bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Responses to fire differ betweenSouthAfrican andNorthAmerican grassland communities
Authors: Kirkman Kevin P. , Collins Scott L. , Smith Melinda D. , Knapp Alan K. , Burkepile Deron E. , Burns Catherine E. , Fynn Richard W.S. , Hagenah Nicole , Koerner Sally E. , Matchett Katherine J. , Thompson Dave I. , Wilcox Kevin R. , Wragg Peter D. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractQuestionDoes fire frequency affect mesic grassland plant community structure and composition similarly inNorthAmerica andSouthAfrica?LocationKonzaPrairieBiologicalStation (KNZ),Kansas,USA, and Ukulinga Research Farm (URF), KwaZulu‐Natal, South Africa.MethodsPlant community structure and composition were compared among annually burned, unburned and intermediate treatments within two long‐term fire frequency manipulation experiments in native grasslands in North America and South Africa using comparable methodology over a 5‐yr period. Because fire may reduce soil nitrogen (N) availability and thus affect plant community structure, N additions were superimposed on the fire treatments as a means of assessing direct vs indirect mechanisms driving responses to fire.ResultsThe total number of species was higher atURF(183) than atKNZ(57). Overall divergence in plant community response to fire frequency occurred despite similar responses to nutrient additions. AtKNZ, more frequent fire resulted in dominance by a few, tall, deep‐rooted rhizomatous grasses (e.g.Andropogon gerardii). On unburned sites, shorter, more shade‐tolerant species such asPoa pratensisincreased in abundance, althoughA. gerardiiremained dominant. Species richness increased with decreasing fire frequency atKNZ. AtURF, frequent fire resulted in short, diverse grassland weakly dominated by a range of grass species, includingThemeda triandra,Tristachya leucothrixandHyparrhenia hirta. Decreasing fire frequency reduced species richness and resulted in dominance by a few, relatively tall caespitose grasses such asAristida junciformis. There was a complete turnover of dominant species between annually burned and unburned treatments atURF, while atKNZA. gerardiiandSorghastrum nutansoccurred across the range of treatments. N addition reduced species richness in both sites.ConclusionsDifferent responses to fire frequency betweenKNZandURFare likely linked to the dominant species and their characteristic traits, including height and method of clonal reproduction, with the rhizomatous growth form ofA. gerardiidominating the North American grassland. South Africa does not have an equivalent grass species; instead, a range of tufted, non‐rhizomatous species dominate across the fire frequency treatments atURF. Reductions in soil N due to frequent fire did not appear to be a common mechanism driving responses in community composition in these two grasslands.
Molecular epidemiology ofRabbitHaemorrhagicDiseaseVirus inAustralia: when one became many
Authors: Kovaliski John , Sinclair Ron , Mutze Greg , Peacock David , Strive Tanja , Abrantes Joana , Esteves Pedro J. , Holmes Edward C. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractRabbitHaemorrhagicDiseaseVirus (RHDV) was introduced intoAustralia in 1995 as a biological control agent against the wildEuropean rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus). We evaluated its evolution over a 16‐year period (1995–2011) by examining 50 isolates collected throughoutAustralia, as well as the original inoculum strains. Phylogenetic analysis of capsid proteinVP60 sequences of theAustralian isolates, compared with those sampled globally, revealed that they form a monophyletic group with the inoculum strains (CAPMV‐351 andRHDV351INOC). Strikingly, despite more than 3000 rereleases ofRHDV351INOCsince 1995, only a single viral lineage has sustained its transmission in the long‐term, indicative of a major competitive advantage. In addition, we find evidence for widespread viral gene flow, in which multiple lineages entered individual geographic locations, resulting in a marked turnover of viral lineages with time, as well as a continual increase in viral genetic diversity. The rate ofRHDVevolution recorded inAustralia −4.0 (3.3–4.7) × 10−3nucleotide substitutions per site per year – was higher than previously observed inRHDV, and evidence for adaptive evolution was obtained at twoVP60 residues. Finally, more intensive study of a single rabbit population (Turretfield) inSouthAustralia provided no evidence for viral persistence between outbreaks, with genetic diversity instead generated by continual strain importation.
Intrinsic functional connectivity of the brain swallowing network during subliminal esophageal acid stimulation
Authors: Babaei A. , Siwiec R. M. , Kern M. , Douglas Ward B. , Li S.‐J. , Shaker R. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractBackgroundIntrinsic synchronous fluctuations of the functional magnetic resonance imaging signal are indicative of the underlying ‘functional connectivity’ (FC) and serve as a technique to study dynamics of the neuronal networks of the human brain. Earlier studies have characterized the functional connectivity of a distributed network of brain regions involved in swallowing, called brain swallowing network (BSN). The potential modulatory effect of esophageal afferent signals on the BSN, however, has not been systematically studied.MethodsFourteen healthy volunteers underwent steady state functional magnetic resonance imaging across three conditions: (i) transnasal catheter placed in the esophagus without infusion; (ii) buffer solution infused at 1 mL/min; and (iii) acidic solution infused at 1 mL/min. Data were preprocessed according to the standard FC analysis pipeline. We determined the correlation coefficient values of pairs of brain regions involved in swallowing and calculated average group FC matrices across conditions. Effects of subliminal esophageal acidification and nasopharyngeal intubation were determined.Key ResultsSubliminal esophageal acid stimulation augmented the overall FC of the right anterior insula and specifically the FC to the left inferior parietal lobule. Conscious stimulation by nasopharyngeal intubation reduced the overall FC of the right posterior insula, particularly the FC to the right prefrontal operculum.Conclusions & InferencesThe FC of BSN is amenable to modulation by sensory input. The modulatory effect of sensory pharyngoesophageal stimulation on BSN is mainly mediated through changes in the FC of the insula. The alteration induced by subliminal visceral esophageal acid stimulation is in different insular connections compared with that of conscious somatic pharyngeal stimulation.
The development of pediatric fluid resuscitation: an interview with Dr. Frederic A. ‘Fritz’ Berry
Authors: Mai Christine L. , Yaster Myron , Chu Larry , Ahmed Zulfiqar , Firth Paul G. 
Published: November 2013

SummaryDr. Frederic A. ‘Fritz’ Berry (1935), Professor Emeritus of Anesthesiology and Pediatrics at the University of Virginia, has played a pioneering role in the development of pediatric anesthesiology through training generations of anesthesiologists. He identifies his early advocacy of balanced electrolyte solution for perioperative fluid resuscitation as his defining contribution. Based on his clinical experiences, he pushed to extend the advances in adult fluid resuscitation into pediatric practice. He imparted these and other insights to his colleagues although textbooks, book chapters, original journal publications, and decades of Refresher Course Lectures at the American Society of Anesthesiologists' annual meetings. A model educator, clinician, and researcher, he shaped the careers of hundreds of physicians‐in‐training while advancing the field of pediatric anesthesiology.
Implementation of a Diabetes Prevention Program in Public Housing Communities
Authors: Whittemore Robin , Rosenberg Alana , Gilmore Lisa , Withey Mary , Breault Allison 
Published: November 2013

AbstractObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to describe the process of implementing a diabetes prevention program provided by homecare nurses to residents of public housing communities.Design and SampleA cluster randomization pilot study was conducted comparing enhanced standard care (2 interactive classes on diabetes prevention) to a diabetes prevention program (7 interactive classes and behavioral support). The sample (n = 67) was primarily female (79%), nonwhite (76%), unpartnered (83%), with a mean age of 40 years, and an average of 3 children. Mixed methods were used to evaluate the implementation process.MeasuresData were collected on attendance, attrition, and protocol implementation. Interviews were conducted with nurses and community health workers who assisted with program implementation.ResultsHomecare nurses were able to implement a diabetes prevention program in public housing communities, with a protocol implementation of 83% across classes and groups. Attendance was suboptimal with 60% for the enhanced standard care group and 54% for the diabetes prevention group. Nurses and community health workers were resourceful and positive about program implementation.ConclusionLinking existing resources, such as a homecare agency with a public housing community, is one approach to disseminate diabetes prevention programs.
CYFRA 21‐1 as a disease severity marker for autoimmune pulmonary alveolar proteinosis
Authors: Arai Toru , Inoue Yoshikazu , Sugimoto Chikatoshi , Inoue Yasushi , Nakao Keiko , Takeuchi Naoko , Matsumuro Akiko , Hirose Masaki , Nakata Koh , Hayashi Seiji 
Published: November 2013

AbstractBackground and objectiveSerum markers, including Krebs von den Lungen (KL‐6), surfactant protein (SP)‐D, SP‐A and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), are reported to reflect autoimmune pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (APAP) disease severity. We evaluated serum CYFRA21‐1 levels as a marker of APAP.MethodsIn addition to KL‐6, SP‐D and CEA, we prospectively measured serum CYFRA 21‐1 levels in 48 patients with APAP, consecutively diagnosed between 2002 and 2010. Diagnostic usefulness of CYFRA 21‐1 was determined from 68 patients with interstitial lung diseases by receiver operator characteristic curve analysis. We evaluated the association between these serum markers and other disease severity markers, including pulmonary function parameters, alveolar‐arterial oxygen gradient, British Medical Research Council score reflecting shortness of breath, and disease severity score. CYFRA 21‐1 localization in the lung was examined by immunohistochemistry.ResultsReceiver operator characteristic curve demonstrated that CYFRA 21‐1 effectively identified APAP. Serum CYFRA 21‐1 levels at diagnosis were significantly associated with the measured disease severity parameters. Following whole lung lavage (n = 10) and granulocyte‐macrophage colony‐stimulating factor (GM‐CSF) inhalation (n = 20), serum CYFRA 21‐1 levels were significantly decreased. Responders (n = 11) to GM‐CSF inhalation revealed significantly higher serum CYFRA 21‐1 levels than non‐responders (n = 9). Serum CYFRA 21‐1 appeared to be a significant predictor of effectiveness of GM‐CSF based on regression analysis. Immunohistochemistry showed that CYFRA 21‐1 was localized on hyperplastic alveolar type II cells and lipoproteinaceous substances in alveoli.ConclusionsSerum CYFRA 21‐1 is a sensitive and useful serum marker for diagnosis and evaluation of disease severity of APAP, and may predict the response to GM‐CSF inhalation.
Facilitators and barriers to twice daily tooth brushing among children with special health care needs
Authors: Campanaro Maria , Huebner Colleen E. , Davis Beth Ellen 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTPurposeThe oral hygiene routines of preschool‐age children with special health care needs (CSHCN) were examined to identify caregiver behaviors and beliefs associated with twice daily tooth brushing.MethodsNinety caregivers of CSHCN, ages 23 to 62 months, were interviewed to determine supports or barriers to tooth brushing.ResultsNinety‐eight percent of caregivers had begun brushing their child's teeth and half reported brushing twice daily. Caregivers’ brushing skills and the availability of child‐friendly supplies were associated with twice daily versus less frequent brushing (p = .02).ConclusionsThis study adds insight into the challenges of establishing daily oral health care for children who must rely on others for their care. The facilitators and barriers to tooth brushing by caregivers of CSHCN are similar to those noted previously among parents of typically developing children. Efforts to improve all caregivers’ oral hygiene skills are needed. For caregivers of CSHCN, oral health teaching opportunities may exist among professionals who provide ongoing medical care, special services and therapies.
Nurses' narratives on termination of primary nursing relationship with parents in neonatal intensive care
Authors: Korhonen Anne , Kangasniemi Mari 
Published: November 2013

BackgroundPrimary nursing working model in the neonatal intensive care unit enables a long‐lasting caring relationship with the infants and their parents. Terminating this kind of relationship is seldom discussed.AimThe aim of the study was to describe nurses' experiences of terminating the primary nursing relationship with the parents in neonatal intensive care.MethodsQualitative design using narrative method was used because there is a little knowledge relating to the topic. The data were collected with active interviews and analysed with narrative analysis. Seven nurses with experience of neonatal intensive care and primary nursing were recruited by convenience sampling. The approval was granted according to the hospital guidelines.ResultsThe results gave rise to the three narratives that described the relationship between the primary nurse and the parents as the nursing relationship ends. All narratives shared a common plot, ‘regulation of the closeness on nursing relationship', but it was manifested in different ways in each narrative. The plot in the narratives changed on a closeness–distance axis according to how the primary nurse regulated the nursing relationship and its termination. In the first narrative, the regulation of the relationship promoted distance, in the second connection and in the third closeness and connection.ConclusionsThe long‐lasting nature of the primary nursing working model may allow different caring relationships which will be revealed in terminating phase of care. This phenomenon is poorly recognised. It is important to study the caring relationship between the primary nurse and the parents of a hospitalised child, because the caring relationship is the core of nursing and needs to be considered in research and supported in practice.
Changing patient population in Dhaka Hospital and Matlab Hospital of icddr,b
Authors: Das S. K. , Rahman A. , Chisti M. J. , Ahmed S. , Malek M. A. , Salam M. A. , Bardhan P. K. , Faruque A. S. G. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe Diarrhoeal Disease Surveillance System of icddr,b noted increasing number of patients ≥60 years at urban Dhaka and rural Matlab from 2001 to 2012. Shigella and Vibrio cholerae were more frequently isolated from elderly people than children under 5 years and adults aged 5–59 in both areas. The resistance observed to various drugs of Shigella in Dhaka and Matlab was trimethoprim–sulphamethoxazole (72–63%), ampicillin (43–55%), nalidixic acid (58–61%), mecillinam (12–9%), azithromycin (13–0%), ciprofloxacin (11–13%) and ceftriaxone (11–0%). Vibrio cholerae isolated in Dhaka and Matlab was resistant to trimethoprim–sulphamethoxazole (98–94%), furazolidone (100%), erythromycin (71–53%), tetracycline (46–44%), ciprofloxacin (3–10%) and azithromycin (3–0%).
English‐medium instruction at a university in Macau: Policy and realities
Authors: BOTHA WERNER 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTThis paper discusses the sociolinguistic background to the use of English in higher education in Macau by presenting the results of a sociolinguistic survey on the use of English in a privately‐owned university in the special administrative region of Macau. A survey of language use and attitudes was administered to 26 teaching staff and 227 undergraduate students at the university in mid‐2012. The results report on the status and functions of English at the university, as well as attitudes and ideologies. However, they also point to a gap between the stated policy of the institution and the realities of language use at the university, and also provide insights into the ways in which English is used outside the formal curriculum.
Lipid A’s Structure Mediates Neisseria gonorrhoeae Fitness during Experimental Infection of Mice and Men
Authors: Hobbs Marcia M. , Anderson James E. , Balthazar Jacqueline T. , Kandler Justin L. , Carlson Russell W. , Ganguly Jhuma , Begum Afrin A. , Duncan Joseph A. , Lin Jessica T. , Sparling P. Frederick , Jerse Ann E. , Shafer William M. 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACT

Phosphoethanolamine (PEA) on
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
lipid A influences gonococcal inflammatory signaling and susceptibility to innate host defenses in
in vitro
models. Here, we evaluated the role of PEA-decorated gonococcal lipid A in competitive infections in female mice and in male volunteers. We inoculated mice and men with mixtures of wild-type
N. gonorrhoeae
and an isogenic mutant that lacks the PEA transferase, LptA. LptA production conferred a marked survival advantage for wild-type gonococci in the murine female genital tract and in the human male urethra. Our studies translate results from test tube to animal model and into the human host and demonstrate the utility of the mouse model for studies of virulence factors of the human-specific pathogen
N. gonorrhoeae
that interact with non-host-restricted elements of innate immunity. These results validate the use of gonococcal LptA as a potential target for development of novel immunoprophylactic strategies or antimicrobial treatments.

IMPORTANCE
Gonorrhea is one of the most common bacterial sexually transmitted infections, and increasing antibiotic resistance threatens the use of currently available antimicrobial therapies. In this work, encompassing
in vitro
studies and
in vivo
studies of animal and human models of experimental genital tract infection, we document the importance of lipid A’s structure, mediated by a single bacterial enzyme, LptA, in enhancing the fitness of
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
. The results of these studies suggest that novel agents targeting LptA may offer urgently needed prevention or treatment strategies for gonorrhea.
Use of symptom-relieving drugs before and after surgery for urinary incontinence in women: a cohort study
Authors: Guldberg Rikke , Brostrøm Søren , Kesmodel Ulrik Schiøler , Kærlev Linda , Hansen Jesper Kjær , Hallas Jesper , Nørgård Bente Mertz 
Published: November 2013

ObjectiveTo describe the use of symptom-relieving drugs (antimuscarinic drugs or duloxetine) before and after surgery for urinary incontinence (UI); and for those with use of antimuscarinic drugs or duloxetine before surgery, to estimate the risk of being a postoperative user, relative to those without use before surgery.DesignA historical population-based cohort study.SettingDenmark.ParticipantsWomen ≥18 years with a first-time surgical procedure for UI from the county of Funen, Denmark between 1 January 1996 and 31 December 2006, extended to the Region of Southern Denmark from 1 January 2007 to the end of 2010. For these women, data on redeemed prescriptions ±365 days of date of surgery were extracted.Main outcome measuresEffect of preoperative use of antimuscarinic drugs or duloxetine on the risk of being a postoperative user of these drugs.ResultsOf 2151 women with a first-time surgical procedure for UI, 358 (16.6%) were preoperative users of antimuscarinic drugs or duloxetine and 1793 were not (83.4%). A total of 110 (30.7%) of the preoperative users also redeemed prescriptions for these drugs within 0–60 days after surgery, and 152 (42.5%) of the preoperative users redeemed prescriptions for these drugs within 61–365 days after surgery. Among preoperative non-users, 25 (1.4%) and 145 (8.1%) redeemed prescriptions within 0–60 and 61–365 days after surgery, respectively. Presurgery exposure to antimuscarinic drugs or duloxetine was a strong risk factor of postoperative drug use, both within 0–60 days (adjusted OR=33.0, 95% CI 20.0 to 54.7) and 61–365 days (OR=7.2, 95% CI 5.4 to 9.6).ConclusionsA substantial number of women will continue to be prescribed symptom-relieving drugs after surgery for UI within a year of follow-up. Only a minority of preoperative non-users initiated usage of symptom-relieving drugs after surgery. Compared with other factors included in the regression model, preoperative use of antimuscarinic drugs or duloxetine was the strongest risk factor for postoperative use.
A pyroclastic flow deposit on Venus
Authors: Ghail Richard C. , Wilson Lionel 
Published: November 2013

Abstract

Explosive volcanism on Venus is severely inhibited by its high atmospheric pressure and lack of water. This paper shows that a deposit located near 16°S, 145°E, here referred to as Scathach Fluctus, displays a number of morphological characteristics consistent with a pyroclastic flow deposit. These characteristics, particularly the lack of channelization and evidence for momentum- rather than cooling-limited flow length, contrast with fissure-fed lava flow deposits. The total erupted volume is estimated to have been between 225 and 875 km
3
but this may have been emplaced in more than one event. Interaction between Scathach Fluctus and a small volcanic cone constrains the flow velocity to 48 m s
−1
, and plausible volatile concentrations to at least 1.8 wt% H
2
O, 4.3 wt% CO
2
or 6.1 wt% SO
2
, the latter two values implying that magma was sourced directly from the mantle. The deposit has radar characteristics, particularly an exponential backscatter function, that are similar to those of nearly half the planetary surface, implying that pyroclastic deposits may be much more common on Venus than has been recognized to date, and suggesting both a relatively volatile-rich mantle and a volcanic source for atmospheric SO
2
.