bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
‘Récupérez!’ The German Origins of French Wartime Salvage Drives, 1939–1945
Authors: DENTON CHAD 
Published: July 2013

AbstractThis article examines the origins, implementation and results of salvage drives carried out in wartime France from 1939 to 1945. In post-war accounts – including memoirs and local histories of the occupation – these salvage drives were understood simply as wartime frugality, a logical response to wide-spread shortages. Yet a careful study of the records of both the French Ministry of Armaments and Vichy's Service de la Récupération et de l'Utilisation des Déchets et Vieilles Matières combined with municipal and departmental sources reveals that these salvage drives were heavily influenced by Nazi German practices. From 1939 to 1940, even though French propaganda had previously ridiculed Nazi German salvage drives as proof of economic weakness, officials at the Ministry of Armaments emulated Nazi Germany by carrying out salvage drives of scrap iron and paper. After the fall of France, this emulation became collaboration. Vichy's salvage efforts were a conjoint Franco-German initiative, organised at the very highest levels of the occupation administration. Drawing on the experience of Nazi German salvage experts, Vichy officials carried out the salvage drives according to German models. Nevertheless, they carefully hid the German origins of the campaign from the chain of departmental prefects, mayors, Chambers of Commerce and youth leaders who organised the local drives and solicited participation by evoking French patriotic sentiment. After the liberation of France in 1944, the French Provisional Government renamed but otherwise maintained the Vichy-created salvage organisations and continued to oversee the collection of scrap iron, paper, rags, glass and bones until 1946. At that point, the government largely relinquished control of the salvage industry.
Complications and Complexities: Reflections on Twentieth-Century European Recycling
Authors: STRASSER SUSAN 
Published: July 2013

AbstractThis article offers reflections on the scholarship in the special issue. It proposes that the formation of an overall narrative of twentieth-century European recycling is a complex matter, depending on issues of gender, age, class, nationality and representation. It suggests the further complications of writing histories of everyday life, points out the various meanings of ‘recycling’ and interrogates waste as an element of consumer culture.
Decreased White Matter Integrity in Neuropsychologically Defined Mild Cognitive Impairment Is Independent of Cortical Thinning
Authors: Stricker Nikki H. , Salat David H. , Foley Jessica M. , Zink Tyler A. , Kellison Ida L. , McFarland Craig P. , Grande Laura J. , McGlinchey Regina E. , Milberg William P. , Leritz Elizabeth C. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractImproved understanding of the pattern of white matter changes in early and prodromal Alzheimer's disease (AD) states such as mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is necessary to support earlier preclinical detection of AD, and debate remains whether white matter changes in MCI are secondary to gray matter changes. We applied neuropsychologically based MCI criteria to a sample of normally aging older adults; 32 participants met criteria for MCI and 81 participants were classified as normal control (NC) subjects. Whole-head high resolution T1 and diffusion tensor imaging scans were completed. Tract-Based Spatial Statistics was applied and a priori selected regions of interest were extracted. Hippocampal volume and cortical thickness averaged across regions with known vulnerability to AD were derived. Controlling for cortical thickness, the MCI group showed decreased average fractional anisotropy (FA) and decreased FA in parietal white matter and in white matter underlying the entorhinal and posterior cingulate cortices relative to the NC group. Statistically controlling for cortical thickness, medial temporal FA was related to memory and parietal FA was related to executive functioning. These results provide further support for the potential role of white matter integrity as an early biomarker for individuals at risk for AD and highlight that changes in white matter may be independent of gray matter changes. (JINS, 2013, 19, 1–13)
Changes in the neural correlates of implicit emotional face processing during antidepressant treatment in major depressive disorder
Authors: Victor Teresa A. , Furey Maura L. , Fromm Stephen J. , Öhman Arne , Drevets Wayne C. 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
An emerging hypothesis regarding the mechanisms underlying antidepressant pharmacotherapy suggests that these agents benefit depressed patients by reversing negative emotional processing biases (Harmer, 2008). Neuropsychological indices and functional neuroimaging measures of the amygdala response show that antidepressant drugs shift implicit and explicit processing biases away from the negative valence and toward the positive valence. However, few studies have explored such biases in regions extensively connected with the amygdala, such as the pregenual anterior cingulate cortex (pgACC) area, where pre-treatment activity consistently has predicted clinical outcome during antidepressant treatment. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to investigate changes in haemodynamic response patterns to positive vs. negative stimuli in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) under antidepressant treatment. Participants with MDD (n = 10) underwent fMRI before and after 8 wk sertraline treatment; healthy controls (n = 10) were imaged across an equivalent interval. A backward masking task was used to elicit non-conscious neural responses to sad, happy and neutral face expressions. Haemodynamic responses to emotional face stimuli were compared between conditions and groups in the pgACC. The response to masked-sad vs. masked-happy faces (SN-HN) in pgACC in the depressed subjects was higher in the pre-treatment condition than in the post-treatment condition and this difference was significantly greater than the corresponding change across time in the controls. The treatment-associated difference was attributable to an attenuated response to sad faces and an enhanced response to happy faces. Pre-treatment pgACC responses to SN-HN correlated positively with clinical improvement during treatment. The pgACC participates with the amygdala in processing the salience of emotional stimuli. Treatment-associated functional changes in this limbic network may influence the non-conscious processing of such stimuli by reversing the negative processing bias extant in MDD.
Institutional quality dataset
Authors: KUNČIČ ALJAŽ 
Published: July 2013

AbstractIn this paper, we emphasize the role of institutions as the underlying basis for economic and social activity. We describe and compare different institutional classification systems, which is rarely done in the literature, and show how to empirically operationalize institutional concepts. More than 30 established institutional indicators can be clustered into three homogeneous groups of formal institutions: legal, political and economic, which capture to a large extent the complete formal institutional environment of a country. We compute the latent quality of legal, political and economic institutions for every country in the world and for every year. On this basis, we propose a legal, political and economic World Institutional Quality Ranking, through which we can follow whether a country is improving or worsening its relative institutional environment. The calculated latent institutional quality measures can be especially useful in further panel data applications and add to the usual practice of using simply one or another index of institutional quality to capture the institutional environment. We make the Institutional Quality Dataset, covering up to 197 countries and territories from 1990 to 2010, freely available online.
WHAT CAN A CATEGORICITY THEOREM TELL US?
Authors: MEADOWS TOBY 
Published: July 2013

AbstractfThe purpose of this paper is to investigate categoricity arguments conducted in second order logic and the philosophical conclusions that can be drawn from them. We provide a way of seeing this result, so to speak, through a first order lens divested of its second order garb. Our purpose is to draw into sharper relief exactly what is involved in this kind of categoricity proof and to highlight the fact that we should be reserved before drawing powerful philosophical conclusions from it.
Individuals in a pluralist world: The implications of counterterrorist sanctions
Authors: ECKES CHRISTINA 
Published: July 2013

AbstractCounterterrorist sanctions against individuals are a prime example of pluralism. Multiple claims of constitutional authority (in resolutions of the UN Security Council, under European Union law, and national law) assume to govern the same legal situation. Choosing between these different authorities has great implications for the legal situation of individuals. This paper analyses the legal position of individuals facing this plurality of claims of constitutional authority and how their rights are largely dependent on the choices of domestic courts. Attention will be given not only to procedural and judicial rights but also to the broader implications of individual sanctions as an example of pluralism. What does it mean for popular sovereignty? Do patterns or guidelines emerge of how courts should address multiple claims of authority? The paper takes into account the latest amendments of the UN sanctioning procedure (Resolutions 1988 and 1989 (2011)).
Temperature and magnetic field dependence of a Kondo system in the weak coupling regime
Authors: Zhang Yong-hui , Kahle Steffen , Herden Tobias , Stroh Christophe , Mayor Marcel , Schlickum Uta , Ternes Markus , Wahl Peter , Kern Klaus 
Published: July 2013

AbstractThe Kondo effect arises due to the interaction between a localized spin and the electrons of a surrounding host. Studies of individual magnetic impurities by scanning tunneling spectroscopy have renewed interest in Kondo physics; however, a quantitative comparison with theoretical predictions remained challenging. Here we show that the zero-bias anomaly detected on an organic radical weakly coupled to a Au (111) surface can be described with astonishing agreement by perturbation theory as originally developed by Kondo 60 years ago. Our results demonstrate that Kondo physics can only be fully conceived by studying both temperature and magnetic field dependence of the resonance. The identification of a spin 1/2 Kondo system is of relevance not only as a benchmark for predictions for Kondo physics but also for correlated electron materials in general.
Waste to Wealth using Green Chemistry
Authors: Clark James H. , Matharu Avtar S. 
Published: July 2013

A holistic overview of global waste, focussing on food supply chain waste (FSCW) and waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) as two exemplars of resource important waste, is reported. The planet currently generates approximately 1.3 Gt of solid waste per year, which is expected to increase to 2.2 Gt by 2025. There is an urgent need to recover value (valorise) from this waste rather than landfilling, composting, anaerobic digestion and/or incineration.
FSCW is a good example of a pre‐consumer type of waste generated on a large scale in every country on the planet and may account for over 50% of the total waste produced in many countries; 60% of it is organic matter. FSCW as a biomass resource with a significant potential to be employed as a raw material for the production of fuels and chemicals is discussed. Citrus peel, from which limonene and pectin may be extracted, and food waste emanating from Hong Kong that has the potential to yield platform molecules (i.e. next generation chemical building blocks derived from biomass) are highlighted as case studies.
WEEE is the fastest growing segment of municipal solid waste, accounting for 3–5% of incoming materials. Production of modern electrical and electronic equipment is resource intensive, using up to 60% of the elements in the Periodic Table including those deemed critical. WEEE serves as a lucrative above ground ‘urban mine’ for future supply of critical elements. An overview of resource efficiency with respect to liquid crystal displays, which are a source of glass, liquid crystals and indium, is given.
An antioxidant role for catecholate siderophores in Salmonella
Authors: Achard Maud E. S. , Chen Kaiwen W. , Sweet Matthew J. , Watts Rebecca E. , Schroder Kate , Schembri Mark A. , McEwan Alastair G. 
Published: July 2013

Iron acquisition is an important aspect of the host–pathogen interaction. In the case of Salmonella it is established that catecholate siderophores are important for full virulence. In view of their very high affinity for ferric iron, functional studies of siderophores have been almost exclusively focused on their role in acquisition of iron from the host. In the present study, we investigated whether the siderophores (enterobactin and salmochelin) produced by Salmonella enterica sv. Typhimurium could act as antioxidants and protect from the oxidative stress encountered after macrophage invasion. Our results show that the ability to produce siderophores enhanced the survival of Salmonella in the macrophage mainly at the early stages of infection, coincident with the oxidative burst. Using siderophore biosynthetic and siderophore receptor mutants we demonstrated that salmochelin and enterobactin protect S. Typhimurium against ROS (reactive oxygen species) in vitro and that siderophores must be intracellular to confer full protection. We also investigated whether other chemically distinct siderophores (yersiniabactin and aerobactin) or the monomeric catechol 2,3-dihydroxy-benzoate could provide protection against oxidative stress and found that only catecholate siderophores have this property. Collectively, the results of the present study identify additional functions for siderophores during host–pathogen interactions.
Stereo‐synthetic aperture radar technique with bias correction to estimate terrain height
Authors: Lu Kung‐Yu , Kiang Jean‐Fu 
Published: July 2013

A stereo‐synthetic aperture radar technique is proposed to estimate the terrain height of a target area. A systematic bias is observed to be in proportional to the height difference between the target area and the reference area. The estimated height error can be reduced to 1 m or less by correcting such bias.
Characterization of reactively sputtered molybdenum oxide films for solar cell application
Authors: Simchi H. , McCandless B. E. , Meng T. , Boyle J. H. , Shafarman W. N. 
Published: July 2013

Molybdenum oxide (MoO3) thin films were prepared via Radio Frequency (RF) sputtering at different ambient composition and post-deposition annealing. The effects on the structural, optical, and surface properties of the deposited films were investigated. The ambient oxygen concentration O2/(O2 + Ar) was varied from 10% to 100% at 10 mTorr. Post deposition anneals were performed in Ar at 300–500 °C. The films were analyzed using glancing incidence x-ray diffraction (GIXRD), UV/Vis/NIR spectrophotometry, and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). As-deposited films have amorphous structures, independent of the oxygen partial pressure. Annealing at 300 °C in air resulted in crystallization of the molybdenum oxide films to the monoclinic β-MoO3 phase. Samples annealed at 400 and 500 °C were identified as pure orthorhombic α-MoO3 phase with (020) preferred orientation. High resolution XPS studies showed the presence of Mo6+ (MoO3) and Mo5+ (Mo4O11) oxidation states at the surface of as deposited and low temperature (300 °C) annealed films, and the Mo6+ to Mo5+ did not change much with deposition oxygen partial pressure. Annealing at 400–500 °C suppressed the oxygen deficiency at the surface, resulting in films with composition close to stoichiometric phases. UV/Vis/NIR spectrophotometry revealed that all films have a high optical transmittance (&gt;80%) in the visible range, followed by a steep drop at λ ≈ 400 nm indicating a strong absorption due to band-to-band transition. Increasing the oxygen partial pressure had no significant effect on optical transmittance of the films, and the bandgaps in the range of 2.6 eV to 2.9 eV were obtained. Annealing at 300 °C had a negligible effect on the optical properties of the MoO3 films, but samples annealed at 400 °C and 500 °C exhibited wider bandgaps within the range of 3.1–3.4 eV.
Modelling interactions of toxicants and density dependence in wildlife populations
Authors: Schipper Aafke M. , Hendriks Harrie W. M. , Kauffman Matthew J. , Hendriks A. Jan , Huijbregts Mark A. J. 
Published: July 2013

Summary

A major challenge in the conservation of threatened and endangered species is to predict population decline and design appropriate recovery measures. However, anthropogenic impacts on wildlife populations are notoriously difficult to predict due to potentially nonlinear responses and interactions with natural ecological processes like density dependence.

Here, we incorporated both density dependence and anthropogenic stressors in a stage‐based matrix population model and parameterized it for a density‐dependent population of peregrine falcons Falco peregrinus exposed to two anthropogenic toxicants [dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs)]. Log‐logistic exposure–response relationships were used to translate toxicant concentrations in peregrine falcon eggs to effects on fecundity. Density dependence was modelled as the probability of a nonbreeding bird acquiring a breeding territory as a function of the current number of breeders.

The equilibrium size of the population, as represented by the number of breeders, responded nonlinearly to increasing toxicant concentrations, showing a gradual decrease followed by a relatively steep decline. Initially, toxicant‐induced reductions in population size were mitigated by an alleviation of the density limitation, that is, an increasing probability of territory acquisition. Once population density was no longer limiting, the toxicant impacts were no longer buffered by an increasing proportion of nonbreeders shifting to the breeding stage, resulting in a strong decrease in the equilibrium number of breeders.

Median critical exposure concentrations, that is, median toxicant concentrations in eggs corresponding with an equilibrium population size of zero, were 33 and 46 μg g−1 fresh weight for DDE and PBDEs, respectively.

Synthesis and applications. Our modelling results showed that particular life stages of a density‐limited population may be relatively insensitive to toxicant impacts until a critical threshold is crossed. In our study population, toxicant‐induced changes were observed in the equilibrium number of nonbreeding rather than breeding birds, suggesting that monitoring efforts including both life stages are needed to timely detect population declines. Further, by combining quantitative exposure–response relationships with a wildlife demographic model, we provided a method to quantify critical toxicant thresholds for wildlife population persistence.
The recovery of pelvic organ support during the first year postpartum
Authors: Chen Y , Li F‐Y , Lin X , Chen J , Chen C , Guess MK 
Published: July 2013

ObjectiveCompare changes in pelvic organ prolapse (POP) from 36–38 weeks of gestation to 1 year postpartum after unlaboured cesarean delivery(UCD)and trial of labour (TOL).DesignProspective observational cohort study.SettingWenzhou Third People's Hospital, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.PopulationNulliparous women undergoing UCD or TOL.MethodsPelvic organ prolapse was assessed at 36–38 weeks of gestation, then at 6 weeks, 6 months and 1 year postpartum, using the Pelvic Organ Prolapse Quantification (POPQ) system.Main outcome measuresPostpartum POP status in UCD and TOL determined by POPQ measurements over time.ResultsPoints Aa (Ba) determined the final stage assignment in most cases. Stage II POP was present in 35% and 37% of women in UCD and TOL at 36–38 weeks of gestation. After delivery, the likelihood of stage II POP declined during the first year postpartum in the whole cohort. The TOL group was much less likely to recover from stage II POP compared with the UCD group (odds ratio 0.04, 95% confidence interval 0.01–0.18) after adjustment for POP status at 36–38 weeks of gestation, age, first‐trimester body mass index, newborn birthweight, educational level, gravidity and smoking status. With the exception of age, education and gravidity, these covariates were also independent predictors of postpartum POP.ConclusionFactors unique to labour and delivery lead to sustained pelvic floor relaxation postpartum. Pelvic organ prolapse at 36–38 weeks of gestation, and higher first‐trimester body mass index also appear to predict long‐term POP. Further investigation into mechanisms leading to persistent or progressive POP after TOL are warranted. In addition, caution is needed in generalising the findings due to the single‐centre design.
Systematic Comparison of Hedonic Ranking and Rating Methods Demonstrates Few Practical Differences
Authors: Kozak Marcin , Cliff Margaret A. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractHedonic ranking is one of the commonly used methods to evaluate consumer preferences. Some authors suggest that it is the best methodology for discriminating among products, while others recommend hedonic rating. These mixed findings suggest the statistical outcome(s) are dependent on the experimental conditions or a user's expectation of “what is” and “what is not” desirable for evaluating consumer preferences. Therefore, sensory and industry professionals may be uncertain or confused regarding the appropriate application of hedonic tests. This paper would like to put this controversy to rest, by evaluating 3 data sets (3 yogurts, 79 consumers; 6 yogurts, 109 consumers; 4 apple cultivars, 70 consumers) collected using the same consumers and by calculating nontied ranks from hedonic scores. Consumer responses were evaluated by comparing bivariate associations between the methods (nontied ranks, tied ranks, hedonic rating scores) using trellis displays, determining the number of consumers with discrepancies in their responses between the methods, and comparing mean values using conventional statistical analyses. Spearman's rank correlations (0.33–0.84) revealed significant differences between the methods for all products, whether or not means separation tests differentiated the products. The work illustrated the inherent biases associated with hedonic ranking and recommended alternate hedonic methodologies.