bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Control methods for PWM rectifier cooperating with variable speed PM generator
Authors: Mazgaj Witold , Szular Zbigniew , Węgiel Tomasz 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
The paper deals with cooperation between pulse width modulation (PWM) rectifier and variable speed synchronous generator which is applied especially in small water or wind plants. In such applications, the synchronous generator, which is usually permanent magnet (PM) generator, rotates at a variable speed which depends on water or wind energy. Therefore, this energy should be converted to the parameters of the three-phase power grid with the use of a power electronic unit. The main aim of the control strategy is to transfer a maximum possible amount of energy produced by the water turbine or the wind turbine connected to a synchronous generator. The second purpose of the control method is to decrease the amount of higher harmonics of generator currents. The paper describes two basic methods which are used in control systems of the PWM rectifiers. The first one is the sinusoidal PWM method, and the second method relates to the hysteresis switching of the PWM rectifier transistors. A significant part of the paper is devoted to control principles of the PWM rectifier which cooperates with a variable speed PM synchronous generator. Special attention is paid to higher harmonics of PM generator currents with respect to individual methods.
Upper Albian and Cenomanian (Cretaceous) ammonites from the Debarsu Formation (Yazd Block, Central Iran)
Authors: Wilmsen Markus , Storm Marisa , Fürsich Franz Theodor , Majidifard Mahmoud Reza 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACT
Wilmsen, M., Storm, M., Fürsich, F.T. and Majidifard, M.R. 2013. Upper Albian and Cenomanian (Cretaceous) ammonites from the Debarsu Formation (Yazd Block, Central Iran). Acta Geologica Polonica, 63 (4), 489-513. Warszawa. New ammonite faunas consisting of 13 taxa provide the first reliable biostratigraphic dating of the Debarsu Formation of the Yazd Block, west-central Iran, indicating several levels in the Upper Albian and Lower Cenomanian, while a foraminiferal assemblage places the top of the Formation in the Middle Turonian. Among the identified ammonite taxa, Acompsoceras renevieri (Sharpe, 1857) is recorded from Iran for the first time. The upper part of the lower Upper Albian is proved by the occurrences of mortoniceratines of the Mortoniceras (M.) inflatum Zone in the lowermost part of the Debarsu Formation. For the upper Upper Albian (traditional Stoliczkaia dispar Zone), the M. (Subschloenbachia ) rostratum and M. (S.) perinflatum zones are proved by their index taxa. However, there is no evidence of the terminal Arrhaphoceras (Praeschloenbachia) briacensis Zone. The upper part of the lower Lower Cenomanian Mantelliceras mantelli Zone (M. saxbii Subzone) is proved by M. saxbii and M. cf. mantelli. Below, there is an ammonite- barren interval of ca. 100 m in thickness between M. (S.) perinflatum zonal strata and the M. saxbii Subzone. The upper Lower Cenomanian is documented by the presence of typically M. dixoni zonal ammonites such as Acompsoceras renevieri. Upper Cenomanian and Turonian ammonites have not been found in the upper part of the Debarsu Formation, but micro-biostratigraphic evidence (planktonic foraminifers) from the uppermost part of the formation indicate that the formation ranges into the Turonian. For the development of the major tectonic unconformity at the base of the overlying Haftoman Formation (which yielded Lower Coniacian inoceramids near its base), only 2-3 myr remain, stressing the geodynamic activity of Central Iran during mid-Cretaceous times.
Late Maastrichtian foraminiferids and diatoms from the Polish Carpathians (Ropianka Formation, Skole Nappe): a case study from the Chmielnik-Grabówka composite section
Authors: Gasiński M. Adam , Olshtynska Alexandra , Uchman Alfred 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACT
Gasiński, M.A., Olshtynska, A. and Uchman, A. 2013. Late Maastrichtian foraminiferids and diatoms from the Polish Carpathians (Ropianka Formation, Skole Nappe): a case study from the Chmielnik-Grabowka composite section. Acta Geologica Polonica, 63(4), 515-525. Warszawa.
Well-preserved foraminiferids have been found in the Chmielnik-Grabowka section (Skole Nappe, Polish Carpathians). The Abathomphalus mayaroensis (late Maastrichtian) and Racemiguembelina fructicosa (earlylate Maastrichtian) standard planktonic foraminiferal biozones have been recognized, based on the occurrence of their respective index species. Sediments of the R. fructicosa Zone contain diatoms, which are a rare component of Cretaceous flysch microfossil assemblages in the Carpathians. The diatom frustules and some foraminiferid tests are pyritized, probably after burial in the sediment, below the redox boundary or in the oxygen- deficient microenvironment inside the frustules or tests of microfossils; the presence of trace fossils and bioturbational structures in the same bed indicate an oxygenated sea floor.
Scaphitid ammonites from the Upper Cretaceous of KwaZulu-Natal and Eastern Cape Province, South Africa
Authors: Kennedy William James , Klinger Herbert Christian 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACT
Kennedy, W.J. and Klinger, H.C. 2013. Scaphitid ammonites from the Upper Cretaceous of KwaZulu-Natal and Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. Acta Geologica Polonica, 63 (4), 527-543. Warszawa.
Scaphitid ammonites are described and illustrated from the Upper Cretaceous of the coastal region of north-eastern South Africa. Scaphites kieslingswaldensis Langenhan and Grundey, 1891, Scaphites manasoaensis Collignon, 1965, and Yezoites concinna sp. nov. occur in the Coniacian part of the St Lucia Formation in northern KwaZulu-Natal. A further Yezoites sp. may also be from this level. Argentoscaphites corrugatus sp. nov. occurs in the Santonian to Lower Campanian Mzamba Formation on the northernmost coast of Eastern Cape Province. Yezoites australis sp. nov. occurs in the Upper Santonian part of the St Lucia and Mzamba formations of these areas, and Scaphites reesidei Collignon, 1969, is recorded from the Lower Campanian part of the Mzamba Formation. The scaphitid assemblage includes species previously described from Western Europe and Madagascar, together with Argentoscaphites, previously known only from Patagonia (and possibly South India). Dimorphism is recognised in Scaphites reesidei, Yezoites concinna sp. nov. and Y. australis sp. nov. Argentoscaphites corrugatus sp. nov. and Yezoites sp. are represented by microconchs only. Dimorphism has not been recognised in Scaphites kieslingswaldensis.
THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE PYROLYSIS PROCESS OF USED TIRES ON THE QUALITY OF OUTPUT PRODUCTS
Authors: Jasminská Natália , Brestovič Tomáš , Čarnogurská Mária 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
Pyrolysis together with gasification and combustion create a group of so called thermic processes. Unlike the combustion it is based on thermic decomposition of organic materials without any access of oxidative media. Within the pyrolytic process, three main fractions are created: solid residue, pyrolytic gas and organic liquid product - pyrolytic oil. The presented article examines the effects of pyrolysis operational conditions (above all, temperature) on gas products, solid residues and liquid fractions.
SINGULAR FRACTIONAL CONTINUOUS-TIME AND DISCRETE-TIME LINEAR SYSTEMS
Authors: Kaczorek Tadeusz 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
New classes of singular fractional continuous-time and discrete-time linear systems are introduced. Electrical circuits are example of singular fractional continuous-time systems. Using the Caputo definition of the fractional derivative, the Weierstrass regular pencil decomposition and Laplace transformation the solution to the state equation of singular fractional linear systems is derived. It is shown that every electrical circuit is a singular fractional systems if it contains at least one mesh consisting of branches with only ideal supercondensators and voltage sources or at least one node with branches with supercoils. Using the Weierstrass regular pencil decomposition the solution to the state equation of singular fractional discrete-time linear systems is derived. The considerations are illustrated by numerical examples.
POSITIVE MINIMAL REALIZATION OF CONTINUOUS-DISCRETE LINEAR SYSTEMS WITH ALL-POLE AND ALL-ZERO TRANSFER FUNCTION
Authors: Sajewski Łukasz 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
The positive and minimal realization problem for continuous-discrete linear single-input and single-outputs (SISO) systems is formulated. Two special case of the continuous-discrete systems are given. Method based on the state variable diagram for finding a positive and minimal realization of a given proper transfer function is proposed. Sufficient conditions for the existence of a positive minimal realization of a given proper transfer function of all-pole and all-zero systems are established. Two procedures for computation of a positive minimal realization are proposed and illustrated by a numerical examples.
THE DYNAMIC PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF THE FOIL BEARING STRUCTURE
Authors: Żywica Grzegorz 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
Foil bearings are a variety of slide bearings in which an additional set of foils is applied between journal and bush, in order to improve the selected static and dynamic properties. Engineers and researchers from all over the world investigate bearings of this type since many years - both from numerical as well as experimental point of view. Due to the complexity of construction, the reliable simulation models are all the time being searched for. This paper discusses the important stages of elaboration of the structural supporting layer numerical model of the foil bearing as well as results of verification tests. The main goal of the conducted study was assessment of reliability of the elaborated numerical model, in scope of dynamic properties. In the near future it will be used for elaboration of the numerical model of the entire foil bearing, which will take into account also phenomena in fluid-film layer. Those models will be used together to describe bearing system in operation.
THIN-WALLED EPOXY-GLASS FIBRE BEAMS SUBJECTED TO PURE BENDING
Authors: Kubiak Tomasz , Kołakowski Zbigniew 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
Buckling and postbuckling behaviour of thin-walled channel section beam made of epoxy-glass composite have been considered. The beams under analysis was subjected to pure bending. The main aim was check the influence of ply arrangement on buckling load and postbuckling behaviour and validate the authors analytical-numerical method by commercial finite element method software. Mentioned analytical-numerical method has been developed for more than 25 years in Department of Strength of Materials. This method uses asymptotic Koiter theory for conservative systems in the second order approximation modified by Byskov and Hutchinson. Additionally, using the finite element method software the influence of ply arrangement on failure load were checked.
INFLUENCE OF TEMPERATURE AND LOADING PROGRAM ON THE FATIGUE LIFE OF STEEL P91
Authors: Mroziński Stanisław , Piotrowski Michał 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
In this paper there are shown the results of low-cycle fatigue testing of steel P91 samples. During the testing there was conducted a fixed amplitude loading testing as well as programmed loading with various sequence degrees of the program. The testing was done in two temperatures: T=20°C and T=600°C. During the testing a cyclic steel weakening was observed without a clear period of stabilization. Greater changes of the cyclic properties were observed in temperature T=600°C. The influence of temperature on the fatigue life was determined in this paper. This influence is dependent on the degree of strain. It’s a minor one in the range of big strain and increases in the process of decreasing the degree of strain. Furthermore, the impact of the loading program type was determined on the test results and fatigue life calculations
DAMAGE MODELING IN GRADED LAYER SYSTEM
Authors: Petaś Michał , Mróz Krzysztof , Doliński Krzysztof 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
The simplified approach to the modelling of low cycle fatigue (LCF) of functionally graded materials (FGM) based on the continuum mechanics is presented. The fatigue damage model takes into account the mechanical part of the load and a constant service temperature. The concept of FGM as a particle-reinforced metal-matrix composite with gradual change of the reinforcement fraction is used. The FGM is considered as a material consisting of homogeneous layers containing different volume fractions of the reinforcement. The variation of the reinforcement fraction changes the material properties for each layer. The different material properties are obtained according to modified rule of mixture. Since the fatigue damage of metal matrix composites is strongly influenced by the inelastic deformation of the metallic matrix, the constitutive equations of LCF damage model are taken into consideration. The combined isotropic/ kinematic hardening model with linear behaviour of isotropic and kinematic parts of hardening is adopted. The damage scalar parameter is associated with the plastic energy dissipation which is used to update the material properties. The fatigue damage model presented in this paper is applied to the fatigue damage analysis of the cooling channel of thruster used in space shuttles and rockets.
INVESTIGATION OF MR FLUIDS IN THE OSCILLATORY SQUEEZE MODE
Authors: Sapiński Bogdan , Horak Wojciech , Szczęch Marcin 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
The paper summarises the results of laboratory testing of three commercially available magnetorheological (MR) fluids operated in the oscillatory squeeze mode. Tested fluids include the Basonetic 204 and Basonetic 4035 (BASF) and MRF-122EG (Lord Corporation). The oscillatory squeeze mode produces large forces at small displacements. This feature may be well utilised in fabrication of new MR devices. The purpose of the experiments was to evaluate the suitability of MR fluids for applications in MR vibration dampers being developed under the current research project. The results enable a comparative analysis of investigated fluids and verification of phenomena encountered in the oscillatory squeeze mode and reported in the literature.
AN ANTICRACK IN A TRANSVERSELY ISOTROPIC SPACE
Authors: Kaczyński Andrzej 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
An absolutely rigid inclusion (anticrack) embedded in an unbound transversely isotropic elastic solid with the axis of elastic symmetry normal to the inclusion plane is considered. A general method of solving the anticrack problem is presented. Effective results have been achieved by constructing the appropriate harmonic potentials. With the use of the Fourier transform technique, the governing system of two-dimensional equations of Newtonian potential type for the stress jump functions on the opposite surfaces of the inclusion is obtained. For illustration, a complete solution to the problem of a penny-shaped anticrack under perpendicular tension at infinity is given and discussed from the point of view of material failure.
DEPENDENCE OF CREEP FAILURE PROBABILITY ON THE SIZE OF METALLIC SPECIMENS
Authors: Nowak Krzysztof 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
The occurrence of statistical size effect is considered for damage in creep conditions. The numerical and experimental analysis have been performed. The obtained results are ambiguous. Numerical models confirm the scale effect which can be statistical or deterministic one. But this effect has no experimental verification. It may suggest that the weakest link model cannot be applied in creep conditions. Explanation of this needs further investigations
Ferroelectric–Ferromagnetic Composites Based on PZT Type Powder and Ferrite Powder
Authors: Bochenek D. , Niemiec P. , Zachariasz R. , Chrobak A. , Ziółkowski G. 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
A ferroelectric-ferromagnetic composites based on PZT powder have been obtained in presented work. The main aim of combination of ferroelectric and magnetic powders was to obtain material showing both electric and magnetic properties. Ferroelectric ceramic powder (in amount of 90%) was based on the doped PZT type solid solution while magnetic component of the composite was nickel-zinc ferrite Ni1-x ZnxFe2O4 (in amount of 10%). The synthesis of components of ferroelectric-ferromagnetic composite was performed using the solid phase sintering. Final densification of synthesized powder has been done using free sintering. For obtained of ferroelectric-ferromagnetic composites the XRD, the microstructure, EDS, dielectric, magnetic, internal friction and electrical hysteresis loop investigations were performed. Obtained results shown the correlations between the magnetic subsystem and the electrical subsystem of the ferroelectric-ferromagnetic composites. Such properties of obtained composites give the possibility to use them in memory applications of new type.
Structure and Properties of Zn-Ti0.2-Cu0.15 Single Crystal Containing Eutectic Precipitates
Authors: Boczkal G. 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
Some structure observations for the Zn-Ti0.2-Cu0.15 single crystal obtained by the Bridgman method are presented. The structure contains (Zn) - phase with inclusions of Zn16Ti inter-metallic compound. The Zn16Ti intermetallic compound is localized within the eutectic precipitates. A morphology of the Zn16Ti compound varies according to the solidification condition imposed during the single crystal growth. The block, great size particles are a characteristic element for the alloy which composition is situated nearly the eutectic point in the phase diagram. These particles were not observed previously in the hypoeutectic Zn-Ti alloys. Mechanical properties of the obtained single crystals are also investigated. Critical resolved shear stress (CRSS) during deformation in a basal slip system (0001)<11-20>is determined. The changes of the CRSS for the Zn-Ti0.2-Cu0.15 single crystals within the range of temperatures from 200K to 370K are presented. The obtained data are compared with previously investigated results for the (Zn) single crystals containing lower (hypoeutectic) titanium addition
A Theoretical Investigation on the Electron Structures of Al-Based Intermetallic Compounds
Authors: He Y. , Zhi W. , Rong C. 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
Theoretical investigations were performed to study on alloying stability, and electronic structure of (AlCu3, AlCu2Zr and AlZr3). The results show that the lattice parameters obtained after full relaxation of crystalline cells are consistent with experimental data, and these intermetallics have a strong alloying ability and structural stability due to the negative formation energies and the cohesive energies. The further analysis find out that single-crystal elastic constants at zero-pressure satisfy the requirement of mechanical stability for cubic crystals. The calculations on Poisson’s ratio show that AlCu3 is much more anisotropic than the other two intermetallics. In addition, calculations on densities of states indicates that the valence bonds of these intermetallics are attributed to the valence electrons of Cu 3d states for AlCu3, Cu 3d and Zr 4d states for AlCu2Zr, and Al 3s, Zr 5s and 4d states for AlZr3, respectively; in particular, the electronic structure of the AlZr3 shows the strongest hybridization.
Mathematical Modeling and Industrial Experiment of Liquid Steel Flow in the Three Outlets Continuous Casting Bloom Tundish
Authors: Cwudzinśki A. 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
The dynamic development of the continuous steel casting (CSC) process has resulted in the application of this technology to the casting of steel semi-finished products on a mass scale. In the CSC process, before the cooling and solidification of liquid steel commences, the liquid metal dynamically flows through the steelmaking ladle, the tundish and the mould. Therefore, the control of steel flow is the key to the correct process. One of the metallurgical device in which the control of steel flow hydrodynamics is of crucial importance is the tundish. The subject of investigation within the present study was a three-nozzle tundish designed for casting of blooms. The software program Ansys-Fluent R was employed for the analysis of tundish operation. For the verification of the correctness of obtained results, an industrial experiment was carried out. For modification of the hydrodynamic conditions within the working volume of the tundish, two flow control devices were proposed, namely: a dam and a dam with an overflow window. The outcome of performed computer simulations were liquid steel flow fields and residence time distribution curves.
The Effect of Shielding Gas Composition on Microstructure and Abrasive Wear Resistance Fabricated with PTA Alloying Technique
Authors: Çay V.V. , Ozan S. , Gök M.S. , Erdoğan A. 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
In this study, SAE 1020 steel surfaces were separately alloyed with preplaced high-carbon-ferro-chromium (FeCr), ferro-molybdenum (FeMo) and ferro-titanium (FeTi) powders by using plasma transferred arc (PTA) heat source. By using three different types of shielding gas compositions during the alloying process, the study investigated the effects of modified shielding gas composition on the microstructure, hardness, and abrasive wear resistance of specimens. The most homogenous microstructure and the highest wear resistance was obtained in the gaseous environment which included 3% of H2. Increasing this rate to 5 % in the shielding gaseous composition caused gaps and pores in the microstructure and caused a decrease in the wear resistance. The x-ray examinations of the specimens identified ferro-molybdenum and ferro-titanium solid solutions, ferrit, austenite and martensite phases in their microstructure as the first phase and FeC, Cr7C3, Cr3C2, Fe3C, Fe7C3, MoC and TiC phases as the second phase. As a result, it was concluded that changes in shielding gas composition in surface alloying process affected specimens’ microstructure and abrasive wear properties.
Entall - Thermodynamic Database of Alloys
Authors: Dębski A. 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
Li-Si, Ag-Ca, B-Li, Ca-Li and Al-Li belong to the group of application alloys. The Entall database includes experimental data on the enthalpy of formation of the intermetallic phases belonging to the mentioned systems, as well as software for the calculation of other thermodynamic functions. The presented Entall database is the first proposal of a thermodynamic property data, which will be gradually extended by new metal alloy systems. It is a free database, available at www.entall.imim.pl.
Heat Exchange in the System Mould – Riser – Ambient. Part II: Surface Heat Emission from Open Riser to Ambient
Authors: Krajewski P.K. , Gradowski A. , Krajewski W.K. 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
The subject of the paper is heat exchange in the system casting - riser - ambient. The examinations were focused on evaluating temperature dependence of the coefficient of heat exchange from open (not shielded) top surface of riser to ambient. The examinations were carried out on the open surface of cast steel riser, of temperatures 1000-1500°C. On the basis of the performed examinations it was stated that heat emission coefficient changes its mean values by about 50% during feeding process of the mild steel casting, i.e. from about 0.28 in liquid state to about 0.42 at temperatures close to solidus. This wide range of surface heat emissivity changes should be taken into account when boundary conditions are formulated in elaborated models of solidification and in designing risering systems.
The Kinetics of Aluminium Evaporation from the Ti-6Al-4V Alloy
Authors: Siwiec G. 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
In the paper, results of a kinetic analysis of aluminium evaporation from the Ti-6Al-4V alloy are presented. The analysis was performed based on the findings obtained during the alloy smelting in the vacuum induction furnace at 5 Pa to 1000 Pa and at 1973 K, 1998 K and 2023 K.