bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sherman Act
Authors: Becker Gilbert 
Published: January 2015

AbstractThis article provides a description and analysis of the Sherman Act, which was first antitrust law enacted in the united states. The two principal sections of the act are addressed separately, with the prevailing language of each being provided. The interpretation of this language is then presented. It identifies the conditions under which certain business practices, such as price fixing and the monopolizing of a market, have been deemed by the US courts to be in violation of the law. Recent changes in the courts' position concerning resale price maintenance are also discussed. The economic rationale behind these decisions is identified. Some possible defenses are also offered.
Monopsony
Authors: Polutnik Lidija 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Monopsony exists when there is a single buyer of an input or product in the market. The classic example of a monopsony is a one‐company town where the only employer in the town is a textile mill or a coal mine. A single buyer of labor in a textile‐mill town faces the entire labor supply of the town. While the competitive firm can hire all the labor it wants at the going wage, the monopsonist cannot. The monopsonist must pay successively higher wage rates to attract additional workers and the higher wage rate applies to all the workers previously hired. As a result, the marginal cost of input (labor) curve lies above its supply curve. The monopsonist restricts hiring in order to pay a lower price for labor or other inputs. For example, in a monopsonistic labor market, the firm pays a lower wage rate than would prevail in the case of a competitive market, because workers lack alternative sources of employment and specialized inputs in general can be sold to one or, at best, a limited number of users. Monopsony power depends on elasticity of market supply, the number of buyers in the market, and the type of interaction between the buyers.
Principal–Agent Problem
Authors: Polutnik Lidija 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
The general problem of motivating one person or organization to act on behalf of another is known as the principal–agent problem. The principal–agent problem arises when the principal hires an agent to perform tasks on his/her behalf and the agent thereby influences the welfare of the principal. The principal–agent relationship provides a useful framework for analyzing situations in which there is asymmetric information and when there is a need to design a contract or monitor the behavior of parties. Although economists commonly assume profit maximization objective when describing the decision‐making of a firm, the incentives of managers often differ from those of the shareholders and the efforts of the managers are impossible or too costly to monitor. Given existence of incomplete contracts due to bounded rationality, the firm's profit is below the profit‐maximizing level and the difference is referred to as the residual loss. The principal–agent framework is often employed to analyze the role of monitoring and bonding activities in reducing the residual loss of the principal.
Efficiency Wages
Authors: Way Megan M. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Efficiency wages are above‐market wages paid by employers in order to improve the productivity of their workforce; the optimal efficiency wage is determined by matching the marginal cost of increasing the wage to the marginal benefit to the employer of the improved productivity elicited by the wage increase. Whereas most labor models assume that the wage reflects productivity (workers are paid the value of their marginal output), efficiency wage theory assumes that productivity is a function of the wage, with a variety of mechanisms explaining the causality. Efficiency wage theory developed as an attempt to explain why firms might pay employees above‐market‐clearing wages, as well as to explain the ensuing involuntary unemployment when wages do not fall far enough to clear the market. Empirical studies show significant support for the use of efficiency wages in certain industries.
Tournament Theory
Authors: Way Megan M. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
The tournament theory of wages explains a system of awarding promotions and bonuses based on the relative productivity of workers, rather than their absolute productivity. It is particularly useful in explaining large pay differences between different hierarchical levels of a firm that may not be justified by marginal productivity differences. A large “prize”, such as a pay increase upon promotion, can motivate extra effort by those workers competing for the prize. Theory would predict that workers increase their productivity to the point where the marginal cost of exerting extra effort in the present is equal to or less than the discounted expected value of the pay increase associated with promotion or a future bonus. The firm, on the other hand, must set the wage differentials between hierarchical levels appropriately to induce optimal employee effort and maximize profits.
The relationship between worker, occupational and workplace characteristics and whether an injury requires time off work: A matched case‐control analysis in Ontario, Canada
Authors: Smith Peter , Chen Cynthia , Mustard Cameron , Hogg‐Johnson Sheilah , Tompa Emile 
Published: January 2015

BackgroundThe objective of this study was to examine individual, occupational, and workplace level factors associated with time loss following a similar injury.MethodsSeven thousand three hundred and forty‐eight workers’ compensation claims that did not require time off work were matched with up to four claims that required time off work on the event, nature, and part of body injured as well as injury year. Conditional logistic regression models examined individual, occupational, and workplace level factors that were associated with the likelihood of not requiring time off work.ResultsEmployees from firms with higher premium rates were more likely to report no time loss from work and workers in more physically demanding occupations were less likely to report no time loss from work. We observed no association between age or gender and the probability of a time loss claim submission.ConclusionsOur results suggest that insurance costs are an incentive for workplaces to adopt policies and practices that minimize time loss following a work injury. Am. J. Ind. Med. 58:402–410, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Reconciling the convergence of supraspinous fossa shape among hominoids in light of locomotor differences
Authors: Green David J. , Sugiura Yui , Seitelman Brielle C. , Gunz Philipp 
Published: January 2015

ABSTRACTDifferences in scapular morphology between modern humans and the African and lesser apes are associated with the distinct locomotor habits of these groups. However, several traits, particularly aspects of the supraspinous fossa, are convergent between Homo and Pongo—an unexpected result given their divergent locomotor habits. Many morphological assessments of the scapula rely on the limited number of static landmarks available, and traditional approaches like these tend to oversimplify scapular shape. Here, we present the results of two geometric morphometric (GM) analyses of hominoid supraspinous fossa shape—one employing five homologous landmarks and another with 83 sliding semilandmarks—alongside those of traditional methods to evaluate if three‐dimensional considerations of fossa shape afford more comprehensive insights into scapular shape and functional morphology. Traditional measures aligned Pongo and Homo with narrow and transversely oriented supraspinous fossae, whereas African ape and Hylobates fossae are broader and more obliquely situated. However, our GM results highlight that much of the convergence between Homo and Pongo is reflective of their more medially positioned superior angles. These approaches offered a more complete assessment of supraspinous shape and revealed that the Homo fossa, with an intermediate superior angle position and moderate superoinferior expansion, is actually reminiscent of the African ape shape. Additionally, both Pongo and Hylobates were shown to have more compressed fossae, something that has not previously been identified through traditional analyses. Thus, the total morphological pattern of the Pongo supraspinous fossa is unique among hominoids, and possibly indicative of its distinctive locomotor habits. Am J Phys Anthropol 156:498–510, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Inhibition of c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase activation reverses Alzheimer disease phenotypes in APPswe/PS1dE9 mice
Authors: Zhou Qiong , Wang Man , Du Ying , Zhang Wei , Bai Miao , Zhang Zhuo , Li Zhuyi , Miao Jianting 
Published: January 2015

ObjectiveGrowing evidence indicates that the activation of c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase (JNK) is implicated in the multiple major pathological features of Alzheimer disease (AD). However, whether specific inhibition of JNK activation could prevent disease progression in adult transgenic AD models at moderate stage remains unknown. Here we first investigated the potential disease‐modifying therapeutic effect of systemic administration of SP600125, a small‐molecule JNK‐specific inhibitor, in middle‐aged APPswe/PS1dE9 mice.MethodsUsing behavioral, histological, and biochemical methods, outcomes of SP600125 treatment on neuropathology and cognitive deficits were studied in APPswe/PS1dE9 mice.ResultsCompared with vehicle‐treated APPswe/PS1dE9 mice, chronic treatment of SP600125 for 12 weeks potently inhibited JNK activation, which resulted in a marked improvement of behavioral measures of cognitive deficits and a dramatic reduction in amyloid plaque burden, β‐amyloid production, tau hyperphosphorylation, inflammatory responses, and synaptic loss in these transgenic animals. In particular, we found that SP600125 treatment strongly promoted nonamyloidogenic amyloid precursor protein (APP) processing and inhibited amyloidogenic APP processing via regulating APP‐cleavage secretase expression (ie, ADAM10, BACE1, and PS1) in APPswe/PS1dE9 mice.InterpretationOur findings demonstrate that chronic SP600125 treatment is powerfully effective in slowing down disease progression by markedly reducing multiple pathological features and ameliorating cognitive deficits associated with AD. This study highlights the concept that active JNK actually contributes to the development of the disease, and provides critical preclinical evidence that specific inhibition of JNK activation by SP600125 treatment may be a novel promising disease‐modifying therapeutic strategy for the treatment of AD. Ann Neurol 2015;77:637–654
Extensive acute axonal damage in pediatric multiple sclerosis lesions
Authors: Pfeifenbring Sabine , Bunyan Reem F. , Metz Imke , Röver Christian , Huppke Peter , Gärtner Jutta , Lucchinetti Claudia F. , Brück Wolfgang 
Published: January 2015

ObjectiveAxonal damage occurs early in multiple sclerosis (MS) and contributes to the degree of clinical disability. Children with MS more often show disabling and polyfocal neurological symptoms at disease onset than adults with MS. Thus, axonal damage may differ between pediatric and adult MS patients.MethodsWe analyzed axonal pathology in archival brain biopsy and autopsy samples from 19 children with early MS. Lesions were classified according to demyelinating activity and presence of remyelination. Axonal density and extent of acute axonal damage were assessed using Bielschowsky silver impregnation and immunohistochemistry for amyloid precursor protein (APP), respectively. Axonal injury was correlated with the inflammatory infiltrate as well as clinical characteristics. Results were compared with data from adult MS patients.ResultsAcute axonal damage was most extensive in early active demyelinating (EA) lesions of pediatric patients and correlated positively with the Expanded Disability Status Scale at attack leading to biopsy/autopsy. Comparison with 12 adult patients showed a 50% increase in the extent of acute axonal damage in EA lesions from children compared to adults, with the highest number of APP‐positive spheroids found prior to puberty. The extent of acute axonal damage correlated positively with the number of lesional macrophages. Axonal density was reduced in pediatric lesions irrespective of the demyelinating activity or the presence of remyelination. Axonal reduction was similar between children and adults.InterpretationOur results provide evidence for more pronounced acute axonal damage in inflammatory demyelinating lesions from children compared to adults. Ann Neurol 2015;77:655–667
Chip‐basierte Freiflusselektrophorese mit integrierter Nanospray‐Massenspektrometrie‐Kopplung
Authors: Benz Christian , Boomhoff Michael , Appun Johannes , Schneider Christoph , Belder Detlev 
Published: January 2015

AbstractDie Freiflusselektrophorese ist ein ideales Hilfsmittel zur mikropräparativen Trennung im kontinuierlichen Durchfluss. Mit unserem Ansatz zur Kopplung von Freiflusselektrophorese und Massenspektrometrie können nun auch nichtfluoreszierende Stoffe erfasst und massenspektrometrisch identifiziert werden. Die Funktionalität der Methode und das Potential als integrierte Trenneinheit im kontinuierlichen Mikrodurchfluss wurden am Beispiel einer Mehrkomponenten‐[3+2]‐Cycloanellierung demonstriert.
Nanoscale Magnetic Stirring Bars for Heterogeneous Catalysis in Microscopic Systems
Authors: Yang Shuliang , Cao Changyan , Sun Yongbin , Huang Peipei , Wei Fangfang , Song Weiguo 
Published: January 2015

AbstractNanometer‐sized magnetic stirring bars containing Pd nanoparticles (denoted as Fe3O4‐NC‐PZS‐Pd) for heterogeneous catalysis in microscopic system were prepared through a facile two‐step process. In the hydrogenation of styrene, Fe3O4‐NC‐PZS‐Pd showed an activity similar to that of the commercial Pd/C catalyst, but much better stability. In microscopic catalytic systems, Fe3O4‐NC‐PZS‐Pd can effectively stir the reaction solution within microdrops to accelerate mass transfer, and displays far better catalytic activity than the commercial Pd/C for the hydrogenation of methylene blue in an array of microdroplets. These results suggested that the Fe3O4‐NC‐PZS‐Pd could be used as nanoscale stirring bars in nanoreactors.
Catalytic Enantioselective [5+2] Cycloaddition between Oxidopyrylium Ylides and Enals under Dienamine Activation
Authors: Orue Ane , Uria Uxue , Reyes Efraim , Carrillo Luisa , Vicario Jose L. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractBenzopyrylium ylides generated in situ from 1‐acetoxyisochroman‐4‐ones reacted with α,β‐unsaturated aldehydes in the presence of a bifunctional secondary‐amine/squaramide catalyst to furnish [5+2] cycloaddition products in good yield with high diastereo‐ and enantioselectivity. The reaction proceeds by dienamine activation and involves β,γ‐functionalization of the enal. The dienamine intermediates showed exclusive β,γ‐reactivity and provided direct access to compounds with the 8‐oxabicyclo[3.2.1]octane framework. The ability of the bifunctional secondary‐amine/squaramide catalyst to engage in hydrogen‐bonding interactions with the ylide made it particularly effective in terms of both the yield and the stereoselectivity of the transformation.
A Copper(I)–Arene Complex With an Unsupported η6 Interaction
Authors: Wright Ashley M. , Irving Benjamin J. , Wu Guang , Meijer Anthony J. H. M. , Hayton Trevor W. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractAddition of PR3 (R=Ph or OPh) to [Cu(η2‐Me6C6)2][PF6] results in the formation of [(η6‐Me6C6)Cu(PR3)][PF6], the first copper–arene complexes to feature an unsupported η6 arene interaction. A DFT analysis reveals that the preference for the η6 binding mode is enforced by the steric clash between the methyl groups of the arene ligand and the phenyl rings of the phosphine co‐ligand.
Wet‐Chemical Synthesis of Phase‐Pure FeOF Nanorods as High‐Capacity Cathodes for Sodium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Zhu Jian , Deng Da 
Published: January 2015

AbstractIt is challenging to prepare phase‐pure FeOF by wet‐chemical methods. Furthermore, nanostructured FeOF has never been reported. In this study, hierarchical FeOF nanorods were synthesized through a facile, one‐step, wet‐chemical method by the use of just FeF3⋅3H2O and an alcohol. It was possible to significantly control the FeOF nanostructure by the selection of alcohols with an appropriate molecular structure. A mechanism for the formation of the nanorods is proposed. An impressive high specific capacity of approximately 250 mAh g−1 and excellent cycling and rate performances were demonstrated for sodium storage. The hierarchical FeOF nanorods are promising high‐capacity cathodes for SIBs.
Electrical ac and dc behavior of epoxy nanocomposites containing graphene oxide
Authors: Mancinelli Paolo , Fabiani Davide , Saccani Andrea , Toselli Maurizio , Fréchette Michel F. 
Published: January 2015

ABSTRACTThis article deals with the investigation of electrical properties of epoxy‐based nanocomposites containing graphene oxide nanofillers dispersed in the polymer matrix through two‐phase extraction. Broadband dielectric spectroscopy and dc electrical conductivity as a function of electric field have been evaluated in specimens containing up to 0.5 wt % of nanofiller. Nanocomposites containing pristine graphene oxide do not show significant changes of electrical properties. On the contrary, the same materials after a proper thermal treatment at 135°C, able to provoke the in situ reduction of graphene oxide, exhibit higher permittivity and electrical conductivity, without showing large decrease of breakdown voltage. Moreover, a nonlinear behavior of the electrical conductivity is observed in the range of electric fields investigated, i.e. 2–30 kV mm−1. A new relaxation phenomenon with a very low temperature dependence is also evidenced at high frequency in reduced graphene oxide composites, likely associated to induced polarization of electrically conductive nanoparticles. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41923.
The composite nanomaterials containing (R)‐thalidomide‐molecularly imprinted polymers as a recognition system for enantioselective‐controlled release and targeted drug delivery
Authors: Suksuwan Acharee , Lomlim Luelak , Rungrotmongkol Thanyada , Nakpheng Titpawan , Dickert Franz L. , Suedee Roongnapa 
Published: January 2015

ABSTRACTA molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) enantioselective receptor for the (R)‐thalidomide enantiomer was synthesized and evaluated for its ability to deliver the drug to cancer cells. Polymer networks with precisely engineered binding sites were built into the assembled nanoparticles by a self‐organizing template in the prepolymerized mixture using methacrylic acid, a fluorescently active 2,6‐bis(acrylamido)pyridine and N,N′ methylene‐bis‐acrylamide, via both a covalent approach and a physical approach. The fine‐tuning of particle diameters was carried out by changes to the polymerizing synthesis method, the type of solvent and the amount of the poloxamer that led to an optimal formulation of the nanoparticles with sizes as small as 100 nm. Data from the 1H‐nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy revealed the important structural motifs of an (R)‐thalidomide‐selective cavity for two different polymerization processes. We have investigated their ability for enantiomer recognition and the potential ability to protect the chiral MIP with a self‐assembled poloxamer structure. Moreover, the effect of the smaller molecular size can not only enable favorable imaging properties but also facilitate enhanced green fluorescence intensity for the deposited MIP and the (R)‐thalidomide in the poloxamer nanoparticles in a cell‐line in which the grafted MIP being higher than the deposited one. It was also demonstrated that the deposited MIP nanoparticles had the potential to make the drug effective for attacking multidrug‐resistant cells. Thus, the poloxamer nanoparticles containing a thermoresponsive MIP could maximize the release of the nontoxic (R)‐thalidomide at the tumor tissue, with the help of a proper temperature shift at the site. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41930.
Online Reconstruction of Drifting Underwater Ice Topography: The 2D case
Authors: Jørgensen Ulrik , Skjetne Roger 
Published: January 2015

AbstractAn online estimation design for a drifting two dimensional ice topography is presented. Under the assumption that the topography can be accurately represented by a truncated Fourier series, and given a moving window of measurements along the topography, an observer design is proposed to estimate the parameters of the model. The chosen method ensures an online cutoff of higher wave numbers in the spectrum representing the topography such that sufficient data compression is achieved for transmitting the model parameters through a limited hydroacoustic communication channel. This allows online reconstruction of the underwater drifting ice topography at a remote operation center. The observer is shown to be uniformly globally exponentially stable under a persistency of excitation condition. For comparison, a design based on B‐spline basis functions is also presented. The effectiveness of the estimation algorithm is verified on a set of real ice draft measurements taken from the underside of an ice sheet off the coast of Greenland.
Baustellenverfahren für Verstärkungen mit Textilbeton
Authors: Walther Tobias , Weiland Silvio 
Published: January 2015

AbstractZur Realisierung der Instandsetzungs‐ und Verstärkungsmaßnahmen mit Textilbeton stehen verschiedene Verfahren zur Verfügung: Das Laminierverfahren per Hand oder das Sprühverfahren mit der Spritzdüse. Der Einsatz des Verfahrens richtet sich vor allem nach den äußeren Bedingungen. Die Arbeitsabläufe bleiben jedoch gleich und werden im folgenden Artikel beschrieben. Weiterhin werden die verschiedenen Maßnahmen der Untergrundvorbereitung kurz genannt und die Kriterien der erfolgreichen Untergrundvorbehandlung näher beleuchtet. Denn diese sind Voraussetzung für einen guten Verbund zwischen der neuen Verstärkungsschicht und dem Altbeton und somit auch für eine erfolgreiche Sanierung. Damit die Arbeiten von gleichmäßig guter Qualität sind, müssen auch auf der Baustelle entsprechende Kontrollen erfolgen. Die wichtigsten Kontrollen, zu denen die Überprüfung der Betonqualität auf der Baustelle und des Verbunds zwischen Garn und Beton gehören, werden abschließend kurz erläutert.Construction site techniques for strengthening with textile reinforced concrete (TRC)There are different kind of procedures to complete rehabilitation and strengthening projects with textile reinforced concrete. The lamination process by hand and the spraying technique with a spraying nozzle are among those. Selection of the best procedure depends on site conditions. The Work process is in general the same, and is briefly described in the article. Furthermore, the different methods for surface preparation are mentioned and the criteria for a successful surface pre‐treatment are shown. These procedures are required for a good bond between the new strengthening layer and the existing old concrete. In order to guarantee a constant high‐level quality of the work, controls need to be implemented. The most important ones–monitoring the concrete quality at the job site and the bonding between concrete and yarn–are shortly exemplified.