bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
High diagnostic accuracy of the Sysmex XT‐2000iV delta total nucleated cells on effusions for feline infectious peritonitis
Authors: Giordano Alessia , Stranieri Angelica , Rossi Gabriele , Paltrinieri Saverio 
Published: April 2015

BackgroundThe ΔWBC (the ratio between DIFF and BASO counts of the Sysmex XT‐2000iV), hereafter defined as ΔTNC (total nucleated cells), is high in effusions due to feline infectious peritonitis (FIP), as cells are entrapped in fibrin clots formed in the BASO reagent. Similar clots form in the Rivalta's test, a method with high diagnostic accuracy for FIP.ObjectivesThe objective of this study was to determine the diagnostic accuracy for FIP and the optimal cutoff of ΔTNC.MethodsAfter a retrospective search of our database, DIFF and BASO counts, and the ΔTNC from cats with and without FIP were compared to each other. Sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative likelihood ratios (LR+, LR−) were calculated. A ROC curve was designed to determine the cutoff for best sensitivity and specificity.ResultsEffusions from 20 FIP and 31 non‐FIP cats were analyzed. The ΔTNC was higher (P < .001), and BASO and DIFF counts were lower (P < .001 and P < .05) in FIP than in non‐FIP cats. Only 2 FIP cats with atypical effusions had a ΔTNC < 3.0. The cutoff identified by the ROC curve (area under curve: 0.94; P < .001) was 1.7 (Sensitivity = 90.0%; Specificity = 93.53%; LR+ = 13.9; LR− = 0.1). A ΔTNC > 2.5 had 100% specificity.ConclusionsThe ΔTNC has a high diagnostic accuracy for FIP‐related effusions by providing an estimate of precipitable proteins, as the Rivalta's test, in addition to the cell count. As fibrin clots result in false lower BASO counts, the ΔTNC is preferable to the WBC count generated by the BASO channel alone in suspected FIP effusions.
Simultaneous passenger lymphocyte syndrome and multiple alloimmunization against donor's blood group antigens after liver transplantation
Authors: Monfort M. , Honoré P. , Gothot A. , Gérard C. 
Published: April 2015

BackgroundIf ‘passenger lymphocyte syndrome’ (PLS) is a well‐recognized complication in ABO‐mismatched solid organ transplantation, the coexistence of this reaction with recipient's alloimmunization against multiple antigens expressed on the residual red blood cells in the graft is less common and unpredictable.MethodsThe receiver of an ABO minor‐mismatch liver graft from a cadaveric donor developed haemolytic anaemia within 2 weeks after transplantation. The organ donor was of blood group O D+C+c+E+e+ K+k+ Le(a+b‐) and the recipient, A1 D‐C‐c+E‐e+ K‐k+ Le(a‐b‐).The donor and recipient were both tested for irregular antibodies. Elution was performed on the recipient's red blood cells (RBCs).ResultsNone of the recipient and donor had irregular alloantibodies at the time of transplantation. On day 10, anti‐A antibodies were detected in the recipient's serum and eluted from his RBCs. At the same time, the patient developed multiple alloantibodies: anti‐D, anti‐C, anti‐E, anti‐K and anti‐Lea against the donor's erythrocyte antigens.ConclusionAlthough serological analysis and haemolytic parameters confirmed the diagnosis of PLS which required transfusion support, no sign of graft damage due to recipient's immune reaction was detected. This case illustrates the required follow‐up of the recipient after transplantation.
Mechanisms underlying presynaptic Ca2+ transient and vesicular glutamate release at a CNS nerve terminal during in vitro ischaemia
Authors: Lee Seul Yi , Kim Jun Hee 
Published: April 2015

Key points
Here we demonstrate presynaptic responses and mechanisms of increased vesicular glutamate release during in vitro ischaemia in the calyx of Held terminal, an experimentally accessible presynaptic terminal in the CNS.
The ischaemia‐induced increase in presynaptic Ca2+ was mediated by both Ca2+ influx and Ca2+‐induced Ca2+ release from intracellular stores.
The reverse operation of the plasma membrane Na+/Ca2+ exchanger (NCX) plays a key role in Ca2+ influx for triggering Ca2+ release from intracellular stores at presynaptic terminals during in vitro ischaemia.
Ca2+ uptake via NCX underlies the ischaemia‐induced Ca2+ rise and the consequent increase in vesicular glutamate release from presynaptic terminals in the early phase of brain ischaemia.
AbstractAn early consequence of brain ischaemia is an increase in vesicular glutamate release from presynaptic terminals. However, the mechanisms of this increased glutamate release are not fully understood. Here we studied presynaptic responses and mechanisms of increased glutamate release during in vitro ischaemia, using pre‐ and postsynaptic whole‐cell recordings and presynaptic Ca2+ imaging at the calyx of Held synapse in rat brainstem slices. Consistent with results from other brain regions, in vitro ischaemia significantly increased the frequency of spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents (sEPSCs) without affecting their amplitude, suggesting that ischaemia enhances vesicular glutamate release from presynaptic terminals. We found that ischaemia‐induced vesicular glutamate release was dependent on a rise in basal Ca2+ at presynaptic terminals, which resulted from extracellular Ca2+ influx and Ca2+ release from intracellular stores. During early ischaemia, increased Ca2+ influx into presynaptic terminals was due to reverse operation of the plasma membrane Na+/Ca2+ exchanger (NCX) rather than presynaptic depolarization or voltage‐activated Ca2+ currents. KB‐R7943, an inhibitor of NCX, prevented the ischaemia‐induced increases in presynaptic Ca2+ and vesicular glutamate release. In addition, the removal of extracellular Na+ completely inhibited the ischaemia‐induced Ca2+ rise. It therefore appears that a link between Na+ accumulation and Ca2+ uptake via NCX underlies the ischaemia‐induced Ca2+ rise and the consequent increase in vesicular glutamate release from presynaptic terminals in the early phase of brain ischaemia.
A Low-Cost Undergraduate Test Rig for Heat Transfer in Turbine Blade Cooling
Authors: Kenkare A. S. , Kilner T. M. 
Published: April 2015

Although turbine blade cooling has consistently led to the use of higher turbine inlet temperatures leading to improved cycle efficiencies, very little of this technology has found its way into undergraduate laboratory work. The cost of modern blade heat transfer research rigs virtually rules out the possibility of introducing this topic in undergraduate teaching laboratories of Universities or Polytechnics in the UK operating within tight budgetary constraints.
However, the underlying principles of blade cooling heat transfer may be demonstrated quite easily by using inlet temperatures about half those existing in the actual turbine and the paper describes the design and development of a low-cost blade cooling heat transfer rig. Test results obtained on the ‘model’ rig enable an appreciation of the problems encountered in turbine blade cooling to be made and may serve as a basis for the design and development of more complicated blade cooling systems.
Ceramic Design Methodology and the AGT101
Authors: Boyd G. L. , Carruthers W. D. , Evershed R. J. , Kidwell J. R. 
Published: April 2015

The Garrett/Ford Advanced Gas Turbine (AGT101) technology project has made significant progress in the areas of ceramic component design, analysis, and test evaluation using an iterative approach. Design stress limits are being defined for state-of-the-art fine ceramics with good correlation between analytical predictions and empirical results.
Recent tests in both rigs and engines are demonstrating the feasibility of high temperature/strength ceramic materials in the gas turbine environment. Component transient stress fields are being defined providing the data base for lower stress/longer life component design.
Thermally induced transient stresses to 220 MPa (32 ksi) in reaction bonded silicon nitride (RBSN), 310 MPa (45 ksi) in sintered alpha silicon carbide (SASC), and 345 MPa (50 ksi) in sintered silicon nitride (SSN) have been successfully demonstrated in AGT101 component screening and qualification test rigs.
Blade Vibration on Centrifugal Compressors: Fundamental Considerations and Initial Measurements
Authors: Haupt U. , Bammert K. , Rautenberg M. 
Published: April 2015

Blade vibration has to be considered in the design of high pressure ratio / high mass flow centrifugal compressors with increasing rotational speed values due to the reduced blade thickness. Results of a theoretical and experimental investigation concerning this problem are described. FE calculations of the stress distribution on the blade for the lower natural frequencies and various vibration tests at rest were carried out to investigate resonance and damping effects. This preparatory work was aimed at determining blade vibration behavior and acquiring fundamental experience for measurements on compressors in operation.
Results of blade vibration measurements on compressors with a vaneless diffuser carried out with semiconductor strain gages and an 8-channel telemetry system are presented for constant rotational speed and for constant throttle valve position, and indicate considerable blade excitation during stall effects. Simultaneous flow measurements complete the investigation to determine the causes of blade vibration. For example, investigations were made of the extent of blade resonance excitation due to non-uniformity of the flow downstream of the impeller or due to flow disturbances caused by carrier blades for bearings in the compressor inlet and simulated by spoilers.
Test and Evaluation of Shale Derived Jet Fuel by the United States Air Force
Authors: Delaney C. L. 
Published: April 2015

In June 1980, the United States Congress passed the Energy Security Act which provided for the formation of the United States Synthetic Fuels Corporation and amended the Defense Production Act of 1950 to provide for synthetic fuels for the Department of Defense (DOD). A subsequent law, P.L., 96-304, appropriated up to $20 billion for financial incentives to foster a national synthetic fuel industry. The initial synthetic fuel project funded under the Energy Security Act is the Unocal Parachute Creek Project in Colorado with an expected shale oil production of 10,000 bbls/day. The Defense Fuel Supply Center (DFSC) contracted with Gary Energy Refining Company, Fruita, Colorado to provide approximately 5000 bbls/day of shale JP-4 for the United States Air Force (USAF) using crude from the Parachute Creek project, with initial deliveries to begin in 1985.
The USAF immediately accelerated preparations for the eventual operational use of shale derived fuels for turbine engine aircraft. An extensive test and evaluation program was initiated consisting of aviation turbine fuel processing, fuel characterization, aircraft component and subsystem testing, engine and flight testing.
This paper describes the testing program that was accomplished, the significant results which were determined and the quality assurance program that is being implemented to assure that the shale fuel meets the requirements of JP-4, the standard USAF jet fuel.
Selection of the Most Advantageous Gas Turbine Air Filtration System: Comparative Study of Actual Operating Experience
Authors: Gilani Seyed I. , Mehr Musadaq Z. 
Published: April 2015

This paper discusses relative merits of three types of air filtration systems used by Sui Northern Gas Pipelines Ltd. (Pakistan), on its gas turbine compressor packages. These Filtration systems are:
(i) Two stage inertial plus auto oil bath type multi-duty filters by AAF used on Saturn Mark–I packages manufactured by Solar Turbines Inc.
(ii) Three stage high efficiency barrier filters by AAF used on Centaur packages by Solar.
(iii) Single stage pulse-jet self-cleaning filter by Donaldson again used on a Centaur package.
The selection is primarily based on package performance data collected over a 15 month period analyzing power loss due to fouling effects and related operation and maintenance costs for the three systems.
The Company’s operating experience indicates that on new installations the pulse clean system offers the best advantage both in terms of filtration costs as well as availability of additional horse power when operating under moderate to severe environmental conditions.
The Production of Jet Fuel From Alternate Sources
Authors: Lander Herbert R. , Reif Henry E. 
Published: April 2015

The most significant potential source of aviation gas turbine fuels in the continental United States of America is the western oil shale located in the Rocky Mountain States of Colorado, Utah, and Wyoming. Nearly 600 billion barrels of recoverable oil is located in this area. This paper discusses the availability of oil shale and reviews the recovery, upgrading and refining schemes necessary to produce fuel which can be used in present-day aircraft.
Other synthetic fuels are discussed with regard to the processing necessary to produce suitable fuels for today’s high performance aircraft. Heavy oil and tar sand bitumen are likely to be refined in the next decade. Methods for producing suitable fuels are discussed. The chemical structure of these sources, which is basically cyclic, leads to the potential of heavier fuels with more energy per given volume and therefore longer range for certain aircraft. This exciting possibility is reviewed.
Gas Turbine Compressor Unit Application in Sour Gas Field Operation
Authors: Schmidt Klaus D. , Scholz Werner , Schlüter Hartmut 
Published: April 2015

The use of sour gas as primary energy requires constant supply pressure and flow to the gas treatment plant as well as to the pipeline distribution network and consumers.
During exploitation of gas fields, when the well head pressure and flow decreases, production continues at increased cost.
Application of gas compression equipment is required for continuation of supply pressure and flow to the sour gas treatment plant and to customer connection flanges.
The design and layout of sour gas compression equipment has to guarantee high operational availability and reliability for continuous duty.
To properly select equipment for sour gas applications, including the compressor, its driver and auxiliary and ancillary systems, the specific requirements and standards have to be taken into consideration.
This paper will report about a situation in the sour gas fields in the northern part of West Germany and will describe the design objectives, station layout and equipment selection for a sour gas compressor station including operating experiences.
Experimental Investigations of Airfoil- and Endwall Boundary Layers in a Subsonic Compressor Stage
Authors: Gallus H. E. , Hoenen H. 
Published: April 2015

Criteria for the maximum diffusion allowable in a blade row without reaching stall play an important part in the design of highly loaded axial-flow compressors. Most of these criteria for maximum blade loading were derived from wind tunnel measurements of 2-d-steady cascade flow. As the flow field in turbomachines is extremely unsteady and of three-dimensional nature the boundary layers are influenced by these effects.
The paper deals with the results of boundary layer measurements in a stator blade channel of a subsonic axial-flow compressor stage at various operating points between unthrottled and highly throttled flow (near stall). In front of the stator, the time-averaged velocity profiles as well as the fluctuations due to the unsteady flow field downstream of the rotor were measured. The growing of the separation zones inside the channel with increased blade load is studied in detail. Photos of flow visualization in the boundary layers by dye-injection and flow patterns derived from hot-wire measurements illustrate the physics of boundary layer behavior and separation due to increasing stator blade load. The investigations include measurements of the turbulence energy and a frequency analysis of the velocity fluctuations in the boundary layers.
A Numerical Method for the Analysis of 3D Viscous Compressible Flow in Turbine Cascades: Application to Secondary Flow Development in a Cascade With and Without Dihedral
Authors: Dawes W. N. 
Published: April 2015

The present paper describes a computer code, currently under development, aimed at solving the equations of three-dimensional viscous compressible flow in turbomachinery goemetries. The code uses a simple, novel pre-processed implicit algorithm. An outline of the method is given and the current capabilities of the code are assessed.
The code is applied to the study of the flowfield in a cascade of transonic gas turbine rotor blades. The geometry and the presence of inlet end-wall boundary layers lead to significant three-dimensional effects. The pattern of secondary flow development, including the details of the leading edge horseshoe vortex and associated saddle point, are clearly resolved and correspond to experimental experience. A computation is also presented to show the influence of dihedral (non-linear stacking) on the secondary flow development.
Unsteady Flow Calculation in Cascades
Authors: Fourmaux Antoine 
Published: April 2015

This paper describes a two dimensional unsteady calculation method which applies to the flow computation in two blade-rows having different angular speeds.
The Euler equations are solved using the classical predictor-corrector McCormack scheme. The program can be used in many cases involving time-dependent phenomena : mutual influence of two blade-rows, distortion problems, wake passage effects, aeroelasticity.
First, the computation program is described with a special importance being given to the boundary-conditions. Then, two calculation examples are given which allow one to evaluate the potential of this method for a detailed unsteady flow analysis.
Structural Analysis and Life Prediction for Ceramic Gas Turbine Components for the Mercedes-Benz Research Car 2000
Authors: Hempel H. , Wiest H. 
Published: April 2015

The paper considers the design and the application of ceramic components in a high temperature gas turbine, which is being developed as an alternative for passenger-car propulsion. Silicon nitride turbine wheels were analyzed using 3-dimensional finite element methods.
Calculations of temperatures and stresses were carried out for several steady-state and transient load conditions. Time dependent reliability was also computed using the theory of Weibull including subcritical crack growth.
The results of these calculations are presented and discussed. The basic theory for ceramic life prediction methodology is reviewed, including the relative importance of various parameters. From the results, conclusions are derived for ceramic design. Finally some operating-experiences of ceramic turbine wheels are reported.
Power Turbine Vane Ring (PT6 Engine) Repair Development
Authors: Sourial N. 
Published: April 2015

Today’s high technology gas turbine engines incorporate the world’s most exotic alloys and are built to some of the most precise dimensional tolerances encountered in any industry.
The constant drive for increased performance while substantially reducing fuel consumption and weight has pushed engine components and their designers to limits never before realized. To achieve these limits new methods and materials have evolved; not exclusively in the production of the engines but also in the repair and maintenance of them.
The typical problems encountered in repair and maintenance are numerous and varied as are their solutions. This paper, however, will concentrate on one in particular and that is the typical damage encountered on a first stage power turbine vane ring and the technology employed to repair such damage.
The vane ring was chosen because it is representative of a common problem encountered by all gas turbine engine manufacturers and simultaneously involves some of the most up to date repair techniques to restore it.
Acceptance Criteria for Heat Recovery Steam Generators Behind Gas Turbines
Authors: Pasha Akber 
Published: April 2015

The design of a Heat Recovery Steam Generator behind a gas turbine depends upon various input parameters such as gas turbine exhaust flow, exhaust temperature, etc. Most of the input parameters are either measured with tolerances or calculated based on experimental correlations. The design of the heat recovery steam generator itself utilizes various correlations and empirical values. The errors or measurement tolerances in these variables affect the performance of the steam generator.
This paper describes the various design parameters, the possible magnitude of errors in these parameters and the overall effect on the steam generator’s performance.
By utilizing the information given in this paper, it is possible to develop a performance envelope based on the possible error margins of the input variables. The steam generator performance can be deemed acceptable if it is within this envelope.
Construction and Operation of Gas-Steam Combined Cycle Plant for Higashi Niigata Thermal Power Station No. 3
Authors: Sudo Y. , Sato M. , Kobayashi Y. 
Published: April 2015

This paper describes the construction and operation of the 1,090MW gas-steam combined cycle power plant, one of the largest of its kind in the world.
The plant consists of two trains, each of which combines three sets of gas turbines and heat recovery steam generators with one set of steam turbines. A gas turbine burns gasified LNG as fuel with gas firing temperature of 1,154°C at the base load operation, the highest temperature now in service, with a newly developed low NOx premixing type combustor system and generates 133MW each at maximum.
The construction of the plant was started in March, 1982 and the first train, namely, one half of 1,090MW has been in commercial operation since December, 1984 with a very high average thermal efficiency of 44.1% (H.H.V.). The 1,090MW total plant is scheduled to complete in October, 1985 when the second train starts commercial operation.
John Deere Score™ Engines in Marine Applications
Authors: Silvestri William B. , Wright Edward S. 
Published: April 2015

The paper gives a basic description of the stratified charge combustion process in the Stratified Charge Omnivorous Rotary Engine - SCORE. The inherent advantages of the Wankel geometry combined with spark ignition of a stratified mixture for a unique combustion cycle are explained with diagrams. The discussion points out why the engine is neither octane or cetane sensitive, making it a truly multifuel (omnivorous) intermittent combustion engine.
A brief description of the parts and their function help to explain the inherent compactness of the engine and confirm its simplicity and efficiency. The engine specific size, weight, air flow and fuel flow are compared to an equivalent output turbine engine to place the performance in a familiar context.
A most impressive feature of the engine, attractive cost of production, is demonstrated by the modular nature of its design. This feature is amplified by an in-depth description of the “Family of Engines” concept, highlighting the large number of common parts in a family of one to six rotor models. The ability to cover a complete market segment with one geometry is attractive for production costs, service, training and logistics.
Modular design also enhances application flexibility. Development programs are underway for a diversity of applications for families of SCORE engines. Each application utilizes the unique characteristics available with this engine and is further justified by the economies realized in volume production. Thus low volume, high power applications (1000kW and up) can realize savings by utilizing the same major parts tooled for higher volume use in smaller engines.
Some potential applications are discussed with particular emphasis on marine installations. Specific comparisons with other powerplants for shipboard electrical generation are presented.