bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Police chief leadership: styles and effectiveness
Authors: B. Sarver Mary , Miller Holly 
Published: March 2014

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to examine the leadership styles of police chiefs and how these styles related to demographic, personality, and effectiveness.

Design/methodology/approach
– Participants included 161 police chiefs in Texas who completed the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ 5X-Short) leader form, the NEO Five-Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI), and a background characteristics form.

Findings
– Results indicate that the police chiefs were fairly evenly classified across leadership styles with the Transformational leaders rated as most effective. Transformational leaders are characterized as confident, energetic, and open-minded. Although few of the demographic variables predicted leadership styles, several of the personality characteristics were significant predictors.

Originality/value
– Few previous studies have reported the relationship between police leadership style, personality, and effectiveness. This study adds to the body of knowledge regarding the relationship between these variables by specifically targeting police chiefs.
Microwave sensors for the non-invasive monitoring of industrial and medical applications
Authors: Korostynska O. , Mason A. , Al-Shamma'a A. 
Published: March 2014

Purpose
– This paper aims to discuss the general principles behind the microwave sensing and demonstrates the potential of cavity microwave resonator device in real-time monitoring for: environmental monitoring with the focus on wastewater pollution, a system for oil/gas/water content evaluation in a dynamic pipeline, a system for real-time determination of bacteria concentration and a method for non-invasive glucose determination.

Design/methodology/approach
– Microwave sensing is a rapidly developing technology which has been successfully used for various industrial applications including water level measurements, material moisture content, in construction industry for non-invasive evaluation of structures and even in the healthcare industry for non-invasive real-time monitoring of glucose in diabetic patients. Novel microwave cavities designed and tested for specific applications are presented.

Findings
– The paper provides experimental results of testing the novel microwave sensing systems in a range of industrial and healthcare applications and discusses the potential of these systems for real-time monitoring of processes and parameters.

Research limitations/implications
– The concept of real-time microwave sensing was successfully tested, but further experiments are required to account for possible interference mechanisms before it can be used commercially on a large-scale.

Practical implications
– It is suggested that a novel approach to wastewater monitoring, namely using specially designed microwave cavity sensors, could lead to a successful development of an advanced platform capable of providing for a real-time detection of water content with superior sensitivity. Also, a system for real-time multiphase fluid composition monitoring is reported, which is essential for sustainable oil industry operation.

Originality/value
– The paper illustrated the potential of microwave sensing as a real-time monitoring platform for a broad spectrum of commercial applications, with a focus on system developed by the authors, namely, for the monitoring of a multiphase fluid flow in a dynamic oil pipeline, for real-time monitoring of nutrients concentration in wastewater and for healthcare industry, in particular for real-time non-invasive determination of the glucose levels and bacteria concentration.
Low‐dose calcium supplementation for preventing pre‐eclampsia: a systematic review and commentary
Authors: Hofmeyr GJ , Belizán JM , von Dadelszen P ,   the Calcium and Pre‐eclampsia (CAP) Study Group
Published: March 2014

Background Epidemiological data link low dietary calcium with pre‐eclampsia. Current recommendations are for 1.5–2 g/day calcium supplementation for low‐intake pregnant women, based on randomised controlled trials of ≥1 g/day calcium supplementation from 20 weeks of gestation. This is problematic logistically in low‐resource settings; excessive calcium may be harmful; and 20 weeks may be too late to alter outcomes.ObjectivesTo review the impact of lower dose calcium supplementation on pre‐eclampsia risk.Search strategy and selection criteriaWe searched PubMed and the Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Group trials register.Data collection and analysisTwo authors extracted data from eligible randomised and quasi‐randomised trials of low‐dose calcium (LDC, <1 g/day), with or without other supplements.Main resultsPre‐eclampsia was reduced consistently with LDC with or without co‐supplements (nine trials, 2234 women, relative risk [RR] 0.38; 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 0.28–0.52), as well as for subgroups: LDC alone (four trials, 980 women, RR 0.36; 95% CI 0.23–0.57]); LDC plus linoleic acid (two trials, 134 women, RR 0.23; 95% CI 0.09–0.60); LDC plus vitamin D (two trials, 1060 women, RR 0.49; 0.31–0.78) and a trend for LDC plus antioxidants (one trial, 60 women, RR 0.24; 95% CI 0.06–1.01). Overall results were consistent with the single quality trial of LDC alone (171 women, RR 0.30; 95% CI 0.06–1.38). LDC plus antioxidants commencing at 8–12 weeks tended to reduce miscarriage (one trial, 60 women, RR 0.06; 95% CI 0.00–1.04).ConclusionsThese limited data are consistent with LDC reducing the risk of pre‐eclampsia; confirming this in sufficiently powered randomised controlled trials would have implications for current guidelines and their global implementation.
Disparities in Quality of Care among Publicly Insured Adults with Schizophrenia in Four Large U.S. States, 2002–2008
Authors: Horvitz‐Lennon Marcela , Volya Rita , Donohue Julie M. , Lave Judith R. , Stein Bradley D. , Normand Sharon‐Lise T. 
Published: March 2014

ObjectiveTo examine racial/ethnic disparities in quality of schizophrenia care and assess the size of observed disparities across states and over time.Data SourcesMedicaid claims data from CA, FL, NY, and NC.Study DesignObservational repeated cross‐sectional panel cohort study of white, black, and Latino fee‐for‐service adult beneficiaries with schizophrenia. Main outcome was the relationship of race/ethnicity and year with a composite measure of quality of schizophrenia care derived from 14 evidence‐based quality indicators.Principal FindingsQuality was assessed for 325,373 twelve‐month person‐episodes between 2002 and 2008, corresponding to 123,496 Medicaid beneficiaries. In 2002, quality was lowest for blacks in all states. With the exception of FL, quality was lower for Latinos than whites. In CA, blacks had about 43 percent of the individual indicators met compared to 58 percent for whites. Quality improved annually for all groups in CA, NY, and NC. While in CA the improvement was slightly larger for Latinos, in FL quality improved for blacks but declined for Latinos and whites.ConclusionsQuality of schizophrenia care is poor and racial/ethnic disparities exist among Medicaid beneficiaries from four states. The size of the disparities varied across the states, and most of the initial disparities were unchanged by 2008.
Characterization of Adverse Events Detected in a Large Health Care Delivery System Using an Enhanced Global Trigger Tool over a Five‐Year Interval
Authors: Kennerly Donald A. , Kudyakov Rustam , da Graca Briget , Saldaña Margaret , Compton Jan , Nicewander David , Gilder Richard 
Published: March 2014

ObjectiveTo report 5 years of adverse events (AEs) identified using an enhanced Global Trigger Tool (GTT) in a large health care system.Study SettingRecords from monthly random samples of adults admitted to eight acute care hospitals from 2007 to 2011 with lengths of stay ≥3 days were reviewed.Study DesignWe examined AE incidence overall and by presence on admission, severity, stemming from care provided versus omitted, preventability, and category; and the overlap with commonly used AE‐detection systems.Data CollectionProfessional nurse reviewers abstracted 9,017 records using the enhanced GTT, recording triggers and AEs. Medical record/account numbers were matched to identify overlapping voluntary reports or AHRQ Patient Safety Indicators (PSIs).Principal FindingsEstimated AE rates were as follows: 61.4 AEs/1,000 patient‐days, 38.1 AEs/100 discharges, and 32.1 percent of patients with ≥1 AE. Of 1,300 present‐on‐admission AEs (37.9 percent of total), 78.5 percent showed NCC‐MERP level F harm and 87.6 percent were “preventable/possibly preventable.” Of 2,129 hospital‐acquired AEs, 63.3 percent had level E harm, 70.8 percent were “preventable/possibly preventable”; the most common category was “surgical/procedural” (40.5 percent). Voluntary reports and PSIs captured <5 percent of encounters with hospital‐acquired AEs.ConclusionsAEs are common and potentially amenable to prevention. GTT‐identified AEs are seldom caught by commonly used AE‐detection systems.
Medicaid Primary Care Physician Fees and the Use of Preventive Services among Medicaid Enrollees
Authors: Atherly Adam , Mortensen Karoline 
Published: March 2014

ObjectiveThe Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA) increases Medicaid physician fees for preventive care up to Medicare rates for 2013 and 2014. The purpose of this paper was to model the relationship between Medicaid preventive care payment rates and the use of U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF)–recommended preventive care use among Medicaid enrollees.Data Sources/Study SessionWe used data from the 2003 and 2008 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS), a national probability sample of the U.S. civilian, noninstitutionalized population, linked to Kaiser state Medicaid benefits data, including the state Medicaid‐to‐Medicare physician fee ratio in 2003 and 2008.Study DesignProbit models were used to estimate the probability that eligible individuals received one of five USPSF‐recommended preventive services. A difference‐in‐difference model was used to separate out the effect of changes in the Medicaid payment rate and other factors.Data Collection/Extraction MethodsData were linked using state identifiers.Principal FindingsAlthough Medicaid enrollees had a lower rate of use of the five preventive services in univariate analysis, neither Medicaid enrollment nor changes in Medicaid payment rates had statistically significant effects on meeting screening recommendations for the five screenings. The results were robust to a number of different sensitivity tests. Individual and state characteristics were significant.ConclusionsOur results suggest that although temporary changes in primary care provider payments for preventive services for Medicaid enrollees may have other desirable effects, they are unlikely to substantially increase the use of these selected USPSTF‐recommended preventive care services among Medicaid enrollees.
Advantageous Comparison and Rationalization of Earnings Management
Authors: BROWN TIMOTHY J. 
Published: March 2014

ABSTRACTThis paper proposes that psychological factors can change managers' beliefs about earnings management when they choose to engage in it. I show that, under certain circumstances, engaging in a small amount of earnings management alters a manager's beliefs about the appropriateness of the act, which may increase the likelihood of further earnings management. Specifically, I predict and find in two experiments that participants who initially choose to manage earnings are motivated to rationalize their behavior. Participants who are exposed to an egregious example of earnings management (commonly the focus of enforcement actions and press reports) have the opportunity to rationalize their behavior through a mechanism called “advantageous comparison,” where participants compare their behavior against the egregious example and conclude that what they did was relatively innocuous and appropriate. My analysis also indicates that presenting participants with an example of earnings management that is similar to the initial decision they made mitigates advantageous comparison. These results have implications for academics interested in how earnings management, and perhaps fraud, can accrete over time and for regulators and practitioners who are interested in preventing it.
Mapping artificial lightscapes for ecological studies
Authors: Bennie Jonathan , Davies Thomas W. , Inger Richard , Gaston Kevin J. 
Published: March 2014

Summary

Artificial illumination of the night is increasing globally. There is growing evidence of a range of ecological impacts of artificial light and awareness of light pollution as a significant environmental issue. In urban and suburban areas, complex spatial patterns of light sources, structures and vegetation create a highly heterogeneous night‐time light environment for plants and animals.
We developed a method for modelling the night‐time light environment at a high spatial resolution in a small urban area for ecological studies. We used the position and height of street lights, and digital terrain and surface models, to predict the direct light intensity at different wavelengths at different heights above the ground surface.
Validation against field measurements of night‐time light showed that modelled light intensities in the visible and ultraviolet portions of the spectrum were accurate.
We show how this model can be used to map biologically relevant lightscapes across an urban landscape. We also illustrate the utility of the model using night‐time light maps as resistance surfaces in the software package circuitscape to predict potential movement of model nocturnal species between habitat patches and to identify key corridors and barriers to movement and dispersal.
Understanding the ecological effects of artificial light requires knowledge of the light environment experienced by organisms throughout the diurnal and annual cycles, during periods of activity and rest and during different life stages. Our approach to high‐resolution mapping of artificial lightscapes can be adapted to the sensitivity to light of different species and to other urban, suburban, rural and industrial landscapes.
Improving species distribution models: the value of data on abundance
Authors: Howard Christine , Stephens Philip A. , Pearce‐Higgins James W. , Gregory Richard D. , Willis Stephen G. 
Published: March 2014

Summary

Species distribution models (SDMs) are important tools for forecasting the potential impacts of future environmental changes but debate remains over the most robust modelling approaches for making projections.

Suggested improvements in SDMs vary from algorithmic development through to more mechanistic modelling approaches. Here, we focus on the improvements that can be gained by conditioning SDMs on more detailed data. Specifically, we use breeding bird data from across Europe to compare the relative performances of SDMs trained on presence–absence data and those trained on abundance data.

Species distribution models trained on presence–absence data, with a poor to slight fit according to Cohen's kappa, show an average improvement in model performance of 0·32 (SE ± 0·12) when trained on abundance data. Even those species for which models trained on presence–absence data are classified as good to excellent show a mean improvement in Cohen's kappa score of 0·05 (SE ± 0·01) when corresponding SDMs are trained on abundance data. This improved explanatory power is most pronounced for species of high prevalence.

Our results illustrate that even using coarse scale abundance data, large improvements in our ability to predict species distributions can be achieved. Furthermore, predictions from abundance models provide a greater depth of information with regard to population dynamics than their presence–absence model counterparts. Currently, despite the existence of a wide variety of abundance data sets, species distribution modellers continue to rely almost exclusively on presence–absence data to train and test SDMs. Given our findings, we advocate that, where available, abundance data rather than presence–absence data can be used to more accurately predict the ecological consequences of environmental change. Additionally, our findings highlight the importance of informative baseline data sets. We therefore recommend the move towards increased collection of abundance data, even if only coarse numerical scales of recording are possible.
In vivo levels of mitochondrial hydrogen peroxide increase with age in mtDNA mutator mice
Authors: Logan Angela , Shabalina Irina G. , Prime Tracy A. , Rogatti Sebastian , Kalinovich Anastasia V. , Hartley Richard C. , Budd Ralph C. , Cannon Barbara , Murphy Michael P. 
Published: March 2014

SummaryIn mtDNA mutator mice, mtDNA mutations accumulate leading to a rapidly aging phenotype. However, there is little evidence of oxidative damage to tissues, and when analyzed ex vivo, no change in production of the reactive oxygen species (ROS) superoxide and hydrogen peroxide by mitochondria has been reported, undermining the mitochondrial oxidative damage theory of aging. Paradoxically, interventions that decrease mitochondrial ROS levels in vivo delay onset of aging. To reconcile these findings, we used the mitochondria‐targeted mass spectrometry probe MitoB to measure hydrogen peroxide within mitochondria of living mice. Mitochondrial hydrogen peroxide was the same in young mutator and control mice, but as the mutator mice aged, hydrogen peroxide increased. This suggests that the prolonged presence of mtDNA mutations in vivo increases hydrogen peroxide that contributes to an accelerated aging phenotype, perhaps through the activation of pro‐apoptotic and pro‐inflammatory redox signaling pathways.
Barriers and Facilitators to Intraosseous Access in Adult Resuscitations When Peripheral Intravenous Access Is Not Achievable
Authors: James Cheung Warren , Rosenberg Hans , Vaillancourt Christian 
Published: March 2014

AbstractObjectivesStudies suggest that intraosseous (IO) access is underutilized in adult resuscitations, despite recommendations from advanced trauma and cardiac life support guidelines. The objective was to determine factors associated with IO access use by physicians during adult resuscitations when intravenous (IV) access is not immediately achievable.MethodsThis study was an online survey among physicians purposefully recruited from various clinical care areas at three teaching hospitals. Questions were generated from the qualitative results of 20 iterative interviews, verified for internal validity, and piloted. The interview guide was based on the constructs of the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), which elicits salient attitudes, social influences, and control beliefs that potentially influence intention to use IO access. Recruitment took place in September 2012 until reaching more than 100% of the required sample size (n = 200). Internal consistency was measured using Cronbach's alpha, and the effect of TPB constructs and specific beliefs were assessed with regression analyses.ResultsFor the 205 respondents, the mean age was 35 years (range = 20 to 66 years), and 53.3% were male. Participants’ departmental affiliations were 50.3% emergency medicine (EM), 16.9% internal medicine, 14.9% anesthesia, 10.8% general surgery, and 7.2% critical care. Residents comprised 60.7% of the sample, and 39.3% were attending physicians. Median intention to use IO access when IV is not immediately achievable was 4.67 (interquartile range [IQR] = 4 to 5) out of 5 (5 highest) and predicted by the following TPB constructs: attitudes (AdjCoefficients = 0.504; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.334 to 0.673), social influences (AdjCoefficients = 0.285; 95% CI = 0.172 to 0.398), and control beliefs (AdjCoefficients 0.217; 95% CI = 0.113 to 0.320). Physicians were more likely to use IO access if they believed that it provided rapid vascular access for delivering large volumes of fluids, could prevent delays in care, and was associated with a low complication rate. Conversely, the perception that nurses are not familiar or supportive of IO access and a lack of physician confidence regarding the appropriate indications for IO access were barriers to use.ConclusionsThese data are an important step in the knowledge‐to‐action process, as they identify specific factors associated with physician use of IO access. Interventions addressing these actionable facilitators and barriers are likely to have a positive effect on increasing the appropriate physician use of this potentially life‐saving technique in adult patients requiring emergent vascular access.
Accountability insights from the devolution of Indigenous child welfare in Manitoba
Authors: MacDonald Fiona , Levasseur Karine 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThis article examines how language and discourse have framed the issue of accountability in Indigenous child welfare devolution in Manitoba. Devolution has been officially presented by the province as a structure and process of collaborative governance – a form of governing that requires horizontal accountability among equal partners. Our examination of the accountability structures and processes reveals that, despite the rhetoric, there is continuing heavy insistence on vertical accountability to the provincial government. At best, the idea of collaborative governance is an illusion; at worst, it has serious negative impacts on Indigenous autonomy and on standards of accountability.SommaireCet article examine comment le langage et le discours ont formulé la question de la responsabilisation dans le transfert des responsabilités de la protection de l'enfance autochtone au Manitoba. Le transfert des responsabilités aux autorités locales a été officiellement présenté par la province comme une structure et un processus de gouvernance collaborative – une forme de gouvernance qui exige une responsabilisation horizontale entre partenaires égaux. Notre examen des structures et processus de responsabilisation révèle qu'en dépit de la rhétorique, on continue à insister lourdement sur la responsabilisation verticale envers le gouvernement provincial. Dans le meilleur des cas, l'idée de gouvernance collaborative est une illusion; au pire, elle a de sérieuses répercussions négatives sur l'autonomie des Autochtones et sur les normes de responsabilisation.
Public engagement in the Web 2.0 era: Social collaborative technologies in a public sector context
Authors: McNutt Kathleen 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThis article examines how social collaborative technologies have changed the nature and scope of e‐participation, showcasing several popular modes of engagement. It argues that the main implementation barriers to social media adoption are not technological, but rather organizational, cultural, and administrative. While there is enormous potential for Web 2.0 and associated social media tools to expand public engagement, the design of such initiatives must recognize that in digital environments influence is earned through social reputation, not bureaucratic authority.SommaireCet article examine comment les technologies de collaboration sociale ont changé la nature et l'envergure de la participation en ligne, en mettant en valeur plusieurs modes populaires de mobilisation. Il fait valoir que les principaux obstacles à l'adoption des médias sociaux ne sont pas technologiques, mais plutôt organisationnels, culturels et administratifs. Alors que le Web 2.0 et les outils de médias sociaux connexes présentent un énorme potentiel d'accroître la mobilisation du public, la conception de telles initiatives doit reconnaître que dans les environnements numériques, on acquiert de l'influence grâce à sa réputation sociale et non à son autorité bureaucratique.