bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Britain and the Cold War, 1945–1990
Authors: Larres Klaus 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This chapter examines the role of Great Britain in the Cold War. It describes the condition and experiences of Britain from 1945 to 1990 and explores how Britain managed to maintain its global influence during the Cold War, despite its decline. The chapter argues that although Britain was forced to operate within structure of the Cold War, the British state and its leaders were able to make their own political decisions. Examples of these include the war resolution against Argentina to recapture the Falklands Islands in 1982, the decision not to participate in the Schuman Plan negotiations of 1950, and the determination to develop a nuclear bomb shortly after the end of World War 2.
Western Europe
Authors: Etges Andreas 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This chapter explores the role and experience of Western Europe in the Cold War. It explains that Western Europe is not a precise political or geographical entity, and that its role in the Cold War can only be understood in the context of its changing internal dynamics and changing relationship with the United States, the Soviet Union, and countries of Eastern Europe. The chapter argues that Western Europe both shaped and was shaped by Cold War in a political, economic, military, cultural, and ideological sense, and also considers the German question, Franco-German rapprochement and European integration, and military aspects of the Western alliance.
South Asia
Authors: Rotter Andrew J. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This chapter examines the history of the Cold War in South Asia. It describes the position of South Asia in the Cold War, and investigates the reasons why Pakistan decided to side with the United States while India sought to avoid great power alliances and keep the Cold War at arm's length. The chapter highlights the negative reaction of India on the decision of the U.S. government to provide military aid to Pakistan, its main rival, and also considers Cold War legacies and the legacy of colonialism in India and Pakistan.
The Cold War and the Middle East
Authors: Yaqub Salim 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This chapter, which examines the history of the Cold War in the Middle East. It explains that the Cold War in the Middle East was never a contest between equals and explains that Western powers always enjoyed a decisive advantage. Despite this, they were not able to retain outright control over the oil reserves and strategic positions of the region, and only succeeded in maintaining access to them through cooperative local regimes. This chapter also describes how the Cold War accentuated existing patterns in Middle Eastern geopolitics and how the great powers enhanced the ability of local actors to pursue rivalries.
Internal Challenges to the Cold War
Authors: Gassert Philipp 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This chapter examines the internal challenges or oppositional movements to the Cold War in both the East and West. It suggests that the challenges to the Cold War paradigm can be divided into societal challenges such as the anti-Vietnam protests and the 1956 Hungarian uprising and government-led oppositions to the Cold War order as part of domestic foreign policy. The chapter analyzes five core periods of the Cold War including the Korean War, the 1954 hydrogen bomb testing on Bikini Atoll, and the 1962 Cuban missile crisis. The analysis reveals that the Cold War order was almost never unchallenged from 1947 to 1990.
Gender and Women's Rights in the Cold War
Authors: Laville Helen 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This chapter, which examines the issues of gender and women's rights during the Cold War, discusses how the United States and the Soviet Union used the status of women as a measure of national progress. It explains that the United States promoted women's domesticity and consumerism while the Soviet Union maintained that the measure of woman's status was her equality to men, which should be measured in terms of equal pay and the number of women in the workforce. The chapter also discusses the factors that led to the breakdown of the Cold War paradigms for women's rights, and describes how non-aligned countries challenged the early Cold War agenda and worked toward a more nuanced approach to the global improvement of women's status.
Ethical Theories among Medieval Jewish Philosophers
Authors: Harvey Warren Zev 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis chapter discusses the ethical views of medieval Jewish philosophers, showing that the varieties of Jewish philosophy in the medieval period defy easy categorization, let alone condensation into a single notion of Jewish ethics. Scholars surveyed include Saadia Gaon, Solomon ibn Gabirol, Bahya ibn Paquda, Judah Halevi, Abraham ibn Ezra, Abraham ibn Daud, Moses Maimonides, Levi Gersonides, Jedaiah Bedersi, Hesdai Crescas, Joseph Albo, and Joseph ibn Shemtob.
Spinoza and Jewish Ethics
Authors: Novak David 
Published: February 2013

AbstractBaruch Spinoza's Aristotelian critique of Judaism, and religion in general, in the seventeenth century marked the beginning of a period of intense Jewish self-evaluation that continues to this day. This chapter unpacks Spinoza's criticisms to show that the ultimate ethical existence, that is, a virtuous existence, is one which entails attention to three interpenetrating relations: between the self and God, between the self and others, and with oneself. Obedience and love, Spinoza asserts, are the ultimate character traits that instantiate the highest forms of ethical existence in these realms.
Mussar Ethics and Other Nineteenth-Century Jewish Ethical Theories
Authors: Stone Ira F. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The nineteenth century witnessed the dramatic growth of Jewish thought and activity spurred by the increasing civic and intellectual freedoms that emancipation and the Enlightenment brought to Jews. This chapter traces the challenges that this new modernity posed to Jews and how they responded. It considers scholars such as Moses Mendelssohn, Samuel David Luzzato, Elijah Benamozegh, Nachman Krochmal, Samson Raphael Hirsch, Hermann Cohen, and Israel Lipkin's Mussar Movement. Although they variously retained traditionalism, their responses were all reforms insofar as they each created “what might be called an indigenous Jewish response to modernity.”
Ethical Theories of Abraham Isaac Kook and Joseph B. Soloveitchik
Authors: Kaplan Lawrence 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This chapter analyzes the ethical theories of Rabbis Abraham Isaac Kook and Joseph B. Soloeitchik, two luminaries in of twentieth-century Orthodoxy in Israel and the United States, respectively. Despite Kook's lean toward the mystical and Soloveitchik's tendency toward the rational, they nonetheless share in the perspective that ethics is central to proper Jewish living and theology. Whereas Kook views the moral impulse as already embedded in Jewish existence, Soloveitchik understands imitatio Dei as the central mechanism through which Jewish ethical behaviour comes into being.
Ethical Implications of the Holocaust
Authors: Berenbaum Michael 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This chapter examines the difficulties the Holocaust posed and continues to raise for Jews, Jewish theology, and specifically Jewish ethics, identifying eight major commitments made by Jews and non-Jews that have since then inspired Jewish and global responses to human-made atrocities such as genocide and crimes against humanity. These are (1) to survive; (2) to perpetuate the memory of what happened; (3) to survive as Jews; (4) to set the moral bar high such that people are expected to be “upstanders,” not bystanders, in the face of evil; (5) to recreate relationships with people of other faiths; (6) to combat discrimination and genocide; (7) to define and demand humane standards for medical research; and (8) to learn how to attain both justice and reconciliation after genocidal atrocities.
Jewish Sexual Ethics
Authors: Ruttenberg Danya 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This chapter discusses a few major concepts in Jewish sexual ethics. These include extramarital sex and marriage, consent and pleasure in contrast to the duty of both partners to satisfy each other sexually, the traditional requirement that a couple refrain from sexual relations during the woman's menstrual period, masturbation, procreation, same-sex relationships, and gender identity and sexuality. These issues are considered from the author's unique vantage point as both a Conservative rabbi and a feminist. As a Conservative rabbi, she is committed to the Jewish tradition and aware that it both has changed in the past and must be adjusted to respond to new scientific findings about sexual orientation and sexual practices, and new social conditions and moral sensitivities. As a feminist, the author probes that tradition for its biases against women, homosexuals, and transgender people.
Jewish Environmental Ethics
Authors: Waskow Arthur 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This chapter discusses Jewish environmental ethics. It focuses on what two central biblical stories—the Garden of Eden and the Flood—tell us about Jewish ecological ethics as the Torah itself tells those stories, and as the later rabbis interpreted and expanded them, with special concern for the emerging ethics of Eco-Judaism. In so doing, the chapter illustrates how the Jewish tradition uses midrash, the interpretation of texts and their literary nuances, to discover meanings in sacred texts that make them ever relevant to us in changing times and circumstances. It briefly develops one of the Torah's laws on ecology, and an emerging interest on the part of some Jews to understand God differently to reflect our current ecological understanding of life as one integrated whole, in order to demonstrate how Jewish law and theology are relevant to ecology.
Jewish Animal Ethics
Authors: Gross Aaron S. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This chapter discusses Jewish animal ethics, describing a central concept, tza'ar ba'alei hayyim, the ban on causing undue pain to animals, and the varying justifications for that ban. Some of these justifications focus on how compassion for animals will benefit human beings, including human moral character, and others assert the inherent value of animals in and of themselves. The chapter also discusses how the prohibition against causing animals pain is balanced in Jewish sources by human need, a balance that affects not only our use of animals but also Jewish rules regarding eating their flesh, with a persistent minority strain which urges vegetarianism. It then turns to two responsibilities that humans have to animals according to the Jewish tradition—to preserve compassion toward them and to guard them from abuse produced by economic motives. In general, Jews are required to provide animals with both a good life and a good death; this goes against many of the methods used in modern factory farming.
Jewish Political Ethics in America
Authors: Jacobs Jill 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This chapter examines Jewish political ethics as it has emerged in the American setting. Unlike virtually all the places where Jews have lived throughout history, American Jews are full-fledged citizens, and some have taken leadership roles in both local and national politics, to say nothing of the professions, academia, and business. Four different approaches that Jews have taken to respond to this new reality are described: (1) Jews should participate in American politics in service of Jewish self-interest; (2) political participation replaces religion; (3) the United States is a step in the march toward messianic redemption; and (4) Jews should involve themselves in American politics, as Jews, for the betterment of all. The chapter describes each of these positions, quotes some representative spokespersons for each, and shows how each has influenced Jewish political ethics in America, and then illustrates how varying Jewish prayers for the nation articulate each of these approaches.
The Intersections of Language Socialization and Sociolinguistics
Authors: Watson-Gegeo Karen Ann , Bronson Matthew C. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractFirst- and second-language-acquisition researchers have increasingly adopted language socialization (LS) as a productive and realistic strategy for examining the intertwined relationships among language, culture, and learning. This chapter reviews recent developments in LS in relation to sociolinguistics, with an emphasis on work in bilingual and multilingual situations cross-culturally. It argues for the value of accelerating the current shift in sociolinguistics from interdisciplinary toward transdisciplinary inquiry. Interdisciplinary work is interactive, combining theory, methods, and practices to address questions difficult to tackle with the tools of a single discipline. It adapts but does not challenge existing boundaries. In contrast, transdisciplinary inquiry problematizes disciplinary compartmentalization as imposing limits in creating useful knowledge to address complex issues. The discussion suggests a framework for evaluating sociolinguistic LS research, concluding that the best LS research always involves a commitment to benefit the communities studied.
Psycholinguistic Approaches
Authors: Loudermilk Brandon C. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe fundamental goal of the study of sociolinguistic cognition is to characterize the computational stages and cognitive representations underlying the perception and production of sociolinguistic variation. This chapter discusses psycholinguistic approaches in four sections. The first section discusses different methods for examining how dialectal variation is represented, perceived, and learned. The second section reviews studies investigating the role of sociolinguistic stereotypes in speech processing. The third section explores the attitudinal aspects of language variation by presenting two recent studies using innovative variations of the matched-guise technique. It concludes by introducing the implicit association test, which may be able to address some of the limitations of alternative methods. The fourth section reports on studies that use eye tracking and event-related brain potentials to investigate sociolinguistic cognition.
Studies of the Community and the Individual
Authors: Walker James A. , Meyerhoff Miriam 
Published: February 2013

AbstractWithin the study of sociolinguistic variation and change, two approaches have been developed that attempt to link individual speaker behavior with the study of the community. One approach makes use of “linguistic grouping,” examining the linguistic conditioning of individual speakers and looking for social correlates of the resulting groups. Another approach is the detailed analysis of individual speakers in different social situations. This chapter presents an overview of these two research traditions. It provides analyses across groups and individuals in the English spoken on the island of Bequia. Two well-studied grammatical variables constitute the linguistic focus of this research: The absence of copula/auxiliary be and existential constructions. The discussion compares the linguistic conditioning of these features in the speech of individuals who have left Bequia for long periods of time with that of their stay-at-home peers.
Experimental Methods for Measuring Intelligibility of Closely Related Language Varieties
Authors: Gooskens Charlotte 
Published: February 2013

AbstractTo test intelligibility, a large number of tests have been developed. By means of such tests, the degree of intelligibility can be expressed in a single number, often the percentage of input that was correctly recognized by the subject. This chapter presents an overview of methods for measuring the intelligibility of closely related languages, and discusses their advantages and disadvantages. It focuses on spoken-language comprehension, but many tests can also be applied to the comprehension of written language. Methods for investigating mutual intelligibility can be taken from other disciplines, for example in the area of speech technology, second language acquisition, and speech pathology.
Analyzing Qualitative Data
Authors: Langman Juliet 
Published: February 2013

AbstractIn the case of sociolinguistic research, qualitative research requires a focus on the details and particularities of language use in context. This chapter outlines current perspectives on conducting qualitative research in multilingual contexts. It focuses on providing an understanding of the unique opportunities and challenges of conducting qualitative research in multilingual contexts in which proficiency in the various languages and multiple varieties employed in the research context is a key component of research. Using data from over ten years of ethnographic fieldwork among members of the Hungarian-minority population in Eastern Europe as one example, the chapter illustrates processes involved in qualitative research, beginning with outlining a theoretical perspective, conceptualizing a research problem, gaining access in the field, developing participant and participant-observer stances, gathering and organizing data, and analyzing and verifying analyses of such data.
Sociolinguistics and Second Language Acquisition
Authors: Howard Martin , Mougeon Raymond , Dewaele Jean-Marc 
Published: February 2013

AbstractWhile the focus on sociolinguistic and sociopragmatic variation is relatively new, linguistic variation continues to be an important issue that SLA research has grappled with. By linguistic variation, one understands the learner’s variable use of two or more L2 forms to express the same functional value, where one or all forms are nonnative. This chapter focuses on type II variation and presents an overview of the research findings that illuminate the challenge to the learner of developing sociolinguistic and sociopragmatic competence in the L2. While the application of sociolinguistic variationist methods to the study of type II variation has been relatively recent in SLA research, such methods have also been fruitfully used by some SLA researchers in relation to type I variation.
Pragmatics and Variationist Sociolinguistics
Authors: Cameron Richard , Schwenter Scott 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis chapter identifies how pragmatics may inform definitions of the sociolinguistic variable, provide a basis for generating hypotheses about constraints, and contribute to useful debates about where variation may or may not occur. It shows show how variationist research may provide empirically based tests of pragmatic hypotheses, contribute to discussions of meaning-in-use, and identify facts of language use that challenge key ideas in the field of pragmatics, such as the speaker as rational message designer. The chapter notes the asymmetrical relationship between the fields of pragmatics and variationist sociolinguistics. It also cites the lack of statistical analysis in much of pragmatics.
Language Policy, Ideology, and Attitudes Key Issues in Western Europe
Authors: Grin François 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis chapter suggests that specific language policy issues that arise in various parts of Western Europe are endless, and thus emphasizes issues that are generally relevant across Western Europe. These are the management of communication in supra-, inter-, or multinational structures, in particular the European Union; the protection and promotion of regional or minority languages; and the linguistic dimensions of immigration and migrant integration. The concluding section proposes an integrative assessment, before venturing suggestions regarding suitable policy responses to meet these challenges.
Language Management in the Russian Empire, Soviet Union, and Post-Soviet Countries
Authors: Pavlenko Aneta 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis chapter examines four aspects of language management—nativization, linguistic assimilation, de-russification, and bilingual education—in the multilingual territory first occupied by the Russian Empire, then by the USSR, and then by the successor states. The rationale for this diachronic approach is twofold. The three settings are interrelated: post-Soviet developments cannot be fully understood outside their historic context, just as the full impact of Soviet language policies can only be established through the post-Soviet lens. In addition, sociolinguists generally lack familiarity with Russian and Soviet language management. The discussion focuses on the territories occupied by the fourteen successor states and on their titular languages; the processes taking place in the Russian Federation are sufficiently different to merit a separate review.
Language and Law
Authors: Matoesian Gregory 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis chapter focuses on the complex yet elusive relationship between language, law, and sociocultural context. It discusses the sociocultural dimensions of language and law, paying particular attention to the role of power in legal discourse. The first section discusses the major contributing approaches to the sociocultural analysis of language and law: conversation analysis, linguistic anthropology, and, to a lesser extent, Critical Discourse Analysis. The second section covers substantive studies from what has been referred to as the language and power school of legal anthropology: Law school socialization, police–citizen interaction, courtrooms, bilingual encounters, and cross-cultural misunderstandings in legal interviews and translation. The last section suggests a new direction for the study of language and law, one that may provide a deeper understanding of language, law, and sociocultural context.
Sociolinguistic Studies of Signed Language Interpreting
Authors: Metzger Melanie , Roy Cynthia 
Published: February 2013

AbstractSociolinguistic processes are inherent in the practice of interpretation. Interpreters, within seconds, receive, interpret, and reconstruct utterances between two languages, using their linguistic, social and cultural, or sociolinguistic, knowledge to create a successful, communicative exchange. This chapter describes some major and minor sociolinguistic studies of interpretation with the underlying assumption that interpretation itself constitutes a sociolinguistic activity from the moment an assignment is accepted, including the products and processes inherent to the task, reflecting variously issues of bilingualism or multilingualism, language contact, variation, language policy and planning, language attitudes, and, of course, discourse analysis.
Issue Framing, Agenda Setting, and Environmental Discourse
Authors: Guber Deborah Lynn , Bosso Christopher J. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article reviews key scholarship in the field of environmental policy. It does so by connecting two broad interdisciplinary threads. First, it addresses the subject of issue framing, which focuses on the formation of public attitudes and the way in which issues are packaged and presented for mass consumption. Second, it considers agenda setting, which centers on political elites and the decisions that are made—or deferred—within the policy-making process. Finally, it draws on both to suggest productive avenues for future research.
Organized Interests and Environmental Policy
Authors: Duffy Robert J. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article reviews research on organized interests in environmental and natural resource policy making, with an eye toward identifying the most significant contributions. It begins by considering the question of how groups mobilize and maintain themselves. This is followed by a discussion of some of the key debates in the literature: efforts to map the contours, composition, and evolution of the environmental group system, what groups do to influence policy making, and how to assess group influence in policy making. It concludes with suggestions for future research.