bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Developing challenges in the urbanisation of village doctors in economically developed regions: A survey of 844 village doctors in Changzhou, China
Authors: Chen Minxing , Lu Jun , Hao Chao , Hao Mo , Yao Fang , Sun Mei 
Published: March 2015

AbstractObjectiveTo reveal the challenges of village doctors' survival and training in economically developed areas in eastern China.DesignA field survey was used to assess the challenges of village doctors.SettingThe study was conducted in Changzhou, Jiangsu province, which is an economically developed region in eastern China.ParticipantsThe participants included 844 village doctors, 15 township hospital staff members and 6 health bureau leaders.ResultsThe main challenges in Changzhou include an insufficient amount of village doctors, difficulties in obtaining professional qualification for village doctors, low salaries and benefits, and difficulties in recruitment.ConclusionWith increasing urbanisation in China, the gap between actual and expected income and social security has been increasing. Changes to training have influenced the stability of village doctor teams. Declining attachment of young people to their hometown village has contributed to recruitment difficulties.
Increasing access to sexual health care for rural and regional young people: Similarities and differences in the views of young people and service providers
Authors: Johnston Karen , Harvey Caroline , Matich Paula , Page Priscilla , Jukka Clare , Hollins Jane , Larkins Sarah 
Published: March 2015

AbstractObjectiveThis study aims to describe the views of sexual health service providers on access issues for young people and consider them together with the views of young people themselves.DesignA cross‐sectional mixed‐methods study design involving semi‐structured interviews with health service providers and an electronic survey with young people.SettingFour towns in rural and regional Queensland, Australia.ParticipantsA total of 32 service providers: 9 sexual health nurses, 8 general practitioners, 6 school‐based youth health nurses, 5 sexual health educators, 2 Australian Aboriginal health workers and 2 youth workers. There were 391 young people who participated in the Young People's Survey.Main outcome measuresThemes generated from interviews with service providers and quantitative data from young people addressing access to sexual and reproductive health (SRH) services for rural and regional young people.ResultsService providers frequently identified structural barriers, confidentiality and lack of awareness of SRH services as barriers for young people seeking SRH care. Young people also reported that structural factors such as transport, cost and service operating hours were important; however, they placed greater value on personal attributes of service providers, particularly welcoming and non‐judgemental attitudes.ConclusionHealth service policy and training focused on attitudinal qualities of individual service providers may improve access to SRH services for young people. Selective staff recruitment and professional development are important to increase sensitivity to youth issues. Promotion of non‐judgemental and confidential care may also improve access for youth.
All for Nothing? Accounting for Land under Roads by Australian Local Governments
Authors: Elhawary Hassan M.A. , West Brian 
Published: March 2015

Accounting for land under roads by local governments has been one of the most controversial and protracted episodes in the setting of Australian accounting standards. However, after more than two decades of exposure drafts, regulation, transitional provisions and re‐regulation, most land under roads has not been recognised in local government balance sheets. Australian Accounting Standard AAS 27 Financial Reporting by Local Governments was first issued in 1991 and, among other significant reforms, proposed that local governments report land under roads as an asset in their financial reports. However, persistent opposition to this requirement and practical difficulties associated with its implementation gave rise to a succession of transitional provisions deferring its mandatory application. Finally, in 2007 – 16 years after AAS 27 was first promulgated – the Australian Accounting Standards Board (AASB) sought to bring closure to this issue with the release of AASB 1051 Land Under Roads. However, in the interim some state governments had pursued their own resolutions, forbidding the recognition of land under roads. This research reports the results of a survey of the impact of land under roads on local government financial reports. After two decades of debate and regulation, diversity is found to persist in the extent and manner of recognition of this ‘asset’. However, recognition remains the exception rather than the norm and is typically confined to recent acquisitions that comprise only a very small portion of total assets. These circumstances are suggestive of an episode of regulatory failure.
Regulatory review time and post‐market safety events for novel medicines approved by the EMA between 2001 and 2010: a cross‐sectional study
Authors: Zeitoun Jean‐David , Lefèvre Jérémie H. , Downing Nicholas S. , Bergeron Henri , Ross Joseph S. 
Published: March 2015

AimsRegulatory review time has been associated with post‐market medication safety issues in the United States. Our objective was to evaluate whether regulatory review time and near deadline approval are associated with post‐market safety events (PMSEs) for novel medicines approved by the European Medicines Agency (EMA).MethodsWe performed a cross‐sectional analysis of all novel medicines approved by the EMA through the centralized authorization procedure between 2001 and 2010. PMSEs were defined as withdrawals and communications identified through Dear Healthcare Professional Communications (DHPCs). Regulatory review time was defined as the time that elapsed between the start of the assessment procedure and approval. Near regulatory deadline approval was defined as approval within the 30 days before the EMA's 210 day regulatory deadline.ResultsAmong 161 eligible medicines, PMSEs were identified for 49 (30.4%), 44 of which were DHPCs, five of which were withdrawals. Median regulatory review time was 337 days (IQR 276–406) and was not associated with PMSEs (P = 0.57). However, when categorized by regulatory review speed tertile, there were differences in risk of PMSEs, with higher rates among medicines in the middle tertile (25 of 55, 45.4%; P = 0.01). Finally, 26 medicines were approved near the 210 day regulatory deadline, but were not more likely to have PMSEs (38.5% vs. 28.7%; P = 0.32).ConclusionsNeither faster EMA regulatory review speed nor approval near regulatory deadlines was associated with greater likelihood of PMSEs among recently approved novel medicines.
Favipiravir inhibits acetaminophen sulfate formation but minimally affects systemic pharmacokinetics of acetaminophen
Authors: Zhao Yanli , Harmatz Jerold S. , Epstein Carol R. , Nakagawa Yukako , Kurosaki Chie , Nakamura Tetsuro , Kadota Takumi , Giesing Dennis , Court Michael H. , Greenblatt David J. 
Published: March 2015

AimsThe antiviral agent favipiravir is likely to be co‐prescribed with acetaminophen (paracetamol). The present study evaluated the possiblility of a pharmacokinetic interaction between favipiravir and acetaminophen, in vitro and in vivo.MethodsThe effect of favipivir on the transformation of acetaminophen to its glucuronide and sulfate metabolites was studied using a pooled human hepatic S9 fraction in vitro. The effect of acute and extended adminstration of favipiravir on the pharmacokinetics of acetaminophen and metabolites was evaluated in human volunteers.ResultsFavipiravir inhibited the in vitro formation of acetaminophen sulfate, but not acetaminophen glucuronide. In human volunteers, both acute (1 day) and extended (6 days) administration of favipiravir slightly but significantly increased (by about 20 %) systemic exposure to acetaminophen (total AUC), whereas Cmax was not significantly changed. AUC for acetaminophen glucuronide was increased by 23 to 35 % above control by favipiravir, while AUC for acetaminophen sulfate was reduced by about 20 % compared to control. Urinary excretion of acetaminophen sulfate was likewise reduced to 44 to 65 % of control values during favipiravir co‐administration, while excretion of acetaminophen glucuronide increased to 17 to 32 % above control.ConclusionFavipiravir inhibits acetaminophen sulfate formation in vitro and in vivo. However the increase in systemic exposure to acetaminophen due to favipiravir co‐administration, though statistically significant, is small in magnitude and unlikely to be of clinical importance.
The causes of variation in the presence of genetic covariance between sexual traits and preferences
Authors: Fowler‐Finn Kasey D. , Rodríguez Rafael L. 
Published: March 2015

ABSTRACTMating traits and mate preferences often show patterns of tight correspondence across populations and species. These patterns of apparent coevolution may result from a genetic association between traits and preferences (i.e. trait–preference genetic covariance). We review the literature on trait–preference covariance to determine its prevalence and potential biological relevance. Of the 43 studies we identified, a surprising 63% detected covariance. We test multiple hypotheses for factors that may influence the likelihood of detecting this covariance. The main predictor was the presence of genetic variation in mate preferences, which is one of the three main conditions required for the establishment of covariance. In fact, 89% of the nine studies where heritability of preference was high detected covariance. Variables pertaining to the experimental methods and type of traits involved in different studies did not greatly influence the detection of trait–preference covariance. Trait–preference genetic covariance appears to be widespread and therefore represents an important and currently underappreciated factor in the coevolution of traits and preferences.
Clinical and Radiological Long‐Term Outcome of a Tapered Implant System with Special Emphasis on the Influence of Augmentation Procedures
Authors: Schiegnitz Eik , Al‐Nawas Bilal , Tegner Alexander , Sagheb Keyvan , Berres Manfred , Kämmerer Peer W , Wagner Wilfried 
Published: March 2015

AbstractBackground and PurposeTapered implant designs aim to improve primary stability and implant survival in soft bone. However, respective clinical long‐term data are scarce. Therefore, a clinical and radiological evaluation of the long‐term success of a transgingival‐supracrestal inserted tapered implant system with special emphasis on the influence of augmentation procedures was conducted.Material and MethodsIn a retrospective study design, all in the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery of the University Medical Centre, Mainz, Germany, between May 2002 and March 2012, placed tapered implants (Straumann TE®, Basel, Switzerland) were analyzed. In this time period, a total of one hundred ninety‐seven tapered implants were inserted in 90 patients. For patients available for clinical recall, success criteria according to Albrektsson and Buser were evaluated.ResultsThe in situ rate was 96.3% after an average time in situ of 62 ± 31 months. In one hundred twenty‐seven sites, bone augmentation procedures were performed. Hereof, 96 sites were sinus augmentation procedures and 31 sites were alveolar ridge augmentations. For patients with sinus augmentation procedures, implant survival was 97.9% and for patients with alveolar ridge augmentations, implant survival was 93.5% after 5 years, indicating a higher implant survival for sinus augmentation, however not statistically different (p = .194). Implant diameter and timing of implant placement had no significant impact on implant survival (p > .05). Mean marginal bone loss was −0.50 ± 1.54 mm for patients receiving maxillary sinus augmentation and −1.16 ± 1.13 mm for patients with alveolar ridge augmentations, indicating a lower marginal bone loss in patients receiving maxillary sinus augmentation (p = .046). Implant success rates ranged between 88% and 92% after a mean follow‐up of 6 years.ConclusionsWithin the limits of the retrospective character of this study, the tapered soft tissue level implant showed especially in maxillary sinus augmentation promising long‐term survival and success rates and a low peri‐implant bone resorption compared with the literature.
Haploidentical stem cell transplantation in patients aged 50 yr and older with leukemia: similar outcomes compared to younger adults
Authors: Chen Yao , Wang Yu , Xu Lan‐Ping , Liu Kai‐Yan , Chen Huan , Chen Yu‐Hong , Zhang Xiao‐Hui , Wang Feng‐Rong , Han Wei , Wang Jing‐Zhi , Yan Chen‐Hua , Zhang Yuan‐Yuan , Sun Yu‐Qian , Huang Xiao‐Jun 
Published: March 2015

AbstractAimWe aimed to analyze the complications and survival associated with myeloablative haploidentical SCT in patients aged ≥50 yr and compare these results with a younger group population.Design and methodsIn this case–control study, enrolled patients with leukemia were identified from 1262 patients between May 2002 and May 2013 at a single institution.ResultsThirty‐one patients were aged ≥50 yr (the older group) and 165 patients were aged 18–49 yr (the younger group). Of the older group, 20 of 31 (64.5%) had a hematopoietic cell transplantation comorbidity index (HCT‐CI) of 0 or 2. Statistical analysis showed no significant differences in the incidences of grades II to IV acute GVHD, extensive chronic GVHD, and non‐relapse mortality (NRM), or probability of relapse between the two groups. Furthermore, the 3‐yr overall survival (OS) and leukemia‐free survival (LFS) were not significantly different between the older and younger groups: 67.0 ± 9.3% vs. 75.3 ± 3.4% (p = 0.406) and 60.5 ± 9.6% vs. 72.5 ± 3.5% (p = 0.183), respectively.ConclusionSelected older patients aged ≥50 yr with low HCT‐CI and good performance status could safely undergo haploidentical SCT.
S3‐Leitlinie zum Umgang mit Antikoagulation bei Operationen an der Haut
Authors: Sporbeck Birte , Bechara Falk Georges , Häfner Hans‐Martin , Koenen Wolfgang , Kolk Andreas , Koscielny Jürgen , Meissner Markus , Pokrywka Anna , Schirmer Steffen , Strömer Klaus , Löser Christoph , Nast Alexander 
Published: March 2015

ZusammenfassungHintergrund: Immer häufiger sind Patienten aufgrund verschiedener Erkrankungen auf die Einnahme von Antikoagulanzien und Thrombozytenaggregationshemmern angewiesen. Besteht bei diesen Patienten die Notwendigkeit einer Operation an der Haut, stellt sich die Frage des perioperativen Umgangs mit Antikoagulation.Methoden: Entwicklung einer S3‐Leitlinie unter Berücksichtigung des Regelwerkes der Arbeitsgemeinschaft Wissenschaftlicher Medizinischer Fachgesellschaften. Systematische Literaturrecherche und ‐auswertung, Verwendung der GRADE‐Methodik, strukturierte Konsensuskonferenz unter Verwendung eines nominalen Gruppenprozesses.Ergebnisse: Bei Operationen an der Haut soll eine medizinisch notwendige Medikation mit Acetylsalicylsäure (ASS) weitergeführt werden. Bei Operationen an der Haut mit höherem Blutungsrisiko und einer positiven Blutungsanamnese sollte präoperativ eine Bestimmung des INR erfolgen. Eine Operation an der Haut mit höherem Blutungsrisiko und einer positiven Blutungsanamnese sollte bei einem INR oberhalb des therapeutischen Bereichs nicht durchgeführt werden. Eine Umstellung der Medikation mit Vitamin‐K‐Antagonisten (VKA) auf Heparin wegen einer Operation an der Haut sollte nicht erfolgen. Die letzte Einnahme einer Medikation mit direkt wirkenden Antikoagulanzien sollte 24 Stunden präoperativ erfolgen.Schlussfolgerungen: Die Empfehlungen der Deutschen Leitliniengruppe entsprechen weitestgehend den Empfehlungen anderer Leitlinien. Die US amerikanische ÑChest‐Guidelineì empfiehlt bei Patienten mit kleinen Eingriffen an der Haut die Fortführung von ASS‐ und VKA‐Therapie. Die Leitlinie der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Allgemeinmedizin erachtet bei ÑHaut‐Operationenì einen INR Wert von 2 als ausreichend.
Wnt signaling in skin homeostasis and pathology
Authors: Augustin Iris 
Published: March 2015

SummaryThe mammalian skin mediates the primary interphase between the body and the external environment and provides the first line of defense against pathogens, mechanical trauma, sunlight injuries, and chemical stress. Proper physical, biochemical, and immunological composition of the skin is necessary to maintain its barrier function. Therefore, the skin reflects a complex dynamic organ with high cellular turnover during normal tissue replacement and wound repair. Stem cell reservoirs ensure constant skin renewal. Wnt signaling controls stem cell maintenance and fate decisions in various tissues and also reflects a key pathway in controlling skin development and homeostasis. Disruption of Wnt signaling in the skin causes disorders such as alopecia, chronic inflammatory skin diseases or cancer. This review summarizes the role of Wnt signaling during skin development, homeostasis, and disease.
Storage of Dothistroma septosporum cultures
Authors: Fraser S. , Weitz H. J. , Brown A. V. , Woodward S. 
Published: March 2015

SummaryCulture collections are invaluable resources for supporting current and future research activities on plant pathogens. Reliable culture storage (preservation) methods are required for these collections. To determine what methods of storage were most reliable for the pine‐needle pathogen Dothistroma septosporum, six widely available methods for the storage of fungi were compared: agar slopes at 4°C; slopes at −20°C, mycelial plugs under sterile reverse osmosis (RO) water at 4°C, mycelial plugs under sterile mineral oil at 4°C, uncovered mycelial plugs at 4°C and mycelial plugs under sterile 10% glycerol at −80°C. Revival of cultures was assessed after 12 and 21 months. Storage of mycelial plugs under sterile RO water at 4°C and under glycerol at −80°C both had 100% culture revival at both time points and are therefore recommended for future use. The four remaining methods had revival rates below 70% at 12 months.
Anatomically structured burst spiking of thalamic reticular nucleus cells: implications for distinct modulations of sensory processing in lemniscal and non‐lemniscal thalamocortical loop circuitries
Authors: Kimura Akihisa , Imbe Hiroki 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThe thalamic reticular nucleus (TRN) occupies a highly strategic position to modulate sensory processing in the thalamocortical loop circuitries. It has been shown that TRN visual cells projecting to first‐ and higher‐order thalamic nuclei have distinct levels of burst spiking, suggesting the possibility that the TRN exerts differential influences on information processing in first‐ and higher‐order thalamic nuclei that compose the lemniscal and non‐lemniscal sensory systems, respectively. To determine whether this possibility could extend across sensory modalities, the present study examined activities of TRN auditory cells projecting to the ventral and dorsal divisions (first‐ and higher‐order auditory thalamic nuclei) of the medial geniculate nucleus (TRN‐MGV and TRN‐MGD cells) in anesthetized rats, using juxta‐cellular recording and labeling techniques. Burst spiking of TRN‐MGV cells consisted of larger numbers of spikes with shorter inter‐spike intervals as compared with that of TRN‐MGD cells in auditory response evoked by noise burst stimuli. Similar distinctions, although not statistically significant, were observed in spontaneous activity. Furthermore, the features of burst spiking varied in association with the topographies of cell body and terminal field locations. These features of burst spiking are similar to those observed in the two types of TRN visual cells. First‐ and higher‐order thalamic nuclei are known to have distinct levels of burst spiking across sensory modalities. Taken together, it is suggested that the distinctions in burst spiking in the TRN, in conjunction with those in thalamic nuclei, could constitute distinct circuitries for lemniscal and non‐lemniscal sensory processing in the thalamocortical loop.
Diagnostic yield of genetic testing in epileptic encephalopathy in childhood
Authors: Mercimek‐Mahmutoglu Saadet , Patel Jaina , Cordeiro Dawn , Hewson Stacy , Callen David , Donner Elizabeth J. , Hahn Cecil D. , Kannu Peter , Kobayashi Jeff , Minassian Berge A. , Moharir Mahendranath , Siriwardena Komudi , Weiss Shelly K. , Weksberg Rosanna , Snead O. Carter 
Published: March 2015

SummaryObjectiveEpilepsy is a common neurologic disorder of childhood. To determine the genetic diagnostic yield in epileptic encephalopathy, we performed a retrospective cohort study in a single epilepsy genetics clinic.MethodsWe included all patients with intractable epilepsy, global developmental delay, and cognitive dysfunction seen between January 2012 and June 2014 in the Epilepsy Genetics Clinic. Electronic patient charts were reviewed for clinical features, neuroimaging, biochemical investigations, and molecular genetic investigations including targeted next‐generation sequencing of epileptic encephalopathy genes.ResultsGenetic causes were identified in 28% of the 110 patients: 7% had inherited metabolic disorders including pyridoxine dependent epilepsy caused byALDH7A1mutation, Menkes disease, pyridox(am)ine‐5‐phosphate oxidase deficiency, cobalamin G deficiency, methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase deficiency, glucose transporter 1 deficiency, glycine encephalopathy, and pyruvate dehydrogenase complex deficiency; 21% had other genetic causes including genetic syndromes, pathogenic copy number variants on array comparative genomic hybridization, and epileptic encephalopathy related to mutations in theSCN1A,SCN2A,SCN8A,KCNQ2,STXBP1,PCDH19, andSLC9A6genes. Forty‐five percent of patients obtained a genetic diagnosis by targeted next‐generation sequencing epileptic encephalopathy panels. It is notable that 4.5% of patients had a treatable inherited metabolic disease.SignificanceTo the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to combine inherited metabolic disorders and other genetic causes of epileptic encephalopathy. Targeted next‐generation sequencing panels increased the genetic diagnostic yield from <10% to >25% in patients with epileptic encephalopathy.