bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Disadvantaged pre-schoolers attending day care in Salvador, Northeast Brazil have a low prevalence of anaemia and micronutrient deficiencies
Authors: Lander Rebecca L , Bailey Karl B , Lander Alastair G , Alsaleh Abdulmonem A , Costa-Ribeiro Hugo C , Mattos Angela P , Barreto Danile L , Houghton Lisa A , Morison Ian M , Williams Sheila M , Gibson Rosalind S 
Published: September 2013

AbstractObjectiveTo examine the micronutrient status of disadvantaged pre-schoolers from Northeast Brazil, following the introduction of pro-poor policies, by assessing the prevalence of anaemia and micronutrient deficiencies and the role of sociodemographic factors, genetic Hb disorders and parasitic infections.DesignIn a cross-sectional study, data on sociodemographic status, health, growth, genetic Hb disorders, parasites and nutrient supply from day-care meals were obtained. Fasting blood samples were collected and analysed for Hb, serum ferritin, transferrin receptor, folate, vitamin B12, retinol, Zn and Se.SettingSeven philanthropic day-care centres serving urban slums in Salvador, Northeast Brazil.SubjectsPre-schoolers aged 3–6 years from disadvantaged households.ResultsOf the 376 sampled children, 94 % were of black or mixed race; 33 % and 29 % had at least one genetic Hb disorder and intestinal parasite, respectively. Stunting and underweight were ≤5 %; 14 % were overweight. Day-care centres supplied micronutrient-dense meals and snacks each weekday. Less than 10 % of pre-schoolers had anaemia and micronutrient deficiencies. Predictors (P< 0·05) of Hb were α3·7thalassaemia, Se and retinol (but not ferritin). Micronutrient predictors (P< 0·05) were: elevated α1-glycoprotein for ferritin, Hb AS and BMIZ-score >1 for transferrin receptor, Zn and elevated α1-glycoprotein for retinol, sex and helminths for Se, helminths for vitamin B12, andGiardia intestinalisinfection for serum folate.ConclusionsImpaired growth, anaemia and micronutrient deficiencies were uncommon among these disadvantaged pre-schoolers attending day care. A range of interventions including provision of micronutrient-dense, fortified day-care meals, deworming and vitamin A supplementation likely contributed to improved micronutrient status, suggesting expanded coverage of these programmes.
Detection of a novel intracellular microbiome hosted in arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi
Authors: Desirò Alessandro , Salvioli Alessandra , Ngonkeu Eddy L , Mondo Stephen J , Epis Sara , Faccio Antonella , Kaech Andres , Pawlowska Teresa E , Bonfante Paola 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are important members of the plant microbiome. They are obligate biotrophs that colonize the roots of most land plants and enhance host nutrient acquisition. Many AMF themselves harbor endobacteria in their hyphae and spores. Two types of endobacteria are known in Glomeromycota: rod-shaped Gram-negative Candidatus Glomeribacter gigasporarum, CaGg, limited in distribution to members of the Gigasporaceae family, and coccoid Mollicutes-related endobacteria, Mre, widely distributed across different lineages of AMF. The goal of the present study is to investigate the patterns of distribution and coexistence of the two endosymbionts, CaGg and Mre, in spore samples of several strains of Gigaspora margarita. Based on previous observations, we hypothesized that some AMF could host populations of both endobacteria. To test this hypothesis, we performed an extensive investigation of both endosymbionts in G. margarita spores sampled from Cameroonian soils as well as in the Japanese G. margarita MAFF520054 isolate using different approaches (molecular phylotyping, electron microscopy, fluorescence in situ hybridization and quantitative real-time PCR). We found that a single AMF host can harbour both types of endobacteria, with Mre population being more abundant, variable and prone to recombination than the CaGg one. Both endosymbionts seem to retain their genetic and lifestyle peculiarities regardless of whether they colonize the host alone or together. These findings show for the first time that fungi support an intracellular bacterial microbiome, in which distinct types of endobacteria coexist in a single cell.
Crystallographic anisotropy of the resistivity size effect in single crystal tungsten nanowires
Authors: Choi Dooho , Moneck Matthew , Liu Xuan , Oh Soong Ju , Kagan Cherie R. , Coffey Kevin R. , Barmak Katayun 
Published: September 2013

AbstractThis work demonstrates an anisotropic increase in resistivity with decreasing width in single crystal tungsten (W) nanowires having a height of 21 nm. Nanowire-widths were in the range of 15–451 nm, with the anisotropy observed for widths below 50 nm. The longitudinal directions of the nanowires coincided with the <100>, <110> and <111> orientations of the body centered cubic phase of W. The resistivity increase was observed to be minimized for the <111>-oriented single crystal nanowires, exhibiting a factor of two lower increase in resistivity at a width of ~15 nm, relative to the thin film resistivity (i.e., an infinitely wide wire). The observed anisotropy is attributed to crystallographic anisotropy of the Fermi velocity and the resultant anisotropy of the electron mean free path in W and underscores the critical role of crystallographic orientation in nanoscale metallic conduction.
Iterative source and channel decoding relying on correlation modelling for wireless video transmission
Authors: Huo Yongkai , Wang Tao , Maunder Robert G. , Hanzo Lajos 
Published: September 2013

Since joint source‐channel decoding is capable of exploiting the residual redundancy in the source signals for improving the attainable error resilience, it has attracted substantial attention. In this treatise, the authors study iterative source‐channel decoding (ISCD) aided video communications, where the video signal redundancy is modelled by a first‐order Markov process. Firstly, the authors derive reduced‐complexity formulas for the first‐order Markov modelling (FOMM) aided source decoding. Then they propose a bit‐based iterative horizontal–vertical scanline model (IHVSM) aided source decoding algorithm, where a horizontal and a vertical source decoder are employed for exchanging their extrinsic information using the iterative decoding philosophy. The iterative IHVSM aided decoder is then employed in a forward error correction (FEC) encoded uncompressed video transmission scenario, where the IHVSM and the FEC decoder exchange softbit‐information for performing turbo‐like ISCD for the sake of improving the reconstructed video quality. Finally, the authors benchmark the attainable system performance against a near‐lossless H.264/AVC video communication system and the existing FOMM‐based softbit source decoding scheme. The authors simulation results show that Eb/N0 improvements in excess of 2.8 dB are attainable by the proposed technique in uncompressed video applications.
Fabrication of sub‐wavelength structures on silicon dioxide
Authors: Huang Mao‐Jung , Tang Yu‐Hsiang , Su Jien‐Yin , Chu Nien‐Nan , Shiao Ming‐Hua , Hsiao Chien‐Nan 
Published: September 2013

In this reported work, nanosphere lithography (NSL) and inductively coupled plasma reactive ion etching (ICP‐RIE) are combined to successfully fabricate a sub‐wavelength structure (SWS) on a glass substrate, achieving broadband antireflection and increasing the transmittance of incident light through the glass. The experimental results show that the SWS surfaces with 180 nm width and 50 nm height could be fabricated onto glass. The mean reflectance of a blank glass is 5.81% in the wavelength range of 400–950 nm, 3 min of ICP‐RIE combined with NSL reduce the mean reflectance to 3.5% and increases the mean transmittance from 92.3 to 94.3%. An additional coat of a 200 Å‐thick gold layer on the 30 s etched surface sample reduces the transmittance in the visible light range (400–700 nm) to 36.6%, which is 2.25 times larger than that at the infrared range (700–950 nm). The proposed novel fabrication technology has the advantage of being low cost, and the fabricated nanodot array structure, which is gold coated, can be used on an insulated window.
Analytical studies on amplitude change enhancement in coupled aluminium nitride coated single crystal silicon oscillator pair applicable to ultra‐sensitive resonating microfluidic flowmeters
Authors: Wang Dong F. , Chatani Keisuke , Kozuka Kenji , Ikehara Tsuyoshi , Maeda Ryutaro 
Published: September 2013

The use of vibration mode localisation in arrays of micromechanically coupled, nearly identical beam‐shaped resonators has been analytically studied for ultra‐sensitive resonating‐based flowmeters. Eigenstate shifts (amplitude change in this Letter) that are about two times (compared with the single resonator), and orders (compared with the resonator array) of magnitude greater than corresponding shifts in resonant frequency for an induced fluid flow (corresponding to an induced small mass perturbation) are preliminarily obtained by theoretical analysis. When an external force of 100 Pa, corresponding to an estimated fluid flow velocity of about 3.15 m/s, is applied to any one (because of the symmetrical design) of the two coupled aluminium nitride coated single crystal silicon resonators, two orders of the amplitude enhancement can be observed for both the resonators at the higher (second) resonance frequency because of vibration mode localisation, which implies the application possibility to highly sensitive resonating‐based flow sensors.
Optical polarization characteristics of m-plane InGaN/GaN quantum well structures and comparison with experiment
Authors: Park Seoung-Hwan , Ahn Doyeol 
Published: September 2013

The optical polarization characteristics of the light emission in non-polar m-plane InGaN/GaN quantum well (QW) structures were theoretically investigated using the multiband effective-mass theory. The optical anisotropy of m-plane QW structure is ranging from 0.65 at 440 nm to 0.83 at 560 nm at the sheet carrier density of N2D=15×1012 cm−2 and is found to decrease gradually with increasing carrier density, which is in good agreement with the experimental result. The decrease in the optical anisotropy can be explained by the fact that the y′-polarized matrix element decreases with increasing k‖ while the x′-polarized matrix element gradually increases. Also, the decreasing rate of the QW structure with a smaller In composition is shown to be greater than that of the QW structure with a larger In composition.
Chiral heliconical ground state of nanoscale pitch in a nematic liquid crystal of achiral molecular dimers
Authors: Chen Dong , Porada Jan H. , Hooper Justin B. , Klittnick Arthur , Shen Yongqiang , Tuchband Michael R. , Korblova Eva , Bedrov Dmitry , Walba David M. , Glaser Matthew A. , Maclennan Joseph E. , Clark Noel A. 
Published: September 2013

SignificanceThe appearance of new nematic liquid crystal (LC) equilibrium symmetry (ground state) is a rare and typically important event. The first and second nematics were the helical phase and blue phase of chiral molecules, both found in 1886 in cholesteryl benzoate by Reinitzer, discoveries that marked the birth of LC science. The third nematic, the achiral uniaxial phase, also found in the 19th century, ultimately formed the basis of LC display technology and the portable computing revolution of the 20th century. Despite this achievement, the 20th can claim only the fourth nematic, the lyotropic biaxial phases found by Saupe. Now, early in the 21st, the heliconical structure of the fifth nematic is observed, an exotic chiral helix from achiral molecules.
Have we heard the last? Oil, environmental insecurity, and the impact of the amnesty programme on the Niger Delta resistance movement
Authors: Agbiboa Daniel 
                      Egiegba 
Published: September 2013

The paper draws on the theories of relative deprivation (RD) and Edward Azar's protracted social conflicts (PSC) to explain how the twin woes of oil and environmental insecurity are implicated in the Niger Delta conflict. The paper presents a new empirical angle on the existing Niger Delta narrative by assessing the impact of the 2009 amnesty programme on resistance movements in the oil-rich region, while focusing on the Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta (MEND). The paper argues that the amnesty programme stops short of addressing underlying issues that continue to nurture sustained grievances in the Niger Delta.
[Avons-nous entendu la dernière? Pétrole, insécurité environnementale et impact du programme d'amnistie du Mouvement de résistance du delta du Niger.] Ce document s'appuie sur la théorie de la privation relative et celle des conflits sociaux prolongés d'Edward Azar pour expliquer comment la double malédiction du pétrole et de l'insécurité environnementale est impliquée dans le conflit du delta du Niger. L'article présente un nouveau point de vue empirique sur l'histoire actuelle du delta du Niger en évaluant l'impact du programme d'amnistie des mouvements de résistance de 2009 dans cette région riche en pétrole, tout en se concentrant sur le Mouvement pour l’émancipation du delta du Niger. L'article affirme que le programme d'amnistie n'aborde pas les problèmes sous-jacents qui continuent d'alimenter les conflits dans le delta du Niger.

Mots-clés : Delta du Niger ; Programme Amnesty ; insécurité environnementale ; MEND
The legacies of Thomas Sankara: a revolutionary experience in retrospect
Authors: Harsch Ernest 
Published: September 2013

A quarter century after the 15 October 1987 assassination of Thomas Sankara in a military coup, the late president of Burkina Faso remains a near-mythical hero for many young people in his country and across Africa. They idealise the image of a committed, self-sacrificing rebel, who during four years as leader of a small, impoverished Sahelian nation sought to improve the lives of ordinary people while at the same time projecting the country onto the international arena. Why has popular interest in Sankara persisted for so long, despite the collapse of his short-lived revolutionary venture? How is it that each anniversary of his death draws hundreds, if not thousands, to commemorations at his gravesite? This article offers some retrospective reflections and re-examines those features of Sankara's revolutionary era that still resonate with many citizens today, as well as those that have been left behind.
[Héritage de Thomas Sankara ; retour sur une expérience révolutionnaire.] Un quart de siècle après l'assassinat de Thomas Sankara le 15 octobre 1987 lors d'un coup d’état militaire, cet ancien président du Burkina Faso demeure un héro quasi mythique pour de nombreux jeunes dans son pays et à travers l'Afrique. Ils idéalisent l'image d'un rebelle engagé, plein d'abnégation, qui a cherché, pendant quatre ans à la tête d'une petite nation sahélienne pauvre, à améliorer le sort de gens ordinaires tout en projetant le pays sur la scène internationale. Pourquoi l'intérêt populaire pour Sankara a-t-il perduré si longtemps, malgré l’échec de son entreprise révolutionnaire de courte durée? Comment se fait-il que chaque anniversaire de sa mort amène des centaines, voire des milliers de personnes à venir sur sa tombe en commémoration. Cet article offre des réflexions rétrospectives et réexamine les caractéristiques de l’ère révolutionnaire de Sankara qui fait toujours sens pour de nombreux citoyens, comme pour les laissés pour compte.

Mots-clés : Sankara ; Burkina Faso ; révolution ; mobilisation ; développement
Survival and Condition of Cold-Banked Juvenile Walleyes
Authors: Harder Thomas M , Gotsch Gordon G , Summerfelt Robert C 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
Over their broad latitudinal distribution in nature, Walleye Sander vitreus have adapted to survive long winters in ice-covered lakes and for more than 5 months when water temperatures are less than required for growth (10°C). Thus, our hypothesis is that hatchery-reared fall-fingerling Walleyes may be maintained in hatchery confinement at low temperature for relatively long intervals with minimal requirement for feed and maintenance, i.e., cold banked (CB). Little information has been published, however, on survival and condition of CB fish to judge its merits. In this study, survival and condition of three cohorts (N = 1,538) of feed-trained juvenile Walleyes (181–192 mm total length, 47–58 g) are described after overwintering for 125–153 d in indoor culture tanks that were supplied with lake water of ambient winter temperature and pelleted feed. The mean for survival of three tanks of CB fish in each cohort was 85.8, 91.7, and 98.6% at corresponding mean water temperatures of 7.6, 8.3, and 6.8°C, where the lowest temperature ranged from 3.3°C to 4°C. The difference in mean length, weight, and condition from start to finish was small and statistically significant in only 1 of 3 years. Accelerated growth was observed in recaptured CB Walleyes 2 and 3 years after they were stocked into an 8-ha lake. The findings of this study suggest that cold banking can be used to hold Walleyes overwinter for subsequent spring stocking, with minimum loss of stock, or for holding back stock in a commercial facility for grow out.
Endurance athletes' coping function use during competitive suffering episodes
Authors: Evans Michael Blair , Hoar Sharleen D. , Gebotys Robert J. , Marchesin Courtney A. 
Published: September 2013

AbstractEndurance athletes who realise that they are falling short of important personal goals during competition are expected to experience competitive suffering. As a negative affective state with implications for performance and personal experiences, it is important to understand how endurance athletes cope with competitive suffering. Thus, the purpose of this study was to investigate differences in athletes' momentary coping function use over time during a competitive suffering episode. Twenty‐six runners (mean age: 35.8 years) completed a 5‐km running time trial that evoked an experience of competitive suffering using false failure‐oriented feedback. Momentary assessments of goal attainment feelings and coping function use were completed immediately following the running time trial using video‐mediated recall. Pooled time series analysis was used to predict coping function use across several points in time (i.e. earlier and later stages of a competitive suffering episode) and at different ratings of goal attainment feelings. Analyses revealed that negative feelings about goal attainment moderately predicted problem‐focused coping use, and strongly predicted emotion‐focused coping use. Although it was not predicted by goal attainment feelings, avoidance coping use was decreased over time throughout suffering episodes. Overall, this study supports propositions that the coping process is continually adapted to competitive demands and identifies the roles of distinct coping functions within the total coping effort.
Implementing a science-based system for preventing overfishing and guiding sustainable fisheries in the United States
Authors: Methot R. D. , Tromble G. R. , Lambert D. M. , Greene K. E. 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
Methot, R. D., Tromble, G. R., Lambert, D. M., and Greene, K. E. 2014. Implementing a science-based system for preventing overfishing and guiding sustainable fisheries in the United States. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 71: 183–194. Fisheries management in the United States is primarily governed by the Magnuson–Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act, first enacted in 1976. Overarching principles are that fishing mortality rates should not jeopardize the capacity of a stock to produce maximum sustainable yield (MSY) and that overfished stocks (i.e. biomass is too low) should be rebuilt to the level that will support MSY. The science-based system for achieving sustainable fisheries is implemented, in part, through setting annual catch limits (ACLs) that cannot exceed the acceptable biological catch that is recommended by Scientific and Statistical Committees using methods that account for scientific uncertainty. Accountability measures (AMs) are management measures to prevent ACLs from being exceeded or correct any overages that occur. Implementation in 2012 of ACLs and AMs in all Federal fisheries was a historical achievement in the United States; one that will help rebuild stocks and ensure sustainable fisheries into the future. Some remaining challenges include: determining appropriate catch levels and management approaches for stocks with incomplete data; assessing more stocks, more frequently; addressing differences between managing stocks as a complex vs. managing individual stocks in a multistock fishery; and incorporating social and economic factors in determining the appropriate response to uncertainty.
Scavenging on trawled seabeds can modify trophic size structure of bottom-dwelling fish
Authors: Shephard Samuel , Minto Cóilín , Zölck Melanie , Jennings Simon , Brophy Deirdre , Reid David 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
Shephard, S., Minto, C., Zölck, M., Jennings, S., Brophy, D., and Reid, D. 2014. Scavenging on trawled seabeds can modify trophic size structure of bottom-dwelling fish. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 71: 398–405. Disturbance by towed bottom-fishing gears often kills larger sensitive benthos, leading to changes in the abundance, size, and species composition of benthic communities. Short-term availability of trawl-damaged prey, and longer-term shifts in benthic prey community composition, both have the potential to affect feeding opportunities and realized dietary preferences of bottom-feeding (benthivorous) fish. To investigate these effects of bottom-fishing activity (by otter trawls, beam trawls, and dredges) on the feeding of benthivorous fish, we compared the trophic level at body size and diets of four species in areas of the Celtic Sea subject to low, intermediate, and high fishing activity. Trophic level was estimated using nitrogen stable isotope analysis, and fishing activity was quantified with vessel monitoring system (VMS) data. For whiting (Merlangius merlangus) of all sizes, trophic level was slightly lower in areas of higher fishing activity. After accounting for the results of the diet analysis, we concluded that this reflected increased scavenging of benthic invertebrates in more intensively fished areas. For megrim (Lepidorhombus whiffiagonis), the rate of increase in trophic level with size was lower with increasing fishing activity, implying that megrim may also substitute fish with lower-trophic invertebrates that can be scavenged in more intensively fished areas. For plaice (Pleuronectes platessa) and lemon sole (Microstomus kitt), no significant effects of fishing activity on trophic level were detected. We conclude that differences in the intensity of fishing activity with towed bottom gears had small but variable effects of the trophic size structure of the four species, and that this primarily reflected scavenging rather than diet changes following longer-term shifts in composition of the prey community.