bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fatigue Performance of Asphalt Mixture under Actual Loading Patterns at Different Pulse Durations
Authors: Mansourkhaki Ali , Sarkar Alireza 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
The fatigue performance of an asphalt mixture under actual loading patterns corresponding to single, tandem, and tridem axle configurations at three different pulse durations corresponding to axle speeds with constant rest periods was examined using an indirect tensile cyclic load test. This research was conducted at two temperatures, 25°C and 35°C. Considering our sets of variables and three repetitions for each set, in total 54 specimens were tested. The actual loading patterns applied to the specimens were determined using the KENLAYER software program. After testing and data acquisition, the cumulative vertical plastic strain approach was utilized to determine the number of load applications at two points of deformation on the fatigue curves, the hardening and softening starting points. The results at these two points show the following: (1) force repetition depends on loading patterns and, at a constant speed, varies from maximum to minimum with tridem, tandem, and single loading patterns, except at the hardening starting point; (2) force repetitions are strongly related to pulse duration in such a way that fatigue life increases with a decrease in pulse duration; and (3) the effect of temperature depends on pulse durations and loading patterns. It can be stated, in general, that when comparing the effects of different loading patterns, pulse duration must be considered. Based on the findings of this study, at different temperatures the results follow the same trends and are not temperature dependent.
Evaluation of Cracks in Thin-Walled Pipe Using J
Q
Authors: Hosseini Ali , Cronin Duane , Plumtree Alan 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Fracture toughness measurements on small samples are often considered valid (size independent) for a limited range of toughness and sample dimensions. In the present work, it is demonstrated that standard toughness tests are transferrable to thin-walled pipe provided the specimen width and pipe wall thickness are the same. Fracture toughness and tensile tests were undertaken on 508 mm (20 in.) diameter Grade API-5L X52 line pipe with a wall thickness of 5.7 mm. J tests were conducted on samples containing surface flaws to evaluate the fracture toughness of the thin-walled line pipe steel using the ASTM E1820 procedure. Owing to geometry limitations, JQ was determined from the resistance curves (J versus crack extension). The average measured JQ was 197 kJ/m2 for 5.3 mm wide samples. A series of full-scale rupture tests with crack and crack-in-corrosion flaws were conducted and the failure pressures were predicted using API 579 and the JQ results. The average difference between the predicted and experimental failure pressures was 21.4 % for the cracks and 11.0 % for the crack-in-corrosion flaws, demonstrating that the FAD method can be used with toughness characterized using specimens of similar thickness to the pipe, although the toughness results are not geometry independent.
Evaluating the Cleavage Energy of Brittle Single Crystals
Authors: Sherman Dov , Gleizer Anna 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Evaluating the cleavage energy of brittle crystals is challenging due to the need to generate a controlled deformation of only a few microns; to introduce a straight and planar, atomistic thick precrack, perfectly aligned with the plane of propagation; to align the external loading with that plane; and above all, to grip the specimen while avoiding premature cleavage. In addition, achieving a relatively slow crack upon initiation is another requirement that needs special treatment. Consequently, we designed an experimental method that fulfills the above requirements. It consists in gluing a thin, rectangular specimen, with an atomistic sharp precrack, inside a rectangular hole in an aluminum loading frame, using thin layers of epoxy resin. Crack initiation and propagation occur upon heating the assembly on top of an electrical heating stage by only a few °C, due to the coefficients of thermal expansion mismatch between the specimen and the aluminum frame. Finite element analysis is used to evaluate the strain energy release rate. We describe it in full through cleavage experiments of two low energy cleavage systems of silicon crystal under pure Mode I, under room conditions and argon gas at atmospheric pressure.
Discrete Lattice Model of Quasi-Brittle Fracture in Porous Graphite
Authors: Morrison Craig N. , Zhang Mingzhong , Jivkov Andrey P. , Yates John R. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Lattice models allow the incorporation of length-scale-dependent microstructural features and damage mechanisms into analyses of the mechanical behavior of materials. We describe our 3D lattice implementation and its use in fracture simulations. The method is particularly suitable for modeling fractures of nuclear graphite. This is a quasi-brittle material in which there is considerable non-linearity prior to final fracture caused by the inherent porosity, which triggers a field of local distributed failures upon mechanical and thermal loading. Microstructure representative models are generated with experimentally measured particle and pore size distributions and volume densities in two graphite grades. The results illustrate the effect of distributed porosity on the emerging stress–strain response and damage evolution. It is shown how the failure mode shifts from graceful, plastic-like behavior associated with substantial energy dissipation via distributed damage at lower porosities, to glass-like behavior with negligible energy dissipation at higher porosities. Thus, the work proposes a microstructure-informed methodology for integrity assessment of aging structures, where porosity increase is driven by environmental factors, such as radiation of nuclear graphite components.
The Influence of Quenching and Aging on Fracture Toughness of the Al-Zn-Mg-Cu Alloy 7449
Authors: Robinson J. S. , Higgins G. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
This investigation characterises the fracture toughness of the very high strength Aluminium alloy 7449. This Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloy is heat treatable and relies on rapid quenching from the solution heat treatment temperature to promote subsequent artificial aging. While the influence of quench paths on strength is well understood and can be predicted using techniques like quench factor analysis, the influence of quench rate on fracture toughness is more challenging. The rate of quenching can influence the fracture toughness through complex precipitation reactions occurring during cooling. The precipitate locations dictate the magnitude of the detrimental effect on the fracture toughness. In this investigation, the fracture toughness of 7449 in two product forms was measured using compact tension specimens cut from forged blocks and rolled plate. These plane strain (KIC) results were also augmented with Charpy impact tests. Various quench conditions were investigated, including water at three different temperatures and poly oxyethylene glycol (PAG) in two concentrations. The influence of standard and novel aging procedures including retrogression and reaging was also determined. The combinations of strength and toughness have been related to the prevailing microstructural condition. Fracture toughness magnitudes were found to vary most significantly with rapidity of cooling from the solution treatment temperature, with the subsequent aging treatments having a much smaller effect.
Crosstalk between BRCA‐Fanconi anemia and mismatch repair pathways prevents MSH2‐dependent aberrant DNA damage responses
Authors: Peng Min , Xie Jenny , Ucher Anna , Stavnezer Janet , Cantor Sharon B 
Published: June 2014

AbstractSeveral proteins in the BRCA‐Fanconi anemia (FA) pathway, such as FANCJ, BRCA1, and FANCD2, interact with mismatch repair (MMR) pathway factors, but the significance of this link remains unknown. Unlike the BRCA‐FA pathway, the MMR pathway is not essential for cells to survive toxic DNA interstrand crosslinks (ICLs), although MMR proteins bind ICLs and other DNA structures that form at stalled replication forks. We hypothesized that MMR proteins corrupt ICL repair in cells that lack crosstalk between BRCA‐FA and MMR pathways. Here, we show that ICL sensitivity of cells lacking the interaction between FANCJ and the MMR protein MLH1 is suppressed by depletion of the upstream mismatch recognition factor MSH2. MSH2 depletion suppresses an aberrant DNA damage response, restores cell cycle progression, and promotes ICL resistance through a Rad18‐dependent mechanism. MSH2 depletion also suppresses ICL sensitivity in cells deficient for BRCA1 or FANCD2, but not FANCA. Rescue by Msh2 loss was confirmed in Fancd2‐null primary mouse cells. Thus, we propose that regulation of MSH2‐dependent DNA damage response underlies the importance of interactions between BRCA‐FA and MMR pathways.
Factors associated with vertebral fracture risk in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism
Authors: Eller-Vainicher Cristina , Battista Claudia , Guarnieri Vito , Muscarella Silvana , Palmieri Serena , Salcuni Antonio Stefano , Guglielmi Giuseppe , Corbetta Sabrina , Minisola Salvatore , Spada Anna , Hendy Geoffrey N , Cole David E C , Chiodini Iacopo , Scillitani Alfredo 
Published: June 2014

ObjectiveTo examine factors, in addition to bone mineral density (BMD), such as the common calcium-sensing receptor (CASR) gene polymorphisms, associated with vertebral fracture (VFx) risk in primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT).Design and methodsA cross-sectional analysis of 266 Caucasian PHPT seen as outpatients. Serum calcium (sCa) phosphate metabolism parameters were measured. BMD was assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (expressed as Z-score) at lumbar spine (Z-LS) and femoral neck, morphometric VFx by radiograph, and CASR A986S/R990G genotypes by PCR amplification and genomic DNA sequencing.ResultsFractured patients (n=100, 37.6%) had lower sCa (10.8±0.7 mg/dl) and Z-LS BMD (−1.0±1.44), higher age (61±10 years), and prevalence (51%) of ≥1 S alleles of the CASR A986S single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP; AS/SS), than those not fractured (n=166, 11.2±1.0 mg/dl, −0.57±0.97, 58±13 years, and 38% AS/SS, respectively, P<0.05 for all comparisons). Logistic regression, with VFx as dependent variable, showed independent risks associated with increased age (OR 1.03, 95% CI 1.01–1.06, P=0.006), decreased sCa (OR 1.86, 95% CI 1.28–2.7, P=0.001), and Z-LS BMD (OR 1.4, 95% CI 1.12–1.7, P=0.002) and presence of AS/SS (OR 1.8, 95% CI 1.1–2.9, P=0.05). The presence of two out of three factors (age ≥58 years, sCa <10.8 and Z-LS BMD≤−1.0, and AS/SS genotype) gave an overall OR of 4.2 (95% CI 2.25–7.85, P<0.0001).ConclusionsIn PHPT, VFx is associated positively with age, negatively with sCa and spinal BMD, and presence of at least one copy of the CASR A986S SNP.
Comparison of Glycated Hemoglobin Levels in Individuals Without Diabetes and With and Without Periodontitis Before and After Non‐Surgical Periodontal Therapy
Authors: Perayil Jayachandran , Suresh Neethu , Fenol Angel , Vyloppillil Rajesh , Bhaskar Anuradha , Menon Saimegha 
Published: June 2014

Background: Only a few studies have examined the association between periodontitis and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels in individuals without diabetes. The aim of this study is to compare HbA1c levels in individuals without diabetes and with and without periodontitis before and after non‐surgical periodontal therapy.Methods: This comparative study was done on individuals without diabetes who were 35 to 65 years old. Group A consisted of 30 individuals without periodontitis, and group B consisted of 30 individuals with periodontitis. Body mass indices and clinical parameters, including oral hygiene index‐simplified (OHI‐S) score, gingival index (GI), probing depth (PD), clinical attachment level (CAL), and HbA1c level, of all participants were recorded. All participants received non‐surgical periodontal therapy (scaling and root planing). After 3 months, all participants were reexamined, and clinical parameters and HbA1c levels were evaluated and compared to baseline values.Results: There were significant differences between group A and group B in regard to baseline OHI‐S, GI, PD, and HbA1c (P <0.05). There was no clinical attachment loss in group A, either at baseline or after 3 months. At the end of 3 months, group B showed improvement in all clinical parameters (P <0.05) and their HbA1c levels also significantly decreased (P <0.05), although the values never reached those of group A.Conclusion: The HbA1c levels of individuals without diabetes and with periodontitis (group B) were significantly reduced 3 months after non‐surgical periodontal therapy, although they never reached the same levels as those of the individuals without diabetes or periodontitis (group A).
Validation of Periodontitis Screening Model Using Sociodemographic, Systemic, and Molecular Information in a Korean Population
Authors: Kim Hyun‐Duck , Sukhbaatar Munkhzaya , Shin Myungseop , Ahn Yoo‐Been , Yoo Wook‐Sung 
Published: June 2014

Background: This study aims to evaluate and validate a periodontitis screening model that includes sociodemographic, metabolic syndrome (MetS), and molecular information, including gingival crevicular fluid (GCF), matrix metalloproteinase (MMP), and blood cytokines.Methods: The authors selected 506 participants from the Shiwha‐Banwol cohort: 322 participants from the 2005 cohort for deriving the screening model and 184 participants from the 2007 cohort for its validation. Periodontitis was assessed by dentists using the community periodontal index. Interleukin (IL)‐6, IL‐8, and tumor necrosis factor‐α in blood and MMP‐8, ‐9, and ‐13 in GCF were assayed using enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. MetS was assessed by physicians using physical examination and blood laboratory data. Information about age, sex, income, smoking, and drinking was obtained by interview. Logistic regression analysis was applied to finalize the best‐fitting model and validate the model using sensitivity, specificity, and c‐statistics.Results: The derived model for periodontitis screening had a sensitivity of 0.73, specificity of 0.85, and c‐statistic of 0.86 (P <0.001); those of the validated model were 0.64, 0.91, and 0.83 (P <0.001), respectively.Conclusions: The model that included age, sex, income, smoking, drinking, and blood and GCF biomarkers could be useful in screening for periodontitis. A future prospective study is indicated for evaluating this model's ability to predict the occurrence of periodontitis.
The Impact of Internal Audit Function Quality and Contribution on Audit Delay
Authors: Pizzini Mina , Lin Shu , Ziegenfuss Douglas E. 
Published: June 2014

SUMMARY
The number of days required to complete financial statement audits (i.e., audit delay) increased significantly with the implementation of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX, U.S. House of Representatives 2002). As firms' in-house experts on internal control, Internal Audit Functions (IAFs) can substantially affect financial reporting processes and, thus, audit delay. Internal auditors can help management maintain strong internal controls and assist external auditors with financial statement audits. Accordingly, we investigate whether IAF quality and the IAF's contribution to financial statement audits affect audit delay in a sample of 292 firm-year observations drawn from the pre-SOX 404 period.
Using survey data from the Institute of Internal Auditors (IIA), we develop a comprehensive proxy for IAF quality; we measure different aspects of IAF quality (e.g., competence, objectivity, fieldwork rigor); and we measure the nature of the IAF's contribution to financial statement audits (independently performed work and direct assistance). Results indicate audit delay is decreasing in IAF quality, and this decrease is driven by IAF competence and fieldwork quality. Delay is four days shorter when IAFs contribute to external audits by independently performing relevant work. High-quality IAFs contribute to financial statement audits by independently performing relevant work, while low-quality IAFs provide direct assistance.
The Influence of Elastic Modulus of Inlay Materials on Stress Distribution and Fracture of Premolars
Authors: Costa AKF , Xavier TA , Noritomi PY , Saavedra G , Borges ALS 
Published: June 2014

SUMMARY
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence the width of the occlusal isthmus and inlay material had on the stress distribution, displacement, and fracture resistance of upper human premolars. For this in vitro test, 35 intact upper premolars (UPM) were selected and five were kept intact for the control group (group I). The remaining 30 were divided into two experimental groups (n=15) according to the width of isthmus: conservative (CP) and extensive preparation (EP), one third and more than two thirds of cuspal distance, respectively. Five teeth from each experimental group were left without restoration for negative controls (CPnc and EPnc), and the remaining 10 in each group were subdivided according to the inlay material (resin or ceramic): group CPr, CP + indirect resin; group CPc, CP + ceramic; group EPr, EP + indirect resin; and group EPc, EP + ceramic. The cemented inlays were loaded in a universal testing machine at a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min until fracture. The fractured specimens were analyzed with stereomicroscopy, and the values of the fracture resistance evaluated by analysis of variance and Tukey test. For the finite element analyses, an average UPM for each group was modeled in Rhinoceros CAD software and imported to Ansys 13.0. An average of 320,000 tetrahedral elements and 540,000 nodes for the seven models were performed using the same experimental simulation setup for each. The models were constrained on the base, and a displacement of 0.02 mm was applied to keep a linear behavior for the analysis. A von Mises stress and total displacement fields were used for the coherence test and the maximum principal stress fields were used for mechanical behavior comparisons. Group I (161.73 ± 22.94) showed a significantly higher mean value than the other experimental groups (EPc: 103.55 ± 15.84; CPc: 94.38 ± 12.35; CPr: 90.31 ± 6.10; EPr: 65.42 ± 10.15; CPnc: 65.46 ± 5.37; EPnc: 58.08 ± 9.62). The stress distribution was different in all of the groups. EPnc showed a higher concentration of tensile stress on the cervical region of the proximal box. CPc and EPc provided a lower tensile stress and a smaller cuspal displacement. Within the limits of this study, the configuration of the inlay preparation is a significant factor in the fracture resistance of premolars: the smaller the amount of remaining tooth, the lower the fracture resistance. In addition, the teeth restored with ceramic materials showed a higher fracture resistance than those restored with composite resin.
Microleakage of Resin-Modified Glass Ionomer Restorations With Selective Enamel Etching
Authors: Ludlow SW , Farmer SN , Donaldson ME , Tantbirojn D , Versluis A 
Published: June 2014

SUMMARY

Aim
Bonding of resin-modified glass ionomers to enamel is an important quality, especially when saliva contamination is inevitable. This study evaluated if microleakage of a resin-modified glass ionomer improves with selective enamel etching, with or without saliva contamination.

Methods
Class V cavities with the occlusal margin in enamel and the gingival margin on the root were prepared in extracted human permanent teeth and filled with a resin-modified glass ionomer using an acidic primer according to the manufacturer's recommendation or with an additional selective enamel etching step. Preparations were contaminated with saliva before primer application or before restoration placement (n=10). Restored teeth were thermocycled between 5°C and 55°C for 1000 cycles, stained with basic fuchsin, and sectioned. Microleakage distance was measured and analyzed with analysis of variance followed by Duncan post hoc test at a significance level of 0.05.

Results
Enamel microleakage was highest when saliva contamination occurred before the placement of resin-modified glass ionomer. Microleakage distances were significantly reduced in the selective etching groups regardless of saliva contamination. However, selective etching of enamel increased microleakage in cementum. The increase in cementum leakage was significantly higher when saliva contamination occurred before restoration placement.

Conclusion
Selective etching reduces enamel microleakage of a resin-modified glass ionomer even with saliva contamination, but it may increase microleakage at the cementum. The severity of microleakage is affected by the timing of saliva contamination.
The effects of vortex like distributed electron in magnetized multi-ion dusty plasmas
Authors: Haider Md. , Ferdous Tahmina , Duha Syed 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
The nonlinear propagation of small but finite amplitude dust-ion-acoustic solitary waves in a magnetized, collisionless dusty plasma is investigated theoretically. It has been assumed that the electrons are trapped following the vortex-like distribution and that the negatively and positively charged ions are mobile with the presence of charge fluctuating stationary dusts, where ions mass provide the inertia and restoring forces are provided by the thermal pressure of hot electrons. A reductive perturbation method was employed to obtain a modified Korteweg-de Vries (mK-dV) equation for the first-order potential and a stationary solution is obtained. The effect of the presence of trapped electrons, negatively and positively charged ions and arbitrary charged dust grains are discussed.
Analytical sensitivity and reflected power through a D-shape optical fibre sensor
Authors: Ubeid M. , Shabat M. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractIn this paper, the reflection properties and sensitivity of a D-shape optical fibre sensor are investigated theoretically and numerically with the emphasis on the metal layer [gold (Au), silver (Ag), copper (Cu), and aluminum (Al)]. Maxwell’s equations are used to determine the electric and magnetic fields of the incident waves at each layer. Snell’s law is applied and the boundary conditions are imposed at each layer interface to calculate the reflected power and sensitivity of the sensor. In the numerical results, the mentioned power is computed and illustrated as a function of wavelength, angle of incidence, metal layer thickness and refractive index of the external medium when the metal layer changes. The variation of sensitivity with the wavelength of the incident radiations is also proposed for some of the given metals.
Erratum to Central European Journal of Engineering, Volume 4, Issue 1
Authors: Kumar M. , Srikanth N. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractPaper by M. Ajay Kumar, N. V. Srikanth, et al. “An adaptive neuro fuzzy inference system controlled space cector pulse width modulation based HVDC light transmission system under AC fault conditions” in Volume 4, Issue 1, 27–38/March 2014 doi: 10.2478/s13531-013-0143-4 contains an error in the title. The correct title is presented below