bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Brain regions associated with risk and resistance for bipolar I disorder: a voxel‐based MRI study of patients with bipolar disorder and their healthy siblings
Authors: Eker Cagdas , Simsek Fatma , Yılmazer Evrim Ebru , Kitis Omer , Cinar Cem , Eker Ozlem Donat , Coburn Kerry , Gonul Ali Saffet 
Published: March 2014

ObjectiveBipolar I disorder is a highly heritable disorder but not all siblings manifest with the illness, even though they may share similar genetic and environmental risk factors. Thus, sibling studies may help to identify brain structural endophenotypes associated with risk and resistance for the disorder.MethodsStructural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans were acquired for 28 euthymic patients with bipolar disorder, their healthy siblings, and 30 unrelated healthy controls. Statistical Parametric Mapping 8 (SPM8) was used to identify group differences in regional gray matter volume by voxel‐based morphometry (VBM).ResultsUsing analysis of covariance, gray matter analysis of the groups revealed a group effect indicating that the left orbitofrontal cortex [Brodmann area (BA) 11] was smaller in patients with bipolar disorder than in unrelated healthy controls [F = 14.83, p < 0.05 (family‐wise error); 7 mm3]. Paired t‐tests indicated that the orbitofrontal cortex of patients with bipolar disorder [t = 5.19, p < 0.05 (family‐wise error); 37 mm3] and their healthy siblings [t = 3.89, p < 0.001 (uncorrected); 63 mm3] was smaller than in unrelated healthy controls, and that the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex was larger in healthy siblings than in patients with bipolar disorder [t = 4.28, p < 0.001 (uncorrected); 323 mm3] and unrelated healthy controls [t = 4.36, p < 0.001 (uncorrected); 245 mm3]. Additional region‐of‐interest analyses also found volume deficits in the right cerebellum of patients with bipolar disorder [t = 3.92, p < 0.001 (uncorrected); 178 mm3] and their healthy siblings [t = 4.23, p < 0.001 (uncorrected); 489 mm3], and in the left precentral gyrus of patients with bipolar disorder [t = 3.61, p < 0.001 (uncorrected); 115 mm3] compared to unrelated healthy controls.ConclusionsThe results of this study suggest that a reduction in the volume of the orbitofrontal cortex, which plays a role in the automatic regulation of emotions and is a part of the medial prefrontal network, is associated with the heritability of bipolar disorder. Conversely, increased dorsolateral prefrontal cortex volume may be a neural marker of a resistance factor as it is part of a network of voluntary emotion regulation and balances the effects of the disrupted automatic emotion regulation system.
Transplantation of CD3/CD19 depleted allografts from haploidentical family donors in paediatric leukaemia
Authors: Lang Peter , Teltschik Heiko‐Manuel , Feuchtinger Tobias , Müller Ingo , Pfeiffer Matthias , Schumm Michael , Ebinger Martin , Schwarze Carl P. , Gruhn Bernd , Schrauder Andre , Albert Michael H. , Greil Johann , Urban Christian , Handgretinger Rupert 
Published: March 2014

SummaryTransplantation of T‐ and B‐cell depleted allografts from haploidentical family donors was evaluated within a prospective phase II trial in children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia, acute myeloid leukaemia and advanced myelodysplastic syndrome (n = 46). 20 patients had active disease; 19 patients received a second or third stem cell transplantation (SCT). Toxicity‐reduced conditioning regimens consisted of fludarabine or clofarabine (in active disease only), thiotepa, melphalan and serotherapy. Graft manipulation was carried out with immunomagnetic microbeads. Primary engraftment occurred in 88%, with a median time to reach >1·0 × 109/l leucocytes, >20 × 109/l platelets and >0·1 × 109/l T‐cells of 10, 11 and 50 days, respectively. After retransplantation, engraftment occurred in 100%. Acute graft‐versus‐host disease (GvHD) grade II and III‐IV occurred in 20% and 7%, chronic GvHD occurred in 21%. Both conditioning regimens had comparable toxicity. Transplant‐related mortality (TRM) was 8% at one year and 20% at 5 years. Event‐free survival at 3 years was: 25% (whole group), 46% (first, second or third complete remission [CR], first SCT) vs. 8% (active disease, first SCT) and 20% (second or third SCT, any disease status). This approach allows first or subsequent haploidentical SCTs to be performed with low TRM. Patients in CR may benefit from SCT, whereas the results in patients with active disease were poor.
The behavioural and physiological strategies of bird and reptile embryos in response to unpredictable variation in nest temperature
Authors: Du Wei‐Guo , Shine Richard 
Published: March 2014

ABSTRACTTemperature profoundly affects the rate and trajectory of embryonic development, and thermal extremes can be fatal. In viviparous species, maternal behaviour and physiology can buffer the embryo from thermal fluctuations; but in oviparous animals (like most reptiles and all birds), an embryo is likely to encounter unpredictable periods when incubation temperatures are unfavourable. Thus, we might expect natural selection to have favoured traits that enable embryos to maintain development despite those fluctuations. Our review of recent research identifies three main routes that embryos use in this way. Extreme temperatures (i) can be avoided (e.g. by accelerating hatching, by moving within the egg, by cooling the egg by enhanced rates of evaporation, or by hysteresis in rates of heatingversuscooling); (ii) can be tolerated (e.g. by entering diapause, by producing heat‐shock proteins, or by changing oxygen use); or (iii) the embryo can adjust its physiology and/or developmental trajectory in ways that reduce the fitness penalties of unfavourable thermal conditions (e.g. by acclimating, by exploiting brief windows of favourable conditions, or by producing the hatchling phenotype best suited to those incubation conditions). Embryos are not simply passive victims of ambient conditions. Like free‐living stages of the life cycle, embryos exhibit behavioural and physiological plasticity that enables them to deal with unpredictable abiotic challenges.
Distributed Out‐of‐Core Stochastic Progressive Photon Mapping
Authors: Günther Tobias , Grosch Thorsten 
Published: March 2014

AbstractAt present, stochastic progressive photon mapping (SPPM) is one of the most comprehensive methods for a consistent global illumination computation. Even though the number of photons is unlimited due to their progressive nature, the scene size is still bound by the available main memory. In this paper, we present the first consistent out‐of‐core SPPM algorithm. In order to cope with large scenes, we automatically subdivide the geometry and parallelly trace photons and eye rays in a portal‐based system, distributed across multiple machines in a commodity cluster. Moreover, modifications of the original SPPM method are introduced that keep both the utilization of tracer machines high and the network traffic low. Therefore, compared to a portal‐based single machine setup, our distributed approach achieves a significant speedup. We compare a GPU‐based with a CPU‐based implementation and demonstrate our system in multiple large test scenes of up to 90 million triangles.
Robust Detection and Segmentation for Diagnosis of Vertebral Diseases Using Routine MR Images
Authors: Zukić Dženan , Vlasák Aleš , Egger Jan , Hořínek Daniel , Nimsky Christopher , Kolb Andreas 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThe diagnosis of certain spine pathologies, such as scoliosis, spondylolisthesis and vertebral fractures, is part of the daily clinical routine. Very frequently, magnetic resonance image data are used to diagnose these kinds of pathologies in order to avoid exposing patients to harmful radiation, like X‐ray. We present a method which detects and segments all acquired vertebral bodies, with minimal user intervention. This allows an automatic diagnosis to detect scoliosis, spondylolisthesis and crushed vertebrae. Our approach consists of three major steps. First, vertebral centres are detected using a Viola–Jones like method, and then the vertebrae are segmented in a parallel manner, and finally, geometric diagnostic features are deduced in order to diagnose the three diseases. Our method was evaluated on 26 lumbar datasets containing 234 reference vertebrae. Vertebra detection has 7.1% false negatives and 1.3% false positives. The average Dice coefficient to manual reference is 79.3% and mean distance error is 1.76 mm. No severe case of the three illnesses was missed, and false alarms occurred rarely—0% for scoliosis, 3.9% for spondylolisthesis and 2.6% for vertebral fractures. The main advantages of our method are high speed, robust handling of a large variety of routine clinical images, and simple and minimal user interaction.
Training Multiagent Systems by Q‐Learning: Approaches and Empirical Results
Authors: Lopez‐Guede Jose Manuel , Fernandez‐Gauna, Borja , Graña Manuel , Zulueta Ekaitz 
Published: March 2014

AbstractMultiagent systems are increasingly present in computational environments. However, the problem of agent design or control is an open research field. Reinforcement learning approaches offer solutions that allow autonomous learning with minimal supervision. The Q‐learning algorithm is a model‐free reinforcement learning solution that has proven its usefulness in single‐agent domains; however, it suffers from dimensionality curse when applied to multiagent systems. In this article, we discuss two approaches, namely TRQ‐learning and distributed Q‐learning, that overcome the limitations of Q‐learning offering feasible solutions. We test these approaches in two separate domains. The first is the control of a hose by a team of robots. The second is the trash disposal problem. Computational results show the effectiveness of Q‐learning solutions to multiagent systems’ control.
“Using New Eyes”: Photography as a Spiritual Practice for Faith Formation and Worship
Authors: Crowley Eileen D. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThis article presents three cases of how Lutheran groups used photography as a spiritual practice in processes that led to group spiritual reflection for faith formation and worship: a photography club; a Photography as a Spiritual Practice mini‐course in a parish; and a six‐month parish project of communal art‐making of liturgical media art for one church's Easter Vigil readings.
Calling a Thing What It Is: A Lutheran Approach to Whiteness
Authors: Thompson Deanna A. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThe July 2013 acquittal of George Zimmerman in killing of African American teenager Trayvon Martin and the aftermath demonstrated that America is not yet cured from “the cancer of whiteness” that infects the heart of American Christianity. This article interrogates “whiteness” as a pressing American and religious issue. It looks to Martin Luther's theology of the cross as a way to both expose the sinfulness of whiteness and to offer a framework for dislodging it.
Incorporation of arsenic trioxide in induction therapy improves survival of patients with newly diagnosed acute promyelocytic leukaemia
Authors: Song Xianmin , Hu Xiaoxia , Lü Shuqing , Gao Lei , Chen Li , Yang Jianmin , Zhang Weiping , Wang Jianmin 
Published: March 2014

AbstractObjectivesFor patients with acute promyelocytic leukaemia (APL), negative reading of a promyelocytic leukaemia/retinoic acid receptor‐alpha (PML‐RARα) transcript after induction therapy correlates with a good prognosis. However, in the majority of patients given all‐trans retinoic acid (ATRA)/anthracycline‐based induction therapy, PML‐RARα transcript remains even when haematologic complete remission is achieved. To facilitate maximal therapeutic efficacy for patients with APL, this study tested whether the addition of arsenic trioxide (ATO) would increase the rate of molecular complete remission after ATRA/anthracycline‐based induction therapy.MethodsSeventy‐three patients with APL were induced with a regimen (designated ‘AAA’) consisting of ATO in combination with ATRA and daunorubicin. After this, a consolidation phase of daunorubicin‐based chemotherapy and maintenance therapy with ATRA, ATO and methotrexate was administered. The noted outcomes were rates of complete remission, overall survival and disease‐free survival. In addition, PML‐RARα transcripts were monitored in 48 patients via RT‐PCR.ResultsRates of complete remission, overall survival and 5‐yr disease‐free survival were 95.89%, 94.52% and 96.28%, respectively. At the preconsolidation checkpoint, 68.75% (33/48) of patients had a negative reading for the PML‐RARα fusion transcript. These outcomes were not influenced by mutations in FLT3 (fms‐related tyrosine kinase 3) or other prognostic factors.ConclusionsThe addition of ATO in the induction regimen was associated with an improved overall outcome for patients with de novo APL, with rather low relapse rate and better long‐term survival.
Loving People for Who They Are (Even When They Don't Love You Back)
Authors: Protasi Sara 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThe debate on love's reasons ignores unrequited love, which—I argue—can be as genuine and as valuable as reciprocated love. I start by showing that the relationship view of love cannot account for either the reasons or the value of unrequited love. I then present the simple property view, an alternative to the relationship view that is beset with its own problems. In order to solve these problems, I present a more sophisticated version of the property view that integrates ideas from different property theorists in the love literature. However, even this more sophisticated property view falls short in accounting for unrequited love's reasons. In response, I develop a new version of the property view that I call the experiential view. On this view, we love a person not only in virtue of properties shaped by and experienced in a reciprocal loving relationship, but also in virtue of perspectival properties, whose value can be properly assessed also outside of a reciprocal loving relationship. The experiential view is the only view that can account not only for reciprocated love's reasons, but also for unrequited love's reasons.
Skepticism in Kant's Groundwork
Authors: Ware Owen 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThis paper offers a new interpretation of Kant's relationship with skepticism in the Groundwork for the Metaphysics of Morals. My position differs from commonly held views in the literature in two ways. On the one hand, I argue that Kant's relationship with skepticism is active and systematic (contrary to Hill, Wood, Rawls, Timmermann, and Allison). On the other hand, I argue that the kind of skepticism Kant is interested in does not speak to the philosophical tradition in any straightforward sense (contrary to Forster and Guyer). On my reading, Kant takes up a skeptical method in the Groundwork as a way of exposing certain obstacles in our ordinary and philosophical thinking about morality. The central obstacle he is interested in is practical in character, arising from a natural tendency we have to rationalize against the moral law. In attempting to resolve this tendency, I argue, the Groundwork turns out to have a profoundly educative task.
Osteosarcoma in the proximal humerus of a mare
Authors: Koch E. , Pack L. , Zwicker L. A. , Lopez‐Mendez C. , Aburto E. M. 
Published: March 2014

SummaryA 15‐year‐old Quarter Horse mare was examined for significant and progressive lameness in the right front limb. On physical examination, muscle atrophy over the scapular and pectoral regions were noted. A pain response was elicited on palpation of the scapulohumeral joint. No other abnormalities were noted on examination of the limb. Diagnostic nerve blocks ruled out a source of lameness in the distal limb. Arthrocentesis of the scapulohumeral joint was performed and results were within normal limits. Radiographs of the right scapulohumeral joint revealed an extensive, aggressive bone lesion in the proximal humerus, suspected to be an osteosarcoma. After a course of nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory therapy, minimal improvement to the lameness was noted. The owner elected to subject the horse to euthanasia due to the lack of significant response to treatment. Post mortem radiographic and histological examinations determined a definitive diagnosis of an osteosarcoma in the proximal humerus.
Silencing of FGF‐21 expression promotes hepatic gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis by regulation of the STAT3–SOCS3 signal
Authors: Wang Cong , Dai Jihuan , Yang Mengliu , Deng Guangjiang , Xu Shengnan , Jia Yanjun , Boden Guenther , Ma Zhongmin A. , Yang Gangyi , Li Ling 
Published: March 2014

Insulin resistance is a metabolic disorder associated with type 2 diabetes. Recent reports have shown that fibroblast growth factor‐21 (FGF‐21) plays an important role in the progression of insulin resistance. However, the biochemical and molecular mechanisms by which changes in FGF‐21 activation result in changes in the rates of hepatic gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis remain to be elucidated. In this study, we developed adenovirus‐mediated shRNA against FGF‐21 to inhibit FGF‐21 expression in ApoE knockout mice. Using this mouse model, we determined the effects of FGF‐21 knockdown in vivo on hepatic glucose production, gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis, and their relationship with the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3)/suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3) signal pathways. We show that liver‐specific knockdown of FGF‐21 in high‐fat diet‐fed ApoE knockout mice resulted in a 39% increase in glycogenolysis and a 75% increase in gluconeogenesis, accompanied by increased hepatic expression of glucose‐6‐phosphatase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase. Furthermore, FGF‐21 knockdown decreased phosphorylation of STAT3 and SOCS3 expression in high‐fat diet‐fed mice. Our data suggest that hepatic FGF‐21 knockdown increases gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis by activation of glucose‐6‐phosphatase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase via the STAT3/SOCS3 pathway, ultimately leading to exacerbation of hepatic insulin resistance.
Moving the Field of Food Justice Forward Through the Lens of Urban Political Ecology
Authors: Agyeman Julian , McEntee Jesse 
Published: March 2014

AbstractFood justice has emerged as a powerful social movement across the USA as well as an increasingly studied academic concept. In many circumstances, the food justice movement operates to reject the neoliberal mechanisms that dominate today's food system, but simultaneously needs to operate within this system (to a degree) in order to exist. The movement's engagement with larger neoliberal structures, such as the increasingly consolidated transnational food retail industry, can lead to it being co‐opted. For instance, selective patronage campaigns focused on the local scale may create market mechanisms that are alternative to those of the conventional market by circumventing intermediaries, but they operate along similar lines of logic that fetishize the commoditization of food for profit. We propose that urban political ecology, mainly through its emphasis on process and outcome, offers a frame to keep both outcomes (such as food insecurity) and processes (governing entities and regulations) associated with food justice in mind, while not shifting the movement too far from its central objectives. Food justice, through an urban political ecology lens, can shed light on the symptoms of unjust access to food within the food system, while simultaneously bringing attention to the insidious causes of these problems, which are rooted in the commodification of food and deregulation of the marketplace.
Soil chemical properties, plant species composition, herbage quality, production and nutrient uptake of an alluvial meadow after 45 years of N, P and K application
Authors: Hrevušová Z. , Hejcman M. , Hakl J. , Mrkvička J. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractLittle is known about the long‐term effects of mineral N, P and K application on the nutritional status of mown alluvial grasslands. We asked how long‐term fertilizer application affected soil chemical properties, plant species composition, herbage production, nutrient concentrations in soils and plants and balance of nutrients. Six treatments (control, PK, N50PK, N100PK, N150PK and N200PK) were investigated at the Černíkovice Experiment (Czech Republic) established in 1966 on an Alopecurus pratensis meadow, using annual application rates of 50, 100, 150 and 200 kg N, 40 kg P and 100 kg K ha−1. Data were collected and analysed for 2007, 2008 and 2009. Although fertilizers had been applied over 45 years, differences in soil chemical properties between fertilization treatments were small. The legumes Lathyrus pratensis and Trifolium repens responded highly positively to PK application, and tall grasses, A. pratensis in particular, to NPK application. Herbage quality was high in terms of content of major nutrients, and its chemical properties varied considerably between treatments, cuts and years. Mean annual herbage yield ranged from 6·1 in the control to 9·7 t ha−1 in the N200PK treatment. Herbage production was N‐limited in 2007 and 2009, but not in 2008. Seasonal N agronomical efficiency ranged from 4·2 to 22·9 kg of DM herbage per kg of applied N. The herbage N:P and N:K ratios did not reflect the actual response of herbage production to N application. A negative balance between N applied and N removed in harvested herbage was recorded in all treatments. We concluded that in highly productive alluvial grasslands, mineral‐rich soils can respond weakly to N, P and K application, fertilizer application modifies plant species composition and herbage production is not N‐limited in all years. Nutrient ratios must be interpreted with caution for the estimation of nutrient limitation.
Discrete‐Storm Water‐Table Fluctuation Method to Estimate Episodic Recharge
Authors: Nimmo John R. , Horowitz Charles , Mitchell Lara 
Published: March 2014

AbstractWe have developed a method to identify and quantify recharge episodes, along with their associated infiltration‐related inputs, by a consistent, systematic procedure. Our algorithm partitions a time series of water levels into discrete recharge episodes and intervals of no episodic recharge. It correlates each recharge episode with a specific interval of rainfall, so storm characteristics such as intensity and duration can be associated with the amount of recharge that results. To be useful in humid climates, the algorithm evaluates the separability of events, so that those whose recharge cannot be associated with a single storm can be appropriately lumped together. Elements of this method that are subject to subjectivity in the application of hydrologic judgment are values of lag time, fluctuation tolerance, and master recession parameters. Because these are determined once for a given site, they do not contribute subjective influences affecting episode‐to‐episode comparisons. By centralizing the elements requiring scientific judgment, our method facilitates such comparisons by keeping the most subjective elements openly apparent, making it easy to maintain consistency. If applied to a period of data long enough to include recharge episodes with broadly diverse characteristics, the method has value for predicting how climatic alterations in the distribution of storm intensities and seasonal duration may affect recharge.