bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Compression‐induced HIF‐1 enhances thrombosis and PAI‐1 expression in mouse skin
Authors: Kaneko Maki , Minematsu Takeo , Yoshida Mikako , Nishijima Yoshimi , Noguchi Hiroshi , Ohta Yasunori , Nakagami Gojiro , Mori Taketoshi , Sanada Hiromi 
Published: May 2015

AbstractPressure ulcers result from tissue hypoxia caused by external forces. Thrombosis due to external forces is considered important, and hypoxia inducible factor‐1 (HIF‐1) is a master regulator of pressure ulcer development. To date, however, their causal relationship has not been determined. This study therefore investigated the mutual relationship between thrombosis and HIF‐1 activation in compressed mouse skin, based on a hypothesis that HIF‐1 regulation by plasminogen activator inhibitor‐1 (PAI‐1) enhances thrombosis. Compression of mouse skin significantly increased the numbers of thrombi and HIF‐1α‐positive cells compared with control skin. A thrombosis inhibitor significantly reduced the numbers of HIF‐1α‐positive cells and an HIF‐1 inhibitor significantly inhibited thrombosis in compressed skin tissue, suggesting a mutual relationship between thrombosis and HIF‐1 activation. Compression of mouse skin also enhanced the level of Pai‐1 messenger RNA expression, but this increase was significantly reduced by treatment with an HIF‐1 inhibitor, whereas a thrombosis inhibitor had no effect. These results suggested the involvement of PAI‐1 in HIF‐1‐enhanced thrombosis and that an additional factor participates in regulating Pai‐1 expression in compressed skin. These findings may suggest new strategies in pressure ulcer management.
Stable-Isotope Probing Identifies Uncultured Planctomycetes as Primary Degraders of a Complex Heteropolysaccharide in Soil
Authors: Wang Xiaoqing , Sharp Christine E. , Jones Gareth M. , Grasby Stephen E. , Brady Allyson L. , Dunfield Peter F. 
Published: May 2015

ABSTRACTThe exopolysaccharides (EPSs) produced by some bacteria are potential growth substrates for other bacteria in soil. We used stable-isotope probing (SIP) to identify aerobic soil bacteria that assimilated the cellulose produced byGluconacetobacter xylinusor the EPS produced byBeijerinckia indica. The latter is a heteropolysaccharide comprised primarily ofl-guluronic acid,d-glucose, andd-glycero-d-mannoheptose.13C-labeled EPS and13C-labeled cellulose were purified from bacterial cultures grown on [13C]glucose. Two soils were incubated with these substrates, and bacteria actively assimilating them were identified via pyrosequencing of 16S rRNA genes recovered from13C-labeled DNA. Cellulose C was assimilated primarily by soil bacteria closely related (93 to 100% 16S rRNA gene sequence identities) to known cellulose-degrading bacteria. However,B. indicaEPS was assimilated primarily by bacteria with low identities (80 to 95%) to known species, particularly by different members of the phylumPlanctomycetes. In one incubation, members of thePlanctomycetesmade up >60% of all reads in the labeled DNA and were only distantly related (<85% identity) to any described species. Although it is impossible with SIP to completely distinguish primary polysaccharide hydrolyzers from bacteria growing on produced oligo- or monosaccharides, the predominance ofPlanctomycetessuggested that they were primary degraders of EPS. Other bacteria assimilatingB. indicaEPS included members of theVerrucomicrobia, candidate division OD1, and theArmatimonadetes. The results indicate that some uncultured bacteria in soils may be adapted to using complex heteropolysaccharides for growth and suggest that the use of these substrates may provide a means for culturing new species.
The Intestinal Microbiota Influences Campylobacter jejuni Colonization and Extraintestinal Dissemination in Mice
Authors: O'Loughlin Jason L. , Samuelson Derrick R. , Braundmeier-Fleming Andrea G. , White Bryan A. , Haldorson Gary J. , Stone Jennifer B. , Lessmann Jeremy J. , Eucker Tyson P. , Konkel Michael E. 
Published: May 2015

ABSTRACT

Campylobacter jejuni
is a leading cause of human foodborne gastroenteritis worldwide. The interactions between this pathogen and the intestinal microbiome within a host are of interest as endogenous intestinal microbiota mediates a form of resistance to the pathogen. This resistance, termed colonization resistance, is the ability of commensal microbiota to prevent colonization by exogenous pathogens or opportunistic commensals. Although mice normally demonstrate colonization resistance to
C. jejuni
, we found that mice treated with ampicillin are colonized by
C. jejuni
, with recovery of
Campylobacter
from the colon, mesenteric lymph nodes, and spleen. Furthermore, there was a significant reduction in recovery of
C. jejuni
from ampicillin-treated mice inoculated with a
C. jejuni
virulence mutant (Δ
flgL
strain) compared to recovery of mice inoculated with the
C. jejuni
wild-type strain or the
C. jejuni
complemented isolate (Δ
flgL
/
flgL
). Comparative analysis of the microbiota from nontreated and ampicillin-treated CBA/J mice led to the identification of a lactic acid-fermenting isolate of
Enterococcus faecalis
that prevented
C. jejuni
growth
in vitro
and limited
C. jejuni
colonization of mice. Next-generation sequencing of DNA from fecal pellets that were collected from ampicillin-treated CBA/J mice revealed a significant decrease in diversity of operational taxonomic units (OTUs) compared to that in control (nontreated) mice. Taken together, we have demonstrated that treatment of mice with ampicillin alters the intestinal microbiota and permits
C. jejuni
colonization. These findings provide valuable insights for researchers using mice to investigate
C. jejuni
colonization factors, virulence determinants, or the mechanistic basis of probiotics.
LA35 Poultry Fecal Marker Persistence Is Correlated with That of Indicators and Pathogens in Environmental Waters
Authors: Nayak Bina , Weidhaas Jennifer , Harwood Valerie J. 
Published: May 2015

ABSTRACT

Disposal of fecally contaminated poultry litter by land application can deliver pathogens and fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) into receiving waters via runoff. While water quality is regulated by FIB enumeration, FIB testing provides inadequate information about contamination source and health risk. This microbial source tracking (MST) study compared the persistence of the
Brevibacterium
sp. strain LA35 16S rRNA gene (marker) for poultry litter with that of pathogens and FIB under outdoor, environmentally relevant conditions in freshwater, marine water, and sediments over 7 days.
Salmonella enterica
,
Campylobacter jejuni
,
Campylobacter coli
,
Bacteroidales
, and LA35 were enumerated by quantitative PCR (qPCR), and
Enterococcus
spp. and
E. coli
were quantified by culture and qPCR. Unlike the other bacteria,
C. jejuni
was not detectable after 48 h. Bacterial levels in the water column consistently declined over time and were highly correlated among species. Survival in sediments ranged from a slow decrease over time to growth, particularly in marine microcosms and for
Bacteroidales. S. enterica
also grew in marine sediments. Linear decay rates in water (
k
) ranged from −0.17 day
−1
for LA35 to −3.12 day
−1
for
C. coli
. LA35 levels correlated well with those of other bacteria in the water column but not in sediments. These observations suggest that, particularly in the water column, the fate of LA35 in aquatic environments is similar to that of FIB,
C. coli
, and
Salmonella
, supporting the hypothesis that the LA35 marker gene can be a useful tool for evaluating the impact of poultry litter on water quality and human health risk.
Meta-Analysis of the Reduction of Norovirus and Male-Specific Coliphage Concentrations in Wastewater Treatment Plants
Authors: Pouillot Régis , Van Doren Jane M. , Woods Jacquelina , Plante Daniel , Smith Mark , Goblick Gregory , Roberts Christopher , Locas Annie , Hajen Walter , Stobo Jeffrey , White John , Holtzman Jennifer , Buenaventura Enrico , Burkhardt William , Catford Angela , Edwards Robyn , DePaola Angelo , Calci Kevin R. 
Published: May 2015

ABSTRACT

Human norovirus (NoV) is the leading cause of foodborne illness in the United States and Canada. Wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluents impacting bivalve mollusk-growing areas are potential sources of NoV contamination. We have developed a meta-analysis that evaluates WWTP influent concentrations and log
10
reductions of NoV genotype I (NoV GI; in numbers of genome copies per liter [gc/liter]), NoV genotype II (NoV GII; in gc/liter), and male-specific coliphage (MSC; in number of PFU per liter), a proposed viral surrogate for NoV. The meta-analysis included relevant data (2,943 measurements) reported in the scientific literature through September 2013 and previously unpublished surveillance data from the United States and Canada. Model results indicated that the mean WWTP influent concentration of NoV GII (3.9 log
10
gc/liter; 95% credible interval [CI], 3.5, 4.3 log
10
gc/liter) is larger than the value for NoV GI (1.5 log
10
gc/liter; 95% CI, 0.4, 2.4 log
10
gc/liter), with large variations occurring from one WWTP to another. For WWTPs with mechanical systems and chlorine disinfection, mean log
10
reductions were −2.4 log
10
gc/liter (95% CI, −3.9, −1.1 log
10
gc/liter) for NoV GI, −2.7 log
10
gc/liter (95% CI, −3.6, −1.9 log
10
gc/liter) for NoV GII, and −2.9 log
10
PFU per liter (95% CI, −3.4, −2.4 log
10
PFU per liter) for MSCs. Comparable values for WWTPs with lagoon systems and chlorine disinfection were −1.4 log
10
gc/liter (95% CI, −3.3, 0.5 log
10
gc/liter) for NoV GI, −1.7 log
10
gc/liter (95% CI, −3.1, −0.3 log
10
gc/liter) for NoV GII, and −3.6 log
10
PFU per liter (95% CI, −4.8, −2.4 PFU per liter) for MSCs. Within WWTPs, correlations exist between mean NoV GI and NoV GII influent concentrations and between the mean log
10
reduction in NoV GII and the mean log
10
reduction in MSCs.
Mutual Exclusion between Fungal Species of the Fusarium Head Blight Complex in a Wheat Spike
Authors: Siou Dorothée , Gélisse Sandrine , Laval Valérie , Suffert Frédéric , Lannou Christian 
Published: May 2015

ABSTRACT

Fusarium
head blight (FHB) is one of the most damaging diseases of wheat. FHB is caused by a species complex that includes two genera of Ascomycetes:
Microdochium
and
Fusarium. Fusarium graminearum
,
Fusarium
culmorum
,
Fusarium
poae
, and
Microdochium nivale
are among the most common FHB species in Europe and were chosen for these experiments. Field studies and surveys show that two or more species often coexist within the same field or grain sample. In this study, we investigated the competitiveness of isolates of different species against isolates of
F. graminearum
at the scale of a single spike. By performing point inoculations of a single floret, we ensured that each species was able to establish independent infections and competed for spike colonization only. The fungal colonization was assessed in each spike by quantitative PCR. After establishing that the spike colonization was mainly downwards, we compared the relative colonization of each species in coinoculations. Classical analysis of variance suggested a competitive interaction but remained partly inconclusive because of a large between-spike variance. Further data exploration revealed a clear exclusion of one of the competing species and the complete absence of coexistence at the spike level.
Wolbachia Influences the Production of Octopamine and Affects Drosophila Male Aggression
Authors: Rohrscheib Chelsie E. , Bondy Elizabeth , Josh Peter , Riegler Markus , Eyles Darryl , van Swinderen Bruno , Weible Michael W. , Brownlie Jeremy C. 
Published: May 2015

ABSTRACT

Wolbachia
bacteria are endosymbionts that infect approximately 40% of all insect species and are best known for their ability to manipulate host reproductive systems. Though the effect
Wolbachia
infection has on somatic tissues is less well understood, when present in cells of the adult
Drosophila melanogaster
brain,
Wolbachia
exerts an influence over behaviors related to olfaction. Here, we show that a strain of
Wolbachia
influences male aggression in flies, which is critically important in mate competition. A specific strain of
Wolbachia
was observed to reduce the initiation of aggressive encounters in
Drosophila
males compared to the behavior of their uninfected controls. To determine how
Wolbachia
was able to alter aggressive behavior, we investigated the role of octopamine, a neurotransmitter known to influence male aggressive behavior in many insect species. Transcriptional analysis of the octopamine biosynthesis pathway revealed that two essential genes, the tyrosine decarboxylase and tyramine β-hydroxylase genes, were significantly downregulated in
Wolbachia
-infected flies. Quantitative chemical analysis also showed that total octopamine levels were significantly reduced in the adult heads.
Ruminal Bacterial Community Composition in Dairy Cows Is Dynamic over the Course of Two Lactations and Correlates with Feed Efficiency
Authors: Jewell Kelsea A. , McCormick Caroline A. , Odt Christine L. , Weimer Paul J. , Suen Garret 
Published: May 2015

ABSTRACT

Fourteen Holstein cows of similar ages were monitored through their first two lactation cycles, during which ruminal solids and liquids, milk samples, production data, and feed consumption data were collected for each cow during early (76 to 82 days in milk [DIM]), middle (151 to 157 DIM), and late (251 to 257 DIM) lactation periods. The bacterial community of each ruminal sample was determined by sequencing the region from V6 to V8 of the 16S rRNA gene using 454 pyrosequencing. Gross feed efficiency (GFE) for each cow was calculated by dividing her energy-corrected milk by dry matter intake (ECM/DMI) for each period of both lactation cycles. Four pairs of cows were identified that differed in milk production efficiency, as defined by residual feed intake (RFI), at the same level of ECM production. The most abundant phyla detected for all cows were
Bacteroidetes
(49.42%),
Firmicutes
(39.32%),
Proteobacteria
(5.67%), and
Tenericutes
(2.17%), and the most abundant genera included
Prevotella
(40.15%),
Butyrivibrio
(2.38%),
Ruminococcus
(2.35%),
Coprococcus
(2.29%), and
Succiniclasticum
(2.28%). The bacterial microbiota between the first and second lactation cycles were highly similar, but with a significant correlation between total community composition by ruminal phase and specific bacteria whose relative sequence abundances displayed significant positive or negative correlation with GFE or RFI. These data suggest that the ruminal bacterial community is dynamic in terms of membership and diversity and that specific members are associated with high and low milk production efficiency over two lactation cycles.
Chlamydiaceae in North Atlantic Seabirds Admitted to a Wildlife Rescue Center in Western France
Authors: Aaziz R. , Gourlay P. , Vorimore F. , Sachse K. , Siarkou V. I. , Laroucau K. 
Published: May 2015

ABSTRACT

Birds are the primary hosts of
Chlamydia psittaci
, a bacterium that can cause avian chlamydiosis in birds and psittacosis in humans. Wild seabirds are frequently admitted to wildlife rescue centers (WRC) at European Atlantic coasts, for example, in connection with oil spills. To investigate the extent of chlamydial shedding by these birds and the resulting risk for animals in care and the medical staff, seabirds from a French WRC were sampled from May 2011 to January 2014. By use of a quantitative PCR (qPCR), 195 seabirds belonging to 4 orders, 5 families and 13 species were examined, of which 18.5% proved to be
Chlamydiaceae
positive. The highest prevalence of shedders was found in northern gannets (
Morus bassanus
) (41%), followed by European herring gulls (
Larus argentatus
) (14%) and common murres (
Uria aalge
) (7%). Molecular characterization and phylogenetic analysis of qPCR-positive northern gannet samples revealed two variants of a strain closely related to
C. psittaci
. In European herring gulls and in one common murre, strains showing high sequence similarity to the atypical
Chlamydiaceae
-like C122 previously found in gulls were detected. Our study shows that seabirds from the northeastern Atlantic Ocean carry several chlamydial organisms, including
C. psittaci-
related strains. The staff in WRCs should take protective measures, particularly in the case of mass admissions of seabirds.
Acute Limonene Toxicity in Escherichia coli Is Caused by Limonene Hydroperoxide and Alleviated by a Point Mutation in Alkyl Hydroperoxidase AhpC
Authors: Chubukov Victor , Mingardon Florence , Schackwitz Wendy , Baidoo Edward E. K. , Alonso-Gutierrez Jorge , Hu Qijun , Lee Taek Soon , Keasling Jay D. , Mukhopadhyay Aindrila 
Published: May 2015

ABSTRACT

Limonene, a major component of citrus peel oil, has a number of applications related to microbiology. The antimicrobial properties of limonene make it a popular disinfectant and food preservative, while its potential as a biofuel component has made it the target of renewable production efforts through microbial metabolic engineering. For both applications, an understanding of microbial sensitivity or tolerance to limonene is crucial, but the mechanism of limonene toxicity remains enigmatic. In this study, we characterized a limonene-tolerant strain of
Escherichia coli
and found a mutation in
ahpC
, encoding alkyl hydroperoxidase, which alleviated limonene toxicity. We show that the acute toxicity previously attributed to limonene is largely due to the common oxidation product limonene hydroperoxide, which forms spontaneously in aerobic environments. The mutant AhpC protein with an L-to-Q change at position 177 (AhpC
L177Q
) was able to alleviate this toxicity by reducing the hydroperoxide to a more benign compound. We show that the degree of limonene toxicity is a function of its oxidation level and that nonoxidized limonene has relatively little toxicity to wild-type
E. coli
cells. Our results have implications for both the renewable production of limonene and the applications of limonene as an antimicrobial.
Chitinases Are Essential for Cell Separation in Ustilago maydis
Authors: Langner Thorsten , Öztürk Merve , Hartmann Sarah , Cord-Landwehr Stefan , Moerschbacher Bruno , Walton Jonathan D. , Göhre Vera 
Published: May 2015

ABSTRACT

Chitin is an essential component of the fungal cell wall, providing rigidity and stability. Its degradation is mediated by chitinases and supposedly ensures the dynamic plasticity of the cell wall during growth and morphogenesis. Hence, chitinases should be particularly important for fungi with dramatic morphological changes, such as
Ustilago maydis
. This smut fungus switches from yeast to filamentous growth for plant infection, proliferates as a mycelium
in planta
, and forms teliospores for spreading. Here, we investigate the contribution of its four chitinolytic enzymes to the different morphological changes during the complete life cycle in a comprehensive study of deletion strains combined with biochemical and cell biological approaches. Interestingly, two chitinases act redundantly in cell separation during yeast growth. They mediate the degradation of remnant chitin in the fragmentation zone between mother and daughter cell. In contrast, even the complete lack of chitinolytic activity does not affect formation of the infectious filament, infection, biotrophic growth, or teliospore germination. Thus, unexpectedly we can exclude a major role for chitinolytic enzymes in morphogenesis or pathogenicity of
U. maydis
. Nevertheless, redundant activity of even two chitinases is essential for cell separation during saprophytic growth, possibly to improve nutrient access or spreading of yeast cells by wind or rain.
Initiation of human regular U-500 insulin use is associated with improved glycemic control: a real-world US cohort study
Authors: Eby Elizabeth L , Curtis Bradley H , Gelwicks Steven C , Hood Robert C , Idris Iskandar , Peters Anne L , Bergenstal Richard M , Jackson Jeffrey A 
Published: May 2015

AimDescribe the characteristics of patients initiating human regular U-500 insulin (U-500R) and their subsequent glycemic control in a real-world setting.MethodsUS Humedica electronic health record system data (July 2007–September 2011) were used to identify patients with diabetes aged ≥18 years with ≥1 records for U-500R prescriptions, 6 months of preindex data, 12 months following first use of U-500R, and at least one glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) value in both preindex and postindex periods. Paired t tests were used to measure the change in HbA1c from preindex to postindex periods (last or most recent values) and hypoglycemia.ResultsAmong patients initiating U-500R (N=445), 96.9% had type 2 diabetes with mean age 57 years and mean body mass index 40.4 kg/m2. Postindex prescriptions were written for U-500R alone (47.0%, group A) and concomitant U-500R/U-100 insulins (53.0%, group B). Concomitant oral antihyperglycemic agents (AHAs) and non-insulin injectable AHAs were used by 43.4% and 14.6% of patients, respectively. Following initiation of U-500R, mean HbA1c improved 0.68% in all patients (p<0.0001 compared with baseline), but the decrease in HbA1c did not differ significantly between groups (A: 0.78%; B: 0.60%). Overall, hypoglycemic events, largely captured in the outpatient setting, increased in incidence from 6.7% to 11.9% (p≤0.0001) and from 0.23 to 0.39 events/patient/year, an increase of 0.16 (p=0.003), from preindex to postindex.ConclusionsThis real-world outcomes analysis demonstrates that U-500R initiation is associated with a clinically meaningful improvement in glycemic control over the subsequent 12-month period with modest increase in incidence and rate of hypoglycemia.
Why do smokers try to quit without medication or counselling? A qualitative study with ex-smokers
Authors: Smith Andrea L , Carter Stacy M , Chapman Simon , Dunlop Sally M , Freeman Becky 
Published: May 2015

ObjectiveWhen tobacco smokers quit, between half and two-thirds quit unassisted: that is, they do not consult their general practitioner (GP), use pharmacotherapy (nicotine-replacement therapy, bupropion or varenicline), or phone a quitline. We sought to understand why smokers quit unassisted.DesignQualitative grounded theory study (in-depth interviews, theoretical sampling, concurrent data collection and data analysis).Participants21 Australian adult ex-smokers (aged 28–68 years; 9 males and 12 females) who quit unassisted within the past 6 months to 2 years. 12 participants had previous experience of using assistance to quit; 9 had never previously used assistance.SettingCommunity, Australia.ResultsAlong with previously identified barriers to use of cessation assistance (cost, access, lack of awareness or knowledge of assistance, including misperceptions about effectiveness or safety), our study produced new explanations of why smokers quit unassisted: (1) they prioritise lay knowledge gained directly from personal experiences and indirectly from others over professional or theoretical knowledge; (2) their evaluation of the costs and benefits of quitting unassisted versus those of using assistance favours quitting unassisted; (3) they believe quitting is their personal responsibility; and (4) they perceive quitting unassisted to be the ‘right’ or ‘better’ choice in terms of how this relates to their own self-identity or self-image. Deep-rooted personal and societal values such as independence, strength, autonomy and self-control appear to be influencing smokers’ beliefs and decisions about quitting.ConclusionsThe reasons for smokers’ rejection of the conventional medical model for smoking cessation are complex and go beyond modifiable or correctable problems relating to misperceptions or treatment barriers. These findings suggest that GPs could recognise and respect smokers’ reasons for rejecting assistance, validate and approve their choices, and modify brief interventions to support their preference for quitting unassisted, where preferred. Further research and translation may assist in developing such strategies for use in practice.