bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Non-Gaussian diffusion MRI of gray matter is associated with cognitive impairment in multiple sclerosis
Authors: Bester M , Jensen JH , Babb JS , Tabesh A , Miles L , Herbert J , Grossman RI , Inglese M 
Published: November 2014

Background: Non-Gaussian diffusion imaging by using diffusional kurtosis imaging (DKI) allows assessment of isotropic tissue as of gray matter (GM), an important limitation of diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). Objective: In this study, we describe DKI and DTI metrics of GM in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients and their association with cognitive deficits. Methods: Thirty-four patients with relapsing–remitting MS and 17 controls underwent MRI on a 3T scanner including a sequence for DKI with 30 diffusion directions and 3b values for each direction. Mean kurtosis (MK), mean diffusivity and fractional anisotropy (FA) of cortical and subcortical GM were measured using histogram analysis. Spearman rank correlations were used to characterize associations among imaging measures and clinical/neuropsychological scores. Results: In cortical GM, a significant decrease of MK (0.68 vs. 0.73; p < 0.001) and increase of FA (0.16 vs. 0.13; p < 0.001) was found in patients compared to controls. Decreased cortical MK was correlated with poor performance on the Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System test ( r = 0.66, p = 0.01). Conclusion: Mean kurtosis is sensitive to abnormality in GM of MS patients and can provide information that is complementary to that of conventional DTI-derived metrics. The association between MK and cognitive deficits suggests that DKI might serve as a clinically relevant biomarker for cortical injury.
Axonal conduction in multiple sclerosis: A combined magnetic resonance imaging and electrophysiological study of the medial longitudinal fasciculus
Authors: Wang Chenyu , Paling David , Chen Luke , Hatton Sean N , Lagopoulos Jim , Aw Swee T , Kiernan Matthew C , Barnett Michael H 
Published: November 2014

Objective: The objective of this paper is to inform the pathophysiology of medial longitudinal fasciculus (MLF) axonal dysfunction in patients with internuclear ophthalmoplegia (INO) due to multiple sclerosis (MS), and develop a composite structural-functional biomarker of axonal and myelin integrity in this tract. Methods: Eighteen patients with definite MS and clinically suspected INO underwent electrical vestibular stimulation and search-coil eye movement recording. Components of the electrically evoked vestibulo-ocular reflex (eVOR) were analyzed to probe the latency and fidelity of MLF axonal conduction. The MLF and T2-visible brainstem lesions were defined by high-resolution MRI. White matter integrity was determined by diffusion-weighted imaging metrics. Results: eVOR onset latency was positively correlated with MLF lesion length (left: r = 0.66, p = 0.004; right: r = 0.75, p = 0.001). The mean conduction velocity (±SD) within MLF lesions was estimated at 2.72 (±0.87) m/s. eVOR onset latency correlated with normalized axial diffusivity ( r = 0.66, p < 0.001) and fractional anisotropy ( r = 0.44, p = 0.02) after exclusion of cases with ipsilateral vestibular root entry zone lesions. Conclusions: Axonal conduction velocity through lesions involving the MLF was reduced below levels predicted for natively myelinated and remyelinated axons. Composite in vivo biomarkers enable delineation of axonal from myelin processes and may provide a crucial role in assessing efficacy of novel reparative therapies in MS.
A new risk variant for multiple sclerosis at the immunoglobulin heavy chain locus associates with intrathecal IgG, IgM index and oligoclonal bands
Authors: Delgado-García Mercedes , Matesanz Fuencisla , Alcina Antonio , Fedetz María , García-Sánchez María Isabel , Ruiz-Peña Juan Luis , Fernández Óscar , Pinto Medel María Jesús , Leyva Laura , Arnal Carmen , Delgado Concepción , López Guerrero José Antonio , González-Pérez Antonio , Sáez María E , Villar Luisa María , Álvarez-Cermeño José Carlos , Picón Carmen , Arroyo Rafael , Varadé Jezabel , Urcelay Elena , Izquierdo Guillermo , Lucas Miguel 
Published: November 2014

Background: Recent findings have shown a correlation between the intrathecal IgG index and variants at the immunoglobulin heavy chain (IGHC) locus in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). Objectives: The objective of this paper is to analyse the association of the locus with MS susceptibility and its relationship with intrathecal immunoglobulin (Ig) parameters. Methods: We genotyped the rs11621145 variant, located at the IGHC locus, in 2726 patients with MS and 2133 healthy controls. Associations of intrathecal IgG and IgM indexes with rs11621145 were analysed by linear regression analysis in 538 MS patients. Results: We found that rs11621145 showed statistically significant evidence for association with susceptibility to MS (odds ratio = 0.69, p = 1.053E-09), though validation of this result in additional cohorts would be desirable. We confirmed the association between the IgG index and the rs11621145 ( p = 6.85E-07, Beta = 0.207). Furthermore, rs11621145 was inversely correlated with IgM index ( p = 7.24E-04, Beta = -0.277), and therefore marks a decreased likelihood of presenting IgM oligoclonal bands (odds ratio = 0.38, p = 2.35E-06). Conclusions: Our results suggest that the polymorphism of the IGHC locus could be altering the switching of the Ig isotype in B cells and it may be interfering with T-dependent and T-independent antibody responses.
Beneficial effect of the 5‐HT1A receptor agonist buspirone on esophageal dysfunction associated with systemic sclerosis: A pilot study
Authors: Karamanolis George P , Panopoulos Stylianos , Karlaftis Anastasios , Denaxas Konstantinos , Kamberoglou Dimitrios , Sfikakis Petros P , Ladas Spiros D 
Published: November 2014

BackgroundEsophageal involvement in systemic sclerosis (SSc) carries significant morbidity and is empirically managed with domperidone, albeit with questionable efficacy. The oral 5‐HT1A receptor agonist buspirone may enhance esophageal peristalsis and lower esophageal sphincter (LES) function in healthy volunteers.AimWe aimed to test the hypothesis that buspirone may exert a beneficial acute effect on esophageal motor dysfunction in symptomatic patients with SSc.MethodsTwenty consecutive patients with SSc reporting esophageal symptoms underwent high‐resolution manometry before and 30 minutes after administration of buspirone (10 mg). Ten other patients received domperidone (10 mg) and served as control group. Changes in LES resting and residual pressure, amplitude, duration, and velocity of distal esophageal body contractions were examined.ResultsEsophageal hypomotility and hypotensive LES was found in 63% and 67% of patients, respectively. Demographic and clinical characteristics, including baseline manometric parameters, were comparable between groups. Resting pressure of LES increased after buspirone from 9.42 ± 2.6 to 11.53 ± 3.4 mmHg (p  = 0.0002 by paired t ‐test), but not after domperidone; a trend for increase of amplitude of contractions was also observed after buspirone (p  = 0.09). Comparison of the individual changes revealed that buspirone was superior to domperidone in enhancing LES pressure ( + 2.11 ± 2.0 versus –0.45 ± 2.3 mmHg, p  = 0.006). No significant effects of either drug were noted on other examined parameters of esophageal function.ConclusionThe beneficial acute effect of buspirone on impaired LES function associated with SSc suggests a role of 5‐HT1A receptor‐mediated interactions in these patients. Prospective studies to examine whether buspirone is of long‐term therapeutic value for SSc‐associated esophageal disease are warranted.
Albumin administration is associated with acute kidney injury in cardiac surgery: a propensity score analysis
Authors: Frenette Anne Julie , Bouchard Josée , Bernier Pascaline , Charbonneau Annie , Nguyen Long Thanh , Rioux Jean-Philippe , Troyanov Stéphan , Williamson David R 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
Introduction
The risk of acute kidney injury (AKI) with the use of albumin-containing fluids compared to starches in the surgical intensive care setting remains uncertain. We evaluated the adjusted risk of AKI associated with colloids following cardiac surgery.

Methods
We performed a retrospective cohort study of patients undergoing on-pump cardiac surgery in a tertiary care center from 2008 to 2010. We assessed crystalloid and colloid administration until 36 hours after surgery. AKI was defined by the RIFLE (risk, injury, failure, loss and end-stage kidney disease) risk and Acute Kidney Injury Network (AKIN) stage 1 serum creatinine criterion within 96 hours after surgery.

Results
Our cohort included 984 patients with a baseline glomerular filtration rate of 72 ± 19 ml/min/1.73 m2. Twenty-three percent had a reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), thirty-one percent were diabetics and twenty-three percent underwent heart valve surgery. The incidence of AKI was 5.3% based on RIFLE risk and 12.0% based on the AKIN criterion. AKI was associated with a reduced LVEF, diuretic use, anemia, heart valve surgery, duration of extracorporeal circulation, hemodynamic instability and the use of albumin, pentastarch 10% and transfusions. There was an important dose-dependent AKI risk associated with the administration of albumin, which also paralleled a higher prevalence of concomitant risk factors for AKI. To address any indication bias, we derived a propensity score predicting the likelihood to receive albumin and matched 141 cases to 141 controls with a similar risk profile. In this analysis, albumin was associated with an increased AKI risk (RIFLE risk: 12% versus 5%, P = 0.03; AKIN stage 1: 28% versus 13%, P = 0.002). We repeated this methodology in patients without postoperative hemodynamic instability and still identified an association between the use of albumin and AKI.

Conclusions
Albumin administration was associated with a dose-dependent risk of AKI and remained significant using a propensity score methodology. Future studies should address the safety of albumin-containing fluids on kidney function in patients undergoing cardiac surgery.
Systemic pentraxin-3 levels reflect vascular enhancement and progression in Takayasu arteritis
Authors: Tombetti Enrico , Di Chio Maria Chiara , Sartorelli Silvia , Papa Maurizio , Salerno Annalaura , Bottazzi Barbara , Bozzolo Enrica Paola , Greco Marta , Rovere-Querini Patrizia , Baldissera Elena , Del Maschio Alessandro , Mantovani Alberto , De Cobelli Francesco , Sabbadini Maria Grazia , Manfredi Angelo A 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
Introduction
Progression of arterial involvement is often observed in patients with Takayasu arteritis (TA) thought to be in remission. This reflects the failure of currently used biomarkers and activity criteria to detect smouldering inflammation occurring within arterial wall. Pentraxin-3 (PTX3) is a soluble pattern recognition receptor produced at sites of inflammation and could reveal systemic as well as localized inflammatory processes. We verified whether the blood concentrations of PTX3 and of C-reactive protein (CRP) in patients with Takayasu arteritis (TA) might reflect vascular wall involvement, as assessed by signal enhancement after contrast media administration, and the progression of arterial involvement.

Methods
A cross-sectional single-centre study was carried out on 42 patients with TA that comprised assessment of PTX3, of CRP and erythrocyte sedimentation velocity (ESR). In total, 20 healthy controls and 20 patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematous (SLE) served as controls. Vascular imaging was carried out by magnetic resonance angiography, doppler ultrasonography and computed tomography angiography.

Results
Patients with TA and SLE had higher plasmatic PTX3 and CRP concentrations than healthy controls (P = 0.009 and 0.017, respectively). PTX3 levels did not correlate with those of CRP. Patients with active systemic TA had significantly higher concentrations of CRP but similar levels of PTX3 than patients with quiescent disease. In contrast, patients with vascular inflammation detectable at imaging had higher PTX3 concentrations (P = 0.016) than those in which vessel inflammation was not evident, while CRP levels were similar. The concentration of PTX3 but not that of CRP was significantly higher in TA patients with worsening arterial lesions that were not receiving antagonists of tumor necrosis factor-? or interleukin-6.

Conclusions
Arterial inflammation and progression of vascular involvement influence plasma PTX3 levels in TA, while levels of CRP accurately reflect the burden of systemic inflammation. These results support the contention that PTX3 reflects different aspects of inflammation than CRP and might represent a biomarker of actual arteritis in TA.
Extension of Photopolymerization Region from the Nanoscale to the Macroscopic Scale Using a Chemically Amplified Photoresist
Authors: Takahashi Ryoji , Kaneko Satoshi , Fujii Shintaro , Kiguchi Manabu 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
We have investigated the photopolymerization of a photoresist on Au nanoparticles. Photopolymerization proceeded when samples were irradiated with light wavelengths longer than 480 nm. This was verified by IR spectroscopy and the presence of an interference pattern under visible light due to the formation of a polymerized film on the substrate. The progress of photopolymerization was not observed on flat Au or quartz plates without the Au nanoparticles. The photopolymerization region was extended from the nanoscale to macroscopic scale using a chemically amplified photoresist at elevated temperatures. The source intensity, wavelength, reaction temperature, and irradiation time-dependence measurements revealed that interactions between the resist and the Au nanoparticles modified the electronic structure of the resists, or electron transfer from through interband excitation of Au. These interactions subsequently lead to a red shift in the threshold wavelength of photopolymerization.
Immature paramphistomosis in a sheep herd
Authors: Sivajothi S. , Sudhakara Reddy B 
Published: November 2014

Paramphistomosis is one of the important endo parasitic diseases of small ruminants and causes considerable economical loss to the farmers. The present communication reports about the outbreak of immature paramphistomosis in a sheep herd in Y.S.R.District of Andhra Pradesh. The disease is characterized by sub maxillary edema and severe persistent fluid foetid diarrhoea. Gross examination of the fluid faeces revealed presence of the whitish pink colour round bodies and later they identified as immature paramphistomes. Affected sheep were treated with niclosamide @ 100 mg/kg body weight orally once along with supportive therapy. Keywords: Immature Oxyclozanide, Paramphistomosis, Sheep, Y.S.R.District.
Morphological descriptive study of giardia lamblia in man and cow at basrah
Authors: Al-Saad Rasha , Al-Emarah Ghazi 
Published: November 2014

Giardia was single celled microscopic protozoan parasites that cause enteric disease in human. Because of the impact on socio-economic development, especially in developing countries, it was included in the “Neglected Disease Initiative” of the World Health Organization. This work conducted to descript morphology of Giardia spp in different hosts, which is first study of its type in Basrah, Iraq. This work started from September 2012 till June 2013, through this period collected 2393 stool samples from human and cows. 727 out of 2393 were positive. By using golden standard microscopic methods for diagnosis. A selective 30 positive stool samples for each hosts, measured the dimensions of stages of Giardia. There is different measurement in dimensions of both two phases of Giardia. Keywords: Giardia Lamblia, Trophozoite, Cyst, Lugol?s Iodine, Giemsa.
Dial M for Murder: A case of passion killing, criminal evidence and sultanic power in Medieval India
Authors: Auer Blain 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
This paper considers the structures and applications of the criminal judicial system in the Islamic Later Middle Period as it developed in India under the sultans of Delhi (1200–1400 CE). A fundamental issue in crime and punishment is the relationship between sultanic power and religious authority. Particularly at stake in this relationship is the question of who can sanction the highest form of punishment, i.e. the death penalty (siyāsa). Contemporary historians and scholars in the study of religion investigating the relationship between sharīʿa and siyāsa to reveal the extent and limits of sultanic power show a system of governance that allowed for the delegation of authority, particularly in the area of the judiciary, from the sultan down to viziers and judges. Some scholars depict the relationship between the ʿulamāʾ and the sultan as a kind of stand off. The actual dynamics of legal jurisdiction were much more complex. This study proposes a new interpretive framework for understanding the relationship between political power and religious authority through a critical analysis of the criminal judicial system, law, and historical narrative. In particular, I consider a murder case described by Shams al-dīn Sirāj ʿAfīf in one of the most significant histories written in the later Delhi Sultanate, the Tārīkh-i Fīrūzshāhī.
La Sarvāṅgayogapradīpikā de Sundardās : une classification des chemins de yoga au 17e siècle
Authors: Burger Maya 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
Sant Sundardās (1596–1689) wrote in the beginning of 17th century a versified exposition on yoga, a text entitled Sarvāṅgayogapradīpikā, in Brajbhāṣā. This text is a systematic summary and classification of the various yogas known at his time and constitutes an important source of knowledge for the study of yoga in the 17th century in a regional language. Such an attempt of classifying 12 types of yoga is testimony to a trend of his epoch to systematise the available knowledge of a branch or discipline. The classification is evaluative and shows which yogas are acceptable and which are not. In his specific case advaitayoga is the supreme yoga and unifies or encompasses all the others. His conceptual endeavour places him inside the long tradition of yoga and his classification shows interest in yoga beyond the haṭhayoga much in vogue at his time. This rarely studied work is hence an important document in the long history of yoga.
Studies in Yogācāra-Vijñānavāda idealism I: The interpretation of Vasubandhu's Viṃśikā
Authors: Kellner Birgit , Taber John 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
In recent scholarship there has been a persistent tendency, especially among North-American scholars, to deny that Indian Yogācāra philosophy is a form of idealism. The discussion has naturally focused on the interpretation of Vasubandhu's Viṃśikā, a foundational text of the school, as well as one of the most accessible, which other researchers have taken to be denying the existence of a material world external to consciousness.
In this article, after noting some of the points in favor of a non-idealist reading of the Viṃśikā, we shall offer a new reading that supports the old “standard”, but still widespread, interpretation that it indeed intends to deny the existence of physical objects outside of consciousness. We suggest that Vasubandhu develops in the Viṃśikā an extended argumentum ad ignorantiam where the absence of external objects is derived from the absence of evidence for their existence. This reading is the result of examining argumentation strategy rather than investigating the logical structure of individual proofs in isolation, and it takes cues from Vasubandhu's strategy for refuting the existence of a self in Abhidharmakośabhāṣya IX. In addition, our reading looks at the entire Viṃśikā, rather than isolating a purported argumentative “core” (vv. 11–15), and draws attention to the relevance of some of its subtleties. Finally, we also suggest that Vasubandhu might have opted for a less direct argumentation strategy to prove the non-existence of the external world because of specific soteriological aspects of the doctrine of vijñaptimātratā.
Looking into water-pots and over a Buddhist scribe's shoulder – On the deposition and the use of manuscripts in early Buddhism
Authors: Strauch Ingo 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
The article investigates the modes of use of early Buddhist manuscripts in a monastic environment. Based mainly on the evidence of archaeological and manuscript data from North-West India (Gandhāra) it discusses the circumstances under which manuscripts were produced, used and deposited by early Buddhist communities. In this regard, the article critically evaluates the hy-pothesis of a “ritual burial” of manuscripts in the stūpas of “Greater Gandhāra”. A special paragraph is devoted to the unique birch-bark manuscript of a portion of the Prātimokṣasūtra from the Bajaur Collection of Kharoṣṭhī manuscripts. The two sides of the birch-bark contain two different versions of the initial part of the naiḥsārgika pātayantika chapter of the Prātimokṣasūtra. A comparison with known canonical texts shows that these two versions can be associated with two different Prātimokṣasūtra traditions. They are, however, not identical with any of the known versions which are usually attributed to specific Buddhist schools (nikāyas). It therefore seems justified to characterise them as proto-canonical or/and local/regional versions of this fundamental text. The analysis of the language and the contents of the two versions allows cautious conclusions about certain aspects of the role of writing and of manuscripts in the emergence of authoritative canonical texts within Buddhist textual traditions.
Representations and the Galilean Strategy
Authors: Saller Laura 
Published: November 2014

SummaryThe aim of this article is to show that, in his use of the word ‘representation’, Philip Kitcher is committed to a particular notion of representation, which is essential to his argument for Real Realism in his paper Real Realism: The Galilean Strategy (Real Realism herinafter). After a short presentation of Kitcher’s original argument for Real Realism, I show that Kitcher’s notion of representation is not indisputable. By producing an alternative version of Kitcher’s argument, one which does not rely on this term ‘representation’, I show the force and functioning of the Galilean strategy itself. A comparison of the two formulations of the argument reveals what is additionally brought in by Kitcher’s notion of representation: specifically, a particular answer to the question of what truth consists in. This presumed correspondence theory of truth is needed to achieve Real Realism by the Galilean strategy. The positive upshot is, however, that one can support the Galilean strategy as such, without being a Real Realist: One can apply the strategy to any other conception of truth.
Brief History of Future Set Theory
Authors: DePauli-Schimanovich Werner 
Published: November 2014

Summary
Mathematicians still use Na¨ıve Set Theory when generating sets without danger of producing any contradiction. Therefore their working method can be considered as an experimental consistent inference system with an experience of over 100 years. My conjecture is that this method works well because mathematicians use only those predicates to form sets, which yield closed hereditary consistent predicate extensions, i.e. classes which can also be sets. And for every open formula they use in the process of constructing a certain (special) set (bottom-up), we can always find an “almost-closed” formula (i.e. a parameter-free formula with only the free variable “x”) which yields the same certain (special) set as predicate extension as constructed in the bottom-up process before. Therefore the use of predicates with free parameters in the Comprehension Scheme does not cause any difficulties and can be “lifted” by meta-mathematical considerations.