bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Occupational Therapy and the Self-Care Needs of Hindu Elders
Authors: Gibbs Katherine E , Barnitt Rosemary 
Published: April 2015

A study was carried out to identify the self-care needs of 19 Hindu elders. With the rising number of people in this group, the occupational therapist has a responsibility to be aware of the cultural and religious practices associated with self-care for them. There is an expectation that occupational therapists will practise in a culturally sensitive way and this is stated clearly in the professional code of ethics (College of Occupational Therapists 1995). However, occupational therapists can only practise in a culturally sensitive way if they have an understanding of the culture of the client and his or her family and social group. There is, to date, little information for occupational therapists about the cultural and religious needs of Hindu elders, one of the groups they may meet during their professional practice. Thus, the purpose of this study was to explore the needs of elderly Hindus with regard to four aspects of self-care: dress, diet, bathing and toileting. The method used for the study was the snowball technique, with an access sample comprising four Hindu university students and the main sample comprising 19 of the students' elderly relatives. Interviews were carried out with the student sample and questionnaires were sent to the elderly relatives with regard to preferences in dressing, diet, bathing and toileting. The results showed that there were common issues related to religion and culture for many of the sample but that, additionally, there were unique issues related to personal circumstances with wide variation in family structures. By asking potential clients with particular cultural or religious beliefs about their needs, occupational therapists can provide a tailored service and gain an understanding of the significance of activities of daily living to Hindu elders.
Elderly Fallers: A Baseline Audit of Admissions to a Day Hospital for Elderly People
Authors: McIntyre Anne 
Published: April 2015

Falls in elderly people are a major problem for health and social services because of the incidence of injury and the fear of falling as a disabling consequence (McKee 1998). It seemed that many admissions to a South Buckinghamshire day hospital for elderly people were as a result of falls. A retrospective and concurrent caseload audit was carried out of medical and occupational therapy notes. The aim of the audit was to establish the incidence of falls among the day hospital population, with a view to improving the quality of the service. The data collected included age, diagnosis, functional ability and consequential actions. These items were included by consensus agreement following a literature review. Fifty-six of 196 elderly people admitted over the 12-month period had fallen at least once. Of these, 73% had no apparent predisposing factor for their fall and 39% were not carrying out any obvious activity at the time; 59% had an increase in social support due to decreased confidence and mobility after the fall. A multidisciplinary team approach was reinforced and the management of patients' problems on an individual basis was to be continued. The adoption of the audit data collection form as a checklist to facilitate future assessment was recommended.
Assistive Devices: An Audit of Waiting Times
Authors: Wilson Janet , McCracken Eva , Cummings Yvonne 
Published: April 2015

People with rheumatic diseases often require an assistive device at some stage to enable them to carry out their normal activities of daily living without placing undue strain on their affected joints. Up till 1995, most assistive devices in Fife were provided through statutory provision via the Fife Social Work Service. However, the Fife Rheumatic Diseases Unit (FRDU) occupational therapists felt that the speed of the supply did not match patient need. An 18-month audit was set up to establish the current situation and to seek an appropriate intervention which would minimise the delays in patients obtaining these devices. The first audit showed that patients waited an average of 39 days for an assistive device. The FRDU then took on the direct supply of consumables and the second audit showed that waiting times were reduced to an average of 21 days, an improvement of 18 days.
Setting Standards for Home Assessment Visiting
Authors: Dove Janet 
Published: April 2015

Occupational therapists working in care of the elderly assessment units and geriatric orthopaedic rehabilitation units throughout Lothian Health devised an audit project to develop a timescale for organising home assessment visits. The aim was to formulate an achievable and realistic standard which could be adopted for use throughout the area. A steering group organised a 4-week survey of practice to determine how long it takes to organise a home assessment visit. The results showed that 86% of home assessment visits were organised within 5 working days. A standard was subsequently drafted based on these results. A 3-month audit of the standard was then carried out to determine if any exceptions were required. Following a home assessment visit, a written report is completed and filed in the patient's medical notes. A period of 2 days between the date of the visit and filing the report is the commonly held standard throughout Lothian Health. This standard was examined concurrently with the above. The results showed that 88% of visits were organised within 5 working days and 61% of reports were filed within 2 working days. Both the standards are currently being reaudited but full results are not yet available.
Spirituality and Palliative Care: The Attitudes of Occupational Therapists
Authors: Rose Andrew 
Published: April 2015

The attitudes of 44 occupational therapists on the place of spirituality within palliative care were investigated. Their responses to a postal questionnaire indicated that spirituality was an important part of life for 35 (80%) respondents, helped 33 (75%) respondents with daily job responsibilities and was viewed as an important dimension of health and rehabilitation by 39 (89%) respondents. Spiritual issues were considered to be within the scope of occupational therapy by 33 (75%) respondents. However, only 8 (18%) respondents stated that they consistently addressed spirituality within assessment. The respondents described several activities that addressed clients' spirituality, including open-ended discussion, facilitation of activities of daily living that contribute to maximising quality of life and creative activities. Thirty-two (73%) respondents considered that their education had not prepared them to deal with clients' spiritual needs and 28 (64%) wanted further training in spiritual care. It is proposed that there is a need for further research and refinement of the conceptual understanding of spirituality in order to provide a firm framework for its inclusion in occupational therapy.
New Graduates: Perceptions of Their First Occupational Therapy Position
Authors: Hummell Jill , Koelmeyer Louise 
Published: April 2015

The study investigated the perceptions of 74 occupational therapists 6 months after graduating from the University of Sydney. Australia, regarding their first occupational therapy position, using a self-administered posted questionnaire. The findings provide a profile of these graduates, the majority of whom were female, aged between 20 and 24 years and employed in the public health system in the Sydney metropolitan area. Over three-quarters were provided with an orientation programme at the workplace and were satisfied with their initial job, although they perceived it as stressful. Two-thirds received support and supervision from senior occupational therapists; however, one-third did not. The provision of support/supervision from a senior colleague was of critical importance to the successful transition from student to graduate. The primary recommendation is that all new graduates have access to support/supervision from skilled occupational therapists and other colleagues on a regular basis.
A Structure for Recording Qualitative Observations associated with a Paediatric Assessment
Authors: Sturges Jennifer 
Published: April 2015

Occupational therapists often need to report their observations of the client's behaviours and emotional responses during an assessment procedure. This is because the observations are useful clinically and have relevance to the strengths, needs and goals of clients and/or because the observations may qualify information obtained from a more formal assessment. Sometimes these observations are needed during research. Therapists are cautious in reporting this type of material, which may be clinically relevant but does not easily conform to conventional notions of objective data. Formalising methods of recording these observations may increase confidence in reporting. A method of recording qualitative observations of behaviours, associated with the administration of a self-report questionnaire for young children, was devised. This method was used with 72 children, not referred for therapy, as part of a project to develop a self-report play questionnaire. This paper describes the terms selected and the structure devised for recording qualitative observations. The effectiveness of the terms and structure in the research situation with a play questionnaire is reported. Suggestions about their possible value for use with existing paediatric assessments are given. A standard method of recording frequency and types of behavioural and emotional responses during assessment might provide a useful resource for therapists.
Follow-up on long-term antiretroviral therapy for cats infected with feline immunodeficiency virus
Authors: de Oliveira Medeiros Sheila , Abreu Celina Monteiro , Delvecchio Rodrigo , Ribeiro Anísia Praxedes , Vasconcelos Zilton , de Moraes Brindeiro Rodrigo , Tanuri Amilcar 
Published: April 2015

Objectives Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) is a lentivirus that induces AIDS-like disease in cats. Some of the antiretroviral drugs available to treat patients with HIV type 1 are used to treat FIV-infected cats; however, antiretroviral therapy (ART) is not used in cats as a long-term treatment. In this study, the effects of long-term ART were evaluated in domestic cats treated initially with the nucleoside transcriptase reverse inhibitor (NTRI) zidovudine (AZT) over a period ranging from 5–6 years, followed by a regimen of the NTRI lamivudine (3TC) plus AZT over 3 years. Methods Viral load, sequencing of pol (reverse transcriptase [RT]) region and CD4:CD8 lymphocyte ratio were evaluated during and after treatment. Untreated cats were evaluated as a control group. Results CD4:CD8 ratios were lower, and uncharacterized resistance mutations were found in the RT region in the group of treated cats. A slight increase in viral load was observed in some cats after discontinuing treatment. Conclusions and relevance The data strongly suggest that treated cats were resistant to therapy, and uncharacterized resistance mutations in the RT gene of FIV were selected for by AZT. Few studies have been conducted to evaluate the effect of long-term antiretroviral therapy in cats. To date, resistance mutations have not been described in vivo.
Divergent mind-sets, convergent policies: Policing models against organized crime in Italy and in England within international frameworks
Authors: Sergi Anna 
Published: April 2015

The fight against organized crime is a very fertile ground for policymaking at various levels. On one side, because of the perceived transnationality of the phenomenon, national states are inclined to develop harmonized responses within the European or international law frameworks. On the other side, national conceptualizations and manifestations of organized crime often make these harmonizations quite challenging. This paper shares the findings of a socio-legal investigation carried out in England and in Italy through interviews and document analysis, comparing the two national models against organized crime. The paper presents these two models – the Italian Structure Model and the English Activity Model, which are very different in many ways – in order to identify divergences and convergences of policies and practices. This comparative exercise not only improves our understanding of national approaches, beyond cultural, linguistic and legal boundaries, but also improves the dialogue towards concerted efforts at the international level. Nevertheless, the globalization of criminal markets and the internationalization of policies have influenced perceptions of organized crime and related policing tactics at national levels too. This paper will briefly look at international perspectives to assess to what extent divergent and convergent areas between the two models are also areas of interest and focus at the international level, in order to conclude with an enhanced understanding of both models before drawing conclusions.
The aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator is an essential regulator of murine hematopoietic stem cell viability
Authors: Krock Bryan L. , Eisinger-Mathason Tzipora S. , Giannoukos Dionysios N. , Shay Jessica E. , Gohil Mercy , Lee David S. , Nakazawa Michael S. , Sesen Julie , Skuli Nicolas , Simon M. Celeste 
Published: April 2015

Key PointsARNT promotes adult hematopoietic stem cell viability through regulation of BCL-2 and VEGF-A expression. Fetal liver hematopoietic progenitors experience hypoxia and loss of hypoxia-induced transcription decreases their survival.
PAX5 is a tumor suppressor in mouse mutagenesis models of acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Authors: Dang Jinjun , Wei Lei , de Ridder Jeroen , Su Xiaoping , Rust Alistair G. , Roberts Kathryn G. , Payne-Turner Debbie , Cheng Jinjun , Ma Jing , Qu Chunxu , Wu Gang , Song Guangchun , Huether Robert G. , Schulman Brenda , Janke Laura , Zhang Jinghui , Downing James R. , van der Weyden Louise , Adams David J. , Mullighan Charles G. 
Published: April 2015

Key PointsHeterozygous alterations of Pax5, the most common target of genetic alteration in ALL, promote ALL in mouse mutagenesis models. Leukemia development is accompanied by the acquisition of genetic alterations commonly observed in human leukemia.
Inhibition of odontogenic differentiation of human dental pulp cells by dental resin monomers
Authors: Kwon Ji Hyun , Park Hee Chul , Zhu Tingting , Yang Hyeong-Cheol 
Published: April 2015

Abstract

Background
Dental resin monomers that are leached from the resin matrix due to incomplete polymerization can affect the viability and various functions of oral tissues and cells. In this study, the effects of triethylene glycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA) and 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) on odontogenic differentiation of human dental pulp cells (HDPCs) were examined. To mimic clinical situations, dental pulp cells were treated with resin monomers for 24 h prior to the analysis of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and mRNA expression of genes related to pulp cell differentiation. To elucidate the underlying signaling pathways, regulation of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases by resin monomers was also investigated.

Results

The ALP activity of HDPCs was reduced by TEGDMA and HEMA at noncytotoxic concentrations. The mRNA expression of dentin sialophosphoprotein (DSPP), osteocalcin (OCN), and osteopontin (OPN) was also downregulated by resin monomers. However, DSPP expression was not affected by hydrogen peroxide (H
2
O
2
). Among the MAP kinases examined, ERK activation (ERK phosphorylation) was not affected by either resin monomers or H
2
O
2
, whereas JNK was phosphorylated by TEGDMA and HEMA. Phospho-p38 was upregulated by HEMA, while TEGDMA and H
2
O
2
suppressed p38 phosphorylation.

Conclusions
Exposure to TEGDMA and HEMA for a limited period suppresses differentiation of HDPCs via different signaling pathways.
New insights into the evolutionary history of Gnetum (Gnetales)
Authors: Hou Chen , Humphreys Aelys M. , Thureborn Olle , Rydin Catarina 
Published: April 2015

AbstractGnetum (Gnetales: Gnetaceae) constitutes an evolutionarily isolated gymnosperm clade, comprising about 40 species that inhabit tropical areas of the world. While its closest living relative, the monotypic Welwitschia, has a well–documented fossil record from the Early Cretaceous, Gnetum–like fossils are rare and poorly understood. The phylogeny of Gnetum has been studied previously but the distant relationship to outgroups and the difficulty of obtaining plant material mean it is not yet fully resolved. Most species are tropical lianas with an angiospermous vegetative habit that are difficult to find and identify. Here a new phylogeny is presented based on nuclear and chloroplast data from 58 Gnetum accessions, representing 27 putative species, and outgroup information from other seed plants. The results provide support for South American species being sister to the remaining species. The two African species constitute a monophyletic group, sister to an Asian clade, within which the two arborescent species of the genus are the earliest diverging. Estimated divergence times indicate, in contrast with previous results, that the major lineages of Gnetum diverged in the Late Cretaceous. This result is obtained regardless of tree prior used in the BEAST analyses (Yule or birth–death). Together these findings suggest a correlation between early divergence events in extant Gnetum and the breakup of Gondwana in the Cretaceous. Compared to the old stem ages of major subclades of Gnetum, crown nodes date to the Cenozoic: the Asian crown group dates to the Cretaceous–Paleogene (K–Pg) boundary, the African crown group to the mid–Paleogene, and the South American crown group to the Paleogene–Neogene boundary. Although dispersal must have contributed to the current distribution of Gnetum, e.g., within South America and from Southeast Asian islands to the East Asian mainland, dispersal has apparently not occurred across major oceans, at least not during the Cenozoic.
In Vitro Stability Evaluation of Different Pharmaceutical Products Containing Meropenem
Authors: Tomasello Cristina , Leggieri Anna , Cavalli Roberta , Di Terri Giovanni , D'avolio Antonio 
Published: April 2015

Background Meropenem is a beta-lactam antibiotic for treating multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacilli infections. The expiry of the drug's patent ( Merrem) allowed the production of generics to be commercialized by a few companies, including Hospira and Hikma. The stability of these medicines after reconstitution as reported on a data sheet report is 6 hours for Merrem and 1 hour for generics. Objectives The aim of this work was to evaluate the stability profile of 3 products in 0.9% sodium chloride until 6 hours. Methods Six polyolefin bags (2 for each drug, stored in the light and in the dark) were prepared for every test run ( n = 10) at concentrations of 4 and 10 mg/mL. All solutions were stored at controlled room temperature (25°C ± 3°C) and sampled immediately after preparation and at every hour until 6 hours had passed. The concentrations, pH changes, and the visual clarity were used as stability and compatibility indicators. Results All 3 drugs retained over 95% of the initial concentration at 3 to 4 hours. At the sixth hour, all the concentrations decayed 8% to 10%. No statistical differences were observed in the percentage deviation values of the stability profile between generics and the branded drug. Conclusion The stability profile of the products in polyolefin bags, at 4 and 10 mg/mL, was superimposable during the period of analysis and seems to show small values of deviation (1%–2%). These data do not affect the pharmacokinetics because these variations could be attributed to the intra- and interindividual variability between patients. The products showed the same stability, and consequently they could be used interchangeably in hospital pharmacy.
Plant-specific CC-type glutaredoxins: functions in developmental processes and stress responses
Authors: Gutsche Nora , Thurow Corinna , Zachgo Sabine , Gatz Christiane 
Published: April 2015

AbstractGlutaredoxins (GRXs) are small oxidoreductases of the thioredoxin family proteins that can either regulate the thiol redox state of proteins or are linked to iron metabolism because of their ability to incorporate iron-sulfur [2Fe–2S] clusters. Here we review recent research on a land plant-specific class of GRX-like proteins, which are characterized by the conserved CC motif in the active centre. Loss-of-function mutants of CC-type GRXs in Arabidopsis (also named ROXYs), maize, and rice have unraveled a role in floral development, including regulation of organ primordia initiation, control of organ identity gene expression, and progression into meiosis in the male germ line. Other CC-type GRXs play a role in stress responses, most likely through their capacity to regulate nuclear gene expression. Consistently, CC-type GRXs, physically and genetically interact with individual members of the TGA transcription factor family. One of the challenges in the future is to unravel whether ROXYs control the redox state of TGA factors or other yet unknown target proteins or whether they regulate gene expression through other processes. Other intriguing questions concern the original function of the first CC-type GRXs in basal land plants and their potential contribution to the extremely successful radiation of angiosperms.
Galatians 3:28 in Thomas Aquinas’ Lectures on the Pauline Letters: A Study in Thomistic Reception
Authors: Wright IV William M. 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
This article examines Thomas Aquinas’ interpretation of Galatians 3:28 in his commentaries on the Pauline letters with an eye to Alisdair MacIntyre’s notion of “tradition-constituted enquiry.” An analysis of Aquinas’ multiple references to Gal 3:28 in his lectures on Paul reveal a consistent, theologically complex interpretation of this verse in terms of the regenerative grace of baptism in the rational soul, which is common to all human beings and prior to their differences. Aquinas’ reception of Paul demonstrates some convergences with MacIntyre’s account of “tradition-constituted enquiry,” suggesting further consideration of the latter as a helpful conceptual resource for reception history.