bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Political Economy, Ethnogenesis, and Language Dispersals in the Prehispanic Andes: A World‐System Perspective
Authors: Hornborg Alf 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACTIn this article, I argue, first, that a world‐system perspective can illuminate the role of prestigious trade goods such as Spondylus in the reproduction of pre‐Hispanic Andean societies and the significance of their procurement for the course of Andean prehistory. Second, I argue that the successive dispersals of major Andean languages (Aymara, Quechua, Pukina) reflect the establishment of prestigious lingua francas integrating such systems of long‐distance exchange. Political, agricultural, stylistic, and linguistic expansions in prehistory are interpreted as reflections of the integration of regional and interregional systems of exchange and interaction. The theoretical framework of world‐system analysis is shown not only to be applicable to the shifting economic and political geography of the pre‐Hispanic Andes but also to help account for a range of cultural phenomena that are generally not viewed from this perspective, including familiar details of Inca history such as Cuzco's relations to preexisting languages and ethnic identities. Rather than viewing the emergence of linguistic, stylistic, and other identity‐related homogeneities as consequences of political unification, I suggest that ethnolinguistic integration may precede efforts at political control.
Conjunctival matrix metalloproteinases and their inhibitors in glaucoma patients
Authors: Helin‐Toiviainen Minna , Rönkkö Seppo , Puustjärvi Tuomo , Rekonen Petri , Ollikainen Minna , Uusitalo Hannu 
Published: October 2014

AbstractPurposeChronic conjunctival inflammation, caused by various reasons, for example long‐term use of topical drugs and/or their preservatives, affects the outcome of glaucoma surgery by interfering with wound healing. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) remodel extracellular matrix (ECM) and are involved in the wound healing process. This study was designed to evaluate the conjunctival expression of MMPs and their tissue inhibitors (TIMPs) in the normal eye, primary open‐angle glaucoma (POAG) and exfoliation glaucoma (ExG) and whether there is an association between staining intensities and deep sclerectomy outcome.MethodsImmunohistochemical procedures were performed on conjunctival samples which were obtained from POAG (n = 11) and ExG (n = 14) patients as well as normal (n = 7) subjects. Antibodies against MMPs (MMP‐1, ‐2, ‐3 and ‐9) and TIMPs (TIMP‐1, ‐2 and ‐3) were used.ResultsIn conjunctival stroma, expression levels of MMP‐2 (p = 0.047), MMP‐3 (p = 0.009), MMP‐9 (p < 0.001), TIMP‐1 (p = 0.003), TIMP‐2 (p < 0.001) and TIMP‐3 (p < 0.001) in ExG and MMP‐9 (p = 0.008), TIMP‐2 (p = 0.02) and TIMP‐3 (p = 0.002) in POAG were significantly increased compared to control. We further found correlations between expression of MMP‐1 and MMP‐3 and the length of pilocarpine treatment.ConclusionThe expression of MMPs and TIMPs is increased in the conjunctiva of POAG and ExG patients having a long history of topical antiglaucoma drops. Antiglaucoma agents and/or their preservatives alter the remodelling balance of ECM in conjunctiva of POAG and ExG eyes. The balance between MMPs and TIMPs may play a crucial role in the conjunctival wound healing process and the outcome of glaucoma surgery.
The incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma is reduced in patients with chronic hepatitis B on long‐term nucleos(t)ide analogue therapy
Authors: Coffin C. S. , Rezaeeaval M. , Pang J. X. , Alcantara L. , Klein P. , Burak K. W. , Myers R. P. 
Published: October 2014

SummaryBackgroundNorth American data are lacking on the effect of nucleos(t)ide analogues (NA) in preventing chronic hepatitis B (CHB)‐related hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).AimTo determine the incidence of HCC in NA‐treated patients and compare this risk with that predicted without treatment based on the REACH‐B model.MethodsIn this retrospective study, the incidence of HCC was determined in CHB patients initiated on NA from 1999 to 2012. Pre‐treatment data utilised in the REACH‐B model were used to predict the annual HCC risk. The standardised incidence ratio (SIR) for HCC was calculated by comparing the observed to expected number of cases, and HCC risk factors determined by Cox proportional hazards regression.ResultsFive hundred and forty nine initiated NA (14% lamivudine, 5% adefovir, 1.5% telbivudine, 39% entecavir, 41% tenofovir). Over a median follow‐up of 3.2 years (IQR 1.9–4.6), 11 (3.2%) were diagnosed with HCC. Among 322 with data to calculate the REACH‐B model, the median age at treatment initiation was 46 years (IQR 38–55), 65% were male, 32% HBeAg positive and 20% had cirrhosis. The median pre‐treatment ALT was 71 U/L (IQR 41–127) and HBV DNA was 6.48 log10 copies/mL (4.95–8.04). The observed annual HCC incidence (0.9%; 95% CI 0.5–1.7) was significantly lower than predicted without treatment by the REACH‐B model (SIR 0.46; 95% CI 0.23–0.82); this risk was reduced after 4 years of therapy (SIR 0.49; 95% CI 0.2–1.00).ConclusionsIn this Canadian study of nucleos(t)ide analogues‐treated patients with chronic hepatitis B, the incidence of HCC was lower than expected, suggesting that NA reduce the risk of chronic hepatitis B‐related HCC.
The prevention of pregnancy‐related venous thromboembolism
Authors: Guimicheva Boriana , Czuprynska Julia , Arya Roopen 
Published: October 2014

SummaryPregnancy‐related venous thromboembolism (VTE) remains one of the leading causes of maternal mortality and morbidity in the developed world. There is a lack of high‐level data surrounding the use of thromboprophylaxis in pregnancy. In the UK, following the publication of the first Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists (RCOG) guideline for VTE prophylaxis during pregnancy and the puerperium in 2004, a fall in maternal deaths secondary to VTE was observed during the subsequent triennium (2006–2008). For the first time since 1985, VTE was no longer the most common cause of maternal death. Low‐molecular‐weight‐heparin (LMWH) is generally the agent of choice for thromboprophylaxis in this setting, and is considered safe and efficacious. The accurate risk stratification of women in order to allow the targeted provision of thromboprophylaxis is challenging. A number of international guidelines support risk assessment for pregnancy‐related VTE and the provision of LMWH for those who are deemed at sufficiently high risk. This review describes the importance of VTE in pregnancy and the puerperium, the part played by different risk factors and the role of thromboprophylaxis in this group of patients.
Human renal tubular epithelial cells suppress alloreactive T cell proliferation
Authors: Demmers M W H J , Korevaar S S , Roemeling-van Rhijn M , van den Bosch T P P , Hoogduijn M J , Betjes M G H , Weimar W , Baan C C , Rowshani A T 
Published: October 2014

Summary
Renal tubular epithelial cells (TECs) are one of the main targets of alloreactive T cells during acute rejection. We hypothesize that TECs modulate the outcome of alloimmunity by executing immunosuppressive effects in order to dampen the local inflammation. We studied whether TECs possess immunosuppressive capacities and if indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) might play a role in suppressing T cell alloreactivity. Next, we studied the role of programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1 with regard to TEC-related immunomodulatory effects. CD3/CD28 and alloactivated peripheral blood mononuclear cells were co-cultured with activated TECs. We analysed CD4+ and CD8+ T cell proliferation and apoptosis in the absence or presence of IDO inhibitor 1-methyl-L-tryptophan (1-L-MT), anti-PD-L1 and anti-ICAM-1. Further, we examined whether inhibition of T cell proliferation was cell–cell contact-dependent. We found that TECs dose-dependently inhibited CD4+ and CD8+ T cell proliferation (P &lt; 0·05). Activated TECs showed significantly increased IDO activity and up-regulated PD-L1 and ICAM-1 expression. Suppressed CD4+ and CD8+ T cell proliferation was only partially restored or failed to restore using 1-L-MT. Activated TECs increased early and late apoptosis of proliferating CD4+ and CD8+ T cells; only CD4+ T cell apoptosis was statistically affected by 1-L-MT. Transwell experiments revealed that TEC-mediated immunosuppression is cell–cell contact-dependent. We found that anti-ICAM-1 affected only CD4+ T cell apoptosis and not T cell proliferation. Our data show that TECs suppress both CD4+ and CD8+ T cell proliferation contact dependently. Interestingly, inhibition of proliferation and enhancement of apoptosis of T cell subsets is differentially regulated by indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase and ICAM-1, with no evidence for the involvement of PD-L1 in our system.
Botanical Drug Puerarin Coordinates with Nerve Growth Factor in the Regulation of Neuronal Survival and Neuritogenesis via Activating ERK1/2 and PI3K/Akt Signaling Pathways in the Neurite Extension Process
Authors: Zhao Jia , Cheng Yuan‐Yuan , Fan Wen , Yang Chuan‐Bin , Ye Shui‐Fen , Cui Wei , Wei Wei , Lao Li‐Xing , Cai Jing , Han Yi‐Fan , Rong Jian‐Hui 
Published: October 2014

SummaryAimNerve growth factor (NGF) regulates neuronal survival and differentiation by activating extracellular signal‐regulated‐kinases (ERK) 1/2 and phosphoinositide‐3‐kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathways in two distinct processes: latency process and neurite extension process. This study was designed to investigate whether botanical drug C‐glucosylated isoflavone puerarin coordinates with NGF to regulate neuritogenesis via activating ERK1/2 and PI3K/Akt in neurite extension process.MethodsWe investigated the neuroprotective and neurotrophic activities of puerarin in MPTP‐lesioned mice and dopaminergic PC12 cells. The effects of puerarin on ERK1/2, Akt, Nrf2, and HO‐1 were assessed by Western blotting. The neurite outgrowth was assayed by neurite outgrowth staining kit.ResultsPuerarin protected dopaminergic cells and ameliorated the behavioral impairments in MPTP‐lesioned mice. Puerarin potentiated the effect of NGF on neuritogenesis in PC12 cells by >10‐fold. Mechanistic studies revealed: (1) puerarin rapidly activated ERK1/2 and Akt, leading to the activation of Nrf2/heme oxygenase‐1 (HO‐1) pathways; (2) ERK1/2, PI3K/Akt, and HO‐1 inhibitors attenuated the neuritogenic activity of puerarin. Notably, puerarin enhanced NGF‐induced neuritogenesis in a timing‐dependent manner.ConclusionPuerarin effectively coordinated with NGF to stimulate neuritogenesis via activating ERK1/2 and PI3K/Akt pathways in neurite extension process. These results demonstrated a general mechanism supporting the therapeutic application of puerarin‐related compounds in neurodegenerative diseases.
Factors associated with conversion from laparoscopic to open colectomy using the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP) database
Authors: Bhama A. R. , Charlton M. E. , Schmitt M. B. , Cromwell J. W. , Byrn J. C. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractAimConversion rates from laparoscopic to open colectomy and associated factors are traditionally reported in clinical trials or reviews of outcomes from experienced institutions. Indications and selection criteria for laparoscopic colectomy may be more narrowly defined in these circumstances. With the increased adoption of laparoscopy, conversion rates using national data need to be closely examined. The purpose of this study was to use data from the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (ACS‐NSQIP) to identify factors associated with conversion of laparoscopic to open colectomy at a national scale in the United States.MethodThe ACS‐NSQIP Participant Use Data Files for 2006–2011 were used to identify patients who had undergone laparoscopic colectomy. Converted cases were identified using open colectomy as the primary procedure and laparoscopic colectomy as ‘other procedure’. Preoperative variables were identified and statistics were calculated using sas version 9.3. Logistic regression was used to model the multivariate relationship between patient variables and conversion status.ResultsLaparoscopy was successfully performed in 41 585 patients, of whom 2508 (5.8%) required conversion to an open procedure. On univariate analysis the following factors were significant: age, body mass index (BMI), American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) class, presence of diabetes, smoking, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, ascites, stroke, weight loss and chemotherapy (P < 0.05). The following factors remained significant on multivariate analysis: age, BMI, ASA class, smoking, ascites and weight loss.ConclusionMultiple significant factors for conversion from laparoscopic to open colectomy were identified. A novel finding was the increased risk of conversion for underweight patients. As laparoscopic colectomy is become increasingly utilized, factors predictive of conversion to open procedures should be sought via large national cohorts.
Histopathological evaluation of the effects of variable extraoral dry times and enamel matrix proteins (enamel matrix derivatives) application on replanted dogs' teeth
Authors: Barbizam Joao V. B. , Massarwa Rasha , da Silva Lea Assed Bezerra , da Silva Raquel Assed Bezerra , Nelson‐Filho Paulo , Consolaro Alberto , Cohenca Nestor 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThe extra‐alveolar dry period and storage medium in which the tooth was kept prior to replantation remain the critical factors affecting the survival and regeneration of the damaged periodontium. When the replantation is delayed, replacement root resorption is the most common complication following replantation of an avulsed tooth. The aim of this histological study was to evaluate the periodontal healing of replanted dogs' teeth after 20 min (short) and 60 min (long) extraoral dry time with and without the application of enamel matrix proteins. Eighty mature premolar roots (40 teeth) maxillary and mandibular premolars were extracted, the root canals were accessed, instrumented, and filled using a lateral condensation technique, and the access cavity was restored with amalgam. Each root was randomly assigned to one of experimental groups: Groups I and II: Roots were replanted after an extraoral dry time of 20 min. In group II, Emdogain® (Biora, Malmo, Sweden) was applied directly to the external root surface with complete coverage. Groups III and IV: Roots were replanted after an extraoral dry time of 60 min. In group IV, Emdogain® was applied to the whole external root surface before replantation. Roots that replanted within a total extraoral dry time of 10 min were used as negative controls, while those replanted after 90 min of extraoral dry time were assigned as positive controls. After 4 months, the dogs were euthanized, and the maxillary and mandibular processes were processed for histology and microscopically evaluated. Statistical analysis showed no significant differences (P = 0.1075) among the experimental groups. The results of this study show that 20 min of extraoral dry time is as detrimental to the PDL cells as 60 or 90 min of extraoral dry time, with avulsed dogs' teeth, even when replanted with an inductive material such as EMD. This study provides strong evidence in relation to the threshold of the extraoral dry time of avulsed teeth, suggesting that the extraoral dry time threshold of PDL cell viability is significantly less than that which current guidelines promote.
Behaviour and biology ofChilo partelluson maize landraces
Authors: Mutyambai Daniel M. , Midega Charles A.O. , Bruce Toby J.A. , van den Berg Johnnie , Pickett John A. , Khan Zeyaur R. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractPlants defend themselves against herbivores through activation of both constitutive and induced defences. Previous studies reported that egg deposition on maize landraces induces the release of volatiles that attract parasitoids, but little is known on the effect of these volatiles on subsequent herbivore oviposition. In addition, larval preference and development on these maize landraces is unknown. We evaluated six landraces and one hybrid maize variety for their resistance toChilo partellus(Swinhoe) (Lepidoptera:Crambidae). Larval orientation, settling, arrest and dispersal, feeding, development, survival, and subsequent oviposition of moths were determined for individuals reared on each of these varieties under laboratory and screen house conditions. For oviposition preference studies, all treatments were initially exposed to egg deposition whereas the control treatments were not. Larval preference was generally higher for hybrid maize, compared to the landraces. Similarly, first‐instar feeding on maize leaves was more intense in hybrid maize than in four of the six landraces. The amount of food consumed and assimilated by third instars over a 24‐h period was, however, not different among the maize varieties. Larval survival was significantly lower in maize landraces (32%) compared to hybrid maize (54%). However, there was no difference in the larval development period between any of the treatments. Two‐choice oviposition assays showed that moths preferred non‐exposed maize landraces for subsequent oviposition, whereas in the hybrid, there was no difference in oviposition preference between exposed and non‐exposed plants. Although the mechanism of larval suppression was beyond the scope of this study, it was inferred that the landraces showed some resistance toC. partellusfeeding and that initial egg deposition on these landraces deters further colonisation by the herbivore.
Microbial degradation of organic carbon sorbed to phyllosilicate clays with and without hydrous iron oxide coating
Authors: Saidy A. R. , Smernik R. J. , Baldock J. A. , Kaiser K. , Sanderman J. 
Published: October 2014

SummarySorption of organic carbon (OC) to phyllosilicate clays and hydrous iron oxides retards its mineralization, thus contributing to stabilization of organic carbon in soils. The degree of protection varies with the nature of the minerals present. In a previous study, we reported that when the amount of OC exceeds the sorption capacity of minerals, the rate of OC mineralization is determined primarily by mineral surface area. Here, we report on OC mineralization under conditions of less OC loading and with OC pre‐sorbed to the mineral surfaces. The same suite of minerals (kaolinite, illite and smectite with and without goethite coating and illite coated with haematite, goethite and ferrihydrite) was used as in the previous study. The stability of sorbed OC decreased in the order kaolinite > illite > smectite amongst the uncoated clays. Goethite coating of kaolinite and smectite increased the stability of sorbed OM against microbial decomposition, while the stability of illite‐associated OC did not change with goethite coating. For illite coated with different hydrous iron oxides, only ferrihydrite increased the stability of sorbed OC against microbial decomposition. These differences reflect closely the differences in the strength and reversibility of OC sorption, as measured in previous batch sorption experiments on these systems, rather than reflecting differences in mineral surface area. These findings demonstrate that at relatively small loadings of OC, the degree of protection of sorbed OC provided by mineral surfaces is controlled primarily by the strength of organo–mineral associations.
The Internationalisation of Regions: Paradiplomacy or Multi‐level Governance?
Authors: Dickson Francesca 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThis article reviews the two primary frameworks used to explore the external relations of regions. It argues that the concepts of multi‐level governance and paradiplomacy are used to describe similar, but distinct, international activities on the part of regions and sub‐state governments. Both approaches look at the ways in which regions engage beyond the local level, and increasingly so. The inevitable overlap between their subject matter has meant that the two terms are sometimes used interchangeably, leading to a mischaracterisation of the practices themselves. The international mobilisation of regions manifests in numerous modes, and therefore much greater specificity is required in analysing and interpreting these varied phenomena. In particular, the novelty of paradiplomacy, and the political contestation that it can imply, risks being under‐reported. Firmer boundaries between the two approaches, and a better conceptualisation of the relationship between them, are called for in this interdisciplinary review. The article argues that where multi‐level governance presents a predominately structural account of ‘governance’ based activities, paradiplomacy has the potential to provide an agency‐oriented explanation of autonomous, diplomatic practices – often with deeply political connotations. It is suggested that the two can represent parallel, alternative or complementary approaches, depending on the exact nature of the activity under consideration. It concludes by suggesting future avenues for paradiplomatic research.
Geographical Studies of Humor
Authors: Ridanpää Juha 
Published: October 2014

AbstractHumor is a spatially embedded institution in many ways. Although a highly marginal field of study, the number of geographical studies on humor has been increasing lately. The aim of this article is to introduce the various approaches and also draw connecting links between them. The review shows how practices of popular media are geopolitically charged, how humor is intertwined with issues of social marginalization, how humor operates as an important element in the construction of group cohesion, how humor works as a non‐cognitive element of human actions, feelings, and emotions, as well as how it represents a useful tool for educational and economic purposes, and how all of this has been studied by scholars of geography. The review shows the various directions of the geographical studies of humor at the same time emphasizing that the relevance, variety, and multidimensionality of the topic have not been fully recognized.
Cultural Ecosystem Services and the Challenge for Cultural Geography
Authors: Leyshon Catherine 
Published: October 2014

AbstractCultural ecosystem services are one of four services identified by the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment as critical to the support of human life on earth and therefore in need of proper valuation and protection. Cultural services seem to embody the objects of enquiry for cultural geographers interested in landscape, identity and place. However, potentially insurmountable epistemological challenges face the participation of cultural geographers in the following: (i) the identification and evaluation of CES; and (ii) the operationalisation of environmental governance. One challenge for cultural geographers is to make the relevance of their theoretical and conceptual insights felt in a field dominated by the natural sciences and scientific epistemologies. Meanwhile, the problems of defining and identifying cultural services in ways that make them compatible with provision, regulating and supporting services, even threaten the continued inclusion of cultural services in the ecosystem services approach. The concept of landscape seems to provide a shared intellectual terrain over which cultural geographers can work with others interested in cultural ecosystem services.