bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Persistent Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Infection Causes Ultimate Depletion of Follicular Th Cells in AIDS
Authors: Xu Huanbin , Wang Xiaolei , Malam Naomi , Lackner Andrew A. , Veazey Ronald S. 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
CD4+ T follicular helper (Tfh) cells are critical for the generation of humoral immune responses to pathogenic infections, providing help for B cell development, survival, and affinity maturation of Abs. Although CD4+ Tfh cells are reported to accumulate in HIV or SIV infection, we found that germinal center Tfh cells, defined in this study as CXCR5+PD-1HIGHCD4+ T cells, did not consistently accumulate in chronically SIV-infected rhesus macaques compared with those infected with less pathogenic simian HIV, vaccinated and SIVmac-challenged, or SIVmac-infected Mamu-A*01+ macaques, all of which are associated with some control of virus replication and slower disease progression. Interestingly, CXCR5+PD-1HIGH Tfh cells in lymphoid tissues were eventually depleted in macaques with AIDS compared with the other cohorts. Chronic activation and proliferation of CXCR5+PD-1HIGH Tfh were increased, but PD-L2 expression was downregulated on B cells, possibly resulting in germinal center Tfh cell apoptosis. Together, these findings suggest that changes in CXCR5+PD-1HIGH Tfh cells in lymph nodes correlate with immune control during infection, and their loss or dysregulation contribute to impairment of B cell responses and progression to AIDS.
T-bet Is Required for the Rapid Clearance of Attenuated Rabies Virus from Central Nervous System Tissue
Authors: Lebrun Aurore , Portocarrero Carla , Kean Rhonda B. , Barkhouse Darryll A. , Faber Milosz , Hooper D. Craig 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
Much of our understanding of CNS immunity has been gained from models involving pathological inflammation. Attenuated rabies viruses (RABV) are unique tools to study CNS immunity in the absence of conventional inflammatory mechanisms, as they spread from the site of inoculation to the CNS transaxonally, thereby bypassing the blood–brain barrier (BBB), and are cleared without neutrophil or monocyte infiltration. To better understand the role of CD4 T cell subsets in the clearance of the virus from CNS tissues, we examined the development of antiviral immunity in wild-type (WT) and T-bet knockout mice (T-bet−/−), which lack Th1 cells. Early control of RABV replication in the CNS tissues of WT mice is associated with the production of IFN-γ, with antiviral effects likely mediated through the enhanced expression of type I IFNs. Of interest, IFN-α and -γ are overexpressed in the infected T-bet−/− by comparison with WT CNS tissues, and the initial control of RABV infection is similar. Ultimately, attenuated RABV are cleared from the CNS tissues of WT mice by Ab locally produced by the activities of infiltrating T and B cells. Although T and B cell infiltration into the CNS of infected T-bet−/− mice is comparable, their activities are not, the consequence being delayed, low-level Ab production and prolonged RABV replication. More importantly, neither T-bet−/− mice immunized with an attenuated virus, nor WT mice with Th2 RABV-specific immunity induced by immunization with inactivated virus, are protected in the long term against challenge with a pathogenic RABV.
Tissue Distribution of Memory T and B Cells in Rhesus Monkeys following Influenza A Infection
Authors: Pichyangkul Sathit , Yongvanitchit Kosol , Limsalakpetch Amporn , Kum-Arb Utaiwan , Im-Erbsin Rawiwan , Boonnak Kobporn , Thitithayanont Arunee , Jongkaewwattana Anan , Wiboon-ut Suwimon , Mongkolsirichaikul Duangrat , Mahanonda Rangsini , Spring Michele , Chuang Ilin , Mason Carl J. , Saunders David L. 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
Studies of influenza-specific immune responses in humans have largely assessed systemic responses involving serum Ab and peripheral blood T cell responses. However, recent evidence indicates that tissue-resident memory T (TRM) cells play an important role in local murine intrapulmonary immunity. Rhesus monkeys were pulmonary exposed to 2009 pandemic H1N1 virus at days 0 and 28 and immune responses in different tissue compartments were measured. All animals were asymptomatic postinfection. Although only minimal memory immune responses were detected in peripheral blood, a high frequency of influenza nucleoprotein–specific memory T cells was detected in the lung at the “contraction phase,” 49–58 d after second virus inoculation. A substantial proportion of lung nucleoprotein-specific memory CD8+ T cells expressed CD103 and CD69, phenotypic markers of TRM cells. Lung CD103+ and CD103- memory CD8+ T cells expressed similar levels of IFN-γ and IL-2. Unlike memory T cells, spontaneous Ab secreting cells and memory B cells specific to influenza hemagglutinin were primarily observed in the mediastinal lymph nodes. Little difference in systemic and local immune responses against influenza was observed between young adult (6–8 y) and old animals (18–28 y). Using a nonhuman primate model, we revealed substantial induction of local T and B cell responses following 2009 pandemic H1N1 infection. Our study identified a subset of influenza-specific lung memory T cells characterized as TRM cells in rhesus monkeys. The rhesus monkey model may be useful to explore the role of TRM cells in local tissue protective immunity after rechallenge and vaccination.
Using Transitional Year Milestones to Assess Graduating Medical Students' Skills During a Capstone Course
Authors: Clay Alison S. , Andolsek Kathryn , Grochowski Colleen O'Connor , Engle Deborah L. , Chudgar Saumil M. 
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACT

Background
Undergraduate medical education (UME) follows the lead of graduate medical education (GME) in moving to competency-based assessment. The means for and the timing of competency-based assessments in UME are unclear.

Objective
We explored the feasibility of using the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education Transitional Year (TY) Milestones to assess student performance during a mandatory, fourth-year capstone course.

Methods
Our single institution, observational study involved 99 medical students who completed the course in the spring of 2014. Students' skills were assessed by self, peer, and faculty assessment for 6 existing course activities using the TY Milestones. Evaluation completion rates and mean scores were calculated.

Results
Students' mean milestone levels ranged between 2.2 and 3.6 (on a 5-level scoring rubric). Level 3 is the performance expected at the completion of a TY. Students performed highest in breaking bad news and developing a quality improvement project, and lowest in developing a learning plan, working in interdisciplinary teams, and stabilizing acutely ill patients. Evaluation completion rates were low for some evaluations, and precluded use of the data for assessing student performance in the capstone course. Students were less likely to complete separate online evaluations. Faculty were less likely to complete evaluations when activities did not include dedicated time for evaluations.

Conclusions
Assessment of student competence on 9 TY Milestones during a capstone course was useful, but achieving acceptable evaluation completion rates was challenging. Modifications are necessary if milestone scores from a capstone are intended to be used as a handoff between UME and GME.
Exploring Attitudes towards a Randomised Controlled Trial of Venous access Devices – a Nested Pre-trial Qualitative Study
Authors: Ritchie Moira , Kelly Linda J. , Moss Jonathan , Paul James , Shaw Rebecca 
Published: September 2015

Purpose This pre-trial qualitative research study was carried out to explore patient and clinical staff attitudes to central venous access devices (CVADs). In addition, views about participation in a randomised controlled trial (RCT) were explored with the aim of maximising recruitment to an imminent RCT of three CVADs. Methods Three patient focus groups (each comprising three patients) and 23 interviews with clinical staff were conducted. Interviews and focus group discussions were digitally recorded, transcribed verbatim, anonymised, uploaded to the QSR NVivo10 qualitative software programme and thematically analysed. Results Analysis of focus group interviews revealed the added challenges that a CVAD poses to patients with cancer. Four key themes emerged: continuity of daily life, pain and discomfort, stigma (a mark of disgrace associated with certain conditions) and self-preservation. The findings show the impact of a CVAD on patients’ ability to manage their condition. Clinical staff interviews highlighted several potential barriers to recruitment; a lack of equipoise (genuine clinical uncertainty as to which intervention is the most beneficial), concerns about the logistics of device insertion and a perceived requirement for education and training. Conclusions This qualitative study raises awareness of key areas of concern to patients who need a CVAD for chemotherapy delivery. It was identified that there is a need for clearer patient information around CVADs. Additionally it allows investigators to identify barriers to recruitment in a timely manner in order to minimise the potential for conflict between the roles of carer and researcher and consequently, maximise recruitment to the RCT.
Novel Approach to Percutaneous Thrombolysis in Large Caliber Clotted Vascular Access Using Ultrasound-accelerated Thrombolysis
Authors: Zagory Jessica A. , Perkowski Paul E. , Guidry London C. , Schellack Jon V. 
Published: September 2015

Purpose End-stage renal disease has a high cost burden to the public. Surgical procedures such as hemodialysis (HD) access creation and transplant have high rates of vascular access complications, infections, and readmissions. Cost of HD care has increased to $19.4 billion in 2011; 30-day readmission rates are as high as 36%. There is a continuing need to preserve the route of vascular access for patients, given frequent thrombosis at a rate of 0.8 episodes per patient year at risk. We describe a novel method of thrombolysis using ultrasound-accelerated thrombolysis (USAT) technology for large caliber clotted vascular access. Methods Consecutive patients with thrombosis of their dialysis vascular access that involved large caliber conduits or those that extended into large and/or central veins (axillary, subclavian, innominate) were chosen to undergo catheter-directed thrombolysis with the EKOS EndoWave system. Results Twelve patients underwent a total of 14 procedures. Complete thrombolysis was achieved after seven procedures at the time of repeat fistulogram. Four patients required percutaneous balloon thombectomy to resolve remaining clot at the arterial anastomosis, and three required rheolytic thrombectomy in the aneurysmal segment of the arteriovenous fistula (AVF). All patients had an associated procedure (percutaneous transluminal angioplasty and/or stent placement) to treat the cause of thrombosis. Conclusions USAT is a safe and effective percutaneous method of thrombolysis in patients who have large clot burden.
The S-Tunnel for Tunnelled Dialysis Catheter: An Alternative Approach to the Prevention of Displacement
Authors: Jenkins Glyndwr W. , Kelly Michael , Anwar Siddiq , Ahmed Saeed S. 
Published: September 2015

Purpose Vascular access has been described in the literature anywhere from the ‘Achilles Heel’ to the ‘Cornerstone’ of haemodialysis. Displacement of a central venous catheter is not an uncommon occurrence. We discuss an alternative method of placement for the tunnelled central venous catheter to prevent displacement in those patients with excess anterior chest wall soft tissue. Methods A new surgical technique for placement of a tunnelled central venous catheter was developed in an attempt to reduce the number of displacements. This involved the creation of a second tunnel at a 90° angle to the original retrograde tunnelled path. Results The authors have currently placed five ‘S-Line’ tunnelled central venous catheters with no reports of displacement or line infection over a period of 18 months. Conclusions The ‘S-Line’ offers a simple, straightforward and most importantly safe method to reduce the incidence of tunnelled right internal jugular central venous catheter displacement.
Starting Hemodialysis with Catheter and Mortality Risk: Persistent Association in a Competing Risk Analysis
Authors: Roca-Tey Ramon , Arcos Emma , Comas Jordi , Cao Higini , Tort Jaume 
Published: September 2015

Purpose The vascular access (VA) used at hemodialysis (HD) inception is involved in the mortality risk. We analyzed the survival of incident patients over time according to the initial VA and the VA profile of patients who died during the first year of follow-up. Methods Data of VA were obtained from 9956 incident HD patients from the Catalan Registry. Results Over 12 years, 47.9% of patients initiated HD with a fístula, 1.2% with a graft, 15.9% with a tunneled catheter and 35% with an untunneled catheter. Regarding fistula use, the hazard ratio of death for all-causes over time when applying a multivariate competing risk model was 1.55 [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.42-1.69] and 1.43 (95% CI: 1.33-1.54) for patients with tunneled and untunneled catheter, respectively. During the first year of follow-up, the crude all-cause mortality rate (deaths/100 patient-years) was higher during the early (first 120 days) compared to the late (121-365 days) period: 18.3 (95% CI: 16.8-19.8) versus 15.4 (95% CI: 14.5-16.5). Regarding fistula use, for patients using untunneled and tunneled catheter, the odds ratio of death in the early period for all-causes was 3.66 (95% CI: 2.80-4.81) and 2.97 (95% CI: 2.17-4.06), for cardiovascular causes it was 2.76 (95% CI: 1.90-4.01) and 1.84 (95% CI: 1.17-2.89) and for infection-related causes it was 6.62 (95% CI: 3.11-14.05) and 4.58 (95% CI: 2.00-10.52), respectively. Conclusions Half of all incident patients in Catalonia are exposed to excessive mortality risk related to catheter and this scenario can be improved by early fistula placement.
Judéens et chrétiens : « rupture », « séparation », « distanciation » ?
Authors: Bélanger Steeve 
Published: September 2015

Depuis le xixe siècle, la question de la « séparation » entre le « judaïsme » et le « christianisme » anciens a soulevé de nombreux débats entre spécialistes. Pour tenter d’expliquer ce phénomène historique complexe, les chercheurs n’ont pas hésité à recourir à de nombreuses métaphores et à divers paradigmes interprétatifs. Or, la recherche des trois dernières décennies a contribué à renouveler et à nuancer notre connaissance du « judaïsme » et du « christianisme » anciens obligeant alors à revoir les métaphores et paradigmes par lesquels on a tenté d’expliquer la « séparation » entre ces deux entités religieuses.
L’urbanisation de la campagne. Motifs et options du régime québécois de protection du territoire agricole
Authors: Côté Michel , Mercier Guy , Roy Francis 
Published: September 2015

Au Québec, l’urbanisation continue à gagner sur la campagne. Le phénomène se poursuit en dépit de la condamnation dont il fait l’objet et des mesures prises à son encontre. Divers arguments sont avancés pour expliquer ce paradoxe : complaisance de la classe politique, laxisme des administrations territoriales, efficacité en sous-main de divers groupes de pression. L’affaire est toutefois d’un autre ressort. En fait, lois et règlements ménagent clairement des possibilités de poursuivre l’urbanisation diffuse, y encouragent même parfois, par-delà les dénégations de principe. Faut-il y voir une regrettable inadvertance ? L’analyse montre que cette pratique obéit plutôt à un désir dont l’assise culturelle est tellement forte qu’il transcende toute norme devant, en principe, s’y opposer.
S’installer, habiter et voisiner à Montlouis-sur-Loire. Territorialisation des classes moyennes dans une petite ville périurbaine tourangelle
Authors: Semmoud Noria , Amalric Marion , Florin Bénédicte , Stadnicki Roman , Troin Florence 
Published: September 2015

Cet article porte sur les formes de territorialisation de la fraction moyenne des couches moyennes de population dans la ZAC des Terrasses-de-Bodets, à Montlouis-sur-Loire, une petite ville inscrite dans le périurbain tourangeau. Nous proposons d’étudier le périurbain à travers les valeurs résidentielles qui caractérisent ces catégories sociales, en considérant que l’intérêt de cet exemple se trouve dans la politique d’aménagement municipale, volontariste et imprégnée des normes de développement durable et de mixité sociale. Si les 42 entretiens semi-directifs menés pour cette étude confirment les résultats de travaux antérieurs sur les aspirations des populations périurbaines autour du triptyque tiers-espace / propriété / pavillon, ils mettent également en évidence une forte demande de proximité (proximité de Tours, des centralités, des espaces de loisir, etc.) qui devient ainsi une valeur résidentielle essentielle, ainsi qu’une sociabilité de voisinage qui donne tout son sens au « quartier ». Cette réflexion permet d’approfondir la connaissance des couches moyennes à partir de leurs désirs en matière d’habiter, mais elle permet aussi de contribuer aux réflexions sur les différenciations des espaces périurbains et leur hétérogénéité sociale.
Muñequitos rusos: la nostalgia y su contexto en la diáspora cubana
Authors: Darias Alfonso Iván 
Published: September 2015

Resumen: El presente artículo examina la importancia de la influencia soviética en la Cuba revolucionaria como incentivo para la vinculación afectiva transnacional entre emigrados cubanos, a través del análisis de las entradas e interacciones del blog Muñequitos Rusos, creado con el propósito de rescatar parte de la memoria colectiva de ese período reciente en la historia de la isla. Mi argumentación se enfoca al consumo y producción de “memorias mediáticas” en la diáspora, un espacio complejo que se caracteriza por la tensión que ejercen el país de origen y el de adopción, en la vida cotidiana de los emigrados y en sus constantes intentos por definir sus lealtades e identidad. Parto de que en este contexto, el pasado adquiere una importancia primordial como centro hacia el cual dirigir las nociones de pertenencia que influyen además en la formación de identidades. En mi opinión tales interacciones asociadas con los muñequitos, como síntesis emocional de un período más complejo e influyente, repercute en las estrategias personales mediante las cuales los emigrados cubanos construyen sus nociones de identidad y sobre todo para, desde la diáspora, revisar y elaborar sus propias nociones sobre el pasado común en su país de origen. Abstract: This articles discusses the importance of the Soviet influence in revolutionary Cuba as an incentive for transnational bonding amongst Cuban emigrants, by analysing the posts and interactions in the blog Muñequitos Rusos (Russian cartoons), created with the aim of recovering part of the collective memory of that recent period in the history of the Caribbean island. My argument focuses on the consumption and production of “mediated memories” in the context of diaspora a complex space characterised by the tension of the homeland and the host country in the emigrants’ everyday life and in their constant attempts to define their loyalties and identity. I start from the premise that in this context, the past acquires a vital importance, as a centre to which address notions of belonging, which also influences identity formation. I argue that such interactions associated with the cartoons, as an emotional summary for a more complex and influential period, affects the ways in which Cuban émigrés construct their notions of identity and, above all, revise and elaborate in diaspora their own notions about the common past in the homeland. Keywords: Russian Cartoons, Blogs, Collective Memory, Cuban diaspora, Cuba, USSR.
Fiber Optics
Authors: Kosinski Sandra , MacChesney John B. , Udd Eric 
Published: September 2015

In this article, the principles of light guidance within a fiber and fiber fabrication methods are presented. Fiber‐optic sensors that are particularly useful for smart structures, and their applications, are also discussed.Fiber‐optic‐based communication depends on the availability of high quality low loss optical fibers. Operating wavelengths of fibers have been extended by controlling fiber attenuation and dispersion. The use of high purity starting materials and vapor deposition techniques allows the production of glass fibers having optical losses that approach the intrinsic loss of silica. Active optical fibers have been exploited to amplify light, thereby extending the range of transmission systems and increasing capacity. Erbium‐doped fibers are being used for signal amplification in fiber‐optic cable. Devices taking advantage of gratings written in optical fibers include filters and lasers.Applications of fiber‐optic sensors for smart structures fall into one of the four major categories: (1) sensors—monitoring such parameters as temperature, pressure, viscosity, degree of cure, and residual strain; (2) nondestructive testing—measuring acoustic signatures, changes in strain profiles, delamination, and other changes in the structural characteristics of fabricated parts; (3) condition and damage assessment systems—monitoring the overall condition of the structure; and (4) control—fiber‐optic smart structures may be used to support control systems.
Ethylene Polymers,HDPE
Authors: McDaniel Max P. , DesLauriers Paul J. 
Published: September 2015

High density polyethylene (HDPE) is the most widely used type of polyethylene. It was invented in the early 1950s and commercial catalytic processes were quickly developed based on three different transition metals: Cr, Mo, and Ti. Development of many different grades of HDPE followed, which are currently manufactured by various commercial processes.The molecular structure of HDPE vary widely to produce polymers of various molecular weight, molecular weight distribution, end group composition, and other characteristics, which in turn, affect properties such as stiffness of the polymer, the gloss or clarity, tear resistance, chemical resistance, and electrical insulation properties. The low melting point and high chemical stability of HDPE facilitate its processing by many conventional techniques, including injection molding, blow molding, and blown and cast film.Common uses for HDPE include food packaging, bottles, bags, medical applications, drums, fuel tanks and other automotive parts, pipe, toys, film, and fiber and many specialized applications, eg, in prosthetic devices, and hip or knee joint replacements.
Olefin Polymers, Introduction
Authors: Kissin Yury V. 
Published: September 2015

Polyolefin resins are a large family of semicrystalline and amorphous polymers and copolymers used as commodity plastics, engineering plastics, and elastomers. Industry produces a broad variety of polyolefin resins. They differ in chemical structure, molecular weight, stereoregularity, and the crystallinity degree.
Polyolefin resins are manufactured by a number of technological processes. The latter include polymerization reactions with radical initiators in supercritical ethylene at 150–350°C and a variety of catalytic polymerization processes in hydrocarbon slurry, in a neat monomer, in solution, and in the gas phase. All the processes use three types of catalysts: Ziegler–Natta catalysts, chromium oxide catalysts, and metallocene catalysts.

Polyolefin resins enjoy a large range of applications as commodity resins, such as engineering plastics, elastomers, synthetic rubbers, and specialty polymers. These applications include film, coatings, wire insulation, household and industrial containers, pipe and tubing of various types, and components of engineering articles. Because of their versatility, polyolefin resins have become the largest commercially manufactured polymer products in the world, ∼150 × 10
6
metric tons·yr
−1
in 2013, which corresponds to over 50% of the total production of all plastic materials.