bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
IV. Some Experiments on Gold
Authors: Thomson Thomas 
Published: January 2013

In the first volume of my “Attempt to establish the First Principles of Chemistry by Experiment,” p. 442, I give the analysis of the sodium chloride of gold, and find the constituents to beBut I state at the same time, my uncertainty whether the gold in the salt was in the state of a chloride or muriate. This uncertainty raising a doubt, whether the peroxide of gold contained two or three atoms of oxygen, I thought it highly necessary to clear it up. In this paper, I shall state the experiments which I have made with that object in view.
XII. On the Combination of Chlorine with the Prussiate of Potash, and the presence of such a compound as an impurity in Prussian Blue
Authors: Johnston James F. W. 
Published: January 2013

It has been long known that the Prussian blue of commerce contains an admixture, in greater or less quantity, of alumina, sulphate of potash, and common alum, one or all of them being easily detected in every specimen. The sulphate of potash and the alum may be separated by frequent boiling in water, but they are seldom in such quantity as to render this process necessary. The alumina may be removed by digestion in muriatic acid, and the washing consequent upon this mode of treatment will free it from all the soluble impurities.When the alkalies or earths are digested with Prussian blue, in order to form the common Prussiates, and the yellow solution is evaporated, it almost uniformly happens that after the first or second crop of crystals is separated, there remains a dark brownish-red liquid, which either does not crystallize at all, or gives crystals of the required prussiate of a dirty brown colour, and mixed with a greater or less portion of a red matter, either massive, or in small, red, four-sided needles and prisms. This may be observed in preparing the prussiates of lime or soda by the common process, but has been more frequently taken notice of in forming the cyanide of mercury; because the least colouring matter in this salt is at once perceptible, and because in the preparation of it, a partial loss is of greater consequence. To the presence of a portion of this red salt, particularly in extemporaneous prussiates, I attribute those differences in the colour of the precipitates which they give with the metallic oxides, and which have led some to doubt the accuracy of their indications. The grounds of this opinion will appear in the sequel of the present paper.
XIII. On a Mass of Native Iron from the Desert of Atamaca in Peru
Authors: Allan Thomas 
Published: January 2013

When in London in spring last year, Mr Parish had the kindness to show me some specimens which he had just received from his son, Mr Woodbine Parish, his Majesty's Consul-General at Buenos Ayres, among which I was surprised and much pleased to find two masses of native iron, exactly similar to the celebrated Siberian block, made known to the scientific world through the exertions of Pallas, having the same vesicular structure, and containing the same straw-yellow coloured olivine firmly imbedded.I immediately suggested to Mr Parish the propriety of losing no time in making this discovery known, and thereby secure to his son the merit of bringing it before the public; and in order to do this in the most effectual manner, I advised him to present one of the masses to the Royal Society of London, and the other to the Royal Society of Edinburgh; and it is with pleasure that I now find myself deputed to carry his wishes with respect to this Society into execution, by presenting one of the masses as a donation to this institution in the name of his son.
XXVI. Description and Analysis of some Minerals
Authors: Thomson Thomas 
Published: January 2013

1. Anhydrous Silicate of Iron.This mineral was given me for examination by Patrick Doran, an Irish mineral-dealer, who discovered it in Slavcorrach, one of the Morne Mountains, on the north-east coast of Ireland, forming so conspicuous an object at the southern extremity of the county of Down.The colour is dark brown, with something of the metallic lustre.The mineral is foliated, and breaks easily into four-sided prisms, seemingly right; though the summits are very obscure.The fragments are strongly attracted by the magnet, but they have no poles.
III. A General View of the Phenomena displayed in the neighbourhood of Edinburgh by the Igneous Rocks, in their relations with the Secondary Strata; with reference to a more particular description of the Section which has been exposed to view on the south side of the Castle Hill
Authors: Greenock  
Published: January 2013

The country in which Edinburgh is situated has no great elevation above the level of the sea, presenting a gently undulating surface, except where hills of igneous origin, in groups, or perfectly insulated, rise abruptly through the strata, which consist of the sandstones and shales of the coal-formation, with occasional beds of limestone, which they overlie, and this country is more or less covered by old and new alluvial deposits.The views suggested by these hills to the penetrating genius of Hutton, who may be justly considered the founder of modern geology, first led to the knowledge of the true nature and origin of the trap-rocks. Their analogy to those produced by existing volcanoes, and the phenomena observed in their relations with the secondary strata, leave no doubt as to their having been poured out from the interior of the earth in a fluid or viscid state, through fissures in the strata occasioned by subterranean convulsions—not, however, in the open air, like currents of lava from recent craters, but in sheets or masses at the bottom of the sea, their cooling and consolidation having evidently been slow and gradual, under great pressure, such as might be produced by a large volume of superincumbent water, as was ably illus trated by the experiments of the late Sir James Hall; or by their having been originally formed as dykes, at considerable depths, either below or among the strata.
XIX.—On a Formula representing the Mean Height of the Barometer at the Level of the Sea
Authors: Hansteen Christopher 
Published: January 2013

Sir,—You have communicated to me, that the Royal Society of Sciences in Edinburgh has done me the honour to elect me as a corresponding member. I beg you to render my humble thanks to the Society, and to assure, that it shall be my earnest wish to fulfil every task in my power which the Royal Society should demand.That this letter may not reach your hands without any scientific communication, I subjoin the following:—From November 1822 to April 1824 inclusive, I observed the height of the barometer in Christiania, and found the mean reduced to 0°R., and to the level of the sea =757m·763 = 335‴·913 lign. de Paris. As the mean height of the barometer observed at Paris by Bouvard, and reduced to 0°, and the level of the sea is = 337‴·53, I was surprised at the great difference of l‴·62 between Paris and Christiania. If p denotes the pressure of the atmosphere at the level of the sea, m and h the density of the mercury and its height in the tube, g the force of gravity, we have p = mgh, and, in another place, p′= mg′h′. If p′ = p is gh = g′h′, or h′ = . If, in the first place, the latitude is = ϕ, in the second, = ϕ′, we have ; h−h′ = h, 0·0025911 (cos 2 ϕ – cos 2 ϕ′). Taking ϕ = 0′, ϕ′ =90°, we have h−h′ = l′′′·74; and when ϕ = 48°·50′ (Paris), ϕ′ = 59°·55′ (Christiania), we have h−h′ = 0′′′·32. But the observations have given for Paris and Christiania h−h′ = l′′′·62; consequently, the mean pressure of the atmosphere is not the in different latitudes (“Magazin for Naturvidensk.” 1824, page 282–291).
III.—A Petrified Lower Carboniferous Lepidodendron showing Rooting Organs identified with Calamopsis Solms-Laubach
Authors: Long Albert G. 
Published: January 2013

SynopsisLepidodendron calamopsoides sp. nov. is described from petrified protostelic stems formerly considered identical with Levicaulis arranensis Beck. The stems range from 2 to 20 mm. diameter and some possess leaf-cushions usually about 10 × 1 mm.Three specimens are known showing the transition from stem to rooting organs. Secondary xylem has only been seen in the transition region and rooting organs. The latter resemble Calamopsis dubia Solms-Laubach now considered to be part of the closely related Lepidodendron saalfeldense.
VI.—On the Cupule Structure of Eurystoma angulare
Authors: Long Albert G. 
Published: January 2013

SynopsisThree cupules of Eurystoma angulare are described; they bear one, six, and ten attached ovules respectively. The cupules are built up of several terete branches which dichotomise in successive planes at right angles. Where an ovule is borne a small number of dichotomies are adnate basally so forming an ovuliferous syntelome.
IV.—Some Specimens of Protoclepsydropsis and Clepsydropsis from the Calciferous Sandstone Series of Berwickshire
Authors: Long Albert G. 
Published: January 2013

SynopsisProtoclepsydropsis kidstoni (Bertrand) Hirmer is a small fossil fern with a slender stem about 3 mm. diameter bearing petioles of a Clepsydropsis type in a ⅖ phyllotaxy.Larger isolated Clepsydropsis petioles from the same rocks probably belong to a larger related plant. In these the petiolar bundle is sometimes oval in cross section with protoxylem groups nearer one tangential surface. Occasionally roots are borne on these petioles. A resemblance to the petioles of Asterochlœna laxa Stenzel is pointed out.
VIII.—Some specimens of Mazocarpon, Achlamydocarpon and Cystosporites from the Lower Carboniferous Rocks of Berwickshire
Authors: Long Albert G. 
Published: January 2013

SynopsisA detached sporophyl and megasporangium of Mazocarpon pettycurense Benson is described. It formed twelve megaspores.Achlamydocarpon scoticum sp. nov. is described from detached sporophylls and megasporangia. The latter opened by means of three slits in the distal region so making pollination possible.A specimen of Cystosporites devonicus Chaloner and Pettitt is recorded from ash beds at the base of the Cementstone Group.
V. Notice respecting the Vertebra of a Whale, found in a Bed of bluish Clay, near Dingwall
Authors: Mackenzie G. S. 
Published: January 2013

My Dear Sir,The Vertebra which I now send to you, was found about two years ago, on the property of Mr Mackenzie of Hilton, in Strathpeffer, county of Ross; and that gentleman desires me to present this interesting relic of some cetaceous animal to the Royal Society of Edinburgh.
XXIII. On one Source of the Non-Hellenic Portion of the Latin Language
Authors: Williams  
Published: January 2013

Payne Knight, no mean name among philologers, after a masterly and convincing proof, that neither Zenodotus nor Aristarchus, the great critics of the Alexandrian school, could be acquitted of the charge of “scarcely credible ignorance” of the primitive form of the Homeric language, thus proceeds :—“The grammarians and critics of Alexandria were all guilty of the same fault. They never investigated the original sources of the language, but classed among anomalous dialects and poetic licenses every thing that was not in unison with their own usual style of speaking. In their age there existed many clews to the inquiry, which have now disappeared, but which, at that time, might easily have been found in written records, and in the rude and semi-barbarous languages of Italy and other countries adjacent to Greece. Had any one, however, suggested to Aristarchus that the true form and character of the Homeric dialect was to be extracted from the Latin, Tuscan, or Oscan languages, he would in my opinion have been as much astonished as if he had heard of the claims of the Irish antiquary, who affirmed that the Homeric poems had been translated furtively from the “Gaelic into Greek.”
XXXIV.—Detached Theorems on Circulants
Authors: Muir Thomas 
Published: January 2013

1. If in a circulant the places (r, s) and (p, q), owing to the cyclical permutation, be occupied by the same element, then the complementary minor of this element in its first place is to its complementary minor in the second as (−1)r+s: (−1)p+q.To prove that the complementaries are as (−1)r+s:(−1)p+q is the same as to prove that the cofactors are identical. And as the cofactor of an element of a determinant is not altered by the transposition of rows and columns provided the determinant itself is not thereby altered, it is evident that all we have to show is that the element in the place (r, s) may by transposition of rows and columns be made to take the place (p, q), and the determinant remain in outward form the same as before. Now it is a known property of the circulant that this can be done by first bringing the element in the place (r, s) into the pth row by cyclical transposition of rows, and thereafter making an exact similar set of transpositions of columns. Thus the theorem is established.
XXII.—On the Decomposition of Forces externally applied to an Elastic Solid
Authors: Rankine W. J. Macquorn 
Published: January 2013

Introductory Remarks.—The principles set forth in this paper, though now (with the exception of the first theorem) published for the first time, were communicated to the French Academy of Sciences fifteen years ago, in a memoir entitled “ De l'Equilibre intérieur d'un Corps solide, élastique, et homogène,” and marked with the motto, “ Obvia conspicimus, nubem pellente Mathesi,” the receipt of which is acknowledged in the Comptes Rendus of the 6th April 1857.(1.) Principle of Isorrhopic Axes.—The following theorem was first published in the “Philosophical Magazine” for December 1855.Prop. I. “Theorem. Every self-balanced system of forces applied to a connected system of points is capable of resolution into three rectangular systems of parallel self-balanced forces applied to the same points.
XVII.—On the Development of the Ova and Structure of the Ovary in Man and other Mammalia
Authors: Foulis James 
Published: January 2013

In the month of August 1872, Professor Turner suggested as a subject of investigation the structure of the ovary, and development of the ova, more especially with reference to the recently published observations of Waldeyer.In the month of April 1874, I handed in to the Medical Faculty of the University of Edinburgh, as my graduation thesis for the degree of M.D., an essay entitled “Contributions to the Normal and Pathological Anatomy of the Ovary and Parovarium.”
XV.—A New Method of Investigating Relations between Functions of the Roots of an Equation and its Coefficients
Authors: Dickson J. Douglas Hamilton 
Published: January 2013

I. If be a rational equation of the nth degree, Newton's rule for a superior limit to the number of its imaginary roots depends upon the changes of sign in the series of functions—called, by Sylvester, Quadratic Elements—n + 1 in number.It is a matter of some interest to know the relations in which the quadratic elements stand to the roots of the equation. The following method exhibits this relationship, and leads to others of a higher class.
IV.—Observations on the Annual and Monthly Growth of Wood in Deciduous and Evergreen Trees
Authors: Christison Robert , Christison  
Published: January 2013

Having undertaken to continue the observations on the growth of trees commenced by my father in 1878, and carried on by him with unflagging zeal until a few months before his death in 1882, I give in the present paper the measurements made by him in 1881, which he did not live to publish, and those made in 1882 by myself. I shall also endeavour to point out the conclusions which may be drawn from the whole series of observations, beginning in 1878, arranging them under the heads of—I. Annual Observations.II. Monthly Observations.III. Influence of Weather on the Growth of Wood.
XIII.—Tables for facilitating the Computation of Differential Refraction in Position Angle and Distance
Authors: M'Laren  
Published: January 2013

The annexed tables are intended to facilitate the computation of the corrections for refraction which have to be applied to differential measures, such as are made with the micrometer or heliometer.Differential measures are of two kinds :—(1) Direct measures of differences of right ascension and declination; and (2) measures of position angle and distance. In either case the observer only seeks to determine the relative positions of the objects under observation; and the correction for refraction consists in the applying to each reading a quantity representing the difference of the separate effects of refraction on the apparent places of the two stars, whose relative positions are to be determined.
III.—On the Temperature of the Common Fowl (Gallus domesticus)
Authors: Davy John 
Published: January 2013

During the last three years I have made a large number of observations on the temperature of the common fowl under different circumstances, the results of which I now beg leave to submit to the Society, with the hope that they may be considered not altogether uninteresting to the physiologist.The fowls tried were chiefly of the pure Dorking breed. At the time they appeared to be healthy, and all in good condition. They had all the run of a field adjoining the poultry yard.In all the trials the same thermometer was used,—each degree of which, that of Fahrenheit, was divided into ten parts, and had been warranted correct by the makers after comparison with a standard.
VI. Additional Communications respecting the Blind and Deaf Boy, James Mitchell
Authors: Gordon John 
Published: January 2013

The following circumstances respecting the Blind and Deaf Boy, James Mitchell, have come to my knowledge since the publication of Professor Stewart's Memoir; and I doubt not but the Society will think them worthy of being recorded. They are derived from the most accurate and authentic of all sources, the boy's sister, Miss Mitchell.In the month of April 1814, Mr Parker, an English gentleman, (distinguished, as I have since learned, for his active benevolence,) did me the honour to wait upon me, to communicate a plan for the instruction of young Mitchell, which had some time before occurred to him, and which he was very desirous should be put to the test of experiment. This method seemed in no respect inconsistent with those principles which in all circumstances appear to regulate the acquisition of language; and I therefore expressed my willingness, to promote, by every means in my power, the object which Mr Parker had in view.
XI. An Analysis of Sea-Water; with Observations on the Analysis of Salt-Brines
Authors: Murray John 
Published: January 2013

The composition of Sea-Water has been variously stated by different chemists, not only with regard to the proportions of the salts which it holds in solution, but with regard even to the ingredients themselves.According to Lavoisier, it contains muriate of soda, muriate of magnesia, and muriate of lime, sulphate of soda, sulphate of magnesia, sulphate and carbonate of lime. The proportions he assigns are, in a pound of water, (French weights) 126 grains of muriate of soda, 14¾ grains muriate of magnesia, 23 grains muriate of lime mixed with muriate of magnesia, 7 grains of sulphate of soda and sulphate of magnesia, and 8 grains of sulphate and carbonate of lime.
I.—The Law of Extensible Minors in Determinants
Authors: Muir Thomas 
Published: January 2013

§1. As a preliminary to the establishment of the law in question, it is necessary to state and exemplify another law to which I have elsewhere directed attention, viz.,THE LAW OF COMPLEMENTARIES.To every general theorem which takes the form of an identical relation between a number of the minors of a determinant or between the determinant itself and a number of its minors, there corresponds another theorem derivable from the former by merely substituting for every minor its cofactor in the determinant, and then multiplying any term by such a power of the determinant as will make the terms of the same degree.
XVI.—Effects of Strain on Electric Conductivity
Authors: Witkowski August 
Published: January 2013

In the following communication an account is given of some experiments made in the Physical Laboratory of the Glasgow University, whose object was the measurement of the change of conductivity produced by strain in a metal conductor.Two constants are required in order to determine this alteration in the most general case of a homogeneous isotropic conductor, strained in any way, as may be easily inferred from the analogy with elastic strains and stresses, constants expressing the change produced by uniform cubical compression and by simple distortion. The determination of the latter for brass is the object of the present paper.
II. Account of some Additional Experiments on Terrestrial Magnetism made in different parts of Europe in 1837
Authors: Forbes James D. 
Published: January 2013

In 1836, I communicated to this Society the results of an extensive series of observations on Terrestrial Magnetic Intensity, made with the Hansteen Apparatus, which is the property of the Society. Some results with a small Dipping Needle, belonging to myself, were also given, but without great confidence in their accuracy.I held then, however, the opinion which I still do, and to which the remarkable geometrical researches of Professor Gauss of Göttingen on Terrestrial Magnetism have given additional weight, that the element of horizontal intensity ought to be determined, and its laws of variation, in the first place, ascertained, independent of any other. Even should the deduction of total intensity be the sole ultimate object, I hold that an observer with only portable, and consequently imperfect instruments at his command, would do well to separate completely his investigations as to horizontal intensity from those upon dip, and then, by the skilful grouping of each set, having obtained a law of variation of each element according to the co-ordinates of Latitude and Longitude, the two partial results may be combined into the general one of total intensity , whilst either series may be used to check future observations, or be combined with any single future series in which one of the elements should be better determined.
XXXIX.—On a Remarkable Oscillation of the Sea, observed at various places on the Coasts of Great Britain, in the first week of July 1843
Authors: Milne David 
Published: January 2013

This phenomenon presented a remarkable interference with those laws which govern the ordinary movements of the ocean. It occurred at one place whilst the tide was flowing, at another whilst it was ebbing; in some cases, producing a sudden retrocession of the waters,—and in others, as sudden an impulse of them on the shore.The period during which the sea thus continued to retreat and rise respectively, was generally from ten to fifteen minutes. It then made a momentary halt—after which, it began to flow in the opposite direction, and which it continued to do, for about the same period which characterised its previous movement.In this state of alternate flux and reflux, the sea was at most places observed to continue, for three or four hours together.
XL.—Notice concerning the Indian-Grass Oil, or Oil of Andropogon Calamus-aromaticus
Authors: Tilley Thomas George 
Published: January 2013

The volatile oil commonly known as Indian-Grass Oil, is supposed by Professor Royle to be produced from a peculiar species of Andropogon. This species he considers identical with the Καλαμος αςωματιχος of the ancient Greeks, an he has therefore called it A. calamus aromaticus.For the specimen of the oil which I have examined I am indebted to Dr Christison, by whom it was received from Mr Key, of the Madras Medical Service. This gentleman obtained it while resident in the Nizam's territories, not far from Ellichpoor, where the plant grows freely on hilly ground. The oil is there called Roossah-oil.