bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Current perioperative practice patterns for minimizing surgical site infection during rhinologic procedures
Authors: Smith Erin J. , Stringer Scott 
Published: November 2014

BackgroundThere is a paucity of information in the literature regarding the best practices to reduce surgical site infections associated with rhinologic surgery.MethodsWe surveyed the American Rhinologic Society (ARS) membership to assess current perioperative infection control measures performed for rhinologic procedures, with the goal of establishing a baseline of current practice.ResultsResults revealed that for most rhinologic procedures performed in the operating room (OR) setting, the majority of physicians gown and drape in a sterile fashion and perform a complete surgical scrub of their hands and forearms but do not prep the facial skin with an antimicrobial agent. For rhinologic procedures performed in the office setting, the majority of physicians do not perform any of the aforementioned perioperative measures for any of the office procedures. Interestingly, for physicians that perform inferior turbinate reductions in both settings, 45% gown and drape in a sterile fashion and 28% perform a complete surgical scrub of their hands in the OR setting but not in the office setting. The most stringent measures were performed for endoscopic skull‐base procedures, with over 90% of responders administering perioperative antibiotics, gowning and draping in a sterile fashion, and performing a complete surgical scrub of their hands. Despite lack of demonstrated benefit, antibiotics were used variably for the other procedures.ConclusionThis survey demonstrates that there is great variability in the perioperative measures rhinologists perform to reduce surgical site infection, which differs by the practice site. These data serve as a baseline for future studies.
Natural Products with Anti‐Bredt and Bridgehead Double Bonds
Authors: Mak Jeffrey Y. W. , Pouwer Rebecca H. , Williams Craig M. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractWell over a hundred years ago, Professor Julius Bredt embarked on a career pursuing and critiquing bridged bicyclic systems that contained ring strain induced by the presence of a bridgehead olefin. These endeavors founded what we now know as Bredt’s rule (Bredtsche Regel). Physical, theoretical, and synthetic organic chemists have intensely studied this premise, pushing the boundaries of such systems to arrive at a better understood physical phenomenon. Mother nature has also seen fit to construct molecules containing bridgehead double bonds that encompass Bredt’s rule. For the first time, this topic is reviewed in a natural product context.
The Morphology and Electrophysiology of the Cochlea of the Miniature Pig
Authors: Guo Weiwei , Yi Haijin , Ren Lili , Chen Lei , Zhao Lidong , Sun Wei , Yang Shi‐Ming 
Published: November 2014

ABSTRACTTo report the cochlear morphology and electrophysiology of Chinese experimental miniature pigs. Twenty Chinese experimental miniature pigs were used in this study. Auditory brainstem responses (ABR), cochlear endolymphatic potentials (EP), and the potassium concentrations of cochlear endolymph were recorded. Hair cell morphology was examined using electron microscopy. The capsule of cochlea of the miniature pig has three and one‐half turns which contains a 39‐mm long membranous labyrinth. The organ of Corti in the labyrinth encompasses three rows of outer hair cells and one row of inner hair cells. The stereocilia of the hair cells in the apical turn of the cochlea were significantly longer than those in the basal turn. The vestibular apparatus consists of three semicircular canals and the otolith organs. The average threshold of the ABR was 35–45 dB SPL (n = 20) from 4 to 32 kHz. There was no significant difference in the threshold or latency of the ABR between 1‐day‐old and 30‐day‐old miniature pigs. The average EP value was 77.3 ± 14 mV (n = 9) and the average potassium concentration was 147.1 ± 13 mM (n = 5) recorded from the second turn of the cochlea. These studies on the cochlear morphology and electrophysiology of the miniature pigs help to establish the Chinese experimental miniature pig as an animal model for future studies in otology and audiology. Anat Rec, 298:494–500, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A Switched System Approach to Robust Stabilization of Networked Control Systems with Multiple Packet Transmission
Authors: Yu Mei , Yuan Xiaodan , Xiao Wendong 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThis paper considers robust stabilization of networked control systems (NCSs) with the problem of multiple packet transmission. Two parts of uncertainties are considered in this paper: norm‐bounded parameter uncertainties in the plant, and norm‐bounded parameter uncertainties in the controller. For sensor nodes and actuator nodes communicating through a limited communication channel, we are particularly interested in the case that only one packet containing part of the state information can be transmitted through a toking‐bus every time. Stability of the NCSs with multiple packet transmitted in a periodic manner is closely related to that of periodically switched systems. For NCSs with and without uncertainties in the plant and the controller, stabilizing state feedback controllers are constructed in terms of linear matrix inequalities (LMIs). Numerical examples are given to illustrate the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed approach.
An Adaptive Clustering Protocol Using Niching Particle Swarm Optimization for Wireless Sensor Networks
Authors: Ma Dexin , Ma Jian , Xu Pengmin 
Published: November 2014

AbstractClustering is an hierarchical topology control method, and it is also an energy‐saving and energy efficient technique that extends the sensor network's lifetime. In this paper, we propose and analyze an adaptive clustering protocol using niching particle swarm optimization (ACP‐NPSO), a protocol architecture that uses NPSO to cluster the wireless sensor networks adaptively and efficiently, thus saving energy, balancing energy consumption and enhancing the system's robustness. The simulation results indicate that our proposed protocol ACP‐NPSO can enhance system lifespan, accelerate the convergence speed, and deliver more data by distributing energy dissipation evenly in the networks.
Tetrathiatriarylmethyl Radicals Conjugated to an RGD‐Peptidomimetic
Authors: Driesschaert Benoît , Levêque Philippe , Gallez Bernard , Marchand‐Brynaert Jacqueline 
Published: November 2014

AbstractTetrathiatriarylmethyl (TAM) radicals are favourite spin labels for electron paramagnetic resonance imaging (EPRI). In this work, we report a straightforward synthesis of new TAM radicals bound to an Arg‐Gly‐Asp (RGD)‐peptidomimetic known to be a cell‐targeting agent. These new radicals are stable in solution, and sensitive to oxygen, and their experimental EPR data is consistent with density functional theory (DFT) calculations.
Synthesis and Characterization of cis‐A2B‐Type meso‐Triaryl‐Substituted Corroles
Authors: Ooi Shota , Tanaka Takayuki , Osuka Atsuhiro 
Published: November 2014

AbstractA practical synthesis of cis‐A2B‐type 5,10,15‐triarylcorroles has been developed that involves [2+2]‐type acid‐catalyzed condensation of 5‐aryldipyrromethane and 5‐(pentafluorophenyl)dipyrromethane‐1‐carbinol and subsequent 2,3‐dichloro‐5,6‐dicyano‐1,4‐benzoquinone (DDQ) induced oxidative cyclization. All the corroles thus synthesized were structurally well‐characterized, and their optical and electrochemical properties were also studied.
Zolmitriptan inhibits neurogenic inflammation and pain during electrical stimulation in human skin
Authors: Döring K. , Best C. , Birklein F. , Krämer H.H. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractBackgroundTriptans are agonists to 5‐HT 1B/D/F receptors, which are present on nociceptive neurons not only within but also beyond the trigeminal system. The aim of this study was to investigate whether zolmitriptan interacts with peptidergic nociceptive afferents in human skin.MethodsTwenty participants (13 women, median age: 25; interquartile range: 23–26 years) entered the randomized, double‐blind, cross‐over study. Electrically induced neurogenic flare and pain was assessed after either placebo or zolmitriptan on the ventral thigh. Mechanical pain thresholds were investigated at baseline and after electrical stimulation at the stimulation site.ResultsThe size of the neurogenic flare (F = 10.9; p = 0.002) as well as electrically induced pain were significantly reduced by zolmitriptan (F = 4.46; p = 0.041). Moreover, electrically induced pinprick hyperalgesia was significantly decreased by zolmitriptan compared with placebo (F = 6.243; p = 0.017).ConclusionsTriptans may have effects outside of the trigeminal system and reduce electrically evoked neurogenic inflammation and pain in human skin.
Information Collection, Access, and Dissemination to Support Evidence‐Based Shale Gas Policies
Authors: Gamper‐Rabindran Shanti 
Published: November 2014

AbstractTo ensure that unconventional shale gas development (UGD) yields net social benefits, we need to identify the magnitude and distribution of its benefits and costs and develop effective technological, management, and regulatory strategies to minimize potential adverse effects. A major obstacle to achieve these goals is the gaps in the collection, access, and dissemination of information. This paper focuses on information gaps to assess a narrow subset of the potential links between UGD and well‐water contamination, drawing particularly from the experience in Pennsylvania. It suggests strategies for legislators, regulators, industry, and researchers to address these information gaps, while protecting legitimate privacy concerns. The benefits from an improved understanding of the impact of this industry and resulting innovations to mitigate its impacts justifies the cost of data collection, access, and dissemination.
Neurogenesis in the septal and temporal part of the adult rat dentate gyrus
Authors: Bekiari Chryssa , Giannakopoulou Aggeliki , Siskos Nikistratos , Grivas Ioannis , Tsingotjidou Anastasia , Michaloudi Helen , Papadopoulos Georgios C. 
Published: November 2014

ABSTRACTStructural and functional dissociation between the septal and the temporal part of the dentate gyrus predispose for possible differentiations in the ongoing neurogenesis process of the adult hippocampus. In this study, BrdU‐dated subpopulations of the rat septal and temporal dentate gyrus (coexpressing GFAP, DCX, NeuN, calretinin, calbindin, S100, caspase‐3 or fractin) were quantified comparatively at 2, 5, 7, 14, 21, and 30 days after BrdU administration in order to examine the successive time‐frames of the neurogenesis process, the glial or neuronal commitment of newborn cells and the occurring apoptotic cell death. Newborn neurons' migration from the neurogenic subgranular zone to the inner granular cell layer and expression of glutamate NMDA and AMPA receptors were also studied. BrdU immunocytochemistry revealed comparatively higher numbers of BrdU+ cells in the septal part, but stereological analysis of newborn and total granule cells showed an identical ratio in the two parts, indicating an equivalent neurogenic ability, and a common topographical pattern along each part's longitudinal and transverse axis. Similarly, both parts exhibited extremely low levels of newborn glial and apoptotic cells. However, despite the initially equal division rate and pattern of the septal and temporal proliferating cells, their later proliferative profile diverged in the two parts. Dynamic differences in the differentiation, migration and maturation process of the two BrdU‐incorporating subpopulations of newborn neurons were also detected, along with differences in their survival pattern. Therefore, we propose that various factors, including developmental date birth, local DG microenvironment and distinct functionality of the two parts may be the critical regulators of the ongoing neurogenesis process, leading the septal part to a continuous, rapid, and less‐disciplined genesis rate, whereas the quiescent temporal microenvironment preserves a quite steady, less‐demanding neurogenesis process. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
New Britain obsidian sources
Authors: Bird Roger , Torrence Robin , Summerhayes Glenn R. , Bailey Grahame 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThe natural occurrence of obsidian in volcanic flows in West New Britain has been thoroughly investigated and new measurements of the composition of field samples have been made with a proton dose of 150 μC, increased by a factor of three compared to analyses reported in early studies. New data on precision and accuracy of PIXE‐PIGME show that measurement error is not a significant factor in interpretations of chemical variability among source and artifact samples. The results provide evidence for 5 readily distinguishable groups of source samples (Gulu, Kutau/Bao, Baki, Hamilton and Mopir) plus two subgroups (GaralaB and GaralaC) which differ from the Baki source for a few elements and have higher standard deviations from most elements. An unusual degree of variability within the Hamilton and Garala source samples must be taken into account during the classification of artifact collections.
Continuity and change in Lapita and post‐Lapita ceramics: a review of evidence from the Admiralty Islands and New Ireland, Papua New Guinea
Authors: Wahome E. Wachira 
Published: November 2014

AbstractAlthough a relationship between Lapita and post‐Lapita ceramic traditions has long been suspected, a systematic and detailed examination of similarities and differences between them has not been previously made. An important first step is to determine the nature of change from one to the other by examining pottery from sites which have the full ceramic sequence. My analyses of ceramic assemblages from Manus and New Ireland demonstrate continuity between the two traditions.
The prehistoric chronology of Raoul Island, the Kermadec Group
Authors: Higham Thomas , Johnson Leigh 
Published: November 2014

AbstractRaoul, the largest of the Kermadec group of islands, has been investigated twice by archaeologists and radiocarbon dating of the south‐east end of the Low Flat site has resulted in 10th century AD age estimates. We have re‐dated the critical south‐east end of the lower settlement horizon and the overlying upper settlement horizon at Low Flat using shell samples. We conclude that the two horizons represent a short term settlement sequence. In addition, an appraisal of the radiocarbon results remaining after those affected by the use of old wood in prehistory have been discarded has shown that they are statistically indistinguishable. We suggest that prehistoric occupation on the island was brief and confined to the 14th century AD. Because of the presence of Mayor Island obsidian in the cultural deposits at Low Flat, the pooled mean of the acceptable radiocarbon determinations (ca. 550–650 BP) represents a minimum age for the settlement of New Zealand.
Early Holocene backed artefacts from Australia
Authors: Hiscock Peter , Attenbrow Val 
Published: November 2014

AbstractMany archaeologists have argued that backed artefacts, or backed ‘blades’, were used in Australia only during the last 4500 years. We show that those arguments are theoretically flawed and present case studies which demonstrate the manufacture of backed artefacts in the early Holocene. Implications of early Holocene backed artefacts are explored.
Willandra Lakes Archaeological Investigations 1968–98
Authors: Johnston Harvey , Clark Peter 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThe broadly generalised and widely cited late Pleistocene prehistory of the Willandra Lakes Region that has emerged over the last 30 years is based on analyses of a limited sample of the region's archaeology. This paper points to the expansive nature of Pleistocene sediments and archaeological exposures that exist in the region and identifies issues and problems faced by researchers who have investigated its archaeological record.Poorly understood areas of investigation hold considerable potential for expanding our understanding of late Pleistocene occupation, notably the nature of peoples' occupation in the area during the glacial maximum, the antiquity of Aboriginal occupation in south‐eastern Australia, interaction with megafauna, the nature of Pleistocene material culture, exchange of raw materials and associated indicators of trade and extended alliance networks. A review of the research that underpins this prehistory reveals considerable opportunity for further investigation.
Reinterpreting the 1969–1972 Willandra Lakes archaeological surveys
Authors: Allen Harry 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThe surveys of the Willandra Lakes sites between 1969 and 1972 were the first to attempt the study of open sites on an archaeological landscape rather rockshelters. Gaps in the evidence were filled using ethnographic data based on observations of 19th century Bagundji life. The conclusions drawn regarding the continuity of Aboriginal subsistence and the development of intensive wild cereal gathering were robust and have played a part in archaeological debates since. This article seeks to reexamine the data from the 1969–72 surveys, to test the original conclusions drawn from them and, finally, to determine the role the Willandra Lakes sites might continue to play in Pleistocene studies. The information from the Willandra Lakes sites is limited to the Pleistocene. When the original conclusions are discarded, the data support more recent conclusions derived from a wider sample of sites in the Darling River region by Hope and Balme.
East and west: burial practices along the Murray River
Authors: Littleton Judith 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThere are distinct formal differences between the Upper Murray (Riverine Plain) and the Murray Valley to the west of the Plain in the form and placement of Aboriginal burial sites. While some of these differences have been recognised by previous researchers, they have been interpreted as evidence simply of gradual variation in burial along the Murray Valley.On the basis of new data plus existing records, it is argued that these differences are more extensive than previously thought and include site location and size, as well as body treatment. The changes occur at the junction of the Riverine Plain and the mallee of the western Murray valley so that in the west there is an homogeneous pattern of burial while in the Upper Murray burial is highly variable between sites but consistent within each of these sites. It is suggested that this pattern of burial in the Upper Murray reflects both the distribution of people across the landscape and the size of local burying groups.
Japanese Jomon sherds in artifact collections from Mele Plain on Efate in Vanuatu
Authors: Dickinson William R. , Sinoto Yosihiko H. , Shutler Richard , Shutler Mary Elizabeth , Garanger Jose , Teska Thomas M. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractFourteen cord‐marked sherds collected from the surface of yam gardens on Mele Plain near Port Vila on the island of Efate in Vanuatu are unlike any known prehistoric wares from Pacific islands. Based on typological analysis, comparative petrographic study of sand tempers supplemented by microprobe analysis of characteristic microperlite sand grains, and thermolumescence dating of key examples, we believe these sherds were made during the Early Jomon period in Aomori Prefecture near the north tip of Honshu. Although we are unable to specify the time or means of their introduction into Vanuatu, the sherds cannot represent indigenous pottery and are not part of the Oceanian ceramic legacy.
A radiocarbon chronology for the Eastern Lapita frontier in Tonga
Authors: Burley David V. , Nelson D. Erle , Shutler Richard 
Published: November 2014

AbstractWe present a series of 31 AMS radiocarbon dates on charcoal samples from six sites with eastern Lapita and Polynesian plain ware occupations in the Ha'apai Islands of Tonga. These dates indicate an initial Lapita settlement beginning no earlier than 2850 cal BP, with a rapid transition to a Polynesian plain ware phase by 2650 cal BP at the latest. Comparison of the Ha'apai chronology to radiocarbon dates from elsewhere in Tonga and in Western Polynesia suggests it may have wider application, with only plain ware dates from American Samoa standing as the exception. The Ha'apai results have implications for the resolution of a rapid versus staged model for Lapita colonisation of Oceania. Rather than a Polynesian “express train”, Lapita settlement appears as a clinal progression involving a period of no less than 450 years.
Andrée Rosenfeld and the Archaeology of Rock‐Art1
Authors: Taçon Paul S. C. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractHow old is it? What does it mean? These are the common questions of rock‐art research but the answers are nearly always elusive. It is very tempting to impose age or meaning, to be deceived by dating technology or to be blinded by the persuasiveness of certain forms of interpretation when studying rock pictures; too often we fail to question the validity of our answers or to distinguish ‘emic’, ‘etic’ and different levels of interpretation. At the same time, rock‐art research will always be a human science, subject to interpretation, analogy and personal perspectives. But this does not mean that we cannot bring a high level of scholarship to the discipline, as Andrée Rosenfeld has shown in her capacity as a researcher and teacher. She has developed ways of treating rock‐art as data, giving us insight into diverse aspects of the past, as well as better answering the questions of age and meaning associated with unique forms of rock‐art imagery.
Symbols by Nature: animal frequencies in the Upper Palaeolithic of western Europe and the nature of symbolic representation
Authors: Davidson Iain 
Published: November 2014

AbstractIt is well understood that rock art involves symbols, and that the meaning of symbols is not straightforward. In this paper, I show that symbolic values in the iconic depictions in the Upper Palaeolithic of Europe vary across regions. I then show that for one site symbolic values within a constant iconic tradition vary across time. In the final section of the paper, I show that it is easy to be seduced from a modern perspective into a belief that symbolic values have stayed the same over long periods of time. This is counter to what we know from the mutable nature of symbols both from the ethnographic documentation and from the archaeological examples in this paper.
Backed to the Pleistocene
Authors: McNiven Ian J. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThe recent identification of Australian backed artefacts dating to the early Holocene by Hiscock and Attenbrow (1998) opens the way for new explorations into the origin, distribution and use of these implements across Sahul. In particular, it draws attention to the fact that the technology of backed artefact production should not be seen as innovative but as an adaptive response to changing technological demands on stone tools. Using information on bipolar flaking and anvil retouching from Pleistocene Tasmania, I argue that backing has been part of the technological repertoire of Aboriginal Australians for at least 30,000 years. These new data suggest that understanding the appearance of backed artefacts at different time periods and at different places, including the major efflorescence in the last 4500 years, has more to do with local changes in technological organisation (particularly the use of hafting) and the relative application of existing flaking techniques using anvils rather than diffusion of a new technology with possible Asian origins. Results have implications for the integrity of the Core Tool and Scraper Tradition.