bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia
Authors: Price James , Llewelyn Martin 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Although rates of MRSA bacteraemia have fallen markedly in the UK, S. aureus bacteraemia remains a common clinical entity associated with substantial morbidity and mortality. This case illustrates the key elements of optimal management. Early diagnosis and prompt initiation of treatment are crucial. Unless the infection is known to be caused by MRSA, treatment should include a beta-lactam drug where possible. It is not established whether using combination antibiotic therapy improves outcome. Foci of infection must be identified promptly by thorough and repeated clinical examination and radiological investigation and removed as soon as possible. Current best evidence indicates that patients with S. aureus bacteraemia should receive intravenous treatment for a minimum of 2 weeks, with this duration increasing to 4–6 weeks in patients with endocarditis or unremovable foci of infection.
Urinary sepsis: vancomycin-resistant enterococci
Authors: Howard Julia , Soleimanian Sorrush 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Enterococci spp including vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) are low virulence organisms; however, treatment options are limited and so treatment of invasive infection can cause management issues. Enterococci are resident in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and most commonly cause infection originating in the GI or urinary tracts. Bacteraemia may lead to the spread of infection to other sites including, rarely, the heart valves, leading to infective endocarditis. This chapter highlights a case of VRE bacteraemia associated with pyonephrosis in which removal of the source (drainage of pus) was the most important intervention. Classification by microbiology, epidemiology, and antibiotic choices for VRE infections are also discussed.
Disseminated nocardiosis
Authors: Arnold Amber , Ellis Jayne , Hill Robert 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Disseminated nocardiosis classically occurs in immunosuppressed individuals. Infection commonly enters via the respiratory route but may also occur through skin trauma. A case of disseminated nocardiosis in an immunosuppressed individual is presented. The case highlights challenges surrounding diagnosis and microbiological identification of Gram-positive branching bacilli, patient management, and choice of antibiotics. The common side effects of co-trimoxazole are discussed.
Urinary sepsis: extended spectrum β-lactamase-producing E. coli
Authors: Dhillon Rishi , Arnold Amber , Donaldson Hugo 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Antibiotic resistance in Gram-negative organisms is increasing. Empirical antibiotic prescribing policies are based on local epidemiology. This chapter highlights a case of urinary sepsis due to an extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing E. coli. The patient in the case is treated with the empirical antibiotic choice and dies. The microbiological identification and treatment of ESBL-producing organisms is discussed in reference to the correlation of in vitro susceptibility data with in vivo response. The role of beta-lactam-beta-lactamase inhibitor combinations (BLBLI) in vitro and the use of carbapenems for these organisms is discussed.
Treated pulmonary tuberculosis complicated by sarcoidosis
Authors: Russell Georgina , O’Connor Sally , Chua Felix 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Sarcoidosis is a granulomatous disease of unknown aetiology which has a broad differential diagnosis. The condition is known to occur in patients with a previous history of treated tuberculosis, as occurs in the case presented. The diagnosis using biopsy and histology, management, and possible causes are discussed.
Null Models for Community Detection in Spatially-Embedded, Temporal Networks
Authors: Sarzynska Marta , Leicht Elizabeth A. , Chowell Gerardo , Porter Mason A. 
Published: July 2014

In the study of networks, it is often insightful to use algorithms to determine mesoscale features such as “community structure”, in which densely connected sets of nodes constitute “communities” that have sparse connections to other communities. The most popular way of detecting communities algorithmically is to optimize the quality function known as modularity. When optimizing modularity, one compares the actual connections in a (static or time-dependent) network to the connections obtained from a random-graph ensemble that acts as a null model. The communities are then the sets of nodes that are connected to each other densely relative to what is expected from the null model. Clearly, the process of community detection depends fundamentally on the choice of null model, so it is important to develop and analyze novel null models that take into account appropriate features of the system under study. In this paper, we investigate the effects of using null models that take incorporate spatial information, and we propose a novel null model based on the radiation model of population spread. We also develop novel synthetic spatial benchmark networks in which the connections between entities are based on distance or flux between nodes, and we compare the performance of both static and time-dependent radiation null models to the standard (“Newman-Girvan”) null model for modularity optimization and a recently-proposed gravity null model. In our comparisons, we use both the above synthetic benchmarks and time-dependent correlation networks that we construct using countrywide dengue fever incidence data for Peru. We also evaluate a recently-proposed correlation null model, which was developed specifically for correlation networks that are constructed from time series, on the epidemic-correlation data. Our findings underscore the need to use appropriate generative models for the development of spatial null models for community detection.PACS numbers87.19.Xx,89.20.-a,89.75.Fb,05.45.Tp
The university press: trends, initiatives and collaborations over the past several years
Authors: Hayes Clayton , P. Holley Robert 
Published: July 2014

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to examine recent trends that have affected university presses (UPs). The increased reliance on digital resources and fiscal constraints within higher education has forced UPs to re-evaluate their position with the scholarly communication system. Responses include an increased focus on partnerships, new forms of publication, changing business models and better meeting customers’ needs.

Design/methodology/approach
– The authors have reviewed publications on UPs from the past five years and added their viewpoints on current and future trends.

Findings
– UPs must adapt to resource scarcity and current trends in scholarly communication to remain viable.

Practical implications
– Both UPs and academic libraries may gain insights on how to meet the needs of researchers and scholars within a changing environment.

Originality/value
– This paper summarizes and evaluates a broad spectrum of research on UPs.
Distorted constriction contact resistance between clamped slabs
Authors: A. Cividjian Grigore 
Published: July 2014

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is the more exact evaluation of distorted constriction contact resistance between two clamped slabs or thin films, having a bi-dimensional current lines structure.

Design/methodology/approach
– Mathematical modeling using conformal mappings.

Findings
– The influence of the tarnish film on the distorted constriction resistance is clarified and three new exact formulas are proposed for the distorted constriction resistance between clamped slabs with rectangular contact spot. Comparisons with early proposed formula for constriction resistance of slab narrowing and with finite element analysis results are presented.

Research limitations/implications
– The research is limited to direct current and homogeneous and isotropic media and the results can be extended at alternate current when the skin effect is negligible.

Practical implications
– Exact evaluation of 2D constriction contact resistance which appears in macro-scale contacts electrical equipment and in MEMS devices, particularly in crimp contacts.

Originality/value
– The proposed formulas are new, original, simple and exact.
Efficient evaluation of the earth return mutual impedance of overhead conductors over a horizontally multilayered soil
Authors: Lee Jae-bok , Zou Jun , Li Benliang , Ju Munno 
Published: July 2014

Purpose
– The per-unit-length earth return mutual impedance of the overhead conductors plays an important role for analyzing electromagnetic transients or couplings of multi-conductor systems. It is impossible to have a closed-form expression to evaluate this kind of impedance. The purpose of this paper is to propose an efficient numerical approach to evaluate the earth return mutual impedance of the overhead conductors above horizontally multi-layered soils.

Design/methodology/approach
– The expression of the earth return mutual impedance, which contains a complex highly oscillatory semi-infinite integral, is divided into two parts intentionally, i.e. the definite and the tail integral, respectively. The definite integral is calculated using the proposed moment functions after fitting the integrand into the piecewise cubic spline functions, and the tail integral is replaced by exponential integrals with newly developed asymptotic integrands.

Findings
– The numerical examples show the proposed approach has a satisfactory accuracy for different parameter combinations. Compared to the direct quadrature approach, the computational time of the proposed approach is very competitive, especially, for the large horizontal distance and the low height of the conductors.

Originality/value
– The advantage of the proposed approach is that the calculation of the highly oscillatory integral is completely avoided due to the fact that the moment function can be evaluated analytically. The contribution of the tail integral is well included by means of the exponential integral, though in an asymptotic way. The proposed approach is completely general, and can be applied to calculate the earth return mutual impedance of overhead conductors above a soil structure with an arbitrary number of horizontal layers.
An efficient algorithm for a certain class of robust optimization problems
Authors: Paffrath M. , Wever U. 
Published: July 2014

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to present an efficient method for the numerical treatment of robust optimization problems with absolute reliability constraints.

Design/methodology/approach
– Optimization with anti-optimization based on response surface techniques; polynomial chaos for approximation of the stochastic objective function.

Findings
– The number of function calls is comparable to that of the corresponding deterministic problem. Thus, the method is well suited for complex technical systems. The performance of the method is demonstrated on an optimal design problem for turbochargers.

Originality/value
– The highlights of this paper are: algorithms for robust and deterministic problems show comparable complexity; no derivatives required; good convergence properties because of special set up of optimization problem; application in complex industrial examples.
Analyzing distortion contributions in a complex device model
Authors: Rahkonen Timo , P. Aikio Janne 
Published: July 2014

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to propose a method to reduce the non-linear distortion of a transistor to its input and output ports to aid distortion contribution analysis (DCA). This is especially needed when the internal structure of a device model is complex.

Design/methodology/approach
– The non-linear distortion generated by all non-linear sources inside a device model are reduced to transistor i/o ports by LMSE fitting techniques. Simulations of an LDMOS power transistor are used to compare the reduced distortion results with the actual non-linear sources.

Findings
– It is shown, that device models where the current sources are split by intermediate nodes cause superficial results, when distortion contributions are calculated as a superposition of contributions from individual non-linear sources. The proposed iterative fitting technique works.

Research limitations/implications
– Some non-quasistatic effects and the transfer functions from external terminals to internal controlling nodes are not covered.

Practical implications
– The analysis is a step toward a generic non-linear distortion contribution simulation tool that would aid the designers to develop more linear analog circuits.

Originality/value
– The concept of DCA itself is fairly new. This paper makes a step to represent the distortion sources in a canonical way.
Robust DC and efficient time-domain fast fault simulation
Authors: Tasic Bratislav , J. Dohmen Jos , Jan W. ter Maten E. , G.J. Beelen Theo , H.A. Schilders Wil , de Vries Alex , van Beurden Maikel 
Published: July 2014

Purpose
– Imperfections in manufacturing processes may cause unwanted connections (faults) that are added to the nominal, “golden”, design of an electronic circuit. By fault simulation one simulates all situations. Normally this leads to a large list of simulations in which for each defect a steady-state (direct current (DC)) solution is determined followed by a transient simulation. The purpose of this paper is to improve the robustness and the efficiency of these simulations.

Design/methodology/approach
– Determining the DC solution can be very hard. For this the authors present an adaptive time-domain source stepping procedure that can deal with controlled sources. The method can easily be combined with existing pseudo-transient procedures. The method is robust and efficient. In the subsequent transient simulation the solution of a fault is compared to a golden, fault-free, solution. A strategy is developed to efficiently simulate the faulty solutions until their moment of detection.

Findings
– The paper fully exploits the hierarchical structure of the circuit in the simulation process to bypass parts of the circuit that appear to be unaffected by the fault. Accurate prediction and efficient solution procedures lead to fast fault simulation.

Originality/value
– The fast fault simulation helps to store a database with detectable deviations for each fault. If such a detectable output “matches” a result of a product that has been returned because of malfunctioning it helps to identify the subcircuit that may contain the real fault. One aims to detect as much as possible candidate faults. Because of the many options the simulations must be very efficient.
Multiscale simulation of organic heterojunction light harvesting devices
Authors: Porro Matteo , de Falco Carlo , Verri Maurizio , Lanzani Guglielmo , Sacco Riccardo 
Published: July 2014

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to develop a computational model for the simulation of heterojunction organic photovoltaic devices with a specific application to a light harvesting capacitor (LHC) consisting of a double layer of organic materials connected in series with two insulating layers and an external resistive load.

Design/methodology/approach
– The model is based on a coupled system of nonlinear partial and ordinary differential equations describing current flow throughout the external resistive load as the result of exciton generation in the bulk, exciton dissociation into bonded pairs at the acceptor-donor material interface, and electron/hole charge generation and drift-diffusion transport in the two device materials.

Findings
– Numerical simulation results are shown to be in good agreement with measured on-off transient currents and allow for novel insight on the microscopical phenomena which affect the external LHC performance, in particular, the widely different time scales at which such phenomena occur and their relation to the overall device dynamics.

Originality/value
– The LHC demonstrates the viability of a novel approach for converting light energy into an electric current without a steady state flow of free charge carriers through the semiconducting layers. The new insight about the microscopic working principles that determine the macroscopically observed behavior of the LHC obtained via the model proposed in this paper are expected to serve as a basis for studying techniques for exploiting the full potential of the LHC.
Optimizing engagement: brand identification and alumni donation behaviors
Authors: L. Stephenson Amber , B. Yerger David 
Published: July 2014

Purpose
– As colleges and universities face the shifts of decreasing government funds, increased operating costs, and waning alumni financial support, institutions are now plunging themselves into practices traditionally associated with the business sector. Practices like branding are now being used as a mechanism to increase engagement of alumni and potential donors. The purpose of this paper is to examine the effects of brand identification, or the defining of the self through association with an organization, on alumni supportive behaviors.

Design/methodology/approach
– The researchers surveyed alumni of a mid-sized state-run university in the mid-Atlantic region of the USA to see if identification affected donation behaviors such as choice to donate, total dollar amount donated, and the number of times donated.

Findings
– The survey findings showed that brand identification correlated with choice to donate, increased donation dollar amount, and the number of donations. Findings also suggested that interpretation of brand, prestige, satisfaction with student affairs, and participation were positively associated with identification.

Research limitations/implications
– The results of this study are specific to one institution. This research offers support for the importance and value of brand management in higher education. The study also highlights those determinants of brand identification which suggests the use of integrative fundraising techniques.

Originality/value
– The study highlighted that university brand identification increases the explanatory power for alumni donor behaviors over those variables typically explored in traditional donor models.
Developing strategies for communities of practice
Authors: C.K. Cheng Eric , C.K. Lee John 
Published: July 2014

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to explore strategies to develop communities of practice (CoP) to improve teaching in a school context.

Design/methodology/approach
– A cross-sectional questionnaire is developed to collect data from participants in a project that aims to cultivate a CoP to improve their small class teaching skills. A total of 125 teachers from 35 primary schools participated in the survey. A structural equation model is used to explore the predictive power of the strategies on all three of the CoP elements.

Findings
– Content strategy is confirmed as the predictor of all the CoP elements, while process strategy is a predictor only for joint enterprise and shared repertoire.

Practical implications
– The application of these strategies to develop a CoP in schools involves designing a reflective and collaborative learning content, as well as monitoring, regulating and streamlining the learning process.

Originality/value
– The study contributes an empirical framework to the research of CoP and practical guides for school leaders to facilitate knowledge sharing in CoPs.
Leading school change in China: a review of related literature and preliminary investigation
Authors: Tang Shaobing , Lu Jiafang , Hallinger Philip 
Published: July 2014

Purpose
– Like other nations in Asia, mainland China has undergone continuous reforms in its economic, political and social institutions over the past two decades. These changes are also reflected in its education system, which has been both the target of government reforms and an agent for social change. In this context, China's Ministry of Education has cast school principals as key actors in leading and managing change in schools at the local level throughout the country. The purpose of this paper is to explore how Chinese school leaders successfully respond to the implementation of educational reform.

Design/methodology/approach
– In this paper the authors explore how school leaders in one city in South China perceive their roles and actions in fostering successful change. The study employed extensive literature review with qualitative interviews of five school principals who had demonstrated success at leading change in their schools.

Findings
– The findings of both the literature review and interview study unexpectedly found more similarities than differences between how leaders contribute to successful change in China as compared with the Western literature.

Research limitations/implications
– The research findings are limited by two main features. First, the sources analyzed in the literature review were of highly varying quality. Moreover, relatively few employed replicable analytical methods capable of generalization. These limitations of the literature mean that the results of the review can only be interpreted as suggestive rather than conclusive. Second, the interview study was framed as an effort to further explore the trends of the literature review. Although the findings from the small-scale interview study were consistent with the broader Chinese literature, the research design suffers form the same limitations as the general literature. Therefore, these findings must also be treated as emergent rather than explanatory.

Practical implications
– The paper identifies directions for future research and discusses implications for school leaders in implementing educational change in China.

Originality/value
– The originality of this study lies in its attempt to synthesize a previously inaccessible literature on change leadership in Chinese schools. Despite China's rising role as a global leader, the literature in educational leadership and management remains sparse and largely unknown to Western scholars. Therefore, the study's limitations are balanced by the need to provide better descriptions of current practices employed by leaders as they attempt to improve China's schools.