bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
EFFECTS OF Ca AND P NUTRIENT LEVELS ON THE GROWTH OF N-FERTILIZED AND RHIZOBIUM-NODULATED PHASEOLUS VULGARIS L. SUBJECTED TO TWO CONTRASTING TROPICAL SOLAR RADIATION REGIMES AND SPRAYED WITH PROPYL GALLATE
Authors: IZAGUIRRE-MAYORAL MARÍA LUISA , SILVERA JULIAN , RODRÍGUEZ MÓNICA 
Published: November 2014

SUMMARYInteractions between two contrasting photosynthetic photon flux densities (PPFD) and increasing Ca and P concentrations were analysed in N-fertilised (+N) and Rhizobium-inoculated (+Rh) Phaseolus vulgaris plants grown for 30 days in glasshouses. Plants were grown in sand-filled Leonard jars with 0.9 L N-free for +Rh plants or plus 6 mM KNO3 for +N plants nutrient solution, pH 6.2 in the lower compartment, and were subjected to midday PPFD ≥ 1650 ≤ 1800 mmol m−2 s−1/37±2°C air temperature (HI/HT) or PPDF ≥ 900 ≤ 1200 μmol m−2 s−1/26±2°C air temperature (MI/MT). The nutrient solutions were supplied with 1, 2, 3 or 4 mM P in combination with 1 or 4 mM Ca. Results revealed a 100% mortality of the HI/HT+Rh plants at the juvenile stage of growth. Whereas, all HI/HT+N plants reached the preflowering stage but showed smaller shoot masses, lower chlorophyll concentrations, unusually high chlorophyll a/b ratios and higher shoot nitrate concentrations when compared to values in +N plants grown at MI/MT. Increasing concentrations of P and Ca, or the daily spray of leaves with 2 mM propyl gallate (Pg), did not counteract the negative effects of HI/HT on +Rh and +N plants. Maximum growth, nodulation, chlorophyll concentration and catabolism of ureides in leaves were exclusively observed in +Rh plants grown under MI/MT conditions and supplied with 2 mM P and 1 mM Ca. In contrast, the greater growth of +N plants, associated with higher chlorophyll and nitrate concentrations, took place at MI/MT conditions combined with 1 mM P and 4 mM Ca. Pg further enhanced the growth of MI/MT+Rh and MI/MT+N plants grown at P < 2 mM, at 1 or 4 mM Ca, respectively. At MI/MT, there was a positive relationship between leaf carotenoid concentration and growth of +Rh and +N plants.
Sensitizing effect of early adversity on depressive reactions to later proximal stress: Moderation by polymorphisms in serotonin transporter and corticotropin releasing hormone receptor genes in a 20-year longitudinal study
Authors: Starr Lisa R. , Hammen Constance , Conway Christopher C. , Raposa Elizabeth , Brennan Patricia A. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractPrevious research supports gene–environment interactions for polymorphisms in the corticotropin hormone receptor 1 gene (CRHR1) and the serotonin transporter gene linked polymorphic region (5-HTTLPR) in predicting depression, but it has rarely considered genetic influences on stress sensitization processes, whereby early adversities (EA) increase depressive reactivity to proximal stressors later in life. The current study tested a gene–environment–environment interaction (G × E × E; specifically, gene–EA–proximal stress interaction) model of depression in a 20-year longitudinal study. Participants were assessed prospectively for EA up to age 5 and recent chronic stress and depressive symptoms at age 20 and genotyped forCRHR1single nucleotide polymorphismrs110402and5-HTTLPR. EA predicted stronger associations between recent chronic stress and depression, and the effect was moderated by genes.CRHR1A alleles and5-HTTLPRshort alleles were associated with greater stress sensitization (i.e., greater depressive reactivity to chronic stress for those also exposed to high levels of EA). The results are consistent with the notion that EA exposure results in neurobiological and cognitive–emotional consequences (e.g., altered hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis functioning), leading to emotional distress in the face of recent stressors among those with certain genetic characteristics, although further research is needed to explore explanatory mechanisms.
Atypical patterns of respiratory sinus arrhythmia index an endophenotype for depression
Authors: Yaroslavsky Ilya , Rottenberg Jonathan , Kovacs Maria 
Published: November 2014

AbstractCan atypical patterns of parasympathetic nervous system activity serve as endophenotypes for depression? Using respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) as an index of parasympathetic nervous system function, we examined this question in two studies: one involving mothers with and without depression histories and their offspring (at high and low risk for depression, respectively), and a further study of adolescent sibling pairs concordant and discordant for major depression. In both studies, subjects were exposed to sad mood induction; subjects' RSA was monitored during rest periods and in response to the mood induction. We used Gottesman and Gould's (2003) criteria for an endophenotype and a priori defined “atypical” and “normative” RSA patterns (combinations of resting RSA and RSA reactivity). We found that atypical RSA patterns (a) predicted current depressive episodes and remission status among women with histories of juvenile onset depression and healthy controls, (b) predicted longitudinal trajectories of depressive symptoms among high- and low-risk young offspring, (c) were concordant across mothers and their juvenile offspring, (d) were more prevalent among never-depressed youth at high risk for depression than their low-risk peers, and (e) were more concordant across adolescent sibling pairs in which both versus only one had a history of major depression. Thus, the results support atypical RSA patterns as an endophenotype for depression. Possible mechanisms by which RSA patterns increase depression risk and their genetic contributors are discussed.
Urban conflict and legal strategy in medieval England: the case of Bishop's Lynn, 1346–1350
Authors: PHILLIPS MATTHEW 
Published: November 2014

ABSTRACT:Urban conflict in medieval England often took one of two forms: public confrontation involving ritualistic acts of transgression on the one hand and legal challenges involving litigation on the other. This article explores an urban dispute in the latter category fought at Bishop's Lynn between 1346 and 1350. The rich series of records surviving from this dispute provides a rare opportunity to reconstruct in detail the legal strategies adopted throughout the conflict. The case is significant for the innovative legal challenge adopted by the burgesses, and for the subsequent campaign of misinformation propagated in parliament by the bishop of Norwich.
Public support for a sugar-sweetened beverage tax and pro-tax messages in a Mid-Atlantic US state
Authors: Donaldson Elisabeth A , Cohen Joanna E , Rutkow Lainie , Villanti Andrea C , Kanarek Norma F , Barry Colleen L 
Published: November 2014

AbstractObjectiveTo examine the characteristics of supporters and opponents of a sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) tax and to identify pro-tax messages that resonate with the public.DesignA survey was administered by telephone in February 2013 to assess public opinion about a penny-per-ounce tax on SSB. Support was also examined for SSB consumption reduction and pro-tax messages. Individual characteristics including sociodemographics, political affiliation, SSB consumption behaviours and beliefs were explored as predictors of support using logistic regression.SettingA representative sample of voters was recruited from a Mid-Atlantic US state.SubjectsThe sample included 1000 registered voters.ResultsFindings indicate considerable support (50 %) for an SSB tax. Support was stronger among Democrats, those who believe SSB are a major cause of childhood obesity and those who believe childhood obesity warrants a societal intervention. Belief that a tax would be effective in lowering obesity rates was associated with support for the tax and pro-tax messages. Respondents reporting that a health-care provider had recommended they lose weight were less convinced by pro-tax messages. Women, Independents and those concerned about childhood obesity were more convinced by the SSB reduction messages. Overall, the most popular messages focused on the importance of reducing consumption among children without mentioning the tax.ConclusionsUnderstanding who supports and opposes SSB tax measures can assist advocates in developing strategies to maximize support for this type of intervention. Messages that focus on the effect of consumption on children may be useful in framing the discussion around SSB tax proposals.
Surface flux patterns on planets in circumbinary systems and potential for photosynthesis
Authors: Forgan Duncan H. , Mead Alexander , Cockell Charles S. , Raven John A. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractRecently, the Kepler Space Telescope has detected several planets in orbit around a close binary star system. These so-called circumbinary planets will experience non-trivial spatial and temporal distributions of radiative flux on their surfaces, with features not seen in their single-star orbiting counterparts. Earth-like circumbinary planets inhabited by photosynthetic organisms will be forced to adapt to these unusual flux patterns. We map the flux received by putative Earth-like planets (as a function of surface latitude/longitude and time) orbiting the binary star systems Kepler-16 and Kepler-47, two star systems which already boast circumbinary exoplanet detections. The longitudinal and latitudinal distribution of flux is sensitive to the centre-of-mass motion of the binary, and the relative orbital phases of the binary and planet. Total eclipses of the secondary by the primary, as well as partial eclipses of the primary by the secondary add an extra forcing term to the system. We also find that the patterns of darkness on the surface are equally unique. Beyond the planet's polar circles, the surface spends a significantly longer time in darkness than latitudes around the equator, due to the stars’ motions delaying the first sunrise of spring (or hastening the last sunset of autumn). In the case of Kepler-47, we also find a weak longitudinal dependence for darkness, but this effect tends to average out if considered over many orbits. In the light of these flux and darkness patterns, we consider and discuss the prospects and challenges for photosynthetic organisms, using terrestrial analogues as a guide.
First results of the ORGANIC experiment on EXPOSE-R on the ISS
Authors: Bryson K.L. , Salama F. , Elsaesser A. , Peeters Z. , Ricco A.J. , Foing B.H. , Goreva Y. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThe ORGANIC experiment on EXPOSE-R spent 682 days outside the International Space Station, providing continuous exposure to the cosmic-, solar- and trapped-particle radiation background for fourteen samples: 11 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and three fullerenes. The thin films of the ORGANIC experiment received, during space exposure, an irradiation dose of the order of 14 000 MJ m−2 over 2900 h of unshadowed solar illumination. Extensive analyses were performed on the returned samples and the results compared to ground control measurements. Analytical studies of the returned samples included spectral measurements from the vacuum ultraviolet to the infrared range and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry. Limited spectral changes were observed in most cases pointing to the stability of PAHs and fullerenes under space exposure conditions. Furthermore, the results of these experiments confirm the known trend in the stability of PAH species according to molecular structure: compact PAHs are more stable than non-compact PAHs, which are themselves more stable than PAHs containing heteroatoms, the last category being the most prone to degradation in the space environment. We estimate a depletion rate of the order of 85 ± 5% over the 17 equivalent weeks of continuous unshadowed solar exposure in the most extreme case tetracene (smallest, non-compact PAH sample). The insignificant spectral changes (below 10%) measured for solid films of large or compact PAHs and fullerenes indicate a high stability under the range of space exposure conditions investigated on EXPOSE-R.
Electron relaxation in the CdSe quantum dot - ZnO composite: prospects for photovoltaic applications
Authors: Žídek Karel , Abdellah Mohamed , Zheng Kaibo , Pullerits Tõnu 
Published: November 2014

AbstractQuantum dot (QD)-metal oxide composite forms a “heart” of the QD-sensitized solar cells. It maintains light absorption and electron-hole separation in the system and has been therefore extensively studied. The interest is largely driven by a vision of harvesting the hot carrier energy before it is lost via relaxation. Despite of importance of the process, very little is known about the carrier relaxation in the QD-metal oxide composites. In order to fill this gap of knowledge we carry out a systematic study of initial electron dynamics in different CdSe QD systems. Our data reveal that QD attachment to ZnO induces a speeding-up of transient absorption onset. Detailed analysis of the onset proves that the changes are caused by an additional relaxation channel dependent on the identity of the QD-ZnO linker molecule. The faster relaxation represents an important factor for hot carrier energy harvesting, whose efficiency can be influenced by almost 50%.
Word Recognition and Nonword Repetition in Children With Language Disorders: The Effects of Neighborhood Density, Lexical Frequency, and Phonotactic Probability
Authors: Rispens Judith , Baker Anne , Duinmeijer Iris 
Published: November 2014

Purpose
The effects of neighborhood density (ND) and lexical frequency on word recognition and the effects of phonotactic probability (PP) on nonword repetition (NWR) were examined to gain insight into processing at the lexical and sublexical levels in typically developing (TD) children and children with developmental language problems.

Method
Tasks measuring NWR and word recognition were administered to 5 groups of children: 2 groups of TD children (5 and 8 years old), children with specific language impairment (SLI), children with reading impairment (RI), and children with SLI + RI (all 7–8 years old).

Results
High ND had a negative effect on word recognition in the older TD children and in the children with RI only. There was no ND effect in the younger children or in the children with SLI, who all had lower receptive vocabulary scores than the age-matched TD children and the RI groups. For all groups, NWR items with low PP were more difficult to repeat than items with high PP. This effect was especially pronounced in children with RI.

Conclusion
Both the stage of vocabulary development and the type of language impairment (SLI or RI) impact the way ND and PP affect word recognition and NWR.
350 kHz large‐angle scanning of laser light using KTa1−xNbxO3 optical deflector
Authors: Sakamoto T. , Toyoda S. , Ueno M. , Kobayashi J. 
Published: November 2014

A scanning frequency of 350 kHz is demonstrated with a full deflection angle of 95.8 mrad using a KTa1−xNbxO3 (KTN) deflector. To suppress degradation of the deflection angle, the KTN chip is directly glued to metal block electrodes with conductive paste, and the temperature of the deflector is controlled so that the capacitance of the KTN chip remains constant.
Critical slowing down as early warning for the onset of collapse in mutualistic communities
Authors: Dakos Vasilis , Bascompte Jordi 
Published: November 2014

SignificanceLittle is known on whether structurally diverse ecological networks may respond abruptly to anthropogenic stress and even less on our ability to detect such responses in advance. By simulating mutualistic communities en route to a tipping point, we show how critical slowing-down indicators may be used as early warnings for the collapse of ecological networks. Our findings not only confirm the existence of the generic dynamical signatures of tipping points in ecological networks but also suggest a promising way for identifying most vulnerable components in a broad class of networks at the brink of collapse.
Beta-Glucans and Mannan Oligosaccharides Enhance Growth and Immunity in Nile Tilapia
Authors: Selim Khaled M , Reda Rasha M 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
We studied the effects of a combination of dietary beta-glucans (β-G) and mannan oligosaccharides (MOS) on Nile Tilapia Oreochromis niloticus. Three-hundred-sixty fingerlings (mean mass ± SD = 8.7 ± 0.4 g) were separated into three groups (G1, G2, and G3) of 120 fish; G1 (control group) was fed a basal diet, whereas G2 and G3 were fed prebiotic-supplemented diets at final levels of 1.5 and 3.0 g/kg feed, respectively. Each group was subdivided into two subgroups: subgroup A was fed for 60 d to evaluate growth performance, nutrient utilization, intestinal morphometry, and body composition; and subgroup B was fed for 30 d to evaluate immune status and disease resistance. The best growth and feed utilization were observed in G3. There was no significant difference in final body weight or weight gain between G2 and G1 after 30 d, whereas both variables were significantly higher in G2 than in G1 after 60 d. At the end of the feeding period, G2 had a better feed conversion ratio than G1. Villus height, number of goblet cells, and number of intraepithelial lymphocytes were greatest in G3, followed by G2 and then G1. Whole-body protein content and fat content were higher in G3 than in G2 and G1. Only G3 had significantly higher serum total protein, albumin, and globulin than G1. Serum killing percentage and phagocytic activity were significantly higher in G3 than in G1 and G2, whereas serum lysozyme activity was significantly higher in G3 and G2 than in G1. The nitric oxide assay indicated a significant effect in G3 compared with G1 after 30 d. Fish that were fed the prebiotic mixture had better relative percent survival than G1 fish after challenge with Yersinia ruckeri. Dietary supplementation with β-G and MOS in combination improves the performance of Nile Tilapia.
Optimal Indicators of Home BP Variability in Perimenopausal Women and Associations With Albuminuria and Reproducibility: The J-HOT Home BP Study
Authors: Kagitani Hideaki , Hoshide Satoshi , Kario Kazuomi 
Published: November 2014

BACKGROUND
This study investigated the associations between various indicators of home blood pressure (BP) variability and albuminuria as well as the reproducibility of these indicators in perimenopausal women, who are likely to exhibit increased BP variability.

METHODS
As a measure of organ damage, urinary albumin/creatinine ratio (UACR) was examined at baseline in 151 women aged 40–59 years. Home BP was measured in duplicate in both morning and evening for 12 weeks using a home BP monitor. The following home BP variability indicators were calculated biweekly: mean, maximum, minimum, difference between maximum and minimum, average real variability (ARV), SD, and coefficient of variation.

RESULTS
In simple correlation, the ARV of systolic BP (SBP) (morning + evening and morning), maximum SBP (evening), and maximum diastolic BP (all time points) were most strongly correlated with UACR. In multivariate linear regression, the maximum, minimum, and ARV of SBP (morning) and both mean and maximum SBP (evening) were significantly associated with Box–Cox transformed UACR after adjustment for age, body mass index, and lifestyle. In particular, maximum SBP had the lowest P value among those BP indicators. Furthermore, maximum morning SBP tended to distinguish high-normal albuminuria (UACR ≥ 10mg/g Cr) more clearly than mean morning SBP. The mean, maximum, and minimum values of home BP demonstrated the greatest reproducibility among all indicators.

CONCLUSION
Maximum home BP is associated with UACR and exhibits high reproducibility in perimenopausal women. These findings raise the hypothesis that maximum home SBP may be suitable to detect kidney damage.
Inflammatory Cytokines and Reactive Oxygen Species as Mediators of Chronic Kidney Disease-Related Vascular Calcification
Authors: Agharazii Mohsen , St-Louis Ronald , Gautier-Bastien Alexandra , Ung Roth-Visal , Mokas Sophie , Larivière Richard , Richard Darren E. 
Published: November 2014

BACKGROUND
Vascular calcification, a regulated process in chronic kidney disease (CKD), requires vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) differentiation into osteoblast-like cells. This phenomenon can be enhanced by inflammatory cytokines and production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In CKD rats with vascular calcification, we investigated whether inflammatory cytokines, ROS generation, and downstream signaling events are associated with CKD-related vascular calcification.

METHODS
CKD was induced in male Wistar rats by renal mass ablation and vascular calcification was induced with a high calcium–phosphate diet and vitamin D supplementation (Ca/P/VitD). At week 3–6, hemodynamic parameters were determined and thoracic aorta was harvested for assessment of vascular calcification, macrophage infiltration, cytokines expression, VSMC differentiation, ROS generation, and related signaling pathway activation.

RESULTS
CKD rats treated with Ca/P/VitD developed medial calcification of thoracic aorta and increased pulse pressure and aortic pulse wave velocity. VSMC differentiation was confirmed by increased bone morphogenetic protein-2 and osteocalcin expression and reduced α-smooth muscle actin expression. The expression of interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor were also increased. The expression of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase subunits p22phox and p47phox were increased, whereas the expression of antioxidant enzymes (SOD1, SOD2, Gpx1, and Prdx1) was reduced in CKD + Ca/P/VitD rats. Oxidized peroxiredoxin, a sensor of ROS generation, was significantly increased and ROS-sensitive signaling pathways were activated in the aorta from CKD + Ca/P/VitD rats.

CONCLUSION
This study demonstrates a relationship between inflammation/ROS and arterial calcification in CKD and contributes to understanding of the complex pathways that mediate arterial calcification in CKD patients.
Evolution of grain size distribution in high-redshift dusty quasars: integrating large amounts of dust and unusual extinction curves
Authors: Nozawa Takaya , Asano Ryosuke S. , Hirashita Hiroyuki , Takeuchi Tsutomu T. 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
The discoveries of huge amounts of dust and unusual extinction curves in high-redshift quasars (z ≳ 4) cast challenging issues on the origin and properties of dust in the early Universe. In this Letter, we investigate the evolutions of dust content and extinction curve in a high-z quasar, based on the dust evolution model taking account of grain size distribution. First, we show that the Milky Way extinction curve is reproduced by introducing a moderate fraction (≃0.2) of dense molecular-cloud phases in the interstellar medium for a graphite–silicate dust model. Then we show that the peculiar extinction curves in high-z quasars can be explained by taking a much higher molecular-cloud fraction ( ≳ 0.5), which leads to more efficient grain growth and coagulation, and by assuming amorphous carbon instead of graphite. The large dust content in high-z quasar hosts is also found to be a natural consequence of the enhanced dust growth. These results indicate that grain growth and coagulation in molecular clouds are key processes that can increase the dust mass and change the size distribution of dust in galaxies, and that, along with a different dust composition, can contribute to shape the extinction curve.