bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Three‐dimensional kinematics‐based real‐time localization method using two robots
Authors: Elmakis Guy , Coronel Matan , Zarrouk David 
Published: July 2024

AbstractThis paper presents a precise two‐robot collaboration method for three‐dimensional (3D) self‐localization relying on a single rotating camera and onboard accelerometers used to measure the tilt of the robots. This method allows for localization in global positioning system‐denied environments and in the presence of magnetic interference or relatively (or totally) dark and unstructured unmarked locations. One robot moves forward on each step while the other remains stationary. The tilt angles of the robots obtained from the accelerometers and the rotational angle of the turret, associated with the video analysis, make it possible to continuously calculate the location of each robot. We describe a hardware setup used for experiments and provide a detailed description of the algorithm that fuses the data obtained by the accelerometers and cameras and runs in real‐time on onboard microcomputers. Finally, we present 2D and 3D experimental results, which show that the system achieves 2% accuracy for the total traveled distance (see Supporting Information S1: video).
Soft crawling caterpillar driven by electrohydrodynamic pumps
Authors: Zhao Tianyu , Wang Cheng , Luo Zhongbao , Cheng Weiqi , Xiang Nan 
Published: July 2024

AbstractSoft crawling robots are usually driven by bulky and complex external pneumatic or hydraulic actuators. In this work, we proposed a miniaturized soft crawling caterpillar based on electrohydrodynamic (EHD) pumps. The caterpillar was mainly composed of a flexible EHD pump for providing the driving force, an artificial muscle for performing the crawling, a fluid reservoir, and several stabilizers and auxiliary feet. To achieve better crawling performances for our caterpillar, the flow rate and pressure of the EHD pump were improved by using a curved electrode design. The electrode gap, electrode overlap length, channel height, electrode thickness, and electrode pair number of the EHD pump were further optimized for better performance. Compared with the EHD pumps with conventional straight electrodes, our EHD pump showed a 50% enhancement in driving pressure and a 60% increase in flow rate. The bending capability of the artificial muscles was also characterized, showing a maximum bending angle of over 50°. Then, the crawling ability of the soft crawling caterpillar is also tested. Finally, our caterpillar owns the advantages of simple fabrication, low‐cost, fast movement speed, and small footprint, which has robust and wide potential for practical use, especially over various terrains.
In‐situ measurement of dissolved organic carbon and total organic carbon in fresh surface waters: Lab validation of a portable field meter
Authors: Collins Sean E. , Moulton Margaret E. , Flotemersch Joseph E. 
Published: July 2024

AbstractNonliving organic matter, including organic carbon, in freshwater systems provides energy inputs to food webs and supports various ecosystem functions. Unusually high organic carbon levels can occur naturally in aquatic habitats such as wetlands and blackwater rivers and streams. However, values may also be high due to anthropogenic influences. In recent years, increasing levels of organic carbon have been observed and suggested as drivers of brownification and increased observation of foam on surface waters. Total organic carbon (TOC) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) are not commonly included in field studies of aquatic ecosystems because of sampling logistics and resources required for laboratory measurement. As a potential alternative to laboratory analysis, we evaluated the effectiveness of a portable field meter by comparing laboratory results to data collected in situ. Comparisons were made at 43 surface water sites across northern West Virginia. At each of these sites, a field measurement was recorded using a Real TOC/DOC Field Meter, and a water sample was collected and transported for laboratory measurement using a Shimadzu TOC‐V analyzer. Data from the laboratory and field for each site were compared using bivariate analysis and concordance correlation on matched pairs. Poor agreement existed between field and lab measurements, so a novel data model was created using laboratory‐derived data for further comparison. Substantial accuracy was achieved using the new data model. This suggests that the Real TOC/DOC Field Meter is a viable instrument for field measurement of organic carbon in aquatic ecosystems and may aid in monitoring and management decisions.
Adsorption‐Based Approaches for Exploring Nanoparticle Effectiveness in Wastewater Treatment
Authors: Mehta Prerna , Chelike Dinesh Kumar , Rathore Ram Krishna 
Published: July 2024

AbstractThe treatment of wastewater is essential to preserving the environment and public health. Recent advances in this field have made nanoparticles attractive tools due to their exceptional selectivity, reactivity, and surface area. Particularly, their use in adsorption‐based wastewater treatment has garnered significant interest, focusing on how well nanoparticles can adsorb chemical contaminants, thereby improving treatment effectiveness. A thorough analysis explores various aspects of nanoparticles in wastewater treatment, including different types of nanoparticles used for adsorption, underlying mechanisms, and numerous factors affecting their pollutant removal efficiency. However, it also recognizes potential negative environmental impacts, underscoring the need for comprehensive risk assessments, including eco‐toxicity, release dynamics, and long‐term ecological effects. In light of these challenges, the review emphasizes the revolutionary potential of new nanoparticles in transforming wastewater treatment paradigms. Examples include ZnO nanoparticles and Fe₃O₄ magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs), which excel at removing dyes and reducing sludge volume, while CuO and TiO₂ nanoparticles rapidly eliminate organic pollutants and heavy metals like Pb2+. Additionally, graphical illustrations highlight nanoparticles′ advantages, especially in removing cadmium. These findings underscore the future direction of research on wastewater treatment using nanoparticles, pointing toward increased sustainability and efficiency in addressing water pollution issues.
Facile Synthesis of Organic–Inorganic Hybrid Heterojunctions of Glycolated Conjugated Polymer‐TiO2−X for Efficient Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution
Authors: Zhang Bingke , Genene Zewdneh , Wang Jinzhong , Wang Dongbo , Zhao Chenchen , Pan Jingwen , Liu Donghao , Sun Wenhao , Zhu Jiefang , Wang Ergang 
Published: July 2024

AbstractThe utilization of the organic–inorganic hybrid photocatalysts for water splitting has gained significant attention due to their ability to combine the advantages of both materials and generate synergistic effects. However, they are still far from practical application due to the limited understanding of the interactions between these two components and the complexity of their preparation process. Herein, a facial approach by combining a glycolated conjugated polymer with a TiO2−X mesoporous sphere to prepare high‐efficiency hybrid photocatalysts is presented. The functionalization of conjugated polymers with hydrophilic oligo (ethylene glycol) side chains can not only facilitate the dispersion of conjugated polymers in water but also promote the interaction with TiO2−X forming stable heterojunction nanoparticles. An apparent quantum yield of 53.3% at 365 nm and a hydrogen evolution rate of 35.7 mmol h−1 g−1 is achieved by the photocatalyst in the presence of Pt co‐catalyst. Advanced photophysical studies based on femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy and in situ, XPS analyses reveal the charge transfer mechanism at type II heterojunction interfaces. This work shows the promising prospect of glycolated polymers in the construction of hybrid heterojunctions for photocatalytic hydrogen production and offers a deep understanding of high photocatalytic performance by such heterojunction photocatalysts.
Are the smart contracts on Q&A site reliable?
Authors: Zhou Xiaocong , Wang Quanqi , Liu Yifan , Chen Xiangping , Huang Yuan , Zheng Zibin 
Published: July 2024

AbstractEthereum, as a leading blockchain platform, has attracted a significant number of practitioners. These practitioners require a platform for communication and collaborative problem‐solving, which led to Ethereum Stack Exchange (ESE), a Q&A site dedicated to Ethereum‐related issues. While the Q&A site facilitates communication among practitioners, it also introduces new challenges. Practitioners adopt code snippets from Q&A sites to address problems encountered. However, the quality of code snippets on ESE remains largely unexplored. Vulnerabilities and gas‐inefficient patterns in ESE may spread to the code in Ethereum and threaten its regular operation. In this article, we conduct an empirical study investigating the distribution of vulnerabilities and gas‐inefficient patterns in ESE. Further, we analyze the potential impact of vulnerabilities and gas‐inefficient patterns from ESE on Ethereum. However, we encounter a problem during the vulnerability and gas‐inefficient pattern detection. Established smart contract analysis tools in the mainstream realm necessitate complete source code files for thorough analysis, while codes on ESE are often incomplete code snippets. To address this, we introduce the AST‐based code clone detection technique to construct detectable files corresponding to code snippets. This enables us to detect vulnerabilities and gas‐inefficient patterns in code snippets. In the end, our findings demonstrate that 11.18% of the contract‐level code snippets and 4.06% of function‐level code snippets in ESE have vulnerabilities. And 27.21% of contract‐level code snippets and 17.89% of function‐level code snippets contain gas‐inefficient patterns. The additional consumption caused by the gas‐inefficient pattern in ESE is approximately $1,695,002. Based on these findings, we provide recommendations for both ESE and its users, aiming to foster collaborative efforts and create a more reliable Q&A site for practitioners.
Minute‐Scale High‐Temperature Synthesis of Polymeric Carbon Nitride Photoanodes
Authors: Tashakory Ayelet , Mondal Sanjit , Battula Venugopala Rao , Mark Gabriel , Shmila Tirza , Volokh Michael , Shalom Menny 
Published: July 2024

Polymeric carbon nitride (CN) has emerged as a promising photoanodic material in water‐splitting photoelectrochemical cells (PEC). However, the current deposition methods of CN layers on substrates usually include a long heating process at 500−550 °C, which might cause sublimation or decomposition of the CN monomers and destruction of the substrate, leading to a nonuniform CN film. Herein, a simple, fast, and scalable energy‐economic procedure to synthesize homogenous CN films is introduced. The predesigned CN monomers film is subjected for several minutes to higher temperatures than the standard calcination procedure. The short heating process allows the formation of a uniform CN layer, with excellent contact with the substrate and good activity as a photoanode in PEC. The optimal CN photoanode reaches photocurrent densities of ≈200 μA cm−2 at 1.23 versus reversible hydrogen electrode in neutral and acidic solutions and 120 μA cm−2 in a basic solution.
The Twilight of the Gods: Independence of the Judiciary and the Rule of Law in Europe
Authors: De Albuquerque Paulo Pinto , Oliveira Alexandre Au-Yong 
Published: July 2024

AbstractGazing upon today’s European judicial landscape, one may have the feeling that the final battle of the ancient gods of democracy is about to make itself heard. When that gaze extends itself through History, as the title of this paper suggests, we might even hear the notes of Wagner’s magnum opus and all that comes with it, including the eternal return of the same, but strangely different. Different actors in different situations but with the same type of utterances.
Confluence of Logically Constrained Rewrite Systems Revisited
Authors: Schöpf Jonas , Mitterwallner Fabian , Middeldorp Aart 
Published: July 2024

AbstractWe show that (local) confluence of terminating logically constrained rewrite systems is undecidable, even when the underlying theory is decidable. Several confluence criteria for logically constrained rewrite systems are known. These were obtained by replaying existing proofs for plain term rewrite systems in a constrained setting, involving a non-trivial effort. We present a simple transformation from logically constrained rewrite systems to term rewrite systems such that critical pairs of the latter correspond to constrained critical pairs of the former. The usefulness of the transformation is illustrated by lifting the advanced confluence results based on (almost) development closed critical pairs as well as on parallel critical pairs to the constrained setting.
The Benefits of Diligence
Authors: Arrial Victor , Guerrieri Giulio , Kesner Delia 
Published: July 2024

AbstractThis paper studies the strength of embedding Call-by-Name () and Call-by-Value () into a unifying framework called the Bang Calculus (). These embeddings enable establishing (static and dynamic) properties of and through their respective counterparts in $$\texttt {dBANG} $$
dBANG
. While some specific static properties have been already successfully studied in the literature, the dynamic ones are more challenging and have been left unexplored. We accomplish that by using a standard embedding for the (easy) case, while a novel one must be introduced for the (difficult) case. Moreover, a key point of our approach is the identification of diligent reduction sequences, which eases the preservation of dynamic properties from $$\texttt {dBANG} $$
dBANG
to $$\texttt {dCBN}/\texttt {dCBV} $$

dCBN
/
dCBV

. We illustrate our methodology through two concrete applications: confluence/factorization for both and are respectively derived from confluence/factorization for .
Local Intuitionistic Modal Logics and Their Calculi
Authors: Balbiani Philippe , Gao Han , Gencer Çiğdem , Olivetti Nicola 
Published: July 2024

AbstractWe investigate intuitionistic modal logics with locally interpreted $$\square $$
□
and $$\lozenge $$
◊
. The basic logic LIK is stronger than constructive modal logic WK and incomparable with intuitionistic modal logic IK. We propose an axiomatization of LIK and some of its extensions. Additionally, we present bi-nested calculi for LIK and these extensions, providing both a decision procedure and a procedure of finite countermodel extraction.
Topological derivatives for shell structure optimization considering crash loadcases with material nonlinearities and large deformations
Authors: Weider Katrin , Schumacher Axel 
Published: July 2024

AbstractThe topological derivatives for shell structures in dynamic loadcases, which are often used in lightweight designs, are developed. These sensitivities consider the highly nonlinear material behavior and large deformations of the structure. The aim of the investigation is the support of an efficient topology optimization for crashloaded structures. The considered functionals can in general be described by displacements, velocities and accelerations. In particular, the semi-analytical sensitivity calculations for the internal deformation energy and for single point displacements in arbitrary directions in the shell structure are presented. These functionals cover the most important functions for the development of crash structures. Using the material derivative in combination with the adjoint method, a terminal value problem has to be solved. Depending on whether first differentiation and then discretization in the time domain is performed or first discretization and then differentiation, a separate solution scheme for the adjoint is derived. Both schemes are presented in a comparable description. For the numerical evaluation of the topological derivatives, the basic equations for large deformed shell elements are included as well as a phenomenological material interpolation, which represents the tangential material behavior resulting from plastic strain and isotropic hardening. All assumptions made for the derivation are described in detail and their influences are discussed. The elaborated equations and the procedure for the calculation of the topological derivatives are applied, discussed and checked for plausibility on two clearly defined loading conditions for the internal deformation energy and single point displacements on different locations.
Study of the impact of metallic components Cu, Ni, Cr, and Mo on the microstructure of Al2O3–Cu–Me composites
Authors: Zygmuntowicz Justyna , Maciągowska Małgorzata , Piotrkiewicz Paulina , Wachowski Marcin , Kaszuwara Waldemar 
Published: July 2024

Abstract The study explores the microstructural design of hybrid Al2O3–Cu–Me composites formed by centrifugal slip casting into porous molds. Obtained composites are characterized by zones with different contents of metal phases. It was determined that there are two mechanisms driving thickening of slurries: capillary forces influencing smaller particles and centrifugal forces affecting larger particles. To enhance composite’s cracking toughness, a gradient distribution of metallic phase with highest metal concentration near surface is essential. This is achieved by optimizing ceramic powder size, limiting processing time, and using gel centrifugal casting to eliminate undesired zones. Zone II’s width is influenced by metallic phase proportion, mold rotation speed, and compaction rate, with heavier particles and greater metal content near outer surface. Zone III expands with lower rotational speeds and lighter metallic particles. The mutual reactivity and solubility of selected metallic elements also play a crucial role in the final microstructure. The findings highlight the potential for precise control over composite microstructures through careful selection of metallic elements, powder sizes, and casting parameters, offering valuable insights for model research and simulations.
Multiple Positive Solutions for Quasilinear Elliptic Problems in Expanding Domains
Authors: Liu Wulong , Dai Guowei , Winkert Patrick , Zeng Shengda 
Published: July 2024

AbstractIn this paper we prove the existence of multiple positive solutions for a quasilinear elliptic problem with unbalanced growth in expanding domains by using variational methods and the Lusternik–Schnirelmann category theory. Based on the properties of the category, we introduce suitable maps between the expanding domains and the critical levels of the energy functional related to the problem, which allow us to estimate the number of positive solutions by the shape of the domain.
Late Holocene vegetation dynamics: degree and regional patterns of the Dark Ages woodland regeneration (ad 300–700) in the Netherlands
Authors: Gouw-Bouman Marjolein T. I. J. 
Published: July 2024

AbstractDuring the Dark Ages, which include the Late Roman period (ad 270–450) and the Early Middle Ages (ad 450–1050), large-scale vegetation development in northwest Europe was characterised by widespread regeneration of woodlands. This regeneration phase represents a break from the extensive reduction in woodland from human activities in late Holocene vegetation history. In the Netherlands, possible causes for this reversal can be found in a decreased human impact on the landscape, a colder and possibly wetter climate, and geomorphological changes. This paper presents a synthesis from 38 pollen records from a range of sites across the Netherlands, from which regional differences in the degree of woodland regeneration and vegetation composition before and during the Dark Ages have been identified. Both original data as well as vegetation abundance modelled by REVEALS were used to assess the regrowth of the woodland cover. The observed trends were considered in terms of the landscape setting and population estimates in order to disentangle the relative importance of these forcing factors. The results indicate that landscape and human impact were the most important factors determining the vegetation structure and changes to it. The pollen data show that in the Netherlands, the clearance of woodland in the Roman period followed by its regrowth afterwards were greatest in the river area. This can be linked to a high population density there during the Roman period followed by a strong decrease of population in the Dark Ages and to increased flooding.
How (not) to Talk to a Plant: An Application of Automata Theory to Plant Communication
Authors: Baravalle Lorenzo 
Published: July 2024

AbstractPlants are capable of a range of complex interactions with the environment. Over the last decade, some authors have used this as evidence to argue that plants are cognitive agents. While there is no consensus on this view, it is certainly interesting to approach the debate from a comparative perspective, trying to understand whether different lineages of plants show different degrees of responsiveness to environmental cues, and how their responses compare with those of animals or humans. In this paper, I suggest that a potentially fruitful approach to these comparative studies is provided by automata theory. Accordingly, I shall present a possible application of this theory to plant communication. Two tentative results will emerge. First, that different lineages may exhibit different levels of complexity in response to similar stimuli. Second, that current evidence does not allow to infer great cognitive sophistication in plants.
Does drought exposure erode trust in the political system in Sub-Saharan Africa?
Authors: Rhein Susanne , Jansesberger Viktoria 
Published: July 2024

AbstractClimate change is expected to increase the frequency of severe droughts. As water scarcity can destroy vital resources such as crops and livestock, droughts pose major challenges to affected societies. Concerns arise that the resulting hardship and suffering could exacerbate social tensions. Trust in the political system, defined as citizens’ overall confidence in the state to deliver satisfactory outcomes, is an integral foundation of stable state-society relations. To illuminate under what conditions droughts might exert a destabilizing effect, investigating their impact on trust in the political system is paramount. Our study is the first to investigate how drought exposure influences citizens´ overall confidence in the political system. Previous research shows that citizens tend to lose trust when dissatisfied with the living conditions and output that a system provides. While droughts emerge gradually and, thus, give states multiple opportunities to intervene, states in the Global South often struggle to master the challenging task of drought management, thereby demonstrating inadequate, dissatisfactory state performance. We argue that failures in successful drought management showcase what goes wrong in a political system, which in turn leads to an erosion of trust in the political system. Using individual-level survey data from Afrobarometer round five, matched with high-resolution water scarcity data, our analysis reveals that recently drought-exposed individuals exhibit significantly lower levels of trust in the political system compared to their unaffected counterparts. This effect is most pronounced in sub-national regions with low state capacity, where the implementation of successful drought relief measures might be particularly difficult.