bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Refractory inclusions in the pristine carbonaceous chondrites DOM 08004 and DOM 08006
Authors: Simon Steven B. , Grossman Lawrence 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThe Antarctic carbonaceous chondrites DOM 08004 and DOM 08006 have been paired and classified as CO3.0s. There is some uncertainty as to whether they should be paired and whether they are best classified as CO chondrites, but they provide an opportunity for the study of refractory inclusions that have not been modified by parent body processes. In this work, refractory inclusions in thin sections of DOM 08004 and 08006 are studied and compared with inclusions in ALHA77307 (CO3.0) and Acfer 094 (C3.0, ungrouped). Results show that the DOM samples have refractory inclusion populations that are similar to each other but not typical of CO3 chondrites; main differences are that the DOM samples are slightly richer in inclusions in general and, more specifically, in the proportions of grossite‐bearing inclusions. In DOM 08004 and DOM 08006, 12.4% and 6.6%, respectively, of the inclusions are grossite‐bearing. This is higher than the proportion found in Acfer 094 (5.2%), whereas none were found in ALHA77307. Like those in Acfer 094, DOM inclusions are small (mostly <100 μm across) and fine‐grained, and thin rims of aluminous diopside±melilite are very common. Also like Acfer 094, most phases in the DOM inclusions have FeO contents higher than expected for primary refractory phases. In addition to typical inclusions, some unusual ones were found in DOM 08004, including a perovskite‐rich one with a rare, recently reported Sc‐, Al‐oxide and davisite; a very grossite‐rich inclusion with a small, hibonite‐rich core enclosed in a grossite mantle; and a relict, grossite‐rich inclusion enclosed in an Al‐rich chondrule. The CAI populations in the DOM samples are similar to each other and, based on grossite abundances, FeO enrichments and occurrences of rims are more Acfer 094‐like than CO3‐like. An earlier history on an FeO‐rich parent was previously favored over nebular equilibria or in situ reactions to account for FeO enrichments in CAIs in the otherwise pristine chondrite Acfer 094, and a similar history is indicated for the DOM CAIs. Acfer 094, DOM 08004 and 08006 might best be classified as a new subgroup of CO3 chondrites.
A multi‐locus approach resolves the phylogenetic relationships of the Simulium asakoae and Simulium ceylonicum species groups in Malaysia: evidence for distinct evolutionary lineages
Authors: LOW V. L. , TAKAOKA H. , ADLER P. H. , YA'COB Z. , NORMA‐RASHID Y. , CHEN C. D. , SOFIAN‐AZIRUN M. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractA multi‐locus approach was used to examine the DNA sequences of 10 nominal species of blackfly in the Simulium subgenus Gomphostilbia (Diptera: Simuliidae) in Malaysia. Molecular data were acquired from partial DNA sequences of the mitochondria‐encoded cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI), 12S rRNA and 16S rRNA genes, and the nuclear‐encoded 18S rRNA and 28S rRNA genes. No single gene, nor the concatenated gene set, resolved all species or all relationships. However, all morphologically established species were supported by at least one gene. The multi‐locus sequence analysis revealed two distinct evolutionary lineages, conforming to the morphotaxonomically recognized Simulium asakoae and Simulium ceylonicum species groups.
Long‐term survival of a patient with carcinomatous meningitis caused by non‐small cell lung cancer: The advantage of absence of primary tumor recurrence
Authors: Hara Kenju , Miyata Hajime , Enomoto Katsuhiko , Nishimaki Keiichi , Ishiguro Hideaki 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThe prognosis of carcinomatous meningitis is very poor, although epidermal growth factor receptor‐tyrosine kinase inhibitors have recently improved it. A 56‐year‐old woman was diagnosed with adenocarcinoma of the lung and underwent left lobectomy. Four years after the operation, she was diagnosed with carcinomatous meningitis. There was no recurrence of lung cancer at the time of initial carcinomatous meningitis diagnosis. Epidermal growth factor receptor‐tyrosine kinase inhibitors were not used for this patient, because epidermal growth factor receptor mutations were not detected. She was treated by whole‐brain radiation therapy and intrathecal chemotherapy, resulting in a very long‐term survival of 889 days (29.6 months) from diagnosis of carcinomatous meningitis. We can expect long‐term survival in patients with carcinomatous meningitis from non‐small cell lung cancer, especially in patients without the primary tumor recurrence at the time of diagnosis, even without treatment with epidermal growth factor receptor‐tyrosine kinase inhibitors.
Isolated pontine involvement of posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome with concomitant ischemic cerebral infarction
Authors: Watanabe Yuji , Suzuki Keisuke , Takekawa Hidehiro , Numao Ayaka , Asakawa Yohei , Fujita Hiroaki , Nakamura Toshiki , Okamura Madoka , Hirata Koichi 
Published: May 2015

AbstractIn posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome, isolated involvement of the brainstem is rare. In addition, there have been a few reports describing a concomitant occurrence of stroke and a brainstem variant of posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome. We here report a patient with isolated pontine involvement of posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome accompanied by fresh ischemic cerebral infarction in the left corona radiata detected by brain magnetic resonance imaging. Follow‐up brain magnetic resonance imaging on hospital day 14 showed a marked improvement of signal changes in the pons; however, cerebral infarction in the left corona radiata enlarged despite medical treatment. Although rare, clinicians should be aware of the co‐occurrence of posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome and ischemic infarctions, especially in patients with untreated/uncontrolled hypertension and chronic kidney disease. We discuss the possible mechanism related to brainstem posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome and stroke, reviewing the previous case reports.
Effects of stomata clustering on leaf gas exchange
Authors: Lehmann Peter , Or Dani 
Published: May 2015

Summary

A general theoretical framework for quantifying the stomatal clustering effects on leaf gaseous diffusive conductance was developed and tested. The theory accounts for stomatal spacing and interactions among ‘gaseous concentration shells’. The theory was tested using the unique measurements of Dow et al. (2014) that have shown lower leaf diffusive conductance for a genotype of Arabidopsis thaliana with clustered stomata relative to uniformly distributed stomata of similar size and density.

The model accounts for gaseous diffusion: through stomatal pores; via concentration shells forming at pore apertures that vary with stomata spacing and are thus altered by clustering; and across the adjacent air boundary layer. Analytical approximations were derived and validated using a numerical model for 3D diffusion equation.

Stomata clustering increases the interactions among concentration shells resulting in larger diffusive resistance that may reduce fluxes by 5–15%. A similar reduction in conductance was found for clusters formed by networks of veins. The study resolves ambiguities found in the literature concerning stomata end‐corrections and stomatal shape, and provides a new stomata density threshold for diffusive interactions of overlapping vapor shells.

The predicted reduction in gaseous exchange due to clustering, suggests that guard cell function is impaired, limiting stomatal aperture opening.
micro RNA 172 (miR172) signals epidermal infection and is expressed in cells primed for bacterial invasion in Lotus japonicus roots and nodules
Authors: Holt Dennis B. , Gupta Vikas , Meyer Dörte , Abel Nikolaj B. , Andersen Stig U. , Stougaard Jens , Markmann Katharina 
Published: May 2015

Summary

Legumes interact with rhizobial bacteria to form nitrogen‐fixing root nodules. Host signalling following mutual recognition ensures a specific response, but is only partially understood. Focusing on the stage of epidermal infection with Mesorhizobium loti, we analysed endogenous small RNAs (sRNAs) of the model legume Lotus japonicus to investigate their involvement in host response regulation.

We used Illumina sequencing to annotate the L. japonicus sRNA‐ome and isolate infection‐responsive sRNAs, followed by candidate‐based functional characterization.

Sequences from four libraries revealed 219 novel L. japonicus micro RNAs (miRNAs) from 114 newly assigned families, and 76 infection‐responsive sRNAs. Unlike infection‐associated coding genes such as NODULE INCEPTION (NIN), a micro RNA 172 (miR172) isoform showed strong accumulation in dependency of both Nodulation (Nod) factor and compatible rhizobia. The genetics of miR172 induction support the existence of distinct epidermal and cortical signalling events. MIR172a promoter activity followed a previously unseen pattern preceding infection thread progression in epidermal and cortical cells. Nodule‐associated miR172a expression was infection‐independent, representing the second of two genetically separable activity waves.

The combined data provide a valuable resource for further study, and identify miR172 as an sRNA marking successful epidermal infection. We show that miR172 acts upstream of several APETALA2‐type (AP2) transcription factors, and suggest that it has a role in fine‐tuning AP2 levels during bacterial symbiosis.
Process and pattern in cichlid radiations – inferences for understanding unusually high rates of evolutionary diversification
Authors: Seehausen Ole 
Published: May 2015

SummaryThe cichlid fish radiations in the African Great Lakes differ from all other known cases of rapid speciation in vertebrates by their spectacular trophic diversity and richness of sympatric species, comparable to the most rapid angiosperm radiations. I review factors that may have facilitated these radiations and compare these with insights from recent work on plant radiations. Work to date suggests that it was a coincidence of ecological opportunity, intrinsic ecological versatility and genomic flexibility, rapidly evolving behavioral mate choice and large amounts of standing genetic variation that permitted these spectacular fish radiations. I propose that spatially orthogonal gradients in the fit of phenotypes to the environment facilitate speciation because they allow colonization of alternative fitness peaks during clinal speciation despite local disruptive selection. Such gradients are manifold in lakes because of the interaction of water depth as an omnipresent third spatial dimension with other fitness‐relevant variables. I introduce a conceptual model of adaptive radiation that integrates these elements and discuss its applicability to, and predictions for, plant radiations.
The AVR2–SIX5 gene pair is required to activate I‐2‐mediated immunity in tomato
Authors: Ma Lisong , Houterman Petra M. , Gawehns Fleur , Cao Lingxue , Sillo Fabiano , Richter Hanna , Clavijo‐Ortiz Myriam J. , Schmidt Sarah M. , Boeren Sjef , Vervoort Jacques , Cornelissen Ben J. C. , Rep Martijn , Takken Frank L. W. 
Published: May 2015

Summary

Plant‐invading microbes betray their presence to a plant by exposure of antigenic molecules such as small, secreted proteins called ‘effectors’. In Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (Fol) we identified a pair of effector gene candidates, AVR2‐SIX5, whose expression is controlled by a shared promoter.

The pathogenicity of AVR2 and SIX5 Fol knockouts was assessed on susceptible and resistant tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) plants carrying I‐2. The I‐2 NB‐LRR protein confers resistance to Fol races carrying AVR2.

Like Avr2, Six5 was found to be required for full virulence on susceptible plants. Unexpectedly, each knockout could breach I‐2‐mediated disease resistance. So whereas Avr2 is sufficient to induce I‐2‐mediated cell death, Avr2 and Six5 are both required for resistance. Avr2 and Six5 interact in yeast two‐hybrid assays as well as in planta. Six5 and Avr2 accumulate in xylem sap of plants infected with the reciprocal knockouts, showing that lack of I‐2 activation is not due to a lack of Avr2 accumulation in the SIX5 mutant.

The effector repertoire of a pathogen determines its host specificity and its ability to manipulate plant immunity. Our findings challenge an oversimplified interpretation of the gene‐for‐gene model by showing requirement of two fungal genes for immunity conferred by one resistance gene.
Maxillary molar distalization therapy in adult patients: a multicentre study
Authors: Fontana M. , Cozzani M. , Mutinelli S. , Spena R. , Caprioglio A. 
Published: May 2015

Structured AbstractObjectivesTo evaluate dento‐skeletal changes following conventional anchorage molar distalization therapy in adult patients.Setting and sample populationThirty‐three patients (25 women, mean age 23 years 1 months ± 3 months; 8 men, mean age 28 years 3 months ± 7 months) were recruited from 4 Board Certified specialists. All subjects underwent molar distalization therapy using intra‐oral distalizing appliances.Subjects and methodsCephalometric headfilms were available for all subjects before (T1) and at the end of comprehensive treatment (T2). The initial and final measurements and treatment changes were compared by means of a paired t‐test.ResultsMean total treatment time was 3 years 2 months ± 6 months. Maxillary first molar distalized 2.9 ± 0.6 mm contributing 64.4% to Class II molar correction, whereas mandibular first molar showed a concomitant mesial movement of 1.6 ± 0.5 mm. Maxillary incisors retroclined an average of 5.8° ± 3.9°, lower incisors proclined 4.1° ± 1.1° and the occlusal plane rotated downwards and backwards 1.8° ± 2.1°. Clockwise rotation of the mandible (1.7° ± 0.5°) and increase in lower facial height (2.5 ± 1.5 mm) were also observed.ConclusionsMaxillary molar distalization therapy can be successfully performed in adult patients despite a slight increase in vertical facial dimension should be considered.
Cerebral white matter volume changes in patients with obsessive–compulsive disorder: Voxel‐based morphometry
Authors: Park Shin‐Eui , Jeong Gwang‐Woo 
Published: May 2015

AimsWe carried out a voxel‐based morphometry (VBM) study to evaluate cerebral white matter (WM) volume alteration in obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) and its correlation with the scores of the Yale–Brown Obsessive–Compulsive Scale (Y‐BOCS).MethodsFourteen patients with OCD, who were diagnosed using the DSM‐IV‐TR, and 14 age‐matched healthy controls participated. The high‐resolution magnetic resonance imaging data were analyzed by voxel‐based morphometry and Statistical Parametric Mapping 8.ResultsThere was no significant difference in the total intracranial volumes between OCD patients and healthy controls. However, patients with OCD showed significantly increased WM volumes in the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, middle frontal gyrus, precuneus, and inferior parietal lobule compared with healthy controls. In addition, the OCD patients showed a positive correlation between the WM volumes of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and Y‐BOCS scores (r = 0.334, P = 0.03 and Pearson's correlation coefficient = 0.58) rating for the severity of OCD symptoms.ConclusionsWM volume variations of the specific brain regions in patients with OCD will be helpful to understand the neural connectivity associated with a symptom of OCD. Furthermore, the findings would be valuable to aid the diagnostic accuracy of OCD in connection with morphometric magnetic resonance imaging analysis.
Brain correlates of alexithymia in eating disorders: A voxel‐based morphometry study
Authors: D'Agata Federico , Caroppo Paola , Amianto Federico , Spalatro Angela , Caglio Marcella M. , Bergui Mauro , Lavagnino Luca , Righi Dorico , Abbate‐Daga Giovanni , Pinessi Lorenzo , Mortara Paolo , Fassino Secondo 
Published: May 2015

AimsAlexithymia is a personality trait that consists of difficulty in identifying and acknowledging one's own and others' feelings. Recent studies reported that alexithymia is present in both anorexia (AN) and bulimia nervosa (BN). Brain morphological studies on healthy subjects showed that alexithymia correlates with several brain regions involved in emotions processing. The aim of this study was to investigate the anatomical correlates of alexithymia in AN and BN.MethodsWe performed a voxel‐based morphometry study on 21 patients with AN and 18 with BN. Seventeen healthy subjects were used as a control group. Alexithymia, depression and anxiety were assessed with self‐administered questionnaires and correlated to gray matter (GM) density in each group.ResultsIn BN, alexithymia was correlated with the GM of the parietal lobe, in particular of the right angular gyrus. The correlation was predominantly linked with Difficulty Describing Feelings. In AN, we did not find correlations between GM and alexithymia.ConclusionsIn BN, our results support the hypothesis that this trait may represent a relevant pathogenic or maintenance factor that contributes to relational difficulties, present in this pathology. In AN, the lack of correlation between GM volume and alexithymia may be influenced by atrophy in several brain regions that in turn can be, as previously reported, a consequence of caloric restriction. Also, the nature of alexithymia may be different from that of BN and controls and this trait could be secondary to a psychopathologic process specific to AN.
Regressing Eruptive Disseminated Spitz Nevi
Authors: Bhoyrul Bevin , Tang Diana Y. L. , Carling Edward E. , Harikumar Chidambara , Newton‐Bishop Julia , Carmichael Andrew J. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThe eruptive disseminated form of Spitz nevi (EDSN) is the rarest variant, is cosmetically disabling, and has a poorly documented natural history. We report the case of a 4‐year‐old boy with more than 100 Spitz nevi that have significantly regressed 8 years after onset. There is no satisfactory treatment for EDSN. There have been no reports of supervening malignancy. Our case illustrates the possibility of regression of EDSN, corroborating long‐term observation as a safe and acceptable management option.
Body Image in Children with Morphea: A Systematic Review
Authors: Mills Sarah D. , Fox Rina S. , Malcarne Vanessa L. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThis systematic review was conducted to evaluate the present state of body image research in children with morphea and the extent of body image distress in this population. Only five studies met inclusion criteria. Disease‐related skin changes in children with morphea typically were associated with, at most, mild levels of body image distress.
Unilateral Nipple Eczema in Children: Report of Five Cases and Literature Review
Authors: Jenkins David , Cooper Susan M. , McPherson Tess 
Published: May 2015

AbstractBilateral nipple eczema on the background of atopy is not an uncommon problem and is a minor criterion in some diagnostic systems for atopic dermatitis (AD), but unilateral atopic nipple eczema is underrecognized and often causes clinical concern. We present the first case series of children with unilateral atopic nipple eczema and discuss the clinical aspects of this unusual distribution.
Religious Allergic Contact Dermatitis
Authors: Goldenberg Alina , Matiz Catalina , Eichenfield Lawrence F. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractHenna, derived from a combination of natural leaves and coloring additives, is a common decorative dye traditionally used in many Islamic religious celebrations. Para‐phenylenediamine (PPD), a major component of black henna tattoo, is a strong sensitizer and common allergen. We report a case of severe connubial allergic contact dermatitis after black henna heterotransfer in a girl.
Bathing Frequency Recommendations for Children with Atopic Dermatitis: Results of Three Observational Pilot Surveys
Authors: Cardona Ivan D. , Kempe Erin , Hatzenbeuhler John R. , Antaya Richard J. , Cohen Bernard , Jain Neal 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThe results from three online surveys of dermatologists, allergists and immunologists, and primary care physicians (PCPs) regarding routine bathing frequency recommendations for children with atopic dermatitis (AD) are presented. The results suggest that PCPs approach bathing frequency differently than specialists, with PCPs recommending daily bathing less than 50% of the time and specialists recommending daily bathing more than 50% of the time. Because there is lack of consensus, studies are needed to evaluate whether bathing frequency makes a clinical difference in the treatment of pediatric AD.
Oxygenation decreases elastin secretion from rat ductus arteriosus smooth muscle cells
Authors: Kawakami Shoji , Minamisawa Susumu 
Published: May 2015

AbstractBackgroundThe ductus arteriosus (DA), a fetal arterial connection between the main pulmonary artery and the descending aorta, normally closes immediately after birth. The oxygen concentration in the blood rises after birth, and in the DA this increase in oxygen concentration causes functional closure, which is induced by smooth muscle contraction. Previous studies have demonstrated that hypoxia and/or oxygenation affect vascular remodeling of various vessels. Therefore, we hypothesized that the rise in oxygen concentration would affect the vascular structure of the DA due to production of proteins secreted from DA smooth muscle cells (SMC).Methods and ResultsLiquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry was used to comprehensively investigate the secreted proteins in the supernatant of rat DA SMC harvested under hypoxic conditions (1% oxygen) or under normoxic conditions (21% oxygen). We found that the rise in oxygen concentration reduced the secretion of elastin from DA SMC. On reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction, the expression of elastin mRNA was not significantly changed in DA SMC from hypoxic to normoxic conditions.ConclusionsGiven that elastin forms internal elastic lamina and elastic fibers in the vascular muscle layers, and that a rise in oxygen concentration reduced the secretion of elastin, this suggests that the rise in blood oxygen concentration after birth reduces the secretion of elastin, and therefore may play a role in DA structural remodeling after birth.
Damage‐Associated Molecular Patterns in the Course of Lung Cancer – A Review
Authors: Łagiedo M. , Sikora J. , Kaczmarek M. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractMore than 20 years ago, the ‘danger theory’ was proposed which explains why potent immune responses with no microbial components are elicited against tissue transplants, injuries, tumours and autoimmune diseases. It states that the immune system can distinguish between dangerous and innocuous endogenous signals. In response to trauma or other types of tissue and cell damage, certain molecules that function inside the cell are released or secreted from damaged or dying cells. Such mechanisms initiate an immune response in the absence of infection. These immunostimulatory molecules were named damage‐associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). In this article, we will review the available data on the influence of select DAMPs on lung cancer cells and tumour microenvironments. We will also summarize the current information regarding the interactions between lung cancer‐associated DAMPs and their toll‐like receptors.