bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An interpretable ensemble trees method with joint analysis of static and dynamic features for myocardial infarction detection
Authors: Liang Chunmiao , Sun Qinghua , Li Jiali , Ji Bing , Wu Weiming , Zhang Fukai , Chen Yuguo , Wang Cong 
Published: July 2024

Abstract

Objective. In recent years, artificial intelligence-based electrocardiogram (ECG) methods have been massively applied to myocardial infarction (MI). However, the joint analysis of static and dynamic features to achieve accurate and interpretable MI detection has not been comprehensively addressed. Approach. This paper proposes a simplified ensemble tree method with a joint analysis of static and dynamic features to solve this issue for MI detection. Initially, the dynamic features are extracted by modeling the intrinsic dynamics of ECG via dynamic learning in addition to extracting classical static features. Secondly, a two-stage feature selection strategy is designed to identify a few significant features, which substitute the original variables that are employed in constructing the ensemble tree. This approach enhances the discriminative ability by selecting significant static and dynamic features. Subsequently, this paper presents an interpretable classification method named StackTree by introducing a stacked ensemble scheme to modify the ensemble tree simplification algorithm. The representative rules of the raw ensemble trees are selected as the intermediate training data that is used to retrain a decision tree with performance close to that of the source ensemble model. Using this scheme, the significant precision and interpretability of MI detection are thus comprehensively addressed. Main results. The effectiveness of our method in detecting MI is evaluated using the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB) and clinical database. The findings suggest that our algorithm outperforms the traditional methods based on a single type of feature. Additionally, it is comparable to the conventional random forest, achieving 97.1% accuracy under the inter-patient framework on the PTB database. Furthermore, feature subsets trained on PTB are validated using the clinical database, resulting in an accuracy of 84.5%. The chosen important features demonstrate that both static and dynamic information have crucial roles in MI detection. Crucially, the proposed method provides clear internal workings in an easy-to-understand visual manner.
Identification of new gold lines in the 350–1000 nm spectral region using laser produced plasmas
Authors: Charlwood M , Chaurasia S , McCann M , Ballance C , Riley D , Keenan F P 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
We present results from a pilot study, using a laser-produced plasma, to identify new lines in the 350–1000 nm spectral region for the r-process element gold (Au), of relevance to studies of neutron star mergers. This was achieved via optical-IR spectroscopy of a laser-produced Au plasma, with an Au target of high purity (99.95%) and a low vacuum pressure to remove any air contamination from the experimental spectra. Our data were recorded with a spectrometer of 750 mm focal length and 1200 lines mm−1 grating, yielding a resolution of 0.04 nm. We find 54 lines not previously identified and which are not due to the impurities (principally copper (Cu) and silver (Ag)) in our Au sample. Of these 54 lines, we provisionally match 21 strong transitions to theoretical results from collisional-radiative models that include energy levels derived from atomic structure calculations up to the 6s level. Some of the remaining 33 unidentified lines in our spectra are also strong and may be due to transitions involving energy levels which are higher-lying than those in our plasma models. Nevertheless, our experiments demonstrate that laser-produced plasmas are well suited to the identification of transitions in r-process elements, with the method applicable to spectra ranging from UV to IR wavelengths.
Internal dosimetry assessment of beta, beta/auger, and alpha decaying radionuclides in targeted radionuclide therapy for prostate cancer: a simulation study
Authors: Karadeniz-Yildirim Ayşe 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The study employs the Monte Carlo method to calculate the internal dosimetry of beta, beta/Auger and alpha-type decaying radionuclides used in the treatment of prostate cancer. The distributions of dose to the prostate and critical organs were simulated on a virtual phantom using GATE MC software. In GATE simulation, geometric parameters and densities were determined for the prostate as the source organ and the kidneys, liver, testicles, and bladder as critical organs. In the prostate geometry, Lu-177, Ac-225, and Tb-161 with an activity of 370 MBq were identified. Using the DoseActors command, the S values, instant absorbed doses (Gy/s), uncertainties, and total absorbed doses (Gy) were computed and saved as an output file in the TXT format. Dosimetric comparison was made between different TRTs according to the absorbed doses in the source and critical organs. The prostate was found to be the tissue that received the highest instant absorbed dose with 8.397E-03, 1.594E+00 and 1.195E-02 Gy/s for Lu-177, Ac-225 and Tb-161, respectively. The kidney, liver, and testicles were taken lowest instant absorbed doses with 3.888E-08 (mean), 5.679E-08, and 4.302E-07 (mean) Gy/s by Tb-161. Lu-177 gave the lowest instant absorbed doses of 5.731E-07 Gy/s for the bladder. It was found that there was no overdose in any critical organ according to the critical threshold values given to protect the organs from radiation-related toxic effects. However, testicles were additionally evaluated in terms of fertility. Ac-225 and Tb-161 were radionuclides that produced optimal doses for TRT.
Investigation of structural, morphological, optical and electronic properties of Cu-doped PbS thin films: a comparative experimental and theoretical study
Authors: Ramay Shahid M , Aldosary Mohammed H 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Thin film technology has emerged as a cornerstone in optoelectronics, enabling the fabrication of compact, lightweight devices with enhanced performance and efficiency through precise control of the nanoscale thicknesses of functional materials. The current study explores the impact of copper (Cu) doping (3.125%, 6.25%, and 12.5%) on lead (Pb) sites in PbS to examine the structural, morphological, electronic, optical, and thermoelectric characteristics, employing both experimental and theoretical approaches. Polycrystalline thin films of PbS are deposited by spin coating technique on glass substrates. The XRD study discloses the cubic crystal structure of pristine and Cu-doped PbS with nominal variation in d-spacing. Surface morphological investigations reveal that Cu-doping transforms the coffee beans like grains to nanoplates that significantly affect the surface homogeneity and porosity. The tuning of band structure in the visible range, 1.64–2.21 eV is witnessed in the band structure analysis. Moreover, the experimental results are complemented by a theoretical study using WIEN2k software. Theoretical study exhibits the direct bandgap nature and with the incorporation of Cu, it increases from 0.89 to 2.11 eV. The density of states spectra for Cu-doped PbS exhibits strong hybridization between p-states of Pb and S, and d-states of Cu. Optical findings demonstrate significant variations in the absorption spectrum, which result in modifications in the optical energy band gap and peculiar optical parameters of doped samples. At room temperature, the increase in electrical conductivity (σ/τ) from 0.2 × 1020 (Ω.m.s)−1 for PbS to 0.3 × 1020, 3.1 × 1020 and 7.8 × 1020 (Ω.m.s)−1, thermal conductivity from 0.25 × 1014 W m.K.s−1 to 0.30 × 1014, 2.4 × 1014 and 5.2 × 1014 W m.K.s−1 and decrease in Seebeck coefficient from 72 to 35, 13 and 8 μV/K with the inclusion of Cu up to 3.125, 6.25 and 12.5% offer the potential for advancing thermoelectric technology. This could lead to improved efficiency and practical utilization in energy harvesting and waste heat recovery.
On the validity of using spectrophotometry of cuvettes to provide a dose-response calibration for radiochromic optical computed tomography-based three-dimensional dosimetry
Authors: Jensen M B , Balling P , Vindbæk S H , Doran S J , Jensen M L , Petersen J B B , Muren L P 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The dose response of materials used in radiochromic three-dimensional (3D) dosimeters is often characterised via spectrophotometry of small cuvette samples as it is less time-consuming and cheaper. However, spatially-resolved dose measurements for clinical purposes are obtained using 3D optical computed tomography (CT). Hence, the link between the method of characterisation and the method for extracting 3D dose information must be established. The aim of this study was to investigate if spectrophotometry-based dose-response characterisation using cuvette-sized samples is valid for calibration of 3D optical CT readout systems using a silicone-based radiochromic dosimeter. Additionally, the uniformity of 3D optical CT dose-response readout of larger samples was investigated. We found the dose response of cuvette-sized samples read out by spectrophotometry to agree with the averaged dose response across cuvette-sized samples read out by optical CT and with the response near the edges of larger samples scanned using the same apparatus. Thus, cuvette-based dose-response spectrophotometry can be used to calibrate 3D optical CT readout using silicone-based radiochromic dosimeters. However, caution should be taken when considering larger samples as they exhibit a gradual radial increase in dose response from the centre and outwards.
Mapping 3D doses in water with a cable robot equipped with plastic scintillator
Authors: Archambault Louis , Mersi Ramin , Foucault Simon , Berthiaume Frédérik , Lessard Boby , Therriault-Proulx Francois , Cardou Philippe 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This work presents the first use of a cable robot for 3D dosimetry. Its design was optimized to operate in water and offer five degrees of freedom. It was equipped with a plastic scintillation detector. The cables and the end effector were made of plastic, thus making all components inside the phantom water equivalent. Feasibility and reproducibility was demonstrated using a 6MV beam. The cable robot prototype had a usable workspace of 40 cm in each direction and could rotate over 90 degrees in both the polar and azimuthal directions. It was tested at speeds of up to 120.8 mm/s. Position precision was within 2.5 mm for translation and within 1.1 mm for rotations about a fixed point. This new robotic dosimetry system is more versatile and can address limitations of current water phantoms that are constrained to only 3 translation axes.
Preliminary study on a bifunctional, elastic NBT–PVA radiochromic gel acting as a bolus and dosimeter in radiotherapy
Authors: Jaszczak-Kuligowska M. , Maras P. , Kozicki M. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This work presents a new elastic radiochromic gel containing a radiation-sensitive nitro blue tetrazolium chloride (NBT) embedded in a poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) matrix, which can simultaneously function as a bolus and a dosimeter in radiotherapy.
A heterogeneous-cavity model for miniaturized detectors of orthovoltage X-rays
Authors: Thevenet F. , Keshmiri S. , Moussaoui M. , Huffschmidt B. , Esteves J. , Lu G-N. , Adam J-F , Pittet P. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
To meet the needs of modelling small-sized detectors of orthovoltage X-rays, for spatially fractionated radiotherapy, we propose a model to determine responses of the detectors in cases of highly heterogeneous cavity. The model was applied to a detector whose cavity features a sparse high-Z perovskite scintillation layer embedded in an epoxy resin. Irradiations were carried out using the Small Animal Radiation Research Platform. Local photon and electron spectra were computed by the SpekPy toolbox and Penelope Monte Carlo simulations, respectively. The detector model considers that X-ray photons mainly interact with medium surrounding the scintillation layer, and that the output of the detector mainly results from secondary electrons in this layer. Results from model computations are compared with measurement data, showing differences less than 16% for beam energies in the 60 kVp −220 kVp range.
Applications of Polarization Imaging for Conventional and FLASH Radiotherapy Dosimetry
Authors: Cloutier Émily , Lalonde Arthur , Zerouali Karim , Beaulieu Luc , Archambault Louis 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The application of Cherenkov radiation in radiation therapy dosimetry has been limited by the anisotropic nature of the signal. Recently, polarization imaging was investigated as a method to correct Cherenkov anisotropy and allow precise dose measurements directly in a water tank. The aim of this study is to present polarization imaging as method for the measurement of ultra-high dose rate (UHDR) intra-operative electron beams. In this new approach, the polarized Cherenkov signal was isolated and utilized as a surrogate to evaluate the quality and consistency of both UHDR and conventional electron beams. Percent depth Cherenkov signal were measured for different energies, field sizes and dose rates. The results demonstrate high linearity (R
2 > 0.99) of the Cherenkov signal with the number of pulses and pulse width. The wide dynamic range of the device enabled measurement for both conventional and UHDR radiation beams making it a promising candidate for real-time quality assurance devices.
Real-time Plastic Scintillation Dosimetry of Ultra-High Dose Rate Very High Energy Electrons (VHEE) at CERN CLEAR Facility
Authors: Giguère Cloé , Hart Alexander , Bateman Joseph , Korysko Pierre , Farabolini Wilfrid , LeChasseur Yoan , Bazalova-Carter Magdalena , Beaulieu Luc 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Very High Energy Electrons (VHEE) that can theoretically treat deep-seated tumours and be delivered at ultra-high dose rates (UHDR) could be the solution to translate FLASH radiotherapy into the clinic. Standard dosimeters have limited application in those extreme conditions, but dose-rate independent and fast-response plastic scintillation detectors (PSDs) are a potential alternative to overcome this. In this work, response of a 4-channel PSD to the 200 MeV VHEE UHDR beam delivered with doses and dose rates in pulse up to 90 Gy and 4.6 × 109 Gy/s, respectively, at the CLEAR facility in CERN was characterized, using the Hyperscint RP200 platform. Scintillation light linearity with dose was observed for three scintillators from ∼5-50 Gy, while clear eiber output was linear up to 90 Gy. While linearity on this dose range was conserved even after radiation damage by exposure to 37.2 kGy total accumulated dose, light output signieicantly decreased. This work proves the potential of plastic scintillators for real-time dosimetry of UHDR VHEE beams.
On the use of Al2O3:C and plastic scintillators for small-field dosimetry in MR-linacs
Authors: Andersen Claus E. , Klavsen Mads F. , Ankjærgaard Christina 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Fiber coupled luminescence detectors based on organic plastic scintillators or inorganic materials such as Al2O3:C are suitable for dosimetry in strong magnetic fields as found in MR-linacs. The main finding of this work was that field-output factor measurements at the maximum dose point are less variable than if measured at the central beam axis (CAX). In contrast to plastic scintillators, Al2O3:C was found to have a yield of radioluminescence per dose that (within uncertainty) is independent of the magnetic field strength.
Dosimetric Evaluation of an Adaptive Planning Strategy for Implant Shift in HDR Prostate Brachytherapy
Authors: Wallace Jordan , Hanlon Maximilian , Smith Ryan L , Franich Rick 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The occurrence of significant implant shifts between CT simulation planning and first fraction delivery is a frequent challenge for HDR prostate brachytherapy treatment. Here, we present evidence supporting the viability of a first-order adaptation strategy as a viable alternative to the conventional practice of re-scanning and re-planning. Our findings underscore the potential of this approach to enhance workflow efficiency in HDR prostate brachytherapy.
Three-dimensional dosimetry of dose degradations around gold markers in spot-scanning proton therapy
Authors: Valdetaro Lia B , Stolarczyk Liliana , Skyt Peter S , Petersen Stine E , Rønde Heidi S , Balling Peter , Petersen Jørgen B B , Muren Ludvig P 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Fiducial markers are necessary for some tumor sites to ensure safe and accurate delivery of radiotherapy including proton therapy (PT). However, the high metal content of the markers may lead to shadowing of the proton beam. The aim of this study was to investigate the dose degradations around three fiducial marker types implanted in different configurations into a 3D dosimeter. The dosimeters were irradiated with a clinically relevant prostate cancer PT plan. Gamma comparisons (2%-2mm) between the control (no marker) and marker dosimeters resulted in a pass rate of 97%, and no significant differences were observed in the isodoses, indicating that markers did not affect dose coverage to the target. However, due to optical artifacts, the 3D dosimeter was unable to resolve the regions within a few millimeters from the markers.
Extension of a radiation transport model for water-equivalent, portal imaging dose applications
Authors: Kutuzov Ivan , Rivest Ryan , Van Uytven Eric , McCurdy Boyd 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The amorphous-silicon based design of electronic portal imaging device (a-Si EPID) is commonly available on medical linear accelerators, and thus presents enormous potential as a radiotherapy dosimetry tool. One of the recognized technical challenges with using the device is it’s lack of water equivalency when measuring dose. In this work a radiation transport model, previously used to predict dose to the phosphor of an a-Si EPID, was modified to predict dose to a water-equivalent planar detector as well as to a 3D water-tank. Initial testing was performed for a 6MV beam using a variety of simple square fields and clinically relevant intensity modulated fields. Using a 2% criterion, the predicted versus measured image comparisons had pass rates between 95.9-98.2% for the square fields, and 89.2-96.3% for the modulated fields. The predicted 3D dose distribution showed a percentage depth dose agreement within 1% of that measured in a water tank (beyond 5 mm depth). These initial validation results provide confidence that the radiation transport model could be used for water-equivalent dosimetric applications in clinical radiotherapy.
Advancements in stimulation therapies for peripheral nerve regeneration
Authors: Bordett Rosalie , Danazumi Khadija B , Wijekoon Suranji , Garcia Christopher J , Abdulmalik Sama , Kumbar Sangamesh G 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Soft-tissue injuries affecting muscles, nerves, vasculature, tendons, and ligaments often diminish the quality of life due to pain, loss of function, and financial burdens. Both natural healing and surgical interventions can result in scarring, which potentially may impede functional recovery and lead to persistent pain. Scar tissue, characterized by a highly disorganized fibrotic extracellular matrix, may serve as a physical barrier to regeneration and drug delivery. While approaches such as drugs, biomaterials, cells, external stimulation, and other physical forces show promise in mitigating scarring and promoting regenerative healing, their implementation remains limited and challenging. Ultrasound, laser, electrical, and magnetic forms of external stimulation have been utilized to promote soft tissue as well as neural tissue regeneration. After stimulation, neural tissues experience increased proliferation of Schwann cells, secretion of neurotropic factors, production of myelin, and growth of vasculature, all aimed at supporting axon regeneration and innervation. Yet, the outcomes of healing vary depending on the pathophysiology of the damaged nerve, the timing of stimulation following injury, and the specific parameters of stimulation employed. Increased treatment intensity and duration have been noted to hinder the healing process by inducing tissue damage. These stimulation modalities, either alone or in combination with nerve guidance conduits and scaffolds, have been demonstrated to promote healing. However, the literature currently lacks a detailed understanding of the stimulation parameters used for nerve healing applications. In this article, we aim to address this gap by summarizing existing reports and providing an overview of stimulation parameters alongside their associated healing outcomes.
Design of gelatin cryogel scaffolds with the ability to release simvastatin for potential bone tissue engineering applications
Authors: Yaman Suzan Melis , Demir Didem , Bölgen Nimet 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Tissue engineering aims to improve or restore damaged tissues by using scaffolds, cells and bioactive agents. In tissue engineering, one of the most important concepts is the scaffold because it has a key role in keeping up and promoting the growth of the cells. It is also desirable to be able to load these scaffolds with drugs that induce tissue regeneration/formation. Based on this, in our study, gelatin cryogel scaffolds were developed for potential bone tissue engineering applications and simvastatin loading and release studies were performed. Simvastatin is lipoliphic in nature and this form is called inactive simvastatin (SV). It is modified to be in hydrophilic form and converted to the active form (SVA). For our study’s drug loading and release process, simvastatin was used in both inactive and active forms. The blank cryogels and drug-loaded cryogels were prepared at different glutaraldehyde concentrations (1, 2, and 3%). The effect of the crosslinking agent and the amount of drug loaded were discussed with morphological and physicochemical analysis. As the glutaraldehyde concentration increased gradually, the pores size of the cryogels decreased and the swelling ratio decreased. For the release profile of simvastatin in both forms, we can say that it depended on the form (lipophilic and hydrophilic) of the loaded simvastatin.
MXene reinforced microporous bacterial cellulose/sodium alginate dual crosslinked cryogel for bone tissue engineering
Authors: Hu Tongzhou , Cai Pengfei , Xia Chenggen 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The entangled assembly of bacterial cellulose (BC) nanofibers does not provide a three-dimensional (3D) macroporous structure for cellular infiltration thus hindering its use as a scaffold for bone tissue engineering. In addition, it is difficult to achieve uniform dispersion of bioactive agents in entangled BC nanofibers. To address this, the BC nanofibers were integrated with MXene, a two-dimensional nanomaterial known for its electrical signaling and mechanical strength, along with sodium alginate to form cryogel. The cryogel was fabricated using a cross-linking to enhance its mechanical properties, pores for cellular infilteration. MXene incorporation not only increased water absorption (852%–1446%) and retention (692%–973%) ability but also significantly improved the compressive stress (0.85 MPa–1.43 MPa) and modulus (0.22 MPa–1.17 MPa) confirming successful MXene reinforcement in cryogel. Biological evaluation revealed that the optimum concentration of MXene increased the cell proliferation and the osteogenic role of fabricated scaffolds was also confirmed through osteogenic gene expressions. The macropores in reconstructed MXene-BC-based cryogel provided ample space for cellular proliferation. The osteogenic role of the scaffold was examined through various gene expressions. The Quantitative polymerase chain reaction revealed that MXene-loaded scaffolds especially in low concentration, had an obvious osteogenic effect hence concluding that BC can not only be reconstructed into the desired form but osteogenic property can be induced. These findings can open a new way of reconstructing BC into a more optimal structure to overcome its structural limitations and retain its natural bioactivities.