bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Clinical benefits and impact of early use of long‐acting injectable antipsychotics for schizophrenia
Authors: Stevens Georgia L. , Dawson Gail , Zummo Jacqueline 
Published: September 2015

AbstractAimResults from clinical trials support the use of oral antipsychotics for treatment of early or first‐episode psychosis in patients with schizophrenia. This paper will review literature on the advantages of early initiation of treatment for schizophrenia and the clinical benefits of early use of long‐acting injectable antipsychotics (LAIs).MethodA comprehensive literature review was conducted to identify published literature on the use of LAIs early in the treatment of schizophrenia.ResultsAlthough there is a higher response rate to initial antipsychotic treatment for a first‐episode of schizophrenia than with subsequent antipsychotic treatment, we have not effectively addressed this issue. Poor adherence to treatment is a primary cause of relapse and rehospitalization in subsequent years and was associated with higher relapse rates resulting in devastating effects and substantial economic burden. The costs of nonadherence were estimated to be $1.48 billion. Thus, a major challenge with the treatment of schizophrenia is changing poor adherence to persistence with antipsychotic therapy. LAIs are known to be at least as effective as oral antipsychotics for treating schizophrenia, and yet are underutilized. Further, LAIs address many of the problems associated with adherence to oral therapy. Recent evidence suggests that LAIs are effective for treating first‐episode psychosis and for early initiation of treatment for schizophrenia.ConclusionAlthough consistent antipsychotic treatment represents a critical part of treatment, a person‐centred approach to treating schizophrenia is essential for all aspects of care, including establishing and maintaining a therapeutic alliance, strengthening shared decision‐making and adherence, and achieving long‐lasting recovery.
Clinical significance of serum Wisteria floribunda agglutinin positive Mac‐2‐binding protein level and high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein concentration in autoimmune hepatitis
Authors: Nishikawa Hiroki , Enomoto Hirayuki , Iwata Yoshinori , Hasegawa Kunihiro , Nakano Chikage , Takata Ryo , Nishimura Takashi , Yoh Kazunori , Aizawa Nobuhiro , Sakai Yoshiyuki , Ikeda Naoto , Takashima Tomoyuki , Iijima Hiroko , Nishiguchi Shuhei 
Published: September 2015

AimWe aimed to examine the relationship between the Wisteria floribunda agglutinin positive Mac‐2‐binding protein (WFA+‐M2BP) level and high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein (hCRP) concentration and liver histological findings for patients with autoimmune hepatitis (AIH).MethodsA total of 84 AIH patients (median age, 64 years) were analyzed. We examined the effect of pretreatment WFA+‐M2BP level and hCRP concentration on histological findings of liver fibrosis and liver inflammation activity comparing with other laboratory markers. Receiver–operator curve (ROC) analysis was performed for calculating the area under the ROC (AUROC).ResultsThe median WFA+‐M2BP values in each fibrosis stage were: 1.5 cut‐off index (COI) in F1, 2.1 in F2, 3.3 in F3 and 9.8 in F4 (P < 0.001). The median WFA+‐M2BP values in each liver inflammation stage were: 1.6 COI in A1, 2.5 in A2 and 5.4 in A3 (P < 0.001). For predicting liver cirrhosis (F4), WFA+‐M2BP yielded the highest AUROC (0.853). For predicting advanced liver fibrosis (F3 or F4), WFA+‐M2BP, FIB‐4 index and hyaluronic acid yielded the highest AUROC (0.747). For predicting severe liver inflammation activity (A3), WFA+‐M2BP yielded the highest AUROC (0.739). The hCRP concentration in patients with A3 (median, 2230 ng/mL) was significantly higher than that in patients with A1 or A2 (median, 854.5 ng/mL) (P < 0.01). WFA+‐M2BP level significantly correlated with hCRP concentration (rs = 0.461, P < 0.001).ConclusionWFA+‐M2BP can be a useful marker for assessing liver histological findings in AIH patients and it correlated well with hCRP concentration.
Examining the Ecology of Commodity Trade Networks Using an Ecological Information‐Based Approach: Toward Strategic Assessment of Resilience
Authors: Kharrazi Ali , Kraines Steven , Rovenskaya Elena , Avtar Ram , Iwata Shuichi , Yarime Masaru 
Published: September 2015

SummaryCommodity trade networks exhibit certain patterns in the configuration of material flows that are similar to natural ecological networks. This article develops and explores an ecological information‐based approach to examine the ecology of commodity trade networks. We demonstrate that commodity trade networks show a pattern of commonality when viewed through the introduced ecological information‐based metrics. Specifically, we show how the network metrics of effective connectivity and effective number of roles can convey boundaries where commodity trade networks are robust. Further, the temporal trends of these metrics suggest the existence of multiple basins of attractions and provide clues on the dynamics of resilience of these networks over time.
Localisation of 11β‐Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 2 in Mineralocorticoid Receptor Expressing Magnocellular Neurosecretory Neurones of the Rat Supraoptic and Paraventricular Nuclei
Authors: Haque M. , Wilson R. , Sharma K. , Mills N. J. , Teruyama R. 
Published: September 2015

An accumulating body of evidence suggests that the activity of the mineralocorticoid, aldosterone, in the brain via the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) plays an important role in the regulation of blood pressure. MR was recently found in vasopressin and oxytocin synthesising magnocellular neurosecretory cells (MNCs) in both the paraventricular (PVN) and supraoptic (SON) nuclei in the hypothalamus. Considering the physiological effects of these hormones, MR in these neurones may be an important site mediating the action of aldosterone in blood pressure regulation within the brain. However, aldosterone activation of MR in the hypothalamus remains controversial as a result of the high binding affinity of glucocorticoids to MR at substantially higher concentrations compared to aldosterone. In aldosterone‐sensitive epithelia, the enzyme 11β‐hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 (11β‐HSD2) prevents glucocorticoids from binding to MR by converting glucocorticoids into inactive metabolites. The present study aimed to determine whether 11β‐HSD2, which increases aldosterone selectivity, is expressed in MNCs. Specific 11β‐HSD2 immunoreactivity was found in the cytoplasm of the MNCs in both the SON and PVN. In addition, double‐fluorescence confocal microscopy demonstrated that MR‐immunoreactivity and 11β‐HSD2‐in situ hybridised products are colocalised in MNCs. Lastly, single‐cell reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction detected MR and 11β‐HSD2 mRNAs from cDNA libraries derived from single identified MNCs. These findings strongly suggest that MNCs in the SON and PVN are aldosterone‐sensitive neurones.
Best practices for digitally constructing endocranial casts: examples from birds and their dinosaurian relatives
Authors: Balanoff Amy M. , Bever G. S. , Colbert Matthew W. , Clarke Julia A. , Field Daniel J. , Gignac Paul M. , Ksepka Daniel T. , Ridgely Ryan C. , Smith N. Adam , Torres Christopher R. , Walsh Stig , Witmer Lawrence M. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThe rapidly expanding interest in, and availability of, digital tomography data to visualize casts of the vertebrate endocranial cavity housing the brain (endocasts) presents new opportunities and challenges to the field of comparative neuroanatomy. The opportunities are many, ranging from the relatively rapid acquisition of data to the unprecedented ability to integrate critically important fossil taxa. The challenges consist of navigating the logistical barriers that often separate a researcher from high‐quality data and minimizing the amount of non‐biological variation expressed in endocasts – variation that may confound meaningful and synthetic results. Our purpose here is to outline preferred approaches for acquiring digital tomographic data, converting those data to an endocast, and making those endocasts as meaningful as possible when considered in a comparative context. This review is intended to benefit those just getting started in the field but also serves to initiate further discussion between active endocast researchers regarding the best practices for advancing the discipline. Congruent with the theme of this volume, we draw our examples from birds and the highly encephalized non‐avian dinosaurs that comprise closely related outgroups along their phylogenetic stem lineage.
A qualitative study of key stakeholders’ perspectives on compassion in healthcare and the development of a framework for compassionate interpersonal relations
Authors: Kneafsey Rosie , Brown Sarah , Sein Kim , Chamley Carol , Parsons Joanne 
Published: September 2015

Aims and objectivesTo report findings from a qualitative study of key stakeholders’ perspectives on ‘compassion’ in the health care context. To present the ‘Framework for Compassionate Interpersonal Relations’.BackgroundAlthough many research articles, health policies and health care strategies identify compassion as an underpinning value and key component of health care quality, identifying a unified definition of compassion is challenging. For Higher Education Institutions implementing ‘values‐based’ recruitment processes, a clearer understanding of this core concept is vital.DesignExploratory, qualitative design.MethodsAcademic staff, health care students, clinicians and service users (n = 45), participated in nine focus groups where they were asked to define compassion in the context of health care. Data were transcribed verbatim and analysed using thematic analysis.ResultsFour overarching themes were drawn from the data. The first theme centred on the participants’ definitions of compassion, while the second identified compassionate behaviours. The third theme related to the barriers and threats to compassionate practice and the fourth, focused on ways to support compassion in practice. Participants believed that the health care staff should be ‘consistently compassionate’, and were emphatic that compassion should not be substituted with a ‘care without engagement’ approach.ConclusionsThe findings concur with other research, which identifies the link between compassion and empathy and the importance of establishing meaningful connections with others. While participants in this study recognised the pressures of health care work and accepted that the expectation of ‘consistent compassion’ was not necessarily realistic, it was still seen as an important goal.Relevance to clinical practiceParticipants held clear expectations regarding practitioners’ communication skills and used these as a proxy for compassionate practice. The ‘Framework for Compassionate Inter‐personal Relations’ may be used to promote reflection on the implementation of compassionate practice. It may also be used to highlight areas of focus when conducting values‐based recruitment activities.
Breathing exercise combined with cognitive behavioural intervention improves sleep quality and heart rate variability in major depression
Authors: Chien Hui‐Ching , Chung Yu‐Chu , Yeh Mei‐Ling , Lee Jia‐Fu 
Published: September 2015

Aims and objectivesThe aim of this study was to investigate the effects of a cognitive behavioural intervention combined with a breathing relaxation exercise on sleep quality and heart rate variability in patients with major depression.BackgroundDepression is a long‐lasting illness with significant effects not only in individuals themselves, but on their family, work and social relationships as well. Cognitive behavioural therapy is considered to be an effective treatment for major depression. Breathing relaxation may improve heart rate variability, but few studies have comprehensively examined the effect of a cognitive behavioural intervention combined with relaxing breathing on patients with major depression.DesignAn experimental research design with a repeated measure was used.MethodsEighty‐nine participants completed this study and entered data analysed. The experimental group (n = 43) received the cognitive behavioural intervention combined with a breathing relaxation exercise for four weeks, whereas the control group (n = 46) did not. Sleep quality and heart rate variability were measured at baseline, posttest1, posttest2 and follow‐up. Data were examined by chi‐square tests, t‐tests and generalised estimating equations.ResultsAfter adjusting for age, socioeconomic status, severity of disease and psychiatric history, the quality of sleep of the experimental group improved, with the results at posttest achieving significance. Heart rate variability parameters were also significantly improved.ConclusionsThis study supported the hypothesis that the cognitive behavioural intervention combined with a breathing relaxation exercise could improve sleep quality and heart rate variability in patients with major depression, and the effectiveness was lasting.Relevance to clinical practiceThe cognitive behavioural intervention combined with a breathing relaxation exercise that included muscle relaxation, deep breathing and sleep hygiene could be provided with major depression during hospitalisation. Through group practice and experience sharing, participants could modulate their heart rate variability and share feeling about good sleep as well relaxation.
Symptoms and fear in heart failure patients approaching end of life: a mixed methods study
Authors: Abshire Martha , Xu Jiayun , Dennison Himmelfarb Cheryl , Davidson Patricia , Sulmasy Daniel , Kub Joan , Hughes Mark , Nolan Marie 
Published: September 2015

Aims and ObjectivesThe purpose of this study was to consider how fear and symptom experience are perceived in patients with heart failure at the end of life.BackgroundHeart failure is a burdensome condition and mortality rates are high globally. There is substantive literature describing suffering and unmet needs but description of the experience of fear and the relationship with symptom burden is limited.DesignA convergent mixed methods design was used.MethodsData from the McGill Quality of Life Questionnaire (n = 55) were compared to data from in‐depth interviews (n = 5).ResultsPatients denied fear when asked directly, but frequently referred to moments of being afraid when they were experiencing symptoms. In addition, patients reported few troublesome symptoms on the survey, but mentioned many more symptoms during interviews.ConclusionsThese data not only identify the relationship between psychological issues and symptom experience but also elucidate the benefit of a mixed method approach in describing such experiences from the perspective of the patient. Future research should examine relationships between and among symptom experience, fear and other psychological constructs across the illness trajectory.Relevance to Clinical PracticeConversations about the interaction of symptom burden and fear can lead to both a more robust assessment of symptoms and lead to patient centred interventions.
Self‐management support for people with chronic kidney disease: Patient perspectives
Authors: Havas Kathryn , Bonner Ann , Douglas Clint 
Published: September 2015

SUMMARYBackgroundSelf‐management of chronic kidney disease (CKD) is crucial for health outcomes and people need to be effectively supported by healthcare professionals (HCPs). Some programmes designed to improve self‐management have been implemented, but people with the disease are rarely consulted regarding what they desire from these programmes.ObjectivesTo provide a synthesis of the literature on preferences for self‐management support of people with CKD.DesignAn integrative review.MethodsFour databases (MedLine, CINAHL, PsycARTICLES and PsycINFO) were searched using relevant search terms.ResultsThe search strategy identified 1,913 records, of which 12 studies met inclusion criteria. Ten themes were identified as important areas to be addressed by self‐management interventions. In addition, patient suggestions for implementation of such interventions are discussed.ConclusionThe principles of a person‐centred approach ought to frame the support provided by HCPs when supporting those with CKD to better self‐manage.
Power law analysis of the human microbiome
Authors: Ma Zhanshan (Sam) 
Published: September 2015

AbstractTaylor's (1961, Nature, 189:732) power law, a power function (V = amb) describing the scaling relationship between the mean and variance of population abundances of organisms, has been found to govern the population abundance distributions of single species in both space and time in macroecology. It is regarded as one of few generalities in ecology, and its parameter b has been widely applied to characterize spatial aggregation (i.e. heterogeneity) and temporal stability of single‐species populations. Here, we test its applicability to bacterial populations in the human microbiome using extensive data sets generated by the US‐NIH Human Microbiome Project (HMP). We further propose extending Taylor's power law from the population to the community level, and accordingly introduce four types of power‐law extensions (PLEs): type I PLE for community spatial aggregation (heterogeneity), type II PLE for community temporal aggregation (stability), type III PLE for mixed‐species population spatial aggregation (heterogeneity) and type IV PLE for mixed‐species population temporal aggregation (stability). Our results show that fittings to the four PLEs with HMP data were statistically extremely significant and their parameters are ecologically sound, hence confirming the validity of the power law at both the population and community levels. These findings not only provide a powerful tool to characterize the aggregations of population and community in both time and space, offering important insights into community heterogeneity in space and/or stability in time, but also underscore the three general properties of power laws (scale invariance, no average and universality) and their specific manifestations in our four PLEs.
Transatlantic secondary contact in Atlantic Salmon, comparing microsatellites, a single nucleotide polymorphism array and restriction‐site associated DNA sequencing for the resolution of complex spatial structure
Authors: Bradbury Ian R. , Hamilton Lorraine C. , Dempson Brian , Robertson Martha J. , Bourret Vincent , Bernatchez Louis , Verspoor Eric 
Published: September 2015

AbstractIdentification of discrete and unique assemblages of individuals or populations is central to the management of exploited species. Advances in population genomics provide new opportunities for re‐evaluating existing conservation units but comparisons among approaches remain rare. We compare the utility of RAD‐seq, a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array and a microsatellite panel to resolve spatial structuring under a scenario of possible trans‐Atlantic secondary contact in a threatened Atlantic Salmon, Salmo salar, population in southern Newfoundland. Bayesian clustering indentified two large groups subdividing the existing conservation unit and multivariate analyses indicated significant similarity in spatial structuring among the three data sets. mtDNA alleles diagnostic for European ancestry displayed increased frequency in southeastern Newfoundland and were correlated with spatial structure in all marker types. Evidence consistent with introgression among these two groups was present in both SNP data sets but not the microsatellite data. Asymmetry in the degree of introgression was also apparent in SNP data sets with evidence of gene flow towards the east or European type. This work highlights the utility of RAD‐seq based approaches for the resolution of complex spatial patterns, resolves a region of trans‐Atlantic secondary contact in Atlantic Salmon in Newfoundland and demonstrates the utility of multiple marker comparisons in identifying dynamics of introgression.
Sporothrix brasiliensis outbreaks and the rapid emergence of feline sporotrichosis
Authors: Sanchotene Karine Ortiz , Madrid Isabel Martins , Klafke Gabriel Baracy , Bergamashi Mariana , Terra Paula Portella Della , Rodrigues Anderson Messias , de Camargo Zoilo Pires , Xavier Melissa Orzechowski 
Published: September 2015

SummarySporotrichosis is the main subcutaneous mycosis in Brazil, and is caused by Sporothrix schenckii and allied species. Sporothrix propagules present on soil and plant debris may be traumatically inoculated into the cutaneous/ subcutaneous tissues of the warm‐blooded host. An alternative route involves direct animal–animal and animal–human transmissions through deep scratches and bites of diseased cats. Sporotrichosis is much more common than previously appreciated with several cases emerging over the years especially in South and Southeast Brazil. We conducted an epidemiological surveillance in endemic areas of feline sporotrichosis in the southern region of Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil. Over the last 5‐year period the number of feline sporotrichosis in Rio Grande increased from 0.75 new cases per month in 2010 to 3.33 cases per month in 2014. The wide geographic distribution of diagnosed cases highlights the dynamics of Sporothrix transmission across urban areas with high population density. Molecular identification down to species level by PCR‐RFLP of cat‐transmitted Sporothrix revealed the emergence of the clonal offshoot S. brasiliensis during feline outbreaks; this scenario is similar to the epidemics taking place in the metropolitan areas of Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo. Controlling and preventing sporotrichosis outbreaks are essential steps to managing the disease among humans and animals.
The ABCG transporter PEC1/ABCG32 is required for the formation of the developing leaf cuticle in Arabidopsis
Authors: Fabre Guillaume , Garroum Imène , Mazurek Sylwester , Daraspe Jean , Mucciolo Antonio , Sankar Martial , Humbel Bruno M. , Nawrath Christiane 
Published: September 2015

Summary

The cuticle is an essential diffusion barrier on aerial surfaces of land plants whose structural component is the polyester cutin. The PERMEABLE CUTICLE1/ABCG32 (PEC1) transporter is involved in plant cuticle formation in Arabidopsis. The gpat6 pec1 and gpat4 gapt8 pec1 double and triple mutants are characterized. Their PEC1‐specific contributions to aliphatic cutin composition and cuticle formation during plant development are revealed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy.

The composition of cutin changes during rosette leaf expansion in Arabidopsis. C16:0 monomers are in higher abundance in expanding than in fully expanded leaves. The atypical cutin monomer C18:2 dicarboxylic acid is more prominent in fully expanded leaves. Findings point to differences in the regulation of several pathways of cutin precursor synthesis.

PEC1 plays an essential role during expansion of the rosette leaf cuticle. The reduction of C16 monomers in the pec1 mutant during leaf expansion is unlikely to cause permeability of the leaf cuticle because the gpat6 mutant with even fewer C16:0 monomers forms a functional rosette leaf cuticle at all stages of development.

PEC1/ABCG32 transport activity affects cutin composition and cuticle structure in a specific and non‐redundant fashion.