bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Programmatic Factors Associated with Undergraduate Athletic Training Student Retention and Attrition Decisions
Authors: Bowman Thomas G. , Hertel Jay , Wathington Heather D. 
Published: June 2015

ContextAthletic training programs (ATPs) are charged with meeting an increased demand for athletic trainers with adequate graduates. Currently, the retention rate of athletic training students in ATPs nationwide and the programmatic factors associated with these retention rates remain unknown.ObjectiveDetermine the retention rate for athletic training students nationwide and the programmatic factors associated with retention.DesignCross-sectional online survey.SettingUndergraduate ATPs.Patients or Other ParticipantsProgram directors (PDs) of all Commission on Accreditation of Athletic Training Education–accredited undergraduate ATPs were surveyed. We obtained responses from 177 of the 343 PDs (51.6%).Intervention(s)The survey asked PDs for information about their institution, ATP, and themselves.Main Outcome Measure(s)Self-reported retention rate.ResultsThe participants reported an average retention rate of 81.0% ± 17.9%. We found a significant prediction equation (F4,167 = 16.39, R2 = 0.282, P &lt; .001), using the perceptions of student success factor (P &lt; .001, R2 = 0.162), the timing of formal admission (P &lt; .001, R2 = 0.124), the number of years the ATPs had been accredited (P = .001, R2 = 0.039), the number of students admitted to the ATP annually (P = .001, R2 = 0.037), and the number of years the PDs had held their position at their current institution (P = .03, R2 = 0.018).ConclusionsProgram directors should work to provide a stimulating atmosphere to motivate students. Delaying the formal admission of prospective students may allow athletic training students to make an informed decision to enter an ATP. A rich history of success and consistent leadership can provide an ATP environment that fosters retention. Program directors should carefully consider how many students to admit into the ATP annually, as individual attention may alter retention decisions of athletic training students.
Video Educational Intervention Improves Reporting of Concussion and Symptom Recognition
Authors: Hunt Tamerah N. 
Published: June 2015

Context
Concussion management is potentially complicated by the lack of reporting due to poor educational intervention in youth athletics.

Objective
Determine if a concussion-education video developed for high school athletes will increase the reporting of concussive injuries and symptom recognition in this group.

Design
Cross-sectional, between groups.

Setting
Athletes participating in South Carolina interscholastic athletics.

Patients or Other Participants
High school athletes (N = 68; males n = 42; females n = 26; mean age = 14.78 ± 1.38 years) participated in this study. The athletes were randomly assigned into 2 groups: concussion education (n = 34) and control (n = 34).

Main Outcome Measures
Participants were administered a survey before and after watching a video about concussion incidence, symptoms, and reporting conditions (intervention group) or a nutrition video (control group). Total symptom score and survey items served as dependent variables. Examination of group differences was performed through χ2 analyses and repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) calculations in SPSS 19.0 (SPSS Inc, Chicago, IL). Significance levels were set a priori at .05.

Results
Of all participants, 70.5% (48/68) reported not knowing the signs and symptoms of concussion before the study, and 26.5% (n = 18) reported having had at least 1 prior concussion. A statistically significant difference existed between those reporting having vs. not having knowledge of the signs and symptoms of concussion on total symptom score at baseline (t1,66 = 2.17, P = .038). Repeated-measures ANOVA calculated a statistically significant difference for concussion symptom recognition before and after the intervention (F1,66 = 7.47, P = .008)

Conclusions
A large percentage of high school athletes do not know the signs and symptoms of concussion. After an educational video, participants' symptom knowledge and previous concussions reported increased. Education of those involved in athletics using a standardized tool may increase reporting and aid in the assessment and management of concussion in this population.
Variability in Clinical Integration Achieved by Athletic Training Students Across Different Clinical Sport Assignments
Authors: Dodge Thomas M. , Mazerolle Stephanie M. , Bowman Thomas G. 
Published: June 2015

Context
Clinical integration impacts athletic training students' (ATSs) motivation and persistence. Research has yet to elucidate the manner in which different clinical placements can influence clinical integration.

Objective
To examine differences in the levels of clinical integration achieved by ATSs across various clinical sport assignments.

Design
Cross-sectional survey.

Setting
Thirteen undergraduate athletic training programs.

Patients or Other Participants
Questionnaires were administered to 169 ATSs previously engaged in clinical education experiences. One hundred twenty-nine participants completed the questionnaire, for a response rate of 76.33%. Participants completed an average of 4 ± 2 clinical rotations.

Intervention(s)
The 11-item clinical integration scale was administered either in-person or online methods. Responses were scored on a 6-point Likert scale (1 = strongly disagree to 6 = strongly agree).

Main Outcome Measure(s)
Mean clinical integration scores (potential minimum score of 11, maximum score of 66), were calculated for each clinical placement. One-way analysis of variance was used to identify differences in clinical integration achieved across clinical placements.

Results
We found differences in clinical integration achieved across various clinical assignments (F19,415 = 3.486, P &lt; .001). Students completing a rotation with college football achieved the lowest levels of clinical integration (46.9 ± 9.1). Other sports rated higher, ranging from 51.6 ± 10.1 (baseball) to 57.8 ± 4.5 (lacrosse), with all reporting less anxiety and time wasting than were associated with football. The high school rotation was also rated highly (54.7 ± 6.4), with higher levels of learning reported and fewer concerns about anxiety, excessive hours, and wasting time.

Conclusions
There were clear differences in clinical integration achieved between sites. In particular, ATSs completing clinical rotations with college football reported the lowest levels of clinical integration. These low levels of integration stemmed from feelings of wasting time, completing menial tasks, excessive hours, and anxiety associated with the educational experience.
Standardized Patient Encounters and Individual Case-Based Simulations Improve Students' Confidence and Promote Reflection: A Preliminary Study
Authors: Walker Stacy , Weidner Thomas , Armstrong Kirk J. 
Published: June 2015

Context
Simulations and standardized patient (SP) encounters are used to provide clinical experiences for students. In athletic training, no research has examined the perceived educational benefits of these interventions.

Objective
To explore athletic training students' perceptions regarding small group SP encounters and individual case-based simulations (CBSs).

Design
Grounded theory.

Setting
One midwestern university.

Patients or Other Participants
Nine athletic training students (3 males, 6 females; 20 ± 0.833 years old) who enrolled in a lower extremity orthopaedic evaluation course during their first or second semester in an athletic training program.

Main Outcome Measure(s)
Semistructured interviews were recorded, transcribed verbatim, and analyzed using open coding and axial and selective coding (ie, to develop themes/threads). To ensure trustworthiness, we used member checks and peer debriefing.

Results
For both the small group SP counter and individual CBS, 2 themes emerged: (1) reflection-on-specific action and (2) increased confidence. Participants reflected on both experiences when providing patient care. Participants felt that both encounters could improve their confidence with regard to future clinical evaluations. Specific to the small group SP encounters, peer-assisted learning emerged as a theme. Participants felt they learned from and with each other when performing the evaluation together. Specific to the individual CBS, organization of thoughts emerged as a theme. During the individual CBSs, participants felt they developed, controlled, and organized their thoughts during the evaluation.

Conclusions
Both teaching encounters can be integrated into the curriculum of an athletic training program. Each strategy provides students with a nonthreatening educational experience with no harm to patients. In addition, each encounter can correspond to content taught in the classroom or laboratory. The long-term benefits of small group SP encounters and CBSs are unclear, and more research is needed.
Role of Clinical Education Experiences on Athletic Training Students' Development of Professional Commitment
Authors: Mazerolle Stephanie M. , Dodge Thomas 
Published: June 2015

Context
Limited evidence exists on the role clinical education can play in the development of athletic training student commitment for the profession.

Objective
Investigating the role clinical education experiences play on the development of passion for athletic training.

Design
Exploratory qualitative study.

Setting
Athletic training education programs.

Patients or Other Participants
Seventeen students (8 males, 9 females) volunteered. Students represented both junior (13) and senior (4) levels, were engaged in 23 ± 5 hours per week of clinical education, and were 20 ± 2 years old.

Main Outcome Measure(s)
One-on-one, in-person interviews following a semistructured format. Multiple analyst triangulation and member checks were included as steps to establish data credibility.

Results
A positive clinical education experience as described by this cohort of students was inclusive of strong mentorship, realism, professional commitment of the preceptor, and clinical skill integration. In combination, these attributes appear to help students develop their professional commitment for athletic training. Preceptors who provided mentorship by modeling appropriate professional behaviors, providing a realistic perspective to their role, and showing enthusiasm allowed the students in this study to gain an accurate understanding of the profession. Opportunities to develop clinical skills with feedback for improvement demonstrated the preceptors' commitment to the profession and the student and was valued as contributing to the overall experience.

Conclusions
The development of the athletic training student's commitment to the profession is directly related to a positive clinical education experience facilitated by a preceptor who is also passionate about the job. Preceptors are encouraged to provide the athletic training student with a realistic impression of the clinical setting in which they are gaining experiences in order for them to fully understand their future role and responsibilities. Maintaining an optimistic but pragmatic attitude is also valued by the athletic training student.
A “new vista” in the assessment of antero-posterior jaw relationship
Authors: Mittal Divi , Venkatesh Shivanand , Shivamurthy Prashantha Govinakovi , Mathew Silju 
Published: June 2015

Aim
The purpose of this investigation was to (1) compare the credibility of four recently introduced cephalometric measurements in assessing the antero-posterior jaw relationship; (2) To assess the correlation between various measurements used for assessment of antero-posterior discrepancy, including Yen linear, Yen angle, W angle and Pi angle.

Materials and Methods
The sample size for the study consisted of 45 subjects with age group of 15-19 years (mean age 17 ± 2.1) and was subdivided into Skeletal Class I, II and III groups of 15 each based upon the ANB angle derived from the pre treatment lateral cephalogram. Landmarks were located and Yen angle, Yen linear, W angle and Pi angle were assessed for each group. All the lateral cephalograms were traced by a single examiner. Intra examiner reliability was assessed by Intraclass co-efficient correlation (ICC) test. Correlation coefficients were obtained for each of parameters to compare their relationship with other parameters in Class I group. Receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curves were run to examine sensitivity and specificity of all the angles.

Results
The results showed that ICC for all the groups were ≥0.90 showing good repeatability of the measurements. There was statistically significant correlation between Yen angle and ANB angle, Yen linear and Yen angle for Class I group, between W angle and Yen angle for Class II group, between Yen angle, Yen linear and ANB for Class III group. ROC curves showed that Pi angle had 100% sensitivity and specificity to discriminate a Class II and a Class III group from a Class I and a Class III group from a Class II. Yen linear and W angle showed very low specificity to differentiate a Class II from a Class I group.

Interpretation and Conclusion
The new parameters considered in the study were found to be equally reliable and are not affected much by local remodeling due to tooth movements or by occlusal or Frankfurt horizontal plane. These parameters measure the antero-posterior discrepancy more consistently and accurately, with Pi angle being the most accurate.
Changes in responsiveness to kit odours across pregnancy: relevance for the onset of maternal behaviour
Authors: Chirino Rosario , González-Mariscal Gabriela 
Published: June 2015

<p>Virgin does are indifferent to foster kits but lesions to the main or accessory olfactory systems allow them to behave “maternally” (i.e., they crouch over the litter and allow suckling). This suggests that kit-derived olfactory cues are aversive to virgins but not to lactating does. We hypothesised that the valence of such olfactory cues changes throughout gestation so that, at parturition, does are attracted to the newborn and can then show placentophagia, clean the kits and nurse them. To explore this hypothesis we exposed does to 2 nest boxes containing a variety of pup-derived vs. “neutral” odours, quantifying the number of sniffs and entrances to each box over 60 min. Virgins, confronted with 2 different types of contrasts, showed no significant differences in the number of sniffs or entrances directed at any of the 2 boxes. Pregnant rabbits sniffed the “kit-odour” box significantly more than the “neutral” one as early as gestation day 7, depending on the animals’ experience with the experimental setup and kit odours as virgins. The number of sniffs declined in late pregnancy in all groups. Entrances into the “kit-odour” box were few and significantly higher than those shown towards the “neutral” box only in 1 group. Our findings agree with a correlation between a shift in the valence of kit-derived olfactory cues and the hormonal changes known to occur throughout pregnancy. The relevance of this phenomenon for the onset of maternal responsiveness at parturition is discussed.</p>
Earnings Smoothing, Momentum and Statistical Arbitrage: Global Evidence
Authors: Booth G. Geoffrey , Gurun Ayfer 
Published: June 2015

<p class="ber"><span lang="EN-GB">We employ the notion of statistical arbitrage to investigate the relationship between earnings smoothing and returns from momentum trading of stocks and explore the role that the level of investor sophistication may play in the smoothing-return calculus. To do so, we exploit the observation that both earnings smoothing and momentum profits are related to the cross-sectional variation in returns. We analyze the relevant data of 25 developed and emerging economies. Our results confirm the proposition that momentum profits as indicated by statistical arbitrage measures are inversely related to earnings smoothing but only in those markets where investors are more sophisticated and are able to take advantage of liquidity traders, who are often uninformed. </span></p>
Hepatic Granulomas: A Review With Emphasis on Infectious Causes
Authors: Lamps Laura W. 
Published: June 2015

Context
Many diseases that cause granulomas or granulomatous inflammation involve the liver. Some of these disease processes are intrinsic hepatic diseases, whereas others are disseminated systemic diseases that involve the liver as well as other organs.

Objective
To review the evaluation of granulomas in the liver with an emphasis on infectious causes, as well as the use of special stains, serologic studies, and molecular diagnostic techniques. Pertinent noninfectious causes of hepatic granulomas that are in the differential diagnosis are also discussed.

Data Sources
Literature review and cases acquired during years of practice.

Conclusions
A wide variety of infectious and noninfectious entities cause hepatic granulomas.
Artificial Intelligence for Pathologists Is Not Near— It Is Here: Description of a Prototype That Can Transform How We Practice Pathology Tomorrow
Authors: Ye Jay J. 
Published: June 2015

Context
Pathologists' daily tasks consist of both the professional interpretation of slides and the secretarial tasks of translating these interpretations into final pathology reports, the latter of which is a time-consuming endeavor for most pathologists.

Objective
To describe an artificial intelligence that performs secretarial tasks, designated as Secretary-Mimicking Artificial Intelligence (SMILE).

Design
The underling implementation of SMILE is a collection of computer programs that work in concert to “listen to” the voice commands and to “watch for” the changes of windows caused by slide bar code scanning; SMILE responds to these inputs by acting upon PowerPath Client windows (Sunquest Information Systems, Tucson, Arizona) and its Microsoft Word (Microsoft, Redmond, Washington) Add-In window, eventuating in the reports being typed and finalized. Secretary-Mimicking Artificial Intelligence also communicates relevant information to the pathologist via the computer speakers and message box on the screen.

Results
Secretary-Mimicking Artificial Intelligence performs many secretarial tasks intelligently and semiautonomously, with rapidity and consistency, thus enabling pathologists to focus on slide interpretation, which results in a marked increase in productivity, decrease in errors, and reduction of stress in daily practice. Secretary-Mimicking Artificial Intelligence undergoes encounter-based learning continually, resulting in a continuous improvement in its knowledge-based intelligence.

Conclusions
Artificial intelligence for pathologists is both feasible and powerful. The future widespread use of artificial intelligence in our profession is certainly going to transform how we practice pathology.
An Efficient DNA Molecule Clustering using GCC Algorithm
Authors: Kholood Faisal , Alnowaiser Alsaby 
Published: June 2015

AbstractResearchers in the biotechnology field have accomplished many achievements in the past century. They can now measure expression levels for thousands of genes, testing different conditions over varying periods of time. The analysis of the measurement results is essential to understand gene patterns and extract information about their functions and their biological roles. This paper describes a novel approach for clustering large-scale next-generation sequences (NGS). It also facilitates the process of predicting patterns and the likelihood of mutations based on a semi-supervised clustering technique. The process is based on the previously developed construction of FuzzyFind Dictionary utilizing the Golay Code for error correction. The introduced method is exceptional; it has linear time complexity with one passage through the file.
Internal structure of a coronal mass ejection revealed by Akatsuki radio occultation observations
Authors: Ando H. , Shiota D. , Imamura T. , Tokumaru M. , Asai A. , Isobe H. , Päzold M. , Häusler B. , Nakamura M. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractA coronal mass ejection (CME) was observed at the heliocentric distance of 12.7 Rυ by radio occultation measurements using the Akatsuki spacecraft. The temporal developments of the bulk velocity and the electron column density along the raypath traversing the CME were obtained, and under the assumption that the irregularities are transported across the raypath, the internal structure of the CME covering the region from the core to the tail was retrieved. The suggested internal structure was compared with Large Angle Spectroscopic Coronagraph images, a numerical study and previous radio occultation observations of CMEs to propose a CME model; the bulk velocity and the electron density have relatively large values in the core, decrease behind the core, and increase again in the tail region where the fast plasma flow associated with the magnetic reconnection converges. This implies that the magnetic reconnection behind the CMEs might continue up to at least the heliocentric distance of ∼13 Rυ.
Explaining solar cycle effects on composition as it relates to the winter anomaly
Authors: Burns A. G. , Solomon S. C. , Wang W. , Qian L. , Zhang Y. , Paxton L. J. , Yue X. , Thayer J. P. , Liu H. L. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractThe solar cycle variation of F2 region winter anomaly is related to solar cycle changes in the latitudinal winter‐to‐summer difference of O/N2. Here we use the National Center for Atmospheric Research–Global Mean Model to develop a concept of why the latitudinal winter‐to‐summer difference of O/N2 varies with solar cycle. The main driver for these seasonal changes in composition is vertical advection, which is expressed most simply in pressure coordinates. Meridional winds do not change over the solar cycle, so the vertical winds should also not change. The other component of vertical advection is the vertical gradient of composition. Is there any reason that this should change? At solar maximum vertical temperature gradients between 100 and 200 km altitude are strong, whereas they are weak at solar minimum. To maintain the same pressure, the weak vertical temperature gradients at solar minimum must be balanced by weak density gradients and the strong temperature gradients at solar maximum must be balanced by strong density gradients to obtain the same pressure profile. Changes in the vertical density gradients are species dependent: heavy species change more and light species change less than the average density change. Hence, vertical winds act on stronger O/N2 gradients at solar maximum than they do at solar minimum, and a stronger winter‐to‐summer difference of O/N2 occurs at solar maximum compared with solar minimum.
The Presence of a Weapon Shrinks the Functional Field of View
Authors: Harada Yuki , Hakoda Yuji , Kuroki Daiichiro , Mitsudo Hiroyuki 
Published: June 2015

SummaryThis study examined whether the functional field of view shrinks by the presence of a weapon or the increase of emotional arousal. In Experiment 1, participants viewed two types of pictures depicting scenes involving weapons or control objects and were asked to identify digits presented at the periphery when the pictures disappeared. The results showed that the presence of a weapon impaired identification of the peripheral digits, even when the pictures were equal with respect to emotional arousal level. In Experiment 2, participants viewed emotionally arousing pictures or neutral pictures, neither of which included weapons, and they were asked to identify digits presented at the periphery when the pictures disappeared. The results revealed that the increased emotional arousal did not impair identification of the peripheral digits. These results indicate that the functional field of view shrinks because of the presence of a weapon but not because of increased emotional arousal.Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.