bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
CDC42 Inhibition Suppresses Progression of Incipient Intestinal Tumors
Authors: Sakamori Ryotaro , Yu Shiyan , Zhang Xiao , Hoffman Andrew , Sun Jiaxin , Das Soumyashree , Vedula Pavan , Li Guangxun , Fu Jiang , Walker Francesca , Yang Chung S. , Yi Zheng , Hsu Wei , Yu Da-Hai , Shen Lanlan , Rodriguez Alexis J. , Taketo Makoto M. , Bonder Edward M. , Verzi Michael P. , Gao Nan 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
Mutations in the APC or β-catenin genes are well-established initiators of colorectal cancer, yet modifiers that facilitate the survival and progression of nascent tumor cells are not well defined. Using genetic and pharmacologic approaches in mouse colorectal cancer and human colorectal cancer xenograft models, we show that incipient intestinal tumor cells activate CDC42, an APC-interacting small GTPase, as a crucial step in malignant progression. In the mouse, Cdc42 ablation attenuated the tumorigenicity of mutant intestinal cells carrying single APC or β-catenin mutations. Similarly, human colorectal cancer with relatively higher levels of CDC42 activity was particularly sensitive to CDC42 blockade. Mechanistic studies suggested that Cdc42 may be activated at different levels, including at the level of transcriptional activation of the stem cell–enriched Rho family exchange factor Arhgef4. Our results indicate that early-stage mutant intestinal epithelial cells must recruit the pleiotropic functions of Cdc42 for malignant progression, suggesting its relevance as a biomarker and therapeutic target for selective colorectal cancer intervention. Cancer Res; 74(19); 5480–92. ©2014 AACR.
À propos d’un messianisme qui divise: Targum Genèse 49.8–12
Authors: Legrand Thierry 
Published: August 2014

The Haggadic content of Targum Onqelos Gen. 49.8–12 strays far from the Massoretic text and varies greatly from Targum Neofiti and the Palestinian recensions. This study focuses on the messianic features of these sections (messianism centred on the teaching of the Torah, pacific or belligerent). It also examines the part played by TgOnq 49.8–12 in the history of the redaction of Onqelos. According to the author of this article, this section did not belong to proto-Onqelos, but is the outcome of a late reflection (end of the 2nd century or beginning of the 3rd century ce), which occurred in a Babylonian context, on the events of the Second Jewish war.
Storm Evader: Using an iPad to Teach Kids about Meteorology and Technology
Authors: McGovern Amy , Balfour Andrea , Beene Marissa , Harrison David 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
We have developed and released an iPad application, Storm Evader, to demonstrate to youth how technology can be used as a tool and to teach youth about weather and its impact on real-world activities, including flying. As technology becomes more widespread in modern society, many young people overlook the usefulness of technology and have instead come to see it primarily as a provider of entertainment. Storm Evader exposes children to meteorology and aviation in an engaging way. The game requires players to route planes across the United States while avoiding dangerous storms and conserving fuel. The artificial intelligence inside the game suggests routes around a storm. To maximize their scores, players should take the computer’s suggestions into account. Players are exposed to actual radar data and are aided by computer-generated forecast models and storm outlooks from the Storm Prediction Center. In the future, we will include a turbulence model. Exposure to the variety of weather forecasts and their use in the game introduces children to new weather concepts. We also report results of surveys of learning from groups of children playing the game.
Variability of the Daily-Mean Shortwave Cloud Radiative Forcing at the Surface at a Midlatitude Site in Southwestern Europe
Authors: Salgueiro Vanda , Costa Maria João , Silva Ana Maria , Bortoli Daniele 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
The shortwave cloud radiative forcing is calculated from surface measurements taken in Évora from 2003 to 2010 with a multifilter rotating shadowband radiometer (MFRSR) and with an Eppley black and white pyranometer. A new approach to estimate the clear-sky irradiance based on radiative transfer calculations is also proposed.
The daily-mean values of the cloud radiative forcing (absolute and normalized) as well as their monthly and seasonal variabilities are analyzed. The study shows greater variability of radiative forcing during springtime with respect to the other seasons. The mean daily cloudy periods have seasonal variation proportional to the seasonal variation of the cloud radiative forcing, with maximum values also occurring during springtime. The minimum values found for the daily-mean cloud radiative forcing are −139.5 and −198.4 W m−2 for MFRSR and Eppley data, respectively; the normalized values present about 40% of sample amplitude, both for MFRSR and Eppley. In addition, a quantitative relationship between the MFRSR and Eppley cloud radiative forcings applicable to other locations is proposed.
ENSO Amplitude Modulation Associated with the Mean SST Changes in the Tropical Central Pacific Induced by Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation
Authors: Kang In-Sik , No Hyun-ho , Kucharski Fred 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
The mechanism associated with the modulation of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) amplitude caused by the Atlantic multidecadal oscillation (AMO) is investigated by using long-term historical observational data and various types of models. The observational data for the period 1900–2013 show that the ENSO variability weakened during the positive phase of the AMO and strengthened in the negative phase. Such a relationship between the AMO and ENSO amplitude has been reported by a number of previous studies. In the present study the authors demonstrate that the weakening of the ENSO amplitude during the positive phase of the AMO is related to changes of the SST cooling in the eastern and central Pacific accompanied by the easterly wind stress anomalies in the equatorial central Pacific, which were reproduced reasonably well by coupled general circulation model (CGCM) simulations performed with the Atlantic Ocean SST nudged perpetually with the observed SST representing the positive phase of the AMO and the free integration in the other ocean basins. Using a hybrid coupled model, it was determined that the mechanism associated with the weakening of the ENSO amplitude is related to the westward shift and weakening of the ENSO zonal wind stress anomalies accompanied by the westward shift of precipitation anomalies associated with the relatively cold background mean SST over the central Pacific.
On the Contribution of Longwave Radiation to Global Climate Model Biases in Arctic Lower Tropospheric Stability
Authors: Barton Neil P. , Klein Stephen A. , Boyle James S. 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
Previous research has found that global climate models (GCMs) usually simulate greater lower tropospheric stabilities compared to reanalysis data. To understand the origins of this bias, the authors examine hindcast simulations initialized with reanalysis data of six GCMs and find that four of the six models simulate within five days a positive bias in Arctic lower tropospheric stability during the Arctic polar night over sea ice regions. These biases in lower tropospheric stability are mainly due to cold biases in surface temperature, as very small potential temperature biases exist aloft.
Similar to previous research, polar night surface temperature biases in the hindcast runs relate to all-sky downwelling longwave radiation in the models, which very much relates to the cloud liquid water. Also found herein are clear-sky longwave radiation biases and a fairly large clear-sky longwave radiation bias in the day one hindcast. This clear-sky longwave bias is analyzed by running the same radiation transfer model for each model’s temperature and moisture profile, and the model spread in clear-sky downwelling longwave radiation with the same radiative transfer model is found to be much less, suggesting that model differences other than temperature and moisture are aiding in the spread in downwelling longwave radiation.
The six models were also analyzed in Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project (AMIP) mode to determine if hindcast simulations are analogous to free-running simulations. Similar winter lower tropospheric stability biases occur in four of the six models with surface temperature biases relating to the winter lower tropospheric stability values.
Entropy–Copula in Hydrology and Climatology
Authors: AghaKouchak Amir 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
The entropy theory has been widely applied in hydrology for probability inference based on incomplete information and the principle of maximum entropy. Meanwhile, copulas have been extensively used for multivariate analysis and modeling the dependence structure between hydrologic and climatic variables. The underlying assumption of the principle of maximum entropy is that the entropy variables are mutually independent from each other. The principle of maximum entropy can be combined with the copula concept for describing the probability distribution function of multiple dependent variables and their dependence structure. Recently, efforts have been made to integrate the entropy and copula concepts (hereafter, entropy–copula) in various forms to take advantage of the strengths of both methods. Combining the two concepts provides new insight into the probability inference; however, limited studies have utilized the entropy–copula methods in hydrology and climatology. In this paper, the currently available entropy–copula models are reviewed and categorized into three main groups based on their model structures. Then, a simple numerical example is used to illustrate the formulation and implementation of each type of the entropy–copula model. The potential applications of entropy–copula models in hydrology and climatology are discussed. Finally, an example application to flood frequency analysis is presented.
A Drop Size Distribution (DSD)-Based Model for Evaluating the Performance of Wet Radomes for Dual-Polarized Radars
Authors: Salazar-Cerreño Jorge L. , Chandrasekar V. , Trabal Jorge M. , Siquera Paul , Medina Rafael , Knapp Eric , McLaughlin David J. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractA novel analytical method is presented for evaluating the electrical performance of a radome for a dual-polarized phased-array antenna under rain conditions. Attenuation, reflections, and induced cross polarization are evaluated for different rainfall conditions and radome types. The authors present a model for estimating the drop size distribution on a radome surface based on skin surface material, area, inclination, and rainfall rate. Then, a multilayer radome model based on the transmission-line-equivalent circuit model is used to characterize the radome’s scattering parameters. Numerical results are compared with radar data obtained in the Next Generation Weather Radar (NEXRAD) and Collaborative Adaptive Sensing of the Atmosphere (CASA) systems, and good agreement is found.
A Comprehensive Review of Potential Warfarin-Fruit Interactions
Authors: Norwood Daryl A. , Parke Crystal K. , Rappa Leonard R. 
Published: August 2014

Purpose: The aim of this review is to discuss possible interactions that may occur between warfarin and fruit products. Methods: A literature search was conducted using the search terms: “warfarin (Coumadin®) and fruit interactions, warfarin and fruit, warfarin and fruit juice, case reports and clinical trials”. Results: A total of 23 citations (15 case reports and 7 controlled clinical trials) were reviewed. The majority of cases involved cranberry products, while pomegranate juice, avocado, grapefruit juice, mango, and papain were also implicated in reports of suspected warfarin-fruit interactions. Cranberry juice was also the most frequently studied fruit product. Other fruit products evaluated with warfarin in controlled clinical trials were cranberry concentrate and grapefruit juice. Conclusion: Although a number of case reports have been published that suggest warfarin has the potential to interact with several fruit products, it is difficult to determine their relevance, as scientific evidence is scarce. Until further information is available, clinicians may want to encourage patients to consume cranberry products and grapefruit juice in small to moderate quantities and to inquire about the recent consumption of mangos, pomegranate juice, and avocados when taking a dietary history or when assessing possible causes for international normalized ratio (INR) instability.
Reformation or exodus: Assessing the future of the Euro
Authors: Watts Martin , Sharpe Timothy , Juniper James 
Published: August 2014

AbstractEurozone economies were the most adversely affected by the Global Financial Crisis, with forecast macroeconomic outcomes still highly uncertain. This article argues first that the Eurozone policy framework can be viewed as neo-liberalism overlaid with policy constraints associated with a mis-specified Optimum Currency Area. We are critical of this framework since it is incompatible with the policy sovereignty that is experienced, if not utilised, by sovereign economies such as the USA, UK and Australia. Second, recent and proposed policy reforms which generally lie within the constraints of the Eurozone framework are examined. We conclude that these policies are piecemeal and fail to restore policy sovereignty, which ultimately requires that member countries exit the Eurozone. Key issues associated with such an exit are briefly discussed.
Fumarate treatment in progressive forms of multiple sclerosis: first results of a single-center observational study
Authors: Strassburger-Krogias Katrin , Ellrichmann Gisa , Krogias Christos , Altmeyer Peter , Chan Andrew , Gold Ralf 
Published: August 2014

Objectives: Therapeutic options in progressive forms of multiple sclerosis (MS) are still limited. Dimethyl fumarate (DMF) has immunomodulatory properties but may also exert antioxidative cytoprotective effects. Hence, it may be a therapeutic option for progressive MS. The aim of this observational study was to evaluate safety, adherence and efficacy of fumarates in patients with primary progressive MS (PPMS) or secondary progressive MS. Methods: Patients with progressive MS whose condition had failed to respond to standard therapies and had worsened received the fumarate mixture Fumaderm, licensed for psoriasis therapy in Germany, or DMF by pharmaceutical preparation (Bochum ethics approval no. 4797-13). At regular follow-up visits, tolerability and disease course were assessed. Results: Twenty-six patients [age 54 ± 7.8 years; female = 13 (50%); PPMS = 12 (46.2%); Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) = 6.0 ± 0.4 (range 3.5–8.0); disease duration = 14.1 ± 8.7 years] were initiated on treatment with Fumaderm ( n = 18) or pharmacy-prepared DMF (n=8). During a mean follow-up period of 13.2 ± 7.5 months (range 6–30) only five patients (19.2%) reported minor complaints. In 15 patients (57.7%) EDSS remained stable. In five cases (19.2%) there was even a decrease in EDSS while in six patients (23.1%) there was an increase in EDSS of more than 0.5 points, reflecting deterioration. Laboratory values were controlled for lymphopenia, renal and hepatic values, without any safety problems. We observed no significant differences between the two pharmaceutical forms. Conclusion: Our pilot data indicate that fumarate therapy appears to be safe and well tolerated by patients with progressive MS. In more than 75% of cases no further disease progression was evident. However, controlled studies are warranted to evaluate the detailed therapeutic potential of fumarates and their long-term effects in progressive MS.
De novo transcriptome sequencing and digital gene expression analysis predict biosynthetic pathway of rhynchophylline and isorhynchophylline from Uncaria rhynchophylla, a non-model plant with potent anti-alzheimer’s properties
Authors: Guo Qianqian , Ma Xiaojun , Wei Shugen , Qiu Deyou , Wilson Iain W , Wu Peng , Tang Qi , Liu Lijun , Dong Shoukun , Zu Wei 
Published: August 2014

AbstractBackgroundThe major medicinal alkaloids isolated fromUncaria rhynchophylla(gouteng in chinese) capsules are rhynchophylline (RIN) and isorhynchophylline (IRN). Extracts containing these terpene indole alkaloids (TIAs) can inhibit the formation and destabilize preformed fibrils of amyloid β protein (a pathological marker of Alzheimer’s disease), and have been shown to improve the cognitive function of mice with Alzheimer-like symptoms. The biosynthetic pathways of RIN and IRN are largely unknown.ResultsIn this study, RNA-sequencing of pooledUncariacapsules RNA samples taken at three developmental stages that accumulate different amount of RIN and IRN was performed. More than 50 million high-quality reads from a cDNA library were generated andde novoassembled. Sequences for all of the known enzymes involved in TIAs synthesis were identified. Additionally, 193 cytochrome P450 (CYP450), 280 methyltransferase and 144 isomerase genes were identified, that are potential candidates for enzymes involved in RIN and IRN synthesis. Digital gene expression profile (DGE) analysis was performed on the three capsule developmental stages, and based on genes possessing expression profiles consistent with RIN and IRN levels; four CYP450s, three methyltransferases and three isomerases were identified as the candidates most likely to be involved in the later steps of RIN and IRN biosynthesis.ConclusionA combination ofde novotranscriptome assembly and DGE analysis was shown to be a powerful method for identifying genes encoding enzymes potentially involved in the biosynthesis of important secondary metabolites in a non-model plant. The transcriptome data from this study provides an important resource for understanding the formation of major bioactive constituents in the capsule extract fromUncaria, and provides information that may aid in metabolic engineering to increase yields of these important alkaloids.
A survey of offloading practices for diabetes‐related plantar neuropathic foot ulcers
Authors: Raspovic Anita , Landorf Karl B 
Published: August 2014

AbstractBackgroundOffloading is key to preventing or healing plantar neuropathic foot ulcers in diabetes. Total contact casts or walkers rendered irremovable are recommended in guidelines as first‐line options for offloading, however the use of such devices has been found to be low. This study aimed to investigate offloading practices for diabetes‐related plantar neuropathic ulcers.MethodsAn online survey of closed and open‐ended questions was administered via SurveyMonkey®. Forty‐one podiatrists experienced in high‐risk foot practice, from 21 high‐risk foot services around Australia, were approached to participate.ResultsThe response rate was 88%. Participants reported using 21 modalities or combinations of modalities, for offloading this ulcer type. The most frequently used modalities under the forefoot and hallux were felt padding, followed by removable casts or walkers, then non‐removable casts or walkers. Participants indicated that many factors were considered when selecting offloading modality, including: compliance, risk of adverse effects, psycho‐social factors, restrictions on activities of daily living, work needs and features of the wound. The majority of participants (83%) considered non‐removable casts or walkers to be the gold‐standard for offloading this ulcer type, however they reported numerous, particularly patient‐related, barriers to their use.ConclusionsSelecting offloading for the management of foot ulceration is complex. Felt padding, not the gold‐standard non‐removable cast or walker, was reported as the most commonly selected modality for offloading plantar neuropathic ulceration. However, further evaluation of felt padding in high quality clinical trials is required to ascertain its effectiveness for ulcer healing.
Production of therapeutic proteins in the chloroplast of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii
Authors: Almaraz-Delgado Alma Lorena , Flores-Uribe José , Pérez-España Víctor Hugo , Salgado-Manjarrez Edgar , Badillo-Corona Jesús Agustín 
Published: August 2014

AbstractChloroplast transformation in the photosynthetic algaChlamydomonas reinhardtiihas been used to explore the potential to use it as an inexpensive and easily scalable system for the production of therapeutic recombinant proteins. Diverse proteins, such as bacterial and viral antigens, antibodies and, immunotoxins have been successfully expressed in the chloroplast using endogenous and chimeric promoter sequences. In some cases, proteins have accumulated to high level, demonstrating that this technology could compete with current production platforms. This review focuses on the works that have engineered the chloroplast ofC. reinhardtiiwith the aim of producing recombinant proteins intended for therapeutical use in humans or animals.
SAR assessment on three layered spherical human head model irradiated by mobile phone antenna
Authors: Rajagopal Balamurugan , Rajasekaran Lalithambika 
Published: August 2014

AbstractWith the increasing application of wireless communication devices, mobile phone handsets are used by peoples of various age groups. This paper make an effort to asses the mobile phone radiation exposure effect on 4 years old, 8 years old children and an adult head model. Here, human head is modeled as a three layered sphere composed of skin, skull and brain. Hand held device model (with and without resistive sheet) having dipole antenna enclosed by plastic cover is used for human interaction. The software simulation performed by General Electro Magnetic Simulator, based on Finite Difference Time Domain technique yields Specific Absorption Rate and 3D-thermal distribution on spherical human head. Comparison of 1 g SAR, 10 g SAR values for adult and children head show that, children head absorbs more power than adult. Further, the application of resistive sheet on handset shows effective decrement in coupled power.
Effects of extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields on paraoxonase serum activity and lipid peroxidation metabolites in rat
Authors: Seifirad Soroush , Farzampour Shahrokh , Nourbakhsh Mitra , Amoli Mahsa Mohammad , Razzaghy-Azar Maryam , Larijani Bagher 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
Background
Atherogenic effects of ELF-MF exposure have not been studied well so far. Therefore we have hypothesized that ELF-MF exposure might have atherogenic effect by impairing antioxidant function and increasing lipid peroxidation. This study was therefore undertaken to examine the effects of ELF-MF on paraoxonase (PON) activity, antioxidant capacity and lipid peroxidation metabolites. Effects of time on remodeling of antioxidant system were also investigated in this study.

Methods
Seventy five Wistar rats were randomly allocated into five groups as follows: 1) Sham exposure, 2) Single exposure to 60 Hz, sacrificed immediately after exposure, 3) Single exposure to 60 Hz, sacrificed 72 hours after exposure, 4) Fourteen days of exposure to 60 Hz, sacrificed immediately after exposure, and 5) Fourteen days of exposure to 60 Hz, sacrificed 72 hours after exposure. Blood samples were collected and analyzed. The results were compared using ANOVA and post hoc Tukey HSD for multiple caparisons.

Results
Single ELF-MF exposure significantly increased lipid peroxidation (CD and MDA) and increased antioxidant serum activity (HDL, paraoxonase activity, and serum total antioxidant capacity). Chronic ELF-MF exposure increased lipid peroxidation and affected antioxidant system. Free fatty acids levels were significantly increased after both single and two weeks exposure. Chronic exposure led to irreversible changes while acute exposure tended to reversible alterations on above mentioned parameters.

Conclusions
According to the results of this study, ELF-MF exposure could impair oxidant-antioxidant function and might increase oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation. Antioxidant capability was dependent on the duration and continuity of ELF-MF exposure.