bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
New Way of Method to Deal with ESP Problem
Authors: Agus Yulianto , Pramudita Natasya 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
When running, ESP faces much imperfect condition that finally causes ESP failure. Sand, scale, low PI, low pressure, and gas are the major disturber preventing ESP from running smooth then led to short running life.
Conventional method to handle those problems has been created like sand screen for the preventing sand problem causing pump stuck, gas separator and gas handler to prevent gas lock causing degrading pump head, VSD to adjust rate to prevent pump off for wells that has low PI or low pressure issues.
For note, those kinds of equipment is designed to "PREVENT" the cause of the problem occurred. For instance, sand screen is to prevent sand entered the pump, gas separator prevent gas entering pump, gas handler will handle gas before causing problem to the pump, and also VSD, its function is to prevent pump off by adjusting rate.
This paper will explain about other way to handle problems related with loss flow by using the term of "CURE" rather than "PREVENT". Its mean, lets the problem occurring during ESP running but stop the further effect before causing ESP fail.
A Real-Time Warning System for Identifying Drilling Accidents
Authors: Peng Qi , Fan Honghai , Xu Shuguo , Zhou Haobo , Lai Minbin , Ma Guangxi , Fu Suiyi 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
A warning system for drilling engineering has been developed to implement of real-time detection of work status and give early warnings about potential drilling accidents during well construction process. With the help of comprehensive logging instrument, this warning system can gather drilling engineering parameters (bit weight, torque, hook load el at). In this system those parameters can display on computer screen, which is convenient for engineers to observe parameters variation tendency. Mathematical statistics methods (average time, variance, amplitude, etc.) are taken into account to explain the reason of changing parameters curves. The most important principle of this warning system is to establish the relationship between drilling accidents and engineering parameters. The process of selecting abnormal drilling parameters is based on Grey Correlation Theory, which is an effective way to figure out some crucial abnormal parameters that cause a certain drilling accident. The application of this warning system in Shengli Oilfield of China shows that this system can exactly monitor abnormal drilling parameters and run smoothly with convenient operation. In addition, this system gives accurately early warning information of common drilling accidents (kick, well leakage, H2S abnormal, drilling tool failure etc.) either in oil field or in remote monitor center, and the warning accuracy is above eighty percent. Drilling accidents and complicated downhole conditions are always big threats during the well construction process. Failure to monitor abnormal drilling engineering parameters and failure to take effective measures to warning symptoms may have a significant impact on well economic benefit due to long non-productive time and high cost of accident treatment. Therefore it is much useful for this system to provide warning information of changing downhole conditions before an eventual incident occur, which helps decision makers to analyze downhole situation in advance and take actions immediately according to warnings.
Usage of Oil Based Carbonate Mud Drilling Cuttings Post Thermo-treatment as Secondary Raw Mineral Materials
Authors: Gogan Raymond , Mendalieva D. K. , Kunasheva Z. Kh. , Kuzmina R. I. 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
One of the most urgent problems' facing the oil and gas industry is the treatment and utilization of drilling cuttings.
This work presents the results of our study of the physicochemical properties of carbonate oil based mud cuttings (COBMC) after thermal treatment at 340°C. The work also demonstrates the technology utilized and the potential for further usage of the cuttings.
Firstly the composition of COBMC was analyzed. The contents were identified as water, chemical impurities, hydrocarbons, sulphur, surfactants, ash. The physical properties, pH, density, flash point and chemical oxygen demand of the slurry were determined. The slurry was identified as having three phases (solids, oil and water) which require the use of chemical reagents and surfactants for separation. The elementary composition of the solid residue was identified as, calcium, barium, silicon, iron, sulphur, potassium, calcite, halite, barite, dolomite, anhydrite and quartz.
The composition and properties of the COBMC allows us to assume the material could be suitable for use as road construction material.
A mineral bitumen composition was designed, and its optimal composition was determined. Frost resistance and water absorption parameters were evaluated. The material which contained 7 % wt. of the COBMC mineral residue (post thermal treatment) was identified as being optimal for use.
As a result of our research, a technology of thermal treatment of COBMC at temperatures of circa 340°C has been identified, and the resulted solid residue containing COBMC was activated with a mineral powder and used to surface an access road to Dostyk village (Furmanovo) on a Uralsk – Teploe motor road in West Kazakhstan Oblast.
Building a Culture of Effective Process Safety Management
Authors: Hamilton W Ian , Turner Claire 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
It is well understood that weaknesses in process safety management can lead to major accidents with the potential for catastrophic consequences. These weaknesses typically develop overtime due to the cumulative effect of changes in the integrity of equipment and the quality of operating practice. Such changes often go unchallenged and uncorrected as a result of complacency and what has been referred to as the normalization of deviation. Combating the slow decline and drift into failure requires the establishment of a more effective culture of process safety management. The crucial element of this culture is the identification of safety critical tasks that are essential to the maintenance and assurance of technical safety barriers.
In all hazardous systems, people are responsible for the maintenance, calibration and testing of process safety control or barrier measures. Comprehensively identifying these safety critical tasks and defining the organizational management processes that are necessary to assure their successful completion, lays the foundation for a culture of effective process safety management. It also creates the opportunity to establish leading indications of process safety and avoid relying on lagging indications which only signal the failure to control risk.
This paper presents examples of how human and organizational failures can contribute to a gradual drift into failure resulting in major accident events. It then shows how the human role in maintaining and assuring the reliability of built-in safety measures can be assessed and verified for both new assets and mature operations. The methodology demonstrated is an integrated approach to process safety and human factors and shows how the approach can be applied to create leading indications of effective process safety management that delivers both technical safety and an improved safety culture.
Successful Application of Material Balance Calculation to a Fractured Dual Porosity Field
Authors: Heinemann Zoltán E. , Mittermeir Georg M. , Gharsalla Mohamed M. 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Recently Mittermeir (2014) introduced a new material balance (MB) method applicable to naturally fractured dual porosity reservoirs which correctly considers the matrix-fracture fluid transfer too. The MB model is built by two columns, representing the matrix and the fracture continua. The overall MB is calculated as usual, determining the relation between pressure, OOIP, production and water influx. On top of that the fluid distribution in the fracture and matrix will be considered also. In the fracture full phase separation is assumed and the actual phase contacts define three sections. In the bottom section the fracture injects water by capillary imbibition, in the top section the gravitation forces the gas to invade the matrix and in the middle section expansion drive is active. The fracture-to-matrix injection rates are determined from the relation recovery factor versus injected pore volume (called recovery curves). They are derived from laboratory and field data or estimated on the basis of sound engineering judgment. The paper presents the calculation scheme and a successful application to the Sabah field (Libya) that had more than 500 MMstb original oil in place and a 35-year history of production. The new MB method matches both the reservoir pressure and the positions of the phase contacts. It also provides aquifer and matrix-fracture fluid transfer models. For the first time ever it becomes possible to realistically – this means by fully considering the governing recovery mechanisms and thus the matrix-fracture transfer – calculate material balance for naturally fractured dual porosity reservoirs.
Efficient Workflow for Assisted History Matching and Brownfield Design of Experiments for the Tengiz Field
Authors: Kassenov Baurzhan , King Gregory R. , Chaudhri Moon , Abdrakhmanova Aizada , Jenkins Steve , Bateman Phil , Iskakov Elrad 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
The main goal of history matching is to calibrate a reservoir model to production data and provide a model on which field development decisions can be made. Most of the history matching effort conducted in the industry is based on a single deterministic simulation model. With recent developments in probabilistic history matching techniques, faster computers, and efficient numerical algorithms, the opportunity to exploit these resources for efficient history matching workflows becomes available.
In this paper we present a combined approach of assisted history matching followed by Brownfield Design of Experiment (DoE or ED) for model development for the Tengiz field. The Tengiz oilfield, located along the northeastern margin of the Caspian Sea, is the world's deepest producing supergiant oil field. The underlying simulation model of the field uses a dual-porosity, dual-permeability compositional formulation.
The first step in the workflow was performing sensitivity study using one variable at a time analysis (OVAT) to reduce the number of uncertainties. This was followed by several Design of Experiments cycles to minimize the model misfit in static bottomhole pressures and MDT pressures and to modify the uncertainty ranges for the uncertain variables impacting the history match. The history match for the Tengiz field was achieved without any local modifications.
The next step in the workflow was simulating the Brownfield DoE to create probabilistic reservoir models. The objective of this step was to develop multiple history matched models that generate a range of prediction outcomes. Two sets of prediction scenarios were considered: a base case which included all business plan work and a future development case. 203 DoE cases were run for each of the development scenarios. All DoE cases were used to generate proxy equations for the pressure mismatch functions (relative error and L2-norm) and cumulative oil production for the base case and the future development case. Multiple proxies were used to select probabilistic reservoir models while maintaining a good history match. The resulting probabilistic models will be used for reserves estimations, production optimization from existing infrastructure, design of future projects (ongoing drilling and expansion of an existing miscible flood), and to assess any future opportunities.
Openhole Multistage Fracturing Completion with Swelling Packers and Sliding Sleeves in Carbonate Reservoir - A Case History from the Karachaganak Field
Authors: Etuhoko Mike , Viti Massimo , Akutin Alexandr , Zmeyevskiy Sergey , Caproni Cristiano 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
This paper describes the application of openhole Multi-Stage Fracturing completions with swelling packers and sliding sleeves in the carbonate formation of the Karachaganak field, Kazakhstan. It focuses on the benefit brought to the field by the new completion concept. It also explains the methodology and strategies adopted for executing fracturing stimulation within the limited capacity of material supply and logistic challenges in a harsh environment and remote location.
The completion strategy in the Karachaganak field has been evolving from simple vertical (cased hole / openhole) completions, to selective and non-selective multilateral wells, and most recently to extended horizontal wells. Acid stimulation, both matrix and fracturing, are the common method to improve well productivity in this highly heterogeneous formation. Multi-stage acid fracturing was identified as a potential technique to achieve the objective of unlocking production from extended horizontal openhole section in the low permeability regions of the field.
The new completion technology combines the use of swelling packers and ball activated stimulation sliding sleeves (with a mechanical shift option) to achieve intervention-free multi-stage fracturing in the openhole. The swelling packer and stimulation sliding sleeve provide a reliable isolation and fracturing point respectively for a selected fracturing zone.
Post-stimulation inflow profile indicated contribution from almost all the treated zones as a result of diversion effectiveness. The first application of this technology in one of the Karachaganak wells resulted in a significant initial production and the well was recorded as one of the best Object 3 oil producers in the field. Ten (10) subsequent completions were deployed after the first installation. The stimulations performed to date have shown that Swelling Packers are reliable for zonal isolation and allow a good coverage of the entire horizontal section.
The Introduction of a High Build-up Rate Rotary Steerable System as a Step Change in the Karachaganak Field Development
Authors: Aidoo Ato , Kereyeva Balzhan , Zhantolin Yerbol , Navrotsky Alexander , Rumvantseva Albina 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
This paper illustrates the introduction of the high build-up rate rotary steerable system (HBR-RSS) into the Karachaganak field (operated by Karachaganak Petroleum Operating b.v. – KPO b.v.) in Western Kazakhstan – the first introduction of this technology into Kazakhstan. The first run was in a 1380m-long re-entry sub-horizontal production lateral was drilled by HBR-RSS in 6″ hole, followed afterwards by a logging-while-drilling washdown run.
The well design required a sidetrack off a whipstock out of 7″ Liner at 4800m measured depth with a 6″ bottom-hole-assembly (BHA). The proximity of the re-entry well targets required a directional profile with dogleg severity of 6deg/30m and above. Despite the time and tortuosity gains from using rotary steerable technology in previous wells on this project, it was clear that the build section could only be drilled with mud motors for dogleg assurance reasons. In addition to being able to follow the directional plan, the introduction of HBR-RSS enabled other challenges, such as weight transfer, the effects of higher-than-required tortuosity, and the need for multiple bit runs, to be overcome.
All stages of the job was precisely planned and reviewed between the service provider and customer. The HBR-RSS tool performed as planned and the well was completed in one run, with an effective rate of penetration (ROP) of 8.6 metres per hour.
The introduction of HBR-RSS tools on Karachaganak project has allowed KPO b.v. to rethink the drilling of the reservoir zones in the field development plan – both in the design of new wells and in providing options for existing wells previously considered unfeasible, such as restoring production from existing stock of FSU wells by drilling even higher build-rate sidetracks.
Delivering Process Safety Through a Foundation in Data
Authors: Sarbanoglu Hakan 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Process Safety is critical to meeting key operational excellence objectives in today’s oilfield, and it is necessary to implement the right processes, organizational capability and technical improvements.
One approach to increasing the effectiveness of Process Safety is a new Business Intelligence (BI) capability called Process Safety Dashboard (PSD). Tengizchevroil (TCO) has now defined, designed, developed and deployed a first release PSD solution in the 2013-2014 period. Users of PSD can interactively visualize and analyze leading and lagging indicators of process safety incidents. The lagging metrics chosen for this integration include Loss Of Containment (LOC) events and their undesired consequences like spills, gas releases, fires and explosions and workforce injuries. The goal is to align and correlate these metrics with a longer list of leading indicators that include metrics like Temporary Leak Repairs, Overdue Process Hazard Analysis, Overdue Tests and Inspections of Critical Equipment and Pressure Safety Valves, Pressure Relieve Device activations, etc. All the data behind PSD is integrated within and provided through a single and trusted source of information called Data Foundation, which also runs complex business rules to derive some information, like detecting overdue statuses. Users ranging from management level to functional team leads are able to visualize these data sets in time series and drill down and filter in a number of dimensions to identify business insights. This presentation introduces the scope, design and use cases of the TCO Process Safety Dashboard solution.
The Implementation of the Collaborative Working Environment (CWE) in Kashagan Field Development
Authors: Tajima T. , Kushekov A. , Jilkaidarov Z. 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
In the field of communications, specifically real time data management and interface tools, the landscape has changed a lot in the last ten years. This article highlights the development and implementation of the Production Operations Support Center (POSC) in Kazakhstan and details the application of several new technological advances, improving the way we operate to produce hydrocarbons safely and effectively.
The POSC has been built in Atyrau based on the industry leading guidelines on Collaborative Work Environment, which is a forum created to integrate people, processes, technology and facility for improved cross-functional and virtual collaboration, learning and high quality decision-making. This setup allows the company to maximize the available knowledge and operational knowhow between locations, minimizes the duplication of work streams by providing each team with the same "data" information stream at the same time and encourages collaboration in order to analyze process, rotating, corrosion and flow assurance issues as an integrated team. In this way the company can make more effective use of resources which ultimately results in a safe and stable production asset. POSC has already justified its value during Kashagan Start-Up Operations on 24/7stand-by duty with engineering support from the office.
Kashagan is a large green field development in the Northern Caspian Sea covering an area of 75 km in length, 45 km in width at about 5km in depth. The geographical, logistical and environmental challenges make Kashagan one of the most complex projects in the world, requiring state of the art technologies in most of its aspects in order to maximize value for the Republic of Kazakhstan.
In order to provide this important center, POSC project team has delivered an integrated solution of functional communications hardware, across our different locations, supporting software including Real Time surveillance, lean process flow mapping, together with the development of local staff capabilities to ensure value creation and maximization.
Causes and Consequences of the CEO Also Being the Chair of the Board
Authors: Ghosh Aloke , Karuna Christo , Tian Feng 
Published: July 2015

ABSTRACT
We examine whether a firm's operating environment influences the likelihood that the CEO is also the chair of the board of directors. Specifically, using robust regression techniques, we find that when a firm has greater advisory needs and is more reliant on managerial initiatives for innovation, the firm is more likely to appoint its CEO as the chair. We also examine whether CEO-Chairs use their greater bargaining power from holding dual positions to benefit themselves at the expense of shareholders. We find no evidence to suggest that CEO-Chairs are more likely to extract rents compared to CEOs who are not chairs. Collectively, these findings indicate that the decision by firms to appoint their CEOs as chairs is determined by the firms' operating environment and that there is no evidence to suggest that CEO-Chairs use their power from holding dual positions to the detriment of shareholders.
Adsorption and Micellization Behavior of Mixtures of Amphiphilic Drugs with Small Amounts of Bile Salts
Authors: Kabir-ud-Din  , Al-dahbali Gamal A. , Naqvi Andleeb Z. , Akram Mohd. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractBile acid salts are the most important biological surfactant-like molecules. These compounds play an active role in the cholesterol and lipid solubilization. They are also used as drug carriers. The salts give anionic amphiphilic moiety in aqueous solution and will interact strongly when mixed with cationic amphiphiles. With this aim we have investigated mixed systems of three bile acid salts (sodium cholate (NaC), sodium deoxycholate (NaDC) and sodium taurocholate (NaTC)) with two cationic drugs (adiphenine hydrochloride (ADP) and clomipramine hydrochloride (CLP)) by surface tension measurements. It was found that the two components mix nonideally, i.e., the cmc values of the mixtures decrease with the stoichiometric mole fraction (α1) of bile salts and are lower than cmc* values (cmc at ideal mixing condition). The interaction parameters, βmand βσ, come out to be negative and large in magnitude which is obvious from the fact that the two components are of opposite charge and would experience attractive interactions. The results suggest that the contribution of bile salts in the mixed micelles (X1m) is greater than both the α1and X1id(the contribution in ideal mixing condition). These components also form mixed interface where the contribution of bile salts is more than α1(i.e., X1σ> α1). The minimum area occupied by a monomer decreases with increase in the content of bile salts in the solution. This confirms that the opposite charges on the two components decrease the repulsion among the head groups. All the evaluated thermodynamic parameters (i.e., ΔG0m, ΔGex, ΔG°adsand Gmin) support the above explanations.
Best Combination of Promoter and Micellar Catalyst for Room Temperature Rapid Conversion of D-Lyxose to D-Lyxonic Acid in Aqueous Medium
Authors: Mukherjee Kakali , Saha Bidyut 
Published: July 2015

AbstractThe kinetic study of catalytic oxidation of D-lyxose by hexavalent chromium has been investigated spectrophotometrically under pseudo first order condition at temperature 313 K. The rate of oxidation of D-lyxose is very slow. Picolinic acid (PA), 2,2′-bipyridine (bpy), 1,10-phenanthroline (phen) are used as promoter to accelerate the rate of the reaction. Phen acts as the most effective promoter in aqueous medium. The rate of the reaction is also increased in presence of nonionic surfactant Triton-X-100 (TX-100) and anionic surfactant sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS). They are used as catalyst in this reaction. Thus the observed micellar effects have been explained by considering the hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions between the reactants and surfactants in terms of the proposed mechanism. However, the combination of promoter and surfactants produces a better result. The maximum rate enhancement is obtained in presence of the combination of phen and TX-100.