bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bariatric surgery and pregnancy: the magical solution?
Authors: Willis Kent , Sheiner Eyal 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
The obesity epidemic is a problem of global importance with a profound impact on maternal-fetal health. Currently, 1 in 5 women, worldwide, are obese at time of conception. Normalizing pregravid weight may significantly reduce obstetrical complications and alter the long-term weight status of mother and child. Bariatric surgery is the most efficient form of weight loss in severely obese women. Surgery has the exciting potential to treat obesity in women of reproductive age and to prevent obesity-related reproductive complications. Pregnancy after bariatric surgery appears to be safe and is effective in reducing complications such as gestational diabetes mellitus, gestational hypertensive disorders and fetal macrosomia, but may result in an increase in neonates born small-for-gestational-age.
Observation of successful mobbing of an insectivorous bat, Taphozous nudiventris (Emballonuridae), on an avian predator, Tyto alba (Tytonidae)
Authors: Lučan Radek K. , Šálek Martin 
Published: December 2012

AbstractMobbing in animals is an aggressive behaviour performed cooperatively towards a potential predator. In bats, the existence of mobbing is based on both intra- and interspecific behavioural responses of freely flying individuals to distress calls emitted by live bats or playbacked by researchers. In this note, we describe the mobbing behaviour of free-living naked-bellied tomb bats
Enhanced nonlinearities using plasmonic nanoantennas
Authors: Chen Pai-Yen , Argyropoulos Christos , Alù Andrea 
Published: December 2012

AbstractIn this paper, we review and discuss how nanoantennas may be used to largely enhance the nonlinear response of optical materials. For single nanoantennas, there have been tremendous advancements in understanding how to exploit the local field enhancement to boost the nonlinear susceptibility at the surface or sharp edges of plasmonic metals. After an overview of the work in this area, we discuss the possibility of controlling the optical nonlinear response using nanocircuit concepts and of significantly enhancing various nonlinear optical processes using planar arrays of plasmonic nanoantennas loaded with χ(2) or χ(3) nonlinear optical materials, forming ultrathin, nanometer-scale nonlinear metasurfaces, as optical nanodevices. We describe how this concept may be used to boost the efficiency of nonlinear wave mixing and optical bistability, due to the large local field enhancement at the nonlinear nanoloads associated with the plasmonic features of suitably tailored nanoantenna designs. We finally discuss three exciting applications of the proposed nonlinear metasurface: dramatically-enhanced frequency conversion efficiency, efficient phase-conjugation for super-resolution imaging and large optical bistabilities.
Review Label-free detection with high-Q microcavities: a review of biosensing mechanisms for integrated devices
Authors: Vollmer Frank , Yang Lan 
Published: December 2012

AbstractOptical microcavities that confine light in high-Q resonance promise all of the capabilities required for a successful next-generation microsystem biodetection technology. Label-free detection down to single molecules as well as operation in aqueous environments can be integrated cost-effectively on microchips, together with other photonic components, as well as electronic ones. We provide a comprehensive review of the sensing mechanisms utilized in this emerging field, their physics, engineering and material science aspects, and their application to nanoparticle analysis and biomolecular detection. We survey the most recent developments such as the use of mode splitting for self-referenced measurements, plasmonic nanoantennas for signal enhancements, the use of optical force for nanoparticle manipulation as well as the design of active devices for ultra-sensitive detection. Furthermore, we provide an outlook on the exciting capabilities of functionalized high-Q microcavities in the life sciences.
The Organization of Political Violence by Insurgencies
Authors: Haer Roos 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
A range of theories have attempted to explain the variation in civilian abuse of warring parties. Most of these theories have been focused on the strategic environment in which these acts take place. Less attention is devoted to the perpetrators of these human right abuses themselves: the armed groups. This study tries to fill this niche by using the organizational process theory in which it is assumed that armed groups, like every organization, struggles for survival. The leader tries to ensure the maintenance of her armed group by increasing her control over her troops. The relationship between the level of control and the perpetrated civilian abuse is examined with a new dataset on the internal structure of more than 70 different armed groups around the world. With the help of a Bayesian Ordered Probit model, this new dataset on civilian abuse is analyzed. The results show that especially particular incentives play an important role.
Partitioning Ethnic Groups and their Members: Explaining Variations in Satisfaction with Democracy in Africa
Authors: Gold Valentin 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
This article examines the conditions that influence citizens’ satisfaction with democracy in Africa. In the analysis, individual, ethnic group, and national context determinants are combined in a multilevel model allowing a comparative analysis over time, countries, ethnic groups, and individuals. Using Afrobarometer survey data along with ethnic group-level and national-level data, I show that factors shaping citizens’ satisfaction can be found on each contextual level. To a large extent, perceived economic and political inequalities between ethnic groups explain variations in citizens’ satisfaction.
Cooperation beats Deterrence in Cyberwar
Authors: Schutte Sebastian 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
This brief article argues for a narrow definition of cyberwar and a technology-centric approach to understanding its strategic implications. Based on a review of the underlying technologies, approaches to facilitating peace in this rather new form of confrontation will be derived. This brief discussion already shows that Cold War era strategies such as credible deterrence through retaliation are ill-suited to serve peace in the digital domain. Generally, building offensive capabilities for cyberwar does not increase an actor’s security. Instead, geographically unrestricted security communities (Deutsch et al., 1957) of nationstates that employ similar technologies seem to serve individual security best.
Gold and Civil Conflict Intensity: evidence from a spatially disaggregated analysis
Authors: Balestri Sara 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
This research is aimed at investigating whether the presence of available extractive resources, in particular gold, interacts with civil conflict intensity, accounting for sub-country level data through the use of Geographic Information System (GIS) techniques. By a spatially disaggregated and specific resource analysis, I found that gold, gemstones and hydrocarbons productions within the conflict areas tend to increase conflict intensity. The analysis is carried out by applying a Zero-Truncated Negative Binomial model. Data for gold resource are extracted from an original dataset - GOLDATA - which provides a comprehensive list of gold deposits throughout the world completed of geographic coordinates, temporal information and characteristics. The overall finding is that the presence of exploitable gold resource tends to increase conflict intensity and that resources’ lootability and accessibility in wartime can largely determine to what extent revenues can be appropriated and misused during conflict events.
Human Rights “Naming & Shaming” and Civil War Violence
Authors: Ruggeri Andrea , Burgoon Brian 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
The aim of this PEPS Letter is to clarify the effects of human rights “Naming and Shaming” by international actors, such as IOs, NGOs and the international media, on the intensity of violence in domestic conflict. The note carries out, evaluates and proposes empirical strategies to study such effects. We find that a classic panel-year data structure is insufficient to disentangle and assess possible mechanisms. Though the UN-labeled attempts to “name and shame” seem to decrease the level of violence, this and other results cannot be defended as robust and coherent in light of likely endogeneity bias. Results based on just lagged explanatory variables differ in the sign and significance of relationships with results based on instrumented-variable estimation. We highlight the value and necessity of collecting and analyzing data that is more disaggregated with respect to time and target levels. Only such further steps will allow full study the role of “naming and shaming” on domestic conflict dynamics.
Effect of solvents and thermal annealing on the morphology development of a novel block copolymer ionomer: a case study of sulfonated polystyrene-block-fluorinated polyisoprene
Authors: Hosoda Tomonori , Gido Samuel P. , Mays Jimmy W. , Huang Tianzi , Park Chong Rae , Yamada Toshiro 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
The morphologies of sulfonated polystyrene-block-fluorinated polyisoprene (s-PS-b-f-PI) were studied as functions of different kinds of solvents and thermal annealing, using transmission electron microscope microscopy (TEM), small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and intermediate angle X-ray diffraction (IMAXD). The film of the block copolymer ionomer with an acid form [sulfonated PS-b-fluorinated PI (sH-PS-b-f-PI)], which was cast from anhydrous tetrahydrofuran (THF), developed a well-ordered cylindrical morphology of the f-PI domains in the sH-PS matrix. The morphology was explained by the solubility parameter and the Bjerrum length. The morphology changed to that of a no long-range ordered structure, through thermal annealing. The result was different from the usual behavior of uncharged diblock copolymers and could have been due to the ionic cluster formation. The solution casting films of the block copolymer ionomer with a cesium neutralized form (sCs-PS-b-f-PI) were obtained from the mixed solvent of THF/water (98/2, wt/wt) and DMSO. The ionic cluster formation in the film cast from the mixed solvent was hardly changed by annealing. The promotion of the ionic cluster formation by annealing was clearly observed in the film cast from DMSO. However, hindrance of microphase separation by the promotion of the ionic cluster formation was not confirmed in this study.
Investigation of rapid manufacturing technology with ABS material for wind tunnel models fabrication
Authors: Daneshmand Saeed , Aghanajafi Cyrus , Shahverdi Hossein 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
Nowadays, several procedures are used for manufacturing wind tunnel models. These methods include machining, casting, molding and rapid prototyping. Raw materials such as metals, ceramics, composites and plastics are used in making these models. Dimension accuracy, surface roughness and material strength are significant parameters which are effective in wind tunnel manufacturing and testing. Wind tunnel testing may need several models. Traditional methods for constructing these models are both costly and time consuming. In this research, a study has been undertaken to determine the suitability of models constructed using rapid manufacturing (RM) methods for use in wind tunnel testing. The aim of this research is to improve the surface roughness, dimensional accuracy and material strength of rapid manufacturing models for testing in wind tunnels. Consequently, the aerodynamic characteristics of three models were investigated and compared. The first model is made of steel, the second model from FDM-M30, and the third model is a hybrid model. Results show that metal models can be replaced by hybrid models in order to measure aerodynamic characteristics, reduce model fabrication time, save fabrication cost and also to verify the accuracy of aerodynamic data obtained in aerospace industry.
Nanocrystallites in urine and their relationship with the formation of kidney stones
Authors: Ouyang Jian-Ming , Xia Zhi-Yue , Zhang Guang-Na , Chen He-Qun 
Published: December 2012

AbstractKidney stones are mainly composed of inorganic crystals such as calcium oxalate (CaOxa). At present, kidney stones can be detected only after their formation, which causes great suffering for patients. If kidney stones can be detected prior to their formation, they can be effectively prevented, which presents great commercial value. In this paper, we review the differences in urine nanocrystallites between stone-forming patients and healthy controls, as well as the relationship between nanocrystallites in urine and the formation of kidney stones. These differences are microcrystalline morphology, aggregation, size and distribution, chemical composition, Zeta potential and stability. The results showed that the formation of kidney stones is closely related to the nature of nanocrystallites. Through the regulation of the physical and chemical properties of nanocrystallites, the formation and recurrence of kidney stones are possibly inhibited.
Platinum organometallic compounds: classification and analysis of crystallographic and structural data. Monomeric Pt compounds with PtC2AB, PtA2BC and PtABCD compositions
Authors: Melnik Milan , Sprusansky Ondrej , Holloway Clive Eduard , Mikus Peter 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThis review covers almost 350 four-coordinated monomeric organoplatinum complexes with PtC2AB, PtA2BC and PtABCD compositions, and there is wide variability of chromophores. The most common ligands in addition to the C donor are PPh3 and chlorine. Platinum(II) is found only in a square-planar environment involving cis- as well as trans-configurations with a different degree of distortion, especially when bi- or terdentate ligands are present. The trans-effect decreases in the order of the atoms in which the effect dominates, H>C>P>Si>S. There are at least two types of isomerism, cis-trans and distortion. The data strongly suggest that distortion isomerism is, for platinum chemistry, more common than cis- and trans-isomerism.
Bericht vom GMA-Fachausschuss 1.40 “Theoretische Verfahren der Regelungstechnik”
Authors: Wahrburg Arne 
Published: December 2012

Zusammenfassung
Der Beitrag bietet einen Überblick über die inhaltlichen Schwerpunkte der diesjährigen Tagung des GMA-Fachausschusses 1.40 und fasst die Beschlüsse des Fachausschusses bezüglich seiner zukünftigen Arbeit zusammen.
Effects of placement angle and direction of orthopedic force application on the stability of orthodontic miniscrews
Authors: Lee Jihye , Kim Ji Young , Choi Yoon Jeong , Kim Kyung-Ho , Chung Chooryung J. 
Published: December 2012

ABSTRACT

Objectives:
To evaluate the influence of placement angle and direction of orthopedic force application on the stability of miniscrews.

Materials and Methods:
Finite element analysis was performed using miniscrews inserted into supporting bone at angles of 90°, 60°, and 30° (P90°, P60°, and P30°). An orthopedic heavy force of 800 gf was applied to the heads of the miniscrews in four upward (U0°, U30°, U60°, U90°) or lateral (L0°, L30°, L60°, L90°) directions. In addition, pull-out strength of the miniscrews was measured with various force directions and cortical bone thicknesses.

Results:
Miniscrews with a placement angle of 30° (P30°) and 60° (P60°) showed a significant increase in maximum von Mises stress following the increase in lateral force vectors (U30°, U60°, U90°) compared to those with a placement angle of 90° (P90°). In accordance, the pull-out strength was higher with the axial upward force when compared to the upward force with lateral vectors. Maximum von Mises stress and displacement of the miniscrew increased as the angle of lateral force increased (L30°, L60°, L90°). However, a more dramatic increase in maximum von Mises stress was noted in P30° than in P60° and P90°.

Conclusion:
Placement of the miniscrew perpendicular to the cortical bone is advantageous in terms of biomechanical stability. Placement angles of less than 60° can reduce the stability of miniscrews when orthopedic forces are applied in various directions.
Platelet Redox Balance in Diabetic Patients With Hypertension Improved by n-3 Fatty Acids
Authors: McDonald Denise M. , O’Kane Fiona , McConville Maeve , Devine Adrian B. , McVeigh Gary E. 
Published: December 2012

OBJECTIVE
Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are at increased risk of developing cardiovascular disease, largely as a result of defective production of cardioprotective nitric oxide and a concomitant rise in oxidative stress. Dietary interventions that could reverse this trend would be extremely beneficial. Here we investigated whether dietary n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (n-3 PUFA) supplementation positively affected platelet nitroso-redox imbalance.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
We randomized hypertensive T2DM patients (T2DM HT; n = 22) and age-and-sex matched hypertensive study participants without diabetes (HT alone; n = 23) in a double-blind, crossover fashion to receive 8 weeks of n-3 PUFAs (1.8 g eicosapentaenoic acid and 1.5 g docosahexaenoic acid) or identical olive oil capsules (placebo), with an intervening 8-week washout period. Platelet nitrite and superoxide were measured and compared before and after treatment; 8-isoprostane was determined by ELISA and subcellular compartmentalization of the NAD(P)H oxidase subunit p47-phox examined by Western blotting.

RESULTS
The n-3 PUFA supplementation reduced 8-isoprostane and superoxide levels in platelets from T2DM HT, but not HT alone, participants, without effect on nitrite production. This coincided with a significant decrease in p47-phox membrane localization and a similar reduction in superoxide to that achieved with apocynin. At baseline, a subcohort of T2DM HT and HT alone participants showed evidence of nitric oxide synthase (NOS)–derived superoxide production, indicating defective enzymatic activity. This was reversed significantly in T2DM HT participants after treatment, demonstrating improved NOS function.

CONCLUSIONS
Our finding that n-3 PUFAs diminish platelet superoxide production in T2DM HT patients in vivo suggests a therapeutic role for these agents in reducing the vascular-derived oxidative stress associated with diabetes.
Developing an HbA1c-Based Equation to Estimate Blood Glucose in Maintenance Hemodialysis Patients
Authors: Hoshino Junichi , Molnar Miklos Z. , Yamagata Kunihiro , Ubara Yoshifumi , Takaichi Kenmei , Kovesdy Csaba P. , Kalantar-Zadeh Kamyar 
Published: December 2012

OBJECTIVE
Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) has been widely used as a clinically important assessment tool for outcome analyses related to glycemic control. However, because of special conditions in dialysis patients, including the uremic milieu, there is no HbA1c blood glucose (BG) equation specific for patients on dialysis. In this study, we sought to develop HbA1c-BG equation models for hemodialysis patients.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
We examined associations between HbA1c and random serum BG over time in a contemporary cohort of diabetic patients with hemodialysis treated in DaVita dialysis clinics. We identified 11,986 patients (63 ± 12 years old and 49% male) with 69,764 paired measurements of HbA1c and BG over the course of 5 years (2001–2006). Bootstrapping method was used to estimate average BG and corresponding HbA1c levels. The association was adjusted by patient factors using linear regression.

RESULTS
Linear regression analyses yielded the following three regression equations: BG = 59.2 + 29.4 × HbA1c − 20.8 × Alb (R2 = 0.483); BG = 104.8 + 29.7 × HbA1c − 18.4 × Alb − 4.7 × Hb (R2 = 0.486); and BG = 82.9 + 30.7 × HbA1c − 16.5 × Alb − 5.4 × Hb + 0.3 × age + race (R2 = 0.491). All our models showed stronger association than previous equation models (R2 = 0.468 in the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial and A1c-Derived Average Glucose equations).

CONCLUSIONS
The association between HbA1c and BG in hemodialysis patients is different than that of patients with normal kidney function. Our analysis suggests that equations including serum albumin or hemoglobin are better for hemodialysis patients.
Time and Cost Analysis: Pediatric Dental Rehabilitation with General Anesthesia in the Office and the Hospital Settings
Authors: Rashewsky Stephanie , Parameswaran Ashish , Sloane Carole , Ferguson Fred , Epstein Ralph 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
Pediatric dental patients who cannot receive dental care in the clinic due to uncooperative behavior are often referred to receive dental care under general anesthesia (GA). At Stony Brook Medicine, dental patients requiring treatment with GA receive dental care in our outpatient facility at the Stony Brook School of Dental Medicine (SDM) or in the Stony Brook University Hospital ambulatory setting (SBUH). This study investigates the time and cost for ambulatory American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) Class I pediatric patients receiving full-mouth dental rehabilitation using GA in these 2 locations, along with a descriptive analysis of the patients and dental services provided. In this institutional review board–approved cross-sectional retrospective study, ICD-9 codes for dental caries (521.00) were used to collect patient records between July 2009 and May 2011. Participants were limited to ASA I patients aged 36–60 months. Complete records from 96 patients were reviewed. There were significant differences in cost, total anesthesia time, and recovery room time (P < .001). The average total time (anesthesia end time minus anesthesia start time) to treat a child at SBUH under GA was 222 ± 62.7 minutes, and recovery time (time of discharge minus anesthesia end time) was 157 ± 97.2 minutes; the average total cost was $7,303. At the SDM, the average total time was 175 ± 36.8 minutes, and recovery time was 25 ± 12.7 minutes; the average total cost was $414. After controlling for anesthesia time and procedures, we found that SBUH cost 13.2 times more than SDM. This study provides evidence that ASA I pediatric patients can receive full-mouth dental rehabilitation utilizing GA under the direction of dentist anesthesiologists in an office-based dental setting more quickly and at a lower cost. This is very promising for patients with the least access to care, including patients with special needs and lack of insurance.