bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Recent Development in the Investigation on Thermal Conductivity of Silicate Melts
Authors: Hasegawa Hiroki , Ohta Hiromichi , Shibata Hiroyuki , Waseda Yoshio 
Published: September 2012

AbstractAccurate values of thermal conductivity of the silicate melts systematically measured as a function of chemical composition are necessary to understand a mechanism of heat transfer in the silicate melts. Hot wire method and laser flash methods have been used to measure thermal conductivity or thermal diffusivity of oxides melts at high temperatures. Laser flash method has been improved to measure thermal diffusivity of oxides melts with high accuracy. However the effects of radiative heat transfer and low electrical resistivity of samples have been made it difficult to derive precise values. To overcome these difficulties, a front-heating front-detection laser flash method with use of high time resolution detector has been proposed. The temperature response at the bottom surface of thin platinum cell containing sample irradiated by pulse laser is measured. The measurement techniques used for measurement oxide melts are compared. Then, thermal conductivity of Al2O3-Na2O-CaO-SiO2 silicate melts was measured at temperature up to 1830 K. Thermal conductivity of the molten silicate shows insignificant temperature dependence for all investigated melts. A fairly good correlation has been found between the thermal conductivity and the value of NBO/T (Non-Bridging Oxygen ions/Tetrahedrally coordinated cation) calculated from the chemical composition. The thermal conductivity increases with decrease of NBO/T for small NBO/T value and becomes constant for larger NBO/T value.
Thermodynamic Prediction of Spinodal Decomposition in Multi-component Silicate Glass for Design of Functional Porous Glass Materials
Authors: Suzuki Masanori , Tanaka Toshihiro 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThe authors have investigated metastable phase separation in multi-component silicate glass for the fabrication of porous glass from multi-component slag. Spinodal decomposition forms an interconnected microstructure in glass spontaneously, and porous glass is obtained by leaching one of the decomposed phases with an acid solution. This porous glass can be used for a filter to remove impurities in polluted water or air. In this study, the metastable miscibility gap was predicted in multi-component silicate glass using thermodynamic analyses where glass was regarded as a super-cooled liquid phase. Occurrence of spinodal decomposition was observed in annealed glass, and it corresponded to the predicted miscibility gap. Then, we fabricated porous glass using spinodal decomposition in multi-component borosilicate glass and by removing one of the decomposed phases. Furthermore, for the creation of functional porous glass applicable for environmental purification, the spinodal decomposition was prepared in multi-component borosilicate glass containing titanium oxide based on the predicted metastable miscibility gap in multi-component silicate glass.
Additions of Salt Cake and KAlF4 from Aluminum Production to Steelmaking Slags
Authors: Sweet G.A. , Ferenczy S. , Caley W.F. , Kipouros G.J. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractFluorspar, a mineral primarily composed of CaF2 is the most commonly used slag fluidizer in steelmaking. Due to increasing costs for fluorspar steelmakers are seeking alternative means of achieving slag fluidity. The research has concentrated on other minerals or the wastes of other high temperature operating industries. A promising alternative to fluorspar has been identified in a previous work from this laboratory which is the salt cake from secondary aluminum production such as the flux in remelting aluminum scrap and dross. This material is widely available and also considered toxic (meaning that use in steelmaking helps to reduce environmental impacts from disposal). The present work is an investigation of the viability of using mixtures of salt cake and KAlF4 in slag-fluidizing applications by measurements of viscosity and weight loss at high temperatures (to evaluate whether large amounts of potentially harmful gases are formed). In addition, characterization of raw materials and melted slags has been performed. In terms of fluidity the mixtures of aluminum salt cake and KAlF4 are qualified for use as fluidizers. The results of the present study will be used to design plant trials.
Increased Expression of the Glucocorticoid Receptor β in Infants With RSV Bronchiolitis
Authors: Diaz Patricia V. , Pinto Ricardo A. , Mamani Rossana , Uasapud Paola A. , Bono Maria R. , Gaggero Aldo A. , Guerrero Julia , Goecke Annelise 
Published: September 2012

OBJECTIVES:
The majority of studies on glucocorticoid treatment in respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) bronchiolitis concluded that there are no beneficial effects. We hypothesized that RSV-infected patients may have an increased glucocorticoid receptor (GR) β expression, the isoform that is unable to bind cortisol and exert an antiinflammatory action.

METHODS:
By using real-time polymerase chain reaction, we studied the expression of α and β GR in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells obtained from 49 RSV-infected infants (&lt;1 year of age) with severe (n = 29) and mild to moderate (n = 20) illness. In plasma, we analyzed the level of cortisol by radioimmunoassay and inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-10, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, IL-1β, IL-8, IL-12p70, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, interferon-γ, and IL-17 by cytometric beads assay. Statistical analysis was performed by nonparametric analysis of variance.

RESULTS:
We found a significant increase of β GR expression in patients with severe illness compared with those with mild disease (P &lt; .001) and with a group of healthy controls (P &lt; .01). The α:β GR ratio decreased significantly in infants with severe disease compared with those with mild illness (P &lt; .01) and with normal controls (P &lt; .001). The expression of β GR was positively correlated with the clinical score of severity (r = .54; P &lt; .0001).

CONCLUSIONS:
The decrease of the α:β GR ratio by an increase of β receptors expression is related to illness severity and may partly explain the insensitivity to corticoid treatment in RSV-infected infants. The increased expression of β GR could be a marker of disease severity.
Evaluation of Interobserver Agreement of Apgar Scoring in Preterm Infants
Authors: Bashambu Monuj T. , Whitehead Halana , Hibbs Anna Maria , Martin Richard J. , Bhola Monika 
Published: September 2012

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES:Apgar scoring is accepted by medical professionals both as a measure of the infant’s clinical status and the infant’s response to resuscitation. Recent studies, however, have suggested significant variability when used for scoring preterm infants. We hypothesized that agreement in Apgar scoring would improve with increasing gestational age and at low levels of respiratory support. We also hypothesized that grimace and muscle tone would demonstrate the least agreement.METHODS:Neonatologists from the Perinatal Section of the American Academy of Pediatrics were presented with 4 film clip cases via a secure online survey: (1) full-term infant in room air; (2) 28 weeks’ gestation infant with continuous positive airway pressure; (3) 28 weeks’ gestation infant intubated; and (4) 24 weeks’ gestation infant intubated. Participants were shown 30-second clips at 1, 5, and 10 minutes of life and were asked to provide Apgar scores. κ coefficients were used to compare agreement for each component.RESULTS:A total of 335 neonatologists participated in the survey. κ coefficients in the full-term infant for respiratory effort (0.94, 0.91), grimace (0.91, 0.90), and muscle tone (0.91, 0.89) demonstrated almost perfect agreement at 1 and 5 minutes. For preterm infants, respiratory effort (range: 0.07–0.40), muscle tone (range: 0.10–0.75), and grimace (range: 0.11–0.71) all demonstrated disagreement at 1, 5, and 10 minutes of life unless the infants were apneic and limp.CONCLUSIONS:An improved delivery room score that decreases variability among medical care professionals is needed to accurately reflect the clinical status of preterm infants.
Erythropoietin for Neuroprotection in Neonatal Encephalopathy: Safety and Pharmacokinetics
Authors: Wu Yvonne W. , Bauer Larry A. , Ballard Roberta A. , Ferriero Donna M. , Glidden David V. , Mayock Dennis E. , Chang Taeun , Durand David J. , Song Dongli , Bonifacio Sonia L. , Gonzalez Fernando F. , Glass Hannah C. , Juul Sandra E. 
Published: September 2012

OBJECTIVE:
To determine the safety and pharmacokinetics of erythropoietin (Epo) given in conjunction with hypothermia for hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE). We hypothesized that high dose Epo would produce plasma concentrations that are neuroprotective in animal studies (ie, maximum concentration = 6000–10 000 U/L; area under the curve = 117 000–140 000 U*h/L).

METHODS:
In this multicenter, open-label, dose-escalation, phase I study, we enrolled 24 newborns undergoing hypothermia for HIE. All patients had decreased consciousness and acidosis (pH &lt; 7.00 or base deficit ≥ 12), 10-minute Apgar score ≤ 5, or ongoing resuscitation at 10 minutes. Patients received 1 of 4 Epo doses intravenously: 250 (N = 3), 500 (N = 6), 1000 (N = 7), or 2500 U/kg per dose (N = 8). We gave up to 6 doses every 48 hours starting at &lt;24 hours of age and performed pharmacokinetic and safety analyses.

RESULTS:
Patients received mean 4.8 ± 1.2 Epo doses. Although Epo followed nonlinear pharmacokinetics, excessive accumulation did not occur during multiple dosing. At 500, 1000, and 2500 U/kg Epo, half-life was 7.2, 15.0, and 18.7 hours; maximum concentration was 7046, 13 780, and 33 316 U/L, and total Epo exposure (area under the curve) was 50 306, 131 054, and 328 002 U*h/L, respectively. Drug clearance at a given dose was slower than reported in uncooled preterm infants. No deaths or serious adverse effects were seen.

CONCLUSIONS:
Epo 1000 U/kg per dose intravenously given in conjunction with hypothermia is well tolerated and produces plasma concentrations that are neuroprotective in animals. A large efficacy trial is needed to determine whether Epo add-on therapy further improves outcome in infants undergoing hypothermia for HIE.
Assessment and Management of Inguinal Hernia in Infants
Authors: Wang Kasper S. ,   COMMITTEE ON FETUS AND NEWBORN,   SECTION ON SURGERY, Papile Lu-Ann , Baley Jill E. , Benitz William , Cummings James , Carlo Waldemar A. , Kumar Praveen , Polin Richard A. , Tan Rosemarie C. , Watterberg Kristi L. , Brandt Mary L. , Shamberger Robert C. , Caty Michael G. , Heiss Kurt F. , Holcomb George W. , Meyers Rebecka L. , Moss R. Lawrence , Rescorla Frederick J. 
Published: September 2012

This Clinical Report was reaffirmed May 2021.
Inguinal hernia repair in infants is a routine surgical procedure. However, numerous issues, including timing of the repair, the need to explore the contralateral groin, use of laparoscopy, and anesthetic approach, remain unsettled. Given the lack of compelling data, consideration should be given to large, prospective, randomized controlled trials to determine best practices for the management of inguinal hernias in infants.
Fertility Preservation and Pregnancy in Women With and Without BRCA Mutation–Positive Breast Cancer
Authors: Rodriguez-Wallberg Kenny A. , Oktay Kutluk 
Published: September 2012

Abstract

Learning Objectives
After completing this course, the reader will be able to: Discuss the difficulties in fertility preservation for women with BRCA positive/negative breast cancer.Cite some of the effective methods for preserving fertility.Describe the utilization of aromatase inhibitors as ovarian stimulants to reduce estrogen exposure in women with breast cancer attempting fertility preservation via embryo or oocyte cryopreservation.
CME This article is available for continuing medical education credit at CME.TheOncologist.com
Women with breast cancer face many challenges when considering fertility preservation. Delayed referral results in the limitation of fertility preservation options because most established methods, such as embryo and oocyte cryopreservation, require several weeks to complete. Women with BRCA mutations, on the other hand, may be more aware of fertility issues and motivated to see fertility preservation specialists earlier. Fear of exposure to estrogen limits access to fertility preservation via embryo or oocyte cryopreservation; however, the use of aromatase inhibitors as ovarian stimulants reduces such concern. Ovarian cryopreservation can be used when there is insufficient time to perform ovarian stimulation because this technique does not require hormonal stimulation, but there are safety concerns both in women with BRCA mutations and in patients with hormone receptor–positive disease as well. There does not seem to be a proven ovarian suppression strategy to preserve fertility in women with breast cancer. Pregnancy appears to be safe for breast cancer survivors but studies specific for women with BRCA mutations are lacking. Women with BRCA mutations may elect to use preimplantation genetic diagnosis during in vitro fertilization to avoid transmitting the mutation, but there may be psychosocial difficulties in entertaining this option. Overall, the last decade has brought many options for women with breast cancer considering fertility preservation, but numerous challenges remain. The presence of BRCA mutations further contributes to these challenges.
A Comment on the International Society of Geriatric Oncology Guidelines: Evidence-Based Advice for the Clinical Setting
Authors: Fitzpatrick John M. , Graefen Markus , Payne Heather A. , Scotté Florian , Aapro Matti S. 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
Largely a disease of older men, prostate cancer is likely to become a growing burden in the developed world as the population ages and overall life expectancy increases. Furthermore, prostate cancer management in older men is not optimal, reflecting the lack of training dedicated to senior adults in fellowship programs and the lack of specific guidelines to manage senior adults. The International Society of Geriatric Oncology (SIOG) convened a multidisciplinary Prostate Cancer Working Group to review the evidence base and provide advice on the management of the disease in senior age groups. The Working Group reported that advancing age, by itself, is not a reliable guide to treatment decision making for men with either localized or advanced prostate cancer. Instead, the SIOG guidelines advise health care teams to assess the patient's underlying health status, which is largely dictated by associated comorbid conditions, but also by dependency in activities of daily living and nutritional status, and to use the findings to categorize the individual into one of four groups: healthy, vulnerable, frail, or terminally ill. The guidelines recommend that a patient categorized as healthy or vulnerable (i.e., with reversible problems following geriatric intervention) should receive the same approach to treatment as a younger patient. Frail patients should be managed using adapted treatment strategies, and the terminally ill should receive symptomatic/palliative care only. The guidelines may have ongoing relevance as the treatment options for prostate cancer expand.
Comparison of Surgical Stripping; Erbium‐Doped:Yttrium, Aluminum, and Garnet Laser; and Carbon Dioxide Laser Techniques for Gingival Depigmentation: A Clinical and Histologic Study
Authors: Hegde Rashmi , Padhye Ashvini , Sumanth S. , Jain A. Sanjay , Thukral Naresh 
Published: September 2012

Background: Gingival melanin depigmentation procedures are commonly associated with recurrence of pigmentation, which starts with migration of melanocytes from the adjacent free gingiva. The extent and rate of recurrence varies according to the treatment modalities used and duration of follow‐up. The aim of this study is to compare the surgical stripping; carbon dioxide (CO2); and erbium‐doped:yttrium, aluminum, and garnet (Er:YAG) laser techniques for gingival depigmentation and to evaluate their effect on histologic changes in melanocyte activity and clinical repigmentation.Methods: In this study, 140 sites from 35 patients with bilateral melanin hyperpigmentation were treated with surgical stripping (two sites per patient), “epithelial‐peel” (CO2 laser, 2 to 4 W, continuous wave),and “brushstroke” (Er:YAG laser, 180 mJ, 10 Hz, long pulse) techniques. Surgical microscope monitoring was performed intraoperatively. Patient preference and perception of pain, change in Dummett oral pigmentation index (DOPI), Hedin index, and change in area of pigmentation from baseline to 6 months postoperatively were recorded. Twenty samples each from the three treatment modalities were selected for histologic analysis using hematoxylin and eosin and dihydroxyphenylalanine oxidase special stains.Results: At the 6‐month postoperative visit, 15 of 70 (21.4%) and three of 20 (15%) of the surgical‐treated; 10 of 35 (28.6%) and six of 20 (30%) of the Er:YAG‐laser‐treated; and eight of 35 (22.8%) and four of 20 (20%) of the CO2‐laser‐treated sites showed clinical and histologic repigmentation, respectively. Paired t test, analysis of variance, and χ2 tests were used for statistical analyses. P values for comparison of microscopic evaluation, change in DOPI, Hedin index, and area of pigmentation were 0.001, which were statistically significant. Comparison for patient preference and pain indices gave statistically significant values for Er:YAG laser depigmentation (P = 0.001).Conclusions: Clinical repigmentation after gingival depigmentation is an outcome of histologic changes in the melanocyte activity and density of the melanin pigments. Surgical stripping for gingival depigmentation remains the gold standard; however, Er:YAG laser and CO2 lasers can be effectively used but with distinct differences.
Bone‐to‐Implant Contact Around Immediately Loaded Direct Laser Metal‐Forming Transitional Implants in Human Posterior Maxilla
Authors: Shibli Jamil A. , Mangano Carlo , Mangano Francesco , Rodrigues José A. , Cassoni Alessandra , Bechara Karen , Ferreia Jose Divino B. , Dottore Alexandre M. , Iezzi Giovanna , Piattelli Adriano 
Published: September 2012

Objective:Direct laser metal forming (DLMF) is a procedure in which a high‐power laser beam is directed onto a metal powder bed and programmed to fuse particles according to a computer‐aided design file, generating a thin metal layer. This histologic study evaluated the bone‐to‐implant contact (BIC%) around immediately loaded DLMF transitional implants retrieved after 2 months from posterior human maxillae.Methods:Twelve totally edentulous individuals (mean age, 66.14 ± 2.11 years) received DLMF transitional implants divided in twelve immediately loaded (IL) and twelve unloaded (UI) implants. These transitional implants were placed between conventional implants to support the interim complete maxillary denture during the healing period. After 8 weeks, the transitional implants and the surrounding tissue were removed and prepared for histomorphometric analysis.Results:Mature woven preexisting bone lined by newly formed bone in early stages of maturation were found around all retrieved implants. Histometric evaluation indicated that the mean BIC% was 45.20 ± 7.68% and 34.10 ± 7.85% for IL and UI, respectively (P<0.05).Conclusion:The present data obtained in humans showed that, although both IL and UI presented good BIC%, IL DLMF implants had a higher BIC% in the posterior maxilla.
Doxycycline‐Loaded β‐Tricalcium Phosphate Release Following EDTA Root Surface Etching Improved the Clinical Outcomes in Chronic Periodontitis: An In Vivo Study
Authors: Gamal Ahmed Y. , Kumper Radi M. , Al Gendy Abd El Reheem R. 
Published: September 2012

Background: The main objective of the present study is to quantify doxycycline (DOX) release from β‐tricalcium phosphate (β‐TCP) after EDTA root surface treatment.Methods: Thirty systemically healthy patients with ≥1 paired contralateral interproximal intrabony defect ≥4 mm deep along with an interproximal probing depth ≥6 mm and clinical attachment level ≥4 mm were randomized into two groups. Group 1 (G1) consisted of sites treated with open flap debridement followed by placement of DOX blended with β‐TCP (DOX‐β‐TCP), whereas group 2 (G2) sites were treated with flap surgery followed by the placement of DOX blended with β‐TCP after EDTA etching of the exposed root surfaces (DOX‐β‐TCP + EDTA). Samples of gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) were obtained 1, 3, 7, 14, and 21 days after surgery. Quantitative measurements of DOX were taken with high‐performance liquid chromatography. Clinical evaluation and follow‐up for 6 months were performed.Results: At 21 days, the DOX‐β‐TCP + EDTA–treated group showed a 194.7 µg/mL value. The DOX‐β‐TCP + EDTA–treated group retained more DOX during the periods of 3, 7, 10, 14, and 21 days than the DOX‐β‐TCP–treated group. Six months after therapy, DOX‐β‐TCP + EDTA–treated sites showed more significant clinical improvements compared to DOX‐β‐TCP–treated sites (P ≤ 0.05).Conclusions: EDTA root surface etching enhances DOX availability in the GCF following its release from β‐TCP as a drug carrier.
Induction of Toll‐Like Receptor Expression by Porphyromonas gingivalis
Authors: Wara‐aswapati Nawarat , Chayasadom Anek , Surarit Rudee , Pitiphat Waranuch , Boch Jason A. , Nagasawa Toshiyuki , Ishikawa Isao , Izumi Yuichi 
Published: September 2012

Background: Toll‐like receptors (TLRs) play pivotal roles in host immune responses and have been suggested to be involved in the development of many infectious diseases. In this study, the mRNA expression levels of TLR2, TLR4, and TLR9 and their relationship with periodontopathic bacteria in periodontal tissue are examined. Furthermore, the mechanism of TLR induction by Porphyromonas gingivalis is investigated in human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs).Methods: Gingival tissue and subgingival plaque samples were collected from 19 patients with chronic periodontitis (CP) and 16 control individuals without periodontitis. Gene expression levels in the tissues and in HGFs were analyzed by reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR). The numbers of periodontopathic bacteria were determined by quantitative real‐time PCR.Results: The expression levels of TLR2 and TLR9 were significantly higher in the tissues of patients with CP compared to the tissues of control individuals. The mRNA levels of TLR2 and TLR9, but not TLR4, were positively correlated with the number of P. gingivalis in subgingival plaque. P. gingivalis sonicated extract, P. gingivalis lipopolysaccharide, P. gingivalis DNA, and tumor necrosis factor‐α(TNF‐α) could significantly upregulate the mRNA expression of TLR2 in HGFs. Furthermore, P. gingivalis–mediated TLR2 expression was suppressed by TNF‐α antibody.Conclusions: This study suggests that P. gingivalis infection induces TLR2 and TLR9 upregulation in patients with CP. P. gingivalis–induced TLR2 expression in HGFs is partially dependent on TNF‐α and may lead to sensitization of HGFs to bacterial components encountered in the periodontal microenvironment.