bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prenatal exposure to PFOS caused mitochondia‐mediated apoptosis in heart of weaned rat
Authors: Zeng Huai‐cai , He Qing‐zhi , Li Yuan‐yuan , Wu Cheng‐qiu , Wu Yi‐mou , Xu Shun‐qing 
Published: March 2014

ABSTRACTPerfluorooctanyl sulfonate (PFOS), a cardiac toxicity compound, has been widely detected in the environment and in organisms. However, the toxic mechanism is not clear. Our previous study indicated that prenatal PFOS exposure led to swollen mitochondrial with vacuolar structure and loss of cristae in offsping's heart. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of PFOS on the apoptosis in developing heart and mitochondria‐mediated apoptosis pathway. Pregnant Sprague‐Dawley (SD) rats were exposed to PFOS at doses of 0.1, 0.6, and 2.0 mg/kg‐d and 0.05% Tween 80 as control by gavage from gestation day 2 (GD 2) to GD 21. Apoptosis, as well as expression of apoptosis related genes associated with mitochondrial‐mediated apoptosis pathway, including p53, bcl‐2, bax, cytochrome c, caspase‐9, and caspase‐3 were analyzed in heart tissues from weaned (postnatal day 21, PND 21) offspring. The results showed that prenatal PFOS exposure resulted in apoptosis in the offspring's heart. The mRNA and protein expression levels of p53, bax, cytochrome c, caspase‐9, and caspase‐3 in the offspring's heart were enhanced in various PFOS‐treated groups, meanwhile, the bcl‐2 expression levels were decreased. Our results indicated that prenatal PFOS exposure induced the apoptosis of weaned offspring rat heart tissue via mitochondria‐mediated apoptotic pathway. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 30: 1082–1090, 2015.
Molecular mechanisms of silk gland damage caused by phoxim exposure and protection of phoxim‐induced damage by cerium chloride in Bombyx mori
Authors: Li Bing , Sun Qingqing , Yu Xiaohong , Xie Yi , Hong Jie , Zhao Xiaoyang , Sang Xuezi , Shen Weide , Hong Fashui 
Published: March 2014

ABSTRACTIt is known that exposure to organophosphorus pesticides (OP) including phoxim can produce oxidative stress, neurotoxicity, and greatly attenuate cocooning rate in the silkworm, Bombyx mori. Cerium treatment has been demonstrated to relieve phoxim‐induced toxicity in B. mori; however, very little is known about the molecular mechanisms of silk gland injury due to OP exposure and protection of gland damage due to cerium pretreatment. The aim of this study was to evaluate silk gland damage and its molecular mechanisms in phoxim‐induced silkworm toxicity and the protective mechanisms of cerium following exposure to phoxim. The results showed that phoxim exposure resulted in severe gland damage, reductions in protein synthesis and the cocooning rate of silkworms. Cerium (Ce) attenuated gland damage caused by phoxim, promoted protein synthesis, increased the antioxidant capacity of the gland and increased the cocooning rate of B. mori. Furthermore, digital gene expression data suggested that phoxim exposure led to significant up‐regulation of 714 genes and down‐regulation of 120 genes. Of these genes, 122 were related to protein metabolism, specifically, the down‐regulated Ser2, Ser3, Fib‐L, P25, and CYP450. Ce pretreatment resulted in up‐regulation of 162 genes, and down‐regulation of 141 genes, importantly, Ser2, Ser3, Fib‐L, P25, and CYP333B8 were up‐regulated. Treatment with CeCl3 + phoxim resulted in higher levels of Fib‐L, P25, Ser2, Ser3, CAT, TPx, and CYP333B8 expression in the silk gland of silkworms. These findings indicated that Ce increased cocooning rate via the promotion of silk protein synthesis‐related gene expression in the gland under phoxim‐induced toxicity. These findings may expand the application of rare earths in sericulture. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 30: 1102–1111, 2015.
Range‐wide population size of the lesser prairie‐chicken: 2012 and 2013
Authors: McDonald Lyman , Beauprez Grant , Gardner Grant , Griswold Jim , Hagen Christian , Hornsby Fawn , Klute David , Kyle Sean , Pitman James , Rintz Troy , Schoeling Doug , Van Pelt Bill 
Published: March 2014

ABSTRACTWe flew aerial line‐transect surveys to estimate the range‐wide population size of lesser prairie‐chickens (Tympanuchus pallidicinctus) in the Great Plains, United States in 2012 and 2013. We also estimated the number of lesser prairie‐chicken leks, the number of mixed‐species leks that contained both lesser and greater prairie‐chickens (T. cupido) and the number of hybrid lesser–greater prairie‐chickens where these species' ranges overlap. The study area included the 2011 estimated occupied lesser prairie‐chicken range in 5 states and was divided into 4 ecoregions. We created a sampling frame over the study area, consisting of 536 15‐ × 15‐km grid cells. We flew 512 transects within a probabilistic sample of 256 cells totaling 7,680 km in 2012 and 566 transects within a probabilistic sample of 283 cells totaling 8,490 km in 2013. We estimated a total of 34,440 individual lesser prairie‐chickens in 2012 (17,615 in 2013) and 350 hybrid lesser–greater prairie‐chickens in 2012 (342 in 2013) in the study area. We estimated a total of 2,930 lesser prairie‐chicken leks in 2012 (2,037 in 2013) and 453 lesser and greater prairie‐chicken mixed leks in 2012 (356 in 2013) in the study area. We discuss the implications of alternative sampling designs with regard to conservation questions to be addressed. © 2014 The Wildlife Society.
The Operating Room During a Severe Earthquake: Lessons From the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake
Authors: Suzuki Yasuyuki , Fukuda Ikuo , Nakaji Shigeyuki 
Published: March 2014

AbstractObjectiveThe Great East Japan Earthquake occurred at 14:46 on March 11, 2011, producing serious and widespread damage. To assess damages in hospital operating departments during and after the earthquake, we surveyed hospitals in this region.MethodsQuestionnaires were sent to 415 acute care hospitals in Tohoku and east Kanto areas. The questionnaires elicited the number of perioperative patients when the earthquake hit, obstacles to continuing surgery, structural and nonstructural damage to the operating department, and the effect on routine surgery after the earthquake.ResultsOf the 213 hospitals (51%) that completed questionnaires, 474 patients were undergoing operations during the earthquake, and 222 operations were canceled afterward. Risk factors for continuing operations, as reported by 102 hospitals, were tremors and electrical blackouts (odds ratio [OR]: 79.3 and 110.5; P < .01). In 154 hospitals, difficulties in performing operations after the earthquake were reported. Significant obstacles to the management of operations after the earthquake were characterized by infrastructure disorder scores, seismic intensity, disruption of electrical power and air conditioning, and damage to out-of-hospital telecommunications (OR, 0.46; P = .04).ConclusionsTremors and electrical blackouts were important risk factors for performing operations. Nonstructural damage, especially to out-of-hospital telecommunications, affected the management of the operating rooms. Hospital logistics are very important to achieve appropriate disaster management. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2014;0:1–7)
A NONSEPARABLE AMENABLE OPERATOR ALGEBRA WHICH IS NOT ISOMORPHIC TO A -ALGEBRA
Authors: CHOI YEMON , FARAH ILIJAS , OZAWA NARUTAKA 
Published: March 2014

AbstractIt has been a long-standing question whether every amenable operator algebra is isomorphic to a (necessarily nuclear) $\mathrm{C}^*$-algebra. In this note, we give a nonseparable counterexample. Finding out whether a separable counterexample exists remains an open problem. We also initiate a general study of unitarizability of representations of amenable groups in $\mathrm{C}^*$-algebras and show that our method cannot produce a separable counterexample.
Inertial particle trapping in an open vortical flow
Authors: Angilella Jean-Régis , Vilela Rafael D. , Motter Adilson E. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractRecent numerical results on advection dynamics have shown that particles denser than the fluid can remain trapped indefinitely in a bounded region of an open fluid flow. Here, we investigate this counterintuitive phenomenon both numerically and analytically to establish the conditions under which the underlying particle-trapping attractors can form. We focus on a two-dimensional open flow composed of a pair of vortices and its specular image, which is a system we represent as a vortex pair plus a wall along the symmetry line. Considering particles that are much denser than the fluid, referred to as heavy particles, we show that two attractors form in the neighbourhood of the vortex pair provided that the particle Stokes number is smaller than a critical value of order unity. In the absence of the wall, the attractors are fixed points in the frame rotating with the vortex pair, and the boundaries of their basins of attraction are smooth. When the wall is present, the point attractors describe counter-rotating ellipses in this frame, with a period equal to half the period of one isolated vortex pair. The basin boundaries remain smooth if the distance from the vortex pair to the wall is large. However, these boundaries are shown to become fractal if the distance to the wall is smaller than a critical distance that scales with the inverse square root of the Stokes number. This transformation is related to the breakdown of a separatrix that gives rise to a heteroclinic tangle close to the vortices, which we describe using a Melnikov function. For an even smaller distance to the wall, we demonstrate that a second separatrix breaks down and a new heteroclinic tangle forms farther away from the vortices, at the boundary between the open and closed streamlines. Particles released in the open part of the flow can approach the attractors and be trapped permanently provided that they cross the two separatrices, which can occur under the effect of flow unsteadiness. Furthermore, the trapping of heavy particles from the open flow is shown to be robust to the presence of viscosity, noise and gravity. Navier–Stokes simulations for large flow Reynolds numbers show that viscosity does not destroy the attracting points until vortex merging takes place, while simulation of thermal noise shows that particle trapping persists for extended periods provided that the Péclet number is large. The presence of a gravitational field does not alter the permanent trapping by the attracting points if the settling velocities are not too large. For larger settling velocities, however, gravity can also give rise to a limit-cycle attractor next to the external separatrix and to a new form of trapping from the open flow that is not mediated by a heteroclinic tangle.
Astrometric Observations of X-ray Binaries Using Very Long Baseline Interferometry
Authors: Miller-Jones James C. A. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractI review the astrophysical insights arising from high-precision astrometric observations of X-ray binary systems, focussing primarily (but not exclusively) on recent results with very long baseline interferometry. Accurate, model-independent distances from geometric parallax measurements can help determine physical parameters of the host binary system and constrain black hole spins via broadband X-ray spectral modelling. Long-term proper motion studies, combined with binary evolution calculations, can provide observational constraints on the formation mechanism of black holes. Finally, the astrometric residuals from parallax and proper motion fits can provide information on orbital sizes and jet physics. I end by discussing prospects for future progress in this field.
Factors affecting duration of gastrostomy tube retention in survivors following treatment for head and neck cancer
Authors: Blanchford H , Hamilton D , Bowe I , Welch S , Kumar R , Moor J W , Welch A R , Paleri V 
Published: March 2014

AbstractBackground:Many patients treated for head and neck cancer require nutritional support, which is often delivered using a gastrostomy tube. It is difficult to predict which patients will retain their gastrostomy tube in the long term. This study aimed to identify the factors which affect the duration of gastrostomy tube retention.Method:In this retrospective study, 151 consecutive patients from one centre were audited. All patients had a mucosal tumour of the head and neck, and underwent gastrostomy tube insertion between 2003 and 2007.Results:There were near-complete data sets for 132 patients. The gastrostomy tube was retained in survivors (n = 66) for a mean of 21.3 months and in non-survivors (n = 66) for 11.9 months. Univariate analysis showed that co-morbidity was the only factor which significantly increased duration of gastrostomy tube retention in survivors (p = 0.041).Conclusion:Co-morbidity alone was associated with a significant increase in gastrostomy tube retention. It is suggested that co-morbidity be included as a variable in future relevant research. Co-morbidity should also be considered when counselling patients about their long-term function following cancer treatment. Gastrostomy tube retention is likely to be affected by many factors, with few single variables having importance independently.
Inventory of organisms interfering with transmission of a marine trematode
Authors: Welsh Jennifer E. , van der Meer Jaap , Brussaard Corina P.D. , Thieltges David W. 
Published: March 2014

It has increasingly been recognized that organisms can interfere with parasitic free-living stages, preventing them from infecting their specified host and thus reducing infection levels. This common phenomenon in freshwater and terrestrial systems has been termed the ‘dilution effect’ and, so far, is poorly studied in marine systems. Ten common intertidal organisms found in the Dutch Wadden Sea (North Sea) were tested to establish their effects on the free-living cercarial stages of the trematode parasite Himasthla elongata. Most species tested resulted in a significant reduction in cercariae over a 3 hr time period. The amphipod Gammarus marinus removed 100% of the cercariae, while other effective diluters were Crangon crangon (93%), Sargassum muticum (87%), Semibalanus balanoides (71%), Crassostrea gigas (67%), Hemigrapsus takanoi (>54%), Crassostrea gigas shells (44%) and Idotea balthica (24%). In contrast, mixed shells (Cerastoderma edule, Mytilus edulis, Ensis americanus and Littorina littorea) and Fucus versiculosus had no significant effect. These results suggest that dilution effects are widespread in the trematode of H. elongata, with potentially strong effects on its population dynamics.
Description of a new species ofAbyssoninoe(Polychaeta: Lumbrineridae) from north-east Sicily (central Mediterranean Sea)
Authors: D'Alessandro Michela , Cosentino Andrea , Giacobbe Salvatore , Andaloro Franco , Romeo Teresa 
Published: March 2014

A new species ofAbyssoninoe(Polychaeta: Lumbrineridae) has been found on sublittoral soft bottoms in the Gulf of Milazzo (central Mediterranean Sea). The description is based on eleven specimens recorded in six grab samples carried out by Van Veen grab from 20 to 50 m depth.Abyssoninoe bidentatasp. nov. differs from the six hitherto known species ofAbyssoninoeby having the maxillae III with two subequal teeth instead of one, the shape of the parapodial lobes and chaetal distribution.
Empirical evidence for discrete neurocognitive subgroups in bipolar disorder: clinical implications
Authors: Burdick K. E. , Russo M. , Frangou S. , Mahon K. , Braga R. J. , Shanahan M. , Malhotra A. K. 
Published: March 2014

BackgroundRecent data suggest trait-like neurocognitive impairments in bipolar disorder (BPD), with deficits about 1 s.d.below average, less severe than deficits noted in schizophrenia. The frequency of significant impairment in BPD is approximately 60%, with 40% of patients characterized as cognitively spared. This contrasts with a more homogeneous presentation in schizophrenia. It is not understood why some BPD patients develop deficits while others do not.MethodA total of 136 patients with BPD completed the MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery and data were entered into hierarchical cluster analyses to: (1) determine the optimal number of clusters (subgroups) that fit the sample; and (2) assign subjects to a specific cluster based on individual profiles. We then compared subgroups on several clinical factors and real-world community functioning.ResultsThree distinct neurocognitive subgroups were found: (1) an intact group with performance comparable with healthy controls on all domains but with superior social cognition; (2) a selective impairment group with moderate deficits on processing speed, attention, verbal learning and social cognition and normal functioning in other domains; and (3) a global impairment group with severe deficits across all cognitive domains comparable with deficits in schizophrenia.ConclusionsThese results suggest the presence of multiple cognitive subgroups in BPD with unique profiles and begin to address the relationships between these subgroups, several clinical factors and functional outcome. Next steps will include using these data to help guide future efforts to target these disabling symptoms with treatment.
Quantitative Electrochemical Measurements Using In Situ ec-S/TEM Devices
Authors: Unocic Raymond R. , Sacci Robert L. , Brown Gilbert M. , Veith Gabriel M. , Dudney Nancy J. , More Karren L. , Walden Franklin S. , Gardiner Daniel S. , Damiano John , Nackashi David P. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractInsight into dynamic electrochemical processes can be obtained with in situ electrochemical-scanning/transmission electron microscopy (ec-S/TEM), a technique that utilizes microfluidic electrochemical cells to characterize electrochemical processes with S/TEM imaging, diffraction, or spectroscopy. The microfluidic electrochemical cell is composed of microfabricated devices with glassy carbon and platinum microband electrodes in a three-electrode cell configuration. To establish the validity of this method for quantitative in situ electrochemistry research, cyclic voltammetry (CV), choronoamperometry (CA), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) were performed using a standard one electron transfer redox couple [Fe(CN)6]3−/4−-based electrolyte. Established relationships of the electrode geometry and microfluidic conditions were fitted with CV and chronoamperometic measurements of analyte diffusion coefficients and were found to agree with well-accepted values that are on the order of 10−5 cm2/s. Influence of the electron beam on electrochemical measurements was found to be negligible during CV scans where the current profile varied only within a few nA with the electron beam on and off, which is well within the hysteresis between multiple CV scans. The combination of experimental results provides a validation that quantitative electrochemistry experiments can be performed with these small-scale microfluidic electrochemical cells provided that accurate geometrical electrode configurations, diffusion boundary layers, and microfluidic conditions are accounted for.
The Simple Rules of Social Contagion
Authors: Hodas Nathan O. , Lerman Kristina 
Published: March 2014

AbstractIt is commonly believed that information spreads between individuals like a pathogen, with each exposure by an informed friend potentially resulting in a naive individual becoming infected. However, empirical studies of social media suggest that individual response to repeated exposure to information is far more complex. As a proxy for intervention experiments, we compare user responses to multiple exposures on two different social media sites, Twitter and Digg. We show that the position of exposing messages on the user-interface strongly affects social contagion. Accounting for this visibility significantly simplifies the dynamics of social contagion. The likelihood an individual will spread information increases monotonically with exposure, while explicit feedback about how many friends have previously spread it increases the likelihood of a response. We provide a framework for unifying information visibility, divided attention and explicit social feedback to predict the temporal dynamics of user behavior.
Fast-scale network dynamics in human cortex have specific spectral covariance patterns
Authors: Freudenburg Zachary V. , Gaona Charles M. , Sharma Mohit , Bundy David T. , Breshears Jonathan D. , Pless Robert B. , Leuthardt Eric C. 
Published: March 2014

Significance
How different cortical regions are coordinated during a cognitive task is fundamentally important to understanding brain function. At rest, the brain is subdivided into different functional networks that are bound together at very slow oscillating time scales. Less is understood about how this networked behavior operates during the brief moments of a cognitive operation. By recording brain signals directly from the surface of the human brain, we find that, when performing a simple speech task, broad cortical regions are transiently bound together by shared patterns of brain oscillations that are frequency specific. In addition to demonstrating that cortical areas are broadly networked, these findings provide a new analytic tool for understanding fast-scale dynamics in the brain.
High throughput 3D super-resolution microscopy reveals
Caulobacter crescentus
in vivo Z-ring organization
Authors: Holden Seamus J. , Pengo Thomas , Meibom Karin L. , Fernandez Fernandez Carmen , Collier Justine , Manley Suliana 
Published: March 2014

Significance
The bacterial cytoskeletal protein FtsZ, which forms a constricting “Z-ring” during cell division, is the major cytoskeletal protein involved in cell division in almost all prokaryotes, and is a key next-generation antibiotic target. However, the small size of the Z-ring, approximately 500 nm in diameter, makes it difficult to observe in vivo. We provide a quantitative nanoscale picture of Z-ring organization in live cells; these results improve our understanding of the structural and force-generating roles of FtsZ in bacterial cell division. To achieve this, we created an automated modality of superresolution fluorescence microscopy, allowing high-throughput live cell microscopy at nanoscale resolution; this technique should be broadly useful in prokaryotic and eukaryotic systems.
Plate tectonic controls on atmospheric CO2levels since the Triassic
Authors: Van Der Meer Douwe G. , Zeebe Richard E. , van Hinsbergen Douwe J. J. , Sluijs Appy , Spakman Wim , Torsvik Trond H. 
Published: March 2014

SignificanceAlthough plate tectonics is generally considered to be the main contributor of CO2production, despite decades of paleoproxy and solid-earth research, this very first-order assumption remains unproven. Based on estimates of total subduction-zone lengths, from a combined analysis of seismic tomography models and plate tectonic reconstructions, we have bridged a major gap between solid-earth sciences and the atmosphere and biosphere sciences by providing understanding of one of the most fundamental controls of climate: variation of plate tectonic activity of our planet. By using the subduction zone length input into the GEOCARBSULF climate model, we obtain a better fit with atmospheric CO2proxies compared with previously used plate tectonic assumptions.