bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Weak mismatch epitaxy and structural Feedback in graphene growth on copper foil
Authors: Wilson Neil R. , Marsden Alexander J. , Saghir Mohammed , Bromley Catherine J. , Schaub Renald , Costantini Giovanni , White Thomas W. , Partridge Cerianne , Barinov Alexei , Dudin Pavel , Sanchez Ana M. , Mudd James J. , Walker Marc , Bell Gavin R. 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Graphene growth by low-pressure chemical vapor deposition on low cost copper foils shows great promise for large scale applications. It is known that the local crystallography of the foil influences the graphene growth rate. Here we find an epitaxial relationship between graphene and copper foil. Interfacial restructuring between graphene and copper drives the formation of (n10) facets on what is otherwise a mostly Cu(100) surface, and the facets in turn influence the graphene orientations from the onset of growth. Angle resolved photoemission shows that the electronic structure of the graphene is decoupled from the copper indicating a weak interaction between them. Despite this, two preferred orientations of graphene are found, ±8° from the Cu[010] direction, creating a non-uniform distribution of graphene grain boundary misorientation angles. Comparison with the model system of graphene growth on single crystal Cu(110) indicates that this orientational alignment is due to mismatch epitaxy. Despite the differences in symmetry the orientation of the graphene is defined by that of the copper. We expect these observations to not only have importance for controlling and understanding the growth process for graphene on copper, but also to have wider implications for the growth of two-dimensional materials on low cost metal substrates.
Correlation of Paraspinal Atrophy and Denervation in Back Pain and Spinal Stenosis Relative to Asymptomatic Controls
Authors: Yarjanian John A. , Fetzer April , Yamakawa Karen S. , Tong Henry C. , Smuck Matthew , Haig Andrew 
Published: January 2013

ObjectiveTo determine the relationship among spinal stenosis, back pain, paraspinal muscle denervation, and paraspinal muscle atrophy.DesignA prospective masked, double‐controlled study.SettingA university hospital and outpatient spine clinic.ParticipantsTen asymptomatic subjects, 10 subjects with mechanical low back pain, and 15 subjects with symptomatic spinal stenosis; age range, 55‐80 years old.InterventionsMagnetic resonance imaging measurements of minimum spinal canal diameter, paraspinal muscle cross‐sectional area at the level of the L5‐S1 disk, and quantified paraspinal electrodiagnostic testing (MiniPM) were performed by examiners blinded to each other's results and to the participants' clinical information.Main Outcome MeasurementsParaspinal muscle cross‐sectional area and MiniPM scores.ResultsA paraspinal cross‐sectional area decreased significantly from asymptomatic subjects (3872 mm2) to subjects with low back pain (3627 mm2) and to subjects with spinal stenosis (2985 mm2). In the stenosis group, there was a trend toward increased paraspinal denervation in the subjects with severe spinal stenosis, but this was not statistically significant.ConclusionsSymptomatic spinal stenosis results in greater paraspinal muscle atrophy than low back pain alone. The extent of paraspinal atrophy was not significantly explained by the extent of denervation, thus, it may be reversible, and the role of paraspinal muscle rehabilitation in patients with spinal stenosis deserves further study.
ON A SEQUENCE INVOLVING SUMS OF PRIMES
Authors: SUN ZHI-WEI 
Published: January 2013

AbstractFor $n= 1, 2, 3, \ldots $ let ${S}_{n} $ be the sum of the first $n$ primes. We mainly show that the sequence ${a}_{n} = \sqrt[n]{{S}_{n} / n}~(n= 1, 2, 3, \ldots )$ is strictly decreasing, and moreover the sequence ${a}_{n+ 1} / {a}_{n} ~(n= 10, 11, \ldots )$ is strictly increasing. We also formulate similar conjectures involving twin primes or partitions of integers.
LIPSCHITZ SPACES AND BOUNDED MEAN OSCILLATION OF HARMONIC MAPPINGS
Authors: CHEN SH. , PONNUSAMY S. , VUORINEN M. , WANG X. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractWe first study the bounded mean oscillation of planar harmonic mappings. Then we establish a relationship between Lipschitz-type spaces and equivalent modulus of real harmonic mappings. Finally, we obtain sharp estimates on the Lipschitz number of planar harmonic mappings in terms of the bounded mean oscillation norm, which shows that the harmonic Bloch space is isomorphic to$BM{O}_{2} $as a Banach space.
Crisis Bargaining and Nuclear Blackmail
Authors: Sechser Todd S. , Fuhrmann Matthew 
Published: January 2013

AbstractDo nuclear weapons offer coercive advantages in international crisis bargaining? Almost seventy years into the nuclear age, we still lack a complete answer to this question. While scholars have devoted significant attention to questions about nuclear deterrence, we know comparatively little about whether nuclear weapons can help compel states to change their behavior. This study argues that, despite their extraordinary power, nuclear weapons are uniquely poor instruments of compellence. Compellent threats are more likely to be effective under two conditions: first, if a challenger can credibly threaten to seize the item in dispute; and second, if enacting the threat would entail few costs to the challenger. Nuclear weapons, however, meet neither of these conditions. They are neither useful tools of conquest nor low-cost tools of punishment. Using a new dataset of more than 200 militarized compellent threats from 1918 to 2001, we find strong support for our theory: compellent threats from nuclear states are no more likely to succeed, even after accounting for possible selection effects in the data. While nuclear weapons may carry coercive weight as instruments of deterrence, it appears that these effects do not extend to compellence.
Combined mineral N and organic waste fertilization – effects on crop growth and soil properties
Authors: ODLARE M. , PELL M. , ARTHURSON J. V. , ABUBAKER J. , NEHRENHEIM E. 
Published: January 2013

SUMMARYAn 8-year-long field experiment (1998–2006) was established in Sweden with the aim of evaluating the effects of applying organic wastes in combination with mineral nitrogen (N) to agricultural soil. Sewage sludge (SS), biogas residues (BR) and municipal compost (CO) were applied annually at rates corresponding to 50 kg N/ha and supplementary mineral N fertilizer also applied at rates corresponding to 50 kg N/ha. The effects were evaluated by analysing crop yield and soil chemical and microbiological properties. The results showed that none of the fertilizers produced significantly higher yield of barley over the 8-year period compared to any other. Biogas residue proved to be particularly beneficial for the substrate-induced respiration (SIR) in soil and increased the proportion of active to dormant micro-organisms. Treatment with SS increased plant-available phosphorus (P-AL) and N mineralization (N-min), whereas CO increased the basal respiration (B-resp). Changes in the microbial community structure were assayed by terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP); the T-RFLP signatures of the soil bacterial community were largely unaffected by the addition of organic waste. Of the chemical properties assayed, the largest increases were seen in P-AL, where SS produced the highest value. Treatments with the organic wastes showed no negative effects other than a slight decrease in B-resp induced by SS and BR. In conclusion, the microbiological activity in the soil responded more rapidly than the changes in the community structure and the chemical properties to changes in the soil environment.
Influence of ultrasound on chemically induced gelation of micellar casein systems
Authors: Chandrapala Jayani , Zisu Bogdan , Kentish Sandra , Ashokkumar Muthupandian 
Published: January 2013

Gelation is a significant operation in dairy processing. Protein gelation can be affected by several factors such as temperature, pH, or enzyme addition. Recently, the use of ultrasonication has been shown to have a significant impact on the formation of whey protein gels. In this work, the effect of ultrasonication on the gelation of casein systems was investigated. Gels were formed by the addition of 7·6 mm Tetra Sodium Pyro Phosphate (TSPP) to 5 wt% micellar casein (MC) solutions. Sonication at 20 KHz and 31 W for up to 30 min changed the surface hydrophobicity of the proteins, whereas surface charge was unaltered. Sonication before the addition of TSPP formed a firm gel with a fine protein network and low syneresis. Conversely, sonication after TSPP addition led to an inconsistent weak-gel-like structure with high syneresis. Gel strength in both cases increased significantly after short sonication times, while the viscoelastic properties were less affected. Overall, the results showed that ultrasonication can have a significant effect on the final gel properties of casein systems.
Role of Langerhans cells, Ki-67 protein and apoptosis in acquired cholesteatoma: prospective clinical study
Authors: Akdogan V , Yilmaz I , Canpolat T , Ozluoglu L N 
Published: January 2013

AbstractObjective:To investigate the role of Langerhans cells in the pathogenesis and clinical picture of middle-ear cholesteatoma.Subjects and methods:The study included 40 patients operated upon for a diagnosis of chronic otitis due to acquired cholesteatoma.Results and analysis:A closed surgical technique was used in 20 per cent of patients and an open technique in 80 per cent. Langerhans cells were more densely accumulated in cholesteatoma epithelium, compared with external ear canal skin (p < 0.001). Staining for Ki-67 protein was greater in cholesteatoma epithelium (p < 0.001) and Apo2.7 protein staining (indicating apoptosis) was more prominent (p < 0.001), compared with ear canal skin. Regarding significant relationships between clinical and pathological findings, staining for Ki-67 (p = 0.046) and Apo2.7 (p = 0.037) was more prominent in patients undergoing open versus closed surgery.Conclusion:Using cell proliferation and apoptosis markers, a dense Langerhans cell infiltration was found to occur as a host response to middle-ear cholesteatoma.
KING HENRY I AND NORTHERN ENGLAND
Authors: Green Judith 
Published: January 2013

AbstractEngland north of the Humber and the Mersey in the early twelfth century has in the past tended to be discussed in the context of the development of the monarchy. The Normans moved into the northern counties later and in fewer numbers than the south, and in the wake of the Norman settlement the north came to be more fully integrated into the southern kingdom. A fresh perspective on the period is gained by comparing Henry I's rule over the north with that in other regions of England, Wales and Normandy. Its keys were old-style dynastic politics and patronage, and his achievement that of bringing peace to the region.
ARISTOCRATIC WIDOWS AND THE MEDIEVAL WELSH FRONTIER: THE SHROPSHIRE EVIDENCE
Authors: Cavell Emma 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThis article builds upon the work of the late Professor Sir Rees Davies and other scholars interested in the medieval March of Wales, and draws attention to the place, roles and experiences of the noblewomen in a region usually considered the preserve of the warrior lord. In focusing on the aristocratic widow, for whom records are relatively abundant, it examines the widows’ experience of dower assignment and of estate and castle management on a frontier district. It contends that, among other things, those who allocated dower to the widows of the region deliberately eschewed the frontier hotspots, and that the normative relationship between female lord and castle was at once improved and restricted by the warlike nature of the region. A final section examines the life and career of the often overlooked Isabel de Mortimer (daughter of Roger de Mortimer of Wigmore and sometime wife of John FitzAlan III), revealing her critical part in holding the Shropshire frontline on the eve of the final conquest of Wales (1282–3). The case is made that we cannot fully understand the aristocratic Marcher society without including women in our histories.
THEODORE VACQUER AND THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF MODERNITY IN HAUSSMANN'S PARIS
Authors: Jones Colin 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThéodore Vacquer (1824–99) was an archaeologist who excavated, directed excavations in and visited all archaeological sites in Paris between the 1840s and his death. In the latter part of his career, he served as assistant curator at what became the Musée Carnavalet, specialising in the Roman and early medieval history of the city. Taking advantage of the reconstruction of the city in the nineteenth century associated with the work of Paris prefect, Baron Haussmann, he was able to locate far more of Roman Paris than had been known before. His findings remained the basis of what was known about the Roman city until a new wave of archaeological excavations after 1950. Vacquer aimed to highlight his discoveries in a magnum opus on the history of Paris from earliest times to ad 1000, but he died with virtually nothing written. His extensive archive still exists, however, and provides the substance for this essay. The essay seeks to rescue Vacquer from the relative obscurity associated with his name. In addition, by setting his life and work in the context of the Haussmannian construction of Paris as the arch-city of modernity it aims to illuminate the history of archaeology, conservation and urban identity in nineteenth-century Paris.
The L1-norm of exponential sums in d
Authors: PETRIDIS GIORGIS 
Published: January 2013

AbstractLet A be a finite set of integers and FA(x) = ∑a∈A exp(2πiax) be its exponential sum. McGehee, Pigno and Smith and Konyagin have independently proved that ∥FA∥1 ≥ c log|A| for some absolute constant c. The lower bound has the correct order of magnitude and was first conjectured by Littlewood. In this paper we present lower bounds on the L1-norm of exponential sums of sets in the d-dimensional grid d. We show that ∥FA∥1 is considerably larger than log|A| when A ⊂ d has multidimensional structure. We furthermore prove similar lower bounds for sets in , which in a technical sense are multidimensional and discuss their connection to an inverse result on the theorem of McGehee, Pigno and Smith and Konyagin.
Within-herd prevalence ofSalmonellaDublin in endemically infected dairy herds
Authors: NIELSEN L. R. 
Published: January 2013

SUMMARYIn this study within-herd prevalence ofSalmonellaDublin was investigated in three age groups (calves, young stock, adult cows) during five herd visits at 3-month intervals of 14 endemically infected dairy herds. A total of 10162 paired faecal cultures and antibody measurements were used to calculate the age and temporal dynamics of seroprevalence and prevalence of positive faecal cultures. Faecal culture-positive prevalence was generally low. It was highest (5·4%) in calves during December to February. Seroprevalence varied from 0% to 70% between herds, but was generally more stable in young stock and adult cows than in calves. Hierarchical mixed-model results showed that seroprevalence was associated with the bacteriological status in calves and cows, but not in young stock. These results can be used to develop and validate theoretical infection dynamics models and to design effective control programmes forSalmonellaDublin in dairy herds.
C-type natriuretic peptide inhibits porcine oocyte meiotic resumption
Authors: Hiradate Yuki , Hoshino Yumi , Tanemura Kentaro , Sato Eimei 
Published: January 2013

SummaryC-type natriuretic peptide (CNP) is a recently identified meiotic inhibitor in mice. However, it has not been investigated in porcine oocytes to date. This study aimed to demonstrate the inhibitory effect of CNP against germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) in porcine oocyte meiotic resumption. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed intense natriuretic peptide receptor 2 (NPR2) immunoreactivity in the oocyte surrounded cumulus cells in the follicles. Furthermore, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis showed the expression of npr2 mRNA only in cumulus cells but not in oocytes, suggesting that cumulus cells are the targets of CNP. When cumulus–oocyte complexes (COCs) or denuded oocytes (DOs) were cultured with various concentrations of CNP (10, 50, 100, 500, and 1,000 nM), inhibitory effect was observed in the COC group, but not in the DO group, confirming that CNP indirectly inhibits GVBD via cumulus cells. This evidence is the first indication that the CNP-NPR2 pathway is involved in meiotic arrest in porcine oocytes. Furthermore, we investigated the effect of oocyte-derived paracrine factor (ODPF) on npr2 mRNA expression level in cumulus cells by evaluating changes in mRNA expression in oocytectomised COCs (OXCs) by real-time PCR. A significant decrease in npr2 mRNA expression level was observed in OXCs, whereas mRNA expression level was restored in OXCs with DOs, indicating that ODPF participates in the regulation of npr2 expression in porcine cumulus cells.
Regulation of embryonic size in early mouse development in vitro culture system
Authors: Hisaki Tomoka , Kawai Ikuma , Sugiura Koji , Naito Kunihiko , Kano Kiyoshi 
Published: January 2013

SummaryMammals self-regulate their body size throughout development. In the uterus, embryos are properly regulated to be a specific size at birth. Previously, size and cell number in aggregated embryos, which were made from two or more morulae, and half embryos, which were halved at the 2-cell stage, have been analysed in vivo in preimplantation and post-implantation development in mice. Here, we examined whether or not the mouse embryo has the capacity to self-regulate growth using an in vitro culture system. To elucidate embryonic histology, cells were counted in aggregated or half embryos in comparison with control embryos. Both double- and triple-aggregated embryos contained more cells than did control embryos during all culture periods, and the relative growth ratios showed no growth inhibition in an in vitro culture system. Meanwhile, half embryos contained fewer cells than control embryos, but the number grew throughout the culture period. Our data suggest that the growth of aggregated embryos is not affected and continues in an in vitro culture system. On the other hand, the growth of half embryos accelerates and continues in an in vitro culture system. This situation, in turn, implied that post-implantation mouse embryos might have some potential to regulate their own growth and size as seen by using an in vitro culture system without uterus factors. In conclusion, our results indicated that embryos have some ways in which to regulate their own size in mouse early development.
Echocardiography of transposition of the great arteries
Authors: Mahle William T. , Gonzalez Javier H. , Kreeger Joseph , Marx Gerald , Duldani Gul , Silverman Norman H. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe successful diagnosis, surgical planning, and long-term care of children with transposition of the great arteries require high-quality cardiac imaging with echocardiography. Echocardiography must identify the relevant anatomic variants of transposition of the great arteries, such as of ventricular septal defects and aortic arch anomalies. Methodical and detailed imaging of the coronary arteries is particularly important, as translocation of the coronary arteries is a critical component of the arterial switch procedure. Familiarity with the potential coronary artery variants and the ideal imaging planes is essential for an echocardiographer. Knowledge of both the early and late complications following the arterial switch procedure is essential to optimise post-operative echocardiography. These complications can include residual lesions leading to haemodynamic compromise or progressive late phenomena, such as aortic root dilatation and aortic insufficiency. Echocardiography will continue to be the cornerstone to the lifelong management of transposition of the great arteries, and improvements in technology and increased familiarity with modalities such as stress echocardiography will enhance the role of advanced imaging even further.
Ethical considerations for post-cardiotomy extracorporeal membrane oxygenation
Authors: Mavroudis Constantine , Mavroudis Constantine D. , Green Jeanette , Sade Robert M. , Jacobs Jeffrey P. , Kodish Eric 
Published: January 2013

AbstractSignificant advances have been made in extracorporeal life support, which has resulted in the increased use of post-cardiotomy extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Retrospective studies have contributed to the ongoing evolution of selection criteria for post-cardiotomy extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Current indications include failure to wean from cardiopulmonary bypass, haemodynamic collapse, pulmonary hypertension, post-repair of hypoplastic left heart syndrome, or need for bridge to transplantation. Short- and mid-term results are improving. Ethical concerns still attend the process, however. Moral risks related to post-cardiotomy extracorporeal membrane oxygenation may be encountered before, during, and after the open heart procedure. At each stage of the decision-making process, moral risks are encountered by many factors that may result in decisions that may be contrary to the best interests of the patient, parents, or use of shared societal resources. These moral risks centre around the selection process, informed consent, decision making in the operating room, and post-operative maintenance of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Consideration of such risks is affected by questions of haemodynamic stability, haematologic compromise, neurologic status, and family concerns. We conclude that thorough understanding of the relevant scientific literature, heightened awareness of moral risks, and incorporation of ethical tenets in clinical deliberation will guide the clinician to do the right thing.