bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The prevalence and correlates of undiagnosed HIV among Australian gay and bisexual men: results of a national, community‐based, bio‐behavioural survey
Authors: Holt Martin , Lea Toby , Asselin Jason , Hellard Margaret , Prestage Garrett , Wilson David , de Wit John , Stoové Mark 
Published: November 2015

IntroductionGay and bisexual men (GBM) with undiagnosed HIV are believed to contribute disproportionately to HIV transmission in Australia but national prevalence estimates have been lacking.MethodsFrom November 2013 to November 2014, we recruited men at gay venues and events in six Australian states and territories. Of 7291 survey participants, 3071 men also provided an oral fluid sample for testing and decided whether to receive their test results or not. We calculated raw and population‐weighted prevalence estimates and identified associations with undiagnosed infection using logistic regression.ResultsOf 3071 participants, 213 men tested HIV‐positive (6.9%, 95% confidence interval [CI] 6.0 to 7.8%), of whom 19 (8.9%, 95% CI 5.8 to 13.5%) were previously undiagnosed. After weighting for the size of the gay and bisexual male population in each state or territory, national HIV prevalence was estimated to be 7.2% (95% CI 6.3 to 8.1), of which 9.1% (95% CI 6.0 to 13.6%) were estimated to be undiagnosed. Compared with HIV‐negative participants, men with undiagnosed HIV were more likely to report meeting partners at sex venues, using antiretroviral drugs as pre‐exposure prophylaxis, condomless anal intercourse with casual partners, using party drugs for sex, injecting drugs and using amyl nitrite, crystal methamphetamine or gamma hydroxybutyrate in the six months prior to the survey.DiscussionThe results indicate that the prevalence of undiagnosed HIV is relatively low among Australian GBM but is higher among men who report riskier sex and drug practices.ConclusionsThe results underline the importance of targeted HIV prevention and frequent testing for men at increased risk of infection.
Strong eddy compensation for the Gulf Stream heat transport
Authors: Saenko Oleg A. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractUsing a high‐resolution ocean model forced with high‐resolution atmospheric fields, a 5 year mean heat budget of the upper ocean in the Gulf Stream (GS) region is analyzed. The heat brought to the region with the mean flows along the GS path is 2–3 times larger than the heat loss to the atmosphere, with the difference being balanced by a strong cooling effect due to lateral eddy heat fluxes. However, over a broad area off the Grand Banks, the eddies warm the uppermost ocean layers, partly compensating for the loss of heat to the atmosphere. The upward eddy heat flux, which brings heat from the deeper ocean to the upper layers, is 30–80% of the surface heat loss.
Three‐dimensional convective flows of energetic ions in Jupiter's equatorial magnetosphere
Authors: Waldrop L. S. , Roelof E. C. , Fritz T. A. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractFrom 1995 to 2003, the Galileo Energetic Particles Detector (EPD) measured the three‐dimensional distribution of protons, oxygen, and sulfur ions with total energies between 0.1 and 1 MeV throughout the equatorial Jovian magnetosphere. We perform a spherical harmonics expansion of the measured distributions through the second order and use the resulting anisotropy coefficients to identify purely convecting distributions and derive ion flow velocities via the Compton‐Getting effect. We demonstrate that the second‐order harmonic terms are an essential diagnostic in excluding spurious gradient anisotropies in the velocity derivation. This analysis unambiguously confirms that energetic ion flows in the azimuthal direction are significantly slower than rigid planetary corotation by an amount that is local time dependent, a phenomenon that is qualitatively consistent with expectations of plasma mass loading within an asymmetric magnetic field configuration. However, both the polar and radial components of the ion flows exhibit unexpected and poorly understood global morphology. Consistently northward and inward flows are observed near the dayside and predusk sectors of the equatorial inner magnetosphere, while southward and outward flows are observed within the plasma sheet in the predawn middle magnetosphere. The persistence of southward convection in this region, which is operative regardless of whether the spacecraft was transiting the plasma sheet from the northern magnetic lobe or from the southern lobe, is inconsistent with contemporary models of dynamical plasma sheet motion, while the distinctive local time asymmetries imply that the solar wind is a significant driver of plasma convection at radial distances as small as 15 RJ.
Nighttime morphology of vertical plasma drifts at Ouagadougou during different seasons and phases of sunspot cycles 20–22
Authors: Adebesin B. O. , Rabiu A. B. , Adeniyi J. O. , Amory‐Mazaudier C. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractThe nighttime morphology of vertical plasma drift (Vd) inferred from ground‐based measurements of the F layer height at Ouagadougou (12.4°N, 358.6°E) in the African Equatorial Ionization Anomaly trough was investigated. The observation covers four seasons, four sunspot cycle phases, annual, and 11 year sunspot cycle (SC) variations of the SCs 20–22 spanning 1966–1998 and a first attempt of such study. The annual mean peak magnitudes of Vd during the prereversal enhancement (PRE) and minimum reversal periods exhibit the 11 year sunspot cycle evolution with the sunspot number (Rz). The PRE peak/Rz and reversal peak/Rz relationships are 98.7% and 84.8%, respectively. PRE peak in June solstice appears 1 h later than for other seasons and is attributed to a decrease in the equatorial zonal wind/conductivity gradient. The highest PRE magnitude and downward perturbation drifts near dusk appear during the equinoxes and lowest in June solstice for all cycles. There is semiannual asymmetry in the variation of Vd during all cycles of the PRE event with peaks in March and September/October. A remarkable feature is the consistent local presunrise drift enhancement for two SCs 20 and 21, which is not a regular feature of the equatorial ionosphere. The rate of inhibition of scintillation effect increases with decreasing phase of sunspot activity and maximizes during the solstices. Both the PRE and minimum reversal peak magnitudes are influenced by the phase of sunspot cycle. Ouagadougou data in this study had shown reliable drift characteristics and can be integrated into the African regional empirical drift model.
Estimation of cold plasma outflow during geomagnetic storms
Authors: Haaland S. , Eriksson A. , André M. , Maes L. , Baddeley L. , Barakat A. , Chappell R. , Eccles V. , Johnsen C. , Lybekk B. , Li K. , Pedersen A. , Schunk R. , Welling D. 
Published: November 2015

Abstract Low‐energy ions of ionospheric origin constitute a significant contributor to the magnetospheric plasma population. Measuring cold ions is difficult though. Observations have to be done at sufficiently high altitudes and typically in regions of space where spacecraft attain a positive charge due to solar illumination. Cold ions are therefore shielded from the satellite particle detectors. Furthermore, spacecraft can only cover key regions of ion outflow during segments of their orbit, so additional complications arise if continuous longtime observations, such as during a geomagnetic storm, are needed. In this paper we suggest a new approach, based on a combination of synoptic observations and a novel technique to estimate the flux and total outflow during the various phases of geomagnetic storms. Our results indicate large variations in both outflow rates and transport throughout the storm. Prior to the storm main phase, outflow rates are moderate, and the cold ions are mainly emanating from moderately sized polar cap regions. Throughout the main phase of the storm, outflow rates increase and the polar cap source regions expand. Furthermore, faster transport, resulting from enhanced convection, leads to a much larger supply of cold ions to the near‐Earth region during geomagnetic storms.
Severe and localized GNSS scintillation at the poleward edge of the nightside auroral oval during intense substorm aurora
Authors: van der Meeren Christer , Oksavik Kjellmar , Lorentzen Dag A. , Rietveld Michael T. , Clausen Lasse B. N. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractIn this paper we study how GPS, GLONASS, and Galileo navigation signals are compromised by strong irregularities causing severe phase scintillation (σϕ>1) in the nightside high‐latitude ionosphere during a substorm on 3 November 2013. Substorm onset and a later intensification coincided with polar cap patches entering the auroral oval to become auroral blobs. Using Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) receivers and optical data, we show severe scintillation driven by intense auroral emissions in the line of sight between the receiver and the satellites. During substorm expansion, the area of scintillation followed the intense poleward edge of the auroral oval. The intense auroral emissions were colocated with polar cap patches (blobs). The patches did not contain strong irregularities, neither before entering the auroral oval nor after the aurora had faded. Signals from all three GNSS constellations were similarly affected by the irregularities. Furthermore, two receivers spaced around 120km apart reported highly different scintillation impacts, with strong scintillation on half of the satellites in one receiver and no scintillation in the other. This shows that areas of severe irregularities in the nightside ionosphere can be highly localized. Amplitude scintillations were low throughout the entire interval.
Optimal averaging of soil moisture predictions from ensemble land surface model simulations
Authors: Crow W. T. , Su C.‐H. , Ryu D. , Yilmaz M. T. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractThe correct interpretation of ensemble information obtained from the parallel implementation of multiple land surface models (LSMs) requires information concerning the LSM ensemble's mutual error covariance. Here we propose a technique for obtaining such information using an instrumental variable (IV) regression approach and comparisons against a long‐term surface soil moisture data set acquired from satellite remote sensing. Application of the approach to multimodel ensemble soil moisture output from Phase 2 of the North American Land Data Assimilation System (NLDAS‐2) and European Space Agency (ESA) Soil Moisture (SM) Essential Climate Variable (ECV) data set allows for the calculation of optimal weighting coefficients for individual members of the NLDAS‐2 LSM ensemble and a biased‐minimized estimate of uncertainty in a deterministic soil moisture analysis derived via optimal averaging. As such, it provides key information required to accurately condition soil moisture expectations using information gleaned from a multimodel LSM ensemble. However, existing continuity and rescaling concerns surrounding the generation of long‐term, satellite‐based soil moisture products must likely be resolved before the proposed approach can be applied with full confidence.
Cobalt‐Catalyzed Alkenylzincation of Unfunctionalized Alkynes
Authors: Wu Junliang , Yoshikai Naohiko 
Published: November 2015

AbstractWhile transition metal catalyzed addition reactions of arylmetal reagents to unfunctionalized alkynes have been extensively developed in the last decade, analogous reactions using alkenylmetal reagents remain rare regardless of their potential utility for the synthesis of unsymmetrical 1,3‐dienes. Reported herein is the development of a cobalt/diphosphine catalyst which promotes efficient and stereoselective addition of alkenylzinc reagents to unfunctionalized internal alkynes. The resulting dienylzinc species serve as versatile intermediates for further synthetic transformations.
Enantioselective Nanoporous Carbon Based on Chiral Ionic Liquids
Authors: Fuchs Ido , Fechler Nina , Antonietti Markus , Mastai Yitzhak 
Published: November 2015

AbstractOne of the greatest challenges in modern chemical processing is to achieve enantiospecific control in chemical reactions using chiral media such as chiral mesoporous materials. Herein, we describe a novel and effective synthetic pathway for the preparation of enantioselective nanoporous carbon, based on chiral ionic liquids (CILs). CILs of phenylalanine (CIL(Phe)) are used as precursors for the carbonization of chiral mesoporous carbon. We employ circular dichroism spectroscopy, isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC), and chronoamperometry in order to demonstrate the chiral nature of the mesoporous carbon. The approach presented in this paper is highly significant for the development of a new type of chiral porous materials for enantioselective chemistry. In addition, it contributes significantly to our understanding of the structure and nature of chiral nanoporous materials and surfaces.
Not All Inner Ears are the Same: Otolith Matrix Proteins in the Inner Ear of Sub‐Adult Cichlid Fish, Oreochromis Mossambicus, Reveal Insights Into the Biomineralization Process
Authors: Weigele Jochen , Franz‐Odendaal Tamara A. , Hilbig Reinhard 
Published: November 2015

ABSTRACTThe fish ear stones (otoliths) consist mainly of calcium carbonate and have lower amounts of a proteinous matrix. This matrix consists of macromolecules, which directly control the biomineralization process. We analyzed the composition of this proteinous matrix by mass spectrometry in a shotgun approach. For this purpose, an enhanced protein purification technique was developed that excludes any potential contamination of proteins from body fluids. Using this method we identified eight proteins in the inner ear of Oreochromis mossambicus. These include the common otolith matrix proteins (OMP‐1, otolin‐1, neuroserpin, SPARC and otoconin), and three proteins (alpha tectorin, otogelin and transferrin) not previously localized to the otoliths. Moreover, we were able to exclude the occurrence of two matrix proteins (starmaker and pre‐cerebellin‐like protein) known from other fish species. In further analyses, we show that the absence of the OMP starmaker corresponds to calcitic otoliths and that pre‐cerebellin‐like protein is not present at any stage during the development of the otoliths of the inner ear. This study shows O. mossambicus does not have all of the known otolith proteins indicating that the matrix proteins in the inner ear of fish are not the same across species. Further functional studies of the novel proteins we identified during otolith development are required. Anat Rec, 299:234–245, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Construction, Enzyme Response, and Substrate Capacity of a Hyaluronan–Cyclodextrin Supramolecular Assembly
Authors: Hu Ping , Chen Yong , Li Jing‐Jing , Liu Yu 
Published: November 2015

AbstractA supramolecular assembly was constructed with a cationic cyclodextrin (EICD) and native hyaluronan (HA). The cationic carboxylic ester pendants on HA support hyaluronidase (HAase)‐responsive sites and the EICD supports artificial carboxylic esterase responsive sites. Substrate‐binding models were investigated by using environment‐sensitive fluorescence probes 2‐p‐toluidino‐6‐naphthalenesulfoniate sodium (2,6‐TNS) and thioflavin T (ThT). On a HA/EICD assembly, EICD was able to bind an anionic substrate and HA and EICD constructed the cationic substrate binding site together. This assembly could be used as a sequential dual‐substrate carrier.
Amphiphilic Cyanine–Platinum Conjugates as Fluorescent Nanodrugs
Authors: Sun Tingting , Li Zhensheng , Xie Zhigang , Jing Xiabin 
Published: November 2015

AbstractTwo fluorescent nanomedicines based on small molecular cyanine–platinum conjugates have been prepared via a nanoprecipitation method and characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) as well as dynamic light scattering (DLS). The conjugates exhibited an enhanced fluorescence in their nanoparticle formulation compared to that in solution. The nanomedicines could be endocytosed by cancer cells as revealed by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and showed high cellular proliferation inhibition. Fluorescent platinum nanomedicines prepared directly from small molecules could be an alternative strategy for developing new drugs with simultaneous cellular imaging and cancer therapy functions.
Adaptive Fuzzy Descriptor Sliding Mode Observer‐based Sensor Fault Estimation for Uncertain Nonlinear Systems
Authors: Shahnazi Reza , Zhao Qing 
Published: November 2015

AbstractA sensor fault estimation method is proposed for a general class of uncertain nonlinear systems. Taking the sensor faults as auxiliary states, an augmented descriptor system is constructed. For this augmented descriptor system, an adaptive fuzzy proportional‐derivative sliding mode observer is designed to estimate the sensor faults and states, simultaneously. Adaptive fuzzy systems based on the universal approximation theorem are used to approximate the nonlinearities. Thus, the nonlinearities can be unknown and the Lipschitz assumption can be utterly relieved. To relax the requirement of knowing the bound of uncertainties, an adaptive gain for the sliding mode term is used. The semi‐global asymptotic convergence of the proposed fault estimation observer is proved using the Lyapunov approach. The proposed method is applied to a highly nonlinear mathematical model with both bounded and unbounded sensor faults. Simulation results show the satisfactory performance of the proposed method.
The effects of lighting on driver's injury severity at highway‐rail grade crossings
Authors: Hao Wei , Kamga Camille 
Published: November 2015

SummaryThis study estimates the safety effect of illumination on accidents at highway‐rail grade crossings in the United States, using data from exhaustive data from Federal Railroad Administration database covering the period 2002–2011. Using mixed logit modeling approach, the study explores the determinants of driver injury severity at unlighted highway‐rail grade crossings compared with lighted highway‐rail grade crossings in the United States. Several key issues are explored including availability of relevant highway‐rail grade crossing accident inventory data; relevant data element structures; specification and estimation of models to estimate driver's injury severity with lighting and without lighting; and techniques to interpret model parameters. Overall, highway‐rail grade crossing lighting improves safety by reducing the probability of high‐level injury severity through improvements in driver's visibility compared with unlighted intersections. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Nanobody Activation Immunotherapeutic that Selectively Destroys HER2‐Positive Breast Cancer Cells
Authors: Gray Melissa A. , Tao Ran N. , DePorter Sandra M. , Spiegel David A. , McNaughton Brian R. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractWe report a rationally designed nanobody activation immunotherapeutic that selectively redirects anti‐dinitrophenyl (anti‐DNP) antibodies to the surface of HER2‐positive breast cancer cells, resulting in their targeted destruction by antibody‐dependent cellular cytotoxicity. As nanobodies are relatively easy to express, stable, can be humanized, and can be evolved to potently and selectively bind virtually any disease‐relevant cell surface receptor, we anticipate broad utility of this therapeutic strategy.
An axillofemoral bypass graft transgressing the chest wall
Authors: Levena Skervin Alicia , Thomas Robert Hywel , Sritharan Kaji 
Published: November 2015

Key Clinical MessageExplantation of an infected patent vascular graft does not necessarily require concomitant revascularization procedures. The need for revascularization can be determined by a trial cross‐clamping of the graft and clinical assessment of limb perfusion. We report a case of an infected axillofemoral graft transgressing the chest wall in a surgically high risk patient.
Use of a subcutaneous ICD in a patient with short QT syndrome
Authors: Mondoly Pierre , Cardin Christelle , Rollin Anne , Duparc Alexandre , Maury Philippe 
Published: November 2015

Key clinical messageShort QT syndrome carries the risk for inappropriate therapies using transvenous ICD because of overdetection of the ample T wave. SQT syndrome may also benefit from subcutaneous ICD, although additional cases are needed to affirm the safety of such device in this setting.
A Novel High‐Throughput Screening of Multicomponent Photocatalysts for Decomposition of Organic Pollutants Based on Fluorescence Imaging
Authors: Zhang Meijuan , Lee Jianchao , Wang Liping , Duan Qianlan , Zhang Jiarui , Qi Hailang 
Published: November 2015

AbstractA novel high‐throughput screening (HTS) method based on fluorescence imaging was developed for the exploration of photocatalysts. In our HTS method, UV lithography technique was adopted to prepare a chip with 1262 independent microreactors. Aiming to fabricate a large group of catalysts, we selected the sulfides of six metals, Cd, Ni, Zn, Sr, Ce, Y to modify nano‐MoS2. In practice, a color ink‐jet printing technology was adapted to obtain a catalyst library. The structural feature and chemical composition of the individual catalysts were typically characterized by scanning electron microscopy and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The catalytic performance of the library was evaluated with fluorescence imaging. The selected catalysts with the highest catalytic activity are the following three combinations of (Cd0.03Ni0.77Zn0.04Sr0.02Ce0.12Y0.01)Sx/MoS2, (Cd0.23Ni0.06Zn0.18Sr0.00Ce0.26Y0.27) Sx/MoS2, and (Cd0.04Ni0.32Zn0.31Sr0.00Ce0.18Y0.15)Sx/MoS2, which were verified in conventional batch reactions.
Ethylene Polymerization by Xanthene‐Bridged Dinuclear α‐Diimine NiII Complexes
Authors: Wang Ruikun , Sui Xuelin , Pang Wenmin , Chen Changle 
Published: November 2015

AbstractThe synthesis, characterization, and ethylene polymerization properties of a series of xanthene‐bridged dinuclear α‐diimine NiII complexes are described. The dinucleating α‐diimine ligands were prepared from the xanthene‐bridged di‐anilines, which were synthesized and isolated on the multigram scale without using column chromatography. The di‐anilines could potentially be used to prepare various dinucleating imine‐containing olefin polymerization ligands. In ethylene polymerization, the dinuclear α‐diimine NiII complexes showed good thermal stability and high catalytic activity. In addition, the polyethylene generated by these dinuclear α‐diimine NiII complexes showed high molecular weight, narrow polydispersity, and very low branching density. Metal–metal cooperativity effects was invoked to explain the slow β‐hydride elimination process and the correspondingly slow chain‐walking process.
Frustrated Lewis Pair Chemistry Derived from Bulky Allenyl and Propargyl Phosphanes
Authors: Rosorius Christoph , Möricke Jennifer , Wibbeling Birgit , McQuilken Alison C. , Warren Timothy H. , Daniliuc Constantin G. , Kehr Gerald , Erker Gerhard 
Published: November 2015

AbstractThe dimesitylpropargylphosphanes mes2P−CH2−C≡C−R 6 a (R=H), 6 b (R=CH3), 6 c (R=SiMe3) and the allene mes2P−C(CH3)=C=CH2 (8) were reacted with Piers’ borane, HB(C6F5)2. Compound 6 a gave mes2PCH2CH=CH(B(C6F5)2] (9 a). In contrast, addition of HB(C6F5)2 to 6 b and 6 c gave mixtures of 9 b (R=CH3) and 9 c (R=SiMe3) with the regioisomers mes2P−CH2−C[B(C6F5)2]=CRH 2 b (R=CH3) and 2 c (R=SiMe3), respectively. Compounds 2 b,c underwent rapid phosphane/borane (P/B) frustrated Lewis pair (FLP) reactions under mild conditions. Compound 2 c reacted with nitric oxide (NO) to give the persistent FLP NO radical 11. The systems 2 b,c cleaved dihydrogen at room temperature to give the respective phosphonium/hydridoborate products 13 b,c. Compound 13 c transferred the H+/H− pair to a small series of enamines. Compound 13 c was also a metal‐free catalyst (5 mol %) for the hydrogenation of the enamines. The allene 8 reacted with B(C6F5)3 to give the zwitterionic phosphonium/borate 17. The ‐PPh2‐substituted mes2P‐propargyl system 6 d underwent a typical 1,2‐P/B‐addition reaction to the C≡C triple bond to form the phosphetium/borate zwitterion 20. Several products were characterized by X‐ray diffraction.