bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Influence of Hydrocortisone (HC) on Differentiation of Adipose Tissue is Dependent on Fetal Age
Authors: Hausman Gary J. , Wright J. Thomas 
Published: September 2012

AbstractElevated serum hydrocortisone (HC) levels are associated with larger fat cells and elevated levels of Iipogenic and associated enzymes in late term pig fetuses from genetically obese dams. We have investigated the influence of HC status per se on these and other adipose tissue traits by chronically treating pig fetuses hypophysectomized (hypox) on day 70 with HC between either day 70 and 90 or 90 and 105 of gestation. Treatment with HC during both periods increased serum HC levels (P<.05) and increased fat cell size (P<.05) in the perirenal (PERI) and subcutaneous (SQ) depots, but failed to influence body weights, insulin‐like growth factor‐1 and insulin levels. Quantitative analysis of sections of PERI and SQ adipose tissue indicated that HC increased lipoprotein lipase (LPL), esterase and glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) activities. The degree of esterase and G6PDH, but not LPL response to HC, was greater during the 90‐ to 105‐day period than during the earlier period. HC significantly increased lipid accretion only in the SQ depot between 90 and 105 days. Overall, HC significantly augmented hypox‐induced alterations in cellular and metabolic traits of developing adipose tissue. The general increase in fat cell size (21%) with moderate (SQ‐105d) or no (PERI‐90, 105d; SQ‐90d) increase in lipid accretion indicates that HC either did not influence or decreased apparent fat cell number. Regardless, these data indicate that changes in serum HC per se may account for adipose tissue traits that characterize fetuses from genetically obese dams.
Positive Modulation of the Adipoconversion of Adipoblasts Derived from Genetically Obese Rats by Sodium Butyrate
Authors: Gregoire Francine M. , Magrurn; Linda , Johnson Patricia R. , Greenwood MRC 
Published: September 2012

AbstractUsing a new serum‐free primary culture system, we have previously reported genotypic differences between adipoblasts derived from the epididymal adipose deposit of lean and obese 8‐week‐old Zucker and Wistar Diabetic Fatty (WDF) rats (15). In these strictly controlled culture conditions, obese‐derived adipoblasts expressed low levels of the late markers of differentiation (lipid accumulation, GPDH). In order to further characterize obese‐derived adipoblasts and analyze the critical relationship between growth and differentiation, growth arrest was induced in leanand obese‐derived cultures using sodium butyrate treatment. Addition of 2.5 mM sodium butyrate to the serum‐free medium from day 1 reduced markedly the growth of lean as well as obese‐derived cells. Adipoconversion of lean‐derived adipoblasts was not altered, similar levels of LPL and GPDH activities being obtained in control and butyrate‐treated groups. By contrast, a marked increase in both activities was observed in obese‐derived cultures, restoring the level of both markers of differentiation to the lean level. Similar results were obtained with adipoblasts derived from subcutaneous inguinal (ING) fat pad of obese Zucker as well as adipoblasts derived from ING and EPI fat deposits from obese WDF rats. Taken together, these results suggest that adipose deposits of these genetically obese rats contain a specific adipoblast population which differs from lean‐derived adipoblasts in respect to its adipoconversion capacity andlor its stage of commitment to differentiation.
Effects of Testosterone on Triglyceride Uptake and Mobilization in Different Adipose Tissues in Male Rats in Vivo
Authors: Per Min , Björntorp Li 
Published: September 2012

AbstractLI, MIN AND PER BJ4OURNTORP. Effects of testosterone on triglyceride uptake and mobilization in different adipose tissues in male rats in vivo. Obes Res. 1995;3:113–119.The effects of testosterone (T) on uptake and mobilization of orally administered triglyceride were examined in male rats. In order to attempt to explain regional differences, adipose tissue metabolism was studied in vivo. (U‐14 C) oleic acid in sesame oil was given by gastric gavage to male, sham operated, castrated and castrated + T substituted rats, and accumulation and half‐life of radioactivity measured. In castrated rats in comparisons with sham‐operated and castrated + T rats, serum T was absent, and body weight lower (P< 0.05 or 0.01), but adipocytes in retroperitoneal and mesenteric tissues became significantly heavier. Radioactivity (dpm/mg triglyceride) was higher, in retroperitoneal tissue at 4 hours, 7, 30 days, and in mesenteric tissue at 4 hours, and at 30 and 60 days after oral label administration (0.1 > p > 0.05 or P< 0.05), no differences were seen in epididymal or inguinal depots at 4 hours. When radioactivity was expressed per adipocyte, the castrated group showed significantly higher radioactivity when compared to sham and castrated + T groups at 7 and 30 days in retroperitoneal and at 60 days in mesenteric adipocytes (P< 0.05 or 0.01). Half life (T 1/2) of radioactivity was longer in mesenteric tissue in the castrated rats than the other two groups (sham group, 33 days ± 2; castrated group, 58 days ± 6; and castrated + T group, 39 days ± 3, P< 0.05), but there were no differences between groups in retroperitoneal adipose tissue. It was concluded that T exerts important, multiple effects on triglyceride storage and mobilization in adipose tissue, with regional differences between adipose tissues.
Relation of Body Fat Distribution to Reproductive Factors in Pre‐ and Postmenopausal Women
Authors: Troisi Rebecca J. , Wolf Anne M. , Manson Jo Ann E. , Klingler Kelly M. , Colditz Graham A. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractTROISI, REBECCA J, ANNE M WOLF, JOANN E MANSON, KELLY M. KLINGLER AND GRAHAM A. COLDITZ. Relation of body fat distribution to reproductive factors in pre‐ and postmenopausal women. Obes Res. 1995;3:143–151.The cross‐sectional relations of several reproductive characteristics with self‐reported waist‐to‐hip circumference ratio were evaluated in 44, 487 pre‐ and postmenopausal women 40 to 65 years of age who were free of cancer, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes. All results were adjusted for age, body mass index, cigarette smoking, physical activity, and alcohol intake. Current use of postmenopausal hormones was associated with a significantly lower waist‐to‐hip ratio than either past or never use independent of type of menopause (0.778 versus 0.784, p=0.0001 and 0.787, p=0.0001, respectively), although associations with type (unopposed estrogens versus combined estrogen and progesterone) and duration of hormone therapy were not noted. Waist‐to‐hip ratio did not differ between pre‐ and postmenopausal women, but demonstrated weak positive associations with age at menarche, parity, and age at first birth, and a weak inverse association with past duration of breast‐feeding. These data confirm relations of several reproductive factors and use of hormone replacement therapy with body fat distribution. Epidemiologic studies relating body fat distribution to disease outcomes in women should consider these factors as potential confounders.
Monoclonal Antibody‐Mediated Cytotoxicity of Adipocytes
Authors: Wright J. Thomas , Hausman Gary J. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractMonoclonal antibodies (MAbs) raised against porcine adipocyte plasma membranes were used to demonstrate complement‐mediated cytotoxicity of adipocytes and preadipocytes in primary stromal‐vascular (SV) cultures. Five of the six MAbs tested significantly reduced the number of fat cell clusters in cultures maintained in medium supplemented with pig serum and dexamethasone (PS/DEX) but not in cultures supplemented with insulin, transferrin, and selenium (ITS). Neither MAb nor complement alone affected fat cell cluster number. Treatment of both ITS and PS/DEX cultures with pools of 2 or more MAbs, in combination with complement, eliminated fat cell clusters in all instances. Treatment of cultures prior to appearance of cells containing lipid demonstrated that preadipocytes, or adipose lineage cells, could also be eliminated by MAb/complement treatment. Finally, injection of young rats with a pool of three of the MAbs produced a 30% reduction in inguinal fat pad weight without affecting other tissues. Adipocyte/ preadipocyte‐depleted cultures can now be used as a model system to examine progression of cells through the adipose cell lineage at a time not previously possible with primary cells.
Body Habitus Changes Among Adult Males From the Normative Aging Study: Relations to Aging, Smoking History and Alcohol Intake
Authors: Grinker Joel A. , Tucker Katherine , Vokonas Pantel S. , Rush David 
Published: September 2012

AbstractBody habitus changes among adult males from the normative aging study: relations to aging, smoking history and alcohol intake. Obes Res. 1995;3:435–446. The Normative Aging Study (NAS) recruited 2280 Boston area healthy males aged 21 to 80 in 1961 through 1970. Clinical exams have continued at 3‐ to 5‐year intervals. Obesity was not an exclusion criterion. Stability in weight and body habitus among 867 adult participants in the NAS was evaluated at 5‐and 15‐year follow‐ups. At study entry, age was linearly related to central adiposity [abdominal circumference (AC) and ratio of AC/Hip Breadth (HB)] throughout the entire age range (30 to 78 years) and linearly and quadratically related to weight (WT) and Body Mass Index (BMI) (kg/m2) with maximal values at age 50. Over 15 years, changes in adiposity were strongly related to age; the greatest increases were among those initially 30 to 44 years of age with decrements in several adiposity measures (BMI, AC) only among the oldest subjects (60+ at entry); significant quadratic effects of age for BMI (p<. 001), WT (p<. 02) and AC (p<. 01). There were major secular differences; men born later were heavier and fatter at the same ages as men born earlier. Men who gained (>1 BMI) were younger while men who lost (>1 BMI) had greater initial central adiposity than others. Smoking cessation was independently associated with increments in both central and peripheral adiposity. Moderate alcohol intake was associated with lower gains in AC/HB ratios at 15 years compared with little or high consumption. In general, aging was associated with trends towards central adiposity which tended to plateau or decrease at the oldest ages.
Multiple Serotonin Receptors: Opportunities for New Treatments for Obesity?
Authors: Dourish Colin T. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractRecent progress in the molecular pharmacology of 5‐HT receptors and the development of selective ligands for various 5‐HT receptor subtypes has advanced our understanding of the role of 5‐HT mechanisms in the control of food intake and body weight The most intensively investigated 5‐HT receptor subtypes have been the 5‐HT1A receptor, the 5‐HT1B receptor andthe5‐HT2C receptor. The overall pattern of results to date suggests that selective 5‐HT2C agonists may be novel anorectic drugs and prove useful in the treatment of obesity. However, a number of issues remain unresolved, particularly regarding potential side‐effects, as the 5‐HT2C receptor agonist mCPP has been reported to induce anxiety and nausea in humans, actions that would clearly limit its therapeutic utility. In addition, the possible role of recently cloned 5‐HT receptor subtypes such as 5‐ht5,5‐ht6 and 5‐ht7 remains unexplored and the development of selective ligands for these sites has the potential to lead to new treatments for obesity.
Structure, Function, and Regulation of the Three β‐Adrenergic Receptors
Authors: Strosberg A. Donny 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThree β‐adrenergic receptor subtypes are now known to be functionally expressed in mammals. All three belong to the R7G family of receptors coupled to G‐proteins, and characterized by an extracellular glycosylated N‐terminal and an intracellular C‐terminal region and seven transmembrane domains, linked by three exta‐ and three intracellular loops.The catecholamine ligand binding domain, studied using affinity‐labeling and site‐directed mutagenesis, is a pocket lined by residues belonging to the transmembrane domains. The region responsible for the interaction with the Gs protein which, when activated, stimulates adenylyl cyclase, is composed of residues belonging to the parts most proximal to the membrane of intracellular loop i3 and the C‐terminal region.The pharmacology of the three subtypes is quite distinct: in fact most of the potent β1/β2 antagonists (the well known β blockers) act as agonists on β3. The subtype is resistant to short‐term desensitization mediated by phosphorylation through PKA or βARK, in stark contrast to the β1 or β2 subtypes. Various compounds (dexamethasone, butyrate, insulin) up regulate β1 or β1 subtypes while down‐regulating β3 whose expression strictly correlates with differentiation of 3T3‐F442A fibroblasts into adipocytes, thus confirming that the expression of the three subtypes may each be regulated independently to exert a specific physiologic role in different tissues or at different stages of development.
Biochemical and Anthropometric Characterization of Morbid Obesity in a Large Utah Pedigree
Authors: Hunt Steven C. , Williams Roger R. , Adams Ted D. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractA Utah family with morbid obesity was extended to include 122 persons in four generations for the purpose of characterizing anthropometric and biochemical variables in family members with and without morbid obesity. Seventy‐seven subjects had blood drawn for biochemical analyses. Of the 77 subjects, 12 were morbidly obese (≥44.5 kg or 100 pounds overweight), 20 were between 22.5–45.4 kg (50 and 99 pounds) overweight and 45 were less than 22.5 kg (50 pounds) overweight Sixty‐two randomly‐ascertained controls were used for comparisons of age‐ and gender‐adjusted study variables.Morbidly obese subjects had mean body mass indices (BMI) of 41.0 kg/m2 (62 kg over ideal weight) compared to 25.3 kg/m2 (10 kg overweight) in the <22.5 kg family members (p<0.001). The <22.5 kg family members had lower BMI than the random controls (27.6 kg/m2, p<0.05), indicating clear bimodality of obesity within the pedigree. Percent body fat from bioelectrical impedance was 35% versus 24% in the morbidly obese and the <22.5 kg subjects, respectively. Ideal body weight was similar among the three pedigree weight groups. Hip and waist circumferences were much larger in the morbidly obese and the waist‐to‐hip ratio remained significantly greater in the morbidly obese subjects compared to the <22.5 kg group.Morbidly obese subjects had elevated triglycerides and VLDL‐C levels, low HDL‐levels, and normal LDL‐C levels. Fasting insulin was the best predictor of morbid obesity of all biochemical and lipid measurements (odds ratio of 4.5). Fasting insulin levels and the insulin‐to‐glucose ratio were more than twice as high as control levels. Even after adjusting for differences in BMI, fasting insulin and the insulin to glucose ratio were elevated in the morbidly obese subjects indicating that insulin levels were inappropriately high for their weight compared to this relationship found in the other groups. Adjusted insulin levels for the 22.5–45.4 kg group were similar to controls, indicating insulin level was at the predicted level for their weight.In conclusion, individuals with morbid obesity appeared to have greater insulin resistance than could be explained by their weight. CHD risk from elevated LD L‐C was not present, but CHD risk was increased by the so‐called multiple metabolic syndrome (insulin resistance, high triglycerides and low HDL‐C).
Treatment of Obesity by Personality Classification‐Oriented Program
Authors: Yoshida Sho , Murano Shunichi , Saito Yasushi , Inadera Hidekuni , Tashiro Jim , Kobayashi Junji , Tadokoro Naoko , Kanzaki Tetsuto , Shinomiya Masaki , Morisaki Nobuhiro , Ohono Kuniko , Ishikawa Yo , Shirai Kohji , Azuma Yukari , Kodama Kazuhiro 
Published: September 2012

AbstractIt is apparent that personality is related to the pathogenesis of obesity, and that understanding the personality of the patient may be a key to successful treatment of the disease. Using the Rorschach test and interviews by a psychiatrist, the types of personality were classified into four groups according to the healthiness of personalities. The judgment of healthiness was based mainly on the scores obtained from the Rorschach test This classification revealed that the occurrence of mental and physical symptoms during therapy with a very low calorie diet(VLCD)and subsequent rebound of body weight were more frequently observed in patients with relatively less healthy personalities. We used this classification to adapt our pro gram to treat obese patients. In this program, severe diet restrictions were applied to patients with relatively healthy personalities. These restrictions were applied with modifications to patients with less healthy personality, because severe restrictions would be possibly very stressful for them and would bring about an undesirable reaction. For strengthening the patients' motivation for therapy, the significance of body weight reduction was explained in different ways to patients with different types of personality. The target of body weight reduction, reward for patients with successful weight reduction, and the duration of therapy were setup differently for patients with different personalities types. The results showed that body weight rebound one or two years after treatment was reduced with the personality‐oriented therapy pro gram compared to that observed with the previous conventional therapies. Also, the incidence of psychological problems was remarkably decreased.
The Case For Randomized Clinical Trials on the Treatment of Obesity
Authors: Stern Michael P. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractSome say that randomized clinical trials on weight loss are unnecessary (“the benefits are ‘obvious’”) and others say that such trials are not feasible because too few participants will succeed in maintaining weight loss. Although the intermediate term benefits of weight loss are beyond dispute (lowering of blood pressure, lipids, blood sugar, etc), there is no proof that these benefits will translate into long term benefits, i.e., lower rates of cardiovascular disease and/or lower overall mortality. While this extrapolation may seem obvious, the clinical trials' literature is full of unexpected, adverse side effects of theoretically appealing therapies (e.g., higher mortality with clofibrate and higher cardiovascular disease rates with estrogen treatment in men).Although there is clearly a voluntary component to food ingestion, there are also powerful physiological forces at work which impact on energy balance. For example, individuals of similar height and weight may nevertheless have widely different daily energy expenditures and hence energy requirements. It has been shown in Pima Indians that those with low energy expenditure (i.e., those who are “fuel efficient”) are more prone to future weight gain than those with high energy expenditure. Also, reduced obese individuals have lower 24‐hour energy expenditure than individuals who are spontaneously at the same lean weight It appears that this deficit in energy expenditure may last for several years, if not longer, implying that reduced obese individuals must exercise far greater vigilance over their caloric intake than their spontaneously lean peers. If they allow themselves to ingest the same number of calories as the latter, they are likely to regain weight, thereby exposing themselves to charges of overeating, even though their caloric intake does not exceed that of the spontaneously lean!.Epidemiologic data do not support a benefit of weight loss. Populations such as Mexican Americans, among whom obesity is more common than in the general population, do not have excess mortality past age 45. Life expectancy in the U.S. has improved steadily since the early 1970s, despite a rising prevalence of obesity. Lastly, prospective studies have suggested that people who lose weight die at a higher rate than those who maintain a stable weight. This effect persists even after controlling for latent, subclinical disease and cigarette smoking.Although none of the above considerations prove that voluntary weight loss is bad, they indicate that this treatment should lose its hitherto privileged status and be subjected to the rigors of clinical trials as have been treatments for hypercholesterolemia and hypertension.
Growth Hormone Treatment of Hypophysectomized Rats Increases Catecholamine‐induced Lipolysis and the Number of β‐Adrenergic Receptors in Adipocytes: No Differences in the Effects of Growth Hormone on Different Fat Depots
Authors: Yang Shumin , Björntorp Per , Liu Xinglu , Edén Staffan 
Published: September 2012

Growth hormone (GH) has a lipolytic effect in adipose tissue but this effect may differ in adipose tissue from various fat depots. This latter possibility was investigated in the present study, in which the effects of GH in vivo on catecholamine‐induced lipolysis and the number of β‐adrenergic receptors in isolated adipocytes from different fat depots of hypophysectomized rats were investigated. Female and male Sprague‐Dawley rats were hypophysectomized or sham‐operated at 45 days of age. One week after the operation, hormonal replacement therapy with L‐thyroxine and hydrocortisone acetate was given. In addition, groups of rats were treated with GH (1.33 mg/kg per day, given as two daily subcutaneous injections). After 1 week of hormonal treatment, adipocytes were isolated from the parametrial, epididymal and inguinal fat pads, and glycerol release after catecholamine‐stimulation and 125I‐cyanopindolol binding were measured.Hypophysectomy resulted in a marked decrease in the lipolytic response to catecholamines. GH treatment significantly increased catecholamine‐induced lipolysis with similar effects in adipocytes from parametrial or epididymal and inguinal fat depots in both female and male rats. There were no differences between norepinephrine compared with isoproterenol‐induced responses.125I‐cyanopindolol binding was reduced after hypophysectomy and normalized by GH treatment, without differences between parametrial and inguinal adipose tissue regions.We conclude that the lipolytic effects of GH in the rat may partly be mediated by a stimulatory effect on β‐adrenergic receptors in adipocytes. In addition, GH exerted similar effect on catecholamine‐induced lipolysis and β‐adrenergic receptors in adipocytes from parametrial, epididymal and inguinal fat depots.