bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Burden of disease due to dementia in the elderly population of Korea: present and future
Authors: Park Jae-Hyun , Eum Jin-Hee , Bold Bolor , Cheong Hae-Kwan 
Published: April 2013

Abstract

Background
With the rapid aging of populations around the world, dementia has become one of the most important public health problems in Eastern Asian countries. The purpose of the present study was to provide an estimate of the burden of dementia and forecast its future burden, as generalized to the Korean population, and to provide detailed gender- and age-specific information regarding the burden of dementia in the elderly population of Korea.

Methods
‘Disability-adjusted life years’ (DALYs) were used to estimate the burden of dementia. Epidemiologic data from national statistics and nationwide epidemiologic studies in the year 2008 were used to obtain representative outcomes for the Korean population. We estimated the DALYs due to dementia from the years 2010 to 2050 by applying demographic structure projections in terms of 5-year age groups in Korea.

Results
The burden of disease due to dementia in Korea is 528 per 100,000 population (males: 435, females: 622) and 5,117 per 100,000 in those over the age of 65 years (males: 5,228; females: 5,041); this accounts for 4.5% of the total burden of disease in the year 2008. In the year 2050, DALYs due to dementia (814,629) are expected to be 3.0 times higher than those in the year 2010 (274,849).

Conclusion
Dementia has the highest burden of disease in the elderly Korean population, and this burden will increase sharply with the aging of the population. More comprehensive and multi-dimensional approaches, including clinical, psychological, social, and political means will be needed for the management of the dramatically increasing burden of dementia.
Helium beam shadowing for high spatial resolution patterning of antibodies on microstructured diagnostic surfaces
Authors: Cacao Eliedonna , Sherlock Tim , Nasrullah Azeem , Kemper Steven , Knoop Jennifer , Kourentzi Katerina , Ruchhoeft Paul , Stein Gila E , Atmar Robert L , Willson Richard C 
Published: April 2013

Abstract
We have developed a technique for the high-resolution, self-aligning, and high-throughput patterning of antibody binding functionality on surfaces by selectively changing the reactivity of protein-coated surfaces in specific regions of a workpiece with a beam of energetic helium particles. The exposed areas are passivated with bovine serum albumin (BSA) and no longer bind the antigen. We demonstrate that patterns can be formed (1) by using a stencil mask with etched openings that forms a patterned exposure, or (2) by using angled exposure to cast shadows of existing raised microstructures on the surface to form self-aligned patterns. We demonstrate the efficacy of this process through the patterning of anti-lysozyme, anti-Norwalk virus, and anti-Escherichia coli antibodies and the subsequent detection of each of their targets by the enzyme-mediated formation of colored or silver deposits, and also by binding of gold nanoparticles. The process allows for the patterning of three-dimensional structures by inclining the sample relative to the beam so that the shadowed regions remain unaltered. We demonstrate that the resolution of the patterning process is of the order of hundreds of nanometers, and that the approach is well-suited for high throughput patterning.
Emission spectra profiling of fluorescent proteins in living plant cells
Authors: Mylle Evelien , Codreanu Mirela-Corina , Boruc Joanna , Russinova Eugenia 
Published: April 2013

Abstract

Background
Fluorescence imaging at high spectral resolution allows the simultaneous recording of multiple fluorophores without switching optical filters, which is especially useful for time-lapse analysis of living cells. The collected emission spectra can be used to distinguish fluorophores by a computation analysis called linear unmixing. The availability of accurate reference spectra for different fluorophores is crucial for this type of analysis. The reference spectra used by plant cell biologists are in most cases derived from the analysis of fluorescent proteins in solution or produced in animal cells, although these spectra are influenced by both the cellular environment and the components of the optical system. For instance, plant cells contain various autofluorescent compounds, such as cell wall polymers and chlorophyll, that affect the spectral detection of some fluorophores. Therefore, it is important to acquire both reference and experimental spectra under the same biological conditions and through the same imaging systems.

Results
Entry clones (pENTR) of fluorescent proteins (FPs) were constructed in order to create C- or N-terminal protein fusions with the MultiSite Gateway recombination technology. The emission spectra for eight FPs, fused C-terminally to the A- or B-type cyclin dependent kinases (CDKA;1 and CDKB1;1) and transiently expressed in epidermal cells of tobacco (Nicotiana benthamiana), were determined by using the Olympus FluoView™ FV1000 Confocal Laser Scanning Microscope. These experimental spectra were then used in unmixing experiments in order to separate the emission of fluorophores with overlapping spectral properties in living plant cells.

Conclusions
Spectral imaging and linear unmixing have a great potential for efficient multicolor detection in living plant cells. The emission spectra for eight of the most commonly used FPs were obtained in epidermal cells of tobacco leaves and used in unmixing experiments. The generated set of FP Gateway entry vectors represents a valuable resource for plant cell biologists.
Lipid production of Chlorella vulgaris and Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata
Authors: Gonçalves Ana L , Pires José CM , Simões Manuel 
Published: April 2013

Abstract

Background
The depletion of fossil fuel reserves has stimulated the search for sustainable sources of energy that are carbon-neutral or renewable. In this context, microalgae are a promising energetic resource. They are photosynthetic microorganisms that use CO2 as carbon source, with high specific growth rates. Furthermore, some species present high lipid content that can be easily converted into biodiesel. Accordingly, this study aims to analyze the effect of light supply (one of the most important culture parameters) on lipid production of selected microalgae, Chlorella vulgaris and Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata.

Methods
Both microalgal species were cultured under different light irradiance values (36, 72, 96, and 126 μE m−2 s−1) and for each light irradiance value, three light/dark ratios (10:14, 14:10, and 24:0) were tested. Lipid contents of both microalgae were then determined using a recently developed colorimetric method.

Results/Conclusions

P. subcapitata presented higher lipid productivity than C. vulgaris. High lipid concentration was achieved in microalgal cultures with higher light irradiance values. However, for 96 and 126 μE m−2 s−1, lipid productions of both microalgae were not significantly higher than with 72 μE m−2 s−1, which means that microalgal light saturation point may be achieved.
Time to change, time to evaluate. Invited commentary on … Evaluation of England's Time to Change programme
Authors: Sartorius Norman 
Published: April 2013

SummaryTime to Change is the largest national programme to counter stigma ever undertaken. It demonstrates that stigmatisation and its consequences are gradually becoming recognised as the most important obstacle to the development of mental health programmes. It also demonstrates that they can be prevented or reduced. The programme's evaluation answered many questions but others remain - concerning the indicators of success and ways of assessing them and relevance of the programme's achievements. The programme and its evaluation are important steps in the development of anti-stigma programmes worldwide.
Systematic Review and Quality Assessment of Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Pharmaceutical Therapies for Advanced Colorectal Cancer
Authors: Leung Henry WC , Chan Agnes LF , Leung Matthew SH , Lu Chin-Li 
Published: April 2013

OBJECTIVE To systematically review and assess the quality of cost-effectiveness analyses (CEAs) of pharmaceutical therapies for metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC). DATA SOURCES The MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane, and EconLit databases were searched for the Medical Subject Headings or text key words quality-adjusted, QALY, life-year gained (LYG), and cost-effectiveness (January 1, 1999–December 31, 2009). STUDY SELECTION Original CEAs of mCRC pharmacotherapy published in English were included. CEAs that measured health effects in units other than quality-adjusted life years or LYG and letters to the editor, case reports, posters, and editorials were excluded. DATA EXTRACTION Each article was independently assessed by 2 trained reviewers according to a quality checklist created by the Panel on Cost-Effectiveness in Health and Medicine. RESULTS Twenty-four CEA studies pertaining to pharmaceutical therapies for mCRC were identified. All studies showed a wide variation in methodologic approaches, which resulted in a different range of incremental cost-effectiveness ratios reported for each regimen. We found common methodologic flaws in a significant number of CEA studies, including lack of clear description for critique of data quality; lack of method for adjusting costs for inflation and methods for obtaining expert judgment; no results of model validation; wide differences in the types of perspective, time horizon, study design, cost categories, and effect outcomes; and no quality assess ment of data (cost and effectiveness) for the interventions evaluation. CONCLUSIONS This study has shown a wide variation in the methodology and quality of cost-effectiveness analysis for mCRC. Improving quality and harmonization of CEA for cancer treatment is needed. Further study is suggested to assess the quality of CEA methodology outside the mCRC disease state.
Safety of New Oral Anticoagulants with Dual Antiplatelet Therapy in Patients with Acute Coronary Syndromes
Authors: Tsu Laura V , Dager William E 
Published: April 2013

OBJECTIVE To determine the safety of dabigatran, rivaroxaban, or apixaban with dual antiplatelet therapy in patients with acute coronary syndromes. DATA SOURCES A literature search of MEDLINE (1946–January 2013) was conducted, using the search terms dabigatran, rivaroxaban, or apixaban in combination with dual antiplatelet therapy. A search of literature citations was conducted to identify additional references. STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION Randomized controlled trials involving the use of one of the new anticoagulants with concomitant dual antiplatelet therapy were included in the review. DATA SYNTHESIS Five randomized controlled trials were reviewed, including 1 trial of dabigatran, 2 trials of rivaroxaban, and 2 trials of apixaban. These studies were conducted in patients with a recent acute coronary syndrome, so most patients were receiving aspirin and clopidogrel as dual antiplatelet therapy in addition to a therapeutic dose of one of the anticoagulants. The 3 Phase 2 dose-ranging trials (1 each of dabigatran, rivaroxaban, and apixaban) found an increasing risk of major and clinically relevant nonmajor bleeding with increasing doses of the anticoagulants. The Phase 3 trial of apixaban was terminated early due to an excess of bleeding events, and the trial of rivaroxaban also found an increased risk of bleeding. CONCLUSIONS The emerging use of dabigatran, rivaroxaban, and apixaban into clinical practice has introduced additional management options, but also safety concerns when combined with antiplatelet agents. Due to the increased risk of bleeding when combining an anticoagulant with 2 antiplatelet agents, clinicians should monitor and educate patients on avoiding potential complications. The need for continued triple regimens should be periodically reviewed.
Current Approaches to Punitive Action for Medication Errors by Boards of Pharmacy
Authors: Holdsworth Mark , Wittstrom Kristina , Yeitrakis Tiffany 
Published: April 2013

BACKGROUND To increase disclosure of errors and lead to system improvements, publications recommend a nonpunitive approach to medication errors. To our knowledge there is no published information regarding the extent or bases on which boards of pharmacy invoke punitive action against pharmacists involved in medication errors. OBJECTIVE To determine how often and on what bases boards of pharmacy determine punitive action to be taken against pharmacists involved in medication error events. METHODS The policies, procedures, and practices regarding medication errors by pharmacists for 49 of the 50 US boards of pharmacy were reviewed by pharmacy students at the University of New Mexico as a Safe Medication Practices class assignment. RESULTS Most boards of pharmacy invoke punitive action against pharmacists involved in medication errors. Most states do not have specific rules or regulations that stipulate errors as actual violations and most determinations are made on a case-by-case basis. The major determinants of punitive action were error severity, actual patient injury, patient complaints, and factors related to the pharmacist. The most common types of punitive action include license suspension, probation, or revocation, and fines. In at least 17 states, incarceration was also a possible punitive action. The most common bases for punitive action were to address public safety/health and public complaints. CONCLUSIONS Despite the fact that punitive action is not recommended as best practice for addressing medication errors made by health care practitioners, most state boards of pharmacy use punitive measures against pharmacists involved in medication errors. Based on current recommendations, such actions would not be expected to lead to improvements in the health care system.
Geographic differences in patterns of genetic differentiation among bitter and sweet manioc (Manihot esculenta subsp. esculenta; Euphorbiaceae)
Authors: Bradbury E. Jane , Duputié Anne , Delêtre Marc , Roullier Caroline , Narváez‐Trujillo Alexandra , Manu‐Aduening Joseph A. , Emshwiller Eve , McKey Doyle 
Published: April 2013

• Premise of the study: Manioc (Manihot esculenta subsp. esculenta), one of the most important tropical food crops, is commonly divided according to cyanide content into two use‐categories, “sweet” and “bitter.” While bitter and sweet varieties are genetically differentiated at the local scale, whether this differentiation is consistent across continents is yet unknown.• Methods: Using eight microsatellite loci, we genotyped 522 manioc samples (135 bitter and 387 sweet) from Ecuador, French Guiana, Cameroon, Gabon, Ghana, and Vanuatu. Genetic differentiation between use‐categories was assessed using double principal coordinate analyses (DPCoA) with multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) and Jost's measure of estimated differentiation (Dest). Genetic structure was analyzed using Bayesian clustering analysis.• Key results: Manioc neutral genetic diversity was high in all sampled regions. Sweet and bitter manioc landraces are differentiated in South America but not in Africa. Correspondingly, bitter and sweet manioc samples share a higher proportion of neutral alleles in Africa than in South America. We also found seven clones classified by some farmers as sweet and by others as bitter.• Conclusions: Lack of differentiation in Africa is most likely due to postintroduction hybridization between bitter and sweet manioc. Inconsistent transfer from South America to Africa of ethnobotanical knowledge surrounding use‐category management may contribute to increased hybridization in Africa. Investigating this issue requires more data on the variation in cyanogenesis in roots within and among manioc populations and how manioc diversity is managed on the farm.
Thin Inorganic Porous Hollow Fiber Membranes
Authors: Luiten‐Olieman Mieke W. J. , Raaijmakers Michiel J. T. , Nijmeijer Arian , Benes Nieck E. 
Published: April 2013

Abstract
Extensive research has been performed on inorganic hollow fibers by dry–wet spinning of a particle loaded polymer solution, followed by thermal treatment. Several research groups have shown this approach to be feasible for variety of inorganic particles. Various studies are available on possibilities to tailor fiber properties and dimensions by changing the spinning solution, spinning conditions, and thermal treatment strategies. In this chapter, the emphasis is on preparation of inorganic hollow fibers with exceptionally small outer diameters. The small fiber diameters are obtained through extensive shrinkage of ‘green fibers’, upon heating above the glass transition temperature of the polymer. The extensive shrinkage is attributed to viscous removal of macro voids, present in the green fiber. For different inorganic materials a particle specific range is identified in which viscous deformation is possible; below a minimal particle concentration it is not possible to sinter particles together and above a critical particle volume fraction viscous transport is hindered by a sharp increase in viscosity.
Track‐Etching
Authors: Apel P. Yu. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractTrack‐etch membranes (TMs) are produced by irradiating polymer films with highly ionizing particles followed by chemical etching. They differ from most conventional polymeric membranes because of their precisely controlled structure. Their pore size, shape, and density can be varied in a controllable manner to produce membranes with the required retention and transport properties. Polymer films are irradiated with either fission fragments or accelerated ions to form the so‐called latent tracks. The process of track etching then converts the latent tracks into hollow channels. Different etching methods have been developed that allow for the formation of cylindrical, conical, funnel‐like, cigar‐like, and other shapes of track‐etched pores. Commercial TMs are produced from polycarbonate, polyethylene terephthalate and polyimide, and their basic properties are presented in this article. TMs are used for diverse applications such as precise filters, model capillary systems, porous substrates, and templates for the synthesis of micro‐ and nanostructured materials.
Biological and Biomimetic Membranes
Authors: Kumar Manish , Shen Yue‐xiao , Saboe Patrick O. 
Published: April 2013

Abstract
This chapter focuses on lipid and polymer‐based biomimetic membranes for separations. We first discuss the structure, organization, and transport properties of biological membranes that form the inspiration for biomimetic membranes with a focus on aspects relevant to synthetic membrane development. This is followed by a description of the novel properties and current strategies for synthesis of biomimetic membranes. Lipid and polymer‐based membranes are discussed as well as the emerging area of artificial‐channel‐based membranes. A short outlook on the advancements needed for commercialization of biomimetic membranes is also presented.
Membrane‐Based Techniques for Nuclear Waste Processing
Authors: Pabby Anil Kumar , Sonawane Jagannath V. , Sastre Ana M. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractMembrane methods can be considered as the most energy‐saving separation techniques. Separation abilities of membranes allow the elimination of many noneffective and energy‐consuming methods and their replacement by new, modern technologies that are environment friendly. Application of membrane methods for the treatment of liquid radioactive wastes (LRWs) requires solving many problems connected with the proper selection of the membranes, membrane modules, and other equipment according to local conditions: chemical and radiochemical composition of the effluents treated, their activity, and total salinity. For the past few years, membrane‐based processing of a nuclear plant's radioactive wastes, radioactive liquids in general, is rapidly gaining acceptance within the nuclear industry. Installations working in the nuclear industry have to fulfill very stringent requirements. They ought to be reliable, and constructed from special materials defined by separate regulations. This article focuses on existing information on the application of membrane technology in the nuclear industry and covers recent advances, particularly in the field of LRW processing on pilot and plant scales.
Enantioselective Membranes
Authors: Yoshikawa Masakazu , Higuchi Akon 
Published: April 2013

AbstractThe enantioseparation (optical resolution or chiral separation) of one specific enantiomer from others is in demand in the pharmaceutical production industry because most pharmaceuticals are stereoisomers, with each enantiomer possessing different biological activity. There is considerable demand for separation techniques appropriate for the large‐scale resolution of chiral molecules. Enantioseparation of racemic mixtures of pharmaceuticals through enantioselective (chiral) or achiral polymeric membranes with or without a chiral selector is a desirable system for future commercial application(s). This article describes several polymeric materials for the enantioselective (chiral) separation of pharmaceuticals. Enantioselective membranes were prepared from chiral polymers from which enantioselectivity was generated from chiral carbons in the main chain. However, it is rather difficult to generate enantioselective membranes with high selectivity from chiral polymers alone because the racemic penetrants interact with the flexible side chains of the membranes. Therefore, enantioseparation membranes were prepared using polymers with a chiral branch. The chiral branch, which possesses the ability to specifically interact with drugs, was immobilized in enantioseparation membranes. Cyclodextrins (CDs), crown ether derivatives, albumin, and DNA have all been typically selected as stereoselective ligands in enantioseparation membranes. Nanofiber membranes, electrospun from enantioselective polymers, have also been developed for use in enantioselective membranes that were prepared using recent developments in nanotechnology and should be useful for efficient enantioseparation because of high flux and high enantioselectivity. A molecularly imprinted polymeric membrane, formed by interactions with a “template” chiral molecule, has also been reported to serve as an enantioselective membrane, although the polymer composing the enantioselective membrane did not contain any chiral molecules. There are two basic methods of preparing molecularly imprinted membranes: covalent and noncovalent molecular imprinting. In both methods, the template molecules are selected for their interactions with the functional group of the imprinted polymeric membranes, and the templates are subsequently removed from the membranes. Finally, this article discusses future trends in polymeric materials for enantioselective membranes.