bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Toward Energetically Consistent Ocean Models
Authors: Eden Carsten , Czeschel Lars , Olbers Dirk 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
Possibilities to construct a realistic quasi-global ocean model in Boussinesq approximation with a closed energy cycle are explored in this study. In such a model, the energy related to the mean variables would interact with all parameterized forms of energy without any spurious energy sources or sinks. This means that the energy available for interior mixing in the ocean would be only controlled by external energy input from the atmosphere and the tidal system and by internal exchanges. In the current implementation of such a consistent model, however, numerical biases and sources due to the nonlinear equation of state violate energy conservation, resulting in an overall residual up to several percent. In three (approximately) consistent model versions with different scenarios of mesoscale eddy dissipation, the parameterized internal wave field provides between 2 and 3 TW for interior mixing from the total external energy input of about 4 TW, such that a transfer between 0.3 and 0.4 TW into mean potential energy contributes to drive the large-scale circulation in the model. In contrast, the wind work on the mean circulation contributes by about 1.8 TW to the large-scale circulation in all model versions. It is shown that the consistent model versions are more energetic than standard and inconsistent model versions and in better agreement with hydrographic observations.
Global Calculation of Tidal Energy Conversion into Vertical Normal Modes
Authors: Falahat Saeed , Nycander Jonas , Roquet Fabien , Zarroug Moundheur 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
A direct calculation of the tidal generation of internal waves over the global ocean is presented. The calculation is based on a semianalytical model, assuming that the internal tide characteristic slope exceeds the bathymetric slope (subcritical slope) and the bathymetric height is small relative to the vertical scale of the wave, as well as that the horizontal tidal excursion is smaller than the horizontal topographic scale. The calculation is performed for the M2 tidal constituent. In contrast to previous similar computations, the internal tide is projected onto vertical eigenmodes, which gives two advantages. First, the vertical density profile and the finite ocean depth are taken into account in a fully consistent way, in contrast to earlier work based on the WKB approximation. Nevertheless, the WKB-based total global conversion follows closely that obtained using the eigenmode decomposition in each of the latitudinal and vertical distributions. Second, the information about the distribution of the conversion energy over different vertical modes is valuable, since the lowest modes can propagate over long distances, while high modes are more likely to dissipate locally, near the generation site. It is found that the difference between the vertical distributions of the tidal conversion into the vertical modes is smaller for the case of very deep ocean than the shallow-ocean depth. The results of the present work pave the way for future work on the vertical and horizontal distribution of the mixing caused by internal tides.
Shear-Relative Asymmetries in Tropical Cyclone Eyewall Slope
Authors: Hazelton Andrew T. , Rogers Robert , Hart Robert E. 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
Recent studies have analyzed the azimuthal mean slope of the tropical cyclone (TC) eyewall. This study looks at the shear-relative azimuthal variability of different metrics of eyewall slope: the 20-dBZ surface, the radius of maximum wind (RMW), and an angular momentum (M) surface passing through the RMW. The data used are Doppler radar composites from the NOAA Hurricane Research Division (HRD). This study examines 34 TCs, with intensities ranging from 3 to 75 m s−1 and shear magnitudes ranging from 0 to 10 m s−1. Calculation of the mean slope in each quadrant for all cases shows that RMW slope has the strongest asymmetry, with downshear slope larger than upshear in 62% of cases. Slopes of momentum surfaces and dBZ surfaces are also greater downshear in some cases (65% for M and 47% for dBZ), but there is more variance than in the RMW slope. The azimuthal phase of maximum slope occurs most often downshear, particularly downshear left, consistent with the depiction of a mean vortex tilt approximately 10° left of shear. Filtering the cases into high and low shear illustrates that the tendency for greater slope downshear is magnified for high-shear cases. In addition, although the dBZ slope shows less shear-relative signal overall, the difference between the dBZ slope and momentum slope is an important factor in distinguishing between strengthening and weakening or steady TCs. Intensifying TCs tend to have dBZ surfaces that are more upright than M surfaces. Further investigation of these results will help to illustrate the ways in which vertical shear can play a role in altering the structure of the TC core region.
The national incidence and clinical picture of SLE in children in Australia – a report from the Australian Paediatric Surveillance Unit
Authors: Mackie F E , Kainer G , Adib N , Boros C , Elliott E J , Fahy R , Munro J , Murray K , Rosenberg A , Wainstein B , Ziegler J B , Singh-Grewal D 
Published: October 2014

Objectives The objectives of this paper are to prospectively determine the incidence of paediatric systemic lupus erythematosus (pSLE) in Australia as well as describe the demographics, clinical presentation and one-year outcome. Study design Newly diagnosed cases of pSLE were ascertained prospectively from October 2009 to October 2011 through the Australian Paediatric Surveillance Unit (a national monthly surveillance scheme for notification of childhood rare diseases) as well as national subspecialty groups. Questionnaires were sent to notifying physicians at presentation and at one year. Results The annual incidence rate was 0.32 per 105 children aged less than 16 years. The incidence was significantly higher in children of Asian or Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander parents. Approximately one-third of children underwent a renal biopsy at presentation and 7% required dialysis initially although only one child had end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) at one-year follow-up. Conclusion The incidence of pSLE in Australia is comparable to that worldwide with a significantly higher incidence seen in children of Asian and Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander backgrounds. Renal involvement is common but progression to ESKD, at least in the short term, is rare.
Shaping the GAP: Ideas for the UNESCO Post-2014 ESD Agenda
Authors: Taylor Jim 
Published: October 2014

This paper explores how ESD activities may be viewed on a continuum from ‘causal’ approaches, seeking to cause change in others, to ‘enabling’ orientations where efforts are made to enable people to implement the principles of ESD and respond to the environmental challenges they face from their own context. An enabling orientation seeks to both ‘mobilise’ participant’s perspectives and engage with them in a systems-wide or holistic space. They tend to make more meaning for learners by making useful connections between theory and context-relevant practice, thus enabling application to new contexts. The paper develops the notion of capabilities and the importance of reflexivity through which one learns to respond in different ways in different circumstances. Finally the paper explores some outcomes of the DESD and develops pointers for enabling education processes in the next decade and forthcoming Global Action Programme (GAP).
The Parts and the Whole: A Holistic Approach to Environmental and Sustainability Education
Authors: Geesteranus Chris Maas 
Published: October 2014

S. Brunner and S. Urenje, Swedish International Centre of Education for Sustainable Development, Visby, 2012, 138 pages. ISBN: 978-91-637-1218-0 Material can also be downloaded at: www.swedesd.se/publications/downloads/viewcategory/1-the-parts-and-the-whole-a-holistic-approach-to-environmental-and-sustainability-education
Dorsal Wedge Phalangeal Osteotomy for Grade II-III Hallux Rigidus in Active Adult Patients
Authors: Perez-Aznar Adolfo , Lizaur-Utrilla Alejandro , Lopez-Prats Fernando A. , Gil-Guillen Vicente 
Published: October 2014

Background: The purpose of this study was to evaluate prospectively the results of the dorsal wedge phalangeal osteotomy for treating moderate hallux rigidus. Methods: The prospective study included 42 consecutive feet in 40 active patients, with an average age of 55.1 (range, 41-65) years. Clinical evaluation included American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) score, pain visual analog scale, range of motion, and subjective patient satisfaction. Radiographic evaluation was performed, including linear and angular measurements. The average follow-up was 2.7 (range, 2-3.8) years. Results: The preoperative and postoperative mean AOFAS scores were 51.7 and 88.8, respectively ( P = .001), and for pain VAS were 7.6 and 1.9, respectively ( P = .001). Good and excellent results at final follow-up were seen in 34 feet. All patients returned to their previous activities. Satisfaction with surgery was good or excellent in 39 patients. The average passive metatarsophalangeal (MTP) dorsiflexion improved from 20.3 to 55.7 degrees ( P = .001). The average MTP joint space improved from 2.2 to 2.3 degrees ( P = .001). The radiographic measurements were unchanged, except anatomic angles related to phalangeal dorsiflexion. The average width of the bone wedge was 3.5 (range, 2.2-5.0) mm, and significant correlation was found with final AOFAS score ( P = .006) and pain VAS ( P = .001). There were 2 revisions for screw irritation. Conclusion: Phalangeal osteotomy was a reliable and reproducible treatment for moderate hallux rigidus in active patients, with substantial improvement in AOFAS score and MTP dorsiflexion and decreased pain. Level of Evidence: Level IV, prospective case series.
Epigenome Variation in Severe Asthma
Authors: Wysocki Kenneth , Conley Yvette , Wenzel Sally 
Published: October 2014

Background: Asthma is a complex heterogeneous disease process with mild, moderate, and severe classifications. Although the science of genomics has opened our understanding of the molecular underpinnings of asthma, epigenetics is emerging as a mechanism whereby the expression of disease-risk genes may be influenced by environmental exposure. Objectives: The purpose of this article is to discuss the methodology of data collection and evaluation involved in genome-wide methylation profiling (epigenomic) through presentation of data generated for a population presenting with severe asthma. Method: Over 14,000 gene promoter sites were analyzed for methylation status among six subjects with severe asthma and four normal controls in this pilot study. Two duplicate samples were used as technical replicates. Nonsmoking case/control subjects were chosen based on similar gender and age. Blood samples were used for DNA extraction, and methylation data were collected utilizing the Illumina Infinium HumanMethylation27BeadChip platform. Results: Technical replicates were highly concordant, and statistically significant differences were found in methylation profiles between subjects with severe asthma and normal controls ( p < 10−8), some previously reported with pulmonary function and others never before reported. After correction for multiple testing, three gene promoter regions remained statistically different: FAM181A, ZNF718, and MRI1. Discussion: This research supports the internal validity of the Illumina platform in methylation analysis of DNA from stored blood samples. Although significant differences in methylation were noted between subjects with severe asthma and controls, the small sample size warrants further investigation into these results.
The efficacy of betulinic acid in triple-negative breast cancer
Authors: Weber Daniel , Zhang Mixia , Zhuang Pengwei , Zhang Yanjun , Wheat Janelle , Currie Geoffrey , Al-Eisawi Zaynab 
Published: October 2014

Purpose: The treatment of triple-negative breast cancer remains a daunting challenge with the standard-of-care treatments eventually failing due to acquired drug resistance, toxic side effects and the presence of a deregulated immune response. New treatments for overcoming these drawbacks include the use of plant extracts. Study design: In this study, the efficacy of betulinic acid, a naturally abundant phytochemical exhibiting anti-inflammatory and anti-proliferative activity, has been evaluated for the treatment of triple-negative breast cancer MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-468 cell lines. Furthermore, the ability of betulinic acid to inhibit angiogenesis was also determined. Results: Here, we report that betulinic acid was able to inhibit the inflammatory response, inhibit angiogenesis and cause cell cycle arrest ultimately causing apoptosis in triple-negative breast cancer cells. Our findings support that the identification of naturally occurring anti-tumour compounds may provide a chemotherapeutic approach for the treatment of triple-negative breast cancer. Conclusion: Overall, our results provide a molecular basis for the ability of betulinic acid to mediate apoptosis, suppress inflammation and inhibit angiogenesis in triple-negative breast cancer cell lines.
Examination of the potential association of stress with morbidity and mortality outcomes in patient with heart failure
Authors: Alhurani Abdullah S , Dekker Rebecca , Tovar Elizabeth , Bailey Alison , Lennie Terry A , Randall David C , Moser Debra K 
Published: October 2014

Objectives: The high mortality and morbidity rates associated with heart failure are still not well explained. A few psychosocial factors have been studied and explain some of this risk, but other factors, like stress, remain largely unexplored in heart failure. This study aimed to (1) examine the association of stress with 6-month cardiac event-free survival, (2) examine the relationship of stress with salivary cortisol, and (3) examine the association of salivary cortisol level with 6-month cardiac event-free survival. Method: A total of 81 heart failure patients participated. Stress was measured using the brief Perceived Stress Scale. Cortisol was measured from unstimulated whole expectorated saliva. Cox regression analyses were used to determine whether stress predicted event-free survival, and if salivary cortisol predicted event-free survival. Linear and multiple regressions were used to determine the association of stress with salivary cortisol. Results: Stress was not a significant predictor of event-free survival in heart failure (heart rate = 1.06; 95% confidence interval = 0.95–1.81; p = 0.32). Salivary cortisol was a significant predictor of event-free survival in the unadjusted model (heart rate = 2.30; 95% confidence interval = 0.99–5.927; p = 0.05), but not in the adjusted model. Stress (β 1.06; 95% confidence interval = 0.95–1.18; p = 0.32) was not a significant predictor of salivary cortisol level. Conclusion: Stress is a complex phenomenon, and our measure of stress may not have captured it well. Alternatively, the physical stressors acting in heart failure produce levels of neurohormonal activation that mask the effects of psychosocial stressors or an indirect association of stress with outcomes that is mediated through another construct. Future studies are needed to investigate stress in patients with heart failure to provide definitive answers.
The structure and properties of PEDOT synthesized by template-free solution method
Authors: Zhao Qin , Jamal Ruxangul , Zhang Li , Wang Minchao , Abdiryim Tursun 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
In this study, a simple one-step template-free solution method was developed for the preparation of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOTs) with different morphologies by adjusting various ratios of oxidant (FeCl3·6H2O) to monomer (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT)). The results from structural analysis showed that the structure of PEDOT was strongly affected by the oxidant/monomer ratio, and the polymerization degree, conjugation length, doping level, and crystallinity of PEDOT decreased with increasing of the oxidant/monomer ratio. The morphological analysis showed that PEDOT prepared from an oxidant/monomer ratio of 3:1 displayed a special coral-like morphology, and the branches of ‘coral’ would adjoin or grow together with increasing content of oxidant in the reaction medium; consequently, the morphology of PEDOT changed from coral to sheets (at an oxidant/monomer ratio of 9:1). The electrochemical analysis proved that the PEDOT prepared from an oxidant/monomer ratio of 3:1 had the lowest resistance and the highest specific capacitances (174 F/g) at a current density of 1 A/g with a capacity retention rate of 74% over 1,500 cycles, which indicated that the PEDOT with a coral-like morphology could be applied as a promising electrode material for supercapacitors.
Screening and characterization of extracellular polysaccharides produced by Leuconostoc kimchii isolated from traditional fermented pulque beverage
Authors: Torres-Rodríguez Ingrid , Rodríguez-Alegría María Elena , Miranda-Molina Alfonso , Giles-Gómez Martha , Conca Morales Rodrigo , López-Munguía Agustín , Bolívar Francisco , Escalante Adelfo 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
We report the screening and characterization of EPS produced by LAB identified as Leuconostoc kimchii isolated from pulque, a traditional Mexican fermented, non-distilled alcoholic beverage produced by the fermentation of the sap extracted from several (Agave) maguey species. EPS-producing LAB constitutes an abundant bacterial group relative to total LAB present in sap and during fermentation, however, only two EPS-producing colony phenotypes (EPSA and EPSB, respectively) were detected and isolated concluding that despite the high number of polymer-producing LAB their phenotypic diversity is low. Scanning electron microcopy analysis during EPS-producing conditions revealed that both types of EPS form a uniform porous structure surrounding the bacterial cells. The structural characterization of the soluble and cell-associated EPS fractions of each polymer by enzymatic and acid hydrolysis, as by 1D- and 2D-NMR, showed that polymers produced by the soluble and cell-associated fractions of EPSA strain are dextrans consisting of a linear backbone of linked α-(1→6) Glcp in the main chain with α-(1→2) and α-(1→3)-linked branches. The polymer produced by the soluble fraction of EPSB strain was identified as a class 1 dextran with a linear backbone containing consecutive α-(1→6)-linked D-glucopyranosyl units with few α-(1→3)-linked branches, whereas the cell-associated EPS is a polymer mixture consisting of a levan composed of linear chains of (2→6)-linked β-D-fructofuranosyl residues with β-(2→6) connections, and a class 1 dextran. According to our knowledge this is the first report of dextrans and a levan including their structural characterization produced by L. kimchii isolated from a traditional fermented source.
Age at immigration and high school dropouts
Authors: Cohen Goldner Sarit , Epstein Gil S 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
We focus on high school dropout rates among male and female immigrant children. We consider the relationship between the dropout rate and age at arrival of the immigrants. Using repeated cross sectional data from the Israeli Labor Force Surveys of 1996-2011 we show that the share of high school dropouts among immigrant children who arrived from the Former Soviet Union during 1989-1994 is at least double that of natives in the same age group. Further, we show that among immigrant youth there is a negative relation between age at arrival and the share of high school dropouts. To understand our results we present a theoretical framework that links between age at arrival in the host country, language proficiency, quality of education and wages.

Keywords: Immigrants, Age at arrival, High-school dropouts.
Biomolecular assembly strategies to develop potential artificial cellulosomes
Authors: Gonçalves Geisa AL , Mori Yutaro , Kamiya Noriho 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
Cellulosic biomass is a sustainable source for fuels and value-added chemicals, and is available in large quantities. One of the key challenges in biomass processing is associated with the establishment of an efficient enzymatic degradation of plant cell wall. A multi-enzymatic complex, cellulosome, was identified as a highly efficient biocatalyst for the hydrolysis of cellulosic biomass in nature. Significant progress has been achieved on cellulosome production and application since its discovery, but there is still a gap for industrial use. Artificial systems are being developed by employing various pairs of proteins and scaffolds with the objective of reconstructing this natural multi-enzymatic complex for sustainable biotechnology application.
End-of-Life Care for Older Patients With Ovarian Cancer Is Intensive Despite High Rates of Hospice Use
Authors: Wright Alexi A. , Hatfield Laura A. , Earle Craig C. , Keating Nancy L. 
Published: October 2014

PurposeTo date, few studies have examined end-of-life care for patients with ovarian cancer. One study documented increased hospice use among older patients with ovarian cancer from 2000 to 2005. We sought to determine whether increased hospice use was associated with less-intensive end-of-life medical care.Patients and MethodsWe identified 6,956 individuals age ≥ 66 years living in SEER areas who were enrolled in fee-for-service Medicare, diagnosed with epithelial ovarian cancer between 1997 and 2007, and died as a result of ovarian cancer by December 2007. We examined changes in medical care during patients' last month of life over time.ResultsBetween 1997 and 2007, hospice use increased significantly, and terminal hospitalizations decreased (both P < .001). However, during this time, we also observed statistically significant increases in intensive care unit admissions, hospitalizations, repeated emergency department visits, and health care transitions (all P ≤ .01). In addition, the proportion of patients referred to hospice from inpatient settings rose over time (P = .001). Inpatients referred to hospice were more likely to enroll in hospice within 3 days of death than outpatients (adjusted odds ratio, 1.36; 95% CI, 1.12 to 1.66).ConclusionOlder women with ovarian cancer were more likely to receive hospice services near death and less likely to die in a hospital in 2007 compared with earlier years. Despite this, use of hospital-based services increased over time, and patients underwent more transitions among health care settings near death, suggesting that the increasing use of hospice did not offset intensive end-of-life care.