bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
DNA markers for eating quality of indica rice in Indonesia
Authors: Lestari Puji , Jiang Wenzhu , Chu Sang‐Ho , Reflinur   , Sutrisno   , Kusbiantoro Bram , Kim Backki , Piao Rihua , Cho Young‐Chan , Luo Zhixiang , Chin Joong‐Hyeon , Koh Hee‐Jong 
Published: December 2014

AbstractRice eating quality is considered to be one of the top priorities in determining the agronomical value of rice; thus, the rapid evaluation of eating quality at early breeding generations in breeding programmes for better eating quality is of great importance. In an attempt to develop DNA markers associated with eating quality of indica rice, we used multiple regression analysis to test 54 markers, which were preselected for their possible association with eating quality, using 24 indica varieties with different palatability scores. Of these markers, eighteen markers were found to be significantly associated with palatability according to sensory evaluation. Accordingly, a marker set in the model regression equation with a high R2 (0.997) was formulated to estimate indica rice palatability. Validation suggests that markers and the statistical parameters formulated by the equation could be a potential tool to predict the palatability of cooked Indonesian indica rice and could be reliable in developing country‐dependent model equations for eating quality.
Global Justice and Charity: A Brief for a New Approach to Empirical Philosophy
Authors: Hassoun Nicole 
Published: December 2014

AbstractWhat does global justice or charity requires us to give to other people? There is a large theoretical literature on this question. There is much less experimental work in political philosophy relevant to answering it. Perhaps for this reason, this literature has yet to have any major impact on theoretical discussions of global justice or charity. There is, however, some experimental research in behavioral economics that has helped to shape the field and a few relevant studies by political philosophers. This paper reviews this research. Moreover, it argues that the little work that has been done can offer some methodological lessons to empirically engaged philosophers of many kinds. Finally, it suggests that there is reason for those interested in global ethics and charitable giving to consider doing new kinds of experimental and other empirical work in addition to traditional experimental philosophy.
The Affect Misattribution Procedure: Ten Years of Evidence on Reliability, Validity, and Mechanisms
Authors: Payne Keith , Lundberg Kristjen 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThe affect misattribution procedure (AMP) measures automatically activated responses based on the misattributions people make about the sources of their affect or cognitions. The AMP is one of the most widely used implicit attitude measures, and evidence regarding its reliability and validity has grown rapidly. In this brief review, we survey the evidence of reliability and validity while discussing the mechanisms that drive priming effects in the AMP. We consider the unique capabilities of this procedure to measure implicit and explicit cognition with simplicity and greater experimental control than other measures. Finally, we offer recommendations for using the AMP effectively for a wide variety of research purposes.
Experimental and Analytical Leak Characterization for Axial Through-Wall Cracks in a Liquids Pipeline
Authors: Chebaro Mohamed R. , Yoosef-Ghodsi Nader , Norfleet David M. , Bergman Jason H. , Sutton Aaron C. 
Published: December 2014

Three pipeline sections containing defects of interest were non-destructively tested in the field, cut out and shipped to a structural laboratory to undergo full-scale testing. The common objectives of the experiments were to determine (1) the leak initiation pressure and (2) the leak rate at various specified internal pressures. While two spools (Specimens A and B) contained through-wall cracks, the third (Specimen C) had a partial through-wall crack with similar characteristics. The capacity of through-wall defects to withstand a level of internal pressure without leaking is due to the resultant local, compressive hoop residual stresses. Specimen C underwent full-scale pressure cycling to further comprehend the crack propagation mechanism in order to correlate it to field operation and analytical fatigue life predictions.
To enhance the understanding of the physical crack behaviour as a function of internal pressure, a comprehensive finite element analysis (FEA) model was built using SIMULIA’s Abaqus software. The model inputs incorporated results from the above-mentioned laboratory tests, in addition to extensive radial, circumferential and axial residual stress measurements using the X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique, obtained on three pipe spools cut out from the same line. The resulting crack opening parameters from FEA were input into a closed-form fluid mechanics (FM) model, which was calibrated against a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model, to determine the corresponding leak initiation pressures and leak rates. These outcomes were then compared to experimental findings. The FEA and FM models were subsequently employed to carry out a parametric study for plausible combinations of feature geometries, material properties, operational pressures and residual stresses to replicate field conditions.
The key outcome from this study is the experimental and analytical demonstration that, for given fluid properties and pressures, the leak threshold and leak rate for through-wall cracks are primarily dependent upon the crack geometry and local residual stress distributions.
Small-Scale Testing to Characterize ERW Seam Properties in Response to NTSB Recommendation P-09-1, Arising From the Carmichael, MS Rupture
Authors: Quickel Gregory T. , Beavers John A. , Kiefner John F. , Leis Brian N. 
Published: December 2014

On November 1, 2007, a liquid propane pipeline ruptured near Carmichael, Mississippi. Several pipeline industry experts collaboratively concluded the likely origin of the failure was a defect in the longitudinal electric resistance welded (ERW) seam.[1] These experts also noted that a seam-integrity assessment did not prevent the failure. Following the National Transportation Safety Board’s (NTSB’s) public report, they issued Recommendation P-09-1, which called upon the Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (PHMSA) to conduct a comprehensive study to identify actions that can be used by operators to eliminate catastrophic longitudinal seam failures in pipelines, and indicated the required scope. NTSB directed that PHMSA conduct a comprehensive study of ERW pipe properties and the means to assure that they do not fail in service. Battelle contracted Kiefner and Associates, Inc. (KAI) and Det Norse Veritas (U.S.A.), Inc. (DNV) with the objective to assist PHMSA in favorably closing NTSB Recommendation P-09-1.
One of the tasks performed by DNV was to identify the best method(s) to characterize the toughness properties of ERW seams.[2] The objectives of the task were met by performing 1) a literature search to identify current and new practices for characterizing seam weld properties and 2) Charpy V-notch (CVN) impact testing. The findings from the literature search support the use of the Charpy test for the assessment of the toughness of line pipe steels in general, and the ERW weld seams in particular.
CVN testing was performed on specimens 1) where the notch varied in circumferential location from the bond line and 2) on bond line specimens, at and away from seam weld features/defects. The results indicated a significant decrease in the Charpy energy for non-post weld heat-treated (PWHT) pipe with decreasing distance from the bond line. Surprisingly, the Charpy energies (upper shelf) at the bond line were higher adjacent to the five confirmed (lack of fusion) LOF defects compared to away from the defects.
Failure pressure calculations using CorLAS™ on various (direct current) DC ERW failures, where the pipe dimensions, tensile properties, and flaw geometry were known, revealed that very low Charpy energies (<1.4 J, [1 ft·lb] back-calculated) are needed to cause failure. While the data are very limited in this study, they do not support the notion that CVN tests of the bond line can be used in integrity assessments of bond line defects. This paper will outline some basic steps to be performed to establish a range of bond line Charpy energies.
Advanced Strain-Based Design Pipeline Welding Technologies
Authors: Verma Neerav , Fairchild Doug P. , Noecker Fredrick F. , Macia Mario L. , Nissley Nathan E. 
Published: December 2014

To meet the increasing worldwide demand for natural gas, there is a need to safely and economically develop remotely located resources. Pipeline construction is a major activity required to connect these remote resources to markets. Such pipeline routes may cross areas containing geohazards such as discontinuous permafrost, active seismicity and offshore ice gouging. These pipelines may be subjected to longitudinal strains above 0.5%. To safely design pipelines for such conditions, a strain-based design (SBD) approach can be used in addition to conventional allowable stress designs (ASD).
Significant pipeline construction cost savings can be achieved with the use of higher strength steels (X70+) due to reduced pipe wall thicknesses (less steel) and faster girth welding. However, a robust welding technology for higher strength SBD pipelines is often a technology gap depending on the target level of longitudinal strain that needs to be accommodated, since such applications often demand excellent weld toughness at low temperatures (−15°C) and high tensile strength (>120ksi). This paper discusses the development of an enabling welding technology that offers a superior combination of strength and toughness compared to commercially available technologies.
Acicular ferrite interspersed in martensite (AFIM) has been previously identified as a useful high strength weld metal microstructure that can be applied in field pipeline construction. This paper describes how this microstructure has been used to create welds with excellent strength overmatch and good ductile tearing resistance for X80 SBD pipelines. This approach has been implemented for mainline, double-joining and repair welding applications. This paper describes the welding procedures, mechanical properties achieved, estimated strain capacities, and the results of a full-scale pipe strain capacity test.
Development of X90 and X100 Steel Grades for Seamless Linepipe Products
Authors: Toma Diana , Harksen Silke , Niklasch Dorothee , Mahn Denise , Koka Ashraf 
Published: December 2014

The general trend in oil and gas industry gives a clear direction towards the need for high strength grades up to X100. The exploration in extreme regions and under severe conditions, e.g. in ultra deep water regions also considering High Temperature/High Pressure Fields or arctic areas, becomes more and more important with respect to the still growing demand of the world for natural resources. Further, the application of high strength materials enables the possibility of structure weight reduction which benefits to materials and cost reduction and increase of efficiency in the pipe line installation process.
To address these topics, the development of such high strength steel grades with optimum combination of high tensile properties, excellent toughness properties and sour service resistivity for seamless quenched and tempered pipes are in the focus of the materials development and improvement of Vallourec.
This paper will present the efforts put into the materials development for line pipe applications up to grade X100 for seamless pipes manufactured by Pilger Mill. The steel concept developed by Vallourec over the last years [1,2] was modified and adapted according to the technical requirements of the Pilger rolling process. Pipes with OD≥20″ and wall thickness up to 30 mm were rolled and subsequent quenched and tempered. The supportive application of thermodynamic and kinetic simulation techniques as additional tool for the material development was used. Results of mechanical characterization by tensile and toughness testing, as well as microstructure examination by light-optical microscopy will be shown. Advanced investigation techniques as scanning electron microcopy and electron backscatter diffraction are applied to characterize the pipe material up to the crystallographic level. The presented results will demonstrate not only the effect of a well-balanced alloying concept appointing micro-alloying, but also the high sophisticated and precise thermal treatment of these pipe products.
The presented alloying concept enables the production grade X90 to X100 with wall thickness up to 30 mm and is further extending the product portfolio of Vallourec for riser systems for deepwater and ultra-deep water application [1, 3, 4].
Examinations Regarding the Sour Gas Resistance of Girth Welds Carried Out on API Grade X80 Seamless Pipe Steel (Heavy Wall)
Authors: Toma Diana , Wiebe Jörg , Niklasch Dorothee , Koka Ashraf 
Published: December 2014

Various accessories such as buckle arrestors and J-lay collars are needed in some cases to successfully lay and secure an offshore pipeline on the sea bed. For such applications the using of high strength seamless pipes in Grade X70 and X80 with heavy wall are necessary. However, there is only small information regarding the welding procedure for such grades in heavy wall dimensions.
In comparison to steels used for lower strength level, the chemistry of high strength steel pipes includes higher amounts of micro-alloying elements as well as requires a more complex heat treatment. Due to the higher carbon equivalent these steel grades react more sensitive on heat input during welding. Consequently, the range of welding parameters which ensure suitable mechanical properties has to be adapted.
This article presents the results of weldability trials carried out on seamless API X80 heavy wall (> 50mm) line pipe. The welding trials were performed using different preheating temperatures and heat inputs followed by microstructure investigations and mechanical tests of the multilayer welds. The sour gas resistance has to be demonstrated by SSC-tests because it stays challenging to guarantee values below 250 HV10.
Pipeline Sludge Sampling for Assessing Internal Corrosion Threat
Authors: Garcia Alfonso , Place Trevor , Holm Michael , Sargent Jennifer , Oliver Andrew 
Published: December 2014

Internal corrosion sometimes occurs under deposits of solid particles on the bottom of transmission pipelines. The solids trap water with soluble products and other nutrients which can support the development of microbial communities and may lead to Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion (MIC). Corrosion processes associated with the metabolic activities of specific bacteria have been discussed elsewhere, but the simple presence of large microbial populations may increase the risk of internal corrosion owing to the ability of biofilms to extract and concentrate water at the pipe floor.
As a method to monitor the internal corrosion threat in transmission pipelines and recommend mitigating activities for corrosion management, reliable microbial content and corrosion activity correlations are desired. Sludge samples have been obtained from cleaning pigs at the pipe trap and analyzed using Biological Activity Reaction Test (BART™) (or serial dilution test), Dean-Stark analysis, XRD and EDX. These tests provide information about certain bacterial populations, water / solid / hydrocarbon content, and crystalline/elemental composition of these solids, respectively. Despite best efforts, bacterial population/activity of pipeline sludge samples exhibit high variability and are difficult to correlate to actual internal corrosion in a pipeline.
Considering that bacterial populations in pipeline sludge may be a meaningful representation of the internal corrosion threat to a transmission pipeline, a more rigorous approach on the sludge sampling procedure is necessary to improve the accuracy and reliability of the bacterial assays. It is also important to control such variables as storage temperature of the samples, exposure to air, and storage duration prior to enumeration — as these may affect the viability of the sample and enumeration results. This report presents historical pipeline sludge analysis data and suggests a method to evaluate data containing high variability. Practical recommendations to reduce data variability through handling and storage of sludge samples are also discussed.
Re-Examination of Battelle Two Curve Method
Authors: Lu C. , Michal G. , Godbole A. , Venton P. , Fletcher L. 
Published: December 2014

The possibility of fracture propagation is a significant concern for pipelines transporting gases. The need to arrest a running fracture in a pipeline is paramount to the integrity and safety of the pipeline’s operation. The most commonly used method to predict pipe resistance to a ductile fracture is the Battelle Two Curve Method (BTCM). Recent full-scale fracture propagation tests have shown that the BTCM cannot give accurate predictions for modern high-toughness steels.
A Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model has been developed to identify the limitations of the BTCM. The predictions of the developed model are in good agreement with the available experimental data. It has been found from the simulation that the pressure drops very fast in the initial stages of fracture propagation, leading to an intersection between the fracture curve and the decompression curve. However, the fracture speed does not remain constant at the speed corresponding to the intersection point, as assumed in the BTCM. It generally decreases, following the decompression curve as the fracture propagates. This observation indicates that the J-type fracture propagation curve adopted in the BTCM does not accurately represent the fracture propagation behaviour.
Full-Scale Reeling Tests of HFI Welded Line Pipe for Offshore Reel-Laying Installation
Authors: Meiwes Karl Christoph , Höhler Susanne , Erdelen-Peppler Marion , Brauer Holger 
Published: December 2014

During reel-laying repeated plastic strains are introduced into a pipeline which may affect strength properties and deformation capacity of the line pipe material. Conventionally the effect on the material is simulated by small-scale reeling simulation tests. For these, coupons are extracted from pipes that are loaded in tension and compression and thermally aged, if required. Afterwards, specimens for mechanical testing are machined from these coupons and tested according to the corresponding standards. Today customers often demand additional full-scale reeling simulation tests to assure that the structural pipe behavior meets the strain demands as well. Realistic deformations have to be introduced into a full-size pipe, followed by aging, sampling and mechanical testing comparable to small-scale reeling.
In this report the fitness for use of a four-point-bending test rig for full-scale reeling simulation tests is demonstrated. Two high-frequency-induction (HFI) welded pipes of grade X65M (OD = 323.9 mm, WT = 15.9 mm) from Salzgitter Mannesmann Line Pipe GmbH (MLP) are bent with alternate loading. To investigate the influences of thermal aging from polymer-coating process one test pipe had been heat treated beforehand, in the same manner as if being PE-coated. After the tests mechanical test samples were machined out of the plastically strained pipes. A comparison of results from mechanical testing of material exposed to small- and full-scale reeling simulation is given. The results allow an evaluation of the pipe behavior as regards reeling ability and plastic deformation capacity.
Refined Modeling Processes and Compressive Strain Capacity Models
Authors: Liu Ming , Zhang Fan , Kotian Kunal , Nanney Steve 
Published: December 2014

Local buckling generated by excessive bending and/or longitudinal compression is one of the main threats to pipeline integrity. The resistance to local buckling is usually measured by compressive strain capacity (CSC). Extensive work has been performed on the CSC of pipes through both experiments and numerical modeling. Many CSC models have been developed to compute the CSC.
The comparison of the existing CSC models often shows (1) large differences in recognized input parameters and their applicable ranges, (2) large differences in computed CSC, especially for pressurized conditions, (3) large differences in recommended safety factors; and (4) inconsistent trends on model conservatism.
Refined compressive strain models were developed recently. The development involves comprehensive review of existing CSC models, selecting modeling processes that represent field conditions, sensitivity studies on parameters affecting the CSC, and the model evaluation against experimental data.
In this paper, the refined compressive strain models and the key improvement to the modeling processes are summarized.
Critical Crack Size Detection Criteria to Develop a Novel ILI Tool for Non-Piggable Gas Pipelines
Authors: Al-Muslim Husain , Rosenfeld Michael , Merte David 
Published: December 2014

Cracks or crack-like defects have been associated with failures in gas transmission pipelines and gas distribution piping systems, some incidents being consequential. Cracks are identified in natural gas pipeline safety regulations and safety standards as conditions that must be dealt with, however critical sizes or other specific evaluation criteria are not generally given. A hydrostatic test pressure to specified margins above the operating pressure could establish a benchmark for critical sizes that are a potential threat to the integrity of the pipe. Cracks that are too small to fail at the hydrostatic test pressure may still remain present in the pipeline. Ideally, determination of a sufficient margin of safety to identify defects that should be monitored after taking into consideration the potential growth of crack or crack like defects that are too small to fail a hydrostatic test pressure will address defects of concern that may remain present in the pipeline.
The development of an integrated robotic internal inspection tool that can be used to accurately detect and size cracks or crack like features in natural gas pipelines is of mutual interest to pipeline regulators and operators. NDE technology carried by inline inspection tools should be at least capable of identifying cracks or crack like features that would fail in a hydrostatic pressure test or could potentially grow to failure with a high degree of probability prior to the next ILI reassessment. The tool and its integrated software algorithms must be capable of indicating the location, position, orientation, size, and characteristics of defects of interest or concern to minimize validation and/or repair costs and to preserve the overall integrity of pipelines in a gas transmission operator’s integrity management program.
This paper develops criteria for the minimum detection requirements of cracks or crack-like defects by an ILI tool to ensure equivalent integrity to that provided by a hydrostatic pressure test performed to standard requirements. The critical defect sizes will be estimated using fracture mechanics (e.g., the Modified NG-18 equation) considering different toughness categories. The paper addresses the challenge of variability in the real material properties through two approaches. The first approach is to conduct three sets of analyses for each material grade based on the lower 5% percentile, mean and upper 95% percentile properties. The second approach is to conduct the analysis based on Monte Carlo simulations to generate random combinations of material properties as well as crack dimensions.