bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impact of Connecticut Legislation Incentivizing Elimination of Unhealthy Competitive Foods on National School Lunch Program Participation
Authors: Long Michael W. , Luedicke Joerg , Dorsey Marice , Fiore Susan S. , Henderson Kathryn E. 
Published: May 2013

Objectives. We analyzed the impact of Connecticut legislation incentivizing voluntary school district–level elimination of unhealthy competitive foods on National School Lunch Program (NSLP) participation. Methods. We analyzed data on free, reduced, and paid participation in the NSLP from 904 schools within 154 Connecticut school districts from the 2004–2005 to the 2009–2010 school year, resulting in 5064 observations of annual school-level meal participation. We used multilevel regression modeling techniques to estimate the impact of the state competitive food legislation on the count of NSLP lunches served per student in each school. Results. Overall, the state statute was associated with an increase in school lunch participation. We observed increases between 7% and 23% for middle- and high-school meal programs, and a slight decrease of 2.5% for the elementary school free meal eligibility category, leading to an estimated revenue increase of roughly $30 000 for an average school district per school year. Conclusions. This study provides support for national implementation of proposed rigorous competitive food standards that can improve the health of students while supporting local school district finances.
Reversible, Crosslinkable Polymer for Fluid-Loss Control
Authors: Himes R. E. , Ali S. A. , Hardy M. A. , Holtmyer M. D. , Weaver J. D. 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
A new, environmentally friendly polymer has been developed for use in well completion and stimulation treatments where a premium is placed on maximizing effectiveness while minimizing formation damage. This new polymer is finding uses in many operational areas such as high-permeability fracturing, gravel packing, zonal isolation pills, spacer pills, pipe line pigs, kill pills and the like. This presentation will center on its use as a low-damage, fluid loss control agent for completion operations, particularly well control during and after perforation of high-pressure, high-permeability wells.
The use of expensive, clean completion fluids is common on high-productivity, high-pressure wells to prevent the loss of productivity. High fluid loss can result in high completion cost, deep formation damage and, potentially, loss of well control; therefore, completion fluids must be effective in controlling fluid loss. A number of materials have been used for controlling fluid loss: sized particulates, viscous fluids and gelled fluids. Guar-based fluids and sized salts are commonly used due to their low cost; however, both types of systems can leave significant well damage.
Hydroxyethylcellulose (HEC) is accepted as a fluid affording minimal permeability damage during completion operations. Normally, HEC polymer solutions do not form rigid gels, but control fluid loss by a viscosity-regulated mechanism. Permeability damage has been shown to increase with increasing penetration of the viscous fluid.
The Horn theory of Boole's partial algebras
Authors: Burris Stanley N. , Sankappanavar H. P. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThis paper augments Hailperin's substantial efforts (1976/1986) to place Boole's algebra of logic on a solid footing. Namely Horn sentences are used to give a modern formulation of the principle that Boole adopted in 1854 as the foundation for his algebra of logic—we call this principle The Rule of 0 and 1.
Using Self-Monitoring of Blood Glucose in Noninsulin-Treated Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Cypress Marjorie , Tomky Donna 
Published: May 2013

In Brief
Self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) is considered an essential component of diabetes self-management. However, research has yielded mixed results regarding the value of SMBG for people with type 2 diabetes who are not treated with insulin. Some studies have shown no benefit, whereas others have demonstrated improved A1C and behavior change linked to SMBG in a diabetes self-management education program that teaches how to use SMBG data. When used appropriately in these patients, SMBG can help to identify factors associated with hyper- and hypoglycemia, facilitate learning, and empower patients to make changes to improve their glycemic control. SMBG can also be useful to health care providers, who can teach patients to monitor glucose at specific times to assess the effectiveness of medications and guide medication management. All people with type 2 diabetes should be given the opportunity to learn about the value of and skills required to monitor blood glucose as appropriate to their specific needs.
The Two Skill Sets of Self-Monitoring of Blood Glucose Education: The Operational and the Interpretive
Authors: Austin Mary M. 
Published: May 2013

In BriefThe usefulness of self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) requires patients with diabetes to be competent and confident in their ability to carry out glucose testing and interpret its results to guide lifestyle choices and improve outcomes. SMBG instruction can be offered in a variety of settings by a wide array of health care professionals. However, patients too often receive no formal SMBG training. The two skills sets required to successfully perform SMBG include 1) operating a glucose meter and 2) appropriately interpreting SMBG data. Whenever diabetes education is provided, both skill sets, as well as potential barriers, should be assessed for all patients.
Effects of PVP and CTAB surfactants on the morphology of cerium oxide nanoparticles synthesized via co-precipitation method
Authors: Chitsaz Ata , Jalilpour Marzieh , Fathalilou Mohammad 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
This paper reports the synthesis and characterization of CeO2 nanoparticles via a simple and cost-effective co-precipitation method using cerium (III) nitrate hexahydrate, ammonium carbonate, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) as the starting chemicals. The precursor was calcined at 600 °C for 2 h to obtain CeO2 nanoparticles. The X-ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis results indicated that the calcined CeO2 sample has the fluorite structure of CeO2 and adding surfactant increases the obtained CeO2 amount. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that the CeO2 samples consist of crystalline particles of 5–8 nm which are weakly aggregated and using the surfactants further decreases the agglomeration. The effects of PVP in decreasing the crystallite size and agglomeration, as well as, increasing the obtained CeO2 amount have been greater than for CTAB.
Densification and microwave properties of low-temperature co-fired CaO–B2O3–SiO2 glass-ceramic with La–B–Si additions
Authors: Zhou Xiaohua , Li Enzhu , Yang Shilin , Li Bo , Tang Bin , Yuan Ying , Zhang Shuren 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
Densification behavior, microwave and mechanical properties of the low temperature co-fired CaO–B2O3–SiO2 glass-ceramic with additions of La2O3–B2O3 and SiO2 were investigated. The results showed that the La2O3–B2O3 addition promotes the crystallization of the CaSiO3 and clearly enhances the flexural strength of the CaO–B2O3–SiO2 glass-ceramics. Si was added to adjust the shrinkage rate of the glass-ceramics to meet the actual use and the dielectric and mechanical properties were not significantly affected. The CaO–B2O3–SiO2-6 wt.%La2O3–B2O3-7 wt.%Si sample showed a flexural strength of 160 MPa, ∊
r of 6.13 and loss of 12.34 × 10–4 (10 GHz), shrinkage rate of 14.9 %.
The interrelated effect of activation energy and grain boundary energy on grain growth in nanocrystalline materials
Authors: Chen Z. , Liu F. , Yang X. Q. , Chen Y. Z. , Yang C. I. , Yang G. C. , Zhou Y. H. 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
The interrelated effect of activation energy and grain boundary energy on grain growth and thermal stabilization in nanocrystalline materials was investigated. Departing from Borisov's equation and Kirchheim's grain boundary energy model, an activation energy model was derived incorporating solute segregation and grain growth. An integrated thermokinetic model for nanoscale grain growth was then developed by incorporating the coupled effects of activation energy and grain boundary energy. By application of the model to nanoscale grain growth of dense nanocrystalline gadolinia-doped ceria, a good agreement between the model predictions and the experimental results was obtained. It is shown that the interrelated effect of increased activation energy and decreased grain boundary energy induced thermal stability in the nanocrystalline materials.
The influence of AlCrN coating on the high-temperature corrosion resistance of Ti-46Al-7Nb alloy in an atmosphere containing 9%O2 + 0.2%HCl + 0.08%SO2 + N2
Authors: Małecka Joanna 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
The results of investigation of the isothermal oxidation wear mechanism of Ti-46Al-7Nb-0.7Cr-0.1Si-0.2Ni intermetallic alloy with AlCrN coating are presented. Tests in 9%O2 + 0.2%HCl + 0.08%SO2 + N2 atmosphere were performed at a temperature of 700°C. The structure of the specimen and chemical composition of the oxidation products were analysed using scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray analysis. In addition, mass changes were investigated.
Effect of epoxy resin properties on the mechanical properties of carbon fiber/epoxy resin composites
Authors: He Hong-wei , Gao Feng , Li Kai-xi 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
Three kinds of epoxy resins, i.e. tetraglycidyl diaminodiphenyl methane (AG80), difunctional diglycidyl ether of bisphenol-A (E51) and novolac type epoxy resin (F46) were selected as matrices for carbon fiber/epoxy composites. The objective of this work is to study the mechanical properties of fiber/epoxy composites by using these three kinds of epoxy resins with different physical and chemical performance. The results show that the composites fabricated with AG80 present the best stiffness and the composites prepared with E51 have the best toughness. The stiffness and toughness of the composites prepared with F46 are middle values located between those for AG80/epoxy and E51/epoxy composites. Thus, the mixed epoxy resin is a promising approach for industrial production.
Effect of milling duration on the evolution of shape memory properties in a powder processed Cu–Al–Ni–Ti alloy
Authors: Sharma Mohit , Gupta Gaurav K. , Shafeeq Muhamed M. , Modi Om P. , Prasad Braj K. 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
The present work describes the effect of milling duration on the properties of a powder metallurgy processed Cu–Al–Ni–Ti shape memory alloy employing mechanical alloying. Powder mixtures milled for different durations were sintered in order to investigate the formation of solid solution and evolution of martensitic structure. The idea was to optimize the duration of milling (mechanical alloying) to obtain chemical homogeneity as well as shape memory properties in the processed material without undergoing extensive post homogenization treatment. The martensitic structure was noted to evolve in the powder mix milled for at least 16 hrs, whereas complete transformation to martensite occurred after milling for 40 hrs. Interestingly, the dissolution of alloying elements (to form the β phase prior to the formation of martensite) was noted to complete partially only during mechanical alloying for 40 hrs and remaining during subsequent sintering for 1 hr. The hot pressed compacts of the powders milled for 40 hrs were chemically homogeneous and consisted of fully martensite phase, which is essential for the realization of shape memory properties. They also revealed almost 100% shape recovery at the applied pre-strain levels of 1 and 2%.
Enthalpies of mixing in liquid alloys of iron with the lanthanides
Authors: Ivanov Michael , Berezutski Vadim , Usenko Natalia , Kotova Natalia 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
The enthalpies of mixing in binary liquid alloys of iron with the lanthanides (Pr, Nd, Gd, Tb, Dy and Lu) were determined at 1550–1950 K by means of isoperibolic calorimetry. They show exothermic effects (in the Fe–Pr system partially endothermic) which increase across the lanthanides row from the Fe–Pr system (ΔH
min = −0.35 ± 0.10 kJ · mol−1 at x
Pr = 0.22; ΔH
max = 0.75 ± 0.24 kJ · mol−1 at x
Pr = 0.76; T = 1829 K) to the Fe–Lu system (ΔH
min = −11.58 ± 0.50 kJ · mol−1 at x
Lu = 0.35; T = 1950 K).
Fabrication of Electrospun Chitosan and Chitosan/Poly(ethylene oxide) Nanofiber Webs and Assessment of Their Antimicrobial Activity
Authors: Doğan G. , Özyıldız F. , Başal G. , Uzel A. 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
In recent years, production of nano-sized wound dressing materials from biopolymers by electrospinning method has attracted great attention. In this study, chitosan that is an inherently antimicrobial polymer and chitosan (CS)/poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) blend solutions were electrospun to obtain nanofiber webs for wound-dressing applications. Although electrospinning of chitosan with PEO was previously studied, this study emphasized the effect of molecular weight of polymer used, total polymer concentration and electrical conductivity of polymer solution on fiber formation. Results show that selection of suitable solvent and determination of optimum process parameters were key factors for obtaining uniform nanofibers. Antimicrobial activities of these nanofiber webs against S.aureus, E.coli, and C.albicans were tested according to AATCC 100–2004. Over 99% reduction in the number of microorganisms with pure chitosan nanofibers and over 50% reduction with CS/PEO blend nanofibers were obtained.
Recent Research Progress on Polymer Grafted Carbon Black and Its Novel Applications
Authors: Ding W.-B. , Wang L. , Yang Q. , Xiang W.-D. , Gao J.-M. , Amer W. A. 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
Polymer grafting of carbon black (CB) has been intensely researched as polymer modification is one of the effective means for improving the solubility and compatibility of carbon black. Recent advances in the polymer grafting methods allow the introduction of polymers with well controlled composition, structure and molecular weight onto the surface of CB. In addition, modification by functional polymers provides a powerful impetus to extend the applications of polymer-CB composites such as sensitive materials. This review focuses on the development of these grafting polymerization methods and some novel applications of polymer grafted CB.
Preparation and Characterization of Melamine Modified Urea-Formaldehyde Foam
Authors: Ma Y. , Zhang W. , Wang C. , Xu Y. , Li S. , Chu F. 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
Melamine-urea-formaldehyde (MUF) foam was prepared using melamine modified urea formaldehyde resin. The effects of blowing agent, curing agent and surfactant on the properties of MUF foam such as apparent densities, compression strength, microstructure, fragility, limited oxygen index, thermal conductivity and formaldehyde emission were investigated. The best performance of MUF was obtained as the composition of blowing agent, curing agent and surfactant were 2.5%, 18% and 12% respectively. The water resistance of MUF foam, contents of foam's burning gas, curing mechanism and physical properties were also studied by Contact angle analyzer, TGA-FT-IR, FT-IR and 13C NMR.
A comparison of seismic and radar methods to establish the thickness and density of glacier snow cover
Authors: Booth Adam D. , Mercer Andrew , Clark Roger , Murray Tavi , Jansson Peter , Axtell Charlotte 
Published: May 2013

AbstractWe show that geophysical methods offer an effective means of quantifying snow thickness and density. Opportunistic (efficient but non-optimized) seismic refraction and ground-penetrating radar (GPR) surveys were performed on Storglaciären, Sweden, co-located with a snow pit that shows the snowpack to be 1.73 m thick, with density increasing from ∼120 to ∼500 kg m–3 (with a +50 kg m–3 anomaly between 0.73 and 0.83 m depth). Depths estimated for two detectable GPR reflectors, 0.76 ±0.02 and 1.71 ± 0.03 m, correlate extremely well with ground-truth observations. Refraction seismic predicts an interface at 1.90 ± 0.31 m depth, with a refraction velocity (3730 ± 190 ms–1) indicative of underlying glacier ice. For density estimates, several standard velocity-density relationships are trialled. In the best case, GPR delivers an excellent density estimate for the upper snow layer (observed = 321 ± 74 kg m–3, estimated = 319 ± 10 kgm–3) but overestimates the density of the lower layer by 20%. Refraction seismic delivers a bulk density of 404 ±22 kgm–3 compared with a ground-truth average of 356 ± 22 kg m–3. We suggest that geophysical surveys are an effective complement to mass-balance measurements (particularly for controlling estimates of snow thickness between pits) but should always be validated against ground-truth observations.
Internal structure and composition of a rock glacier in the Andes (upper Choapa valley, Chile) using borehole information and ground-penetrating radar
Authors: Monnier Sébastien , Kinnard Christophe 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThis study uses boreholes, ground temperature monitoring and ground-penetrating radar (GPR) in order to understand the internal structure and composition of a rock glacier in the upper Choapa valley, northern Chile. The rock glacier is a small valley-side feature, 200 m long and ranging between 3710 and 3780 ma.s.l. Two boreholes were drilled down to depths of 20 and 25 m, respectively, using the diamond drillhole technique. An ice-rock mixture was encountered in the boreholes, with heterogeneous ice content averaging 15-30%. Data from common-midpoint (CMP) and constant-offset (CO) GPR surveys acquired, respectively, near the boreholes and across the whole rock glacier were processed to highlight the internal stratigraphy and variations in the radar-wave velocity. The GPR profiles depict a rock glacier constituted of stacked and generally concordant layers, with a thickness ranging from 10 m in its upper part to ∼30m towards its terminus. The CMP analysis highlights radar-wave velocities of 0.13-0.16 m ns–1 in the first 20 m of the structure. Larger vertical and lateral velocity variations are highlighted from CO data, reflecting the heterogeneous composition of the rock glacier and the likely presence of unfrozen water in the structure. Given the average air temperature registered at the site (+0.5°C), the near-melting-point temperature registered in the boreholes over more than a year and the presence of locally high water content inferred from GPR data, it is thought that the permafrost in the rock glacier is currently degrading.
Optical-televiewer-based logging of the uppermost 630 m of the NEEM deep ice borehole, Greenland
Authors: Hubbard Bryn , Malone Terry 
Published: May 2013

AbstractWe report on the application of optical televiewing (OPTV) to the uppermost 630 m of the North Greenland Eemian Ice Drilling (NEEM) deep ice borehole, Greenland. The resulting log reveals numerous natural and drilling-related properties, including the integrity of the borehole casing and its joints, the presence of drill-tooth scoring on the ice wall of the borehole and the presence of regularly repeated layering, interpreted to be annual, to a depth approaching 200 m. A second OPTV log was acquired from a nearby shallow borehole. With the exception of the uppermost ∼10 m, this log shows a gradual decrease in luminosity with depth, interpreted as a decrease in light scattering with firnification. This shallow log also clearly images annual layers, allowing the construction of an age-depth scale. Comparing this with an independent core-based scale reveals that the OPTV record yields an age of 1724 at the deepest common point of both scales (80 m), 13 years older than the core-based record at 1737. However, all of this deviation accrues in the uppermost ∼30 m of the OPTV record where highly reflective snow saturates the luminosity of the borehole image, an artefact that can be reduced by further adaptation of the OPTV system.
Avulsion fragmentation of the tibial tuberosity apophysis and associated patellar tendon enthesopathy in a skeletally immature dog
Authors: Kalff S. , Parry A. , Whitehead M. , McKee W. M. , Brown G. W. 
Published: May 2013

SummaryA 9.5-month-old, female entire, 31.3 kg crossbred dog was presented with a 12 week history of moderate weight-bearing right pelvic limb lameness. Radiographic, computed tomographic, and ultrasonographic imaging revealed progressive avulsion fragmentation of the right tibial tuberosity apophysis and a patellar tendon insertional enthesopathy without physeal involvement. Conservative management was successful in achieving a good clinical outcome. A progressive avulsion of the contralateral proximal tibial physes that occurred concurrently resulted in development of an excessive tibial plateau slope angle. The additional development of a moderate left distal femoral varus deformity was surgically corrected. This is the first report of a progressive, traction injury to the tibial tuberosity apophysis in a dog that appears clinically and radiographically very similar to Osgood-Schlatter disease in humans.
Longitudinal Peripheral Blood Lymphocyte Subsets Correlate with Decreased Disease Activity in Juvenile Dermatomyositis
Authors: Ernste Floranne C. , Crowson Cynthia S. , de Padilla Consuelo Lopez , Hein Molly S. , Reed Ann M. 
Published: May 2013

Objective:To determine the clinical characteristics and subsets of peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL), which correlate with decreased disease activity in patients with juvenile dermatomyositis (JDM).Methods.Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 24 patients with JDM were collected at Mayo Clinic Rochester between 2007 and 2011. These were analyzed using fluorescence-activated cell sorting and flow cytometry. Clinical disease activity was determined by visual analog scales (VAS) collected in 2 consecutive visits and correlated with PBL subsets.Results.The change in CD3+CD69+ T cells correlated with the change in global VAS scores. The change in HLA-DR- CD11c+ myeloid dendritic cells also correlated with the change in extramuscular VAS scores. There were trends toward decreased levels of HLA-DR- CD11c+ cells with decreased muscle and global VAS scores, but these did not reach significance. The change in HLA-DR- CD123+ plasmacytoid dendritic cells negatively correlated with the change in muscle VAS scores. Although not statistically significant, decreased levels of CD3-CD16- CD56+ natural killer (NK) cells and HLA-DR- CD86+ myeloid dendritic cells, and increased levels of CD16+CD56- NK cells, correlated with decreased VAS scores.Conclusion.Changes in CD3+CD69+ T cells, HLA-DR- CD11c+ myeloid dendritic cells, and HLA-DR- CD123+ plasmacytoid dendritic cells are associated with improved clinical course in JDM and could be used as markers for disease activity, but findings need to be verified in a larger, independent cohort. Lack of significant differences among most of our PBL subsets suggests that lymphocyte phenotyping may be difficult to definitively correlate with disease activity in JDM.