bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Improved differential fault analysis on lightweight block cipher LBlock for wireless sensor networks
Authors: Jeong Kitae , Lee Changhoon , Lim Jong In 
Published: June 2013

Abstract
LBlock is a 64-bit lightweight block cipher which can be implemented in both constrained hardware environments, such as wireless sensor network, and software platforms. In this paper, we study the security of LBlock against a differential fault analysis. Based on a random nibble fault model, we propose two versions of the attack on LBlock. In the first attack, we inject random nibble faults to the input register of round 29. As a result, it can recover the secret key of LBlock using an exhaustive search of 225 and five random nibble fault injections on average. This attack can be simulated on a general PC within a few seconds. In the case of second attack, random nibble faults are induced to the input register of round 30. This attack can recover the secret key of LBlock using an exhaustive search of 230 and seven random nibble fault injection on average. This attack can be simulated on a general PC within 1 h. These results are superior to known differential fault analytic result on LBlock.
Pushing the science forward: chitosan nanoparticles and functional repair of CNS tissue after spinal cord injury
Authors: Chen Bojun , Bohnert Debra , Borgens Richard Ben , Cho Youngnam 
Published: June 2013

Abstract

Background
We continue our exploration of the large polysaccharide polymer Chitosan as an acute therapy for severe damage to the nervous system. We tested the action of subcutaneously injected nanoparticles (~ 100 – 200 nanometers in diameter; 1 mg per ml) against control injections (silica particle of the same size and concentration) in a standardized in vivo spinal cord injury model. These functional tests used standardized physiological measurements of evoked potentials arriving at the sensorimotor cortex subsequent to stimulation of the tibial nerve of the contralateral hindlimb. We further explored the degree of acetylation and molecular weight of chitosan on the success of sealing cell damage using specific probes of membrane integrity.

Results
Not one of the control group showed restored conduction of evoked potentials stimulated from the tibial nerve of the hindleg – through the lesion – and recorded at the sensorimotor cortex of the brain. Investigation if the degree of acetylation and molecular weight impacted “membrane sealing” properties of Chitosan were unsuccessful. Dye - exchange membrane probes failed to show a difference between the comparators in the function of Chitosan in ex vivo injured spinal cord tests.

Conclusions
We found that Chitosan nanoparticles effectively restore nerve impulse transmission through the crushed adult guinea pig spinal cord in vivo after severe crush/compression injury. The tests of the molecular weight (MW) and degree of acetylation did not produce any improvement in Chitosan’s membrane sealing properties.
Comprehensive chromosome analysis of blastocysts before implantation using array CGH
Authors: Chung Mi Kyung , Jeong Hyeon Jeong , Lee Jung Hyun , Park Sang-Jin , Chung Hee-Doo , Kang Ho-Young 
Published: June 2013

Abstract

Background
Chromosomal abnormalities are common in embryos produced in vitro and cause implantation failure, miscarriage, and serious medical problems in infants. Because preimplantation genetic screening (PGS) is increasingly being used to detect aneuploidy in embryos with the purpose of improving implantation rates after IVF (in vitro fertilization), we aimed to validate the usefulness of array CGH for the preimplantation genetic screening (PGS) of embryos at the blastocyst stage of development.

Results
A total of 150 blastocysts were biopsied from couples undergoing IVF and analyzed using array CGH. We found that 54.5% (73/134) of the blastocysts were euploid embryos, whereas 45.5% of the embryos (61/134) had chromosomal abnormalities. Multiple chromosome abnormality was most frequently observed (34.4%), and dual aneuploidy was observed in 26.2% of the embryos. Monosomy (21.3%) appeared more frequently than trisomy (18%).

Conclusion
Chromosomal microarray analysis provided clinically significant cytogenetic information regarding the frequency and variety of chromosomal abnormalities observed in embryos at the blastocyst stage, suggesting that this is a useful tool for comprehensive aneuploidy screening in IVF.
Postpyloric decompression tube placement through a gastrostomy for malignant bowel obstruction
Authors: Kurita Yusuke , Koide Tomoko , Watanabe Seitaro , Ogawa Tatsuya , Sekino Yusuke , Iida Hiroshi , Nonaka Takashi , Kusakabe Akihiko , Gotoh Eiji , Maeda Shin , Nakajima Atsushi , Inamori Masahiko 
Published: June 2013

Abstract

Background
Malignant bowel obstruction affect a patient’s quality of life, but, management of MBO is controversial.

Case presentation
A 51-year-old woman who had been diagnosed as uterine cervix cancer 2 years ago and had undergone surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy, was admitted to our hospital. She was diagnosed as having a recurrence of peritoneal metastasis and bowel obstruction. For her nasal pain, we considered insertion of a postpyloric decompression tube through the gastrostomy instead of via the nasal cavity. After insertion of a percutaneous gastrostomy tube was performed endoscopically, we introduced a postpyloric decompression tube through her gastrostomy. She could be discharged home, and 91 days later, she died in her home under hospice care, as she had wished.

Conclusions
Insertion of a postpyloric decompression tube through a gastrostomy might be useful in the management of advanced cancer patients with bowel obstruction.
Decreased tryptophan metabolism in patients with autism spectrum disorders
Authors: Boccuto Luigi , Chen Chin-Fu , Pittman Ayla R , Skinner Cindy D , McCartney Heather J , Jones Kelly , Bochner Barry R , Stevenson Roger E , Schwartz Charles E 
Published: June 2013

Abstract

Background
Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) are relatively common neurodevelopmental conditions whose biological basis has been incompletely determined. Several biochemical markers have been associated with ASDs, but there is still no laboratory test for these conditions.

Methods
We analyzed the metabolic profile of lymphoblastoid cell lines from 137 patients with neurodevelopmental disorders with or without ASDs and 78 normal individuals, using Biolog Phenotype MicroArrays.

Results
Metabolic profiling of lymphoblastoid cells revealed that the 87 patients with ASD as a clinical feature, as compared to the 78 controls, exhibited on average reduced generation of NADH when tryptophan was the sole energy source. The results correlated with the behavioral traits associated with either syndromal or non-syndromal autism, independent of the genetic background of the individual. The low level of NADH generation in the presence of tryptophan was not observed in cell lines from non-ASD patients with intellectual disability, schizophrenia or conditions exhibiting several similarities with syndromal autism except for the behavioral traits. Analysis of a previous small gene expression study found abnormal levels for some genes involved in tryptophan metabolic pathways in 10 patients.

Conclusions
Tryptophan is a precursor of important compounds, such as serotonin, quinolinic acid, and kynurenic acid, which are involved in neurodevelopment and synaptogenesis. In addition, quinolinic acid is the structural precursor of NAD+, a critical energy carrier in mitochondria. Also, the serotonin branch of the tryptophan metabolic pathway generates NADH. Lastly, the levels of quinolinic and kynurenic acid are strongly influenced by the activity of the immune system. Therefore, decreased tryptophan metabolism may alter brain development, neuroimmune activity and mitochondrial function. Our finding of decreased tryptophan metabolism appears to provide a unifying biochemical basis for ASDs and perhaps an initial step in the development of a diagnostic assay for ASDs.
Screening of osteoprotegerin-related feature genes in osteoporosis and functional analysis with DNA microarray
Authors: Wu Xiaoming , Guo Shuzhang , Shen Guanghao , Ma Xing , Tang Chi , Xie Kangning , Liu Juan , Guo Wei , Yan Yili , Luo Erping 
Published: June 2013

AbstractBackgroundOsteoporosis affects 200 million people worldwide and places an enormous economic burden on society. We aim to identify the feature genes that are related to osteoprotegerin in osteoporosis and to perform function analysis with DNA microarray from human bone marrow.MethodsWe downloaded the gene expression profile GSE35957 from Gene Expression Omnibus database including nine gene chips from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells of five osteoporotic and four non-osteoporotic subjects. The differentially expressed genes between normal and disease samples were identified by LIMMA package in R language. The interactions among the osteoprotegerin gene (OPG) and differentially expressed genes were searched and visualized by Cytoscape. MCODE and Bingo were used to perform module analysis. Finally, GENECODIS was used to obtain enriched pathways of genes in an interaction network.ResultsA total of 656 genes were identified as differentially expressed genes between osteoporotic and non-osteoporotic samples. IL17RC, COL1A1, and ESR1 were identified to interact with OPG directly from the protein-protein interaction network. A module containing ERS1 was screened out, and this module was most significantly enriched in organ development. Pathway enrichment analysis suggested genes in the interaction network were related to focal adhesion.ConclusionsThe expression pattern ofIL17RC,COL1A1, andESR1can be useful in osteoporosis detection, which may help in identifying those populations at high risk for osteoporosis, and in directing treatment of osteoporosis.
The genome sequence of the most widely cultivated cacao type and its use to identify candidate genes regulating pod color
Authors: Motamayor Juan C , Mockaitis Keithanne , Schmutz Jeremy , Haiminen Niina , III Donald Livingstone , Cornejo Omar , Findley Seth D , Zheng Ping , Utro Filippo , Royaert Stefan , Saski Christopher , Jenkins Jerry , Podicheti Ram , Zhao Meixia , Scheffler Brian E , Stack Joseph C , Feltus Frank A , Mustiga Guiliana M , Amores Freddy , Phillips Wilbert , Marelli Jean Philippe , May Gregory D , Shapiro Howard , Ma Jianxin , Bustamante Carlos D , Schnell Raymond J , Main Dorrie , Gilbert Don , Parida Laxmi , Kuhn David N 
Published: June 2013

Abstract
Background
Theobroma cacao L. cultivar Matina 1-6 belongs to the most cultivated cacao type. The availability of its genome sequence and methods for identifying genes responsible for important cacao traits will aid cacao researchers and breeders.

Results
We describe the sequencing and assembly of the genome of Theobroma cacao L. cultivar Matina
1-6. The genome of the Matina 1-6 cultivar is 445 Mbp, which is significantly larger than a sequenced Criollo cultivar, and more typical of other cultivars. The chromosome-scale assembly, version 1.1, contains 711 scaffolds covering 346.0 Mbp, with a contig N50 of 84.4 kbp, a scaffold N50 of 34.4 Mbp, and an evidence-based gene set of 29,408 loci. Version 1.1 has 10x the scaffold N50 and 4x the contig N50 as Criollo, and includes 111 Mb more anchored sequence. The version 1.1 assembly has 4.4% gap sequence, while Criollo has 10.9%. Through a combination of haplotype, association mapping and gene expression analyses, we leverage this robust reference genome to identify a promising candidate gene responsible for pod color variation. We demonstrate that green/red pod color in cacao is likely regulated by the R2R3 MYB transcription factor TcMYB113, homologs of which determine pigmentation in Rosaceae, Solanaceae, and Brassicaceae. One SNP within the target site for a highly conserved trans-acting siRNA in dicots, found within TcMYB113, seems to affect transcript levels of this gene and therefore pod color variation.

Conclusions
We report a high-quality sequence and annotation of Theobroma cacao L. and demonstrate its utility in identifying candidate genes regulating traits.
UK crisis in recruitment into psychiatric training
Authors: Mukherjee Kamaleeka , Maier Michael , Wessely Simon 
Published: June 2013

SummaryPsychiatry recruitment in the UK is in crisis. In this paper we review reasons and solutions for the current predicament, focusing on the UK situation. We assert that there are specific national issues over and above more general and well-established ones, such as stigma and bad-mouthing, which need to be considered. These include factors that are an unintended consequence of recent changes in postgraduate training, as well as the organisation of the National Health Service. We conclude with some suggestions for psychiatrists, whether trainee or consultant, to help address the situation.
Trainees need more psychiatric teaching sessions and role models: exposure to psychiatry in the Foundation Programme
Authors: Moreton Adam , Collier Andrew 
Published: June 2013

Aims and methodTo determine the provision of teaching in psychiatry for foundation doctors up to the point of making specialty applications. Data for the cohort of foundation doctors entering training in 2010 were collected from teaching programmes across the Mersey Deanery and North Western Foundation Schools.ResultsIn the 17 hospitals that provided data, ‘protected teaching’ totalled 2354 h; 1.8% of time was dedicated to psychiatry, with 4 hospitals providing no teaching on mental health topics. The mean duration of psychiatry teaching was higher in university teaching hospitals (3 h 34 min) than district general hospitals (2 h 57 min); and almost a quarter of teaching sessions were titled only ‘psychiatry’.Clinical implicationsFor many foundation doctors their only experience of psychiatry will be through teaching sessions, and this is potentially the only time to change opinions and build interest in the specialty. Psychiatrists need to take a more active role in the provision of high-quality teaching for foundation doctors and become the visible role models which are currently lacking.
‘Legal highs' and other ‘club drugs’: why the song and dance?
Authors: Bowden-Jones Owen 
Published: June 2013

SummaryPatterns of drug use are changing, with an increase in the use of a new group of psychoactive substances known as ‘club drugs'. Comprising both legal and illegal drugs, many club drugs can be purchased online, increasing their availability. The harmful consequences are now emerging and include severe affective and psychotic symptoms as well as physical symptoms such as ketamine-induced ulcerative cystitis. Psychiatrists need to consider club drugs as a precipitating factor for psychiatric presentation. This editorial will describe the more common substances and their effects.
A Conceptual Framework for Non-Native Instructors Who Teach Adult Native American Students at the University
Authors: Buckmiller Tom M. , Cramer Renee A. 
Published: June 2013

Abstract
Native students often desire an education that will enable them to contribute to their home communities and facilitate tribal development, while retaining close ties to their cultural heritage and identity. We outline a conceptual framework that provides a starting point for non-Native American educators to consider as they engage Native American students in higher education. Four elements are critical for non-Native instructors to consider: his or her positionality; the history of educational delivery to Native populations – in particular the “Boarding School Era” – and its implications for education today; the presence of micro-aggressions felt by Native students on most college campuses; and how desires to increase and facilitate tribal sovereignty and self-determination may inform the education of Native students. By engaging in self-reflective pedagogy with positionality, history, and sovereignty in mind, non-Native instructors may be more likely to engage in effective strategies for Native learners.
Natürliche Artefakte – künstliche Lebewesen. Eine Kritik der Natur-Artefakt-Dichotomie
Authors: Heynkes Anna Maria 
Published: June 2013

Abstract
Material artefacts consist of many smaller – and ultimately natural – objects such as molecules and atoms that have been intentionally rearranged in such a way as to take the shape of a particular artefact (e.g. a hammer) and fulfil its functions. Whenever the arrangement of several parts results in properties that go beyond the properties of the individual parts or their sum, it can be said that this arrangement has resulted in a new object. Once created, material artefacts may take part in natural processes such as reproduction and evolution and cannot be fundamentally distinguished from fully natural objects. This article provides a number of – mainly biological – examples that show the traditional Aristotelian dichotomy between nature and artefacts to be highly problematic and suggest a continuum instead. Most importantly, it is argued that living beings and artefacts are equally capable – or sometimes incapable – of self-reproduction and that there are numerous objects which are both living beings and artefacts.
Income, inequality, and subjective well-being: an international and intertemporal perspective using panel data
Authors: Gruen Carola , Klasen Stephan 
Published: June 2013

Abstract
In this paper we present new quantitative results on the linkages between absolute income levels, relative incomes, income inequality, and attitudes towards redistribution in a large sample of countries over the past 30 years. While we find that absolute income levels have a significant but very small effect on well-being, we find that relative incomes matter much more. In addition, we find that preferences for inequality are a significant driver of well-being. Lastly, we observe that overall inequality has an additional negative impact on well-being in a country in all three country-groupings. Taken together, this suggests that inequality has a rather strong negative impact on well-being. In fact, depending on the context, reducing inequality can do more to promote subjective well-being than increasing economic growth.
Interregional and Intraregional Wealth Inequality in Nineteenth Century Austria
Authors: Pammer Michael 
Published: June 2013

Abstract
The paper addresses changes in income and wealth inequality in the first decades of modern economic growth. It relies on wealth data gained from probate inventories established in those provinces of the Habsburg Empire that eventually formed the Republic of Austria. These sources cover the whole population in the period between 1820 and 1913, including unpropertied persons. The analysis is based on a sample that consists of about 7,000 cases. The paper first examines wealth distribution on an aggregate level, using the Gini coefficient as a measure of inequality. It shows that the Austrian economy follows a Kuznets curve but that rise and decline are not particularly steep. These results are then compared with development within the regions, which yields quite different results for the regions involved. These results do not show the consistent picture of high inequality in more advanced regions and low inequality in backward regions that might be expected following the basic assumptions underlying the Kuznets curve. The explanation of the specific development within the different regions includes factors like class structure, family structure and patterns of inheritance, which explain why sectorial change, urbanization and other processes did not create a uniform pattern of wealth distribution in those provinces.
Warum sind manche Länder reich und andere arm?
Authors: Allen Robert C. 
Published: June 2013

Abstract
Why are some countries rich and others poor? The lecture explores the interplay of geography, globalization, technological change, economic policy, and institutions, to show how they have determined the wealth and poverty of nations around the world. Using historical examples to analyse the factors that have influenced growth, the lecture exposes what has caused the unequal world we live in today.
Crystal structure of octa-aqua-terbium(III) sesqui-anthraquinone-2,6- disulfonato sesqui-4,4'-bipyridyl tetrahydrate (1:1.5:1.5:4), [Tb(H2O)8]·(C14H6S2O8)1.5·(C10H8N2)1.5·(H2O)4, C36H45N3O24S3Tb
Authors: Hou Xiang-Yang , Fu Feng , Wang Ji-Jiang , Tang Long , Cao Jia , Lei Lv 
Published: June 2013

Abstract C36H45N3O24S3Tb, triclinic, P1¯ (no. 2), a = 10.0869(7) Å, b = 13.7894(8) Å, c = 17.6966(8) Å, α = 69.366(4)°, β = 74.359(5)°, γ = 85.267(6)°, V = 2218.0 Å3, Z = 2, Rgt(F) = 0.0369, wRref(F2) = 0.0817, T = 273 K.
Crystal structure of 4,4'-((6-(dimethylamino)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diyl)- bis(sulfanediyl))dibenzoic acid, C19H16N4O4S2
Authors: Wang Guangyin 
Published: June 2013

Abstract C19H16N4O4S2, monoclinic, C2/c (no. 15), a = 21.523(6) Å, b = 9.531(3) Å, c = 19.115(5) Å, β = 92.700(4)°, V = 3916.8Å3, Z = 8, Rgt(F) = 0.0426, wRref(F2) = 0.1152, T = 296 K.
The Structure and Dynamic Properties of 1H-Pyrazole-4-Carboxylic Acids in the Solid State
Authors: Infantes Lourdes , García M. Ángeles , López Concepción , Claramunt Rosa M. , Elguero José 
Published: June 2013

Abstract
The structure of three simple pyrazole-4-carboxylic acids unsubstituted in position 1 (NH derivatives) 1H-pyrazole-4-carboxylic acid (1), 3(5)-methyl-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxylic acid (2) and 3,5-dimethyl-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxylic acid (3) are discussed based on crystallographic results (two new structures) and solid-state NMR (CPMAS). Compounds 1 and 3 present polymorphism and one of the polymorphs of each compound shows solid-state proton transfer (SSPT). Compound 2 presents tautomerism that has been studied by NMR, both in the solid-state and in solution at low temperature.
NMR and FT-IR Studies on the Association of Derivatives of Thymidine, Adenosine, and 6-N-Methyl-Adenosine in Aprotic Solvents
Authors: Koeppe Benjamin , Nibbering Erik T. J. , Tolstoy Peter M. 
Published: June 2013

Abstract
Associates of 3',5'-O-TBDMS protected derivatives of the 2'-deoxy forms of the nucleosides adenosine, 6-N-methyl-adenosine and thymidine (henceforward simply addressed by their parents' names) and further model systems in dichloromethane and Freon (CDClF2/CDF3) solutions are studied at low temperatures by 1H NMR and FT-IR spectroscopy. N⋯N distances in hydrogen bonds are estimated from chemical shifts of protons in hydrogen bonds employing geometric and spectroscopic hydrogen bond correlations. These distances are in turn employed to derive N–H stretching frequencies from IR spectroscopic hydrogen bond correlations which may be compared to corresponding experimental results. Three isomeric hydrogen bonded dimers of thymidine are characterized in Freon solution at 120 K. Binary associates of thymidine and a series of pyridines are studied; estimated N⋯N distances in the range of 3.08 to 2.85 Å are qualitatively correlated to shifts of N–H stretching bands where in all cases considerable contributions are found in the spectral region below 3000 cm-1. For adenosine, three isomeric binary associates with 4-nitrophenol are found allowing for an assessment of site-specific acceptor capabilities. In associates of thymidine and adenosine, Watson-Crick and Hoogsteen type 1:1 associates (estimated N⋯N distances of 2.85 and 2.90 Å) as well as 2:1 associates bearing only marginally longer H-bonds could be characterized. Two 1:1 associates between thymidine and 6-N-methyl-adenosine are described that are exclusively bonded via N–H⋯N bridges of about 2.97 and 3.08 Å for Watson-Crick and Hoogsteen sites, respectively, which leads to the conclusion that cooperative effects among coupled N–H⋯O and N–H⋯N hydrogen bonds in A-T base pairs are significant as formation of the N–H⋯O bond induces a contraction of around 0.15 Å in the neighboring N–H⋯N bond.