bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Creating Law from the Ground Up: Land Law in Post-Conflict Cambodia
Authors: Trzcinski Leah M. , Upham Frank K. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractSince 1990, successive waves of foreign experts have introduced legal transplants into Cambodia dealing with the possession, use, and ownership of land. The Land Law of 2001, sponsored by the World Bank, first created a registration system that made land ownership dependent exclusively on a central cadastral registry. The 2007 Civil Code, sponsored by the Japanese International Cooperation Agency, subsequently cast doubt on the exclusivity of the registry by declaring it only presumptive evidence of ownership. Both laws are based on foreign models that presume economic, technical, and professional resources that Cambodia, as a very poor, post-conflict country, lacks. Despite recent efforts to reconcile the laws, implementation remains uneven and legal ambiguity persists. While it is too early to make conclusive judgments, the Cambodian experience brings into question not only the wisdom of top-down foreign intervention but also the desirability of any form of centralized formal legal construction in a society without the necessary social, political, and institutional prerequisites.
Disaster-Related Environmental Health Hazards: Former Lead Smelting Plants in the United States
Authors: Wang Yao , Kanter Robert K. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractObjectiveNatural disasters exacerbate risks of hazardous environmental exposures and adverse health consequences. The present study determined the proportion of previously identified lead industrial sites in urban locations that are at high risk for dispersal of toxic chemicals by natural disasters.MethodsGeographic analysis from publicly available data identified former lead smelting plants that coincide with populated urban areas and with high-risk locations for natural disasters.ResultsFrom a total of 229 urban smelting sites, 66 (29%) were in relatively high-risk areas for natural disasters: flood (39), earthquake (29), tornado (3), and hurricane (2). States with urban sites at relatively high risk for natural disaster included California (15); Pennsylvania (14); New York (7); Missouri (6); Illinois (5); New Jersey (4); Kentucky (3); Florida, Oregon, and Ohio (2 each); and Indiana, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Texas, Utah, and Washington (1 each). Incomplete historical records showed at least 10 smelting site locations were affected by natural disaster.ConclusionsForgotten environmental hazards may remain hazardous in any community. Uncertainty about risks in disasters causes disruptive public anxiety that increases difficulties in community responses and recovery. Our professional and public responsibility is to seek a better understanding of the risks of latent environmental hazards. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2014;0:1–7)
Flat bundles, von Neumann algebras andK-theory with ℝ/ℤ-coefficients
Authors: Antonini Paolo , Azzali Sara , Skandalis Georges 
Published: February 2014

AbstractLetMbe a closed manifold andα:π1(M) →Una representation. We give a purelyK-theoretic description of the associated element in theK-theory group ofMwith ℝ/ℤ-coefficients ([α] ∈K1(M; ℝ/ℤ)). To that end, it is convenient to describe the ℝ/ℤ-K-theory as a relativeK-theory of the unital inclusion of ℂ into a finite von Neumann algebraB. We use the following fact: there is, associated withα, a finite von Neumann algebraBtogether with a flat bundleℰ→Mwith fibersB, such thatEα⊗ℰis canonically isomorphic with ℂn⊗ℰ, whereEαdenotes the flat bundle with fiber ℂnassociated withα. We also discuss the spectral flow and rho type description of the pairing of the class [α] with theK-homology class of an elliptic selfadjoint (pseudo)-differential operatorDof order 1.
Dominating the news: government officials in front-page news coverage of policy issues in the United States and Korea
Authors: Yoon Jiso , Boydstun Amber E. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractWhat determines which political actors dominate a country’s news? Understanding the forces that shape political actors’ news coverage matters, because these actors can influence which problems and alternatives receive a nation’s public and policy attention. Across free-press nations, the degree of media attention actors receive is rarely proportional to their degree of participation in the policymaking process. Yet, the nature of this “mis”-representation varies by country. We argue that journalistic operating procedures – namely, journalists’ incentive-driven relationships with government officials – help explain cross-national variance in actors’ media representation relative to policymaking participation. We examine two free-press countries with dramatically different journalistic procedures: United States and Korea. For each, we compare actors’ policymaking participation to news coverage (using all 2008New York TimesandHankyoreh Dailyfront-page stories). Although exhibiting greater general discrepancy between actors’ policymaking and media representation, diverse actors are over-represented in United States news; in Korea, governmental actors are dominant.
Early comprehension of the Spanish plural
Authors: ARIAS-TREJO NATALIA , CANTRELL LISA M. , SMITH LINDA B. , CANTO ELDA A. ALVA 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACTUnderstanding how linguistic cues map to the environment is crucial for early language comprehension and may provide a way for bootstrapping and learning words. Research has suggested that learning how plural syntax maps to the perceptual environment may show a trajectory in which children first learn surrounding cues (verbs, modifiers) before a full mastery of the noun morpheme alone. The Spanish plural system of simple codas, dominated by one allomorph -s, and with redundant agreement markers, may facilitate early understanding of how plural linguistic cues map to novel referents. Two-year-old Mexican children correctly identified multiple novel object referents when multiple verbal cues in a phrase indicated plurality as well as in instances when the noun morphology in novel nouns was the only indicator of plurality. These results demonstrate Spanish-speaking children's ability to use plural noun inflectional morphology to infer novel word referents which may have implications for their word learning.
Bott periodicity in the Hit Problem
Authors: AULT SHAUN 
Published: February 2014

AbstractIn this short paper, we use Robert Bruner's $\cal{A}$(1)-resolution of $P = {\mathbb{F}_2[t]$ to shed light on the Hit Problem. In particular, the reduced syzygies Pn of P occur as direct summands of $\widetilde{P}^{\otimes n}$, where $\widetilde{P}$ is the augmentation ideal of the map $P \to \mathbb{F}_2$. The complement of Pn in $\widetilde{P}^{\otimes n}$ is free, and the modules Pn exhibit a type of “Bott periodicity” of period 4: Pn+4 = Σ8Pn. These facts taken together allow one to analyse the module of indecomposables in $\widetilde{P}^{\otimes n}$, that is, to say something about the “$\cal{A}$(1)-hit Problem”. Our study is essentially in two parts: first, we expound on the approach to the Hit Problem begun by William Singer, in which we compare images of Steenrod squares to certain kernels of squares. Using this approach, the author discovered a nontrivial element in bidegree (5, 9) that is neither $\cal{A}$(1)-hit nor in kerSq1 + kerSq3. Such an element is extremely rare, but Bruner's result shows clearly why these elements exist and detects them in full generality; second, we describe the graded ${\mathbb{F}_2$-space of $\cal{A}$(1)-hit elements of $\widetilde{P}^{\otimes n}$ by determining its Hilbert series.
Escherichia colibacteraemia in adults: age-related differences in clinical and bacteriological characteristics, and outcome
Authors: ROUBAUD BAUDRON C. , PANHARD X. , CLERMONT O. , MENTRÉ F. , FANTIN B. , DENAMUR E. , LEFORT A. 
Published: February 2014

SUMMARYTo explore the specificities ofEscherichia colibacteraemia in the elderly, the demographic, clinical and bacteriological characteristics and in-hospital mortality rate of ‘young’ (18–64 years,n = 395), ‘old’ (65–79 years,n = 372) and ‘very old’ (⩾80 years,n = 284) adult patients of the multicentre COLIBAFI cohort study were compared. Clinical and bacteriological risk factors for death were jointly identified by logistic regression and multivariate analysis within each group. ‘Young’ and ‘old’ patients had more comorbidities than ‘very old’ patients (comorbidity score: 1·5 ± 1·3 and 1·6 ± 1·2vs. 1·2 ± 1·2, respectively;P < 0·001), and were more frequently nosocomially infected (22·3% and 23·8%vs. 8·8%, respectively;P < 0·001). ‘Old’ patients had the poorest prognosis (death rate: 16·4%vs.10·4% for ‘young’ and 12·0% for ‘very old’ patients, respectively;P = 0·039). Risk factors for death were age group-specific, suggesting a host–pathogen relationship evolving with age.
A tree-based learning approach for document structure analysis and its application to web search
Authors: PEMBE F. CANAN , GÜNGÖR TUNGA 
Published: February 2014

AbstractIn this paper, we study the problem of structural analysis of Web documents aiming at extracting the sectional hierarchy of a document. In general, a document can be represented as a hierarchy of sections and subsections with corresponding headings and subheadings. We developed two machine learning models: heading extraction model and hierarchy extraction model. Heading extraction was formulated as a classification problem whereas a tree-based learning approach was employed in hierarchy extraction. For this purpose, we developed an incremental learning algorithm based on support vector machines and perceptrons. The models were evaluated in detail with respect to the performance of the heading and hierarchy extraction tasks. For comparison, a baseline rule-based approach was used that relies on heuristics and HTML document object model tree processing. The machine learning approach, which is a fully automatic approach, outperformed the rule-based approach. We also analyzed the effect of document structuring on automatic summarization in the context of Web search. The results of the task-based evaluation on TREC queries showed that structured summaries are superior to unstructured summaries both in terms of accuracy and user ratings, and enable the users to determine the relevancy of search results more accurately than search engine snippets.
The production diversity of subsistence farms in the Bolivian Andes is associated with the quality of child feeding practices as measured by a validated summary feeding index
Authors: Jones Andrew D 
Published: February 2014

AbstractObjectiveTo determine the validity of a summary infant and child feeding index (ICFI) and the association with the index of factors related to agricultural production.DesignA cross-sectional survey in eight health-post jurisdictions identified as priority nutrition regions. All households with children aged 6–23 months in eligible communities were administered an integrated survey on agricultural production and nutrition-related practices. Quantitative 24 h dietary recall, food frequency data and anthropometric measurements were collected for each child. Ninety-one per cent of eligible families participated.SettingThe northern region of the Potosí department in the Bolivian highlands.SubjectsTwo hundred and fifty-one households with children aged 6–23 months.ResultsIn multiple regression models controlling for potential confounding variables, infant and young child feeding (IYCF) practices as measured by an ICFI showed positive associations with child length-for-ageZ-score (mean difference of 0·47 in length-for-ageZ-score between children in the high ICFI tertile compared with the low tertile), child energy intake (mean difference of 1500 kJ between tertiles) and the micronutrient adequacy of child diets (mean difference of 7·2 % in mean micronutrient density adequacy between tertiles;P< 0·05). Examining determinants of IYCF practices, mother's education, livestock ownership and the crop diversity of farms were positively associated with the ICFI, while amount of agricultural land cultivated was negatively associated with the ICFI. Crop diversity and IYCF practices were more strongly positively correlated among households at high elevations.ConclusionsNutrition-sensitive investments in agriculture that aim to diversify subsistence agricultural production could plausibly benefit the adequacy of child diets.
Earnings related pension schemes and human capital formation
Authors: KINDERMANN FABIAN 
Published: February 2014

AbstractIn this paper, I show that traditional earnings related pay-as-you-go pension systems as we see them in many OECD countries subsidize human capital formation. The reason is that these systems come along with an implicit tax structure that features high tax rates at the beginning of working life and low tax rates toward the end. When the costs of human capital investment are mainly time costs, such an implicit tax structure lowers the costs of human capital investments and simultaneously increases the payoff. The fact that higher skilled workers tend to have steeper wage profiles over the working phase than the unskilled enforces this mechanism. I first show this result in a simple analytical model and then quantify the macroeconomic and welfare effects of making the implicit tax structure age independent in a large-scale overlapping generation model, in which households can invest in human capital both by going to college and through on-the-job training. In terms of welfare, such a reform comes along with a lot of intergenerational redistribution. Although the welfare of current retirees may increase by about 4.5% of their remaining life-time resources, current older workers will lose due to an increase in their implicit tax rates. The welfare of future generations slightly declines by 0.1%.
Do 401k plan advisors take their own advice?
Authors: DVORAK TOMAS 
Published: February 2014

AbstractSponsors of defined contribution plans often hire financial advisors to help them design and monitor their plans. I find that advisors have a significant impact on the menu of investment options of their clients’ plans. Clients of the same advisor tend to hold the same funds and fund families. They also tend to delete and add the same funds. Advisors’ plans are similar to their clients’ plans in that they tend to hold identical funds, use the same fund families, and fund categories. Thus, to a large extent, advisors take their own advice. However, funds that are in clients’ plans but not in their advisors’ plans have higher expense ratios than the funds held by advisors. Since advisors’ compensation is often tied to the expense ratio of their clients’ funds, this pattern is consistent with misaligned incentives on the part of advisors and their clients.
Drug Delivery by Tattooing to Treat Cutaneous Leishmaniasis
Authors: Shio Marina Temi , Paquet Marilene , Martel Caroline , Bosschaerts Tom , Stienstra Stef , Olivier Martin , Fortin Anny 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThis study establishes a proof-of-concept that a tattoo device can target intra-dermal drug delivery against cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL). The selected drug is oleylphosphocholine (OlPC) formulated as liposomes, particles known to be prone to macrophage ingestion. We first show that treatment of cultured Leishmania-infected macrophages with OlPC-liposomes results in a direct dose-dependent killing of intracellular parasites. Based on this, in vivo efficacy is demonstrated using a 10 day tattooing-mediated treatment in mice infected with L. major and L. mexicana. In both models this regimen results in rapid clinical recovery with complete regression of skin lesions by Day 28. Parasite counts and histopathology examination confirm high treatment efficacy at the parasitic level. Low amount of drug required for tattooing combined with fast clinical recovery may have a positive impact on CL patient management. This first example of tattoo-mediated drug delivery could open to new therapeutic interventions in the treatment of skin diseases.
Analysis of detection range of FM‐based passive radar
Authors: Malanowski Mateusz , Kulpa Krzysztof , Kulpa Janusz , Samczynski Piotr , Misiurewicz Jacek 
Published: February 2014

This study presents an analysis of the detection range of a passive bistatic radar (PBR) by using FM radio transmitters as the illuminators of opportunity and the analysis of a required analogue‐front‐end dynamic range. Firstly, the theoretical considerations are presented in which the power budget is analysed, by taking into account the specific features of the PBR such as instantaneous reception of the direct illumination signal and weak target echoes and direct path interference removal. In the second part of this study, measurements performed by using an FM‐based PBR demonstrator PaRaDe (passive radar demonstrator) are presented. The PaRaDe is a deployable system operating in real time, developed at the Warsaw University of Technology, Poland. The measurements include a scan of a typical spectrum in the range of 88–108 MHz, and the analysis of the long range detection of the air targets.
Stimulus repetition modulates gamma-band synchronization in primate visual cortex
Authors: Brunet Nicolas M. , Bosman Conrado A. , Vinck Martin , Roberts Mark , Oostenveld Robert , Desimone Robert , De Weerd Peter , Fries Pascal 
Published: February 2014

Significance
When a visual stimulus repeats multiple times, visual cortical neurons show decreasing firing rate responses, yet neither perception nor stimulus-related behavior is compromised. We show that stimulus repetition leads to increased neuronal gamma-band (∼40–90 Hz) synchronization within and between early and higher visual areas. The enhanced gamma-band synchronization likely maintains effective stimulus signaling in the face of dwindling firing rates. We also show that synchronization to the gamma rhythm increases for spikes in general and for those of putative interneurons, whereas it decreases for spikes of putative excitatory neurons if they are not strongly stimulus-driven. Thus, inhibitory interneurons might create increasingly precise gamma-band synchronization, and thereby prune the stimulus representation by pyramidal cells to be sparser and more efficient.
Negotiating a passage to the meal in four cultures
Authors: Beeman William O. 
Published: February 2014

Food plays a central role in hospitality in virtually every culture on earth. Eating together – “commensality” is perhaps one of the most basic human social acts, and is imbued with a special ritual quality. In this paper I show that there are several stages that participants in commensality pass through from the outside world to the communal meal. The passage from stage to stage is effected through the use of linguistic/ behavioral routines that I call “pragmemic triggers.” The form of these triggers is different for different societies, but their structure and use is the same. To demonstrate this, I compare the passage to the meal in four widely dispersed cultures: Middle East, Japanese, German and American.
Emotions
Authors: Godart-Wendling Béatrice 
Published: February 2014

The aim of this paper is to point out that the semantic analysis of the language of emotions contributed from the thirties onwards to the emergence of analytic philosophy. Based on Wittgenstein’ s thought that fuelled this return to the observation of ordinary language, this study shows that the specificity of his approach was to examine the expression of emotions through their learning in order to undermine the idea that the use of emotional terms and utterances would allow us to perform acts of reference, to describe a mental state or to inform another of what we feel. Furthermore, this analysis aims at highlighting that the expression of each kind of emotion (exclamation, fear, pain, etc.) is governed by different grammatical rules, so that the structure of emotional language has to be thought of as being composed of various language-games which, while finding their common origin in our form of life, are nevertheless only related by their family resemblance. By thus focusing on the singularity of grammatical rules, the paradigm of emotions contributes not only to establishing the fundamental concepts of a new approach to meaning, but authorizes the affirmation of the primacy of Grammar as being the place in which the meaning is “prepared” by constraining the possibilities of word uses.
Non-promotional passives and unspecified subject constructions
Authors: O'Connor Catherine , Maling Joan 
Published: February 2014

The passive construction, one of the most scrutinized across varying theoretical and typological perspectives, sometimes gives rise to disagreements among linguists about the membership of particular cases. “Non-promotional” passives are a key example: they lack overt subjects but govern accusative objects and may be categorized as either passives or impersonal actives with null unspecified human subjects. Based on Irish, Polish, Ukrainian, Icelandic, and Pomo data, we argue that disagreements stem from two sources: (a) linguists’ differing theorizations of “passive,” including their tacit commitments to the importance of distinct constructional features for a theory of language; and (b) differing native speaker judgments, which reveal two distinct and persistent analyses of this configuration, arising from the syntactic ambiguity of verb forms with null surface subjects.
An exploration of pre‐performance routines, self‐efficacy, anxiety and performance in semi‐professional soccer
Authors: Hazell Jonathan , Cotterill Stewart T. , Hill Denise M. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractWhilst much research has suggested a positive link between pre‐performance routines (PPRs) and performance, the specific mechanisms of the process have yet to be understood fully. It has been suggested that the PPR may influence performance through lowering the athlete's anxiety, and/or increasing their self‐efficacy, but to date this has not specifically been explored in detail. As a result the aim of the current study was to explore the impact of specific individualised PPRs on performance, anxiety and self‐efficacy in semi‐professional soccer players. Participants were 20 male semi‐professional soccer players (M = 19.45, SD = 2.81) recruited from clubs in England. Adopting a repeated measure design, players were tested on performance, anxiety, and self‐efficacy pre‐ and post a 7‐day intervention period in which the participants learnt a new PPR. The data were analysed using factorial mixed measures analysis of variance (ANOVAs), with the results revealing a significant difference in somatic anxiety for the experimental group and a decrease in performance for the control group. The study provides further support for the suggestion that the PPR can enhance performance by reducing experiences of anxiety prior to performance.