bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
NEW TEST FACILITIES FOR THE PREVENTION OF OIL POLLUTION IN JAPAN
Authors: Yazaki Atsuo 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
New test facilities under construction in Japan for conducting research on developing and evaluating oil-fences and oil-recovery equipment include a circulating water channel, a rectangular tank, and an oil/water purifier system. The circulating water channel is 60 m in length, 3.8 m in width, and 5.1 m in depth. It is provided with a water circulating system which gives a water speed of up to 2 knots, a wave generator which generates waves of up to 0.6 m in height, an air blower which gives wind speed of up to 20 m/s, and a surface current generator which generates surface speeds of up to 1 knot. It is also equipped with a dispersing and recovering system for the test oil. The rectangular tank, 80 m in length, 45 m in width, and 2.6 m in depth, is provided with a wave generator which generates waves of up to 0.3 m in height and a towing carriage which runs at a speed of up to 2 m/s. Covered by a roof which allows testing all the year round independent of weather or temperature, these new facilities are expected to be completed by the end of 1977 and opened for use at the beginning of 1978.
THE USE OF A DIAGNOSTIC CIRCULATION MODEL FOR OIL TRAJECTORY ANALYSIS
Authors: Gait J. A. , Pease Carol H. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
A diagnostic circulation model designed for the continental shelf region was used to study water parcel trajectories. The model assumes a combination of geostrophic plus Ekman dynamics and is diagnostic in that it uses fluid density data (obtained from a typical oceanographic cruise; i.e., STD stations) and wind stress data to specify the baroclinic and surface Ekman modes of the flow. The model then solves for the remaining barotropic and bottom Ekman modes subject to the constraints imposed by continuity and bathymetry.
Variations in the boundary conditions correspond to variations in the mean inflow/outflow surface currents, or barotropic mode. Using this correspondence, the model was keyed to the measurements obtained from a moored current meter array and a time stepping procedure was developed. This allows the model to generate a continous time- and space-varying representation of the regional flow field.
Field data for the Northeast Gulf of Alaska were used in the model equations which were solved using finite element techniques. The predicted currents and trajectories for a variety of runs were compared against observational data.
PERSISTENCE OF NON-ALKANE COMPONENTS OF BUNKER C OIL IN BEACH SEDIMENTS OF CHEDABUCTO BAY, AND LACK OF THEIR METABOLISM BY MOLLUSCS.
Authors: Vandermeulen J. H. , Keizer P.D. , Penrose W. R. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Analysis of cores from a continuously oiled beach shows that seven-year-old stranded Bunker C fuel oil re-entering the beach substrate is rapidly degraded. This weathering occurs throughout the top 15 cms of the beach sediments. The aromatic and cyclo-alkane components, however, appear resistant and unaltered. Thus the beach sediments act as effective n-alkane filters, but simultaneously become enriched with aromatic hydrocarbons.
Bivalves from these oiled sediments, and from other non-oiled areas, were assayed for their ability to degrade aromatic hydrocarbons, and for their ability to respond to oil exposure by induced elevated levels of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH). Both non-oiled Mya arenaria, Mytilus edulis, and Ostrea edulis esposed to aquenous extracts of Kuwait crude and a Bunker C fuel oil, and M. arenaria and M. edulis from Arrow Bunker C oiled sediments lacked the AHH system, as shown by their inability to hydroxylate benzo(a)pyrene or demethylate 14C-imipramine.
Discussion is centered on the implications of this metabolic inability to degrade aromatic hydrocarbons in bivalves residing in aromatic enriched sediments.
PRIORITIES IN FATE OF OIL SPILL RESEARCH
Authors: Kolpack Ronald L. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
A three-dimensional computer simulation model, based on rate data obtained from the literature, was used to evaluate the interaction of different types of petroleum hydrocarbons for a range of environmental conditions in the marine environment. Research efforts that will be required to gain a better understanding of the fate of oil in the ocean were categorized with respect to five major environmental reservoirs. Priority assessments were oriented toward critical areas where the present data are either not available or are inadequate. Processes operating at the water surface are considered to be the most important, and processes operative in the atmospheric reservoir are the least important. High priority research topics include: spreading, mixing, dissolution, emulsification, photochemical degradation, bottom transport and degradation, sorption of oil on particulates and coordinated studies of processes active in the nearshore zone.
MICROBIAL RESPONSES AFTER TWO EXPERIMENTAL OIL SPILLS IN AN EASTERN COASTAL PLAIN ESTUARINE ECOSYSTEM
Authors: Kator Howard , Herwig Russell 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Three large transite-sided enclosures, constructed in a tidal salt marsh in southeastern Virginia, were utilized to evaluate the effects of crude oil spillage on selected microbial populations. Unweathered Louisiana crude oil was spilled in one enclosure, artificially weathered South Louisiana crude in another, and the third served as a control. Each enclosure was constructed so as to allow unhampered exchange with tidal flow on the tidal creek side.
Heterotrophic bacteria and fungi, chitinolytic, cellulytic and petroleum-degrading bacterial populations from the tidal creek, and sediments in intertidal, mid- and back-marsh zones were enumerated at selected intervals following the oil spills. Dominant petroleum-degrading and heterotrophic bacterial isolates were selected for taxonomic grouping.
Within several days following the spills, the levels of petroleum-degrading bacteria rose by several orders of magnitude relative to the control enclosure. This differential has been maintained for approximately one year. Plots of the ratio of oil-degrading to heterotrophic bacteria reveal enhancement of the petroleum degrading component of the heterotrophic population. Mean levels of chitinolytic, cellulytic, heterotrophic bacteria and fungi were not statistically different in the oil and control enclosures. The potential significance of these observations is discussed.
THE CHESAPEAKE BAY OIL SPILL—FEBRUARY 2, 1976: A CASE HISTORY
Authors: Roland John V. , Moore Glenn E. , Bellanca Michael A. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
On February 2, 1976, one of the worst oil spills in recent history occurred in the lower Chesapeake Bay. Approximately 250,000 gallons of No. 6 oil were discharged into the bay after a barge, the STC-101, sank in a storm near the mouth of the Potomac River. The oil contaminated extensive beach and marsh areas on both sides of the bay. Cleanup operations lasted almost a month and the cost approached $400,000. The U.S. Coast Guard estimated that 167,000 gallons of oil were recovered by cleanup crews. The remaining oil is believed to be widely dispersed over large areas of the bay—possibly tied up in fringe marsh grass, buried under sand on the beaches or carried out into the Atlantic Ocean. The heavily-contaminated fringe marsh grasses were cut, leaving the root systems intact, in order to protect the fragile marsh areas. An overall assessment of the environmental damages caused by the spill is almost complete. Estimates of the number of waterfowl killed range from 20,000 to 50,000 birds. Damage to shellfish and other aquatic resources is still under study. Preliminary reports indicate that damages to the environment may not be as severe as initially expected.
EFFECTS OF A CONTINUOUS LOW-LEVEL NO. 2 FUEL DISPERSION ON LABORATORY-HELD INTERTIDAL COLONIES
Authors: Vanderhorst J. R. , Bean R. M. , Moore L. J. , Wilkinson P. , Gibson C.I. , Blaylock J. W. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Marine intertidal colonies on concrete substrates were exposed for six months to 0.1 and 0.6 mg/l No. 2 fuel oil (API Ref. Oil III, 38% aromatics). A continuous supply of the fuel oil dispersion was prepared by a mixing-separation apparatus, and nonfloating material was used as the contaminant. Monitoring of No. 2 fuel was by IR analysis of CCl4 extracts. Supplementary analyses were performed by gas chromatography, helium partitioning gas chromatography, and mass spectrometry.
Colonies were obtained by stratified random sampling from an initial 500 field-colonized bricks. Field colonization time was nine months. Replicates of treatment concentrations and controls were studied under constant continuous photoperiod. Initial colonies consisted of approximately 83 species of intertidal plants and animals.
Effects were measured by comparison of species diversity, relative abundance, numbers of species, and individual frequency of occurrence patterns. Species diversity was significantly lower in treated versus control colonies as was the total number of species. Relative abundance was not significantly affected. Individual species frequency of occurrence was significantly reduced in treated colonies; this was especially so for amphipods and decapods. Significant differences were not revealed for any biological parameter between the two treatment concentrations, although data from infrared analysis indicated the two concentrations were, in fact, different.
DISTRIBUTION OF VOLATILE HYDROCARBONS IN SOME PACIFIC OCEAN WATERS
Authors: Koons Charles Bruce 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Recent studies conducted by several investigators indicate that the volatile hydrocarbons in the C4to C8 range, including benzene and toluene, are generally more toxic to marine life than the higher molecular weight hydrocarbons. However, very little data have been published on the distribution of these volatile hydrocarbons in the world's oceans.
During 1974, ocean water samples were collected from tankers along three routes, including: U. S. west coast (San Francisco) to Cook Inlet, Alaska; U.S. west coast (San Francisco) to Panama; and U.S. west coast (San Francisco) to Singapore. One hundred thirty-eight samples were taken near the surface and at a depth of about 10 meters and were analyzed for total volatile (C4_C8) hydrocarbons. For the near-surface samples, a median concentration of 0.33 ppb (by weight) was found; for the −10 meter samples, a median of 0.10 ppb. Some variations in amounts were observed according to the geographic location of the samples. Sampling and analysis methods are briefly discussed.
PHOTO-OXIDATION OF CRUDE OILS
Authors: Nagata Shinichi , Kondo Goro 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Changes with elapsed time are presented for five kinds of oils that were studied through the analyses of GLC method, where particularly we made an attempt to examine the relationship among specific gravity, viscosity, and the amount of water in oils. Furthermore, we tried to evaluate a few processes of various kinds of changes on the physical and chemical properties of oils such as evaporation, biodegradation, and photo-decomposition. The evaporation process was found to affect mainly paraffins with smaller boiling points, below the number of C12-C13, for 21 days, while due to the action of marine bacteria, normal paraffins were effectively degraded (ca. 50%) after 15 days except for branched ones. Moreover, it was also found that the aromatic hydrocarbons with anthracene ring and heteroaromatic ones, which were not easily decomposed by the processes mentioned above, were fairly decomposed by photo-irradiation for 10 hours.
BIOAVAILABILITY OF PETROLEUM HYDROCARBONS FROM WATER, SEDIMENTS, AND DETRITUS TO THE MARINE ANNELID, NEANTHES ARENACEODENTATA
Authors: Rossi Steven S. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Uptake, retention, metabolism, and depuration of diaromatic hydrocarbons by the polychaete, Neanthes arenaceodentata, were examined in experiments utilizing seawater solutions and sediments contaminated with either No. 2 fuel oil water-soluble fractions or radio-labelled naphthalenes. Polychaetes rapidly accumulate 14C-naphthalene (magnification factor = 40X) from solution during short-term exposure (24 hr). Worms slowly released hydrocarbons accumulated during acute exposure down to undetectable levels (&lt;0.05 ppm) within 300 hours after return to clean seawater. 14C-naphthalene accumulated from solution was metabolized by polychaetes, and associated microflora apparently play no role in uptake, release, or metabolism. Analyses of worms held for 28 days in clay-silt sediments artificially contaminated with No. 2 fuel oil (9 μg total naphthalenes/g wet sediment) indicate that naphthalenes were not accumulated by worms at tissue concentrations above 0.1 ppm. Polychaetes likewise failed to accumulate 14C-methylnaphthalene from ingestion of contaminated detritus (10-15 μg 14C-methylnaphthalene/g dry detritus) for 16 consecutive days. These data suggest that petroleum hydrocarbons bound to sediment particles or particulate organic matter are less available to marine worms than those in solution.
DISTRIBUTION OF NAPHTHALENES WITHIN EXPOSED FUNDULUS SIMILUS AND CORRELATIONS WITH STRESS BEHAVIOR
Authors: Dixit D. , Anderson J. W. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Fundulus similus was exposed to naphthalene via oral administration, and naphthalene plus alkylnaphthalenes in water. The distribution of these compounds within the organs and tissues of the fish was monitored with time. Turn-over times for these compounds were relatively rapid, particularly in the case of naphthalene administered orally. Accumulation within detoxification (liver) and storage (gall bladder) was expected, but accumulation and retention in the brain were higher than anticipated. Stress-produced behavioral abnormalities may correspond to the content of naphthalenes in the brain and other tissues of the nervous system.
WHAT CONSTITUTES GOOD TELECOMMUNICATIONS SYSTEMS FOR AN OIL SPILL CLEANUP
Authors: Pearce R. B. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
It can be a serious mistake to select telecommunications hardware before thoroughly considering the plan of how the cleanup team is expected to react and what it is expected to accomplish. Accordingly, team members need two specific telecommunications systems to enhance the efficiency of their reactiveness. “Operations” systems are needed to keep the on-scene cleanup team synchronized, while “logistics” systems are needed to call up and maintain an orderly flow of support materials, supplies, and equipment. Telephone systems also are essential to maintain contact with authorities and handle public relations matters. However, inasmuch as spills almost never recur in the same locations, telephone facilities for cleanup are generally nonexistent and, hence, such installations are delayed until the cleanup work is well in progress. Types of appropriate telecommunications equipment needed to support a major oil spill operation are listed. In this regard, a case example is cited, namely, the Oakland estuary oil spill of January 1973, in which the telecommunications net supported 80 supervisory team leaders and 50 subcontractors. Current costing of a desirable telecommunications network suggests that the resultant optimization of deployed manpower and equipment could be paid back in the savings of less than one day's cleanup operations at the site of a major oil spill.
OIL SPILL CONTROL IN ALBERTA
Authors: Bohme V. E. , Brushett E. R. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Alberta is a major oil-producing region in North America. In excess of one-half billion barrels per year are produced from 10,000 oil wells. Oil and produced salt water are transported through 20,000 miles of pipelines. More than 600 oil and salt water spills per year occur, generally on land.
The Energy Resources Conservation Board is responsible for the administration of the oil and gas industry. The board's policies and regulations relating to spill prevention, oil spill contingency planning, containment and cleanup are broad and flexible to permit industry a relatively high degree of freedom to operate in this area of rapidly-changing technology.
While each company is held responsible for containment and cleanup of its own spills, the board supports the oil spill cooperative concept in spill equipment maintenance, contingency plan preparation and spill response training. Careful containment and cleanup of oil and salt spills will minimize soil and vegetation damage. This, followed by comprehensive evaluation of spill effects, enables implementation of more effective rehabilitation programs.
ADJUSTING AND HANDLING OIL SPILL POLLUTION CATASTROPHE CLAIMS
Authors: DeNoville Ronald C. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Large oil spills create claims adjusting and handling problems quite different from those associated with regular claims. The differences are made clear in this paper, which deals with types of claims, the approaches to them, damage assessment, and the future of oil spills adjusting. The resolution of claims in such a way as to be acceptable to both the public and the spiller rests on the adjuster's complete fairness and thorough consideration of all claims.
THE NATIONAL RESPONSE CENTER OF THE U.S. COAST GUARD
Authors: Clow James C. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The National Response Center (NRC) was established at U.S. Coast Guard headquarters under the National Oil and Hazardous Substances Pollution Contingency Plan, and is an arm of the Council on Environmental Quality. It is a 24-hour center, providing a toll-free telephone number from any point in the continental United States for reports of oil discharges and discharges of other polluting substances. These reports, which may come from individual citizens, federal, state, or local authorities, or others, are relayed to the appropriate on-scene coordinator (OSC—who may be from any appropriate federal agency) for action under the relevant U.S. Government laws and regulations. The NRC also provides a number of other services and functions related to polluting incidents.
“THE GLOBAL HOPE IS AGROUND”—AN INCIDENT AT SALEM SOUND1
Authors: Mathews Kent W. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
On February 6, 1978, in the midst of the worst blizzard to hit the Northeast in 100 years, the 682-foot Greek tanker Global Hope with more than 340,000 gallons of oil aboard, dragged her anchor and grounded in Salem Sound, Massachusetts, about 15 miles from downtown Boston. An estimated 83,000 gallons of oil escaped the stricken vessel to be deposited on two of the most historic and picturesque coastlines of Massachusetts. Some 2.4 million dollars were expended from the federal pollution fund in cleanup efforts.
As a result of the storm and the damage sustained by the vessel, unusual strains were placed upon the federal on-scene coordinator (OSC). This paper relates the chronology of events and examines peculiar problems, planning, and response activities of federal on-scene coordination during the incident. In addition, state and federal agency involvement are described relative to the flexibility, ingenuity, and orchestration required to deal with the myriad contingencies which arose during the response to the grounding and the subsequent pollution under the most extreme weather conditions.
THE INTERNATIONALIZATION OF SUPERFUND1
Authors: Vorbach Joseph E. , Ahern Joseph F. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
This paper examines existing and proposed national regimes—including the Federal Water Pollution Control Act and the proposed Superfund—for compensating persons suffering pollution damage. Also examined are existing public and private international regimes—including TOVALOP and the Fund Convention. In addition, the paper examines initiatives regarding pollution liability and compensation at the Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea. Finally, drawing on the foregoing analysis, a comprehensive international liability and compensation regime is recommended for persons, both public and private, suffering pollution damage from oil or hazardous substances.
OCCURRENCE OF OIL IN OFFSHORE BOTTOM SEDIMENTS AT THE AMOCO CADIZ OIL SPILL SITE
Authors: D'Ozouville Laurent , Hayes Miles O. , Gundlach Erich R. , Sexton Walter J. , Michel Jacqueline 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
A diving survey was undertaken during August 1978 to ascertain the vertical and horizontal distribution of oil incorporated into bottom sediments of the bays of Morlaix and Lannion within the Amoco Cadiz spill site of Brittany, France. A total of 80 hand-held, 15-cm-long box cores was taken at 20 stations and analyzed for visual oil content and sedimentary characteristics. Chemical samples also were taken and now are being analyzed.
Preliminary investigation revealed a significant amount of oil incorporated into the bottom sediments within both areas, although the mechanisms of deposition probably were different. Generally higher oil concentrations were found in muddy sediments, sediments containing Lithothamnium, and in samples taken offshore of heavily oiled beaches. The depth of oil penetration was usually less than 7 cm (possibly related to the depth of biological reworking), except in the more porous Lithothamnium sediments, or in those areas close to heavily oiled beaches.
Hand-held box coring techniques are more advantageous than other shipboard methods in that the problems associated with grab sampling are avoided, and complete control is maintained over the sample at all times. In addition, direct observations of bottom sediment variability and visible oil accumulation can be made.
TRAINING TECHNIQUES: TEXAS A&M UNIVERSITY'S OIL SPILL CONTROL COURSE
Authors: Payne J. Larry , Lewis R. E. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
This paper concerns the growth and development of the Oil Spill Control Course offered in Galveston, Texas, through Texas A&M University's Engineering Extension Service. Emphasis is placed on advances in practical educational methodology made by the course during its three and one-half year span. Areas covered include audience analysis techniques, hands-on training, and various simulation devices and scenarios employed during the course. Attention is given to the course's new specially-constructed facility and its capabilities. Finally, the paper briefly discusses the Engineering Extension Service's movement to improve and expand its core oil spill control curriculum.
OIL POLLUTION PREVENTION, CONTROL AND COUNTERMEASURE PRACTICES AT SMALL PETROLEUM FACILITIES
Authors: McCracken W. F. , Charlton T. J. , Freestone F. J. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The U. S. Environmental Protection Agency sponsored a study of small petroleum production and petroleum products distribution facilities (stripper wells and bulk plants) in four regions of the country, with respect to those facilities' ability to comply with EPA's Oil Pollution Prevention Regulation (40 CFR, Part 112). The four regions covered were Texas/Oklahoma, Louisiana, Penn-Grade, and New England. Field surveys were conducted at a total of 125 individual facilities. The facilities were categorized into generic types, both intra-regional and across-the-board.
Numerous technical problems were identified involving both the facilities' ability to comply with the regulation and the techniques selected by the owners and operators to achieve compliance. The problems and compliance techniques were evaluated for both appropriateness and cost. The problems were also screened and categorized into types most common to all facilities, by facility type and by geographic area. Engineering solutions have been proposed for these most common problems, with emphasis on the most cost effective solutions. For the several generic types of facilities identified, “Generic SPCC Plans” were developed to serve as examples for facilities of the type covered.