bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fifteen Years of Evolutionary Genomics inCaenorhabditis elegans
Authors: Jovelin Richard , Dey Alivia , Cutter Asher D 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThe nematode wormCaenorhabditis elegans, introduced by Sydney Brenner for the genetic analysis of nervous system formation, is now a powerful model organism for studying nearly all aspects of biology, from development to diseases to evolution. Sequencing and analysis of the worm genome revealed intriguing nonrandom patterns of genome organisation and unusual features such as abundant operons. Surprising upon first discovery, worms and humans have a similar number of genes that are comprised of a similar proportion of transcription factors to regulate their genomes. However, differences in smallribonucleic acidcontent may contribute to differences in organismal complexity. In nature, the bacterivorousC. elegansis found primarily on rotting vegetation in temperate regions across the world. Natural selection, combined with the low effective recombination rate associated with selfing, strongly reduces nucleotide variation across the genome, yielding similarly low polymorphism to other selfing hermaphrodite species ofCaenorhabditis. The genusCaenorhabditisprovides a superb model system for ecological and evolutionary genetics, benefiting fromC. eleganstools and information when applied to investigations of species with a higher polymorphism and better known ecological context.Key Concepts:The nematodeCaenorhabditis elegans, introduced by Sydney Brenner for the genetic analysis of nervous system development, was the first metazoan to have a complete sequenced genome and is now a model organism for nearly all fields of biology.Many genomic features are not randomly distributed alongC. eleganschromosomes and are prevalent either in the chromosome arms or in its centre.An unusually large fraction of protein‐coding genes is organised in operons, possibly optimising transcriptional resources during recovery from developmental arrest.Gene duplication and alternative splicing contribute to extensive diversification of gene function, with 10.5% of protein‐coding genes having paralogs and 25% of genes being alternatively spliced.The ratio of transcription factors to protein‐coding genes is similar in worms and humans but the two species differ greatly in their microRNA content.The differences in chromatin states contribute to phenotypic variation and the transgenerational epigenetic inheritance suggests a role for epigenetic information in evolution.The rate of duplication is two orders of magnitude greater than the nucleotide mutation rate, highlighting the role of gene duplication in the evolution of theC. elegansgenome.Caenorhabditisis not a soil nematode but instead proliferates and feeds on bacteria in rotting vegetation.Population genetic variation is strongly affected by the mating system ofCaenorhabditis, with very low polymorphism in selfing hermaphroditic species relative to outcrossing gonochoristic species.
Human Intronless Genes and their Associated Diseases
Authors: Grzybowska Ewa A 
Published: May 2013

Abstract

Intronless genes (IGs) are common in single‐celled eukaryotes, whereas in metazoans they comprise only a small percentage of genes. The distribution of human IGs among functional groups is different from the distribution in the whole human genome: IGs mostly encode signal‐transducing molecules, such as G‐protein coupled receptors, which are the largest family within IGs; the second largest group encodes histones. IGs often exhibit tissue‐specific expression, especially in testis and brain. Accordingly, mutations in IGs are predominantly associated with neurological and developmental disorders, as well as several types of cancer. From the evolutionary viewpoint, most IGs are relatively recent and emerged by retroposition. Processing of
messenger ribonucleic acids (mRNAs)
encoded by natural IGs is independent of splicing, and resembles the processing of some unspliced viral transcripts. In contrast to random RNA sequences, mRNAs encoded by natural IGs are stable and efficiently accumulate in the cytoplasm.

Key Concepts:

Human IGs constitute about 3% of the human genome.

Human IGs encode mostly signalling molecules and histones.

IG‐associated diseases comprise mostly neurological and developmental disorders and some types of cancer.

IGs often display tissue‐specific expression, usually in the nervous system and testis.

Most human IGs emerged in the process of retroposition.

Natural IGs have evolved their own means of processing, independent of splicing.
High testosterone levels and sensitivity to acute stress in perpetrators of domestic violence with low cognitive flexibility and impairments in their emotional decoding process: A preliminary study
Authors: Romero‐Martínez Ángel , Lila Marisol , Sariñana‐González Patricia , González‐Bono Esperanza , Moya‐Albiol Luis 
Published: May 2013

AbstractHormonal and neuropsychological impairment in intimate partner violence (IPV) perpetrators could play a role in domestic violence. For characterizing whether there is a specific psychobiological response to stress, participants who had previously been jailed for IPV and controls were compared for testosterone and cortisol levels, tested for 2D:4D ratio (as an indicator of masculinization), and given several trait questionnaires and neuropsychological tests related to executive functions and theory of mind. After performing the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST), IPV perpetrators experienced decreases in salivary testosterone (T) levels, a moderate worsening of mood, slight anxiety, and a salivary cortisol (C) level increase. Moreover, high basal T was related with high levels of anger and anxiety and worse mood. However, that basal mood does not significantly alter T levels in response to stress. Nonetheless, controls experienced smaller changes in T and larger changes in C and psychological mood. With respect to neuropsychological and cognitive empathic features, IPV perpetrators showed poorer executive performance and emotional recognition than controls. In addition, deficits in both neuropsychological domains were positively associated. Regarding emotional empathy, IPV perpetrators showed higher levels of personal distress than controls. The 2D:4D ratio was lower in IPV perpetrators than in controls. Moreover, only in the former a smaller 2D:4D ratio was related to large increases in T in response to stress and poor emotional recognition. Together with social aspects involved in IPV, differences in psychobiological variables and their relationships could play a relevant role in the onset and perpetuation of violent behavior. Aggr. Behav. 39:355–369, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Tandem Gold‐Catalyzed Hydrosilyloxylation–Aldol and –Mannich Reaction with Alkynylaryloxysilanols in 6‐exo Mode
Authors: Lee Euichul , Ryu Taekyu , Park Youngchul , Park Sangjune , Lee Phil Ho 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThe tandem gold‐catalyzed hydrosilyloxylation–aldol and hydrosilyloxylation–Mannich reactions were developed through the formation of an enol silyl ether catalytically generated in situ from alkynylaryloxysilanols in the 6‐exo mode in one reaction vessel.
P‐glycoprotein is a marker of tissue eosinophilia and radiographic inflammation in chronic rhinosinusitis without nasal polyps
Authors: Feldman Rachel E. , Lam Allen C. , Sadow Peter M. , Bleier Benjamin S. 
Published: May 2013

BackgroundP‐glycoprotein (P‐gp) is a membrane‐bound efflux pump that is upregulated in chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) and participates in epithelial cytokine secretion. Eosinophilic CRS (ECRS) shares a similar cytokine profile with CRSwNP and is associated with significant inflammation and poor surgical outcomes. The goal of this study is to determine if P‐gp expression is associated with degree of eosinophilia and severity of radiographic inflammation in patients with CRS without polyps (CRSsNP).MethodsAn institutional review board (IRB)‐approved study using sinus tissue in 39 steroid‐naive patients with CRS. P‐gp expression was calculated using quantitative fluorescent immunohistochemistry (Q‐FIHC) to generate an epithelial to background staining ratio. Patients were stratified into low and high epithelial expression groups (<3 and ≥3, respectively). Average eosinophils per high powered field (hpf) and Lund‐Mackay scores were calculated and compared with P‐gp staining ratios using a 2‐tailed Student t test.ResultsAmong the 39 patients, 7 (17.95%) had high P‐gp expression ratios (mean ± SD, 4.86 ± 1.33) while 32 (82.05%) had low expression ratios (1.91 ± 0.45). The number of eosinophils/hpf were significantly greater in the high P‐gp expression group as compared to the low expression group (62.38 ± 83.69 vs 5.11 ± 10.12, p = 0.0003). The Lund‐Mackay scores were significantly greater in the high P‐gp expression group as compared to the low expression group (11.86 ± 2.79 vs 6.84 ± 4.19, p = 0.005).ConclusionP‐gp is known to be overexpressed in CRSwNP. This study suggests that among patients with CRSsNP, P‐gp is similarly overexpressed in those with high tissue eosinophilia and correlates with severity of radiographic inflammation.
Characterization, prediction, and optimization of flexural properties of vapor‐grown carbon nanofiber/vinyl ester nanocomposites by response surface modeling
Authors: Lee Juhyeong , Nouranian Sasan , Torres Glenn W. , Lacy Thomas E. , Toghiani Hossein , Pittman Charles U. , DuBien Janice L. 
Published: May 2013

ABSTRACTA design of experiments and response surface modeling were performed to investigate the effects of formulation and processing factors on the flexural moduli and strengths of vapor‐grown carbon nanofiber (VGCNF)/vinyl ester (VE) nanocomposites. VGCNF type (pristine, surface‐oxidized), use of a dispersing agent (no, yes), mixing method (ultrasonication, high‐shear mixing, and a combination of both), and VGCNF weight fraction (0.00, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, and 1.00 parts per hundred parts resin (phr)) were selected as independent factors. Response surface models were developed to predict flexural moduli and strengths as a continuous function of VGCNF weight fraction. The use of surface‐oxidized nanofibers, a dispersing agent, and high‐shear mixing at 0.48 phr of VGCNF led to an average increase of 19% in the predicted flexural modulus over that of the neat VE. High‐shear mixing with 0.60 phr of VGCNF resulted in a remarkable 49% increase in nanocomposite flexural strength relative to that of the neat VE. This article underscores the advantages of statistical design of experiments and response surface modeling in characterizing and optimizing polymer nanocomposites for automotive structural applications. Moreover, response surface models may be used to tailor the mechanical properties of nanocomposites over a range of anticipated operating environments. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 130: 2087–2099, 2013
Reactivity of Lewis Basic Platinum Complexes Towards Fluoroboranes
Authors: Bauer Jürgen , Braunschweig Holger , Dewhurst Rian D. , Radacki Krzysztof 
Published: May 2013

AbstractWe herein report detailed investigations into the interaction of Lewis acidic fluoroboranes, for example BF2Pf (Pf=perfluorophenyl) and BF2ArF (ArF=3,5‐bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl), with Lewis basic platinum complexes such as [Pt(PEt3)3] and [Pt(PCy3)2] (Cy=cyclohexyl). Two presumed Lewis adducts could be identified in solution and corresponding secondary products of these Lewis adducts were characterized in the solid state. Furthermore, the concept of frustrated Lewis pairs (FLP) was applied to the activation of ethene in the system [Pt(BPf3)(CH2CH2)(dcpp)] (dcpp=1,3‐bis(dicyclohexylphosphino)propane; Pf=perfluorophenyl). Finally, DFT calculations were performed to determine the interaction between the platinum‐centered Lewis bases and the boron‐centered Lewis acids. Additionally, several possible mechanisms for the oxidative addition of the boranes BF3, BCl3, and BF2ArF to the model complex [Pt(PMe3)2] are presented.
Synthesis of 1‐Substituted Tetrahydroisoquinolines by Lithiation and Electrophilic Quenching Guided by In Situ IR and NMR Spectroscopy and Application to the Synthesis of Salsolidine, Carnegine and Laudanosine
Authors: Li Xiabing , Leonori Daniele , Sheikh Nadeem S. , Coldham Iain 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThe lithiation of N‐tert‐butoxycarbonyl (N‐Boc)‐1,2,3,4‐tetrahydroisoquinoline was optimized by in situ IR (ReactIR) spectroscopy. Optimum conditions were found by using n‐butyllithium in THF at −50 °C for less than 5 min. The intermediate organolithium was quenched with electrophiles to give 1‐substituted 1,2,3,4‐tetrahydroisoquinolines. Monitoring the lithiation by IR or NMR spectroscopy showed that one rotamer reacts quickly and the barrier to rotation of the Boc group was determined by variable‐temperature NMR spectroscopy and found to be about 60.8 kJ mol−1, equating to a half‐life for rotation of approximately 30 s at −50 °C. The use of (−)‐sparteine as a ligand led to low levels of enantioselectivity after electrophilic quenching and the “poor man’s Hoffmann test” indicated that the organolithium was configurationally unstable. The chemistry was applied to N‐Boc‐6,7‐dimethoxy‐1,2,3,4‐tetrahydroisoquinoline and led to the efficient synthesis of the racemic alkaloids salsolidine, carnegine, norlaudanosine and laudanosine.
Forecasting short‐term cyanobacterial blooms in Lake Taihu, China, using a coupled hydrodynamic–algal biomass model
Authors: Li Wei , Qin Boqiang , Zhu Guangwei 
Published: May 2013

ABSTRACTLake Taihu, the third largest freshwater lake of China, provides drinking water supply for five million people. Over the last 30 years, the lake has suffered from serious cyanobacterial blooms that deteriorate drinking water quality and in some cases have led to serious water supply crises. For local government to respond quickly to the onset of a cyanobacterial bloom, it is crucial to forecast the probability, areas, and intensity of the bloom. In this paper, an attempt to forecast the cyanobacterial bloom in Lake Taihu is documented. The forecast is based on a short‐term cyanobacterial bloom forecasting numerical model containing a three‐dimensional, coupled hydrodynamic–algal biomass model and a probability of bloom occurrence forecasting model. The former model was based on solving the governing equations of the cyanobacterial bloom dynamics in shallow lakes. Unstructured mesh division was used to fit the irregular coastal boundaries where harmful blooms often happened. The finite volume method discretized the governing equations, and the conservation laws were preserved. To drive the model, the initial algae chlorophyll a concentrations were obtained from 18 automatic monitoring buoys and boat survey measurements. By combining calculation and prediction of the hydrological and meteorologic scenarios over the ensuing 3 days, the dynamic distributions of the algae concentration scenarios in Lake Taihu were simulated. Blooming probabilities were then predicted by a forecast model that included the weight of algal biomass, wind velocity, and weather condition. The model was applied to predict the occurrences of the algae blooms of the next 3 days in Lake Taihu during April to September in 2009 and 2010. Independent evaluations from remote sensing images and boat survey data showed that the accuracy of these bloom forecasts was more than 80%. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Perfluoroarylation of Iron(II) Di‐ and Hexaiodoclathrochelates – Synthesis, X‐ray Structure, and Properties of the First Cage Complexes with Inherent Pentafluoro­phen­yl Substituent(s)
Authors: Varzatskii Oleg A. , Denisenko Irina N. , Volkov Sergey V. , Belov Alexander S. , Dolganov Alexander V. , Vologzhanina Anna V. , Novikov Valentin V. , Bubnov Yurii N. , Voloshin Yan Z. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractPerfluoroarylation of a known iron(II) diiodoclathrochelate precursor and its new n‐butylboron‐capped hexaiodomacrobicyclic analog with pentafluorophenylcopper(I) gave the first iron(II) cage complexes with inherent perfluoroaryl substituent(s). The complexes synthesized were characterized by elemental analysis, MALDI‐TOF mass spectrometry, IR, UV/Vis, 1H, 11B, 19F, and 13C{1H} NMR spectroscopy, and X‐ray crystallography. The encapsulated iron(II) ions in the X‐rayed hexaiodo‐ and di‐ and hexa(pentafluorophenyl)ated iron(II) clathrochelates are located almost in the centers of their FeN6 coordination polyhedra. The geometry of the hexaiodoclathrochelate precursor is trigonal prismatic (TP, distortion angle φ = 4.5°), whereas the perfluoroarylated iron(II) clathrochelates are intermediate between a TP and a trigonal antiprism (TAP) (φ ≈ 25°). This rotation and expansion from TP to TAP polyhedra causes horizontal spreading, and the heights h decrease from 2.40 to 2.33–2.35 Å. Anodic ranges of the cyclic voltammograms (CVs) for the pentafluorophenylated iron(II) clathrochelates contain one‐electron waves of the metal‐centered Fe2+/3+ oxidation, which are quasireversible in the cyclic voltammetry (CV) timescale. The potentials for the mono‐ and difunctionalized clathrochelates are only slightly different, as a result of steric hindrance between two pentafluorophenyl substituents in the same chelate ribbed fragment decreasing their conjugation with the polyazomethine clathrochelate framework and lowering the electronic effects. The cathodic ranges of these CVs contain irreversible waves for encapsulated metal‐centered Fe2+/+ reduction to anionic forms of the cage complexes that are unstable on the CV timescale.
Metal‐Free Michael‐Addition‐Initiated Three‐Component Reaction for the Regioselective Synthesis of Highly Functionalized Pyridines: Scope, Mechanistic Investigations and Applications
Authors: Allais Christophe , Liéby‐Muller Frédéric , Rodriguez Jean , Constantieux Thierry 
Published: May 2013

AbstractA metal‐free and completely regioselective three‐component synthesis of highly functionalized pyridines from 1,3‐dicarbonyl derivatives and Michael acceptors has been achieved. Activated Michael acceptors, that is, β,γ‐unsaturated α‐oxo carbonyl derivatives, were utilized, allowing substitution at the 4‐position and remarkable functional diversity at the 2‐position of the pyridine ring. The scope and limitations of this environmentally friendly domino reaction are disclosed, with full experimental data, and the results of mechanistic investigations are discussed.
Do Restrictive and Bingeing/Purging Subtypes of Anorexia Nervosa Differ on Central Coherence and Set Shifting?
Authors: Van Autreve Sara , De Baene Wouter , Baeken Chris , van Heeringen Cornelis , Vervaet Myriam 
Published: May 2013

AbstractObjectiveAnorexia nervosa (AN) has been associated with weak central coherence (CC) and weak set shifting (SS). The main aim of this study was to examine possible differences between restrictive AN (AN‐R) and bingeing/purging AN (AN‐BP) on these features.MethodsA total of 31 patients with AN‐R, 20 patients with AN‐BP and 26 healthy controls (HC) completed five neuropsychological tests (Block Design, Object Assembly, an adapted task‐switching paradigm, Wisconsin Card Sorting Test and Trail Making Test).ResultsUsing Block Design and Object Assembly, indicative for CC, AN‐R patients performed significantly worse than AN‐BP patients and HC, without any difference between AN‐BP and HC. On SS measures, no group differences were observed.DiscussionThe results suggest that cognitive profiles of AN‐R and AN‐BP patients differ significantly on CC and not on SS. Our current findings support the idea that the two subtypes of AN have a distinctive underlying nature and might need a different approach in cognitive remediation. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Food and thriving people: paradigm shifts for fair and sustainable food systems
Authors: Tansey Geoff 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThis article looks beyond the physical sciences to address the problems of hunger, malnutrition, and environmental degradation. It discusses the challenges and problems with global food security and where and why paradigm shifts are needed to meet those challenges in a fair and sustainable way. It discusses food's role as a satisfier of human need, the importance of history in aiding the understanding of contemporary challenges and the fundamental changes needed to achieve the goal of fair and sustainable food systems.
Validation of a novel very large eddy simulation method for simulation of turbulent separated flow
Authors: Han Xingsi , Krajnović Siniša 
Published: May 2013

SUMMARYThe paper describes the validation of a newly developed very LES (VLES) method for the simulation of turbulent separated flow. The new VLES method is a unified simulation approach that can change seamlessly from Reynolds‐averaged Navier–Stokes to DNS depending on the numerical resolution. Four complex test cases are selected to validate the performance of the new method, that is, the flow past a square cylinder at Re = 3000 confined in a channel (with a blockage ratio of 20%), the turbulent flow over a circular cylinder at Re = 3900 as well as Re = 140,000, and a turbulent backward‐facing step flow with a thick incoming boundary layer at Re = 40,000. The simulation results are compared with available experimental, LES, and detached eddy simulation‐type results. The new VLES model performs well overall, and the predictions are satisfactory compared with previous experimental and numerical results. It is observed that the new VLES method is quite efficient for the turbulent flow simulations; that is, good predictions can be obtained using a quite coarse mesh compared with the previous LES method. Discussions of the implementation of the present VLES modeling are also conducted on the basis of the simulations of turbulent channel flow up to high Reynolds number of Reτ = 4000. The efficiency of the present VLES modeling is also observed in the channel flow simulation. From a practical point of view, this new method has considerable potential for more complex turbulent flow simulations at relative high Reynolds numbers. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A role for prolyl hydroxylase domain proteins in hippocampal synaptic plasticity
Authors: Corcoran Alan , Kunze Reiner , Harney Sarah C. , Breier Georg , Marti Hugo H. , O'Connor John J. 
Published: May 2013

ABSTRACTHypoxia‐inducible factors (HIFs) are key transcriptional regulators that play a major role in oxygen homeostasis. HIF activity is tightly regulated by oxygen‐dependent hydroxylases, which additionally require iron and 2‐oxoglutarate as cofactors. Inhibition of these enzymes has become a novel target to modulate the hypoxic response for therapeutic benefit. Inhibition of prolyl‐4‐hydroxylase domains (PHDs) have been shown to delay neuronal cell death and protect against ischemic injury in the hippocampus. In this study we have examined the effects of prolyl hydroxylase inhibition on synaptic transmission and plasticity in the hippocampus. Field excitatory postsynaptic potentials (fEPSPs) and excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) were elicited by stimulation of the Schaffer collateral pathway in the CA1 region of the hippocampus. Treatment of rat hippocampal slices with low concentrations (10 µM) of the iron chelator deferosoxamine (DFO) or the 2‐oxoglutarate analogue dimethyloxalyl glycine (DMOG) had no effect on fEPSP. In contrast, application of 1 mM DMOG resulted in a significant decrease in fEPSP slope. Antagonism of the NMDA receptor attenuated the effects of DMOG on baseline synaptic signalling. In rat hippocampal slices pretreated with DMOG and DFO the induction of long‐term potentiation (LTP) by tetanic stimulation was strongly impaired. Similarly, neuronal knockout of the single PHD family member PHD2 prevented murine hippocampal LTP. Preconditioning of PHD2 deficient hippocampi with either DMOG, DFO, or the PHD specific inhibitor JNJ‐42041935, did not further decrease LTP suggesting that DMOG and DFO influences synaptic plasticity primarily by inhibiting PHDs rather than unspecific effects. These findings provide striking evidence for a modulatory role of PHD proteins on synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.