bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Quantification of the triglyceride fatty acid composition with 3.0 T MRI
Authors: Leporq Benjamin , Lambert Simon A. , Ronot Maxime , Vilgrain Valerie , Van Beers Bernard E. 
Published: August 2014

The aim of this work was to validate a sequential method for quantifying the triglyceride fatty acid composition with 3.0 T MRI.The image acquisition was performed with a 3D spoiled gradient multiple echo sequence. A specific phase correction algorithm was implemented to correct the native phase images for wrap, zero‐ and first‐order phase and rebuild the real part images. Then, using a model of a fat 1H MR spectrum integrating nine components, the number of double bonds (ndb) and the number of methylene‐interrupted double bonds (nmidb) were derived. The chain length (CL) was obtained from these parameters using heuristic approximation. Validations were performed on different vegetable oils whose theoretical fatty acid composition was used as reference and in five human subjects. In vivo measurements were made in the liver and in the subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissues.Linear regressions showed strong correlations between ndb and nmidb quantified with MRI and the theoretical values calculated using oil composition. Mean ndb/nmidb/CL were 1.80 ± 0.25/0.51 ± 0.21/17.43 ± 0.07, 2.72 ± 0.31/0.94 ± 0.16/17.47 ± 0.08 and 2.53 ± 0.21/0.84 ± 0.14/17.43 ± 0.07 in the liver, subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissues respectively.The results suggest that the triglyceride fatty acid composition can be assessed in human fatty liver and adipose tissues with a clinically relevant MRI method at 3.0 T. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of chiral iridium complexes immobilized on amphiphilic polymers and their application to asymmetric catalysis
Authors: Itsuno Shinichi , Hashimoto Yosuke , Haraguchi Naoki 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTThis article details the enantioselective catalytic performance of crosslinked, polymer immobilized, Ir‐based, chiral complexes for transfer hydrogenation of cyclic imines to chiral amines. Polymerization of the achiral vinyl monomer, divinylbenzene, and a polymerizable chiral 1,2‐diamine monosulfonamide ligand followed by complexation with [IrCl2Cp*]2 affords the crosslinked polymeric chiral complex, which can be successfully applied to asymmetric transfer hydrogenation of cyclic imines. Polymeric catalysts prepared from amphiphilic achiral monomers have high catalytic activity in the reaction and can be used both in organic solvents and water to give chiral cyclic amines with a high level of enantioselectivity (up to 98% ee). The asymmetric reaction allows for reuse of the heterogeneous catalyst without any loss in activity or enantioselectivity over several runs. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2014, 52, 3037–3044
Identification of putative kdr mutations in the tropical bed bug, Cimex hemipterus (Hemiptera: Cimicidae)
Authors: Dang Kai , Toi Cheryl S , Lilly David G , Lee Chow‐Yang , Naylor Richard , Tawatsin Apiwat , Thavara Usavadee , Bu Wenun , Doggett Stephen L 
Published: August 2014

AbstractBACKGROUNDBed bugs [both Cimex hemipterus (F.) and Cimex lectularius L.] are highly resistant to pyrethroids worldwide. An important resistance mechanism known as ‘knockdown resistance’ (kdr) is caused by genetic point mutations on the voltage‐gated sodium channel (VGSC) gene. Previous studies have identified two point mutations (V419L and L925I) on the VGSC gene in C. lectularius that are responsible for kdr‐type resistance. However, the kdr mutations in C. hemipterus have not been investigated.RESULTSFour novel mutations, L899V (leucine to valine), M918I (methionine to isoleucine), D953G (aspartic acid to glycine) and L1014F (leucine to phenylalanine), were identified in the domain II region of the C. hemipterus VGSC gene. This region has been widely investigated for the study of kdr‐type resistance to pyrethroids in other insect pests. The V419L and L925I kdr mutations as previously identified in C. lectularius were not detected in C. hemipterus.CONCLUSIONM918I and L1014F are considered to be probable kdr mutations and may play essential roles in kdr‐type resistance to pyrethroids in C. hemipterus. Further studies are under way in the authors' laboratory to determine the non‐kdr‐type resistance mechanisms in C. hemipterus. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
A pattern discovery framework for adverse event evaluation and inference in spontaneous reporting systems
Authors: Markatou Marianthi , Ball Robert 
Published: August 2014

AbstractSafety of medical products is a major public health concern. We present a critical discussion of the currently used analytical tools for mining spontaneous reporting systems (SRS) to identify safety signals after use of medical products. We introduce a pattern discovery framework for the analysis of SRS. The terminology ‘pattern discovery’ is borrowed from the engineering and artificial intelligence literature and signifies that the basis of the proposed framework is the medical case, formalizing the cognitive paradigm known to clinicians who evaluate individual patients and individual case safety reports submitted to SRS. The fundamental contribution of this approach is a strong probabilistic component that may account for selection and other biases and facilitates rigorous modeling and inference. We discuss somewhat in depth the concept of signal in pharmacovigilance and connect it with the concept of a pattern; we illustrate this conceptual framework using the example of anaphylaxis. Finally, we propose a research agenda in statistics, informatics, and pharmacovigilance practices needed to advance the pattern discovery framework in both the short and long terms.
Poor neonatal acid–base status in term fetuses with low cerebroplacental ratio
Authors: Morales‐Roselló J. , Khalil A. , Morlando M. , Bhide A. , Papageorghiou A. , Thilaganathan B. 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTObjectiveTo determine whether small‐ and appropriate‐for‐gestational‐age (SGA and AGA) term fetuses with a low cerebroplacental ratio (CPR) have worse neonatal acid–base status than those with normal CPR.MethodsThis was a retrospective study of 2927 term fetuses divided into groups according to birth‐weight centile and CPR multiple of the median. The acid–base status at birth as determined by arterial and venous umbilical cord blood pH was compared between weight‐centile groups with and without low CPR.ResultsCPR was better correlated with umbilical cord blood pH (arterial pH, r2 = 0.008, P < 0.0001 and venous pH, r2 = 0.01, P < 0.0001) than was birth weight (arterial pH, r2 = 0.001, P =0.180 and venous pH, r2 = 0.005, P < 0.001). AGA fetuses with low CPR were more acidemic than were those with normal CPR (P = 0.0359 and 0.0006, respectively, for arterial and venous pH).ConclusionsThe findings of this study demonstrate that low CPR in AGA fetuses is an equally important marker of low neonatal pH secondary to placental underperfusion as is being SGA. Although the relative importance of low CPR and birth weight in identifying pregnancies at risk of placental hypoxemia and adverse fetal and neonatal outcome remains to be determined, this finding may be of particular value in the prediction and prevention of stillbirth and long‐term neurodevelopmental disability. Copyright © 2014 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
BRCA Genetic Counseling Among At‐Risk Latinas in New York City: New Beliefs Shape New Generation
Authors: Sussner Katarina M. , Edwards Tiffany , Villagra Cristina , Rodriguez M. Carina , Thompson Hayley S. , Jandorf Lina , Valdimarsdottir Heiddis B. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractDespite the life‐saving information that genetic counseling can provide for women at hereditary breast and/or ovarian cancer (HBOC) risk, Latinas disproportionately underuse such services. Understanding Latinas’ beliefs and attitudes about BRCA genetic counseling may be the key to better health promotion within this underserved, at‐risk group. We conducted 12 focus groups (N = 54) with at‐risk Latina women in New York City, followed by 30 in‐depth interviews among a subset of the focus group women. Both were professionally transcribed, translated where applicable and data analysis was completed by two coders trained in qualitative methods. Results revealed personal and community knowledge about BRCA genetic counseling was relatively low, although women felt largely positive about counseling. The main motivator to undergo genetic counseling was concerns about learning family members’ cancer status, while the main barrier was competing demands. Generational differences were apparent, with younger women (approximately <55 years) reporting that they were more interested in educating themselves about counseling and other ways to prevent cancer. Younger women were also less likely to ascribe to traditionally Latino‐centered cultural beliefs which could serve as barriers (e.g. machismo, fatalismo, destino) to undergoing genetic counseling. Participants were largely enthusiastic about educational efforts to increase awareness of genetic counseling among Latinos. Revealing the beliefs and attitudes of underserved Latinas may help shape culturally appropriate educational materials and promotion programs to increase BRCA genetic counseling uptake within this underrepresented community.
Clinical Utility of Chromosomal Microarray Analysis of DNA from Buccal Cells: Detection of Mosaicism in Three Patients
Authors: Sdano Mallory R. , Vanzo Rena J. , Martin Megan M. , Baldwin Erin E. , South Sarah T. , Rope Alan F. , Allen William P. , Kearney Hutton 
Published: August 2014

AbstractMosaic chromosomal abnormalities are relatively common. However, mosaicism may be missed due to multiple factors including failure to recognize clinical indications and order appropriate testing, technical limitations of diagnostic assays, or sampling tissue (s) in which mosaicism is either not present, or present at very low levels. Blood leukocytes have long been the “gold standard” sample for cytogenetic analysis; however, the culturing process for routine chromosome analysis can complicate detection of mosaicism since the normal cell line may have a growth advantage in culture, or may not be present in the cells that produce metaphases (the lymphocytes). Buccal cells are becoming increasingly utilized for clinical analyses and are proving to have many advantages. Buccal swabs allow for simple and noninvasive DNA collection. When coupled with a chromosomal microarray that contains single nucleotide polymorphic probes, analysis of buccal cells can maximize a clinician's opportunity to detect cytogenetic mosaicism. We present three cases of improved diagnosis of mosaic aberrations using buccal specimens for chromosomal microarray analysis. In each case, the aberration was either undetectable in blood or present at such a low level it likely could have gone undetected. These cases highlight the limitations of certain laboratory methodologies for identifying mosaicism. We also present practice implications for genetic counselors, including clinic workflow changes and counseling approaches based on increasing use of buccal samples.
Fatty Acid‐Specific Alterations in Leptin, PPARα, and CPT‐1 Gene Expression in the Rainbow Trout
Authors: Coccia Elena , Varricchio Ettore , Vito Pasquale , Turchini Giovanni Mario , Francis David Scott , Paolucci Marina 
Published: August 2014

AbstractIt is known that fatty acids (FA) regulate lipid metabolism by modulating the expression of numerous genes. In order to gain a better understanding of the effect of individual FA on lipid metabolism related genes in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), an in vitro time‐course study was implemented where twelve individual FA (butyric 4:0; caprylic 8:0; palmitic (PAM) 16:0; stearic (STA) 18:0; palmitoleic16:1n‐7; oleic 18:1n‐9; 11‐cis‐eicosenoic 20:1n‐9; linoleic (LNA) 18:2n‐6; α‐linolenic (ALA) 18:3n‐3; eicosapentenoic (EPA) 20:5n‐3; docosahexaenoic (DHA) 22:6n‐3; arachidonic (ARA) 20:4n‐6) were incubated in rainbow trout liver slices. The effect of FA administration over time was evaluated on the expression of leptin, PPARα and CPT‐1 (lipid oxidative related genes). Leptin mRNA expression was down regulated by saturated fatty acids (SFA) and LNA, and was up regulated by monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) and long chain PUFA, whilst STA and ALA had no effect. PPARα and CPT‐1mRNA expression were up regulated by SFA, MUFA, ALA, ARA and DHA; and down regulated by LNA and EPA. These results suggest that there are individual and specific FA induced modifications of leptin, PPARα and CPT‐1 gene expression in rainbow trout, and it is envisaged that such results may provide highly valuable information for future practical applications in fish nutrition.
Analysis of Fluorescent Ceramide and Sphingomyelin Analogs: A Novel Approach for in Vivo Monitoring of Sphingomyelin Synthase Activity
Authors: Huang Taomin , Li Xiaoxia , Hu Shuang , Zhao Bo , Chen Ping , Liu Xiao , Ye Deyong , Cheng Nengneng 
Published: August 2014

AbstractA novel sensitive high‐performance liquid chromatography‐fluorescence detection (HPLC‐FLD) method was developed for real‐time monitoring of relative sphingomyelin synthase (SMS) activity based on the measurement of a fluorescent ceramide (Cer) analog and its metabolite, a fluorescent sphingomyelin (CerPCho) analog, in plasma. Analyses were conducted using HPLC‐FLD following a protein precipitation procedure. The chromatographic separations were carried out on an Agilent C18 RP column (150 × 4.6 mm, 5 μm) based on a methanol—0.1 % trifluoroacetic acid aqueous solution (88:12, by vol) elution at a flow‐rate of 1 mL/min. The limit of quantification in plasma was 0.05 μM for both the fluorescent Cer analog and its metabolite. Significant differences in the fluorescent Cer analog and its metabolite concentration ratio at 5 min were found between vehicle control group and three D2 (a novel SMS inhibitor) dose groups (P < 0.05). Dose‐dependent effects (D2 doses: 0, 2.5, 5, 10 mg/kg) were observed. Our method could be used to detect relative SMS activity in biochemical assays and to screen potential SMS inhibitors in vivo. D2 was found to be a potent SMS inhibitor in vivo, and may have a potential antiatherosclerotic effect, which is under further study. D609 was also selected as another model SMS inhibitor to validate our newly developed method.
Multi‐Length‐Scale Elucidation of Kinetic and Symmetry Effects on the Behavior of Stearic and Oleic TAG. II: OSO and SOO
Authors: Baker Mark R. , Bouzidi Laziz , Garti Nissim , Narine Suresh S. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThe phase composition of triacylglycerols (TAG) is determined by chemical structure and is greatly affected by kinetics. Positional isomerism and unsaturation are two key structural elements that govern, for a large part, the phase behavior of TAG during crystallization. Polymorphism, thermal properties, and microstructure of dioleoyl‐stearoyl isomers (OSO, SOO) were investigated at different cooling rates with XRD, DSC and PLM techniques, respectively. The physical properties of the symmetrical TAG were found to predictably vary with cooling rate; whereas, the properties of the asymmetrical TAG remained relatively constant. This was explained to be mainly due to the extra steric hindrance caused by asymmetry and the disturbances introduced at the “terrace” level via methyl‐end group interactions. The findings underscore the intricate contribution of saturation and symmetry to the phase trajectories of diunsaturated TAG. The knowledge gained will help understand the behavior of more complex materials and can be used for the manipulation of fat structures at different length scales and direct the manufacture of novel food systems and other relevant materials.
Selection for Some Olive Oil Quality Components Through the Analysis of Fruit Flesh
Authors: Velasco Leonardo , Fernández‐Cuesta Álvaro , De la Rosa Raúl , Victoria Ruiz‐Méndez M. , León Lorenzo 
Published: August 2014

AbstractSelection for oil quality is commonly conducted at the latest stages of olive breeding programs, as oil quality traits are measured in extracted oils. At the initial stages of breeding, the number of genotypes is high and fruit production is low, which makes it difficult to conduct oil extraction. The objective of this research was to evaluate the feasibility of conducting selection for some important oil quality traits in olive by analyzing fruit flesh instead of extracted oils. Fatty acids, tocopherols, phytosterols, and squalene were measured in fruit flesh and extracted oils from 22 individual olive trees showing variability for oil quality traits. Correlation coefficients between analyses conducted on fruit flesh and extracted oils were r = 0.98 for the main fatty acids palmitic, oleic, and linoleic acid, r = 0.96 for tocopherol content, r = 0.89 for phytosterol content, r = 0.97 for squalene content, and r = 0.91 and 0.94 for the concentrations of the two main sterols β‐sitosterol and Δ5‐avenasterol, respectively. The results revealed that selection for the mentioned oil quality traits can be efficiently conducted through the analysis of fruit flesh instead of extracted oil, which facilitates selection on larger numbers of genotypes at the initial stages of olive breeding programs.
Clinical and endoscopic features of gastric pyogenic granuloma
Authors: Lin Cheng‐Yu , Hsieh Yi‐Chung , Hsu Chen‐Ming , Chu Yin‐Yi , Yeh Huei‐Chung , Chen Tai‐Di , Chiu Cheng‐Tang 
Published: August 2014

SummaryBackgroundPyogenic granuloma (PG) is a polypoid form of capillary hemangioma. This study aimed to analyze the clinical and endoscopic features of gastric PG.MethodsWe retrospectively reviewed nine patients with gastric PGs who were evaluated by esophagogastroduodenoscopy and diagnosed by pathological study at the Chang Gung Medical Center (Taoyuan, Taiwan) between 2000 and 2009. Demographic data, clinical presentations, endoscopic findings, treatment, and outcome were collected and analyzed.ResultsThe median age of the study patients was 62 years (range, 40–73 years) with a female preponderance. The most common symptom at presentation was overt gastrointestinal bleeding, followed by anemia and epigastralgia. Two patients were asymptomatic at diagnosis. The most common underlying diseases were liver cirrhosis [5 (56%) patients] and hypertension [5 (56%) patients]. Five (56%) cases of gastric PGs originated at the site of prior ulcer lesions. Most gastric PGs were solitary [7 (78%) patients] and located in the antrum [8 (89%) patients]. The gastric PGs typically appeared morphologically as smooth protruding hyperemic lesions with adherent white or yellow deposits. One patient received an endoscopic mucosal resection with complete excision of the lesion. Another patient received surgical intervention. Four gastric PG lesions were stationary or regressed with conservative management.ConclusionOvert gastrointestinal bleeding was the most common clinical presentation in patients with gastric PG. Gastric ulcers were the most common precursors of PG with the antrum being the most frequent site involved. Gastric PGs were characteristically protruding hyperemic lesions with adherent exudates. Conservative treatment may be considered for asymptomatic PG patients with major comorbidities. Endoscopic resection may be offered to patients with symptoms.
Direct numerical simulations of hypersonic boundary-layer transition with finite-rate chemistry
Authors: Marxen Olaf , Iaccarino Gianluca , Magin Thierry E. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThe paper describes a numerical investigation of linear and nonlinear instability in high-speed boundary layers. Both a frozen gas and a finite-rate chemically reacting gas are considered. The weakly nonlinear instability in the presence of a large-amplitude two-dimensional wave is investigated for the case of fundamental resonance. Depending on the amplitude of this two-dimensional primary wave, strong growth of oblique secondary perturbations occurs for favourable relative phase differences between the two. For essentially the same primary amplitude, secondary amplification is almost identical for a reacting and a frozen gas. Therefore, chemical reactions do not directly affect the growth of secondary perturbations, but only indirectly through the change of linear instability and hence amplitude of the primary wave. When the secondary disturbances reach a sufficiently large amplitude, strongly nonlinear effects stabilize both primary and secondary perturbations.
ENTERTAINING THE EMPIRE: THEATRICAL TOURING COMPANIES AND AMATEUR DRAMATICS IN COLONIAL INDIA
Authors: BECKER TOBIAS 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTThis article argues that theatre in colonial India – both in the form of touring companies and amateur dramatics – offered much more than mere entertainment: first, it was an important social space where the British diaspora constituted itself as a community. Secondly, it served as a lifeline to the home country. By watching theatrical performances either brought to them straight from London or which they performed themselves, colonial Britons felt in touch with their homeland. Finally, theatre not only allowed colonial audiences to participate in the metropolitan culture; it inadvertently helped to unify the British empire. Whether living in London, the provinces, or a colonial city, all British subjects consumed the same popular culture, forming in effect one big taste community. Theatre, therefore, lends itself to a discussion of central issues of imperial history, as, for example, the relationship between the metropolitan centre and the imperial periphery, the colonial public sphere, social and racial hierarchies, the perception of the ‘Other’, and processes of cross-cultural exchange and appropriation.
THE FIRST EUROPEAN ELECTIONS? VOTING AND IMPERIAL STATE-BUILDING UNDER NAPOLEON, 1802–1813
Authors: CROOK MALCOLM , DUNNE JOHN 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTThis article establishes the significance of elections held in the annexed departments of the Napoleonic Empire from 1802 to 1813. It thus represents an original, and perhaps surprising, contribution to recent debate on the nature of Napoleonic imperialism, in which attention has shifted from core to periphery, and away from purely military matters. The electoral process under this authoritarian regime has been alternately neglected or derided, especially where the newly created departments of the Low Countries and parts of Germany and Italy are concerned. However, extensive archival research demonstrates that it was taken extremely seriously by both regime and voters, especially outside metropolitan France. These ‘First European Elections', as they may be dubbed, took place in regular fashion right across the Empire and are studied here on a transnational basis, which also involves the metropolitan departments. Though open to all adult males at the primary level, they were not exercises in democracy, but they did create some rare political space which local people were not slow to exploit for their own purposes. Above all, they served as a means of integrating ‘new Frenchmen’, particularly members of indigenous elites, into the Napoleonic system.