bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Review: is interplay between nanomaterial and membrane technology the way forward for desalination?
Authors: Goh Pei S. , Ismail Ahmad F. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractNanomaterials, which have been the greatest impetus to technological and industrial development in the twenty‐first century, have spurred significant innovations and knowledge enhancement in the environmental applications particularly to revolutionize century‐old conventional water treatment processes. The established protocols to prepare such hybrid nanocomposites have triggered blossoming interest and to realize most of these applications practically. Similarly, engineered nanomaterials unfold avenues and offer myriad opportunities to explore their impact in various fields and have certainly a great impact on the future of desalination practice. After the review and examination of published materials describing the development of nano‐enabled membranes that have been undertaken in recent years, this short review aims at stimulating new ideas and thoughts in the membrane desalination field where we are strongly convinced that it will represent one of the key areas for the realization of a sustainable generation of materials that can benefit mankind. More particularly, this review draws attention to the incorporation of inorganic nanomaterials into conventional polymeric membranes and deals with the practical challenges to implementation of technology for desalination applications. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Outcomes in thoracic surgical management of non‐small cell lung cancer
Authors: Wyler von Ballmoos Moritz C. , Johnstone David W. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThoracic surgeons traditionally have measured their outcomes in terms of mortality, complication rates, recurrence patterns, and long‐term survival for their cancer patients. These metrics of quality continue to be important today, but increasingly surgeons are under scrutiny for resource utilization, patient experience, and cost effectiveness. Intelligent decisions about resource use require knowledge of utility, disutility, and cost ‐‐ information that is still limited and not easily implemented at the time treatment decisions are made. If we accept the proposition that lung cancer care requires a multidisciplinary team making best use of available resources to minimize unwarranted variation, maximize outcomes, and control costs, then three critical needs can be identified: consensus on goals, robust data, and alignment of incentives across disciplines. J. Surg. Oncol. 2014 110:539–542. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Data Formats for Elementary Gas Phase Kinetics, Part 1: Unique Representations of Species at the Molecular Level
Authors: BURGESS DONALD R. , MANION JEFFREY A. , HAYES CARRIGAN J. 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTStandardized electronic formats for data are needed to efficiently and transparently communicate the results of scientific studies. A format for the unique identification of chemical species is a requirement in the field of chemistry, and the IUPAC International Chemical Identifier (InChI) has been widely adopted for this purpose. The InChI identifier has proved to be very useful. The InChI identifier, however, is currently insufficient to uniquely specify some types of molecular entities at a detailed molecular level needed to fully characterize their chemical nature, to differentiate between chemically distinct conformers, to uniquely identify structures used in quantum chemical calculations, and to completely describe elementary chemical reactions. To address this limitation, we propose an augmented form of InChI, denoted as InChI–ER, which contains additional optional layers that allow the unique and unambiguous identification of molecules at a detailed molecular level. The new layers proposed herein are optional extensions of the existing InChI formalism and, like all other InChI layers, would not interfere with InChI identifiers currently in use. The focus of the present work is the better specification of required molecular entities such as rotational conformations, ring conformations, and electronic states. In companion articles, we propose additional reaction layers using an extended InChI format that will enable the unique identification of elementary chemical reactions, including specification of associated transition states, specification of the changes in bonds that occur during reaction, and classification of reaction types.
Elliptic Symbols
Authors: Bär Christian 
Published: August 2014

AbstractIf G is the structure group of a manifold M it is shown how a certain ideal in the character ring of G corresponds to the set of geometric elliptic operators on M. This provides a simple method to construct these operators. For classical structure groups like G = O(n) (Riemannian manifolds), G = SO(n) (oriented Riemannian manifolds), G = U(m) (almost complex manifolds), G = Spin(n) (spin manifolds), or G = Spinc(n) (spinc manifolds) this yields well known classical operators like the Euler—deRham operator, signature operator, Cauchy—Riemann operator, or the Dirac operator. For some less well studied structure groups like Spinh(n) or Sp(q)Sp(1) we can determine the corresponding operators.As applications, we obtain integrality results for such manifolds by applying the Atiyah—Singer Index Theorem to these operators. Finally, we explain how immersions yield interesting structure groups to which one can apply this method. This yields lower bounds on the codimension of immersions in terms of topological data of the manifolds involved.
Superplastic forming ability of as‐cast AZ91 Mg alloy prepared by twin roll casting
Authors: Janik V. , Bali G. , Grimes R. , Dashwood R. 
Published: August 2014

In this study, the twin roll casting process has been utilized to prepare initial as‐cast strip of AZ91 alloy that has been further tested in uniaxial tension at 325, 350 and 375 ºC, and at strain rates from 10–2 to 10–4 s–1. The ability of AZ91 strip to undergo superplastic or superplastic‐like deformation in longitudinal direction, in transverse direction, and in 45 degrees to longitudinal direction was investigated with no further thermal or thermomechanical processing applied prior to the testing. At temperature 350 ºC and medium strain rate the maximum elongation reached almost 200% in direction parallel to the strip casting, however in the transverse and 45 degrees direction, different temperature, and at higher strain rates the maximum elongation was lower. Based on microstructural investigation by means of optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) it could be seen that continuous dynamic recrystallization of initial coarse dendritic as‐cast microstructure during elevated temperature deformation is active and responsible for high elongations. Additional analysis is provided by means of a strain rate sensitivity characterization and its evolution with increased level of strain. Strain rate sensitivity of AZ91alloy increased with increasing level of strain from 0.20 to 0.33.
Microstructure and elevated temperature mechanical properties of Al–8Fe–4RE alloy fabricated by spray forming
Authors: Lei H. , Zhang Y. , Zhao G. , Yan P. , Yan B. 
Published: August 2014

Al–8Fe–4Ce alloy is currently manufactured by consolidating the atomized powders. With the aim to reduce the cost, spray forming process was applied in manufacturing with misch metal as raw materials. Spray forming (SF) as well as casting were employed to prepare Al–8Fe–4RE alloy, followed by hot‐press to compact the samples. The mechanical properties of SFed and cast Al–8Fe–4RE alloys are characterized at a temperature of 350 °C. The results show that the Al3Fe phases contained in SF alloy is comparatively refined, forming needle‐shaped phases embedded in the Al matrix, and the SF alloy also showed lower degree of preferred orientation in (111) plane. Although both factors might explain the superior performance of the SF sample, the fracture appearance after tensile test at 350 °C shows that the contribution from crystallographic feature might be predominant. Spray forming is proved to be a very promising technique for manufacture of Al–Fe–Ce alloys of high strength at an elevated temperature.
Redox Regulation of Inflammation: Old Elements, a New Story
Authors: Lei Yunlong , Wang Kui , Deng Longfei , Chen Yi , Nice Edouard C. , Huang Canhua 
Published: August 2014

AbstractInflammation is an essential immune response characterized by pain, swelling, redness, heat, and impaired function. A controlled acute inflammatory response is necessary to fight off infection and overcome injury. However, if the inflammatory process persists and enters into the chronic state, it can lead to local and systemic deleterious effects counterproductive to healing and instead constitutes a new pathology. Typically, inflamed tissues are associated with an elevated level of reactive species (reactive oxygen species (ROS)/reactive nitrogen species (RNS)). These ROS/RNS are generated during the respiratory burst of immune cells and are important factors in defense against invading pathogens. Additionally, reactive species are now known to trigger oxidative/nitrosative modifications of biomolecules. While most of these modifications lead to irreparable damage, some are subtle and fully reversible. The reversible modifications can initiate signaling cascades known as “redox signaling.” This redox signaling tightly modulates the inflammatory response. Thus, understanding the complex role of ROS/RNS‐induced redox signaling in inflammation will assist in the design of relevant therapeutic intervention strategies for inflammation‐associated diseases. This review will highlight the impact of oxidative stress and redox signaling on inflammation and inflammation‐associated diseases, with a focus on redox modifications of inflammation‐related proteins.
The acrosomal protein SP‐10 (Acrv1) is an ideal marker for staging of the cycle of seminiferous epithelium in the mouse
Authors: Osuru Hari Prasad , Monroe Jennifer E , Chebolu Apoorv P , Akamune Joycelyn , Pramoonjago Patcharin , Ranpura Sandeep A , Reddi Prabhakara P 
Published: August 2014

SUMMARYThe study of spermatogenesis requires accurate identification of the stages of the cycle of the seminiferous epithelium. A stage refers to the unique association of germ cell types at a particular phase of development, as seen in a cross‐sectioned seminiferous tubule. Stage‐identification, however, is a daunting task. There are 12 stages represented in the mouse seminiferous epithelium. Stages are typically identified on the basis of the morphology of the developing acrosome of spermatids. Although the characteristic features of the acrosome are well‐documented in ultrastructure images, a reagent that can highlight the subtle differences in acrosome shape under the light microscope is lacking. Here we demonstrate that a polyclonal antibody raised against the mouse acrosomal protein SP‐10 is extremely useful for stage identification. Immunohistochemistry showed that the anti‐SP‐10 antibody is highly specific for the acrosome of spermatids, as no other cell type in the epithelium showed immunoreactivity. At lower magnification, the gross shape of the acrosome and the increasing intensity of immunostaining served as a guide for the identification of stages I–XII. At higher magnification, characteristic morphological features–such as whether the part of the acrosome that contacts the nuclear surface is round (stage III) or flat (stage IV) or curved (stage VI)–could be identified unambiguously. Overall, we present evidence that SP‐10 is a useful marker for staging the cycle of the seminiferous epithelium. The anti‐SP‐10 antibody works well in different fixatives, on paraffin‐embedded as well as cryosections, and has been shown to be useful for characterizing spermatogenic defects in mutant mice. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 81: 896–907, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A coupled mechanical‐charge/dipole molecular dynamics finite element method, with multi‐scale applications to the design of graphene nano‐devices
Authors: Wilmes André A. R. , Pinho Silvestre T. 
Published: August 2014

SUMMARYA new Molecular Dynamics Finite Element Method (MDFEM) with a coupled mechanical‐charge/dipole formulation is proposed. The equilibrium equations of Molecular Dynamics (MD) are embedded exactly within the computationally more favourable Finite Element Method (FEM). This MDFEM can readily implement any force field because the constitutive relations are explicitly uncoupled from the corresponding geometric element topologies. This formal uncoupling allows to differentiate between chemical‐constitutive, geometric and mixed‐mode instabilities. Different force fields, including bond‐order reactive and polarisable fluctuating charge–dipole potentials, are implemented exactly in both explicit and implicit dynamic commercial finite element code. The implicit formulation allows for larger length and time scales and more varied eigenvalue‐based solution strategies.The proposed multi‐physics and multi‐scale compatible MDFEM is shown to be equivalent to MD, as demonstrated by examples of fracture in carbon nanotubes (CNT), and electric charge distribution in graphene, but at a considerably reduced computational cost. The proposed MDFEM is shown to scale linearly, with concurrent continuum FEM multi‐scale couplings allowing for further computational savings. Moreover, novel conformational analyses of pillared graphene structures (PGS) are produced. The proposed model finds potential applications in the parametric topology and numerical design studies of nano‐structures for desired electro‐mechanical properties (e.g. stiffness, toughness and electric field induced vibrational/electron‐emission properties). Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The effect of different forms of strain energy functions in hyperelasticity‐based crystal plasticity models on texture evolution and mechanical response of face‐centered cubic crystals
Authors: Kim Hyun‐Gyu 
Published: August 2014

SUMMARYMicro‐mechanical and macro‐mechanical behavior of face‐centered cubic (FCC) crystals is investigated by using different forms of strain energy functions in hyperelastic material models in crystal plasticity finite element framework. A quadratic strain energy function with anisotropic elastic constants, a polyconvex strain energy function with invariants associated with the cubic symmetry, and a strain energy function from an inter‐atomic potential are considered in hyperelastic material models to describe the elastic deformation of FCC crystals. In our numerical experiments, the trajectories of {111} poles in the pole figure and the accumulated plastic slips of FCC coppers under uniaxial tension and simple shear depend on the choice of strain energy functions when the slip resistance of the slip systems is high. The ability of strain energy functions in this study to represent elastic lattice distortions in crystals varies with the amount of elastic deformation and the shape of deformed lattice. However, numerical results show that the change of macroscopic mechanical behavior of FCC coppers is not significant for the choice of strain energy functions, compared with the change of crystallographic texture evolution. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pitfalls in noninvasive fetal RhD and sex determination due to a vanishing twin
Authors: Masala Maddalena , Saba Luisella , Zoppi Maria Angelica , Puddu Rosalba , Picciau Andrea , Capponi Valentina , Iuculano Ambra , Monni Giovanni , Rosatelli Maria Cristina 
Published: August 2014

What's already known about this topic?

Risk of misdiagnosis in NIPT carried out by cfDNA analysis in presence of vanishing twins.
Importance of ultrasound monitoring since early gestational age in case of NIPT.What does this study add?

Precise monitoring of the cfDNA released from a vanishing twin in a noninvasive fetal RhD and sex determination.
Exhaustive follow‐up of pregnancy since delivery.
Video surgical technique for interruption of patent ductus arteriosus in children and neonates
Authors: Laborde F. , Folliguet T. , Da Cruz E. , Batisse A. , Carbognani D. , Dibie A. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractClassical surgical interruption of PDA has partially been replaced by trans catheter endovascular closure since 1971. We describe a new technique for PDA closure by video surgery. With the patient under general anesthesia and intubated, two 5 mm holes were made through the left thoracic wall. A video camera and specially devised surgical tools were introduced, such as scissors, dissecting forceps, clip appliers. The ductus was dissected and two titanium clips were applied, completely interrupting the ductus. 282 patients were operated on from April 1991. Mean age was 20 months (range 1 month to 17 years) and mean weight was 13 kg (range 1.2 to 65 kg) Twenty‐one had associated lesions not necessitating immediate surgical treatment. All had successful closure of the patent ductus with the video‐assisted technique. 6 patients had recurrent laryngeal nerve injury (5 transient, 1 permanent). The usual hospital stay was from 48h to 72h. There were no other complications and no deaths. Video surgery is a rapid, safe and successful technique for closure of the patent ductus arteriosus. This technique is feasible in low‐weight and premature infants.
Increased T cell activation in BALF from children with Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia
Authors: Guo Li , Liu Fang , Lu Mei‐Ping , Zheng Qi , Chen Zhi‐Min 
Published: August 2014

SummaryBackground and objectiveThe mechanisms of Mycoplasma pneumoniae induced lung inflammation are not clearly understood yet. This study investigated whether activated T cells in the airway contributed to the pulmonary inflammation in patients with severe Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia (MPP).MethodsBALF were collected in all 45 patients with MPP (MPP, n = 45), including mild (Mild, n = 20) and severe (Severe, n = 25) group. BALF in 20 of all 25 severe cases with MPP at the recovery stage (Rec‐severe, n = 20) were collected again. The control group consisted of 20 patients with airway foreign body aspiration (Con., n = 20). CD3+ T cells, CD69+, HLA‐DR+, CD25+ on CD3+ T cells in BALF were determined by flow cytometry. Levels of IL‐6, IL‐10 in BALF were determined by ELISA, and percentage of neutrophils was counted.ResultsA significant increased percentage of neutrophils and levels of IL‐6 and IL‐10, decreased percentage of CD3+ T cells, increased expressions of CD69+, HLA‐DR+ or CD25+ on CD3+ T cells were observed in children with MPP compared with the control group (P < 0.05 or 0.01). Compared to mild group, the percentage of neutrophils, CD3+ CD25+, IL‐6, and IL‐10 were increased in children with severe MPP (P < 0.01 or 0.05). Compared to acute stage, an increased percentage of CD3+ T cells, decreased percentage of neutrophils and IL‐6 level, and expressions of CD3+ CD69+ or CD3+ CD25+ were observed at the recovery stage in children with severe MPP (P < 0.01 or 0.05).ConclusionsIncreased activation of T cell in BALF may play an important role in the inflammatory response of acute and severe MPP. IL‐6 may predict the severity and prognosis and provide a better assessment for patient care. However, the underlying mechanism awaits further detailed investigations. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2015; 50:814–819. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Activation of Wnt/β‐catenin signaling in a subpopulation of murine prostate luminal epithelial cells induces high grade prostate intraepithelial neoplasia
Authors: Valkenburg Kenneth C. , Yu Xiuping , De Marzo Angelo M. , Spiering Tyler J. , Matusik Robert J. , Williams Bart O. 
Published: August 2014

BACKGROUNDWnt/β‐catenin signaling is important for prostate development and cancer in humans. Activation of this pathway in differentiated luminal cells of mice induces high‐grade prostate intraepithelial neoplasia (HGPIN). Though the cell of origin of prostate cancer has yet to be conclusively identified, a castration‐resistant Nkx3.1‐expressing cell (CARN) may act as a cell of origin for prostate cancer.METHODSTo activate Wnt/β‐catenin signaling in CARNs, we crossed mice carrying tamoxifen‐inducible Nkx3.1‐driven Cre to mice containing loxP sites in order to either conditionally knock out adenomatous polyposis coli (Apc) or constitutively activate β‐catenin directly. We then castrated and hormonally regenerated these mice to target the CARN population.RESULTSLoss of Apc in hormonally normal mice induced HGPIN; however, after one or more rounds of castration and hormonal regeneration, Apc‐null CARNs disappeared. Alternatively, when β‐catenin was constitutively activated under the same conditions, HGPIN was apparent.CONCLUSIONActivation of Wnt/β‐catenin signaling via Apc deletion is sufficient to produce HGPIN in hormonally normal mice. Loss of Apc may destabilize the CARN population under regeneration conditions. When β‐catenin is constitutively activated, HGPIN occurs in hormonally regenerated mice. A second genetic hit is likely required to cause progression to carcinoma and metastasis. Prostate 74:1506–1520, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A retrospective, Canadian multi‐center study examining the impact of prior response to abiraterone acetate on efficacy of docetaxel in metastatic castration‐resistant prostate cancer
Authors: Azad Arun A. , Leibowitz‐Amit Raya , Eigl Bernhard J. , Lester Renee , Wells J. Connor , Murray R. Nevin , Kollmannsberger Christian , Heng Daniel Y.C. , Joshua Anthony M. , Chi Kim N. 
Published: August 2014

BACKGROUNDQuestions about optimal sequencing of systemic therapy in metastatic castration‐resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) and whether cross‐resistance occurs between different drugs remain largely unanswered. Previous studies have produced conflicting data on the activity of docetaxel in patients who did not attain a prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) response to abiraterone acetate (abiraterone). We investigated whether the biochemical response to abiraterone is associated with efficacy of subsequent docetaxel therapy.METHODSmCRPC patients treated with docetaxel after abiraterone were retrospectively identified at three Canadian institutions. Patients who had also received docetaxel prior to abiraterone were termed “docetaxel‐experienced,” while those not treated with docetaxel prior to abiraterone were termed “docetaxel‐naïve.” Treatment outcomes on docetaxel were stratified by prior response to abiraterone and compared using χ2‐square test for confirmed PSA response rate (≥ 50% decline from baseline maintained for ≥ 3 weeks) and the log‐rank method for progression‐free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS).RESULTSEighty‐six patients were treated with abiraterone, of whom 49 were docetaxel‐experienced and 37 were docetaxel‐naïve. Prior PSA response to abiraterone was no decline, <50% decline and ≥ 50% decline in 37%, 26%, and 37% of patients respectively. The overall PSA response rate to docetaxel was 34.9%, median PFS was 4.0 months and median OS was 11.66 months. Notably, no differences were seen in confirmed PSA response rates (38% vs. 36% vs. 31%, P = 0.86), median PFS (4.04 months vs. 3.94 months vs. 4.24 months, P = 0.43) and median OS (11.86 months vs. 15.38 months vs. 11.00 months, P = 0.56) on docetaxel for patients with no PSA decline, <50% decline and ≥ 50% decline on abiraterone respectively. Importantly, PSA response rates to docetaxel were comparable in the docetaxel‐experienced and docetaxel‐naïve cohorts and were not linked to prior response to abiraterone in either group.CONCLUSIONActivity of docetaxel was not associated with the biochemical response to prior abiraterone therapy. These data suggest that prior response to abiraterone should not influence decisions on subsequent use of docetaxel in mCRPC. Prostate 74:1544–1550, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.