bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Trends in the selection of insecticide resistance in Anopheles gambiae s.l. mosquitoes in northwest Tanzania during a community randomized trial of longlasting insecticidal nets and indoor residual spraying
Authors: MATOWO J. , KITAU J. , KAAYA R. , KAVISHE R. , WRIGHT A. , KISINZA W. , KLEINSCHMIDT I. , MOSHA F. , ROWLAND M. , PROTOPOPOFF N. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractAnopheles gambiae s.l. (Diptera: Culicidae) in Muleba, Tanzania has developed high levels of resistance to most insecticides currently advocated for malaria control. The kdr mutation has almost reached fixation in An. gambiae s.s. in Muleba. This change has the potential to jeopardize malaria control interventions carried out in the region. Trends in insecticide resistance were monitored in two intervention villages using World Health Organization (WHO) susceptibility test kits. Additional mechanisms contributing to observed phenotypic resistance were investigated using Centers for Disease Control (CDC) bottle bioassays with piperonylbutoxide (PBO) and S,S,S‐tributyl phosphorotrithioate (DEF) synergists. Resistance genotyping for kdr and Ace‐1 alleles was conducted using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). In both study villages, high phenotypic resistance to several pyrethroids and DDT was observed, with mortality in the range of 12–23%. There was a sharp decrease in mortality in An. gambiae s.l. exposed to bendiocarb (carbamate) from 84% in November 2011 to 31% in December 2012 after two rounds of bendiocarb‐based indoor residual spraying (IRS). Anopheles gambiae s.l. remained susceptible to pirimiphos‐methyl (organophosphate). Bendiocarb‐based IRS did not lead to the reversion of pyrethroid resistance. There was no evidence for selection for Ace‐1 resistance alleles. The need to investigate the operational impact of the observed resistance selection on the effectiveness of longlasting insecticidal nets and IRS for malaria control is urgent.
Temporal patterns of orchid mycorrhizal fungi in meadows and forests as revealed by 454 pyrosequencing
Authors: Oja Jane , Kohout Petr , Tedersoo Leho , Kull Tiiu , Kõljalg Urmas 
Published: December 2014

Summary

Orchid mycorrhizal (OrM) symbionts play a key role in the growth of orchids, but the temporal variation and habitat partitioning of these fungi in roots and soil remain unclear.

Temporal changes in root and rhizosphere fungal communities of Cypripedium calceolus, Neottia ovata and Orchis militaris were studied in meadow and forest habitats over the vegetation period by using 454 pyrosequencing of the full internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region.

The community of typical OrM symbionts differed by plant species and habitats. The root fungal community of N. ovata changed significantly in time, but this was not observed in C. calceolus and O. militaris. The rhizosphere community included a low proportion of OrM symbionts that exhibited a slight temporal turnover in meadow habitats but not in forests. Habitat differences in OrM and all fungal associates are largely attributable to the greater proportion of ectomycorrhizal fungi in forests.

Temporal changes in OrM fungal communities in roots of certain species indicate selection of suitable fungal species by plants. It remains to be elucidated whether these shifts depend on functional differences inside roots, seasonality, climate or succession.
Epoxycarotenoid‐mediated synthesis of abscisic acid in Physcomitrella patens implicating conserved mechanisms for acclimation to hyperosmosis in embryophytes
Authors: Takezawa Daisuke , Watanabe Naoki , Ghosh Totan Kumar , Saruhashi Masashi , Suzuki Atsushi , Ishiyama Kanako , Somemiya Shinnosuke , Kobayashi Masatomo , Sakata Yoichi 
Published: December 2014

Summary

Plants acclimate to environmental stress signals such as cold, drought and hypersalinity, and provoke internal protective mechanisms. Abscisic acid (ABA), a carotenoid‐derived phytohormone, which increases in response to the stress signals above, has been suggested to play a key role in the acclimation process in angiosperms, but the role of ABA in basal land plants such as mosses, including its biosynthetic pathways, has not been clarified.

Targeted gene disruption of PpABA1, encoding zeaxanthin epoxidase in the moss Physcomitrella patens was conducted to determine the role of endogenous ABA in acclimation processes in mosses.

The generated ppaba1 plants were found to accumulate only a small amount of endogenous ABA. The ppaba1 plants showed reduced osmotic acclimation capacity in correlation with reduced dehydration tolerance and accumulation of late embryogenesis abundant proteins. By contrast, cold‐induced freezing tolerance was less affected in ppaba1, indicating that endogenous ABA does not play a major role in the regulation of cold acclimation in the moss.

Our results suggest that the mechanisms for osmotic acclimation mediated by carotenoid‐derived synthesis of ABA are conserved in embryophytes and that acquisition of the mechanisms played a crucial role in terrestrial adaptation and colonization by land plant ancestors.
Contrasting effects of nicotianamine synthase knockdown on zinc and nickel tolerance and accumulation in the zinc/cadmium hyperaccumulator Arabidopsis halleri
Authors: Cornu Jean‐Yves , Deinlein Ulrich , Höreth Stephan , Braun Manuel , Schmidt Holger , Weber Michael , Persson Daniel P. , Husted Søren , Schjoerring Jan K. , Clemens Stephan 
Published: December 2014

Summary

Elevated nicotianamine synthesis in roots of Arabidopsis halleri has been established as a zinc (Zn) hyperaccumulation factor. The main objective of this study was to elucidate the mechanism of nicotianamine‐dependent root‐to‐shoot translocation of metals.

Metal tolerance and accumulation in wild‐type (WT) and AhNAS2‐RNA interference (RNAi) plants were analysed. Xylem exudates were subjected to speciation analysis and metabolite profiling.

Suppression of root nicotianamine synthesis had no effect on Zn and cadmium (Cd) tolerance but rendered plants nickel (Ni)‐hypersensitive. It also led to a reduction of Zn root‐to‐shoot translocation, yet had the opposite effect on Ni mobility, even though both metals form coordination complexes of similar stability with nicotianamine. Xylem Zn concentrations were positively, yet nonstoichiometrically, correlated with nicotianamine concentrations. Two fractions containing Zn coordination complexes were detected in WT xylem. One of them was strongly reduced in AhNAS2‐suppressed plants and coeluted with 67Zn‐labelled organic acid complexes. Organic acid concentrations were not responsive to nicotianamine concentrations and sufficiently high to account for complexing the coordinated Zn.

We propose a key role for nicotianamine in controlling the efficiency of Zn xylem loading and thereby the formation of Zn coordination complexes with organic acids, which are the main Zn ligands in the xylem but are not rate‐limiting for Zn translocation.
Modality, Scale Structure, and Scalar Reasoning
Authors: Lassiter Daniel 
Published: December 2014

AbstractEpistemic and deontic comparatives differ in how they interact with disjunction. I argue that this difference provides a compelling empirical argument against the semantics ofKratzer, which predicts that all modal comparatives should interact with disjunction in the same way. Interestingly, an identical distinction is found in the semantics of non‐modal adjectives:additiveadjectives like ‘heavy’ behave logically like epistemic comparatives, andintermediateadjectives like ‘hot’ behave like deontic comparatives. I characterize this distinction formally and argue that the divergence between epistemic and deontic modals explained if we structure their semantics around scalar concepts: epistemic modals should be analyzed using probability (an additive scale), and deontic modals using expected value (an intermediate scale).
Attitudes, Deontics and Semantic Neutrality
Authors: Cariani Fabrizio 
Published: December 2014

AbstractIt has been recently suggested that a semantic theory for deontic modals should be neutral between a very large range of normative and evaluative theories. This article aims to clarify this talk of neutrality, in particular its scope and motivation. My thesis is that neutrality is best understood as an empirical thesis about a fragment of natural language that includes deontic modals – not as a new,sui generismethodological constraint on natural language semantics.
On Necessity and Comparison
Authors: Rubinstein Aynat 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThe ability to compare possibilities and designate some as ‘better’ than others is a fundamental aspect of our use of modals and propositional attitude verbs. This article aims to support a proposal bySloman (1970) that certain modal expressions, in particular,ought, in fact have a more pronounced comparative backbone than others (e.g.must). The connection between ‘ought’ and ‘better’ is supported by linguistic data (some of it, on the lack of direct translations of weak necessity crosslinguistically, is new) and a proposal is advanced for modeling ideals in a way that makes room for non‐comparative, strong, priority‐type necessity.
The If P, Ought P Problem
Authors: Carr Jennifer 
Published: December 2014

AbstractKratzer semantics for modals and conditionals generates the prediction that sentences of the form if p, ought p are trivially true. As Frank and Zvolenszky show, for certain flavors of modality, like deontic modality, this prediction is false. I explain some conservative solutions to the problem, and then argue that they are inadequate to account for puzzle cases involving self‐frustrating oughts. These cases illustrate a general problem: there are two forms of information‐sensitivity in deontic modals. Even generalizations of Kratzer semantics that predict these two roles for information, e.g. Kolodny and MacFarlane, predict that they vary together. I propose a generalization of Kratzer semantics that allows the two roles for information to vary independently of each other.
Normativity in Reasoning
Authors: Broome John 
Published: December 2014

AbstractReasoning is a process through which premise‐attitudes give rise to a conclusion‐attitude. When you reason actively you operate on the propositions that are the contents of your premise‐attitudes, following a rule, to derive a new proposition that is the content of your conclusion‐attitude. It may seem that, when you follow a rule, you must, at least implicitly, have the normative belief that you ought to comply with the rule, which guides you to comply. But I argue that to follow a rule is to manifest a particular sort of disposition, which can be interpreted as an intention. An intention is itself a guiding disposition. It can guide you to comply with a rule, and no normative belief is required.
A pilot study comparing a protocol using intermittent administration of glargine and regular insulin to a continuous rate infusion of regular insulin in cats with naturally occurring diabetic ketoacidosis
Authors: Gallagher Brandi R. , Mahony Orla M. , Rozanski Elizabeth A. , Buob Sibylle , Freeman Lisa M. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractObjectiveThe goal of this pilot study was to compare regular insulin administered by continuous rate infusion (CRI) to an approach using insulin glargine and regular insulin administered intermittently.DesignProspective randomized clinical trial.SettingUniversity teaching hospital.AnimalsSixteen cats with diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA).InterventionsCats with DKA were randomized to either low‐dose regular insulin CRI (CRI group;n= 8) or intermittent short‐ and long‐acting insulin injections (subcutaneous [SC] glargine plus intramuscular [IM] regular insulin; SC/IM group;n= 8).Measurements and Main ResultsTime of normalization of pH, bicarbonate, hyperglycemia, ketonemia, and appetite, as well as duration of hospitalization were recorded. Eleven of 16 cats (59%) survived to discharge, with no difference in survival between groups (P= 0.99). Times of resolution of hyperglycemia (P= 0.02) and ketonemia (P= 0.04), and normalization of pH (P= 0.04), and bicarbonate (P= 0.03) were significantly shorter in the SC/IM group. Cats in the SC/IM group also had a significantly shorter duration of hospitalization (SC/IM: median = 54 hr [range, 19–118 hr]; CRI: median = 111 hr [range, 58–271 hr];P= 0.04). Time of first meal was not significantly different between groups.ConclusionsAlthough further research is required, an approach using intermittent short‐ and long‐acting insulin injections appeared to be an effective option for treatment of DKA in cats.
Systematic revision of Entomobryidae (Collembola) by integrating molecular and new morphological evidence
Authors: Zhang Feng , Deharveng Louis 
Published: December 2014

Entomobryidae, the largest collembolan family, is traditionally classified at suprageneric level using a limited set of morphological structures, such as scales, antennal segmentation. Most tribal and subfamilial delimitations appear, however, disputable in the light of recent works. Integrating molecular and morphological evidence, we propose here a revision of the systematics of the family. In addition to traditional taxonomic characters, tergal specialized chaetae (S‐chaetae) are newly introduced, and their patterns are shown to be diversified at all levels from species to subfamilies. S‐chaetotaxic pattern on phylogenetic tree shows that evolution of S‐chaetae is not parallel between the different terga and that their patterns coincide well with the known molecular phylogeny, providing a powerful tool for the systematics of Entomobryidae. Orchesellinae sensu Soto‐Adames et al. (Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 101, 2008, 501); is divided into three subfamilies: Orchesellinae s. s., Bessoniellinae and Heteromurinae, the latter two upgraded from the original tribal level. Entomobryinae sensu Szeptycki (Morpho‐Systematic Studies on Collembola. IV. Chaetotaxy of the Entomobryidae and its Phylogenetical Significance, 1979), is no longer divided into scaled and unscaled tribes, and Lepidosira‐group is transferred from Seirinae to Entomobryinae. A key to subfamilies and tribes and a comparison with previous classifications of the Entomobryidae are provided. This study greatly improves the understanding of primary and secondary characters and erects the fundamental framework for the taxonomy of Entomobryidae.
Development of a Hydrogen-Fueled Combustion Turbine Cycle for Power Generation
Authors: Bannister Ronald L. , Newby Richard A. , Yang Wen-Ching 
Published: December 2014

Consideration of a hydrogen based economy is attractive because it allows energy to be transported and stored at high densities and then transformed into useful work in pollution-free turbine or fuel cell conversion systems. Through its New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO) the Japanese government is sponsoring the World Energy Network (WE-NET) Program. The program is a 28-year global effort to define and implement technologies needed for a hydrogen-based energy system. A critical part of this effort is the development of a hydrogen-fueled combustion turbine system to efficiently convert the chemical energy stored in hydrogen to electricity when the hydrogen is combusted with pure oxygen. The full-scale demonstration will be a greenfield power plant located sea-side. Hydrogen will be delivered to the site as a cryogenic liquid, and its cryogenic energy will be used to power an air liquefaction unit to produce pure oxygen.
To meet the NEDO plant thermal cycle requirement of a minimum of 70.9%, low heating value (LHV), a variety of possible cycle configurations and working fluids have been investigated. This paper reports on the selection of the best cycle (a Rankine cycle), and the two levels of technology needed to support a near-term plant and a long-term plant. The combustion of pure hydrogen with pure hydrogen with pure oxygen results only in steam, thereby allowing for a direct-fired Rankine steam cycle. A near-term plant would require only moderate development to support the design of an advanced high pressure steam turbine and an advanced intermediate pressure steam turbine.
A Magnetic Bearing Suspension System for High Temperature Gas Turbine Applications: Control System Design
Authors: Scholten James R. 
Published: December 2014

A practical magnetic-bearing control system has been designed based upon modeling and simulation of the dynamics of a jet engine turbine shaft and bearing system. Simulations include models for flexible rotor dynamics, magnetic actuators, auxiliary touchdown bearings, ordinary and extraordinary external loads, and disturbances from rotor imbalance, stator vibration, and noise. The shaft model includes a motor-generator which acts as an uncontrolled negative stiffness.
The control system is decentralized, running independently for each of the five physical axes of control (1 axial, 4 radial). The fundamental algorithm is classical PID: proportional for broadband stiffness, integrator (with anti-windup) for high load-carrying capacity, and derivative to dampen disturbances. Additional phase lead is provided via a first-order pole-zero pair. The vibration due to rotor imbalance is eliminated by an autobalancing algorithm. Compensation for magnetic actuator non-linearity and varying rotor-stator gap is provided by feedback of sensed magnetic flux, using sensor coils built into the actuator. The control design can be readily implemented using a commercial Digital Signal Processing system. The magnetic bearing actuators will be driven with commercial power amplifiers via customized front-end electronics.
Based upon simulations, the design goal has been achieved of keeping the shaft within two mils of its desired location at the magnetic bearings, under all normal loads. Under extreme external loads, the capacity of the magnetic bearings will be exceeded and touchdown will occur upon backup mechanical bearings. Simulation shows that the control design handles this critical event, which determines the force slew rate required from the actuators.
Fault Mode Analysis Based on Compositional Modeling
Authors: Winston Howard , Tulpule Sharayu 
Published: December 2014

Fault modes are difficult to model because they are often caused by or result in highly-nonlinear or discontinuous changes in an engineered system. These changes will typically invalidate some of the assumptions and simplifications that justify the simulation’s equation model. Thus, a framework for failure simulation should support the dynamic modification of equation models as required by changes in simulated physical conditions.
To address this problem, a framework for simulating failure modes in gas turbine engines has been implemented based on prior work on compositional modeling. We believe this design methodology and simulation architecture can enable scaleable and robust simulations of the precursors, manifestations, and consequences of failure modes in complex engineered devices.
An object-oriented modeling language was implemented to represent devices in terms of primitive and recursively defined compound components. Primitive components can encapsulate equations that always apply to their descriptions. The modeling language also includes objects that represent physical processes (i.e., composeable model fragments) that encapsulate equations that apply when the fragments’ applicability and activation conditions are satisfied. Model fragments may also contain terms that can contribute to the value of component parameters when those fragments are activated.
To interleave model building and simulation, equation models are implemented as constraint networks. This precludes the need to determine explicit solution orders for sets of equations and facilitates the incremental modification of equation models. As a failure scenario unfolds, the simulation can be interrupted, a new set of model fragments can be composed into the constraint network, and the simulation continued. This failure simulation framework is illustrated with a simple multi-stage gas turbine failure scenario.
Anti-Kidney Pair of Vortices in Shaped Holes and Their Influence on Film Cooling Effectiveness
Authors: Haven B. A. , Yamagata D. K. , Kurosaka M. , Yamawaki S. , Maya T. 
Published: December 2014

The difference in film cooling effectiveness of three shaped holes is hereby explained by their vortical structures. Highlighted, in particular, are the competing effects of two pairs of vortices present in jets: the so-called kidney-shaped pair of vortices and a newly found anti-kidney pair.
Three shaped holes investigated were referred to as TP2, TP3, and TP4. Except for the difference of how the hole area is increased, they are essentially the same. At the higher blowing ratio, the film cooling effectiveness of TP4 was found to be far superior to those of either TP2 and TP3.
By flow visualization in water, the cause of these differences was investigated and found to be explainable on the basis of different vortical structures. In particular, for TP4 with a better film cooling effectiveness, the kidney- and anti-kidney pairs were found to cancel each other, leading to the improved jet attachment.
Experimental Investigation of the Circumferential Static Pressure Distortion in Centrifugal Compressor Stages
Authors: Hagelstein D. , Van den Braembussche R. , Keiper R. , Rautenberg M. 
Published: December 2014

The flow in a centrifugal compressor stage is dominated by the geometry of the impeller, the diffuser and the exit collecting chamber. Asymmetries of the flow field in the annular space behind the impeller may create a circumferential pressure distortion, influencing the energy transfer by the impeller in a negative way, creating variable force on the impeller blades and a radial force on the shaft.
Experimental investigations of the circumferential static pressure variations have been carried out on a large radial compressor test stand. Measurements with various impellers, diffusers and collecting chambers show the influence of geometrical modifications on the flow and compressor characteristics.
It is shown how a concentric exit chamber results in a very large pressure distortion in the diffuser. Although the amplitude of this distortion is increasing towards the diffuser inlet, it has a negligible effect on the pressure distortion upstream of the impeller.
It is further shown how the asymmetry of the flow in the diffuser can be reduced either by using a throttling ring at the diffuser exit, a vaned diffuser or by replacing the constant cross section collector by a volute with circumferentially increasing cross section.