bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Wood frog adaptations to overwintering in Alaska: New limits to freezing tolerance
Authors: Larson Don J. , Middle Luke , Vu Henry , Zhang Wenhui , Serianni Anthony S. , Duman John , Barnes Brian M. 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
We investigated the ecological physiology and behavior of free-living wood frogs (Lithobates [Rana] sylvaticus) overwintering in Interior Alaska by tracking animals into natural hibernacula, recording microclimate, and determining frog survival in spring. We measured cryoprotectant (glucose) concentrations and identified the presence of antifreeze glycolipids in tissues from subsamples of naturally freezing frogs. We also recorded behavior of wood frogs preparing to freeze in artificial hibernacula, and tissue glucose concentrations in captive wood frogs frozen in the laboratory to -2.5°C. Wood frogs in natural hibernacula remained frozen for 193±11 consecutive days and experienced average (Oct-May) temperatures of -6.3°C and average minimum temperatures of -14.6±2.8°C (range -8.9 to -18.1°C) with 100% survival (n=18). Mean glucose concentrations were 13-fold higher in muscle, 10-fold higher in heart, and 3.3-fold in liver in naturally freezing compared to laboratory frozen frogs. Glycolipid antifreeze was present in extracts from muscle and internal organs, but not skin, of frozen frogs. Wood frogs in Interior Alaska survive freezing to extreme limits and durations compared to those described in animals collected in southern Canada or the U.S. Midwest. We hypothesize that this enhancement of freeze tolerance in Alaskan wood frogs is due to higher cryoprotectant levels that are produced by repeated freezing and thawing cycles experienced under natural conditions during early fall.
Trpc2 is expressed in two olfactory subsystems, the main and the vomeronasal system of larval Xenopus laevis
Authors: Sansone Alfredo , Syed Adnan S. , Tantalaki Evangelia , Korsching Sigrun I. , Manzini Ivan 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
Complete segregation of the main olfactory epithelium (MOE) and the vomeronasal epithelium is first observed in amphibians. In contrast, teleost fishes possess a single olfactory surface, in which genetic components of the main and vomeronasal olfactory systems are intermingled. The transient receptor potential channel TRPC2, a marker of vomeronasal neurons, is present in the single fish sensory surface, but is already restricted to the vomeronasal epithelium in a terrestrial amphibian, the red-legged salamander (Plethodon shermani). Here we examined the localization of TRPC2 in an aquatic amphibian and cloned the Xenopus laevis trpc2 gene. We show that it is expressed in both the MOE and the vomeronasal epithelium. This is the first description of a broad trpc2 expression in the MOE of a tetrapod. The expression pattern of trpc2 in the MOE is virtually undistinguishable from that of MOE-specific v2rs, indicating that they are co-expressed in the same neuronal subpopulation.
Porphyrin-based Coordination Polymer Composed of Layered Pillarless Two-dimensional Networks
Authors: Makiura Rie , Usui Ryo , Pohl Ehmke , Prassides Kosmas 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
Single crystals of a layer-structured coordination polymer, BNAS-11 [ZnTCPP(H2O)Zn2(H2O)2] (ZnTCPP: 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(4-carboxyphenyl)porphyrinatozinc(II)), were obtained. Tetratopic ZnTCPP molecules are connected through dimer zinc paddle-wheel secondary building units and form a two-dimensional (2D) network with square grids. The layers are stacked electrostatically without the need of binding pillar ligands.
Mechanisms of Coordination in Distributed Neural Circuits: Encoding Coordinating Information
Authors: Smarandache-Wellmann Carmen , Grätsch Swantje 
Published: April 2014

We describe synaptic connections through which information essential for encoding efference copies reaches two coordinating neurons in each of the microcircuits that controls limbs on abdominal segments of the crayfish,Pacifastacus leniusculus.In each microcircuit, these coordinating neurons fire bursts of spikes simultaneously with motor neurons. These bursts encode timing, duration, and strength of each motor burst. Using paired microelectrode recordings, we demonstrate that one class of nonspiking neurons in each microcircuit's pattern-generating kernel—IPS—directly inhibits the ASCEcoordinating neuron that copies each burst in power-stroke (PS) motor neurons. This inhibitory synapse parallels IPS's inhibition of the same PS motor neurons. Using a disynaptic pathway to control its membrane potential, we demonstrate that a second type of nonspiking interneuron in the pattern-generating kernel—IRSh—inhibits the DSC coordinating neuron that copies each burst in return-stroke (RS) motor neurons. This inhibitory synapse parallels IRS's inhibition of the microcircuit's RS motor neurons. Experimental changes in the membrane potential of one IPS or one IRSh neuron simultaneously changed the strengths of motor bursts, durations, numbers of spikes, and spike frequency in the simultaneous ASCEand DSC bursts.ASCEand DSC coordinating neurons link the segmentally distributed microcircuits into a coordinated system that oscillates with the same period and with stable phase differences. The inhibitory synapses from different pattern-generating neurons that parallel their inhibition of different sets of motor neurons enable ASCEand DSC to encode details of each oscillation that are necessary for stable, adaptive synchronization of the system.
Effort‐reward Imbalance and Low Back Pain among Eldercare Workers in Nursing Homes: A Cross‐sectional Study in Kagawa Prefecture, Japan
Authors: Yokoyama Katsunori , Hirao Tomohiro , Yoda Takeshi , Yoshioka Akira , Shirakami Gotaro 
Published: April 2014

Effort‐reward Imbalance and Low Back Pain among Eldercare Workers in Nursing Homes: A Cross‐sectional Study in Kagawa Prefecture, Japan; Katsunori YOKOYAMA, et al. Department of Anesthesiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kagawa University—ObjectivesTo clarify effort‐reward imbalance among eldercare workers in nursing homes and to examine the association between the effort‐reward imbalance (ERI) and low back pain (LBP) among them.MethodsA total of 549 questionnaires were distributed to a random sample comprising 23% of the 79 special elderly nursing homes in Kagawa in 2013. A total of 467 eldercare workers (response rate 85%) participated in this study. Of the 467 eligible respondents, 372 (80%) completed all items of the ERI questionnaire. Complete data were available for 342 (73%) eldercare workers.ResultsOf the 342 respondents, 215 (63%) had LBP at the time of the study, and 291 (85%) showed a critical “high cost/low gain” condition as determined by an effort‐reward ratio >1. Multiple logistic regression analyses adjusted for age, gender, previous LBP experience, high‐risk work and K6 score showed that eldercare workers with a high ERI had a higher risk for LBP than workers with a low ERI (OR, 1.96; 95% CI, 1.02−3.77).ConclusionsMost eldercare workers have a high ERI, and their LBP is associated with their ERI. Balancing effort and reward may be an important factor for improving LBP among eldercare workers in nursing homes.
Shear-Thinning and Rapid-Recovery Peptide Hydrogel for Biomedical Applications
Authors: Huang Hongzhou John , Sun Xiuzhi Susan 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTPeptides have become attractive molecules for fabricating biomaterials. Studies of peptide structure, assembly properties, and dynamic behavior in response to external parameters have led to rational novel design of peptide biomaterials. One model sequence selected was a β-spiral motif of spider flagelliform silk protein, [GPGGX]n (X = any amino acid). Modifying the X residue can change the quantity of secondary structure and the stability of this spider silk motif. Glycine provides flexible properties, and proline influences the secondary structure and mechanical properties. Another model sequence was GXGXDXUX (U = hydrophobic residue), a Ca2+ binding domain of lipase Lip A from Serratia marcescens, in which aspartate residue is required for ion binding. Combining with [GPGGX]n, we rationally designed peptide as GPGGDGPGGD (eD2). The Ca2+ binding sequence was hidden in the first eight residues of eD2. As expected, this peptide can assemble into nanofibrils triggered by Ca2+ ions. Using the segment FLIVIGSII (h9) from the third trans-membrane segment of subunit IV in the dihydropyridine sensitive human muscle L-type calcium channel as the hydrophobic motif, we obtained FLIVIGSIIGPGGDGPGGD (h9e) peptide. The h9e self-assembled into nanofibrils and further formed shear-thinning and rapid recovery hydrogel in neutral pH range from 6.0 to 8.0 with a large working range of temperature. NMR study showed that amphiphilic structure of h9e peptide tended to adopt a more helical structure during hydrogel formation. The h9e peptide has great potential for biomedical applications. MCF-7 cells were successfully grown as colony-like clusters (reminiscent of real tumors) in h9e hydrogel system. The drug response test of cisplatin further demonstrated the capability of h9e system for drug screen. Moreover, h9e hydrogel showed a promising adjuvanticity by enhancing the vaccine efficacy for killed H1N1 swine influenza virus and PRRS modified live virus.
Development of a Novel Zinc Oxide/Polyvinyl Chloride Nanocomposite Material for Medical Implant Applications
Authors: Geilich Benjamin M. , Webster Thomas J. 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTIn hospitals and clinics worldwide, medical device surfaces have become a rapidly growing source of nosocomial infections. Almost immediately after adhering to a device surface, bacteria can begin to form a biofilm, which makes the infection especially difficult to treat and often necessitates device removal. Adding to the severity of this problem is the spread of bacterial genetic tolerance to antibiotics, in part demonstrated by the recent and significant increase in the prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA).Nanomaterials are beginning to be used for a wide variety of biomedical applications due to their unique surface properties which have the ability to control initial protein adsorption and subsequent cell behavior. This “nanoroughness” gives nanomaterials a greater functional surface area than conventional materials, which do not have significant features on the nanoscale. In addition, it is theorized that nanoparticles may also have general mechanisms of toxicity towards bacteria that do not cause problems for mammalian cells.The objective of the present in vitro study was to develop a nanocomposite material by embedding conventional polyvinyl chloride (PVC) with zinc oxide nanoparticles through a simple and inexpensive procedure. The effect of different nanoparticle sizes and %wts were investigated. Results demonstrated that this technique significantly decreased S. aureus density and biofilm formation without the incorporation of antibiotics or other pharmaceuticals, as well as increased the adhesion of human fibroblast cells. Thus, this material could have much promise for use in the manufacture of common implanted medical devices.
The algebra of mode homomorphisms
Authors: Adaricheva Kira , Romanowska Anna , Smith Jonathan 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
Modes are idempotent and entropic algebras. While the mode structure of sets of submodes has received considerable attention in the past, this paper is devoted to the study of mode structure on sets of mode homomorphisms. Connections between the two constructions are established. A detailed analysis is given for the algebra of homomorphisms from submodes of one mode to submodes of another. In particular, it is shown that such algebras can be decomposed as Płonka sums of more elementary homomorphism algebras. Some critical examples are examined.
Analysis of electromigration phenomenon in thick-film and LTCC structures at elevated temperature
Authors: Nowak Damian , Stafiniak Andrzej , Dziedzic Andrzej 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
Studies on electromigration phenomenon in thick-film structures on alumina and LTCC substrates are presented in this paper. The effects of storage of Au and Ag electrode patterns in temperature range up to 300 °C under voltage bias were examined. The leakage characteristics of electrodes with 100 μm spacing at 50 V dc bias as a function of time and temperature are presented and analyzed. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) equipped with the energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) detector was applied for determination of metal ions transport. Test structures with Au-based conductive material are much more resistant to electromigration than Ag-based layers.
Auditory processing in children with unilateral hearing loss
Authors: Adly Gabr Takwa 
Published: April 2014

Objective:
We wished to investigate central auditory processing in unilateral hearing loss (UHL), as little is discussed regarding its impact on auditory processing.

Study design:
Central auditory processing was evaluated in children with UHL using the P300 component of event related potentials. Speech and tone stimuli were used for eliciting P300 in three groups of children: group A (bilateral normal hearing children); group B (children with right UHL); and group C (children with left UHL).

Results:
In children with a right UHL, P300 amplitudes were significantly reduced in response to speech when compared to a tone stimulus. Comparing the speech-evoked P300 response revealed a significantly delayed latency in children with UHL compared to controls.

Conclusion:
Children with UHL showed central auditory processing defects that are more pronounced in children with right UHL. Speech processing is more vulnerable to the effect of UHL than simple stimuli.
A model-based approach to operational event groups ranking
Authors: Šimić Z. , Maqua M. , Wattrelos D. 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
The operational experience (OE) feedback provides improvements in all industrial activities. Identification of the most important and valuable groups of events within accumulated experience is important in order to focus on a detailed investigation of events. The paper describes the new ranking method and compares it with three others. Methods have been described and applied to OE events utilised by nuclear power plants in France and Germany for twenty years. The results show that different ranking methods only roughly agree on which of the event groups are the most important ones. In the new ranking method the analytical hierarchy process is applied in order to assure consistent and comprehensive weighting determination for ranking indexes. The proposed method allows a transparent and flexible event groups ranking and identification of the most important OE for further more detailed investigation in order to complete the feedback.
Analysis of the source term formation in a severe accident initiated by end fitting failure in CANDU type reactors
Authors: Constantin M. , Constantin A. , Apostol M. 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
CANDU type reactors have some peculiarities in initiation and progression of severe accidents. In the present paper one of the specificities – the End Fitting Failure accident – is analysed from the point of view of source term formation. The accident is initiated by a failure of the re-fueling machine. Fuel bundles are ejected in the re-fuelling machine room and fuel elements suffer a significant fragmentation by mechanical impact and by the rapid increase of the temperature. A direct transfer of the fission products occurs directly to the containment. The source term in the containment and also the source term to the environment is calculated supposing an open venting communication to the external atmosphere. The simulation is performed by using the ASTEC code in coupled calculation CPA-IODE-ISODOPE-DOSE option. The evolution of the distributions for the most important released fission products is presented for different regions and for different hosts. The most important factors of influence on the source term formation are identified and discussed.
Power loss in dipping internal reflectors, imaged using ice-penetrating radar
Authors: Holschuh Nicholas , Christianson Knut , Anandakrishnan Sridhar 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe geometry of ice-sheet internal layers is frequently interpreted as an indicator of present and past ice-sheet flow dynamics. One of the primary goals of radio-echo sounding is to accurately reproduce that layer geometry. Internal layers show a loss in reflection amplitude as a function of increasing dip angle. We posit that this energy loss occurs via several mechanisms: destructive interference in trace stacking, energy dispersion through synthetic aperture radar (SAR) processing and off-nadir ray path losses. Adjacent traces collected over a dipping horizon contain reflection arrivals which are not in phase. Stacking these traces results in destructive interference. When the phase shift between adjacent traces exceeds one-half wavelength, SAR processing, which otherwise coherently combines data from dipping reflectors, disperses the energy, reducing image quality further. Along with amplitude loss from destructive stacking and SAR dispersion, imaging reflectors from off-nadir angles results in additional travel time and thus additional englacial attenuation relative to horizontal reflectors at similar depths. When selecting radar frequency, spatial sample rate and stacking interval for a given survey, the geometry of the imaging target must be considered. Based on our analysis, we make survey design recommendations for these parameters.
The relationship between sticky spots and radar reflectivity beneath an active West Antarctic ice stream
Authors: Ashmore David W. , Bingham Robert G. , Hindmarsh Richard C.A. , Corr Hugh F.J. , Joughin Ian R. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractIsolated areas of high basal drag, or ‘sticky spots’, are important and poorly understood features in the force balance and dynamics of West Antarctic ice streams. Characterizing sticky spots formed by thin or drying subglacial till using ice-penetrating radar is theoretically possible, as high radar bed-returned power (BRP) is commonly related to an abundance of free water at the ice/bed interface, provided losses from englacial attenuation can be estimated. In this study we use airborne radar data collected over Evans Ice Stream to extract BRP profiles and test the sensitivity of BRP to the adopted englacial attenuation correction. We analyse 11 ~ 2 0 km profiles in four fast-flow areas where sticky spots have been inferred to exist on the basis of model and surface data inversions. In the majority of profiles we note that the increase in basal drag is accompanied by a decrease in BRP and suggest that this is evidence both for the presence of a sticky spot in those locations and that local variations in subglacial hydrology are responsible for their existence. A comparison is made between empirical and numerical modelling approaches for deriving englacial attenuation, and our findings generally support previous studies that advocate a modelling approach.
Du miracle sur la 34 e rue à la psychanalyse, du sac Hermès au message de l'Inconscient
Authors: Steinkoler Manya 
Published: April 2014

Présentation d’un cas d’une jeune femme américaine se plaignant de souffrir d’un « shopping disorder » . La cure psychanalytique permet le changement de régime de ses modes de jouir par un questionnement sur sa jouissance et la construction des coordonnées de son fantasme.
Estimation of stature from the vertebral column in physical and forensic anthropology
Authors: Milani C. , Panattoni G.L. 
Published: April 2014

Stature is one of the most important parameters in personal identification for physical and forensic anthropologists. Stature can be extimated from decomposed and fully or partially akeletonized human remains. Many Authors developed anatomical methods based on measurements of the whole skeleton or mathematical methods based on measurements of single bones, from which they obtained regression formulae for calculating the stature. In this review, we focused on the vertebral column and compared the corresponding regression formulae according to population, sex and age by a critical analysis of the literature.
Pharmacological management of psychiatric disorders in pregnancy complicated by diabetics
Authors: Balhara Yatan , Verma Rohit , Kalra Bharti 
Published: April 2014

AbstractPregnancy has been identified as a biological, psychological and social stressor that predisposes women to emergence/re-emergence of psychiatric disorders. Effective pharmacological treatment is available for various psychiatric disorders. However, management of psychiatric disorders during pregnancy requires careful selection of the pharmacotherapeutic agent. Management of psychiatric disorders in pregnancy among diabetics brings in an additional dimension. The psychotropic medicines have been found to impact blood glucose levels and can interfere with diabetes management. This article reviews the available evidence on the use of psychotropic medicines in antenatal women with diabetes.
Understanding the essence and lived experience of self-care management among African-American men living with type 2 diabetes
Authors: Sherman Ledric , McKyer E. , Singer John , Larke Alvin , Guidry Jeffrey 
Published: April 2014

AbstractPurpose: To explore, understand and describe the lived experience of African-American men (AA men) living with type 2 diabetes, with emphasis on capturing perceptions of challenges, facilitators and perceived barriers associated with self-care management. Materials and Methods: Participants (n = 19) were AA men ages 35-69 years, who were diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. Participants were recruited via community outreach efforts, including barbershops and churches located in predominantly African-American communities in southeast US. Upon consent, individual interviews were conducted, audio-recorded and subsequently transcribed. Transcripts were analyzed using a phenomenological approach, and focused on identifying common themes among the descriptions of AA men′s experiences specific to type 2 diabetes. Results: AA men perceived their experience of managing type 2 diabetes as tedious, complicated, demanding, and frustrating. Common themes included the perception of family histories and personal behaviors as causes or contributors to the development of diabetes, albeit there was lack of clarity regarding biological versus behavioral familial contributions. Other theses included fears related to long-term complications of type 2 diabetes, and the critical role of social support as a factor assisting with self-care management. Limb amputation, insulin injections and vision changes were fears related to having type 2 diabetes. Commensurately, important referent others (e.g., family and close friends) provided critical encouragement and support toward managing their diabetes. Conclusions: Future diabetes research and education should give attention to how masculinity may have a powerful influence on diabetes management behavior among African-American men′s as well as utilizing preventive health services.
The Legality of the Killing of Osama bin Laden
Authors: Cerone John 
Published: April 2014

In assessing the legality of the killing of Osama bin Laden one is reminded of a saying about the situation in Lebanon. If you think you understand it, it has not been properly explained to you.Of course, one major obstacle is that we do not have all the facts. However, we also do not have all the law.The complexity of analyzing the legality of the killing begins with the threshold issue of applicable law. Is the conduct to be analyzed according to domestic law or international law? If domestic law, then which country’s domestic laws are applicable? Certainly that of the United States and Pakistan would be applicable. Saudi law might also apply (e.g., on the basis of nationality), in addition to the laws of those countries that have another basis under their domestic law for exercising extraterritorial jurisdiction (e.g., on the universality principle).