bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Display procedures
Authors: Newman William M. 
Published: July 2002

Although the use of structured display files is widespread in interactive computer graphics, these structures present a number of problems which tend to restrict their generality and usefulness. This paper discusses some of these problems, and suggests an alternative approach to display system design which avoids the use of structured display files.
This technique employs display procedures to generate information for display. By including transformations within calls to these procedures it is possible both to simplify the specification of pictures and to speed up their generation. Display procedures permit picture elements to be defined conditionally and also facilitate the processing of inputs from pointing devices. The paper is illustrated by examples from a version of the EULER language in which display procedures were implemented.
Automation of etching-pattern layout
Authors: Aramaki Itaru , Kawabata Tomokazu , Arimoto Kazuhiko 
Published: July 2002

HELP (Heuristic Etching-Pattern Layout Program) is an application program developed to computerize the tedious and error-prone although vitally important wiring design of printed circuit boards. HELP helps automate a design stage one step closer to production than logical design. It can be used to design wiring patterns of two-layer circuit boards on which ICs in dual-in-line packages as well as discrete components such as transistors and resistors have been placed.
HELP employs two methods of wiring. One is the heuristic method, which simulates human approaches to wiring design, and the other is the theoretically interesting but time-consuming method of maze-running, based on the Lee's algorithm.
HELP performs more than 90 percent of required wiring by the heuristic method. The maze-running method finds an optimal path with respect to a performance function for each point-to-point, and point-to-line connection. It can bring the number of successful wiring connections very close to 100 percent.
A modular computer sharing systems
Authors: Baskin Herbert B. , Horowitz Elsa B. , Tennison Robert D. , Rittenhouse Larry E. 
Published: July 2002

An alternative approach to the design and organization of a general purpose interactive multiterminal computing system is presented. The system organization described is a conceptually simple arrangement of a bank of interchangeable computers, each of which is a memory/proputor pair, that are assigned to process terminal jobs as they arrive. One of the computers serves as the master or control computer and supervises the collection and distribution of messages from and to the remote terminals. In the simplest form there is a disk drive for each connected terminal. A crosspoint switching network allows any such disk drive to be connected to any computer in the bank, under control of the control computer. Thus, while each active terminal user “occupies” a dedicated disk drive, he may share the computer with many other terminal users in a simple manner. The ratio of users to computers is dependent on both the size and power of the machines used and the computation requirements of the particular mix of users.
This system organization is inherently a simpler and therefore more reliable approach to time-sharing computers and has the potential of a highly available system at relatively low cost. Economic configurations are possible for a range of systems sizes that span at least one order of magnitude. Finally, problem programs developed by remote terminal users can be run on a dedicated batch system if compatible computers are used.
Description of basic algorithm DETAB/65 preprocessor
Authors: Callahan Michael D. , Chapman Anson E. 
Published: July 2002

The basic algorithm for the conversion of decision tables into COBOL code is contained in the generator portion of the DETAB/65 preprocessor. The generator analyzes a decision table and produces simple COBOL conditional statements. Core storage is saved by using queueing techniques and extensive indexing and also by outputting the code as it is generated, a line at a time. The only optimization attempted is the elimination of obviously unnecessary tests on certain conditions in the decision table.
Since the preprocessor and this language associated with it were developed for COBOL users, the preprocessor was written in a modular form in required COBOL-61.
Eliminating go to's while preserving program structure
Authors: Ramshaw Lyle 
Published: July 2002

Suppose we want to eliminate the local go to statements of a Pascal program by replacing them with multilevel loop exit statements. The standard ground rules for eliminating go to's require that we preserve the flow graph of the program, but they allow us to completely rewrite the control structures that glue together the program's atomic tests and actions. The go to's can be eliminated from a program under those ground rules if and only if the flow graph of that program has the graph-theoretic property named reducibility.
This paper considers a stricter set of ground rules, introduced by Peterson, Kasami, and Tokura, which demand that we preserve the program's original control structures, as well as its flow graph, while we eliminate its go to's. In particular, we are allowed to delete the go to statements and the labels that they jump to and to insert various exit statements and labeled repeat-endloop pairs for them to jump out of. But we are forbidden to change the rest of the program text in any way. The critical issue that determines whether go to's can be eliminated under these stricter rules turns out to be the static order of the atomic tests and actions in the program text. This static order can be encoded in the program's flow graph by augmenting it with extra edges. It can then be shown that the reducibility of a program's augmented flow graph, augmenting edges and all, is a necessary and sufficient condition for the eliminability of go to's from that program under the stricter rules.
Multiple-access protocols and time-constrained communication
Authors: Kurose James F. , Schwartz Mischa , Yemini Yechiam 
Published: July 2002

During the past ten years, the field of multiple-access
communication has developed into a major area of both practical and
theoretical interest within the field of computer communications.
The multiple-access problem arises from the necessity of sharing a
single communication channel among a community of distributed
users. The distributed algorithm used by the stations to share the
channel is known as the multiple-access protocol. In this paper we
examine the multiple-access problem and various approaches to its
resolution.
In this survey we first define the multiple-access problem and
then present the underlying issues and difficulties in achieving
multiple-access communication. A taxonomy for multiple-access
protocols is then developed in order to characterize common
approaches and to provide a framework within which these protocols
can be compared and contrasted. Different proposed protocols are
then described and discussed, and aspects of their performance are
examined. The use of multiple-access protocols for "real- time" or
"time-constrained" communication applications, such as voice
transmission, is examined next. Issues in time-constrained
communication are identified, and recent work in the design of
time-constrained multiple-access protocols is surveyed.
HYDROCHEMISTRY OF FORESTED CATCHMENTS
Authors: Church M. Robbins 
Published: July 2002

“The song of a river ordinarily means the tune that waters play on rock, root, and rapid. …This song of the waters is audible to every ear, but there is other music in these hills, by no means audible to all. To hear even a few notes of it you must first live here for a long time, and you must know the speech of hills and rivers. Then on a still night, when the campfire is low and the Pleiades have climbed over rimrocks, sit quietly and listen for a wolf to howl, and think hard of everything you have seen and tried to understand. Then you may hear it—a vast pulsing harmony—its score inscribed on a thousand hills, its notes the lives and deaths of plants and animals, its rhythms spanning the seconds and the centuries.” Aldo Leopold, Song of the Gavilan [Reprinted in part from ( Leopold (1940) , by permission of The Wildlife Society.]▪ Abstract  The pathways that water may take through a catchment and its reactions with organisms and soils are myriad and ever varying. A promising means to unraveling the mystery of watershed hydrochemistry is the study of “small” catchments, yet the hydrochemical function of even the smallest of catchments involves an amazingly intricate web of flowpaths and biogeochemical processes. Monitoring of catchments and comparison of their inputs to their outputs yields clues to their workings. Manipulation of catchments offers some means of “controlled” experimentation as to their nature. Modeling of catchment hydrochemical response attempts to put it all together. Every forested catchment is individual in its structure and hydrochemical response, yet a select, carefully studied few often are drafted to serve as representatives in assessments of responses to environmental influences or perturbations (e.g. acid rain). Many factors must be considered in such extrapolations. Studies of forested catchments often are driven by environmental concerns and thus fluctuate accordingly as to their location and intensity. Despite such fluctuations, the future of the field is clear and bright. Much has been learned as a result of recent studies, not only of what to think about catchment function but, more importantly, how to think about it.
Life Systems of Polyphagous Arthropod Pests in Temporally Unstable Cropping Systems
Authors: Kennedy George G. , Storer Nicholas P. 
Published: July 2002

▪ Abstract  Annual cropping systems consist of a shifting mosaic of habitats that vary through time in their availability and suitability to insect pests. Agroecosystem instability results from changes that occur within a season with crop planting, development, and harvest. Further instability results from continuous alterations in biotic and abiotic insect life system components and from agricultural inputs. Changes to agroecosystems occur across seasons with changing agricultural practices, changing cropping patterns, and technological innovations. Much of this instability is a result of events unconnected with pest management.The abilities of polyphagous pest species to move among and utilize different habitat patches in response to changes in suitability enable the pests to exploit unstable cropping systems. These pest characteristics determine the location and timing of damaging populations. Habitat suitability is influenced by plant species and cultivar, crop phenology, and agricultural inputs. Pest movement is affected by a suite of intrinsic factors, such as population age structure and mobility, and extrinsic factors, including weather systems and habitat distribution.The life systems of three selected polyphagous pests are presented to demonstrate how an understanding of such systems in agricultural ecosystems improves our ability to predict and hence manage these populations.
THE SOS RESPONSE: Recent Insights into umuDC-Dependent Mutagenesis and DNA Damage Tolerance
Authors: Sutton Mark D , Smith Bradley T , Godoy Veronica G , Walker Graham C 
Published: July 2002

▪ Abstract  Be they prokaryotic or eukaryotic, organisms are exposed to a multitude of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) damaging agents ranging from ultraviolet (UV) light to fungal metabolites, like Aflatoxin B1. Furthermore, DNA damaging agents, such as reactive oxygen species, can be produced by cells themselves as metabolic byproducts and intermediates. Together, these agents pose a constant threat to an organism's genome. As a result, organisms have evolved a number of vitally important mechanisms to repair DNA damage in a high fidelity manner. They have also evolved systems (cell cycle checkpoints) that delay the resumption of the cell cycle after DNA damage to allow more time for these accurate processes to occur. If a cell cannot repair DNA damage accurately, a mutagenic event may occur. Most bacteria, including Escherichia coli, have evolved a coordinated response to these challenges to the integrity of their genomes. In E. coli, this inducible system is termed the SOS response, and it controls both accurate and potentially mutagenic DNA repair functions [reviewed comprehensively in ( 25 ) and also in ( 78 , 94 )]. Recent advances have focused attention on the umuD+C+-dependent, translesion DNA synthesis (TLS) process that is responsible for SOS mutagenesis ( 70 , 86 ). Here we discuss the SOS response of E. coli and concentrate in particular on the roles of the umuD+C+ gene products in promoting cell survival after DNA damage via TLS and a primitive DNA damage checkpoint.
DNA Segregation in Bacteria
Authors: Gordon Gideon Scott , Wright Andrew 
Published: July 2002

▪ Abstract  Segregation of DNA in bacterial cells is an efficient process that assures that every daughter cell receives a copy of genomic and plasmid DNA. In this review, we focus primarily on observations in recent years, including the visualization of DNA and proteins at the subcellular level, that have begun to define the events that separate DNA molecules. Unlike the process of chromosome segregation in higher cells, segregation of the bacterial chromosome is a continuous process in which chromosomes are separated as they are replicated. Essential to separation is the initial movement of sister origins to opposite ends of the cell. Subsequent replication and controlled condensation of DNA are the driving forces that move sister chromosomes toward their respective origins, which establishes the polarity required for segregation. Final steps in the resolution and separation of sister chromosomes occur at the replication terminus, which is localized at the cell center.In contrast to the chromosome, segregation of low-copy plasmids, such as Escherichia coli F, P1, and R1, is by mechanisms that resemble those used in eukaryotic cells. Each plasmid has a centromere-like site to which plasmid-specified partition proteins bind to promote segregation. Replication of plasmid DNA, which occurs at the cell center, is followed by rapid partition protein-mediated separation of sister plasmids, which become localized at distinct sites on either side of the division plane.The fundamental similarity between chromosome and plasmid segregation—placement of DNA to specific cell sites—implies an underlying cellular architecture to which both DNA and proteins refer.
Case Studies and the Statistical Worldview: Review of King, Keohane, and Verba's Designing Social Inquiry: Scientific Inference in Qualitative Research
Authors: McKeown Timothy J. 
Published: July 2002

Gary King, Robert O. Keohane, and Sydney Verba's Designing Social Inquiry exploits the metaphor of researcher-as-statistician to develop guidelines for conducting social scientific research that are allegedly applicable to all empirical investigations. Their approach has sharp and often unflattering implications for case studies and similar research strategies. Because their statistical worldview is unable to make sense of important aspects of case study research or of the importance that is sometimes attached to the findings of a single case, their argument seemingly casts doubt on the wisdom of producing or consuming such studies.I argue that the foundation of classical statistics and the epistemology of Carl Hempel and Karl Popper is an inadequate and misleading basis for a critical evaluation of case studies. I then present examples of research that are not easily accommodated within the authors' framework and sketch the elements of an alternative epistemological framework rooted in a “pattern” model of explanation. The latter is a standpoint that is much more helpful in understanding and criticizing case studies than the framework presented in Designing Social Inquiry.
An Event-related Neuroimaging Study Distinguishing Form and Content in Sentence Processing
Authors: Ni W. , Constable R. T. , Mencl W. E. , Pugh K. R. , Fulbright R. K. , Shaywitz S. E. , Shaywitz B. A. , Gore J. C. , Shankweiler D. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Two coordinated experiments using functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) investigated whether the brain represents language form (grammatical structure) separately from its meaning content (semantics). While in the scanner, 14 young, unimpaired adults listened to simple sentences that were either nonanomalous or contained a grammatical error (for example, *Trees can grew.), or a semantic anomaly (for example, *Trees can eat.). A same/different tone pitch judgment task provided a baseline that isolated brain activity associated with linguistic processing from background activity generated by attention to the task and analysis of the auditory input. Sites selectively activated by sentence processing were found in both hemispheres in inferior frontal, middle, and superior frontal, superior temporal, and temporo-parietal regions. Effects of syntactic and semantic anomalies were differentiated by some nonoverlapping areas of activation: Syntactic anomaly triggered significantly increased activity in and around Broca's area, whereas semantic anomaly activated several other sites anteriorly and posteriorly, among them Wernicke's area. These dissociations occurred when listeners were not required to attend to the anomaly. The results confirm that linguistic operations in sentence processing can be isolated from nonlinguistic operations and support the hypothesis of a specialization for syntactic processing.
Abnormal Processing of Social Information from Faces in Autism
Authors: Adolphs Ralph , Sears Lonnie , Piven Joseph 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Autism has been thought to be characterized, in part, by dysfunction in emotional and social cognition, but the pathology of the underlying processes and their neural substrates remain poorly understood. Several studies have hypothesized that abnormal amygdala function may account for some of the impairments seen in autism, specifically, impaired recognition of socially relevant information from faces. We explored this issue in eight high-functioning subjects with autism in four experiments that assessed recognition of emotional and social information, primarily from faces. All tasks used were identical to those previously used in studies of subjects with bilateral amygdala damage, permitting direct comparisons. All subjects with autism made abnormal social judgments regarding the trustworthiness of faces; however, all were able to make normal social judgments from lexical stimuli, and all had a normal ability to perceptually discriminate the stimuli. Overall, these data from subjects with autism show some parallels to those from neurological subjects with focal amygdala damage. We suggest that amygdala dysfunction in autism might contribute to an impaired ability to link visual perception of socially relevant stimuli with retrieval of social knowledge and with elicitation of social behavior.
Implicit Representations of Space after Bilateral Parietal Lobe Damage
Authors: Kim Min-Shik , Robertson Lynn C. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
There is substantial evidence that the primate cortex is grossly divided into two functional streams, an occipital-parietal-frontal pathway that processes “where” and an occipital-temporal-frontal pathway that processes “what” (Ungerleider and Mishkin, 1982). In humans, bilateral occipital-parietal damage results in severe spatial deficits and a neuropsychological disorder known as Balint's syndrome in which a single object can be perceived (simultanagnosia) but its location is unknown (Balint, 1995). The data reported here demonstrate that spatial information for visual features that cannot be explicitly located is represented normally below the level of spatial awareness even with large occipital-parietal lesions. They also demonstrate that parietal damage does not affect preattentive spatial coding of feature locations or complex spatial relationships between parts of a stimulus despite explicit spatial deficits and simultanagnosia.
Interactive Processing of Sensory Input and Motor Output in the Human Hippocampus
Authors: Tesche C. D. , Karhu J. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Recent studies of visuomotor integration suggest that the motor system may be intimately involved in the detection of salient features of the sensory scene. The final stages of sensory processing occur in hippocampal structures. We measured human neuromagnetic responses during motor reaction to an auditory cue embedded in high-speed multimodal stimulation. Our results demonstrate that large-scale cognitive networks may recruit additional resources from the hippocampus during sensorimotor integration. Hippocampal activity from 300 msec before to 200 msec after cued movements was enhanced significantly over that observed during self-paced movements. The dominant hippocampal activity appeared equally synchronized to both sensory input and motor output, consistent with timing by an intrinsic mechanism, possibly provided by ongoing theta oscillations.
Modeling Synaptic Plasticity in Conjunction with the Timing of Pre- and Postsynaptic Action Potentials
Authors: Kistler Werner M. , Hemmen J. Leo van 
Published: July 2002

We present a spiking neuron model that allows for an analytic calculation of the correlations between pre- and postsynaptic spikes. The neuron model is a generalization of the integrate-and-fire model and equipped with a probabilistic spike-triggering mechanism. We show that under certain biologically plausible conditions, pre- and postsynaptic spike trains can be described simultaneously as an inhomogeneous Poisson process. Inspired by experimental findings, we develop a model for synaptic long-term plasticity that relies on the relative timing of pre- and post-synaptic action potentials. Being given an input statistics, we compute the stationary synaptic weights that result from the temporal correlations between the pre- and postsynaptic spikes. By means of both analytic calculations and computer simulations, we show that such a mechanism of synaptic plasticity is able to strengthen those input synapses that convey precisely timed spikes at the expense of synapses that deliver spikes with a broad temporal distribution. This may be of vital importance for any kind of information processing based on spiking neurons and temporal coding.
Life‐Cycle Energy, Costs, and Strategies for Improving a Single‐Family House
Authors: Keoleian Gregory A. , Blanchard Steven , Reppe Peter 
Published: July 2002

SummaryThe life‐cycle energy, greenhouse gas emissions, and costs of a contemporary 2,450 sq ft (228 m3) U.S. residential home (the standard home, or SH) were evaluated to study opportunities for conserving energy throughout pre‐use (materials production and construction), use (including maintenance and improvement), and demolition phases. Home construction and maintenance materials and appliances were inventoried totaling 306 metric tons. The use phase accounted for 91% of the total life‐cycle energy consumption over a 50‐year home life. A functionally equivalent energy‐efficient house (EEH) was modeled that incorporated 11 energy efficiency strategies. These strategies led to a dramatic reduction in the EEH total life‐cycle energy; 6,400 GJ for the EEH compared to 16,000 GJ for the SH. For energy‐efficient homes, embodied energy of materials is important; pre‐use energy accounted for 26% of life‐cycle energy. The discounted (4%) life‐cycle cost, consisting of mortgage, energy, maintenance, and improvement payments varied between 426,700 and 454,300 for a SH using four energy price forecast scenarios. In the case of the EEH, energy cost savings were offset by higher mortgage costs, resulting in total life‐cycle cost between 434,100 and 443,200. Life‐cycle greenhouse gas emissions were 1,010 metric tons CO2 equivalent for an SH and 370 metric tons for an EEH.