bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Life‐Cycle Assessment and Temporal Distributions of Emissions: Developing a Fleet‐Based Analysis
Authors: Field Frank , Kirchain Randolph , Clark Joel 
Published: July 2002

SummaryAlthough the product‐centered focus of life‐cycle assessment has been one of its strengths, this analytical perspective embeds assumptions that may conflict with the realities of environmental problems. This article demonstrates, through a series of mathematical derivations, that all the products in use, rather than a single product, frequently should be the appropriate unit of analysis. Such a “fleet‐centered” approach supplies a richer perspective on the comparative emissions burdens generated by alternative products, and it eliminates certain simplifying assumptions imposed upon the analysis by a product‐centered approach.A sample numerical case, examining the comparative emissions of steel‐intensive and aluminum‐intensive automobiles, is presented to contrast the results of the two approaches. The fleet‐centered analysis shows that the “crossover time” (i.e., the time required before the fuel economy benefits of the lighter aluminum vehicle offset the energy intensity of the processes used to manufacture the aluminum in the first place) can be dramatically longer than that predicted by a product‐centered life‐cycle assessment.The fleet‐centered perspective explicitly introduces the notion of time as a critical element of comparative life‐cycle assessments and raises important questions about the role of the analyst in selecting the appropriate time horizon for analysis. Moreover, with the introduction of time as an appropriate dimension to life‐cycle assessment, the influences of effects distributed over time can be more naturally and consistently treated.
JEWISH AND CHRISTIAN ASTROLOGY IN LATE ANTIQUITY - A NEW APPROACH
Authors: von Stuckrad Kocku 
Published: July 2002

AbstractIn late antiquity astrology held a key position among the accepted and well-reputed sciences. As ars mathematica closely connected with astronomy, it made its way into the highest political and philosophical orders of the Roman Empire and became the standard model of interpreting past, present, and future events. Although this is widely acknowledged by modern historians, most scholars assume that the application of astrological theories is limited to the 'pagan mind,' whereas Jewish and Christian theology is characterized by a harsh refutation of astrology's implications. As can easily be shown, this assumption is not the result of careful examination of the documentary evidence but of a preconceived and misleading opinion about the basic ideas of astrology, which led to an astonishing disregard of Jewish and Christian evidence for astrological concerns. This evidence has been either played down - if not neglected entirely - or labeled 'heretic,' thus prolonging the polemics of the 'church fathers' right into modernity. After having reviewed the biases of previous research into monotheistic astrology and its crucial methodological problems, I shall propose a different approach. Astrology has to be seen as a certain way of interpreting reality. In this regard it is the very backbone of esoteric tradition. I shall sketch the different discourses reflected in some late antiquity's Jewish and Christian documents. It will be shown that the astrological worldview of planetary and zodiacal correspondences was common to most of the sources. Examples will be presented for illustrating different adoptions of this attitude, namely the discourse of cult theology, the magical and mystical application of astrological knowledge, the debates concerning volition and determinism, and, finally, the use of astrology for political and religious legitimization.
MEMORY RETENTION IN WILD-TYPE AND TAU MUTANT SYRIAN HAMSTERS
Authors: Oklejewicz Małgorzata , Van Der Zee Eddy , Gerkema Menno , Daan Serge 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Rats are known to display a temporary deficit in memory function 6 h after training on a learning task, a phenomenon known as the 'Kamin effect'. Later studies showed that maximal retrieval recurs in 24 h intervals after a single training and implied the role of the circadian clock in the suppression of memory retrieval at non-24 h intervals. This study aimed to investigate this further by analysing retention deficits following passive avoidance training in the Syrian hamster. The availability of hamsters carrying the tau mutation was exploited to address the role of the circadian system in periodic retention deficits. It was expected that tau mutant hamsters with an endogenous circadian period of approximately 20 h would have a high retention score at 20 h after training. Surprisingly, deficits in retention were found at 12, 18, 24, and 36 h after training in wild-type hamsters with best performance at 30 h after training. Tau mutant hamsters had significant deficits in memory retention at 20, 24, and 30 h, and no clear periodicity in retention could be observed. Step-through latency scores for mutant hamsters were low at all times except training-testing intervals of 0.25 and 6 h. These results demonstrate the absence of clear memory deficit oscillations in both wild-type and mutant hamsters, and may suggest in particular a long-term memory deficit in tau mutant hamsters.
GENETIC DETERMINATION OF PATERNITY IN CAPTIVE GREY MOUSE LEMURS: PRE-COPULATORY SEXUAL COMPETITION RATHER THAN SPERM COMPETITION IN A NOCTURNAL PROSIMIAN?
Authors: Andrès Marjorie , Gachot-Neveu Hélène , Perret Martine 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Among nocturnal Malagasy prosimians, the grey mouse lemur (Microcebus murinus) is considered as a solitary species having a promiscuous mating system. Indirect evidence, such as the lack of sexual dimorphism, the high relative testes size of males and the high synchronism in oestrus occurrence among females, supports the presence of a sperm-based scramble competition. In captive animals, we used genetic determination of paternity to define the relationship between mating success and reproductive success of males kept in a group with several females during the mating period. Within each group, an intense sexual competition arose among males for priority of access to oestrous females. High ranking males, as deduced from the direction of agonistic interactions, displayed a significantly higher frequency of marking behaviours, chemosensory investigations of females, and sexual behaviours. A robust relationship was found between male rank and reproductive success since 16 out of the 17 litters (35 young) produced, have been sired by the highest ranked male of the group. Moreover, the finding that female aggression was related to both male sexual solicitations and to male rank, suggests that females could exert a choice. Under specific captive conditions, grey mouse lemurs, showing all traits of post-copulatory sperm-based scramble competition, exhibit a mating system relying on pre-copulatory aggression-based competition. Olfactory signals rather than morphological traits might be used, in this nocturnal primate, for both sexual co-ordination between sexes and partner choice.
FEMALE PREFERENCES FOR NATURALLY-OCCURRING NOVEL MALE TRAITS
Authors: Schlupp Ingo , Waschulewski Meike , Ryan Michael 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
We report two independent cases of female preferences for novel male traits in two species of poeciliid fish, Poecilia latipinna and Poecilia mexicana. In both cases the preference predates the occurrence of the trait, lending strong support to the pre-existing bias hypotheses. This support is independent of the assumptions associated with phylogenetic inference. Unlike the two sexual species, the unisexual hybrid P. formosa had no detectable preference for the novel male traits.
Efficacy of methyl iodide soil fumigation for control of Meloidogyne incognita, Tylenchulus semipenetrans and Heterodera schachtii
Authors: Hutchinson Chad M. , McGiffen Milton E. , Ohr Howard D. , Sims James J. , Becker J. Ole 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Sigmoidal dose-response curves were derived for Meloidogyne incognita,
Tylenchulus semipenetrans, and Heterodera schachtii treated with methyl
iodide or methyl bromide under laboratory and field conditions. Laboratory
dose-response experiments were conducted in 1.9 dm3 fumigation jars in three
soil types. Field experiments were conducted in a San Emigdio sandy loam and
a Carsetas loamy sand previously infested with M. incognita. Muslin sample
bags containing either roots or soil infested with T. semipenetrans and H.
schachtii were buried in each field plot. M. incognita was bioassayed on
tomato roots and survival of other nematodes was assayed by Baermann funnel
extraction. A comparison of the methyl bromide: methyl iodide ratios at the
EC(ED)90 rates indicated that, averaged over all treatments, methyl iodide
was 4.67 and 1.77 times more potent than methyl bromide in laboratory and
field experiments, respectively. Efficacite de la fumigation des sols au
iodure de methyle pour le controle de Meloidogyne incognita, Tylenchulus
semipenetrans et Heterodera schachtii - Des courbes sigmoides dose-reponse
ont ete etablies pour Meloidogyne incognita, Tylenchulus semipenetrans et
Heterodera schachtii traites au iodure de methyle ou au bromure de methyle
au laboratoire et au champ. Les experimentations dose-reponse au laboratoire
ont ete faites dans des conteneurs de 1,9 dm3 avec trois types de sol. Les
experimentations au champ ont ete realisees sur limon sableux San Emiglio et
sable limoneux Carsetas prealablement infestes par M. incognita. Des sacs a
echantillon en mousseline contenant ou bien des racines ou bien du sol
infestes par M. incognita, T. semipenetrans et H. schachtii ont ete enterres
dans chaque parcelle. La survie de M. incognita a ete evaluee par un test
biologique sur des racines de tomate et celle des autres nematodes par
extraction au Baerman. Une comparaison des rapports bromure de
methyle/iodure de methyle aux taux EC(ED)90 a montre que, en moyenne sur
tous les traitements, l'iodure de methyle a ete respectivement 4,67 et 1,77
fois plus efficient que le bromure de methyle au laboratoire et au champ,
respectivement.
Morphometric study on twelve populations of Nacobbus aberrans (Thorne, 1935) Thorne & Allen, 1944 (Nematoda: Pratylenchidae) from Mexico and South America
Authors: Manzanilla-Lopez Rosa H. , Harding Simon , Evans Ken 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Twelve populations of Nacobbus aberrans from Mexico and South America were
cultured in the glasshouse on tomato plants. Second stage juveniles, males,
young females and mature females were recovered from the cultures and
studied using light microscopy. Morphometric data were analysed using
canonical variate analysis. Many of the characters previously used to
establish species or subspecific ranks were shown to be variable and all
variants occurred in all populations studied, even if at low frequencies.
Etude morphometrique de douze populations de Nacobbus aberrans (Thorne,
1935) Thorne & Allen, 1944 (Nematoda: Pratylenchidae) du Mexique et
d'Amerique du Sud - Douze populations de Nacobbus aberrans du Mexique et
d'Amerique du Sud ont ete elevees en serre sur plants de tomate. Les
juveniles de deuxieme stade, les males, les femelles jeunes et les femelles
matures ont ete recoltes a partir de ces elevages et etudies en microscopie
photonique. Les donnees morphometriques ont ete analysees par analyse
canonique. De nombreux caracteres precedemment utilises aux niveaux
specifique ou subspecifique sont apparus variables, tous les variants etant
presents dans toutes les populations etudiees, a des frequences parfois
faibles mais jamais nulles.
Kinetics of palygorskite hydrolysis in dilute salt solutions
Authors: Neaman A. , Singer A. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractFive palygorskite samples with different chemical compositions and specific surface areas (SSA) were used for this study. Batch experiments in dilute salt solutions under neutral conditions were conducted to study the kinetics of clay hydrolysis. The rates of release of Mg and Si differ significantly among the palygorskite samples. It was found that differences in release rate of Mg among the palygorskite samples are due to differences in both surface area and chemical composition. The rate of release of Mg was greater in palygorskites with high SSA and high Mg and Fe contents than that in palygorskites with low SSA and high Al content. The rate of release of Si depends on the SSA of the mineral and is not related to chemical composition. The initial amount of Si released increases with SSA, while the Si rate of release decreases with increasing SSA. These data suggest that the decomposition of palygorskite in soils and sediments also takes place under neutral conditions.
Nature of mixed iron and aluminium gels as affected by Fe/Al molar ratio, pH and citrate
Authors: Violante A. , Colombo C. , Cinquegrani G. , Adamo P. , Violante P. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe nature and mineralogy of mixed Al and Fe(III) gels (initial Fe/Al molar ratios (Ri) of 1.0 and 2.5) formed at pH values ranging from 4.0 to 10.0, both in the presence and absence of citric acid (citrate/Fe + AI molar ratio (Rcit) of 0.01 and 0.1) and aged for a long period at room temperature and at 50°C have been studied. The complexes showed considerable differences in the mineralogy of the precipitation products. The samples formed at Ri = 1.0 contained ferrihydrite at pH 4.0, ferrihydrite + gibbsite at pH 5.0-7.0, and hematite + Al(OH)3polymorphs + ferrihydrite at pH 9.0-10.0. The samples formed at Ri = 2.5 had greater quantities of poorly crystallized ferrihydrite. Large amounts of Fe+Al (25-82%) were solubilized from the samples aged for 60 days at 50°C by ammonium oxalate. The addition of increasing concentrations of citrate to the gel suspensions containing equimolar amounts of Fe and AI strongly inhibited the formation of Al(OH)3polymorphs both at pH 5.0 or 8.5 by promoting the formation of short-range ordered materials. Citrate added initially to Fe-Al solutions (R*cit = 0.1) completely inhibited formation of crystals even after 135 days at 50°C.
Chemistry of the Ta-Nb-Sn-W oxide minerals from the Yichun rare metal granite (SE China): genetic implications and comparison with Moroccan and French Hercynian examples
Authors: Belkasmi M. , Cuney M. , Pollard P. J. , Bastoul A. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractIn the Yichun granite complex (SE China), columbite group minerals, microlite and cassiterite are the main Nb, Ta, Sn-bearing minerals. They are mainly concentrated in the uppermost albite-lepidolite granite. Rutile is the only Nb, Ta-bearing phase in the geochemically primitive muscovite-zinnwaldite granite. The chemical evolution of the columbite group minerals (the most abundant and commonly zoned Nb, Ta-bearing minerals) indicates a complex crystallization history of the host granites with: (1) fractional crystallization at depth, reflected by a strong increase of Mn/(Mn+Fe) ratios with a moderate increase of Ta/(Ta+Nb) ratios from the muscovite-zinnwaldite granite to the Li-mica granite and then the most fractionated topaz-lepidolite granite; and (2) emplacement of successive magma batches corresponding to the different units of the granite complex with progressive crystallization of each unit, mainly reflected by a strong increase of Ta/(Ta+Nb) ratios with moderate variation of Mn/(Mn+Fe) ratios during the growth of the zoned crystals. The data are compared with those from the RMG of Ezzirari (Morocco), Montebras, Beauvoir and Chèdeville (France).
Zr budgets for metamorphic reactions, and the formation of zircon from garnet breakdown
Authors: Degeling H. , Eggins S. , Ellis D. J. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe construction of zirconium (Zr) budgets for metamorphic reactions in high-grade rocks provides new insight into zircon growth during metamorphism. In this study we target reactions involving garnet, as they enable zircon growth to be related to known pressure and temperature conditions. Two reactions involving the breakdown of Zr-bearing garnet from Rogaland, SW Norway have been investigated in detail, showing contrasting behaviour of Zr, with zircon formation being subject to the solubility of Zr in product phases. In the decompression reaction garnet + sillimanite + quartz → cordierite, Zr released during garnet breakdown cannot be incorporated into the cordierite structure, resulting in zircon nucleation and growth. In contrast, for the reaction garnet + biotite + sillimanite + quartz → osumilite + orthopyroxene + spinel + magnetite, no new zircon growth takes place, despite the garnet involved containing more than double the Zr concentration of the former reaction. In the latter case, all the Zr released by garnet breakdown can be detected in the product phases osumilite and orthopyroxene, thereby preventing growth of new metamorphic zircon. This study highlights the potential for high resolution geochronology in metamorphic rocks by relating zircon growth to specific metamorphic reactions.
Crystal structure of macphersonite (Pb4SO4(CO3)2(OH)2): comparison with leadhillite
Authors: Steele Ian M. , Pluth Joseph J. , Livingstone Alec 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe crystal structure of macphersonite (Pb4SO4(CO3)2(OH)2, Pcab, a = 9.242(2), b = 23.050(5), c = 10.383(2) Å) from Leadhills, Scotland has been determined to an R = 0.053. The structure has many features in common with its polymorph leadhillite including three distinct types of layers. Layer A includes sulphate tetrahedra, Layer B is composed of Pb and OH, while Layer C is composed of Pb and CO3 with topology identical to that in cerussite. In both macphersonite and leadhillite these layers are stacked along [010] as …BABCCBABCC… The double CC layer is almost identical in the two structures and forms a structural backbone and occurs in other structures including hydrocerussite and plumbonacrite. The sulphate layer shows the greatest difference between the two structures and can be described by a pattern of up or down pointing tetrahedra. For macphersonite the sequence along [001] is …UDUDUD… while in leadhillite the sequence along [010] is …UDDUUDDU… This latter sequence effectively doubles b relative to the equivalent direction in macphersonite. Susannite, a third polymorph, may have yet another sequence of sulphates to give trigonal symmetry; by heating leadhillite, displacive movements of sulphate groups may occur with a conversion to susannite.
Kyanite-staurolite ortho-amphibolite from the Chapada Region, Goiás, Central Brazil
Authors: Kuyumjian Raul Minas 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThis study deals with the kyanite-staurolite assemblage from a metabasite (ortho-amphibolite) in the Chapada area of the Neoproterozoic Mara Rosa volcano-sedimentary sequence of Goiás state, Brazil. It is closely associated with hydrothermally altered rocks and contains the assemblage hornblende, epidote, quartz, kyanite, staurolite, plagioclase and rutile. The staurolite from the amphibolite shows lower values of SiO2 and higher values of MgO, MnO, ZnO and Xmg than those in staurolites from the metasediments of the same area. In the Al–Na–Ca–(Fe+Mg) diagram, the amphibolite plots in the aluminous part of the diagram and the phase volume encloses the area of mafic volcanic bulk compositions. Field relations and compositions in both kyanite-staurolite amphibolite and staurolite are consistent with formation of this amphibolite as a result of metamorphism of metasomatised basalts.
Lymphocytic vasculitis in X-linked lymphoproliferative disease
Authors: Dutz Jan P. , Benoit Loralyn , Wang Xiaoxia , Demetrick Douglas J. , Junker Anne , de Sa Derek , Tan Rusung 
Published: July 2002

AbstractSystemic vasculitis is an uncommon manifestation of X-linked lymphoproliferative disease (XLP), a disorder in which there is a selective immune deficiency to Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). The molecular basis for XLP has recently been ascribed to mutations within SLAM-associated protein (SAP), an SH2 domain–containing protein expressed primarily in T cells. The authors describe a patient who died as a result of chronic systemic vasculitis and fulfilled clinical criteria for the diagnosis of XLP. Sequencing of this patient'sSAP gene uncovered a novel point mutation affecting the SH2 domain. The patient presented with virus-associated hemophagocytic syndrome (VAHS) and later had chorioretinitis, bronchiectasis, and hypogammaglobulinemia develop. He further developed mononeuritis and fatal respiratory failure. Evidence of widespread small and medium vessel vasculitis was noted at autopsy with involvement of retinal, cerebral, and coronary arteries as well as the segmental vessels of the kidneys, testes, and pancreas. Immunohistochemical analysis using antibodies to CD20, CD45RO, and CD8 revealed that the vessel wall infiltrates consisted primarily of CD8+ T cells, implying a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte response to antigen. EBV DNA was detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in arterial wall tissue microdissected from infiltrated vessels further suggesting that the CD8+ T cells were targeting EBV antigens within the endothelium. The authors propose that functional inactivation of the SAP protein can impair the immunologic response to EBV, resulting in systemic vasculitis.
Expression and regulation of chemokine receptors in human natural killer cells
Authors: Inngjerdingen Marit , Damaj Bassam , Maghazachi Azzam A. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractUsing flow cytometric and RNase protection assays, this study examined the expression of chemokine receptors in nonactivated natural killer (NK) cells and compared this expression with NK cells activated with interleukin (IL)-2, which either adhered to plastic flasks (AD) or did not adhere (NA). None of the NK cell subsets expressed CXCR2, CXCR5, or CCR5. The major differences between these cells include increased expression of CXCR1, CCR1, CCR2, CCR4, CCR8, and CX3CR1 in AD when compared to NA or nonactivated NK cells. The chemotactic response to the CXC and CC chemokines correlated with the receptor expression except that all 3 populations responded to GRO-α, despite their lack of CXCR2 expression. Pretreatment of these cells with anti-CXCR2 did not inhibit the chemotactic response to GRO-α. In addition, nonactivated and NA cells responded to fractalkine, although they lack the expression of CX3CR1. This activity was not inhibited by anti-CX3CR1. Viral macrophage inflammatory protein (vMIP)-I, I-309, and TARC competed with the binding of 125I-309 to AD cells with varying affinities. Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 but not any other cytokine or chemokine examined including interferon (IFN)-γ, MIP-3β, macrophage-derived chemokine (MDC), thymus and activation-regulated chemokine (TARC) or I-309, up-regulated the expression of CXCR3 and CXCR4 on NK cell surface. This is correlated with increased chemotaxis of NK cells treated with TGF-β1 toward stromal cell–derived factor (SDF)-1α and interferon-inducible protein-10 (IP-10). Messenger RNA for lymphotactin, RANTES, MIP-1α, and MIP-1β, but not IP-10, monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP)-1, IL-8, or I-309 was expressed in all 3 NK cell subsets. Our results may have implications for the dissemination of NK cells at the sites of tumor growth or viral replication.
CTLA-4 blockade of antigen-induced cell death
Authors: da Rocha Dias Silvy , Rudd Christopher E. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractWhile cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen–4 (CTLA-4) negatively regulates T-cell receptor (TCR)–driven interleukin (IL)–2 production and proliferation, little is known regarding whether the coreceptor has the capacity to inhibit other events, such as Fas ligand (FasL) expression and antigen-induced cell death (AICD). In this study, it is shown that CTLA-4 expressed in a T-cell hybridoma can elicit a potent block of FasL expression and AICD. Inhibition occurred independently of CTLA-4 blockage of IL-2 production and was partially reversed by a single mutation in the cytoplasmic YVKM motif. These findings indicate that CTLA-4 can block TCR signaling prior to bifurcation of signals leading to IL-2 production and apoptosis.