bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Expression and diagnostic relevance of heat shock protein 90 and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 in malignant pheochromocytoma
Authors: Xu Yunze , Qi Yicheng , Rui Wenbin , Zhu Yu , Zhang Chongyu , Zhao Juping , Wei Qing , Wu Yuxuan , Shen Zhoujun , Ning Guang 
Published: January 2013

BackgroundMalignant pheochromocytoma (PCC) is a rare catecholamine producing tumour with a poor prognosis. For many years predicting PCC behaviour has remained a highly difficult task. The aim of this study was to evaluate heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) as tissue-based markers to predict malignant PCC.MethodsNinety-two sporadic PCC patients were enrolled. We compared the expression of HSP90 and STAT3 by immunohistochemistry of benign versus malignant PCCs. In addition, in 17 snap frozen PCC and in 7 healthy adrenal tissues, we investigated the expression of HSP90 and STAT3 by means of western immunoblot.ResultsPositive staining for HSP90 was observed in 22.37% (95% CI 13.00% to 31.74%) of the benign and 66.67% (95% CI 44.89% to 88.45%) of the malignant cases. Similarly, STAT3 staining was seen in 26.32% (95% CI 16.42% to 36.22%) of the benign versus 83.33% (95% CI 66.11% to 100.55%) of the malignant cases. Using HSP90 and STAT3 combined, the positive predictive value of malignancy was signiﬁcantly increased to 0.70 (95% CI 0.45 to 0.86). Besides, logistic regression analysis showed that HSP90 (OR=3.667, p=0.039) and STAT3 (OR=9.474, p=0.002) were independently associated with malignant PCC.ConclusionsThis study has conﬁrmed that malignant PCC overexpress HSP90 and STAT3, and the combination of HSP90 and STAT3 can be used as helpful diagnostic markers to distinguish malignant from benign PCCs.
Superior vena cava stenting in the 21st century
Authors: Warner Parveen , Uberoi Raman 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Superior vena cava obstruction (SVCO) is most commonly due to malignant or thrombotic causes. The traditional treatments of surgery, radiotherapy or chemotherapy either have a high morbidity and mortality rate, or a lag period of a few weeks prior to response. Superior vena cava stenting is able to provide rapid relief of symptoms safely in the vast majority of patients. It has now become the first-line treatment for malignant SVCO, and is increasingly being used in benign SVCO. The complication and success rates compare very favourably with the other treatment modalities.
ON THE FOUNDATIONS OF STATISTICAL MECHANICS: A BRIEF REVIEW
Authors: SINGH NAVINDER 
Published: January 2013

This work is dedicated to those who are genuinely interested in the foundations of statistical mechanics. Statistical mechanics is a very successful theory. The foundations on which it is based are radically different from the foundations of Newtonian mechanics. Probability and the law of large numbers are its fundamental ingredients. In this paper we will see how the statistical mechanical synthesis which incorporates mechanics (deterministic) and probability theory (indeterministic) works. The approach consists of replacing the actual system by a hypothetical ensemble of systems under same external conditions. From the most used prescription of Gibbs, we calculate the phase space averages of dynamical quantities and find that these phase averages agree very well with experiments. Clearly, actual experiments are not done on a hypothetical ensemble. They are done on the actual system in the laboratory and these experiments take a finite amount of time. Thus, it is usually argued that actual measurements are time averages and they are equal to phase averages due to ergodic hypothesis (time averages = phase space averages). The aim of the present review is to show that ergodic hypothesis is not relevant for equilibrium statistical mechanics (with Tolman and Landau). We will see that the solution for the problem is in the very peculiar nature of the macroscopic observables and with a very large number of degrees of freedom involved in macroscopic systems as first pointed out by Boltzmann and then more quantitatively by Khinchin. Similar arguments were used by Landau based upon the approximate property of "statistical independence". We analyze these ideas in detail. We present a critique of the ideas of Jaynes who says that the ergodic problem is a conceptual one and is related to the very concept of ensemble itself which is a by-product of the frequency theory of probability, and the ergodic problem becomes irrelevant when the probabilities of various microstates are interpreted with Laplace–Bernoulli Theory of Probability (Bayesian viewpoint). At the end, we critically review various quantum approaches (quantum-statistical typicality approaches) to the foundations of statistical mechanics. The literature on quantum-statistical typicality is organized under four notions (i) kinematical canonical typicality, (ii) dynamical canonical typicality, (iii) kinematical normal typicality, and (iv) dynamical normal typicality. Analogies are seen in the Khinchin's classical approach and in the modern quantum-statistical typicality approaches.
Polyphenol E Enhances the Antitumor Immune Response in Neuroblastoma by Inactivating Myeloid Suppressor Cells
Authors: Santilli Giorgia , Piotrowska Izabela , Cantilena Sandra , Chayka Olesya , D'Alicarnasso Marco , Morgenstern Daniel A. , Himoudi Nourredine , Pearson Katie , Anderson John , Thrasher Adrian J. , Sala Arturo 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Purpose: Neuroblastoma is a rare childhood cancer whose high risk, metastatic form has a dismal outcome in spite of aggressive therapeutic interventions. The toxicity of drug treatments is a major problem in this pediatric setting. In this study, we investigated whether Polyphenon E, a clinical grade mixture of green tea catechins under evaluation in multiple clinical cancer trials run by the National Cancer Institute (Bethesda, MD), has anticancer activity in mouse models of neuroblastoma.
Experimental Design: We used three neuroblastoma models: (i) transgenic TH-MYCN mouse developing spontaneous neuroblastomas; (ii) nonobese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficient (NOD/SCID) mice xenotransplanted with human SHSY5Y cells; and (iii) A/J mice transplanted with syngeneic Neuro 2A cells. Mice were randomized in control and Polyphenon E–drinking groups. Blood from patients with neuroblastoma and normal controls was used to assess the phenotype and function of myeloid cells.
Results: Polyphenon E reduced the number of tumor-infiltrating myeloid cells, and inhibited the development of spontaneous neuroblastomas in TH-MYCN transgenic mice. In therapeutic models of neuroblastoma in A/J, but not in immunodeficient NOD/SCID mice, Polyphenon E inhibited tumor growth by acting on myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) and CD8 T cells. In vitro, Polyphenon E impaired the development and motility of MDSCs and promoted differentiation to more neutrophilic forms through the 67 kDa laminin receptor signaling and induction of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor. The proliferation of T cells infiltrating a patient metastasis was reactivated by Polyphenon E.
Conclusions: These findings suggest that the neuroblastoma-promoting activity of MDSCs can be manipulated pharmacologically in vivo and that green tea catechins operate, at least in part, through this mechanism. Clin Cancer Res; 19(5); 1116–25. ©2012 AACR.
A Meta-Analysis of Aortic Root Size in Elite Athletes
Authors: Iskandar Aline , Thompson Paul D. 
Published: January 2013

Background—
The aorta is exposed to hemodynamic stress during exercise, but whether or not the aorta is larger in athletes is not clear. We performed a systematic literature review and meta-analysis to examine whethere athletes demonstrate increased aortic root dimensions compared with nonathlete controls.

Methods and Results—

We searched MEDLINE and Scopus from inception through August 12, 2012, for English-language studies reporting the aortic root size in elite athletes. Two investigators independently extracted athlete and study characteristics. A multivariate linear mixed model was used to conduct meta-regression analyses. We identified 71 studies reporting aortic root dimensions in 8564 unique athletes, but only 23 of these studies met our criteria by reporting aortic root dimensions at the aortic valve annulus or sinus of Valsalva in elite athletes (n=5580). Athletes were compared directly with controls (n=727) in 13 studies. On meta-regression, the weighted mean aortic root diameter measured at the sinuses of Valsalva was 3.2 mm (
P
=0.02) larger in athletes than in the nonathletic controls, whereas aortic root size at the aortic valve annulus was 1.6 mm (
P
=0.04) greater in athletes than in controls.

Conclusions—
Elite athletes have a small but significantly larger aortic root diameter at the sinuses of Valsalva and aortic valve annulus, but this difference is minor and clinically insignificant. Clinicians evaluating athletes should know that marked aortic root dilatation likely represents a pathological process and not a physiological adaptation to exercise.
High-density Lipoprotein Subclasses and Risk of Stroke and its Subtypes in Japanese Population
Authors: Chei Choy-Lye , Yamagishi Kazumasa , Kitamura Akihiko , Kiyama Masahiko , Imano Hironori , Ohira Tetsuya , Cui Renzhe , Tanigawa Takeshi , Sankai Tomoko , Ishikawa Yoshinori , Sato Shinichi , Hitsumoto Shinichi , Iso Hiroyasu 
Published: January 2013

Background and Purpose—
High-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol is an established protective factor for ischemic stroke. However, the contribution of HDL subclasses to stroke risk and its subtypes is uncertain.

Methods—
A prospective nested case–control study of 40- to 85-year-old Japanese was undertaken using frozen serum samples collected from 5280 men and 7524 women. They participated in cardiovascular risk surveys from 1985 to 1999 (1 community) and 1989 to 1998 (2 communities) under Circulatory Risk in Communities Study. HDL cholesterol subclasses were classified by high-performance liquid chromatography into 3 subgroups: S-HDL (very small or small HDL), M-HDL (medium HDL), and L-HDL (large or very large HDL) cholesterol. One control subject per case was matched by sex, age, community, serum storage year, and fasting status.

Results—
In 2005, we identified 241 strokes (155 ischemic and 86 hemorrhagic). S-HDL and M-HDL cholesterol levels were inversely associated with total stroke risk, ischemic stroke, specifically lacunar infarction, and hemorrhagic stroke. After adjustment for cardiovascular risk factors, these associations remained statistically significant. Multivariable conditional odds ratios (95% confidence interval) for 1 SD (0.12 mmol/L) increment of S-HDL cholesterol levels were 0.34 (0.23–0.52) for total stroke, 0.38 (0.23–0.63) for ischemic stroke, 0.33 (0.18–0.61) for lacunar infarction, 0.30 (0.14–0.65) for hemorrhagic stroke, and 0.30 (0.12–0.77) for intraparenchymal hemorrhage. The respective multivariable odds ratios for 1SD (0.10 mmol/L) increment of M-HDL cholesterol levels were 0.56 (0.41–0.75), 0.63 (0.45–0.88), 0.59 (0.40–0.87), 0.41 (0.21–0.80), and 0.38 (0.16–0.90). No associations were found between L-HDL cholesterol levels and risk of total stroke and its subtypes.

Conclusions—
Small- to medium-sized HDL, not large HDL, cholesterol levels were inversely associated with total stroke risk.
Burden of Blood Pressure–Related Alleles Is Associated With Larger Hematoma Volume and Worse Outcome in Intracerebral Hemorrhage
Authors: Falcone Guido J. , Biffi Alessandro , Devan William J. , Brouwers H. Bart , Anderson Christopher D. , Valant Valerie , Ayres Alison M. , Schwab Kristin , Rost Natalia S. , Goldstein Joshua N. , Viswanathan Anand , Greenberg Steven M. , Selim Magdy , Meschia James F. , Brown Devin L. , Worrall Bradford B. , Silliman Scott L. , Tirschwell David L. , Rosand Jonathan ,   on behalf of the GOCHA Investigators
Published: January 2013

Background and Purpose—
Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is the acute manifestation of a progressive disease of the cerebral small vessels. The severity of this disease seems to influence not only risk of ICH but also the size of the hematoma. As the burden of high blood pressure–related alleles is associated with both hypertension-related end-organ damage and risk of ICH, we sought to determine whether this burden influences ICH baseline hematoma volume.

Methods—
Prospective study in subjects of European descent with supratentorial ICH who underwent genome-wide genotyping. Forty-two single nucleotide polymorphisms associated with high blood pressure were identified from a publicly available database. A genetic risk score was constructed based on these single nucleotide polymorphisms. The score was used as the independent variable in univariate and multivariate regression models for admission ICH volume and poor clinical outcome (modified Rankin Scale, 3–6).

Results—

A total of 323 ICH cases were enrolled in the study (135 deep and 188 lobar intracranial hematomas). The blood pressure–based genetic risk score was associated with both baseline hematoma volume and poor clinical outcome specifically in deep ICH. In multivariate regression analyses, each additional SD of the score increased mean deep ICH volume by 28% (or 2.7 mL increase; β=0.28; SE=0.11;
P
=0.009) and risk of poor clinical outcome by 71% (odds ratio, 1.71; 95% confidence interval, 1.05–2.80;
P
=0.03).

Conclusions—
Increasing numbers of high blood pressure–related alleles are associated with mean baseline hematoma volume and poor clinical outcome in ICH. These findings suggest that the small vessel vasculopathy responsible for the occurrence of the hemorrhage also influences its volume.
Being obsessive-compulsive about terminology and nomenclature is not a vice, but a virtue
Authors: KUHN Jens H. , WAHL-JENSEN Victoria 
Published: January 2013

At first glance, discussions among linguists seem utterly absurd to those without linguistic training. Scientific debates on the Chinese languages are a good example. For decades, linguists have been arguing over how many Chinese languages exist. Should Chinese characters be classified as ideographs or pictographs, and are they phonetic or rather syllabic in nature (DeFrancis 1984)? Reading linguistic treatises is reminiscent of reading any specialized scientific article—they are difficult to understand if one is not among the experts. It is only natural that non-experts ask sooner or later whether all of these linguistic discussions are of any practical use, and how much money, often derived from taxes, is spent on them. Of course these discussions are of practical use and money is well spent.
Circumscriptional names of higher taxa in Hexapoda
Authors: KLUGE Nikita Julievich 
Published: January 2013

Testing non-typified names by applying rules of circumscriptional nomenclature shows that in most cases the traditional usage can be supported. However, the original circumscription of several widely used non-typified names does not fit the taxa they are applied to. Here I discuss names historically applied to the taxa whose correct circumscriptional names should be Hexapoda, Amyocerata, Triplura, Dermatoptera, Saltatoria, Spectra, Pandictyoptera, Palaeoblattariae, Neoblattariae, Parametabola, Parasita, Arthroidignatha, Plantisuga, Metabola, Birostrata, Rhaphidioptera, Meganeuroptera, Eleuterata, Panzygothoraca, Lepidoptera and Glossolepidoptera. The new names Holopandictyoptera taxon nov., Cryptovipositoria taxon nov., Oothecophora taxon nov., Enteracantha taxon nov., and Pleuroptera taxon nov. are proposed for recognized but yet unnamed taxa.
Viewing the <i>Draft BioCode</i> as a protistologist and museum employee
Authors: AESCHT Erna 
Published: January 2013

The initiative resulting in a revived Draft BioCode (DBC) is highly welcomed, to a lesser extent the acontextual, ahistorical and disembodied presentation of the latter. Examples from ciliatology show that we not only face a taxonomic gap combined with a biodiversity crisis but also a “nomenclature awareness” gap. Because of many discrepancies between announced and actually deposited type material in protistology, a four-eyes principle is suggested, viz. registration of type specimen(s) should be performed or countersigned by the curator(s) of the relevant institution(s), preferably natural history museums. Pseudonomenclature may be characterized by a loose series of articles covering more or less ranks viewed from a top-down perspective, a misleading, discordant terminology (e.g. concerning diagnosis, circumscription, protologue, sorts of types) and a stability concept flawed by the absence of clear guidelines concerning “prevailing usage” or “established custom”. Bionomenclature-in-the-making resulting in a de facto unified BioCode would be enhanced by a critical mass of taxonomists defending a clear coherent plan favouring a bottom-up approach, i.e., most important are concrete specimens including their (micro)habitats, a fine-tuned, consistent terminology, and stringent, automatic rules.
The rich but confusing terminology of biological nomenclature: a first step towards a comprehensive glossary
Authors: DUBOIS Alain 
Published: January 2013

Biology deals with billions of living organisms, which display a great diversity but also share many characters, being the result of an evolution. Designating these organisms in a universal and unambiguous way is a basic need for communication, not only among taxonomists or even biologists, but with society as a whole. It is indispensable to have a unique system for distinguishing and naming the organisms that may be used for alimentary, agronomical, veterinary or medical purposes or for any other human needs, that may be responsible for diseases, pollutions, biotic invasions, that we may wish to protect, study or admire, etc. For all these purposes, we need a scientific discipline, taxonomy, dealing not only with the classification of living organisms into millions of classificatory units, the taxa, but also with the designation and indexation of these taxa (nomenclature). Biological nomenclature has to care for the scientific naming of millions of taxa (species and higher taxa like genera or families), the inventory of which is still very far from being finished.
Increased Variability in Cold-Season Temperature since the 1930s in Subtropical China
Authors: Duan Jianping , Zhang Qi-bin , Lv Li-Xin 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
The recent increase in the frequency of winter cold extremes has received particular attention in light of the climate's warming. Knowledge about changes in the frequency of winter cold extremes requires long-term climate data over large spatial scale. In this study, a temperature-sensitive tree-ring network consisting of 31 sampling sites collected from seven provinces in subtropical China was used to investigate the characteristics of cold-season temperature extremes during the past two centuries. The results show that the percentage of trees in a year that experienced an abnormal decrease in radial growth relative to the previous year can serve as an indicator of interannual change in January–March temperature in subtropical China. The frequency of extreme interannual decreases in cold-season temperature has increased since the 1930s. The change in cold-season temperature was significantly correlated with the intensity of the Siberian high, yet the correlation was much weaker in the period preceding the 1930s. The findings provide evidence of a frequency change in the occurrence of interannual cold-season temperature extremes in the past two centuries for subtropical China. Particularly, the pattern in the variation of cold-season temperature suggests a change in climate systems around the 1930s.
The South-Central U.S. Flood of May 2010: Present and Future*
Authors: Lackmann Gary M. 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Previous studies have documented a feedback mechanism involving the cyclonic low-level jet (LLJ), poleward moisture flux and flux convergence, and condensational heating. Increased water vapor content and potentially heavier precipitation accompanying climate warming suggest the hypothesis that this feedback could strengthen with warming, contributing to amplification of precipitation extremes beyond what the thermodynamically controlled vapor increase would provide. Here, this hypothesis is tested with numerical simulations of a severe flooding event that took place in early May 2010 in the south-central United States.
Control simulations with a mesoscale model capture the main features of the May 2010 flooding event. A pseudo–global warming approach is used to modify the current initial, surface, and boundary conditions by applying thermodynamic changes projected by an ensemble of GCMs for the A2 emission scenario. The observed synoptic pattern of the flooding event is replicated but with modified future thermodynamics, allowing isolation of thermodynamic changes on the moisture feedback. This comparison does not indicate a strengthening of the LLJ in the future simulation. Analysis of the lower-tropospheric potential vorticity evolution reveals that the southern portion of the LLJ over the Gulf of Mexico in this event was strengthened through processes involving the terrain of the Mexican Plateau; this aspect is largely insensitive to climate change. Despite the lack of LLJ strengthening, precipitation in the future simulation increased at a super Clausius–Clapeyron rate because of strengthened convective updrafts.
Influences of ENSO on Stratospheric Variability, and the Descent of Stratospheric Perturbations into the Lower Troposphere
Authors: Li Ying , Lau Ngar-Cheung 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
The linkage between El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) through the stratospheric pathway is examined using a global coupled climate model [GFDL Climate Model version 3 (CM3)], with increased vertical resolution and extent in the stratosphere as compared to an earlier model [GFDL Climate Model version 2 (CM2)]. It is demonstrated that the relationship between ENSO and NAO is stronger in CM3 than in CM2.
It is found that ENSO plays an important role in modulating the frequency of occurrence of the stratospheric polar vortex anomalies through enhancement/attenuation of the amplitudes of zonal wavenumbers 1 and 2, especially in late winter. A higher frequency of weak (strong) stratospheric vortex events is simulated in CM3 during El Niño (La Niña) episodes.
The weak vortex events during El Niño winters are preceded by enhancement of the zonal wave-1 pattern and weakening of zonal wave-2 pattern. These modified tropospheric planetary waves propagate upward and then weaken the stratospheric polar vortex through eddy–mean flow interaction. The zonal-mean geopotential response in the stratosphere propagates downward and weakens the polar vortex throughout the troposphere.
The effects of planetary wave refraction in the upper troposphere on the zonally averaged circulation cells in the tropospheric meridional plane, and the linkage between the lower branches of these cells and the near-surface wind patterns, play an important role in the flow pattern over the region corresponding to the southern lobe of the NAO. Specifically, a negative annular mode and NAO response is discernible in weak stratospheric vortex events during El Niño. Conversely, the positive annular mode and NAO is evident in strong vortex events during La Niña.