bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cerebroprotective action of angiotensin peptides in stroke
Authors: Regenhardt Robert W. , Bennion Douglas M. , Sumners Colin 
Published: October 2013

The goal of the present review is to examine the evidence for beneficial actions of manipulation of the RAS (renin–angiotensin system) in stroke, with particular focus on Ang-(1–7) [angiotensin-(1–7)] and its receptor Mas. The RAS appears to be highly involved in the multifactorial pathophysiology of stroke. Blocking the effects of AngII (angiotensin II) at AT1R (AngII type 1 receptor), through the use of commonly prescribed ACE (angiotensin-converting enzyme) inhibitors or AT1R blockers, has been shown to have therapeutic effects in both ischaemic and haemorrhagic stroke. In contrast with the deleterious actions of over activation of AT1R by AngII, stimulation of AT2Rs (AngII type 2 receptors) in the brain has been demonstrated to elicit beneficial effects in stroke. Likewise, the ACE2/Ang-(1–7)/Mas axis of the RAS has been shown to have therapeutic effects in stroke when activated, countering the effects of the ACE/AngII/AT1R axis. Studies have demonstrated that activating this axis in the brain elicits beneficial cerebral effects in rat models of ischaemic stroke, and we have also demonstrated the cerebroprotective potential of this axis in haemorrhagic stroke using stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats and collagenase-induced striatal haemorrhage. The mechanism of cerebroprotection elicited by ACE2/Ang-(1–7)/Mas activation includes anti-inflammatory effects within the brain parenchyma. The major hurdle to overcome in translating these results to humans is devising strategies to activate the ACE2/Ang-(1–7)/Mas cerebroprotective axis using post-stroke treatments that can be administered non-invasively.
Origins of correlated spiking in the mammalian olfactory bulb
Authors: Gerkin Richard C. , Tripathy Shreejoy J. , Urban Nathaniel N. 
Published: October 2013

Significance
Neurons exhibit temporally correlated patterns of activity, and the brain is believed to process information in part by exploiting these correlations. Here we use new analytic tools to show that in the olfactory bulb, the first processing station for smell in mammals, these correlations emerge primarily from the animal’s own breathing pattern, and also from the sparse connectivity of the cells that ultimately transmit olfactory information to higher brain areas. These results inform our understanding of how, and how well, the brain can represent information about smell and provide insight into the importance of active sampling processes in sensory coding.
Synergistic inhibition of natural killer cells by the nonsignaling molecule CD94
Authors: Cheent Kuldeep S. , Jamil Khaleel M. , Cassidy Sorcha , Liu Mengya , Mbiribindi Berenice , Mulder Arend , Claas Frans H. J. , Purbhoo Marco A. , Khakoo Salim I. 
Published: October 2013

SignificanceNatural killer (NK) cell function is critically regulated by inhibitory receptors for MHC class I. This work shows that peptides derived from both host and viruses can engage CD94 in the absence of a signalling partner and augment inhibition of NK cells expressing NK cell receptor gene 2A. This result establishes CD94 as a receptor that binds HLA-E in a peptide-dependent fashion. It also demonstrates that NK cells expressing inhibitory receptors from the killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor or C-type lectin-like receptor families respond with different stoichiometries to changes in the levels of cell-surface MHC class I. Thus these two receptor families may have distinct but complementary functions in recognizing changes in MHC class I.
Stigmergy, collective actions, and animal social spacing
Authors: Giuggioli Luca , Potts Jonathan R. , Rubenstein Daniel I. , Levin Simon A. 
Published: October 2013

Significance
Marking animals avoid locations recently visited by others. We conceptualized this time nonlocal avoidance behavior as stigmergy, a form of mediated interaction that gives rise to coordinated behavior from seemingly independent individuals. In so doing, the concept of stigmergy is used beyond the realm of eusocial insects. To link the population spatiotemporal patterns that emerge from the individual nonlocal rules of interaction, we construct a collective movement model whereby randomly moving animals have the tendency to avoid marks left by a conspecific, depending on the age of the mark. As a result, we are able to quantify animal decision-making processes in terms of current and past locations of other individuals, linking behavior to history-dependent actions.
The gated induction system of a systemic floral inhibitor, antiflorigen, determines obligate short-day flowering in chrysanthemums
Authors: Higuchi Yohei , Narumi Takako , Oda Atsushi , Nakano Yoshihiro , Sumitomo Katsuhiko , Fukai Seiichi , Hisamatsu Tamotsu 
Published: October 2013

Significance
Photoperiodic floral initiation is thought to be regulated by a systemic flowering inducer (florigen) and inhibitor (antiflorigen) produced in the leaves. Here, we show the discovery of an antiflorigen (CsAFT) from chrysanthemum, which is produced in the leaves under a noninductive photoperiod to systemically inhibit flowering. This antiflorigen production system prevents precocious flowering and enables the year-round supply of marketable flowers by manipulation of day length.
Hydration dynamics as an intrinsic ruler for refining protein structure at lipid membrane interfaces
Authors: Cheng Chi-Yuan , Varkey Jobin , Ambroso Mark R. , Langen Ralf , Han Songi 
Published: October 2013

Significance
The structural properties of a membrane-associating protein at the water–membrane interfaces are intimately linked to its biological function, but they are difficult to characterize using existing biophysical tools. We identify the existence of a distinct intrinsic gradient of water diffusion across the lipid bilayer, encompassing a thick surface hydration layer above the lipid membrane surface, and debut an approach to exploit this gradient as a highly sensitive ruler to determine the topology, immersion depth, and location of a membrane associating protein, including the segments residing well above the membrane surface, that are otherwise difficult to resolve. This study demonstrates a potential of a broadly applicable approach for the structure–dynamics–function study of membrane proteins, membrane systems, and beyond.
Structure–function analysis of ribonucleotide bypass by B family DNA replicases
Authors: Clausen Anders R. , Murray Michael S. , Passer Andrew R. , Pedersen Lars C. , Kunkel Thomas A. 
Published: October 2013

Significance
More than a million ribonucleotides may be incorporated into the mammalian nuclear genome during each round of DNA replication. When these ribonucleotides are not removed, they persist in the DNA template used for the next round of replication. Here we show that replicases stall when attempting to bypass ribonucleotides in DNA templates, with stalling increasing as the number of consecutive ribonucleotides increases from one to four. Structural analysis reveals that stalling is associated with displacement of a conserved tyrosine residue that is important for template strand interactions and with an unpreferred C2´-endo conformation for the ribose. Replication fork stalling during ribonucleotide bypass is likely to be relevant to both negative and positive consequences of ribonucleotides in DNA.
Deficits in dopaminergic transmission precede neuron loss and dysfunction in a new Parkinson model
Authors: Janezic Stephanie , Threlfell Sarah , Dodson Paul D. , Dowie Megan J. , Taylor Tonya N. , Potgieter Dawid , Parkkinen Laura , Senior Steven L. , Anwar Sabina , Ryan Brent , Deltheil Thierry , Kosillo Polina , Cioroch Milena , Wagner Katharina , Ansorge Olaf , Bannerman David M. , Bolam J. Paul , Magill Peter J. , Cragg Stephanie J. , Wade-Martins Richard 
Published: October 2013

Significance
Elevated expression of the presynaptic protein α-synuclein underlies familial and sporadic Parkinson disease (PD). However, our understanding of how increases in α-synuclein levels drive the sequence of events leading to PD is incomplete. Here, we apply a multidisciplinary longitudinal analysis to a new α-synuclein transgenic mouse model. We show that early-stage decreases in dopamine release and vesicle reclustering precede late-stage changes in neuronal firing properties, measured by in vivo recordings from vulnerable neurons. Accumulated deficits in dopamine neurotransmission and altered neuronal firing are associated with cell death and motor abnormalities, in the absence of protein aggregation in the substantia nigra. These findings have important implications for developing therapies.
Loss of metabotropic glutamate receptor 2 escalates alcohol consumption
Authors: Zhou Zhifeng , Karlsson Camilla , Liang Tiebing , Xiong Wei , Kimura Mitsuru , Tapocik Jenica D. , Yuan Qiaoping , Barbier Estelle , Feng Austin , Flanigan Meghan , Augier Eric , Enoch Mary-Anne , Hodgkinson Colin A. , Shen Pei-Hong , Lovinger David M. , Edenberg Howard J. , Heilig Markus , Goldman David 
Published: October 2013

Significance
Gene identification for complex behavioral traits, alcoholism in particular, has been largely unsuccessful, in part because of the rarity of many causative variants and the heterogeneity and small effect size of the causal loci. Artificially selected animals may be valuable in gene identification. We identified a causal role of metabotropic glutamate receptor 2 (mGluR2) in altered alcohol preference via genomic sequencing of selectively bred rats, linkage analysis in the F2 rats, and function validation in mGluR2 null mice. Our findings represent a valuable contribution to understanding the neurobiology of alcoholism and a strategy for gene identification for complex behavior traits.
Inter- and intrasubunit interactions between transmembrane helices in the open state of P2X receptor channels
Authors: Heymann Gabriel , Dai Jian , Li Mufeng , Silberberg Shai D. , Zhou Huan-Xiang , Swartz Kenton J. 
Published: October 2013

Significance
The opening of P2X receptor channels by extracellular ATP underlies purinergic signaling in many tissues. Here we use computational and functional approaches to study helix interactions within the transmembrane domain of P2X receptors. Our results suggest that the intersubunit crevices observed in the X-ray structure of detergent-solubilized ATP-bound receptors are nonnative but confirm helix interactions within individual subunits observed in both apo and ATP-bound receptors and identify a hot spot within a narrow internal region where the gating and permeation properties can be readily tuned.
Reexposure to nicotine during withdrawal increases the pacemaking activity of cholinergic habenular neurons
Authors: Görlich Andreas , Antolin-Fontes Beatriz , Ables Jessica L. , Frahm Silke , Ślimak Marta A. , Dougherty Joseph D. , Ibañez-Tallon Inés 
Published: October 2013

Significance
According to the World Health Organization, tobacco consumption causes the death of close to 6 million people each year, yet successful attempts to quit smoking are very rare. The present study identifies a group of neurons in the brain that respond differently to nicotine after a period of abstinence, suggesting that altered activity of these neurons may contribute to difficulties with smoking cessation.
Naked mole-rat has increased translational fidelity compared with the mouse, as well as a unique 28S ribosomal RNA cleavage
Authors: Azpurua Jorge , Ke Zhonghe , Chen Iris X. , Zhang Quanwei , Ermolenko Dmitri N. , Zhang Zhengdong D. , Gorbunova Vera , Seluanov Andrei 
Published: October 2013

SignificanceMolecular mechanisms responsible for differences in longevity between animal species are largely unknown. Here we show that the longest-lived rodent, the naked mole-rat, has more accurate protein translation than the mouse. Furthermore, we show that the naked mole-rat has a unique fragmented ribosomal RNA structure. Such cleaved ribosomal RNA has been reported for only one other species of mammal. This article suggests the importance of protein translation in aging and provides insight into the mechanisms of longevity.
Personalized genomic disease risk of volunteers
Authors: Gonzalez-Garay Manuel L. , McGuire Amy L. , Pereira Stacey , Caskey C. Thomas 
Published: October 2013

SignificanceReplacing traditional methods for genetic testing of inheritable disorders with next-generation sequencing (NGS) will reduce the cost of genetic testing and increase the information available for the patients. NGS will become an invaluable resource for the patient and physicians, especially if the sequencing information is stored properly and reanalyzed as bioinformatics tools and annotations improve. NGS is still at the early stages of development, and it is full of false-positive and -negative results and requires infrastructure and specialized personnel to properly analyze the results. This paper will explain our experience with an adult population, our bioinformatics analysis, and our clinical decisions to assure that our genetic diagnostics were accurate to detect carrier status and serious medical conditions in our volunteers.
Congruence-Association Model of music and multimedia: Origin and evolution
Authors: Cohen Annabel J. 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
The evolution of the Congruence-Association Model (CAM) is presented in a cognitive-scientific and historical context. Iteration 1 of CAM proposed a bottom-up process for analysis of musical and film stimuli in terms of ‘Congruence’ (audiovisual structural overlap) and ‘Association’ (contingency-base meaning). Iteration 2 added speech and top-down inference to create the best match with bottom-up processing. Adding sound effects and text, Iteration 3 referred to the best match between top-down and bottom-up information as the conscious ‘working narrative.’ A developmental version of CAM was also proposed to accommodate cohort-specific multimedia experience at critical periods. Iteration 4 incorporated a kinesthetic channel, supporting a mirror system and embodied meaning. The chapter illustrates how psychological experiments increase understanding of the role of music in multimedia, and aims to help set the stage for further empirical work and progress.
Understanding the impact of surround sound in multimedia
Authors: Kerins Mark 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
This chapter explores the effects of multichannel sound presentation (e.g., surround sound) on music listening and on the experience of multimedia, focusing especially on comparing 5.1-channel surround—the standard soundtrack format for movies and television—with traditional two-channel stereo. The chapter organizes research on this topic into three categories: studies based on distinguishing between sound systems, studies based on listeners indicating their sound system preferences, and studies based on independent group ratings (i.e., do participants rate different presentation modes differently when they cannot directly compare them?). For each category, the chapter outlines methods, conclusions, strengths, and limitations of extant work; across categories, it demonstrates that slight differences in experimental method yield divergent results, making it difficult to come to general conclusions about the impact of multichannel presentation. As a whole, the existing research reveals that whether and how multichannel sound affects the audience experience is heavily dependent on the specific content used and the context in which it is presented.
The Perils of Peace
Authors: Reinisch Jessica 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
When the war was over in 1945, Germany was a country with no government, little functioning infrastructure, millions of refugees and homeless people, and huge foreign armies living largely off the land. Large parts of the country were covered in rubble, with no clean drinking water, electricity, or gas. Hospitals overflowed with patients, but were short of beds, medicines, and medical personnel. In these conditions, the potential for epidemics and public health disasters was severe. This is a study of how the four occupiers—Britain, France, the Soviet Union, and the United States—attempted to keep their own troops and the ex-enemy population alive. While the war was still being fought, German public health was a secondary consideration for them, an unaffordable and undeserved luxury. But once fighting ceased and the occupation began, it rapidly turned into a urgent priority. Public health was now recognized as an indispensable component of creating order, keeping the population governable, and facilitating the reconstruction of German society. But they faced a number of insoluble problems in the process: Which Germans could be trusted to work with the occupiers, and how were they to be identified? Who could be tolerated because of a lack of alternatives? How, if at all, could former Nazis be reformed and reintegrated into German society? What was the purpose of the occupation anyway? This is the first carefully researched comparison of the four occupation zones which looks at the occupation through the prism of public health, an essential service fundamentally shaped by political and economic criteria, and which in turn was to determine the success or failure of the occupation.
The Chronicle of Seert
Authors: Wood Philip 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
This book is a study of the cultural and political history of Christian Iraq, the Church of the East, the so–called ‘Nestorians’. This history is seen through the Chronicle of Seert, a medieval Arabic Chronicle that reuses sources written several centuries earlier. This monograph aims to isolate different layers of composition and looks for trends in the choice of material and the agenda of their historians. Each layer of the text provides insight into the social construction of ‘orthodox belief’ in Iraq and the church as an institution. A central narrative is the growing power of the bishops (catholicoi) of the Sasanian capital of Ctesiphon, their apostolic heritage, and their alliance with the Persian shahs. The monograph also considers the relationship of the catholicoi with monastic and scholarly centres and with Christian communities of the West. In each of these cases, the material that the Chronicle includes shows us how independent historical traditions were annexed by a narrative focused on Ctesiphon and its bishops. The monograph begins in the fifth century, when a series of abortive alliances between church and shah generated small-scale persecutions. It continues this story into the sixth and early seventh, when the church witnessed considerable growth in numbers and prestige. At each stage, we can see Christians rewriting the past to accommodate a new political and social situation, turning a murky past into a glorious golden age. The book concludes with a final chapter on the church under Muslim rule, when the Chronicle was compiled.
The Solution
Authors: Insole Christopher J. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThe previous chapter demonstrated that Kant begins to have a problem from the 1760s onwards in relating human freedom and divine creative action. This chapter sets out the solution that Kant moves towards in the late 1770s, and sets out extensively in the 1780s: we can be said to be free to the extent that we regard ourselves as intelligible beings, capable of noumenal first causation. ‘Noumenal first causation’ involves being ultimately responsible for the series of (determined) spatio-temporal empirical events that appear in the phenomenal realm, in such a way that we are able to do otherwise. Kant’s solution belongs in the context of the strand of his mature philosophy known as ‘transcendental idealism’. Drawing on primary texts and an extensive secondary literature, the chapter aligns itself with a metaphysical interpretation of transcendental idealism (Ameriks, Adams, Hogan), paying particular attention to the categories of pure and phenomenal substance (Wuerth).
Belief
Authors: Insole Christopher J. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThe book argues that Kant has a ‘theological problem’ than runs into his critical period. This is not feasible if Kant no longer believes in God in a significant sense in this mature thought. This chapter defends the position that Kant continues to believe in God in the critical period, albeit that our warrant for this belief arises from practical rather than theoretical reason. The chapter argues against deflationary readings of these commitments (Allison), which hold that Kant merely intends us to proceed ‘as if’ certain claims were true, whilst bracketing out any fundamental commitment to their being so. The chapter explores the epistemic status of faith (Glaube), and the practical postulates, drawing upon medieval accounts of the voluntary dimension to faith, and recent epistemological debates concerning the distinction between acceptance and belief. The epistemological discussion draws upon Stevenson, Chignell, Ullman-Margalit, Margalit, and Aquinas.
On the Topology and Future Stability of the Universe
Authors: Ringström Hans 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
The subject of the book is the topology and future stability of models of the universe. In standard cosmology, the universe is assumed to be spatially homogeneous and isotropic. However, it is of interest to know whether perturbations of the corresponding initial data lead to similar solutions or not. This is the question of stability. It is also of interest to know what the limitations on the global topology imposed by observational constraints are. These are the topics addressed in the book. The theory underlying the discussion is the general theory of relativity. Moreover, in the book, matter is modelled using kinetic theory. As background material, the general theory of the Cauchy problem for the Einstein–Vlasov equations is therefore developed.
Fighting in the Path of God
Authors: Afsaruddin Asma 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
Chapter Two discusses the introduction of fighting (qitāl) in the Qur’ān as an important component of jihād in specific circumstances when believers are under attack by hostile forces, ending the prohibition against armed combat during the Meccan and early Medinan periods. The Qur’ān adopts trenchant language to impress upon the faithful that in response to certain conditions, believers should not shrink from carrying out this religious and moral obligation when commanded to do so by God and His prophet. The taking of human life that armed combat entails in such specific situations is acknowledged in the Qur’ān as an act of enormity. Several verses enumerate the conditions under which qitāl becomes necessary – primarily in self-defense -- and outline the limits of justified military combat which should not be contravened by the faithful.
Dying in the Path of God
Authors: Afsaruddin Asma 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
Chapter Four discusses the concept of martyrdom in the Qur’ān as primarily adumbrated in the ambiguous and multivalent phrase man qutila fī sabīl allāh (“those who are slain in the path of God”) and its exegeses through time. The focus of attention is on six frequently-cited verses -- all deemed to be early Medinan revelations from roughly before the fifth year of the hijra -- which are usually interpreted in the context of martyrdom. The chapter also discusses the various meanings of the Arabic term shahīd and its plural shuhadā’, tracing its semantic transformation from its meaning in the Qur’ān as “a legal or eye-witness” to a “martyr” in extra-Qur’anic literature. Another less-commonly occurring concept of selling or bartering (yashrā/yashrūn) one’s self or the life of this world for the hereafter is also discussed as being connected to the notion of martyrdom.