bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Warming and browning of lakes: consequences for pelagic carbon metabolism and sediment delivery
Authors: Kritzberg Emma S. , Granéli Wilhelm , Björk Jessica , Brönmark Christer , Hallgren Per , Nicolle Alice , Persson Anders , Hansson Lars‐Anders 
Published: November 2013

Summary

Thousands of lakes in the Northern Hemisphere are experiencing a continuous increase in water temperature and colour. While increasing temperature is an effect of climate change, several factors are suggested to drive the increasing water colour, including climate change, altered land use and reversed acidification.

In this mesocosm study, we study the effects on pelagic production and sedimentation of organic carbon from a 3 °C increase in temperature, a doubling of water colour and a combination of increased temperature and water colour. These manipulations correspond to the predicted development in water colour and temperature in northern temperate systems within the life time of the next generation.

The water and plankton communities in the mesocosms were taken from an oligohumic and mesotrophic lake, and the increase in water colour was achieved by the additions of water from a humic lake. The experiment ran from early March to late October.

In accordance with our predictions and previous cross‐system analyses, net carbon production (NCP) and organic carbon sedimentation decreased in response to increasing water colour.

At odds with current theory, NCP and sedimentation increased in heated treatments, as not only respiration but also gross production increased in response to temperature. There were no synergistic effects between warming and browning.

These results imply that warming may enhance pelagic delivery of organic carbon to sediments. This could potentially offset a reduction in burial efficiency of organic carbon, which has been projected based on a positive relationship between carbon mineralisation in sediments and temperature.
Historical changes in global yields: major cereal and legume crops from 1982 to 2006
Authors: Iizumi Toshichika , Yokozawa Masayuki , Sakurai Gen , Travasso Maria Isabel , Romanenkov Vladimir , Oettli Pascal , Newby Terry , Ishigooka Yasushi , Furuya Jun 
Published: November 2013

AbstractAimRecent changes in crop yields have implications for future global food security, which are likely to be affected by climate change. We developed a spatially explicit global dataset of historical yields for maize, soybean, rice and wheat to explore the historical changes in mean, year‐to‐year variation and annual rate of change in yields for the period 1982–2006.LocationThis study was conducted at the global scale.MethodsWe modelled historical and spatial patterns of yields at a grid size of 1.125° by combining global agricultural datasets related to the crop calendar and harvested area in 2000, country yield statistics and satellite‐derived net primary production. Modelled yields were compared with other global datasets of yields in 2000 (M3‐Crops and MapSPAM) and subnational yield statistics for 23 major crop‐producing countries. Historical changes in modelled yields were then examined.ResultsModelled yields explained 45–81% of the spatial variation of yields in 2000 from M3‐Crops and MapSPAM, with root‐mean‐square errors of 0.5–1.8 t ha−1. Most correlation coefficients between modelled yield time series and subnational yield statistics for the period 1982–2006 in major crop‐producing regions were greater than 0.8. Our analysis corroborated the incidence of reported yield stagnations and collapses and showed that low and mid latitudes in the Southern Hemisphere (0–40°S) experienced significantly increased year‐to‐year variation in maize, rice and wheat yields in 1994–2006 compared with that in 1982–93.Main conclusionsOur analyses revealed increased instability of yields across a broad region of the Southern Hemisphere, where many developing countries are located. Such changes are likely to be related to recent yield stagnation and collapses. Although our understanding of the impacts of recent climate change, particularly the incidence of climate extremes, on crop yields remains limited, our dataset offers opportunities to close parts of this knowledge gap.
Phylogenetic patterns of climatic, habitat and trophic niches in aEuropean avian assemblage
Authors: Pearman Peter B. , Lavergne Sébastien , Roquet Cristina , Wüest Rafael , Zimmermann Niklaus E. , Thuiller Wilfried 
Published: November 2013

AbstractAimThe origins of ecological diversity in continental species assemblages have long intrigued biogeographers. We apply phylogenetic comparative analyses to disentangle the evolutionary patterns of ecological niches in an assemblage ofEuropean birds. We compare phylogenetic patterns in trophic, habitat and climatic niche components.LocationEurope.MethodsFrom polygon range maps and handbook data we inferred the realized climatic, habitat and trophic niches of 405 species of breeding birds inEurope. We fittedPagel's lambda and kappa statistics, and conducted analyses of disparity through time to compare temporal patterns of ecological diversification on all niche axes together. All observed patterns were compared with expectations based on neutral (Brownian) models of niche divergence.ResultsIn this assemblage, patterns of phylogenetic signal (lambda) suggest that related species resemble each other less in regard to their climatic and habitat niches than they do in their trophic niche. Kappa estimates show that ecological divergence does not gradually increase with divergence time, and that this punctualism is stronger in climatic niches than in habitat and trophic niches. Observed niche disparity markedly exceeds levels expected from a Brownian model of ecological diversification, thus providing no evidence for past phylogenetic niche conservatism in these multivariate niches. Levels of multivariate disparity are greatest for the climatic niche, followed by disparity of the habitat and the trophic niches.Main conclusionsPhylogenetic patterns in the three niche components differ within this avian assemblage. Variation in evolutionary rates (degree of gradualism, constancy through the tree) and/or non‐random macroecological sampling probably lead here to differences in the phylogenetic structure of niche components. Testing hypotheses on the origin of these patterns requires more complete phylogenetic trees of the birds, and extended ecological data on different niche components for all bird species.
The relationship between high‐sensitivity CRP and polyclonal Free Light Chains as markers of inflammation in chronic disease
Authors: Burmeister A. , Assi L. K. , Ferro C. J. , Hughes R. G. , Barnett A. H. , Bellary S. , Cockwell P. , Pratt G. , Hutchison C. A. 
Published: November 2013

SummaryIntroductionSerum concentrations of polyclonal free light chains (FLC) represent the activity of the adaptive immune system. This study assessed the relationship between polyclonal FLC and the established marker of innate immunity, C‐reactive protein (CRP), in chronic and acute disease.MethodsWe utilized four cross‐sectional chronic disease patient cohorts: chronic kidney disease (CKD), diabetes, vasculitis and kidney transplantation; and a longitudinal intensive care case series to assess the kinetics of production in acute disease.ResultsThere was a weak association between polyclonal FLC and high‐sensitivity CRP (hs‐CRP) in the study cohorts. A longitudinal assessment in acute disease showed a gradual increase in FLC concentrations over time, often when CRP levels were falling, demonstrating clear differences in the response kinetics of CRP and FLC in this setting.ConclusionPolyclonal FLC and hs‐CRP provide independent information as to inflammatory status. Prospective studies are now required to assess the utility of hs‐CRP and polyclonal FLC in combination for risk stratification in disease populations.
Rethinking Police Violence in Brazil: Unmasking the Public Secret of Race
Authors: French Jan Hoffman 
Published: November 2013

Abstract
In Brazilian cities, perhaps the most disturbing criminal activity is the violence perpetrated by police officers themselves. This article is an invitation and a provocation to reconsider social scientific thinking about police violence in Brazil. Illustrated by a court decision from a Northeastern city, in which a black man won a case against the state for being falsely arrested and abused by a black police officer on the grounds of racism, this article investigates three paradoxes: Brazilians fear both crime and the police; black police beat black civilians; and government officials disavow responsibility by stigmatizing the police on racial grounds. It then proposes an alternative reading of these paradoxes that opens the possibility for rethinking police reform and argues that democratization in Brazil is deeply intertwined with the future of its darkest-skinned citizens.
Sex bias in evaluating nontraditional job applicants: reactions to women and men's interrupted college attendance
Authors: Halim May Ling , Heilman Madeline E. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractTwo studies indicated that being a nontraditional job applicant due to voluntary interruption of college attendance had detrimental consequences for employment evaluation. These negative reactions were more severe for women than for men. Women with interrupted attendance received the most negative responses (Studies 1 and 2). Choosing to interrupt college attendance increased perceived instability and also positively affected perceived flexibility, and these characterizations were related to evaluative outcomes (Study 2). Moreover, both instability and flexibility characterizations contributed to the gender‐discrepant consequences of interrupted college attendance. Female applicants were rated more negatively on flexibility characterizations than were male applicants. Furthermore, although there were no gender differences in ratings of instability, instability ratings were found to negatively impact evaluations of female applicants, but not male applicants.
CD146 expression on mesenchymal stem cells is associated with their vascular smooth muscle commitment
Authors: Espagnolle Nicolas , Guilloton Fabien , Deschaseaux Frédéric , Gadelorge Mélanie , Sensébé Luc , Bourin Philippe 
Published: November 2013

AbstractBone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are plastic adherent cells that can differentiate into various tissue lineages, including osteoblasts, adipocytes and chondrocytes. However, this progenitor property is not shared by all cells within the MSC population. In addition, MSCs vary in their proliferation capacity and expression of markers. Because of heterogeneity of CD146 expression in the MSC population, we compared CD146−/Low and CD146High cells under clonal conditions and after sorting of the non‐clonal cell population to determine whether this expression is associated with specific functions. CD146−/Low and CD146High bone marrow MSCs did not differ in colony‐forming unit‐fibroblast number, osteogenic, adipogenic and chondrogenic differentiation or in vitro haematopoietic‐supportive activity. However, CD146−/Low clones proliferated slightly but significantly faster than did CD146High clones. In addition, a strong expression of CD146 molecule was associated with a commitment to a vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) lineage characterized by a strong up‐regulation of calponin‐1 and SM22α expression and an ability to contract collagen matrix. Thus, within a bone marrow MSC population, certain subpopulations characterized by high expression of CD146, are committed towards a VSMC lineage.
Healthy adherer effect – the pitfall in the interpretation of the effect of medication adherence on health outcomes
Authors: Ladova Katerina , Vlcek Jiri , Vytrisalova Magda , Maly Josef 
Published: November 2013

AbstractRationale, aims and objectivesDifferent designs of studies monitoring adherence may cause bias and subsequent unavailability to compare results. Healthy adherer effect (HAE) is a type of bias reflecting patient behaviour. It cannot be easily monitored in study population and can favourably affect health outcomes that may be incorrectly attributed to drug therapy. The aim of this paper was to assess the HAE impact on health outcomes of studies concerning medication adherence.MethodsSystematic review of literature from PubMed, EMBASE and Cochrane Register of Controlled Trials identified all randomized controlled or observational studies dealing with HAE. Included studies were analysed with respect to relationships between HAE, adherence to therapy and health outcomes.ResultsSeven studies were identified – two randomized controlled and five cohort studies. Significant occurrence of HAE in relation to mortality was not observed while one study indicated the presence of HAE in relation to surrogate (bone mineral density). Cohort studies were mainly based on drug class effect, but HAE was not revealed. Factors associated with patient behaviour (e.g. smoking, regular preventive screening) were also not clearly associated with the occurrence of HAE, but their inclusion in design of cohort studies can help to detect health seeking behaviour.ConclusionOnly a few studies concerning HAE were found, but they did not obtain any consistent conclusions. HAE impact was supposed particularly on treatment outcomes that may be easier affected by patient behaviour. However, researchers and clinicians should be still aware of HAE, interpret results carefully and verified them in further studies.
Hospitalizations of Nursing Home Residents in the Last Year of Life: Nursing Home Characteristics and Variation in Potentially Avoidable Hospitalizations
Authors: Xing Jingping , Mukamel Dana B. , Temkin‐Greener Helena 
Published: November 2013

ObjectivesTo examine the incidence of, variations in, and costs of potentially avoidable hospitalizations (PAHs) of nursing home (NH) residents at the end of life and to identify the association between NH characteristics and a facility‐level quality measure (QM) for PAH.DesignRetrospective.SettingHospitalizations originating from NHs.ParticipantsLong‐term care NH residents who died in 2007.MeasurementsA risk‐adjusted QM was constructed for PAH. A Poisson regression model was used to predict the count of PAH given residents’ risk factors. For each facility, the QM was defined as the difference between the observed facility‐specific rate (per 1,000 person‐years) of PAH (O) and the expected risk‐adjusted rate (E). A logistic regression model with state fixed‐effects was then fit to examine the association between facility characteristics and the likelihood of having higher‐than‐expected rates of PAH (O–E > 0). QM values greater than 0 indicate worse‐than‐average quality.ResultsAlmost 50% of hospital admissions for NH residents in their last year of life were for potentially avoidable conditions, costing Medicare $1 billion. Five conditions were responsible for more than 80% of PAHs. PAH QM across facilities showed significant variation (mean 12.0 ± 142.3 per 1,000 person‐years, range −399.48 to 398.09 per 1,000 person‐years). Chain and hospital‐based facilities were more likely to exhibit better performance (O–E < 0). Facilities with higher nursing staffing were more likely to have better performance, as were facilities with higher skilled staff ratio, those with nurse practitioners or physician assistants, and those with on‐site X‐ray services.ConclusionVariations in facility‐level PAHs suggest that a potential for reducing hospital admissions for these conditions may exist. Presence of modifiable facility characteristics associated with PAH performance could help us formulate interventions and policies for reducing PAHs at the end of life.
Rac1‐mediated indentation of resting neurons promotes the chain migration of new neurons in the rostral migratory stream of post‐natal mouse brain
Authors: Hikita Takao , Ohno Akihisa , Sawada Masato , Ota Haruko , Sawamoto Kazunobu 
Published: November 2013

AbstractNew neurons generated in the ventricular‐subventricular zone in the post‐natal brain travel toward the olfactory bulb by using a collective cell migration process called ‘chain migration.’ These new neurons show a saltatory movement of their soma, suggesting that each neuron cycles through periods of ‘rest’ during migration. Here, we investigated the role of the resting neurons in chain migration using post‐natal mouse brain, and found that they undergo a dynamic morphological change, in which a deep indentation forms in the cell body. Inhibition of Rac1 activity resulted in less indentation of the new neurons in vivo. Live cell imaging using a Förster resonance energy transfer biosensor revealed that Rac1 was activated at the sites of contact between actively migrating and resting new neurons. On the cell surface of resting neurons, Rac1 activation coincided with the formation of the indentation. Furthermore, Rac1 knockdown prevented the indentation from forming and impaired migration along the resting neurons. These results suggest that Rac1 regulates a morphological change in the resting neurons, which allows them to serve as a migratory scaffold, and thereby non‐cell‐autonomously promotes chain migration.imageNew neurons generated in the ventricular‐subventricular zone of the post‐natal brain travel toward the olfactory bulb using a collective cell migration process called ‘chain migration.’ We found that chain‐migrating neurons form an indentation in their cell body. Rac1 (Ras‐related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1) regulates the indentation in the resting neurons, which serve as a scaffold for the migrating neurons, thereby promoting chain migration non‐cell‐autonomously.
Ectopic expression of transcription factor AP‐2δ in developing retina: effect on PSA‐NCAM and axon routing
Authors: Li Xiaodong , Monckton Elizabeth A. , Godbout Roseline 
Published: November 2013

AbstractRetinal ganglion cells transmit the visual signal from the retina to the brain. We have previously shown that the activator protein 2 (AP‐2)δ (TFAP2D) transcription factor is expressed in one third of ganglion cells in developing retina suggesting a specialized role for these AP‐2δ‐expressing cells. Here, we address the role of AP‐2δ in retina by in ovo electroporation of RCAS/AP‐2δ retroviral constructs into the eyes of chick embryos at day 2 of gestation. Ectopic expression of AP‐2δ does not affect lineage differentiation in the developing retina. However, immunostaining of retinal tissue with markers associated with axonal growth such as growth‐associated protein 43 and polysialic acid‐neural cell adhesion molecule (PSA‐NCAM) demonstrates axonal misrouting and abnormal axonal bundling. Treatment of AP‐2δ‐misexpressing retinal cell cultures with endoneuraminidase, an enzyme that removes PSA from NCAM, decreases AP‐2δ‐induced axonal bundling. Our data suggest a role for AP‐2δ in polysialylation of NCAM, with ectopic expression of AP‐2δ resulting in premature bundling of emerging axons and misrouting of axons. We propose that expression of AP‐2δ in a subset of ganglion cells contributes to the fine‐tuning of axonal growth in the developing retina.
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AP‐2δ is a transcription factor expressed in one third of retinal ganglion cells. Chick embryonic retinas which have been in ovo electroporated with a RCAS GFP‐AP‐2δ expression construct show axonal abnormalities. We propose a model whereby GFP‐AP‐2δ‐positive (green) non‐ganglion cells produce substrate or signaling molecules (e.g., PSA‐NCAM; indicated by asterisks) that cause misrouting and increased bundling of ganglion cell axons.
The role of tumor progression locus 2 protein kinase in glial inflammatory response
Authors: Hirschhorn Joshua , Mohanty Sangeeta , Bhat Narayan R. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractTumor progression locus 2 (Tpl2)/cancer Osaka thyroid kinase is a newer member of MAP3K family that is now known for its essential role in tumor necrosis factor‐aplha (TNFα) expression in macrophages, but its pro‐inflammatory signaling, if any, in glia is unknown. When cultures of murine microglia and astrocytes were exposed to lipopolysaccharide, there was a rapid activation (i.e., phosphorylation) of Tpl2 in parallel to the activation of down‐stream effector MAPKs, that is, extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK), p38 MAPK and C‐Jun N‐terminal kinase (JNK). Pre‐incubation of the cultures with a Tpl2 inhibitor selectively suppressed the activation of the primary down‐stream target, that is, ERK relative to p38 MAPK and JNK. That Tpl2 activation was functionally involved in glial inflammatory response was indicated by a reduced release of the cytokines, i.e. TNFα and the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase in the presence of the kinase inhibitor. Furthermore, over‐expression of a wild‐type Tpl2 construct in C‐6 glia resulted in an enhanced transcriptional activation of inducible nitric oxide synthase, while transfection with a dominant negative form of Tpl‐2 had the opposite effect. The findings assign an important pro‐inflammatory signaling function for Tpl2 pathway in glial cells.
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MAP kinase cascades including ERK, JNK, and p38 are involved in glial expression of inflammatory mediators. Recent studies identify TPL2, a newer member of MAP3K, as the major upstream activator of ERK in immune cells although essentially nothing is known about this kinase in glial cells. The studies presented define an important proinflammatory function of TPL2 pathway in these cells.
SUMOylation of MeCP2 is essential for transcriptional repression and hippocampal synapse development
Authors: Cheng Ju , Huang Min , Zhu Ying , Xin Yong‐Juan , Zhao Yun‐Ke , Huang Jian , Yu Jian‐Xiu , Zhou Wen‐Hao , Qiu Zilong 
Published: November 2013

AbstractMethyl CpG binding protein 2 (MeCP2) binds to methylated DNA and acts as a transcriptional repressor. Mutations of human MECP2 gene lead to Rett syndrome, a severe neural developmental disorder. Here, we report that the MeCP2 protein can be modified by covalent linkage to small ubiquitin‐like modifier (SUMO) and SUMOylation at lysine 223 is necessary for its transcriptional repression function. SUMOylation of MeCP2 is required for the recruitment of histone deacetylase complexes 1/2 complex. Mutation of MeCP2 lysine 223 to arginine abolishes its suppression of gene expression in mouse primary cortical neurons. Significantly, mutation of MeCP2 K223 site leads to developmental deficiency of rat hippocampal synapses in vitro and in vivo. Thus, the SUMOylation of MeCP2 at K223 is a critical switch for transcriptional repression and plays a crucial function in regulating synaptic development in the central nervous system.
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The Methyl CpG binding protein 2 (MeCP2) is implicated in Rett syndrome and autism spectrum disorders. We showed that MeCP2 protein could be modified by SUMOylation and SUMOylation of MeCP2 is critical for its transcriptional regulation activity. Furthermore, we found that SUMOylation of MeCP2 plays a critical role in regulating synapse development in vitro and in vivo.
Ethnic Discrimination Among Recent Immigrant Adolescents: Variations as a Function of Ethnicity and School Context
Authors: Closson Leanna M. , Darwich Lina , Hymel Shelley , Waterhouse Terry 
Published: November 2013

This study examined ethnic discrimination among immigrant adolescents (N = 2,220) from seven ethnic groups who moved to Canada within the past 2 years. Among these newcomers attending 66 high schools, associations between discrimination and school context were explored, including indices of school composition and school climate. Results showed that less discrimination was reported in schools with higher proportions of same‐ethnicity peers and recent immigrants. Diversity support at school significantly predicted discrimination, beyond the effects of school composition. Ethnicity significantly moderated associations between diversity support and discrimination, indicating that the protective function of adults and peers at school differs for recent immigrants, depending on their ethnic background.