bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Studi Korelasi Persepsi Risiko Bencana dengan Kesiapsiagaan Banjir pada Masyarakat di Bantaran Sungai Bengawan Solo
Authors: Nugrahani Prasasti Sasmita , Imamah Ida Nur 
Published: July 2024

Latar Belakang: Salah satu bentuk ancaman yang dihadapi Indonesia adalah bencana alam, dalam hal ini banjir. Sepanjang tahun 2021 hingga 2023, berbagai kejadian banjir dilaporkan terjadi dan berdampak pada sejumlah wilayah, termasuk Surakarta. Menurut BPBD Surakarta terkena banjir karena berada di kawasan bantaran Sungai Bengawan Solo yang sering banjir di kala musim hujan, dan berdampak pada kesehatan. Dampak banjir yang banyak yaitu di Kelurahan Sangkrah. Untuk meminimalisir dampak tersebut maka diperlukan kesiapsiagaan. Kesiapsiagaan individu dipengaruhi oleh persepsi risiko bencana. Masyarakat di Sangkrah persepsinya tinggi, sedangkan kesiapsiagaannya kurang siap. Tujuan: Untuk mengetahui hubungan persepsi risiko bencana dengan kesiapsiagaan bencana banjir pada masyarakat di Kelurahan Sangkrah. Metode: Penelitian ini adalah kuantitatif dengan pendekatan cross sectional. Jumlah sampel didapatkan dari perhitungan rumus Slovin yaitu 82 responden. Instrumen yang digunakan pada penelitian ini yaitu kuesioner skala guttman. Hasil: Hasil penelitian didapatkan bahwa terdapat hubungan antara persepsi risiko bencana dengan kesiapsiagaan bencana banjir pada masyarakat di Kelurahan Sangkrah Kota Surakarta. Hasil uji Rank Spearman didapatkan koefisien korelasi (r) = 0,614 arah hubungan yang positif dengan nilai signifikasi 0,000. Kesimpulan: Terdapat hubungan antara persepsi risiko bencana dengan kesiapsiagaan bencana banjir pada masyarakat di Kelurahan Sangkrah Kota Surakarta.
Modificación de las propiedades reológicas y panificables mediante fermentación del almidón de maíz variedad INIAP 122
Authors: Acurio Patricia , Villacrés Elena , Paredes Mayra 
Published: July 2024

En el presente trabajo se evaluó el efecto de la fermentación en las propiedades reológicas y panificables del almidón de maíz variedad INIAP 122. El almidón fermentado de maíz se obtuvo mediante dos procesos diferentes tanto de extracción, de fermentación y de secado. Los resultados de las propiedades reológicas mostraron que la fuerza registrada en el Mixolab para gelatinización y retrogradación del almidón fermentado (2,62 a 2,68 Nm) fue menor en relación al almidón sin fermentar (2,96 a 2,88 Nm) lo que indica que el pan fermentado presenta la misma textura por mayor tiempo. El contenidoamilásico del almidón fermentado y sin fermentar presenta diferencias estadísticamente diferentes con valores entre 2,11 hasta 2,40 Nm, lo que evidencia que las muestras tienen una actividad amilasica baja provocando masas blandas. Las muestras de almidón fermentado absorben mayor cantidad de agua entre 61 y 66% en relación al almidón sin fermentar 55 %, proporcionando mayor rendimiento en la elaboración de pan. Como resultado de la evaluación sensorial y propiedades panificables el mejor tratamiento fue la muestra molida, fermentada en un biorreactor y secada a 50ºC (MB50ºC),estas condiciones permitieron obtener un volumen de pan de 61,2 cm3, textura de 18,30 N y atributos sensoriales agradables.
Elaboración de películas biodegradables con policaprolactona y almidóncelulosa de la cáscara de plátano verde (Musa paradisíaca).
Authors: Gómez Sierra Fátima Rocío , Jiménez-Sánchez Augusta 
Published: July 2024

El presente trabajo elaboró películas biodegradables con policaprolactona y almidón-celulosa de la cáscara de plátano verde (Musa paradisiaca) como posible alternativa para la sustitución de fundas plásticas. El proceso para la extracción del almidón-celulosa se realizó mediante el método húmedo e hidrólisis básica planteando 12 diferentes formulaciones en las que se modificó la cantidad de glicerina y policaprolactona. La caracterización física, mecánica, óptica, funcional y biodegradable se desarrolló teniendo como referencia las normas: ASTM E96-80, D-882-18, D5488-944, INEN 2636:2012 y artículos científicos. Los resultados mostraron la película biodegradable presentó una diferencia significativa en su solubilidad pero no en la opacidad y absorción de agua; la tensión y permeabilidad dependen del tipo de formulación, además, se cumplió con en el espesor establecido y se proyecta una degradación en un máximo de 30 días. Se concluyó que las películas con mayor cantidad de policaprolactona presentan una mejora en las propiedades mecánicas, funcionales, físicas y biodegradables presentando una degradabilidad superior en comparación a los plásticos convencionales.
Palabras clave: películas biodegradables, almidón-celulosa, PCL, caracterización.
सँकटमा फीरन्ते जाति राउटे जीवनसैली
Authors: बस्याल Basyal शान्ताकुमारी Shantakumari 
Published: July 2024

राउटेहरु नेपालको लोपोन्मुख आदिबासी हुन् । नेपालको मध्यपश्चिम मध्यपस्चिम क्षेत्रमा बसोबास गर्ने यिनीहरु फिरन्तेको भेषमा जिविेकोपार्जन गर्दै आएको इतिहासले पुष्टी गरेको छ । यिनीहरु करिब ७०० बर्ष अगाडि सुदुरपश्चिमको सेती नदीको किनारदेखी प्युठानसम्मको क्षेत्रमा बसोबास गर्दै आएको इतिहासको अध्यनबाट पुष्टी भएको छ । कालिकोटको फूर्कोट क्षेत्र राउटेको उद्मगमस्थल मानिएको छ । उ बेला समुह समुहका बिचमा लडाईँ हुँदा लडाइँमा हार खाएर लुक्न जँगल पसेका उनीहरू आफूलाई कर्णाली प्रदेशको राजा खस ठकुरी मान्दछ्न । मुलथलो कालिकोट भएपनि अहिले राउटेहरु विभिन्न जिल्लामा छरिएर बसेका छन् । अहिले उनीहरू दैलेख, जाजरकोट, सुर्खेत, डधेल्धुरा, सल्यान, दाङ्, रोल्पा र कालिकोट जिल्लामा बसोबास गरेका भेटिन्छ । अहिले भने राउटेहरु दैलेख जिल्लामा मात्रै फीरन्तेका रुपमा रहेका छन् । अन्य जिल्लामा बस्दै आएका राउटेहरु सरकारले प्रदान गरेको सुबिधाको उपयोग गरेर अन्य जातका व्यक्ति सरह घरमा बस्ने र अन्य पेशा व्यवसाय गर्ने गरेको भेटिन्छ । समयको गतिसँगै फेरिएको राउटेको जीवनशैलीले नेपालको एउटा बिशेष पहिचान बोकेको जनजाति लोप हुनसक्ने खतरा बढेको छ । आफ्नो छुट्टै भाषा भएका राउटेले खाम्चा भाषा बोल्ने गरेकोमा नयाँ पुस्ता भने नेपाली भाषामा पनि पोख्त हुँदै गएका छन् । यसले भोलिका दिनमा आफ्नो भाषा बोल्नेको सँख्या घट्दै जानसक्ने आँकलन गर्न सकिन्छ ।
आफ्नो परम्परागत जीवनशैलिमा बस्दै आएका राउटेहरू दैलेख जिल्लामा मात्रै रहेका छन् । उनीहरू एकै स्थानमा बस्दैनन्, एकठाउँमा बढीमा डेढ वा दुई महिना बसेपछि पुनः नयाँ ठाउँमा बसाई सर्दछन । बसेको स्थानमा काही मर्यो भने पनि उनीहरू तुरुन्तै त्यो ठाउँ छाडेर अर्को ठाउँमा बसाईं सर्दछन । जँङ्गल र खोलाको छेउछाउ बस्दछन् । वर्षामा भिरालो जमिनलाई रोजेर आश्रयस्थलको रुपमा प्रयोग गर्दछन भने हिँउदमा सम्म परेको ठाउँ खोलाको किनारमा बुकुरा बनाएर बस्दछन् । यसरी बासको बन्दोबस्त मिलाउँदै आएका उनिहरुले बाँदर, लुनाको शिकार गर्ने, आफ्नो सीपबाट तयार गरेको काठबाट बनेका सामान बेच्ने वा अन्नसँग साटेर आफुलाई चाहिने सामानको जोहो गर्नुका साथै जँगली कन्दमुल र फलफूल खाएर जीवन निर्भाह गर्दछन् । उनीहरूको आफ्नै विशेष सँस्कृति छ, उनीहरू जता गएपनि लौरो, मादल, मजुरा, ढ्याङ्ग्रो लिएरै जान्छन् । उनीहरूका समुहमा कोही मरे भने बसेको ठाँउभन्दा अलिपर लगेर गाड्ने चलन छ । परम्परागत सैलिको बसोबास भएपनि आनिबानिमा भने यिनीहरु अन्य समुदायका व्यक्ति, संघसस्था र सरकारको नजिक जाने र सुबिधा लिने गरेका छन् । जँगलको अभाव र काठको कमिले यिनीहरुको परम्परागत पेशा सँकटमा परेको छ भने सरकारले लोपउन्मुख जातिलाई दिने माषिक भत्ता बुझ्न थालेपछि उनीहरूको आफ्नो परम्परागत पेशामा भन्दा सहयोगमा रमाउने बानीको बिकास भएको छ । राज्यको लागि प्रमुख चुनौति भनेको उनीहरुलाई राष्ट्रको सम्पत्तिको रुपमा जोगाउने हो भने बिचरण गर्ने स्थान दिएर परम्परागत शैलीमा बाच्न सक्ने स्थिति बनाउन पर्यो, हैन भने अन्य जातजाति जस्तैगरी बाच्नसक्ने बनाउन पर्यो । राज्यले विविधतालाई सम्पत्ति मान्ने हो भने उनीहरुलाई परम्परागत शैलीमा बाच्न सक्नेगरी जँङ्गलमा विचरण गर्नसक्ने गरी सँरक्षित बनको इलाका तोकेर विचरण गर्न दिनुपर्ने आवस्यकता छ । समाजशास्त्रको सँरचनात्मक प्रकार्यबादी दृस्टिकोणबाट हेर्दा यिनीहरुलाई परम्परागत रुपमा बाँच्न सक्ने बनाउन पर्दछ ।
Influence of the Tungsten Addition and Content on the Properties of the High-Temperature, High-Strength Ni-Base Alloy 617
Authors: Agarwal D.C. , Brill U. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Trials have been performed to study the enhancement of the high temperature strength of alloy 617 by utilizing the solid solution strengthening effects of tungsten additions in the amounts of 3.30 weight % and 5.61 weight %. It could be successfully demonstrated that with the 5.61 wt.% tungsten addition, the resultant mechanical high temperature properties in the range of 700 to 750 °C were far superior to standard alloy 617. Also with regard to the oxidation resistance behavior, tungsten alloyed alloy 617 exhibited superior behavior to tungsten free standard alloy 617. Only in the hot corrosion simulated tests, the tungsten containing alloys showed increasing disadvantage with increased tungsten content. However in the real world under actual service conditions, this is of lesser relevance because the gas turbine components are and could be protected by TBC (thermal barrier coatings) and/or MCrAlY coatings. This paper describes the results of these developments. Very recent data generated on the aging response indicates drastic loss in impact values on the tungsten modified alloys after aging at 3000 hours and 5000 hours at 700°C and 750°C.
Oxidation Behavior of Ferritic and Austenitic Steels in Simulated Steam Environments
Authors: Żurek J. , Nieto-Hierro L. , Ennis P. J. , Singheiser L. , Quadakkers W.J. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The oxidation resistance of 9-12% chromium steels in steam-containing environments simulating the service conditions of steam power plant has been investigated for exposure times ranging from 1 h up to 10 000 h. For characterizing the oxidation behavior, the results of gravimetric studies were combined with data obtained from a number of analysis techniques, such as optical metallography, SEM/EDX and LRS. Different mechanisms of oxidation were observed for the various steels in different temperature regimes, exposure times and exposure conditions. The cracking and spallation of scales was correlated with the type, morphology and growth of pores and voids in the scale and could be influenced by the steel microstructure. For some steels, the steam oxidation resistance increased with increasing exposure temperature. The oxidation rates only slightly depend on the exact water vapor content in the test gas but can be strongly affected by the gas flow rates.
Development of Steam Turbine Rotor Forging for High Temperature Application
Authors: Tanaka Y. , Azuma T. , Miki K. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Growing energy demand promotes the construction of high performance energy plants with large scale. A dramatic increase of plant performance has been achieved by the enlargement of their major components such as turbine rotor shafts and pressure vessels. The Japan Steel Works, Ltd., has been continuing the efforts for improvements of production technology, material technology, reliability assessments and so on in order to attain high performance, high efficiency and reliable plants. The efforts gave birth to several epoch-making large and high quality forged components for energy plants. Recently, on the viewpoint of environmental problem such as global climate change, further development of new production technology and improvement of material has been continued. This paper gives an overview of the development of large high-quality forgings for high efficiency power generation plants.
Advanced 9-12%Cr Cast Steel Grades: Research, Foundry Process Development, Quality, and Experience
Authors: Hanus R. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Steel castings of creep-resistant steels are critical components in the high and intermediate pressure turbine sections of fossil fuel-fired power plants. As plant efficiencies improve and emission standards tighten, steam parameters become more stringent, necessitating constant enhancement of material creep resistance. Steel foundries alone cannot conduct necessary material development at an appropriate scale, so all power plant component suppliers cooperate to define optimal chemical compositions, perform test melts, creep tests, microstructure investigations, and test pilot components, such as through the COST program developing new 9-12%Cr cast steel grades. This paper illustrates a steel foundry's role in COST, describing the transfer of these new cast steel grades from research into commercial production of heavy cast components, outlining incurred problems, process development cycles, comparisons with low-alloy steels, welding tests, base material/weld investigations, heat treatment optimization, and casting of pilot components/weldability test plates to verify castability of larger parts and make necessary adjustments. Parallel to ongoing COST creep tests, the steel grades were introduced into commercial large component production, involving solutions to process-related issues, with over 180 components successfully manufactured to date, while further COST program developments present ongoing challenges.
Weldability of Materials for Ultrasupercritical Boiler Applications
Authors: Borden M. P. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Construction of boilers that can take advantage of the higher efficiencies offered by thermodynamic cycles operating in the ultrasupercritical range will require materials having elevated temperature properties considerably superior to those of the alloys used in more conventional boilers. While many of the materials currently under consideration for ultrasupercritical boiler applications have seen use in other applications, few have been fully investigated using the product forms and section sizes required by high-temperature, high- pressure steam generators. Before any material can be considered truly applicable for use in these advanced plants, the requirements and effects of boiler industry fabrication processes must be explored in addition to determining the properties of the basic alloys. This need was recognized in a materials evaluation program sponsored by the U.S. Department of Energy and the Ohio Coal Development Office and a portion of this program has been devoted to studying the weldability of candidate ultrasupercritical boiler alloys. This paper describes the results of welding trials involving two of these alloys: Super 304H stainless steel and Controlled Chemistry Alloy 617, a variant of Inconel 617 that has been dubbed “CCA 617.” The CCA 617 was represented in both thick plate and tubular product forms, but the stainless steel was only available as tubing. Issues that might be encountered in fabricating advanced boiler headers and piping were addressed while welding the CCA 617 plate with shielded metal arc and submerged arc processes. Similarly, experience working with tubular product forms of both alloys was gained while making butt joints with an orbital gas tungsten arc process. The paper describes the problems presented, the procedures developed, and the basic characteristics of the welds produced.
Extending the Run Time of Dirty Gas Fans with Advanced Wear Protection Technologies
Authors: Broadwater J. S. , Scott Trunkett K. , Bucholz D. W. , Deming Gray W. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The power generation industry's need to extend run times between scheduled outages and to control maintenance budgets has increased reliance on advanced wear protection technologies to lengthen equipment life while maintaining clean, quality power production. This paper summarizes field erosion experiments conducted by the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) and the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) Kingston Power Plant on one of the plant's induced draft fans, testing several wear protection materials to reduce severe wear and extend intervals between planned outage cycles. Test results showed brazed tungsten carbide cladding's superiority in this extreme environment, successfully increasing the dirty gas fan run time from 5-8 months to over 30 months by cladding fan blades. Independent reviews of severe wear protection methods on low NOx burners and superheater boiler tubes with similar results are also presented.
Properties of Matching Filler Metals for the Advanced Martensitic Steels P911, P92 and VM12
Authors: Fuchs Russel , Heuser Dr.-Ing. H. , Jochum Dr. rer. nat. C. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This paper discusses the development of matching filler metals for new creep-resistant steels (P911 and P92) that enable higher operating temperatures (600-625 °C) in fossil fuel power plants, improving efficiency. The filler metals were evaluated with long-term testing (up to 30,000 hours) confirming their suitability for welded components in power stations. This development benefits not only power plant operators by reducing maintenance costs and downtime, but also builders, suppliers, and inspection bodies by providing a reliable solution for high-temperature applications. Additionally, matching filler metals developed for VM12 (12% Cr) martensitic steel are discussed.
SISTEM KEKERABATAN DAN LITERASI POLITIK TERHADAP KEPEMIMPINAN PADA PEMILIHAN KEPALA DESA DI KECAMATAN PATAMPANUA
Authors: Yhasmid Nurul Farra , Yhasmid Nurul Farra 
Published: July 2024

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui apakah sistem kekerabatan dan literasi politik berpengaruh signifikan terhadap kepemimpinan pada pemilihan kepala desa dI kecamtan patampanua. Adapun teknik pengumpulan data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini yaitu observasi, dan kuesioner. Sampel dalam penelitian ini berjumlah 1787 DPT.Teknik Analisis data yang dilakukan dalam penelitian ini yaitu dengan menggunakan analisis deskripsi, uji kualitas data dan ji hipotesis. Hasil penelitian ini menemukan sistem kekerabatan dan literasi politik berpengaruh signifikan terhadap kepemimpinan pada pemilihan Kepala Desa di kecamatan Patampanua. Hasil uji validitas variable sistem kekerabatan dan literasi politik terhadap kepemimpinan memiliki nilai signifikan <0,05, hal ini dapat diartikan bahwa masing masing pernyataan tersebut valid. Hasil uji realibitas variable dengan nilai Cronbach alpha berkisar antar 0,0752-0.762 yang berarti nilai tersebut >0.6 yang berarti masing masing variable penelitian sudah baik,hasil uji t diketahui bahwa nilai signifikansi 0,000<0,05, hal itu berarti H1 diterima berdasarkan hipotesisi H2 nilai t signifikansi 0,000 <0.05 hal itu berarti H2 diterima. Hasil penelitian ini juga menunjukkan bahwa nilai R Square sebesar 0,592 yang menjelaskan bahwa system kekerabatan dan literasi politik berpengaruh signifikan terhadap kepemimpinan pada pemilihan Kepala Desa di Kecamatan Patampanua sebesar 59,2% dan sisanya sebesar 40.8% dijelaskan oleh variabel lain.
PENGARUH MOTIVASI DAN DISIPLIN KERJA DALAM MENINGKATKAN KINERJA KARYAWAN UNIVERSITAS MUHAMMADIYAH PAREPARE
Authors: Astuti Acang 
Published: July 2024

Kedisiplinan sebagai suatu kehendak dan kesedian karyawan untuk memenuhi dan mentaati segala peraturan dan ketentuan-ketentuan yang berlaku, baik yang tertulis maupun yang tidak tertulis. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui apakah pengaruh motivasi dan disiplin kerja berpengaruh terhadap kinerja karyawan universitas muhammadiyah Parepare. Adapun teknik pengumpulan data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini yaitu observasi, wawancara, dan dokumentasi. Populasi dalam penelitian ini berjumlah 42 karyawan. Teknik analisis data yang dilakukan dalam penelitian ini yaitu digunakan dua pendekatan yakni, kuantitatif dan kualitatif. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian yang telah dilakukan, menunjukkan bahwa: motivasi dan disiplin kerja dapat mempengaruhi kinerja dalam melaksanakan pekerjaannya. Variabel motivasi dan disiplin kerja, memberikan sumbangan atau kontribusi sebesar 63,8% terhadap kinerja karyawan di Universitas Muhammadiyah Parepare. Sedangkan sisanya 36,2% dipengeruhi oleh variabel lain yang tidak termasuk dalam penelitian ini.
PENGARUH BUDAYA ORGANISASI DAN KINERJA PEGAWAI TERHADAP KUALITAS PELAYANAN PADA KANTOR DINAS KEPENDUDUKAN DAN PENCATATAN SIPIL KAB. PINRANG
Authors: Fitriani Fitriani , Bahruddin Bahruddin , Rubia Rubia 
Published: July 2024

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh budaya organisasi dan kinerja pegawai terhadap kualitas pelayanan pada kantor dinas kependudukan dan pencatatan sipil kabupaten pinrang. Populasi dalam penelitian berjumlah 116 orang dan sampel sebanyak 90 orang. Metode penelitian yang digunakan yaitu membagikan kuesioner secara random ke 90 pegawai yang menjadi responden. Penelitian ini bersifat kuantitatif karena data yang dihasilkan berbentuk angka, dari data tersebut diolah dengan menggunakan software SPSS.
Dari hasil penelitian ini menyatakan bahwa variabel budaya organisasi dan kinerja pegawai berpengaruh signifikan secara positif terhadap kualitas pelayanan. Baik secara persial maupun secara simultan (bersama-sama).
PENGARUH KUALITAS LAYANAN DAN HARGATERHADAP KONSUMEN DALAM PEMBELIAN SEPEDA MOTOR HONDA PADA DEALER ASTRA MOTOR HONDA SIDENRENG RAPPANG
Authors: Jamaluddin Damayanti , Yasri Tarawiru  , Rika Rahma  
Published: July 2024

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui apakah kualitas layanan dan harga berpengaruh signifikan terhadap konsumen dalam pembelian sepeda motor honda pada dealer astra motor honda sidenreng rappang dan apakah kualitas layanan dan harga secara simultan berpengaruh signifikan terhadap konsumen dalam pembelian sepeda motor honda pad dealer astra motor honda sidenreng rappang. Adapun teknik pengumpulan data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah kuesioner dengan sampel 115 responden. Teknik analisis data dalam penelitian ini menggunakan analisis regresi linear berganda. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan kualitas layanan berpengaruh signifikan terhadap konsumen dalam pembelian sepeda motor honda pada dealer astra motor honda sidenreng rappang, harga berpengaruh signifikan terhadap konsumen dalam pembelian sepeda motor honda pada dealer astra motor honda sidenreng rappang, dan kualitas layanan dan harga secara simultan berpengaruh signifikan terhadap konsumen dalam pembelian sepeda motor honda pada dealer astra motor honda Sidenreng Rappang.
Perancangan Prototipe Sistem Pemanggil Perawat Nirkabel menggunakan Keypad dan Transceiver NRF24L01
Authors: Corida Marselus Setiawan , Pawelloi A. Irmayani , Zainal Muhammad 
Published: July 2024

Hospital health services require effective communication tools between patients and nurses for patient comfort. Along with the development of wireless technology, many nurse call systems have been developed by researchers, application developers, and electronics activists to produce a more effective system and ease of use. The purpose of this study is to design a prototype of a wireless nurse caller system using NRF24L01 communication, and a keypad as a button that can be used by patients in the inpatient room to call patients, as well as an audio system in the nurse's room to receive calls from patients. By using the System Development Life Cycle (SDLC) method, the prototype of the nurse caller system was successfully realized and tested at the range and delay without obstacles and with obstacles. Based on the results of the distance and delay test in the unobstructed area, the caller node device and the call receiving node device can communicate at a distance of <100 meters with an average delay of 70.4 ms. Meanwhile, in the area where there is an obstacle (in the building), it shows the maximum communication ability between devices at a distance of 60 m with a delay of 74 ms and an average delay of 71 ms, Thus this prototype can be applied in hospitals.