bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Scaffold microstructure evolution via freeze‐casting and hydrothermal phase transformation of calcium phosphate
Authors: Siddiqui Maliha , Salamon David 
Published: August 2024

AbstractExtensive research efforts have been focused on customizing the microstructure, macrostructure, and phase composition of calcium phosphate for enhanced biocompatibility and bioactivity in scaffolds for bone substitutes. Despite significant progress, achieving precise phase composition and microstructure remains a challenge, primarily due to the necessity of scaffold sintering. This study addresses the challenges in developing customized patient‐specific bone substitutes by proposing a sequential approach that reduces processing steps while providing control over the phase and morphology of the scaffolds’ structure. The methodology utilizes freeze‐casting and sintering for highly porous the scaffolds’ preparation, followed by hydrothermal treatment to modify the microstructure. The introduction of CaCO3 induces a phase transformation of tricalcium phosphate, increasing the hydroxyapatite content, while the overall macrostructure retains the characteristics of freeze‐casting. The surface morphology undergoes a transition from equiaxial grains to whiskers‐like structures and hexagonal rods, impacting compressive strength. Following hydrothermal treatment, the formation of whiskers‐like hydroxyapatite grains leads to a notable strength increase from 2.8 to 5.7 MPa. Remarkably, the scaffolds undergo nearly complete phase transformation, shifting from 100% tricalcium phosphate to 99% hydroxyapatite, all while conserving the macrostructure.
Microstructure evolution of zirconium boride whiskers prepared by electrospinning and their toughening effect
Authors: Yang Chengwan , Li Xinyang , Yu Jie , Yuan Jieyan , Li Ming , Hu Xiaoye , Huang Zhulin , Li Yue 
Published: August 2024

AbstractZirconium boride (ZrB2) whiskers hold significant potential for toughening ultra‐high temperature ceramics (UHTCs). Yet, their fabrication remains challenging due to limited knowledge of the microstructure evolution. Herein, high‐purity ZrB2 whiskers were successfully prepared by electrospinning combined with carbothermal reduction. Specifically, a precursor solution containing Zr–O–C–B networks stabilized through hydrogen bonds with polyvinyl pyrrolidone was synthesized as a spinnable ZrB2 precursor. High‐purity ZrB2 whiskers with a diameter of ca. 200 nm and a length of 5–10 µm were obtained by precise heat treatment of ZrB2 precursor fibers. In this process, ZrO2 grains formed initially and transformed into ZrB2 grains through carbothermal reduction, which further converted into ZrB2 whiskers through a solid‐liquid‐solid mechanism. To testify to the toughening effect for UHTCs, the ZrB2 whiskers were added into ZrB2 powders and followed by sintering. This strategic addition of 5 wt% ZrB2 whiskers led to a 19% enhancement in the fracture toughness of ZrB2 bulk. This study illuminated the preparation strategy and formation mechanism for ZrB2 whiskers and their application for toughening UHTCs.
Enhanced highly bismuth‐doped multicomponent phosphate glass fibers for broadband amplifiers
Authors: Chen Weiwei , Guo Weibang , Huang Xiongjian , Xiao Xiudi , Qiu Jianrong , Yang Zhongmin , Dong Guoping 
Published: August 2024

AbstractBismuth (Bi)‐doped glass fibers are being developed into next‐generation broadband amplifiers and tunable lasers. Yet, the well‐developed Bi‐doped fiber devices only realize silica‐based optical fibers prepared by the modified chemical vapor deposition method, which faces challenges such as low doping concentration, high cost, intricate device structure, and high preparation difficulty. Here, a novel highly Bi‐doped multicomponent phosphate glass was developed. The high ion solubility of this phosphate glass facilitates achieving a Bi doping concentration of 8 mol%. The introduction of aluminum nitride (a new reducing agent) can create a local reducing environment, further increasing the concentration of low‐valence near‐infrared (NIR) active Bi ions. Furthermore, the resulting enhanced highly Bi‐doped multicomponent phosphate glass with efficient 900–1600 nm NIR emission can be drawn into corresponding optical fibers by a rod‐in‐tube method. Broadband NIR amplified spontaneous emission with a 3 dB bandwidth of 275 nm was achieved in this new fiber. As far as we know, this is the first successful preparation of Bi‐doped multicomponent phosphate glass fiber. Our results indicate that this fiber will be a powerful alternative to Bi‐doped silica‐based fibers for the preparation of related Bi‐doped fiber devices.
Microglial modulation as a therapeutic strategy in Alzheimer's disease: Focus on microglial preconditioning approaches
Authors: Yassaghi Younes , Nazerian Yasaman , Ghasemi Mobina , Nazerian Amirhossein , Sayehmiri Fatemeh , Perry George , Gholami Pourbadie Hamid 
Published: August 2024

AbstractAlzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive disease that causes an impairment of learning and memory. Despite the highly complex pathogenesis of AD, amyloid beta (Aβ) deposition and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) formation are the main hallmarks of AD. Neuroinflammation also has a crucial role in the development of AD. As the central nervous system's innate immune cells, microglial cells are activated in AD and induce inflammation by producing pro‐inflammatory mediators. However, microglial activation is not always deleterious. M2‐activated microglial cells are considered anti‐inflammatory cells, which develop neuroprotection. Various approaches are proposed for managing AD, yet no effective therapy is available for this disorder. Considering the potential protective role of M2 microglia in neurodegenerative disorders and the improvement of these disorders by preconditioning approaches, it can be suggested that preconditioning of microglial cells may be beneficial for managing AD progression. Therefore, this study review microglial preconditioning approaches for preventing and improving AD.
A difference in application time between two direct orthodontic bonding methods: A prospective randomized clinical trial
Authors: Mitic Vladimir , Todorovic Ana , Mitic Aleksandar 
Published: August 2024

AbstractObjectiveThis clinical study aimed to evaluate the difference in the time of application phase, employing the conventional and modified direct orthodontic bonding method.Materials and MethodsThirty patients who needed orthodontic therapy with fixed appliances were randomly divided into two equal groups (n = 15): the control and experimental group, according to the bonding method applied. A total of 600 metal brackets inch slot 0.022 (Mini Sprint®, Forestadent, Germany) were bonded to incisors, canines, and premolars using the light‐cured adhesive Transbond XT (3M Unitek, Monrovia, CA, USA). The failure rates of the brackets were evaluated within 12 months. The independent samples t‐test was applied. The Chi‐square test and Fisher exact test were used for statistical analysis.ResultsThe initial bonding time using the modified method was significantly shorter (3.27 min or 17.1% per patient) compared with the conventional bonding method (p < 0.001). Number of failed brackets between the two methods did not differ significantly (p = 0.226).ConclusionThe time of the application phase in initial bonding using the modified method (experimental group) was shorter than in control group. There was no statistically significant difference in the number of bond failures between the two methods.Clinical SignificanceThe modified application phase of direct orthodontic bracket placement shortens the total bonding time and facilitates the manual work of orthodontists.
Two‐ and three‐dimensional symmetry of maxillary incisors: A clinical study
Authors: Bérangère Cournault , Kevin Azran , Tatiana Roman , Olivier Etienne 
Published: August 2024

AbstractObjectiveTo assess the 2D and 3D natural symmetry of the maxillary incisors.Materials and methodsMaxillary alginate impressions were taken of 59 young adult volunteers. Gender, orthodontic treatment history, and dominant hand were collected. For 2D analysis, a digital caliper was used for measurements on maxillary casts. For 3D analysis, the casts were scanned using a lab scanner, and the labial surface symmetry of contralateral incisors was evaluated. Mann–Whitney tests and Student's t‐test were performed, α = 0.05.ResultsResults indicated a lack of identical lengths among contralateral central or lateral incisors, with minimal occurrences of identical width measurements. 68% of central incisors and 73% of lateral incisors showed differences in length exceeding 0.2 mm. Central incisors showed more similarities than lateral incisors in width, with 61% central incisors and 47% lateral incisors having differences under 0.2 mm. The differences between highly asymmetrical contralateral teeth are situated at the transitional lines. The influence of sexual dimorphism, orthodontic factors, and the dominant hand on incisors' symmetry was not statistically significant.Conclusions2D and 3D symmetry of the natural maxillary incisors are rare. 3D symmetry remains consistent across orthodontic treatment status, gender, and dominant hand, suggesting its independence from such parameters.Clinical significanceTo achieve a natural and aesthetic smile rehabilitation, the symmetry of the maxillary incisors must be well understood. In our study, 2D and 3D symmetry of the maxillary incisors occurred rarely, but central incisors showed more similarities than lateral incisors in width, with differences under 0.2 mm. On the other hand, differences between highly asymmetrical contralateral teeth are situated at the transitional lines. These conclusions should be included in further computer‐assisted three‐dimensional smile designs.
Impact study of operating parameters on drying evolution of spherical tea particle under convective influence
Authors: Kumar Shantanu , Kumar K. Ravi , Dashora Kavya 
Published: August 2024

AbstractTea is an important industrial crop. It is the second most popular among all the drinks. The drying operation in the tea industry fulfills the aim of enzyme inactivation and reducing the moisture content to the desired level. The energy consumption in drying operation in the tea industry is mostly in the form of thermal energy. Drying consumes a greater amount of energy than other processes in tea industries. Thermal energy needs are met mainly through fossil fuels. Renewable energy sources such as bioenergy and solar energy are also being adopted but at the minute level. Further, addressing problems such as stewing and case hardening (arises due to improper drying conditions) during drying is necessary to avoid quality loss. In this study, mass transfer modeling of drying of crush tear curl (CTC) tea particles is conducted considering natural convection around the tea particle. A finite difference method with an explicit scheme is used to solve the equations for mass transfer modeling of drying. The effect of drying air temperatures on moisture content, moisture ratio, and drying rates are computed. Drying air temperatures such as 80, 90, and 100°C have not shown effective drying. However, drying at air temperatures of 110, 120, and 130°C are recommended for drying times of 1500 s, 1200 s–1500 s, and 1200 s, respectively. Additionally, the effect of the size of the particles is studied and the lower size of tea particles is recommended for better drying characteristics. The current drying model can be used for single tray/conveyor dryers and indirect natural convection single tray solar dryer.Practical applicationsThe present research work demonstrates the important information for the hot air drying of CTC tea particle in single tray dryer. The drying modeling results can be used to set the proper temperature level of drying air being sent inside the dryer to avoid the under and over‐drying of tea particle and achieve the desired level of moisture content in the tea particle. Thus, the present study helps in deciding drying conditions such as drying temperature, drying duration for CTC tea particle in single tray dryer, slow speed conveyor dryer, and also in indirect natural convection single tray solar dryer.
Alternaria mycotoxin degradation and quality evaluation of orange juice by ozone treatment
Authors: Wang Xiaoyuan , Liu Qing , Han Yike , Zong Wei , Ge Zhenzhen , Wei Xiaopeng 
Published: August 2024

AbstractThe effect of ozone treatment on the degradation of two Alternaria mycotoxins, alternariol (AOH) and alternariol monomethyl ether (AME), in both aqueous solution and orange juice was investigated. In addition, the quality of orange juice after ozone treatment was evaluated. The results demonstrated that ozone treatment effectively eliminated AOH and AME. In an aqueous solution, AOH exhibited a reduction of 57.95%, while AME decreased by 40.24% after 5 s treatment. And the two toxins could be almost completely degraded within 40 s. Moreover, an alkaline condition with a pH value of 10 facilitated complete degradation within just 15 s of treatment. Furthermore, higher temperatures may enhance the degradation percentage. Regarding orange juice, the degradation percentages of AOH and AME after ozone treatment for 600 s were recorded as 51.86% and 49.04%, respectively, which were comparatively lower than those observed in aqueous solution. The toxin degradation increased with longer treatment times and higher flow rates, but decreased with the initial concentration of mycotoxins. Meanwhile, the results of the quality evaluation showed that the color and browning index (BI) of orange juice did not change significantly, while the pH value was reduced. Additionally, the clarification, antioxidant properties, and stability of orange juice were significantly improved after ozone treatment. In conclusion, ozone treatment is an effective approach for degrading Alternaria mycotoxins while also improving certain quality parameters within a given treatment time frame. Therefore, it can be considered a promising non‐thermal alternative technology for removing Alternaria mycotoxins from food systems.Practical applicationsThe Alternaria fungus has the capacity to infect a wide range of crops, with infections occurring during various stages such as planting, transportation, and processing. Ozone technology has been extensively utilized in drinking water treatment, wheat flour treatment, wastewater treatment, aquaculture, and medical industries. However, current methods for controlling mycotoxins fail to meet industry demands for high removal rates, environmental friendliness, efficiency, and convenience as well as low‐cost maintenance required to preserve the sensory quality and nutritional value of food products. Therefore, there is an urgent need to explore novel approaches that can effectively address these challenges in practical production settings. Furthermore, the parameter optimization of specific technologies within the food sector remains underdeveloped and requires further research. In this context, ozone technology holds promise for controlling Alternaria mycotoxins degradation in orange juice while offering valuable insights into toxin degradation within the beverage industry.
Innovations in Preconception Care: Optimizing Health for All Individuals
Authors: Nypaver Cynthia , Yeager Amanda 
Published: August 2024

AbstractOptimizing the overall health of individuals prior to pregnancy can improve both pregnancy and lifelong health outcomes. Despite extremely high financial expenditure on birth in the United States, maternal and infant mortality rates continue to rise. Moreover, significant racial and ethnic disparities persist in perinatal health outcomes. Preconception care, or health care provided before or between pregnancies, has the capacity to meet these challenges. Preconception care can be integrated into every health care visit, including visits with primary care, reproductive health, and mental health care clinicians. Increasing awareness among clinicians of the benefits of preconception care and equipping them with innovative strategies to implement this care into practice, the number of people receiving optimal care could be increased. Recent innovations in preconception care include group care, health applications (apps), reminders in electronic health records, social marketing campaigns, social media movements, community‐based partnerships, health care policy and access, and improving public and clinician education on preconception health topics. Ultimately, improving preconception health is best done in partnership between the consumer and clinician. Midwives, whose care is person‐centered and partnership‐focused, are well positioned to champion the innovation and implementation of equitable preconception care. The purpose of this State of the Science review, therefore, is to synthesize the literature on recent evidence‐based innovations that may be used to improve preconception health and counseling.
Cranial bone microarchitecture in a mouse model for syndromic craniosynostosis
Authors: Ajami Sara , Van den Dam Zoe , Hut Julia , Savery Dawn , Chin Milton , Koudstaal Maarten , Steacy Miranda , Carriero Alessandra , Pitsillides Andrew , Chang Y.‐M. , Rau Christoph , Marathe Shashidhara , Dunaway David , Jeelani Noor Ul Owase , Schievano Silvia , Pauws Erwin , Borghi Alessandro 
Published: August 2024

AbstractCrouzon syndrome is a congenital craniofacial disorder caused by mutations in the Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 2 (FGFR2). It is characterized by the premature fusion of cranial sutures, leading to a brachycephalic head shape, and midfacial hypoplasia. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the FGFR2 mutation on the microarchitecture of cranial bones at different stages of postnatal skull development, using the FGFR2C342Y mouse model. Apart from craniosynostosis, this model shows cranial bone abnormalities. High‐resolution synchrotron microtomography images of the frontal and parietal bone were acquired for both FGFR2C342Y/+ (Crouzon, heterozygous mutant) and FGFR2+/+ (control, wild‐type) mice at five ages (postnatal days 1, 3, 7, 14 and 21, n = 6 each). Morphometric measurements were determined for cortical bone porosity: osteocyte lacunae and canals. General linear model to assess the effect of age, anatomical location and genotype was carried out for each morphometric measurement. Histological analysis was performed to validate the findings. In both groups (Crouzon and wild‐type), statistical difference in bone volume fraction, average canal volume, lacunar number density, lacunar volume density and canal volume density was found at most age points, with the frontal bone generally showing higher porosity and fewer lacunae. Frontal bone showed differences between the Crouzon and wild‐type groups in terms of lacunar morphometry (average lacunar volume, lacunar number density and lacunar volume density) with larger, less dense lacunae around the postnatal age of P7–P14. Histological analysis of bone showed marked differences in frontal bone only. These findings provide a better understanding of the pathogenesis of Crouzon syndrome and will contribute to computational models that predict postoperative changes with the aim to improve surgical outcome.
Diabetes self‐care activities and its correlates in patients with diabetic neuropathy
Authors: Kang Younhee , Park Inkyung 
Published: August 2024

AbstractBackgroundDiabetic neuropathy is the most common chronic complication observed in patients with diabetes and has significant clinical implications, such as decreased quality of life and increased morbidity and mortality rates. Studies on the factors affecting diabetes self‐care activities pertaining to patients with diabetic neuropathy are limited. Therefore, a more in‐depth study targeting individuals with diabetic neuropathy is required to develop patient‐centred nursing interventions.AimThis study aimed to identify diabetes self‐care activities among patients with diabetic neuropathy and determine their correlates.MethodsThis study employed a descriptive correlational design and the study subjects consisted of 99 patients with diabetic neuropathy. Descriptive statistics and hierarchical regression analyses were used to analyse the factors affecting diabetes self‐care activities. This study follows the STROBE guidelines to ensure rigorous reporting of cross‐sectional studies.ResultsOur findings revealed positive correlations between diabetes self‐care activities and factors including knowledge of diabetes foot care, diabetes foot care practices, interpretation of diabetic neuropathy and foot care confidence. Foot care confidence positively correlated with diabetes foot care knowledge, practices and interpretation of neuropathy, but negatively related to diabetic stress. In determining the impact of these factors on diabetes self‐care activities, hierarchical regression analysis revealed that patients with higher diabetes foot care practices and foot care confidence demonstrated higher levels of diabetes self‐care activities.ConclusionThe study findings confirmed that diabetic foot care practices and foot care confidence significantly influenced self‐care activities in patients with diabetic neuropathy. Considering these results, customizing the intervention content to match diabetic foot care practices and diabetic foot care confidence can enhance self‐care activities in patients with diabetic neuropathy.Patient or Public ContributionSurvey questionnaires were completed by patients with diabetic neuropathy in this study.
Diseases with oral malignant potential: Need for change to inform research, policy, and practice
Authors: Celentano Antonio , Cirillo Nicola 
Published: August 2024

AbstractThis manuscript critically examines the current classification of oral potentially malignant disorders, questioning the practicality and implications of labeling such a large population as precancerous, given that the actual progression to oral cancer is significantly low for most disorders. The paper advocates for a revised classification system that accurately reflects the varying malignancy risks associated with different disorders. It suggests a reassessment of the diagnostic and management approaches to mitigate overdiagnosis and alleviate patient burdens. We propose categorizing diseases with oral malignant potential as follows: Oral Precancerous Diseases, encompassing high‐risk lesions and conditions like erythroplakia, non‐homogeneous leukoplakia, proliferative leukoplakia, and actinic keratosis; Oral Potentially Premalignant Diseases, covering lesions, conditions, and systemic diseases with distinct oral manifestations harboring a limited or undefined risk of transformation, such as homogeneous leukoplakia, oral submucous fibrosis, oral lichenoid diseases, chronic hyperplastic candidosis, keratosis of known aetiology (smokeless tobacco, khat), palatal lesions in reverse smokers, and dyskeratosis congenita; and Systemic Conditions with Oral Malignant Potential including Fanconi's anemia, xeroderma pigmentosum, and chronic immunosuppression (including patients post‐bone marrow transplantation), which are associated with an increased risk of oral cancer without preceding precursor lesions. We provide illustrative examples to demonstrate how this framework offers practical guidance for research, policy‐making, and clinical practice.