bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dispersal in the desert: ephemeral water drives connectivity and phylogeography of an arid‐adapted fish
Authors: Mossop Krystina D. , Adams Mark , Unmack Peter J. , Smith Date Katie L. , Wong Bob B. M. , Chapple David G. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractAimWe examine landscape processes shaping the range‐wide phylogeography of a dispersal‐limited, desert‐dwelling fish (the desert goby, Chlamydogobius eremius) in arid Australia.LocationSouth‐western Lake Eyre Basin, central Australia.MethodsWe obtained sequence data for the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene (n = 513 individuals) and nuclear genetic markers (51 allozyme loci; n ≥ 128 individuals) to investigate the phylogeographic relationships among 51 populations. Sampling spanned multiple habitat types (permanent desert springs, ephemeral rivers) and sub‐catchments, and the entire distribution of C. eremius and representatives of its sister species, Chlamydogobius japalpa. Phylogeographic analyses (genetic diversity, AMOVA, Tajima's D, WST, mismatch distribution) were used to explore the distribution and partitioning of mtDNA variation; principal coordinates analysis and neighbour‐joining tree networks were used to explore allozyme variation.ResultsThree main genetic groups exist across C. eremius/C. japalpa populations. The geographical distributions of these groups reflected the historical and current confluence point of major rivers in the region. Surprisingly, permanent desert springs did not contain higher genetic diversity than ephemeral rivers.Main conclusionsGenetic structuring of Chlamydogobius populations revealed unanticipated levels of connectivity, indicating that the ephemeral waters of Lake Eyre have allowed gene flow across drainage boundaries and large distances. Phylogeographic breaks reveal that connectivity relies on temporary surface water, while rapid temporal changes in diversity highlight flood‐driven dispersal as the main means of gene flow between localities and habitats. Dispersal pathways reveal that ecological context (life history and tolerance of extreme conditions) has played a key role in shaping observed patterns.
Evolutionary genetic consequences of facultative sex and outcrossing
Authors: Hartfield M. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractExplaining the selective forces that underlie different reproductive modes forms a major part of evolution research. Many organisms are facultative sexuals, with the ability to reproduce both sexually and asexually. Reduced sequencing costs means it is now possible to start investigating genome sequences of a wider number of these organisms in depth, but teasing apart the genetic forces underlying the maintenance of facultative sexual reproduction remains a challenge. An analogous problem exists when determining the genetic consequences of a degree of outcrossing (and recombination) in otherwise self‐fertilizing organisms. Here, I provide an overview of existing research on the evolutionary basis behind different reproductive modes, with a focus on explaining the population genetic effects favouring low outcrossing rates in either partially selfing or asexual species. I review the outcomes that both self‐fertilization and asexuality have on either purging deleterious mutations or fixing beneficial alleles, and what empirical data exist to support these theories. In particular, a greater application of mathematical models to genomic data has provided insight into the numerous effects that transitions to self‐fertilization from outcrossing have on genetic architecture. Similar modelling approaches could be used to determine the forces shaping genetic diversity of facultative sexual species. Hence, a further unification of mathematical models with next‐generation sequence data will prove important in exploring the genetic influences on reproductive system evolution.
The constant philopater hypothesis: a new life history invariant for dispersal evolution
Authors: Rodrigues A. M. M. , Gardner A. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractSurprising invariance relationships have emerged from the study of social interaction, whereby a cancelling‐out of multiple partial effects of genetic, ecological or demographic parameters means that they have no net impact upon the evolution of a social behaviour. Such invariants play a pivotal role in the study of social adaptation: on the one hand, they provide theoretical hypotheses that can be empirically tested; and, on the other hand, they provide benchmark frameworks against which new theoretical developments can be understood. Here we derive a novel invariant for dispersal evolution: the ‘constant philopater hypothesis’ (CPH). Specifically, we find that, irrespective of variation in maternal fecundity, all mothers are favoured to produce exactly the same number of philopatric offspring, with high‐fecundity mothers investing proportionally more, and low‐fecundity mothers investing proportionally less, into dispersing offspring. This result holds for female and male dispersal, under haploid, diploid and haplodiploid modes of inheritance, irrespective of the sex ratio, local resource availability and whether mother or offspring controls the latter's dispersal propensity. We explore the implications of this result for evolutionary conflict of interests – and the exchange and withholding of contextual information – both within and between families, and we show that the CPH is the fundamental invariant that underpins and explains a wider family of invariance relationships that emerge from the study of social evolution.
Gingival epithelial cells support osteoclastogenesis by producing receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand via protein kinase A signaling
Authors: Usui M. , Sato T. , Yamamoto G. , Okamatsu Y. , Hanatani T. , Moritani Y. , Sano K. , Yamamoto M. , Nakashima K. 
Published: October 2015

Background and ObjectivePeriodontal disease is dental plaque‐induced inflammatory disease of the periodontal tissues that results in bone loss in the affected teeth. During bone resorption, receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand (RANKL) is an essential factor that regulates osteoclastogenesis. Recently, we found that gingival epithelial cells (GECs) in periodontal tissue produce RANKL, the expression of which is regulated by tumor necrosis factor‐α and protein kinase A signaling. In this study, we asked whether RANKL‐producing GECs induce bone marrow macrophages (BMMs) to form osteoclasts in a co‐culture system.Material and MethodsCa9‐22 GECs and osteoclast precursor BMMs were co‐cultured with or without the protein kinase A signaling activator forskolin or inhibitor H89 to examine whether the RANKL‐producing GECs could be induced to form osteoclasts, as determined using a pit formation assay.ResultsOsteoclasts formed spontaneously in co‐cultures of Ca9‐22 cells and BMMs, even in the absence of RANKL. The cells were cultured on bone slices for 14 d, at which time resorption pits were observed. Forskolin treatment significantly increased osteoclast numbers in these co‐cultures, but forskolin alone did not induce osteoclast formation by BMMs.ConclusionGECs producing RANKL are able to support osteoclastogenesis in an in vitro co‐culture system using GECs and BMMs, in a process promoted by forskolin.
DNA barcoding of the main cultivated yams and selected wild species in the genusDioscorea
Authors: Girma Gezahegn , Spillane Charles , Gedil Melaku 
Published: October 2015

AbstractDistinguishing yam species based on morphological traits is extremely difficult and unreliable, posing a challenge to breeders and genebank curators. Development of a molecular assay based on DNA barcoding can facilitate rapid and accurate identification of importantDioscoreaspecies. To develop a DNA barcoding system forDioscoreaspecies identification, therbcLandmatKloci (in unison and in combination), the non‐coding intergenic spacertrnH‐psbAof the chloroplast genome, and the nuclear ITS regions were investigated using criteria for developing candidate DNA barcodes. All DNA barcoding sequences were assessed for ease of PCR amplification, sequence quality and species discriminatory power. Amongst the markers investigated, thematKlocus performed well in terms of species identification (63.2%), in addition to detecting high interspecific variation with mean divergence of 0.0196 (SD=0.0209). The combination of the two coding regions (rbcL + matK) was determined to be the optimal (76.2%) DNA barcoding approach as 16 out of 21 species could be defined. While therbcLexhibited good PCR amplification efficiency and sequence quality, its species discriminatory power was relatively poor with 47.6% identification. Similarly, thetrnH‐psbAregion had a weak discrimination efficiency of only 36.8%. While the development of more robust DNA barcoding systems is an ongoing challenge, our results indicate that therbcL + matKcombination can be utilized as multi‐locus DNA barcode regions forDioscoreaspecies identification.
Organic Carbon and Dissolved Oxygen Budgets for a Commercial‐Size, In‐pond Raceway System
Authors: Brown Travis W. , Boyd Claude E. , Chappell Jesse A. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractIntensive production of ictalurid catfish in the USA has increased over the past several years, and a better understanding of the amount of organic carbon (OC) and dissolved oxygen (DO) in these culture environments is needed. Budgets for OC and DO were estimated over a production season (March to November) for an in‐pond raceway system for channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, and hybrid catfish (channel catfish × blue catfish, Ictalurus furcatus), with co‐culture of paddlefish, Polyodon spathula, and Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. Feed input ranged from 45 to 263 kg/ha/d with an overall average of 80 kg/ha/d. Production of each kilogram of live catfish required 1.5 kg of feed and released into the water 0.70 kg of OC, and led to the synthesis of an additional 3.36 kg of OC by photosynthesis. Consequently, production of 1 kg of live catfish resulted in 4.06 kg OC, and harvest of catfish accounted for only 29.5% of OC applied from the feed. Removal of OC increased to 34.3% with the additional harvest of paddlefish and tilapia. OC was consumed in respiration, and some OC accumulated in sediment. Total respiration within the system exceeded the DO produced by photosynthesis, while diffusion and mechanical aeration aided in maintaining suitable DO levels for fish production.
Vitamin D3 Requirement in Practical Diet of White Shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, at Low Salinity Rearing Conditions
Authors: Wen Ming , Liu Yong‐jian , Tian Li‐xia , Wang Sheng 
Published: October 2015

AbstractA 10‐week feeding trial was conducted to determine the requirements of vitamin D3 in juvenile Litopenaeus vannamei at low salinity rearing conditions. The basal practical diet contained 685 IU vitamin D3 per kg diet, Diets 2–6 contained 1960, 3240, 4220, 5630, and 7550 IU vitamin D3 per kg diet, respectively. Diets were fed twice daily to triplicate groups of L. vannamei (initial average weight 0.39 ± 0.01 g). Growth performance and alkaline phosphatase activity in hepatosomatic were not affected by the supplementation of vitamin D3. Hepatosomatic index of shrimp fed diets containing vitamin D3 at 685, 1960, and 3240 IU/kg was lower than the diet containing vitamin D3 at 7550 IU. Whole‐body moisture and zinc content were significantly decreased with increasing vitamin D3. Similarly, higher value was also observed on whole‐body protein, ash content, calcium, and phosphorus and magnesium concentration with increasing vitamin D3. Results of the current study indicated that vitamin D3 from ingredients could meet the growth requirement but not for whole‐body mineral deposition. Broken‐line regression analysis based on maximum whole‐body ash indicated that vitamin D3 requirement was recommended to be 6366 IU/kg for juvenile L. vannamei at low salinity rearing conditions.
Effect of Temperature on Acute Toxicity of Nitrite to Meagre, Argyrosomus regius (Asso, 1801)
Authors: Kir Mehmet , Topuz Havva , Sunar Murat Can , Topuz Mustafa 
Published: October 2015

AbstractMeagre, Argyrosomus regius, is a candidate marine fish species for aquaculture diversification, presenting a high economic value in the Mediterranean. Tolerance of juvenile meagre to nitrite (NO2‐N) was determined relating to temperature. Fish (3.2 ± 0.6 g and 5.4 ± 0.9 cm) were exposed to different NO2‐N concentrations in a series of acute toxicity tests by the static renewal method at three temperatures (18, 22, and 26 C) at a pH of 8.0. Low temperature clearly increased tolerance to NO2‐N (P < 0.05). The 96‐h median lethal concentration (LC50) values of NO2‐N were 177.63, 139.55, and 49.61 mg/L, at 18, 22, and 26 C, respectively. The safe levels of NO2‐N for juvenile meagre were estimated to be 17.7, 13.9, and 4.9 mg/L at 18, 22, and 26 C, respectively (P < 0.05). This study indicates A. regius is more sensitive to nitrite than other marine fish species cultured in the Mediterranean.
Effects of Dietary Ascorbic Acid on Growth Performance, Body Composition, and Some Immunological Parameters of Caspian Brown Trout, Salmo trutta caspius
Authors: Arab Narges , Rajabi Islami Houman 
Published: October 2015

AbstractA 9‐wk feeding experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of dietary ascorbic acid (AA) on growth performance and tissue compositions of Caspian brown trout. The fish (9.64 ± 0.62 g) were held in tanks at a density of 40 fish per tank. Five experimental diets were prepared by providing of 9.8, 43.8, 89.4, 188.5, and 384.2 mg AA equivalent/kg diet, respectively. At the end of the trial, an increasing trend was found on growth performance with the increase of AA supplementation. Fish fed diet supplemented with more than 188.5 mg/kg AA also had significantly higher bone collagen than fish fed diets containing 9.8 mg/kg AA (P < 0.05). According to the broken line, the dietary AA requirement of Caspian brown trout fingerlings was 177.24 mg AA/kg diet based on the weight gain, 186.97 mg AA/kg diet based on the protein tissue, and 163.95 mg AA/kg diet based on the bone collagen. Serum lysozyme and alternative complement pathway activities were also influenced by graded level of AA supplementation to the diet. The present research clearly indicated that AA is required for normal growth and enhancement of immune response in Caspian brown trout fingerlings.
Effects of Water Hardness and Calcium: Magnesium Ratios on Reproductive Performance and Offspring Quality of Macrobrachium rosenbergii
Authors: Rezaei Tavabe Kamran , Rafiee Gholamreza , Shoeiry Mohammad Mehdi , Houshmandi Shadab , Frinsko Michael , Daniels Harry 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThis study evaluated the effect of specific calcium and magnesium ratios at two hardness values on reproductive performance and offspring quality of Macrobrachium rosenbergii brood‐females. Hatchery water containing 110.5 mg/L CaCO3 hardness was considered baseline as it has been used successfully to hatch and rear larvae and was used as the control treatment. At each hardness value of 150 and 190 mg/L CaCO3, four experimental water treatments were made in triplicate. Each treatment was adjusted using soluble salts (CaCl2·H2O, MgSO4·7H2O, and MgCl2·6H2O) to provide the hardness and calcium to magnesium ratios of 0:20, 20:80, 50:50, and 80:20 needed. Each of the experimental tanks (140 L) were stocked with six females and one male. The results indicated that both hardness and Ca:Mg ratios affect brood‐female reproductive qualitative parameters such as intermolt period, egg hatchability, egg dry weight, and egg‐clutch somatic index (ESI) parameters (P < 0.05) but not fecundity and eggs per spawn. The results revealed that brood‐females at 150 mg/L hardness showed greater reproductive performance than at 190 and 110.5 mg/L hardness. The findings also demonstrated that the treatment 50Ca50Mg at 150 mg/L hardness with 38.8 mg/L calcium and 12.9 mg/L magnesium had optimum reproductive performance and offspring quality for M. rosenbergii brood‐females.
Influence of education and diagnostic modes on glaucoma assessment by optometrists
Authors: Yoshioka Nayuta , Wong Elizabeth , Kalloniatis Michael , Yapp Michael , Hennessy Michael P. , Agar Ashish , Healey Paul R. , Hayen Andrew , Zangerl Barbara 
Published: October 2015

AbstractPurposeTo evaluate the influence of different clinical examination techniques, including optic nerve head (ONH) photography, visual field tests, and adjunct imaging on the diagnosis of glaucoma by Australian and New Zealand optometrists. The effect of a short‐term, didactic teaching module on these is also explored.MethodsClinical data of 30 patients previously seen at the Centre for Eye Health was collected and compiled into glaucoma diagnostic assessment modules. Each of six modules contained different combinations of clinical examination results and required a classification of the cases as normal, suspicious or glaucoma. A cohort of 54 Australian and New Zealand optometrists were recruited for the study and allocated into two cohorts. The intervention group completed a glaucoma training course prior to the assessment while the control group completed the assessment without additional training. Diagnostic accuracy was compared between modules and optometrist groups.ResultsHigh false negative rates were observed with ONH photography, which were drastically reduced with the addition of visual field, albeit at the cost of increased false positive rates. Addition of adjunct imaging techniques partially compensated for the increase in the false positive rate from the visual field, but had limited effect on false negative rate. Educational intervention resulted in larger improvement in the diagnostic ability when multiple imaging modalities were provided.ConclusionThe study highlighted the importance of combining both structural and functional assessments in glaucoma. Current imaging technology demonstrated limited usefulness for event diagnosis due to the persistent difficulties of defining structural and functional loss in glaucoma, thus highlighting the need for new glaucoma assessment techniques. Short‐term didactic teaching programs may only result in limited improvement of glaucoma diagnostic ability in optometrists, and hence, it may need to be combined with long‐term and/or non‐didactic training components to obtain a greater effect.
Paperless anesthesia: uses and abuses of these data
Authors: Anderson Brian J. , Merry Alan F. 
Published: October 2015

SummaryDemonstrably accurate records facilitate clinical decision making, improve patient safety, provide better defense against frivolous lawsuits, and enable better medical policy decisions. Anesthesia Information Management Systems (AIMS) have the potential to improve on the accuracy and reliability of handwritten records. Interfaces with electronic recording systems within the hospital or wider community allow correlation of anesthesia relevant data with biochemistry laboratory results, billing sections, radiological units, pharmacy, earlier patient records, and other systems. Electronic storage of large and accurate datasets has lent itself to quality assurance, enhancement of patient safety, research, cost containment, scheduling, anesthesia training initiatives, and has even stimulated organizational change. The time for record making may be increased by AIMS, but in some cases has been reduced. The question of impact on vigilance is not entirely settled, but substantial negative effects seem to be unlikely. The usefulness of these large databases depends on the accuracy of data and they may be incorrect or incomplete. Consequent biases are threats to the validity of research results. Data mining of biomedical databases makes it easier for individuals with political, social, or economic agendas to generate misleading research findings for the purpose of manipulating public opinion and swaying policymakers. There remains a fear that accessibility of data may have undesirable regulatory or legal consequences. Increasing regulation of treatment options during the perioperative period through regulated policies could reduce autonomy for clinicians. These fears are as yet unsubstantiated.
Gender aspects of recreational sun‐protective behavior: results of a representative, population‐based survey among Austrian residents
Authors: Haluza Daniela , Simic Stana , Höltge Jan , Cervinka Renate , Moshammer Hanns 
Published: October 2015

SummaryPurposeLifetime risk for melanoma skin cancer is enlarged by sunlight exposure and reduced by sun protection. Austrian melanoma incidence and mortality rates are constantly rising with higher rates in males. Thus, we aimed at investigating gender‐specific recreational sun exposure habits among the Austrian population.MethodsWe conducted a telephone survey among 1500 adults (50.5% females) representing sociodemographic characteristics of the Austrian population. Using a structured questionnaire, we studied gender‐specific sun exposure‐related knowledge, motives to tan, and behavior.ResultsOverall, using sunscreen, wearing sunglasses, and seeking shade were among the three most frequent sun safe measures. Basic skin health knowledge and tanning motives were similar among genders, although females protected themselves more. In general, sunburn occurrence (odds ratio [OR] = 1.4, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.0–1.8), skin type IV (OR = 2.4, 95% CI = 1.3–4.5), ex‐/non‐smoking (OR = 1.4–1.6, 95% CI = 1.0–2.1), low motives to tan (both OR = 1.3, 95% CI = 1.0–1.7), no outdoor sport (OR = 1.3, 95% CI = 1.0–1.7), all P < 0.05, as well as the use of sunscreen with lower SPF values (OR = 1.0–3.0, 95% CI = 1.4–4.3) and male gender (OR = 1.6, 95% CI = 1.2–2.0), both P < 0.001, increased the odds of practicing low sun protection.ConclusionThe results of this investigation suggest considering gender specificity when planning Public (Skin) Health‐related educative campaigns and programs, for example, by highlighting the appearance‐related benefits of sun light avoidance.
Metal oxide sunscreens protect skin by absorption, not by reflection or scattering
Authors: Cole Curtis , Shyr Thomas , Ou‐Yang Hao 
Published: October 2015

SummaryBackground/PurposeThe inorganic metal oxide sunscreens titanium dioxide and zinc oxide have been considered to protect against sunburning ultraviolet radiation by physically reflecting/scattering the incident photons and thus protecting the skin. Earlier publications suggested, however, that the primary action of UV protection by these sunscreen agents is through absorption and not by reflection. The purpose of this work was to quantitate the contributions of each of these modes of action to the protection provided by inorganic UV sunscreen filters.MethodsAn optical integrating sphere was used to measure the transmission and the reflectance of titanium dioxide and zinc oxide.ResultsThe average range of reflection for zinc oxide and titanium dioxide throughout the UV range was only 4–5% (less than SPF 2), providing minimal UV protection via this mechanism. The remainder of the UV protection is provided by semiconductor band gap mediated absorbance of the UV photons. At wavelengths above the semiconductor band gap absorption energy levels (in the long UVA and visible wavelengths), they are predominantly reflectors of light (up to 60% reflection) and non‐absorbing.ConclusionTitanium dioxide and zinc oxide provide UV protection primarily via absorption of UV radiation and not through significant reflection or scattering.
Pseudotumoral presentation of fungating mycetoma caused by Phaeoacremonium fuscum in a renal transplant patient
Authors: McGrogan D. , David M.D. , Roberts C. , Borman A.M. , Nath J. , Inston N.G. , Mellor S. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractEumycetoma is an unusual infection in immunocompromised patients outside the tropics, caused by a variety of fungal pathogens. We describe the case of a 51‐year‐old renal transplant recipient who presented with a large pseudotumoral foot lesion necessitating complete surgical excision of the lesion. Cultures and molecular diagnosis confirmed Phaeoacremonium fuscum. This is the first case, to our knowledge, of fungating mycetoma caused by this fungal species in a solid organ transplant recipient.