bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of feeding deoiled mahua (Bassia latifolia) seed cake on the growth performance, digestibility and balance of nutrients in cross‐bred calves during pre‐patent period of Fasciola gigantica infection
Authors: Jacob A. B. , Singh P. , Verma A. K. 
Published: July 2014

SummaryA study was conducted to assess the growth performance and nutrient utilization of cross‐bred calves serially infected with Fasciola gigantica and/or supplemented with deoiled mahua seed cake (DMSC) during pre‐patent period of infection. Twenty healthy cross‐bred (Holstein Friesian × Haryana) male calves aged 6–7 months with an initial average live weight of 79.6 ± 2.71 kg were divided into four treatment groups (CON, CON‐INF, DMC and DMC‐INF) of five animals each following randomized block design. DMSC was included in the concentrate mixture of DMC and DMC‐INF groups at 100 g/kg level. Animals of groups CON‐INF and DMC‐INF were given an infection of 200 metacercariae (mc) of F. gigantica as serial infection dose of 50 mc twice weekly over a period of 2 weeks. A metabolism trial at 40–49 days post‐infection and growth trial of 145 days duration were conducted. The average daily gain (ADG) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were significantly (p < 0.05) lower in CON‐INF group as compared to others. The ADG and FCR were significantly (p < 0.05) higher in DMC‐INF as compared to CON‐INF. The intake and digestibility of nutrients were not affected by serial infection with F. gigantica during pre‐patent period. However, significantly (p < 0.001) higher urinary excretion and significantly (p < 0.001) lower nitrogen balance were observed in CON‐INF group as compared to other three groups. The nitrogen balance was significantly (p < 0.001) improved in DMC‐INF group as compared to CON‐INF group. From the results, it may be deduced that the supplementation of deoiled mahua seed cake at 100 g/kg level in the concentrate mixture has improved the growth performance and nitrogen utilization in cross‐bred calves infected with F. gigantica.
Periodontopathogens and human β‐defensin‐2 expression in gingival crevicular fluid from patients with periodontal disease in Guangxi, China
Authors: Yong X. , Chen Y. , Tao R. , Zeng Q. , Liu Z. , Jiang L. , Ye L. , Lin X. 
Published: July 2014

Background and ObjectivePeriodontal diseases are often induced by periodontopathogens, which are always exposed to certain innate immune factors in gingival crevicular fluid, including human β‐defensin‐2 (hBD‐2). This study aims to investigate the relationship among periodontopathogens, clinical parameters and hBD‐2 expression.Material and MethodsThirty‐two healthy controls, 42 patients with chronic gingivitis and 95 patients with chronic periodontitis were recruited in Guangxi, China. Bleeding index, probing depth and clinical attachment level were measured for all teeth including mesiobuccal, buccal, disobuccal, mesiolingual, lingual, disolingual six sites of all patient. Gingival crevicular fluid samples were collected from the study sites. The prevalence and copy numbers (CN) of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia, Treponema denticola, Tannerella forsythia and total bacteria in gingival crevicular fluid were quantified by real‐time PCR. The hBD‐2 concentration in gingival crevicular fluid was measured by ELISA.ResultsBoth the prevalence and the CN of A. actinomycetemcomitans, P. gingivalis, T. denticola and T. forsythia were higher in patients with chronic periodontitis than in healthy controls and patients with chronic gingivitis; however, there was no significant difference in the prevalence of P. intermedia among the three study groups, and the highest CN was found in patients with chronic gingivitis, rather than in patients with chronic periodontitis. The loads of P. gingivalis, P. intermedia, T. denticola and total bacteria were positively related to probing depth, bleeding index and clinical attachment level. The concentration of hBD‐2 in gingival crevicular fluid was higher in patients with chronic gingivitis and in patients with chronic periodontitis than in healthy controls. In addition, the hBD‐2 concentration was positively related to the CN of P. gingivalis, T. forsythia and total bacteria, as well as to bleeding index and probing depth.ConclusionThe prevalence, composition and CN of periodontopathogens were closely related to the severity of periodontal disease, and the red complex was related to the severity of clinical symptoms of periodontal diseases. The concentration of hBD‐2 in gingival crevicular fluid from periodontal disease sites was higher than that in gingival crevicular fluid from healthy sites, which suggests that hBD‐2 expression might be up‐regulated by periodontopathogens.
Basal Serum Cortisol Concentration as a Screening Test for Hypoadrenocorticism in Dogs
Authors: Bovens C. , Tennant K. , Reeve J. , Murphy K.F. 
Published: July 2014

BackgroundMeasurement of basal serum or plasma cortisol concentration is used as a screening test for hypoadrenocorticism in dogs, but is not well characterized.ObjectivesTo evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of basal serum cortisol to detect hypoadrenocorticism in a population of dogs with a clinical suspicion of hypoadrenocorticism.AnimalsFour hundred and fifty dogs with nonadrenal gland illness and 14 dogs with naturally occurring hypoadrenocorticism were included.MethodsRetrospective case‐control study. The records of all dogs having had anACTHstimulation test performed between January 2005 and September 2011 at the University of Bristol were reviewed. Dogs were included if the test was performed as a screening for hypoadrenocorticism. The sensitivity and specificity of basal serum cortisol concentration to detect dogs with hypoadrenocorticism were calculated using 2 cut‐offs and compared to the gold standardACTHstimulation test.ResultsUsing a cut‐off of ≤2 μg/dL (≤55 nmol/L), the sensitivity and specificity of basal cortisol to detect hypoadrenocorticism were 100% and 63.3%, respectively, whereas for a cut‐off of ≤1 μg/dL (≤28 nmol/L), the sensitivity and specificity were 85.7% and 91.8%, respectively.Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceMeasurement of basal serum cortisol is useful as a screening test for hypoadrenocorticism in dogs using a cut‐off of ≤2 μg/dL (≤55 nmol/L), and the disease is unlikely with a basal serum cortisol >2 μg/dL (>55 nmol/L). A basal serum cortisol ≤2 μg/dL (≤55 nmol/L) cannot be used to diagnose hypoadrenocorticism, and an ACTH stimulation test should be performed in these cases.
Genomics of invasion: diversity and selection in introduced populations of monkeyflowers (Mimulus guttatus)
Authors: Puzey Joshua , Vallejo‐Marín Mario 
Published: July 2014

AbstractGlobal trade and travel is irreversibly changing the distribution of species around the world. Because introduced species experience drastic demographic events during colonization and often face novel environmental challenges from their native range, introduced populations may undergo rapid evolutionary change. Genomic studies provide the opportunity to investigate the extent to which demographic, historical and selective processes shape the genomic structure of introduced populations by analysing the signature that these processes leave on genomic variation. Here, we use next‐generation sequencing to compare genome‐wide relationships and patterns of diversity in native and introduced populations of the yellow monkeyflower (Mimulus guttatus). Genome resequencing data from 10 introduced populations from the United Kingdom (UK) and 12 native M. guttatus populations in North America (NA) demonstrated reduced neutral genetic diversity in the introduced range and showed that UK populations are derived from a geographic region around the North Pacific. A selective‐sweep analysis revealed site frequency changes consistent with selection on five of 14 chromosomes, with genes in these regions showing reduced silent site diversity. While the target of selection is unknown, genes associated with flowering time and biotic and abiotic stresses were located within the swept regions. The future identification of the specific source of origin of introduced UK populations will help determining whether the observed selective sweeps can be traced to unsampled native populations or occurred since dispersal across the Atlantic. Our study demonstrates the general potential of genome‐wide analyses to uncover a range of evolutionary processes affecting invasive populations.
Turning Points and Negotiation: The Case of the 2007–2008 Writers' Strike
Authors: Putnam Linda L. , Fuller Ryan P. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractExtant communication research on negotiation typically focuses on the microprocesses of interaction without much attention to the larger context in which these conflicts occur. However, public campaigns related to labor‐management conflicts impinge on the way negotiations are enacted. This study focuses on the turning points and conflict framing in the 2007–2008 conflict between the Writers Guild of America and the Alliance of Motion Picture and Television Producers. Using media coverage and press releases, it examines turning points across critical events, communicative framing, and the role of a simultaneous corporate campaign in shaping the outcome of this negotiation. Overall, it demonstrates that procedural precipitants in combination with the corporate campaign triggered departures that escalated the conflict, while procedural and external precipitants shaped departures that led to an agreement. Writers Guild of America's particular brand of a soft corporate campaign played an important role in solidifying the labor union and garnering public support for the strike.
Prevalence of and risk factors for reduced serum bicarbonate in chronic kidney disease
Authors: Raphael Kalani L , Zhang Yingying , Ying Jian , Greene Tom 
Published: July 2014

AbstractAimThe prevalence of metabolic acidosis increases as glomerular filtration rate falls. However, most patients with stage 4 chronic kidney disease have normal serum bicarbonate concentration while some with stage 3 chronic kidney disease have low serum bicarbonate, suggesting that other factors contribute to generation of acidosis. The purpose of this study is to identify risk factors, other than reduced glomerular filtration rate, for reduced serum bicarbonate in chronic kidney disease.MethodsThis is a cross‐sectional analysis of baseline data from the Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort Study. Multivariable logistic and linear regression models were used to relate predictor variables to the odds of low serum bicarbonate (<22 mM) compared with normal serum bicarbonate (22–30 mM) and the coefficients of Δ serum bicarbonate concentration.ResultsThe prevalence of low serum bicarbonate at baseline was 17.3%. Lower estimated glomerular filtration rate had the strongest relationship with low serum bicarbonate. Factors associated with higher odds of low serum bicarbonate, independent of estimated glomerular filtration rate, were urinary albumin/creatinine ≥10 mg/g, smoking, anaemia, hyperkalaemia, non‐diuretic use and higher serum albumin. These and younger age, higher waist circumference, and use of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers associated with negative Δ serum bicarbonate in linear regression models.ConclusionsSeveral factors not typically considered to associate with reduced serum bicarbonate in chronic kidney disease were identified including albuminuria ≥10 mg/g, anaemia, smoking, higher serum albumin, higher waist circumference, and use of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers. Future studies should explore the longitudinal effect of these factors on serum bicarbonate concentration.
Responses of tree species to heat waves and extreme heat events
Authors: TESKEY ROBERT , WERTIN TIMOTHY , BAUWERAERTS INGVAR , AMEYE MAARTEN , MCGUIRE MARY ANNE , STEPPE KATHY 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThe number and intensity of heat waves has increased, and this trend is likely to continue throughout the 21st century. Often, heat waves are accompanied by drought conditions. It is projected that the global land area experiencing heat waves will double by 2020, and quadruple by 2040. Extreme heat events can impact a wide variety of tree functions. At the leaf level, photosynthesis is reduced, photooxidative stress increases, leaves abscise and the growth rate of remaining leaves decreases. In some species, stomatal conductance increases at high temperatures, which may be a mechanism for leaf cooling. At the whole plant level, heat stress can decrease growth and shift biomass allocation. When drought stress accompanies heat waves, the negative effects of heat stress are exacerbated and can lead to tree mortality. However, some species exhibit remarkable tolerance to thermal stress. Responses include changes that minimize stress on photosynthesis and reductions in dark respiration. Although there have been few studies to date, there is evidence of within‐species genetic variation in thermal tolerance, which could be important to exploit in production forestry systems. Understanding the mechanisms of differing tree responses to extreme temperature events may be critically important for understanding how tree species will be affected by climate change.
Seizure threshold and the half‐age method in bilateral electroconvulsive therapy inJapanese patients
Authors: Yasuda Kazuyuki , Kobayashi Kaoru , Yamaguchi Masayasu , Tanaka Koichi , Fujii Tomokazu , Kitahara Yuichi , Tamaoki Toshio , Matsushita Yutaka , Nunomura Akihiko , Motohashi Nobutaka 
Published: July 2014

AimSeizure threshold (ST) in electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) has not been reported previously inJapanese patients. We investigated ST in bilateral ECT inJapanese patients using the dose–titration method. The associations between demographic and clinical characteristics and ST were analyzed to identify the predictors of ST. Finally, the validity of the half‐age method for the stimulus dose was evaluated.MethodsFifty‐fourJapanese patients with mood disorder, schizophrenia, and other psychotic disorders received an acute course of bilateral ECT using a brief‐pulse device. ST was determined at the first session using a fixed titration schedule. ST was correlated with age, sex, body mass index, history of previous ECT, and psychotropic drugs on multiple regression analysis. Furthermore, the rate of accomplished seizures was calculated using the half‐age method.ResultsMean ST was 136 mC. ST was influenced by age, sex, history of previous ECT, and medication with benzodiazepines. The accomplished seizure rate using the half‐age method was 72%, which was significantly lower in men and subjects on benzodiazepines.ConclusionST inJapanese patients was equal to or slightly higher than that previously reported in other ethnic groups, which might be attributable, at least in part, to high prevalence of and large‐dose benzodiazepine prescription. Higher age, male gender, no history of ECT, and benzodiazepines were related to higher ST. The half‐age method was especially useful in female patients and subjects without benzodiazepine medication.
Evaluating subjective domains of antipsychotic‐induced adverse effects using heart rate variability
Authors: Chang Jae Seung , Hwang Samuel Suk‐Hyun , Yi Sang Hoon , Kim Yeni , Lee Yu‐Sang , Kim Yong Sik , Jung Hee‐Yeon 
Published: July 2014

AimsAntipsychotic‐induced autonomic dysregulation may lead to a wide range of subjective side‐effects in schizophrenia patients. Using heart rate variability (HRV) measures, we prospectively examined the relationship between subjective side‐effects and cardiac autonomic regulation in unmedicated schizophrenia patients.MethodsForty‐five unmedicated schizophrenia patients were assessed for antipsychotic‐associated side‐effects and HRV parameters at baseline and after 6 weeks of treatment. Psychiatric symptoms and subjective side‐effects were assessed using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) and the Liverpool University Neuroleptic Side‐effect Rating Scale (LUNSERS).ResultsCorrelations between subjective adverse effects and HRV measures at baseline and at week 6 varied. Nonetheless, the changes in the psychic side‐effects domain were significantly correlated with the changes in time‐domain HRV measures and sample entropy (SampEn). In addition, the change in SampEn was significantly associated with that in the scores of extrapyramidal, anticholinergic, miscellaneous, and red herring domains as well as the mean total LUNSERS score.ConclusionBaseline HRV measures may predict clinical response and adverse events associated with treatment adherence. Also, subjective side‐effects may correspond well with the changes in neurocardiac dynamics, and the changes in SampEn may effectively reflect subjective discomfort in patients receiving antipsychotic treatment.
Clinoform geometry, geomorphology, facies character and stratigraphic architecture of a sand‐rich subaqueous delta: Jurassic Sognefjord Formation, offshore Norway
Authors: Patruno Stefano , Hampson Gary J. , Jackson Christopher A.‐L. , Dreyer Tom 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThe integration of core sedimentology, seismic stratigraphy and seismic geomorphology has enabled interpretation of delta‐scale (i.e. tens of metres high) subaqueous clinoforms in the upper Jurassic Sognefjord Formation of the Troll Field. Mud‐prone subaqueous deltas characterized by a compound clinoform morphology and sandy delta‐scale subaqueous clinoforms are common in recent tide‐influenced, wave‐influenced and current‐influenced settings, but ancient examples are virtually unknown. The data presented help to fully comprehend the criteria for the recognition of other ancient delta‐scale subaqueous clinoforms, as well as refining the depositional model of the reservoir in the super‐giant Troll hydrocarbon field. Two 10 to 60 m thick, overall coarsening‐upward packages are distinguished in the lower Sognefjord Formation. Progressively higher energy, wave‐dominated or current‐dominated facies occur from the base to the top of each package. Each package corresponds to a set of seismically resolved, westerly dipping clinoforms, the bounding surfaces of which form the seismic ‘envelope’ of a clinoform set and the major marine flooding surfaces recognized in cores. The packages thicken westwards, until they reach a maximum where the clinoform ‘envelope’ rolls over to define a topset–foreset–toeset geometry. All clinoforms are consistently oriented sub‐parallel to the edge of the Horda Platform (N005–N030). In the eastern half of the field, individual foresets are relatively gently dipping (1° to 6°) and bound thin (10 to 30 m) clinothems. Core data indicate that these proximal clinothems are dominated by fine‐grained, hummocky cross‐stratified sandstones. Towards the west, clinoforms gradually become steeper (5° to 14°) and bound thicker (15 to 60 m) clinothems that comprise medium‐grained, cross‐bedded sandstones. Topsets are consistently well‐developed, except in the westernmost area. No seismic or sedimentological evidence of subaerial exposure is observed. Deposition created fully subaqueous, near‐linear clinoforms that prograded westwards across the Horda Platform. Subaqueous clinoforms were probably fed by a river outlet in the north‐east and sculpted by the action of currents sub‐parallel to the clinoform strike.
Civil Religion and National Politics in a Neoliberal Era
Authors: Williams Rhys H. , Fuist Todd Nicholas 
Published: July 2014

AbstractCivil religion, or the connection of the nation‐state, its history, destiny, and people, to understandings of transcendence or divinity, is in crisis both as a theoretical concept and as a politico‐cultural phenomenon. The crisis has been brought about by the weakened capacity of the nation‐state to generate collective identity and a version of ‘charismatic’ authority. We argue that this has resulted in a shift from the widely accepted conceptualization of civil religion as a unifying force in societies to a more exclusionary force that Williams (2103) calls “tribal civil religion” That, in its own way, undermines the nation‐state. In this paper, we examine the history and various understandings of the concept of civil religion, develop an argument that the assault on the nation‐state has meant the rise of increasingly exclusive and exclusionist expressions of civil religion, and present possible suggestions for sites where ‘unitive’ civil religion may still be found.
Synesthetizing Sound Studies and the Sociology of Technology
Authors: Marshall Owen 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThis paper examines current issues at the intersection of the Sociology of Technology and the interdisciplinary field of Sound Studies. It begins with an overview of major social constructionist, interpretive semiotic, and actor–network theoretical sociological approaches to technology as developed within the field of Science and Technology Studies (STS). Considering the predominance of narrative visual metaphors in these approaches' treatment of socio‐technical perception, it is argued that the “turn to sound” in social studies of technology, rather than simply furnishing established analytic approaches with a fresh set of empirical cases (i.e. “sound technologies”), presents an opportunity to better sensitize STS approaches to the contingent socio‐technical shaping and distribution of embodied perceptual modalities in general. A critical review of recent social and historical studies of sound and technology, attending especially to debates surrounding the theoretical shift from acoustemological or soundscape‐based to signal‐oriented “transductive” approaches, suggests the importance for future STS and Sound Studies work of addressing how shared modes of sensory perception are produced within particular socio‐technical frames.
Strength in Diversity? Group Heterogeneity in the Mobilization of Grassroots Organizations
Authors: Walker Edward T. , Stepick Lina M. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractGrassroots groups often find that they need to manage issues of diversity along racial/ethnic, class, gender, religious, and/or citizenship lines, among several other axes of difference. There are strong reasons to expect that diversity is a benefit to such groups, especially in terms of coalition breadth and the widely held expectation that internal heterogeneity helps organizations to resolve collective action dilemmas. Nonetheless, a long tradition within sociological research sets out the expectation that group heterogeneity thwarts the formation of collective identities and group solidarity, and therefore limits the potential for effective organizing. With a particular emphasis on groups active in local community‐based organizing since the 1970s, we review studies on a variety of features of group diversity and their effects on mobilizing processes. We find that although researchers remain somewhat divided on these critical issues, the preponderance of evidence suggests that managing diversity poses significant challenges for grassroots organizing efforts. While these challenges may not easily be overcome, we point to a variety of cases in which group differences offered a significant asset to social change efforts.