bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Predicting Our Future: Lessons from Winnie‐the‐Pooh
Authors: Wilfond Benjamin 
Published: October 2014

AbstractIn this issue, Greer Donley, Sara Chandros Hull, and Benjamin E. Berkman explore the implications of using whole genome sequencing in the prenatal context. They focus on how whole genome sequencing may refine pregnancy expectations, impact child‐rearing decisions, and foreclose children's desire not to know more about their future. Their paper inspired me to reimagine the predominant worldviews of genomics prediction. One worldview is characterized by woe: the world as we know it will be forever changed unless we avoid the perils of genomics. I found myself thinking of this as the Eeyore phenotype. The Tigger phenotype is a worldview characterized by confidence: the world as we know it is forever changed, and we should embrace our genomic future. Donley, Hull, and Berkman adopt a new phenotype, one that perhaps resembles Christopher Robin. This worldview is characterized by its commitment to moving forward, nurturing relationships, and deliberating thoughtfully: it applies the evidentiary model to whole genome sequencing. Like Christopher Robin, who accepted that growing up was inevitable, the authors appreciate that progress is inevitable. Their response is to offer recommendations for research that might help the Eeyores and Tiggers find common ground.
The Disasters of March 11th
Authors: Dwyer James , Hamano Kenzo , Hui Wei Hsuan 
Published: October 2014

AbstractOn March 11, 2011, one of the most powerful earthquakes ever recorded occurred off the northeast coast of Japan. It destroyed buildings, damaged infrastructure, and killed people in the Tohoku region. The associated tsunami was even more destructive, engulfing coastal areas and obliterating whole towns. The earthquake and the tsunami together occasioned a third disaster: the meltdown at the Fukushima nuclear power plant.Like most people, Dr. Makoto Sato was horrified by the destruction and suffering that he saw. He wanted to help and felt that he should, but doing something appropriate and effective was not easy. He is a general internist and bioethicist at a university medical center in Hokkaido, the large island north of Tohoku.What should Dr. Sato have done then? What should he do now?
Normalizing Atypical Genitalia: How a Heated Debate Went Astray
Authors: Johnston Josephine 
Published: October 2014

AbstractIn a series of essays and letters published in 2010, commentators in bioethics debated the ethics of two interventions that aim to prevent or treat a symptom of a genetic condition called congenital adrenal hyperplasia, which can cause “virilization” in affected baby girls—the development of atypical, sometimes masculine‐appearing, genitals. Surgeries are often performed to try to “normalize” both the appearance and the function of affected girls’ genitals, and a drug thought to prevent virilization is sometimes prescribed to pregnant women who are likeliest to be carrying an affected fetus. The CAH debates suggest that there is profound disagreement in the field about whether preventing or treating virilization is an appropriate goal of medicine—or, indeed, parenting. Of course, that disagreement has its roots in ongoing debates about how to understand and react to a range of anatomical and behavioral differences, from short stature to deafness to hyperactivity, as well as ongoing debates about the limits of autonomy—in this case, parental autonomy, which is all the more complex. These issues are at the heart of bioethics. Yet it can be very difficult for us to talk and write respectfully and clearly about them.Here, I recount the debates, show how they lost focus, and attempt to explain why the question about how parents and physicians should respond to atypical genitalia in children is so important and difficult. I argue that it is not a question that should be answered based on a single principle or philosophical commitment. No one principle can do all of the work. For each individual or family that faces it, the question is shaped by details about particular interventions aimed at altering a particular difference and offered in a particular social and family context. Scholars in bioethics who hold an especially strong commitment to any one principle should advocate for their views, but they must also make room for and respect the kind of pragmatic, particularized decision‐making that parents sometimes engage in.
The Moral Status of Invasive Animal Research
Authors: Rollin Bernard E. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractHistorically, society has not had a robust, institutionalized ethic for how animals should be treated. Before the Animal Welfare Act, the only laws constraining animal use in society were the anticruelty laws forbidding sadistic, deviant, purposeless, deliberate, unnecessary infliction of pain and suffering on animals, or outrageous neglect. These laws, both by statute and by judicial interpretation, did not apply to socially accepted animal uses such as research or agriculture. Because the overwhelming use of animals in society was in agriculture, aimed at providing food, fiber, locomotion, and power, and because the key to agricultural success was having healthy animals, good husbandry and good care were enforced by the most powerful sanction, self‐interest; the anticruelty laws were only there for society to manage sadists and psychopaths unmoved by self‐interest. But with the emergence of new kinds of “normal” animal use—such as intensive agriculture and animal research, both of which caused animal pain and suffering that did not fall under the anticruelty ethic—society was forced to create a new ethic for animals that went “beyond cruelty.” The Animal Welfare Act was a start, but it did not address all of the ethical concerns that society has had about the treatment of animals. As evidence of the need for a new ethic for animals, thousands of bills pertaining to animal welfare have been promulgated across the United States in the last decade. The new ethic for animals essentially applies much of our social ethic for humans, mutatis mutandis, to the treatment of animals and embodies the desired protections in the legal system.
Hyponatremia and Fractures: Findings From the MrOS Study
Authors: Jamal Sophie A , Arampatzis Spyridon , Harrison Stephanie Litwack , Bucur Roxana C , Ensrud Kristine , Orwoll Eric S , Bauer Douglas C 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACT

Hyponatremia may be a risk factor for fracture. To determine the relationship between hyponatremia and fracture we conducted cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses using data from the Osteoporotic Fractures in Men (MrOS) study. The MrOS study enrolled 5122 community dwelling men aged ≥65 years from six centers across the United States. We excluded men taking bisphosphonates, those with unknown medication history, those without serum sodium measures, or those with out of range assays for serum sodium. Serum sodium was measured at study entry. Subjects were followed for fractures (nonspine [including hip], hip, incident morphometric, and prevalent morphometric) for up to 9 years. We used Cox proportional hazards models to analyze the association between serum sodium levels (&lt;135 mmol/L versus ≥135 mmol/L) and risk of nonspine and hip fractures, with results presented as hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). We examined the association between morphometric vertebral fractures and serum sodium using logistic regression models, presented as odds ratios (ORs) and 95% CI. Hyponatremia was observed in 64 men (1.2% of the cohort). After adjusting for age, BMI, study center, and other covariates, we found that, compared to men with serum sodium ≥135 mmol/L, those with serum sodium &lt;135 mmol/L, had an increased risk of hip fracture (HR = 3.04; 95% CI, 1.37 to 6.75), prevalent morphometric spine fracture (OR = 2.46; 95% CI, 1.22 to 4.95), and incident morphometric spine fracture (OR = 3.53; 95% CI, 1.35 to 9.19), but not nonspine fracture (OR = 1.44; 95% CI, 0.85 to 2.44). Adjusting for bone mineral density (BMD) did not change our findings. Our data show that hyponatremia is associated with up to a doubling in the risk of hip and morphometric spine fractures, independent of BMD. Further studies, to determine how hyponatremia causes fractures and if correction of hyponatremia decreases fractures, are needed. © 2014 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Fruit and Vegetable Intake and Risk of Hip Fracture: A Cohort Study of Swedish Men and Women
Authors: Byberg Liisa , Bellavia Andrea , Orsini Nicola , Wolk Alicja , Michaëlsson Karl 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACT

Dietary guidelines recommend a daily intake of 5 servings of fruits and vegetables. Whether such intakes are associated with a lower risk of hip fracture is at present unclear. The aim of the present study was to investigate the dose-response association between habitual fruit and vegetable intake and hip fracture in a cohort study based on 40,644 men from the Cohort of Swedish Men (COSM) and 34,947 women from the Swedish Mammography Cohort (SMC) (total n = 75,591), free from cardiovascular disease and cancer, who answered lifestyle questionnaires in 1997 (age 45 to 83 years). Intake of fruits and vegetables (servings/day) was assessed by food frequency questionnaire and incident hip fractures were retrieved from the Swedish Patient Register (1998 to 2010). The mean follow-up time was 14.2 years. One-third of the participants reported an intake of fruits and vegetables of &gt;5 servings/day, one-third reported &gt;3 to ≤5 servings/day, 28% reported &gt;1 to ≤3 servings/day, and 6% reported ≤1 serving/day. During 1,037,645 person-years we observed 3644 hip fractures (2266 or 62% in women). The dose-response association was found to be strongly nonlinear (p &lt; 0.001). Men and women with zero consumption had 88% higher rate of hip fracture compared with those consuming 5 servings/day; adjusted hazard ratio (HR) was 1.88 (95% CI, 1.53 to 2.32). The rate was gradually lower with higher intakes; adjusted HR for 1 versus 5 servings/day was 1.35 (95% CI, 1.21 to 1.58). However, more than 5 servings/day did not confer additionally lower HRs (adjusted HR for 8 versus 5 servings/day was 0.96; 95% CI, 0.90 to 1.03). Similar results were observed when men and women were analyzed separately. We conclude that there is a dose-response association between fruit and vegetable intake and hip fracture such that an intake below the recommended five servings/day confers higher rates of hip fracture. Intakes above this recommendation do not seem to further lower the risk. © 2014 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Resveratrol Protects against Cigarette Smoke–Induced Oxidative Damage and Pulmonary Inflammation
Authors: Liu Hong , Ren JianZhuang , Chen Hongjie , Huang Yongjie , Li Haiyan , Zhang Zhao , Wang Jing 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACTThis study was carried out to investigate the effects of resveratrol on cigarette smoke (CS)–induced lung injury. Experimental mice were administrated with 1 mg/kg or 3 mg/ kg resveratrol orally, 1 h prior to CS exposure (five cigarettes a day for 3 consecutive days). Airway inflammation and gene expression changes were assessed. CS exposure increased the number of pulmonary inflammatory cells, coupled with elevated production of tumor necrosis factor α and interleukin‐6 in bronchoalveolar lavage fluids. Resveratrol treatment decreased CS‐induced lung inflammation. Resveratrol restored the activities of superoxide dismutase, GSH peroxidase, and catalase in CS‐treated mice. CS significantly enhanced the nuclear translocation of nuclear factor κB (NF‐κB) and NF‐κB DNA binding activity, which was impaired by resveratrol pretreatment. In addition, resveratrol promoted CS‐induced heme oxygenase‐1 (HO‐1) expression and activation. Our results collectively indicate that resveratrol attenuates CS‐induced lung oxidative injury, which involves decreased NF‐κB activity and the elevated HO‐1 expression and activity.
A Novel Role of Annexin A2 in Human Type I Collagen Gene Expression
Authors: Schäfer Georgia , Hitchcock Jessica K. , Shaw Tamlyn M. , Katz Arieh A. , Parker M. Iqbal 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACTThe fibrillar collagen scaffold of the extracellular matrix provides a structural framework for cells in tissues and regulates intercellular communication; its disregulation has been associated with tumour development and progression. Previous work has shown that expression of type I collagen, the most abundant mammalian extracellular matrix protein, is decreased in chemically or virally transformed cells. This negative regulation could be mapped to a proximal COL1A2 promoter element spanning a CME (Collagen Modulating Element) site in SV40‐transformed human fibroblasts (SV‐WI38) that binds an unknown repressing protein. By magnetic bead pull‐down, we observed a multi‐protein complex bound to the CME with preference for single‐stranded over conventional double‐stranded DNA. MALDI‐TOF mass spectrometry of the CME‐binding protein complex revealed involvement of nuclear annexin A2 (AnxA2) which was increased in SV40‐transformed cells. Further EMSA analysis demonstrated that AnxA2 did not directly bind to the DNA but stabilised the complex and led to an increase in protein binding to the CME in SV‐WI38 but not untransformed WI38 cells. Knockdown of AnxA2 by siRNA increased type I collagen production in both WI38 and SV‐WI38 cells; however, these effects were not mediated at the transcriptional level. Rather, our data indicate a novel functional role of AnxA2 in the negative post‐transcriptional regulation of type I collagen synthesis in human fibroblasts. In SV40‐transformed cells, AnxA2 is accumulated at the proximal COL1A2 promoter region, suggesting close association with the transcriptional machinery that possibly facilitates binding to the emerging mRNA, eventually contributing to overall repression of type I collagen protein synthesis. J. Cell. Biochem. 116: 408–417, 2015. © 2014 The Authors. Journal of Cellular Biochemistry published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A meta‐analysis comparing the efficacy of entecavir and tenofovir for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B infection
Authors: Zuo Shan‐Ru , Zuo Xiao‐Cong , Wang Chun‐Jiang , Ma Yu‐Tao , Zhang Hao‐Ye , Li Zuo‐Jun , Song Li‐Ying , Deng Zhen‐Zhen , Liu Shi‐Kun 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThe efficacy of entecavir and tenofovir in patients with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) is inconsistent. To address this issue, we conducted a meta‐analysis based on a current review of the literature addressing the efficacy and safety of entecavir and tenofovir. Electronic databases were searched through June 2014 for relevant clinical trials. We included 2 randomized controlled trials, 2 prospective cohort studies, and 7 case‐control studies that included 1,656 patients. In the entecavir group, 842 of 992 were nucleos(t)ide‐naïve chronic HBV patients, and in the tenofovir group 481 of 664 were nucleos(t)ide‐naïve. The virological response to tenofovir was superior to entecavir (RR: 0.82; 95%CI: 0.72–0.93), especially in nucleos(t)ide‐naïve chronic HBV patients at 48 weeks (RR: 0.78; 95%CI: 0.65–0.92). Additionally, there was no difference between entecavir and tenofovir for virological response at 24 weeks (RR: 0.87, 95%CI: 0.71–1.05). The alanine aminotransferase normalization rate, serological response, and adverse event rate were also not significantly different between entecavir and tenofovir at 24 or 48 weeks after treatment. These results suggest that tenofovir is a better choice to treat chronic HBV patients than entecavir as it is better able to suppress HBV viral load and has a similar safety profile.
Mechanism of mast cell adhesion to human tenocytes in vitro
Authors: Behzad Hayedeh , Tsai Shu‐Huei , Nassab Paulina , Mousavizadeh Rouhollah , McCormack Robert G. , Scott Alex 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACTMast cells and fibroblasts are two key players involved in many fibrotic and degenerative disorders. In the present study we examined the nature of binding interactions between human mast cells and tendon fibroblasts (tenocytes). In the mast cell‐fibroblast co‐culture model, mast cells were shown to spontaneously bind to tenocytes, in a process that was partially mediated by α5β1 integrin receptors. The same receptors on mast cells significantly mediated binding of these cells to tissue culture plates in the presence of tenocyte‐conditioned media; the tenocyte‐derived fibronectin in the media was shown to also play a major role in these binding activities. Upon binding to tenocytes or tissue culture plates, mast cells acquired an elongated phenotype, which was dependent on α5β1 integrin and tenocyte fibronectin. Additionally, tenocyte‐derived fibronectin significantly enhanced mRNA expression of the adhesion molecule, THY1, by mast cells. Our data suggests that α5β1 integrin mediates binding of mast cells to human tenocyte and to tenocyte‐derived ECM proteins, in particular fibronectin. © 2014 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 33:9–16, 2015.
Dithienobenzothiadiazole‐Based Conjugated Polymer: Processing Solvent‐Relied Interchain Aggregation and Device Performances in Field‐Effect Transistors and Polymer Solar Cells
Authors: Huang Jun , Zhu Yongxiang , Chen Junwu , Zhang Lianjie , Peng Junbiao , Cao Yong 
Published: October 2014

DTfBT‐Th3, a new conjugated polymer based on dithienobenzothiadiazole and terthiophene, possesses a bandgap of ≈1.86 eV and a HOMO level of −5.27 eV. Due to strong interchain aggregation, DTfBT‐Th3 can not be well dissolved in chloro­benzene (CB) and o‐dichlorobenzene (DCB) at room temperature (RT), but the polymer can be processed from hot CB and DCB solutions of ≈100 °C. In CB, with a lower solvation ability, a certain polymer chain aggregation can be preserved, even in hot solution. DTfBT‐Th3 displays a field‐effect hole mobility of 0.55 cm2 V−1 s−1 when fabricated from hot CB solution, which is higher than that of the device processed from hot DCB (0.16 cm2 V−1 s−1). In DTfBT‐Th3‐based polymer solar cells, a good power conversion efficiency from 5.37% to 6.67% can be achieved with 150−300 nm thick active layers casted from hot CB solution, while the highest efficiency for hot DCB‐processed solar cells is only 5.07%. The results demonstrate that using a solvent with a lower solvation ability, as a “wet control” process, is beneficial to preserve strong interchain aggregation of a conjugated polymer during solution processing, showing great potential to improve its performances in optoelectronic devices.
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Automated slice‐specific simultaneous z‐shim method for reducing B1 inhomogeneity and susceptibility‐induced signal loss with parallel transmission at 3T
Authors: Schneider Rainer , Boada Fernando , Haueisen Jens , Pfeuffer Josef 
Published: October 2014

PurposeThrough‐plane susceptibility‐induced signal loss in gradient recalled echo (GRE)‐based sequences can considerably impair both the clinical diagnosis and functional analysis of certain brain areas. In this work, a fully automated simultaneous z‐shim approach is proposed on the basis of parallel transmit (pTX) to reduce those signal dropouts at 3T.Theory and MethodsThe approach uses coil‐specific time‐delayed excitations to impose a z‐shim phase. It was extended toward B1 inhomogeneity mitigation and adequate slice‐specific signal‐dephasing cancellation on the basis of the prevailing B0 and B1 spatial information. Local signal recovery level and image quality preservation were analyzed using multi‐slice FLASH experiments in humans and compared to the standard excitation. Spatial blood‐oxygen‐level‐dependent (BOLD) activation coverage was further compared in breath‐hold functional MRI.ResultsThe pTX z‐shim approach recovered approximately 47% of brain areas affected by signal loss in standard excitation images across all subjects. At the same time, B1 shading effects could be substantially reduced. In these areas, BOLD activation coverage could be also increased by approximately 57%.ConclusionThe proposed fully automated pTX z‐shim method enables time‐efficient and robust signal recovery in GRE‐based sequences on a clinical scanner using two standard whole‐body transmit coils. Magn Reson Med 74:934–944, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
SOCIAL PENSION UNIFICATION IN AN URBANISING CHINA: PATHS AND CONSTRAINTS
Authors: Li Bingqin 
Published: October 2014

SUMMARYA fragmented and segmented social protection system can create barriers for labour migration and be socially divisive. A review of the literature on Europe's integration of its social insurance system demonstrates the preconditions for developing an integrated social insurance system. These include political determination, social agreement by the contributors, administrative capacity and financial management ability. In this article, the author explains that there has been an ongoing process of gradual unification of the social insurance system in China. However, this ongoing process has not been able to achieve a universal system for both the rural and urban populations. A recent push towards further unification has been problematic. Not only have difficulties arisen from an unwillingness to implement policies, as often discussed by critics; they are also embedded in a more profound fragmentation of ideas and interests, and in institutional constraints. The author argues that a new, non‐contributory basic pension, together with lowered transaction costs between contributory subsystems, may be a more realistic way forwards. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
What factors are predictive of benefit finding in women treated for non‐metastatic breast cancer? A prospective study
Authors: Wang Yuping , Zhu Xiongzhao , Yang Yanjie , Yi Jinyao , Tang Lili , He Jincai , Chen Gannong , Li Lingyan , Yang Yuling 
Published: October 2014

AbstractObjectivePatients with breast cancer are able to gain psychological benefits from cancer diagnosis and treatment, such as a greater purpose of life and closer relationships, termed as ‘benefit finding’ (BF). The objective of this study was to determine the effects of sociodemographic, pathological, and psychological variables on BF in women with non‐metastatic breast cancer.MethodsA total of 404 patients with breast cancer were recruited to complete a demographic survey, a Chinese version of the Benefit Finding Scale, the Optimism‐pessimism Scale, the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support, and the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire during the first week after the confirmation of the diagnosis (T1). All participants finished the Chinese version of the Benefit Finding Scale again 6 weeks after diagnosis (T2).ResultsAge and education of patients, perceived social support from family, acceptance, positive reappraisal, and the baseline level of BF exhibited a positive prediction on BF. Education, pessimism, and perceived social support from family had a positive prediction and perceived social support from friends and refocus on planning had a negative prediction on the family relationship of BF. Education, perceived social support from family and friends, and the baseline level of BF had a positive prediction on the acceptance of BF.ConclusionsPerceived social support and cognitive emotion regulation strategies employed in response to breast cancer are important contributing factors to BF in women with breast cancer. In order to improve the longer‐term adaptation of patients, benefit finding, either directly or via cognitive emotion regulation strategies, could be targeted for intervention. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.