bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cocoa polyphenols prevent inflammation in the colon of azoxymethane-treated rats and in TNF-α-stimulated Caco-2 cells
Authors: Rodríguez-Ramiro Ildefonso , Ramos Sonia , López-Oliva Elvira , Agis-Torres Angel , Bravo Laura , Goya Luis , Martín Maria Angeles 
Published: November 2012

Numerous lines of evidence support a relationship between intestinal inflammation and cancer. Therefore, much attention has recently been focused on the identification of natural compounds with anti-inflammatory activities as a strategy to suppress the early stages of colorectal cancer. Because cocoa is a rich source of bioactive compounds, the present study investigated its anti-inflammatory properties in a rat model of azoxymethane (AOM)-induced colon carcinogenesis and in TNF-α-stimulated Caco-2 cells. A total of forty male rats were fed with control or cocoa-enriched diets (12 %) during 8 weeks and injected with saline or AOM (20 mg/kg body weight) during the third and fourth week (n10 rats/group). At the end of the experiment, colon samples were evaluated for markers of inflammation. The anti-inflammatory activity of a cocoa polyphenolic extract (10 μg/ml) was examined in TNF-α-stimulated Caco-2 cells, anin vitromodel of experimentally induced intestinal inflammation. The signalling pathways involved, including NF-κB and the mitogen-activated protein kinase family such as c-Jun NH2-terminal kinases (JNK), extracellular signal-regulated kinases and p38, were also evaluated. The results show that the cocoa-rich diet decreases the nuclear levels of NF-κB and the expression of pro-inflammatory enzymes such as cyclo-oxygenase-2 and inducible NO synthase induced by AOM in the colon. Additionally, the experiments in Caco-2 cells confirm that cocoa polyphenols effectively down-regulate the levels of inflammatory markers induced by TNF-α by inhibiting NF-κB translocation and JNK phosphorylation. We conclude that cocoa polyphenols suppress inflammation-related colon carcinogenesis and could be promising in the dietary prevention of intestinal inflammation and related cancer development.
Amygdala–hippocampal shape and cortical thickness abnormalities in first-episode schizophrenia and mania
Authors: Qiu A. , Gan S. C. , Wang Y. , Sim K. 
Published: November 2012

BackgroundAbnormalities in cortical thickness and subcortical structures have been studied in schizophrenia but little is known about corresponding changes in mania and brain structural differences between these two psychiatric conditions, especially early in the stage of the illness. In this study we aimed to compare cortical thickness and shape of the amygdala–hippocampal complex in first-episode schizophrenia (FES) and mania (FEM).MethodStructural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed on 28 FES patients, 28 FEM patients and 28 healthy control subjects who were matched for age, gender and handedness.ResultsOverall, the shape of the amygdala was deformed in both patient groups, relative to controls. Compared to FEM patients, FES patients had significant inward shape deformation in the left hippocampal tail, right hippocampal body and a small region in the right amygdala. Cortical thinning was more widespread in FES patients, with significant differences found in the temporal brain regions when compared with FEM and controls.ConclusionsSignificant differences were observed between the two groups of patients with FES and FEM in terms of the hippocampal shape and cortical thickness in the temporal region, highlighting that distinguishable brain structural changes are present early in the course of schizophrenia and mania.
A survey on metrics for the evaluation of user simulations
Authors: Pietquin Olivier , Hastie Helen 
Published: November 2012

AbstractUser simulation is an important research area in the field of spoken dialogue systems (SDSs) because collecting and annotating real human–machine interactions is often expensive and time-consuming. However, such data are generally required for designing, training and assessing dialogue systems. User simulations are especially needed when using machine learning methods for optimizing dialogue management strategies such as Reinforcement Learning, where the amount of data necessary for training is larger than existing corpora. The quality of the user simulation is therefore of crucial importance because it dramatically influences the results in terms of SDS performance analysis and the learnt strategy. Assessment of the quality of simulated dialogues and user simulation methods is an open issue and, although assessment metrics are required, there is no commonly adopted metric. In this paper, we give a survey of User Simulations Metrics in the literature, propose some extensions and discuss these metrics in terms of a list of desired features.
Cherubini and the Revolutionary Sublime
Authors: Hibberd Sarah 
Published: November 2012

AbstractFrance receives little attention in narratives about the sublime in the late eighteenth and the nineteenth centuries. This article will argue that the cataclysmic tableau at the climax of Cherubini's first opera for the Théâtre Feydeau in Paris,Lodoïska(1791), can be understood as part of a coherent and distinctively French discourse of the sublime, rooted in revolutionary experience that can be understood in relation to wider European trends.
Two into Three Won't Go? Poetic Structure and Musical Forms in Mozart'sIdomeneo
Authors: Carter Tim 
Published: November 2012

AbstractBy the last quarter of the eighteenth century, the typical Metastasian two-stanza aria text could be set to music in one of two ways: in the ternary form typical of the earlierda capoaria (stanzas 1–2–1) or in a binary one (stanzas 1–2–1–2). Why did Mozart choose one form over the other inIdomeneo(1781); what does this tell us about the role of his librettist, Giovanni Battista Varesco, both before and after the composer left Salzburg for Munich to finish composing the opera and to prepare its performance; and how might these issues enable some rational inquiry into questions of music and drama?
Seeing the Empress Again On Doubling inL'incoronazione di Poppea
Authors: Schneider Magnus Tessing 
Published: November 2012

AbstractThis article presents a reading of Gian Francesco Busenello's and Claudio Monteverdi's operaL'incoronazione di Poppeain light of seventeenth-century theatrical practices. Reconstructing the doubling plan from the opera's premiere in 1643 on the basis of contemporary doubling practices and the correspondence of the Ferrarese music patron Marquess Cornelio Bentivoglio, the author argues, adducing circumstantial evidence, that Ottavia and Drusilla were conceived as a double role for the operatic quick-change artist Anna Renzi. While Renzi is known to have created Ottavia, this part is half the size of all other roles written for her, which invariably involve dramatic, emotional and musical variety to a much greater extent than does Monteverdi's tragic Empress. Renzi was admired for her command of both tragedy and comedy, and the essay develops the hypothesis of the double role as an intertextual interpenetration of the title heroines from the pseudo-Senecan tragedyOctaviaand Girolamo Bargagli's sixteenth-century comedyLa pellegrina.
Carbonate leaching processes in the Red Clay Formation, Chinese Loess Plateau: Fingerprinting East Asian summer monsoon variability during the late Miocene and Pliocene
Authors: He Tong , Chen Yang , Balsam William , Qiang Xiaoke , Liu Lianwen , Chen Jun , Ji Junfeng 
Published: November 2012

AbstractHigh‐resolution variations in carbonate minerals from the Jiaxian Red Clay section, located at the northern limit of the present East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) on Chinese Loess Plateau were quantified using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. We analyzed a large quantity of sediments dated from the late Miocene to Pliocene (8.2–2.6 Ma). The carbonates in this interval show high‐frequency variations alternating between leached and calcareous horizons. The low carbonate contents and high values of magnetic susceptibility and high Rb/Sr ratios were found in the leached zones, a pattern that is consistent with that observed in the overlying Quaternary loess‐paleosol sequences. This pattern suggests that East Asian Monsoon (EAM) rainwater enhanced leaching and accumulation processes of carbonate minerals in the Red Clay Formation in a way similar to the loess‐paleosol sequence. Seven alternating leached and calcareous zones are identified, suggesting oscillations of the EASM and East Asian winter monsoon intervals. The calcareous zones were also found to have high Zr/Rb ratio. These indications of shifts from a strong EASM to East Asian winter monsoon dominance correlate well with the cooling transition indicated by deep sea δ18O isotopes. This evidence suggests that the EAM was active during the late Miocene and Pliocene and was similar to the Quaternary monsoon. The presence of a strong EAM during the Pliocene Warm Period also raises questions about the hypothesis that past and future warm climate conditions could produce a permanent El Niño‐like state.
Subsurface mass transport affects the radioxenon signatures that are used to identify clandestine nuclear tests
Authors: Lowrey J. D. , Biegalski S. R. , Osborne A. G. , Deinert M. R. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractThe ratios of noble gas radioisotopes can provide critical information with which to verify that a belowground nuclear test has taken place. The relative abundance of anthropogenic isotopes is typically assumed to rely solely on their fission yield and decay rate. The xenon signature of a nuclear test is then bounded by the signal from directly produced fission xenon, and by the signal that would come from the addition of xenon from iodine precursors. Here we show that this signal range is too narrowly defined. Transport simulations were done to span the range of geological conditions within the Nevada Test Site. The simulations assume a 1 kt test and the barometric history following the nuclear test at Pahute Mesa in March 1992. Predicted xenon ratios fall outside of the typically assumed range 20% of the time and situations can arise where the ground level signal comes entirely from the decay of iodine precursors.
How stationary is the relationship between Siberian snow and Arctic Oscillation over the 20th century?
Authors: Peings Y. , Brun E. , Mauvais V. , Douville H. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractBoth observational and numerical studies suggest that fall snow cover extent over Eurasia is linked to subsequent winter variations in the predominant Northern Hemisphere teleconnection pattern, known as the Arctic Oscillation (AO). The present study uses the recent 20th Century Reanalysis to explore the snow‐AO relationship over the entire 20th century for the first time. 20th Century Reanalysis is first shown to have a consistently realistic simulation of the onset of the Eurasian snow cover compared to a large number of in situ observations. It is then used to explore the snow‐AO relationship over both the satellite and presatellite periods. Results show that this teleconnection is not stationary and did not emerge until the 1970s. The possible modulation of the teleconnection by the Quasi‐Biennal Oscillation is then discussed, because it could have favored the influence of snow anomalies on the Arctic Oscillation in recent decades. These results have important implications for seasonal forecasting and suggest, in particular, that statistical predictions of the wintertime AO should not be based on snow predictors alone.
Simultaneous partitioning of silicon and oxygen into the Earth's core during early Earth differentiation
Authors: Tsuno Kyusei , Frost Daniel J. , Rubie David C. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractSilicon and oxygen are potential light elements in the Earth's core and may be involved in metal‐silicate reactions at the present day core‐mantle boundary. We have performed multianvil experiments at 25 GPa and 2770–3080 K to understand the simultaneous partitioning of these elements between liquid iron–rich metal and silicate melt. The presence of O in liquid Fe at high temperatures influences the partitioning of Si, causing more Si to partition into the metal than would be expected based on lower temperature measurements. Although Si and O are mutually exclusive in Fe metal at <3000 K, the level at which both element concentrations are similar in the liquid metal rises above 1 wt % at >3000 K. We have developed a thermodynamic model based on these experiments that accounts for the interaction between O and Si in the liquid metal. Comparison between this model and the previous results of diamond‐anvil cell experiments up to 71 GPa indicates very little pressure dependence but a strong temperature dependence for O and Si partitioning. Our model predicts that subequal concentrations of Si and O, sufficient to explain the outer core density deficit, would have partitioned into core‐forming metal if equilibration occurred between the metal and a magma ocean with a bulk silicate Earth composition at an average depth of ~1200 km (~50 GPa and ~3300 K). An O‐ and Si‐enriched buoyant layer may have developed at the top of the outer core as a result of subsequent equilibration with the overlying mantle.
Enhanced transfer of terrestrially derived carbon to the atmosphere in a flooding event
Authors: Bianchi Thomas S. , Garcia‐Tigreros Fenix , Yvon‐Lewis Shari A. , Shields Michael , Mills Heath J. , Butman David , Osburn Christopher , Raymond Peter , Shank G. Christopher , DiMarco Steven F. , Walker Nan , Reese Brandi Kiel , Mullins‐Perry Ruth , Quigg Antonietta , Aiken George R. , Grossman Ethan L. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractRising CO2concentration in the atmosphere, global climate change, and the sustainability of the Earth's biosphere are great societal concerns for the 21st century. Global climate change has, in part, resulted in a higher frequency of flooding events, which allow for greater exchange between soil/plant litter and aquatic carbon pools. Here we demonstrate that the summer 2011 flood in the Mississippi River basin, caused by extreme precipitation events, resulted in a “flushing” of terrestrially derived dissolved organic carbon (TDOC) to the northern Gulf of Mexico. Data from the lower Atchafalaya and Mississippi rivers showed that the DOC flux to the northern Gulf of Mexico during this flood was significantly higher than in previous years. We also show that consumption of radiocarbon‐modern TDOC by bacteria in floodwaters in the lower Atchafalaya River and along the adjacent shelf contributed to northern Gulf shelf waters changing from a net sink to a net source of CO2to the atmosphere in June and August 2011. This work shows that enhanced flooding, which may or may not be caused by climate change, can result in rapid losses of stored carbon in soils to the atmosphere via processes in aquatic ecosystems.
Revised Eocene‐Oligocene kinematics for the West Antarctic rift system
Authors: Granot R. , Cande S. C. , Stock J. M. , Damaske D. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractPast plate motion between East and West Antarctica along the West Antarctic rift system had important regional and global implications. Although extensively studied, the kinematics of the rift during Eocene‐Oligocene time still remains elusive. Based on a recent detailed aeromagnetic survey from the Adare and Northern Basins, located in the northwestern Ross Sea, we present the first well‐constrained kinematic model with four rotations for Anomalies 12o, 13o, 16y, and 18o (26.5–40.13 Ma). These rotation poles form a cluster suggesting a stable sense of motion during that period of time. The poles are located close to the central part of the rift implying that the local motion varied from extension in the western Ross Sea sector (Adare Basin, Northern Basin, and Victoria Land Basin) to dextral transcurrent motion in the Ross Ice Shelf and to oblique convergence in the eastern end of the rift zone. The results confirm previous estimates of 95 km of extension in the Victoria Land Basin.
Toward quantifying discrete groundwater discharge from frozen seepage faces using thermal infrared images
Authors: Pandey Priyanka , Gleeson Tom , Baraer Michel 
Published: November 2012

AbstractFrozen groundwater seeps from discrete features, such as fractures and faults, are common along steep faces of cliffs, mines, quarries, and road cuts in cold environments at high elevations and latitudes. Our objective is to test whether thermal infrared imaging can be used to quantify groundwater discharge from such discrete features in freezing conditions. Discrete seeps and freezing cliff faces were simulated in a cold room laboratory with a systematic series of experiments captured through infrared imaging. Two zones of distinct surface temperatures were observed at the ice surface: a zone of relatively warm and constant surface temperature above a zone with high thermal gradients. Experimental conditions impacted the length of the relative warm zone. A strong correlation is observed between length of the relative warm zone and the discharge rate suggesting that groundwater discharge from discrete features could be quantified using noninvasive infrared imaging.
Seismic anisotropy of subducting oceanic uppermost mantle from fossil spreading
Authors: Audet Pascal 
Published: November 2012

AbstractIdentifying the sources of seismic anisotropy in subduction zone forearcs is key to understanding mantle deformation processes. Current models based on the interpretation of shear‐wave splitting measurements favor the flow‐induced alignment of olivine crystals around down‐going slabs or the presence of foliated serpentine minerals due to subduction‐related processes, thereby neglecting fossil slab fabric as a significant source of anisotropy. We use seismic receiver functions to show evidence for strong anisotropy within anhydrous uppermost mantle of subducting oceanic plates in the forearcs of Nankai, Cascadia, Mexico, and Costa Rica subduction zones. Seismic anisotropy models from the inversion of receiver function waveforms are consistent with fossil fabric generated at spreading ridges.
Modeling the impact of reduced sea ice cover in future climate on the Baltic Sea biogeochemistry
Authors: Eilola K. , Mårtensson S. , Meier H. E. M. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractIn a warming future climate, the sea ice cover is expected to decrease, with very likely large consequences for the marine ecosystem. We investigated the impact of future sea ice retreat on the Baltic Sea biogeochemistry at the end of the century, using an ensemble of regionalized global climate simulations. We found that the spring bloom will start by up to one month earlier and winds and wave‐induced resuspension will increase, causing an increased transport of nutrients from the productive coastal zone into the deeper areas. The internal nutrient fluxes do not necessarily increase because they also depend on oxygen and temperature conditions of the bottom water. Winter mixing increases in areas having reduced ice cover and in areas having reduced stratification due to increased freshwater supply. The reduced sea ice cover therefore partly counteracts eutrophication because increased vertical mixing improves oxygen conditions in lower layers.
Evidence of gravity wave ducting in the mesopause region from airglow network observations
Authors: Suzuki S. , Shiokawa K. , Otsuka Y. , Kawamura S. , Murayama Y. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractWe present observational evidence of gravity wave ducting and show, for the first time, that the ducting occurs over large horizontal distances in the mesopause region. An optical network of four all‐sky imagers in Japan identified two‐dimensional patterns of small‐scale gravity wave bands in OH airglow images on 13 June 2004. The wave signatures clearly showed northward propagation of more than 1800 km over a wide range of latitudes. The horizontal wavelength, horizontal phase speed, and wave period were estimated from the airglow data as 33.4 km, 42.8 m s−1, and 13.4 min, respectively. The wave structure lasted for the whole 5‐h airglow observation period. Simultaneous MF radar wind data and TIMED/SABER measurements suggested that the wave was trapped and ducted at the airglow height. The ducting likely contributed to the remarkable coherence of the wave as it propagated northward.
Nature of axial tail instability and bubble‐blob formation in near‐Earth plasma sheet
Authors: Zhu P. , Raeder J. , Hegna C. C. , Sovinec C. R. 
Published: November 2012

ABSTRACTPrevious global magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulations of substorm events have identified the dynamic presence of an axial tail instability that is uniform in the dawn‐dusk direction in the near‐Earth plasma sheet. The axial tail instability is found to be a major cause of the initial growing MHD force imbalance on closed field lines prior to the subsequent magnetic reconnection and substorm expansion onset processes. In this work, energy principle analysis indicates that a two‐dimensional thin current sheet configuration in the magnetotail is typically stable to the axial mode within the framework of ideal MHD model. However, linear resistive MHD calculations find axial tail instabilities on closed field lines in the generalized Harris sheet configurations. The properties of these instabilities are similar to the axial tail modes observed in the global MHD simulations. The axial tail mode is unstable in regimes of low Lundquist number and regions with small normal component of magnetic field. Such resistive axial tail instability would by many researchers be considered as tearing instability in a two‐dimensional tail configuration. Unlike the conventional tearing mode of Harris sheet, the linear axial tail instability does not involve any reconnection process. Instead, the nature of the mode is dominantly a slippage process among neighboring flux tubes as facilitated by resistive dissipation. A natural consequence of the axial tail instability is shown to be the formation of bubble‐blob pairs in the pressure and entropy profiles in the near‐Earth plasma sheet.
A method for specifying atmospheric gravity wavefields for long‐range infrasound propagation calculations
Authors: Drob D. P. , Broutman D. , Hedlin M. A. , Winslow N. W. , Gibson R. G. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractTwo important challenges in infrasound propagation physics are (1) to explain frequently observed infrasound signals in the classical near‐field shadow zones and (2) to accurately predict observed waveform amplitude and signal duration. For these problems, the role that small‐scale internal atmospheric gravity wave fluctuations play has recently been realized. This paper provides a methodology for representing small‐scale internal gravity wave fluctuations which is suitable for infrasound propagation calculations. Adapted from the numerical weather prediction and climate modeling communities, the resulting stochastic gravity wave noise field model is three‐dimensional, time dependent, and self‐consistent with the atmospheric background state. To illustrate the methodology the resultant gravity wavefields are applied to ray‐trace simulations of observed infrasound travel times for a dense seismic network in the Western United States which recorded infrasound signals from a large surface explosion.