bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparisons of the Mechanical Behaviors of Poly (3, 4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) and ITO on Flexible Substrates
Authors: Alzoubi Khalid , Choi Gihoon , Hamasha Mohammad M. , Alkhazali Atif S , DeFranco John , Lu Susan , Sammakia Bahgat , Westgate Charles 
Published: March 2013

ABSTRACTIndium Tin Oxide (ITO) has been widely used as a Transparent Conductive Oxide (TCO) layer in the photovoltaic solar technology because of its excellent electrical and optical properties. However, ITO is brittle, and its conductivity decreases significantly as the ITO films are exposed to stretching or bending strains especially in flexible/foldable solar cell applications. The cracks in ITO appear at very low strains which might cause failure in the conductive layer because of the combination of a very thin film of brittle ceramic material applied to a polymer substrate. Poly (3, 4-ethylenedioxythiophene), abbreviated PEDOT, is of increasing interest as a competitive candidate to ITO. PEDOT has found its way in many applications such as transparent electrode materials and transparent conductive layers in photovoltaic solar cells. In this work, the mechanical behavior of PEDOT was studied under high cycle bending fatigue in which the effects of bending diameter and bending frequency were considered and compared to ITO. High magnification optical images were used to study cracking in the PEDOT as well as the ITO layers. In flexible solar cells, the web will be exposed to folding/bending many times during manufacturing and installation. Therefore, the thin film substrate structure will be exposed to cyclic loading cyclic tensile and compressive strains. Therefore, this work was designed to mechanically fatigue the structure and study its behavior. It was found that bending diameters as well as material (PEDOT or ITO) have a great influence on the electrical conductivity of the thin films.
High Efficiency Solar to Electric Energy Conversion through Spectrum Splitting and Multi-channel Full Spectrum Harvesting
Authors: Broderick Lirong Zeng , Zhang Tiejun , Stefancich Marco , Albert Brian R. , Wang Evelyn , Chen Gang , Armstrong Peter , Chiesa Matteo , Kimerling Lionel , Michel Jurgen 
Published: March 2013

ABSTRACTA system combining photovoltaic (PV) and solar thermal approaches is designed to convert solar energy to electricity with high efficiency across the full solar spectrum. Concentrated solar spectrum is split into two parts: PV and thermal. The PV part of the spectrum is further split into several subbands directed to bandgap appropriate solar cells on an inexpensive Si substrate. Epitaxial Ge on Si is used as a virtual substrate for III-V semiconductor growth. At long and very short wavelengths where PV efficiency is low, solar radiation is directed to a high temperature thermal storage tank for electricity generation using heat engines. The potential of using PV waste heat due to thermalization of high energy photoelectrons for electricity generation is also investigated. Detailed optical and thermal analysis show that with optimized design and neglecting optical component loss, system power conversion efficiency can reach 56%, including more than 16% absolute contribution from thermal storage.
Realizing the World’s First Upgradeable, 40-year Lifetime High Concentration Photovoltaic (HCPV) System – An Accelerated Pathway to Grid Parity
Authors: Yoon Hojun , Nabar Sameet , Banin Yoav 
Published: March 2013

ABSTRACTAs incentive programs for solar energy are gradually being phased out around the world, solar must quickly become a viable and competitive option to the mainstream, fossil-based power generation technologies. As such, it must begin to assume more of the characteristics of the traditional technologies in order to be compatible with utility generation business models. With this goal in mind, Solergy has realized a series of innovations that include optics, concentrator module design, and tracking to create a high performing, long-lasting High Concentration Photovoltaic (HCPV) system. Because it is upgradeable, Solergy is the only HCPV system that can actually increase its power output over its lifetime and then subsequently extend its life out to 40 years. This talk will discuss the types of technological advances required to achieve this and share results from the lab and the field. In particular, the talk will cover the world’s only all-glass concentrating lens, high performance tracking, and the unique upgrade mechanism.
The Effect of Cellulose Nanofibres on Mechanical Properties and Bioactivity of Natural Polymers
Authors: Shirazi Ali Negahi , Fathi Ali , Dehghani Fariba 
Published: March 2013

ABSTRACTNatural polymers, used for hydrogel fabrication, are generally bioactive and provide good environment for cell growth and proliferation. However, these polymers have low mechanical strength. Several approaches have been attempted to improve their mechanical properties such as fabrication of interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) and semi-IPN hydrogels, and also addition of a nano sized fibers or nano-particles. The aim of this study was to investigate the feasibility of using naturally derived nano-fillers such as cellulose nanocrystallines to enhance the mechanical properties of hydrogels. Gelatin methacrylate (GelMA) was used as a protein model for preparation of photo-crosslinked hydrogel. The effects of concentrations of photo initiator and cellulose nanocrystallines (CNC) on the characteristics of hydrogels were examined. In vitro studies showed negligible cytotoxic effect of CNC on human osteosarcoma cell growth when using less than 20 mg/ml CNC. Therefore, it is viable to use this nano-filler for biomedical applications. It was found that the compression modulus of gelatin hydrogel was increased 1.5 fold by addition of 10 mg/ml of CNC. These results demonstrate the high potential of using CNC for tissue engineering applications to enhance the mechanical strength of hydrogels.
Analysis of Cu traces in Si using Transient Ion Drift combined with Rapid Thermal Annealing.
Authors: Heiser T. , Belayachi A. , Pihan E. , Kempf A. , Bourdais S. , Bloechl P. , Huber A. , Semmache B. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractCopper trace analysis using Transient Ion Drift (TID) combined with a Rapid Thermal Annealing (RTA) process is investigated. A double pulse method is implemented to allow unambiguous identification of the copper-induced capacitance signal. Use of a mercury probe as sensing Schottky barrier enhances the flexibility of the method and allows mapping of the contaminant. The method is evaluated on quantitatively contaminated silicon wafers and compared to Total X-ray fluorescence (TXRF).It is shown that in Czochralski grown material, the RTA is sufficient to dissolve most copper atoms into interstitial sites independently of their initial configuration. As a result, both, the surface and bulk contamination can be monitored by RTA/TID with a bulk detection limit close to 1011cm-3.In Float Zone material mapping of the quenched interstitial copper revealed the existence of defect reactions involving presumably vacancy clusters.
Drilling Systems Automation - Preparing for the Big Jump Forward
Authors: de Wardt John P , Behounek Michael , Chapman Clinton , Putra Devi 
Published: March 2013

Abstract
This paper presents results and knowledge shared from the SPE Applied Technology Workshop held in Vail, Colorado USA in July 2012 titled Well Construction Automation – Preparing for the Big Jump Forward.
Automation in drilling and completion operations is coming quickly, and its rapid adoption will leave many industry players behind if they are not aware of the future it will bring. Advances in control and automation of the whole drilling and completion process will increase improvements in safety, performance, quality, reliability, consistency and interoperability. This progressive application of automation will also create shifts in skills and competencies, and transform the role of the driller, rig crew, and service specialists along the way. Advances in automation are being made on multiple fronts, and many lessons are available from its adoption in other industries and the transformation industrial automation afforded in the 1990s.
This workshop included important lessons learned from other industries and provided an update on the latest advances in automation developments. It explored the applications of such technologies as robotics, machine learning, and autonomous task performance without continuous human guidance, along with the speed with which these technologies can be applied.
This was the first workshop that has actively brought people involved in automation from other industries into the discussion on drilling systems automation. The workshop involved key speakers and participants from leading edge applications including academia and the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA). These organizations are automating things that the drilling industry has not yet heard about. The workshop participants developed plans for adopting these technologies into drilling systems and created a vision of rapid automation adoption into drilling operations.
Multiwell Thermal Interaction: Field Data Validation of Transient Model for Closely Spaced Wells
Authors: McSpadden Albert R. , Gunn Alex , Dunagan Craig 
Published: March 2013

Abstract
Wellbore temperature logs and associated field history data from an HPHT condensate North Sea platform are presented which validate the accuracy of a transient model of multiwell thermal interaction. The model is an updated version of previous work which simulates transient thermal interaction or "cross-heating" between closely spaced wells of a template. Multiwell thermal interaction alters final wellbore temperatures as well as formation temperatures in the inter-well zone and also further out from the well template. The multiwell thermal model is shown to converge closely in very characteristic fashion to two different logged and measured temperature profiles over a vertical depth range of 3000 ft.
The empirical data including field history represents a unique opportunity to study and understand this important topic. Prior to this current work, industry discussion of multiwell thermal interaction or "cross-heating" has been largely anecdotal. Model validation against field data is necessary to achieve a full understanding of the physical system and to provide confidence in the predictive capability.
Modeling of wellbore and formation temperatures for closely spaced wells has not been widely examined in the industry literature. The current work presents an improved methodology based on standard industry techniques. The method employs standard industry thermal-hydraulic modeling software and a fully transient finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) model in a loosely-coupled, iterative analysis. The iteration scheme is achieved by coupling of the standard analytical solution for the isolated single-well temperature scenario with the solution in the formation for the cross-heating scenario.
The effect of multiwell thermal interaction is important for closely-spaced wells such as offshore platforms or subsea and arctic developments. The multiwell disturbance on formation and wellbore temperatures may affect well design, facilities planning and operations. Annular pressure build-up (APB), wellhead movement, tubular stress design, cement slurry design, subsidence/compaction effects and facilities health and safety issues can all be affected. If multiwell thermal interaction is not taken into account, then load events such as APB, wellhead movement and thermal induced stresses may be underestimated. Concurrent and batch drilling operations including cementation will also be affected.
White Rose Project Drilling and Completion Performance Evolution: A Case Study
Authors: Pardy Craig , Akinniranye Goke , Carter Mackenzie , Crane Gerry , Wishart Lisa , Krepp Tony , Foster Brandon 
Published: March 2013

Abstract
The White Rose field and its satellite extensions have posed significant drilling challenges. The complex 3D well trajectories require precise steering control to optimally position the wellbore within the reservoir. Ability to reach the reservoir targets has been challenged by high levels of downhole shock and vibration and torque limitations of certain drillstring components. In earlier wells, the levels of shock and vibration encountered while drilling in both the intermediate and production hole sections resulted in issues including low rates of penetration, premature bit wear, damaged tools and unplanned trips for downhole tool failures.
A number of issues contributed to drilling challenges, including weather, ice encroachment, and rig equipment challenges. Extensive drilling and completion design and operational improvements were achieved over a period of 3 years from 2009 to 2012. These improvements included changes to, well trajectory designs, drillstring and bottom hole assembly (BHA) designs, procedures for torque-and-drag management, fluids designs, and lower completion design. These combined efforts significantly reduced downhole-related nonproductive time, despite a substantial increase in well complexity.
Novel Drill Bit Materials Technology Fusion Delivers Performance Step Change in Hard and Difficult Formations
Authors: García Alexis , Barocio Hector , Nicholl Denise , Belhenniche Sid-Ali , Quijada Rafael , Veloz Cynthia , Cevallos Moisés 
Published: March 2013

Abstract
Ever evolving drilling performance requirements dictate bits drill wider ranges of lithologies while offering improved efficiency and reduced NPT. These performance requirements necessitate compatible drill bit technologies. As lithologies associated with these drilling objectives tend to be harder and more abrasive; the need for adaptable, durable, and efficient drill bit designs is intensified. With these challenging applications / objectives, Polycrystalline Diamond Compact (PDC) technologies are pushed to their material limits. These limits emerge as failures in PDC thermal fatigue, abrasion, and impact damage.
Due to the absence of state-of-the-art drill bit material technologies compatible with achieving these drilling objectives, multiple trips are commonly required. Often, this translates into the use of non-PDC bits (Rolling Cutter and Impregnated) to complete challenging sections. As efficiency is hindered by bit type and increases in non-productivetime due to multiple bit trips, operators incur significant cost while drilling these intervals.
New drill bit technology capable of drilling these lithologies and performance requirements is unmistakably needed. This paper describes the development of novel drill bit technology aimed at this requirement. This technology is born through the fusion of existing bit technologies; Fixed Cutter and Impregnated Diamond, and a unique design philosophy providing greater versatility in drilling a wider range of harsh lithologies, not typically drilled entirely with PDC bits. This novel design philosophy includes optimized cutter placement and exposure of diamond impregnated mix applied in critical areas of the bit.
This project was initially targeted at the Sub-Saharan region in the Congo, where the existence of conglomeratic intervals still represents a challenge to reach TD in a single run for sections with high clonglomeratic percentage. In its first trial, the new technology hybrid bit drilled 300% more interval than the benchmark with 34% improvement in ROP, in comparable sections with similar conglomerate content. Subsequent runs have resulted in dramatic savings due to reduction of trips as well as improved ROP. This technology has provided the industry step change in performance and decrease in non-productive time.
A Medium-Order Flow Model for Dynamic Pressure Surges in Tripping Operations
Authors: Gjerstad Kristian , Time Rune W. , Bjorkevoll Knut S. 
Published: March 2013

Abstract
A simplified dynamic model based on ordinary differential equations that predicts the surge and swab pressures in tripping operations is developed. It is fast and robust, and designed for application in real-time operations where the pressure surges must be predicted and controlled. The drilling mud is described as a Herschel-Bulkley non-Newtonian drilling fluid. And simplified continuous flow equations are used for fast computation of frictional pressure gradients. The model can readily be coupled with parameter estimation techniques, to automatically adapt uncertain parameters to measured data, or it can be calibrated manually as we show in this paper. This can be done during field operations if a minimum amount of measuring data are available.
A Brief History of the Shell "Soft Torque Rotary System" and Some Recent Case Studies
Authors: Runia D. J. , Dwars S. , Stulemeijer I. P. 
Published: March 2013

Abstract
The Shell "Soft Torque Rotary System" (STRS) is a rotary drive control system that mitigates torsion vibrations in Oil and Gas drilling. The system was developed by Shell (with help from industry partners) in the early 90's and commercialised by licensing to a number of industry equipment suppliers. The original system was developed for DC drilling drives using analog torque feedback. The development of next generation AC top drives in the drilling industry has required a re-look and upgrade of the technology. Currently we have rejuvenated the technology and introduced stringent commissioning criteria to safeguard the quality of deployments around the globe. An overview of these developments will be given, seen from a Shell perspective. In addition a number of recent case histories will be presented. It is intended that the audience gets a good overview how the technology is being deployed in the Oil and Gas industry.
The new integrated Soft Torque system is installed on 60 Shell operated drilling installations globally since 2009.
Many good examples are now available demonstrating the benefit of the system and its excellent perfomance on also the AC top drives. Industry now has a tool at hand to help mitigate the occurence of stick slip and its detrimental effect on drilling performance, by way of controlling the top drive behaviour at surface. In combination with good drilling practices and drill string assembly design, it is now possible to avoid stick slip in a majority of drilling situations.
Further work is ongoing (with our industry partners) to broaden the operating envelope of the system (into the deeper well sections and lower RPM range). Shell continues to champion the technology and fulfil a pro active role for quality control and further development of the industry/vendor partners.
Obtaining both Horizontal Stresses from Wellbore Collapse
Authors: Aadnoy Bernt S. , Kaarstad Eirik , Goncalves Clemente J. 
Published: March 2013

Abstract
One of the most important design parameters in all wellbore stability analysis is the two horizontal stresses. The third principal stress, the overburden stress is determined by integrating the rock bulk density from cuttings or from logs.
There exist several approaches to estimate the minimum horizontal stress, σh, but it is more difficult to determine the maximum horizontal stress σH. Inversion methods have been used with success, but usually the maximum horizontal stress is assumed, not measured.
A wellbore that collapse during drilling or during production usually assumes an elliptical shape because of anisotropic stress loading. Recently an exact solution for tangential stress of an elliptic wellbore was derived. This model couples the ovality of the wellbore to the stress anisotropy. The rock strength plays an important role, such that a strong consolidated rock will have less ovality than a less consolidated rock.
In addition to the solution above, the full 3-dimensional in-situ stress state is investigated to obtain physically relevant solutions. This means the fracture pressure always exceed the collapse pressure for any well orientation. This condition is imposed on the new solution above. Leak-off data are used for calibration. In other words, the solution is based on real caliper data and real fracturing data.
This new solution has many practical applications, first of all to develop fracture and collapse curves for deviated wells, but also for sand production, well stimulation and reservoir subsidence. The paper will present several field cases, both from Norway and Brazil, demonstrating improvements in practical wellbore stability analysis.
Seismic Data Management: Implementing Common Standards & Solutions
Authors: Carr Megan E. , Raj Nishanth 
Published: March 2013

Abstract
The success of any oil and natural gas company with an exploration and production focus is dependent upon the ability to accurately locate data in a timely manner. Across industry, issues surrounding seismic data management have been recognized and many studies are formalizing programs to understand these problems with seismic data filing systems and review options to address them. This paper outlines the framework around seismic data management that BP (British Petroleum) has taken to standardize how seismic data is handled within the company. The presented conceptual solution focuses on key areas of improvement including (1) seismic data standards and workflows; (2) seismic data management organization and responsibilities; (3) high level requirements for seismic data; and (4) high level architecture for data management within BP. All components except (3) are presented. The data standards and optimal workflows discussed have shown to positively mitigate these data challenges and derive value for BP&apos;s subsurface data management program.
Optimal Wireless Sensor Networks for Reliable Low Cost Smart Oilfields
Authors: Purohit Abhinav D. , Aminzadeh Fred 
Published: March 2013

Abstract
Sensors provide engineers with the critical data to monitor oilfield activities for smooth operations of the well and equipments in the field. Almost every new well drilled has several sensors from the initial drilling stage to regular operations. Sensors systems form an inseparable unit for real time monitoring and control to provide a better understanding of the well performance and ensure safe operations.
To develop and implement low cost optimal intelligent field is crucial to alleviate running costs and increase well performance. Current digital oil fields depend on seamless transfer of information between plant systems and business units to enable a robust real time field control. A wireless sensor network (WSN) technology with industrial field instrumentation has proven to be a reliable platform for data acquisition and transfer. By providing self-healing and self-configurable wireless communication networks, it is a cost effective alternative to traditional wired field instruments.
WSN can greatly reduce the need for inspection and unexpected replacement costs. The state-of-art smart oil fields have deployed number of sensors to monitor and control various production parameters such as temperature and pressure. Such sensors are bound by reliability, cost and efficiency constraints. This paper presents a cost effective solution to increase reliability, reduce power and cost of ownership without compromising on Quality of Service (QoS). Further, we present most suitable applications that can be revolutionized with the approach presented.