bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Global phylogeography and geographical variation in warning coloration of the wood tiger moth (Parasemia plantaginis)
Authors: Hegna Robert H. , Galarza Juan A. , Mappes Johanna 
Published: April 2015

AbstractAimTo investigate the phylogeography of the aposematic wood tiger moth (Parasemia plantaginis) across its Holarctic distribution and to explore how its genetic structure relates to geographical differences in hindwing warning coloration of males and females. Males have polymorphic hindwing coloration, while female hindwing coloration varies continuously, but no geographical analyses of coloration or genetic structure exist.LocationThe Holarctic.MethodsWe sequenced a fragment of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene (COI) from 587 specimens. We also examined more current population structure by genotyping 569 specimens at 10 nuclear microsatellite loci. Species distribution modelling for present conditions and the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) was performed to help understand genetic structure. Geographical patterns in hindwing warning coloration were described from 1428 specimens and compared to the genetic analyses.ResultsWe found only two instances of genetic divergence that coincided with distinct, yet imperfect, shifts in male hindwing coloration in the Caucasus region and Japan. A shift in female hindwing colour did not appear to be associated with genetic structure. A change from sexual monomorphism to sexual dimorphism was also observed. Mitogenetic (mtDNA) structure does not show the influence of glacial refugia during the LGM. Climate shifts following the LGM appear to have isolated the red Caucasus populations and other southerly populations. Populations at opposite ends of the moth's distribution showed high levels of differentiation in the microsatellite data analysis compared to the shallow mitogenetic structure, supporting a more recent divergence.Main conclusionsParasemia plantaginis populations appeared to have been historically well connected, but current populations are much more differentiated. This raises the possibility that incipient speciation may be occurring in portions of the species' distribution. Some changes in colour align to genetic differences, but others do not, which suggests a role for selective and non‐selection based influences on warning signal variation.
Anatomoclinical study of 30 cases of sclerosing sweat duct carcinomas (microcystic adnexal carcinoma, syringomatous carcinoma and squamoid eccrine ductal carcinoma)
Authors: Frouin E. , Vignon‐Pennamen M.D. , Balme B. , Cavelier‐Balloy B. , Zimmermann U. , Ortonne N. , Carlotti A. , Pinquier L. , André J. , Cribier B. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractBackgroundMicrocystic adnexal carcinoma (MAC), syringomatous carcinoma (SC) and “Squamoid eccrine ductal carcinoma” (SEDC) are rare sclerosing adnexal tumours.ObjectiveTo understand the histogenesis of these tumours and possible clinical implications.MethodsWe conducted a retrospective study of 30 cases, 18 MAC, 5 SC and 7 SEDC reviewed and classified by a panel of dermatopathology experts, with immunohistochemical analysis of keratins, including K77, a new keratin specific of eccrine ducts, and PHLDA1 expressed in adnexal structures.ResultsThere was a strong female predominance, with only five cases occurring in men. Patients with MAC and SC were younger (mean age 56 and 47 years) than those with SEDC (mean age 81 years). The most common localization was the cheek in SC and SEDC and the periocular area in MAC. Two cases of SEDC were found in organ transplant patients. No recurrence or metastases were observed after complete surgery of MAC, or SC (mean follow‐up 7.2 years and 4.7 years), whereas one case of SEDC recurred and another could not be fully excised. MAC and SC had similar histological features, except for cysts. In MAC, calcifications, granulomas, connection to follicles, keratin expression pattern, PHLDA1 positivity and K77 negativity indicated a follicular histogenesis, whereas in SC, K77 positivity and keratin expression pattern were consistent with a differentiation towards eccrine apparatus. SEDC was composed of strands centred by ducts and nests with squamous differentiation and displayed K77 ductal positivity in all cases, a finding consistent with an eccrine origin.ConclusionOur study demonstrated that MAC and SC have similar clinical characteristics, although histogenesis differs and show arguments for the individualization of SEDC.
Generation of a neutral FST baseline for testing local adaptation on gill raker number within and between European whitefish ecotypes in the Baltic Sea basin
Authors: Ozerov M. Y. , Himberg M. , Aykanat T. , Sendek D. S. , Hägerstrand H. , Verliin A. , Krause T. , Olsson J. , Primmer C. R. , Vasemägi A. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractDivergent selection at ecologically important traits is thought to be a major factor driving phenotypic differentiation between populations. To elucidate the role of different evolutionary processes shaping the variation in gill raker number of European whitefish (Coregonus lavaretus sensu lato) in the Baltic Sea basin, we assessed the relationships between genetic and phenotypic variation among and within three whitefish ecotypes (sea spawners, river spawners and lake spawners). To generate expected neutral distribution of FST and to evaluate whether highly variable microsatellite loci resulted in deflated FST estimates compared to less variable markers, we performed population genetic simulations under finite island and hierarchical island models. The genetic divergence observed among (FCT = 0.010) and within (FST = 0.014–0.041) ecotypes was rather low. The divergence in gill raker number, however, was substantially higher between sea and river spawners compared to observed microsatellite data and simulated neutral baseline (PCT > FCT). This suggests that the differences in gill raker number between sea and river spawners are likely driven by divergent natural selection. We also found strong support for divergent selection on gill raker number among different populations of sea spawners (PST > FST), most likely caused by highly variable habitat use and diverse diet. The putative role of divergent selection within lake spawners initially inferred from empirical microsatellite data was not supported by simulated FST distributions. This work provides a first formal test of divergent selection on gill raker number in Baltic whitefish, and demonstrates the usefulness of population genetic simulations to generate informative neutral baselines for PST–FST analyses helping to disentangle the effects of stochastic evolutionary processes from natural selection.
Normative data for the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire for young children in Australia
Authors: Kremer Peter , de Silva Andrea , Cleary Joyce , Santoro Giuseppe , Weston Karen , Steele Emily , Nolan Terry , Waters Elizabeth 
Published: April 2015

AimThe aim of this study was to report normative data for the parent‐reported Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) from a large population cohort of young children aged 4–6 years from Victoria, Australia, to establish age‐ and sex‐specific cut‐off values for future use, and to determine the scale reliability of the SDQ for children aged 4–6 years.MethodsParents of children (n = 53 372) entering their first year of school in Victoria in 2010 completed a survey via a 15‐page School Entrant Health Questionnaire reporting on the physical and emotional well‐being of their child (including the SDQ), use of child health and other support services, and a range of socio‐demographic variables. Reliability was assessed and norms generated. Appropriate cut‐off values for each SDQ scale and total difficulties scale were generated for each age group separately for each sex.ResultsThe five scales of the SDQ and total difficulties scale generally had acceptable internal reliability. Mean SDQ scale scores differed for both sex and age, although only a narrow age range is examined in this study. Cut‐off values were marginally higher for girls (lower for prosocial) and generally increased with age.ConclusionsThis study has utilised a large Australian population sample of children to generate age‐ and sex‐specific cut‐off values that define SDQ scores as ‘normal’, ‘borderline’ or ‘abnormal’ for Australian children aged 4–6 years.
Prospective Evaluation of Postoperative Penile Rehabilitation: Penile Length/Girth Maintenance 1 Year Following Coloplast Titan Inflatable Penile Prosthesis
Authors: Henry Gerard D. , Carrion Rafael , Jennermann Caroline , Wang R.u.n. 
Published: April 2015

Abstract

Introduction
The most prevalent long-term complaint after successful inflatable penile prosthesis (IPP) surgery is reduction of penile length. The purpose of this study was to evaluate penile measurements in patients whose implantation experience included the aggressive new length measurement technique (NLMT) coupled with postoperative IPP rehabilitation (daily inflation) of the implant for 1 year. Moreover, we aimed to document objective data concerning dimensional changes of the phallus over time. Postoperative IPP rehabilitation has been discussed and presented at meetings, but no multi-institutional prospective data have been published.

Aim
Our goal was to assess results using the Coloplast Titan IPP, with NLMT, and postoperative rehabilitation.

Methods
After IRB approval, we conducted a prospective, three-center study of 40 patients who underwent IPP placement, with NLMT for end organ failure erectile dysfunction with the Coloplast Titan IPP. The patient was instructed to inflate daily for 6 months and then inflate maximally for 1–2 hours daily for 6–12 months. Fifteen penile measurements were taken before and immediately after surgery and at follow-up visits.

Main Outcome Measure
Penile length measurements after implantation compared with 12 months postimplantation.

Results
Penile measurement changes were statistically significantly improved at 12 months as compared with immediately postoperative and at 6 months. A total of 64.5% of subjects were satisfied with their length at 1 year, and 74.2% had perceived penile length that was longer (29%) or the same (45.2%) as prior to the surgery; 61.3% and 16.1% of subjects had increased and unchanged satisfaction, respectively, with penile length as compared with prior to IPP surgery. All but two subjects (93.4%) were satisfied with the overall function and dimensions of their IPP.

Conclusion
This study suggests using the Coloplast Titan IPP with aggressive cylinder sizing, and a postoperative penile rehabilitation inflation protocol may help optimize patient satisfaction and erectile penile measurements.
An accountability evaluation for the industry's responsible use of brand mascots and licensed media characters to market a healthy diet to American children
Authors: Kraak V. I. , Story M. 
Published: April 2015

SummaryCorporate strategies that target children are controversial given the link between food marketing and childhood obesity. This case study explored diverse stakeholders' accountability expectations and actions for industry policies and practices that used popular cartoon brand mascots and media characters to promote food products to American children. We reviewed five electronic databases and Internet sources between January 2000 and January 2015. Evidence (n = 90) was selected based upon the Institute of Medicine's LEAD principles (i.e. locate, evaluate, assemble evidence to inform decisions) and organized into two tables: peer‐reviewed articles, books and grey‐literature reports (n = 34); and media stories, news releases and public testimony (n = 56). A four‐step accountability framework was used to evaluate accountability structures. The results showed that moderate progress was achieved by stakeholders to take and share the account, limited progress to hold industry and government to account, and limited progress to strengthen accountability structures. Between 2006 and 2015, the U.S. Children's Food and Beverage Advertising Initiative lacked clear policies for companies to use brand mascots and media characters on food packages, in merchandising, and as toy giveaways and premiums. Government, industry and civil society can substantially strengthen their accountability for these food marketing practices to ensure healthy food environments for children.
Children with Warts: A Retrospective Study in an Outpatient Setting
Authors: Kuwabara Anne M. , Rainer Barbara M. , Basdag Hatice , Cohen Bernard A. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractBackgroundThe purpose is to investigate the demographics and course of common warts in children in an outpatient setting.MethodsA retrospective medical chart review and telephone survey study were completed on an outpatient cohort of children (0–17 yrs) with a clinical diagnosis of warts at a single‐center, university‐based pediatric dermatology practice. The main outcome measures included management, time to resolution, and associated factors of warts in children.ResultsOf the 254 patients we contacted, 214 agreed to participate in the survey. The most commonly involved sites were the hands and the head and neck area. Most children received some form of therapy, but it is unclear that any form of treatment altered the course. However, children with a medical history of childhood infections or more than one anatomic site had significantly greater risk of having a longer time to resolution.ConclusionWarts resolved in 65% of children by 2 years and in 80% within 4 years, regardless of treatment. With the exception of a history of childhood infections and having more than one anatomic site, time to resolution was not altered by wart or patient characteristics. Thus counseling without aggressive destructive treatment is a reasonable approach to managing warts in most children. Our findings will provide guidance in the process of shared decision making with parents and children.
Ethnicity and Occupational Pension Membership in the UK
Authors: Vlachantoni Athina , Feng Zhixin , Evandrou Maria , Falkingham Jane 
Published: April 2015

AbstractReflecting a relatively low‐value Basic State Pension, occupational pensions have historically been a key aspect of pension protection within Britain. Existing research shows that minority ethnic groups are less likely to benefit from such pensions and are more likely to face poverty in later life, as a result of the interaction of their labour market participation and pension membership patterns. However, the lack of adequate data on ethnic minorities has so far prevented the direct comparison of different ethnic groups, as well as their comparison to the White British group. Using data from the UK Household Longitudinal Study, this article explores patterns of employment and the odds ratios of membership in an employer's pension scheme among working‐age individuals from minority ethnic groups and the White British population, taking into account factors not used by previous research, such as one's migration history and sector of employment (public/private). The analysis provides new empirical evidence confirming that ethnicity remains a strong determinant of one's pension protection prospects through being in paid work, being an employee and working for an employer who offers a pension scheme. However, once an individual is working for an employer offering a pension scheme, the effect of ethnicity on that person's odds of being a member of that scheme reduces, except among Pakistani and Bangladeshi individuals for whom the differentials remain. The article also provides evidence on the pension protection of Polish individuals, a relatively ‘new’ minority group in the UK.
Who is left behind on the road to universal facility delivery? A cross‐sectional multilevel analysis in rural Tanzania
Authors: Kruk Margaret E. , Hermosilla Sabrina , Larson Elysia , Vail Daniel , Chen Qixuan , Mazuguni Festo , Byalugaba Beatrice , Mbaruku Godfrey 
Published: April 2015

AbstractObjectivesTo examine factors associated with home delivery among women in Pwani Region, Tanzania, which has experienced a rapid rise in facility delivery coverage.MethodsCross‐sectional data from a population‐based survey of women residing in rural areas of Pwani Region were linked to health facility locations. We fitted multilevel logistic models to examine individual and community factors associated with home delivery.ResultsA total of 752 (27.95%) of the 2691 women who completed the survey delivered their last child at home. Women were less likely to deliver at home if they had any primary education [odds ratio (OR) 0.62; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.50, 0.79], were primiparous (OR: 0.52; 95% CI: 0.37, 0.73), had more exposure to media (OR: 0.80; 95% CI: 0.66, 0.96) or had received more (OR: 0.78; 95% CI: 0.63, 0.96) or better quality antenatal care (ANC) services (OR: 0.48; 95% CI: 0.34, 0.67). Increased wealth was strongly associated with lower odds of home delivery (OR: 0.27; 95% CI: 0.18, 0.39), as was living in a village that grew cash crops (OR: 0.56; 95% CI: 0.35, 0.88). Farther distance to hospital, but not to lower level facilities, was associated with higher likelihood of home delivery (OR 2.49; 95% CI: 1.60, 3.88).ConclusionsPoverty, multiparity, weak ANC and distance to hospital were associated with persistence of home delivery in a region with high coverage of facility delivery. A pro‐poor path to universal coverage of safe delivery requires a greater focus on quality of care and more intensive outreach to poor and multiparous women.
Building awareness to health insurance among the target population of community‐based health insurance schemes in rural India
Authors: Panda Pradeep , Chakraborty Arpita , Dror David M. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate an insurance awareness campaign carried out before the launch of three community‐based health insurance (CBHI) schemes in rural India, answering the questions: Has the awareness campaign been successful in enhancing participants’ understanding of health insurance? What awareness tools were most useful from the participants' point of view? Has enhanced awareness resulted in higher enrolment?MethodsData for this analysis originates from a baseline survey (2010) and a follow‐up survey (2011) of more than 800 households in the pre‐ and post‐campaign periods. We used the difference‐in‐differences method to evaluate the impact of awareness activities on insurance understanding. Assessment of usefulness of various tools was carried out based on respondents’ replies regarding the tool(s) they enjoyed and found most useful. An ordinary least square regression analysis was conducted to understand whether insurance knowledge and CBHI understanding are related with enrolment in CBHI.ResultsThe intervention cohort demonstrated substantially higher understanding of insurance concepts than the control group, and CBHI understanding was a positive determinant for enrolment. Respondents considered the ‘Treasure‐Pot’ tool (an interactive game) as most useful in enhancing awareness to the effects of insurance.ConclusionsWe conclude that awareness‐raising is an important prerequisite for voluntary uptake of CBHI schemes and that interactive, contextualised awareness tools are useful in enhancing insurance understanding.
Noninvasive fetal genotyping of human platelet antigen‐1a using targeted massively parallel sequencing
Authors: Wienzek‐Lischka Sandra , Krautwurst Annika , Fröhner Vanessa , Hackstein Holger , Gattenlöhner Stefan , Bräuninger Andreas , Axt‐Fliedner Roland , Degenhardt Jan , Deisting Christina , Santoso Sentot , Sachs Ulrich J. , Bein Gregor 
Published: April 2015

BACKGROUNDFetal human platelet antigen (HPA) genotyping is required to determine whether the fetus is at risk and whether prenatal interventions to prevent fetal bleeding are required in pregnant women with a history of fetal and neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia (FNAIT). Methods for noninvasive genotyping of HPA alleles with the use of maternal plasma cell‐free DNA were published recently but do lack internal controls to exclude false‐negative results.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODSCell‐free DNA was isolated from plasma of four pregnant women with a history of FNAIT caused by anti‐HPA‐1a and controls. A primer panel was designed to target sequences flanking single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)/exonic regions ofITGB3(HPA‐1),ITGA2B(HPA‐3),ITGA2(HPA‐5),CD109(HPA‐15),RHD,RHCE,KEL,DARC,SLC14A1,GYPA,GYPB, andSRY. These regions and eight anonymous SNPs were massively parallel sequenced by semiconductor technology.RESULTSThe mean (±SD) number of reads for targeted SNPs was 5255 (±2838). Fetal DNA was detected at a median of 4.5 (range, 2‐8) polymorphic loci. The mean fractional fetal DNA concentration in cell‐free maternal plasma was 8.36% (range, 4.79%‐15.9%). For HPA‐1, nonmaternalITGB3sequences (c.176T, HPA‐1a) were detected in all HPA‐1ab fetuses. One HPA‐1bb fetus was unequivocally identified, showing the pregnancy was not at risk of FNAIT.CONCLUSIONWe have successfully established massively parallel sequencing as a novel reliable method for noninvasive genotyping of fetal HPA‐1a alleles. This technique may also allow the safe detection of other fetal blood group polymorphisms frequently involved in FNAIT and hemolytic disease of the newborn.
Numerical Flow Analysis of Fully Three-Dimensional Turbine Cascades
Authors: Koya Masahiko , Kotake Susumu 
Published: April 2015

In order to calculate higher subsonic or transonic flows in highly three-dimensionally twisted turbine blade cascades, the finite volume integral method of solving the governing equations is implemented for the treatment of boundary conditions and the discretization scheme.
The developed scheme reduces the discretization error associated with the distorted grid configuration of highly three-dimensional blades. With the developed method, flows in three typical turbine blade cascades have been calculated.
The present scheme can be applied to fully three-dimensional flow through complete turbine stages.