bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Changes in Plasma Lipoprotein Lipids in Hypercholesterolaemic Patients Treated with the Bile Acid-Sequestering Resin, Colestipol
Authors: Clifton-Bligh P. , Miller N. E. , Nestel P. J. 
Published: August 2015

1. Seven patients with type II hyperlipoproteinaemia were treated with the bile acid-sequestering resin, colestipol (5 g three times daily), after a prolonged period of taking placebo.
2. After 8–9 weeks of treatment, the plasma concentration of the non-esterified cholesterol of very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) had risen by a mean of 0.09 mmol/l (43% increase, P < 0.001), that of the esterified cholesterol of VLDL had risen by a mean of 0.11 mmol/l (38% increase, P < 0.01), and that of the triglyceride of VLDL had risen by a mean of 0.40 mmol/l (53% increase, P<0.001). During the same period, the plasma concentration of the non-esterified cholesterol of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) decreased by a mean of 0.44 mmol/l (26% decrease, P < 0.01), that of the esterified cholesterol of LDL decreased by a mean of 1.28 mmol/l (30% decrease, P< 0.001), and that of the triglyceride of LDL decreased by a mean of 0.04 mmol/l (8% decrease, P < 0.01). No significant changes occurred in the plasma concentration of either the cholesterol or triglyceride of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) during treatment.
3. During the early period of treatment with colestipol, changes took place in the specific radioactivity of plasma cholesterol (labelled by intravenous injection of [3H]cholesterol), which, together with the changes in the mass of cholesterol within the individual plasma lipoproteins, were consistent with an increased influx into plasma of non-esterified cholesterol within VLDL, and an increased efflux of cholesterol from plasma within LDL.
Cardiogenic Oscillations of Nitrogen and Argon Concentration in Expired Gas in Man
Authors: Bradley G. W. , Henderson A. K. , Mills R. J. 
Published: August 2015

1. The cardiogenic oscillations in the concentration of nitrogen and argon in expired gas, which are seen after the inspiration from residual volume of pure oxygen or a bolus of argon, have been studied in normal subjects and in patients with atrial fibrillation.
2. In the upright position of the subject, the peaks of nitrogen and argon concentration coincide with ventricular systole, although there is a transit delay along the tracheobronchial tree before any change of concentration occurs at the mouth.
3. Studies in different postures demonstrated that the effect of the heart is predominantly due to a reduction in cardiac volume during systole with a decrease in airflow from regions adjacent to the heart. These areas contain a different concentration of nitrogen and argon in the alveolar air from the more apical regions.
4. It has been shown that the results are consistent with the present concepts of the influence of gravity on the distribution of inspired air.
The Contribution of the Kidney to the Removal of a Lactic Acid Load under Normal and Acidotic Conditions in the Conscious Rat
Authors: Yudkin J. , Cohen R. D. 
Published: August 2015

1. The rate of removal from the circulation of an intravenous lactic acid load has been studied in conscious rats, previously subjected either to bilateral nephrectomy or to a sham operation.
2. In rats with normal blood pH, the apparent contribution of the kidneys to removal of the lactic acid load is 30%; less than 12% of the renal contribution is attributable to urinary excretion.
3. In bilaterally nephrectomized rats made acidotic by administration of ammonium chloride, the rate of removal of a half-neutralized lactic acid load is progressively decreased with increasing severity of acidosis. No such effect is seen in sham-operated animals.
4. An increase in the ability of the kidney to remove lactate during acidosis compensates for approximately half of the simultaneous fall in the capacity of the remainder of the body for lactate assimilation.
5. Basal blood lactate concentrations fall in the presence of metabolic acidosis.
Enzyme Activities and Properties of Lysosomes and Brush Borders in Jejunal Biopsies from Control Subjects and Patients with Coeliac Disease
Authors: Peters T. J. , Heath J. R. , Wansbrough-Jones M. H. , Doe W. F. 
Published: August 2015

1. Reduced activities of four enzymes from brush borders were found in intestinal biopsies from patients with untreated coeliac disease. The activities returned towards control values after treatment by gluten withdrawal. Parallel changes were noted for the cytosol enzyme lactate dehydrogenase.
2. Measurement of brush-border integrity by differential centrifugation of biopsy extracts indicated increased fragility of the brush borders in biopsies from untreated patients. Normal values were obtained for biopsies from treated patients.
3. Increased activities of six acid hydrolases (lysosomal enzymes) were found in biopsies from untreated coeliac patients. Normal values were obtained for biopsies from treated patients.
4. Assessment of lysosomal integrity by assay of latent N-acetyl-β-glucosaminidase and of sedimentable activity of four acid hydrolases demonstrated increased lysosomal fragility in untreated coeliac mucosa. These lysosomal changes return to within the normal range after treatment by gluten withdrawal.
5. The lysosomal changes are consistent with their having a pathogenic role in the enterocyte damage of coeliac disease. Possible mechanisms for the lysosomal changes are discussed.
The Central Hypotensive Action of Clonidine and BAY 1470 in Cats and Rats
Authors: Finch L. 
Published: August 2015

1. Intraventricular clonidine and BAY 1470, administered in small doses to conscious renal hypertensive cats, produced a fall in mean blood pressure lasting for a period of 3 h. This fall in blood pressure was accompanied by a marked bradycardia.
2. Pretreatment with intraventricular phentolamine (0.3–6 μmol), piperoxan (0.18–0.74 μmol) or tolazoline (0.35–1 μmol) abolished the hypotensive effects of intraventricular clonidine (74 nmol), whereas pretreatment with haloperidol (2.6 μmol/kg, intraperitoneally), or desmethylimipramine (3.3 μmol/kg, intraperitoneally, or 1.7 μmol, intraventricularly) did not modify the cardiovascular responses to clonidine.
3. Emesis was observed 1 min after intraventricular administration of clonidine (18–112 nmol) or BAY 1470 (0.07–0.14 μmol), which always preceded the cardiovascular actions and was still observed after pretreatment with haloperidol, desmethylimipramine, phentolamine, piperoxan or tolazoline.
4. In conscious hypertensive rats clonidine (0.6 μmol/kg, intraperitoneally) produced a marked fall in blood pressure that was antagonized by centrally acting α-adrenoreceptor blocking agents but not modified by pretreatment with either 6-hydroxydopamine (three doses of 1 μmol, intraventricularly) or 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine (0.1 μmol).
5. It is concluded that the anti-hypertensive responses to clonidine are mediated via stimulation of central α-adrenoreceptors and are independent of central dopaminergic receptors, intact central serotonergic neurons and intact adrenergic uptake mechanisms.
Paradoxical Diuresis after Vasopressin Administration to Patients with Neurohypophyseal Diabetes Insipidus Treated with Chlorpropamide, Carbamazepine or Clofibrate
Authors: Meinders A. E. , Van Leeuwen A. M. , Borst J. G. G. , Cejka V. 
Published: August 2015

1. Chlorpropamide, carbamazepine and clofibrate have an antidiuretic action in patients with neurohypophyseal diabetes insipidus which is qualitatively similar to that of antidiuretic hormone (ADH).
2. An additive antidiuretic effect is produced by combination of chlorpropamide and carbamazepine with small dosages of ADH.
3. After an immediate and transient antidiuresis, a single intravenous bolus injection of lysine vasopressin given during treatment with chlorpropamide, chlorpropamide with a continuous intravenous infusion of lysine vasopressin, carbamazepine or clofibrate, resulted in increased water diuresis for 12–24 h or longer.
4. This paradoxical diuresis was not observed during treatment with chlorothiazide.
5. It is suggested that the antidiuretic action of chlorpropamide, carbamazepine and clofibrate is localized at the receptor site for ADH in the distal renal tubular cell.
Plasma Catecholamines and Renin Activity in Response to Exercise in Patients with Essential Hypertension
Authors: Chodakowska J. , Nazar K. , Wocial B. , Jarecki M. , Skórka B. 
Published: August 2015

1. The effect of physical exercise on blood pressure, plasma catecholamines and plasma renin activity was studied in fourteen patients with essential hypertension and in eight healthy subjects.
2. Resting plasma noradrenaline and adrenaline and plasma renin activity of the hypertensive patients did not differ from those of the control subjects.
3. In response to graded exercise producing successive heart rates of 120, 140 and 160 beats/min, significantly greater increases of blood pressure were found in the patients than in the control subjects.
4. Plasma noradrenaline increased significantly in both groups at all levels of exercise, the responses being significantly greater in the hypertensive patients.
5. The mean arterial blood pressure was significantly correlated with plasma noradrenaline concentration in the control subjects but not in the hypertensive patients.
6. In the hypertensive group plasma adrenaline increased significantly after exercise at all work loads whereas, in the control group, significant increase occurred only at the highest work load. The differences in the response of the two groups were significant at each work load.
7. Plasma renin activity increased significantly after exercise at the heart rate of 120 beats/min, both in the hypertensive patients and in the control subjects. The magnitude of the response was similar in the two groups.
Lipoprotein Lipase and Hormone-Sensitive Lipase Activities in Human Subcutaneous Lipomas: Comparison with Normal Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue
Authors: Giudicelli Y. , Pecquery R. , Agli B. , Jamin C. , Quevauvilliers J. 
Published: August 2015

1. Lipoprotein lipase activity and hormone-sensitive lipase activity were investigated in subcutaneous lipomas removed from two patients and compared with the enzyme activities in subcutaneous adipose tissue from two normal subjects.
2. Confirmation was obtained of the presence of lipoprotein lipase activity in lipomas with an activity fifteen to forty-five times that in the two control samples.
3. Hormone-sensitive lipase activity was demonstrated in lipomas under basal conditions of assay as well as in the presence of adrenaline plus theophylline. However, compared with the non-lipomatous fat samples, these activities were lower, as was the magnitude of the lipolytic response to adrenaline plus theophylline.
4. The significance of these measurements of enzyme activity and their role in the pathogenesis of lipomas are briefly discussed.
Altered Angiotensin I Conversion in Pulmonary Disease
Authors: Oparil Suzanne , Low J. , Koerner T. J. 
Published: August 2015

1. A specific method is described for the measurement of angiotensin I converting enzyme activity in plasma with 125I-labelled angiotensin I used as substrate.
2. Converting enzyme activity in plasma from fifteen normal subjects, eleven patients with sarcoidosis, twelve patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and three patients with shock lung was assayed by this technique.
3. Patients with sarcoidosis had increased plasma converting enzyme activity whether or not they were receiving steroid therapy.
4. Patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and shock lung had decreased plasma converting enzyme activity, but extent of conversion did not correlate with the severity of the lung disease.
5. Converting enzyme activity in normal plasma could be completely inhibited by addition of exogenous angiotensin I in 0·5–2·5 × 107 times physiological concentration. Twice as much exogenous angiotensin I was needed to inhibit conversion completely in plasma from patients with sarcoidosis; one tenth as much in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. These results indicate that plasma has a high capacity for angiotensin I conversion even in patients with pulmonary parenchymal disease.
6. Results suggest that plasma converting enzyme activity may be a reflection of pulmonary conversion and can be altered by pulmonary disease.
7. Measurement of plasma converting enzyme activity may be useful in studies designed to characterize the regulatory role of converting enzyme in the renin—angiotensin system and in cardiovascular homeostasis.
Effects of Aldosterone and Spironolactone on Arterial Renin in Rats
Authors: Rosenthal J. 
Published: August 2015

1. The metabolic role of arterial angiotensin I-forming enzyme (i.e. renin activity) was studied in total homogenates and in subcellular fractions of the aorta of normotensive and hypertensive rats.
2. Angiotensin I-forming enzyme was measured in (a) uninephrectomized rats rendered hypertensive with d-aldosterone and sodium chloride (10 g/l) drinking solution, (b) rats treated in the same manner but with the addition of spironolactone, and (c) control rats.
3. Hypertension developed in aldosterone-treated rats within 3–6 weeks and was associated with decreased plasma and renal renin values. Total aortic renin activity was up to sixfold higher in the hypertensive animals than in control animals and there was an increased ratio of supernatant to microsomal renin activity in the aorta.
4. In spironolactone-treated rats blood pressure and total aortic renin concentrations were comparable with those in the control rats.
5. The results support the hypothesis that renin generated at local vascular sites, which is independent of circulating renin levels, contributes to regulation of blood pressure.
Clinical Significance of Plasma Renin Activity in Human Renovascular Hypertension
Authors: Salvetti A. , Arzilli F. , Sassano P. , Poli L. , Pesola A. 
Published: August 2015

1. Plasma renin activity (PRA) in peripheral venous blood of patients with renovascular hypertension was found to be high (thirty-five), normal (twenty-one) and low (three). Twenty-one patients with high PRA were cured or improved after successful surgery, as were eight of eleven with normal PRA and one with a low PRA. After surgery high PRA values became normal or low.
2. A β-receptor-blocking agent (oxprenolol) decreased PRA in twenty-eight patients (responders) and it either did not modify or increased PRA in the other fifteen (non-responders). All fourteen non-responders were cured by surgery, as were thirteen out of fifteen responders; ten non-responders became responders after surgery. Oxprenolol suppressed renin secretion of both kidneys of two patients with essential hypertension, and it either decreased (six) or did not modify (four) renin secretion from the ischaemic kidney.
3. PRA measurement in renal veins of twenty-six patients with renovascular hypertension showed that only the ischaemic kidney contributes to the peripheral PRA, renin secretion being suppressed in the contralateral kidney. The suppression of renin secretion from the ischaemic kidney produced either by nephrectomy (nine) or by aortorenal by-pass (six) normalized blood pressure.
4. Peripheral PRA values are of poor diagnostic significance and PRA unresponsiveness to a β-receptor-blocking drug and the suppression of renin secretion from the ischaemic kidney are characteristic findings of renovascular hypertension curable by appropriate surgery.
Impermeability of the Blood—Cerebrospinal Fluid Barrier for Angiotensin II in Rats
Authors: Schelling P. , Hutchinson J. S. , Ganten U. , Sponer G. , Ganten D. 
Published: August 2015

1. Anaesthetized, nephrectomized rats were infused intravenously with unlabelled angiotensin II (AII) or with [3H]angiotensin II (3H-labelled AII). The brain ventricular system was perfused with artificial cerebrospinal fluid. The perfusate was collected from the cisterna magna and analysed for AII by radioimmunological and biochemical methods.
2. No increase of immunoreactive AII in cerebrospinal fluid could be shown during intravenous infusion of AII.
3. During intravenous infusions of 3H-labelled AII at pressor doses small amounts of radioactivity were found in cerebrospinal fluid perfusate.
4. The radioactivity of cerebrospinal fluid outflow could not be related to AII.
The Effects of Propranolol on Spontaneous and Experimental Hypertension in the Rat
Authors: Pessina A. C. , Corgnati A. , Palatini P. , Oneglia C. , Dal Palù C. 
Published: August 2015

1. The hypotensive effect of propranolol and its correlation with the changes in heart rate, plasma volume and plasma renin activity produced by this drug were studied in normotensive rats and in rats with spontaneous, renovascular and deoxycorticosterone-induced hypertension.
2. No correlation was found between the fall in arterial pressure and the reduction in heart rate and plasma volume. On the contrary, a direct correlation was found between the hypotensive response and plasma renin activity: rats with high renin showed the maximum response, those with low renin no response.
3. Studies on blood volume distribution in different organs and the direct measurement of blood flow in the splanchnic bed demonstrated a significant correlation between the effect of propranolol on capillary permeability and the haemodynamic changes which it causes, namely a significant increase in portal venous pressure.
Pharmacokinetics of β-Receptor-Blocking Agents in Relation to Their Anti-Hypertensive Effect
Authors: Gugler R. , Bodem G. , Dengler H. J. 
Published: August 2015

1. β-Receptor-blocking drugs are rapidly and completely absorbed after oral administration. Systemic availability is nevertheless incomplete for propranolol, alprenolol and oxprenolol, owing to ‘first-pass’ extraction by the liver.
2. Plasma half-life is between 2 and 4 h, except for sotalol (10–12 h). Plasma elimination of propranolol is reduced with decreased liver blood flow, observed in congestive heart failure or during chronic propranolol therapy itself.
3. β-Receptor blockade is usually achieved in these concentration ranges: propranolol and alprenolol, 50–100 ng/ml; oxprenolol, 500–1000 ng/ml; pindolol, 10–30 ng/ml; sotalol, 2–6 μg/ml. Higher concentrations are often found with high doses administered to hypertensive patients.
The Effect on Blood Pressure of β-Adrenoreceptor-Blocking Drugs Given Once Daily
Authors: Wilson M. , Morgan G. , Morgan T. 
Published: August 2015

1. Blood pressure was controlled to the same extent whether propranolol or pindolol was given once or three times/day.
2. The anti-hypertensive action of β-receptor-blocking drugs persisted for 36–48 h when administration ceased.
Identification and Treatment of Arterial Hypertension in General Practice
Authors: Hodes C. , Rogers P. A. , Everitt M. G. 
Published: August 2015

1. A screening programme has been set up in a group general practice for identifying and treating moderate high blood pressure in men and women aged 45–54 years, and at the same time the identification and treatment of high blood pressure in patients in reference general practices has been monitored.
2. The special measures resulted in a response rate of 68·8%. In the reference practices, 14·9% of patients attending during the study had their blood pressure reading recorded on the monitoring form.
3. The overall prevalence of diastolic blood pressure (phase 4) ≥105 mmHg in the special hypertension programme is 3·8 times that observed in the reference practices.
The Relative Transfer Rates for Sodium and Xenon from Gut Lumen to Plasma in Man
Authors: Love A. H. G. , Chen L. C. , Reeve J. , Veall N. 
Published: August 2015

1. A whole-gut perfusion technique has been used to compare the rates of intestinal absorption of sodium and xenon.
2. The calculated transit-time spectra for sodium and xenon across the gut mucosa do not differ significantly either in mean transit time or, for the first 15 min, in shape.
3. These results support the hypothesis that the rate of transfer of sodium from the small intestinal lumen to plasma is limited by blood flow.
4. It is suggested that some features of cholera can be explained by this hypothesis.
Human Skeletal Muscle Function: Description of Tests and Normal Values
Authors: Edwards R. H. T. , Young A. , Hosking G. P. , Jones D. A. 
Published: August 2015

1. The force produced by isometric contractions of the quadriceps muscle have been studied during maximal voluntary contractions and when a substantial part of the muscle was electrically stimulated via surface electrodes.
2. In normal children and adults, the force of a maximal voluntary contraction of the quadriceps was proportional to body weight.
3. The function of the quadriceps has been described in terms of the force/frequency curve, speed of relaxation and the rate of loss of force during 18 s stimulation at 30 Hz and 100 Hz.
4. The functional characteristics of adductor pollicis when stimulated via the ulnar nerve were essentially similar to those of the quadriceps.
5. Studies of the function of these two muscles are complementary since quadriceps femoris is amenable to needle biopsy investigations of its structure and chemistry whereas adductor pollicis is more suitable for electrophysiological studies.
Plasma Renin Levels and Systemic Haemodynamics in Essential Hypertension
Authors: Fagard R. , Amery A. , Reybrouck T. , Lijnen P. , Billiet L. , Joossens J. V. 
Published: August 2015

1. Plasma renin concentration, intra-arterial pressure, cardiac output and total peripheral resistance have been studied in 50 patients with essential hypertension and normal renal function.
2. Total peripheral resistance and plasma renin were negatively correlated (r = −0·45), indicating that ‘high-renin’ essential hypertension is not necessarily associated with arteriolar vasoconstriction.
3. The inverse relation between mean arterial pressure and plasma renin (r = −0·46) suggests a role for the renal baroreceptor mechanism in the suppression of renin in ‘low-renin’ hypertension.
4. Cardiac output was positively related to plasma renin concentration (r = +0·42).
5. Multiple regression analysis indicates that the described relationships were independent of age.
Renal Clearance of Unbound Bilirubin in the Rat
Authors: Elías María Mónica , Comin E. J. , Garay E. A. Rodriguez 
Published: August 2015

1. Unbound or diffusible bilirubin in serum and urine was measured in rats with bile-duct ligation or after continuous infusion of unconjugated bilirubin.
2. The glomerular filtration rate was estimated by measuring the endogenous creatinine clearance and the unbound bilirubin in serum and urine was determined by a Sephadex gel filtration method.
3. Unbound bilirubin clearance was significantly lower than creatinine clearance.
4. The estimated rate of bilirubin reabsorption (calculated from the difference between the unbound bilirubin filtered load and the bilirubin excreted in the urine) was directly related to the serum unbound bilirubin concentration and the unbound bilirubin filtered load.
5. The results suggest that the main mechanism of urinary excretion of bilirubin in the rat involves glomerular filtration and tubular reabsorption by diffusion.
The Passage of Apoproteins from Plasma Lipoproteins into the Lipoproteins of Peripheral Lymph in Man
Authors: Reichl D. , Myant N. B. , Pflug J. J. , Rudra D. N. 
Published: August 2015

1. The transport of apoprotein B from the lipoproteins of plasma into the lipoproteins of lymph draining the foot has been studied in four men with type III hyperlipoproteinaemia.
2. Three subjects were given autologous 125I-labelled very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) and 131I-labelled low-density lipoprotein (LDL) by intravenous injection; the fourth was given autologous 125I-labelled VLDL and 131I-labelled intermediate-density lipoprotein (IDL) plus LDL.
3. The 125I/131I ratios in serum and lymph apoprotein B, and the 125I and 131I specific radioactivities of apoprotein B in VLDL, IDL and LDL from serum and lymph, indicate that apoprotein B in the circulating VLDL can reach peripheral lymph without the intermediacy of circulating LDL.