bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Uses of non‐invasive imaging in the diagnosis of skin cancer: an overview of the currently available modalities
Authors: Wassef Cindy , Rao Babar K. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractBackgroundEmerging tools for the diagnosis of skin cancer are non‐invasive imaging devices that allow for skin visualization without biopsy. While the capabilities of non‐invasive imaging tools are far‐reaching, each varies in its resolution depth, image clarity, clinical applicability, accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity.ObjectiveThe objective of this review is to evaluate non‐invasive imaging modalities, and examine their capabilities, conditions for use, clinical applications, and limitations.Materials and methodsA literature review was conducted on Pubmed using the search term “non‐invasive diagnostic imaging tools and skin”. Relevant citations suggested by Pubmed were included. Each non‐invasive imaging tool evaluated was also used as a search term along with the word “skin”.ResultsWhile some tools are meant to be aids to histology like dermoscopy and optical coherence tomography, other tools, like confocal microscopy and tape stripping mRNA, show the potential to surpass histology and become the new “gold standard”. Experience with use of these instruments plays a large role in their utility value. While digital multispectral dermoscopy is able to generate a diagnosis, other tools like dermoscopy and confocal microscopy require learning and clinical experience.LimitationsA search was conducted using only one search engine. Only English language articles were considered.ConclusionsHow useful these tools are to dermatologists is dependent on their understanding of how the tools can aid them in diagnosis and their confidence in the results. Further research in this field will solidify non‐invasive imaging tools as reliable tools in skin cancer diagnosis.
Comparison of hair shaft damage after chemical treatment in Asian, White European, and African hair
Authors: Lee Yoonhee , Kim Youn‐Duk , Pi Long‐quan , Lee Sung Yul , Hong Hannah , Lee Won‐Soo 
Published: November 2013

AbstractBackgroundDiverse causes of extrinsic damage to the hair shaft have been documented and can be roughly divided into physical and chemical causes. Chemical causes of hair damage include bleaching, hair dyeing, and perming.ObjectivesThe goal of this study was to investigate differences in patterns of serial damage in Asian, White European (WE), and African hair after chemical stress imposed by straightening and coloring treatments.MethodsHairs were divided into control and treatment groups (straightening, coloring, and a combination of straightening and coloring). At 24 hours after the final treatment, patterns of hair damage were evaluated using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and lipid TEM. Grades of hair cuticle and cortex damage were evaluated by three dermatologists.ResultsIn the TEM examination, the cuticle of Asian hair proved to be resistant to damage caused by straightening treatments, whereas the WE hair cuticle and cortex were relatively susceptible to stress imposed by coloring treatments. In the combination treatment of straightening and coloring, African hair emerged as the most resistant to stress. In the lipid TEM examination, no notable differences in cell membrane complex damage were observed among the three groups of hairs.ConclusionsThe present study suggests that WE hair is relatively susceptible and African hair is more resistant to chemical stresses, such as those imposed by straightening and coloring.
Cutaneous porphyrias part I: epidemiology, pathogenesis, presentation, diagnosis, and histopathology
Authors: Horner Mary E. , Alikhan Ali , Tintle Suzanne , Tortorelli Silvia , Davis Dawn Marie R. , Hand Jennifer L. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe porphyrias are a group of disorders characterized by defects in the heme biosynthesis pathway. Many present with skin findings including photosensitivity, bullae, hypertrichosis, and scarring. Systemic symptoms may include abdominal pain, neuropsychiatric changes, anemia, and liver disease. With advances in DNA analysis, researchers are discovering the underlying genetic causes of the porphyrias, enabling family members to be tested for genetic mutations. Here we present a comprehensive review of porphyria focusing on those with cutaneous manifestations. In Part I, we have included the epidemiology, pathogenesis, presentation, diagnosis, and histopathology. Treatment and management options will be discussed in Part II.
Morphologic detection of blast cells in the cerebrospinal fluid at diagnosis of adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia appears to be associated with adverse prognosis
Authors: Ko S.‐Y. , Chi H.‐S. , Jang S. , Park C.‐J. 
Published: November 2013

SummaryIntroductionAppropriate treatment of central nervous system (CNS) involvement in adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is important for patient prognosis, but the diagnostic criteria of CNS involvement has not been established.MethodsThe significance of blast cells in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) at diagnosis was evaluated in 81 adults newly diagnosed with ALL. Patients with unequivocal morphologic evidence of lymphoblasts in the cytocentrifuged CSF slide were considered to have CNS involvement regardless of the leukocyte count. The outcomes of the patients were analyzed.ResultsFour of the 81 patients (5%) had detectable blast cells, and three of these four patients had less than five leukocytes/μL of CSF. One‐year event‐free survival (EFS) was 25.0% and 53.2% (P = 0.008) and overall survival (OS) was 50.0% and 68.8% (P = 0.001) in patients with and without CNS involvement, respectively. CNS involvement had prognostic impact on EFS (P = 0.047) and OS (P = 0.009) after adjusting for sex, age, leukocyte count, Philadelphia chromosome status, and immunophenotype.ConclusionThis study suggests that morphologic detection of blast cells in the CSF at diagnosis of adult ALL, regardless of the leukocyte count, is associated with adverse prognosis.
Aberrant expression of Wnt family contributes to the pathogenesis of diabetes‐induced erectile dysfunction
Authors: Shin S. H. , Kim W. J. , Choi M. J. , Park J.‐M. , Jin H.‐R. , Yin G. N. , Ryu J.‐K. , Suh J.‐K. 
Published: November 2013

SummaryDiabetic erectile dysfunction (ED) has multiple causative factors, such as endothelial and smooth muscle dysfunction and cavernous fibrosis. Wnt signalling is essential for normal embryonic development and for tissue homeostasis in adults. Aberrant activation of Wnt family members has been implicated in tissue fibrosis and in angiogenesis. In this study, we investigated the differential expression of Wnts in the penises of mice with streptozotocin‐induced diabetic ED. We also examined the effect of transforming growth factor‐β1 (TGF‐β1) on the expression of Wnts in primary cultured fibroblasts isolated from human tunica albuginea. Among the mouse and human Wnts tested, 16 mouse Wnts and 14 human Wnts were detected in the corpus cavernosum tissue of normal mice and in fibroblasts derived from human tunica albuginea respectively. We observed up‐regulation of Wnt10b (known to be involved in tissue fibrosis) and down‐regulation of Wnt16 (known to be involved in vasculogenesis and hematopoiesis), both in the diabetic condition in vivo and with treatment of fibroblasts with TGF‐β1 in vitro. Wnt10b was mainly expressed in fibroblasts and Wnt16 was colocalized with smooth muscle cells in the corpus cavernosum tissue. Cavernous TGF‐β1 protein expression and the degree of cavernous fibrosis determined by the ratio of collagen to smooth muscle content were significantly higher in diabetic mice than in controls. Cavernous endothelial content was significantly decreased by the diabetic condition. Overexpression of Wnt16 with plasmid vector accelerated tube formation in primary cultured mouse cavernous endothelial cells. However, down‐regulation of Wnt10b with small interfering RNA did not decrease the production of extracellular matrix protein in human fibroblasts. This is the first report demonstrating the differential expression of Wnts in diabetic mouse penis. Aberrant Wnt expression might contribute to the pathogenesis of ED.
Testosterone of young husbands rises with children in the home
Authors: Mazur A. 
Published: November 2013

SummaryEvolutionary theory suggests that a man's testosterone (T) decreases after his fathering of children, when his priority shifts from mating to cooperative parenting (Fatherhood: Evolution and Human Parental Behavior, 2010). A variation in this theory has T decreasing for highly educated fathers but increasing for less educated fathers (Evol Hum Behav, 33, 2012, 665). The Vietnam Experience Study of 4462 male army veterans is here used to explore related hypotheses: (i) that T decreases with the presence (or increasing number) of children in the man's home and (ii) that the T rises or falls depending on father's education. These related hypotheses are not supported. To the contrary, among young fathers, ages 30–35 years, T is higher with the presence and number of children in the home, independent of education.
‘It's like a bag of pick and mix – you don't know what you are going to get’: young people's experience of neurofibromatosis Type 1
Authors: Barke Jenny , Harcourt Diana , Coad Jane 
Published: November 2013

AbstractAimsTo explore the day‐to‐day experience of young people living with neurofibromatosis type 1 in the UK, focusing on the role that appearance plays in this experience.Backgroundneurofibromatosis type 1 is a genetic condition, which is highly variable and unpredictable. It can result in varying degrees of visible difference (disfigurement). Both the effect of NF1 on appearance and its uncertainty can prove particularly difficult for those affected. However, very little research to date has investigated the psychosocial impact of neurofibromatosis type 1 on young people or their experiences of managing it.DesignExploratory qualitative interview study.MethodsNine young people aged 14–24, with a confirmed diagnosis of neurofibromatosis type 1, took part in semi‐structured interviews between March–September 2011. Interview transcripts were thematically analysed.FindingsThree key themes were identified from the data: (1) ‘Different things to different people’ reflecting the variability in the condition; (2) ‘Relationships and reactions’ relating to individuals’ social experience; and (3) ‘Understanding and misunderstanding’ reflecting participants’ experiences with organizations and social structures.ConclusionsFindings suggest a need for further research to explore young people's adaptation and management of neurofibromatosis type 1. In particular, raising awareness and understanding of the condition among professionals and in the general public was an important issue for young people. In addition, access to trustworthy information about neurofibromatosis type 1 and practical advice to support adjustment to an altered appearance and managing stigma experiences are highlighted as areas to be considered further.
Substance Use Among Gang Member Adolescents and Young Adults and Associations With Friends and Family Substance Use
Authors: Hoffman Beth R. , Weathers Nnenna , Sanders Bill 
Published: November 2013

ProblemGang membership is an indicator of chronic substance use. Social network studies indicate that substance use in youth is related to substance use in friends and family; however, no such analyses among gang youth have been conducted.MethodsInterviews were conducted with a sample of young gang members (n= 60) inLosAngeles. Univariate analyses were conducted.FindingsCigarette use in gang members was strongly associated with cigarette use in friendship networks. There were no associations for use of alcohol and marijuana.ConclusionsFew associations emerged between substance use in participants and their friends/family. Possible explanations for these findings are presented.
The persistence of cognitive deficits in remitted and unremitted ADHD: a case for the state‐independence of response inhibition
Authors: McAuley Tara , Crosbie Jennifer , Charach Alice , Schachar Russell 
Published: November 2013

BackgroundResponse inhibition, working memory, and response variability are possible endophenotypes of ADHD based on their association with the disorder and evidence of heritability. One of the critical although rarely studied criteria for a valid endophenotype is that it persists despite waxing and waning of the overt manifestations of the disorder, a criterion known as state‐independence. This study examined whether these aspects of cognition exhibit state‐independence in ADHD.MethodsOne hundred and seventy‐nine children diagnosed with ADHD in a rigorous baseline assessment were contacted for follow‐up assessment in adolescence. Of this sample, 130 (73%) were reascertained. At follow‐up, children previously diagnosed with ADHD were identified as remittent (n = 24), persistent (n = 64), or in partial remission (n = 42) based on symptoms and impairment of the disorder. Response inhibition, working memory, and response variability were assessed both in childhood (baseline) and adolescence (follow‐up) and were compared with age‐matched controls (40 children and 28 adolescents) seen at either time point.ResultsRelative to controls, ADHD children showed baseline deficits in response inhibition, working memory, and response variability. Only the group difference in response inhibition remained significant in adolescence. In general, cognitive performance among ADHD participants improved with age and did so regardless of changes in ADHD symptoms and impairment. Within the ADHD group, however, cognitive performance in childhood and in adolescence did not differ amongst those with persistent, remittent, and partially remittent forms of the disorder.ConclusionsResults demonstrate that response inhibition not only distinguishes ADHD children from their unaffected peers but is also state‐independent, such that deficits remain present irrespective of changes in the disease phenotype. In other words, inhibitory deficits measured in childhood persist into adolescence even when the ADHD phenotype remits. These findings provide further evidence that the ability to stop prepotent actions is an endophenotype of ADHD.
School‐Based Pediatric Asthma Surveillance in Massachusetts From 2005 to 2009
Authors: Medaglia Frances , Knorr Robert S. , Condon Suzanne K. , Charleston Alicia C. 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTBACKGROUNDAsthma is the most common chronic disease among children today, yet surveillance is limited to national and state estimates which can vary over time, by location and by population types. This article describes a comprehensive statewide school‐based asthma surveillance program and examine 5 years of surveillance data.METHODSAfter pilot testing, a 1‐page survey was mailed to school nurses in all public, private, and charter schools in Massachusetts. Variables measured included the number of students with a diagnosis of asthma by sex, grade (K‐8), race/ethnicity by school and by community of residence.RESULTSThe participation rate increased each year, and by the 5th year it was nearly 100%. The reported asthma prevalence was 10.6% (averaged for the 5‐year period) and noted to be higher among males each year.CONCLUSIONSThis work provides evidence that a school‐based pediatric asthma surveillance system can be developed and successfully implemented. The feasibility of using school health records, as an accessible data source to readily identify asthma cases can provide reliable aggregate community‐based pediatric asthma prevalence information.
Genetic and morphometric evidence on a Galápagos Island exposes founder effects and diversification in the first‐known (truly) feral western dog population
Authors: Reponen Sini E. M. , Brown Sarah K. , Barnett Bruce D. , Sacks Benjamin N. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractDomesticated animals that revert to a wild state can become invasive and significantly impact native biodiversity. Although dogs can be problematic locally, only the Australasian dingo is known to occur in isolation from humans. Western dogs have experienced more intense artificial selection, which potentially limits their invasiveness. However, feral dogs eradicated from Isabela Island, Galápagos in the 1980s could be the first‐known exception. We used DNA and morphometric data from 92 of these dogs to test the hypotheses that (i) these dogs persisted independently of humans for up to a century and a half since descending from a handful of dogs introduced in the early 1800s, vs. (ii) similarly to other western feral dog populations, they reflected continuous recruitment of strays from human settlements on a portion of the Island. We detected one dominant maternal lineage and one dominant paternal lineage shared by the three subpopulations, along with low autosomal genetic diversity, consistent with the hypothesized common origins from a small founder population. Genetic diversity patterns among the three island subpopulations were consistent with stepping‐stone founder effects, while morphometric differentiation suggested rapid phenotypic divergence, possibly due to drift and reinforced by selection corresponding to distinct microclimates and habitats on Isabela. Despite the continued presence of free‐ranging dogs in the vicinity of settlements on Isabela and other Galápagos Islands, feral populations have not reestablished in remote areas since the 1980s, emphasizing the rarity of conditions necessary for feralization of modern western dogs.
Notch signaling in melanoma: interacting pathways and stromal influences that enhance Notch targeting
Authors: Bedogni Barbara 
Published: November 2013

SummaryThe Notch signaling pathway is an evolutionarily conserved, intercellular signaling cascade. Notch was first described in the early 1900s when a mutant Drosophila showed notches on the wing margins. Studies of the role of Notch signaling have ever since flourished, and the pleiotropic nature of the Notch gene is now evident. Indeed, the Notch signaling pathway plays key roles in cell fate decisions, tissue patterning, and morphogenesis during development. However, deregulation of this pathway can contribute to cell transformation and tumorigenesis. Several reports have now highlighted the role of Notch signaling in a variety of malignancies where Notch can either be an oncogene or a tumor suppressor depending on the cell context. Here, we summarize the major components of Notch signaling with an aim to emphasize the contribution of deregulated Notch signaling in melanomagenesis.
HLA alleles and HLA‐B27 haplotypes associated with susceptibility and severity of ankylosing spondylitis in a Portuguese population
Authors: Pimentel‐Santos F. M. , Matos M. , Ligeiro D. , Mourão A. F. , Ribeiro C. , Costa J. , Santos H. , Barcelos A. , Pinto P. , Cruz M. , Sousa E. , Santos R. A. , Fonseca J. E. , Trindade H. , Guedes‐Pinto H. , Branco J. C. ,   CORPOREA Study Group
Published: November 2013

AbstractHuman leukocyte antigen (HLA)‐B27 is the mostly known major histocompatibility complex (MHC) gene associated with ankylosing spondylitis (AS). Nonetheless, there is substantial evidence that other MHC genes appear to be associated with the disease, although it has not yet been established whether these associations are driven by direct associations or by linkage disequilibrium (LD) mechanisms. We aimed to investigate the contributions of HLA class I and II alleles and B27‐haplotypes for AS in a case–control study. A total of 188 HLA‐B27 AS cases and 189 HLA‐B27 healthy controls were selected and typed for HLA class I and II by the Luminex polymerase chain reaction‐sequence specific oligonucleotide probe (PCR‐SSOP) method. Allelic and haplotypic distributions were estimated by maximum likelihood method using Arlequin v3.11 and statistical analysis were performed by Stata10.1. No associations were found between non‐HLA‐B27 loci and AS susceptibility, but several associations were observed for phenotypic features of the disease. DRB1*08 was identified as a risk factor for uveitis and DQB1*04 seems to provide protection for AS severity (functional, metrological and radiological indexes). A*02/B27/C*02/DRB1*01/DQB1*05 [P<0.0001; odds ratio (OR) = 39.06; 95% confidence interval (CI) (2.34–651)] is the only haplotype that seems to confer susceptibility to AS. Moreover, the haplotype A*02/B27/C*01/DRB1*08/DQB1*04 seems to provide protection for disease functional and radiological repercussions. Our findings are compatible with the hypothesis that other genes within the HLA region besides HLA‐B27 might play some role in AS susceptibility and severity.
The effects of unpaved roads on suspended sediment concentration at varying spatial scales – a case study fromSouthernBrazil
Authors: Thomaz Edivaldo L. , Vestena Leandro R. , Ramos Scharrón Carlos E. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractUnpaved roads may induce adverse effects on downstream water resources by increasing suspended sediment concentration (SSC). This study documents the localized impacts on streamSSCof six unpaved road–stream crossings in the ruralGuabirobaRiverCatchment, in southernBrazil. Results demonstrated thatSSCvalues downstream of road–stream crossings was between 3.5 and 10 times higher than upstreamSSCat all third‐ and fourth‐order stream locations. However, downstream values were statistically undistinguishable from those collected upstream of road–stream crossings at fifth‐order sampling sites. These findings suggest that localized road effects on streamSSCsare scale‐dependent in that these are important for low‐order headwater streams yet undetectable for their higher order counterparts. Findings point to the importance of low‐order stream crossings in increasingSSCand the need to further explore the role of unpaved roads as agents of water quality degradation in agriculturally active rural settings.
Subcategories of singularity categories via tensor actions
Authors: Stevenson Greg 
Published: November 2013

AbstractWe obtain, via the formalism of tensor actions, a complete classification of the localizing subcategories of the stable derived category of any affine scheme that has hypersurface singularities or is a complete intersection in a regular scheme; in particular, this classifies the thick subcategories of the singularity categories of such rings. The analogous result is also proved for certain locally complete intersection schemes. It is also shown that from each of these classifications one can deduce the (relative) telescope conjecture.