bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The (non)politicisation of age discrimination in Finland and Sweden
Authors: Nygård Mikael , Snellman Fredrik 
Published: September 2014

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to examine the politicisation of age discrimination in relation to the enactment of anti-discrimination legislation in Finland and Sweden in the early-2000s. By showing how politicians constructed the meaning of age discrimination, it seeks to highlight the drivers of country variation in terms of the implementation of directives from the European Union (EU).

Design/methodology/approach
– The paper uses a comparative design based on content analyses of parliamentary documents. Theoretically, it uses discursive institutionalism as a starting point but it also builds on previous research/theories on age discrimination.

Findings
– The findings show that although age was seen as a ground for discrimination in both countries, there was surprisingly little debate about discrimination as societal problem. There was however considerable differences between the countries suggesting that age discrimination was a much more heated subject in Sweden.

Research limitations/implications
– Although the analysis focuses on a small part of the policy-making process it highlights drivers (such as political culture) that may cause variation in the ways age discrimination is politicised, even within similar welfare state regimes. It also suggests that more research is needed to fully understand such drivers.

Social implications
– The paper presents examples that can help analysts and the public to deconstruct institutionalised practices of age discrimination and thereby to understand how age discrimination practices may prevail in society.

Originality/value
– By analysing the ways in which age discrimination was constructed as a problem within national policy-making frameworks, the paper presents valuable insights as to the sources of country variation in relation to the implementation of EU directives.
Innovations in marketing of higher education: Foreign market entry mode of not-for-profit universities
Authors: Naidoo Vik , Wu Terry 
Published: September 2014

Purpose– The purpose of this study is to examine the innovations in the international activities of not-for-profit (NFP) universities. While the entry mode literature is well addressed, particularly by international marketing and business scholars, an academically interesting and managerially relevant question relates to the applicability of extant research to the emerging phenomenon of internationalization in the NFP sector.Design/methodology/approach– Using an inductive constructivist qualitative methodology grounded in 12 case studies of internationalization in the NFP education sector, this study applies Dunning’s eclectic framework as its theoretical anchor.Findings– This study identified that entry mode choice in the NFP context may not always be reconciled with extant literature derived mostly from a for-profit context. In particular, the broader definition of offshore equity investment is in sharp contrast to previous entry mode research which is largely, if not exclusively, grounded in a for-profit context.Originality/value– Extant frameworks developed to explain the entry mode phenomena tend to assume a profit maximization philosophy. The propositions advocated in this study are a step further to develop our understanding of internationalization of NFP universities.
Magnetic resonance imaging in knee synovitis: Clinical utility in differentiating asymptomatic and symptomatic meniscal tears
Authors: Troupis John M. , Batt Michael Jethro , Pasricha Sundeep Singh , Saddik Daniel 
Published: September 2014

SummaryIt is well documented that meniscal tears may be found frequently by MRI as an incidental finding in asymptomatic knees. We aim to review the literature regarding the ability of MRI to differentiate between asymptomatic and symptomatic meniscal tears. Ovid MEDLINE, MEDLINE inProcess, Cochrane reviews, Web of Science, Embase and CINAHL were systematically searched. A total of 1251 publications were screened based on their titles, abstracts and full texts, of which 1213 publications were excluded because they did not address the relationship between synovitis and meniscal tears, were case reports or reviews, concerned atypical patient populations or reported surgical research. Of the 38 retained publications, only two reported results specific to perimeniscal synovitis, while 36 discussed less specific but relevant findings. The small number of heterogeneous results describing perimeniscal synovitis precluded meta‐analysis. In the symptomatic knee, identification of the likelihood of a meniscal tear contributing to the patient's pain is of significance to the orthopaedic surgeon. In our literature review, we have identified that localised synovitis and displacement of the meniscus are two features that may assist in identifying the subgroup of patients that may benefit from meniscal intervention.
Dissociation of μ‐opioid receptor and CRF‐R1 antagonist effects on escalated ethanol consumption and mPFC serotonin in C57BL/6J mice
Authors: Hwa Lara S. , Shimamoto Akiko , Kayyali Tala , Norman Kevin J. , Valentino Rita J. , DeBold Joseph F. , Miczek Klaus A. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractBoth the opioid antagonist naltrexone and corticotropin‐releasing factor type‐1 receptor (CRF‐R1) antagonists have been investigated for the treatment of alcoholism. The current study examines the combination of naltrexone and CP154526 to reduce intermittent access ethanol drinking [intermittent access to alcohol (IAA)] in C57BL/6J male mice, and if these compounds reduce drinking via serotonergic mechanisms in the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN). Systemic injections and chronic intracerebroventricular infusions of naltrexone, CP154526 or CP376395 transiently decreased IAA drinking. Immunohistochemistry revealed CRF‐R1 or μ‐opioid receptor immunoreactivity was co‐localized in tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH)‐immunoreactive neurons as well as non‐TPH neurons in the DRN. Mice with a history of IAA or continuous access to alcohol were microinjected with artificial cerebral spinal fluid, naltrexone, CP154526 or the combination into the DRN or the median raphe nucleus (MRN). Either intra‐DRN naltrexone or CP154526 reduced IAA in the initial 2 hours of fluid access, but the combination did not additively suppress IAA, suggesting a common mechanism via which these two compounds affect intermittent drinking. These alcohol‐reducing effects were localized to the DRN of IAA drinkers, as intra‐MRN injections only significantly suppressed water drinking, and continuous access drinkers were not affected by CRF‐R1 antagonism. Extracellular serotonin was measured in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) using in vivo microdialysis after intra‐DRN microinjections in another group of mice. Intra‐DRN CP154526 increased serotonin impulse flow to the mPFC while naltrexone did not. This suggests the mPFC may not be an essential location to intermittent drinking, as evidenced by different effects on serotonin signaling to the forebrain yet similar behavioral findings.
A cricoid cartilage compression device for the accurate and reproducible application of cricoid pressure
Authors: Taylor R. J. , Smurthwaite G. , Mehmood I. , Kitchen G. B. , Baker R. D. 
Published: September 2014

SummaryWe describe the development and laboratory assessment of a refined prototype tactile feedback device for the safe and accurate application of cricoid pressure. We recruited 20 operating department practitioners and compared their performance of cricoid pressure on a training simulator using both the device and a manual unaided technique. The device significantly reduced the spread of the applied force: average (SE) root mean squared error decreased from 8.23 (0.48) N to 5.23 (0.32) N (p < 0.001). The average (SE) upwards bias in applied force also decreased, from 2.30 (0.74) N to 0.88 (0.48) N (p < 0.01). Most importantly, the percentage of force applications that deviated from target by more than 10 N decreased from 18% to 7% (p < 0.01). The device requires no prior training, is cheap to manufacture, is single‐use and requires no power to operate, whilst ensuring that the correct force is always consistently applied.
Single‐dose compared with multiple day antibiotic prophylaxis for cesarean section in low‐resource settings, a randomized controlled, noninferiority trial
Authors: Westen Esther H.M.N. , Kolk Pascal R. , van Velzen Christine L. , Unkels Regine , Mmuni Nicholaus S. , Hamisi Alex D. , Nakua Ritha E. , Vlek Anne L.M. , van Beekhuizen Heleen J. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractObjectiveTo investigate the efficacy of a single prophylactic dose of ampicillin combined with metronidazole to prevent postcesarean section infections compared with a multiple day regimen in low‐resource settings.DesignAn evaluator‐blinded randomized, controlled, noninferiority trial.SettingTwo rural hospitals in Tanzania.PopulationOf 181 enrolled eligible women with an indication for cesarean section, information on 176 was analyzed by intention‐to‐treat.MethodsThe women were randomly assigned to either the intervention group who received a single dose of ampicillin and metronidazole, or to the control group who received a multiple‐day regimen of ampicillin/amoxicillin and metronidazole.Main outcome measuresThe primary outcome was maternal postcesarean infection. Secondary outcomes were severity of these infections, other maternal complications, and the duration of hospital stay.ResultsIn the intervention group (n = 89), six women (6.7%) developed a wound infection compared with nine (10.3%) in the control group (n = 87) (difference 3.60; 95% CI −4.65 to 11.85) (p = 0.40).ConclusionsA single dose of prophylactic ampicillin and metronidazole is equally effective as a multiple‐day regimen in preventing postcesarean wound infections in low‐resource settings, therefore it can be considered as a good strategy in low‐resource settings. The reduced quantity of prophylactic antibiotics will reduce costs without increasing the risk of maternal infection.
Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of peginterferon beta‐1a in patients with relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis in the randomized ADVANCE study
Authors: Hu Xiao , Cui Yue , White Joleen , Zhu Ying , Deykin Aaron , Nestorov Ivan , Hung Serena 
Published: September 2014

AimsTo evaluate the pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) of subcutaneous peginterferon beta‐1a in patients with relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) in the phase 3 ADVANCE study (n = 1512).MethodsDuring year 1, patients were randomized (1:1:1) to placebo or peginterferon beta‐1a 125 μg every 2 or 4 weeks. After year 1, patients randomized to placebo were re‐randomized to 125 μg peginterferon beta‐1a administered every 2 weeks or every 4 weeks for year 2. Patients randomized to peginterferon beta‐1a in year 1 remained on the same dosing regimen in year 2. Intensive blood samples for PK and PD (neopterin elevation; a biomarker of pharmacological activity induced by interferon beta‐1a) measurements were collected from 44 patients pre‐dosing and at intervals over 240 h post‐dosing at weeks 4 and 24. Sparse samples were collected from all patients after each dosing at weeks 4, 12, 24, 56 and 84.ResultsThe PK profile of peginterferon beta‐1a did not change over time or between dosing regimens. No accumulation was observed. Peak serum concentrations were reached 1–1.5 days post‐dosing, with a mono‐phasic decline and a median half‐life of approximately 2–3 days. Dosing every 2 weeks provided approximately two‐fold greater monthly cumulative area under the curve than every 4 weeks. Neopterin elevation was sustained for 10−14 days following each dose, indicating doubled cumulative duration of pharmacological activity for dosing every 2 weeks vs. every 4 weeks.ConclusionsThese PK/PD profiles potentially explain the enhanced efficacy of dosing every 2 weeks in patients with RRMS.
Reversal of Human Multi‐Drug Resistance Leukaemic Cells by Stemofoline Derivatives via Inhibition of P‐Glycoprotein Function
Authors: Umsumarng Sonthaya , Pitchakarn Pornsiri , Sastraruji Kwankamol , Yodkeeree Supachai , Ung Alison T. , Pyne Stephen G. , Limtrakul Pornngarm 
Published: September 2014

AbstractOur previous study reported multi‐drug resistance (MDR) reversing properties of synthetic stemofoline derivatives (STFD), OH‐A1, NH‐B6 and NH‐D6 on P‐glycoprotein (P‐gp) overexpressing leukaemic cells (K562/Adr); however, the mechanism was unclear. In this study, we further investigated whether the STFD reverse MDR through either the inhibition of P‐gp function or expression in K562/Adr cells, or both. The P‐gp functional studies showed that the STFD increased the accumulation of calcein‐AM, rhodamine 123 and [14C]‐doxorubicin in K562/Adr cells, while the effects have not been seen in their parental sensitive cancer cell line (K562). Further, the STFD did not alter the P‐gp expression as determined by Western blotting. This study concludes that the STFD reverse MDR via the inhibition of P‐gp function. The efficacy of the STFD to inhibit P‐gp function followed the order: NH‐B6 > OH‐A1 > NH‐D6. These compounds could be introduced as candidate molecules for treating cancers exhibiting P‐gp‐mediated MDR.
Directors' Social Identifications and Board Tasks: Evidence from Finland
Authors: Melkumov Dmitri , Breit Eric , Khoreva Violetta 
Published: September 2014

AbstractManuscript TypeEmpiricalResearch Question/IssueScholars and practitioners have been interested in the tasks of boards of directors, yet we know relatively little about the impact of directors' social identification on their engagement in specific board tasks. Examining the 92 largest Finnish industrial organizations, we explore how the directors' identification with the organization, its shareholders, and customers affects the extent to which the board engages in external legitimacy, networking, advice and counsel, top management monitoring, financial monitoring, strategic participation, and strategic evaluation tasks.Research Findings/InsightsFollowing the social identity perspective, we provide new insight to understand the relationship between board tasks and the directors' relevant identifications. We find that organizational identification is positively related to the level of board task involvement. We also discover that shareholder identification is negatively related to strategic participation tasks and only weakly related to other board tasks.Theoretical/Academic ImplicationsWe contribute to the present literature on boards of directors by applying an empirical, analytical lens to theories on how and why directors engage in board tasks. In particular, we show that different social identifications of the directors have different explanatory power towards the subsets of resource provision and monitoring tasks.Practitioner/Policy ImplicationsOur findings suggest a re‐evaluation of the shareholder supremacy view as the only driver of value creation for the organization. Additionally, we advocate that board, organization, and industry characteristics are similarly weak in predicting the involvement of the directors in the board tasks examined.
A case of Lennox‐Gastaut syndrome in a patient with FOXG1‐related disorder
Authors: Terrone Gaetano , Bienvenu Thierry , Germanaud David , Barthez‐Carpentier Marie‐Anne , Diebold Bertrand , Delanoe Catherine , Passemard Sandrine , Auvin Stéphane 
Published: September 2014

SummaryLennox‐Gastaut syndrome (LGS) is a drug‐resistant epileptic encephalopathy of childhood with a heterogeneous etiology. Recently, genome‐wide association studies have led to the identification of new de novo mutations associated with this epileptic syndrome. Herein, we report an 8‐year‐old child with intellectual disability, severe postnatal microcephaly, Rett‐like features, and LGS, carrying a de novo missense mutation in the forkhead box G1 (FOXG1) gene. This gene is responsible for FOXG1 syndrome, characterized by severe postnatal microcephaly, moderate postnatal growth deficiency, mental retardation with poor social interaction, stereotyped behavior and dyskinesias, absent language, sleep disorders, and epilepsy. Nonspecific epilepsy syndromes have been associated with this genetic disorder. Thus, we hypothesize that FOXG1 might be a new candidate gene in the etiology of LGS and suggest screening for this gene in cases of LGS with concomitant microcephaly and clinical features overlapping with Rett syndrome.
Extraction techniques for equine incisor and canine teeth
Authors: Rawlinson J. , Carmalt J. L. 
Published: September 2014

SummaryExtraction of equine incisor and canine teeth is a vital part of equine dentistry. Although dental pathology involving the incisor and canine teeth is less common, the practitioner should be prepared to diagnose conditions and develop a treatment plan. Depending on the pathology revealed via oral examination and intraoral radiographs, the treatment plan may include either simple (nonsurgical) or surgical extraction of an incisor or canine tooth. Technique and instrumentation refinement over the last 20 years has led to more precise extraction procedures with reduced secondary trauma to healthy tissues. As a result, incisor and canine extraction procedures are more predictable in execution and quality, with minimal complications.
Gender and the Construction of Intimacy among Committed Couples with Children
Authors: Reynolds Conroy , Knudson‐Martin Carmen 
Published: September 2014

This study began with curiosity regarding how long‐term couples with children manage their relationships in view of changing societal demands and ideals. Couples interviewed for this study described the intersection of time and intimacy as a core issue. Thus, this analysis focused on how couples construct intimacy in shared time. The diverse sample included 17 heterosexual working and professional class couples in the United States who had been committed for at least 10 years and whose oldest child was aged 6–16. Analysis identified four types of shared time experiences: gender divided, elusive, growing, and emotionally connected. Four factors influenced these types: (a) negotiated gendered differences, (b) intentionality, (c) mutual attending, and (d) dyadic friendship. The most emotionally connected couples reported that time together reinforced satisfaction and pleasure from their relationships. Results help explain different ways couples successfully negotiate changing expectations for heterosexual relationships and why some couples struggle. Findings suggest that therapists help couples intentionally develop habits of friendship and mutual attending.
Distinct conformational behaviors of four mammalian dual‐flavin reductases (cytochrome P450 reductase, methionine synthase reductase, neuronal nitric oxide synthase, endothelial nitric oxide synthase) determine their unique catalytic profiles
Authors: Haque Mohammad M. , Bayachou Mekki , Tejero Jesus , Kenney Claire T. , Pearl Naw M. , Im Sang‐Choul , Waskell Lucy , Stuehr Dennis J. 
Published: September 2014

Multidomain enzymes often rely on large conformational motions to function. However, the conformational setpoints, rates of domain motions and relationships between these parameters and catalytic activity are not well understood. To address this, we determined and compared the conformational setpoints and the rates of conformational switching between closed unreactive and open reactive states in four mammalian diflavin NADPH oxidoreductases that catalyze important biological electron transfer reactions: cytochrome P450 reductase, methionine synthase reductase and endothelial and neuronal nitric oxide synthase. We used stopped‐flow spectroscopy, single turnover methods and a kinetic model that relates electron flux through each enzyme to its conformational setpoint and its rates of conformational switching. The results show that the four flavoproteins, when fully‐reduced, have a broad range of conformational setpoints (from 12% to 72% open state) and also vary 100‐fold with respect to their rates of conformational switching between unreactive closed and reactive open states (cytochrome P450 reductase > neuronal nitric oxide synthase > methionine synthase reductase > endothelial nitric oxide synthase). Furthermore, simulations of the kinetic model could explain how each flavoprotein can support its given rate of electron flux (cytochrome c reductase activity) based on its unique conformational setpoint and switching rates. The present study is the first to quantify these conformational parameters among the diflavin enzymes and suggests how the parameters might be manipulated to speed or slow biological electron flux.
Temperature rise on the surface of NiTi and stainless steel fractured instruments during ultrasonic removal
Authors: Madarati A. A. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractAimTo investigate the temperature rise induced by ultrasonic tips when activated against two types of fragments at two power‐settings.MethodologyTwenty‐four F2‐ProTaper Universal rotary files and 36 stainless steel K‐files, size 50, were sectioned at a point 5.5 mm from their tips. At specific power‐settings, ET40D ultrasonic tips were activated against the peripheral surface of the fragment coronal part (1 mm) for 30 s with/without Air‐Active function according to each group; (i) without Air‐Active function at power‐setting 1.5 against NiTi fragments, (ii) without Air‐Active function at power‐setting 1.5 against SS fragments, (iii) without Air‐Active function at power‐setting 3 against SS fragments, (iv) with Air‐Active function at power‐setting 3 against SS fragments, and (v) with Air‐Active at power‐setting 3 against NiTi fragments. Temperature rises were inspected at 15 and 30 s using the thermocouples.ResultsWith no Air‐Active function and power‐setting 1.5, the temperature rises induced on NiTi fragments at 15 and 30 s (36.33 and 55.44 °C, respectively) were significantly greater than those induced on SS fragments at 15 and 30 s (26.08 and 35.27 °C, respectively) (P = 0.001 and <0.001, respectively). When ultrasonic tips were activated against SS fragments without Air‐Active, the temperature rises induced by power‐setting 3 at 15 and 30 s (35.25 and 45.32 °C, respectively) were significantly greater than those induced by power‐setting 1.5 at the same intervals (26.08 and 35.27 °C, respectively) (P = 0.006 and 0.012, respectively). At 30 s, the overall temperature rise induced with Air‐Active (25.56 °C) was significantly lower than that induced without Air‐Active (45.34 °C) (P < 0.001).ConclusionsLower power‐settings and shorter application times are recommended when using ultrasonics for removal of NiTi fragments compared with SS ones. Air‐Active function, as a coolant, is recommended when dealing with both types of fragments.