bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fighting Mother Nature with Biotechnology
Authors: McHughen Alan 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
This article examines how biotechnology can be used to ensure a sustainable human future by address global problems such as human population growth, pollution, climate change, and limited access to clean water and other basic food production resources. It first considers the argument that rejects human technologies and industrial agriculture in favor of an approach that promotes a return to Mother Nature, along with the consequences of this perspective. It then turns to a discussion of popular misconceptions about the existence of a natural “species barrier” that prevents genes from moving from one species to another. It also provides a historical overview of agriculture before concluding with an evaluation of modern technologies that can sustain humans, particularly genetic engineering and biotechnology and their potential to address hunger and poverty.
Philosophy of Number
Authors: Giaquinto Marcus 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThere are many kinds of number. This chapter concentrates on finite cardinal numbers, as they have a basic role in our thinking. Numbers cannot be seen, heard, touched, tasted, or smelled; they do not emit or reflect signals; they leave no traces. So what kind of thing are they? How can we have knowledge of them? The aim of this chapter is to present and assess the main answers to these questions – classical and neo-classical, nominalism, mentalism, fictionalism, logicism, and the set-size view. All views are disputed, including the view I will argue for, the set-size view. The final section relates the finite cardinal numbers to the natural numbers.
Individual Differences in Word Problem Solving
Authors: Verschaffel Lieven , Depaepe Fien , Van Dooren Wim 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThere is currently a rather broad consensus that the competencies that are required to solve word problems involve: (a) a well-organized and flexibly accessible knowledge base involving the relevant factual, conceptual, and procedural knowledge that is relevant for solving word problems; (b) heuristic methods, i.e. search strategies for problem analysis and transformation which increase the probability of finding a solution; (c) metacognition, involving both metacognitive knowledge and metacognitive skills; (d) positive task-related affects, involving positive beliefs, attitudes, and emotions; and (e) meta-affect, involving knowledge about one’s affects and skills for regulating one’s affective processes. The present chapter reviews and discusses research that provides a view on how individual differences in performance on word problems can be related to each of these components.
The Role and Ramifications of the Media’s Reporting on Concussions
Authors: Carone Dominic A. 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
The media has become one of the main sources of information on sports concussion for the general public and health care providers. The widespread proliferation of this information carries positive and negative consequences that are reviewed here, along with case examples. Given the power that the media has to positively and negatively influence societal change, public perception, and clinical care, the media must pay special attention as to how this information is presented. Suggestions on ways to improve media coverage of sports concussions are discussed.
Moderate to Severe Traumatic Brain Injury in Sports
Authors: Cantu Robert C. , Cantu Robert V. 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
Traumatic brain injury in sports encompasses a spectrum including injuries such as concussion, skull fracture, intracranial hemorrhage, malignant brain edema syndrome, and axonal shear. Knowledge of these injuries and their signs and symptoms is important for medical personnel covering a sporting contest or practice. The authors discuss each of these injuries, how they typically occur, and what the initial treatment entails.
Acute Evaluation and Management of Sport-Related Concussion
Authors: Broglio Steven P. 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
The acute evaluation and management of concussion are among the most complex and challenging injuries medical practitioners face. The variability in clinical presentation necessitates a systematic approach to the injury evaluation. The evaluation should include a thorough injury history and clinical examination that is supported by objective measures of mental status and motor control. The integration of all information should be used in making the clinical diagnosis.
Film Music and Neo-Riemannian Theory
Authors: Lehman Frank 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
Triadic chromaticism is a feature of much dramatic film scoring, a repertoire that has previously received little in the way of sustained analytic attention from music theorists. Neo-Riemannian techniques, while limited in application in most previous studies to nineteenth-century music, are eminently suited to exploring this vast musical landscape. Using passages of characteristically “nonfunctional” tonal logic from scores by Hollywood’s leading composers, this article demonstrates the relevance of transformational parameters to the investigation of cinematic musical structure and expression. The interpretive usefulness of neo-Riemannian harmonic combinatoriality and its sensitivity to voice-leading is highlighted with intuitive but hermeneutically revealing analyses of music from John Williams, Bernard Herrmann, and Howard Shore. The interaction of diatonic functional and chromatic idioms is broached with examples from Alfred Newman, as is the notion of “tonal agnosticism,” which underlies much neo-Riemannian scholarship. Two larger analyses, of Alan Silvestri’s Back to the Future and Erich Wolfgang Korngold’s The Sea Hawk, illustrate the power and limitations of symmetry—too often an uncritically assumed desideratum for transformational approaches—for organizing film time. In light of these analyses, the wider prospects for future research in cinematic transformational analysis are considered.
Youth Justice in Israel
Authors: Ajzenstadt Mimi 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
Policies in Israel retain the traditional view that juvenile delinquents should be treated and rehabilitated. These policies are driven by changing rationalities, norms, and values, which are socially and culturally contextualized. There has been an overarching ideology characterizing the sociolegal response to juvenile delinquency in Israel over time, with a welfare orientation that has been modified according to ideological influences and practical considerations. At the same time, informal, needs-oriented, and child-centered principles have continued to be adopted. This essay provides a review of the organization and operation of the system with regard to juvenile delinquency in Israel. It locates policy developments taking place in Israel within a wider sociopolitical context.
Lay Adjudication around the World
Authors: Malsch Marijke 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
Lay adjudication is a widely discussed topic in the present-day debate on legal systems. Around the world, a large variety of types of lay adjudication exists. Almost all countries make use of lay people as judges, and many of them have several forms of lay adjudication. This article discusses three models of lay adjudication: the jury, mixed panels, and experts as judges. It elaborates on the issues of legitimacy and the question as to whether lay participation increases various aspects of democracy within the legal system. Advantages and drawbacks are discussed. The article ends with a tentative prospective into the future.
The Role of Muslims and the Holocaust
Authors: Afridi Mehnaz M. 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
This article explores the role that Muslims played during the Holocaust. It explores historical and religious anti-Semitism in the Arab world and the consequences that led to the denial and relativism of the Holocaust. The article contends that Muslims were also rescuers and victims with Jews in Arab countries under the Vichy government and shows how entrenched the colonial forces were in Arab/Muslim lands during World War II. The conclusion of the article points to literature and scholarly works that might bridge an understanding between Jews and Muslims through Holocaust and postcolonial understanding.
Degree of host susceptibility in the initial disease outbreak influences subsequent epidemic spread
Authors: Severns Paul M. , Estep Laura K. , Sackett Kathryn E. , Mundt Christopher C. 
Published: August 2014

Summary

Disease epidemics typically begin as an outbreak of a relatively small, spatially explicit population of infected individuals (focus), in which disease prevalence increases and rapidly spreads into the uninfected, at‐risk population. Studies of epidemic spread typically address factors influencing disease spread through the at‐risk population, but the initial outbreak may strongly influence spread of the subsequent epidemic.

We initiated wheat stripe rust Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici epidemics to assess the influence of the focus on final disease prevalence when the degree of disease susceptibility differed between the at‐risk and focus populations.

When the focus/at‐risk plantings consisted of partially genetic resistant and susceptible cultivars, final disease prevalence was statistically indistinguishable from epidemics produced by the focus cultivar in monoculture. In these experimental epidemics, disease prevalence was not influenced by the transition into an at‐risk population that differed in disease susceptibility. Instead, the focus appeared to exert a dominant influence on the subsequent epidemic.

Final disease prevalence was not consistently attributable to either the focus or the at‐risk population when focus/at‐risk populations were planted in a factorial set‐up with a mixture (c. 28% susceptible and 72% resistant) and susceptible individuals. In these experimental epidemics, spatial heterogeneity in disease susceptibility within the at‐risk population appeared to counter the dominant influence of the focus.

Cessation of spore production from the focus (through fungicide/glyphosate application) after 1·3 generations of stripe rust spread did not reduce final disease prevalence, indicating that the focus influence on disease spread is established early in the epidemic.

Synthesis and applications. Our experiments indicated that outbreak conditions can be highly influential on epidemic spread, even when disease resistance in the at‐risk population is greater than that of the focus. Disease control treatments administered shortly after the initial outbreak within the focus may either prevent an epidemic from occurring or reduce its severity.
Comparative studies using the Morris water maze to assess spatial memory deficits in two transgenic mouse models of Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Edwards Stephen R , Hamlin Adam S , Marks Nicola , Coulson Elizabeth J , Smith Maree T 
Published: August 2014

SummaryEvaluation of the efficacy of novel therapeutics for potential treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD) requires an animal model that develops age‐related cognitive deficits reproducibly between independent groups of investigators. Herein we assessed comparative temporal changes in spatial memory function in two commercially available transgenic mouse models of AD using the Morris water maze (MWM), incorporating both visible and hidden platform training. Individual cohorts of cDNA‐based ‘line 85’‐derived double‐transgenic mice coexpressing the ‘Swedish’ mutation of amyloid precursor protein (APPSwe) and the presenillin 1 (PS1) ‘dE9’ mutation were assessed in the MWM at mean ages of 3.6, 9.3 and 14.8 months. We found significant deficits in spatial memory retention in APPSwe/PS1dE9 mice aged 3.6 months and robust deficits in spatial memory acquisition and retention in APPSwe/PS1dE9 mice aged 9.3 months, with a further significant decline by age 14.8 months. β‐Amyloid deposits were present in brain sections by 7.25 months of age. In contrast, MWM studies with individual cohorts (aged 4–21 months) of single‐transgenic genomic‐based APPSwe mice expressing APPSwe on a yeast artificial chromosomal (YAC) construct showed no significant deficits in spatial memory acquisition until 21 months of age. There were no significant deficits in spatial memory retention up to 21 months of age and β‐amyloid deposits were not present in brain sections up to 24 months of age. These data, generated using comprehensive study designs, show that APPSwe/PS1dE9 but not APPSwe YAC mice appear to provide a suitably robust model of AD for efficacy assessment of novel AD treatments in development.
KCNJ11 E23K variant is associated with the therapeutic effect of sulphonylureas in Chinese type 2 diabetic patients
Authors: Li Qing , Chen Miao , Zhang Rong , Jiang Feng , Wang Jie , Zhou Jian , Bao Yuqian , Hu Cheng , Jia Weiping 
Published: August 2014

SummaryThe aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of the E23K variant of the potassium inwardly rectifying channel, subfamily J, member 11 (KCNJ11) gene on gliclazide modified release (MR) treatment in newly diagnosed patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). A total of 108 diabetic patients with no history of antidiabetic medication was treated with gliclazide MR for 16 weeks and underwent follow up at Weeks 2, 4, 8, 12 and 16. All patients were genotyped for KCNJ11 E23K (rs5219). At baseline, patients with the KK genotype had higher blood glucose and lower serum insulin levels after oral glucose administration than patients with the EE and EK genotypes (P < 0.05 for all). During treatment, individuals with the KK genotype had lower fasting glucose levels and were more likely to attain the target fasting glucose level (Plog rank = 0.028) than E allele carriers. Patients with the KK genotype had larger augmentations in changes (Δ) in acute insulin response (P = 0.049) and Δ body mass index (P = 0.003). Moreover, patients with the EK genotype had a lower variance in changes in fasting insulin levels (P = 0.049) and homeostasis model assessment of β‐cell function (P = 0.021) than those with the KK genotype. The findings of the present study suggest that the KCNJ11 E23K variant is associated with a greater effect of sulphonylurea treatment in newly diagnosed Chinese patients with T2DM.
MicroRNAs differentially regulated in cardiac and skeletal muscle in health and disease: Potential drug targets?
Authors: Winbanks Catherine E , Ooi Jenny YY , Nguyen Sally S , McMullen Julie R , Bernardo Bianca C 
Published: August 2014

SummaryThe identification of non‐coding RNA species, previously thought of as ‘junk’ DNA, adds a new dimension of complexity to the regulation of DNA, RNA and protein. MicroRNAs are short non‐coding RNA species that control gene expression, are dysregulated in settings of cardiac and skeletal muscle disease and have emerged as promising therapeutic targets. MicroRNAs specifically enriched in cardiac and skeletal muscle are called myomiRs and play an important role in cardiac pathology and skeletal muscle biology. Moreover, microRNA profiles are altered in response to exercise and disease; thus, their potential as therapeutic drug targets is being widely explored. In the cardiovascular field, therapeutic inhibition of microRNAs has been shown to be effective in improving cardiac outcome in preclinical cardiac disease models. MicroRNAs that promote skeletal muscle regeneration are attractive therapeutic targets in muscle wasting conditions where regenerative capacity is compromised.
Expression of domains for protein–protein interaction of nucleotide excision repair proteins modifies cancer cell sensitivity to platinum derivatives and genomic stability
Authors: Jordheim Lars Petter , Cros‐Perrial Emeline , Matera Eva‐Laure , Bouledrak Karima , Dumontet Charles 
Published: August 2014

SummaryNucleotide excision repair (NER) is involved in the repair of DNA damage caused by platinum derivatives and has been shown to decrease the cytotoxic activity of these drugs. Because protein–protein interactions are essential for NER activity, we transfected human cancer cell lines (A549 and HCT116) with plasmids coding the amino acid sequences corresponding to the interacting domains between excision repair cross‐complementation group 1 (ERCC1) and xeroderma pigmentosum, complementation group A (XPA), as well as ERCC1 and xeroderma pigmentosum, complementation group F (XPF), all NER proteins. Using the 3‐(4,5‐dimethyl‐2 thiazoyl)‐2,5‐diphenyl‐2H‐tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and annexin V staining, we showed that transfected A549 cells were sensitized 1.2–2.2‐fold to carboplatin and that transfected HCT116 cells were sensitized 1.4–5.4‐fold to oxaliplatin in vitro. In addition, transfected cells exhibited modified in vivo sensitivity to the same drugs. Finally, in particular cell models of the interaction between ERCC1 and XPF, DNA repair was decreased, as evidenced by increased phosphorylation of the histone 2AX after exposure to mitomycin C, and genomic instability was increased, as determined by comparative genomic hybridization studies. The results indicate that the interacting peptides act as dominant negatives and decrease NER activity through inhibition of protein–protein interactions.
Systemic administration of 2‐hydroxypropyl‐β‐cyclodextrin to symptomatic Npc1‐deficient mice slows cholesterol sequestration in the major organs and improves liver function
Authors: Lopez Adam M , Terpack Sandi J , Posey Kenneth S , Liu Benny , Ramirez Charina M , Turley Stephen D 
Published: August 2014

SummaryIn Niemann–Pick type C (NPC) disease, loss‐of‐function mutations in either NPC1 or NPC2 result in progressive accumulation of unesterified cholesterol (UC) and glycosphingolipids in all organs, leading to neurodegeneration, pulmonary dysfunction and sometimes liver failure. There is no cure for this disorder. Studies using primarily NPC mouse models have shown that systemic administration of 2‐hydroxypropyl‐β‐cyclodextrin (2HPβCD), starting in early neonatal life, diminishes UC accumulation in most organs, slows disease progression and extends lifespan. The key question now is whether delaying the start of 2HPβCD treatment until early adulthood, when the amount of entrapped UC throughout the body is markedly elevated, has any of the benefits found when treatment begins at 7 days of age. In the present study, Npc1−/− and Npc1+/+ mice were given saline or 2HPβCD subcutaneously at 49, 56, 63 and 70 days of age, with measurements of organ weights, liver function tests and tissue cholesterol levels performed at 77 days. In Npc1−/− mice, treatment with 2HPβCD from 49 days reduced whole‐liver cholesterol content at 77 days from 33.0 ± 1.0 to 9.1 ± 0.5 mg/organ. Comparable improvements were seen in other organs, such as the spleen, and in the animal as a whole. There was a transient increase in biliary cholesterol concentration in Npc1−/− mice after 2HPβCD. Plasma alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase activities in 77‐day‐old 2HPβCD‐treated Npc1−/− mice were reduced compared with saline‐treated controls. The lifespan of Npc1−/− mice given 2HPβCD marginally exceeded that of the saline‐treated controls (99 ± 1.1 vs 94 ± 1.4 days, respectively; P < 0.05). Thus, 2HPβCD is effective in mobilizing entrapped cholesterol in late‐stage NPC disease leading to improved liver function.
Vasorelaxation induced by methyl cinnamate, the major constituent of the essential oil of Ocimum micranthum, in rat isolated aorta
Authors: Vasconcelos‐Silva Alfredo Augusto , de Lima Francisco José Batista , de Brito Teresinha Silva , Lahlou Saad , Magalhães Pedro Jorge Caldas 
Published: August 2014

SummaryThe aim of the present study was to investigate the vascular effects of the E‐isomer of methyl cinnamate (E‐MC) in rat isolated aortic rings and the putative mechanisms underlying these effects. At 1–3000 μmol/L, E‐MC concentration‐dependently relaxed endothelium‐intact aortic preparations that had been precontracted with phenylephrine (PHE; 1 μmol/L), with an IC50 value (geometric mean) of 877.6 μmol/L (95% confidence interval (CI) 784.1–982.2 μmol/L). These vasorelaxant effects of E‐MC remained unchanged after removal of the vascular endothelium (IC50 725.5 μmol/L; 95% CI 546.4–963.6 μmol/L) and pretreatment with 100 μmol/L NG‐nitro‐l‐arginine methyl ester (IC50 749.0 μmol/L; 95% CI 557.8–1005.7 μmol/L) or 10 μmol/L 1H‐[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3‐a]quinoxalin‐1‐one (IC50 837.2 μmol/L; 95% CI 511.4–1370.5 μmol/L). Over the concentration range 1–3000 μmol/L, E‐MC relaxed K+‐induced contractions in mesenteric artery preparations (IC50 314.5 μmol/L; 95% CI 141.9–697.0 μmol/L) with greater potency than in aortic preparations (IC50 1144.7 μmol/L; 95% CI 823.2–1591.9 μmol/L). In the presence of a saturating contractile concentration of K+ (150 mmol/L) in Ca2+‐containing medium combined with 3 μmol/L PHE, 1000 μmol/L E‐MC only partially reversed the contractile response. In contrast, under similar conditions, E‐MC nearly fully relaxed PHE‐induced contractions in aortic rings in a Ba2+‐containing medium. In preparations that were maintained under Ca2+‐free conditions, 600 and 1000 μmol/L E‐MC significantly reduced the contractions induced by exogenous Ca2+ or Ba2+ in KCl‐precontracted preparations, but not in PHE‐precontracted preparations (in the presence of 1 μmol/L verapamil). In addition, E‐MC (1–3000 μmol/L) concentration‐dependently relaxed the contractions induced by 2 mmol/L sodium orthovanadate. Based on these observations, E‐MC‐induced endothelium‐independent vasorelaxant effects appear to be preferentially mediated by inhibition of plasmalemmal Ca2+ influx through voltage‐dependent Ca2+ channels. However, the involvement of a myogenic mechanism in the effects of E‐MC is also possible.
Effects of sildenafil on nanostructural and nanomechanical changes in mitochondria in an ischaemia‐reperfusion rat model
Authors: Lee Kyung Hye , Kwon Sung Jin , Woo Jong‐Shin , Lee Gi‐Ja , Lee So‐Ra , Jang Hyun‐Hee , Kim Hyun Soo , Kim Jung Wook , Park Hun Kuk , Cho Kyu Seok , Kim Weon 
Published: August 2014

SummarySildenafil exerts cardioprotective effects by activating the opening of mitochondrial ATP‐sensitive potassium channels to attenuate ischaemia–reperfusion (IR) injury. In the present study, we used atomic force microscopy (AFM) to investigate changes in mitochondrial morphology and properties to assess sildenafil‐mediated cardioprotection in a rat myocardial infarction model. To investigate the cardioprotective effects of sildenafil, we used an in vivo Sprague‐Dawley rat model of IR. Rats were randomly divided into three groups: (i) sham‐operated rats (control; n = 5); (ii) IR‐injured rats treated with vehicle (normal saline; IR; n = 10); and (iii) IR‐injured rats treated with 0.75 mg/kg, i.p., sildenafil (IR + Sil; n = 10). Morphological and mechanical changes to mitochondria were analysed by AFM. Infarct areas were significantly reduced in sildenafil‐treated rats (7.8 ± 3.9% vs 20.4 ± 7.0% in the sildenafil‐treated and untreated IR groups, respectively; relative reduction 62%; P < 0.001). Analysis of mitochondria by AFM showed that IR injury significantly increased the areas of isolated mitochondria compared with control (24 150 ± 18 289 vs 1495 ± 1139 nm2, respectively; P < 0.001), indicative of mitochondrial swelling. Pretreatment with sildenafil before IR injury reduced the mitochondrial areas (7428 ± 3682 nm2; P < 0.001; relative reduction 69.2% compared with the IR group) and ameliorated the adhesion force of mitochondrial surfaces. Together, these results suggest that sildenafil has cardioprotective effects against IR injury in a rat model by improving the morphological and mechanical characteristics of mitochondria.