bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nietzsche's Thumbscrew: Honesty as Virtue and Value Standard
Authors: Harper Aaron 
Published: October 2015

ABSTRACT
Much has been made of the apparent tensions in Nietzsche's ethical and metaethical views. In this essay I examine a kind of value standard available to Nietzsche that is present in his work. I offer an interpretation of honesty as both a Nietzschean virtue and a means of ethical assessment. Despite Nietzsche's well-known criticisms of truth, he upholds honesty as the only remaining virtue of his free spirits. Honesty has been treated in the literature primarily in the contexts of truth or life affirmation, but I argue that we should instead recognize honesty as a virtue within the context of valuing. I defend honesty as a distinct kind of truthfulness and sincerity involving what I call confrontation. The seeds of Nietzsche's mature view are first evident in his work on tragedy, then developed further in Zarathustra, ultimately revealing a constraint on valuing that is essential to Nietzsche's broader normative projects.
Nietzsche Disempowered: Reading the Will to Power out of Nietzsche's Philosophy
Authors: Soll Ivan 
Published: October 2015

ABSTRACT
In this article I confront and criticize the widespread tendency to ignore, marginalize, or dismiss without serious consideration Nietzsche's psychological hypothesis that a “will to power” is the major motivator of human behavior. I begin by separating Nietzsche's psychological hypothesis from both his occasional cosmological extension of it into an account of all processes in the world and from his power-based theory of value. And I argue that, since the psychological thesis does not depend on the cosmological extension, is more fundamental to Nietzsche's overall project, and is much better supported by Nietzsche's argument, it deserves to be seriously considered on its own merits. Then, I critically consider Robert Solomon's attempts to deny any value at all to the will to power as a general motivational hypothesis and to reinterpret Nietzsche's theory of the will to power in a way that ignores what Nietzsche actually says about it and, moreover, radically undermines its significance.
Living with Solomon Living with Nietzsche: A Reply to Tubert and Soll
Authors: Higgins Kathleen M. 
Published: October 2015

ABSTRACT
In Living with Nietzsche, Robert C. Solomon defends the view that Nietzsche is an existentialist avant la lettre, a view that I defend. I concur with Ariela Tubert that her case that Nietzsche is a skeptic about metaphysical freedom supports Solomon's position, even if he did not necessarily see Nietzsche as holding a skeptical view. I counter Ivan Soll's arguments against Solomon's view that Nietzsche was mainly interested in promoting the life of passion, which Soll takes as insufficiently appreciative of the importance of will to power in Nietzsche's thought. I argue that Solomon's construal of will to power is defensible and not really so distant from Soll's own stated interpretation.
Chinese American Culture in the Making: Perspectives and Reflections on Diasporic Folklore and Identity
Authors: Zhang Juwen 
Published: October 2015

Abstract
Having conceptually accepted Asian Americans as being groups integral to the "folk groups" in American history, culture, and society, and thus their folklores being integral to American public life and folkloristics, we now need to study these distinctive folklores with relevant theories and methods. By looking at the folklore practices of the diverse Chinese American group, this article proposes some perspectives and concepts, with an emphasis on folkloric identity, in the hope that they will be useful in analyzing and interpreting diasporic folklore and identity in general.
Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2 Induces Donor-Dependent Osteogenic and Adipogenic Differentiation in Human Adipose Stem Cells
Authors: Vanhatupa Sari , Ojansivu Miina , Autio Reija , Juntunen Miia , Miettinen Susanna 
Published: October 2015

Abstract

Bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) is a growth factor used to stimulate bone regeneration in clinical applications. However, there are contradicting reports on the functionality of BMP-2 in human adipose stem cells (hASCs), which are frequently used in tissue engineering. In this study, we analyzed the effects of BMP-2 on SMAD1/5 signaling, proliferation, and differentiation in hASCs. Our results indicated that BMP-2 induced dose-dependent (25–100 ng/ml) activation of SMAD signaling. Furthermore, the cell proliferation analysis revealed that BMP-2 (100 ng/ml) consistently decreased the proliferation in all the cell lines studied. However, the analysis of the differentiation potential revealed that BMP-2 (100 ng/ml) exhibited a donor-dependent dual role, inducing both osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation in hASCs. The quantitative alkaline phosphatase (qALP) activity and mineralization levels were clearly enhanced in particular donor cell lines by BMP-2 stimulus. On the contrary, in other cell lines, qALP and mineralization levels were diminished and the lipid formation was enhanced. The current study also suggests that hASCs have accelerated biochemical responsiveness to BMP-2 stimulus in human serum-supplemented culture medium compared with fetal bovine serum. The production origin of the BMP-2 growth factor is also important for its response: BMP-2 produced in mammalian cells enhanced signaling and differentiation responses compared with BMP-2 produced in Escherichia coli. These results explain the existing contradiction in the reported BMP-2 studies and indicate the variability in the functional end mechanism of BMP-2-stimulated hASCs.

Significance
This study examined how bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) modulates the SMAD signaling mechanism and the proliferation and differentiation outcome of human adipose stem cells (hASCs) derived from several donors. The results indicate that BMP-2 triggers molecular SMAD signaling mechanisms in hASCs and regulates differentiation processes in human serum-culture conditions. Importantly, BMP-2 has dual activity, inducing osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation, subject to hASC donor line studied. These findings explain contradictory previous results and highlight the importance of further studies to understand how signaling pathways guide mesenchymal stem cell functions at the molecular level.
Reactive transport in a partially molten system with binary solid solution
Authors: Jordan Jacob S. , Hesse Marc A. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractMelt extraction from the Earth's mantle through high‐porosity channels is required to explain the composition of the oceanic crust. Feedbacks from reactive melt transport are thought to localize melt into a network of high‐porosity channels. Recent studies invoke lithological heterogeneities in the Earth's mantle to seed the localization of partial melts. Therefore, it is necessary to understand the reaction fronts that form as melt flows across the lithological interface between the heterogeneity and the ambient mantle. Here we present a chromatographic analysis of reactive melt transport across lithological boundaries, using the theory of hyperbolic conservation laws. This is an extension of linear trace element chromatography to the coupling of major elements and energy transport. Our analysis allows the prediction of the nonlinear feedbacks that arise in reactive melt transport due to changes in porosity. This study considers the special case of a partially molten porous medium with binary solid solution. As melt traverses a lithological contact, binary solid solution leads to the formation of a reacted zone between an advancing reaction front and the initial contact. The analysis also shows that the behavior of a fertile heterogeneity depends on its absolute concentration, in addition to compositional differences between itself and the refractory background. We present a regime diagram that predicts if melt emanating from a fertile heterogeneity localizes into high‐porosity channels or develops a zero porosity shell. The theoretical framework presented here provides a useful tool for understanding nonlinear feedbacks in reactive melt transport, because it can be extended to more complex and realistic phase behaviors.
A random‐walk algorithm for modeling lithospheric density and the role of body forces in the evolution of the Midcontinent Rift
Authors: Levandowski Will , Boyd Oliver S. , Briggs Rich W. , Gold Ryan D. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThis paper develops a Monte Carlo algorithm for extracting three‐dimensional lithospheric density models from geophysical data. Empirical scaling relationships between velocity and density create a 3‐D starting density model, which is then iteratively refined until it reproduces observed gravity and topography. This approach permits deviations from uniform crustal velocity‐density scaling, which provide insight into crustal lithology and prevent spurious mapping of crustal anomalies into the mantle. We test this algorithm on the Proterozoic Midcontinent Rift (MCR), north‐central United States. The MCR provides a challenge because it hosts a gravity high overlying low shear‐wave velocity crust in a generally flat region. Our initial density estimates are derived from a seismic velocity/crustal thickness model based on joint inversion of surface‐wave dispersion and receiver functions. By adjusting these estimates to reproduce gravity and topography, we generate a lithospheric‐scale model that reveals dense middle crust and eclogitized lowermost crust within the rift. Mantle lithospheric density beneath the MCR is not anomalous, consistent with geochemical evidence that lithospheric mantle was not the primary source of rift‐related magmas and suggesting that extension occurred in response to far‐field stress rather than a hot mantle plume. Similarly, the subsequent inversion of normal faults resulted from changing far‐field stress that exploited not only warm, recently faulted crust but also a gravitational potential energy low in the MCR. The success of this density modeling algorithm in the face of such apparently contradictory geophysical properties suggests that it may be applicable to a variety of tectonic and geodynamic problems.
An improved simulation of the deep Pacific Ocean using optimally estimated vertical diffusivity based on the Green's function method
Authors: Toyoda Takahiro , Sugiura Nozomi , Masuda Shuhei , Sasaki Yuji , Igarashi Hiromichi , Ishikawa Yoichi , Hatayama Takaki , Kawano Takeshi , Kawai Yoshimi , Kouketsu Shinya , Katsumata Katsuro , Uchida Hiroshi , Doi Toshimasa , Fukasawa Masao , Awaji Toshiyuki 
Published: October 2015

AbstractAn improved vertical diffusivity scheme is introduced into an ocean general circulation model to better reproduce the observed features of water property distribution inherent in the deep Pacific Ocean structure. The scheme incorporates (a) a horizontally uniform background profile, (b) a parameterization depending on the local static stability, and (c) a parameterization depending on the bottom topography. Weighting factors for these parameterizations are optimally estimated based on the Green's function method. The optimized values indicate an important role of both the intense vertical diffusivity near rough topography and the background vertical diffusivity. This is consistent with recent reports that indicate the presence of significant vertical mixing associated with finite‐amplitude internal wave breaking along the bottom slope and its remote effect. The robust simulation with less artificial trend of water properties in the deep Pacific Ocean illustrates that our approach offers a better modeling analysis for the deep ocean variability.
Modeling the impact of tidal flows on the biological productivity of the Alboran Sea
Authors: Sánchez‐Garrido José C. , Naranjo C. , Macías D. , García‐Lafuente J. , Oguz T. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThe control of phytoplankton production by tidal forcing in the Alboran Sea is investigated with a high‐resolution ocean circulation model coupled to an ecosystem model. The aim of the modeling efforts was to elucidate the role of tides in sustaining the high biological productivity of the Alboran Sea, as compared with the rest of the Mediterranean subbasins. It is shown that tidal forcing accounts for an increase of phytoplankton biomass and primary productivity in the basin of about 40% with respect to a nontidal circulation, and about 60% in the western Alboran Sea alone. The tidal dynamics of the Strait of Gibraltar is shown to be the primary factor in determining the enhancement of productivity, pumping nutrients from depth to the photic zone in the Alboran Sea. Model results indicate that the biological implications of the propagating internal tides are small. These results imply that nutrient transports through the Strait of Gibraltar have to be parametrized in ocean models that do not resolve tides in order to properly represent the biochemical budgets of the Alboran Sea.
Phenology of particle size distributions and primary productivity in the North Pacific subtropical gyre (Station ALOHA)
Authors: White Angelicque E. , Letelier Ricardo M. , Whitmire Amanda L. , Barone Benedetto , Bidigare Robert R. , Church Matthew J. , Karl David M. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThe particle size distribution (PSD) is a critical aspect of the oceanic ecosystem. Local variability in the PSD can be indicative of shifts in microbial community structure and reveal patterns in cell growth and loss. The PSD also plays a central role in particle export by influencing settling speed. Satellite‐based models of primary productivity (PP) often rely on aspects of photophysiology that are directly related to community size structure. In an effort to better understand how variability in particle size relates to PP in an oligotrophic ecosystem, we collected laser diffraction‐based depth profiles of the PSD and pigment‐based classifications of phytoplankton functional types (PFTs) on an approximately monthly basis at the Hawaii Ocean Time‐series Station ALOHA, in the North Pacific subtropical gyre. We found a relatively stable PSD in the upper water column. However, clear seasonality is apparent in the vertical distribution of distinct particle size classes. Neither laser diffraction‐based estimations of relative particle size nor pigment‐based PFTs was found to be significantly related to the rate of 14C‐based PP in the light‐saturated upper euphotic zone. This finding indicates that satellite retrievals of particle size, based on particle scattering or ocean color would not improve parameterizations of present‐day bio‐optical PP models for this region. However, at depths of 100–125 m where irradiance exerts strong control on PP, we do observe a significant linear relationship between PP and the estimated carbon content of 2–20 μm particles.
Weakening of subduction in the Subtropical Mode Water formation region observed during 2003–2013
Authors: Wang Ran , Yu Fei , Nan Feng 
Published: October 2015

AbstractSubduction plays an important role in the formation of the Subtropical Mode Water (STMW). Variation of subduction in the western North Pacific was studied using gridded monthly data from Argo float profiles. The results revealed that there exists a weakening trend of subduction in the STMW formation region (28°N–35°N, 142°E–175°W) due to decreasing winter mixed layer depth (MLD) during 2003–2013. In the STMW formation region, the mean subduction rate was about 64 m yr−1 and showed a decreasing trend at −3.44 ± 2.47 m yr−2 during 2003–2013. Meanwhile, the late winter (March) MLD showed a decreasing trend at −4.02 ± 2.41 m yr−1. Associated with the weakening subduction, the STMW volume had a similar decreasing trend in late winter. Diagnostic calculation indicated that change of the mixed layer temperature (MLT) is the key factor in determining the MLD variations in the STMW formation region. It is demonstrated that the increasing MLT tends to decrease oceanic density and stabilize the upper ocean. This oceanic processes act to weaken the vertical mixing and decrease the MLD, resulting in the weakening of subduction.
Festkörperchemie auf der Nanoskala: Ionentransport über Zwischengitterplätze oder Leerstellen?
Authors: Bothe Cornelia , Kornowski Andreas , Tornatzky Hans , Schmidtke Christian , Lange Holger , Maultzsch Janina , Weller Horst 
Published: October 2015

AbstractWieso können Ionenaustauschprozesse in Nanokristallen unter Erhaltung von Form und Größe erfolgen, und wieso ist der Ionentransport viel schneller, als man es von klassischen Interdiffusionsprozessen in makrokristallinen Festkörpern erwarten würde? Wir haben diese Prozesse auf der molekularen Skala anhand einiger Modellreaktionen mittels hochauflösender und analytischer Elektronenmikroskopie in temperaturabhängigen kinetischen Untersuchungen verfolgt. Die Ergebnisse belegen eindeutig einen ausschließlich über Zwischengitterplätze erfolgenden Diffusionsprozess, gefolgt von einem “Kick‐out” zur Verdrängung einzelner Ionen von Gitterplätzen, das ohne Bildung von Leerstellen auskommt und für nanokristalline Systeme bisher noch nicht diskutiert wurde.
Hollow PUA/PSS/Au microcapsules with interdependent near‐infrared/pH/temperature multiresponsiveness
Authors: Xu Shuhan , Shi Jun , Yang Liu , Wu Qiong , Cao Shaokui 
Published: October 2015

ABSTRACTIn this work, smart hollow microcapsules made of thermal‐/pH‐dual sensitive aliphatic poly(urethane‐amine) (PUA), sodium poly(styrenesulfonate) (PSS), and Au nanoparticles (AuNPs) for interdependent multi‐responsive drug delivery have been constructed by layer‐by‐layer (LbL) technique. The electrostatic interactions among PUA, PSS, and AuNPs contribute to the successful self‐assembly of hollow multilayer microcapsules. Thanks to the shrinkage of PUA above its lower critical solution temperature (LCST) and the interaction variation between PUA and PSS at different pH conditions, hollow microcapsules exhibit distinct pH‐ and thermal‐sensitive properties. Moreover, AuNPs aggregates can effectively convert light to heat upon irradiation with near‐infrared (NIR) laser and endow the hollow microcapsules with distinct NIR‐responsiveness. More importantly, the NIR‐responsive study also demonstrates that the microcapsule morphology and the corresponding NIR‐responsive drug release are strongly dependent on the pH value and temperature of the media. The results indicate that the prepared hollow PUA/PSS/Au microcapsules have the great potential to be used as a novel smart drug carrier for the remotely controllable drug delivery. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43008.
Context, culture and critical thinking: Scottish secondary school teachers’ and pupils’ experiences of outdoor learning
Authors: Christie Beth , Beames Simon , Higgins Peter 
Published: October 2015

Limited research exists that considers the usefulness of outdoor learning as a legitimate pedagogical approach for the delivery of a mainstream secondary school curriculum. To address this shortcoming, we investigated the ways in which mathematics and geography teachers and students from three secondary schools in Scotland responded to theOutdoor Journeysprogramme, which is a school‐based teaching approach that enables pupils to learn about the people and place in which they live. Data collection included participant observation, short questionnaires and interviews with approximately 150 students (11–14 years old) and 10 teachers. In most cases, pupils enjoyed the opportunity to guide their own learning experientially and beyond the familiar classroom context. Teachers acknowledged that such an approach presented an opportunity to develop pupils’ critical thinking skills and that these skills can, in some cases, be overlooked in early secondary education. Following these findings, we discuss the pedagogical implications arising from the inclusion of critical thinking as a key outcome of outdoor learning, and as part of the Outdoor Journeys programme, within a secondary school context. We continue by adding our voice to the nascent literature addressing outdoor learning approaches that seek to gain traction within the broader social ecology of established school cultures.
Asymmetric synthesis of aromatic β‐amino acids using ω‐transaminase: Optimizing the lipase concentration to obtain thermodynamically unstable β‐keto acids
Authors: Mathew Sam , Jeong Seong‐Su , Chung Taeowan , Lee Sang‐Hyeup , Yun Hyungdon 
Published: October 2015

AbstractSynthesized aromatic β‐amino acids have recently attracted considerable attention for their application as precursors in many pharmacologically relevant compounds. Previous studies on asymmetric synthesis of aromatic β‐amino acids using ω‐transaminases could not be done efficiently due to the instability of β‐keto acids. In this study, a strategy to circumvent the instability problem of β‐keto acids was utilized to generate β‐amino acids efficiently via asymmetric synthesis. In this work, thermodynamically stable β‐ketoesters were initially converted to β‐keto acids using lipase, and the β‐keto acids were subsequently aminated using ω‐transaminase. By optimizing the lipase concentration, we successfully overcame the instability problem of β‐keto acids and enhanced the production of β‐amino acids. This strategy can be used as a general approach to efficiently generate β‐amino acids from β‐ketoesters.
Emotions and cognitions in consumer health behaviors: insights from chronically ill patients into the effects of hope and control perceptions
Authors: Makarem Suzanne C. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThe lack of compliance to medical advice is a widely recognized healthcare concern with important implications to consumer well‐being. Through an in‐depth examination of the narratives provided by chronically ill patients, this study contributes to transformative consumer research by offering a better understanding of patients' compliance or lack of compliance with medical advice. The narratives are examined with a focus on two potential antecedents: hope and perceptions of control over health outcomes. Findings suggest that although control perceptions play a crucial role in compliance, chronically ill patients often feel that they have no control over their health outcomes. The narratives reveal that the positive emotion of hope is a motivator for positive health behaviors. Additionally, the lived experiences accounts suggest a possible relationship between hope and control perceptions: patients' belief in their ability to manage their chronic illness facilitates hope but might not be essential to it. The importance of healthcare providers' role in cultivating hope and customizing their interactions with patients is discussed. The implications also indicate that health initiatives aimed at increasing treatment compliance should consider alternatives to messages calling for patients to take control of their health. Instead, future research on health behavior should look beyond social cognition models of health behavior and focus on the role of positive emotions such as hope. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A “prospective” and “retrospective” view of the hazards of a career in interventional cardiology
Authors: Lange David C. , Henry Timothy D. 
Published: October 2015

Key Points

Surveyed interventional cardiologists reported frequent occupation‐related health hazards including orthopedic injury (49.4%), radiation‐related skin disease (4.8%), cataracts (5.5%), and hematologic and malignant conditions (4.8%)
Further advances are needed to increase operator and staff safety to prevent future orthopedic injuries and radiation‐related diseases.
Each individual interventional cardiologist needs to weigh the hazards of the profession with the benefits which are substantial as well.