bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Systematic evaluation of evidence on veterinary viscoelastic testing Part 2: Sample acquisition and handling
Authors: Flatland Bente , Koenigshof Amy M. , Rozanski Elizabeth A. , Goggs Robert , Wiinberg Bo 
Published: January 2014

AbstractObjectiveTo examine systematically the evidence on sample acquisition and handling for the thrombo elastography (TEG) and rotational thromboelastometry (ROTEM) viscoelastic point of care instruments and to identify knowledge gaps.DesignSix questions were considered, addressing sampling site, collection system, anticoagulant, collection procedure, and sample storage. Standardized, systematic evaluation of the literature was performed. Relevant articles were categorized according to level of evidence (LOE). Consensus was developed regarding conclusions for application of concepts to clinical practice.SettingAcademic and referral veterinary medical centers.ResultsPubMed and CAB abstracts were searched. Eighteen papers were initially chosen; 5 of these papers applied to > 1 domain question. Three papers were used to address 2 questions each, and 2 papers were used to address 3 questions each. Most papers were judged LOE 3 (Good or Fair). Two of 5 papers were judged to be the same LOE each time they were used; 2 papers were judged to be LOE 3, Fair for 1 question and 3, Good for a second question; 1 paper used to address 3 questions was judged LOE 3, Good twice and 3, Fair once. Fourteen additional papers were evaluated post hoc during manuscript preparation.ConclusionsJugular venipuncture is recommended, but samples from IV catheters can be used. Consistent technique is important for serial sampling, and standardized sampling protocols are recommended for individual centers performing TEG/ROTEM. There is insufficient evidence to recommend use of a specific blood collection system, although use of evacuated blood tubes and 21‐Ga or larger needles is suggested. Use of 3.2% buffered sodium citrate in a strict 1:9 ratio of citrate to blood is suggested. Suggested tube draw order is discard/serum, followed by citrate, EDTA, and then heparin. Samples should be held at room temperature for 30 minutes prior to analysis.
Systematic evaluation of evidence on veterinary viscoelastic testing Part 4: Definitions and data reporting
Authors: Hanel Rita M. , Chan Daniel L. , Conner Bobbi , Gauthier Vincent , Holowaychuk Marie , Istvan Stephanie , Walker Julie M. , Wood Darren , Goggs Robert , Wiinberg Bo 
Published: January 2014

AbstractObjectiveTo systematically examine evidence surrounding definitions and reporting of data for viscoelastic testing in veterinary medicine.DesignStandardized, systematic evaluation of the literature, categorization of relevant articles according to level of evidence and quality, and development of consensus on conclusions for application of the concepts to clinical practice.SettingAcademic and referral veterinary medical centers.ResultsDatabases searched included Medline, CAB abstracts, and Google Scholar.ConclusionsAll 4 standard thromboelastography (TEG) and rotational thromboelastometry (ROTEM) variables should be universally reported, and the reporting of shear elastic modulus in addition to maximum amplitude (MA) is encouraged. There is insufficient evidence to support universal usage of the coagulation index at this time. The K value and clot formation time are the most variable of the 4 parameters, with alpha angle, MA, and maximum clot firmness generally the least variable. Individual studies should report sufficient data on patients and institutional controls to enable definitions of hypo‐ and hypercoagulability to be evaluated post‐hoc, and it is recommended that all studies specifically report how these conditions were defined. In reporting data relating to fibrinolysis, the TEG variables LY30, LY60, CL30, CL60, and the ROTEM variables LI30, LI60, ML, LOT, and LT should be documented. Studies should report sufficient data on patients and controls to enable definitions of hyper‐ and hypofibrinolysis to be evaluated post‐hoc, and we suggest that standard TEG/ROTEM assays may be unable to detect hypofibrinolysis in companion animals. We recommend that every center establish reference intervals, which are specific to either TEG or ROTEM. These reference intervals should be established using veterinary clinical pathology guidelines, standardized protocols, and a minimum of 40 healthy animals. There are currently insufficient data in companion animals to suggest a utility for Vcurve variables beyond that of standard TEG variables.
Magnetoacoustic tomography with magnetic induction for high‐resolution bioimepedance imaging through vector source reconstruction under the static field of MRI magnet
Authors: Mariappan Leo , Hu Gang , He Bin 
Published: January 2014

Purpose:Magnetoacoustic tomography with magnetic induction (MAT‐MI) is an imaging modality to reconstruct the electrical conductivity of biological tissue based on the acoustic measurements of Lorentz force induced tissue vibration. This study presents the feasibility of the authorsˈ new MAT‐MI system and vector source imaging algorithm to perform a complete reconstruction of the conductivity distribution of real biological tissues with ultrasound spatial resolution.Methods:In the present study, using ultrasound beamformation, imaging point spread functions are designed to reconstruct the induced vector source in the object which is used to estimate the object conductivity distribution. Both numerical studies and phantom experiments are performed to demonstrate the merits of the proposed method. Also, through the numerical simulations, the full width half maximum of the imaging point spread function is calculated to estimate of the spatial resolution. The tissue phantom experiments are performed with a MAT‐MI imaging system in the static field of a 9.4 T magnetic resonance imaging magnet.Results:The image reconstruction through vector beamformation in the numerical and experimental studies gives a reliable estimate of the conductivity distribution in the object with a ∼1.5 mm spatial resolution corresponding to the imaging system frequency of 500 kHz ultrasound. In addition, the experiment results suggest that MAT‐MI under high static magnetic field environment is able to reconstruct images of tissue‐mimicking gel phantoms and real tissue samples with reliable conductivity contrast.Conclusions:The results demonstrate that MAT‐MI is able to image the electrical conductivity properties of biological tissues with better than 2 mm spatial resolution at 500 kHz, and the imaging with MAT‐MI under a high static magnetic field environment is able to provide improved imaging contrast for biological tissue conductivity reconstruction.
The effect of excitation and preparation pulses on nonslice selective 2D UTE bicomponent analysis of bound and free water in cortical bone at 3T
Authors: Li Shihong , Chang Eric Y. , Bae Won C. , Chung Christine B. , Hua Yanqing , Zhou Yi , Du Jiang 
Published: January 2014

Purpose:The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of excitation, fat saturation, long T2 saturation, and adiabatic inversion pulses on ultrashort echo time (UTE) imaging with bicomponent analysis of bound and free water in cortical bone for potential applications in osteoporosis.Methods:Six bovine cortical bones and six human tibial midshaft samples were harvested for this study. Each bone sample was imaged with eight sequences using 2D UTE imaging at 3T with half and hard excitation pulses, without and with fat saturation, long T2 saturation, and adiabatic inversion recovery (IR) preparation pulses. Single‐ and bicomponent signal models were utilized to calculate the T2*s and/or relative fractions of short and long T2*s.Results:For all bone samples UTE T2* signal decay showed bicomponent behavior. A higher short T2* fraction was observed on UTE images with hard pulse excitation compared with half pulse excitation (75.6% vs 68.8% in bovine bone, 79.9% vs 73.2% in human bone). Fat saturation pulses slightly reduced the short T2* fraction relative to regular UTE sequences (5.0% and 2.0% reduction, respectively, with half and hard excitation pulses for bovine bone, 6.3% and 8.2% reduction, respectively, with half and hard excitation pulses for human bone). Long T2 saturation pulses significantly reduced the long T2* fraction relative to regular UTE sequence (18.9% and 17.2% reduction, respectively, with half and hard excitation pulses for bovine bone, 26.4% and 27.7% reduction, respectively, with half and hard excitation pulses for human bone). With IR‐UTE preparation the long T2* components were significantly reduced relative to regular UTE sequence (75.3% and 66.4% reduction, respectively, with half and hard excitation pulses for bovine bone, 87.7% and 90.3% reduction, respectively, with half and hard excitation pulses for human bone).Conclusions:Bound and free water T2*s and relative fractions can be assessed using UTE bicomponent analysis. Long T2* components are affected more by long T2 saturation and IR pulses, and short T2* components are affected more by fat saturation pulses.
Evaluation of Acanthamoeba Myosin-IC as a Potential Therapeutic Target
Authors: Martín-Navarro Carmen M. , Lorenzo-Morales Jacob , López-Arencibia Atteneri , Reyes-Batlle María , Piñero José E. , Valladares Basilio , Maciver Sutherland K. 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACT

Members of the genus
Acanthamoeba
are facultative pathogens of humans, causing a sight-threatening keratitis and a fatal encephalitis. We have targeted myosin-IC by using small interfering RNA (siRNA) silencing as a therapeutic approach, since it is known that the function of this protein is vital for the amoeba. In this work, specific siRNAs against the
Acanthamoeba
myosin-IC gene were developed. Treated and control amoebae were cultured in growth and encystment media to evaluate the induced effects after myosin-IC gene knockdown, as we have anticipated that cyst formation may be impaired. The effects of myosin-IC gene silencing were inhibition of cyst formation, inhibition of completion of cytokinesis, inhibition of osmoregulation under osmotic stress conditions, and death of the amoebae. The finding that myosin-IC silencing caused incompletion of cytokinesis is in agreement with earlier suggestions that the protein plays a role in cell locomotion, which is necessary to pull daughter cells apart after mitosis in a process known as “traction-mediated cytokinesis”. We conclude that myosin-IC is a very promising potential drug target for the development of much-needed antiamoebal drugs and that it should be further exploited for
Acanthamoeba
therapy.
Strategy for Rapid Detection of Carbapenemase-Producing Enterobacteriaceae
Authors: Dortet Laurent , Bréchard Ludivine , Cuzon Gaëlle , Poirel Laurent , Nordmann Patrice 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACT

A prospective survey was conducted on 862
Enterobacteriaceae
isolates with reduced susceptibility to carbapenems. The Carba NP test, UV spectrophotometry, and a DNA microarray were used to detect carbapenemase producers, and the results were compared to those from PCR and sequencing. The 172 carbapenemase producers were detected using the Carba NP test and UV spectrophotometry, whereas the DNA microarray failed to detect IMI producers. The use of the Carba NP test as a first screening, followed by the use of molecular techniques, has been determined to be an efficient strategy for identifying carbapenemase-producing
Enterobacteriaceae
.
Alkyl Galactofuranosides Strongly Interact with Leishmania donovani Membrane and Provide Antileishmanial Activity
Authors: Suleman Muhammad , Gangneux Jean-Pierre , Legentil Laurent , Belaz Sorya , Cabezas Yari , Manuel Christelle , Dureau Rémy , Sergent Odile , Burel Agnès , Daligault Franck , Ferrières Vincent , Robert-Gangneux Florence 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACT

We investigated the
in vitro
effects of four alkyl-galactofuranoside derivatives, i.e., octyl-β-
d
-galactofuranoside (compound 1), 6-amino-β-
d
-galactofuranoside (compound 2), 6-
N
-acetamido-β-
d
-galactofuranoside (compound 3), and 6-azido-β-
d
-galactofuranoside (compound 4), on
Leishmania donovani
. Their mechanism of action was explored using electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy (EPR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and ultrastructural alterations were analyzed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Compound 1 showed the most promising effects by inhibiting promastigote growth at a 50% inhibitory concentration (IC
50
) of 8.96 ± 2.5 μM. All compounds exhibit low toxicity toward human macrophages. Compound 1 had a higher selectivity index than the molecule used for comparison, i.e., miltefosine (159.7 versus 37.9, respectively). EPR showed that compound 1 significantly reduced membrane fluidity compared to control promastigotes and to compound 3. The furanose ring was shown to support this effect, since the isomer galactopyranose had no effect on parasite membrane fluidity or growth. NMR showed a direct interaction of all compounds (greatest with compound 1, followed by compounds 2, 3, and 4, in descending order) with the promastigote membrane and with octyl-galactopyranose and octanol, providing evidence that the
n
-octyl chain was primarily involved in anchoring with the parasite membrane, followed by the putative crucial role of the furanose ring in the antileishmanial activity. A morphological analysis of compound 1-treated promastigotes by TEM revealed profound alterations in the parasite membrane and organelles, but this was not the case with compound 3. Quantification of annexin V binding by flow cytometry confirmed that compound 1 induced apoptosis in >90% of promastigotes. The effect of compound 1 was also assessed on intramacrophagic amastigotes and showed a reduction in amastigote growth associated with an increase of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, thus validating its promising effect.
Community-Onset Escherichia coli Infection Resistant to Expanded-Spectrum Cephalosporins in Low-Prevalence Countries
Authors: Rogers Benjamin A. , Ingram Paul R. , Runnegar Naomi , Pitman Matthew C. , Freeman Joshua T. , Athan Eugene , Havers Sally M. , Sidjabat Hanna E. , Jones Mark , Gunning Earleen , De Almeida Mary , Styles Kaylene , Paterson David L. 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACT

By global standards, the prevalence of community-onset expanded-spectrum-cephalosporin-resistant (ESC-R)
Escherichia coli
remains low in Australia and New Zealand. Of concern, our countries are in a unique position, with high extramural resistance pressure from close population and trade links to Asia-Pacific neighbors with high ESC-R
E. coli
rates. We aimed to characterize the risks and dynamics of community-onset ESC-R
E. coli
infection in our low-prevalence region. A case-control methodology was used. Patients with ESC-R
E. coli
or ESC-susceptible
E. coli
isolated from blood or urine were recruited at six geographically dispersed tertiary care hospitals in Australia and New Zealand. Epidemiological data were prospectively collected, and bacteria were retained for analysis. In total, 182 patients (91 cases and 91 controls) were recruited. Multivariate logistic regression identified risk factors for ESC-R among
E. coli
strains, including birth on the Indian subcontinent (odds ratio [OR] = 11.13, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] = 2.17 to 56.98,
P
= 0.003), urinary tract infection in the past year (per-infection OR = 1.430, 95% CI = 1.13 to 1.82,
P
= 0.003), travel to southeast Asia, China, the Indian subcontinent, Africa, and the Middle East (OR = 3.089, 95% CI = 1.29 to 7.38,
P
= 0.011), prior exposure to trimethoprim with or without sulfamethoxazole and with or without an expanded-spectrum cephalosporin (OR = 3.665, 95% CI = 1.30 to 10.35,
P
= 0.014), and health care exposure in the previous 6 months (OR = 3.16, 95% CI = 1.54 to 6.46,
P
= 0.02). Among our ESC-R
E. coli
strains, the
bla
CTX-M
ESBLs were dominant (83% of ESC-R
E. coli
strains), and the worldwide pandemic ST-131 clone was frequent (45% of ESC-R
E. coli
strains). In our low-prevalence setting, ESC-R among community-onset
E. coli
strains may be associated with both “export” from health care facilities into the community and direct “import” into the community from high-prevalence regions.
Ultradeep Sequencing Study of Chronic Hepatitis C Virus Genotype 1 Infection in Patients Treated with Daclatasvir, Peginterferon, and Ribavirin
Authors: Murakami Eisuke , Imamura Michio , Hayes C. Nelson , Abe Hiromi , Hiraga Nobuhiko , Honda Yoji , Ono Atsushi , Kosaka Keiichi , Kawaoka Tomokazu , Tsuge Masataka , Aikata Hiroshi , Takahashi Shoichi , Miki Daiki , Ochi Hidenori , Matsui Hirotaka , Kanai Akinori , Inaba Toshiya , McPhee Fiona , Chayama Kazuaki 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACT
Direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) are either part of the current standard of care or are in advanced clinical development for the treatment of patients chronically infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotype 1, but concern exists with respect to the patients who fail these regimens with emergent drug-resistant variants. In the present study, ultradeep sequencing was performed to analyze resistance to daclatasvir (DCV), which is a highly selective nonstructural protein 5A (NS5A) inhibitor. Eight patients with HCV genotype 1b, who were either treatment naive or prior nonresponders to pegylated interferon plus ribavirin (Rebetol; Schering-Plough) (PEG-IFN/RBV) therapy, were treated with DCV combined with PEG-IFN alpha-2b (Pegintron; Schering-Plough, Kenilworth, NJ) and RBV. To identify the cause of viral breakthrough, the preexistence and emergence of DCV-resistant variants at NS5A amino acids were analyzed by ultradeep sequencing. Sustained virological response (SVR) was achieved in 6 of 8 patients (75%), with viral breakthrough occurring in the other 2 patients (25%). DCV-resistant variant Y93H preexisted as a minor population at higher frequencies (0.1% to 0.5%) in patients who achieved SVR. In patients with viral breakthrough, DCV-resistant variant mixtures emerged at NS5A-31 over time that persisted posttreatment with Y93H. Although enrichment of DCV-resistant variants was detected, the preexistence of a minor population of the variant did not appear to be associated with virologic response in patients treated with DCV/PEG-IFN/RBV. Ultradeep sequencing results shed light on the complexity of DCV-resistant quasispecies emerging over time, suggesting that multiple resistance pathways are possible within a patient who does not rapidly respond to a DCV-containing regimen. (This study has been registered at ClinicalTrials.gov under registration no. NCT01016912.)
Breakthrough Candidemia Due to Multidrug-Resistant Candida glabrata during Prophylaxis with a Low Dose of Micafungin
Authors: Bizerra Fernando César , Jimenez-Ortigosa Cristina , Souza Ana Carolina R. , Breda Giovanni Luis , Queiroz-Telles Flávio , Perlin David S. , Colombo Arnaldo L. 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACT

We identified a case of breakthrough candidemia in a 25-year-old patient receiving micafungin prophylaxis (50 mg/day). Five
Candida glabrata
isolates were obtained from blood cultures and were classified as multidrug-resistant isolates, since all of them exhibited high MICs for echinocandin and azole drugs. A mutation (S663F) in hot spot 1 of the
FKS
2 gene was found in all five isolates. This mutation yielded a 1,3-β-
d
-glucan synthase enzyme with highly reduced sensitivities to echinocandin drugs.
Class D β-Lactamases: Are They All Carbapenemases?
Authors: Antunes Nuno T. , Lamoureaux Toni L. , Toth Marta , Stewart Nichole K. , Frase Hilary , Vakulenko Sergei B. 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACT

Carbapenem-hydrolyzing class D β-lactamases (CHDLs) are enzymes of the utmost clinical importance due to their ability to produce resistance to carbapenems, the antibiotics of last resort for the treatment of various life-threatening infections. The vast majority of these enzymes have been identified in
Acinetobacter
spp., notably in
Acinetobacter baumannii
. The OXA-2 and OXA-10 enzymes predominantly occur in
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
and are currently classified as narrow-spectrum class D β-lactamases. Here we demonstrate that when OXA-2 and OXA-10 are expressed in
Escherichia coli
strain JM83, they produce a narrow-spectrum antibiotic resistance pattern. When the enzymes are expressed in
A. baumannii
ATCC 17978, however, they behave as extended-spectrum β-lactamases and confer resistance to carbapenem antibiotics. Kinetic studies of OXA-2 and OXA-10 with four carbapenems have demonstrated that their catalytic efficiencies with these antibiotics are in the same range as those of some recognized class D carbapenemases. These results are in disagreement with the classification of the OXA-2 and OXA-10 enzymes as narrow-spectrum β-lactamases, and they suggest that other class D enzymes that are currently regarded as noncarbapenemases may in fact be CHDLs.
Mutations in the Pseudomonas aeruginosa Needle Protein Gene
pscF
Confer Resistance to Phenoxyacetamide Inhibitors of the Type III Secretion System
Authors: Bowlin Nicholas O. , Williams John D. , Knoten Claire A. , Torhan Matthew C. , Tashjian Tommy F. , Li Bing , Aiello Daniel , Mecsas Joan , Hauser Alan R. , Peet Norton P. , Bowlin Terry L. , Moir Donald T. 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACT

The type III secretion system (T3SS) is a clinically important virulence mechanism in
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
that secretes and translocates effector toxins into host cells, impeding the host's rapid innate immune response to infection. Inhibitors of T3SS may be useful as prophylactic or adjunctive therapeutic agents to augment the activity of antibiotics in
P. aeruginosa
infections, such as pneumonia and bacteremia. One such inhibitor, the phenoxyacetamide MBX 1641, exhibits very responsive structure-activity relationships, including striking stereoselectivity, in its inhibition of
P. aeruginosa
T3SS. These features suggest interaction with a specific, but unknown, protein target. Here, we identify the apparent molecular target by isolating inhibitor-resistant mutants and mapping the mutation sites by deep sequencing. Selection and sequencing of four independent mutants resistant to the phenoxyacetamide inhibitor MBX 2359 identified the T3SS gene
pscF
, encoding the needle apparatus, as the only locus of mutations common to all four strains. Transfer of the wild-type and mutated alleles of
pscF
, together with its chaperone and cochaperone genes
pscE
and
pscG
, to a Δ
pscF P. aeruginosa
strain demonstrated that each of the single-codon mutations in
pscF
is necessary and sufficient to provide secretion and translocation that is resistant to a variety of phenoxyacetamide inhibitor analogs but not to T3SS inhibitors with different chemical scaffolds. These results implicate the PscF needle protein as an apparent new molecular target for T3SS inhibitor discovery and suggest that three other chemically distinct T3SS inhibitors interact with one or more different targets or a different region of PscF.