bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Feminist Counseling Psychology and Lesbians, Bisexual Women, and Transgender Persons
Authors: Szymanski Dawn M. , Hilton Angela N. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractFeminist counseling psychologists have made important advances to our understanding of lesbian and bisexual women and transgender persons, the challenges that they face as a result of living in a heterosexist context, and the complex interplays of navigating multiple identities and oppressions. The purpose of this chapter is to survey theory, research, and practice in hopes of presenting readers with a snapshot of the current status of scholarship in this area and to foster mental health professionals culturally competent, empirically based services to this population. We critically review nine main areas: (a) sexual identity development, (b) transgender identity development, (c) similarities and differences between lesbian and bisexual women, (d) the links between external and internalized oppression and psychosocial health, (e) coping with and resisting oppression, (f) immigration and acculturation, (g) life span transitions and issues, (h) career development and workplace issues, and (i) counseling and psychotherapy issues.
Career Issues and Challenges Viewed Through a Feminist Multicultural Lens: Work-Life Interface and Sexual Harassment
Authors: Ormerod Alayne J. , Joseph Dana L. , Weitzman Lauren M. , Winterrowd Erin 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis chapter examines research and theoretical perspectives about the work-life interface and sexual harassment in the workplace. Multiple roles and unwanted social and sexual experiences at work are considered from feminist multicultural and organizational perspectives. The chapter focuses on adaptive and contextual factors when considering how women experience and navigate the work-life interface, and how they respond to sexual harassment. In the context of the review, a new meta-analysis of the relationship between sexual harassment and racial/ethnic harassment and a new quantitative review of sexual harassment measurement are presented. The chapter discusses organizational remedies for sexual harassment in the workplace and strategies for addressing work-family conflict and sexual harassment at the individual level, and presents recommendations for future research.
Conflict, Delegitimization, and Violence
Authors: Bar-Tal Daniel , Hammack Phillip L. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractIn this chapter we focus on a key sociopsychological mechanism that frees human beings from their normative and moral restrains and therefore leads individuals and groups to engage in acts that intentionally harm others, including discrimination, oppression, ethnic cleansing, and even genocide. Delegitimization is defined as the categorization of a group, or groups, into extremely negative social categories that exclude it, or them, from the sphere of human groups that act within the limits of acceptable norms and/or values, since these groups are viewed as violating basic human norms or values and therefore deserving maltreatment. It thus plays a major role in intense, vicious, violent, and prolonged intergroup conflicts by legitimizing, and allowing the involved group members to carry out, the most immoral acts. In the chapter, we elaborate on our conception of delegitimization, distinguish it from other similar constructs in the literature, and review relevant theoretical and empirical studies that illustrate the utility of the concept in understanding various intergroup practices, particularly behaviors in intergroup conflicts. Second, we describe its roots and development in societies, focusing on the context of intractable conflict. Third, we outline the various sociopsychological negative consequences of delegitimization. Finally, we outline potential ways to reduce delegitimization, focusing on both individual-psychological and collective-structural strategies.
Retribution and Revenge
Authors: Lickel Brian 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis chapter provides a description of affective, cognitive, and social processes related to group-based revenge. The chapter is divided into four main sections. The first section reviews the link between outgroup-directed anger and the motivation for intergroup aggression, as well as other emotions (i.e., fear, humiliation, and contempt) that may work in concert with anger to motivate or facilitate group-based revenge. The second section further examines the cognitive processes that underlie group-based revenge, in particular the ways in which people's initial perceptions and emotions are modified and bolstered over time to (usually) justify and facilitate vengeful action. The third section considers the affective and cognitive processes described in the prior sections in light of the important social processes that occur within groups during intergroup conflicts. Ultimately, group-based revenge is a collective action, and an understanding of the psychological processes that are observable at the individual level must take into account the inherently social character of group-based revenge. In its final section, the chapter discusses two key directions for future work.
Remembering Intergroup Conflict
Authors: Bilali Rezarta , Ross Michael A. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractPhilosopher George Santayana is probably best known today for his aphorism, “Those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it.” Variations of this quote appear frequently when countries, ethnic groups, or individuals engage in conflicts over economic, legal, or territorial issues. The version of history provided by one's own side is depicted as a true account of the past, whereas contrasting versions provided by one's opponents are deemed to be lies. In the current chapter, we examine bases of conflicting narratives of the past. We document how individual- and group-level factors (e.g., needs, goals, motives) shape historical memories, and how historical memories exacerbate conflict. In the final section of the chapter, we consider how historical memories can be used to promote reconciliation rather than conflict.
Collective Victimization
Authors: Vollhardt Johanna Ray 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis chapter discusses the role of collective victimization in inciting, sustaining, and preventing intergroup conflict. The emerging psychological literature on this topic has studied collective victimization that was experienced directly in one's lifetime, as well as collective victimization experienced indirectly, through transgenerational and societal transmission. Affective, cognitive, and behavioral responses to collective violence against the ingroup are discussed that affect intergroup relations with the perpetrator group and with other groups—in ways that either contribute to cycles of violence and revenge, or to constructive intergroup outcomes such as solidarity and reconciliation. Various types of victim beliefs that social psychologists have recently begun to study are broadly classified as conflict-specific or global, and as inclusive or exclusive victim beliefs. Additional factors are identified that might moderate the effects of collective victimization on intergroup outcomes. The chapter concludes with a discussion of interventions that have addressed the role of collective victimization and victim beliefs.
Intergroup Dialogue: A Critical-Dialogic Model for Conflict Engagement
Authors: Nagda Biren (Ratnesh) A. , Yeakley Anna , Gurin Patricia , Sorensen Nicholas 
Published: February 2013

AbstractIn this chapter, we focus on intergroup dialogue as a particular approach to intergroup conflict. Extending the tradition of intergroup contact, intergroup dialogue seeks to engage participants from diverse backgrounds to build relationships and enhance collaborative social justice actions to address intergroup conflicts. We use a conceptual framework of affective, analytical, and action asymmetries to understand how intergroup conflicts manifest in intergroup dialogue between members of high-power and low-power groups. We draw on participant reflections to illustrate how they experience the four-stage intergroup dialogue model and how they see the asymmetries manifest in their interactions. Participant narratives also help illustrate how four critical-dialogic communication processes—engaging self, appreciating difference, critical reflection, and alliance building—enable participants to engage across these asymmetries in both learning about intergroup conflicts and learning from the intergroup conflicts that occur in their interactions.
Genocide, Mass Killing, and Violent Conflict: Prevention and Reconciliation
Authors: Staub Ervin 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis chapter briefly describes the influences that lead to violence between groups, including extreme violence such as mass killing and genocide. The starting points are economic deterioration, political disorganization and/or great social changes, and persistent conflict. These frustrate basic psychological needs and can lead to scapegoating, the development of destructive ideologies, and the evolution of increasing hostility and violence. A history of devaluation of some group, past group victimization and woundedness, other cultural characteristics, and the passivity of internal and external bystanders make such violence more likely. The chapter describes trainings and educational radio projects in Rwanda to promote understanding the influences that lead to violence and avenues to prevention, and their positive impact. It discusses a number of other avenues to prevention and reconciliation: Humanizing the other, through words and significant contact, including dialogue; creating constructive ideologies, visions that embrace all groups; healing from past victimization and fostering altruism born of suffering; the establishment of the complex truth and working to develop a shared history, which require changes in collective memories or group narratives. The importance of positive socialization of children for inclusive caring and moral courage, and the relationship between political processes and reconciliation activities, in particular in Rwanda, are noted. Promoting positive psychological changes can advance the development of constructive social values and the creation of institutions and practices that fulfill basic material and psychological needs, and help create a harmonious society.
The Development of American Sign Language and Manually Coded English Systems
Authors: Schick Brenda 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis chapter reviews research on the development of American Sign Language, mostly in deaf children with deaf parents. It examines what we know about early aspects of development, including babbling, phonological development, early lexical development, gestures and pointing. Morphological development is described for verb agreement, the acquisition of classifiers, and facial grammar. It reviews the development of syntax and spatial mapping. The development of manually-coded English (MCE) systems is also examined, including lexical, grammatical, and morphological development in young children with a hearing loss.
Speech Perception and Spoken Word Recognition
Authors: Bernstein Lynne E. , Auer Edward T. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractSpeech is an important mode of communication for many people with hearing loss, even for those whose hearing loss is profound. This chapter focuses on spoken communication by adults with severe or profound hearing loss. It describes several fundamental issues in speech perception and spoken word recognition, such as the use of amplification even with profound hearing loss, enhanced lipreading abilities associated with deafness, and the role of the lexicon in speech perception. The chapter describes how the lexical structure of words can assist in compensating for reduced access to speech information. Although lipreaders must frequently contend with ambiguous segmental information, many words in English nevertheless maintain distinct perceptual patterns that can be used for accurate lipreading. The chapter also describes results of a study that sought to compare word age of acquisition estimates in deaf versus hearing adults. Subjective judgments showed delayed but generally similar order of word acquisition and much greater reliance on orthography for word learning among the deaf participants. A review of some results on audiovisual speech perception and speech perception with vibrotactile stimuli underscores the importance of bimodal speech information. Individuals with severe or profound hearing loss can greatly benefit from being able to see a talker along with hearing reduced auditory information or even feeling vibrotactile information. Overall, this chapter demonstrates that speech information can withstand extreme stimulus degradation and still convey the talker’s intended message. Multimodal integration and lexical structure assist in overcoming effects of hearing loss, and speech is frequently an important communication mode for deaf individuals.
Cognitive Functioning in Deaf Adults and Children
Authors: Marschark Marc , Wauters Loes 
Published: February 2013

AbstractRecent studies have obtained findings of significant theoretical and practical importance for parents and educators of deaf children and others who seek to discover how hearing loss and the use of a visuospatial language might influence language, cognitive, and social functioning. This work has led to a more objective understanding of deaf individuals and signed languages, and offers great hope for improving deaf education. This chapter offers a historical review of cognitive research involving deaf individuals through the stages of “the deaf as inferior,” “the deaf as concrete,” and “the deaf as intellectually normal.” It argues for an additional, contemporary stage of “different does not mean deficient.” Findings with regard to attention and perception, mental representation, visuospatial imagery and cognition, memory, and problem solving all point to the probability that deaf and hearing individuals differ cognitively in several subtle and not-so-subtle ways that might affect learning and other psychological domains. Whether a function of their language experiences, variable educational backgrounds, nature, or nurture, it is essential that such differences be understood in order to accommodate the needs of deaf learners while utilizing their strengths.
Organizational Behavior’s Contributions to Evidence-Based Management
Authors: Rousseau Denise M. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractOrganizational Behavior (OB) is a social science that has discovered general principles regarding the organization and management of work. One of management research’s more mature fields, OB’s contribution to evidence-based Management (EBMgt) stems from its large body of programmatic, cumulative research. This chapter provides an overview of OB research, including its history, standards for evidence, and domains of study. It distinguishes between science- and practice-oriented OB research and their respective evidence criteria to better show different ways OB research can inform EBMgt. OB research has identified several hundred evidence-based principles to inform practice, and this chapter provides examples. The chapter concludes by discussing how OB scholars, educators, and practitioners can further EBMgt practice.
Evidence-Based Entrepreneurship (EBE): A Systematic Approach to Cumulative Science
Authors: Frese Michael , Bausch Andreas , Schmidt Peter , Rauch Andreas , Kabst Rüdiger 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe concept and aim of an evidence-based entrepreneurship (EBE) is discussed as a strategy to overcome the divide between knowledge developed in the field of entrepreneurship and its use in practice. Evidence constitutes the best summary of knowledge based on several sources of information (several studies, several different research groups, several different methodological approaches, among them the best methods available), all of which go beyond individual experience and isolated studies. We argue that meta-analyses can and should be used in entrepreneurship research (and that it should also be used for qualitative work). Meta-analyses establish certain relationships; these should then be summarized in well-founded models and theories that can be translated into action principles. These action principles can then be used by EBE’s constituents. These include scientists, professionals who regularly deal with entrepreneurs (bankers, consultants, venture capital providers), policy makers (e.g., government), students of entrepreneurship, and, last but not least, the entrepreneurs themselves. Once, a set of action principles have been developed from science, the application of them can be tested with the help of further evidence on the efficacy of interventions (including meta-analyses on the interventions). Evidence-based entrepreneurship (EBE) has the potential to change research, teaching, and practice.
Enabling Evidence-Based Management: Bridging the Gap between Academics and Practitioners
Authors: Leung Opal , Bartunek Jean M. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractSeveral barriers, grounded in differences in knowledge, training, skills, and awareness, interfere with academics communicating successfully with practitioners about evidence. We describe several ways to reduce such barriers. These include providing sources that are trustworthy and accessible to managers; developing managerial skill in diagnosis; carrying out evidence-based practice; and communicating evidence in ways that are attractive, understandable, memorable, and actionable through channels that are likely to be noticed. We suggest several means for accomplishing each of these.
Decision Logic in Evidence-Based Management: Can Logical Models From Other Disciplines Improve Evidence-Based Human-Resource Decisions?
Authors: Boudreau John W. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe “mental models” used in organizations often reflect disciplines such as finance, marketing or engineering. Such models can overlook or misinterpret evidence related to human capital, producing poor human-resource (HR) and organizational decisions. Improved evidence-based HR decisions may result from “retooling” HR issues using logic from mental models in other management disciplines. HR researchers and practitioners can tap the power of these well-accepted logic frameworks to “retool” evidence about HR management.
Reflections on Teaching Evidence-Based Management
Authors: Jelley R. Blake , Carroll Wendy R. , Rousseau Denise M. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractEducators have begun developing courses and curricula to help managers cultivate an evidence-based mindset and acquire relevant knowledge and skills. This chapter describes what three evidence-based management (EBMgt) educators have learned in the process of creating relevant courses and curricula. It presents the learning objectives that their teaching has promoted along with the frameworks, content, and exercises used to realize them. It also describes specific assignments and activities to encourage EBMgt teaching and provide a basis for further adaptation and innovation by educators seeking to prepare learners to practice EBMgt.
Beyond “New Scientific Management” Critical Reflections on the Epistemology of Evidence-Based Management
Authors: Hornung Severin 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This essay draws on social theory and philosophy of science to outline controversies about EBMgt as a critical movement versus a one-sided ideological project marginalizing nonmainstream research. Discussed issues include the authority to define evidence, research topics, methods, and evaluation criteria for managerial decisions. A critical and self-reflexive perspective is suggested to enhance awareness of ideological and epistemological constraints that could turn EBMgt into a reloaded version of scientific management.
State and Local Government Finance: Why It Matters
Authors: Yilmaz Serdar , Vaillancourt François , Dafflon Bernard 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article lays out the economists' view of why state and local government matters. To establish the economic framework, the article systematically works through the seminal contributions of Paul Samuelson's theoretical arguments of the importance of a public-sector role for efficiency in resource allocation; Charles Tiebout's thinking on the difference between national and local public goods; Richard Musgrave's classification of the fiscal “branches” of a decentralized federalist system; and Wallace Oates's Decentralization Theorem. It is from this platform that the article proceeds to address three fundamental fiscal policy issues for a multigovernmental society (e.g., US fiscal federalism): the sorting out of expenditure responsibilities among different types of governments (“expenditure assignment”); the question of which type of government should use which type of revenue (“revenue assignment”), and what happens when, for many state and local governments, the costs of the allocation of expenditure responsibilities are greater than that which can be financed from their “own” state/local revenues (the role of “intergovernmental transfers”).
Profiles of Local Government Finance
Authors: Martell Christine R. , Greenwade Adam 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article provides a profile of the structure and diversity of local government finance. Nearly ninety thousand local governments in the United States provide most public services. It is such a diverse subsector that no one set of political or fiscal arrangements can be said to be standard. This scale and complexity make the local governments in the United States unique among the world's nation-states. The main revenue sources for local governments are own-source revenues that they raise within their jurisdictions (including revenue from property taxes, sales taxes, personal income taxes, and user fees and charges) and from transfers they receive from the state and federal governments. Local government own-source revenue options are determined by each respective state, although local jurisdictions typically have some power to set rates and exemptions.
State and Local Fiscal Institutions in Recession and Recovery
Authors: Gordon Tracy M. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article analyzes the recent budget challenges that have prompted examination of the role of state and fiscal institutions such as balanced budget rules, tax and expenditure limits, debt restriction, and “rainy-day,” or budget stabilization, funds. Some commentators argue that stronger fiscal rules could have helped avert the 2008–2011 (and, still continuing) state and local budget crises. Others contend that rules already in force have exacerbated the budgetary effects of the Great Recession and that continuing with them as currently structured will not only make more difficult fiscal recovery but will also undermine the traditional role of the states in the federal system. California's demonstration of how such institutions can take a state from fiscal health and stability to near bankruptcy is a dramatic case, especially for those critics who are currently making the argument that institutions can lead to particularly severe unintended consequences. In contrast, as this article notes, legislatively imposed institutions, if well designed, can lead to increased public and social accountability.