bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Changing Patterns of Antimicrobial Sensitivity Patterns in Equine Isolates Submitted to a UK Laboratory: 1999–2012
Authors: Johns I. , Adams E‐L. 
Published: September 2013

AimsAntimicrobial resistance (AMR) is considered one of the key developing health concerns globally. Knowledge of AMR and changes in resistance patterns over time may allow for more appropriate empirical antimicrobial use and may help prevent the development of multidrug resistance (MDR).MethodsRecords from The Royal Veterinary College Diagnostic Laboratory between 1999 and 2012 were searched for equine samples from which a either Escherichia coli or Streptococcus spp. was identified. Sensitivity to enrofloxacin, ceftiofur, gentamicin, penicillin G, trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole (TMPS) and tetracyclines was noted. Isolates were divided into those identified between 1999–2004 (‘Early’) and 2007–2012 (‘Late’). The proportion of isolates resistant to each antimicrobial, and MDR isolates (resistant to 3 or more antimicrobial classes) was compared between time periods.ResultsA total of 530 isolates from 483 horses were identified. 297 isolates (262 horses) were identified in the ‘Early’ period, and 233 isolates from 221 horses in the ‘Late’ period. There was a significant increase between time periods in the percentage of E. coli isolates resistant to ceftiofur (6.7% [9/135] to 22.7% [20/88] P<0.001); to gentamicin (29.6% [40/135] to 51.7% [46/89] P<0.001); and to tetracyclines (46.6% [34/73] to 73% [65/89] P<0.001). There was a significant increase between time periods in the percentage of Streptococcus spp. resistant to enrofloxacin (5.6% [7/125] to 48.1% [65/135]) and tetracyclines (4.1% [4/98] to 35.7% [41/115]). Multiple drug resistance was not identified in Streptococcus spp. There was no significant increase in the percentage of E. coli showing MDR (33% [24/73] early; to 47% [42/89] P = 1.0).Conclusion and practical significanceAn increase in resistance over time of common equine pathogens to a number of widely used antimicrobials supports the responsible use of antimicrobials in an attempt to minimise AMR.Ethical animal researchNot required by this Congress: retrospective analysis of laboratory records. Sources of funding: None. Competing interests: None.
Associations Between Local Weather Patterns and the Frequency of Sand Enteritis in an East Anglian Equine Hospital
Authors: Compston P.C. , Moran R. , Packer E. , Greet T.R.C. , Marr C.M. 
Published: September 2013

AimTo identify climatic trends associated with the frequency of sand enteritis.MethodsHorses were included if they: (1) had radio‐dense intestinal contents or sand impaction confirmed at exploratory laparotomy; (2) originated from East Anglia; (3) presented between 1 January 2005 and 31 December 2012. Historical weather data for East Anglia were obtained from the Met Office website. Associations between prevalence and climatic variables were examined separately for March–April and October–November.ResultsNinety‐two horses were included. Peaks in admissions of sand enteritis cases were seen in March–April (n = 21, 23%) and October–November (n = 25, 27%). The frequency of March–April cases was positively correlated with mean temperature in those months (r2 = 0.37); negatively correlated with frost (r2 = 0.58) and rainfall (r2 = 0.54) in the 2 previous months; and negatively correlated with sunshine in the preceding 3 months (r2 = 0.44). The frequency of October–November cases was positively correlated with higher average temperatures (r2 = 0.14) and fewer frost days (r2 = 0.16) in the preceding 3 months. Twenty‐nine (32%) horses presented in a temporal cluster from September 2010 to April 2011 (P<0.001), coinciding with peak rainfall (121.6 mm; August 2010); peak frost (23.2 days); lowest mean temperature (0.0°C; both December 2010); and least sunshine (39.3 h/month; January 2011) recorded over the 8‐year period.ConclusionsIn our population, spring cases of sand enteritis are more likely following dark, dry winters, and autumn cases more likely following hot summers. A wet summer followed by a cold dark winter may have contributed to the cluster of cases in 2010/2011. These weather combinations may adversely affect grass growth.Practical significanceWeather patterns may have a role in the epidemiology of sand enteritis. Horses at pasture are likely to graze closer to the ground and ingest sand particles when grass growth is poor.Ethical animal researchNot required by this Congress: retrospective analysis of clinical cases. Sources of funding: Polly Compston is supported by the Margaret Giffen Trust. Competing interests: None.
Reduced Threshold Potential of the Trigeminal Nerve in Equine Headshaking
Authors: Aleman M. , Pickles K.J. , Williams D.C. , Madigan J.E. 
Published: September 2013

AimAlthough the aetiopathogenesis of headshaking remains elusive, trigeminal neuralgia is regarded as the likely explanation of observed clinical signs. The aim of this study was to compare sensory nerve conduction threshold and velocity of the trigeminal nerve using the infraorbital nerve in control and headshaking horses.MethodsControl group (n = 6 horses) and headshaking group (n = 6) were subject to general anaesthesia. A Nicolet Viking IV evoked potential system was used for sensory nerve conduction study. Stimulating, recording and reference electrodes were used. A pair of stimulating electrodes was placed at the gingival mucosa, one each at the rostral and caudal aspects of the maxillary canine tooth. Four pairs of recording electrodes were placed at 4 different points along the tract of the infraorbital nerve (point 1 at infraorbital foramen), maxillary nerve (point 2 at exit of trigeminal canal), spinal somatosensory (point 3 at level of C1 spinal cord segment), and cortical somatosensory evoked potentials (point 4 at level of frontal cerebral cortex). A reference electrode was placed at a distance half way between the stimulating and recording electrodes at point 1. Stimuli were applied at 2.5, 5, 10, 15, 20 mA. The duration of each stimulus was 0.1 ms. Thresholds were recorded and conduction velocities calculated for each group.ResultsThe threshold of sensory nerve action potential occurred at low stimuli (2.5 and 5 mA) in horses with headshaking; and at higher stimuli (10 mA in 3 horses, 15 mA in 1 horse, and 25 mA in 2 horses) in control horses. Although there were differences in conduction velocity between groups, this was not significant.Conclusions and practical significanceHeadshaking horses have a low threshold for inducing sensory action potentials upon minimal stimulation compared with control horses supporting involvement of the trigeminal nerve in the pathogenesis of affected horses.Ethical animal researchStudy approved by the UC Davis IACUC. Sources of funding: Private donation. Competing interests: None.
Dynamic compression plate (DCP) fixation of propagating medial condylar fractures of the third metacarpal/metatarsal bone in 30 racehorses: Retrospective analysis (1990–2005)
Authors: Goodrich L. R. , Nixon A. J. , Conway J. D. , Morley P. S. , Bladon B. M. , Hogan P. M. 
Published: September 2013

SummaryReasons for performing studyAn in‐depth review of dynamic compression plate (DCP)fixation of propagating medial condyle fractures of the third metacarpus or metatarsus has not been previously reported.ObjectivesTo describe the technique, evaluate short‐term outcome and long‐term race performance of racehorses that underwentDCPfixation for repair of propagating or spiralling medial condylar fractures of the third metacarpal (McIII) or metatarsal (MtIII) bone.Study designRetrospective case series.MethodsThe surgical case records of 30 horses with propagating fractures of the medial condyle ofMcIIIorMtIIIwere reviewed. Medical information included: age, breed, sex, presentation, how injury occurred (racing or training), surgical treatment and post operative complications. Racing information included: starts, top 3 placing and career earnings.ResultsLong propagating fractures of the medial condyle ofMc/tIIIwere identified in 23Thoroughbred (TB)and 7Standardbred (STB) racehorses. The fracture spiralled proximally in 22 of 30 cases (73%). Standardbreds had a higher propensity for hindlimb involvement (71%), whereasTBstended to have more front limb involvement (61%). Twelve of 30 (40%) horses raced post surgery. Career earnings were significantly lower forTBhorses with medial condylar fractures; $34,916 when compared with the national average of $60,841 (P≤0.03). Overall, horses havingDCPfixation for medial condylar fractures had less starts post surgery (3.1TBsand 5.8STBs) compared with the national average (7TBsand 17.3STBs) and decreased lifetime starts 13.4 (TBs) compared with 17.3 nationally.ConclusionsPropagating medial condyle fractures can be repaired with plate fixation to potentially lessen the risk of catastrophic fracture destabilisation and return to racing can be expected in 40% of horses. Further prospective studies are warranted comparing lag screw fixation withDCPfixation for repair of severe medial condylar fractures of the metacarpus/metatarsus.
WALTER KEMPOWSKI'S DAS ECHOLOT. ABGESANG ’45 FROM ARCHIVE TO PRINT
Authors: Woods Roger 
Published: September 2013

ABSTRACTThis article analyses Das Echolot. Abgesang ’45, the final volume of Walter Kempowski's ten‐volume ‘collective diary’ of the Second World War, against the background of recent theoretical discussions about the subjective experience of history and the juxtaposition of homogenised and heterogeneous forms of memory. It also goes into Kempowski's archive of autobiographical material, now held at the Akademie der Künste in Berlin, in order to compare the texts published in Abgesang ’45 with the versions originally presented to Kempowski. The analysis shows how the material sent to Kempowski is often far from being a collection of original letters, diaries and notes from the last years of the war, as suggested by the subtitle of the Echolot project – ‘ein kollektives Tagebuch’. It also shows that while Abgesang ’45 does contain internal dialogue that captures some of the heterogeneity that is associated with individual memories, this dialogue ultimately loses out to a collective account of German suffering through Kempowski's method of selecting, adapting and recontextualising the archive material.
Helicobacter pylori and Nonmalignant Diseases
Authors: den Hollander Wouter J. , Sostres Carlos , Kuipers Ernst J. , Lanas Angel 
Published: September 2013

AbstractDeclining Helicobacter pylori prevalence rates have resulted in a decrease of peptic ulcer bleeding incidence. Moreover, eradication reduces peptic ulcer recurrence rate. Newer studies confirm that H. pylori eradication lowers the risk of recurrent peptic ulcer bleeding. Guidelines therefore advocate a test‐and‐treat strategy for patients with a history of ulcer bleeding and NSAIDs and/or aspirin use. There is mounting evidence that H. pylori status has no effect on symptoms and treatment efficacy in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Some studies observed an improvement of GERD complaints after H. pylori eradication, which underlines that H. pylori treatment is not contra‐indicated in GERD patients. The exact role of H. pylori in functional dyspepsia (FD) remains controversial. However, there is growing consensus that H. pylori‐positive FD should be assessed as a separate entity. In these patients, eradication can be beneficial and appropriate. Finally, several studies suggest that H. pylori infection may also be associated with beneficial effects for the host. Epidemiologic studies showed an inverse relation between H. pylori infection and asthma and allergy, although data are conflicting and need to be expanded.
Molecular Pathogenesis of Gastric Cancer
Authors: Figueiredo Ceu , Garcia‐Gonzalez Maria A. , Machado Jose C. 
Published: September 2013

AbstractGastric carcinogenesis is a complex and multifactorial process, in which infection with Helicobacter pylori plays a major role. Additionally, environmental factors as well as genetic susceptibility factors are significant players in gastric cancer (GC) etiology.Gastric cancer development results from the accumulation of multiple genetic and epigenetic changes during the lifetime of the cancer patient that will activate oncogenic and/or inactivate tumor‐suppressor pathways. Numerous studies published last year provided new insights into the molecular phenotypes of GC, which will be the main focus of this review. This article also reviews the recent findings on GC tumor‐suppressor genes, including putative novel genes.The understanding of the basic mechanisms that underlie gastric carcinogenesis will be of utmost importance for developing strategies of screening, early detection, and treatment of the disease, as most GC patients present with late‐stage disease and have poor overall survival.
IMPACT OF MACROECONOMIC ANNOUNCEMENTS ON INTEREST RATE FUTURES: HIGH‐FREQUENCY EVIDENCE FROM AUSTRALIA
Authors: Smales Lee A. 
Published: September 2013

AbstractI investigate the behavior of Australian interest rate futures around the release of major scheduled macroeconomic announcements. The adjustment to new information occurs quickly with the majority of the reaction complete within 30 seconds. The period immediately before the announcement exhibits high volatility, low levels of volume, and wide bid–ask spreads. In the 30 seconds following the scheduled announcement there is a sharp increase in price volatility, significant positive correlation in returns, high levels of trading activity, and large adjusted returns. The reaction is stronger in shorter maturity contracts, and in the period surrounding the 2007–2008 financial crisis.
TOWER BUILDING AND STOCK MARKET RETURNS
Authors: Löffler Gunter 
Published: September 2013

AbstractConstruction starts of skyscrapers predict subsequent U.S. stock returns. The predictive ability exceeds that of alternatives such as the prevailing historical mean, predictions based on dividend ratios, and recently suggested combination forecasts. One explanation for these patterns is that tower building is indicative of overoptimism; alternatively, tower building could help identify periods of low risk premia. I present indirect evidence that is consistent with both explanations.
Equine ulnar fracture repair with locking compression plates can be associated with inadvertent penetration of the lateral cortex of the radius
Authors: Kuemmerle Jan M. , Kühn Karolin , Bryner Marco , Fürst Anton E. 
Published: September 2013

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate if the use of locking head screws (LHS) in the distal holes of a locking compression plate (LCP) applied to the caudal aspect of the ulna to treat equine ulnar fractures is associated with a risk of injury to the lateral cortex of the radius.Study DesignControlled laboratory study.Sample PopulationCadaveric equine forelimbs (n = 8 pair).MethodsAfter transverse ulnar osteotomy, osteosynthesis was performed with a narrow 10–13 hole 4.5/5.0 LCP applied to the caudal aspect of each ulna. The distal 3 holes were filled with 4.5 mm cortex screws (CS) in 1 limb (group 1) and with 5.0 mm LHS contralaterally (group 2). CS were inserted in an angle deemed appropriate by the surgeon and LHS were inserted perpendicular to the plate. Implant position and injury to the lateral cortex of the radius were assessed by radiography, CT, and limb dissection.ResultsIn group 1, injury of the lateral radius cortex did not occur. In group 2, 4 limbs and 6/24 LHS were associated with injury of the lateral radius cortex by penetration of a LHS. This difference was statistically significant. CS were inserted with a mean angle of 17.6° from the sagittal plane in a caudolateral–craniomedial direction.ConclusionsUse of LHS in the distal part of a LCP applied to the caudal aspect of the ulna is associated with a risk of inadvertent injury to the lateral cortex of the radius.
Restructuring of educational systems in the digital age from a co‐evolutionary perspective
Authors: Davis N. , Eickelmann B. , Zaka P. 
Published: September 2013

AbstractThere have been repeated calls for restructuring of schooling to take advantage of information and communication technologies (ICT). This article recognizes an increasing range of radical restructuring resulting from the co‐evolution of education and digital technologies in school systems and related activity in the global ecosystem. Research of previously innovative schools that did not sustain their innovative strategies withICThas also helped to clarify relevant factors including the importance of leadership.Davis' co‐evolutionary framework is illustrated with case studies of sustained transformation enabled by blended and online learning inNewZealand and theUSA. Transformations include decoupling of the roles of a class teacher, plus decoupling of the services provided by a single school into provision by networked organizations, including a virtual school and web‐based services. The diversity of transformed educational ecosystems is linked to local and regional variations in culture and conditions. The article concludes that teachers in a range of roles will remain the keystone species ofK‐12 education also in the 21st century and recommends that this co‐evolutionary framework is applied globally to increase equitable provision.
Challenges for information technology supporting educational assessment
Authors: Webb M. , Gibson D. , Forkosh‐Baruch A. 
Published: September 2013

AbstractThis article examines the scope for IT‐enabled assessments to serve simultaneously both learners and the enterprise of education. The article proposes ways of combining frameworks that come from two different perspectives: 1) a conceptual approach to assessment design for computerized assessment based on evidence‐centred design (ECD) and 2) a framework for formative assessment based on empirical research in classrooms. The article argues that combining the ECD and formative assessment frameworks and building on the opportunities provided by computerized assessments as well as harnessing teachers' and students' experience and developing their validation processes could enable assessments to address simultaneously assessment FOR learning and assessment OF learning. Strategies would include harnessing the benefits of embedded continuous unobtrusive measuring of performance while learners are engaged in interesting computerized tasks designed to support their learning. Learners need to be involved in discussing and negotiating their learning so we conceptualize these embedded unobtrusive processes as ‘quiet assessment’, whose volume can be turned up by learners whenever they wish, to give them access to meaningful representations of evidence and arguments about their achievements. These strategies could enable a wider range of measures to contribute to judgements of students' achievements, thus supporting their learning in 21st‐century contexts.
Application of Flavoring Active Films of Low‐Density Polyethylene in Sugar Biscuits
Authors: Dias Marali V. , Melo Nathália R. , Soares Nilda de Fátima F. , Carneiro João de Deus S. , Borges Soraia V. , Medeiros Hiasmyne S. , Fialho Tatiana Lopes 
Published: September 2013

AbstractActive packaging is used to preserve food, maintaining or improving its features and microbiological safety. In this research was developed flavoring films and evaluated changes in the films as function of the addition of active agents and their contact with food. We determined the water vapor permeability (WVP) and mechanical analysis over 30 days for the films used for the sugar biscuit packaging. We also evaluated the sensory attributes of the sugar biscuits packaged in active films. The active agents used were important in maintaining the tensile strength of the films over time. However, the film with 10% orange aroma decreased the percent elongation and increased the film's WVP. In a sensory evaluation, the most accepted samples were the sugar biscuits packaged for 30 days in the film containing 10% essential oil and 5% aroma. Therefore, these films represent an innovation for the food industry that could enable the development of new products.Practical ApplicationsBiscuits are an important class of bakery products that are produced in a large variety of flavors. Every day, new types of biscuits, often with innovative flavors, are launched on the market. Flavoring active packaging can be used to improve the sensory characteristics of foods and to develop new products. From a processing line, you can obtain products of different flavors with the use of flavoring packaging in the conditioning stage. This is useful in a food industry that relies mostly on incremental innovation for new product launches; there is an increasing awareness in the industry that innovations are needed to remain competitive.
Changes in Physicochemical, Nutritional and Hygienic Properties of Chinese Cabbage Seeds and Their Sprouts on Gamma and Electron Beam Irradiation
Authors: Kwon Joong‐Ho , Kim Gui‐Ran , Ahn Jae‐Jun , Akram Kashif , Bae Hye‐Min , Kim Chan‐Hee , Kim Yuri , Han Bum‐Soo 
Published: September 2013

AbstractSeed sprouts are susceptible to microbial contaminations, which might cause foodborne illnesses. In this study, gamma‐ and electron beam (e‐beam)‐irradiated (0–3 kGy) Chinese cabbage seeds (Brassica rapa ssp. Pekinensis) and their sprouts were investigated for the physicochemical, functional and microbiological qualities during storage. The irradiated seeds and their sprouts showed better overall microbial quality compared with nonirradiated samples; however, their hygienic quality profiles were same during storage of sprouts. The contents of ascorbic acid, carotenoid, chlorophyll and total phenolics of the seeds increased during germination but negligible changes were found during postharvest storage. Gamma irradiation and e‐beam had similar effects on the physicochemical quality of Chinese cabbage seed sprouts with few exceptions (low germination rate of e‐beam‐treated seeds). These effects should be considered to obtain acceptable hygienic, nutritional and sensory attributes of irradiated Chinese cabbage seeds.Practical ApplicationsThe sprouted seeds widely used for human consumption are the suspect carriers of bacterial pathogens, which can outbreak sprout‐related foodborne illnesses. Irradiation treatment is a promising technology to increase shelf life of sprouts and reduce bacterial pathogen contamination with minimum concession of nutritional and sensory aspects. However, it is significant to establish the effect of applied irradiation dose on the seed germination, sprout length, quality parameters and overall acceptability.
Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reduction Opportunities for Concrete Pavements
Authors: Santero Nicholas , Loijos Alexander , Ochsendorf John 
Published: September 2013

SummaryConcrete pavements are a vital part of the transportation infrastructure, comprising nearly 25% of the interstate network in the United States. With transportation authorities and industry organizations increasingly seeking out methods to reduce their carbon footprint, there is a need to identify and quantitatively evaluate the greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reduction opportunities that exist in the concrete pavement life cycle. A select few of these opportunities are explored in this article in order to represent possible reduction approaches and their associated cost‐effectiveness: reducing embodied emissions by increasing fly ash content and by avoiding overdesign; increasing albedo by using white aggregates; increasing carbonation by temporarily stockpiling recycled concrete aggregates; and reducing vehicle fuel consumption by adding an extra rehabilitation. These reduction strategies are evaluated for interstate, arterial, collector, and local road designs under urban and rural scenarios. The results indicate that significant GHG emission reductions are possible, with over half of the scenarios resulting in 10% reductions, compared to unimproved baseline designs. Given the right conditions, each scenario has the potential to reduce GHG emissions at costs comparable to the current price of carbon.