bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mini-publics et démocratie délibérative
Authors: Pourtois Hervé 
Published: October 2013

La légitimité du recours aux mini-publics est souvent justifiée par les défenseurs de la théorie délibérative de la démocratie par le fait que ceux-ci seraient unanalogonde la délibération publique par le grand public. Cet article analyse cette justification et identifie quatre défis qui se posent à elle : l’autonomie interne des mini-publics, le risque de fragmentation des enjeux sociaux, l’ontologie sociale individualiste et surtout le défi de la démocratie de masse. Il conclut sur la nécessité de considérer plutôt les mini-publics comme des moyens visant à stimuler le débat au sein du grand public.
Energetic electron precipitation characteristics observed from Antarctica during a flux dropout event
Authors: Clilverd Mark A. , Cobbett Neil , Rodger Craig J. , Brundell James B. , Denton Michael H. , Hartley David P. , Rodriguez Juan V. , Danskin Donald , Raita Tero , Spanswick Emma L. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractData from two autonomous VLF radio receiver systems installed in a remote region of the Antarctic in 2012 is used to take advantage of the juxtaposition of the L = 4.6 contour, and the Hawaii‐Halley, Antarctica, great circle path as it passes over thick Antarctic ice shelf. The ice sheet conductivity leads to high sensitivity to changing D region conditions, and the quasi constant L shell highlights outer radiation belt processes. The ground‐based instruments observed several energetic electron precipitation events over a moderately active 24 h period, during which the outer radiation belt electron flux declined at most energies and subsequently recovered. Combining the ground‐based data with low and geosynchronous orbiting satellite observations on 27 February 2012, different driving mechanisms were observed for three precipitation events with clear signatures in phase space density and electron anisotropy. Comparison between flux measurements made by Polar‐orbiting Operational Environmental Satellites (POES) in low Earth orbit and by the Antarctic instrumentation provides evidence of different cases of weak and strong diffusion into the bounce loss cone, helping to understand the physical mechanisms controlling the precipitation of energetic electrons into the atmosphere. Strong diffusion events occurred as the <600 keV fluxes began to recover as a result of adiabatic transport of electrons. One event appeared to have a factor of about 10 to 100 times more flux than was reported by POES, consistent with weak diffusion into the bounce loss cone. Two events had a factor of about 3 to 10 times more >30 keV flux than was reported by POES, more consistent with strong diffusion conditions.
Imaging magnetospheric boundaries at ionospheric heights
Authors: Mendillo Michael , Baumgardner Jeffrey , Wroten Joei , Martinis Carlos , Smith Steven , Merenda Kevin‐Druis , Fritz Theodore , Hairston Marc , Heelis Rod , Barbieri Cesare 
Published: October 2013

AbstractAn all‐sky imager (ASI) records atmospheric emissions from zenith to low on the horizon at all azimuths, a region typically spanning millions of square kilometers. Each pixel (with its unique elevation, azimuth, and emission height) can be mapped along B‐field lines to the equatorial plane of the magnetosphere. Auroral and subauroral structures and boundaries seen in emission within the ionosphere‐thermosphere (I‐T) system can thus be related to source regions. For a midlatitude site, this I‐T to inner magnetosphere connection typically falls within the L = 2–5 earth radii domain. In this study, we present the first case of a stable auroral red (SAR) arc observed from three widely spaced ASI sites (Europe, North America, New Zealand). SAR arcs are produced during the main and recovery phases of a geomagnetic storm, with emission driven by heat conduction from a very specific location in the magnetosphere—the L value where the plasmapause and the inner edge of the ring current overlap. Using three‐site observations, we show that this boundary can be followed for 24 consecutive hours. Simultaneous observations made by three satellites in the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) show that the lowest latitude peak in electron temperature can be used to map the same boundary. A key structure of the inner magnetosphere that cannot be observed continuously from sensors orbiting within the magnetosphere is made continuously visible to ground‐based optical systems via effects caused by the drainage of small amounts of ring current energy into the I‐T system.
High‐speed video observations of a natural negative stepped leader and subsequent dart‐stepped leader
Authors: Petersen Danyal A. , Beasley William H. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractWe present new high‐speed video observations of a natural negative stepped leader and a subsequent negative dart‐stepped leader. Observations were made at a distance of 770 m using a high‐speed video camera at 10,000 frames per second, a microwave‐frequency radio receiver, a broadband electric field antenna, and an avalanche photodiode array. Lightning leader breakdown was observed in detail for both the negative stepped leader and the subsequent dart‐stepped leader. During the negative stepped leader breakdown, detailed images were captured of the discharge structures near the leader tips. These structures bear a remarkable resemblance to the corona streamer zone and space leader discharges that have been observed in laboratory‐generated negative stepped leaders. During the dart‐stepped leader breakdown, no corona streamer zone was observed outside of the decaying return stroke channel, but small luminous structures that are suggestive of space leaders were observed just ahead of the main dart leader tip. Two distinct low‐luminosity zones were observed just ahead of the dart leader tip, suggestive of two distinct breakdown regimes. A multipath junction was observed in the main channel to ground following the first return stroke but was not observed following the second return stroke. Finally, microwave‐frequency radio emissions for both leader types and their return strokes were recorded, and their time domain behavior is compared and discussed.
Defining Enthesitis in Spondyloarthritis by Ultrasound: Results of a Delphi Process and of a Reliability Reading Exercise
Authors: Terslev L. , Naredo E. , Iagnocco A. , Balint P. V. , Wakefield R. J. , Aegerter P. , Aydin S. Z. , Bachta A. , Hammer H. B. , Bruyn G. A. W. , Filippucci E. , Gandjbakhch F. , Mandl P. , Pineda C. , Schmidt W. A. , D'Agostino M. A. ,   on behalf of the Outcome Measures in Rheumatology Ultrasound Task Force
Published: October 2013

ObjectiveTo standardize ultrasound (US) in enthesitis.MethodsAn initial Delphi exercise was undertaken to define US‐detected enthesitis and its core components. These definitions were subsequently tested on static images taken from spondyloarthritis patients in order to evaluate their reliability.ResultsExcellent agreement (>80%) was obtained for including hypoechogenicity, increased thickness of the tendon insertion, calcifications, enthesophytes, erosions, and Doppler activity as core elementary lesions of US‐detected enthesitis. US definitions were subsequently obtained for each elementary component. On static images, the intraobserver reliability showed a high degree of variability for the detection of elementary lesions, with kappa coefficients ranging from 0.13–1. The interobserver kappa values were variable, with the lowest kappa coefficient for enthesophytes (0.24) and the highest coefficient for Doppler activity at the enthesis (0.63).ConclusionThis is the first consensus‐based US definition of enthesitis and its elementary components and the first step performed to ensure a higher degree of homogeneity and comparability of results between studies and in daily clinical work.
Towards the non‐invasive assessment of MHC genotype in wild primates: Analysis of wild assamese macaque MHC‐DRB from fecal samples
Authors: Müller Nadine , Ostner Julia , Schülke Oliver , Walter Lutz 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThe major histocompatibility complex (MHC) plays an important role in the immune response and may thus crucially affect an individual's fitness, relevant also for studies on evolutionary ecology and wildlife conservation. Detailed knowledge on the genomic organization, polymorphism and diversity of the MHC has a narrow taxonomic focus though and among macaques is only available for rhesus and long‐tailed macaques—the species most commonly kept for biomedical research. The lack of data on wild populations is largely due to the difficulty of obtaining blood or tissue samples necessary for genotyping approaches. Here, we aimed at analyzing MHC‐DRB from non‐invasively collected fecal samples in wild Assamese macaques (Macaca assamensis), utilizing the MHC‐DRB‐STR (D6S2878) microsatellite marker. Due to the fecal DNA source incomplete genotypes occurred, which may be improved in the future by method refinement. We detected 28 distinct DRB‐STR lengths in 43 individuals with individual genotypes containing 1–9 MHC‐DRB‐STRs and defined four haplotypes segregating between families in Mendelian fashion. Our results indicate that variability and diversity of MHC‐DRB in Assamese macaques is comparable to that of other macaque species and importantly, that fecal samples can be used for non‐invasive analysis of MHC genes after refinement of the applied methods, opening a number of opportunities for MHC research on natural populations. Am. J. Primatol. 9999:1–9, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Encapsulation of oil in silk fibroin biomaterials
Authors: Pritchard Eleanor M. , Normand Valery , Hu Xiao , Budijono Stephanie , Benczédi Daniel , Omenetto Fiorenzo , Kaplan David L. 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACTMicroencapsulation is becoming increasingly important in the food, cosmetics, and medicinal industries due to its potential for stabilization and delivery of volatile and delicate compounds. Novel food‐safe techniques for encapsulating oil in silk biomaterials using emulsion‐based processes that exploit silk's unique properties (including amphiphilicity, biocompatibility, aqueous and ambient processing, and tunable physical crosslinking behavior) are described. The sonication‐induced self‐assembly of silk previously applied to hydrogel fabrication replaced the use of the thermal or chemical suspension crosslinking traditionally used to stabilize the aqueous protein phase in emulsions. Stable, physically crosslinked silk micro‐ and macro‐particles loaded with oil or water‐soluble dye were produced by aliquoting sonicated silk solutions into an oil bath. Oil micro‐droplets emulsified in aqueous silk solutions did not impede the self‐assembly of silk into films or hydrogel networks. In O/W/O emulsions, particle morphology and silk permeability to a model lipophilic dye in the interior phase were controllable via processing. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2014, 131, 39990.
Synthesis and spectroscopic and photoconduction characteristics of coaxial poly[2‐methoxy‐5‐(2′‐ethylhexyloxy)−1,4‐phenylene vinylene] single‐walled carbon nanotube films with ohmic‐like transport attributes
Authors: Hosseini Tahereh , Kouklin Nikolai A. 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACTHighly luminescent, core–shell, single‐walled carbon nanotube–poly[2‐methoxy‐5‐(2′‐ethylhexyloxy)−1,4‐phenylene vinylene] (MEH‐PPV) one‐dimensional networks were synthesized by a multicycle unstable micellization method. The current–voltage data indicated that the charge transport within the nanowire network remained Ohmic, with the differential conductance scaling linearly with temperature in the temperature range of about 120 to 300 K. Further analysis based on the comparative study involving photoluminescence and Raman spectroscopic tests pointed to interchain interactions and nanotube–polymer interface as primary factors influencing the electronic characteristics of the processed samples. Likewise, steady‐state photoconduction tests confirmed that the heterointerface played a dominant role behind the increased photoresponse induced by exciton annihilation at a low bias regime. The study helped us identify the underlying physical mechanisms that controlled the optical, electrical, and photoconduction properties of the MEH‐PPV–carbon nanotube heteronetworks. Potentially, this will open a door to the development of next generation, low‐cost, all‐organic nanooptoelectronic devices and systems. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2014, 131, 40029.
Optimization of thermoelectric properties of metal‐oxide‐based polymer composites
Authors: Plochmann Bastian , Lang Steffen , Rüger Reinhold , Moos Ralf 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThermoelectric modules can be used for thermal energy harvesting. Common rigid thermoelectric stacks usually contain heavy metal alloys such as Bi2Te3. In order to substitute conventional materials and to reduce manufacturing costs, nontoxic, inexpensive and abundant materials using low‐cost processes are first choice. This study deals with polymer composites consisting of a polysiloxane matrix filled with thermoelectric Sn0.85Sb0.15O2 particles in micrometer scale. Thin composite sheets have been prepared by doctor blade technique and the Seebeck coefficient, the electrical and thermal conductivity, and the porosity were measured. Platelet‐type particles, consisting of Sn0.85Sb0.15O2‐coated insulating mica substrate and globular Sn0.85Sb0.15O2 particles have been varied in size, coating thickness and were mixed with each other in different ratios. The filler content was varied in order to maximize the figure of merit, ZT, to 1.9 × 10−5 ± 4 × 10−6. Owing to their low raw material costs and the high degree of design freedom of polymer composites, one may use these materials in thermoelectric generators for remote low‐power demanding applications. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2014, 131, 40038.
Prevalence of Anti–RNA Polymerase III Antibodies in Systemic Sclerosis: New Data From a French Cohort and a Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Sobanski Vincent , Dauchet Luc , Lefèvre Guillaume , Lambert Marc , Morell‐Dubois Sandrine , Sy Thierno , Hachulla Eric , Hatron Pierre‐Yves , Launay David , Dubucquoi Sylvain 
Published: October 2013

ObjectiveStudies assessing the prevalence of anti–RNA polymerase III (anti–RNAP III) antibodies in systemic sclerosis (SSc) have yielded a wide range of results. The aim of the present study was to describe a new SSc cohort tested for presence of anti–RNAP III and perform a systematic review and meta‐analysis to assess the prevalence of anti–RNAP III in patients worldwide and the potential factors of variability.MethodsSeropositivity for anti–RNAP III was evaluated in a French cohort of SSc patients. A systematic review of the literature was carried out in PubMed and EMBase. Meta‐analysis was performed using available data on prevalence, clinical characteristics of SSc patients, and the types of assays used for anti–RNAP III testing.ResultsOne hundred thirty‐three French SSc patients were tested for anti–RNAP III, and a prevalence of 6–9% was found in these patients. Thirty studies representing a total population of 8,437 SSc patients were included in the meta‐analysis. Prevalence of anti–RNAP III in this population was highly variable (range 0–41%). The overall pooled prevalence of anti–RNAP III was 11% (95% confidence interval 8–14), but heterogeneity was high among studies (I2 = 93%, P < 0.0001). Geographic factors such as continent or country of study origin partially explained this heterogeneity and correlated with the prevalence. No other baseline SSc characteristics were significantly correlated with the prevalence of anti–RNAP III.ConclusionData on our new cohort and our meta‐analysis of the literature confirmed that anti–RNAP III prevalence in SSc varies among centers. Geographic factors were significantly associated with prevalence, which underscores the probable implication that genetic background and environmental factors play a role. Heterogeneity among studies remained largely unexplained.
A Single Functional Group Substitution in C5a Breaks B Cell and T Cell Tolerance and Protects Against Experimental Arthritis
Authors: Kessel Christoph , Nandakumar Kutty S. , Peters Francis B. , Gauba Varun , Schultz Peter G. , Holmdahl Rikard 
Published: October 2013

ObjectiveA deficiency in C5 protects against arthritis development. However, there is currently no approach successfully translating these findings into arthritis therapy, as by targeting the key component, C5a. The aim of this study was to develop a vaccination strategy targeting C5a as therapy for patients with rheumatoid arthritis.MethodsAn anti‐C5a vaccine was generated by incorporating the unnatural amino acid p‐nitrophenylalanine (4NPA) into selected sites in the murine C5a molecule. C5a‐4NPA variants were screened for their immunogenicity in mice on different arthritis‐susceptible class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) backgrounds. A candidate vaccine was tested for its impact on disease in a murine model of collagen‐induced arthritis (CIA). Immunity toward endogenous C5a as well as type II collagen was monitored and characterized.ResultsReplacing a single tyrosine residue in position 35 (Y35) with 4NPA allowed the generation of an anti‐C5a vaccine, which partly protected mice against the development of CIA while strongly ameliorating the severity of clinical disease. Although differing in just 3 atoms from wild‐type C5a (wtC5a), C5aY354NPA induced loss of T cell and B cell tolerance toward the endogenous protein in mice expressing class II MHC H‐2q molecules. Despite differential B cell epitope recognition, antibodies induced by both wtC5a and C5aY354NPA neutralized C5a. Thus, anti–wtC5a IgG titers during arthritis priming were potentially of critical importance for disease protection, because high titers of C5a‐neutralizing antibodies after disease onset were unable to reverse the course of arthritis.ConclusionThe results of this study suggest that the most effective anti‐C5a treatment in arthritis can be accomplished using a preventive vaccination strategy, and that treatment using conventional biologic or small molecule strategies targeting the C5a/C5aR axis may miss the optimal window for therapeutic intervention during the subclinical priming phase of the disease.
Highly Emissive Luminogens Based on Imidazo[1,2‐a]pyridine for Electroluminescent Applications
Authors: Nagarajan Natarajan , Velmurugan Gunasekaran , Prakash Asit , Shakti Nanda , Katiyar Monica , Venuvanalingam Ponnambalam , Renganathan Rajalingam 
Published: October 2013

AbstractA search for novel organic luminogens led us to design and synthesize some N‐fused imidazole derivatives based on imidazo[1,2‐a]pyridine as the core and arylamine and imidazole as the peripheral groups. The fluorophores were synthesized through a multicomponent cascade reaction (A3 coupling) of a heterocyclic azine with an aldehyde and alkyne, followed by Suzuki coupling and a multicomponent cyclization reaction. All of the compounds exhibited interesting photophysical responses, especially arylamine‐containing derivatives, which displayed strong positive solvatochromism in the emission spectra that indicated a more polar excited state owing to an efficient charge migration from the donor arylamine to the imidazo[1,2‐a]pyridine acceptor. The quantum yields ranged from 0.2 to 0.7 and depended on the substitution pattern, most notably that based on the donor group at the C2 position. Moreover, the influence of general and specific solvent effects on the photophysical properties of the fluorophores was discussed with four‐parameter Catalán and Kamlet–Taft solvent scales. The excellent thermal, electrochemical, and morphological stability of the compounds was explored by cyclic voltammetry, thermogravimetric analysis, and AFM methods. Furthermore, to understand the structure, bonding, and band gap of the molecules, DFT calculations were performed. The performance of the electroluminescence behavior of the imidazo[1,2‐a]pyridine derivative was investigated by fabricating a multilayer organic light‐emitting diode with a configuration of ITO/NPB (60 nm)/EML (40 nm)/BCP (15 nm)/Alq3 (20 nm)/LiF (0.5 nm)/Al(100 nm) (ITO=indium tin oxide, EML=emissive layer, BCP=2,9‐dimethyl‐4,7‐diphenyl‐1,10‐phenanthroline, Alq3=tris(8‐hydroxyquinolinato)aluminum), which exhibited white emission with a turn‐on voltage of 8 V and a brightness of 22 cd m−2.
Reversible Layer‐by‐Layer Deposition on Solid Substrates Inspired by Mussel Byssus Cuticle
Authors: Kim Suyeob , Kim Dong Soo , Kang Sung Min 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThe protective coating on mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis) byssus has attracted considerable research interest because of its excellent mechanical properties such as hardness and extensibility. These special properties are known to be highly related with specific interactions between mussel foot protein‐1 and metal ions. In particular, the complexation between catechols in mfp‐1 and iron(III) has been identified as a key interaction. This finding has given opportunities for pursuing promising applications. Herein, we report that emulating the properties of the mussel byssus cuticle provides an important platform for developing reversible layer‐by‐layer (LbL) deposition, an advanced technique for surface modification. LbL films were constructed on solid substrates by sequential immersion of substrates into solutions containing iron(III) and catecholic compounds. The thickness of the LbL films was effectively controlled by increasing the immersion steps, and the reversibility of the LbL deposition was demonstrated by addition of a chelating agent.
Application of liquid chromatographic method with fluorescence detection for the determination of triclabendazole in tablets and biological fluids
Authors: Belal F. , Sharaf El‐Din Mohie K. , Elenany N. , Saad S. 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACTA simple and rapid liquid chromatographic method was developed and validated for the determination of triclabendazole with high accuracy and precision within 6 min. Good chromatographic separation was achieved using a CLC Shim‐pack C8 (250 × 4.6 mm, 5 µm particle size) using the mobile phase containing a mixture of 0.02 m phosphate buffer and methanol with a ratio of (20 : 80 v/v) at pH 4.0 was pumped at a flow rate of 1.2 mL/min with fluorescence detection for the first time at 338 nm after excitation at 298 nm. Losartan potassium was used as an internal standard. The method showed good linearity in the ranges of 0.05–2.0 µg/mL with limits of detection and quantification of 14.1 and 42.6 ng/mL, respectively. The suggested method was successfully applied for the analysis of triclabendazole in tablets. The high sensitivity of the method enabled the determination of the studied drug in spiked human plasma with mean percentage of recoveries of 99.79 ± 5.09. Statistical evaluation of the data was performed according to ICH Guidelines. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Addition of Organometallic Reagents to Chiral N‐Methoxylactams: Enantioselective Syntheses of Pyrrolidines and Piperidines
Authors: Jäkel Mascha , Qu Jianping , Schnitzer Tobias , Helmchen Günter 
Published: October 2013

AbstractEnantioselective iridium‐catalyzed allylic substitutions were used to prepare N‐allyl hydroxamic acid derivatives that were suitable for ring‐closing metathesis, giving N‐methoxylactams. Reactions of these derivatives with Grignard or organolithium compounds gave hemiaminals, which could be reduced diastereoselectively via acyliminium intermediates to give cis‐piperidines or cis‐pyrrolidines with substituents in the 2,6‐ or 2,5‐positions, respectively. In addition, compounds with a quaternary carbon center could be synthesized by corresponding reactions with potassium cyanide/AcOH. The procedures were applied in the syntheses of alkaloids (−)‐209D and (+)‐prosophylline.