bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reliable Generation of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells From Human Lymphoblastoid Cell Lines
Authors: Barrett Robert , Ornelas Loren , Yeager Nicole , Mandefro Berhan , Sahabian Anais , Lenaeus Lindsay , Targan Stephan R. , Svendsen Clive N. , Sareen Dhruv 
Published: October 2014

Abstract

Patient-specific induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) hold great promise for many applications, including disease modeling to elucidate mechanisms involved in disease pathogenesis, drug screening, and ultimately regenerative medicine therapies. A frequently used starting source of cells for reprogramming has been dermal fibroblasts isolated from skin biopsies. However, numerous repositories containing lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs) generated from a wide array of patients also exist in abundance. To date, this rich bioresource has been severely underused for iPSC generation. We first attempted to create iPSCs from LCLs using two existing methods but were unsuccessful. Here we report a new and more reliable method for LCL reprogramming using episomal plasmids expressing pluripotency factors and p53 shRNA in combination with small molecules. The LCL-derived iPSCs (LCL-iPSCs) exhibited identical characteristics to fibroblast-derived iPSCs (fib-iPSCs), wherein they retained their genotype, exhibited a normal pluripotency profile, and readily differentiated into all three germ-layer cell types. As expected, they also maintained rearrangement of the heavy chain immunoglobulin locus. Importantly, we also show efficient iPSC generation from LCLs of patients with spinal muscular atrophy and inflammatory bowel disease. These LCL-iPSCs retained the disease mutation and could differentiate into neurons, spinal motor neurons, and intestinal organoids, all of which were virtually indistinguishable from differentiated cells derived from fib-iPSCs. This method for reliably deriving iPSCs from patient LCLs paves the way for using invaluable worldwide LCL repositories to generate new human iPSC lines, thus providing an enormous bioresource for disease modeling, drug discovery, and regenerative medicine applications.
Concise Review: Animal Substance-Free Human Embryonic Stem Cells Aiming at Clinical Applications
Authors: Hovatta Outi , Rodin Sergey , Antonsson Liselotte , Tryggvason Karl 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
Human embryonic stem cells have been considered the gold standard as a cell source for regenerative medicine since they were first cultured in 1998. They are pluripotent and can form principally all the cells types in the body. They are obtained from supernumerary human in vitro fertilization embryos that cannot be used for infertility treatment. Following studies on factors regulating pluripotency and differentiation, we now have techniques to establish and effectively expand these cells in animal substance-free conditions, even from single cells biopsied from eight-cell stage embryos in chemically defined feeder-free cultures. The genetic stability and absence of tumorigenic mutations can be determined. There are satisfactory animal tests for functionality and safety. The first clinical trials are ongoing for two indications: age-related macular degeneration and spinal cord injury.
Wrongful Termination: Lessons From the Geron Clinical Trial
Authors: Scott Christopher Thomas , Magnus David 
Published: October 2014

Summary
Geron Corporation is a publically traded company that launched a phase I clinical trial of a human embryonic stem cell-based therapy for spinal cord injury. The company enrolled the first patient in October 2010 and stopped the trial 1 year later. The fifth patient had been enrolled but not transplanted when the company announced the trial's end. After discussions with clinical staff and family, an agreement was reached to add her to the cohort and proceed with the transplant. Two and half years later, the research is still waiting to restart. With this background in mind, we discuss the major ethical and social questions raised by the Geron case. We offer recommendations for institutional review boards and clinical sites as they deliberate approvals of early-phase trials in frontier medicine.
Antarctic radio frequency albedo and implications for cosmic ray reconstruction
Authors: Besson D. Z. , Stockham J. , Sullivan M. , Allison P. , Beatty J. J. , Belov K. , Binns W. R. , Chen C. , Chen P. , Clem J. M. , Connolly A. , Dowkontt P. F. , Gorham P. W. , Hoover S. , Israel M. H. , Javaid A. , Liewer K. M. , Matsuno S. , Miki C. , Mottram M. , Nam J. , Naudet C. J. , Nichol R. J. , Romero‐Wolf A. , Ruckman L. , Saltzberg D. , Seckel D. , Shang R. Y. , Stockham M. , Varner G. S. , Vieregg A. G. , Wang Y. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractWe describe herein a measurement of the Antarctic surface “roughness” performed by the balloon‐borne ANITA (Antarctic Impulsive Transient Antenna) experiment. Originally purposed for cosmic ray astrophysics, the radio frequency (RF) receiver ANITA gondola, from its 38 km altitude vantage point, can scan a disk of snow surface 600 km in radius. The primary purpose of ANITA is to detect RF emissions from cosmic rays incident on Antarctica, such as neutrinos which penetrate through the atmosphere and interact within the ice, resulting in signal directed upward which then refracts at the ice‐air interface and up and out to ANITA, or high‐energy nuclei (most likely irons or protons), which interact in the upper atmosphere (at altitudes below ANITA) and produce a spray of down‐coming RF which reflects off the snow surface and back up to the gondola. The energy of such high‐energy nuclei can be inferred from the observed reflected signal only if the surface reflectivity is known. We describe herein an attempt to quantify the Antarctic surface reflectivity, using the Sun as a constant, unpolarized RF source. We find that the reflectivity of the surface generally follows the expectations from the Fresnel equations, lending support to the use of those equations to give an overall correction factor to calculate cosmic ray energies for all locations in Antarctica. The analysis described below is based on ANITA‐II data. After launching from McMurdo Station in December 2008, ANITA‐II was aloft for a period of 31 days with a typical instantaneous duty cycle exceeding 95%.
A dynamical system model of eco‐geomorphic response to landslide disturbance
Authors: Stark Colin P. , Passalacqua Paola 
Published: October 2014

AbstractVegetated landscapes form through the interactions of ecologic and geomorphic processes. These interactions are generally slow and steady, but they are occasionally the subject of abrupt disturbance. In humid uplands, for example, landslides episodically disrupt forest growth and regolith development, suddenly mobilize soil, regolith and bedrock, and facilitate runoff‐driven erosion by abruptly removing canopy protection over a wide area. Here we model such an environment as a stochastically perturbed dynamical system whose simplified low dimensionality makes its eco‐geomorphic interactions easier to explore and understand. The model captures some of the spatial variability across a catchment by treating an ensemble of subcatchments: in each, aggregated biomass and regolith coevolve as a two‐dimensional dynamical system subject to episodic disturbance by slope failure. This coevolution gives rise to a notional stable equilibrium between regolith and biomass, but one that is not achieved in practice where landslide disturbance is significant. Instead, a catchment‐scale, ensemble‐average state arises in which higher storm frequency entails thinner regolith, less biomass, and weaker canopy protection against runoff erosion. The model makes the counter‐intuitive prediction that, as rainfall‐triggered landslides become more frequent, their contribution to the erosion of weathered bedrock will diminish as the role from storm runoff erosion rises. In some environments apparently dominated by landsliding, the model predicts that runoff erosion may be more important in the removal of regolith and fine sediment from hillslopes than mass wasting.
Physical theory of diffraction for scatterers with low‐reflection surface
Authors: Osipov A. V. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThe progress in the development of thin and lightweight artificial absorbers has revived interest in approaches to simulation of electromagnetic scattering from electrically large low‐reflection bodies. The absorbers, irrespective of their interior structure, can be often adequately described by an equivalent surface impedance which is matched with the wave impedance of the surrounding medium. As full wave simulations of scattering from electrically large curved surfaces with underlying dense arrays of subwavelength inclusions are hardly possible, the main candidate is the physical theory of diffraction (PTD), adjusted to the use of impedance boundary conditions with the matched surface impedance. The paper describes a suitable PTD formulation with a focus on edge corrections.
Enhancement of rainfall and runoff upstream from irrigation location in a climate model of West Africa
Authors: Im Eun‐Soon , Eltahir Elfatih A. B. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThis study investigates the impact of potential medium‐scale irrigation (about 60,000 km2) on the climate of West Africa using the MIT Regional Climate Model. We find that irrigation at this scale induces an atmospheric response similar to that of large‐scale irrigation (about 400,000km2) which was considered in our previous theoretical study. While the volume of water needed for large‐scale irrigation is about 230–270 km3, the medium‐scale irrigation requires about 50 km3, and the annual flow of the Niger river in the relevant section is about 70 km3. The remote response of rainfall distribution to local irrigation exhibits a significant sensitivity to the latitudinal location of irrigation. The nature of this response is such that irrigation from the Niger River around latitude 18°N induces significant increase in rainfall of order 100% in the upstream sources of the Niger River and results in significant increase in runoff of order 50%. This additional runoff can potentially be collected by the river network and delivered back toward the irrigation area. By selecting the location of irrigation carefully, the positive impacts of irrigation on rainfall distribution can be maximized. The approach of using a regional climate model to investigate the impact of location and size of irrigation schemes, explored in this study, may be the first step in incorporating land‐atmosphere interactions in the design of location and size of irrigation projects. However, this theoretical approach is still in early stages of development and further research is needed before any practical application in water resources planning.
Influence of Sexually Degrading Music on Men's Perceptions of Women's Dating‐Relevant Cues
Authors: Treat Teresa A. , Farris Coreen A. , Viken Richard J. , Smith Jodi R. 
Published: October 2014

SummaryThis study examined the influence of manipulated and naturalistic exposure to sexually degrading music on young men's perceptions of women's dating‐relevant affective cues. Three hundred ninety‐seven undergraduate heterosexual men completed an affect‐identification task in which they judged whether women communicated sexual interest, friendliness, sadness, or rejection. Either sexually degrading popular music, non‐sexually degrading popular music, or no music played on headphones. Participants completed questionnaires assessing music‐listening habits and rape‐supportive attitudes. Manipulated exposure to degrading music did not affect men's sensitivities to or biases for women's cues. In contrast, men who reported greater naturalistic exposure to rap and hip‐hop music and who endorsed more rape‐supportive attitudes were more likely to perceive women's positive affect as sexual interest, if the women were provocatively dressed. On balance, these findings are largely inconsistent with theoretical expectations regarding the deleterious effects of sexually degrading music on attitudes and concurrent social perception. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of Age at Menopause on Disease Presentation in Early Rheumatoid Arthritis: Results From the Canadian Early Arthritis Cohort
Authors: Wong Lauren E. , Huang Wei‐Ti , Pope Janet E. , Haraoui Boulos , Boire Gilles , Thorne J. Carter , Hitchon Carol A. , Tin Diane , Keystone Edward C. , Bykerk Vivian P. ,   for the Canadian Early Arthritis Cohort Investigators
Published: October 2014

ObjectiveStudies suggest that hormonal states affect disease characteristics in women with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). This study investigated how age at menopause affects disease in women presenting with early RA.MethodsThis was a cross‐sectional study of postmenopausal women with early RA under age 65 years at time of enrollment in the Canadian Early Arthritis Cohort. RA‐related disease characteristics in women who had early age at menopause (EM; age at menopause <45 years) were compared to those who had usual age at menopause (age at menopause ≥45 years). The t‐test was applied to continuous variables and the chi‐square test to categorical variables. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to adjust for age at menopause, smoking, and use of exogenous hormones.ResultsA total of 534 women were included; 93 were in the EM group. The age at RA onset was similar between groups. The EM group had higher mean patient global and pain scores and was more likely to be rheumatoid factor (RF) positive and meet the 1987 American College of Rheumatology criteria for RA. Using multivariate logistic regression, the EM group was more likely to be RF positive (odds ratio 2.2 [95% confidence interval 1.3–3.8], P = 0.005). Symptom duration, joint counts, Disease Activity Score in 28 joints, Health Assessment Questionnaire scores, and inflammatory markers did not differ between groups.ConclusionThese data suggest that early age at menopause, compared to usual age at menopause, is associated with seropositivity in women with early RA.
Metal‐Free Preparation of 6‐Alkylthiophenanthridines via Oxidative CS and CC Bond Formation from 2‐Isocyanobiphenyls and Disulfides
Authors: Fang Hong , Zhao Jincan , Qian Ping , Han Jianlin , Pan Yi 
Published: October 2014

AbstractA concise metal‐free method for synthesizing 6‐alkylthiophenanthridines from 2‐isocyanobiaryls and disulfides proceeding through thiolation of isocyanides and intramolecular radical aromatic cyclization is reported. This process involves SS/C(sp2)H bond cleavage and CS/CC bond formation, which tolerates a wide range of substrates and gives good to excellent yields.
Aus ionischen Flüssigkeiten hergestellte Materialien für die Energiespeicherung
Authors: Gebresilassie Eshetu Gebrekidan , Armand Michel , Scrosati Bruno , Passerini Stefano 
Published: October 2014

AbstractDas Aufkommen von ionischen Flüssigkeiten (ionic liquids, ILs) als umweltfreundliche und vielversprechende Reaktionsmedien eröffnete neue Möglichkeiten im Bereich der elektrochemischen Energiespeicherung. Über ihre Verwendung als Elektrolytbestandteile in Batterien und Superkondensatoren hinaus zeigen ILs eine einmalige Vielfalt an Eigenschaften, sodass sie sich als fortgeschrittene Funktionswerkstoffe, als Medium für die Materialherstellung und als Komponenten für den Aufbau von hochentwickelten Funktionsprodukten eignen. Dieser Aufsatz soll eine umfassende und detaillierte Überprüfung der neu entstehenden “grünen” Syntheseprozesse für Energiespeichermaterialien auf Basis von ILs anbieten. Er liefert einen Überblick über die Rolle von ILs bei der Herstellung von Materialien für Batterien und Superkondensatoren und bei der “grünen” Elektrodenfabrikation. Wir diskutieren den Status quo dieses Forschungsbereiches, mit dem Ziel, neue Gedanken und Ideen bezüglich der zukünftigen Aufgaben und Möglichkeiten der IL‐basierten Synthese von Energiespeichermaterialien zu stimulieren.
Regioselective CF Bond Activation of Hexafluoropropylene on Palladium(0): Formation of a Cationic η2‐Perfluoroallylpalladium Complex
Authors: Ohashi Masato , Shibata Mitsutoshi , Ogoshi Sensuke 
Published: October 2014

AbstractA chemoselective C(sp2)F or C(sp3)F bond activation of hexafluoropropylene (HFP) was achieved by adopting the proper combination of a Lewis acid co‐additive with a ligand which coordinates Pd0. The treatment of [(η2‐HFP)Pd(PCy3)2] with B(C6F5)3 allowed a chemoselective C(sp3)F bond cleavage of HFP to give a unique cationic perfluoroallypalladium complex. In this complex, the coordination mode of the perfluoroallyl ligand was considered to be of the unique η2‐fashion.
Multiple Paramagnetic Effects through a Tagged Reporter Protein
Authors: Camacho‐Zarco Aldo R. , Munari Francesca , Wegstroth Melanie , Liu Wei‐Min , Ubbink Marcellus , Becker Stefan , Zweckstetter Markus 
Published: October 2014

AbstractParamagnetic effects provide unique information about the structure and dynamics of biomolecules. We developed a method in which the lanthanoid tag is not directly attached to the protein of interest, but instead to a “reporter” protein, which binds and then transmits paramagnetic information to the target. The designed method allows access to a large number of paramagnetic restraints and residual dipolar couplings produced from independent molecular alignments in high‐molecular‐weight proteins with unknown 3D structure
pH‐Responsive Drug‐Delivery Systems
Authors: Zhu Ying‐Jie , Chen Feng 
Published: October 2014

AbstractIn many biomedical applications, drugs need to be delivered in response to the pH value in the body. In fact, it is desirable if the drugs can be administered in a controlled manner that precisely matches physiological needs at targeted sites and at predetermined release rates for predefined periods of time. Different organs, tissues, and cellular compartments have different pH values, which makes the pH value a suitable stimulus for controlled drug release. pH‐Responsive drug‐delivery systems have attracted more and more interest as “smart” drug‐delivery systems for overcoming the shortcomings of conventional drug formulations because they are able to deliver drugs in a controlled manner at a specific site and time, which results in high therapeutic efficacy. This focus review is not intended to offer a comprehensive review on the research devoted to pH‐responsive drug‐delivery systems; instead, it presents some recent progress obtained for pH‐responsive drug‐delivery systems and future perspectives. There are a large number of publications available on this topic, but only a selection of examples will be discussed.
Dithienopyrrole as a Rigid Alternative to the Bithiophene π Relay in Chromophores with Second‐Order Nonlinear Optical Properties
Authors: Marco A. Belén , Martínez de Baroja Natalia , Franco Santiago , Garín Javier , Orduna Jesús , Villacampa Belén , Revuelto Alejandro , Andreu Raquel 
Published: October 2014

Abstract4H‐Pyranylidene‐containing push‐pull chromophores built around a bithiophene (BT) π relay or a rigidified thiophene‐based unit, namely cyclopenta[1,2‐b:3,4‐b′]dithiophene (CPDT) or dithieno[3,2‐b:2′,3′‐d]pyrrole (DTP), have been synthesized and characterized. The effect of these different relays on the polarization and the second‐order nonlinear optical (NLO) properties has been studied. For the sake of comparison, the corresponding reported dithieno[3,2‐b:2′,3′‐d]thiophene (DTT) derivatives have also been included in the discussion. Replacement of the BT core by a rigidified unit (CPDT, DTP) leads to more polarized systems. Calculated NBO charges and electrochemical measurements show that dithienopyrrole has a remarkable donor character that allows an important charge transfer between the donor and the acceptor. The influence of the rigidification of the BT relay on the NLO responses depends on the acceptor strength. For the weakest acceptor used (thiobarbituric acid), passing from the BT relay to the rigidified units always involves an increase in the μβ0 figure of merit. Nevertheless, for the strongest acceptor (2‐dicyanomethylene‐3‐cyano‐4,5,5‐trimethyl‐2,5‐dihydrofuran (TCF)), a slight increase in μβ0 with respect to the BT chromophore is only observed for the DTP derivative. Thus, rigidification of the BT core is not enough to improve the second‐order nonlinearity and the incorporation of a DTP moiety has proven to be the most efficient approach for this purpose.
Phototandem Catalysis: Efficient Synthesis of 3‐Ester‐3‐hydroxy‐2‐oxindoles by a Visible Light‐Induced Cyclization of Diazoamides through an Aerobic Oxidation Sequence
Authors: Xia Xu‐Dong , Ren Yan‐Liang , Chen Jia‐Rong , Yu Xing‐Long , Lu Liang‐Qiu , Zou You‐Quan , Wan Jian , Xiao Wen‐Jing 
Published: October 2014

AbstractAn unprecedented phototandem catalysis based on a single iridium photocatalyst has been successfully developed. This powerful strategy consists of two mechanistically distinct catalytic cycles, namely, photocatalytic energy transfer (ET) and single electron transfer (SET). The novel protocol allows a rapid and efficient construction of biologically and synthetically important 3‐ester‐3‐hydroxy‐2‐oxindole derivatives from readily available diazoamides through a cyclization/aerobic oxidation sequence under very mild conditions.
An evaluation of CORDEX regional climate models in simulating precipitation over Southern Africa
Authors: Shongwe Mxolisi E. , Lennard Chris , Liebmann Brant , Kalognomou Evangelia‐Anna , Ntsangwane Lucky , Pinto Izidine 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThis article evaluates the ability of the Coordinated Regional Downscaling Experiment (CORDEX) regional climate models (RCMs) in simulating monthly rainfall variation during the austral summer half year (October to March) over southern Africa, the timing of the rainy season and the relative frequencies of rainfall events of varying intensities. The phasing and amplitude of monthly rainfall evolution and the spatial progression of the wet season onset are well simulated by the models. Notwithstanding some systematic biases in a few models, the simulated onset and end of the rainy season and their interannual variability are highly correlated with those computed from the reference data. The strongest agreements between the reference and modelled precipitation patterns are found north of about 20°S in the vicinity of the Inter Tropical Convergence Zone. A majority of the RCMs adequately capture the reference precipitation probability density functions, with a few showing a bias towards excessive light rainfall events.