bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Case reports and research productivity among Syrian medical students: Review, reality, and suggested solutions
Authors: Alhamid Naji , Almounayer Nawar , Alsabbagh Bana , Atassi Baseel 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
Medical students are precious seeds for better future medical research. Case reports writing may represent a relatively simple first step for beginners. Only 47 case reports are published in the literature by Syrian Medical Institutions compared to more than 500 case reports in a comparable country in the last 5 years. Many obstacles stand against developing fruitful research environment in Syria. Increasing awareness to research productivity in Syria along with comparative analysis is discussed in this article.
Cabergoline for preventing ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome in women at risk undergoingin vitro fertilization/intracytoplasmic sperm injection treatment cycles: A randomized controlled study
Authors: Kilic Niyazi , Özdemir Özhan , Başar Hakan Cevdet , Demircan Fadime , Ekmez Fırat , Yücel Oğuz 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
Background: Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) is the most serious and potentially life-threatening iatrogenic complication associated with ovarian stimulation during assisted reproductive technology protocols. The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of dopamine agonist as a preventive strategy of OHSS in women at high risk in in vitro fertilization/intracytoplasmic sperm injection (IVF/ICSI) treatment cycles. Methods: Seventy women at risk to develop OHSS undergoing IVF/ICSI treatment cycle were included. The study group received 0.5 mg of cabergoline for 8 days from the day of human chorionic gonadotropin administration in comparison to those who undergo no treatment for the prevention of OHSS. The reduction of the incidence of OHSS was the primary outcome. Results: The actual incidence of OHSS was 8.33% in the cabergoline group and 20.58% in the control group. Thus, the incidence of OHSS was significantly reduced, by almost 60%, in the cabergoline group in comparison with the control group (relative ratios: 0.4, 95% confidence interval: 0.18–0.79). Conclusion: Prophylactic treatment with the dopamine agonist, cabergoline, reduces the incidence of OHSS in women at high risk undergoing IVF/ICSI treatment. However, the effects of cabergoline on important outcomes, namely, live birth, miscarriage, and congenital abnormalities are still uncertain.
Morphometric studies of some visceral organs and gastrointestinal tract of four-toed african hedgehog (atelerix albiventris)
Authors: Girgiri I. , Gambo B. , Ibrahim B. , Bwala A. 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
Introductions: Morphometric studies were carried out on some visceral organs and gastrointestinal tract of African four-toed hedgehogs found in Maiduguri, Nigeria. Materials and Methods: Twelve (12) healthy adult hedgehogs, (6 male and 6 females) were used. The overall mean body weight was 239.5±28.3 g, and was statistically not significant (p > 0.05) between the sexes. The absolute (g) and relative (%) values for nearly all the visceral organs measured were consistently higher in the female, but were statistically not significant (p > 0.05) between the sexes. Results: The gastrointestinal tract morphology was simple, and lacks ceca. The overall mean length of the greater curvature of the stomach was 7.42±0.95 cm, with females (8.17±1.14 cm) having significantly higher values (p < 0.05) than (6.67±0.75 cm) observed in the males. Conclusions: The results obtained in this study will be useful in comparative anatomical studies, and as basic research data in varied ield of zoology and veterinary sciences.
Morphometric characteristics of lumbar vertebral pedicles in Mexican population. Implications for transpedicular lumbar fusion surgery
Authors: Castro-Reyes C. , Morales-Avalos R. , Vílchez-Cavazos F. , De La Garza-Castro O. , Salinas-Zertuche A. , Aguirre P. , Cámara-RodríGuez L. , Vidal-Torres O. , Elizondo-Omaña R. , Guzmán-López S. 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
Introduction. Spinal fusion surgery using transpedicular fixation is the most common technique for surgical treatment of spinal pathologies of any etiology. The morphometric characteristics of the vertebral pedicle determine the size and shape of pedicle implants. The objective of this study is to determine the morphometric characteristics of the lumbar vertebral pedicle in Mexican population by direct measurement of bone parts. Materials and Methods. We analyzed 65 L1-L5 cadaver lumbar spines from a collection of bone specimens from the Department of Human Anatomy. Pedicle width, height, and length were determined bilaterally in each sample studied. We obtained measures of central tendency, and parametric correlation tests were performed with a 95% confidence interval to determine if significant differences exist between the lumbar vertebral levels. Results. Pedicle width increased from L1 to L5. We obtained a minimum mean value of 7.40 ± 1.84 mm at L1 and a maximum mean value of 14.74 ± 3.77 mm at L5. Pedicle height decreased from L1 to L4 with a subsequent increase at L5. We obtained a maximum mean value of 18.32 ± 4.15 mm at L5 and minimum mean value of14.09 mm ± 2.75 at L4. Significant differences were observed (P < 0.05) when groups were compared. Conclusions. This study accurately describes the morphometric characteristics of the lumbar vertebral pedicle. These data will be useful for correct selection and positioning of transpedicular screws.
Efficient Contextualism
Authors: Gerhart Peter M. , Kostritsky Juliet P. 
Published: September 2015

This article recommends an economic methodology of contract interpretation that enables the court to maximize the benefits of exchange for the parties and thereby enhance the institution of contracting. We recommend a methodology that asks the parties to identify the determinants of a surplus-maximizing interpretation so that the court can determine whether the determinants raise issues that needs to be tried. We thus avoid the false choice between textualist and contextualist methodologies, while allowing the parties and the court to avoid costly litigation. For textualist courts, our methodology helps the judge determine when the terms the parties used are ambiguous enough to require the court to consider context. For contextualist courts, it streamlines the interpretive inquiry by identifying which contextual facts are important and why, which allows courts to avoid or streamline trials. Our method therefore allows courts to avoid the problems of textualism (which can make easy cases difficult) and anything-goes contextualism (which can make difficult cases unmanageable).Our methodology reflects a model of bargaining that emphasizes the divergent interests and preferences of the parties. Although both parties seek to minimize the costs of contracting, the parties have divergent views about those costs and about the tradeoffs each must make to minimize those costs. Accordingly, we deny that courts can find the meaning of a disputed term in the intent of the parties. Instead, we believe that courts must identify (a) the set of obligations that, in the context of the parties’ private projects and undisputed terms, increase contractual surplus and (b) the party who is in the best position to avoid the dispute (and thus lower the cost of contracting) by identifying the terms on which the parties disagree ex ante. We present a structured analytical framework that courts and other enforcers should use to determine which interpretation offered by the parties maximizes the surplus, given the undisputed terms of the contract and the bargaining position of the parties. Courts and other enforcers should not try to influence how other contractors act, except by faithfully determining the surplus-maximizing interpretation; nor should they seek to determine what obligations other contracting parties might have undertaken, nor on how hypothetical bargainers might have bargained.
Traitement de l’accord dans la parole continue chez les apprenants anglophones tardifs du français
Authors: Felker Emily , Tremblay Annie , Golato Peter 
Published: September 2015

Cette étude examine le traitement de l’accord dans la parole continue chez les apprenants anglophones tardifs du français, langue seconde/étrangère (L2). Elle cherche à faire le tri entre trois théories qui tentent d’expliquer pourquoi le traitement de la morphologie flexionnelle est difficile chez les apprenants tardifs de L2. Des locuteurs natifs de l’anglais ayant commencé à apprendre le français aux alentours de l’âge de douze ans et des locuteurs natifs du français ont fait une tâche de jugement d’acceptabilité auditive en français dans laquelle la dépendance d’accord en nombre entre le sujet et le verbe était courte (positions adjacentes) ou longue (positions non adjacentes). Les participants ont également fait une série de tests pouvant servir de mesures de variabilité individuelle : un test de compétence en français (test de closure), deux tests de mémoire de travail auditive (un en français l’autre en anglais), un questionnaire de familiarité aux verbes employés dans la tâche de jugements et deux tests d’aptitude verbale non spécifiques au français ni à l’anglais (mémoire phonologique et déduction grammaticale). Les résultats de la tâche de jugement d’acceptabilité montrent une sensibilité à l’accord moins élevée chez les apprenants de L2 que chez les locuteurs natifs et un effet de distance entre le sujet et le verbe seulement chez les apprenants de L2. Des analyses de régression révèlent que le niveau de compétence en français et la mémoire phonologique expliquent une partie de la variance dans les jugements d’acceptabilité. Nous discutons des implications de ces résultats quant aux trois théories qui tentent d’expliquer le manque de sensibilité à l’accord chez les apprenants tardifs de L2.
L’acquisition L2 des compléments infinitifs français par des apprenants anglophones
Authors: Gaffney Caitlin 
Published: September 2015

L’acquisition L2 des compléments infinitifs français (CI ; p. ex. chercher à + infinitif, empêcher de + infinitif, aller Ø + infinitif) implique d’apprendre que le choix de la préposition (à, de ou élément nul) qui précède l’infinitif est arbitraire et qu’il doit être déterminé cas par cas. L’anglais (la L1 des participants de cette étude) utilise uniquement la préposition to ‘à’ à cette fin. Cette étude vise à répondre aux questions suivantes : (1) Quels types d’erreurs les apprenants anglophones font-ils relativement aux constructions verbales à CI ? ; (2) Y a-t-il une utilisation généralisée d’une des prépositions ? Nous avons supposé que (1) tous les apprenants utiliseraient à, de et l’élément nul dans des contextes inappropriés, (2a) que à serait surgénéralisé par les apprenants moins compétents à cause de l’influence translinguistique, (2b) tandis que de serait surgénéralisé par les apprenants plus compétents en raison de sa fréquence élevée dans l’input. Nous avons examiné la production et la compréhension des CI chez onze apprenants L2 (six moins compétents, cinq plus compétents) à l’aide d’un test à trous et d’une tâche de jugement de grammaticalité ; et nous avons trouvé (i) des erreurs relatives au choix de la préposition, (ii) ainsi qu’une surgénéralisation de la variante de que nous avons interprétée comme une conséquence de sa fréquence importante dans l’input.
Toward Implementation of Accural Basis in Indonesia Government: Key Success Factors
Authors: Negara I Gusti Bagus Surya 
Published: September 2015

AbstractIn 2015, the government's financial statement presentation has to be based on Government Regulation numbers 71 of 2010 is concerning the Government Accounting Standards accrual basis. With the recording of changes in government accounting basis of the cash basis into the accrual basis, then a paradigm shift in financial reporting. This study describes the factors that affect the readiness of local governments in implementing the Government Regulation number 71 of 2010. Readiness of local government is very important given the Government Accounting Standards Board will formally applied simultaneously in 2015. The previous researchers used human factor, organizational commitment and information technology that is expected to affect the readiness of the implementation of Government Regulation number 71 of 2010. Human resource is the area of financial management personnel competency and development efforts and increase their competence. Changes in accounting standards to be followed by the development and improvement of human resource competencies that will run the standard. Organizational commitment is needed from the highest level to the lowest must have a strong commitment for the changes to accounting standards that can be applied to both. Changes in accounting standards should also be followed by information technology that will support the implementation of new accounting standards.
The electrical resistivity structure of lithosphere across the Dharwar craton nucleus and Coorg block of South Indian shield: Evidence of collision and modified and preserved lithosphere
Authors: Abdul Azeez K. K. , Veeraswamy K. , Gupta Arvind K. , Babu Narendra , Chandrapuri Sateesh , Harinarayana T. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractMagnetotelluric‐derived two‐dimensional lithospheric resistivity structure of the western Dharwar craton (WDC) and adjoining Coorg block indicates isolated low‐resistivity zones in the crust and three striking upper mantle conductive features within the highly resistive Archean lithosphere. The crustal conductors in the WDC show good spatial correlation with the exposed supracrustal rocks conformable with the relic schist belt channels having conductive mineral grains. Conductive zones within the Coorg crust might be related to the relatively young (933 Ma) metamorphic processes in the area and/or possible fluids derived from the Cretaceous passage of Reunion plume in the proximity of Coorg area. A near‐vertical conductive structure extending from the lower crust into the upper mantle coincides with the transition zone between Coorg and WDC. This is interpreted as the suture zone between the two tectonic blocks and provides evidence for the individuality of the two Archean terrains. An anomalous upper mantle conductive zone found beneath the craton nucleus may indicate a modified cratonic lithosphere. This could have been derived due to the collision between Coorg and WDC and possibly survived by the subsequent multiple episodes of melt and fluid infiltration processes experienced in the region. Thick (~190 km) and preserved lithosphere is mapped at the eastern segment of WDC. Resistive lithosphere of ~125 km thickness is imaged for the Coorg block.
Near‐inertial kinetic energy budget of the mixed layer and shear evolution in the transition layer in the Arabian Sea during the monsoons
Authors: Majumder Sudip , Tandon Amit , Rudnick Daniel L. , Thomas Farrar J. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractWe present the horizontal kinetic energy (KE) balance of near‐inertial currents in the mixed layer and explain shear evolution in the transition layer using observations from a mooring at 15.26° N in the Arabian Sea during the southwest monsoon. The highly sheared and stratified transition layer at the mixed‐layer base varies between 5 m and 35 m and correlates negatively with the wind stress. Results from the mixed layer near‐inertial KE (NIKE) balance suggest that wind energy at times can energize the transition layer and at other times is fully utilized within the mixed layer. A simple two layer model is utilized to study the shear evolution in the transition layer and shown to match well with observations. The shear production in this model arises from alignment of wind stress and shear. Although the winds are unidirectional during the monsoon, the shear in the transition layer is predominantly near‐inertial. The near‐inertial shear bursts in the observations show the same phasing and magnitude at near‐inertial frequencies as the wind‐shear alignment term.
Evidence for a new geomagnetic jerk in 2014
Authors: Torta J. Miquel , Pavón‐Carrasco F. Javier , Marsal Santiago , Finlay Christopher C. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThe production of quasi‐definitive data at Ebre observatory has enabled us to detect a new geomagnetic jerk in early 2014. This has been confirmed by analyzing data at several observatories in the European‐African and Western Pacific‐Australian sectors in the classical fashion of looking for the characteristic V shape of the geomagnetic secular variation trend. A global model produced with the latest available satellite and observatory data supports these findings, giving a global perspective on both the jerk and a related secular acceleration pulse at the core‐mantle boundary. We conclude that the jerk was most visible in the Atlantic and European sectors.
Shelf response to intense offshore wind
Authors: Grifoll Manel , Aretxabaleta Alfredo L. , Espino Manuel 
Published: September 2015

AbstractCross and along‐shelf winds drive cross‐shelf transport that promotes the exchange of tracers and nutrients to the open sea. The shelf response to cross‐shelf winds is studied in the north shelf of the Ebro Delta (Mediterranean Sea), where those winds are prevalent and intense. Offshore winds in the region exhibit strong intensities (wind stress larger than 0.8 Pa) during winter and fall. The monthly average flow observed in a 1 year current meter record at 43.5 m was polarized following the isobaths with the along‐shelf variability being larger than the cross‐shelf. Prevalent southwestward along‐shelf flow was induced by the three‐dimensional regional response to cross‐shelf winds and the coastal constraint. Seaward near‐surface velocities occurred predominantly during offshore wind events. During intense wind periods, the surface cross‐shelf water transport exceeded the net along‐shelf transport. During typically stratified seasons, the intense cross‐shelf winds resulted in a well‐defined two‐layer flow and were more effective at driving offshore transport than during unstratified conditions. While transfer coefficients between wind and currents were generally around 1%, higher cross‐shelf transfer coefficients were observed in the near‐inertial band. The regional extent of the resulting surface cold water during energetic cross‐shelf winds events was concentrated around the region of the wind jet. Cross‐shelf transport due to along‐shelf winds was only effective during northeast wind events. During along‐shelf wind conditions, the transport was estimated to be between 10 and 50% of the theoretical Ekman transport.
Source regions and reflection of infragravity waves offshore of the U.S.s Pacific Northwest
Authors: Neale Jennifer , Harmon Nicholas , Srokosz Meric 
Published: September 2015

AbstractInfragravity waves are oceanic surface gravity waves but with wavelengths (tens of km) and periods (>30 s) much longer than wind waves and swell. Mostly studied in shallow water, knowledge of infragravity waves in deep water has remained limited. Recent interest in deep water infragravity waves has been motivated by the error they may contribute to future high‐resolution satellite radar altimetry measurements of sea level. Here deep water infragravity waves offshore of the Pacific Northwest of the U.S. were studied using differential pressure gauges which were deployed as part of the Cascadia Initiative array from September 2012 to May 2013. Cross correlation of the records revealed direction of infragravity wave propagation across the array, from which source regions were inferred. The dominant source was found to be the coastline to the east, associated with large wind waves and swell incident on the eastern side of the basin. The source shifted southward during northern‐hemisphere summer, and on several days in the record infragravity waves arrived from the western side of the Pacific. Asymmetry of cross‐correlation functions for five of these westerly arrivals was used to calculate the ratio of seaward to shoreward propagating energy, and hence estimate the strength of infragravity wave reflection at periods of 100–200 s. Reflection of these remote arrivals from the west appeared to be strong, with a lower bound estimate of r = 0.49 ± 0.29 (reflection coefficient ± standard error) and an upper bound estimate of r = 0.74 ± 0.06. These results suggest that reflection at ocean boundaries may be an important consideration for infragravity waves in the deep ocean.
Association of Body Mass Index With Incidence and Progression of Knee Effusion on Magnetic Resonance Imaging and on Knee Examination
Authors: Hung Amy , Sayre Eric C. , Guermazi Ali , Esdaile John M. , Kopec Jacek A. , Thorne Anona , Singer Joel , Wong Hubert , Nicolaou Savvas , Cibere Jolanda 
Published: September 2015

ObjectiveTo determine the association of body mass index (BMI) with incidence and progression of knee effusion on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and physical examination (PE) in a longitudinal cohort with knee pain.MethodsA population‐based cohort was assessed at baseline and 3 years (n = 163). BMI was categorized as normal (<25), overweight (25–29.9), and obese (≥30). Knee effusion was graded as 0–3 (absent/mild/moderate/severe) on MRI and 0–1 (absent/present) on PE. Progression of MRI effusion (MRIeff) was an increase of ≥1 grade in those with grade 1 or 2 at baseline. Incident MRIeff and PE effusion (PEeff) were any effusion at followup (>0) in those with grade 0 at baseline. A second type of incident MRIeff was effusion grade ≥2 at followup in those with grade <2 at baseline. Exponential regression analysis was used, adjusted for age, sex, and radiographic severity.ResultsIncident MRIeff ≥1, incident MRIeff ≥2, incident PEeff, and progression of MRIeff were seen in 14 of 73 (19%), 18 of 140 (13%), 26 of 127 (20%), and 18 of 86 (21%), respectively. There was a borderline statistical association of obesity with progression of MRIeff (hazard ratio [HR] 3.3 [95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.0–11.2]) and with incident MRIeff ≥2 (HR 3.4 [95% CI 1.0–11.5]). BMI was not associated with incident MRIeff ≥1 (HR overweight 1.1 [95% CI 0.3–3.6], obese 1.0 [95% CI 0.2–5.0]). Overweight was associated with incident PEeff (HR 4.5 [95% CI 1.4–14.2]), while obesity was not statistically significant (HR 3.1 [95% CI 0.9–11.1]).ConclusionObesity was a risk factor for incident and progressive knee effusion in this population‐based cohort. These findings highlight an important link between obesity and inflammation in knee osteoarthritis.
Potassium tert‐Butoxide‐Mediated Amine Acyl Exchange Reaction of N,N‐Disubstituted Formamides with Aromatic Carbonyl Derivatives via Sequential CN Bond Cleavage/Formation: an Approach to Aromatic Amides
Authors: Zhang Ming‐Zhong , Guo Qing‐Hu , Sheng Wen‐Bing , Guo Can‐Cheng 
Published: September 2015

AbstractA novel potassium tert‐butoxide‐mediated amine acyl exchange of N,N‐disubstituted formamides with aromatic carbonyl derivatives in a sequential CN bond cleavage/formation process leading to aromatic amides is described. This methodology tolerates a wide range of aromatic carbonyl compounds, including aromatic aldehydes, acyl chlorides, unactivated esters, and acid anhydrides. The usage of inexpensive and readily available reagents, broad substrate scope, and the simple, mild (50 °C) and transition metal‐free conditions make this protocol very practical. In addition, a plausible reaction mechanism is proposed on the basis of experimental observations.magnified image