bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Positive surgical margins and their locations in specimens are adverse prognosis features after radical cystectomy in non‐metastatic carcinoma invading bladder muscle: results from a nationwide case–control study
Authors: Neuzillet Yann , Soulie Michel , Larre Stéphane , Roupret Morgan , Defortescu Guillaume , Murez Thibaut , Pignot Géraldine , Descazeaud Aurélien , Patard Jean‐Jacques , Bigot Pierre , Salomon Laurent , Colin Pierre , Rigaud Jérôme , Bastide Cyrille , Durand Xavier , Valeri Antoine , Kleinclauss François , Bruyere Franck , Pfister Christian ,   the Comité de Cancérologie de l'Association Française d'Urologie (CCAFU)
Published: January 2013

What's known on the subject? and What does the study add?
Positive surgical margin (PSM) frequency after radical cystectomy has been estimated to be 4–15%. Studies that have not distinguished between the different sites of PSM have failed to show that they are an independent prognostic factor for disease‐free survival. Only perivesical soft tissue PSMs have been associated with an increased risk of cancer recurrence and cancer‐specific death.
This is the first comprehensive published analysis of PSMs occurring during radical cystectomy for pTx pN0 M0 bladder cancer according to their location, comparing their cancer‐specific survival (CSS) and other outcomes with those of a control group paired according to TNM status, age, sex and urinary diversion method. Local recurrence‐free survival rates were found to be lower in patients with both soft tissue and urethral PSMs. Moreover, soft‐tissue PSMs were associated with lower metastatic recurrence‐free and CSS rates.
Objective
To compare the prognoses associated with positive surgical margins (PSMs) according to their urethral, ureteric and/or soft tissue locations in patients with pN0 M0 bladder cancer who have not undergone neoadjuvant chemotherapy.
Patients and Methods
A retrospective, case–control study was conducted between 1991 and 2011 using data from 17 academic centres in France.
A total of 154 patients (cases) with PSMs met the eligibility criteria and were matched according to centre, pT stage, gender, age and urinary diversion method with a population‐based sample of 154 patients (controls) from 3651 patients who had undergone cystectomies.
The median follow‐up period was 23.9 months.
Multivariable Cox regression analysis was used to test the effects of PSMs on local recurrence (LR)‐free survival, metastatic recurrence (MR)‐free survival and cancer‐specific survival (CSS).
Results
The 5‐year LR‐free survival and CSS rates of patients with urethral and soft tissue PSMs were lower than those in the control group.
A significant decrease in CSS was associated with soft tissue PSMs (P = 0.003, odds ratio = 0.425, 95% confidence interval 0.283–0.647). The prognosis was not affected in cases of ureteric PSMs.
Conclusions
Soft tissue PSMs were associated with poor CSS rates in patients with pN0 M0 bladder cancer.
A correlation between urethrectomy and a reduction of the risk of LR in a urethral PSM setting was observed.
Different Roles of Land in Rural–Urban Migration: Evidence from China's Household Survey
Authors: Wang Xuelong 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThis paper explores the influence of land holding on rural–urban migration using China's 2008 household survey data. It shows that the contradictory findings of existing published literature can be explained by introducing a migration distance variable. The empirical studies show that land holding plays a different role in short‐distance and long‐distance migration. Land holding has a U‐shaped curve association with the probability of short‐distance migration and has an inverted‐U‐shaped association with the probability of long‐distance migration. Therefore, the government needs to provide more job information and migration subsidies to farmers who have little land to overcome difficulties in the process of migration so as to reduce rural–urban inequality.
Social Investment According to the OECD/DELSA: A Discourse in the Making
Authors: Mahon Rianne 
Published: January 2013

AbstractIt is important to draw critical attention to the broad policy perspectives that travel across the globe and operate at multiple scales. Social Investment is clearly one such set of ideas that has assumed increasing prominence over the last two decades. Like most such rapidly diffusing ideas, however, it admits of quite different interpretations. In this article I examine the most recent iterations of the Directorate for Employment, Labour and Social Affairs’ (DELSA) interpretation of Social Investment against the backdrop of its earlier work. I argue that its initial formulations could be seen as an example of inclusive liberalism. Since then, however, DELSA has begun to embrace important elements of a social democratic version, including a concern with gender equality.Policy Implications

While the idea of Social Investment may have opened anew a positive role for social policy, it is insufficient for such policies to focus narrowly on improving the human capital of the poor. Rather it is important to develop the human capital of all.

While Social Investment policies can include measures to facilitate work and family life it is also important to actively promote equality of the sexes in paid and unpaid work.

Social Investment policies, with their emphasis on the supply side, need to be complemented by policies to promote good jobs for all.

To be effective, Social Investment policies need to be accompanied by appropriate macroeconomic policies.
Where Do the World's Poor Live? A New Update
Authors: Sumner Andy 
Published: January 2013

SummaryThis paper revisits, with new data, the changes in the distribution of global poverty towards middle‐income countries (MICs). In doing so it discusses an implied ‘poverty paradox’– the fact that most of the world's extreme poor no longer live in the world's poorest countries.The paper outlines the distribution of global poverty as follows: half of the world's poor live in India and China (mainly in India), a quarter of the world's poor live in other MICs (primarily populous lower MICs such as Pakistan, Nigeria and Indonesia) and a quarter of the world's poor live in the remaining 35 low‐income countries. Underlying this pattern is a slightly more surprising one: only 7 per cent of world poverty remains in low‐income, stable countries.The paper discusses factors that are behind the shift in global poverty towards middle‐income countries in particular and how sensitive the distribution of global poverty is to the thresholds for middle‐income classification. The paper concludes with implications for research related to poverty.
The Hegemony Cracked: The Power Guide to Getting Care onto the Development Agenda
Authors: Eyben Rosalind 
Published: January 2013

SummaryThis paper uses power analysis and the notion of hegemony to enquire into the historical neglect of unpaid care in the international development sector. In the light of that analysis the paper looks at how to exploit the hegemonic contradictions that provide openings for getting care onto development policy agendas. Addressing feminist practitioners and scholar‐activists, the paper proposes a strategy of a succession of small wins in naming, framing, claiming and programming care. These can contribute to a change of mindset among citizens, think tanks and policy‐makers about the significance of care.
The incidence of gingival fissures associated with toothbrushing: crossover 28‐day randomized trial
Authors: Greggianin Bruna Frizon , Oliveira Sara Cioccari , Haas Alex Nogueira , Oppermann Rui Vicente 
Published: January 2013

AbstractAimTo compare the incidence of gingival fissures after the use of soft and medium‐hard toothbrushes.Material & MethodsOverall, 35 participants (14–20 years old), with periodontal attachment loss (PAL) ≤1 mm, were assigned to soft or medium‐hard toothbrushes in a crossover design with a wash‐out of 10 days between two 28‐days periods. Gingival fissures were assessed using a disclosing solution. Pictures were taken from a selected quadrant every 2–3 days in 12 sessions. Picture files were evaluated by a blind examiner. Generalized estimating equations were used to evaluate the association between gingival fissures, toothbrush type, time, gender, age, self‐reported brushing frequency, plaque and PAL.ResultsOverall, 25% of the participants presented at least one gingival fissure. Higher incidence of fissures was observed after use of medium‐hard toothbrushes. In the multivariable model, the risk of fissure development was two times higher with medium‐hard compared with soft toothbrushes. The presence of buccal PAL was associated with a 5.19 times increased risk. The risk of fissure occurrence also increased with time and was higher in males than females.ConclusionsGingival fissures are a common feature associated with toothbrushing. Medium‐hard toothbrushes, male gender, time and previous PAL are significant risk factors for the incidence of gingival fissures.
Invasive house mice facing a changing environment on the Sub‐Antarctic Guillou Island (Kerguelen Archipelago)
Authors: Renaud S. , Hardouin E. A. , Pisanu B. , Chapuis J.‐L. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractAdaptation to new environments is a key feature in evolution promoting divergence in morphological structures under selection. The house mouse (Mus musculus domesticus) introduced on the Sub‐Antarctic Guillou Island (Kerguelen Archipelago) had and still has to face environmental conditions that likely shaped the pattern and pace of its insular evolution. Since mouse arrival on the island, probably not more than two centuries ago, ecological conditions dramatically differed from those available to their Western European commensal source populations. In addition, over the last two decades, the plant and animal communities of Guillou Island were considerably modified by the eradication of rabbits, the effects of climate change and the spread of invasive species detrimental to native communities. Under such a changing habitat, the mouse response was investigated using a morphometric quantification of mandible and molar tooth, two morphological structures related to food processing. A marked differentiation of the insular mice compared with their relatives from Western Europe was documented for both mandibles and molar shapes. Moreover, these shapes changed through the 16 years of the record, in agreement with expectations of drift for the molar, but more than expected by chance for the mandible. These results suggest that mice responded to the recent changes in food resources, possibly with a part of plastic variation for the mandible prone to bone remodelling. This pattern exemplifies the intricate interplay of evolution, ecology and plasticity that is a probable key of the success of such an invasive rodent facing pronounced shifts in food resources exploitation under a changing environment.
Pollinator‐mediated selection on floral morphology: evidence for transgressive evolution in a derived hybrid lineage
Authors: Anton K. A. , R. Ward J. , Cruzan M. B. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractHybridization between closely related lineages is a mechanism that might promote substantive changes in phenotypic traits of descendants, resulting in transgressive evolution. Interbreeding between divergent but morphologically similar lineages can produce exceptional phenotypes, but the potential for transgressive variation to facilitate long‐term trait changes in derived hybrid lineages has received little attention. We compare pollinator‐mediated selection on transgressive floral traits in both early‐generation and derived hybrid lineages of the Piriqueta cistoides ssp. caroliniana complex. The bowl‐shaped flowers of morphotypes in this complex have similar gross morphologies and attract a common suite of small insect pollinators. However, they are defined by significant differences in characters that generate pollinator interest and visitation, including floral area and petal separation. In common garden experiments, patterns of pollen deposition in early‐generation recombinant hybrids indicate that Piriqueta's pollinators favour flowers with greater area and reduced petal separation. Changes in floral morphology in derived hybrid lineages are consistent with predictions from selection gradients, but the magnitude of change is limited relative to the range of transgressive variation. These results suggest that hybridization provides variation for evolution of divergent floral traits. However, the potential for extreme transgressive variants to contribute to phenotypic shifts may be limited due to reduced heritability, evolutionary constraints or fitness trade‐offs.
Ovarian Regulation of Kisspeptin Neurones in the Arcuate Nucleus of the Rhesus Monkey (Macaca mulatta)
Authors: Alçin E. , Sahu A. , Ramaswamy S. , Hutz E. D. , Keen K. L. , Terasawa E. , Bethea C. L. , Plant T. M. 
Published: January 2013

Tonic gonadotrophin secretion throughout the menstrual cycle is regulated by the negative‐feedback actions of ovarian oestradiol (E2) and progesterone. Although kisspeptin neurones in the arcuate nucleus (ARC) of the hypothalamus appear to play a major role in mediating these feedback actions of the steroids in nonprimate species, this issue has been less well studied in the monkey. In the present study, we used immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridisation to examine kisspeptin and KISS1 expression, respectively, in the mediobasal hypothalamus (MBH) of adult ovariectomised (OVX) rhesus monkeys. We also examined kisspeptin expression in the MBH of ovarian intact females, and the effect of E2, progesterone and E2 + progesterone replacement on KISS1 expression in OVX animals. Kisspeptin or KISS1 expressing neurones and pronounced kisspeptin fibres were readily identified throughout the ARC of ovariectomised monkeys but, on the other hand, in intact animals, kisspeptin cell bodies were small in size and number and only fine fibres were observed. Replacement of OVX monkeys with physiological levels of E2, either alone or with luteal phase levels of progesterone, abolished KISS1 expression in the ARC. Interestingly, progesterone replacement alone for 14 days also resulted in a significant down‐regulation of KISS1 expression. These findings support the view that, in primates, as in rodents and sheep, kisspeptin signalling in ARC neurones appears to play an important role in mediating the negative‐feedback action of E2 on gonadotrophin secretion, and also indicate the need to study further their regulation by progesterone.
The impact of learning environment disruption on medical student performance
Authors: Wilkinson Tim J , Ali Anthony N , Bell Caroline J , Carter Frances A , Frampton Chris M , McKenzie Jan M 
Published: January 2013

Objectives  This study aimed to quantify the effects of two distinct and separate disruptions caused by earthquakes to a medical school learning environment on two separate cohorts of Year 5 medical students.Methods  The first disruption was caused by an earthquake of magnitude 7.1 that occurred near the end of the academic year but caused minimal physical damage. The second disruption, to a different cohort of students, was caused by a magnitude 6.3 aftershock that occurred at the beginning of the academic year, caused loss of life and widespread damage to the city, and resulted in the closure of the medical school building for 2 years. Using students from the same class, who spent their year in different unaffected cities, as control subjects, and students from previous years in the same city as historic controls, we developed models to compare actual and predicted performances on end‐of‐year examinations in each of the two cohorts with those in the three previous unaffected year groups.Results  The predictive models fitted the data well with multiple correlations for the written (R range: 0.69–0.79) and clinical (R range: 0.52–0.69) examinations. Students in the first cohort, for whom the disruption occurred close to end‐of‐year examinations but had a mild effect on the physical environment, performed slightly (− 1.5% to − 2.0%) but significantly (p < 0.05) worse than predicted for all three outcomes. Students in the second cohort, who experienced major disruption of their physical environment, performed as expected.Conclusions  An unexpected disruption that occurred close to examinations, but which had less physical environmental effect, had a greater impact on assessment performance than a more severe disruption and series of disruptions to which students had time to adapt and which they could work around. Two theories are offered to explain the observations.
Peer influence on students’ estimates of performance: social comparison in clinical rotations
Authors: Raat A N (Janet) , Kuks Jan B M , van Hell E Ally , Cohen‐Schotanus Janke 
Published: January 2013

Context  During clinical rotations, students move from one clinical situation to another. Questions exist about students’ strategies for coping with these transitions. These strategies may include a process of social comparison because in this context it offers the student an opportunity to estimate his or her abilities to master a novel rotation. These estimates are relevant for learning and performance because they are related to self‐efficacy. We investigated whether student estimates of their own future performance are influenced by the performance level and gender of the peer with whom the student compares him‐ or herself.Methods  We designed an experimental study in which participating students (n = 321) were divided into groups assigned to 12 different conditions. Each condition entailed a written comparison situation in which a peer student had completed the rotation the participant was required to undertake next. Differences between conditions were determined by the performance level (worse, similar or better) and gender of the comparison peer. The overall grade achieved by the comparison peer remained the same in all conditions. We asked participants to estimate their own future performance in that novel rotation. Differences between their estimates were analysed using analysis of variance (anova).Results  Students’ estimates of their future performance were highest when the comparison peer was presented as performing less well and lowest when the comparison peer was presented as performing better (p < 0.001). Estimates of male and female students in same‐gender comparison conditions did not differ. In two of three opposite‐gender conditions, male students’ estimates were higher than those of females (p < 0.001 and p < 0.05, respectively).Conclusions  Social comparison influences students’ estimates of their future performance in a novel rotation. The effect depends on the performance level and gender of the comparison peer. This indicates that comparisons against particular peers may strengthen or diminish a student’s self‐efficacy, which, in turn, may ease or hamper the student’s learning during clinical rotations. The study is limited by its experimental design. Future research should focus on students’ comparison behaviour in real transitions.
Analysing the hidden curriculum: use of a cultural web
Authors: Mossop Liz , Dennick Reg , Hammond Richard , Robbé Iain 
Published: January 2013

CONTEXT Major influences on learning about medical professionalism come from the hidden curriculum. These influences can contribute positively or negatively towards the professional enculturation of clinical students. The fact that there is no validated method for identifying the components of the hidden curriculum poses problems for educators considering professionalism. The aim of this study was to analyse whether a cultural web, adapted from a business context, might assist in the identification of elements of the hidden curriculum at a UK veterinary school.METHODS A qualitative approach was used. Seven focus groups consisting of three staff groups and four student groups were organised. Questioning was framed using the cultural web, which is a model used by business owners to assess their environment and consider how it affects their employees and customers. The focus group discussions were recorded, transcribed and analysed thematically using a combination ofa prioriand emergent themes.RESULTS The cultural web identified elements of the hidden curriculum for both students and staff. These included: core assumptions; routines; rituals; control systems; organisational factors; power structures, and symbols. Discussions occurred about how and where these issues may affect students’ professional identity development.CONCLUSIONS The cultural web framework functioned well to help participants identify elements of the hidden curriculum. These aspects aligned broadly with previously described factors such as role models and institutional slang. The influence of these issues on a student’s development of a professional identity requires discussion amongst faculty staff, and could be used to develop learning opportunities for students. The framework is promising for the analysis of the hidden curriculum and could be developed as an instrument for implementation in other clinical teaching environments.
Complexity in Language Acquisition
Authors: Clark Alexander , Lappin Shalom 
Published: January 2013

AbstractLearning theory has frequently been applied to language acquisition, but discussion has largely focused on information theoretic problems—in particular on the absence of direct negative evidence. Such arguments typically neglect the probabilistic nature of cognition and learning in general. We argue first that these arguments, and analyses based on them, suffer from a major flaw: they systematically conflate the hypothesis class and the learnable concept class. As a result, they do not allow one to draw significant conclusions about the learner. Second, we claim that the real problem for language learning is the computational complexity of constructing a hypothesis from input data. Studying this problem allows for a more direct approach to the object of study—the language acquisition device—rather than the learnable class of languages, which is epiphenomenal and possibly hard to characterize. The learnability results informed by complexity studies are much more insightful. They strongly suggest that target grammars need to be objective, in the sense that the primitive elements of these grammars are based on objectively definable properties of the language itself. These considerations support the view that language acquisition proceeds primarily through data‐driven learning of some form.
What Should Be the Data Sharing Policy of Cognitive Science?
Authors: Pitt Mark A. , Tang Yun 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThere is a growing chorus of voices in the scientific community calling for greater openness in the sharing of raw data that lead to a publication. In this commentary, we discuss the merits of sharing, common concerns that are raised, and practical issues that arise in developing a sharing policy. We suggest that the cognitive science community discuss the topic and establish a data‐sharing policy.