bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Risikoberichterstattung kapitalmarktorientierter Banken nach DRS 20 – Handlungsfelder und Umsetzungsvorschläge im Kontext aufsichtsrechtlicher Anforderungen
Authors: Weber Dieter , Menk Michael Torben 
Published: December 2014

Zusammenfassung
Mit dem DRS 20 hat der nationale Standardsetter DRSC die Lageberichterstattung von Grund auf novelliert. Durch die Zusammenfassung der bisherigen Standards zur jährlichen Lage- und Risikoberichterstattung von Konzernen zu einem Dokument ist die bisher formal schon vorhandene Verbindung der für Banken geltenden Risikoberichtstandards – DRS 5 und DRS 5-10 – mit dem übergeordneten Lageberichtstandard DRS 15 stärker in den Vordergrund gerückt. Dadurch wird noch deutlicher, dass die generellen Lageberichtsgrundsätze in gleicher Weise für den Risikobericht gelten wie für die sonstigen Lageberichtsteile auch.
Der Beitrag untersucht die wesentlichen Implikationen des DRS 20 für die externe Risikoberichterstattung im Konzernlagebericht kapitalmarktorientierter Banken und berücksichtigt dabei verwandte aufsichtsrechtliche Normen. Neben den originären handelsrechtlichen Transparenzanforderungen werden sowohl neuere Entwicklungen zur aufsichtsrechtlichen Offenlegung – wie beispielweise die Anforderungen CRR und die Empfehlungen der EDTF – als auch die auf die Gestaltung des Risikomanagements abzielenden MaRisk BA und die künftig geltenden Baseler Grundsätze für die Aggregation von Risikodaten und die Risikoberichterstattung in die Offenlegungskonzeption einbezogen.
Im Sinne einer adressatenorientierten Offenlegung folgt die Untersuchung dem Leitbild eines möglichst hohen Integrations- und Konsistenzgrads der auf verschiedenen Regelwerken aufbauenden Risikoberichterstattung. Dies mündet – soweit gesetzlich zulässig und informationsökonomisch geboten – in einem zentralen Risikobericht im Konzernlagebericht, der als Leitmedium der Risikopublizität von Banken fungiert.
The Roles of School Principal in the Implementation of Character Education at Boarding School
Authors: Asmendri Asmendri 
Published: December 2014

The success or failures of educational institutions in the implementation of character education in boarding schools or madrasah is determined by its leaders. The school principal as a leader and educator should be a good model to all teachers and learners in the school. In other words, he or she will create a healthy school life, conducive and supportive school performance. There are seven principal’s roles in implementing character building the school. He or she should has a clear vision, rely on more collaborative approach, responsive and proactive in responding to what is happening outside of school, be consistent in enforcing the rules, be active, give many social rewards, and create a variety of rides or activities that can develop pro-social skills and devotion of students.
More Money, Fewer Lives: The Cost Effectiveness of Welfare Reform in the United States
Authors: Muennig Peter , Caleyachetty Rishi , Rosen Zohn , Korotzer Andrew 
Published: December 2014

Objectives. We evaluated the economic benefits of Temporary Assistance to Needy Families (TANF) relative to the previous program, Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC). Methods. We used pooled mortality hazard ratios from 2 randomized controlled trials—Connecticut Jobs First and the Florida Transition Program, which had follow-up from the early and mid-1990s through December 2011—and previous estimates of health and economic benefits of TANF and AFDC. We entered them into a Markov model to evaluate TANF’s economic benefits relative to AFDC and weigh them against the potential health threats of TANF. Results. Over the working life of the average cash assistance recipient, AFDC would cost approximately $28 000 more than TANF from the societal perspective. However, it would also bring 0.44 additional years of life. The incremental cost effectiveness of AFDC would be approximately $64 000 per life-year saved relative to TANF. Conclusions. AFDC may provide more value as a health investment than TANF. Additional attention given to the neediest US families denied cash assistance could improve the value of TANF.
Investigating the Impact of Temperature Changes, Material Aging, and Service Load on the Strain of a Reinforced Concrete Construction
Authors: Kanciruk Adam 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
Intensive exploitation of coal beds in the Upper Silesia Coal Basin led to the degradation of the Katowice-Muchowiec civilian/military airport. As a result, it became necessary to adapt the Pyrzowice military airport for use as a public transport facility. This involved reconstruction of a hangar located at the airport. As part of this process, a new hangar slab was constructed, designed in such a way as to bear the load of passenger aircraft. In the area of the greatest wheel load to the slab, three strain rosettes were installed for the purpose of monitoring the slab strain. The mointoring process - which has been automatically conducted for almost three years now - revealed deformations resulting from service load, the aging of reinforced concrete, and changes of its temperature.
The Numerical Simulation of a Sudden Inflow of Methane into the end Segment of a Longwall with Y-Type Ventilation System
Authors: Krawczyk Jerzy , Janus Jakub 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
Present paper is an analysis of the propagation of methane in the end segment of a longwall ventilated by means of the Y-type ventilation system. The propagation in question occurs as a result of sudden inflows of methane from the adjacent goaf. Relevant simulations for multiple variants were carried out using the Finite Volume Method. As part of the process of verifying the adopted numerical methods, the simulation of the stationary propagation of methane under conditions corresponding to in-situ measurements, and in relation to the end segment of the CW-4 longwall in the „Budryk” coliery, was carried out. The dimensions adopted were consistent with the data obtained in the course of in-situ measurements. The model encompassed eight sections of a powered roof support, a segment of a temporary support, and a fragment of the CW-4 heading. The distributions of velocity for the SST k-ω and SAS turbulence models were compared with the data from the in-situ measurements. The highest compatibility with the results of the flow velocity measurements was demonstrated in the case of the SAS model. The verified models were subsequently used in the process of simulating the results of sudden, local methane inflows from the goaf adjacent to the temporary support, as well as from underneath the shield of the fifth section. The simulation results were presented as a sequence of methane concentration distributions, on selected internal surfaces of the computational domain.
The Application of Coreless Inductors for Displacement Measurements in Laboratory Investigations of Rock Properties
Authors: Nurkowski Janusz 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
The paper presented the coreless inductive sensor, its construction and principle of operation. The impact of temperature on the outcome of a measurement performed with the inductor was discusses, together with the possibility of temperature compensation of the inductor’s performance. Subsequently, the reasons for limited measurement accuracy and resolution were discussed, particularly under the variable pressure in the order of some hundreds MPa. Two types of such sensor were presented: a sensor for measuring linear strains, e.g. during compressibility measurements, and an sensor for measuring circumferential strains during triaxial compression tests. Additionally, the manners of fixing the sensor on rock samples were presented. Finally, some examples of the sensor application were shown, together with the results of measurements of deformations of rock samples - especially in cases when resistance gauges cannot be used, and the samples are subjected to a load in the uniaxial and triaxial system, under the hydrostatic pressure of up to 400 MPa and the normal one.
A Complex Use of the Materials Extracted from an Open-Cast Lignite Mine
Authors: Buryan Petr , Bučko Zdeněk , Mika Petr 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
The company Sokolovská uhelná, was the largest producer of city gas in the Czech Republic. After its substitution by natural gas the gasification technology became the basis of the production of electricity in the combine cycle power plant with total output 400 MW. For the possibility of gasification of liquid by- -products forming during the coal gasification a entrained-flow gasifier capable to process also alternative liquid fuels has been in installed. The concentrated waste gas with these sulphur compounds is conducted to the desulphurisation where the highly desired, pure, 96 % H2SO4 is produced.
Briquettable brown coal is crushed, milled and dried and then it is passed into briquetting presses where briquettes, used mainly as a fuel in households, are pressed without binder in the punch under the pressure of 175 MPa. Fine brown coal dust (multidust) is commercially used for heat production in pulverized-coal burners. It forms not only during coal drying after separation on electrostatic separators, but it is also acquired by milling of dried coal in a vibratory bar mill.
Slag from boilers of classical power plant, cinder form generators and ashes deposited at the dump are dehydrated and they are used as a quality bedding material during construction of communications in the mines of SUAS. Fly ash is used in building industry for partial substitution of cement in concrete. Flue gases after separation of fly ash are desulphurized by wet limestone method, where the main product is gypsum used, among others, in the building industry.
Expanded clays from overburdens of coal seams, that are raw material for the production of “Liapor” artificial aggregate, are used heavily. This artificial aggregate is characterized by outstanding thermal and acoustic insulating properties.
From the Birth of the Smokers' Clinic to the Invention of Nicorette: Problematizing Smoking as Addiction in Sweden 1955-1971
Authors: Elam Mark 
Published: December 2014

Aim To discuss how scientific confirmation of cigarette smoking as a major contemporary drug problem during the 1980s was preceded by a rising tide of clinical and pharmaceutical innovation dedicated to treating smoking as a problem of addiction. Background This current of innovation, commencing already in the 1950s, carried the smokers' clinic and nicotine replacement therapies (NRTs) into the world, both of which were originally invented and pioneered in Sweden. It is argued that both of these inventions were vital for advancing the problematization of smoking as a matter of nicotine addiction. While the British doctor Lennox Johnston is well-known for his early attempts to demonstrate the reality of smoking as nicotine addiction through auto-experimentation, the historical significance of Börje Ejrup's founding of the first smokers' clinics in Stockholm in the late 1950s has not been widely commented upon. Attempting to remedy this situation, the rise and fall of Ejrup's clinics deploying lobeline substitution therapy as a cure for ‘nicotinism’ is outlined in the main body of the paper. Findings Although the clinical treatment of smoking as addiction lost momentum during the 1960s, the invention of Nicorette gum in southern Sweden at the end of the decade provided renewed impetus. Commencing in Helsingborg and Lund in 1970, the smokers' clinic and NRTs entered into the long-term service of each other; a new combination that in just over a decade would succeed in propagating the reality of smoking as nicotine addiction on to a global stage.
Construction and Handling of Drug Problems in Denmark from the 1870s to the 1980s
Authors: Houborg Esben 
Published: December 2014

Aim To present a historical account of how addiction has been conceptualized and handled in Denmark from the 1870s to the 1980s. Design Analytically the account is inspired by elements from Michel Foucaults archeology of knowledge by focusing on how established ways of thinking, talking and acting in relation to drugs and drug use from time to time were challenged by changes with regard to which drugs were used, how they were used and by whom they were used. Findings The account is structured in four parts that covers the dominating ways of conceptualizing and handling drug related problems in four different periods. These periods are: (1) the era of ‘chronic morphinism’, (2) the era of ‘euphomania’ and the emergence of drug use as a criminological issue, (3) the era of ‘youth-euphomania’ and (4) the emergence of harm reduction as a way to conceptualize and handle drug related problems.
Medicalisation of the Social Perspective: Changing Conceptualisations of Drug Problems in Finnish Social Care and Substance abuse Treatment
Authors: Rosenqvist Pia , Stenius Kerstin 
Published: December 2014

Aims Starting from the notion of the Finnish “non-medical approach” in the handling of alcohol and drug problems, this article analyses expressions of the medicalisation of drug problems and drug users in Finnish social work and specialised substance abuse treatment. The article focuses on the first drug wave, in the 1960s, and the second, at the end of the 1990s. Design The data consists of all texts on illegal drugs found in the years 1968-1972 and 1997-2001 in two leading journals of social work, one from the social care and social service field, the other issued by the key provider of specialist substance abuse treatment. The texts were systematically analysed (author(s), problem descriptions, suggested solutions, and words used for the problem and the drug user). Results In both periods, we found in the journals a social perspective on drugs and drug problems. There is more emphasis on prevention and more optimism on the possibilities of prevention in the first than in the second period. During the first period the call for medicine or medical solutions are few and the medical voices rare. Medical expertise gets more space in both journals in the second period. The predominant understanding of the problem changes from drugs as part of a new youth culture, possibly an epidemic in the first period, to a dependence/addiction in the second. The description of the user shifts from a young person to a (marginalised) dependent or addict. The proposed solutions in the 1960s are (youth focused) social policy and social change, while the 1990s solutions highlight refined treatment and more specific interventions. The society seems difficult to change, and so do the established institutions. Conclusions The medicalisation of the Finnish perspective on drugs in the 1990s is expressed through a narrowing of perspective on illegal drugs as social problems. While present, the social perspective is impotent.
A new porphyrin sensitizer with phenolic binding group for high efficiency dye-sensitized solar cells
Authors: Jin Liguo , Wang Hongjie , Wang Shuo , Wen Liping , Zhai Jin , Wei Tianxin 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
A novel zinc porphyrin (5,10,15-tri-dodecoxyphenyl-20-(4-hydroxyphenyl-azo-benzenyl)-porphyrinatozinc (tdhab-ZnP)) with benzenyl-azo-phenolic group, able to adsorb on the nanocrystalline-TiO2 film, has been synthesized. We constructed a dye-sensitized solar cell based on the nanocrystalline-TiO2 hierarchical structure film, with a power conversion efficiency of 4.15 % and a high current density of 14 mA/cm2 under AM 1.5 irradiation. UV-Vis absorption spectra measurements indicated that the tdhab-ZnP molecules formed a charge transfer complex with TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) through the phenolic group. Cyclic voltammetry measurement showed that the charge separation resulting from the tdhab-ZnP excited singlet state to the conduction band (CB) of TiO2 and charge shifting from the I−/I3− couple to the porphyrin radical cation were thermodynamically feasible.
First-principles investigation of the structural stability and electronic properties of Pd doped monoclinic Cu6Sn5 intermetallic compounds
Authors: Shao Wei-Quan , Lu Wen-Cai , Chen Sha-Ou 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
Tri-layer Au/Pd/Ni(P) films have been widely used as surface finish over the Cu pads in high-end packaging applications. It was found that a thin (Cu,Pd)6Sn5 IMC layer was beneficial in effective reducing inter-diffusion between a Cu substrate and a solder, and therefore the growth of the IMC layer and the EM (electromigration) processes. In this study, the structural properties and phase stability of monoclinic Cu6Sn5-based structures with Pd substitutions were studied by using the first-principles method. The (Cu,Pd)6Sn5 structure with the 4e site substituted by Pd has the lowest heat of formation and is the most stable among (Cu,Pd)6Sn5 structures. Hybridization of Pd-d and Sn-p states is a dominant factor for stability improvement. Moreover, Pd atoms concentration corresponding to the most stable structure of (Cu,Pd)6Sn5 was found to be 1.69 %, which is consistent with the experimental results.
Walking Dynamics in Preadolescents With and Without Down Syndrome
Authors: Wu Jianhua , Beerse Matthew , Ajisafe Toyin , Liang Huaqing 
Published: December 2014

Background
A force-driven harmonic oscillator (FDHO) model reveals the elastic property of general muscular activity during walking.

Objective
This study aimed to investigate whether children with Down syndrome (DS) have a lower K/G ratio, a primary variable derived from the FDHO model, compared with children with typical development during overground and treadmill walking and whether children with DS can adapt the K/G ratio to walking speeds, external ankle load, and a treadmill setting.

Design
A cross-sectional study design was used that included 26 children with and without DS, aged 7 to 10 years, for overground walking and 20 of them for treadmill walking in a laboratory setting.

Methods
During overground walking, participants walked at 2 speeds: normal and fastest speed. During treadmill walking, participants walked at 75% and 100% of their preferred overground speed. Two load conditions were manipulated for both overground and treadmill walking: no load and an ankle load that was equal to 2% of body mass on each side.

Results
Children with DS showed a K/G ratio similar to that of their healthy peers and increased this ratio with walking speed regardless of ankle load during overground walking. Children with DS produced a lower K/G ratio at the fast speed of treadmill walking without ankle load, but ankle load helped them produce a K/G ratio similar to that of their healthy peers.

Limitations
The FDHO model cannot specify what muscles are used or how muscles are coordinated for a given motor task.

Conclusions
Children with DS show elastic property of general muscular activity similar to their healthy peers during overground walking. External ankle load helps children with DS increase general muscular activity and match their healthy peers while walking fast on a treadmill.
Cryptosporidiosis in patients with diarrhea and chronic liver diseases
Authors: Mousa Nasser , Abdel-Razik Ahmed , El-Nahas Hala , El-Shazly Atef , Abdelaziz Mohammad , Nabih Marwa , Hamed Magdy , Eissa Mohammad , Effat Narmin , Eldars Walled 
Published: December 2014

Introduction: The aim of this study was to evaluate the epidemiology and clinical significance of Cryptosporidium in patients with diarrhea and chronic liver diseases. Methodology: The study included 150 patients with chronic liver diseases and diarrhea, and 50 subjects with diarrhea as a control group. Stool samples were screened for the presence of Cryptosporidium by microscopic examination after modified Ziehl-Neelsen staining and detection of Cryptosporidium coproantigen by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results: The prevalence of Cryptosporidium infection in patients with chronic liver diseases was 30% (45/150) versus 14% (7/50) in controls. Cryptosporidium infection increased with the progression of chronic liver diseases from Child-Pugh class A to Child-Pugh class C (p< 0.001) and from model for end-stage liver disease (MELD) score ≤ 9 to MELD score > 9 (p< 0.031). Nine patients in Child-Pugh class C with diarrhea associated with Cryptosporidium infection developed hepatic encephalopathy, and only diarrhea was identified as a precipitating factor for hepatic encephalopathy. Conclusions: Cryptosporidium is one of the important causes of diarrhea in patients with chronic liver diseases. The infection significantly increased with the progression of chronic liver diseases. In patients with advanced chronic liver diseases, Cryptosporidium infection may be a precipitating factor of hepatic encephalopathy.
Switching from Intravenous to Subcutaneous Formulation of Abatacept: A Single-center Italian Experience on Efficacy and Safety
Authors: Reggia Rossella , Franceschini Franco , Tincani Angela , Cavazzana Ilaria 
Published: December 2014

Objective.Subcutaneous (SC) abatacept (ABA) is comparable to intravenous (IV) formulation in terms of efficacy and safety profile. Our work analyzed the switch to SC formulation from IV administration in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.Methods.Fifty-one patients treated with SC ABA were included. Clinical data were obtained from clinical charts.Results.Fourteen patients relapsed and needed to return to the IV administration. Neither clinical and laboratory features nor the previous therapies were identified as risk factors for SC formulation inefficacy. Disease activity decreased after the return to IV infusions.Conclusion.SC ABA showed a risk of relapse in 27% of cases. The reinsertion of the IV administration quickly reinstated disease control.
Travail, chômage et stigmatisation
Authors: Herman Ginette , Bourguignon David , Stinglhamber Florence , Jourdan Dany 
Published: December 2014

Résumé	Bien que son impact soit fondamentalement délétère (voir le chapitre 2), le chômage n’agit pas de la même manière sur tous les individus : certains semblent mieux préservés – ou plus atteints – que d’autres sur le plan de la santé mentale. Ce chapitre étudie les stratégies que les chômeurs mettent en place pour faire face à la situation. Deux stratégies ont été prises en considération dans le cadre d’une étude longitudinale portant sur 420 jeunes sans emploi, récemment sortis de l’enseignement secondaire et habitant dans un territoire fortement marqué par un repli économique. La première est relative à l’identité sociale que le jeune se forge de lui-même, sachant que, s’il n’est plus étudiant, il n’est pas encore travailleur, mais plutôt chômeur. La deuxième stratégie concerne le soutien dont il peut bénéficier, en particulier celui apporté par l’organisme d’insertion socioprofessionnelle dont il dépend. Les résultats montrent que si se sentir membre du groupe de chômeurs a un impact négatif, par contre le fait de l’apprécier (ou du moins, de ne pas le mépriser), de même que le fait de ressentir une aide de la part du conseiller en accompagnement professionnel a un effet positif sur la santé mentale et sur les attitudes au regard du travail. Une brève conclusion est proposée, qui avance quelques pistes de réflexion destinées aux organismes d’insertion socioprofessionnelle.