bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The risk of acquiring bacterial meningitis following surgery in Denmark, 1996–2009: a nationwide retrospective cohort study with emphasis on ear, nose and throat (ENT) and neurosurgery
Authors: HOWITZ M. F. , HOMØE P. 
Published: August 2013

SUMMARYThis paper estimates the risk of bacterial meningitis following surgery between 1996 and 2009 in Denmark. We conducted two retrospective nationwide cohort studies; first by linking notified bacterial meningitis cases to the National Patient Registry to see how many had undergone a surgical procedure; second, we scrutinized notified bacterial meningitis cases to see if the clinician suspected a surgical procedure to be the aetiology. We found that ear, nose and throat surgery had an 11-fold, and neurosurgery a sevenfold, increased risk compared to the reference group in the first 10 days following surgery. Streptococcus pneumoniae was the pathogen most often involved. Operation procedures involving penetration of dura mater was associated with increased risk for post-operative bacterial meningitis. In absolute numbers we found few bacterial meningitis cases after surgery; however, patients undergoing certain surgical procedures are at-risk and should be considered when national vaccination guidelines are revised.
Paternal fibrillin-1 mutation transmitted to an affected son with neonatal marfan syndrome: the importance of early recognition
Authors: Elshershari Huda , Harris Catharine 
Published: August 2013

AbstractWe describe a case of neonatal Marfan syndrome diagnosed because of a family history, dysmorphic features, and cardiac abnormality. The echocardiogram showed aortic root dilatation. Molecular genetic studies showed a mutation in exon 31 of the FBN1 gene in the infant and father. The infant was treated with losartan, which significantly slowed the rate of enlargement of the aorta.
Ultrastructure of Lymphatic Stomata in the Tunica Vaginalis of Humans
Authors: Wang Jiaxiong , Ping Zepeng , Jiang Tingting , Yu Hongyuan , Wang Chong , Chen Zhongliang , Zhang Xing , Xu Dandan , Wang Li , Li Zhongjie , Li Ji-Cheng 
Published: August 2013

AbstractLymphatic stomata are small openings of lymphatic capillaries on the surface of the mesothelium that lines the serous cavity and have the function of active absorption. They play an important role in physiological and pathological conditions. The cavity of the tunica vaginalis is a typical serous cavity of the testis, but the lymphatic stomata of the tunica vaginalis of humans have never been reported. Here, we studied their ultrastructure by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The submesothelial connective tissue with foramina was investigated after the mesothelial cells were digested using NaOH solution. We found the lymphatic stomata in cuboidal mesothelial cell regions of the parietal layer of the tunica vaginalis of humans with a diameter of about 1–2 μm. Sometimes, closed lymphatic stomata could be observed. Our study is the first to report the existence of lymphatic stomata of the tunica vaginalis of humans. We found that the tunica vaginalis cavity is connected with the lymphatic system through the stomata, which might provide a morphological basis for the drainage of hydrocele and tumor metastasis of the tunica vaginalis of humans.
The Determination of Rotation Axis in the Rotation Electron Diffraction Technique
Authors: Buxhuku Mika , Hansen Vidar , Oleynikov Peter , Gjønnes Jon 
Published: August 2013

AbstractMethods to determine the rotation axis using the rotation electron diffraction technique are described. A combination of rotation axis tilt, beam tilt, and simulated experimental diffraction patterns with nonintegers zone axis has been used. Accurate knowledge of the crystallographic direction of the incident beam for deducing the excitation error of reflections simultaneously near Bragg positions is essential in quantitative electron diffraction. Experimental patterns from CoP3 are used as examples.
A Comparative Scanning Electron Microscopy Evaluation of Smear Layer Removal from Teeth with Different Irrigation Solutions and Lasers
Authors: Kalyoncuoğlu Elif , Demiryürek Ebru Özsezer 
Published: August 2013

AbstractThe aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of smear layer removal from teeth following root canals using lasers (Er:YAG and Nd:YAG), NaOCl, 17% EDTA, and MTAD by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Root canals were irrigated with 3 mL of 5.25% NaOCl after each file. Teeth were randomly divided into five groups. In the final irrigation, canals were irrigated with 5.25% NaOCl (Group 1, control), 17% EDTA (Group 2), or BioPure MTAD (Group 3). Laser groups were irradiated with Er:YAG laser (1.8 W, 120 mJ, 15 Hz) (Group 4) or Nd:YAG laser (1 W, 100 mJ, 15 Hz) (Group 5). The smear layer at the apical, middle, and coronal thirds of each root canal was imaged using SEM. Smear layer removal by EDTA was the most effective in all regions. The difference between EDTA and MTAD was statistically significant in the coronal and middle (p < 0.05), but not the apical (p > 0.05), regions. The difference between the control and laser groups was not statistically significant (p > 0.05). In all regions, the difference between 17% EDTA–MTAD and the control–laser groups was statistically significant (p < 0.05). Although improvement was observed in removal of the smear layer using alternative materials and techniques, application of a combination of EDTA and NaOCl remains an effective technique.
Liver Alterations in Two Freshwater Fish Species (Carassius auratusandDanio rerio) Following Exposure to Different TiO2Nanoparticle Concentrations
Authors: Diniz Mário S. , de Matos António P. Alves , Lourenço Joana , Castro Luísa , Peres Isabel , Mendonça Elsa , Picado Ana 
Published: August 2013

AbstractThe toxicity of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TIO2NPs) and oxidative stress effects were studied in two freshwater fish species (Carassius auratusandDanio rerio) exposed for 21 days to different concentrations (0.01, 0.1, 1, 10, 100/mgL) of TiO2NPs and to a control (tap water). Additional fish were transferred to clean water for 14 days to assess the ability to recover from exposure to TiO2NPs. Activities of the enzyme glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and lipid peroxidation (LPO) (malondialdheyde) were measured as indicators of oxidative stress. Histological and ultra-structural changes in livers from bothspecies of fish were evaluated by light and electron microscopy. Results show a general GST activity increase according to TiO2NPs concentrations, which is in agreement with data from LPO. After 21 days, GST activities decreased possibly caused by suppression of GST synthesis as a result of severe stress. Histological and ultra-structural analysis of livers from exposed fish show degeneration of the hepatic tissue and alterations in hepatocytes such as glycogen depletion and an increase in lipofucsin lysosome-like granules. After a depuration period a partial recovery for biochemical markers and cells was observed. The results suggest that TiO2promotes alterations in hepatic tissues compatible with oxidative stress.
Human P-glycoprotein differentially affects antidepressant drug transport: relevance to blood–brain barrier permeability
Authors: O'Brien Fionn E. , Clarke Gerard , Dinan Timothy G. , Cryan John F. , Griffin Brendan T. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractThe pharmacological concept that inhibition of the drug efflux pump P-glycoprotein (P-gp) enhances brain distribution of the antidepressant imipramine in the rat has recently been demonstrated. To determine if these findings are relevant to humans, the present study investigated if imipramine is a transported substrate of human P-gp. Furthermore, additional experiments were carried out to determine if findings in relation to imipramine and human P-gp would apply to other antidepressants from a range of different classes. To this end, bidirectional transport experiments were carried out in the ABCB1-transfected MDCKII-MDR1 cell line. Transported substrates of human P-gp are subjected to net efflux in this system, exhibiting a transport ratio (TR) ⩾ 1.5, and directional efflux is attenuated by co-incubation of a P-gp inhibitor. Imipramine was identified as a transported substrate of human P-gp (TR = 1.68, attenuated by P-gp inhibition). However, the antidepressants amitriptyline, duloxetine, fluoxetine and mirtazapine were not transported substrates of human P-gp (TR ⩽ 1.16 in all cases). These results offer insight into the role of P-gp in the distribution of antidepressants, revealing that rodent findings pertaining to imipramine may translate to humans. Moreover, the present results highlight that other antidepressants may not be transported substrates of human P-gp.
Association of telomere shortening in myocardium with heart weight gain and cause of death
Authors: Terai Masanori , Izumiyama-Shimomura Naotaka , Aida Junko , Ishikawa Naoshi , Sawabe Motoji , Arai Tomio , Fujiwara Mutsunori , Ishii Akio , Nakamura Ken-ichi , Takubo Kaiyo 
Published: August 2013

AbstractWe attempted to clarify myocardial telomere dynamics using samples from 530 autopsied patients using Southern blot analysis. Overall regression analysis demonstrated yearly telomere reduction rate of 20 base pairs in the myocardium. There was a significant correlation between myocardial telomere and aging. Moreover, regression analyses of telomere and heart weight yielded a telomere reduction rate of 3 base pairs per gram and a small but significant correlation between telomere reduction and heart weight was demonstrated. Hearts of autopsied patients who had died of heart disease were significantly heavier than those of patients who had died of cancer or other diseases and heart disease was significantly more correlated with myocardial telomere shortening than cancer or other diseases. Here we show that telomeres in myocardial tissue become shortened with aging and heart disease and that heart disease was associated with a gain of heart weight and telomere shortening in the myocardium.
She’ll Settle It?
Authors: Boyd Christina L. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractRelying on research that posits that female leaders and managers will be more likely than men to adopt a management style that favors participation, collaboration, and consensus building, I argue that female district court judges, using this style in their case management environments, should be more likely than their male colleagues to successfully foster intracourt case settlements. To test this, I compile data from nearly 18,000 civil rights and tort cases terminated in four federal district courts across 9 years. The regression and duration analyses provide confirmation that the sex of a case’s assigned judge matters, with female judges successfully fostering settlement in their cases more often and more quickly than their male colleagues. In addition to having significance for litigants, these findings have broad implications for female decision makers across different institutions and organizations as well as the future of the judging profession and diversity appointments to the judiciary.
Diversity, Deliberation, and Judicial Opinion Writing
Authors: Haire Susan B. , Moyer Laura P. , Treier Shawn 
Published: August 2013

AbstractUnderlying scholarly interest in diversity is the premise that a representative body contributes to robust decision-making processes. Using an innovative measure of opinion content, we examine this premise by analyzing deliberative outputs in the US courts of appeals (1997–2002). While the presence of a single female or minority did not affect the attention to issues in the majority opinion, panels composed of a majority of women or minorities produced opinions with significantly more points of law compared to panels with three Caucasian males.
Arguing Gunwall
Authors: Price Richard S. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractExploring legal development requires more than simply examining the votes of judges because legal development embraces the actions of multiple actors. At a minimum, courts require lawyers to develop and present cases to them for adjudication. While courts need lawyers, lawyers need law; in other words, courts rely on lawyers to develop cases for their review, but the law provided by those courts shapes the actions of lawyers. This article examines the development of state constitutional law by exploring the interactions between lawyers and the Washington Supreme Court after the court required specific briefing practices for state constitutional arguments and the degree to which Washington lawyers responded. Utilizing legal briefs in Washington and some comparative data, I argue that the court was moderately successful at encouraging more thorough constitutional claims. This highlights the importance of considering how lawyers respond to court signals not only in the presence or absence of certain legal arguments but also in the content of those arguments.
The Provision of Insurance?
Authors: Epperly Brad 
Published: August 2013

AbstractLeading explanations of judicial independence argue political competition incentivizes those in power to create independent courts as insurance against uncertain futures. While much work addresses the role competition plays, little analyzes the fundamental assumption that courts provide political insurance. I offer an original hypothesis as to how independent courts provide insurance against post-tenure punishment and test this using data on the post-tenure fate of leaders from 1960 to 2004. Results show independence is associated with significantly higher probabilities of unpunished post-tenure fate. The article builds on and extends existing political insurance explanations and offers the first test of one of their critical assumptions.
Corrigendum to “Integral Equations, Implicit Functions, and Fixed Points”
Authors: Burton T. 
Published: August 2013

In the paper of this title in Proc. Amer. Math. Soc. 124 (1996), no. 8, 2383–2390, we defined a large contraction, proved a fixed point theorem based on it, and then used it to extend Krasnoselskii’s fixed point theorem. In that last-mentioned theorem we neglected to add the assumption that the mapping set be closed. In this correction we state the relevant theorems, add the assumption, and explain why it is necessary.
Cutting Carbon, Take Two: A Brief Guide to Federal Electricity‐Sector Climate Policy without Cap‐and‐Trade
Authors: Linn Joshua , Richardson Nathan 
Published: August 2013

AbstractThis paper explores federal policies, other than a carbon price, for reducing emissions from the electric power sector. These policies fall into two major categories: policies that encourage the development of non‐ or low‐emitting energy sources, and regulatory policies under existing legal authority (primarily the Clean Air Act). The paper provides an overview of policy options and a few concrete proposals, along with a summary of insights from economists on their advantages and disadvantages. Economists generally disfavor investment subsidies, but comparing other policy options, including regulatory approaches, technology mandates, and production subsidies, is complex. Excluding existing clean generation from incentive policies is tempting but can lead to perverse outcomes.
A Natural Resource Theory of U.S. Crop Insurance Contract Choice
Authors: Du Xiaodong , Hennessy David A. , Feng Hongli 
Published: August 2013

AbstractA large variety of subsidized crop insurance products are available to U.S. crop growers. Distinct and perhaps puzzling patterns in the choices of insurance products and coverage levels can be discerned. Where production conditions are better and yields are less risky then (a) higher insurance coverage levels are chosen; and (b) revenue insurance is preferred over yield insurance. Also, (c) the extent of preference for revenue insurance is stronger in more productive areas. Assuming, as many do, that growers seek to maximize subsidy transfers, point (a) can be explained by the interaction between yield technology and natural resource endowments. Points (b) and (c) can be explained by location in conjunction with the “natural hedge” and a contract design bias in how revenue insurance guarantees are computed. Empirical study of Risk Management Agency data on corn, soybean, and wheat yields, and insurance contract choices lend support to our model inferences.
Profit‐Maximizing Land‐Use Revisited: The Testable Implications of Non‐joint Crop Production Under Land Constraint
Authors: Gorddard Russell 
Published: August 2013

AbstractThis article derives new implications for the land allocation and production decisions of profit‐maximizing farm‐firms where production of different crops is non‐joint but subject to a constraint on the total land area. These implications are observable and thus subject to empirical scrutiny. An estimable model of crop production, land allocation, and input‐use decisions is derived that permits joint production and enables the implications of non‐joint but land‐constrained production to be tested. This may improve econometric estimates of cross‐price elasticities of supply by linking models of land use and production decisions, and allowing non‐jointness to be imposed where appropriate.
WebRASP: a server for computing energy scores to assess the accuracy and stability of RNA 3D structures
Authors: Norambuena Tomas , Cares Jorge F. , Capriotti Emidio , Melo Francisco 
Published: August 2013

Abstract
Summary: The understanding of the biological role of RNA molecules has changed. Although it is widely accepted that RNAs play important regulatory roles without necessarily coding for proteins, the functions of many of these non-coding RNAs are unknown. Thus, determining or modeling the 3D structure of RNA molecules as well as assessing their accuracy and stability has become of great importance for characterizing their functional activity. Here, we introduce a new web application, WebRASP, that uses knowledge-based potentials for scoring RNA structures based on distance-dependent pairwise atomic interactions. This web server allows the users to upload a structure in PDB format, select several options to visualize the structure and calculate the energy profile. The server contains online help, tutorials and links to other related resources. We believe this server will be a useful tool for predicting and assessing the quality of RNA 3D structures.
Availability and implementation: The web server is available at http://melolab.org/webrasp. It has been tested on the most popular web browsers and requires Java plugin for Jmol visualization.
Contact: fmelo@bio.puc.cl
Predation control of zooplankton dynamics: a review of observations and models
Authors: Daewel Ute , Hjøllo Solfrid Sætre , Huret Martin , Ji Rubao , Maar Marie , Niiranen Susa , Travers-Trolet Morgane , Peck Myron A. , van de Wolfshaar Karen E. 
Published: August 2013

Abstract
Daewel, U., Hjøllo, S. S., Huret, M., Ji, R., Maar, M., Niiranen, S., Travers-Trolet, M., Peck, M. A., van de Wolfshaar, K. E. 2014. Predation control of zooplankton dynamics: a review of observations and models. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 71: 254–271. We performed a literature review to examine to what degree the zooplankton dynamics in different regional marine ecosystems across the Atlantic Ocean is driven by predation mortality and how the latter is addressed in available modelling approaches. In general, we found that predation on zooplankton plays an important role in all the six considered ecosystems, but the impacts are differently strong and occur at different spatial and temporal scales. In ecosystems with extreme environmental conditions (e.g. low temperature, ice cover, large seasonal amplitudes) and low species diversity, the overall impact of top-down processes on zooplankton dynamics is stronger than for ecosystems having moderate environmental conditions and high species diversity. In those ecosystems, predation mortality was found to structure the zooplankton mainly on local spatial and seasonal time scales. Modelling methods used to parameterize zooplankton mortality range from simplified approaches with fixed mortality rates to complex coupled multispecies models. The applicability of a specific method depends on both the observed state of the ecosystem and the spatial and temporal scales considered. Modelling constraints such as parameter uncertainties and computational costs need to be balanced with the ecosystem-specific demand for a consistent, spatial-temporal dynamic implementation of predation mortality on the zooplankton compartment.
TGF-β type II receptor expression in thymic epithelial cells inhibits the development of Hassall’s corpuscles in mice
Authors: Odaka Chikako , Hauri-Hohl Mathias , Takizawa Kazuya , Nishikawa Yomiko , Yano Masashi , Matsumoto Mitsuru , Boyd Richard , Holländer Georg A. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractHassall’s corpuscles are concentric clusters of keratinized epithelial cells located within the thymic medulla of humans and guinea pigs but are scant in mouse and rat. They are considered to be the terminally differentiated stages of medullary thymic epithelial cells (mTECs) but the mechanisms of their origin are unclear. We have previously deleted the TGF-β type II receptor (TGFβRII) specifically in mouse TECs and reported that these mice have mitigated thymic involution and exhibit earlier reconstitution post-irradiation. In this study, we analyzed the differentiation of mTECs in the TGFβRII-knockout mice. Interestingly, the TGFβRII-knockout mice display enhanced development of Hassall’s corpuscles. The expression of Aire, stromal-cell-derived factor 1 and thymic stromal lymphopoietin in the thymi of the TGFβRII-knockout mice was similar to that previously reported for the human thymus. In addition, the putative epithelial progenitor markers MTS20 and MTS24 labeled Hassall’s corpuscles in normal mice, but the extent and intensity of this staining were greatly enhanced in Hassall’s corpuscles of the TGFβRII-knockout mice. The phosphorylated forms of ERK and JNK were also found in Hassall’s corpuscles of the TGFβRII-knockout mice. Taken together, we suggest that TGFβRII-mediated signaling in TECs inhibits their development into Hassall’s corpuscles in mice.
Focusing on warm dark matter with lensed high-redshift galaxies
Authors: Pacucci Fabio , Mesinger Andrei , Haiman Zoltán 
Published: August 2013

Abstract
We propose a novel use of high-redshift galaxies, discovered in deep Hubble Space Telescope (HST) fields around strong lensing clusters. These fields probe small comoving volumes (∼103 Mpc3) at high magnification (μ ≳ 10) and can detect otherwise inaccessible ultra-faint galaxies. Even a few galaxies found in such small volumes require a very high number density of collapsed dark matter (DM) haloes. This implies significant primordial power on small scales, allowing these observations to rule out popular alternatives to standard cold dark matter (CDM) models, such as warm dark matter (WDM). In this work, we analytically compute WDM halo mass functions at z = 10, including the effects of both particle free-streaming and residual velocity dispersion. We show that the two z ≈ 10 galaxies already detected by the Cluster Lensing And Supernova survey with Hubble (CLASH) survey are sufficient to constrain the WDM particle mass to mx &gt; 1 (0.9) keV at 68 per cent (95 per cent) confidence limit (for a thermal relic relativistic at decoupling). This limit depends only on the WDM halo mass function and, unlike previous constraints on mx, is independent of any astrophysical modelling. The forthcoming HST Frontier Fields can significantly tighten these constraints.