bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Triadic scale interactions in a turbulent boundary layer
Authors: Duvvuri Subrahmanyam , McKeon Beverley J. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractA formal relationship between the skewness and the correlation coefficient of large and small scales, termed the amplitude modulation coefficient, is established for a general statistically stationary signal and is analysed in the context of a turbulent velocity signal. Both the quantities are seen to be measures of phase in triadically consistent interactions between scales of turbulence. The naturally existing phase relationships between large and small scales in a turbulent boundary layer are then manipulated by exciting a synthetic large-scale motion in the flow using a spatially impulsive dynamic wall roughness perturbation. The synthetic scale is seen to alter the phase relationships, or the degree of modulation, in a quasi-deterministic manner by exhibiting a phase-organizing influence on the small scales. The results presented provide encouragement for the development of a practical framework for favourable manipulation of energetic small-scale turbulence through large-scale inputs in a wall-bounded turbulent flow.
Pharyngeal pouch: which technique?
Authors: Veivers D 
Published: February 2015

AbstractBackground:Pharyngeal pouches have been recognised as a cause of dysphagia for centuries and have been treated in a variety of ways over that time.Objective:This article aimed to analyse the results of surgery by a variety of techniques, as performed by one surgeon.Method:A retrospective analysis of a case series was conducted, analysing the variables of patient age, sex, type of surgery, length of hospital stay, leak, recurrence and other complications.Results:A total of 121 patients were treated by 135 operations. There were no leaks in the group treated by endoscopic stapling and this group also had a significantly shorter hospital stay. As for recurrence, the lowest rate appeared to be in the group treated by excision of the pouch.Conclusion:The techniques used by the author all still seem to have a role in the management of pharyngeal pouch, with the endoscopic stapling approach associated with a low rate of complications and short hospital stay.
Sudden bilateral hearing loss after spinal anaesthesia
Authors: Sahin C , Terzioglu U , Yigit G 
Published: February 2015

AbstractBackground:Spinal anaesthesia is one of the most widely used regional anaesthesia techniques. Sudden bilateral hearing loss following spinal anaesthesia has only been reported in a few cases.Case report:This paper reports the case of a 50-year-old woman who developed sudden bilateral hearing loss following spinal anaesthesia for hallux valgus orthopaedic surgery. This is followed by a literature review.Results:The patient's hearing improved almost completely on the morning of the 3rd day following surgery. No recurrence of hearing loss, tinnitus or vertigo was reported during the six-month follow-up period.Conclusion:Some complications regarding hearing may emerge after spinal anaesthesia. The possibility of hearing loss after spinal anaesthesia should be taken into consideration. Complaints such as hearing loss, tinnitus or vertigo should be taken seriously when reported, and the patient should be referred to an ENT clinic. This will ensure early diagnosis and treatment.
The European eel may tolerate multiple infections at a low biological cost
Authors: MAYO-HERNÁNDEZ ELVIRA , SERRANO EMMANUEL , PEÑALVER JOSE , GARCÍA-AYALA ALFONSA , RUIZ DE YBÁÑEZ ROCÍO , MUÑOZ PILAR 
Published: February 2015

SUMMARYMost animals are concurrently infected with multiple parasites, and interactions among them may influence both disease dynamics and host fitness. However, the sublethal costs of parasite infections are difficult to measure and the effects of concomitant infections with multiple parasite species on individual physiology and fitness are poorly described for wild hosts. To understand the costs of co-infection, we investigated the relationships among 189 European eel (Anguilla anguilla) from Mar Menor, parasites (richness and intensity) and eel's ‘health status’ (fluctuant asymmetry, splenic somatic index and the scaled mass index) by partial least squares regression. We found a positive relationship with 44% of the health status variance explained by parasites.Contracaecumsp. (Nematoda: Anisakidae) was the strongest predictor variable (44·72%) followed byBucephalus anguillae(Platyhelminthes: Bucephalidae), (29·26%), considered the two most relevant parasites in the analysis. Subsequently, 15·67 and 12·01% of the response variables block were explained by parasite richness andDeropristis inflata(Platyhelminthes: Deropristiidae), respectively. Thus, the presence of multiple parasitic exposures with little effect on condition, strongly suggests that eels from Mar Menor tolerate multiparasitism.
Axonal myelin increase in the callosal genu in depression but not schizophrenia
Authors: Williams M. R. , Sharma P. , Fung K. L. , Pearce R. K. B. , Hirsch S. R. , Maier M. 
Published: February 2015

BackgroundAbnormalities in the anterior inter-hemispheric connectivity have previously been implicated in major depressive disorder. Disruptions in fractional anisotropy in the callosum and fornix have been reported in schizophrenia and major depressive disorder. Oligodendrocyte density and overall size of the callosum and fornix show no alteration in either illness, suggesting that gross morphology is unchanged but more subtle organizational disruption may exist within these brain regions in mood and affective disorders.MethodUsing high-resolution oil-immersion microscopy we examined the cross-sectional area of the nerve fibre and the axonal myelin sheath, and using standard high-resolution light microscopy we measured the density of myelinated axons. These measurements were made in the genu of the corpus callosum and the medial body of the fornix at its most dorsal point. Measures were taken in the sagittal plane in the callosal genu and in the coronal plane at the most dorsal part of the fornix body.ResultsCases of major depressive disorder had significantly greater mean myelin cross-sectional area (p = 0.017) and myelin thickness (p = 0.004) per axon in the genu than in control or schizophrenia groups. There was no significant change in the density of myelinated axons, and no changes observed in the fornix.ConclusionThe results suggest a clear increase of myelin in the axons of the callosal genu in MDD, although this type of neuropathological study is unable to clarify whether this is caused by changes during life or has a developmental origin.
Rising trends of obesity and abdominal obesity in 10 years of follow-up among Tehranian adults: Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study (TLGS)
Authors: Barzin Maryam , Keihani Sorena , Hosseinpanah Farhad , Serahati Sara , Ghareh Sahar , Azizi Fereidoun 
Published: February 2015

AbstractObjectiveSome recent studies have shown stablity or declining trends in obesity while others still report increasing trends. The present study aimed to investigate the trends of obesity and abdominal obesity in Tehranian adults during a median follow-up of 10 years.DesignProspective cohort study.SettingCommunity-based data collection from the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study (TLGS).SubjectsParticipants from four phases of the TLGS from 1999 to 2011 (n10 368), aged ≥20 years.ResultsThe crude prevalence of obesity and abdominal obesity increased from 23·1 % and 47·9 % at baseline to 34·1 % and 71·1 % at the end of follow-up, respectively. Generalized estimating equation (GEE) models were used to analyse the correlated data and calculate the relative risks (RR). Risks of obesity and abdominal obesity increased over the whole study period for men (RR=1·62; 95 % CI 1·49, 1·76 and RR=1·46; 95 % CI 1·41, 1·52, respectively) and women (RR=1·24; 95 % CI 1·19, 1·29 and RR=1·22; 95 % CI 1·18, 1·27, respectively). These rising trends were observed in all subgroups regardless of age, marital status and educational level.ConclusionsTrends of obesity and abdominal obesity are increasing in Tehranian adults during a decade of follow-up in both genders and in all study subgroups. These results underscore the still growing obesity epidemic in the capital of Iran, calling for urgent action to educate people in lifestyle modifications and the need for effective preventive and educational strategies on obesity.
Sub-wavelength terahertz beam profiling of a THz source via an all-optical knife-edge technique
Authors: Phing Sze Ho , Mazhorova Anna , Shalaby Mostafa , Peccianti Marco , Clerici Matteo , Pasquazi Alessia , Ozturk Yavuz , Ali Jalil , Morandotti Roberto 
Published: February 2015

AbstractTerahertz technologies recently emerged as outstanding candidates for a variety of applications in such sectors as security, biomedical, pharmaceutical, aero spatial, etc. Imaging the terahertz field, however, still remains a challenge, particularly when sub-wavelength resolutions are involved. Here we demonstrate an all-optical technique for the terahertz near-field imaging directly at the source plane. A thin layer (<100 nm-thickness) of photo carriers is induced on the surface of the terahertz generation crystal, which acts as an all-optical, virtual blade for terahertz near-field imaging via a knife-edge technique. Remarkably and in spite of the fact that the proposed approach does not require any mechanical probe, such as tips or apertures, we are able to demonstrate the imaging of a terahertz source with deeply sub-wavelength features (<30 μm) directly in its emission plane.
Families of Nuclear Receptors in Vertebrate Models: Characteristic and Comparative Toxicological Perspective
Authors: Zhao Yanbin , Zhang Kun , Giesy John P. , Hu Jianying 
Published: February 2015

AbstractVarious synthetic chemicals are ligands for nuclear receptors (NRs) and can cause adverse effects in vertebrates mediated by NRs. While several model vertebrates, such as mouse, chicken, western clawed frog and zebrafish, are widely used in toxicity testing, few NRs have been well described for most of these classes. In this report, NRs in genomes of 12 vertebrates are characterized via bioinformatics approaches. Although numbers of NRs varied among species, with 40–42 genes in birds to 66–74 genes in teleost fishes, all NRs had clear homologs in human and could be categorized into seven subfamilies defined as NR0B-NR6A. Phylogenetic analysis revealed conservative evolutionary relationships for most NRs, which were consistent with traditional morphology-based systematics, except for some exceptions in Dolphin (Tursiops truncatus). Evolution of PXR and CAR exhibited unexpected multiple patterns and the existence of CAR possibly being traced back to ancient lobe-finned fishes and tetrapods (Sarcopterygii). Compared to the more conservative DBD of NRs, sequences of LBD were less conserved: Sequences of THRs, RARs and RXRs were ≥90% similar to those of the human, ERs, AR, GR, ERRs and PPARs were more variable with similarities of 60%–100% and PXR, CAR, DAX1 and SHP were least conserved among species.
Diversity trends in bread wheat in Italy during the 20th century assessed by traditional and multivariate approaches
Authors: Ormoli Leonardo , Costa Corrado , Negri Stefano , Perenzin Maurizio , Vaccino Patrizia 
Published: February 2015

AbstractA collection of 157 Triticum aestivum accessions, representative of wheat breeding in Italy during the 20th century, was assembled to describe the evolutionary trends of cultivated varieties throughout this period. The lines were cultivated in Italy, in two locations, over two growing seasons and evaluated for several agronomical, morphological and qualitative traits. Analyses were conducted using the most common univariate approach on individual plant traits coupled with a correspondance multivariate approach. ANOVA showed a clear trend from old to new varieties, leading towards earliness, plant height reduction and denser spikes with smaller seeds. The average protein content gradually decreased over time; however this trend did not affect bread-making quality, because it was counterbalanced by a gradual increase of SDS sedimentation volume, achieved by the incorporation of favourable alleles into recent cultivars. Correspondence analysis allowed an overall view of the breeding activity. A clear-cut separation was observed between ancient lines and all the others, matched with a two-step gradient, the first, corresponding roughly to the period 1920–1940, which can be ascribed mostly to genetics, the second, from the 40s onward, which can be ascribed also to the farming practice innovations, such as improvement of mechanical devices and optimised use of fertilizers.
Detecting cancers through tumor-activatable minicircles that lead to a detectable blood biomarker
Authors: Ronald John A. , Chuang Hui-Yen , Dragulescu-Andrasi Anca , Hori Sharon S. , Gambhir Sanjiv S. 
Published: February 2015

Significance
Blood-based cancer diagnosis is highly attractive, but current strategies suffer because they rely on the detection of endogenous molecules that often are secreted into the circulation by both malignant and nonmalignant cells. One solution to this problem is to avoid nonmalignant tissue expression by artificially engineering tumor cells to express a unique reporter not normally expressed by any tissue. This study shows that systemic administration of nonviral safe vectors we call “tumor-activatable minicircles” allows one to distinguish tumor-bearing from tumor-free subjects reliably and to assess tumor burden simply by measuring blood levels of such a reporter. Our system represents an alternative paradigm for improved cancer detection and could enable more timely interventions to combat this devastating disease.
Tunable assembly of amyloid-forming peptides into nanosheets as a retrovirus carrier
Authors: Dai Bin , Li Dan , Xi Wenhui , Luo Fang , Zhang Xiang , Zou Man , Cao Mi , Hu Jun , Wang Wenyuan , Wei Guanghong , Zhang Yi , Liu Cong 
Published: February 2015

Significance
Many proteins enter the amyloid state, which is associated with human diseases and is also involved in many biological events. Amyloid formed by various proteins has a uniform “cross-β” structure with protein units stacking repetitively into fibrils. This unique structure brings amyloid favorable mechanical and chemical properties, and inspires the exploration of amyloid as a novel class of bionanomaterials. On the other hand, the uniform fibrillar structure limits the application of amyloid materials for a diverse function. This paper illustrates our discovery, structure characterization, design, and application of an amyloid-based structure, termed “amyloid-like nanosheet.” This nanosheet enriches the architectures of amyloid materials and will aid researchers in designing and investigating amyloid with new functions.
Anticancer drug nanomicelles formed by self-assembling amphiphilic dendrimer to combat cancer drug resistance
Authors: Wei Tuo , Chen Chao , Liu Juan , Liu Cheng , Posocco Paola , Liu Xiaoxuan , Cheng Qiang , Huo Shuaidong , Liang Zicai , Fermeglia Maurizio , Pricl Sabrina , Liang Xing-Jie , Rocchi Palma , Peng Ling 
Published: February 2015

Significance
Nanotechnology-based drug delivery is expected to bring new hope for cancer treatment by enhancing anticancer drug efficacy, overcoming drug resistance, and reducing drug toxicity. In this respect, we developed an innovative drug delivery system based on a self-assembling amphiphilic dendrimer, which can generate supramolecular nanomicelles with large void space in their core to encapsulate anticancer drugs with high loading capacity. The resulting drug-encapsulated nanomicelles can effectively enhance drug potency and combat drug resistance by promoting cellular uptake and decreasing efflux of the anticancer drug. Moreover, this drug delivery system can significantly reduce the systemic toxicity of the free drug. The present study illustrates a successful example of how advances in dendrimer nanotechnology can be advantageously implemented to foster therapeutic perspectives.
Hadal biosphere: Insight into the microbial ecosystem in the deepest ocean on Earth
Authors: Nunoura Takuro , Takaki Yoshihiro , Hirai Miho , Shimamura Shigeru , Makabe Akiko , Koide Osamu , Kikuchi Tohru , Miyazaki Junichi , Koba Keisuke , Yoshida Naohiro , Sunamura Michinari , Takai Ken 
Published: February 2015

SignificanceAlthough many microbial explorations for hadal sediments began in the 1950s, the hadal water is the least-explored microbial biosphere. In this study, unexpected microbial ecosystems associated with the hadal trench water were discovered down to a 10,257-m water depth in the Challenger Deep of the Mariana Trench, which is the deepest ocean on Earth. We found the enrichment of heterotrophic population in the hadal water (6,000 ∼10,257 m) microbial communities, whereas the chemolithotrophic populations were more abundant in the upper abyssal waters. This observation suggested that the hadal microbial biosphere was supported by the endogenous recycling of organic matter in the hadal waters associated with the trench geomorphology.
Morphogenesis checkpoint kinase Swe1 is the executor of lipolysis-dependent cell-cycle progression
Authors: Chauhan Neha , Visram Myriam , Cristobal-Sarramian Alvaro , Sarkleti Florian , Kohlwein Sepp D. 
Published: February 2015

Significance
Little information is currently available on how a cell coordinates the expansion of its membranes with growth and cell-cycle progression. Synthesis (lipogenesis) and degradation (lipolysis) of the major storage lipid triacylglycerol (TG) are regulated in yeast by the cyclin-dependent kinase Cdc28. TG breakdown provides precursors for the synthesis of sphingolipids, which in turn regulate cell-cycle progression upon exit from G0 phase of the cell cycle via the regulatory circuit comprised of Cdc55 phosphatase, Swe1 morphogenesis checkpoint kinase, and Cdc28 cyclin-dependent kinase. This finding unveils an unexpected function of the Swe1 morphogenesis checkpoint kinase in regulating lipolysis-dependent cell-cycle entry from G0.
Initial viral load determines the magnitude of the human CD8 T cell response to yellow fever vaccination
Authors: Akondy Rama S. , Johnson Philip L. F. , Nakaya Helder I. , Edupuganti Srilatha , Mulligan Mark J. , Lawson Benton , Miller Joseph D. , Pulendran Bali , Antia Rustom , Ahmed Rafi 
Published: February 2015

Significance
Current vaccine development against persistent infections such as HIV and tuberculosis focuses on eliciting CD8 T cell immunity through the use of replication-incompetent or single-cycle vectors. Although inherently safe, these vectors deliver limited amounts of antigen. We investigate how antigen load affects the CD8 response by analyzing the viral load and the magnitude of the specific CD8 response after immunization with the live attenuated yellow fever vaccine (YFV-17D). Our results show that the magnitude of the CD8 response is proportional to the amount of antigen when virus load is below a threshold value and saturates above. This finding highlights the requirement that T cell-based vaccines deliver sufficient antigen to elicit a large CD8 response that may be needed for protection.
Whole-genome RNAi screen highlights components of the endoplasmic reticulum/Golgi as a source of resistance to immunotoxin-mediated cytotoxicity
Authors: Pasetto Matteo , Antignani Antonella , Ormanoglu Pinar , Buehler Eugen , Guha Rajarshi , Pastan Ira , Martin Scott E. , FitzGerald David J. 
Published: February 2015

Significance
To increase understanding of how antibody–toxin fusion proteins (immunotoxins) kill cells, we used RNAi, striving to reduce the expression level of all human genes. Some RNAi treatments resulted in resistance to immunotoxins and some caused increased sensitivity. We focused on target genes that caused cells to be more immunotoxin-sensitive. Results highlight genes that naturally protect cells from the action of immunotoxins. Of interest, many of these genes encode proteins that reside in the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi, and are part of the cell’s secretion system. Should these gene products be amenable to regulation via small molecular drugs, enhancement of killing might be possible via chemical intervention.
Conformation and dynamics of the Gag polyprotein of the human immunodeficiency virus 1 studied by NMR spectroscopy
Authors: Deshmukh Lalit , Ghirlando Rodolfo , Clore G. Marius 
Published: February 2015

Significance
The late stages of the HIV-1 life cycle are governed by the Gag polyprotein (also known as group specific antigen). Here we use modern solution NMR methods to probe the structure and conformation of Gag. We show that Gag exists in a dynamic monomer–dimer equilibrium in solution and its structured domains reorient semi-independently of one another. We monitor proteolytic processing of Gag by HIV-1 protease in real-time, and show that the conformational transition at the N-terminus of the capsid domain from a random coil to a β-hairpin upon cleavage at the matrix|capsid junction occurs five times faster than cleavage at the capsid|spacer peptide 1 junction. These results provide insights into the HIV-1 life cycle that may lead to the development new antiretroviral strategies.
The Impact of Egg Ozonation on Hatching Success, Larval Growth, and Survival of Atlantic Cod, Atlantic Salmon, and Rainbow Trout
Authors: Fry Jessica , Casanova Juan Pérez , Hamoutene Dounia , Lush Lynn , Walsh Andy , Couturier Cyr 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
The direct exposure of fish eggs to ozonated water has generated interest as a means of ensuring pathogen-free eggs without the use of harsh chemicals. However, there are numerous knowledge gaps, including safe contact times, exposure levels, and potential long-term effects on aquaculture species in both freshwater and seawater. The effect of different ozone (O3) doses (0.5–1.0, 1.5–2.0, and 2.5–3.0 mg of O3/L for 90 s) on recently fertilized eggs of Atlantic Cod Gadus morhua and eyed eggs of Atlantic Salmon Salmo salar and Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus mykiss was evaluated in comparison with the effects of two commercial disinfectants: Perosan (0.004 mg/L) and Ovadine (100 mg/L). The impact of ozone application was evaluated based on hatching success, larval nucleic acid concentration, larval growth, and survival. Overall, results indicated that ozonation of Atlantic Cod eggs at a dose less than 3.0 mg/L for 90 s produced no negative effect on the larvae up to 30 d posthatch. Furthermore, ozonation of Atlantic Salmon and Rainbow Trout eggs generated no negative effect on the larvae, based on monitoring until 85% yolk sac re-absorption (16 d posthatch).
Received May 6, 2014; accepted October 24, 2014