bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
What Relativism Isn't
Authors: KNORPP, JR. WILLIAM MAX 
Published: July 2002

IntroductionThere is an enormous amount of confusion about what relativism is. In this paper I aim to take a step toward clarifying what it is by discussing some things that it is not — that is, by distinguishing it from some other views with which it is often confused or conflated, such as nihilism and scepticism. I do this primarily because I think that the question of the character of relativism is interesting in itself. A clearer characterization of relativism would also be important instrumentally, however, as before we can accurately assess relativism we must have a clear idea of what it is. The secondary aim of this paper, then, is to function as a prolegomenon to an assessment of relativism. The tertiary aim of the paper is to make a few observations about the view which most clearly stands opposed to relativism, the view which I will call ‘objectivism.’ Because relativism is often confused with views like fallibilism and pluralism, objectivism often finds itself unjustly associated with views like infallibilism and political authoritarianism. (If this paper had a subtitle, it would be: ‘And What Objectivism Isn't.’) Although it is not the point of this paper to criticize relativism, I should make it clear that it began as a part of an anti-relativistic project, and, although anti-relativism is not necessarily objectivism, I should perhaps make it clear that I am more than a little sympathetic to the latter type of view.
Value of the initial stimulus dose in right unilateral
and bifrontal electroconvulsive therapy
Authors: HEIKMAN P. , TUUNAINEN A. , KUOPPASALMI K. 
Published: July 2002

Background. The outcome of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is affected by the placement and
dose of the stimulus. In general, the ECT dose can be selected either by the dose-titration method
(on which the measured seizure threshold level is based), or the method of predetermined dose (e.g.
the age-based dosing and the fixed high dose method).Methods. Seizure thresholds were measured in 50 patients with right unilateral (RUL) and in 30
patients with experimental bifrontal (BF) ECT stimulus. The ECT dose (mC) of the age-based
dosing was calculated by multiplying the age (years) by 5·0 (age method) or 2·5 (half-age method).
The fixed high dose was set to 378 mC.Results. The seizure thresholds had only a moderate correlation with the age of the patients. The
methods based on the predetermined dose would have led us to give patients with the lowest seizure
thresholds in the RUL ECT group very high stimulus doses, up to 12 (age method) or 15 (fixed high
dose method) times the individual seizure threshold. In contrast, the RUL ECT patients with the
highest seizure thresholds would have received low stimulus doses down to 1·5 times (half-age
method) the initial seizure threshold. In the BF ECT group the-age based dose would have been
similarly dependent on the initial seizure threshold level.Conclusion. The use of the dose-titration method is recommended, because it is the only method
that allows for the individual selection of ECT stimulus dose relative to the seizure
threshold.
Not an age of depression after all? Incidence rates may be stable over time
Authors: PAYKEL E. S. 
Published: July 2002

In an important paper in this issue Murphy et al. (pp. 503–512) report on incidence rates for
depression over 40 years in the Stirling County Study. Incidence rates remained stable, contrary to
most evidence that is principally based on prevalence or retrospective lifetime prevalence. Incidence
rates were only a little higher in women than in men.Incidence rates are assuming increasing importance in psychiatry as they do in other areas of
epidemiology. Prevalence rates are complex, depending not only on incidence of new cases of the
disorder, but its persistence, and in a recurrent disorder, recurrence. Incidence rates are unbiased
by these factors, a particularly valuable attribute when considering risk factors. In depression,
development and widespread use of antidepressants, newer patterns of care, and in the opposite
direction, increased urbanization with its accompanying social pressures, could have produced
considerable changes in outcome in the last 40 years. Changes in enumerated prevalences alone
could reflect changed length of episodes and rates of recurrence, so giving a misleading picture as
to what has happened to the disorder.The Stirling County Study is one of the classics of epidemiology. Its originator, Alexander
Leighton, is an author of the present paper with his wife, Jane Murphy, who has directed the study
since the mid-1970s. Representative community samples were studied cross-sectionally in 1952,
1969 and 1992, and the previously studied samples restudied on follow-up at the later points. The
design enables a separation of period effects, involving all subjects at one time point, from cohort
effects. In this study similar temporal stability of prevalence has been found (Murphy et al. 2000b)
to that now reported for incidence.
REGIONAL DIVERSITY IN THE LATER RUSSIAN EMPIRE
Authors: Saunders David 
Published: July 2002

AbstractWERE tendencies in the direction of regional difference in the later Russian Empire outweighing tendencies in the direction of homogeneity? In view of the fact that the empire fell apart in 1917, it looks as if the emphasis ought to be on difference. A good case, however, can also be made for homogeneity. I shall therefore be proposing that the regions of the Russian Empire occupied a more or less constant position on an imaginary `divergence–coalescence spectrum'. Admittedly, the contest between divergence and coalescence ceased to be equal during the First World War and the empire collapsed. This imbalance, however, turned out to be temporary. The empire re-emerged under a new name at the end of 1922 and for sixty-nine years thereafter occupied more or less the same place on the divergence–coalescence spectrum that it had occupied before it collapsed. So I shall be arguing that, except under extreme duress, the empire was stable. It is this stability I wish to draw to your attention. One's natural inclination is to think of the later Russian Empire as a hotbed of change. I have argued in a recent article that the inclination should be resisted in analyses of work-patterns. I shall argue today that it should also be resisted in the field of regional diversity. To make the case, I shall divide what I have to say into three parts, the first on divergence, the second on coalescence and the third on the First World War.
Conceptual coordination bridges information processing and neurophysiology
Authors: Clancey William J. 
Published: July 2002

Information processing theories of memory and skills can be reformulated in terms of how categories are physically and temporally related, a process called conceptual coordination. Dreaming can then be understood as a story-understanding process in which two mechanisms found in everyday comprehension are missing: conceiving sequences (chunking categories in time as a higher-order categorization) and coordinating across modalities (e.g., relating the sound of a word and the image of its meaning). On this basis, we can readily identify isomorphisms between dream phenomenology and neurophysiology, and explain the function of dreaming as facilitating future coordination of sequential, cross-modal categorization (i.e., REM sleep lowers activation thresholds, “unlearning”).[Hobson et al.; Nielsen; Solms; Revonsuo; Vertes & Eastman]
Novel concepts of sleep-wakefullness and neuronal information coding
Authors: Marczynski Thaddeus J. 
Published: July 2002

A new working hypothesis of sleep-wake cycle mechanisms is proposed, based on ontogeny and functional/anatomic compression of two stochastic neuronal models of information coding that complement each other in a key/lock fashion: the axonal arbor patterns (AAP – “hardware”) and the neuronal spike interval inequality patterns (SIIP – “software”).[Hobson et al.; Nielsen; Revonsuo; Solms; Vertes & Eastman]
Rigidity of integrable twist maps and a theorem of Moser
Authors: SIBURG KARL FRIEDRICH 
Published: July 2002

According to a theorem of Moser, every monotone twist map $\varphi$ on the cylinder ${\Bbb S}^1\times {\Bbb R}$, which is integrable outside a compact set, is the time-1-map $\varphi_H^1$ of a fibrewise convex Hamiltonian $H$. In this paper we prove that if this particular flow $\varphi_H^t$ is also integrable outside a compact set, then $\varphi$ has to be integrable on the whole cylinder (and vice versa, of course). From this dynamical point of view, integrable twist maps appear to be quite rigid.As is shown in the appendix, an analogous rigidity result becomes trivial in higher dimensions.
Integrated control architecture based on behavior and plan for mobile
robot navigation
Authors: Chung Jiyoon , Ryu Byeong-Soon , Yang Hyun S. 
Published: July 2002

One of the most difficult challenges in mobile robotics is real-world navigation.
A real world can change suddenly and this change makes the robot relinquish planning actions in advance. In order to overcome such a change, behavior-based navigation was introduced. However, it had a difficulty in planning deliberate actions and in communicating
with humans.We propose a new control strategy combining both the merits of behavior-based and planner-based approaches. The architecture consists of three major parts: Behaviors, Planner, and Coordinator. The Planner plays
two important roles: 1) as a flexible human interface and 2) as the planner itself. The Coordinator serves as an interface between Behaviors and Planner and guides Behaviors to accomplish meaningful tasks according to the guidelines from the Planner and the Position estimator.We also provide a brief description of the intelligent mobile robot CAIR-2 and for '95 IJCAI/AAAI Robot Competition and Exhibition when the robot was placed first in the Office Delivery event.
Self-motion utilization for reducing vibration of a structurally flexible redundant
robot manipulator system
Authors: Kim Seon-Jae , Park Youn-Sik 
Published: July 2002

This paper focuses on overcoming the problem of tracking control in structurally flexible redundant manipulators by utilizing their self-motion capabilities. In the proposed algorithm, the self-motion is evaluated in order to nullify the dominant modal force of flexural motion that is induced by a rigid body motion.The flexure motions of manipulators, which are induced by joint motion, cause undesired inaccuracy in end-effector tracking. In-plath planning states, joint trajectories are so
designed as not to excite but to damp out the flexure motions. The self-motion, inherent in redundant manipulators, can alter joint motion, influencing the flexure motion (by exciting and damping the flexure modes), while not affecting end-effector motion at all. Therefore, the self-motion can be utilized to regulate flexibility and effectively reduce the end-effector tracking error.The effectiveness and applicability of the proposed algorithm have been demonstrated through numerical simulation with three-link planar robotic manipulators possessing flexible links.
INCORPORATING DATA FROM DISSERTATIONS IN SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS
Authors: Vickers Andrew J. , Smith Claire 
Published: July 2002

Objectives: To determine whether unpublished

dissertations are an important source of trials for

systematic reviews.Methods: In a review of infant massage, we identified 17 dissertations. We

recorded whether each dissertation was included in the review and, if so, whether it contributed

data to any analyses.Results: Thirteen dissertations were excluded, 11 because of poor reporting

of methodology. Three dissertations were also published as journal papers. The data from the

remaining dissertation were not included in any analysis. Reviewing data on the Cochrane

Library, only one of 878 reviews included data from a dissertation that might have changed a

review's conclusions.Conclusions: Searching for and retrieving

unpublished dissertations

involves considerable time and effort and appears to influence the conclusions of a review only

rarely.
Conservation laws and variational sequences in gauge-natural theories
Authors: FATIBENE L. , FRANCAVIGLIA M. , PALESE M. 
Published: July 2002

In the classical Lagrangian approach to conservation laws of gauge-natural field
theories a suitable vector density is known to generate the so-called conserved Noether
currents. It turns out that along any section of the relevant gauge-natural bundle
this density is the divergence of a skew-symmetric tensor density, which is called a
superpotential for the conserved currents.We describe gauge-natural superpotentials in the framework of finite order variational
sequences according to Krupka. We refer to previous results of ours on variational
Lie derivatives concerning abstract versions of Noether's theorems, which
are here interpreted in terms of ‘horizontal’ and ‘vertical’ conserved currents. The
gauge-natural lift of principal automorphisms implies suitable linearity properties
of the Lie derivative operator. Thus abstract results due to Kolář, concerning the
integration by parts procedure, can be applied to prove the existence and globality of
superpotentials in a very general setting.
Intelligent Transport Systems
Authors: Carter Alan 
Published: July 2002

This and the following paper were first presented at NAV 2000 on Thursday, 2 November
2000 – the day devoted to Location and Communication for Land Vehicles.This paper discusses the need for Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) and the key factors
influencing the Government's Integrated Transport Policy. Typical ITS projects and
applications in the UK are reviewed and conclusions drawn.
Human carrying capacity estimation in Brazilian Amazonia as a basis for sustainable development
Authors: FEARNSIDE PHILIP M. 
Published: July 2002

Sustainable development requires that population and consumption remain within the limits of carrying capacity, while preventing a decline in the carrying capacity of an area requires that productive systems implanted through development be sustainable. Zoning can be a valuable tool in influencing land-use decisions, but we cannot expect government decrees to be capable of causing the landscape to evolve toward the sustainable patterns which have been recommended through zoning. A prerequisite for influencing land-use change is understanding the social processes involved in land-use decisions, beginning with deforestation dynamics. Work to estimate carrying capacity needs to embrace the wide variety of production systems used and contemplated for Amazonia and to be able to interpret this information at scales ranging from local communities to the region as a whole. This will require not only studies of different land-use systems in rural areas, but also integration with studies of energy use and support limits of urban populations. Risks of environmental impacts must be quantified under different development scenarios, and limits of acceptable risk identified and integrated into analyses of carrying capacity.Tapping the value of environmental services of standing forest represents a promising means of sustaining Amazonia's population over the long term, but numerous obstacles exist. These include halting deforestation before opportunities are lost and supporting the population in non-damaging ways while the institutional groundwork is laid for using the environmental services involved. Research is needed to quantify the magnitude of services and the appropriate monetary value per unit of service. Diplomatic agreement must be reached on these values, which can be expected to be quite different from estimates of the 'true' values based on research. A series of social arrangements must be proposed and implemented if the value derived from environmental services is to fulfil its dual role of maintaining both the forest and the human population in Amazonia.
Measuring the outcomes of care in older people: a non-critical review of patient-based measures.III. Pain, physical disability and handicap, and social health instruments
Authors: Kliempt P , Ruta D , McMurdo M 
Published: July 2002

IntroductionThis is the last in a series of three papers reviewing 69 patient-based outcome measures that have been developed specifically for use in older people, or that have been administered to populations that include older people. The previous papers described how the measures were identified, and provided brief descriptions

of measures of general health status and quality of life, instruments assessing mental status, measures of depression, and measures of psychological wellbeing. In this paper we describe six pain measures, 12 measures of physical disability and handicap, and eight measures of social health (see Tables 1–3). References in the text which include a copy of the questionnaire are marked with a # sign. Otherwise, a copy can be obtained from the address provided. It is recommended, however, before using any of the questionnaires to contact the authors to obtain permission to use them.
The role of day hospitals in rehabilitation
Authors: Curless Richard 
Published: July 2002

IntroductionDay hospitals for older people typically provide a multidisciplinary service for
a heterogeneous group of patients based largely upon a health care model. The broad
objectives of day hospital attendance are now widely accepted (Figure
1). There is wide variation, nationally and locally, in the types of service provision.
Little information is available to support evidence-based day hospital practice,
partly due to the lack of an established methodology to evaluate current practice
and allow comparison of different types of community-based rehabilitation and support.
This review will confine itself to day hospitals for older people; day care and day
hospitals for psychiatry of old age will not be discussed in any detail.
Publications on financial history 1998
Authors: NOIRET SERGE 
Published: July 2002

This bibliography
covers publications that appeared during 1998. It follows previous criteria, being divided into two
broad areas: general literature on financial history in section I, and specialised material in section
2. Section 2 is subdivided chronologically and, further, by geographical area (the complete
classification scheme was published in Volume I, Part 2, pp. 157–60). Where there are no entries
for a particular section, the heading has been omitted. Abbreviations have been kept to a minimum but
standard abbreviations such as J. for Journal, Q. for Quarterly,
Rev. for Review/Revue, have been used throughout. Short titles are used for
references to edited volumes within the section in which they are listed, elsewhere they are cited in
full. Articles published in books ‘edited by’ are mentioned only if the bibliographer
accessed the relevant index before the deadline for publication (August 1998). Doctoral theses and
Working Papers are not included.The bibliographer is pleased to receive suggestions of any kind
at his e-mail address: <noiret@iue.it>
ROBERT AND ELIZABETH BARRETT BROWNING: AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY FOR 1997
Authors: Donaldson Sandra M. , Bisignano Dominic , Brotton Melissa 
Published: July 2002

The following abbreviations appear in this year’s bibliography:BSNBrowning Society NotesDAI Dissertation Abstracts InternationalN&QNotes and QueriesNCLNineteenth Century LiteratureRESReview of English StudiesSBHCStudies in Browning and His CircleVLCVictorian Literature and CultureVPVictorian PoetryVRVictorian ReviewAn asterisk* indicates that we have not seen the item. Cross references with citation numbers between 51 and 70 followed by a colon (e.g., C68:) refer to William S. Peterson’s Robert and Elizabeth Barrett Browning: An Annotated Bibliography, 1951–1970 (New York: Browning Institute, 1974); higher numbers refer to Robert Browning: A Bibliography 1830–1950, compiled by L. N. Broughton, C. S. Northup, and Robert Pearsall (Ithaca: Cornell UP, 1953).
Structure of the Highly Conserved HERC2 Gene and of Multiple Partially Duplicated Paralogs in Human
Authors: Ji Yonggang , Rebert Nancy A. , Joslin John M. , Higgins Michael J. , Schultz Roger A. , Nicholls Robert D. 
Published: July 2002

Recombination between chromosome-specific low-copy repeats (duplicons) is an underlying mechanism for several genetic disorders. Recently, a chromosome 15 duplicon was discovered in the common breakpoint regions of Prader–Willi and Angelman syndrome deletions. We identified previously the large HERC2 transcript as an ancestral gene in this duplicon, with ∼11 HERC2-containing duplicons, and demonstrated that recessive mutations in mouseHerc2 lead to a developmental syndrome, juvenile development and fertility 2 (jdf2). We have now constructed and sequenced a genomic contig of HERC2, revealing a total of 93 exons spanning ∼250 kb and a CpG island promoter. A processed ribosomal protein L41 pseudogene occurs in intron 2 of HERC2, and putative VNTRs occur in intron 70 (28 copies, ∼76-bp repeat) and 3′ exon 40 through intron 40 (6 copies, ∼62-bp repeat). Sequence comparisons show that HERC2-containing duplicons have undergone several deletion, inversion, and dispersion events to form complex duplicons in 15q11, 15q13, and 16p11. To further understand the developmental role of HERC2, a highly conservedDrosophila ortholog was characterized, with 70% amino acid sequence identity to human HERC2 over the carboxy-terminal 743 residues. Combined, these studies provide significant insights into the structure of complex duplicons and into the evolutionary pathways of formation, dispersal, and genomic instability of duplicons. Our results establish that some genes not only have a protein coding function but can also play a structural role in the genome.[The sequence data described in this paper have been submitted to GenBank under accession nos. AF189221 (Drosophila HERC2 partial cDNA),AC004583 (human HERC2 exons 1–52, genomic);AF224242–AF224257 (human HERC2 exons 54–70, partial genomic sequences); AF225400–AF225409 (human HERC2 exons 71–93, partial genomic sequences). The exon-intron boundaries for exons 53–93 are derived from BACs R-142A11 and 263O22. Additional information is available as a supplementary table at www.genome.org.]
Two Rhamnogalacturonide Tetrasaccharides Isolated from Semi-Retted Flax Fibers Are Signaling Molecules in Rubus fruticosus L. Cells
Authors: Dinand E. , Excoffier G. , Lienart Y. , Vignon M. R. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Water extraction of semi-retted flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) fiber bundles yielded a mixture of pectic oligosaccharides and two acidic rhamnogalacturonide tetrasaccharides that were separated by size-exclusion chromatography. One- and two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance studies and fast atom bombardment-mass spectrometry experiments indicated that the two tetrasaccharides have a common primary structure, i.e. α--D-[delta]GalpA(1[-&gt;2)-α--L-Rhap(1-&gt;4)-α--D-GalpA-(1 -&gt;2)-L-α-,β-Rha p, with a rhamnopyranose as terminal reducing end, and a 4-deoxy-β-L-threo-hex-4-eno-pyranosiduronic acid at the nonreducing end. However, the two tetrasaccharides differ by an acetyl group located at the O-3 position of the internal galacturonic acid residue. These two tetrasaccharides induce the activation of D-glycohydrolases of Rubus fructicosus L. cells or protoplasts within minutes.