bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Book 10
Authors: Tsagalis Christos C. 
Published: July 2024

AbstractBook 9 presents the failed embassy to Achilles and ends with the realization that the Achaeans must deal on their own with Hector’s mad rage. Before attacking the Trojan army in book 11, they decide to send a spying mission to the Trojan camp in the plain to ascertain Hector’s plan for the following day (book 10). This chapter explores the following themes: the characterization of the key Achaean leaders (Agamemnon, Menelaus, Nestor, Diomedes, and Odysseus) and two Trojan figures (Hector and Dolon), the nexus of backward and forward thematic associations and phraseological links of book 10 with preceding and subsequent books of the Iliad, the function of book 10 as a thematic pair with book 9, epic retardation, the ambush type scene, and dressing and clothing. It discusses the following topics under the category of poetics: type scenes, clothing, arming, and epic retardation.
Book 18
Authors: Karanika Andromache 
Published: July 2024

AbstractBook 18 opens with the scene of a messenger coming to Achilles to give him the news of Patroclus’s death. Thetis and the Nereids lament Patroclus, anticipating Achilles’s fate. Hector and Polydamas argue about the Trojan strategy. On the Achaean side, Achilles offers funerary rites. The second half of book 18 presents Hephaestus’s work on Achilles’s armor and a description of the shield of Achilles. This chapter discusses the following items under the category of themes: mourning and funerary rites, fate and prophecy, divinity and mortality, Trojan debate over strategy, epic time and space, and the shield of Achilles and its scenes. It discusses the following items under poetics: lamentation as an oral genre, similes, and ekphrasis.
Book 20
Authors: Stocking Charles 
Published: July 2024

AbstractBook 20 marks Achilles’s official reentry into battle against the Trojans, and with that reentry Zeus allows the gods themselves to participate in the war. The central episode of the book is Achilles’s confrontation with Aeneas. The main theme of Iliad 20 is divine intervention, as it relates to Zeus’s plan for the Trojan War and the divine genealogy of heroes. Because book 20 marks Achilles’s reentry into battle, significant thematic attention is given to the act of killing and the anatomy of death. The main poetic features of Iliad 20 discussed here include the role of destiny and counterfactuals, interformularity, and speech acts of blame.
Robotic Persons and Asimov’s Three Laws of Robotics
Authors: Palacios-González César 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Famously, the writer Isaac Asimov came up with three laws of robotics. A robot may not injure a human being or, through inaction, allow a human being to come to harm. A robot must obey the orders given it by human beings except where such orders would conflict with the First Law. A robot must protect its own existence as long as such protection does not conflict with the First or Second Law. But these laws rest on the notion that artificial intelligence can never reach the stage that robots would acquire moral status—a premise with which this chapter takes issue.
The Pioneers
Authors: Townend Matthew 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores the early stages of the Victorian engagement with dialect. It traces the history of dialectology in the pre-Victorian period, examining a series of national and regional glossaries and their connections with antiquarianism and early philology. It then explains the importance of an enhanced understanding of Anglo-Saxon (Old English) in the 1840s in giving dignity to England’s regional dialects, paying particular attention to the writings of William Barnes (1801–86). It explores the influential comments made on dialect by Richard Chenevix Trench (1807–86), and also reviews the sense of urgency and danger that dialect collectors felt, fearful that regional dialect was being effaced by the processes of mobility and education. It concludes with an extended study of J. C. Atkinson’s Cleveland Glossary (1868), as an example of what the new, philological approach to dialect studies looked like.
Folklore and the Past
Authors: Townend Matthew 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores the connection between dialectology and the study of the past in the Victorian period. It shows how nineteenth-century scholars and collectors believed that regional dialect, as a form of historical evidence, cast a unique light on the language and culture of England in the early medieval period, as well as on the language of Shakespeare. It also explores the intimate connection between dialect study and the study of folklore, looking at such topics as flora and fauna, agriculture, trades and industries, and supernatural creatures. It concludes by reading a number of examples of folkloric fiction from the later Victorian period, especially R. D. Blackmore’s Lorna Doone (1869), Sabine Baring-Gould’s Red Spider (1887), and Thomas Hardy’s The Woodlanders (1887).
Subject ellipsis and impersonal pronouns
Authors: Haegeman Liliane , Danckaert Lieven 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses restrictions on subject ellipsis in second conjuncts in French. In Standard French, as well as in the register-specific grammar of text messages, referential weak pronouns such as il and elle (“he” and “she”) can be omitted in second conjuncts, whereas this is impossible with the impersonal pronoun on “one” (Rizzi 1986a). It is proposed that French on occupies a structurally lower position than the other pronouns (De Crousaz and Shlonsky 2003) and that it is associated with a non-overt pronominal in the canonical subject position (Kayne 2010). The ellipsis asymmetry is then accounted for in terms of a “small conjunct” analysis, with coordination below the canonical subject position. A comparison with the ellipsis behavior of Dutch impersonal men furthermore suggests that the unavailability of on omission in French second conjuncts is not due to the discourse-inert status of the latter pronoun.
Chile’s Mining-Led Growth Strategy, 1990–2020
Authors: Nem Singh Jewellord T. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter seeks to answer two key questions. Firstly, how do we account for Chile’s hybrid mining model—discursively sustained by private sector governance but materially embedded in SOE Codelco’s presence in the mining sector—and secondly, to what extent has this governance model pursued structural transformation in Chile? In this way, the chapter offers a nuanced reinterpretation of Chile’s state transformation and its development model. Pinochet’s neoliberal model was fiercely defended by the post-dictatorial governments, leading to gradual, incremental changes in the institutional framework. Chilean political elites maintained a contradictory strategy of reifying and retaining state ownership in its most critical sector. On the one hand, elites have embraced neoliberalism as a hegemonic paradigm promoting the value of private sector innovation in mining. On the other hand, Codelco’s overwhelming presence in copper mining provided the political resources for Concertación governments (1990–2009) and the succeeding coalitions in 2010s to craft a narrative of ‘private sector-driven growth’. Despite the image of institutional stability, pressures for institutional change in this hybrid model have gradually escalated leading to profound questions about the future of Chile’s neoliberal governance architecture. Thus, demands for a new institutional arrangement challenging the subsidiaru role of the state and in favour of stronger state participation have produced intense political debates on copper mining—and now lithium—governance.
Introduction
Authors: Abad Del Vecchio Julene 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The introduction sets out to establish the parameters, methodology, and necessary definitions for the proposed darker interpretation of the Achilleid. The introduction offers a comprehensive assessment of the methods and significance of this new tragic reading, what the novel reading aims to achieve, and how this shift in interpretation places the poem closer to its Neronian and Flavian literary predecessors. The interpretation proffered aims to present the darker components and alternatives that run deep alongside the composition’s more playful notes. Reflections on the vexed question of its unfinished status are advanced, as well as discussion of the use of anagnorisis, anticipation, and cyclicality as narrative strategies. This examination transitions into the final section of the introduction, which pushes an original reading of the mirroring structure of the Achilleid, and brings to light the high level of refinement and subtlety that the poem offers, ending with analysis of the tonal dissonance and competing perspectives that emerge from within. The introduction closes with a summary of chapters.
The State of the Field
Authors: Dimova Gergana , Flinders Matthew , Hinterleitner Markus , Weaver R. Kent , Rhodes R. A. W. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter maps the existing knowledge base as it relates to the analysis of blame. It undertakes this exercise in conceptual cartography in response to concerns that the existing knowledge base is as scattered as it is diffused. A sophisticated bibliometric analysis dating back several decades provides a data-based foundation for this chapter and allows the authors to highlight a core spine of scholarship. It also identifies a number of ‘gaps’ and ‘traps’ in relation to the study of blame. The former ‘gaps’ relate to areas or topics that have not formed the focus of blame-theoretic research; the latter ‘traps’ highlight dominant assumptions that are very rarely questioned, let alone challenged, within the existing research base. The research presented in the chapter also indicates the existence of a number of central reference points, a lack of connective intellectual tissue between approaches, and a number of emergent themes that demand further analysis. The final section seeks to stretch and push the boundaries of how, why, and where the politics and governance of blame (and therefore credit) is approached and understood.
Social and Cultural Anthropology and the Study of Blame
Authors: Alaszewski Andy 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the contribution that anthropology can make to the understanding of the ways in which blame is used in different societies, and the implications of this for the politics of blame. Anthropology is a study of the ways in which societies and cultures respond to and manage challenges. Misfortune represents one such challenge when disease, accidents, or crop failure kill members of the community, survivors seek to identify those responsible. Such blaming is shaped by beliefs about the cause of misfortune, malevolent individuals using supernatural powers—witchcraft or sorcery, sinners inviting divine retribution, or, in contemporary societies, risk takers failing to identify and manage risks. In contemporary society, public inquiries are used to name and blame those who failed to identify risks and the chilling effects of such inquiries can be seen in the defensive practice of professionals tasked with managing risks.
Storytelling and Statecraft
Authors: Kettell Steven , Kerr Peter 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter makes three key contributions to our understanding of the management of blame. First, it brings together the literatures on blame avoidance and de-politicization, works that have tended to talk past one another, by examining the UK government’s handling of the COVID crisis as a form of statecraft. Second, it does this by analysing continuity and change in the narrative frames used by government figures as they sought to navigate an unpredictable and rapidly changing crisis situation with a process of ‘discursive hopping’. Here, officials sought to manage public perceptions about their handling of the crisis by shifting the balance between claiming credit for policy successes and de-politicizing failures. Third, the chapter highlights the broader links between these narratives and the populism of the Johnson government, which put almost as much energy into seeking credit as it did into apportioning blame.
Blame Avoidance during the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Baldini Gianfranco , Pritoni Andrea 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
As several scholars have shown, the COVID crisis is a peculiar prism through which to analyse how governments adopt blame-avoidance techniques, shifting responsibilities towards other actors, such as sub-state governments, experts, and citizens. This chapter compares the strategies adopted by the two governments in facing these two phases of the COVID crisis in Italy. While the first two waves of the pandemic were managed by the second Conte government, a new technocratic-led executive, led by Mario Draghi, was formed in February 2021, with the aim of implementing the vaccination campaign (as well as the management of the European Union Recovery Funds). Through a careful investigation of the communication strategies adopted by the two prime ministers in their press conferences, the chapter traces the blame games played among the main institutional actors responsible for managing the pandemic, providing key insights into the changing relations between politics, technocracy, and expertise in Italy.
Why the International System (Still) Matters
Authors: Green Duncan 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter analyses how change happens in the international system. In many ways, the international system is an extraordinary success story, with smoothly functioning exchanges occurring under a fairly loose system of governance—a combination of norms, rules, procedures, and institutions—and without any recognized world government. The chapter explores how the international system has evolved over time, then looks at how activists can harness both ‘hard’ and ‘soft’ power to initiate change. Here, they have two choices: ‘hard power’, which can compel governments to act, such as international laws; or ‘soft power’. A case study of the successful campaign for a global Arms Trade Treaty illustrates how these factors interact. In recent years, the growing fragmentation of the international system in response to the declining control of the US has new threats and opportunities for activists.
Disentangling the Identification of Parties and the Concepts of Armed Conflict in Multiparty Conflicts
Authors: Wentker Alexander 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Chapter 3 disentangles the concepts of international and non-international armed conflict from the criteria for identifying parties. The chapter argues that in settings involving multiple potential co-parties, those elements of the notions of international and non-international armed conflict that specify the nature of the collective entities involved—particularly the organisation requirement in non-international armed conflicts—must be fulfilled separately by each co-party. By contrast, it is sufficient that all co-parties jointly fulfil those elements of the notions of international and non-international armed conflict that relate to the nature of the confrontation as a whole—that is, the existence of recourse to armed force in international armed conflicts and protracted armed violence in non-international armed conflicts. Accordingly, while identifying parties is intimately linked to the notions of armed conflict, the issue ultimately needs to be addressed through a distinct legal framework.
Literature Against Fundamentalism
Authors: Khair Tabish 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This book argues that literature is a mode of thinking, stories being perhaps the oldest thinking ‘device’ known to humankind. The ways in which literature enables us to think are distinctive and necessary, because of the relationships between its material (‘language’) and its subject matter (‘reality’, internal, external, or both). These relationships are exposed in their full complexity with the rise of literature as writing (and not just as any writing)—and, hence, this book looks at the book too, distinguishing between oral and written literatures without dismissing the former or subsuming the latter. It argues that literature enables us to engage with reality in language, and language in reality—where both are mutually constitutive, constantly changing, and partly elusive. This mode of engagement is defined and illustrated as essentially an agnostic one. Hence, among other things, literature is an antidote to fundamentalism. The book argues that reading literature as literature, and not just as material (which it also is) for aesthetic, sociological, political, and other theoretical discourses, is essential for humanity. In the process, the book offers a radical re-definition of literature, an illuminating engagement with religion and fundamentalism, a revaluation of the relationship between the sciences and humanities, and, finally, a call to literature, as in ‘a call to arms’.
Conclusion: A Call to Literature
Authors: Khair Tabish 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter looks again at what literature does, this time in the light of the controversy between the humanities and science, where the former mostly comes out thoroughly battered or heavily defensive in other accounts. While staying focussed on literature, it argues that the humanities deal with highly mutable realities, and hence cannot offer the predictability of the sciences. This, and related matters, are essential to understanding what literature does, and why the agnostic reading demanded by literature is not a choice or a fad, but a necessity. This final chapter also ties together the loose ends of the larger argument and stresses that the ability to read literature as literature is crucial to our survival as a distinctive species of sentient beings.
Fashion and Tourism
Authors: Clemente Deirdre 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Here, I consider how three tourist destinations became fashion centers of national acclaim—Palm Springs, Miami Beach, and Santa Fe. In each of these places, tourism served as a catalyst for fashion production and distribution, not only through ever-ready retailers but also through the tourists themselves. Through Palm Springs’ dude ranch dungarees or the backless dresses of South Florida’s resorts, for example, vacationers pushed the boundaries of acceptable attire. People liked their “sports frocks” and wanted to wear their unstructured jackets, ankle socks, and brightly printed, cotton playsuits when they got home, too. Using trade press accounts, Chamber of Commerce memos, and personal account in letters and oral histories, this chapter aims to answer questions that historians have not ignored, but rather, never asked: How has tourism shaped the American wardrobe and who made that happen?
Working Memory
Authors: Postle Bradley R. , Oberauer Klaus 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Working memory supports the guidance of current thoughts and actions with temporarily selected representations deriving from either long-term memory or information recently perceived in the environment. It is characterized by the rapid establishment of bindings between these representations and/or with representations of context to create new temporary structures, by the ability to manipulate these structures, and by the ability to shift flexibly between a maintenance mode and an updating mode. This chapter emphasizes a distinction between “plans”—hierarchical sets of rules used to achieve a goal—and “data”—the contents of working memory. These map, respectively, onto the contemporary formulation of procedural and declarative working memory. From this perspective, the chapter considers the current state of theoretical and computational models, including the distinction between memory systems and state-dependent models, differing accounts of capacity limitations, the relation of working memory to long-term memory, and the relation of working memory to attention and cognitive control. The chapter concludes with a consideration of the neural bases of working memory, emphasizing results from lesion and neurophysiological experiments, carried out with humans and nonhuman primates, that are associated with the theoretical and computational considerations discussed in the chapter. Important topics include the working memory functions of the prefrontal cortex, the delay-period representation of information (including alternatives to sustained, elevated delay-period activity), and the neural bases of the control of working memory.
Laws of Human Memory
Authors: Kahana Michael J. , Diamond Nicholas B. , Aka Ada 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The search for laws—invariances across conditions and subjects—is essential to the project of understanding memory. Despite the complexity of memory and its diverse manifestations in people’s daily lives, certain mnemonic effects appear to hold across a wide range of conditions. This chapter discusses the effects of recency, contiguity, similarity, primacy, and repetition as potential laws of memory, evaluating their explanatory scope and discussing their theoretical significance. The chapter shows that apparent violations of these laws occur when different effects come into conflict, as in the situation of opposing physical forces. The chapter notes that the search for law-like phenomena is guiding the development and refinement of integrative memory theories.
Dopamine and Learning
Authors: Duncan Katherine , Shohamy Daphna 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
A central challenge for theories of memory is to understand how the brain prioritizes learning based on motivational relevance. Emerging findings indicate that the neurotransmitter dopamine plays a critical role in this process. Dopaminergic modulation links learning and memory to motivation and reward, thereby ensuring that memories are adaptive for future behavior. This chapter reviews the neural pathways and behavioral and cognitive consequences of this modulation, with a focus on two main dopaminergic targets: the striatum and the hippocampus. It reviews evidence regarding the neural and computational mechanisms by which dopamine reinforces learning of habits in the striatum and also the role of dopamine in modulating long-term episodic memories in the hippocampus. Understanding the effects of dopamine across multiple learning and memory systems helps resolve a fundamental challenge in memory research: explaining what humans learn, and why.
Memory Capacity of Neural Network Models
Authors: Fusi Stefano 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Memory is a complex phenomenon that involves several distinct mechanisms. These mechanisms operate at different spatial and temporal levels. This chapter focuses on the theoretical framework and the mathematical models that have been developed to understand how these mechanisms are orchestrated to store, preserve, and retrieve a large number of memories. In particular, this chapter reviews the theoretical studies on memory capacity, in which the investigators estimated how the number of storable memories scales with the number of neurons and synapses in the neural circuitry. Memory capacity depends on the complexity of the synapses, the sparseness of the representations, the spatial and temporal correlations between memories, and the specific way memories are retrieved. Complexity is important when the synapses can only be modified with limited precision, as in the case of biological synapses, and sparseness can greatly increase memory capacity and be particularly beneficial when memories are structured (correlated to each other). The theoretical tools discussed in this chapter can be harnessed to identify the important computational principles that underlie memory storage, preservation, and retrieval and provide guidance in designing and interpreting memory experiments.