bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reaction Fronts: Detonations and Deflagrations
Authors: Rezzolla Luciano , Zanotti Olindo 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThis chapter is devoted to the treatment of relativistic reaction fronts, namely of those discontinuities in the flow undergoing chemical transformations with release of energy and heat. Two main classes of such reaction fronts are considered: detonations, in which the fluid behind the front is compressed and decelerated, and deflagrations, in which the fluid behind the front is decompressed and accelerated. The physical properties of reaction fronts are studied in great detail through the analysis of the “reaction adiabat”, which allows us to distinguish in a clear way weak and strong reaction fronts. Finally, the stability of reaction fronts is also studied, both qualitatively, after resorting to the degree of under-determinacy, and quantitatively, through a linear perturbative analysis.
Relativistic Non-Perfect Fluids
Authors: Rezzolla Luciano , Zanotti Olindo 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThis chapter deals with non-perfect fluids, namely those fluids for which viscous effects and heat fluxes cannot be neglected. After a discussion about the most convenient definition of four-velocity, the energy–momentum tensor of non-perfect fluids is introduced and the general form of the relativistic hydrodynamics equations is derived. A discussion follows to distinguish between the so-called “first-order” and “second-order” theories, for which the entropy current contains terms that are of first-order or of second-order in the thermodynamic fluxes, respectively. Even though only the latter class of theories is relativistically consistent, the former class is also studied in detail, as it allows us to highlight in a transparent way the similarities and the novelties with respect to the Newtonian treatment. Through a sequence of logical steps reflecting the historical development of this complex set of theories, the reader is guided up to the most recent formulations of divergence-type theories, which are also suitable for a numerical solution.
Formulations of the Einstein–Euler Equations
Authors: Rezzolla Luciano , Zanotti Olindo 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThis chapter, which opens the second part of the book devoted to the numerical solution of the relativistic-hydrodynamics equations, presents in a concise, yet complete, way the several formulations of the Einstein–Euler equations that have been proposed over the years. After the discussion of the 3+1 splitting of spacetime, a detailed analysis of the most suitable formulations of the Einstein equations is presented, including the classical ADM formulation, the conformal traceless formulations, the generalised harmonic formulation, down to the conformally flat formulation. The second part of the chapter deals with the equally important formulations of the relativistic Euler equations, among which the conservative formulations are by far the most important, and therefore the subject of an extended discussion.
Numerical Relativistic Hydrodynamics: Finite-Difference Methods
Authors: Rezzolla Luciano , Zanotti Olindo 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThis chapter is devoted to the study of finite-difference (non-conservative) methods for the numerical solution of partial differential equations. These methods have a long history and provide a series of fundamental concepts and tools necessary for understanding more advanced techniques. According to this logic, the discretisation process is first introduced, followed by a discussion about the possible kinds of numerical error and of the practical strategies for estimating the order of accuracy. The problem of numerical stability is addressed and the most common finite-difference schemes are presented in a simple way that helps in appreciating their advantages and limitations. Artificial-viscosity methods are also treated and their historical development is reviewed.
Numerical Relativistic Hydrodynamics: HRSC Methods
Authors: Rezzolla Luciano , Zanotti Olindo 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThis chapter is devoted to the analysis of those numerical methods based on the conservative formulation of the equations, as is the case of the relativistic-hydrodynamics equation. Conservative schemes are discussed both in their finite-volume version and in their finite-difference version, which differ in the fact of evolving in time the cell-averaged or the point-values of the solution, respectively. Upwind methods are then introduced, showing how the solution of the Riemann problem can be exploited to incorporate in a natural way the upwind property even in nonlinear systems of equations. Total variation diminishing methods are then discussed, which allow for larger than first-order accuracy and a selected class of Riemann solvers is presented, of most practical use in relativistic hydrodynamics. The integration in time is analysed through Runge–Kutta methods, including the case of stiff source terms. A brief but clear exposition of central scheme closes the chapter.
Numerical Relativistic Hydrodynamics: High-Order Methods
Authors: Rezzolla Luciano , Zanotti Olindo 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThis chapter deals with numerical methods with an order of accuracy larger than the second, which becomes very relevant when multiscale problems are considered. Essentially non-oscillatory and weighted essentially non-oscillatory methods are discussed, both for finite-volume and for finite-difference conservative schemes. WENO methods, in particular, are presented either in the classical formulation of Shu, and in more modern form involving the expansion of the reconstructed solution with respect to a basis of polynomials. Discontinuous Galerkin methods are then treated, with a relevant application in spherical symmetry. Finally, the so-called ADER approach is discussed, both in its original version based on the Cauchy–Kovalewski procedure and in the alternative recent version that exploits the solution of a local spacetime DG evolution.
Introduction
Authors: Borer Hagit 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThis chapter introduces Part I of this book, which is devoted to the structure of derived nominals. It begins with a critical review of analyses of derived nominals offered in the history of generative linguistics, with a particular focus on the typology of argument structure nominals (AS-nominals) and referring nominals (R-nominals) put forth in Grimshaw (1990). Accepting her important descriptive results, questions are nonetheless raised concerning her specific explanation for them. The preliminary conclusion reached is that the presence of an attested verb or an adjective within AS-nominals is pivotal (contra Grimshaw), and that it cannot be maintained that it is the nominalizing suffix that determines the presence of event structure. The next section reviews the specific structure associated with event structure in the book as a whole, based on analyses developed previously in volume II of Structuring Sense. The final part outlines the structure of the book.
AS‐nominals and AS‐nominalizers
Authors: Borer Hagit 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThis chapter provides a detailed analysis of the structure of ‘long’ AS-nominals (cases in which both subject and object are fully articulated and no by-phrase is used), and further puts forth a distinction between the nominalizing affixes -ing and -ation (the latter including its ‘kin’, i.e. -ance/ence, -ment,; -al, and possibly -age) based on aspectual properties. Importantly, the properties of nominal -ing are shown to part company with those of -ing in gerunds, casting serious doubt on any analysis which seeks to give the two unified characteristics. While nominal -ing and progressive -ing do share some important properties, a unification of the two, similarly, is not a task that can be easily or trivially accomplished without deep revisions of our understanding of notions such as category or functional structure.
Event Structure in Short Nominals—the Passive Paradigm
Authors: Borer Hagit 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThis chapter provides a detailed analysis for the structure of ‘short’ AS-nominals — nominals in which the logical subject is either missing altogether or is expressed with a by-phrase. It is suggested that such cases emerge from the application of a passive within the AS-nominal, effectively suppressing or demoting the subject and promoting the object, even when it occurs post-nominally in English (e.g. ‘the destruction of the city’). Cases where the logical object occurs pre-nominally (e.g. ‘the city's destruction’) are in turn analyzed as involving an additional raising to a pre-nominal specifier. Evidence is provided for the absence of a PRO subject in such short nominals, as well as for the occurrence of short AS-nominals exactly in contexts in which passive is otherwise licit.
The Skeleton
Authors: Borer Hagit 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThis chapter returns to the general model, and offers a perspective on phrase structure, constituent structure, linearization and functors. While Chomsky's Bare Phrase Structure is adopted, the assumption that external merge involves lexically listed items (complete with category) is rejected, and is replaced with the claim that external merge involves roots, otherwise unspecified for category, and functors. The nature of C-functors is discussed in detail, and they are argued to be defined them as fundamentally syntactic functions which divide the categorial space, defining a categorial space as their domain, and, obligatorily transitive, defining their complement set as a distinct categorial space (their Categorial Complement Set). The notation CX[Y] is thus proposed, for a C-functor which projects, defines, domain X and which defines its complement domain as Y. The role of S-functors, fundamentally semantic functions, in turn is defined relative to the semantic value which they assign to otherwise empty sets, which are subsequently projected as segments of Extended Projections (ExP-segments). Extended Projections, in turn, are defined relative to their shared Categorial Complement Set. A somewhat speculative discussion concerning adjunction and linearization ends this chapter.
Categorizing Roots
Authors: Borer Hagit 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThis chapter is devoted to articulating a model of categorial determination based fundamentally on the conceptualization of categorial selection as a partition of the categorial space, and as establishing equivalence classes. In essence, functors define not only the category which they, themselves project, but also define a complement categorial domain, which comes to be associated with their complements. If such complements are otherwise category-less (e.g. roots) they thus come to be equivalent to a category (e.g. V-equivalent, N-equivalent and so on). If the complement is already categorial (e.g. itself headed by a functor), the existence of a complement categorial domain amounts, effectively, to a checking or a selection mechanism ruling out, e.g. the merger of a V-selecting functor such as -ation with a derived adjective such as ‘available’. Crucially, the model of categorization put forth is committed to the categorization of form in ‘the form’ as N or of form within ‘formation’ as V without the presence of additional structure, i.e., in both these cases ‘form’ is crucially a terminal and mono-morphemic. As a consequence, the account is committed to the absence of zero-affixes marking ‘form’ as N or V respectively. Much of the chapter, consequently, is devoted to arguing against the existence of zero-instantiated C-functors in English. Final comments concern the status of multi-function functors such as -ing and the status of adjectives.
Structuring Content
Authors: Borer Hagit 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThis chapter is devoted to defining the syntactic domain within which atomic Content is matched with relevant strings. Assuming an Encyclopaedia, a reservoir of atomic Content items (by assumption conceptual and thus constrained), an interface mapping device (an ‘en-searching’ device) is proposed such that it matches an atomic Content unit with a qualifying string, the latter being, fundamentally, a (partially) phonologically realized syntactic constituent which is delimited by the first merging segment of an Extended Projection. Within the empirical domain, the chapter is built around two puzzles concerning the contrastive properties of AS-nominals and R-nominals While the latter may be non-compositional (‘transmission’, ‘transformation’, ‘constitution’) and may be built of roots that are not otherwise independently attested as verbs (‘nation’, ‘petulance’), the former are always compositional (‘*the transformation of the structure by the linguist’ under a technical reading) and do not allow stems that are otherwise not attested as verbs (‘*the petulance of the passenger for three hours’). Delimiting the domain of Content by the merger of ExP-segments, in turn, solves both these puzzles in a straightforward way, as it forces the verbal constituent within AS-nominals to be Contentful as a result of the presence of argument-structure assigning ExP-segments. Evidence is further provided for the matching of Content on the basis of phonological rather than phonologically abstract representations. An appendix discusses in some detail the differences between non-compositional ‘words’ and phrasal idioms as motivation for the claim that the latter must be otherwise handled.
Semitic Verbal Derivatives: Prolegomena
Authors: Borer Hagit 
Published: January 2014

AbstractTaking the model constructed in Chapters 6–10 as its starting point, Chapter 11 investigates the way in which the model could be applied to Semitic morphology, a system which in terms of its phonological realization properties is about as distinct from English as can be imagined. Striking, and non-trivial support, in turn, emerges within the Semitic verbal system (and specifically Hebrew) for the distinction between roots and functors and for the distinction between root selection and functor-contingent properties. Even more strikingly, the investigation of autosegmental morphological forms provides direct and inevitable evidence for pieces of the account as outlined in previous chapters, and specifically for the proposal for the domain of Content, for the claim that Content is read of phonologically realized strings, and that, most importantly, Content is matched with strings which contain underspecified phonological information. Finally, and taking the distinct diagnostics of AS-nominals and R-nominals as a blueprint for the investigation of words with internal ExP-segments vs. words which lack them, a model is put in place which allows, on the one hand, the characterization of the vast non-compositionality of the Semitic verbal system (on a par with R-nominals), with, on the other, a nonetheless surprising degree of predictability in well-defined subdomains (on a par with AS-nominals).
Synthetic Compounds
Authors: Borer Hagit 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe final chapter brings together the syntactic structure of nominals as discussed in Part I and the model of complex word formation, as discussed in Part II. Synthetic Compounds, although prima facie consisting of a verbal nexus and an argument of the verb, nonetheless are extremely problematic for all syntactic accounts of word formation. Contra Borer and others, they appear to have an internal argument without event structure. Contra Marantz and others, they allow N-ing without an event structure either. And finally, any attempt to derive them by assuming the incorporation of an internal argument is directly incompatible with the unaccusative hypothesis. In a careful analysis, it is shown that Synthetic Compounds cannot be considered a species of AS-nominals, that they do not have event structure and that what appears as an argument is but a free-interpretation modifier. Most strikingly, if Synthetic Compounds are not AS-nominals, but rather R-nominals, we expect them to allow non-compositional Content matching, and as such, to differ sharply from AS-nominals. The prediction, in turn, is directly correct (e.g. ‘shop lifting’ vs. ‘*;the lifting of the shop’). What we have here, then, is the non-trivial correlation of the absence of event structure and event interpretation with the availability of atomic Content, for Synthetic Compounds, contrasted with the presence of event structure and the obligatoriness of compositional Content for AS-nominals. This provides direct evidence for the correlation of Content matching with the absence of ExP-segments, for the requirement of ExP-segments for event interpretation to emerge, and by extension, for the syntactic derivation of complex words.
Shifting Sensibilities: Calvin and Music
Authors: Begbie Jeremy 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThis chapter provides an account Calvin’s conception of the place and purpose of music, especially in corporate worship. This is expounded in relation to the theological and cultural currents that shaped and propelled him as well as those he set in motion, and in relation to concurrent debates about music. Calvin recognized that music had powers denied to language. At the same time, his outlook is symptomatic of a shift in thinking about music in late medieval/early modern culture, in which the physical and metaphysical embeddedness of music presumed in medieval theory is increasingly questioned, and a move towards an exclusively anthropological justification of music more and more evident. This entails a strong appeal to language to underwrite music’s meaningfulness. In this respect Calvin is contrasted with the earlier Reformer, Martin Luther, whose debt to the medieval, cosmological scenario is very much more pronounced.
Musical Apotheosis: Early German Romanticism
Authors: Begbie Jeremy 
Published: January 2014

AbstractWith the early German Romantics, music attains an elevated status unprecedented in modern Europe: it is robed in the metaphysics of the infinite. This chapter examines this phenomenon in conversation with the philosopher Andrew Bowie. According to Bowie, these Romantics showed that there are ways of being-in-the-world, such as music, that resist verbal and conceptual analysis but which cannot thereby be discounted as meaningless. In the process, traditional ways of conceiving the nature of language are thus called into question. An expansion and reconfiguration of philosophy is needed to come to terms with music, and this parallels an underlying conviction of the current book—that theology will be pressed by music towards a similar reconfiguration. However, a theological critique is offered of Bowie’s own metaphysical outlook; it is contended that his insights come into their own within a rich, trinitarian environment.
Room of One’s Own? Music, Space, and Freedom
Authors: Begbie Jeremy 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThis chapter argues that discussions of freedom in modernity have been plagued by competitive, ‘zero-sum’ models—God’s freedom and the world’s are construed as mutually exclusive, as are divine and human freedom, and freedom between persons. These models are dependent on a markedly visual conception of ‘space’ (where things occupy discrete, bounded places) and have generated acute problems in Christology and trinitarian thought. Two simultaneously sounding musical tones do not occupy bounded locations in our aural space, but interpenetrate, while remaining irreducibly distinct; and some tones will resonate with, and establish each other. Drawing on the work of Roger Scruton and Victor Zuckerkandl, it is shown that these phenomena can engender forms of theological thought and language that undercut the problematics of visual-spatial models. Some of the aporias of modern accounts of freedom are exposed, and ways are opened up to reconceive and rearticulate freedom in more intergally theological terms.
Children’s drawings of simple rhythms: A typology of children’s invented notations
Authors: Bamberger Jeanne 
Published: January 2014

AbstractGiven the findings from the children’s spontaneous drawings made by the 4th graders in the Wayland School, it seemed important to inquire into the robustness of the figural–formal distinction that was emergent from their notations. Pursuing this idea, the music teacher in the school, Miss L. Sperber, and I asked children in grades one through six during their regular music classes to clap and to make notations for six different rhythms. The procedure was as follows. Miss Sperber clapped each of the six rhythm patterns in turn, for each one she asked the children to clap it back, and then (learning from the children in the original 4th grade class) she asked them to “Put something on paper so you could remember it tomorrow or someone else who isn’t here today could clap what you just clapped.” After completing their drawings of all six rhythms, the children were asked to clap each rhythm again and this time to add to each drawing “some numbers that seemed to fit.” In addition to the children in the Wayland School, Eugene Buder, then a student in the Graduate School of Education at Harvard, worked individually with pre-school children between the ages of 3 and 5. These youngest children were asked to clap and draw only two rhythms. Altogether we were able to work with drawings from 186 children. Analysis of the drawings confirmed the stability of the original figural–formal distinction. However, with the larger sample, versions of the basic distinction emerged among the younger children (aged 3 to 7) as well as among the somewhat older children (aged 10 to 12).
Changing musical perception through reflective conversation
Authors: Bamberger Jeanne 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe events in Chapter 7 took place in The Laboratory for Making Things during the session immediately after the one reported in Chapter 6. Thus all of the children had already built Hot Cross Buns with the Montessori bells. This time, at the beginning of the session, the children were asked, first as a group and then individually, to clap just the rhythm of Hot Cross Buns. They were then given the following new task: Make some instructions that will tell a younger child how to clap the rhythm just as you did.
Introduction: Designing educational environments
Authors: Bamberger Jeanne 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe observations and analysis of students’ work discussed in the previous chapters led inevitably to rethinking the nature of learning, development and, in turn, our ways and means of teaching. It was clear, for instance, that sense making among novices and even among sophisticated music professionals depends importantly on the individual’s active construction and re-construction of emergent structural groupings, as well as generative functions within these groupings during the continuously passing present of immediate experience. Most specifically, it became clear from the studies of children’s invented rhythm notations, the bell tasks, as well as the actual and imagined process of developing musical structures, that just as listening to music is not a passive absorbing of sound but rather an active and creative “performance,” so teaching should no longer consist in teachers asking students to passively absorb “information.” This chapter provides background and historical context on the subsequent chapters in Part III, with discussion on the development of computer software.
Developing a musical ear: A new experiment
Authors: Bamberger Jeanne 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThis chapter reports on ideas developed at MIT for self-paced independent music study. The aim of the approach is to nurture in students that enigmatic quality called “musical”—be it a “musical ear” or an individual’s capacity to give a “musical performance.” While all of us cherish these qualities, rarely do we come to grips with them directly in teaching. How often do we have or take the time to question the relation between what we teach and what we do as musicians?