bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The proliferation of functions: Multiple systems playing multiple roles in multiple supersystems
Authors: Crilly Nathan 
Published: August 2014

AbstractWhen considering a system that performs a role, it is often stated that performing that role is afunctionof the system. The general form of such statements is that “the function ofSisR,” whereSis the functioning system andRis the functional role it plays. However, such statements do not represent how that single function was selected from many possible alternatives. This article renders those alternatives explicit by revealing the other possible function statements that might be made when eitherSorRis being considered. In particular, two forms of selection are emphasized. First, when we say “the function ofSisR,” there are typically many systems other thanSthat are required to be in operation for that role to be fulfilled. The functioning system,S, does not perform the role,R, all by itself, and those systems that supportSin performing that role might also have been considered as functioning. Second, when we say, “the function ofSisR,” there are typically many other roles thatSplays apart fromR, and those other roles might also have been considered functional. When we make function assignments, we select both the functioning system,S, and the functional role,R, from a range of alternatives. To emphasize these alternatives, this article develops a diagrammatic representation of multiple systems playing multiple roles in multiple supersystems.
Echocardiographic factors discriminating biventricular versus univentricular approach in the foetus with borderline left ventricle
Authors: Jantzen David W. , Gelehrter Sarah K. , Yu Sunkyung , Donohue Janet E. , Fifer Carlen G. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractBackground: The term “borderline left ventricle” describes a small left heart that may be inadequate to provide systemic cardiac output and implies the potential need for a single-ventricle palliation. The aim of this study was to identify foetal echocardiographic features that help discriminate which infants will undergo single-ventricle palliation versus biventricular repair to aid in prenatal counselling. Methods: The foetal database at our institution was searched to identify all foetuses with borderline left ventricle, as determined subjectively by a foetal cardiologist, from 2000 to 2011. The foetal images were retrospectively analysed for morphologic and physiologic features to determine which best predicted the postnatal surgical choice. Results: Of 39 foetuses identified with borderline left ventricle, 15 were planned for a univentricular approach, and 24 were planned for a biventricular approach. There were significant differences between the two outcome groups in the Z-scores of the mitral valve annulus, left ventricular end-diastolic dimension, aortic valve annulus, and ascending aorta diameter (p<0.05). With respect to discriminating univentricular outcomes, cut-offs of mitral valve Z-score ⩽−1.9 and tricuspid:mitral valve ratio ⩾1.5 were extremely sensitive (100%), whereas a right:left ventricular end-diastolic dimension ratio ⩾2.1 provided the highest specificity (95.8%). Conclusion: In foetuses with borderline left ventricle, a mitral valve Z-score ⩾−1.9 or a tricuspid:mitral valve ratio ⩽1.5 suggests a high probability of biventricular repair, whereas a right:left ventricular end-diastolic dimension ratio ⩾2.1 confers a likelihood of single-ventricle palliation.
Retrospective Non-Uniform Illumination Correction Techniques in Images of Tuberculosis
Authors: Priya Ebenezer , Srinivasan Subramanian , Ramakrishnan Swaminathan 
Published: August 2014

AbstractImage pre-processing is highly significant in automated analysis of microscopy images. In this work, non-uniform illumination correction has been attempted using the surface fitting method (SFM), multiple regression method (MRM), and bidirectional empirical mode decomposition (BEMD) in digital microscopy images of tuberculosis (TB). The sputum smear positive and negative images recorded under a standard image acquisition protocol were subjected to illumination correction techniques and evaluated by error and statistical measures. Results show that SFM performs more efficiently than MRM or BEMD. The SFM produced sharp images of TB bacilli with better contrast. To further validate the results, multifractal analysis was performed that showed distinct variation before and after implementation of illumination correction by SFM. Results demonstrate that after illumination correction, there is a 26% increase in the number of bacilli, which aids in classification of the TB images into positive and negative, as TB positivity depends on the count of bacilli.
The impact of Universal Health Coverage on health care consumption and risky behaviours: evidence from Thailand
Authors: Ghislandi Simone , Manachotphong Wanwiphang , Perego Viviana M.E. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThailand is among the first non-OECD countries to have introduced a form of Universal Health Coverage (UHC). This policy represents a natural experiment to evaluate the effects of public health insurance on health behaviours. In this paper, we examine the impact of Thailand’s UHC programme on preventive activities, unhealthy or risky behaviours and health care consumption using data from the Thai Health and Welfare Survey. We use doubly robust estimators that combine propensity scores and linear regressions to estimate differences-in-differences (DD) and differences-in-DD models. Our results offer important insights. First, UHC increases individuals’ likelihood of having an annual check-up, especially among women. Regarding health care consumption, we observe that UHC increases hospital admissions by over 2% and increases outpatient visits by 13%. However, there is no evidence that UHC leads to an increase in unhealthy behaviours or a reduction of preventive efforts. In other words, we find no evidence ofex antemoral hazard. Overall, these findings suggest positive health impacts among the Thai population covered by UHC.
Fair and unfair punishers coexist in the Ultimatum Game
Authors: Brañas-Garza Pablo , Espín Antonio M. , Exadaktylos Filippos , Herrmann Benedikt 
Published: August 2014

AbstractIn the Ultimatum Game, a proposer suggests how to split a sum of money with a responder. If the responder rejects the proposal, both players get nothing. Rejection of unfair offers is regarded as a form of punishment implemented by fair-minded individuals, who are willing to impose the cooperation norm at a personal cost. However, recent research using other experimental frameworks has observed non-negligible levels of antisocial punishment by competitive, spiteful individuals, which can eventually undermine cooperation. Using two large-scale experiments, this note explores the nature of Ultimatum Game punishers by analyzing their behavior in a Dictator Game. In both studies, the coexistence of two entirely different sub-populations is confirmed: prosocial punishers on the one hand, who behave fairly as dictators and spiteful (antisocial) punishers on the other, who are totally unfair. The finding has important implications regarding the evolution of cooperation and the behavioral underpinnings of stable social systems.
The newt reprograms mature RPE cells into a unique multipotent state for retinal regeneration
Authors: Islam Md. Rafiqul , Nakamura Kenta , Casco-Robles Martin Miguel , Kunahong Ailidana , Inami Wataru , Toyama Fubito , Maruo Fumiaki , Chiba Chikafumi 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThe reprogramming of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells in the adult newt immediately after retinal injury is an area of active research for the study of retinal disorders and regeneration. We demonstrate here that unlike embryonic/larval retinal regeneration, adult newt RPE cells are not directly reprogrammed into retinal stem/progenitor cells; instead, they are programmed into a unique state of multipotency that is similar to the early optic vesicle (embryo) but preserves certain adult characteristics. These cells then differentiate into two populations from which the prospective-neural retina and -RPE layers are formed with the correct polarity. Furthermore, our findings provide insight into the similarity between these unique multipotent cells in newts and those implicated in retinal disorders, such as proliferative vitreoretinopathy, in humans. These findings provide a foundation for biomedical approaches that aim to induce retinal self-regeneration for the treatment of RPE-mediated retinal disorders.
Tip-link protein protocadherin 15 interacts with transmembrane channel-like proteins TMC1 and TMC2
Authors: Maeda Reo , Kindt Katie S. , Mo Weike , Morgan Clive P. , Erickson Timothy , Zhao Hongyu , Clemens-Grisham Rachel , Barr-Gillespie Peter G. , Nicolson Teresa 
Published: August 2014

Significance
Our understanding of the molecular basis of our sense of hearing and balance has improved significantly, although some of the key players in sensory hair cells have yet to be identified. Sensory hair cells depend on extracellular filaments known as tip links to transduce mechanical stimuli into electrical signals. We demonstrate that the tip link protein PCDH15 interacts with two integral member proteins, TMC1 and TMC2, which have recently been put forth as candidates for the mechanotransduction channel.
Engineered kinase activation reveals unique morphodynamic phenotypes and associated trafficking for Src family isoforms
Authors: Chu Pei-Hsuan , Tsygankov Denis , Berginski Matthew E. , Dagliyan Onur , Gomez Shawn M. , Elston Timothy C. , Karginov Andrei V. , Hahn Klaus M. 
Published: August 2014

Significance
Src family kinases (SFKs), critical in many aspects of homeostasis and disease, occur as multiple isoforms. It has been difficult to dissect the unique function of each isoform because their structures are so similar. Here we specifically activated each SFK isoform through insertion of an engineered domain. The domain caused the kinases to be catalytically inactive until they were reactivated by the small molecule rapamycin. Computational methods for quantifying dynamic changes in cell shape revealed that activation of each isoform produced dramatically different cell behaviors. Quantitative analysis showed that these behaviors correlated with specific patterns of subcellular trafficking, and depended on isoform acylation.
Immature truncated O-glycophenotype of cancer directly induces oncogenic features
Authors: Radhakrishnan Prakash , Dabelsteen Sally , Madsen Frey Brus , Francavilla Chiara , Kopp Katharina L. , Steentoft Catharina , Vakhrushev Sergey Y. , Olsen Jesper V. , Hansen Lars , Bennett Eric P. , Woetmann Anders , Yin Guangliang , Chen Longyun , Song Haiyan , Bak Mads , Hlady Ryan A. , Peters Staci L. , Opavsky Rene , Thode Christenze , Qvortrup Klaus , Schjoldager Katrine T.-B. G. , Clausen Henrik , Hollingsworth Michael A. , Wandall Hans H. 
Published: August 2014

SignificanceCancer cells characteristically express proteins with immature O-glycosylation, but how and why cancer cells express immature O-glycans has remained poorly understood. Here, we report that one prevalent mechanism in pancreatic cancer is epigenetic silencing, rather than somatic mutations in a key chaperone, core 1 β3-Gal-T-specific molecular chaperone (COSMC), required for mature elongated O-glycosylation. We also demonstrate, with the use of well-defined cell systems generated by precise gene editing, that the aberrant O-glycophenotype by itself induces oncogenic features with enhanced growth and invasion. Our study suggests that the characteristic aberrant O-glycophenotype is critical for the development and behavior of cancer and further provides support for immunotherapeutic strategies that target aberrant O-glycans.
The human dynamic clamp as a paradigm for social interaction
Authors: Dumas Guillaume , de Guzman Gonzalo C. , Tognoli Emmanuelle , Kelso J. A. Scott 
Published: August 2014

Significance
The human dynamic clamp (HDC) is proposed as a general paradigm for studies of elementary forms of social behavior in complex biological systems. HDC enables parametric control of real-time bidirectional interaction between humans and empirically grounded theoretical models of coordination dynamics. It thus provides necessary experimental access for laboratory investigations, while preserving the reciprocity and open boundary conditions inherent in daily life social interactions. As proof of concept, different implementations are illustrated, ranging from coordination of rhythmic and discrete movements to adaptive and directed behaviors. The HDC may be a powerful tool for blending theory and experiment at different levels of description, from neuronal populations to cognition and social behavior.
Nicotinic and muscarinic agonists and acetylcholinesterase inhibitors stimulate a common pathway to enhance GluN2B-NMDAR responses
Authors: Ishibashi Masaru , Yamazaki Yoshihiko , Miledi Ricardo , Sumikawa Katumi 
Published: August 2014

Significance
The cellular mechanisms by which nicotinic and muscarinic cholinergic systems facilitate learning and memory largely remain to be elucidated. This study identified a common signaling pathway stimulated by cognitive-enhancing drugs targeted to nicotinic and m1 muscarinic receptors and acetylcholinesterase. Stimulation of this signaling pathway induces significant increases in glutamate receptor, ionotropic, N-methyl D-aspartate 2B (GluN2B)-containing NMDA receptor (NMDAR)-mediated responses at Schaffer collateral synapses in the hippocampal CA1 region, the most widely studied synapses for a cellular correlate of hippocampus-dependent memory. Because the GluN2B-containing NMDAR is a critical component for long-term potentiation and learning and memory, the identified signaling pathway is most likely involved in the cholinergic control of learning and memory. Thus, targeting components of the pathway may be effective treatment for memory impairment.
Global agriculture and carbon trade-offs
Authors: Johnson Justin Andrew , Runge Carlisle Ford , Senauer Benjamin , Foley Jonathan , Polasky Stephen 
Published: August 2014

Significance
We assess how to meet growing demand for agricultural production to minimize impact on the environment. Higher levels of population and affluence may require expanding land in agriculture by converting grasslands and forests to cropland. Such conversions often reduce valuable ecosystem services. Our research identifies where are the best places to expand agricultural production that minimize the loss of one ecosystem service, carbon storage. We show that selectively choosing where to expand agriculture saves over $1 trillion (2012 US dollars) worth of carbon storage relative to a proportional expansion.
Nucleoprotein architectures regulating the directionality of viral integration and excision
Authors: Seah Nicole E. , Warren David , Tong Wenjun , Laxmikanthan Gurunathan , Van Duyne Gregory D. , Landy Arthur 
Published: August 2014

Significance
Despite a vast array of genetic, biochemical, and structural data, there have not been any panoptic investigations designed to generate structural models for the large complexes responsible for λ Integrase protein (Int)-dependent site-specific recombination. Such ambitions, however, have been recently enabled by our maps of the bridges formed by heterobivalent Int protomers as they bind to core- and arm-type DNA sites in each recombinogenic complex. Using in-gel FRET on trapped Holliday junction recombination intermediates and in silico modeling, we characterize and differentiate the 400-kDa recombination intermediates formed during λ integrative and excisive recombination. The architectural models are robust; they explain how integrative and excisive site-specific recombination are regulated, and they gratifyingly account for key aspects of both pathways.
The role of economic models in forest management.
Authors: Hanewinkel M. 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
The review presents an overview of the role of economic models in forest management. After a brief introduction on the use of economic models, the basic Faustmann model and its major applications and extensions are presented. The use of the Faustmann model in timber management is demonstrated using the determination of the rotation time for even-aged forests, the management of uneven-aged forests and the conversion and/or transformation from pure/even-aged, to mixed/uneven-aged forests as examples. The integration of risk into classical economic models is then described. The review highlights how risk in economic models can be expressed either by adding a risk premium to the discount rate or by the application of Monte Carlo simulation techniques. Special attention is being paid to the introduction of the portfolio theory into forest economic models. Stochastic dynamic programming is briefly introduced as well as the integration of the attitude towards risk. The review then gives an overview on principal methods of valuating non-timber forest products. The main direct and indirect methods such as contingent valuation and travel cost are then discussed. The valuation of forest products such as carbon or biodiversity is presented in more detail together with optimization approaches. The review ends with an outlook on an alternative to the standard discounted cash flow used in forest investment analysis: the application of the real options theory and a brief introduction into the application of transaction costs to forestry and the ideas of New Institutional Economics and its application to forestry.
Viral haemorrhagic septicaemia (VHS): detection, distribution and combat.
Authors: Wahli T. , Bergmann S. M. 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
Viral haemorrhagic septicaemia (VHS) is considered to be one of the most economically important viral fish diseases. This review aims to summarize knowledge on the present distribution of VHS, advances in development of diagnostic methods and implications for resulting interventions against the disease. The disease was originally found as a problem in rainbow trout in European freshwater fish farms. However, the first detection of VHS virus (VHSV) in various marine species in the 1980s and 1990s initiated intensive investigation that have demonstrated the presence of the causative rhabdovirus in a broad range of marine and freshwater species of the Northern Hemisphere including the Atlantic and Pacific Coast of North America and the marine waters around Japan and South Korea. Recent mass mortalities in the Great Lake System of North America have also been attributed to VHSV. The number of known affected and susceptible fish species is steadily growing. At least three serotypes of the virus could be differentiated, which, however, do not allow discrimination between marine and freshwater isolates. Development of molecular methods allowed analysis of sequences of viral genes, particularly of the N, G and NV genes. These analyses revealed four major genotypes, which are divided into different sublineages. The genotypes appear to be more related to geographical than to species origin. The wide distribution of the virus, particularly in wild marine fish populations, requires new methods for the identification of genotypes, especially molecular tools and the investigation of the virulence of the different genotypes to potential aquacultural hosts in marine and freshwater. Further, it raises questions concerning actions to be taken against the disease and success of the initiated actions, particularly in the light of an apparently high adaptability of the virus to new environmental conditions and changes in virulence for certain fish species. These characteristics of the virus mean that taking different actions according to genotype is at least a questionable approach.
Cultivation of medicinal and aromatic plants in saline environments.
Authors: Dagar J. C. , Minhas P. S. , Mukesh Kumar Mukesh Kumar 
Published: August 2014

Abstract

In the last few decades there has been probably more interest in drugs obtained from plant sources than at any time in history because of success with antibiotics, and other plant drugs showing encouraging results in controlling serious diseases such as cancerous tumours and acting as stimulants and contraceptives, controlling cardiac arrests, and in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and several other ailments. With an increase in population and decrease in per capita available arable land (particularly in developing countries), it has become very difficult to find fertile land for cultivation of medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs). The results reported in this review clearly indicate that cultivation of MAPs on degraded lands through biosaline agriculture is feasible and profitable. Experiments have been conducted in arid regions of the Indian subcontinent growing various MAPs on salt-affected lands and irrigating them judiciously with saline water. Several medicinal species (such as
Plantago ovata
,
Aloe vera
,
Catharanthus roseus
,
Cassia angustifolia
,
Withania somnifera
,
Asparagus racemosus
,
Emblica officinalis
,
Terminalia arjuna
,
Azadirachta indica
,
Lepidium latifolium
, etc.) and aromatic species (such as
Cymbopogon flexuosus
,
Cymbopogon martinii
,
Vetiveria zizanioides
,
Matricaria chamomilla
,
Mentha arvensis
,
Pandanus odoratissimus
, etc.) can successfully be cultivated on moderate alkaline/saline soils using saline irrigation, showing their potential. There are plenty of salt-tolerant species found in nature that can easily be domesticated to improve economic gains. Attempts should be made to educate the farming community about the practicalities of growing these plants and to create market avenues for procurement of these products. Scientists must develop more salt-tolerant and productive cultivars. These will not only provide better economic returns but also help in ameliorating the saline environment.
Hydrogen sulphide and signalling in plants.
Authors: Hancock J. T. , Lisjak M. , Teklic T. , Wilson I. D. , Whiteman M. 
Published: August 2014

Abstract

Several relatively reactive compounds exist that are considered to play major roles in plant cell signalling. These include reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as hydrogen peroxide and nitric oxide (NO). Until recently, hydrogen sulphide (H
2
S) has commonly been thought of as a phytotoxin, but a growing body of evidence now points to the fact that H
2
S may also have a signalling role and that it should be ranked as an important signal alongside NO and ROS. At high concentrations, H
2
S will inhibit enzymes such as cytochrome oxidase. However, at lower concentrations, it may act in a more positive manner. A renewed interest in the role of H
2
S in biological systems has been evidenced in the results of research investigating cell signalling in both animals and plants. The growth and development of plants may be affected, for example, during the promotion of adventitious root formation. Stomatal closure has also been shown to be altered by H
2
S and it has been reported to be involved in the tolerance of plants to metals such as aluminium and copper. The treatment of plant cells with H
2
S affects cysteine and glutathione metabolism and there is a growing body of evidence to suggest that the presence of H
2
S may impact on oxidative stress metabolism and NO signalling. New H
2
S donor molecules are appearing in the literature, such as GYY4137, and with such new tools the true extent of the role of H
2
S in the control of plant signalling will no doubt be unravelled in the future.