bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Epithermal Precious Metals Deposits of the Calistoga Mining District Napa County, California
Authors: Enderlin Dean A. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The Calistoga Mining District, is one of three districts in the northern California Coast Ranges, where epithermal precious metals deposits have been economically mined. The district produced over 1.5 million ounces of silver (with lesser amounts of gold, copper and lead) intermittently over a 76 year period. The Palisade and Silverado mines were the two producers of the district.
Precious metals enrichment is associated with northeast-striking, en echelon quartz + chalcedony + adularia vein systems, hosted by flows and pyroclastic rocks of die Tertiary Sonoma Volcanics. Basement rocks are part of the Mesozoic and early Cenozoic Franciscan Complex, composed largely of tectonized marine sediments and dismembered ophiolite. Silver dominates gold by 74:1, and occurs in various sulfides, sulfosalts and selenides. Gold occurs in its native state, but is rarely macroscopic. In addition, this system is highly enriched in Cu, Sb, Zn, Pb, As and Ba, and contains anomalous concentrations of Se, Cd, Hg, Te, Ga, Tl, Mo and Bi.
Veins formed at +200 m depths, along dilational segments of normeast-striking (sinistral) conjugate Reidel shears, associated with a zone of San Andreas-style dextral wrench faulting. The zone of alteration and vein propagation is restricted to a corridor 1.5 km wide by 14.5 km long. This corridor appears to be structurally related to a local dilatiuaal jog in a 305°-striking dextral shear zone. The orientation of the optimal plane of extension was approximately 196° (right hand rule), dipping 74°. Because the volcanic pile has deformed as a homogeneous medium, a comparison of 595 vein and shear joint attitudes, taken in the Silverado and Palisade vein systems, provides a means of determining finite strain ellipsoid axes for vein formation. Based on these data, the orientation of Z is calculated to be 202°, plunging 18° and X at 106°, plunging 16°. Because of scatter in the data, the above axes are assigned error limits of ±15°. These values do not take into account the possibility of post-mineral rotation.
Fluid inclusion geothermometry indicates that this was a boiling system, with temperatures averaging 212° and 249° for the Palisade and Silverado veins, respectively. The mineralizing fluids were low salinity (-1.0 wt. % NaCl equivalent), NaCl-dominated, and possibly enriched in CO2. They are believed to be evolved meteoric waters, chemically and isotopically similar to those of the Geysers and McLaughlin systems. Metals were presumably transported as bisulfide and (to a lesser extent) chloride complexes. Precipitation was triggered by CO2 and H2S partitioning in response to fault-induced increases in vertical permeability.
Geothermal Setting of the Geysers Steam Field, Northern California
Authors: Fournier Robert O. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The Geysers-Clear Lake area, located about 150 km north of San Francisco, is mainly underlain by Jurassic and Cretaceous rocks of the Franciscan assemblage (composed dominantly of a melange of gray wacke and argillite with lesser amounts of altered mafic igneous rocks, radiolarian chert, serpentine, limestone, and very minor blocks of blueschist, eclogite, and amphibolite), the Great Valley sequence (mainly siltstone and argillite in the Clear Lake region), and associated ophiolitic rocks that accumulated in marine settings, and that later were deformed at an obliquely convergent subduction margin (McLaughlin, 1977,1981; McLaughlin and Ohlin, 1984; Thompson, 1989). Later strike-slip movement on northward-propagating faults of the San Andreas transform system, some of which pass through The Geysers-Clear Lake area, cut and offset the thrust sheets, and shut down subduction at the latitude of Clear Lake about 3 Ma (Atwater, 1970; Blake and others, 1978; Dickinson and Snyder, 1979). Simultaneously, behind a northward-migrating triple junction, there also has been a northward migration of volcanic centers in the Coast Ranges of California above a window of anomalously shallow asthenosphere, with the most recent volcanic activity focused in the Clear Lake region (Dickinson and Snyder, 1979; Hearn et al., 1981; McLaughlin, 1981; Fox et al., 1985).
Preliminary Petrographic and Isotopic Investigation of the Main Pass 299 Cap Rock-Hosted Sulfur Deposit
Authors: Spera S. J. , Kyle J. R. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Selected samples from a representative core (Hole SW-1 -27A) through the Main Pass 299 cap rock-hosted sulfur deposit were studied petrographically, and complementary geochemical and stable isotope analysis were conducted. The intervals selected include core from the oil-rich, sulfur-barren cap rock above the oil-water contact through the sulfur-bearing zone to the anhydrite cap rock zone (from 1,670 ft to 1,961 ft subsea). Descriptions of texture and morphology and whole-rock composition, including any hydrocarbon and sulfur occurrence, are provided.
The various lithologies examined in this petrographic analysis included cores and thin sections taken from the sulfur barren, oil-rich cap rock, oil/water contact interval, and the sulfur-rich and sulfur-barren anhydrite horizons. The core in this well is consistent in composition and texture with a bacterially produced salt dome calcite cap rock. Much of the upper, sulfur barren cap rock is composed of numerous micro-faulted and calcite-cemented, imbricate structures and breccias. Most of the rock in these zones consists of a micritic matrix with variable amounts of rhombic dolomite (probably representing a residual concentration from the diapiric salt); variable amounts of secondary calcite and celestite occur in late pores and fractures. The sulfur-bearing horizon typically occurs in areas of relatively high porosity (10-30%) and is associated with sparry calcite, in addition to micritic limestone. Hydrocarbon (oil) horizons typically occur in the uppermost part of the well, from ∼1,670 ft to ∼1,722 ft subsea. Hydrocarbon stringers, from late-stage migrations, were also observed occurring in a deeper zone, from ∼1,879 ft to 1,922 ft subsea,
Mississippian Sedimentary Rock-hosted Gold Deposits of the Eastern Great Basin
Authors: Maher Brian J. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Disseminated gold deposits hosted by sedimentary rocks of Mississippian age are common throughout the central and eastern portion of the Great Basin (Fig. 1). Although these deposits have a wide geographic distribution, the similarities in stratigraphic setting, size, tenor and the spatial distribution of gold and other hydrothermal minerals allow them to be grouped as a subtype of the “Carlin-type” of golddeposit. In particular, the presence of quartz or silica in a basal jasperoid is a characteristic feature of Mississippian sedimentary rock-hosted gold deposits. These deposits also have grade-tonnage relationships and total gold content which differs from the “average” Carlin-type gold deposit. Only three of the Mississippian sedimentary rock-hosted gold deposits studied have the size and grade which allow them to be economically significant in the context of worldwide gold production. While the larger and higher grade deposits share many geologic characteristics with the smaller and lower grade Mississippian sedimentary rockhosted gold deposits, it is apparent that the relative importance of structure and stratigraphy in ore-forming processes varies from deposit to deposit. Such differences are important, especially in the context of designing and executing exploration programs for the deposit subtype.
This paper, an outgrowth of earlier research on the Chert Cliff gold deposit (Vikre and Maher, 1996), describes the Mississippian sedimentary rock-hosted gold deposit subtype and elucidates important differences between the larger and higher grade economically significant Mississippian sedimentary rock-hosted gold deposits and their smaller brethren. The paper will also examine the stratigraphic positioning of individual deposits in space
Clay Mineralogy and 40Ar/39Ar Dating of Phyllic and Argillic Alteration at Bingham Canyon, Utah
Authors: Parry W. T. , Wilson Paula N. , Jasumback Mark D. , Heizler Matthew T. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Phyllic and argillic alteration at Bingham consists of smectite, sericite, and kaolinite. X-ray diffraction and microprobe studies show that sericite in these alteration assemblages is illite interstratified with 10 percent or less smectite. Illite occurs as a replacement of plagioclase phenocrysts, in veins, and as pervasive disseminations in the rock along with smectite and minor kaolinite. The illite/smectite interstratification is a mixture of 1M and 2M polytypes and generally contains more smectite in the finer size fractions. Structural formulae for the illite show less K and Al and more Si than muscovite. The illites also contain octahedral Mg and an octahedral layer charge. The Kubler crystallinity index increases systematically as particle size decreases.
Smectite dominates in pervasive alteration of whole rock, plagioclase phenocrysts, and one vein. Illite is the major constituent of vein clays. The smectite replacing plagioclase and whole rock is montmorillonite and smectite in the vein is beidellite. The distribution of smectite, illite, and kaolinite at present mining levels appears to be different than reported in earlier studies in that smectite may be a major component of phyllic and argillic alteration while kaolinite is a minor component. Sample traverses on pit benches through the quartz monzonite porphyry show no systematic variations in mineral abundances.
Measurements of clay alteration of phenocrysts in quartz monzonite porphyry in drill hole 50 from an elevation of 5,730 to 3,260 feet show an increase in smectite content downward to the core of the quartz monzonite porphyry, just below present mining levels, and then a decrease to minimum values near the lower contact with monzonite. Copper grades decrease systematically throughout this interval. This pattern of smectite distribution is not observed in horizontal traverses on bench levels across the quartz monzonite porphyry.
40Ar/39Ar age spectrum analysis on a hydrothermal biotite from altered quartz monzonite porphyry yields an isochron age of 37.07 ± 0.21 Ma. Sericite and K-feldspar phenocrysts from this sample also yield apparent ages of ~37 Ma, but have complex age spectra. The apparent age concordance for these three minerals suggests a hydrothermal event in the quartz monzonite porphyry that produced biotite and sericite at indistinguishable times and may have partially reset the K-feldspar. In comparison, an isochron age for a 10 to 20 mm split of vein sericite in monzonite from the present pit bottom is 37.81 ± 0.20 Ma, whereas a maximum age of a vein sericite in monzonite from the 6440 level is 39.71 ± 0.34 Ma. Coupled with the results of Moore and Lanphere (1971) and the Warnaars et al. (1978) data compilation, these new results allow for a minimum duration of ~1 Ma for the hydrothermal activity at Bingham.
Day Two Road Log
Authors: Krahulec Kenneth A. , Files John D. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The trip begins at the Doubletree Hotel in downtown Salt Lake City, heads south to historic Midvale, west to Lark, and then begins a field tour of the Bingham mining district and Kennecott Utah Copper's Bingham Canyon porphyry copper mine (Fig. 1). The trip returns through Lark and then north past the Copperton concentrator, Barneys Canyon gold mine, Utah Copper's tailings impoundment, North Concentrator, and the smelter and refinery complex.
The first 10.2 miles of this road log may be used for Day One: Central Wasatch Mountain field trip (John, 1997) and the first 20.6 miles will also be used for the Day Three: Barneys Canyon and Melco gold mine tours (Austin and Gunter, 1997).
This road log is modified from logs prepared by Hunt (1933), Smith and James (1961), Bray and Wilson (1975), Shadrick et al. (1991), and Krahulec (1995). Assistance in the preparation of this log was provided by Steve Richardson, Mary Jo Sweeney, Geoff Ballantyne, Bill Stockdale, Richard Rubright, Richard Warnick, and Jaren Swenson.
0.0 Exit Doubletree Hotel parking lot at 215 South Temple, head north on West Temple, stay in the right hand lane.
0.1 Turn right, east, on 200 South, stay in the right hand lane.
0.2 Turn right, south, on Main Street, stay in the right hand lane. The Walker Building on this intersection, is named after a preeminent Utah pioneer family of mine promoters and bankers. The Walker brothers made the first shipment of base metal ores from the Bingham mining district -
Outline of the Alpine Geology and Metallogeny of the Carpatho-Pannonian Region
Authors: Lexa Jaroslav 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Volcanic-hosted ore deposits of the Carpatho-Pannonian region have been well known since the time of the Celtic and Roman empires. These deposits played an important role in the precious-metal, copper and base-metal production of these empires over their long histories. The essential volcanological and geological aspects of these deposits have been recognized only recently thanks to advances in paleovolcanic reconstructions and geotectonic analysis using principles of plate tectonics. Paleovolcanic reconstructions (e.g., Konecný, 1971; Konecný et al., 1995a; Szakács and Seghedi, 1995) have demonstrated that volcanic-hosted ore deposits are intimately related to andesite stratovolcanoes, dacite-rhyolite flow-dome complexes and subvolcanic intrusive complexes in regions of continental margins and island arcs. Geotectonic analysis (e.g., Lexa and Konecný, 1974; Horváth and Royden, 1981; Royden, 1988; Csontos, 1995; Nemcok et al., 1998) points to the Carpathians and Pannonian basin as a coupled Tertiary orogenic arc and related back-arc basin whose evolution was terminated by collision with the European platform margin. The metallogeny of the region can be interpreted using models developed for volcanic-hosted ore deposits of plate margins, and it also contributes to the body of knowledge on such deposits.
As mentioned above, the Carpathian orogenic arc along with the Pannonian Basin is one of several Tertiary arcs in the Mediterranean region coupled with a back-arc extensional basin, (Fig. 1), here located in the northern branch of the Alpine orogenic belt. The relative movement of the European and African plates was responsible for the early stages of the Alpine orogeny owing to Early Tertiary continent-continent
The Central Slovakia Neogene volcanic field
Authors: Konečný V. , Lexa J. , Hojstričová V. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The Central Slovakia Volcanic Field (CSVF), of Badenian through Pannonian age (16.5–8.5 Ma), is related to both subduction of the flysch belt oceanic/suboceanic basement underneath the advancing Carpathian arc and to back-arc extension processes. Hercynian basement including Late Paleozoic and Mesozoic sedimentary rocks shows a distinct Basin and Range (horst and graben) structure. Volcanic rocks resemble medium- to high-K orogenic volcanic suites of evolved arcs and continental margins. Intrusive rocks show a granodiorite trend, locally with a slight shift towards monzonite. Petrography and geochemistry indicate mantle source magmas with variable crustal contamination and differentiation in shallow magma chambers. Late stage rhyolites indicate crustal melting and magma mixing.
Initial Early Badenian andesite volcanic activity (16.5–16.3 Ma) is represented by scattered andesite (often garnet-bearing) extrusive domes and related extrusive and reworked breccias. Two andesite pyroclastic volcanoes were subsequently formed in the SE part of the CSVF, while large andesite stratovolcanoes were built up in the remaining parts of the CSVF during Early to Middle Badenian times (16.3–1.5 Ma). During Middle and Upper Badenian times (15.8–14.5 Ma) evolution of stratovolcanoes continued by subsidence of grabens and caldera associated with activity of both: 1) relatively mafic undifferentiated basaltic andesites, and 2) andesites and differentiated volcanic rocks, — mainly hornblende and biotite-bearing andesites to dacites. Granodiorite, diorite and various porphyritic rocks were emplaced at deeper levels and in the basement. Rhyodacite domes and related pumice tuffs of Early Sarmatian age occasionally occur. Renewed activity of less differentiated andesites during Sarmatian time (14.5–12.5 Ma) formed discontinuous complexes on the slopes of older stratovolcanoes in the south, while it formed new volcanoes in the northern part of the CSVF, with centers situated on marginal faults of grabens. An extensive Late Sarmatian rhyolite volcanic activity (13–10.5 Ma) gave rise to a dome/flow complex and related volcanoclastic rocks in the western part of the CSVF along a N-S to NE-SW trending fault system; A small basalt/basaltic andesite stratovolcano of Pannonian age in the north and scattered basalt flows and intrusions in the central part of the CSVF were the latest products of the calcalkali volcanism. Sporadic nepheline basanite/trachybasalt volcanic activity took place during the Pliocene and Quaternary.
Low-Sulfidation Epithermal Gold Deposit at Kremnica
Authors: Lexa Jaroslav , Bartalský Boris 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The Kremnica gold deposit was one of the most important gold producers in Medieval Europe. The town received royal mining rights in 1328 and in 1335 the rights of minting were granted. The famous silver groschen and golden florens (ducats) were coined until the 18th century. Historical documents indicate that by the 14th century there was already an average yearly production of 120 kg of gold and about 1200 kg of silver (Finka, 1995). Following the 15th century the output of the Kremnica mines gradually declined to less than 100 kg per year. During the years 1949 — 1970 the output of underground mining was 90 — 100 kg of gold and 120 — 130 kg of silver. Owing to the noneconomic underground mining, Kremnica was closed in 1970. The overall production of the Kremnica deposit during the years 1328–1970 is estimated at 46 tons of gold and 208 tons of silver (Finka, 1995).
Following liquidation of underground mines and increase in gold prices in the 1970s, exploration activity started to identify areas of low-grade ores suitable for open pit mining. Štubòa (1985) and Vel'ký (1992) reported such potential south and north of the Šturec pit on the 1st vein system. A production test was conducted in 1987; however, full-scale mining was not begun owing to a lack of investment. The situation changed in 1995 when the Canadian company Argosy Mining Corp. established a joint venture with the Kremnica Mining Company, which was the basis for the Kremnica Gold company
Evolution of the Sterling Hill Zinc Deposit, Ogdensburg, Sussex County, New Jersey
Authors: Metsger Robert W. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Structural and textural evidence within the Mesoproterozoic Sterling Hill Zn-Fe-Mn orebody suggests that it is a metamorphosed stratiform deposit, part of a subducting assemblage that was folded and subjected to sufficiently high pressure and temperature conditions to induce viscous or pseudoviscous flow in the carbonate host rock. This resulted in a high-density ore deposit sinking as an inverted diapir through the enclosing marble.
During Phanerozoic time a possibly large part of the orebody was lost due to major faulting. The occurrence of an extensive rubble breccia body in the mine is evidence that a probable Cambro-Ordovician kars-tification event extended down into underlying Proterozoic rocks.
Most recently saprolites, as much as 240 m deep, developed within the marble/amphibolite core of the orebody and also in rocks above in the hanging wall.
Field Trip Day Five
Authors: Volkert Richard A. , Puffer John H. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Few of the nearly 400 iron mines in the New Jersey Highlands share the historical significance of the Andover mine that assumed an important role during the American Revolutionary War. In 1778, possession of both the mine and the Andover furnace were taken by the Continental Congress to supply American troops with iron and steel (Bayley, 1910). The Sulfur Hill mine did not open until between 1855 and 1860 and thus played no part in this conflict. Individual production figures for these two mines are lacking for all but a few years; however, the combined total production is estimated at about 363,000 metric tonnes of ore (Bayley, 1910).
The mines at Andover and Sulfur Hill are unique among the Highlands iron mines in affording an opportunity to examine two entirely different genetic types of iron mineralization. These deposits share few similarities beyond their close spatial association (ca. 200 m apart) and the fact that both deposits are shallow, having been worked mainly from open cuts .26 m deep and underground to a limited extent. Some of the principal differences between the two deposits include: (1) a Neoproterozoic age for ore and host rocks at Andover vs. a Mesoproterozoic age (pre- to syn- Ottawan orogeny) for ore and host rocks at Sulfur Hill; (2) mainly hematite ore at Andover vs. magnetite only at Sulfur Hill; (3) separate, discontinuous deposits having different geometries; (4) low-grade metamorphism of ore at Andover vs. high-grade (?) at Sulfur Hill; (5) higher iron content of ore
Contribution to the Definition of Superimposed Metallogenic Events in the Francisco I. Madero Ore Deposit, Zacatecas, Mexico
Authors: Yta Miriam , Moreno-Tovar Raúl 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The Francisco I. Madero deposit, located 15 km west of Zacatecas city, is part of the Pb-Zn-Ag-(Cu) metalliferous province known as the Silver Belt. The lithology of the area includes, from bottom to top, the following: quartz-sericitic schist of undetermined age; a calcareous-pelitic sequence of undetermined age; a Lower Cretaceous volcanosedimentary sequence, quartz monzonitic-dioritic intrusive bodies, and an Eocene-Miocene rhyolitic sequence. The mineralization is related to the calcareous-pelitic sequence, and is found in lens-shaped bodies, either massive or disseminated, replacing the rock.
Two mineral associations were determined by means of a microscopic study. The first one corresponds to pyrite-pyrrhotite, with evidence of deformation, locating it in a mineralization event no younger than the Laramide deformation, whereas the Zn, Pb, Cu sulfide association that replaces typical minerals of a calcic skarn belongs to an overprinted late post-Laramide orogeny. The complex mineralization of Pb, Zn, Cu sulfides, tellurides, and sulfotellurides of Ag and Bi belong to a latest vein event associated with calcite and quartz in a brecciated structure and filled cavities and slightly cockade texture. It is evident that both associations and textures show clearly two metallogenic events: the first one prior to the Laramide deformation and the second one late or post-Laramide; however, it is not possible to assign to the pre-Laramide mineralization either an origin or a precise age.
TINJAUAN LITERATUR KRITIS ATAS KONSEP ORGANIZATIONAL CITIZENSHIP BEHAVIOR
Authors: Fadillah Muhammad Ifan 
Published: August 2024

This article will try to explore further the concept of organizational citizenship behavior (OCB). The concept of organizational citizenship behavior is commonly used by academics and researchers to support the concept of OCB in terms of improving the performance of human resources in an organization or company. This article will present a different perspective. Instead of using the OCB concept to enhance human resource performance, this article will demonstrate that the OCB concept is actually a form of exploitation by capital owners towards workers, which possesses a unique humanitarian approach. The method used in this research is a literature review with Marxist analysis which sees the problematic field as an economic basis, namely class