bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development of an efficient statistical volumes of fluid–Lagrangian particle tracking coupling method
Authors: Grosshans H. , Szász R.‐Z. , Fuchs L. 
Published: February 2014

SUMMARYThe breakup of a liquid jet into irregular liquid structures and droplets leading to the formation of a dilute spray has been simulated numerically. To overcome the shortcomings of certain numerical methods in specific flow regimes, a combined approach has been chosen. The intact liquid core, its primary breakup and the dense spray regime are simulated using the volumes of fluid (VOF) method in combination with LES, whereas the Lagrangian particle tracking (LPT) approach in the LES context is applied to the dilute spray regime and the secondary breakup of droplets. A method has been developed to couple both simulation types on a statistical basis. This statistical coupling approach (SCA) reflects the dominating physical mechanisms of the two‐phase flow in each regime to a high degree. The main benefit of the SCA is computational efficiency as compared with the more straightforward approach where one follows each structure, denoted here as the direct coupling approach. The computational benefits stem from the reduction of computational time since the VOF simulation is run only until statistical convergence and not during the whole spray development. A second benefit using the SCA is the possibility to use the stochastic parcel method in the LPT simulation whereby a large number of droplets may be handled. The coupling approach is applied to the atomization of a fuel jet in a high pressure chamber, demonstrating the gain of efficiency of the SCA as compared with direct coupling approach. Copyright © 2014 The Authors. International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Universal Public Finance of Tuberculosis Treatment in India: An Extended Cost‐Effectiveness Analysis
Authors: Verguet Stéphane , Laxminarayan Ramanan , Jamison Dean T. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractUniversal public finance (UPF)—government financing of an intervention irrespective of who is receiving it—for a health intervention entails consequences in multiple domains. First, UPF increases intervention uptake and hence the extent of consequent health gains. Second, UPF generates financial consequences including the crowding out of private expenditures. Finally, UPF provides insurance either by covering catastrophic expenditures, which would otherwise throw households into poverty or by preventing diseases that cause them. This paper develops a method—extended cost‐effectiveness analysis (ECEA)—for evaluating the consequences of UPF in each of these domains. It then illustrates ECEA with an evaluation of UPF for tuberculosis treatment in India. Using plausible values for key parameters, our base case ECEA concludes that the health gains and insurance value of UPF would accrue primarily to the poor. Reductions in out‐of‐pocket expenditures are more uniformly distributed across income quintiles. A variant on our base case suggests that lowering costs of borrowing for the poor could potentially achieve some of the health gains of UPF, but at the cost of leaving the poor more deeply in debt. © 2014 The Authors. Health Economics published by John Wiley Ltd.
Lipopolysaccharide exposure augments isoniazide‐induced liver injury
Authors: Su Yijing , Zhang Yun , Chen Mi. , Jiang Zhenzhou , Sun Lixin , Wang Tao , Zhang Luyong 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACTIsoniazide (INH) is a classic antituberculosis drug associated with clinical idiosyncratic drug‐induced liver injury. It has been hypothesized that the interaction between a drug and modest inflammation results in a decreased threshold for drug toxicity. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that INH causes liver injury in rats when coadministered with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Neither INH nor LPS alone caused liver injury. The coadministration of INH and LPS was associated with increases in serum and histopathological markers of liver injury. Tumour necrosis factor‐α expression was significantly increased in the coadministered group. The downregulation of the bile acid transporter, bile salt export pump, and multidrug resistance protein 2 at both mRNA and protein levels was observed. Furthermore, the level of Farnesoid X receptor, which regulates the bile salt export pump and multidrug resistance protein 2, were clearly decreased. These results indicate that the coadministration of nontoxic doses of LPS and INH causes liver injury; the disruption of biliary excretion is considered the primary inflammation‐related characteristic of INH‐induced hepatotoxicity. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modulation of Gene‐Expression Profiles Associated with Sodium Arsenite‐Induced Cardiotoxicity by p‐Coumaric Acid, a Common Dietary Polyphenol
Authors: Prasanna Nagalakshmi , Rasool Mahaboobkhan 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACTIn the present study, the purpose was to investigate the effect of p‐coumaric acid on the mRNA‐expression levels of inflammatory cytokines, transcription factor, MAP kinases, and apoptotic proteins by real time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction in the cardiac tissue of sodium arsenite exposed rats. Sodium arsenite administration (5 mg/kg/b.wt, once daily for 30 days) upregulated the mRNA‐expression levels of inflammatory cytokines (interleukin–1 beta, interleukin–6, tumor necrosis factor–alpha, and tumor growth factor–beta), transcription factor (NF‐Kb‐Rel A), protein kinases (Janus kinase and p38), caspase 3, and proapoptotic protein Bax in the cardiac tissue of rats, but the antiapoptotic protein Bcl‐2 mRNA expression was found be downregulated. However, p‐coumaric acid (75, 100 mg/kg/b. wt. oral) pretreatment daily before the sodium arsenite exposure protected the changes in the above mRNA‐expression profiles observed in the cardiac tissues. In conclusion, this study confirmed that p‐coumaric acid could be a promising dietary agent for protecting against the sodium arsenite‐induced cardiotoxicity.
Comparison of global versus Asian clinical trial strategies supportive of registration of drugs in Japan
Authors: Shirotani Mari , Kurokawa Tatsuo , Chiba Koji 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThe number of worldwide and Asian multiregional clinical trials (MRCTs) submitted for Japanese New Drug Applications increased markedly between 2009 and 2013, with an increasing number performed for simultaneously submission in the USA, EU, and Japan. Asian studies accounted for 32% of MRCTs (14/44 studies) and had comparatively small sample sizes (<500 subjects). Moreover, the number of Japanese subjects in Asian studies was 2.1‐ to 13.4‐fold larger than the sample size estimated using the method described in Japanese MRCT guidelines, whereas the ratio for worldwide studies was 0.05‐ to 4.9‐fold. Before the introduction of this guidelines, bridging or domestic clinical development strategies were used as the regional development strategy in accordance with ICH E5 guidelines. The results presented herein suggest that Asian studies were conducted when the drug had already been approved in the US/EU, when phase 3 clinical trials were not be planned in the USA/EU, when there was insufficient knowledge of ethnic differences in drug efficacy and safety, or when Caucasian data could not be extrapolated to the Japanese population. New strategies with Asian studies including the Japanese population could be conducted instead of Japanese domestic development strategy.
Single‐dose pharmacokinetics and glucodynamics of the novel, long‐acting basal insulin LY2605541 in healthy subjects
Authors: Sinha Vikram P. , Choi Siak Leng , Soon Danny Kwang Wei , Mace Kenneth F. , Yeo Kwee Poo , Lim Shufen T. H. , Howey Daniel C. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractLY2605541 is a novel basal insulin analog with a prolonged duration of action. Two Phase I studies assessed LY2605541 pharmacokinetics (PK), glucodynamics (GD), and tolerability in healthy subjects. In Study 1, 33 subjects received single subcutaneous (SC) doses of LY2605541 (0.01–2.22 U/kg) and insulin glargine (0.5–0.8 U/kg) followed by euglycemic clamp for up to 24–36 hours. In Study 2, absolute bioavailability of SC LY2605541 was assessed in 8 subjects by comparing dose normalized area under concentration versus time curve of SC against IV administration. Time‐to‐maximum plasma concentration (medians) and geometric means for half‐life (t1/2) and apparent clearance, respectively, ranged from 18.0 to 42.0 hours, 24.4–45.5 hours, and 1.8–2.8 L/h for SC LY2605541, versus 10.0–12.0 hours, 12.2–14.9 hours, and 51.4–65.2 L/h for SC insulin glargine. LY2605541 glucose infusion rate (GIR) profiles were sustained for ≥36 hours versus glargine GIR profiles, which waned at 24 hours. After IV administration, LY2605541's geometric mean t1/2 was 2.3 hours. LY2605541 intra‐subject variability (CV%) was <18% for PK and <32% for GD parameters. The most common adverse events were related to study procedures and were mild‐moderate in severity. These results established a well‐tolerated baseline dose for LY2605541 with a relatively flat PK profile and low intra‐subject variability.
Formation and structure of the ephippium (resting egg case) in relation to molting and egg laying in the water flea Daphnia pulex De Geer (Cladocera: Daphniidae)
Authors: Hiruta Chizue , Tochinai Shin 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACTResting eggs produced by daphnid species in response to environmental deterioration play an important role in colonizing new habitats or in re‐establishing extinct populations. Females lay resting eggs into the space within the dorsal part of their carapace and form an egg case called the ephippium to protect them. Previous studies mainly reported the morphology of the completely formed ephippium and/or the forming ephippium of an uncertain stage. To understand ephippium formation and to clarify key transitions in the formation of resting eggs, we examined the structure and formation of the ephippium in the water flea Daphnia pulex De Geer (Cladocera: Daphniidae) by stereomicroscopy, histology, and scanning electron microscopy. The females used in this study produced resting eggs by obligate parthenogenesis. We divided ephippium formation into four stages based on two molts and a single ovulation, as follows. Stage I begins 13 min after molting in adult females that do not ovulate. In Stage II, immediately after the first molt, a protuberance appears beneath the neck region and the carapace begins to thicken. In Stage III, the resting eggs ovulate and the carapace in the area of the forming ephippium becomes much thicker than the normal carapace and accumulates dark pigmentation. In Stage IV, following the second molt, the female sheds the ephippium with the enclosed resting eggs and forms a new carapace. These stages will provide a useful reference for future studies on resting egg formation. J. Morphol. 275:760–767, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Mixed‐effects modeling of clinical DCE‐MRI data: Application to colorectal liver metastases treated with bevacizumab
Authors: Ferl Gregory Z. , O'Connor James P.B. , Parker Geoffrey J.M. , Carano Richard A.D. , Acharya Shiv J. , Jayson Gordon C. , Port Ruediger E. 
Published: February 2014

PurposeMost dynamic contrast‐enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE‐MRI) data are evaluated for individual patients with cohorts analyzed to detect significant changes from baseline values, repeating the process at each posttreatment timepoint. Our study aimed to develop a statistically valid model for the complete time course of DCE‐MRI data in a patient cohort.Materials and MethodsData from 10 patients with colorectal cancer liver metastases were analyzed, including two baseline scans and four post‐bevacizumab scans. Apparent changes in tumor median Ktrans were adjusted for changes in observed enhancing tumor fraction (EnF) by multiplying Ktrans by EnF (KEnF). A mixed‐effects model (MEM) was defined to describe the KEnF time course for all patients simultaneously by assuming a three‐parameter indirect response model with model parameters lognormally distributed across patients.ResultsThe typical cohort time course showed a KEnF reduction to 59% of baseline at 24 hours, returning to 65% of baseline values by day 12. Interpatient variability of model parameters ranged from 11% to 307%.ConclusionThe MEM approach has potential for comparing responses at a group level in clinical trials with different doses, schedules, or combination regimens. Furthermore, the KEnF biomarker successfully resolved confounds in interpreting Ktrans arising from therapy induced changes in the volume of enhancing tumor. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2015;41:132–141. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Skill of precipitation prediction with GCMs over north India during winter season
Authors: Tiwari P. R. , Kar S. C. , Mohanty U. C. , Kumari S. , Sinha P. , Nair A. , Dey S. 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACTThis study aims to analyse the skill of state‐of‐the‐art of five general circulation models (GCMs) in predicting winter precipitation over northern India. The precipitation in winter season (December, January and February) is very important for Rabi crops in north India, particularly for wheat, as it supplements moisture and maintains low temperature for the development of the crops. The GCM outputs (seasonal mean forecasts issued in November) from various organizations are compared with the observed high‐resolution gridded rainfall data obtained from India Meteorological Department (IMD). Prediction skill of such GCMs is examined for the period 1982–2009. The climatology, interannual standard deviation (ISD) and correlation coefficients have been computed for the five GCMs and compared with observation. It is found that the models are able to reproduce the climatology and ISD to varying degrees; however, skill of predictions is too low. Multi‐model ensemble (MME) approaches have been employed. It is found that the weighted MME using multiple linear regression technique improves the prediction skill of winter precipitation over northern India. The teleconnection between the sea surface temperature (SST) and winter precipitation revealed that the SST over the Pacific Ocean affects the precipitation over north India in winter season. While this observed feature is represented well by some models with high fidelity, most models are unable to respond to SST variations in the Pacific Ocean in a realistic manner. Lagged correlations between the north India rainfall and SST over the Niño‐3.4 region reveal that only two of the five GCMs get the observed simultaneous teleconnection correctly. Furthermore, only one of these two models has the observed phase lag with the strongest correlation as observed.
Quality determination of wheat: genetic determination, biochemical markers, seed storage proteins – bread and durum wheat germplasm
Authors: Varzakas Theo , Kozub Natalia , Xynias Ioannis N 
Published: February 2014

AbstractBACKGROUNDQuality is an important determinant in wheat breeding since its genetic background is less affected by the environment and sufficiently influences the commercial value of a cultivar. Thus, if a certain cultivar possesses some specific allele combination at crucial loci, then it appears quite possible to exhibit valuable qualitative traits in terms of end‐product quality. This is also true if either durum or bread wheat germplasm is involved.RESULTSBiochemical investigation of the wheat germplasm gives important information on the allele constitution of a cultivar, with reference to either the quality or its resistance to stressing factors. The last is crucial since it affects the safe use of this cultivar. The Hellenic wheat germplasm possesses valuable allele combination or chromosome constitution (presence of the 1BL.1RS translocation, which is verified by the presence of a certain allele) with reference to quality. Genotypes having the aforementioned translocation exhibit excellent resistance to various stressing factors, but have a serious handicap, i.e. inferior bread‐making quality. This negative effect on quality, although influenced by the genotype, can be overcome if some other alleles are present in a cultivar.CONCLUSIONThe Hellenic cultivar Acheron is a good example since, despite the presence of the translocation, it also has very good bread‐making quality and high yielding ability. It must be also mentioned that most of the Hellenic durum germplasm carries the gene locus Gli‐B1 component, similar to γ45, which can be considered as an index of good end‐product quality. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Effect of Side Chains on Charge Transport of Anthracene‐Based PPE–PPV Copolymers
Authors: Tinti Francesca , Sabir Fedlu K. , Gazzano Massimo , Righi Sara , Usluer Özlem , Ulbricht Christoph , Yohannes Teketel , Egbe Daniel A. M. , Camaioni Nadia 
Published: February 2014

The variation of the drift mobility of positive and negative charge carriers in films of anthracene‐containing poly(p‐phenylene‐ethynylene)‐alt‐poly(p‐phenylene‐vinylene)s (AnE‐PVs), differently substituted, is investigated as a function of the applied electric field. Branched 2‐ethylhexyl and linear alkoxy side chains of different lengths are considered, as well as well‐defined and random distributions of lateral substituents. The same conditions are used both for the deposition of the polymer films and for their characterization, which allows for the establishment of a clear relationship between the chemical structure and the charge carrier mobility.
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Synthesis and Gas Adsorption Properties of Tetra‐Armed Microporous Organic Polymer Networks Based on Triphenylamine
Authors: Yang Xiao , Yao Shuwen , Yu Miao , Jiang Jia‐Xing 
Published: February 2014

Two novel tetra‐armed microporous organic polymers have been designed and synthesized via a nickel‐catalyzed Yamamoto‐type Ullmann cross‐coupling reaction or Suzuki cross‐coupling polycondensation. These polymers are stable in various solvents, including concentrated hydrochloric acid, and are thermally stable. The homocoupled polymer YPTPA shows much higher Brunauer–Emmet–Teller‐specific surface area up to 1557 m2 g−1 than the copolymer SPTPA (544 m2 g−1), and a high CO2 uptake ability of 3.03 mmol g−1 (1.13 bar/273 K) with a CO2/N2 sorption selectivity of 17.3:1. Both polymers show high isosteric heats of CO2 adsorption (22.7–26.5 kJ mol−1) because the incorporation of nitrogen atoms into the skeleton of microporous organic polymers enhances the interaction between the pore wall and the CO2 molecules. The values are higher than those of the porous aromatic frameworks, which contain neither additional polar functional groups nor nitrogen atoms, and are rather close to those of previously reported microporous organic polymers containing the nitrogen atoms on the pore wall. These data show that these materials would be potential candidates for applications in post‐combustion CO2 capture and sequestration technology.
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Facile Assembly of 3D Binary Colloidal Crystals from Soft Microgel Spheres
Authors: Liu Yang , Guan Ying , Zhang Yongjun 
Published: February 2014

It still remains a big challenge to fabricate binary colloidal crystals (binary CCs) from hard colloidal spheres, although a lot of efforts have been made. Here, for the first time, binary CCs are assembled from soft hydrogel spheres, PNIPAM microgels, instead of hard spheres. Different from hard spheres, microgel binary CCs can be facilely fabricated by simply heating binary microgel dispersions to 37 °C and then allowing them to cool back to room temperature. The formation of highly ordered structure is indicated by the appearance of an iridescent color and a sharp Bragg diffraction peak. Compared with hard sphere binary CCs, the assembly of PNIPAM microgel binary CCs is much simpler, faster and with a higher “atom” economy. The easy formation of PNIPAM microgel binary CC is attributed to the thermosensitivity and soft nature of the PNIPAM microgel spheres. In addition, PNIPAM microgel binary CCs can respond to temperature change, and their stop band can be tuned by changing the concentration of the dispersion.
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[unittitleWOL]
Authors: Gläser H. J. 
Published: February 2014

Algenwuchs auf der Außenoberfläche von Wärmedämmverbundsystemen (WDVS) wird verursacht durch länger andauernde Benetzung. Die derzeitigen Bekämpfungsmethoden greifen längerfristig nicht. Insbesondere Tau‐ und Reifbeschlag sind eine wesentliche Ursache, die entscheidend durch die hohe Wärmedämmung der Wärmeverbundsysteme hervorgerufen werden. Im folgenden Beitrag wird auf der Basis des kritischsten Szenarios für Außenbeschlag simuliert, wann dieser auftreten und ob er durch eine niedrig emittierende Außenoberfläche, wie bei hoch wärmedämmenden Verglasungen schon erprobt, vermieden werden können. Die Untersuchungen ergaben, dass mit einem thermischen Emissionsvermögen ε im Bereich von 0,05 bis 0,1 Außenbeschlag auf Wärmedämmverbundsystemen mit einem Wärmedurchgangskoeffizient U von 0,1 bis 0,2 W/(m2 K) theoretisch nicht zu vermeiden ist. Da jedoch das bei der Simulation zu Grunde gelegte kritischste Szenario für Außenbeschlag sehr stringent ist und mit ihm Außenbeschlag erst für relative Luftfeuchte rHo ≥ 95 % auftritt, kann gefolgert werden, dass er unter den vorgegebenen Bedingungen in der Praxis, wenn überhaupt, nur äußerst selten auftreten kann. Eine bzgl. Witterungsbeständigkeit und gegenüber Witterungsverschmutzung beständige Oberfläche kann mit Aluminium realisiert werden, das ggf. noch mit einer Titandioxidschicht passiviert ist. Wegen der fotokatalytischen Eigenschaften von TiO2 sind die Vorteile einer solchen Zusatzbeschichtung darüber hinaus Selbstreinigungseffekt und schnelles Abtrocknung der Oberfläche nach Regen. Letzteres wirkt dem Algenwuchs dann auch entgegen.
Design, synthesis, and characterization of a novel c‐donor‐nc‐bridge‐c‐acceptor type block copolymer for optoelectronic applications
Authors: Sun Sam‐Shajing , Brooks Jaleesa , Nguyen Thuong , Zhang Cheng 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACTA novel conjugated block copolymer system containing a donor‐type conjugated block (c‐D) covalently connected to an acceptor type conjugated block (c‐A) via a nonconjugated and flexible bridge chain (nc‐B), also called a DBA type block copolymer, has been designed, synthesized, and characterized for potential cost‐effective and high‐efficiency optoelectronic applications such as solar cells. Specifically, D is a regio‐regular para‐2‐ethylhexyloxy‐substituted polyphenylenevinylene (or EH‐RO‐PPV), A is a regio‐regular polyphenylenevinylene with sulfone (SO2) acceptor moiety and a linear oxydecane (‐OC10H21) group substituted on every phenylene unit, and B contains an aliphatic chain with two or four methylene units. The size of each block can be controlled via synthetic feed ratio of the monomer and the terminator. The measured average molecular weights of D, A, and DBA based on gel permission chromatography are in good agreements with the molecular weights calculated using the monomer:terminator synthetic feed ratios. Preliminary optoelectronic device studies revealed an order of magnitude better improvement in photoelectric power conversion efficiency of DBA over the corresponding D/A blend under identical fabrication and testing conditions. Such improvements could be attributed to more efficient photo induced charge separation and charge transport in DBA versus in D/A blends. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem.2014,52, 1149–1160