bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
What Is the Association Between Sports Participation and the Development of Proximal Femoral Cam Deformity?
Authors: Nepple Jeffrey J. , Vigdorchik Jonathan M. , Clohisy John C. 
Published: January 2015

Background: Femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) is recognized as a common cause of hip pain and intra-articular disorders in athletes. Studies have suggested a link between participation in athletics during adolescence and the development of cam-type deformities of the proximal femoral head-neck junction. Purpose: To investigate the association of sporting activity participation during adolescence and the development of cam deformity. Study Design: Systematic review. Methods: The PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane databases were searched to identify potential studies. Abstracts and manuscripts (when applicable) were independently reviewed by 2 reviewers. Nine studies met the inclusion criteria, including 8 studies that compared the prevalence of cam deformity in athletes with that in controls and 3 studies that compared the prevalence of cam deformity before and after physeal closure (2 with both). A meta-analysis was performed with pooling of data and random-effects modeling to compare rates of cam deformity between athletes and controls. Results: High-level male athletes are 1.9 to 8.0 times more likely to develop a cam deformity than are male controls. The pooled prevalence rate (by hip) of cam deformity in male athletes was 41%, compared with 17% for male controls. The pooled mean alpha angle among male athletes was 61°, compared with 51° for male controls. Conclusion: Males participating in specific high-level impact sports (hockey, basketball, and possibly soccer) are at an increased risk of physeal abnormalities of the anterosuperior head-neck junction that result in a cam deformity at skeletal maturity.
Stop consonant production of French immersion students in Western Canada: A study of voice onset time
Authors: Netelenbos Nicole , Li Fangfang , Rosen Nicole 
Published: January 2015

Objectives/research questions: The present study investigates the development of French stop consonants among English-speaking children who are enrolled in an early French immersion program in Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada. Our goal is to observe the stop consonant production pattern, and to determine whether interactions between the two language systems occur, while examining student progression with increasing experience. Methodology: Fifty-six students in grades 1, 3, and 5 participated in a speech production task administered in both English and French. For each language, they were asked to repeat a total of 54 words beginning with one of the six stop consonants, /p/, /t/, /k/, /b/, /d/, and /g/. In addition, 45 age-matched monolingual English-speaking children were tested to serve as a control group. Data and analysis: Voice onset time (VOT) was the acoustic measure analyzed for each language and for children of each grade. An analysis of variance was conducted for language- and experience-related effects. Conclusions: For the French voiceless stops, French immersion students display non-native-like VOT values in the intermediate range between monolingual English voiced and voiceless stops. Their English voiceless stops exhibit higher VOT values than the monolinguals’ and are separate from those of their French. For voiced stops, their English and French are indistinguishable, located within the range of voiced stops for monolingual English speakers. Originality: Previous research on French–English bilingualism has generally been limited to adults. Furthermore, examination of French immersion students has rarely focused on their phonetic development, and acoustic analysis of this population is virtually non-existent. Implications: Our results highlight the importance of input, as well as social, and educational context in second language learning.
Donepezil for dementia with Lewy bodies: a randomized, placebo-controlled, confirmatory phase III trial
Authors: Ikeda Manabu , Mori Etsuro , Matsuo Kazutaka , Nakagawa Masaki , Kosaka Kenji 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Introduction
The efficacy of a cholinesterase inhibitor, donepezil, in patients with dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) was investigated to confirm the superiority over placebo in the 12-week, double-blind phase of this phase III study.

Methods
Patients with probable DLB (n = 142) were randomly assigned to placebo or to 5 mg or 10 mg of donepezil administered once daily for 12 weeks. The co–primary endpoints were changes in cognitive function assessed using the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and behavioral and neuropsychiatric symptoms using the Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI-2: hallucinations and fluctuations). The superiority of each active group over placebo was determined with simultaneous statistical significance in both endpoints. Safety evaluations included adverse events (AEs) and the unified Parkinson's disease rating scale (UPDRS) part III.

Results
The predefined superiority of donepezil to the placebo was not confirmed in either active group in the primary analysis. MMSE score significantly improved compared to placebo in the 10 mg group (10 mg: 2.2 ± 0.4, placebo: 0.6 ± 0.5 (mean ± standard error); P = 0.016). The change in MMSE score in the 5 mg group was not significant (1.4 ± 0.5 (mean ± standard error); P = 0.232). Although NPI-2 improved compared to baseline in the active groups, the differences from placebo were not significant. Most AEs were mild or moderate. Although the incidence of parkinsonism was slightly higher in the 10 mg group, the change in the UPDRS score was minimal and without a significant difference from the placebo group.

Conclusions
The co–primary endpoints were not achieved in this trial. However, significant improvement in MMSE score was demonstrated with 10 mg, but not 5 mg, of donepezil. The evaluation of psychiatric symptoms might be affected by advanced education and instructions given to caregivers. Overall, donepezil was well tolerated in patients with DLB. With careful attention on gastrointestinal or parkinsonian symptoms, patients with DLB can safely benefit from treatment with donepezil.

Trial registration
ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01278407 (trial registration date: 14 January 2011)
ATM gene mutations in sporadic breast cancer patients from Brazil
Authors: Mangone Flavia Rotea , Miracca Elisabete C , Feilotter Harriet E , Mulligan Lois M , Nagai Maria Aparecida 
Published: January 2015

AbstractPurposeThe Ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM) gene encodes a multifunctional kinase, which is linked to important cellular functions. Women heterozygous forATMmutations have an estimated relative risk of developing breast cancer of 3.8. However, the pattern ofATMmutations and their role in breast cancer etiology has been controversial and remains unclear. In the present study, we investigated the frequency and spectrum ofATMmutations in a series of sporadic breast cancers and controls from the Brazilian population.MethodsUsing PCR-Single Strand Conformation Polymorphism (SSCP) analysis and direct DNA sequencing, we screened a panel of 100 consecutive, unselected sporadic breast tumors and 100 matched controls for all 62 coding exons and flanking introns of theATMgene.ResultsSeveral polymorphisms were detected in 12 of the 62 coding exons of theATMgene. These polymorphisms were observed in both breast cancer patients and the control population. In addition, evidence of potentialATMmutations was observed in 7 of the 100 breast cancer cases analyzed. These potential mutations included six missense variants found in exon 13 (p.L546V), exon 14 (p.P604S), exon 20 (p.T935R), exon 42 (p.G2023R), exon 49 (p.L2307F), and exon 50 (p.L2332P) and one nonsense mutation in exon 39 (p.R1882X), which was predicted to generate a truncated protein.ConclusionsOur results corroborate the hypothesis that sporadic breast tumors may occur in carriers of low penetranceATMmutant alleles and these mutations confer different levels of breast cancer risk.
Consolidation of porous carbonate stones by an innovative phosphate treatment: mechanical strengthening and physical-microstructural compatibility in comparison with TEOS-based treatments
Authors: Graziani Gabriela , Sassoni Enrico , Franzoni Elisa 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
For preservation of stones used in Cultural Heritage, affected by weathering processes that threaten their cohesion and mechanical properties, the application of consolidants is a common practice. However, available consolidating products generally exhibit some drawbacks that hinder their performance, in terms of either mechanical efficacy, compatibility with the substrate and/or durability. Ethyl silicate is currently the most widely used among stone consolidants; nevertheless, its reduced efficacy on calcitic substrates, together with its temporary hydrophobicity, its tendency to crack and its common formulation with volatile organic solvent, make the research for alternative consolidants for carbonate stones necessary. In this paper, a recently proposed new consolidation treatment based on the formation of hydroxyapatite inside the stone was tested on two different porous carbonate stones (Globigerina Limestone and Giallo Terra di Siena), and compared with TEOS-based treatments, frequently used for the consolidation of these lithotypes. The results show that the hydroxyapatite treatment exhibits a good efficacy in terms of mechanical properties and, compared to TEOS, it causes less pronounced alterations in open porosity and water transport properties. This makes the new treatment a potentially valid alternative to TEOS, especially in those situations where the possible presence of water behind the consolidated layer (e.g. in case of rising damp, condensation or infiltration) might threaten the durability of the consolidation intervention.
The topology of the minimal regular covers of the Archimedean tessellations
Authors: Coulbois Thierry , Pellicer Daniel , Raggi Miguel , Ramírez Camilo , Valdez Ferrán 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
In this article we determine, for an infinite family of maps on the plane, the topology of the surface on which the minimal regular covering occurs. This infinite family includes all Archimedean tessellations
Displacing (Lagrangian) submanifolds in the manifolds of full flags
Authors: Pabiniak Milena 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
In symplectic geometry a question of great importance is whether a (Lagrangian) submanifold is displaceable, that is, if it can be made disjoint from itself by a Hamiltonian isotopy.We analyze the coadjoint orbits of SU(n) and their Lagrangian submanifolds that are the fibers of the Gelfand-Tsetlin map.We use the coadjoint action to displace a large collection of these fibers. Thenwe concentrate on the case n = 3 and apply McDuff’s method of probes to show that “most” of the generic Gelfand-Tsetlin fibers are displaceable. “Most” means “all but one” in the non-monotone case, and it means “all but a 1-parameter family” in the monotone case. In the case of a non-monotone manifold of full flags we present explicitly a unique non-displaceable Lagrangian fiber (S1)3. This fiber was already proved to be non-displaceable in [10]. Our contribution is in displacing other fibers and thus proving the uniqueness.
Reglerbasierte Insulintherapie von Patienten mit Typ-1-Diabetes mellitus
Authors: Lunze Katrin , Leonhardt Steffen 
Published: January 2015

Zusammenfassung
Dieser Beitrag präsentiert eine neue Strategie für die Regelung des Blutzuckerspiegels in Patienten mit Diabetes mellitus. Es wird ein
schaltender hybrider PI-Regler vorgestellt, der unter Berücksichtigung von physiologischen und technischen Randbedingungen
modellbasiert entworfen und in diabetischen Göttingen Minipigs anhand von 48-Stunden-Tests experimentell erprobt wurde. Ein Vergleich
mit der heute praktizierten Standardtherapie zeigt, dass die entwickelte Regelungsstrategie trotz reduzierter Patienteninformationen
einen zufriedenstellenden Ansatz für die automatisierte Therapie darstellt.
Direct Reduction of Ferrous Oxides to form an Iron-Rich Alternative Charge Material
Authors: Ünal H. İbrahim , Turgut Enes , Atapek Ş. H. , Alkan Attila 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
In this study, production of sponge iron by direct reduction of oxides and the effect of reductant on metallization were investigated. In the first stage of the study, scale formed during hot rolling of slabs was reduced in a rotating furnace using solid and gas reductants. Coal was used as solid reductant and hydrogen released from the combustion reaction of LNG was used as the gas one. The sponge iron produced by direct reduction was melted and solidified. In the second stage, Hematite ore in the form of pellets was reduced using solid carbon in a furnace heated up to 1,100°C for 60 and 120 minutes. Reduction degree of process was evaluated as a function of time and the ratio of Cfix/Fetotal. In the third stage, final products were examined using scanning electron microscope and microanalysis was carried out by energy dispersive x-ray spectrometer attached to the electron microscope. It is concluded that (i) direct reduction using both solid and gas reductants caused higher metallization compared to using only solid reductant, (ii) as the reduction time and ratio of Cfix/Fetotal increased %-reduction of ore increased.
Genetic analysis of the paired box transcription factor (PAX8) gene in a cohort of Polish patients with primary congenital hypothyroidism and dysgenetic thyroid glands
Authors: Kumorowicz-Czoch Malgorzata , Madetko-Talowska Anna , Dudek Adam , Tylek-Lemanska Dorota 
Published: January 2015

AbstractThe morphological and biochemical phenotype ofSome 48 children (37 girls and 11 boys) with CH associated with thyroid ectopy (n=22), agenesis (n=10), hypoplasia (n=6), or thyroid dysgenesis of unknown cause (n=10) were enrolled. The study participants were born in south-eastern Poland in the years 1993–2012 and were selected for neonatal mass screening for CH. DNA was extracted from peripheral blood samples using Master Pure DNA Purification Kit (Epicentre Biotechnologies, Madison, WI, USA). The 12 exons of theNovel heterozygous transition in exon 3 (c.68G>A) was detected in a 3-year-old girl with a thyroid hypoplasia. This substitution was not identified in the patient’s parents (de novo event). Additionally, a novel genetic variant in 3′UTR region of exon 12 (c.*416C>T) occurred in a 3-year-old boy with ectopic thyroid tissue and concomitant congenital urogenital malformation. This heterozygous variant was also detected in other healthy family members. Thirteen well-described single nucleotide polymorphisms were revealed in theThe study reports on the occurrence of two novel heterozygous substitutions in the
Definitions of terms relating to individual macromolecules, macromolecular assemblies, polymer solutions, and amorphous bulk polymers (IUPAC Recommendations 2014)
Authors: Stepto Robert , Chang Taihyun , Kratochvíl Pavel , Hess Michael , Horie Kazuyuki , Sato Takahiro , Vohlídal Jiří 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
This document defines terms relating to the properties of individual macromolecules, macromolecular assemblies, polymer solutions, and amorphous bulk polymers. In the section on polymer solutions and amorphous bulk polymers, general and thermodynamic terms, dilute solutions, phase behaviour, transport properties, scattering methods, and separation methods are considered. The recommendations are a revision and expansion of the IUPAC terminology published in 1989 dealing with individual macromolecules, macromolecular assemblies, and dilute polymer solutions. New terms covering the principal theoretical and experimental developments that have occurred over the intervening years have been introduced. Polyelectrolytes are not included.
Lipase-catalyzed synthesis of oligoesters of 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid with aliphatic diols
Authors: Cruz-Izquierdo Álvaro , van den Broek Lambertus A.M. , Serra Juan L. , Llama María J. , Boeriu Carmen G. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
2,5-Furandicarboxylic acid is a platform chemical for the production of biobased polymers and materials. This study reports the synthesis of furan oligoesters via polytransesterification of dimethyl furan-2,5-dicarboxylate and linear α, ω-aliphatic diols with chain length ranging from C2 to C12, using immobilized lipase B from Candida antarctica (Novozym 435) in dry organic solvents. Dimethyl furan-2,5-dicarboxylic acid (A) and 1,4-butanediol (B) were used as model substrates under different conditions producing a mixture of cyclic (CEOs) and linear (LEOs) ester oligomers up to decamers and dodecamers, respectively, with high yield. The size of the oligomers and distribution of the products is controlled by the initial concentration of substrates and temperature. While the shortest CEOs are the main cyclic compounds at 20 mM, the longest CEOs are formed at 175 mM. The chain length of the aliphatic diol co-monomers strongly influences the yield and the type of oligoesters formed. High substrate conversion of 90–95 % was obtained for C4–C12 diols, while in the case of ethylene glycol and 1,3-propanediol the conversion was moderate (i.e., 75 %). The product of the reaction between dimethyl furan-2,5-dicarboxylate and ethylene glycol (C2) and 1,3-propanediol (C3), respectively, consisted only of linear oligoesters. Longer oligoesters were obtained for alkyl chains higher than C4. The chain length and the abundance of oligoesters increases in the order: C2<C12<C10<C3<C8<C4 <C6. No substrate or product inhibition was observed in the production of furan-based oligoesters. The present biobased oligoesters are obtained via a green process and have potential application as macromonomers.
Legitimacy of the “Humanitarian Military Intervention”: An Empirical Assessment
Authors: Kinclová Lenka 
Published: January 2015

AbstractThis article represents an innovative perspective on the controversial issue of legitimacy of the “humanitarian military intervention” (HMI), by situating the normative debate into a quantitative perspective. It evaluates legitimacy of HMI by assessing a degree of “humanitarianism” behind the “motives and means” and the “outcomes” of military interventions from the post-WWII era. The “motives and means” of the interveners are evaluated based on the theoretical framework of the Just War Theory (JWT), more particularly based on the quantified “jus ad bellum” JWT criteria; and they are compared with the existence of “humanitarian outcomes” of these interventions in the light of consequentialist ethics. An overall goal is to generate a comprehensive picture of the dynamics and relationships within the HMI concept based on the empirical evidence.
Impairment of chaperone‐mediated autophagy leads to selective lysosomal degradation defects in the lysosomal storage disease cystinosis
Authors: Napolitano Gennaro , Johnson Jennifer L , He Jing , Rocca Celine J , Monfregola Jlenia , Pestonjamasp Kersi , Cherqui Stephanie , Catz Sergio D 
Published: January 2015

AbstractMetabolite accumulation in lysosomal storage disorders (LSDs) results in impaired cell function and multi‐systemic disease. Although substrate reduction and lysosomal overload‐decreasing therapies can ameliorate disease progression, the significance of lysosomal overload‐independent mechanisms in the development of cellular dysfunction is unknown for most LSDs. Here, we identify a mechanism of impaired chaperone‐mediated autophagy (CMA) in cystinosis, a LSD caused by defects in the cystine transporter cystinosin (CTNS) and characterized by cystine lysosomal accumulation. We show that, different from other LSDs, autophagosome number is increased, but macroautophagic flux is not impaired in cystinosis while mTOR activity is not affected. Conversely, the expression and localization of the CMA receptor LAMP2A are abnormal in CTNS‐deficient cells and degradation of the CMA substrate GAPDH is defective in Ctns−/− mice. Importantly, cysteamine treatment, despite decreasing lysosomal overload, did not correct defective CMA in Ctns−/− mice or LAMP2A mislocalization in cystinotic cells, which was rescued by CTNS expression instead, suggesting that cystinosin is important for CMA activity. In conclusion, CMA impairment contributes to cell malfunction in cystinosis, highlighting the need for treatments complementary to current therapies that are based on decreasing lysosomal overload.
Unraveling the Core of The Gran Pirámide From Cholula, Puebla. A Compositional and Microstructural Analysis of the Adobe
Authors: Pérez N. A. , Bucio L. , Lima E. , Cedillo C. , Grimaldi D. M. 
Published: January 2015

ABSTRACTThe Gran Pirámide, a Mexican cultural heritage site, is located at the archaeological site of Cholula, Puebla, Mexico. At the base of its platform this pyramid is the largest in the world. It was built in layers from 800 to 1100 AD by the Cholultecan pre-Hispanic culture. The archaeological site is famous by its great mural paintings that have been well-studied. The pyramid was built with earthen construction, a system of multiple bulding episodes with layers of adobe. The building material, adobe, has not been well studied. Due to its fragile condition, a more extensive study was conducted to understand the behavior of the building and the mural paintings substrate, in order to propose conservation strategies.Geological context of the area was the starting point to propose the relevant materials used in its construction. That was a fundamental key for the interpretation of the experimental techniques used that include X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Particle-Induced X-ray Emission (PIXE), 29Si and 27Al Nuclear-Magnetic Resonance with Magic-Angle Spin (NMR-MAS), Thermal Analysis, Optical and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and colorimetric measurements.The results obtained from the original adobes have been compared with fresh soils from horizons related with pre-Hispanic activity. The results indicate presence of amorphous materials and neo-mineral formation besides feldspars and opal. The amorphous phases have been identified by NMR-MAS and SEM.Differences were found in the composition from the adobe used for the joints, mainly in the clay fraction, that can be distinguished by color and that guided to group the information acquired.These results provide new information on the composition and microstructure of adobes from the Gran Pirámide of Cholula. Further studies will involve soil physics methods and erosion tests to complete the task of having a comprehensive knowledge of the earth architecture of the pyramid.