bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Heated Condensation Framework. Part II: Climatological Behavior of Convective Initiation and Land–Atmosphere Coupling over the Conterminous United States
Authors: Tawfik Ahmed B. , Dirmeyer Paul A. , Santanello Joseph A. 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
This is Part II of a two-part study introducing the heated condensation framework (HCF), which quantifies the potential convective state of the atmosphere in terms of land–atmosphere interactions. Part I introduced the full suite of HCF variables and applied them to case studies with observations and models over a single location in the southern Great Plains. It was shown in Part I that the HCF was capable of identifying locally initiated convection and quantifying energetically favorable pathways for initiation. Here, the HCF is applied to the entire conterminous United States and the climatology of convective initiation (CI) in relation to local land–atmosphere coupling (LoCo) is explored for 34 summers (June–August) using the North American Regional Reanalysis (NARR) and observations. NARR is found to be capable of capturing the convective threshold (buoyant mixing potential temperature θBM) and energy advantage transition (energy advantage potential temperature θadv) for most of the United States. However, there are compensating biases in the components of moisture qmix and temperature q*, resulting in low θBM biases for the wrong reason. The HCF has been used to show that local CI occurred over the Rocky Mountains and the southern Great Plains 35%–65% of the time. Finally, the LoCo process chain has been recast in light of the HCF. Both positive and negative soil moisture–convective feedbacks are possible, with negative feedbacks producing a stronger response in CI likelihood under weak convective inhibition. Positive feedbacks are present but weaker.
Analog Probabilistic Precipitation Forecasts Using GEFS Reforecasts and Climatology-Calibrated Precipitation Analyses*
Authors: Hamill Thomas M. , Scheuerer Michael , Bates Gary T. 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
Analog postprocessing methods have previously been applied using precipitation reforecasts and analyses to improve probabilistic forecast skill and reliability. A modification to a previously documented analog procedure is described here that produces highly skillful, statistically reliable precipitation forecast guidance at ° grid spacing. These experimental probabilistic forecast products are available via the web in near–real time.
The main changes to the previously documented analog algorithm were as follows: (i) use of a shorter duration (2002–13), but smaller grid spacing, higher-quality time series of precipitation analyses for training and forecast verification (i.e., the Climatology-Calibrated Precipitation Analysis); (ii) increased training sample size using data from 19 supplemental locations, chosen for their similar precipitation analysis climatologies and terrain characteristics; (iii) selection of analog dates for a particular grid point based on the similarity of forecast characteristics at that grid point rather than similarity in a neighborhood around that grid point; (iv) using an analog rather than a rank-analog approach; (v) varying the number of analogs used to estimate probabilities from a smaller number (50) for shorter-lead forecasts to a larger number (200) for longer-lead events; and (vi) spatial Savitzky–Golay smoothing of the probability fields. Special procedures were also applied near coasts and country boundaries to deal with data unavailability outside of the United States while smoothing.
The resulting forecasts are much more skillful and reliable than raw ensemble guidance across a range of event thresholds. The forecasts are not nearly as sharp, however. The use of the supplemental locations is shown to especially improve the skill of short-term forecasts during the winter.
Cerebrospinal fluid lactate: measurement of an adult reference interval
Authors: Slack Sally D , Turley Paul , Allgar Victoria , Holbrook Ian B 
Published: June 2015

Background Differentiating bacterial meningitis from viral meningitis is a diagnostic challenge. Cerebrospinal fluid lactate has been proposed as a valuable test to differentiate disease states; however, its use in adults is limited by a lack of robust reference interval data. Methods Cerebrospinal fluid samples with no cells or organisms detected, no culture growth after 48 h, and no increase in cerebrospinal fluid bilirubin were used to derive reference interval data for cerebrospinal fluid lactate in adults ( n = 120). Results A cerebrospinal fluid lactate reference interval of 1.0 (90% CI 0.9–1.1) – 2.2 mmol/L (90% CI 2.0–2.6) was defined. Conclusions Cerebrospinal fluid lactate results are rapidly available to the clinician. When interpreted against the adult reference interval derived in this study, results can help to triage patients presenting with symptoms of meningitis.
Carotid Artery Sacrifice and Reconstruction in the Setting of Advanced Head and Neck Cancer
Authors: Mourad Moustafa , Saman Masoud , Stroman David , Lee Thomas , Ducic Yadranko 
Published: June 2015

ObjectiveTo determine oncological and neuromorbidity outcomes in patients with advanced head and neck cancer (stage IVB) requiring sacrifice and reconstruction of the carotid artery.Study DesignCase series with chart review.SettingTertiary care referral center.Subjects and MethodsOverall, 51 patients underwent carotid artery sacrifice during surgical treatment of the neck, in both the primary and salvage setting. All patients underwent autogenous in‐line carotid artery bypass grafting with either saphenous vein or the deep femoral vein in conjunction with vascular surgery. In all, the study included 39 males and 12 female subjects, with age ranging from 39 to 82 (mean, 62.7).ResultsTwo patients (3.9%) had a cerebral vascular accident in the immediate postoperative period. The remaining 49 patients (96%) had no neurologic sequela. Serial ultrasonic evaluation revealed 4 patients with intra‐luminal thrombus within the site of reconstruction. Perioperative mortality occurred in a single patient. Disease‐related mortality occurred in 9.8% (5) of patients, with an overall 2‐year survival of 82%.ConclusionsWe presently report the largest series of surgical treatment for advanced head and neck cancer with carotid artery involvement. We document an overall 2‐year survival of 82% in the setting of low perioperative neuromorbidity and mortality rates. We therefore consider carotid artery sacrifice and autogenous vein graft reconstruction in the absence of distant metastatic disease as a viable treatment option for what was once thought to be a palliative procedure.
Effects of whole body vibration on pulmonary function, functional exercise capacity and quality of life in people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a systematic review
Authors: Yang Xiaotian , Zhou Yujing , Wang Pu , He Chengqi , He Hongchen 
Published: June 2015

Objective: To examine the effect of whole-body vibration in enhancing pulmonary function, functional exercise capacity and quality of life in people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and examine its safety. Method: Randomized controlled trials examining the effects of whole body vibration among people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease were identified by two independent researchers. Articles were excluded if they were studies on people with other primary diagnosis, abstracts published in the conferences or books. PEDro scale was used to assess the methodological quality of the selected studies. We evaluated the level of evidence by using the GRADE approach. The results were extracted by two researchers and confirmed by the third researcher if disagreement existed. Data source: Sources included Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, PubMed, CINAHL, EMBASE, PEDro, AMED, PsycINFO, ClinicalTrials.gov, Current Controlled Trials and reference lists of all relevant articles. Result: Four studies involving 206 participants were included in this systematic review. Methodological quality was rated as good for two studies. No great benefits on pulmonary function were found in whole body vibration treatment group. Two studies showed that quality of life was improved in people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Whole body vibration led to significant improvements in functional exercise capacity measured with six minutes walking test. Nearly no adverse events were observed. Conclusion: Whole body vibration may improve functional exercise capacity and quality of life in people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. There was insufficient evidence to prove the effects of whole body vibration on pulmonary function.
Improved Organizational Outcomes Associated With Incorporation of Early Clinical Experiences for Second-Year Student Pharmacists at an Academic Medical Center
Authors: Pinelli Nicole R. , McLaughlin Jacqueline E. , Chen Sheh-Li , Luter David N. , Arnall Justin , Smith Shayna , Roth Mary T. , Rodgers Philip T. , Williams Dennis M. , Amerine Lindsey B. 
Published: June 2015

Purpose: To assess the feasibility of engaging second professional year student pharmacists in the medication reconciliation process on hospital and health system pharmacy practice outcomes. Methods: Student pharmacists in their second professional year in the Doctor of Pharmacy degree program at our institution were randomly selected from volunteers to participate. Each participant completed training prior to completing three 5-hour evening shifts. Organizational metrics, student pharmacist perception regarding quality of interactions with health care professionals, and pharmacist perceptions were collected. Results: A total of 83 medication histories were performed on complex medical patients (57.0 ± 19.2 years, 51% female, 65% Caucasian, 12 ± 6 medications); of those, 93% were completed within 24 hours of hospital admission. Second professional student pharmacists completed on average 1.9 ± 0.6 medication histories per shift (range 1-3). Student pharmacists identified 0.9 medication-related problems per patient in collaboration with a pharmacist preceptor. Student pharmacists believed the quality of their interactions with health care professionals in the Student Medication and Reconciliation Team (SMART) program was good or excellent. The program has been well received by clinical pharmacists involved in its design and implementation. Conclusion: This study provides evidence that second professional year student pharmacists can assist pharmacy departments in the care of medically complex patients upon hospital admission.
Nurses’ knowledge and performance of the patients’ bill of rights
Authors: Sheikhtaheri Abbas , Jabali Monireh Sadeqi , Dehaghi Zahra Hashemi 
Published: June 2015

Background: Observance of the patients’ bill of rights is one of the main features of moral codes in hospitals. In this regard, nurses bear great responsibility because they spend a long time with patients. Therefore, the continuous evaluation of the nurses’ performance and assessing their knowledge about the patients’ bill of rights are a need. Objectives: We aimed to determine the nurses’ awareness of the patients’ rights and measure their performance in this regard. Research design and participants: This cross-sectional study was carried out in 2013. To measure the nurses’ knowledge and performance, 250 nurses and 300 patients were surveyed. The participants were selected randomly from five teaching hospitals in Tehran, Iran. Two questionnaires, one for nurses (17 questions) and the other for patients (11 questions), were applied. The data were analyzed in SPSS software using descriptive and inferential statistics. Ethical consideration: The research protocol was submitted and approved by the research and ethics committees of the participating hospitals. Additionally, the consent of all of the participants was obtained before the study. Findings: The mean score of the nurses’ knowledge regarding the patients’ rights was acceptable (69.85 ± 11.7 of 85). Furthermore, the mean score of nurses’ performance in observing the patients’ rights was relatively acceptable (11.2 ± 4.6 of 22). More experienced and educated nurses had higher knowledge regarding the patients’ rights, and patients with higher education level or experience of being hospitalized were less satisfied with the nurses’ performance. Conclusion: Nurses’ knowledge of the patients’ bill of rights was acceptable; however, observance of the patients’ rights was not. It seems that notification of the patients’ bill of rights has increased the nurses’ awareness of the patients’ rights, although improvement of the nurses’ performance needs more extensive measures.
Identification of embryonic lethal genes in humans by autozygosity mapping and exome sequencing in consanguineous families
Authors: Shamseldin Hanan E. , Tulbah Maha , Kurdi Wesam , Nemer Maha , Alsahan Nada , Al Mardawi Elham , Khalifa Ola , Hashem Amal , Kurdi Ahmed , Babay Zainab , Bubshait Dalal K. , Ibrahim Niema , Abdulwahab Firdous , Rahbeeni Zuhair , Hashem Mais , Alkuraya Fowzan S. 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
Background
Identifying genetic variants that lead to discernible phenotypes is the core of Mendelian genetics. An approach that considers embryonic lethality as a bona fide Mendelian phenotype has the potential to reveal novel genetic causes, which will further our understanding of early human development at a molecular level. Consanguineous families in which embryonic lethality segregates as a recessive Mendelian phenotype offer a unique opportunity for high throughput novel gene discovery as has been established for other recessive postnatal phenotypes.

Results
We have studied 24 eligible families using autozygosity mapping and whole-exome sequencing. In addition to revealing mutations in genes previously linked to embryonic lethality in severe cases, our approach revealed seven novel candidate genes (THSD1, PIGC, UBN1, MYOM1, DNAH14, GALNT14, and FZD6). A founder mutation in one of these genes, THSD1, which has been linked to vascular permeability, accounted for embryonic lethality in three of the study families. Unlike the other six candidate genes, we were able to identify a second mutation in THSD1 in a family with a less severe phenotype consisting of hydrops fetalis and persistent postnatal edema, which provides further support for the proposed link between this gene and embryonic lethality.

Conclusions
Our study represents an important step towards the systematic analysis of “embryonic lethal genes” in humans.
Phylogenetically typing bacterial strains from partial SNP genotypes observed from direct sequencing of clinical specimen metagenomic data
Authors: Sahl Jason W. , Schupp James M. , Rasko David A. , Colman Rebecca E. , Foster Jeffrey T. , Keim Paul 
Published: June 2015

AbstractWe describe an approach for genotyping bacterial strains from low coverage genome datasets, including metagenomic data from complex samples. Sequence reads from unknown samples are aligned to a reference genome where the allele states of known SNPs are determined. The Whole Genome Focused Array SNP Typing (WG-FAST) pipeline can identify unknown strains with much less read data than is needed for genome assembly. To test WG-FAST, we resampled SNPs from real samples to understand the relationship between low coverage metagenomic data and accurate phylogenetic placement. WG-FAST can be downloaded from https://github.com/jasonsahl/wgfast.
Optimization and preoperative adjustment design of remote center motion mechanism for minimally invasive surgical robot
Authors: Niu Guojun , Pan Bo , Fu Yili , Wang Shuguo 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
In this paper, a new remote center motion (RCM) mechanism called triangle is proposed; this mechanism is simple and with high stiffness. A complete kinematic analysis and optimization algorithm implying AHP which is a combination of quantitative and qualitative analysis method incorporating the requirements for minimally invasive surgery (MIS) are performed to find the optimal link lengths of the manipulator. The results show that for the serial triangle two-link manipulator used to guide the surgical tool, the optimization link angles are 74° and 51°. Prior preoperative adjustment is usually realized by electromagnetic clutch. However, the disadvantage of this method is that the joint is complex, big, and heavy because of gravity balance mechanism. A new preoperative adjustment method realized by resistance compensation is proposed without electromagnetic clutch; the joint is simpler and lighter than the conventional joint.
Properties of PMMA/clay nanocomposites prepared using various compatibilizers
Authors: Kumar Manish , Arun S , Upadhyaya Pradeep , Pugazhenthi G 
Published: June 2015

AbstractBackgroundIn the fabrication of polymer/clay nanocomposites, the compatibilizer plays a vital role in altering the properties of nanocomposite systems. The present work primarily deals with the development of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)/clay nanocomposites containing different compatibilizers (PP-g-MA, PE-g-MA and PS-g-MA) with 5 wt.% nanoclay.MethodsThe various PMMA nanocomposites were prepared by melt intercalation method using twin screw extruder followed by injection moulding to make specimens for mechanical testing.ResultsThe mechanical, thermal and morphological properties of nanocomposites were evaluated by tensile test, impact, hardness, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The intercalated structure of the PMMA nanocomposites is validated by XRD and TEM analysis. The results are found to be good agreement with each other.ConclusionsThe TGA data demonstrate that PMMA nanocomposites exhibit enhanced thermal stability of 22-36 °C with respect to pure PMMA, at 50% weight loss is considered as point of reference. The PMMA nanocomposite prepared with PS-g-MA compatibilizer promotes adequate interface adhesion between the nanoclay and polymer matrix. As a result, PMMA-5-PS sample displays improved mechanical properties over PMMA-5-PP and PMMA-5-PE samples. The maximum improvement of tensile strength, Young’s modulus and hardness for the PMMA-5-PS nanocomposites over PMMA-5-PE is estimated to be 8, 2 and 26 %, respectively.
Photochemical (E)–(Z) Isomerization of the P=C Double Bond in Triphospha[3]radialene–[M(CO)5] (M = W, Cr) Complexes
Authors: Sasamori Takahiro , Hirano Koki , Miyake Hideaki , Tokitoh Norihiro 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
Thermal reactions of Mes*-substituted triphospha[3]radialene (Mes*: 2,4,6-tri-t-butylphenyl) with [M(CO)5·(thf)] (M = Cr, W) resulted in the formation of the corresponding group 6 metal–pentacarbonyl complexes bearing the triphospha[3]radialene ligand, where one of the P=C bond moiety of the triphospha[3]radialene was σ-coordinating to the metal moiety in η1-fashion. The noncoordinating P=C bonds in the obtained complexes were found to undergo photochemical (E)–(Z) isomerization.
High CO2/CH4 Separation Performance Exhibited at Room Temperature by a Nonporous Ionic Crystal with 3-Methylpyridinium Cation
Authors: Hashimoto Daichi , Uchida Sayaka 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
An ionic crystal (3-mepyH)2[Cr3O(OOCH)6(3-mepy)3]2[α-SiW12O40]·2H2O [I] (3-mepy: 3-methylpyridine, 3-mepyH+: 3-methylpyridinium ion) was synthesized and applied to gas chromatographic separation of CO2/CH4 at room temperature (rt). Compound I was basically nonporous, while a slight increase in the volume around 3-mepyH+, which are potential CO2-binding sites, was observed with the temperature increase. Amounts of CO2 sorption were much larger than that calculated from the surface area, suggesting that CO2 molecules were sorbed in the solid bulk. Time courses of CO2 sorption were fairly analyzed with a model assuming that CO2 adsorbs on the external surface and subsequently diffuses into the bulk solid.
An Omnipotent Liquid for Various Engineering Material Substrates with Transparent Superhydrophobicity
Authors: Dong Binghai , Fan Difei , Wang Shimin , Guo Zhiguang 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
A kind of transparent liquid was fabricated, which can form transparent superhydrophobic films on various engineering material substrates by spraying. The results showed the spray exhibits excellent thermal stability and mechanical stability, which are very vital for their promising applications in industry, such as antifouling, corrosion protection, and oil/water separation.
Meniscal Transplantation and its Effect on Osteoarthritis Risk
Authors: Smith N. A. , Achten J. , Parsons N. , Wright D. , Parkinson B. , Thompson P. , Hutchinson C. E. , Spalding T. , Costa M. L. 
Published: June 2015

Objectives Subtotal or total meniscectomy in the medial or lateral compartment of the knee results in a high risk of future osteoarthritis. Meniscal allograft transplantation has been performed for over thirty years with the scientifically plausible hypothesis that it functions in a similar way to a native meniscus. It is thought that a meniscal allograft transplant has a chondroprotective effect, reducing symptoms and the long-term risk of osteoarthritis. However, this hypothesis has never been tested in a high-quality study on human participants. This study aims to address this shortfall by performing a pilot randomised controlled trial within the context of a comprehensive cohort study design. Methods Patients will be randomised to receive either meniscal transplant or a non-operative, personalised knee therapy program. MRIs will be performed every four months for one year. The primary endpoint is the mean change in cartilage volume in the weight-bearing area of the knee at one year post intervention. Secondary outcome measures include the mean change in cartilage thickness, T2 maps, patient-reported outcome measures, health economics assessment and complications. Results This study is expected to report its findings in 2016. Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2015;4:93–8
Reviews
Authors: Collard Christophe , Raw Laurence 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
Adaptation Studies: New Challenges, New Directions, Jørgen Bruhn, Anne Gjelsvik and Eirik Frisvold Hanssen (eds) (2013) London: Bloomsbury, 292 pp., ISBN: 9781441192660, p/bk, £21.99
Immaterial Culture: Literature, Drama and the American Radio Play 1929–1954, Harry Heuser (2013) Bern: Peter Lang AG, 358 pp., ISBN: 9783034309776, p/bk, £52.00
Low temperature steam reforming of ethanol over advanced carbon nanotube-based catalysts
Authors: Seelam Prem Kumar , Rautio Anne-Riikka , Huuhtanen Mika , Kordas Krisztian , Keiski Riitta L. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractSteam reforming of biofuels such as bioethanol offers a clean and sustainable route to improve hydrogen production capacity for the hydrogen economy. In this work, the influence of the carbon support type (carbon nanotube [CNT], activated carbon [AC] and graphitic carbon black [GCB]) and the addition of Pt (1 wt.%, 1.5 wt.% and 2 wt.%) and ZnO (10 wt.%) to Ni