bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Emergence delirium in children: a comparison of sevoflurane and desflurane anesthesia using the Paediatric Anesthesia Emergence Delirium scale
Authors: Locatelli Bruno G. , Ingelmo Pablo M. , Emre Sahillioğlu , Meroni Veronica , Minardi Carmelo , Frawley Geoff , Benigni Alberto , Di Marco Salvatore , Spotti Angelica , Busi Ilaria , Sonzogni Valter 
Published: October 2012

SummaryObjectives/AimThis randomized control trial was designed to evaluate the incidence of emergence delirium (ED) in preschool children receiving sevoflurane or desflurane anesthesia combined with an effective caudal block.BackgroundWhile ED has been described in children receiving sevoflurane or desflurane anesthesia, a direct comparison between the two agents using a validated ED assessment tool has not been reported previously.Methods/MaterialsTwo hundred and sixty preschool children scheduled for elective sub‐umbilical surgery were randomized to receive sevoflurane or desflurane anesthesia combined with a caudal block. ED was defined as a Paediatric Anesthesia Emergence Delirium scale (PAED) ≥10 points. A delirium‐specific score (ED I) was calculated from the first three items of the PAED score (eye contact, purposeful actions, awareness of the surroundings) and a nonspecific score (ED II) from the last two items on the PAED score (restlessness and inconsolability) to test the hypothesis that some items of the PAED scale may better reflect clinical ED than others.ResultsThirty‐one (25%) children in each group demonstrated ED after awakening with ED being of shorter duration in the desflurane group than the sevoflurane group. An ED I score of nine points had a sensitivity of 0.93 and a specificity of 0.94 for ED. An ED II score of five points had a sensitivity of 0.34 and specificity of 0.95 for ED.ConclusionSevoflurane and desflurane anesthesia were associated with similar incidences of ED in children undergoing sub‐umbilical surgery and receiving effective regional anesthesia. High scores on the first three items of the PAED scale were highly correlated with ED. The items restlessness and inconsolability had lower sensitivity for the diagnosis of ED.
Metabolic engineering of sugars and simple sugar derivatives in plants
Authors: W. Patrick John , C. Botha Frikkie , G. Birch Robert 
Published: October 2012

SummaryCarbon captured through photosynthesis is transported, and sometimes stored in plants, as sugar. All organic compounds in plants trace to carbon from sugars, so sugar metabolism is highly regulated and integrated with development. Sugars stored by plants are important to humans as foods and as renewable feedstocks for industrial conversion to biofuels and biomaterials. For some purposes, sugars have advantages over polymers including starches, cellulose or storage lipids. This review considers progress and prospects in plant metabolic engineering for increased yield of endogenous sugars and for direct production of higher‐value sugars and simple sugar derivatives. Opportunities are examined for enhancing export of sugars from leaves. Focus then turns to manipulation of sugar metabolism in sugar‐storing sink organs such as fruits, sugarcane culms and sugarbeet tubers. Results from manipulation of suspected ‘limiting’ enzymes indicate a need for clearer understanding of flux control mechanisms, to achieve enhanced levels of endogenous sugars in crops that are highly selected for this trait. Outcomes from in planta conversion to novel sugars and derivatives range from severe interference with plant development to field demonstration of crops accumulating higher‐value sugars at high yields. The differences depend on underlying biological factors including the effects of the novel products on endogenous metabolism, and on biotechnological fine‐tuning including developmental expression and compartmentation patterns. Ultimately, osmotic activity may limit the accumulation of sugars to yields below those achievable using polymers; but results indicate the potential for increases above current commercial sugar yields, through metabolic engineering underpinned by improved understanding of plant sugar metabolism.
Enhanced rates of herbicide metabolism in low herbicide‐dose selected resistant Lolium rigidum
Authors: YU Q. , HAN H. , CAWTHRAY G. R. , WANG S. F. , POWLES S. B. 
Published: October 2012

ABSTRACTLolium rigidum is an obligately cross‐pollinated, genetically diverse species and an economically important herbicide resistance‐prone weed. Our previous work has demonstrated that recurrent selection of initially susceptible L. rigidum populations with low herbicide rates results in rapid herbicide resistance evolution. Here we report on the mechanisms endowing low‐dose‐selected diclofop‐methyl resistance in L. rigidum. Results showed that resistance was not due to target‐site ACCase mutations or overproduction, or differential herbicide leaf uptake and translocation. The in vivo de‐esterification of diclofop‐methyl into phytotoxic diclofop acid was rapid and similar in resistant versus susceptible populations. However, further metabolism of diclofop acid into non‐toxic metabolites was always faster in resistant plants than susceptible plants, resulting in up to 2.6‐fold lower level of diclofop acid in resistant plants. This corresponded well with up to twofold higher level of diclofop acid metabolites in resistant plants. The major polar metabolites of diclofop acid chromatographically resembled those of wheat, a naturally tolerant species. Clearly, recurrent selection at reduced herbicide rates selected for non‐target‐site‐based enhanced rates of herbicide metabolism, likely involving cytochrome P450 monooxygenases.
Light acclimation, retrograde signalling, cell death and immune defences in plants
Authors: KARPIŃSKI STANISŁAW , SZECHYŃSKA‐HEBDA MAGDALENA , WITUSZYŃSKA WERONIKA , BURDIAK PAWEŁ 
Published: October 2012

ABSTRACTThis review confronts the classical view of plant immune defence and light acclimation with recently published data. Earlier findings have linked plant immune defences to nucleotide‐binding site leucine‐rich repeat (NBS‐LRR)‐dependent recognition of pathogen effectors and to the role of plasma membrane‐localized NADPH‐dependent oxidoreductase (AtRbohD), reactive oxygen species (ROS) and salicylic acid (SA). However, recent results suggest that plant immune defence also depends on the absorption of excessive light energy and photorespiration. Rapid changes in light intensity and quality often cause the absorption of energy, which is in excess of that required for photosynthesis. Such excessive light energy is considered to be a factor triggering photoinhibition and disturbance in ROS/hormonal homeostasis, which leads to cell death in foliar tissues. We highlight here the tight crosstalk between ROS‐ and SA‐dependent pathways leading to light acclimation, and defence responses leading to pathogen resistance. We also show that LESION SIMULATING DISEASE 1 (LSD1) regulates and integrates these processes. Moreover, we discuss the role of plastid–nucleus signal transduction, photorespiration, photoelectrochemical signalling and ‘light memory’ in the regulation of acclimation and immune defence responses. All of these results suggest that plants have evolved a genetic system that simultaneously regulates systemic acquired resistance (SAR), cell death and systemic acquired acclimation (SAA).
A putative role for TIP and PIP aquaporins in dynamics of leaf hydraulic and stomatal conductances in grapevine under water stress and re‐watering
Authors: POU ALICIA , MEDRANO HIPOLITO , FLEXAS JAUME , TYERMAN STEPHEN D. 
Published: October 2012

ABSTRACTWe examined the role of aquaporins (AQPs) in regulating leaf hydraulic conductance (Kleaf) in Vitis vinifera L. (cv Chardonnay) by studying effects of AQP inhibitors, and AQP gene expression during water stress (WS) and recovery (REC). Kleaf was measured after 3 h of petiole perfusion with different solutions and to introduce inhibitors. The addition of 0.1 mm HgCl2 to 15 mm KCl reduced Kleaf compared with perfusion in 15 mM KNO3 or KCl, and these solutions were used for leaves from control, WS and REC plants. Perfusion for 3 h did not significantly alter stomatal conductance (gs) though expression of VvTIP1;1 was increased. WS decreased Kleaf by about 30% and was correlated with gs. The expression of VvTIP2;1 and VvPIP2;1 correlated with Kleaf, and VvTIP2;1 was highly correlated with gs. There was no association between the expression of particular AQPs during WS and REC and inhibition of Kleaf by HgCl2; however, HgCl2 treatment itself increased expression of VvPIP2;3 and decreased expression of VvPIP2;1. Inhibition by HgCl2 of Kleaf only at early stages of WS and then after REC suggested that apoplasmic pathways become more important during WS. This was confirmed using fluorescent dyes confined to apoplasm or preferentially accumulated in symplasm.
Maternal Exposure to High Temperatures Disrupts OCT4 mRNA Expression of Rabbit Pre‐Implantation Embryos and Endometrial Tissue
Authors: Marco‐Jiménez F , Naturil‐Alfonso C , Peñaranda DS , Jiménez‐Trigos E , García‐Diego FJ , Vicente JS 
Published: October 2012

ContentsWe examined the effect of prolonged high heat stress on reproductive performance and its relationship with gene expression in pre‐implantation embryos and endometrial tissue. In experiment 1, primiparous rabbit does were divided into two environments: control does (maintained between 14 and 22°C) and heat‐treated does housed in a climatic chamber (maintained between 25 and 35°C). Females were reproducing, and the litter size and live born kits were assessed at 2nd and 3rd partum. In heat‐treated does, lower litter size (9.7 ± 0.48 and 11.4 ± 0.50) and fewer live born kits (7.2 ± 0.55 and 10.2 ± 0.57) were observed, although similar ovulation rates and numbers of pre‐implantation embryos were noted. In experiment 2, after 3rd partum multiparous non‐lactating does from each experimental group were used to obtain pre‐implantation embryos and endometrial tissue. mRNA transcripts from OCT‐4, VEGF, erbB3, Ifn‐ɣ, HSP70 and HSP90 were analysed by real‐time qPCR. Higher values of OCT‐4 expression were observed in embryos and endometrial tissue in females reproduced under heat conditions. Moreover, elevated temperatures have been shown to up‐regulate VEGF in embryos and down‐regulate Ifn‐ɣ in endometrial tissue. The findings suggest a deleterious temperature effect on litter size and live born kits as a consequence of variation in gene expression pattern of the pre‐implantational embryo and the endometrium associated with proliferation and differentiation and probably with implantation and uterine and foetal development during gestation.
Exploratory study of the typology of various grades of mature skin
Authors: Sainthillier Jean‐Marie , Mac‐Mary Sophie , Monnier Delphine , Mermet Perrine , Tarrit Cécile , Mudry Carine , Humbert Philippe 
Published: October 2012

BackgroundPost‐menopausal skin aging has intrinsic as well as extrinsic origins, and this process induces important disparities of appearance and feeling within an age range.ObjectiveThe objective of this study was to identify 3 grades of maturity of the facial skin of menopausal women.Material and MethodOne hundred and fifty women aged between 50 and 80 (63 ± 7 years) were enrolled. The investigations combined clinical scoring, biometrological measurements (corneometry, cutometry, digital photography, and 3D analysis by fringe projection), and questionnaires. Images elaborated from photographs and 3D views were scored by 2 investigators to classify the subjects according to 3 grades of skin maturity.ResultsSTEPDISC statistical analysis revealed that the most relevant variables to differentiate the maturity grades were elastosis, wrinkles on the cheeks, wrinkles on the upper lip, roughness, spots, and elasticity.ConclusionThe age does not reveal the degree of maturity of mature skin. Three grades of skin maturity in menopausal women, based on clinical and physiological patterns, have been differentiated in this study. Cosmetic treatments specifically adapted to the needs of menopausal women can therefore be developed.
Myosin VI has a One Track Mind Versus Myosin Va When Moving on Actin Bundles or at an Intersection
Authors: Ali M. Yusuf , Previs Samantha B. , Trybus Kathleen M. , Sweeney H. Lee , Warshaw David M. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractMyosin VI (myoVI) and myosin Va (myoVa) serve roles both as intracellular cargo transporters and tethers/anchors. In both capacities, these motors bind to and processively travel along the actin cytoskeleton, a network of intersecting actin filaments and bundles that present directional challenges to these motors. Are myoVI and myoVa inherently different in their abilities to interact and maneuver through the complexities of the actin cytoskeleton? Thus, we created an in vitro model system of intersecting actin filaments and individual unipolar (fascin‐actin) or mixed polarity (α‐actinin‐actin) bundles. The stepping dynamics of individual Qdot‐labeled myoVI and myoVa motors were determined on these actin tracks. Interestingly, myoVI prefers to stay on the actin filament it is traveling on, while myoVa switches filaments with higher probability at an intersection or between filaments in a bundle. The structural basis for this maneuverability difference was assessed by expressing a myoVI chimera in which the single myoVI IQ was replaced with the longer, six IQ myoVa lever. The mutant behaved more like myoVI at actin intersections and on bundles, suggesting that a structural element other than the lever arm dictates myoVI's preference to stay on track, which may be critical to its role as an intracellular anchor.
Efficient implementation of the Hardy–Ramanujan–Rademacher formula
Authors: Johansson Fredrik 
Published: October 2012

AbstractWe describe how the Hardy–Ramanujan–Rademacher formula can be implemented to allow the partition function p(n) to be computed with softly optimal complexity O(n1/2+o(1)) and very little overhead. A new implementation based on these techniques achieves speedups in excess of a factor 500 over previously published software and has been used by the author to calculate p(1019), an exponent twice as large as in previously reported computations. We also investigate performance for multi-evaluation of p(n), where our implementation of the Hardy–Ramanujan–Rademacher formula becomes superior to power series methods on far denser sets of indices than previous implementations. As an application, we determine over 22 billion new congruences for the partition function, extending Weaver’s tabulation of 76 065 congruences. Supplementary materials are available with this article.
Constriction of isolated collecting lymphatic vessels in response to acute increases in downstream pressure
Authors: Scallan Joshua P. , Wolpers John H. , Davis Michael J. 
Published: October 2012

Key points
Arterioles undergo a myogenic constriction, defined as a decrease in diameter in response to an increase in pressure, which serves to protect the downstream capillaries from changes in pressure and flow.
A lymphatic constriction was recently identified but it remained unknown whether it reflected a true myogenic constriction.
By selectively raising downstream pressure in isolated lymphatic vessels containing a single valve, we discovered that the upstream segment constricted, even when protected from increases in pressure by the closed valve. The constriction consisted of a myogenic component and a frequency component, which were blocked pharmacologically.
The lymphatic constriction facilitated proper closure of the intraluminal valves in the face of a hydrostatic gradient, preventing lymph backflow.
This work adds to our understanding of the lymphatic myogenic constriction by showing that it maintains a functioning valve system in lymphatic vessels and that it is mechanistically similar to the arteriolar myogenic constriction.
Abstract  Collecting lymphatic vessels generate pressure to transport lymph downstream to the subclavian vein against a significant pressure head. To investigate their response to elevated downstream pressure, collecting lymphatic vessels containing one valve (incomplete lymphangion) or two valves (complete lymphangion) were isolated from the rat mesentery and tied to glass cannulae capable of independent pressure control. Downstream pressure was selectively raised to various levels, either stepwise or ramp‐wise, while keeping upstream pressure constant. Diameter and valve positions were tracked under video microscopy, while intralymphangion pressure was measured concurrently with a servo‐null micropipette. Surprisingly, a potent lymphatic constriction occurred in response to the downstream pressure gradient due to (1) a pressure‐dependent myogenic constriction and (2) a frequency‐dependent decrease in diastolic diameter. The myogenic index of the lymphatic constriction (−3.3 ± 0.6, in mmHg) was greater than that of arterioles or collecting lymphatic vessels exposed to uniform increases in pressure (i.e. upstream and downstream pressures raised together). Additionally, the constriction was transmitted to the upstream lymphatic vessel segment even though it was protected from changes in pressure by a closed intraluminal valve; the conducted constriction was blocked by loading only the pressurized half of the vessel with either ML‐7 (0.5 mm) to block contraction, or cromakalim (3 μm) to hyperpolarize the downstream muscle layer. Finally, we provide evidence that the lymphatic constriction is important to maintain normal intraluminal valve closure during each contraction cycle in the face of an adverse pressure gradient, which probably protects the lymphatic capillaries from lymph backflow.
T‐type amino acid transporter TAT1 (Slc16a10) is essential for extracellular aromatic amino acid homeostasis control
Authors: Mariotta Luca , Ramadan Tamara , Singer Dustin , Guetg Adriano , Herzog Brigitte , Stoeger Claudia , Palacín Manuel , Lahoutte Tony , Camargo Simone M. R. , Verrey François 
Published: October 2012

Key points
The amino acid (AA) transporter TAT1 (Slc16A10) mediates facilitated diffusion of aromatic AAs (AAAs) across membranes.
TAT1 null mice lack liver control of AAAs and display altered epithelial AA transport.
The data support the hypothesis that equilibrative transport of essential AAs by TAT1 is crucial for body AA homeostasis control.
Abstract  The uniporter TAT1 (Slc16a10) mediates the facilitated diffusion of aromatic amino acids (AAAs) across basolateral membranes of kidney, small intestine and liver epithelial cells, and across the plasma membrane of non‐epithelial cells like skeletal myocytes. Its role for body AA homeostasis has now been investigated using newly generated TAT1 (Slc16a10) defective mice (tat1−/−). These mice grow and reproduce normally, show no gross phenotype and no obvious neurological defect. Histological analysis did not reveal abnormalities and there is no compensatory change in any tested AA transporter mRNA. TAT1 null mice, however, display increased plasma, muscle and kidney AAA concentration under both normal and high protein diet, although this concentration remains normal in the liver. A major aromatic aminoaciduria and a smaller urinary loss of all substrates additionally transported by l‐type AA antiporter Lat2–4F2hc (Slc7a8) were revealed under a high protein diet. This suggests an epithelial transport defect as also shown by the accumulation of intravenously injected 123I‐2‐I‐l‐Phe in kidney and l‐[3H]Phe in ex vivo everted gut sac enterocytes. Taken together, these data indicate that the uniporter TAT1 is required to equilibrate the concentration of AAAs across specific membranes. For instance, it enables hepatocytes to function as a sink that controls the extracellular AAAs concentration. Additionally, it facilitates the release of AAAs across the basolateral membrane of small intestine and proximal kidney tubule epithelial cells, thereby allowing the efflux of other neutral AAs presumably via Lat2–4F2hc.
Distinct localization and modulation of Cav1.2 and Cav1.3 L‐type Ca2+ channels in mouse sinoatrial node
Authors: Christel Carl J. , Cardona Natalia , Mesirca Pietro , Herrmann Stefan , Hofmann Franz , Striessnig Joerg , Ludwig Andreas , Mangoni Matteo E. , Lee Amy 
Published: October 2012

Key points
In the sinoatrial node (SAN), Cav1 voltage‐gated Ca2+ channels mediate L‐type currents that are essential for normal cardiac pacemaking.
Both Cav1.2 and Cav1.3 Ca2+ channels are expressed in the SAN but how their distinct properties affect cardiac pacemaking is unknown.
Here, we show that unlike Cav1.2, Cav1.3 undergoes voltage‐dependent facilitation and colocalizes with ryanodine receptors in sarcomeric structures.
By mathematical modelling, these properties of Cav1.3 can improve recovery of pacemaking after pauses and stabilize SAN pacemaking during excessively slow heart rates.
We conclude that voltage‐dependent facilitation and colocalization with ryanodine receptors distinguish Cav1.3 from Cav1.2 channels in the SAN and contribute to the major impact of Cav1.3 on pacemaking.
Abstract  Dysregulation of L‐type Ca2+ currents in sinoatrial nodal (SAN) cells causes cardiac arrhythmia. Both Cav1.2 and Cav1.3 channels mediate sinoatrial L‐type currents. Whether these channels exhibit differences in modulation and localization, which could affect their contribution to pacemaking, is unknown. In this study, we characterized voltage‐dependent facilitation (VDF) and subcellular localization of Cav1.2 and Cav1.3 channels in mouse SAN cells and determined how these properties of Cav1.3 affect sinoatrial pacemaking in a mathematical model. Whole cell Ba2+ currents were recorded from SAN cells from mice carrying a point mutation that renders Cav1.2 channels relatively insensitive to dihydropyridine antagonists. The Cav1.2‐mediated current was isolated in the presence of nimodipine (1 μm), which was subtracted from the total current to yield the Cav1.3 component. With strong depolarizations (+80 mV), Cav1.2 underwent significantly stronger inactivation than Cav1.3. VDF of Cav1.3 was evident during recovery from inactivation at a time when Cav1.2 remained inactivated. By immunofluorescence, Cav1.3 colocalized with ryanodine receptors in sarcomeric structures while Cav1.2 was largely restricted to the delimiting plasma membrane. Cav1.3 VDF enhanced recovery of pacemaker activity after pauses and positively regulated pacemaking during slow heart rate in a numerical model of mouse SAN automaticity, including preferential coupling of Cav1.3 to ryanodine receptor‐mediated Ca2+ release. We conclude that strong VDF and colocalization with ryanodine receptors in mouse SAN cells are unique properties that may underlie a specific role for Cav1.3 in opposing abnormal slowing of heart rate.