bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Soluble OX40L is associated with presence of autoantibodies in early rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Laustsen Julie K , Rasmussen Tue K , Stengaard-Pedersen Kristian , Hørslev-Petersen Kim , Hetland Merete L , Østergaard Mikkel , Junker Peter , Hvid Malene , Deleuran Bent 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
Introduction
OX40 and its ligand OX40L are key components in the generation of adaptive memory response and provide necessary co-stimulatory signals for activated effector T cells. Here we investigate the dual roles of the membrane and soluble (s) forms of OX40 and OX40L in plasma and synovial fluid and their association with autoantibodies and disease activity in rheumatoid arthritis (RA).

Methods
Soluble OX40 and sOX40L plasma levels were measured in treatment-naïve early RA patients (eRA) at baseline and after 3, 6, and 12 months of treatment with methotrexate and adalimumab (n = 39) and with methotrexate alone (n = 37). Adalimumab was discontinued after the first year, and patients were followed for additional 12 months. For comparison, sOX40 and sOX40L were measured in patients with chronic RA (cRA, n = 15) and healthy volunteers (HV, n = 34). Membrane-bound OX40 and OX40L expression on T cells, B cells and monocytes were quantified.

Results
Soluble OX40 plasma levels of eRA patients were not different at the time of treatment initiation, but were significantly higher after 12 months of treatment, compared with HV or cRA patients. Soluble OX40L was significantly elevated throughout the first 12 months of treatment compared with HVs and patients with cRA. Adalimumab treatment did not influence sOX40 or sOX40L plasma levels. At baseline, sOX40L levels were strongly associated with the presence of anti-citrullinated protein antibodies (ACPA) (P <0.001) and IgM-RF (P <0.0001). The sOX40/sOX40L ratio was decreased in eRA, and a low ratio at the time of adalimumab discontinuation was associated with increased DAS28CRP and risk of flare the following year. T cells in the synovial fluid had the highest expression of OX40, while monocytes and B cells were the main expressers of OX40L in the joint.

Conclusions
Plasma levels of sOX40 and sOX40L were increased in eRA and sOX40L was correlated with ACPA and IgM-RF. Further, expression of membrane-bound OX40 and OX40L was increased in eRA and cRA. Combined, these findings could reflect that increased activity in the OX40 systems facilitate to drive disease activity and autoantibody production in RA.

Trial registration
Clincaltrials.gov NCT00660647, 10 April 2008.
Debate: Strategically Working in Parallel to Traffickers
Authors: Tournecuillert Vincent 
Published: October 2014

Let’s be realistic, counter-trafficking teams will never be as effective as the proactive and flexible networks of outlaws that violate the rights of millions of people each year. The ‘bad guys’ operate without the same financial limitations such as bureaucratic red tape and donor criteria, and take advantage of patchy and often uncoordinated border surveillance that is chronically untrained in detecting trafficking in persons. Non-governmental organisations (NGOs) involved in the fight against human trafficking—and in direct contact with presumed victims (their status is not assessed until at a stage later than this initial contact)—are in a diametrically opposite situation. They must carefully abide by the national and international legal frameworks that their criminal antagonists ignore. Donors and national authorities operate within the constraints of geographic target areas and funding cycles. Since counter-trafficking actors neither create the markets nor devise the routes for trafficking, their strategic cross-border (or long distance) partnerships are always a few steps behind the traffickers, if not many steps behind, and rarely efficient.
Predictors of Nonsevere and Severe Hypoglycemia During Glucose-Lowering Treatment With Insulin Glargine or Standard Drugs in the ORIGIN Trial
Authors:   The ORIGIN Trial Investigators
Published: October 2014

OBJECTIVE
Hypoglycemia is a leading risk of glucose-lowering therapy. Treatment with insulin glargine compared with standard care early in the course of dysglycemia in the Outcome Reduction with an Initial Glargine Intervention (ORIGIN) trial provides information on the frequency and predictors of hypoglycemia in this setting.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
A total of 12,537 people with high cardiovascular risk and dysglycemia treated with one or no oral glucose-lowering agents were randomized to add glargine titrated to a fasting glucose level of ≤5.3 mmol/L (≤95 mg/dL) or to use standard therapies. Independent associations of both nonsevere hypoglycemia (symptomatic and confirmed with a glucose level of ≤3 mmol/L [≤54 mg/dL]) and severe hypoglycemia with characteristics at baseline, treatment allocation, and average HbA1c were assessed by Cox proportional hazards models.

RESULTS
During a median follow-up period of 6.2 years, 28% of participants reported nonsevere hypoglycemia, and 3.8% reported severe hypoglycemia. Prior use of a sulfonylurea and allocation to glargine independently predicted a higher risk for both categories of participants. Nonsevere events were independently associated with younger age, lower BMI, the presence of diabetes, and higher baseline HbA1c level. Severe events were associated with older age, hypertension, higher serum creatinine level, and lower cognitive function, but not baseline glycemic status. Progressively higher on-treatment HbA1c level was associated with a lower risk of nonsevere events in both treatment groups; a lower risk of severe events in the glargine group, and a higher risk of severe events with standard care.

CONCLUSIONS
Hypoglycemia was relatively uncommon in the ORIGIN trial, but was more frequent with sulfonylurea use at baseline and allocation to glargine. Nonsevere and severe events were associated with different clinical characteristics, awareness of which may guide individualized therapy.
Macro-Econometric Modeling of Social Insecurity, Foreign Direct Investments and Economic Growth Association
Authors: Ikpe Marius , Nteegah Alwell 
Published: October 2014

Social insecurity has in recent time constituted a major hurdle to the Nigeria authorities. Theoretically, it is believed to have a strong negative link with Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and levels of economic growth. This in Nigeria’s context ranges from Niger Delta crises, to the un-going Boko-Haram Islamists Militants insurgency. Given paucity of empirical literature on this line of investigation into this form of socioeconomic problem, this study empirically examines the link amongst social insecurity, FDI and growth of the Nigerian economy. The study adopted the Augmented Cob-Douglas production function in its analysis, introducing the variable (social insecurity) into the FDI model and subsequently traces its impact on economic growth. Result indicates that social insecurity stimulates the inflow of foreign technology, rather than inhibit it. The paper attributes this to merging of these distinct forms of social insecurity in the study and consequently recommend an explicit examination of these forms of social insecurity-FDI association Nigeria.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijssm.v1i4.10944 Int. J. Soc. Sci. Manage. Vol-1, issue-4: 129-138
Cycle de carrière objectif et cycle de carrière subjectif : essai de structuration - cas Worldwide express
Authors: Mahmoudi Ramin 
Published: October 2014

Les histoires de vie entrainant les individus à changer de carrière nous ont motivés à mener une recherche en adoptant une approche fondée sur la possibilité pour les individus de réenclencher une « seconde carrière » au cours de leurs vies professionnelles. Cette recherche consiste à comprendre comment certains individus peuvent vivre plusieurs « carrières ». Autrement dit, nous souhaitons déterminer la structuration de ces « parties » de carrière. La littérature sur les carrières propose deux approches sur le sujet : objective et subjective, et introduit le concept de « cycle de carrière ». Une étude de cas unique en occupant une position de « participant observateur » a été réalisée dans une organisation de plus de 8 000 salariés en 2009. L’étude réalisée à partir du cas Worldwide Express a montré l’existence de carrière objective et subjective monocyclique et multi-cycliques. Cette recherche a permis de décrire les étapes des cycles de carrière objectifs et subjectifs et d’identifier des caractéristiques communes et propres à la structuration des cycles de carrière objectifs et subjectifs. Ce travail met en évidence la diversité des parcours de carrière dans un contexte français.
La religion saisie par l'État. Christianisme et politique d'après Hegel
Authors: Vioulac Jean 
Published: October 2014

Le projet philosophique est indissociable d’une ontologie politique, qui fut formulée par Platon dans La République , et dont Hegel a pensé l’accomplissement dans l’État moderne. Le christianisme est pour Hegel la médiation, à la fois logique et historique, de cet accomplissement : sa philosophie de la religion montre alors les étapes progressives par lesquelles la religion chrétienne s’est d’abord aliénée dans l’Église catholique, avant de surmonter cette aliénation par la Réforme protestante, puis l’État constitutionnel. Tout autant qu’accomplissement de l’ontologie grecque, la modernité germanique est dès lors accomplissement de la théologie chrétienne. Il est néanmoins possible de critiquer cette thèse hégélienne, en reconnaissant dans la révélation eschatologique de la transcendance un principe de subversion de l’ordre politique.
Hand hygiene practices in a dental teaching center: Measures and improve
Authors: Thivichon-Prince Béatrice , Barsotti Odile , Girard Raphaele , Morrier Jean-Jacques 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACT
Objective: To measure the compliance and the quality of HH practices and the knowledge of the healthcare workers’ of the university dental care center. Materials and Methods: All educators and students present were eligible for inclusion in the study. Each healthcare professional was observed in care situation over a period of 30 min. The knowledge, attitudes and opinions were collected through a questionnaire. Results: Number of healthcare professionals included was 190 (64.4%). Study group consisted of 151 students (74.4%) and 39 educators (42.4%). Out of a total number of expected disinfection of hands (993), 396 were made (39.9%). Educators had a higher compliance rates than students (63.7-35.8%, P = 10−9). Large differences were found between care situations (compliance higher before the first care to a patient and lower during installation of patient in dental X-ray area or at exit of dental X-ray area). Concerning hand rubbing (HR), 36.6% were performed correctly, and the main error was all steps of HR not observed (54.4%), and shorter duration (46.7%). The observance and the quality of HR were associated with better knowledge. Conclusion: This data suggests areas of improvement: (1) A comprehensive intervention including care organization/clinic ergonomics/planning/anticipation of materials needed for care; (2) the development of HH education program should include the educators, since the behavior of students is strongly influenced and formed by their mentor's attitude and behaviors.
Quantitative evaluation of apically extruded debris during root canal instrumentation with ProTaper Universal, ProTaper Next, WaveOne, and self-adjusting file systems
Authors: Ozsu Damla , Karatas Ertugrul , Arslan Hakan , Topcu Meltem C. 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACT
Objectives: The aim of this study was to compare the amount of apically extruded debris during preparation with ProTaper Universal (Dentsply Maillefer, Ballaigues, Switzerland), ProTaper Next (Dentsply Maillefer), a reciprocating single-file (WaveOne; VDW GmbH, Munich, Germany), and a self-adjusting file (SAF; ReDent Nova, Ra'anna, Israel). Materials and Methods: Fifty-six intact mandibular premolar teeth were randomly assigned to four groups. The root canals were prepared according to the manufacturers’ instructions using the ProTaper Universal, ProTaper Next, WaveOne, and SAF. Apically extruded debris was collected in preweighted Eppendorf tubes during instrumentation. The net weight of the apically extruded debris was determined by subtracting the preweights and postweights of the tubes. The data were statistically analyzed using the one-way analysis of variance and the least significant difference tests at a significance level of P < 0.05. Results: A measurable amount of debris was apically extruded in all groups, and the amounts of debris extrusion in the groups were statistically significant (P < 0.001). The ProTaper Next and WaveOne groups resulted in less debris extrusion than the ProTaper Universal group (P < 0.05), and the SAF group resulted in the least debris extrusion. Conclusions: Within the limitations of the present study, it can be concluded that all systems extruded debris beyond the apical foramen.
Spectrophotometric and computerized evaluation of tooth bleaching employing 10 different home-bleaching procedures: In-vitro study
Authors: Peskersoy Cem , Tetik Ayhan , Ozturk Veli Ozgen , Gokay Necmi 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACTObjective: The aim of this in-vitro study was to evaluate the efficacy of bleaching products, determine the applicability and validation of the measurement methods. Materials and Methods: Freshly extracted 110 human incisor teeth were stained with whole blood and hemolysate solution prior to the application of 10 different home-bleaching products. Spectrophotometric measurements of the tooth shades were performed for each specimen before and after bleaching at the 1st, 3rd, 7th, and 14 days. Differences in lightness (Δl), chroma (Δc), hue (Δh) values and shade changes were measured to evaluate process. Computerized digital imaging analyses to determine the color changes were performed with Photoshop CS4 software (Adobe, San Jose, CA, USA). Statistical analyses were performed with analysis of variance, Scheffe and Tukey tests. Results: In all of the test groups regardless of the material used, a significant increase in lightness and hue, and decrease of chroma were observed, as compared to the control group. After recommended bleaching applications, Δl and Δh values respectively increased in group Zaris White and Brite (ZWB) and group Pola Night and Δc values showed significant decrease in groups ZWB and Rembrandt REM3 (P < 0.05). At the end of the procedure both spectrophotometric and digital imaging analysis showed ZWB was the most effective product among the others while Yotuel and Happy Smile were the least (P < 0.05). Conclusions: Home-bleaching systems showed slower but almost permanent bleaching effect likewise office-based methods. Both software and spectrophotometric analyses have advantages such as evaluating the results objectively and numerically, also treatment outcomes could be preserved.
Reduction of Income Inequality and Subjective Well-Being in Europe
Authors: Hajdu Tamás , Hajdu Gábor 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
Using four waves of the European Social Survey (179,273 individuals from 29 countries) the authors analyze the association of reduction of income inequality by governmental taxes and transfers (redistribution) with subjective well-being. Their results provide evidence that people in Europe are negatively affected by income inequality, whereas reduction of inequality has a positive effect on well-being. Since the authors simultaneously estimate the effects of income inequality and its reduction, their results might indicate that not only the outcome (inequality), but also the procedure (redistribution) that leads to the outcome influences subjective wellbeing. Their results also show that the positive effect of redistribution is stronger for less affluent members of the society and left-wing oriented individuals. While post-government inequality seems to have no significant effect in Western Europe, its impact is negative and highly significant in Eastern Europe.
Kinetics and Mechanism of Mn(II) Catalyzed Periodate Oxidation of p-anisidine: Effect of pH
Authors: Kaushik Rajneesh Dutt , Singh Jaspal , Manila M. , Kaur Manmeet , Singh Prabha 
Published: October 2014

The stoichiometry for the initial part of the reaction, Mn(II) catalysed periodate oxidation of p-anisidine (PMA), has been found to be 1 mol of PMA consuming 2 mol of periodate ion. The kinetic-mechanistic study of reaction in acetone-water medium was made spectrophotometrically by noting the increase in the absorbance of reaction intermediate. Reaction is first order in reactants and catalyst each. A decrease in dielectric constant of the medium results in decrease in the rate of reaction suggesting an ion-dipole type interaction. Free radical scavengers do not affect the reaction rate. A special type of rate-pH profile shows a maximum at pH = 7.0. This pH effect also suggests the involvement of at least three differently reactive reactant species in the reaction and this fact has been considered by us while deriv-ing the rate law. Under pseudo first order conditions [IO4-] >> [PMA] and in agreement with the derived rate law, the 1/kcat versus [H+] plot passes through the minimum and the results can be fitted to the equation: 1/kcat = (K2 / k K3 K4 [H+]) + {(Kw + Kb K2) / k K3 K4 Kw} + Kb [H+] / k K3 K4 Kw, where kK3K4 is the empirical composite rate constant, Kw is ionic product of water, K2 is acid dissociation constant of H4IO6- and Kb is base dissociation constant of PMA. The experimental value of [H+]min is in good agreement with the value calculated by using the derived rate law equation and is character-istic of the substrate involved relating to the base dissociation constant of PMA. The value of thermo-dynamic parameters have been evaluated. © 2014 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0)
Hot upwelling conduit beneath the Atlas Mountains, Morocco
Authors: Sun Daoyuan , Miller Meghan S. , Holt Adam F. , Becker Thorsten W. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThe Atlas Mountains of Morocco display high topography, no deep crustal root, and regions of localized Cenozoic alkaline volcanism. Previous seismic imaging and geophysical studies have implied a hot mantle upwelling as the source of the volcanism and high elevation. However, the existence, shape, and physical properties of an associated mantle anomaly are debated. Here we use seismic waveform analysis from a broadband deployment and geodynamic modeling to define the physical properties and morphology of the anomaly. The imaged low‐velocity structure extends to ~200 km beneath the Atlas and appears ~350 K hotter than the ambient mantle with possible partial melting. It includes a lateral conduit, which suggests that the Quaternary volcanism arises from the upper mantle. Moreover, the shape and temperature of the imaged anomaly indicate that the unusually high topography of the Atlas Mountains is due to active mantle support.
Pore size controls on the base of the methane hydrate stability zone in the Kumano Basin, offshore Japan
Authors: Daigle Hugh , Dugan Brandon 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThe base of the methane hydrate stability zone (MHSZ) in the Kumano Basin, offshore Japan, is marked by a bottom‐simulating reflection (BSR) on seismic data. At Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Site C0002, which penetrates this BSR, the in situ temperature profile combined with bulk seawater methane equilibrium conditions suggest that the base of the MHSZ is 428 m below seafloor (bsf), which is 28 m deeper than the observed BSR (400 m bsf). We found that submicron pore sizes determined by mercury injection capillary pressure are sufficiently small to cause 64% of the observed uplift of the base of the MHSZ by the Gibbs‐Thomson effect. This is the most thorough characterization of pore sizes within the MHSZ performed to date and illustrates the extent to which pore size can influence MHSZ thickness. Our results demonstrate the importance of considering lithology and pore structure when assessing methane hydrate stability conditions in marine sediments.
Optimizing the real‐time ground level enhancement alert system based on neutron monitor measurements: Introducing GLE Alert Plus
Authors: Souvatzoglou G. , Papaioannou A. , Mavromichalaki H. , Dimitroulakos J. , Sarlanis C. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractWhenever a significant intensity increase is being recorded by at least three neutron monitor stations in real‐time mode, a ground level enhancement (GLE) event is marked and an automated alert is issued. Although, the physical concept of the algorithm is solid and has efficiently worked in a number of cases, the availability of real‐time data is still an open issue and makes timely GLE alerts quite challenging. In this work we present the optimization of the GLE alert that has been set into operation since 2006 at the Athens Neutron Monitor Station. This upgrade has led to GLE Alert Plus, which is currently based upon the Neutron Monitor Database (NMDB). We have determined the critical values per station allowing us to issue reliable GLE alerts close to the initiation of the event while at the same time we keep the false alert rate at low levels. Furthermore, we have managed to treat the problem of data availability, introducing the Go‐Back‐N algorithm. A total of 13 GLE events have been marked from January 2000 to December 2012. GLE Alert Plus issued an alert for 12 events. These alert times are compared to the alert times of GOES Space Weather Prediction Center and Solar Energetic Particle forecaster of the University of Málaga (UMASEP). In all cases GLE Alert Plus precedes the GOES alert by ≈8–52 min. The comparison with UMASEP demonstrated a remarkably good agreement. Real‐time GLE alerts by GLE Alert Plus may be retrieved by http://cosray.phys.uoa.gr/gle_alert_plus.html, http://www.nmdb.eu, and http://swe.ssa.esa.int/web/guest/space‐radiation. An automated GLE alert email notification system is also available to interested users.
Diet, society, and economy in late medievalSpain: Stable isotope evidence from Muslims and Christians fromGandía,Valencia
Authors: Alexander Michelle M. , Gerrard Christopher M. , Gutiérrez Alejandra , Millard Andrew R. 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACTThis article investigates the diets of neighboring Christians and Muslims in late medieval Spain (here 13th–16th centuries) through the analysis of the stable isotopes of carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen (δ15N) in adult human and animal bone collagen. Twenty‐four Christians and 20 Muslims are sampled from two adjacent and contemporaneous settlements in the township of Gandía on the Mediterranean coast, together with the remains of 24 animals. Statistical differences in both δ13C and δ15N reveal that the diets of the two faith communities differed, despite living side‐by‐side. These differences may relate to inequalities in their access to foodstuffs, particularly to C3/C4grain and/or possibly terrestrial meat sources, though cultural preferences are also highlighted. Isotopic values for animals were also found to vary widely, both between and within species, and this provides a window into the local livestock economy. Am J Phys Anthropol 156:263–273, 2015. © 2014 The Authors. American Journal of physical Anthropology published by Wiley Periodicals,Inc.