bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
FFA-ROS-P53-mediated mitochondrial apoptosis contributes to reduction of osteoblastogenesis and bone mass in type 2 diabetes mellitus
Authors: Li Jun , He Wang , Liao Bo , Yang Jingyue 
Published: July 2015

AbstractThis study evaluated the association between free fatty acid (FFA), ROS generation, mitochondrial dysfunction and bone mineral density (BMD) in type 2 diabetic patients and investigated the molecular mechanism. db/db and high fat (HF)-fed mice were treated by Etomoxir, an inhibitor of CPT1, MitoQ and PFT-α, an inhibitor of P53. Bone metabolic factors were assessed and BMSCs were isolated and induced to osteogenic differentiation. FFA, lipid peroxidation and mtDNA copy number were correlated with BMD in T2DM patients. Etomoxir, MitoQ and PFT-α significantly inhibited the decrease of BMD and bone breaking strength in db/db and HF-fed mice and suppressed the reduction of BMSCs-differentiated osteoblasts. Etomoxir and MitoQ, but not PFT-α, inhibited the increase of mitochondrial ROS generation in db/db and HF-fed mice and osteoblasts. In addition, Etomoxir, MitoQ and PFT-α significantly inhibited mitochondrial dysfunction in osteoblasts. Moreover, mitochondrial apoptosis was activated in osteoblasts derived from db/db and HF-fed mice, which was inhibited by Etomoxir, MitoQ and PFT-α. Furthermore, mitochondrial accumulation of P53 recruited Bax and initiated molecular events of apoptotic events. These results demonstrated that fatty acid oxidation resulted in ROS generation, activating P53/Bax-mediated mitochondrial apoptosis, leading to reduction of osteogenic differentiation and bone loss in T2DM.
Mechanical properties and microstructural change of W–Y2O3 alloy under helium irradiation
Authors: Tan Xiaoyue , Luo Laima , Chen Hongyu , Zhu Xiaoyong , Zan Xiang , Luo Guangnan , Chen Junling , Li Ping , Cheng Jigui , Liu Dongping , Wu Yucheng 
Published: July 2015

AbstractA wet-chemical method combined with spark plasma sintering was used to prepare a W–Y2O3 alloy. High-temperature tensile tests and nano-indentation microhardness tests were used to characterize the mechanical properties of the alloy. After He-ion irradiation, fuzz and He bubbles were observed on the irradiated surface. The irradiation embrittlement was reflected by the crack indentations formed during the microhardness tests. A phase transformation from α-W to γ-W was investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Polycrystallization and amorphization were also observed in the irradiation damage layer. The W materials tended to exhibit lattice distortion, amorphization, polycrystallization and phase transformation under He-ion irradiation. The transformation mechanism predicted by the atomic lattice model was consistent with the available experimental observations. These findings clarify the mechanism of the structural transition of W under ion irradiation and provide a clue for identifying materials with greater irradiation resistance.
Molecular Signatures of Reduced Nerve Toxicity by CeCl3 in Phoxim-exposed Silkworm Brains
Authors: Wang Binbin , Li Fanchi , Ni Min , Zhang Hua , Xu Kaizun , Tian Jianghai , Hu Jingsheng , Shen Weide , Li Bing 
Published: July 2015

AbstractCeCl3 can reduce the damage caused by OP pesticides, in this study we used the brain of silkworms to investigate the mechanism of CeCl3 effects on pesticide resistance. The results showed that phoxim treatments led to brain damages, swelling and death of neurons, chromatin condensation and mitochondrial damage. Normal nerve conduction was severely affected by phoxim treatments, as revealed by: increases in the contents of neurotransmitters Glu, NO and ACh by 63.65%, 61.14% and 98.54%, respectively; decreases in the contents of 5-HT and DA by 53.19% and 43.71%, respectively; reductions in the activities of Na+/K+-ATPase, Ca2+/Mg2+-ATPase and AChE by 85.27%, 85.63% and 85.63%, respectively; and increase in the activity of TNOS by 22.33%. CeCl3 pretreatment can significantly reduce such damages. Results of DGE and qRT-PCR indicated that CeCl3 treatments significantly upregulated the expression levels of CYP4G23, cyt-b5, GSTs-σ1, ace1, esterase-FE4 and β-esterase 2. Overall, phoxim treatments cause nerve tissue lesions, neuron death and nerve conduction hindrance, but CeCl3 pretreatments can promote the expression of phoxim resistance-related genes in silkworm brains to reduce phoxim-induced damages. Our study provides a potential new method to improve the resistance of silkworms against OP pesticides.
RETRACTED ARTICLE: γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) administration improves action selection processes: a randomised controlled trial
Authors: Steenbergen Laura , Sellaro Roberta , Stock Ann-Kathrin , Beste Christian , Colzato Lorenza S. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractIn order to accomplish a task goal, real-life environments require us to develop different action control strategies in order to rapidly react to fast-moving visual and auditory stimuli. When engaging in complex scenarios, it is essential to prioritise and cascade different actions. Recent studies have pointed to an important role of the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-ergic system in the neuromodulation of action cascading. In this study we assessed the specific causal role of the GABA-ergic system in modulating the efficiency of action cascading by administering 800 mg of synthetic GABA or 800 mg oral of microcrystalline cellulose (placebo). In a double-blind, randomised, between-group design, 30 healthy adults performed a stop-change paradigm. Results showed that the administration of GABA, compared to placebo, increased action selection when an interruption (stop) and a change towards an alternative response were required simultaneously and when such a change had to occur after the completion of the stop process. These findings, involving the systemic administration of synthetic GABA, provide the first evidence for a possible causal role of the GABA-ergic system in modulating performance in action cascading.
TRPA1 mediates the hypothermic action of acetaminophen
Authors: Gentry Clive , Andersson David A. , Bevan Stuart 
Published: July 2015

AbstractAcetaminophen (APAP) is an effective antipyretic and one of the most commonly used analgesic drugs. Unlike antipyretic non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, APAP elicits hypothermia in addition to its antipyretic effect. Here we have examined the mechanisms responsible for the hypothermic activity of APAP. Subcutaneous, but not intrathecal, administration of APAP elicited a dose dependent decrease in body temperature in wildtype mice. Hypothermia was abolished in mice pre-treated with resiniferatoxin to destroy or defunctionalize peripheral TRPV1-expressing terminals, but resistant to inhibition of cyclo-oxygenases. The hypothermic activity was independent of TRPV1 since APAP evoked hypothermia was identical in wildtype and Trpv1−/− mice and not reduced by administration of a maximally effective dose of a TRPV1 antagonist. In contrast, a TRPA1 antagonist inhibited APAP induced hypothermia and APAP was without effect on body temperature in Trpa1−/− mice. In a model of yeast induced pyrexia, administration of APAP evoked a marked hypothermia in wildtype and Trpv1−/− mice, but only restored normal body temperature in Trpa1−/− and Trpa1−/−/Trpv1−/− mice. We conclude that TRPA1 mediates APAP evoked hypothermia.
Isolated superior rectus abscess following traumatic blunt injury to the eye
Authors: Singhal Namit , Sahu Rabi Narayan , Kalra Samir Kumar , Sharma Kumudini , Mahapatra Ashok Kumar , Kumar Raj 
Published: July 2015

AbstractOrbital abscess following trivial blunt trauma to the eye are uncommon. Few cases are known and reported in the literature. The clinical presentation can be myriad varying from localized presentation to children with marked systemic toxicity. Visual loss is the most dreaded complication and a rapid deterioration in vision may occur if the treatment is delayed. Radiological investigations usually offer a prompt diagnosis but considerable degree of confusion may occur, especially in those cases that lack systemic manifestations of infective pathology. Aggressive medical and surgical treatment is mandatory for a favorable outcome in these cases. We report the case of a child who presented to us with orbital abscess of the left eye following a trivial blunt trauma. No other infective focus was identified. Subsequent imaging revealed abscess of the superior rectus muscle. The child improved following intravenous antibiotics and ultrasonography guided aspiration of the abscess. The clinical and radiological presentation of such cases, management and outcome and a brief review of literature are discussed.
An inhibitor persistently decreased enteric methane emission from dairy cows with no negative effect on milk production
Authors: Hristov Alexander N. , Oh Joonpyo , Giallongo Fabio , Frederick Tyler W. , Harper Michael T. , Weeks Holley L. , Branco Antonio F. , Moate Peter J. , Deighton Matthew H. , Williams S. Richard O. , Kindermann Maik , Duval Stephane 
Published: July 2015

Significance
Methane from enteric fermentation in the ruminant digestive system is a major contributor to anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions in the United States and worldwide. Methane is also a net loss of feed energy to the animal. This study was undertaken to investigate the effect of a methane inhibitor on enteric methane emissions from lactating dairy cows. The experiment demonstrated that, under industry-relevant conditions, the inhibitor persistently decreased by 30% enteric methane emissions, without negatively affecting animal productivity. The spared methane energy was partially used for tissue synthesis, which led to a greater body weight gain by the inhibitor-treated cows. If adopted, this mitigation practice could lead to a substantial reduction of greenhouse gas emissions from the ruminant livestock sector.
Peripheral and Central Pain Pathways and Pathophysiology
Authors: Benarroch Eduardo E. , Watson James C. , Flemming Kelly D. 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Pain is an unpleasant sensory experience that may be associated with actual or potential tissue damage. Perception of pain includes the sensory-discriminative (intensity and location), cognitive (bodily sensation), and affective-emotional (suffering) aspects. Pain is a complex integration of anatomic pathways, including dorsal root ganglion (DRG) nociceptive neurons, dorsal horn neurons, spinothalamic and spinobulbar pathways, the thalamus, the cortex, and local modulation. Peripheral and central sensitization may occur after tissue injury. This chapter reviews the peripheral and central processing of pain and concludes with discussion of pain pathophysiology.
Peripheral Nerve, Neuromuscular Junction, and Muscle Anatomy
Authors: Tracy Jennifer A. 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
After exiting the spinal cord, individual nerve roots coalesce to form plexi and peripheral nerves. These nerves innervate muscle and skin. Clinical localization requires a working knowledge of this anatomy. By evaluating the distribution of muscle weakness, sensory loss, and reflexes, it is often possible to localize lesions and focus a differential diagnosis. This chapter reviews the anatomy of the peripheral nerves, neuromuscular junction, and muscle.
Spinal Cord Anatomy
Authors: Tracy Jennifer A. 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
The spinal cord begins as the cervical cord, which is just below the medulla and extends downward through the spinal canal. It then becomes the thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal parts of the cord. The spinal cord proper ends at the lower portion of the first lumbar vertebral body in most persons where it forms the conus medullaris, followed by the filum terminale. There are enlargements at both the cervical and lumbar cord levels, which represent the innervation pathways of the upper and lower limbs, respectively. A number of ascending and descending pathways travel in the spinal cord. These are reviewed in this chapter.
Brainstem and Cranial Nerves:
Authors: Flemming Kelly D. , Brazis Paul W. 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
The pons extends from the pontomedullary junction to an imaginary line drawn from the exit of cranial nerve IV. Dorsal to the pons lies the cerebellum. The cerebellum receives information and projects information back to the brainstem through the inferior, middle, and superior cerebellar peduncles. Important structures at this level include corticospinal tracts, corticopontocerebellar fibers travelling through the middle cerebellar peduncle, the cerebellum, and cranial nerves V through VIII.
Thalamus
Authors: Flemming Kelly D. , Benarroch Eduardo E. 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
The diencephalon is composed of 4 components: 1) the epithalamus, which includes the pineal body; 2) the dorsal thalamus, which is commonly considered to be the thalamus proper; 3) the ventral thalamus, consisting of the reticular nucleus and subthalamic nucleus; and 4) the hypothalamus. This chapter focuses on the dorsal thalamus and the ventral thalamus. The thalamus has 3 main functions: 1) relay input from subcortical structures to the cortex, 2) control (gate) which sensory information reaches the cortex, and 3) synchronize cortical activity that relates to consciousness.
Principles of Neuroendocrinology and Hypothalamic Function
Authors: Coon Elizabeth A. , Benarroch Eduardo E. 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
The hypothalamus is the neural center of the endocrine system, the regulator of the autonomic nervous system, and the circadian and seasonal clock for behavioral and sleep-wake functions. The hypothalamus maintains homeostasis by integrating cortical, limbic, and spinal inputs and by affecting hormone release, temperature regulation, intake of food and water, sexual behavior and reproduction, emotional responses, and diurnal rhythms. As the link from the nervous system to the endocrine system, the hypothalamus synthesizes and secretes neurohormones that stimulate or inhibit the secretion of pituitary hormones. This chapter reviews the basic neuroanatomy and function of the hypothalamus.
Basal Ganglia
Authors: Graff-Radford Jonathan , Nelson Alex J. , Benarroch Eduardo E. 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
The basal ganglia are a group of nuclei connected by circuits that help select appropriate actions and other behaviors. They promote the sequential activation of movements or behaviors in response to stimuli. These movements become reinforced over time, eventually becoming habits. The anatomy and circuitry of the basal ganglia are reviewed in this chapter.
Neuropharmacology
Authors: Amy Z. Crepeau , Jeffrey W. Britton 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Medications used in the treatment of nervous system disorders typically modulate neurotransmitter function or action potential propagation to result in alterations in neurologic function. This chapter begins with a discussion of principles of pharmacokinetics. Targets for drug action and a basis for understanding how medications exert their action are also discussed. Finally, disease-specific treatments are detailed.
Pharmacokinetic principles of neurologic medications are important to understand for the purposes of medication prescribing and ordering. Multiple routes of administration—intravenous, sublingual, intramuscular, subcutaneous, rectal, oral, and transdermal—are available for neurologic therapeutic agents.
Sleep Pathophysiology
Authors: Michael F. Presti 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Sleep is a natural, reversible, and periodic behavioral state characterized by perceptual inattention and decreased responsiveness to external stimuli. The processes governing sleep, sleep-wake transitions, and maintenance of wakefulness are mediated via complex physiologic mechanisms, the primary neurobiological substrates of which include the neocortex, basal forebrain, thalamus, hypothalamus, pontine tegmentum, and brainstem monoaminergic nuclei. Moreover, the integrity of brainstem autonomic respiratory control networks becomes critical in the maintenance of ventilation during sleep. Pathologic insults to these systems may result in a broad constellation of clinical deficits. This chapter reviews the normal stages of sleep, age-related changes in sleep composition, physiologic mechanisms mediating the generation and maintenance of sleep and wakeful states, and homeostatic and circadian control of sleep.
Patterns of Inheritance in Neurogenetic Disease
Authors: Ralitza H. Gavrilova , Virginia V. Michels 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
The human genome consists of approximately 25,000 genes that are encoded within the nuclear DNA and embedded in the chromosome. Mitochondria are the only cytoplasmic organelles that have their own DNA. Nuclear gene and mitochondrial inheritance are discussed in this chapter. Basic genetic terms are defined.
Chromosomal Syndromes
Authors: Ralitza H. Gavrilova , Virginia V. Michels 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
The chromosomal syndromes are due to numerical, structural, or functional abnormalities of chromosomes. These include numerary changes of chromosomes in some or all cells, structural rearrangements, deletions or duplications of parts of chromosomes, and, in some cases, changes in small segments of the chromosomes as in fragile X syndrome. The most common chromosomal syndromes are discussed in this chapter.
Cerebrospinal Fluid
Authors: Laughlin Ruple S. 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the utility of spinal fluid evaluation and on the aspects of CSF evaluation that are useful clinically. The anatomy and physiologic aspects of the ventricles and spinal fluid are discussed elsewhere. The total volume of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) within ventricles and subarachnoid space is about 150 mL. The absorption of CSF is directly linked to intracranial pressure.
Personality and Illness
Authors: Palmer Brian A. 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
A personality disorder (PD), as defined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Fifth Edition) (DSM-V), is “an enduring pattern of inner experience and behavior that deviates markedly from the expectations of the individual’s culture, is pervasive and inflexible, has an onset in adolescence or early adulthood, is stable over time, and leads to distress or impairment.” The PDs are divided into 3 clusters by their descriptive similarities. Cluster A reflects odd or eccentric character structure; Cluster B reflects dramatic, emotional, or erratic character structure; and Cluster C reflects anxious or fearful character structure. Further details on diagnosis, etiology, and treatment issues follow. Accurate identification and optimal treatment of PDs can help improve outcomes of other psychiatric and medical illness.
Breast cancer and neutropenic sepsis
Authors: Rigg Anne , Patel Gargi 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Treatment of breast cancer in the adjuvant setting to reduce the risk of recurrence of breast cancer takes into consideration prognostic factors, the risks of relapse, and the role of biological, hormonal, and cytotoxic therapies, as well as radiotherapy. This case presents a scenario when a patient has declined the recommended adjuvant strategy, subsequently presenting with complications arising from metastatic breast cancer and from chemotherapy treatment for this disease, including neutropenic sepsis. The role of bisphosphonates in metastatic bone disease, the management of neutropenic sepsis, and adjuvant hormonal treatments for pre-, peri-, and post-menopausal women and familial breast cancer are discussed.
Mesothelioma and chemotherapy-induced vomiting
Authors: Steele Jeremy , Payne Sarah 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Malignant mesothelioma, a tumour of the pleura or peritoneum, is associated with previous asbestos exposure. It frequently presents with diffuse disease, which is not amenable to surgery. Chemotherapy in advanced disease has been shown to increase the time to disease progression and overall survival. Second-line treatment is ideally offered within a clinical trial. Radiotherapy offers good, but short-lived, symptomatic relief for chest pain. This case illustrates the management of a patient with inoperable mesothelioma, receiving chemotherapy and developing the complication of chemotherapy-induced vomiting (CINV). This is thought to be triggered by the activation of the chemoreceptor trigger zone, as well as the direct irritation of the gastrointestinal tract. Neurokinin-1 inhibitors, substance P inhibitors, and glucocorticoids represent the most effective groups of drugs to manage CINV in the prophylactic and refractory setting.
Endometrial cancer and treatment complications
Authors: Sadozye Azmat , Manetta Caroline 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
This case highlights some of the issues surrounding the management of endometrial cancer. The management of stage I disease is contentious, and the roles of chemotherapy and radiotherapy, as well as optimal surgical management, are discussed. Pelvic lymphadenectomy for early-stage disease has been debated strongly. Risk group stratification plays a key role in the decision making for adjuvant treatment. Adjuvant radiotherapy is well established in advanced disease. Its role in early disease is less clear, with a definite move towards more brachytherapy and less external beam radiotherapy. Chemotherapy has a definite role in metastatic disease. Hormonal therapy is useful, particularly in frailer patients. The use of novel agents is being explored.
Oesophageal cancer and dysphagia
Authors: Remer Marcus , Propper David 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
The increasing incidence of oesophageal cancer in Western countries has been associated with a rise in adenocarcinoma arising from Barrett’s metaplasia. Tobacco and alcohol consumption remain significant risk factors for cancer development. Fewer than 30% of oesophageal cancers present at a stage suitable for radical therapy. A multidisciplinary multimodality treatment approach has improved survival outcomes for locally advanced disease. The choice and timing of treatments are highly dependent on the tumour stage and histological subtype. Accurate staging is essential to inform management decisions and optimize treatment outcome. The majority of cancers present at an advanced stage, and overall prognosis remains poor; the median overall survival for advanced oesophageal cancer treated with palliative chemotherapy is approximately 11 months. This is the discussion of a case of squamous cancer, treated with chemoradiotherapy (and not surgery), with subsequent progression and metastatic disease.
Gastric cancer and complications of relapsed disease
Authors: Petkar Imran , Bridgewater John 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Gastric cancer is the fourth commonest cancer worldwide. Unfortunately, only a minority of patients present with localized operable disease. Survival rates, following surgery alone, are poor, and a number of multimodality approaches, including perioperative chemotherapy, adjuvant chemotherapy, and adjuvant chemoradiotherapy, have been adopted to improve cure rates. This case demonstrates the presentation of gastric cancer and the role of perioperative chemotherapy. The patient relapses, and the management of recurrent disease is discussed; recently, the benefits of second-line irinotecan or docetaxel for advanced disease have been established. A further improvement has been demonstrated with the addition of trastuzumab to first-line doublet chemotherapy for tumours overexpressing human epidermal receptor 2 (HER2), which is seen in about 20% of cases. Further understanding of tumour biology is fundamental to improve current outcomes from management of this aggressive disease.