bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
CONTRADIÇÕES NO COMÉRCIO DE MADEIRA CERTIFICADA EM UMA REGIÃO METROPOLITANA DO NORDESTE DO BRASIL
Authors: Silva Douglas Marques , De Araújo Marlyete Chagas , Silva Victor Farias , Bernard Enrico 
Published: October 2014

A exploração ilegal de madeira é forte agente de desmatamento, comprometendo biodiversidade e serviços ambientais. A certificação florestal é uma forma de oposição ao mercado ilegal de madeira, e vendedores e compradores responsáveis e bem informados são fundamentais no comércio dessa madeira. O comércio de madeira certificada na Região Metropolitana de Recife, Pernambuco, foi investigado de forma a 1) avaliar o conhecimento dos vendedores sobre a certificação de produtos madeireiros, 2) acessar o estado do mercado local e 3) identificar dificuldades e perspectivas sobre o consumo desse tipo de produto na região. Em entrevistas em 33 empresas, foi identificado que o comércio local de madeira certificada é marcado por contradições. Cerca de 75% dos vendedores não sabem indicar corretamente o produto certificado e quase metade desconhece os selos e as informações de identificação. De maneira geral, vendedores não dominam conceitos, marcos legais e instrumentos de certificação. Embora declarem-se sensíveis ao impacto da extração madeireira, as empresas pouco se engajam em projetos ambientais ou campanhas sobre o uso de madeira certificada. Apesar das contradições, há um ambiente favorável para a disseminação da certificação e comercialização desses produtos, mas ajustes – sobretudo no fluxo de informação – são necessários nesse processo.Palavras-chave: Certificação florestal; Conselho Brasileiro de Manejo Florestal; FSC. AbstractContradictions in the certified wood trade in a metropolitan area in northeastern Brazil. Illegal timber extraction is an important driver of deforestation, compromising biodiversity and its environmental services. Certification is a strategy to oppose illegal market, and responsible and well-informed sellers and buyers are crucial players. Here, the trade of certified wood in the Metropolitan Area of Recife, Pernambuco, is investigated in order to a) evaluate the level of knowledge from local sellers on the certification process, b) access the status of the certified market, and c) identify difficulties and perspectives for certified timber in the region. Based on 33 interviews, we identified that the local certified wood trade is marked by contradictions. About 75% of salespeople do not know how to correctly indicate a certified product, and almost half ignore certification seals and how to correctly identify certified wood. In general, sellers are unaware of basic certification concepts, legal frameworks and certification protocols. Although declaring some environmental concern, selling companies are rarely engaged in environmental projects or campaigns on the use of certified wood. Despite the contradictions, there is a favorable environment for the spread of the certification concept and marketing of these products, but adjustments – especially on the information flow – are necessary in this process.Keywords: Conselho Brasileiro de Manejo Florestal; forest certification; FSC.
AVALIAÇÃO DA GERMINAÇÃO EM DIFERENTES TEMPERATURAS E SUBSTRATOS E MORFOLOGIA DO FRUTO, SEMENTE E PLÂNTULA DE Sebastiania brasiliensis
Authors: Bassaco Marcos Vinícius , Nogueira Antônio Carlos , Cosmo Nelson Luis 
Published: October 2014

Em virtude da carência de trabalhos com sementes florestais nativas, este estudo objetivou conhecer as principais características morfológicas e germinativas de Sebastiania brasiliensis (Spreng.). Na descrição morfológica, foram observadas as características internas e externas dos frutos e sementes e o desenvolvimento inicial da plântula. Os testes de germinação foram realizados em dois substratos (areia e vermiculita) e sob três temperaturas (25 ºC, 30 ºC e 35 ºC). O delineamento utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 2 x 3, com cinco repetições, calculando-se a porcentagem de germinação, o índice de velocidade de germinação (IVG) e o tempo médio. No estudo da morfologia, observou-se que os frutos são do tipo cápsula com três cocas (uma semente/coca). A semente é endospérmica, a testa é do tipo glabra, possuindo uma coloração marrom com pequenas manchas claras. O embrião é axial, foliáceo e espatulado. As plântulas têm desenvolvimento fanerocotiledonar, epígeo, com cotilédones foliáceos fotossintetizantes. Nos testes de germinação, as sementes submetidas à temperatura de 30 ºC e em vermiculita germinaram 86%, com IVG de 7,05 e melhor tempo médio de 3,39 na temperatura de 25 ºC em substrato vermiculita. Conclui-se que a temperatura de 30 ºC no substrato vermiculita propiciou a melhor germinação, e a morfologia indica características típicas para o gênero.Palavras-chave: Branquilho-leiteiro; análise germinativa; caracterização morfológica. AbstractGermination evaluation in distinct temperatures and substrates, and morphology of fruit, seed and seedling of Sebastiania brasiliensis. Due the lack of surveys/researches regarding native forest seeds, this study aimed to identify the main morphological and germination features/patterns of Sebastiania brasiliensis (Spreng.). For the morphological description, it was observed the internal and external features of fruits and seeds and early seedling development. We tested germination in two substrates (sand and vermiculite) and three temperatures (25 ºC, 30 ºC and 35 ºC). The experimental design was completely randomized in a 2 x 3 factorial with five replications, aiming to calculate the percentage, rate index and average time of germination. The fruit is a capsule with three cokes (one seed per coke). The seed is endospermic; testa is glabrous, brown with small spots. The axial embryo is foliaceous and spatulate. Seedlings have phanerocotylar epigeal development with foliaceous photosynthetic cotyledons. Seeds planted in vermiculite under 30 ºC of temperature revealed the best germination (86%), and an IVG of 7.05; the best average time was 3.39 at 25 ºC in vermiculite. As conclusion, vermiculite with 30 ºC of temperature led to better germination, and the morphology indicates typical characteristics for the genus Sebastiania.Keywords: Branquilho-leiteiro; germination analysis; morphological characterization.
HEIGHT-DIAMETER EQUATIONS FOR BRAZIL NUT INTERCROPPED WITH RUBBER TREE IN THE SOUTH OF MINAS GERAIS
Authors: Ribeiro Sabina Cerruto , Caetano Aldenir De Carvalho , De Macedo Renato Luiz Grisi , Dias Bruna Anair Souto 
Published: October 2014

AbstractBrazil nut is a worldwide-recognized species due to its nuts, traded around the globe playing an important social and economic role in the Amazon. Several studies published information on issues related to nuts production and effects of seed gathering in the species regeneration. Nonetheless, to our knowledge there are no studies focusing on dendrometric parameters for Brazil nut outside its natural occurrence area. Thus, our study aimed to adjust height-diameter equations for Brazil nut intercropped with rubber tree in the South of Minas Gerais. Four standard models were tested using an ordinary least squares-regression analysis. The goodness-of-fit criteria used were the adjusted coefficient of determination ( 2), the percent standard error of estimate (SEE%) and the residual distribution analysis. The best-fit equation for the estimation of height was from model 1 ( 2 = 0.950;SEE% = 9.768). The adjusted height-diameter equations had comparable 2 and SEE%to other published studies on Brazil nut trees and further species. The adjusted height-diameter equation provided by this study can give support to future forest mensuration and management researches with this species, especially in the South-Central region of Brazil.Keywords: Bertholletia excelsa; height; Amazon. ResumoEquações hipsométricas para castanheira-da-amazônia cultivada em consórcio com seringueira no sul de Minas Gerais. A castanheira-da-amazônia é uma espécie reconhecida mundialmente por sua castanha, que é comercializada no mundo todo e tem um papel social e econômico importante na Amazônia. Diversos estudos publicaram informações sobre questões relacionadas com a produção das castanhas e os efeitos da coleta das mesmas sobre a regeneração dessa espécie. No entanto, até onde vai o nosso conhecimento, não existem estudos que avaliaram parâmetros dendrométricos da castanheira-da-amazônia fora da sua área de ocorrência natural. Assim, este estudo teve como objetivo ajustar equações hipsométricas para castanheira-da-amazônia em consórcio com a seringueira no sul de Minas Gerais. Quatro modelos foram testados usando análise de regressão pelo método dos mínimos quadrados. Os critérios usados para a avaliação do ajuste foram o coeficiente de determinação ajustado ( ), o erro padrão da estimativa (Syx%) e a análise gráfica dos resíduos. A equação de melhor ajuste para a estimativa da altura foi o modelo 1 ( 2 = 0,950; Syx% = 9,768). As equações hipsométricas ajustadas tiveram 2 e Syx% comparáveis a outros estudos publicados para castanheiras-da-amazônia e outras espécies nativas. A equação hipsométrica ajustada neste estudo pode dar suporte para futuras pesquisas de mensuração e manejo florestal dessa espécie, especialmente na região Centro-Sul do Brasil.Palavras-chave: Bertholletia excelsa; altura; Amazônia.
COMPARAÇÃO DE MÉTODOS DE AMOSTRAGEM EM FRAGMENTOS DE FLORESTA OMBRÓFILA MISTA, EM LEBON RÉGIS, SC
Authors: Téo Saulo Jorge , Schneider Chaiane Rodrigues , Fiorentin Luan Demarco , Costa Reinaldo Hoinacki da 
Published: October 2014

O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar e comparar métodos de amostragem de Área Fixa, Bitterlich, Strand e Prodan em fragmentos de Floresta Ombrófila Mista em Lebon Régis, SC. O processo de amostragem utilizada foi aleatória simples. Em cada unidade amostral, foram avaliadas todas as árvores de diâmetro à altura do peito maior ou igual a 5 cm. Para o método de Área Fixa, utilizou-se dimensões 10 x 50 m (500 m²); para Bitterlich e Strand, adotou-se Fator de Área Basal igual a 2; e para Prodan, foram avaliadas as 6 árvores mais próximas. Apenas o método de amostragem da Área Fixa apresentou suficiência amostral, porém também apresentou o maior tempo de execução no campo, com resultados significativamente diferentes dos demais. Já a eficiência relativa apresentou-se maior para o método de Strand, porém sem diferença estatística significativa com relação aos demais. Não houve diferenças significativas entre o número de árvores e área basal por hectare, estimados pelos diferentes métodos de amostragem.Palavras-chave: Inventário Florestal; eficiência relativa; floresta com araucária. AbstractComparison of sampling methods in Mixed Ombrophyllous Forest fragments, in Lebon Régis - SC. The objective of this research was to evaluate and compare sampling methods Fixed Area, Bitterlich, Strand and Prodan, in fragments of Mixed Ombrophyllous Forest, in Lebon Régis, SC state, Brazil. The forest inventory applies a simple random sampling. At each sampling unit, we evaluated every tree with diameter at breast height greater than or equal to 5 cm. For the method of Fixed Area we used dimensions of 10 x 50 m (500 m²), for Bitterlich and Strand we adopted Basal Area Factor equal to 2, and for Prodan we evaluated the 6 nearest trees. Only the Fixed Area method presented sampling sufficiency, however, it presented highest execution time in the field as well, with results significantly different from the other sampling methods. The relative efficiency was higher for Strand, but without statistical significance compare to the other methods. There were no significant differences between the number of trees and basal area per hectare, estimated by the different sampling methods.Keywords: Forest inventory; relative efficiency; araucaria forest.
PROJECTION OF DIAMETRIC DISTRIBUTION AND CARBON STOCK OF A MANAGED FOREST IN MANAUS/AM
Authors: Souza Cintia Rodrigues de , Azevedo Celso Paulo de , Rossi Luiz Marcelo Brum , Dos Santos Joaquim , Higuchi Niro 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThe projection of forest growth is important for forest management, to plan the subsequent cutting cycles and to show the tendencies that the forest will present in the future. This study evaluated the use of a stochastic model - the Markov Chain - in the projection of the future diametric distribution and carbon stock of a forest subjected to experimental selective logging in Manaus / AM. The data used were obtained from an experiment conducted since the 1980s by the Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (Inpa). The forest inventories were conducted in the years 2005, 2007, 2009 and 2010. The main variable used was the diameter at breast height (DBH). The Markov Chain was used to project the diameter distribution and the carbon stock for 2015. With respect to the stock of carbon expected, this should exceed the existing stock in 2010, reaching about 157 t/ha. With these results it is possible to conclude that, if the dynamics projection will be confirmed, the studied forest will continue growing and increasing its carbon stock, thus acting as a CO2 sink.Keywords: Markov Chain; forest dynamics; forest management; climate change. ResumoProjeção da distribuição diamétrica e do estoque de carbono de floresta manejada na Amazônia. A prognose do crescimento de florestas é importante para o manejo florestal, para o planejamento dos ciclos de corte subsequentes e para mostrar as tendências que a floresta apresentará no futuro. Este trabalho avaliou a utilização de um modelo estocástico - a Cadeia de Markov - na projeção da distribuição diamétrica e do estoque de carbono de uma floresta submetida à exploração seletiva experimental em Manaus/AM. Foram utilizados dados de experimento desenvolvido desde 1980 pelo Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (Inpa). Os inventários florestais foram realizados nos anos de 2005, 2007, 2009 e 2010. A principal variável utilizada foi o diâmetro à altura do peito (DAP). A Cadeia de Markov foi utilizada para projetar a distribuição diamétrica e o estoque de carbono para o ano de 2015. No que diz respeito ao estoque de carbono esperado, este deverá superar o estoque existente no ano de 2010, atingindo cerca de 157 t/ha. Com esses resultados, pode-se concluir que, se for confirmada a projeção da dinâmica, a floresta estudada continuará crescendo e aumentando seu estoque de carbono, atuando, assim, como sumidouro de CO2.Palavras-chave: Cadeia de Markov; dinâmica florestal; manejo florestal; mudanças climáticas.
Cannabidiol: Promise and Pitfalls
Authors: Welty Timothy E. , Luebke Adrienne , Gidal Barry E. 
Published: October 2014

Over the past few years, increasing public and political pressure has supported legalization of medical marijuana. One of the main thrusts in this effort has related to the treatment of refractory epilepsy—especially in children with Dravet syndrome—using cannabidiol (CBD). Despite initiatives in numerous states to at least legalize possession of CBD oil for treating epilepsy, little published evidence is available to prove or disprove the efficacy and safety of CBD in patients with epilepsy. This review highlights some of the basic science theory behind the use of CBD, summarizes published data on clinical use of CBD for epilepsy, and highlights issues related to the use of currently available CBD products. Cannabidiol is the major nonpsychoactive component of Cannabis sativa. Over the centuries, a number of medicinal preparations derived from C. sativa have been employed for a variety of disorders, including gout, rheumatism, malaria, pain, and fever. These preparations were widely employed as analgesics by Western medical practitioners in the 19th century ( 1 ). More recently, there is clinical evidence suggesting efficacy in HIV-associated neuropathic pain, as well as spasms associated with multiple sclerosis ( 1 ).
Charting African Higher Education: Perspectives at a Glance
Authors: Teferra Damtew 
Published: October 2014

Higher education in Africa is undergoing a transformation wrought by massive expansion, which has implications for every facet of the sector. What makes Africa’s growth unique is that it has seen a “flash flood” of growth with consequent implications that range from quality to funding, from governance to employment. Ironically, however, despite this massive growth, the system still remains the world’s least developed. This introduction to the International Journal of African Higher Education’s inaugural issue is intended to capture the state of higher education around the themes featured in this volume, based on recent as well as in-press sources. L’enseignement supérieur en Afrique connaît une transformation provoquée par une expansion massive, qui touche de nombreux aspects de ce secteur. Ce qui rend la croissance africaine unique, c’est sa rapidité qui engendre des conséquences qui vont de la qualité au financement, de la gouvernance au recrutement. Ironiquement, malgré cette croissance massive, le système reste le moins développé du monde. Cette introduction au premier numéro du Journal International sur l’Enseignement Supérieur en Afrique a pour objectif de présenter la situation de l’enseignement supérieur autour de thèmes abordés dans ce numéro. Cet article est basé sur des recherches récemment publiées ou encore sous presse.
Confronting the Challenges of Graduate Education in Sub-Saharan Africa and Prospects for the Future
Authors: Hayward Fred M. , Ncayiyana Daniel J. 
Published: October 2014

This study examines the current status of graduate education in Sub- Saharan Africa. How has it been affected by the decline in donor funding, economic crises in much of Africa, the phenomenal growth in undergraduate education, and a shortage of faculty members with PhDs. One of the authors suggested in an earlier study that a short-term response to the shortage of high quality graduate education might be regional graduate centers. Has that taken place? To what extent has graduate education improved and expanded? Where has growth taken place? We explore challenges facing the development of high quality graduate education including those of recruitment and retention, efforts to improve the qualifications of faculty members, funding issues, as well as research and publications. Several innovative graduate programs are examined. Finally, we make recommendations for the growth and quality improvement of graduate education including rekindling a culture of research, a focus on quality teaching, and the critical need for major investments in high quality graduate education. Cette analyse s’intéresse au statut des études de master et de doctorat en Afrique subsaharienne. Comment ont-elles été affectées par la diminution des dons financiers, les crises économiques dans toute l’Afrique, la croissance phénoménale du nombre d’étudiants en licence, et le manque de professeurs titulaires d’un doctorat ? Un des auteurs a suggéré dans de précédents travaux une réponse à court-terme à la pénurie de diplômés de master et de doctorat d’excellent niveau : des centres régionaux consacrés aux études de masters et de doctorat. Ceci a t-il été mis en place ? Dans quelle mesure les formations de master et de doctorat se sont-elles améliorées et leur nombre a t-il augmenté ? Où la croissance a t-elle eu lieu ? Nous nous attardons sur les obstacles au développement de formations de master et de doctorat de qualité, en particulier ceux de recrutement et de rétention des étudiants, les efforts pour améliorer les qualifications des professeurs, la situation financière ainsi que la recherche et les publications. Plusieurs formations innovantes de master et de doctorat sont examinées. Finalement, nous proposons des recommandations pour la croissance et l’amélioration de la qualité des études de master et de doctorat, notamment raviver la culture de recherche, se concentrer sur la qualité de l’enseignement, et le besoin critique d’investissements majeurs dans des masters et doctorats de qualité.
Le rapatriement constitutionnel de 1982
Authors: Boulianne François 
Published: October 2014

Avant le rapatriement constitutionnel de 1982, existait-il une coutume constitutionnelle nécessitant l’accord unanime des provinces pour modifier la Constitution ? Après avoir analysé les éléments constitutifs permettant la reconnaissance d’une coutume en tant que source de droit au niveau international et dans les États de common law, l’auteur établit, dans une perspective historique, politique et juridique, les caractéristiques qui permettent d’utiliser cette norme juridique dans le contexte canadien. Bien que la coutume constitutionnelle n’ait pas été plaidée devant les tribunaux canadiens au moment du rapatriement, l’analyse des modifications constitutionnelles depuis la Confédération, à la lumière des éléments constitutifs de cette règle de droit, permet de croire que l’accord unanime des provinces était nécessaire pour modifier la Constitution. Cette analyse s’avère encore plus crédible lorsqu’elle est confrontée à l’avis des juges majoritaires de la Cour suprême du Canada rendu à l’aube du rapatriement dans le Renvoi : Résolution pour modifier la Constitution. La reconnaissance de cette coutume aurait permis de préserver le caractère inclusif de la Constitution ainsi que le désir commun des provinces de contracter une union fédérale comme cela avait été établi en 1867.
Les politiques canadiennes en matière d’étiquetage alimentaire
Authors: Forcier Mélanie Bourassa , Dufour Geneviève , Plouffe-Malette Kristine 
Published: October 2014

Présence d’additifs alimentaires, d’édulcorant, de gras trans ou de sel, voilà autant d’informations qui doivent figurer sur l’étiquette d’un produit préemballé. Quels critères amènent les instances réglementaires à donner la priorité à une information plutôt qu’à une autre ? Le public a-t-il voix au chapitre ? Pour répondre à ces questions, deux exemples de réglementation canadienne en matière d’étiquetage alimentaire serviront de cadre d’analyse : 1) la réglementation en matière d’étiquetage des aliments génétiquement modifiés qui, contrairement aux souhaits des citoyens, préconise l’étiquetage volontaire plutôt qu’obligatoire ; et 2) la réglementation en matière d’étiquetage des allergènes qui, conformément à la volonté des Canadiens, oblige les compagnies à indiquer la présence de certains ingrédients allergènes sur les étiquettes. Les auteures constatent que l’état des politiques canadiennes en matière d’étiquetage alimentaire est le reflet d’un calcul utilitaire de la part du gouvernement en place : tant les intérêts économiques de l’industrie agricole que le bien-être collectif entrent en ligne de compte dans la décision d’imposer l’étiquetage, mais il semble que l’intérêt collectif soit majoritairement déterminé en fonction de la donne scientifique (et économique) au détriment de la volonté collective. La science, souvent produite par l’industrie elle-même, sert-elle alors à appuyer — ou à légitimer — le calcul utilitaire en imposant l’idée selon laquelle le souhait du citoyen n’est pas raisonnable ni rationnel ? Si tel est le cas, le scientifique joue ainsi toujours, pour ne pas dire encore plus maintenant que la donne scientifique est de plus en plus accessible, un rôle social déterminant qu’Antonio Gramsci qualifierait d’hégémonique.