bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rehearsal Practices
Authors: Everist Mark 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
Recent studies have considered piano-vocal arrangements and two-hand versions of opera an important part of their reception, focusing on and rightly stressing their importance for domestic consumption. This chapter considers the importance of individual published numbers used for the purposes of rehearsal. For opéra comique, this was largely unproblematic since published vocal extracts largely included all the music, with the rest recoverable from the printed libretto. The case of grand opéra was much less clear since published extracts frequently excluded recitatives that could involve some of the most taxing moments in the work. The issues are clarified by an examination of surviving volumes, with a case study based around Halévy’s La juive (1835) and Charles VI (1843), and Flotow’s L’âme en peine (1846), as rehearsed by the artist who took the roles of Eudoxie, Isabelle de Bavière, and Paola sometime in the late 1840s or early 1850s.
Production Aesthetics and Materials
Authors: Syer Katherine 
Published: June 2015

AbstractEnhanced attention has been paid in recent decades to opera production history. As staging and design practices evolved from the use of stock sets at the end of the seventeenth century to more detailed, elaborate, and individualistic production plans for Parisian grand opera and other nineteenth-century repertoire—especially Verdi and Wagner—the need to document the mise en scène, in the form of staging manuals and other records, naturally increased. This study examines some of the historical conditions and records of the visual aspects of opera over four centuries, including lighting, scenography, choreography, and stage direction.
Historically Informed Performance
Authors: Hunter Mary 
Published: June 2015

AbstractThis chapter argues that the concept of a “historically informed performance” is necessarily different for opera from what it is for instrumental music. Unlike most instrumental music, opera tells a more or less historically grounded story and represents a more or less historically specific time and place, where there are modern human beings in character on the stage, and the sympathies of the audience need to be actively engaged if the performance is to be successful. Because of these parameters, the question of historicity in opera performance can only usefully be examined by taking the visual (including gestural), sonic, and ideological domains as separate systems. Case studies at the end of the chapter illustrate several ways in which these domains can interact to produce different kinds of historical informedness.
Opera Composition and Cultural Environment
Authors: Betz Marianne 
Published: June 2015

AbstractThis chapter focuses on the obstacles that hindered some composers from attempting composition of opera, or giving up after a single failed attempt. Several composers, often from a Protestant surrounding, such as Bach and Brahms, stayed “non-opera” composers. Others, like Schumann, felt drawn to the genre but failed, while a third group, for example Weber, grew up imbibing theater and thus succeeded in opera quite naturally. The laborious development of American opera in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries raises the awareness for operatic conditions: In spite of the ventures of prolific turn-of-the-century composers like Paine, Beach, and Chadwick, none became theAmerican composer of opera. In Boston, otherwise a musical hub, religious and moral anti-stage sentiments had hindered the emergence of an opera life and of operatic networks. Consequently, Boston-affiliated composers hardly gained experience with stage genres and lacked both role models and integration into networks.
Audiences
Authors: Cowart Georgia 
Published: June 2015

AbstractThe subject of opera audiences as a field of study emerged in the 1990s, in the wake of the “cultural turn” of the previous two decades. This essay surveys the history of the opera audience as it moved from court to urban settings in the seventeenth century; as it reflected the transition from “event” to “work” aesthetic in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries; and as it came to represent an urban class structure as well as the interests of special groups such as women and opera queens. The chapter concludes with a case study using staged depictions of French opera audiences c.1700 in the comedy-ballet, opera, and opera-ballet of Lully, Molière, and Campra, and in the paintings of Watteau as models for an audience-centered, as opposed to a sovereign-centered, aesthetic and ideology.
Religion
Authors: Rosenberg Jesse 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
This chapter examines the equivocal status of religion within opera and operatic discourse with reference to the following themes: (1) the long-standing supposition of opera as an inherently secular genre, (2) the significance of pagan religion in operas based on classical myths, (3) religion as a focus of operatic censorship, (4) the use of biblical and other religious figures as allegorical representations of political ideas, (5) prayer in opera, (6) the determining influence of religious attitudes of composers and librettists, and (7) the normative function of Roman Catholic attitudes toward celibacy and religious vocation as underpinning traditional representations of religion in opera.
Censorship
Authors: Izzo Francesco 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
Since its inception, opera has often been produced in closely controlled contexts, in which rulers and other agents exert considerable control over all aspects of operatic production. That control often extends to the subject matter and verbal content of opera, selected, altered, or suppressed by political or religious authorities in a variety of contexts. This chapter surveys extant scholarship on the censorship of opera and examines examples drawn from different historical periods and milieux, concentrating in particular on Risorgimento Italy. La lega lombarda, a libretto by Antonio Meucci written for Rome in 1846 and published in Paris after its performance was prohibited for political reasons, is used as a case study to explore the productive ramifications of operatic censorship. In many instances, the latter is best understood as displacement rather than mere suppression.
The Operatic Canon
Authors: Parakilas James A. 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
The operatic canon is not so much a list of favored repertory as a system of cultural upbringing for performers and opera-goers (and the public in general). Over the four centuries of operatic history, the canonizing process has shifted from remakes of dramatic subjects and texts (libretti) to the perpetuation of particular musical settings (and at times their original stagings), turning opera houses into repertory houses and prompting composers to write toward the canon. Canonizing systems of journalism and domestication in the first centuries of opera have more recently been amplified by scholarship and new media of transmission, both of which have extended and transformed the teaching and experience of opera as a canon, as well as fostering evolution in the canonic repertory.
Sources
Authors: Fairtile Linda B. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractThis chapter explores issues relevant to the study of operatic sources: libretti, sketches, drafts, manuscript scores, performing parts, and other production materials. It demonstrates how these documents have facilitated the discovery of relationships between composer and performer, physical structure and content, and original and revision, among others. In addition to illuminating artistic decisions, source materials are also shown to reflect the pragmatic nature of operatic production, as commercial enterprise, political battleground, and social barometer. Italian, German, English, Russian, and American composers are represented, with emphasis on works from the nineteenth century. The chapter also addresses the challenges that technology presents for the study of compositional process in contemporary operas.
Reconstructions
Authors: Brauner Charles S. 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
One task of musicology has been the recovery of operas believed lost, the principal example being Rossini’s Il viaggio a Reims, whose reconstruction depended on a series of surmises and archival discoveries. Related topics include completion of unfinished operas (Berg’s Lulu, Schoenberg’s Moses und Aron, and especially Puccini’s Turandot and the composer’s drafts and sketches for the ending); reversion of operas to earlier states after the composers’ revisions (returning Verdi’s Un ballo in maschera to Gustavo III); conflation of different versions of an opera (Mozart’s Don Giovanni, Beethoven’s Fidelio, and especially Monteverdi’s L’incoronazione di Poppea). These issues converge in Offenbach’s Les contes d’Hoffmann, left in particularly chaotic condition at the composer’s death in 1880 and with a complex posthumous history that blended the authentic and inauthentic; the chaos and posthumous history are only now being untangled by Michael Kaye, in a new edition co-edited with Jean-Christoph Keck.
After the Canon
Authors: Fink Robert 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
Can opera as drama save classical music? Pierre Boulez famously proposed “blowing up all the opera houses” in 1967, and the relationship between the avant-garde and opera has been adversarial for most of the twentieth century. But in recent years interest in contemporary opera has exploded, leading critics like Joseph Kerman to proclaim that music drama proves the continuing vitality of the classical music canon. A study of the two major US productions of John Adams’s Doctor Atomic shows the pitfalls of relying on literature and drama to “sell” twenty-first-century opera as classical music: weaknesses in the libretto and staging led many intellectuals who attended the opera to dismiss it—and opera as a genre—in the harshest possible terms, reopening questions about the propriety of setting dramatic texts to music that composers had thought settled in their favor by the end of the seventeenth century.
Composing Opera
Authors: Heggie Jake 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
Composing opera in the twenty-first century might not be all that different from how it was done four hundred years ago. In this chapter, American opera composer Jake Heggie (Dead Man Walking) takes the reader on a journey toward the realization of a new opera using his own recent work, Moby-Dick, as a case study. Comments from American composers John Adams, Philip Glass, Mark Adamo, Stewart Wallace, and the late Daniel Catán also inform the chapter, which takes into consideration how composers choose stories for operas, how commissions work, and how opera companies are involved in key decisions on librettists, scoring, singers, and the timing of it all.
Raising Rivals’ Costs
Authors: Scheffman David , Higgins Richard S. 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
RRC analysis principally focuses on a market with a dominant firm that is assumed to have significant market power, independent of any cost-raising strategies. The fundamental insight of the RRC theory is that increases in rivals’ marginal costs will lead the rivals to reduce their output relative to an initial equilibrium level. The dominant firm also experiences an increase in marginal cost that, other things equal, reduces its profits. RRC may not be profitable and, as a matter of economic theory, the net consumer-welfare effects of profitable cost-raising strategies are ambiguous. It is important to understand this theoretical ambiguity, particularly when evaluating the potential for vertical mergers to be anticompetitive.
Continental Drift in the Treatment of Dominant Firms
Authors: Schinkel Maarten Pieter , LaRocuhe Pierre 
Published: June 2015

AbstractThis chapter compares the concepts of monopolization and abuse of dominance as in Section 2 of the Sherman Act and Article 102 of the TFEU, respectively. After identifying a number of distinctive features in wording and interpretation—including the special responsibility of the dominant firm, competition of the merits, and protection of the competitive process—the chapter discusses three lines of argument to explain these differences. The first builds on ordoliberalism, with its concern for the absence of market power and for the resilience of competitive markets, which influenced EU competition law from the very beginning. The second line of argument derives from the observation that public competition law enforcement is fallible, which self-enforcement could remedy. The third argument explains some of these differences via innovation, whereby Article 102 would reflect a European perspective on innovation. We subsequently return to the underutilized EU category of exploitative abuses and argue that economic techniques developed in the context of damages litigation could open it up for future enforcement in a way that would be in line with ordoliberal principles, properly understood.
Business Strategy and Antitrust Policy
Authors: Mazzeo Michael , McDevitt Ryan 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
Business strategy is fundamentally about firm decision-making. Antitrust policy and enforcement, in turn, evaluate the decisions made by firms and the market outcomes that result. To the extent that firms’ decisions will be scrutinized ex post, managers must understand how antitrust concerns might constrain their actions and, thus, suggest alternative optimal decisions. Owing to this importance, most business strategy courses broach the subject of antitrust, and managers frequently confer with antitrust attorneys when making important strategic decisions. Correspondingly, it is also useful for the antitrust community to understand how firms use the concepts and frameworks of business strategy to make the decisions that they will be evaluating. Business strategy maintains a holistic orientation, drawing on traditional functional areas such as operations, finance, accounting, and marketing to inform the firm’s overarching direction.
Resale Price Maintenance of Online Retailing
Authors: Klein Benjamin 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
Manufacturers use resale price maintenance even when there is no free-riding as a way to compensate retailers efficiently for promotional services (such as stocking, shelf space, and point-of-sale selling efforts) that induce incremental manufacturer sales. Retailers must be separately compensated by manufacturers for supplying these promotional services when the services have large interbrand and small interretailer demand effects, and hence retailers have significant discretion regarding which manufacturer’s products they distribute and promote. Retailer price discounting, especially by online retailers, has the potential to disrupt the manufacturer’s purchase of effective retail distribution by reducing retailer compensation and consequently the promotional services retailers devote to the sale of the manufacturer’s products. Implications of this analysis for the design of efficient retail distribution that includes online retailing are described under current US and EU antitrust law conditions.
Cartels and Collusion
Authors: Choi Jay Pil , Gerlach Heiko 
Published: June 2015

AbstractThis chapter provides a selective review of economic theory and experimental evidence on cartels and collusion. In particular, it highlights the role of incentives in collusion and cartel formation and identifies conditions that are conducive to collusive behavior. It then discusses enforcement against collusion with a particular focus on the recent work on leniency programs and cartel screening. Finally, we look at experimental evidence on cartel formation and the effects of competition policy.
Competition Policy for Industry Standards
Authors: Gilbert Richard 
Published: June 2015

AbstractCompatibility standards create consumer benefits by enabling components to interoperate and allowing suppliers of compatible components to achieve efficiencies from scale and network effects. Quality and safety standards inform consumers and can prevent the sale of shoddy or potentially hazardous products. However, standards can impose costs in some situations by limiting consumer choice. Furthermore, the activity of standard setting often involves cooperation among competitors and may facilitate the exercise of market power. This chapter surveys competition issues raised by the development of industry standards, whether accomplished through a formal standard-setting committee structure or by the activities of a single sponsor. A particular focus is on the implications for competition and consumer welfare when products that implement a standard may infringe proprietary intellectual property rights.
Antitrust Corporate Governance and Compliance
Authors: Sokol D. Daniel , Abrantes-Metz Rosa 
Published: June 2015

AbstractBoth theoretical and empirical work in a number of different fields, including economics, accounting, finance, organizational theory, and sociology provides important insights indicating that a firm is not merely a single entity in its actions. Rather, a firm is made up of a number of various components, each of which has its own incentives that shape firm behavior. This chapter reviews both the antitrust and the non-antitrust literatures on compliance and corporate governance to provide a clearer picture of the extant literature and the theoretical and empirical gaps within the antitrust literature to better inform antitrust policy on detecting cartels. This chapter explores the scholarship both within and outside of antitrust to better understand internal detection of wrongdoing and improved compliance in the antitrust cartel context.
The Roles of Banks in Financial Systems
Authors: Allen Franklin , Carletti Elena , Gu Xian 
Published: June 2015

AbstractBanks perform various roles in the economy. First, they ameliorate the information problems between investors and borrowers by monitoring the latter and ensuring a proper use of the depositors’ funds. Second, they provide intertemporal smoothing of risk that cannot be diversified at a given point in time, as well as insurance to depositors against unexpected consumption shocks. Because of the maturity mismatch between their assets and liabilities, however, banks are subject to the possibility of runs and systemic risk. Third, banks contribute to the growth of the economy. Fourth, they perform an important role in corporate governance. The relative importance of the different roles of banks varies substantially across countries and times but, banks are always critical to the financial system.
Commercial Banking and Shadow Banking
Authors: Boot Arnoud W. A. , Thakor Anjan V. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractIn this chapter we examine the implications of the increasing integration of banks and financial markets for the evolution of each as well as the design of prudential regulation. The growth of the use of depository-banking-originated mortgage-backed securities sold in the market and used as collateral to back short-term funding transactions in the shadow banking sector illustrates this intertwining of banks and markets, and the potential systemic risk dangers of this, as is apparent from the recent crisis. An important implication of this integration is that it is becoming increasingly difficult to isolate banking risks from financial market risks. Building on contemporary theories of financial intermediation, relationship banking, and securitization, we show how these theories inform us about the underlying causes of the seismic shifts that have occurred in financial markets in recent years, and what they suggest about the kinds of regulatory reforms that may be most fruitful. We end with a list of open research questions suggested by our analysis.
Risk Management in Banking
Authors: Allen Linda , Saunders Anthony 
Published: June 2015

AbstractIn this chapter we describe the risk management challenges faced by financial institutions. The very nature of the banking business requires that financial firms become experts at risk assessment in order to manage their own inventories of risk, obtained during day-to-day business transactions with bank customers. Banks are exposed to interest rate risk, currency risk, liquidity risk, credit risk, and operational risk. The first step in a risk management program is accurate risk measurement. A useful risk measurement tool is the Value at Risk (VaR) model. The 99% VaR model produces predictions such as the worse loss that may occur in every 100 days (or years). In contrast, the 99% expected shortfall denotes the average of all losses that occur with a 1 percent probability. We show that the roots of the global financial crisis of 2007–08 can be found in the failure of financial intermediaries to measure and manage risk properly.
Sovereign Debt Crises
Authors: Correa Ricardo , Sapriza Horacia 
Published: June 2015

AbstractSovereign debt crises have occurred frequently over the past two centuries. In recent years, the timing of sovereign crises has coincided with or directly followed banking crises. The link between sovereigns and banks tightened as financial “safety nets,” which increased the contingent liability that the banking sector represents for the sovereign, became more common. This chapter analyzes the transmission channels between sovereigns and banks, with a focus on the effect of sovereign distress on bank solvency and financing. It then highlights the notable cost to the real economy of the close connection between sovereigns and banks. Breaking the “feedback loop” between these two sectors should be an important policy priority.
The weighting is the hardest part: on the behavior of the likelihood ratio test and score test under weight misspecification in rare variant association studies
Authors: Minică Camelia C. , Genovese Giulio , Hultman Christina M. , Pool René , Vink Jacqueline M. , Dolan Conor V. , Neale Benjamin M. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractRare variant association studies are at a critical inflexion point with the increasing availability of exome-sequencing data. A popular test of association is the sequence kernel association test (SKAT). Weights are embedded within SKAT to reflect the hypothesized contribution of the variants to the trait variance. Correct weighting is expected to boost power, and yet the correct weights are generally unknown. It is therefore important to assess the effect of weight misspecification in SKAT.We evaluated the behavior of the score and likelihood ratio tests (LRT) under weight misspecification. Simulation and empirical results revealed that LRT is generally more robust and more powerful than score test in such a circumstance. For instance, when the simulated betas were larger for rarer than for more common variants, (incorrectly) assigning equal weights reduced the power of the LRT by ∼ 5%, while the score test’s power dropped by ∼ 30%.To optimize weighting we proposed a data-driven weighting scheme. With this scheme and LRT we detected significant enrichment of rare case mutations (MAF<5%; P-value=7e-04) of a set of constrained genes in the Swedish schizophre-nia case-control cohort with exome-sequencing data.The score test is currently preferred for its computational efficiency and power. Indeed, assuming correct specification, in some circumstances the score test is the most powerful test. However, LRT has the compelling qualities of being generally more powerful and more robust to misspecification. This is an important result given that, arguably, misspecified models are likely to be the rule rather than the exception in weighting-based approaches.