bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Life events and psychosocial factors in elderly suicides – a case–control study
Authors: RUBENOWITZ E. , WAERN M. , WILHELMSON K. , ALLEBECK P. 
Published: July 2002

Background. Stressful life events, such as family conflicts, separation, bereavement, somatic illness and financial problems are common antecedents of suicide. Studies on suicide among younger persons dominate the literature, despite the fact that a large proportion of suicides occur among elderly persons.Methods. The occurrence of stressful life events was investigated among elderly suicide cases and population controls. The study was conducted in the southwestern part of Sweden and included 85 persons (46 males and 39 females) 65 years and above who had committed suicide from January 1994 to May 1996. Population controls (84 males and 69 females) were randomly selected. Interviews were carried out with the controls and with informants for the suicide cases. Questions on sociodemographic background, mental and somatic health status, and life events (0–6, 7–12 and 13–24 months preceding suicide/interview) were included in the interviews.Results. Somatic illness, family discord and financial trouble were significant risk factors during all three time periods. Other risk factors were mental disorder, lower education, feelings of loneliness and previous suicide in the family. Factors associated with a decreased risk included active participation in organizations and having a hobby. Variables that remained in the multivariate logistic regression model were mental disorder (men, odds ratio (OR) = 62·4, 95% CI 17·9–217·5; women, OR = 55·9, 95% CI 14·1–222·3) and family discord (men, OR = 10·0, 95% CI 1·7–59·8; women, OR = 9·2, 95% CI 1·9–44·8).Conclusions. Mental disorder and family discord were the two major risk factors for suicide among elderly men and women.
Assessment of a new self-rating scale for post-traumatic
stress disorder
Authors: DAVIDSON J. R. T. , BOOK S. W. , COLKET J. T. , TUPLER L. A. , ROTH S. , DAVID D. , HERTZBERG M. , MELLMAN T. , BECKHAM J. C. , SMITH R. D. , DAVISON R. M. , KATZ R. , FELDMAN M. E. 
Published: July 2002

Background. In post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) there is a need for self-rating scales that
are sensitive to treatment effects and have been tested in a broad range of trauma survivors.
Separate measures of frequency and severity may also provide an advantage.Methods. Three hundred and fifty-three men and women completed the Davidson Trauma Scale
(DTS), a 17-item scale measuring each DSM-IV symptom of PTSD on 5-point frequency and
severity scales. These subjects comprised war veterans, survivors of rape or hurricane and a
mixed trauma group participating in a clinical trial. Other scales were included as validity
checks as follows: Global ratings, SCL-90-R, Eysenck Scale, Impact of Event Scale and
Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R.Results. The scale demonstrated good test–retest reliability (r = 0·86), internal consistency
(r = 0·99). One main factor emerged for severity and a smaller one for intrusion. In PTSD diagnosed
subjects, and the factor structure more closely resembled the traditional grouping of symptoms.
Concurrent validity was obtained against the SCID, with a diagnostic accuracy of 83% at a DTS
score of 40. Good convergent and divergent validity was obtained. The DTS showed predictive
validity against response to treatment, as well as being sensitive to treatment effects.Conclusions. The DTS showed good reliability and validity, and offers promised as a scale which
is particularly suited to assessing symptom severity, treatment outcome and in screening for the
likely diagnosis of PTSD.
Recollections of parental behaviour, adult
attachment and mental health: mediating and
moderating effects
Authors: GITTLEMAN M. G. , KLEIN M. H. , SMIDER N. A. , ESSEX M. J. 
Published: July 2002

Background. Attachment theory posits links between early
experiences with parents, adult
relationships and adult mental health, but does not specify whether these
are independent,
mediating, or moderating effects.Methods. Associations of parent's behaviour on the Parental
Bonding Instrument, adult attachment
styles and three dimensions of mental health were investigated in a large
sample of women and men.Results. Men and women with secure styles recalled higher levels
of care from both parents than
those with fearful styles. Maternal and paternal control were more consistent
predictors of increased
distress for men than for women. Fearful and preoccupied adult styles were
associated with higher
levels of distress in both men and women. While adult styles had few mediating
effects on the
association of parental behaviour and mental health, interactions between
the fearful style and
parental variables suggested that this form of insecurity sometimes accentuated
the impact of high
parental care or low paternal control on mental health in both men and
women; among women,
however, the secure style seemed to buffer somewhat the negative effect
of high parental control.Conclusion. Although the amount of variance explained by either
parental behaviour or adult styles
was modest, patterns of moderating effects of adult styles on associations
between parental
behaviour and mental health suggested that both continuity and discontinuity
principles can be
applied to understanding these links.
The impact of widowhood on depression:
findings from a prospective survey
Authors: CARNELLEY K. B. , WORTMAN C. B. , KESSLER R. C. 
Published: July 2002

Background. We investigated the impact of widowhood on depression and how resources and
contextual factors that define the meaning of loss modified this effect.Method. In a prospective, nationally representative sample of women in the US aged 54 or older we
compared 64 women who were widowed in the 3 years between data collection waves with 431
women who were stably married over the time interval.Results. Those who became widowed reported more depression than controls for 2 years following
the loss. However, this effect was confined to respondents whose husbands were not ill at baseline.
Widowed women whose husbands were ill at baseline already had elevated depression in the
baseline interview and did not become significantly more depressed after the death. Consistent with
this result, women who were not depressed pre-bereavement were most vulnerable to depression
following the loss of an ill spouse during the first year of widowhood.Conclusions. Results suggest that spouses' illness may forewarn wives of their impending loss and
these women may begin to grieve before his death. Those forewarned women who are not depressed
pre-bereavement may experience the most post-bereavement depression. Findings are discussed in
light of previous, more methodologically limited studies.
Continued vitality of the Freudian theory of dreaming
Authors: Shevrin Howard , Eiser Alan S. 
Published: July 2002

A minority position is presented in which evidence will be cited from the Hobson, Solms, Revonsuo, and Nielsen target articles and from other sources, supporting major tenets of Freud's theory of dreaming. Support is described for Freud's view of dreams as meaningful, linked to basic motivations, differing qualitatively in mentation, and wish-fulfilling.[Hobson et al.; Nielsen; Revonsuo; Solms]
AN ECONOMIC FRAMEWORK FOR EVALUATING A MULTILEAF COLLIMATOR
Authors: Dunscombe Peter , Roberts Gisele 
Published: July 2002

Objectives: As health care budgets continue to face close
scrutiny, any new acquisition must be evaluated for both costs and outcomes.
This study was undertaken to demonstrate the application of an economic
framework for the evaluation of a multileaf collimator as an example of a new
technology that can have both quantifiable and nonquantifiable benefits for
patients, staff, and cancer care institutions.Methods: Using financial data from the Northeastern Ontario
Regional Cancer Centre (NEORCC) and a recognized staffing model, a commercial
spreadsheet, developed to economically characterize the principal radiotherapy
processes has been used to determine the net incremental annual cost of a
multileaf collimator (MLC).Results: The incremental annual cost of purchasing an MLC is
estimated at approximately $85,000 (1997 CDN $). Without increasing patient
throughput, this increases the average cost of a course of radiotherapy by
approximately CDN $200. Savings can be accrued by decreasing mold room
activity, increasing the hourly patient capacity on each treatment machine,
and decreasing sick time due to strain injuries.Conclusions: Although the clinical outcome of techniques
facilitated by MLCs, such as intensity-modulated radiation therapy, are
unknown at this time, an economic context within which to objectively evaluate
this technology is presented. The framework presented suggests a method of
quantifying outcome-justified expenditures, such as improved patient outcome
and greater treatment flexibility, which, when offset against the incremental
annual equipment cost, may be used to help justify the acquisition of
multileaf technology.
Hadamard's finite part concept in dimension n[ges ]2;
definition and
change of variables, associated Fubini's theorem, derivation
Authors: SELLIER A. 
Published: July 2002

Some usual and important operations: change of variables, application
of Fubini's
theorem and derivation with respect to the isolated singularity (in the
present work
with respect to the origin of the spherical coordinates
(r, θ)) are studied for the following singular integralformula herewhere α∈C, Re(α)[les ]−n,
j∈ℕ,
α∈L1([sum ]n, C)
and the symbol fp∫Ω, U means an
integration on the set Ω in the finite part sense of Hadamard
with respect to the
domain configuration U. Moreover, applications to integral operators
are outlined.
Interference to GPS
Authors: Blanchard Walter 
Published: July 2002

I read Captain Gyldeń's account of failure of his GPS
set
(Vol. 50, 328, May 1997) with
some interest. A few days earlier we had had a few thunderstorms while
I had my
personal hand-held GPS running, using its own built-in antenna
and
a 12 volt battery. It
was lying on a bench inside a wooden hut where I keep some of my amateur
radio
equipment. After one particularly close flash and bang, which produced
a one-inch spark
from my transceiver antenna, the transceiver locked up and stopped responding
to
keyboard commands. Then I noticed the GPS set had also stopped
working, showing only
random symbols on its readout. I feared the worst but, after switching
them both off,
leaving them for a few minutes, and then back on again, they worked perfectly.Microprocessors locking up in strong local electrostatic fields, perhaps?
Maybe if I
had simply left them alone they would have started working again after
the charge had
leaked away. Next time I nearly get hit by lightning I'll try it.
D. Robert Ladd (1996). Intonational phonology. (Cambridge
Studies in
Linguistics 79.) Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Pp. xv+334.
Authors: Leben William R. 
Published: July 2002

Ladd's Intonational phonology is a substantial addition to
an area that has only
recently ‘arrived’. Fortunately for the field of intonational
phonology, the past
two decades have seen a number of seminal contributions from phonologists,
including Mark Liberman, Gösta Bruce, Janet Pierrehumbert and Ladd
himself. Work on intonation, which has advanced in sync with modern
linguistic theory, can also look back on quite a number of rather specific
studies
by phoneticians and rather general descriptive accounts by linguists and
English
teachers on this continent and in Europe.The book's basic goal is to present the subject matter of intonational
phonology to the non-specialist linguist. The material is not only summarised
but also accompanied by critical comments. Ladd's goal of keeping
the book
accessible to the non-specialist may limit the depth of the presentation
of the
basic material and the definitiveness of the critical comments, but for
many this
will be a reasonable price to pay for breadth of coverage.
The Political Culture of Fascist Italy
Authors: LUZZATTO SERGIO 
Published: July 2002

Mabel Berezin, Making the Fascist Self. The Political Culture of Interwar Italy (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1997), 264 pp., ISBN 0-801-43202-2.Simonetta Falasca-Zamponi, Fascist Spectacle. The Aesthetics of Power in Mussolini's Italy (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997), 303 pp., ISBN 0-520-20623-1.Emilio Gentile, The Sacralization of Politics in Fascist Italy, trans. Keith Botsford (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1996), 208 pp., ISBN 0-674-78475-8; originally published as Il culto del littorio. La sacralizzazione della politica nell'Italia fascista (Rome-Bari: Laterza, 1993), 326 pp., ISBN 8-842-04384-2.Giorgio Israel and Pietro Nastasi, Scienza e razza nell'Italia fascista (Bologna: Il Mulino, 1998), 408 pp., ISBN 8-815-06736-1.Karen Pinkus, Bodily Regimes. Italian Advertising under Fascism (Minneapolis-London: University of Minnesota Press, 1995), 268 pp., ISBN 0-816-62562-XAdolfo Scotto di Luzio, L'appropriazione imperfetta. Editori, biblioteche e libri per ragazzi durante il fascismo (Bologna: Il Mulino, 1996), 301 pp., ISBN 8-815-05559-2.
Back to the future
Authors: Sternefeld Wolfgang 
Published: July 2002

Andrew Radford, Syntactic theory and the structure of English: a minimalist approach. Cambridge textbooks in linguistics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1997. Pp. xii + 558. Hardback £50, US$69.95, ISBN 0 521 47125 7; paperback £16.95, US$24.95, ISBN 0 521 47707 7.Until recently I was convinced that by far the best textbook ever written on Generative Grammar was Perlmutter and Soames' Syntactic argumentation and the structure of English (1979). Unfortunately, the theory advanced there died out. As concerns its successor, namely GB-theory, I still believe that Andrew Radford's pioneering Transformational syntax (1981) is one of the best introductions to Chomsky's Pisa lectures, despite the plethora of competing textbooks that have appeared over the years. Now that Radford has presented his most recent book, Syntactic theory and the structure of English, I am inclined to believe that it should be considered a competitor to Perlmutter and Soames' book. Not only the similarity to Perlmutter and Soames' title, but also the pedagogical and systematic orientation of the new book invites comparison. As both books meet the highest standards with regard to clarity of expression and exposition, I recommend Radford's book as the best textbook for up-to-date syntactic theory, and I am convinced that it will play the same influential role as an introduction to the Minimalist theory as did the 1981 book for GB theory.
Molecular and Genetic Characterization of a Non-Climacteric Phenotype in Melon Reveals Two Loci Conferring Altered Ethylene Response in Fruit
Authors: Périn Christophe , Gomez-Jimenez MariCarmen , Hagen Lynda , Dogimont Catherine , Pech Jean-Claude , Latché Alain , Pitrat Michel , Lelièvre Jean-Marc 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Fruit ripening and abscission are associated with an ethylene burst in several melon (Cucumis melo) genotypes. In cantaloupe as in other climacteric fruit, exogenous ethylene can prematurely induce abscission, ethylene production, and ripening. Melon genotypes without fruit abscission or without ethylene burst also exist and are, therefore, non-climacteric. In the nonabscising melon fruit PI 161375, exogenous ethylene failed to stimulate abscission, loss of firmness, ethylene production, and expression of all target genes tested. However, the PI 161375 etiolated seedlings displayed the usual ethylene-induced triple response. Genetic analysis on a population of recombinant cantaloupe Charentais × PI 161375 inbred lines in segregation for fruit abscission and ethylene production indicated that both characters are controlled by two independent loci, abscission layer(Al)-3 and Al-4. The non-climacteric phenotype in fruit tissues is attributable to ethylene insensitivity conferred by the recessive allelic forms from PI 161375. Five candidate genes (two ACO, two ACS, and ERS) that were localized on the melon genetic map did not exhibit colocalization with Al-3 orAl-4.
Multiple Forms of ADP-Glucose Pyrophosphorylase from Tomato Fruit
Authors: Chen B. Y. , Janes H. W. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGP) was purified from tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) fruit to apparent homogeneity. By sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis the enzyme migrated as two close bands with molecular weights of 50,000 and 51,000. Two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis of the purified enzyme, however, revealed at least five major protein spots that could be distinguished by their slight differences in net charge and molecular weight. Whereas all of the spots were recognized by the antiserum raised against tomato fruit AGP holoenzyme, only three of them reacted strongly with the antiserum raised against the potato tuber AGP large subunit, and the other two spots (with lower molecular weights) reacted specifically with antisera raised against spinach leaf AGP holoenzyme and the potato tuber AGP small subunit. The results suggest the existence of at least three isoforms of the AGP large subunit and two isoforms of the small subunit in tomato fruit in vivo. The native molecular mass of the enzyme determined by gel filtration was 220 [plus or minus] 10 kD, indicating a tetrameric structure for AGP from tomato fruit. The purified enzyme is very sensitive to 3-phosphoglycerate/inorganic phosphate regulation.
Co-Permeability of 3H-Labeled Water and14C-Labeled Organic Acids across Isolated Plant Cuticles1
Authors: Niederl Sabine , Kirsch Thomas , Riederer Markus , Schreiber Lukas 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Penetration of 3H-labeled water (3H2O) and the 14C-labeled organic acids benzoic acid ([14C]BA), salicylic acid ([14C]SA), and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid ([14C]2,4-D) were measured simultaneously in isolated cuticular membranes of Prunus laurocerasus L.,Ginkgo biloba L., and Juglans regia L. For each of the three pairs of compounds (3H2O/[14C]BA,3H2O/[14C]SA, and3H2O/[14C]2,4-D) rates of cuticular water penetration were highly correlated with the rates of penetration of the organic acids. Therefore, water and organic acids penetrated the cuticles by the same routes. With the combination3H2O/[14C]BA, co-permeability was measured with isolated cuticles of nine other plant species. Permeances of 3H2O of all 12 investigated species were highly correlated with the permeances of [14C]BA (r2 = 0.95). Thus, cuticular transpiration can be predicted from BA permeance. The application of this experimental method, together with the established prediction equation, offers the opportunity to answer several important questions about cuticular transport physiology in future investigations.
Structure and Expression of a Dhurrinase (β-Glucosidase) from Sorghum1
Authors: Cicek Muzaffer , Esen Asim 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) has two isozymes of the cyanogenic β-glucosidase dhurrinase: dhurrinase-1 (Dhr1) and dhurrinase-2 (Dhr2). A nearly full-length cDNA encoding dhurrinase was isolated from 4-d-old etiolated seedlings and sequenced. The cDNA has a 1695-nucleotide-long open reading frame, which codes for a 565-amino acid-long precursor and a 514-amino acid-long mature protein, respectively. Deduced amino acid sequence of the sorghumDhr showed 70% identity with two maize (Zea mays) β-glucosidase isozymes. Southern-blot data suggested that β-glu-cosidase is encoded by a small multigene family in sorghum. Northern-blot data indicated that the mRNA corresponding to the cloned Dhr cDNA is present at high levels in the node and upper half of the mesocotyl in etiolated seedlings but at low levels in the root—only in the zone of elongation and the tip region. Light-grown seedling parts had lower levels of Dhr mRNA than those of etiolated seedlings. Immunoblot analysis performed using maize-anti-β-glucosidase sera detected two distinct dhurrinases (57 and 62 kD) in sorghum. The distribution of Dhr activity in different plant parts supports the mRNA and immunoreactive protein data, suggesting that the cloned cDNA corresponds to theDhr1 (57 kD) isozyme and that the dhr1gene shows organ-specific expression.
Increase in the Quantum Yield of Photoinhibition Contributes to Copper Toxicity in Vivo1
Authors: Pätsikkä Eija , Aro Eva-Mari , Tyystjärvi Esa 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
The effect of copper on photoinhibition of photosystem II in vivo was studied in bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv Dufrix). The plants were grown hydroponically in the presence of various concentrations of Cu2+ ranging from the optimum 0.3 μm(control) to 15 μm. The copper concentration of leaves varied according to the nutrient medium from a control value of 13 mg kg−1 dry weight to 76 mg kg−1 dry weight. Leaf samples were illuminated in the presence and absence of lincomycin at different light intensities (500–1500 μmol photons m−2 s−1). Lincomycin prevents the concurrent repair of photoinhibitory damage by blocking chloroplast protein synthesis. The photoinhibitory decrease in the light-saturated rate of O2 evolution measured from thylakoids isolated from treated leaves correlated well with the decrease in the ratio of variable to maximum fluorescence measured from the leaf discs; therefore, the fluorescence ratio was used as a routine measurement of photoinhibition in vivo. Excess copper was found to affect the equilibrium between photoinhibition and repair, resulting in a decrease in the steady-state concentration of active photosystem II centers of illuminated leaves. This shift in equilibrium apparently resulted from an increase in the quantum yield of photoinhibition (ΦPI) induced by excess copper. The kinetic pattern of photoinhibition and the independence of ΦPI on photon flux density were not affected by excess copper. An increase in ΦPI may contribute substantially to Cu2+ toxicity in certain plant species.
Induction of Defense-Related Responses in Cf9 Tomato Cells by the AVR9 Elicitor Peptide of Cladosporium fulvum Is Developmentally Regulated1
Authors: Honée Guy , Buitink Julia , Jabs Thorsten , De Kloe José , Sijbolts Fred , Apotheker Marion , Weide Rob , Sijen Titia , Stuiver Maarten , De Wit Pierre J.G.M. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
The AVR9 elicitor from the fungal pathogen Cladosporium fulvum induces defense-related responses, including cell death, specifically in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) plants that carry the Cf-9 resistance gene. To study biochemical mechanisms of resistance in detail, suspension cultures of tomato cells that carry the Cf-9 resistance gene were initiated. Treatment of cells with various elicitors, except AVR9, induced an oxidative burst, ion fluxes, and expression of defense-related genes. Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation of Cf9 tomato leaf discs with Avr9-containing constructs resulted efficiently in transgenic callus formation. Although transgenic callus tissue showed normal regeneration capacity, transgenic plants expressing both theCf-9 and the Avr9 genes were never obtained. Transgenic F1 seedlings that were generated from crosses between tomato plants expressing the Avr9 gene and wild-type Cf9 plants died within a few weeks. However, callus cultures that were initiated on cotyledons from these seedlings could be maintained for at least 3 months and developed similarly to callus cultures that contained only the Cf-9 or theAvr9 gene. It is concluded, therefore, that induction of defense responses in Cf9 tomato cells by the AVR9 elicitor is developmentally regulated and is absent in callus tissue and cell-suspension cultures, which consists of undifferentiated cells. These results are significant for the use of suspension-cultured cells to investigate signal transduction cascades.