bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Constraints in Production and Marketing in Perception of Fish Farmers and Market Intermediaries of Inland Fisheries in Khammam District of Telangana State, India
Authors: Suvarchala Devireddy , Sravanthi K. , Suhasini K. , Chary D. Srinivasa , Prasadh M. Shyam 
Published: August 2024

The study focuses on Khammam district in Telangana, a significant region for fish farming. Using primary data collected through personal interviews with fish farmers (60) and market intermediaries. The present study aims to identify the constraints in fish production and status of marketing using Garrett’s ranking technique. The major constraints in fish production were identified include high feed costs (Garrett score- 71.41), lack of market facilities (68.55), and inadequate capital (68.15). For marketing, addressing the key issues include high price fluctuation (60.4) in the fishes, high transportation costs (56.13), and lack of market infrastructure (53.53).These results point to important issues that must be resolved in order to increase the productivity and sustainability of fish farming and marketing. The most significant difficulties are those concerning infrastructure, such as lack of market facilities and high transportation costs, along with financial limitations like high feed costs and insufficient money. Addressing these challenges is essential for enhancing the fisheries sector contribution to food security and economic development, particularly in the regions of Khammam District in Telangana
Patterns and drivers of change in organic carbon burial across a diverse landscape: Insights from 116 Minnesota lakes
Authors: Dietz Robert D. , Engstrom Daniel R. , Anderson N. John 
Published: April 2015

AbstractLakes may store globally significant quantities of organic carbon (OC) in their sediments, but the extent to which burial rates vary across space and time is not well described. Using 210Pb‐dated sediment cores, we explored patterns of OC burial in 116 lakes spanning several ecoregions and land use regimes in Minnesota, USA during the past 150–200 years. Rates for individual lakes (across all time periods) range from 3 to 204 g C m−2 yr−1 (median 33 g C m−2 yr−1) and show strong geographic separation in accordance with the degree of catchment disturbance and nutrient enrichment. Climate and basin morphometry exercise subordinate control over OC burial patterns, and diagenetic gradients introduce little bias to estimated temporal trends. Median burial rates in agricultural lakes exceed urban lakes and have increased fourfold since Euro‐American settlement. The greatest increase in OC burial occurred prior to the widespread adoption of industrial fertilizers, during an era of land clearance and farmland expansion. Northern boreal lakes, impacted by historical logging and limited cottage development yet comparatively undisturbed by human activity, bury OC at rates 3X lower than agricultural lakes and exhibit much smaller increases in OC burial. Scaling up modern OC burial estimates to the entire state, we find that Minnesota lakes annually store 0.40 Tg C in their sediments, equal to 1.5% of annual statewide CO2 emissions from fossil fuel combustion. During the period of Euro‐American settlement (circa 1860–2000), cumulative OC burial amounted to 36 Tg C, 40% of which can be attributed to anthropogenic enhancement.
Southern boundaries of ultraenergetic relativistic electron precipitations in several cases from 1982 to 1986 years
Authors: Remenets G. F. , Astafiev A. M. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractWe analyze the rare phenomenon of ultraenergetic relativistic electron (∼100 MeV) precipitation into the middle polar atmosphere prevalent under quiescent geophysical conditions. Such events have been established previously from ground‐based radio wave measurements for two radio paths—one is purely auroral and the other is partly auroral—that have a mutual point of signal reception. We solve an inverse very low frequency wave problem of the second type using these particular paths. The solution gives a linear scale of the northern part of radio path, which has been disturbed by the ultraenergetic relativistic electron precipitations. By such a way the effective latitudes of southern boundaries for several precipitation events, published earlier, were determined. Nearly circular shape of equatorward cutoff at ∼61°magnetic latitude without day‐night asymmetry supports that ultraenergetic relativistic electron precipitation is due to precipitation of very high energy electrons coming from outer space.
Relationship between lightning activity and tropical cyclone intensity over the northwest Pacific
Authors: Zhang Wenjuan , Zhang Yijun , Zheng Dong , Wang Fei , Xu Liangtao 
Published: April 2015

AbstractLightning data from the World Wide Lightning Location Network along with tropical cyclone (TC) track and intensity data from the China Meteorological Administration are used to study lightning activity in TCs over the northwest Pacific from 2005 to 2009 and to investigate the relationship between inner core lightning and TC intensity changes. Lightning in TCs over the northwest Pacific is more likely to occur in weak storms at tropical depression (10.8–17.1 m s−1) and tropical storm (17.2–24.4 m s−1) intensity levels, in agreement with past studies of Atlantic hurricanes. The greatest lightning density (LD) in the inner core appears in storms undergoing an intensity change of 15–25 m s−1 during the next 24 h. Lightning is observed in all storm intensity change categories: rapid intensification (RI), average intensity change (AIC), and rapid weakening (RW). The differences in LD between RI and RW are largest in the inner core, and the LD for RI cases is larger than for RW cases in the inner core (0–100 km). Lightning activity there, rather than in the outer rainbands, may be a better indicator for RI prediction in northwest Pacific storms. There was a marked increase in the lightning density of inner core during the RI stage for Super Typhoon Rammasun (2008). Satellite data for this storm show that the RI stage had the highest cloud top height and coldest cloud top temperatures, with all the minimum black body temperature values being below 200 K in the inner core.
The ENSO effects on tropical clouds and top‐of‐atmosphere cloud radiative effects in CMIP5 models
Authors: Wang Hailan , Su Wenying 
Published: April 2015

AbstractThe El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) effects on tropical clouds and top‐of‐atmosphere (TOA) cloud radiative effects (CREs) in Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) models are evaluated using satellite‐based observations and International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project satellite simulator output. Climatologically, most CMIP5 models produce considerably less total cloud amount with higher cloud top and notably larger reflectivity than observations in tropical Indo‐Pacific (60°E‐200°E; 10°S‐10°N). During ENSO, most CMIP5 models strongly underestimate TOA CRE and cloud changes over western tropical Pacific. Over central tropical Pacific, while the multi‐model mean resembles observations in TOA CRE and cloud amount anomalies, it notably overestimates cloud top pressure (CTP) decreases; there are also substantial inter‐model variations. The relative effects of changes in cloud properties, temperature, and humidity on TOA CRE anomalies during ENSO in the CMIP5 models are assessed using cloud radiative kernels. The CMIP5 models agree with observations in that their TOA shortwave CRE anomalies are primarily contributed by total cloud amount changes, and their TOA longwave CRE anomalies are mostly contributed by changes in both total cloud amount and CTP. The model biases in TOA CRE anomalies particularly the strong underestimations over western tropical Pacific are, however, mainly explained by model biases in CTP and cloud optical thickness (τ) changes. Despite the distinct model climatological cloud biases particularly in τ regime, the TOA CRE anomalies from total cloud amount changes are comparable between the CMIP5 models and observations, because of the strong compensations between model underestimation of TOA CRE anomalies from thin clouds and overestimation from medium and thick clouds.
Two major circulation structures leading to heavy summer rainfall over central North China
Authors: Sun Wei , Li Jian , Yu Rucong , Yuan Weihua 
Published: April 2015

AbstractUsing daily and hourly rain gauge records and Japanese 25 year reanalysis data over 30 years, this paper reveals two major circulation structures leading to heavy summer rainfall events in central North China (CNC), and further analyzes the effects of the circulations on these rainfall events. One circulation structure has an extensive upper tropospheric warm anomaly (UTWA) covering North China (NC). By strengthening the upper anticyclonic anomaly and lower southerly flows around NC, the UTWA plays a positive role in forming upper level divergence and lower level moisture convergence. As a result, the warm anomalous circulation has a solid relationship with large‐scale, long‐duration rainfall events with a diurnal peak around midnight to early morning. The other circulation structure has an upper tropospheric cold anomaly (UTCA) located in the upper stream of NC. Contributed to by the UTCA, a cold trough appears in the upper stream of NC and an unstable configuration with upper (lower) cold (warm) anomalies forms around CNC. Consequently, CNC is covered by strong instability and high convective energy, and the cold anomalous circulation is closely connected with local, short‐duration rainfall events concentrated from late afternoon to early nighttime. The close connections between circulation structures and typical rainfall events are confirmed by two independent converse analysis processes: from circulations to rainfall characteristics, and from typical rainfall events to circulations. The results presented in this paper indicate that the upper tropospheric temperature has significant influences on heavy rainfall, and thus more attention should be paid to the upper tropospheric temperature in future analyses.
Seasonal and longitudinal distributions of atmospheric water‐soluble dicarboxylic acids, oxocarboxylic acids, and α‐dicarbonyls over the North Pacific
Authors: Bikkina Srinivas , Kawamura Kimitaka , Imanishi Katsuya , Boreddy S. K. R. , Nojiri Yukihiro 
Published: April 2015

AbstractIn order to assess the seasonal variability of atmospheric abundances of dicarboxylic acids, oxocarboxylic acids, and α‐dicarbonyls over the North Pacific and Sea of Japan, aerosol samples were collected along the longitudinal transacts during six cruises between Canada and Japan. The back trajectory analyses indicate that aerosol samples collected in winter and spring are influenced by the East Asian outflow, whereas summer and fall samples are associated with the pristine maritime air masses. Molecular distributions of water‐soluble organics in winter and spring samples show the predominance of oxalic acid (C2) followed by succinic (C4) and malonic acids (C3). In contrast, summer and fall marine aerosols are characterized by the predominance of C3 over C4. Concentrations of dicarboxylic acids were higher over the Sea of Japan than the North Pacific. With a lack of continental outflow, higher concentrations during early summer are ascribed to atmospheric oxidation of organic precursors associated with high biological activity in the North Pacific. This interpretation is further supported by the high abundances of azelaic acid, which is a photochemical oxidation product of biogenic unsaturated fatty acids, over the Bering Sea in early summer when surface waters are characterized by high biological productivity. We found higher ratios of oxalic acid to pyruvic and glyoxylic acids (C2/Pyr and C2/ωC2) and glyoxal and methylglyoxal (C2/Gly and C2/MeGly) in summer and fall than in winter and spring, suggesting a production of C2 from the aqueous‐phase oxidation of oceanic isoprene. In this study, dicarboxylic acids account for 0.7–38% of water‐soluble organic carbon.
Detecting the signature of permafrost thaw in Arctic rivers
Authors: Spencer Robert G. M. , Mann Paul J. , Dittmar Thorsten , Eglinton Timothy I. , McIntyre Cameron , Holmes R. Max , Zimov Nikita , Stubbins Aron 
Published: April 2015

AbstractClimate change induced permafrost thaw in the Arctic is mobilizing ancient dissolved organic carbon (DOC) into headwater streams; however, DOC exported from the mouth of major arctic rivers appears predominantly modern. Here we highlight that ancient (>20,000 years B.P.) permafrost DOC is rapidly utilized by microbes (~50% DOC loss in <7 days) and that permafrost DOC decay rates (0.12 to 0.19 day−1) exceed those for DOC in a major arctic river (Kolyma: 0.09 day−1). Permafrost DOC exhibited unique molecular signatures, including high levels of aliphatics that were rapidly utilized by microbes. As microbes processed permafrost DOC, its distinctive chemical signatures were degraded and converged toward those of DOC in the Kolyma River. The extreme biolability of permafrost DOC and the rapid loss of its distinct molecular signature may explain the apparent contradiction between observed permafrost DOC release to headwaters and the lack of a permafrost signal in DOC exported via major arctic rivers to the ocean.
Synchronizers—Gear Change Process, Loads, Timing, Shift Effort, Thermal Loads, Materials and Tolerances
Authors: Razzacki Syed T. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractThe manual, synchromesh transmission synchronizer design factors that are essential in its sizing and selecting have been addressed. Derivations, mathematical algorithms, and dimensioning and tolerancing schemes have been worked out to assist in this endeavor. Attempt is made to show that the design and calculations of physical parameters must go hand in hand. That the calculations of synchronizer physical parameters should be supported by scrupulously dimensioning and tolerancing the components design to achieve the intended functional objective.A mathematical algorithm is developed that facilitates establishing the sleeve and blocker ring chamfer angle relationship with the synchronizer size, coefficient of friction, cone torque, and index torque. The relationship is presented graphically in a unique manner identifying the clash and hard shift zones. As such, it allows sizing the synchronizer and selection of the parameters for a given application for comfortable shiftability between the two extremes of clash and hard shift.The synchronization torque requirement for a given synchronization time with known gear ratios and steps has been calculated.Total energy dissipation and rate of energy dissipation method has been derived.The synchronization episode is dissected into six distinct events that are used illustratively for iteratively dimensioning and tolerancing of the synchronizer components. The components that play significant role in each event are identified and related to a specific physical parameter. Performance failure conditions such as clash, double bump, scratchiness, and harshness are also defined from the design and manufacturing point of view.
Automatic Transmissions—Gear Train Combinations, Components, Design Considerations, Hydraulic System, Packaging, Manufacturing, Assembly
Authors: Shibayama Takashi 
Published: April 2015

AbstractBecause automatic transmissions have a complicated structure, it is necessary to study the basic layouts and their basic operating principles. Especially, the function of the planetary gear set is difficult to understand. Therefore, in this chapter, the basic structure and the operating principle of a typical multiple step automatic transmission is explained with comprehensible figures and pictures. The basic ratio change principles of a planetary gear set and the combination of planetary gears to obtain multistep shift functions are described in detail. The major components, design considerations, hydraulic system, packaging, manufacturing, and issues for assembly are also described in this chapter. This chapter may be useful for understanding the outline of the automatic transmission.
Processing of Polymers
Authors: Kauffmann Axel , Ziegler Maik 
Published: April 2015

AbstractPolymers are becoming more important in the automotive engineering society, as they are highly versatile, lightweight, and offer greater flexibility for part design and component integration, compared with metals. This chapter highlights some major polymer processes and applications that are being used by the industry. This chapter focuses on automotive‐relevant molding and forming processes such as injection molding, which is used broadly for both nonstructural and structural parts; extrusion of semifinished products; thermoforming of larger parts; and foaming of lightweight parts. Furthermore, some new and innovative process examples will be presented. This section focuses on thermoplastic material processes.
Chassis
ECU
(
ACC
and Sensor)
Authors: Nagai Takayuki , Furuhashi Masayuki 
Published: April 2015

Abstract

One of the aims of driving assistance systems is to facilitate safer driving. Adaptive cruise control (
ACC
) was developed as one such system to help alleviate driver burden. Conventional cruise control (
CC
) achieves constant speed driving by controlling only the engine to hold the speed set by the driver. In contrast,
ACC
has range sensor that functions as the eyes of the system. When the preceding vehicle is driving slower than the set speed of
ACC
, it can control the brake to decelerate the self‐vehicle and follow the preceding vehicle at a certain following distance. When there is no longer a preceding vehicle, the system accelerates again and resumes driving at the set speed.
Automotive Applications for Magnesium
Authors: Grimes Roger , Janik Vit 
Published: April 2015

Abstract

While magnesium alloys were quite widely used in transport applications in the period from the end of World War
II
until the mid‐1950s, their automotive use then declined virtually to zero. Despite the fact that magnesium is the lightest structural metal and major efforts were made to reduce vehicle mass after the fuel crises of the mid‐1970s, the magnesium content remained well under 1% of the mass of a typical car. However, in the last decade, or so, there has been a huge growth in interest in the possibility of far greater use of magnesium in automobile construction, particularly in the form of high pressure die castings. This has been accompanied by dramatic increase in the volume of magnesium produced and changes in the location of magnesium extraction so that some 85% is now produced in China. The development efforts to produce sheet material more economically via twin‐roll casting, develop superior casting alloys, and achieve a better understanding of their service properties are summarized as are the economic and environmental implications. It is concluded that there are few remaining technical obstacles to greater use but economic and environmental issues remain.
Ceramic Sensors for Power TrainECUSystems
Authors: Fujii Akira , Watarai Takehiro , Mizutani Akitoshi 
Published: April 2015

AbstractVarious physical quantities required by powertrain control systems are supplied to the powertrain electronic control unit (ECU) from multiple sensors. These quantities are commonly obtained using ceramic sensors, which are capable of detecting chemical reactions and withstanding high temperatures. This chapter describes the detection principles and technology required for the practical adoption of ceramic sensors, focusing on sensors for detecting oxygen concentration (O2sensors), the air/fuel ratio (A/F sensors), engine knocking (knock sensors), harmfulNOxin emissions (NOxsensors), and the temperature in various locations.
The Enhanced Cognitive Interview: Testing Appropriateness Perception, Memory Capacity and Error Estimate Relation with Report Quality
Authors: Paulo Rui M. , Albuquerque Pedro B. , Saraiva Magda , Bull Ray 
Published: April 2015

SummaryThe Enhanced Cognitive Interview (ECI) has been widely studied. However, research has overlooked witnesses' attitudes toward the interview and how error estimate and memory capacity relate to report quality. Participants watched a mock robbery video and were interviewed 48 hours later with either the Portuguese version of the ECI or a Structured Interview (SI). Participants interviewed with the ECI provided more information without compromising accuracy, particularly in free recall. Report accuracy was stable across interview phases and information categories. A higher perception of interview appropriateness (how witnesses evaluate the appropriateness of the interview procedure used) was linked with more detailed reports and more interest in being an interviewee. Participants over‐estimated their error rate, and their memory capacity was not related to witnesses' recall. It is essential to take into account their perception of interview appropriateness and use alternative methods to evaluate report quality. Major implications for real‐life investigations are discussed. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Iron‐Catalyzed Direct Synthesis of Amides from Methylarenes
Authors: Srinivas Kotha Surya , Badigenchala Sindhura , Sekar Govindasamy 
Published: April 2015

AbstractAn efficient, green and first catalytic process has been developed for the direct synthesis of amides from readily available petroleum by‐products (methylarenes) and amines using an iron catalyst. In this new catalytic reaction, the methyl group of the methylarene is oxidized to the corresponding aldehyde through non‐directed CH oxidation followed by its oxidative amidation with N‐chloroamine, yielding the carboxylic amide. Oxidation with an iron catalyst, tert‐butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP) as sole oxidant, the synthesis of amides under mild reaction conditions and the utilization of methylarenes as starting material make this methodology novel and environmentally benign.magnified image
Multicomponent Reactions of Phosphines, Enynedioates and Cinnamaldimines Give γ‐Lactams with a 1,3,5‐Hexatriene Moiety for Facile 6π Electrocyclization: Access to Oxindoles, Isatins and Isoxazolinones
Authors: Deng Jie‐Cheng , Chen Wu‐Yin , Zhu Chaoyuan , Chuang Shih‐Ching 
Published: April 2015

AbstractMulticomponent reactions of phosphines, enynedioates and cinnamaldimines generated 3‐phosphorus ylide γ‐lactams having a 1,3,5‐hexatriene moiety with low activation energy barrier for 6π electrocyclization, through initial formation of 1,3‐dipoles from the α(δ′)‐Michael addition of phosphines to enynedioates. The reactive 1,3‐dipoles underwent addition to cinnamaldimines, lactamization, 6π electrocyclization and oxidation to give 3‐phosphorus ylide oxindoles as platform molecules toward isatins and isoxazolinones. The key step, 6π electrocyclization, was further examined by a kinetic and a computational study.magnified image
Bismuth(III) Bromide‐Catalysed Substitution of Benzyl Alcohols with Arylsulfonylmethyl Isocyanides: An Unexpected Access to Sulfinates
Authors: Li Hui‐Jing , Wang Rui , Gao Jing , Wang Yuan‐Yuan , Luo Dong‐Hui , Wu Yan‐Chao 
Published: April 2015

AbstractA bismuth(III) bromide‐catalysed direct substitution of benzyl alcohols with arylsulfonylmethyl isocyanides affords sulfinates under mild acidic conditions. An unforeseen reversed reactivity was observed in this highly selective formation of sulfinates instead of the formation of the usually favoured sulfones. Cytotoxicity tests (in vitro) indicated that the sulfinates exhibit antibiotic activity against a human leukaemia cell line HL‐60, which would widen the structural diversity of this antitumour target and confirm the perspectives of further investigations.magnified image