bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PP27 Pre-Gestational Diabetes and the Risks of Fetal and Infant Death: a Population-Based Study
Authors: PWG Tennant , Glinianaia S V , Bilous R W , Rankin J , Bell R 
Published: September 2013

BackgroundPre-gestational diabetes is associated with a range of adverse pregnancy outcomes, including an increased risk of major congenital anomalies. The impact on normally-formed offspring, however, is less well defined. This study utilised data from a long-running population-based survey of women with pre-gestational diabetes to explore the risks of foetal and infant death and examine which factors modify these risks.MethodsAll normally-formed singleton pregnancies delivered at ≥20 weeks of gestation in the North of England during 1996-2008 were identified from the population-based Northern Perinatal Morbidity and Mortality Survey. Pregnancies affected by pre-gestational diabetes were identified from the Northern Diabetes in Pregnancy Survey, which also collects data on a range of clinical and sociodemographic variables. Relative risks (RRs) of foetal death (≥20 weeks gestation) and infant death were estimated by comparing the prevalence among women with and without pre-gestational diabetes. Predictors of foetal and infant death in women with pre-gestational diabetes were examined by logistic regression. Glycated haemoglobin concentrations (HbA1c) within three months peri-conception and in the third trimester (as markers of blood glucose concentration) were analysed by piecewise regression due to curvilinear associations.ResultsThere were 46 foetal deaths and 10 infant deaths among 1548 deliveries in women with pre-gestational diabetes. The prevalence of foetal death in women with diabetes was over four times greater than among those without (RR 4.54 [3.41, 6.05], p<0.0001), while the infant mortality rate was nearly two times greater, although the effect did not reach the conventional level for statistical significance (1.82 [0.98, 3.38], p=0.06). Increasing peri-conception HbA1c above 45mmol/mol (AOR 1.02 [1.01, 1.03], p=0.006), pre-pregnancy retinopathy (AOR 2.02 [1.05, 3.89], p=0.03), and lack of pre-pregnancy folate supplement use (AOR 2.44 [1.12, 5.25], p=0.03) were all independently associated with increased risks of fetal or infant death. In deliveries after 28 weeks only, increasing third-trimester HbA1c above 36mmol/mol was associated with an increased risk of fetal or infant death (AOR 1.05 [1.02, 1.08], p=0.001), with no apparent additional contribution from peri-conception HbA1c.ConclusionPre-gestational diabetes is associated with a substantially increased risk of fetal death in normally-formed offspring, the effect of which appears to be largely moderated by glycaemia control. Greater vigilance in the control of blood glucose, both before and throughout pregnancy, is needed if the risks of serious adverse pregnancy outcomes in women with pre-gestational diabetes are to be reduced towards the levels in healthy women.
PP30  Primary Care Utilisation and its Socio-Economic Determinants: findings from the Lifeways Cross-Generation Cohort Study During the Recession Period in the Republic of Ireland
Authors: Viljoen K , Murrin C , Segurado R , O’Brien J , Somerville R , Khalil H , Kelleher C C 
Published: September 2013

BackgroundWorldwide there is a well-established association between rates of primary and secondary health care utilisation and socio-economic deprivation. The collapse of the Celtic Tiger economy and recession in 2006/7 may have had a significant impact on health care utilisation.Aim:To examine patterns of primary care utilisation rates in the Irish adult population and its determinants over a 10 year period.Setting:Lifeways is a Cross-Generation Cohort Study of 1082 families recruited initially in the East and West of Ireland. Data were collected by self-administered questionnaire at baseline 2001-3, in 2007 and 2011/12, and from general practitioners in 2003. At the fourth phase of follow-up in 2011 1588 adults in 592 families responded.MethodsRespondents provided data on health care utilisation (HCU), morbidity and socio-economic status at three time points and through GP notes. Recession impact was measured by standard questions and a composite economy score calculated (1–15, higher score indicating bigger impact). Rates of HCU were defined as ‘Less frequent’ < = 2 consultations/yr and ‘More frequent’ > = 3 consultations/yr. HCU was compared according to lineage, General Medical Services (GMS) means-tested eligibility to free health care, morbidity and various socio-economic indicators across the 4 time points. We subsequently fit a linear mixed effects model where family id and personal id were modelled as random effects with random intercepts for each family and random intercepts and slopes over time for each individual.ResultsAt each time point, a strong, significant age gradient was noted, with women (mothers and grandmothers) being the more frequent users than men. Grandparents showed an average of 15% higher utilisation than parents (Chi-sq, p < 0.0001). GMS eligibility remained the strongest predictor of HCU at all time points (Chi-sq 172.468, p < 0.0001). At baseline, those with difficulty getting by had significantly higher HCU rates 53.7% vs. 46.3% (Chi-sq 10.212, p < 0.0001). In the final mixed model, economy score, time, GMS eligibility and co-morbidity were all highly significant predictors of healthcare utilisation adjusted for age, sex and region. Significantly higher odds of healthcare utilisation at 10yr follow-up were demonstrated for those who are GMS eligible (OR 6.9 [95% CI 2.5, 19.1], p<0.0001). A significant decrease in the odds of utilisation with increasing economic stress was also evident (6.9 [0.5, 0.9], p=0.02).ConclusionThis analysis suggests persistent effects of morbidity characteristics on healthcare utilisation patterns. Exacerbated by the recent recession in adults in the Republic of Ireland.
OP13 An Economic Evaluation of Salt Reduction Policies to Reduce Cardiovascular Disease in England: A Policy Modelling Study
Authors: Capewell S , Collins M , Mason H , O’Flaherty M , Guzman-Castillo M , Critchley J 
Published: September 2013

BackgroundDietary salt intake has been causally linked to high blood pressure and increased risk of cardiovascular events. Cardiovascular disease (CVD) causes approximately 35% of total UK deaths, at an estimated annual cost of £30 billion with £14.4 billion spent on treating CVD per year. WHO and NICE have both strongly recommended dietary salt reduction. However, to implement more effective policies in future, UK policy makers will need robust evidence to assess the costs and benefits of specific interventions.MethodsA validated model called IMPACT CHD, calibrated for England’s population aged 25 to 85+ years, was used to quantify and compare four population salt reduction policies. These interventions comprised: 1) Change4Life health promotion campaign, 2) front of pack traffic light labelling to display food salt content, 3) Food Standards Agency continuing to work with the food industry to reduce salt on a voluntary basis or 4) Mandatory reformulation (legislation) to reduce salt in processed foods. The effectiveness of these policies in reducing salt intake, and hence blood pressure, was determined by systematic literature review. The IMPACT CHD model was used to calculate the reduction in mortality associated with each policy, quantified as life years gained over 10 years. The cost of each policy used published evidence from the Department of Health and Food Standards Agency. Health care costs for specific CHD patient groups were estimated and compared against a “do nothing” baseline. A ten-year time horizon was taken from 2007 (the model baseline year) to 2017. Policy and health care costs were discounted at 3.5%. Probabilistic sensitivity analysis was used to quantify uncertainty.ResultsAll policies resulted in a life year gain over the baseline. Change4life and labelling each resulted in a gain of approximately 1960 life years, voluntary reformulation a gain of some 14,560 life years and mandatory reformulation approximately 19,320 life years. The costs of each policy appeared cost saving against the baseline. Mandatory reformulation apparently offered the largest cost saving, over £660 million compared to baseline.ConclusionAll population health interventions to reduce dietary salt intake on an English population appear cost saving and could substantially reduce health care expenditure on cardiovascular disease. Mandatory reformulation of processed foods might achieve the highest reduction in dietary salt intake and therefore the largest savings.
PP35 How are Health Inequalities Affected by Control in the Living Environment? A Critical Review of Theory
Authors: Orton L C , Pennington A J , Nayak S , Petticrew M , White M , Sowden A , Whitehead M 
Published: September 2013

BackgroundRecent public health strategies aim to increase the control, or power, that individuals, communities and populations have over decisions that affect their daily lives. While systematic reviews have revealed the health impact of measures to improve control in the work environment, evidence from the ‘living environment’ has not been synthesised. We conducted a critical review of proposed theories and causal pathways linking control in the living environment and socio-economic inequalities in health.MethodsWe identified theoretical discourses (published in books, academic papers, reports and policy documents) across a range of diverse fields, including: public health, social determinants of health and health inequalities; sociology/political science; and international development. Initially, seminal works were identified by experts. We then employed a ‘pearl-growing’ approach: hand-searching reference lists and asking key informants to identify additional publications. Theoretical elements were extracted and analytical frameworks developed to elucidate the pathways identified.ResultsOn reviewing a substantial body of literature, we found the relationship between control in the living environment and health inequalities had been conceptualised at three levels:Personal level Low perceived control impacts on health via fatalism and hostility reactions, which are engendered by social position and the cumulative effects of chronic stress across the lifecourse.Micro/Meso level The immediate external environment, determined by social position, dictates opportunities for individuals and communities to exercise autonomy and control over their living conditions. This effect occurs at the individual, household and community levels, and is important for health via control beliefs (as above), people’s abilities to improve their living conditions and avoid disease risks, and through community trust and reciprocity.Macro level Socio-political structures and processes operate at the level of whole societies, stratifying access to resources and opportunities, or power, that people have to achieve good health. This can result in better health outcomes for low-income populations with greater gender equity; and negative outcomes for whole societies in which people lose the opportunity for control over their lives.ConclusionTheories proposed on how control in the living environment could lead to the generation of socio-economic inequalities in mental and physical health reveal a range of processes at individual, micro/meso and macro levels. The findings of this critical review are being used to inform a theory-led systematic review of empirical evidence examining the links between control and health. This will allow us to refine the conceptual pathways, and identify potential intervention points and promising interventions.
Gene Expression Profiling using Nanostring Digital RNA Counting to Identify Potential Target Antigens for Melanoma Immunotherapy
Authors: Beard Rachel E. , Abate-Daga Daniel , Rosati Shannon F. , Zheng Zhili , Wunderlich John R. , Rosenberg Steven A. , Morgan Richard A. 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
Purpose: The success of immunotherapy for the treatment of metastatic cancer is contingent on the identification of appropriate target antigens. Potential targets must be expressed on tumors but show restricted expression on normal tissues. To maximize patient eligibility, ideal target antigens should be expressed on a high percentage of tumors within a histology and, potentially, in multiple different malignancies.
Design: A Nanostring probeset was designed containing 97 genes, 72 of which are considered potential candidate genes for immunotherapy. Five established melanoma cell lines, 59 resected metastatic melanoma tumors, and 31 normal tissue samples were profiled and analyzed using Nanostring technology.
Results: Of the 72 potential target genes, 33 were overexpressed in more than 20% of studied melanoma tumor samples. Twenty of those genes were identified as differentially expressed between normal tissues and tumor samples by ANOVA analysis. Analysis of normal tissue gene expression identified seven genes with limited normal tissue expression that warrant further consideration as potential immunotherapy target antigens: CSAG2, MAGEA3, MAGEC2, IL13RA2, PRAME, CSPG4, and SOX10. These genes were highly overexpressed on a large percentage of the studied tumor samples, with expression in a limited number of normal tissue samples at much lower levels.
Conclusion: The application of Nanostring RNA counting technology was used to directly quantitate the gene expression levels of multiple potential tumor antigens. Analysis of cell lines, 59 tumors, and normal tissues identified seven potential immunotherapy targets for the treatment of melanoma that could increase the number of patients potentially eligible for adoptive immunotherapy. Clin Cancer Res; 19(18); 4941–50. ©2013 AACR.
William Holman Hunt’s Holy War in the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem
Authors: Davenport Nancy 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
This essay is concerned to interpret the background, meaning, and reception of a late painting by the British Pre-Raphaelite painter William Holman Hunt entitled The Miracle of the Sacred Fire in the Church of the Holy Sepulchre (1899). The painting illustrates and critiques an annual Easter Saturday miracle reported to have been experienced by believers and nonbelievers since the third century CE. During this miracle, fire descends from the oculus of the dome in the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem onto the site believed to be the tomb of Christ, and impassioned pilgrims by the hundreds seek to light their candles with its flame. The painting, not well received when first exhibited at the New Gallery in London, remained in Hunt’s studio until his death in 1910. The history of the church in Jerusalem, the conflicts between the different Christian sects who guarded it, the attitude of one Victorian ecumenical Protestant traveler to Jerusalem toward these conflicts, and their resolution in his painting are the subjects used to explore this strangely overwrought and little known image.
“This Earth Was Once a Garden Place”: Millennial Utopianism in Nineteenth-Century Mormon Poetry
Authors: Hales Scott 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
In preparation for Christ’s Second Coming, nineteenth-century Mormons worked tirelessly to build Zion, a holy city where they could weather the latter-days and plan for the Millennium. Among those who contributed their talents to Zion were poets who set their millennial longing in verse. Their body of work shows how early Mormons drew upon the Bible, new Mormon doctrines, and existing poetic forms to create a literary complement to the developing Mormon eschatology. It also shows how the Mormon concept of Zion evolved over time as historical circumstances necessitated doctrinal adaptations that affected the way Mormons envisioned their earthly haven.
Monitoring changes in sandy beaches in temperate areas through sandhoppers’ adaptations
Authors: Scapini Felicita , Fanini Lucia , Gambineri Simone , Nourisson Delphine , Rossano Claudia 
Published: September 2013

Sandhoppers (Amphipoda, Talitridae) are keystone species of sandy beach ecosystems in temperate areas. Several traits have been studied and proposed as bioindicators of impacts on sandy beaches, at individual (physiology and behaviour), population (life cycle, abundance, population dynamics and structure, morphometry and fluctuating asymmetry) and species (genetic structure and variation) levels. Sandy beaches, where these species spend their whole life cycle, are dynamic environments, subject to periodic changes (night-day, tides and seasons), as well as to impacts that may cause erosion or accretion of the littoral zone. The first response of an animal to potentially injuring factors is shown by its avoidance behaviour regarding the potential stress. This behaviour may be a rapid escape reaction, shown by single individuals, the whole or part of the population. Activity rhythms, changes in zonation, burrowing, escape reactions, orientation towards the optimal zone on the beach, are all adaptations to environmental changes, increasing the survival chances of the individuals and populations that express such behaviours. In this paper we present case studies of the talitrid species’ behavioural adaptations related to natural and human impacts on sandy beaches in the Mediterranean: (1) erosion/accretion dynamics of a Tyrrhenian beach in central Italy (Maremma Regional Park), and (2) increasing urbanisation on a beach in north-western Morocco (Oued Laou river mouth). The best behavioural adaptation was shown by the populations from more stable coastlines. For the survival value of rapid and possibly anticipatory responses to stressful factors, behavioural variation may be proposed as an early-warning indicator of environmental changes. The adaptation at higher levels (population and species) may reflect, on the one hand, the evolvability of the species and, on the other hand, the changeability of the environment. Adaptations at population level may be used as bioindicators of past changes over generations and evolutionary times.
Amphipod assemblages before and after beach nourishment in the central Adriatic Sea (Italy)
Authors: Lattanzi L. , Targusi M. , Nicoletti L. 
Published: September 2013

This study analyses the amphipod assemblages found in seven sites situated along the coasts of the Marche Region (central Adriatic Sea, Italy), before and after beach nourishment activities. The aim of this paper was to evaluate the changes in the structure and species composition of amphipod assemblages after nourishment. Amphipod samples were collected at each site at 2 m and 5 m depths during two different periods: May-June 2008 (before) and June-July 2010 (after). Granulometric analyses were also carried out at the same depths. Nourishment was performed in two periods: May-November 2009 (in all sites except Civitanova Marche) and February 2010 (only in Civitanova Marche). The amphipod assemblages collected before and after beach nourishment at the two depths differed in terms of species composition and abundance, while no significant differences were observed between the control stations and the impacted stations (affected by beach nourishment). The differences observed can probably be ascribed to the changes in the abiotic and biotic factors caused by the nourishment activities in the seven sites.
Effect of hydrogen peroxide on behavioural reactions and survival of various Lake Baikal amphipods and Holarctic Gammarus lacustris G. O. Sars, 1863
Authors: Fedoseeva E. V. , Stom D. I. 
Published: September 2013

The physico-chemical characteristics of the Lake Baikal ecosystem classify it as an oxidative environment. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is often used for the simulation of the responses of hydrobionts to oxidative stress conditions. Here we studied the survival rate and behavioural reactions of several species of amphipods from Lake Baikal and, for reference, Holarctic Gammarus lacustris in the presence of H2O2. Preference and avoidance reactions to H2O2 were estimated in special flow installations with pairwise choices. The amphipods were ranked by their degree of preference to H2O2 (in descending order) as: Eulimnogammarus vittatus = E. verrucosus > Pallasea cancellus > Gmelinoides fasciatus ≥ G. lacustris. The deep-dwelling Ommatogammarus flavus showed neither preference, nor avoidance reactions to the introduction of H2O2. A direct correlation was revealed between the survival rate of amphipods in H2O2 solutions and their body size. The smaller their body size, the less resistance was demonstrated by the species: E. verrucosus > E. vittatus = G. lacustris > E. cyaneus ≥ G. fasciatus. The results of both series of experiments gave evidence that under conditions in which an active choice was possible, G. lacustris demonstrated a higher sensitivity to H2O2, than the Baikalian species we studied. Possible relations between the reactions discovered for the Baikalian amphipods, their living environment, and their possible expansion beyond Lake Baikal are discussed.
Trends in Precipitation, Runoff, and Evapotranspiration for Rivers Draining to the Gulf of Maine in the United States*
Authors: Huntington T. G. , Billmire M. 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
Climate warming is projected to result in increases in total annual precipitation in northeastern North America. The response of runoff to increases in precipitation is likely to be more complex because increasing evapotranspiration (ET) could counteract increasing precipitation. This study was conducted to examine these competing trends in the historical record for 22 rivers having &gt;70 yr of runoff data. Annual (water year) average precipitation increased in all basins, with increases ranging from 0.9 to 3.12 mm yr−1. Runoff increased in all basins with increases ranging from 0.67 to 2.58 mm yr−1. The ET was calculated by using a water balance approach in which changes in terrestrial water storage were considered negligible. ET increased in 16 basins and decreased in 6 basins. Temporal trends in temperature, precipitation, runoff, and ET were also calculated for each basin over their respective periods of record for runoff and for the consistent period (1927–2011) for the area-weighted average of the nine largest non-nested basins. From 1927 through 2011, precipitation and runoff increased at average rates of 1.6 and 1.7 mm yr−1, respectively, and ET increased slightly at a rate of 0.18 mm yr−1. For the more recent period (1970–2011), there was a positive trend in ET of 1.9 mm yr−1. The lack of a more consistent increase in ET, compared with the increases in precipitation and runoff, for the full periods of record, was unexpected, but may be explained by various factors including decreasing wind speed, increasing cloudiness, decreasing vapor pressure deficit, and patterns of forest growth.