bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and phase behaviors of side‐chain liquid‐crystalline polymers containing azobenzene mesogen with the different length alkyl tail
Authors: Chen Sheng , Ling Aihua , Zhang Hai‐Liang 
Published: April 2013

ABSTRACTA series of side‐chain liquid‐crystal polymers, poly[6‐[4‐(4′‐n‐alkyl benzoateazo)phenoxy]‐hexylmethacrylate]s (PMAzoCOORm, m = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 14, and 18) have been prepared by two synthetic methods. The chemical structure of the monomers was confirmed by 1H NMR and mass spectrometry. The molecular characterizations of the polymers were performed with 1H NMR and gel permeation chromatograph. The phase behaviors of polymers were investigated by the combination of techniques including differential scanning calorimetry, polarized optical microscopy, and small‐angle X‐ray scattering. For m = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6, the polymers exhibited a monosmectic A phase in which the smectic layer period was almost identical to the side‐chain length. In addition, for m = 2, 3, 4, and 5, they presented the monosmectic C phase in low temperature; moreover, the tilt angle increased from 23.3 to 40.5°. For m = 8, 10, 14, and 18, the polymers showed a bilayer smectic A phase in which the layer spacing was larger than a fully extended side chain but less than two extended chains. On the other hand, for the clearing point, with the increasing of m, it first decreased, and then increased. All of these indicated that the length of alkyl tails played an important role in the phase behaviors of these polymers. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2013, 51, 2759–2768
Structural analyses of the pre‐mRNA splicing machinery
Authors: Zhang Lingdi , Li Xueni , Zhao Rui 
Published: April 2013

AbstractPre‐mRNA splicing is a critical event in the gene expression pathway of all eukaryotes. The splicing reaction is catalyzed by the spliceosome, a huge protein‐RNA complex that contains five snRNAs and hundreds of different protein factors. Understanding the structure of this large molecular machinery is critical for understanding its function. Although the highly dynamic nature of the spliceosome, in both composition and conformation, posed daunting challenges to structural studies, there has been significant recent progress on structural analyses of the splicing machinery, using electron microscopy, crystallography, and nuclear magnetic resonance. This review discusses key recent findings in the structural analyses of the spliceosome and its components and how these findings advance our understanding of the function of the splicing machinery.
Doubly Labelled Water analysis: Preparation, memory correction, calibration and quality assurance for δ2H and δ18O measurements over four orders of magnitudes
Authors: Guidotti S. , Jansen H. G. , Aerts‐Bijma A. T. , Verstappen‐Dumoulin B. M. A. A. , van Dijk G. , Meijer H. A. J. 
Published: April 2013

RATIONALEThe Doubly Labelled Water (DLW) method is an established way of determining the metabolic rate in humans and animals, with the advantage that the subjects need not be confined. The method, however, needs accurate determination of both the δ2H and the δ18O isotope values over a wide range of enrichments.METHODSIn this paper we describe a number of crucial steps in the process of isotope determination in body fluids. These steps include micro‐distillation, correction of the measurements for sample‐to‐sample memory and calibration of the isotope scales over many orders of magnitudes. In contrast to several published protocols and guidelines, we also take highly enriched samples into account, as they are required for studying the metabolic rate of birds and small mammals. For our isotope scale calibration, we made a set of gravimetrically prepared, double labelled waters with known isotope values. Our quality assurance includes a scheme for easy calculation of the error propagation, leading to a reliable estimate of the analytical error in the metabolic rate.RESULTSOur memory correction algorithm assumes the existence of three water “pools” that have different sizes and exchange rates with the injected samples. We show that the method can correct even huge memory signals, without the need for “true” values.CONCLUSIONSWith the presented building blocks, we show how to assure a reliable and accurate isotope analysis for the DLW method, both for human and for animal applications. Although our measurements have been performed using isotope ratio mass spectrometry, most of the procedures are also useful for laser spectrometry. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Corporate Social Responsibility: An Uneasy Merger of Sustainability and Development
Authors: Luke Timothy W. 
Published: April 2013

ABSTRACTThis study reevaluates the origins and operations of corporate social responsibility (CSR) programs since the 1980s and 1990s in the USA. Such enterprises mobilize sustainable development rhetoric as part of stylized political agendas for community outreach, social impact, cultural sensitivity and environmental justice campaigns endorsed by big business. These campaigns react to political pressures exerted by local, national or global anti‐corporate movements, and sustainable development has become one moderately successful negotiated settlement in this battle between the private sector and civil society. Nonetheless, a brittle quality in weak interpretations of sustainable development remains engrained in many CSR programs as standard operating procedures. These profit‐driven agendas push for ‘development' over ‘sustainability’, lowering the bar for what sustainability should, or does, mean for businesses as they struggle to be more responsible ethical actors in society. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
FoxG1 Interacts with Bmi1 to Regulate Self-Renewal and Tumorigenicity of Medulloblastoma Stem Cells
Authors: Manoranjan Branavan , Wang Xin , Hallett Robin M. , Venugopal Chitra , Mack Stephen C. , McFarlane Nicole , Nolte Sara M. , Scheinemann Katrin , Gunnarsson Thorsteinn , Hassell John A. , Taylor Michael D. , Lee Cathy , Triscott Joanna , Foster Colleen M. , Dunham Christopher , Hawkins Cynthia , Dunn Sandra E. , Singh Sheila K. 
Published: April 2013

Abstract
Brain tumors represent the leading cause of childhood cancer mortality, of which medulloblastoma (MB) is the most frequent malignant tumor. Recent studies have demonstrated the presence of several MB molecular subgroups, each distinct in terms of prognosis and predicted therapeutic response. Groups 1 and 2 are characterized by relatively good clinical outcomes and activation of the Wnt and Shh pathways, respectively. In contrast, groups 3 and 4 (“non-Shh/Wnt MBs”) are distinguished by metastatic disease, poor patient outcome, and lack a molecular pathway phenotype. Current gene expression platforms have not detected brain tumor-initiating cell (BTIC) self-renewal genes in groups 3 and 4 MBs as BTICs typically comprise a minority of tumor cells and may therefore go undetected on bulk tumor analyses. Since increasing BTIC frequency has been associated with increasing tumor aggressiveness and poor patient outcome, we investigated the subgroup-specific gene expression profile of candidate stem cell genes within 251 primary human MBs from four nonoverlapping MB transcriptional databases (Amsterdam, Memphis, Toronto, Boston) and 74 NanoString-subgrouped MBs (Vancouver). We assessed the functional relevance of two genes, FoxG1 and Bmi1, which were significantly enriched in non-Shh/Wnt MBs and showed these genes to mediate MB stem cell self-renewal and tumor initiation in mice. We also identified their transcriptional regulation through reciprocal promoter occupancy in CD15+ MB stem cells. Our work demonstrates the application of stem cell data gathered from genomic platforms to guide functional BTIC assays, which may then be used to develop novel BTIC self-renewal mechanisms amenable to therapeutic targeting.
p130Cas alters the differentiation potential of mammary luminal progenitors by deregulating c-Kit activity
Authors: Tornillo Giusy , Elia Angela Rita , Castellano Isabella , Spadaro Michela , Bernabei Paola , Bisaro Brigitte , Camacho-Leal Maria del Pilar , Pincini Alessandra , Provero Paolo , Sapino Anna , Turco Emilia , Defilippi Paola , Cabodi Sara 
Published: April 2013

AbstractIt has recently been proposed that defective differentiation of mammary luminal progenitors predisposes to basal-like breast cancer. However, the molecular and cellular mechanisms involved are still unclear. Here, we describe that the adaptor protein p130Cas is a crucial regulator of mouse mammary epithelial cell (MMEC) differentiation. Using a transgenic mouse model, we show that forced p130Cas overexpression in the luminal progenitor cell compartment results in the expansion of luminal cells, which aberrantly display basal cell features and reduced differentiation in response to lactogenic stimuli. Interestingly, MMECs overexpressing p130Cas exhibit hyperactivation of the tyrosine kinase receptor c-Kit. In addition, we demonstrate that the constitutive c-Kit activation alone mimics p130Cas overexpression, whereas c-Kit downregulation is sufficient to re-establish proper differentiation of p130Cas overexpressing cells. Overall, our data indicate that high levels of p130Cas, via abnormal c-Kit activation, promote mammary luminal cell plasticity, thus providing the conditions for the development of basal-like breast cancer. Consistently, p130Cas is overexpressed in human triple-negative breast cancer, further suggesting that p130Cas upregulation may be a priming event for the onset of basal-like breast cancer.
Oscillatory serotonin function in depression
Authors: Salomon Ronald M. , Cowan Ronald L. 
Published: April 2013

ABSTRACTOscillations in brain activities with periods of minutes to hours may be critical for normal mood behaviors. Ultradian (faster than circadian) rhythms of mood behaviors and associated central nervous system activities are altered in depression. Recent data suggest that ultradian rhythms in serotonin (5HT) function also change in depression. In two separate studies, 5HT metabolites in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were measured every 10 min for 24 h before and after chronic antidepressant treatment. Antidepressant treatments were associated with enhanced ultradian amplitudes of CSF metabolite levels. Another study used resting‐state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to measure amplitudes of dorsal raphé activation cycles following sham or active dietary depletions of the 5HT precursor (tryptophan). During depletion, amplitudes of dorsal raphé activation cycles increased with rapid 6 s periods (about 0.18 Hz) while functional connectivity weakened between dorsal raphé and thalamus at slower periods of 20 s (0.05 Hz). A third approach studied MDMA (ecstasy, 3,4‐methylenedioxy‐N‐methylamphetamine) users because of their chronically diminished 5HT function compared with non‐MDMA polysubstance users (Karageorgiou et al., 2009). Compared with a non‐MDMA using cohort, MDMA users showed diminished fMRI intra‐regional coherence in motor regions along with altered functional connectivity, again suggesting effects of altered 5HT oscillatory function. These data support a hypothesis that qualities of ultradian oscillations in 5HT function may critically influence moods and behaviors. Dysfunctional 5HT rhythms in depression may be a common endpoint and biomarker for depression, linking dysfunction of slow brain network oscillators to 5HT mechanisms affected by commonly available treatments. 5HT oscillatory dysfunction may define illness subtypes and predict responses to serotonergic agents. Further studies of 5HT oscillations in depression are indicated. Synapse 67:801–820, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Science as a classed and gendered endeavor: Persistence of two white female first‐generation college students within an undergraduate science context
Authors: Wilson Rachel E. , Kittleson Julie 
Published: April 2013

AbstractAs colleges and universities aim for greater diversity in their undergraduate populations, one population researchers consider is first‐generation students, or students whose parents do not have a college education. The research reported here addresses first‐generation college students' discipline of study (e.g., biology) and its impact on their persistence. Exploring how female, low‐income, first‐generation college students evaluate their persistence within undergraduate science learning environments contributes to understanding how gender and social class influence persistence in STEM fields. Two White, female, low‐income, first‐generation college students were interviewed during their last year in college. Using constant comparative coding methods and Ricoeur's (Ricoeur [1984] Time and narrative, Volume I (K. McLaughlin & D. Pellauer, Trans.). Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press) description of narrative construction, common tensions were identified related to participants' descriptions of undergraduate science as competitive. These persistence‐related tensions are (1) differing experiences in lecture and lab, (2) managing time to work, study, and maintain family relationships, and (3) weighing their personal (family) priorities against the longer time it would take them to reach their science‐related career goals. These tensions depict a traditional undergraduate science learning environment focused on individuals and abstract knowledge that positions female lower‐income students as “academic non‐competitors” because of the importance of kinship ties and physical skills in their cultural background (Lareau [2002] American Sociological Review 67(5), 747–776; Lareau [2003] Unequal childhoods: Class, race, and family life. Berkeley: University of California Press). The participants' experiences support that the gendered and classed expectations needed to succeed in a science environment could be somewhat alleviated through reforms to traditional lecture and laboratory undergraduate science courses that promote cooperative student learning groups and integration of lecture with hands‐on activities. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 50: 802–825, 2013
Global analysis of seasonal streamflow predictability using an ensemble prediction system and observations from 6192 small catchments worldwide
Authors: van Dijk Albert I. J. M. , Peña‐Arancibia Jorge L. , Wood Eric F. , Sheffield Justin , Beck Hylke E. 
Published: April 2013

Key Points
Global bimonthly streamflow forecasts show potentially valuable skill
Initial catchment conditions are responsible for most skill
Skill can be estimated from model performance and theoretical skill
Exploring the Perceptions and the Role of Genetic Counselors in the Emerging Field of Perinatal Palliative Care
Authors: Wool Charlotte , Dudek Martha 
Published: April 2013

AbstractPerinatal palliative care is a collaborative model of providing care to fetuses diagnosed with life‐limiting conditions along with supportive care to parents. The study explored perceptions and current practice trends of genetic counselors related to this care. An ethics framework was used to structure the study. This cross‐sectional, mixed method study was conducted to illuminate perceptions, practice barriers, familiarity with perinatal palliative care, clinician comfort, and referral comfort. The Perinatal Palliative Care Perceptions and Barriers Scale was self‐administered online to 212 genetic counselors. Hierarchical multiple regression, used to test the hypothesis that perceptions, barriers to PPC, years of experience, personal comfort and prior familiarity with PPC explain variation in comfort of referral to PPC, yielded a significant overall R2 of .51. These findings are the first data describing genetic counselors’ perspectives and some of the factors contributing to referral comfort. Genetic counselors broadly endorsed the importance of palliative care concepts. They varied in their comfort with referral practices in ways that may be mitigated by increasing their familiarity with this evolving model of care.
Hook of Hamate Fractures in Competitive Baseball Players
Authors: Bachoura Abdo , Wroblewski Andrew , Jacoby Sidney M. , Osterman A. Lee , Culp Randall W. 
Published: April 2013

Background Baseball players are susceptible to a number of specific upper extremity injuries secondary to batting, pitching, or fielding. Fractures of the hook of hamate have been known to occur in batters. The purpose of this study is to present our experience with the surgical management of hook of hamate fractures and their short-term impact on the playing capability of competitive baseball players. Methods A retrospective chart review was performed on patients with hook of hamate fractures between the years 2000 and 2012. The inclusion criteria were (1) hook of hamate fracture, (2) competitive baseball players, and (3) surgical treatment of the injury. Patient demographics, mechanism of injury, surgical treatment, and outcome were collected from the medical records. Information on return to play was collected from the Internet when applicable. Results There were seven male patients that underwent eight procedures. The mechanism of injury was attributed to batting in six cases and rogue pitches in two cases. All surgeries consisted of hamate hook excision and ulnar tunnel decompression. One patient had concomitant carpal tunnel release. The median time between surgery and return to play was 5.7 weeks (range, 4.3 to 10.4 weeks). Conclusions The mechanism of hook of hamate fractures in baseball players is predictable, most often developing secondary to repetitive swinging. This injury may occur at all levels of competition. Ulnar tunnel decompression with hook of hamate excision provides good outcomes, with minimal complications and early return to play.
Environmental risk assessment of the most commonly transported chemicals: case study of Finnish coastal areas
Authors: Häkkinen Jani , Malk Vuokko , Posti Antti , Penttinen Olli-Pekka , Mäkelä Riikka , Kiiski Anna 
Published: April 2013

Abstract
The environmental hazard potential of a total of 15 chemicals that are transported through the Finnish coastal areas was assessed in this paper using a scoring method developed for accidents. The study indicates that the chemicals most commonly transported/handled in Finnish ports are methanol, sodium hydroxide solution, acids, pentanes, phenol, xylenes, methyl tert-butyl ether, ethanol and ethanol solutions. For the evaluation of the environmental hazardousness of various chemicals, a priority list of chemicals that are the most commonly transported regionally in marine environments was compiled for this study. The method used has many similarities to other commonly used scoring systems, but this study gave more weight to specific characteristics of an accidental release, water biota and impact on the environment. Nonylphenol, ammonia and sulphuric acid ranked as the most hazardous substances on the list. The results of the study can be used by rescue and environmental authorities and enterprises to improve preparedness for accidents and to mitigate the effects of accidental spills.
The relationship between ‘theory of mind’ and attachment‐related anxiety and avoidance in Italian adolescents
Authors: Hünefeldt Thomas , Laghi Fiorenzo , Ortu Francesca , Belardinelli Marta Olivetti 
Published: April 2013

ABSTRACTThis study examined the relationship between ‘theory of mind’ and attachment‐related anxiety and avoidance in adolescence. The “Reading the Mind in the Eyes” test and the “Experiences in Close Relationships – Relationship Structures” questionnaires were administered to 402 14–19 year‐old adolescents. Contrary to expectations, anxiety but not avoidance with mother was associated with less accurate mindreading, and this effect was stronger in younger than in older adolescents. Results might be explained in terms of the inconsistency of caregiver behavior that is supposed to cause anxious strategies, and thus illustrate the need to consider not only the effects, but also the causes of different types of insecure strategies.
The Spread of Human Capital in the Former Soviet Union Area in a Comparative Perspective: Exploring a New Dataset
Authors: Didenko Dmitry , Földvári Péter , Van Leeuwen Bas 
Published: April 2013

To date, the rise and fall of the (former) USSR has triggered a lot of research much of which has focussed on the accumulation of physical capital, growth, and consumption. Recently, also the accumulation of human capital has increasingly been incorporated in this picture. However, few datasets exist that cover this crucial variable for this vast area. Therefore, our main objective is to make available a new dataset that contains human capital related time-series for the USSR (and the Newly Independent States (NIS) after its dissolution), constructed mostly on an annual basis. These data are drawn together from various primary sources, available datasets and secondary literature where our focus was on constructing a dataset as consistent as possible. It is our hope that, by supplying these data in electronic format, it will significantly advance quantitative economic history research on Russia and all over the former Soviet Union area (FSU) and will inspire further research in various new fields relating to intellectual production. The data presented in this paper follow after the discussion of the information value of the primary sources utilised, and the various problems that arose when linking and splicing the data from various sources. After constructing series of human capital indicators we perform a time-series and spatial analysis in order to identify the long-term trends of education penetration and of the human capital development in the FSU area with a strong emphasis on inequality issues between the NIS. Applying these results in a simple growth accounting framework provides us with some preliminary insights on the role of human capital in economic development in the FSU area.
Fibrillar amyloid correlates of preclinical cognitive decline
Authors: Stonnington Cynthia M. , Chen Kewei , Lee Wendy , Locke Dona E.C. , Dueck Amylou C. , Liu Xiaofen , Roontiva Auttawut , Fleisher Adam S. , Caselli Richard J. , Reiman Eric M. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractBackgroundIt is not known whether preclinical cognitive decline is associated with fibrillar β‐amyloid (Aβ) deposition irrespective of apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4 status.MethodsFrom a prospective observational study of 623 cognitively normal individuals, we identified all subjects who showed preclinical decline of at least 2 standard deviations beyond the decline of the entire group in memory or executive function. Fourteen decliners were matched by APOE ε4 gene dose, age, sex, and education with 14 nondecliners. Dynamic Pittsburgh compound B (PiB) positron emission tomography (PET) scans, the Logan method, statistical parametric mapping, and automatically labeled regions of interest were used to characterize and compare cerebral‐to‐cerebellar PiB distribution volume ratios (DVRs), reflecting fibrillar Aβ burden.ResultsAt P < .005 (uncorrected), decliners had significantly greater DVRs in comparison to nondecliners.ConclusionsAsymptomatic longitudinal neuropsychological decline is associated with subsequent increased fibrillar amyloid deposition, even when controlling for APOE ε4 genotype.
Word‐of‐mouth and the forecasting of consumption enjoyment
Authors: He Stephen X. , Bond Samuel D. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractThe digital era has permitted rapid transfer of peer knowledge regarding products and services. In the present research, we explore the value of specific types of word‐of‐mouth information (numeric ratings and text commentary) for improving forecasts of consumption enjoyment. We present an anchoring‐and‐adjustment model in which the relative forecasting error associated with ratings and commentary depends on the extent to which consumer and reviewer have similar product‐level preferences. To test our model, we present four experiments using a range of hedonic stimuli. Implications for the provision of consumer WOM are discussed.