bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Parental factors affecting the circumcision of non‐Muslim Chinese boys include education and family history
Authors: Yan Wei‐Li , Wang Chen‐Chen , Huang Yong‐Di , Yimiti Deliciati , Wang Qian , Upur Halmurat 
Published: July 2015

AbstractAimThis study investigated the prevalence of circumcision among non‐Muslim schoolboys in Urumqi, China, and how acceptable their parents found the practice.MethodsA convenient cluster sample of non‐Muslim schoolboys (n = 3614) aged six to 15 years of age and 873 mothers and 927 fathers completed self‐administered questionnaires. We compared the consistency of the circumcision status reported by students and their parents and analysed the factors that influenced the parents to have their child circumcised.ResultsThe mean age at circumcision was 8.3 years and the adjusted prevalence was 46.2%. Up to 45.4% of fathers and 66% of mothers with uncircumcised sons were willing to circumcise their sons after receiving further information on circumcision. Mothers were more likely to support circumcision if they had higher education levels and higher family income, were employed as government officials and had family members who had been circumcised, including their husband. Fathers were more likely to support circumcision if they were highly educated and had been circumcised themselves.ConclusionThe prevalence and acceptability of circumcision were higher than expected in this traditional schoolboy population in Urumqi, China. Factors that increased parental support for circumcision included high education and the father being circumcised.
The relationship between teacher burnout and student motivation
Authors: Shen Bo , McCaughtry Nate , Martin Jeffrey , Garn Alex , Kulik Noel , Fahlman Mariane 
Published: July 2015

BackgroundTeacher burnout is regarded as a serious problem in school settings. To date, studies on teachers’ stress and burnout have largely centred on teachers’ own characteristics, socialization, and behaviours, but few have explored the connection between teachers’ burnout and students’ motivation via their own perceptions of teachers’ behaviour and emotional well‐being.AimsThis study adopted Maslach et al.'s (2001, Annu. Rev. Psychol., 52, 397) job burnout construct and self‐determination theory to investigate the relationships between teachers’ burnout and students’ autonomous motivation over one‐semester physical education classes.SampleA total of 1,302 high school students and their 33 physical education teachers in 20 high schools from two school districts in a major Midwest metropolitan area in the United States. The two school districts were demographically similar.MethodsStudents and physical education teachers completed questionnaires assessing relevant psychological constructs. There were two time points for collecting students’ data. One was at the beginning of a fall semester, and the other was at the end of that semester. Hierarchical linear modelling analyses were conducted.ResultsIt was revealed that teachers’ emotional exhaustion was negatively related to students’ perceived teacher autonomy support (TAS); in turn, there was a negative relationship between teachers’ feeling of depersonalization and students’ autonomous motivation development even when controlling for inadequate TAS.ConclusionThe dimensions of teachers' burnout might play different roles in the transmission from teachers to students. Teachers’ status of burnout is an important environmental factor associated with students’ quality of motivation.
Modulation of prefrontal‐cingulate connectivity in affective processing of children with experiences of ostracism
Authors: Park Chang‐hyun , Lee Ji‐Eun , Kim Young‐Hoon , Kim Ki‐Tae , Kim Young‐Joo , Lee Kyoung‐Uk 
Published: July 2015

BackgroundThe anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) has been shown to be involved in emotional distress induced by social exclusion and the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC) in the regulation or inhibition of the distress. Here, we examined modulation of effective connectivity between the regions in response to emotional feedback in children with experiences of ostracism in their everyday life.MethodsIn functional magnetic resonance imaging experiments, 10 ostracized children and 11 control children were provided emotional feedback inducing negative or positive affective states. We employed effective connectivity analysis to explore connectivity models comprising the VLPFC and ACC, and to estimate connectivity parameters over the models.ResultsIn spite of psychological impacts on the ostracized children, behavioral data showed that their emotional responses did not deviate from the control children in response to the emotional feedback. The VLPFC to ACC connectivity was modulated only in the ostracized children, such that the modulation may help them regulate their emotional responses.ConclusionsThe findings suggest that the effects of ostracism experiences on affective processing can be revealed in terms of modulation of prefrontal‐cingulate connectivity.
Synthesis and In Vitro Activity of Polyhalogenated 2‐phenylbenzimidazoles as a New Class of anti‐MRSA and Anti‐VRE Agents
Authors: Göker Hakan , Karaaslan Cigdem , Püsküllü Mustafa Orhan , Yildiz Sulhiye , Duydu Yalcin , Üstündağ Aylin , Yalcin Can Özgür 
Published: July 2015

A series of novel polyhalogenated 2‐phenylbenzimidazoles have been synthesized and evaluated for in vitro antistaphylococcal activity against drug‐resistant bacterial strains (methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus, and vancomycin‐resistant Enterococcus faecium. Certain compounds inhibit bacterial growth perfectly. 11 was active than vancomycin (0.78 μg/mL) with the lowest MIC values with 0.19 μg/mL against methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus, 8 and 35 exhibited best inhibitory activity against vancomycin‐resistant Enterococcus faecium (1.56 μg/mL). The mechanism of action for this class of compounds appears to be different than clinically used antibiotics. These polyhalogenated benzimidazoles have potential for further investigation as a new class of potent anti‐methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus and anti‐vancomycin‐resistant Enterococcus faecium agents.
New Eugenol Glucoside‐based Derivative Shows Fungistatic and Fungicidal Activity against Opportunistic Candida glabrata
Authors: de Souza Thiago Belarmino , de Oliveira Brito Keila Mercês , Silva Naiara Chaves , Rocha Raissa Prado , de Sousa Grasiely Faria , Duarte Lucienir Pains , Coelho Luiz Felipe Leomil , Dias Amanda Latércia Tranches , Veloso Marcia Paranho , Carvalho Diogo Teixeira , Dias Danielle Ferreira 
Published: July 2015

A new series of glucosides modified in their saccharide units were synthesized, evaluated against Candida sp., and compared to prototype 1, an eugenol tetracetyl glucoside previously synthesized and shown to be active against Candida glabrata. Among the new glucosides, benzyl derivative 5 was the most promising, showing fungistatic activity at IC50 18.1 μm against Candida glabrata (threefold higher than fluconazole) and fungicidal activity with a low IC90 value of 36.2 μm. Moreover, the cytotoxic activity of compound 5 (CC50: 580.9 μm), tested in peripheral blood mononuclear cells, suggests its potential as an agent to treat Candida glabrata infections, with a selectivity index of 32. The new eugenol glucoside 5 may be considered as a novel structural pattern in the development of new anti‐Candida drugs.
Parental confidence in managing food allergy: development and validation of the food allergy self‐efficacy scale for parents (FASE‐P)
Authors: Knibb R. C. , Barnes C. , Stalker C. 
Published: July 2015

SummaryBackgroundFood allergy is often a life‐long condition that requires constant vigilance to prevent accidental exposure and avoid potentially life‐threatening symptoms. Parents' confidence in managing their child's food allergy may relate to the poor quality of life anxiety and worry reported by parents of food‐allergic children.ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to develop and validate the first scale to measure parental confidence (self‐efficacy) in managing food allergy in their child.MethodsThe Food Allergy Self‐Efficacy Scale for Parents (FASE‐P) was developed through interviews with 53 parents, consultation of the literature and experts in the area. The FASE‐P was then completed by 434 parents of food‐allergic children from a general population sample in addition to the General Self‐Efficacy Scale (GSES), the Food Allergy Quality of Life Parental Burden Scale (FAQL‐PB), the General Health Questionnaire‐12 (GHQ‐12) and the Food Allergy Impact Measure (FAIM). A total of 250 parents completed the retest of the FASE‐P.ResultsFactor and reliability analysis resulted in a 21‐item scale with five subscales. The overall scale and subscales have good to excellent internal consistency (Cronbach's α of 0.63–0.89), and the scale is stable over time. There were low to moderate significant correlations with the GSES, FAIM and GHQ‐12 and strong correlations with the FAQL‐PB, with better parental confidence relating to better general self‐efficacy, better quality of life and better mental health in the parent. Poorer self‐efficacy was related to egg and milk allergy; self‐efficacy was not related to severity of allergy.Conclusions and clinical relevanceThe FASE‐P is a reliable and valid scale for use with parents from a general population. Its application within clinical settings could aid provision of advice and improve targeted interventions by identifying areas where parents have less confidence in managing their child's food allergy.
Implant treatment planning regarding augmentation procedures: panoramic radiographs vs. cone beam computed tomography images
Authors: Dagassan‐Berndt Dorothea C. , Zitzmann Nicola U. , Walter Clemens , Schulze Ralf K. W. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractObjectivesTo evaluate the impact of cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) imaging on treatment planning regarding augmentation procedures for implant placement.Material and methodsPanoramic radiographs and CBCT images of 40 patients requesting single‐tooth implants in 59 sites were retrospectively analyzed by six specialists in implantology, and treatment planning was performed. Therapeutic recommendations were compared with the surgical protocol performed initially.ResultsBone height estimation from panoramic radiographs yielded to higher measures and greater variability compared to CBCT. The suggested treatment plan for lateral and vertical augmentation procedures based on CBCT or panoramic radiographs coincided for 55–72% of the cases. A trend to a more invasive augmentation procedure was seen when planning was based on CBCT. Panoramic radiography revealed 57–63% (lateral) vs. 67% (vertical augmentation) congruent plans in agreement with surgery. Among the dissenting sites, there was a trend toward less invasive planning for lateral augmentation with panoramic radiographs, while vertical augmentation requirements were more frequently more invasive when based on CBCT.ConclusionsVertical augmentation requirements can be adequately determined from panoramic radiographs. In difficult cases with a deficient lateral alveolar bone, the augmentation schedule may better be evaluated from CBCT to avoid underestimation, which occurs more frequently when based on panoramic radiographs only. However, overall, radiographic interpretation and diagnostic thinking accuracy seem to be mainly depending on the opinion of observers.
Extinction in a hyperdiverse endemic Hawaiian land snail family and implications for the underestimation of invertebrate extinction
Authors: Régnier Claire , Bouchet Philippe , Hayes Kenneth A. , Yeung Norine W. , Christensen Carl C. , Chung Daniel J. D. , Fontaine Benoît , Cowie Robert H. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractThe International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List includes 832 species listed as extinct since 1600, a minuscule fraction of total biodiversity. This extinction rate is of the same order of magnitude as the background rate and has been used to downplay the biodiversity crisis. Invertebrates comprise 99% of biodiversity, yet the status of a negligible number has been assessed. We assessed extinction in the Hawaiian land snail family Amastridae (325 species, IUCN lists 33 as extinct). We did not use the stringent IUCN criteria, by which most invertebrates would be considered data deficient, but a more realistic approach comparing historical collections with modern surveys and expert knowledge. Of the 325 Amastridae species, 43 were originally described as fossil or subfossil and were assumed to be extinct. Of the remaining 282, we evaluated 88 as extinct and 15 as extant and determined that 179 species had insufficient evidence of extinction (though most are probably extinct). Results of statistical assessment of extinction probabilities were consistent with our expert evaluations of levels of extinction. Modeling various extinction scenarios yielded extinction rates of 0.4‐14.0% of the amastrid fauna per decade. The true rate of amastrid extinction has not been constant; generally, it has increased over time. We estimated a realistic average extinction rate as approximately 5%/decade since the first half of the nineteenth century. In general, oceanic island biotas are especially susceptible to extinction and global rate generalizations do not reflect this. Our approach could be used for other invertebrates, especially those with restricted ranges (e.g., islands), and such an approach may be the only way to evaluate invertebrates rapidly enough to keep up with ongoing extinction.
Technique for a stapled anastomosis following transanal total mesorectal excision for rectal cancer
Authors: Bracey E. , Knol J. , Buchs N. , Jones O. , Cunningham C. , Guy R. , Mortensen N. , Hompes R. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractAimTransanal total mesorectal excision (taTME) is an emerging and exciting new technique in rectal cancer surgery. As with all novel techniques, new challenges arise, requiring small modifications of the technique. Here we present a simple technique that we have devised to facilitate a stapled anastomosis using standard circular staplers following a taTME.MethodWe describe the technique in a stepwise fashion with picture ‐ and video illustration. Our experience with this anastomosis in a small cohort of patients is reported.ResultsNo anastomotic leaks occured in 12 consecutive patients using this technique following taTME. In one patient a small defect was noticed on direct visualisation of the anastomosis intra‐operative, and was closed transanally. So far 8/12 patient had their protective ileostomy reversed with satisfactory function.ConclusionWe believe that this technique for a transanal, stapled anastomosis after a transanal TME procedure is safe and reproducible. Objective assessment of longterm functional outcome is required and outcomes need to be compared to other stapled techniques and handsewn anastomoses.
Child‐centered Practice in Museums: Experiential Learning through Creative Play at the Ipswich Art Gallery
Authors: Piscitelli Barbara , Penfold Louisa 
Published: July 2015

AbstractOver the past two decades, museums and galleries have significantly expanded the scope and diversity of programs and exhibitions offered to children, families and schools. Parents and teachers are increasingly interested in curated public play spaces for children in the early years (from birth to eight years old), and they actively search for accessibility, affordability and quality when planning young children's excursions.In 2013, the Ipswich Art Gallery (in Queensland, Australia) developed and presented Light Play, an interactive exhibition designed especially for children up to the age of eight. Light Play promoted the use of light as a creative material for making ephemeral art through collaborative play, experimentation and discovery‐based learning. As part of the exhibition, a formal research project was run as an integral component of Light Play. Our research documented the qualities that lead to successful creative play experiences for young children in art museums by examining three key aspects of the exhibition: the participants, the environment, and the program. This paper discusses the findings of that research, in relation to making financial and human resource investments in interactive and immersive exhibitions and play spaces for children in the early years.
Tuning of temporo‐occipital activity by frontal oscillations during virtual mirror exposure causes erroneous self‐recognition
Authors: Serino Andrea , Sforza Anna Laura , Kanayama Noriaki , van Elk Michiel , Kaliuzhna Mariia , Herbelin Bruno , Blanke Olaf 
Published: July 2015

AbstractSelf‐face recognition, a hallmark of self‐awareness, depends on ‘off‐line’ stored information about one's face and ‘on‐line’ multisensory‐motor face‐related cues. The brain mechanisms of how on‐line sensory‐motor processes affect off‐line neural self‐face representations are unknown. This study used 3D virtual reality to create a ‘virtual mirror’ in which participants saw an avatar's face moving synchronously with their own face movements. Electroencephalographic (EEG) analysis during virtual mirror exposure revealed mu oscillations in sensory‐motor cortex signalling on‐line congruency between the avatar's and participants’ movements. After such exposure and compatible with a change in their off‐line self‐face representation, participants were more prone to recognize the avatar's face as their own, and this was also reflected in the activation of face‐specific regions in the inferotemporal cortex. Further EEG analysis showed that the on‐line sensory‐motor effects during virtual mirror exposure caused these off‐line visual effects, revealing the brain mechanisms that maintain a coherent self‐representation, despite our continuously changing appearance.
Using an integrative approach to investigate the evolution of behaviour
Authors: Aubin‐Horth Nadia 
Published: July 2015

AbstractBehaviour is a central focus of interest in biology because it has an impact on several aspects of an organism's life. Evolutionary biologists have realised the advantage of an integrative approach that jointly studies the molecular, cellular and physiological levels of an individual to link them with the organismal behavioural phenotype. First, this mechanistic information helps in understanding physiological and evolutionary constraints acting on the behavioural response to the environment and its evolution. Second, it furthers our understanding of the process of molecular convergent evolution. Finally, we learn about natural variation in molecular, cellular and physiological traits present in wild populations and their underlying genetic basis, which can be a substrate for selection to act on. I illustrate these points using our work on behaviour variation in fishes. The information on the mechanistic bases of behaviour variation in various species and behaviours will contribute to an ecological annotation of genes and to uncover new mechanisms implicated in how this astonishing behavioural diversity arose, is maintained and will evolve.
Evidence of stochasticity driving anuran metacommunity structure in the Pantanal wetlands
Authors: Delatorre Milena , Cunha Nicolay , Raizer Josué , Ferreira Vanda Lúcia 
Published: July 2015

Summary

The association of species distribution and abundance patterns with environmental and spatial variables is often used to identify signatures of niche‐based and spatial processes in metacommunity structures. If there is no association, however, then stochastic processes may be interpreted as a possible factor driving community assembly.

We sampled 20 ponds and more than 5800 adult individual anurans in one of the world's largest Neotropical wetland systems, where an annual and unimodal flood pulse is the most important force operating in the landscape. We aimed to determine the relative importance of environmental abiotic factors (pond physical, chemical and morphometric variables) and geographic distance in structuring the metacommunity of aquatic‐breeding anurans during the end of the dry season.

We predicted that species composition would be strongly associated with environmental variables (niche‐based processes) and species richness would be positively related to habitat heterogeneity. Moreover, we expected that massive dispersal, promoted by the preceding flood season, would result in low evidence of spatial processes in the metacommunity structure of anurans.

Contrary to our prediction, we found minimal association between anuran composition and environmental gradients. Nonetheless, as expected, we found a positive relationship between species richness and environmental heterogeneity, and no spatial signal.

Our results suggest that the annual floods increase the probability that species disperse massively and colonise ponds in an unpredictable way. This may be interpreted as a case where stochastic processes are probably the main force structuring the anuran metacommunity in seasonally flooded systems.
Bird diversity and environmental heterogeneity in North America: a test of the area–heterogeneity trade‐off
Authors: Chocron Rachel , Flather Curtis H. , Kadmon Ronen 
Published: July 2015

AbstractAimDeterministic niche theory predicts that increasing environmental heterogeneity increases species richness. In contrast, a recent stochastic model suggests that heterogeneity has a unimodal effect on species richness since high levels of heterogeneity reduce the effective area available per species, thereby increasing the likelihood of stochastic extinction (the ‘area–heterogeneity trade‐off’). We tested these contrasting predictions using data on bird distributions in North America.LocationNorth America.MethodsThe effect of heterogeneity on species richness was tested using simultaneous autoregressive regression models based on two measures of heterogeneity (elevational range and land‐cover richness) each quantified at two scales (400 m, 5 km), three measures of species richness (observed, corrected for incomplete detection, and corrected for regional richness) and three variable selection methods [forced entry, Akaike information criterion (AIC)‐based and a null‐model approach]. Covariates included precipitation, temperature, elevation and latitude. For all variables, both linear and quadratic terms were included in the analyses.ResultsOverall, heterogeneity had a weak effect on species richness and the contribution of the quadratic term of heterogeneity to the explained variance was very small (< 1%). Nevertheless, in all 36 models, the coefficients of both the linear and quadratic terms of heterogeneity were statistically significant and the estimated inflection point was within the range of the data, as predicted by the area–heterogeneity trade‐off. Moreover, in 30 out of the 36 models, support for a unimodal effect of heterogeneity on species richness based on information theoretic criteria was strong (ΔAIC > 10), and in 22 of those 30 models the null hypothesis of a monotonically positive relationship could be rejected at the 0.05% significance level.Main conclusionsPatterns of bird richness in North America were predominantly consistent with the predictions of the area–heterogeneity trade‐off. Future attempts to understand the mechanisms affecting species diversity should pay more attention to the potential consequences of this fundamental trade‐off.