bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Zur Umweltpolitik und zur Menschenrechtspolitik der Volksrepublik China
Authors: Köhler Volkmar 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
The People's Republic of China is facing very severe environmental problems. The first part of this study is explaining this situation and the most important reasons for this. Beginning in 1989/90 the Chinese Government has recognized the danger of ecological devastation. The development and the limitations of environmental politics in Chinaare characterized in the second part. In this phase the China Council for International Cooperation on Environment and Development made a important contribution defining the principles of Chinas environmental politics. Very fruitful has been the concrete Chinese-German Cooperation on Environment. Public awareness is a decisive precondition for solving the environmental problems. Forthis reason the final part of the study is discussing the change of the Chinese society, the development of the civil society and the situation of human rights in China
Medizinethik - auch ein Thema für Afrika?
Authors: Bruchhausen Walter 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
The fundamental bioethical problems of medical progress, i.e. the gap between new medical technologies on the one hand and the inherited moral code as well as limited economic resources on the other, and of social change and cultural pluralism are even more urgent in Africa than in industrialised nations. Several characteristic conflicts result from these tensions: a superior position ofhealth care professionals without the corresponding checks and balances, the allocation of extremely scarce resources in the public sector and within health care, the relationship between biomedicine and 'traditional' healing, and the difference between individualistic and communalistic ethics, e.g. regarding informed consent
Welches Handeln folgt aus dem Glauben? Theologische Bemerkungen zu Werten, Orientierungen und Gewissheit
Authors: Vögele Wolfgang 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
In Protestant theology, values are widely neglected because new sociological and philosophical theories of values arenot taken into consideration. In this paper, the author argues that the theory of values as it is developed by the sociologist Hans Joas is a helpful instrument to understand the connection between freedom, justification, and habit. 1t becomes clear that Christi an belief results in a certain way of everyday ethics and spirituality that needs empirical observation and theological reflection
Schwindende Grenzen zwischen Wirtschaft und Politik
Authors: Scherer Andreas Georg 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
This paper critically considers the responsibility of transnational enterprises in the process of globalization. The traditional state-centric approach with its separation of politics and business is not capable of explaining business behaviour in a globalized world. We review the theory of economic ethics by Karl Hornrom and emphasize the theoretical challenges that need tobe addressed by business ethics. In particular, business ethics has to integrate the political role that transnational enterprises are playing in global govemance processes
Braucht der Markt eine Minimalmoral?
Authors: Märkt Stephan 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
Many authors recently tried to show that markets don't have tobe based on morals as ordering principles. This paper intends to elaborate on two missing aspects in this debate: Firstly, a well-founded critique of this thesis traces back to Durkheim and Parsons. Their arguments on these critical points will bring new insights into the debate of how order is established. Secondly, many authors Iimit their studies to simple game theory-based arguments and on reflections on plausibility conceming the power of the state to enforce the law without explaining steps and conditions for the evidence of the suggested processes. This papertri es to fill some of these gaps; it will show that there are good arguments for real markets based on law and especially on morals to reach a high Ievel of division of labour
Rückkehr der Pflichten gegen sich selbst?
Authors: Goertz Stephan 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
What can be understood as one's duty to oneself is decided by one's understanding of what the ,self' is. This holds for philosophical as much as for theological ethics. The article tries to show that Christian faith, in the interests of a culture of common freedom, should take up a ditferentiated position towards the (post)modem care of the self
Sterben in der modernen Stadt
Authors: Körtner Ulrich H.J. 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
The nationwide supply with the afferings of Palliative Care is a generally acknowledged aim. But it is disputed whether it is a sufficient alternative to death on demand or assisted suicide. This is being discussed on a European level. But what the current discussion is Jacking of, are empirical studies regarding the culture of dying. The case study at hand Iooks into the basic social and cultural conditions in a large city. It also discusses the consequences of religious change and the inter-religious situation on the palliativemovement and their relation to the churches
Strukturwandel der Freiheit
Authors: Walther Christian 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
In consequence of developments particularly in Brain - Research, freedom has become again subject of a newly opened debate. The number of different and controversial positions is remarkable.Has freedom tobe understood as result of determinism based on neural processes? To what extend does this affect traditional teachings of guilt and responsability? Or has freedom still to be seen as beeing grounded in man' s undetermined free will? What are the consequences Ethics has to face in view of traditional concepts offreedom? To what extend do those concepts have tobe critically re-examined? This essay is focussing on different and controversial arguments that are exchanged in the ongoing debate, as it even tries to line out ways of approach to solve a vital issue
Nächstenliebe als berechenbare Dienstleistung
Authors: Eurich Johannes 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
The introduction of market principles creates a basic change in managing instruments of social services. The economic rationality is often not mediated with rationalities of professional standards or theological programs. Due to economical pressure, it becomes more and more difficult to maintain a value oriented service. On top of this, the function of ecclesiastical welfare institutions as an advocate for socially week people is in danger to get lost. Looking for answers, the article concentrates on presently discussed concepts of restructuring institutions of church welfare. These concepts are contrasted by actual developments within the domain of church welfare.
Person und Freiheit
Authors: Kobusch Theo 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
The modern concept of personhood as it is used e.g. in national constitutions and international agrecments is closely tied to the idea of freedom: thus understood, the person is the proper object of a »metaphysics of morals« (Kant) the roots of which go back to the Middle Ages. Hegel's philosophy of right, which takes up this tradition, and the »spcculative ethics« which followed his Iine of thinking havc tobe regardcd as philosophies of personhood because they understand the being of the person essentially as a kind of communicative freedom.- The prcsent discussions ccntering on freedom ofthe will are obviously unawae of this tradition although they might profit a Iot from taking it into consideration.
Eigentum und Reich Gottes
Authors: Lindemann Andreas 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
The story of the »Rich Young Man« is one of the most popular biblical texts in the Christian ethical discussion on property and wealth. But looking at the tradition history of this story, we see very different views on the topic, already in the synoptic gospels. Clement of Alexandria, at the end of the second century, giving a detailed exegesis of the Markan (!) version, presents an »economic« interpretation. Thus, the early history of exegesis shows that »simple answers« are not helpful.
Das Befremden des Eigenen. Evangelisch-theologische Beobachtungen katholischer Moraltheologie und evangelischer Differenzen ihr gegenüber
Authors: Dabrock Peter 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
The article presents Observations of Catholic moral teaching from the perspective of Protestant theology in the form of theses. In a first section, main traits and distinctions, especially in the tradition of the claimed Magisterium of the Catholic Church, are outlined. The second section deals with typical Protestant critiques and misunderstandings of the Catholic approach. Following this article they are caused by confounding different Ievels of argumentation: the Ievels of a) the doctrines of teaching, b) the acting of teaching and c) the comprehensive cultural practice. Unfolding these distinctions and their particular functionings the article draws the surprising conclusion that Protestant theology and ethics often do not match Catholic thinking although they think they do by using the same words. This conclusion may have a huge impact on ecumenical ventures and the Protestant self-understanding. A third section, a brief outlook on these questions, completes the train of thoughts.
Patientenverfügungen: Balanceakt zwischen Autonomie und Fürsorge, Chance für das Arzt-Patienten-Verhältnis
Authors: Krug Henriette 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
During the last two years several committees discussed the question of enlarging patients' autonomy in living wills. The problern is to tind a way to grant patients' wishes without violating the state's duty to preserve human life. One basic question in the debate is the meaning of human dignity. Deducing from the Christian image of man the author describes chances and Iimits of living wills and presents a way of handling them. In her opinion living wills represent a chance for a succeeding, trusting physician-patient- relationship in the age of high-tech medicine.
Diskriminierung und Privatsphäre
Authors: Lübbe Weyma 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
This article examines the claim that the practice of selective abortion after prenatal testing discriminates against the disabled. First, the difference between a legal claim (be it de lege lata or de lege ferenda) and a weaker and less clearly addressed, but more frequently expressed »moral« claim is considered. The argument proceeds then by considering the analogy of »discriminating« against the disabled in partner choice. The liberal idea of a sphere of privacy where selective behaviour is nottobe criticised is assessed and its justitiable and non-justifiable aspects are brought out.
Konkrete Embryonen und konkrete Menschen - Kripkes Tipps zur Vermeidung einer Irritation
Authors: Ohly Lukas 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
This article offers an argument against the equal state of embryosinhuman right. It uses S.A. Kripke's theory of reference and defends it against newer objections. According to Kripke's premise about the necessity of origin the article describes a moral dilemma since embryos are treated as individual humans. Ethics has many more resources to defend embryos against the claims of scientific research
Menschenwürde und Anerkennung
Authors: Fischer Johannes 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
The essay discusses two different conceptions of human dignity. According to the first conception, ›respecting the dignity of a human being‹ means to respect something specific that is given by her being human. According to the second conception, however, ›respecting the dignity of a human being‹ means to respect her as a human being. With regard to the first understanding, one is bound to respect human dignity (as an abstract concept), whereas on the basis of the second conception, we owe respect to the human being herself. The duty to respect human dignity serves as a foundation for duties we have with regard to human beings as such. The duty to respect someone as the human being she is, however, is a duty towards her. This duty therefore justifies a right she may claim, namely the right to be respected as a human being. The core of human dignity, then, is this rights-conferring status of being human. This article reacts to the German debate on human embryonic research. Participants in this debate argue that human dignity depends on being human in a generic sense. According to them, the early embryo participates in this sense of being human, which allows them to apply the concept of human dignity, including the absolute protection it entails, to human embryos. The author criticizes this view, claiming that it undermines the very idea of human dignity by neglecting the rights-conferring status of being a particular human being which is at its core. Rather, a »decent society« (Avishai Margalit) is characterized by the fact that its members are treated and respected as (individual) rights-holders.
Der Pfarrberuf als vertrauenswürdige Profession
Authors: Langer Andreas 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
Analysing the profession of ministers (pastors, priests) in terms of sociologically and ethically funded profession ethics makes a mode of regulation and control in knowledge-based professional action - profession ethics - describable which is closely linked to trust. To adopt trust as an imperative of figuration however, it must be discussed ethically. A theoretical discourse of implementation in an institutional ethics perspective leads to alternative recommendations for figuration: Trust in the profession of ministers is no longer generated by conscious intransparancy, by smothering up mistakes and fallacies and the concealment of control of ministers but by transparancy, feeling obliged to visions, having clear aims, common identity and cooperation structures between professionals and parishioners
Ein vier-Prinzipien-Ansatz für die Bioethik
Authors: Schröder Peter 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
The four-principles-approach of Tom Beauchamp and Jim Childress has been very influential in bioethics in the last decades. It has proven well although mid-level principles in general and this approach in particular are highly contested by ethicists who would prefer approaches rather based on rules, virtues or personal relations. The author of this study systematically discusses the origin, method and criticism of the Beauchamp and Childress approach. Finally he argues that the applicability of this approach for ethical challenges in the biomedical setting should stimulate a principled approach for ethical challenges of public health as well. Such an approach can utilize the method from Beauchamp and Childress. Principles for public health ethics, as presented in a concise set by the author, however, must be different in scope and content to meet the ethical challenges of public health
Altwerden in Europa
Authors: Mäule Thomas , Riedel Annette 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
The aging of society is one the greatest socio-political challenges of the 21st century. In the member states of the European Union one can expect a significant aging of the population. Already in 1982, in its International Plan of Action on Aging, the United Nations pointed to a shift in age structures. 1999 was celebrated as International Year of Older Persons, and 2002 saw the adoption of the Second International Plan of Action on Aging. In the same year, a Regional Implementation Strategy was also adopted and became the cornerstone for the performance of the International Plan of Action on Aging in Europe. While national implementation programmes have sought to highlight the chances and potentials of social aging, the press has chosen to focus upon an approaching generational war, a battle for distribution that the demographic shift will produce. However, research in the social sciences has shown that it is wrong to reduce the relationship between the generations to the level of demographic processes. A great deal of data points to increased solidarity between the generations in everyday life. Future lines of conflict are less likely to run between old and young, but rather along the boundary between rich and poor. In order that solidarity between the generations remains - and continues to remain - a reality, the frameworks that support communality both within and outside the family need to be reinforced or newly established. In the reports both of the United Nations and the Evangelische Kirche in Deutschland, we find the fundamental idea of ›cooperation between the generations‹. Many promising programmes have been established in various countries. The task for diaconal work in Europe is to communicate exemplary ideas and concepts.
Kirche im Zeitalter der Säkularisierung
Authors: Hölscher Lucian 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
The article discusses the beginning and the end of the »age of secularisation«: Differening from other definitions it argues for a late beginning after the Second World War and an early end by the mid-1980s. The age of secularisation is characterised by an open relationship of the churches to secular society - the exact character of which, however, was much disputed among reformers and conservatives within the churches. By the mid-1980s this openness began to be replaced by a more self concerned attitude of the churches, which today causes some problems for the interreligious dialogue
Die ›Zeitschrift für Evangelische Ethik‹ im mitteleuropäischen Protestantismus
Authors: Frey Christofer 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
An overall view of the 50 year’s issues of the ›Zeitschrift für Evangelische Ethik‹ (by an author who for more than 30 years was one of the editors) tries to get on the track of the main discussions by often prominent authors. In the fifties and sixties of the 20th century the periodical offered the rare case of intellectual and ethical alternatives to preceding theologies which were in an affinity to antidemocratic traditions. The tradition of the ›kingdom of God‹ was rehabilitated to overcome a theology of divine orders, but the interpretation oscillated. Perspectives of universalization and the sense of democracy and human rights were developed. A simple proposition of divine commandments was overcome by differentiated models of ethical judgment. Fundamental assumptions, however, were pluralistic. For more than twenty years the periodical was ahead of continental practical philosophy which was revived in the last quarter of the century
Wege und Kriterien ethischer Urteilsbildung im ökumenischen Dialog
Authors: Raiser Konrad 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
The paper reflects about ways and criteria of arriving at ethical judgements and decisions in ecumenical dialogue. After a brief historical retrospective the paper discusses more recent perspectives of an ››ecclesial ethics‹‹ as they have been put forward in an ecumenical study on ››ecclesiology and ethics ‹‹ and then further developed and confirmed in dialogues with the Roman-Catholic and the Orthodox churches under the auspices of the World Council of Churches
Der Anspruch des Wortes Gottes und das Recht zum eigenen Standpunkt
Authors: Schockenhoff Eberhard 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
It is an honourable job to consider the way of Protestant ethics and its position in moral conflicts of the present from the perspective of Catholic perception. The author persecutes this perspective in three steps. Firstly, he elaborates his personal fascination about Protestant ethics. In a second step, the irritations about Protestant ethics are shown. Not only are the necessary for the perspective from the Catholic to the Protestant side. The ambivalence of individualization processes as well as the ethical relevance of the faith in the Creation has to be taken into account. Before closing the essay with the third step, what the author hopes for the Protestant ethics, the theological significance of a relational ontology is explained
The Use of Ketamine, Xylazine and Midazolam Combination for Total Intravenous Anesthesia (Tiva) in Surgical Removal of Abdominal Testis at Stallion
Authors: Toholj Bojan D. , Kujača Velibor D. , Stevančević Milenko R. , Spasojević Jovan M. , Smolec Ozren B. 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
Equine veterinarians frequently anesthetize horses. In majority of cases performing short-term anesthesia (duration, 20 minutes). But there is substantial need for long term anesthesia. The aim of this work is to present our experience with a long term and short term total intravenous anesthesia in horses. In this paper we are presenting results of anesthesia monitoring of a horse undergoing surgical remove of an abdominal testis (complete abdominal cryptorchid). Sedation of the horsewas conducted with xylazine, 1.0 mg/kg, iv, and midazolam 0.06 mg/kg, iv. The total anesthesia was induced using a combination of ketamine 2.2mg/kg/iv, and midazolam 0.1 mg/kg/iv. After induction the horse was restrained and anesthesia was maintained with continuous intravenous drip of a combination of drugs mixed in infusion bottle with midazolam (0.002 mg/kg/min), ketamine (0.03 mg/kg/min), and xylazine (0.016 mg/kg/min). Additional ketamine (0.03 mg/kg) and midazolam 0.03 mg/kg/iv was administered if the horse moved its head or limbs during the procedure. The duration of anesthesia was 90 minutes. During this time cardiopulmonary parameters and reflexes were monitored continuously.The recovery of anesthesia was 30 minutes and horse stood on the first attempt 40 minutes. Midazolam, ketamine, and xylazine in combination produced TIVA in this horse and can be used for short term, middle term, and longer lasting surgical procedures in the field.
Method of first integrals and interface, surface waves
Authors: Vinh Pham Chi , Thanh Hue Trinh Thi , Quang Dinh Van , Khanh Linh Nguyen Thi , Nam Nguyen Thi 
Published: September 2014

The method of first integrals (MFI) based on the equation of motion for the displacement vector, or based on the one for the traction vector was introduced recently in order to find explicit secular equations of Rayleigh waves whose characteristic equations (i.e the equations determining the attenuation factor) are fully quartic or are of higher order (then the classical approach is not applicable). In this paper it is shown that, not only to Rayleigh waves, the MFI can be applicable also to other waves by running it on the equations for mixed vectors. In particular: (i) By applying the MFI to the equations for the displacement-traction vector we get the explicit dispersion equations of Stoneley waves in twinned crystals (ii) Running the MFI on the equations for the traction-electric induction vector and the traction-electrical potential vector provides the explicit dispersion equations of SH-waves in piezoelastic materials. The obtained dispersion equations are identical with the ones previously derived using the method of polarization vector, but the procedure of driving them is more simple.
Rayleigh's quotient for multiple cracked beam and application
Authors: Tien Khiem Nguyen , Thanh Hai Tran 
Published: September 2014

Rayleigh's quotient for Euler-Bernoulli multiple cracked beam with different boundary conditions has been derived from the governed equation of free vibration. An appropriate choosing of approximate shape function in terms of mode shape of uncracked beam and specific functions satisfying conditions at cracks and boundaries leads to an explicit expression of natural frequencies through crack parameters that can simplify not only the analysis of natural frequencies of cracked beam but also the crack detection problem. Numerical analysis of natural frequencies of the cracked beam by using the obtained expression in comparison with the well-known methods such as the characteristic equation and finite element method shows their good agreement. The analytical expression of natural frequencies applied to the crack detection problem allows the result of detection to be improved.