bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Baker's Yeast Behavior during Vacuum Agitated Contact Drying
Authors: Bennamoun L. , Afzal M. , Léonard A. 
Published: September 2013

AbstractDrying is considered as an intensive operation that consumes large quantities of energy. Usually, baker's yeast is obtained using freeze drying or fluidized‐bed drying, both of which are considered as expensive technologies. So, exploring other techniques such as contact drying could limit this disadvantage. In addition, no work dealing with contact drying of baker's yeast has been accomplished yet. Therefore, here, the behavior of baker's yeast during vacuum agitated contact drying is presented. The results show that the drying process can be divided into three phases: the pasty phase, the lumpy phase, and the granular phase. The influence of the drying parameters, such as the temperature, the impeller velocity, and the initial mass, was also studied. It was found that the wall temperature and the impeller velocity have a positive effect on the drying kinetics, as their increase allows a reduction in the drying time. Nevertheless, an increase in the pressure level or the initial mass of the product caused the drying time to increase.
Ion‐Pairing of Phosphonium Salts in Solution: CH⋅⋅⋅Halogen and CH⋅⋅⋅π Hydrogen Bonds
Authors: Ammer Johannes , Nolte Christoph , Karaghiosoff Konstantin , Thallmair Sebastian , Mayer Peter , de Vivie‐Riedle Regina , Mayr Herbert 
Published: September 2013

AbstractThe 1H NMR chemical shifts of the C(α)H protons of arylmethyl triphenylphosphonium ions in CD2Cl2 solution strongly depend on the counteranions X−. The values for the benzhydryl derivatives Ph2CHPPh3+ X−, for example, range from δH=8.25 (X−=Cl−) over 6.23 (X−=BF4−) to 5.72 ppm (X−=BPh4−). Similar, albeit weaker, counterion‐induced shifts are observed for the ortho‐protons of all aryl groups. Concentration‐dependent NMR studies show that the large shifts result from the deshielding of the protons by the anions, which decreases in the order Cl− > Br− ≫ BF4− > SbF6−. For the less bulky derivatives PhCH2PPh3+ X−, we also find CH⋅⋅⋅Ph interactions between C(α)H and a phenyl group of the BPh4− anion, which result in upfield NMR chemical shifts of the C(α)H protons. These interactions could also be observed in crystals of (p‐CF3‐C6H4)CH2PPh3+ BPh4−. However, the dominant effects causing the counterion‐induced shifts in the NMR spectra are the CH⋅⋅⋅X− hydrogen bonds between the phosphonium ion and anions, in particular Cl− or Br−. This observation contradicts earlier interpretations which assigned these shifts predominantly to the ring current of the BPh4− anions. The concentration dependence of the 1H NMR chemical shifts allowed us to determine the dissociation constants of the phosphonium salts in CD2Cl2 solution. The cation–anion interactions increase with the acidity of the C(α)H protons and the basicity of the anion. The existence of CH⋅⋅⋅X− hydrogen bonds between the cations and anions is confirmed by quantum chemical calculations of the ion pair structures, as well as by X‐ray analyses of the crystals. The IR spectra of the Cl− and Br− salts in CD2Cl2 solution show strong red‐shifts of the CH stretch bands. The CH stretch bands of the tetrafluoroborate salt PhCH2PPh3+ BF4− in CD2Cl2, however, show a blue‐shift compared to the corresponding BPh4− salt.
Titanium Carbide and Carbide‐Derived Carbon Composite Nanofibers by Electrospinning of Ti‐Resin Precursor
Authors: Martin Jan R. , Borchardt Lars , Oschatz Martin , Mondin Giovanni , Kaskel Stefan 
Published: September 2013

AbstractTiO2/C and TiC/C composite nanofibers were produced by electrospinning of resin/TiCl4 precursor solution. The resulting ceramic fiber webs were porous and showed surface areas as high as 523 m2g–1. They were further converted to carbide‐derived carbon (CDC) fibers under full retention of the fiber‐like shape and flexibility. These CDC membranes showed a hierarchical pore structure and specific surface as high as 1378 m2g–1. Applications in the area of high temperature filtration, catalyst support and energy storage are conceivable.
Lightweight distributed geographical: a lightweight distributed protocol for virtual clustering in geographical forwarding cognitive radio sensor networks
Authors: Zubair Suleiman , Fisal Norsheila , Abazeed Mohammed B. , Salihu Bala Alhaji , Khan Adnan Shahid 
Published: September 2013

SUMMARYRecent literature characterizes future wireless sensor networks (WSN) with dynamic spectrum capabilities. When cognitive radio is introduced as a main component of a network, a network management protocol is needed to ensure network connectivity and stability especially in highly dynamic environments. Implementing such protocols in WSN opens more challenges because of the resource constraints in sensor networks. We propose a distributed lightweight solution that fulfills this need for WSN. With this protocol, a node in a multichannel environment is quickly able to establish a control channel with neighboring nodes. Lightweight distributed geographical either increases or reduces the coverage area of the control channel based on perceived interference and adequately takes care of intersecting nodes with minimal overhead. By identifying local minima nodes, it also has the potentiality of reducing route failure by 70% further reducing the time and energy overhead incurred by switching to angle routing or maximum power transmission schemes usually used to solve the local minima issue. The work shows best operating values in terms of duty cycle and signal to noise ratio threshold frequencies and the lightweight nature of lightweight distributed geographical in terms of energy and communication overhead, which suits network management protocols for cognitive radio sensor networks. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The behavioral and endocrinological development of stress response in dogs
Authors: Nagasawa Miho , Shibata Yoh , Yonezawa Akiko , Morita Tomoko , Kanai Masanori , Mogi Kazutaka , Kikusui Takefumi 
Published: September 2013

ABSTRACTEndocrinological stress response has been shown to be absent in a specific period of the early life of rodents; this is named the stress‐hyporesponsive period (SHRP). The SHRP is a significant period for the appropriate development of infants. In this study, the presence of SHRP in dogs was identified by conducting a 5‐min separation test in 142 Labrador retriever puppies in their early socialization period and measuring the changes in urinary cortisol levels. An increase in cortisol after separation was found after 5 weeks of age, suggesting that the SHRP persists until 4 weeks of age in dogs. The distress vocalization during separation changed and the lactating behavior decreased rapidly around 5 weeks of age, suggesting that the endocrinological and emotional aspects of development change at approximately 5 weeks of age and maternal inhibition of cortisol might occur in dogs as well as rodents. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 56: 726–733, 2014.
Early deprivation impairs the development of balance and bilateral coordination
Authors: Roeber Barbara J. , Gunnar Megan R. , Pollak Seth D. 
Published: September 2013

ABSTRACTThis study examined balance and bilateral coordination skills in a sample of internationally adopted, post‐institutionalized (PI) children. We compared the performance of these PI children to two age‐matched groups. One was a group of children who were internationally adopted from foster care (FC). The second group consisted of non‐adopted children being raised in their birth families, who served as controls (Control). Both PI and FC children scored lower than control children on balance, while PI children scored lower than both FC and control children on bilateral coordination. These results suggest that aspects of institutional rearing impact the development of bilateral coordination, while factors common to internationally adopted children other than institutionalization impact the development of balance. Region of birth (Asia, Latin/South America, Russia/Eastern Europe) did not moderate associations between institutional duration and bilateral coordination. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 56: 1110–1118, 2014.
A 2D Layered Lanthanide Hydroxide Showing Slow Relaxation of Magnetization – Dy8(OH)20Cl4·6H2O
Authors: Monteiro Bernardo , Pereira Cláudia C. L. , Coutinho Joana T. , Pereira Laura C. J. , Marçalo Joaquim , Almeida Manuel 
Published: September 2013

AbstractThe magnetic properties of the layered lanthanide hydroxide Dy8(OH)20Cl4·6H2O were studied. Below 5 K, slow magnetic relaxation was observed even in the absence of an external field, with a blocking temperature of 3 K and an energy barrier of 36.1 K, a behavior characteristic of single‐molecule magnets.
Using fluidized bed and flume experiments to quantify cohesion development from aging and drainage
Authors: Nouwakpo Sayjro Kossi , Huang Chi‐hua , Weltz Mark A. , Pimenta Flavia , Chagas Isis , Lima Luiz 
Published: September 2013

ABSTRACTTemporal variations in soil erosion resistance are often the result of decreased soil cohesion due to physical disruption followed by a regain of soil strength through a process called aging, stabilization or consolidation. The goal of this study was to quantify changes in soil cohesion due to aging and subsurface hydrologic condition using a fluidized bed method. A flume experiment was also used to verify that findings from the fluidized bed experiment translated into measurable changes in soil erodibility. Tests were performed on three different soils (a Miami soil, a Cecil soil and Crosby–Miami soil complex). Changes in soil cohesion due to aging and drainage state were successfully detected by the fluidized bed technique. For all soils tested, cohesion developed in a two‐stage process where an increase in cohesion with aging duration immediately after the soil was rewetted, was followed by a decrease in cohesion which often started after 24 h of aging. When soils were aged at field capacity, the resulting cohesion measured by the fluidized bed method was on average 3.13 times higher than that measured when aging was performed at saturation. Trends in soil rill erodibility Kr with aging duration measured in the flume experiment were consistent with the two‐stage pattern observed in soil cohesion estimates but the legacy effect of suction applied at field capacity faded after 72 h of aging. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Longitudinal missing data strategies for substance use clinical trials using generalized estimating equations: an example with a buprenorphine trial
Authors: McPherson Sterling , Barbosa‐Leiker Celestina , McDonell Michael , Howell Donelle , Roll John 
Published: September 2013

ObjectiveA review of substance use clinical trials indicates that sub‐optimal methods are the most commonly used procedures to deal with longitudinal missing information.MethodsListwise deletion (i.e., using complete cases only), positive urine analysis (UA) imputation, and multiple imputation (MI) were used to evaluate the effect of baseline substance use and buprenorphine/naloxone tapering schedule (7 or 28 days) on the probability of a positive UA (UA+) across the 4‐week treatment period.ResultsThe listwise deletion generalized estimating equations (GEE) model demonstrated that those in the 28‐day taper group were less likely to submit a UA+ for opioids during the treatment period (odds ratios (OR) = 0.57, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.39–0.83), as did the positive UA imputation model (OR = 0.43, CI: 0.34–0.55). The MI model also demonstrated a similar effect of taper group (OR = 0.57, CI: 0.42–0.77), but the effect size was more similar to that of the listwise deletion model.ConclusionsFuture researchers may find utilization of the MI procedure in conjunction with the common method of GEE analysis as a helpful analytic approach when the missing at random assumption is justifiable. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Trend and extreme occurrence of precipitation in a mid‐latitude Eurasian steppe watershed at various time scales
Authors: Wang Xixi , Yang Xiaomin , Liu Tingxi , Li Fengling , Gao Ruizhong , Duan Limin , Luo Yanyun 
Published: September 2013

AbstractThe confounding effects of step change invalidate the stationarity assumption of commonly used trend analysis methods such as the Mann–Kendall test technique, so previous studies have failed to explain inconsistencies between detected trends and observed large precipitation anomalies. The objectives of this study were to (1) formulate a trend analysis approach that considers nonstationarity due to step changes, (2) use this approach to detect trends and extreme occurrences of precipitation in a mid‐latitude Eurasian steppe watershed in North China, and (3) examine how runoff responds to precipitation trends in the study watershed. Our results indicate that annual precipitation underwent a marginal step jump around 1995. The significant annual downward trend after 1994 was primarily due to a decrease in summer rainfall; other seasons exhibited no significant precipitation trends. At a monthly scale, July rainfall after 1994 exhibited a significant downward trend, whereas precipitation in other months had no trend. The percentage of wet days also underwent a step jump around 1994 following a significant decreasing trend, although the precipitation intensity exhibited neither a step change nor any significant trend. However, both low‐frequency and high‐frequency precipitation events in the study watershed occurred more often after than before 1994; probably as either a result or an indicator of climate change. In response to these precipitation changes, the study watershed had distinctly different precipitation‐runoff relationships for observed annual precipitations of less than 300 mm, between 300 and 400 mm, and greater than 400 mm. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dynamic molecular monitoring of retina inflammation byin vivoRaman spectroscopy coupled with multivariate analysis
Authors: Marro Monica , Taubes Alice , Abernathy Alice , Balint Stephan , Moreno Beatriz , Sanchez‐Dalmau Bernardo , Martínez‐Lapiscina Elena H. , Amat‐Roldan Ivan , Petrov Dmitri , Villoslada Pablo 
Published: September 2013

AbstractRetinal tissue is damaged during inflammation in Multiple Sclerosis. We assessed molecular changes in inflamed murine retinal cultures by Raman spectroscopy. Partial Least Squares‐Discriminant analysis (PLS‐DA) was able to classify retina cultures as inflamed with high accuracy. Using Multivariate Curve Resolution (MCR) analysis, we deconvolved 6 molecular components suffering dynamic changes along inflammatory process. Those include the increase of immune mediators (Lipoxygenase, iNOS and TNFα), changes in molecules involved in energy production (Cytochrome C, phenylalanine and NADH/NAD+) and decrease of Phosphatidylcholine. Raman spectroscopy combined with multivariate analysis allows monitoring the evolution of retina inflammation.Raman spectroscopy analysis of the Retinal Ganglion Cell layer of the retina. (A) Design of the analysis of the Ganglion cell layer (GCL) and Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer (RNFL) of the retina based in the physical properties of laser light and anatomical structure of retinal layers. (B) Examples of raw Raman spectra from representative retina sample after 10 hours incubation time (black) and LPS treated retina sample after 10 hours incubation time (red) and 12 hours incubation time (blue). (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Radius dependence of solute concentration estimates of simulated ultrafine precipitates
Authors: Serizawa Ai , Miller Michael K. 
Published: September 2013

ABSTRACTEstimates of the radii and solute concentrations of simulated microstructures containing ultrafine spherical precipitates were determined from isoconcentration surfaces and proximity histograms. The accuracy of the estimates of the solute concentrations and the radii of precipitates was found to depend on the size of precipitates. Optimized parameters for analyzing 0.5‐ to 2‐nm‐radius precipitates are proposed. The solute content of 0.5‐nm‐radius precipitates was not estimated correctly by this method. The accuracy of the estimates of the solute concentration and the radius of precipitates were primarily influenced by the solute concentrations of the precipitates. The ranges of error of the solute concentration in the precipitates, which are associated with the analytical limitations of the ultrafine precipitates, were determined, and the results indicated a limitation of the estimates. Microsc. Res. Tech. 76:1196–1203, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Isolation and characterization of two satellite DNAs in some Iberian rock lizards (Squamata, Lacertidae)
Authors: Giovannotti Massimo , Rojo Verónica , Nisi Cerioni Paola , González‐Tizón Ana , Martínez‐Lage Andrés , Splendiani Andrea , Naveira Horacio , Ruggeri Paolo , Arribas óscar , Olmo Ettore , Caputo Barucchi Vincenzo 
Published: September 2013

ABSTRACTSatellite DNAs represent a large portion of all high eukaryotic genomes. They consist of numerous very similar repeated sequences, tandemly arranged in large clusters up to 100 million base pairs in length, usually located in the heterochromatic parts of chromosomes. The biological significance of satDNAs is still under discussion, but most of their proposed functions are related to heterochromatin and/or centromere formation and function. Because information about the structure of reptilian satDNA is far from exhaustive, we present a molecular and cytogenetic characterization of two satDNA families in four lacertid species. Two families of tandemly repeated DNAs, namely TaqI and HindIII satDNAs, have been cloned and sequenced from four species belonging to the genus Iberolacerta. These satDNAs are characterized by a monomer length of 171–188 and 170–172 bp, and by an AT content of 60.5% and 58.1%, respectively. FISH experiments with TaqI satDNA probe produced bright signals in pericentromeric regions of a subset of chromosomes whereas all the centromeres were marked by HindIII probe. The results obtained in this study suggest that chromosome location and abundance of satDNAs influence the evolution of these elements, with centromeric families evolving tenfold faster than interstitial/pericentromeric ones. Such different rates render different satellites useful for phylogenetic investigation at different taxonomic ranks. J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 322B: 13–26, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
In the hot seat: Insolation, ENSO, and vegetation in the African tropics
Authors: Ivory Sarah J. , Russell Joellen , Cohen Andrew S. 
Published: September 2013

AbstractAfrican climate is changing at rates unprecedented in the Late Holocene with profound implications for tropical ecosystems and the global hydrologic cycle. Understanding the specific climate drivers behind tropical ecosystem change is critical for both future and paleomodeling efforts. However, linkages between climate and vegetation in the tropics have been extremely controversial. The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) is a satellite‐derived index of vegetation productivity with a high spatial and temporal resolution. Here we use regression analysis to show that NDVI variability in Africa is primarily correlated with the interannual extent of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ). Our results indicate that interannual variability of the ITCZ, rather than sea surface temperatures or teleconnections to middle/high latitudes, drives patterns in African vegetation resulting from the effects of insolation anomalies and El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events on atmospheric circulation. Global controls on tropical atmospheric circulation allow for spatially coherent reconstruction of interannual vegetation variability throughout Africa on many time scales through regulation of dry season length and moisture convergence, rather than precipitation amount.
Impact of Epstein–Barr virus load, virus genotype, and frequency of the 30 bp deletion in the viral BNLF‐1 gene in patients harboring the human immunodeficiency virus
Authors: Giron Leila Bertoni , Ramos da Silva Suzane , Barbosa Alexandre Naime , Monteiro de Barros Almeida Ricardo Augusto , Rosário de Souza Lenice do , Elgui de Oliveira Deilson 
Published: September 2013

ABSTRACTPatients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are at higher risk of developing Epstein–Barr Virus (EBV)‐associated lymphomas. The usefulness of monitoring EBV in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of patients infected with HIV has not been established. The aim of this study was to evaluate the EBV viral load in PBMCs, the frequency of viral genotypes, and the presence of the 30‐bp deletion in the BNLF‐1 gene. DNA samples from 156 patients attending the HIV/AIDS Day Clinic at Botucatu School of Medicine, Sao Paulo State University were evaluated. The EBV viral load was detectable by real time PCR in 123/156 (78.8%) cases and was higher in patients not receiving antiretroviral treatment or under therapeutic failure than in patients under successful highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) (P = 0.0076). Overall, the profile of patients with high EBV viral load included elevated HIV viremia (P = 0.0005), longer time of HIV diagnosis (P = 0.0026), and increased levels of T CD8+ lymphocytes (P = 0.0159). The successful amplification of the EBNA‐2 gene by nested‐PCR was achieved in 95 of 123 (77.2%) cases, of which 75.8% were EBV‐1, 9.5% EBV‐2, and 14.7% were co‐infected with both EBV‐1 and ‐2. The analysis of the BNLF‐1 gene was possible in 99 of 123 (80.5%) cases, of which 50.5% had the 30‐bp deletion. EBV‐1 was more common than EBV‐2, which may reflect the fact that the cohort was predominantly Caucasian and heterosexual. J. Med. Virol. 85:2110–2118, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Comparison of the effect of intra‐tendon applications of recombinant human platelet‐derived growth factor‐BB, platelet‐rich plasma, steroids in a rat achilles tendon collagenase model
Authors: Solchaga Luis A. , Bendele Alison , Shah Vivek , Snel Leo B. , Kestler Hans K. , Dines Joshua S. , Hee Christopher K. 
Published: September 2013

ABSTRACTThis study compared the effect of intra‐tendon (IT) delivery of recombinant human platelet‐derived growth factor‐BB (rhPDGF‐BB), platelet‐rich plasma (PRP) and corticosteroids in a rat tendinopathy model. Seven days after collagenase induction of tendinopathy, a 30‐µl IT injection was administered. Treatments included: saline; 3 µg rhPDGF‐BB; 10 µg rhPDGF‐BB; PRP; and 300 µg triamcinolone acetonide (TCA). Outcomes were assessed 7 and 21 days after treatment. All groups exhibited good to excellent repair. Relative to saline, cell proliferation increased 65% in the 10 µg rhPDGF‐BB group and decreased 74% in the TCA group; inflammation decreased 65% in the TCA group. At 7 days, maximum load‐to‐failure was increased in the 3 µg rhPDGF‐BB group relative to saline, PRP, and TCA (p < 0.025). On day 21, maximum load‐to‐rupture was increased in the 10 µg rhPDGF‐BB group relative to saline, PRP, and TCA (p < 0.035) and in the 3 µg rhPDGF‐BB group compared to saline and TCA (p < 0.027). Stiffness in the 10 µg rhPDGF‐BB group was increased compared to saline, PRP, and TCA (p < 0.038). Histology demonstrated similar repair in all groups. PRP and TCA did not improve mechanical properties compared to saline. Injections of rhPDGF‐BB increased maximum load‐to‐failure (3 and 10 µg) and stiffness (10 µg) relative to controls and commonly used treatments. © 2013 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 32:145–150, 2014.