bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Molecular Phylogenetic Investigation of Bakuella, Anteholosticha, and Caudiholosticha (Protista, Ciliophora, Hypotrichia) Based on Three‐Gene Sequences
Authors: Lv Zhao , Shao Chen , Yi Zhenzhen , Warren Alan 
Published: November 2014

AbstractTraditionally classifications of the Urostyloida have been mainly based on morphology and morphogenesis. Recent molecular phylogenetic analyses have been largely based on single‐gene data for a limited number of taxa. Consequently, incongruence has arisen between the morphological/morphogenetic and the molecular data. In this study, the three phylogenetic markers (SSU rDNA, ITS1‐5.8S‐ITS2 region, and LSU‐rDNA) of three urostyloid genera represented by four species (Bakuella granulifera, Anteholosticha monilata, Caudiholosticha sylvatica, and C. tetracirra) were sequenced to investigate their phylogeny. The results show that: (1) all three genera should be regarded as the members of the order Urostyloida within the subclass Hypotrichia, as indicated by morphological characters; (2) phylogenetic analyses and sequence similarities both indicate that neither Anteholosticha nor Caudiholosticha are monophyletic and the systematic assignment of both genera awaits further evaluation; and (3) Bakuella has a closer relationship with Urostyla than with bakuellids (e.g. Apobakuella and Metaurostylopsis), suggesting Bakuella may belong to the family Urostylidae rather than the family Bakuellidae.
Genomic comparison of virulent and non‐virulent Streptococcus agalactiae in fish
Authors: Delannoy C M J , Zadoks R N , Crumlish M , Rodgers D , Lainson F A , Ferguson H W , Turnbull J , Fontaine M C 
Published: November 2014

AbstractStreptococcus agalactiae infections in fish are predominantly caused by beta‐haemolytic strains of clonal complex (CC) 7, notably its namesake sequence type (ST) 7, or by non‐haemolytic strains of CC552, including the globally distributed ST260. In contrast, CC23, including its namesake ST23, has been associated with a wide homeothermic and poikilothermic host range, but never with fish. The aim of this study was to determine whether ST23 is virulent in fish and to identify genomic markers of fish adaptation of S. agalactiae. Intraperitoneal challenge of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus), showed that ST260 is lethal at doses down to 102 cfu per fish, whereas ST23 does not cause disease at 107 cfu per fish. Comparison of the genome sequence of ST260 and ST23 with those of strains derived from fish, cattle and humans revealed the presence of genomic elements that are unique to subpopulations of S. agalactiae that have the ability to infect fish (CC7 and CC552). These loci occurred in clusters exhibiting typical signatures of mobile genetic elements. PCR‐based screening of a collection of isolates from multiple host species confirmed the association of selected genes with fish‐derived strains. Several fish‐associated genes encode proteins that potentially provide fitness in the aquatic environment.
Extent and application of ICU diaries in Germany in 2014
Authors: Nydahl Peter , Knueck Dirk , Egerod Ingrid 
Published: November 2014

ABSTRACTBackgroundDiaries written for patients in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) have been used in many European countries since the early 1990s to support patients and their relatives in their understanding of the ICU experience. ICU diaries have been introduced in Germany since 2008 via the internet, newsletters, newspapers, lectures and publications in German nursing journals.AimThe aim of the study was to update our knowledge of the extent and application of ICU diaries in Germany in 2014.DesignThe study had a prospective mixed methods multicenter design.MethodAll 152 ICUs in the two German federal states of Baden‐Württemberg and Schleswig‐Holstein were surveyed to identify units that had implemented ICU diaries. An additional 69 ICUs from other parts of Germany were included in the survey. We excluded diaries used in neonatal ICUs. Out of 43 units using diaries 14 were selected for semi‐structured key‐informant telephone‐interviews on the application of ICU diaries.ResultsAccording to the survey, 8 out of 152 ICUs in the two federal states of Baden‐Württemberg and Schleswig‐Holstein had implemented ICU diaries and another six were planning implementation. Another 35 ICUs in other areas of Germany had implemented diaries and three units were planning to do so. Interviews were conducted with nurses at 14 selected ICUs. Informants reported successful adaption of the diary concept to their culture, but variability in application. No units were identified where all nursing staff participated in keeping ICU diaries.ConclusionSix years after the introduction of ICU diaries, ICU nurses in Germany are becoming familiar with the concept. Nursing shortage and bureaucratic challenges have impeded the process of implementation, but the adaption of ICU diaries to German conditions appears to be successful and is still in progress.Relevance to Clinical PracticeImplementation of ICU diaries is feasible after adjusting for cultural and legal issues.
Breaking the bacterial protein targeting and translocation model: oral organisms as a case in point
Authors: Lewis N.E. , Brady L.J. 
Published: November 2014

SummaryInsights into the membrane biogenesis of oral and throat bacteria have highlighted key differences in protein localization by the general secretion pathway compared with the well‐studied Escherichia coli model system. These intriguing novelties have advanced our understanding of both how these microorganisms have adapted to survive and cause disease in the oral cavity, and the field of protein translocation as a whole. This review focuses on findings that highlight where oral bacteria differ from the E. coli paradigm, why these differences are biologically important, and what questions remain about the differences in pathway function. The majority of insight into protein translocation in microbes of the oral cavity has come from streptococcal species, which will be the main topic of this review. However, other bacteria will be discussed when relevant. An overview of the E. coli model of protein targeting and translocation is provided for comparison.
Co‐Expression of c‐Fos with Oestradiol Receptor α or Somatostatin in the Arcuate Nucleus, Ventromedial Nucleus and Medial Preoptic Area in the Follicular Phase of Intact Ewes: Alteration after Insulin‐Induced Hypoglycaemia
Authors: Fergani C , Routly JE , Jones DN , Pickavance LC , Smith RF , Dobson H 
Published: November 2014

ContentsThe aim of this study was to investigate how acute insulin‐induced hypoglycaemia (IIH) alters the activity of cells containing oestradiol receptor α (ERα) or somatostatin (SST) in the arcuate nucleus (ARC) and ventromedial nucleus (VMN), and ERα cells in the medial preoptic area (mPOA) of intact ewes. Follicular phases were synchronized with progesterone vaginal pessaries. Control animals were killed at 0 h or 31 h (n = 5 and 6, respectively) after progesterone withdrawal (PW; time zero). At 28 h, five other animals received insulin (INS; 4 iu/kg) and were subsequently killed at 31 h. Hypothalamic sections were immunostained for ERα or SST each with c‐Fos, a marker of neuronal transcriptional activation. Insulin did not alter the percentage of activated ERα cells in the ARC; however, it appeared visually that two insulin‐treated animals (INS responders, with no LH surge) had an increase in the VMN (from 32 to 78%) and a decrease in the mPOA (from 40 to 12%) compared to no increase in the two INS non‐responders (with an LH surge). The percentage of activated SST cells in the ARC was greater in all four insulin‐treated animals (from 10 to 60%), whereas it was visually estimated that activated SST cells in the VMN increased only in the two insulin responders (from 10 to 70%). From these results, we suggest that IIH stimulates SST activation in the ARC as part of the glucose‐sensing mechanism but ERα activation is unaffected in this region. We present evidence to support a hypothesis that disruption of the GnRH/LH surge may occur in insulin responders via a mechanism that involves, at least in part, SST cell activation in the VMN along with decreased ERα cell activation in the mPOA.
Regulation of exercise‐induced lipid metabolism in skeletal muscle
Authors: Jordy Andreas Børsting , Kiens Bente 
Published: November 2014

New Findings

What is the topic of this review?
This report addresses novel mechanisms regulating the utilization of long‐chain fatty acids, with emphasis on FAT/CD36 and lipolysis of intramuscular triacylglycerol in skeletal muscle during exercise and contractions.

What advances does it highlight?
Recent findings show that adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) and hormone‐sensitive lipase (HSL) collectively account for at least 98% of total triacylglycerol lipase activity in skeletal muscle during muscle contractions. The relative importance of HSL and ATGL for breakdown of intramuscular triacylglycerol during muscle contractions is discussed. Collectively, these findings contribute to the understanding of skeletal muscle lipid metabolism during exercise and muscle contractions.

Exercise increases the utilization of lipids in muscle. The sources of lipids are long‐chain fatty acids taken up from the plasma and fatty acids released from stores of intramuscular triacylglycerol by the action of intramuscular lipases. In the present review, we focus on the role of fatty acid binding proteins, particularly fatty acid translocase/cluster of differentiation 36 (FAT/CD36), in the exercise‐ and contraction‐induced increase in uptake of long‐chain fatty acids in muscle. The FAT/CD36 translocates from intracellular depots to the surface membrane upon initiation of exercise/muscle contractions. This occurs independently of AMP‐activated protein kinase, and data suggest that Ca2+‐related signalling is responsible. The FAT/CD36 has an important role; long‐chain fatty acid uptake is markedly decreased in FAT/CD36 knockout mice during contractions/exercise compared with wild‐type control mice. In skeletal muscle, 98% of the lipase activity is accounted for by adipose triglyceride lipase and hormone‐sensitive lipase. Give that inhibition or knockout of hormone‐sensitive lipase does not impair lipolysis in muscle during contraction, the data point to an important role of adipose triglyceride lipase in regulation of muscle lipolysis. Although the molecular regulation of the lipases in muscle is not understood, it is speculated that intramuscular lipolysis may be regulated in part by the availability of the plasma concentration of long‐chain fatty acids.
Stimulus‐specific effects of noradrenaline in auditory cortex: implications for the discrimination of communication sounds
Authors: Gaucher Quentin , Edeline Jean‐Marc 
Published: November 2014

Key points
Many studies have described the action of Noradrenaline (NA) on the properties of cortical receptive fields, but none has assessed how NA affects the discrimination abilities of cortical cells between natural stimuli. In the present study, we compared the consequences of NA topical application on spectro‐temporal receptive fields (STRFs) and responses to communication sounds in the primary auditory cortex.
NA application reduced the STRFs (an effect replicated by the alpha1 agonist Phenylephrine) but did not change, on average, the responses to communication sounds.
For cells exhibiting increased evoked responses during NA application, the discrimination abilities were enhanced as quantified by Mutual Information.
The changes induced by NA on parameters extracted from the STRFs and from responses to communication sounds were not related.
AbstractThe alterations exerted by neuromodulators on neuronal selectivity have been the topic of a vast literature in the visual, somatosensory, auditory and olfactory cortices. However, very few studies have investigated to what extent the effects observed when testing these functional properties with artificial stimuli can be transferred to responses evoked by natural stimuli. Here, we tested the effect of noradrenaline (NA) application on the responses to pure tones and communication sounds in the guinea‐pig primary auditory cortex. When pure tones were used to assess the spectro‐temporal receptive field (STRF) of cortical cells, NA triggered a transient reduction of the STRFs in both the spectral and the temporal domain, an effect replicated by the α1 agonist phenylephrine whereas α2 and β agonists induced STRF expansion. When tested with communication sounds, NA application did not produce significant effects on the firing rate and spike timing reliability, despite the fact that α1, α2 and β agonists by themselves had significant effects on these measures. However, the cells whose evoked responses were increased by NA application displayed enhanced discriminative abilities. These cells had initially smaller STRFs than the rest of the population. A principal component analysis revealed that the variations of parameters extracted from the STRF and those extracted from the responses to natural stimuli were not correlated. These results suggest that probing the action of neuromodulators on cortical cells with artificial stimuli does not allow us to predict their action on responses to natural stimuli.
Modeling of the Supercritical Steam Generator of MHTGR in Engineering Simulator
Authors: Liu Dan , Sun Jun , Sui Zhe , Wei Chun-lin , Sun Yu-liang 
Published: November 2014

The Modular High Temperature Gas-cooled Reactor (MHTGR) could realize higher efficiency and lower costs by developing the multi-modular high temperature gas-cooled reactors combined with supercritical steam turbine unit. The coupling effects among different modules are crucial to the designs and operation analyses of the multi-modular reactors. By establishing the engineering simulator for multi-modular reactors, the coupling effects can be studied and optimized to advance the reactor designs, due to the advantages of real-time calculations and coupled calculations. As key energy transfer equipment, the steam generator is very important to the reactor operation, and focused in the modeling of the engineering simulator system for multi-modular reactors.
In this paper, the once-through steam generator consisted of helical coils was modeled and optimized in the vPower integrated simulation platform. From the detailed analyses of the distributions of temperatures, heat flux, and other parameters along the heat transfer tubes, it showed that the steam generator model well presented the supercritical water properties and heat transfer characteristics inside helical tubes. Also, the heat transfer correlations of the supercritical water inside helical tubes were investigated, discussed and also compared to test the uncertainty and influence to the whole steam generator model. And the results indicated that most heat transfer correlations showed similar results and had little effect on the primary side in the steady state operation condition. In future work, the model and heat transfer characteristics of the supercritical steam generator will be further tested in more transients and integrated into complete engineering simulator for multi-module reactors.
Development and Verification Models of Vertical Stratification, Dryout and Slug Boiling of Superheated Sodium for LMFBR Safety Analyses
Authors: Pribaturin Nikolay A. , Usov Eduard V. , Kudashov Ivan G. , Kuznetsova Marina E. , Butov Anton A. , Vozhakov Ivan S. 
Published: November 2014

A new model which describes the dynamics of a vertically stratified flow correctly within the limits of a single-pressure two-fluid model has been developed. The model is based on the modification of finite-differences of convective terms and pressure gradients taking into account a distinct interface.
We propose to use the vapor quality as a criterion for the onset of dryout. The choice of the criterion is based on the analysis of experimental and theoretical studies. To determine the boundary vapor quality we used the correlation xcr = 1.26·G0.2, which was found from experimental data fit.
A review of articles has shown that for today it is impossible to predict correct superheat value. Therefore the superheat value was determined as a parameter of the model from the experimental data of a particular simulated experiment. Thus a boiling up regime was selected. The model described in this paper allows us to calculate the boiling up of sodium under the superheat conditions as well as problems of the evolution of the vapor volume.
The verification of the models was done by using the SOCRAT-BN code [1]. SOCRAT-BN is a coupled code which consists of modules for calculation of damage and melting of a reactor’s core, thermohydraulic processes and neutron physics.
The models of vertical stratification, dryout and slug boiling of superheated sodium are described in details in this paper. Also we present the results of verification for the models within analytic tests and experimental data.
On Vibration Properties of Piping Systems and Practical Measures for Preventing Vibration Damages
Authors: Jansson Lennart G. , Zeng Lingfu 
Published: November 2014

This paper addresses several key issues relevant to piping vibration: (1) vibration properties and their identification; (2) the dynamic susceptibility of a piping system; (3) standard velocity criteria for vibration damage. Practical approaches for identifying vibration properties and practical measures for preventing vibration damages are overviewed. An approach is presented for conducting vibration design reducing measures prior to installation of a piping system, and for planning post-installation vibration recording activities.
This approach is based on “theoretical predictions” of “critical” sections of a piping system, namely the sections most sensitive to vibration. The critical sections can be ranked from most vulnerable to least vulnerable. Combined with knowledge of typical vibration sources, this is a cost effective way for preventing vibration damages and for forming a base for controlling actual vibrations in operation of plant, especially for closed premises. Examples are given to exemplify vibration risk.
AREVA’s Test Facility KATHY: Robust Critical Heat Flux Measurements, a Prerequisite for Reliable CHF Prediction
Authors: Wieckhorst O. , Kronenberg J. , Gabriel H. , Opel S. , Kreuter D. , Berger T. , Harne R. , Greene K. , Filhol F. 
Published: November 2014

The primary tool for assuring the heat removal from the fuel design’s rod surfaces is properly represented in the numerical simulations of a LWR fuel assembly design is the critical heat flux (CHF) or dryout correlation.
During the last decade, AREVA has compiled unique experience in correlation development that has led to an improved development process to meet increased technical challenges. This is based upon the high level of expertise in CHF measurements for PWR and BWR fuel assembly designs gained by AREVA at its KATHY facility (KArlstein Thermal HYdraulic facility). The utilization of KATHY in conjunction with this improved development process is a key factor in ensuring reliable CHF prediction for safety analysis application. This paper describes the capabilities of the KATHY loop and the process used by AREVA to attain high quality CHF measurements.
MELCOR Study of VVER-1000 Behavior in Case of Overheated Reactor Core Quenching
Authors: Groudev Pavlin P. , Stefanova Antoaneta E. , Vryashkova Petya I. 
Published: November 2014

This paper presents the results obtained with the MELCOR computer code from a simulation of fuel behavior in case of severe accident for the VVER-1000 reactor core. The examination is focused on investigation the influence of some important parameters, such as porosity, on fuel behavior starting from oxidation of the fuel cladding, fusion product release in the primary circuit after rupture of the fuel cladding, melting of the fuel and reactor core internals and its further relocation to the bottom of the reactor vessel.
In the first analyses are modeled options for investigation of melt blockage and debris during the relocation. In the performed analyses are investigated the uncertainty margin of reactor vessel failure based on modeling of the reactor core and an investigation of its behavior. For this purposes it have been performed sensitivity analyses for VVER-1000 reactor core with gadolinium fuel type for parametric study the influence of porosity debris bed.
The second analyses is focused on investigation of influence of cold water injection on overheated reactor core at different core exit temperatures, based on severe accident management guidance operator actions. For this purpose was simulated the same SBO scenario with injection of cold water by a high pressure pump in cold leg (quenching from the bottom of reactor core) at different core exit temperatures from 1200 °C to 1500 °C. The aim of the analysis is to track the evolution of the main parameters of the simulated accident.
The work was performed at the Institute for Nuclear Research and Nuclear Energy (INRNE) in the frame of severe accident research.
The performed analyses continue the effort in the modeling of fuel behavior during severe accidents such as Station Blackout sequence for VVER-1000 reactors based on parametric study. The work is oriented towards the investigation of fuel behavior during severe accident conditions starting from the initial phase of fuel damaging through melting and relocation of fuel elements and reactor internals until the late in-vessel phase, when melt and debris are relocated almost entirely on the bottom head of the reactor vessel. The received results can be used in support of PSA2 as well as in support of analytical validation of Sever Accident Management Guidance for VVER-1000 reactors. The main objectives of this work area better understanding of fuel behavior during severe accident conditions as well as plant response in such situations.
Development of REFT Code System for the Analysis of Highly Heterogeneous Research Reactors
Authors: Zhang Tengfei , Wu Hongchun , Zheng Youqi , Cao Liangzhi , Li Yunzhao 
Published: November 2014

As an effort to enhance the accuracy in simulating the operations of research reactors, a fuel management code system REFT was developed. Because of the possible complex assembly geometry and the core configuration of research reactors, the code system employed HELIOS in the lattice calculation to describe arbitrary 2D geometry, and used the 3D triangular nodal SN method transport solver, DNTR, to model unstructured geometry in the core analysis. Flux reconstruction with the least square method and micro depletion model for specific isotopes were incorporated in the code. At the same time, to make it more user friendly, a graphical user interface was also developed for REFT.
In the analysis of the research reactors, the calculations involving the control rod movement are encountered frequently. The modeling of the control rods differential worth behavior is important in that the movement of the control rod may introduce variations on the reactivity. To handle the problem two effective ways of alleviating the control rod cusping effect are recently proposed, based on the established code system. The methodologies along with their application and validation will be discussed.