bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Performance Analysis of a 40mw Class Advanced Humid Air Turbine Pilot Plant
Authors: Watanabe Yutaka , Takahashi Toru 
Published: April 2014

Recently, high efficiency and operational flexibility are required for thermal power plants to reduce CO2 emissions and to introduce renewable energy sources. We study the advanced humid air turbine (AHAT) system, which appears to be high suitable for practical use because its configuration is simpler than that of gas turbine combined cycle power plants (GTCCs). Moreover, the thermal efficiency of AHAT system for small and medium-size gas turbines is higher than that of GTCCs.
To verify feasibility of this system and the cycle performance of AHAT system, a 3MW-class pilot plant was built in 2006 by Hitachi, Ltd., which mainly consists of a gas turbine, a water atomization cooling (WAC) system, a recuperator, a humidification tower and a water recovery tower. Through the operational test from 2006 to 2010, we confirmed the feasibility of the AHAT as a power-generation system, and various characteristics such as the effect of changes in ambient temperature, part-load characteristics, and start-up characteristics.
Next step, a 40MW-class pilot plant was built in 2011 and started operational tests. This system mainly consists of a dual-shaft heavy duty gas turbine, a WAC system, a recuperator and a humidifier. As a result of the operational test, it has been confirmed that the pilot plant output achieved rated power output. In this paper, we show the 40MW-class pilot plant running test results, and evaluate thermal characteristics of this plant and the effect of WAC and humidification on performance of this gas turbine system.
Flame-Made Catalyst for Bio-Methanol Steam Reforming
Authors: Hotz Nico 
Published: April 2014

In the present study, a catalyst produced by flame spray pyrolysis (FSP) was evaluated for its ability to produce hydrogen-rich gas mixtures. Catalyst particles fabricated by a novel flame spray pyrolysis method resulting in a highly active catalyst with high surface-to-volume ratio were compared to a commercially produced catalyst (BASF F3-01). Both catalysts consisted of CuO/ZnO/Al2O3 of identical composition (CuO 40wt%, ZnO 40wt%, Al2O3 20wt%). Reaction temperatures between 220 and 295 °C, methanol-water inlet flow rates between 2 and 50 μl/min, and reactor masses between 25 and 100 mg were tested for their effect on methanol conversion and the production of undesired carbon monoxide. 100% methanol conversion can be easily achieved within the operational conditions mentioned for this flame-made catalyst — at reactor temperatures of 255 °C (achievable with non-concentrating solar collectors) more than 80% methanol conversion can be reached for methanol-water inlet flow rates as high as 10 μl/min. The FSP catalyst demonstrates similar catalytic abilities as the BASF, produces a consistent gas composition and produces lower overall CO production. Furthermore, the FSP catalyst demonstrates a better suitability to fuel cell use through its higher resistance to degradation and smaller production of carbon monoxide over long-term use.
In the present study, the merits of using flame spray pyrolysis to produce CuO/ZnO/Al2O3 methanol steam reforming catalysts are examined, and directly compared to catalysts that are commercially produced in bulk pellet form, and then ground and sieved. The comparison is performed from several different perspectives: catalytic activity and CO production at various temperatures and fuel inlet flow rates; surface and structure characteristics are determined via scanning electron and transmission electron microscopy; surface area characteristics are determined via Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) tests.
Sub-Diffraction Limit Three Dimensional Particle Tracking Velocimetry
Authors: Snoeyink Craig A. , Christopher Gordon , Barman Sourav , Wereley Steve 
Published: April 2014

Here we present an optical measurement technique and image analysis process capable of tracking particles in three dimensions with a single point of view. In addition to single view 3D-PTV, the optical system is capable of tracking individual particles even at particle-particle spacings that are closer then the diffraction limit of the base imaging system.
The measurement system, termed Bessel Beam Microscopy (BBM), functions as an attachment for a microscope that fits between the microscope base and camera. The addition of the BBM attachment transforms the point spread function (PSF) of the microscope allowing two unique functions: single image superresolution imaging, and the extraction of three dimension location information of particles without calibration.
The result is a fluid characterization tool with unique capabilities for velocimetry and characterization of the dynamics of dense fluid-particle suspensions.
A Design-of-Experiments Approach to Study Thermal Property Effects on Melt Pool Geometry in Powder-Based EBAM
Authors: Cheng Bo , Chou Kevin 
Published: April 2014

Powder-based electron beam additive manufacturing (EBAM) is capable of making full-density metallic parts and has been increasingly utilized to produce complex-shaped, custom-designed Ti-6Al-4V alloy parts. EBAM also has the potential using other various powders materials such as intermetallics. Different materials will have different thermal properties that will result in distinct thermal responses during the EBAM process and thus, selecting adequate process parameters can be challenging. Because virtually all thermal properties would change when a different material was selected, testing individual thermal property is insufficient to understand the anticipated thermal response when a different powder material is to be used.
In this study, EBAM process thermal simulations were extended to study the effect of thermal properties in EBAM in a more systematic way using the design of experiments approach. Four factors, two levels, and full factorial experiments were conducted. Three simulation response of melt pool geometry was evaluated using analysis of variance (ANOVA). It is concluded that the thermal conductivity and the melting temperature are the two most significant factors.
Assessment of the Dynamic Response of a Lumbar Spine Functional Unit Under Axial Compressive High Loading Rate: Outcome on the Axial Disc Bulge and its Relation to the Load Magnitude
Authors: Thorbole Chandrashekhar K. , Jorgensen M. , Lankarani H. M. 
Published: April 2014

Human lumbar spine tolerance to the compressive impact loading is less when compared to its tolerance to the perpendicular dynamic load. The dynamic response of the functional spinal unit in compressive loading is governed by the viscoelastic behavior of the IVD (Intervertebral disc). The axial bulge of the disc is the result of viscoelastic nature of the nucleus which tends to swell under high loading rate. This characteristic causes the end-plate to bow into the cancellous bone as it is supported by the strong cortical bone on its periphery. The end-plate is one of the important elements in the functional spinal unit if failed results disc material to progress into the vertebral body beneath it.
This paper quantifies the axial bulge of the end-plate under dynamic compressive load using Finite Element Method. A simple validated axis symmetry FE model is employed to identify the most vulnerable lumbar spine level using the sensitivity analysis. This is followed by the development of more detailed FE model with viscoelastic modeling of the nucleus and the annulus. The dynamic load is applied on the superior vertebral body which follows triangular loading profile with 50ms rise time. The axial bulge is quantified at the center of the disc as this is the location of maximum deflection and local stress in the end-plate. The ratio of axial bulge and the total FSU deflection is plotted against magnitude of load applied to gain insight regarding the relation between load magnitude and axial bulge.
This study will complement the research on end-plate fracture mechanism and its role in causing the burst fracture based on the magnitude of load.
Shear Forces Enhance Toxoplasma gondii Tachyzoite Motility on Vascular Endothelium
Authors: Harker Katherine S. , Jivan Elizabeth , McWhorter Frances Y. , Liu Wendy F. , Lodoen Melissa B. 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTToxoplasma gondiiis a highly successful parasite that infects approximately one-third of the human population and can cause fatal disease in immunocompromised individuals. Systemic parasite dissemination to organs such as the brain and eye is critical to pathogenesis.T. gondiican disseminate via the circulation, and both intracellular and extracellular modes of transport have been proposed. However, the processes by which extracellular tachyzoites adhere to and migrate across vascular endothelium under the conditions of rapidly flowing blood remain unknown. We used microfluidics and time-lapse fluorescence microscopy to examine the interactions between extracellularT. gondiiand primary human endothelial cells under conditions of physiologic shear stress. Remarkably, tachyzoites adhered to and glided on human vascular endothelium under shear stress conditions. Compared to static conditions, shear stress enhancedT. gondiihelical gliding, resulting in a significantly greater displacement, and increased the percentage of tachyzoites that invaded or migrated across the endothelium. The intensity of the shear forces (from 0.5 to 10 dynes/cm2) influenced both initial and sustained adhesion to endothelium. By examining tachyzoites deficient in theT. gondiiadhesion protein MIC2, we found that MIC2 contributed to initial adhesion but was not required for adhesion strengthening. These data suggest that under fluidic conditions,T. gondiiadhesion to endothelium may be mediated by a multistep cascade of interactions that is governed by unique combinations of adhesion molecules. This work provides novel information about tachyzoite interactions with vascular endothelium and contributes to our understanding ofT. gondiidissemination in the infected host.IMPORTANCEToxoplasma gondiiis a global parasite pathogen that can cause fatal disease in immunocompromised individuals. An unresolved question is how the parasites circulate in the body to tissues to cause disease.T. gondiiparasites are found in the bloodstream of infected animals and patients, and they have been shown to adhere to and cross the endothelial cells that line blood vessel walls. To investigate these interactions, we devised a microfluidic system to visualize parasites interacting with vascular endothelium under conditions similar to those found in the bloodstream. Interestingly, parasite migration was significantly influenced by the mechanical force of shear flow. Furthermore, we identified a role for the parasite surface protein MIC2 in the initial phase of adhesion. Our study is the first to document T. gondiiinteractions with endothelium under shear stress conditions and provides a foundation for future studies on the molecules that mediate parasite interaction with the vasculature.
Barriers to accurate diagnosis and effective management of heart failure have not changed in the past 10 years: a qualitative study and national survey
Authors: Hancock Helen C , Close Helen , Fuat Ahmet , Murphy Jerry J , Hungin A Pali S , Mason James M 
Published: April 2014

ObjectivesTo explore changes in healthcare professionals’ views about the diagnosis and management of heart failure since a study in 2003.DesignFocus groups and a national online cross-sectional survey.Setting and participantsFocus groups (n=8 with a total of 56 participants) were conducted in the North East of England using a phenomenological framework and purposive sampling, informing a UK online survey (n=514).Results4 categories were identified as contributing to variations in the diagnosis and management of heart failure. Three previously known categories included: uncertainty about clinical practice, the value of clinical guidelines and tensions between individual and organisational practice. A new category concerned uncertainty about end-of-life care. Survey responses found that confidence varied among professional groups in diagnosing left ventricular systolic dysfunction (LVSD): 95% of cardiologists, 93% of general physicians, 66% of general practitioners (GPs) and 32% of heart failure nurses. For heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF), confidence levels were much lower: 58% of cardiologists, 43% of general physicians, 7% of GPs and 6% of heart failure nurses. Only 5–35% of respondents used natriuretic peptides for LVSD or HFpEF. Confidence in interpreting test findings was fundamental to the use of all diagnostic tests. Clinical guidelines were reported to be helpful when diagnosing LVSD by 33% of nurses and 50–56% of other groups, but fell to 5–28% for HFpEF. Some GPs did not routinely initiate diuretics (23%), ACE-inhibitors (22%) or β-blockers (38%) for LVSD for reasons including historical teaching, perceived side effects and burden of monitoring. For end-of-life care, there was no consensus about responsibility for heart failure management.ConclusionsReported differences in the way heart failure is diagnosed and managed have changed little in the past decade. Variable access to diagnostic tests, modes of care delivery and non-uniform management approaches persist. The current National Health Service (NHS) context may not be conducive to addressing these issues.
Variational problem for Hamiltonian system on so(k, m) Lie–Poisson manifold and dynamics of semiclassical spin
Authors: Deriglazov A. A. 
Published: March 2014

We describe the procedure for obtaining Hamiltonian equations on a manifold with so (k, m) Lie–Poisson bracket from a variational problem. This implies identification of the manifold with base of a properly constructed fiber bundle embedded as a surface into the phase space with canonical Poisson bracket. Our geometric construction underlies the formalism used for construction of spinning particles in [A. A. Deriglazov, Mod. Phys. Lett. A 28, 1250234 (2013); Ann. Phys. 327, 398 (2012); Phys. Lett. A 376, 309 (2012)], and gives precise mathematical formulation of the oldest idea about spin as the "inner angular momentum".
Devonian–Permian magmatic pulses in the northern Vosges Mountains (NE France): result of continuous subduction of the Rhenohercynian Ocean and Avalonian passive margin
Authors: Tabaud Anne-Sophie , Whitechurch Hubert , Rossi Philippe , Schulmann Karel , Guerrot Catherine , Cocherie Alain 
Published: April 2014

Abstract

Middle Devonian–Permian magmatic rocks from the northern Vosges Mountains show temporal and chemical variations which are linked to the continuous subduction of the Rhenohercynian oceanic crust and the Avalonian Devonian passive margin underneath the Saxothuringian continental crust. Major and trace elements and Sr–Nd isotopes of the northern Vosges basic to acidic magmatic rocks show that they evolved through time from: (1) Middle Devonian tholeiitic to calc-alkaline volcanic Rabodeau–Schirmeck sequence derived from partial melting of a depleted mantle, with these primary magmas having triggered anatexis of young crustal material of the Saxothuringian crust; (2) calc-alkaline Bande Médiane volcanic belt (
c.
334 Ma), diorite and Hohwald granodiorite intrusion (
c.
329 Ma) originated from enriched mantle contaminated and metasomatized by fluids expelled from a subduction zone; (3) high-K calc-alkaline Belmont granite (
c.
318 Ma), whose chemical signature suggests magma-mixing between enriched mantle-derived melts and magmas from a young crustal source; (4) Mg–K Younger granite (
c.
312 Ma) might be related to partial melting of enriched mantle which interacted with juvenile crustal material; and (5) Kagenfels S-type granite and Permian volcanic rocks generated by anatexis of meta-igneous and minor metasedimentary rocks.

Supplementary material:

Chemical analyses of biotite and amphibole of the northern Vosges rocks are available at
http://www.geolsoc.org.uk/SUP18740
.
Cardiovascular Emergency Hospital Visits and Hourly Changes in Air Pollution
Authors: Yorifuji Takashi , Suzuki Etsuji , Kashima Saori 
Published: April 2014

Background and Purpose—
Few studies have examined the effect of hourly changes in air pollution on cardiovascular disease morbidity. We evaluated the associations between hourly changes in air pollution and the risks of several types of cardiovascular disease.

Methods—
We used a time-stratified case-crossover design. Study participants were 10 949 residents of the city of Okayama, Japan, aged ≥65 years who were taken to hospital emergency rooms between January 2006 and December 2010 for onset of cardiovascular disease. We calculated city representative hourly average concentrations of air pollutants from several monitoring stations and examined the associations between air pollution exposure before the case event, focusing mainly on suspended particulate matter, and disease onset.

Results—
Suspended particulate matter exposure 0 to <6 hours before the case events was associated with risks of onset of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease; odds ratios after 1 interquartile range increase in suspended particulate matter exposure were 1.04 (95% confidence interval, 1.01–1.06) for cardiovascular disease and 1.04 (95% confidence interval, 1.00–1.08) for cerebrovascular disease. We observed an elevated risk of hemorrhagic as well as ischemic stroke, but the risk was slightly higher for hemorrhagic stroke, and this elevation was persistent. Women tended to have higher effect estimates.

Conclusions—
This study provides further evidence that particulate matter exposure increases the risks of onset of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease (including hemorrhagic stroke) shortly after exposure.
The Role of Stratospheric Polar Vortex Breakdown in Southern Hemisphere Climate Trends
Authors: Sun Lantao , Chen Gang , Robinson Walter A. 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
This paper investigates the connection between the delay in the final breakdown of the stratospheric polar vortex, the stratospheric final warming (SFW), and Southern Hemisphere climate trends. The authors first analyze Interim European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) Re-Analysis (ERA-Interim) and three climate model outputs with different climate forcings. Climate trends appear when there is a delay in the timing of SFWs. When regressed onto the SFW dates (which reflect the anomaly when the SFW is delayed for one standard deviation of its onset dates), the anomaly pattern bears a resemblance to the observed climate trends, for all the model outputs, even without any trends. This suggests that the stratospheric and tropospheric circulations are organized by the timing of SFWs in both the interannual time scale and climate trends because of external forcings.
The authors further explore the role of the SFW using a simplified dynamical model in which the ozone depletion is mimicked by a springtime polar stratospheric cooling. The responses of zonal-mean atmospheric circulation, including zonal wind, temperature, and poleward edge of the Hadley cell and the Ferrel cell, are similar to the observed climate trends. The authors divide the years into those in which the SFW is delayed and those in which it is not. The responses for the years in which the SFW is delayed are very similar to the overall response, while the stratosphere is only characterized by the localized cooling for those years in which the SFW is not delayed, with no subsequent downward influence into the troposphere. This suggests that, in order to affect the troposphere, ozone depletion must first delay the SFW so as to induce a deep response in planetary wave drag and the associated eddy-driven circulation.
Sorption of As(V) by some oxyhydroxides and clay minerals. Application to its immobilization in two polluted mining soils
Authors: García- Sanchez A. , Alvarez-Ayuso E. , Rodriguez-Martin F. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractAmong the arsenic species in the environment, arsenate predominates under oxidizing conditions in soils and waters. The adsorption of As(V) by some natural Fe oxyhydroxides and clay minerals and synthetic Al(OH)3and FeOOH has been studied. The results show a very high As(V) adsorption capacity on both synthetic Al hydroxide (122 mg/g at pH: 5) and Fe oxyhydroxide (76 mg/g at pH 5). This adsorption capacity is pH dependent and shows maximum values at ∼pH 4. The application of these adsorbents to arsenic immobilization in the remediation process of two polluted mining soils with some differences in their physicochemical characteristics has also been studied. The best results were obtained when synthetic Al(OH)3and FeOOH were used; these materials decreased the water-extractable fraction of As by 55–79% for one soil and by nearly 100% for the other soil, the latter with higher pH and Eh values.
Conditions for starlikeness of the Libera operator
Authors: Nunokawa Mamoru , Sokół Janusz , Cho Nak Eun , Kwon Oh Sang 
Published: March 2014

Abstract
Let "Equation missing" denote the class of functions f that are analytic in the unit disc "Equation missing" and normalized by

f
(
0
)
=

f
′

(
0
)
−
1
=
0

. In this paper some conditions are determined for starlikeness of the Libera integral operator

F
(
z
)
=

2
z

∫
0
z

f
(
t
)

d
t

.

MSC:30C45, 30C80.
High prevalence of altered cardiac repolarization in patients with COPD
Authors: Sievi Noriane A , Clarenbach Christian F , Camen Giovanni , Rossi Valentina A , van Gestel Arnoldus JR , Kohler Malcolm 
Published: April 2014

Abstract

Background
Altered cardiac repolarization and increased dispersion of repolarization have been identified as risk factors for sudden cardiac death (SCD). The prevalence of and the mechanisms contributing to altered cardiac repolarization are currently unknown in COPD.

Methods
In 91 COPD patients, 32 controls matched for age, cardiovascular risk and medication, and 41 healthy subjects, measures of cardiac repolarization and dispersion of repolarization (QTc interval, QT dispersion) were derived from 12-lead electrocardiography (ECG). Prevalence rates of heart rate corrected QT (QTc) >450ms and QT dispersion >60ms were determined to assess the number of subjects at risk for SCD. Univariate and multivariate analyses were used to identify possible factors contributing to altered cardiac repolarization.

Results
QTc was found to be prolonged in 31.9% and QT dispersion in 24.2% of the COPD patients compared to 12.5% in matched controls and 0% in healthy subjects. The QTc interval was longer in COPD patients compared to matched and healthy controls respectively (437.9 ± 29.5 vs. 420.1 ± 25.3 ms, p = 0.001 and vs. 413.4 ± 18.2 ms, p < 0.001). QT dispersion was significantly increased in COPD patients compared to healthy subjects (45.4 (34.8 , 59.5) vs. 39.7 (29.3 , 54.8) ms, p = 0.049). Only oxygen saturation was independently associated with QTc duration in multivariate analysis (β = -0.29, p = 0.015).

Conclusion
One third of a typical COPD population has altered cardiac repolarization and increased dispersion of repolarization, which may be related to hypoxia. Altered cardiac repolarization may expose these patients to an increased risk for malignant ventricular arrhythmias and SCD.