bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Exoticism
Authors: Sheppard W. Anthony 
Published: June 2015

AbstractChapter 36 considers the difficulty in defining exoticism, in determining its contentious relationship to the concept of orientalist representation and to the analysis of cross-cultural influence, and the attempts that have been made to establish a periodization of its historical development. The discussion provides an overview of scholarly approaches to exoticism over time, focusing on those scholars who have been most active in this field and on the influence of the cultural historian and critic Edward Said. The chapter concludes with a case study of the persistence of exoticism in modernist and postmodernist operas, including in specific works by Arnold Schoenberg, Roger Sessions, Igor Stravinsky, and John Corigliano.
Operatic Images
Authors: Greenwald Helen M. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractThis chapter addresses the extended visual constellation of images that reflect not only opera’s devoted audiences, but also a larger segment of the public that may experience opera simply through everyday encounters with books, newspapers, and advertising. A central issue is the way composers tailored the visual components of opera to engage cultural icons and the visual milieu of an intended audience. Questions considered include: How did composers and librettists engage a culture’s visual history and use those images to transmit their message? What did the audience expect to see and what would they have understood that modern viewers cannot or do not any longer comprehend? How does opera sell itself or other products? The chapter examines caricatures, advertisements, stagecraft, and ideology. It concludes with a case study of Verdi’s 1846 Attila and its use of imagery to project a timely and meaningful political message.
Writing the History of Opera
Authors: Gossett Philip 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
Chapter 47 begins with a discussion of the question, “What Is Opera?” for the purpose of defining a platform for the historiography of opera. It then explores theories of genre, criticism, and biography that tend to obscure accepted definitions, leading to a deeper analysis of the relationship between a work and its creator. The central portion of the chapter concerns the fluidity of the operatic work, focusing on examples by Rossini, Verdi, Bellini, Donizetti, and several works of the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. The central issue of the chapter is the need for historians to find ways to address opera’s “complete history,” including the interrelationships of composition, performance, and revisions when writing a historical narrative for opera.
Innovation and Antitrust Policy
Authors: Cotter Thomas 
Published: June 2015

AbstractSection 7.1 provides a brief overview of the role of IPRs in promoting innovation, according to standard economic theory. Section 7.2 discusses the relationship between antitrust and IP law in promoting social welfare. Section 7.3 then highlights three ways in which antitrust can play a useful role in innovation policy. Section 7.4 concludes.
Tying Arrangements
Authors: Hovenkamp Herbert , Hovenkamp Erik 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
Tying arrangements, sometimes known as “ties,” “tie-ins,” “tied-in sales,” or “bundles,” occur when a firm offers two separate products together, refusing to sell one of them without the other. Identifying when two things are really a single product—such as a shirt and its buttons or an automobile and its tires—has proven controversial. The dominant position looks at ordinary business practices in order to determine whether the products are commonly sold separately. Competitive harm is a threat in a very few situations involving actual market foreclosure or the use of ties to enable dominant firms to retain their market position as one technology rolls into the next. As a result, the so-called per se rule for tying is wrongheaded and ties should be addressed under the rule of reason, with fairly substantial proof requirements on challengers.
Cartels and Collusion
Authors: Levenstein Margaret , Suslow Valerie 
Published: June 2015

AbstractCartels occur in a wide range of products and industries and engage in a range of behaviors in their efforts to increase profits. This chapter discusses the variety of techniques that cartels use to set prices. They may agree to a minimum price, target prices, or specific increases (or even decreases). The timing of price announcements may be intentionally manipulated to disguise collusive activity. Cartels engage in specific behaviors that facilitate monitoring of one another’s pricing. Successful collusion thus requires extensive communication, both via private and public signals. The most important determinant of cartel breakup is effective antitrust policy. Theory suggests that cartels break up as a result of cheating by member firms tempted by short-term profits, but empirical analysis rarely finds cheating that destroys cartels. Neither cartel breakup nor cartel formation appears highly correlated with the business cycle.
Technological Change, Financial Innovation, and Diffusion in Banking
Authors: Frame W. Scott , White Lawrence J. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractThe commercial banking business has changed dramatically over the past 30 years, due in large part to technological change. This chapter first describes the role of the financial system in economies and how technological change and financial innovation can affect social welfare. We then survey the literature relating to several specific financial innovations—broadly categorized as new products or services, new production processes, or new organizational forms—and evaluate them in the context of the broader economics literature on innovation. While much effort has been devoted to understanding the characteristics of users and adopters of financial innovations and the attendant welfare implications, we still know little about how and why financial innovations are initially developed.
Payments and Payment Systems
Authors: Humphrey David 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
Payments are absolutely essential to an economy, and they come in two types. Cash, checks, debit and credit cards are used to make retail or consumer payments at the point of sale while automated clearing houses (in the US) and giro networks (in Europe) along with mailed checks are used for bill payments and employee disbursements. Retail transactions have a small value but their annual transaction volume is in the billions. Wholesale or business transactions use giro and wire transfer networks to make almost all large-value business, government, and financial market transactions. Although the volume of wholesale transactions is small, their daily value is in the trillions. International transactions rely on message transfer networks and associated interbank accounting entries. Even though banks are almost the sole supplier of payment services, payment costs have been falling due to greater use of cheaper electronic instruments as well as economies of scale.
Banking in Japan
Authors: Uchida Hirofumi , Udell Gregory F. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractThis chapter focuses on the Japanese banking industry. We examine its structure, its performance, and some of its defining characteristics. We first provide an overview of the Japanese banking system. Topics covered are the importance of banking and intermediated finance in the Japanese economy, segmentation in the Japanese banking market, market structure and competition in the Japanese banking industry, the efficiency of Japanese banks, commercial vs. universal banking in Japan, and the regulation of the Japanese banking system. In addition, we cover three specific topics related to the Japanese banking system that are of particular interest: the Japanese main bank system and relationship banking, lending technologies used in Japan, and the Japanese banking crisis (with some discussion on Japanese banks and the global financial crisis).
Pangenome-wide and molecular evolution analyses of thePseudomonas aeruginosa species
Authors: Mosquera-Rendón Jeanneth , Rada-Bravo Ana M. , Cárdenas-Brito Sonia , Corredor Mauricio , Restrepo-Pineda Eliana , Benítez-Páez Alfonso 
Published: June 2015

AbstractBackgroundDrug treatments and vaccine designs against the opportunistic human pathogenPseudomonas aeruginosahave multiple issues, all associated with the diverse genetic traits present in this pathogen, ranging from multi-drug resistant genes to the molecular machinery for the biosynthesis of biofilms. Several candidate vaccines againstP. aeruginosahave been developed, which target the outer membrane proteins; however, major issues arise when attempting to establish complete protection against this pathogen due to its presumably genotypic variation at the strain level. To shed light on this concern, we proposed this study to assess theP. aeruginosapangenome and its molecular evolution across multiple strains.ResultsTheP. aeruginosapangenome was estimated to contain more than 16,000 non-redundant genes, and approximately 15% of these constituted the core genome. Functional analyses of the accessory genome indicated a wide presence of genetic elements directly associated with pathogenicity. An in-depth molecular evolution analysis revealed the full landscape of selection forces acting on theP. aeruginosapangenome, in which purifying selection drives evolution in the genome of this human pathogen. We also detected distinctive positive selection in a wide variety of outer membrane proteins, with the data supporting the concept of substantial genetic variation in proteins probably recognized as antigens. Approaching the evolutionary information of genes under extremely positive selection, we designed a new Multi-Locus Sequencing Typing assay for an informative, rapid, and cost-effective genotyping ofP. aeruginosaclinical isolates.ConclusionsWe report the unprecedented pangenome characterization ofP. aeruginosaon a large scale, which included almost 200 bacterial genomes from one single species and a molecular evolutionary analysis at the pangenome scale. Evolutionary information presented here provides a clear explanation of the issues associated with the use of protein conjugates from pili, flagella, or secretion systems as antigens for vaccine design, which exhibit high genetic variation in terms of non-synonymous substitutions inP. aeruginosastrains.
Generic framework for enriching services: a multiagent approach
Authors: Carrillo-Ramos Angela , Torres-Ribero Luis Guillermo , Arias-Báez María Paula , Pomares Quimbaya Alexandra , González Enrique , Carreño Julio , Garzón Ruiz Juan Pablo , Martin Hervé 
Published: June 2015

Purpose– This paper aims to present a detailed description of Agents for Enriching Services (AES), an agent-oriented framework that allows adapting a service in an information system. AES provides an adaptation logic that can be instantiated and extended to be useful in different domains. In previous works, we presented the adaptation mechanism of AES, which considers context aspects such as location, infrastructure; user aspects such as preferences and interests; and device aspects such as hardware and software features.Design/methodology/approach– The first step was the definition of different profiles, mainly user and context profiles. Then the adaptation mechanism was defined, which considers these profiles. With this mechanism, the adaptation filters to apply them to the initial queries was specified. Finally, feedback was provided, which included implicit and explicit information from the user and the system. AES is an agent-based framework implemented in Java, using the multi-agent platform BESA and a rule-based engine Drools.Findings– AES can be used as the starting point to adapt services by enriching them considering different stimulus whether they come from the environment, devices or user preferences.Research limitations/implications– This work was tested in an academic environment and was only applied to enhance queries by using keywords. AES uses the query mechanism implemented in the system that invokes it.Originality/value– This paper focuses on: an integrated view of AES including its formal description and details about its implementation. Particularly, it includes an exhaustive and formal definition of the filters used to create the adaptation rules and three different scenarios of the application of AES to adapt content according to user and context features. Finally, a comparison analysis is presented to highlight the strengths of our framework, specially its capacity of integration with systems that require providing user- and context-oriented services.
Client-server architecture for pre and post-processing of real problems involving two-dimensional generalized coordinates
Authors: Vilas Boas José Luiz , Matsunaga Fabio Takeshi , Romeiro Neyva Maria Lopes , Brancher Jacques Duílio 
Published: June 2015

Purpose
– The aim of this paper is to propose a Web environment for pre-processing and post-processing for 2D problems in generalized coordinate systems.

Design/methodology/approach
– The system consists of a Web service for client-server communication, a database for user information, simulation requests and results storage, a module of (for) calculation processing (front-end) and a graphical interface for visualization of discretized mesh (back-end).

Findings
– The Web system was able to model real problems and situations, where the user can describe the problem or upload a geometry file descriptor, generated from computer graphics software. The Web system, programmed for finite difference solutions, was able to generate a mesh from other complex methods, such as finite elements method, adapting it to the proposed Web system, respecting the finite difference mesh structure.

Research limitations/implications
– The proposed Web system is limited to solve partial differential equations by finite difference discretization. We need to study about refinement and parameters adaptations to solve partial differential equations simulated with other methods.

Practical implications
– The Web system includes implications for the development of a powerful real problems simulator, which is useful for computational physics researchers and engineers. The Web system uses several technologies, such as Primefaces, JavaScript, JQuery and HTML, to provide an interactive user interface.

Originality/value
– The main contribution of this work is the availability of a generic Web architecture for including other types of coordinate systems and to solve others partial differential equations. Moreover, this paper presents an extended version of the work presented in ICCSA 2014.
An empirical analysis of Chinese outward foreign direct investment in Africa
Authors: Ross Andrew G. 
Published: June 2015

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to identify and analyse determinants of Chinese outward foreign direct investment (OFDI) into a number of African countries for the period 2003-2012.Design/methodology/approach– A series of panel data models are used to estimate the determinants of Chinese OFDI into eight African countries: Nigeria, South Africa, Zambia, Ghana, Kenya, Algeria, Egypt and the Sudan.Findings– Results highlighted that Chinese investment in African countries is driven by access to natural resources, and factors related to infrastructure quality and the regulatory environment enforced by host governments.Originality/value– To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is one of the first papers to identify empirical determinants of Chinese OFDI in Africa and it contributes from two perspectives. Firstly, it identifies drivers behind Chinese OFDI, but also importantly from the African perspective helps understand the reasons that attract investment from one of the world’s largest investors into one of the world’s poorest regions, given the emphasis that is placed on foreign direct investment today as an instrument of growth and development.
To be or not to be? Addressing the ethical void in Macao’s tourism and casino development
Authors: McCartney Glenn 
Published: June 2015

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to examine the level of ethics and codes of responsible behaviour in Macao’s casino tourism industry given its global leadership position in gaming, with suggestions on a way forward toward ethical tourism integration.

Design/methodology/approach
– The research examined the corporate mission statements of Macao’s casino concessionaires with regards to social message content as well as social outcomes to date within Macao’s various tourism stakeholders. Relevant literature on cross-sector social partnership was examined as a possible consideration for Macao’s tourism industry.

Findings
– Despite generating the world’s largest gaming revenues and tourism revenue contribution to gross domestic product, there are limited codes of ethics and an agreed level of acceptable behaviour and responsibility throughout Macao’s tourism and hospitality industry. This is further amplified by Macao’s small landmass, limited workforce pool, increasing tourism arrivals and a vast dependency on imports, creating a constant battle for resources and added pressure on its community and natural environment.

Social implications
– There are possible conflicts between Western casino compliance issues within those of Chinese business cultural practices. It is suggested that greater appreciation of this cultural and community setting is required to realistically adopt ethical codes.

Originality/value
– There has been limited discussion within Macao’s tourism industry on establishing a definition and scope for a code of ethics. Given the numbers participating and financial liquidity in Macao’s tourism system, the paper highlights the need for codes of ethics adoption, suggesting a cross-sector social partnership mechanism.
The destination paradigm continuum revisited: DMOs serving as leadership networks
Authors: Hristov Dean , Zehrer Anita 
Published: June 2015

Purpose
– This paper aims to serve as an introduction to a rather under-researched field. It aims to provide a conceptual definition of destination management organisations (DMOs) serving as leadership networks in destinations drawing on what is to be called the DMO Leadership Cycle – a guiding framework integrating the perspectives of management, governance and leadership to influence destination development trajectories.

Design/methodology/approach
– A synthesis of the extant literature on destination management and governance, coupled with the latest academic contributions in destination leadership serves to uncover the existence of a gap in the way leadership is seen in the underpinned domain. DMOs are conceptualised and their role in serving as leadership networks in destinations is then critically discussed.

Findings
– Perspectives of destination management, governance and leadership and their interaction with one another is fundamental to DMOs serving as leadership networks. The paper provides justification for and indicative definition of contemporary DMOs serving as leadership networks in destinations.

Research limitations/implications
– The conceptual nature of this paper calls for empirical evidence where DMOs serving as leadership networks are further investigated in practice and across diverse political and economic contexts.

Practical implications
– This paper aims to shape destination leadership practice by introducing an alternative, yet inclusive approach to leadership focussing on collective orchestration in destinations undertaken by DMO networks.

Social implications
– The paper aims to trigger a discussion on the importance of all-encompassing and integrative leadership as a means for widening participation across diverse destination groups; to serve as an input into and ultimately – shape policy development.

Originality/value
– This discussion provides an alternative perspective to the way we see leadership in destinations. The paper argues that “impactful” leadership is rather embedded in a formal structure and distributed in nature.
Social media practices applied by city hotels: a comparative case study from Turkey
Authors: Sanliöz Özgen Hanim Kader , Kozak Metin 
Published: June 2015

Purpose
– This study aims to examine various forms of hotel businesses’ social media (SM) practices by analysing TripAdvisor (TA) and examining its critical role in decision-making. As a well-known platform of SM in tourism, TA serves as an independent review site where visitors share their holiday experiences.

Design/methodology/approach
– The sample for this study includes hotel businesses located in Istanbul, Turkey, and listed in the top grades of TA ratings. Purposive sampling was used to obtain relevant data. A holistic multiple-case study was designed, as sample hotels vary in official class and attributes. Structured interviews were used to collect data from participating managers in each hotel business. Upon creation of the data set, transcripts were used to develop and classify a matrix table (hotels vs questions) and analysed by clustering responses according to the content of questions.

Findings
– The study findings show that hotels pay significant attention to TA and that it is viewed as an essential tool for various purposes. Hotel businesses benefit from the content of TA for the purpose of marketing and quality management. From a strategic point of view, hotel businesses consider TA as an “ocean of opportunity” that is highly related to service quality, reliable information channels and effective tools to monitor competitors and for undertaking self-review of performance.

Research limitations/implications
– The sample group represents only hotel businesses in the city, and the study utilizes only qualitative techniques. A similar empirical investigation in a resort destination and a longitudinal comparable study using both qualitative and quantitative techniques may generate more insights relating to the social media practices of hotel businesses.

Practical implications
– Hotel businesses consider accuracy, transparency and consistency of content and pricing to be essential prerequisites of competitiveness. As a consequence, this study reveals the fact that TA is a critical tool of SM utilized by hotels with different attributes, despite some concerns regarding fake reviews.

Originality/value
– This is an insightful comparative study of TA practices of hotel businesses with different attributes. The study may inspire further research to study SM practices and related impacts on a longitudinal basis.