bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of different desensitizing agents on bleaching treatments
Authors: Po Lam Hoi , Wilson Nairn 
Published: June 2014

AbstractThe objective of this paper was to bring together and summarize the available information on the effects of different desensitizing agents on bleaching treatments. Information from all scientific papers and reviews identified in the Institute for Scientific Information Web of Science and PubMed using the search terms: Bleaching, whitening, brightening or color and desensitizing, fluoride, potassium nitrate, or amorphous calcium phosphate was included in the data collected and synthesized to produce the summary of findings and recommendations. The use of desensitizing agents in bleaching treatments may limit or control sensitivity, promote remineralization, increase enamel microhardness, and enhance the efficacy of the bleaching treatment. The use of desensitizing agents may exert a positive influence on the outcome of bleaching treatments.
A survey to access knowledge and practice among dentists regarding local anesthetic dosage in three cities of Uttarakhand
Authors: Kaira Laxman Singh , Dabral Esha 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Objective: Local anesthetics are the most commonly used drugs in routine dentistry. Although they are considered effective and safe in controlling pain during dental procedures, complications related to their use appear inevitable. Many dentists use these drugs routinely but are unaware of the dose calculations required and the maximum safe and effective dose of the drug. Materials and Methods: This study was aimed to determine the knowledge that general dental practitioners and dental specialists, in three different cities in India, have regarding dose calculations and the maximum-dose required of the most commonly used local anesthetics. A one page survey questionnaire was used in this study and data were analyzed using standard SPSS statistical program version 11, software (SPSS Inc. Chicago, Illinois, USA). Results: The respondents comprised 71.4% general dental practitioners and 28.5% dental specialists, with ages ranging from 26 to 50 years; Nearly 75% of the total respondent was males and 25% females. Nearly 69% of the respondents were unaware of the maximum recommended dose for use on adult, healthy patients and 81% were still confused about the maximum numbers of syringes containing 2% lignocaine with adrenaline that can be given to a patient. A total of 49% of general dental practitioners and specialists do not perform aspiration when injecting local anesthetics, whereas only 38% performed the aspiration in inferior nerve block technique, while only 12% performed aspiration in all types of injection techniques. A high percentage of the dentists (84%) who responded are unaware of how to calculate the local anesthetic dose and 31% of them encountered complications during, or after, local anesthetic administration. Conclusion: General practitioners and dental specialists appear to have an inadequate knowledge about local anesthetics maximum-dose and dose calculations; further educational courses are recommended to update them regarding such important aspects of dentistry.
Knowledge of dental practitioners on the management of oral conditions in pregnancy in South Nigeria
Authors: Braimoh Omoigberai Bashiru , Ilochonwu Nzube Anthony 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Objective: Dental care is often avoided and misunderstood in pregnancy. The objective of this study was to evaluate the knowledge of dentists on the provision of dental care during pregnancy. Subjects and Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study among 76 dental practitioners in two Tertiary Health Institutions in Nigeria. The study participants were approached at their duty posts and informed consent was obtained before administering the questionnaire. Data were collected using pretested self-administered questionnaire and analyzed using IBM SPSS statistics version 20.0 (New York, United States). Results: Forty-seven (63.5%) of the participants were registrars, 48 (64.9%) were more than 35 years, and 40 (54.1%) had practiced for more than 5 years. Majority, 61 (82.4%) of the participants were willing to provide dental treatment during pregnancy. Registrars, 39 (64%) were significantly (P = 0.03) more likely to provide dental care during pregnancy than house officers. While 44 (59.5%) of dentists knew the best time to take dental radiograph was the second trimester of pregnancy, 48 (64.9%) knew dental radiographs could be taken in any trimester of pregnancy. Dentists who knew it was safe to use composite and amalgam during pregnancy and perform root canal treatment in the first trimester of pregnancy were 56 (75.6%), 59 (79.5%) and 13 (17.6%), respectively. Conclusion: Though the knowledge of the dentists on dental care during pregnancy was good, this need to be improved upon. Therefore, there is a need to develop guidelines and train dentists on dental care during pregnancy.
Oeler′s type III dens invaginatus: A case report with 1-year follow-up
Authors: George Liza , Mohan Ajit G. , Mathew Justin 
Published: June 2014

AbstractDens invaginatus is a rare anomaly that occurs due to deepening of enamel organ into the root, either fully or partially during tooth development. The purpose of this paper is to present a case of Oehler′s type III dens invaginatus on a maxillary left lateral incisor with a large periapical lesion. Combined endodontic therapy and surgery showed good healing when the patient was evaluated clinically and radiographically after 1-year. This case report highlights the importance of proper debridement of the main canal of a case of dens invaginatus because of its complex anatomy.
A Sharp Constant for the Bergman Projection
Authors: Marković Marijan 
Published: June 2014

AbstractFor the Bergman projection operator P we prove thatHere λ stands for the hyperbolic metric in the unit ball B of Cn, and B1 denotes the Besov space with an adequate semi-norm. We also consider a generalization of this result. This generalizes some recent results due to Perälä.
Fear Avoidance Beliefs, Held by Occupational Therapists, are Associated with Treatment Recommendations
Authors: Cross Blair , Dean Sarah , Hay-Smith Jean , Weatherall Mark 
Published: June 2014

Introduction: The purpose of this research was to explore whether New Zealand occupational therapists' recommendations for chronic low back pain are predicted by their fear avoidance beliefs. Method: In an online survey, 63 therapists rated the strength of recommendation on a four-point Likert scale (for each of: home help, equipment provision, and environmental modification) for a case study of low back pain, and completed two questionnaires about fear avoidance beliefs. The strength of recommendation (definitely not, not likely, likely, definitely yes) was analysed as an ordinal scale response variable, with important predictors each of the Fear Avoidance Beliefs Tool and the Health Care Providers Pain and Impairment Relationship Scale. Potential confounding variables were: age, years in practice or pain practice, and receipt of extra pain education. The main response variable was the probability of recommending home help. Analysis was by proportional odds regression. Findings: 54/63 (85.7%) of the surveys had complete data. The adjusted odds ratio, per point higher on the fear avoidance belief scales, for therapists who were more likely to recommend home help was 1.19 (95% CI 1.06 to 1.35), p = 0.005 for the Fear Avoidance Belief Tool and 1.16 (95% CI 1.04 to 1.29), p = 0.006 for Health Care Providers Pain and Impairment Relationship Scale. This is consistent with those with greater fear avoidance beliefs being more likely to recommend home help. Conclusion: Occupational therapists' fear avoidance beliefs are associated with treatment recommendations that lessen activity or movement demands. These beliefs are potentially unhelpful and may reinforce avoidance behaviour in patients with chronic low back pain.
The role of self-assessment and emotions in designation of an aggressive strategy of coping with a social conflict situation by gymnasium school students
Authors: Borecka-Biernat Danuta 
Published: June 2014

<b>Background, participants and procedure </b><br />
This research is aimed at evaluation of the role of self-assessment and emotions in designation of an aggressive strategy of coping with a social conflict situation by gymnasium school students. It uses a questionnaire to study strategies adopted by youth to cope with a social conflict situation (KSMK), Self-Esteem Scale (SES) and a Three-Factor Personality States and Traits Inventory (TISCO) questionnaire. The empirical study was conducted in gymnasium schools in Wrocław and neighbouring localities. It included 811 adolescents (414 girls and 397 boys) aged 13-15. <br />
<b>Results and conclusions</b><br />
Based on the analysis of the collected research material, it is concluded that low assessment of teenagers’ own capacity plays a role in choosing an aggressive strategy to cope with a social conflict situation. Participation of adolescents in a situation of a threat to accomplishment of their own objectives intensifies negative emotions. Research results confirm that aggression is a form of dealing with anger and fear felt in a social conflict situation.
Coping with stress among Polish immigrants
Authors: Ziarko Michał , Sęk Helena , Sieński Michał , Lewandowska Karolina 
Published: June 2014

<b>BACKGROUND</b><br />
Opening the Western labour markets for Poles, a result of Poland’s accession to the European Union, led to mass economic emigration of thousands of Poles. Immigrants chose mostly the following English-speaking countries: Ireland, England and Scotland. Moving house and changing job is a challenge that needs to be dealt with.<br />
<b>PARTICIPANTS AND PROCEDURE</b><br />
This study involved 239 people who emigrated to England, Scotland and Ireland. It was aimed at answering the following question: Do Polish immigrants in various countries experience varied stress levels and use varied strategies to cope with stress?<br />
<b>RESULTS</b><br />
The conducted study showed differences in stress levels, depending on immigrants’ target country. There were also significant differences between strategies used to handle stress. Additionally, the study indentified factors influencing stress levels. Immigrants’ high stress levels were accompanied by stress management strategies focused on stressor avoidance, blaming as well as sense of one’s ineffectuality.<br />
<b>CONCLUSIONS</b><br />
European English-speaking countries presents various challenges to immigrants. Observed dissimilarities in stress levels might stem from difference in size of cultural gap between the target and home country. Seeing that, cultural factors may significantly influence stress level perceived by immigrants, thus a question for further studies arises: what are specific cultural features significant in experiencing stress among immigrants? Answering to that question will give an unprecedented insights to demands of emigration and may lay a basis for future community support programs.
Key factors for successful solving of mathematical word problems in fifth-grade learners
Authors: Kavkler Marija , Magajna Lidija , Babuder Milena Košak 
Published: June 2014

<b>BACKGROUND</b><br />
Difficulties in solving mathematical word problems (MWP) are one of the most common reasons for weak mathematics performance, and poor mathematical literacy has important implications for an individual’s further education, employment opportunities, mental health and quality of life in today’s modern technological society.<br />
The purpose of the study was to examine whether Slovenian good and poor MWP solvers differ in arithmetic knowledge and skills, non-verbal reasoning, pupils’ self-evaluations of MWP abilities, teachers’ assessment of their mathematical knowledge and what strategies fifth- grade learners use in solving MWP.<br />
<b>PARTICIPANTS AND PROCEDURE</b><br />
The larger sample included 233 pupils from 14 fifth-grade classes (mean age 10 years 3 months) and 14 teachers. On the basis of the teachers’ opinions and the results of MWP solving two sub-samples of 24 students were formed, good and poor MWP solvers. Several tests were used to determine MWP solving ability, automation of arithmetic facts and procedures as well as Raven’s SPM. Questionnaires for pupils were used to assess pupils’ estimations of MWP tasks’ difficulty, their own ability to solve them and the strategies used. To assess pupils’ knowledge a questionnaire for teachers was used.<br />
<b>RESULTS</b><br />
Slovenian 5<sup>th</sup> graders in the larger sample generally used very few empirically proven effective cognitive and metacognitive strategies to solve MWP. Pupils with lower achievement in solving MWP, compared to pupils with higher achievement demonstrated significantly less automated arithmetic facts and procedures of the algorithm, less flexible use of arithmetic skills, as well as qualitatively different MWP solving, which is also related to their lower non-verbal reasoning. Teachers’ assessments and pupils’ self-assessments matched the achieved test results.<br />
<b>CONCLUSIONS</b><br />
The results exposed important key factors for successful solving of mathematical word problems with significant implications for learning, teaching and professional training. Improving mathematics literacy in the Slovenian school system requires greater consideration for strategy teaching and motivational factors.
AS INFLUÊNCIAS DO NEOLIBERALISMO NA EDUCAÇÃO BRASILEIRA: ALGUMAS CONSIDERAÇÕES
Authors: Basso Jaqueline Daniela , Neto Dr. Luiz Bezerra 
Published: June 2014

Neste trabalho nos dedicaremos à compreensão da influência do neoliberalismo na economia e na educação brasileira, que se tornou preponderante a partir dos anos 1990 e que tem aprofundado as desigualdades sociais e diminuído ainda mais os investimentos em bens sociais como a educação. Desta maneira, pretendemos compreender de que forma as políticas neoliberais tem se apresentado no Brasil e quais suas implicações, principalmente na educação do país.DOI: 10.5216/rir.v1i16.29044
Le principe des responsabilités communes mais différenciées dans le régime international du climat
Authors: Maljean-Dubois Sandrine , Sariego Pilar Moraga 
Published: June 2014

Parmi les accords internationaux sur l’environnement, le régime du climat offre l’application la plus aboutie du principe des responsabilités communes mais différenciées. Mais ce domaine révèle aussi tout particulièrement les difficultés d’application dudit principe. Justice, équité, responsabilités communes mais différenciées sont invoquées par les uns et par les autres pour servir parfois des fins diamétralement opposées. Depuis l’adoption de la Convention-cadre des Nations Unies sur les changements climatiques (1992) et du Protocole de Kyoto (1997), la structure des émissions mondiales de gaz à effet de serre a considérablement évolué, ne serait-ce que du fait de l’augmentation considérable des émissions des pays émergents et en particulier de la Chine. Bouclier pour les uns, repoussoir pour les autres, le principe est aujourd’hui très fréquemment invoqué dans les difficiles négociations du « post-2012 » et du « post-2020 », et voit son rôle progressivement évoluer.
Achieving universal access and moving towards elimination of new HIV infections in Cambodia
Authors: Vun Mean Chhi , Fujita Masami , Rathavy Tung , Eang Mao Tang , Sopheap Seng , Sovannarith Samreth , Chhorvann Chhea , Vanthy Ly , Sopheap Oum , Welle Emily , Ferradini Laurent , Sedtha Chin , Bunna Sok , Verbruggen Robert 
Published: June 2014

IntroductionIn the mid‐1990s, Cambodia faced one of the fastest growing HIV epidemics in Asia. For its achievement in reversing this trend, and achieving universal access to HIV treatment, the country received a United Nations millennium development goal award in 2010. This article reviews Cambodia’s response to HIV over the past two decades and discusses its current efforts towards elimination of new HIV infections.MethodsA literature review of published and unpublished documents, including programme data and presentations, was conducted.Results and discussionCambodia classifies its response to one of the most serious HIV epidemics in Asia into three phases. In Phase I (1991–2000), when adult HIV prevalence peaked at 1.7% and incidence exceeded 20,000 cases, a nationwide HIV prevention programme targeted brothel‐based sex work. Voluntary confidential counselling and testing and home‐based care were introduced, and peer support groups of people living with HIV emerged. Phase II (2001–2011) observed a steady decline in adult prevalence to 0.8% and incidence to 1600 cases by 2011, and was characterized by: expanding antiretroviral treatment (coverage reaching more than 80%) and continuum of care; linking with tuberculosis and maternal and child health services; accelerated prevention among key populations, including entertainment establishment‐based sex workers, men having sex with men, transgender persons, and people who inject drugs; engagement of health workers to deliver quality services; and strengthening health service delivery systems. The third phase (2012–2020) aims to attain zero new infections by 2020 through: sharpening responses to key populations at higher risk; maximizing access to community and facility‐based testing and retention in prevention and care; and accelerating the transition from vertical approaches to linked/integrated approaches.ConclusionsCambodia has tailored its prevention strategy to its own epidemic, established systematic linkages across different services and communities, and achieved nearly universal coverage of HIV services nationwide. Still, the programme must continually (re)prioritize the most effective and efficient interventions, strengthen synergies between programmes, contribute to health system strengthening, and increase domestic funding so that the gains of the previous two decades are sustained, and the goal of zero new infections is reached.
Advancing measurements of tropospheric NO2 from space: New algorithm and first global results from OMPS
Authors: Yang Kai , Carn Simon A. , Ge Cui , Wang Jun , Dickerson Russell R. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractWe present a new algorithm based on the iterative spectral fitting technique for direct retrieval of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) vertical columns from hyperspectral satellite measurements, and a new spatial technique for separating the stratospheric and tropospheric contributions to the total NO2 vertical columns. This direct vertical column fitting (DVCF) algorithm allows more complete treatment of underlying algorithm physics compared to the differential optical absorption spectroscopy technique and enables more accurate accounting for the effects of spectral and altitude variations in NO2 measurement sensitivities. This DVCF algorithm and the stratosphere‐troposphere separation scheme are applied to ultraviolet measurements from the Nadir Mapper of the Ozone Mapping and Profiler Suite (OMPS) on the Suomi National Polar‐orbiting Partnership spacecraft. The first results demonstrate the potential of OMPS for sensitive global monitoring of tropospheric NO2. Comparisons show good agreement with Aura Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) tropospheric NO2 data and that OMPS data have sufficient quality to continue and extend OMI NO2 data records.
Competing risks analysis on traffic accident duration time
Authors: Li Ruimin , Guo Min 
Published: June 2014

SummaryDifferent clearance methods in traffic accident management lead to varied duration distributions. Apart from investigating the influence of various factors associated with accidents on the duration of such accidents using different clearance methods, this study also examines the cumulative incidence probability. We used traffic accident data obtained for 12 months from the Fourth Ring Expressway main line in Beijing to develop a subdistribution hazard regression model, which can assess the risk factors of two clearance methods. The regression results show that the different factors have statistically significant effects on the duration of two accident groups with different clearance methods; furthermore, opposite effects occur even for some factors that have a strong effect on both accident groups. For example, an accident involving a taxi extends the duration time with clearance method 1; in comparison, the accident is shorter with clearance method 2. The predicted cumulative incidence curves of the two types of clearance methods are shown as examples, with stratification based on the influence factors (taxi involved, season). Finally, the Gray test of the cumulative incidence functions and the log‐rank test of the Kaplan–Meier estimates of the survival functions are compared, in order to demonstrate the importance of using proper methods for analyses. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stability of luminescence in LaPO4, LaPO4:RE3+ (RE = Dy, Eu) nanophosphors
Authors: Pimpalshende D. M. , Dhoble S. J. 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTThe property of high refractive index, low solubility in water as well as stability to high temperature variation of lanthanum phosphate (LaPO4) proved it was the most effective candidate for the production of display lamps, and plasma display panel devices and sensors. The morphological and nanostructural characteristics play a key role in the working efficiency of the luminescent material. These properties can be controlled by the synthesis method, which we have adopted in this paper. We have prepared LaPO4 nanoparticles at a relatively low temperature (110 ºC) in polyethylene glycol medium by using a wet chemical one‐step synthesis. The phase composition and structural properties of the sample have been characterized by X‐ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared, transmission electron microscopy and the luminescent property by photoluminescence and thermoluminescence. The samples were well crystallized and the average crystallite size of 15 nm has been calculated for pure LaPO4 using the Debye–Scherrer equation. The result from heat‐treated samples shows the phase combination and morphological structure of the powder depend on the annealing temperature. The heat treatment changes the structure of LaPO4 from cuboid rods to fine grains at about 600 °C. The emission spectrum of LaPO4 shows the broad emission band at 368 nm and shoulder at 465 nm with emission of blue color when monitored at an excitation wavelength at 256 nm. The stability of phosphor has been studied with respect to humidity, temperature, doping, doping concentration, γ‐ray exposures, etc. The prepared nanosized phosphors were thermally stable and may be a promising blue phosphor for lighting technology as well as radiation dosimetry. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Introduction: International information issues and ASIS&T
Authors: Alemneh Daniel Gelaw , Rorissa Abebe 
Published: June 2014

AbstractEDITOR'S SUMMARYSince 1937 ASIS&T has promoted sharing within the information science community, a goal made more critical in an expanded, globalized environment. The Association's increasingly international reach stimulates discussion of global issues and challenges, lays a foundation for future growth and has prompted the development of Special Interest Group/International Information Issues (SIG/III). SIG/III has been active in member recruitment internationally and organizes the International Paper Contest to stimulate research and sharing at a global level. Devoted to international issues, this special section features interviews with SIG cofounders and leaders in information science, a discussion of ASIS&T chapters and SIGs and their role in strengthening the Association, virtual networking activities and past and current organizational initiatives. Massively open online courses (MOOCs) that aid the globalization of education, indigenous perspectives that expand our thinking and the pervasiveness of information policy elements all reinforce the international relevance of the field and the Association.