bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evolutionary and Functional Analysis of the Invariant SWIM Domain in the Conserved Shu2/SWS1 Protein Family fromSaccharomyces cerevisiaetoHomo sapiens
Authors: Godin Stephen K , Meslin Camille , Kabbinavar Faiz , Bratton-Palmer Dominique S , Hornack Christina , Mihalevic Michael J , Yoshida Kyle , Sullivan Meghan , Clark Nathan L , Bernstein Kara A 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThe Saccharomyces cerevisiae Shu2 protein is an important regulator of Rad51, which promotes homologous recombination (HR). Shu2 functions in the Shu complex with Shu1 and the Rad51 paralogs Csm2 and Psy3. Shu2 belongs to the SWS1 protein family, which is characterized by its SWIM domain (CXC...Xn...CXH), a zinc-binding motif. In humans, SWS1 interacts with the Rad51 paralog SWSAP1. Using genetic and evolutionary analyses, we examined the role of the Shu complex in mitotic and meiotic processes across eukaryotic lineages. We provide evidence that the SWS1 protein family contains orthologous genes in early-branching eukaryote lineages (e.g., Giardia lamblia), as well as in multicellular eukaryotes including Caenorhabditis elegans and Drosophila melanogaster. Using sequence analysis, we expanded the SWIM domain to include an invariant alanine three residues after the terminal CXH motif (CXC…Xn…CXHXXA). We found that the SWIM domain is conserved in all eukaryotic orthologs, and accordingly, in vivo disruption of the invariant residues within the canonical SWIM domain inhibits DNA damage tolerance in yeast and protein-protein interactions in yeast and humans. Furthermore, using evolutionary analyses, we found that yeast and Drosophila Shu2 exhibit strong coevolutionary signatures with meiotic proteins, and in yeast, its disruption leads to decreased meiotic progeny. Together our data indicate that the SWS1 family is an ancient and highly conserved eukaryotic regulator of meiotic and mitotic HR.
Class I Myosins Have Overlapping and Specialized Functions in Left-Right Asymmetric Development inDrosophila
Authors: Okumura Takashi , Sasamura Takeshi , Inatomi Momoko , Hozumi Shunya , Nakamura Mitsutoshi , Hatori Ryo , Taniguchi Kiichiro , Nakazawa Naotaka , Suzuki Emiko , Maeda Reo , Yamakawa Tomoko , Matsuno Kenji 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThe class I myosin genes are conserved in diverse organisms, and their gene products are involved in actin dynamics, endocytosis, and signal transduction. Drosophila melanogaster has three class I myosin genes, Myosin 31DF (Myo31DF), Myosin 61F (Myo61F), and Myosin 95E (Myo95E). Myo31DF, Myo61F, and Myo95E belong to the Myosin ID, Myosin IC, and Myosin IB families, respectively. Previous loss-of-function analyses of Myo31DF and Myo61F revealed important roles in left–right (LR) asymmetric development and enterocyte maintenance, respectively. However, it was difficult to elucidate their roles in vivo, because of potential redundant activities. Here we generated class I myosin double and triple mutants to address this issue. We found that the triple mutant was viable and fertile, indicating that all three class I myosins were dispensable for survival. A loss-of-function analysis revealed further that Myo31DF and Myo61F, but not Myo95E, had redundant functions in promoting the dextral LR asymmetric development of the male genitalia. Myo61F overexpression is known to antagonize the dextral activity of Myo31DF in various Drosophila organs. Thus, the LR-reversing activity of overexpressed Myo61F may not reflect its physiological function. The endogenous activity of Myo61F in promoting dextral LR asymmetric development was observed in the male genitalia, but not the embryonic gut, another LR asymmetric organ. Thus, Myo61F and Myo31DF, but not Myo95E, play tissue-specific, redundant roles in LR asymmetric development. Our studies also revealed differential colocalization of the class I myosins with filamentous (F)-actin in the brush border of intestinal enterocytes.
Europa, der Erste Weltkrieg und die Nachkriegszeit: Eine Kontinuität der Gewalt?
Authors: Schumann Dirk 
Published: February 2015

Europe, the First World War, and its Aftermath: A Continuity of Violence? This essay summarizes the contributions of this volume and suggests paths for further research. Political and other violence, rather than resulting from a general «brutalization» of the soldiers on all sides, followed a pattern consistent with Theodor Schieder's threefold typology of the formation of nation-states in modern Europe. Violence was most pronounced in those parts of Eastern Europe where, after the collapse of authoritarian governments, new ideological conflicts exacerbated deep-rooted ethnic tensions. The visual aspect of politics needs further scrutiny, while the question how the redefinition of gender roles during and after the war affected politics and political violence is also important. Concepts of «modernization » may be helpful in determining the nature of postwar violence, provided that they are selective.
Der Erste Weltkrieg als Bewährungsprobe. Bolschewistische Lernprozesse aus dem «imperialistischen» Krieg
Authors: Beyrau Dietrich 
Published: February 2015

The Crucible of the First World War. What the Bolsheviks learned from the «imperialist» war Even before 1914, deep ethnic and social tensions in Russia resulted in violence. Labor militancy, revolutionary terrorism and tsarist anti-revolutionary repression, and, not least, anti-semitic pogroms in the countryside were typical forms of violence. When civil war broke out after the Bolsheviks seized power, violence on the left and the right reached unprecedented levels. Pre-war conflicts were recast in ideological terms, and the new regime removed all limits on violence in theory and practice. The Bolsheviks enforced their claim to power through comprehensive forms of repression, ranging from military requisition and recruitment under the threat and use of force to mass executions. Their enemies responded in kind. In addition, the regime propagated a world-view marked by a sharp dichotomy between friend and foe, and it erased all references to its own acts of violence from the memory of the civil war. All this paved the way for Stalin's murderous policies.
Le Parti communiste français et le stalinisme au lendemain de la Seconde Guerre mondiale
Authors: Buton Philippe 
Published: February 2015

The French Communist Party and Stalinism after World War II The author starts by discussing the appropriateness of the concept of «Stalinism». He then outlines the many-sided features of French Stalinism (including both its most obvious outlets through the press and communist discourse, and its more covert expression through the political culture of the French Communist Party), giving priority to its conception of history and its dogmatic political beliefs. He goes on to show how its considerable strength was a result of the social role that it fulfilled; it acted as the cement for holding together a counter-culture or alternative society. In conclusion, analysis of the various aspects of the political culture of the PCF in this period, particularly Its ways of operating, its conjuring-up of an imagined utopia, its twisting of the meaning of words and its links with the Soviet Union, all make it appropriate to identify the PCF as a proto-totalitarian party, a farreaching shadow of Stalinist totalitarianism.
Stalinismus in der Tschechoslowakei. Forschungslage und sozialgeschichtliche Anmerkungen am Beispiel der Industriearbeiterschaft
Authors: Heumos Peter 
Published: February 2015

Stalinism in Czechoslovakia. The State of the Research and Social-Historical Observations Using the Example of Industrial Workers Different forms of institutionalized terror are central themes of research about the socialist period of communist Czechoslovakia. The analytical concepts of the exercise of power and the idea of the ubiquitous control of the communist party over society obscure one's view of the «flexible management» of the government administration. Using the example of industrial workers, this article indicates that, under the pressure of the needs of an industrial society, the party and labor unions already early on were forced to channel «divergent» industrial situations through regulations that adapted to their particular contexts. State socialism was not successful in forming in the long run an industrial labor force through the disciplinary project of «terror» and rigid demands for integration in the institutional system.
Melchior Inchofer et l'hérésie de Galilée: Censure doctrinale et hiérarchie intellectuelle
Authors: Beretta Francesco 
Published: February 2015

Melchior Inhofer and Galileo's Heresy: Doctrinal Censorship and Intellectual Hierarchy The censures written by the Jesuit Melchior Inchofer about Galileo's works – three of them deal with heliocentrism, one has been recently discovered and is about the atomism of the Saggiatore – played a major part in the Galileo affair. The essay discusses the origins and the importance of these texts for the 1633 trial. More generally, it shows how theological censure was used by the upholders of scholastic aristotelism to hinder the dissemination of alternative forms of natural philosophy. The new philosophical orthodoxy produced by the Roman Inquisition intended to preserve the intellectual hierarchy of Counter-Reformation.
«Sozial gesehen sind die Bauern wie Kinder.» Zwischen Didaktik, Repräsentation und Traditionalisierung – Der Erste Mai im zentralrussischen Dorf, 1929–1941
Authors: Braun Matthias 
Published: February 2015

«Considered Socially the Peasants are like Children.» Teaching, Representing, Traditionalizing – May Day in the Central Russian Village, 1929–1941 The article examines Soviet village festival culture during the pre-World War II Stalinist period. It focuses on the Central Russian region of Riazan. Festival culture is defined as a specific configuration of festive places, cultural practices and role models as demonstrated by leading festival performers. The article's findings are that: a) The Soviet festival was designed to teach the general populace. The Bolsheviks expected their festivals to shape not only the participant's attitude towards the regime, but the participant's ‹ self ›. b) The Soviet festival was a counterfestival. It was implemented to openly oppose church or pagan festivals. c) During pre-war Stalinism, Soviet and traditional festivals coexisted in the village. There were many elements in Soviet festival culture which referred to traditional festival culture.
Einleitung: Musik als nationale und transnationale Praxis im 19. Jahrhundert
Authors: Müller Sven Oliver 
Published: February 2015

Introduction: Music as a National and Transnational Practice in 19th Century History During the 19th Century serious music was increasingly assessed in national terms. «National» music was created to fulfil political needs and to express cultural aspirations. People in all major European capitals tried to establish national schools of music and national opera traditions. The rise of «national» music meant to exchange, to communicate and to imitate styles and practices, but at the same time to demarcate differences between musical traditions. The nationalistic conflicts and enmities of the 19th century actually encouraged cultural transfers between nations rather than inhibited them. The importance of the assessment of music for the history of European culture allows for the study of common European practices and traditions.
Stellvertreterkriege. Politik mit Musik des deutschen und englischen Bürgertums im frühen 19. Jahrhundert
Authors: Budde Gunilla 
Published: February 2015

Proxy Wars. The Politics of Music of the German and English Middle-class in Early 19th Century The European middle-classes used opera houses and concert halls as public arenas to establish their own identity. In these spheres they could celebrate their cultural and political ideals and thereby mark the differences with the aristocracy. The article focuses on the middle-class discourses about music and on the behaviour of audiences. The middle-classes used their allegedly superior musical understanding to deprecate the nobility. Especially in England, but to some extent in Germany as well, the love for Italian opera was regarded as a distinctly aristocratic fashion, while in both countries the middle-class believed in the superiority of instrumental music. This phenomenon raises the question how and why images of «true» and «superficial» artists were created and how seemingly non-political assessments became political issues.
Endstation Vertreibung: Minderheitenfrage und Zwangs - migrationen in Ostmitteleuropa, 1919–1949
Authors: Cattaruzza Marina 
Published: February 2015

Final Destination: The Question of Minorities: Expulsion and Enforced Migration in Central and East Europe, 1919–1949 This article seeks to give a bird's-eye view of the phenomenon of large-scale enforced migration, expulsion, or mass deportation, in eastern Europe at different moments in time, by linking it to the ‹nationalities› question from the start of the twentieth century and to the ‹minorities› question of the inter-war period. It argues that the collective expulsion of ethnic minorities from the former ‹master nations› (Lewis B. Namier's phrase) cannot be understood merely as the product of nationstatism. Instead it portrays mass migrations as the result of factors that trans - cended the nation-state question, such as the defeat of the ‹revisionist› states in the First World War, the perception of minorities as ‹trouble-makers›, and the Soviet Union's strategy of expansion in East Central Europe. Particular attention is paid to the special circumstances of nation-creation in the territories of the Habsburg Empire, Tsarist Russia and the eastern border regions of imperial Germany. It was there that the political mobilisation of significant parts of the population led to militant nationalism among certain sections of society. The foundation of the Habsburg Empire's successor states brought radical changes among the political elites. This led, on the one hand, to revanchist sentiments among the dispossessed groups; and on the other, to the displacement of supranational elites as part of the ‹nation building› process in the new states that followed in the wake of societal modernisation and the expansion of political participation.
Histoire, mémoire et politique: Débats actuels sur la traite d'esclaves et le colonialism
Authors: Coquery-Vidrovitch Catherine 
Published: February 2015

History, Memory, and Politics: Recent Debates about the Slave Trade and Colonialism French colonial past is often the apple of discord between French historians. This article tries to analyze three reasons for these quarrels: a significant and pioneering historical literature has been forgotten; French education at school has been deficient and silent on the French slave trade and slavery; and many historians refuse to realize that it is a political question that is related to the «national identity », an interrogation including also the public use of history and the – easily committed – confusion between history and memory.
Deutschland, der atlantische Sklavenhandel und die Plantagenwirtschaft der Neuen Welt
Authors: Weber Klaus 
Published: February 2015

Germany, the Atlantic Slave Trade and the Economy Based on Plantations of the New World (15th until 19th Century) In contrast with the widespread image of Germany as a country that was commercially backward in comparison with its Western neighbours, and hardly integrated with the Atlantic economy, German financiers and manufacturers were heavily involved with the development of the Atlantic plantation economy and with the slave trade. They not only oversaw slave ships under the Portuguese, French, Spanish, British, or Danish flag, but also ran plantations in the respective colonial empires. Even more important for the development of Central European economies was the high proportion of their products among the commodities exchanged for slaves, since the earliest phases of the trade. Many slavers leaving Europe had far more than half of their cargo made up of German textiles, brass and metalware. Lower labour costs in central European proto-industrial regions provided a key advantage against western European competitors. By the early 18th century, these regions entered into competition even with Indian calico producers. As German products were widely paid for with barter goods such as sugar, coffee, and tobacco, the same regions also became important markets for colonial goods. They stimulated the plantation economy both by the input of manufactures and by the absorption of its products and thus formed one of its integral elements, hitherto neglected by most scholarly works on the economic effects of the slave trade.
British Colonial Expertise, Post-Colonial Careering and the Early History of International Development
Authors: Hodge Joseph M. 
Published: February 2015

British Colonial Expertise, Post-Colonial Careering and the Early History of International Development This article examines the connection between late colonial development efforts and post-colonial, rural development policies and programmes. It does this by mapping the contributions of several technical officers who had their professional start as part of the British colonial service in the 1940s and 1950s, but who later went on to subsequent careers in international development. Many of these officials were recruited to work for Britain's overseas development administration or the UN's specialist agencies and the World Bank. Others were hired as advisers by international charities or consultancy companies, bringing with them the development strategies first devised during their formative years as colonial experts. After a brief overview of the early background and experiences of the colonial officials surveyed for this research, the article examines two important development schemes implemented in Kenya in the 1950s and 1960s: the Swynnerton Plan and the Million-Acre Settlement Scheme. It highlights the careers of several agricultural officers involved in these projects, who later rose to positions of leadership with the World Bank. These former colonial experts were instrumental in formulating some of the institution's most high profile, Integrated Rural Development programmes, including the Lilongwe Land Development Project in Malawi and the Transmigration Program in Indonesia.
Writing the History of Development
Authors: Cooper Frederic 
Published: February 2015

Writing the History of Development Although some scholars think of economic development as a project of self-evident benevolence and others consider it as the imposition of an unwanted modernity, recent scholarship, such as the articles in this volume, suggests a more complex history. Colonial governments from the late 1930s sought to assert legitimacy and foster the co-operation of colonized people via development programmes, but development quickly became politicized – a basis for claims on the resources of empire, an insistence on voice in deciding what development policies should be. The history of development suggests that in the future as in much of the past the consequences of actions cannot be evaluated by generalizations about «modernity », neither by advocates of development initiatives nor by their critics. There is no substitute for specific analysis of who might find opportunities or constraints in programmes for economic change. Through the politics of development, poverty became an issue not only in remote parts of Africa or Asia, but also in New York and Geneva. Most important of all, the history of development is a history of changing expectations.
Soviet Lessons for Arab Modernization: Soviet Educational Aid towards Arab Countries after 1956
Authors: Katsakioris Constantin 
Published: February 2015

Soviet Lessons for Arab Modernization: Soviet Educational Aid to Arab Countries after 1956 This paper examines the Soviet-Arab cooperation in the domain of higher education and particularly the education of Arab students in the USSR. It argues that educational cooperation took shape on the ground of shared beliefs about the role of the state in the process of economic development and modernization. Soviet educational aid constituted a major vehicle for the transfer and implementation of Soviet ideas about modernization. It played a significant role in the development of Arab countries and marked the Soviet-Arab partnership.
Die Farbe der Religion. Topografie und Topik der «Deux France»
Authors: Schneider Ute 
Published: February 2015

The Colour of Religion. Topography and Topic of «Two Frances» The disputes about the public space between the state and the church which were hold since the nineteenth century in numerous European countries are the point of departure. To make the religious and confessional structuring of the national space tangible, helpful argumentation aides were visualisations and cartographic techniques. In France, since the end of the eighteenth century and in the context of the debates between the state and the church, an established argumentative pattern – the topic of «two Frances» – was visualised on the basis of statistical surveys. The thesis is that the multiple reading possibilities of the cartographic visualisations were shifting from a model of inclusion to a model of exclusion during the nineteenth century. Finally, in the course of the disputes, the visualisations became independent and the «two Frances» became a discursive reference location as mental representations of the national space and did not need any more media presence. In contrast: In the European context, cartographic visualisations remained the object and the negotiation lieu of national rivalries.
Welfare Regimes and Welfare Regions in Britain and Europe, c.1750s to 1860s
Authors: King Steven 
Published: February 2015

Welfare Regimes and Welfare Regions in Britain and Europe, c.1750s to 1860s This article is concerned with the models that might be used to classify and compare welfare regimes in different European states prior to the broad convergence of welfare debates and structures of the late-nineteenth century. Reviewing existing models («Nordic» welfare systems, confessional divides, welfare peripheries, etc.) the article contends that a more sensitive set of comparative yardsticks is needed if welfare historians are to break out of a cycle of research that has come to focus overwhelmingly on intra-state regional and intraregional differences in welfare inputs and outputs. It suggests that welfare historians might talk in terms of four broad regime types – entitling, exclusionist, obligatory and disciplinary – anchored less in how welfare was funded or organised and more in issues of sentiment and intent. Taking up such a model, the article argues, allows a much more sophisticated frame of comparative reference than one which is based upon broad confessional divides or the sense that countries like England and Wales were somehow «different».