bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
From phonetics to grammar
Authors: Keydana Götz 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
In this paper I argue that if we search for a phonological origin of the lengthened grade in the n.sg. of consonant stems, the most plausible candidates are stems in /r/ which underwent the change known as Szemerényi’s Law. In an attempt to evaluate the validity of the law I then give a scenario for the processes behind it based on the interaction of hypocorrection and morphological restructuring. Finally, I plead for an alternative scenario based exclusively on external reconstruction, which forfeits the ideal of a transparent PIE with strict concatenative inflectional morphology.
Notes on three “acrostatic” neuter s-stems
Authors: Höfler Stefan 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
The aim of this paper is to investigate the three possible “acrostatic” neuter s-stems *mēd-es-, *sēd-es-, and *h2ēd-es-, and their various continuants and derivatives within the IE daughter languages. I will argue that their lengthened root vowel is neither a result of a nominal ē : ĕ ablaut pattern nor due to systematic root-inherent characteristics, but can, in principle, be explained individually as the product of a secondary remodeling in analogy to verbal formations where a lengthened grade was regular.
Inorganic Surface Ligands for Colloidal Nanomaterials
Authors: Nag Angshuman , Zhang Hao , Janke Eric , Talapin Dmitri V. 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
Since the discovery of metal chalcogenide complexes (MCCs) as capping
ligands for colloidal nanocrystals (NCs) in 2009, the chemistry of
inorganic ligands for NCs has provided a new paradigm for surface
design of nanomaterials. Various inorganic anions including MCCs,
metal-free chalcogenides, oxoanions/oxometallates, and
halides/pseudohalides/halometallates have been employed to replace the
original long-chain organic ligands on NCs. This ligand exchange can
also be achieved through a two-step route using ligands stripping
agents like HBF4. This review outlines recent advances in
inorganically-capped colloidal NCs and details the ligand exchange
process for NCs using MCCs and metal-free chalcogenides. The binding
affinities of ligands to NC surface have been rationalized in terms of
Pearson's hard and soft acids and bases (HSAB) principle. We also
demonstrate that inorganic ligands broaden the functionality of NCs by
tailoring their electro-optical properties or generating new inorganic
phases through chemical reactions between nanomaterials and their
surface ligands. Especially promising are the electronic,
optoelectronic, and thermoelectric applications of solution-processed,
inorganically-capped colloidal NCs, which substantially outperform
their organically-capped couterparts.
Survival analysis of critically ill dogs with hypotension with or without hyperlactatemia: 67 cases (2006–2011)
Authors: Ateca Laura B. , Dombrowski Stefan C. , Silverstein Deborah C. 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
Objective—To determine whether critically ill hypotensive dogs without hyperlactatemia have the same prognosis as critically ill hypotensive dogs with hyperlactatemia.
Design—Retrospective case series.
Animals—67 critically ill dogs with hypotension.
Procedures—Medical records were searched from January 2006 through December 2011 for dogs that were hospitalized in the intensive care unit and that had hypotension and measurement of blood lactate concentration. Blood lactate concentration, systolic blood pressure, and survival rate were compared between hypotensive dogs with and without hyperlactatemia.
Results—19 of 67 (28%) dogs survived and were discharged from the hospital. Hypotensive dogs without hyperlactatemia had a significantly higher systolic blood pressure and were 3.23 (95% confidence interval, 1.04 to 9.43) times as likely to survive, compared with hypotensive dogs with hyperlactatemia. Age, weight, severity of clinical illness, and duration of hospitalization did not differ significantly between hypotensive dogs with and without hyperlactatemia.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggested that hypotensive dogs without hyperlactatemia had a better prognosis and chance of surviving to hospital discharge than did hypotensive dogs with hyperlactatemia. Because blood lactate concentration was negatively associated with systolic blood pressure and survival probability, it may be a useful metric for determining the prognosis of hypotensive dogs.
Systematic review and meta-analysis of the effectiveness of commercially available vaccines against bovine herpesvirus, bovine viral diarrhea virus, bovine respiratory syncytial virus, and parainfluenza type 3 virus for mitigation of bovine respiratory disease complex in cattle
Authors: Theurer Miles E. , Larson Robert L. , White Brad J. 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
Objective—To evaluate and analyze data from controlled studies on the effectiveness of vaccinating cattle with commercially available viral antigen vaccines for mitigation of the effects of bovine respiratory disease complex (BRDC).
Design—Systematic review and meta-analysis.
Sample—31 studies comprising 88 trials.
Procedures—Studies that reported the effectiveness of commercially available bovine herpesvirus-1 (BHV-1), bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV), and parainfluenza type 3 virus (PI3) vaccines for protection of cattle against BRDC or its components were included in the analysis. Studies or trials were categorized as natural exposure or experimental challenge and were further divided by the viral antigen evaluated and vaccine type (modified-live virus [MLV] or inactivated vaccine). Meta-analysis was performed; summary Mantel-Haenszel risk ratios were determined, and Forest plots were generated.
Results—In natural exposure trials, beef calves vaccinated with various antigen combinations had a significantly lower BRDC morbidity risk than did nonvaccinated control calves. In trials evaluating BHV-1 and MLV BVDV vaccines in experimental challenge models, vaccinated calves had a lower BRDC morbidity risk than did control calves; however, in experimental challenge trials evaluating MLV BRSV and PI3 vaccines, no significant difference in morbidity or mortality risk was found between vaccinated and control calves.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Estimating clinical efficacy from results of experimental challenge studies requires caution because these models differ substantially from those involving natural exposure. The literature provides data but does not provide sufficiently strong evidence to guide definitive recommendations for determining which virus components are necessary to include in a vaccination program for prevention or mitigation of BRDC in cattle.
Le paradoxe des élites administratives italiennes
Authors: Melis Guido 
Published: December 2014

Résumé On ne peut parler des élites administratives italiennes en tant que telles qu’en référence aux années qui ont suivi l’unification nationale (1861‑1900). Au cours du XX e siècle, ces élites ont été partiellement « rétrogradées » sur le plan social. Dans cet essai, nous revenons sur la période fasciste et la première période de la République. Il faut attendre 1972 pour que voit le jour la première loi sur les hauts responsables mais cette loi n’a pas eu beaucoup de portée. Après les années 1993‑1998 (contractualisation du service public puis des hauts responsables eux‑mêmes), les fonctions de direction restent trop proches de la politique, alors que le spoil system est introduit. En l’absence de projet de formation, le New Public Management continue à être superficiel, l’âge des dirigeants est toujours élevé, à l’exception du contingent de jeunes entré par les « cours‑concours ».
The British Administrative Elite. The Art of Change without Changing?
Authors: Talbot Colin 
Published: December 2014

Résumé — La haute fonction publique britannique : l’art du changement sans changer ? — Une interprétation possible de l’état de la haute fonction publique britannique, définie comme le sommet de la fonction publique, serait que des vagues successives de réformes depuis 1979 aient fondamentalement changé son caractère. Auteurs des réformes et chercheurs affirment qu’une modification fondamentale se serait en effet produite. Certains voient comme une modernisation nécessaire. D’autres ont été plus critiques, considérant ces modifications comme détruisant une institution saine au nom de la « managérialisation » voire de la « politisation ». Mais qu’est?ce qui a vraiment changé ? Si on ne peut nier certains changements, reste à savoir quelle est leur importance concrète ? Cet article examine avec attention les faits qui permettent de constater l’existence, ou non, de transformations. Sa principale conclusion est que le degré de modification est bien moins important que ce que certains rapports suggèrent. On constate en effet une plus grande continuité dans le rôle principal d’élaboration des politiques et surtout dans le rôle constitutionnel fondamental de la haute fonction publique britannique que ce que les changements superficiels suggéreraient. Néanmoins, des défis récents, dont certains sont apparus sous l’impact de la crise financière mondiale, peuvent être des événements allant vers un changement fondamental du rôle de la haute fonction publique? même si cela ne s’est pas encore produit.
The Experiences of Inactive Nurses Returned to Nursing After Completing a Refresher Course
Authors: Hammer Victoria R. , Craig Gloria P. 
Published: December 2014

Background:
There are varied solutions to the nursing shortage, and one is returning inactive nurses to nursing.

Method:
This qualitative study used face-to-face interviews to examine the experiences of nine nurses who returned to nursing after completing a refresher course.

Results:
Financial benefits, children getting older, and purpose in life were reasons for taking the refresher course. The course was located by word of mouth, through the State Board of Nursing, and online. Supports included family, friends, motivation, self-paced study, and mentors. Barriers were obtaining clinical experience and getting questions answered. Seven of nine jobs related to the course clinical. Orientation with preceptors was important in employment. The nurses intended to remain employed until retirement.

Conclusion:
Keeping track of nurses who become inactive and intentionally planning for their return could be a solution to the nursing shortage in the next decade.

J Contin Educ Nurs
2008;39(8):358–367.
Influence of aerosols in multidecadal SST variability simulations over the North Pacific
Authors: Boo Kyung‐On , Booth Ben B. B. , Byun Young‐Hwa , Lee Johan , Cho ChunHo , Shim Sungbo , Kim Kyun‐Tae 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThe influence of aerosol emissions on North Pacific sea surface temperature (SST) variability during the twentieth century is investigated using a comparison between historical simulations with and without anthropogenic aerosol changes. The historical simulations using the Hadley Global Environment Model version 2 show that there is a common externally forced component in relation to the twentieth century North Pacific SST variability. This matches a number of important temporal and spatial characteristics of the observed multidecadal SST variability from the 1920s to 1990s, which is not found in experiments without aerosol changes. This paper explores both direct and indirect aerosol influences, and finds that in this model the aerosol‐cloud interactions dominate the total aerosol forcing of the surface energy budget. These aerosol‐cloud processes were not commonly included in most models in the previous (Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 3) generation, which may explain why the potential role of aerosols in Pacific variability has not been previously discussed. However, unlike recently reported aerosol drivers of Atlantic SST variability, the aerosol surface radiative forcing pattern does not map directly onto the historical spatial surface radiative and SST changes but is instead modulated by circulation changes to the Aleutian Low. These circulation changes share common features with previously reported studies of natural drivers of Pacific variability, suggesting that both forced and internally generated SST variability may be modulated via the same circulation response.
U.S. emissions of HFC‐134a derived for 2008–2012 from an extensive flask‐air sampling network
Authors: Hu Lei , Montzka Stephen A. , Miller John B. , Andrews Aryln E. , Lehman Scott J. , Miller Benjamin R. , Thoning Kirk , Sweeney Colm , Chen Huilin , Godwin David S. , Masarie Kenneth , Bruhwiler Lori , Fischer Marc L. , Biraud Sebastien C. , Torn Margaret S. , Mountain Marikate , Nehrkorn Thomas , Eluszkiewicz Janusz , Miller Scot , Draxler Roland R. , Stein Ariel F. , Hall Bradley D. , Elkins James W. , Tans Pieter P. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractU.S. national and regional emissions of HFC‐134a are derived for 2008–2012 based on atmospheric observations from ground and aircraft sites across the U.S. and a newly developed regional inverse model. Synthetic data experiments were first conducted to optimize the model assimilation design and to assess model‐data mismatch errors and prior flux error covariances computed using a maximum likelihood estimation technique. The synthetic data experiments also tested the sensitivity of derived national and regional emissions to a range of assumed prior emissions, with the goal of designing a system that was minimally reliant on the prior. We then explored the influence of additional sources of error in inversions with actual observations, such as those associated with background mole fractions and transport uncertainties. Estimated emissions of HFC‐134a range from 52 to 61 Gg yr−1 for the contiguous U.S. during 2008–2012 for inversions using air transport from Hybrid Single‐Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT) model driven by the 12 km resolution meteorogical data from North American Mesoscale Forecast System (NAM12) and all tested combinations of prior emissions and background mole fractions. Estimated emissions for 2008–2010 were 20% lower when specifying alternative transport from Stochastic Time‐Inverted Lagrangian Transport (STILT) model driven by the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) meteorology. Our estimates (for HYSPLIT‐NAM12) are consistent with annual emissions reported by U.S. Environmental Protection Agency for the full study interval. The results suggest a 10–20% drop in U.S. national HFC‐134a emission in 2009 coincident with a reduction in transportation‐related fossil fuel CO2 emissions, perhaps related to the economic recession. All inversions show seasonal variation in national HFC‐134a emissions in all years, with summer emissions greater than winter emissions by 20–50%.
Synthesis of Inorganic Structural Isomers By Diffusion‐Constrained Self‐Assembly of Designed Precursors: A Novel Type of Isomerism
Authors: Esters Marco , Alemayehu Matti B. , Jones Zachary , Nguyen N. T. , Anderson Michael D. , Grosse Corinna , Fischer Saskia F. , Johnson David C. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThe structure of precursors is used to control the formation of six possible structural isomers that contain four structural units of PbSe and four structural units of NbSe2: [(PbSe)1.14]4[NbSe2]4, [(PbSe)1.14]3[NbSe2]3[(PbSe)1.14]1[NbSe2]1, [(PbSe)1.14]3[NbSe2]2[(PbSe)1.14]1[NbSe2]2, [(PbSe)1.14]2[NbSe2]3[(PbSe)1.14]2[NbSe2]1, [(PbSe)1.14]2[NbSe2]2[(PbSe)1.14]1[NbSe2]1[(PbSe)1.14]1[NbSe2]1, [(PbSe)1.14]2[NbSe2]1[(PbSe)1.14]1[NbSe2]2[(PbSe)1.14]1[NbSe2]1. The electrical properties of these compounds vary with the nanoarchitecture. For each pair of constituents, over 20 000 new compounds, each with a specific nanoarchitecture, are possible with the number of structural units equal to 10 or less. This provides opportunities to systematically correlate structure with properties and hence optimize performance.
Highly Reversible and Fast Lithium Storage in Graphene‐Wrapped SiO2 Nanotube Network
Authors: Wang Hui , Wu Ping , Qu Miaotong , Si Ling , Tang Yawen , Zhou Yiming , Lu Tianhong 
Published: December 2014

AbstractA graphene‐wrapped SiO2 nanotube network (SiO2‐NT/G network) was designed and synthesized through a ZnO‐nanorod‐templated self‐assembly approach. When utilized as an anode material in Li‐ion batteries, the as‐synthesized SiO2‐NT/G network manifests good lithium‐storage performance in terms of specific capacities, cycle life, and rate capability.
Modular Symbols and the Topological Nonrigidity of Arithmetic Manifolds
Authors: Chang Stanley , Weinberger Shmuel 
Published: December 2014

AbstractIn this paper we address the existence of smooth manifolds proper homotopy equivalent to nonuniform arithmetic manifolds M = Γ\G/K that are not homeomorphic to it. While the manifolds M are properly rigid if rankℚ(Γ) ≤ 2, we show that the so‐called virtual structure group has infinite rank as a ℚ‐vector space if rankℚ(Γ) ≥ 4.© 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Hybrid Material Synthesis Based on Polymer Photonic Crystals Core and Magnetite Particles Shell
Authors: Rusen Edina , Mocanu Alexandra , Diacon Aurel 
Published: December 2014

SummaryA hybrid material with core‐shell structure based on polymer photonic crystals (PPCs) core and magnetite particles shell (Fe3O4) was obtained. The optical properties of this material were investigated in the presence of an aqueous solution of sulfuric acid (H2SO4) confirming an unusual blue‐shift of the photonic band‐gap (PBG). The formation of ferric sulfate in the presence or organic phase under acid conditions led to the synthesis of an optical sensor with possible applications for acid rain investigations.
Dominant nonradiative centers in InGaN single quantum well by time‐resolved and two‐wavelength excited photoluminescence
Authors: Julkarnain M. , Murakoshi N. , Islam A. Z. M. Touhidul , Fukuda T. , Kamata N. , Arakawa Y. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThe nonradiative recombination processes in undoped InGaN single quantum well (SQW) grown by MOCVD method have been studied by time‐resolved and two‐wavelength excited photoluminescence. External quantum efficiency and carrier recombination lifetime decreases with increasing the excitation density which can be explained by an enhanced nonradiative recombination rate. A dominant nonradiative center with an optical activation energy of around 1.17 eV has been detected inside and/or hetero‐interface of SQW, which might be an important clue for determining their origin and eliminating them during growth process.
A method for image-based shadow interaction with virtual objects
Authors: Ha Hyunwoo , Ko Kwanghee 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
A lot of researchers have been investigating interactive portable projection systems such as a mini-projector. In addition, in exhibition halls and museums, there is a trend toward using interactive projection systems to make viewing more exciting and impressive. They can also be applied in the field of art, for example, in creating shadow plays. The key idea of the interactive portable projection systems is to recognize the user's gesture in real-time. In this paper, a vision-based shadow gesture recognition method is proposed for interactive projection systems. The gesture recognition method is based on the screen image obtained by a single web camera. The method separates only the shadow area by combining the binary image with an input image using a learning algorithm that isolates the background from the input image. The region of interest is recognized with labeling the shadow of separated regions, and then hand shadows are isolated using the defect, convex hull, and moment of each region. To distinguish hand gestures, Hu's invariant moment method is used. An optical flow algorithm is used for tracking the fingertip. Using this method, a few interactive applications are developed, which are presented in this paper.
Information structure, (inter)subjectivity and objectification
Authors: van der Wal Jenneke 
Published: December 2014

This paper discusses how information structure can be seen as a subjective and intersubjective concept in Verhagen's (2005) and Breban's (2010) definitions, though less so in Traugott's (2010) use of the terms. More difficult is the question of whethermarkersof information structure can be characterised as (inter)subjective; this is more easily determined for morphological markers than for prosody or word order. For unambiguous markers of information structure, I suggest that their emergence (e.g. copula > focus marker) is typically accompanied by (inter)subjectification, whereas their further development (e.g. topic marker > subject marker) displays objectification. The paper not only shows that grammatical items can undergo an increase as well as a decrease in (inter)subjectivity – thus denying strict unidirectionality – but also confirms that these processes are independent of grammaticalisation.
Kinetic pathway of 40S ribosomal subunit recruitment to hepatitis C virus internal ribosome entry site
Authors: Fuchs Gabriele , Petrov Alexey N. , Marceau Caleb D. , Popov Lauren M. , Chen Jin , O’Leary Seán E. , Wang Richard , Carette Jan E. , Sarnow Peter , Puglisi Joseph D. 
Published: December 2014

Significance
Protein biosynthesis is most tightly controlled during translation initiation that involves numerous initiation factors and regulatory proteins. This complexity confounds conventional biochemical methods. Single-molecule approaches are ideally suited to address such questions. However, their application is hindered by the lack of fluorescently labeled components of the eukaryotic translation machinery. Here, we demonstrate an approach to label human 40S ribosomal subunits. As an extension of this approach, we used single-molecule fluorescence to demonstrate that 40S ribosomal subunits are recruited to the hepatitis C virus mRNA in a single-step process, and that components of a translational extract regulate the conformation of this complex.
Infixation
Authors: Inkelas Sharon 
Published: December 2014

AbstractInfixation is the situation in which an affix appears inside the base of affixation, rather than at one of its edges, the normal position for “adfixes”, i.e. prefixes and suffixes. Infixation is generally viewed in theoretical treatments as being just like adfixation except that the affix is phonologically positioned within the stem instead of being aligned on its periphery. The interest of infixation for the phonology-morphology interface lies in phonological generalizations about where in a word an infix can appear and about what, if anything, motivates infixation synchronically. Infixation has been considered one of the best examples of the influence of phonology on the linearization of morphemes. This chapter surveys infixation phenomena cross-linguistically and addresses the theoretical question of whether infixation is a phonological “repair” strategy for bad phonological structures that would be created by adfixation, or whether infixation is an arbitrary property of individual affixation constructions, best modeled with selectional frames. A comparison of adfixing vs. internal reduplication is undertaken, connecting with the discussion of internal reduplication in Chapter 5.