bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Identification of Genes That Promote or Inhibit Olfactory Memory Formation in Drosophila
Authors: Walkinshaw Erica , Gai Yunchao , Farkas Caitlin , Richter Daniel , Nicholas Eric , Keleman Krystyna , Davis Ronald L 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
Genetic screens in Drosophila melanogaster and other organisms have been pursued to filter the genome for genetic functions important for memory formation. Such screens have employed primarily chemical or transposon-mediated mutagenesis and have identified numerous mutants including classical memory mutants, dunce and rutabaga. Here, we report the results of a large screen using panneuronal RNAi expression to identify additional genes critical for memory formation. We identified &gt;500 genes that compromise memory when inhibited (low hits), either by disrupting the development and normal function of the adult animal or by participating in the neurophysiological mechanisms underlying memory formation. We also identified &gt;40 genes that enhance memory when inhibited (high hits). The dunce gene was identified as one of the low hits and further experiments were performed to map the effects of the dunce RNAi to the α/β and γ mushroom body neurons. Additional behavioral experiments suggest that dunce knockdown in the mushroom body neurons impairs memory without significantly affecting acquisition. We also characterized one high hit, sickie, to show that RNAi knockdown of this gene enhances memory through effects in dopaminergic neurons without apparent effects on acquisition. These studies further our understanding of two genes involved in memory formation, provide a valuable list of genes that impair memory that may be important for understanding the neurophysiology of memory or neurodevelopmental disorders, and offer a new resource of memory suppressor genes that will aid in understanding restraint mechanisms employed by the brain to optimize resources.
Complex Formation of RNA Silencing Proteins in the Perinuclear Region of Neurospora crassa
Authors: Decker Logan M , Boone Erin C , Xiao Hua , Shanker Benjamin S , Boone Shannon F , Kingston Shanika L , Lee Seung A , Hammond Thomas M , Shiu Patrick K T 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
In Neurospora, genes not paired during meiosis are targeted by meiotic silencing by unpaired DNA (MSUD). Here, our bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) study suggests that RNA-directed RNA polymerase, Dicer, Argonaute, and others form a silencing complex in the perinuclear region, with intimate interactions among the majority of them. We have also shown that SAD-2 is likely the anchor for this assembly.
Medication-Related Emergency Department Visits in Pediatrics: a Prospective Observational Study
Authors: Zed Peter J. , Black Karen J. L. , Fitzpatrick Eleanor A. , Ackroyd-Stolarz Stacy , Murphy Nancy G. , Curran Janet A. , MacKinnon Neil J. , Sinclair Doug 
Published: February 2015

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE:There are few data on the rate and characterization of medication-related visits (MRVs) to the emergency department (ED) in pediatric patients. We sought to evaluate the frequency, severity, preventability, and classification of MRVs to the ED in pediatric patients.METHODS:We performed a prospective observational study of pediatric patients presenting to the ED over a 12-month period. A medication-related ED visit was identified by using pharmacist assessment, emergency physician assessment, and an independent adjudication committee.RESULTS:In this study, 2028 patients were enrolled (mean age, 6.1 ± 5.0 years; girls, 47.4%). An MRV was found in 163 patients (8.0%; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 7.0%–9.3%) of which 106 (65.0%; 95% CI: 57.2%–72.3%) were deemed preventable. Severity was classified as mild in 14 cases (8.6%; 95% CI: 4.8%–14.0%), moderate in 140 cases (85.9%; 95% CI: 79.6%–90.8%), and severe in 9 cases (5.5%; 95% CI: 2.6%–10.2%). The most common events were related to adverse drug reactions 26.4% (95% CI: 19.8%–33.8%), subtherapeutic dosage 19.0% (95% CI: 13.3%–25.9%), and nonadherence 17.2% (95% CI: 11.7%–23.9%). The probability of hospital admission was significantly higher among patients with an MRV compared with those without an MRV (odds ratio, 6.5; 95% CI: 4.3–9.6) and, if admitted, the median (interquartile range) length of stay was longer (3.0 [5.0] days vs 1.5 [2.5] days, P = .02).CONCLUSIONS:A medication-related cause was found in ∼1 of every 12 ED visits by pediatric patients, of which two-thirds were deemed preventable. Pediatric patients who present to the ED with an MRV are more likely to be admitted to hospital and when admitted have a longer length of stay.
Vaccination, Underlying Comorbidities, and Risk of Invasive Pneumococcal Disease
Authors: Yildirim Inci , Shea Kimberly M. , Little Brent A. , Silverio Amy L. , Pelton Stephen I. 
Published: February 2015

OBJECTIVES:
Children with underlying conditions remain at increased risk for invasive pneumococcal diseases (IPD). This study describes the epidemiology, serotype distribution, clinical presentations, and outcomes of IPD in children with and without comorbidity.

METHODS:
Cases of childhood IPD in Massachusetts were identified via enhanced surveillance from 2002 through 2014. Demographic and clinical data were collected via follow-up telephone interviews with parents and/or primary care providers. Underlying conditions were classified according to the 2012 Report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases and 2013 recommendations by the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices.

RESULTS:
Among 1052 IPD cases in Massachusetts children &lt;18 years old, 22.1% had at least 1 comorbidity. Immunocompromising conditions (32.7%) and chronic respiratory diseases (22.4%) were most common. Children with comorbidities were older at the time of IPD diagnosis (median 54 vs 23 months, P &lt; .001), had higher hospitalization (odds ratio 2.5; 95% confidence interval 1.7–3.6) and case-fatality rates (odds ratio 3.7; 95% confidence interval 1.5–8.9) compared with children without known underlying conditions after adjusting for age, gender, year of diagnosis, and pneumococcal vaccination status. During the last 2 years of the study, IPD among children with comorbidities was caused by non–pneumococcal conjugate vaccine 13 serotypes in 23-valent polysaccharide pneumococcal vaccine (6/12, 50%) or serotypes that are not included in any of the vaccines (6/12; 50%).

CONCLUSIONS:
In children with comorbidity, IPD results in higher mortality, and a large proportion of disease is due to serotypes not included in current conjugate vaccines. Further research is needed, specifically to develop and evaluate additional strategies for prevention of IPD in the most vulnerable children.
Headache in Traumatic Brain Injuries From Blunt Head Trauma
Authors: Dayan Peter S. , Holmes James F. , Hoyle John , Atabaki Shireen , Tunik Michael G. , Lichenstein Richard , Miskin Michelle , Kuppermann Nathan ,   for the Pediatric Emergency Care Applied Research Network (PECARN)
Published: February 2015

OBJECTIVE:
To determine the risk of traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) in children with headaches after minor blunt head trauma, particularly when the headaches occur without other findings suggestive of TBIs (ie, isolated headaches).

METHODS:
This was a secondary analysis of a prospective observational study of children 2 to 18 years with minor blunt head trauma (ie, Glasgow Coma Scale scores of 14–15). Clinicians assessed the history and characteristics of headaches at the time of initial evaluation, and documented findings onto case report forms. Our outcome measures were (1) clinically important TBI (ciTBI) and (2) TBI visible on computed tomography (CT).

RESULTS:
Of 27 495 eligible patients, 12 675 (46.1%) had headaches. Of the 12 567 patients who had complete data, 2462 (19.6%) had isolated headaches. ciTBIs occurred in 0 of 2462 patients (0%; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0%–0.1%) in the isolated headache group versus 162 of 10 105 patients (1.6%; 95% CI: 1.4%–1.9%) in the nonisolated headache group (risk difference, 1.6%; 95% CI: 1.3%–1.9%). TBIs on CT occurred in 3 of 456 patients (0.7%; 95% CI: 0.1%–1.9%) in the isolated headache group versus 271 of 6089 patients (4.5%; 95% CI: 3.9%–5.0%) in the nonisolated headache group (risk difference, 3.8%; 95% CI: 2.3%–4.5%). We found no significant independent associations between the risk of ciTBI or TBI on CT with either headache severity or location.

CONCLUSIONS:
ciTBIs are rare and TBIs on CT are very uncommon in children with minor blunt head trauma when headaches are their only sign or symptom.
Behavioral Signs of (Central) Auditory Processing Disorder in Children with Nonsyndromic Cleft Lip and/or Palate: A Parental Questionnaire Approach
Authors: Ma Xiaoran , Mcpherson Bradley , Ma Lian 
Published: February 2015

Objective Children with nonsyndromic cleft lip and/or palate often have a high prevalence of middle ear dysfunction. However, there are also indications that they may have a higher prevalence of (central) auditory processing disorder. This study used Fisher's Auditory Problems Checklist for caregivers to determine whether children with nonsyndromic cleft lip and/or palate have potentially more auditory processing difficulties compared with craniofacially normal children. Methods Caregivers of 147 school-aged children with nonsyndromic cleft lip and/or palate were recruited for the study. This group was divided into three subgroups: cleft lip, cleft palate, and cleft lip and palate. Caregivers of 60 craniofacially normal children were recruited as a control group. Hearing health tests were conducted to evaluate peripheral hearing. Caregivers of children who passed this assessment battery completed Fisher's Auditory Problems Checklist, which contains 25 questions related to behaviors linked to (central) auditory processing disorder. Result Children with cleft palate showed the lowest scores on the Fisher's Auditory Problems Checklist questionnaire, consistent with a higher index of suspicion for (central) auditory processing disorder. There was a significant difference in the manifestation of (central) auditory processing disorder-linked behaviors between the cleft palate and the control groups. The most common behaviors reported in the nonsyndromic cleft lip and/or palate group were short attention span and reduced learning motivation, along with hearing difficulties in noise. Conclusion A higher occurrence of (central) auditory processing disorder-linked behaviors were found in children with nonsyndromic cleft lip and/or palate, particularly cleft palate. Auditory processing abilities should not be ignored in children with nonsyndromic cleft lip and/or palate, and it is necessary to consider assessment tests for (central) auditory processing disorder when an auditory diagnosis is made for this population.
Periodontal Soft Tissue Root Coverage Procedures: A Systematic Review From the AAP Regeneration Workshop
Authors: Chambrone Leandro , Tatakis Dimitris N. 
Published: February 2015

Background: This paper aims to create a “bridge” between research and practice by developing a practical, extensive, and clinically relevant study that translates evidence‐based findings on soft tissue root coverage (RC) of recession‐type defects to daily clinical practice.Methods: This review is prepared in accordance with the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses) statement based on the proposed focused questions. A literature search with no restrictions regarding status or the language of publication was performed for MEDLINE and EMBASE databases up to and including June 2013. Systematic reviews (SRs), randomized clinical trials, controlled clinical trials, case series, and case reports evaluating recession areas that were treated by means of RC procedures were considered eligible for inclusion through the three parts of the study (part I, an overview of the base of SRs; part II, an alternative random‐effects meta‐analyses on mean percentage of RC and sites exhibiting complete RC; and part III, an SR of non‐randomized trials exploring other conditions not extensively evaluated by previous SRs). Data on Class I, II, III, and IV recessions, type of histologic attachment achieved with treatment, recipient‐ and donor‐site anatomic characteristics, smoking‐related outcomes, root surface conditions, tooth type and location, long‐term effectiveness outcomes, unusual conditions that may be reported during conventional daily practice, and patient‐centered outcomes were assessed as well.Results: Of the 2,456 potentially eligible trials, 234 were included. Data on Class I, II, III, and IV gingival recessions, histologic attachment achieved after treatment, recipient‐ and donor‐site anatomic characteristics, smoking‐related outcomes, root surface conditions/biomodification, tooth type and location, long‐term effectiveness outcomes and unusual conditions that may be reported during conventional daily practice, and patient‐centered outcomes (i.e., esthetic, visual analog scale, complications, hypersensitivity, patients perceptions) were assessed. Subepithelial connective tissue (CT)‐based procedures and coronally advanced flap plus acellular dermal matrix grafts, enamel matrix derivative, or collagen matrix led to the best improvements of recession depth, clinical attachment level (CAL) gain, and keratinized tissue (KT). Some conditions, such as smoking and use of magnification, may affect RC outcomes.Conclusions: All RC procedures can provide significant reduction in recession depth and CAL gain for Miller Class I and II recession‐type defects. Subepithelial CT graft‐based procedures provided the best outcomes for clinical practice because of their superior percentages of mean and complete RC, as well as significant increase of KT.
Periodontal Soft Tissue Non–Root Coverage Procedures: A Consensus Report From the AAP Regeneration Workshop
Authors: Scheyer E. Todd , Sanz Mariano , Dibart Serge , Greenwell Henry , John Vanchit , Kim David M. , Langer Laureen , Neiva Rodrigo , Rasperini Giulio 
Published: February 2015

Background: Soft tissue grafting for the purposes of increasing the width of keratinized tissue (KT) is an important aspect of periodontal treatment. A systematic review was analyzed, focusing on non‐root coverage tissue grafts. The references were updated to reflect the current literature.Methods: To formulate the consensus report, group members submitted any new literature related to the topic that met criteria fitting the systematic review, and this information was reviewed for inclusion in this report. A consensus report was developed to summarize the findings from the systematic review and to guide clinicians in their treatment decision‐making process.Results: Forty‐six articles met the criteria for inclusion in the final analysis, and two articles were added that were used to formulate this consensus report. A list of eight clinically relevant questions was posed, and consensus statements were developed.Conclusions: The evidence suggests that a minimum amount of KT is not needed to prevent attachment loss (AL) when optimal plaque control is present. However, if plaque control is suboptimal, a minimum of 2 mm of KT is needed. The standard procedure to predictably gain KT is the autogenous gingival graft. There is limited evidence for alternative treatment options. However, additional research may offer promising results in certain clinical scenarios.Clinical Recommendations: Before patient treatment, the clinician should evaluate etiology, including the role of inflammation and various types of trauma that contribute to AL. The best outcome procedure (autograft) and alternative options should be reviewed with the patient during appropriate informed consent. Proper assessment of the outcome should be included during supportive periodontal care.
The Use of a Novel Spacer and Ultralow-Density Cement System To Control Lost Circulation in Coalbed-Methane Wells
Authors: Wang Chengwen , Wang Ruihe , Zhou Weidong , Li Fei 
Published: February 2015

Summary
Coalbed methane (CBM) is one of the major clean-burning gas resources. Development and usage of CBM can increase the energy supply, improve coal-mine safety, and protect the global environment. The southern Qinshui basin of China is rich in CBM; it is the first area that obtained good results in the commercial development of CBM in China. However, lost circulation is a common problem during cementing through the fractured coal-seams, known as cleats. These cleats form an interconnected fracture network, and this allows cement-slurry loss to the coal-seams during cementing operations. Cleats are often wide enough to accept cement slurry, not just cement-slurry filtrate. Hence, simply reducing slurry density does not ensure a good cement job. Preventing cement-slurry loss to coal-seams while cementing production casing is a major challenge.
To solve the lost-circulation problem across coal formations, an innovative hydrophilic-fiber-based spacer fluid and ultralow-density cement slurries with density of 0.95 to 1.20 g/cm3 have been formulated. Laboratory tests have verified the effectiveness of hydrophilic-fiber-based spacer fluid in plugging these cleats of coal seams. The ultralow-density cement slurries exhibit favorable properties. These test results are confirmed by the good field-application results obtained in southern Qinshui basin. Fourteen CBM wells were successfully cemented with the novel spacer fluid and the ultralow-density cement slurries. The combined application of the hydrophilic-fiber-based spacer fluid and the ultralow-density-cement-slurry system is able to successfully resolve the lost-circulation problem in CBM wells, and provides better zonal isolation as well. This paper provides details about the slurry design and field application, and also presents the cement-bond evaluations that verify the conclusions.
Popular Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Cultivars Show Contrasting Responses to Heat Stress at Gametogenesis and Anthesis
Authors: Shi W. , Ishimaru T. , Gannaban R. B. , Oane W. , Jagadish S. V. K. 
Published: February 2015

ABSTRACTStudies on heat tolerance in rice (Oryza sativa L.) have focused on a range of accessions that are currently not grown or cultivated in small localized geographic regions, while popular rice cultivars occupying millions of hectares have not been tested for their response to heat stress. Hence, 18 popular rice cultivars grown across tropical and subtropical regions were subjected to 38°C for 6 h of heat stress at anthesis and five selected contrasting entries were exposed to six consecutive days (6 h each day) of stress coinciding with both gametogenesis and anthesis. Among the tested entries, Ciherang was the most tolerant, after both 6 h at anthesis and 6 d of stress across both gametogenesis and anthesis, whereas Moroberekan and KDML‐105 were the most susceptible. Using a quick and easy phenotyping protocol and by considering all the sterile spikelets across target panicles, the crucial physiological window “spikelets with exserted anthers but with no ovule enlargement” was identified as the most sensitive stage with exposure to heat stress at both critical reproductive stages. Geographic origin of rice varieties was not clearly related to the degree of tolerance or susceptibility to heat stress because both conditions were observed in cultivars from each target region. Our findings complement other ongoing efforts that are using heat‐tolerant landraces and wild rice as donors to further increase tolerance to sustain global rice production under future warmer climate.
Evaluation of Phenotypic Variation in a Collection of Apios americana: An Edible Tuberous Legume
Authors: Belamkar Vikas , Wenger Alex , Kalberer Scott R. , Bhattacharya V. Gautam , Blackmon William J. , Cannon Steven B. 
Published: February 2015

ABSTRACTApios (Apios americana Medik.), sometimes called “potato bean,” is a nitrogen‐fixing legume, native to eastern North America, that produces protein‐rich tubers at nodes along belowground stolons. Apios was used as a staple food source by Native Americans throughout eastern North America and holds promise as a crop. An Apios breeding program conducted during 1985 to 1994 involved the collection of ∼210 wild accessions, followed by hybridization and selection, with assessments of >2200 lines. Of these, 53 genotypes were retained for further evaluation. The study reports the phenotypic variation in this collection, at three locations and under three growing conditions (field, pots, and grow‐bags). We found significant (P < 0.05) variation among the genotypes for 18 of the 20 measured traits under field conditions, and for seven of 20 traits in pots and grow‐bags. Internode length, plant vigor, and stem diameter at 2 and 5 mo had strong correlations (r > 0.56, P < 0.01) with belowground yield plant−1. Four phenotypically distinct clusters of genotypes were evident in the Apios collection. Several genotypes produced high yields in all locations—up to 1515 g of belowground tuber yield plant−1. The superior germplasm identified in this project may be suitable as cultivars, and will aid in further development of Apios lines as a crop.
Genetic Analysis of Grain Yield of IITA and CIMMYT Early‐Maturing Maize Inbreds underStriga‐Infested and Low–Soil‐Nitrogen Environments
Authors: Ifie Beatrice E , Badu‐Apraku Baffour , Gracen Vernon , Danquah Eric Y 
Published: February 2015

ABSTRACTBreeding maize (Zea maysL.) hybrids resistant toStrigaand tolerant to low soil nitrogen (low‐N) will reduce grain yield losses due to stresses in West Africa (WA). Studies were conducted to determine if selection forStrigaresistance and/or drought tolerance in early‐maturing maize populations improved low‐N tolerance in hybrids derived from selected inbreds from International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) and International Centre for Maize and Wheat Improvement (CIMMYT) underStriga‐infested, low‐N and optimum environments in Nigeria. One hundred and fifty hybrids developed from crosses involving 30 lines using North Carolina Design II plus six checks were evaluated at two locations each under low‐N, artificialStrigainfestation, and optimum environments for 2 yr. Lines with combined resistance or tolerance toStrigaas well as low‐N were identified.Striga‐resistant– as well as low‐N–tolerant hybrids with outstanding performance under both stress environments could be obtained through the accumulation of favorable alleles for resistance or tolerance in both parental lines. Although selection forStrigaresistance and/or drought tolerance resulted in improved performance of genotypes under low‐N, it is important to test genotypes under low‐N to identify those with outstanding performance under the target stress. ENT 11 × TZEI 4 and TZEI 65 × ENT 11 were identified as the most stable and high‐yielding hybrids.