bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dendrodendritic synapses in the mouse olfactory bulb external plexiform layer
Authors: Bartel Dianna L. , Rela Lorena , Hsieh Lawrence , Greer Charles A. 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACTOdor information relayed by olfactory bulb projection neurons, mitral and tufted cells (M/T), is modulated by pairs of reciprocal dendrodendritic synaptic circuits in the external plexiform layer (EPL). Interneurons, which are accounted for largely by granule cells, receive depolarizing input from M/T dendrites and in turn inhibit current spread in M/T dendrites via hyperpolarizing reciprocal dendrodendritic synapses. Because the location of dendrodendritic synapses may significantly affect the cascade of odor information, we assessed synaptic properties and density within sublaminae of the EPL and along the length of M/T secondary dendrites. In electron micrographs the M/T to granule cell synapse appeared to predominate and was equivalent in both the outer and inner EPL. However, the dendrodendritic synapses from granule cell spines onto M/T dendrites were more prevalent in the outer EPL. In contrast, individual gephyrin‐immunoreactive (IR) puncta, a postsynaptic scaffolding protein at inhibitory synapses used here as a proxy for the granule to M/T dendritic synapse was equally distributed throughout the EPL. Of significance to the organization of intrabulbar circuits, gephyrin‐IR synapses are not uniformly distributed along M/T secondary dendrites. Synaptic density, expressed as a function of surface area, increases distal to the cell body. Furthermore, the distributions of gephyrin‐IR puncta are heterogeneous and appear as clusters along the length of the M/T dendrites. Consistent with computational models, our data suggest that temporal coding in M/T cells is achieved by precisely located inhibitory input and that distance from the soma is compensated for by an increase in synaptic density. J. Comp. Neurol. 523:1145–1161, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Spinal cord neuron inputs to the cuneate nucleus that partially survive dorsal column lesions: A pathway that could contribute to recovery after spinal cord injury
Authors: Liao Chia‐Chi , DiCarlo Gabriella E. , Gharbawie Omar A. , Qi Hui‐Xin , Kaas Jon H. 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACTDorsal column lesions at a high cervical level deprive the cuneate nucleus and much of the somatosensory system of its major cutaneous inputs. Over weeks of recovery, much of the hand representations in the contralateral cortex are reactivated. One possibility for such cortical reactivation by hand afferents is that preserved second‐order spinal cord neurons reach the cuneate nucleus through pathways that circumvent the dorsal column lesions, contributing to cortical reactivation in an increasingly effective manner over time. To evaluate this possibility, we first injected anatomical tracers into the cuneate nucleus and plotted the distributions of labeled spinal cord neurons and fibers in control monkeys. Large numbers of neurons in the dorsal horn of the cervical spinal cord were labeled, especially ipsilaterally in lamina IV. Labeled fibers were distributed in the cuneate fasciculus and lateral funiculus. In three other squirrel monkeys, unilateral dorsal column lesions were placed at the cervical segment 4 level and tracers were injected into the ipsilateral cuneate nucleus. Two weeks later, a largely unresponsive hand representation in contralateral somatosensory cortex confirmed the effectiveness of the dorsal column lesion. However, tracer injections in the cuneate nucleus labeled only about 5% of the normal number of dorsal horn neurons, mainly in lamina IV, below the level of lesions. Our results revealed a small second‐order pathway to the cuneate nucleus that survives high cervical dorsal column lesions by traveling in the lateral funiculus. This could be important for cortical reactivation by hand afferents, and recovery of hand use. J. Comp. Neurol. 523:2138–2160, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Cortico‐cortical connectivity within ferret auditory cortex
Authors: Bizley Jennifer K. , Bajo Victoria M. , Nodal Fernando R. , King Andrew J. 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACTDespite numerous studies of auditory cortical processing in the ferret (Mustela putorius), very little is known about the connections between the different regions of the auditory cortex that have been characterized cytoarchitectonically and physiologically. We examined the distribution of retrograde and anterograde labeling after injecting tracers into one or more regions of ferret auditory cortex. Injections of different tracers at frequency‐matched locations in the core areas, the primary auditory cortex (A1) and anterior auditory field (AAF), of the same animal revealed the presence of reciprocal connections with overlapping projections to and from discrete regions within the posterior pseudosylvian and suprasylvian fields (PPF and PSF), suggesting that these connections are frequency specific. In contrast, projections from the primary areas to the anterior dorsal field (ADF) on the anterior ectosylvian gyrus were scattered and non‐overlapping, consistent with the non‐tonotopic organization of this field. The relative strength of the projections originating in each of the primary fields differed, with A1 predominantly targeting the posterior bank fields PPF and PSF, which in turn project to the ventral posterior field, whereas AAF projects more heavily to the ADF, which then projects to the anteroventral field and the pseudosylvian sulcal cortex. These findings suggest that parallel anterior and posterior processing networks may exist, although the connections between different areas often overlap and interactions were present at all levels. J. Comp. Neurol. 523:2187–2210, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Neuronal organization of the brain in the adult amphioxus (Branchiostoma lanceolatum): A study with acetylated tubulin immunohistochemistry
Authors: Castro Antonio , Becerra Manuela , Manso María Jesús , Anadón Ramón 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACTAmphioxus (Cephalochordata) belongs to the most basal extant chordates, and knowledge of their brain organization appears to be key to deciphering the early stages of evolution of vertebrate brains. Most comprehensive studies of the organization of the central nervous system of adult amphioxus have investigated the spinal cord. Some brain populations have been characterized via neurochemistry and electron microscopy, and the overall cytoarchitecture of the brain was studied by Ekhart et al. (2003; J. Comp. Neurol. 466:319–330) with general staining methods and retrograde transport from the spinal cord. Here, the cytoarchitecture of the brain of adult amphioxus Branchiostoma lanceolatum was reinvestigated by using acetylated tubulin immunohistochemistry, which specifically stains neurons and fibers, in combination with some ancillary methods. This method allowed reproducible staining and mapping of types of neuron, mostly in brain regions caudal to the entrance level of nerve 2, and its comparison with spinal cord populations. The brain populations studied and discussed in detail were the Retzius bipolar cells, lamellate cells, Joseph cells, various types of translumenal cells, somatic motoneurons, Rohde nucleus cells, small ventral multipolar neurons, and Edinger cells. These observations expand our knowledge of the distribution of cell types and provide additional data on the number of cells and the axonal tracts and commissural regions of the adult amphioxus brain. The results of this comprehensive study provide a framework for comparison of complex adult populations with the early brain neuronal populations revealed in developmental studies of the amphioxus. J. Comp. Neurol. 523:2211–2232, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Comparing Methods to Denote Treatment Outcome in Clinical Research and Benchmarking Mental Health Care
Authors: de Beurs Edwin , Barendregt Marko , de Heer Arco , van Duijn Erik , Goeree Bob , Kloos Margot , Kooiman Kees , Lionarons Helen , Merks Andre 
Published: April 2015

Approaches based on continuous indicators (the size of the pre‐to‐post‐test change; effect size or ΔT) and on categorical indicators (Percentage Improvement and the Jacobson–Truax approach to Clinical Significance) are evaluated to determine which has the best methodological and statistical characteristics, and optimal performance, in comparing outcomes of treatment providers. Performance is compared in two datasets from providers using the Brief Symptom Inventory or the Outcome Questionnaire. Concordance of methods and their suitability to rank providers is assessed. Outcome indicators tend to converge and lead to a similar ranking of institutes within each dataset. Statistically and conceptually, continuous outcome indicators are superior to categorical outcomes as change scores have more statistical power and allow for a ranking of providers at first glance. However, the Jacobson–Truax approach can complement the change score approach as it presents outcome information in a clinically meaningful manner. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.Key Practitioners Messages

When comparing various indicators or treatment outcome, statistical considerations designate continuous outcomes, such as the effect size of the pre–post change (effect size or ΔT) as the optimal choice.
Expressing outcome in proportions of recovered, changed, unchanged or deteriorated patients has supplementary value, as it is more easily interpreted and appreciated by clinicians, managerial staff and, last but not the least, by patients.
If categorical outcomes are used with small datasets, true differences in institutional performance may get obscured due to diminished power to detect differences.
With sufficient data, outcome according to continuous and categorical indicators converge and lead to similar rankings of institutes' performance.
Intervarietal and intravarietal genetic structure in Douglas‐fir: nuclear SSRs bring novel insights into past population demographic processes, phylogeography, and intervarietal hybridization
Authors: van Loo Marcela , Hintsteiner Wolfgang , Pötzelsberger Elisabeth , Schüler Silvio , Hasenauer Hubert 
Published: April 2015

AbstractDouglas‐fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) is one of numerous wide‐range forest tree species represented by subspecies/varieties, which hybridize in contact zones. This study examined the genetic structure of this North American conifer and its two hybridizing varieties, coastal and Rocky Mountain, at intervarietal and intravarietal level. The genetic structure was subsequently associated with the Pleistocene refugial history, postglacial migration and intervarietal hybridization/introgression. Thirty‐eight populations from the USA and Canada were genotyped for 13 nuclear SSRs and analyzed with simulations and traditional population genetic structuring methods. Eight genetic clusters were identified. The coastal clusters embodied five refugial populations originating from five distinct refugia. Four coastal refugial populations, three from California and one from western Canada, diverged during the Pleistocene (56.9–40.1 ka). The three Rocky Mountain clusters reflected distinct refugial populations of three glacial refugia. For Canada, ice covered during the Last Glacial Maximum, we present the following three findings. (1) One refugial population of each variety was revealed in the north of the distribution range. Additional research including paleodata is required to support and determine whether both northern populations originated from cryptic refugia situated south or north of the ice‐covered area. (2) An interplay between intravarietal gene flow of different refugial populations and intervarietal gene flow by hybridization and introgression was identified. (3) The Canadian hybrid zone displayed predominantly introgressants of the Rocky Mountain into the coastal variety. This study provides new insights into the complex Quaternary dynamics of this conifer essential for understanding its evolution (outside and inside the native range), adaptation to future climates and for forest management.
Incompressible fluid flow simulations with flow rate as the sole information at synthetic inflow and outflow boundaries
Authors: Xue S. ‐C. , Barton G. W. 
Published: April 2015

SummaryIn numerically simulating heat and mass transport processes in an unconfined domain involving synthetic open (inflow and/or outflow) boundaries, how to properly specify flow conditions at these boundaries can become a challenging issue. In this work, within the context of a pressure‐based finite volume method under an unstructured grid, a solution procedure without the need for explicit specification of flow profiles at any of these boundaries when simulating incompressible fluid flow is proposed and numerically examined. Within this methodology, the flow at any open boundary is not necessarily assumed to be unidirectional or fully developed; indeed, the sole information required is the mass flow rate crossing the boundary. As a result, one can select the specific region of interest to perform simulations, rather than having to artificially increase the flow domain so as to invoke fully developed flow at all open boundaries. This not only greatly reduces computational costs (both in terms of memory requirements and simulation run‐time) but provides the means to engage with flow problems, which otherwise cannot be solved with currently available methods for handling the flow conditions at open boundaries. The proposed methodology is demonstrated by simulating laminar flow of an incompressible fluid in a two‐dimensional planar channel with a 90° T‐branch, a known inflow rate, and flow splits for the two outflow channels. The results obtained by placing the entrance and the two exits at different locations show that the flow behavior predicted is completely unaffected by using a highly truncated domain. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fast solvers for unsteady thermal fluid structure interaction
Authors: Birken P. , Gleim T. , Kuhl D. , Meister A. 
Published: April 2015

SummaryWe consider time‐dependent thermal fluid structure interaction. The respective models are the compressible Navier–Stokes equations and the nonlinear heat equation. A partitioned coupling approach via a Dirichlet–Neumann method and a fixed point iteration is employed. As a reference solver, a previously developed efficient time‐adaptive higher‐order time integration scheme is used.To improve on this, we work on reducing the number of fixed point coupling iterations. Using the idea of extrapolation based on data given from the time integration by deriving such methods for SDIRK2, it is possible to reduce the number of fixed point iterations further by up to a factor of two with linear extrapolation performing better than quadratic. This leads to schemes that can use less than two iterations per time step.Furthermore, widely used vector extrapolation methods for convergence acceleration of the fixed point iteration are tested, namely Aitken relaxation, minimal polynomial extrapolation and reduced rank extrapolation. These have no beneficial effects. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The use of ketamine as an antidepressant: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Coyle Caoimhe M. , Laws Keith R. 
Published: April 2015

ObjectiveThe current meta‐analysis examines the effects of ketamine infusion on depressive symptoms over time in major depressive disorder (MDD) and bipolar disorder (BD).MethodsFollowing a systematic review of the literature, data were extracted from 21 studies (n = 437 receiving ketamine) and analysed at four post‐infusion time points (4 h, 24 h, 7 days and 12–14 days). The moderating effects of several factors were assessed including: repeat/single infusion, diagnosis, open‐label/participant‐blind infusion, pre–post/placebo‐controlled design and the sex of patients.ResultsEffect sizes were significantly larger for repeat than single infusion at 4 h, 24 h and 7 days. For single infusion studies, effect sizes were large and significant at 4 h, 24 h and 7 days. The percentage of males was a predictor of antidepressant response at 7 days. Effect sizes for open‐label and participant‐blind infusions were not significantly different at any time point.ConclusionsSingle ketamine infusions elicit a significant antidepressant effect from 4 h to 7 days; the small number of studies at 12–14 days post infusion failed to reach significance. Results suggest a discrepancy in peak response time depending upon primary diagnosis — 24 h for MDD and 7 days for BD. The majority of published studies have used pre–post comparison; further placebo‐controlled studies would help to clarify the effect of ketamine over time. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of urbanization and stormwater control measures on streamflows in the vicinity of Clarksburg, Maryland, USA
Authors: Rhea Lee , Jarnagin Taylor , Hogan Dianna , Loperfido J. V. , Shuster William 
Published: April 2015

AbstractUnderstanding the efficacy of revised watershed management methods is important to mitigating the impacts of urbanization on streamflow. We evaluated the influence of land use change, primarily as urbanization, and stormwater control measures on the relationship between precipitation and stream discharge over an 8‐year period for five catchments near Clarksburg, Montgomery County, Maryland, USA. A unit‐hydrograph model based on a temporal transfer function was employed to account for and standardize temporal variation in rainfall pattern, and properly apportion rainfall to streamflow at different time lags. From these lagged relationships, we quantified a correction to the precipitation time series to achieve a hydrograph that showed good agreement between precipitation and discharge records. Positive corrections appeared to include precipitation events that were of limited areal extent and therefore not captured by our rain gages. Negative corrections were analysed for potential causal relationships. We used mixed‐model statistical techniques to isolate different sources of variance as drivers that mediate the rainfall–runoff dynamic before and after management. Seasonal periodicity mediated rainfall–runoff relationships, and land uses (i.e. agriculture, natural lands, wetlands and stormwater control measures) were statistically significant predictors of precipitation apportionment to stream discharge. Our approach is one way to evaluate actual effectiveness of management efforts in the face of complicating circumstances and could be paired with cost data to understand economic efficiency or life cycle aspects of watershed management. Published 2015. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Investigating the uncertainty of satellite altimetry products for hydrodynamic modelling
Authors: Domeneghetti Alessio , Castellarin Attilio , Tarpanelli Angelica , Moramarco Tommaso 
Published: April 2015

AbstractSatellite altimetry products are increasingly used in many hydraulic applications, and recent studies demonstrate their suitability for the calibration of hydraulic models. The study investigates the effect of satellite‐data uncertainty on the calibration of a quasi‐two‐dimensional (quasi‐2D) model of the middle‐lower portion of the Po river (~140 km). We refer to extended (~16 years of observations) ERS and ENVISAT altimetry products (i.e. River and Lake Hydrology data, RLH) to investigate the effect of (i) record length (i.e. number of satellite measurements at a given satellite track) and (ii) data uncertainty (i.e. altimetry measurements errors) on the calibration of the quasi‐2D model. We first present an assessment of ERS and ENVISAT altimetry errors and then perform the investigations in a Monte Carlo framework by generating datasets of synthetic altimetry products. The results of our analysis further emphasize the suitability of satellite data for the calibration of hydraulic models, providing also a quantitative assessment of the effect of the uncertainty of altimetry products. The analysis highlights the higher accuracy of ENVISAT data, which ensures a stable calibration with ~1.5 years of data (Mean Absolute Error, MAE, lower than 0.4 m, ~0.2 m of which results directly from the uncertainty of ENVISAT data). ERS‐based calibrations become stable with longer series (~3.5–5 years of data), and the negative effect of uncertainty in ERS data is higher (i.e. MAE of 0.6–0.9 m, of which 0.4–0.6 m results from the uncertainty of ERS measurements). Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A type of novel fluorescent magnetic carbon quantum dots for cells imaging and detection
Authors: Su Xi , Xu Yi , Che Yulan , Liao Xin , Jiang Yan 
Published: April 2015

AbstractA new type of multifunctional fluorescent magnetic carbon quantum dots SPIO@CQDs(n) ([superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIO), carbon quantum dots, (CQDs)]) with magnetic and fluorescence properties was designed and prepared through layer‐by‐layer self‐assembly method. The as‐synthesized SPIO@CQDs(n) exhibited different emission colors including blue, green, and red when they were excited at different excitation wavelengths, and its fluorescent intensity increased as the increase of CQD layer (n). SPIO@CQDs(n) with quite low toxicity could mark cytoplasm with fluorescence by means of nonimmune markers. The mixture sample of liver cells L02 and hepatoma carcinoma cells HepG2 was taken as an example, and HepG2 cells were successfully separated and detected effectively by SPIO@CQDs(n), with a separation rate of 90.31%. Importantly, the designed and prepared SPIO@CQDs(n) are certified to be wonderful biological imaging and magnetic separation regents. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 103A: 3956–3964, 2015.
Frequency and clinical relevance of inconsistent code status documentation
Authors: Weinerman Adina S. , Dhalla Irfan A. , Kiss Alex , Etchells Edward E. , Wu Robert C. , Wong Brian M. 
Published: April 2015

BACKGROUNDAccurate and complete documentation of hospitalized patients' code status is important to ensure that healthcare providers take appropriate action in the event of a cardiac arrest.OBJECTIVEDetermine the frequency and clinical relevance of incomplete and inconsistent code status documentation.DESIGNPoint‐prevalence study.SETTINGAcademic medical centers.PATIENTSPatients admitted to general internal medicine wards.MEASUREMENTSFrequency and clinical relevance of inconsistent code status documentation across 5 documentation sources.RESULTSThirty‐eight (20%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 14%‐26%) of 187 patients had complete and consistent code status documentation. Another 27 (14%; 95% CI, 9%‐19%) patients had no code status documentation. The remaining 122 (65%; 95% CI, 58%‐72%) patients had at least 1 code status documentation inconsistency. Of these, 38 (20%; 95% CI, 14%‐26%) patients had a clinically relevant code status documentation inconsistency. Multivariate logistic regression analysis demonstrated that increased age (odds ratio [OR] = 1.07 [95% CI, 1.05‐1.10] for every 1‐year increase in age, P < 0.001) and patients receiving comfort measures (OR = 9.39 [95% CI, 1.35–65.19], P = 0.02) were independently associated with a clinically relevant code status documentation inconsistency.CONCLUSIONSIncomplete and inconsistent documentation of code status occurred frequently in hospitalized patients, especially elderly patients and patients receiving comfort measures. Having multiple, poorly integrated code status documentation sources leads to a significant number of concerning inconsistencies that create opportunities for healthcare providers to inappropriately deliver or withhold resuscitative measures that conflict with patients' expressed wishes. Institutions need to be aware of this potential documentation hazard and take steps to minimize code status documentation inconsistencies. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2015;10:491–496. © 2015 Society of Hospital Medicine