V2‐V6) was associated with a larger RV diameter (RC, 8.58; P = 0.012).ConclusionsSummed QRS amplitudes in the extremity and precordial leads, and T‐wave inversion beyond lead V1 are associated with RV dilatation in patients with ARVC.
Inhibitors of the Arachidonic Acid Cascade: Interfering with Multiple Pathways
Authors: Meirer Karin , Steinhilber Dieter , Proschak Ewgenij 
Published: September 2013

AbstractModulators of the arachidonic acid cascade have been in the focus of research for treatments of inflammation and pain for several decades. Targeting this complex pathway experiences a paradigm change towards the design and development of multi‐target inhibitors, exhibiting improved efficacy and less undesired side effects. This minireview summarizes recent developments in the field of designed multi‐target ligands of the arachidonic acid cascade. In addition to the well‐known dual inhibitors of 5‐lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenase‐2 such as licofelone, very recent developments are discussed. Especially, multi‐target inhibitors interfering with the cytochrome P450 pathway via inhibition of soluble epoxide hydrolase seem to offer a novel opportunity for development of novel anti‐inflammatory drugs.