bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The crosslinking of poly (ether ether ketone): Thermally and by irradiation
Authors: Al Lafi Abdul G. , Parker David J. , Hay James N. 
Published: February 2015

ABSTRACTCrosslinking of amorphous poly (ether ether ketone) films was carried out by means of thermal annealing at 400°C as well as by irradiation with 11.0 MeV proton beam at different dose rate ranging from 1.75 to 15.5 kW g−1. The materials properties of the resulting films were investigated by mean of light microscopy, sol‐gel analysis, two‐dimensional infra‐red correlation spectroscopy, 2DCOS‐IR, and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). It was found that both chain scission and crosslinking yields were decreased by an increase of dose rate and the ratio of crosslinks to chain scission was increased from 0.9 to 1.4. The 2DCOS‐IR analysis in the region 1400–1800 cm−1 showed progressive development of new bands at 1470 and 1740 cm−1, which have been used to support the presence of crosslinking and chain scission reactions. The glass transition temperature also increased in line with increasing crosslinking density, but the results showed a limiting plateau value for the glass transition
, which depended only on the absorbed dose. This suggests that crosslinking was limited and did not increase after a specific value of the dose rate. Crosslinking by irradiation has many advantages over thermal annealing; in particular it is a one step rapid process producing a variety of homogeneously crosslinked, good quality films available for chemical modification. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41999.
Linear Parameter Varying Switching Attitude Tracking Control for a Near Space Hypersonic Vehicle Via Multiple Lyapunov Functions
Authors: Huang Yiqing , Sun Changyin , Qian Chengshan 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThis article deals with the problem of linear parameter varying (LPV) switching attitude tracking control for a near space hypersonic vehicle (NSHV). Firstly, nonlinear attitude dynamics of the NSHV is modeled as a slow‐fast loop polytopic LPV model by using Jacobian linearization and Tensor‐Product (TP) model transformation approach. Secondly, for less conservative controller design purpose, the flight envelope is divided into four sub‐regions. Slow loop and fast loop LPV controllers are designed for each sub‐region. Based on switching character function, these slow loop and fast loop LPV controllers are then switched in order to guarantee the closed‐loop NSHV system to be asymptotically stable and satisfy a specified performance criterion. The existed conditions of the desired LPV switching controller are deduction by linear matrix inequations (LMIs) and the system stability analysis is given by multiple Lyapunov functions (MLPs), therefore, compared with existing switching control scheme, the proposed LPV switching control method is less conservative. Finally, numerical simulations demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Fracto‐mechanoluminescence induced by impulsive deformation of II–VI semiconductors
Authors: Tiwari Ratnesh , Dubey Vikas , Ramrakhiani Meera , Chandra B. P. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractWhen II–VI semiconductors are fractured, initially the mechanoluminescence (ML) intensity increases with time, attains a maximum value Im at a time tm, at which the fracture is completed. After tm, the ML intensity decreases with time, Im increase linearly with the impact velocity v0 and IT initially increase linearly with v0 and then it attains a saturation value for a higher value of v0. For photoluminescence, the temperature dependence comes mainly from luminescence efficiency, ηo; however, for the ML excitation, there is an additional factor, rt dependent on temperature. During fracture, charged dislocations moving near the tip of moving cracks produce intense electric field, causes band bending. Consequently, tunneling of electrons from filled electron traps to the conduction band takes place, whereby the radiative electron–hole recombination give rise to the luminescence. In the proposed mechanism, expressions are derived for the rise, the time tm corresponding to the ML intensity versus time curve, the ML intensity Im corresponding to the peak of ML intensity versus time curve, the total fracto‐mechanoluminescence (FML) intensity IT, and fast and slow decay of FML intensity of II–VI semiconductors. The FML plays a significant role in understanding the processes involved in biological detection, earthquake lights and mine failure. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Interaction of digestive enzymes with tunable light emitting quantum dots: a thorough Spectroscopic investigation
Authors: Ellappan Vaishnavi , Kesavan Manibalan , Ramalingam Parameshwari , Kulandaivel Jeganathan , Rajalingam Renganathan 
Published: February 2015

AbstractIn this article, we have examined the direct spectroscopic and microscopic evidence of efficient quantum dots‐ α‐chymotrypsin (ChT) interaction. The intrinsic fluorescence of digestive enzyme is reduced in the presence of quantum dots through ground‐state complex formation. Based on the fluorescence data, quenching rate constant, binding constant, and number of binding sites are calculated under optimized experimental conditions. Interestingly, fluorescence quenching method clearly illustrated the size dependent interaction of MPA‐CdTe quantum dots. Conformational change of ChT was traced using synchronous fluorescence measurements, circular dichroism and FTIR spectroscopic methods. Furthermore, the AFM results revealed that the individual enzyme molecule dimensions were changed after interacting with quantum dot. Consequently, this result could be helpful for constructing safe and effective utilisation of QDs in biological applications. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Targeting protein−protein interfaces using macrocyclic peptides
Authors: Gao Meng , Cheng Kui , Yin Hang 
Published: February 2015

ABSTRACTProtein−protein interactions (PPIs) are critical in numerous biological processes including signaling transduction, function regulations, and disease development. To regulate PPIs has been thought to be challenging due to their highly dynamic and expansive interfacial areas. Nonetheless, successful examples have been reported of targeting PPIs using small molecules, peptides, and proteins. Peptides, especially macrocyclic peptides have proven to be a particularly useful tool to inhibit PPIs for their exquisite potency, stability and selectivity. Herein we review the recent developments of this area of research, focusing on the macrocyclic peptides isolated from natural products, identified from library screening, and rationally designed based on structures, as PPI regulators. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Pept Sci) 104: 310–316, 2015.
Random mutagenesis of amelogenin for engineering protein nanoparticles
Authors: Bonde Johan , Bülow Leif 
Published: February 2015

ABSTRACTNanoparticles made from recombinant proteins offer excellent potential for several nanotechnological applications. However, only a very limited number of proteins are currently being used for such purposes due to limited availability and stability. Therefore, we have investigated the enamel matrix protein amelogenin as a new alternative protein for use as recombinant nanoparticles. Amelogenin is a robust protein that has the ability to self‐assemble into nanosized particles termed nanospheres. This self‐assembly property of amelogenin is highly pH‐dependent, and modifications of the solubility behavior for amelogenin can be particularly important for some applications such as drug delivery, where responsiveness at a specific pH is an essential property. In this study, an amelogenin mutant library was created and used to screen amelogenin variants with modified solubility/aggregation profiles in response to externally applied pH changes. Fifty amelogenin mutants were identified and produced recombinantly, purified and characterized. Several mutants with distinct solubility profiles were obtained that could form uniform nanospheres, ranging from 30 to 60 nm in hydrodynamic diameter. The mutants displayed a shifted onset of pH‐dependent aggregation compared to wild‐type amelogenin. At physiological pH, some mutants formed soluble nanospheres, while others generated nanosphere aggregates, suggesting different practical uses for the different mutants. By mixing and co‐assembling mutant and wild‐type amelogenin at different ratios, the level of nanosphere aggregation could be tuned at a given pH. By exploring combinations of different amelogenin variants it is possible to control aggregation events in nanomedical applications where a specific pH response is required. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2015;112: 1319–1326. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A novel strategy of radiofrequency hyperthermia (neothermia) in combination with preoperative chemoradiotherapy for the treatment of advanced rectal cancer: a pilot study
Authors: Shoji Hisanori , Motegi Masahiko , Osawa Kiyotaka , Okonogi Noriyuki , Okazaki Atsushi , Andou Yoshitaka , Asao Takayuki , Kuwano Hiroyuki , Takahashi Takeo , Ogoshi Kyoji 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThe safety of weekly regional hyperthermia performed with 8 MHz radiofrequency (RF) capacitive heating equipment has been established in rectal cancer. We aimed to standardize hyperthermia treatment for scientific evaluation and for assessing local tumor response to RF hyperthermia in rectal cancer. Forty‐nine patients diagnosed with rectal adenocarcinoma were included in the study. All patients received chemoradiation with intensity‐modulated radiation therapy 5 days/week (dose, 50 Gy/25 times) concomitant with 5 days/week for five times of capecitabine (1700 mg/m2 per day) and once a week for five times of 50 min irradiations by an 8 MHz RF capacitive heating device. Thirty‐three patients underwent surgery 8 weeks after treatment. Three patients did not undergo surgery because of progressive disease (PD) and 13 refused. Eight (16.3%) patients had a pathological complete response (ypCR) after surgery. Among patients without surgery, 3 (6.1%) had clinical complete response (CR) and 3 (6.1%) had local CR but distant PD (CRPD). Ninety percent of ypCR + CR patients were shown in 6.21 W min−1 m−2/treatment or higher group of average total accumulated irradiation output with 429°C min−1 m−2 or higher group of total accumulated thermal output. However, a patient with CRPD was in the higher total accumulated thermal output group. We propose a new quantitative parameter for the hyperthermia and demonstrated that patients can benefit from mild irradiation with mild temperature. Using these parameters, the exact output, optimal thermal treatment, and contraindications or indications of this modality could be determined in a multi‐institutional, future study.
Interactive digital graffiti canvas system
Authors: Kim Yong Sun , Kim Yongwan , Kim Ki‐Hong 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThis paper presents an interactive digital painting system that allows a user to draw graffiti on a virtual 3D canvas with a digital spray can. The system visualizes a stereoscopic representation of the canvas by tracking the user's head. It also emulates real‐time spray painting by tracking the spray can in the user's hand as well as sensing the button pressure of the spray device. After painting a 3D object, the user can interact with the object on the display and see it flying in the 3D environment through a tracked head‐mounted display. As demonstrated in the results of our evaluation, we verified that the system resembles real graffiti in regard to a natural and realistic graffiti experience. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pneumocystis jiroveci prophylaxis in patients undergoing Bendamustine treatment: the need for a standardized protocol
Authors: Abkur Tarig Mohammed , Saeed Mamoun , Ahmed Saad Zeinalabdin , McArthur Ryan , Leahy Maeve , O'Leary Hilary , O'Keeffe Denis 
Published: February 2015

Key Clinical MessageThe decision for PJP prophylaxis depends on a physician's evaluation of multiple variables. The high rate of PJP infection described in this article combined with the known impaired T‐cell function post Bendamustine treatment justifies considering all patients for PJP prophylaxis when they receive Bendamustine treatment.
Application of Minihydrocyclones in Methanol‐to‐Olefin Process Wastewater Treatment
Authors: Lv Wen‐Jie , Yang Qiang , Ma Liang , Liu Hong‐Lai , Wang Hua‐Lin 
Published: February 2015

AbstractA significant amount of wastewater containing fine catalyst particles is produced in the methanol‐to‐olefin (MTO) process, which restricts the long‐period operation of the processing unit. To address this key problem, a minihydrocyclone was designed for MTO wastewater treatment and tested in the laboratory. Good separation performance and a small cut diameter were achieved under certain feed conditions. Furthermore, a group composed of 300 parallel‐arranged minihydrocyclones was applied to the industrial unit in the MTO quench water treatment. The obtained results indicated that the separation efficiency and precision of the minihydrocyclone can meet the requirements of fine catalyst particle separation, and the designed minihydrocyclone group with reasonable parallel configuration exerted an outstanding application effect on the treatment of MTO quench water.
Synthetic Method for 2,2'‐Disubstituted Fluorinated Binaphthyl Derivatives and Application as Chiral Source in Design of Chiral Mono‐Phosphoric Acid Catalyst
Authors: Momiyama Norie , Okamoto Hiroshi , Shimizu Masahiro , Terada Masahiro 
Published: February 2015

AbstractA practical synthetic method for 2,2'‐disubstituted fluorinated binaphthyl derivatives was achieved using magnesium bis(2,2,6,6‐tetramethylpiperamide) [Mg(TMP)2], prepared from LiTMP (2 equiv) and MgBr2 (1 equiv), which allows for access to a variety of fluorinated binaphthyl compounds. The utility of the fluorinated binaphthyl backbone was evaluated in F10BINOL derived chiral mono‐phosphoric acid (R)‐19 as the chiral Brønsted acid catalyst. The catalyst (R)‐19 performs exceptionally well in the catalytic enantioselective imino‐ene reaction, demonstrating the potential of a fluorinated binaphthyl framework. Chirality 27:464–475, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Entry length effects for momentum, heat and mass transfer in circular ducts with laminar flow
Authors: Hayes Robert E. , Donoso‐Bravo Andrés , Mmbaga Joseph P. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThis paper shows the results of a computational study relating to the calculation of heat and mass transfer coefficients in the entry region of a circular duct. Laminar flow with temperature dependent physical properties is used. The results are compared with the classical results obtained for a fluid with constant physical properties. It is seen that a plot of the Nusselt number versus the inverse Graetz number does not yield a unique curve, but rather depends on the channel diameter, wall temperature or flux value, and the inlet fluid velocity. The deviation from the curve obtained with constant physical properties increases as the velocity decreases.
Embeddings of Riemannian Manifolds with Heat Kernels and Eigenfunctions
Authors: Portegies Jacobus W. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractWe show that any closed n‐dimensional Riemannian manifold can be embedded by a map constructed from heat kernels at a certain time from a finite number of points. Both this time and this number can be bounded in terms of the dimension, a lower bound on the Ricci curvature, the injectivity radius, and the volume. It follows that the manifold can be embedded by a finite number of eigenfunctions of the Laplace operator. Again, this number only depends on the geometric bounds and the dimension. In addition, both maps can be made arbitrarily close to an isometry. In the appendix, we derive quantitative estimates of the harmonic radius, so that the estimates on the number of eigenfunctions or heat kernels needed can be made quantitative as well. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effects of sampling method on foliar δ13C of Leymus chinensis at different scales
Authors: Liu Yanjie , Li Yan , Zhang Lirong , Xu Xingliang , Niu Haishan 
Published: February 2015

AbstractStable carbon isotope composition (δ13C) usually shows a negative relationship with precipitation at a large scale. We hypothesized that sampling method affects foliar δ13C and its response pattern to precipitation. We selected 11 sites along a precipitation gradient in Inner Mongolia and collected leaves of Leymus chinensis with five or six replications repeatedly in each site from 2009 to 2011. Additionally, we collected leaves of L. chinensis separately from two types of grassland (grazed and fenced) in 2011. Foliar δ13C values of all samples were measured. We compared the patterns that foliar δ13C to precipitation among different years or different sample sizes, the differences of foliar δ13C between grazed and fenced grassland. Whether actual annual precipitation (AAP) or mean annual precipitation (MAP), it was strongly correlated with foliar δ13C every year. Significant difference was found between the slopes of foliar δ13C to AAP and MAP every year, among the slopes of foliar δ13C to AAP from 2009 to 2011. The more samples used at each site the lower and convergent P‐values of the linear regression test between foliar δ13C and precipitation. Furthermore, there was significant lower foliar δ13C value in presence of grazed type than fenced type grassland. These findings provide evidence that there is significant effect of sampling method to foliar δ13C and its response pattern to precipitation of L. chinensis. Our results have valuable implications in methodology for future field sampling studies.
Why the molten salt fast reactor (MSFR) is the “best” Gen IV reactor
Authors: Siemer Darryl D. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractA simultaneously “nuclear”, permanent, and in‐time solution to mankind's energy‐related problems would require the relatively rapid manufacture of 10,000–30,000 genuinely sustainable, full‐sized (~1 GWe) reactors. This “nuclear renaissance” would have to be implemented with breeder reactors because today's commercial nuclear fuel cycle is unsustainable and based upon a fuel (235U) that is intrinsically expensive and politically problematic. The purpose of this paper is to point out why a simple/cheap “minimal reprocessing” implementation of the European Union's (EU's) molten salt fast reactor (MSFR) concept represents the most promising way to implement that technical fix:

It would be relatively simple/cheap to both build and operate,

Its fuel cycle is genuinely sustainable (no fuel shortages “forever”),

Radwaste management would also be relatively simple and cheap,

Operation would neither generate nor require huge amounts of transuranic (TRU) elements,

The consequences of accidents (fuel spills, etc.) would be relatively benign,

When steady state is achieved, the world would no longer need its uranium enrichment facilities.

Its primary drawback is that it would require virtually everyone currently involved with managing, researching, implementing, regulating, or “helping” the USA's nuclear power industry to embrace a massive paradigm shift.
Hydraulic and geomorphic processes in an overbank flood along a meandering, gravel‐bed river: implications for chute formation
Authors: Harrison Lee R. , Dunne Thomas , Fisher G. Burch 
Published: February 2015

AbstractHydraulic interactions between rivers and floodplains produce off‐channel chutes, the presence of which influences the routing of water and sediment and thus the planform evolution of meandering rivers. Detailed studies of the hydrologic exchanges between channels and floodplains are usually conducted in laboratory facilities, and studies documenting chute development are generally limited to qualitative observations. In this study, we use a reconstructed, gravel‐bedded, meandering river as a field laboratory for studying these mechanisms at a realistic scale. Using an integrated field and modeling approach, we quantified the flow exchanges between the river channel and its floodplain during an overbank flood, and identified locations where flow had the capacity to erode floodplain chutes. Hydraulic measurements and modeling indicated high rates of flow exchange between the channel and floodplain, with flow rapidly decelerating as water was decanted from the channel onto the floodplain due to the frictional drag provided by substrate and vegetation. Peak shear stresses were greatest downstream of the maxima in bend curvature, along the concave bank, where terrestrial LiDAR scans indicate initial floodplain chute formation. A second chute has developed across the convex bank of a meander bend, in a location where sediment accretion, point bar development and plant colonization have created divergent flow paths between the main channel and floodplain. In both cases, the off‐channel chutes are evolving slowly during infrequent floods due to the coarse nature of the floodplain, though rapid chute formation would be more likely in finer‐grained floodplains. The controls on chute formation at these locations include the flood magnitude, river curvature, floodplain gradient, erodibility of the floodplain sediment, and the flow resistance provided by riparian vegetation. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
High‐order time integrators for front‐tracking finite‐element analysis of viscous free‐surface flows
Authors: Charlot L. , Etienne S. , Hay A. , Pelletier D. , Garon A. 
Published: February 2015

SummaryThis paper proposes implicit Runge–Kutta (IRK) time integrators to improve the accuracy of a front‐tracking finite‐element method for viscous free‐surface flow predictions. In the front‐tracking approach, the modeling equations must be solved on a moving domain, which is usually performed using an arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian (ALE) frame of reference. One of the main difficulties associated with the ALE formulation is related to the accuracy of the time integration procedure. Indeed, most formulations reported in the literature are limited to second‐order accurate time integrators at best. In this paper, we present a finite‐element ALE formulation in which a consistent evaluation of the mesh velocity and its divergence guarantees satisfaction of the discrete geometrical conservation law. More importantly, it also ensures that the high‐order fixed mesh temporal accuracy of time integrators is preserved on deforming grids. It is combined with the use of a family of L‐stable IRK time integrators for the incompressible Navier–Stokes equations to yield high‐order time‐accurate free‐surface simulations. This is demonstrated in the paper using the method of manufactured solution in space and time as recommended in Verification and Validation. In particular, we report up to fifth‐order accuracy in time. The proposed free‐surface front‐tracking approach is then validated against cases of practical interest such as sloshing in a tank, solitary waves propagation, and coupled interaction between a wave and a submerged cylinder. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.