bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mapping chromatic pathways in the Drosophila visual system
Authors: Lin Tzu‐Yang , Luo Jiangnan , Shinomiya Kazunori , Ting Chun‐Yuan , Lu Zhiyuan , Meinertzhagen Ian A. , Lee Chi‐Hon 
Published: July 2015

ABSTRACTIn Drosophila, color vision and wavelength‐selective behaviors are mediated by the compound eye's narrow‐spectrum photoreceptors R7 and R8 and their downstream medulla projection (Tm) neurons Tm5a, Tm5b, Tm5c, and Tm20 in the second optic neuropil or medulla. These chromatic Tm neurons project axons to a deeper optic neuropil, the lobula, which in insects has been implicated in processing and relaying color information to the central brain. The synaptic targets of the chromatic Tm neurons in the lobula are not known, however. Using a modified GFP reconstitution across synaptic partners (GRASP) method to probe connections between the chromatic Tm neurons and 28 known and novel types of lobula neurons, we identify anatomically the visual projection neurons LT11 and LC14 and the lobula intrinsic neurons Li3 and Li4 as synaptic targets of the chromatic Tm neurons. Single‐cell GRASP analyses reveal that Li4 receives synaptic contacts from over 90% of all four types of chromatic Tm neurons, whereas LT11 is postsynaptic to the chromatic Tm neurons, with only modest selectivity and at a lower frequency and density. To visualize synaptic contacts at the ultrastructural level, we develop and apply a “two‐tag” double‐labeling method to label LT11's dendrites and the mitochondria in Tm5c's presynaptic terminals. Serial electron microscopic reconstruction confirms that LT11 receives direct contacts from Tm5c. This method would be generally applicable to map the connections of large complex neurons in Drosophila and other animals. J. Comp. Neurol. 524:213–227, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Energy minimization in medical image analysis: Methodologies and applications
Authors: Zhao Feng , Xie Xianghua 
Published: July 2015

SummaryEnergy minimization is of particular interest in medical image analysis. In the past two decades, a variety of optimization schemes have been developed. In this paper, we present a comprehensive survey of the state‐of‐the‐art optimization approaches. These algorithms are mainly classified into two categories: continuous method and discrete method. The former includes Newton–Raphson method, gradient descent method, conjugate gradient method, proximal gradient method, coordinate descent method, and genetic algorithm‐based method, while the latter covers graph cuts method, belief propagation method, tree‐reweighted message passing method, linear programming method, maximum margin learning method, simulated annealing method, and iterated conditional modes method. We also discuss the minimal surface method, primal‐dual method, and the multi‐objective optimization method. In addition, we review several comparative studies that evaluate the performance of different minimization techniques in terms of accuracy, efficiency, or complexity. These optimization techniques are widely used in many medical applications, for example, image segmentation, registration, reconstruction, motion tracking, and compressed sensing. We thus give an overview on those applications as well. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Thiocyanato Coordination Polymers with Isomeric Coordination Networks – Synthesis, Structures, and Magnetic Properties
Authors: Werner Julia , Runčevski Tomče , Dinnebier Robert , Ebbinghaus Stefan G. , Suckert Stefan , Näther Christian 
Published: July 2015

AbstractInvited for the cover of this issue is the group of Christian Näther at the University of Kiel, Germany. The cover image shows the structures of two isomeric coordination polymers that are located somewhere on an energy hypersurface. This is represented by the desert landscape; the thermodynamically stable structure is located in the valley, whereas the metastable one is located on the mountain.
Hydrolysis of Diazonium Salts Using a Two‐Phase System (CPME and Water)
Authors: Taniguchi Toshihide , Imoto Mitsutaka , Takeda Motonori , Nakai Takeo , Mihara Masatoshi , Iwai Toshiyuki , Ito Takatoshi , Mizuno Takumi , Nomoto Akihiro , Ogawa Akiya 
Published: July 2015

ABSTRACTA new method for the hydrolysis of diazonium salts, without the formation of tar, was developed. A two‐phase system consisting of cyclopentyl methyl ether (CPME) and water is very effective for the hydrolysis of diazonium salts. Using this solvent system, the diazonium salt prepared from 3‐(4‐nitrophenoxy)aniline gave 3‐(4‐nitrophenoxy)phenol in high yield (96%) within 20 min. The synthesized phenol is an industrially important raw material in polymer syntheses. Furthermore, the use of the present two‐phase system of CPME and water successfully brought about the efficient conversions of several m‐substituted anilines into the corresponding m‐substituted phenols. This is the first example of hydrolysis of diazonium salts using the two‐phase system (CPME and water).
Enhancing Self‐Organizing Map Capabilities with Graph Clustering: An Application to Financial Markets
Authors: Resta Marina 
Published: July 2015

SummaryThis work introduces an algorithm combining self‐organizing maps (SOMs) with graph filtering procedures and discusses how to employ it for analysing financial markets. This method defines graphs resulting from SOM leader units and the calculation of the correlation among them. The technique is applied on financial datasets, with an eye to markets at different levels of (in)stability; they were analysed both on a period of 1 year and with a moving window along a time span of 10 years, comparing graph topologies. In both cases, enhancing SOMs with graphs made it possible to emphasize relations among enterprises and to check for the emergence of critical patterns. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Type‐2 diabetes: Current understanding and future perspectives
Authors: Pandey Ankita , Chawla Sheetal , Guchhait Prasenjit 
Published: July 2015

AbstractThe rapid outbreak of type‐2 diabetes is one of the largest public health problems around the globe. Particularly, the developing nations are becoming the epicenters of cardiometabolic disorders owing to the change in lifestyle and diet preference besides genetic predisposition. Diabetes has become a major independent risk factor for cardiovascular diseases in South Asian countries including India. The pathogenesis of type‐2 diabetes primarily initiates with inadequacy of pancreatic islet β‐cells to respond to chronic fuel surfeit and hence causing glycemic load, insulin resistance, and obesity. Urban Indian life is threatened with unhealthy high calorie diet and sedentary habits, and thus impairing the metabolic status of “thin‐fat Indians” and rendering them more vulnerable to metabolic disorders. Furthermore, the metabolic dysfunction may be triggered off quite early in life due to poor maternal health and impairment in intrauterine programming and, particularly in rural India. The impaired fetal development affects the health status in later stage of life by promoting obesity, insulin resistance, type‐2 diabetes, and cardiovascular complications. Therefore, the preventive and therapeutic approaches focus on a holistic strategy to improve maternal and child health, promote balanced diet and physical exercise in combination with pharmacological intervention of reducing/checking hyperglycemia, obesity, and cardiovascular complications. This review summarizes the epidemiology, mechanisms, and risk factors for diabetes and cardiovascular disorders with a focus on the Indian subcontinent. © 2015 IUBMB Life, 67(7):506–513, 2015
Bioassay Guided Isolation and Identification of a Cytotoxic Compound from Azadirachta indica Leaves
Authors: Sandanasamy Jessinta , Hamid Nour Azhari , Nizam Tajuddin Saiful , Hamid Nour Abdurahman , Abd Hamid Hazrulrizawati , Ziad Sulaiman Ahmad 
Published: July 2015

AbstractThis study aimed to investigate the structural features of the isolated flavonol glycoside, which might behave as a cytotoxic compound. The hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and aqueous fractions of an 80% methanol solution of Neem (Azadirachta indica) (Family: Meliaceae) leaves were subjected to a cytotoxicity bioassay against brine shrimp, Artemia salina. The ethyl acetate fraction exhibited the highest cytotoxic effect, supported by the lowest lethal concentration, a LC50 value of 1.35±0.40 ppm. A compound, Quercetin 3‐O‐β‐D‐glucopyranoside, was isolated from the most toxic fraction of the ethyl acetate via preparative liquid chromatography and then identified via ultraviolet‐visible (UV‐Vis), infrared (IR), mass spectrum (MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analyses. The compound was further confirmed by physical state, color, solubility, and melting point determination. The cytotoxic results suggest that the leaf ethyl acetate fraction consists of toxic compounds, which point towards the isolation of Quercetin 3‐O‐β‐D‐glucopyranoside.
Immune Checkpoint inhibitors: An introduction to the next‐generation cancer immunotherapy
Authors: Lee Lucy , Gupta Manish , Sahasranaman Srikumar 
Published: July 2015

AbstractActivating the immune system to eliminate cancer cells and produce clinically relevant responses has been a long‐standing goal of cancer research. Most promising therapeutic approaches to activating antitumor immunity include immune checkpoint inhibitors. Immune checkpoints are numerous inhibitory pathways hardwired in the immune system. They are critical for maintaining self‐tolerance and modulating the duration and amplitude of physiological immune responses in peripheral tissues to minimize collateral tissue damage. Tumors regulate certain immune checkpoint pathways as a major mechanism of immune resistance. Because immune checkpoints are initiated by ligand‐receptor interactions, blockade by antibodies provides a rational therapeutic approach. Although targeted therapies are clinically successful, they are often short‐lived due to rapid development of resistance. Immunotherapies offer one notable advantage. Enhancing the cell‐mediated immune response against tumor cells leads to generation of a long‐term memory lymphocyte population patrolling the body to attack growth of any new tumor cells, thereby sustaining the therapeutic effects. Furthermore, early clinical results suggest that combination immunotherapies offer even more potent antitumor activity. This review is intended to provide an introduction to immune checkpoint inhibitors and discusses the scientific overview of cancer immunotherapy, mechanisms of the inhibitors, clinical pharmacology considerations, advances in combination therapies, and challenges in drug development.
The Rise of a Middle Class in East and Southern Africa: Implications for Food System Transformation
Authors: Tschirley David , Reardon Thomas , Dolislager Michael , Snyder Jason 
Published: July 2015

AbstractWe show five points regarding the middle class in developing East and Southern Africa: (1) 55 per cent of the region's middle class—37 per cent of the ‘non‐vulnerable’ middle class—is rural; (2) 61–83 per cent of the middle class's food is purchased; (3) processed food occupies 70–80 per cent of the class's food expenditure, with similar shares in urban and rural areas; (4) perishable products account for 44–55 per cent of the class's expenditure. Policy attention to processing and to food products ‘beyond‐grains’ thus needs to be ‘mainstreamed’; and (5) the import share of food expenditure does not rise with income in urban areas. © 2015 The Authors. Journal of International Development published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Antimicrobial copper alloy surfaces are effective against vegetative but not sporulated cells of gram‐positive Bacillus subtilis
Authors: San Kaungmyat , Long Janet , Michels Corinne A. , Gadura Nidhi 
Published: July 2015

AbstractThis study explores the role of membrane phospholipid peroxidation in the copper alloy mediated contact killing of Bacillus subtilis, a spore‐forming gram‐positive bacterial species. We found that B. subtilis endospores exhibited significant resistance to copper alloy surface killing but vegetative cells were highly sensitive to copper surface exposure. Cell death and lipid peroxidation occurred in B. subtilis upon copper alloy surface exposure. In a sporulation‐defective strain carrying a deletion of almost the entire SpoIIA operon, lipid peroxidation directly correlated with cell death. Moreover, killing and lipid peroxidation initiated immediately and at a constant rate upon exposure to the copper surface without the delay observed previously in E. coli. These findings support the hypothesis that membrane lipid peroxidation is the initiating event causing copper surface induced cell death of B. subtilis vegetative cells. The findings suggest that the observed differences in the kinetics of copper‐induced killing compared to E. coli result from differences in cell envelop structure. As demonstrated in E. coli, DNA degradation was shown to be a secondary effect of copper exposure in a B. subtilis sporulation‐defective strain.
Loss of EEGNetwork Efficiency Is Related to Cognitive Impairment in Dementia With Lewy Bodies
Authors: van Dellen Edwin , de Waal Hanneke , van der Flier Wiesje M. , Lemstra Afina W. , Slooter Arjen J.C. , Smits Lieke L. , van Straaten Elisabeth C.W. , Stam Cornelis J. , Scheltens Philip 
Published: July 2015

ABSTRACTObjectiveThe aim of this study was to test whether disturbed EEG resting‐state functional connectivity and network organization are a potential neurophysiological substrate of cognitive impairment in dementia with Lewy bodies.MethodsEEG recordings were obtained in dementia with Lewy bodies patients, Alzheimer's disease patients and controls, matched for age and sex (N = 66 for each group; 14 [21%] female; mean age: 70 years). We analyzed functional connectivity of band‐filtered EEG time series using the phase lag index. Functional brain network topology was analyzed with the minimum spanning tree. Mini–Mental State Examination, Trail Making Test A, and Visual Association Test were used as cognitive measures.ResultsDementia with Lewy bodies patients showed lower connectivity strength in the alpha frequency band, compared to both controls and Alzheimer's disease patients (P < 0.001). Functional network topology in dementia with Lewy bodies patients was less efficient and contained less hubs (P < 0.01). Network characteristics in Alzheimer's disease patients were in between (but did not differ from) those of the other two groups. In dementia with Lewy bodies patients, lower alpha band phase lag index correlated with Visual Association Test scores and Trail Making Test scores (ρ = 0.33 and ρ = 0.31, respectively), whereas leaf fraction (a measure of ‘network efficiency’) correlated with Visual Association Test scores (ρ = 0.29) and Mini–Mental State Examination scores (ρ = 0.27).ConclusionFunctional networks of dementia with Lewy bodies patients are characterized by decreased connectivity strength and a loss of network efficiency and hubs. Severity of these disturbances is related to cognitive impairment, suggesting that network disturbances mediate between neuropathology and the clinical syndrome in dementia with Lewy bodies. © 2015 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
Quantitative Regression Models for the Prediction of Chemical Properties by an Efficient Workflow
Authors: Yin Yongmin , Xu Congying , Gu Shikai , Li Weihua , Liu Guixia , Tang Yun 
Published: July 2015

AbstractRapid safety assessment is more and more needed for the increasing chemicals both in chemical industries and regulators around the world. The traditional experimental methods couldn’t meet the current demand any more. With the development of the information technology and the growth of experimental data, in silico modeling has become a practical and rapid alternative for the assessment of chemical properties, especially for the toxicity prediction of organic chemicals. In this study, a quantitative regression workflow was built by KNIME to predict chemical properties. With this regression workflow, quantitative values of chemical properties can be obtained, which is different from the binary‐classification model or multi‐classification models that can only give qualitative results. To illustrate the usage of the workflow, two predictive models were constructed based on datasets of Tetrahymena pyriformis toxicity and Aqueous solubility. The qcv2 and qtest2 of 5‐fold cross validation and external validation for both types of models were greater than 0.7, which implies that our models are robust and reliable, and the workflow is very convenient and efficient in prediction of various chemical properties.
Obesity‐induced miR‐15b is linked causally to the development of insulin resistance through the repression of the insulin receptor in hepatocytes
Authors: Yang Won‐Mo , Jeong Hyo‐Jin , Park Se‐Whan , Lee Wan 
Published: July 2015

ScopeObesity increases intracellular lipid accumulation in key tissues or organs, which often leads to metabolic dysfunction and insulin resistance. Diets rich in saturated fatty acid (SFA) exacerbate obesity and hepatic steatosis, which accentuate the risk of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Although microRNAs (miRNAs) play a critical role in the regulation of gene expression, the implication of obesity‐induced miRNAs in metabolic disorders particularly in the development of insulin resistance is largely unknown. Here, we investigated the implication of miR‐15b, which is induced by SFA palmitate or obesity, in hepatic insulin resistance.Methods and resultsDiet‐induced obesity (DIO) in mice developed hyperglycemia and insulin resistance, accompanying with a reduction of insulin receptor (INSR) expression. Palmitate impaired insulin signaling as well as a decrease of INSR in hepatocytes. The expression of miR‐15b was upregulated by DIO or palmitate in hepatocytes. Furthermore, the overexpression of miR‐15b suppressed the protein expression of INSR through targeting INSR 3’ untranslated region directly, resulting in an impairment of the insulin signaling and glycogen synthesis in hepatocytes.ConclusionThese results unveil a novel mechanism whereby miR‐15b is linked causally to the pathogenesis of hepatic insulin resistance in SFA‐induced obesity.
Intrauterine programming of lipid metabolic alterations in the heart of the offspring of diabetic rats is prevented by maternal diets enriched in olive oil
Authors: Capobianco Evangelina , Pelesson Magalí , Careaga Valeria , Fornes Daiana , Canosa Ivana , Higa Romina , Maier Marta , Jawerbaum Alicia 
Published: July 2015

ScopeMaternal diabetes can program metabolic and cardiovascular diseases in the offspring. The aim of this work was to address whether an olive oil supplemented diet during pregnancy can prevent lipid metabolic alterations in the heart of the offspring of mild diabetic rats.Methods and resultsControl and diabetic Wistar rats were fed during pregnancy with either a standard diet or a 6% olive oil supplemented diet. The heart of adult offspring from diabetic rats showed increases in lipid concentrations (triglycerides in males and phospholipids, cholesterol, and free fatty acids in females), which were prevented with the maternal diets enriched in olive oil. Maternal olive oil supplementation increased the content of unsaturated fatty acids in the hearts of both female and male offspring from diabetic rats (possibly due to a reduction in lipoperoxidation), increased the expression of Δ6 desaturase in the heart of male offspring from diabetic rats, and increased the expression of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor α in the hearts of both female and male offspring from diabetic rats.ConclusionRelevant alterations in cardiac lipid metabolism were evident in the adult offspring of a mild diabetic rat model, and regulated by maternal diets enriched in olive oil.
Revenue management under randomly evolving economic conditions
Authors: Xia Yusen , Yang Jian , Zhou Tingting 
Published: July 2015

AbstractWe consider a dynamic pricing model in which the instantaneous rate of the demand arrival process is dependent on not only the current price charged by the concerned firm, but also the present state of the world. While reflecting the current economic condition, the state evolves in a Markovian fashion. This model represents the real‐life situation in which the sales season is relatively long compared to the fast pace at which the outside environment changes. We establish the value of being better informed on the state of the world. When reasonable monotonicity conditions are met, we show that better present economic conditions will lead to higher prices. Our computational study is partially calibrated with real data. It demonstrates that the benefit of heeding varying economic conditions is on par with the value of embracing randomness in the demand process. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics 66:73–89,2019
Adaptive modeling of damage growth using a coupled FEM/BEM approach
Authors: Mobasher Mostafa E. , Waisman Haim 
Published: July 2015

SummaryWe propose a coupled boundary element method (BEM) and a finite element method (FEM) for modelling localized damage growth in structures. BEM offers the flexibility of modelling large domains efficiently, while the non‐linear damage growth is accurately accounted by a local FEM mesh. An integral‐type nonlocal continuum damage mechanics with adapting FEM mesh is used to model multiple damage zones and follow their propagation in the structure. Strong form coupling, BEM hosted, is achieved using Lagrange multipliers. Because the non‐linearity is isolated in the FEM part of the system of equations, the system size is reduced using Schur complement approach, then the solution is obtained by a monolithic Newton method that is used to solve both domains simultaneously. The coupled BEM/FEM approach is verified by a set of convergence studies, where the reference solution is obtained by a fine FEM. In addition, the method is applied to multiple fractures growth benchmark problems and shows good agreement with the literature. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Segregated Runge–Kutta methods for the incompressible Navier–Stokes equations
Authors: Colomés Oriol , Badia Santiago 
Published: July 2015

SummaryIn this work, we propose Runge–Kutta time integration schemes for the incompressible Navier–Stokes equations with two salient properties. First, velocity and pressure computations are segregated at the time integration level, without the need to perform additional fractional step techniques that spoil high orders of accuracy. Second, the proposed methods keep the same order of accuracy for both velocities and pressures. The segregated Runge–Kutta methods are motivated as an implicit–explicit Runge–Kutta time integration of the projected Navier–Stokes system onto the discrete divergence‐free space, and its re‐statement in a velocity–pressure setting using a discrete pressure Poisson equation. We have analysed the preservation of the discrete divergence constraint for segregated Runge–Kutta methods and their relation (in their fully explicit version) with existing half‐explicit methods. We have performed a detailed numerical experimentation for a wide set of schemes (from first to third order), including implicit and IMEX integration of viscous and convective terms, for incompressible laminar and turbulent flows. Further, segregated Runge–Kutta schemes with adaptive time stepping are proposed. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.