bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Impact of Immediate Verbal Feedback on the Improvement of Swimming Technique
Authors: Zatoń Krystyna , Szczepan Stefan 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
The present research attempts to ascertain the impact of immediate verbal feedback (IVF) on modifications of stroke length (SL). In all swimming styles, stroke length is considered an essential kinematic parameter of the swimming cycle. It is important for swimming mechanics and energetics. If SL shortens while the stroke rate (SR) remains unchanged or decreases, the temporal-spatial structure of swimming is considered erroneous. It results in a lower swimming velocity. Our research included 64 subjects, who were divided into two groups: the experimental - E (n=32) and the control - C (n=32) groups. A pretest and a post-test were conducted. The subjects swam the front crawl over the test distance of 25m at Vmax. Only the E group subjects were provided with IVF aiming to increase their SL. All tests were filmed by two cameras (50 samples•s-1). The kinematic parameters of the swimming cycle were analyzed using the SIMI Reality Motion Systems 2D software (SIMI Reality Motion Systems 2D GmbH, Germany). The movement analysis allowed to determine the average horizontal swimming velocity over 15 meters. The repeated measures analysis of variance ANOVA with a post-hoc Tukey range test demonstrated statistically significant (p<0.05) differences between the two groups in terms of SL and swimming velocity. IVF brought about a 6.93% (Simi method) and a 5.09% (Hay method) increase in SL, as well as a 2.92% increase in swimming velocity.
Comparing Tactical Behaviour of Soccer Players in 3 vs. 3 and 6 vs. 6 Small-Sided Games
Authors: Silva Bernardo , Garganta Júlio , Santos Rodrigo , Teoldo Israel 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
The present study aimed to compare players’ tactical behaviour in 3 vs. 3 and 6 vs. 6 soccer small-sided games (SSGs). The sample comprised 3,482 tactical actions performed by 18 U-11 youth soccer players from a Portuguese club, in 3 vs. 3 and 6 vs. 6 SSGs. All participants played eight minutes in both situations and field size was adapted according to the number of players involved (30 m x 19.5 m for 3 vs. 3 and 60 m x 39 m for 6 vs. 6). The System of Tactical Assessment in Soccer (FUT-SAT) was used for data collection and analyses. Descriptive analysis was conducted to verify frequencies and percentages of the variables assessed. The chi-squared (χ2) test was performed to compare the frequencies of the variables between 3 vs. 3 and 6 vs. 6 SSGs and Standardized Residuals (e) were used to examine the influence of the frequency of one or more variables within 3 vs. 3 and 6 vs. 6 SSGs. Data treatment was performed through SPSS for Windows®, version 18.0. Results indicated that players displayed safer behaviours in 6 vs. 6 SSG and more aggressive behaviours in 3 vs. 3 SSG. Findings can aid coaches and teachers to develop different players’ tactical skills according to the chosen SSG (3 vs. 3 or 6 vs. 6) form.
Fitness Profiles of Elite Portuguese Rugby Union Players
Authors: Vaz Luís , Morais Tomaz , Rocha Henrique , James Nic 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
The aim of this study was to describe the fitness profiles of senior elite Portuguese rugby players. Forty-six senior Portuguese rugby players, classified as backs (n=22; age 26.2±2.8) and forwards (n=24; age 26.7±2.9) were assessed during physical testing sessions carried out for the Portuguese National rugby team. The body composition, maximum strength and anaerobic capacity of players are hypothesized to be important physical characteristics as successful performance in rugby is predicated on the ability to undertake skilled behaviours both quickly and whilst withstanding large forces when in contact situations. No absolute differences were found between the backs and forwards for the speed performance variables although positional differences were found across all speeds when assessed relative to body mass since the forwards were significantly heavier. Coaches and the management team can use this information for monitoring progressive improvements in the physiological capacities of rugby players. These physical characteristics of elite rugby players provide normative profiles for specific positions and should form the basis of developmental programmes for adolescents.
Effect of amino acid application on induced resistance against citrus canker disease in lime plants
Authors: Hasabi Vahideh , Askari Hossein , Alavi Seyed Mehdi , Zamanizadeh Hamidreza 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Citrus bacterial canker, caused by Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri (Xcc), is a destructive disease. So far, the chemicals used to control this pathogen are either ineffective or harmful to the environment. To improve control of this disease, lime (Citrus aurantifolia) were treated with L-arginine, L-methionine, L-ornithine, and distilled water. Plants were inoculated with Xcc, 48 hours post treatment. Lesion diameters of inoculated leaves were evaluated four weeks after inoculation with a bacterial suspension. Changes in β-1,3-glucanase transcript levels and activity of antioxidant enzymes, catalase, peroxidase, and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase were investigated at 48 hours post treatment and 24, 48, and 72 hours post inoculation. Based on the results of phenotypic, antioxidant enzyme activity and a molecular study of the stressed plants, it was found that those plants treated with the amino acid methionine significantly increased the plant induced resistance as well as decreased the severity of disease by reducing necrotic lesion size.
Neogene seismites and seismic volcanic rocks in the Linqu area, Shandong Province, E China
Authors: Tian H.S. , Zhang B.H. , Zhang S.H. , Lü M.Y. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
The Yishu Fault Zone runs through the centre of Shandong Province (E China); it is a deep-seated large fault system that still is active. Two volcanic faulted basins (the Shanwang and Linqu Basins) in the Linqu area, west of the fault zone, are exposed to rifting, which process is accompanied by a series of tectonic and volcanic earthquakes with a magnitude of 5-8. Lacustrine sediments in the basins were affected by these earthquakes so that seismites with a variety of soft-sediment deformation structures originated. The seismites form part of the Shanwang Formation of the Linqu Group. Semi-consolidated fluvial conglomerates became deformed in a brittle way; these seismites are present at the base of the Yaoshan Formation. Intense earthquakes triggered by volcanic activity left their traces in the form of seismic volcanic rocks associated with liquefied-sand veins in the basalt/sand intercalations at the base of the Yaoshan Formation. These palaeo-earthquake records are dated around 14-10 Ma; they are responses to the intense tectonic extension and the basin rifting in this area and even the activity of the Yishu Fault Zone in the Himalayan tectonic cycle.
From Modernity to Post-Modernity: Conflicting Voices in Literary Discourse – A Corpus Analysis of You and One
Authors: de Sousa Alcina Maria Pereira , Correia Alda Maria 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
This paper discusses the possibilities of a corpus analysis applied to literary study and interpretation. It is thus its goal to present some findings related to the disambiguation of some pronominal references, i.e. you and one, as they occur in speech and thought presentation in prose fiction, across periods in the 20th century. The texts selected are two of Virginia Woolf's novels (early and late modernist period) and one by Hugo Hamilton (in the postmodern era). The analysis benefits from a multi-layered interpretive framework drawing on discourse analysis, corpus-based approaches and literary study, particularly in that it unpacks ways in which writers make use of linguistic structures. These involve readers in a dialogic interpretation of the text's “polyphony” and “heteroglossia”, either conveying the generic pronoun reference or the protagonist's inner voice.
MHC-Mismatched Chimerism Is Required for Induction of Transplantation Tolerance in Autoimmune Nonobese Diabetic Recipients
Authors: Wang Miao , Racine Jeremy , Zhang Mingfeng , Wu Tao , Deng Ruishu , Johnston Heather , Shen Christine , Siswanto Kathleen , Zeng Defu 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
In nonautoimmune recipients, induction of mixed and complete chimerism with hematopoietic progenitor cells from MHC (HLA)-matched or -mismatched donors are effective approaches for induction of organ transplantation immune tolerance in both animal models and patients. But it is still unclear whether this is the case in autoimmune recipients. With the autoimmune diabetic NOD mouse model, we report that, although mixed and complete MHC-mismatched chimerism provide immune tolerance to donor-type islet and skin transplants, neither mixed nor complete MHC-matched chimerism does. The MHC-mismatched chimerism not only tolerizes the de novo developed, but also the residual pre-existing host-type T cells in a mismatched MHC class II–dependent manner. In the MHC-mismatched chimeras, the residual host-type peripheral T cells appear to be anergic with upregulation of PD-1 and downregulation of IL-7Rα. Conversely, in the MHC-matched chimeras, the residual host-type peripheral T cells manifest both alloreactivity and autoreactivity; they not only mediate insulitis and sialitis in the recipient, but also reject allogeneic donor-type islet and skin grafts. Interestingly, transgenic autoreactive BDC2.5 T cells from Rag1+/+, but not from Rag1−/−, NOD mice show alloreactivity and mediate both insulitis and rejection of allografts. Taken together, MHC-mismatched, but not MHC-matched, chimerism can effectively provide transplantation immune tolerance in autoimmune recipients.
Assessing the Value of Work Done by an Orthopedic Resident During Call
Authors: Jackson J. Benjamin , Huntington William P. , Frick Steven L. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract

Background
Medicare funding for graduate medical education may be cut in the next federal budget.

Objective
We quantified the value of work that 1 orthopedic surgery resident performs on call and compare it to Medicare educational funding received by the hospital for each resident.

Methods
A single orthopedic resident's on-call emergency department and inpatient consults were collected during a 2-year call period at a large, tertiary, level-1 trauma center. Patient charts were reviewed; ICD-9 codes, evaluation and management, and procedural treatment were recorded. Codes were converted into work relative value units. The number of work relative value units was multiplied by the 2012 Medicare rate of $34.03 per relative value units to calculate the monetary value of resident work.

Results
Of 120 resident call shifts, 115 call sheets (95.8%) were available for review, and 1160 patients were seen (average  =  10.09 consults/call). A total of 4688 work relative value units were generated (average  =  40.76 per night), and the total dollar value generated was $159,561 ($1,387 per call) during the 2 years of call (average  =  $79,780 annually). Evaluation and management codes generated 2340 work relative value units, with a calculated dollar amount of $79,648, and procedural codes generated 2348 work relative value units, with a calculated dollar amount of $79,913.

Conclusions
Our institution estimated Medicare direct medical education support per resident at $40,000/y, and total funding was $130,000/resident. At our tertiary care institution, the unbilled work of 1 orthopedic resident on call amounts to more than 60% of Medicare direct medical education and indirect medical education funding annually.
A decadal‐scale deformation transient prior to the 2011 Mw 9.0 Tohoku‐oki earthquake
Authors: Mavrommatis Andreas P. , Segall Paul , Johnson Kaj M. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractGPS time series in northeast Japan exhibit nonlinear trends from 1996 to 2011 before the Mw 9.0, 2011 Tohoku‐oki earthquake. After removing reference frame noise, we model time series as linear trends plus constant acceleration, correcting for coseismic and postseismic effects from the numerous Mw ∼ 6.5+ earthquakes during this period. We find spatially coherent and statistically significant accelerations throughout northern Honshu. Large areas of Japan outside the Tohoku region show insignificant accelerations, demonstrating that the observation is not due to network‐wide artifacts. While the accelerations in northern Tohoku (Sanriku area) can be explained by decaying postseismic deformation from pre‐1996 earthquakes, the accelerations in south‐central Tohoku appear unrelated to postseismic effects. The latter accelerations are associated with a decrease in average trench‐normal strain rate and can be explained by increasing slip rate on the Japan trench plate interface and/or updip migration of deep aseismic slip in the decades before the 2011 Tohoku‐oki earthquake.
Noise statistics identification for Kalman filtering of the electron radiation belt observations I: Model errors
Authors: Podladchikova T. V. , Shprits Y. Y. , Kondrashov D. , Kellerman A. C. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractIn this study we present a first attempt to identify errors of the 1‐D radial diffusion model for relativistic electron phase space density (PSD). In practice, the model error and characteristics of satellite observations are poorly known, which may cause failure of a Kalman filter algorithm. Correct specification of model errors statistics is necessary for the development of the next generation of radiation belt specification models providing the effective PSD reconstruction and hence the prediction and mitigation of space weather effects in the hazardous space environment. The proposed approach to the identification of errors statistics is based on estimating the unknown bias and the covariance matrix of model errors from the sparse CRRES observations over a period of 441 days, from 28 July 1990 to 11 October 1991. With our technique we demonstrate that model errors are biased. Neglecting the bias when applying a data assimilation algorithm to radiation belt electrons can cause significant errors of the PSD estimate during data gaps. Both the identified bias and the covariance matrix of model errors increase with increase of L shell. Sensitivity of the PSD reconstruction to model errors statistics and advances of the improved physical‐based model based on the model errors identification are illustrated by a number of representative examples of the PSD reanalysis. Identification of satellite observations characteristics, and filtration and smoothing algorithms are discussed in the companion paper.
Determination of ionospheric parameters in real time using SuperDARN HF Radars
Authors: Bland Emma C. , McDonald Andrew J. , de Larquier Sebastien , Devlin John C. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractA technique for determining key ionospheric parameters from high‐frequency (HF) over‐the‐horizon radar ground scatter data is investigated using two Southern Hemisphere SuperDARN radars and also a Northern Hemisphere SuperDARN radar with reliable elevation angle‐of‐arrival capability. Ground scatter data are analyzed over a range of frequencies from 8 to 18 MHz to determine the maximum usable frequency and the vertical critical frequency over a wide geographical area within the radar field of view. The technique is shown to be well suited to middle to high latitudes where backscatter echoes from the ground dominate over those from ionospheric scattering targets. However, the technique is shown to break down during the winter months and away from solar maximum. It is shown that the use of reliable elevation angles can greatly enhance such methods allowing discrimination between ground scatter propagating via the E and F regions. It is also shown that contamination from very low velocity ionospheric scatter and ground scatter originating from the back lobe of the radar can be effectively filtered out, with the use of reliable elevation angles. This greatly improves the reliability of the ionospheric data products and allows for a high degree of automation of the process.
Osteoprotegerin expression in triple‐negative breast cancer cells promotes metastasis
Authors: Weichhaus Michael , Segaran Prabu , Renaud Ashleigh , Geerts Dirk , Connelly Linda 
Published: June 2014

AbstractOsteoprotegerin (OPG) is a secreted member of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor superfamily that has been well characterized as a negative regulator of bone remodeling. OPG is also expressed in human breast cancer tissues and cell lines. In vitro studies suggest that OPG exerts tumor‐promoting effects by binding to TNF‐related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL), thereby preventing induction of apoptosis. However, the in vivo effect of OPG expression by primary breast tumors has not been characterized. We knocked down OPG expression in MDA‐MB‐231 and MDA‐MB‐436 human breast cancer cells using shRNA and siRNA to investigate impact on metastasis in the chick embryo model. We observed a reduction in metastasis with OPG knockdown cells. We found that lowering OPG expression did not alter sensitivity to TRAIL‐induced apoptosis; however, the OPG knockdown cells had a reduced level of invasion. In association with this we observed reduced expression of the proteases Cathepsin D and Matrix Metalloproteinase‐2 upon OPG knockdown, indicating that OPG may promote metastasis via modulation of protease expression and invasion. We conclude that OPG has a metastasis‐promoting effect in breast cancer cells.
Intensity‐modulated pelvic radiation therapy and simultaneous integrated boost to the prostate area in patients with high‐risk prostate cancer: a preliminary report of disease control
Authors: Saracino Biancamaria , Petrongari Maria Grazia , Marzi Simona , Bruzzaniti Vicente , Sara Gomellini , Arcangeli Stefano , Arcangeli Giorgio , Pinnarò Paola , Giordano Carolina , Ferraro Anna Maria , Strigari Lidia 
Published: June 2014

AbstractThe aim of the study was to report the clinical results in patients with high‐risk prostate cancer treated with pelvic intensity‐modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) and simultaneous integrated boost (SIB) to the prostate area. A total of 110 patients entered our study, 37 patients presented with localized prostate cancer and radiological evidence of node metastases or ≥15% estimated risk of lymph node (LN) involvement, while 73 patients underwent postoperative adjuvant or salvage irradiation for biochemical or residual/recurrent disease, LN metastases, or high risk of harboring nodal metastases. All patients received androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) for 2 years. The median follow‐up was 56.5 months. For the whole patient group, the 3‐ and 5‐year freedom from biochemical failure were 82.6% and 74.6%, respectively, with a better outcome in patients treated with radical approach. The 3‐ and 5‐year freedom from local failure were 94.4% and 90.2%, respectively, while the 3‐ and 5‐year distant metastasis‐free survival were 87.8% and 81.7%, respectively. For all study patients, the rate of freedom from G2 acute rectal, intestinal, and urinary toxicities was 60%, 77%, and 61%, respectively. There was no G3 acute toxicity, ≥G2 late intestinal toxicity, or G3 late urinary or rectal toxicity. The 3‐ and 5‐year ≥G2 freedom from late rectal toxicity rate were 98% and 95%, respectively, while the 3‐ and 5‐year ≥G2 freedom from late urinary toxicity rate were 95% and 88%, respectively. The study concludes that pelvic IMRT and SIB to the prostatic area in association with 2‐year ADT was a well‐tolerated technique, providing high disease control in patients with prostate cancer requiring LN treatment.
Cytological characteristics of papillary thyroid carcinoma on LBC specimens, compared with conventional specimens
Authors: Suzuki Ayana , Hirokawa Mitsuyoshi , Higuchi Miyoko , Yamao Naoki , Kuma Seiji , Nakamura Hirotoshi , Amino Nobuyuki , Miyauchi Akira 
Published: June 2014

BackgroundThe cytological findings in conventional specimens (C‐S) and liquid‐based cytology specimens (LBC‐S) are not quite same. The aim of this article is to clarify the cytological findings of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) characteristic of LBC‐S.MethodsOut of 5,971 cases diagnosed in a single institution from March to September in 2012, 161 PTC cases with both C‐S and LBC‐S were reviewed. Additionally, we compared the findings with those in LBC‐S of 55 adenomatous or hyperplastic nodule (AN) and 21 follicular neoplasm (FN) cases.ResultsCompared to C‐S, the incidences of trabecular and hobnail patterns, collagenous stroma, naked capillaries, intercellular spaces, convoluted nuclei, eosinophilic nucleoli, and perinucleolar halo were increased. Pale nuclei were observed in only one of 161 PTC cases. Specificity of convoluted nuclei and perinucleolar halo were 97.4% and 96.1%, respectively.ConclusionConvoluted nuclei and perinucleolar halo might become a new indicator of PTC in LBC‐S. Contrarily, we should be aware that pale nuclei are rarely observed in LBC‐S. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2015;43:108–113. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Expression of ProEx C in primary and metastatic urothelial carcinoma
Authors: Liu Lian , Cohen Cynthia , Siddiqui Momin T. 
Published: June 2014

BackgroundProEx C is an antibody cocktail targeting the expression of topoisomerase IIα and minichromosome maintenance protein‐2. Both these proteins are over‐expressed in the cell nucleus during aberrant S‐phase induction of neoplastic cells, which leads to cell proliferation. The aim of this study was to determine whether ProEx C expression can detect primary and metastatic urothelial carcinoma (UC).MethodsThirty one fine needle aspiration cell blocks (CB) with metastatic UC were identified. Immunohistochemical staining for ProEx C and thrombomodulin was performed. Additionally, staining for Pro Ex C was also performed in tissue microarrays (TMA) of 46 cases of primary UC and carcinomas from colon (80), stomach (31), pancreas (33), liver (92), ovary (24), endometrium (25), breast (60), lung (27), kidney (32), and prostate (44), as well as melanoma (22). Nuclear staining of ProEx C and membrane staining of thrombomodulin in at least 10% tumor cells was considered a positive result.ResultsBoth ProEx C and thrombomodulin have similar sensitivity for metastatic UC (84% vs. 77%, p=0.75; whereas ProEx C yielded a higher sensitivity of 93% for primary UC than thrombomodulin (72%, p=0.01). In addition to UC, ProEx C is also expressed in most of the malignant neoplasms tested in our TMA study, and has the highest sensitivity in colon and stomach carcinomas (94%).ConclusionProEx C has high sensitivity for UC. However, it is also expressed in carcinomas of colon, stomach, breast, and lung carcinomas and may not be a useful marker for workup of metastatic UC. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2015;43:181–187. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.