bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ethnically Diverse Transport Behaviours: An Australian Perspective
Authors: KLOCKER NATASCHA , TOOLE STEPHANIE , TINDALE ALEXANDER , KERR SOPHIE‐MAY 
Published: June 2015

AbstractRates of car ownership in Australia are among the highest in the world. Private cars have shaped the urban form of Australian cities and the daily routines of their residents, making it possible to fulfil geographically stretched responsibilities for work, family, and social lives. But the dominance of the private car in Australian lives and landscapes should not be confused with universality. Aggregate, population‐wide statistics of car ownership and use mask the fact that not all Australians are equally car dependent. In this paper, we report on the results of a household sustainability survey conducted in metropolitan Sydney and Wollongong. Overseas‐born persons, migrants, and (some) ethnic minority groups were found to own fewer cars – and to use them less – than their Anglo‐Australian and Australian‐born counterparts. These differences were not attributable to socio‐economic or demographic factors. Our findings, which point towards the existence of diverse cultures of transport within the Australian population, are significant for transport planning and policymaking. Given profound concerns about the environmental implications of car use, the environmentally (more) sustainable transport behaviours of ethnic minorities and migrants should be supported. A shift in research focus away from the most car‐dependent groups in Australian society may also be more widely instructive. The transport practices, experiences, and strategies of those who own and drive cars at below‐average rates may indeed contribute practical lessons to inform planning for more environmentally sustainable transport futures.
The interrelationship of proteasome impairment and oligomeric intermediates in neurodegeneration
Authors: Deger Jennifer M. , Gerson Julia E. , Kayed Rakez 
Published: June 2015

SummaryVarious neurodegenerative diseases are characterized by the accumulation of amyloidogenic proteins such as tau, α‐synuclein, and amyloid‐β. Prior to the formation of these stable aggregates, intermediate species of the respective proteins—oligomers—appear. Recently acquired data have shown that oligomers may be the most toxic and pathologically significant to neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. The covalent modification of these oligomers may be critically important for biological processes in disease. Ubiquitin and small ubiquitin‐like modifiers are the commonly used tags for degradation. While the modification of large amyloid aggregates by ubiquitination is well established, very little is known about the role ubiquitin may play in oligomer processing and the importance of the more recently discovered sumoylation. Many proteins involved in neurodegeneration have been found to be sumoylated, notably tau protein in brains afflicted with Alzheimer's. This evidence suggests that while the cell may not have difficulty recognizing dangerous proteins, in brains afflicted with neurodegenerative disease, the proteasome may be unable to properly digest the tagged proteins. This would allow toxic aggregates to develop, leading to even more proteasome impairment in a snowball effect that could explain the exponential progression in most neurodegenerative diseases. A better understanding of the covalent modifications of oligomers could have a huge impact on the development of therapeutics for neurodegenerative diseases. This review will focus on the proteolysis of tau and other amyloidogenic proteins induced by covalent modification, and recent findings suggesting a relationship between tau oligomers and sumoylation.
The effect of pregnancy‐induced hypertensive disorders on placental growth along short and long axes and neonatal outcomes
Authors: Phad Neelkanth , Dahlstrom Jane E. , Ellwood David , Kent Alison L. 
Published: June 2015

AimTo assess the effect of pregnancy‐induced hypertensive disorders on the growth of the placenta on the short and long axes and neonatal outcomes.Materials and MethodsA retrospective cohort study of gross and histological characteristics of placentas and the fetal outcomes of normotensive and hypertensive pregnancies over a three‐year period from January 2009 to December 2011 at a tertiary teaching hospital in ACT, Australia.ResultsPlacentas and neonatal outcomes from 100 pregnancies complicated with pregnancy‐induced hypertension/pre‐eclampsia were studied and compared with 51 gestational age‐matched placentas and neonatal outcomes from normotensive pregnancies. The median maternal age and smoking history were similar in the two groups (P = 0.894; P = 1.00, respectively). The median pre‐pregnancy weight was significantly higher (P < 0.001) and primiparity more common (P = 0.001) in the study group. The median weight of the placenta was significantly lower (P < 0.001) and below the 10th centile (P < 0.001) in the study group. Both the long and short axes of the placental disc were significantly smaller in the study group (P = 0.002; P ≤ 0.001 respectively). Accelerated villous maturation, placental infarcts and decidual vessel vasculopathy were more common in the study group (P < 0.001). The median birthweight and the number of infants with birthweight and length below the 10th centile were significantly higher in the study group (P = 0.008; P < 0.001; P = 0.004, respectively).ConclusionThis study demonstrates that pregnancy‐induced hypertension significantly influences the growth and development of both the placenta and fetus.
Hand infection patients presenting to an orthopaedic unit: An audit of incidence and demographics at a rural hospital
Authors: Turow Arthur , Palapitige Bandulasena , Kim Susan W. , Jaarsma Ruurd L. , Bramwell Donald , Krishnan Jeganath 
Published: June 2015

AbstractObjectiveHand infections are a common presentation to health services in the Northern Territory; however, little is known about these patients. This study aims to identify incidence, treatment and co‐morbidities of hand infection patients and to pinpoint factors associated with poor outcome.DesignA retrospective study of all patients presenting to Alice Springs Hospital with a hand infection during 2012.SettingOrthopaedic Unit at Alice Springs Hospital.ParticipantsAll patients admitted with a hand infection were included.Main outcome measuresAdmission duration, duration waited before first presentation, re‐admission rate, duration of re‐admission and rate of methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus.ResultsOne hundred fourteen cases of hand infections were admitted to Alice Springs Hospital during 2012, of which 87 (76%) were in Indigenous patients. Indigenous patients (P = 0.001) and older patients (P = 0.038) had significantly longer admissions. Indigenous patients were 9.52 times (P = 0.038) more likely to be re‐admitted than non‐Indigenous patients. The rate of methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus was 24.6%, and this was associated with smoking (P = 0.049) and substance abuse (P = 0.036). Formal follow‐up was not related to indirect measures of hand infection severity, such as admission duration or re‐admissions.ConclusionHand infections are a common presentation to Alice Springs Hospital. Indigenous people are admitted 2.38 times longer after adjusting for age and alcohol abuse. They have a more than ninefold chance of being re‐admitted to hospital than non‐Indigenous people following a hand infection.
Not sending the message: A low prevalence of strength‐based exercise participation in rural and regional Central Queensland
Authors: Dalbo Vincent J. , Czerepusko James B. , Tucker Patrick S. , Kingsley Michael I. , Moon Jordan R. , Young Kaelin , Scanlan Aaron T. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractObjectiveThe primary aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of current strength‐based exercise in rural and regional populations of Central Queensland. The secondary aim was to examine the proportion of residents from various demographic groups who currently partake in strength‐based exercise to allow for targeted strength training campaigns.DesignA cross‐sectional, survey‐based experimental design was followed.SettingRural and regional Australia.ParticipantsRural and regional community‐dwelling individuals living in Central Queensland and aged 18 years and older.InterventionSurvey data was collected in October and November 2010 as part of the Central Queensland University Social Survey.Main outcome measuresStrength‐based exercise participation, gender, age, income, years of education, self‐reported physical activity and perception of health.ResultsParticipation in strength‐based exercise was 13.2%. Women were less likely to partake in strength‐based exercise than male, and ≥55 year old adults were less likely to partake in strength‐based exercise than 18–34 year old adults. Participation in strength‐based exercise was found to increase with years of education, self‐reported physical activity and self‐rated health.ConclusionThe prevalence of adults in rural and regional Central Queensland engaging in strength‐based exercise is low. Exercise physiologists, clinicians and government officials must work together to ensure that this form of exercise is acknowledged as a vital component of health in rural and regional areas.
High risk HPV testing in the triage of repeat ASC‐US and LSIL
Authors: Veijalainen Olga , Tuomisaari Sanna , Luukkaala Tiina , Mäenpää Johanna 
Published: June 2015

AbstractIntroductionThe purpose of this study was to evaluate the real‐life performance of high‐risk (HR) HPV testing in the triage of repeat atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASC‐US) and low‐grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (LSIL).Material and methodsIn 2004–2012, 127 women with repeat ASC‐US and 118 women with LSIL were triaged with HPV testing using either a Hybrid Capture 2® or Abbott RealTime® HR‐HPV test. The patient charts were retrospectively reviewed for performance of the tests.ResultsIn the repeat ASC‐US group, 40.9% of the women were positive for HR‐HPV. The prevalence of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2 or worse (CIN2+) was 8.7%. The sensitivity of the HR‐HPV testing for detection of CIN2+ was 90.9% (95% Cl 58.7–98.5%), with a specificity of 63.8% (95%CI 54.4–72.5%). In women ≥30 years old, the specificity was 70.4%, whereas in younger women it was only 27.8%. The negative predictive value to predict CIN3 was 100% (95% CI 95.2–100.0%). Of the women with LSIL, 68.6% were positive for HR‐HPV and the prevalence of CIN2+ was 14.4%. The sensitivity of HR‐HPV testing for detection of CIN2+ was 94.1% (95% CI 71.2–99.0%), and the specificity 35.6% (95% CI 26.4–45.8%), respectively. The negative predictive value to predict CIN3 was 100% (95% CI 90.4–100.0%).ConclusionHR‐HPV testing seems to be beneficial in the triage of repeat ASC‐US in women ≥30 years old, but a high prevalence of HR‐HPV infection combined with poor specificity limit the use of HPV testing in the case of LSIL.
Systematic Review of Phosphodiesterase‐5 Inhibitor Use in Right Ventricular Failure Following Left Ventricular Assist Device Implantation
Authors: Baker William L. , Radojevic Joseph , Gluck Jason A. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractOur aim was to identify relevant literature supporting the use of phosphodiesterase‐5 (PDE5) inhibitors in patients with persistent pulmonary hypertension with signs of postprocedural right ventricular (RV) dysfunction following left ventricular assist device (LVAD) implantation. We searched MEDLINE, SCOPUS, and Web of Science from inception through November 27, 2014 for citations evaluating patients with end‐stage heart failure necessitating LVAD, continuous and pulsatile, who received a PDE5 inhibitor to prevent RV failure. Outcomes of interest included changes in mean pulmonary artery pressure, pulmonary vascular resistance, central venous pressure, cardiac index, and mean arterial pressure. Results are presented qualitatively. Four citations (n = 83 patients) were included. These included a single case report, two retrospective case series, and a prospective open‐label study with a historical control. All four studies utilized the PDE5 inhibitor sildenafil with various doses for up to 3 months. Sildenafil routinely reduced mean pulmonary artery pressures as soon as 90 min after administration. Reductions in pulmonary vascular resistance were also seen shortly after the procedure and maintained through 12–15 weeks. While one study saw improvements in postoperative central venous pressures, another did not. Evidence supporting PDE5 inhibitor use to attenuate RV failure in patients requiring an LVAD is weak.
Group living in squamate reptiles: a review of evidence for stable aggregations
Authors: Gardner Michael G. , Pearson Sarah K. , Johnston Gregory R. , Schwarz Michael P. 
Published: June 2015

ABSTRACTHow sociality evolves and is maintained remains a key question in evolutionary biology. Most studies to date have focused on insects, birds, and mammals but data from a wider range of taxonomic groups are essential to identify general patterns and processes. The extent of social behaviour among squamate reptiles is under‐appreciated, yet they are a promising group for further studies. Living in aggregations is posited as an important step in the evolution of more complex sociality. We review data on aggregations among squamates and find evidence for some form of aggregations in 94 species across 22 families. Of these, 18 species across 7 families exhibited ‘stable’ aggregations that entail overlapping home ranges and stable membership in long‐term (years) or seasonal aggregations. Phylogenetic analysis suggests that stable aggregations have evolved multiple times in squamates. We: (i) identify significant gaps in our understanding; (ii) outline key traits which should be the focus of future research; and (iii) outline the potential for utilising reproductive skew theory to provide insights into squamate sociality.
Feature Statistics Modulate the Activation of Meaning During Spoken Word Processing
Authors: Devereux Barry J. , Taylor Kirsten I. , Randall Billi , Geertzen Jeroen , Tyler Lorraine K. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractUnderstanding spoken words involves a rapid mapping from speech to conceptual representations. One distributed feature‐based conceptual account assumes that the statistical characteristics of concepts’ features—the number of concepts they occur in (distinctiveness/sharedness) and likelihood of co‐occurrence (correlational strength)—determine conceptual activation. To test these claims, we investigated the role of distinctiveness/sharedness and correlational strength in speech‐to‐meaning mapping, using a lexical decision task and computational simulations. Responses were faster for concepts with higher sharedness, suggesting that shared features are facilitatory in tasks like lexical decision that require access to them. Correlational strength facilitated responses for slower participants, suggesting a time‐sensitive co‐occurrence‐driven settling mechanism. The computational simulation showed similar effects, with early effects of shared features and later effects of correlational strength. These results support a general‐to‐specific account of conceptual processing, whereby early activation of shared features is followed by the gradual emergence of a specific target representation.
Ultrasound measurements of carotid intima–media thickness by two semi‐automated analysis systems
Authors: Ring M. , Eriksson M. J. , Jogestrand T. , Caidahl K. 
Published: June 2015

SummaryIncreased carotid intima–media thickness (cIMT) is associated with an increased risk of cardiac events and stroke. Several semi‐automated edge‐detection techniques for measuring cIMT are used for research and in clinical practice. Our aim was to compare two currently available semi‐automated techniques for the measurement of cIMT. Carotid ultrasound recordings were obtained from 99 subjects (mean age 54·4 ± 8·9 years, range 33–69) without known cardiovascular diseases using a General Electric (GE) Vivid 7 ultrasound scanner, 8‐MHz transducer. The far‐wall cIMT was evaluated 1–2 cm proximal to the carotid bulb. Three diastolic images (ECG R‐wave) from the left and three images from the right common carotid arteries were analysed using GE and Artery Measurement System (AMS) semi‐automated softwares. Mean systolic and diastolic blood pressures were 120 ± 13 and 76 ± 8 mmHg, respectively. The cIMTmean (left + right)/2 by GE and cIMTmean (left + right)/2 AMS were highly correlated (r = 0·92, P<0·001). Higher values were measured by GE (0·72 ± 0·12 mm) compared with AMS (0·69 ± 0·12 mm), and this was significant (P<0·001). The coefficients of variation for the intra‐observer variability of cIMTmean (left + right)/2 were 1·0% (GE) and 2·2% (AMS). cIMTmean measured by GE's semi‐automated edge‐detection method correlated well with that measured by AMS. However, there were small but significant systematic differences between the cIMTmean values measured by the two techniques. Thus, the use of only one type of measurement program seems favourable in follow‐up studies and when evaluating treatment effects.
Hemodynamic responses and energy expenditure during blood flow restriction exercise in obese population
Authors: Karabulut Murat , Garcia Sonio D. 
Published: June 2015

SummaryPurposeThe study investigated the acute effects of different initial restrictive pressures (IRP; tightness of cuffs before inflation with air) on heart rate (HR), systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP), rating of perceived exertion (RPE), respiratory exchange ratio (RER) and energy expenditure (EE) during constant‐load upright cycling.MethodsIn a within subject study design, 34 obese men (age = 24·3, n = 18) and women (age = 23·1, n = 16) completed three cycling sessions (two blood flow restriction and one control sessions). The cycling exercise was performed with an external load of 1kp at 50 rpm for 20 min with 1‐min rest after the 10th‐min. The blood flow restriction (BFR) cuffs were placed on the thigh of both legs during BFR sessions and IRP and IRP of ~40 or ~60 mmHg were applied in random order.ResultsThere were significant condition × time interactions for HR, SBP, RPE and RER and time × gender interactions for HR and SBP. There were also significant condition and time main effects for HR, SBP, RPE and RER (P<0·01) and a significant condition effect for EE (P<0·05).ConclusionThe intensity of exercise with BFR was higher and affected by IRP, but the subjects perceived the effort as ‘light’. Low‐intensity cycling with BFR shows potential to reduce the time requirement per session to elicit greater EE while placing greater demands on the circulatory system.
Long‐term outcomes of transplant recipients referred for angiography for suspected transplant renal artery stenosis
Authors: Ali Anum , Mishler Dennis , Taber Tim , Agarwal David , Yaqub Muhammad , Mujtaba Muhammad , Goggins William , Sharfuddin Asif 
Published: June 2015

AbstractOur aim was to study the long‐term outcomes of all transplant recipients who underwent angiography for suspected TRAS at our institution. The patients were divided into TRAS+ve and TRAS−ve groups based upon angiographically confirmed results. TRAS was confirmed in 58.1% of 74 patients with median time of 8.9 months. Primary angioplasty alone was performed in 56% of patients with TRAS, while the remaining had PTA with stent (PTAS). There was reduction in systolic and diastolic BP (165 ± 19–136 ± 15 mmHg and 82 ± 14 mmHg to 68 ± 12 mmHg; p < 0.05) and number of antihypertensive drugs (3.5 ± 0.9–2.7 ± 1.0; p < 0.05). Overall, graft survival and patient survival from time of transplant were similar in both groups. Graft function was similar for the patients with treated TRAS+ve as compared to TRAS−ve over time. Graft survival and patient survival when compared to an age‐ and year of transplant‐matched cohort control group were also similar. In conclusion, angiography for suspected TRAS is more likely to yield a confirmatory result early in the transplant course as compared to late. Treatment of TRAS in these patients had sustained long‐term graft function. Alternative etiologies of HTN and graft dysfunction should be sought for recipients further out from transplant.
Standardization of Research‐Quality Anthropometric Measurement of Infants and Implementation in a Multicenter Study
Authors: Coburn‐Miller Christine , Casey Susan , Luong Quynh , Cameron Natalia , Hocevar‐Trnka Jasna , Leung Daniel H. , Gelfond Daniel , Heubi James E. , Ramsey Bonnie , Borowitz Drucy 
Published: June 2015

AbstractMalnutrition is one of the earliest clinical manifestations of cystic fibrosis (CF) and is associated with poorer pulmonary and cognitive outcomes and survival later in life. Infant growth can be a responsive measure for clinical research in this age group if obtained and characterized accurately. We report here the methods to standardize and implement research‐quality anthropometric measurement of infants with cystic fibrosis in the Baby Observational Nutrition Study multicenter trial.
Alanine aminotransferase and mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes (ZODIAC‐38)
Authors: Deetman Petronella E. , Alkhalaf Alaa , Landman Gijs W.D. , Groenier Klaas H. , Kootstra‐Ros Jenny E. , Navis Gerjan , Bilo Henk J.G. , Kleefstra Nanne , Bakker Stephan J.L. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractIntroductionCombined data suggest a bimodal association of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) with mortality in the general population. Little is known about the association of ALT with mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes. We therefore investigated the association of ALT with all‐cause, cardiovascular and noncardiovascular mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes.DesignA prospective study was performed in patients with type 2 diabetes, treated in primary care, participating in the Zwolle Outpatient Diabetes project Integrating Available Care (ZODIAC) study. Cox regression analyses were performed to determine the associations of log2‐transformed baseline ALT with all‐cause, cardiovascular and noncardiovascular mortality.ResultsIn 1187 patients with type 2 diabetes (67 ± 12 years, 45% female), ALT levels were 11 (8–16) U/L. During median follow‐up for 11·1 (6·1–14·0) years, 553 (47%) patients died, with 238 (20%) attributable to cardiovascular causes. Overall, ALT was inversely associated with all‐cause mortality (hazard ratio [HR] 0·81; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0·72–0·92), independently of potential confounders. This was less attributable to cardiovascular mortality (HR 0·87; 95% CI 0·72–1·05), than to noncardiovascular mortality (HR 0·77; 95% CI 0·65–0·90). Despite the overall inverse association of ALT with mortality, it appeared that a bimodal association with all‐cause mortality was present with increasing risk for levels of ALT above normal (P = 0·003).DiscussionIn patients with type 2 diabetes, low levels of ALT are associated with an increased risk of all‐cause mortality, in particular noncardiovascular mortality, compared to normal levels of ALT, while risk again starts to increase when levels are above normal.