bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ON SEDIMENTATION AND ROULEAUX FORMATION—II
Authors: Ponder Eric 
Published: December 2014

From this short study of rouleaux formation several points have emerged.The first condition for rouleaux formation, and one which is fulfilled under all but unique circumstances, is that there shall be collisions among the cells. The frequency of these collisions plainly depends on such factors as the movements in the fluid, the number of cells present per unit volume, the viscosity of the fluid, and the size of the cells. The second condition is that the collisions shall result in permanent cohesions. Such cohesions will not occur if the surfaces of the cells are not sticky, if the repulsive forces between the cells are very great, or if the cells collide with one another so that the surfaces which come into contact are small. If, on the other hand, the collisions bring large surfaces into contact, permanent cohesions are likely to occur, for not only are there large surfaces over which the cohesive forces between the cells can act, but separation of these surfaces entails a considerable amount of work.The consideration of these points indicates why cells collect in rouleaux, and not in aggregates of roughly spherical form, for all contacts except those which occur at the ends of the shorter rouleaux are not permanent, whereas all contacts in which the cells are broadside on result in lasting cohesions. To this must be added the fact that discoid cells moved by a fluid orient themselves broadside on, and therefore collisions in this position are encouraged.From the mass of work on the potential difference between the red cells and the suspending fluid, it appears that, if the potential difference be reduced below a certain point, agglutination of the cells occurs, all contacts being permanent, in whatever position they occur. From this may be drawn the deduction that the repulsive forces accompanying this potential difference are sufficient to prevent the permanence of all contacts except those which involve a large extent of surface in connection with which considerable surface and cohesive forces are called into play. Before this explanation is regarded as the correct one, however, it must be shown that those electrolytes, and other substances which reduce the potential difference, do not also increase the stickiness of the cell surfaces. The cases of CaCl2 and MgCl2, which reduce the potential difference and yet do not cause agglutination, and the instance of heated plasma, which increases rouleaux formation without decreasing the potential difference, show how necessary it is to take account of this latter possibility, the importance of which has been clearly recognised by such investigators as
Oliver and
Barnard and
Northrop.As regards the kinetics of rouleaux formation, we have found that a simple equation containing one easily evaluated constant is sufficient to describe the course of the phenomenon under such conditions as are extremely suitable for experimental purposes.This research was carried out under a grant from the Royal Society.
THE EFFECT ON THE STOMACH OF SECTION OF THE VAGI NERVES
Authors: M'Crea E. D. , M'Swiney B. A. , Stopford J. S. B. 
Published: December 2014

1. The motor activity of the stomach is unaffected by unilateral vagotomy.2. The motor activity of the stomach, save for the “initial emptying time,” is not markedly influenced by double vagotomy.3. A decrease in the initial emptying time is the only pronounced and constant result of double vagotomy.4. Initial emptying time is reduced by hepatic vagotomy.The expenses of this investigation have been defrayed by a grant from the Government Grant Committee of the Royal Society.
THE RELATION OF WAVE‐LENGTH AND LIGHT INTENSITY TO COLOUR DISCRIMINATION IN NORMAL AND HYPOCHROMATIC (COLOUR BLIND) INDIVIDUALS
Authors: Roaf H. E. 
Published: December 2014

1. Normal colour vision is characterised by the existence of two critical regions about the wave‐lengths of 5800 Å and 4900 Å respectively. These two regions are indicated by maxima of discriminating power and by a uniform colour with differences in brightness.2. The well‐marked cases of hypochromatism that have been examined lack the power of discriminating between the colours bordering on the yellow, but they are extremely sensitive to differences in wavelength at about 4900 Å. There is no maximum in the region about 5800 A, and mistakes may be made over a range extending from at least 6500 A to 5500 Å.3. In order to compensate for lack of discrimination of the longer wave‐lengths, hypochromats make use of differences in brightness. It is probable that another factor is necessary to explain how they distinguish between red and green, and it is suggested that the power of discrimination between blue and the rest of the spectrum may help in such colour judgments.4. A comparison has been made between the various parts of the spectrum and the colours produced by recombining the remainder after progressive cutting off of the red and violet ends respectively of the spectrum.The expenses of this research were defrayed by a grant from the London Hospital AMedical College Research Fund.
STUDIES ON THE ARNETH COUNT.—VI. THE EFFECT OF VARIOUS DRUGS AND EXTRACTS
Authors: Ponder Eric , Flint K. Newstead 
Published: December 2014

The results recorded in this paper show that many substances besides thyroid extract and thyroxin deflect the Arneth count in the rabbit. Each one of these substances produces at the same time a polymorph leucocytosis, and we may conclude that the substances which deflect the count do so by stimulating the bone marrow and thus causing an outpouring of the younger forms of polymorph, which have simple nuclear configuration.Although representative experiments only are given, the results have been arrived at by the consideration of the effects on from three to six animals in the case of each drug.
THE INFLUENCE OF COLOURED LIGHTS ON THE SENSITIVITY OF THE EYE TO VARIOUS REGIONS OF THE SPECTRUM: A STUDY IN RELATION TO THEORIES OF COLOUR VISION
Authors: Roaf H. E. 
Published: December 2014

1. The threshold value for light has been used as a measure of the sensitivity of the eye.2. When any light shines on the retina the sensitivity, even of another part, is decreased considerably to short, but much less to long, wave‐lengths. This is the familiar adaptation phenomenon.3. When two lights shine on the same part of the retina there is a further decrease in sensitivity which has a peculiar spectral distribution; namely, that long wave‐lengths decrease the sensitivity to all shorter ones, whilst short wave‐lengths have comparatively little effect on longer ones.4. A region of the retina about 30° to the nasal side of the right eye differs from the fovea (a) in the greater degree of light adaptation, so that even the long wave‐lengths are noticeably affected; (b) in the sensitivity to longer wave‐lengths being somewhat more affected by short ones, when the two shine on the same region of the retina.5. The bearing of the above results is discussed in relation to theories of colour vision. It is suggested that the most probable explanation is that colour discrimination is due to colour screens in front of certain of the receptors.6. The results show why a blue screen is the best to protect the eyes from excessively bright lights. It would be interesting to know to what extent “glare” is particularly due to the longer wave‐lengths. A blue filter on the wind‐screen of a motor‐car will protect the eyes from the direct rays of bright head‐lights, whilst allowing one to see the road past the edge of the filter; thus use may be made of the sensitivity to the light of longer wave‐lengths, which these experiments show are not much affected by exposure to short wave‐lengths.
THE NATURE OF THE ANŒSTROUS CONDITION RESULTING FROM VITAMIN B DEFICIENCY
Authors: Parkes A. S. 
Published: December 2014

1. A deficiency of vitamin B, represented by 1 per cent. or less of yeast extract added to a basal diet, brings about an abrupt cessation of the cestrous cycle in rats in about four weeks.2. The ancestrus so produced, which begins just before the characteristic decline in weight appears, applies both to ovarian and extraovarian phenomena of cestrus, and is terminated at any time up to two months later by the death of the animal.3. Injection of cestrin (10 m. u.) during the ancestrous state results in the induction of cestrous symptoms in the accessory organs, without, however, causing the ovary, now much atrophied, to ovulate.4. It is concluded that ancestrus due to this deficiency results not from inability of the animal to respond to the cestrus‐producing stimulus, but from failure to produce cestrin.
ON THE PARASYMPATHETIC (SPINAL PARASYMPATHETIC) FIBRES IN THE DORSAL ROOTS AND THEIR CELLS OF ORIGIN IN THE SPINAL CORD
Authors: Kuré Ken , SaéGusa Gen‐Ichi , Kawaguchi Ken , Shiraishi Kensaku 
Published: December 2014

1. Every spinal segment has parasympathetic fibres in its dorsal roots, their cells of origin (nuclei) lying between the ventral horn and the substantia gelatinosa of the dorsal horn. We designate this system of autonomic fibres “the spinal parasympathetic.”2. The spinal parasympathetic fibre, s consist chiefly of fine medullated fibres, 3 microns or less in diameter.3. Any fine medullated fibres in the dorsal roots, with the exception of those in the sacral region (from the IInd sacral down), belong for the most part to the spinal parasympathetic system.4. The number of the parasympathetic fibres is about 40 per cent. of the total fibres in a dorsal root.5. From the IInd sacral segment downwards the dorsal roots contain a fair number of fine medullated sensory fibres.6. The spinal parasympathetic fibres comprise vasodilators (some destined for the intestines), secretory fibres (for sweat glands), and trophic fibres (for voluntary muscles, for skin, and for joints and bones).
ON THE ENDOCRINE BASIS OF MATING IN THE MOUSE
Authors: Wiesner B. P. , Mirskaia L. 
Published: December 2014

1. No mating was observed in untreated ovariotomised mice.2. Mating was induced in ovariotomised mice by injections of follicular juice; but injections of aqueous extracts from this material did not induce mating.3. Mating was induced in eleven out of twenty ovariotomised mice by injections of cornifying extracts prepared from pregnancy urine.5. Mating is assumed to be an effect of the cornifying a‐factor conditioned by a higher threshold than cornification.5. The relation of the thresholds is discussed with reference to its possible variation.6. Questions of terminology are discussed and the term a‐factor or ALLEN‐DOISY factor is adopted.
DEGENERATION CHANGES AFTER UNILATERAL LUMBAR SYMPATHECTOMY, WITH GENERAL OBSERVATIONS ON THE NERVE‐FIBRE CONSTITUTION OF PERIPHERAL NERVES AND NERVE‐ROOTS
Authors: Nevin Samuel 
Published: December 2014

(1) Following section of the preganglionic fibres passing to the subjacent ganglion the cells were found to show slight regressive changes at an early period following the lesion; but at later periods no differences could be observed between the cells on the operated and those on the normal side.(2) After the same operative procedure the ganglia (seventh lumbar and first sacral) showed complete disappearance of the intercellular preganglionic plexus. This plexus was unaltered after section of the ventral roots at this level. The sympathetic outflow is therefore not segmental at this level.(3) In the lumbosacral sympathetic chain sufficient myelinate postganglionic fibres were found to account for the majority of myelinate fibres in the grey rami. In these rami no myelinate fibres were found passing from the ventral or dorsal roots into the sympathetic chain. (4) The following points regarding the nerve‐fibre constitution of peripheral nerves have been observed as a result of sympathectomy and lesions of the nerve‐roots:—(a) Sympathetic fibres in peripheral nerves are amyelinate.(b) The small myelinate fibres which occur in main peripheral nerves in groups arise in the dorsal root ganglia and pass mainly to skin branches, but also to a lesser extent to the muscle branches.(c) The small myelinate fibres which occur irregularly throughout a main peripheral nerve‐trunk are ventral root components and pass entirely to muscle branches.(d) There are amyelinate fibres in main peripheral nerves which arise in the dorsal root ganglia. These are always found associated with the groups of small myelinate fibres. They pass mainly to skin branches, but also, in smaller numbers, to muscle branches. They are less numerous than the amyelinate fibres of sympathetic origin.(e) The amyelinate fibres of sympathetic origin travel in peripheral nerves either free among the larger myelinate fibres, or intimately associated with groups of amyelinate and small myelinate fibres from the dorsal roots. The sympathetic fibres to the skin are more numerous than those to muscle.(5) No evidence has been found in support of the view that there are efferent fibres in the dorsal spinal nerve‐roots. All fibres in these roots, both myeinate and amyelinate, appear to have their origin in the spinal ganglia.(6) No changes were found in voluntary muscle at different periods after sympathectomy, even in young puppies during the active period of growth of the muscles.The above investigations were carried out under the direction of Professor T. H. Milroy, to whom my best thanks are due for his criticism and advice.
THE SPINAL PARASYMPATHETIC. Sixth Article. THE NERVE‐SUPPLY OF THE SUPRARENAL GLAND
Authors: Kuré Ken , Wada Yasuhiko , Okinaka Shigeo 
Published: December 2014

1. Fine medullated fibres pass to the suprarenals almost wholly in the splanchnics; they have no intermediate ganglia in the abdominal cavity and are of spinal parasympathetic nature.2. Stimulation of the greater splanchnic after application of nicotine to the cœliac ganglion causes marked dilatation of the suprarenal vessels. This is demonstrated both by histological observation and by measurement of the blood‐flow. This vasodilatation does not appear until the sympathetic nerve fibres are interrupted; it is brought about by means of the spinal parasympathetic fibres. It is not blocked even by a large dose of atropine.3. The vagus seems not to play any significant part in the innervation of the suprarenal.
REACTIONS OF ISOLATED BRONCHI
Authors: Thornton J. W. 
Published: December 2014

1. The reactions of surviving bronchi have been studied.2. It has been shown that they are constricted by histamine, pilo‐carpine, and by alkali within physiological ranges.3. They are dilated by adrenaline (however constricted), by atropine when the constriction is produced by pilocarpine, and by acid within physiological ranges.4. They exhibit typical anaphylactic reactions to specific sensitising proteins.The expenses of this work were defrayed in part by a grant from the Asthma Research Council. The author wishes to express his thanks to Professor R. J. S.
McDowall for advice and criticism.
SKIN TRANSPLANTATION IN THE MOUSE AND ITS EFFECT ON PIGMENTATION
Authors: Boyd Evlyn 
Published: December 2014

1. A description is given of several methods of skin grafting used in Autotransplantation, Syngenesiotransplantation, and Homoiotransplantation in the mouse.2. Their adaptation for, and special application in, minimising the incompatibility which always exists in some degree between the body fluids of host and donor, is illustrated. A new technique, devised to prevent undue connective tissue proliferation below the graft, is described in detail.3. The Schültz reaction is recorded for the skin of self‐coloured and piebald mice, and its importance indicated.4. Various observations on the effects of grafting, in so far as the growth of hair in both host and donor is concerned, are given.5. In autotransplantation it is shown that the grafted skin invariably retains its individuality, and in other cases it was not possible to define the extent to which colour changes in the graft were due to transplantation injuries or to the influence of the new environments.6. Since pigment formation is dependent on the interaction of the constituents of the pigmentary system, it is suggested that a study of prevalent conditions in the fœtus during the differentiation of pigment‐producing cells would throw some light on those factors controlling the production of the enzyme constituents of the pigmentary system.The writer has pleasure in taking this opportunity of expressing to Professor
Crew her thanks for his interest in this research and for the hospitality of his department. She is also indebted to Mr
Wm. C.
Miller for much helpful advice and criticism.
STUDIES ON THE FUNCTION OF THE INTESTINAL MUSCULATURE.—I. THE NORMAL MOVEMENTS OF THE SMALL INTESTINE AND THE RELATIONS BETWEEN THE ACTION OF THE LONGITUDINAL AND CIRCULAR MUSCLE FIBRES IN THOSE MOVEMENTS
Authors: Krishnan B. T. 
Published: December 2014

The normal movements of the small intestine, observed when the abdomen of an anæsthetised animal is opened under suitable conditions, are described.Methods for recording graphically the simultaneous action of the two muscular coats in segmenting and peristaltic movements are described.It is concluded that in the movements of the bowel there is no synchronous action of the two muscle layers, but a reciprocal action and inhibition, i. e. when the circular muscle contracts in a segment the longitudinal muscle relaxes, and vice versa. The pendulum movements are considered to be only longitudinal muscle phenomena. In peristalsis there is a wave of longitudinal muscle contraction with the circular muscle relaxed, ahead of a wave of circular muscle contraction with the longitudinal muscle relaxed. The “law” of
Bayliss and
Starling is applicable only to the action of the circular muscle layer.
INCREASE IN WEIGHT OF THE MOTHER AND OF THE FŒTUS DURING PREGNANCY (RAT)
Authors: Hain Annie M. 
Published: December 2014

Approximately 92 per cent. of the growth of the fætus of the rat takes place between the fifteenth day and term, i. e. during the last third of pregnancy.Approximately 54 per cent. of the increase in the weight of the mother during pregnancy occurs after the fifteenth day.The gross increase in weight due to the pregnant condition is 71 grams, which is roughly equivalent to 41 per cent. of the body‐weight of the rat.The “permanent” increase in weight during a single pregnancy (no lactation) is considerably in excess of the increase which takes place over the same period in virgin rats.Rats injected with alkaline extract of anterior pituitary gain an excess of 100 per cent. in weight over controls during the first seven days of pregnancy; this increase is retained, and is comparable with that of virgin rats under the same treatment.The author desires to acknowledge the assistance and advice of Drs
Wiesner and
Robson in the work recorded in this and the preceding paper.
THE SPINAL PARASYMPATHETIC. Eighth Article. INFLUENCE OF THE SPINAL PARASYMPATHETIC ON THE BLOOD‐VESSELS AND ON THE EXTERNAL SECRETION OF THE PANCREAS
Authors: Kuré Ken , Fujii Minoru 
Published: December 2014

Stimulation of the spinal parasympathetic fibres in the splanchnics causes vasodilatation in the pancreas. Simple stimulation of the intact splanchnics sometimes causes increase of pancreatic secretion. Such increase is more often seen when the sympathetic fibres have been previously interrupted by nicotine application to the cœliac and superior mesenteric ganglia. We suggest, therefore, that the increase must be due to excitation of spinal parasympathetic fibres in the splanchnic.The total nitrogen of the pancreatic juice is increased by excitation of the spinal parasympathetic fibres. This is the case even when there is no remarkable increase of secretion.Correlated with these observations on the external secretion is the further observation that the internal secretion of the organ is also increased by excitation of the spinal parasympathetic fibres. This is dealt with in the succeeding article.We have to express our best thanks to the foundation “Hattori Hôkôkai” for the expenses of this research.
THE SPINAL PARASYMPATHETIC. Ninth Article. INFLUENCE OF THE SPINAL PARASYMPATHETIC UPON THE INTERNAL SECRETION OF THE PANCREAS
Authors: Kuré Ken , Tanishima Tatsuo , Okinaka Shigeo 
Published: December 2014

After cutting both vagi, interrupting the sympathetic fibres by application of nicotine to the cœliac ganglia, and ligaturing off both suprarenals so as to completely shut off their adrenaline from the general circulation, we have stimulated the splanchnics. Under these conditions only the spinal parasympathetic fibres in the splanchnic can act. The stimulation causes marked decrease of sugar in the blood and increase of glycogen in the liver. We were even able to observe changes in the sugar of the blood and in the glycogen content of the liver in the control animals; indeed, in these the glycogen content was in most cases decreased.The conclusion we arrive at is that excitation of the spinal parasympathetic fibres promotes the internal secretion of the pancreas.We have to thank the foundation “Hattori‐Hôkôkai” for the expenses of this research.
STUDIES ON THE ARNETH COUNT.—XXIII. THE NORMAL COUNT IN MAN
Authors: Kennedy Walter P. 
Published: December 2014

The modified Arneth Count of ninety healthy students was examined and the average weighted mean was found to be 2•628, and the standard deviation 0–19. When this was compared with the results previously obtained by
Cooke and
Ponder on a population selected by a rigid health standard, a significant but small difference was found which was not considered to upset the validity of the earlier work. The reasons for this are discussed.This investigation was carried out during my tenure of a Beit Memorial Research Fellowship. The cost of the experiments was defrayed by a grant from the Ella Sachs Plotz Foundation.
THE EFFECT OF ORAL ADMINISTRATION OF CREATININE ON BLOOD AND URINE
Authors: Cameron J. D. S. 
Published: December 2014

1. The constancy of blood and urinary creatinine amounts is verified during periods of (a) protein and (b) non‐protein diet.2. The effect of ingestion of 1, 3, 5, and 7 grm. of creatinine upon blood and urine contents is recorded.3. Administration of 1 grm. creatinine to a series of normal individuals shows that wide variations of response are obtained.4. Similar administration to subjects of renal impairment gives no information which cannot be obtained from estimation of “fasting” blood creatinine concentration.5. These findings suggest the unsuitability of creatinine administration as a test for renal function.6. It is concluded that raised blood creatinine concentration alone does not cause “uræmic” symptoms.This work was carried on with the aid of a grant from the Earl of Moray Fund of the University of Edinburgh.