bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Traumatic brain injury: assessment, pathophysiology, and management
Authors: Grandhi Ramesh , Okonkwo David O. 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is the most common cause of death among individuals under 45 years of age in the Western World. Each year, roughly 1.7 millionpeople in the United States sustain head injuries, most of which are concussionsor mild TBI. However, brain trauma has a significant impact in the United States, as underscored by the approximately 52,000 deaths and 275,000 hospitalizationsper year, as well as the considerable financial burden placed on the healthcare systemin terms of direct medical expenditures, including long-term care to patientswith disabilities from TBI, and indirect costs related to loss of productivity.
Pediatric trauma
Authors: Rutigliano Daniel , Gaines Barbara A. 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
Management of pediatric trauma and the care of critically ill children are complexand evolving fields. Practitionerscaring for these children should take note of the differences in injury patternsas well as the response to injury and critical illness of children in comparison toadults; children should not be managed as “little adults.” Whenever possibleexposure to radiation should be kept to a minimum, non-operative management of solid organ injuries is standard-of-care, and early nutritional support is paramountto recovery. Children with severe traumatic brain injury and/or complexchest and abdominal injuries would best be served by transfer to the nearesthigh-level pediatric facility.
Critical care and trauma in pregnancy
Authors: Brown Joshua , Marshall Gary T. 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
Intensive care unit (ICU) admission is required in &lt; 1% of pregnant women;however, maternal and fetal mortality can increase several-fold in critically-illpregnant patients. Trauma is one of the frequent causes of maternal/fetal mortality, along with venous thromboembolism, hemorrhage, and hypertensive disorders.Diligent management of maternal conditions and risk factors carries thegreatest benefit to the fetus. Early involvement of obstetric expertise is stronglyadvised in all cases.
Rehabilitation considerations of trauma patients
Authors: Deluca Kerry , Wagner Amy 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
Assessment of the rehabilitation needs of the trauma patient begins in the Trauma Intensive Care Unit (ICU). Physiatrists, specialists in the field of PhysicalMedicine and Rehabilitation (PM&R), focus on a patient–s current and potentialfunctional impairment(s) with the goal of maximizing functional ability despitephysical and cognitive limitations.To best determine the appropriate level of postacute therapies, the physiatristconsiders prior level of function, living situation, and level of social support aswell as the patient–s current medical needs, functional level, and therapy needs.In some populations, early rehabilitation involvement inpatient care leads to better acute outcomes and decreased length of stay inacute care.
Atlas of EEG, Seizure Semiology, and Management
Authors: E. Misulis Karl 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
This resource is a richly-illustrated guide to the performance and interpretation of EEG and management of epilepsy. This second edition has been thoroughly revised and updated, and features hundreds of detailed EEGs covering the science in extensive scope and detail, beginning with basic electronics and physiology, followed by EEG interpretation, epilepsy diagnosis, and ultimately epilepsy management. It also includes all basic classifications and definitions of seizures and epilepsy, making it the perfect clinical companion. Full-color EEG presentations are featured alongside easy-to-read syntheses of anatomy, physiology, and available treatment modalities. These detailed explanations of wave pattern, presentation, and treatment provide the most informed sense of clinical application and readiness, covering every type of seizure, both epileptic and non-epileptic.
Clinical EEG
Authors: Misulis Karl E 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
Clinical EEG includes normal and abnormal EEG. Among the normal EEG patterns are a host of normal transients and variants which can be mistaken for epileptiform activity. Abnormal EEG patterns include both epileptiform and nonepileptiform activities. Some of the abnormal EEG patterns correlate with specific diagnostic entities, others have a more general clinical implication.
Seizure Semiology
Authors: Abou-Khalil Bassel , Misulis Karl E 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
Semiology is the study of signs, and had its origin not in medicine but in philosophy. The medical use of the study of signs began in the 17th century and since then the study of clinical signs has been the key to diagnosis in medicine. Seizure semiology is discussed in depth and correlated with the types and locations of epileptic generators. While semiology cannot, itself, produce precise localization, knowledge of seizure signs and other aspects of clinical presentation provides a powerful context for EEG and imaging data.
Phonetics
Authors: Embarki Mohamed 
Published: February 2014

AbstractPhonetics is a linguistic field that studies speech in terms of production, transmission, and reception. The three domains of speech study the speaker (production), the hearer (reception), and what takes place between the two (transmission). To this purpose, phoneticians use methods derived from the science of physiology for production, from physics for transmission, and from psychology for reception. In this article, the first section deals with the principal phonetic descriptions of the Arab system produced by the early Arab grammarians of the classical period (2nd/8th––5th/11th). The second section presents the consonant and vowel systems of modern Arabic. The third section deals with the contribution of experimental phonetics to the specificities of the consonant and vowel Arabic systems focusing in particular on (1) pharyngeal consonants; (2) pharyngealized consonants; (3) temporal aspects (vocalic and gemination quantity); and (4) consonant and vowel variation.
Sociolinguistics
Authors: Al-Wer Enam 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThis article provides a critical overview of the application of sociolinguistic principles, methods, and analysis to Arabic data with reference to research conducted over the past three decades or so in various Arabic-speaking societies. It focuses on linguistic variation and change, the major concerns of (variationist) sociolinguistics. The article begins with an outline of the relationship between traditional dialectology and sociolinguistics, the ways dialectological data are incorporated into sociolinguistic analysis, and the benefits of maintaining the link between the two disciplines. Then an outline is presented of the basic principles of the variationist paradigm, which are intricately bound up with sociolinguistic methodology and theory; where relevant, research practices in studies on Arabic are cited. The article then critically reviews the “diglossia” model as an approach to analyzing variation in Arabic. Finally, an alternative and up-to-date model of analysis is given, with case studies from recent research used as illustration.
Arabic Folk Linguistics
Authors: Suleiman Yasir 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThis article addresses some long-standing issues in Arabic sociolinguistics. The starting point is the concept of diglossia, which has become the port of entry for any discussion of the semiliquid language situation in the Arabic-speaking world. It first outlines the most abiding criticisms against diglossia and then offers thoughts on these as a prelude to discussing Arabic folk linguistics. It is argued that a folk linguistic perspective should be incorporated in studying Arabic in the social world. This perspective is important in developing an insider understanding of the language that may be at odds with the findings of modern linguistics. To aid the process of developing this perspective, the article adopts the terminology and conceptual frameworks Arabic speakers use in describing their language situation wherever possible—hence, the choice of fusha and ‘ammiyya instead of any of their translations into English, including Classical Arabic and vernacular, which Haeri uses.
Orality, Culture, And Language
Authors: Holes Clive 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThis article explores the relationship between linguistic form and function in the varying cultural landscapes of the contemporary Arabic-speaking world, including spontaneous speech, the contemporary electronic media (television, radio, the Internet), cinema, theater, and traditional performed oral literature, which have been revived and “reinvented.” It is shown that the relationship between orality and language in Arabic is complex. The layman’s mental landscape is of a “high,” literary, codified variety of the language strongly identified with a unifying religion (Islam) and a “golden age” of past imperial and literary glories, carrying great cultural prestige; and a “low,” chaotic (often regarded as grammarless) but homely variety associated with domesticity, intimacy, and the daily round. The emotional resonances of the two varieties are and always have been different. Consequently, they have, through the ages, occupied separate functional niches in all linguistically mediated communication, be it speech, writing, song, poetry, cinema, or theater.
Psycholinguistics
Authors: Boudelaa Sami 
Published: February 2014

AbstractPsycholinguistics—a blend of psychology and linguistics—is the scientific study of the mental processes underpinning our ability to acquire, produce, and comprehend language. This article focuses on two general strands of research that will give a rough idea about the present-day psycholinguistic enterprise: language comprehension and language production. It first gives a brief presentation of each of these. It then describes the research techniques used in psycholinguistics, followed by a presentation of the major issues driving research in the field. Third, it summarizes the specific questions that Arabic raises for psycholinguistic research and concludes with some remarks about the future of psycholinguistics.
The Classical Arabic Lexicographical Tradition
Authors: Sara Solomon 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThis article discusses three basic paradigmatic models that Arabic lexicographers adopted over time: (I) al-Khaliil’s model in Kitaab al-ʕayn; (II) al-Jawharii’s model in alhaah; and (III) al-Bustaanii’s model in Kitaab muħiiṭ al-muħiiṭ. Though the three approaches are procedurally opposed, all account for the lexical data of Arabic, offer justifiable procedures of how to account for the complexity of the data, and are maximally different from each other. The article presents a biographical sketch of these selected lexicographers, followed by a discussion of the design and composition of their dictionaries and where they fit in the historical flow of Arabic linguistic activity of their time.
Modern Lexicography
Authors: Buckwalter Tim , Parkinson Dilworth B. 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
This article is a critical survey of contemporary Arabic lexicography, covering a period beginning roughly with the first edition of the Hans Wehr dictionary and extending to present-day corpus-based machine-readable dictionaries and online lexical databases. It covers both monolingual and bilingual Arabic lexicography relating to the standard written language, Modern Standard Arabic, and to the dialects; however, only bilingual publications in which Arabic is the source language are discussed. The article reviews the different solutions that both Standard Arabic and dialect dictionaries have found to the issue of lemma representation (i.e., the choice of phonetic script) and the issue of lemma organization (i.e., whether to follow a root-based arrangement or one that is purely phonetic and alphabetical).
Studying the molecular ambient towards the young stellar object EGO G35.04−0.47
Authors: Paron Sergio , Ortega Martín , Astort Ana , Rubio Mónica , Fariña Cecilia 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
We are performing a systematic study of the interstellar medium around extended green objects (EGOs), likely massive young stellar objects driving outflows. EGO G35.04−0.47 is located towards a dark cloud at the north-western edge of an H ii region. Recently, H2 jets were discovered towards this source, mainly towards its south-west, where the H2 1–0 S(1) emission peaks. Therefore, the source was catalogued as the molecular hydrogen emission-line object MHO 2429. In order to study the molecular ambient towards this star-forming site, we observed a region around the aforementioned EGO using the Atacama Submillimeter Telescope Experiment in the 12CO J = 3–2, 13CO J = 3–2, HCO+ J = 4–3, and CS J = 7–6 lines with an angular and spectral resolution of 22′′ and 0.11 km s−1, respectively. The observations revealed a molecular clump where the EGO is embedded at vLSR ∼ 51 km s−1, in coincidence with the velocity of a Class I 95 GHz methanol maser previously detected. Analyzing the 12CO line we discovered high velocity molecular gas in the range from 34 to 47 km s−1, most likely a blueshifted outflow driven by the EGO. The alignment and shape of this molecular structure coincide with those of the south-west lobe of MHO 2429, mainly between 46 and 47 km s−1, confirming that we are mapping its CO counterpart. Performing a spectral energy distribution analysis of EGO G35.04−0.47, we found that its central object should be an intermediate-mass young stellar object accreting mass at a rate similar to those found in some massive YSOs. We suggest that this source can become a massive YSO.
X-ray emission from the galactic supernova remnant G12.0−0.1
Authors: Yamauchi Shigeo , Bamba Aya , Koyama Katsuji 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
We present results of the Suzaku/XIS observation around the radio supernova remnant (SNR) G12.0−0.1. No significant diffuse emission extending in or along the radio shell was observed. Instead, two compact X-ray sources, Suzaku J181205−1835 and Suzaku J181210−1842, were found in or near G12.0−0.1. Suzaku J181205−1835 is located at the north-west of the radio shell of G12.0−0.1. The X-ray profile is slightly extended over the point spread function of the Suzaku telescope. The X-ray spectrum has no line-like structure and is well represented by a power-law model with a photon index of 2.2 and an absorption column of NH = 4.9 × 1022 cm−2. The distances of Suzaku J181205−1835 and G12.0−0.1 are estimated from the absorption column and the Σ–D relation, respectively, and are nearly the same as each other. These results suggest that Suzaku J181205−1835 is a candidate for a pulsar wind nebula associated with G12.0−0.1. From its location, Suzaku J181210−1842 is expected to be unrelated to G12.0−0.1. The X-ray profile is point-like and the spectrum shows thin thermal emission with Fe K-lines at 6.4, 6.7, and 6.97 keV, similar to those of cataclysmic variables.
On the sodium versus iron correlation in late B-type stars
Authors: Takeda Yoichi , Kawanomoto Satoshi , Ohishi Naoko 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
With an aim to study whether the close correlation between [Na/H] and [Fe/H] recently found in A-type stars further persists in the regime of B-type stars, the abundances of Na were determined for 30 selected sharp-lined late B-type stars (10000 K ≲ Teff ≲ 14000 K) from the Na i 5890/5896 doublet. These Na abundances were then compared with the O and Fe abundances (derived from the O i 6156–8 and Fe ii 6147/6149 lines) showing anti-correlated peculiarities. It turned out that, unlike in the case of A-type stars, [Na/H] is roughly constant at a slightly subsolar level {[Na/H] ∼ −0.2 (±0.2)} without any significant correlation with [Fe/H], which shows considerable dispersion ranging from ∼ −0.6 to ∼ +1.0. This may serve as an important observational constraint for understanding the abundance peculiarities along with the physical mechanism of atomic diffusion in upper main-sequence stars of late A- through late B-type including Am and HgMn stars.
Direct Negative Chronotropic Action of Desflurane on Sinoatrial Node Pacemaker Activity in the Guinea Pig Heart
Authors: Kojima Akiko , Ito Yuki , Kitagawa Hirotoshi , Matsuura Hiroshi , Nosaka Shuichi 
Published: February 2014

Abstract

Background:
Desflurane inhalation is associated with sympathetic activation and concomitant increase in heart rate in humans and experimental animals. There is, however, little information concerning the direct effects of desflurane on electrical activity of sinoatrial node pacemaker cells that determines the intrinsic heart rate.

Methods:
Whole-cell patch-clamp experiments were conducted on guinea pig sinoatrial node pacemaker cells to record spontaneous action potentials and ionic currents contributing to sinoatrial node automaticity, namely, hyperpolarization-activated cation current (I
f), T-type and L-type Ca2+ currents (I
Ca,T and I
Ca,L, respectively), Na+/Ca2+ exchange current (I
NCX), and rapidly and slowly activating delayed rectifier K+ currents (I
Kr and I
Ks, respectively). Electrocardiograms were recorded from ex vivo Langendorff-perfused hearts and in vivo hearts.

Results:
Desflurane at 6 and 12% decreased spontaneous firing rate of sinoatrial node action potentials by 15.9% (n = 11) and 27.6% (n = 10), respectively, which was associated with 20.4% and 42.5% reductions in diastolic depolarization rate, respectively. Desflurane inhibited I
f, I
Ca,T, I
Ca,L, I
NCX, and I
Ks but had little effect on I
Kr. The negative chronotropic action of desflurane was reasonably well reproduced in sinoatrial node computer model. Desflurane reduced the heart rate in Langendorff-perfused hearts. High concentration (12%) of desflurane inhalation was associated with transient tachycardia, which was totally abolished by pretreatment with the β-adrenergic blocker propranolol.

Conclusions:
Desflurane has a direct negative chronotropic action on sinoatrial node pacemaking activity, which is mediated by its inhibitory action on multiple ionic currents. This direct inhibitory action of desflurane on sinoatrial node automaticity seems to be counteracted by sympathetic activation associated with desflurane inhalation in vivo.
Impact of Standardized Feeding Guidelines on Enteral Nutrition Administration, Growth Outcomes, Metabolic Bone Disease, and Cholestasis in the NICU
Authors: Loomis Theresa , Byham‐Gray Laura , Ziegler Jane , Parrott James S. 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACTObjectives:The objectives of this study were to determine whether the implementation of standardized feeding guidelines (SFGs) in a neonatal intensive care unit had an impact on the administration of enteral nutrition, growth, and bone and liver health.Methods:This was a retrospective chart review of infants ≤32 weeks' gestation and ≤1500 g at birth who received enteral nutrition either via traditional care (TC) or via SFGs. The outcomes of the study were to determine the day of life the first enteral feedings were started, the day of life full, fortified enteral feedings were established, the day of life the infant returned to birth weight, the change in weight z score from birth to day of life 30, and the presence of metabolic bone disease and cholestasis.Results:There were 128 infants in the TC group and 125 infants in the SFG group. Based on the Cox regression, no significant differences were found between the 2 groups in the length of time to the first feed (P = 0.110; CI 1.03–1.70), in the length of time to full, fortified enteral feedings (P = 0.334; CI 0.87–1.44), in the length of time to return to birth weight (P = 0.545; CI 0.77–1.28), incidence of metabolic bone disease (P = 0.990), or incidence of cholestasis (P = 0.926).Conclusions:This study provides preliminary evidence that SFGs have an effect on enteral nutrition administration, growth, and morbidity for preterm infants. Although the findings were not statistically significant, they are clinically relevant.
Evidence for widespread positive and negative selection in coding and conserved noncoding regions ofCapsella grandiflora
Authors: Williamson Robert J. , Josephs Emily B. , Platts Adrian E. , Hazzouri Khaled M. , Haudry Annabelle , Blanchette Mathieu , Wright Stephen I. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThe extent that both positive and negative selection vary across different portions of plant genomes remains poorly understood. Here, we sequence whole genomes of 13Capsella grandifloraindividuals and quantify the amount of selection across the genome. Using an estimate of the distribution of fitness effects, we show that selection is strong in coding regions, but weak in most noncoding regions, with the exception of 5’ and 3’ untranslated regions (UTRs). However, estimates of selection in noncoding regions conserved across the Brassicaceae family show strong signals of selection. Additionally, we see reductions in neutral diversity around functional substitutions in both coding and conserved noncoding regions, indicating recent selective sweeps at these sites. Finally, using expression data from leaf tissue we show that genes that are more highly expressed experience stronger negative selection but comparable levels of positive selection to lowly expressed genes. Overall, we observe widespread positive and negative selection in coding and regulatory regions, but our results also suggest that both positive and negative selection in plant noncoding sequence are considerably rarer than in animal genomes.Author SummarySelection affects patterns of genomic variation, but it is unclear how much the genomic effects of selection vary across plant genomes, particularly in noncoding regions. To determine the strength and extent of selective signatures across the genome, we sequenced and analyzed genomes from 13Capsella grandifloraindividuals.C. grandiflorais well-suited for this task because it has experienced a large, stable effective population size, so we expect that selection signatures will not be overly distorted by demographic effects. Our analysis shows that positive and negative selection acting on new mutations have broadly shaped patterns of genomic diversity in coding regions but not in most noncoding regions. However, when we focus only on noncoding regions that show evidence of constraint across species, we see evidence for strong positive and negative selection. In addition, we find that genes with high expression experience stronger negative selection than genes with low expression, but the extent of positive selection appears to be equivalent across expression categories.
Specialization of Oleosins in Oil Body Dynamics during Seed Development in Arabidopsis Seeds
Authors: Miquel Martine , Trigui Ghassen , d’Andréa Sabine , Kelemen Zsolt , Baud Sébastien , Berger Adeline , Deruyffelaere Carine , Trubuil Alain , Lepiniec Loïc , Dubreucq Bertrand 
Published: February 2014

AbstractOil bodies (OBs) are seed-specific lipid storage organelles that allow the accumulation of neutral lipids that sustain plantlet development after the onset of germination. OBs are covered with specific proteins embedded in a single layer of phospholipids. Using fluorescent dyes and confocal microscopy, we monitored the dynamics of OBs in living Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) embryos at different stages of development. Analyses were carried out with different genotypes: the wild type and three mutants affected in the accumulation of various oleosins (OLE1, OLE2, and OLE4), three major OB proteins. Image acquisition was followed by a detailed statistical analysis of OB size and distribution during seed development in the four dimensions (x, y, z, and t). Our results indicate that OB size increases sharply during seed maturation, in part by OB fusion, and then decreases until the end of the maturation process. In single, double, and triple mutant backgrounds, the size and spatial distribution of OBs are modified, affecting in turn the total lipid content, which suggests that the oleosins studied have specific functions in the dynamics of lipid accumulation.