bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A3COSMOS: Dust mass function and dust mass density at 0.5 < z < 6
Authors: Traina A. , Magnelli B. , Gruppioni C. , Delvecchio I. , Parente M. , Calura F. , Bisigello L. , Feltre A. , Pozzi F. , Vallini L. 
Published: July 2024

Context. Although dust in galaxies represents only a few percent of the total baryonic mass, it plays a crucial role in the physical processes occurring in galaxies. Studying the dust content of galaxies, particularly at high z, is therefore crucial for understanding the link between dust production, obscured star formation, and the build-up of galaxy stellar mass.
Aims. We study the dust properties (mass and temperature) of the largest Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA)-selected sample of star-forming galaxies available from the archive (A3COSMOS), and we derive the dust mass function and dust mass density of galaxies from z = 0.5  −  6.
Methods. We fit the spectral energy distribution (SED) with the CIGALE code to constrain the dust mass and temperature of the A3COSMOS galaxy sample based on the UV-to-near-infrared photometric coverage of each galaxy combined with the ALMA (and Herschel when available) coverage of the Rayleigh-Jeans tail of their dust-continuum emission. We then computed and fit the dust mass function by combining the A3COSMOS and the most recent Herschel samples in order to obtain the best estimate of the integrated dust mass density up to z ∼ 6.
Results. The dust masses in galaxies in A3COSMOS lie between ∼108 and ∼109.5 M⊙. From the SED fitting, we were also able to derive a dust temperature. The distribution of the dust temperature peaks at ∼30 − 35 K. The dust mass function at z = 0.5  −  6 evolves with an increase in M* and a decrease in the number density (Φ*), and it agrees well with literature estimates. The dust mass density decreases smoothly in its evolution from z ∼ 0.5 to z ∼ 6, which is steeper than what is found by models at z ≳ 2.
Analyzing the Kuralay-II equation: bifurcation, chaos, and sensitivity insights through conformable derivative and Jacobi elliptic function expansion
Authors: Khan Muhammad Ishfaq , Khan Abdullah , Farooq Aamir 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This study explores the intricate dynamics of the Kuralay-II equation by employing the conformable derivative. Using the Galilean transformation, we can establish a dynamical system related to the equation. We investigate bifurcation methods in this derived system using planar dynamical systems theory. By introducing a perturbed term, we thoroughly investigate the possibility of chaotic behaviors in the Kuralay-II equation using comprehensive two-phase portraiture. Through careful analysis, we have determined that even small changes in the initial conditions have little impact on the stability of the solution, which has been confirmed by employing the Runge–Kutta method. In addition, we obtain exact solutions for the Kuralay-II equation by the Jacobi elliptic function expansion method. Graphical results of some solutions are showcased, offering a comprehensive evaluation using MATLAB across various dimensions. This study has yielded significant findings, such as the discovery of bifurcation points, the determination of conditions for chaos, and the analysis of stability under perturbations. These results have enhanced our understanding of the behavior of the Kuralay-II equation.
An adaptive two-step staircase static reconfiguration method for improving the power generation of PV array
Authors: Yi Lingzhi , Cheng Siyue , Wang Yahui , Luo Bote , Tan Jingxuan , Liu Jiangyong 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Partial shading of solar photovoltaic (PV) panels can significantly affect the performance of solar PV arrays. Various reconfiguration techniques have been explored in recent years. Still, their applicability to actual PV power generation is controversial due to the number of electrical switches, physical locations, interconnections and complexity. This study proposes an adaptive two-step staircase (A2SS) static reconfiguration method. The technique is experimentally validated in several conditions and compared with the conventional TCT connection, single-step staircase (1SS) static reconfiguration method, Arrow soduku, modified odd–even–prime (MOEP) and two-step staircase(2SS) static reconfiguration method. For the eight shading cases of LN, LW, LD, Ran, Cen, Cor, CD, and Plus at SET#1, after reconfiguring the PV array using A2SS, the power has a significant improvement of 17.6%, 17.0%, 13.4%, 13.4%, 20.6%, 20.2%, 3.1%, and 0.82% than TCT. In the four shading cases of Lr. C, Lr. O, Lr. T, and Lr. U at SET#2, the power showed a significant improvement of 11.8%, 9.2%, 10.7%, and 15.8% compared to TCT. It also has the best performance in various reconfiguration techniques, which are mentioned. In addition, the A2SS reconfiguration method can be better applied to various sizes of PV arrays. By optimizing the shading distribution and adjusting the row irradiance deviation, the power stability of PV power generation is improved while maximizing energy efficiency.
Reduction of the deceleration phase to mitigate the negative effect of hydrodynamic instabilities in direct-drive ICF implosions
Authors: Temporal M , Piriz A R , Canaud B , Ramis R 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
In the deceleration phase of an Inertial Confinement Fusion capsule implosion Rayleigh–Taylor hydrodynamic instability can affect or even quench the ignition and thermonuclear burn wave propagation. This instability tends to mix the inner hot plasma with the cold and dense plasma shell providing a mixing layer where nuclear fusion reactions are inhibited. The 1D hydrodynamics code Multi-IFE has been used to simulate the implosion of a direct-drive high-gain laser-capsule design and the temporal evolution of the average radius and thickness of the mixing layer have been estimated. To mimic the effect of the reduced reaction rate, the fuel reactivity in the mixing layer is artificially set to zero thus inhibiting the burn wave propagation throughout it nullifying the energy gain. In order to overcome this negative effect, secondary short and powerful laser pulse is added, shortening this way the deceleration phase, which in turn reduces the thickness of the mixing layer. A study has been carried out to identify the optimal secondary laser pulse that recovers the high energy gain.
Lyapunov exponents and phase structure of Lifshitz and hyperscaling violating black holes
Authors: Naveena Kumara A. , Punacha Shreyas , Ali Md Sabir 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
We study the phase structure of Lifshitz and hyperscaling violating (HSV) black holes using Lyapunov exponents. For describing hyperscaling violating system, we chose a particular gravity model constructed from generalized Einstein-Maxwell-Dilaton action which includes the Lifshitz cases at appropriate limits. We study the relationship between Lyapunov exponents and black hole phase transitions considering both the timelike and null geodesics. We observe that, the black hole phase transiton properties are reflected in Lyapunov exponent where its multiple branches correspond to the distinct phases of the black hole. The discontinuos change of the Lyapunov exponent during the phase transition serve as an order parameter with critical exponent 1/2 near the critical point. Our numerical study reveals that the correlation between the Lyapunov exponent and black hole thermodynamic properties can be generalised beyond the AdS spacetime. We find that it is independent of the HSV parameter as well as the Lifshitz exponent.
Gravitational wave sourced by decay of massive particle from primordial black hole evaporation
Authors: Choi Ki-Young , Lkhagvadorj Erdenebulgan , Mahapatra Satyabrata 
Published: July 2024

AbstractIn this article, we investigate the stochastic gravitational waves (GWs) spectrum, resulting from the emission of gravitons through bremsstrahlung, in the decay of particles produced by Hawking radiation. Although particle decays inevitably entail the emission of graviton due to bremsstrahlung, the associated decay width is notably suppressed due to the Planck scale suppression in the coupling of matter fields to gravitons. Consequently, the relic abundance of such GWs constituted of these gravitons undergoes a corresponding reduction. However, we demonstrate that super-heavy particles, reaching masses as high as Planck scale, can emerge naturally in the Hawking radiation of evaporating primordial black holes (PBHs) and can compensate for this suppression. In addition, we also discuss the stochastic gravitational waves constituted out of the gravitons directly radiated from such evaporating PBHs. When the super-heavy particle decays promptly after its production, then the corresponding GW spectrum remains subdominant to the one arising from direct PBH evaporation. However, if this particle is long-lived and decays after PBH evaporation, then the resulting GWs produced in these two processes have two distinct spectra with their peaks at extremely high frequencies, providing avenues for proposed ultra-high frequency gravitational wave detectors. We also show that such gravitational waves contribute significantly to substantial dark radiation, which can be probed with the enhanced sensitivity of future experiments.
Benchmarking brain–computer interface algorithms: Riemannian approaches vs convolutional neural networks
Authors: Eder Manuel , Xu Jiachen , Grosse-Wentrup Moritz 
Published: July 2024

Abstract

Objective. To date, a comprehensive comparison of Riemannian decoding methods with deep convolutional neural networks for EEG-based brain–computer interfaces remains absent from published work. We address this research gap by using MOABB, The Mother Of All BCI Benchmarks, to compare novel convolutional neural networks to state-of-the-art Riemannian approaches across a broad range of EEG datasets, including motor imagery, P300, and steady-state visual evoked potentials paradigms. Approach. We systematically evaluated the performance of convolutional neural networks, specifically EEGNet, shallow ConvNet, and deep ConvNet, against well-established Riemannian decoding methods using MOABB processing pipelines. This evaluation included within-session, cross-session, and cross-subject methods, to provide a practical analysis of model effectiveness and to find an overall solution that performs well across different experimental settings. Main results. We find no significant differences in decoding performance between convolutional neural networks and Riemannian methods for within-session, cross-session, and cross-subject analyses. Significance. The results show that, when using traditional Brain-Computer Interface paradigms, the choice between CNNs and Riemannian methods may not heavily impact decoding performances in many experimental settings. These findings provide researchers with flexibility in choosing decoding approaches based on factors such as ease of implementation, computational efficiency or individual preferences.
The effect of shortfin mako shark skin at the reattachment of a separated turbulent boundary layer
Authors: Santos Leonardo M , Lang Amy , Wahidi Redha , Bonacci Andrew , Gautam Sashank , Parsons Jacob 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This smooth flat experimental study investigates the capability of mako shark scales to control flow separation when placed downstream of the onset of turbulent boundary layer separation and within the reattachment region. The objective of the study is to validate the hypothesis that the shark scales’ bristling and recoiling would prevent the flow separation on the flank region (the fastest flow region) of the shark. A rotating cylinder was used to induce an adverse pressure gradient over a flat plate to produce a region of separated flow where the shark skin specimen was mounted. Two types of mako shark scales (flank (B2) and between flank and dorsal fin (B1)) were positioned in the preferred flow direction on a flat plate. The B2 scales are slender, 200 μm tall, and can bristle up to 50°. In contrast, B1 scales are wider, shorter, and can bristle at 30°. The bristling angle and shape are the main mechanisms by which the scales act to inhibit flow from moving upstream near the wall. Thus, the difference in the bristling angles and structures of the scales is attributed to the fact that the B2 scales function in a thicker boundary layer (behind the shark’s gills) where they must bristle sufficiently high into the boundary layer to control the flow separation, and because the adverse pressure gradient in this region is higher where flow separation is more likely. The scales are placed in the reattachment region to elucidate their ability to control and reattach an already separated turbulent flow. The results show that B2 scales placed in the reattachment region reduce the size of the turbulent separation bubble and decrease the turbulent kinetic energy, while B1 scales have the opposite effect.
A new data-driven map predicts substantial undocumented peatland areas in Amazonia
Authors: Hastie Adam , Householder J Ethan , Honorio Coronado Eurídice N , Hidalgo Pizango C Gabriel , Herrera Rafael , Lähteenoja Outi , de Jong Johan , Winton R Scott , Aymard Corredor Gerardo A , Reyna José , Montoya Encarni , Paukku Stella , Mitchard Edward T A , Åkesson Christine M , Baker Timothy R , Cole Lydia E S , Córdova Oroche César J , Dávila Nállarett , Águila Jhon Del , Draper Frederick C , Fluet-Chouinard Etienne , Grández Julio , Janovec John P , Reyna David , W Tobler Mathias , Del Castillo Torres Dennis , Roucoux Katherine H , Wheeler Charlotte E , Fernandez Piedade Maria Teresa , Schöngart Jochen , Wittmann Florian , van der Zon Marieke , Lawson Ian T 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Tropical peatlands are among the most carbon-dense terrestrial ecosystems yet recorded. Collectively, they comprise a large but highly uncertain reservoir of the global carbon cycle, with wide-ranging estimates of their global area (441 025–1700 000 km2) and below-ground carbon storage (105–288 Pg C). Substantial gaps remain in our understanding of peatland distribution in some key regions, including most of tropical South America. Here we compile 2413 ground reference points in and around Amazonian peatlands and use them alongside a stack of remote sensing products in a random forest model to generate the first field-data-driven model of peatland distribution across the Amazon basin. Our model predicts a total Amazonian peatland extent of 251 015 km2 (95th percentile confidence interval: 128 671–373 359), greater than that of the Congo basin, but around 30% smaller than a recent model-derived estimate of peatland area across Amazonia. The model performs relatively well against point observations but spatial gaps in the ground reference dataset mean that model uncertainty remains high, particularly in parts of Brazil and Bolivia. For example, we predict significant peatland areas in northern Peru with relatively high confidence, while peatland areas in the Rio Negro basin and adjacent south-western Orinoco basin which have previously been predicted to hold Campinarana or white sand forests, are predicted with greater uncertainty. Similarly, we predict large areas of peatlands in Bolivia, surprisingly given the strong climatic seasonality found over most of the country. Very little field data exists with which to quantitatively assess the accuracy of our map in these regions. Data gaps such as these should be a high priority for new field sampling. This new map can facilitate future research into the vulnerability of peatlands to climate change and anthropogenic impacts, which is likely to vary spatially across the Amazon basin.
Footprint tools tiptoeing towards nitrogen sustainability
Authors: Galloway James N , Castner Elizabeth A , Dukes Elizabeth S M , Fox Jessica , Leach Allison M 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
As we face multiple environmental crises (e.g. climate change, nutrient pollution, freshwater scarcity), there is often a disconnect between an entity’s activities and the pollution resulting from that activity. Footprint tools help address this disconnect. They are effective in educating people, institutions and communities on how their resource use results in environmental pollution and what we can do to moderate that pollution. These tools connect an entity’s activities with the associated pollution. Footprint tools are also constantly evolving. As we better understand how to best estimate emissions—especially from sources further removed like those from the supply chain—the guidance and methods for calculating footprints is changing and improving. This paper reviews footprint tools for people, institutions and communities, with a focus on nitrogen footprint tools (NFTs). It also gives examples of how these tools have been applied to achieve pollution reductions. It concludes with an assessment of how nitrogen and multi-element footprint tools fit into the overall topic of environmental management and discusses their benefits and limitations.
TUnA: an uncertainty-aware transformer model for sequence-based protein–protein interaction prediction
Authors: Ko Young Su , Parkinson Jonathan , Liu Cong , Wang Wei 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Protein–protein interactions (PPIs) are important for many biological processes, but predicting them from sequence data remains challenging. Existing deep learning models often cannot generalize to proteins not present in the training set and do not provide uncertainty estimates for their predictions. To address these limitations, we present TUnA, a Transformer-based uncertainty-aware model for PPI prediction. TUnA uses ESM-2 embeddings with Transformer encoders and incorporates a Spectral-normalized Neural Gaussian Process. TUnA achieves state-of-the-art performance and, importantly, evaluates uncertainty for unseen sequences. We demonstrate that TUnA’s uncertainty estimates can effectively identify the most reliable predictions, significantly reducing false positives. This capability is crucial in bridging the gap between computational predictions and experimental validation.
Rotational isomerism of amide units in the ring of rotaxanes in response to base/acid stimuli
Authors: Nakamura Takanori , Okuma Yukari , Miyagawa Shinobu , Kawasaki Tsuneomi , Naito Masaya , Tokunaga Yuji 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Rotational isomerism of 4 amide moieties of the threaded macrocyclic component of [2]rotaxanes featuring mono- and bis-ammonium moieties in dumbbell-shaped axle components was investigated in response to base, and the rotational isomerization of both rotaxanes could be controlled reversibly through the addition of appropriate amounts of base and acids.
Inhibition of endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition in a large animal preclinical arteriovenous fistula model leads to improved remodelling and reduced stenosis
Authors: Xu Yang , Korayem Adam , Cruz-Solbes Ana S , Chandel Nirupama , Sakata Tomoki , Mazurek Renata , Mavropoulos Spyros A , Kariya Taro , Aikawa Tadao , Yamada Kelly P , D'Escamard Valentina , V'Gangula Bhargavi , Baker Andrew H , Ma Lijiang , Björkegren Johan L M , Fuster Valentin , Boehm Manfred , Fish Kenneth M , Tadros Rami , Ishikawa Kiyotake , Kovacic Jason C 
Published: July 2024

Abstract

Aims
Vein grafts are used for many indications, including bypass graft surgery and arteriovenous fistula (AVF) formation. However, patency following vein grafting or AVF formation is suboptimal for various reasons, including thrombosis, neointimal hyperplasia, and adverse remodelling. Recently, endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT) was found to contribute to neointimal hyperplasia in mouse vein grafts. We aimed to evaluate the clinical potential of inhibiting EndMT and developed the first dedicated preclinical model to study the efficacy of local EndMT inhibition immediately prior to AVF creation.

Methods and results
We first undertook pilot studies to optimize the creation of a femoral AVF in pigs and verify that EndMT contributes to neointimal formation. We then developed a method to achieve local in vivo SMAD3 knockdown by dwelling a lentiviral construct containing SMAD3 shRNA in the femoral vein prior to AVF creation. Next, in Phase 1, six pigs were randomized to SMAD3 knockdown or control lentivirus to evaluate the effectiveness of SMAD3 knockdown and EndMT inhibition 8 days after AVF creation. In Phase 2, 16 pigs were randomized to SMAD3 knockdown or control lentivirus and were evaluated to assess longer-term effects on AVF diameter, patency, and related measures at 30 days after AVF creation. In Phase 1, compared with controls, SMAD3 knockdown achieved a 75% reduction in the proportion of CD31+ endothelial cells co-expressing SMAD3 (P &lt; 0.001) and also a significant reduction in the extent of EndMT (P &lt; 0.05). In Phase 2, compared with controls, SMAD3 knockdown was associated with an increase in the minimum diameter of the venous limb of the AVF (1.56 ± 1.66 vs. 4.26 ± 1.71 mm, P &lt; 0.01) and a reduced degree of stenosis (P &lt; 0.01). Consistent with this, neointimal thickness was reduced in the SMAD3 knockdown group (0.88 ± 0.51 vs. 0.45 ± 0.19 mm, P &lt; 0.05). Furthermore, endothelial integrity (the proportion of luminal cells expressing endothelial markers) was improved in the SMAD3 knockdown group (P &lt; 0.05).

Conclusion
EndMT inhibition in a preclinical AVF model by local SMAD3 knockdown using gene therapy led to reduced neointimal hyperplasia, increased endothelialization, and a reduction in the degree of AVF stenosis. This provides important proof of concept to pursue this approach as a clinical strategy to improve the patency of AVFs and other vein grafts.
Thyroid hormone levels in children with Prader–Willi syndrome: a randomized controlled growth hormone trial and 10-year growth hormone study
Authors: Trueba-Timmermans Demi J , Grootjen Lionne N , Kerkhof Gerthe F , Rings Edmond H H M , Hokken-Koelega Anita C S 
Published: July 2024

Abstract

Context
Several endocrine abnormalities were reported in children with Prader–Willi syndrome (PWS), including hypothyroidism. Growth hormone (GH) treatment may impact the thyroid hormone axis by direct inhibition of T4 or TSH secretion or by increased peripheral conversion of free T4 (FT4) to T3.

Objective
The objective of this study is to evaluate thyroid function during GH treatment in a large group of children with PWS.

Methods
Serum FT4, T3, and TSH are measured in a 2-year randomized controlled GH trial (RCT) and 10-year longitudinal GH study (GH treatment with 1.0 mg/m²/day [∼0.035 mg/kg/day]).

Results
Forty-nine children with PWS were included in the 2-year RCT (median [interquartile range, IQR] age: GH group 7.44 [5.47-11.80] years, control group 6.04 [4.56-7.39] years). During the first 6 months, median (IQR) FT4 standard deviation score (SDS) decreased in the GH group from −0.84 (−1.07 to −0.62) to −1.32 (−1.57 to −1.08) (P &lt; .001) and T3 SDS increased from 0.31 (−0.01-0.63) to 0.56 (0.32-0.79) (P = .08), while in the control group, FT4 and T3 SDS remained unchanged. In our 10-year GH study, 240 children with PWS (median [IQR] age: 1.27 (0.54-4.17) years] were included. Between 2 and 10 years, median (IQR) FT4 SDS remained unchanged, being −0.87 (−0.98 to −0.77) after 2 years and −0.88 (−1.03 to −0.74) after 10 years (P = .13). TSH SDS decreased from −0.35 (−0.50 to −0.21) after 2 years to −0.68 (−0.84 to −0.53) after 10 years (P &lt; .001).

Conclusions
Our findings suggest that GH treatment decreases FT4 levels, due to increased peripheral conversion of FT4 to T3 in the first months of treatment, but thereafter, FT4 and T3 normalize and remain stable during long-term GH treatment in almost all children and adolescents with PWS.