bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Philosopher Doth Protest Too Much: Rousseauian Enlightenment and the Rhetoric of Despair
Authors: Field Laura K. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractThe most striking feature of Rousseau's self-presentation in the Confessions is his pathos-filled anticipation of future adversity. Never quite arriving at the depths of despair he foresees, however, Rousseau instead offers the reader glimpses of a surprisingly robust happiness. In this article I present a new political reading of the Confessions that is attentive both to the rhetorical surface of the work and to its charming subplot. Guided by Rousseau's humorous understanding of truth telling, I argue that the Confessions is shaped by a complex literary ruse that colors much of what Rousseau has to say about frankness, happiness, and his own idiosyncrasy. Far from being undone by his shadow-dappled imaginings, Rousseau's conscious dissimulations reflect his concerns about the public value of enlightenment and his commitment to authorial responsibility.
Household-level dietary quality indicator for countries in nutritional transition: application to vulnerable communities in El Salvador
Authors: Fuster Melissa , Houser Robert F , Messer Ellen , de Fulladolsa Patricia Palma , Deman Hedi , Bermudez Odilia I 
Published: April 2013

AbstractObjectiveTo develop a household-level diet quality indicator (HDQI) using the Salvadorian dietary guidelines to assess the dietary quality of households in vulnerable communities in El Salvador.DesignThe Salvadorian dietary guidelines were reviewed and eighteen HDQI components were identified (nine foods and nine nutrients). The components were evaluated using a proportional scoring system from 0 to 1, penalizing over- and under-consumption, where appropriate. The HDQI was validated in consultations with experts in El Salvador and by statistical analyses of the study sample data. Dietary variety and energy, nutrient and food intakes were compared among households above and below the median HDQI score using Student's t test.SettingVulnerable, border communities in El Salvador.SubjectsHouseholds (n 140) provided food consumption information using an FFQ and sociodemographic data.ResultsThe mean HDQI score was 63·5, ranging from 43·6 to 90·0. The indicator showed a positive, significant association with the dietary variety components. The statistical associations of the indicator with the energy and nutrient components were as expected.ConclusionsBased on the indicator's demonstrated face validity and the results of the expert consultations, the indicator is suggested as a good measure of diet quality for households in El Salvador.
Fishing and Natural Mortality Rates of Atlantic Halibut Estimated from Multiyear Tagging and Life History
Authors: den Heyer Cornelia E. , Schwarz Carl James , Trzcinski M. Kurtis 
Published: April 2013

AbstractFishing mortality and natural mortality rates for Atlantic HalibutHippoglossus hippoglossuson the Scotian Shelf and southern Grand Banks were estimated from a multiyear tagging study. Models that were used to estimate mortality rates incorporated tag loss. Between 2006 and 2008, 1,913 Atlantic Halibut were double‐tagged with t‐bar anchor tags; as of 26 August 2010, 368 of these fish had been recaptured. We estimated instantaneous fishing mortality (F) separately for each cohort in the first year (on average, 6 months) after release to allow newly tagged animals to mix with the population. A two‐parameter model was used to describe tag loss. Tag loss was estimated at 13% per year in the first year and 10% per year in the second and subsequent years. Using the multiyear model with incomplete mixing and assuming 90% tag reporting and 80% survival from tagging, average instantaneous natural mortality (M) of Atlantic Halibut was estimated to be 0.22 andFwas estimated to be 0.15 in 2007, 0.24 in 2008, and 0.18 in 2009. These estimates ofFwere comparable to those from the stock assessment population model. However, the estimates ofMwere higher than inferred estimates ofMbased on life history and growth. Estimates ofFandMwere sensitive to the minimum size of Atlantic Halibut at the time of release. An increase inFwith size is consistent with fishery size selectivity resulting from either gear selectivity or the distribution of fishing effort where there is spatial heterogeneity in the size composition. We suggest thatMmay have been overestimated because of emigration from the study area.
Comparative Dispersal Patterns for Recolonizing Cedar River Chinook Salmon above Landsburg Dam, Washington, and the Source Population below the Dam
Authors: Burton Karl D. , Lowe Larry G. , Berge Hans B. , Barnett Heidy K. , Faulds Paul L. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractAnadromous salmonid populations are particularly vulnerable to migration blockages, such as dams and culverts, because access to historic spawning and rearing habitats is prevented. The process of salmonid recolonization has not been well documented for river systems where anthropogenic migration barriers have been removed or where fish passage facilities have been constructed. In September 2003, Seattle Public Utilities completed construction of a fish passage facility that circumvented Landsburg Dam on the Cedar River, Washington. Chinook Salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha spawned in newly available main‐stem habitats immediately after fish passage facility construction and in all subsequent years. Further dispersal into tributary habitats occurred 5 years after construction. Redds tended to be concentrated in the downstream third of the available habitat above the dam, although some fish did utilize suitable spawning sites throughout the main stem, even in the uppermost reaches of the newly available habitat. Median spawn timing for redds observed above the dam was not significantly different from spawn timing for the source population, indicating that migration delays through the fish passage facility were minimal. Male Chinook Salmon consistently outnumbered females, with annual sex ratios ranging from 1.3:1 to 4.7:1. Chinook Salmon spawning above the dam contributed between 2.7% and 14.7% of the total annual redd count (2003–2010) for Cedar River Chinook Salmon; upstream redds as a percentage of total redds increased over time, indicating that a new, naturally reproducing population above the dam was growing. The proportion of hatchery‐origin fish spawning above the dam decreased over the duration of the study but was consistently higher than the hatchery component observed below the dam.
Timing and Extent of Drift of Shortnose Sturgeon Larvae in the Saint John River, New Brunswick, Canada
Authors: Usvyatsov Sima , Picka Jeffrey , Taylor Andrew , Watmough James , Litvak Matthew Kenneth 
Published: April 2013

AbstractLittle is known about the dispersal of Shortnose Sturgeon Acipenser brevirostrum larvae in the wild. In the Saint John River, New Brunswick, we captured a total of 2,251, 460, 2,100, and 2,083 larvae in 2008–2011, respectively; abundance estimates ranged between 21,000 (2009) and 244,687 larvae (2008). A substantial reduction in larval numbers (49–76%) was recorded over the 4.5‐km distance between the two sampling transects deployed in 2008–2010. We found no consistent pattern of larval distribution across the channel, but we recorded a consistent, significant preference for nighttime (dusk to dawn) over daytime dispersal. Generalized linear models were used to examine the timing and extent of larval migration in the Saint John River during the study period. Logistic models incorporating water temperature and Mactaquac Dam discharge provided good predictions of the timing of larval migration. The probability of larval presence was highest when water temperature reached 15°C. At this temperature, larvae were predicted to disperse when nighttime total dam discharge was 20 106 to 30 106 m3. The extent of larval migration was described using negative binomial models, which indicated that dam discharge and transect location significantly influenced the number of drifting larvae. However, data variability was high, reducing predictive capability. Our findings include the first report of Shortnose Sturgeon larval abundances in the Saint John River. The predictions of timing and extent of drift provide information for future sampling and conservation efforts during this vulnerable period as well as insight into the relationships between environmental variables and larval drift in this protected species.
Basins for Fish and Ecoregions for Macroinvertebrates: Different Spatial Scales Are Needed to Assess Louisiana Wadeable Streams
Authors: Kaller Michael D. , Murphy Catherine E. , Kelso William E. , Stead Mark R. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractWe targeted wadeable streams in six USEPA Level III ecoregions spanning eight major study basins in northern Gulf of Mexico coastal plains and terraces to identify appropriate spatial frameworks for the assessment of stream quality, as well as fish species and macroinvertebrate families that were characteristic of least disturbed conditions. We analyzed previously collected (1990–2006) and recently collected (2005–2010) stream fish and macroinvertebrate data with mean similarity analysis to identify spatial frameworks, either basins or ecoregions, appropriate for the assessment of stream fish and macroinvertebrates. We also conducted partial redundancy analysis of fish and macroinvertebrates separately, controlling for differences in stream size, and variance partitioning to identify the variation attributable to ecoregion or basin as a measure of the importance of spatial influence. Our results indicated that fish distributions were better described by basins, with anticipated strong dissimilarities in fish community composition between river basins west and east of the Mississippi River. In addition, we found unexpected differences in Pearl River and Red River basin fish communities relative to neighboring study basins and unexpected similarities among the geographically distant fish communities in the Western Gulf Coastal Plain and Mississippi Alluvial Plain Ecoregions. Conversely, once we accounted for the expected dissimilarity caused by the Mississippi River, macroinvertebrate data were better explained by ecoregion than basin. Our analyses indicated that the incorporation of both spatial classifications for assessment will be necessary in this region.
Intraspecific Differences in Thermal Biology among Inland Lake Trout Populations
Authors: McDermid Jenni L. , Wilson Chris C. , Sloan William N. , Shuter Brian J. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractThe ability of coldwater species and populations to respond to the predicted temperature increases associated with climate change will largely depend on existing adaptive potential within and among populations. Southern inland populations of Lake Trout Salvelinus namaycush are broadly characterized by two ecotypes (small and large bodied) which differ in their trophic ecology, life history traits, and body size. Using common‐garden experiments, we investigated population‐specific differences in thermal performance (growth, temperature tolerance, and temperature preference) and whether the differences were consistent between ecotypes. We further explored the role of acclimation temperature on growth and thermal performance in two representative ecotypic populations. The evidence from this study indicated that the differences were population specific rather than ecotype specific. A strong inverse relationship between early growth rate and temperature preference suggests that the differences in early growth among Lake Trout populations are driven by adaptive variation in temperature preference. Acclimation temperature had a greater effect than source population on growth and temperature tolerance, although both significantly influenced temperature preferences. Small‐bodied ecotypes were less tolerant of elevated temperatures and exhibited less within‐population variation, potentially indicating their greater vulnerability to changing ecological conditions under climate change scenarios.
Body Condition Correlates with Instantaneous Growth in Stream‐Dwelling Rainbow Trout and Arctic Grayling
Authors: Bentley Kale T. , Schindler Daniel E. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractUnderstanding the growth response of fish to varying environmental and biological conditions is important for the management and conservation of populations and communities. However, obtaining growth data at time scales shorter than those provided by annual size‐at‐age relationships is costly and labor intensive and can be logistically impractical. We assessed the ability of a body condition index to serve as a proxy for individual instantaneous growth rates in two species of mostly subadult stream‐dwelling salmonids in southwestern Alaska. We found that relative body condition, as measured by the residuals around a length–mass regression, was strongly correlated with direct measures of individual instantaneous growth (day−1) from mark–recapture data. Further, body condition was significantly correlated with growth accumulated over a period of roughly 2–10 weeks in both Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus mykiss and Arctic Grayling Thymallus arcticus, while the relationship was typically weaker for time periods of less than 2 weeks and greater than 1 year. Despite the limitations of using body condition indices to infer the physiological status of individuals, our results demonstrate that, when applied judiciously, body condition can be used as a surrogate for recent individual instantaneous growth rate.
Copper Surfaces Reduce the Rate of Healthcare-Acquired Infections in the Intensive Care Unit
Authors: Salgado Cassandra D. , Sepkowitz Kent A. , John Joseph F. , Cantey J. Robert , Attaway Hubert H. , Freeman Katherine D. , Sharpe Peter A. , Michels Harold T. , Schmidt Michael G. 
Published: April 2013

Objective.Healthcare-acquired infections (HAIs) cause substantial patient morbidity and mortality. Items in the environment harbor microorganisms that may contribute to HAIs. Reduction in surface bioburden may be an effective strategy to reduce HAIs. The inherent biocidal properties of copper surfaces offer a theoretical advantage to conventional cleaning, as the effect is continuous rather than episodic. We sought to determine whether placement of copper alloy-surfaced objects in an intensive care unit (ICU) reduced the risk of HAI.Design.Intention-to-treat randomized control trial between July 12, 2010, and June 14, 2011.Setting.The ICUs of 3 hospitals.Patients.Patients presenting for admission to the ICU.Methods.Patients were randomly placed in available rooms with or without copper alloy surfaces, and the rates of incident HAI and/or colonization with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) or vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE) in each type of room were compared.Results.The rate of HAI and/or MRSA or VRE colonization in ICU rooms with copper alloy surfaces was significantly lower than that in standard ICU rooms (0.071 vs 0.123; P = .020). For HAI only, the rate was reduced from 0.081 to 0.034 (P = .013).Conclusions.Patients cared for in ICU rooms with copper alloy surfaces had a significantly lower rate of incident HAI and/or colonization with MRSA or VRE than did patients treated in standard rooms. Additional studies are needed to determine the clinical effect of copper alloy surfaces in additional patient populations and settings.
The Type, Level, and Distribution of Microorganisms within the Ward Environment: A Zonal Analysis of an Intensive Care Unit and a Gastrointestinal Surgical Ward
Authors: Moore Ginny , Muzslay Monika , Wilson A. Peter R. 
Published: April 2013

Objective.To investigate the distribution of hospital pathogens within general and critical care ward environments and to determine the most significant bacterial reservoirs within each ward type.Design.Prospective 4-month microbiological survey.Setting.The intensive care unit (ICU) and gastrointestinal (GI) surgical ward of a London teaching hospital.Patients.Sampling was conducted in and around the bed space of 166 different patients (99 in the ICU and 67 in the GI ward).Methods.Conventional agar contact methodology was used to sample 123 predetermined sites twice a week for 17 weeks. Sixty-one surfaces were located within the ICU, and 62 were located within the GI ward. Each surface was located within a theoretical zone of increasing distance from the patient. Aerobic colony counts were determined, and confirmatory testing was conducted on all presumptive pathogens.Results.Regardless of ward type, surfaces located closest to the patient, specifically those associated with the bed (side rails, bed control, and call button), were the most heavily contaminated. Elsewhere, the type of surfaces contaminated differed with ward type. In the ICU, bacteria were most likely to be on surfaces that were regularly touched by healthcare workers (eg, telephones and computer keyboards). In the GI ward, where the patients were mobile, the highest numbers of bacteria (including potential nosocomial pathogens) were on surfaces that were mainly touched by patients, particularly their toilet and shower facilities.Conclusions.In terms of cleaning, a hospital should not be considered a single entity. Different ward types should be treated as separate environments, and cleaning protocols should be adjusted accordingly.
Comparison of Static End-expiratory and Effective Lung Volumes for Gas Exchange in Healthy and Surfactant-depleted Lungs
Authors: Albu Gergely , Wallin Mats , Hallbäck Magnus , Emtell Per , Wolf Andrew , Lönnqvist Per-Arne , Göthberg Sylvia , Peták Ferenc , Habre Walid 
Published: April 2013

Abstract

Background:
Effective lung volume (ELV) for gas exchange is a new measure that could be used as a real-time guide during controlled mechanical ventilation. The authors established the relationships of ELV to static end-expiratory lung volume (EELV) with varying levels of positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) in healthy and surfactant-depleted rabbit lungs.

Methods:
Nine rabbits were anesthetized and ventilated with a modified volume-controlled mode where periods of five consecutive alterations in inspiratory/expiratory ratio (1:2–1.5:1) were imposed to measure ELV from the corresponding carbon dioxide elimination traces. EELV and the lung clearance index were concomitantly determined by helium wash-out technique. Airway and tissue mechanics were assessed by using low-frequency forced oscillations. Measurements were collected at PEEP 0, 3, 6, and 9 cm H2O levels under control condition and after surfactant depletion by whole-lung lavage.

Results:
ELV was greater than EELV at all PEEP levels before lavage, whereas there was no evidence for a difference in the lung volume indices after surfactant depletion at PEEP 6 or 9 cm H2O. Increasing PEEP level caused significant parallel increases in both ELV and EELV levels, decreases in ventilation heterogeneity, and improvement in airway and tissue mechanics under control condition and after surfactant depletion. ELV and EELV exhibited strong and statistically significant correlations before (r = 0.84) and after lavage (r = 0.87).

Conclusions:
The parallel changes in ELV and EELV with PEEP in healthy and surfactant-depleted lungs support the clinical value of ELV measurement as a bedside tool to estimate dynamic changes in EELV in children and infants.
The Montastraea faveolata microbiome: ecological and temporal influences on a Caribbean reef‐building coral in decline
Authors: Kimes Nikole E. , Johnson Wesley R. , Torralba Manolito , Nelson Karen E. , Weil Ernesto , Morris Pamela J. 
Published: April 2013

SummaryCoral‐associated microbial communities, including protists, bacteria, archaea and viruses, are important components of the coral holobiont that influence the health of corals and coral reef ecosystems. Evidence suggests that the composition of these microbial communities is affected by numerous parameters; however, little is known about the confluence of these ecological and temporal effects. In this study, we used ribosomal RNA gene sequencing to identify the zooxanthellae, bacteria and archaea associated with healthy and yellow band diseased (YBD) colonies in the Media Luna reef of La Parguera, Puerto Rico, in order to examine the influence of YBD on the Montastraea faveolata microbiome. In addition, we evaluated the influence of season on the differences between healthy and YBD M. faveolata microbiomes by sampling from the same tagged colonies in both March and September of 2007. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first coral microbiome study to examine sequences from the zooxanthellar, bacterial and archaeal communities simultaneously from individual coral samples. Our results confirm differences in the M. faveolata zooxanthellar, bacterial and archaeal communities between healthy and YBD colonies in March; however, the September communities do not exhibit the same differences. Moreover, we provide evidence that the differences in the M. faveolata microbiomes between March and September are more significant than those observed between healthy and YBD. This data suggest that the entire coral microbiome, not just the bacterial community, is a dynamic environment where both disease and season play important roles.
Community structure of soil phototrophs along environmental gradients in arid Himalaya
Authors: Janatková Kateřina , Řeháková Klára , Doležal Jiří , Šimek Miloslav , Chlumská Zuzana , Dvorský Miroslav , Kopecký Martin 
Published: April 2013

SummaryThe well‐developed biological soil crusts cover up to 40% of the soil surface in the alpine and subnival zones of the Tibetan Plateau, accounting for a vast area of Asia. We investigated the diversity and biomass of the phototrophic part (Cyanobacteria) of the microbial community inhabiting biological soil crusts and uncrusted soils in their surroundings on the elevation gradient of 5200–5900 m a.s.l. The influence of soil physico‐chemical properties on phototrophs was studied. The ability of high‐altitude phototrophs to fix molecular nitrogen was also determined under laboratory conditions. The biological soil crust phototroph community did not differ from that living in uncrusted soil in terms of the species composition, but the biomass is three‐to‐five times higher. An increasing trend in the cyanobacterial biomass from the biological soil crusts with elevation was observed, with the genera Nostoc spp., Microcoleus vaginatus and Phormidium spp. contributing to this increase. Based on the laboratory experiments, the highest nitrogenase activity was recorded in the middle elevations, and the rate of nitrogen fixation was not correlated with the cyanobacterial biomass.