bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE EFFECTS ON BLOOD‐PRESSURE OF SECTION OF THE SPLANCHNIC NERVES
Authors: Kremer M. , Wright Samson 
Published: December 2014

1. The effects on blood‐pressure of section of both splanchnic nerves have been studied in the cat under urethane, chloralose, ether, and amytal anæsthesia. In animals with the cardio‐aortic and sinus nerves (“buffer” nerves) intact, a comparatively small fall of pressure results, commonly 0 to 15 per cent., and occasionally 25 per cent. This is the ease in spite of evident vasodilatation in the splanchnic area. Analysis shows that compensatory vasoconstriction probably occurs in other parts of the body, including the skeletal muscles. Evidence is given that the vasoconstrictor control of the vessels of skeletal muscle is of greater functional significance than is usually accepted.2. When the buffer nerves are inactivated the extent of the fall is greater and exceeds on an average 50 per cent. It has been shown that this is not the result of the higher initial blood‐pressure, and indicates (in agreement with
Izquierdo and
Koch) that the buffer nerves help to protect the circulation against a fall (as against a rise) of blood‐pressure.3. The fall of pressure is also diminished by the integrity of one pair of buffer nerves, and to a less extent by one intact sinus nerve. One intact cardio‐aortic nerve alone is comparatively ineffective.4. In the decerebrate preparation, even with the buffer nerves intact, splanchnic section produces an extensive fall of pressure.5. The cardio‐aortic nerves still display inhibitory tone after splanchnic section, even in the flayed animal, as shown by division of the vagi causing a rise of pressure even after atropine.6. The rise of pressure resulting from occlusion of the carotids is diminished as a result of splanchnic section, even if the level of blood‐pressure is unchanged.7. Contrary to
Moissejef, traction on the carotids lowers the pressure in an animal with vagi and splanchnics both divided.The expenses of this research were partially defrayed out of a Government grant through the Royal Society.
THE SERUM CALCIUM AND MAGNESIUM LEVEL IN THE OVARIAN CYCLE OF THE LAYING HEN
Authors: Charles Enid , Hogben Lancelot 
Published: December 2014

1. The calcium content of the serum of sexually immature White Leghorn pullets is about 11·4 mg. per 100 c.c. A maximum variation of ± 1·5 mg. was recorded.2. The calcium content of the serum of laying hens during the interval between oviposition and the next ovulation is about 17 mg. The maximum variation recorded was ± 2·5 mg.3. When an egg is present in the oviduct the calcium content of the serum was found to vary between 10·5 and 28·5 mg.4. It is suggested that the functionally active ovary maintains the blood calcium at a higher level than that of the sexually immature bird, and that the presence of an egg in the oviduct is accompanied by the mobilisation of calcium in the tissue during shell secretion, producing a transitory rise in blood calcium.5. Some evidence for a transitory rise in the magnesium content of the serum during shell secretion was also obtained.The expenses of this research were defrayed by a grant from the Sex Hormones Committee of the Medical Research Council.
THE PHYSIOLOGY OF PREGNANCY IN THE RAT: FURTHER DATA ON THE PASSAGE OF HORMONES VIA THE PLACENTA AND THE MOTHER'S MILK
Authors: Hain A. M. 
Published: December 2014

1. The effect of the ante‐natal administration of œstrone on the morphological development of the female fœtus (rat) was further examined: the minimum amount of œstrone capable of modifying fœtal morphology was ascertained, and the earliest day at which the effect could be induced. Large amounts of œstrone did not cause further abnormalities or affect the male in a similar manner.2. Experiments with preparations of various ductless glands failed to demonstrate that the action of œstrone was an indirect one.3. Other compounds related to œstrone in chemical structure were examined: the di‐hydroxy derivative of androsterone (male hormone) was found to affect the morphology of the female fœtus in the same way as œstrone.4. The benzoate of œstrone has a similar action on the fœtus; the effective amounts of the two forms are compared. The suckling female also is capable of modification when the benzoate is injected into the lactating mother.5. The urogenital region of the female rat is capable of modification by the direct injection of œstrone on the day of birth.6. The subsequent reproductive history of litters which came under the influence of œstrone in the early stages of development is examined.7. The significance of a similar action on the fœtus by both male and female hormones is discussed.8. The results obtained with the benzoate of œstrone suggest that the concentration reached by the hormone is of more importance in determining the effect on the fœtus than the duration of its activity; they indicate that the effect is brought about by the hormone in its physiologically active form.
ACTION OF PROSTIGMINE AND ACETYLCHOLINE ON RESPIRATION
Authors: Schweitzer Alfred , Wright Samson 
Published: December 2014

1. The effects of intravenously injected prostigmine and acetylcholine on the respiration of cats under chloralose anæsthesia and of decerebrate cats were examined.2. Prostigmine inhibits respiration of cats under chloralose anæsthesia; the depression of breathing may be either preceded or followed by periods of respiratory stimulation. The inhibitory effect of prostigmine is partially annulled by atropine, and enhanced by section of the vagi and denervation of the carotid sinus nerves.3. The stimulatory phenomena preceding or subsequent to the inhibition are more marked in decerebrate preparations. The initial stimulation is usually abolished by elimination of the vaso‐sensory nerves.4. The inhibition of breathing and the secondary stimulation are partly due to an action on the respiratory and spinal centres.5. Eserine inhibits respiration; it is less potent in this respect than prostigmine.6. Acetylcholine produces a “triple response” consisting of initial stimulation, subsequent inhibition, and secondary stimulation. Injection of an anticholinesterase may result in (1) a simple potentiation of the effects of previously injected acetylcholine, (2) a marked enhancement of the inhibitory phase of the acetylcholine action, (3) a marked potentiation of the initial stimulation; this last effect disappears after the elimination of the vaso‐sensory nerves.7. After elimination of the vaso‐sensory nerves, acetylcholine mainly inhibits respiration; secondary stimulation was sometimes observed.8. Analysis of the results shows that acetylcholine stimulates the chemo‐receptor zones in the carotid sinus and the aortic arch. The inhibitory effects on breathing are partially due to an action of acetylcholine on the respiratory centre and the spinal cord.
MECHANISM OF ŒSTRUS INHIBITION IN THE MOUSE DURING PREGNANCY
Authors: Robson J. M. 
Published: December 2014

1. A method for the quantitative estimation of vaginal smears is described.2. The vaginal changes following the administration of various doses of cœstradiol to pregnant mice have been quantitatively studied and compared with the vaginal effects produced by the administration of similar doses of œstradiol to spayed mice under the influence of progesterone or testosterone propionate.3. The results suggest that in the pregnant mouse a concentration of progesterone is present similar to that produced by the daily administration of 1·5 mg. of the luteal hormone. There is evidence that a certain quantity of this hormone is produced outside the ovary.The expenses of this investigation have been defrayed by a grant from the Medical Research Council.
OBSERVATIONS ON DYE EXCRETION THROUGH SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE AFTER LUMBOSACRAL SYMPATHECTOMY AND CIRCULATORY OBSTRUCTION
Authors: Cheng Kwok ‐ Kew 
Published: December 2014

1. The claim made by Engel [1941] that lumbosacral sympathectomy gives a reduction in dye excretion into the knee‐joint despite increased muscle temperature and presumably increased blood‐flow is not confirmed.2. Technical factors responsible for discrepant results are discussed. Engel's assumption that muscle temperature measures local circulation, other things being equal, is criticised.3. Only severe vascular obstruction in the limb influences dye excretion in the knee‐joint, probably because of decreased capillary pressure.
A voxel‐based multiscale model to simulate the radiation response of hypoxic tumors
Authors: Espinoza I. , Peschke P. , Karger C. P. 
Published: December 2014

Purpose:In radiotherapy, it is important to predict the response of tumors to irradiation prior to the treatment. This is especially important for hypoxic tumors, which are known to be highly radioresistant. Mathematical modeling based on the dose distribution, biological parameters, and medical images may help to improve this prediction and to optimize the treatment plan.Methods:A voxel‐based multiscale tumor response model for simulating the radiation response of hypoxic tumors was developed. It considers viable and dead tumor cells, capillary and normal cells, as well as the most relevant biological processes such as (i) proliferation of tumor cells, (ii) hypoxia‐induced angiogenesis, (iii) spatial exchange of cells leading to tumor growth, (iv) oxygen‐dependent cell survival after irradiation, (v) resorption of dead cells, and (vi) spatial exchange of cells leading to tumor shrinkage. Oxygenation is described on a microscopic scale using a previously published tumor oxygenation model, which calculates the oxygen distribution for each voxel using the vascular fraction as the most important input parameter. To demonstrate the capabilities of the model, the dependence of the oxygen distribution on tumor growth and radiation‐induced shrinkage is investigated. In addition, the impact of three different reoxygenation processes is compared and tumor control probability (TCP) curves for a squamous cells carcinoma of the head and neck (HNSSC) are simulated under normoxic and hypoxic conditions.Results:The model describes the spatiotemporal behavior of the tumor on three different scales: (i) on the macroscopic scale, it describes tumor growth and shrinkage during radiation treatment, (ii) on a mesoscopic scale, it provides the cell density and vascular fraction for each voxel, and (iii) on the microscopic scale, the oxygen distribution may be obtained in terms of oxygen histograms. With increasing tumor size, the simulated tumors develop a hypoxic core. Within the model, tumor shrinkage was found to be significantly more important for reoxygenation than angiogenesis or decreased oxygen consumption due to an increased fraction of dead cells. In the studied HNSSC‐case, the TCD50 values (dose at 50% TCP) decreased from 71.0 Gy under hypoxic to 53.6 Gy under the oxic condition.Conclusions:The results obtained with the developed multiscale model are in accordance with expectations based on radiobiological principles and clinical experience. As the model is voxel‐based, radiological imaging methods may help to provide the required 3D‐characterization of the tumor prior to irradiation. For clinical application, the model has to be further validated with experimental and clinical data. If this is achieved, the model may be used to optimize fractionation schedules and dose distributions for the treatment of hypoxic tumors.
Developing and evaluating the success of a family activated medical emergency team: a quality improvement report
Authors: Brady Patrick W , Zix Julie , Brilli Richard , Wheeler Derek S , Griffith Kristie , Giaccone Mary Jo , Dressman Kathy , Kotagal Uma , Muething Stephen , Tegtmeyer Ken 
Published: December 2014

BackgroundFamily-activated medical emergency teams (MET) have the potential to improve the timely recognition of clinical deterioration and reduce preventable adverse events. Adoption of family-activated METs is hindered by concerns that the calls may substantially increase MET workload. We aimed to develop a reliable process for family activated METs and to evaluate its effect on MET call rate and subsequent transfer to the intensive care unit (ICU).MethodsThe setting was our free-standing children's hospital. We partnered with families to develop and test an educational intervention for clinicians and families, an informational poster in each patient room and a redesigned process with hospital operators who handle MET calls. We tracked our primary outcome of count of family-activated MET calls on a statistical process control chart. Additionally, we determined the association between family-activated versus clinician-activated MET and transfer to the ICU. Finally, we compared the reason for MET activation between family calls and a 2:1 matched sample of clinician calls.ResultsOver our 6-year study period, we had a total of 83 family-activated MET calls. Families made an average of 1.2 calls per month, which represented 2.9% of all MET calls. Children with family-activated METs were transferred to the ICU less commonly than those with clinician MET calls (24% vs 60%, p<0.001). Families, like clinicians, most commonly called MET for concerns of clinical deterioration. Families also identified lack of response from clinicians and a dismissive interaction between team and family as reasons.ConclusionsFamily MET activations were uncommon and not a burden on responders. These calls recognised clinical deterioration and communication failures. Family activated METs should be tested and implemented in hospitals that care for children.
Antitumor Activity in RAS-Driven Tumors by Blocking AKT and MEK
Authors: Tolcher Anthony W. , Khan Khurum , Ong Michael , Banerji Udai , Papadimitrakopoulou Vassiliki , Gandara David R. , Patnaik Amita , Baird Richard D. , Olmos David , Garrett Christopher R. , Skolnik Jeffrey M. , Rubin Eric H. , Smith Paul D. , Huang Pearl , Learoyd Maria , Shannon Keith A. , Morosky Anne , Tetteh Ernestina , Jou Ying-Ming , Papadopoulos Kyriakos P. , Moreno Victor , Kaiser Brianne , Yap Timothy A. , Yan Li , de Bono Johann S. 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
Purpose: KRAS is the most commonly mutated oncogene in human tumors. KRAS-mutant cells may exhibit resistance to the allosteric MEK1/2 inhibitor selumetinib (AZD6244; ARRY-142886) and allosteric AKT inhibitors (such as MK-2206), the combination of which may overcome resistance to both monotherapies.
Experimental Design: We conducted a dose/schedule-finding study evaluating MK-2206 and selumetinib in patients with advanced treatment-refractory solid tumors. Recommended dosing schedules were defined as MK-2206 at 135 mg weekly and selumetinib at 100 mg once daily.
Results: Grade 3 rash was the most common dose-limiting toxicity (DLT); other DLTs included grade 4 lipase increase, grade 3 stomatitis, diarrhea, and fatigue, and grade 3 and grade 2 retinal pigment epithelium detachment. There were no meaningful pharmacokinetic drug–drug interactions. Clinical antitumor activity included RECIST 1.0–confirmed partial responses in non–small cell lung cancer and low-grade ovarian carcinoma.
Conclusion: Responses in KRAS-mutant cancers were generally durable. Clinical cotargeting of MEK and AKT signaling may be an important therapeutic strategy in KRAS-driven human malignancies (Trial NCT number NCT01021748). Clin Cancer Res; 21(4); 739–48. ©2014 AACR.
A pathogenic role for ER stress-induced autophagy and ER chaperone GRP78/BiP in T lymphocyte systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: Lee Won-Seok , Sung Myung-Soon , Lee Eun-Gyeong , Yoo Han-Gyul , Cheon Yun-Hong , Chae Han-Jung , Yoo Wan-Hee 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
Abnormal regulation of ER stress and apoptosis has been implicated in autoimmune disorders. Particularly, ER stress-induced autophagy and the role of GRP78, or BiP in T lymphocyte survival and death in SLE are poorly understood. This study investigated the pathogenic roles of ER stress-induced autophagy and GRP78/BiP in apoptosis of T lymphocytes. We compared spontaneous and induced autophagy and apoptosis of T lymphocytes in healthy donors and patients with SLE. The molecular mechanism of altered autophagy and apoptosis was investigated in T lymphocytes transfected with siRNA for beclin 1 and CHOP and T lymphocytes overexpressing GRP78. Decreased autophagy and increased apoptosis in response to TG-induced ER stress were observed in lupus T lymphocytes. GRP78 and ER stress-signaling molecules, such as PERK, p-eIF2α, IRE1, and ATF6 decreased, whereas CHOP levels increased in lupus T cells in response to TG. The levels antiapoptotic molecules, Bcl-2 and Bcl-XL decreased, whereas the proapoptotic molecules, Bax and caspase 6, increased in lupus T cells. The TG-induced ER stress altered autophagy and apoptosis, which in turn, led to abnormal T cell homeostasis with increased apoptotic T cell death. We hypothesize that aberrant autophagy of T lymphocytes as a result of ER stress and decreased GRP78 expression is involved in the pathogenesis of SLE and might serve as important therapeutic targets.
The stability of covalently immobilization of TEMPO on the polymer surface through ionic liquid linkage: a comparative and model research
Authors: Li Danjie , Shen Xianbo , Chen Liang , Jiang Huanchang , Wang Jianli 
Published: December 2014

AbstractCovalently immobilizing the active sites or ligands on a polymer surface is an efficient strategy to achieve a full use of expensive organic parts. In this work, 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl (TEMPO) was anchored onto polystyrene beads through an ether bond or an ionic liquid bridge. We quantitatively compared their thermal stabilities at nitrogen atmosphere and their chemical stabilities in a biphasic oxidation surrounding. It was found that the ionic liquid-bridged TEMPO exhibited an additional advantage of stability and could be reused for 30 consecutive recycles with a conversion ratio above 90% without any significant loss under the condition of the Montanari oxidation system (NaClO/NaBr, CH2Cl2/water), and the overall reaction time exceeded 2700 min.
Tensile strength of handsheets prepared with macerated fibres from solid wood modified with cross-linking agents
Authors: Adamopoulos Stergios , Hosseinpourpia Reza , Mai Carsten 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
This study was conducted to explain the tensile strength loss of wood due to the modification with 1,3-dimethylol-4,5-dihydroxyethyleneurea (DMDHEU) and glutaraldehyde (GA). Modified and control wood blocks were macerated to deliberate fibres, and handsheets were produced thereof. The nitrogen content of the fibres indicated that maceration removed the major proportions of DMDHEU. The stability of GA in wood during maceration was not assessed. Tensile strength determined at zero span (z-strength) and finite span (f-strength) was equal for the handsheets from DMDHEU-modified fibres and the control handsheets. The microscopic appearance of the tested finite-span paper strips from DMDHEU-modified fibres mainly indicated interfibre failure and did not differ from the fibre fracture mode of the control handsheets. In contrast, the z-strength of the handsheets from GA-modified fibres was lower than that of controls and decreased with increasing content of GA in the initial modified wood. The f-strength behaviour of the handsheets from GA-modified fibres was the opposite: it was higher than that of controls and increased with increasing GA content. The microscopic appearance of the rapture zones of the finite-span testing mainly indicated intrafibre failure for the GA-modified fibres. It was concluded that cross-linking is likely to be the major reason for tensile strength loss of GA- and DMDHEU-modified wood. In terms of DMDHEU-modified wood, the incrustation of the cell wall by the resin and the reduction in pliability could play an additional role.
Once more on Hittite ā/e-ablauting ḫi-verbs
Authors: Kloekhorst Alwin 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
The theory that Proto-Indo-European knew a “h₂e-conjugation” with an *o/e-ablauting acrostatic paradigm (Jasanoff 1979; Jasanoff 2003) relies heavily on the existence of Hittite ā/e-ablauting ḫi-verbs. In Kloekhorst 2012a I have argued that none of these ā/e-ablauting verbs can be original. In a reaction to this article, Melchert (2013) raises objections to a number of my arguments and concludes that some of the ā/e-ablauting verbs must be original and that therefore the Hittite material does support the “h₂e-conjugation” theory. In the following article I will discuss in detail all points on which Melchert and I disagree, and argue that his objections do not hold, and that the Hittite ā/e-ablauting ḫi-verbs cannot be used as evidence in favor of the “h₂e-conjugation” theory.
Neue koptische medizinische Rezepte
Authors: Richter Tonio Sebastian 
Published: December 2014

Summary:
The article presents four new additions to the inventory of Coptic medical texts. The papyrus fragments P.TT157-470 and P.Heid. G 698(c), both datable to the 4th/5th century CE, belong to the earliest known Coptic medical texts. One of the eye salves of P.TT157-470 and the type of eye salve called (kollyrion) monohemeron are otherwise attested in classical medical compendia, and the simple drugs of its materia medica are exclusively referred to by Greek loanwords, notably derived from genitive input forms. P.Louvre AF 12530, a 9th/10th-century papyrus strip, offers evidence for the subsequent replacement of Greek taxonomic vocabulary by Arabic terms, as well as for pharmaceutical concepts typical of Arabic medicine. Its scribe is identical to that of Bodleian MS Copt. (P) a.1; therefore, the Louvre medical and the Oxford alchemical recipes originally formed one medico-alchemical assemblage. Hitherto unpublished fragments of the miniature-sized parchment codex P.Carlsberg 500, whose central section was edited by Erichsen 1963, shed new light on the botanical systematics of this unique Coptic herbal.
Size Effects on Photocatalytic H2 Generation with CdSe/CdS Core-Shell Nanocrystals
Authors: Ehrat Florian , Simon Thomas , Stolarczyk Jacek K. , Feldmann Jochen 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
CdSe/CdS core-shell nanocrystals with controlled
CdS shell thickness and CdSe core size were synthesized
for several different values of these two parameters. The particles in
aqueous dispersion were in situ decorated with Ni nanoparticles
and evaluated for photocatalytic hydrogen generation capacity. The
highest H2 production quantum yield at 457 nm
illumination was 4.7%, while at 530 nm it rose to
9.1%. We have found that ensuring equal absorption at
illumination wavelength the H2 formation rate increases with
the shell thickness, but decreases with the increasing core
size. Interestingly, the same trend was observed for the
photoluminesce quantum yield and lifetime for samples without
Ni decoration, suggesting that they reflect the balance between
charge transfer and avoidance of recombination sites which is crucial
for photocatalysis with semiconductor nanocrystals. Moreover, the
core-shell nanocrystals constitute a very convenient model system in
which the charge carrier dynamics in photocatalytic applications can
be studied. In comparison with well-known CdSe/CdS
dot-in-rod structures they are less efficient at blue illumination,
but they allow for significant extension of the usable absorption
range.