bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Database of Oil Industry Deepwater Current Measurements
Authors: Magnell B.A. , Ivanov L.I. , Szabo D. , Andrews J.B. , Morrison A.T. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
The paper describes the structure, contents, and data access tools of the database of deepwater current measurements in the Gulf of Mexico developed by Woods Hole Group, Inc. for DeepStar® Deepwater Technology Development Project. Since 2005 the US oil industry has collectively spent tens of millions of dollars to collect ocean current data in the Gulf of Mexico, in accordance with a Government requirement (Notice to Lessees). Twenty-minute ADCP ensemble averages, mainly from rig- or platform-mounted 38kHz ADCPs measuring down to 1000m, are transmitted in real time to the National Data Buoy Center (NDBC). This has resulted in the creation of a massive, multi-year archive of current data in deep areas of the Gulf of Mexico. A DeepStar Project focused on the development of a database of these data.
At present, the database includes 546 quality inspected and edited ADCP current records of BOEM NTL current data, a total of 151.5 instrument-years of ADCP measurements, with associated detailed and accurate (verified) metadata, where each record corresponds to a single, fixed measurement location, and a consistent ADCP setup. In addition it includes 318 ADCP and single-point current meter records of MMS (now BOEM) Environmental Studies Program data. The database provides access to time series plots of current speed and direction profiles for each record in the database, plots of strong current events, as well as data and graphic access tools designed to assist users in locating specific records and plots of the data. This database is the first collection of quality-controlled and edited current data in a form convenient for analysis by oil industry engineers. It is composed of flat files and associated plot and metadata files, each with descriptive file name. Files may be accessed through proprietary map-based GUI or spreadsheet GUI.
Carbon Nanotube Composite Cables for Ultra-Deepwater Oil and Gas Fields
Authors: Holesinger T. G. , DePaula R. , Rowley John , Sperling K. , Pappas J. M. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
This work summarizes our progress on the development of carbon nanotube (CNT) composite cables for ultra-deepwater oil and gas fields. Near- and long-term intended applications include, for example, more efficient hangar penetrations, sub-sea floor power distribution, and ultra-deepwater dynamic power umbilicals. The project goals are to produce by scalable production methods high-conductivity CNT composite wires that can be wound together to make under sea (and / or in-wellbore) cables. In order to the make practical use of the nanotubes, technologies need to be developed that can deal with or manipulate CNTs in great quantities. For power transmission applications one will need to make dense structures of the CNTs that are aligned simultaneously along the direction of current flow. Also, methodologies that can electrically connect the tubes together in their transverse direction are needed to enable high percolation conductivity though the entire CNT/Metal matrix ensemble. In this work we will summarize our progress towards CNT wire development with descriptions of the wire processing, wire performance, and correlation of performance with structural properties. To date, we have successfully produced wires that display high conductivity values for CNT coatings. Addtionally, these conductors are much lighter compared to pure Cu wires and offer additional advantages for applications needing lightweight materials. Prospects for near and long-term application testing will be discussed.
Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion in Mooring Systems - Field Experience
Authors: Gier Tyler de 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
This paper will compare established theory on Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion (MIC) processes to in-field observations and quantitative measurement, and seek to identify key factors that are involved in the rate of mooring degradation. Early identification is imperative to mitigate risk associated with MIC processes that may cause severe corrosion, such as Sulphate Reducing Bacteria (SRB) corrosion. The first step to identify severe MIC processes is to recognise visual indicators, ideally followed by laboratory testing to confirm. Once the likelihood of adverse MIC is identified, a focussed inspection must be carried out in the locations most likely to be affected. Welaptega's field observations show that variables such as mooring dynamics and water temperature may play key roles.
API RP 2GEN – Establishing Consistency in Design Margins
Authors: Wisch David J 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
The API Series 2 documents cover a wide range of offshore structures. Through evolution and borrowing from different documents, design margins and reliability levels indicate some inconsistency. An API Task Group is developing a strategy providing consistency across the various structures and components covered in the Series 2 Standards. This work will result in a new API standard providing guidance and high level design objectives. This work is parallel to and will feed into the third edition of ISO 19900, the overarching standard for the ISO 19900 Offshore Structures Series.
Areas of discussion will include the background, usage and relative value of the use of a defined air gap, variance between structural factor of safety and mooring factors of safety approaches, the rationale for performance margins that may differ between new and existing facilities, the impact of the slope of the hazard curve and how the slope has created misunderstanding along with other topics critical in the performance of offshore structures.
This paper will detail the results of a comprehensive audit of design practices and conditions in current Series 2 standards and provide a framework for future work providing consistency in margin approach and the logic for assessment of existing facilities relative to that for new facilities. This framework will provide an increased ability for owners and regulators to make conscious choices and have the ability to identify inconsistencies in design targets/margins that can easily occur in today's practice.
A Review of IC Installations: Lessons Learned from Electric-Hydraulic, Hydraulic and All-Electric Systems
Authors: Potiani Maciel , Eduardo Motta 
Published: June 2014

AbstractThe first intelligent completion was achieved in 1997, and since then reliability assurance is regarded as one of the most important themes for market implementation of this technology. Currently, intelligent completion can be found in most global oil and gas production areas, from mature land to ultra-deepwater wells like those in the Pre-Salt region, offshore Brazil. Intelligent completion technology has been applied to improve the return on investment over the life of the field. This is achieved by oil recovery enhancement, consequently increasing net present value (NPV) through selective or comingled production, efficient water or gas sweep, reduced interventions and ultimate reservoir control.Until recently, almost all intelligent completion installations in the world were fitted with remotely actuated hydraulic systems. However, there are other kinds of systems, such as electric-hydraulic and all-electric systems. The world's first all- electric intelligent completion installation was carried out in Brazil in May 2001, in the land well 8-VRG-7D-RN (Petrobras) in Mossoró (Rio Grande do Norte State) for a trial period ending in April 2002. Following this first onshore installation, a subsea deepwater well installation was carried out in August 2003 in the well 8-MLS-67HA-RJS in a water depth of 1180 m in the MarlimSul field, about 100 Km offshore Campos (Campos Basin), Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. The installation is still operational until the present day, almost ten years after its deployment. Consequently, it is difficult to understand why the electrical technology is yet to be widely applied around the world, differently from what has already happened in several other industries, like automotive and aviation.This paper does a brief comparison among hydraulic, electric-hydraulic and all-electric systems, focusing on the advantages of each system. An explanation is offered for the apparent suspicion towards all-electric technology, and a review is made on the prognosis for this system after the first installation in the world5.
Improving Well Integrity in Permanent Downhole Monitoring Systems
Authors: Engel Thomas , Baldwin Chris , Grunbeck John , Kiddy Jason , Stokkeland Kaj 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Well integrity has become an increasingly important issue for oilfield components. Stricter testing procedures and qualification requirements are becoming more prevalent for primary well fluid containment devices. This is being extended to well monitoring systems, including those permanently installed on well completions using electronic or optical cables. One example is the new fire test requirement for Optical Well Head Outlets (OWHO) per Statoil's document TR3540, Surface wellhead and christmas tree system, with procedures defined in API 6FB: Fire Test for End Connections. Operators are also demanding increased reliability for downhole systems. Ensuring that the seals are properly installed and functional in drymate connectors and pressure foot devices is critical.
This paper discusses the development and qualification of an OWHO that meets API 6FB. Key design issues such as thermal coefficient of expansion differences of materials, seal evaluations, and feed-through issues as related to surviving the extreme temperature conditions of the flame test are discussed. Development and testing of pressure-testable multipin drymate connectors and an improved pressure foot design is also discussed.
Development of highly reliable downhole components requires significant design and testing. For the OWHO, an internal pressure of 11, 250 psi (775.7 bar) was maintained while the wellhead outlet was brought to a temperature that exceeded 900°C (1, 652°F), with the internal feed-through exceeding 650°C (1, 202°F) during the test. The OWHO experienced no leaks at any stage of the qualification testing. The design of the pressure-testable drymate connector and pressure foot has been developed to qualify for infield hydraulic tests.
The OWHO met the harsh environment requirements of TR3540 through a successful flame test carried out in accordance with API 6FB. The newly designed drymate connector and pressure foot provide a reliable, field-testable solution representing a significant step forward to ensuring well integrity.
More Improvements to Deepwater Subsea Measurement
Authors: Shen J. , Pappas J.M. , Letton W. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
During the last decade there has been an effort to develop new measurement capabilities for ultra-deepwater oil and gas production. Beginning in 2005 and continuing through 2011, R&D was conducted on what were perceived to be the most important gaps in deepwater measurement technology.
The work was initially sponsored by the Deep Star consortium. Beginning at the end of 2008 a larger effort – Improvements to Deepwater Subsea Measurement – was initiated under the Research Partnership to Secure Energy for America (RPSEA). Key to its success was the active support of a JIP sponsored by seven deepwater operating companies: BHP, BP, Chevron, Conoco Phillips, Shell, Statoil, and Total. In 2012 RPSEA approved a Phase 2 effort to extend the results that had been achieved in the first project.
The new project – More Improvements to Deepwater Subsea Measurement – has addressed these five gaps, viewed as the most pressing for multiphase flow measurement by the new JIP (Chevron, Conoco Phillips, GE, Statoil, and Total):Deepwater Fluid SamplingDeepwater Metering TechnologyDownhole Differential Pressure Sensor DevelopmentVirtual Flow Meter EvaluationDetection of Meter Fouling
These technology developments are significant due to the increasing global importance of subsea production. Improved recovery from deepwater reservoirs could yield millions of barrels of additional reserves, but to achieve this goal requires better, more reliable measurement at the sea floor. Equally important is insuring that royalty assessment and production allocation are precise and equitable.
However, a notable application for these new measurement technologies is in the areas of safety and the environment. It should be clear that better, more extensive measurement can be pivotal in preventing the loss of well control and the kinds of events that may ensue. Certain aspects of this new measurement project take dead aim at this goal, as will be explained.
The paper and presentation will provide a look at progress that is being achieved in addressing each of the five gaps listed above.
API RP17W Subsea Capping Stacks
Authors: Sadenwater Daniel 
Published: June 2014

Within two years of the Macando incident, approximately 20 different subsea capping stack configurations and designs had been assembled without a guiding reference. Now, API, with input from the Oil& Gas industry, is developing a recommended practice for the design, manufacturing and testing of subsea capping stacks. While subsea capping stacks have remained the preferred concept for capping a subsea blowout, today industry better understands how equipment selection and designs are affected by the operating environment.
There continues to be an immediate need for industry guidance on how subsea capping stacks should be designed and tested for flowing conditions. For this reason, API has focused on developing API RP17W Subsea Capping Stacks with a multi-disciplined team representing over twenty-five operators, service providers, equipment manufacturers, and regulators. This effort has resulted in a technically detailed document covering;system requirements, including interfaces, service conditions, and controls; stack use, including installation points and closure sequences; and stack preservation, maintenance, and testing.
VIM Model Testing and VIM Induced Mooring Fatigue of a Dry Paired-Column Semisubmersible Platform
Authors: Jun Zou , Poll Philip , Antony Arun , Das Suvabrata , Padmanabhan Rajith , Vinayan Vimal , Parambath Ashwin 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
The Paired-Column Semisubmersible (PC Semi) concept was selected as a dry tree alternative for ultra-deep water development by RPSEA in 2009. Since then, RPSEA continuously supported maturation of PC Semi. The PC Semi platform has relatively deeper draft and smaller columns compared to those of a generic Deep Draft Semisubmersible (DD Semi) platform. Due to its larger column slenderness ratio, it might be suspected to have a pronounced VIM response. VIM response characteristics of a floater are the key measures of its performance. It is an essential step to explore VIM response characteristics during concept maturation. An extensive VIM model test program funded by RPSEA was performed at MARIN in June, 2013. Key results are summarized and presented in this paper.
Since the VIM response of a floater (Spar or Semi) is a controlling factor for mooring fatigue, VIM induced mooring fatigue analysis was followed by employing the measured test results. A typical loop current scatter diagram for the GoM was considered and the resultant fatigue damage was analyzed and highlighted. A parallel study for VIM induced mooring fatigue of a generic dry tree DD Semi was also carried out to establish a baseline for comparison of the PC Semi response features and mooring fatigue.
A Comparison of Pre- and Post-2005 Sanctioned Gulf of Mexico Tension Leg, Semi-submersible, and Spar Floating Platforms
Authors: D'Souza Richard , Aggarwal Rajiv , Basu Shiladitya 
Published: June 2014

AbstractBetween 2005 and 2010, three major events led to a significant increase in design demands of deepwater field developments in the Gulf of Mexico (GoM):Category 5 hurricanes Katrina and Rita (2005),The Macondo well blowout (2010), andThe development of deeper, tighter, more remote reservoirsThese events have resulted in increased metocean criteria, new safety regulations and functional requirements associated with producing deeper, higher pressure and lower porosity reservoirs. This paper will examine and contrast the design impacts on Tension Leg Platform (TLP), Semi-submersible and Spar floating platforms before and after these events. The overall impact of these new requirements on topsides, hull, station-keeping and riser systems of recently sanctioned TLP, Semi-submersible and Spar platforms will be compared with pre-2005 sanctioned platform analogues to demonstrate the resulting impacts on platform size and cost.Increased demands of post-2005 sanctioned GoM floating platforms have resulted in higher deck elevations, greater topsides payload, more robust station-keeping systems and larger hull displacements. Further, the feasibility of proven risers and well systems is challenged by the higher wave induced motions associated with greater design and survival sea-states and high pressure reservoirs. The design impacts of pre- and post-2005 sanctioned TLPs (Mars A, Olympus), Semi-submersibles (Atlantis, Jack St. Malo) and Spars (Tahiti, Lucius) on topsides, hull, station-keeping and riser systems will be compared and differences explained.This paper will enable Operators and platform designers to:Appreciate the magnitude of impact on size and cost of floating platforms of post-2005 requirements,Understand the relative impacts on the three major hull types commonly used for GoM developments, andUpdate analogues and norms used in benchmarking and concept selection
Vortex Induced VIBRATION Model Test for Step Riser configuration
Authors: Hou Yucheng , Yuan Jiabei , Zhang John , Tan Zhimin 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Deepwater flexible riser development is often limited by strength and fatigue shortages at the hang off region due to the huge tension induced by the pipe's weight in the deepwater column. A step riser configuration has been developed to reduce these limitations in deep and ultra-deepwater applications. The step riser configuration is comprised of a series of buoyancy cans or modules distributed around the endfitting area to provide a relative large uplift force to compensate for the weight of the flexible riser. Numerical simulations indicate that this step riser configuration is very effective in reducing the tensions at hangoff, thus improving the strength and reducing the fatigue of the flexible riser.
The vortex induced vibration (VIV) in the step riser configuration needs to be closely monitored since the deepwater depth and relative large OD of the buoyancy cans or modules will result in greater current loads exerted on the pipe, increasing the drag area.
A 1:40 ratio model test has been performed to investigate the excitation of VIV to the step riser configuration. The test section was composed of flexible riser, buoyancy cans, endfitting and its vicinity area. Strain gauges and optical fibers were used to measure the deformation of the flexible pipe and joint mechanism of the step riser configuration. Real time strain signals were collected and post-processed into the frequency domain. System lock-in phenomena was observed during the model test.
The intensity of VIV excitation in the model test for normal current ranges in deep waters will be described. Based on the model test, the VIV vibration amplitude in both flow and perpendicular flow directions will be summarized and discussed. The VIV frequency and energy spectrum will also be presented and discussed in this paper.
Will Unconventional Play Revolution Impact Deepwater Development?
Authors: Chin Doreen , Khurana Sandeep 
Published: June 2014

Preface
This manuscript is intended to set the stage for a panel discussion, "Will Unconventional Play Revolution Impact Deepwater Development?" scheduled for Monday, May 5, 2014. The manuscript includes input from participants of this panel, who are:

Panelists:
Torstein Hole/Statoil – SVP Development and Production US Onshore Greg Guidry/Shell – EVP Upstream Americas Unconventionals Lee M. Tillman/Marathon Oil Corporation – President and CEO Darrell Hollek/Anadarko – SVP Deepwater Americas Operations and Development David Eyton/BP – Group Head of Technology James A. Slutz/Global Energy Strategies LLC – President

Moderators:
Doreen Chin/Shell – Surface Advisor, Upstream Unconventional. Chair for OTC 2014 Program Committee Sandeep Khurana/Noble Energy, Inc. – Manager Development Planning

Abstract
The recent surge in unconventional oil and natural gas production in the United States (US) has been called a "Revolution". Unlocking of massive unconventional reserves in the US is the biggest game changer in recent years. The US is now the number one unconventional oil and gas producer in the world. US together with Canada now accounts for more than twenty-five percent (25%) of global natural gas production. Shale gas will play an ever-increasing role in this resource base and per Energy Information Administration (EIA) is projected to increase to almost half of total US gas production by 2040. Per EIA, US tight oil production will continue to grow till 2020 and is projected to reach almost half of total US oil production. Influenced by the US success, the global unconventional play exploration activities have been active and also increased. This revolution has re-shaped and will continue to shape the energy resource picture for the entire world. For instance, in the US unconventional play investment has also led to resurgence of domestic manufacturing. Though onshore unconventional play development has very different development style (faster pace, cost sensitive, high number of well count, urban planning, etc.) from deepwater development (much higher cost and related risks, fewer wells, long project time, technology intensive, etc.), they have started and will continuously compete in talent recourses, investment flow, and technology supplies, etc. This manuscript discusses supply projections and overlays it with market drivers to portray value proposition. It compares and contrasts unconventional plays and deepwater from a full life cycle of exploration to operations. It discusses implication of regulations and policy. It then summarizes and identifies areas of discussion and viewpoints from panelists.