bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Digital palpation of endotracheal tube tip as a method of confirming endotracheal tube position in neonates: an open‐label, three‐armed randomized controlled trial
Authors: Saboo Ashwin R. , Dutta Sourabh , Sodhi Kushaljit Singh 
Published: March 2013

SummaryObjectiveTo compare the malposition rates of endotracheal tubes (ETTs) when the insertional length (IL) is determined by a weight‐based nomogram versus when IL is determined by palpation of the ETT tip.DesignOpen‐label, randomized controlled trial (RCT).SettingLevel III neonatal intensive care unit (NICU).SubjectsAll newborn babies admitted in NICU requiring intubation.InterventionsSubjects were randomly allocated to one of three groups, wherein IL was determined by (i) weight‐based nomogram alone, (ii) weight‐based nomogram combined with suprasternal palpation of ETT tip performed by specially trained neonatology fellows, or (iii) combination of weight‐based and suprasternal methods by personnel not specially trained.Primary OutcomeRate of malposition of ETT as judged on chest X‐ray (CXR).ResultsFifty seven babies were randomized into group 1(n = 15), group 2 (n = 20), and group 3 (n = 22). The proportion of correct ETT placement was highest in group 2, being 66.7%, 83.3%, and 66.7% in groups 1 through 3, respectively (P value = 0.58). No complication was attributable to palpation technique.ConclusionSuprasternal palpation shows promise as a simple, safe, and teachable method of confirming ETT position in neonates.
Comparison of topical tramadol and ketamine in pain treatment after tonsillectomy
Authors: Tekelioglu Umit Y. , Apuhan Tayfun , Akkaya Akcan , Demirhan Abdullah , Yildiz Isa , Simsek Tugce , Gok Uzeyir , Kocoglu Hasan 
Published: March 2013

SummaryObjectives/AimThe primary objective of this study is to evaluate the effects of topically applied ketamine or tramadol on early postoperative pain scores in children undergoing tonsillectomy. The secondary aim of the study is to assess nausea, vomiting, difficulty in swallowing, and sore throat characteristics of the patients.BackgroundTonsillectomy surgery is frequently associated with postoperative pain, which usually requires substantial consumption of analgesics including opioids. Safe and effective post‐tonsillectomy pain control is still a clinical dilemma, in spite of the use of various surgical and anesthetic techniques.MethodsA total of 60 children, aged between 4 and 10 years, scheduled for tonsillectomy, were randomly assigned to one of three groups. Study drugs were administered to both tonsillar fossae for 5 min. In 5 ml artificial saliva, Group K (n = 20) received 0.4 ml (20 mg) ketamine and Group T (n = 20) received 0.8 ml tramadol HCl solution. Group C (n = 20) received only 5 ml saline as a control. Ramsay Sedation Scale and FACES PRS Score, nausea, vomiting, difficulty in swallowing, and sore throat were evaluated.ResultsThere was no difference among the groups in terms of baseline characteristics, including age, sex, and ASA profile (P > 0.05 for all). Systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, mean blood pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate, and saturation of peripheral oxygen (SpO2) values were not significantly different among the groups in all time points (P > 0.05 for all). There was a statistically significant difference among the groups according to Ramsay Sedation Scales in 40th minute (P < 0.001). There were statistically significant differences among the groups in terms of Wong‐Baker FACES Pain Rating Scale Score in all time points (P < 0.004 for all). There was a statistically significant difference among the groups in terms of rescue analgesia necessity in 5th and 10th minute (P < 0.001 and P = 0.003). There was a statistically significant difference among the groups in terms of sore throat in 5th and 10th minute (P < 0.001 for both). Neither rescue analgesia necessity nor sore throat characteristics was different between the Group T and Group K in all time points.ConclusionTopical tramadol and ketamine seem to be safe, effective, and easy analgesic approach for decreasing tonsillectomy pain.
Activation domains for controlling plant gene expression using designed transcription factors
Authors: Li Jianquan , Blue Ryan , Zeitler Bryan , Strange Tonya L. , Pearl Jocelynn R. , Huizinga David H. , Evans Steve , Gregory Philip D. , Urnov Fyodor D. , Petolino Joseph F. 
Published: March 2013

SummaryTargeted gene regulation via designed transcription factors has great potential for precise phenotypic modification and acceleration of novel crop trait development. To this end, designed transcriptional activators have been constructed by fusing transcriptional activation domains to DNA‐binding proteins. In this study, a transcriptional activator from the herpes simplex virus, VP16, was used to identify plant regulatory proteins. Transcriptional activation domains were identified from each protein and fused with zinc finger DNA‐binding proteins (ZFPs) to generate designed transcriptional activators. In addition, specific sequences within each transcriptional activation domain were modified to mimic the VP16 contact motif that interacts directly with RNA polymerase II core transcription factors. To evaluate these designed transcriptional activators, test systems were built in yeast and tobacco comprising reporter genes driven by promoters containing ZFP‐binding sites upstream of the transcriptional start site. In yeast, transcriptional domains from the plant proteins ERF2 and PTI4 activated MEL1 reporter gene expression to levels similar to VP16 and the modified sequences displayed even greater levels of activation. Following stable transformation of the tobacco reporter system with transcriptional activators derived from ERF2, GUS reporter gene transcript accumulation was equal to or greater than those derived from VP16. Moreover, a modified ERF2 domain displayed significantly enhanced transcriptional activation compared with VP16 and with the unmodified ERF2 sequence. These results demonstrate that plant sequences capable of facilitating transcriptional activation can be found and, when fused to DNA‐binding proteins, can enhance gene expression.
Engineering cherry rootstocks with resistance to Prunus necrotic ring spot virus through RNAi‐mediated silencing
Authors: Song Guo‐qing , Sink Kenneth C. , Walworth Aaron E. , Cook Meridith A. , Allison Richard F. , Lang Gregory A. 
Published: March 2013

SummaryPrunus necrotic ringspot virus (PNRSV) is a major pollen‐disseminated ilarvirus that adversely affects many Prunus species. In this study, an RNA interference (RNAi) vector pART27–PNRSV containing an inverted repeat (IR) region of PNRSV was transformed into two hybrid (triploid) cherry rootstocks, ‘Gisela 6’ (GI 148‐1) and ‘Gisela 7’(GI 148‐8)’, which are tolerant and sensitive, respectively, to PNRSV infection. One year after inoculation with PNRSV plus Prune Dwarf Virus, nontransgenic ‘Gisela 6’ exhibited no symptoms but a significant PNRSV titre, while the transgenic ‘Gisela 6’ had no symptoms and minimal PNRSV titre. The nontransgenic ‘Gisela 7’ trees died, while the transgenic ‘Gisela 7’ trees survived. These results demonstrate the RNAi strategy is useful for developing viral resistance in fruit rootstocks, and such transgenic rootstocks may have potential to enhance production of standard, nongenetically modified fruit varieties while avoiding concerns about transgene flow and exogenous protein production that are inherent for transformed fruiting genotypes.
On the Unintelligibility of Wittgenstein's Tractatus
Authors: Hessell Cameron 
Published: March 2013

Abstract“Resolute” readings of Wittgenstein's Tractatus Logico‐Philosophicus maintain that the book is divided into two parts: an intelligible “frame” and an unintelligible “body.” This article questions the validity of the “frame/body distinction” and, by extension, the resolute reading itself. It first establishes the tenability of the resolute programme as entirely dependent upon such a frame/body distinction. It then explores three possible ways the claim that the Tractatus contains such a distinction might be grounded, arguing in each case why it cannot do so. It therefore concludes that the frame/body distinction is unjustified, and the resolute reading untenable.
Realism, Mind and Evolution
Authors: Haldane John 
Published: March 2013

AbstractPerceptual experience is perspectival, and human minds occupy a variety of “viewpoints.” These considerations provide grounds for both realist and anti‐realist philosophies. Each is represented in adjacent areas of thought, and often connects with familiar debates between “conservatives” and “liberals,” which in turn are commonly related to disputes about religious and naturalistic accounts of the world and of the place of human beings within it. These have been joined from an orthogonal direction by Thomas Nagel in his recent book Mind and Cosmos. This is considered and contrasted with the ideas of Thomas Aquinas before returning to the possibility of reconciling perspectivalism with an account of what it could mean to speak of the world as it is in itself.
A late IL‐33 response after exposure to Schistosoma haematobium antigen is associated with an up‐regulation of IL‐13 in human eosinophils
Authors: Wilson S. , Jones F. M. , Fofana H. K. M. , Landouré A. , Kimani G. , Mwatha J. K. , Sacko M. , Vennervald B. J. , Dunne D. W. 
Published: March 2013

SummaryIL‐33, a proposed alarmin, stimulates innate immune cells and Th2 cells to produce IL‐13 and is rapidly upregulated upon antigen exposure in murine helminth infection. The human IL‐33 response to helminth antigen was analysed in Malians infected with Schistosoma haematobium by disrupting parasite integrity via chemotherapy. Plasma IL‐33 was measured pretreatment, and 24 h and 9 weeks post‐treatment. At 24 h post‐treatment, IL‐33 levels were low. Nine week post‐treatment IL‐33 levels were elevated and were associated with an increase in intracellular IL‐13 in eosinophils. Up‐regulation of intracellular IL‐13 in eosinophils was also associated with eosinophil expression of ST2L, the IL‐33 receptor. IL‐33 may play an important downstream role in the human response to schistosome adult worm antigen exposure.
Frontal midline theta and N200 amplitude reflect complementary information about expectancy and outcome evaluation
Authors: Hajihosseini Azadeh , Holroyd Clay B. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractFeedback ERN (fERN) and frontal midline theta have both been proposed to index a dopamine‐like reinforcement learning signal in anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). We investigated these proposals by comparing fERN amplitude and theta power with respect to their sensitivities to outcome valence and probability in a previously collected EEG dataset. Bayesian model comparison revealed a dissociation between the two measures, with fERN amplitude mainly sensitive to valence and theta power mainly sensitive to probability. Further, fERN amplitude was highly correlated with the portion of theta power that is consistent in phase across trials (i.e., evoked theta power). These results suggest that although both measures provide valuable information about cognitive function of frontal midline cortex, fERN amplitude is specifically sensitive to dopamine reinforcement learning signals whereas theta power reflects the ACC response to unexpected events.
Response of the COPD Assessment Test to pulmonary rehabilitation in unselected chronic respiratory disease
Authors: Kon Samantha S.C. , Clark Amy L. , Dilaver Deniz , Canavan Jane L. , Patel Mehul S. , Polkey Michael I. , Man William D.‐C. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractBackground and objectiveThe COPD Assessment Test (CAT) is a recently introduced, simple‐to‐use health status instrument that takes less time to complete than better‐established health status instruments. In chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients, the CAT improves with pulmonary rehabilitation (PR), and changes correlate with improvements in longer‐established health status instruments such as the Chronic Respiratory Questionnaire (CRQ). Increasing numbers of non‐COPD patients are referred for PR, but it is not known whether the CAT is responsive to PR in these populations.MethodsThe CAT score was prospectively measured in 365 consecutive patients (255 COPD, 110 non‐COPD) before and after an 8‐week PR programme. Pre to post change in CAT was calculated for COPD and non‐COPD patients, and correlated with change in the CRQ.ResultsFor both non‐COPD and COPD patients, there was a similar and significant improvement in the mean (95% confidence interval) CAT score following PR (non‐COPD: −2.1 (−1.0, −3.2) vs COPD: −3.0 (−2.2, −3.8); P = 0.19). Change in CAT was significantly correlated with all domains of the CRQ in non‐COPD patients (all P < 0.01).ConclusionsAs in COPD patients, the CAT is immediately responsive to PR in non‐COPD patients. Even in unselected chronic respiratory disease patients undergoing PR, the CAT is a practical alternative to longer‐established health status questionnaires.
Diagnostic utility of peripheral endobronchial ultrasound with electromagnetic navigation bronchoscopy in peripheral lung nodules
Authors: Chee Alex , Stather David R. , MacEachern Paul , Martel Simon , Delage Antoine , Simon Mathieu , Dumoulin Elaine , Tremblay Alain 
Published: March 2013

AbstractBackground and objectiveThis study aimed to investigate the diagnostic utility of peripheral endobronchial ultrasound (pEBUS) followed by as‐needed electromagnetic navigation bronchoscopy (ENB) for sampling peripheral lung nodules.MethodsThe study was a single‐arm, prospective cohort study of patients with peripheral lung nodules. Peripheral lung lesion localization was initially performed using a pEBUS probe with guide sheath. If localization failed with pEBUS alone, ENB was used to help identify the lesion. Transbronchial biopsy, bronchial brush, transbronchial needle aspiration and bronchial washings were performed.ResultsSixty patients were enrolled with average lesion size of 27 mm and mean pleural distance of 20 mm. Lesions were found with pEBUS alone in 75% of cases. The addition of ENB improved lesion localization to 93%. However, diagnostic yield for pEBUS alone and pEBUS with ENB were 43% and 50%, respectively. Factors predicting need for ENB use included smaller lesion size and absence of an air bronchus sign on computed tomography.ConclusionsENB improves localization of lung lesions after unsuccessful pEBUS but is often not sufficient to ensure confirmation of a specific diagnosis. Technical improvements in sampling methods could improve the diagnostic yield.
Bile acids increase alveolar epithelial permeability via mitogen‐activated protein kinase, cytosolic phospholipase A2, cyclooxygenase‐2, prostaglandin E2 and junctional proteins
Authors: Su Kang‐Cheng , Wu Yu‐Chung , Chen Chun‐Sheng , Hung Ming‐Hui , Hsiao Yi‐Han , Tseng Ching‐Min , Chang Shi‐Chuan , Lee Yu‐Chin , Perng Diahn‐Warng 
Published: March 2013

AbstractBackground and objectiveBile acid (BA) aspiration is associated with various lung diseases. It was hypothesized that BA may induce changes in alveolar epithelium permeability and contribute to the pathogenesis of lung injury.MethodsHuman alveolar epithelial cells were grown in monolayer and stimulated with a major component of BA, chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA). Transepithelial electrical resistance (TER) and paracellular fluxes were measured to assess permeability alteration. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production was measured, and its effect on TER and junctional proteins (JP) was also examined. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and Western blots were used to investigate the expression of messenger RNA and JP.ResultsCDCA induced significant p38 and c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase (JNK) phosphorylation, cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2) and cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2) messenger RNA expression, PGE2 production, TER reduction and decay of JP (including occludin, zonula occludens‐1 (ZO‐1) and E‐cadherin, in which ZO‐1 had maximal change). CDCA also increased paracellular fluxes, which was abolished by dexamethasone. Both CDCA and PGE2 contributed to TER reduction in an identical trend and a dose–response manner. PGE2 also reduced ZO‐1 expression, which was similar to that observed by CDCA stimulation. Pretreatment with inhibitors of p38 (SB203580), JNK (SP600125), cPLA2 (mepacrine) and COX‐2 (NS398) as well as dexamethasone reversed the CDCA‐induced PGE2 production, TER reduction and decay of ZO‐1.ConclusionsThe increase in alveolar permeability was associated with decay of JP. BA may induce permeability alteration through the upregulation of mitogen‐activated protein kinase, cPLA2, COX‐2, PGE2 and JP, which may contribute to the pathogenesis of BA‐associated lung injury.
Approaches to Self‐Management in Chronic Illness
Authors: Novak Marta , Costantini Lucia , Schneider Sabrina , Beanlands Heather 
Published: March 2013

AbstractManagement of a chronic medical condition is a complex process and requires coordinated action between healthcare providers and patients. This process is further complicated by the fact that an increasing number of patients suffer from multiple chronic conditions. Self‐management involves active participation of the patients in the everyday care of the symptoms of their illness(es) and medical treatments, as well as maintaining general health and prevention of progression of medical conditions. Managing the psychosocial consequences of illness is also an important component of self‐management. Data have demonstrated that enhancing self‐management improves quality of life, coping, symptom management, disability, and reduces healthcare expenditures and service utilization. To foster self‐management, potential barriers to implementation as well as facilitators and supports for this approach must be acknowledged. In this article, we review various aspects of self‐management in chronic illness, focusing on chronic kidney disease. Better understanding of these concepts will facilitate patient–provider collaboration, improve patient care with increased patient and staff satisfaction, and may ultimately result in better clinical outcomes and enhanced quality of life for both the patients and their families.
Autogenic incision‐backfilling cycles and lobe formation during the growth of alluvial fans with supercritical distributaries
Authors: Hamilton Paul B. , Strom Kyle , Hoyal David C. J. D. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractAutogenic cycles of channelization, terminal deposit formation, channel backfilling and channel abandonment have been observed in the formation of fans and deltas. In subcritical flow, these terminal deposits are characterized as mouth bars that lead to flow bifurcation, backwater and eventual channel backfilling. Similar, although less well characterized, cycles also take place on supercritical subaerial and submarine fans. This study investigates the hydraulics and morphodynamics of autogenic incision and backfilling cycles associated with supercritical distributive channel flow in alluvial fans. The research questions of the study are: (i) how are supercritical autogenic cycles on alluvial fans different from the subcritical cycles; (ii) what are the hydraulic and sediment transport characteristics at the various stages of autogenic feedback cycles; and (iii) what role do the cycles play in the overall fan evolution? These questions are investigated in the laboratory, and emphasis is placed on measuring the hydraulic and topographic evolution of the systems during the cycles. The cycles arise quasi‐periodically under constant water and sediment discharge. Periods of sheet‐like flow are competent to move sediment () but not competent enough to carry the full imposed load. The net result is preferential deposition near the inlet, resulting in fan steepening and an increase in flow competency with time. At a sediment supply to capacity ratio of , the sheet‐like flow is unstable to small erosional events near the inlet, resulting in the collapse of the distributed flow to a strong channelized state. During channelization, a graded () supercritical (Fr > 1) channel develops and transports eroded and fed sediment up to and through the fan front – extending the fan, initiating a lobe shaped deposit and reducing the local slope. The slopes defined by a sheet‐like flow with and channelized flow with set the maximum and minimum slopes on the fan, respectively. Once formed, graded channels act as bypass conduits linking the inlet with the terminal deposit. On average, deposits are up to six channel depths in thickness and have volumes approximately five times that of the excavated channel. The main distinctive characteristics of the supercritical cycles relate to how the flow interacts with the terminal deposit. At the channel to deposit transition, the flow undergoes a weak hydraulic jump, resulting in rapid sedimentation, dechannelization and lateral expansion of the flow, and deposition of any remaining sediment on top of the channel fill and floodplain. This process often caps the channel as the deposit propagates up channel erasing memory of the excavated channel.
Involvement of RP105 and Toll‐Like Receptors in the Activation of Mouse Peritoneal Macrophages by Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: Liu B. , Fu Y. , Feng S. , Zhang X. , Liu Z. , Cao Y. , Li D. , Liang D. , Li F. , Zhang N. , Yang Z. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractStaphylococcus aureus is the aetiological agent of many hospital‐ and community‐acquired infections. Toll‐like receptor 2 (TLR2) has been shown to play a crucial role in the host defence against S. aureus infection. The aim of this study is to investigate the roles of the heterogeneous TLR family proteins TLR2, TLR4 and RP105 during S. aureus infection. Peritoneal macrophages from mice were exposed to S. aureus. Their production of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, their expression of cell‐surface markers and interactions between TLR2, TLR4 and RP105 were assessed in the presence or absence of inhibitory antibodies against TLR2, TLR4/MD‐2 and RP105/MD‐1 complexes. Our results demonstrate that not only TLR2 but also TLR4 and RP105 are involved in the response of macrophages to S. aureus, that TLR2, TLR4 and RP105 physically interact with each other during S. aureus infection, and that TLR2, TLR4 and RP105 both cooperate and play unique roles in the production of inflammatory cytokines (TNF‐α, IL‐12p40 and IL‐10) and chemokine (RANTES) by macrophages after S. aureus infection. This study characterizes the important roles that TLR2, TLR4 and RP105 play in host resistance against S. aureus infection.