bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Preliminary Investigation of Cardiac Troponin I Concentration in Cows with Common Production Diseases
Authors: Varga A. , Angelos J.A. , Graham T.W. , Chigerwe M. 
Published: October 2013

BackgroundIncreased cTnI concentrations are associated with adverse outcomes in humans and animals. Limited information is available on the prognostic value of cTnI in cows.ObjectiveTo measure cTnI in cows with noncardiac diseases and evaluate the association of cTnI concentration with adverse outcomes such as death or early removal from the herd.AnimalsThirty control and 53 diseased cows.MethodsSerum cTnI concentrations were determined with a point‐of‐care immunoassay. Cows were diagnosed ante‐ or postmortem with metritis (n = 6), mastitis (n = 4), peritonitis (n = 6), LDA (n = 14), LDA and metritis (n = 4), pneumonia (n = 6), dystocia requiring cesarean section (n = 5), and downer cow syndrome (n = 8). Animal survival was determined for up to 2 months after presentation.ResultsThe immunoassay showed reliability for the detection of bovine cTnI. Cows with LDA and metritis (P < .05), peritonitis (P < .05), LDA (P < .001), dystocia requiring cesarean section (P < .01), and downer cow syndrome (P < .001) had higher cTnI concentrations than control cows. The odds of a negative outcome (death or culling) for cows with cTnI concentrations of ≥0.05, ≥0.1, ≥0.2, and ≥0.5 ng/mL were 2.4, 2.9, 4.8, and 6.2, respectively.ConclusionCows with noncardiac diseases may have some degree of myocardial injury. The magnitude of cTnI increased may assist clinicians in evaluating the risk of an adverse outcome and help guide decision‐making regarding treatment and prognosis.
Stardust Interstellar Preliminary Examination VIII: Identification of crystalline material in two interstellar candidates
Authors: Gainsforth Zack , Brenker Frank E. , Simionovici Alexandre S. , Schmitz Sylvia , Burghammer Manfred , Butterworth Anna L. , Cloetens Peter , Lemelle Laurence , Tresserras Juan‐Angel Sans , Schoonjans Tom , Silversmit Geert , Solé Vicente A. , Vekemans Bart , Vincze Laszlo , Westphal Andrew J. , Allen Carlton , Anderson David , Ansari Asna , Bajt Saša , Bastien Ron K. , Bassim Nabil , Bechtel Hans A. , Borg Janet , Bridges John , Brownlee Donald E. , Burchell Mark , Changela Hitesh , Davis Andrew M. , Doll Ryan , Floss Christine , Flynn George , Fougeray Patrick , Frank David , Grün Eberhard , Heck Philipp R. , Hillier Jon K. , Hoppe Peter , Hudson Bruce , Huth Joachim , Hvide Brit , Kearsley Anton , King Ashley J. , Lai Barry , Leitner Jan , Leroux Hugues , Leonard Ariel , Lettieri Robert , Marchant William , Nittler Larry R. , Ogliore Ryan , Ong Wei Ja , Postberg Frank , Price Mark C. , Sandford Scott A. , Srama Ralf , Stephan Thomas , Sterken Veerle , Stodolna Julien , Stroud Rhonda M. , Sutton Steven , Trieloff Mario , Tsou Peter , Tsuchiyama Akira , Tyliszczak Tolek , Von Korff Joshua , Zevin Daniel , Zolensky Michael E. ,   >30,000 Stardust@home dusters
Published: October 2013

AbstractUsing synchrotron‐based X‐ray diffraction measurements, we identified crystalline material in two particles of extraterrestrial origin extracted from the Stardust Interstellar Dust Collector. The first particle, I1047,1,34 (Hylabrook), consisted of a mosaiced olivine grain approximately 1 µm in size with internal strain fields up to 0.3%. The unit cell dimensions were a = 4.85 ± 0.08 Å, b = 10.34 ± 0.16 Å, c = 6.08 ± 0.13 Å (2σ). The second particle, I1043,1,30 (Orion), contained an olivine grain ≈ 2 µm in length and >500 nm in width. It was polycrystalline with both mosaiced domains varying over ≈ 20 and additional unoriented domains, and contained internal strain fields < 1%. The unit cell dimensions of the olivine were a = 4.76 ± 0.05 Å, b = 10.23 ± 0.10 Å, c = 5.99 ± 0.06 Å (2σ), which limited the olivine to a forsteritic composition (2σ). Orion also contained abundant spinel nanocrystals of unknown composition, but unit cell dimension a = 8.06 ± 0.08 Å (2σ). Two additional crystalline phases were present and remained unidentified. An amorphous component appeared to be present in both these particles based on STXM and XRF results reported elsewhere.
Evolution of the angrite parent body: Implications of metamorphic coronas in NWA 3164
Authors: Baghdadi Bashar , Godard Gaston , Jambon Albert 
Published: October 2013

AbstractNorthwest Africa 3164 is a coarse‐grained angrite that shows reaction coronas, a unique character among achondrites. Olivine (Fo57; 1.2 wt% CaO), fassaitic clinopyroxene, anorthite, and spinel account for 46–47, 28–29, 8–13, and 4–8 vol%, respectively; kamacite is an accessory phase. The spinel grains in contact with clinopyroxene are bounded by discontinuous 20 μm thick coronas of anorthite and olivine, indicating the reaction Cpx + Spl → Ol + An (R1). In addition, irregular coronas of clinopyroxene and spinel developed around the primary anorthite in contact with primary olivine, during the reaction Ol + An → Cpx + Spl (R2). R2 also generated clinopyroxene and spinel films between the secondary olivine and anorthite coronas produced during R1, implying that R1 preceded R2. Both are metamorphic reactions that developed in the solid state. Finally, the coronas are cross cut by μm‐thick veinlets due to a late shock. A mass‐balance study shows that R2 is almost the reverse of R1. The P–T metamorphic evolution of the rock, modeled by calculating a P–T isochemical diagram, indicates an equilibrium T of 940 ± 120 °C at P < 0.9 GPa for the initial assemblage, followed by an increase of T up to approximately 1000–1200 °C during reaction R1 and a subsequent cooling during R2. Several causes are envisaged to account for this metamorphic evolution. Contact metamorphism due to a hot magmatic intrusion in the angrite parent body is favored, as similar metamorphic coronas are well known in metamorphic terrestrial rocks. In addition to differentiation and magmatism, there is now evidence for metamorphism in the angrite parent body, which would have been a large asteroid or a planetary‐sized body.
Hydrocarbon contamination and plant species determine the phylogenetic and functional diversity of endophytic degrading bacteria
Authors: Oliveira Vanessa , Gomes Newton C. M. , Almeida Adelaide , Silva Artur M. S. , Simões Mário M. Q. , Smalla Kornelia , Cunha Ângela 
Published: October 2013

AbstractSalt marsh sediments are sinks for various anthropogenic contaminants, giving rise to significant environmental concern. The process of salt marsh plant survival in such environment is very intriguing and at the same time poorly understood. The plant–microbe interactions may play a key role in the process of environment and in planta detoxification. In this study, a combination of culture‐dependent and culture‐independent molecular approaches [enrichment cultures, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE), DNA sequencing] were used to investigate the effect of petroleum hydrocarbons (PH) contamination on the structure and function [polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) dioxygenase genes] of endophytic bacterial communities of salt marsh plant species (Halimione portulacoides and Sarcocornia perennis) in the estuarine system Ria de Aveiro (Portugal). Pseudomonads dominated the cultivable fraction of the endophytic communities in the enrichment cultures. In a set of fifty isolates tested, nine were positive for genes encoding for PAH dioxygenases (nahAc) and four were positive for plasmid carrying genes encoding PAH degradation enzymes (nahAc). Interestingly, these plasmids were only detected in isolates from most severely PH‐polluted sites. The results revealed site‐specific effects on endophytic communities, related to the level of PH contamination in the sediment, and plant‐species‐specific ‘imprints’ in community structure and in genes encoding for PAH dioxygenases. These results suggest a potential ecological role of bacterial plant symbiosis in the process of plant colonization in urban estuarine areas exposed to PH contamination.
Using genomic tools to maintain diversity and fitness in conservation programmes
Authors: de Cara María Ángeles Rodríguez , Villanueva Beatriz , Toro Miguel Ángel , Fernández Jesús 
Published: October 2013

AbstractConservation programmes aim at maximizing the survival probability of populations, by minimizing the loss of genetic diversity, which allows populations to adapt to changes, and controlling inbreeding increases. The best known strategy to achieve these goals is optimizing the contributions of the parents to minimize global coancestry in their offspring. Results on neutral scenarios showed that management based on molecular coancestry could maintain more diversity than management based on genealogical coancestry when a large number of markers were available. However, if the population has deleterious mutations, managing using optimal contributions can lead to a decrease in fitness, especially using molecular coancestry, because both beneficial and harmful alleles are maintained, compromising the long‐term viability of the population. We introduce here two strategies to avoid this problem: The first one uses molecular coancestry calculated removing markers with low minor allele frequencies, as they could be linked to selected loci. The second one uses a coancestry based on segments of identity by descent, which measures the proportion of genome segments shared by two individuals because of a common ancestor. We compare these strategies under two contrasting mutational models of fitness effects, one assuming many mutations of small effect and another with few mutations of large effect. Using markers at intermediate frequencies maintains a larger fitness than using all markers, but leads to maintaining less diversity. Using the segment‐based coancestry provides a compromise solution between maintaining diversity and fitness, especially when the population has some inbreeding load.
Detecting adaptive trait loci in nonmodel systems: divergence or admixture mapping?
Authors: Crawford Jacob E. , Nielsen Rasmus 
Published: October 2013

AbstractMapping adaptive trait loci (ATL) underlying ecological divergence is an essential step towards understanding the processes that generate phenotypic diversity. Technological advances have made it possible to sequence exomes in nonmodel systems, providing an efficient means of analysing functional genetic variants. Divergence scans of genetic markers for outlier loci, or ‘divergence mapping’, have been used to map locally adapted genes, but this approach is likely to be underpowered when background divergence is elevated. Genotype–phenotype association tests in admixed populations, or ‘admixture mapping’, may provide a useful approach for mapping locally adapted loci when neutral divergence is high. To determine the power and limits of divergence mapping, we simulated exomes containing a single ATL across two parental populations of varying neutral divergence, estimated divergence and quantified the power to identify the ATL. We found that divergence mapping had very high power when background FST is <0.2, but decreased dramatically above this level. To evaluate the utility of admixture mapping, we simulated exomes from admixed populations, then simulated phenotypes, conducted genotype–phenotype association tests and found that even two generations of random mating after admixture could provide high mapping power in scenarios where pure divergence mapping was ineffective (FST = 0.35). Moreover, admixture mapping had high power across all levels of divergence after 20 generations since admixture. Together with high‐throughput exome sequencing, admixture mapping could be used to map ATL in systems such as Heliconius butterflies or Gryllus crickets when experimental design and analytical approach are chosen accordingly.
Interactions of bacterial flagellar chaperone–substrate complexes with FlhA contribute to co‐ordinating assembly of the flagellar filament
Authors: Kinoshita Miki , Hara Noritaka , Imada Katsumi , Namba Keiichi , Minamino Tohru 
Published: October 2013

SummaryAssembly of the bacterial flagellar filament is strictly sequential; the junction proteins, FlgK and FlgL, are assembled at the distal end of the hook prior to the FliD cap, which supports assembly of as many as 30 000 FliC molecules into the filament. Export of these proteins requires assistance of flagellar chaperones: FlgN for FlgK and FlgL, FliT for FliD and FliS for FliC. The C‐terminal cytoplasmic domain of FlhA (FlhAC), a membrane component of the export apparatus, provides a binding‐site for these chaperone–substrate complexes but it remains unknown how it co‐ordinates flagellar protein export. Here, we report that the highly conserved hydrophobic dimple of FlhAC is involved in the export of FlgK, FlgL, FliD and FliC but not in proteins responsible for the structure and assembly of the hook, and that the binding affinity of FlhAC for the FlgN/FlgK complex is slightly higher than that for the FliT/FliD complex and about 14‐fold higher than that for the FliS/FliC complex, leading to the proposal that the different binding affinities of FlhAC for these chaperone/substrate complexes may confer an advantage for the efficient formation of the junction and cap structures at the tip of the hook prior to filament formation.
Clinical, radiological, histological and molecular characteristics of paediatric epithelioid glioblastoma
Authors: Broniscer A. , Tatevossian R. G. , Sabin N. D. , Klimo P. , Dalton J. , Lee R. , Gajjar A. , Ellison D. W. 
Published: October 2013

AimsA few case series in adults have described the characteristics of epithelioid glioblastoma (e‐GB), one of the rarest variants of this cancer. We evaluated clinical, radiological, histological and molecular characteristics in the largest series to date of paediatric e‐GB.MethodsReview of clinical characteristics and therapy, imaging studies and histology was performed in patients younger than 22 years with e‐GB seen at our institution over 15 years. Sequencing of hotspot mutations and fluorescence in situ hybridization of relevant genes were undertaken.ResultsMedian age at diagnosis of six patients was 7.6 years. Tumours originated in the cerebral cortex (n = 2) or diencephalon (n = 4). Three patients presented with acute, massive haemorrhage and three had leptomeningeal dissemination at diagnosis. Paediatric e‐GB had the typical histological characteristics seen in adult tumours. Universal immunoreactivity for INI1 and lack of diverse protein expression were seen in all cases. One tumour had a chromosome 22q loss. Three tumours (50%) harboured a BRAF: p.V600E. One thalamic tumour had an H3F3A p.K27M. All patients received radiation therapy with (n = 3) or without chemotherapy (n = 3). All patients experienced tumour progression with a median survival of 169 days. One patient with nonmetastatic disease had early leptomeningeal progression. Two patients had symptomatic tumour spread outside the central nervous system (CNS) through a ventriculoperitoneal shunt. One additional patient had widespread metastases outside the CNS identified at autopsy.ConclusionsPaediatric e‐GBs are rare cancers with an aggressive behaviour that share histological and genetic characteristics with their adult counterparts. BRAF inhibition is a potential treatment for these tumours.
Sporadic naturally occurring melanoma in dogs as a preclinical model for human melanoma
Authors: Simpson R. Mark , Bastian Boris C. , Michael Helen T. , Webster Joshua D. , Prasad Manju L. , Conway Catherine M. , Prieto Victor M. , Gary Joy M. , Goldschmidt Michael H. , Esplin D. Glen , Smedley Rebecca C. , Piris Adriano , Meuten Donald J. , Kiupel Matti , Lee Chyi‐Chia R. , Ward Jerrold M. , Dwyer Jennifer E. , Davis Barbara J. , Anver Miriam R. , Molinolo Alfredo A. , Hoover Shelley B. , Rodriguez‐Canales Jaime , Hewitt Stephen M. 
Published: October 2013

SummaryMelanoma represents a significant malignancy in humans and dogs. Different from genetically engineered models, sporadic canine melanocytic neoplasms share several characteristics with human disease that could make dogs a more relevant preclinical model. Canine melanomas rarely arise in sun‐exposed sites. Most occur in the oral cavity, with a subset having intra‐epithelial malignant melanocytes mimicking the in situ component of human mucosal melanoma. The spectrum of canine melanocytic neoplasia includes benign lesions with some analogy to nevi, as well as invasive primary melanoma, and widespread metastasis. Growing evidence of distinct subtypes in humans, differing in somatic and predisposing germ‐line genetic alterations, cell of origin, epidemiology, relationship to ultraviolet radiation and progression from benign to malignant tumors, may also exist in dogs. Canine and human mucosal melanomas appear to harbor BRAF, NRAS, and c‐kit mutations uncommonly, compared with human cutaneous melanomas, although both species share AKT and MAPK signaling activation. We conclude that there is significant overlap in the clinical and histopathological features of canine and human mucosal melanomas. This represents opportunity to explore canine oral cavity melanoma as a preclinical model.
Nuclear Diversion Theory and Legitimacy Crisis: The Case of Iran
Authors: Abulof Uriel 
Published: October 2013

Can an insecure regime use nuclear diversion to address its eroding domestic legitimacy? This article argues that facing a domestic legitimacy crisis, a regime might opt to “rally round the nuclear flag” to survive. Theoretically, I argue that, compared with conventional diversion, nuclear diversion is less susceptible to structural restraints, has a unique symbolic value that could aid in coping with an acute legitimacy crisis, and spans a host of diversionary strategies as it ascends the escalation ladder, both before and after acquiring the bomb. The theory is examined empirically via Iranian nuclear policy. I argue that facing a deepening legitimacy crisis, the Iranian regime, throughout Ahmadinejad's tenure, has been increasingly drawing on nuclear diversion to boost public support and that, if the legitimacy crisis lingers, the regime may opt to further employ diversionary nuclear strategies, most of which require a viable “nuclear latency,” rather than actual military nuclear capability.Related Articles
Ripberger, Joseph T., Thomas M. Rabovsky, and Kerry G. Herron. 2011. “.” Politics & Policy 39 (): 891‐923. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747‐1346.2011.00327.x/abstract

Kane, John, and Haig Patapan. 2010. “.” Politics & Policy 38 (): 589‐610. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747‐1346.2010.00250.x/abstract

Darvich, Djamchid, and W. R. Campbell. 1982. “.” Southeastern Political Review 10 (): 37‐87. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747‐1346.1982.tb00034.x/abstract
Related Media
Kurzman, Charles. 2009. “.” . July 18. http://chronicle.com/article/Social‐Science‐on‐Trial‐in‐/48949/

. 2011. “.” . February 24. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world‐africa‐12570279
Spontaneous loss of Yr2 avirulence in two lineages of Puccinia striiformis did not affect pathogen fitness
Authors: Sørensen C. K. , Justesen A. F. , Hovmøller M. S. 
Published: October 2013

Fitness costs associated with the emergence of virulence (loss of avirulence) have been a subject of much debate in plant pathology. Here, differences in fitness between two pairs of wild types and spontaneous virulence mutants in Puccinia striiformis were studied. The mutants differed from their respective wild types in virulence corresponding to the Yr2 resistance gene in wheat. The wildtype and mutant pairs represented different genetic lineages and virulence phenotypes. Colony size, latent period, lesion growth rate and uredinium density and size were assessed on susceptible and Yr2 resistant wheat varieties. No significant difference was observed for any of the evaluated parameters within wildtype and mutant pairs, i.e. the results did not support a hypothesis of a fitness cost for acquiring virulence in P. striiformis. In contrast, significant differences were found for most of the parameters when isolates were compared according to genetic lineage, which confirm that the applied methodologies were appropriate for detecting differences in pathogen fitness.
An Algorithm for the Estimation of Gestational Age at the Time of Fetal Death
Authors: Conway Deborah L. , Hansen Nellie I. , Dudley Donald J. , Parker Corette B. , Reddy Uma M. , Silver Robert M. , Bukowski Radek , Pinar Halit , Stoll Barbara J. , Varner Michael W. , Saade George R. , Hogue Carol , Willinger Marian , Coustan Donald , Koch Matthew A. , Goldenberg Robert L. ,   Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Stillbirth Collaborative Research Network
Published: October 2013

AbstractBackgroundAccurate assignment of gestational age (GA) at time of fetal death is important for research and clinical practice. An algorithm to estimate GA at fetal death was developed and evaluated.MethodsThe algorithm developed by the Stillbirth Collaborative Research Network (SCRN) incorporated clinical and post‐mortem data. The SCRN conducted a population‐based case–control study of women with stillbirths and livebirths from 2006 to 2008 in five geographical catchment areas. Rules were developed to estimate a due date, identify an interval during which death likely occurred, and estimate GA at the time of fetal death. Reliability of using fetal foot length to estimate GA at death was assessed.ResultsThe due date estimated for 620 singleton stillbirths studied was considered clinically reliable for 87%. Only 25.2% of stillbirths were documented alive within 2 days before diagnosis and 47.6% within 1 week of diagnosis. The algorithm‐derived estimate of GA at time of fetal death was one or more weeks earlier than the GA at delivery for 43.5% of stillbirths. GA estimated from fetal foot length agreed with GA by algorithm within 2 weeks for 75% within a subset of well‐dated stillbirths.ConclusionsPrecise assignment of GA at death, defined as reliable dating criteria and a short interval (≤1 week) during which fetal death was known to have occurred, was possible in 46.6% of cases. Fetal foot length is a relatively accurate measure of GA at death and should be collected in all stillbirth cases.