bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Multi‐component Plant Viruses
Authors: Zhang Xiao‐Feng , Qu Feng 
Published: January 2015

Abstract

Many plant viruses divide their coding capacity into multiple genomic segments, hence are referred to as multi‐component viruses. These include viruses with either RNA or DNA genomes, in either single‐stranded (ss) or double‐stranded (ds) conformations. Furthermore, those with ssRNA genomes may encode viral proteins on the genome strand ([+] sense RNA viruses), the complementary strand ([−] sense RNA viruses) of the genomic RNA or both (ambisense RNA viruses). Multi‐component, (+) sense RNA viruses could comprise up to five genome segments, whereas (−) sense RNA viruses can have up to eight. Strikingly, most of characterised dsRNA viruses have 10–12 genome segments packaged in the same virus particles. Finally, the genomes of multi‐component DNA plant viruses are almost always single‐stranded, circular, and each of the segments (up to eight) is packaged in separate particles. Possible evolutionary relationships between multi‐component viruses and their monopartite relatives are discussed.

Key Concepts

Plant virus genomes can be non‐segmented (monopartite) or segmented (multi‐partite).

Multi‐partite plant viruses can be found in almost all major plant virus families, with different genome materials (RNA or DNA) and configurations (single‐stranded or double‐stranded), and varying virion shapes.

Plant viruses with most genome segments are plant‐infecting reoviruses, containing 10–12 double‐stranded RNA segments package together in the same non‐enveloped, multi‐layer capsids.

Nanoviruses are small viruses with up to eight single‐stranded, circular DNA genomes separately packaged in isometric particles.
Renal Ciliopathies
Authors: Bergmann Carsten 
Published: January 2015

Abstract

Defects in centrosome and cilium function lead to phenotypically related syndromes called ciliopathies. Cilia are microtubule‐based antennae that detect and orchestrate extracellular stimuli. As environmental rheostats and cellular signalling centres, they mediate multiple pathways that if disrupted lead to early developmental defects and cancer. Cystic kidney disorders such as polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD/ARPKD) and nephronophthisis (NPHP) play a central role in the elucidation of ciliopathies, and practically, all cilia‐related disorders can show renal cysts. In addition, patients may present with extrarenal manifestations in other organs. An accurate genetic diagnosis is crucial for genetic counselling, prenatal diagnostics and the clinical management of patients and their families. The increasing number of genes that have to be considered in patients with ciliopathies is challenging to address by conventional techniques and largely benefits from next‐generation sequencing (NGS)‐based approaches.

Key Concepts

Polycystic kidney disease (PKD) constitutes the most common life‐threatening genetic disorder and affects about 10–15 million people worldwide.

The majority of patients with PKD harbour mutations in the typical genes for ARPKD and ADPKD; however, mutations in other genes can mimic PKD.

PKD paved the way for other cilia‐related disorders of which most can show renal cysts.

Renal ciliopathies are characterized by tremendous clinical and genetic heterogeneity.

Patients may present with extrarenal manifestations in other organs (e.g. liver cysts, heart defects, retinal degeneration, deafness and intracranial aneurysms).

The underlying genotype can usually be identified by next‐generation sequencing (NGS)‐based approaches that allow the parallel analysis of all disease genes.

An accurate genetic diagnosis is crucial for genetic counselling, prenatal diagnostics and clinical management (with early detection and treatment of complications).
Palladium–Cobalt Nanotube Arrays Supported on Carbon Fiber Cloth as High‐Performance Flexible Electrocatalysts for Ethanol Oxidation
Authors: Wang An‐Liang , He Xu‐Jun , Lu Xue‐Feng , Xu Han , Tong Ye‐Xiang , Li Gao‐Ren 
Published: January 2015

AbstractPdCo nanotube arrays (NTAs) supported on carbon fiber cloth (CFC) (PdCo NTAs/CFC) are presented as high‐performance flexible electrocatalysts for ethanol oxidation. The fabricated flexible PdCo NTAs/CFC exhibits significantly improved electrocatalytic activity and durability compared with Pd NTAs/CFC and commercial Pd/C catalysts. Most importantly, the PdCo NTAs/CFC shows excellent flexibility and the high electrocatalytic performance remains almost constant under the different distorted states, such as normal, bending, and twisting states. This work shows the first example of Pd‐based alloy NTAs supported on CFC as high‐performance flexible electrocatalysts for ethanol oxidation.
Antitumor Drug Delivery Modulated by A Polymeric Micelle with an Upper Critical Solution Temperature
Authors: Li Weishuo , Huang Liwen , Ying Xiaoying , Jian You , Hong Yuan , Hu Fuqiang , Du Yongzhong 
Published: January 2015

AbstractThermally sensitive polymeric nanocarriers were developed to optimize the release profile of encapsulated compounds to improve treatment efficiency. However, when referring to thermally sensitive polymeric nanocarriers, this usually means systems fabricated from lower critical solution temperature (LCST) polymers, which have been intensively studied. To extend the field of thermally sensitive polymeric nanocarriers, we for the first time fabricated a polymeric drug delivery system having an upper critical solution temperature (UCST) of 43 °C based on an amphiphilic polymer poly(AAm‐co‐AN)‐g‐PEG. The resulting polymeric micelles could effectively encapsulate doxorubicin and exhibited thermally sensitive drug release both in vitro and in vivo. A drastically improved anticancer efficiency (IC50 decreased from 4.6 to 1.6 μg mL−1, tumor inhibition rate increased from 55.6 % to 92.8 %) was observed. These results suggest that UCST‐based drug delivery can be an alternative to thermally sensitive LCST‐based drug delivery systems for an enhanced antitumor efficiency.
Addition of Ethylene or Hydrogen to a Main‐Group Metal Cluster under Mild Conditions
Authors: Vasko Petra , Wang Shuai , Tuononen Heikki M. , Power Philip P. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractReaction of the tin cluster Sn8(Ar)4 (Ar=C6H2‐2,6‐(C6H3‐2,4,6‐Me3)2) with excess ethylene or dihydrogen at 25 °C/1 atmosphere yielded two new clusters that incorporated ethylene or hydrogen. The reaction with ethylene yielded Sn4(Ar)4(C2H2)5 that contained five ethylene moieties bridging four aryl substituted tin atoms and one tin–tin bond. Reaction with H2 produced a cyclic tin species of formula (Sn(H)Ar)4, which could also be synthesized by the reaction of {(Ar)Sn(μ‐Cl)}2 with DIBAL‐H. These reactions represent the first instances of direct reactions of isolable main‐group clusters with ethylene or hydrogen under mild conditions. The products were characterized in the solid state by X‐ray diffraction and IR spectroscopy and in solution by multinuclear NMR and UV/Vis spectroscopies. Density functional theory calculations were performed to explain the reactivity of the cluster.
Sunlight‐Driven Formation and Dissociation of a Dynamic Mixed‐Valence Thallium(III)/Thallium(I) Porphyrin Complex
Authors: Ndoyom Victoria , Fusaro Luca , Dorcet Vincent , Boitrel Bernard , Le Gac Stéphane 
Published: January 2015

AbstractInspired by a Newton’s cradle device and interested in the development of redox‐controllable bimetallic molecular switches, a mixed‐valence thallium(III)/thallium(I) bis‐strap porphyrin complex, with TlIII bound out of the plane of the N core and TlI hung to a strap on the opposite side, was formed by the addition of TlOAc to the free base and exposure to indirect sunlight. In this process, oxygen photosensitization by the porphyrin allows the oxidation of TlI to TlIII. The bimetallic complex is dynamic as the metals exchange their positions symmetrically to the porphyrin plane with TlIII funneling through the macrocycle. Further exposure of the complex to direct sunlight leads to thallium dissociation and to total recovery of the free base. Hence, the porphyrin plays a key role at all stages of the cycle of the complex: It hosts two metal ions, and by absorbing light, it allows the formation and dissociation of TlIII. These results constitute the basis for the further design of innovative light‐driven bimetallic molecular devices.
A Highly Stabilizing Silver(I)‐Mediated Base Pair in Parallel‐Stranded DNA
Authors: Sinha Indranil , Fonseca Guerra Célia , Müller Jens 
Published: January 2015

AbstractThe first parallel‐stranded DNA duplex with Hoogsteen base pairing that readily incorporates an Ag+ion into an internal mispair to form a metal‐mediated base pair has been created. Towards this end, the highly stabilizing6 FP‐Ag+‐6 FPbase pair comprising the artificial nucleobase 6‐furylpurine (6 FP) was devised. A combination of temperature‐dependent UV spectroscopy, CD spectroscopy, and DFT calculations was used to confirm the formation of this base pair. The nucleobase6 FPis capable of forming metal‐mediated base pairs both by the Watson–Crick edge (i.e. in regular antiparallel‐stranded DNA) and by the Hoogsteen edge (i.e. in parallel‐stranded DNA), depending on the oligonucleotide sequence and the experimental conditions. The6 FP‐Ag+‐6 FPbase pair within parallel‐stranded DNA is the most strongly stabilizing Ag+‐mediated base pair reported to date for any type of nucleic acid, with an increase in melting temperature of almost 15 °C upon the binding of one Ag+ion.
A robust and coarse surface mesh modified by interpenetrating polymer network hydrogel for oil‐water separation
Authors: Zhu Jinlong , Li Huili , Du Juan , Ren Wenchen , Guo Pingping , Xu Shimei , Wang Jide 
Published: January 2015

ABSTRACTA robust and coarse surface mesh was fabricated by introducing a hydrogel coating with interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) structure on stainless steel mesh. The IPN hydrogel was prepared by crosslinking polymerization of acrylic acid (AA) followed by condensation reaction of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and glutaraldehyde (GA) at room temperature. As a result, the roughness of modified mesh was enhanced obviously and oil droplet underwater showed a larger contact angle. The hydrogel‐coated surface showed an underwater superoleophobicity with an oil contact angle of 153.92 ± 1.08°. Besides, stable wettability was observed. The mesh can selectively separate oil from water with a high separation efficiency of above 99.8%. This work provides a facile method to strengthen the coating and enhance the efficiency of oil‐water separation. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41949.
DOPO‐VTS‐based coatings in the realm of fire retardants for cotton textile
Authors: Chernyy Sergey , Ulah Saif , Sørensen Gitte , Tordrup Sie Woldum , Pedersen Peter Bøgh , Almdal Kristoffer 
Published: January 2015

ABSTRACTThe work elucidates the feasibility of incorporation of phosphorus‐silicon containing fire retardant (10‐(2‐trimethoxysilyl‐ethyl)‐9‐hydro‐9‐oxa‐10‐phosphaphenanthrene‐10‐oxide [DOPO‐VTS]) into nanosol coating solutions by cohydrolysis cocondensation reaction of DOPO‐VTS with tetraethoxysilane precursor (TEOS). Impregnation of cotton with the organophosphorus silane in a form of nanosol dispersion afforded better fire retardancy of such samples compared to pure DOPO or TEOS‐treated cotton indicating synergism between phosphorus and silicon containing species in a condensed phase. The detailed analysis by TGA‐MS and SEM pointed to the fact that DOPO‐VTS acts as a promoter of cotton degradation which, in turn, results in acceleration of the charring process and formation of compact char in contrast to TEOS‐treated samples. Further analysis of the char by XPS confirmed high content of carbonaceous residue in the case of DOPO‐VTS‐treated samples while mainly siliceous component was left in the char in case of cotton treated with TEOS. Standard flammability test (EN ISO 15025:2008) additionally confirmed the absence of smoldering and better overall fire performance of the DOPO‐VTS samples in contrast to TEOS‐treated samples. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41955.
Absorption and migration of bio‐based epoxidized soybean oil and its mixtures with tri(2‐ethylhexyl) trimellitate in poly(vinylchloride)
Authors: Mao Di , Chaudhary Bharat Indu , Sun Bin , Shen Chun‐Yin , Yuan Dong‐ming , Dai Gan‐Ce , Li Bin , Cogen Jeffrey M. 
Published: January 2015

ABSTRACTThe efficacy of epoxidized soybean oil (ESO), tri(2‐ethylhexyl) trimellitate, and mixtures thereof as plasticizers for poly(vinylchloride) has been studied. At 80°C, the trimellitate was slower to absorb in this polymer than ESO and was also less soluble, but the former exhibited higher solubility at 120°C. Plasticization efficiencies of stabilized polymeric compositions were similar with ESO and the trimellitate (despite their very different molecular weights). The trimellitate yielded greater mass loss during heat aging of the plasticized compositions, but substituting even minor amounts of it with ESO decreased mass loss synergistically. The trimellitate also resulted in more of an increase in hardness than ESO over time at elevated temperatures, but when aged at 120°C, mixtures of the two surprisingly had more deleterious effects. Thus, although ESO can replace part or all of trimellitates in plasticized PVC, using it as sole plasticizer would be preferable when heat aging performance is a requirement. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41966.
CTLA‐4 blockade with ipilimumab: biology, safety, efficacy, and future considerations
Authors: Camacho Luis H. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractMelanoma remains a critical public health problem worldwide. Patients with stage IV disease have very poor prognosis and their 1‐year survival rate is only 25%. Until recently, systemic treatments with a positive impact on overall survival (OS) had remained elusive. In recent years, the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) – approved several novel agents targeting the RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK pathway (vemurafenib, dabrafenib, and trametinib) – critical in cell division and proliferation of melanoma, and an immune checkpoint inhibitor (ipilimumab) directed against the cytotoxic T lymphocyte Antigen ‐ (CTLA‐4). Moreover, recent reports of clinical trials studying other immune checkpoint modulating agents will most likely result in their FDA approval within the next months. This review focuses on ipilimumab, its safety and efficacy, and future considerations. Ipilimumab has demonstrated a positive OS impact after a several‐year follow‐up. It is also recognized that due to its mechanism of action, the response patterns to ipilimumab can differ from those observed in patients following treatment with conventional cytotoxic agents and even the most recently approved BRAF inhibitors. Most patients (84.8%) experience drug‐related adverse events (AEs) of any grade; most of these are mild to moderate and immune mediated. However, a minority of patients may also experience severe and life‐threatening AEs. In clinical studies, AEs were managed according to guidelines that emphasized close clinical monitoring and early use of corticosteroids when appropriate. Preliminary results have taught us the potential greater toxicity when in combination with vemurafenib, and the greater antitumor efficacy when combined with nivolumab, a monoclonal antibody directed against programmed death receptor‐1 (PD‐1), another immune checkpoint inhibitor. Future challenges include the optimization of dosing and toxicities when used as a single agent, and studying the safety and efficacy of combinations with targeted small molecules and other monoclonal antibodies to treat patients with melanoma and other malignancies.
Triplex Crosslinking through Furan Oxidation Requires Perturbation of the Structured Triple‐Helix
Authors: Gyssels Ellen , Carrette Lieselot L. G. , Vercruysse Emma , Stevens Kristof , Madder Annemieke 
Published: January 2015

AbstractShort oligonucleotides can selectively recognize duplexes by binding in the major groove thereby forming triplexes. Based on the success of our recently developed strategy for furan‐based crosslinking in DNA duplexes, we here investigated for the first time the use of the furan‐oxidation crosslink methodology for the covalent locking of triplex structures by an interstrand crosslink. It was shown that in a triplex context, although crosslinking yields are surprisingly low (to nonexistent) when targeting fully complementary duplexes, selective crosslinking can be achieved towards mismatched duplex sites at the interface of triplex to duplex structures. We show the promising potential of furan‐containing probes for the selective detection of single‐stranded regions within nucleic acids containing a variety of structural motifs.
Striking Antitumor Activity of a Methinium System with Incorporated Quinoxaline Unit Obtained by Spontaneous Cyclization
Authors: Bříza T. , Králová J. , Dolenský B. , Rimpelová S. , Kejík Z. , Ruml T. , Hajdúch M. , Džubák P. , Mikula I. , Martásek P. , Poučková P. , Král V. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractA novel pentamethinium salt was synthesized with an unforeseen expanded conjugated quinoxaline unit directly incorporated into a pentamethinium chain. The compound exhibited high fluorescence intensity, selective mitochondrial localization, high cytotoxicity, and selectivity toward malignant cell lines, and resulted in remarkable in vivo suppression of tumor growth in mice.
Iridium(III)‐Catalyzed Benzylic Amine Directed CH Sulfonamidation of Arenes with Sulfonyl Azides
Authors: Chen Heng , Huestis Malcolm P. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractThe development of a benzylic amine directed ortho‐sulfonamidation of aryl CH bonds with sulfonyl azides was investigated. The combination of a commercially available iridium(III) complex with a silver salt gave rise to an active manifold capable of promoting efficient CN bond formation for a variety of substrates.
Unprecedented Ring–Ring Interconversion of N,P,C‐Cage Ligands
Authors: Villalba Franco José Manuel , Schnakenburg Gregor , Espinosa Ferao Arturo , Streubel Rainer 
Published: January 2015

AbstractThe novel N,P,C‐cage complexes5 a–fand6 a–fhave been obtained by the reaction of theP‐pentamethylcyclopentadienylphosphinidene complex2, generated thermally from 2H‐azaphosphirene complex1, withN‐methyl‐C‐arylcarbaldimines3 a–f. Li/Cl phosphinidenoid complex8reacted with3 a,bto give N,P,C‐cage complexes6 a,b, whereas with3 c–f, complexes6 c–fwere obtained in negligible amounts only. Both types of ligand N,P,C‐cage structures5and6were found to be in an unprecedented equilibrium, with5 a,fas the predominant species. Transient electrophilic terminal phosphinidene complexes10 a–fserve as intermediates in both ligand interconversions (5 a,f↔6 a,f), as evidenced through trapping reactions with phenylacetylene andN‐methyl‐C‐phenylcarbaldimine, thus leading to the novel N,P,C‐cage complexes13 band15. DFT calculations predicted a small difference in the relative energies of the two types of N,P,C‐cage ligands, and a remarkable stabilisation of the aminophosphinidene complex10as the common precursor, thereby providing an insight into this surprising 5‐ring–3‐ring interconversion. In depth analysis of intermediate10revealed the occurrence of both through‐bond (conventional inductive/mesomeric effects) and through‐space (non‐covalent interactions) mechanisms, which amount to 67.8 and 14.4 kcal mol−1, respectively, and account for the remarkable stabilisation of this intermediate.
Enantioselective Synthesis of All‐Carbon Quaternary Stereogenic Centers via Copper‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Allylic Alkylation of (Z)‐Allyl Bromides with Organolithium Reagents
Authors: Fañanás‐Mastral Martín , Vitale Romina , Pérez Manuel , Feringa Ben L. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractA copper/phosphoramidite catalyzed asymmetric allylic alkylation of Z trisubstituted allyl bromides with organolithium reagents is reported. The reaction affords all‐carbon quaternary stereogenic centers in high yields and very good regio‐ and enantioselectivity. This systematic study illustrates the crucial role of the olefin geometry of the allyl substrate on the outcome of the reaction and provides a viable alternative to access these important structural motifs.
Synthesis of Small‐Sized, Porous, and Low‐Toxic Magnetite Nanoparticles by Thin POSS Silica Coating
Authors: Yen Swee Kuan , Varma D. Prathyusha , Guo Wei Mei , Ho Vincent H. B. , Vijayaragavan Vimalan , Padmanabhan Parasuraman , Bhakoo Kishore , Selvan Subramanian Tamil 
Published: January 2015

AbstractIn this communication, we report the synthesis of small‐sized (<10 nm), water‐soluble, magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) coated with polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes (POSS), which contain either polyethylene glycol (PEG) or octa(tetramethylammonium) (OctaTMA) as functional groups. The POSS‐coated MNPs exhibit superparamagnetic behavior with saturation magnetic moments (51–53 emu g−1) comparable to silica‐coated MNPs. They also provide good colloidal stability at different pH and salt concentrations, and low cytotoxicity to MCF‐7 human breast epithelial cells. The relaxivity data and magnetic resonance (MR) phantom images demonstrate the potential application of these MNPs in bioimaging.
Iron‐Catalyzed Diboration and Carboboration of Alkynes
Authors: Nakagawa Naohisa , Hatakeyama Takuji , Nakamura Masaharu 
Published: January 2015

AbstractAn iron‐catalyzed diboration reaction of alkynes with bis(pinacolato)diboron (B2pin2) and external borating agents (MeOB(OR)2) affords diverse symmetrical or unsymmetrical cis‐1,2‐diborylalkenes. The simple protocol for the diboration reaction can be extended to the iron‐catalyzed carboboration of alkynes with primary and, unprecedentedly, secondary alkyl halides, affording various tetrasubstituted monoborylalkenes in a highly stereoselective manner. DFT calculations indicate that a boryliron intermediate adds across the triple bond of an alkyne to afford an alkenyliron intermediate, which can react with the external trapping agents, borates and alkyl halides. In situ trapping experiments support the intermediacy of the alkenyl iron species using radical probe stubstrates.
Spectral compression using subspace clustering
Authors: Agahian Farnaz , Funt Brian 
Published: January 2015

AbstractThis article describes a subspace clustering strategy for the spectral compression of multispectral images. Unlike standard principal component analysis, this approach finds clusters in several different subspaces of different dimension. Consequently, instead of representing all spectra in a single low‐dimensional subspace of a fixed dimension, spectral data are assigned to multiple subspaces having a range of dimensions from one to eight. In other words, this strategy allows us to distribute spectra into different subspaces thereby obtaining the best fit for each. As a result, more resources can be allocated to those spectra that need many dimensions for accurate representation and fewer resources to those that can be modeled using fewer dimensions. For a given compression ratio, this trade off reduces the overall reconstruction error. In the case of compressing multispectral images, this initial compression method is followed by JPEG2000 compression in order to remove the spatial redundancy in the data as well. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 41, 7–15, 2016