bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Variations in protein and fat contents and their fractions in milk from two species fed different forages
Authors: Kholif S. M. , El‐Shewy A. A. , Morsy T. A. , Abd El‐Rahman H. H. 
Published: July 2014

SummaryThis study aimed at determining the variations in milk constituents which could be varied by feed and animal species. To achieve this goal, two groups of homoparity Baladi cows and Egyptian buffaloes (n = 20 per species) were used. Each group was divided into two subgroups (n = 10): subgroup I received legume forage (Egyptian clover) and subgroup II received grass forage (sorghum forage). All experimental animals were fed the diet consisting of concentrate, forage and rice straw as 50, 25 and 25% of dry matter intake respectively. Milk samples were taken for analysis. The trial lasted until the 3rd month of parturition. The main results indicated that lactating cattle fed legume forage significantly (p ≤ 0.01) had more content of casein nitrogen (513 mg/100 ml milk), lower content of glutamic acid (23.56 g/100 g milk protein) and more content of cis‐9, trans‐11 18:2 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) (0.77 g/100 g milk fat) compared with 433, 26.67 and 0.53, respectively, for cattle fed grass forage. With regard to the species effect, results showed that buffalo milk appeared to contain significantly higher (p ≤ 0.01) contents of casein nitrogen, phenylalanine, glutamic and arachidonic acid compared with cow's milk. However, the latter was significantly (p ≤ 0.01) more in the cis‐9, trans‐11CLA (0.59 g/100 g milk fat) than that in buffalo milk (0.47 g/100 g milk fat). The results revealed that not only forage type played a critical role in determining the variations of milk nitrogen distribution, milk amino acids and fatty acids but also animal species had a significant effect on these parameters.
HrtBA and menaquinones control haem homeostasis in Lactococcus lactis
Authors: Joubert Laetitia , Derré‐Bobillot Aurélie , Gaudu Philippe , Gruss Alexandra , Lechardeur Delphine 
Published: July 2014

SummaryLactococcus lactis is a fermenting Gram‐positive bacterium widely used for production of dairy products. Lacking haem biosynthesis genes, L. lactis can still shift to an energetically favourable respiratory metabolism by activating a terminal cytochrome bd oxidase when haem is added to an aerated culture. Haem intracellular homeostasis is mediated by the hrtRBA operon encoding the conserved membrane HrtBA haem efflux permease and the unique intracellular haem sensor and regulator, HrtR. Here we report that membrane‐associated menaquinones (MK) favour the accumulation of reduced haem in membranes. An oxidative environment, provided by oxygen, prevents and reverses haemin reduction by MK and thus limits haem accumulation in membranes. HrtBA counteracts MK‐dependent membrane retention of excess haem in membrane, suggesting direct efflux from this compartment. Moreover, both HrtBA and MK‐mediated reduction have a strong impact on haem intracellular pools, as determined via HrtR haem sensor induction, suggesting that intracellular haem acquisition is controlled at the membrane level without the need for dedicated import systems. Our conclusions lead to a new hypothesis of haem acquisition and regulation in which HrtBA and the bacterial membrane have central roles in L. lactis.
The ins and outs of bacterial iron metabolism
Authors: Frawley Elaine R. , Fang Ferric C. 
Published: July 2014

SummaryIron is a critical nutrient for the growth and survival of most bacterial species. Accordingly, much attention has been paid to the mechanisms by which host organisms sequester iron from invading bacteria and how bacteria acquire iron from their environment. However, under oxidative stress conditions such as those encountered within phagocytic cells during the host immune response, iron is released from proteins and can act as a catalyst for Fenton chemistry to produce cytotoxic reactive oxygen species. The transitory efflux of free intracellular iron may be beneficial to bacteria under such conditions. The recent discovery of putative iron efflux transporters in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium is discussed in the context of cellular iron homeostasis.
Complex interplay of future climate levels of CO2, ozone and temperature on susceptibility to fungal diseases in barley
Authors: Mikkelsen B. L. , Jørgensen R. B. , Lyngkjær M. F. 
Published: July 2014

Barley (Hordeum vulgare) was grown in different climatic environments with elevated [CO2] (700 vs 385 ppm), [O3] (60/90 vs 20 ppb) and temperature (24/19 vs 19/12°C day/night) as single factors and in combinations, to evaluate the impact of these climatic factors on photosynthesis and susceptibility to powdery mildew and spot blotch disease. No significant increase in net CO2 assimilation rate was observed in barley grown under elevated [CO2] at ambient temperature. However, this rate was positively stimulated under elevated temperature together with a slightly higher potential quantum efficiency of PSII, both at ambient and elevated [CO2], suggesting that photosynthesis was not limited by [CO2] at ambient temperature. When growing under elevated temperature or [O3], infection by the biotrophic powdery mildew fungus decreased, whereas disease symptoms and growth of the toxin‐secreting hemibiotrophic spot blotch fungus increased compared to ambient conditions, implying that climate‐induced changes in disease severity could be linked to the trophic lifestyle of the pathogens. Elevated [CO2] decreased powdery mildew infection but had no effect on spot blotch disease compared to ambient condition. However, the effect of elevated [CO2], [O3] and temperature did not act in an additive manner when combined. This led to a surprising disease development in the combination treatments, where powdery mildew infection increased despite the individual reducing effect of the climatic factors, and spot blotch disease decreased despite the individual promoting effect of temperature and ozone, emphasizing the importance of conducting multifactorial experiments when evaluating the potential effects of climate change.
Pig to rat cell transplantation: reduced cellular and antibody responses to xenografts overexpressing PD‐L1
Authors: Plege‐Fleck Annegret , Lieke Thorsten , Römermann Dorothee , Düvel Heike , Hundrieser Joachim , Buermann Anna , Kraus Lilli , Klempnauer Jürgen , Schwinzer Reinhard 
Published: July 2014

AbstractBackgroundProgrammed death‐1 (PD‐1) costimulation acts as a negative regulator of T‐cell responses to allografts. However, the role of the PD‐1 pathway in xenotransplantation is not well defined yet. We have shown previously that human in vitro T‐cell responses to porcine transfectants overexpressing PD‐Ligand1 (L23‐PD‐L1 cells) are remarkably weak. In this report, we asked whether the PD‐1/PD‐L1 pathway has the potential to diminish xenogeneic immune responses also in vivo.MethodsL23‐PD‐L1 or mock transfected control cells (L23‐GFP) were transplanted under the kidney capsule of rats. The occurrence of kidney‐infiltrating rat leukocytes and the induction of anti‐pig antibodies were monitored in grafted animals.ResultsAssessment of cellular infiltrates revealed similar numbers of macrophages in kidneys grafted with L23‐PD‐L1 or L23‐GFP control cells. However, the level of MHC class‐II molecules was reduced on macrophages responding to L23‐PD‐L1 grafts, suggesting a lower state of activation. Furthermore, less T cells were found in kidneys receiving L23‐PD‐L1 cells. In addition, the titers of induced anti‐pig antibodies were significantly lower in rats grafted with L23‐PD‐L1 cells.ConclusionsThese data suggest that signals triggered by PD‐1–PD‐L1 interaction interfere with activation pathways involved in the induction of cellular and antibody‐mediated immune responses to xenografts in vivo. Targeting of PD‐1 and/or PD‐L1 may be a promising approach for immune modulation after xenotransplantation.
An immunosufficient murine model for the study of human islets
Authors: Zhao Gaoping , Moore Daniel J. , Kim James I. , Lee Kang Mi , O'Connor Matthew , Yang Maozhu , Marshall Andrew F. , Lei Ji , Schuetz Christian , Markmann James F. , Deng Shaoping 
Published: July 2014

AbstractFor the sake of therapy of diabetes, it is critical to understand human beta cell function in detail in health and disease. Current studies of human beta cell physiology in vivo are mostly limited to immunodeficient mouse models, which possess significant technical limitations. This study aimed to create a new model for the study of human islets through induction of transplant tolerance in immunosufficient mice. B6 diabetic mice were transplanted with human islets and treated with anti‐CD45RB. To assess whether anti‐CD45RB‐induced transplant tolerance requires B cells, B6 recipients received additional anti‐CD20 or B6μMT−/− mice were used. For some anti‐CD45RB‐treated B6μMT−/− mice, additional anti‐CD25 mAb was applied at the early or late stage post‐transplant. Immunohistology was performed to show the Foxp3 cells in grafted anti‐CD45RB/anti‐CD20‐treated Foxp3‐GFP B6 mice. The results showed that anti‐CD45RB alone allowed indefinite graft survival in 26.6% of B6 mice, however 100% of xenografts were accepted in mice treated simultaneously with anti‐CD20, and 88.9% of xenografts accepted in anti‐CD45RB‐treated μMT−/− mice. These μMT−/− mice accepted the islets from another human donor but rejected the islets from baboon. Additional administration of anti‐CD25 mAb at the time of transplantation resulted in 100% rejection, whereas 40% of grafts were rejected while the antibody was administrated at days 60 post‐transplant. Immunohistologic examination showed Foxp3+ cells accumulated around grafts. We conclude that induction of tolerance to human islets in an immunosufficient mouse model could be generated by targeting murine CD45RB and CD20. This new system will facilitate study of human islets and accelerate the dissection of the critical mechanisms underlying islet health in human disease.
The Road to Toxin-Targeted Therapeutic Antibodies
Authors: Kozel Thomas R. 
Published: July 2014

ABSTRACT

Once an infection by a toxin-producing bacterium is well established, therapies such as antibiotics that target bacterial growth may have little impact on the ultimate patient outcome. In such cases, toxin-neutralizing antibodies offer an opportunity to block key virulence factors. New work by A. K. Varshney, X. Wang, J. L. Aguilar, M. D. Scharff, and B. C. Fries [mBio 5(3):e01007-14, 2014, doi:10.1128/mBio.01007-14] highlights the role of the antibody isotype in determining the efficacy of toxin-neutralizing antibodies
in vivo
. Varshney et al. examined the role of antibody isotype for protection in murine models of staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB)-induced lethal shock and sepsis produced by SEB-producing
Staphylococcus aureus
. Murine antibodies of the IgG2a isotype were more protective than antibodies of the IgG1 and IgG2b isotypes that have identical variable regions and binding activity. These results add to the complexity inherent in the selection and optimization of antibodies for anti-infective passive immunization and emphasize the need to use relevant
in vivo
models to evaluate potential therapeutic monoclonal antibodies.
‘Piedra Mar del Plata’: An Argentine orthoquartzite worthy of being considered as a ‘Global Heritage Stone Resource’
Authors: Cravero F. , Ponce M. B. , Gozalvez M. R. , Marfil S. A. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract

Although Argentina is a large country, only a few local stones meet the requirements to be used for construction purposes.
Piedra Mar del Plata
is a quartzite that has been used for more than 50 years, mainly as a building stone. During the 1930s and 1950s, its use in the construction of houses in the city of Mar del Plata (a famous beach resort) created a distinctive architectural style. Because of its durability and availability, the use of this stone rapidly spread to other parts of the country. Sculptures and monuments have also been made out of this stone. Mar del Plata architectural style is now part of the heritage of Argentina and represents the rise of the middle class, when local citizens could afford to build their own houses in a style different from the mansions, which were constructed by rich families with imported stone.
Stigmaphyllon caatingicola (Malpighiaceae), a new species from Seasonally Dry Tropical Forests in Brazil
Authors: Almeida Rafael Felipe , Amorim André Marcio Araujo 
Published: July 2014

Stigmaphyllon caatingicola is described and illustrated. We also provide a distribution map, and comments on species distributions, conservation and taxonomy. This species is distinguished from Stigmaphyllon urenifolium by its deciduous leaves when flowering, lamina membranaceous, entire to apically trilobed, abaxially tomentose, with hairs deciduous in patches, one latero-anterior petal with reddish macula, sepals with darkish hairs, styles glabrous, stigma foliolate, and samaroid mericarps densely sericeous, with a dorsal wing horizontally orientated.
Morphology and Phylogeny of a New Frontonia Ciliate, F. paramagna spec. nov. (Ciliophora, Peniculida) from Harbin, Northeast China
Authors: CHEN YING , ZHAO YAN , PAN XUMING , DING WENQIAO , AL-RASHEID KHALED A. S. , QIU ZIJIAN 
Published: July 2014

This paper describes a new Frontonia ciliate, F. paramagna spec. nov., sampled from freshwater in Harbin, northeast China, based on its morphology, infraciliature, ultrastructure and small subunit ribosomal RNA gene information. The new species is defined by the following features: large sized freshwater form, 400–610 × 110–160 μm in vivo, about 179–201 somatic kineties, three peniculi, each with four kineties, three vestibular and six or seven postoral kineties, one elongated-elliptical macronucleus, centrally-located, a single contractile vacuole, without canals, located right-dorsally in the posterior half of the body. Sequence alignment and phylogenetic analyses based on the small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU rRNA) gene indicated that the new species has characters distinct from its known congeners. The ultrastructure of the trichocyst and other extrusomes, and the subpellicular fibre system, were observed by both scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Much of the ultrastructure is here given for the first time by SEM, and these features provide complementary data for taxonomic purposes.
Difference in glucagon-like peptide-1 concentrations between C-peptide negative type 1 diabetes mellitus patients and healthy controls
Authors: Zibar Karin , Ćuća Jadranka Knežević , Blaslov Kristina , Bulum Tomislav , Smirčić-Duvnjak Lea 
Published: July 2014

Background The role of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) has become a new scientific interest in the field of pathophysiology of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), but the results of the published studies were contradictory. The aim of our study was therefore to measure fasting and postprandial GLP-1 concentrations in T1DM patients and in healthy controls and to examine the difference in those concentrations between the two groups of subjects. Methods The cross-sectional study included 30 C-peptide negative T1DM patients, median age 37 years (20–59), with disease duration 22 years (3–45), and 10 healthy controls, median age 30 years (27–47). Fasting and postprandial total and active GLP-1 concentrations were measured by ELISA (ALPCO, USA). The data were statistically analysed by SPSS, and significance level was accepted at P < 0.05. Results Both fasting total and active GLP-1 concentrations were significantly lower in T1DM patients (total 0.4 pmol/L, 0–6.4 and active 0.2 pmol/L, 0–1.9) compared with healthy controls (total 3.23 pmol/L, 0.2–5.5 and active 0.8 pmol/L, 0.2–3.6), P = 0.008 for total GLP-1 and P = 0.001 for active GLP-1. After adjustment for age, sex and body mass index, binary logistic regression showed that both fasting total and active GLP-1 remained significantly independently lower in T1DM patients (total GLP-1: OR 2.43, 95% CI 1.203–4.909 and active GLP-1: OR 8.73, 95% CI 1.472–51.787). Conclusions T1DM patients had independently lower total and active GLP-1 fasting concentrations in comparison with healthy people, which supports the potential therapeutic role of incretin therapy, along with insulin therapy, in T1DM patients.
Optimal dose of dexmedetomidine for attenuating cardiovascular response during emergence in patients undergoing total laparoscopic hysterectomy
Authors: Seo Kwon-Hui , Kim Yong-Il , Kim Yong-Shin 
Published: July 2014

Objective To investigate the optimal dose of dexmedetomidine for attenuating the haemodynamic response during emergence from anaesthesia. Methods Patients undergoing laparoscopic total hysterectomy were randomly allocated to receive 0.9% normal saline (control group) or dexmedetomidine (0.5 µg/kg, 0.75 µg/kg or 1.0 µg/kg 30 min) before extubation. Heart rate, systolic and diastolic arterial pressure and extubation time were measured before drug administration, immediately after the end of drug administration, 10 min after the end of drug administration, immediately after extubation and 5 min after extubation. Results A total of 120 patients were included in the study (30 per group). Systolic and diastolic arterial pressure and heart rate after drug administration were significantly lower in all three dexmedetomidine groups compared with controls. Extubation times in the 0.75 and 1.0 µg/kg dexmedetomidine groups were significantly longer than in the control group. Conclusion Intravenous infusion of 0.5 µg/kg dexmedetomidine 30 min before the end of surgery attenuated the haemodynamic responses during emergence without prolonging the extubation time. Dexmedetomidine doses higher than 0.5 µg/kg did not exert additional positive effects on cardiovascular responses, but did significantly prolong the extubation time.
Relationships Between Testosterone Levels and Cognition in Patients With Alzheimer Disease and Nondemented Elderly Men
Authors: Seidl Jennifer N. Travis , Massman Paul J. 
Published: July 2014

Background/Aims: Previous research suggests that low levels of testosterone may be associated with the development of Alzheimer disease (AD), as well as poorer performance on certain neuropsychological tests and increased risk of depression. Methods: This study utilized data from 61 nondemented older men and 68 men with probable AD. Results: Testosterone levels did not differ between the groups. Regression analyses in men with AD revealed that testosterone levels did not significantly predict performance on neuropsychological tests or a measure of depression. Among controls, testosterone levels predicted estimated premorbid verbal IQ and performance on a verbal fluency test. Conclusion: Findings suggest that testosterone is not associated with most neuropsychological test performances in patients with AD.
Access to Public Health Services: A Disaggregated Analysis of Uttar Pradesh
Authors: Tripathi Tulika , Mishra Nripendra Kishore 
Published: July 2014

Access to public health care has often been equated with health outcomes. Outcomes-based analysis often misunderstands the process of access to health. This article conceives access to health as a bundled concept and decomposes access into availability, affordability and acceptability. Access to health is determined by public provisioning as well as by socio-economic characteristics of households. It attempts to examine these dimensions across different regions of the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh (UP). It shows that there are variations across regions and socio-economic characteristics of households. A particular group from one region may not have the same degree of access as its counterpart in another region and at the same time there are variations across groups in the same region. The scale of development of regions also plays an important role in promoting or hindering access to health. JEL Classification: I12, I14, I18, Z13, N35, H51
Factors associated with non evidence-based prescribing of antipsychotics
Authors: Connolly Anne , Taylor David 
Published: July 2014

Objectives: Non evidence-based prescribing of antipsychotics is common in the UK and internationally with high doses and polypharmacy the norm. These practices often remain even after systematic attempts are made to change. We aimed to establish which factors are linked to antipsychotic prescribing quality so we can identify and target patients for interventions to improve quality and allow us to understand further the drivers of non evidence-based prescribing. Objectives: A cross-sectional survey with a collection of factors potentially affecting antipsychotic prescribing quality outcomes was carried out in eight secondary care units in England. Participants were inpatients prescribed regular antipsychotics on the day of the survey. Antipsychotic dose, polypharmacy, type and route were the main outcome measures. Objectives: Data were collected for 1198 patients. Higher total dose was associated with greater weight, higher number of previous admissions, longer length of admission, noncompliance with medication and use of an atypical antipsychotic. A lower total dose was associated with clozapine use. Polypharmacy was associated with not being a patient at the South London and Maudsley NHS Trust centre, the subject having a forensic history, a greater number of previous admissions and higher total dose. Younger age, not being detained under a Mental Health Act section, atypical antipsychotic use and oral route were predictors of antipsychotic monotherapy. Atypical antipsychotic use was associated with oral route, higher total dose, being administered only one antipsychotic, having had fewer previous antipsychotics and no anticholinergic use. Use of the oral route was associated with not being sectioned under the Mental Health Act, atypical antipsychotic use, younger age, non-schizophrenia diagnosis, fewer previous admissions and a lower total dose. Objectives: In patients with chronic illness who are detained, heavier, noncompliant, not taking clozapine and on a depot antipsychotic, prescribers use larger doses and antipsychotic polypharmacy. We found that use of percentage of licensed maximum doses favours typical antipsychotics arbitrarily, and that high doses and polypharmacy are inextricably linked.
PRIMA-1Met induces myeloma cell death independent of p53 by impairing the GSH/ROS balance
Authors: Tessoulin Benoît , Descamps Géraldine , Moreau Philippe , Maïga Sophie , Lodé Laurence , Godon Catherine , Marionneau-Lambot Séverine , Oullier Thibauld , Le Gouill Steven , Amiot Martine , Pellat-Deceunynck Catherine 
Published: July 2014

Key Points
Myeloma cells are highly sensitive to PRIMA-1Met, independent of p53. PRIMA-1Met induces myeloma cell death by impairing GSH/ROS balance.