bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Photochromic Reaction of Diarylethenes Having Phenol Moiety as an Aryl Ring
Authors: Yamaguchi Tadatsugu , Kamihashi Yusuke , Ozeki Toru , Uyama Ayaka , Kitai Jun-ichiro , Kasuno Megumi , Sumaru Kimio , Kimura Yoshiro , Yokojima Satoshi , Nakamura Shinichiro , Morimoto Masakazu , Uchida Kingo 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
Three types of diarylethenes having one phenol moiety as an aromatic unit were synthesized in order to control pH change upon irradiation with UV and visible light. Upon irradiation with 313 nm light, these open-ring isomers were transformed to thermally unstable colored isomers in methanol solution. During the storage of the photoirradiated diarylethene solutions in the dark for 10 min, the thermally unstable closed-ring isomers were converted to thermally stable keto isomers. The structures of these isomers were characterized by 1H NMR and X-ray crystallography. The keto isomers were transformed to the initial phenol isomer upon irradiation with visible light. Additionally, we also found the formation of a novel photochromic diarylethene derivative having one keto group on the cyclopentane ring during UV irradiation. A pH change between the two isomers was observed in a mixture of ethanol and water.
In vitro protective effects of Scutellaria litwinowii root extract against H2O2-induced DNA damage and cytotoxicity
Authors: Shojaee Sousan , Parhiz Hamideh , Eshaghi Ameneh , Emami Seyed Ahmad , Asili Javad , Behravan Javad , Mosaffa Fatemeh 
Published: April 2014

Abstract

Background: Despite the wide range of investigations on the therapeutic potentials of herbal extracts in cancer cell lines, there is not usually enough data on their probable effects on normal cells. Recently, both anti-tumoral and anti-oxidant properties of Scutellaria litwinowii extracts have been reported on different cancer cell lines. In the present study, the possible protective effects of S. litwinowii root extracts against cytotoxicity and DNA damage induced by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) on normal cells were investigated using MTT and Comet assays, respectively.

Methods: A method of sequential extraction with solvents of different polarities was used to generate methanolic, de-fatted, and dichloromethane fractions. Both MTT and Comet assays were performed here to assess, respectively, changes in cell viability and levels of DNA damage from H2O2. In a pre-treatment regimen, test materials were applied to the cells prior to H2O2 treatment, while in a co-treatment protocol, cells were treated simultaneously with H2O2 and extracts.

Results: In the co-treatment studies, only methanolic extract at 1,000 μg/mL (p<0.001) imparted a significant protective effect as shown in the MTT assay. Pre-treatment of cells for 24 h with different concentrations of the test materials did not lead to any significant protection. Results from the Comet assays in the co-treatment studies suggested a significant (p<0.01) protective effect of the test materials against DNA damage caused by H2O2. However, in the pre-treatment studies, only methanolic extract at ≥500 μg/mL showed a protective effect (p<0.01).

Conclusions: Considering the probable high levels of phenolic and flavonoid compounds in the methanolic extract, these compounds may impart the noted protective effects of the S. litwinowii root through the scavenging of free radicals.
Toward a comprehensive definition of oxidation state (IUPAC Technical Report)
Authors: Karen Pavel , McArdle Patrick , Takats Josef 
Published: April 2014

AbstractA generic definition of oxidation state (OS) is formulated: “The OS of a bonded atom equals its charge after ionic approximation”. In the ionic approximation, the atom that contributes more to the bonding molecular orbital (MO) becomes negative. This sign can also be estimated by comparing Allen electronegativities of the two bonded atoms, but this simplification carries an exception when the more electronegative atom is bonded as a Lewis acid. Two principal algorithms are outlined for OS determination of an atom in a compound; one based on composition, the other on topology. Both provide the same generic OS because both the ionic approximation and structural formula obey rules of stable electron configurations. A sufficiently simple empirical formula yields OS via the algorithm of direct ionic approximation (DIA) by these rules. The topological algorithm works on a Lewis formula (for a molecule) or a bond graph (for an extended solid) and has two variants. One assigns bonding electrons to more electronegative bond partners, the other sums an atom’s formal charge with bond orders (or bond valences) of sign defined by the ionic approximation of each particular bond at the atom. A glossary of terms and auxiliary rules needed for determination of OS are provided, illustrated with examples, and the origins of ambiguous OS values are pointed out. An electrochemical OS is suggested with a nominal value equal to the average OS for atoms of the same element in a moiety that is charged or otherwise electrochemically relevant.
High accuracy plutonium mass determination by controlled-potential coulometry
Authors: Ruas Alexandre , Leguay Nicolas , Sueur Romain , Vedel Nicolas , Dalier Vincent , Moisy Philippe 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
Controlled-potential coulometry is an assay method for determining the quantity of a given element from the measurement of a quantity
of electricity. This method has the advantage of not being related to a chemical standard, having an extremely high trueness and
reproducibility, and using low sample amounts. Nowadays, equipments intended to carry out coulometry with high trueness (typically
uncertainties close to 0.1%) is seldom encountered. In order to arrive to such low uncertainties, the whole process, from the
preparation of the sample test to thestorage of the material had to be refined. The qualification of the method was carried out thanks
to the use of EQRAIN standard solutions. The coulometric proportioning of plutonium coming from pure solutions (without interfering
elements) was extended to the proportioning of plutonium in the presence of uranium, which makes the technique not only a method of
choice for standard solution certification but also appropriate for carrying out precise analyses assessments of different processes
used in nuclear medium.
Parametric and Nonparametric Statistical Methods for Genomic Selection of Traits with Additive and Epistatic Genetic Architectures
Authors: Howard Réka , Carriquiry Alicia L , Beavis William D 
Published: April 2014

AbstractParametric and nonparametric methods have been developed for purposes of predicting phenotypes. These methods are based on retrospective analyses of empirical data consisting of genotypic and phenotypic scores. Recent reports have indicated that parametric methods are unable to predict phenotypes of traits with known epistatic genetic architectures. Herein, we review parametric methods including least squares regression, ridge regression, Bayesian ridge regression, least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO), Bayesian LASSO, best linear unbiased prediction (BLUP), Bayes A, Bayes B, Bayes C, and Bayes Cπ. We also review nonparametric methods including Nadaraya-Watson estimator, reproducing kernel Hilbert space, support vector machine regression, and neural networks. We assess the relative merits of these 14 methods in terms of accuracy and mean squared error (MSE) using simulated genetic architectures consisting of completely additive or two-way epistatic interactions in an F2 population derived from crosses of inbred lines. Each simulated genetic architecture explained either 30% or 70% of the phenotypic variability. The greatest impact on estimates of accuracy and MSE was due to genetic architecture. Parametric methods were unable to predict phenotypic values when the underlying genetic architecture was based entirely on epistasis. Parametric methods were slightly better than nonparametric methods for additive genetic architectures. Distinctions among parametric methods for additive genetic architectures were incremental. Heritability, i.e., proportion of phenotypic variability, had the second greatest impact on estimates of accuracy and MSE.
A Genome-Wide Screen for Sporulation-Defective Mutants inSchizosaccharomyces pombe
Authors: Ucisik-Akkaya Esma , Leatherwood Janet K , Neiman Aaron M 
Published: April 2014

AbstractYeast sporulation is a highly regulated developmental program by which diploid cells generate haploid gametes, termed spores. To better define the genetic pathways regulating sporulation, a systematic screen of the set of ~3300 nonessential Schizosaccharomyces pombe gene deletion mutants was performed to identify genes required for spore formation. A high-throughput genetic method was used to introduce each mutant into an h90 background, and iodine staining was used to identify sporulation-defective mutants. The screen identified 34 genes whose deletion reduces sporulation, including 15 that are defective in forespore membrane morphogenesis. In S. pombe, the total number of sporulation-defective mutants is a significantly smaller fraction of coding genes than in S. cerevisiae, which reflects the different evolutionary histories and biology of the two yeasts.
Aggressive Awareness Campaigns May Not be Enough for HIV Prevention
in Prisons-Studies in Zambia Suggest Time for Evidence Based
Interventions
Authors: Simooya Oscar O. , Sanjobo Nawa , Mulenga Chanda , Mwakazanga David , Tailoka Frank , Betha Evans , Kaetano Lovemore , Witola Harold 
Published: April 2014

Background:
More than thirty years into the epidemic and at a time of declining HIV prevalence rates in many
affected regions, prisoners continue to receive less protection against HIV infection compared to communities outside.
This survey, the third since 1988 was conducted to assess the effectiveness of current programmes in Zambian prisons.

Methods:
From June 2009-June 2010, 2,244 {184 women (8.2%); 2060 men (91.8%)} prisoners in Zambia participated in a
survey of HIV prevalence and risk behaviours. Risk behaviours were elicited using a pretested questionnaire whilst HIV
prevalence was determined using two ELISAs and Western Blot. The survey was voluntary, anonymous and confidential.

Results:
Six hundred and nine (609), (27%), prisoners were found with HIV infection. This was associated with age,
highest in those 35-44 years and gender, 47.3% of the women tested were positive for HIV. Other significant associations
were found between HIV and tattooing, STIs and TB. Only 35 prisoners agreed to have had male to male sex (MSM) and
this was not linked to HIV result. However, indirect questioning suggested much higher figures of MSM in prisons.
Overall, prisoners had knowledge about HIV and over 60 % knew their HIV status.

Conclusion:
The HIV prevalence rate of 27% is nearly double the national average of 14%, suggesting that current interventions
in prisons, focused on raising awareness, are not effective. Evidence based programs targeting tattooing and MSM
are needed urgently to reduce the risk of HIV infected prisoners spreading infections to their communities after release.
I'm Game, are You? Reducing Real-World Security Threats by Managing Employee Activity in Online Social Networks
Authors: Trinkle Brad S. , Crossler Robert E. , Warkentin Merrill 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACT
Employees' use of online social networking (OSN) is dramatically increasing the risk exposure of companies. This study extends previous information security policy compliance research to include factors influencing employees to play OSN games on company-owned computers. An online factorial survey method experiment collected data from a sample of white-collar workers for testing hypotheses based upon accountability and boundary theories. The likelihood to play OSN games is tested with and without a policy related to this behavior. Results indicate that the presence of a social networking policy, logging awareness, and monitoring practices reduced participants' likelihood of playing OSN games on company-owned computers. After splitting the sample on the presence/absence of an OSN policy, results show that in the presence of a policy, monitoring practices and age significantly reduced the participants' likelihood of playing. In the absence of a policy, logging and monitoring reduced the likelihood of playing.
UAV – a useful tool for monitoring woodlands
Authors: Zmarz Anna 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
Unmanned aerial systems are in many countries one of the most dynamically developing branches of technology. They have also been recognized and are being utilized by scientists who find remote sensing indispensable in their work. Today, it is increasingly common to find research teams utilizing so-called drones in field research. Unmanned systems are becoming ever more important for environment monitoring by, on the one hand, providing data from inaccessible or remote areas, and, on the other hand, reducing the human costs required by traditional large field teams while also increasing the efficiency of the work. This paper presents the possibility of utilizing UAVs for image data collection in woodland areas.
Flights over Głuchów and an Arboretum were performed using two different UAVs (Mentor, AVI). The flights were made in 2010 in the middle of the growing season. Images were taken with Sigma DP2 digital cameras in four spectral channels: R (red), G (green), B (blue) and IR (infrared). Images were saved in 8-bit. The Głuchów forest complex is located in the Głuchów forest district, which forms a part of the Rogów forest division. From the administrative viewpoint, the forest division is located in the Łódzkie province, Skierniewicki Poviat. The Arboretum is a park with a collection of trees and shrubs from different regions of the world. The area is characterized by a high variability of species and trees of varying heights. It is located in the Łódzkie province, Skierniewicki Poviat.
Peanut Response to Crop Rotation, Drip Tube Lateral Spacing, and Irrigation Rates with Deep Subsurface Drip Irrigation
Authors: Sorensen R. B. , Butts C. L. 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTLong term crop yield with various crop rotations irrigated with subsurface drip irrigation (SSDI) is not known for US southeast. A SSDI system was installed in 1998 on Tifton loamy sand soil with five crop rotations, two drip tube lateral spacings, and three irrigation levels. Crop rotations ranged from continuous peanut (Arachis hypogaea L) to four years between peanut. Laterals were installed beneath each crop row (0.91-m) and alternate row middles (1.83-m). Crops were irrigated daily at 100, 75 and 50% of estimated crop water use. Laterals spaced at 1.83 m had the same yield as laterals spaced at 0.91-m in nine out of ten years. The 50, 75, and 100% irrigation treatments averaged 3263, 3468, and 3497 kg/ha, respectively. There was no yield difference between the 75 and 100% irrigation treatments implying 25% water savings. Crop rotation affected peanut yield seven out of eight years and continuous peanut had lowest yield across all years. As time between peanut crops increased peanut yield increased. Irrigation treatment had no effect on total sound mature kernels (TSMK). Lateral spacing affected TSMK 20% of the time and crop rotation affected TSMK 90% of the time. Continuous peanut rotation had the lowest TSMK with higher TSMK occurring as time between peanut crops increased. There was no evidence of any one crop rotation negatively affecting kernel size distribution except for continuous peanut. When using SSDI, it is possible to save 25% irrigation water, install drip laterals in alternate row middles, and rotate with peanut every three years without negatively affecting peanut yield or grade.
Sur l'analyse géographique des établissements industriels
Authors: Fouet Robert 
Published: April 2014

Résumé. - Cette note présente une méthode d'analyse géographique du système industriel composé de l'ensemble des établissements industriels existants. Sont distingués quatre types de relations structurales entre établissements industriels : 1. les structures techniques composées de chaînes d'établissements liées par la transmission de produits intermédiaires ; 2. les structures concurrentielles composées d'établissements rivaux parce que fabriquant les mêmes produits ou des produits substituables ; 3. les structures décisionnelles composées d'établissements suivant une même autorité de décision (en général, les firmes) ; 4. les structures territoriales composées d'établissements rivaux parce qu'occupant une certaine position dans l'espace.
Cette méthode d'analyse permet en particulier d'affiner le vocabulaire de la géographie industrielle.
Formes de corrosion littorale dans les roches volcaniques aux moyennes et hautes latitudes dans l'Atlantique
Authors: Guilcher André , Bodéré J Cl 
Published: April 2014

Résumé. - En 1962, de telles formes de corrosion littorale (zone intertidale et des embruns) ont été caractérisées dans les régions intertropicales (Guilcher, Berthois et Battistini). De nouvelles observations aux Canaries, à Madère et en Islande constituent une extension aux moyennes et hautes latitudes.
La plateforme à rempart externe, une des formes les plus originales, a été reconnue aux Canaries et à Madère. Elle est toutefois plus rare aux Canaries, et moins régulière à Madère, qu'à des latitudes plus basses comme celles du Cap Vert et à Madagascar.
Madère possède des mares de corrosion bien caractéristiques, et liées à la cristallisation du sel. On y trouve aussi des réseaux d'alvéolisation, et quelques formes dans des structures cellulaires.
En Islande, les formes de corrosion sont nettement moins représentées : on n'a vu que des lapiés littoraux du basalte en de rares endroits, de rares nids d'alvéoles, et des exploitations de structures cellulaires imparfaites.
Malgré la discontinuité des observations, et notamment leur absence aux Açores, il semble, en première analyse, que la corrosion intertidale et des embruns affecte de moins en moins les roches volcaniques à mesure qu'on s'élève en latitude. Une baisse d'efficacité de la Salzsprengung, en relation avec la diminution de la température et de l'évaporation, pourrait en être la cause, ou une cause.
Communication Architecture for AAL
Authors: Thiele S. , Häber A. , Winter A. , Nitzsche T. 
Published: April 2014

SummaryIntroduction: This article is part of the Focus Theme of Methods of Information in Medicine on “Using Data from Ambient Assisted Living and Smart Homes in Electronic Health Records”.Background: Concepts of Ambient Assisted Living (AAL) support a long-term health monitoring and further medical and other services for multi-morbid patients with chronic diseases. In Germany many AAL and telemedical applications exist. Synergy effects by common agreements for essential application components and standards are not achieved.Objectives: It is necessary to define a communication architecture which is based on common definitions of communication scenarios, application components and communication standards.Methods: The development of a communication architecture requires different steps. To gain a reference model for the problem area different AAL and telemedicine projects were compared and relevant data elements were generalized. The derived reference model defines standardized communication links.Results: As a result the authors present an approach towards a reference architecture for AAL-communication. The focus of the architecture lays on the communication layer. The necessary application components are identified and a communication based on standards and their extensions is highlighted.Conclusion: The exchange of patient in -dividual events supported by an event classification model, raw and aggregated data from the personal home area over a tele-medicine center to health care providers is possible.
Clinical manifestations and treatment outcomes in HIV-1-infected children receiving antiretroviral therapy in Karachi, Pakistan
Authors: Mir Fatima , Qamar Farah Naz , Baig-Ansari Naila , Abro Azra Ghayas , Abbas Syed Qamar , Kazi Mohammed Ahmed , Rizvi Arjumand , Zaidi Anita Kaniz Mehdi 
Published: April 2014

Introduction: The impact of antiretroviral (ARV) therapy on immunological and growth parameters in HIV-positive children in Pakistan has not been reported to date. Methodology: A retrospective chart review of children diagnosed with HIV at the Sindh AIDS Control Proigramme (SACP) and registered at the Aga Khan University, Karachi, between January 2005 and 2013 was conducted, evaluating clinical and laboratory profiles of HIV+ ARV+ children for ARV impact (serial height and weight CD4 and viral counts). Results: Twenty-four children were diagnosed and registered as HIV positive over five years, and 20 were started on ARV. Six were excluded from analysis (ARV duration < 6 months). Nine (64.3%) of 14 fulfilled WHO criteria for treatment failure at a median duration of 25 weeks (IQR 18-32) on ARV and underwent resistance genotyping. All nine had NNRTI resistance, two had high-grade NRTI resistance (≥ 4 thymidine analog mutations). Median age at start of ARV was 71.5 weeks (IQR 37.5-119). Median baseline weight for age (WAZ) and height for age (HAZ) z-scores changed from -1.94 to 1.69 and -1.99 to -1.59, respectively, after six months of therapy. Median CD4 percentage and viral load at baseline changed from 13.8 to 17.8, while viral load changed from 285 × 104 copies to zero at six months. Conclusions: ARV improved absolute CD4 and viral counts. Weight and height did not improve significantly, highlighting the need for aggressive nutritional rehabilitation. Early development of ARV resistance in these children requires formal assessment.
Genetic diversity of TLR2, TLR4, and VDR loci and pulmonary tuberculosis in Moroccan patients
Authors: Arji Naima , Busson Marc , Iraqi Ghali , Bourkadi Jamal Eddine , Benjouad Abdelaziz , Bouayad Abdellatif , Mariaselvam Christina , Salah Sofiane , Fortier Catherine , Amokrane Kahina , Marzais François , Boukouaci Wahid , Krishnamoorthy Rajagopal , Charron Dominique , El Aouad Rajae , Tamouza Ryad 
Published: April 2014

Introduction: Toll-like receptors (TLRs) 2, 4, and the vitamin D receptor (VDR) are central components of the innate and adaptive immunity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). TLR2, TLR4, and VDR polymorphisms were previously associated with tuberculosis (TB) and were here investigated as candidates for pulmonary TB (PTB) susceptibility in a Moroccan population group. Methodology: Genomic DNA from 343 PTB patients and 203 healthy controls were analyzed for 12 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) located in TLR2, TLR4, and VDR genes using polymerase chain reaction-based restriction fragment length polymorphism and TaqMan SNP genotyping assays. Results: The TLR2 +597 CT genotype was associated with protection against PTB (corrected p [pc] = 0.04; odds ratio (OR) = 0.65; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.45 - 0.94), and the TLR4 +7263 C allele was significantly associated with PTB susceptibility (pc = 0.04; OR = 1.63; CI = 1.06 - 2.57). The VDR [f,b,a,T] haplotype was found to confer protection (pc < 0.00001; OR = 0.18; CI = 0.09 - 0.35), while the TLR2 [-16934T,+597C,+1349T] haplotype seemed to be at risk (p = 0.03; OR = 1.52; CI = 1.01 - 2.30), but statistical significance was not reached. Finally, cross-analysis between polymorphisms of the three studied genes revealed significant interaction between TLR2 +597 and TLR4 +4434 SNPs towards protection against PTB (pc = 0.036), suggesting that the functionally relevant TLR4 +4434 SNP may act synergistically with TLR2 SNPs. Conclusions: TLR2 and TLR4 interaction and a specific VDR haplotype influence protection against PTB in Moroccans patients.