bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Endothelial Interleukin-6 Defines the Tumorigenic Potential of Primary Human Cancer Stem Cells
Authors: Krishnamurthy Sudha , Warner Kristy A. , Dong Zhihong , Imai Atsushi , Nör Carolina , Ward Brent B. , Helman Joseph I. , Taichman Russell S. , Bellile Emily L. , McCauley Laurie K. , Polverini Peter J. , Prince Mark E. , Wicha Max S. , Nör Jacques E. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC) contain a small subpopulation of stem cells endowed with unique capacity to generate tumors. These cancer stem cells (CSC) are localized in perivascular niches and rely on crosstalk with endothelial cells for survival and self-renewal, but the mechanisms involved are unknown. Here, we report that stromal interleukin (IL)–6 defines the tumorigenic capacity of CSC sorted from primary human HNSCC and transplanted into mice. In search for the cellular source of Interleukin-6 (IL-6), we observed a direct correlation between IL-6 levels in tumor-associated endothelial cells and the tumorigenicity of CSC. In vitro, endothelial cell-IL-6 enhanced orosphere formation, p-STAT3 activation, survival, and self-renewal of human CSC. Notably, a humanized anti-IL-6R antibody (tocilizumab) inhibited primary human CSC-mediated tumor initiation. Collectively, these data demonstrate that endothelial cell-secreted IL-6 defines the tumorigenic potential of CSC, and suggest that HNSCC patients might benefit from therapeutic inhibition of IL-6/IL-6R signaling. Stem Cells 2014;32:2845–2857
Synthesis and Surface Properties of Novel Gemini Imidazolium Surfactants
Authors: Wang Liyan , Liu Jia , Huo Shichao , Deng Qigang , Yan Tie , Ding Limin , Zhang Chao , Meng Lingwei , Lu Qiangna 
Published: July 2014

AbstractFive new Gemini imidazolium surfactants were synthesized from imidazole and 1‐bromoalkane (C8, C10, C12, C14, C16) to get 1‐alkylimidazole, which was further reacted with 1,3‐dichloropropan‐2‐ol to form the surfactant molecule, 1,1′‐(propane‐1,3‐diyl‐2‐ol) bis(3‐alkyl‐1H‐imidazol‐3‐ium) chloride. The structures of the five new surfactants and intermediates were characterized by 1H‐NMR, 13C‐NMR and IR spectra. Thermal properties of the five new surfactants were studied with thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry, the five new surfactants showed a transition from a crystalline phase to a thermotropic liquid–crystalline phase at around ca. 100 °C, which transformed to an isotropic liquid phase at around ca. 165 °C. The five new surfactants critical micelle concentrations (CMC) in the aqueous solutions were determined by surface tension and electrical conductivity methods. The surface tension measurements provided a series of parameters, including critical micelle concentration (CMC), surface tension at the CMC (γCMC), adsorption efficiency (pC20), and effectiveness of surface tension reduction (πCMC). In addition, with application of the Gibbs adsorption isotherm, maximum surface excess concentration (Γmax) and minimum surface area/molecule (Amin) at the air–water interface were obtained. The parameters β (degree of counterion binding to micelles), ΔGadsθ (Gibbs free energy of adsorption), and ΔGmicθ (Gibbs free energy change of micellization) were also derived. The results indicated that the five new Gemini surfactants exhibited very low CMC and a good efficiency in lowering the surface tension of water. The foamability and foam stability of the five new surfactants were also examined at different CMC.
A systematic review of the effect of daily panty liner use on the vulvovaginal environment
Authors: Pontes Ana C. , Amaral Rose L.G. , Giraldo Paulo C. , Beghini Joziani , Giraldo Helena P.D. , Cordeiro Etienne S. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractBackgroundWhether panty liners predispose to vulvovaginitis is unclear.ObjectivesTo clarify the effects of the use of panty liners on the female genital tract.Search strategySeveral electronic databases (including PubMed and Embase) were searched to identify studies published in English before May 3, 2012.Selection criteriaCase–control studies, randomized controlled trials, and cohort studies comparing young women who did and did not use panty liners in the intermenstrual period were included.Data collection and analysisThe quality of the studies was assessed using the Newcastle–Ottawa Scale or the Jadad Scale. Data from suitable studies were extracted for analysis.Main resultsFive articles met the inclusion criteria. Four studies—all of which included only healthy women—found no significant clinical implications arising from the use of panty liners. The fifth study was of women with recurrent candidiasis and showed that use of panty liners was associated with new candidiasis episodes.ConclusionsThe intermenstrual use of panty liners does not seem to have a negative effect on the vulvovaginal area.
Largely a matter of degrees: Quality assurance and Canadian universities
Authors: Weinrib Julian , Jones Glen A 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
There is no national accreditation or quality assurance mechanism for Canadian higher education. This paper argues that a number of structural characteristics that emerged as a function of the transition to mass higher education have served to stymie the development of government quality assurance mechanisms, including the decentralization of higher education policy, the development of a relatively homogeneous university sector, and the limited policy capacity of provincial ministries. The development of new types of degrees, combined with an expansion of degree-authority to new institutional types have led to the emergence of new quality mechanisms in several provinces designed to assess the quality of new degrees, but it is the universities that continue to play the central role in terms of quality assurance.
Assessing metabolic syndrome in people with ID (intellectual disabilities) on antipsychotic medication
Authors: Carballedo A. , Doran A. , Doyle M. , Flavin S. , Tyrrel J. , Kelly F. , Guerin S. , Dodd P. 
Published: July 2014

AimsTo identify whether clinical information routinely collected and recorded on clinical files is available for the identification of metabolic syndrome and to assess the prevalence of risk factors for the syndrome in a sample of people with intellectual disabilities (ID) and mental illness treated with antipsychotic medication.MethodsA retrospective analysis was performed for 76 adults with ID and comorbid mental illness, for whom treatment with antipsychotic medication was established. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 16.0. The Student t-test for parametric data and χ2-test for non-parametrical data were used.ResultsFive of the six criteria for metabolic syndrome were available in all or a high proportion of the files, however no measurement for waist circumference was recorded in any of the files. Aripiprazole appears to be the least risky antipsychotic for metabolic syndrome.ConclusionIt is important to develop a systematic protocol to record diagnostic variables for metabolic syndrome in at risk populations such as those with ID and mental illness treated with regular antipsychotics.
A global analysis of tonal noise in flows around aerofoils
Authors: Fosas de Pando Miguel , Schmid Peter J. , Sipp Denis 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThe generation of discrete acoustic tones in the compressible flow around an aerofoil is addressed in this work by means of nonlinear numerical simulations and global stability analyses. The nonlinear simulations confirm the appearance of discrete tones in the acoustic spectrum and, for the chosen flow case, the global stability analyses of the mean-flow dynamics reveal that the linearized operator is stable. However, the flow response to incoming disturbances exhibits important transient growth effects that culminate in the onset of aeroacoustic feedback loops, involving instability processes on the suction- and pressure-surface boundary layers together with their cross-interaction by acoustic radiation at the trailing edge. The features of the aeroacoustic feedback loops and the appearance of discrete tones are then related to the features of the least-stable modes in the global spectrum: the spatial structure of the direct modes displays the coupled dynamics of hydrodynamic instabilities on the suction surface and in the near wake. Finally, different families of global modes will be identified and the dynamics that they represent will be discussed.
Tollmien–Schlichting wave growth over spanwise-periodic surface patterns
Authors: Downs Robert S. , Fransson Jens H. M. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractA novel type of surface roughness is deployed in a zero-pressure-gradient boundary layer with the goal of delaying the onset of laminar-to-turbulent transition for drag reduction purposes. This proof-of-concept experiment relies on forcing phase-triggered Tollmien–Schlichting (TS) waves across a range of initial amplitudes to produce amplified boundary-layer disturbances in a controlled and repeatable manner. Building on earlier work demonstrating attenuation of forced disturbances and delay of transition with spanwise arrays of discrete roughness and miniature vortex generators (MVGs), the present work seeks a roughness shape which might find success in a wider range of flows. Toward that end, streamwise-elongated humps are regularly spaced in the spanwise direction to form a wavy wall. By direct modulation of the mean flow, growth rates of the forced disturbances are increased or decreased, depending on the roughness configuration. Boundary-layer velocity measurements with hot-wire probes have been performed in a parametric study of the effects of roughness-field geometry and forcing amplitude on TS-wave growth and transition. The roughness field proves detrimental to passive flow control efforts in some configurations, while a reduction in the TS-wave amplitudes compared with the smooth-wall reference case is observed at other conditions. Substantial delays in the onset of transition are demonstrated when TS waves are forced with large amplitudes.
Buoyancy scale effects in large-eddy simulations of stratified turbulence
Authors: Khani Sina , Waite Michael L. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractIn this paper large-eddy simulations (LES) of forced stratified turbulence using two common subgrid scale (SGS) models, the Kraichnan and Smagorinsky models, are studied. As found in previous studies using regular and hyper-viscosity, vorticity contours show elongated horizontal motions, which are layered in the vertical direction, along with intermittent Kelvin–Helmholtz (KH) instabilities. Increased stratification causes the layer thickness to collapse towards the dissipation scale, ultimately suppressing these instabilities. The vertical energy spectra are relatively flat out to a local maximum, which varies with the buoyancy frequency $\def \xmlpi #1{}\def \mathsfbi #1{\boldsymbol {\mathsf {#1}}}\let \le =\leqslant \let \leq =\leqslant \let \ge =\geqslant \let \geq =\geqslant \def \Pr {\mathit {Pr}}\def \Fr {\mathit {Fr}}\def \Rey {\mathit {Re}}N$. The horizontal energy spectra depend on the grid spacing $\varDelta $; if the resolution is fine enough, the horizontal spectrum shows an approximately $-5/3$ slope along with a bump at the buoyancy wavenumber $k_b = N/u_{rms}$, where $u_{rms}$ is the root-mean-square (r.m.s.) velocity. Our results show that there is a critical value of the grid spacing $\varDelta $, below which dynamics of stratified turbulence are well-captured in LES. This critical $\varDelta $ depends on the buoyancy scale $L_b$ and varies with different SGS models: the Kraichnan model requires $\varDelta < 0.47 L_b$, while the Smagorinsky model requires $\varDelta < 0.17 L_b$. In other words, the Smagorinsky model is significantly more costly than the Kraichnan approach, as it requires three times the resolution to adequately capture stratified turbulence.
Effects of single and combined gabapentin use in elevated plus maze and forced swimming tests
Authors: Kilic Fatma Sultan , Ismailoglu Sule , Kaygisiz Bilgin , Oner Setenay 
Published: July 2014

BackgroundGabapentin, a third-generation antiepileptic drug, is a structural analogue of γ-aminobutyric acid, which is an important mediator of central nervous system. There is clinical data indicating its effectiveness in the treatment of psychiatric illnesses such as bipolar disorder and anxiety disorders.ObjectivesWe aimed to investigate the antidepressant and anxiolytic-like effects and mechanisms of gabapentin in rats.Material and MethodsFemale Spraque–Dawley rats weighing 250±20 g were used. A total of 13 groups were formed, each containing 8 rats: gabapentin (5, 10, 20, 40 mg/kg), amitriptyline (10 mg/kg), sertraline (5 mg/kg), diazepam (5 mg/kg), ketamine (10 mg/kg), gabapentin 20 mg/kg was also combined with amitriptyline (10 mg/kg), sertraline (5 mg/kg), diazepam (5 mg/kg) and ketamine (10 mg/kg). All the drugs were used intraperitoneally as single dose. Saline was administered to the control group. Elevated plus maze and forced swimming tests were used as experimental models of anxiety and depression, respectively.ResultsIt was observed that gabapentin showed an anxiolytic-like and antidepressant-like effect in all doses in rats. Its antidepressant effect was found to be the same as the antidepressant effects of amitriptyline and sertraline. There was no change in the antidepressant effect when gabapentin was combined with amitriptyline and ketamine, but there was an increase when combined with sertraline and diazepam. Gabapentin and amitriptyline showed similar anxiolytic effect, whereas ketamine and diazepam had more potent anxiolytic effect compared with them.ConclusionsThese data suggest that gabapentin may possess antidepressant- and anxiolytic-like effects.
Foreign Currency Returns and Systematic Risks
Authors: Atanasov Victoria , Nitschka Thomas 
Published: July 2014

AbstractWe apply an empirical approximation of the intertemporal capital asset pricing model (ICAPM) to show that cross-sectional dispersion in currency returns can be rationalized by differences in currency excess returns’ sensitivities to the market return’s cash-flow news component. This finding echoes recent explanations of the value and growth stock market anomaly. The distinction between cash-flow news and discount-rate news is key to jointly explain average stock and currency returns. Our analysis reveals the presence of a common source of systematic risk in stock and foreign currency returns that is reflected in the market return’s cash-flow news component.
Oxidised cellulose powder for haemostasis following sinus surgery: a pilot randomised trial
Authors: Al-Shaikh S , Muddaiah A , Lee R J , Bhutta M F 
Published: July 2014

AbstractBackground:Haemorrhage is the most common major complication of endoscopic sinus surgery. Post-operative absorbable or non-absorbable nasal packing can cause pain and blockage. Haemostatic powders or gels may prevent this problem. However, when based on factors in the clotting cascade, they induce an inflammatory reaction and can cause post-operative synechiae. Oxidised cellulose powder produces haemostasis without inducing synechiae formation, but has not been trialled for sinus surgery.Method:A randomised clinical trial was performed to compare cellulose powder to non-absorbable packing following sinus surgery. Participants were 50 consecutive patients undergoing sinus surgery, 47 of whom completed the study. The main outcome measures were post-operative bleeding, pain scores and synechiae formation.Results:Cellulose powder was effective at stopping bleeding, and was associated with less pain than nasal packing, with no evidence of increased synechiae formation.Conclusion:Cellulose powder appears to be a good haemostatic agent following sinus surgery. A larger trial would allow more accurate quantification of its effectiveness.
The Genesis and Internal Dynamics of El Salvador's People's Revolutionary Army, 1970–1976
Authors: MARTÍN ÁLVAREZ ALBERTO , CORTINA ORERO EUDALD 
Published: July 2014

AbstractUsing interviews with former militants and previously unpublished documents, this article traces the genesis and internal dynamics of the Ejército Revolucionario del Pueblo (People's Revolutionary Army, ERP) in El Salvador during the early years of its existence (1970–6). This period was marked by the inability of the ERP to maintain internal coherence or any consensus on revolutionary strategy, which led to a series of splits and internal fights over control of the organisation. The evidence marshalled in this case study sheds new light on the origins of the armed Salvadorean Left and thus contributes to a wider understanding of the processes of formation and internal dynamics of armed left-wing groups that emerged from the 1960s onwards in Latin America.
Plantigrade settlement of the musselMytilus coruscusin response to natural biofilms on different surfaces
Authors: Yang Jin-Long , Zhou Xuan , Li Yi-Feng , Guo Xing-Pan , Liang Xiao , Li Jia-Le 
Published: July 2014

Surface properties affect the attachment of micro- and macroscopic marine organisms. The current study examined the settlement response of the musselMytilus coruscusplantigrades to natural biofilms formed on surfaces of different wettability. The percentages of plantigrade settlement were not influenced by the biofilms formed on variously wettable surfaces in the short term, but after 10 days, the plantigrade settlement rates decreased on biofilms formed on lower wettability surfaces. In general, lower wettability of the surfaces resulted in the decrease of the dry weight, bacterial and diatom density and the thickness of natural biofilms when compared to high wettability surfaces. In contrast, chlorophyll-aconcentration in biofilms was independent of the initial wettability of the surfaces. Comparative cluster analysis of bacterial denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis patterns revealed that high variability existed between the bacterial community on high wettability surfaces and that on low wettability surfaces. Thus, surface wettability affects the formation of natural biofilms, and this variation in biofilms developed on different wettability surfaces may explain the discrepancy in their corresponding inducing activities onM. coruscusplantigrade settlement. This finding provides new insight into interactions between mussel settlement, biofilm characteristics and surface properties.
Protein trafficking in Plasmodium falciparum-infected red cells and impact of the expansion of exported protein families
Authors: PRAJAPATI SURENDRA K. , CULLETON RICHARD , SINGH OM P. 
Published: July 2014

SUMMARYErythrocytes are extensively remodelled by the malaria parasite following invasion of the cell. Plasmodium falciparum encodes numerous virulence-associated and host-cell remodelling proteins that are trafficked to the cytoplasm, the cell membrane and the surface of the infected erythrocyte. The export of soluble proteins relies on a sequence directing entry into the secretory pathways in addition to an export signal. The export signal consisting of five amino acids is termed the Plasmodium export element (PEXEL) or the vacuole transport signal (VTS). Genome mining studies have revealed that PEXEL/VTS carrying protein families have expanded dramatically in P. falciparum compared with other malaria parasite species, possibly due to lineage-specific expansion linked to the unique requirements of P. falciparum for host-cell remodelling. The functional characterization of such genes and gene families may reveal potential drug targets that could inhibit protein trafficking in infected erythrocytes. This review highlights some of the recent advances and key knowledge gaps in protein trafficking pathways in P. falciparum-infected red cells and speculates on the impact of exported gene families in the trafficking pathway.
Impaired subjective well-being in schizophrenia is associated with reduced anterior cingulate activity during reward processing
Authors: Gilleen J. , Shergill S. S. , Kapur S. 
Published: July 2014

BackgroundPatients with schizophrenia have substantially reduced subjective well-being (SW) compared to healthy individuals. It has been suggested that diminished SW may be related to deficits in the neural processing of reward but this has not been shown directly. We hypothesized that, in schizophrenia, lower SW would be associated with attenuated reward-related activation in the reward network.MethodTwenty patients with schizophrenia with a range of SW underwent a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) reward task. The brain activity underlying reward anticipation and outcome in schizophrenia was examined and compared to that of 12 healthy participants using a full factorial analysis. Region of interest (ROI) analyses of areas within the reward network and whole-brain analyses were conducted to reveal neural correlates of SW.ResultsReward-related neural activity in schizophrenia was not significantly different from that of healthy participants; however, the patients with schizophrenia showed significantly diminished SW. Both ROI and whole-brain analyses confirmed that SW scores in the patients correlated significantly with activity, specifically in the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC), during both reward anticipation and reward outcome. This association was not seen in the healthy participants.ConclusionsIn patients with schizophrenia, reduced activation of the dACC during multiple aspects of reward processing is associated with lower SW. As the dACC has been widely linked to coupling of reward and action, and the link to SW is apparent over anticipation and outcome, these findings suggest that SW deficits in schizophrenia may be attributable to reduced integration of environmental rewarding cues, motivated behaviour and reward outcome.
Ultrastructural characterization of in vivo-produced ovine morulae and blastocysts
Authors: Bettencourt E.M.V. , Bettencourt C.M.V. , e Silva J.N. Chagas , Ferreira P. , Oliveira E. , Romão R. , Rocha A. , Sousa M. 
Published: July 2014

SummaryThe ultrastructure of in vivo-produced ovine embryos, at the morula, early blastocyst and late blastocyst stages, was evaluated using transmission electron microscopy. Embryonic cells were characterized by the presence of intact intercellular junctions, numerous mitochondria, smooth endoplasmic reticulum cisternae and light vesicles. Polyribosomes, rough endoplasmic reticulum cisternae, secondary lysosomes, Golgi complexes and lipid droplets were also observed in the cytoplasm. The nucleus was well defined and organized, with an intact envelope rich in nuclear pore complexes, and one or more reticular nucleoli. Microvilli were present in external blastomeres of morulae and became more abundant in trophectoderm cells of early and late blastocysts. Light vesicles seemed to be associated with small cisternae of Golgi and endoplasmic reticulum origin. These cisternae fused and created light vesicles with engulfed heterogeneous cytosolic structures, small cisternae and vesicles. Their labile membrane enabled them to rapidly coalesce into medium-sized vesicles that began to engulf mitochondria and lipid droplets, forming giant vacuoles mostly filled with fat. Incomplete matured secretory vesicles were observed to exocytose into the perivitelline space of morulae, whereas fully matured secretory vesicles appeared only in trophectoderm cells, being exocytosed into the blastocoelic cavity. These observations suggested that these endoplasmic-/Golgi-derived vesicles behave as active autophagic organelles presenting probably a maturation process from compact morulae to blastocyst.