bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Four‐week nutritional audit of preterm infants born <33 weeks gestation
Authors: McLeod Gemma , Sherriff Jill , Nathan Elizabeth , Hartmann Peter E , Simmer Karen 
Published: December 2012

AbstractAimPreterm nutritional audits have previously been conducted using assumed milk composition. We audited protein and energy intakes in the first 28 days of preterm life using both assumed milk composition and milk analysis to assess their effect on weight gain and to determine if the recommended reasonable range of intakes were met.MethodsParenteral and enteral intakes and weight gain were recorded daily for infants (n = 63) born <33 weeks gestation, using assumed milk composition. Macronutrient composition was determined by milk analysis for a subset of infants (n = 36). Linear mixed models analysis was used to assess the influence of energy and protein intakes on weight gain.Results(Data median (range)): Infants (n = 63) gestation and birth weight were 30 (24–32) weeks and 1400 (540–2580) g, respectively. Macronutrient milk composition was variable: protein 16.6 (13.4–27.6) g/L, fat 46.1 (35.0–62.4) g/L, lactose 68.0 (50.9–74.8) g/L, energy 3074 (2631–3761) kJ/L. Intakes based on measured composition differed from assumed. Protein intake was significantly associated with weight gain. Compared to infants with longer gestations, those born <28 weeks gestation were fed lower volumes, were more reliant on parenteral nutrition, took an additional seven days to transition to fortified feeds and median weight gain velocity took a fortnight longer to reach targets.ConclusionPreterm milk composition is variable and routine fortification using assumed composition may result in inappropriate nutrition. Fortification regimens stratified by birth gestation may be necessary to achieve preterm nutrition and growth targets. Milk analysis is required for accurate nutritional audit.
Fatal and hospitalised childhood injuries in Fiji (TRIP Project‐3)
Authors: Naisaki Asilika , Wainiqolo Iris , Kafoa Berlin , Kool Bridget , Taoi Mabel , McCaig Eddie , Ameratunga Shanthi ,   TRIP Project Team
Published: December 2012

AimAlthough childhood injury rates in low‐ and middle‐income countries are known to be high, contemporary data on this topic from Pacific Island countries and territories are scant. We describe the epidemiology of childhood injuries resulting in death or hospital admission in Fiji using a population‐based registry.MethodsA cross‐sectional analysis of the Fiji Injury Surveillance in Hospitals system investigated the characteristics associated with childhood injuries (<15 years) in Viti Levu, resulting in death or hospital admission (≥12 h) from October 2005 to September 2006.ResultsThe 496 children meeting the study eligibility criteria corresponded to annual injury‐related hospitalisation and death rates of 265.4 and 15.3 per 100 000, respectively. Most (82%) deaths occurred prior to hospitalisation. The death and hospitalisation rates were highest among the <5‐ and 5‐ to 9‐year groups, respectively. Males and indigenous Fijian children were at increased risk of injury. The leading causes of injury death were road traffic injury (29%), choking (25%) and drowning (18%). Major causes of hospital admission were falls (48%), burns (13%), road traffic injury (11%) and being hit by a person or object (10%). Fractures and head injuries were the most common types of injury.ConclusionThe findings support the need for a national strategy that builds capacity and mobilises resources to prevent childhood injuries in Fiji. Priority actions should include investment in technical support and research to identify local contextual and social determinants that inform the development and implementation of effective injury prevention interventions as a child health survival strategy.
Medical retrieval and needs of infants with bronchiolitis: An analysis by gestational age
Authors: Fleming Paul F , Richards Susie , Waterman Kelly , Davis Peter G , Kamlin C Omar F , Stewart Michael , Sokol Jenni 
Published: December 2012

AimViral bronchiolitis is the most common lower respiratory tract infection in children less than 12 months of age. Prematurity is an independent risk factor for disease severity. Many infected infants require hospitalisation and those living in regional centres frequently require transfer to metropolitan hospitals capable of providing assisted ventilation.MethodWe reviewed infants with bronchiolitis transported by the Victorian Newborn Emergency Transport Service between January 2003 and June 2007. We compared the clinical presentation and treatment required by infants born preterm with those of their term counterparts.ResultsOf the 192 infants transported, 92 were born preterm. Preterm infants were younger at time of transport (mean post‐menstrual age 41 weeks vs. 45 weeks) and were more likely to require invasive ventilation (60% vs. 32%, P < 0.001) and to receive a fluid bolus (47% vs. 34%, P = 0.04) when compared with infants who had been born at term. Apnoea, either as a presenting symptom or in combination with respiratory distress, was more common in the preterm group (70% vs. 36%, P < 0.001).ConclusionHigher illness severity should be anticipated in ex‐preterm infants who present with bronchiolitis. Preterm infants with bronchiolitis are more likely to require invasive ventilation and fluid resuscitation than term infants, suggesting the need for a lower threshold for referral and medical retrieval.
Virulence and Molecular Diversity of Venturia inaequalis in Commercial Apple Growing Regions in Kashmir
Authors: Padder Bilal Ahmad , Sofi Tariq Ahmad , Ahmad Mushtaq , Shah Mehraj‐Ul‐Din , Hamid Aflaq , Saleem Sehar , Ahanger Farooq Ahmad 
Published: December 2012

AbstractSeventy‐one isolates of Venturia inaequalis collected from commercial apple growing areas of Kashmir were characterized on international differential apple hosts and analyzed by Random Amplified Polymorphic Microsatellites (RAMS), PCR–RFLP and sequencing of rDNA for elucidation of variability. Virulence analysis on a differential set categorized them into four pathogenic races, viz. (0), (1), (2) and (1,2) in the first time comprehensive molecular analysis of this in India and especially from Jammu and Kashmir, a north‐western Himalayan state of India. Race groups (0), (1), (2) and (1,2) contained isolates from diverse areas without specificity to any geographical zone or region. Cluster analysis of the RAMS and PCR–RFLP revealed a high genotypic diversity within V. inaequalis isolates. Three major clusters were obtained and the isolates could not be categorized on the basis of either their geographical distribution or the cultivar from which they were isolated. amova analysis of pathogen populations at regional or race level revealed high diversity within the populations. Pairwise FST comparisons between the populations revealed less genetic differentiation, thereby indicating existence of frequent gene flow in Kashmir. The 24 rDNA sequences of V. inaequalis showed high haplotype diversity of 0.938 and 0.40 nucleotide diversity. Again clustering at regional or race level detected greater part of variability within groups than among groups, thereby indicating high diversity in V. inaequalis populations in Kashmir valley.
Melatonin potentiates the antiproliferative and pro‐apoptotic effects of ursolic acid in colon cancer cells by modulating multiple signaling pathways
Authors: Wang Jingshu , Guo Wei , Chen Wangbing , Yu Wendan , Tian Yun , Fu Lingyi , Shi Dingbo , Tong Bing , Xiao Xiangsheng , Huang Wenlin , Deng Wuguo 
Published: December 2012

AbstractUrsolic acid (UA), a natural pentacyclic triterpenoid carboxylic acid, is largely distributed in medical herbs and edible plants. Melatonin is an indoleamine compound produced in the pineal gland and also a plant‐derived product. Both UA and melatonin have been shown to inhibit cancer cell growth in numerous studies, but they have never been combined altogether as an anticolon cancer treatment. In this study, we investigated whether the association between UA and melatonin leads to an enhanced antiproliferative and pro‐apoptotic activities in colon cancer SW480 and LoVo cells. We found that combined treatment with UA and melatonin significantly enhanced inhibition of cell viability and migration, promoted changes in cell morphology and spreading, and increased induction of apoptosis, thereby potentiating the effects of UA alone in colon cancer cells. Moreover, we found that the enhanced effects of UA and melatonin combination are mediated through simultaneous modulation of cytochrome c/caspase, MMP9/COX‐2, and p300/NF‐κB signaling pathways. Combined treatment with UA and melatonin triggered the release of cytochrome c from the mitochondrial intermembrane space into the cytosol, induced cleavage of caspase and PARP proteins, enhanced inhibition of MMP9 and COX‐2 expression, promoted p300 and NF‐κB translocation from cell nuclei to cytoplasm, and abrogated NF‐κB binding and p300 recruitment to COX‐2 promoter in colon cancer cells. These results, therefore, demonstrated that melatonin potentiated the antiproliferative and pro‐apoptotic effects of UA in colon cancer cells by modulating multiple signaling pathways and suggest that such a combinational treatment might potentially become an effective way in colon cancer therapy.
DnaN clamp zones provide a platform for spatiotemporal coupling of mismatch detection to DNA replication
Authors: Lenhart Justin S. , Sharma Anushi , Hingorani Manju M. , Simmons Lyle A. 
Published: December 2012

SummaryMismatch repair (MMR) increases the fidelity of DNA replication by identifying and correcting replication errors. Processivity clamps are vital components of DNA replication and MMR, yet the mechanism and extent to which they participate in MMR remains unclear. We investigated the role of the Bacillus subtilis processivity clamp DnaN, and found that it serves as a platform for mismatch detection and coupling of repair to DNA replication. By visualizing functional MutS fluorescent fusions in vivo, we find that MutS forms foci independent of mismatch detection at sites of replication (i.e. the replisome). These MutS foci are directed to the replisome by DnaN clamp zones that aid mismatch detection by targeting the search to nascent DNA. Following mismatch detection, MutS disengages from the replisome, facilitating repair. We tested the functional importance of DnaN‐mediated mismatch detection for MMR, and found that it accounts for 90% of repair. This high dependence on DnaN can be bypassed by increasing MutS concentration within the cell, indicating a secondary mode of detection in vivo whereby MutS directly finds mismatches without associating with the replisome. Overall, our results provide new insight into the mechanism by which DnaN couples mismatch recognition to DNA replication in living cells.
Stigma among Iranian family caregivers of patients with Alzheimer's disease: A hermeneutic study
Authors: Navab Elham , Negarandeh Reza , Peyrovi Hamid , Navab Peyman 
Published: December 2012

AbstractAlthough there is evidence of stigmatization of patients with Alzheimer's disease, few studies have evaluated stigma among family caregivers. This study was aimed at understanding the experiences of family caregivers of persons with Alzheimer's disease within Iran. We conducted a qualitative study using hermeneutic phenomenology. Semistructured in‐depth interviews with 10 Iranian family caregivers of persons with Alzheimer's were audiotaped and transcribed. The transcriptions were then analyzed using Van Manen's method. Family stigma emerged as one of the most important themes in this study. It consisted of two subthemes of “feeling of shame due to the unusual behaviors and speech of the patients” and “fear of judgments made by others.” An understanding of the experience of family stigma may lead to the development of supportive strategies to manage this problem among the caregivers. Educating families of patients about the disease plays a critical role in facilitating the process of caregiving. In addition, promoting public awareness about Alzheimer's disease can diminish stigma and prejudice toward patients and their caregivers. Educating caregivers on stigma management may also be an important factor in alleviating their stress.
Male‐specific DNA markers provide genetic evidence of an XY chromosome system, a recombination arrest and allow the tracing of paternal lineages in date palm
Authors: Cherif Emira , Zehdi Salwa , Castillo Karina , Chabrillange Nathalie , Abdoulkader Sabira , Pintaud Jean‐Christophe , Santoni Sylvain , Salhi‐Hannachi Amel , Glémin Sylvain , Aberlenc‐Bertossi Frédérique 
Published: December 2012

Summary

Whether sex chromosomes are differentiated is an important aspect of our knowledge of dioecious plants, such as date palm (Phoenix dactylifera). In this crop plant, the female individuals produce dates, and are thus the more valuable sex. However, there is no way to identify the sex of date palm plants before reproductive age, and the sex‐determining mechanism is still unclear.

To identify sex‐linked microsatellite markers, we surveyed a set of 52 male and 55 female genotypes representing the geographical diversity of the species.

We found three genetically linked loci that are heterozygous only in males. Male‐specific alleles allowed us to identify the gender in 100% of individuals. These results confirm the existence of an XY chromosomal system with a nonrecombining XY‐like region in the date palm genome. The distribution of Y haplotypes in western and eastern haplogroups allowed us to trace two male ancestral paternal lineages that account for all known Y diversity in date palm.

The very low diversity associated with Y haplotypes is consistent with clonal paternal transmission of a nonrecombining male‐determining region. Our results establish the date palm as a biological model with one of the most ancient sex chromosomes in flowering plants.
Emerging Ethnic Identities and Inter‐Ethnic Conflict: The Guji–Burji Conflict in South Ethiopia
Authors: Debelo Asebe Regassa 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThe politics of ethnicity was formally institutionalised in Ethiopia in 1991 with the introduction of ethnic federalism. This study deals with emerging ethnic identities and the dynamics of the inter‐ethnic relationship between the Guji and Burji peoples in south Ethiopia. The article argues that, following the enunciation of ethnicity as a leading political order in 1991, identities have been articulated in such a way that past historical incidents and memories have been reactivated and old labels have been redefined by ethnic entrepreneurs for various motives. This promotes (re)construction of ethnic identities and inter‐group polarisation. In the Guji–Burji case, it is this fragile relationship that is easily changed into inter‐ethnic conflict as a result of competing interests over resources. The article concludes that while the cause of the current Guji–Burji conflict is primarily economic in nature, it took on an ethnic dimension within the context of politicised ethnic identities that hardened group boundaries. Synchronising past relationships – both conflicting and harmonious – with the contemporary scenario, the article tries to shed some light on the dynamics of the Guji–Burji relationship, focusing particularly on the post‐1991 political order in Ethiopia and its local implications.
Modulation of Ets‐1 Expression in B Lymphocytes is Dependent on the Antigen Receptor–mediated Activation Signals and Cell Cycle Status
Authors: Raghunandan R. , Frissora F. W. , Muthusamy N. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractIn this report, we tested the hypothesis that Ets‐1 transcription factor is modulated at the mRNA level during B cell antigen receptor (BCR)‐induced cell‐signalling events. Quiescent B cells express high levels of Ets‐1 mRNA. Stimulation through the BCR results in time‐dependent inhibition of Ets‐1 mRNA expression in primary splenic B cells with maximal inhibition observed by 16‐h post‐stimulation. Inhibition of Ets‐1 expression is specific to antigen receptor but not CD40‐mediated activation. Antigen receptor–induced inhibition of Ets‐1 mRNA can be mimicked by phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) and/or ionomycin. PMA but not ionomycin‐induced inhibition of Ets‐1 expression is rescued by the inhibitors of protein kinase C and MEK. Extended time‐course analysis revealed a time‐dependent cyclical pattern in the re‐expression of Ets‐1 mRNA. While resting cells revealed maximal Ets‐1 mRNA expression, activation events that induced exit from G0/G1 or cells blocked in early S phase exhibited decreased Ets‐1 mRNA levels. Interestingly, cells arrested at late G2 or M phase of the cell cycle failed to down modulate Ets‐1 mRNA expression. Overexpression of Ets‐1 in 70Z/3 B cell line caused abnormal accumulation of cells in S phase associated with increased cyclin A expression. Consistent with a requirement for Ets‐1 in BCR‐induced cell cycle entry, splenic B cells from mice deficient in Ets‐1 showed defective antigen receptor–induced DNA synthesis and S phase entry. These results suggest a critical role for Ets‐1 regulation during B cell activation and cell cycle entry.
Cytomegalovirus‐Specific CD4 and CD8 T Cell Responses in Infants and Children
Authors: Lidehäll A. K. , Engman M.‐L. , Sund F. , Malm G. , Lewensohn‐Fuchs I. , Ewald U. , Tötterman T. H. , Karltorp E. , Korsgren O. , Eriksson B.‐M. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractCongenital cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is the most common congenital infection causing childhood morbidity. The pathogenetic mechanisms behind long‐term sequelae are unclear, but long‐standing viremia as a consequence of the inability to convert the virus to a latent state has been suggested to be involved. Whereas primary CMV infection in adults is typically rapidly controlled by the immune system, children have been shown to excrete virus for years. Here, we compare T cell responses in children with congenital CMV infection, children with postnatal CMV infection and adults with symptomatic primary CMV infection. The study groups included 24 children with congenital CMV infection, 19 children with postnatal CMV infection and eight adults with primary CMV infection. Among the infants with congenital CMV infection, 13 were symptomatic. T cell responses were determined by analysis of interferon gamma production after stimulation with CMV antigen. Our results show that whereas adults display high CMV‐specific CD4 T cell responses in the initial phase of the infection, children younger than 2 years have low or undetectable responses that appear to increase with time. There were no differences between groups with regard to CD8 T cell function. In conclusion, inadequate CD 4 T cell function seems to be involved in the failure to get immune control of the CMV infection in children younger than 2 years of age with congenital as well as postnatal CMV infection.
Localised Agro‐Food Systems and Geographical Indications in the Face of Globalisation: The Case of Queso Chontaleño
Authors: Mancini Maria Cecilia 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThis study analyses a localised agro‐food system producing Queso Chontaleño (QC) cheese in the Chontales Department in Nicaragua and the first effects of the Geographical Indication (GI) scheme which alters the power relations between the actors of the cheese‐dairy sector within the framework of global dynamics. The first part focuses on systèmes agro‐alimentaires localisés (SYAL), or localised agro‐food systems, and it provides the theoretical background to the case study. The second part analyses the QC SYAL and its territorial and institutional context. It is found that GI introduces new competitive pressures that reinforce local elites at the expense of traditional QC actors and that the weak involvement of the State may prevent GIs from enhancing the development of territorialised agro‐food systems. The conclusion is a recommendation to EU policymakers that promotion of GIs at the level of the WTO be accompanied by measures that can ensure stricter national legislations on GIs to protect local resources.
Rapid diagnosis of retina and optic nerve abnormalities in canine patients with and without cataracts using chromatic pupil light reflex testing
Authors: Grozdanic Sinisa D. , Kecova Helga , Lazic Tatjana 
Published: December 2012

AbstractObjective To develop fast and reliable testing routines for diagnosing retina and optic nerve diseases in canine cataract patients based on chromatic properties of the pupillary light reflex response.Procedures Seventy‐seven canine patients with a history of cataract and decreased vision (43 patients with cataracts and no evidence of retina or optic nerve disease, 21 patients with cataracts and retinal degeneration [RD], 13 patients with cataracts and retinal detachment [RDT]), 11 canine patients with optic neuritis (ON) and 23 healthy dogs were examined using chromatic pupillary light reflex (cPLR) analysis with red and blue light and electroretinography.Results Electroretinography analysis showed statistically significant deficits in a‐ and b‐wave amplitudes in dogs with cataracts and RD, or cataracts and RDT, when compared to dogs with cataracts without evidence of retinal abnormalities. Evaluation of b‐wave amplitudes showed that presence of 78.5‐μV (or lower) amplitudes had high sensitivity of 100% (95% CI: 87.2–100%) and high specificity of 96.7% (95% CI: 88.4–100%) in RD and RDT. Evaluation of cPLR responses using red light showed that presence of the pupil end constriction diameter of 5.5 mm (or higher) had moderately high sensitivity of 76.5% (95% CI: 50.1–93.2%) and high specificity of 100% (95% CI: 91.2–100%) in detecting RD and RDT. Optic neuritis patients had absent cPLR responses, regardless of the visual status.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance Chromatic evaluation of the pupillary light reflex is a rapid and accurate test for diagnosing retina and optic nerve diseases in canine patients.
Corneal stromal abscessation in two horses treated with intracorneal and subconjunctival injection of 1% voriconazole solution
Authors: Tsujita Hiroki , Plummer Caryn E. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractObjectiveTo describe and evaluate intrastromal and subconjunctival injection of voriconazole for the therapy of deep corneal stromal abscess (DSA) in horses.Animal studiedA retrospective clinical study describing the indications for intrastromal and subconjunctival voriconazole injection and the outcomes of this procedure in two eyes of two horses.ProcedureThe two horses in this study failed to respond to medical therapy. Treatment with intracorneal and subconjunctival administration of 1% voriconazole was performed in this study.ResultsTreatment with intracorneal and subconjunctival administration of 1% voriconazole was successful in resolving the corneal stromal abscess and the secondary uveitis. Immediate complications from the intracorneal injection occurred, which included corneal stromal lamellar fracture (2/2) and conjunctival hyperemia/chemosis (2/2). Also subconjunctival hemorrhage (1/2) due to the subconjuctival voriconazole injection occurred (2/2). Chronic complications of the intracorneal injection included mild‐moderate corneal stromal fibrosis (2/2).ConclusionsThis procedure may be an effective technique to treat refractory or relapsingDSAin horses. Intracorneal and subconjunctival voriconazole administration results in a visual and cosmetically acceptable globe. In equineDSAcases, the advantages of this technique compared with other medical and surgical approaches to this disease include shortened anesthesia times, minimal resultant scarring and shorter healing times, and lower cost of therapy.