bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Supplementary grain and sodium propionate increase
the liveweight gain and glucose entry rates of steers
given molasses diets
Authors: PEIRIS H. , ELLIOTT R. , NORTON B. W. 
Published: July 2002

An experiment was conducted to investigate the effects
of supplements of sorghum grain (1·1 kg/day),
sodium propionate (65 g/day) and intra-abomasal glucose
infusion (200 g/day) on the liveweight
gain (LWG), glucose metabolism and nitrogen utilization of
Hereford steers (four per group) given
molasses-based diets ad libitum (molasses 589, urea 18,
sunflower meal 194, pangola grass hay 187,
minerals 12 g/kg as fed). There was no significant effect
of treatment on voluntary feed consumption
(97–106 g dry matter (DM)/kg0·75
per day) or DM digestibility (0·564–0·579).
The LWG of steers given grain supplements (899 g/day) and
sodium propionate (943 g/day) were significantly
(P<0·05) higher than those of steers given the
basal diet (741 g/day) and basal diet plus glucose infusion
(794 g/day).All supplements decreased plasma urea concentrations and
urinary N excretion and increased the
efficiency of N utilization from 0·19 to
0·36–0·38 g N retained per g apparently
digested N intake. The
provision of grain (13% DM intake) increased ammonia and
volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentrations
in rumen fluid, and both grain and sodium propionate increased
the proportion of propionic acid in
ruminal VFA. Grain supplementation and glucose infusions
significantly (P<0·05) increased glucose
entry rates (g/day and g/kg0·75
per day) without affecting plasma glucose concentrations or
glucose pool size and space. Sodium propionate supplements
increased plasma insulin concentrations to a
lesser extent than grain supplements and glucose infusion.
Increased glucose availability in the present
studies was associated with an improved utilization of dietary
protein and, in some cases, with improved LWG.
Effects of rate and frequency of applied P on crop
yields, P uptake, and fertilizer P use-efficiency and its
recovery in a groundnut–mustard rotation
Authors: AULAKH M. S. , PASRICHA N. S. 
Published: July 2002

A field experiment was conducted for 5 years (1992/93–1996/97)
on Tolewal sandy loam soil (Typic
Ustochrepts) in the subtropical region of northwest India (Ludhiana), to
evaluate the effect of four
rates of fertilizer P (0, 20, 30 and 40 kg P2O5/ha)
applied at three frequencies representing direct,
residual and cumulative P treatments on crop yields, P uptake, fertilizer
P-use efficiency and fertilizer
P recovery by groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) and mustard (Brassica
napus) grown in a rotation.Groundnut responded to an application of P up to 20 kg P2O5/ha
when the preceding mustard crop
did not receive fertilizer P. However, when the mustard received 40 kg
P2O5/ha, the succeeding
groundnut crop did not respond to additional P applied to it, but obtained
the required P from that
which was in the soil including the residue from the previous application.
The mustard crop
responded significantly (46%) to P up to 40 kg P2O5/ha
rate but there was a much less response
(13–27%) to residual P that was applied to the preceding groundnut.
The differences between these
two crops are due to differences in climate between the mustard and groundnut
growing seasons and
corresponding differences in soil conditions, and perhaps also to differences
in the P-solubilizing
abilities of the two crops. The results suggest that in groundnut–mustard
rotations grown under these
climatic conditions, a direct application of 40 kg P2O5/ha
to mustard would suffice to meet the P
needs of both crops. This would be the most efficient way of using fertilizer
P, increasing P recovery
and improving total biomass partitioning to mustard seed or groundnut pod
yield.
The response of Leucadendron ‘Safari Sunset’ to the fertilization regime
Authors: SILBER A. , GANMORE-NEUMANN R. , BEN-JAACOV J. 
Published: July 2002

The responses of Leucadendron ‘Safari sunset’, on its
own roots and grafted on ‘Orot’ rootstock, to
a range of fertilization regimes were studied. The experiment was conducted during the summer of
1994, at Bet Dagan, Israel, and included three levels of compound NPK, two levels of P, and two
NH4[ratio ]NO3 ratios.Ungrafted plants fed without P yielded fewest marketable branches and had the lowest fresh and
dry weights. Increasing the P concentration in the irrigation water to 10 mg/dm3 improved the yield,
whereas increasing the NPK level reduced the number of marketable branches and the fresh and dry
weight yields. Lowering the NH4[ratio ]NO3 ratio in the irrigation water significantly reduced the yield.The grafted plants were significantly better than the ungrafted plants under all the treatments
examined. The superiority of the grafted plants was more evident under conditions of P deficiency and
non-optimal pH.
SOME FACTORS AFFECTING MARITAL DISTANCES IN THE OUTER HEBRIDES
Authors: CLEGG E. J. , RINGROSE T. J. , CROSS J. F. 
Published: July 2002

Some factors affecting marital distances have been studied in two Outer Hebridean islands, Harris (843 marriages) and Barra (444 marriages), over the period 1855-1990. In each island marital distances fell before 1900, but then rose to their greatest values after the 1950s. Fishermen generally married at the shortest distances and men in land-based occupations at the longest. The depression in the fishing industry during the 1880s and early 1890s was associated with reductions in marital distances, especially among fishermen. In the different regions of Harris, marital distances were least in the south-east, where settlement was most dense, and greatest in the south-west where it was most sparse.When the association between marital frequencies and inter-settlement distances was studied, it was found that for Harris there was, overall, a trend to endogamous and short-distance marriage. However, this trend was only slight during 1955-90. For Barra a similar trend was found before 1955, but thereafter there appeared to be virtually no connection between marital frequency and inter-settlement distance. Thus the only constraint on marriage was the spatial distribution of settlements. In this situation the chances of random mating with respect to distance are maximised.Application of ‘Central Place’ theory suggested that only since 1946 can any tendency be detected to regard Tarbert in Harris or Castlebay in Barra as Central Places, at least as far as marriage is concerned. In each island the tendency appears to be limited to the settlements closest to the Central Place.
Detection of enterocin AS-48-producing dairy
enterococci by dot-blot and colony hybridization
Authors: RODRÍGUEZ EVA , MARTÍNEZ MARIA I. , MEDINA MARGARITA , HERNÁNDEZ PABLO E. , RODRÍGUEZ JUAN M. 
Published: July 2002

The enterococci have traditionally been used as
indicators of faecal contamination
because they are common inhabitants of the human and
animal intestinal tract. In
addition, some strains are well documented as opportunistic
pathogens, and have
been implicated in endocarditis, infant diarrhoea and
other conditions. However,
other strains are widespread in foods, particularly in
milk and dairy products, where
they are considered desirable microflora. In fact, through
their proteolytic and
lipolytic abilities, they play an important role in cheese
ripening, contributing to the
development of the organoleptic properties characteristic
of certain cheeses (Villani et al. 1993).Production of antimicrobial substances is one of the
mechanisms by which
microorganisms can exert a probiotic effect in a host.
In this context, a significant
number of bacteriocin-producing enterococci of dairy
origin have been isolated in
recent years (Giraffa, 1995). Production of these
antimicrobial peptides or proteins
is a common phenotype among lactic acid bacteria, and
this is the application of
enterococcal bacteriocins of special interest in dairy
systems. Firstly, they show
activity against a broad spectrum of spoilage and
pathogenic organisms of concern
in dairy industries, such as Listeria monocytogenes.
Secondly, they are inactivated by
human gastric enzymes but not by some enzymes that, like
rennet, are frequently
used in dairy plants. Finally, their marked heat stability
enables them to be used in
a wide variety of dairy products (Giraffa, 1995).The genes that encode the biosynthesis of some enterocins
or enterococcins, such
as enterocin AS-48 (Martínez-Bueno et al. 1994),
have been sequenced, allowing their
rapid detection by molecular biology techniques such as
the polymerase chain
reaction (PCR) (Joosten et al. 1997). Enterococcal
bacteriocins that have been
genetically characterized have been shown to be
plasmid-encoded (Clewell, 1993).In this paper, we report a simple method for the isolation
of plasmid DNA from
dairy enterococci, using a combination of lysozyme and
glass beads (Frère, 1994;
Reinkemeier et al. 1996) to achieve cell lysis.
Plasmid DNA was used in dot-blot and
Southern hybridization analyses to identify enterocin
AS-48-encoding dairy
enterococci by using a specific PCR-generated probe. In
addition, a more rapid
detection method based on colony hybridization was also developed.
Component PP3 from bovine milk is a substrate for
transglutaminase. Sequence location of putative crosslinking sites
Authors: SØRENSEN ESBEN S. , RASMUSSEN LONE K. , PETERSEN TORBEN E. 
Published: July 2002

As the demands for food products of high quality increase, it will
become more
important to be able to modify the properties of food proteins. One possibility
is to
use enzymic modifications to improve functional properties and nutritional
values.
A highly efficient class of enzymic crosslinkers are transglutaminases
(TG, EC
2.3.2.13), calcium-dependent enzymes that catalyse an acyl transfer reaction
between protein-bound glutaminyl residues and primary amines (for review,
see
Aeschlimann & Paulsson, 1994). When protein-bound lysyl residues act
as acyl
acceptors, the reaction leads to the formation of intramolecular and/or
intermolecular
isopeptide bonds. Although a wide variety of amines such as putrescine,
cadaverine or lysyl residues may act as amine donors in this reaction,
only a limited
number of glutamine residues in certain proteins will act as amine acceptors
(Gorman
& Folk, 1980).Ikura et al. (1981, 1985) reported that TG can be used to introduce
methionine
into casein and soyabean proteins and lysine into wheat gluten, thereby
showing that
TG can also be utilized to improve the nutritional value of food proteins.
There have
been a number of reports concerning the TG-mediated polymerization of food
proteins such as α-lactalbumin and β-lactoglobulin (Aboumahmoud
& Savello, 1990;
Færgemand et al. 1997), soyabean proteins and casein components
(Ikura et al.
1980a, b) and pea legumin (Larré et al.
1993). Recently, improved protein foaming
capacity and stability have been demonstrated in TG-catalysed polymers
of
soyabean protein and whey protein isolate (Yildirim et al. 1996).Bovine PP3 (for review, see Girardet & Linden, 1996) is a phosphorylated
glycoprotein isolated from the proteose peptone fraction of milk (Sørensen
&
Petersen, 1993a). The primary structure of PP3 has been determined
(Sørensen &
Petersen, 1993b) and comprises a polypeptide backbone of 135 amino
acid residues
containing five phosphorylated serines, two threonine-linked O-glycosylations,
and
one N-glycosylation. Immunological studies have shown that PP3 is present
in the
milk fat globule membrane, and that PP3 forms multimeric aggregates in
bovine
milk (Sørensen et al. 1997). Several functions have been
suggested and investigated
for bovine PP3 and fractions enriched with PP3, including emulsification
(Shimizu
et al. 1989), inhibition of lipolysis (Girardet et al.
1993) and mitogenesis (Mati et al.
1993).Previously, we have localized the potential TG-reactive glutamines in
the four
bovine caseins (Christensen et al. 1996) and in milk osteopontin
(Sørensen et al. 1994).
In the present study we have shown that component PP3 is a substrate for
guinea-pig liver TG containing both reactive glutamine and lysine residues. In
addition,
we have localized the glutamine residues that act as amine acceptors.
The Original Condemnation of Asian Montanism
Authors: STEWART-SYKES ALISTAIR 
Published: July 2002

The object of this article is to describe the social and theological

setting of primitive Montanism within second-century Asia in
order to account for its appearance and its subsequent condemnation.
According to an anonymous source employed by Eusebius the
prophecy appeared in the middle of the second century under the
leadership of a recent convert called Montanus, and the faithful of Asia

gathered and condemned the movement at its outset. Clearly this is a
propagandist account but we may accept its broad outlines none the less,

in that there was a prophetic movement in which Montanus was a prime
mover, and which failed to receive acceptance in the wider Asian
Church.It should be made clear that this article restricts itself to the earliest

period of the prophecy and therefore to primary sources which are
directly germane to that period. These sources are both preserved by
Eusebius, and consist of an unnamed writer known as the anonymous,
and an otherwise unknown Apollonius. A further possibly ancient source

is employed by Epiphanius, but we shall observe below that its
understanding of prophecy is hardly consistent with a second-century
Asian origin, whereas both the anonymous and Apollonius reveal their
Asian provenance in their extant writings. Although there is a degree of

bias in the presentation of the charges, we should none the less accept
that
there is a factual basis behind the assertions of the opponents, and that

their opposition was motivated by a genuine belief that the prophecy did

not conform with the tradition and the succession of the Church.
Finite-amplitude internal wavepacket dispersion and breaking
Authors: SUTHERLAND BRUCE R. 
Published: July 2002

The evolution and stability of two-dimensional, large-amplitude, non-hydrostatic
internal wavepackets are examined analytically and by numerical simulations. The
weakly nonlinear dispersion relation for horizontally periodic, vertically compact
internal waves is derived and the results are applied to assess the stability of weakly
nonlinear wavepackets to vertical modulations. In terms of Θ, the angle that lines of
constant phase make with the vertical, the wavepackets are predicted to be unstable
if [mid ]Θ[mid ] < Θc, where
Θc = cos−1 (2/3)1/2 ≃ 35.3°
is the angle corresponding to internal
waves with the fastest vertical group velocity. Fully nonlinear numerical simulations of
finite-amplitude wavepackets confirm this prediction: the amplitude of wavepackets
with [mid ]Θ[mid ] > Θc decreases over time; the amplitude of wavepackets with
[mid ]Θ[mid ] < Θc
increases initially, but then decreases as the wavepacket subdivides into a wave train,
following the well-known Fermi–Pasta–Ulam recurrence phenomenon.If the initial wavepacket is of sufficiently large amplitude, it becomes unstable
in the sense that eventually it convectively overturns. Two new analytic conditions
for the stability of quasi-plane large-amplitude internal waves are proposed. These
are qualitatively and quantitatively different from the parametric instability of plane
periodic internal waves. The ‘breaking condition’ requires not only that the wave
is statically unstable but that the convective instability growth rate is greater than
the frequency of the waves. The critical amplitude for breaking to occur is found
to be ACV = cot Θ (1 + cos2 Θ)/2π,
where ACV is the ratio of the maximum vertical
displacement of the wave to its horizontal wavelength. A second instability condition
proposes that a statically stable wavepacket may evolve so that it becomes convectively
unstable due to resonant interactions between the waves and the wave-induced
mean flow. This hypothesis is based on the assumption that the resonant long
wave–short wave interaction, which Grimshaw (1977) has shown amplifies the waves
linearly in time, continues to amplify the waves in the fully nonlinear regime. Using
linear theory estimates, the critical amplitude for instability is
ASA = sin 2Θ/(8π2)1/2.
The results of numerical simulations of horizontally periodic, vertically compact
wavepackets show excellent agreement with this latter stability condition. However,
for wavepackets with horizontal extent comparable with the horizontal wavelength,
the wavepacket is found to be stable at larger amplitudes than predicted if Θ [lsim ] 45°. It
is proposed that these results may explain why internal waves generated by turbulence
in laboratory experiments are often observed to be excited within a narrow frequency
band corresponding to Θ less than approximately 45°.
Secondary flow in a Hele-Shaw cell
Authors: BALSA THOMAS F. 
Published: July 2002

We examine the flow in a horizontal Hele-Shaw cell in which the
undisturbed
unidirectional flow at infinity is required to stream around a vertical
cylinder spanning
the gap between the two (horizontal) plates of the cell. A combination
of matched
asymptotic expansions and numerical methods is employed to elucidate the
structure
of the boundary layer near the surface of the cylinder. The two length
scales of the
problem are the gap, h, and the length of the body, l;

it is assumed that h/l<<1. The
characteristic Reynolds number based on l is O(1).
The length scales associated with
the boundary layer and the classical Hele-Shaw flow pattern are
O(h) and O(l), respectively.It is found that the boundary layer contains streamwise vorticity. This
vorticity is
generated at the three no-slip surfaces (the two plates and the cylinder
wall) as a result
of the cross-flow induced by the streamwise acceleration/deceleration
of the flow
around the curved cylinder. The strength of the secondary flow, hence the
associated
streamwise vorticity, is proportional to changes in body curvature. The
validity of the
classical Hele-Shaw flow is examined systematically, and higher-order corrections
are
worked out. This results in a displacement thickness that is roughly 30%
of the gap.
In other words, the lowest-order correction to the classical Hele-Shaw
flow may be
obtained by requiring the outer flow (on the scale O(l))

to satisfy the no-penetration
boundary condition on a displaced cylinder surface. The boundary layer
contains
‘corner’ vortices at the intersections of the horizontal
plates and the vertical cylinder surface.
Post-traumatic stress disorder and major depression
among Italian Nazi concentration camp survivors: a
controlled study 50 years later
Authors: FAVARO A. , RODELLA F. C. , COLOMBO G. , SANTONASTASO P. 
Published: July 2002

Background. The study aimed to assess the current and
lifetime rates of post-traumatic stress
disorder (PTSD) and major depression (MDD) among Nazi concentration camps
survivors.Methods. We investigated 51 Italian political deportees and
47 Resistance Movement veterans who
reported traumatic experiences during active service. The Structured Clinical
Interview for DSM-IV was used to assess the presence of PTSD and MDD. The
Dissociative Experiences Scale and the
shorter version of the Hopkins Symptoms Checklist were also administered.Results. The lifetime rates of PTSD and MDD were 35·3%
and 45·1% respectively among
deportees and 4·3% and 6·4% among former partisans. The current
rates for PTSD and MDD were
25·5% and 33·3% among deportees and 4·3% and 4·3%
among former partisans. Dissociative
symptoms were more severe among deportees than among Resistance movement
veterans.Conclusions. Concentration camp internment, even for political
reasons, appears to have severe
long-term psychiatric consequences.
WITTGENSTEIN AND TOLSTOY: THE AUTHENTIC ORIENTATION
Authors: THOMAS EMYR VAUGHAN 
Published: July 2002

Many philosophers as well as many non-philosophers assume that there is no
problem about just what religious belief is. They assume that it is something
its adherents would like treated along the lines of (if not wholly in the same
way as) any other form of belief. But because religious belief does not relate
to any empirical entity or person then the belief element in it is conceived of
as directed to some trans-empirical or metaphysical realm.Both Tolstoy and Wittgenstein conceived of religious belief in a very
different way from this. They conceded, I believe, that some forms of
religious belief do seem to be directed at some apparently trans-empirical
Being. However, for them, the genuine religious spirit involves something else.
We can best appreciate their shared conception in terms of what I shall call
an ‘authentic orientation to the world’.My purpose in this paper is to elucidate just what this ‘authentic
orientation’ consists of and to show how it can be said to be
something that both
Tolstoy and Wittgenstein had essentially the same view of.
KIERKEGAARD'S PHILOSOPHICAL FRAGMENTS: A CLARIFICATION
Authors: HARRISON VICTORIA S. 
Published: July 2002

For Søren Kierkegaard, ‘How is it possible for one
to

become a disciple?’ was the fundamental question. The Philosophical

Fragments, first published in

1844 under the pseudonym of Johannes Climacus, propounds a hypothetical

metaphysical framework within which an answer to this question is

formulated. This framework is usually construed simply as a general account

of what must be the case if Christianity is true. But this has given rise
to some

perplexity regarding how the Climacian framework is to be interpreted.
This

is the result of the failure to take into account the specific function
which it

is meant to serve – namely, as the framework for ascertaining how
becoming

a disciple is a possibility. My present objective is not to pass any judgement

on the adequacy of this framework as a model purporting to represent reality.

Rather, I shall simply attempt a consistent elucidation of the framework

which Climacus presents; and in so doing, I indicate the way in which,
given

this framework, the question ‘How is it possible for one to become

a disciple?’ is to be answered – what I shall call

‘the Climacian answer’.Part 1 of this article provides a basic account of the framework by

explaining its key concepts and their relationship to one another. I then

employ this account as the foundation for the thesis developed in Part
2:

namely, that, for Climacus, faith is the condition of discipleship. In

conclusion, I outline the answer which, on my interpretation, Kierkegaard's

Climacian framework yields to the question ‘How is it possible for
one to

become a disciple?’