bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Biotech Research-Tool Patents in Macedonia: Current Legal and Economic Parameters
Authors: Stankovic Mirjana , Stankovic Bratislav 
Published: February 2014

One of the vigorously debated topics related to the protection of biotechnology inventions has been the issue of patents on biotechnology research tools, which usually are used in very early stages of biotechnology research. Proponents of patenting argue that the patent system acts as an incentive for biotech/pharma companies to invest in research and development which is aimed at developing biotech research tools. Opponents of patenting maintain that such patents might impede future research by creating “patent-thickets” and preventing researchers from performing experiments which rely on the patented tools without authorization and royalty payments.The Republic of Macedonia is a small, developing country that lacks specifically crafted legislation or even an articulated public policy promoting the growth of the biotechnology sector. Macedonian patent law contains rather broad exemption to patent rights, termed in “free use for personal and non commercial purposes” and “free use for research and development” of a patented invention. These provisions use obfuscating language and might generate confusion and divergent judicial practices. Also problematic are the law’s provisions which pertain to biotechnology patents and, especially, exemptions to biotechnology patents; these appear to misinterpret the mirroring provisions of the European Union Biotechnology Directive.This article argues in favor of amending the Macedonian industrial property law with a list of both specific exemptions and safeguards, which should provide clarity in future judicial practice pertaining to experimental-use exemptions of biotech research-tool patents in this country.
The Quarrel of Agamemnon & Menelaus
Authors: Sammons Benjamin 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
In Odyssey Book 3, Nestor relates how a quarrel between the Atreidae led to a split of the Achaean army over departure from Troy. This story implies a representation of Agamemnon and Menelaus, their relationship, and their respective political roles, that is not reconcilable with that of the Iliad. I argue that Nestor’s tale reflects a tradition whose influence is visible in later texts, particularly the Cyclic Nostoi and some dramas of Euripides. While the Iliad clearly ignores this tradition, its language betrays some awareness of it; and in a few cases it is arguable that the Iliad alludes indirectly to a very different conception of Menelaus’s political role in the expedition against Troy.
Incurably Religious? Consensus Gentium and the Cultural Universality of Religion
Authors: De Roover Jakob 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
For centuries, the question whether there were peoples without religion was the subject of heated debate among European thinkers. At the turn of the twentieth century, this concern vanished from the radar of Western scholarship: all known peoples and societies, it was concluded, had some form of religion. This essay examines the relevant debates from the sixteenth to the twentieth century: Why was this issue so important? How did European thinkers determine whether or not some people had religion? What allowed them to close this debate? It will be shown that European descriptions of the “religions” of non-Western cultures counted as evidence for or against theoretical claims made within a particular framework, namely that of generic Christian theology. The issue of the universality of religion was settled not by scientific research but by making ad hoc modifications to this theological framework whenever it faced empirical anomalies. This is important today, because the debate concerning the cultural universality of religion has been reopened. On the one hand, evolutionary-biological explanations of religion claim that religion must be a cultural universal, since its origin lies in the evolution of the human species; on the other hand, authors suggest that religion is not a cultural universal, because many of the “religions” of humanity are fictitious entities created within an underlying theological framework.
China and the WTO after New Imperialism
Authors: Mahoney Josef Gregory 
Published: February 2014

AbstractGiven market-oriented reforms and opening up since 1978, many view China’s WTO accession in 2001 and a decade’s worth of related activities since then, including an on-going willingness to finance the global capitalist system amid crises, as indicators of a non-Marxist way of thinking. Contrarily, we argue that China’s membership in the WTO and indeed, its intense participation and integration with the global economy represents, on the one hand, an admittedly significant tactical adjustment within a broader strategic approach that, on the other hand, retains key aspects consistent with a Marxist project. In strict terms, we argue Chinese reforms indicate “praxis” and not “pragmatism,” and we illustrate why this distinction is important. We agree that cost/benefit analyses can help understand China’s behaviour, as long as they are coupled with the sort of Marxist historicist perspective that continues to shape Beijing’s policy making. In this sense, we discuss how Beijing views the current era with respect to its vision of the past and the future and, therefore, elucidate a different interpretive framework for assessing on-going tactical adjustments within a global system and way of thinking that is likely at odds with Beijing’s vision of the future.
“Altogether Another Flavor of Emotion to Torment a Man”
Authors: Doran Rebecca 
Published: February 2014

Liu Yong’s ci-poems and the male persona depicted in them are often regarded as truthful portrayals of Liu Yong the man. There is in fact no evidence to support such a view. This essay offers a new approach to Liu’s “romantic” ci, analyzing this group of song-lyrics as the expression of a typological love narrative, and proposes that the love narrative best defines and unifies them. It seeks to unpack the components and the significance of the love narrative driving so many of Liu Yong’s most controversial and influential lyrics, focusing on the ways in which the stylized performance of love is expressed, celebrated, and also called into question. Les ci de Liu Yong et le personnage masculin qu’ils dépeignent sont souvent considérés comme livrant un portrait authentique de l’homme Li Yong. Il n’existe en réalité rien pour prouver une telle assertion. Le présent article propose une nouvelle approche des ci “romantiques” de Liu Yong, en analysant cet ensemble de pièces lyriques en tant qu’ils expriment une histoire d’amour standard, et suggère que c’est bien ce modèle narratif qui les définit et les combine de la meilleure façon. Il s’agit de déconstruire les éléments et la signification de cette histoire d’amour qu’on retrouve au centre de tant de poèmes de Liu Yong parmi les plus controversés et les plus influents, tout en insistant sur la façon d’exprimer, de glorifier, et aussi de mettre en question la célébration stylisée de l’amour.
The Sahidic Coptic Version of 4 Maccabees
Authors: Miroshnikov Ivan 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThe Coptic Sahidic version of the Fourth Book of Maccabees was discovered by Enzo Lucchesi in the nineteen eighties, but up to this day has not been published. This article presents the extant fragments of the manuscript, stored at the National Library in Paris and the library of the University of Michigan. The paleography of the manuscript and the contents of the version are discussed in the introductory remarks, which are followed by a transcription and English translation of the fragments.
Incarnation as Psychagogy
Authors: Sturdevant Jason S. 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
In his homilies on John’s Gospel, John Chrysostom refers to Jesus’ actions as reflective of an adaptable psychagogy. Starting with this initial observation, this study examines key aspects of the Gospel through the lens of psychagogy, particularly its christology and its emphasis on revelation. This study proposes an alternative understanding to the mysteriousness of the Johannine Jesus, arguing that mysteriousness does not simply arise out of Jesus’ heavenly origins, but also serves an important psychagogical end: to inspire people to reevaluate their presuppositions about Jesus’ identity and mission.
Food selectivity of Ceriodaphnia quadrangula (O. F. Müller, 1785) (Cladocera) and its impact on competition outcome between two freshwater green algae
Authors: Tellioglu A. 
Published: February 2014

The present work tested the food selectivity of the cladoceran Ceriodaphnia quadrangula (O. F. Müller, 1785) and its impact on competition outcome between Chlorella vulgaris Beijerinck, 1890 and Chlamydomonas globosa J. W. Snow, 1902. Freshwater green algae, Chlorella, have heavy cell walls and their size usually exceeds the lower limits of limb size of Ceriodaphnia. According to the optimal foraging theory, it is speculated that Ceriodaphnia would graze on the more exposed and relatively larger Chlamydomonas rather than on Chlorella, and this process would lead to small-sized Chlorella becoming a superior competitor in the presence of Ceriodaphnia. This work used Ceriodaphnia, Chlamydomonas globosa and Chlorella vulgaris to test this hypothesis. The grazing experiment showed that Ceriodaphnia preferred Chl. globosa to Ch. vulgaris, regardless of the concentration and relative abundance of these algae. The decrease in relative abundance of high-quality Chlamydomonas in Chlamydomonas-Chlorella assemblages did not diminish the grazing efficiency of Ceriodaphnia on this algal species, but increased the selectivity of small-sized cells of Chlorella. However, when the concentration of Chlamydomonas was extremely high, the grazing of Ceriodaphnia on Chlamydomonas decreased. In competition experiments, it was observed that the presence of Chlamydomonas restrained the growth potential of Chlorella; however, the introduction of Ceriodaphnia into the competing environment weakened this influence and to some extent enhanced the growth ability of Chlorella. The different densities of Ceriodaphnia had an obvious influence on the competition outcome between Chlamydomonas and Chlorella.
The male of the deep-living hyperiid Hyperoche shihi Gasca, 2005 (Peracarida: Amphipoda) and a new symbiotic association in the Gulf of California
Authors: Gasca R. 
Published: February 2014

From samples of deep-water zooplankton, obtained in the Gulf of California, female and male specimens of the rare deep-living amphipod Hyperoche shihi Gasca, 2005 were collected. The adult male is slightly larger than the female and it has the distinctly large chela of pereopod II. A full description of the male is provided to complement the morphological information of this unique hyperiid species. This is the only deep-living species of Hyperoche Bovallius, 1887 known. These specimens were found in a symbiotic association with the coronate scyphomedusa Nausithoe rubra Vanhöffen, a deep-living form. The female was previously reported from the bathypelagic hydromedusa Chromatonema erythrogonon (Bigelow); hence, the host range of H. shihi is expanded and includes a scyphomedusa. There are no previous records of hyperiids associated to species of Nausithoe Kölliker. The amphipods were found grasped to the medusan exumbrella and were moving to the inner part of the medusa.
Diameter of the base of the capitulum as a biometric variable of the goose barnacle Pollicipes pollicipes (Gmelin, 1789) (Cirripedia, Lepadomorpha)
Authors: Parada J. M. , Iglesias E. , Outeiral R. , Molares J. 
Published: February 2014

Owing to the peculiar morphology of the goose barnacle Pollicipes pollicipes (Gmelin, 1789), many different biometric variables have been used in its study. The lack of a standard morphological variable makes it difficult to compare results from different authors. This aspect takes on even greater importance, since the goose barnacle is a commercially exploited species and must be regulated with clear-cut technical measures related to its biology. The need to measure a large quantity of specimens in the management and control of the fishery calls for a biometric variable that can be processed easily and requires little training. The base of the rostrum and the apex of the subcarina form two conspicuous clefts in the capitulum of the goose barnacle, allowing a calliper to be fitted quickly and easily. The results of this study showed that the diameter of the base of the capitulum (DBC), defined as the distance between these two clefts, may be considered a consistent variable both when the same specimen is measured by two different technicians and when the measurements taken from a fresh specimen are compared with the measurements taken after the specimen has been frozen and then thawed. In order to make comparisons easier, two linear equations have been found to relate DBC and two of the more usual biometric variables: rostral-carinal distance (RC) and capitulum height (CH). The mean length at sexual maturity was also calculated in terms of DBC (13.35 mm) for specimens collected on the Galician coast (NW Spain).
In vitro evaluation of nematicidal properties of Solanum sisymbriifolium and S. nigrum extracts on Pratylenchus goodeyi
Authors: Pestana Margarida , Rodrigues Mónica , Teixeira Lucília , Abrantes Isabel de O. , Gouveia Manuela , Cordeiro Nereida 
Published: February 2014

The root-lesion nematode, Pratylenchus goodeyi, is among the most economically damaging parasites of banana plants. Nematode control can benefit from searching for novel bio-nematicides. The present study was carried out to assess the potential nematicidal properties of two Solanum species (Solanum sisymbriifolium and S. nigrum) against P. goodeyi, using dichloromethane, acetone, ethanol and either cold or hot water extracts of the plants. Water extracts of both plants at a concentration of 10 mg ml−1 greatly affected nematode movement and also caused mortality. The analysis of sequential extracts at the same experimental concentrations showed that, although water extracts affect nematode mobility and mortality, the acetone extract from S. nigrum was the most efficient, causing 100% mortality after 23 h exposure. The results showed that S. sisymbriifolium and S. nigrum extracts contain chemical components that induce morphological changes in the body structure of the root-lesion nematode, affect mobility and cause mortality. The nematostatic and nematicidal potential of the extracts described herein merit further studies to find novel bio-nematicides against the root-lesion nematode.
Is a biogeography of freshwater nematodes possible?
Authors: Zullini Aldo 
Published: February 2014

An attempt was made to detect some possible biogeographic patterns in the distribution of freshwater nematodes. The literature concerning 14 geographic areas (in Eurasia, Africa and America) and seven well studied lakes was examined. Notwithstanding the ubiquity of most freshwater nematodes, some distributional patterns emerge from a multidimensional analysis. Examining the lakes only, nematodes in Lake Baikal appear markedly different from the other lacustrine nematodes from other parts of the world. It is possible to conclude: i) that freshwater nematodes communities show some difference at the continental level only; and ii) that the freshwater nematode biota is divided into two parts with the Lake Baikal community as one part, and the rest of the world community as the other.
Commentary on “Democracy and Scandal: A Research Agenda”
Authors: Brenton Scott 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
In my original article “Scandals as a Positive Feature of Liberal Democratic Politics: A Durkheimian perspective” (2012b), I argued that scandals are actually a positive feature of liberal democratic politics, and rather than representing a threat to political stability serve an important function. Scandals provide a “safety valve” for the expression of negativity towards political actors while reinforcing collective values and ultimately strengthening the system, consistent with Durkheim’s ideas. The response to this article certainly contains some thought-provoking examples, but they do not contradict my argument that scandal can only occur in liberal democracies due to the necessity of freedom of speech, an open and aggressive media and strong political competition.
Motivation for Achievement and Structural Workplace Empowerment among Palestinian Healthcare Professionals
Authors: Nasser Randa , Saadeh Belal A. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThis study tests Kanter’s theory of structural workplace empowerment. It maintains that previous research that attempted to do so failed to account for the effect of an important personal characteristic—i.e. employees’ achievement motivation. This body of research also failed to uncover the mechanisms by which personal characteristics of employees influence their perceived empowerment. Data was collected from a sample of 154 hospital nurses, in two major Palestinian hospitals, through a survey design and self-administered questionnaire. The results of multivariate regression analyses and path-analysis indicate that perceived empowerment is indirectly influenced by personal factors (including educational qualifications, experience, position, and motivation towards achievement) through more direct structural determinants (access to formal and informal lines of power). More significantly, motivation has a direct—albeit weak—impact on perceived empowerment, after the effects of the more proximate structural determinants are controlled for.
The Wisconsin Plan in East Jerusalem: “From Welfare to Work,” Review and Analysis of the Plan in Light of those Affected by it, and the Social, Economical and Political Reality for East Jerusalem
Authors: Al-Silwadi Najwa 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
This paper focuses on the experience of the Jerusalemite participants in the Wisconsin plan, and its impact on them as individuals and family members, and on the Jerusalemite society from an economic and social perspective. The paper also relies on field information that stems from the practical experience of the Community Action Center, based on its role in advocating the marginalized groups and empowering them for knowledge and skills that strengthen and support them in dealing with this plan, including other services provided by the official Israeli authorities to the Jerusalemite community.
The Role of Information and Communication Technology in Preventing Election-Related Violence in Kenya, 2013
Authors: Trujillo Horacio R. , Elam David , Shapiro Gabriel , Clayton Malcolm 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
Leading up to the Kenyan presidential elections of 2013, observers around the world were preoccupied by the potential for mass violence similar to that which erupted following the 2007 presidential election. Yet, the 2013 elections were largely unmarred by violence. A notable characteristic of the Kenyan 2013 elections was the use of information and communications technologies (ICT) in various public and private efforts to address the threat of violence related to the elections. In our exploration of how ICT contributed to the mitigation of election-related violence in the 2013 Kenyan elections, we find useful the models of violence as contagion and collective efficacy as essential for violence prevention.
Global Activism and Social Transformation vis-à-vis Dominant Forms of Economic Organization: Critical Education within Afro-Brazilian and Transnational Pedagogical Praxis
Authors: Rossatto César Augusto 
Published: February 2014

AbstractMasses of colonial workers are situating their free-for-all labor efforts in a global context due to dominant forms of organization based on a corporate market economy. New social movements that show concern for democracy and human rights are challenging capitalist priorities of “efficiency” and exploitation. In some places, the representatives of popular movements are actually taking the reins of state power. Many of these movements are emerging to bridge national identities and boundaries, in solidarity with transnational class, gender, and ethnic struggles. The ideology of market competition has become more entrenched in schools. Thus, in this article I explore these implications drawn upon the myriad social struggles shaping students’ lives and communities, which are based on principles of justice, ethics, access, and emancipation, placing emphasis on the effects of whiteness from an historical Afro-Brazilian political experience.
Women’s Status and Fertility Differential in the World-System: A Cross-National Analysis
Authors: Akhter Rifat 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
Using World-System and Gender and Development theories to examine women’s status and fertility in the high fertility countries, I argue that fertility behavior is strongly related to an unequal power relationship between husbands and wives, which occurs because of a dependent economy. Dependent economy creates economic inequality and limits prospects for women’s upward mobility, which may be an important factor for maintaining high fertility. This research examines empirical data from 82 countries—where total fertility rate is higher than 2.1 per woman in a given nation. The study includes both semi-periphery and periphery regions with planned and market-oriented economies in order to investigate the influence of investment and dependent development on women’s status and fertility.
The Future of Spanglish: Global or Tribal?
Authors: Bazán-Figueras Patricia , Figueras Salvador J. 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
Research revolves around the socio-political, linguistic, and cultural aspects of “Spanglish” while considering its future in American society. A speech modality used by many Hispanics in the United States, Spanglish mixes grammatical and lexical elements from both English and Spanish and is primarily used in oral communication. The announcement by the Real Academia Española (RAE) to include Estadounidismos (a term coined by the RAE for referring to words used primarily, if not exclusively, in the US by Spanish speakers which are now part of the recognized lexicon) in its upcoming dictionary in 2014 shocked many. Furthermore, it has also placed Spanglish in the center of yet another controversy, as it presents heritage speakers with an opportunity to decide whether or not to remain fragmented or united.
The Lived-Experience of Leading a Successful Police Vehicle Pursuit: A Descriptive Phenomenological Psychological Inquiry
Authors: Broomé Rodger E. 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
Police vehicle pursuits are inherently dangerous, rapidly evolving, and require police coordination to safely stop and arrest the suspect. Interviews of three US police officers were conducted and the descriptive phenomenological psychological method was used to analyze their naïve accounts of their lived-experiences. The psychological constituents of the experience of leading a successful chase and capture of a fleeing criminal found are: (1) Alert to Possible Car Chase, (2) Suspect Identified, (3) Anxiety and Excitement About the Chase, (4) Awareness of Primary Chase Role, (5) Radio Coordination with Others to Take Actions to Stop the Suspect, (6) Ongoing Evaluation of Chase Situation and Persistence, (7) Reading the Suspect’s Driving Behaviors, (8) Car Chase Transition to a Coordinated Physical Capture, and (9) Making Sense of the Experience Through Inquiry. Insights garnered from this study may be useful to police, policy makers, trainers and others interested in emergency and crisis decision-making.
The Way Back Down: Paul Klee’s Heights and Depths
Authors: Krell David Farrell 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
The present essay offers a brief commentary on Paul Klee’s The Tightrope Walker. Klee’s painting is brought into connection with Nietzsche’s famous figure of the Seiltänzer in the prologue to Thus Spoke Zarathustra and to the recent film, Man on Wire. The general context of the essay, “descensional reflection,” is inspired by Heidegger’s remark that thinking in our time is “on the descent” from metaphysics.