bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Double labelling of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells withGd‐DTPAandPKH26 and the influence on biological characteristics of hUCMSCs
Authors: Shuai Hanlin , Shi Changzheng , Lan Jifa , Chen Danliang , Luo Xin 
Published: February 2015

SummaryThe aim of this study was to determine whether double labelling of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (hUCMSCs) with gadolinium‐diethylene triamine penta‐acetic acid (Gd‐DTPA) andPKH26 influences their biological characteristics. A tissue adherence technique was used to separate and purify the hUCMSCs and flow cytometry was performed to detect the surface markers expressed on them.Gd‐DTPAandPKH26 were used to label the stem cells andMRIand fluorescence microscopy were used to detect the double‐labelled hUCMSCs. AMTTassay was used to delineate the growth curve. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and atomic force microscopy were used to demonstrate the ultrastructural features of the hUCMSCs. Flow cytometry showed that hUCMSCs highly expressedCD29,CD90,CD44 andCD105. No expression ofCD31,CD34 andCD45 was detected. Very low expression ofHLA‐DRandCD40 was detected. Atomic force microscopy showed these cells were long, spindle shaped, and the cytoplasm and nucleus had clear boundaries. After double labelling,TEMshowedGd particles aggregated in the cytoplasm in a cluster pattern. The proliferation activity, cell cycle, apoptosis and differentiation of the stem cells were not influenced by double labelling. Thus a tissue adherence technique is helpful to separate and purify hUCMSCs effectively; andGd‐DTPAandPKH26 are promising tracers in the investigation of migration and distribution of hUCMSCsin vivo.
Evaluation of CO2 absorption and desorption rate in oysters (Cassostrea gigas) using the soluble gas stabilisation method
Authors: Santos Soares Lenilton , Tosati Juliano Vinicius , de Lima Marieli , Lerin Lindomar Alberto , Monteiro Alcilene Rodrigues 
Published: February 2015

SummarySoluble gas stabilisation (SGS) is a recently proposed method to extend the shelf life of food. However, no studies have determined the amount of carbon dioxide absorbed in food and particularly in oysters. Thus, the aim of this study was to determine CO2 absorption and desorption rates in oysters during the solubilisation process. Cooked oysters were placed in the apparatus's chamber, CO2 was injected into the chamber, and the SGS process started at different pressures, temperatures and gas/product (g/p) ratios. CO2 absorption and desorption rates were obtained from data of CO2 concentration in the chamber headspace and calculated by mathematical models. The results showed higher absorption rates under higher pressure, higher g/p ratio and lower temperature (0 °C). The concentration of CO2 dissolved in the oysters was 21008.45 mg CO2 kg product−1. On the other hand, lower desorption rates occurred for the lowest pressure (200 kPa) and lowest gas/product ratio (1:1). For CO2 desorption from oysters, it was observed that 10 min was enough to desorb a large amount of CO2 under normal atmosphere.
Effect of enzymatic debridement with two different collagenases versus mechanical debridement on chronic hard‐to‐heal wounds
Authors: Onesti Maria Giuseppina , Fioramonti Paolo , Fino Pasquale , Sorvillo Valentina , Carella Sara , Scuderi Nicolò 
Published: February 2015

AbstractA chronic ulcer is usually defined as an injury that does not spontaneously evolve towards healing and does not progress through normal healing stages such as inflammation, proliferation and remodelling. This study was designed in order to compare two types of collagenases with mechanical debridement alone. It was thus possible to evaluate their differences in terms of pain and debridement efficacy. Patients were divided into three groups: 30 patients were daily dressed using an ointment based on collagenase produced by Vibrio alginolyticus (B group), 30 patients were daily dressed using an ointment based on a collagenase preparation derived from Clostridium histolyticum (N group) and 30 patients underwent classical mechanical debridement (M group). Complete wound healing over a period of 8 weeks occurred in 24 patients (27%) out of 90;10 patients belonging to the B group, 8 patients to the N group and 6 patients to the M group. This study was performed in order to highlight the differences between two commercially available collagenase‐based ointments in comparison with mechanical debridement alone. At the final time point of week, the difference in the percentage of debridement was not statistically significant in all groups, but at 4 weeks, the debrided area in the B group was larger with respect to the N and M groups, suggesting a more rapid wound bed cleansing process. On the basis of our experience, collagenase derived from V. alginolyticus with hyaluronic acid showed chemical and physical properties that make it a product of great manageability and ensure the protection of peri‐wound skin. Moreover, less pain was experienced by the patients.
L'inspection du travail en Chine: vers un modèle anglo‐saxon hybride
Authors: ZHUANG Wenjia , NGOK Kinglun 
Published: February 2015

RésuméSi le contenu de la législation du travail chinoise est en expansion, sa mise en application reste en retard. Depuis les années 1980, l'inspection du travail évolue en direction du modèle anglo‐saxon, caractérisé par la fragmentation des services et des interventions réactives, sélectives et non coercitives. Ce modèle hybride provient de la greffe de réformes néolibérales sur le régime autoritaire hérité du léninisme. Pour faire respecter la loi de façon plus efficace, il faudrait intégrer coopération tripartite et dialogue social au processus de mise en application des normes et y impliquer une main‐d'œuvre organisée de façon indépendante.
Accidents du travail et maladies professionnelles en Chine: injustices, conflits et troubles sociaux
Authors: ZHU Ying , CHEN Peter Y. , ZHAO Wei 
Published: February 2015

RésuméLa proportion d'accidents du travail et de maladies professionnelles est nettement plus élevée en Chine que dans les autres pays développés, avec pour conséquence une montée des conflits et des troubles qui perturbent la stabilité et l'harmonie sociales. Pour étudier la façon dont les parties prenantes abordent les questions de sécurité et santé au travail, les auteurs ont interrogé des travailleurs victimes de tels accidents ou maladies sur les pratiques et les risques en matière de sécurité au travail, la façon dont les victimes ont été traitées, ou pas, et le système d'indemnisation. Ils présentent également un certain nombre de recommandations.
Pénurie de main‐d'œuvre et défaut de droits sociaux des travailleurs migrants en Chine
Authors: WANG Zhikai 
Published: February 2015

RésuméDepuis 2004, l'exode rural massif que connaissait la Chine s'est ralenti, provoquant une pénurie de main‐d'œuvre dans la région côtière. Ce phénomène est en partie dû au fait que les travailleurs migrants internes ne bénéficient guère de la sécurité sociale. De fait, plutôt qu'une pénurie, il existe un énorme surplus de main‐d'œuvre rurale. Si l'on améliorait le régime des droits sociaux et de la sécurité sociale applicable aux travailleurs migrants, la pénurie apparente de main‐d'œuvre serait moindre, ce qui résoudrait les problèmes d'emploi des entreprises, stimulerait la productivité et alimenterait la croissance économique du pays à long terme.
How Machines Learned to Think Statistically
Authors: Tarran Brian , Ghahramani Zoubin 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
Creating artificial human intelligence has proved more difficult than first imagined. But thanks to statistical ideas and models, our machines are getting smarter. Brian Tarran reports
An existential risk?
Statistics, superintelligence and the fate of humanity
The Automatic Statistician
A Q&A with Zoubin Ghahramani discussing his Google-backed project to create an artificial intelligence for data science
For Want of a Nail: Why Unnecessarily Long Tests may be Impeding the Progress of Western Civilisation
Authors: Wainer Howard , Feinberg Richard 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
The longer the test, the more reliable it is – up to a point. Howard Wainer and Richard Feinberg expose the costs and hours lost in pursuit of marginal gains and worthless subscores
Why unnecessarily long tests may be impeding the progress of Western civilization. By Howard Wainer and Richard Feinberg
The Position of Higher Education Institutions in a Changing European Context: An EU Law Perspective
Authors: Gideon Andrea 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThe article analyses an enigma of EU higher education institution (HEI) policy; while Member States are reluctant to use the ‘Community Method’ to actively shape a supranational legal framework, their national policy choices remain subject to directly effective EU law, following the Court's tendency to let it spill over into any policy field. This unidirectional legal integration can have unintended consequences on HEIs' research and educational strategies, which may ultimately drive the sector towards more commercialisation. The article, first, sets out the conceptual framework. Its main part is then dedicated to analysing the tendency of directly applicable EU law to assert influences on education and research, the main areas of activities of HEIs, which have been largely kept out of the supranational EU hard law framework.
Association between smoking and hand dermatitis – a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Lukács J. , Schliemann S. , Elsner P. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractTobacco smoking is known to influence various inflammatory skin diseases. A systematic review with a meta‐analysis was conducted to analyse a possible association between the lifestyle factor tobacco smoking and hand dermatitis. We performed a systematic review using the MEDLINE, Embase and Cochrane Central Register databases. Our search was limited to English and German language, human‐subject studies published between January 1, 1980 and December 31, 2013. A total of 43 articles were identified from the initial search, and after taking into account exclusion criteria, only three studies remained investigating the risk factors for hand eczema in the general and in high‐risk populations (e.g. bakers, hairdressers, dental technicians). The extracted data were pooled and analysed by standard statistical methods. The studies meeting inclusion criteria consisted of one cohort study and two cross‐sectional studies based on a total of 4.113 subjects with hand dermatitis and 34.875 subjects without hand dermatitis. While one of the studies had reported a significant association between hand dermatitis and smoking, the meta‐analysis did not confirm this finding (OR 0.99; 95% CI 0.88–1.11). However, heterogeneity across studies was high (I2 = 72%). Our meta‐analysis did not show tobacco smoking to be a risk factor for hand dermatitis. However, these results depend mainly on two large studies from one country. From present data, it cannot be excluded that smoking may influence the course of hand dermatitis. Even though smoking does not seem to be associated with hand dermatitis, it may still negatively influence the course of the disease.
Treatment of generalized granuloma annulare – a systematic review
Authors: Lukács J. , Schliemann S. , Elsner P. 
Published: February 2015

SummaryGranuloma annulare (GA) is a benign inflammatory skin disease. Localized GA is likely to resolve spontaneously, while generalized GA (GGA) is rare and may persist for decades. GGA usually is resistant to a variety of therapeutic modalities and takes a chronic course. The objective of this study was to summarize all reported treatments of generalized granuloma annulare. This is a systematic review based on MEDLINE, Embase and Cochrane Central Register search of articles in English and German and a manual search, between 1980 and 2013, to summarize the treatment of generalized granuloma annulare. Most medical literature on treatment of GGA is limited to individual case reports and small series of patients treated without a control group. Randomized controlled clinical studies are missing. Multiple treatment modalities for GGA were reported including topical and systemic steroids, PUVA, isotretinoin, dapsone, pentoxifylline, hydroxychloroquine, cyclosporine, IFN‐γ, potassium iodide, nicotinamide, niacinamide, salicylic acid, dipyridamole, PDT, fumaric acid ester, etanercept, infliximab, adalimumab. While there are numerous case reports of successful treatments in the literature including surgical, medical and phototherapy options, well‐designed, randomized, controlled clinical trials are required for an evidence‐based treatment of GGA.
Varieties of clinical reasoning
Authors: Bolton Jonathan W. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractRationale, aims and objectivesClinical reasoning comprises a variety of different modes of inference. The modes that are practiced will be influenced by the sociological characteristics of the clinical settings and the tasks to be performed by the clinician.MethodsThis article presents C.S. Peirce's typology of modes of inference: deduction, induction and abduction. It describes their differences and their roles as stages in scientific argument. The article applies the typology to reasoning in clinical settings.ResultsThe article describes their differences, and their roles as stages in scientific argument. It then applies the typology to reasoning in typical clinical settings.ConclusionsAbduction is less commonly taught or discussed than induction and deduction. However, it is a common mode of inference in clinical settings, especially when the clinician must try to make sense of a surprising phenomenon. Whether abduction is followed up with deductive and inductive verification is strongly influenced by situational constraints and the cognitive and psychological stamina of the clinician. Recognizing the inevitability of abduction in clinical practice and its value to discovery is important to an accurate understanding of clinical reasoning.
Clinical thinking in psychiatry
Authors: Wells Lloyd A. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractI discuss the lack of precision in the term ‘clinical reasoning’ and its relationship to evidence‐based medicine and critical thinking. I examine critical thinking skills, their underemphasis in medical education and successful attempts to remediate them. Evidence‐based medicine (and evidence‐based psychiatry) offer much but are hampered by the ubiquity and flaws of meta‐analysis. I explore views of evidence‐based medicine among psychiatry residents, as well as capacity for critical thinking in residents before and after a course in philosophy. I discuss decision making by experienced doctors and suggest possible futures of this issue.
Molecular mechanisms of non‐transferrin‐bound and transferring‐bound iron uptake in primary hippocampal neurons
Authors: Ji Changyi , Kosman Daniel J. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThe molecular mechanisms of iron trafficking in neurons have not been elucidated. In this study, we characterized the expression and localization of ferrous iron transporters Zip8, Zip14 and divalent metal transporter 1 (DMT1), and ferrireductases Steap2 and stromal cell‐derived receptor 2 in primary rat hippocampal neurons. Steap2 and Zip8 partially co‐localize, indicating these two proteins may function in Fe3+ reduction prior to Fe2+ permeation. Zip8, DMT1, and Steap2 co‐localize with the transferrin receptor/transferrin complex, suggesting they may be involved in transferrin receptor/transferrin‐mediated iron assimilation. In brain interstitial fluid, transferring‐bound iron (TBI) and non‐transferrin‐bound iron (NTBI) exist as potential iron sources. Primary hippocampal neurons exhibit significant iron uptake from TBI (Transferrin‐59Fe3+) and NTBI, whether presented as 59Fe2+‐citrate or 59Fe3+‐citrate; reductase‐independent 59Fe2+ uptake was the most efficient uptake pathway of the three. Kinetic analysis of Zn2+ inhibition of Fe2+ uptake indicated that DMT1 plays only a minor role in the uptake of NTBI. In contrast, localization and knockdown data indicate that Zip8 makes a major contribution. Data suggest also that cell accumulation of 59Fe from TBI relies at least in part on an endocytosis‐independent pathway. These data suggest that Zip8 and Steap2 play a major role in iron accumulation from NTBI and TBI by hippocampal neurons.
image
Analysis of the expression and localization of known iron uptake transporters demonstrated that Zip8 makes a major contribution to iron accumulation in primary cultures of rat embryonic hippocampal neurons. These cells exhibit uptake pathways for ferrous and ferric iron (non‐transferrin‐bound iron, NTBI in figure) and for transferrin‐bound iron; the ferrireductases Steap2 and SDR2 support the uptake of ferric iron substrates. Zip8 and Steap2 are strongly expressed in the plasma membrane of both soma and processes, implying a crucial role in iron accumulation from NTBI and transferrin‐bound iron (TBI) by hippocampal neurons.
Positive allosteric modulation of alpha‐7 nicotinic receptors promotes cell death by inducing Ca2+ release from the endoplasmic reticulum
Authors: Guerra‐Álvarez María , Moreno‐Ortega Ana J. , Navarro Elisa , Fernández‐Morales José Carlos , Egea Javier , López Manuela G. , Cano‐Abad María F. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractPositive allosteric modulation of α7 isoform of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (α7‐nAChRs) is emerging as a promising therapeutic approach for central nervous system disorders such as schizophrenia or Alzheimer's disease. However, its effect on Ca2+ signaling and cell viability remains controversial. This study focuses on how the type II positive allosteric modulator (PAM II) PNU120596 affects intracellular Ca2+ signaling and cell viability. We used human SH‐SY5Y neuroblastoma cells overexpressing α7‐nAChRs (α7‐SH) and their control (C‐SH). We monitored cytoplasmic and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Ca2+ with Fura‐2 and the genetically encoded cameleon targeting the ER, respectively. Nicotinic inward currents were measured using patch‐clamp techniques. Viability was assessed using methylthiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide or propidium iodide staining. We observed that in the presence of a nicotinic agonist, PNU120596 (i) reduced viability of α7‐SH but not of C‐SH cells; (ii) significantly increased inward nicotinic currents and cytosolic Ca2+ concentration; (iii) released Ca2+ from the ER by a Ca2+‐induced Ca2+ release mechanism only in α7‐SH cells; (iv) was cytotoxic in rat organotypic hippocampal slice cultures; and, lastly, all these effects were prevented by selective blockade of α7‐nAChRs, ryanodine receptors, or IP3 receptors. In conclusion, positive allosteric modulation of α7‐nAChRs with the PAM II PNU120596 can lead to dysregulation of ER Ca2+, overloading of intracellular Ca2+, and neuronal cell death.
image
This study focuses on how the type II positive allosteric modulator PNU120596 (PAM II PNU12) affects intracellular Ca2+ signaling and cell viability. Using SH‐SY5Y neuroblastoma cells overexpressing α7‐nAChRs (α7‐SH) and their control (C‐SH), we find that PAM of α7‐nAChRs with PNU120596: (i) increases inward calcium current (ICa) and cytosolic Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]cyt); (ii) releases Ca2+ from the ER ([Ca2+]ER) by a Ca2+‐induced Ca2+ release mechanism; and (iv) reduces cell viability. These findings were corroborated in rat hippocampal organotypic cultures. [Ca2+]cyt, cytosolic Ca2+ concentration; [Ca2+]ER, endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ concentration; α7 nAChR, α7 isoform of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors; α7‐SH, SH‐SY5Y stably overexpressing α7 nAChRs cells; C‐SH, control SH‐SY5Y cells; Nic, nicotine; PNU12, PNU120596.
Increased expression of receptor for activated C kinase 1 in temporal lobe epilepsy
Authors: Xu Xin , Yang Xiaoyan , Xiong Yan , Gu Juan , He Changlong , Hu Yida , Xiao Fei , Chen Guojun , Wang Xuefeng 
Published: February 2015

AbstractMesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE) is characterized by spontaneous recurrent complex partial seizures. Increased neurogenesis and neuronal plasticity have been reported in animal models of MTLE, but not in detail in human MTLE cases. Here, we showed that receptor for activated C kinase 1 (RACK1) was expressed in the hippocampus and temporal cortex of the MTLE human brain. Interestingly, most of the cells expressing RACK1 in the epileptic temporal cortices co‐expressed both polysialylated neural cell adhesion molecules, the migrating neuroblast marker, and the beta‐tubulin isotype III, an early neuronal marker, suggesting that these cells may be post‐mitotic neurons in the early phase of neuronal development. A subpopulation of RACK1‐positive cells also co‐express neuronal nuclei, a mature neuronal marker, suggesting that epilepsy may promote the generation of new neurons. Moreover, in the epileptic temporal cortices, the co‐expression of both axonal and dendritic markers in the majority of RACK1‐positive cells hints at enhanced neuronal plasticity. The expression of β‐tubulin II (TUBB2B) associated with neuronal migration and positioning, was decreased. This study is the first to successfully identify a single population of cells expressing RACK1 in the human temporal cortex and the brain of the animal model, which can be up‐regulated in epilepsy. Therefore, it is possible that these cells are functionally relevant to the pathophysiology of epilepsy.
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Mesial temporal lobe epilepsy is associated with increased neurogenesis and neuronal plasticity. We demonstrate expression of receptor for activated C kinase 1 (RACK1) and other markers associated with neuronal migration, synaptic plasticity and neurogenesis in the epileptic human and animal brains. The expression of tubulin, beta 2B class IIb (TUBB2B), associated with neuronal migration was decreased. Our findings raise the possibility that RACK1 is functionally relevant in epilepsy pathophysiology.
New forms of old drugs: improving without changing
Authors: Domingos Sofia , André Vânia , Quaresma Sílvia , Martins Inês C B , Minas da Piedade M Fátima , Duarte Maria Teresa 
Published: February 2015

Abstract

Objectives
In a short approach, we want to present the improvements that have recently been done in the world of new solid forms of known active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). The different strategies will be addressed, and successful examples will be given.

Key findings
This overview presents a possible step to overcome the 10–15 years of hard work involved in launching a new drug in the market: the use of new forms of well-known APIs, and improve their efficiency by enhancing their bioavailability and pharmacokinetics. It discusses some of the latest progresses.

Summary
We want to present, in a brief overview, what recently has been done to improve the discovery of innovative methods of using well-known APIs, and improve their efficiency. Multicomponent crystal forms have shown to be the most promising achievements to accomplish these aims, by altering API physico-chemical properties, such as solubility, thermal stability, shelf life, dissolution rate and compressibility. API-ionic liquids (ILs) and their advantages will be briefly referred. An outline of what has recently been achieved in metal drug coordination and in drug storage and delivery using bio-inspired metal-organic frameworks (BioMOFs) will also be addressed.