bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Erosion and Renewal of Professional Powers in Public Sector Employment: The Role of Occupational Community
Authors: Campbell Shelagh 
Published: May 2014

This paper describes a case study of a particular form of knowledge worker; lawyers, and their efforts to achieve collective bargaining. Within self-regulated professions like law, the professional regulatory body controls much of the labour process and defines the body of professional knowledge. Apprenticeships, such as clinical locums in medicine and articles in law, play an important role in the transfer of labour process norms. However, more and more professionals seek employment in large organizations where the autonomy historically enjoyed by the self-employed worker and crafted in the confines of mentorships is increasingly subject to bureaucratic and administrative controls. In large employment settings rules and policies may interfere with workers’ exercise of professional discretion and full utilization of their knowledge. The result of the erosion of traditional labour process power under bureaucratic forms of organization leads professionals to seek alternate forms of control. Many turn to collective bargaining as a mean to wrest back control over the application of discretionary judgment from large, often public sector, employers.In the case of the legal profession in Canada, a great many lawyers are employed in the public sector. The subspecialty of criminal prosecution was broadly framed as a service private sector lawyers once provided on a fee-for-service basis, but until relatively recently it was not a distinct area of practice to which one dedicated a career. The regularization of prosecution in the public sector results in a strong sense of occupational community among public prosecutors. The forces of bureaucratic control and occupational community act together to support collective bargaining among professionals who otherwise have been opposed to this strategy, claiming it is “unprofessional”.
Learning in Struggle: Argentina’s New Worker Cooperatives as Transformative Learning Organizations
Authors: Vieta Marcelo 
Published: May 2014

This article considers Argentina’sempresas recuperadas por sus trabajadores(worker-recuperated enterprises, or ERTs) astransformative learning organizations. ERTs are illustrative of how workers’ conversions of capitalist firms into worker cooperatives—especially conversions emerging from troubled firms and in moments of deep socio-economic crises—transform workers (from managed employees to self-managed workers), work organizations (from capitalist businesses to labour-managed firms), and communities (from depleted to revitalized and self-provisioning localities).Theoretically, the study is grounded in class-struggle, workplace learning, and social action learning approaches. These theoretical perspectives help the study work through how workplace conversions by workers, when converting troubled investor-owned or proprietary firms into worker coops, act as catalysts for contesting workplace exploitation and capitalist crises, while also beginning to move beyond them by forging new social relations of production and exchange. In the case of Argentina’s ERTs, crises in the political economy and micro-economic crises at the point of production during the collapse of the neoliberal model at the turn of the millennium heightened workers’ self-awareness of their situations of exploitation and motivated collective action. As a result, new worker cooperatives were created that also stimulated the social, cultural, and economic renewal of surrounding communities.The study’s research method relies on extended case studies of four diverse ERTs, which included ethnographic observation and in-depth interviews. Observations of daily workflows were conducted, as well as interviews and informal conversations with founding and newer ERT workers. In a more structured portion of the interview protocol, key-informants were asked to reflect on how they had personally changed after being involved in the ERT, and how production practices and involvement with the community had transformed in the process of conversion.The article concludes by outlining how worker, organizational, and community transformations emerge from workers’ processes ofinformal learningandlearning in struggleas they collectively strive to overcome macro- and micro-economic crises and learn to become cooperators. This learning, the study shows, occurs in two ways:intra-cooperativelyvia informal workplace learning, andinter-cooperativelybetween workers from different ERTs and with surrounding communities. The self-management forged by ERTs thus embodies new, cooperative, and community-centered values and practices for these workers that, in turn, sketch out different possibilities for economic and productive life in Argentina.
Conservation et innovation
Authors: D’Orsi Annalisa 
Published: May 2014

Les Innus qui souhaitent encore apprendre et transmettre la culture traditionnelle ont aujourd’hui recours à de nouvelles stratégies : écriture, documentaires, stages en forêt, cours scolaires, musées et centres culturels, sites Web et outils multimédias. Il s’agit d’arriver à composer avec les profondes transformations produites par la colonisation et par le mode de vie contemporain : la sédentarisation en réserve, les nouvelles pratiques économiques, la scolarisation des jeunes. Un rôle dramatique semble avoir été joué notamment par l’institution des écoles résidentielles catholiques, dans les années 1950. Selon plusieurs Innus, elles auraient coupé les racines culturelles des nouvelles générations. Dans la situation de crise qui en résulte, la tradition se perpétue à travers des actions novatrices, créatives et conscientes. Basé sur une recherche de terrain de plus de deux ans (2003-2006) dans la communauté innue de Uashat mak Maniutenam (Côte-Nord du Québec), cet article analyse les transformations du processus de transmission du « savoir innu » à partir d’une conception dynamique de la « tradition ».
Pratiques d’alternance et référentiels professionnels
Authors: Molina Yvette 
Published: May 2014

Cet article analyse la pratique d’alternance dans le secteur de la formation en travail social, et plus particulièrement celle de la formation d’assistant de service social.
Les références mobilisées dans les pratiques des formateurs de stage, acteurs de la formation en alternance, sont interrogées au regard de l’introduction de référentiels professionnels / compétences qui sont venus accompagner une réforme d’ampleur des diplômes du travail social en France dans les années 2000.
Cette contribution prétend analyser les pratiques d’accueil en stage d’étudiants et d’étudiantes en travail social sous le prisme de l’introduction de ces nouveaux outils. Elle prend appui sur un matériau empirique recueilli lors d’une observation participante. La méthodologie retenue est celle de la construction de monographies à partir des situations d’étudiants et de leurs formateurs de stage rencontrés dans le cadre de la formation.
Les résultats de cette empirie conduisent à la conclusion que l’usage des référentiels professionnels dans les pratiques d’accompagnement des stagiaires varie selon les profils des formateurs. Une segmentation générationnelle fait apparaître trois catégories qui se distinguent selon l’expérience professionnelle et celle de l’accueil en stage acquises dans le temps. La transmission d’une culture professionnelle homogène est ainsi interrogée à travers ces pratiques d’alternance.
Alternance en formation et développement professionnel
Authors: Merhan France 
Published: May 2014

Cette contribution s’appuie sur une recherche exploratoire qui a visé à analyser les processus de construction de l’identité professionnelle dans lesquels s’engagent de jeunes étudiants se formant en alternance dans le cadre d’un dispositif universitaire de formation de formateurs. Le plan empirique de l’analyse porte sur un corpus de quinze « portfolios de développement professionnel » rédigés par ces étudiants. L’analyse de ces écrits met en évidence que leur impact formateur se fonde sur une reprise, en contexte universitaire, de l’expérience de stage réalisée. L’alternance correspond ainsi à deux déplacements par rapport à l’histoire de chaque étudiant : le stage en lui-même, puis la confrontation aux savoirs formalisés, permise par le portfolio. L’objectif de cet article est double : chercher à comprendre sur quelles composantes des processus du développement professionnel des étudiants l’accompagnement à l’écriture est susceptible d’influer en contexte universitaire et, au-delà, dégager des pistes dans le domaine de l’accompagnement au regard de ses aspects professionnalisants et formatifs dans les dispositifs par alternance.
Le développement professionnel en soins infirmiers
Authors: Boudjaoui Mehdi , Sein-Echaluce Luisa Guitard , Sanchez Fernandez Maria , Torner Benet Teresa 
Published: May 2014

Même si plusieurs réformes ont été mises en place ces dernières années, la professionnalisation de l’université en Espagne est souvent remise en question dans des rapports d’expertise internationale. Pourtant, dans ce même contexte, les formations infirmières se distinguent par une longue tradition de coopération avec le monde professionnel, d’orientation pratique des curriculums et d’ouverture vers une forme d’alternance. En fondant notre analyse sur le principe d’une distinction entre une offre de formation et ses usages effectifs, nous nous sommes posé la question des effets de ces dispositifs sur le développement professionnel d’étudiants infirmiers. À partir d’une recherche collaborative menée en Espagne dans une faculté en sciences infirmières, nous avons mis en évidence les dynamiques professionnalisantes induites par un dispositif. Au-delà de l’influence de variables contextuelles, ces conjectures éclairent les conceptions que l’on peut avoir de l’objet « formation en alternance ».
Rates and radiocarbon content of summer ecosystem respiration in response to long‐term deeper snow in the High Arctic of NW Greenland
Authors: Lupascu M. , Welker J. M. , Xu X. , Czimczik C. I. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThe amount and timing of snow cover control the cycling of carbon (C), water, and energy in arctic ecosystems. The implications of changing snow cover for regional C budgets, biogeochemistry, hydrology, and albedo due to climate change are rudimentary, especially for the High Arctic. In a polar semidesert of NW Greenland, we used a ~10 year old snow manipulation experiment to quantify how deeper snow affects magnitude, seasonality, and 14C content of summer C emissions. We monitored ecosystem respiration (Reco), soil CO2, and their 14C contents over three summers in vegetated and bare areas. Additional snowpack, elevated soil water content (SWC), and temperature throughout the growing season in vegetated, but not in bare, areas. Daily Reco was positively correlated to temperature, but negatively correlated to SWC; consequently, we found no effect of increased snow on daily flux. Cumulative summertime Reco was not related to annual snowfall, but to water year precipitation (winter snow plus summer rain). Experimentally increased snowpack shortened the growing season length and reduced summertime Reco up to 40%. Soil CO2 was older under increased snow. However, we found no effect of snow depth on the Reco age because older C emissions were masked by younger CO2 produced from the litter layer or plant respiration. In the High Arctic, anticipated changes in precipitation regime associated with warming are a key uncertainty for understanding future C cycling. In polar semideserts, water year precipitation is an important driver of summertime Reco. Permafrost C is vulnerable to changes in snowpack, with a deeper snowpack‐promoting decomposition of older soil C.
An ecohydrological perspective on drought‐induced forest mortality
Authors: Parolari Anthony J. , Katul Gabriel G. , Porporato Amilcare 
Published: May 2014

AbstractRegional‐scale drought‐induced forest mortality events are projected to become more frequent under future climates due to changes in rainfall patterns. The occurrence of these mortality events is driven by exogenous factors such as frequency and severity of drought and endogenous factors such as tree water and carbon use strategies. To explore the link between these exogenous and endogenous factors underlying forest mortality, a stochastic ecohydrological framework that accounts for random arrival and length of droughts as well as responses of tree water and carbon balance to soil water deficit is proposed. The main dynamics of this system are characterized with respect to the spectrum of anisohydric‐isohydric stomatal control strategies. Using results from a controlled drought experiment, a maximum tolerable drought length at the point where carbon starvation and hydraulic failure occur simultaneously is predicted, supporting the notion of coordinated hydraulic function and metabolism. We find qualitative agreement between the model predictions and observed regional‐scale canopy dieback across a precipitation gradient during the 2002–2003 southwestern United States drought. Both the model and data suggest a rapid increase of mortality frequency below a precipitation threshold. The model also provides estimates of mortality frequency for given plant drought strategies and climate regimes. The proposed ecohydrological approach can be expanded to estimate the effect of anticipated climate change on drought‐induced forest mortality and associated consequences for the water and carbon balances.
Pacific plate‐motion change at the time of the Hawaiian‐Emperor bend constrains the viscosity of Earth's asthenosphere
Authors: Iaffaldano Giampiero , Lambeck Kurt 
Published: May 2014

AbstractImportant constraints on asthenospheric viscosity come primarily from modeling the glacial rebound of the past 20 kyr, but remain somewhat loose because of the intrinsic resolving power of these models. We obtain narrower bounds by building on the notion that the asthenosphere also controls the ability to change plate motions over Myr. We focus on the Pacific kinematic change at the time of the Hawaiian‐Emperor bend event, which is linked to the coeval inception of subduction in the Western Pacific. We sample plausible asthenospheric viscosity and thickness values by requiring the rate at which torque varied to generate the observed kinematics consistent with the nature of subduction initiation. Uncertainties on the bend event duration and the occurrence of Pacific hot spots drift do not hamper our results that suggest that the asthenosphere viscous response to vertical shear over kyr is consistent with that to horizontal shear over Myr.
Biological Sand Filters: Low‐Cost Bioremediation Technique for Production of Clean Drinking Water
Authors: Lea Michael 
Published: May 2014

AbstractApproximately 1.1 billion people in rural and peri‐urban communities of developing countries do not have access to safe drinking water. The mortality from diarrheal‐related diseases amounts to ∼2.2 million people each year from the consumption of unsafe water. Most of them are children under 5 years of age—250 deaths an hour from microbiologically contaminated water. There is conclusive evidence that one low‐cost household bioremediation intervention, use of biological sand filters, is capable of dramatically improving the microbiological quality of drinking water. This unit will describe this relatively new and proven bioremediation technology's ability to empower at‐risk populations to use naturally occurring biological principles and readily available materials as a sustainable way to achieve the health benefits of safe drinking water. Curr. Protoc. Microbiol. 33:1G.1.1‐1G.1.26. © 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Murine Norovirus: Propagation, Quantification, and Genetic Manipulation
Authors: Hwang Seungmin , Alhatlani Bader , Arias Armando , Caddy Sarah L. , Christodoulou Constantina , Bragazzi Cunha Juliana , Emmott Ed , Gonzalez‐Hernandez Marta , Kolawole Abimbola , Lu Jia , Rippinger Christine , Sorgeloos Frédéric , Thorne Lucy , Vashist Surender , Goodfellow Ian , Wobus Christiane E. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractMurine norovirus (MNV) is a positive‐sense, plus‐stranded RNA virus in theCaliciviridaefamily. It is the most common pathogen in biomedical research colonies. MNV is also related to the human noroviruses, which cause the majority of nonbacterial gastroenteritis worldwide. Like the human noroviruses, MNV is an enteric virus that replicates in the intestine and is transmitted by the fecal‐oral route. MNV replicates in murine macrophages and dendritic cells in cells in culture and in the murine host. This virus is often used to study mechanisms in norovirus biology, because human noroviruses are refractory to growth in cell culture. MNV combines the availability of a cell culture and reverse genetics system with the ability to study infection in the native host. Herein, we describe a panel of techniques that are commonly used to study MNV biology.Curr. Protoc. Microbiol33:15K.2.1‐15K.2.61. © 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Geophysical Survey in Sub‐Saharan Africa: magnetic and Electromagnetic Investigation of the UNESCO World Heritage Site of Songo Mnara, Tanzania
Authors: Welham K. , Fleisher J. , Cheetham P. , Manley H. , Steele C. , Wynne‐Jones S. 
Published: May 2014

ABSTRACTMagnetometry and Slingram electromagnetic surveys were conducted at the UNESCO World Heritage Site of Songo Mnara, Tanzania, as part of a multinational programme of investigation to examine the uses of space within and outside of this stonetown. The town was a major Islamic trading port during the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. The surveys detected significant evidence for the containment of activities within the town walls, and previously unknown anthropogenic activity was revealed between the existing coral rag buildings, as well as within the open areas inside the town. Over 40 areas of magnetic disturbance were identified that corresponded directly with areas of high magnetic susceptibility in the Slingram electromagnetic in‐phase responses. On excavation many of these anomalies were found to correlate with wattle and daub structures, indicating a hitherto unidentified population, and the location of the anomalies also suggests a potentially deliberate delineation of space within the open areas of the stonetown. The combined results of the three geophysical data sets indicate that there are clear delineations in the use of space within Songo Mnara. This, coupled with the presence of industrial activities and evidence of more ephemeral occupation, neither of which had previously been recorded at the site, indicates that the pre‐existing town plan is in need of significant reappraisal. The current plan, based upon the remains of extant and collapsed coral buildings, can now be updated to incorporate the more ephemeral aspects of Swahili sites, including activity areas, and notably, the homes of the ‘hidden majority’ of the population. The results establish the benefit of a combined approach at these sites, and demonstrate that further invasive and non‐invasive exploration is required in order to fully exploit the significance of the role of geophysical techniques in understanding Swahili towns. © 2014 The Authors. Archaeological Prospection published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Anaerobic gut fungi: Advances in isolation, culture, and cellulolytic enzyme discovery for biofuel production
Authors: Haitjema Charles H. , Solomon Kevin V. , Henske John K. , Theodorou Michael K. , O'Malley Michelle A. 
Published: May 2014

ABSTRACTAnaerobic gut fungi are an early branching family of fungi that are commonly found in the digestive tract of ruminants and monogastric herbivores. It is becoming increasingly clear that they are the primary colonizers of ingested plant biomass, and that they significantly contribute to the decomposition of plant biomass into fermentable sugars. As such, anaerobic fungi harbor a rich reservoir of undiscovered cellulolytic enzymes and enzyme complexes that can potentially transform the conversion of lignocellulose into bioenergy products. Despite their unique evolutionary history and cellulolytic activity, few species have been isolated and studied in great detail. As a result, their life cycle, cellular physiology, genetics, and cellulolytic metabolism remain poorly understood compared to aerobic fungi. To help address this limitation, this review briefly summarizes the current body of knowledge pertaining to anaerobic fungal biology, and describes progress made in the isolation, cultivation, molecular characterization, and long‐term preservation of these microbes. We also discuss recent cellulase‐ and cellulosome‐discovery efforts from gut fungi, and how these interesting, non‐model microbes could be further adapted for biotechnology applications. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2014;111: 1471–1482. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Simplified carry save adder‐based array multiplier scheme and circuits design
Authors: Jia Song , Lyu Shigong , Li Xiayu , Liu Li , He Yandong 
Published: May 2014

SummaryConventional array multiplier based on carry save adders is optimized in this letter. Some specific full adders in the adders array for partial products accumulation are simplified without any cost. By modifying the logic expressions of two special full adders, circuit complexity is reduced, resulting in decreased power dissipation and propagation delay. Static circuit structures for the adders are provided to demonstrate the effectiveness. Furthermore, logical AND gates to produce partial products are redesigned to save area and power. The layout regularity of array multiplier is well preserved. Circuit simulation shows that speed and power can be improved 9.7% and 3.1% for a 4*4 structure, and the number of transistors decreases 5.3%. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Consistent size‐independent harvest selection on fish body shape in two recreationally exploited marine species
Authors: Alós Josep , Palmer Miquel , Linde‐Medina Marta , Arlinghaus Robert 
Published: May 2014

AbstractHarvesting wild animals may exert size‐independent selection pressures on a range of morphological, life history, and behavioral traits. Most work so far has focused on selection pressures on life history traits and body size as morphological trait. We studied here how recreational fishing selects for morphological traits related to body shape, which may correlate with underlying swimming behavior. Using landmark‐based geometric morphometrics, we found consistent recreational fishing‐induced selection pressures on body shape in two recreationally exploited marine fish species. We show that individuals with larger‐sized mouths and more streamlined and elongated bodies were more vulnerable to passively operated hook‐and‐line fishing independent of the individual's body size or condition. While the greater vulnerability of individuals with larger mouth gapes can be explained by the direct physical interaction with hooks, selection against streamlined and elongated individuals could either involve a specific foraging mode or relate to underlying elevated swimming behavior. Harvesting using passive gear is common around the globe, and thus, size‐independent selection on body shape is expected to be widespread potentially leaving behind individuals with smaller oral gapes and more compact bodies. This might have repercussions for food webs by altering foraging and predation.