bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Radiosensitive Hematopoietic Cells Determine the Extent of Skin Inflammation in Experimental Epidermolysis Bullosa Acquisita
Authors: Iwata Hiroaki , Witte Mareike , Samavedam Unni Krishna S. R. L. , Gupta Yask , Shimizu Atsushi , Ishiko Akira , Schröder Tobias , Seeger Karsten , Dahlke Markus , Rades Dirk , Zillikens Detlef , Ludwig Ralf J. 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Animal models have enhanced our understanding of the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. For these models, genetically identical, inbred mice have commonly been used. Different inbred mouse strains, however, show a high variability in disease manifestation. Identifying the factors that influence this disease variability could provide unrecognized insights into pathogenesis. We established a novel Ab transfer-induced model of epidermolysis bullosa acquisita (EBA), an autoimmune disease characterized by (muco)-cutaneous blistering caused by anti-type VII collagen (COL7) autoantibodies. Blistering after anti-COL7 IgG (directed against the von Willebrand factor A–like domain 2) transfer showed clear variability among inbred mouse strains, that is, severe cutaneous blistering and inflammation in C57BL/6J and absence of skin lesions in MRL/MpJ mice. The transfer of anti-COL7 IgG into irradiated, EBA-resistant MRL/MpJ mice, rescued by transplantation with bone marrow from EBA-susceptible B6.AK-H2k mice, induced blistering. To the contrary, irradiated EBA-susceptible B6.AK-H2k mice that were rescued using MRL/MpJ bone marrow were devoid of blistering. In vitro, immune complex activation of neutrophils from C57BL/6J or MRL/MpJ mice showed an impaired reactive oxygen species release from the latter, whereas no differences were observed after PMA activation. This finding was paralleled by divergent expression profiles of immune complex–activated neutrophils from either C57BL/6J or MRL/MpJ mice. Collectively, we demonstrate that radiosensitive cells determine the varying extent of skin inflammation and blistering in the end-stage effector phase of EBA.
Business Models in a New Digital Culture: The Open Long Tail Model
Authors: Rieple Alison , Pisano Paola 
Published: July 2015

New business models are emerging in global markets. Quirky is producing new products designed and developed by the community and finally produced by the 3D printing technology. Google gives his glasses to different developers who build up their own applications. Kickstarter finds the funders by the use of the crowd, paying them back with the future products. Employees, funders, customers and partners do not play a stable role with the organization but revolve around it using different form of collaborations related to the organization’s needs. In this scenario business like Amazon find out their own achievement feeding up different customers’ needs.
Thomas Aquinas and Muhammad al-Shaybani on War, Law, and Statecraft An Experiment of Theory and Method in Comparative Religious Ethics
Authors: Zehr Nahed Artoul 
Published: July 2015

AbstractThis essay is an exploration of method through a comparative study of Thomas Aquinas and Muhammad al-Shaybani on war, law, and statecraft. Through a close read of a select number of texts, it seeks to establish two points. First, that both Aquinas and al-Shaybani's positions on war are entrenched within their respective positions on statecraft and the law. And second, to initiate the conceptual and theoretical framework that will help illume the moral wisdom (both shared and contested) contained in each tradition that can generate a baseline for additional research related to contemporary problems in the ethics and law of war.
Islam Observed Another Neglected Classic of Comparative Religion and Ethics
Authors: Davis G. Scott 
Published: July 2015

AbstractDespite the appearance of disagreement, John Kelsay and I agree on the continuing importance of Max Weber for work in comparative religion and ethics. My objections to “grand theory” are those of C. Wright Mills, who worries about the professionalization of work in the social sciences stifling “the sociological imagination.” I go on to argue that Clifford Geertz's Islam Observed is a valuable paradigm of how to do comparative ethics diachronically and continue to argue that Kelsay's worries about the “third wave” in comparative ethics are exactly the worries that would be singled out by thinkers such as Mills and Geertz.
Seeing Power in Just War Reasoning
Authors: Kellison Rosemary B. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractFeminist philosophers Judith Butler and Margaret Urban Walker suggest an approach to the study of ethics that allows for critical attention to the role of power—something critics like Talal Asad argue has been missing from modern ethics—while preserving the possibility of normative argument. In this paper, I consider how this approach might be employed in relation to the tradition of just war reasoning. In particular, I focus on the just war criteria of right authority, just cause, and discrimination between combatants and noncombatants. I argue that recognition of the influence of power on just war reasoning suggests new ways of acting to fulfill these criteria in order to achieve a fair distribution of responsibilities and vulnerabilities.
A Source for Callahan’s Wynema, a Child of the Forest
Authors: NADER JENNIFER M. 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
In early 1891, S. Alice Callahan’s Wynema, a Child of the Forest appeared from the press of H. J. Smith and Co. of Chicago. While its exact moment of publication remains unknown, the novel contains a publisher’s preface dated April 1, 1891, soon after the massacre at Wounded Knee in December 1890.1 According to Callahan’s father, the novel “had a great run for a year or so, after it was placed on the market,”2 but sales declined. Though Carolyn Thomas Foreman acknowledged in a short article in 1955 that “it was a great surprise to discover” Wynema, as it had “escaped all Oklahoma bibliographers,”3 the novel was virtually lost to scholarship until A. LaVonne Ruoff edited it for publication in 1997.4 Though scholars have discussed a number of issues related to the text,5 there is general agreement that Wynema is the “first novel written in Oklahoma”6 and the “first known novel written by an American Indian woman.”7
Ultrasound‐Guided Intratendinous Injections With Platelet‐Rich Plasma or Autologous Whole Blood for Treatment of Proximal Hamstring Tendinopathy
Authors: Davenport Kathleen L. , Campos Jose Santiago , Nguyen Joseph , Saboeiro Gregory , Adler Ronald S. , Moley Peter J. 
Published: July 2015

ObjectivesTo compare the effects of ultrasound‐guided platelet‐rich plasma (PRP) and whole blood (WB) injections in patients with chronic hamstring tendinopathy.MethodsIn a prospective double‐blind randomized controlled trial, PRP or WB was injected under ultrasound guidance into the proximal hamstring tendon in a cohort of patients with clinically suspected hamstring tendinosis. Questionnaires were administered before injection and 2, 6, and 12 weeks and 6 months after injection. Pain and function outcomes were measured via the Modified Harris Hip Score (MHHS), Hip Outcome Scores for activities of daily living (ADL) and sport‐specific function, and International Hip Outcome Tool 33 (IHOT‐33). Diagnostic ultrasound was used to compare preinjection and 6‐month postinjection tendon appearances.ResultsThe WB group showed greater improvements in pain and function over the PRP group before 12 weeks, whereas the PRP group showed improved outcomes over WB at 6 months. None of these between‐group outcome measures, except 6‐week IHOT‐33, showed statistical significance. Comparing preinjection and 6‐month scores, the PRP group showed significant improvements in ADL (P = .018) and IHOT‐33 (P = .28) scores, whereas the WB group showed no significant improvements from baseline. The WB group showed significantly decreased pain with 15‐minute sitting (P= .008) at 6 months. Ultrasound imaging showed no significant differences between PRP and WB group tendon appearances.ConclusionsBoth PRP and WB groups showed improvements in all outcome measures at 6 months. The PRP group showed significant improvements in 6‐month ADL and IHOT‐33 scores. The WB group reached significance in 15‐minute sitting pain. No significant between‐group differences were observed at any time point.
Recent Amazon climate as background for possible ongoing and future changes of Amazon humid forests
Authors: Gloor M. , Barichivich J. , Ziv G. , Brienen R. , Schöngart J. , Peylin P. , Ladvocat Cintra B. Barcante , Feldpausch T. , Phillips O. , Baker J. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractRecent analyses of Amazon runoff and gridded precipitation data suggest an intensification of the hydrological cycle over the past few decades in the following sense: wet season precipitation and peak river runoff (since ∼1980) as well as annual mean precipitation (since ∼1990) have increased, while dry season precipitation and minimum runoff have slightly decreased. There has also been an increase in the frequency of anomalously severe floods and droughts. To provide context for the special issue on Amazonia and its forests in a warming climate we expand here on these analyses. The contrasting recent changes in wet and dry season precipitation have continued and are generally consistent with changes in catchment‐level peak and minimum river runoff as well as a positive trend of water vapor inflow into the basin. Consistent with the river records, the increased vapor inflow is concentrated to the wet season. Temperature has been rising by 0.7°C since 1980 with more pronounced warming during dry months. Suggestions for the cause of the observed changes of the hydrological cycle come from patterns in tropical sea surface temperatures (SSTs). Tropical and North Atlantic SSTs have increased rapidly and steadily since 1990, while Pacific SSTs have shifted during the 1990s from a positive Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) phase with warm eastern Pacific temperatures to a negative phase with cold eastern Pacific temperatures. These SST conditions have been shown to be associated with an increase in precipitation over most of the Amazon except the south and southwest. If ongoing changes continue, we expect forests to continue to thrive in those regions where there is an increase in precipitation with the exception of floodplain forests. An increase in flood pulse height and duration could lead to increased mortality at higher levels of the floodplain and, over the long term, to a lateral shift of the zonally stratified floodplain forest communities. Negative effects on forests are mainly expected in the southwest and south, which have become slightly drier and hotter, consistent with tree mortality trends observed at the RAINFOR Amazon forest plot network established in the early 1980s consisting of approximately 150 regularly censused 1ha plots in intact forests located across the whole basin.
Incipient motion of surf zone sediments
Authors: Frank Donya , Foster Diane , Sou In Mei , Calantoni Joseph 
Published: July 2015

AbstractIncipient motion experiments were conducted with natural gravel, acetate beads, and coarse‐gravel‐sized electronic grains called Smart Sediment Grains in a Small‐Oscillatory Flow Tunnel. Measurements of fluid velocity were made using Particle Image Velocimetry. The strength of the fluid shear stresses and the pressure gradients were examined for a range of oscillatory flow conditions at the onset of motion of the sediment particles to determine which mechanism had induced particle motion. The three sediment types utilized in these experiments facilitated an assessment of the effects of sediment grain size diameter, shape, and density on incipient motion. Results suggested that the onset of sediment motion was dominated by the pressure gradients for flows with small orbital excursion amplitudes, by the shear stresses for flows with large orbital excursion amplitudes and by the combined effects for intermediate flows. The denser, angular gravel required greater free‐stream accelerations to trigger sediment motion than the spherical, less dense acetate beads, and Smart Sediment Grains. A combined parameter for incipient motion that accounts for the simultaneous effects of both shear stresses and pressure gradients while depending on the static coefficient of friction and the packing concentration of the mobile bed layer was evaluated for accuracy using a range of sediment types. The results suggested that the combined parameter may be a better indicator of sediment mobilization under oscillatory flows than the typically assumed shear stress criterion.
MODIS comparisons with northeastern Pacific in situ stratocumulus microphysics
Authors: Noble Stephen R. , Hudson James G. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractVertical sounding measurements within stratocumuli during two aircraft field campaigns, Marine Stratus/stratocumulus Experiment (MASE) and Physics of Stratocumulus Top (POST), are used to validate Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) cloud optical thickness (COT), cloud liquid water path (LWP), and cloud effective radius (re). In situ COT, LWP, and re were calculated using 5 m vertically averaged droplet probe measurements of complete vertical cloud penetrations. MODIS COT, LWP, and re 1 km pixels were averaged along these penetrations. COT comparisons in POST showed strong correlations and a near 1:1 relationship. In MASE, comparisons showed strong correlations; however, MODIS COT exceeded in situ COT, likely due to larger temporal differences between MODIS and in situ measurements. LWP comparisons between two cloud probes show good agreement for POST but not MASE, giving confidence to POST data. Both projects provided strong LWP correlations but MODIS exceeded in situ by 14–36%. MODIS in situ re correlations were strong, but MODIS 2.1 µm re exceeded in situ re, which contributed to LWP bias; in POST, MODIS re was 20–30% greater than in situ re. Maximum in situ re near cloud top showed comparisons nearer 1:1. Other MODIS re bands (3.7 µm and 1.6 µm) showed similar comparisons. Temporal differences between MODIS and in situ measurements, airplane speed differences, and cloud probe artifacts were likely causes of weaker MASE correlations. POST COT comparison was best for temporal differences under 20 min. POST data validate MODIS COT but it also implies a positive MODIS re bias that propagates to LWP while still capturing variability.
Hidden carbon sink beneath desert
Authors: Li Yan , Wang Yu‐Gang , Houghton R. A. , Tang Li‐Song 
Published: July 2015

AbstractFor decades, global carbon budget accounting has identified a “missing” or “residual” terrestrial sink; i.e., carbon dioxide (CO2) released by anthropogenic activities does not match changes observed in the atmosphere and ocean. We discovered a potentially large carbon sink in the most unlikely place on earth, irrigated saline/alkaline arid land. When cultivating and irrigating arid/saline lands in arid zones, salts are leached downward. Simultaneously, dissolved inorganic carbon is washed down into the huge saline aquifers underneath vast deserts, forming a large carbon sink or pool. This finding points to a direct, rapid link between the biological and geochemical carbon cycles in arid lands which may alter the overall spatial pattern of the global carbon budget.
On the lognormality of historical magnetic storm intensity statistics: Implications for extreme‐event probabilities
Authors: Love Jeffrey J. , Rigler E. Joshua , Pulkkinen Antti , Riley Pete 
Published: July 2015

AbstractAn examination is made of the hypothesis that the statistics of magnetic storm maximum intensities are the realization of a lognormal stochastic process. Weighted least squares and maximum likelihood methods are used to fit lognormal functions to −Dst storm time maxima for years 1957–2012; bootstrap analysis is used to established confidence limits on forecasts. Both methods provide fits that are reasonably consistent with the data; both methods also provide fits that are superior to those that can be made with a power‐law function. In general, the maximum likelihood method provides forecasts having tighter confidence intervals than those provided by weighted least squares. From extrapolation of maximum likelihood fits: a magnetic storm with intensity exceeding that of the 1859 Carrington event, −Dst ≥ 850 nT, occurs about 1.13 times per century and a wide 95% confidence interval of [0.42, 2.41] times per century; a 100 year magnetic storm is identified as having a −Dst ≥ 880 nT (greater than Carrington) but a wide 95% confidence interval of [490, 1187] nT.
Evidence of Wadati‐Benioff zone triggering following theMw7.9 Little Sitkin, Alaska intermediate depth earthquake of 23 June 2014
Authors: Macpherson Kenneth A. , Ruppert Natalia A. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractThe 23 June 2014Mw=7.9 earthquake that struck the Rat Islands region of Alaska was a rare intermediate‐depth event followed by a vigorous aftershock sequence. The earthquake's location within a regional network has allowed us to study it in rich detail. Double‐difference relocations of aftershocks and static stress modeling reveal some intriguing features; most aftershocks are not located on the main shock rupture plane, but are concentrated in the adjacent Wadati‐Benioff zone in areas of increased stress. Further, a secondary plane of seismicity aligns well with a moderately dipping nodal plane reported by the Global Centroid Moment Tensor Project, and the separation of these locations and the main shock hypocenter from the slab indicates that the main shock ruptured into the oceanic mantle.
Evidence for a seasonally dependent ring plasma in the region between Saturn's A Ring and Enceladus' orbit
Authors: Persoon A. M. , Gurnett D. A. , Kurth W. S. , Groene J. B. , Faden J. B. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractEquatorial electron density measurements from the Cassini Radio and Plasma Wave Science experiment are derived from the upper hybrid resonance frequency from Saturn Orbit Insertion (SOI) on 1 July 2004 through 21 May 2013. These densities are used to determine the characteristics of the plasma in the inner magnetosphere of Saturn between the outer edge of the A Ring and the orbit of Enceladus. Electron densities obtained when Cassini first arrived at Saturn on 1 July 2004 showed a plasma distribution decreasing radially outward from Saturn in the direction of Enceladus, the expected distribution of a centrifugally driven plasma expanding radially outward from a source in the main rings. We examine equatorial electron densities in the region between 2.4 and 4.0 Rs and show that the density measurements in this region exhibit a strong seasonal dependence resulting from photon‐induced decomposition of icy particles on the ring surfaces, a decomposition process which is controlled by the solar incidence angle. This seasonal dependence will have plasma density implications for Cassini when the spacecraft returns to the region just beyond the A Ring in 2016.
Dipolarization fronts as earthward propagating flux ropes: A three‐dimensional global hybrid simulation
Authors: Lu San , Lu Quanming , Lin Yu , Wang Xueyi , Ge Yasong , Wang Rongsheng , Zhou Meng , Fu Huishan , Huang Can , Wu Mingyu , Wang Shui 
Published: July 2015

AbstractDipolarization fronts (DFs) as earthward propagating flux ropes (FRs) in the Earth's magnetotail are presented and investigated with a three‐dimensional (3‐D) global hybrid simulation for the first time. In the simulation, several small‐scale earthward propagating FRs are found to be formed by multiple X line reconnection in the near tail. During their earthward propagation, the magnetic field Bz of the FRs becomes highly asymmetric due to the imbalance of the reconnection rates between the multiple X lines. At the later stage, when the FRs approach the near‐Earth dipole‐like region, the antireconnection between the southward/negative Bz of the FRs and the northward geomagnetic field leads to the erosion of the southward magnetic flux of the FRs, which further aggravates the Bz asymmetry. Eventually, the FRs merge into the near‐Earth region through the antireconnection. These earthward propagating FRs can fully reproduce the observational features of the DFs, e.g., a sharp enhancement of Bz preceded by a smaller amplitude Bz dip, an earthward flow enhancement, the presence of the electric field components in the normal and dawn‐dusk directions, and ion energization. Our results show that the earthward propagating FRs can be used to explain the DFs observed in the magnetotail. The thickness of the DFs is on the order of several ion inertial lengths, and the electric field normal to the front is found to be dominated by the Hall physics. During the earthward propagation from the near‐tail to the near‐Earth region, the speed of the FR/DFs increases from ~150 km/s to ~1000 km/s. The FR/DFs can be tilted in the GSM (x, y) plane with respect to the y (dawn‐dusk) axis and only extend several Earth radii in this direction. Moreover, the structure and evolution of the FRs/DFs are nonuniform in the dawn‐dusk direction, which indicates that the DFs are essentially 3‐D.
Laboratory and field methods for stable isotope analysis in human biology
Authors: Reitsema Laurie J. 
Published: July 2015

ABSTRACTStable isotope analysis (SIA; carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulfur, and oxygen) of human tissues offers a means for assessing diet among living humans. Stable isotope ratios of broad categories of food and drink food vary systematically, and stable isotope ratios in consumer tissues represent a composite of the isotopic ratios of food and drink consumed during an individual's life. Isotopic evidence for diet is independent of errors in informant recall, and accrues during time periods when researchers are absent. Beyond diet reconstruction, tissue stable isotope ratios are sensitive to excursions from homeostasis, such as starvation and rapid growth. Because of their relationship to diet, geographic location, hydration, and nutritional status, stable isotope signatures in human tissues offer a window into human biocultural adaptations, past and present. This article describes methods for SIA that may be usefully applied in studies of living humans, with emphasis placed on carbon and nitrogen. Some of the ecological, physiological, and evolutionary applications of stable isotope data among living humans are discussed. By incorporating SIA in research, human biologists facilitate a productive dialog with bioarchaeologists, who routinely use stable isotope evidence, mingling different perspectives on human biology and behavior. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 27:593–604, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.