bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT IN THE INSTITUTE OF OCEAN ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY
Authors: Yazaki Atsuo 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
This paper presents a summary of research and development projects at the Institute of Ocean Environmental Technology. First, projects in the field of oil boom and skimmer development are described. Oil containment performance for each of four new oil booms, and the oil recovery rate for each of seven new oil recovery devices and a new oil recovery ship are explained. Next, as typical examples of research projects concerning ocean and marine environmental problems, summaries of the following themes are presented: (a) oil spreading on the water surface, (b) the mechanism of oil leakage from a flat plate barrier, (c) oil slick behavior around a moving catamaran skimmer, (d) a law of similarity for the performance of oil recovery equipment, (e) evaporation of gasoline under various conditions, (f) the relationship of spilled oil and dissolved oxygen in sea water, (g) the effectiveness of chemical dispersants for spilled gasoline, (h) the generation of transient waves in a circulating water channel, and (i) experiments with a wave energy absorber.
CONTAINMENT STRATEGIES FOR MARINE OIL SPILLS IN NEARSHORE WATERS
Authors: Owens E. H. , Roberts H. H. , Murray S. P. , Foget C. R. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The movement of oil on the water surface is a result of meteorologic and oceanographic processes. Attempts to contain or divert surface oil using booms should factor these processes into the development of deployment tactics. Attempts to deploy booms, disregarding physical and environmental conditions often have met with failure. Differing physical parameters affect water circulation and the movement of oil in the nearshore environments of reef/lagoon and barrier inlet systems; generalized models identify the primary features of each of these two systems for selection of appropriate methods of boom deployment. Circulation patterns across reefs are dominated by wave-driven and tidal-driven forces that carry water across the reef crest into the low energy lagoonal environment. Within the lagoon, tidal and wind stress forces become important factors that drive the circulation systems. Barrier island inlets that form in meso-tidal environments have circulation patterns that are dominated by cyclical tidal forces. In the narrow inlet throats current velocities are frequently too great for booms to contain oil. In this situation diversion of surface oil to areas of low current speeds can be used to protect sensitive lagoonal environments. During the early stages of a flooding tide, current inflow through the inlet is in marginal channels and at this tidal stage oil could be diverted to the shoreline before it enters the inlet throat.
DEVELOPING MARINE POLLUTION RESPONSE CAPABILITY IN THE WIDER CARIBBEAN REGION1
Authors: Spitzer James D. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
With assistance from international organizations and donor nations, the nations of the Wider Caribbean Region are steadily increasing their capability to deal with oil pollution. The need for a reasonable response capability stems from factors such as the region's complex network of petroleum production points and transportation routes, dependence of national economies on the pristine marine environment that attracts tourists, and the vulnerability of many of the nations to pollution incidents resulting from lack of preparedness. The problems of improving response capability in a region having over three dozen governments are immense. Nevertheless, through recent events, the Region's governments are recognizing the importance of having an agency responsible for environmental matters, a response organization, a pollution contingency plan, and adequate legislation to provide the jurisdiction necessary to prevent and to take action to control discharges into the marine environment. These developments are occurring through regional cooperation such as the implementation of the Action Plan for the Caribbean Environment Programme, and through national and independently sponsored efforts to increase marine pollution response capability.
PATTERNS AND TRENDS IN REPORTED SMALL OIL SPILLS
Authors: Yoshioka Gary A. , Franzoni Andrew J. , Kooyoomjian K. Jack , Eby Terry L. , Wiltshire Glenn A. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Many recent analyses of oil spill data have focused on the occurrence of large spills. For example, a 1981 study compared the incidence of spills of more than 10,000 gallons in four U.S. coastal regions. A 1983 U.S. Department of the Interior study of spills of 1,000 barrels or more from outer continental shelf platforms found a statistically significant decrease in spill occurrence rates after 1974. Data from the U.S. Coast Guard's Pollution Incident Reporting System (PIRS) show a drop in the number of all reported oil spills from more than 12,000 in 1977 to fewer than 7,000 in 1982. Such reductions in reported spills have been attributed in part to stricter government regulation and enforcement, to changes in technology, or to a decline in oil transportation.
The significance of small oil spills is discussed, and data on the occurrence of reported small oil spills are analyzed using information from the PIRS database. The trend over time in the number of spills of fewer than 10 gallons was found to be upward for some sources, water bodies, and regions, but downward for others. Although this paper does not examine causal relationships, increased awareness of the requirement to report oil discharges may have resulted in increased reporting of spills in some cases and increased efforts toward prevention of spills in other cases.
A REVIEW OF FEDERAL AND STATE LAW CONCERNING REPORTABLE DISCHARGES OF OIL
Authors: Bruce David A. , Yoshioka Gary A. , Condie Allison 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
As originally enacted, Section 311 of the Clean Water Act required promulgation of regulations governing the discharge of harmful quantities of oil into or upon U.S. navigable waters, shorelines, and waters of the contiguous zone. The result was the “sheen test” trigger for notification of oil discharges (40 CFR Part 110). Since 1970, this test has been sustained in the courts over a number of objections.
The Clean Water Act does not prevent states from imposing additional requirements concerning oil discharge prevention in waters within their own boundaries. Some states have addressed the problem of oil pollution simply through water quality standards or prohibiting discharges that cause a nuisance or harmful effect. In other cases, they have regulated discharges from different types of pollution sources, such as port facilities or vessels. In recent years, some state legislatures have enacted specific laws to deal with oil spills, including provisions that prohibit certain discharges, require spill reporting, and establish compensation programs.
This paper discusses the sheen test and other approaches to reportable discharges of oil suggested by state law. Included are a review of federal case law on the subject and a review of standards in selected state statutes.
NORTH ALEUTIAN SHELF SEA OTTERS AND THEIR VULNERABILITY TO OIL
Authors: Cimberg Robert L. , Costa Daniel P. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Results of a one-year field investigation on the sea otters of the eastern Bering Sea indicate that this population ranges from approximately 1,000 during the winter to over 10,000 in the summer, apparently due to migration from the Pacific. Even though individuals are known to occur over 20 mi offshore in 40 m of water, otters were found primarily in shallow waters (0 to 20 m) off the major lagoons and bays. These seasonal and spatial distributions correspond better with the abundance of important prey, flatfish and crabs, rather than with other environmental factors. The otters are believed to feed on a variety of prey, including crabs, molluscs, flatfish, and perhaps sand dollars, based on scat analysis.
Significant impacts from oil and gas activities on this population would occur if a large spill occurred near Bechevin Bay, along the apparent major migration route. Other impacts would be more localized and are difficult to estimate due to the need for information on the otters' ability to avoid oil slicks and at the same time maintain their feeding regimes.
RESOURCE MAPPING AND CONTINGENCY PLANNING, PTP PIPELINE FACILITIES, PANAMA
Authors: Gundlach Erich R. , Moss Geoffrey , de Vincenti Fiorella , Janssen John 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The facilities of the PTP (PetroTerminal de Panama) consist of an 80 mile long, 36 inch pipeline and two marine terminals. The Pacific facility consists of three shore-based terminals to handle tankers from Valdez, Alaska. The Atlantic terminal contains two single-point moorings to load tankers destined for U.S. ports along the Gulf of Mexico.
Prior to the opening of the pipeline, the government of Panama contracted for a series of studies designed to better understand the shoreline sensitivity, marine resources, archaeology, and limnology along the pipeline route and adjacent to each terminal. Results of the shoreline sensitivity analysis indicate that, by far, the Atlantic terminal in the Laguna de Chiriqui is the most sensitive and likely to be damaged during a spill. The laguna has almost no tides, is relatively stagnant, and is dominated by mangroves (51 percent of the total shoreline). In contrast, the Pacific terminal contains much higher tides and currents and fewer mangroves [44 percent of the total shoreline, but less than 5 percent within 30 miles of the terminal].
In response to environmental concerns and greatly supported and advised by the pipeline user companies, PTP completed a workable spill-response plan, developed along three fronts: the active and continuing purchase of spill-response equipment for use at the marine facilities as well as in fast-moving streams; the creation of specially trained spill-response teams; and the delegation of clear lines of authority for both land and marine spills. The interrelated roles played by Panamanians, the people of PTP, and the pipeline user companies provide an example of how different groups can cooperatively work together to protect the environment and still maintain financially advantageous, oil-related projects in a lesser-developed country.
NORTH LA CROSSE UNDERGROUND FUEL OIL SPILL
Authors: Erickson Brad 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
In July 1978, several homes near the Burlington Northern Railroad yards in North La Crosse reported fuel oil in their basements. High water tables and flooding along the La Crosse River caused seepage into the basements. The nearby railroad refueling depot was the only likely source of the product. A review of railroad activities indicated several likely sources for fuel oil leakage into the soil.
A contractor was hired and a recovery system was installed. The recovery system removed about 300 gallons of fuel oil per day. Because of several operational problems, this recovery system was abandoned in November 1978 (after recovering about 20,000 gallons of fuel oil).
A consultant's report issued in February 1979 indicated there remained about 157,000 gallons of fuel oil underground. Because recovery operations had ceased, the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources issued an order to the Burlington Northern Railroad in May 1979 to resume recovery operations. This order was superceded by a second order in July 1979. After reviewing several alternatives, a “cone of depression” recovery system was given approval, installed, and began operation in November 1979.
As of November 1983, a total of 137,000 gallons of fuel oil had been recovered using the “cone of depression” method. In spring 1984, inspection showed that the recovery system needed a considerable amount of maintenance work. Additional tests are necessary to determine if recoverable amounts of the fuel oil still remain. If further recovery effort is necessary, further refinements may have to be made to the recovery apparatus.
INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP OF FUEL TANK LEAKS IN THE SAN FRANCISCO BAY AREA—A REGULATORY STRATEGY
Authors: Eisenberg Don M. , Olivieri Adam W. , Johnson Peter W. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
During the past few years, contamination associated with underground chemical storage has been found to have caused extensive degradation of otherwise usable groundwater in many locations. In response, many cities within the San Francisco Bay area are presently implementing ordinances that require monitoring of underground tanks including fuel tanks. In addition, recently enacted state laws will require some form of rigorous monitoring for fuel tanks throughout California.
Implementation of fuel leak monitoring programs will result in the discovery of a significant number of additional fuel leak sites. The authors project that 200 to 300 reports of subsurface fuel contamination will be generated during the next year in the San Francisco Bay area. To deal with this overwhelming increase in regulatory workload it is likely that some level of initial response to fuel leaks may be delegated to local governments.
For the above reasons, the California Regional Water Quality Control Board, San Francisco Bay Region, is developing formalized response procedures to provide a consistent and adequate preliminary response to initial reports of suspected or confirmed underground fuel leaks. These procedures are intended to provide a screening process to minimize additional follow-up where it is not required and to ensure such follow-up where it is necessary.
The proposed procedures will be the subject of several public workshops and at least one formal public hearing before they are considered final. They are described here in an attempt to stimulate further technical input to the public discussion process and to possibly provide a model for use by others who will be faced with similar decision-making needs as similar ordinances and regulations are adopted throughout the state and in other states.
CASE HISTORY OF A SOUTH HOLLAND OIL SPILL—ORGANIZATION AND COOPERATION
Authors: Kleij Antonius M. , Gubbens Jozef M. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
In the summer of 1982 part of the coast of the Province of South Holland was polluted by a thick layer of crude oil. Cause of the pollution was a collision between a large Greek tanker and a French ore-carrier. In spite of the cleaning operation at sea, an estimated 640 m3 crude washed ashore. The coastline of seven municipalities was polluted.
The cleaning of the coast was coordinated by the Province of South Holland, which gained a lot of experience during this operation with manual and mechanical methods of oil recovery. The province advised the municipalities on different subjects, technical as well as socioeconomic and legal. The organization of the cleaning operations was laid down in the provincial emergency plan for coastal pollution by oil. Not only the municipal services played important roles in this plan; industrial life also took part. It turned out that this emergency plan was very usable as a basis for this whole operation.
The coastline, which consists for the greater part of beaches, was cleaned with bulldozers, shovels, and graders. In this way, 33,000 m3 of oil/sand mixture was gathered. The oil/sand mixture was separated with a specially developed sieving technique. Afterward, the sand was buried on the beach. In this way, the small amount of oil it still contained (0.5 percent) was disposed of biologically. The oil that remained after sieving was burned.
The total costs of the cleaning operation amounted to about $2.5 million. These costs are redressed on the tankers' assurance-company.
THE KATINA OIL SPILL 1982, COMBATING OPERATION AT SEA
Authors: Koops W. , Sanders F. J. , Gubbens J. M. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
At about 15 km north-northwest of the Hook of Holland, the Greek tanker M.S. Katina collided with the French ore carrier Pengall on the afternoon of Monday, June 7, 1982. The collision caused a gash below the waterline in the No. 4 port cargo tank of the Katina which was loaded with 6,300 m3 heavy fuel oil. It was estimated during the first reconnaissance flight at eight o'clock in the evening, that between 1,000 and 2,000 m3 of oil must have been released from the Katina. Later, when the oil had been cleared up, it appeared that the total amount of leaked oil had been 1,630 m3.
The dredger oil combat vessels Cosmos and Hein were in full action beginning at noon Tuesday, June 8, sweeping the oil from the sea surface. The Cosmos and the Hein swept up 800 m3 and 300 m3 of oil respectively (i.e., weathered oil with 30–50 percent seawater included). Especially on Tuesday a fairly large amount of oil was recovered by the Cosmos and the Hein. After that, it became more and more difficult to combat the oil, which became more and more scattered.
As the viscosity of the oil became increasingly higher due to evaporation of the more volatile components, pumping became increasingly difficult and the capacity of the sweeping system decreased accordingly.
After the Cosmos was dismissed, the Hein and the Smal Agt continued to combat the scattered oil slicks. In total, approximately 1,440 m3 were eventually removed from the sea surface, of which approximately 790 m3 was pure water-free oil.
No further oil of significance was observed on Saturday June 12 and the opinion was that the combat activities had been effective at sea and the coast had been protected from extensive oil pollution. However, that Sunday oil washed up on the Dutch coast. The submerged oil, due to its higher specific gravity, floats invisibly under the water surface and was driven toward the coast by strong on-shore winds and currents.
THE TANKER ASSIMI—A CASE HISTORY1
Authors: Hayes Terence M. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The tanker Assimi caught fire off the coast of Oman in January 1983 and subsequently broke up and sank in the Arabian Sea, approximately 200 miles equidistant from the coasts of Oman and Pakistan. This paper deals with the response actions taken by the Council for Conservation of the Environment and Prevention of Pollution (CCEPP) and the advisory role of the author during this incident.
The author subsequently advised CCEPP on development of their programs of marine pollution prevention, control, and response and assisted in the preparation of a National Contingency Plan for Oman and provision of associated manpower and resources. The paper also outlines the advisory role of the International Maritime Organization in a developing country for prevention and control of marine pollution.
A MAJOR OIL BARGE POLLUTION INCIDENT ON THE ARKANSAS RIVER
Authors: Forrest Robert G. , Lopez David , Peckham Richard C. , Gorry Frank J. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
When the towboat Girard Lewis lost power on the Arkansas River Navigation System, it drifted into a railroad bridge near Pine Bluff, Arkansas. Upon impact, it lost the two oil barges it was pushing; one barge floated downstream and was impaled by icebreakers on U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Lock and Dam No. 4. The resulting damage to the barge caused a major discharge (8,000 barrels) of No. 6 fuel oil, which affected industrial and recreational uses of the river and threatened sensitive environmental areas, including the White River National Wildlife Refuge.
The discharger accepted responsibility for salvage of the damaged barge but not for containment and cleanup of the spilled oil. Consequently, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency initiated a federal removal project using the oil pollution response fund authorized under the Clean Water Act. A coordinated effort among at least seven federal and state agency representatives on site was carried out over 25 days. Special problems were encountered and resolved involving unusually high river flow, large amounts of debris, use and effectiveness of various oil recovery devices, barge salvage operations, closure of the navigation system to traffic, protection of environmentally sensitive areas, and levels of cleanup of shorelines and locks and dams.
The project was effectively carried out over 60 miles of affected river at a cost of $372,000, with a minimum of environmental and real property damages. It was the worst pollution incident that has occurred on the Arkansas River Navigation System.
A CASE HISTORY: OIL SPILL ONTO THE PRADO FLOOD CONTROL BASIN, A FRESHWATER WETLANDS CLEANUP
Authors: Kemerer Jack A. , Hendrickson Nancy , Mullinaux Robert 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
During January and February 1983, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) conducted a Clean Water Act funded cleanup of several thousand gallons of crude oil spilled onto the Prado Flood Control Basin in Riverside County, California. The California Department of Fish and Game (CDF&G) requested EPA assistance in the cleanup after recovering over 100 oiled birds, many of which were dead or near death.
Representatives from the EPA, the EPA Technical Assistance Team (TAT), and the U.S. Coast Guard Pacific Strike Team (PST) conducted aerial and surface surveys of the impacted area and determined that a speedy cleanup was required in this environmentally sensitive area. The responsible party indicated that his funds were insufficient to perform an adequate and expedient cleanup, necessitating a federally funded cleanup.
A number of environmental factors and physical constraints affected the cleanup operation. The basin is a forested wetland supporting a wide variety of wildlife, including migratory waterfowl. The oil was concentrated at the center of the basin in thick willow brush. Removal of the oil had to be performed for the most part manually, with small, recreational-type aluminum boats that provided the only access to the contaminated area. The safety of workers in debris-laden boats had to be considered on several occasions during unfavorable weather conditions.
OIL SPILL CLEANUP AND HABITAT RESTORATION—LITTLE PANOCHE CREEK, CALIFORNIA1
Authors: Pimentell Emily M. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
In September 1983, an underground pipeline break resulted in a 31,000 barrel crude oil spill into Little Panoche Creek, Fresno County, California. The crude oil spill saturated soil and vegetation for two miles along the creek. Although the creek in itself is not of significant economic or environmental importance, the collective protection of creeks in the area is important. Water is a limiting resource and wildlife habitats have been minimized due to agricultural development.
The goal of the cleanup was to completely remove contaminated soil and vegetation so as to minimize direct damage to wildlife including the San Joaquin Kit Fox, a state-listed rare species and federally-listed endangered species. Mitigation measures included the construction of small water ponding areas to enhance the growth of existing marsh vegetation, and seeding to revegetate the creek banks with indigenous shrubs to provide cover for wildlife and minimize soil erosion. Although a large volume of oil was spilled, conditions such as slow water flow in the creek, easy equipment access to the creek, and a natural oil collection area provided for favorable cleanup conditions and resulted in 99 percent recovery of oil. Contaminated soil was stockpiled to allow it to biodegrade, rather than use the costly alternative of landfill disposal. The creek habitat was near full recovery one year after the spill. Recovery was assessed by the regrowth of marsh and shrub vegetation in the creek and its adjacent banks.