bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Neuromuscular adjustments of the knee extensors and plantar flexors following match-play tennis in the heat
Authors: Périard Julien D , Girard Olivier , Racinais Sébastien 
Published: March 2014

ObjectivesThis study tested the hypothesis that impairments in lower limb maximal strength and voluntary activation (VA) are exacerbated following match-play tennis in hot compared with cool conditions.MethodsTorque and VA were evaluated during brief (5 s) and sustained (20 s) maximal voluntary isometric contractions of the knee extensors (KE) and plantar flexors (PF) in 12 male tennis players before (pre) and after (post, 24 h and 48 h) ∼115 min of play in hot (∼37°C) and cool (∼22°C) conditions.ResultsRectal temperature was higher following play in hot than in cool (∼39.2 vs ∼38.5°C; p<0.05). Torque production decreased from prematch to postmatch during the brief and sustained contractions in hot (KE: ∼22%; PF: ∼13%) and cool (KE: ∼9%, PF: ∼7%) (p<0.05). KE strength losses in hot were greater than in cool (p<0.05) and persisted for 24 h (p<0.05). Postmatch brief and sustained KE VA was lower in hot than in cool (p<0.05), in which VA was maintained. PF VA was maintained throughout the protocol. Peak twitch torque and maximum rates of torque development and relaxation in the KE and PF were equally reduced postmatch relative to prematch in hot and cool conditions (p<0.05), and were restored near baseline within 24 h.ConclusionsNeuromuscular system integrity of the lower limbs is compromised immediately following match-play tennis in hot and cool conditions due to the development of peripheral fatigue. The larger and persistent KE strength losses observed under heat stress are associated with greater levels of central fatigue especially during sustained contractions.
Heat stress does not exacerbate tennis-induced alterations in physical performance
Authors: Girard Olivier , Christian Ryan J , Racinais Sébastien , Périard Julien D 
Published: March 2014

ObjectivesTo assess the time course of changes in physical performance in response to match-play tennis under heat stress.MethodsTwo matches consisting of 20 min of effective playing time (2×10 min segments) were played in COOL (∼102 min; ∼22°C and 70% relative humidity (RH)) and HOT (∼119 min; ∼36°C and 35% RH) environments. Repeated-sprint ability (3×15 m, 15 s rest), 15 m sprint time with a direction change (180°), vertical jump height (squat and countermovement jumps) and leg stiffness (multirebound jumps) were assessed in 12 competitive male players prematch, midmatch and postmatch, and 24 and 48 h after match completion.ResultsDuring the repeated-sprint ability test, initial (+2.3% and +3.1%) and cumulated sprint (+1.5% and +2.8%) times increased from prematch to midmatch and postmatch, respectively (p<0.001), while the sprint decrement score did not change. Match-play tennis induced a slowing (average of both conditions: +1.1% and +1.3% at midmatch and postmatch time points; p=0.05) of 15 m sprint time with direction change. Compared with prematch, leg stiffness (−6.4% and −6.5%; p<0.001) and squat jump height (−1.5% and −2.4%; p=0.05), but not countermovement jump height (−0.7% and −1.3%; p>0.05), decreased midmatch and postmatch, respectively, regardless of the condition. Complete recovery in all physical performance markers occurred within 24 h.ConclusionsIn tennis, match-related fatigue is characterised by impaired repeated-sprint ability, explosive power and leg stiffness at midmatch and postmatch, with values restored to prematch baseline 24 h into recovery. In addition, physical performance responses (match and recovery kinetics) are identical when competing in cool and hot environments.
Eosinophilic oesophagitis: investigations and management
Authors: Kumar Mayur , Sweis Rami , Wong Terry 
Published: March 2014

Abstract
Eosinophilic oesophagitis (EO) is an immune/antigen mediated, chronic, relapsing disease characterised by dysphagia, food bolus impaction and a dense oesophageal eosinophilic infiltrate. Characteristic endoscopic features include corrugated rings, linear furrows and white exudates, but none are diagnostic. Despite its increasing prevalence, EO remains underdiagnosed. There is a strong association with other atopic conditions. Symptoms, histology and endoscopic findings can overlap with gastro-oesophageal reflux disease. Currently endoscopy and oesophageal biopsies are the investigation of choice. Oesophageal physiology studies, endoscopic ultrasound, impedance planimetry and serology may have a role in the diagnosis and monitoring of response to therapy. Acid reducing medication is advocated as first line or adjuvant therapy. Dietary therapy is comprised of elimination diets or can be guided by allergen assessment. In adults, topical corticosteroids are the mainstay of therapy. Endoscopic dilatation is safe and effective for the treatment of non-responsive strictures. Other therapeutic options (immunomodulators, biological agents, leukotriene receptor antagonists) are under investigation.
4D Wheeler diagrams: concept and applications
Authors: Qayyum Farrukh , De Groot Paul , Hemstra Nanne , Catuneanu Octavian 
Published: March 2014

Abstract

The conventional Wheeler diagram aids the construction of a spatiotemporal framework of strata. The diagrams are created manually by studying outcrops, wells, or seismic data. For the latter case, automated methods now exist, which support the construction of 2D, as well as 3D Wheeler diagrams. Seismic data contains information in three dimensions,
X
,
Y
and
Z
, where ‘
Z
’ is either two-way time or depth. Seismic horizons are correlated surfaces that often follow geological time lines. In this case, a set of interpreted seismic horizons contains information in four dimensions (
X
,
Y
,
Z
, and Geological Time). In the mapping from the structural domain to Wheeler space, information about
Z
(thickness) is lost. This means that one dimension is missing in the conventional Wheeler diagram. This paper describes a method to add information from the
Z
dimension to the Wheeler domain. It is done by computing stratigraphic thicknesses per sequence stratigraphic unit and displaying these as colour-coded overlays in the Wheeler domain. Thus displayed, thickness variations help in understanding changes in accommodation, sedimentation rate, and depositional trends. 3D Wheeler displays with colour-coded thickness information are referred to as 4D Wheeler diagrams. In this article, the method is described and applied to a case study from the southern North Sea.
Molecular Pathways: Adaptive Kinome Reprogramming in Response to Targeted Inhibition of the BRAF–MEK–ERK Pathway in Cancer
Authors: Johnson Gary L. , Stuhlmiller Timothy J. , Angus Steven P. , Zawistowski Jon S. , Graves Lee M. 
Published: March 2014

Abstract
The central role of the BRAF–MEK–ERK pathway in controlling cell fate has made this pathway a primary target for deregulated activation in cancer. BRaf is activated by Ras proteins allowing Ras oncogenes to constitutively activate the pathway. Activating BRaf mutations are also frequent in several cancers, being the most common oncogenic mutation in thyroid carcinoma and melanoma. There are currently two inhibitors, vemurafenib and dabrafenib, approved for treatment of malignant melanoma having activating BRaf mutations. Concurrent administration of BRAF and MAP–ERK kinase (MEK) inhibitor (trametinib) is significantly more active in patients with BRAF-mutant melanoma than either single agent alone, but progression to resistance ultimately occurs by different mechanisms that increase the activation of extracellular signal–regulated kinase (ERK). Such adaptive changes in tumor cell signaling networks allow bypass of targeted oncoprotein inhibition. This is true with targeted inhibitors for BRaf and MEK as well as specific inhibitors for AKT, mTOR, and many receptor tyrosine kinases such as EGF receptor (EGFR) and HER2. It is this adaptive response to targeted kinase inhibitors that contributes to the failure of single-agent kinase inhibitors to have durable responses. This failure is seen in virtually all cancers treated with single-agent kinase inhibitors, most of which are not as dependent on a single signaling pathway such as BRaf–MEK–ERK in melanoma. Thus, understanding the breadth of adaptive reprogramming responses to specific targeted kinase inhibition will be critical to develop appropriate combination therapies for durable clinical responses. Clin Cancer Res; 20(10); 2516–22. ©2014 AACR.
Persistent Hemispheric Differences in the Perceptual Selection of Spatial Frequencies
Authors: Piazza Elise A. , Silver Michael A. 
Published: March 2014

Abstract
Previous research has shown that the right hemisphere processes low spatial frequencies more efficiently than the left hemisphere, which preferentially processes high spatial frequencies. These studies have typically measured RTs to single, briefly flashed gratings and/or have directed observers to attend to a particular spatial frequency immediately before making a judgment about a subsequently presented stimulus. Thus, it is unclear whether the hemispheres differ in perceptual selection from multiple spatial frequencies that are simultaneously present in the environment, without bias from selective attention. Moreover, the time course of hemispheric asymmetry in spatial frequency processing is unknown. We addressed both of these questions with binocular rivalry, a measure of perceptual selection from competing alternatives over time. Participants viewed a pair of rivalrous orthogonal gratings with different spatial frequencies, presented either to the left or right of central fixation, and continuously reported which grating they perceived. At the beginning of a trial, the low spatial frequency grating was perceptually selected more often when presented in the left hemifield (right hemisphere) than in the right hemifield (left hemisphere), whereas the high spatial frequency grating showed the opposite pattern of results. This hemispheric asymmetry in perceptual selection persisted for the entire 30-sec stimulus presentation, continuing long after stimulus onset. These results indicate stable differences in the resolution of ambiguity across spatial locations and demonstrate the importance of considering sustained differences in perceptual selection across space when characterizing conscious representations of complex scenes.
Assessing the Sensitivities of a Distributed Snow Model to Forcing Data Resolution
Authors: Winstral Adam , Marks Danny , Gurney Robert 
Published: March 2014

Abstract
Highly heterogeneous mountain snow distributions strongly affect soil moisture patterns; local ecology; and, ultimately, the timing, magnitude, and chemistry of stream runoff. Capturing these vital heterogeneities in a physically based distributed snow model requires appropriately scaled model structures. This work looks at how model scale—particularly the resolutions at which the forcing processes are represented—affects simulated snow distributions and melt. The research area is in the Reynolds Creek Experimental Watershed in southwestern Idaho. In this region, where there is a negative correlation between snow accumulation and melt rates, overall scale degradation pushed simulated melt to earlier in the season. The processes mainly responsible for snow distribution heterogeneity in this region—wind speed, wind-affected snow accumulations, thermal radiation, and solar radiation—were also independently rescaled to test process-specific spatiotemporal sensitivities. It was found that in order to accurately simulate snowmelt in this catchment, the snow cover needed to be resolved to 100 m. Wind and wind-affected precipitation—the primary influence on snow distribution—required similar resolution. Thermal radiation scaled with the vegetation structure (~100 m), while solar radiation was adequately modeled with 100–250-m resolution. Spatiotemporal sensitivities to model scale were found that allowed for further reductions in computational costs through the winter months with limited losses in accuracy. It was also shown that these modeling-based scale breaks could be associated with physiographic and vegetation structures to aid a priori modeling decisions.
Difficulties in Early Ice Detection with the Small Ice Detector-2 HIAPER (SID-2H) in Maritime Cumuli
Authors: Johnson Alexandria , Lasher-Trapp Sonia , Bansemer Aaron , Ulanowski Z. , Heymsfield Andrew J. 
Published: March 2014

Abstract
The Small Ice Detector, version 2 (SID-2), High-performance Instrumented Airborne Platform for Environmental Research (HIAPER; SID-2H) was used to detect small ice particles in the early stages of ice formation in the high liquid water environment of tropical maritime cumulus clouds sampled during the Ice in Clouds Experiment—Tropical (ICE-T) field campaign. Its performance in comparison to other probes and the development of new corrections applied to the data are presented. The SID-2H detected small ice crystals among larger particles. It correctly identified water drops, and discriminated between round and irregular particle shapes in water-dominated clouds with errors less than 5%. Remaining uncertainties in the sensing volume and the volume over which coincidence of particles occurred, result in the data being used here in a qualitative manner to identify the presence of ice, and its habits and sizes.
Surgical Anatomy of the Infralabyrinthine Approach
Authors: Cömert Ela , Cömert Ayhan , Çay Nurdan , Tunçel Ümit , Tekdemir İbrahim 
Published: March 2014

ObjectiveThe objective of this study is to demonstrate the surgical anatomy of the infralabyrinthine approach (ILA) and ways to prevent complications based on the complex anatomy.Study DesignCadaveric study.SettingAnkara University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Anatomy.Subjects and MethodsTemporal bones were selected from 30 sides of 20 fixed human cadaver heads. Computed tomography (CT) scans of the heads were performed and, afterward, the cadavers were dissected using a surgical microscope and electric drill.ResultsAn appropriate tract could be achieved in 73.3% of the dissections by applying slight pressure to the jugular bulb (JB). The narrowest portion of the ILA was defined as the inner window, which was located superior‐inferiorly between the inferior border of the cochlea and the inferior wall of the petrous apex and anterior‐posteriorly between the posterior wall of the carotid canal and the cochlear opening of the cochlear aqueduct. The ILA could not be performed when the distances between the facial nerve‐JB and JB‐cochlea were less than 2.9 mm and 2.6 mm, respectively, on CT scan.ConclusionClose attention should be paid to the access and inner window during preoperative temporal bone imaging to assess for ILA. The detailed anatomy of the route, measurements of the topography of the cochlea from the mastoid view, and angles of the route are defined to prevent complications.
Soft Tissue Knee Injury With Concomitant Osteochondral Fracture Is Associated With Higher Degree of Acute Joint Inflammation
Authors: Swärd Per , Struglics André , Englund Martin , Roos Harald P. , Frobell Richard B. 
Published: March 2014

Background: Osteochondral fractures are often seen on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of acutely injured knees, but their existence has gained little interest because of a lack of knowledge of their relation to treatment options and outcome. It is not clear whether acute phase synovial fluid (SF) concentrations of cartilage and bone markers and proinflammatory cytokines are different between traumatically injured knees with or without osteochondral fracture. Hypothesis: Acutely injured knees with an osteochondral fracture, particularly fractures with disrupted cortical bone, have higher concentrations of bone markers and cytokines than do knees without an osteochondral fracture. Study Design: Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: Synovial fluid (hemarthrosis) was aspirated (median 1 day after injury) and 1.5-T MRI was performed (median 8 days after injury) in the acutely injured knee of 98 individuals (26% women; mean age, 23 years). As visualized on MRI, 39% knees had an osteochondral fracture with disrupted cortical bone, 30% had an osteochondral fracture with intact cortical bone, and 32% did not have an osteochondral fracture. Concentrations of sulfated glycosaminoglycan, ARGS aggrecan, cartilage oligomeric matrix protein, osteocalcin, secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC), osteopontin and proinflammatory cytokines (interleukin [IL]–1β, IL-6, IL-8, and tumor necrosis factor [TNF]–α) were analyzed. Results: After adjusting for days between injury and SF aspiration, age at injury, and sex, knees with any osteochondral fracture (with or without disrupted cortical bone) had significantly higher SF concentrations of TNF-α (median [interquartile range (IQR)] = 9 [7-12] pg/mL vs 7 [5-14] pg/mL; P = .013), whereas knees with an osteochondral fracture with disrupted cortical bone had significantly higher SF concentrations (medians [IQRs]) of SPARC (492 [328-754] ng/mL vs 407 [140-685] ng/mL; P = .030), IL-8 (278 [148-628] pg/mL vs 138 [67-413] pg/mL; P = .028), and TNF-α (11 [7-15] pg/mL vs 7 [5-14] pg/mL; P = .004) compared with knees without an osteochondral fracture. Conclusion: In acutely injured knees with hemarthrosis, a concomitant osteochondral fracture with disrupted cortical bone is associated with a higher degree of joint inflammation.
Treatment Recommendations Following 3-Day Masked Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM) in Youth With Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: Rasbach Lisa E. , Atkins Ashley E. , Milaszewski Kerry M. , Keady Joyce , Schmidt Lisa M. , Volkening Lisa K. , Laffel Lori M. 
Published: March 2014

Background: Glycemic control remains suboptimal in youth with type 1 diabetes. Retrospective continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) has demonstrated utility in fine-tuning diabetes management by detecting postprandial hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia. In this study, we explored the process of 3-day masked CGM use, subsequent treatment recommendations, and impact on A1c in a clinic-based sample of youth with type 1 diabetes. Methods: Over 2 years, 122 youth were referred for masked CGM. Patients/families completed a diary of blood glucose levels, insulin doses, food intake, and exercise during CGM use. A1c was assessed pre- and 2-3 months post-CGM. Treatment recommendations were formulated using data from CGM reports and diaries. Results: Mean age was 14.3 ± 3.9 years, diabetes duration was 7.5 ± 4.7 years, and A1c was 8.5 ± 1.1% (69 ± 12 mmol/mol); 61% were pump-treated. Patients received an average of 3.1 ± 1.1 treatment recommendations following review of the CGM report. Most (80%) received reinforcement of the importance of preprandial bolusing; 37% received a recommendation regarding advanced insulin management (use of combination boluses/attend to active insulin). Receipt of the latter recommendation was related to A1c improvement ≥0.5% (OR: 4.0, P < .001). Conclusions: Masked CGM offers opportunities to guide advanced insulin management (by injection or pump), which may yield A1c improvements in youth with type 1 diabetes.
Longitudinal Strain and Strain Rate in Patients With Hemodynamically Significant Ventricular Septal Defects
Authors: Penk Jamie , Patel Angira , Lay Amy , Webb Catherine 
Published: March 2014

Background: Patients with significant overcirculation from large ventricular septal defects (VSDs) may have altered contractility compared to normal patients. Methods: Patients were enrolled prospectively. Patients were excluded if they were acutely ill or over age five. Left ventricular longitudinal strain and strain rate were measured in patients with VSDs referred for surgical correction and control participants with structurally normal hearts. Results: There was no difference in the average longitudinal strain or strain rate of six segments in the left ventricle. The mean for both the groups was 19.9% ( P = .95). Strain rate was 1.5 s−1 in the patients with a VSD and 1.42 s−1 in the control group ( P = .30). The left ventricular end diastolic dimension was significantly larger in the group with ventricular defects (z score 1.38 vs −0.37) than the control group ( P = .000). Conclusions: The left ventricle end-diastolic dimension in patients with ventricular defects was significantly larger, but there was no difference in longitudinal strain or strain rate.
Microvascular oxygen consumption during sickle cell pain crisis
Authors: Rowley Carol A. , Ikeda Allison K. , Seidel Miles , Anaebere Tiffany C. , Antalek Matthew D. , Seamon Catherine , Conrey Anna K. , Mendelsohn Laurel , Nichols James , Gorbach Alexander M. , Kato Gregory J. , Ackerman Hans 
Published: March 2014

Key Points
Patients with sickle cell disease have greater microvascular oxygen consumption rates than healthy individuals. During sickle cell pain crisis, microvascular oxygen consumption increases further.
Association between obesity and metabolic co-morbidities among children and adolescents in South Korea based on national data
Authors: Lim Hyunjung , Xue Hong , Wang Youfa 
Published: March 2014

Abstract

Background
Childhood obesity has become a serious public health threat worldwide due to its many short- and long-term adverse health effects. We assessed the association between weight status and metabolic co-morbidities among South Korean children using nationally representative data.

Methods
Data from the 2007-2008 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys for 1,526 children aged 10-19 years were used. Logistic regression models were fit to examine the association between weight status [overweight, 85th percentile ≤ BMI <95th percentile; obese, BMI ≥95th percentile; and central obesity, waist circumference ≥90th percentile, based on 2007 Korean National Growth Charts] and metabolic outcomes.

Results
More obese children had metabolic co-morbidities than normal-weight children (P < 0.05). Boys had higher means BMI than girls, WC, and BP, while girls had higher means of total blood cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol (P < 0.05). Attributable risk of metabolic syndrome was high due to overweight and obesity: 91.1% for central obesity and 29.6% for high TG. Obese children had increased risk of having high BP (adjusted odds ratio (OR): 1.90; 95% CI: 1.05-3.45), dyslipidemia (OR: 6.21; 95% CI: 3.59-10.75), high TG (OR: 6.87; 95% CI: 4.05-11.64), low HDL (OR: 4.46; 95% CI: 2.23-8.89), and ≥2 co-morbidities (OR: 26.97; 95% CI: 14.95-48.65) compared to normal-weight subjects, while the associations between weight status and metabolic outcomes were stronger in boys.

Conclusions
Obesity was strongly associated with metabolic co-morbidities in South Korean children.