bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rural Geriatric Glue: A Nurse Practitioner–Led Model of Care for Enhancing Primary Care for Frail Older Adults within an Ecosystem Approach
Authors: Prasad Sadhana , Dunn Wendy , Hillier Loretta M. , McAiney Carrie A. , Warren Rex , Rutherford Paul 
Published: September 2014

ObjectivesThis article describes the implementation of the Care for Seniors model of care, an innovative approach to improving care coordination and integration, and provides preliminary evidence of effective use of specialist resources and acute care services.DesignRetrospective.SettingPrimary care; cross‐sector.ParticipantsOlder adults living in a rural area in southwestern Ontario, Canada.MeasurementsNumber of new geriatrician referrals and follow‐up visits before and after the launch of the Care for Seniors program, number of Nurse Practitioner visits in a primary care setting, in‐home, retirement home and hospital, number of discharges home from hospital and length of hospital stay between.ResultsIn the 2 years before the launch of the program, the total number of visits to the geriatrician for individuals from this FHT was relatively low, 21 and 15, respectively for 2005–06 and 2006–07, increasing to 73 for the 2011–12 year. Although the absolute number of individuals supported by the NP‐Geri has remained relatively the same, the numbers seen in the primary care office or in the senior's clinic has declined over time, and the number of home visits has increased, as have visits in the retirement homes. The percentage of individuals discharged home increased from 19% in 2008–09 to 31% in 2009–10 and 26% in 2011–12 and the average length of stay decreased over time.ConclusionsThis model of care represents a promising collaboration between primary care and specialist care for improving care to frail older adults living in rural communities, potentially improving timely access to health care and crisis intervention.
Intervention with the Screening Tool of Older Persons Potentially Inappropriate Prescriptions/Screening Tool to Alert Doctors to Right Treatment Criteria in Elderly Residents of a Chronic Geriatric Facility: A Randomized Clinical Trial
Authors: Frankenthal Dvora , Lerman Yaffa , Kalendaryev Edward , Lerman Yehuda 
Published: September 2014

ObjectivesTo assess the effect of a Screening Tool of Older Persons potentially inappropriate Prescriptions/Screening Tool to Alert doctors to Right Treatment (STOPP/START) medication intervention on clinical and economic outcomes.DesignParallel‐group randomized trial.SettingChronic care geriatric facility.ParticipantsResidents aged 65 and older prescribed with at least one medication (N = 359) were randomized to receive usual pharmaceutical care or undergo medication intervention.InterventionScreening medications with STOPP/START criteria followed up with recommendations to the chief physician.MeasurementsThe outcome measures assessed at the initiation of the intervention and 1 year later were number of hospitalizations and falls, Functional Independence Measure (FIM), quality of life (measured using the Medical Outcomes Study 12‐item Short‐Form Health Survey), and costs of medications.ResultsThe average number of drugs prescribed was significantly lower in the intervention than in the control group after 1 year (P < .001). The average drug costs in the intervention group decreased by 103 shekels (US$29) per participant per month (P < .001). The average number of falls in the intervention group dropped significantly (P = .006). Rates of hospitalization, FIM scores, and quality of life measurements were similar for both groups.ConclusionImplementation of STOPP/START criteria reduced the number of medications, falls, and costs in a geriatric facility. Their incorporation in those and similar settings is recommended.
Prospective Observational Study of Delirium Recovery Trajectories and Associated Short‐Term Outcomes in Older Adults Admitted to a Specialized Delirium Unit
Authors: Lam Ching‐yu , Tay Laura , Chan Mark , Ding Yew Yoong , Chong Mei Sian 
Published: September 2014

ObjectivesTo describe the recovery trajectories of delirium and to determine factors predicting the course of recovery and adverse outcome.DesignA prospective observational study.SettingGeriatric monitoring unit (GMU), a five‐bed unit specializing in managing older adults with delirium.ParticipantsIndividuals admitted to theGMUbetween December 2010 and August 2012 (N = 234; mean age 84.1 ± 7.4).MeasurementsInformation was collected on demographic characteristics; comorbidities; severity of illness; functional status; and daily cognitive, Delirium Rating Scale, Revised‐98 (DRS‐R98) severity, and functional scoring. Resolution of delirium, and thusGMUdischarge, was determined according to clinical assessment. The primary outcome was residual subsyndromal delirium (SSD) (DRS‐R98 severity ≥13) uponGMUdischarge. Univariate and multivariate methods were used to determine the predictors of residualSSDand adverse outcomes (inpatient mortality and incident nursing home admission upon discharge).ResultsParticipants with residualSSDhad a slower recovery in terms of delirium severity, cognition, and functional status than those with no residualSSD. ResidualSSDpredictors included underlying dementia, admissionDRS‐R98 severity,DRS‐R98 severity on Day 1 minus Day 3 ofGMUstay, and admission modified Barthel Index. Only presence of residualSSDat discharge predicted adverse outcomes (odds ratio = 5.27, 95% confidence interval = 1.43–19.47).ConclusionIndividuals with residualSSDhad prolonged recovery trajectory of delirium. These new insights into the recovery trajectories of delirium may help formulate early discharge planning and provide the basis for future research on delirium treatment.
Painful neuropathies: the emerging role of sodium channelopathies
Authors: Brouwer Brigitte A. , Merkies Ingemar S. J. , Gerrits Monique M. , Waxman Stephen G. , Hoeijmakers Janneke G. J. , Faber Catharina G. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractPain is a frequent debilitating feature reported in peripheral neuropathies with involvement of small nerve (Aδand C) fibers. Voltage‐gated sodium channels are responsible for the generation and conduction of action potentials in the peripheral nociceptive neuronal pathway whereNaV1.7,NaV1.8, andNaV1.9 sodium channels (encoded bySCN9A,SCN10A, andSCN11A) are preferentially expressed. The human genetic pain conditions inherited erythromelalgia and paroxysmal extreme pain disorder were the first to be linked to gain‐of‐functionSCN9Amutations. Recent studies have expanded this spectrum with gain‐of‐functionSCN9Amutations in patients with small fiber neuropathy and in a new syndrome of pain, dysautonomia, and small hands and small feet (acromesomelia). In addition, painful neuropathies have been recently linked toSCN10Amutations. Patch‐clamp studies have shown that the effect ofSCN9Amutations is dependent upon the cell‐type background. The functional effects of a mutation in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons and sympathetic neuron cells may differ per mutation, reflecting the pattern of expression of autonomic symptoms in patients with painful neuropathies who carry the mutation in question. Peripheral neuropathies may not always be length‐dependent, as demonstrated in patients with initial facial and scalp pain symptoms withSCN9Amutations showing hyperexcitability in both trigeminal ganglion andDRGneurons. There is some evidence suggesting that gain‐of‐functionSCN9Amutations can lead to degeneration of peripheral axons. This review will focus on the emerging role of sodium channelopathies in painful peripheral neuropathies, which could serve as a basis for novel therapeutic strategies.
Upper canine inclination influences the aesthetics of a smile
Authors: Bothung C. , Fischer K. , Schiffer H. , Springer I. , Wolfart S. 
Published: September 2014

SummaryThis current study investigated which angle of canine inclination (angle between canine tooth axis (CA‐line) and the line between the lateral canthus and the ipsilateral labial angle (EM‐line)) is perceived to be most attractive in a smile. The second objective was to determine whether laymen and dental experts share the same opinion. A Q‐sort assessment was performed with 48 posed smile photographs to obtain two models of neutral facial attractiveness. Two sets of images (1 male model set, 1 female model set), each containing seven images with incrementally altered canine and posterior teeth inclinations, were generated. The images were ranked for attractiveness by three groups (61 laymen, 59 orthodontists, 60 dentists). The images with 0° inclination, that is CA‐line (maxillary canine axis) parallel to EM‐line (the line formed by the lateral canthus and the ipsilateral corner of the mouth) (male model set: 54·4%; female model set: 38·9%), or −5° (inward) inclination (male model set: 20%; female model set: 29·4%) were perceived to be most attractive within each set. Images showing inward canine inclinations were regarded to be more attractive than those with outward inclinations. Dental experts and laymen were in accordance with the aesthetics. Smiles were perceived to be most attractive when the upper canine tooth axis was parallel to the EM‐line. In reconstructive or orthodontic therapy, it is thus important to incline canines more inwardly than outwardly.
Factors associated with temporomandibular disorders pain in adolescents
Authors: Fernandes G. , van Selms M. K. A. , Gonçalves D. A. G. , Lobbezoo F. , Camparis C. M. 
Published: September 2014

SummaryTo gain a better understanding of temporomandibular disorders (TMD) pain in adolescents, it is important to study the factors associated with its presence. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate potential predictors for TMD pain in adolescents, thereby including a diversity of factors from the biopsychosocial model to determine the strongest predictors. The sample of this cross‐sectional study consisted of 1094 adolescents. The presence of TMD pain was assessed using the RDC/TMD, Axis I. Apart from demographical characteristics, the roles of parafunctional habits, psychosocial aspects, menarche and other bodily pain complaints were evaluated. Single and multiple logistic regression models were used to identify associations between the predictor variables and TMD pain. Painful TMD had a prevalence of 25·5%. Logistic regression analyses showed that TMD pain was associated with sleep bruxism (OR = 1·8 95% CI = 1·34–2·34), awake bruxism (OR = 2·1 95% CI = 1·56–2·83), other parafunctional habits (OR = 2·2 95% CI = 1·17–4·08) and bodily pain complaints (OR = 5·0 95% CI = 3·48–7·28). Parafunctional habits and other bodily pain complaints may play an important role in the presence of TMD pain in adolescents. Of course, it remains unclear whether the observed associations between the investigated factors and the adolescent's TMD pain have a true causal linkage.
Biosynthesis of antifungal and antibacterial polyketides by Burkholderia gladioli in coculture with Rhizopus microsporus
Authors: Ross Claudia , Opel Viktoria , Scherlach Kirstin , Hertweck Christian 
Published: September 2014

SummaryFungi–bacteria interactions can impact the course of fungal infection and biotechnological use. The mucoralean fungus Rhizopus microsporus, traditionally used in food fermentations (tempe and sufu), is frequently accompanied by Burkholderia gladioli pv. cocovenenans. When producing tempe bongkrek, the bacterial contamination can lead to lethal food‐related intoxications caused by the respiratory toxin bongkrekic acid. To unveil the metabolic potential of the fungus‐associated bacterium, we sequenced its genome, assigned secondary metabolite biosynthesis gene clusters and monitored the metabolic profile under various growth conditions. In addition to the bongkrekic acid biosynthesis gene cluster we found gene clusters coding for the biosynthesis of toxoflavin and a complex polyketide. The orphan polyketide synthase gene cluster was activated under conditions that emulate tempe production, which enabled isolation and structure elucidation of four members of the enacyloxin family of antibiotics, out of which one is new. Moreover, we found that the fungus positively influences the growth of the bacteria and dramatically increases bongkrekic acid production in stationary culture, which inhibits the growth of the fungus. These results showcase the context‐dependent formation of antifungal and antibacterial agents at the fungal‐bacterial interface, which may also serve as a model for scenarios observed in mixed infections.
Evolution of pollination niches in a generalist plant clade
Authors: Gómez José María , Perfectti Francisco , Abdelaziz Mohamed , Lorite Juan , Muñoz‐Pajares Antonio Jesús , Valverde Javier 
Published: September 2014

SummaryIt is widely assumed that floral diversification occurs by adaptive shifts between pollination niches. In contrast to specialized flowers, identifying pollination niches of generalist flowers is a challenge. Consequently, how generalist pollination niches evolve is largely unknown.We apply tools from network theory and comparative methods to investigate the evolution of pollination niches among generalist species belonging to the genusErysimum. These species have similar flowers.We found that the studied species may be grouped in several multidimensional niches separated not by a shift of pollinators, but instead by quantitative variation in the relative abundance of pollinator functional groups. These pollination niches did not vary in generalization degree; we did not find any evolutionary trend toward specialization within the studied clade. Furthermore, the evolution of pollination niche fitted to a Brownian motion model without phylogenetic signal, and was characterized by frequent events of niche convergences and divergences.We presume that the evolution ofErysimumpollination niches has occurred mostly by recurrent shifts between slightly different generalized pollinator assemblages varying spatially as a mosaic and without any change in specialization degree. Most changes in pollination niches do not prompt floral divergence, a reason why adaptation to pollinators is uncommon in generalist plants.
Traits, properties, and performance: how woody plants combine hydraulic and mechanical functions in a cell, tissue, or whole plant
Authors: Lachenbruch Barbara , McCulloh Katherine A. 
Published: September 2014

SummaryThis review presents a framework for evaluating how cells, tissues, organs, and whole plants perform both hydraulic and mechanical functions. The morphological alterations that affect dual functionality are varied: individual cells can have altered morphology; tissues can have altered partitioning to functions or altered cell alignment; and organs and whole plants can differ in their allocation to different tissues, or in the geometric distribution of the tissues they have. A hierarchical model emphasizes that morphological traits influence the hydraulic or mechanical properties; the properties, combined with the plant unit's environment, then influence the performance of that plant unit. As a special case, we discuss the mechanisms by which the proxy property wood density has strong correlations to performance but without direct causality. Traits and properties influence multiple aspects of performance, and there can be mutual compensations such that similar performance occurs. This compensation emphasizes that natural selection acts on, and a plant's viability is determined by, its performance, rather than its contributing traits and properties. Continued research on the relationships among traits, and on their effects on multiple aspects of performance, will help us better predict, manage, and select plant material for success under multiple stresses in the future.ContentsSummary747I.Introduction747II.Studying dual functionality in plants: some conceptual approaches749III.Mechanisms influencing dual functionality at different spatial scales753IV.Conclusions760Acknowledgements760References760
INTERPERSONAL EPISTEMIC ENTITLEMENTS
Authors: Goldberg Sanford C. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractIn this paper I argue that the nature of our epistemic entitlement to rely on certain belief‐forming processes—perception, memory, reasoning, and perhaps others—is not restricted to one's own belief‐forming processes. I argue as well that we can have access to the outputs of others’ processes, in the form of their assertions. These two points support the conclusion that epistemic entitlements are “interpersonal.” I then proceed to argue that this opens the way for a non‐standard version of anti‐reductionism in the epistemology of testimony, and a more “extended” epistemology—one that calls into question the epistemic significance that has traditionally been ascribed to the boundaries separating individual subjects.
NON‐CONCEPTUAL KNOWLEDGE
Authors: Hofmann Frank 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThe paper is an investigation into the prospects of an epistemology of non‐conceptual knowledge. According to the orthodox view, knowledge requires concepts and belief. I present several arguments to the effect that there is non‐conceptual, non‐doxastic knowledge, the obvious candidate for such knowledge being non‐conceptual perception. Non‐conceptual perception seems to be allowed for by cognitive scientists and it exhibits the central role features of knowledge—it plays the knowledge role: it respects an anti‐luck condition, it is an achievement, it enables one to act for a reason, and it provides justification. Furthermore, it makes a straightforward and elegant explanation of (doxastic) perceptual knowledge possible: doxastic perceptual knowledge builds on non‐conceptual perception as non‐conceptual knowledge. Three objections that might naturally arise will be discussed and answered. Thus, the prospects of an epistemology without belief seem to be much better than the orthodoxy wants to have it. We can extend knowledge into the non‐conceptual realm.
NEUROMEDIA, EXTENDED KNOWLEDGE AND UNDERSTANDING
Authors: Lynch Michael Patrick 
Published: September 2014

AbstractImagine you had the functions of your smartphone miniaturized to a cellular level and accessible by your neural network. Reflection on this possibility suggests that we should not just concern ourselves with whether our knowledge is extending “out” to our devices; our devices are extending in, and with them, possibly the information that they bring. If so, then the question of whether knowledge is “extended” becomes wrapped up with the question of whether knowing is something we do, or something we can share with, or outsource to, instruments. And that in turn raises the two questions of this paper: First, to what extent does such technology put pressure on the idea that we might have more than one conception of knowledge (or types of knowledge)? And second, what is the value of states that fit these conceptions (or types) of knowledge?
Single and combined colonization of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum sclerotia by the fungal mycoparasites Coniothyrium minitans and Microsphaeropsis ochracea
Authors: Bitsadze N. , Siebold M. , Koopmann B. , von Tiedemann A. 
Published: September 2014

Potential enhancement of mycoparasitic efficacy of Coniothyrium minitans and Microsphaeropsis ochracea through concomitant colonization of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum sclerotia was investigated, following observation that the two mycoparasites did not exhibit any mutual antagonism in dual culture assays. Simultaneous application of both mycoparasites increased sclerotia mortality in a temperature range from 16 to 26°C compared to single application, indicating a predominantly additive interaction. With increasing temperature the efficacy of M. ochracea decreased, but C. minitans was unaffected. Degradation of sclerotia by C. minitans proceeded slightly faster than with M. ochracea. Simultaneous colonization of sclerotia was studied at the histopathological level with mycoparasite strains transformed via Agrobacterium tumefaciens‐mediated transformation (ATMT) with reporter genes encoding for DsRed and GFP. Sclerotia colonization followed by fluorescence microscopy revealed effective penetration of the sclerotial rind, growth and formation of pycnidia in the cortex and medulla by both antagonists, resulting in complete degradation of sclerotia within 25 days after single inoculation. Upon simultaneous inoculation, both antagonists concomitantly colonized the sclerotial tissue and independently formed pycnidia in the sclerotial medulla and on the sclerotial rind, demonstrating their ability to co‐colonize the same host fungus. Although the individual growth of the two mycoparasites in dual inoculations was slightly delayed, the sclerotia degrading effects were additive, suggesting a complementary antagonistic interaction. The combined application of two different species of mycoparasites cooperating on the same host fungus and differing in temperature requirements may be advantageous for making biocontrol applications in the field less sensitive to varying environmental and host conditions.
Metabolic Profile of Broodmares During Late Pregnancy and Early Post‐Partum
Authors: Bazzano M , Giannetto C , Fazio F , Arfuso F , Giudice E , Piccione G 
Published: September 2014

ContentsPregnancy represents a specific physiological status characterized by continuous adjustments that affect maternal metabolism of all nutrients. In the last trimester of pregnancy, mare's nutrient requirements greatly increase and most pregnancy‐associated diseases are likely to occur. Therefore, we aimed to assess the metabolic profile of broodmares focusing on the last 3 months of pregnancy and the early post‐partum. Fifteen pregnant mares (Group A) were monitored from 263 ± 3 days of pregnancy until 21 days after foaling. Seven non‐pregnant mares (Group B) were used as the control group. Blood samples were collected weekly by jugular venipuncture throughout the experimental period, and additional blood samples were collected within 24 ± 12 h of foaling. Obtained sera were analyzed for urea (Ur), creatinine (Cre), total protein (TP), total, direct and indirect bilirubin (tB, dB, iB), triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (tChol) and β‐hydroxybutyrate (BHB). During pregnancy, Ur (p = 0.015) and dB (p = 0.028) were higher in Group A than Group B. Serum Cre, tB, iB and TG (p < 0.001) decreased after foaling; furthermore, Group A exhibited lower tChol (p < 0.001) and higher BHB (p < 0.001) than Group B during the study. There were significant interactions of time × peripartum on Ur (p = 0.007), Cre (p < 0.001), tB (p = 0.018), TG (p < 0.001) and tChol (p < 0.001). These results can be used in the interpretation of biochemical studies in late gestation mares which develop systemic disease. The improved understanding of the metabolic profile during the peripartum might assist in monitoring the health status of the broodmares to promote foetal growth and well‐being.