bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A novel approach in electron beam radiation therapy of lips carcinoma: A Monte Carlo study
Authors: Shokrani Parvaneh , Baradaran‐Ghahfarokhi Milad , Zadeh Maryam Khorami 
Published: March 2013

Purpose:Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is commonly treated by electron beam radiotherapy (EBRT) followed by a boost via brachytherapy. Considering the limitations associated with brachytherapy, in this study, a novel boosting technique in EBRT of lip carcinoma using an internal shield as an internal dose enhancer tool (IDET) was evaluated. An IDET is referred to a partially covered internal shield located behind the lip. It was intended to show that while the backscattered electrons are absorbed in the portion covered with a low atomic number material, they will enhance the target dose in the uncovered area.Methods:Monte‐Carlo models of 6 and 8 MeV electron beams were developed using BEAMnrc code and were validated against experimental measurements. Using the developed models, dose distributions in a lip phantom were calculated and the effect of an IDET on target dose enhancement was evaluated. Typical lip thicknesses of 1.5 and 2.0 cm were considered. A 5 × 5 cm2 of lead covered by 0.5 cm of polystyrene was used as an internal shield, while a 4 × 4 cm2 uncovered area of the shield was used as the dose enhancer.Results:Using the IDET, the maximum dose enhancement as a percentage of dose at dmax of the unshielded field was 157.6% and 136.1% for 6 and 8 MeV beams, respectively. The best outcome was achieved for lip thickness of 1.5 cm and target thickness of less than 0.8 cm. For lateral dose coverage of planning target volume, the 80% isodose curve at the lip‐IDET interface showed a 1.2 cm expansion, compared to the unshielded field.Conclusions:This study showed that a boost concomitant EBRT of lip is possible by modifying an internal shield into an IDET. This boosting method is especially applicable to cases in which brachytherapy faces limitations, such as small thicknesses of lips and targets located at the buccal surface of the lip.
Phase I, Single-Dose, Dose-Escalating Study of Inhaled Dry Powder Capreomycin: a New Approach to Therapy of Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis
Authors: Dharmadhikari Ashwin S. , Kabadi Mohan , Gerety Bob , Hickey Anthony J. , Fourie P. Bernard , Nardell Edward 
Published: March 2013

ABSTRACTMultidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) threatens global TB control. The lengthy treatment includes one of the injectable drugs kanamycin, amikacin, and capreomycin, usually for the first 6 months. These drugs have potentially serious toxicities, and when given as intramuscular injections, dosing can be painful. Advances in particulate drug delivery have led to the formulation of capreomycin as the first antituberculosis drug available as a microparticle dry powder for inhalation and clinical study. Delivery by aerosol may result in successful treatment with lower doses. Here we report a phase I, single-dose, dose-escalating study aimed at demonstrating safety and tolerability in healthy subjects and measuring pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters. Twenty healthy adults (n= 5 per group) were recruited to self-administer a single dose of inhaled dry powder capreomycin (25-mg, 75-mg, 150-mg, or 300-mg nominal dose) using a simple, handheld delivery device. Inhalations were well tolerated by all subjects. The most common adverse event was mild to moderate transient cough, in five subjects. There were no changes in lung function, audiometry, or laboratory parameters. Capreomycin was rapidly absorbed after inhalation. Systemic concentrations were detected in each dose group within 20 min. Peak and mean plasma concentrations of capreomycin were dose proportional. Serum concentrations exceeded 2 μg/ml (MIC forMycobacterium tuberculosis) following the highest dose; the half-life (t1/2) was 4.8 ± 1.0 h. A novel inhaled microparticle dry powder formulation of capreomycin was well tolerated. A single 300-mg dose rapidly achieved serum drug concentrations above the MIC forMycobacterium tuberculosis, suggesting the potential of inhaled therapy as part of an MDR-TB treatment regimen.
Acquisition of the Sda1-Encoding Bacteriophage Does Not Enhance Virulence of the Serotype M1 Streptococcus pyogenes Strain SF370
Authors: Venturini Carola , Ong Cheryl-lynn Y. , Gillen Christine M. , Ben-Zakour Nouri L. , Maamary Peter G. , Nizet Victor , Beatson Scott A. , Walker Mark J. 
Published: March 2013

ABSTRACT

The resurgence of invasive disease caused by
Streptococcus pyogenes
(group A
Streptococcus
[GAS]) in the past 30 years has paralleled the emergence and global dissemination of the highly virulent M1T1 clone. The GAS M1T1 clone has diverged from the ancestral M1 serotype by horizontal acquisition of two unique bacteriophages, encoding the potent DNase Sda1/SdaD2 and the superantigen SpeA, respectively. The phage-encoded DNase promotes escape from neutrophil extracellular traps and is linked to enhanced virulence of the M1T1 clone. In this study, we successfully used
in vitro
lysogenic conversion to transfer the Sda1-encoding phage from the M1T1 clonal strain 5448 to the nonclonal M1 isolate SF370 and determined the impact of this horizontal gene transfer event on virulence. Although Sda1 was expressed in SF370 lysogens, no capacity of the phage-converted strain to survive human neutrophil killing, switch to a hyperinvasive
covRS
mutant form, or cause invasive lethal infection in a humanized plasminogen mouse model was observed. This work suggests that the hypervirulence of the M1T1 clone is due to the unique synergic effect of the M1T1 clone bacteriophage-specific virulence factor Sda1 acting in concert with the M1T1 clone-specific genetic scaffold.
Are Men More Likely than Women To Commit Scientific Misconduct? Maybe, Maybe Not
Authors: Kaatz Anna , Vogelman Paul N. , Carnes Molly 
Published: March 2013

ABSTRACT

In their study published in January 2013 in
mBio
, Fang et al. reviewed records from the Office of Research Integrity (ORI) and found more cases of scientific misconduct committed by men than women, particularly by faculty (F. C. Fang, J. W. Bennett, and A. Casadevall, mBio 4:1–3, 2013). Powerful social norms shape the way men and women behave, and implicit gender schemas can lead to different evaluation standards for men and women for tasks stereotypically linked to one gender. It is possible that norms for acceptable male and female behavior could lead to a lower threshold for men than women to engage in the risky behavior of scientific misconduct. It is also possible that women and men commit scientific fraud at the same rate but that, because crime is a male-gendered domain, evaluators require more proof of the criminal “competence” of women for an investigation to rise to the level of an ORI case or that female gender norms for likeability and a lower apology threshold more often prevent escalation of women’s fraud beyond a local level. Male scientists also have more opportunity to commit fraud than female scientists because they receive more NIH research funding—a finding that may also be influenced by gender schemas. We cannot conclude from the ORI data that men are more likely than women to risk the consequences of committing scientific misconduct simply because risk taking aligns with male gender stereotypes. Neither can we conclude that because men are more likely than women to commit fraud in other contexts, men are also more likely than women to commit scientific fraud. We can conclude, however, that scientific misconduct, regardless of who commits it, diminishes all who contribute to the scientific enterprise.
A silent acute abdomen in a patient with spinal cord injury
Authors: Malhotra Rishi , Ee Gerard , Pang Si Ying , Kumar Naresh 
Published: March 2013

A 52-year-old man with cervical spondylosis sustained a hyperextension injury to the neck and subsequently developed central cord syndrome after 2 weeks. The diagnosis was confirmed clinically and on MRI. During the admission he was febrile fromStreptococcus anginosusbacteraemia from a gum infection and was started on penicillin. This resulted in pseudomembranous colitis with abdominal distension and bloody diarrhoea but a lack of expected abdominal complaints.Unfortunately his neurology deteriorated and a repeat MRI showed a discitis at C5–C7 which required a 2-level discectomy, debridement and instrumented fusion. Owing to his spinal cord injury, an abdominal perforation was initially missed owing to the lack of clinical features of an acute abdomen. He underwent a right hemi-colectomy for ascending colon perforation and eventually made a good recovery and was discharged to a spinal rehabilitation unit. By one year follow-up he had returned to full neurological function.
Pre-rift tectonic scenario of the Eo-Cretaceous Gondwana break-up along SE Brazil–SW Africa: insights from tholeiitic mafic dyke swarms
Authors: Almeida Julio , Dios Fatima , Mohriak Webster Ueipass , Valeriano Claudio De Morisson , Heilbron Monica , Eirado Luiz Guilherme , Tomazzoli Edison 
Published: March 2013

Abstract
This chapter presents a synthesis of the pre-break-up plate tectonics of western Gondwana and the pre- and syn-rift magmatism in the SW South Atlantic margin (Brazil, Uruguay and Argentina) and the conjugate African continental margin (Angola, Namibia and South Africa). An updated database of the geographical locations of the primary available radiometric ages is also included in this work. A systematic analysis of the K–Ar and Ar/Ar ages from outcrops and boreholes shows a marked Mid to Late Jurassic peak in the southernmost segment of the South Atlantic, related to the emplacement of the Karoo volcanics in South Africa and in Argentina (including the Falkland Islands), and an important Early Cretaceous peak with age distributions that are related to the Gondwana break-up and formation of rift basins along the incipient continental margins. In both the southern Brazilian and Argentinian margins, as well as in the conjugate Namibian and South African margins, several igneous centres and basaltic lava flows are suggestive of the influence of mantle plumes in the Early Cretaceous, which were heralded by mafic dyke swarms in Argentina, Brazil, South Africa and Namibia.

Supplementary material:

A complete table with Radiometric ages of Jurassic–Early Cretaceous magmatism in the southern portion of West Gondwana is available at:
www.geolsoc.org.uk/SUP18589
PRAMEing a Picture of Differentiation Therapy for AML?
Authors: Redner Robert L. 
Published: March 2013

Abstract
Addition of retinoic acid to chemotherapy improves survival of patients with acute myeloid leukemia. This effect is more pronounced in leukemias that express high levels of PRAME. PRAME is an inhibitor of retinoic acid signaling, which may prove to be an important marker for retinoic acid response. Clin Cancer Res; 19(9); 2277–9. ©2013 AACR.
Biventricular Mechanics in Constrictive Pericarditis Comparison With Restrictive Cardiomyopathy and Impact of Pericardiectomy
Authors: Kusunose Kenya , Dahiya Arun , Popović Zoran B. , Motoki Hirohiko , Alraies M. Chadi , Zurick Andrew O. , Bolen Michael A. , Kwon Deborah H. , Flamm Scott D. , Klein Allan L. 
Published: March 2013

Background—
The aim of our study was to compare myocardial mechanics of constrictive pericarditis (CP) with restrictive cardiomyopathy (RCM), or healthy controls; to assess the impact of pericardial thickening detected by cardiac magnetic resonance on regional myocardial mechanics in CP; and to quantitate the effect of pericardiectomy on myocardial mechanics in CP.

Methods and Results—

Myocardial mechanics were evaluated by 2-dimensional speckle tracking in 52 consecutive patients with CP who underwent cardiac magnetic resonance examination before pericardiectomy, 35 patients with RCM, and 26 control subjects. CP patients had selectively depressed left ventricular (LV) anterolateral wall strain (LWS) and right ventricular (RV) free wall longitudinal systolic strain (FWS) but preserved LV septal wall systolic strain (SWS). In a comparison of RCM and normals, CP patients had significantly lower regional longitudinal systolic strain ratios (CP versus RCM and normal; LVLWS/LVSWS: 0.8±0.2 versus 1.1±0.2 and 1.0±0.2; P<0.001, RVFWS/LVSWS: 0.8±0.4 vs. 1.4±0.5 and 1.2±0.2; P<0.001). LVLWS/LVSWS was more robust than the LV lateral wall to LV septal wall ratio of early diastolic velocities at the LV base (LE′/SE′) in differentiating CP from RCM (area under the curve=0.91 versus 0.76;
P
=0.011). There was a significant inverse correlation between pericardial thickness and respective ventricular strains (
P
=0.001). Pericardiectomy resulted in the improvement of the depressed LVLWS/LVSWS (0.83±0.18–0.95±0.12;
P
<0.001).

Conclusions—
Regional longitudinal systolic strain ratios are robust novel diagnostic tools for CP. Regional myocardial mechanics inversely correlates with adjacent pericardial segment thickness detected by cardiac magnetic resonance, and pericardiectomy leads to systolic strain improvement, which is more pronounced in right ventricular and LV free walls.
Effects of Working Memory Demand on Neural Mechanisms of Motor Response Selection and Control
Authors: Barber Anita D. , Caffo Brian S. , Pekar James J. , Mostofsky Stewart H. 
Published: March 2013

Abstract
Inhibitory control commonly recruits a number of frontal regions: pre-supplementary motor area (pre-SMA), frontal eye fields (FEFs), and right-lateralized posterior inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), dorsal anterior insula (DAI), dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), and inferior frontal junction (IFJ). These regions may directly implement inhibitory motor control or may be more generally involved in executive control functions. Two go/no-go tasks were used to distinguish regions specifically recruited for inhibition from those that additionally show increased activity with working memory demand. The pre-SMA and IFG were recruited for inhibition in both tasks and did not have greater activation for working memory demand on no-go trials, consistent with a role in inhibitory control. Activation in pre-SMA also responded to response selection demand and was increased with working memory on go trials specifically. The bilateral FEF and right DAI were commonly active for no-go trials. The FEF was also recruited to a greater degree with working memory demand on go trials and may bias top–down information when stimulus–response mappings change. The DAI, additionally responded to increased working memory demand on both go and no-go trials and may be involved in accessing sustained task information, alerting, or autonomic changes when cognitive demands increase. DLPFC activation was consistent with a role in working memory retrieval on both go and no-go trials. The inferior frontal junction, on the other hand, had greater activation with working memory specifically for no-go trials and may detect salient stimuli when the task requires frequent updating of working memory representations.
Accommodation Needs and Student-Environment Fit in Upper Secondary Schools for Students with Severe Physical Disabilities
Authors: Hemmingsson Helena , Borell Lena 
Published: March 2013

The purpose of this study was to identify, from the personal perspective of students with disability, their needs for physical and social accommodations in upper secondary schools specially adapted for students with severe physical disabilities. The study also aimed to identify those areas of student-environment fit which were most often achieved. Forty-eight students in four schools in Sweden were assessed by occupational therapists using the School Setting Interview. Forty-seven students reported needs for accommodations in the school setting. The study indicates that schools generally were able to meet the students' accommodation needs in the physical environment. The schools also met students' accommodation needs for field trips, sport activities and assistance. Student-environment fit in occupations requiring reading, remembering and speaking was unsatisfactory. Accommodations on a general, group and individual level are highlighted and discussed. The study recommends that occupational therapists become more involved and offer society their expertise in barrier removal to a greater extent.
Relationships among Three Clinical Measures of Muscle Tone at the Elbows of Individuals after a Stroke
Authors: Worley J. Scott 
Published: March 2013

Patterns of associations among three common clinical muscle tone measures were investigated to determine their degree, and patterns of agreement. Data contributing to selection of clinical measures of muscle tone and understanding factors contributing to occupational dysfunctions were also sought. Forty five persons who were admitted after stroke to two occupational therapy rehabilitation programs were randomly selected. Their affected elbow's resting position (EJP), resistance to passive extension (ERM) and the angle where resistance first appeared (EAR) were measured by one, then a second therapist who also measured voluntary muscle function. Correlations among the three measures were calculated for both administrations and among patient subgroups with statistical correction for multiple correlations. Statistically significant associations appeared between ERM and EAR and between EJP and EAR. Highest statistically significant associations appeared among subjects with poor upper extremity function and those with low muscle tone. Patterns of associations were similar for the first and second administrations at both centres, though patterns among subgroups differed between centres. Correlation patterns suggest that biomechanical factors may influence the joint's resting position (EJP) more than ERM and EAR. Measures may be used interchangeably only with selected patient subgroups, which should also be the basis of method selection.
Negotiation-Centred versus Client-Centred: Which Approach Should Be Used?
Authors: Falardeau Marléne , Durand Marie José 
Published: March 2013

For nearly 20 years, Canadian occupational therapists have attached great importance to the client-centred approach within their practice. Professionals have agreed to define this approach through a philosophy built around the concepts of respect, power and partnership. But no reported work has really clarified what is meant by these three fundamental concepts. This article attempts to define the concepts of respect and power in the therapist-client relationship through a review of occupational therapy and related health and social sciences literature. It raises the question: “In the professional-client relationship, should the power reside with the client or is a more balanced approach needed? ” This paper also proposes using the term negotiation instead of partnership, since negotiation seems to offer more applications for occupational therapy practice. The objective of the authors who advocate for greater negotiation between client and therapist is to stimulate analysis.
Environmental Analysis: Insights from Sociological and Geographical Perspectives
Authors: O'Brien Patti , Dyck Isabel , Caron Staci , Mortenson Patricia 
Published: March 2013

Recent conceptual models, such as the Canadian Model of Occupational Performance, emphasize the transactional relationships between individuals, their occupations, and the environments in which they live. Nevertheless, further theoretical development is necessary in order to gain a comprehensive understanding of the nature of interconnections between the environment, occupation, and disability. This paper draws on concepts from sociology and geography that can broaden our understanding of the environment and the manner in which its different dimensions may influence individuals' experiences of disability. The paper demonstrates how theoretical ideas from these disciplines can be used to inform our understanding of the daily lives of three different individuals: a senior with Bipolar Affective Disorder, a man with HIV/AIDS, and a parent of a child with a severe disability. The paper concludes with a discussion of the implications of the analysis for occupational therapy theory and practice.
Exploring the integration of internationally educated occupational therapists into the workforce
Authors: Mulholland Susan J. , Dietrich Tracy A. , Bressler Sandra I. , Corbett Kathy G. 
Published: March 2013

Background. British Columbia (BC) is a popular Canadian work destination for occupational therapists from around the world. Purpose. This study explored the experiences of stakeholders involved in the integration of internationally educated occupational therapists (IEOTs) into the BC workforce. Method. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with the three primary stakeholder groups (40 IEOTs, 12 supervising occupational therapists, seven managers), as well as with seven key informants. Participants were purposively sampled and thematic analysis was applied to the data. Findings. Three themes were identified that fit sequentially along a workforce-integration continuum: “coming to Canada,” “registering with the college,” and “integrating into the workplace.” Within those themes, findings were organized into two categories, “ingredients for success” and “stumbling block,” and multiple subcategories. Implications. The findings suggest that hiring IEOTs can bring benefits to the workplace and clients. However, changes made along the continuum would facilitate workforce integration, ultimately benefiting all stakeholders. These findings may be of interest to IEOTs, occupational therapists, and managers as well as individuals working in regulation and policy.
Community integration outcomes after traumatic brain injury due to physical assault
Authors: Kim Hwan , Colantonio Angela , Dawson Deirdre R. , Bayley Mark T. 
Published: March 2013

Background. Community integration is considered an ultimate goal for rehabilitation after traumatic brain injury (TBI). Purpose. To determine (a) whether differences exist in rehabilitation outcomes between intentional and unintentional TBI populations and (b) whether TBI from assault is a predictor of community integration following inpatient rehabilitation. Method. Retrospective cohort study using population-based data from Canadian hospital administration records, 2001 to 2006. Outcome measure was the Reintegration to Normal Living Index (RNLI). Findings. From a sample of 243 persons, 24 (9.9%) had sustained TBI from physical assault. Persons with TBI from physical assault reported significantly lower scores on two items on the RNLI’s Daily Functioning subscale: “recreation” and “family role.” Implications. These findings suggest that targeted intervention in these specific areas could be beneficial, which are often primarily addressed by occupational therapists in both inpatient rehabilitation and community settings.
Teaching mindfulness to occupational therapy students: Pilot evaluation of an online curriculum
Authors: Reid Denise T. 
Published: March 2013

Background. How mindfulness can be learned by occupational therapy students to manage their own self-care processes has not been fully examined as yet. Purpose. This article describes an online curriculum approach for teaching a general introductory mindfulness course and examines outcomes with master’s entry-level occupational therapy students. Method. Fifteen students participated in an 8-week online mindfulness curriculum and completed a pre- and post-training survey. The Mindfulness Attention and Awareness Scale (MAAS) was used to measure mindfulness. Demographic, MAAS-scored mindfulness, and clinical utility data were collected. Results. Results showed a statistically significant change ( t = –4.82, p = 0.002) in MAAS mindfulness scores from the program start to end. Informal practice exercises and guided meditations were perceived by participants as being more helpful ways for developing an understanding and approach to mindfulness than were readings about mindfulness. Implications. This study suggests that mindfulness can be taught using an online approach.