bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Complex Spherical Designs and Codes
Authors: Roy Aidan , Suda Sho 
Published: November 2013

AbstractReal spherical designs and real and complex projective designs have been shown by Delsarte, Goethals, and Seidel to give rise to association schemes when the strength of the design is high compared to its degree as a code. In contrast, designs on the complex unit sphere remain relatively uninvestigated, despite their importance in numerous applications. In this paper, we develop the notion of a complex spherical design and show how many such designs carry the structure of an association scheme. In contrast with the real spherical designs and the real and complex projective designs, these association schemes are nonsymmetric.
The Impact of Type of Examples on Originality: Explaining Fixation and Stimulation Effects
Authors: Agogué Marine , Kazakçi Akin , Hatchuel Armand , Le Masson Pascal , Weil Benoit , Poirel Nicolas , Cassotti Mathieu 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThere are obstacles to creativity: one of them is called fixation effect, the fact that some knowledge about existing or obvious solutions is spontaneously activated and constrains the generation of new solutions. Converging evidence in cognitive psychology has indicated that the ability to generate original ideas can be limited by recently activated knowledge, such as examples of solutions. On the other hand, neuroimaging studies have recently demonstrated that exposure to examples could, on the contrary, have a stimulating effect on originality. To make sense of what seems to be contradictory studies, we hypothesized that two types of examples could have opposite effects on originality: (1) restrictive examples—within the fixation effect—could lead to a reduction in the originality of the solutions, whereas (2) expansive examples—outside the fixation effect—could provoke solutions of higher originality. Results from a total of 160 participants confirmed that the solutions proposed by the group exposed to restrictive examples were less original than those given by the group exposed to expansive examples.
Exome sequencing identifies NFS1 deficiency in a novel Fe‐S cluster disease, infantile mitochondrial complex II/III deficiency
Authors: Farhan Sali M. K. , Wang Jian , Robinson John F. , Lahiry Piya , Siu Victoria M. , Prasad Chitra , Kronick Jonathan B. , Ramsay David A. , Rupar C. Anthony , Hegele Robert A. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractIron‐sulfur (Fe‐S) clusters are a class of highly conserved and ubiquitous prosthetic groups with unique chemical properties that allow the proteins that contain them, Fe‐S proteins, to assist in various key biochemical pathways. Mutations in Fe‐S proteins often disrupt Fe‐S cluster assembly leading to a spectrum of severe disorders such as Friedreich's ataxia or iron‐sulfur cluster assembly enzyme (ISCU) myopathy. Herein, we describe infantile mitochondrial complex II/III deficiency, a novel autosomal recessive mitochondrial disease characterized by lactic acidemia, hypotonia, respiratory chain complex II and III deficiency, multisystem organ failure and abnormal mitochondria. Through autozygosity mapping, exome sequencing, in silico analyses, population studies and functional tests, we identified c.215G>A, p.Arg72Gln in NFS1 as the likely causative mutation. We describe the first disease in man likely caused by deficiency in NFS1, a cysteine desulfurase that is implicated in respiratory chain function and iron maintenance by initiating Fe‐S cluster biosynthesis. Our results further demonstrate the importance of sufficient NFS1 expression in human physiology.
Fetal heart pathology on postmortem 3‐T magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Sandaite Inga , Dymarkowski Steven , De Catte Luc , Moerman Philippe , Gewillig Marc , Fedele Luigi , Deprest Jan , Claus Filip 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTIntroductionPostmortem magnetic resonance imaging (pmMRI) is increasingly used in perinatology, typically as an alternative or complement to conventional necropsy for central nervous system anomalies. Overall, it provides reliable information on structural malformations but was shown to be of limited use in examining the fetal heart.ObjectiveWe aimed to assess the fetal heart on 3‐T pmMRI in a consecutive series of fetuses with structural congenital heart defects (CHD) and to determine diagnostic evaluation limits in case of CHD.MethodsA single‐center database was retrospectively reviewed. Only fetuses having CHD of functional significance were included. Fetal cardiac anatomy was assessed on T2‐weighted 3D multiplanar reconstructed images acquired using isovolumetric voxel size (0.3–0.8 mm3), which allows to visualize cardiac structures in situ in multiple fetal body planes. Cardiac pathology was classified into complex and isolated CHD. On the basis of clinically relevant findings, pmMRI was considered either diagnostic or not diagnostic.ResultsA total of 24 fetuses were included in this study. The median gestational age was 22 weeks and 2 days (range 12w5d–34w6d). The median delay between delivery of the fetus and MR was 6 h and 30 min (range 1 h and 30 min–19 h). PmMRI was diagnostic for 12 out of 13 (92.3%) complex CHD and for 6 out of 11 (54.5%) isolated CHD. In case of valvular malformation, a tentative diagnosis was reached in 7/11 cases (64%) on the basis of indirect features.ConclusionsPostmortem MRI is a valid diagnostic tool for CHD in fetuses beyond 16 weeks up to term. © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Efficient Cu(I) acetate‐catalyzed cycloaddition of multifunctional alkynes and azides: From solution to bulk polymerization
Authors: Sandmann Benedict , Happ Bobby , Hager Martin D. , Vitz Jürgen , Rettler Erik , Burtscher Peter , Moszner Norbert , Schubert Ulrich S. 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACT“Click” chemistry is an effective and commonly used technique in polymer chemistry for the synthesis and modification of polymers. In this study, the bulk polymerization of multifunctional alkynes and azides was achieved by the copper(I)‐catalyzed alkyne–azide 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition. The influence of different catalyst systems on the polymerization kinetics of the “click”reaction were evaluated by differential scanning calorimetry. Surprisingly, Cu(I) acetate showed the most efficient catalytic behavior among the applied Cu(I) salts. The polymerization kinetics in solution were investigated by 1H NMR spectroscopy and size exclusion chromatography. According to the 1H NMR investigation the copper(I)‐catalyzed cycloaddition follows a second‐order kinetics with external catalysis. Additionally, the mechanical properties of the resulting polymers were investigated by depth sensing indentation. Thereby the polymerizations of the alkyne tripropargylamine with the azides 1,3‐bis(azidomethyl)benzene and 1,4‐bis(azidomethyl)benzene resulted in mechanical hard materials. Furthermore, the combination of the alkynes tripropargylamine and di(prop‐2‐yn‐1‐yl) isophorone dicarbamate and polymerization with 1,2‐bis(2‐azidoethoxy)ethane resulted in high indentation moduli. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2014, 52, 239–247
Preparation of amphiphilic copolymers for covalent loading of paclitaxel for drug delivery system
Authors: Chen Wulian , Zhang Jin Z. , Hu Jianhua , Guo Qisang , Yang Dong 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTA novel drug‐polymer conjugate was prepared by the copper‐catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition reaction between an azide‐functional diblock copolymer and an alkyne‐functional paclitaxel (PTX). The well‐defined azide‐functional diblock copolymer, poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)‐b‐P(OEGEEMA‐co‐AzPMA), was synthesized via the atom transfer radical polymerization of oligo(ethylene glycol) ethyl ether methacrylate (OEGEEMA) and 3‐azidopropyl methacrylate (AzPMA), using PEG‐Br as macroinitiator and CuBr/PMDETA as a catalytic system. The alkyne‐functional PTX was covalently linked to the copolymer via a click reaction, and the loading content of PTX could be easily tuned by varying the feeding ratio. Transmission electron microscopy and dynamic light scattering results indicated that the drug loaded copolymers could self‐assemble into micelles in aqueous solution. Moreover, the drug release behavior of PEG‐b‐P(OEGEEMA‐co‐AzPMA‐PTX) was pH dependent, and the cumulative release amount of PTX were 50.0% at pH 5.5, which is about two times higher than that at pH 7.4. The in vitro cytotoxicity experimental results showed that the diblock copolymer was biocompatible, with no obvious cytotoxicity, whereas the PTX‐polymer conjugate could efficiently deliver PTX into HeLa and SKOV‐3 cells, leading to excellent antitumor activity. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2014, 52, 366–374
Internet‐based interventions for cancer‐related distress: exploring the experiences of those whose needs are not met
Authors: Gorlick Amanda , Bantum Erin O'Carroll , Owen Jason E. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractObjectiveLow levels of engagement in Internet‐based interventions are common. Understanding users' experiences with these interventions is a key to improving efficacy. Although qualitative methods are well‐suited for this purpose, few qualitative studies have been conducted in this area. In the present study, we assessed experiences with an Internet‐based intervention among cancer survivors who made minimal use of the intervention.MethodsSemi‐structured interviews were conducted with 25 cancer survivors who were minimally engaged (i.e., spent around 1 h total on website) with the online intervention, health‐space.net. The intervention was a 12‐week, facilitated support group with social and informational components. Interviews were analyzed using an interpretive descriptive design.ResultsThree broad categories, consisting of 18 specific themes, were identified from the interviews, which included connecting with similar others, individual expectations, and problems with the site (Κ = 0.88). The ‘similar others’ category reflected the significance of interacting with relatable survivors (i.e., same cancer type), the ‘individual expectations’ category reflected the significance of participants' expectations about using online interventions (i.e., personally relevant information), and the ‘problems with the site’ category reflected the significance of study procedures (i.e., website structure).ConclusionsThe data indicate that minimally engaged participants have high variability regarding their needs and preferences for Internet‐based interventions. Using qualitative methodologies to identify and incorporate these needs into the next generation of interventions has the potential to increase engagement and outcomes. The current study provides a foundation for future research to characterize survivors' needs and offer suggestions for better meeting these needs. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Determination of the mean and the homogeneous barrier height of Cu Schottky contacts on heteroepitaxial β‐Ga2O3 thin films grown by pulsed laser deposition
Authors: Splith Daniel , Müller Stefan , Schmidt Florian , von Wenckstern Holger , van Rensburg Johan Janse , Meyer Walter E. , Grundmann Marius 
Published: November 2013

AbstractWe have investigated the electrical properties of Cu Schottky contacts (SCs) on ()‐oriented β‐Ga2O3 thin films, which have been grown by pulsed laser deposition (PLD). The I–V characteristics of two different sample structures exhibit rectification ratios at ±2 V up to 7 orders of magnitude. The dominant current transport mechanism is thermionic emission. By fitting the I–V characteristics, we obtained the ideality factor n and the effective barrier height at temperatures between 50 and 320 K. Considering a Gaussian barrier height distribution, we determined a mean barrier height of 1.32 eV. The contacts are stable at high temperatures up to at least 550 K. At this temperature a homogeneous barrier height of 1.32 eV is found, consistent with the determined mean barrier height. The ideality factor for this temperature is 1.03 and barrier inhomogeneities do not influence current transport, making the contact close to ideal. Schematic band diagram of a Cu/β‐Ga2O3 Schottky contact at a temperature of 550 K. The inset shows a photographic image of the sample.
Series of Two‐Dimensional Hofmann‐DMF‐Type Compounds M(DMF)2M′(CN)4 (M = Cd, Fe; M′ = Ni, Pd, Pt): Syntheses, Structures, and Thermal Stabilities
Authors: Zhang Min , Li Bin‐Bin , Sun Jing , Kong Xiao‐Ping , Gu Pan‐Pan , Chen Ying‐Ying , Yuan Ai‐Hua 
Published: November 2013

AbstractFive two‐dimensional Hofmann‐DMF‐type compounds M(DMF)2M′(CN)4 [M = Cd, M′ = Ni (1), Pd (2), Pt (3); M = Fe, M′ = Ni (4), Pt (5)] were synthesized by solution diffusion method. X‐ray diffraction analysis revealed that compounds 1–5 are isomorphous and crystallize in the monoclinic C2/m space group. The structure consists of corrugated cyanide‐bridged polymeric networks, in which the DMF‐ligated octahedral M and square‐planar M′ atoms occupy special positions of the 2/m site symmetry. In addition, the non‐hydrogen atoms of DMF molecules locate on a crystallographic mirror plane and coordinate to the axial sites of M atoms from both sides of the sheets. Thermal stabilities of such system are associated with the metal ions involved in structures and the host framework begins to collapse with the loss of coordinated DMF molecules.
Synthesis, Properties, and Structures of Chromium(VI) and Chromium(V) Complexes with Heterocyclic Nitrogen Ligands
Authors: Levason William , Reid Gillian , Zhang Wenjian 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe reaction of CrO2Cl2 with 2, 2′‐bipyridyl or 1, 10‐phenanthroline (diimine) in CCl4 or anhydrous CH3CO2H solution, produces orange‐brown diamagnetic [CrO2Cl2(diimine)]. The X‐ray structure of [CrO2Cl2(2, 2′‐bipy)] shows a six‐coordinate central chromium(VI) atom with cis‐dioxo groups trans to the diimine. In contrast, the diimines react with CrO3 in CH3CO2H / conc. aqueous HCl to form bright red paramagnetic CrV complexes, [CrOCl3(diimine)]. The X‐ray structure of [CrOCl3(2, 2′‐bipy)] shows a six‐coordinate central chromium atom with mer‐chlorines and the diimine trans to O/Cl. The addition of [2, 2‐bipyH2]Cl2 to a solution of CrO3 in CH3CO2H saturated with HCl gas, produces the CrV anion [2, 2′‐bipyH2][CrOCl4]Cl, which loses HCl on heating in vacuo to form [CrOCl3(2, 2′‐bipy)]. IR, UV/Vis, and 1H NMR spectra (CrVI only) are reported for the new complexes. Attempts to extend these routes to oxygen donor ligands, including ethers and phosphine oxides, were unsuccessful. The diimine complexes are the first structurally autheticated adducts of chromium(VI) and (V) oxide‐chlorides with neutral ligands.
Profile of Bioactive Compounds in Avocado Pulp Oil: Influence of the Drying Processes and Extraction Methods
Authors: dos Santos Marco A. Z. , Alicieo Tatiana V. R. , Pereira Claudio M. P. , Ramis‐Ramos Guillermo , Mendonça Carla R. B. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe influence of different procedures of pulp drying and oil extraction methods on the concentrations of α‐tocopherol, squalene and several phytosterols in avocado oil was evaluated. Pulp portions of Fortune variety avocados were dried either by lyophilization or under circulating air at 40 or 70 °C. For lyophilization and for each air drying temperature, the oil was obtained either by cold pressing or with Soxhlet extraction using petroleum ether. The dehydrated pulp (73 % of the pulp weight) yielded 25–33 % oil by cold pressing, and 45–57 % oil by Soxhlet extraction. Infrared spectroscopy and gas chromatography with FID and mass spectrometry detection were used to analyze the oils. α‐Tocopherol, squalene, cycloartenol acetate, β‐sitosterol, campesterol and stigmasterol were present in all the oil samples. In comparison to lyophilization, hot air drying resulted in smaller concentrations of α‐tocopherol, squalene and β‐sitosterol, and larger relative concentrations of campesterol and cycloartenol acetate. On the other hand, extraction by cold pressing produced a smaller amount of oil, with greater concentrations of α‐tocopherol and squalene, and lower contents of campesterol and cycloartenol acetate, than Soxhlet extraction. Thus, the oil yield was maximal with lyophilization and Soxhlet extraction, but lyophilization and cold pressing produced oils which had greater concentrations of antioxidants and other bioactive compounds.
The Dawes Review 1: Kinematic Studies of Star-Forming Galaxies Across Cosmic Time
Authors: Glazebrook Karl 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe last seven years have seen an explosion in the number of Integral Field galaxy surveys, obtaining resolved 2D spectroscopy, especially at high-redshift. These have taken advantage of the mature capabilities of 8–10 m class telescopes and the development of associated technology such as AO. Surveys have leveraged both high spectroscopic resolution enabling internal velocity measurements and high spatial resolution from AO techniques and sites with excellent natural seeing. For the first time, we have been able to glimpse the kinematic state of matter in young, assembling star-forming galaxies and learn detailed astrophysical information about the physical processes and compare their kinematic scaling relations with those in the local Universe. Observers have measured disc galaxy rotation, merger signatures, and turbulence-enhanced velocity dispersions of gas-rich discs. Theorists have interpreted kinematic signatures of galaxies in a variety of ways (rotation, merging, outflows, and feedback) and attempted to discuss evolution vs. theoretical models and relate it to the evolution in galaxy morphology. A key point that has emerged from this activity is that substantial fractions of high-redshift galaxies have regular kinematic morphologies despite irregular photometric morphologies and this is likely due to the presence of a large number of highly gas-rich discs. There has not yet been a review of this burgeoning topic. In this first Dawes review, I will discuss the extensive kinematic surveys that have been done and the physical models that have arisen for young galaxies at high-redshift.
Which characteristics of nursing home residents influence differences in malnutrition prevalence? An international comparison of The Netherlands, Germany and Austria
Authors: van Nie-Visser Noémi C. , Meijers Judith , Schols Jos , Lohrmann Christa , Bartholomeyczik Sabine , Spreeuwenberg Marieke , Halfens Ruud 
Published: November 2013

Prevalence rates of malnutrition vary considerably internationally, partly due to differences in measurement methodology and instruments. In the present study, the same measurement methodology and instruments were used in The Netherlands, Germany and Austria. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether resident characteristics influence possible differences in malnutrition prevalence between countries. The study followed a cross-sectional, multi-centre design that measured malnutrition in nursing home residents from The Netherlands, Germany and Austria. Resident data were gathered using a standardised questionnaire. Malnutrition was operationalised using BMI, unintentional weight loss and nutritional intake. Data were analysed using an association model. The prevalence rates of malnutrition in The Netherlands, Germany and Austria were 18·3, 20·1 and 22·5 %, respectively. The multivariate generalised estimating equation (GEE) logistic regression analysis showed that sex, age, care dependency, the mean number of diseases and some specific diseases were influencing factors for whether the resident was malnourished or not. The OR of malnutrition in the three countries declined after including the influencing factors resulting from the multivariate GEE analysis. The present study reveals that differences in the prevalence rates of malnutrition in nursing homes in The Netherlands, Germany and Austria are influenced by different resident characteristics. Since other country-related factors could also play an important role in influencing differences in the prevalence rates of malnutrition between the countries (structural and process factors of malnutrition care policy). We recommend the investigation of these factors in future studies.
‘I'm only allowed to sell milk and eggs’: Gender aspects of urban livestock keeping in Eldoret, Kenya
Authors: Simiyu Robert Romborah , Foeken Dick 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTThis paper deals with the gender aspects of urban livestock keeping in Eldoret, Kenya. It shows that men and women play different but complementary roles in livestock keeping. Men show greater preference for and are more involved – in terms of decision-making and responsibility taking – with large livestock and where income is the primary motive for livestock keeping, and perform tasks of an outdoor nature and/or which require considerable technical knowledge. On the other hand, women prefer and exercise greater control over small livestock, make the most decisions about consumption use of livestock products, and perform home-based routine tasks. However, there are instances where men and women cross gender boundaries, for instance where labour of the opposite gender is absent in the household, or as a strategy to control benefits accruing to the livestock. In terms of livelihood outcomes, women's role in livestock keeping is geared more towards improving household nutritional and food security status, while men's role is motivated more by personal benefits.
Urban and rural voting patterns in Senegal: the spatial aspects of incumbency, c. 1978–2012
Authors: Koter Dominika 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTOne of the most striking voting patterns in many African elections is the marked difference between urban and rural voters in their willingness to support the incumbent. In many countries, incumbents receive their worst electoral scores in the cities, whereas the countryside votes overwhelmingly for them. This pattern is puzzling because there is no evidence that rural areas benefit more from government policies. On the contrary, most governments in Africa exhibit a pro-urban policy bias. Why then do rural voters support incumbents at higher rates? Using evidence from original interviews with politicians in Senegal, coupled with media coverage from several elections, I contend that incumbents enjoy higher success in rural vis-à-vis urban areas because rural voters are more susceptible to clientelism. Tight social structure, cohesion and the prominent role of local patrons facilitate the acquisition of entire blocs of rural voters for the incumbent. These findings are independent of ethnic, religious or party identity.
Power-sharing in Africa's war zones: how important is the local level?
Authors: Simons Claudia , Zanker Franzisca , Mehler Andreas , Tull Denis M. 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTResearch on power-sharing in Africa remains silent on the effects of national peace agreements on the sub-national level. Conversely, most armed conflicts originate and are fought in (or over) specific areas. A plausible hypothesis would be that for power-sharing to have the desired pacifying effect throughout the national territory, it needs to be extended to the local level. Based on fieldwork in six former hotspots in Liberia, Burundi and the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) we find that there is hardly any local content, including local power-sharing, in national agreements. However, contrary to our hypothesis, neither local content (inclusion of actors or interest) nor local-power-sharing (either introducing a local power balance or monopoly) are indispensable to effectively bring about local peace, at least in the short-term. On the contrary, it might even endanger the peace process. The importance of the sub-national level is overestimated in some cases and romanticised in others. However, the history of spatial-political links, centralised policies, and the establishment of local balances or monopolies of power ultimately play an important role.