bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Supersensitive detection and discrimination of enantiomers by dorsal olfactory receptors: evidence for hierarchical odour coding
Authors: Sato Takaaki , Kobayakawa Reiko , Kobayakawa Ko , Emura Makoto , Itohara Shigeyoshi , Kizumi Miwako , Hamana Hiroshi , Tsuboi Akio , Hirono Junzo 
Published: September 2015

AbstractEnantiomeric pairs of mirror-image molecular structures are difficult to resolve by instrumental analyses. The human olfactory system, however, discriminates (−)-wine lactone from its (+)-form rapidly within seconds. To gain insight into receptor coding of enantiomers, we compared behavioural detection and discrimination thresholds of wild-type mice with those of ΔD mice in which all dorsal olfactory receptors are genetically ablated. Surprisingly, wild-type mice displayed an exquisite “supersensitivity” to enantiomeric pairs of wine lactones and carvones. They were capable of supersensitive discrimination of enantiomers, consistent with their high detection sensitivity. In contrast, ΔD mice showed selective major loss of sensitivity to the (+)-enantiomers. The resulting 108-fold differential sensitivity of ΔD mice to (−)- vs. (+)-wine lactone matched that observed in humans. This suggests that humans lack highly sensitive orthologous dorsal receptors for the (+)-enantiomer, similarly to ΔD mice. Moreover, ΔD mice showed >1010-fold reductions in enantiomer discrimination sensitivity compared to wild-type mice. ΔD mice detected one or both of the (−)- and (+)-enantiomers over a wide concentration range, but were unable to discriminate them. This “enantiomer odour discrimination paradox” indicates that the most sensitive dorsal receptors play a critical role in hierarchical odour coding for enantiomer identification.
Hydrogen sulfide modulates cadmium-induced physiological and biochemical responses to alleviate cadmium toxicity in rice
Authors: Mostofa Mohammad Golam , Rahman Anisur , Ansary Md. Mesbah Uddin , Watanabe Ayaka , Fujita Masayuki , Tran Lam-Son Phan 
Published: September 2015

AbstractWe investigated the physiological and biochemical mechanisms by which H2S mitigates the cadmium stress in rice. Results revealed that cadmium exposure resulted in growth inhibition and biomass reduction, which is correlated with the increased uptake of cadmium and depletion of the photosynthetic pigments, leaf water contents, essential minerals, water-soluble proteins and enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants. Excessive cadmium also potentiated its toxicity by inducing oxidative stress, as evidenced by increased levels of superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, methylglyoxal and malondialdehyde. However, elevating endogenous H2S level improved physiological and biochemical attributes, which was clearly observed in the growth and phenotypes of H2S-treated rice plants under cadmium stress. H2S reduced cadmium-induced oxidative stress, particularly by enhancing redox status and the activities of reactive oxygen species and methylglyoxal detoxifying enzymes. Notably, H2S maintained cadmium and mineral homeostases in roots and leaves of cadmium-stressed plants. By contrast, adding H2S-scavenger hypotaurine abolished the beneficial effect of H2S, further strengthening the clear role of H2S in alleviating cadmium toxicity in rice. Collectively, our findings provide an insight into H2S-induced protective mechanisms of rice exposed to cadmium stress, thus proposing H2S as a potential candidate for managing toxicity of cadmium and perhaps other heavy metals, in rice and other crops.
Chemical Visualization of a GaN p-n junction by XPS
Authors: Caliskan Deniz , Sezen Hikmet , Ozbay Ekmel , Suzer Sefik 
Published: September 2015

AbstractWe report on an operando XPS investigation of a GaN diode, by recording the Ga2p3/2 peak position under both forward and reverse bias. Areal maps of the peak positions under reverse bias are completely decoupled with respect to doped regions and allow a novel chemical visualization of the p-n junction in a 2-D fashion. Other electrical properties of the device, such as leakage current, resistivity of the domains are also tapped via recording line-scan spectra. Application of a triangular voltage excitation enables probing photoresponse of the device.
Mechanisms of Action of TSHR Autoantibodies
Authors: Furmaniak J. , Sanders J. , Núñez Miguel R. , Rees Smith B. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThe availability of human monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) to the TSHR has enabled
major advances in our understanding of how TSHR autoantibodies interact with the
receptor. These advances include determination of the crystal structures of the
TSHR LRD in complex with a stimulating autoantibody (M22) and with a blocking
type autoantibody (K1-70). The high affinity of MAbs for the TSHR makes them
particularly suitable for use as ligands in assays for patient serum TSHR
autoantibodies. Also, M22 and K1–70 are effective at low concentrations in vivo
as TSHR agonists and antagonists respectively. K1-70 has important potential in
the treatment of the hyperthyroidism of Graves’ disease and Graves’
ophthalmopathy. Small molecule TSHR antagonists described to date do not appear
to have the potency and/or specificity shown by K1-70. New models of the TSHR
ECD in complex with various ligands have been built. These models suggest that
initial binding of TSH to the TSHR causes a conformational change in the
hormone. This opens a positively charged pocket in receptor-bound TSH which
attracts the negatively charged sulphated tyrosine 385 on the hinge region of
the receptor. The ensuing movement of the receptor's hinge region may then cause
activation. Similar activation mechanisms seem to take place in the case of FSH
and the FSHR and LH and the LHR. However, stimulating TSHR autoantibodies do not
appear to activate the TSHR in the same way as TSH.
Lexical access in mild cognitive impairment
Authors: Taler Vanessa , Kousaie Shanna , Sheppard Christine 
Published: September 2015

We examined the use of sentence context in lexical processing in aging and mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Younger and older adults and participants with MCI completed a lexical decision task in which target words were primed by sentences biasing a related or unrelated word (e.g., prime: “The baby put the spoon in his ______”, biased word: “mouth”, related target: “KISS”, unrelated target: “LEASH”). Biased items were of high or low frequency. All participants responded more quickly when the biased word was of high than low frequency, regardless of whether the target and biased word were related. Frequency effects were stronger in related than unrelated stimuli, and MCI participants – but not controls – responded more slowly when the target was related to a low-frequency word than when it was unrelated. We hypothesize that this effect results from slowed lexical activation in MCI: low frequency expected words are not completely activated when the target word is presented, leading to increased competition between the expected and target items, and resultant slowing in lexical decision on the target. These results indicate that MCI participants can use contextual information to make predictions about upcoming lexical items, and that information about lexical associations remains available in MCI.
Potential Use of Direct Current Electric Fields to Eradicate Rainbow Trout Embryos from Freshwater Ecosystems
Authors: Gross Jackson , Farokhkish Bahram , Cornacione Matthew , Shaw Steven , Nguyen Phong L. , Henry Theodore B. 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
The application of electric fields (i.e., electroshocking) may be an option in the eradication of invasive freshwater fishes. Electric fields can be used to facilitate capture or to kill vulnerable life history stages of fish. The objective of this study was to evaluate the relations between water conductivity and the electrical variables of voltage gradient and power density on the mortality of Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus mykiss embryos at different developmental stages. Embryos in age-groups ranging from 27 to 405 daily temperature units (TU) were exposed for 5 s to constant (nonpulsed) DC electric fields (2–20 V/cm) at a water conductivity of 220 S/cm to determine (1) the stage of embryonic development most susceptible to electroshock-induced mortality, and (2) the lethal voltage gradient (V/cm) predicted to kill 50% (LV50) of embryos in each age-group. Mortality was assessed 24 h postexposure. Using LV50 voltages determined for each age-group, the relation between water conductivity (20–640 S/cm) and electroshock-induced mortality from exposure to LV50 was determined for six different stages of embryonic development (81–364 TU). Results show that the mortality of embryos exposed to electroshock decreased with the stage of embryonic development. The mortality of embryos exposed to the LV50 for their respective age-groups increased with water conductivity and was consistent throughout early development (81–292 TU), but the effects of increased conductivity were not observed in eyed embryos after 364 TU, as mortality remained constant with the determined LV50 values. Voltage was determined to be the most influential factor of embryo mortality. As conductivity increased, maintaining a constant voltage (LV50) elicited greater mortality than maintaining a constant power. These data suggest that a combination of DC electric field and increased localized conductivity could be effective at eradicating nuisance salmonids prior to eyed embryonic stages.
Received March 18, 2015; accepted June 3, 2015
Do Tags Exceeding 2% of Total Body Weight Impair Lake Sturgeon Movement?
Authors: Snobl Zachary R. , Koenigs Ryan P. , Bruch Ronald M. , Binkowski Fredrick P. 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
A common guideline for attaching or imbedding transmitters for fish is that the transmitter weight should not exceed 2% of the total weight in air of a fish. This guideline is thought to limit the negative effects of tagging, but little research supports it. Our objectives were to compare the postrelease dispersal rates of 48 hatchery-reared fingerling Lake Sturgeon Acipenser fulvescens (265–305 mm, 80–100 g) surgically implanted with sonic transmitters equating to 2% and 4% of fish body weight, and to compare the dispersal rates between fish stocked in two river systems in Wisconsin. Downstream dispersal rates of the 2% and 4% treatments were not significantly different within the individual rivers but were significantly different between rivers. We recommend that transmitters weighing up to 4% of total body weight can be used without effects on the movement of fingerling Lake Sturgeon.
Received January 6, 2015; accepted June 29, 2015
How should I regulate my emotions if I want to run faster?
Authors: Lane Andrew M. , Devonport Tracey J. , Friesen Andrew P. , Beedie Christopher J. , Fullerton Christopher L. , Stanley Damian M. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThe present study investigated the effects of emotion regulation strategies on self‐reported emotions and 1600 m track running performance. In stage 1 of a three‐stage study, participants (N = 15) reported emotional states associated with best, worst and ideal performance. Results indicated that a best and ideal emotional state for performance composed of feeling happy, calm, energetic and moderately anxious whereas the worst emotional state for performance composed of feeling downhearted, sluggish and highly anxious. In stage 2, emotion regulation interventions were developed using online material and supported by electronic feedback. One intervention motivated participants to increase the intensity of unpleasant emotions (e.g. feel more angry and anxious). A second intervention motivated participants to reduce the intensity of unpleasant emotions (e.g. feel less angry and anxious). In stage 3, using a repeated measures design, participants used each intervention before running a 1600 m time trial. Data were compared with a no treatment control condition. The intervention designed to increase the intensity of unpleasant emotions resulted in higher anxiety and lower calmness scores but no significant effects on 1600 m running time. The intervention designed to reduce the intensity of unpleasant emotions was associated with significantly slower times for the first 400 m. We suggest future research should investigate emotion regulation, emotion and performance using quasi‐experimental methods with performance measures that are meaningful to participants.
Detection of magnetic fields in both B-type components of the ϵ Lupi system: a new constraint on the origin of fossil fields?
Authors: Shultz M. , Wade G. A. , Alecian E. , Collaboration BinaMIcS 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
High-resolution circular spectropolarimetric observations, obtained with ESPaDOnS in the context of the BinaMIcS Large Program, have revealed a magnetic field in the B3V secondary component of the SB2 binary system ϵ Lupi (B2/B3). As the B2V primary is already known to be magnetic, this is the first detection of a magnetic field in both components of an early-type binary system. The longitudinal magnetic field of the primary is ∼ −200 G; that of the secondary ∼ +100 G. Observations can be approximately reproduced by a model assuming the magnetic axes of the two stars are anti-aligned, and roughly parallel to their respective rotation axes. Estimated magnetospheric radii indicate a high probability that their magnetospheres are interacting. As many of the arguments for the different proposed formation scenarios of fossil magnetic fields rely upon evidence drawn from investigations of close binaries, in particular the rarity of magnetic ABO stars in close binaries and the previous absence of any known close binary with two magnetic, massive stars, this discovery may be an important new constraint on the origin of fossil magnetic fields.
Multiple periods in the variability of the supermassive black hole binary candidate quasar PG1302-102?
Authors: Charisi M. , Bartos I. , Haiman Z. , Price-Whelan A. M. , Márka S. 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
Graham et al. discovered a supermassive black hole binary (SMBHB) candidate and identified the detected 5.2 yr period of the optical variability as the orbital period of the binary. Hydrodynamical simulations predict multiple periodic components for the variability of SMBHBs, thus raising the possibility that the true period of the binary is different from 5.2 yr. We analyse the periodogram of PG1302 and find no compelling evidence for additional peaks. We also point out that, despite the 5.2 yr peak being significant if a single source is considered, further analysis is required to account for the fact that PG1302 was selected among a large sample of 247 000 quasars. We derive upper limits on any additional periodic modulations in the available data, by modelling the light curve as the sum of stochastic noise and the known 5.2 yr periodic component, and injecting additional sinusoidal signals. We find that, with the current data, we would be able to detect with high significance (false alarm probability &lt;1 per cent) secondary periodic terms, with periods in the range predicted by the simulations, if the amplitude of the variability was at least ∼0.06 mag (compared to 0.14 mag for the main sinusoid). A three-year follow-up monitoring campaign with weekly observations can increase the sensitivity for detecting secondary peaks by ≈50 per cent, and would allow a more robust test of predictions from hydrodynamical simulations.
Discovery of a second outbursting hyperluminous X-ray source
Authors: Heida M. , Jonker P. G. , Torres M. A. P. 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
We report on six Chandra and one HST/WFC3 observation of CXO J122518.6+144545, discovered by Jonker et al. (2010) as a candidate hyperluminous X-ray source (HLX), X-ray bright supernova or recoiling supermassive black hole at LX = 2.2 × 1041 erg s−1 (if associated with the galaxy at 182 Mpc). We detect a new outburst of the source in a Chandra image obtained on 2014 November 20 and show that the X-ray count rate varies by a factor &gt;60. New HST/WFC3 observations obtained in 2014 show that the optical counterpart is still visible at g′= 27.1 ± 0.1, 1 ± 0.1 mag fainter than in the discovery HST/Acs observation from 2003. This optical variability strongly suggests that the optical and X-ray source are related. Furthermore, these properties strongly favour an HLX nature of the source over the alternative scenarios. We therefore conclude that CXO J122518.6+144545 is most likely an outbursting HLX. It is only the second such object to be discovered, after HLX-1 in ESO 243-49. Its high X-ray luminosity makes it a strong candidate to host an intermediate-mass black hole.
A Pound of Flesh
Authors: Torche Florencia , Conley Dalton 
Published: September 2015

AbstractBirthweight is increasingly being used by economists and other social scientists to measure health endowment at birth. Research in this tradition has evolved from regression analysis to twin difference models to natural experiment approaches that use such events as natural disasters to capture the effects of fetal nutrition and stress on this measure of neonatal health. Furthermore, causal inference approaches have been used to show that birthweight affects health, cognitive and noncognitive development, and educational achievement and attainment, as well as adult wages. An important recent line of literature investigates the heterogeneous impact of birthweight within and between families, examining such moderating factors as family resources, parental investment, and even genotype. This chapter discusses various methods (and their limitations) to incorporating birthweight into economic models as an outcome predictor or moderator.
Birth Weight as an Indicator of Human Welfare
Authors: Ward W. Peter 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
Birth weight is a biometric measure of well-being widely used as an infant health indicator. It also offers insights into maternal and population health more generally. The most common measures of weight at birth are the mean and the proportion of low birth weight (LBW; less than 2,500 g) infants. LBW neonates experience higher risk of infant morbidity and mortality. Globally, LBW rates average 15%. Wealthy Western societies generally experience the highest mean weights whereas the lowest are found in some of the globe’s poorest nations. Factors affecting newborn weight fall into five categories: genetic, environmental, gestational, socioeconomic, and nutritional. Studies of birth weight concerned with change over time reveal important regional and temporal differences, notably during times of social and economic crisis. Numerous studies have identified relationships between low birth weight and a range of health problems in later life, including hypertension, coronary heart disease and non-insulin-dependent diabetes.
Crime and the Natural Environment
Authors: White Rob 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
This chapter explores crimes affecting the natural environment. Drawing on insights from green criminology—the study by criminologists of environmental harms, laws, and regulation—the chapter examines the impact of environmental crime on the natural environment. It begins with an overview of the theoretical and conceptual lens offered by green criminology in the study of eco-crime and the natural environment before turning to a discussion of natural resources crimes such as illegal logging and wildlife trade. It then considers pollution offenses and the contamination of air, land, and water, along with issues of illegal waste disposal. It also emphasizes the importance of having the right kinds of laws and regulatory mechanisms, as well as the right kinds of environmental law enforcement practices and procedures, in responding to eco-crime. The chapter concludes with an analysis of overarching trends and the challenges involved in confronting environmental crime.
Responsiveness, Minimal Detectable Change, and Minimally Clinically Important Differences for the Disorders of Consciousness Scale
Authors: Mallinson Trudy , Pape Theresa Louise-Bender , Guernon Ann 
Published: September 2015

Objectives:
To determine the responsiveness, minimal detectable change (MDC95), and minimally clinically important difference (MCID) of the Disorders of Consciousness Scale (DOCS-25) in patients with severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) and to report the percentages of patients' change scores exceeding MDC and MCID after 3 weeks of inpatient rehabilitation.

Setting:
Post–acute rehabilitation hospitals.

Participants:
One hundred seventy-two patients with severe TBI. Ninety-two were included in the DOCS-25 3-week analysis.

Design:
Retrospective cohort study.

Main Measure(s):
Disorders of Consciousness Scale, Glasgow Coma Scale.

Results:
The effect size and standardized response mean of the DOCS-25 for those who improved were 0.45 and 1.3, respectively—moderate to large by Cohen criteria. The MDC95 (95% confidence interval) was 5.6. Distribution-based MCIDs for small (0.20 SD), moderate (0.33 SD), and large (0.50 SD) differences were 2.6 units, 4.4 units, and 6.6 units, respectively. The anchor-based MCID was 8.6 units. On average, patients who improved (n = 57) gained 14.5 units by week 3, exceeding the anchor-based MCID. On average, patients who did not improve (n = 35) declined by 7.2 units, which exceeds both the MDC95 and the largest distribution-based MCID.

Conclusion(s):
The DOCS-25 is a responsive, clinician-observed assessment tool for capturing change in neurobehavioral function in adults recovering from severe TBI. This is the first study to provide evidence for the size of neurobehavioral function change that might indicate meaningful recovery in patients with severe TBI. Results from this study may support future research by better informing sample size calculations for clinical trials and also assist clinicians in identifying when variation in level of consciousness is consequential enough to warrant changes in intervention.
Persistent Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism in Men After Severe Traumatic Brain Injury: Temporal Hormone Profiles and Outcome Prediction
Authors: Barton David J. , Kumar Raj G. , McCullough Emily H. , Galang Gary , Arenth Patricia M. , Berga Sarah L. , Wagner Amy K. 
Published: September 2015

Objective:
To (1) examine relationships between persistent hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (PHH) and long-term outcomes after severe traumatic brain injury (TBI); and (2) determine whether subacute testosterone levels can predict PHH.

Setting:
Level 1 trauma center at a university hospital.

Participants:
Consecutive sample of men with severe TBI between 2004 and 2009.

Design:
Prospective cohort study.

Main Measures:
Post-TBI blood samples were collected during week 1, every 2 weeks until 26 weeks, and at 52 weeks. Serum hormone levels were measured, and individuals were designated as having PHH if 50% or more of samples met criteria for hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. At 6 and 12 months postinjury, we assessed global outcome, disability, functional cognition, depression, and quality of life.

Results:
We recruited 78 men; median (interquartile range) age was 28.5 (22-42) years. Thirty-four patients (44%) had PHH during the first year postinjury. Multivariable regression, controlling for age, demonstrated PHH status predicted worse global outcome scores, more disability, and reduced functional cognition at 6 and 12 months post-TBI. Two-step testosterone screening for PHH at 12 to 16 weeks postinjury yielded a sensitivity of 79% and specificity of 100%.

Conclusion:
PHH status in men predicts poor outcome after severe TBI, and PHH can accurately be predicted at 12 to 16 weeks.