bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Critical limb ischaemia: An evaluation of current revascularization outcome of endovascular intervention versus open‐bypass surgery
Authors: Chan Shun‐Yan , Pang Skyi Yin‐Chun 
Published: August 2014

AimThe aim of the present study was to evaluate current results of endovascular and open‐bypass treatment of critical limb ischaemia subsequent to advancement in endovascular instruments and the development of endovascular technique in the past decade.Patients and MethodsA total of 160 patients with 167 limbs treated at a single centre between 2008 and 2012 were followed up for at least 2 years and reviewed retrospectively. Patients were stratified into an endovascular group and an open‐bypass group based on first intervention received. The two groups demonstrated comparable demographics, clinical profile classified by Rutherford Classifications and lesion characteristics evaluated according to TransAtlantic Intersociety Consensus staging standards. One‐year primary patency, 2‐year primary patency, secondary patency, overall survival rate and amputation‐free‐survival rate were compared between the endovascular group and open‐bypass group.ResultsThe endovascular group showed superior results to the bypass group in terms of 1‐year amputation‐free‐survival (endovascular: 78.2 per cent, open bypass: 61.3 per cent, P = 0.023) and 2‐year‐amputation‐free‐survival (endovascular: 73.1 per cent, open bypass: 56 per cent, P = 0.027). No significant difference was found between the two groups in 1‐year primary patency (endovascular: 80.3 per cent, open bypass: 67.8 per cent, P = 0.103), 2‐year primary patency (endovascular: 80.3 per cent, open bypass: 64.8 per cent, P = 0.056), 1‐year secondary patency (endovascular: 77.8 per cent, open bypass: 66.7 per cent, P = 0.577) and two‐year secondary patency (endovascular: 77.8 per cent, open bypass: 58.3 per cent, P = 0.350). Comparable results were noted in the 1‐year survival rate (endovascular: 91 per cent, open bypass: 81.3 per cent, P = 0.082) and 2‐year survival rate (endovascular: 84.6 per cent, open bypass: 72 per cent, P = 0.058). Lower median blood loss (endovascular: 15 mL, open bypass: 100 mL) and shorter mean operative time (endovascular: 27.2 min, open bypass: 143.1 min) were demonstrated in the endovascular group.ConclusionEndovascular intervention has demonstrated superior results to bypass surgery in critical limb ischaemia in terms of 1‐year and 2‐year amputation‐free‐survival, with potential benefits of lower intraoperative blood loss and a shorter operative time. Primary patency, secondary patency and overall survival in 2 years are currently comparable between the two intervention modalities.
‘And the Oscar Goes to… Daybreak in Udi’: Understanding Late Colonial Community Development and its Legacy through Film
Authors: Page Ben 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTThis article analyses the 1949 film Daybreak in Udi and the influential ideas of its ‘star’ Edward Rowland Chadwick, a District Officer, with a view to understanding the legacy of the colonial policy of Community Development in Eastern Nigeria and Cameroon. The film, which is freely available online, follows an African community using ‘self‐help’ methods to construct a rural maternity home. It helps visualize the colonial practices of ‘mass education’ and ‘community betterment’ but is not just a drama‐documentary: it is also an argument in favour of community development. The article argues that Chadwick's ideas had a profound influence within the region where he worked, and that colonial community development more generally provides a key source for ‘participatory development’. The film also discloses a late colonial ‘socio‐geographical imaginary’, articulated through a hierarchy of specific social categories (administrative officers, teachers, peasants, elders, women and troublemakers), spatial locations (urban, rural) and the distinctions between them (modern/reactionary, leader/worker, audible/silent). The article shows that colonial community development not only played an important role in fixing these categories within subsequent development thinking, but that it also ran up against one of the ongoing paradoxes of ‘self‐help development’, namely that it usually requires an outsider.
First‐episode affective psychosis and lipid monitoring: survival analysis of the first abnormal lipid test
Authors: Archie Suzanne , Zangeneh‐Kazemi Azadeh , Akhtar‐Danesh Noori 
Published: August 2014

AbstractAimThis study aimed to assess the probability of developing a lipid test abnormality over time, among first‐time users of antipsychotic medications with affective psychosis.MethodsSurvival analysis was used to analyse data from an early intervention in psychosis programme for the first 53 consecutive and eligible cases of patients between the ages of 14 and 40 years who had a diagnosis of affective psychosis. Data on initiation of antipsychotic medications and lipid laboratory test results were abstracted from chart reviews.ResultsWithin the first 18 months of receiving antipsychotic medications, the probability of surviving without an abnormal lipid test was only 25% (confidence interval 95%: 13.1%, 40.4%). The median time to the development of an abnormal test was 8 months for males and 12 months for females (P < 0.001).ConclusionsAdditional studies are needed to document the incidence over time of abnormal lipid tests to inform clinicians about the optimal frequency of monitoring.
LDH is an adverse prognostic factor independent of ISS in transplant‐eligible myeloma patients receiving bortezomib‐based induction regimens
Authors: Chim Chor Sang , Sim Joycelyn , Tam Sidney , Tse Eric , Lie Albert Kwok Wai , Kwong Yok Lam 
Published: August 2014

AbstractBackgroundSerum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) has been an adverse prognostic factor for myeloma but does not feature in the International Staging System (ISS). We examined whether elevated serum LDH at diagnosis remains an adverse risk factor independent of ISS for survivals transplant‐eligible myeloma patients receiving early/frontline bortezomib‐based induction, followed by autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT).PatientsSeventy‐seven transplant‐eligible Chinese patients received three induction regimens [staged approach (N = 25), PAD (N = 19), VTD (N = 33)], followed by ASCT and thalidomide maintenance.ResultsFive‐year overall (OS) and event‐free (EFS) survivals were 66.4% and 36.2%. There was no difference in demographics, complete remission/near complete remission (CR/nCR rates postinduction or ASCT, and survivals among patients induced by the three induction regimens. Elevated LDH was associated with male gender (P = 0.006), ISS III (P = 0.042) and serum β2‐microglobulin (P = 0.040). Univariate analysis showed that elevated LDH, ISS III, high β2‐microglobulin, and failure to attain CR/nCR post‐ACST were risk factors adversely impacting both OS and EFS. Multivariate analysis showed that elevated LDH was the only factor impacting both OS (P = 0.007) and EFS (P = 0.008).ConclusionIn this uniformly treated cohort of transplant‐eligible myeloma patients, elevated serum LDH is an adverse risk factor independent of ISS for both OS and EFS. Bortezomib‐based induction/ASCT regimen had not abolished the adverse impact of elevated LDH.
Systematic review of epilepsy self‐management interventions integrated with a synthesis of children and young people's views and experiences
Authors: Lewis Sheila A. , Noyes Jane , Hastings Richard P. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractAimTo determine the effectiveness of epilepsy self‐management interventions and explore the views and experiences of medication and seizures by children and young people.BackgroundExperiencing seizures and side‐effects from anti‐epileptic medicines have negative impacts on children and young people managing their epilepsy. Children commonly experiment with not taking epilepsy medication as prescribed and engage in unhealthy lifestyles.Design/Review MethodsMixed‐method systematic review with theory development. Cochrane quantitative methods and thematic synthesis of qualitative and survey evidence.Data SourcesEight databases were searched from earliest dates to July 2013.ResultsNineteen studies were included. Meta‐analysis was not possible. Zero of nine intervention studies showed improvement in anti‐epilepsy medication adherence. Skill‐based behavioural techniques with activities such as role play and goal setting with young people increased epilepsy knowledge and seizure self‐management (small effects). Intervention studies were methodologically weak and no studies reported if improvement in self‐management was sustained over time. Synthesis of nine qualitative and one mixed‐method studies generated six themes encapsulating anti‐epilepsy medication and epilepsy effects. There was a lack of fidelity between intervention programme theories and what children and young people found difficult with medication self‐management and managing the effects of epilepsy.ConclusionChildren and young people knowingly and/or unknowingly take risks with their epilepsy and give reasoned explanations for doing so. There are no effective interventions to change epilepsy medication adherence behaviours. There is an urgent need for more innovative and individually tailored interventions to address specific challenges to epilepsy self‐management as identified by children and young people themselves.
A critical season approach to Allen's rule: bill size declines with winter temperature in a cold temperate environment
Authors: Danner Raymond M. , Greenberg Russell 
Published: August 2014

AbstractAimBill size is positively correlated with average air temperature in several avian taxa. The conventional explanation for this pattern is that the poorly insulated surface area of the bill functions to dissipate excess heat in hot climates or retain heat in cold climates (Allen's rule). We hypothesize that the applicability of Allen's rule depends upon the season of critical thermal stress, which may vary by location and species. We previously found that bill size increases with high summer temperature in song sparrows (Melospiza melodia) of California, supporting the hypothesis that larger bills are an adaptation to release dry heat and minimize evaporative water loss in a hot, dry environment. Song sparrows in eastern North America face a different climatic regime, in which summers are warm but moist, and winters are cold. We predicted that this climate region would select for smaller bills to minimize heat loss.LocationFrom coastal Delaware and Maryland to the Allegheny Plateau of the eastern USA.MethodsWe measured body size and bill morphology of 274 song sparrow individuals across a climatic gradient and geographical gradient. We used linear regression models to test for effects of geographical location and 30‐year means of minimum winter and maximum summer temperatures and annual rainfall on bill size.ResultsBill size was best predicted by, and positively correlated with, cold winter temperatures and distance from the Atlantic coast. Body size did not change substantially with distance from the coast, indicating that the pattern of bill size was not a result of allometry. Coastal birds had bills larger than predicted by a linear effect of minimum temperature.Main conclusionsCollectively, these results support the hypothesis that variation in bill size reflects selection for winter heat retention rather than for summer heat dissipation. Bill size may be shaped by physiological responses to regional climates, and the season of critical thermal stress may vary geographically, even on relatively small spatial scales.
Evolution and diversification related to rainfall regimes: diversification patterns in the South African genus Metalasia (Asteraceae–Gnaphalieae)
Authors: Bengtson Annika , Nylinder Stephan , Karis Per Ola , Anderberg Arne A. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractAimThe Cape region is known for its exceptional species richness, although much remains unknown regarding the appearance of the modern Cape flora. One explanation is that floral diversification was influenced by the establishment of winter rainfall/summer arid conditions hypothesized to have occurred towards the end of the Miocene. We studied the evolution and diversification of the plant genus Metalasia (Asteraceae–Gnaphalieae), with the aim of testing whether radiation patterns may have been influenced by the climatic changes.LocationSouth Africa, with emphasis on the south‐west.MethodsThe radiation of Metalasia was investigated using two approaches: a species diffusion approach, which estimated the ancestral areas by means of a relaxed random walk while sampling from extant distributions; and a discrete approach, in which distributions were defined according to the phytogeographical centres of the Cape region. Secondarily derived clock rates from an earlier Gnaphalieae study were used for calibration purposes.ResultsOur analyses date Metalasia to approximately 6.9 Ma, after the Miocene–Pliocene boundary and the establishment of the winter rainfall/summer arid conditions. Metalasia consists of two sister clades: Clade A and Clade B. Clade B, which is endemic to the winter rainfall area, is estimated to have diversified c. 6.4 Ma, whereas Clade A, with a main distribution in the all‐year rainfall area, is considerably younger, with a crown group age estimated to 3.3 Ma. Diversification rates suggest an early rapid speciation, with rates decreasing through time both for Metalasia and for clades A and B separately. Ancestral area estimations show a possible scenario for the radiation of Metalasia to its current diversity and distribution, with no conflict between results inferred from diffusion or discrete methods.Main conclusionsThe diversification of Metalasia is estimated to have begun after the establishment of the winter rainfall/summer arid conditions, consistent with its radiation having been influenced by changes in the climatic regime.
The response regulator BcSkn7 is required for vegetative differentiation and adaptation to oxidative and osmotic stresses in Botrytis cinerea
Authors: Yang Qianqian , Yin Dafang , Yin Yanni , Cao Yi , Ma Zhonghua 
Published: August 2014

SummaryThe high‐osmolarity glycerol pathway plays an important role in the responses of fungi to various environmental stresses. Saccharomyces cerevisiae Skn7 is a response regulator in the high‐osmolarity glycerol pathway, which regulates the oxidative stress response, cell cycle and cell wall biosynthesis. In this study, we characterized an Skn7 orthologue BcSkn7 in Botrytis cinerea. BcSKN7 can partly restore the growth defects of S. cerevisiae SKN7 mutant and vice versa. The BcSKN7 mutant (ΔBcSkn7‐1) revealed increased sensitivity to ionic osmotic and oxidative stresses and to ergosterol biosynthesis inhibitors. In addition, ΔBcSkn7‐1 was also impaired dramatically in conidiation and sclerotial formation. Western blot analysis showed that BcSkn7 positively regulated the phosphorylation of BcSak1 (the orthologue of S. cerevisiae Hog1) under osmotic stress, indicating that BcSkn7 is associated with the high‐osmolarity glycerol pathway in B. cinerea. In contrast with BcSak1, BcSkn7 is not involved in the regulation of B. cinerea virulence. All of the phenotypic defects of ΔBcSkn7‐1 are restored by genetic complementation of the mutant with the wild‐type BcSKN7. The results of this study indicate that BcSkn7 plays an important role in the regulation of vegetative differentiation and in the response to various stresses in B. cinerea.
Suppression of NGB and NAB/ERabp1 in tomato modifies root responses to potato cyst nematode infestation
Authors: Dąbrowska‐Bronk Joanna , Czarny Magdalena , Wiśniewska Anita , Fudali Sylwia , Baranowski Łukasz , Sobczak Mirosław , Święcicka Magdalena , Matuszkiewicz Mateusz , Brzyżek Grzegorz , Wroblewski Tadeusz , Dobosz Renata , Bartoszewski Grzegorz , Filipecki Marcin 
Published: August 2014

SummaryPlant‐parasitic nematodes cause significant damage to major crops throughout the world. The small number of genes conferring natural plant resistance and the limitations of chemical control require the development of new protective strategies. RNA interference or the inducible over‐expression of nematicidal genes provides an environment‐friendly approach to this problem. Candidate genes include NGB, which encodes a small GTP‐binding protein, and NAB/ERabp1, which encodes an auxin‐binding protein, which were identified as being up‐regulated in tomato roots in a transcriptome screen of potato cyst nematode (Globodera rostochiensis) feeding sites. Real‐time reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) and in situ hybridization confirmed the localized up‐regulation of these genes in syncytia and surrounding cells following nematode infection. Gene‐silencing constructs were introduced into tomato, resulting in a 20%–98% decrease in transcription levels. Nematode infection tests conducted on transgenic plants showed 57%–82% reduction in the number of G. rostochiensis females in vitro and 30%–46% reduction in pot trials. Transmission electron microscopy revealed a deterioration of cytoplasm, and degraded mitochondria and plastids, in syncytia induced in plants with reduced NAB/ERabp1 expression. Cytoplasm in syncytia induced in plants with low NGB expression was strongly electron translucent and contained very few ribosomes; however, mitochondria and plastids remained intact. Functional impairments in syncytial cytoplasm of silenced plants may result from NGB's role in ribosome biogenesis; this was confirmed by localization of yellow fluorescent protein (YFP)‐labelled NGB protein in nucleoli and co‐repression of NGB in plants with reduced NAB/ERabp1 expression. These results demonstrate that NGB and NAB/ERabp1 play important roles in the development of nematode‐induced syncytia.
THE EFFECT OF MONOPSONY POWER ON PRORATIONING AND UNITIZATION REGULATION OF THE COMMON POOL
Authors: BOYCE JOHN R. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractFor four decades beginning in the 1930s, the U.S. oil and gas industry was regulated by a quota‐supported price‐floor instrument known as prorationing. Most economists argue that unitization would have been a more efficient form of regulation. This paper studies how monopsony power held by integrated pipeline/refinery firms affects that conclusion. Absent regulation, the underproduction by monopsony dominates the overproduction from common‐property supply. Thus, unitization, which forces producers to internalize costs, causes output to be further restricted. In contrast, prorationing severs the price‐setting ability of the monopsonist, so can increase output to the first‐best. Under prorationing, at the first‐best output level, the marginal monopsony rents equal the Pigouvian output tax that solves the common‐property problem. Also discussed are the distribution of gains under prorationing and unitization as implemented.
‘Let's Talk about Emotions!’. The Effect of Conversational Training on Preschoolers' Emotion Comprehension and Prosocial Orientation
Authors: Ornaghi Veronica , Grazzani Ilaria , Cherubin Elisa , Conte Elisabetta , Piralli Francesca 
Published: August 2014

AbstractWe investigated whether conversational intervention focused on emotions could promote the development of emotion comprehension (EC), theory of mind (ToM), and prosocial orientation in preschoolers. Seventy‐five 4‐ to 5‐year‐old children (Mage at pre‐test: 5 years and 1 month; standard deviation = 6.83 months), assigned to experimental and control conditions, were pre‐ and post‐tested for verbal ability, EC, false‐belief understanding, and prosocial orientation. Over a 6‐week intervention, all children were presented with brief illustrated scenarios based on emotional scripts. The training group was then involved in conversations about the nature, causes, and regulation of emotion whereas the control group engaged in free play, where conversation was minimized. The training group outperformed the control group in EC and prosocial orientation, even after controlling for gains in verbal ability whereas no differences were found for children's false‐belief understanding. The positive effect remained stable over time. Practical implications of the findings are discussed.
Young people, Malay and English in multilingual Singapore
Authors: CHONG EUVIN LOONG JIN , SEILHAMER MARK F. 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTWith English use extremely prevalent in Singapore, young Singaporeans are increasingly abandoning the use of their ethnic languages. The Singapore Malay community, however, is frequently depicted as an exception to this trend, proudly keeping Malay as their dominant language and an integral part of their cultural identities despite the overwhelming dominance of English in present day Singaporean society. This study seeks to obtain a sense of whether this is indeed the case by investigating the relationships Singaporean Malay university students (ages 18–26) have with Malay along the dimensions of language expertise, language inheritance, and language affiliation. Fifty survey participants reported on their proficiency in, use of, and perceptions of Malay and English. The results indicate that participants’ relationships with Malay are indeed strongly characterized by all three dimensions – expertise, inheritance, and affiliation – despite their prevalent use of English in all but a few domains and, by the majority, identification of English as the language that best defines them as Singaporeans.
Social Classes, Neodevelopmentalism, and Brazilian Foreign Policy under Presidents Lula and Dilma
Authors: Boito Armando , Berringer Tatiana 
Published: August 2014

The transition from the FHC to the Lula administration produced an epochal change within the power bloc. Large-scale international financial capital lost power, while the internal grande bourgeoisie ascended politically because of a policy-oriented broad-front approach that included even the popular classes. The Lula and Dilma governments did not break with the neoliberal model for capitalism, but because they represented a particular fraction of the capitalist class and because they owed their support to particular classes they introduced major changes in the economic policy, the political orientation, and the international performance of the Brazilian state. Na passagem da era FHC para a era Lula, ocorreu uma mudança no interior do bloco no poder: o grande capital financeiro internacional perdeu força e a grande burguesia interna brasileira ascendeu politicamente, apoiando-se numa ampla frente política que abarca, inclusive, classes populares. Os governos Lula e Dilma não romperam com o modelo de capitalista neoliberal, mas introduziram, em decorrência da fração da classe capitalista que representam e em decorrência também das classes nas quais se apoiam, mudanças importantes na economia, na política e na atuação internacional do Estado brasileiro.