bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Institutional entrepreneurship and policy learning in China
Authors: Gu Shulin 
Published: March 2013

PurposeThis work aims to address source and dynamics of institutional change. It seeks to develop analytic tools by adaptation of Schumpeterian notion on entrepreneurship, Nelson's work on basic institutions and specific institutions, and Nonaka's middle‐up‐down framework of knowledge management in contrast to top‐down process. Pragmatically it attempts to understand how to improve policy capacity that challenges China seriously.Design/methodology/approachThe work adopts a detailed case study method. A paired case is chosen with the criteria that they have widespread impact in China, and are representative of general and specific institutional change, respectively. Data came from mixed sources: field work and publications. Comparison of the paired cases identifies similarities and differences of different institutional change.FindingsSimilarities in the cases are in the important role of institutional entrepreneurs, crucial necessity of field experimentation, and regulatory and legislative means of knowledge processing. Differences are that centralized “top‐down” process of knowledge development, together with committed and centrally guided field experimentation, characterizes general institutional change. In contrast, coordinated and distributed “middle‐up‐down” process, together with autonomously emerged creation at the grassroots, characterizes specific institutional change.Research limitations/implicationsThis is a new research area. Many more empirical and theoretical works are needed.Practical implicationsAs to how China should improve policy capacity, the study indicates: to focus policy learning on specific parts and facets of institutional settings; to change policy‐makers' role from omni‐competent controller to catalyst/promoter of institutional change; to assign an active role to middle levels and allow broader participation and diverse experimentations.Originality/valueThe author explores interesting details of institutional entrepreneurship and institutional changes based on the two case studies. This work fills the gap of how to analyze institutional change from the innovation/innovation systems perspective.
Mainstream and new‐stream patterns for indigenous innovation in China
Authors: Zhu Bin , Ou Wei‐qiang 
Published: March 2013

PurposeThe paper aimed to summarize innovative rules of Chinese manufacturing enterprises, and put forward some insights in optimal allocation of innovation resources and enhancing the capability of indigenous innovation, so as to overcome the innovation dilemma.Design/methodology/approachHaving diagnosed the current research of innovation flows, the authors defined the concept and stated characteristics of mainstream and new‐stream innovation. Innovation life cycle theory and technology trajectory theory were used to map two evolution patterns of mainstream and new‐stream innovation. It took weeks to stay in firms to obtain original data and interview managers, engineers, and mechanists. From the case study the authors proposed the improvement projects and opportunities for firms to overcome the “innovation dilemma”.FindingsIn the indigenous innovation process, enterprises should breed new‐stream innovation as they strengthen the mainstream innovation, view the new‐stream technology as the innovation direction, and fulfill the constant innovation in the convergent innovation and replace evolution process. Meanwhile, enterprises should take precautions both to expand and develop, and fulfill technology transition and innovation upgrade through convergent innovation. Furthermore, firms' convergent innovation, which will finally achieve the “projects‐talents‐products‐markets” collaborative innovation, should be clear about target market and project‐oriented, take the product as the carrier, and be committed to cultivate creative talents and innovative teams.Originality/valueThis paper enriches the existing theory on indigenous innovation by introducing the new concept of mainstream and new‐stream innovation. The findings would help firms to jump out from the innovation morass.
Changes in doctoral education
Authors: Taylor Stanley Edward 
Published: March 2013

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to identify the implications of recent changes in doctoral education for supervisors who are developing early career researchers in terms of the need to develop their professionality.Design/methodology/approachThis conceptual paper seeks to establish an historical benchmark in terms of the Von Humboldt model of doctoral education and the associated master‐apprentice model of supervision. It then sets out the key changes of the past three decades and summarises what is described as the post‐Humboldian doctorate. These changes are then related to the knowledge and skills needed for successful supervisory practice and to the professionality of research supervisors.FindingsThe paper demonstrates that the shift to the post‐Humboldtian doctorate has radically expanded the knowledge, understanding, and skills required by supervisors to successfully develop early career researchers and that these can be arrayed on a continuum represented by indicative characteristics of “restricted” to “extended” professionality as applied to supervisors.Practical implicationsThe implications are that professional development programmes for supervisors developing early career researchers need to be reviewed in the light of how far they can support participants to make the full range of adjustments necessary to develop their own professionality as supervisors.Originality/valueThe paper is the first to apply the notion of professionality – and its “restricted”‐“extended” range – to the doctoral supervisory role.
The Vortex of Rights: ‘Right to the City’ at a Crossroads
Authors: Kuymulu Mehmet BariŞ 
Published: March 2013

AbstractThe right to the city concept has recently attracted a great deal of attention from radical theorists and grassroots activists of urban justice, who have embraced the notion as a means to analyze and challenge neoliberal urbanism. It has, moreover, drawn considerable attention from United Nations (UN) agencies, which have organized meetings and outlined policies to absorb the notion into their own political agendas. This wide‐ranging interest has created a conceptual vortex, pulling together discordant political projects behind the banner of the right to the city. This article analyzes such projects by reframing the right to the city concept to foreground its roots in Marxian labor theory of value. It argues that Lefebvre's formulation of the right to the city — based on the contradiction between use value and exchange value in capitalist urbanism — is invaluable for analyzing and delineating contradictory urban politics that are pulled into the vortex of the right to the city. Following Lefebvre's lead in such an analysis, however, reveals certain limitations of Lefebvre's own account. The article therefore concludes with a theoretical proposition that aims to open up space for further critical debate on the right to the city.
Antimicrobial Effect of Sour Pomegranate Sauce on Escherichia coli O157 : H7 and Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: Kışla Duygu , Karabıyıklı Şeniz 
Published: March 2013

Abstract   Pomegranate sauce is one of the most popular pomegranate products produced in Turkey. This study was conducted to determine the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of both traditional and commercial sour pomegranate sauce samples on Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923) and Escherichia coli O157 : H7 (ATCC 43895). The initial microflora of the pomegranate sauce samples was determined by performing the enumerations of total aerobic mesophilic bacteria, yeast and mold, S. aureus, E. coli, and the determination of Salmonella spp. MIC tests were applied to the neutralized and the original (unneutralized) sour pomegranate sauce samples in order to put forth the inhibition effect depending on low pH value. It was found that inhibitory effect of the traditional and the commercial samples, except one sample, on pathogens was not only due to the acidity of the products. The results of MIC tests indicated that although both traditional and commercial samples showed a considerable inhibitory effect on test microorganisms, the traditional pomegranate sauce samples were more effective than the commercial ones.
Suitability ofCalifornia bay laurel and other species as hosts for the non‐native redbay ambrosia beetle and granulate ambrosia beetle
Authors: Mayfield Albert E. , MacKenzie Martin , Cannon Philip G. , Oak Steven W. , Horn Scott , Hwang Jaesoon , Kendra Paul E. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractThe redbay ambrosia beetleXyleborus glabratusEichhoff is a non‐native vector of the pathogen that causes laurel wilt, a deadly disease of trees in the familyLauraceae in the southeasternU.S.A.Concern exists thatX. glabratusand its fungal symbiont could be transported to the westernU.S.A. and cause damage toCalifornia bay laurelUmbellularia californica(Hook. &Arn.)Nutt. inCalifornia andWashington.The present study evaluated in‐flight attraction, attack density and emergence ofX. glabratusand another invasive ambrosia beetleXylosandrus crassiusculus(Motschulsky) on cut bolts ofCalifornia bay laurel and eight related tree species in an infested forest inSouthCarolina.Xylosandrus crassiusculusis not a vector of the laurel wilt pathogen but is a pest of nursery and ornamental trees.Mean catch ofX. glabratusonCalifornia bay laurel bolts was not significantly different from catches on bolts of knownX. glabratushosts sassafrasSassafras albidum(Nutt.)Nees and swampbayPersea palustris(Raf.)Sarg. Mean attack density and adult emergence of both beetle species fromCalifornia bay laurel was equal to or greater than all other tree species tested. Both beetle species readily produced brood inCalifornia bay laurel bolts.The results obtained in the present study suggest thatCalifornia bay laurel may be negatively impacted by both of these invasive ambrosia beetles if they become established in the tree's native range.
Kisspeptin as a master player in the central control of reproduction in mammals: An overview of kisspeptin research in domestic animals
Authors: Okamura Hiroaki , Yamamura Takashi , Wakabayashi Yoshihiro 
Published: March 2013

AbstractThe hypothalamo‐pituitary‐gonadal (HPG) axis is the regulatory system for reproduction in mammals. Because secretion of gonadotropin‐releasing hormone (GnRH) into the portal vessels is the final step at which the brain controls gonadal activities, the GnRH neuronal system had been thought to be central to the HPG axis. A newly discovered neural peptide, kisspeptin, has opened a new era in reproductive neuroendocrinology. As shown in a variety of mammals, kisspeptin is a potent endogenous secretagogue of GnRH, and the kisspeptin neuronal system governs both the pulsatile GnRH secretion that drives folliculogenesis, spermatogenesis and steroidogenesis, and the GnRH surge that triggers ovulation in females. The kisspeptin neuronal system is therefore considered a master player in the central control of mammalian reproduction, and kisspeptin and related substances could therefore be valuable for the development of novel strategies for the management of fertility in farm animals. To this end, the present review aimed to summarize the current research on kisspeptin signaling with a focus on domestic animals such as sheep, goats, cattle, pigs and horses.
Seasonal variation of the lying and standing behavior indexes of dairy cattle at different daily time periods in free‐stall housing
Authors: Uzal Seyfi Selda 
Published: March 2013

AbstractThe lying and standing behavior of dairy cattle reveal whether dairy cattle housing is appropriate to cow comfort. Lying and standing behavior indexes, such as cow comfort index (CCI), cow stress index (CSI) and stall usage index (SUI) are often used as an indication of animal welfare. This study was performed to determine the seasonal and hourly variation of cow behavioral indexes at different daily time periods (DTP) and evaluate appropriateDTPbetter representing daily behavioral activity of dairy cattle in free‐stall housing (FHS) in Konya,Turkey. Animal behaviors were videotaped for a total of 24 days (576 h) over four seasons in aFHSat a commercial dairy farm fromNovember 2007 toMarch 2009 using continuous video data (24 h per day). The behaviors of cows in the barn were evaluated using 60‐min scan sampling. All phenotypes were evaluated on an hourly basis during the experimental period. The results show how these indexes can be accurately evaluated by analyzing video recordings taken onDTPbetween 08.00–15.00 and 19.00–24.00 hours for autumn and summer and 10.00–12.00 and 20.00–22.00 hours for spring, instead of continuous observation (r > 0.93,P < 0.01). Consequently, the evaluated method provides saving time and labor to accurately analyze cow behavior instead of observations over a long time.
Incidence rates and risk factors of bipolar disorder in the general population: a population‐based cohort study
Authors: Kroon Jojanneke S , Wohlfarth Tamar D , Dieleman Jeanne , Sutterland Arjen L , Storosum Jitschak G , Denys Damiaan , de Haan Lieuwe , Sturkenboom Mirjam CJM 
Published: March 2013

ObjectiveTo estimate the incidence rates (IRs) of bipolar I and bipolar II disorders in the general population according to sociodemographic population characteristics.MethodsA cohort study (during the years 1996–2007) was conducted in a general practitioners research database with a longitudinal electronic record of 800000 patients throughout the Netherlands [the Integrated Primary Care Information (IPCI) database]. Cases of bipolar disorder were identified and classified by systematic review of medical records. Age‐ and gender‐specific IRs were calculated per calendar year, degree of urbanization, and degree of deprivation.ResultsThe overall IR of bipolar disorder was 0.70/10000 person‐years (PY) [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.57–0.83]; the IR of bipolar I disorder was 0.43/10000 PY (95% CI: 0.34–0.55) and the IR of bipolar II disorder was 0.19/10000 PY (95% CI: 0.13–0.27). Two peaks in the age at onset of the disorder were noticed: one in early adulthood (15–24 years; 0.68/10000 PY) and a larger peak in later life (45–54 years; 1.2/10000 PY). In bipolar II disorder, only one peak, in the 45–54 year age category (IR 0.42/10000 PY), was found. The IRs of bipolar disorder were significantly higher in deprived areas. Similar rates were found for men compared to women and in urban compared to rural areas. No association was found between the onset of first (hypo)manic episode and month or season of birth.ConclusionsWe found two peaks in the age at onset of bipolar disorder, one in early adulthood and one in later life, the former consisting mainly of bipolar I disorder subjects. The incidence of bipolar disorder is higher in deprived areas. The onset of bipolar disorder is not associated with gender, urbanization, or month or season of birth.
Quercetin induces insulin secretion by direct activation of L‐type calcium channels in pancreatic beta cells
Authors: Bardy G , Virsolvy A , Quignard J F , Ravier M A , Bertrand G , Dalle S , Cros G , Magous R , Richard S , Oiry C 
Published: March 2013

Background and PurposeQuercetin is a natural polyphenolic flavonoid that displays anti‐diabetic properties in vivo. Its mechanism of action on insulin‐secreting beta cells is poorly documented. In this work, we have analysed the effects of quercetin both on insulin secretion and on the intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i) in beta cells, in the absence of any co‐stimulating factor.Experimental ApproachExperiments were performed on both INS‐1 cell line and rat isolated pancreatic islets. Insulin release was quantified by the homogeneous time‐resolved fluorescence method. Variations in [Ca2+]i were measured using the ratiometric fluorescent Ca2+ indicator Fura‐2. Ca2+ channel currents were recorded with the whole‐cell patch‐clamp technique.Key ResultsQuercetin concentration‐dependently increased insulin secretion and elevated [Ca2+]i. These effects were not modified by the SERCA inhibitor thapsigargin (1 μmol·L−1), but were nearly abolished by the L‐type Ca2+ channel antagonist nifedipine (1 μmol·L−1). Similar to the L‐type Ca2+ channel agonist Bay K 8644, quercetin enhanced the L‐type Ca2+ current by shifting its voltage‐dependent activation towards negative potentials, leading to the increase in [Ca2+]i and insulin secretion. The effects of quercetin were not inhibited in the presence of a maximally active concentration of Bay K 8644 (1 μmol·L−1), with the two drugs having cumulative effects on [Ca2+]i.Conclusions and ImplicationsTaken together, our results show that quercetin stimulates insulin secretion by increasing Ca2+ influx through an interaction with L‐type Ca2+ channels at a site different from that of Bay K 8644. These data contribute to a better understanding of quercetin's mechanism of action on insulin secretion.
Forging a modern generation of polyphenol‐based therapeutics
Authors: Wright Bernice 
Published: March 2013

The long‐standing debate that polyphenol secondary metabolites from dietary plants are important nutritional components continues due to compelling evidence for their abilities to ameliorate degenerative conditions including, cancer, neurological disorders and cardiovascular disease. The clinical use of polyphenols is not, however, mainstream as issues regarding poor selectivity, dosage, toxicity and delivery methods are unresolved. The paper by Rieder et al. suggests that the lack of selectivity, at least for the stilbene, resveratrol, may not be a major limiting factor. The present commentary is a critique of this significant finding that is focused on deciding how the use of resveratrol as clinical medicine could be advanced, and how this new information integrates with current knowledge of polyphenol physiological effects. This commentary suggests that the multi‐target nature of polyphenols may be translated into reliable therapy using the current systems/network pharmacology approach concerned with developing viable therapeutic agents that achieve specific effects through interactions with a wide array of targets.Linked ArticleThis article is a commentary on Rieder et al., pp. 1244–1258 of BJP 167:6. To view this paper visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1476‐5381.2012.02063.x
Reciprocal Pathways Between American and Chinese Early Adolescents' Sense of Responsibility and Disclosure to Parents
Authors: Qin Lili , Pomerantz Eva M. 
Published: March 2013

This research examined the reciprocal pathways between youth's sense of responsibility to parents and disclosure to them during early adolescence in the United States and China. Four times over the seventh and eighth grades, 825 American and Chinese youth (Mage = 12.73 years) reported on their sense of responsibility to parents and disclosure of everyday activities to them. Autoregressive latent trajectory models revealed that the more youth felt responsible to parents, the more they subsequently disclosed to them in both the United States and China. The reverse was also true: The more youth disclosed to parents, the more responsible they felt to them over time. The strength of these reciprocal pathways increased as youth progressed through early adolescence.
Marital Conflict, Allostatic Load, and the Development of Children's Fluid Cognitive Performance
Authors: Hinnant J. Benjamin , El‐Sheikh Mona , Keiley Margaret , Buckhalt Joseph A. 
Published: March 2013

Relations between marital conflict, children's respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA), and fluid cognitive performance were examined over 3 years to assess allostatic processes. Participants were 251 children reporting on marital conflict, baseline RSA, and RSA reactivity (RSA‐R) to a lab challenge were recorded, and fluid cognitive performance was measured using the Woodcock–Johnson III. A cross‐lagged model showed that higher levels of marital conflict at age 8 predicted weaker RSA‐R at age 9 for children with lower baseline RSA. A growth model showed that lower baseline RSA in conjunction with weaker RSA‐R predicted the slowest development of fluid cognitive performance. Findings suggest that stress may affect development of physiological systems regulating attention, which are tied to the development of fluid cognitive performance.
Investigation of the cutaneous response to recall antigen in humansin vivo
Authors: Akbar A N , Reed J R , Lacy K E , Jackson S E , Vukmanovic-Stejic M , Rustin M H A 
Published: March 2013

SummaryIn this paper we provide a detailed description of an experimental method for investigating the induction and resolution of recall immune response to antigen in humans in vivo. This involves the injection of tuberculin purified protein derivative (PPD) into the skin, followed by inducing suction blisters at the site of injection, from which leucocytes and cytokines that are involved in the response can be isolated and characterized. Using this technique we found that although the majority of CD4+ T cells in the skin that are present early in the response express cutaneous lymphocyte antigen (CLA), the expression of this marker is reduced significantly in later phases. This may enable these cells to leave the skin during immune resolution. Furthermore, interleukin (IL)-2 production can be detected both in CD4+ T cells and also in the blister fluid at the peak of the response at day 7, indicating that mediators found in the blister fluid are representative of the cytokine microenvironment in vivo. Finally, we found that older humans have defective ability to respond to cutaneous PPD challenge, but this does not reflect a global immune deficit as they have similar numbers of circulating functional PPD-specific CD4+ T cells as young subjects. The use of the blister technology enables further characterization of the skin specific defect in older humans and also general mechanisms that govern immune regulation in vivo.
Induction of autoimmune diabetes in non-obese diabetic mice requires interleukin-21-dependent activation of autoreactive CD8+ T cells
Authors: Chen X-L , Bobbala D , Rodriguez G M , Mayhue M , Chen Y-G , Ilangumaran S , Ramanathan S 
Published: March 2013

SummaryNon-obese diabetic (NOD) mice lacking interleukin (IL)-21 or IL-21 receptor do not develop autoimmune type 1 diabetes (T1D). We have shown recently that IL-21 may promote activation of autoreactive CD8+ T cells by increasing their antigen responsiveness. To investigate the role of IL-21 in activating diabetogenic CD8+ T cells in the NOD mouse, we generated IL-21-deficient NOD mice expressing the highly pathogenic major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class-I-restricted 8.3 transgenic T cell receptor (TCR). IL-21 deficiency protected 8.3-NOD mice completely from T1D. CD8+ T cells from the 8.3-NOD.Il21−/− mice showed decreased antigen-induced proliferation but displayed robust antigen-specific cytolytic activity and production of effector cytokines. IL-21-deficient 8.3 T cells underwent efficient homeostatic proliferation, and previous antigen stimulation enabled these cells to cause diabetes in NOD.Scid recipients. The 8.3 T cells that developed in an IL-21-deficient environment showed impaired antigen-specific proliferation in vivo even in IL-21-sufficient mice. These cells also showed impaired IL-2 production and Il2 gene transcription following antigen stimulation. However, IL-2 addition failed to reverse their impaired proliferation completely. These findings indicate that IL-21 is required for efficient initial activation of autoreactive CD8+ T cells but is dispensable for the activated cells to develop effector functions and cause disease. Hence, therapeutic targeting of IL-21 in T1D may inhibit activation of naive autoreactive CD8+ T cells, but may have to be combined with other strategies to inhibit already activated cells.