bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nocardiopsis
Authors: Hozzein Wael N. , Trujillo Martha E. 
Published: August 2015

No.car.di.op'sis. N.L. fem. n.Nocardiaa genus of the orderActinomycetales; Gr. fem. n.opsisappearance; N.L. fem. n.Nocardiopsisthat which has the appearance ofNocardia.Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Streptosporangiales / Nocardiopsaceae / NocardiopsisGram‐stain‐positive, aerobic, chemo‐organotrophic,nonacid‐fast, nonmotile filamentous actinomycetes. Substrate mycelium is well developed and hyphae are long and densely branched.Fragmentation into coccoid and bacillary elements may occur. Aerial mycelium is well developed and sparse‐to‐abundant;aerial hyphae are long, branched,straight to flexuous, or irregularly zig‐zagged, completely fragmenting into spores of various lengths. Spore surface is smooth. Wall peptidoglycancontainsmeso‐diaminopimelic acidand the muramic acid of the peptidoglycan is acetylated. No diagnostic sugars are found in whole‐organism hydrolysates.Mycolic acids are absent. Major phospholipids arephosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylmethylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, and phosphatidylinositol, with small amounts of diphosphatidylglycerol. Menaquinones are predominantly variably hydrogenated with ten isoprene units (MK‐10), with minor amounts of theMK‐9and/orMK‐11series. The main fatty acids are branched and10‐methyl‐branched fatty acids, 14‐methyl‐heptadecanoic acid, and 14‐methyl‐hexadecanoic acid. Growth temperature range is 10–45°C. Widely distributed in saline and alkaline soils, and found in compost, vegetable matter, indoor environments, and clinical material of animal and human origin.DNA G+C content(mol%): 64–69.Type species:Nocardiopsis dassonvillei(Brocq‐Rousseu 1904) Meyer 1976, 487AL.
Chryseobacterium
Authors: Bernardet Jean‐François , Hugo Celia J. , Bruun Brita 
Published: August 2015

Chry.se.o.bac.te'ri.um. Gr. adj.chryseosgolden; L. neut. n.bacteriuma small rod; N.L. neut. n.Chryseobacteriuma yellow rod.Bacteroidetes / Flavobacteriia / Flavobacteriales / Flavobacteriaceae / ChryseobacteriumStraight, single rodswith rounded ends typically about 0.5 µm in width and variable in length, often 1–3 µm; filamentous cells and pleomorphism also occur. Do not form endospores. Spherical degenerative forms do not appear in ageing liquid cultures.Colonies are pale to bright yellow due to the production of non‐diffusible, non‐fluorescent flexirubin‐type pigments. A strong, aromatic odor is produced. Gram‐stain‐negative.Nonmotile. Flagella, gliding movement, or swarming growth have not been reported. Obligately aerobic, having a strictly respiratory type of metabolismwith oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor.No denitrification occurs and most species do not reduce nitrate or nitrite. Chemo‐organotrophic. Most environmental isolates grow at 5°C, all grow at 15–30°C, and several grow up to 37°C; clinical isolates do not grow at 5°C, but grow at 15–37°C, and some grow at up to 42°C. Grow readily on the usual commercial media; no growth factors are required. Most species also grow in media containing up to 3–5% NaCl. No growth or weak growth on cetrimide agar, but members of a few species are able to grow on MacConkey agar.Catalase‐ and oxidase‐positive. Several carbohydrates are oxidized. Esculin is hydrolyzed, but agar is not. Strong proteolytic activity occurs.Most strains are resistant to a wide range of antimicrobial agents. Menaquinone‐6 (MK‐6) is the only or predominant respiratory quinone. Predominant cellular fatty acids are C15:0iso, C17:0iso 3‐OH, C17:1iso ω9c, and summed feature 4 (comprising C15:0iso 2‐OH and/or C16:1ω7c/t).Members of most species occur in soil and in fresh or seawater habitats. Two species and unclassified strains also occur in human clinical specimensand hospital environments, but their pathogenicity to man is not well‐documented. Two species and unclassified strains have been retrieved from diseased fish. Four species occur in food or dairy products; they may be involved in spoilage.DNA G+C content(mol%): 29–39.Type species:Chryseobacterium gleum(Holmes, Owen, Steigerwalt and Brenner 1984b) Vandamme, Bernardet, Segers, Kersters and Holmes 1994a, 830VP(Flavobacterium gleumHolmes, Owen, Steigerwalt and Brenner 1984b, 23).
Addendum to the Green Sulfur Bacteria Phototrophic green sulfur bacteria living in consortia with other microorganisms
Authors: Overmann Jörg 
Published: August 2015

Phototrophic consortia are structural associations between green‐or brown‐colored and colorless bacteria. The regular structure of these consortia is unique in the microbial world (Schink, 1991). Colored cells contain chlorosomes (e.g., Caldwell and Tiedje, 1975b) and hybridize with 16S rDNA oligonucleotide probes specific for green sulfur bacteria (Tuschak et. al., 1999). This indicates that the colored cells belong to the green sulfur bacteria. So far neither the phototrophic nor the chemotrophic partner are available in pure culture. The isolation of a green sulfur bacterium from the “Chlorochromatium” consortium by Mechsner (1957) was the first step in this direction. Unfortunately, this green sulfur bacterium was lost before detailed metabolic and taxonomic studies were made. Not one of the consortia has so far been isolated in its intact form.Chlorobi / “Chlorobia” / Subclass I “Chlorobiales” / Green Sulfur Bacteria / Green Sulfur Bacteria, Addendum: Phototrophic Green Sulfur Bacteria Living in Consortia with Other Microorganisms
Form‐Chroococcus
Authors: Rippka Rosmarie , Castenholz Richard W. , Iteman Isabelle , Herdman Michael 
Published: August 2015

Chro
.
o
.
coc
'
cus
. Gr. fem. n.
chroa
skin; Gr. n.
kokkos
grain or kernel; M.L. masc. n.
Chroococcus
kernel in skin.

Cyanobacteria / Subsection I / Incertae Sedis / Form‐ Chroococcus
Large cells (22–32 µm in diameter) that reproduce by binary fission in two successive planes at right angles; the cells occur in aggregates, generally of four cells, held together by multilaminated sheath material. Due to the constraints imposed by the tightly appressed sheath layers, a single, spherical, predivisional cell gives rise to hemispherical and quadrantal cells after the first and second cell divisions, respectively.
Form‐ Cyanobium
Authors: Rippka Rosmarie , Castenholz Richard W. , Herdman Michael 
Published: August 2015

Cy
.
ano
'
bi
.
um
. Gr. adj.
kuanos
blue color; Gr. masc. n.
bios
life; M.L. neut. n.
Cyanobium
blue‐(green) life‐(form).

Cyanobacteria / Subsection I / Incertae Sedis / Form‐ Cyanobacterium
Unicellular cyanobacteria that reproduce by transverse binary fission in a single plane. Cells are spherical to rod‐shaped, 0.8–1.4 µm in diameter and contain peripheral thylakoids.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 66–71.

Type species
: (Botanical Code)
Cyanobium gracile
Rippka and Cohen‐Bazire 1983.
Form‐ Gloeocapsa
Authors: Herdman Michael , Castenholz Richard W. , Iteman Isabelle , Rippka Rosmarie 
Published: August 2015

Gloe.o.cap' sa
. Gr. adj.
gloios
sticky; L. n.
capsa
box; M.L. fem. n.
Gloeocapsa
sticky box.

Cyanobacteria / Subsection I / Incertae Sedis / Form‐ Gloeocapsa
Unicellular cyanobacteria with spherical cells 3–10 µm in diameter that divide by binary fission in two or three successive planes at right angles to one another and occur in aggregates that are held together by a multilaminated sheath.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 40–46.
Form‐Microcystis
Authors: Herdman Michael , Castenholz Richard W. , Iteman Isabelle , Rippka Rosmarie 
Published: August 2015

Mi.cro.cys' tis
. Gr. adj.
mikros
small; Gr. n.
cystis
bladder, bag; M.L. fem. n.
Microcystis
small bag.

Cyanobacteria / Subsection I / Incertae Sedis / Form‐ Microcystis
Planktonic unicellular cyanobacteria that reproduce by binary fission in two (or possibly three?) planes at right angles to one another. Cells are spherical, 3–6 µm in diameter. May be united into colonial aggregates by mucilage, but are never enclosed by multilaminated sheath material. Gas vesicles are normally present.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 42.
Form‐Anabaenopsis
Authors: Rippka Rosmarie , Castenholz Richard W. , Iteman Isabelle , Herdman Michael 
Published: August 2015

A.na.bae' n.op' sis. Anabaena
genus of cyanobacteria; Gr.
opsis
appearance; M.L. fem. n.
Anabaenopsis Anabaena
‐like in appearance.

Cyanobacteria / Subsection IV / Subsection IV.I / Form‐Anabaenopsis
Short, immotile trichomes form a loose half circular to a full circular coil composed of 8–16 ellipsoidal, cylindrical, or barrelshaped cells that contain gas vesicle clusters dispersed throughout the vegetative cells. Sheath layers are lacking. Terminal heterocysts often present at both ends of a trichome; new heterocyst differentiate in pairs in the center of the trichome. Akinetes, singly or in pairs, are formed distant from the heterocysts. Structurally distinct hormogonia not produced.
Form‐Cyanospira
Authors: Rippka Rosmarie , Castenholz Richard W. , Iteman Isabelle , Herdman Michael 
Published: August 2015

Cy'an.o.spi' ra
. Gr. adj.
kuanos
blue (color); L. n.
spira
a coil; M.L. fem. n.
Cyanospira
blue‐(green) coils.

Cyanobacteria / Subsection IV / Subsection IV.I / Form‐ Cyanospira
Helically coiled, immotile, trichomes with intercalary and terminal heterocysts; the vegetative cells are spherical to ovoid and are separated by relatively deep constrictions; gas vesicle clusters are dispersed throughout the vegetative cells. Defined sheaths are lacking. Asymmetric cell division prior to de novo heterocyst differentiation does not take place. Akinetes differentiate distant from heterocysts, often forming chains. Hormogonia distinct in morphology from mature trichomes not produced.
Form‐Cylindrospermum
Authors: Rippka Rosmarie , Castenholz Richard W. , Herdman Michael 
Published: August 2015

Cy.lin.dro.sper' mum
. Gr. n. kylindros roller, cylinder; Gr. n.
sperma
seed; M.L. neut. n.
Cylindrospermum
(filament) cylinder of seedlike cells.

Cyanobacteria / Subsection IV / Subsection IV.I / Form‐ Cylindrospermum
Trichomes, generally motile, are untapered and differentiate exclusively terminal heterocysts at one or both ends. The vegetative cells are cylindrical in shape and do not contain gas vesicle clusters. A single large cylindrical to ovoid akinete is formed adjacent to one or both heterocysts in the trichome. Sheath envelopes and structurally distinct hormogonia are not produced.
Form‐Nodularia
Authors: Rippka Rosmarie , Castenholz Richard W. , Iteman Isabelle , Herdman Michael 
Published: August 2015

Nod.u.la' ri.a
. L. adj.
nodulus
diminutive of nodus, small and knotty, knobby; L. n.
arium
place; M.L. fem. n.
Nodularia
knobby microbial filament.

Cyanobacteria / Subsection IV / Subsection IV.I / Form‐ Nodularia
The trichomes, motile or immotile, are composed of vegetative cells that are shorter than broad (“discoid” or “disk‐like”) and may be enclosed in a thin sheath layer. Terminal cells do not differ from intercalary cells. Heterocysts and akinetes are similar in shape to the vegetative cells but often appear compressed. Differentiation of heterocysts takes place predominantly in intercalary positions. Akinetes are initiated usually distant from heterocysts and may occur in short chains. Structurally distinct hormogonia not produced. Planktonic members exhibit gas vesicle clusters dispersed throughout the vegetative cells.
Form‐Chlorogloeopsis
Authors: Hoffmann Lucien , Castenholz Richard W. 
Published: August 2015

Chlor
'
ogloe
.
op
'
sis
. Gr. adj.
chloros
green; Gr. adj.
gloios
sticky; Gr. n.
opsis
appearance, hence resemblance; M.L. fem. n.
Chlorogloeopsis
(cyanobacterium) resembling
Chlorogloea
Mitra.

Cyanobacteria / Subsection V / Incertae Sedis / Form‐Chlorogloeopsis
The filamentous nature of this organism is often unclear, except in the hormogonia. Hormogonia are composed of short chains of cylindrical or barrel‐shaped cells which, after ceasing motility, enlarge to become spherical cells (Figure 1). Extracellular sheath is present. Heterocysts develop in both intercalary and terminal positions when levels of combined nitrogen are low. Growth continues, with cell divisions in more than one plane (Figure 1), so that multiseriate trichomes develop. The filamentous nature of the organisms is usually lost, however, since the growing mass of cells commonly fragments into clusters or amorphous aggregates of cells, generally within a mucilaginous sheath (Rippka et al., 1979) (Figure 1). Hormogonia arise from such aggregates. Uneven (asymmetric) divisions of vegetative cells occur; small heterocysts occur when strains are deprived of combined nitrogen (Foulds and Carr, 1981). Masses of vegetative cells may also enlarge to form thicker‐walled cells (akinetes or akinete‐like cells). Akinete germination takes place with division in several planes and the shedding of extra wall layers (Rippka et al., 1979). Synaptic “pore channels”, common in many other genera in Subsection V, are not present.
Form‐Geitleria
Authors: Hoffmann Lucien , Castenholz Richard W. 
Published: August 2015

Geit.ler' i.a
. M.L. fem. n.
Geitleria
Geitler, named after L. Geitler, Austrian botanist and specialist in cyanobacteria, 1899–1990.

Cyanobacteria / Subsection V / Incertae Sedis / Form‐Geitleria
Branching is pseudodichotomous, dichotomous, and lateral (Figure 1). The sheath becomes heavily calcified, and only cells near the tips of trichomes are able to give rise to a lateral branch or, when an apical cell undergoes an oblique division followed by further divisions of both cells, to a false dichotomy (Friedmann, 1955). The ultrastructure of decalcified specimens, including pore channels (i.e. “pit connections”), has been studied by Couté (1982, 1985) (Figure 1). No cultures of this genus have been established.
Deferribacter
Authors: Greene Anthony C. , Patel Bharat K. C. 
Published: August 2015

De.fer.ri.bac' ter
. L. pref.
de
from; L. n.
ferrum
iron; Gr. hyp. masc. n.
bacter
rod; M.L. masc. n.
Deferribacter
rod that reduces iron.

Deferribacteres / Deferribactere / Deferribacterales / Deferribacteraceae / Deferribacter
Gram‐negative rods. Nonsporulating. Nonmotile. Anaerobic. Fe(III), Mn(IV), and nitrate utilized as electron acceptors. Complex organic extracts and organic acids used as electron donors. No fermentation occurs.

Type species
:
Deferribacter thermophilus
Greene, Patel and Sheehy 1997, 509.
Methanococcus
Authors: Whitman William B. 
Published: August 2015

Me.tha.no.coc' cus. M.L. neut. n.methanummethane; Gr. n.kokkosa spherical cell; M.L. masc. n.Methanococcusmethane coccus.Euryarchaeota / Methanococcales / Methanococcales / Methanococcaceae / MethanococcusIrregular cocci, 1.0–2.0 µm in diameter during balanced growth. Cells from older cultures or colonies are extremely irregular. Cells lose integrity during Gram staining and lyse completely within 10 s when suspended in either distilled water or 0.01% sodium dodecylsulfate.Motile, by means of polar tufts of flagella. Obligately anaerobic. Mesophilic (temperature optima: 35–40°C). pH optimum between 6 and 8. NaCl required for growth, optimal concentrations 0.5–4% (w/v).Obligately methanogenic; H2and formate serve as electron donors. Acetate, methanol, and methylamines are not substrates for methanogenesis. Alcohols, including isopropanol, are not substrates for methanogenesis. With one exception, all species grow autotrophically in mineral medium. Amino acids and acetate are stimulatory for some species. Nitrogen sources include ammonium, N2gas and alanine. Storage materials include glycogen. Organisms are found insalt‐marsh, marine, and estuarine sediments.The mol%G+C of the DNA is: 29–34.Type species:Methanococcus vannieliiStadtman and Barker 1951b, 269 (Nom. Cons., Opinion 62 of the Jud. Comm. 1986a, 491).
Peptococcus
Authors: Ezaki Takayuki 
Published: August 2015

Pep.to.coc'cus. Gr. adj.
peptos
cooked, digested; Gr. n.
kokkos
a grain berry; N.L. masc. n.
Peptococcus
the digesting coccus.

Firmicutes / “Clostridia” / Clostridiales / Peptococcaceae / Peptococcus
Cells are Gram‐stain‐positive, non‐spore‐forming anaerobic cocci that occur singly, in pairs, and irregular mass. Chemo‐organotrophs. Found in human intestine, vagina, or human umblicus. Metabolize peptone and amino acids to acetic acid, butyric acid, isocaproic acid. Nonsaccharolytic. Cell‐wall diamino acid is lysine.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 50–51 (
T
m
) (Ezaki et al., 1983).

Type species
:
Peptococcus niger
(Hall 1930) Kluyver and van Niel 1936, 400
AL
.
Dialister
Authors: Wade William G. 
Published: August 2015

Di.a.lis'ter. The etymology, and therefore the gender, of the genus name is unknown. Downes et al. (2003) proposed that the gender of the genus name be assigned as masculine, as allowed under Rule 65(3) of the Bacteriological Code.
Firmicutes / “Clostridia” / Clostridiales / Veillonellaceae / Dialister

Cells are
obligately anaerobic
or
microaerophilic
, nonmotile, nonspore‐forming,
nonfermentative
, small Gram‐stain‐negative
coccobacilli
(0.2–0.4 × 0.3–0.7 µm). Growth in broth media is only slightly turbid at best. Esculin and urea are not hydrolyzed; indole and catalase are not produced. There is no growth in 20% bile.
Metabolic end products are variable amounts of acetate
,
lactate
,
and propionate
. The major cellular constituents of the type species
Dialister pneumosintes
,
Dialister micraerophilus
, and
Dialister propionicifaciens
include the fatty acids
C

18
:
1 ω9c

,
C

16
:
0

,
C

18
:
0

,
and C

16
:
1 ω7c

, but have not been determined for
Dialister invisus
.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 35–46;
type species
, 35.

Type species
:
Dialister pneumosintes
(Olitsky and Gates 1921) (
ex
Bergey, Harrison, Breed, Hammer and Huntoon 1923, Moore and Moore 1994, 191
VP
emend. Downes, Munson and Wade 2003, 1940 emend. Jumas‐Bilak, Jean‐Pierre, Carlier, Teyssier, Bernard, Gay, Campos, Morio and Marchandin 2005, 2477 (
Bacterium pneumosintes
Olitsky and Gates 1921, 727;
Bacteroides pneumonsintes
Holdeman and Moore 1970, 33).
Megasphaera
Authors: Marchandin Hélène , Juvonen Riikka , Haikara Auli 
Published: August 2015

Me.ga.sphae'ra. Gr. adj.megasbig; Gr. n.sphaeraa sphere; N.L. fem. n.Megasphaerabig sphere.Firmicutes / “Clostridia” / Clostridiales / Veillonellaceae / MegasphaeraAnaerobic.Gram‐stain‐negative cocci, 0.4–2.0 µm or more in diameter. Nonmotile. Endospores not formed. Glucose, fructose, and lactate may or may not be fermented. Gas may or may not be produced. Gelatin or milk is not hydrolysed and nitrate is not reduced. Pyruvate but not succinate is utilized. Common metabolic end products of all five species described are acetic, propionic, butyric, and valeric acid. Found in the rumen of cattle and sheep, in the feces and intestine of man, in human clinical samples, and in spoiled bottled beer.DNA G+C content(mol%): 42.4–46.4 (Tm), 53.6 (Bd).Type species:Megasphaera elsdenii(Gutierrez, Davis, Lindahl and Warwick 1959) Rogosa 1971a, 187AL(Peptostreptococcus elsdeniiGutierrez, Davis, Lindahl and Warwick 1959, 20; organism LC Elsden and Lewis 1953, 183; rumen organism LC Elsden, Volcani, Gilchrist and Lewis 1956, 686).
Phascolarctobacterium
Authors: Stackebrandt Erko , Osawa Ro 
Published: August 2015

Phas.co.larc'to.bac.te'ri.um. Genus namePhascolarctosKoala; Gr. neut. dim. n.bakterionrod; N.L. neut. n.Phascolarctobacteriumbacterium of Koalas.Firmicutes / “Clostridia” / Clostridiales / Veillonellaceae / PhascolarctobacteriumPleomorphic rods, 0.5 × 2.0 µm to 0.5 × 5–20 µm. Pleomorphism is medium dependent; in the presence of succinate small rods are transformed into elongated and fragmented rods with multiple branches. Gram‐stain‐negative, nonmotile, nonspore‐forming chemo‐organotroph.Propionic acid is the main end product of succinate fermentation. Growth inhibited by fumarate. Growth of satellite colonies around colonies of succinate‐producingEscherichia colicells.Obligately anaerobic. Growth most rapid at 30–37°C. Phylogenetically a member of the familyVeillonellaceae, phylumFirmicutes. So farSucciniclasticum ruminisis the closest phylogenetic neighbor.DNA G+C content(mol%): 41.4–42.3 (Tm).Type species:Phascolarctobacterium faeciumDel Dot, Osawa and Stackebrandt 1994, 182VP(Effective publication: Del Dot, Osawa and Stackebrandt 1993, 383.).
Peptoniphilus
Authors: Ezaki Takayuki , Kawamura Yoshiaki 
Published: August 2015

Pep.to.ni.phil'us. N.L. neut. n.peptonumpeptone; Gr. adj.philosliking, friendly to; N.L. masc. n.Peptoniphilusfriend of peptone, referring to the use of peptone as a major energy source).Firmicutes / “Clostridia” / Clostridiales / incertae Sedis ‐ Family I / PeptoniphilusNon‐spore‐forming, obligately anaerobic, Gram‐stain‐positive, cocci. Cells may occur in pairs, short chains, tetrads, or small masses. Nonmotile. Optimal growth temperature is 37°C. The major metabolic end product from peptone yeast extract glucose (PYG) medium is butyric acid. Carbohydrates are not fermented. Use peptones and oligopeptide as major energy source. The position 1, position 3, and interpeptide bridge of peptidoglycan are alanine,L‐ornithine, andD‐glutamic acid (Li et al., 1992; Schleifer and Nimmermann, 1973; Weiss, 1981).DNA G+C content(mol%): 25–34 (Ezaki, 1982).Type species:Peptoniphilus asaccharolyticus(Distaso 1912) Ezaki, Kawamura, Li, Li, Zhao and Shu 2001a, 1525 (Peptococcus asaccharolyticusDistaso 1912, Douglas 1957;Peptostreptococcus asaccharolyticusEzaki, Yamamoto, Ninomiya, Suzuki and Yabuuchi 1983, 690).
Sedimentibacter
Authors: Lechner Ute 
Published: August 2015

Se.di.men.ti.bac'ter. N.L. masc. n.sedimentumsediment; N.L. n.bactermasc. equivalent of Gr. neut. dim. n.bakterionrod or staff; N.L. masc. n.Sedimentibacterrod from sediment, referring to its origin.Firmicutes / “Clostridia” / Clostridiales / incertae Sedis ‐ Family I / SedimentibacterSlightly curved rod‐shaped cells found singly or in chains,0.35×7 µm, ovalspores formedfrom terminal swollen sporangia. Gram‐stain‐positive or ‐negative. Motile by means ofperitrichous flagella. Strict anaerobe. Growth between 12 and 41°C with optimal growth at 33–37°C. pH optimum 7–8.2. Growth requires yeast extract and is supported by thefermentation of pyruvate or of amino acids in a Stickland‐type reaction.H2not produced.Carbohydrates not fermented.Purines including uric acid,adenine,hypoxanthine,guanine,and xanthine are not utilized. Catalase and urease are absent. Thecell‐wall type is A1α(L‐lysine, direct). Menaquinones are not present. The genus represents a separate line of descent within thePeptostreptococcaceaeaccording to 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis.DNA G+C content(mol%): 34–35.5.Type species:Sedimentibacter hydroxybenzoicus(Zhang, Mandelco and Wiegel 1994) Breitenstein, Wiegel, Haertig, Weiss, Andreesen and Lechner 2002, 806VP(Clostridium hydroxybenzoicumZhang, Mandelco and Wiegel 1994, 218).