bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Toward continuous quantification of lava extrusion rate: Results from the multidisciplinary analysis of the 2 January 2010 eruption of Piton de la Fournaise volcano, La Réunion
Authors: Hibert C. , Mangeney A. , Polacci M. , Muro A. Di , Vergniolle S. , Ferrazzini V. , Peltier A. , Taisne B. , Burton M. , Dewez T. , Grandjean G. , Dupont A. , Staudacher T. , Brenguier F. , Kowalski P. , Boissier P. , Catherine P. , Lauret F. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractThe dynamics of the 2–12 January 2010 effusive eruption at Piton de la Fournaise volcano were examined through seismic and infrasound records, time‐lapse photography, SO2 flux measurements, deformation data, and direct observations. Digital elevation models were constructed for four periods of the eruption, thus providing an assessment of the temporal evolution of the morphology, the volume and the extrusion rate of the lava flow. These data were compared to the continuous recording of the seismic and infrasonic waves, and a linear relationship was found between the seismic energy of the tremor and the lava extrusion rate. This relationship is supported by data from three other summit eruptions of Piton de la Fournaise and gives total volume and average lava extrusion rate in good agreement with previous studies. We can therefore provide an estimate of the lava extrusion rate for the January 2010 eruption with a very high temporal resolution. We found an average lava extrusion rate of 2.4 m3s−1 with a peak of 106.6 m3s−1 during the initial lava fountaining phase. We use the inferred average lava extrusion rate during the lava fountaining phase (30.23 m3s−1) to estimate the value of the initial overpressure in the magma reservoir, which we found to range from 3.7×106 Pa to 5.9×106 Pa. Finally, based on the estimated initial overpressure, the volume of magma expelled during the lava fountaining phase and geodetic data, we inferred the volume of the magma reservoir using a simple Mogi model, between 0.25 km3 and 0.54 km3, which is in good agreement with previous studies.
Seismic responses to fluid pressure perturbations in a slipping fault
Authors: Derode Benoit , Guglielmi Yves , De Barros Louis , Cappa Frédéric 
Published: April 2015

AbstractSeismicity induced by fluid injection in a natural fault is investigated in situ in the near field of the source. We present synchronous seismic and hydromechanical measurements directly recorded in the decametric injection zone. The three main types of seismic events were recorded during injection and shut‐in: high‐amplitude and short duration seismic events (SE) (i.e., microearthquakes), low to constant amplitude and 5 to 17 s long tremor‐like signals (TLS), and long period events (LP) with a narrow‐frequency band content. Seismicity first initiates with a sequence of SE and TLS, when pressure is high (~3.5 MPa), slip is activated on the fault, which experiences a twentyfold increase of permeability. Then LP events appear to be associated to fluid leakage in the fault caused by dilation during slip. During shut‐in, residual pressures as low as 0.6 MPa still trigger SE events. We show that the initial TLS sequence triggers when a progressive transition occurs from rupture controlled by effective stress variations close to the injection source to a large friction weakening‐dominated slip on the fault. We conclude that the combination of these different seismic signal types may be a proxy to monitor fault instability associated to fluid pressure perturbations.
Statistical properties of plasmaspheric hiss derived from Van Allen Probes data and their effects on radiation belt electron dynamics
Authors: Li W. , Ma Q. , Thorne R. M. , Bortnik J. , Kletzing C. A. , Kurth W. S. , Hospodarsky G. B. , Nishimura Y. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractPlasmaspheric hiss is known to play an important role in controlling the overall structure and dynamics of radiation belt electrons inside the plasmasphere. Using newly available Van Allen Probes wave data, which provide excellent coverage in the entire inner magnetosphere, we evaluate the global distribution of the hiss wave frequency spectrum and wave intensity for different levels of substorm activity. Our statistical results show that observed hiss peak frequencies are generally lower than the commonly adopted value (~550 Hz), which was in frequent use, and that the hiss wave power frequently extends below 100 Hz, particularly at larger L shells (> ~3) on the dayside during enhanced levels of substorm activity. We also compare electron pitch angle scattering rates caused by hiss using the new statistical frequency spectrum and the previously adopted Gaussian spectrum and find that the differences are up to a factor of ~5 and are dependent on energy and L shell. Moreover, the new statistical hiss wave frequency spectrum including wave power below 100 Hz leads to increased pitch angle scattering rates by a factor of ~1.5 for electrons above ~100 keV at L~5, although their effect is negligible at L ≤ 3. Consequently, we suggest that the new realistic hiss wave frequency spectrum should be incorporated into future modeling of radiation belt electron dynamics.
Daclizumab reverses intrathecal immune cell abnormalities in multiple sclerosis
Authors: Lin Yen Chih , Winokur Paige , Blake Andrew , Wu Tianxia , Romm Elena , Bielekova Bibiana 
Published: April 2015

AbstractObjectiveNovel treatments such as natalizumab and fingolimod achieve their therapeutic efficacy in multiple sclerosis (MS) by blocking access of subsets of immune cells into the central nervous system, thus creating nonphysiological intrathecal immunity. In contrast, daclizumab, a humanized monoclonal antibody against the alpha chain of the IL‐2 receptor, has a unique mechanism of action with multiple direct effects on innate immunity. As cellular intrathecal abnormalities corresponding to MS have been well defined, we asked how daclizumab therapy affects these immunological hallmarks of the MS disease process.MethodsNineteen subpopulations of immune cells were assessed in a blinded fashion in the blood and 50‐fold concentrated cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cell pellet in 32 patients with untreated relapsing‐remitting MS (RRMS), 22 daclizumab‐treated RRMS patients, and 11 healthy donors (HDs) using 12‐color flow cytometry.ResultsLong‐term daclizumab therapy normalized all immunophenotyping abnormalities differentiating untreated RRMS patients from HDs. Specifically, strong enrichment of adaptive immune cells (CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and B cells) in the CSF was reversed. Similarly, daclizumab controlled MS‐related increases in the innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) and lymphoid tissue inducer cells in the blood and CSF, and reverted the diminished proportion of intrathecal monocytes. The only marker that distinguished daclizumab‐treated MS patients from HDs was the expansion of immunoregulatory CD56bright NK cells.InterpretationNormalization of immunological abnormalities associated with MS by long‐term daclizumab therapy suggests that this drug's effects on ILCs, NK cells, and dendritic cell‐mediated antigen presentation to CD4+ and CD8+ T cells are critical in regulating the MS disease process.
The cognitive profile of prion disease: a prospective clinical and imaging study
Authors: Caine Diana , Tinelli Renata J. , Hyare Harpreet , De Vita Enrico , Lowe Jessica , Lukic Ana , Thompson Andrew , Porter Marie‐Claire , Cipolotti Lisa , Rudge Peter , Collinge John , Mead Simon 
Published: April 2015

AbstractObjectivesPrion diseases are dementing illnesses with poorly defined neuropsychological features. This is probably because the most common form, sporadic Creutzfeldt‐Jakob disease, is often rapidly progressive with pervasive cognitive decline making detailed neuropsychological investigation difficult. This study, which includes patients with inherited, acquired (iatrogenic and variant) and sporadic forms of the disease, is the only large‐scale neuropsychological investigation of this patient group ever undertaken and aimed to define a neuropsychological profile of human prion diseases.MethodsA tailored short cognitive examination of all of the patients (n = 81), with detailed neuropsychological testing in a subset with mild disease (n = 30) and correlation with demographic, clinical, genetic (PRNP mutation and polymorphic codon 129 genotype), and other variables (MRI brain signal change in cortex, basal ganglia or thalamus; quantitative research imaging, cerebrospinal fluid 14‐3‐3 protein).ResultsComparison with healthy controls showed patients to be impaired on all tasks. Principal components analysis showed a major axis of fronto‐parietal dysfunction that accounted for approximately half of the variance observed. This correlated strongly with volume reduction in frontal and parietal gray matter on MRI. Examination of individual patients' performances confirmed early impairment on this axis, suggesting characteristic cognitive features in mild disease: prominent executive impairment, parietal dysfunction, a largely expressive dysphasia, with reduced motor speed.InterpretationTaken together with typical neurological features, these results complete a profile that should improve differential diagnosis in a clinical setting. We propose a tailored neuropsychological battery for early recognition of clinical onset of symptoms with potential for use in clinical trials involving at‐risk individuals.
The early Pleistocene deciduous hominid molar FS‐72 from the Sangiran dome of java, Indonesia: A taxonomic reappraisal based on its comparative endostructural characterization
Authors: Zanolli Clément , Grine Frederick E. , Kullmer Ottmar , Schrenk Friedemann , Macchiarelli Roberto 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACTObjectives:Among the ten fossil hominid deciduous teeth reported so far from the Pleistocene sediments of the Sangiran Dome of Java are two isolated lower second molars: specimens PCG.2 from the Kabuh Formation and FS‐72 from the Pucangan Formation. While PCG.2 appears to be certainly attributable to Homo erectus, FS‐72 is somewhat more problematic, even though it is commonly listed within the Indonesian H. erectus hypodigm. Largely because of its large size, it was originally attributed to Meganthropus paleojavanicus. Subsequent study highlighted a set of metric and nonmetric crown features also found in Australopith and African early Homo (notably H. habilis) homologues. An additional problem with the taxonomic assignment of isolated teeth from the Pleistocene of Java is the presence of Pongo in these same deposits.Methods:To assess the taxonomic affinity of FS‐72, we investigated its inner structure (tissue proportions and enamel‐dentine junction morphology) by using techniques of 2–3D virtual imaging coupled with geometric morphometric analyses.Results:The results show that FS‐72 has thinner enamel compared to fossil and recent humans and that its topographic repartition more closely follows the pongine pattern. It also exhibits a Pongo‐like elongated morphology of the enamel‐dentine junction, with proportionally lower and mesiodistally spaced dentine horns.Conclusions:Given the morphological and metric similarities between fossil orangutan and H. erectus molars, we tested the hypothesis that its internal morphology more closely resembles the patterns evinced by PCG.2 and modern humans than Pongo. Accordingly, we consider that FS‐72 more likely represents a dm2 of Pongo rather than Homo. Am J Phys Anthropol 157:666–674, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A combined morphometric analysis of foot form and its association with sex, stature, and body mass
Authors: Domjanic Jacqueline , Seidler Horst , Mitteroecker Philipp 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACTObjectives: Morphometric analysis of footprints is a classic means for orthopedic diagnosis. In forensics and physical anthropology, it is commonly used for the estimation of stature and body mass. We studied individual variation and sexual dimorphism of foot dimensions and footprint shape by a combination of classic foot measurements and geometric morphometric methods. Methods: Left and right feet of 134 healthy adult males and females were scanned twice with a 3D optical laser scanner, and stature as well as body mass were recorded. Foot length and width were measured on the 3D scans. The 2D footprints were extracted as the plantar‐most 2 mm of the 3D scans and measured with 85 landmarks and semilandmarks. Results: Both foot size and footprint shape are sexually dimorphic and relate to stature and body mass. While dimorphism in foot length largely results from dimorphism in stature, dimorphism in footprint shape partly owes to the dimorphism in BMI. Stature could be estimated well based on foot length (R2 = 0.76), whereas body mass was more closely related to foot width (R2 = 0.62). Sex could be estimated correctly for 95% of the individuals based on a combination of foot width and length. Discussion: Geometric morphometrics proved to be an effective tool for the detailed analysis of footprint shape. However, for the estimation of stature, body mass, and sex, shape variables did not considerably improve estimates based on foot length and width. Am J Phys Anthropol 157:582–591, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The change in nasal inflammatory markers after intranasal challenges with particulate chitin and lipopolysaccharide: a randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, crossover study with a positive control
Authors: Sigsgaard Torben , Thorne Peter S. , Schlünssen Vivi , Bønløkke Jakob , Riddervold Ingunn S. , Hoppe Kimberly A. , Andersen Niels Trolle , Mackenzie Neill M. 
Published: April 2015

BackgroundWe investigated the effect of chitin on the inflammation and immune modulation of the nasal mucosa. This compound was compared to placebo and as a positive control we used lipopolysaccharide (LPS).MethodsFourteen healthy nonsmoking volunteers 22 to 28 years of age were included. All persons underwent exposure to chitin microparticles (CP) and placebo in a randomized double‐blinded fashion. In a last session we used LPS from Enterobacter agglomerans in a single‐blinded fashion. There were 2 weeks between each session. The outcome measures were Total Nasal Symptom Score (TNSS) and nasal lavage for cytokines and cells at 0, 3, 4, 8 hours.ResultsWe showed that CP was only weakly inflammatory compared to LPS. In contrast to the LPS response, we did however show an immune‐regulatory effect of CP on enhanced interleukin (IL)‐4 and IL‐6 responses known to downregulate T helper 2 (Th2) responses, indicating a potential beneficial effect of CP for the regulation of the allergic Th2 immune response.ConclusionThis study also shows that CP is well tolerated in healthy volunteers, and that does not induce significantly more symptoms compared to placebo. In fact there is a tendency for CP instillation to induce less rhinorrhoea compared to placebo.
Beyond Molecules: Mesoporous Supramolecular Frameworks Self‐Assembled from Coordination Cages and Inorganic Anions
Authors: Luo Dong , Zhou Xiao‐Ping , Li Dan 
Published: April 2015

AbstractBiological function arises by the assembly of individual biomolecular modules into large aggregations or highly complex architectures. A similar strategy is adopted in supramolecular chemistry to assemble complex and highly ordered structures with advanced functions from simple components. Here we report a series of diamond‐like supramolecular frameworks featuring mesoporous cavities, which are assembled from metal‐imidazolate coordination cages and various anions. Small components (metal ions, amines, aldehydes, and anions) are assembled into the hierarchical complex structures through multiple interactions including covalent bonds, dative bonds, and weak CH⋅⋅⋅X (X=O, F, and π) hydrogen bonds. The mesoporous cavities are large enough to trap organic dye molecules, coordination cages, and vitamin B12. The study is expected to inspire new types of crystalline supramolecular framework materials based on coordination motifs and inorganic ions.
Thermoresponsive and magnetic molecularly imprinted polymers based on iron oxide encapsulated carbon nanotubes as a matrix for the selective adsorption and controlled release of 2,4,5‐trichlorophenol
Authors: Pan Jianming , Yin Yijie , Zhang Yunlei , Wu Runrun , Dai Xiaohui , Yan Yongsheng 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACTThermoresponsive and magnetic molecularly imprinted polymers (TMMIPs) based on magnetic carbon nanotubes (MCNTs) were prepared and applied to the switched recognition and controlled release of 2,4,5‐trichlorophenol (2,4,5‐TCP) from aqueous solution. In this study, MCNTs were first synthesized via the encapsulation of Fe3O4 nanoparticles into the tunnel of carbon nanotubes by a wet impregnation technology. Then, the TMMIPs were synthesized with N‐isopropyl acrylamide as a thermal functional monomer by free‐radical polymerization. The magnetic sensitivity and stability of the prepared materials were tested with a vibrating sample magnetometer (saturation magnetization = 1.4 emu/g) and atomic absorption spectrophotometer (in the pH range 3.0–8.0), respectively. The thermoresponsive properties of the TMMIPs were evaluated by two means, including the results of ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy and the controlled release of 2,4,5‐TCP at 30 and 40°C, respectively. The effects of the pH, initial concentration, and contact time on adsorption were examined with batch mode experiments, and several other compounds were selected as model analytes to evaluate the selective recognition performance of the TMMIPs. This demonstrated that the TMMIPs had a higher affinity for 2,4,5‐TCP than did the thermoresponsive and magnetic nonimprinted polymers. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42087.
A Synthetic Route to Chiral Dihydrobenzothiazines through Ring Opening of Activated Aziridines with 2‐Halothiophenols/Copper‐Powder‐Mediated C−N Cyclization
Authors: Ghorai Manas K. , Sayyad Masthanvali , Nanaji Yerramsetti , Jana Sourita 
Published: April 2015

AbstractA simple protocol for the synthesis of dihydrobenzothiazines through regio‐ and stereoselective SN2‐type ring opening of N‐tosylaziridines with sulfur nucleophiles followed by copper‐powder‐mediated intramolecular C−N cyclization in excellent yields (up to 95 %) with high diastereo‐ and enantioselectivity (up to >99 %) is reported.
Enhancement of the photoluminescence and long afterglow properties of Sr2MgSi2O7:Eu2+ phosphor by Dy3+ co‐doping
Authors: Sahu Ishwar Prasad , Bisen D. P. , Brahme Nameeta , Ganjir Manju 
Published: April 2015

AbstractSr2MgSi2O7:Eu2+ and Sr2MgSi2O7:Eu2+,Dy3+ long afterglow phosphors were synthesized under a weak reducing atmosphere by the traditional high temperature solid state reaction method. The synthesized phosphors were characterized by powder X‐ray diffraction (XRD), energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDX), and photo‐, thermo‐ and mechanoluminescence spectroscopic techniques. The phase structure of the sintered phosphor was an akermanite type structure, which belongs to tetragonal crystallography. The thermoluminescence properties of these phosphors were investigated and compared. Under ultraviolet light excitation, the emission spectra of both prepared phosphors were composed of a broad emission band peaking at 470 nm. When the Sr2MgSi2O7:Eu2+ phosphor was co‐doped with Dy3+, the photoluminescence (PL), afterglow and mechanoluminescence (ML) intensity were strongly enhanced. The decay graph indicated that both the sintered phosphors contained fast decay and slow decay processes. The ML intensities of Sr2MgSi2O7:Eu2+ and Sr2MgSi2O7:Eu2+,Dy3+ phosphors were increased proportionally with increasing impact velocity, a finding that suggests that these phosphors could be used as sensors to detect the stress of an object. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Condensed lignin structures and re‐localization achieved at high severities in autohydrolysis of Eucalyptus globulus wood and their relationship with cellulose accessibility
Authors: Araya Fabio , Troncoso Eduardo , Mendonça Regis Teixeira , Freer Juanita 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACTEucalyptus globulus wood was subjected to autohydrolysis pretreatment at different severity factors. The pretreated materials were enzymatically saccharified at a substrate load of 10% (w/v) using a cellulase enzyme complex. Around 82–95% of original glucans were retained in the pretreated material, and the enzymatic hydrolysis yields ranged from 58% to 90%. The chemical and structural changes in the pretreated materials were investigated by microscopic (SEM, LSCM) and spectroscopic (2D‐HSQC NMR and FT‐IR) techniques. 2D‐NMR results showed a reduction in the amounts of β‐O‐4 aryl–ether linkages and suggested the presence of newly condensed structures of lignin in the biomass pretreated at the more severe conditions. Furthermore, the microscopic analysis showed that lignin migrates out of the cell wall and re‐deposits in certain regions of the fibers at the more severe conditions to form droplet‐like structures and expose the cellulose surface. These changes improved the glucose yield up to 69%, on dry wood basis. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2015;112: 1783–1791. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Evaluating Ketoreductase Exchanges as a Means of Rationally Altering Polyketide Stereochemistry
Authors: Annaval Thibault , Paris Cédric , Leadlay Peter F. , Jacob Christophe , Weissman Kira J. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractModular polyketide synthases (PKSs) are multidomain multienzymes responsible for the biosynthesis in bacteria of a wide range of polyketide secondary metabolites of clinical value. The stereochemistry of these molecules is an attractive target for genetic engineering in attempts to produce analogues exhibiting novel therapeutic properties. The exchange of ketoreductase (KR) domains in model PKSs has been shown in several cases to predictably alter the configuration of the β‐hydroxy functionalities but not of the α‐methyl groups. By systematic screening of a broad panel of KR domains, we have identified two donor KRs that afford modification of α‐methyl group stereochemistry. To the best of our knowledge, this provides the first direct in vivo evidence of KR‐catalyzed epimerization. However, none of the introduced KRs afforded simultaneous alteration of methyl and hydroxy configurations in high yield. Therefore, swapping of whole modules might be necessary to achieve such changes in stereochemistry.
Effect of pH on Aerobic Granulation and Treatment Performance in Sequencing Batch Reactors
Authors: Rezasoltani Samira , Shayegan Jalal , Jalali Sajjad 
Published: April 2015

AbstractTwo sequencing batch reactors were operated to investigate the effect of influent alkalinity and reactor pH on aerobic granulation. In the first reactor R1 with high influent alkalinity the pH was adjusted in the neutral range, and in the second reactor R2 with low alkalinity the pH was held within the acidic range. The R1‐dominating species were bacteria and the appearance time of granules was three weeks after reactor start‐up. On the other hand, the acidic environment of R2 provided favorable conditions for fungal growth, and rapid granule formation occurred within the first week of operation. The varying microbial structure of granules resulted in different reactor performance in terms of evolution time and morphology of granules, suspended solids in the reactors, settling ability of granules, effluent quality of treated wastewater, and physical strength of the granules.