bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Treatment decisions for localized prostate cancer: a concept mapping approach
Authors: McFall Stephanie L. , Mullen Patricia D. , Byrd Theresa L. , Cantor Scott B. , Le Yen‐Chi , Torres‐Vigil Isabel , Pettaway Curtis , Volk Robert J. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractObjectiveFew decision aids emphasize active surveillance (AS) for localized prostate cancer. Concept mapping was used to produce a conceptual framework incorporating AS and treatment.MethodsFifty‐four statements about what men need to make a decision for localized prostate cancer were derived from focus groups with African American, Latino and white men previously screened for prostate cancer and partners (n = 80). In the second phase, 89 participants sorted and rated the importance of statements.ResultsAn eight cluster map was produced for the overall sample. Clusters were labelled Doctor–patient exchange, Big picture comparisons, Weighing the options, Seeking and using information, Spirituality and inner strength, Related to active treatment, Side‐effects and Family concerns. A major division was between medical and home‐based clusters. Ethnic groups and genders had similar sorting, but some variation in importance. Latinos rated Big picture comparisons as less important. African Americans saw Spirituality and inner strength most important, followed by Latinos, then whites. Ethnic‐ and gender‐specific concept maps were not analysed because of high similarity in their sorting patterns.ConclusionsWe identified a conceptual framework for management of early‐stage prostate cancer that included coverage of AS. Eliciting the conceptual framework is an important step in constructing decision aids which will address gaps related to AS.
Middle East Historiography: Did We Miss the Cultural Turn?
Authors: Martin Kevin W. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractIn the late 20th century, a novel mode of historical research and writing emerged and soon acquired its distinctive label, “the new cultural history.” By the first decade of the current century, some deemed cultural history to have achieved hegemonic status within the historical profession. Yet recently mounted retrospective assessments of this “cultural turn” have cast doubt on such triumphalist declarations. This is especially so within the field of Middle East historiography, in which cultural historyper sehas failed to achieve the status of an identifiable sub‐discipline on a par with social, economic, or political history. This essay explores possible explanations for this conspicuous absence, focusing on the distinctive history of the Western historiography of the Middle East and the tendency of disciplinary mainstreams to “domesticate” their unruly “children.”
Presidential Address: African-American Education History—A Manifestation of Faith
Authors: Randolph Adah Ward 
Published: February 2014

Now faith is the substance of things hoped for; the evidence of thing not seen.Hebrews 11:1 (KJV)First, I would like to thank all of the people who placed me in this position. What you did not know was I had no idea I would actually be in this situation. So, I come before you today with what is on my mind and in my heart. Many years ago, my husband Dr. Lewis A. Randolph told me I would be in this spot. Of course, I doubted him. But I thank him because he had more faith in me than I had in myself at that time concerning my trajectory in the field of the history of education. But here I stand as a child of God before you. I hope what he has given me to share with you spurns your thoughts, ideas, and your heart to continue to develop and uncover the history of African-American education.
T cells in the central nervous system: messengers of destruction or purveyors of protection?
Authors: Walsh James T. , Watson Nikki , Kipnis Jonathan 
Published: February 2014

AbstractAlthough the destructive effects of an overactive adaptive immune system have been well established, especially in the context of autoimmune diseases, recently an understanding of the beneficial effects of the adaptive immunity in central nervous system (CNS) injuries has emerged. CD4+ T cells have been shown to benefit injured CNS tissue through various mechanisms; both traditional cytokine signalling and by modulating the phenotype of neural cells in the injury site. One of the major targets of the cytokine signalling in the CNS are myeloid cells, both resident microglia and monocytes, that infiltrate the tissue after injury and whose phenotype; protective or destructive, appears to be directly influenced by T cells. This cross‐talk between the adaptive and innate immune systems presents potential new targets that could provide tangible benefits in pathologies that currently have few treatment options.
Xenotransplantation: immunological hurdles and progress toward tolerance
Authors: Griesemer Adam , Yamada Kazuhiko , Sykes Megan 
Published: February 2014

SummaryThe discrepancy between organ need and organ availability represents one of the major limitations in the field of transplantation. One possible solution to this problem is xenotransplantation. Research in this field has identified several obstacles that have so far prevented the successful development of clinical xenotransplantation protocols. The main immunologic barriers include strong T‐cell and B‐cell responses to solid organ and cellular xenografts. In addition, components of the innate immune system can mediate xenograft rejection. Here, we review these immunologic and physiologic barriers and describe some of the strategies that we and others have developed to overcome them. We also describe the development of two strategies to induce tolerance across the xenogeneic barrier, namely thymus transplantation and mixed chimerism, from their inception in rodent models through their current progress in preclinical large animal models. We believe that the addition of further beneficial transgenes to Gal knockout swine, combined with new therapies such as Treg administration, will allow for successful clinical application of xenotransplantation.
Biomarkers and possible mechanisms of operational tolerance in kidney transplant patients
Authors: Dugast Emilie , Chesneau Mélanie , Soulillou Jean‐Paul , Brouard Sophie 
Published: February 2014

SummaryA small number of patients do not reject their graft after weaning from immunosuppressive treatment. Here, we analyze the studies carried out to try to understand the mechanisms involved in this operational transplant tolerance and evaluate the hypotheses proffered on these potential mechanisms.
Anisotropic Grain Boundary Mobility in Undoped and Doped Alumina
Authors: Akiva Ran , Katsman Alexander , Kaplan Wayne D. 
Published: February 2014

The grain boundary mobility of polycrystalline alumina (α‐Al2O3), and the effective grain boundary mobility of the basal (0001) plane as it grew into polycrystalline alumina, was determined for undoped alumina, alumina doped with 23 ppm MgO, and alumina doped with 13 ppm CaO at 1600°C. Doping with MgO at a level below the solubility limit decreased the grain‐boundary mobility from 2.7 × 10−15 to 1.5 × 10−15 m2/s, and doping with CaO at a level below the solubility limit increased the mobility to 3.5 × 10−15 m2/s. For the undoped samples at 1600°C, the activation energy for the average grain boundary mobility was 372 ± 39 kJ/mol. The mobility of the (0001) plane growing into alumina doped with MgO at a level below the solubility limit decreased to 1.1 × 10−15 m2/s compared with the mobility of the (0001) plane growing into undoped alumina (2.5 × 10−15 m2/s), and the mobility of the (0001) plane growing into alumina doped with CaO (below the solubility limit) increased to 3.2 × 10−15 m2/s. The activation energy for the mobility of the (0001) plane was 483 ± 76 kJ/mol. Although a measured Ca excess of 2.6 Ca/nm2 at the boundary between the (0001) plane and CaO‐doped alumina is correlated with an increased mobility, the platelike morphology of CaO‐doped polycrystalline alumina is associated with an increased mobility of nonbasal planes.
Dielectric Properties and Relaxation of Bi2Ti2O7
Authors: Turner Christopher G. , Esquivel‐Elizondo J. Roberto , Nino Juan C. 
Published: February 2014

The dielectric properties of Bi2Ti2O7 were explored as a function of temperature and frequency. A comparison between the dielectric response of the well‐known Bi1.5Zn0.92Nb1.5O6.92 (BZN) pyrochlore and the recently available Bi2Ti2O7 sintered ceramic revealed considerable differences, which indicate that chemical disorder, and not atomic displacement on its own, is chiefly responsible for the dielectric relaxation in bismuth pyrochlores. A low‐frequency (<10 kHz) and relatively high‐temperature (~125 K) dielectric relaxation was observed in Bi2Ti2O7. An Arrhenius function was used to model the relaxation behavior and yielded an activation energy of 0.162 eV and an attempt jump frequency of ~1 MHz. This response is consistent with space charge polarization and not the result of dipolar or ionic disorder.
Synthesis, Structure, and Tunable Luminescence Properties of Novel Ba3NaLa(PO4)3F:Eu2+,Mn2+ Phosphors
Authors: Mi Ruiyu , Zhao Chenglong , Xia Zhiguo 
Published: February 2014

A series of luminescent emission‐tunable phosphors Ba3NaLa(PO4)3F:Eu2+,Mn2+ have been prepared by a high‐temperature solid‐state reaction. The Rietveld refinement analysis confirms that the obtained phosphors possess pure apatite crystalline phase and the sites' occupancy of dopant has been also discussed. Upon the excitation of 355 nm, the emission spectra of Ba3NaLa(PO4)3F:Eu2+,Mn2+ consist of two broad bands assigned to 5d–4f transition of Eu2+ and 4T1 (4G)–6A1 (6S) transitions of Mn2+, respectively. Energy transfer (ET) occurs in Eu2+, Mn2+ codoped Ba3NaLa(PO4)3F host. On the basis of the thorough analysis and comparison upon their excitation, emission properties, and the decay behaviors, it is demonstrated that the ET mechanism between Eu2+ and Mn2+ is ascribed to the exchange interaction, and the tunable emission color in the novel apatite host can be realized.
The Scope of the Argument from Species Overlap
Authors: Horta Oscar 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThe argument from species overlap has been widely used in the literature on animal ethics and speciesism. However, there has been much confusion regarding what the argument proves and what it does not prove, and regarding the views it challenges. This article intends to clarify these confusions, and to show that the name most often used for this argument (‘the argument from marginal cases’) reflects and reinforces these misunderstandings. The article claims that the argument questions not only those defences of anthropocentrism that appeal to capacities believed to be typically human, but also those that appeal to special relations between humans. This means the scope of the argument is far wider than has been thought thus far. Finally, the article claims that, even if the argument cannot prove by itself that we should not disregard the interests of nonhuman animals, it provides us with strong reasons to do so, since the argument does prove that no defence of anthropocentrism appealing to non‐definitional and testable criteria succeeds.
Segregation distortion affected by transgenes in early generations of rice crop‐weed hybrid progeny: Implications for assessing potential evolutionary impacts from transgene flow into wild relatives
Authors: YANG Chao , WANG Zhe , YANG Xiao , LU Bao‐Rong 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThe significant role of segregation distortion as a driving force of evolution has increasingly gained recognition worldwide. Segregation distortion of parental alleles is commonly reported in hybrid progeny between crops and wild relative species, which possibly influences the evolution potential of the hybrid progeny. Whether transgene introgression into wild and weedy populations through repeated hybridization causes changes of segregation distortion of parental alleles in hybrid progeny is an important question to be addressed to understand the long‐term evolution potential of the populations that have received transgenes. To study the influence of a transgene on allelic segregation, we examined gene and genotype frequencies in transgenic and non‐transgenic populations of F3 and F4 lineages derived from hybrids between transgenic insect‐resistant rice (Bt/CpTI) and weedy rice, involving randomly selected 25 simple sequence repeat markers with polymorphisms between the two parents. We found that the transgenes can significantly alter the segregation distortion pattern in hybrid progeny, particularly the direction of segregation deviated to different parents. In transgenic F3 and F4 populations, there are approximately 64% and 77% simple sequence repeat loci, respectively, with alleles deviated significantly to the insect‐resistant cultivated rice parent; whereas, in non‐transgenic F3 and F4 populations, approximately 68% and 58% loci, respectively, deviated significantly to the weedy rice parent. Transgenes with strong selection advantages may have evolutionary impacts on hybrid progeny by changing their pattern of allelic segregation distortion after introgression from transgenic crops to wild relatives through hybridization.
Darbepoetin alfa once monthly corrects anaemia in patients with chronic kidney disease not on dialysis
Authors: Roger Simon D , Kolmakova Elena , Fung Maple , Malecki Robert , Vinhas José , Dellanna Frank , Thomas Mark , Manamley Nick , Ferenczi Sándor 
Published: February 2014

AbstractAimWhile darbepoetin alfa (DA) can be administered once monthly (QM) to maintain haemoglobin (Hb) concentrations in anaemic patients with chronic kidney disease not on dialysis (CKD‐ND), the QM use of DA for anaemia correction has not been previously investigated.MethodsIn this randomized, double‐blind, non‐inferiority, active‐controlled study, adult subjects with CKD‐ND, Hb levels <10 g/dL, and not treated with an erythropoiesis‐stimulating agent were randomized 1:1 to receive DA every 2 weeks (Q2W) or QM for 33 weeks with initial doses of 0.75 μg/kg Q2W or 1.5 μg/kg QM. Subjects were treated to target Hb levels of 10–12 g/dL and ≥1 g/dL increase from baseline. The primary end‐point was Hb change between baseline and the evaluation period (weeks 29–33), with a non‐inferiority margin of −0.5 g/dL.ResultsThree hundred and fifty‐five subjects received ≥1 dose of DA. Mean (95% confidence interval [CI]) change in Hb between baseline and the evaluation period was 2.16 (1.98–2.33) g/dL for the Q2W group and 1.97 (1.80–2.14) g/dL for the QM group, the mean (95% CI) difference in Hb change being −0.19 (−0.43 to 0.05) g/dL. Most subjects (97.9% Q2W; 98.1% QM) achieved a Hb level ≥10.0 g/dL and ≥1.0 g/dL increase in Hb from baseline. Mean DA (SD) weekly equivalent doses over the evaluation period were 0.20 (0.23) and 0.27 (0.31) μg/kg per week for the Q2W and QM groups, respectively. Safety profiles were similar between groups.ConclusionIn subjects with CKD‐ND, QM dosing was non‐inferior to Q2W dosing for anaemia correction and had a similar safety profile.
Biochemical and molecular characterization of rice (Oryza sativa L.) roots forming a barrier to radial oxygen loss
Authors: KULICHIKHIN KONSTANTIN , YAMAUCHI TAKAKI , WATANABE KOHTARO , NAKAZONO MIKIO 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThe formation of a barrier to radial oxygen (O2) loss (ROL) in the root is an important adaptation of plants to root flooding, but the biochemical changes in plant roots where the barrier is formed are unclear. In this study, we analysed metabolic profiles and gene expression profiles in roots of rice (Oryza sativa L.) plants grown under stagnant deoxygenated conditions, which induce suberization in the outer cell layers of the roots and formation of barrier to ROL. Under these conditions, two distinctive biochemical features of the roots were the accumulations of malic acid and very long chain fatty acids (VLCFAs). We also showed that the expressions of some genes encoding plastid‐localized enzymes, which convert malic acid to acetyl coenzyme A (AcCoA), were simultaneously up‐regulated under stagnant conditions. The expression levels of these genes in specific root tissues isolated by laser microdissection suggested that malic acid is converted to AcCoA predominantly in the plastids in the outer cell layers of rice roots. We propose that the physiological role of malic acid accumulation in rice roots grown under stagnant conditions is to provide a substrate for the biosynthesis of fatty acids, which, in turn, are used in the biosynthesis of suberin.
One‐year rehospitalization rates of patients with first‐episode bipolar mania receiving lithium or valproate and adjunctive atypical antipsychotics
Authors: Woo Young Sup , Bahk Won‐Myong , Jung Young‐Eun , Jeong Jong‐Hyun , Lee Hwang‐Bin , Won Seung‐Hee , Lee Kwang Heun , Jon Duk‐In , Yoon Bo‐Hyun , Kim Moon‐Doo , Min Kyung Joon 
Published: February 2014

AimWe compared the 1‐year rehospitalization rates of first‐episode bipolar manic patients who were discharged while being treated with lithium or valproate in combination with an atypical antipsychotic.MethodsWe investigated the rehospitalization status of first‐episode bipolar manic patients who were discharged between 1 January 2003 and 31 December 2010 while they were taking lithium or valproate in combination with aripiprazole, olanzapine, quetiapine, or risperidone. Rehospitalization rates during a 1‐year period after discharge were compared between the group receiving lithium plus an atypical antipsychotic and the group receiving valproate plus an atypical antipsychotic using the Kaplan–Meier method. A Cox regression model was used to analyze covariates hypothesized to affect time to rehospitalization.ResultsThe rehospitalization rate was 17.3% during the 1‐year follow‐up period. We found significant differences in the rehospitalization rates of patients in the lithium (23.1%) and the valproate (13.3%) groups using the Kaplan–Meier formula. According to Cox proportional hazards regression analysis, higher Clinical Global Impression–Bipolar Version–Severity score at discharge (P = 0.005) and lithium treatment (P = 0.055) contributed to the risk of rehospitalization.ConclusionTreatment with valproate and an atypical antipsychotic can be more effective than treatment with lithium and an atypical antipsychotic in preventing rehospitalization during the 1 year after hospitalization due to a first manic episode in patients with bipolar I disorder. Higher Clinical Global Impression–Bipolar Version–Severity scores at discharge also negatively affected rehospitalization rates.
Association between depression, examination‐related stressors, and sense of coherence: The ronin‐sei study
Authors: Koyama Asuka , Matsushita Masateru , Ushijima Hirokage , Jono Tadashi , Ikeda Manabu 
Published: February 2014

AimsIn the Japanese education system, students who fail university entrance exam often go to special preparatory schools to prepare for the following year's exam. These students are called ronin‐sei. The purpose of this study was to clarify: (i) depression and somatic complaints in ronin‐sei; and (ii) the association between depression, examination‐related stressors, and sense of coherence (SOC).MethodsA total of 914 ronin‐sei from two preparatory schools were asked to answer a self‐rating questionnaire. Depression was measured using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES‐D) and SOC was measured using the SOC‐13 Scale.ResultsOverall, 57.9% of subjects were considered to have depression (CES‐D ≥ 16) and 19.8% had severe depression (CES‐D ≥ 26). Higher CES‐D scores were associated with a higher rate of somatic complaints. In hierarchical logistic regression analysis, having no one to talk to about his/her worries and having parents who disagree about the first‐choice of university and faculty were independent risk factors for depression and severe depression, respectively, even after controlling for SOC.ConclusionsPreparatory school students have various somatic complaints, and their depression is in part related to examination‐related stressors. To maintain mental health, it is important to enhance SOC, to understand their examination‐related stressors and to provide adequate support for these students.
Phylogeny of the lacebugs (Insecta: Heteroptera: Tingidae) using morphological and molecular data
Authors: GUILBERT ERIC , DAMGAARD JAKOB , D'HAESE CYRILLE A. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractA phylogeny of the Tingidae is provided on the basis of parsimony analysis with pre‐alignment as well as with direct optimization of 2018 bp from five loci (COI, Leu‐tRNA, COII, 16S and 28S) and a set of 30 morphological characters. The results obtained with either direct optimization or pre‐alignment methods of parsimony clearly show that Cantacaderinae are sister group to (Phatnominae + Tinginae). Several apomorphies, retrieved in different studies, characterize Cantacaderinae, Phatnominae and Tinginae, but only one characterizes the grouping of Phatnominae + Tinginae. In addition, no clear tribal division as currently used was highlighted within the Tinginae. The results are discussed in the light of earlier morphologically based hypotheses.
A molecular phylogeny of Phasmatodea with emphasis on Necrosciinae, the most species‐rich subfamily of stick insects
Authors: BRADLER SVEN , ROBERTSON JAMES A. , WHITING MICHAEL F. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThe phasmatodeans or stick and leaf insects are considered to be a mesodiverse insect order with more than 3000 species reported mainly from the tropics. The stick insect subfamily Necrosciinae comprises approximately 700 described species in more than 60 genera from the Oriental and Australian region, forming the most species‐rich subfamily traditionally recognized within Phasmatodea. However, the monophyly of this taxon has never been thoroughly tested and the evolutionary relationships among its members are unknown. We analyse three nuclear (18S and 28S rDNA, histone 3) and three mitochondrial (CO II, 12S and 16S rDNA) genes to infer the phylogeny of 60 species of stick insects that represent all recognized families and major subfamilies sensu Günther and the remarkable diversity within Necrosciinae. Maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood and Bayesian techniques largely recover the same substantial clades, albeit with highly discordant relationships between them. Most members of the subfamily Necrosciinae form a clade. However, the genus Neohirasea – currently classified within Lonchodinae – is strongly supported as subordinate to Necrosciinae, whereas Baculofractum, currently classified within Necrosciinae, is strongly supported within Lonchodinae. Accordingly, we formally transfer Neohirasea and allied taxa (namely Neohiraseini) to Necrosciinae sensu nova (s.n.) and Baculofractum to Lonchodinae s.n. We also provide further evidence that Leprocaulinus, until recently recognized as Necrosciinae, belongs to Lonchodinae, and forms the sister taxon of Baculofractum. Furthermore, Lonchodinae is paraphyletic under exclusion of Eurycantha and Neopromachus. We reinstate the traditional view that Neopromachus and related taxa (Neopromachini sensu Günther) are a subgroup of Lonchodinae and transfer those taxa + the New Guinean Eurycanthinae accordingly. Morphological evidence largely corroborates our molecular‐based findings and also reveals that Menexenus fruhstorferi is a member of the genus Neohirasea and is thus transferred from Menexenus (Lonchodinae) to Neohirasea, as Neohirasea fruhstorferi comb.n. (Necrosciinae s.n.). Other phylogenetic results include Areolatae and Anareolatae each supported as polyphyletic, Heteropteryginae and Lanceocercata (Bayesian analysis) are monophyletic, albeit with low support, and Necrosciinae s.n. and Lonchodinae s.n. are recovered as sister taxa (Bayesian analysis).