bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Deoxynivalenol exposure assessment in young children in Tanzania
Authors: Srey Chou , Kimanya Martin E. , Routledge Michael N. , Shirima Candida P. , Gong Yun Yun 
Published: May 2014

ScopeThis study assessed deoxynivalenol (DON) exposure in children from three geographic locations within Tanzania, over three time points in 1 year, using a urinary biomarker of exposure.Methods and resultsA total of 166 children aged 6–14 months were studied at a maize harvest and followed up twice at 6‐month intervals. On two consecutive days, morning urine was collected from each child and urinary DON was measured using an LC‐MS method, with and without β‐glucuronidase hydrolysis in order to assess free DON (fDON) and glucuronide DON. Overall, urinary DON increased significantly along with the three visits (geometric mean 1.1, 2.3, and 5.7 ng/mL, at visits 1, 2, and 3, respectively, p < 0.01). fDON was 22% of urinary total DON. Urinary DON excretion rate was 74% in village Kikelelwa based on food DON level and food consumption. Assuming 360 mL of urine excreted per day, 10, 19, and 29% of children at visits 1, 2, and 3, respectively, exceeded the provisional maximum tolerable daily intake of 1000 ng/kg b.w./day.ConclusionYoung children in Tanzania are chronically exposed to DON due to eating contaminated maize, although exposure levels varied markedly by region and season.
1H NMR spectra part 31: 1H chemical shifts of amides in DMSO solvent
Authors: Abraham Raymond J. , Griffiths Lee , Perez Manuel 
Published: May 2014

The 1H chemical shifts of 48 amides in DMSO solvent are assigned and presented. The solvent shifts Δδ (DMSO‐CDCl3) are large (1–2 ppm) for the NH protons but smaller and negative (−0.1 to −0.2 ppm) for close range protons. A selection of the observed solvent shifts is compared with calculated shifts from the present model and from GIAO calculations. Those for the NH protons agree with both calculations, but other solvent shifts such as Δδ(CHO) are not well reproduced by the GIAO calculations.The 1H chemical shifts of the amides in DMSO were analysed using a functional approach for near ( ≤ 3 bonds removed) protons and the electric field, magnetic anisotropy and steric effect of the amide group for more distant protons. The chemical shifts of the NH protons of acetanilide and benzamide vary linearly with the π density on the αN and βC atoms, respectively. The C=O anisotropy and steric effect are in general little changed from the values in CDCl3. The effects of substituents F, Cl, Me on the NH proton shifts are reproduced. The electric field coefficient for the protons in DMSO is 90% of that in CDCl3. There is no steric effect of the C=O oxygen on the NH proton in an NH…O=C hydrogen bond. The observed deshielding is due to the electric field effect. The calculated chemical shifts agree well with the observed shifts (RMS error of 0.106 ppm for the data set of 257 entries). Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Metabolic shifts toward glutamine regulate tumor growth, invasion and bioenergetics in ovarian cancer
Authors: Yang Lifeng , Moss Tyler , Mangala Lingegowda S , Marini Juan , Zhao Hongyun , Wahlig Stephen , Armaiz‐Pena Guillermo , Jiang Dahai , Achreja Abhinav , Win Julia , Roopaimoole Rajesha , Rodriguez‐Aguayo Cristian , Mercado‐Uribe Imelda , Lopez‐Berestein Gabriel , Liu Jinsong , Tsukamoto Takashi , Sood Anil K. , Ram Prahlad T , Nagrath Deepak 
Published: May 2014

AbstractGlutamine can play a critical role in cellular growth in multiple cancers. Glutamine‐addicted cancer cells are dependent on glutamine for viability, and their metabolism is reprogrammed for glutamine utilization through the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. Here, we have uncovered a missing link between cancer invasiveness and glutamine dependence. Using isotope tracer and bioenergetic analysis, we found that low‐invasive ovarian cancer (OVCA) cells are glutamine independent, whereas high‐invasive OVCA cells are markedly glutamine dependent. Consistent with our findings, OVCA patients’ microarray data suggest that glutaminolysis correlates with poor survival. Notably, the ratio of gene expression associated with glutamine anabolism versus catabolism has emerged as a novel biomarker for patient prognosis. Significantly, we found that glutamine regulates the activation of STAT3, a mediator of signaling pathways which regulates cancer hallmarks in invasive OVCA cells. Our findings suggest that a combined approach of targeting high‐invasive OVCA cells by blocking glutamine's entry into the TCA cycle, along with targeting low‐invasive OVCA cells by inhibiting glutamine synthesis and STAT3 may lead to potential therapeutic approaches for treating OVCAs.
Non‐enzymatic glycolysis and pentose phosphate pathway‐like reactions in a plausible Archean ocean
Authors: Keller Markus A , Turchyn Alexandra V , Ralser Markus 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThe reaction sequences of central metabolism, glycolysis and the pentose phosphate pathway provide essential precursors for nucleic acids, amino acids and lipids. However, their evolutionary origins are not yet understood. Here, we provide evidence that their structure could have been fundamentally shaped by the general chemical environments in earth's earliest oceans. We reconstructed potential scenarios for oceans of the prebiotic Archean based on the composition of early sediments. We report that the resultant reaction milieu catalyses the interconversion of metabolites that in modern organisms constitute glycolysis and the pentose phosphate pathway. The 29 observed reactions include the formation and/or interconversion of glucose, pyruvate, the nucleic acid precursor ribose‐5‐phosphate and the amino acid precursor erythrose‐4‐phosphate, antedating reactions sequences similar to that used by the metabolic pathways. Moreover, the Archean ocean mimetic increased the stability of the phosphorylated intermediates and accelerated the rate of intermediate reactions and pyruvate production. The catalytic capacity of the reconstructed ocean milieu was attributable to its metal content. The reactions were particularly sensitive to ferrous iron Fe(II), which is understood to have had high concentrations in the Archean oceans. These observations reveal that reaction sequences that constitute central carbon metabolism could have been constrained by the iron‐rich oceanic environment of the early Archean. The origin of metabolism could thus date back to the prebiotic world.
Rapid gastric and intestinal transit is a major determinant of changes in blood glucose, intestinal hormones, glucose absorption and postprandial symptoms after gastric bypass
Authors: Nguyen Nam Q. , Debreceni Tamara L. , Bambrick Jenna E. , Bellon Max , Wishart Judith , Standfield Scott , Rayner Chris K. , Horowitz Michael 
Published: May 2014

ObjectiveTo evaluate the effect of modulating pouch emptying (PE) and SI transit of glucose after Roux‐en‐Y gastric bypass (RYGB) on blood glucose, incretin hormones, glucose absorption and gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms.MethodsTen RYGB patients were studied twice in random order, receiving either a 150 ml glucose drink (200 kcal) or the same solution infused into the proximal Roux‐limb at 4 kcal/min. Data were compared with 10 healthy volunteers who received a 4 kcal/min duodenal infusion. PE, cecal arrival time (CAT), blood glucose, plasma 3‐O‐methylglucose (3‐OMG), insulin, glucose‐dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), and glucagon‐like peptide‐1 (GLP‐1), and GI symptoms were measured.ResultsIn RYGB subjects, the glucose drink emptied very rapidly (PE t50 = 3 ± 1 min) and intestinal glucose infusion was associated with higher blood glucose and plasma 3‐OMG, but lower plasma GLP‐1, GIP, insulin, and GI symptoms than oral glucose (all P < 0.001), and comparable to volunteers. In RYGB subjects, CAT correlated inversely with peak GLP‐1 (r = −0.73, P = 0.01), and plasma 3‐OMG correlated tightly blood glucose (r = 0.94, P < 0.0001).ConclusionsAfter RYGB, reducing intestinal glucose delivery to 4 kcal/min is associated with higher blood glucose, greater glucose absorption, lower incretin responses, and less GI symptoms, supporting rapid transit contribution to the exaggerated incretin responses and “dumping symptoms”.
Statins and the risk of liver injury: a population‐based case‐control study
Authors: Chen Guan‐Lin , Hsiao Fei‐Yuan , Dong Yaa‐Hui , Shen Li‐Jiuan , Wu Fe‐Lin Lin 
Published: May 2014

ABSTRACTObjectiveThis case‐control study investigated the association between statin use and liver injury using Taiwan's National Health Insurance Research Database.MethodsOur study subjects included 4165 cases (patients who had been admitted with a primary diagnosis of liver injury between 2002 and 2009) and 16 660 age‐matched, sex‐matched and index date‐matched controls. Multivariable conditional regression models were used to estimate the association between statin use and liver injury.ResultsUsers of statins were not associated with risk of liver injury (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.04; 95% confidence interval [0.90–1.19]) when compared with nonusers. Nevertheless, a higher dose of statin (≥1 defined daily dose; aOR 1.55 [1.14–2.11]) and use of rosuvastatin before event of liver injury (aOR 1.38 [1.03–1.85]) were significantly associated with liver injury.ConclusionsThis population‐based study extends previous evidence by exploring the potential association between statins use and risk of liver injury. Overall, we found that statin was not associated with risk of liver injury. Nevertheless, special concern should be paid to those who used statin ≥1 defined daily dose and rosuvastatin. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Acute social defeat does not alter cerebral 5‐HT2A receptor binding in male Wistar rats
Authors: Visser Anniek K.D. , Meerlo Peter , Ettrup Anders , Knudsen Gitte M. , Bosker Fokko J. , den Boer Johan A. , Dierckx Rudi A.J.O. , van Waarde Aren 
Published: May 2014

ABSTRACTIt has been hypothesized that effects of uncontrollable stress on serotonin receptor expression contribute to the etiology of stress‐related disorders like depression. While the serotonin‐2A receptors (5‐HT2AR) are thought to be important in this context, only few studies examined effects of stress on this receptor subtype. In this study, we therefore assessed acute and long‐term changes in 5HT2AR binding after social defeat stress in rats. Male Wistar rats were subjected to social defeat by placing them in the home cage of an aggressive, dominant Long Evans rat. Acute social defeat suppressed growth, but did not affect anxiety‐like behavior in an open field test. A positron emission tomography scan with the 5‐HT2AR tracer [11C]MDL 100907 1 day and 3 weeks after defeat did not show significant changes in receptor binding. To verify these results, [3H]MDL 100907 binding assays were performed in homogenates of prefrontal cortex and hippocampus, which also did not indicate any changes in Bmax or Kd. These findings do not support the hypothesis that changes in 5‐HT2AR function are a vital mechanism through which uncontrollable stress contributes to stress‐related pathologies such as depression. It remains to be determined whether effects of stress on 5HT2AR binding depend on the nature of the stressor or on the characteristics of the rat strain. Synapse, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The α5GABAA receptor modulates the induction of long‐term potentiation at ventral but not dorsal CA1 hippocampal synapses
Authors: Pofantis Hermes , Papatheodoropoulos Costas 
Published: May 2014

ABSTRACTThe hippocampal synapses display conspicuous ability for long‐term plasticity which is thought to underlie learning and memory. Growing evidence shows that this ability differs along the long axis of the hippocampus, with the ventral CA1 hippocampal synapses displaying remarkably lower ability for long‐term potentiation (LTP) compared with their dorsal counterpart when activated with high‐frequency stimulation. Here, we show that low frequency, 10 Hz stimulation induced LTP more reliably in dorsal than in ventral CA1 field. Blockade of alpha5 subunit‐containing GABAA receptors eliminated the difference between dorsal and ventral hippocampus. We propose that α5GABAA receptor‐mediated activity plays a crucial role in regulating the threshold for induction of LTP especially at the ventral CA1 hippocampal synapses. This might have important implications for the functional specialization along the hippocampus. Synapse, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Structural Interconversion of Bimetallic Carbonyl Clusters ­Induced by a NHC Ligand and Its Selectivity on Fragments
Authors: Liu Xiao‐Ming , Hu Shan‐Fang , Zeng Guang , Shi Zhan , Zhu Lei 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThe reactions of IMes‐HCl with bimetallic iron‐copper clusters were investigated and it showed that interconversions among bimetallic FexCuy(CO)zn– clusters were induced by IMes‐HCl. The reaction priority of IMes‐HCl with fragments in FexCuy(CO)zn– was also investigated and the reaction behaviors of zero valent Fe(CO)4 and divalent Fe(CO)4 with IMes‐HCl were discussed.
Phase Transitions of YbBr2
Authors: Krämer Karl W. , Keller Lukas 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThe crystalline phases of YbBr2 were investigated by powder neutron diffraction between 1.5 K and the melting point at 955 K (682 °C). The low temperature SrI2 phase is observed up to 550 K, the α‐PbO2 phase between 260 K and 750 K, the CaCl2 phase between 690 K and 790 K, and the rutile phase from 790 K to the melting point. All observed phase transitions are first order, except for the second order CaCl2 to rutile transition. The transition temperatures and enthalpies were determined by differential scanning calorimetry.
Scale and system dependencies of indirect effects of large herbivores on phytophagous insects: a meta‐analysis
Authors: Takagi Shun , Miyashita Tadashi 
Published: May 2014

AbstractAn increasing number of studies are being conducted to examine the density‐ or trait‐mediated indirect effects of large herbivores on phytophagous insects. However, these effects are highly context dependent and no general trends have been made clear. We conducted a meta‐analysis focusing on three factors capable of affecting detection of the indirect effects of large herbivores on phytophagous insects: type of response variable, experimental scale, and characteristics of study organisms. Overall, large herbivores exerted a negative effect on insects, a trend that was prominent in studies using insect abundance as a response variable. No particular trends were observed in studies using herbivory rate as a variable, and these studies often focused on plant trait‐mediated effects more than density‐mediated ones. Experimental scale affected the strength of indirect effects: within‐year or individual tree level experiments did not follow any trends, whereas 1–10 year experiments or 0–10 ha scale experiments show a negative impact on insects. Characteristics of large herbivores and growth forms of transmitter plants also contributed to variations in the observed effect size; negative effects were reported in livestock‐grassland ecosystems and neutral effects in tree‐dominated systems. There was a close association between response variable, experimental scale, and characteristics of study organisms, and these effects jointly contributed to the apparent trends. To predict the impacts of large herbivores at ecosystem level, it is necessary to eliminate these biases arising from study design and to evaluate the effect on insect densities at large spatial and temporal scales.
Long-Term Follow-Up of First Metacarpal Extension Osteotomy for Early CMC Arthritis
Authors: Chou Franklin H. , Irrgang James J. , Goitz Robert J. 
Published: May 2014

Background The purpose of this study was to evaluate long-term outcomes of first metacarpal extension osteotomy for early trapeziometacarpal arthritis. Methods We retrospectively reviewed 13 patients who underwent first metacarpal extension osteotomy at our institution between 1996 and 2005 and obtained subjective and objective outcome data. Results Mean follow-up was 9.9 years (range 6 to 14 years). Ten of the 13 patients (77 %) were either satisfied or very satisfied with their results. Mean pain level was 2.00 on a scale of 1 (nonexistent) to 7 (unbearable). Mean QuickDASH score was 24.17, with a median score of 9.09. Mean pinch strength was 13.1 lbs compared to 12.8 lbs in the nonoperative extremity. Mean radial abduction of the thumb was 45.5° which was equal to the nonoperative extremity. Of the eight patients who agreed to repeat radiographs, five had no progression of degenerative changes compared to pre-op radiographs. Conclusions Based on subjective and objective follow-up data, first metacarpal extension osteotomy can provide good long-term results in terms of patient satisfaction, pain relief, and upper extremity function. It is a reasonable alternative to ligament reconstruction in patients with early-stage trapeziometacarpal arthritis.
The Incidence of Postoperative Flare Reaction and Tissue Complications in Dupuytren's Disease Using Tension-Free Immobilization
Authors: Rivlin Michael , Osterman Meredith , Jacoby Sidney M. , Skirven Terri , Ukomadu Uzoma , Osterman A. Lee 
Published: May 2014

Purpose Open fasciectomy represents a standard treatment of Dupuytren's disease. Although patients are commonly immobilized in extension to prevent postoperative contracture formation, immobilizing the extremity under tension may precipitate a flare reaction and scar-related complications. This study explores the incidence of flare reaction and other complications with postoperative tension-free splinting after fasciectomy for Dupuytren's contracture. Methods We retrospectively reviewed patients' charts that consisted of 228 procedures in 191 patients who underwent surgery by the senior author between 2000 and 2010. Postoperative notes were reviewed for wound healing problems, scar appearance, flare reaction, and complications. The grading system defined by Evans et al. was used to standardize flare reaction and scar complications. Results Using tension-free splinting, the incidence of flare reaction was 3.5 % (8/228). The eight patients that had flare reactions had mild involvement, and no severe reaction was observed. Fifteen patients had hypertrophic scars, eight had hypersensitive scars, and six had recurrent contractures. Conclusions The incidence of flare reaction using tension-free immobilization postoperatively was low in our study. According to our findings, wound healing problems are rare when tensionless splinting is utilized. Type of study/level of evidence Case series, Level IV, Therapeutic study
The adolescent emotional coping after an earthquake: A risk factor for suicidal ideation
Authors: Stratta Paolo , Capanna Cristina , Carmassi Claudia , Patriarca Sara , Di Emidio Gabriella , Riccardi Ilaria , Collazzoni Alberto , Dell'Osso Liliana , Rossi Alessandro 
Published: May 2014

ABSTRACTThe study aims to investigate the relationship of suicidal ideation with coping and resilience in a sample of adolescents who survived an earthquake. Three hundred forty‐three adolescents who had experienced the L'Aquila earthquake were investigated for a screening distinguishing Suicidal Screen‐Negative (SSN) from the Positive (SSP) subjects. Resilience Scale for Adolescents (READ) and Brief Cope were administered. Emotion‐focused coping score was significantly higher in SSP subjects. In the SSN but not in the SSP sample the READ total score correlated with problem‐focused total score. A positive correlation was seen between emotion‐focused and problem‐focused scores in both samples, with a higher coefficient in SSP sample. Externalising problems and maladaptive behaviours can arise in adolescents exposed to traumatic events. Attention should be paid in reducing risk factors and in the development of psychological abilities, improving the coping strategies that can protect from emotional despair and suicidal ideation.
DNA Extraction Protocol for Biological Ingredient Analysis of Liuwei Dihuang Wan
Authors: Cheng Xinwei , Chen Xiaohua , Su Xiaoquan , Zhao Huanxin , Han Maozhen , Bo Cunpei , Xu Jian , Bai Hong , Ning Kang 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) preparations are widely used for healthcare and clinical practice. So far, the methods commonly used for quality evaluation of TCM preparations mainly focused on chemical ingredients. The biological ingredient analysis of TCM preparations is also important because TCM preparations usually contain both plant and animal ingredients, which often include some mis-identified herbal materials, adulterants or even some biological contaminants. For biological ingredient analysis, the efficiency of DNA extraction is an important factor which might affect the accuracy and reliability of identification. The component complexity in TCM preparations is high, and DNA might be destroyed or degraded in different degrees after a series of processing procedures. Therefore, it is necessary to establish an effective protocol for DNA extraction from TCM preparations. In this study, we chose a classical TCM preparation, Liuwei Dihuang Wan (LDW), as an example to develop a TCM-specific DNA extraction method. An optimized cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) method (TCM-CTAB) and three commonly-used extraction kits were tested for extraction of DNA from LDW samples. Experimental results indicated that DNA with the highest purity and concentration was obtained by using TCM-CTAB. To further evaluate the different extraction methods, amplification of the second internal transcribed spacer (ITS2) and the chloroplast genome trnL intron was carried out. The results have shown that PCR amplification was successful only with template of DNA extracted by using TCM-CTAB. Moreover, we performed high-throughput 454 sequencing using DNA extracted by TCM-CTAB. Data analysis showed that 3–4 out of 6 prescribed species were detected from LDW samples, while up to 5 contaminating species were detected, suggesting TCM-CTAB method could facilitate follow-up DNA-based examination of TCM preparations.
Motion of spheroid particles in shear flow with inertia
Authors: Mao Wenbin , Alexeev Alexander 
Published: May 2014

AbstractIn this article, we investigate the motion of a solid spheroid particle in a simple shear flow. Using a lattice Boltzmann method, we examine individual effects of fluid inertia and particle rotary inertia as well as their combination on the dynamics and trajectory of spheroid particles at low and moderate Reynolds numbers. The motion of a single spheroid is shown to be dependent on the particle Reynolds number, particle aspect ratio, particle initial orientation and the Stokes number. Spheroids with random initial orientations are found to drift to stable orbits influenced by fluid inertia and/or particle inertia. Specifically, prolate spheroids drift towards the tumbling mode of motion, whereas oblate spheroids drift to the rolling mode. The rotation period and the variation of angular velocity of tumbling spheroids decrease as Stokes number increases. With increasing Reynolds number, both the maximum and minimum values of angular velocity decrease, whereas the particle rotation period increases. We show that particle inertia does not affect the hydrodynamic torque on the particle. We also demonstrate that superposition can be used to estimate the combined effect of fluid inertia and particle inertia on the dynamics of spheroid particles at sufficiently low Reynolds numbers.