bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An experimental study and model development of poly(ethylene terephthalate) yarn morphology
Authors: Yildirim Kenan , Ulcay Yusuf 
Published: March 2014

AbstractIn this study, macromolecular arrangements in fibers were investigated and a novel approach based on model development for partially oriented (POY) polyethylene terephthalate (PET) yarn morphology was proposed. Differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) analysis, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) analysis, boiling water shrinkage and tensile tests were performed through the study. DSC thermogram, FT-IR spectra, stress-strain curve, the change in the boiling water shrinkage properties and data from the literature were used to develop the model for POY PET fiber morphology. In order to make a comparison, textured PET yarn morphology was also investigated. The neck formations during tensile tests, cold crystallization on the DSC thermogram, peak formation on the FT-IR spectrum of the POY PET yarn after texturizing and shrinkage test at 971 and 845 cm-1 and shrinkage phenomenon have been explained by this model.
Effect of an anionic surfactant upon the viscosity of poly(ethylene glycol) in dilute solution
Authors: Chen Xiaoming , Ding Yi , Yang Mingdi 
Published: March 2014

Abstract The reduced viscosity of poly(ethylene glycol) in solutions containing a certain concentration of sodium bis(2-ethylhexyl) sulfosuccinate (AOT) was measured. It has been found that the Huggins coefficient kH and the intrinsic viscosity [η] of polymer solution are very sensitive to the concentration of surfactants, CAOT, in solution. If CAOT is less than CMC, the critical micelle concentration of AOT, kH decreases and [η] increases rapidly with CAOT. On the other hand, if CAOT is greater than CMC, kH increases and [η] decreases rapidly with CAOT. The experimental results indicate that the inter- and intra-molecular association of poly(ethylene glycol) in solution is greatly associated with AOT interacted with polymer chain.
How to discover a metabolic pathway? An update on gene identification in aliphatic glucosinolate biosynthesis, regulation and transport
Authors: Jensen Lea Møller , Halkier Barbara Ann , Burow Meike 
Published: March 2014

Abstract
Identification of enzymes, regulators and transporters involved in different metabolic processes is the foundation to understand how organisms function. There are, however, many difficulties in identifying candidate genes as well as in proving their in vivo roles. In this review, we describe different approaches utilized in Arabidopsis thaliana to identify gene candidates and experiments required to prove the function of a given candidate. For example, we use the production of methionine-derived aliphatic glucosinolates that represent major defence compounds in A. thaliana. Nearly all biosynthetic genes, as well as the first sets of regulators and transporters, have been identified. An array of approaches, i.e. classical mapping, quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping, eQTL mapping, co-expression, genome wide association studies (GWAS), mutant screens and phylogenetic analyses, has been exploited to increase the number of identified genes. Here we summarize the lessons learned from the different approaches used over the years with the aim to help designing and combining new approaches in the future.
Characterizing the Adequacy, Effectiveness, and Barriers Related to Research Mentorship Among Junior Pediatric Hospitalists and General Pediatricians at a Large Academic Institution
Authors: Ragsdale Judith R. , Vaughn Lisa M. , Klein Melissa 
Published: February 2014

Objective:
The purpose of this qualitative study was to characterize the adequacy, effectiveness, and barriers related to research mentorship among junior pediatric hospitalists and general pediatricians at a large academic institution.

Methods:
Junior faculty and staff physicians in hospital medicine and general pediatrics at a large academic institution were invited to participate in this qualitative study. In-depth interviews were conducted. Experienced mentors were invited to be interviewed for theoretical sampling. Interviews were conducted and analyzed by using grounded theory methodology.

Results:
Twenty-six (75%) of the eligible physicians, pediatric hospitalists representing 65% of this sample, agreed to be interviewed about their mentoring experiences. Satisfied and dissatisfied participants expressed similar mentoring themes: acquisition of research skills, academic productivity, and career development. Four experienced mentors were interviewed and provided rationale for mentoring clinicians in research. Both groups of participants agreed that institutional support is vital for promoting mentorship.

Conclusions:
Junior pediatric hospitalists and general pediatricians indicated considerable interest in being mentored to learn to do clinical research. Developing faculty and staff physicians to their utmost potential is critical for advancement in academic medicine. Mentoring clinical physicians seeking to add research skills and academic productivity to their practice merits study as an innovative path to develop clinical investigators. Hospital medicine, as a rapidly developing pediatric specialty, is well-positioned to implement the necessary infrastructure to mentor junior faculty in their academic pursuits, thereby optimizing the potential impact for individuals, families, learners, and institutions.
Strong tough gels for 3D tissue constructs
Authors: Calvert Paul , in het Panhuis Marc , Spinks Geoffrey , Gorkin Robert , Stevens Leo , Bakarich Shannon E. , Balding Paul , Kirchmajer Damian M. 
Published: March 2014

ABSTRACTThe mechanical characteristics of ionic-covalent entanglement hydrogels consisting of combinations of the biopolymers gellan gum and kappa-carrageenan, and the synthetic polymers polyacrylamide and an epoxy amine were investigated. Compression testing showed that these gels exhibited “double network” behavior, i.e. strong tough gels.
The Effect of Substrate Wettability on Hydrazine-Processed CZTS Thin Films
Authors: Song Zhaoning , Phillips Adam B. , Xie Yao , Khanal Rajendra R. , Stone Jon M. , Heben Michael J. 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACTWe report a study on the wetting and spreading of hydrazine-CZTS solution on a series of solid surfaces. The work of adhesion between a hydrazine solution and soda-lime glass, Si, graphite, ITO, SnO2, ZnO, CdS, In2S3, Cu, Au, Ag, Al, Ni, Mo, and carbon single-walled nanotubes was calculated using observed contact angles and the areas of the interface. The surface roughness of drop-casted CZTS precursor films was lower on surfaces with better hydrazine wettability. This suggests that the surface roughness of solution-processed films can be controlled by altering the wetting behavior of the solution on the substrate.
High Resolution DNA Imaging by Dynamic Atomic Force Microscopy: The Effect of the Substrate and Sample Preparation
Authors: Tang Tzu-Chieh , Amadei Carlo A. , Chiesa Matteo 
Published: March 2014

ABSTRACTAdsorption of charged biomolecules onto atomically flat mica substrates is facilitated by the deposition of metal ions. Despite successfully acting as preferential anchoring sites, the presence of ions on the mica surface also changes its physicochemical characteristics something that is rarely quantified from a nanoscale point of view. In this study the nanoscale physicochemical properties of nickel-functionalized Muscovite mica are investigated by reconstructing the conservative force profile between an atomic force microscopy (AFM) tip and the surface. Various nickel ion concentrations (i.e. 1.0 mM to 20.0 mM) along with different incubation times (30 seconds and 5 minutes) are directly analyzed. Details in the spatial and temporal variations in surface properties due to the ion mediated adsorption of water are presented in details and in light of the binding efficiency of the metal ions. This insight benefits our understanding in the behavior of ion distribution that plays a crucial role in biomolecule imaging using AFM.
Molecular Mechanics of Organic Composite Materials: A Case Study of Cellulose-Adhesive System
Authors: Tam Lik-ho , Lau Denvid 
Published: March 2014

ABSTRACTOrganic composite materials can be readily found in our daily life, such as plywood used in construction industry and bamboo composites as indoor and outdoor flooring materials. These organic composite material systems consist of cellulose fibers bonded with each other through adhesives, leading to a bonded system with a gradient structure that possesses a unique structural behavior which has a great potential to be used as load-bearing building materials. In view of the manufacturing process of such composite material systems and the structure in-between the cellulose fibers and the adhesives, the interfacial adhesion of such systems at multiscale would play a major role in determining their capability in load-bearing structural applications. In this research work, the interface between cellulose fiber and phenol-formaldehyde adhesive is chosen as a representative of the organic composite material system and molecular dynamics simulation is used for quantifying their mechanical properties and the corresponding interfacial adhesion. Here we demonstrate that cellulose fiber has a strong affinity to a phenol-formaldehyde adhesive with an adhesion energy of 151.3 mJ/m2. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study that reports this material property for cellulose-adhesive system, which is three times larger than that between the gecko foot’s hair and the mineral surface. The mechanism of such strong adhesion is due to the possible hydrogen bonding between the cellulose and the adhesive.
Spelling Processes of Children with Nonsyndromic Cleft Lip and/or Palate: A Preliminary Study
Authors: Mei Lee Karen Shi , Young Selena Ee-Li , Rickard Liow Susan Jane , Purcell Alison Anne 
Published: March 2014

Objective To compare the cognitive-linguistic processes underlying spelling performance of children with cleft lip and/or palate with those of typically developing children. Design An assessment battery including tests of hearing, articulation, verbal short-term and working memory, and phonological awareness, as well as word and nonword spelling, was administered to both groups. Participants A total of 15 children with nonsyndromic cleft lip and/or palate were case-matched by age and sex to 15 typically developing children. The children were aged between 6 and 8 years and were bilingual, with English the dominant language. Results Wilcoxon signed-rank tests revealed that the performance of children with cleft lip and/or palate was significantly poorer on phoneme deletion and nonword spelling ( P < .05) compared with typically developing children. Spearman correlation analyses revealed different relationships between the cognitive-linguistic and spelling measures for the cleft lip and/or palate and typically developing groups. Conclusions Children with cleft lip and/or palate underachieve in phonological awareness and spelling skills. To facilitate early intervention for literacy problems, speech-language pathologists should routinely assess the cognitive-linguistic processing of children with cleft lip and/or palate, especially phonological awareness, as part of their case management protocols.
Bacteria Community Study of Combined Periodontal‐Endodontic Lesions Using Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis and Sequencing Analysis
Authors: Li Hong , Guan Rui , Sun Jinghua , Hou Benxiang 
Published: February 2014

Background: The entire microbial population and predominant microflora of root canals (RCs) and adjacent periodontal pockets (PPs) from teeth with combined periodontal‐endodontic lesions were determined and compared.Methods: Pooled RC and PP samples were collected from the molars of 20 patients diagnosed with combined periodontal‐endodontic lesions. DNA was extracted for polymerase chain reaction–based denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR‐DGGE), cloning, and sequence analysis. A coefficient of similarity (Cs) was used to determine the similarity of the bacterial profiles from RCs and PPs.Results: Significantly fewer bands were produced by PCR‐DGGE from RCs (5.9 ± 1.7) than from PPs (8.0 ± 1.8) (P <0.001). The average Cs of the RC and PP samples was 93.81% ± 10.26%. Overall, 60 genera/species were identified by sequencing. Of these, the predominant genera in RCs were Porphyromonas sp. (13.9%), Filifactor sp. (12.5%), and Parvimonas sp. (11.1%), similar to the genera obtained from PP samples. In total, 43 genera/species were common to the RC and PP samples. The most prevalent bacteria in both the RC and PP samples were (in descending order) Filifactor alocis, Parvimonas micra, Porphyromonas gingivalis, and Tannerella forsythia.Conclusions: The high similarity in the sets of organisms present in both RC and PP samples in this study suggests that the pocket could be a source of RC infection. The data also demonstrate that combined periodontal‐endodontic lesions consist of a diverse and complex microbial community.
Irradiation by Gallium–Aluminum–Arsenate Diode Laser Enhances the Induction of Nitric Oxide by Porphyromonas gingivalis in RAW 264.7 Cells
Authors: Ahn Ki Bum , Kang Seok‐Seong , Park Ok‐Jin , Kim Tae‐Il 
Published: February 2014

Background: Low‐level laser irradiation promotes cell viability and wound healing in periodontal tissue. However, its effect on periodontal pathogenic bacteria is unknown. The purpose of this study is to investigate the biologic effect of low‐level laser irradiation on Porphyromonas gingivalis.Methods: A murine macrophage cell line (RAW 264.7) was cultured and treated with gallium‐aluminum‐arsenate (GaAlAs) laser‐irradiated P. gingivalis with varying levels of energy fluency. Gene expression of monocyte chemotactic protein‐1 (MCP‐1), interleukin‐6 (IL‐6), interferon‐β (IFN‐β), and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) was examined by reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction. Production of iNOS was determined by Western blot analysis, and nitric oxide (NO) release was assessed using Griess reagent. Flow cytometric analysis was performed to determine the activation of Toll‐like receptors (TLRs) in response to P. gingivalis.Results: The laser‐irradiated P. gingivalis significantly enhanced messenger RNA and protein levels of iNOS in RAW 264.7. Although the laser irradiation on P. gingivalis did not alter the expression level of MCP‐1, IL‐6, and IFN‐β, it showed a noticeable effect on NO production in RAW 264.7. Furthermore, the laser‐irradiated P. gingivalis accelerated TLR2 activation, but not TLR4 activation.Conclusions: This study reveals that GaAlAs laser irradiation on P. gingivalis induced iNOS expression at the transcriptional and translation levels and increased NO release in macrophages. Moreover, it is confirmed that this process was mediated specifically by TLR2 activation. These findings suggest that low‐level laser irradiation to periodontal pathogenic bacteria could be detrimental to periodontal treatments.
Comparison of Metric Spectral Gaps
Authors: Naor Assaf 
Published: February 2014

AbstractLet A = (aij) ∊ Mn(ℝ) be an n by n symmetric stochastic matrix. For p ∊ [1, ∞) and a metric space (X, dX), let γ(A, dpx) be the infimum over those γ ∊ (0,∞] for which every x1, . . . , xn∊ X satisfyThus γ (A, dpx) measures the magnitude of the nonlinear spectral gap of the matrix A with respect to the kernel dpX: X × X →[0,∞). We study pairs of metric spaces (X, dX) and (Y, dY) for which there exists Ψ: (0,∞)→(0,∞) such that γ (A, dpX) ≤Ψ (A, dpY) for every symmetric stochastic A ∊ Mn(ℝ) with (A, dpY) < ∞. When Ψ is linear a complete geometric characterization is obtained.Our estimates on nonlinear spectral gaps yield new embeddability results as well as new nonembeddability results. For example, it is shown that if n ∊ ℕ and p ∊ (2,∞) then for every f1, . . . , fn∊ Lpthere exist x1, . . . , xn∊ L2such thatandThis statement is impossible for p ∊ [1, 2), and the asymptotic dependence on p in (0.1) is sharp. We also obtain the best known lower bound on the Lpdistortion of Ramanujan graphs, improving over the work of Matoušek. Links to Bourgain-Milman-Wolfson type and a conjectural nonlinear Maurey-Pisier theorem are studied.
La relativité aquilienne en droit de la responsabilité civile — analyse comparée des systèmes germanique, canadien et québécois
Authors: Lacroix Mariève 
Published: March 2014

L’auteure explore la théorie de la relativité aquilienne en droit comparé afin d’entamer, voire de nourrir un dialogue avec le système civiliste québécois. Elle jauge les potentialités d’une importation de la doctrine de la relativité aquilienne en matière de responsabilité extracontractuelle personnelle au Québec.
Dans une première partie, l’auteure expose la doctrine de la relativité aquilienne dans une perspective historique et comparatiste.
Dans une deuxième partie, elle prend pour illustration le droit civil allemand et la common law canadienne, car ils emploient des mécanismes distincts, mais qui convergent à restreindre le champ d’application de la responsabilité civile. Si la théorie de la relativité aquilienne puise ses racines dans la formule du Code civil allemand, notamment à l’article 823 BGB, qui édicte diverses dispositions législatives en tant que « petites » clauses générales de responsabilité, elle s’exprime à travers le délit de négligence et l’idée d’interférence des droits dans la common law canadienne.
Dans une troisième partie, prenant parti qu’il n’y a pas d’obstacle dirimant à la relativité aquilienne en droit québécois, elle sonde la volonté de favoriser une conception relative de la responsabilité civile. Le cas échéant, il est permis de s’arrêter sur la technique, laquelle commande d’identifier les mécanismes qui peuvent contenir dans des bornes raisonnables le périmètre de la responsabilité civile au Québec, ainsi que de situer ces mécanismes.
Poor CD4 recovery and risk of subsequent progression to AIDS or death despite viral suppression in a South African cohort
Authors: Takuva Simbarashe , Maskew Mhairi , Brennan Alana T , Long Lawrence , Sanne Ian , Fox Matthew P 
Published: March 2014

IntroductionThe prognostic role of CD4 response in the first six months of treatment in patients achieving early viral suppression during HIV treatment is unclear.MethodsThis was a cohort study of HIV‐positive adults initiating antiretroviral therapy (ART) between April 2004 and August 2007 who achieved viral suppression (<400 copies/ml) by six months on treatment in South Africa. Immunological response at six months was defined as: (1) absolute CD4 reached (<200 vs. ≥200 cells/ml); (2) absolute CD4 reached (0–49, 50–200 and ≥200 cells/ml); and (3) CD4 increase from ART initiation (<0, 0–49, 50–199 and ≥200 cells/ml). We used Cox regression models to determine the relationship between each definition and both new AIDS‐defining condition and death.ResultsA total of 4129 patients were eligible for analysis; 212 (5.1%) of those patients experienced a new AIDS‐defining condition and 154 (3.7%) died. Smaller CD4 gains by six months were associated with higher hazards of progression to AIDS (CD4<50 vs. ≥200 cells/ml; adjusted hazard ratio (aHR): 2.6; 95% CI: 1.2–2.1) and death (aHR: 2.8; 95% CI: 1.4–5.7). A decrease in CD4 count since ART initiation through six months (aHR: 2.4; 95% CI: 1.2–4.9) and smaller CD4 count gains (0–49 cells/ml; aHR: 2.0; 95% CI: 1.2–3.4 and 50–199 cells/ml; aHR: 1.5; 95% CI: 0.9–2.2) were also associated with greater risk of progression to AIDS compared to an increase of ≥200 cells/ml. When we examined mortality differences by gender among this virally suppressed cohort, a higher proportion of males died compared to females, 4.7% versus 3.2%, p=0.01. However, in multivariable analysis, we did not observe any significant differences: aHR: 1.39; 95% CI: 0.98–1.95.ConclusionsPatients on ART with poor CD4 recovery early in treatment are at greater risk of progression to new AIDS diagnosis or death despite viral suppression. Approaches to managing this sub‐group of patients need further investigation.
Estimating striae of Retzius periodicity nondestructively using partial counts of perikymata
Authors: McFarlane Gina , Littleton Judith , Floyd Bruce 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACTAccurate age estimations for enamel formation and the timing of enamel hypoplasia have traditionally only been available through histological analyses of dental thin sections, which is a difficult and destructive process. However, an association between striae of Retzius periodicity, crucial for accurate aging, and the total number of striae in imbricational enamel has been reported in the literature. This means periodicity can be estimated nondestructively but is reliant on all perikymata being visible along the crown surface. Therefore, crowns with worn or damaged surfaces may not be able to be assessed, potentially limiting sample sizes. We tested this relationship in a modern New Zealand sample and investigated whether reliable associations might be identified using only partial perikymata counts from the cervical half of the crown. Using mandibular canines (n = 11), the distribution of perikymata per decile was recorded using high definition replica surfaces. Thin sections of the same crowns were used to assess periodicity histologically along with striae of Retzius distributions. A strong correlation between total striae numbers and periodicity was also identified in our sample. Furthermore, we report strong correlations that allow periodicity to be estimated from perikymata counts using only 10% of crown height when certain deciles are used. Based on these findings, we propose a simple matrix that can be developed for nondestructively estimating periodicity based on the range of perikymata counts in the sixth to ninth deciles. Am J Phys Anthropol 154:251–258, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Coastal wetlands of Victoria, south‐eastern Australia: providing the inventory and condition information needed for their effective management and conservation
Authors: Boon Paul I. , Allen Tim , Carr Geoff , Frood Doug , Harty Chris , Mcmahon Andrew , Mathews Steve , Rosengren Neville , Sinclair Steve , White Matt , Yugovic Jeff 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThe effective management and conservation of coastal wetlands requires an appropriate typology to underpin classification and mapping, adequate inventory information, and a robust assessment of ecological condition and threats. Extensive and floristically diverse coastal wetlands occur along much of the coast of Victoria (south‐eastern Australia), but there are serious deficiencies in all these information requirements.Previously unanalysed data from the Victorian Biodiversity Atlas were used to revise the typology currently applied to coastal saltmarsh in Victoria. To supplement the single unit currently used for State‐endorsed mapping and inventory (EVC 9 Coastal Saltmarsh Aggregate), seven new Ecological Vegetation Classes are proposed to better reflect the floristic and structural diversity of coastal saltmarsh in south‐eastern Australia. Coastal saltmarsh is currently allocated the lowest conservation status (‘least concern’) across much of Victoria, and it is recommended that this be upgraded variously to the higher categories of ‘endangered’, ‘vulnerable’, or ‘rare’.A State‐wide inventory using the new typology, prepared using recently flown, high‐resolution aerial photographs and extensive ground‐truthing (212 person‐days), indicated that there were 19 212 ha of coastal saltmarsh of all types, 5177 ha of mangroves, and 3227 ha of EVC 10 Estuarine Wetland (a wetland type dominated byJuncus kraussii) in Victoria.On‐ground assessments undertaken across 30 geographic sectors of the coast indicated that coastal wetlands were confronted by a wide range of anthropogenic threats, which in many cases were quite different from those outlined in prior reviews of Australian wetland systems. Weed invasions were especially problematic, not so much of the exotic and highly publicizedSpartinain the lower levels of tidal wetlands but from a wide range of exotic taxa in more elevated saltmarshes (e.g. tall wheat grassLophopyrum ponticum).Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.