bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Characteristics of the Ideal Postgraduate Year 1 Pharmacy Practice Residency Candidate
Authors: Gohlke Angela L. , Ray David B. , El-Ibiary Shareen Y. , Barletta Jeffrey F. 
Published: October 2013

Objective: Assess pharmacy postgraduate year 1 (PGY1) residency application statistics and identify the qualities most desired in the ideal pharmacy residency candidate. Methods: A list of PGY1 residency program directors across the United States (n = 750) was acquired, and a validated electronic survey was created. The survey contained 25 questions pertaining to program demographics, application statistics, and candidate characteristics. Results: A total of 252 programs completed the survey. The average number of positions per program was 3.4 ± 2.6. The average ratio of applicants to available positions was 15:1. The highest scored quality was familiarity with an applicant’s college of pharmacy (7.7 ± 2.5). Holding a leadership position within the college/university scored 6.5 ± 2, while poster presentations and publications were rated lower (4.1 ± 2.5 and 3.1 ± 2.3, respectively). When asked to rank modifiable characteristics, strong letters of recommendation, letters of intent, and prior experience with the applicant were ranked the highest. Conclusions: Strong letters of recommendation and intent along with prior experience with an applicant are highly valued. Although leadership positions and scholarship are not ranked as highly, they may distinguish applicants if the preceding criteria are met. Applicants should strive to build relationships with preceptors and obtain work experience or experiential rotations at potential residency locations.
NADPH oxidase and nitric oxide synthase-dependent superoxide production is increased in proliferative lupus nephritis
Authors: Oates JC , Mashmoushi AK , Shaftman SR , Gilkeson GS 
Published: October 2013

Objective Lupus nephritis (LN) is an immune complex-mediated glomerulonephritis. Proliferative LN (PLN, ISN/RPS classes III and IV)) often leads to renal injury or failure despite traditional induction and maintenance therapy. Successful targeted therapeutic development requires insight into mediators of inflammation in PLN. Superoxide (SO) and its metabolites are mediators of the innate immune response through their ability to mediate reduction–oxidation signaling. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) modulates inflammatory responses in endothelial cells. We hypothesized that markers of SO production would be increased in active PLN and that SO production would be dependent on the activity of select enzymes in the renal cortex. Methods Patients with systemic lupus erythematosus were enrolled at the time of renal biopsy for active LN of all classes. Serum collected at baseline was analyzed by HPLC with electrochemical detection for markers of SO production (durable modifications of serum protein Tyr ultimately requiring SO as a substrate). Renal cortex from MRL/MpJ- FASlpr (MRL/lpr) mice with and without functional eNOS was analyzed during active disease for superoxide (SO) production with and without inhibitors of SO-producing enzymes. Results Serum protein modifications indicative of total SO production were significantly higher in patients with PLN. These markers were increased in association with more active, inflammatory PLN. Mice lacking functional eNOS had 80% higher levels of renal cortical SO during active disease, and inhibitors of nitric oxide synthase and NADPH oxidase reduced these levels by 60% and 77%, respectively. Conclusion These studies demonstrate that SO production is unique to active PLN in a NOS and NADPH oxidase-dependent fashion. These findings suggest the emulating or augmenting eNOS activity or inhibiting NADPH oxidase SO production may be targets of therapy in patients with PLN. The markers of SO production used in this study could rationally be used to select SO-modulating therapies and serve as pharmacodynamic indicators for dose titration.
Hypogammaglobulinemia in pediatric systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: Lim E , Tao Y , White AJ , French AR , Cooper MA 
Published: October 2013

Objective Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a systemic autoimmune disease typically associated with elevated serum immunoglobulin G (IgG). Hypogammaglobulinemia in SLE patients has been attributed to immunosuppressive treatment or a transient effect associated with nephrotic syndrome. We retrospectively reviewed pediatric SLE patients from a single institution to identify patients with hypogammaglobulinemia and risk factors for hypogammaglobulinemia. Methods A total of 116 pediatric SLE cases from 1997 to 2011 were reviewed and patients with hypogammaglobulinemia (IgG < 500 mg/dl) were identified. The two cohorts were evaluated for association with age, sex, presence of lupus nephritis at SLE diagnosis, disease activity at diagnosis, initial IgG level, and drug treatment. Results Eighty-six patients were included in our study, with a median age of 15 years and a median follow-up of 39.5 months. Seven percent (six of 86) of patients had hypogammaglobulinemia with a median onset of 27 months (0–72 months) after SLE diagnosis. Significant associations were noted for white race ( p value 0.029), male sex ( p value 0.009), and the presence of lupus nephritis at SLE diagnosis ( p value 0.004). Use of immunosuppressive treatment did not show a statistical association with hypogammaglobulinemia, although two of the patients with hypogammaglobulinemia did receive rituximab. Most patients with hypogammaglobulinemia received intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) replacement therapy because of infections and/or concern for infection. Conclusion Measurement of immunoglobulin levels during treatment in SLE could help identify patients with hypogammaglobulinemia who might require more aggressive follow-up to monitor for increased risk of infection and need for IVIG treatment. A prospective study is needed to validate associated risk factors identified in this study.
Can quality from a care ethical perspective be assessed? A review
Authors: Kuis Esther E , Hesselink Gijs , Goossensen Anne 
Published: October 2013

Background: Ethics-of-care theories contain important notions regarding the quality of care; however, until now, concrete translations of the insights into instruments are lacking. This may be a result of the completely different type of epistemology, theories and concepts used in the field of quality of care research. Objectives: Both the fields of ‘ethics of care’ and ‘quality of care’ aim for improvement of care; therefore; insights could possibly meet by focusing on the following question: How could ethics-of-care theories contribute to better quality in care at a measurement level? This study reviews existing instruments with the aim of bridging this gap and examines the evidence of their psychometric properties, feasibility and responsiveness. Research design: A systematic search of the literature was undertaken using multiple electronic databases covering January 1990 through May 2012. Method and findings: Of the 3427 unique references identified, 55 studies describing 40 instruments were selected. Using a conceptual framework, an attempt was made to distinguish between related concepts and to group available instruments measuring different types of concepts. A total of 13 instruments that reflect essential aspects of ethics-of-care theory were studied in greater detail, and a quality assessment was conducted. Conclusion: Three promising qualitative instruments were found, which follow the logic of the patient and take their specific context into account.
Narratives of aggressive care
Authors: Peter Elizabeth , Mohammed Shan , Simmonds Anne 
Published: October 2013

Background: While witnessing and providing aggressive care have been identified as predominant sources of moral distress, little is known about what nurses “know” to be the “right thing to do” in these situations. Research objectives: The purpose of this study was to explore what nurses’ moral knowledge is in situations of perceived overly aggressive medical care. Research design: A critical narrative approach was used. Participants: A total of 15 graduate nursing students from various practice areas participated. Findings: Four narrative types were identified, including “Wait and see: medical uncertainty,” “Deflected responsibilities to respond to dying, death, or futility,” “Divergent understandings, responsibilities, and temporalities,” and “Privileged medical understandings and responsibilities.” Discussion: The knowledge of differentially situated persons is acknowledged in dissimilar ways, the time required to determine that enough has been done is perceived differently, and how moral responsibilities are understood also varies. Conclusions: A better understanding of how social roles influence how time, knowledge, and responsibility are related to the provision of aggressive care is needed.
A Systematic Review of Strategies for Implementing Empirically Supported Mental Health Interventions
Authors: Powell Byron J. , Proctor Enola K. , Glass Joseph E. 
Published: October 2013

Objective: This systematic review examines experimental studies that test the effectiveness of strategies intended to integrate empirically supported mental health interventions into routine care settings. Our goal was to characterize the state of the literature and to provide direction for future implementation studies. Method: A literature search was conducted using electronic databases and a manual search. Results: Eleven studies were identified that tested implementation strategies with a randomized ( n = 10) or controlled clinical trial design ( n = 1). The wide range of clinical interventions, implementation strategies, and outcomes evaluated precluded meta-analysis. However, the majority of studies ( n = 7; 64%) found a statistically significant effect in the hypothesized direction for at least one implementation or clinical outcome. Conclusion: There is a clear need for more rigorous research on the effectiveness of implementation strategies, and we provide several suggestions that could improve this research area.
Parent reflections of experiences of participating in a randomized controlled trial of a behavioral intervention for infants at risk of autism spectrum disorders
Authors: Freuler Ashley C , Baranek Grace T , Tashjian Christene , Watson Linda R , Crais Elizabeth R , Turner-Brown Lauren M 
Published: October 2013

Background: Despite the mounting evidence of efficacy of early intervention for children with autism spectrum disorders, there is little research that considers the various perceptions and resources with which parents respond to the pressures and opportunities associated with participation in early intervention. Research is particularly lacking surrounding experiences of parents with infants who are at risk of autism spectrum disorders but do not (yet) have a diagnosed condition. Objectives: This qualitative study aimed to explore the experiences of caregivers following their participation in a randomized controlled trial of Adapted Responsive Teaching, a parent–infant relationship-focused intervention for infants at risk of autism spectrum disorders in a community sample. Parents were randomized into either the treatment group, in which they participated in the Adapted Responsive Teaching intervention, or the community services group, in which they were provided with information regarding local early intervention services and were encouraged, but not required to, seek community services as part of their inclusion in the randomized controlled trial. Methods: Semistructured interviews were conducted with families following the completion of the randomized controlled trial. Participants consisted of 13 mothers and 4 fathers. Five dyads were interviewed together for a total of 14 families. Child ages ranged from 39 to 46 months at the time of interview. Analysis was conducted on 14 interviews from 10 families who were randomized into the treatment group and 4 families randomized into the community services group. Analysis was informed by a thematic analysis approach, which involved a systematic process of coding and theme identification both across and within groups. Results: Themes that emerged across groups included Working against all odds, Value of the personal relationship, Getting the ball rolling, and Getting dad on board. One broad theme represented the data within the groups: Win-win (Adapted Responsive Teaching group) and Navigating amidst ambiguity (community services group). Conclusions: This study illuminates the personal experiences and contextual influences affecting families who are participating in the randomized controlled trial through early identification of “risk” status for autism spectrum disorders in their infants. Insights gained from these interviews may serve to refine and enhance intervention models and to enhance early intervention services for families.
Nutritional Status and Other Baseline Predictors of Mortality among HIV-Infected Children Initiating Antiretroviral Therapy in Tanzania
Authors: Mwiru Ramadhani S. , Spiegelman Donna , Duggan Christopher , Seage George R. , Semu Helen , Chalamilla Guerino , Kisenge Rodrick , Fawzi Wafaie W. 
Published: October 2013

Background: We assembled a prospective cohort of 3144 children less than 15 years of age initiating antiretroviral therapy (ART) in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Methods: The relationships of nutritional status and other baseline characteristics in relation to mortality were examined using Cox proportional hazards model. Results: Compared with children with weight for age (WAZ) > -1, those with WAZ ≤ -2 to < -3 had a nearly double risk of death (relative risk [RR], 1.85; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.10-3.11), and among those with WAZ ≤ -3, the risk more than tripled (RR, 3.36; 95% CI, 2.12-5.32). Other baseline risk factors for overall mortality included severe anemia ( P < .001), severe immune suppression ( P = .02), history of tuberculosis ( P = .01), opportunistic infections ( P < .001), living in the poorest district ( P < .001), and advanced World Health Organization stage ( P = .003). Conclusions: To sustain the obtained benefit of ART in this setting, interventions to improve nutritional status may be used as an adjunct to ART.
Altered glycosylation of platelet-derived von Willebrand factor confers resistance to ADAMTS13 proteolysis
Authors: McGrath Rachel T. , van den Biggelaar Maartje , Byrne Barry , O’Sullivan Jamie M. , Rawley Orla , O’Kennedy Richard , Voorberg Jan , Preston Roger J. S. , O’Donnell James S. 
Published: October 2013

Key Points
Platelet-VWF exists as a distinct natural glycoform. Platelet-VWF is resistant to ADAMTS13 proteolysis.
Coordinated and unique functions of the E-selectin ligand ESL-1 during inflammatory and hematopoietic recruitment in mice
Authors: Sreeramkumar Vinatha , Leiva Magdalena , Stadtmann Anika , Pitaval Christophe , Ortega-Rodríguez Inés , Wild Martin K. , Lee Brendan , Zarbock Alexander , Hidalgo Andrés 
Published: October 2013

Key Points
ESL-1 and PSGL-1 cooperate to mediate E-selectin binding, myeloid homeostasis, and inflammatory cell recruitment. ESL-1 dominates E-selectin binding and homing of hematopoietic progenitors.
Regional differences in trait-like characteristics of the waking EEG in early adolescence
Authors: Benz Dominik C , Tarokh Leila , Achermann Peter , Loughran Sarah P 
Published: October 2013

Abstract

Background
The human waking EEG spectrum shows high heritability and stability and, despite maturational cortical changes, high test-retest reliability in children and teens. These phenomena have also been shown to be region specific. We examined the stability of the morphology of the wake EEG spectrum in children aged 11 to 13 years recorded over weekly intervals and assessed whether the waking EEG spectrum in children may also be trait-like. Three minutes of eyes open and three minutes of eyes closed waking EEG was recorded in 22 healthy children once a week for three consecutive weeks. Eyes open and closed EEG power density spectra were calculated for two central (C3LM and C4LM) and two occipital (O1LM and O2LM) derivations. A hierarchical cluster analysis was performed to determine whether the morphology of the waking EEG spectrum between 1 and 20 Hz is trait-like. We also examined the stability of the alpha peak using an ANOVA.

Results
The morphology of the EEG spectrum recorded from central derivations was highly stable and unique to an individual (correctly classified in 85% of participants), while the EEG recorded from occipital derivations, while stable, was much less unique across individuals (correctly classified in 42% of participants). Furthermore, our analysis revealed an increase in alpha peak height concurrent with a decline in the frequency of the alpha peak across weeks for occipital derivations. No changes in either measure were observed in the central derivations.

Conclusions
Our results indicate that across weekly recordings, power spectra at central derivations exhibit more “trait-like” characteristics than occipital derivations. These results may be relevant for future studies searching for links between phenotypes, such as psychiatric diagnoses, and the underlying genes (i.e., endophenotypes) by suggesting that such studies should make use of more anterior rather than posterior EEG derivations.
The effects of different doses of estradiol (E2) on cerebral ischemia in an in vitro model of oxygen and glucose deprivation and reperfusion and in a rat model of middle carotid artery occlusion
Authors: Ma Yu-Long , Qin Pei , Li Yan , Shen Lan , Wang Shi-Quan , Dong Hai-Long , Hou Wu-Gang , Xiong Li-Ze 
Published: October 2013

Abstract

Background
Because neuroprotective effects of estrogen remain controversial, we aimed to investigate the effect of different doses of estradiol (E2) on cerebral ischemia using both in vivo and in vitro experiments.

Results
PC12 cells were cultured at physiological (10 nM and 20 nM) or pharmacological (10 μM and 20 μM) dosages of E2 for 24 hours (h). The results of 5-bromodeoxyuridine (Brdu) incorporation and flow cytometric analysis showed that physiological doses of E2 enhanced cell proliferation and pharmacological doses of E2 inhibited cell proliferation. After the cells were exposed to oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD) for 4 h and reperfusion for 20 h, the results of 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl) 2, 5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release assay, flow cytometric analysis and Western blot analysis showed that physiological doses of E2 enhanced cell viability, reduced cell apoptosis and decreased the expression of pro-apoptotic protein caspase-3. In contrast, pharmacological doses of E2 decreased cell viability and induced cell apoptosis. In vivo, adult ovariectomized (OVX) female rats received continuous subcutaneous injection of different doses of E2 for 4 weeks. Transient cerebral ischemia was induced for 2 h using the middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) technique, followed by 22 h of reperfusion. The results of Garcia test, 2, 3, 5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining showed that 6 μg/kg and 20 μg/kg E2 replacement induced an increase in neurological deficit scores, a decrease in the infarct volume and a reduction in the expression of caspase-3 when compared to animals in the OVX group without E2 treatment. However, 50 μg/kg E2 replacement treatment decreased neurological deficit scores, increased the infarct volume and the expression of caspase-3 when compared to animals in the control group and 6 up/kg or 20 μg/kg E2 replacement group.

Conclusion
We conclude that physiological levels of E2 exhibit neuroprotective effects on cerebral ischemia; whereas, pharmacological or supraphysiological doses of E2 have damaging effects on neurons after cerebral ischemia.
“Unique trend” and “contradictory trend” in discrimination of primary synchronous lung cancer and metastatic lung cancer
Authors: Shen Cheng , Xu Huan , Liu Lunxu , Zhou Yubin , Chen Dali , Du Heng , Han Zhaojie , Che Guowei 
Published: October 2013

Abstract

Background
Distinguishing between multiple primary lung cancers and metastatic tumors is often difficult when the tumor histology is same. Since genomic instability is a common feature of cancer, we hypothesized that independently arising neoplasms in an individual patient would exhibit measurable genomic variation, enabling discrimination of tumor lineage and relatedness. The feasibility of analyzing genomic instability expression profiles to distinguish multiple primary lung cancers from metastatic tumors was evaluated.

Methods
This study enrolled 13 patients, with multiple primary lung cancers demonstrating with the histology, who underwent surgery between April 2003 and December 2012 at the Department of the Thoracic Surgery at West China Hospital in Sichuan province of China and 10 patients who were diagnosed as metastasis disease during the same period for comparison purposes. Genomic DNA from lung cancers from individual patients was analyzed by six microsatellites (D2S1363, D6S1056, D7S1824, D10S1239, D15S822, and D22S689) with PCR to identify discordant allelic variation. The experiments were approved by the West China Hospital Ethics committee (No.2013 (33)) and all patients agreed to participate in the study and signed an informed consent form.

Results
All of the 10 patients with distant metastasis showed a consistent consequence that we called “unique trend” between primary tumor and distant metastasis. The “trend” is representive in this study, which means that all alleles corresponding to six microsatellite markers were detected in DNA from primary tumors but were reduced or not observed in DNA from metastatic tumors. In the group of synchronous lung tumor with different histological types, the result showed a “contradictory trend”. Some alleles were detected in DNA from primary tumors but were reduced or not observed in DNA from metastatic tumors and other alleles corresponding to six microsatellite markers were detected in DNA from metastatic tumors but were reduced or not observed in DNA from primary tumors. In the third group (synchronous lung tumor with same histological types), 2 of 8 patients showed “unique trend” and the others showed “contradictory trend”.

Conclusions
With polymorphic microsatellite markers, the “unique trend” that represents metastasis cancers and the “contradictory trend” that represents primary multiple tumors are useful in the diagnosis between tumors found at the same time in the pulmonary even diagnosed with the histopathological evaluation from a single patient.
Increase in the astaxanthin synthase gene (crtS) dose by in vivo DNA fragment assembly in Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous
Authors: Contreras Gabriela , Barahona Salvador , Rojas María Cecilia , Baeza Marcelo , Cifuentes Víctor , Alcaíno Jennifer 
Published: October 2013

Abstract

Background

Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous is a basidiomycetous yeast that is relevant to biotechnology, as it can synthesize the carotenoid astaxanthin. However, the astaxanthin levels produced by wild-type strains are low. Although different approaches for promoting increased astaxanthin production have been attempted, no commercially competitive results have been obtained thus far. A promising alternative to facilitate the production of carotenoids in this yeast involves the use of genetic modification. However, a major limitation is the few available molecular tools to manipulate X. dendrorhous.

Results
In this work, the DNA assembler methodology that was previously described in Saccharomyces cerevisiae was successfully applied to assemble DNA fragments in vivo and integrate these fragments into the genome of X. dendrorhous by homologous recombination in only one transformation event. Using this method, the gene encoding astaxanthin synthase (crtS) was overexpressed in X. dendrorhous and a higher level of astaxanthin was produced.

Conclusions
This methodology could be used to easily and rapidly overexpress individual genes or combinations of genes simultaneously in X. dendrorhous, eliminating numerous steps involved in conventional cloning methods.