bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Regulation of inflammasome activation
Authors: Man Si Ming , Kanneganti Thirumala‐Devi 
Published: April 2015

SummaryInflammasome biology is one of the most exciting and rapidly growing areas in immunology. Over the past 10 years, inflammasomes have been recognized for their roles in the host defense against invading pathogens and in the development of cancer, auto‐inflammatory, metabolic, and neurodegenerative diseases. Assembly of an inflammasome complex requires cytosolic sensing of pathogen‐associated molecular patterns or danger‐associated molecular patterns by a nucleotide‐binding domain and leucine‐rich repeat receptor (NLR) or absent in melanoma 2 (AIM2)‐like receptors (ALR). NLRs and ALRs engage caspase‐1, in most cases requiring the adapter protein apoptosis‐associated speck‐like protein containing a CARD (ASC), to catalyze proteolytic cleavage of pro‐interleukin‐1β (pro‐IL‐1β) and pro‐IL‐18 and drive pyroptosis. Recent studies indicate that caspase‐8, caspase‐11, IL‐1R–associated kinases (IRAK), and receptor‐interacting protein (RIP) kinases contribute to inflammasome functions. In addition, post‐translational modifications, including ubiquitination, deubiquitination, phosphorylation, and degradation control almost every aspect of inflammasome activities. Genetic studies indicate that mutations in NLRP1, NLRP3, NLRC4, and AIM2 are linked with the development of auto‐inflammatory diseases, enterocolitis, and cancer. Overall, these findings transform our understanding of the basic biology and clinical relevance of inflammasomes. In this review, we provide an overview of the latest development of inflammasome research and discuss how inflammasome activities govern health and disease.
A Case of Subcutaneous Malignant Fibrous Histiocytoma Circumscribed by Fibrous Tissue
Authors: Fukunaka Hidenori , Etoh Takafumi , Nakagawa Hidemi , Tamaki Kunihiko 
Published: April 2015

AbstractWe report a case of malignant fibrous histiocytoma (MFH) located in the subcutaneous tissue on the right axilla. We excised the tumor sufficiently beyond the clinical margin. It was pathologically diagnosed as a storiform‐pleomorphic type of malignant fibrous histiocytoma almost completely circumscribed by fibrous tissue, including fascicles of fibroblasts; this is a rare histological picture. The tumor has not recurred for three years. Although MFH frequently undergoes metastasis, the circumscribed‐type subcutaneous MFH characteristic of superficiality and of histologically well‐defined structure seems to have a relatively more favorable prognosis after adequate radical excision.
Vitiligo Coexistent with Nevus Depigmentosus
Authors: Kang In Kyung , Hann Seung Kyung 
Published: April 2015

AbstractA 45‐year‐old Korean man had two distinct types of hypopigmented lesions on the forehead and back: vitiligo and nevus depigmentosus (ND). The hypopigmented macules on the forehead were incidentally discovered 15 days previously and responsed well to steroid therapy. The hypopigmented macule on the back had been present since birth, was stable in size, and showed no response to steroid therapy. There were no remarkable differences between the two lesions in routine histopathology or Fontana‐Masson staining. However, the lesion on the back was shown to contain melanocytes in electron microscopy (EM).
An Immunohistochemical Study of E‐Cadherin Expression in Human Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Skin
Authors: Koseki Shin , Aoki Takehiko , Ansai Shinichi , Hozumi Yutaka , Mitsuhashi Yoshihiko , Kondo Shigeo 
Published: April 2015

AbstractE‐cadherin is a Ca2+‐dependent, intercellular adhesion molecule that is specifically expressed in epithelial tissues and is essential for maintaining intercellular connections. It has been reported that E‐cadherin expression of tumor cells is often decreased in some types of metastasizing carcinomas as compared with those without metastasis.We immunohistochemically examined the expression of E‐cadherin with anti‐E‐cadherin monoclonal antibody and compared primary lesions of human squamous cell carcinoma of the skin (SCC) with regional lymph node metastasis to those without regional lymph node metastasis. Tumor samples from fifty‐five cases of SCC (32 cases of SCC without metastasis and 23 cases with metastasis) were formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded, and examined. E‐cadherin was reduced or absent in 39 (70.9%) out of 55 cases of SCC, and in 21 (91.3%) of 23 cases with regional lymph node metastasis.Our results suggest that the decreased expression of E‐cadherin in the primary lesion is correlated with regional lymph node metastasis in SCC and that it is more frequently correlated with well‐differentiated than with poorly differentiated SCC. E‐cadherin may be useful as a marker for metastatic potential in well‐differentiated SCC.
Myelodysplastic Syndrome Following Treatment of Malignant Melanoma with Vincristine, ACNU, and Dacarbazine
Authors: Kageshita Toshiro , Kuribayashi Noriomi , Ono Tomomichi 
Published: April 2015

AbstractTherapy‐related myelodysplastic syndrome is a rare adverse effect in melanoma patients elicited by chemotherapy. We report a case of myelodysplastic syndrome following treatment of malignant melanoma with alkylating agents. Peripheral blood showed a remarkable suppression of three cell lineages, and the bone marrow was slightly hypercellular. However, no morphological abnormalities were detected in the peripheral blood or the bone marrow, and chromosomal analysis was normal.
Trois scénarios pour l'avenir des relations professionnelles en Europe
Authors: HYMAN Richard 
Published: April 2015

RésuméL'auteur envisage trois scénarios pour l'avenir des relations professionnelles en Europe. Selon le premier, le plus réaliste sans doute, les tendances actuelles se poursuivent et les systèmes nationaux de relations professionnelles, comme les conditions d'emploi, se détériorent. Dans le deuxième, une réforme venant des élites réussit à remodeler les relations professionnelles et la protection des travailleurs, suivant un projet idéal de politique sociale: peu probable vu la prééminence des considérations financières et de la concurrence mondialisée. Le troisième repose sur un contre‐mouvement venant du terrain, les syndicats ayant pour défi de mobiliser les mécontentements bien au‐delà de leur base traditionnelle.
L'avenir des relations professionnelles aux Etats‐Unis: retour à la base et créativité
Authors: FINE Janice 
Published: April 2015

RésuméLes Etats‐Unis sont l'un des pays développés où le déclin du syndicalisme et de la négociation collective est le plus marqué. Leurs relations professionnelles, fondées sur la relation d'emploi «typique», ont vu leurs institutions affaiblies par une législation restrictive et par l'hostilité des employeurs. Désormais, l'emploi précaire, les conditions de travail médiocres et la marginalisation caractérisent le marché du travail, avec pour effet l'apparition de nouveaux mouvements sociaux, spontanés et locaux, visant à protéger les travailleurs vulnérables avec des stratégies très novatrices. A cet égard, les «centres d'aide aux travailleurs» sont particulièrement actifs, souvent en association avec les syndicats classiques.
Historical biogeography of Breynia (Phyllanthaceae): what caused speciation?
Authors: van Welzen Peter C. , Pruesapan Kanchana , Telford Ian R. H. , Bruhl Jeremy J. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractAimThe dated phylogeny of Breynia (including Sauropus) was used to analyse historical biogeographical patterns and to compare the speciation events with tectonic occurrences and biotic and abiotic aspects.LocationSoutheast Asia, Malesia and Australia.MethodsExisting molecular markers (trnS–trnG, accD–psaI, PHYC and ITS) were used in beast to make a Bayesian age estimate with an exponential relaxed molecular clock. The resulting cladograms and maximum clade credibility (MCC) tree were used as input in statistical dispersal–vicariance analysis (S‐DIVA option in the rasp package).ResultsBreynia originated 25–20 Ma in Thailand (western part of northern to southern Thailand) up to peninsular Malaysia. Dispersal occurred in various directions (India+Sri Lanka, China+Indochina, Malesia+Australia) establishing widespread species. Most species evolved locally in the area of origin and a relatively high number of species form limestone endemics.Main conclusionsThere is little correlation between tectonic movements and dispersal patterns in Breynia. Only the dispersal over Wallace's Line occurred when stepping stones were in place. Speciation, especially in the area of origin seems to be linked to soil (limestone endemics) and pollination, as indicated by the presence of deviating inflorescences in B. subgen. Sauropus (no pollinators are known yet) and the obligate moth pollination in B. sect. Breynia. Moreover, B. sect. Breynia and three widespread species of B. subgen. Sauropus have (more) fleshy fruits and all these taxa generally have wide distributions, probably because of bird dispersal.
Reducing Animal Fat in Bologna Sausage Using Pre‐Emulsified Linseed Oil: Technological and Sensory Properties
Authors: Câmara Ana Karoline Ferreira Ignácio , Pollonio Marise Aparecida Rodrigues 
Published: April 2015

AbstractPre‐emulsified linseed oil with sodium caseinate was used to partially replace pork fat in commercial formulations of bologna sausage. A central composite rotational design was carried out to determine the effects of pork fat content (5–20%) and linseed oil (2.5–12.5%) on the emulsion stability, texture profile, color and sensory acceptance of the products. The fat content above 15% influenced both hardness and chewiness of the products. Only the linear effect of the independent variable linseed oil was significant for L* values (P < 0.05). The formulations containing more than 3.95% linseed oil presented higher a* values, lower b* values and improved emulsion stability. The results obtained for the technological properties corroborate the sensory evaluation, in which the attributes color, aroma and flavor had satisfactory scores for the products containing up to 3.95% linseed oil.Practical ApplicationsBologna sausages are widely consumed in Brazil but traditionally have a high content of saturated fats. Therefore, changing the lipid profile of these products is an alternative to the meat industry to offer healthier products to consumers. In this study, the replacement of pork fat by linseed oil was investigated with the aim of providing a new choice for consumption aimed at meeting the nutritional requirements without affecting the sensory and technological properties.
Detection of Cronobacter on gluB Gene and Differentiation of Four Cronobacter Species by Polymerase Chain Reaction‐Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism Typing
Authors: Ye Yingwang , Ling Na , Han Yongjia , Cao Xiaodong , Wu Qingping 
Published: April 2015

AbstractCronobacter species are foodborne pathogens associated with neonatal meningitis, sepsis and necrotizing enterocolitis through consumption of contaminated powdered milk. However, there are no specific targets used for differentiating Cronobacter species. The DNA‐based assay and polyphasic analysis have facilitated the detection and typing of Cronobacter species in foodborne outbreaks. In this study, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and dot hybridization for detecting Cronobacter spp. was developed targeting gluB gene, then one PCR‐restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) typing assay with TaqI digestion was applied for four species differentiation within Cronobacter. Results indicated that the gluB gene is a specific target for detecting Cronobacter and the PCR‐RFLP typing assay could conveniently and rapidly differentiate Cronobacter malonaticus, C. dublinensis, C. sakazakii and C. muytjensii.Practical ApplicationsIn this study, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and dot hybridization targeting gluB for detecting Cronobacter was developed and a PCR‐restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) typing assay with TaqI was successfully applied for differentiating four Cronobacter species. Results indicated that gluB is a specific marker for detection of Cronobacter and PCR‐RFLP targeting gluB gene product digested with TaqI could conveniently differentiate four Cronobacter species.
Automatic quantification of angiogenesis in 2D sections: a precise and timesaving approach
Authors: WEIS C. , COVI J.M. , HILGERT J.G. , LEIBIG N. , ARKUDAS A. , HORCH R.E. , KNESER U. , SCHMIDT V.J. 
Published: April 2015

SummaryIntroductionThe standardized characterization of angiogenesis is crucial in the field of tissue engineering as sufficient blood supply is the limiting factor of mass transfer. However, reliable algorithms that provide a straight forward and observer‐independent assessment of new vessel formation are still lacking. We propose an automatic observer‐independent quantitative method (including downloadable source code) to analyze vascularization using two‐dimensional microscopic images of histological cross‐sections and advanced postprocessing, based on a ‘positive‐ and negative‐experts’ model and a (corrected) nearest neighbour classification, in a vascularized tissue engineering model.Materials and MethodsAn established angioinductive rat arteriovenous loop model was used to compare the new automatic analysis with a common 2D method and a μCT algorithm. Angiogenesis was observed at three different time points (5, 10 and 15 days).ResultsIn line with previous results, formation of functional new vessels that arose from the venous graft was evident within the three‐dimensional construct and a significant (p < 0.05) increase in vessel count and area was observed over time. The proposed automatic analysis obtained precise values for vessel count and vessel area that were similar to the manually gained data. The algorithm further provided vectorized parameterization of the newly formed vessels for advanced statistical analysis. Compared to the μCT‐based three‐dimensional analyses, the presented two‐dimensional algorithm was superior in terms of small vessel detection as well as cost and time efficiency.ConclusionsThe quantitative evaluation method, using microscopic images of stained histological sections, ‘positive‐ and negative‐experts’‐based vessel segmentation, and nearest neighbour classification, provides a user‐independent and precise but also time‐ and cost‐effective tool for the analysis of vascularized constructs. Our algorithm, which is freely available to the public, outperforms previous approaches especially in terms of unambiguous vessel classification and statistical analyses.
The effect of a supportive educational intervention developed based on the Orem's self‐care theory on the self‐care ability of patients with myocardial infarction: a randomised controlled trial
Authors: Mohammadpour Ali , Rahmati Sharghi Narjes , Khosravan Shahla , Alami Ali , Akhond Majid 
Published: April 2015

Aims and objectivesThe aim of this study was to assess the effect of a supportive educational intervention developed based on the Orem's self‐care theory on the self‐care ability of patients with myocardial infarction.BackgroundPatients with cardiovascular disease suffer from the lack of knowledge about the disease and consequently are not able to fulfil their own self‐care needs.DesignThis was a randomised controlled trial conducted in 2012.MethodsWe recruited a random sample of 66 patients with myocardial infarction who had been recently discharged from coronary care unit. The study setting was two university hospitals located in Khorasan, Iran. Patients were randomly allocated to either the experimental or the control groups. Patients in the experimental group received education, support, and counselling while patients in the control group received no intervention. We employed a demographic questionnaire and the Myocardial Infarction Self‐Care Ability Questionnaire for data collection and spss version 16.00 for data analysis.FindingsAfter the study, patients in the experimental group had higher levels of self‐care knowledge, motivation and skills compared to the prestudy readings and the control group.ConclusionThe supportive educational intervention developed based on the Orem's self‐care theory can improve nonhospitalised patients' self‐care ability and positively affect public health outcomes. Consequently, using the developed programme for providing follow‐up care to nonhospitalised patients is recommended.Relevance to clinical practiceHaving the ability to develop caring systems based on the nursing theories is a prerequisite to standard nursing practice. Identifying patients' educational needs is a fundamental prerequisite to patient education. Our findings revealed that the supportive educational intervention developed based on the Orem's self‐care theory can help health care providers identify and fulfil patients' self‐care needs.
Combating Weight‐Based Bullying in Schools: Is There Public Support for the Use of Litigation?
Authors: Puhl Rebecca , Luedicke Joerg , King Kelly M. 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACTBACKGROUNDBullying litigation is an emerging area of law that has increased in response to serious cases of bullying at school. Weight‐based bullying is prevalent at school, but no research has examined the use of litigation to address this problem. We assessed public support for litigation approaches to address weight‐based bullying at school, and whether support for litigation varies according to the reason why a student is bullied.METHODSA national sample of 994 adults (49% parents) completed an online questionnaire assessing their support for litigation approaches in response to hypothetical incidents of youth bullying.RESULTSAs many as two thirds of participants supported litigation against schools for failing to intervene and protect students from weight‐based bullying. Litigation remedies received slightly higher support in response to bullying due to race or sexual orientation compared to body weight. Participants favored litigation approaches that target schools for inadequate intervention or a bully's parents on behalf of their child's actions.CONCLUSIONSOur study offers novel findings about public and parental views of litigation as a potential approach to address weight‐based (and other forms of) bullying, and introduces considerations about the potential role of litigation as part of broader remedies to address youth bullying.
The impact of sheep grazing on burrows for pygmy bluetongue lizards and on burrow digging spiders
Authors: Clayton J. , Bull C. M. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractGrazing by domestic stock has altered and degraded natural grassland ecosystems worldwide, directly and indirectly impacting the endemic plant and animal species occupying those grasslands. The pygmy bluetongue lizard Tiliqua adelaidensis is an endangered species, restricted now to fragments of native grassland habitat in South Australia, which are predominantly grazed by sheep. These lizards exclusively occupy burrows dug by spiders, and use them as refuges, basking sites and ambush points. They do not dig their own burrows and rely on coexisting spiders for this essential resource. We asked how sheep grazing influences construction and persistence of spider burrows by comparing burrow dynamics in adjacent grazed and ungrazed grassland habitats. In ungrazed plots, spider burrows increased over one spring and summer period, particularly after a summer rain event that softened the soil. In grazed plots, more existing burrows were destroyed, presumably by sheep trampling, and fewer new burrows were constructed, leading to a net loss in burrow numbers over the same period. However, in this short study, grazing did not affect the number of pygmy bluetongue lizards or the number of lycosid spiders. Burrows that were lost tended to be shallower and to have smaller diameter entrances than those that were retained, suggesting that the best burrows for lizard refuges were more likely to persist despite sheep activity. However, heavy grazing may have negative impacts on both lizards and spiders, resulting from a reduction in available burrows and in spider digging behaviour.
Localization of quantitative trait loci for diapause and other photoperiodically regulated life history traits important in adaptation to seasonally varying environments
Authors: Tyukmaeva Venera I. , Veltsos Paris , Slate Jon , Gregson Emma , Kauranen Hannele , Kankare Maaria , Ritchie Michael G. , Butlin Roger K. , Hoikkala Anneli 
Published: April 2015

AbstractSeasonally changing environments at high latitudes present great challenges for the reproduction and survival of insects, and photoperiodic cues play an important role in helping them to synchronize their life cycle with prevalent and forthcoming conditions. We have mapped quantitative trait loci (QTL) responsible for the photoperiodic regulation of four life history traits, female reproductive diapause, cold tolerance, egg‐to‐eclosion development time and juvenile body weight in Drosophila montana strains from different latitudes in Canada and Finland. The F2 progeny of the cross was reared under a single photoperiod (LD cycle 16:8), which the flies from the Canadian population interpret as early summer and the flies from the Finnish population as late summer. The analysis revealed a unique QTL for diapause induction on the X chromosome and several QTL for this and the other measured traits on the 4th chromosome. Flies’ cold tolerance, egg‐to‐eclosion development time and juvenile body weight had several QTL also on the 2nd, 3rd and 5th chromosome, some of the peaks overlapping with each other. These results suggest that while the downstream output of females’ photoperiodic diapause response is partly under a different genetic control from that of the other traits in the given day length, all traits also share some QTL, possibly involving genes with pleiotropic effects and/or multiple tightly linked genes. Nonoverlapping QTL detected for some of the traits also suggest that the traits are potentially capable of independent evolution, even though this may be restricted by epistatic interactions and/or correlations and trade‐offs between the traits.
A genetic demographic analysis of Lake Malawi rock‐dwelling cichlids using spatio‐temporal sampling
Authors: Husemann Martin , Nguyen Rachel , Ding Baoqing , Danley Patrick D. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractWe estimated the effective population sizes (Ne) and tested for short‐term temporal demographic stability of populations of two Lake Malawi cichlids: Maylandia benetos, a micro‐endemic, and Maylandia zebra, a widespread species found across the lake. We sampled a total of 351 individuals, genotyped them at 13 microsatellite loci and sequenced their mitochondrial D‐loop to estimate genetic diversity, population structure, demographic history and effective population sizes. At the microsatellite loci, genetic diversity was high in all populations. Yet, genetic diversity was relatively low for the sequence data. Microsatellites yielded mean Ne estimates of 481 individuals (±99 SD) for M. benetos and between 597 (±106.3 SD) and 1524 (±483.9 SD) individuals for local populations of M. zebra. The microsatellite data indicated no deviations from mutation–drift equilibrium. Maylandia zebra was further found to be in migration–drift equilibrium. Temporal fluctuations in allele frequencies were limited across the sampling period for both species. Bayesian Skyline analyses suggested a recent expansion of M. zebra populations in line with lake‐level fluctuations, whereas the demographic history of M. benetos could only be estimated for the very recent past. Divergence time estimates placed the origin of M. benetos within the last 100 ka after the refilling of the lake and suggested that it split off the sympatric M. zebra population. Overall, our data indicate that micro‐endemics and populations in less favourable habitats have smaller Ne, indicating that drift may play an important role driving their divergence. Yet, despite small population sizes, high genetic variation can be maintained.