bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Estimating demand for a new contraceptive method: Projections for the introduction of Sayana Press
Authors: Khan Sadaf , Grady Breanne , Tifft Sara 
Published: April 2015

AbstractObjectiveTo describe a demand estimation exercise conducted in response to an initiative to introduce Sayana Press in Sub‐Saharan Africa and South Asia.MethodsSecondary data sources were used to develop estimates of the number of Sayana Press units needed for countrywide introductions in 12 countries. To estimate uptake, the number of women who had stated an intention to use injectables was calculated. Two sets of assumptions (one conservative, one more ambitious) were used to assess conversion to actual use.ResultsEven with the use of very conservative assumptions, and assuming no method switching, Sayana Press was estimated to have the potential to cumulatively reach 3–6 million women by 2016.ConclusionThis projected uptake in a relatively short period and at the very beginning of an adoption curve suggests that Sayana Press has promise for countries looking to expand their list of contraceptive choices.
The Role of Physiatry in Regenerative Medicine: The Past, The Present, and Future Challenges
Authors: Sepúlveda Fernando , Baerga Luis , Micheo William 
Published: April 2015

AbstractHistorically, the foundation of physical medicine and rehabilitation training has provided the capabilities to optimize nonoperative treatments of a variety of musculoskeletal conditions, including acute and chronic muscle, tendon, ligament, and cartilage disorders. Such treatments include the use of nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), therapeutic modalities (eg, thermal and manual therapies), and corticosteroid injections in conjunction with specific rehabilitation exercises. Although NSAIDs, modalities, and corticosteroids may be helpful for short‐term pain reduction and early recovery of function, they do not typically reverse the structural changes associated with degenerative conditions and may contribute to worse long‐term outcomes by potentially interfering with tissue healing. Regenerative interventions, including platelet‐rich plasma and mesenchymal stem cells, recently have been used to treat refractory painful conditions such as chronic tendinopathies because of the potential of these interventions to facilitate tissue healing. The future development of these regenerative techniques will require a variety of conditions to be met, including determining the most appropriate procedures based on the disease being treated; establishing the optimal preparations of these regenerative techniques; and providing clinicians, patients, and regulatory agencies with high‐quality evidence demonstrating the safety, effectiveness, and long‐term results of these treatments. Clarification of current regulatory uncertainty, improved access for all patients, proper training for clinicians who incorporate these techniques into their practice, and determination of the most appropriate postinjection protocols will allow physical medicine and rehabilitation specialists to play a unique role in the long‐term management of patients with musculoskeletal and sports injuries. This article will also address the role physiatristsshouldhave in the inevitable growth of regenerative medicine applications.
Regenerative Treatments to Enhance Orthopedic Surgical Outcome
Authors: Murrell William D. , Anz Adam W. , Badsha Humeira , Bennett William F. , Boykin Robert E. , Caplan Arnold I. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractIn orthopedic surgery there has been a never‐ending quest to improve surgical outcome and the patient's experience. Progression has been marked by the refinement of surgical techniques and instruments and later by enhanced diagnostic imaging capability, specifically magnetic resonance. Over time implant optimization was achieved, along with the development of innovative minimally invasive arthroscopic technical skills to leverage new versions of classic procedures and implants to improve short‐term patient morbidity and initial, mid‐term, and long‐term patient outcomes. The use of regenerative and/or biological adjuncts to aid the healing process has followed in the drive for continual improvement, and major breakthroughs in basic science have significantly unraveled the mechanisms of key healing and regenerative pathways. A wide spectrum of primary and complementary regenerative treatments is becoming increasingly available, including blood‐derived preparations, growth factors, bone marrow preparations, and stem cells. This is a new era in the application of biologically active material, and it is transforming clinical practice by providing effective supportive treatments either at the time of the index procedure or during the postoperative period. Regenerative treatments are currently in active use to enhance many areas of orthopedic surgery in an attempt to improve success and outcome. In this review we provide a comprehensive overview of the peer‐reviewed evidence‐based literature, highlighting the clinical outcomes in humans both with preclinical data and human clinical trials involving regenerative preparations within the areas of rotator cuff, meniscus, ligament, and articular cartilage surgical repair.
Cellular Supplementation Technologies for Painful Spine Disorders
Authors: DePalma Michael J. , Gasper Justin J. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractLow back pain affects more than 80% of adults. A proportion of these adults develops chronic low back pain (CLBP) and becomes disabled by their condition. CLBP is expensive to diagnose and treat and in terms of associated loss of productivity in the work place setting by affected individuals. Although challenging, the source of CLBP can be identified. Contemporary literature contains several studies that have established prevalence estimates for various structural sources of CLBP. In young adults, the intervertebral disk is a common source of CLBP, once it incurs annular injury that heals incompletely. Effective treatment for painful disks currently is an unmet clinical need. In older adults, the facet and sacroiliac joints are more commonly responsible for CLBP. Although certain minimally invasive techniques do exist for these painful joints, an effective restorative intervention has yet to be established. Annular injury precipitates a physiologic response that can lead to a catabolic state within the disk that impairs disk restoration. Cell loss is a feature of this process as well as the pathophysiology associated with painful facet and sacroiliac joints. Cellular supplementation is an attractive treatment strategy to initiate the repair of an injured lumbosacral structure. The introduction of exogenous cells may lead to increased extracelluar matrix production and reduced pain and disability in diskogenic CLBP. Compelling data in animal studies have been produced, stimulating Food and Drug Administration−regulated trials in humans. Numerous questions remain regarding cell viability and sufficient native nutrients to support these cells. Clinical research protocols have focused predominantly on diskogenic CLBP, and very few have addressed painful facet and/or sacroiliac joints.
Technical Issues in Harvesting and Concentrating Stem Cells (Bone Marrow and Adipose)
Authors: Bowen Jay E. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractThe area of regenerative medicine, through the use of cell‐based or biologic therapies, affords various options even with the choice of autologous stem cells and requires the clinician to use the currently evolving science along with the art of medicine. Potential sources for stem cells are embryos, fetuses, and adults (adipose tissue or adult cells, usually from skin [induced pluripotent], amniotic fluid, cartilage, bone marrow, menstrual blood, peripheral blood, placenta, skin, teeth, synovium, or umbilical cord blood). Issues regarding the source of stem cells include ethical and political/regulatory concerns, cell frequency, ease/difficulty of extraction, ease/difficulty of graft preparation, and host reaction to the implant. The most common sources of stem cells for orthopedic conditions are adipose tissue and bone marrow. Various opinions are expressed within the medical literature for and against both of these stem cell sources. This article will review patient concerns and preparation for obtaining cells; equipment, supplies, and staffing for the procedures; techniques, pearls, pitfalls, and risks of the procedures; and the manner of/options for processing the cells.
A Call for a Standard Classification System for Future Biologic Research: The Rationale for New PRP Nomenclature
Authors: Mautner Kenneth , Malanga Gerard A. , Smith Jay , Shiple Brian , Ibrahim Victor , Sampson Steven , Bowen Jay E. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractAutologous cell therapies including platelet‐rich plasma (PRP) and bone marrow concentrate (BMC) are increasingly popular options for soft tissue and joint‐related diseases. Despite increased clinical application, conflicting research has been published regarding the efficacy of PRP, and few clinical publications pertaining to BMC are available. Preparations of PRP (and BMC) can vary in many areas, including platelet concentration, number of white blood cells, presence or absence of red blood cells, and activation status of the preparation. The potential effect of PRP characteristics on PRP efficacy is often not well understood by the treating clinician, and PRP characteristics, as well as the volume of PRP delivered, are unfortunately not included in the methods of many published research articles. It is essential to establish a standard reporting system for PRP that facilitates communication and the interpretation and synthesis of scientific investigations. Herein, the authors propose a new PRP classification system reflecting important PRP characteristics based on contemporary literature and recommend adoption of minimal standards for PRP reporting in scientific investigations. Widespread adoption of these recommendations will facilitate interpretation and comparison of clinical studies and promote scientifically based progress in the field of regenerative medicine.
Poiseuille and Couette flows in the transitional and fully turbulent regime
Authors: Orlandi Paolo , Bernardini Matteo , Pirozzoli Sergio 
Published: April 2015

We present an extensive compilation of direct numerical simulation (DNS) data for Poiseuille and Couette flows, from the laminar into the fully turbulent regime, with the goal of highlighting similarities and differences. The data suggest that, for a given bulk velocity, Couette flow yields less resistance than Poiseuille flow and greater turbulence kinetic energy, which may be beneficial for more efficient diffusion, thus suggesting the effectiveness of fluid transport devices based on moving belts as opposed to classical ducts. Both flows exhibit similar trends for the wall-parallel velocity variances, which increase logarithmically with the Reynolds number. The shear stress and the wall-normal stress tend to saturate faster in Couette flow, which can thus be regarded as a limit to which Poiseuille flow tends, in the limit of high Reynolds number. Excess production over dissipation is found in the outer part of Poiseuille and Couette flow, which is responsible for non-local transfer of energy. However, the structure of the core flow seems to attain an asymptotic state which consists of a parabolic and linear mean velocity profile, respectively, and it seems unlikely that substantial changes to this scenario will occur at Reynolds numbers reachable by DNS in the foreseeable future.
Optimal Design for Compact Heat Exchanger (Che) by Heat Transfer Viewpoint as an Air Pre-Heater
Authors: Ghadamian H. , Ozgoli H. A. , Esmailie F. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractIn the provided research, the design of CHE (Compact Heat Exchanger) is evaluated and discussed from the heat transfer aspect. Benefiting from present equations and considering the objective concepts, the procedural chart is proposed for achieving optimal design. The main goal of this research study is implementing a new algorithm for optimization to modify a conventional design of CHE. Nonlinear gradient mathematical modeling with different scenarios on free or related variables is developed to cover the purpose of maximizing total heat transfer capacity. By mathematical programming analysis, a model has been provided for optimal design and developed in the GAMS (Generalized Algebraic Modelling System) software. Also for further model test rig development purpose, the proposed model has been incorporated in Matlab software using independent variants and the accuracy of the responses was again evaluated. The comparison indicated 109W/K difference in the exchanged thermal energy rate compared to the optimal exchanger operation conditions. After introducing case study to this model, an acceptable response with 0.997W/K difference on optimal point was achieved. Solving the model indicated 0.833W/K difference with the optimal point, which confirms the resulted technical responses.
Continuum Damage Approach for Fatigue Life Prediction of Viscoplastic Solder Joints
Authors: Benabou L. , Sun Z. , Pougnet P. , Dahoo P. R. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractThe accurate and effective prediction of the failure for an inelastic structure, such as a solder joint in an electronic chip packaging, remains a current issue. Subjected to sub-critical cyclic loading, the solder can undergo fatigue cracks, leading to the failure of the whole system after a certain number of power cycles. In this paper, a model for describing the viscoplastic behavior of the solder material under power cycling is implemented in the finite element code Abaqus and a continuum damage procedure is used for lifetime prediction. Damage initiation criterion and damage evolution law, based both on the inelastic strain energy per stabilized cycle as proposed by Darveaux, are used in conjunction with the direct cyclic procedure available in Abaqus. This latter technique allows reducing the considerable computation time needed to obtain the stabilized states during the repetitive loading cycles.
Influences of Diaphragm Materials on the Performance of a Microspeaker
Authors: Wang C.-N. , Chang J.-R. , Chang W.-C. 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of a diaphragm material on the performance of a microspeaker. The finite element method was adopted to analyze the mode shapes and the displacement of the diaphragm under a force load. The Rayleigh integral was then calculated to determine the radiated sound pressure and frequency response of a loudspeaker. The location of the voice coil was also investigated. Locating the voice coil at approximately 53% to 76% of coil-radius/diaphragm-radius ratio yielded a favorable mode shape distribution and performance for the loudspeaker. In addition, two loudspeaker designs, Models A and B, were analyzed to determine the effects of the diaphragm material. The numerical results of Models A and B, indicated that the mode shape is a crucial factor when considering the materials used in a loudspeaker diaphragm. The property of a material at the inflection point of a mode shape obviously affects the modal frequency. According to this observation, the most crucial first and second axial symmetric modes in a loudspeaker design can be adjusted and the performance can be improved.
An Assesment of the Impacted Composite Single-Lap Adhesive Joints
Authors: Çallioğlu H. , Ergun E. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractThe aim of this experimental study is to investigate impact behaviors of the
composite single-lap adhesive joints. The increasing impact energies, which are
ranged from approximately 5 J to 30 J, are performed at the center of the
composite plates having three different overlap lengths. It is shown that the
overlap lengths and impact energy levels affect considerably the impact
responses of the composite single lap joints. It is also shown that the bending
stiffness of the composite increases by increase in the overlap length. An
energy profiling method (EPM) is used to identify the penetration and
perforation thresholds of composite lap joints. The damaged composite plates are
visually inspected.
Ideas and Welfare Reform in Saskatchewan: Entitlement, Workfare or Activation?
Authors: Daigneault Pierre-Marc 
Published: April 2015

AbstractMany provinces have enacted substantial reforms of their social assistance regime in the 1990s. However, we know surprisingly little about the ideas that underlie welfare reform in Canada. In particular, few empirical studies have directly examined the ideas of policy actors. This article presents a retrospective case study of a major policy initiative, namely Saskatchewan'sBuilding Independence(BI), and examines its alignment with three paradigms of social assistance. Data come primarily from interviews with policy actors. This study concludes that the policy ideas informing BI align closely with the activation paradigm but also share some similarities with the entitlement and workfare paradigms. The significance of this finding is then discussed in light of three issues: 1) Aboriginal people, 2) the perspective of social assistance clients, and 3) “Third Way” ideology. This article concludes with a research agenda on ideas and policy change.
Finiteness Properties of Some Groups of Local Similarities
Authors: Farley Daniel S. , Hughes Bruce 
Published: April 2015

AbstractHughes has defined a class of groups that we call finite similarity structure (FSS) groups. Each FSS group acts on a compact ultrametric space by local similarities. The best-known example is Thompson’s group V. Guided by previous work on Thompson’s group, we show that many FSS groups are of type F∞. This generalizes work of Ken Brown from the 1980s.
The other Victorians: age, sickness and poverty in 19th-century Ireland
Authors: GILLEARD CHRIS 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACTDrawing primarily upon data from the various censuses conducted in Ireland after the Act of Union in 1800, this paper seeks to elucidate the changing position of older people in Ireland during the Victorian period. Following the Great Famine of 1845–1849, it is argued, Ireland was transformed from a young, growing country to one that, by the end of the 19th century, had become ‘prematurely’ old. By the end of Victoria's reign, not only had Ireland grown ‘old’, but its older population were more likely to be identified as paupers. Later-life expectancy decreased and sickness and infirmity among the over-60 s increased. By employing a stricter form of ‘less eligibility’ in the drafting and implementation of the Irish Poor Law, proportionately more older people received indoor relief than outdoor relief compared with the rest of the British Isles. Not until the Old Age Pensions Act in 1908 did these disparities begin to change, by which time many of these ‘other’ Victorians had passed away.
Volume ignition via time-like detonation in pellet fusion
Authors: Csernai L.P. , Strottman D.D. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractRelativistic fluid dynamics and the theory of relativistic detonation fronts are used to estimate the space–time dynamics of the burning of the Deuterium–Tritium fuel in laser-driven pellet fusion experiments. The initial “High foot” heating of the fuel makes the compressed target transparent to radiation, and then a rapid ignition pulse can penetrate and heat up the whole target to supercritical temperatures in a short time, so that most of the interior of the target ignites almost simultaneously and instabilities will have no time to develop. In these relativistic, radiation-dominated processes both the interior, time-like burning front, and the surrounding space-like part of the front will be stable against Rayleigh–Taylor instabilities. To achieve this rapid, volume ignition the pulse heating up the target to supercritical temperature should provide the required energy in less than 10 ps.
Epidemiology ofClostridium difficileinfection: results of a hospital-based study in Krakow, Poland
Authors: CZEPIEL J. , KĘDZIERSKA J. , BIESIADA G. , BIRCZYŃSKA M. , PERUCKI W. , NOWAK P. , GARLICKI A. 
Published: April 2015

SUMMARYOver the past two decadesClostridium difficileinfection (CDI) has appeared as a major public health threat. We performed a retrospective study based on the records of patients hospitalized for CDI at the University Hospital in Krakow, Poland, between 2008 and 2014. In the study period, CDI occurred in 1009 individuals. There were 790 (78%) individuals who developed infection only once, whereas 219 (22%) developed infection more than once. The percentage of deaths within 14 days of CDI confirmation was 2·4%, with a mean age of 74·2 ± 15·9 years. Crude mortality was 12·9% in medical wards, 5·6% for surgical wards and 27·7% in the ICU setting. The time span between diagnosis and death was 5·1 days on average. Between 2008 and 2012 a 6·5-fold increase of CDI frequency with a posterior stabilization and even reduction in 2013 and 2014 was observed. According to the data analysed, 2/3 patients in our population developed CDI during their hospitalization even though they were admitted for different reasons. Medical wards pose a significantly higher risk of CDI than the surgical ones. Age is a risk factor for CDI recurrence. In the case of patients who died, death occurred shortly after diagnosis. The first CDI episode poses much higher risk of mortality than the consecutive ones.
Connection between dynamically derived IMF normalisation and stellar populations
Authors: McDermid Richard M. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractIn this contributed talk I present recent results on the connection between stellar population properties and the normalisation of the stellar initial mass function (IMF) measured using stellar dynamics, based on a large sample of 260 early-type galaxies observed as part of the ATLAS3D project. This measure of the IMF normalisation is found to vary non-uniformly with age- and metallicity-sensitive absorption line strengths. Applying single stellar population models, there are weak but measurable trends of the IMF with age and abundance ratio. Accounting for the dependence of stellar population parameters on velocity dispersion effectively removes these trends, but subsequently introduces a trend with metallicity, such that ‘heavy’ IMFs favour lower metallicities. The correlations are weaker than those found from previous studies directly detecting low-mass stars, suggesting some degree of tension between the different approaches of measuring the IMF. Resolving these discrepancies will be the focus of future work.
Commentary to Adam Oliver’s 'Incentivising improvements in health care delivery'
Authors: Vrangbaek Karsten 
Published: April 2015

AbstractThe commentary discusses key issues for assessment of performance management within health care. It supports the ambition to develop more realistic understandings of performance management based on insights from behavioral economics as suggested by Adam Oliver. However, it also points to several pitfalls and potential risks to consider when doing so. The commentary concludes that this is a promising field, but further research is needed to support the development of policy instruments.