bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
GLUCOSE TOLERANCE TESTS MODELING & PATIENT-SIMULATION FOR DIAGNOSIS
Authors: DITTAKAVI SARMA S. , GHISTA DHANJOO N. 
Published: July 2002

Diabetes mellitus is a heterogeneous clinical syndrome characterized by hyperglycemia and long-term specific complications: retinopathy, neuropathy, nephropathy, and cardiomyopathy. Automatic neuropathy leads to visceral denervation producing a variety of clinical abnormalities: cardiac and respiratory dysrythaemias, gastrointestinal motility disorders, urinary bladder dysfunction and impotence. Diabetes mellitus is a leading cause of blindness; renal failure and limb amputation all over the world. The need to detect diabetic risk factors and treat organ disorders and complications associated with diabetes provides the impetus for us to develop the technology for assessment of diabetes, its etiology and severity, as well as for assessing the efficacy of pharmacological therapy. This paper concerns: (i) modelling of blood-glucose regulation and tolerance-testing, (ii) demonstrating patient-simulation of the blood-glucose regulatory models, by means of which the model parameters can be evaluated and related to physiological parameters, and (iii) elucidating how the glucose-regulatory system model's pole-zero representation and the blood glucose-insulin transfer-function can explain the blood glucose response data in intravenous and oral glucose tolerance tests. An easy-to-implement simple clinical-application method is developed to simulate the response of the blood-glucose regulatory model in diabetic patients during intravenous glucose tolerance test and to estimate the model parameters, which can then enable differential diagnosis of diabetes and its severity as well as in early detection of risk-to-diabetes. In the oral glucose-tolerance test, the role of the gut is to facilitate transport of glucose across the intestinal wall. The Michaelis-Menten equation, describing this enzyme-catalyzed reaction rate, can be employed to conclude that the intestinal glucose absorption rate into the blood-compartment from the gut during the oral glucose-tolerance test is constant, almost resembling a rectangular pulse Nevertheless, we have formulated a new rate-control model to simulate the oral glucose-tolerance test data, by means of the response-function of a second-order system of a single-compartment (consisting of the gut and the blood-glucose pool), with the oral glucose-bolus as the impulse-input. We have also demonstrated application of this rate-control model to patients undergoing oral glucose-tolerance test, to evaluate the model parameters. By categorizing the ranges of these parameters for normals and diabetics (varying from mild to severe), we can reliably apply this model and procedure clinically.
Scientific Applications: Computer synthesis of Holograms for 3-D display
Authors: Lesem L. B. , Hirsch P. M. , Jordan J. A. 
Published: July 2002

Optical and digital holography are reviewed. The mathematical model and computational techniques of the authors' digital holographic process are discussed, and applications of computer holography are suggested.
Computer holograms have been made of three-dimensional objects which give faithful reconstructions, even in white light. A new approach based on point apertures for the image is discussed. Photographs of the images reconstructed from digital holograms are presented
An introduction to quantum computing for non-physicists
Authors: Rieffel Eleanor , Polak Wolfgang 
Published: July 2002

Richard Feynman's observation that certain quantum mechanical effects cannot be simulated efficiently on a computer led to speculation that computation in general could be done more efficiently if it used these quantum effects. This speculation proved justified when Peter Shor described a polynomial time quantum algorithm for factoring intergers.
In quantum systems, the computational space increases exponentially with the size of the system, which enables exponential parallelism. This parallelism could lead to exponentially faster quantum algorithms than possible classically. The catch is that accessing the results, which requires measurement, proves tricky and requires new nontraditional programming techniques.
The aim of this paper is to guide computer scientists through the barriers that separate quantum computing from conventional computing. We introduce basic principles of quantum mechanics to explain where the power of quantum computers comes from and why it is difficult to harness. We describe quantum cryptography, teleportation, and dense coding. Various approaches to exploiting the power of quantum parallelism are explained. We conclude with a discussion of quantum error correction.
THE MAMMALIAN CARBOXYLESTERASES: From Molecules to Functions
Authors: Satoh Tetsuo , Hosokawa Masakiyo 
Published: July 2002

▪ Abstract  Multiple carboxylesterases (EC 3.1.1.1) play an important role in the hydrolytic biotransformation of a vast number of structurally diverse drugs. These enzymes are major determinants of the pharmacokinetic behavior of most therapeutic agents containing ester or amide bonds. Carboxylesterase activity can be influenced by interactions of a variety of compounds either directly or at the level of enzyme regulation. Since a significant number of drugs are metabolized by carboxylesterase, altering the activity of this enzyme class has important clinical implications. Drug elimination decreases and the incidence of drug-drug interactions increases when two or more drugs compete for hydrolysis by the same carboxylesterase isozyme. Exposure to environmental pollutants or to lipophilic drugs can result in induction of carboxylesterase activity. Therefore, the use of drugs known to increase the microsomal expression of a particular carboxylesterase, and thus to increase associated drug hydrolysis capacity in humans, requires caution. Mammalian carboxylesterases represent a multigene family, the products of which are localized in the endoplasmic reticulum of many tissues. A comparison of the nucleotide and amino acid sequence of the mammalian carboxylesterases shows that all forms expressed in the rat can be assigned to one of three gene subfamilies with structural identities of more than 70% within each subfamily. Considerable confusion exists in the scientific community in regards to a systematic nomenclature and classification of mammalian carboxylesterase. Until recently, adequate sequence information has not been available such that valid links among the mammalian carboxylesterase gene family or evolutionary relationships could be established. However, sufficient basic data are now available to support such a novel classification system.
Role of CFTR in the Colon
Authors: Greger R. 
Published: July 2002

▪ Abstract  In contrast to the airways, the defects in colonic function in cystic fibrosis (CF) patients are closely related to the defect in CFTR. The gastrointestinal phenotype of CF transgenic mice closely resembles the phenotype in CF patients, which clearly indicates the crucial role of CFTR in colonic Cl− secretion and the absence of an effective compensation. In the colon, stimulation of CFTR Cl− channels involves cAMP- or cGMPdependent phosphorylation. Exocytosis is not involved. Activation of CFTR leads to coactivation of basolateral KVLQT1-type K+ channels and inhibition of luminal Na+ channels (ENaC). In contrast to cultured cells, Ca2+ does not activate luminal Cl− channels in intact enterocytes. It activates basolateral SK4-type K+ channels and luminal K+ channels, which provide additional driving force for Cl− exit. The magnitude of Cl− secretion, however, completely depends on the presence of at least a residual CFTR function in the luminal membrane. These findings have been clearly demonstrated by Ussing chamber experiments in colon epithelium biopsies of CF and normal individuals: Colonic Cl− secretion in CF patients is variable and reflects the genotype; a complete defect of CFTR is paralleled by the absence of Cl− secretion and unmasks Ca2+-regulated K+ channels in the luminal membrane; overabsorption of Na+ in CF reflects the absence of ENaC inhibition by CFTR; and the functional status of CF colon can be mimicked by the complete suppression of cAMP stimulation in enterocytes of healthy individuals.
Covert Reorienting and Inhibition of Return: An Event-Related fMRI Study
Authors: Lepsien Jöran , Pollmann Stefan 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Using event-related fMRI, we analyzed the functional neuroanatomy of covert reorienting and inhibition of return (IOR). Covert reorienting to a target appearing within 250 msec after an invalid contralateral location cue elicited increased activation in the left fronto-polar cortex (LFPC), right anterior and left posterior middle frontal gyrus, and right cerebellum, areas that have previously been associated with attentional processes, specifically attentional change. In contrast, IOR, which leads to prolonged response times to targets that appear at the cued location at a stimulus-onset-asynchrony (SOA)&gt;250 msec, was accompanied by increased activation in brain areas involved in oculomotor programming, such as the right medial frontal gyrus (supplementary eye field; SEF) and the right inferior precentral sulcus (frontal eye field; FEF), supporting the oculomotor bias theory of IOR. Pre-SEF and pre-FEF areas were involved both in covert reorienting and IOR. The supramarginal gyri were bilaterally involved in IOR, with the right supramarginal gyrus additionally involved in covert reorienting.
CONFLICT: THE PARABLE OF THE GOOD SAMARITAN JESUS AND THE REDUCTION OF INTERGROUP IN THE LIGHT OF SOCIAL IDENTITY THEORY
Authors: Esler Philip 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThis article explores the Parable of the Good Samaritan in its immediate context (Luke 10:25-37), a central New Testament passage, both to assess its meaning for Luke's audience and also to suggest its pertinence to contemporary interest in reducing intergroup tension and conflict, especially between ethnic groups. The article first discusses social identity theory, which was developed by Henri Tajfel et al. and which deals with how groups provide their members a valued sense of identity through (often violent) differentiation from other groups. After next describing the violent history of the intergroup relationship between Judeans and Samaritans, as reflected in New Testament passages such as Luke 9:51-55, the article then presents an analysis of Luke 10:15-37 aimed at determining how Jesus uses the parable to subvert the connection between Judean group identity and the Mosaic law and to propose a new approach to moral behaviour. These exegetical results are then analysed in the light of three approaches to reducing intergroup conflict (crossed categorization, recategorization and decategorization) and the latter is found to be most analogous to the approach taken by the Lucan Jesus. The conclusion suggests the relevance of the parable to contemporary efforts to eliminate intergroup conflict.
NAKHUDAS AND NAUVITTAKAS: SHIP-OWNING MERCHANTS IN THE WEST COAST OF INDIA (C. AD 1000-1500)
Authors: Chakravarti Ranabir 
Published: July 2002

AbstractAmong the diverse types of merchants active in India during the first half of the second millennium, the ship-owning merchants occupy a prominent position in the coastal areas of western India (especially at ports). These merchants are given distinct epithets nakhuda and nauvittaka, the two terms being occasionally used as interchangeable ones and also in their abbreviated forms in official documents. Known from the medieval Jewish letters of 'India Traders', copper plates, a bilingual inscription, Arabic accounts and epitaphs and Jaina carita (biographical) texts, nakudas and nauvittkas of different religious leanings (Jewish, Muslim and Hindu) illustrate remarkable co-operation and social amity and religious toleration, which underline their importance in the Indian Ocean maritime network prior to AD 1500. Possessing considerable wealth, these ship-owning merchants can be considered as elites in the ports of coastal western India and were also known for their patronage to religious and cultural activities. The paper is presented as a tribute to the memory of Professor Ashin Das Gupta who immensely enlightened us on the ship-owners of coastal western India between 1500-1800.
Transmissive Frequency, Ritual, and Exegesis
Authors: Whitehouse Harvey 
Published: July 2002

AbstractCertain aspects of the relations between ritual action and ritual meaning are determined by socially regulated cycles of transmissive frequency, via the highly structured operations of human memory. Evidence is presented in this article that: (i) the relative scarcity of spontaneous exegetical reflection and the relatively wide dissemination of standard official exegesis in routinized traditions, may be explained by the dynamics of implicit procedural memory and the opportunities afforded by repetition for the spread of stable theological/exegetical representations encoded in semantic memory; (ii) the relative scarcity or restricted distribution of official exegesis and the relatively high degree of elaboration of spontaneous exegetical reflection in rare and climactic rituals, may be explained by the dynamics of episodic memory. These arguments are shown to have potentially significant implications for epidemiological perspectives on cognition and religion.
Evidence for genomic imprinting in unisexual triploid hybrid frogs
Authors: Tunner Heinz 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe hybridogenetic hybrid R. esculenta arose through hybridization between R. ridibunda and R. lessonae. Usually hybrids are diploid. In some populations, however, they are triploid, with one genome from R. ridibunda and two genomes from R. lessonae (LLR-genotype). These triploids live with and mate with R. ridibunda. Thus, hybrids and R. ridibunda are sexual competitors. I studied the influence of the additional lessonae genome (dosage effect) on the morphology, biology and the electrophoretic pattern of two polymorphic proteins of triploid hybrids. The two lessonae genomes are not expressed according to a simple dose effect. Genetic information of the lessonae genome is obviously switched off because it would increase the dissimilarity between triploids and R. ridibunda, the parental species upon which reproduction of hybrids depends. Imprinting can account for the observed unusual pattern of inheritance.
Breeding biology of the leaf frog, Phyllomedusa boliviana (Anura, Hylidae)
Authors: Vaira Marcos 
Published: July 2002

AbstractSpawning behavior, clutch characteristics, and egg deposition site of the leaf frog, Phyllomedusa boliviana, were described at an artificial pool in a subtropical montane forest of Jujuy, Argentina. Mating behavior was observed during the wet season (November-January) in unmarked frogs on eight separate occasions. A prespawning period characterized by repeated struggles between amplexed and unamplexed males for possession of the female was observed lasting from 2 to 4 hours. The entire sequence of leaf folding and extrusion of both eggless capsules and eggs occurred in less than 30 minutes. After the pair separated, the female remained at the top of the leaf nest extruding a mass of eggless capsules leaving the nest 22-70 min later. Egg masses were deposited every month of the breeding season on almost every plant species at the pool perimeter, but P.boliviana appeared to choose certain species. Deposition heights between 5 and 35 cm occurred most frequently and heights above 100 cm were uncommon. The results of this study indicate that P. boliviana is able to breed in artificial ponds, information that could be useful in the management of altered habitats.
RISK-TAKING BY THREESPINE STICKLEBACK (GASTEROSTEUS ACULEATUS) PELVIC PHENOTYPES: DOES MORPHOLOGY PREDICT BEHAVIOUR?
Authors: Grand Tamara 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe relationship between risk-taking behaviour and anti-predator morphology was studied in benthic threespine stickleback fish (Gasterosteus aculeatus) from Paxton and Priest Lakes on Texada Island, British Columbia, Canada. In general, Priest Lake benthics possess complete pelvic girdles and numerous lateral plates. In contrast, Paxton Lake benthics exhibit an apparent polymorphism in anti-predator morphology; some individuals possess complete pelvic girdles while others lack them entirely. Although phenotypes tended to differ in their willingness to risk exposure to a trout predator while foraging, the predicted positive relationship between risk-taking behaviour and anti-predator morphology was not observed. While 'girdled' Paxton individuals were more willing to forage in the vicinity of the predator than 'girdleless' Paxton individuals, the more heavily armoured Priest fish were intermediate in their risk-taking behaviour. These results suggest that the relationship between risktaking behaviour and anti-predator morphology may be influenced by differences between phenotypes in predation regime and life history.
MALE MATING SUCCESS AND FEMALE PREFERENCE FOR MULTIPLE TRAITS IN THE TWOLINE PUPFISH (CYPRINODON BIFASCIATUS)
Authors: Itzkowitz Murray , Baird David , Ludlow Anna 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Summary Using the twoline pupfish (Cyprinodon bifasciatus), a species with a resource-based polygynous breeding system, we examined male mating success in the wild, and we experimentally investigated effects of male body size and substrate type on female association patterns in the laboratory. Our purpose was to (a) identify the traits contributing to male reproductive success in the field, (b) measure preferences for each trait independently in the laboratory, and (c) determine the relative importance of each trait. Field observations revealed that substrate type was the main determinant of male reproductive success: males defending territories on rocks mated significantly more often than males defending territories on silt or sand. Laboratory experiments supported the field data, and revealed that the female preference for substrate type was independent of male body size effects. When given a choice between two males matched for size but differing in the type of substrates they were defending, females preferred the male on the rocky substrate over the male on the sandy substrate. Laboratory experiments also revealed a female preference for larger males when substrate type was held constant. Finally, when females were presented with a choice between a large male on a sandy substrate and a small male on a rocky substrate, no clear preference emerged. We provide several interpretations for this result, and we argue that both traits may be strong predictors of the male's competitive ability.
Variation in Number of Elements in the Perch-Coo Vocalization of the Collared Dove (Streptopelia Decaocto) and What it May Tell About the Sender
Authors: Ballintijn Mechteld , Cate Carel Ten 
Published: July 2002

AbstractWe examined the variation in element number in the perch-coo of the collared dove and its possible causes. A negative correlation was present between body weight of an individual and the occurrence of two instead of three elements in one coo. In birds showing them, coos consisting of two elements were more common towards the end of longer coo bouts. An analysis of the spectro-temporal structure of three-element coos showed a decrease in duration of the third element in long coo-bouts. This, and a comparison of the spectrotemporal parameters of three- and two-element coos, suggests that reduction in element number is due to replacing the third element by silence. Possible causes might be muscular exhaustion and insufficient respiration, which might explain why two element coos are more common in lighter, and presumably weaker, birds. However, declining motivation cannot be ruled out as an alternative explanation. Four-element coos were produced by one male. Their occurrence was not linked to specific positions in a bout. The spectro-temporal structure of these coos suggest that they result from a programming error causing a 'stutter' to proceed a normal coo. Two different mechanisms may thus underlie variation in element number in the collared dove.
FISSION, FUSION AND NONRANDOM ASSOCIATIONS IN FEMALE BECHSTEIN'S BATS (MYOTIS BECHSTEINII)
Authors: Kerth Gerald , Konig Barbara 
Published: July 2002

AbstractMaternity colonies of the Bechstein's bat (Myotis bechsteinii) are socially closed units that frequently split into subgroups which occupy different roosts. We analysed the social structure of one colony over three years in the field and quantified associations among pairs of females by using three association indices. Colony members exhibited marked mixing, although individual composition of subgroups was not completely random. Females associated according to the reproductive status, with lactating females preferentially roosting together. Relatedness, determined from 5 nuclear and 1 mitochondrial microsatellite, had no consistent influence on the degree of association. In combination, the indices allowed for the interpretation that nonrandom associations occur even in the absence of shared roost and group size preferences. High individual associations among reproducing female Bechstein's bats might reflect the importance of cooperation in maternity colonies. The frequent fission and fusion of subgroups suggests a flexible reaction of Bechstein's bats according to enviromental conditions.
ON SEX-SPECIFIC DISPERSAL AND MATING TACTICS IN THE COMMON EIDER SOMATERIA MOLLISSIMA AS INFERRED FROM THE GENETIC STRUCTURE OF BREEDING COLONIES
Authors: Tiedemann Ralph , Von Kistowski Kristin G. , Noer Henning 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe common eider is a colony breeding seaduck with extreme female philopatry. Molecular genetic techniques (mtDNA sequencing and microsatellite analysis) were applied on Baltic eiders to infer sex-specific dispersal and mating tactics among breeding colonies with different seasonal migration behaviour, i.e. sedentary, short distance migratory, and long distance migratory. MtDNA patterns show pronounced differentiation among colonies in maternally inherited traits. The estimated number of exchanged females per generation was 1.0-1.4. Smaller colonies showed a lower level of genetic variation in mtDNA. Microsatellite patterns suggest male-mediated gene flow to be sufficient for preventing inbreeding even in smaller colonies. However, though eiders of different geographic origin mix on wintering grounds, where mating occurs, mate choice is not random: The bias towards mates of similar geographic origin might reflect a different time of arrival at the wintering ground for eiders of different origin, together with the adaptive significance of early pair formation.
TWO NEW SPECIES OF THE SUBFAMILY CANDONINAE (OSTRACODA) FROM MONTENEGRO (SE EUROPE)
Authors: Karanovic Ivana , Petkovski Trajan 
Published: July 2002

AbstractTwo new species of the subfamily Candoninae from Montenegro are described in the present paper. Pseudocandona regisnikolai n. sp. is an epigean species characterized by the absence of male bristles. The second new species, Candonopsis mareza n. sp., is a hypogean species, collected in a spring near Podgorica. This species has a triangular form of carapace. Deux nouvelles especes de la sous-famille des Candoninae provenant du Montenegro sont decrites dans le present article. Pseudocandona regisnikolai n. sp. est une espece epigee caracterisee par l'absence de soies chez le male. La seconde espece nouvelle, Candonopsis mareza n. sp. est hypogee, recueillie dans une source pres de Podgorica. Cette espece a une carapace de forme triangulaire.