bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A cross‐cultural study of the effect of a graph‐oriented computer‐assisted project‐based learning environment on middle school students' science knowledge and argumentation skills
Authors: Hsu P.‐S. , Van Dyke M. , Chen Y. , Smith T.J. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThe purpose of this mixed‐methods study was to explore how seventh graders in a suburban school in the United States and sixth graders in an urban school in Taiwan developed argumentation skills and science knowledge in a project‐based learning environment that incorporated a graph‐oriented, computer‐assisted application (GOCAA). A total of 42 students comprised the treatment condition and were engaged in a project‐based learning environment that incorporated a GOCAA. Of these 42 students, 21 were located in the United States and 21 were located in Taiwan. A total of 26 students comprised the control condition and were engaged in a project‐based learning environment without the GOCAA. Of these 26 students, 15 were in the United States and 11 were in Taiwan. In each country, verbal collaborative argumentation was recorded and the students' post‐essays were collected. A one‐way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was conducted for each measure of science knowledge about alternative energies. The results showed a significant treatment effect for the outcome of scientific explanation among U.S. students, while among Taiwanese students, a significant treatment effect on scientific facts was observed. A one‐way ANOVA was additionally conducted for each measure of argumentation skills and a significant treatment effect on counterarguments and rebuttals was observed among the U.S. students, while in Taiwan, a significant treatment effect on reasoning and rebuttals was observed. A qualitative analysis was conducted to examine how the GOCAA supported students' development of argumentation skills in different countries. This study found distinct argumentation patterns between the U.S. and Taiwanese intervention teams. Additionally, a distinct gender difference in the use of evidence and division of labour was noted when the Taiwanese teams were compared with the U.S. teams, which may be explained by cultural differences. This study concluded that, in both the United States and Taiwan, a project‐based learning environment incorporating a GOCAA was effective in improving students' science knowledge and developing their scientific argumentation skills.
Binge Drinking and Risk Taking Behavior Among Adolescent Females in Israel
Authors: Isralowitz Richard , Reznik Alexander 
Published: October 2015

PurposeThis prospective study examined binge drinking and alcohol‐related problem behavior among Israeli adolescent females attending public school or a residential facility for substance abuse treatment.ProblemScant information is known about adolescent females, especially those with high‐risk (e.g., school dropout and immigrant origin) characteristics.MethodsThe authors hypothesized that school, residential treatment, and mothers' country of origin status are associated with binge drinking and problem behavior.FindingsFemales in residential treatment reported higher levels of binge drinking and problem behavior as expected. However, country of origin was not a significant factor differentiating the female adolescents in school or a residential facility. Logistic regression points to current cigarette smoking, ease of purchasing alcohol, unsupervised night activity, low religiosity, and being physically threatened as predictors of binge drinking and problem behavior.ConclusionThe lack of differences based on country of origin status points to acculturation as a possible reason for the homogeneity. Further research is needed to study the impact of acculturation as well as monitor the alcohol use patterns and problems of adolescents over time and across locations to address prevailing needs.
Oppositional defiant disorder dimensions and subtypes among detained male adolescent offenders
Authors: Aebi Marcel , Barra Steffen , Bessler Cornelia , Steinhausen Hans‐Christoph , Walitza Susanne , Plattner Belinda 
Published: October 2015

BackgroundIn adolescent offenders, oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) and its dimensions/subtypes have been frequently ignored due to the stronger focus on criminal behaviours. The revised criteria of the DSM‐5 now allow diagnosing ODD in older youths independent of conduct disorder (CD). This study aimed at analysing ODD dimensions/subtypes and their relation to suicidality, comorbid psychiatric disorders, and criminal behaviours after release from detention in a sample of detained male adolescents.MethodsSuicidality and psychiatric disorders (including ODD symptoms) were assessed in a consecutive sample of 158 male adolescents (Mage = 16.89 years) from the Zurich Juvenile Detention Centre. Based on previous research findings, an irritable ODD dimension and a defiant/vindictive ODD dimension based on ODD symptoms were defined. Latent Class Analysis (LCA) was used to identify distinct subtypes of adolescent offenders according to their ODD symptom profiles. Logistic regression and Cox regression were used to analyse the relations of ODD dimensions/ODD subtypes to comorbid psychopathology and criminal reoffenses from official data.ResultsThe ODD‐irritable dimension, but not the ODD defiant/vindictive dimension predicted comorbid anxiety, suicidality and violent reoffending. LCA identified four subtypes, namely, a no‐ODD subtype, a severe ODD subtype and two moderate ODD subtypes with either defiant or irritable symptoms. The irritable ODD subtype and the severe ODD subtype were related to suicidality and comorbid affective/anxiety disorders. The irritable ODD subtype was the strongest predictor of criminal (violent) reoffending even when controlling for CD.ConclusionsThe present findings confirm the presence of ODD dimensions/subtypes in a highly disturbed adolescent offender sample. Irritable youths were at risk of suicide and persistent criminal behaviours. Due to the severe consequences of irritability, a standardized assessment approach and a specific treatment is needed in prison to prevent suicide among the detainees and further harm to the society. As defined in the DSM‐5, the present findings confirm the validity of ODD and ODD dimensions/subtypes as a diagnostic category among older youths.
Early constraints in sexual dimorphism: survival benefits of feminized phenotypes
Authors: López‐Rull I. , Vergara P. , Martínez‐Padilla J. , Fargallo J. A. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractSexual dimorphism (SD) has evolved in response to selection pressures that differ between sexes. Since such pressures change across an individual's life,SDmay vary within age classes. Yet, little is known about how selection on early phenotypes may drive the finalSDobserved in adults. In many dimorphic species, juveniles resemble adult females rather than adult males, meaning that out of the selective pressures established by sexual selection feminized phenotypes may be adaptive. If true, fitness benefits of early female‐like phenotypes may constrain the expression of male phenotypes in adulthood. Using the common kestrelFalco tinnunculusas a study model, we evaluated the fitness advantages of expressing more feminized phenotypes at youth. Although more similar to adult females than to adult males, common kestrel fledglings are still sexually dimorphic in size and coloration. Integrating morphological and chromatic variables, we analysed the phenotypic divergence between sexes as a measure of how much each individual looks like the sex to which it belongs (phenotypic sexual resemblance,PSR). We then tested the fitness benefits associated withPSRby means of the probability of recruitment in the population. We found a significant interaction betweenPSRand sex, showing that in both sexes more feminized phenotypes recruited more into the population than less feminized phenotypes. Moreover, males showed lowerPSRthan females and a higher proportion of incorrect sex classifications. These findings suggest that the mechanisms in males devoted to resembling female phenotypes in youth, due to a trend to increase fitness through more feminized phenotypes, may provide a mechanism to constrain the SD in adulthood.
Impacts of historical records on extreme flood variations over the conterminous United States
Authors: Mei X. , Dai Z. , Tang Z. , van Gelder P.H.A.J.M. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractEvaluation of flood variations over time, especially for floods with large return periods, is of great significance to flood risk assessment. ‘Historical’ data that have been recorded before the construction of a gauging station provide an effective way to analyse the temporal changes of extreme floods. Here, comparison of maximum likelihood method, L‐moment method and Bayesian theory are made to calculate the Gumbel distribution parameters via Monte Carlo simulation experiment. The best option is applied to 37 unregulated rivers over the conterminous United States to analyse their 100‐year flood variations. The Monte Carlo simulation results indicate that L‐moment method is substantially better than the other two estimators for both systematic and unsystematic series. Over 70% of studied river catchments detect 100‐year flood decrease when the historical data are considered. The impacts of historical records on 100‐year flood variation estimations are closely related to censoring threshold and historical period length.
Wax Lining in an Impression Tray and Accuracy in Gypsum Cast Fabrication
Authors: Hansen Paul , Franco Raul , Beatty Mark 
Published: October 2015

AbstractPurposeControversy exists as to whether lining a metal‐perforated impression tray with wax will yield a distorted irreversible hydrocolloid impression. Two current textbooks have completely different recommendations, but there is no evidence to support either theory. This project evaluates distortion in gypsum casts that have been prepared from wax‐lined and unlined metal impression trays. The purpose of this study was to assess the influence of wax on the border and in the palate of metal‐perforated impression trays on the dimensional stability of the resulting irreversible hydrocolloid impression.Materials and MethodsA dentaform was prepared with marks on the cusp tips of teeth 6 and 11 and distobuccal cusps of teeth 2 and 15. Using a standard maxillary rim lock impression tray, alginate impressions were made using a dentaform with no wax lining, wax lining the border of the tray, and wax lining the border and the palate (n = 10). Casts were randomized. Six measurements were taken using a stereographic measuring microscope, from tooth #6 to #11, #11 to #15, #15 to #2, #2 to #6, #6 to #15, and #2 to #11. An acrylic template was used to position the cast in a reproducible position on the microscope.ResultsTrays lined with wax on the border and the palate yielded casts with significantly different dimensions when compared to those poured from unlined or border‐lined trays (p < 0.05). Casts produced from unlined and border‐lined trays were not significantly different in dimension from the dentaform (p > 0.05).ConclusionThere is no difference between the metal tray with no wax, the metal tray with a wax around the border, and the dentaform. The clinician can make irreversible hydrocolloid impressions using wax on the periphery or without wax on the periphery and feel confident that the impression has not been compromised in its ability to accurately reproduce the maxillary arch when used. Caution should be exercised when adding wax to the palate of the impression tray.
In Vivo Comparison of the Masticatory Efficiency of Artificial Teeth with Two Different Cusp Heights in Complete Dentures: A Preliminary Study
Authors: Barbosa Wallace Ferreira , Iegami Carolina Mayumi , Uehara Priscila Nakasone , Furuyama Ricardo Jun , Tamaki Regina 
Published: October 2015

AbstractPurposeThe goal of complete denture rehabilitation is to restore facial esthetics and masticatory function to edentulous patients. Several types of artificial teeth with different occlusal anatomy are available. Theoretically, teeth with a higher cusp height provide improved masticatory efficiency. The aim of this study was to compare the masticatory efficiency of complete denture wearers using artificial teeth with two cusp heights.Materials and MethodsSixteen complete denture wearers were given complete dentures with Heraeus Premium teeth. Fifteen days after denture installation, a first masticatory efficiency test was performed with Optocal. A new pair of complete dentures with Dentsply Biotone teeth was then given to each participant to replace the first set. This second set was fabricated by duplicating the same models used to fabricate the first set of dentures. Fifteen days after installation of the dentures with Biotone teeth, a second masticatory efficiency test was performed with Optocal. On both tests, the comminuted material was treated and sieved through a stack of sieves under vibration. The content of each sieve was weighed, and the obtained data were tabulated. Statistical analysis was performed using the Kolmogorov‐Smirnov and Wilcoxon tests.ResultsMean and standard deviation of participants’ masticatory efficiency, as measured by X50 particle size (mm), were 8.39 and 5.59 for dentures with Premium teeth, and 8.56 and 5.84 for dentures with Biotone teeth.ConclusionAccording to the results, there were no differences (p < 0.05) in the masticatory efficiency of the complete denture sets using teeth with the two cusp heights.
HYPOTHETICAL SURVEYS AND EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES OF INSURANCE DEMAND: A REVIEW
Authors: Jaspersen Johannes G. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractWe offer a structured literature survey of experimental studies involving insurance demand choices and their experimental methodology. With this, we aim to fulfill two goals. First, we want to give an overview of the status of the literature as is. Second, the overview of the methodology provides researchers with an idea of how insurance demand experiments can be designed and what the advantages and disadvantages of the different design aspects are. We thus offer a resource for the design of future experiments.
Impact of mobile apps to combat obesity in children and adolescents: A systematic literature review
Authors: Quelly Susan B. , Norris Anne E. , DiPietro Jessica L. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractPurposeThis review examines the impact of mobile app technology on obesity‐related anthropometric, psychosocial, and behavioral outcomes in children and adolescents.ConclusionsNine research articles retrieved from a systematic review of the literature met criteria. Evidence is limited and mixed, but argues for an impact of mobile app use on motivation and goal‐setting behavior, and supports further study of the impact on childhood obesity‐related outcomes such as attitudes, perceptions, physical activity, and dietary habits.Practice ImplicationsNurses can use this evidence to discuss potential benefits of health promotion mobile apps with parents, children, and adolescents to combat childhood obesity.
Oscillations of Skin Microvascular Blood Flow in Patients with Asthma
Authors: Tikhonova Irina V. , Kosyakova Ninel I. , Tankanag Arina V. , Chemeris Nikolai K. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractObjectiveThis research is aimed at studying the features of skin blood flow oscillations in patients with severe persistent atopic BA during a period of fine control over symptoms.MethodsThe study of microcirculation was carried out by LDF at rest and in response to a transient ischemia in 20 patients. The time‐amplitude adaptive wavelet analysis of the blood flow oscillations was conducted to elucidate the peculiarities of microcirculatory regulation system functioning.ResultsNo significant changes were revealed for SBP and the oscillation amplitudes in the cardiac (0.6–2 Hz) and respiratory (0.145–0.6 Hz) intervals, both at rest and in response to transient ischemia, in patients compared to the control group. A consistent twofold decrease in the oscillation amplitudes was found in the neurogenic (0.021–0.052 Hz) interval at rest, as well as in the myogenic (0.052–0.145 Hz) and NO‐dependent endothelial (0.0095–0.021 Hz) intervals both at rest and during the postocclusive reactive hyperemia in patients with lung obstruction (FEV1 < 80%) in comparison with a control group.ConclusionsThe amplitudes of skin blood flow oscillations in the myogenic, neurogenic and NO‐dependent endothelial intervals in patients with obstruction are different from those in patients without obstruction.
Soil losses due to potato harvesting: a case study in western Turkey
Authors: Parlak M. , Blanco‐Canqui H. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractHarvesting of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) may cause soil losses, but the magnitude of such losses has not been widely documented. We quantified the amount of soil lost with the mechanical harvesting of potatoes in 39 fields in western Turkey in 2013. The amount of soil lost was 1.81 Mg/ha/harvest and increased with increased gravimetric water content and plant density. The cost to replace nutrients lost with soil was about US$3 per hectare. Overall, soil loss due to potato harvesting is an important component of total erosion in the study region.
CFD Study on Free-Surface Influence on Tidal Turbines in Hydraulic Structures
Authors: Tralli Aldo , Bijlsma Arnout C. , te Velde Wilbert , de Haas Pieter 
Published: October 2015

In order to estimate the impact on energy production and environment of tidal turbines placed in or near hydraulic structures like discharge sluices or storm surge barriers, a Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) study has been carried out on the relation between (head) loss induced by the turbines and their gross power production.
CFD computations have been performed for Tocardo T2 turbines, using STAR-CCM+.
Simulations of a single turbine in free flow conditions compare favorably with results of Blade Element Momentum (BEM) computations, in terms of torque and thrust. This BEM method model had been previously validated against both CFD data and field measurements.
Then, a series of tests has been performed in a “virtual tow tank”, including the effect of the free surface and the blockage by side and bottom walls.
These computations provide a base for a first estimate of the effect of turbines on the discharge capacity of a generic structure. This is considered to be the first step in a more general approach in which ultimately the effect of tidal turbines in the Eastern Scheldt Storm Surge Barrier will be assessed.
Basic Mechanics of Vortex-Induced Vibrations in Marine Risers
Authors: Zueck Robert F. 
Published: October 2015

Vortex-Induced Vibrations (VIV) are three-dimensional (3D) oscillations of slender structures that are induced by fluid vortices shedding off the moving structure. VIV is intriguing because the largest magnitude of the oscillations is generally perpendicular to the incident fluid flow. Much of the historical research in VIV has focused on the inducing hydraulics of this fluid/structure interaction. We instead focus on the structural mechanics for valuable insights as to why and how VIV physically occurs. We first review the basic mechanics of a suspended pipeline that is horizontally-oriented and then explore the same for a marine riser that is vertically-oriented. In particular, we will investigate the following:
• How gravity and fluid drag curves the slender structures
• How this global curvature locally promotes VIV
• How period doubling is a natural consequence of geometry
• How changes in boundary conditions, shedding periodicity, fluid drag, and fluid velocity affect VIV
The Vertical Distribution and Evolution of Slam Pressure on an Oscillating Wave Surge Converter
Authors: Henry Alan , Abadie Thomas , Nicholson Jonathan , McKinley Alan , Kimmoun Olivier , Dias Frederic 
Published: October 2015

The accurate definition of the extreme wave loads which act on offshore structures represents a significant challenge for design engineers and even with decades of empirical data to base designs upon there are still failures attributed to wave loading. The environmental conditions which cause these loads are infrequent and highly non-linear which means that they are not well understood or simple to describe. If the structure is large enough to affect the incident wave significantly further non-linear effects can influence the loading. Moreover if the structure is floating and excited by the wave field then its responses, which are also likely to be highly non-linear, must be included in the analysis. This makes the description of the loading on such a structure difficult to determine and the design codes will often suggest employing various tools including small scale experiments, numerical and analytical methods, as well as empirical data if available.
Wave Energy Converters (WECs) are a new class of offshore structure which pose new design challenges, lacking the design codes and empirical data found in other industries. These machines are located in highly exposed and energetic sites, designed to be excited by the waves and will be expected to withstand extreme conditions over their 25 year design life. One such WEC is being developed by Aquamarine Power Ltd and is called Oyster. Oyster is a buoyant flap which is hinged close to the seabed, in water depths of 10 to 15m, piercing the water surface. The flap is driven back and forth by the action of the waves and this mechanical energy is then converted to electricity.
It has been identified in previous experiments that Oyster is not only subject to wave impacts but it occasionally slams into the water surface with high angular velocity. This slamming effect has been identified as an extreme load case and work is ongoing to describe it in terms of the pressure exerted on the outer skin and the transfer of this short duration impulsive load through various parts of the structure.
This paper describes a series of 40th scale experiments undertaken to investigate the pressure on the face of the flap during the slamming event. A vertical array of pressure sensors is used to measure the pressure exerted on the flap. Characteristics of the slam pressure such as the rise time, magnitude, spatial distribution and temporal evolution are revealed. Similarities are drawn between this slamming phenomenon and the classical water entry problems, such as ship hull slamming. With this similitude identified, common analytical tools are used to predict the slam pressure which is compared to that measured in the experiment.