bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The task of taking care of children: methodological perspectives and empirical implications
Authors: Andenaes Agnes 
Published: August 2012

AbstractMethods are not neutral instruments but construct the phenomena under investigation and convey meaning about what is important. This paper explores a methodological framework to investigate parental care for children. As part of the results, the following characteristics of how parents take care of their children are presented: continuous responsibility; predictable routines that are adjusted to the child; and interpretations and negotiations about developmental goals. The argument is that methodological approaches that analyse larger temporal units of contextualized practices as presented by the participants themselves open up for more context‐sensitive knowledge about the task of taking care of children. Thus, the understanding of the process of development is widened and specified in a way that may be useful for fields of practice where developmental psychology is ‘at work’.
A prospective study of human papillomavirus (HPV) testing to resolve uncertainty in colposcopy
Authors: Bowring J. , Albrow R. , Fisher A. , Downey G. , Cullimore J. , Patnick J. , Walker P. G. , Kitchener H. C. 
Published: August 2012

J. Bowring, R. Albrow, A. Fisher, G. Downey, J. Cullimore, J. Patnick, P.G. Walker and H.C. Kitchener  A prospective study of human papillomavirus (HPV) testing to resolve uncertainty in colposcopyObjective:  UK colposcopy services are seeing increased workloads, a large proportion of which are follow‐up appointments. The English Cervical Screening Programme HPV Special Interest Group identified five subcategories of colposcopy clinic patients who often require prolonged follow‐up regimes for low‐grade abnormalities. Human papillomavirus (HPV) testing has a high negative predictive value, meaning that HPV‐negative women are at very low risk of underlying disease. Our objectives were to quantify the number of HPV‐negative women in each study subcategory and to evaluate the number who could potentially be discharged from colposcopy on the basis of their results.Methods:  Four colposcopy clinics prospectively identified women according to five categories over 12 months. All women underwent cytological testing and high‐risk HPV (hrHPV) testing using the Hybrid Capture 2 test. Management outcomes and decisions based on a knowledge of the HPV status were recorded.Results:  Data available on 755 women showed that 422/755 (55.9%) and 260/755 (34.4%) had persistent cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 1 (CIN1) (Category 1) or a minor abnormality following treatment (Category 2), respectively. In Categories 1 and 2, 51.7% and 60.2%, respectively, were hrHPV negative. The rates with biopsies of CIN2 or worse (CIN2+) across the two categories were 3/355 (0.8%) and 21/291 (7.0%) for hrHPV‐negative and hrHPV‐positive women, respectively.Conclusion:  The incorporation of hrHPV testing within organized cervical screening programmes has been widely accepted. hrHPV testing for the clinical scenarios outlined in this study detects women who are hrHPV negative and therefore at low risk of underlying disease, potentially reducing anxiety and inconvenience for women and costs to colposcopy services.
A systematic review of risk factors during first year of life for early childhood caries
Authors: Leong Pamela Margaret , Gussy Mark Gregory , Barrow Su‐Yan L. , de Silva‐Sanigorski Andrea , Waters Elizabeth 
Published: August 2012

BackgroundEarly childhood caries (ECC) describes dental caries affecting children aged 0–71 months. Current research suggests ECC has important aetiological bases during the first year of life. Gaps in knowledge about disease progression prevent the effective and early identification of ‘at risk’ children.AimTo conduct a systematic review of research studies focusing on (a) acquisition and colonization of oral bacteria and ECC and (b) risk and/or protective factors in infants aged 0–12 months.DesignOvid Medline and Embase databases (1996–2011) were searched for RCT, longitudinal, cross‐sectional and qualitative studies. Two investigators undertook a quality assessment for risk of bias.ResultsInclusion criteria were met for (a) by four papers and for (b) by 13 papers; five papers were rated medium or high quality. Bacterial acquisition/colonization and modifying factor interrelationships were identified, but their role in the caries process was not clarified. Key risk indicators were infant feeding practices (nine papers), maternal circumstances and oral health (6) and infant‐related oral health behaviours (4).ConclusionThis review confirmed that factors occurring during the first year of life affect ECC experience. Despite heterogeneity, findings indicated maternal factors influence bacterial acquisition, whereas colonization was mediated by oral health behaviours and practices and feeding habits.
Epidemiology of malaria in the Papua New Guinean highlands
Authors: Betuela Inoni , Maraga Seri , Hetzel Manuel W. , Tandrapah Tony , Sie Albert , Yala Simon , Kundi Julius , Siba Peter , Reeder John C. , Mueller Ivo 
Published: August 2012

AbstractObjectives  To conduct an in‐depth investigation of the epidemiology of malaria in the Papua New Guinea (PNG) highlands and provide a basis for evidence‐based planning and monitoring of intensified malaria control activities.Methods  Between December 2000 and July 2005, 153 household‐based, rapid malaria population surveys were conducted in 112 villages throughout the central PNG highlands. The presence of malaria infections was determined by light microscopy and risk factors assessed using a structured questionnaire. The combined dataset from all individually published surveys was reanalysed.Results  The prevalence of malaria infections in the different surveys ranged from 0.0% to 41.8% (median 4.3%) in non‐epidemic surveys and 6.6% to 63.2% (median 21.2%, P < 0.001) during epidemics. Plasmodium falciparum was the predominant infection below 1400 m and during epidemics, Plasmodium vivax at altitudes >1600 m. Outside epidemics, prevalence decreased significantly with altitude, was reduced in people using bed nets [odds ratio (OR) = 0.8, P < 0.001] but increased in those sleeping in garden houses (OR = 1.34, P < 0.001) and travelling to highly endemic lowlands (OR = 1.80, P < 0.001). Below 1400 m, malaria was a significant source of febrile illness. At higher altitudes, malaria was only a significant source of febrile illness during epidemic outbreaks, but asymptomatic malaria infections were common in non‐epidemic times.Conclusions  Malaria is once again endemic throughout the PNG highlands in areas below 1400–1500 m of altitude with a significant risk of seasonal malaria outbreaks in most area between 1400–1650 m. Ongoing control efforts are likely to result in a substantial reduction in malaria transmission and may even result in local elimination of malaria in higher lying areas.
Differential sensitivity of Echinochloa muricata and Echinochloa crus‐galli to 4‐hydroxyphenyl pyruvate dioxygenase‐ and acetolactate synthase‐inhibiting herbicides in maize
Authors: DE CAUWER B , ROMBAUT R , BULCKE R , REHEUL D 
Published: August 2012

De Cauwer B, Rombaut R, Bulcke R & Reheul D (2012). Differential sensitivity of Echinochloa muricata and Echinochloa crus‐galli to 4‐hydroxyphenyl pyruvate dioxygenase‐ and acetolactate synthase‐inhibiting herbicides in maize. Weed Research52, 500–509.SummaryEchinochloa muricata var. microstachya (rough barnyard grass), an alien species native to North America, has gradually spread and is now locally naturalised and abundant in and around maize fields in Flanders (Belgium). One of the possible reasons for its expansion in maize fields might be a lower sensitivity to post‐emergence herbicides acting against panicoid grasses, in particular those inhibiting 4‐hydroxyphenyl pyruvate dioxygenase (HPPD) and acetolactate synthase (ALS). Dose–response pot experiments were conducted in the glasshouse to evaluate the effectiveness of four foliar‐applied HPPD‐inhibiting herbicides (sulcotrione, mesotrione, topramezone and tembotrione) and the ALS‐inhibiting herbicide nicosulphuron for controlling Belgian populations of Echinochloa crus‐galli (barnyard grass) and E. muricata. Herbicides were applied at the four‐leaf stage (BBCH stage 14). Pre‐emergence bioassays were included to evaluate soil activity of the HPPD inhibitors topramezone, sulcotrione and mesotrione. In another dose–response pot experiment, the influence of growth stage at time of herbicide application on efficacy of topramezone for Echinochloa control was evaluated. Sensitivity to HPPD inhibitors topramezone and sulcotrione was significantly lower for E. muricata populations than for E. crus‐galli populations. However, no differential sensitivity to nicosulfuron and the triketones tembotrione and mesotrione was found. Compared with E. crus‐galli, satisfactory post‐emergence control of E. muricata required 5‐ to 14‐fold higher doses of topramezone and sulcotrione, as well as a more timely application. Compared with E. crus‐galli, sensitivity of E. muricata to topramezone was more dependent on growth stage. Owing to the intragenus variability in sensitivity to HPPD‐inhibitor herbicides, higher awareness of the presence of E. muricata plants in maize fields is required.
Reduction of the risk of transfusion‐transmitted viral infection by nucleic acid amplification testing in the Western Cape of South Africa: a 5‐year review
Authors: Cable R. , Lelie N. , Bird A. 
Published: August 2012

Background and Objectives  In October 2005, individual donation nucleic acid amplification testing (ID‐NAT) for HIV, HBV and HCV was introduced in the Western Cape Province of South Africa. After 5 years, the impact on HIV, HBV and HCV transmission risk was assessed.Materials and Methods  A total of 649 745 donations were tested by ID‐NAT using the Ultrio assay on the Tigris instrument (Novartis Diagnostics) and for anti‐HIV, HBsAg and anti‐HCV (Abbott Prism). Initial reactive samples were repeated in duplicate. Discrepant repeat reactive samples were subjected to confirmatory assays. ID‐NAT nonrepeat reactive donations were further screened for occult HBV infection (OBI) by anti‐HBc assay.Results  ID‐NAT yielded 6 HIV‐RNA‐positive donations in the anti‐HIV‐negative window period (WP) but only 2 were p24 Ag nonreactive (1:325 000). Mathematical modelling estimated a similar HIV transmission risk for lapsed and repeat donations, in the order of 3 per million. The WP risk for HBV was 13 per million. Eight acute (1:81 000) and 13 chronic OBI yield cases (1:50 000) were interdicted. There were significantly more anti‐HBc‐positive donors in the Ultrio initial reactive/nonrepeat reactive group (12%) than in an Ultrio nonreactive control group (6%).Conclusion  ID‐NAT in the Western Cape Province of South Africa has contributed significantly to enhancing blood safety, particularly for HBV transmission risk and to a lesser extent for HIV. Anti‐HBc testing of NAT nonrepeat reactive donations seems useful in identifying a subgroup of donors with OBI who may be at risk of transmitting HBV.
Hearing loss in Angolan children with sickle‐cell disease
Authors: Taipale Anni , Pelkonen Tuula , Bernardino Luis , Peltola Heikki , Pitkäranta Anne 
Published: August 2012

AbstractBackgroundHearing loss and pneumococcal infections occur in children with sickle‐cell disease (SCD). We assessed the prevalence of hearing loss and otological findings, especially otitis media, among children with SCD in Luanda, Angola.MethodsWe performed otorhinolaryngological examination, tympanometry and, at ages over 5 years, pure‐tone audiometry, in 61 outpatients of the SCD clinic and 61 healthy controls in the Paediatric Hospital of Luanda.ResultsBilateral hearing loss exceeding 25 dB occurred in nine (36%; median age 7.8 years) SCD children versus three (11%; P = 0.047) control children. The hearing loss in the SCD group was predominantly mild (26–40 dB), involved low‐ and speech‐range frequencies, and was sex independent. Acute otitis media occurred in two (3%) children with SCD versus four (6%; P = 0.68) control children, chronic otitis in zero versus two (3%; P = 0.50), and middle‐ear effusion in one versus one (2%; P > 0.99). We found no significant differences in the otological profiles of the study groups.ConclusionsIn sub‐Saharan Africa, hearing screening of SCD children is a must at preschool age. The actual prevalence of otitis media and its role in the cause of hearing loss in children with SCD remain subjects for further research.
High‐dose calcium reduces early‐onset hyperkalemia in extremely preterm neonates
Authors: Enomoto Masahiro , Minami Hirotaka , Takano Tsutomu , Katayama Yoshinori , Lee Yong Kye 
Published: August 2012

AbstractBackgroundEarly‐onset hyperkalemia often occurs in extremely preterm infants during a few days after birth. While there are several treatments for hyperkalemia, calcium infusion to reduce plasma potassium concentrations remains controversial. The purpose of this study is to investigate whether a high dosage of calcium reduces early‐onset hyperkalemia.MethodsExtremely low‐birthweight neonates born at 22–25 weeks' gestation were enrolled. We analyzed data using multivariate regression analysis and performed a retrospective cohort study with patients divided into two groups according to the dosage of calcium in their initial infusion.ResultsA total of 103 patients were eligible. Early‐onset hyperkalemia was observed in 27 patients. The dosage of calcium gluconate during 24 h after birth was the only independent factor affecting early‐onset hyperkalemia. The maximum plasma potassium concentration during 72 h after birth was negatively correlated with the dosage of calcium. High‐dose calcium reduced occurrences of hyperkalemia and hypoglycemia caused by insulin infusion given for treatment of hyperkalemia, without increasing the risk of any other complications.ConclusionsInfusion of calcium gluconate may reduce early‐onset hyperkalemia in a dose‐dependent manner.
Unifying cornerstones of sexual selection: operational sex ratio, Bateman gradient and the scope for competitive investment
Authors: Kokko Hanna , Klug Hope , Jennions Michael D. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractWhat explains variation in the strength of sexual selection across species, populations or differences between the sexes? Here, we show that unifying two well‐known lines of thinking provides the necessary conceptual framework to account for variation in sexual selection. The Bateman gradient and the operational sex ratio (OSR) are incomplete in complementary ways: the former describes the fitness gain per mating and the latter the potential difficulty of achieving it. We combine this insight with an analysis of the scope for sexually selected traits to spread despite naturally selected costs. We explain why the OSR sometimes does not affect the strength of sexual selection. An explanation of sexual selection becomes more logical when a long ‘dry time’ (‘time out’, recovery after mating due to e.g. parental care) is understood to reduce the expected time to the next mating when in the mating pool (i.e. available to mate again). This implies weaker selection to shorten the wait. An integrative view of sexual selection combines an understanding of the origin of OSR biases with how they are reflected in the Bateman gradient, and how this can produce selection for mate acquisition traits despite naturally selected costs.
The influence of predation and competition on the survival of commensal and pathogenic fecal bacteria in aquatic habitats
Authors: Wanjugi Pauline , Harwood Valerie J. 
Published: August 2012

SummaryThe role of fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) in water quality assessment is to provide a warning of the increased risk of pathogen presence. An effective surrogate for waterborne pathogens would have similar survival characteristics in aquatic environments. Although the effect of abiotic factors such as sunlight and salinity on the survival of FIB and pathogens are becoming better understood, the effect of the indigenous microbiota is not well characterized. The influence of biotic factors on the survival of non‐pathogenic Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis, and E. coli O157:H7 were compared in fresh (river) water and sediments over 5 days. Treatments were (i) disinfection (filtration of water and baking of sediments) to remove indigenous protozoa (predators) and bacteria (competitors), and (ii) kanamycin treatment to reduce competition from indigenous bacteria. The disinfection treatment significantly increased survival of E. coli, E. coli O157:H7 and Ent. faecalis in the water column. In sediments, survival of FIB but not that of E. coli O157:H7 increased in disinfected treatments, indicating that the pathogen's survival was unaffected by the natural microbiota. Location (water or sediment) influenced bacterial survival more than species/type in the disinfection experiment. In the competition experiments where only the natural bacterial flora was manipulated, the addition of kanamycin did not affect the survival of Ent. faecalis, but resulted in greater survival of E. coli in water and sediment. Species/type influenced survival more than the level of competition in this experiment. This study demonstrates the complexity of interactions of FIB and pathogens with indigenous microbiota and location in aquatic habitats, and argues against over‐generalizing conclusions derived from experiments restricted to a particular organism or habitat.
Short‐term intensified insulin treatment in type 2 diabetes: long‐term effects on β‐cell function
Authors: Retnakaran R. , Zinman B. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractThe natural history of type 2 diabetes (T2DM) is characterized by progressive deterioration of pancreatic β‐cell function, leading to worsening glycemia over time. As current antidiabetic therapies have not yet been shown to profoundly alter this natural history, many patients ultimately will require exogenous insulin therapy to obtain adequate glycemic control. Interestingly, the temporary use of short‐term intensive insulin therapy early in the course of T2DM has recently emerged as a therapeutic option that may offer favourable long‐term effects on β‐cell function. Indeed, after receiving this treatment, many patients will experience sustained euglycemia without requiring any antidiabetic therapy. This apparent ‘remission’ of diabetes is likely secondary to improved β‐cell function and can last for more than a year, although it is not sustained and hyperglycemia eventually will return. Nevertheless, owing to its effects on β‐cell function, short‐term intensive insulin therapy holds promise as a means for modifying the natural history of T2DM and warrants further study in this context. In this report, we will review the rationale and evidence underlying this interesting therapeutic option, and its implications for both clinical research and the management of patients with T2DM.
Fifteen years in the trenches: Auditor–client negotiations exposed and explored
Authors: Salterio Steven E. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractThe study of auditor–client management (ACM) negotiations dates back 20 years with the publication of the first analytical model of negotiations in 1991. However, that article made next to no impact until Gibbins, Salterio and their later collaborators began a research programme on ACM negotiations in 1996. The purpose of this article is to review the 15 years of research on ACM negotiation including publishing, for the first time, the theoretical model that underlay their research programme. I then review the sequence of published articles focusing on Gibbins, Salterio and their co‐authors that led to the acceptance of the premise that the auditor co‐created the financial statements and related disclosures with client management. I call this ‘exposing the phenomena’ part of the article. I then examine the experimental research carried out over the last decade and relate it to both the underlying theoretical model and the descriptive model of ACM negotiating, identifying where research has been carried out and where important matters, both descriptively and theoretically, have received less research interest than their importance may warrant. Finally, I provide some thoughts as to how archival researchers may join into this research stream by suggesting the repurposing audit report delay construct as a measure of probability that ACM negotiations took place during the year‐end audit. Furthermore, I suggest how this delay measure might be improved using the newly popular text analysis comparison software that has recently come back in vogue in capital markets research. I call these sections ‘exploring the phenomena’. I conclude with a brief reminder about the practical significance of ACM negotiations, and I urge continued research on this important area, one that may threaten the future existence of audit firms more than any other.
Institutional Predictors of and Complements to Industry Self‐regulation with Regard to Labor Practices
Authors: Van Buren Harry J. , Patterson Karen D. W. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractIn recent years, there has been increasing managerial and academic attention given to a variety of mechanisms for companies to respond to stakeholder concerns about global business ethics. One area that merits further analysis is the role of industry‐level cooperation regarding issues in global business ethics such as labor practices. There are two main issues that we will address in this article: institutional pressures that predict when an industry will create a code of conduct and institutional complements for an industry‐level code of conduct to be “successful” with regard to responding to stakeholder concerns about international business operations. We offer a number of propositions—bringing together work from both the corporate social responsibility and (neo)institutional theory literatures—with regard to both predictors and complements of industry self‐regulation in reference to labor practices.
Freckles and solar lentigines have different risk factors in Caucasian women
Authors: Ezzedine K. , Mauger E. , Latreille J. , Jdid R. , Malvy D. , Gruber F. , Galan P. , Hercberg S. , Tschachler E. , Guinot C. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractBackground  To date, few epidemiological data on the relationships between solar lentigines, freckles and behavioural and constitutional risk factors in Caucasian populations exist.Objectives  To investigate the potential impact of behavioural and phenotypic variables, as well as the MC1R genetic background, on the history of facial freckles and the severity of solar lentigines in Caucasian women.Methods  The severity of solar lentigines was graded from facial digital images of 523 French middle‐aged women by a dermatologist and summarized by a score afterwards. The history of facial freckles was assessed and the sun‐exposure behaviour was characterized using a six‐category typology. Risk factors including MC1R polymorphism were evaluated using logistic regression models.Results  Two constitutive host factors were found to be independently associated with a history of facial freckles: frequent sunburns and the presence of diminished function variants of the MC1R gene. In addition to age, five factors were independently associated with solar lentigines: constitutive host factors (dark skin colour and tanning capacity), a history of freckles, sun‐exposure behaviour and current intake of oral contraceptive or progestogen treatments.Conclusion  These results strengthen the hypothesis that solar lentigines are markers of photoaging, whereas freckles are mainly determined by genetic factors. The finding that hormonal treatment is associated with a higher risk for solar lentigines merits further investigations.