bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Post‐transcriptional regulation in root development
Authors: Stauffer Eva , Maizel Alexis 
Published: May 2014

Plants constantly adapt their root system to the changing environmental conditions. This developmental plasticity is underpinned by changes in the profile of the mRNA expressed. Here we review how post‐transcriptional modulation of gene expression control root development and growth. In particular we focus on the role of small RNA‐mediated post‐transcriptional regulation processes. Small RNAs play an important role in fine tuning gene expression during root formation and patterning, development of lateral organs and symbiosis, nutrient homeostasis, and other stress‐related responses. We also highlight the impact of alternative splicing on root development and the establishment of symbiotic structures as well as the emerging role of long noncoding RNAs in root physiology. WIREs RNA 2014, 5:679–696. doi: 10.1002/wrna.1239This article is categorized under:

Regulatory RNAs/RNAi/Riboswitches > Biogenesis of Effector Small RNAs
RNA in Disease and Development > RNA in Development
Treatment Strategy to Improve Long‐Term Survival for Hepatocellular Carcinoma Smaller than 5 cm: Major Hepatectomy vs Minor Hepatectomy
Authors: Wong Tiffany Cho Lam , Cheung Tan To , Chok Kenneth S. H. , Chan Albert C. Y. , Dai Wing Chiu , Chan See Ching , Poon Ronnie T. P. , Lo Chung Mau 
Published: May 2014

AbstractBackgroundThe extent of hepatectomy for solitary hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) <5 cm is controversial.MethodsThis is a retrospective review of patients with solitary HCC <5 cm, who underwent liver resection in a tertiary referral centre in Hong Kong between January 1989 and December 2009. Baseline demographics, liver function, peri‐operative outcomes, and overall survival were compared.ResultsA total of 348 cirrhotic patients with a solitary HCC <5 cm underwent either major hepatectomy (n = 93) or minor hepatectomy (n = 255). Child‐Pugh status did not differ, 98.9 vs. 96.1 % (p = 0.319); all patients who underwent major and minor hepatectomy were classified as Child‐Pugh status A. Patients who underwent major hepatectomy had a larger median tumor size (4.0 vs. 2.5 cm, p < 0.001) and they also had more advanced stage of disease (stage I/II/IIIa: 10.8/55.9/33.3 vs. 26.7/52.9/20.4 %, p = 0.002). Median operative time for major hepatectomy was significantly longer (415 vs. 248 min, p < 0.001) and entailed greater blood loss (0.9 vs. 0.5 l, p < 0.001). Despite larger tumor size and more advanced stage of disease in the major hepatectomy group, hospital mortality (5.4 vs. 2.0 %, p = 0.185), complication rates (30.1 vs. 23.1 %, p = 0.234), and transfusion rate (10.8 vs. 11.4 %, p = 0.862) were the same between the two groups. Overall survival was significantly better for those who underwent major hepatectomy, with a median survival of 147.5 vs. 92.1 months (p = 0.043), and they had a better 5‐ and 10‐year disease‐free survival rate (57.3 vs. 40.2, 38.1 vs. 18.9 %, p = 0.003). In subgroup analysis, the 10‐year survival for patients with stage II HCC and tumor <5 cm was 68.6 vs. 36.6 % in those who received minor hepatectomy alone (p = 0.027).ConclusionsMajor hepatectomy provided better long‐term survival benefit in patients with HCC <5 cm, particularly in those with stage II disease.
Congenital disorders of glycosylation: new defects and still counting
Authors: Scott Kyle , Gadomski Therese , Kozicz Tamas , Morava Eva 
Published: May 2014

AbstractAlmost 50 inborn errors of metabolism have been described due to congenital defects in N‐linked glycosylation. These phenotypically diverse disorders typically present as clinical syndromes #Affecting multiple systems including the central nervous system, muscle function, transport, regulation, immunity, endocrine system, and coagulation. An increasing number of disorders have been discovered using novel techniques that combine glycobiology with next‐generation sequencing or use tandem mass spectrometry in combination with molecular gene‐hunting techniques. The number of “classic” congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDGs) due to N‐linked glycosylation defects is still rising. Eight novel CDGs affecting N‐linked glycans were discovered in 2013 alone. Newly discovered genes teach us about the significance of glycosylation in cell–cell interaction, signaling, organ development, cell survival, and mosaicism, in addition to the consequences of abnormal glycosylation for muscle function. We have learned how important glycosylation is in posttranslational modification and how glycosylation defects can imitate recognizable, previously described phenotypes. In many CDG subtypes, patients unexpectedly presented with long‐term survival, whereas some others presented with nonsyndromic intellectual disability. In this review, recently discovered N‐linked CDGs are described, with a focus on clinical presentations and therapeutic ideas. A diagnostic approach in unsolved N‐linked CDG cases with abnormal transferrin screening results is also suggested.
Route of delivery following successful external cephalic version
Authors: Policiano Catarina , Costa Ana , Valentim‐Lourenço Alexandre , Clode Nuno , Graça Luís M. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate the delivery route and the indications for cesarean delivery after successful external cephalic version (ECV).MethodsA retrospective matched case–control study was conducted at a hospital in Lisbon, Portugal, between 2002 and 2012. Each woman who underwent successful ECV (n = 44) was compared with the previous and next women who presented for labor management and who had the same parity and a singleton vertex pregnancy at term (n = 88). The outcome measures were route of delivery, indications for cesarean delivery, and incidence of nonreassuring fetal status.ResultsAttempts at ECV were successful in 62 (46%) of 134 women, and 44 women whose fetuses remained in a cephalic presentation until delivery were included in the study. The rates of intrapartum cesarean delivery and operative vaginal delivery did not differ significantly between cases and controls (intrapartum cesarean delivery, 9 [20%] vs 16 [18%], P = 0.75; operative vaginal delivery, 14 [32%] vs 19 [22%], P = 0.20). The indications for cesarean delivery after successful ECV did not differ; in both groups, cesarean delivery was mainly performed for labor arrest disorders (cases, 6 [67%] vs controls, 13 [81%]; P = 0.63).ConclusionSuccessful ECV was not associated with increased rates of intrapartum cesarean delivery or operative vaginal delivery.
Electro-osmotic flow through a nanopore
Authors: Mao M. , Sherwood J. D. , Ghosal S. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractElectro-osmotic pumping of fluid through a nanopore that traverses an insulating membrane is considered. The density of surface charge on the membrane is assumed to be uniform and sufficiently low for the Poisson–Boltzmann equation to be linearized. The reciprocal theorem gives the flow rate generated by an applied weak electric field, expressed as an integral over the fluid volume. For a circular hole in a membrane of zero thickness, an analytical result is possible up to quadrature. For a membrane of arbitrary thickness, the full Poisson–Nernst–Planck–Stokes system of equations is solved numerically using a finite volume method. The numerical solution agrees with the standard analytical result for electro-osmotic flux through a long cylindrical pore when the membrane thickness is large compared to the hole diameter. When the membrane thickness is small, the flow rate agrees with that calculated using the reciprocal theorem.
Asymptotic theory for a bathtub vortex in a rotating tank
Authors: Foster M. R. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractFluid entering the periphery of a cylindrical tank mounted on a rotating table is pumped inwards toward a central, floor drain by a potential vortex that is established in the fluid interior. We present here an asymptotic theory for small Rossby and Ekman numbers, including detailed solutions in the vortex core. Results for azimuthal velocity variation with radius agree quite well with the experiments of Andersen et al. (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 556, 2006, pp. 121–146), in spite of their free upper boundary. Modifications of the flow are presented in the instance that a short cylinder is place on the tank axis as in the work of Chen et al. (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 733, 2013, pp. 134–157). The overall flow structure found here is exactly that noted by both Andersen et al. and Chen et al.
Introducing improvements in the mass rearing of the housefly: biological, morphometric and genetic characterization of laboratory strains
Authors: Pastor B. , Martínez-Sánchez A.S. , Ståhls G.A. , Rojo S. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractUnderstanding the biology of the housefly (Musca domesticaL.) is crucial for the development of mass-rearing protocols in order to use this insect as a degradation agent for livestock waste. In this study, the biological and genetic differences between different laboratory strains ofM. domesticawere analysed. Additionally, hybrids were obtained by mixing the strains and their biological parameters were also measured. The three strains ofM. domesticapresented differences in their biological and morphological parameters, the main differences were: size, egg production and developmental time. The strain A (specimens from Central Europe) had the best qualities to be used in mass-rearing conditions: it produced the largest quantities of eggs (5.77±0.38 eggs per female per day), the individuals were larger (12.62±0.22 mg) and its developmental time was shorter (15.22±0.21 days). However, the strain C (specimens from SW Europe) produced the fewest eggs (3.15±0.42 eggs per female per day) and needed 18.16±0.49 days to develop from larva to adult, whilst the females from strain B (from South America) produced 4.25±0.47 eggs per day and needed 17.11±0.36 days to complete its development. Genetic analysis of the original laboratory strains showed four different mtDNA cytochrome c oxidase subunit I haplotypes. Statistical parsimony network analysis showed that the SW Europe and South-American strains shared haplotypes, whereas the Central Europe strain did not. Upon hybridizing the strains, variations in egg production and in developmental time were observed in between hybrids and pure strains, and when mixing Central European and South-American strains only males were obtained.
Universal Benefit: Gandhi's doctrine of Trusteeship: A review article
Authors: CHAKRABARTY BIDYUT 
Published: May 2014

AbstractTrusteeship is Gandhi's conceptualization of the contribution of business houses towards social well-being. Trusteeship is a theoretical construct seeking to redefine the relationship between indigenous business houses and the nationalist movement. That Gandhi succeeded in persuading the business men to participate in the freedom struggle, despite adverse consequences, suggests the extent to which Trusteeship was an effective mechanism in political mobilization. Besides elaborating the concept, this paper also argues that Gandhi was indebted to Andrew Carnegie and John D. Ruskin, amongst others, in his effort to articulate Trusteeship as a bridge between business houses and the freedom struggle; and that this Gandhian idea is a forerunner of the contemporary conceptualization of Corporate Social Responsibility.
Sons of Soil, Sons of Steel: Autochthony, Descent and the Class Concept in Industrial India
Authors: SANCHEZ ANDREW , STRÜMPELL CHRISTIAN 
Published: May 2014

AbstractInspired by E. P. Thompson's modelling of class as the contingent outcome of historical processes, this paper explores how autochthony and descent came to inform the boundaries of industrial workforces in the Indian steel towns of Jamshedpur and Rourkela. We suggest that if class is a historical object, then it relates to other forms of power and identity in ways that question the use of rigid analytic typologies. In the private sector Tata company town of Jamshedpur, an industrial working class was constructed during the late colonial period from labour migrants, whose employment became heritable within families. In the public sector Rourkela Steel Plant, founded in the mid-twentieth century, the politics of ethno regionalism coincided with state development policy to inform employment reservation for autochthons. Through a historical analysis of urbanization, migration and employment policy, we consider how elite workforces that bound themselves according to the principles of autochthony and descent were formed in the social laboratories of India's steel towns. We suggest that such processes demand a class concept that engages more subtly with the work of E. P. Thompson.
Clarity in Philosophy
Authors: Magee Bryan 
Published: May 2014

AbstractSome philosophy – Wittgenstein's would be an example – is written in clear sentences, yet most people find it obscure at a first reading. This is because the prime location of clarity in philosophy is not sentences but structures. Only if a reader can relate what he is currently reading to a wider framework does he know where he is. Coherent utterance in all discursive media – not only language but mathematics, for example, or music – possesses two kinds of structure at the same time. In this article these are distinguished, and their radically different relationships with language shown. In the process, the commonest causes of unclarity are also identified.
On Having a Good
Authors: Korsgaard Christine M. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractIn some recent papers I have been arguing that the concept ‘good-for’ is prior to the concept of ‘good’ (in the sense in which final ends are good), and exploring the implications of that claim. One of those implications is that everything that is good is good for someone. That implication seems to fall afoul of our intuitions about certain cases, such as the intuition that a world full of happy people and animals is better than a world full of miserable ones, even if the people and animals are different in the two cases, so that there is no one for whom the second world is better. Such cases tempt people to think that there must be impersonal goods, and that what it means to say that something is good for you is that you are the one who ‘has’ some impersonal good. In this paper, I argue that if we approach things in this way, it is impossible to say what the ‘having’ consists of, what relation it names. This leads me to a discussion of various things we do mean by saying that something is good for someone, how they are related to each other, and what sorts of entities can ‘have a good’. Finally, I explain why we think that a world full of happy people and animals is better than a world full of miserable ones, even if the people and animals are different in the two cases.
The causes of parent–offspring transmission of drug abuse: a Swedish population-based study
Authors: Kendler K. S. , Ohlsson H. , Sundquist K. , Sundquist J. 
Published: May 2014

BackgroundWhile drug abuse (DA) is strongly familial, we still have limited knowledge about the causes of its cross-generational transmission.MethodWe examined DA ascertained from national registers in offspring of three family types from the Swedish population [intact (n = 2 111 074), ‘not-lived-with’ (n = 165 315, where biological parents never lived with their offspring) and ‘step’ (n = 124 800 offspring)], which reflected, respectively, the effects of genes + rearing, genes only and rearing only. We replicated these results in three high-risk co-relative designs.ResultsCombined across mothers and fathers, the hazard ratio (HR) for DA in offspring given DA in parents was 3.52 in intact, 2.73 in ‘not-lived-with’ and 1.79 in stepfamilies. In 968 biological full or half-sibling pairs one of whom was reared by and the other never lived with their parent with DA, the HR for DA was greater in the reared than ‘not-lived-with’ child (HR 1.57). In 64 offspring pairs of a parent with DA, the HR for DA was greater in a reared biologicalv. step-parented non-biological child (HR 3.33). In 321 pairs of offspring of a parent with DA one of whom was a not-lived-with biological child and the second a step-parented non-biological child, the HR for DA was greater in the biologicalv. stepchild (HR 1.80).ConclusionsBoth genetic and environmental factors contribute substantially to parent–offspring resemblance for DA. The general population contains informative family constellations that can complement more traditional adoption designs in clarifying the sources of parent–offspring resemblance.
Immigration, self-determination, and the brain drain
Authors: FERRACIOLI LUARA 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThis article focuses on two questions regarding the movement of persons across international borders: (1) do states have a right to unilaterally control their borders; and (2) if they do, are migration arrangements simply immune to moral considerations? Unlike open borders theorists, I answer the first question in the affirmative. However, I answer the second question in the negative. More specifically, I argue that states have a negative duty to exclude prospective immigrants whose departure could be expected to contribute to severe deprivation in their countries of origin. Countries have a right to unilaterally control their borders, but their exercise of this right is constrained by the demands of morality.
Cartesian workspace optimization of Tricept parallel manipulator with machining application
Authors: Hosseini M. A. , Daniali H. M. 
Published: May 2014

SUMMARYIn this research work, the maximum Cartesian workspace of a Tricept parallel robot with two rotational and one translational degrees of freedom was investigated. Generally, the Cartesian workspace identifies the maximum size of a work-piece, specifying its cubicx,yandzdimensions, on which the milling machine could perform operations. However, the workspace of a robot can be considered in its task space, such as ψ × θ ×zfor the Tricept Parallel Kinematic Mechanism (PKM). A novel homogeneous Jacobian matrix which transforms joint space velocity vector into end-effector Cartesian velocity vector has been generated named as a Cartesian Jacobian matrix. Using the indices derived from the homogeneous Cartesian Jacobian matrix, i.e. the maximum singular values and local conditioning indices, the manipulator is designed to reach the Cartesian workspace with rapid positioning rates as well as with singularity avoidance.
Importance of regional diversity and environmental conditions on local species richness of aquatic macro-invertebrates in tropical forested streams
Authors: Al-Shami Salman Abdo , Md Rawi Che Salmah , Ahmad Abu Hassan , Madrus Madziatul Rosemahanie , AL Mutairi Khalid 
Published: May 2014

Abstract:We used aquatic macro-invertebrates as a model to investigate the relationship between the regional species richness (RSR) and local species richness (LSR) in Peninsular Malaysia. A total of 38 streams (local scale) in seven catchments (regional scale), were sampled for aquatic macro-invertebrates. Eleven environmental variables (i.e. pH, DO, velocity, temperature, width, depth, TSS, BOD, COD, ammonia and canopy cover) were measured to assess their importance for local species richness. The average species richness was 34.9 species per region and the average abundance was 1380 individual per region. The highest number of species was 41, while the lowest species richness was 31. We applied local-regional richness regression models to explore the nature of the RSR–LSR relationship and then used variation partitioning to determine the relative importance of RSR and environmental conditions on LSR. We found a linear RSR–LSR relationship, which indicates unsaturated communities for macro-invertebrates in Malaysian streams and absence of local control with strong effects of regional processes. Variation in LSR explained by RSR was 43%, while the variation fraction in LSR explained by environmental conditions was low (2%) and not significant. We conclude that the variation in LSR is mainly controlled by the regional diversity pool (i.e. RSR) for aquatic macro-invertebrates in Peninsular Malaysia. However, weak effects of environmental conditions may reflect relatively low variability in the habitat among investigated streams. Further studies at larger scales, and involving different regions in this area, will be useful to draw comprehensive conclusions about determinants of local species diversity for stream invertebrates.
Regulating China's Power Sector: Creating an Independent Regulator without Autonomy
Authors: Tsai Chung-min 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThroughout its period of economic transition, the Chinese state has readjusted its relationship with industry and developed new regulatory schemes. China's first industry-specific independent regulatory agency, the State Electricity Regulatory Commission (SERC), was created in 2003. Its operation does not follow Western practice which adopts the best institutional arrangement for autonomous regulators. This article will examine the failings and regulatory capture of SERC. I argue that because the process of creating a new regulator involves resource reallocation and power redistribution, SERC has suffered both endogenous and exogenous disadvantages since its inception. The compromised institutional design, along with insufficient resources and fragmented authority, has considerably weakened SERC's regulatory capacity. Moreover, SERC was not designed as part of the reform schedule, but rather emerged later as a response to institutional necessities, which also contributes to its vulnerability. As a result, the state has exposed SERC to potential capture by both government entities and regulated enterprises.
Predicate logic as a modeling language: modeling and solving some machine learning and data mining problems withIDP3
Authors: BRUYNOOGHE MAURICE , BLOCKEEL HENDRIK , BOGAERTS BART , DE CAT BROES , DE POOTER STEF , JANSEN JOACHIM , LABARRE ANTHONY , RAMON JAN , DENECKER MARC , VERWER SICCO 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThis paper provides a gentle introduction to problem-solving with the IDP3 system. The core of IDP3 is a finite model generator that supports first-order logic enriched with types, inductive definitions, aggregates and partial functions. It offers its users a modeling language that is a slight extension of predicate logic and allows them to solve a wide range of search problems. Apart from a small introductory example, applications are selected from problems that arose within machine learning and data mining research. These research areas have recently shown a strong interest in declarative modeling and constraint-solving as opposed to algorithmic approaches. The paper illustrates that the IDP3 system can be a valuable tool for researchers with such an interest. The first problem is in the domain of stemmatology, a domain of philology concerned with the relationship between surviving variant versions of text. The second problem is about a somewhat related problem within biology where phylogenetic trees are used to represent the evolution of species. The third and final problem concerns the classical problem of learning a minimal automaton consistent with a given set of strings. For this last problem, we show that the performance of our solution comes very close to that of the state-of-the art solution. For each of these applications, we analyze the problem, illustrate the development of a logic-based model and explore how alternatives can affect the performance.