bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dietary protein quality and malnutrition in Africa
Authors: Schönfeldt Hettie Carina , Gibson Hall Nicolette 
Published: October 2012

The WHO (2007) Technical Report on protein and amino acid requirements in human nutrition states that the best estimate for a population average requirement is 105 mg nitrogen/kg body weight per day, or 0·66 g protein/kg body weight per day. In many developing countries protein intake falls significantly short of these values. Apart from protein quantity, protein quality including bioavailability and digestibility, from different food sources, are currently on the global agenda. The 1st International Symposium on Dietary Protein for Human Health held in Auckland, in March 2011, and the consecutive Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations (FAO) Expert Consultation on Dietary Protein Quality, both highlighted the importance of assessing the quality of protein from different food sources through determination of amino acid content. Throughout the developed world, animal products and cereals are the two most important sources of protein; in developing countries this order is reversed. In low income countries only 3 % of total dietary energy, as an indicator of diet composition, is derived from meat and offal, 11 % from roots and tubers and 6 % from pulses, nuts and oilseeds. The remainder of the dietary energy is mainly derived from cereal-based staple food. Although the production of livestock has increased in developing countries, the consumption of protein in these countries with people consuming the most limited amounts of protein are continually decreasing. Undernutrition, including insufficient consumption of protein, remains a persistent problem in the developing world, and although many diets within these developing countries are deficient in thequantityof protein compared to recommendations, thequalityof the protein also strongly comes into focus.
Validation of the Diet Quality Index for Adolescents by comparison with biomarkers, nutrient and food intakes: the HELENA study
Authors: Vyncke Krishna , Cruz Fernandez Estefania , Fajó-Pascual Marta , Cuenca-García Magdalena , De Keyzer Willem , Gonzalez-Gross Marcela , Moreno Luis A. , Beghin Laurent , Breidenassel Christina , Kersting Mathilde , Albers Ulrike , Diethelm Katharina , Mouratidou Theodora , Grammatikaki Evangelia , De Vriendt Tineke , Marcos Ascensión , Bammann Karin , Börnhorst Claudia , Leclercq Caterine , Manios Yannis , Dallongeville Jean , Vereecken Carine , Maes Lea , Gwozdz Wencke , Van Winckel Myriam , Gottrand Frédéric , Sjöström Michael , Díaz Ligia E. , Geelen Anouk , Hallström Lena , Widhalm Kurt , Kafatos Anthony , Molnar Denes , De Henauw Stefaan , Huybrechts Inge 
Published: October 2012

Food-based dietary guidelines (FBDG) aim to address the nutritional requirements at population level in order to prevent diseases and promote a healthy lifestyle. Diet quality indices can be used to assess the compliance with these FBDG. The present study aimed to investigate whether the newly developed Diet Quality Index for Adolescents (DQI-A) is a good surrogate measure for adherence to FBDG, and whether adherence to these FBDG effectively leads to better nutrient intakes and nutritional biomarkers in adolescents. Participants included 1804 European adolescents who were recruited in the Healthy Lifestyle in Europe by Nutrition in Adolescence (HELENA) Study. Dietary intake was assessed by two, non-consecutive 24 h recalls. A DQI-A score, considering the components' dietary quality, diversity and equilibrium, was calculated. Associations between the DQI-A and food and nutrient intakes and blood concentration biomarkers were investigated using multilevel regression analysis corrected for centre, age and sex. DQI-A scores were associated with food intake in the expected direction: positive associations with nutrient-dense food items, such as fruits and vegetables, and inverse associations with energy-dense and low-nutritious foods. On the nutrient level, the DQI-A was positively related to the intake of water, fibre and most minerals and vitamins. No association was found between the DQI-A and total fat intake. Furthermore, a positive association was observed with 25-hydroxyvitamin D, holo-transcobalamin andn-3 fatty acid serum levels. The present study has shown good validity of the DQI-A by confirming the expected associations with food and nutrient intakes and some biomarkers in blood.
Immunological programming by breast milk creates an anti-inflammatory cytokine milieu in breast-fed infants compared to formula-fed infants
Authors: Kainonen Essi , Rautava Samuli , Isolauri Erika 
Published: October 2012

Breast milk provides important maturational stimuli to an infant's developing immune system. However, data concerning the role of breast-feeding in reducing the risk of allergic disease remain contradictory. Previous studies have centred on comparative analyses of breast milk and formula compositions. We chose a slightly different angle, whereby we focused on the effects of the chosen diet on the infant himself, comparing the immune development of formula-fed and breast-fed children. The objective of the present study was to determine how the mode of feeding affects infant immunology. Altogether, eighteen formula-fed infants with limited breast-feeding for < 3 months and twenty-nine infants who were exclusively breast-fed for >3 months were included in the study. Concentrations of interferon γ, TNF-α IL-10, IL-5, IL-4 and IL-2 were measured simultaneously from the same serum sample through use of a multiplexed flow cytometric assay at the ages of 1, 3, 6 and 12 months. Transforming growth factor β2 (TGF-β2) was measured using ELISA at the same time points. Serum TNF-α and IL-2 concentrations were significantly higher in formula-fed than in breast-fed infants during the first year of life (ANOVA,P= 0·002). The serum concentrations of TGF-β were significantly lower in formula-fed than in breast-fed infants throughout the first year of life (ANOVA,P≤ 0·0001). Exclusive breast-feeding promotes an anti-inflammatory cytokine milieu, which is maintained throughout infancy. Such an immunological environment limits hyper-responsiveness and promotes tolerisation, possibly prohibiting the onset of allergic disease.
The earliest rugose coral
Authors: BAARS CHRISTIAN , GHOBADI POUR MANSOUREH , ATWOOD ROBERT C. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractRugose corals are thought to have evolved from an ancestral anthozoan during the Middle Ordovician Epoch even though there is a lack of fossil evidence for the early evolutionary history of the Rugosa. Previously documented species of early rugose corals are all assigned to the main orders Calostylina, Streptelasmatina, Cystiphyllina and Stauriina, which had all evolved by the late Sandbian.Lambelasma? sp., a new rugose coral, was recovered from the upper Darriwilian (Middle Ordovician) part of the Shirgesht Formation of Central Iran. One of the fossils, partly embedded in rock matrix, was examined using synchrotron X-ray tomography, which is here demonstrated to be a useful tool in palaeontological taxonomic studies. The new fossils form part of a mid-latitude Gondwana fauna and are the earliest record of rugose corals to date. The specimens combine features of both the Streptelasmatina and Calostylina, but are here assigned to the Lambelasmatidae (Calostylina) on the grounds of a very deep calice, the pinnate arrangement of the septa and a lack of synapticulae and tabulae.
Two new species ofSyphacia(Nematoda: Oxyuridae) in endemic murid rodents from Sulawesi, Indonesia
Authors: Dewi K. , Hasegawa H. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractTwo new species ofSyphacia(Nematoda: Oxyuridae) are described from endemic murids of Sulawesi, Indonesia:Syphacia(Syphacia)taeromyossp. n. andS.(S.)paruromyossp. n. parasitic in the caecum ofTaeromys celebensisandParuromys dominator, respectively. They are readily distinguished from all of the congeners recorded from Indonesia–Australian regions by having a round cephalic plate, vesicular lateral alae in the male, posteriorly positioned excretory pore in the male, and/or lacking cervical alae.Syphacia (S.) paruromyosdiffers fromS. (S.) taeromyosby having a whip-like tail appendage in the male, longer relative distance between excretory pore and vulva, and larger eggs. The round cephalic plate in both sexes and developed vesicular lateral alae in the male are morphological traits common in endemicSyphaciaspecies hitherto known from Sulawesi murids, suggesting that they have derived from a common ancestor and evolved with their hosts in the isolated insular environment.
Quality of life assessment following adenotonsillectomy for obstructive sleep apnoea in children under three years of age
Authors: Mandavia R , Dhar V , Kapoor K , Rachmanidou A 
Published: October 2012

AbstractAim:To investigate the effects of adenotonsillectomy on the quality of life of children under three years of age with obstructive sleep apnoea. To our knowledge, there have been no previously published studies on this topic.Method:Thirty-nine children under three years of age and treated with adenotonsillectomy for obstructive sleep apnoea met the inclusion criteria. A quality of life questionnaire was adapted from the validated, six-item instrument developed by de Serreset al.(2000). The questionnaire assessed improvement in specific domains following adenotonsillectomy. Carers scored each domain on a point scale ranging from ‘none’ (0) to ‘couldn't be more’ (6).Results:The quality of life of all children improved after surgery. The greatest mean improvement scores were in the domains of care-giver concern, physical suffering and sleep disturbance. The modal questionnaire score was 4 and the overall mean questionnaire score was 4.2.Conclusion:Adenotonsillectomy provides measurable improvements in quality of life for children under three years of age with obstructive sleep apnoea.
Devotion, Antiquity, and Colonial Custody of the Hindu Temple in British India
Authors: SUTTON DEBORAH 
Published: October 2012

AbstractIn 1904, the British Indian government passed the Ancient Monuments Protection Act and, in doing so, radically enlarged the state's bureaucratic claim to structures defined, for the purposes of the Act, as monuments. The project of conserving the Hindu temple was beset by disagreements. The claims of the colonial state and local Hindu devotees were separated by different precepts about religiosity and alternate orders of aesthetics, time, and history. However, it is clear that there were also confluences: legislative authority could masquerade as custody of the antiquarian and, in practice, the secular veneration of material antiquity blurred with Hindu divinity. This paper combines an exploration of the principles of archaeological conservation, as they were formed in the European bourgeois imagination, and then traces their transfer, though imperial administration, to case-studies of specific temples. Of particular interest is the deployment of the Act by local administrations and the counter-challenges, appropriations, and manipulations of the same legislation. How were the aesthetic codes of conservation—and the legislation that sought to order and enforce their introduction—compromised by religious claims and practices?
An ER-based framework for declarative web programming
Authors: HANUS MICHAEL , KOSCHNICKE SVEN 
Published: October 2012

AbstractWe describe a framework to support the implementation of web-based systems intended to manipulate data stored in relational databases. Since the conceptual model of a relational database is often specified as an entity-relationship (ER) model, we propose to use the ER model to generate a complete implementation in the declarative programming language Curry. This implementation contains operations to create and manipulate entities of the data model, supports authentication, authorization, session handling, and the composition of individual operations to user processes. Furthermore, the implementation ensures the consistency of the database w.r.t. the data dependencies specified in the ER model, i.e., updates initiated by the user cannot lead to an inconsistent state of the database. In order to generate a high-level declarative implementation that can be easily adapted to individual customer requirements, the framework exploits previous works on declarative database programming and web user interface construction in Curry.
Sustainable development in the WTO: from mutual supportiveness to balancing
Authors: LYDGATE EMILY BARRETT 
Published: October 2012

AbstractThe WTO Secretariat describes sustainable development as a central WTO principle. Relevant international law treaties have declared sustainable development's mutual supportiveness with trade liberalization, and also emphasized the need to balance its ‘pillars’: economic development, often equated with trade liberalization, with environmental conservation and social welfare. While ‘mutual supportiveness’ suggests that sustainable development's environmental and social goals are a side effect of trade liberalization, ‘balancing’ involves weighing these different goals, and prompts the difficult question of which are most important, and who is empowered to decide. This paper traces these two broad theoretical conceptions through WTO legal texts, negotiations and dispute settlement, arguing that they have important pragmatic implications. In particular, to create mutual supportiveness WTO Director-General, Pascal Lamy, has stated the need for adequate domestic policies, suggesting that the WTO should support these. Yet, if they have negative trade impacts, pure ‘sustainable development’ policies may be difficult to balance against the WTO obligation to liberalize trade.
Realization of an atomically flat surface of diamond using dressed photon–phonon etching
Authors: Yatsui Takashi , Nomura Wataru , Naruse Makoto , Ohtsu Motoichi 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
We obtained an atomically flat diamond surface following dressed photon–phonon (DPP) etching using 3.81 eV light and O2 gas. We obtained a surface roughness (R

a
) of 0.154 nm for Ib-type (1 1 1) diamond and 0.096 nm for Ib-type (1 0 0) diamond. To evaluate the surface roughness, we grouped the surface into bins of width l and introduced the standard deviation of the height difference function for a given separation l, which allowed us to determine the height variation of the surface. Based on the calculation of standard deviation, the conventional adiabatic photochemical reaction did not remove the small surface features, while DPP etching decreased the surface roughness for all length scales.
The benefits of using a heart failure management programme in Swedish primary healthcare
Authors: Agvall Björn , Alehagen Urban , Dahlström Ulf 
Published: October 2012

AimHeart failure (HF) is a common condition with which high mortality, morbidity, and poor quality of life are associated. It has previously been shown that use of HF management programmes (HFMPs) in HF clinics can be beneficial. The purpose of this study was to evaluate if the use of HFMPs also has beneficial effects on HF patients in primary healthcare (PHC).Methods and resultsThis is a randomized, prospective, open‐label study including 160 patients from five PHC centres with systolic HF and a mean age of 75 years (standard deviation 7.8). In the intervention group, an intensive follow‐up was performed by HF nurses and physicians providing information and education about HF and the optimization of HF treatment according to recognized guidelines. There was a significant improvement of composite endpoints in the intervention group. Significantly more patients with reduced N‐terminal pro brain natriuretic peptide (P = 0.012), improved cardiac function (P = 0.03), fewer healthcare contacts (P = 0.04), and fewer emergency room visits and admittances (P = 0.0002 and P = 0.03, respectively) could be seen in the intervention group when compared with the control group.ConclusionsThe use of a HFMP in a PHC setting was found to have beneficial effects in terms of reducing the number of healthcare contacts and hospital admissions, and improving cardiac function in patients with systolic HF, even if the result should be interpreted with caution. It can therefore be recommended that HFMPs should be used in PHC.
A carbon-rich Mira variable in a globular cluster: a stellar merger
Authors: Feast Michael W. , Menzies John W. , Whitelock Patricia A. 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
The membership of Matsunaga's variable 1, a carbon-rich, mass-losing, Mira variable, in the globular cluster Lynga 7 is discussed on the basis of radial velocities. We conclude that it is a member, the first known C-Mira in a globular cluster. Since such a variable is expected to have an age of ∼1–2 Gyr and an initial mass of ∼1.5 M⊙, we conclude that this star must be the product of a stellar merger.
Effects of epidermal growth factor receptor and phosphatase and tensin homologue gene expression on the inhibition of U87MG glioblastoma cell proliferation induced by protein kinase inhibitors
Authors: Xing Wen‐Jing , Zou Yan , Han Qing‐Lian , Dong Yu‐Cui , Deng Zhen‐Ling , Lv Xiao‐Hong , Jiang Tao , Ren Huan 
Published: October 2012

Summary

The aim of the present study was to analyse the antiproliferative effects and mechanisms of action of protein kinase inhibitors (PKIs) in human glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) cells with different epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and phosphatase and tensin homologue (PTEN) status.

The GBM cell models were established by transfection of plasmids carrying wild‐type EGFR, mutated EGFRvIII or PTEN and clonal selection in U87MG cells. Phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase (PI3‐K)/AKT pathway‐focused gene profiles were examined by real‐time polymerase chain reaction‐based assays, protein expression was evaluated by western blotting and the antiproliferative effects of PKI treatment were determined by the 3‐(4,5‐dimethyl‐2 thiazoyl)‐2,5‐diphenyl‐2H‐tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay in GBM cells.

The cell model with intact PTEN and low EGFR levels was the most sensitive to treatment with the EGFR inhibitor erlotinib, whereas the model with EGFRvIII was the most resistant to treatment with the mitogen‐activated protein kinase kinase inhibitor U0126. The dual PI3‐K and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitor PI103 had the most potent antiproliferative effects against all GBM cells tested. Following simultaneous stimulation of AKT and extracellular signal‐regulated kinase, rapamycin concentrations > 0.5 nmol/L failed to exhibit a further growth inhibitory effect. Concurrent inhibition of mTOR and ribosomal protein s6 activity may underlie the inhibition of GBM proliferation by PKI.

In conclusion, overexpression of EGFR or EGFRvIII, accompanied by a loss of PTEN, contributed to the activation of multiple intracellular signalling pathways in GBM cells. Rigorous examination of biomarkers in tumour tissues before and after treatment may be necessary to determine the efficacy of PKI therapy in patients with GBM.
Update in clinical allergy and immunology
Authors: von Gunten S. , Marsland B. J. , von Garnier C. , Simon D. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractIn the recent years, a tremendous body of studies has addressed a broad variety of distinct topics in clinical allergy and immunology. In this update, we discuss selected recent data that provide clinically and pathogenetically relevant insights or identify potential novel targets and strategies for therapy. The role of the microbiome in shaping allergic immune responses and molecular, as well as cellular mechanisms of disease, is discussed separately and in the context of atopic dermatitis, as an allergic model disease. Besides summarizing novel evidence, this update highlights current areas of uncertainties and debates that, as we hope, shall stimulate scientific discussions and research activities in the field.
Intensive playing leads to non‐monosymptomatic enuresis in children with low prepulse inhibition
Authors: Schulz‐Juergensen S , Bolte L , Gebhardt J , Eggert P 
Published: October 2012

AbstractAimParents of children suffering from non‐monosymptomatic enuresis (nmE) report their child wetting itself during intensive playing. As children with enuresis are characterized by reduced bladder control (measured as prepulse inhibition (PPI) of startle reflex), the hypothesis suggests that intensive playing leads to further decrease in control and consecutive wetting. Two questions are important: Does PPI change while concentrating? Is this difference more explicit in children with daytime incontinence?MethodsForty‐four healthy children, 40 children with nmE and 37 with monosymptomatic enuresis (mE) were examined. PPI was measured while watching DVD and while playing Nintendo's Wii®, and calculated as percentage of the native startle response.ResultsAll probands showed a relevant decrease in PPI: in relaxed state, the PPI of the controls was 54%; when concentrating, it fell to 34.5% (p = 0.014). The decrease in PPI in mE was from 66% to 51% (p = 0.008), and the decrease in PPI in nmE was from 29% to 21% (p = 0.125).ConclusionWhile the decrease in PPI when playing was smallest in the group with nmE, overall PPI level was by far the lowest. The findings confirm the aetiology of enuresis through impaired ‘sensori‐motor gating’ in children with nmE and provide a neurophysiologic correlate for wetting while playing.
The Kid‐Short Marfan Score (Kid‐SMS) – an easy executable risk score for suspected paediatric patients with Marfan syndrome
Authors: Mueller Goetz C , Stark Veronika , Steiner Kristoffer , Weil Jochen , von Kodolitsch Yskert , Mir Thomas S 
Published: October 2012

AbstractAimDue to age‐dependent manifestations, diagnosis of Marfan syndrome (MFS) in children and adolescents is sophisticated. Although revised Ghent criteria is a major step forward, its utility in children is still restricted due to expensive and technically advanced diagnostics. As early diagnosis submits long‐term benefits concerning prognosis, the need of an appropriate diagnostic tool for risk stratification of suspected paediatric patients with Marfan is justified.Methods and resultsSixty paediatric patients with Marfan were subject to a standardized diagnostic programme. All clinical symptoms of the revised Ghent nosology were analysed concerning age at first clinical manifestation, prevalence and likelihood ratio for MFS. Symptoms with early onset, high prevalence and high positive likelihood ratio were identified and combined for a risk score called Kid‐Short Marfan Score (Kid‐SMS). Three risk categories for suspicion of Marfan syndrome were developed. Finally, the Kid‐SMS was operated in 130 paediatric patients with suspected MFS. Kid‐SMS identified significantly more suspected patients with Marfan compared with Ghent nosology, revised Ghent and genetics alone without oversensitivity.ConclusionWhereas diagnosis of MFS in childhood is sophisticated, Kid‐SMS is a useful tool for risk stratification of suspected paediatric patients with Marfan by easy executable diagnostics, especially for paediatricians and paediatric cardiologists.