bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Water Management for EOR Applications - Sourcing, Treating, Reuse and Recycle
Authors: Llano Valentina , Henthorne Lisa , Walsh John 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
The growing popularity of water-based Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) techniques, such as Low Salinity Injection (LSI), Chemical EOR (CEOR), and steam-flooding, impacts the water footprint of the oil and gas industry. It also affects the water treatment industry by creating new opportunities as a function of the requirements of equipment and systems in EOR projects. In some cases, the needed technologies have little to no history of application in the upstream oil and gas industry, therefore impacting EOR project budgets and schedules. These issues become particularly acute in offshore applications that are generally limited by footprint and weight, thereby further reducing suitable water treatment options. The issues are further confounded by the lack of communication between oil companies on equipment successes and failures in these new applications. EOR projects are often kept as low profile, particularly by smaller oil companies, to strengthen competitive advantages in the marketplace.
One of the best treatment options for the environment is the reuse of produced water for re-injection in EOR applications. This is particularly attractive in CEOR where residual polymer and surfactant may deem the produced water unacceptable for discharge. But injection additives may stabilize emulsions and render the produced water and oil mixture challenging to separate. Ideally, water treatment technologies are used that both enable good separation and maximize potential reuse of produced water.
As a first step in disseminating the current body of knowledge of water usage and treatment in EOR applications, a survey was conducted in 2012 of water-based EOR projects to ascertain their water source and background information on the water treatment technologies employed. The survey was co-sponsored by the Produced Water Society. Specific information on the source water salinity and temperature was obtained, in addition to the type of EOR used, the project location, and details of the existing treatment system(s). The survey results were then augmented with exhaustive literature searches of both full-scale EOR applications and emerging technology solutions currently being piloted.
This paper describes the survey results which detail water-based data from more than fifty EOR projects around the world, along with a critique of the emerging technologies being piloted in global EOR field sites.
Increasing the Accuracy of Marine CSEM Survey Planning and Data Interpretation Using Novel 3D TTI Anisotropic Resistivity Modeling
Authors: Frenkel Michael 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
The marine Controlled-Source Electromagnetic (CSEM) method has been evolving into a subsurface resistivity imaging tool for increasingly complex geological settings. It allows recovery of subsurface resistivity, a key hydrocarbon (HC) indicator, using modeling- and inversion-based interpretation of EM data acquired on the seafloor. Application of CSEM can reduce risk and optimize drilling operations, as well as improve estimates of HC reserves. The CSEM workflow is comprised of feasibility study, survey design, data acquisition, processing, and interpretation. Survey design and data interpretation rely heavily on 3DEM modeling to properly select and plan surveys and recover the 3D subsurface resistivity image.
Currently, simplified 3D Vertical Transverse Isotropic (VTI) resistivity models are applied to simulate EM fields over complex anisotropic subsurface geological structures. This may lead to incorrect assessment of the feasibility of a potential CSEM survey, as well as mispositioning of targets and erroneous assessments of their parameters during interpretation of acquired marine CSEM data. Therefore, there is a need to start using 3D Tilted Transverse Isotropic (TTI) models, which provide a much more accurate description of complex anisotropic resistivity structures than the widely used VTI models.
To perform simulations of TTI models, we use a 3D finite-difference (FD) modeling method that allows simulating arbitrary 3D anisotropic models. We can apply our workflow to build a 3D TTI model or alternatively utilize a 3D resistivity/conductivity volume determined from a geological/resistivity model with each cell or a set of cells described by the 9-component conductivity tensor. Our method provides simultaneous accurate computation of all the components of the EM fields at any number of frequencies and hence offers fast 3D TTI simulation for complex marine CSEM applications.
In this paper, to demonstrate the difference between the TTI and VTI, we used 3D benchmark models with different orientations of the vertical-horizontal background resistivity (Rv, Rh) pair. The TTI effects were assessed using comparisons of simulations for TTI and the corresponding VTI models. The presented 3D modeling results show that ignoring the TTI effect, if it exists, can lead to incorrect conclusions at the feasibility study and data inversion steps of the CSEM workflow. This study makes the case that application of 3D CSEM TTI modeling can improve the reliability of CSEM by increasing the accuracy of survey planning and data interpretation, which, in turn, will accelerate the adoption of marine CSEM technology.
Development of a Real-Time Riser Fatigue Monitoring System
Authors: Saruhashi Tomokazu , Kluk Daniel J , Kyo Masanori , Bhalla Kenneth , Sawada Ikuro , Miyazaki Eigo , McNeill Scot , Yamazaki Yasuyuki 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
As risers are deployed into deeper water, they are subject to increasingly severe environmental loading due to ocean currents and surface weather. Analytical models of these risers often predict premature failure due to the required safety factors and conservative modeling assumptions. As the design boundaries are extended, field measurements become necessary to assess the accuracy and safety margins associated with these models. Additionally, such measurements are expected to play a prominent role as quantitative structural integrity management programs are formalized and mandated.
We have developed a Riser Fatigue Monitoring System (RFMS) to provide field measurements of drilling riser stress and fatigue in real-time. To our knowledge, real-time fatigue monitoring of an entire drilling riser has not been accomplished previously.
The RFMS calculates drilling riser stress states using measurements from accelerometers and angular rate sensors inside Subsea Vibration Data Logger (SVDL) modules installed at strategic locations along the riser length. This method is preferred to resistive or fiber optic strain gauges due to the measurement quality and reliability concerns associated with installing such devices subsea. The SVDL units are connected via fiber optic subsea cabling to a central data acquisition system, located topside.
Data from each SVDL is displayed as it is acquired, and processed with a sophisticated online computer algorithm to synthesize stress estimates along the entire riser length using a database of riser dynamic modes. The estimates are then processed chronologically via rainflow counting, recording fatigue damage accumulated during the deployment. The fatigue estimates are updated at 15-minute intervals, thereby providing actionable information to the drilling crew in real-time. This enables the crew to make informed and timely responses to damaging events such as loop currents, wave action, or improper tensioner settings. Additionally, the accumulated fatigue damage estimates may be tracked on a per-joint basis as the riser joints are rotated among different well sites, thereby aiding decisions regarding the frequency of joint inspection intervals.
Significantly, since the only required online inputs are the dynamic riser response, top tension (TT), and mud weight (MW), fatigue estimates may be calculated without knowledge of the impinging currents or other forcing events (although the fatigue response may be correlated to these data, if available).
We deployed the system at two well sites off the coast of Japan at 1,180- and 1,939-meter water depths. It successfully collected and processed data from August to November 2012, recording a number of riser excitation events (and attending fatigue damage) due to operations, weather, and vortex-induced vibration (VIV) while connected to and disconnected from the wellhead.
Barracuda Subsea Helico-Axial Multiphase Pump Project
Authors: Tosta da Silva Luiz , Carbone Leonardo Chagas , Coelho Eduardo Jose de Jesus , Cerqueira Maxwell Brandao , Kuchpil Cassio , Maia de Souza Carlos Eduardo 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
PETROBRAS, other operators and suppliers have carried out many efforts to make available the subsea multiphase pump technologies. Many of these pumps were installed and are now in operation, including helico-axial pumps. However, until now, these pumping systems were limited to differential pressures lower than 45 bar, which is not attractive to PETROBRAS scenarios, since the gas-lift has similar performance. Thus, PETROBRAS launched a program to qualify, through flow loop tests and field operation, a helico-axial multiphase pump to differential pressures up to 60 bar. The Barracuda field was selected to host the prototype. This paper describes the Barracuda helico-axial multiphase pump, including the design phase, qualification process and operational experience so far, involving: installation, commissioning and operation.
The Barracuda multiphase pump is designed to operate at maximum differential pressure of 70 bar. The other main flow characteristics are: liquid flow rates between 2000 and 3000 m3/day; GVF between 35 and 60%; and viscosity between 15 cP and 20 cP. The pump is installed at a water depth of 1040 meters and distant 10,5 Km from the P-48 production platform. The boosting system is composed by many components, including a flow base, control system, topside equipments, integrated umbilical and subsea motor-pump unit inside the pump module. This boosting system was comissioned in July of 2012 and since then its operational performance has been evaluated.
A description of the main subsystems of the Barracuda Multiphase pump is presented, including their qualification process and FAT tests. In order to evaluate the hydraulic performance of the motor-pump unit, a special flow loop test program was established. The results of this qualification process and the operational experience indicated that this technology is adequate to be applied in other similar applications.
Boosting untreated oil is a field proven solution and is coming to the age. Efforts to develop high differential pressures multiphase pumps will increase its operational envelop, that will enable its use in important scenarios, accelerating the number of applications and increasing the benefits of this important subsea boosting method. The benefits to brown and green fields will be significant, mainly to Campos Basin scenarios.
Riser Concepts for High Motion Vessels in Ultradeep Water
Authors: Head William , Power Thomas L. , Royer Brian 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
The paper addresses early work executed during the research study for RPSEA project 10121–4401–01 Ultra-Deepwater Riser Concepts for High Motion Vessels. The steel catenary riser is the simplest riser configuration but has limitations when attached to a high-motion vessel, such as a conventional semi-submersible or a ship-shape floating, production, storage, and offloading vessel (FPSO), in water depths approaching 10,000 feet. Further challenges are posed by the high-pressure, high-temperature reservoirs that can be encountered at these water depths. Alternate riser arrangements to meet the demands of both ultra-deepwater and high motion vessels are investigated. Production is assumed to be high pressure (20,000 psi SITP), high temperature (350°F), and sour. Configurations include wave shapes and other methods to reduce the coupling between vessel motion and the fatigue-critical riser touchdown zone. The work described in this paper is primarily concerned with static configuration and vessel payload considerations of the various riser material/configuration options.

Introduction
This paper and an anticipated follow-on paper will present the results of a currently active RPSEA study whose objective is to evaluate potential riser concepts for high-motion vessels operating in waters up to 10,000 feet deep in the Gulf of Mexico (GoM). Among the goals of this study are:Identify technology gaps—in particular, those that represent concepts/aspects that appear analytically promising but have yet to be field-proven.Determine feasibility for particular concepts.Identify preferred riser options.
The study scope to be discussed in this first paper includes:Problem framing–Literature search–Identification of candidate systems–Compilation of design basisPreliminary sizingStatic analysis/designIntermediate conclusionsRefinement of options/goals for remaining work
The follow-on paper is anticipated to cover dynamic system analysis (coupled analysis of floater, risers, and buoys), fatigue considerations, final comparison of options, and recommendations for further study.
As is typical for RPSEA studies, a project working group was formed, comprising riser specialists from five oil companies with ultra-deepwater interests. The project working group is responsible for providing guidance to the study in order to insure that its results are valid and useful to the industry at large.
Compact Oxygen Removal for Waterflood Projects
Authors: Brinn Matthew 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
In the oil and gas industry, once primary oil recovery is not an option, water is injected into oil reservoirs to maintain pressure and " push" oil out of the rock crevices within the reservoir to increase oil recovery. This technique is denoted as waterflooding and allows what is referred to as secondary oil recovery. A major cost to the oil industry for this type of process is corrosion of piping in both the downhole tubing as well as the surface production piping. The primary culprit of corrosion is the presence of dissolved gases and chemicals in the waterflood and produced water. Dissolved oxygen (O2), carbon dioxide (CO2), and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) - individually and in combination - contribute to the majority of the corrosion damage, and can be reduced by treatment of process water. The reduction of dissolved oxygen can also have a secondary benefit of reducing microorganism growth, which can obstruct rock crevices and reduce oil recovery.
The traditional technologies that exist in the oil and gas space to reduce dissolved gases in larger volumes of water include chemical treatment, membranes, and contacting towers. The preferred approach of chemical treatment is increasingly expensive and its usage of chemical are being reduced or restricted for regulatory and/or environmental reasons. This paper will look at an alternative approach to water treatment which builds on the rotating packed bed technology which has been in existence for at least four (4) decades.
CFD Modeling of Bubbly, Slug and Annular Flow Regimes in Vertical Pipelines
Authors: Dai Yi , Dakshinammorthy Duraivelan , Agrawal Madhusuden 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
Deepwater production offers many challenges to oil & gas companies. The challenges are mainly due to operations at ultra low temperatures, high pressures, long pipelines and transporting multiphase phase flows. From purely transport point of view, there is clear need to better understand the multiphase flows in these pipelines. The multiphase flows in these pipelines are characterized by flow patterns or regimes that define a particular distribution of liquid and gas volume fraction in the pipeline. Pressure drop and other transport characteristics such as mass and heat transfer are closely related to the flow patterns or regimes. Thus the flow regime prediction is an important and vital step in understanding the multiphase flows. Untill now most of the numerical multiphase models that are used in design also require apriori knowledge of the flow regimes.
Typically flow regime maps are used and these are dimensionless and should be applicable to wide variety of flow scenarios (fluid properties and pipe sizes). However recent experiments have suggested that flow patterns and other parameters are different in small and large pipes. In this paper, we used a CFD based model in understanding and prediction of bubbly flow, slug-flow/intermittent, semi-annular and annular-flow of vertical pipeline. The CFD model uses Eulerian-Eulerian Multifluid VOF approach to model all the flow regimes, as it allows selective use of surface tension and interface sharpening schemes in an Eulerian framework. Gas holdup, pressure drop and flow instabilities will be predicted and compared with available data for different flow regimes. The predicted results shows good agreement with the experimental work and clearly highlight application of CFD modeling to predict the flow regimes and to get better understanding of complex flow behavior in gas-liquid vertical flows.
Today's Top 30 Flow Assurance Technologies: Where Do They Stand?
Authors: Kondapi Phaneendra , Moe Randi 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to provide conclusions from an extensive evaluation of all known state-of-the art flow assurance methodologies. The various technologies were assessed by maturity level (i.e. embryonic, emerging, matured or aging), applicability, solution type and their effectivity. Effectivity is a function of ease of application, probability of success and cost effectiveness. Within this study, the solutions were classified into thermal, chemical, hardware, operating and software technologies.
Thirty different existing and developing flow assurance technologies were considered for this study with the aim to summarize the current state of technology and identify potential areas for improvement. The selected technologies are regarded as major enhancers and perceived to have a great impact on both cost effectiveness and production.
Tissue Engineering and Ureter Regeneration: Is it Possible?
Authors: Kloskowski Tomasz , Kowalczyk Tomasz , Nowacki Maciej , Drewa Tomasz 
Published: May 2013

Large ureter damages are difficult to reconstruct. Current techniques are complicated, difficult to perform, and often associated with failures. The ureter has never been regenerated thus far. Therefore the use of tissue engineering techniques for ureter reconstruction and regeneration seems to be a promising way to resolve these problems. For proper ureter regeneration the following problems must be considered: the physiological aspects of the tissue, the type and shape of the scaffold, the type of cells, and the specific environment (urine). This review presents tissue engineering achievements in the field of ureter regeneration focusing on the scaffold, the cells, and ureter healing.
Treatment of Acute Gouty Arthritis in Complex Hospitalized Patients With Anakinra
Authors: Ghosh Pradipta , Cho Michael , Rawat Gurpreet , Simkin Peter A. , Gardner Gregory C. 
Published: May 2013

ObjectiveTo report our experience with the efficacy and safety of anakinra for acute gouty arthritis in medically complex hospitalized patients.MethodsWe reviewed the hospital charts of 26 patients treated with anakinra for crystal‐induced arthritis since 2007. Demographics, comorbid conditions, reason for anakinra use, response to treatment, and any adverse outcomes were recorded.ResultsTwenty‐six patients received 40 courses of anakinra therapy. In 67% of patients, pain improved significantly within 24 hours, and complete resolution of signs and symptoms of gout occurred by day 5 in 72.5% of patients. Seven patients received multiple courses with no decrement in response with repeated treatments. Anakinra was well tolerated and no adverse outcomes were attributed to the medication. Only 1 patient appeared to be refractory to this form of interleukin‐1 inhibition.ConclusionAnakinra is an effective and safe alternative treatment for acute gouty arthritis in medically complex hospitalized patients who fail or cannot undergo more conventional therapy.
Photoinduced Electron Transfer Between Pyridine Coated Cadmium Selenide Quantum Dots and Single Sheet Graphene
Authors: Guo Shirui , Bao Duoduo , Upadhyayula Srigokul , Wang Wei , Guvenc Ali B. , Kyle Jennifer R. , Hosseinibay Hamed , Bozhilov Krassimir N. , Vullev Valentine I. , Ozkan Cengiz S. , Ozkan Mihrimah 
Published: May 2013

AbstractInterest in graphene as a two‐dimensional quantum‐well material for energy applications and nanoelectronics has increased exponentially in the last few years. The recent advances in large‐area single‐sheet fabrication of pristine graphene have opened unexplored avenues for expanding from nano‐ to meso‐scale applications. The relatively low level of absorptivity and the short lifetimes of excitons of single‐sheet graphene suggest that it needs to be coupled with light sensitizers in order to explore its feasibility for photonic applications, such as solar‐energy conversion. Red‐emitting CdSe quantum dots are employed for photosensitizing single‐sheet graphene with areas of several square centimeters. Pyridine coating of the quantum dots not only enhances their adhesion to the graphene surface, but also provides good electronic coupling between the CdSe and the two‐dimensional carbon allotrope. Illumination of the quantum dots led to injection of n‐carrier in the graphene phase. Time‐resolved spectroscopy reveals three modes of photoinduced electron transfer between the quantum dots and the graphene occurring in the femtosecond and picosecond time‐domains. Transient absorption spectra provide evidence for photoinduced hole‐shift from the CdSe to the pyridine ligands, thereby polarizing the surface of the quantum dots. That is, photoinduced electrical polarization, which favors the simultaneous electron transfer from the CdSe to the graphene phase. These mechanistic insights into the photoinduced interfacial charge transfer have a promising potential to serve as guidelines for the design and development of composites of graphene and inorganic nanomaterials for solar‐energy conversion applications.