bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Intraspecific variation in vertical habitat use by tiger sharks (Galeocerdo cuvier) in the western North Atlantic
Authors: Vaudo Jeremy J. , Wetherbee Bradley M. , Harvey Guy , Nemeth Richard S. , Aming Choy , Burnie Neil , Howey‐Jordan Lucy A. , Shivji Mahmood S. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractTiger sharks (Galeocerdo cuvier) are a wide ranging, potentially keystone predator species that display a variety of horizontal movement patterns, making use of coastal and pelagic waters. Far less, however, is known about their vertical movements and use of the water column. We used pop‐up satellite archival tags with two data sampling rates (high rate and standard rate tags) to investigate the vertical habitat use and diving behavior of tiger sharks tagged on the Puerto Rico–Virgin Islands platform and off Bermuda between 2008 and 2009. Useable data were received from nine of 14 sharks tagged, tracked over a total of 529 days. Sharks spent the majority of their time making yo‐yo dives within the upper 50 m of the water column and considerable time within the upper 5 m of the water column. As a result, sharks typically occupied a narrow daily temperature range (~2°C). Dives to greater than 200 m were common, and all sharks made dives to at least 250 m, with one shark reaching a depth of 828 m. Despite some similarities among individuals, a great deal of intraspecific variability in vertical habit use was observed. Four distinct depth distributions that were not related to tagging location, horizontal movements, sex, or size were detected. In addition, similar depth distributions did not necessitate similar dive patterns among sharks. Recognition of intraspecific variability in habitat use of top predators can be crucial for effective management of these species and for understanding their influence on ecosystem dynamics.
Reinforcer magnitude and resistance to disruption of forgetting functions and response rates
Authors: Berry Meredith S. , Odum Amy L. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe present experiment investigated the effects of reinforcer magnitude on resistance to disruption of remembering and response rates. Pigeons were exposed to a variable‐interval (VI), delayed‐matching‐to‐sample (DMTS) procedure with two components (rich and lean, distinguished by differing discriminative stimuli and hopper presentation duration). Completion of a VI 20 s schedule resulted in DMTS trials. In a DMTS trial, a choice of one of two comparison stimuli resulted in food if the choice matched the color of the previously presented sample stimulus. Separable aspects of the forgetting functions (initial discrimination and rate of forgetting) were examined by determining accuracy across a range of delays. Response rates and accuracy were higher in the rich relative to the lean component during baseline, and were more persistent during disruptors (extinction and prefeeding). During DMTS trials, extinction decreased initial discrimination more in the lean than the rich component, but had no systematic effect on rate of forgetting. During prefeeding, the rate of forgetting increased more in the lean than the rich component, but initial discrimination was not systematically affected. These results show persistence of response rates and remembering are positively related to reinforcer magnitude. The type of disruptor also influences the way in which remembering is disrupted.
The impact of filtering self‐organizing maps: a case study with Australian pressure and rainfall
Authors: Huva Robert , Dargaville Roger , Rayner Peter 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTThis study presents a semi‐objective set of criteria for filtering the time series of a self‐organizing map (SOM, a method for collapsing a complex data set onto a series of typical instances/nodes). The purpose of the filter (or selection process) is to avoid the problem of associating anomalous time steps with SOM nodes that do not adequately describe that time step. The filter is based on measures of the match of the original field to the nearest SOM node. We demonstrate the method by using 21 years of MSLP reanalysis data for the Australian region from the European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasting product, ERA‐Interim. We show that there are instances in which the SOM is incapable of describing the original data and that these instances can be removed using a set of criteria. We then show that this filtering/removal process improves both the quantitative and qualitative matching of the SOM to the MSLP data. Finally, we show that SOM‐associated precipitation at three Australian cities (Melbourne, Sydney and Perth) is significantly influenced by the MSLP distributions that do not relate to the SOM and were removed by the filtering. The results show that care is required when interpreting trends inferred from data sorted into SOM nodes.
Graphene oxide coated capillary for the analysis of endocrine‐disrupting chemicals by open‐tubular capillary electrochromatography with amperometric detection
Authors: Jiang Xiaoying , Jiang Yuehuang , Shi Guoyue , Zhou Tianshu 
Published: April 2014

A graphene oxide‐coated capillary was fabricated by using 3‐aminopropyltriethoxysilane as the cross‐linking agent. It was used for the separation and detection of three endocrine‐disrupting chemicals, including bisphenol A, 4‐nonylphenol, and 4‐octylphenol by capillary electrochromatography. Due to the hydrophobicity, hydrogen bonding, and π–π interaction between graphene oxide and the analytes, the three analytes could be well separated in pH = 11.0, 20 mmol/L Na2B4O7‐NaOH/methanol mobile phase (50:50, v/v) within 950 s. After preconcentration, the detection limits were 6.7 × 10−10, 3.3 × 10−9, and 6.7 × 10−10 mol/L (S/N = 3) for bisphenol A, nonylphenol, and octylphenol, respectively. The developed method was successfully applied to the determination of the above analytes in water samples. The satisfactory result demonstrated that the graphene oxide coated capillary used in capillary electrochromatography with amperometric detection was convenient to prepare, highly stable, and had good reproducibility.
Incidence of second metachronous head and neck cancers: Population‐based outcomes over 25 years
Authors: Tiwana Manpreet S. , Hay John , Wu Jonn , Wong Frances , Cheung Winson , Olson Robert A. 
Published: April 2014

Objectives/HypothesisThe primary objective was to determine the incidence of second metachronous head and neck cancers (HNC) following an index HNC and estimate their overall survival.Study DesignRetrospective cohort study.MethodsA total of 1,658 consecutive primary HNC patients diagnosed in 1986 to 1990 were identified through the prospectively maintained provincial BC Cancer Registry database. They were followed up for a period of 25 years. Survival analysis and second cancer estimates were performed with standard Kaplan‐Meier & Cox regression analysis.ResultsOut of a total of 443 (27%) second cancers, 89 (5%) second HNC occurred in 1,658 HNC patients, with an actuarial metachronous HNC incidence rate at 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 years that was 3.9%, 8.1%, 10.4%, 13.2%, and 14.5%, respectively. Second primary cancer (SPC) in lung and esophagus occurred in 155 (9%) and 32 (2%) patients, respectively. The median follow‐up time for all patients and alive patients was 4.05 years (range, 0.2–25.0 years) and 23.2 years (range, 20.76–25.0 years), respectively. Of second HNC, 83 (93%) were metachronous. Oral cavity (P < 0.001) and oropharyngeal (P < 0.002) index cancers were more likely to develop a metachronous HNC. The overall survival rate for the metachronous HNC patients at 5 years is 15%. SPCs in esophagus and lung had lower overall survival compared to second HNC (P < 0.001).ConclusionOral cavity and oropharyngeal cancers carry the highest risk of a subsequent metachronous HNC. Given the incidence and prognosis of second HNC, future research should address the frequency and duration of screening the head and neck region for a second cancer.Level of Evidence2b. Laryngoscope 124:2287–2291, 2014
Organizational Climate and Hospital Nurses' Caring Practices: A Mixed‐Methods Study
Authors: Roch Geneviève , Dubois Carl‐Ardy , Clarke Sean P. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractOrganizational climate in healthcare settings influences patient outcomes, but its effect on nursing care delivery remains poorly understood. In this mixed‐methods study, nurse surveys (N = 292) were combined with a qualitative case study of 15 direct‐care registered nurses (RNs), nursing personnel, and managers. Organizational climate explained 11% of the variation in RNs' reported frequency of caring practices. Qualitative data suggested that caring practices were affected by the interplay of organizational climate dimensions with patients and nurses characteristics. Workload intensity and role ambiguity led RNs to leave many caring practices to practical nurses and assistive personnel. Systemic interventions are needed to improve organizational climate and to support RNs' involvement in a full range of caring practices. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Targeting ribosomal S6 kinases/Y‐box binding protein‐1 signaling improves cellular sensitivity to taxane in prostate cancer
Authors: Shiota Masaki , Itsumi Momoe , Yokomizo Akira , Takeuchi Ario , Imada Kenjiro , Kashiwagi Eiji , Inokuchi Junichi , Tatsugami Katsunori , Uchiumi Takeshi , Naito Seiji 
Published: April 2014

BACKGROUNDTaxanes are the only cytotoxic chemotherapeutic agents proved to prolong the survival in patients with castration‐resistant prostate cancer. However, because of intrinsic and acquired resistances to taxanes, their therapeutical efficiencies are modest, bringing only a few months of survival benefit. Y‐box binding protein‐1 (YB‐1) promotes cancer cell resistance to various anticancer treatments, including taxanes. Here, we aimed to elucidate the mechanism of taxane resistance by YB‐1 and examined overcoming resistance by targeting YB‐1 signaling.METHODSGene and protein expression levels were evaluated by quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analysis, respectively. We evaluated the sensitivity of prostate cancer cells to taxanes using cytotoxicity assays.RESULTSNatural taxane paclitaxel from Taxus brevifolia activated the Raf‐1/extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (ERK) pathway, leading to an activation of ribosomal S6 kinases (RSK)/YB‐1 signaling. Activated Raf‐1/ERK pathway was blunted by YB‐1 knockdown in prostate cancer cells, indicating regulation between Raf‐1/ERK signaling and YB‐1. In addition, ERK or RSK was activated in taxane‐resistant prostate cancer cells, resulting in YB‐1 activation. YB‐1 knockdown as well as RSK inhibition using RSK‐specific siRNA or the small molecule inhibitor SL0101 successfully blocked activation of YB‐1, leading to suppression of prostate cancer growth and sensitization to paclitaxel.CONCLUSIONSTaken together, these findings indicate that RSK/YB‐1 signaling contributes to taxane resistance, and implicate the therapeutics targeting RSK/YB‐1 signaling such as RSK inhibitor as a promising novel therapy against prostate cancer, especially in combination with taxane. Prostate 74:829–838, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
NEDD9 crucially regulates TGF‐β‐triggered epithelial–mesenchymal transition and cell invasion in prostate cancer cells: Involvement in cancer progressiveness
Authors: Morimoto Kazuya , Tanaka Tomoaki , Nitta Yujiro , Ohnishi Keiko , Kawashima Hidenori , Nakatani Tatsuya 
Published: April 2014

BACKGROUNDNEDD9 is one of the Crk‐associated substrate (Cas) family proteins that mediate downstream signaling processes including cytoskeletal organization, cell‐cycle and tumorigenesis. While NEDD9 plays a crucial role in epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT), the functional mechanism underlying NEDD9‐mediated EMT in prostate cancer (PCa) remains uncertain.METHODSThe expression levels of NEDD9 and its downstream molecules in PC‐3, LNCaP, and VCaP cells exposed to transforming growth factor‐β (TGF‐β) were determined by western blotting. The invasion of these cells with ectopic overexpression of NEDD9 or silencing of NEDD9 expression was measured by transwell invasion assay. Human tissue samples comprising 45 PCa specimens and ten specimens of normal prostatic tissue were used for immunohistochemical (IHC) analysis of NEDD9 expression.RESULTSBoth NEDD9 and its downstream signaling molecules associated with EMT were strongly induced by TGF‐β in PCa cells. PC‐3 cells with stable overexpression of NEDD9 had a mesenchymal phenotype and significantly enhanced cell invasion, despite their decreased cell proliferation. Knockdown of endogenous NEDD9 expression completely diminished TGF‐β‐triggered tumor invasion in several PCa cell lines. The IHC data revealed a significant positive correlation between the NEDD9 staining score and tumor aggressiveness (e.g., Gleason grade, serum PSA level). The NEDD9 staining score in primary PCa with bone metastasis was significantly higher than that in PCa without metastasis.CONCLUSIONSNEDD9 may be a key mediator involved in TGF‐β‐mediated EMT and cell motility in PCa cells and a novel target in the treatment of metastatic PCa and prevention of spread of localized PCa cells to other organs. Prostate 74:901–910, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Detection of methemoglobin in whole blood based on confocal micro‐raman spectroscopy and multivariate statistical techniques
Authors: Zhu M. F. , Ye X. P. , Huang Y. Y. , Guo Z. Y. , Zhuang Z. F. , Liu S. H. 
Published: April 2014

SummaryRaman spectroscopy has been shown to have the potential for revealing oxygenated and spin ability of hemoglobin. In this study, confocal micro‐Raman spectroscopy is developed to monitor the effect of sodium nitrite on oxyhemoglobin (HbO2) in whole blood. We observe that the band at 1,638 cm−1which is sensitive to the oxidation state decreases dramatically, while the 1,586 cm−1(low‐spin state band) reduces both in methemoglobin (MetHb) and poisoning blood. Our results show that adding in sodium nitrite lead to the transition from HbO2(Fe2+) to MetHb (Fe3+) in whole blood, and the iron atom converts from the low spin state to the high spin state with a delocalization from porphyrin plane. Moreover, multivariate statistical techniques, including principal components analysis (PCA) and linear discriminant analysis (LDA) are employed to develop effective diagnostic algorithms for classification of spectra between pure blood and poisoning blood. The diagnostic algorithms based on PCA–LDA yield a diagnostic sensitivity of 100% and specificity of 100% for separating poisoning blood from normal blood. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve further confirms the effectiveness of the diagnostic algorithm based on PCA–LDA technique. The results from this study demonstrate that Raman spectroscopy combined with PCA–LDA algorithms has tremendous potential for the non‐invasive detection of nitrite poisoning blood. SCANNING 36:471–478, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Relationship Between Oil Uptake and Water Content During Deep‐Fat Frying of Potato Particulates Under Isothermal Temperature
Authors: Huang Pay‐Yau , Fu Yi‐Chung 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe purpose of this study is to correlate water content and oil uptake with the structural changes of potato particulates during deep‐fat frying. Raw potato particulates were sliced to form cylinders of 0.006 m diameter × 0.006 m length and subjected to deep‐fat frying at isothermal oil temperatures of 160, 190 and 220 °C. The microstructure properties were assessed using a field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM). Previous results showed that a simultaneous two first‐order kinetic model adequately predicted water loss of potato particulates during isothermal frying. In this study, a simple rational model with two parameters in which regression squared (Rsqr) reaches 0.983 shows that oil uptake can be expressed by water content. The cross‐sectional structure of potato particulates observed using FESEM is different from the surface structure. Regardless of the frying temperature, pores not only become larger but also increase in number after the transition time. The observations of structural changes at the surface and inner section of potato particulates through the pictures of FESEM are critical. This physical evidence supports our previous assumption that the mechanisms of water loss (two‐stage rate processes) before and after transition time are different.
Posterior spinal fusion to sacrum in non-ambulatory hypotonic neuromuscular patients: Sacral rod/bone graft onlay method
Authors: Bui Theresa , Shapiro Frederic 
Published: April 2014

Purpose A retrospective study involving 65 non-ambulatory patients with hypotonic neuromuscular scoliosis has assessed the effectiveness of a sacral rod/bone onlay technique for extending spinal fusion to the sacrum. Methods To extend posterior spinal fusion to the sacrum, we used either 1 Harrington rod and 1 Luque L rod with sublaminar wires in 14 patients (Group 1) or two rods with sublaminar wires in 51 patients (Group 2) along with abundant autograft and allograft bone covering the ends of the rods. Results Diagnoses were Duchenne muscular dystrophy 53, spinal muscular atrophy 4, myopathy 3, limb girdle muscular dystrophy 2, infantile FSH muscular dystrophy 1, cerebral palsy 1, and Friedreich ataxia 1. Mean age at surgery was 14.3 years (±2.2, range 10.9–25.2). Radiographic follow-up (2 years post-surgery or greater) was 6.4 years (±4.4, range 2–25.3). Using the onlay technique, all patients fused with no rod breakage or pseudarthrosis. For the entire series, the mean pre-operative scoliosis was 54.7° (±31.1, range 0°–120°) with post-operative correction to 21.8° (±21.7, range 0°–91°) and long-term follow-up 24° (±22.9, range 0°–94°). For pelvic obliquity, pre-operative deformity was 17.3° (±11.3, range 0°–51°) with post-operative correction to 8.9° (±7.8, range 0°–35°) and long-term follow-up 10.1° (±8.1, range 0°–27°). Five required revision at a mean of 3.3 years post-original surgery involving rod shortening at the distal end. One of these had associated infection. Conclusion Lumbosacral stability and long-term sitting comfort have been achieved in all patients. Problems can be minimized by positioning the rods firmly against the sacrum at the time of surgery with a relatively short extension beyond the L5–S1 junction. The procedure is valuable in hypotonic non-ambulatory neuromuscular patients whose immobility enhances the success rate for fusion due to diminished stress at the lumbosacral junction. It is particularly warranted for those with osteoporosis and a small, deformed pelvis. Considerable weight loss and lengthy rods not closely apposed to the sacrum at the time of surgery played a major role in patients needing revision.
The Inoperative Iphigenia: Race, Law, and Emancipation in Michi Barall'sRescue Me
Authors: Chambers-Letson Joshua 
Published: April 2014

José Esteban Muñoz once described the problem of minoritarian knowledge and cultural production within a majoritarian sphere thus:Within majoritarian institutions the production of minoritarian knowledge is a project set up to fail. Mechanisms ensure that the production of such knowledge “misfires” insofar as it is misheard, misunderstood, and devalued. Politics are only possible when we acknowledge that dynamic.
Diverse mutational pathways converge on saturable chloroquine transport via the malaria parasite’s chloroquine resistance transporter
Authors: Summers Robert L. , Dave Anurag , Dolstra Tegan J. , Bellanca Sebastiano , Marchetti Rosa V. , Nash Megan N. , Richards Sashika N. , Goh Valerie , Schenk Robyn L. , Stein Wilfred D. , Kirk Kiaran , Sanchez Cecilia P. , Lanzer Michael , Martin Rowena E. 
Published: April 2014

Significance
This study provides detailed insights into the workings of a protein that is a key determinant of drug resistance in the malaria parasite. We found that two main lineages of mutational routes lead to chloroquine transport via the chloroquine resistance transporter (PfCRT) and that a low level of chloroquine transport is conferred by as few as two mutations. However, the attainment of full transport activity is a rigid process that requires the mutations be added in a specific order to avoid decreases in chloroquine transport. Our finding that diverse forms of mutant PfCRT are all limited in their capacity to transport chloroquine indicates that resistance should be overcome by reoptimizing the chloroquine dosage.
Codon Optimization OnLine (COOL): a web-based multi-objective optimization platform for synthetic gene design
Authors: Chin Ju Xin , Chung Bevan Kai-Sheng , Lee Dong-Yup 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
Summary: Codon optimization has been widely used for designing synthetic genes to improve their expression in heterologous host organisms. However, most of the existing codon optimization tools consider a single design criterion and/or implement a rather rigid user interface to yield only one optimal sequence, which may not be the best solution. Hence, we have developed Codon Optimization OnLine (COOL), which is the first web tool that provides the multi-objective codon optimization functionality to aid systematic synthetic gene design. COOL supports a simple and flexible interface for customizing various codon optimization parameters such as codon adaptation index, individual codon usage and codon pairing. In addition, users can visualize and compare the optimal synthetic sequences with respect to various fitness measures. User-defined DNA sequences can also be compared against the COOL optimized sequences to show the extent by which the user’s sequences can be further improved.
Availability and implementation: COOL is free to academic and non-commercial users and licensed to others for a fee by the National University of Singapore. Accessible at http://bioinfo.bti.a-star.edu.sg/COOL/
Contact: cheld@nus.edu.sg
Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online
Spleen Stiffness Measurement by Transient Elastography to Diagnose Portal Hypertension in Children
Authors: Goldschmidt Imeke , Brauch Catharina , Poynard Thierry , Baumann Ulrich 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTBackground:The development of esophageal varices is a late complication of chronic liver disease (LD) in children. The diagnosis is presently limited to invasive procedures such as endoscopy. Noninvasive tools to diagnose the presence and degree of esophageal varices would alter management decisions and support indications for invasive procedures in affected children. The aim of the study was to test the feasibility of spleen stiffness measurement (SSM) by transient elastography (TE; FibroScan) in children and compare data on its diagnostic use with established markers of liver fibrosis and parameters of portal hypertension.Methods:A total of 99 children (62 with chronic LD, 6 after liver transplantation, 31 controls) underwent SSM by TE. Fibrotest was determined in 37 children, 45 children had an additional liver stiffness measurement, and 19 underwent upper endoscopy.Results:SSM by FibroScan is feasible. Spleen size significantly determined success rate (90.5% in patients with splenomegaly vs 70.2% in patients without, P = 0.02). Spleen stiffness was significantly higher in patients with splenomegaly (62.96 vs 18.4 kPa, P < 0.001), in patients with varices (75 vs 24 kPa, P < 0.01), and in patients with a history of variceal hemorrhage (75 vs 50.25 kPa, P < 0.05). Variceal hemorrhage did not occur in patients with SSM results <60 kPa. Spleen stiffness decreased after liver transplantation, but remained elevated compared with controls (27.5 vs 16.3 kPa). Liver stiffness measurements and Fibrotest did not reflect the presence or degree of esophageal varices.Conclusions:SSM by TE is feasible in children and the results reflect the degree and occurrence of complications. A prospective follow‐up study with larger patient numbers and performance of screening endoscopies appears justified and desirable.