bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Porosity
Authors: Calvo José Ignacio , Bottino Aldo , Prádanos Pedro , Palacio Laura , Hernández Antonio 
Published: September 2013

AbstractThis article details the most important techniques used to characterize membrane porosity and pore size distribution. A variety of methods that provide direct and indirect information about the pores' structure, distribution, and morphology are overviewed, including microscopy‐based techniques, solute retention test and modeling, dusty gas model, picnometry, permporometry, thermoporometry, gas adsorption‐desorption, and displacement porosimetry.
Microfiltration
Authors: Chellam Shankararaman 
Published: September 2013

AbstractMicrofiltration (MF) and ultrafiltration are popular in drinking water and wastewater treatment because integral membranes are absolute barriers for difficult‐to‐inactivate pathogenic protozoa, and the turbidity of membrane‐filtered water is well below current and anticipated regulations. The focus of this section is to provide a broad overview of MF from an environmental engineering viewpoint, including its capabilities and limitations, as it pertains to water and wastewater treatment, configuration and field testing of commercially available systems before full‐scale implementation, and mechanisms and control of fouling. Other industrial applications of microfiltration are also briefly discussed. Constant pressure and constant flux blocking laws to predict fouling mechanisms during dead‐end MF are briefly summarized. The use of chemical coagulation and electrochemical pretreatment to improve MF performance in terms of both fouling and filtered water quality (with respect to natural organic matter, disinfection by‐product precursors, and viruses) is also discussed.
Ultrafiltration
Authors: Kilduff James E. 
Published: September 2013

AbstractUltrafiltration processes are widely used in water treatment and are critical in many industries including dairy processing, fruit juice clarification, electrodeposition of paint, and production, purification, and formulation of biotechnology products. This article discusses the features of ultrafiltration processes that make them attractive for such applications and discusses the considerations involved in selecting membranes and choosing process configurations. The physical and chemical phenomena that govern the performance of ultrafiltration processes (including flux and separation efficiency) are reviewed, providing a foundation for effective and efficient process design. Fouling and membrane cleaning are discussed to provide a basis for assuring the long‐term sustainability of ultrafiltration processes.
Hybrid Processes Combining Sorption and Membrane Filtration
Authors: Kabay Nalan , Bryjak Marek 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
Different separations have been used for various environmental applications in industry. Selective separations for the target species and fast kinetics are among the most important criteria to select the most suitable separation process. A hybrid process combines elements of two or more traditional separation processes into one. The main benefits of hybrid processes are lower energy consumption than conventional systems, lower recycle stream, higher yields, and higher sustainability. The main goal of this article is to classify the membrane‐based hybrid processes described in the literature. The attempt to introduce such hybrid processes, especially sorption‐membrane filtration hybrid method, as an alternative means for environmental cleanup is the second goal. These processes were elucidated by modeling and construction of such systems through some case studies.
Reverse Osmosis
Authors: Song Lianfa , Liu Cui , Liang Shuang 
Published: September 2013

AbstractRecent theoretical progresses in the reverse osmosis (RO) desalination process were reviewed. The long RO channel as commonly used in desalination applications was modeled as a heterogeneous system in which the permeate velocity, crossflow velocity, and salt concentration are all variables along the membrane channel. Concentration polarization and energy consumptions in such a heterogeneous RO channel were rigorously quantified and analyzed. Examples were provided for the demonstrations or illustrations of the theoretical developments.
Pressure‐Retarded Osmosis
Authors: Childress Amy E. , Achilli Andrea 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
There is a natural tendency for salt solutions to be diluted by freshwater. This natural force appears as osmotic pressure. One process of capturing the energy released from the mixing of freshwater with saltwater is pressure‐retarded osmosis (PRO). In PRO, water from a low salinity solution permeates through a membrane into a pressurized, high salinity solution; effectively transforming water chemical potential into hydraulic head (i.e., potential energy). The combination of increased interest in renewable and sustainable sources of power production and the recent progress in membrane science has led to a spike in PRO interest in the past decade. This interest culminated in the first experimental “river‐to‐sea” PRO installation, which opened in Norway in 2009. Additional applications of PRO, including reverse osmosis (RO)–PRO systems and osmotic heat engines have since gained attention. Although river‐to‐sea PRO has the potential to be a reliable source of base‐load power, the higher salinity gradient available for power production in RO–PRO systems is likely to make them a more promising component of an alternative energy portfolio. While RO–PRO systems are in the early stages of development, the possibility of PRO to enable significant energy reductions in RO energy costs are driving interest in these systems. For all applications, development of optimized and inexpensive PRO membranes is necessary.
This article will provide the theoretical foundation of the PRO process as well as the state of the art of the membranes used in this process. It will also outline the development of the river‐to‐sea PRO, RO–PRO, and osmotic heat engine systems and discuss their capabilities, limitations, and future as alternative energy sources.
Reverse Electrodialysis
Authors: Burheim Odne S. , Pharoah Jon G. , Vermaas David , Sales Bruno B. , Nijmeijer Kitty , Hamelers Hubertus V. M. 
Published: September 2013

AbstractReverse Electrodialysis (RED) is an electrochemical membrane process that utilizes the free energy of mixing two solutions of different composition. The most commonly envisioned application is the mixing of seawater and river water at river deltas around the world. RED for mixing seawater and river water thus constitutes a renewable source for electric power production close to many urban regions. The worldwide potential is estimated to hold an average output in the order of as much as 2 TW.In this article, we have summarized the most important developments for RED since it was first discovered in 1954. RED represents a highly interdisciplinary research field and does not include membrane development alone. Challenges related to fluid mechanics, electrochemistry of electrodes, and traditional chemical engineering also constitute substantial parts of the research area for RED development. All these topics are discussed in this article.
A Prospective Evaluation of Missed Injuries in Trauma Patients, Before and After Formalising the Trauma Tertiary Survey
Authors: Keijzers Gerben B. , Campbell Don , Hooper Jeffrey , Bost Nerolie , Crilly Julia , Steele Michael Craig , Del Mar Chris , Geeraedts Leo M. G. 
Published: September 2013

AbstractObjectiveThis study prospectively evaluated in‐hospital and postdischarge missed injury rates in admitted trauma patients, before and after the formalisation of a trauma tertiary survey (TTS) procedure.MethodsProspective before‐and‐after cohort study. TTS were formalised in a single regional level II trauma hospital in November 2009. All multitrauma patients admitted between March–October 2009 (preformalisation of TTS) and December 2009–September 2010 (post‐) were assessed for missed injury, classified into three types: Type I, in‐hospital, (injury missed at initial assessment, detected within 24 h); Type II, in‐hospital (detected in hospital after 24 h, missed at initial assessment and by TTS); Type III, postdischarge (detected after hospital discharge). Secondary outcome measures included TTS performance rates and functional outcomes at 1 and 6 months.ResultsA total of 487 trauma patients were included (pre‐: n = 235; post‐: n = 252). In‐hospital missed injury rate (Types I and II combined) was similar for both groups (3.8 vs. 4.8 %, P = 0.61), as were postdischarge missed injury rates (Type III) at 1 month (13.7 vs. 11.5 %, P = 0.43), and 6 months (3.8 vs. 3.3 %, P = 0.84) after discharge. TTS performance was substantially higher in the post‐group (27 vs. 42 %, P < 0.001). Functional outcomes for both cohorts were similar at 1 and 6 months follow‐up.ConclusionsThis is the first study to evaluate missed injury rates after hospital discharge and demonstrated cumulative missed injury rates >15 %. Some of these injuries were clinically relevant. Although TTS performance was significantly improved by formalising the process (from 27 to 42 %), this did not decrease missed injury rates.
Isolation and bioinformatic analysis of a novel transposable element, ISCbe4, from the hyperthermophilic bacterium, Caldicellulosiruptor bescii
Authors: Cha Minseok , Wang Hao , Chung Daehwan , Bennetzen Jeffrey L , Westpheling Janet 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
Caldicellulosiruptor bescii is an anaerobic thermophilic bacterium of special interest for use in the consolidated bioprocessing of plant biomass to biofuels. In the course of experiments to engineer pyruvate metabolism in C. bescii, we isolated a mutant of C. bescii that contained an insertion in the l-lactate dehydrogenase gene (ldh). PCR amplification and sequencing of the ldh gene from this mutant revealed a 1,609-bp insertion that contained a single open reading frame of 479 amino acids (1,440 bp) annotated as a hypothetical protein with unknown function. The ORF is flanked by an 8-base direct repeat sequence. Bioinformatic analysis indicated that this ORF is part of a novel transposable element, ISCbe4, which is only intact in the genus Caldicellulosiruptor, but has ancient relatives that are present in degraded (and previously unrecognized) forms across many bacterial and archaeal clades.
Responses of small vertebrates to linear clearings in a South Australian woodland
Authors: Carthew Susan M. , Jones Katherine M. W. , Lawes Michael 
Published: September 2013

AbstractThis work assesses whether the width and “permanence” of linear clearings affects the distribution and movement patterns of small, terrestrial vertebrates in a native South Australian woodland. We examined the influence of narrow (1.5 and 4.2 m), non‐permanent seismic exploration tracks; and wide (6–7 and 12–15 m), permanent fire tracks. There were 1,007 captures of 14 species (four amphibians, six reptiles, four mammals) from 18,000 trap days/nights across 15 sites. Total species richness was highest adjacent to 6–7 m wide permanent tracks (8.3) and lowest in areas without clearings (5.3). There was heterogeneity of captures between track types (p < 0.008), species (p < 0.001), and species by track type (p < 0.001). Antechinus flavipes was most abundant adjacent to both types of permanent tracks, probably as a result of increased habitat complexity at these sites. Twenty‐four percent of movements by recaptured A. flavipes involved track crossings. Animals crossed all track types; nevertheless, individuals were more likely to be recaptured on the same side of a track. Individuals were less likely to cross permanent tracks (p = 0.025 for 6–7 m and p = 0.008 for 12 to 15‐m‐wide tracks), with females being particularly inhibited. Although 11 % of 56 recaptured Rattus spp. had crossed a track, no individuals crossed the 12 to 15‐m permanent tracks. In the habitat type studied here, narrow seismic lines may have a slightly positive effect on some ground‐dwelling vertebrates, and do not appear to substantially inhibit movement. However, there is a need to carefully manage permanent tracks, which could isolate faunal populations.
Late Tourniquet Release and Drain Clamping Reduces Postoperative Blood Loss in Total Knee Arthroplasty
Authors: Yildiz Cemil , Koca Kenan , Kocak Necmettin , Tunay Servet , Basbozkurt Mustafa 
Published: September 2013

Background Many studies have investigated the effect of tourniquet release time and closed suction drainage in total knee arthroplasty (TKA). However, controversy remains as to the advisability of preclosure tourniquet release and the advisability of closed suction drain use following total knee arthroplasty. Questions/Purposes The aim of the study was to investigate if there is a benefit of performing tourniquet release after skin closure, along with drain clamping, for the first 6h following TKA. Methods Ninety-six patients underwent TKA between May 2009 and April 2010. Fourteen of these were excluded because of systemic diseases and simultaneous bilateral TKA. Twenty-nine of these were excluded due to use of a patellar component and posterior cruciate ligament (PCL)-sacrificing systems. Thus, 53 patients that underwent PCL-retaining cemented TKA were reviewed retrospectively. In the control group (group C), the tourniquet was released before skin closure, an attempt at hemostasis was made, and a compressive bandage was applied. The drain was not clamped in these patients. The test group of 23 patients (group T) had tourniquet release after skin closure and after the compressive bandage was applied. The drain was clamped for the first 6h after surgery. The two groups were compared as to the amount of drained blood, postoperative change in hemoglobin, postoperative complications, and knee function. Results We found that drained blood and hemoglobin drop were significantly lower in group T compared with group C. There was no difference regarding postoperative complications and knee function. Conclusion We conclude that tourniquet release after skin closure and compressive dressing followed by 6h of drain clamping reduces postoperative blood loss in TKR surgery.
Dietary Linoleic Acid Elevates the Endocannabinoids 2‐AG and Anandamide and Promotes Weight Gain in Mice Fed a Low Fat Diet
Authors: Alvheim Anita Røyneberg , Torstensen Bente E. , Lin Yu Hong , Lillefosse Haldis Haukås , Lock Erik‐Jan , Madsen Lise , Frøyland Livar , Hibbeln Joseph R. , Malde Marian Kjellevold 
Published: September 2013

AbstractDietary intake of linoleic acid (LNA, 18:2n‐6) has increased dramatically during the 20th century and is associated with greater prevalence of obesity. The endocannabinoid system is involved in regulation of energy balance and a sustained hyperactivity of the endocannabinoid system may contribute to obesity. Arachidonic acid (ARA, 20:4n‐6) is the precursor for 2‐AG and anandamide (AEA), and we sought to determine if low fat diets (LFD) could be made obesogenic by increasing the endocannabinoid precursor pool of ARA, causing excessive endocannabinoid signaling leading to weight gain and a metabolic profile associated with obesity. Mice (C57BL/6j, 6 weeks of age) were fed 1 en% LNA and 8 en% LNA in low fat (12.5 en%) and medium fat diets (MFD, 35 en%) for 16 weeks. We found that increasing dietary LNA from 1 to 8 en% in LFD and MFD significantly increased ARA in phospholipids (ARA–PL), elevated 2‐AG and AEA in liver, elevated plasma leptin, and resulted in larger adipocytes and more macrophage infiltration in adipose tissue. In LFD, dietary LNA of 8 en% increased feed efficiency and caused greater weight gain than in an isocaloric reduction to 1 en% LNA. Increasing dietary LNA from 1 to 8 en% elevates liver endocannabinoid levels and increases the risk of developing obesity. Thus a high dietary content of LNA (8 en%) increases the adipogenic properties of a low fat diet.
Confirmation of the Presence of Squalene in Human Eyelid Lipid by Heteronuclear Single Quantum Correlation Spectroscopy
Authors: Borchman Douglas , Yappert Marta C. , Milliner Sarah E. , Smith Ryan J. , Bhola Rahul 
Published: September 2013

Abstract1H‐NMR spectroscopy has been used to quantify squalene in meibum and sebum. Squalene has many beneficial properties and its loss on the surface of skin upon ultraviolet light exposure or in the tear film with dry eye could be detrimental. In this study, we confirm the NMR proton resonance assignments of squalene, squalene in human meibum, and in human eyelid lipid using heteronuclear single quantum correlation spectroscopy. Our results confirm the presence of squalene in eyelid lipid. We speculate that the squalene in eyelid lipid could be secreted from sebaceous glands. The NMR resonances between 5.2 and 5.0 ppm, characteristic of the =CH of squalene, were resolved in the spectrum of human meibum and used to estimate that 1 % or less of squalene is present in meibum. However, the resonance assignments of squalene in meibum were not confirmed. The characteristics of squalene including its anti‐inflammatory, antioxidant, and antibacterial qualities suggest that the presence of a squalene film is beneficial. Its loss in human meibum from patients with dry eye could be detrimental and contribute to the symptoms observed in these patients.
Criteria for Accrediting Expert Wine Judges
Authors: Hodgson Robert , Cao Jing 
Published: September 2013

AbstractA test for evaluating wine judge performance is developed. The test is based on the premise that an expert wine judge will award similar scores to an identical wine. The definition of “similar” is parameterized to include varying numbers of adjacent awards on an ordinal scale, from No Award to Gold. For each index of similarity, a probability distribution is developed to determine the likelihood that a judge might pass the test by chance alone. When the test is applied to the results from a major wine competition, few judges pass the test. Of greater interest is that many judges who fail the test have vast professional experience in the wine industry. This leads to us to question the basic premise that experts are able to provide consistent evaluations in wine competitions and, hence, that wine competitions do not provide reliable recommendations of wine quality. (JEL Classifications: C02, C12, D81)
Prebiotic consumption in pregnant and lactating women increases IL-27 expression in human milk
Authors: Kubota Takayuki , Shimojo Naoki , Nonaka Ken , Yamashita Masakatsu , Ohara Osamu , Igoshi Yuka , Ozawa Naoko , Nakano Taiji , Morita Yoshinori , Inoue Yuzaburo , Arima Takayasu , Chiba Kohki , Nakamura Yoshitaka , Ikegami Shuji , Masuda Kentaro , Suzuki Shuichi , Kohno Yoichi 
Published: September 2013

The consumption of probiotics by pregnant and lactating women may prevent the onset of allergic disorders in their children by increasing the concentrations of immunoactive agents such as cytokines in breast milk. Prebiotics such as fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS) increase the number of beneficial organisms such as bifidobacteria. Thus, prebiotics may have an effect similar to that of probiotics. The objective of the present study was to carry out a comprehensive analysis of mRNA expression in human milk cells to identify changes in the concentrations of cytokines in breast milk after the consumption of FOS (4 g × 2 times/d) by pregnant and lactating women. The microarray analysis of human milk cells demonstrated that the expression levels of five genes in colostrum samples and fourteen genes in 1-month breast milk samples differed more than 3-fold between the FOS and control groups (sucrose group). The mRNA expression level ofIL-27, a cytokine associated with immunoregulatory function, was significantly higher in 1-month breast milk samples obtained from the FOS group than in those obtained from the control group. In addition, the protein concentrations of IL-27 in colostrum and 1-month breast milk samples were significantly higher in the FOS group than in the control group. In conclusion, the consumption of FOS by pregnant and lactating women increases the production of IL-27 in breast milk. Future studies will address the association of this phenomenon with the onset of allergic disorders in children.
Long-term resveratrol treatment prevents ovariectomy-induced osteopenia in rats without hyperplastic effects on the uterus
Authors: Zhao Haifeng , Li Xuemin , Li Na , Liu Tiantian , Liu Juan , Li Ziwei , Xiao Huihui , Li Jinhui 
Published: September 2013

Resveratrol (Res), a polyphenol that is abundant in many medicinal plants and is a selective oestrogen receptor modulator, exhibits multiple biological activities. In the present study, we determined whether Res prevents oestrogen deficiency-induced osteopenia and whether Res administration decreases pathological changes in the endometrium and lumen of the uterus compared with oestradiol replacement therapy (ERT). A total of sixty 3–4-month-old female Wistar rats were randomly divided into a sham-operated group (Sham) and five ovariectomy (OVX) subgroups, i.e. OVX rats as a control group (OVX); OVX rats receiving oestradiol valerate (ERT, 0·8 mg/kg); and OVX rats receiving Res 20, 40 and 80 mg/kg. Daily oral administration was initiated at week 2 after OVX for 12 weeks. A dose–response difference was observed in the effects of Res on bone mineral density (BMD) and trabecular microarchitecture. Only at the highest dose, bone loss was almost equivalent to that observed in the ERT group. The dose–response effects of Res on the biochemical parameters (alkaline phosphatase, IL-6, TNF-α and transforming growth factor-β1 concentrations in the serum as well as urinary Ca and P excretion) and the expressions of receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand (RANKL) and the RANKL:osteoprotegerin protein ratio in the femur were also observed. Furthermore, the thickening of the endometrium and the infiltration of lymphocytes were prevented in all the three Res-treated groups compared with the ERT group. In conclusion, Res treatment not only improves BMD and trabecular microarchitecture but also does not affect the uterus and Res might be a potential remedy for the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis.
Intervention and non-intervention in international society: Britain's responses to the American and Spanish Civil Wars
Authors: LITTLE RICHARD 
Published: September 2013

AbstractThis article aims to show that from the end of the eighteenth century, international order began to be defined in terms of ground rules relating to non-intervention and intervention, with the former being prioritised over the latter. After the Napoleonic wars, within continental Europe there was an attempt to consolidate an intervention ground rule in favour of dynastic legitimacy over the right of self-determination. By contrast, the British and Americans sought to ensure that this ground rule was not extended to the Americas where the ground rule of non-intervention was prioritised. During the nineteenth century, it was the Anglo-American position which came to prevail. Over the same period international order was increasingly bifurcated with the non-intervention ground rule prevailing in the metropolitan core and with the intervention ground rules prevailing in the periphery. This article, however, only focuses on the metropolitan core and draws on two case studies to examine the non-intervention ground rule in very different circumstances. The first examines the British response to the American Civil War in the 1860s during an era of stability in the international order. The second explores the British Response to the Spanish Civil War in the 1930s when the international order was very unstable and giving way to a very different international order.