bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Relationship between Luminous Fish and Symbiosis
Authors: Kuwae Toyoyasu , Andoh Motohiro , Fukasawa Shigeki , Kurata Munetsugu 
Published: November 2013

AbstractIn order to investigate the relationship between host and symbiosis in the luminous marine fish, Physiculus japonicus, the bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS) of symbiotic luminous bacteria were compared serologically and electrophoretically.Five symbiotic luminous bacteria (PJ strains) were separately isolated from five individuals of this fish species caught at three points, off the coasts of Chiba, Nakaminato, and Oharai. LPS preparations were made from these bacteria by Westphal's phenol‐water method and highly purified by repeated ultracentrifugation. These LPSs contained little or no 2‐keto‐3‐deoxyoctonate and had powerful mitogenic activity.In sodium dodecylsulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, these PJ‐1 to −5 LPSs were separated by their electrophoretic patterns into three groups; the first group included PJ‐1 and PJ‐4, the second group PJ‐2 and PJ‐3, and the third group PJ‐5 alone. The results agreed with those of the double immunodiffusion test; precipitin lines completely coalesced within each group but not with other groups.In immunoelectrophoresis, one precipitin line was observed between anti PJ‐2 LPS serum and PJ‐5 LPS but the electrophoretic mobility of PJ‐5 LPS was clearly different from that of the PJ‐2 LPS group. Furthermore, in a 50% inhibition test with PJ‐2 LPS by the passive hemolysis system, the doses of PJ‐2 LPS, PJ‐3 LPS, and PJ‐5 LPS required for 50% inhibition (ID50) in this system were 0.25, 0.25, and 21.6 μg/ml for each alkali‐treated LPS, respectively, and the ID50's of both PJ‐1 LPS and PJ‐4 LPS were above 1,000 μg/ml. These results indicate that PJ‐5 LPS has an antigenic determinant partially in common with LPS from the PJ‐2 group but not with LPS from the PJ‐1 group and that the symbiotic luminous bacterium PJ‐5 is more closely related to the PJ‐2 group than to the PJ‐1 group.These results show that the species Physiculus japonicus is symbiotically associated with at least three immunologically different strains of luminous marine bacteria in its specialized light organ.
Dose‐Dependent Induction of Immunologic Enhancement and Suppression after Oral Administration of Antigen
Authors: Yasui Hisako , Ohwaki Makoto 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe effects of feeding various quantities of a particulate antigen, sheep red blood cells (SRBC), on plaque‐forming cells (PFC) in the spleen were determined. Mice were given various numbers of SRBC orally daily for 14 days, then injected with SRBC intravenously. Splenic IgA PFC responses to SRBC were enhanced in the mice fed 5 × 108 SRBC and splenic IgG PFC responses to SRBC were depressed in the mice fed 5 × 109 SRBC.Adoptive transfer experiments showed that enhancement of splenic IgA PFC responses and suppression of splenic IgG PFC responses were induced by the T‐cell rich fraction from Peyer's patches (PP) and the spleen in 5 × 108 SRBC‐ and 5 × 109 SRBC‐fed mice, respectively. Kinetic studies revealed that IgA helper cells or IgG suppressor cells appeared in PP 2 days after oral administration and 4 days after it in the spleen.
Endogenous Inhibitors of Factor B
Authors: Moriyama Takeshi , Kawamoto Yasuko , Ichikawa Hidetaka , Okamoto Keinosuke , Inoue Takashi , Kobayashi Tatsuhiko , Miyama Akio 
Published: November 2013

AbstractProteins which were able to bind noncovalently with mouse factor B were found in cells that are nonsecretors of factor B such as mouse‐established monocytic cells and L cells but not in peritoneal resident macrophages. These proteins were isolated from lysates of L cells and separated into four distinct proteins by preparative SDS‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, with molecular weights of 25K, 28K, 33K, and 35K. The individual proteins formed a complex with purified mouse factor B at a molecular ratio of 1: 1 and inhibited its hemolytic activity. Proteins 25K and 28K inhibited the hemolytic activity of an activated form of factor B combined with cobra venom factor as well as that of the native form. These inhibitors did not affect the hemolytic activity of the second component of complement in mouse serum. The inhibitory activity of the 25K protein was partially inhibited by antiserum raised against it in rabbits.
A Monoclonal Antibody Defining Human B Cell Differentiation Antigen (HLB‐1 Antigen)
Authors: Kasai Kiyoshi , Koshiba Hirofumi , Ishii Yoshifumi , Kikuchi Koukichi 
Published: November 2013

AbstractA new monoclonal antibody specific for human B cell differentiation antigen (HLB‐1) is produced by a hybridoma established by fusion of splenocytes of mice immunized with the Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV)‐transformed peripheral B cell line, RPMI‐8057. This monoclonal, antibody designated anti‐HLB‐1 monoclonal antibody (anti‐HLB‐1), reacted with surface immunoglobulin (sIg)‐positive B cells of normal peripheral blood and lymphoid tissues and sIg‐positive leukemic cells. The cells of T cell leukemia, non‐T non‐B acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and nonlymphoid leukemia were HLB‐1 negative. These data were further confirmed by studying a panel of cultured human hematopoietic cell lines. Anti‐HLB‐1 reacted with B cell lines derived from pre‐B, Burkitt's lymphoma, B cell type ALL and EBV‐transformed peripheral B cells. Anti‐HLB‐1 was reactive with only one of three human myeloma cell lines, and with none of the T cell, myeloid and non‐T non‐B ALL cell lines. This newly defined HLB‐1 antigen is different from other conventional human B cell markers such as sIg, Ia antigens, and receptors for the Fc portion of Ig and complement C3.
Immunogenic Dialyzable Factor Derived from a Ribosomal Fraction of Salmonella typhimurium
Authors: Kita Eiji , Tsukao Noriaki , Kitajima Shin , Takahashi Shiro , Kashiba Shuzo 
Published: November 2013

AbstractAn immunogenic dialyzable factor was obtained by dialysis of the freeze‐thawed ribosomal fraction derived from a smooth virulent strain (LT2) of Salmonella typhimurium. Ion exchange chromatography of the dialyzable factor on Dowex 1‐X2 (Cl– form) demonstrated the presence of four peaks and the fourth peak eluted with 0.4 m NaCl in 0.005 n HCl was found to be necessary for protection. This effective peak was not obtained by chromatography of nonprotective dialyzable factors such as an RNase digest. Dowex chromatography of the dialyzable factors isolated from rough mutants of strain LT2 revealed that the dialyzable factor of strain SL1004 whose live vaccine is capable of inducing protective immunity contained fairly large amounts of peak IV. DEAE‐cellulose for two‐dimensional thin layer chromatography was used to identify the composition of the dialyzable factor and peak IV. Eight spots were located under ultraviolet light and seven spots were characterized by their absorption ratios. In peak IV, four nucleotides were located and identified by comparison with a map of the original dialyzable factor. The data show that the effective components of the dialyzable factor are mixed nucleotides and may be unique to ribonucleic acids of strains of S. typhimurium in which live vaccines are capable of affording mouse protection.
In Vitro Induction of Altered Response of Rat Atria to Acetylcholine with Histamine‐Sensitizing Factor of Bordetella pertussis
Authors: Endoh Masahiko , Nakase Yasukiyo 
Published: November 2013

AbstractPurified histamine‐sensitizing factor (HSF) of Bordetella pertussis induced in vitro an alteration in the pharmacologic response of rat atria to acetylcholine. Spontaneously beating atrial preparations isolated from rats were exposed to HSF at a concentration of 50 ng/ml at 37 C for 30 min to 4 hr and washed with Krebs‐Ringer solution, and then tested at 1‐hr intervals up to 28 hr during incubation for their responses to epinephrine and acetylcholine. At 13 hr after exposure to HSF, irrespective of the exposure period, the HSF‐treated atria, in which positive‐inotropic action of epinephrine was manifested, depressed the negative‐inotropic response to acetylcholine. The activity of HSF was neutralized by anti‐HSF serum only in the first 3 hr of exposure. Only 1.8% of the added 125I‐labeled HSF bound “specifically” to one pair of atria for the manifestation of the altered response.
Chemical and Biological Properties of Lipopolysaccharides from Symbiotic Luminous Bacteria from Several Luminous Marine Animals
Authors: Kuwae Toyoyasu , Kurata Munetsugu 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe chemical and biological properties of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) in five strains of symbiotic luminous bacteria isolated from four species of luminous marine fishes, Coelorhynchus kishinouyei (CK‐1), Chlorophthalmus albatrossis (CA‐1), Ventrifossa garmani (VG‐1), and Acropoma japonicum (AJ‐1b), as well as from a luminous squid, Doryteuthis kensaki (DK‐1) were examined.The LPS isolated from these symbiotic luminous bacteria were characterized by the absence of 2‐keto‐3‐deoxyoctonate, known to be a basic component of the usual gram‐negative bacterial LPS.All LPS from these symbiotic luminous bacteria upon electrophoresis in sodium dodecylsulfate polyacrylamide gel exhibited one or two clear main bands with high mobility, and one or two obscure minor bands with low mobility when stained with periodate‐Schiff reagent. LPS from CA‐1 and VG‐1 exhibited similar electrophoretic patterns, whereas the electrophoretic patterns of the LPS from CK‐1, AJ‐1b, and DK‐1 were easily distinguishable from each other.All these LPS also had similarly potent and diverse biological activities in regard to their adjuvanticity, immunosuppression, polyclonal effect, B‐cell mitogenicity, and activation of the phagocytic function of macrophages.
A Study of the Taxonomy of the Mycobacterium nonchromogenicum Complex and Report of Six Cases of Lung Infection Due to Mycobacterium nonchromogenicum
Authors: Tsukamura Michio , Kita Nobuhiko , Otsuka Wataru , Shimoide Hisao 
Published: November 2013

AbstractIn numerical classification, four species of the Mycobacterium nonchromogenicum complex, Mycobacterium nonchromogenicum, M. terrae, M. novum, and M. triviale, formed one cluster. These four species appeared to be reduced to one species, Mycobacterium nonchromogenicum. Furthermore, relationships between the species were numerically analyzed by using the hypothetical median organism pattern. The results showed that the M. nonchromogenicum complex can be divided into two subgroups: M. nonchromogenicum and the other three. These two subgroups were differentiated from each other by scores based on two or more positive reactions in the following three characteristics: resistance to bleomycin (5 μg/ml); heat‐stable acid phosphatase activity; nicotinamidase or pyrazinamidase activity or both activities. M. nonchromogenicum gave two or three positive reactions among these three, and M. terrae, M. novum, and M. triviale gave two or three negative reactions.Three cases of lung infection due to M. nonchromogenicum, as well as three other cases of probable lung infection due to M. nonchromogenicum, were observed in this study. Only one organism isolated from one doubtful case was M. terrae. Up to now, M. nonchromogenicum was considered a nonpathogen. It was shown, however, that this organism causes lung infection in humans.
Penetration of Rickettsia tsutsugamushi into Cultured Mouse Fibroblasts (L Cells): An Electron Microscopic Observation
Authors: Urakami Hiroshi , Tsuruhara Takashi , Tamura Akira 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe mechanism of penetration of purified Rickettsia tsutsugamushi (Gilliam strain) into cultured mouse fibroblasts (L cells) was examined by electron microscopy. After 10–40 min of infection, rickettsiae in the process of being phagocytized were often seen on the cell surface. These were restricted to the rickettsiae which seemed to be intact in morphology, while heavily plasmolyzed ones were never phagocytized. Additionally, rickettsiae were taken up individually into a phagosome, and phagocytosis of several rickettsiae together was rarely observed, except in the case of heat‐inactivated microorganisms. In the cells, phagosomes whose membranes enclosed rickettsiae either tightly or loosely were seen. Rickettsiae in the loose phagosomes often showed signs of plasmolysis and were rarely released into the cell cytoplasm. Partial disintegration of phagosomal membranes and the escape of rickettsiae from the phagosomes were seen only in tight phagosomes. Large phagosomes containing a clump of several rickettsiae were observed occasionally, in which case the microorganisms were deformed and seemed to be denatured. From the above observations and the frequency of appearance of these different penetration stages in the specimens 10, 20, and 40 min after infection, it was concluded that the rickettsiae enter initially into a tight phagosome by phagocytosis and are then released into the cell cytoplasm by disruption of the phagosomal membrane. No other mechanisms of penetration were found. On the other hand, rickettsiae inactivated by trypsin did not attach to host cells. Inactivation by heat or UV irradiation resulted in reduction of phagocytosis, and rickettsiae treated with rifamycin could penetrate into the host cell cytoplasm to the same extent as in the case of infection with intact rickettsiae.
Rapid Purification of Extracted Bacterial Lipopolysaccharides by Continuous Free‐Flow Electrophoresis
Authors: Kuwae Toyoyasu , Kurata Munetsugu 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe use of continuous free‐flow electrophoresis for the purification of extracted lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) was investigated. Commercial (nucleic acid contaminated) LPS preparations, isolated by the hot phenol‐water method of Westphal from Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli 0111: B4, were analyzed. Continuous free‐flow electrophoresis for purification of crude LPSs proved to be a rapid and useful means for the continuous purification of large amounts of LPS (more than 45 mg crude LPS per hr) and it showed good reproducibility and pure LPS. The electrophoretic profile of both crude LPSs obtained by continuous free‐flow electrophoresis showed two distinct, sharp peaks; one representing the nucleic acid fraction and the other the LPS fraction. Under the continuous free‐flow electrophoresis conditions employed, nucleic acid in the crude LPSs possessed low electrophoretic mobility, whereas LPS migration was negligible. Thus for both preparations pure LPS (no detectable nucleic acid) was obtained. Electrophoretic profiles of these purified LPSs on sodium dodecylsulfate‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis were similar in both cases to those of crude LPS and of LPS purified by repeated ultracentrifugation. By immunological analysis using double immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis, it was found that two components of crude E. coli 0111: B4 LPS were eliminated by continuous free‐flow electrophoresis, but each component of purified E. coli 0111: B4 LPS was immunologically identical to the corresponding component in its crude LPS. In S. typhimurium LPS, none of its components were influenced by continuous free‐flow electrophoresis but not by ultracentrifugation. In spite of these results, both purified LPSs possessed stronger mitogenic activity than each crude LPS. These results indicated that continuous free‐flow electrophoresis is a useful means of purifying extracted crude LPS.
Relation between D‐Glucose and L‐ and D‐Alanine in the Initiation of Germination of Bacillus subtilis Spore
Authors: Yasuda Yoko , Tochikubo Kunio 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe rate of L‐alanine‐initiated germination of Bacillus subtilis spore was measured by both loss of heat resistance and loss of turbidity, and the effect of glucose on the germination response to a wide range of concentrations of the germinant was analyzed in the presence and absence of D‐alanine, an inhibitor. Glucose stimulated L‐alanine germination by means of a cooperative effect: glucose increased the affinity of L‐alanine by about 3‐fold and the rate of germination by about 1.3‐fold. However, glucose had little effect on the binding affinity of D‐alanine. The apparent binding constant of L‐alanine to the spore, which was determined by the next measurable event in the trigger reaction, was 1.2 × 10−5, that of D‐alanine was 6 × 10−6, and that of glucose was 5 × 10−5. The relation between the binding site for glucose and those for L‐ and D‐alanine on the spore is discussed. Effect of glucose analogs was also examined.
Interrelationship between Drug Resistance and Bacteriocinogeny of Clostridium perfringens
Authors: Miyoshi Yasushi , Higa Akiko 
Published: November 2013

AbstractOne hundred and eight strains of Clostridium perfringens were collected from polluted waters and tested for their drug resistance and bacteriocinogeny. Thirty of the strains were tetracycline resistant and 36 were bacteriocinogenic. Only one strain possessed both tetracycline resistance and bacteriocinogen.Transfer experiments on tetracycline resistance and bacteriocinogeny were carried out with several selected strains among these isolates. Both tetracycline resistance and bacteriocinogeny were shown to be transferable by conjugation‐like procedures. Transfer experiments on these two properties revealed that there were two types of recipient strains among the isolates in regard to the acceptance of tetracycline resistance and bacteriocinogeny. In one type of the recipient strain, these two properties seemed to be incompatible although in the other, both tetracycline resistance and bacteriocinogeny were transferred by two‐step mating. Transcipients of this two‐step mating retransferred their tetracycline resistance but not bacteriocinogeny to another recipient strain. The existence of an incompatibility‐like relationship between tetracycline resistance and bacteriocinogeny in one recipient strain, and the inability of these two properties to be co‐transferred from the two‐step transcipients, suggest a certain interrelationship between the factors responsible for tetracycline resistance and bacteriocinogeny.
Ecology of Non‐O 1 Vibrio cholerae in Toyama Prefecture
Authors: Kodama Hirohide , Gyobu Yotaku , Tokuman Naoko , Okada Itsuko , Uetake Hisao , Shimada Toshio , Sakazaki Riichi 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe ecology of non‐O 1 Vibrio cholerae and Vibrio mimicus as causes of cholera‐like diarrhea or seafood‐associated gastroenteritis has been investigated in Toyama Prefecture since 1980. The relationship between biological or serological characteristics of the isolates and their enteropathogenicity is discussed.Overall isolation rates from river water, sea water, and fish were 24.0, 59.5, and 33.7%, respectively, the isolation frequency being, in general, extremely high in the summer season, although the organisms were detected all year around in the case of sea water. Most isolates from river water were unable to grow on plates of TCBS agar to which colistin was added at a concentration of 1 μg/ml (CL‐TCBS). These strains quickly fermented cellobiose. O‐51 and O‐70 were the two most frequently detected serogroups among them and they did not show enteropathogenicity in the rabbit ileal loop (RIL) test. On the other hand, almost all isolates from sea water and fish as well as those from human diarrhea cases were able to grow on CL‐TCBS, but were unable to ferment cellobiose quickly. O‐36, O‐10, O‐6, O‐8, O‐39, and O‐26 were the dominant serogroups of these isolates, and some of them showed enteropathogenicity in the RIL test. Six out of 98 isolates from river water, 14 out of 116 from sea water, and 19 out of 112 from fish were classified as Vibrio mimicus. All of these strains were able to grow on CL‐TCBS and quickly fermented mannose but not cellobiose. I‐41 was the most common serogroup among them and some of these strains showed enteropathogenicity in the RIL test. Production of a cholera‐like enterotoxin among the isolates in Toyama Prefecture, if any, seemed to be poor.
Isolation of Immunogenic and Suppressogenic Glycoproteins from Adenovirus Type 12 Hamster Tumor Cells
Authors: Yamamoto Hiroshi 
Published: November 2013

AbstractTwo types of glycoproteins were isolated from the membrane fraction of adenovirus type 12 (Ad12) hamster tumor cells by recovering detergent‐solubilized glycoproteins using concanavalin A‐affinity chromatography and gel filtration. One of the glycoproteins consisted of a polypeptide of 130,000 daltons (130K) with a pI value of 4.7–5.1, and the other consisted of a polypeptide of 18,500 daltons (18.5K) with a pi value of 6.3–6.6. The glycoproteins were immunologically different. The 18.5K glycoprotein induced in vivo resistance to tumor growth and anti‐tumor cytotoxic T cells, while the 130K glycoprotein induced in vivo suppressor T cells which inhibited the activity of anti‐tumor cytotoxic T cells.
Fucoidan Blocks Macrophage Activation in an Inductive Phase but Promotes Macrophage Activation in an Effector Phase
Authors: Sugawara Isamu , Lee Kwok Choy 
Published: November 2013

AbstractIt has been suggested that some polysaccharides play important roles in immune responses. Therefore, we used various types of polysaccharides for analysis of macrophage‐mediated tumor cell killing.We report here that fucoidan blocked macrophage activation occurs in an inductive phase but enhanced macrophage activation appears in an effector phase.
The Appearance and Characterization of Cyanide‐Resistant Respiration in the Fungus Candida albicans
Authors: Aoki Shigeji , Ito‐Kuwa Shoko 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe respiration of yeast‐form cells of the dimorphic fungus Candida albicans became resistant to cyanide during aging treatment in the resting state. An alternative, cyanide‐resistant respiratory pathway was found to develop fully in cells aged at a concentration of 0.75 × 109/ml or more at 25 C, but did not appear at 5 C. Chloramphenicol did not prevent the appearance of the alternative respiratory pathway. The effects of inhibitors, salicylhydroxamic acid (SHAM) and disulfiram (tetraethylthiuram disulfide), on respiration of aged cells were examined, and results indicated that SHAM binds at a site on the alternative respiratory pathway whereas disulfiram binds at two sites, one on the conventional respiratory pathway and the other on the alternative pathway. Thus, SHAM is a more selective inhibitor of the alternative respiration of C. albicans cells. SHAM‐titration of the alternative respiration revealed that less than 10% of the maximal activity of the alternative respiratory pathway was utilized under normal conditions, indicating that the alternative respiratory pathway makes a small contribution to the total respiration. It was therefore concluded that the alternative, cyanide‐resistant respiratory pathway operates fully when the cyanide‐sensitive, cytochrome pathway is blocked although aged cells possess both respiratory pathways.
Characterization of Generalized Transducing Phage φw39 Heteroimmune to Phage P1 in Escherichia coli W39
Authors: Yoshida Yoko , Mise Katsutoshi 
Published: November 2013

AbstractGeneralized transducing phage similar to phage P1 in Escherichia coli was isolated from E. coli W39, an antigenic test strain of the O121 group. This phage, designated φ5w39, was reciprocally heteroimmune to phages P1 and P7, but non‐reciprocally heteroimmune to phage D6. Transduction experiments using various R plasmids with different molecular weights suggested that phage φw39 could transduce at least 65 megadaltons DNA. As in the case of P1 prophage, φ5w39 prophage existed as a plasmid belonging to incompatibility group Y and carried a dnaB‐like function. The molecular weight of φ5w39 plasmid was nearly the same as that of plasmid, i.e., 58.6 megadaltons. Despite the pronounced structural and functional similarity of phages φw39 and P1, restriction cleavage patterns of their genomes differed considerably.