bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Practical considerations to drug dosing in children with acute kidney injury
Authors: Assadi Farahnak , Sharbaf Fatemeh Ghane 
Published: September 2015

AbstractMedication dosing for children with acute kidney injury (AKI) needs to be individualized based on pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic principles of the prescribed drugswhenever possible to optimize therapeutic outcome and to minimize toxicity. The pediatric RIFLE criteria should be prospectively utilized to identify patients at highest risk of developing AKI. Serum creatinine and urine output along with volume status should be utilized to guide drug dosing when urinary biomarkers including kidney injury molecule 1, interleukin‐18, or neutrophil gelatinase‐associated lipocalin are not readily available. Because of the presence of a positive fluid balance in early stages of AKI, the dosing regimen for many drugs, especially antimicrobial agents, should be initiated at a larger loading dose based on the expected volume of distribution to achieve target serum concentrations.When possible, therapeutic drug monitoring should be utilized for those medications where serum drug concentrations can be obtained in a clinically relevant time frame. For these medications, close monitoring of serum drug concentrations is highly recommended. This review addresses drug‐dosing strategies in pediatric patients with AKI including the roles of therapeutic drug monitoring and newer kidney injury biomarkers.
Three dimensionality of gleno‐humeral deformities in obstetrical brachial plexus palsy
Authors: Brochard Sylvain , Mozingo Joseph D. , Alter Katharine E. , Sheehan Frances T. 
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACTThe primary objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that gleno‐humeral deformity in children and adolescent with obstetrical brachial plexus palsy is three‐dimensional (3D). The study also compared the metrological properties of typical two‐dimensional gleno‐humeral measures to the newly developed 3D measures. Thirteen individuals (age = 11.8 ± 3.3 years) with obstetrical brachial plexus palsy participated in this IRB‐approved study. 3D axial magnetic resonance images were acquired for both shoulders. Glenoid and humeral models were created in order to quantify 3D glenoid version, humeral head migration, and glenoid concavity. Two‐dimensional (2D) measures were acquired as recommended in the literature. All measures were completed by two observers in this observer‐blind study. Compared to the non‐involved side, the glenoid was more retroverted (7.91°, p = 0.003) and inferiorly oriented (7.28°, p = 0.009). The humeral head was migrated more posteriorly (5.54 mm, p = 0.007), inferiorly (−3.96 mm, p = 0.013), and medially (−3.63 mm,p = 0.002). Eleven of the 13 glenoids were concave, based on the 3D glenoid models. The concurrent validity between three‐ and 2D measures were highly dependent of the parameter measured, the slice level used for the 2D analysis, and the presence/absence of pathology (0.63 < r < 0.91). The standard error of measurement for the 2D anterior–posterior version (>3°) was larger than that for the 3D measure of version (<1°) on the involved side. This study clearly demonstrated that the gleno‐humeral deformation in obstetrical brachial plexus palsy is 3D, emphasizing the need for 3D subject specific gleno‐humeral shape analysis for follow‐up and treatment plans in children with obstetrical brachial plexus palsy. © 2015 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 34:675–682, 2016.
Radial q‐space sampling for DSI
Authors: Baete Steven H. , Yutzy Stephen , Boada Fernando E. 
Published: September 2015

PurposeDiffusion spectrum imaging (DSI) has been shown to be an effective tool for noninvasively depicting the anatomical details of brain microstructure. Existing implementations of DSI sample the diffusion encoding space using a rectangular grid. Here we present a different implementation of DSI whereby a radially symmetric q‐space sampling scheme for DSI is used to improve the angular resolution and accuracy of the reconstructed orientation distribution functions.MethodsQ‐space is sampled by acquiring several q‐space samples along a number of radial lines. Each of these radial lines in q‐space is analytically connected to a value of the orientation distribution functions at the same angular location by the Fourier slice theorem.ResultsComputer simulations and in vivo brain results demonstrate that radial diffusion spectrum imaging correctly estimates the orientation distribution functions when moderately high b‐values (4000 s/mm2) and number of q‐space samples (236) are used.ConclusionThe nominal angular resolution of radial diffusion spectrum imaging depends on the number of radial lines used in the sampling scheme, and only weakly on the maximum b‐value. In addition, the radial analytical reconstruction reduces truncation artifacts which affect Cartesian reconstructions. Hence, a radial acquisition of q‐space can be favorable for DSI. Magn Reson Med 76:769–780, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Minimally invasive in tumor multidrug comparative analysis with contrast‐enhanced MRI in mice
Authors: Kerwin William S. , Tretyak Ilona , Grenley Marc O. , You Sheng , Hatton Beryl A. , Moreno‐Gonzalez Alicia , Thirstrup Derek J. , Klinghoffer Richard A. 
Published: September 2015

PurposeTo facilitate decision making in the oncology clinic, technologies have recently been developed to independently inject and assess multiple anticancer agents directly in a patient's tumor. To increase the flexibility of this approach beyond histological readouts of response, contrast‐enhanced MRI was evaluated for the detection of cell death in living tumors after injection.MethodsA six‐needle arrayed microinjection device designed to provide head‐to‐head comparisons of chemotherapy responses in living tumors was used. Xenografted non‐Hodgkin lymphoma tumors in athymic Nude‐Foxn1nu mice were injected either with different doses of vincristine or with one needle each of vincristine, doxorubicin, bendamustine, prednisolone, mafosfamide, and a vehicle control. To assess drug responses, measurements of enhancement by T1‐weighted contrast‐enhanced MRI were made for individual sites at 24, 48, and 72 h after injection. For comparison, histological evaluations of cell death were obtained after tumor resection.ResultsMeasurements of MRI enhancement at injection sites showed a significant (P < 0.001) positive regression slope as a function of vincristine dose. Average MRI measurements were closely correlated with cell death by hematoxylin and eosin staining (R = 0.81; P = 0.001).ConclusionContrast‐enhanced MRI has the potential to replace or augment histological analyses of tumor responses to microinjected doses of chemotherapy agents with potential application in selecting optimal chemotherapy regimens. Magn Reson Med 76:946–952, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Interdisciplinary research in climate and energy sciences
Authors: Xu Xiaofeng , Goswami Santonu , Gulledge Jay , Wullschleger Stan D. , Thornton Peter E. 
Published: September 2015

Due to the complex nature of climate change, interdisciplinary research approaches involving knowledge and skills from a broad range of disciplines have been adopted for studying changes in the climate system as well as strategies for mitigating climate change (i.e., greenhouse gas emissions reductions) and adapting to its impacts on society and natural systems. Harnessing of renewable energy sources to replace fossil fuels is widely regarded as a long‐term mitigation strategy that requires the synthesis of knowledge from engineering, technology, and natural and social sciences. In this study, we examine how the adoption of interdisciplinary approaches has evolved over time and in different geographic regions. We conducted a comprehensive literature survey using an evaluation matrix of keywords, in combination with a word cloud analysis, to evaluate the spatiotemporal dynamics of scholarly discourse about interdisciplinary approaches to climate change and renewable energy research and development (R&D). Publications that discuss interdisciplinary approaches to climate change and renewable energy have substantially increased over the last 60 years; it appears, however, that the nature, timing, and focus of these publications vary across countries and through time. Over the most recent three decades, the country‐level contribution to interdisciplinary research for climate change has become more evenly distributed, but this was not true for renewable energy research, which remained dominated by the United Sates and a few other major economies. The research topics have also evolved: Water resource management was emphasized from 1990s to 2000s, policy and adaptation were emphasized from the 2000s to 2010–2013, while vulnerability became prominent during the most recent years (2010–2013). Our analysis indicates that the rate of growth of interdisciplinary research for renewable energy lags behind that for climate change, possibly because knowledge emanating from climate change science has motivated the subsequent upswing in renewable energy R&D. WIREs Energy Environ 2016, 5:49–56. doi: 10.1002/wene.180This article is categorized under:

Bioenergy > Climate and Environment
Energy and Climate > Climate and Environment
Factors Influencing Choices of Contextualized Versus Traditional Practices With Children and Adolescents Who Have Traumatic Brain Injury
Authors: Koole Heather , Nelson Nickola W. , Curtis Amy B. 
Published: September 2015

Purpose
This preliminary investigation examined speech-language pathologists' (SLPs') use of contextualized practices (i.e., functional, personally relevant, nonhierarchical, and collaborative) compared with traditional practices (i.e., clinical, generic, hierarchical, and expert driven) with school-age children and adolescents with traumatic brain injury (TBI).

Methods
An electronic survey asked SLPs about their use of clinical activities described as more or less contextualized. Research questions focused on frequency of using contextualized practices and factors associated with their use or nonuse.

Results
Seventy responses met criteria for analysis; 98% of these participants reported using at least 1 contextualized practice. Higher use of contextualized practices was associated with working in schools compared to health care settings, access to experts, and greater experience with TBI. Most frequently cited reasons for not using contextualized practices included not fitting the student and scheduling issues.

Conclusions
Factors associated with using contextualized practices suggest that access to experts and experience with TBI are critical components for facilitating contextualized practice recommendations. Reasons for not using certain contextualized practices highlight the need to address scheduling issues and to increase education about practices that may best meet the unique needs of students with TBI.
Regulation of the chitin degradation and utilization system by the ChiX small RNA in Serratia marcescens 2170
Authors: Suzuki Kazushi , Shimizu Mari , Sasaki Naomi , Ogawa Chisana , Minami Haruka , Sugimoto Hayuki , Watanabe Takeshi 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
Serratia marcescens 2170 produces three different types of chitinases and chitin-binding protein CBP21. We found that transposon insertion into the 5′ untranslated region (5′ UTR) of chiPQ-ctb led to defective chitinase and CBP21 production. ChiX small RNA possessed the complementary sequence of the 5′ UTRs of the chiPQ-ctb and chiR and repressed the expression of chiP and chiR. ChiX was detected in a medium containing glucose, glycerol, GlcNAc, and (GlcNAc)2, but the expression of both chiP and chiR was only observed in a medium containing (GlcNAc)2. ∆chiX mutant produced chitinases, CBP21, and chitobiase without induction. chiP transcripts were more abundant than those of chiR or chiX in a medium containing (GlcNAc)2. These results suggest that the constitutively expressed ChiX binds to the highly abundant chiP 5′ UTR, thereby leading to the induction of chiR mRNA translation and the subsequent expression of chitinases and CBP21.
Balanced harvesting in fisheries: economic considerations
Authors: Charles A. , Garcia S. M. , Rice J. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThis paper explores economic aspects of a recent proposal to shift fisheries to a “Balanced Harvesting” (BH) strategy, as a means to achieve the goal, set by the Convention on Biological Diversity and related to the Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries, of “conservation of ecosystem structure and functioning” within fishery ecosystems. Studies indicate that a BH strategy—broadening the range of species and sizes caught in the aquatic ecosystem, and lowering exploitation rates for some conventionally targeted species—may provide improved ecological performance relative to conventional harvesting strategies. However, the potential economic implications have received little attention to date. This paper provides a preliminary economic assessment of BH, focusing on six main themes: (i) assessing benefits and costs, (ii) factors affecting the economics of BH, (iii) economic issues in implementing the ingredients of BH, (iv) effects of incremental and/or partial implementation of BH, (v) transition options within the harvesting sector of the fishery, and (vi) distributional impacts arising across fisheries, fleet sectors, and fishing gears, and between the present and the future.
Antitumor Necrosis Factor-α Therapy Is Associated With Reduced Risk of Thromboembolic Events in Hospitalized Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Authors: deFonseka Arushi M. , Tuskey Anne , Conaway Mark R. , Behm Brian W. 
Published: September 2015

Background:
Patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are at increased risk of thromboembolic events. The aim of this study was to assess whether treatment with anti-tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) therapy was associated with a decreased risk of thromboembolism.

Methods:
We identified IBD patients hospitalized between July 2002 and July 2011 at our institution. Demographic data, medications, indication for hospitalization, and type of thromboembolic event were obtained by chart review. Wald tests were used to calculate an association between clinical characteristics and risk of thromboembolism. A multivariable logistic regression model was used to identify independent risk factors for thromboembolic events.

Results:
A total of 547 patients (1048 hospitalizations) were identified. Fifty thromboembolic events occurred. Patient-related factors associated with thromboembolism included older age (P<0.0001), chronic kidney disease (P=0.001), diabetes (P=0.009), liver disease (P=0.005), and prior history of thromboembolism (P<0.0001). Acute infection (P=0.009), trauma (P=0.009), prolonged hospitalization (P<0.0001), and lack of thromboembolic prophylaxis (P<0.0001) were also associated with increased risk. Systemic corticosteroids were associated with increased risk of thromboembolism (P=0.003), whereas TNF-α inhibitors were protective (P=0.011). Multivariate regression identified systemic corticosteroid use (OR=4.62, P=0.0004) as associated with an increased risk of thromboembolism. TNF-α inhibitors were associated with a reduced risk of thromboembolism (OR=0.20, P=0.049).

Conclusions:
In this cohort of hospitalized IBD patients, TNF-α inhibitor therapy was associated with a reduced risk of thromboembolism, whereas systemic corticosteroid use was associated with an increased risk of thromboembolism.
Secondary neoplasms arising from nevus sebaceus: A retrospective study of 450 cases in Taiwan
Authors: Hsu Ming‐Chun , Liau Jau‐Yu , Hong Jin‐Liern , Cheng Yin , Liao Yi‐Hua , Chen Jau‐Shiuh , Sheen Yi‐Shuan , Hong Jin‐Bon 
Published: September 2015

AbstractNevus sebaceus is frequently associated with the development of secondary neoplasms. Incidences of malignant transformation vary among different reports and few data is available regarding Asian populations. We aimed to determine the characteristics of secondary tumors developing from nevus sebaceus in a Taiwanese population and to review the published work. Patients with clinically and histologically confirmed nevus sebaceus were identified from 1992 to 2012 in a medical center. Among the 450 cases of nevus sebaceus, 38 secondary neoplasms were noted, accounting for 8.5% of all cases. Benign tumors represented more than 80% of all tumors. Syringocystadenoma papilliferum (2.7%) was the most common benign tumor, followed by trichoblastoma (1.6%) and trichilemmoma (1.6%) whereas basal cell carcinoma (0.9%) was the most frequent malignant tumor on nevus sebaceus and its clinical features were not typical. All the malignant tumors on nevus sebaceus were noted only in adulthood and the mean age of those with basal cell carcinoma was significantly older than that of trichoblastoma (P = 0.028). Our study concludes that malignant transformation is rare in nevus sebaceus and occurs uniquely in adulthood. On the basis of the findings, prophylactic excision of nevus sebaceus can be elective during childhood but is strongly advocated at puberty due to the increased risk of malignant transformation with time.
Toxic epidermal necrolysis caused by acetaminophen featuring almost 100% skin detachment: Acetaminophen is associated with a risk of severe cutaneous adverse reactions
Authors: Watanabe Hideaki , Kamiyama Taisuke , Sasaki Shun , Kobayashi Kae , Fukuda Kenichiro , Miyake Yasufumi , Aruga Tohru , Sueki Hirohiko 
Published: September 2015

AbstractToxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) is an adverse reaction that can be induced by various drugs; the associated mortality rate is 20–25%. A previous report showed a weak association between TEN and acetaminophen. Recently, the US Food and Drug Administration declared that acetaminophen is associated with a risk of serious skin reactions, including TEN. Here, we describe the case of a 43‐year‐old Japanese woman with TEN caused by acetaminophen. She had poorly controlled ulcerative colitis and was treated with high doses of prednisolone, infliximab, acetaminophen and lansoprazole. Nine days after administrating acetaminophen, targetoid erythematous and bullous lesions appeared on the patient's trunk, palms and the soles of her feet. The skin lesions expanded rapidly; within 3 weeks, skin detachment was detected across nearly 100% of the patient's body. However, no mucosal involvement of the eyes, oral cavity or genitalia was found. We performed lymphocyte transformation tests using various drugs; however, a high stimulation index was obtained only with acetaminophen. The patient recovered following treatment with plasmapheresis, i.v. immunoglobulin therapy, topical medication and supportive therapy. Acetaminophen is included in many prescription and over‐the‐counter products; thus, clinicians should monitor their patients for severe drug reactions, including TEN.
Case with Brunsting–Perry‐like localized subepidermal blister formations and immunoglobulin G antibodies against unidentified basement membrane zone antigen
Authors: Sato‐Shibuya Mami , Dainichi Teruki , Egawa Gyohei , Honda Tetsuya , Otsuka Atsushi , Ishii Norito , Hashimoto Takashi , Miyachi Yoshiki , Kabashima Kenji 
Published: September 2015

AbstractBrunsting–Perry type bullous pemphigoid is defined by the blister formation limited to the head and neck, and autoantibodies to type VII collagen are detected in several cases. However, the pathomechanisms and autoantigens in this condition remain unknown. We report a 20‐year‐old female patient with a more than 2‐year history of recurrent tense blisters localized on the face with no distinct atrophic scar formation. The patient had neither extensive sun exposure nor a history suggestive of contact dermatitis. Oral betamethasone was effective on the skin lesions. Histopathology revealed subepidermal blister formation with dermal infiltrates of neutrophils. Although direct and indirect immunofluorescence tests detected immunoglobulin G antibodies to the basement membrane zone (BMZ), no known dermal or epidermal autoantigens were detected in immunoblot analyses. Therefore, this case may be a rare variant of Brunsting–Perry type localized bullous pemphigoid with autoantibodies to an undetermined BMZ antigen.
CaMKIIδ and cardiomyocyte Ca2+ signalling new perspectives on splice variant targeting
Authors: Bell James R , Raaijmakers Antonia JA , Janssens Johannes V , Delbridge Lea MD 
Published: September 2015

SummaryControl of cardiomyocyte cytosolic Ca2+ levels is crucial in determining inotropic status and ischemia/reperfusion stress response. Responsive to fluctuations in cellular Ca2+, Ca2+/calmodulin‐dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) is a serine/threonine kinase integral to the processes regulating cardiomyocyte Ca2+ channels/transporters. CaMKII is primarily expressed either in the δB or δC splice variant forms, which may mediate differential influences on cardiomyocyte function and pathological response mechanisms. Increases in myocyte Ca2+ levels promote the binding of a Ca2+/calmodulin complex to CaMKII, to activate the kinase. Activity is also maintained through a series of post‐translational modifications within a critical region of the regulatory domain of the protein. Recent data indicate that the post‐translational modification status of CaMKIIδB/δC variants may have an important influence on reperfusion outcomes. This study provided the first evidence that the specific type of CaMKII post‐translational modification has a role in determining target selectivity of downstream Ca2+ transporters. The study was also able to demonstrate that the phosphorylated form of CaMKII closely co‐localizes with CaMKIIδB in the nuclear/myofilament fraction, contrasting with a co‐enrichment of oxidized CaMKII in the membrane fraction with CaMKIIδC. It has also been possible to conclude that a hyper‐phosphorylation of CaMKII (Thr287) in reperfused hearts represents a hyper‐activation of the CaMKIIδB, which exerts anti‐arrhythmic actions through an enhanced capacity to selectively increase sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ uptake and maintain cytosolic Ca2+ levels. This suggests that suppression of global CaMKIIδ may not be an efficacious approach to developing optimal pharmacological interventions for the vulnerable heart.
Audit Pricing for Strategic Alliances: An Incomplete Contract Perspective
Authors: Demirkan Sebahattin , Zhou Nan 
Published: September 2015

AbstractWe study the pricing of audit services for strategic alliances, a governance structure involving an incomplete contract between separate firms. Since incomplete contracts do not specify all future contingencies, we expect that the nonverifiability of information and potential agency behavior in alliances increase audit complexity, resulting in higher audit fees. Our findings support this prediction. We then separate strategic alliances into joint ventures and contractual alliances, as the latter involve more complexity. We find that our audit fee results are largely driven by contractual alliances. We perform additional tests to rule out the concern that our audit fee results might be attributable to the impact of strategic alliances on distress risk, audit risk, or control risk. Contrary to the distress risk argument, we find that auditors arelesslikely to issue going‐concern modified opinions when there is an increase in strategic alliances. Contrary to the audit risk argument, we find that an increase in strategic alliances is unrelated to the likelihood of financial misstatements. Contrary to the control risk argument, we find that an increase in strategic alliances is unrelated to internal control weakness opinions.