bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Miniaturization of an interferometric distance sensor employing diffractive optics
Authors: Koukourakis Nektarios , Kuschmierz Robert , Bohling Michael , Jahns Jürgen , Fischer Andreas , Czarske Jürgen W. 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
In order to improve safety, lifetime and energy efficiency of turbo machines, the behavior of the turbine blades has to be monitored during operation. This is a great challenge for metrology, since small, robust and non-contact position measurement techniques are required that offer both micrometer accuracy and microsecond temporal resolution. The Laser-Doppler-Distance (LDD) -Sensor proved to be an adequate technique to perform such measurements. However, the usage in turbo machines requires a miniaturized and temperature-stable sensor-head. In this paper we introduce a miniaturized design of the LDD-sensor that is based on common-path detection. First results indicated that the numerical aperture of the common-path detection is small in comparison to former implementations that used separate paths for illumination and detection. We find that decreasing the numerical aperture strongly increases the systematic measurement uncertainty. For this purpose a novel diffractive optical element containing a diffracting-lens was designed and used to increase the numerical aperture of the common-path detection without affecting the sensor size. Experiments prove that the new element reduces the relative systematic measurement uncertainty by a factor of ten. The mean systematic position measurement uncertainty amounts to Δz
mean≈16 μm. The resulting sensor has dimensions of 25×25×60 mm3, offers temperature-stability and achieves micrometer resolution.
Techniques of multi-degree-of-freedom measurement on the linear motion errors of precision machines
Authors: Fan Kuang-Chao , Wang Hung-Yu , Yang Hao-Wei , Chen Li-Min 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
Any axis of precision machines possesses six-degree-of-freedom (6-DOF) motion errors, also called the geometric errors, due to manufacturing tolerances and assembly errors, namely three linear and three angular errors. Conventional optical instruments allow measurement of only one or two errors at a time. In order to achieve fast measurement, many multi-degree-of-freedom measurement (MDFM) systems have been developed over the past 20 years, from three-degree-of-freedom (3-DOF) to 6-DOF. This article summarizes reports of optical measurement techniques of MDFM systems for precision linear, planar and XYZ stages. Comments are also given for the applicability to practical uses.
Kallikreins are involved in an miRNA network that contributes to prostate cancer progression
Authors: Samaan Sara , Lichner Zsuzsanna , Ding Qiang , Saleh Carol , Samuel Joseph , Streutker Catherine , Yousef George M. 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short RNA nucleotides that negatively regulate their target genes. They are differentially expressed in prostate cancer. Kallikreins are genes that encode serine proteases and are dysregulated in cancer. We elucidated a miRNA-kallikrein network that can be involved in prostate cancer progression. Target prediction identified 23 miRNAs that are dysregulated between high and low risk biochemical failure and are predicted to target five kallikreins linked to prostate cancer; KLK2, KLK3, KLK4, KLK14 and KLK15. We also identified 14 miRNAs that are differentially expressed between Gleason grades and are predicted to target these kallikreins. This demonstrates that kallikreins are downstream effectors through which miRNAs influence tumor progression. We show, through in-silico and experimental analysis, that miR-378/422a and its gene targets PIK3CG, GRB2, AKT3, KLK4 and KLK14 form an integrated circuit in prostate cancer. Our analysis shows that a minisatellite sequence in the kallikrein locus consists of a number of microsatellite repeats that represent predicted miRNA response elements. A number of kallikrein and non-kallikrein prostate cancer-related genes share these microsatellite repeats. We validated some of these interactions in prostate cancer cell lines. Finally, we provide preliminary evidence on the presence of a miRNA-mediated cross-talk between kallikreins, including a kallikrein pseudogene.
KLKs and their hormone-like signaling actions: a new life for the PSA-KLK family
Authors: Hollenberg Morley D. 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
Human kallikrein-related peptidases (KLKs), including the well-known prostate cancer biomarker, prostate-specific antigen (PSA-KLK3), along with 14 other serine proteinase KLK family members are now known to regulate cells by cleaving and activating members of the G-protein-coupled proteinase-activated receptor (PAR) family. This hormone-like signaling action of the KLKs has provided a new perspective for understanding the biological roles that KLKs may play in normal and pathophysiological settings. This overview summarizes the circumstances leading up to the discovery of this action of the KLKs and provides an overview of the diverse impact on tissue function that may result from KLK-triggered PAR activation.
CrataBL, a lectin and Factor Xa inhibitor, plays a role in blood coagulation and impairs thrombus formation
Authors: Salu Bruno R. , Ferreira Rodrigo S. , Brito Marlon V. , Ottaiano Tatiana F. , Cruz José Walber M.C. , Silva Mariana Cristina C. , Correia Maria Tereza S. , Paiva Patrícia M.G. , Maffei Francisco Humberto A. , Oliva Maria Luiza Vilela 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
Arterial thrombosis is an important complication of diabetes and cancer, being an important target for therapeutic intervention. Crataeva tapia bark lectin (CrataBL) has been previously shown to have hypoglycemiant effect and also to induce cancer cell apoptosis. It also showed inhibitory activity against Factor Xa (Kiapp=8.6 μm). In the present study, we evaluated the anti-thrombotic properties of CrataBL in arterial thrombosis model. CrataBL prolongs the activated partial thromboplastin time on human and mouse plasma, and it impairs the heparin-induced potentiation of antithrombin III and heparin-induced platelet activation in the presence of low-dose ADP. It is likely that the dense track of positive charge on CrataBL surface competes with the heparin ability to bind to antithrombin III and to stimulate platelets. In the photochemically induced thrombosis model in mice, in the groups treated with 1.25, 5.0, or 10 mg/kg CrataBL, prior to the thrombus induction, the time of total artery occlusion was prolonged by 33.38%, 65%, and 66.11%, respectively, relative to the time of the control group. In contrast to heparin, the bleeding time in CrataBL-treated mice was no longer than in the control. In conclusion, CrataBL was effective in blocking coagulation and arterial thrombus formation, without increasing bleeding time.
Mining for single nucleotide variants (SNVs) at the kallikrein locus with predicted functional consequences
Authors: Sukumar Niron , Scott Erika , Dimitromanolakis Apostolos , Misiak Alexandra , Prassas Ioannis , Diamandis Eleftherios P. , Konvalinka Ana 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
Kallikreins (KLKs) are a group of 15 serine proteases encoded by the KLK locus on chromosome 19. Certain single nucleotide variants (SNVs) within the KLK locus have been linked to human disease. Next-generation sequencing of large human cohorts enables reexamination of genomic variation at the KLK locus. We aimed to identify all KLK-related SNVs and examine their impact on gene regulation and function. To this end, we mined KLK SNVs across Ensembl and Exome Variant Server, with exome-sequencing data from 6503 individuals. PolyPhen-2-based prediction of damaging SNVs and population frequencies of these SNVs were examined. Damaging SNVs were plotted on protein sequence and structure. We identified 4866 SNVs, the largest number of KLK-related SNVs reported. Fourteen percent of noncoding SNVs overlapped with transcription factor binding sites. We identified 602 missense coding SNVs, among which 148 were predicted to be damaging. Nine missense SNVs were common (>1% frequency) and displayed significantly different frequencies between European-American and African-American populations. SNVs predicted to be damaging appeared to alter tertiary structure of KLK1 and KLK6. Similarly, these missense SNVs may affect KLK function, resulting in disease phenotypes. Our study represents a mine of information for those studying KLK-related SNVs and their associations with diseases.
Netherton syndrome: defective kallikrein inhibition in the skin leads to skin inflammation and allergy
Authors: Furio Laetitia , Hovnanian Alain 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
Netherton syndrome (NS) is an orphan genetic skin disease with a profound skin barrier defect and severe allergic manifestations. NS is caused by loss of function mutations in SPINK5 encoding lympho-epithelial Kazal-type inhibitor (LEKTI), a secreted multi-domain serine protease inhibitor expressed in stratified epithelia. Studies in mouse models and in NS patients have established that unopposed kallikrein 5 activity triggers stratum corneum detachment and activates PAR-2 signaling, leading to the autonomous production of pro-allergic and pro-inflammatory mediators. This emerging knowledge on NS pathogenesis has highlighted a central role for protease regulation in skin homeostasis but also in the complexity of the disease, and holds the promise of new specific treatments.
Differential expression of multiple kallikreins in a viral model of multiple sclerosis points to unique roles in the innate and adaptive immune response
Authors: Panos Michael , Christophi George P. , Rodriguez Moses , Scarisbrick Isobel A. 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
Recent studies provide a functional link between kallikrein 6 (Klk6) and the development and progression of disease in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) and in its murine models. To evaluate the involvement of additional kallikrein family members, we compared Klk6 expression with four other kallikreins (Klk1, Klk7, Klk8, and Klk10) in the brain and spinal cord of mice infected with Theiler’s murine encephalomyelitis virus, an experimental model of progressive MS. The robust upregulation of Klk6 and Klk8 in the brain during the acute phase of viral encephalitis and in the spinal cord during disease development and progression points to their participation in inflammation, demyelination, and progressive axon degeneration. More limited changes in Klk1, Klk7, and Klk10 were also observed. In addition, Klk1, Klk6, and Klk10 were dynamically regulated in T cells in vitro as a recall response to viral antigen and in activated monocytes, pointing to their activities in the development of adaptive and innate immune function. Together, these results point to overlapping and unique roles for multiple kallikreins in the development and progression of virus-mediated central nervous system inflammatory demyelinating disease, including activities in the development of the adaptive and innate immune response, in demyelination, and in progressive axon degeneration.
Analysis of androgen and anti-androgen regulation of KLK-related peptidase 2, 3, and 4 alternative transcripts in prostate cancer
Authors: Lai John , An Jiyuan , Nelson Colleen C. , Lehman Melanie L. , Batra Jyotsna , Clements Judith A. 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
We assessed whether alternative transcripts (using KLK2, KLK3 and KLK4 as models) are differentially regulated by androgens and anti-androgens as an indicator of prostate cancers as they acquire treatment resistance. Using RNAseq of LNCaP cells treated with dihydrotestosterone, bicalutamide and enzalutamide, we show that the expression of variant KLK transcripts is markedly different to other variant transcripts at those loci. We also reveal that KLK variants are also over 2-fold more highly expressed in prostate cancers compared to their corresponding normal prostate. We propose that androgens and anti-androgens can activate specific variant transcripts of critical prostate cancer genes during treatment resistance.
Breaking the Dynamics of Emotions and Fear in Conflict and Reconstruction
Authors: Luterbacher Urs , Sandi Carmen 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThis paper is all about the construction of a new analytical framework to understand conflict and cooperation both at the international and at the domestic level with the aim of then finding mechanisms to reduce tensions and initiate conflict resolution schemes. The existing research literature on such analytical frameworks has so far been conducted a) mostly on standard social science disciplinary lines and has not incorporated the important work done on these questions by neuro-scientists and behavioral geneticists and b) is not really capable except in very specific instances to deal with the evolving dynamics of conflict and cooperation. Conflict over scarce resources (territory, mates, food) between members of the same species is a universal feature of evolution. Often conflict, especially armed conflict is supposed to be due to shows of force by two or more parties in order to appropriate or dominate resources. Force appears thus not to be the only decisive factor; perceived entitlement and powerful feelings of injustice thereby generated in the case of challenge, extended to group identity are also at the basis of conflict and aggression in humans. The relationship between environment and conflict, the role of emotions such as fear, and the absence of clear definition and enforcement of property rights within societies are also factors in the development of conflict. Thus we have here developed an analytically based numerical model that aims to include finding on these topics by Neuroscience and to emphasize the role of emotions in conflict and cooperation dynamics. This model has been simulated without specific reference to a particular country with the result that economic conditions drive our system since in one case sustained growth produces stability and end of combats whereas deteriorating capital growth and GDP collapse lead to increased hostile coalition participation and more fighting. However, the mere trigger of economic conditions is insufficient to explain conflict escalation, which results from increased participation in mutually hostile coalitions and greater fighting propensity where emotions such as fear and resentment play their role. Finally a detailed empirical analysis of the current Syrian conflict has been undertaken which shows the ability of the model to forecast actual historical developments. This study also indicates that worsening economic conditions are not the only triggering factors in civil conflict. Perceptions of opportunities due to a weakening of a regime’s authority also play a major role.
Assessment of the Effect of Pore Pressure Cycles on Moisture Sensitivity of Hot Mix Asphalt Using MIST Conditioning and Dynamic Modulus
Authors: Tarefder Rafiqul A. , Weldegiorgis Mekdim T. , Ahmad Mohiuddin 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
In this study, a recently developed Moisture Induced Sensitivity Tester (MIST) is used for moisture conditioning of asphalt concrete samples, and then dynamic modulus testing is used to assess whether MIST is sensitive to moisture-induced damage in asphalt. MIST applies a pumping action by generating repeated pore pressure in a compacted asphalt sample; however, it is not known yet whether MIST affects the dynamic modulus of asphalt concrete. In essence, the dynamic moduli (E*) of a Superpave mix were determined with and without MIST conditioning. Dynamic moduli at different temperatures and frequencies as well as dynamic modulus mastercurves were compared for with and without MIST conditioning cases using a dynamic modulus ratio (DMR). Computed DMR results consistently show that dynamic modulus decreases due to MIST conditioning, which indicates that MIST conditioning causes moisture damage in asphalt samples. Considering the consistency of DMR results and the added benefit provided by MIST to simulate cyclic pore water pressure due to traffic on wet pavement, MIST conditioning with a dynamic modulus test is found to be a good option to study moisture sensitivity of asphalt mixes.
EFFECT OF CIMETIDINE ON NITRO-OXIDATIVE STRESS IN A RAT MODEL OF PERIODONTITIS
Authors: Culic Carina , Parvu Alina Elena , Alb Sandu Florin , Alb Camelia , Pop Angela 
Published: August 2014

Background and aims. Periodontitis is a chronic inflammation that involves nitro-oxidative stress with damaging periodontal structural effects. We aimed to evaluate the consequences of low-dose cimetidine on nitro-oxidative stress in periodontitis. Methods. A rat model of ligature-induced periodontitis was used. After two weeks, the periodontitis groups were treated with cimetidine, aminoguanidine, N-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester and trolox for one week. On day 21, blood was drawn and the serum analyzed for measurement of total nitrites and nitrates, total oxidative status, total antioxidant response, and oxidative stress index. Results. Cimetidine had an inhibitory effect on the synthesis of nitric oxide (p=0.001), total oxidative status (p=0.01) and oxidative stress index (p=0.01). Total antioxidant reactivity was increased by cimetidine (p=0.01). The effects of cimetidine were almost like those of aminoguanidine, NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester, and trolox. Conclusions. Low-dose cimetidine can be used as adjunctive host modulatory therapy in chronic periodontitis because it reduces nitro-oxidative stress.
THE USE OF DENTAL SEALING IN CLUJ, ROMANIA: FREQUENCY, MATERIALS AND TECHNIQUES - A QUESTIONNAIRE STUDY
Authors: Cornea Daniela , Oprean Radu , Dudea Diana 
Published: August 2014

Aims. Dental decay is a condition, that involve both temporary and permanent dentitions. Prophylactic methods for dental decays consists of: dental sealing, use of fluorides, oral hygiene and healthy diet habits. This article focuses on the frequency, dental materials and techniques used for caries prophylaxis by using dental sealing in Cluj County.Materials and methods. The study used a set of questionnaires that was applied to 175 doctors from Cluj. The questionnaire contained 11 questions and it was delivered to the doctors personally or by the internet.Results. From the interviewed dentists 85.7 % use dental sealing and 86.7% use materials based on composite resins in this respect. For diagnostic purposes,76% of the dentists use inspection and palpation, 68.66% use cotton rolls and aspiration for isolation, 74% use professional brushing, 74% call back the patient after 6 months for a check-up and 60 % of the doctors redo the sealing if the sealant is partially or entirely lost or they perform a filling if a secondary decay appeared.Conclusions. Most of the interviewed dentists perform dental sealing and consider it as a good caries prophylaxis method. Also, most of them use a material based on composite resins as pit and fissure sealant. The techniques for this procedure are different among the interviewed dentists.
Avaliação da relação entre disfunção temporomandibular e dimensão vertical de oclusão em crianças de 7 A 12 anos
Authors: Lopes Rubia Garcia , Godoy Camila H. L. de , Motta Lara Jansiski , Biasotto-Gonzalez Daniela Aparecida , Fernandes Kristianne Porta Santos , Giannasi Lilian , Ferrari Raquel Agnelli Mesquita , Bussadori Sandra Kalil 
Published: August 2014

Objetivo verificar se existe relação entre a presença de disfunção temporomandibular (DTM) relacionada à variabilidade da dimensão vertical de oclusão em crianças e adolescentes na faixa etária de 7 a 12 anos. Métodos foram avaliadas 96 crianças e adolescentes do Instituto Rogacionista em São Paulo. A pesquisa diagnóstica da disfunção temporomandibular foi por meio do Índice de Helkimo e exame clínico posterior. Para a mensuração dos dados referentes à dimensão vertical foram empregadas as distâncias comissura labial - canto externo do olho e base do nariz – mento. A comparação dos valores médios das medidas antropométricas entre os gêneros e os grupos com e sem disfunção temporomandibular foi realizada empregando-se a análise de variância (ANOVA) complementada pelo teste least significance diference. Resultados a dimensão vertical de oclusão demonstrou medidas distintas nas crianças e adolescentes em todas as faixas etárias avaliadas, foram observadas alterações significantes dessa medida nas idades de 10 e 12 anos de ambos os gêneros. Conclusão pode -se concluir que na amostra estudada houve relação direta entre a presença de DTM e Dimensão vertical de oclusão (DVO), correlação positiva entre as medidas comissura labial – canto do olho externo e Násio – Mento no sexo feminino e alterações significantes na dimensão vertical de oclusão nas idades de 10 e 12 anos para ambos os sexos.
A Survey and Historical Comparison of the Megachilidae (Hymenoptera: Apoidea) of Itasca State Park, Minnesota
Authors: Gardner J D , Spivak M 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThe University of Minnesota Insect Collection holds a rich collection of bees from Itasca State Park, MN, from 1937 and 1938. This collection formed the historical baseline data for comparison with a new survey conducted from 2011 to 2013, to measure changes in bee species over the last 75 yr. Bees were collected with timed net surveys and trap nests at eight different sites within the park. Megachilidae were the focal family for the current study, due to their importance as commercial pollinators and their unique nesting habits. Species richness and diversity of Megachilidae in the new survey were both significantly lower than that of the historical collection but were not significantly different when species accumulation curves were extrapolated to estimate the true species richness. Eleven species in the historical collection were not rediscovered, while three species not previously collected in Itasca State Park were found in 2011–2013.
Patterned electrodeposition of CdTe nanorod and nanotube arrays for solar cells
Authors: Liyanage Wipula Priya Rasika , Mishra Sukhada , Wilson Jacob Scott , Kinzel Ed , Nath Manashi 
Published: August 2014

CdTe nanorod and nanotube arrays have been grown on indium tin oxide-coated glass slides through confined electrodeposition on lithographically patterned nanoelectrodes. While pattern definition by e-beam lithography yielded thinner nanorods and nanotubes, pattern definition by nanosphere photolithography using polystyrene spheres as lenses was successful in creating these nanowire arrays over a large area exceeding several square cm in a single step. The successful creation of clean arrays of nanotubes with uniform diameters underlined the versatility and uniqueness of the protocol. The photoconversion efficiencies of the nanorod/nanotube arrays were determined through photoelectrochemical response under ultraviolet light excitation. The observed photocurrent density of the fabricated nanorod device was more than two times higher than that of thin films fabricated under similar conditions, in spite of having a much lesser surface coverage for the nanorod device (~12% compared to the thin-film device). In addition to the potential of improved solar energy conversion efficiency by the nanorod and nanotube arrays, reduced material consumption due to lower coverage and simplicity of the fabrication technique make this approach ideal for the production of high-efficiency photovoltaic devices at commercial scale. This article contains supporting information that will be made available online once the issue is published.