bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Green Silk Road and Belt Economic Initiative and Local Sustainable Development: Through the Lens of China’s Clean Energy Investment in Central Asia
Authors: Gao Shuqin , Liu Guy S. 
Published: July 2024

This paper examines how China’s renewable energy investment contributes to the Central Asian countries’ GHG emission reduction target to meet their global climate commitments and the United Nations 2030 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs2030). The introduction analyzes what problems have emerged in China’s Green Silk Road and Belt Economic Initiative (SRBI) and how global climate change is viewed to affect sustainable energy transition in the Central Asian countries. The paper will then focus on what response in national energy structures have been adopted by Central Asian countries to address global climate change commitments. The main focus of this paper is on how China’s renewable energy investment in Central Asia contributes to solving essential problems for sustainable energy transition, bridging technical gaps and financial barriers for the low-carbon sustainable energy transition and aligning with the Paris agreement to fulfill global climate commitments. The limited institutional capacity and market failure in renewable policy ecosystems in Central Asian countries jeopardizes domestic climate investment and China’s renewable investment potential, increasing national spending for sustainable development transition and triggering huge fiscal deficit and debt crises. This endogenous systemic risk deteriorates financial and technical barriers. This requires regional and multilateral renewables coordination and climate cooperation. China needs to set up a comprehensive green policy for the Central Asian countries to get full support from local and international society. PPP and multilateral cooperation in the international renewables investment have not only mobilized more climate financial resources but also mitigate and diversify market failure risk.
Mathematical modeling of postmenopausal osteoporosis and its treatment by the anti‐catabolic drug denosumab
Authors: Scheiner S. , Pivonka P. , Smith D. W. , Dunstan C. R. , Hellmich C. 
Published: August 2013

SUMMARYDenosumab, a fully human monoclonal antibody, has been approved for the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. The therapeutic effect of denosumab rests on its ability to inhibit osteoclast differentiation. Here, we present a computational approach on the basis of coupling a pharmacokinetics model of denosumab with a pharmacodynamics model for quantifying the effect of denosumab on bone remodeling. The pharmacodynamics model comprises an integrated systems biology‐continuum micromechanics approach, including a bone cell population model, considering the governing biochemical factors of bone remodeling (including the action of denosumab), and a multiscale micromechanics‐based bone mechanics model, for implementing the mechanobiology of bone remodeling in our model. Numerical studies of postmenopausal osteoporosis show that denosumab suppresses osteoclast differentiation, thus strongly curtailing bone resorption. Simulation results also suggest that denosumab may trigger a short‐term bone volume gain, which is, however, followed by constant or decreasing bone volume. This evolution is accompanied by a dramatic decrease of the bone turnover rate by more than one order of magnitude. The latter proposes dominant occurrence of secondary mineralization (which is not anymore impeded through cellular activity), leading to higher mineral concentration per bone volume. This explains the overall higher bone mineral density observed in denosumab‐related clinical studies. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Packet reordering analysis for concurrent multipath transfer
Authors: Gao Chong , Ling Zhihao , Yuan Yifeng 
Published: August 2013

SUMMARYPath diversity of different concurrent paths inevitably introduces out‐of‐order packet delivery, which leads to unnecessary retransmissions and a severely lowered data throughput. In order to analyze the fundamental behavior and influencing factors of packet reordering, several sets of simulation‐based multipath experiments are conducted with different aggregating paths. In addition, the relationship between reordering and number of paths are discussed. Furthermore, an end‐to‐end measurement study of packet reordering in concurrent multipath transfer is presented. To simply the analysis process, a cumulative distribution function of transmission delay for each packet is used. The model is proved to be an effective one by contrastive analysis. Finally, some solutions to handle it are provided with a further discussion. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Determination of Temperature Gradients with Micrometric Resolution by Local Open Circuit Potential Measurements at a Scanning Microelectrode
Authors: Sode Aya , Nebel Michaela , Pinyou Piyanut , Schmaderer Sebastian , Szeponik Jan , Plumeré Nicolas , Schuhmann Wolfgang 
Published: August 2013

AbstractA method to determine localized temperature profiles using a scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) setup and potentiometry is presented. A Pt microelectrode was first calibrated to correlate the open circuit potential (OCP) with temperature in an electrolyte containing ferri/ferrocyanide. Using the calibration graph, the temperature at a given position and a time could be derived. For dynamic measurements, the thermal expansion of the surface was initially determined using shear force mode SECM. Following the OCP at the microelectrode static as well as dynamic temperature gradients above the heated surface were successfully probed and visualized with vertical micrometric resolution and with precision in temperature determination below 1 °C.
Increased tooth mobility because of loss of alveolar bone support: A hazard for zirconia two‐unit cantilever resin‐bonded FDPs in vitro?
Authors: Sterzenbach Guido , Tunjan Rene , Rosentritt Martin , Naumann Michael 
Published: August 2013

AbstractThis study evaluates in vitro the impact of increased abutment tooth mobility on survival of zirconia‐based two‐unit cantilever resin‐bonded fixed dental prosthesis (RB‐FDP) by long‐term dynamic loading in a chewing simulator. Human maxillary central incisors (n = 32) were endodontically treated and alveolar bone loss was simulated: 0% (group B), 25% (group C), and 50% (group D). RB‐FDPs were adhesively luted. Zirconia full crown two‐unit FDPs served as control (group A). Specimens were exposed to simulated clinical function by two subsequent sequences of thermal‐cycling (2 × 3.000) parallel to mechanical loading (1.2 × 106 load cycles) (TCML; first sequence: load 1–25 N; second sequence: load 1–50 N). Tooth mobility increased significantly as the simulated bone level decreased (p < 0.001). Log‐rank tests revealed no significant differences between experimental groups (p = 0.479). The results support the assumption that zirconia‐based two‐unit cantilever RB‐FDPs may be an appropriate treatment option, even if abutment tooth mobility increase because of alveolar bone loss. However, debonding of zirconia‐based two‐unit RB‐FDPs will be a likely event, whereas fatal failures of the abutment teeth may not occur. © 2013 The Authors. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part B: Applied Biomaterials published by Wiley Periodicals LLC. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 102B: 244–249, 2014.
Calcium phosphate cements with strontium halides as radiopacifiers
Authors: López Alejandro , Montazerolghaem Maryam , Engqvist Håkan , Ott Marjam Karlsson , Persson Cecilia 
Published: August 2013

AbstractHigh radiopacity is required to monitor the delivery and positioning of injectable implants. Inorganic nonsoluble radiopacifiers are typically used in nondegradable bone cements; however, their usefulness in resorbable cements is limited due to their low solubility. Strontium halides, except strontium fluoride, are ionic water‐soluble compounds that possess potential as radiopacifiers. In this study, we compare the radiopacity, mechanical properties, composition, and cytotoxicity of radiopaque brushite cements prepared with strontium fluoride (SrF2), strontium chloride (SrCl2·6H2O), strontium bromide (SrBr2), or strontium iodide (SrI2). Brushite cements containing 10 wt % SrCl2·6H2O, SrBr2, or SrI2 exhibited equal to or higher radiopacity than commercial radiopaque cements. Furthermore, the brushite crystal lattice in cements that contained the ionic radiopacifiers was larger than in unmodified cements and in cements that contained SrF2, indicating strontium substitution. Despite the fact that the strontium halides increased the solubility of the cements and affected their mechanical properties, calcium phosphate cements containing SrCl2·6H2O, SrBr2, and SrI2 showed no significant differences in Saos‐2 cell viability and proliferation with respect to the control. Strontium halides: SrCl2·6H2O, SrBr2, and SrI2 may be potential candidates as radiopacifiers in resorbable biomaterials although their in vivo biocompatibility, when incorporated into injectable implants, is yet to be assessed. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 102B: 250–259, 2014.
Spatial extent of rapid denudation in the glaciated St. Elias syntaxis region, SE Alaska
Authors: Grabowski David M. , Enkelmann Eva , Ehlers Todd A. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractThe ongoing collision of the Yakutat Terrane with the North American Plate formed the St. Elias Range in southeastern Alaska. Previously published detrital zircon fission track dating of sand‐size material detected very rapid rock denudation within the syntaxis region of the St. Elias Range, but the size and spatial extent of the rapid exhumation are elusive due to the glacial cover that inhibits direct bedrock studies. Two possible mechanisms were suggested to explain the rapid denudation occurring underneath the Seward‐Malaspina Glacier, which differ in their spatial extent of rapidly exhumed rocks. This study evaluates the spatial extent of rapid denudation at the St. Elias syntaxis region. We investigate the cobble‐sized material of the Malaspina Glacier. Petrological classifications are used as a provenance tool and combined with zircon and titanite (U‐Th)/He analysis to reveal cooling rates of the glacial detritus. In total, 1998 cobbles are classified in the field. Petrographic characterization is conducted on 91 thin sections and the (U‐Th)/He ages of 59 cobbles are measured. Fourteen cobbles reveal young cooling ages of 3–2 Ma originating from various lithologies of undeformed and deformed magmatic and metamorphic rocks. Older age populations peak at 12, 27, and 36 Ma. The cooling ages and the mapped known extent of the different lithologies suggest that a larger then previously assumed area of the St. Elias syntaxis region experienced rapid exhumation. Rapid rock exhumation extends beyond the Contact Fault and comprises most of the Seward‐Malaspina Glacier catchment.
Improving study design for antidepressant effectiveness assessment
Authors: Naudet Florian , Millet Bruno , Reymann Jean Michel , Falissard Bruno 
Published: August 2013

AbstractAntidepressants effectiveness in major depressive disorder (MDD) is still questioned because the extrapolation of randomized controlled trial (RCT) results to “real life” settings is problematic. The application of the RCT paradigm in a disorder of this type, where global care plays a central role, raises questions regarding the internal and external validity of this type of study. Outcome measurement, attrition rates, the ability of the double‐blind design to control for expectations, placebo response, the representativeness of trial participants and publication bias are major methodological pitfalls. This review discusses these issues. It is illustrated using original data and proposes some alternatives for assessing antidepressant effectiveness via different approaches. Some are easy to implement, such as ecological measures, qualitative approaches, improvement of analytical strategy and improvement of blinding procedures. Some are sophisticated, involving temporary deception to deal with the confounding effect of expectations, and they raise ethical issues. Others resort to external validity, this being the case in observational studies. But all are necessary to explore antidepressant effectiveness. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Markers of good planning behavior as a cue for separating true and false intent
Authors: Mac Giolla Erik , Granhag Pär Anders , Liu‐Jönsson Meiling 
Published: August 2013

AbstractThe study adds to the growing body of research on true and false intentions, traditionally a neglected area of deception research. Specifically, the goal was to examine the claim that statements of true intent would be colored by markers of good planning behavior to a greater extent than statements of false intent. Participants (N = 132) were divided into truth tellers and liars. Truth tellers were given a neutral task to plan and carry out. Liars were given a mock crime to plan and carry out and were also told to plan a cover story to be used in case they were apprehended. The cover story (i.e., liars' false intention) was to be thematically similar to the truth tellers' task. Following the planning phase, but before the task commenced, participants were interviewed about their intent. Transcribed interviews were coded for markers of good planning behavior (e.g., effective time allocation, implementation intention related utterances, and likelihood to speak of potential problems). As predicted, truth tellers' statements were colored to a higher degree than those of liars by such markers. The results earmark this approach as a viable direction for future research.
How to get more people with diabetes cycling
Authors: Kirk AF , MacMillan F 
Published: August 2013

AbstractFollowing on from the success of professional cyclists in the Tour de France and Olympics, there has been increased interest in cycling in the UK and worldwide. The diabetes world has also been affected by this increased interest and there is now a vast number of cycling events promoted through diabetes charities, in addition to professional and developmental cycling teams consisting entirely of individuals with diabetes.This article focuses on the early stages of getting started with cycling participation; it also discusses the benefits to health and the environment, guidelines on how much physical activity to do, current participation levels, and strategies to get started with cycling and maintain this new behaviour over the longer term. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons.
Short‐Term Changes in Running Mechanics and Foot Strike Pattern After Introduction to Minimalistic Footwear
Authors: Willson John D. , Bjorhus Jordan S. , Williams D.S. Blaise , Butler Robert J. , Porcari John P. , Kernozek Thomas W. 
Published: August 2013

BackgroundMinimalistic footwear has garnered widespread interest in the running community, based largely on the premise that the footwear may reduce certain running‐related injury risk factors through adaptations in running mechanics and foot strike pattern.ObjectiveTo examine short‐term adaptations in running mechanics among runners who typically run in conventional cushioned heel running shoes as they transition to minimalistic footwear.DesignA 2‐week, prospective, observational study.SettingA movement science laboratory.ParticipantsNineteen female runners with a rear foot strike (RFS) pattern who usually train in conventional running shoes.MethodsThe participants trained for 20 minutes, 3 times per week for 2 weeks by using minimalistic footwear. Three‐dimensional lower extremity running mechanics were analyzed before and after this 2‐week period.Main Outcome MeasurementsHip, knee, and ankle joint kinematics at initial contact; step length; stance time; peak ankle joint moment and joint work; impact peak; vertical ground reaction force loading rate; and foot strike pattern preference were evaluated before and after the intervention.ResultsThe knee flexion angle at initial contact increased 3.8° (P < .01), but the ankle and hip flexion angles at initial contact did not change after training. No changes in ankle joint kinetics or running temporospatial parameters were observed. The majority of participants (71%), before the intervention, demonstrated an RFS pattern while running in minimalistic footwear. The proportion of runners with an RFS pattern did not decrease after 2 weeks (P = .25). Those runners who chose an RFS pattern in minimalistic shoes experienced a vertical loading rate that was 3 times greater than those who chose to run with a non‐RFS pattern.ConclusionFew systematic changes in running mechanics were observed among participants after 2 weeks of training in minimalistic footwear. The majority of the participants continued to use an RFS pattern after training in minimalistic footwear, and these participants experienced higher vertical loading rates. Continued exposure to these greater loading rates may have detrimental effects over time.
Alignment, Realignment, and Dealignment in Canada: The View From Above
Authors: Johnston Richard 
Published: August 2013

Abstract.The Canadian party system exhibits both “stable dealignment,” defined as directionless volatility and relative stability. But the boundary between the system's orderly and disorderly parts is not that clear in conventional wisdom, which contrasts big, inclusive parties with small parties representing ideas or interests. In fact, the relatively stable parties have been the NDP and the Liberals, in contrast to the Conservatives and a rotating cast of province- or region-specific insurgents. Volatility is a feature mainly of Quebec and the West and is greater in federal than in provincial elections. But geographic divergence is greater in provincial elections. The paper proposes a research program to account for Canada's coexistence of opposites.Résumé.Le système de partis politiques canadien présente à la fois un «désalignement stable», défini comme une volatilité sans direction, et une relative stabilité. Cependant, la frontière entre les parties ordonnées et désordonnées du système n'est pas stylisée comme le veut la sagesse populaire qui contraste grands partis inclusifs et petits partis représentant des idées ou des intérêts particuliers. En fait, ce sont le NPD et les libéraux qui représentent les partis relativement stables du système en opposition au Parti conservateur et à une série de partis « insurgés » spécifiques à une province ou à une région. La volatilité est quant à elle principalement une caractéristique du Québec et des provinces de l'Ouest tout en étant plus présente sur le plan fédéral que provincial. La divergence géographique est toutefois plus grande aux élections provinciales. Cet article propose donc un programme de recherche afin de mieux expliquer la coexistence de ces contraires au Canada.
GROUPS OF INFINITE RANK IN WHICH NORMALITY IS A TRANSITIVE RELATION
Authors: DE FALCO M. , DE GIOVANNI F. , MUSELLA C. , SYSAK Y. P. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractA group is called aT-group if all its subnormal subgroups are normal. It is proved here that ifGis a periodic (generalized) soluble group in which all subnormal subgroups of infinite rank are normal, then eitherGis aT-group or it has finite rank. It follows that ifGis an arbitrary group whose Fitting subgroup has infinite rank, thenGhas the propertyTif and only if all its subnormal subgroups of infinite rank are normal.
The West Church at Apollonia in Cyrenaica
Authors: Widrig Walter M. , Goodchild Richard 
Published: August 2013

Apollonia in Cyrenaica was founded by the Greeks as the port for the city of Cyrene, from which it is some 20 km. distant. In the Roman period its prosperity was such that it received autonomy and became one of the five cities of the Pentapolis; by the sixth century A.D. it had surpassed both Gyrene and Ptolemais in importance. Christian sources more commonly refer to Apollonia as ‘Sozusa,’ and it is from this Christian designation that the present Arab name of ‘Susa’ is derived.Witness to Apollonia's nourishing Christian life are its extensive Byzantine remains. Among these figure at least four churches, three of which have now been excavated, and what is probably the palace of the governor of the Pentapolis himself, the most recent structure to have been uncovered. What follows is a report on the ‘West’ Church excavated by the Department of Antiquities of the Provincial Government of Cyrenaica during the spring, summer, and fall of 1958 and again in the spring and summer of 1959. The consolidation and reconstruction of the church were begun simultaneously with the excavation and are still in progress.The West Church at Apollonia was first plotted by the Beecheys in 1821–1822. In their plan of Apollonia the church appears with a quite extensive forecomplex. Intervening time plus in some places an overlay of small Italian buildings completely obscured the outlines of the church and caused the forecomplex to disappear from view altogether. Yet excavation of the site has proved the Beecheys essentially correct.
Wealth and Munificence in Roman Africa
Authors: Duncan-Jones R. P. 
Published: August 2013

This paper utilises evidence for the size of public gifts in Roman Africa collected in a previous article to make a series of deductions about the classes from which the gifts came and about the gifts themselves. Because the questions asked here are for the most part different from those considered in the earlier paper, a reorganisation of the material has been necessary, and a table of African donations of known amount is given at the end of the article (pp. 173–5). The sample has been confined as far as possible to material from the period between the accession of Trajan and the death of Gordian III (A.D. 98–244), and gifts clearly belonging to other periods have been omitted.The topics discussed are, firstly, the distribution of wealth among the monied class; the conclusions are based on observations about the background and nature of Roman munificence, as well as on the tabulation of gift-sizes. Internal evidence suggests that it is, in most cases, legitimate to make rough comparisons between gifts from different points in the period without practical compensation for the effects of inflation. The second part of the paper contains estimates of the total number of donors in the period discussed; the frequency of donation among the decurial class (i.e. the members of the town-councils); the total sum subscribed in the form of public gifts in Africa within the period; and the fluctuations in the amount given from reign to reign. The series of estimates depends critically upon assessing the rate of inscription–survival with as much accuracy as possible, and this subject has been discussed in a separate Appendix (pp. 176–7).
A Renaissance bishop and his books: a preliminary survey of the manuscript collection of Pietro del Monte (c.1400–57)
Authors: Rundle David 
Published: August 2013

UN VESCOVO DEL RINASCIMENTO ED I SUOI LIBRI: RICERCHE PRELIMINARI SULLA COLLEZIONE DI MANOSCRITTI DI PIETRO DEL MONTE (c. 1400-57)Pietro del Monte, vescovo di Brescia (1442–57), fu identificato da Vespasiano da Bisticci come un appassionato bibliofilo. Attraverso l'identificazione di 66 dei suoi manoscritti e la discussione del suo collezionismo di libri, questo articolo costituisce il primo tentativo di ricostruzione della biblioteca di del Monte. In particolare, viene analizzata l'attività di regolare ed intelligente copista dello stesso del Monte. L'articolo si apre con la descrizione della dispersione dei manoscritti di Del Monte successiva alia sua morte. Alcuni dei suoi libri passarono in proprieta del Cardinal Juan de Torquemada, di Domenico Domenichini (il vescovo successore di del Monte) e di Hernando Colon. La maggior parte dei manoscritti di del Monte passò pero nella collezione di Pietro Barbo, il futuro Paolo II. Conseguentemente, l'identificazione della portata edel significato della biblioteca di del Monte potrebbe far luce sui supposti interessi umanistici del papa.