bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Concerning Some ‘Isms’
Authors: Edib Halidé 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
Visitors in India often encounter the terms ‘communalism’, ‘nationalism’, and ‘socialism’. In this chapter, the author comments on their implications in every Indian problem as she understood them in Salam House. Communalism refered to seeing everything in the light of the interests of one's community. With respect to nationalism, one may understand it in the Indian sense by viewing it in relation to communalism. Nationalism in India had gone through two stages: first, all communalists are also nationalists today, and second, that which calls itself nationalist, and to which a considerable majority belong, has only now adjusted its internal political difference. Socialism in India has two aspects: socialism interpreted by the scriptures and socialism borrowed from Western ideologies and based purely on economic issues. Negative mysticism and occultism appear to be declining in India, although this does not mean that religion is also on the wane.
Aligarh
Authors: Edib Halidé 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
In this chapter, the author narrates her visit to Aligarh University and to the tomb of its founder, Sir Saiyid Ahmad. During the mid-nineteenth century, an Islamic Renaissance of a somewhat rationalist nature emerged in the Islamic world, led by such men as Sheikh Abdu and Jemaladdin-Afghani. This movement was the first attempt of the Islamic world to search for a modus vivendi with the Western Christian world. Sir Saiyid Ahmad represents the Indian side of it. The teaching in Aligarh is a reflection of an English university, with emphasis on Eastern rather than Western classics and the focus on traditional ceremonies. The author was given the honour of membership to the Students' Union, whose members include Abdur Rahman Qureshi. The author also attended a tea party, where the students discussed Islamic culture and the relations between Hindus and Muslims.
Lahore
Authors: Edib Halidé 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
Lahore was one of the principal Muslim cities in Punjab and where the author spent time as the guest of a rich landowner. There the author met Begam Shah Nawaz, who gave her information about the position of women, especially of Muslim women, in the Punjab. The author visited a college for young women in Purdah and attended a tea party given by the Women's Club or Clubs. Begam Shah Nawaz also took her to Shalimar Garden, the royal park where the old Muslim sultans came for rest and pleasure in the days gone by. Another great community in Lahore was that of the Sikhs. The author considered Lahore as a bridge that linked the Frontier to the rest of India, both geographically and in terms of mentality.
Lucknow
Authors: Edib Halidé 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
In this chapter, the author narrates her travel to Lucknow, where she knew a couple of Begams: Professor Mujeeb's wife and his sister Shakira. She stayed at a house called ‘Dali-Bag’ (Dolly's Garden), which belonged to Mujeeb's brother and where three generations lived. The master of the house was Mr Wasim, Mujeeb's eldest brother. Begam Wasim belongs to the second generation, whose brothers include Haliq Zaman and Dr Salim Zaman, Shakira's husband. The author also talks about a famous public figure of Lucknow, Sheikh Mushir Hosain Kidwai of Gadia. The Sheikh was an active member of the Khilafat movement in India, in addition to other political movements. When Mahatma Gandhi stopped the Khilafat movement, Sheikh Mushir Kidwai condemned him. The Sheikh was a co-founder, along with Hasrat Mohani, of the All-Indian Non-Communal Independent Party. He is also strongly inclined to socialism derived from Islam.
Calcutta
Authors: Edib Halidé 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
In this chapter, the author shares her thoughts about Calcutta, the former capital of India and a typical European city. Calcutta is the centre of Bengal, and has influenced whatever is happening in New India. Among the important figures in the history of India are Ram Mohan Roy, the founder of Brahma Samaj who represented Hinduism and united it with Christianity and Islam; Prince Dwarka Nath Tagore; Debendra Nath Tagore; Keshab Chandra Sen, who bought an estate near Calcutta and called it the ‘Forest Abode’; and Amba Sankara, the founder of Arya-Samaj. In Calcutta, the author stayed at the house of Abdur Rahman Siddiqi, one of the young lieutenants of Dr M.A. Ansari in the Indian Red Crescent Mission to Turkey during the Balkan War. She visited, and was impressed by, the University of Calcutta. She also got the chance to hear the famous Calcutta singer, Nuri-Jihan.
Hinduism in the Melting-pot
Authors: Edib Halidé 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
In this chapter, the author finds it necessary to examine the older forces at work in India, particularly in the case of the Hindus compared to the Muslims or the English. She considers those forces which have had a formative influence upon Mahatma Gandhi, in order to take a balanced view of India in general, and of modern Hindu society in particular. She views Hinduism as a major amorphous force with infinite tentacles affecting every form of life with which it comes into contact. An English liberal and radical, Allan Octavian Hume, formed the Indian National Congress. These forces resulted in an open struggle between the Congress, lead by Mahatma Gandhi, and Great Britain.
Mahatma Gandhi and India
Authors: Edib Halidé 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
To understand how the forces influenced Mahatma Gandhi, the formative processes of his life must be examined. The first stage of this process is Mahatma Gandhi's childhood. His father, Kaba Gandhi, was both prime minister at Porbandar and a member of the Rajasthanik Court (now extinct). The second stage of the process was in England, where Gandhi first began to weigh and question certain things he had so far taken for granted, focusing in particular on diet and religion. The third stage in the formative process of Mahatma Gandhi's life is in South Africa, where he changed from a conformist to a non-conformist whose mission is to alter the society to which he belonged. The fourth and the last stage of the process began in India, where politically Mahatma Gandhi accepted Gokhale's guidance and became convinced that the British Empire existed for the good of the world.
Islam in the Melting-pot
Authors: Edib Halidé 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
Islam is a religion consisting of a threefold code of life: individual, social, and political. First is a belief in One God, in His Messengers (the prophets) and in the inspired Books. Mohammed is the last messenger and monotheism is the alpha and omega of the Islamic creed. Second is an emphasis on two interrelated aspects of life: the relation of man to man, and social justice. The third concerns the khalif, who was elected by popular vote (Ijami-Ummet) just as the Americans elect their president. The second period in Islam began with Muaviye, the founder of the Emeviye dynasty. Dr M.A. Ansari, the last of the great Muslim leaders of 1920, believed that nationalism or narrow religion was incompatible with the sort of democracy he dreamed for India.
State and Market in India's Culture
Authors: Singh Balmiki Prasad 
Published: October 2012

AbstractAlong with market and trade, culture will soon be an important variable in determining the global position of a country. In India's long and uninterrupted cultural history, religion, trade and the State have brought a major role in the promotion of culture and the arts. The leaders of independent India, Jawaharlal Nehru, Maulana Abul Kalam Azad, Rajendra Prasad, and S. Radhakrishnan realized that a major intervention by the state was necessary in promoting cultural creativity. Various autonomous cultural institutions were set up with government support. A separate Department of Culture was set up. The National Culture Fund was set by the Indian government. The plural character of Indian culture has played a major role in continuity and richness of our culture. This chapter also discusses the recent trend of ethnic groups to gain greater share of income and wealth and hence more state power and thus the importance of harmony and peace.
Arts, Cultural Pageants and the State: The Nehru–Azad Dialogue
Authors: Singh Balmiki Prasad 
Published: October 2012

AbstractThis chapter begins by discussing the British approach to culture which was shaped by their policies of laissez-faire and paternalism. Subsequently leaders of the new republic approached the cultural issues with considerable sensitivity. It is a faithful portrait of dialogues between officials and leaders about the Republic Day parade which conveys the military and cultural strength of a vibrant nation. The aim is to present an insight into the cultural climate of the early years of the Indian Republic. The chapter mentions how Nehru's purchased paintings of Sass Brunner and Elizabeth Brunner and a series of letters written to Abul Kalam Azad which created the contour of government art purchase schemes. It is necessary in the realm of culture and the arts to consciously work towards revival of the spirit of the freedom struggle and the transparency with which the leaders and cultural personalities worked in the early years of the Indian Republic.
Postscript: ICT and Mahatma Gandhi
Authors: Singh Balmiki Prasad 
Published: October 2012

AbstractIndian civilization is deep-rooted and far-reaching. There were four encounters that have been seminal in Indian civilization. Each of these four civilizational encounters has deeply influenced the society, families, and individual beings and are living parts of consciousness and ways of living. The fifth civilizational encounter, encompassing all aspects of our living is the Information and Communications Technology (ICT) Revolution. Based on connectivity, ICT is radically transforming production and consumption pattern; access to information; governance; and politics. As warned by Mahatma Gandhi, it is also necessary to be aware of the evils associated with machines. There are two divergent views about Mahatma Gandhi's attitude towards ‘machines’ and ‘modernization’. The comments of Rabindranath Tagore, Jawaharlal Nehru and Ernest Fritz Schumacher are chosen for further discussion.
Introduction
Authors: Orsini Francesca 
Published: October 2012

AbstractBetween 1920 and 1940, Hindi emerged as the national language of India. Among Hindi intellectuals, the terms rāṣṭra and jāti were used to refer to ‘nation’ in a political sense and to indicate a common cultural identity, respectively. This book examines the Hindi public sphere during the period from the rise of nationalism led by Mahatma Gandhi in 1919–1920, to the institutionalization of the Congress party in the 1920s and 1930s, and finally to its consolidation as a ruling party with the provincial Congress governments of 1937–1939. The two decades between 1920 and 1940 are known as the ‘golden age’ of modern Hindi literature and a period characterized by extraordinary literary creativity in all fields, including poetry and fiction. In addition to Hindi language and the literary sphere, this book discusses women and the Hindi public sphere, as well as the Hindi political sphere with peasants as subjects.
Language, Literature, and Publicity
Authors: Orsini Francesca 
Published: October 2012

AbstractSince the nineteenth century, language and literature had been the subject of intense debates about the progress and reform of India. In the context of Hindi, such arguments gave rise to a cultural identification with the language, over a wide geographical area and in opposition to Urdu, English, and to earlier multiple linguistic saṃskāras. The growing support for Hindi, along with its politicization in the 1920s on the wave of Mahatma Gandhi's nationalism, suddenly made the question of a national language (rāṣṭrabhāṣā) appear plausible and even urgent. The provincial contest between scholars of Hindi and Urdu became an issue of national politics. This chapter examines how the nationalist perspective influenced Hindi debates on language and literature and on the role of the writer, how Hindi intellectuals reacted to the new publicity of the literary sphere, and the publicity and evaluation of Hindi literature based on prizes, popularity, and criticism.
Women and the Hindi Public Sphere
Authors: Orsini Francesca 
Published: October 2012

AbstractIn India, women's voices began to appear in the Hindi press and in Hindi literature only in the 1920s. Before that, women's access to the public sphere was full of tensions, and women active in the public sphere — whether through education, print, or activism — were able to do so only within extremely narrow confines and had to negotiate with both traditional and reformist concepts of Indian womanhood. These women were influenced in part by current symbols and notions of Indian femininity, including propriety, sevā, and maryādā. At the same time, they transformed these symbols in the new spaces to which they had access, whether in journals, literature, teaching, or political activism. Moreover, the chapter looks at the public spaces that women were able to access and the strategies and idioms they used so that they could gain a public voice.
Introduction
Authors: Pandey Gyanendra 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
This introductory chapter first sets out the purpose of the book, which is to examine the conditions, the character, and the consequences of what has been called ‘communal’ conflict in nineteenth and early-twentieth-century India. At the same time, it seeks to analyse a particular construction of knowledge about Indian society — the construction of a sociology and a history that is fairly well summed up in the term ‘communalism’. The chapter then examines what happens when the term ‘communalism’ is applied to the history of Hindu–Muslim (or Hindu–Sikh/Muslim–Sikh) relations in colonial north India, what remains hidden behind the term and what, if anything, it illuminates.
Community as History
Authors: Pandey Gyanendra 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
This chapter discusses the example of a slightly different kind of local history from the Bhojpuri region, which represents just one attempt among many in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries to bring ‘history’ to the witness-stand and assert a community identity in terms both of temporality and territoriality. The example — Sheikh Muhammad Ali Hasan's Waqeat-o-Hadesat: Qasba Mubarakpur—takes the form of a history or chronicle of events in the qasba prepared in the 1880s by a scion of a local Muslim zamindari family. The importance of the text is illustrated by drawing on alternative reconstructions of the same history as found in other sources.
Mobilizing the Hindu Community
Authors: Pandey Gyanendra 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
The ritual slaughter of cows came to occupy centre-stage in the politics of the late nineteenth century ‘not so much because the Muslims loved to sacrifice cows as because the militant Hindus [and, one might add, the colonial regime] made it an issue’. Cow-protection was also of special importance in bridging the gap between urban and rural Hindus and élite and popular levels of ‘communalism’. This chapter asks how all this happened: what did the call for cow-protection amount to, and how was it received by different sections of the putative Hindu community? These questions are investigated through a close examination of Cow-Protection activities and propaganda in the Bhojpuri region.
‘Hindi, Hindu, Hindustan’
Authors: Pandey Gyanendra 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
This chapter focuses on Hindu and Muslim movements in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, which were in large part an answer to a colonialism that challenged the validity of the indigenous forms of social existence in virtually every respect. They represented an effort by people at many different levels of the society to overcome the marks of subordination and humiliation that had come with colonial rule. On the one hand, these efforts suggest a political vision of emerging or potential unity based on the common interests of all Indians. On the other hand, it indicates the existence of a vision of society as already formed into discrete communities, each with its own priorities and interests and each with the right to determine its own (‘social’) future.
Afterword: Communalism after Communalism
Authors: Pandey Gyanendra 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
This chapter presents some concluding thoughts from the author. It looks at a condition of post-communalism, in which the context and the discursive space that made for what was characterized as communalism no longer endures. It suggests that the antagonisms, the suspicion and hatred, and the bloodletting between organized groups claiming to speak for different religious communities appear to have taken on more vicious and undisguised forms. But the easy categorization of these politics as communalism is not quite so comfortably done: and the search is on for an alternative and perhaps more adequate conceptualization of these tendencies and occurrences. The reasons for unease may lie in the erosion of the neat ideals of nationalism and communalism, progress and reaction that we have long lived with. It is these are examined a little more closely.
The Consequences of Rising Youth Obesity for U.S. Military Academy Admissions
Authors: Cawley John , Maclean Johanna Catherine 
Published: October 2012

AbstractThis study estimates the percentage of the U.S. age‐eligible population that exceeds weight‐for‐height admission standards of U.S. Military Academies, the undergraduate institutions that train officers for the U.S. Armed Forces. We analyze data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys, and document that the fraction of age‐eligible civilians exceeding the weight and fat standards for admission has more than doubled for men and nearly quadrupled for women between 1959 and 2010. Among women, exceeding these standards is roughly 13 percentage points more likely among African‐Americans than whites, representing a challenge to the military, which strives for a racially‐diverse officer corps. Simulations indicate that further increases in weight and fat of just 1% would result in a 16.5% increase for men, and 10.9% increase for women, in ineligibility for admission to the U.S. Military Academy at West Point. Overall, these results indicate that the current prevalence of and future trends in obesity threaten to reduce the quality of the officer corps, and thereby decrease U.S. military readiness.
Inhibition of antibody productionin vivoby pre-stimulation of Toll-like receptor 4 before antigen priming is caused by defective B-cell priming and not impairment in antigen presentation
Authors: Rachmawati Nurlaely Mida , Fukudome Kenji , Tsuneyoshi Naoko , Bahrun Uleng , Tsukamoto Hiroki , Yanagibashi Tsutomu , Nagai Yoshinori , Takatsu Kiyoshi , Ohta Shoichiro , Kimoto Masao 
Published: October 2012

AbstractStimulation of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) induces not only innate but also adaptive immune responses, and has been suggested to exert adjuvant effects. Additional to such positive effects, pre-stimulation of TLR4 induces endotoxin tolerance where animals are unresponsive to subsequent lethal challenges with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). We examined the effects of pre-stimulation of TLR4 using an agonistic anti-TLR4 mAb (UT12) on antibody production in vivo. Pre-injection of UT12 prior to both primary and secondary immunization completely inhibited antigen-specific antibody responses. Cellular analysis revealed that the inhibition was not due to impairment of T-cell activation. Accordingly, T-helper activities in UT12 pre-injected mice were not impaired. In contrast, B-cell priming was defective in UT12 pre-injected mice. The observation that the expression of activation markers such as CD69 and CD86 on B cells was blocked by UT12 pre-injection supports this. Interestingly, UT12 pre-injection only showed inhibitory effects at the primary and not the secondary immunization. These results provide important information concerning the regulatory mechanisms of antibody production, especially in endotoxin-tolerant states.
Archiving electroacoustic and mixed music
Authors: Boutard Guillaume , Guastavino Catherine 
Published: October 2012

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to identify, operationalise, and test a knowledge management model in the context of electroacoustic and mixed music preservation. This operationalisation intends to provide an interdisciplinary framework for the specification of meaningful usability for idiosyncratic technological artefacts build up during the creative process of these works.Design/methodology/approachThe design of the questionnaire was based on semi‐structured interviews with seven composers. The resulting questionnaire was used for an online survey targeting composers registered at electroacoustic and mixed music online associations. Data were collected from 33 composers.FindingsThis article demonstrates the relevance of Boisot's knowledge management model in order to categorize the knowledge involved during the creative process of electroacoustic and mixed music with spatialisation.Research limitations/implicationsIn terms of Boisot's model operationalisation, the authors identified limitations with regards to composers' ability to discriminate between different levels of abstraction and diffusion. Since multiple agents, both human and non‐human, are involved in the creative process of electroacoustic and mixed music, further studies should address their interaction throughout the creative process.Originality/valueBased on the findings of the survey, the authors propose the concept of significant knowledge as an extension of significant properties in order to provide a meaningful usability of digital objects. Since similar technologies are used in theatre, dance, and fine arts, the authors expect this research to benefit the artistic community at large in terms of preservation.
Modelling nonlinear information behaviour: transferability and progression
Authors: Foster Allen , Urquhart Christine 
Published: October 2012

PurposeThis paper aims to report on a project aimed at moving Foster's nonlinear model of information seeking behaviour forwards from an empirically based model focused on one setting and towards one that is robustly transferable and enables testing of the model in other information‐seeking situations.Design/methodology/approachThe method utilised recoding of the original dataset, comparison of code decisions, and testing of the code book on a second dataset.FindingsThe results of the coding confirm the structure and interactions in version one of the model. The dynamic and nonlinear nature of information seeking is confirmed, as are the core processes and contextual dimensions of the original model with some extension and refinement of coding.Practical implicationsChanges to the model include new scales of extent and intensity, refinement of code descriptions, and extension of some elements to include multidisciplinary theories. Collectively these changes enable testing of the model in other information situations and opportunities for further research.Originality/valueThe results incorporate a number of enhancements that have been developed since the original Foster model was created; cognitive dimensions relating to personality and learning are enhanced and the codes essential to the revised Foster model are described along with a code book. The paper concludes by highlighting areas for further research.