bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Papillomaviruses
Authors: Roberts Sally 
Published: March 2015

Abstract

Papillomaviruses are a large family of small deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) tumour viruses that cause hyperproliferative warts of cutaneous and mucosal epithelium. These viruses are ubiquitous in the animal kingdom and infect reptiles, birds and mammals and probably originated 350 million years ago. Subsets of human papillomaviruses (HPVs), referred to as ‘high‐risk’ types are associated with anogenital cancers (uterine cervix, vulva, vagina, anus, penis), oropharyngeal cancers and skin cancers. The papillomavirus life cycle is strictly dependent on the terminal differentiation programme of the host cell – the keratinocyte. The virus deregulates host cell cycle control and inactivates the host cells' antiproliferative response in order to reprogramme the differentiating cells to support viral replication. In the case of high‐risk viruses, this is achieved by interactions with important tumour repressor pathways. Two prophylactic vaccines (Gardasil and Cervarix) are available to control infection by the most prevalent HPV types found in anogenital and oropharyngeal cancers.

Key Concepts

Papillomaviruses show strong species and tissue restriction and they share a similar genetic organisation.

Papillomaviruses are small double‐stranded (ds) DNA viruses that replicate as non‐integrated episomes in keratinocytes and are dependent on the keratinocyte undergoing terminal differentiation in order to complete their life cycle.

Low‐risk viruses such as HPV6 and 11 are associated with the formation of anogenital warts and laryngeal papillomaviruses that have a low risk of progression to cancer.

The most severe impact of human papillomavirus infection is the progression of a small proportion of infections to anogenital, oropharyngeal and skin cancers.

High‐risk viruses such as HPV16 and 18 are associated with infections of the mucosa lining the anogenital and oropharyngeal tract and HPV16 is the most prevalent genotype in cancers arising at these sites.

A majority of HPV infections are naturally eliminated by host‐cell‐mediated immunity and HPV infections are especially common in immunocompromised individuals (e.g. HIV‐infected patients, organ‐recipient patients, predisposing genetic conditions, e.g. epidermodysplasia verruciformis).

These viruses are a common sexually transmitted disease (STD) and infection in the oropharynx is most likely via an oral‐genital route.

High‐risk HPV early proteins E5, E6 and E7 are oncoproteins and the expression of E6 and E7 is retained in all cancers; E6 and E7 deregulate tumour suppressor pathways leading to host genomic instability.

Papillomaviruses replicate as extrachromosomal plasmids in the nulei of infected cells, but during cancer progression, the viral genome often becomes integrated into the host chromosome, resulting in a loss of the negative feedback control of viral oncogene expression by E2.

Prophylactic vaccines protect against infection with vaccine‐associated HPV types by inducing neutralising antibodies that recognise epitopes on the major capsid protein.
Regeneration of Vertebrate Tissues: Model Systems
Authors: Stocum David L 
Published: March 2015

Abstract

Vertebrate animals exhibit four mechanisms of tissue regeneration: re‐growth of cellular parts, such as nerve axons; lineage‐specific proliferation of differentiated cells with or without dedifferentiation; transdifferentiation and activation of adult stem cells. The most common mechanism is the proliferation and differentiation of adult stem cells, used by epithelia, muscle, bone and blood. In some cases, such as the liver and pancreas, regeneration is accomplished by either lineage‐specific proliferation of differentiated cells or a stem cell population, depending on the nature of the damage. All four mechanisms are used by urodele salamanders in the regeneration of limbs. The cellular activities in all these mechanisms are regulated by a wide variety of growth factor signalling pathways and transcription factors. Regenerative medicine uses three major strategies based on knowledge of regenerative mechanisms: transplants of stem cells or their derivatives, construction of bioartificial tissues composed of natural or synthetic biomaterials seeded with cells and the pharmaceutical induction of regeneration at the site of injury by natural or synthetic regeneration‐promoting molecules.

Key Concepts

Regeneration restores the original structure and function of damaged or missing tissues.

Tissues use four mechanisms to regenerate: re‐growth of cell parts, lineage‐specific reproduction of parent cells, transdifferentiation and activation of adult stem cells.

Some tissues use more than one mechanism of regeneration.

Growth factor signals and transcription factors are important regulators of regeneration.

Regenerative medicine uses three strategies to regenerate damaged tissues: cell transplants, bioartificial tissue implants and pharmaceutical induction of regeneration directly at the site of damage by scaffolds or soluble molecules.

The source of cells for transplants and bioartificial tissues is a crucial issue for regenerative medicine.

Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and/or transdifferentiation may solve many of the problems presented by adult and embryonic stem cells.
Protein–
DNA
Interactions
Authors: Rooman Marianne , Wintjens René 
Published: March 2015

Abstract

The control of the information stored in the genome is managed by DNA‐binding proteins, which are therefore of fundamental importance to cellular life. A wide diversity of such proteins, exhibiting various DNA‐binding modes, specificities and functions, is observed in living organisms. We start by describing the various roles that are played by DNA‐binding proteins, from transcription regulation to DNA repair, and review the types of molecular interactions that stabilise the protein–DNA complexes. We also describe the main structural DNA‐binding protein motifs, among which are the well‐known HTH (helix‐turn‐helix) motifs and zinc fingers, that are recurrently observed in proteins of various functions and origin. Finally, we discuss the different ways in which proteins acquire their specificity for a given DNA sequence, conformation and/or topology.

Key Concepts

DNA‐binding proteins have a fundamental role in the maintenance of genetic material and in the regulation of gene expression.

Most DNA‐binding proteins bind DNA through recurrent structural motifs.

The protein–DNA affinity is achieved through non‐specific interactions between amino acids and the DNA backbone and through specific interactions between amino acids and DNA bases.

Some proteins recognise specific DNA sequences owing to favourable direct interactions between amino acids and nucleobases.

Some proteins recognise specific local or global DNA conformations or topologies.
Protein Motifs: Zinc Fingers
Authors: Meyer Sandra , Kieffer Bruno 
Published: March 2015

Abstract

Zinc is a catalytic, structural and regulatory ion involved in a wide variety of biological processes. It is essential for stabilising the fold of biomolecules called ‘zinc finger’, a term that originates from the finding of the particular organisation of zinc coordinating amino‐acids in the primary sequence of the TFIIIA transcription factor. Zinc fingers currently designate a vast family of protein domains and folds found in proteins involved in both protein–nucleic acids and protein–protein interactions. The variety of folds stabilised by zinc as well as genome sequence analysis suggests that zinc has played an important role in the evolution of the proteome. The modular structure of zinc fingers allowed the design of very specific DNA‐ and RNA‐binding proteins opening a wide range of applications such as artificial nucleases or transcription factors.

Key Concepts

Zinc fingers are small folded protein domains, involved in numerous biological processes.

Zinc coordination by proteins allowed the evolution of a wide variety of folds.

Zinc ions have a wide range of affinities for proteins zinc‐binding sites, allowing metal exchange.

Zinc fingers are involved in protein–protein and protein–DNA interactions.

The rules underlying the specific recognition of DNA sequences by C2H2 zinc fingers are known, enabling the design of artificial DNA enzymes.
Gambling: Pathological Decision‐Making
Authors: Tobias‐Webb Juliette , Clark Luke 
Published: March 2015

Abstract

Gambling is an instance of risky decision‐making where money is staked on the uncertain prospect of a larger outcome. While commercial gambling is widely recognised to have a negative expected value (generated by the ‘house edge’), gambling is highly prevalent in most countries. It is also a behaviour that becomes dysfunctional for a minority of gamblers, and ‘gambling disorder’ is conceptualised as a form of behavioural addiction. Psychological theories of gambling should explain both the sheer existence of this behaviour within human decision‐making and its potential to become addictive. Contemporary approaches are considered, drawing upon conditioning, cognitive psychology, relevant personality variables and underlying neurobiology.

Key Concepts

Gambling is a prevalent form of recreational risk‐taking.

Gambling disorder has been reclassified recently as an addictive disorder in the DSM‐5 and is thereby the first recognised behavioural addiction.

Motivational and cognitive accounts propose that gambling disorder is acquired and maintained through reinforcement learning and distorted beliefs about the probability of events.

Impulsivity is a risk factor for gambling disorder, supported by prospective research.

Neurobiological studies support the overlap between gambling disorder and substance use disorders, with characteristic changes in dopamine and the brain reward system.
Bacteriophages and Food Safety
Authors: Woolston Joelle , Sulakvelidze Alexander 
Published: March 2015

Abstract

Interest in using bacteriophages to improve food safety has been gaining momentum recently, driven by both the continued occurrence of foodborne outbreaks worldwide and the desire of consumers for natural foods. Bacteriophages are naturally part of the normal microflora of many foods, and the ‘phage biocontrol’ approach is based on the concept of using the right phage, in the right place, in the right concentration to control foodborne pathogens. This approach has been applied to three main areas of food safety: (1) pre‐harvest treatment of livestock, (2) decontamination of inanimate surfaces in the processing environment and (3) post‐harvest treatment (i.e. direct food applications). The last type of intervention has perhaps received the most attention, with an increasing number of studies supporting the idea that bacteriophages may provide a safe, environmentally friendly and effective approach for improving food safety, by significantly reducing contamination of various foods with specific foodborne bacterial pathogens.

Key Concepts

Bacteriophages may provide a safe, environmentally friendly and effective approach for significantly reducing contamination of various foods with foodborne bacterial pathogens.

Several bacteriophage products are commercially available for use in pre‐harvest applications, on food contact surfaces and for direct food (post‐harvest) applications.

Bacteriophages are specific; they kill the target pathogen and do not affect the natural microflora of foods.

Bacteriophages can reduce levels of bacterial pathogens on food contact surfaces in as little as 5‐min contact time.

Bacteriophages can reduce levels of the targeted bacterial pathogen on a variety of foods, including, but not limited to, dairy products, fruits and vegetables and poultry.
Preparation of Starch‐Based Bionanocomposite Hydrogel with Mica for Fire Retardancy
Authors: Mallick Bipra Narayan , Rana Pradeep Kumar , Sahoo Prafulla Kumar 
Published: March 2015

ABSTRACTWe know that starch is formed from granules separated from each other. When grafted with butyl acrylate (BA), those granules became more in contact and coherent to formed a merged network‐like spongy structure, which upholds a large amount of water to show improved water absorbency. BA was grafted onto starch to obtain a novel starch‐g‐poly(butyl acrylate) (PBA) biocopolymer hydrogel and formed a bionanocomposite hydrogel with mica as the additive for fire retardancy and was characterized by FTIR, SEM, and TGA. The insertion of mica into the starch‐g‐PBA exhibited an intercalated structure as confirmed by XRD and TEM analyses and also supported the hydrogel as a bionanocomposite, which showed an improved water absorbency and biodegradability with a better thermal stability. Cone calorimetric analysis evaluated the pronounced fire retardancy of the novel starch‐g‐PBA/mica bionanocomposite, providing an excellent protection in delaying the ignition time with greatest extension of time at a peak heat release rate on exposure to fire.
Effect of Polyethylene Glycol on Bis(2‐hydroxyethyl) terephthalate‐Based Polyurethane/Alginate pH‐Sensitive Blend for Oral Protein Delivery
Authors: Bhattacharyya Aditi , Mukhopadhyay Piyasi , Pramanik Nilkamal , Kundu Patit P. 
Published: March 2015

ABSTRACTPolyurethanes (PUs) are synthesized by reacting two polyols, namely bis(2‐hydroxyethyl) terephthalate (BHET) and polyethylene glycol (PEG), taken in four different ratios and hexamethylene diisocyanate, where the polyol content is slightly higher than the stoichiometrically required amount. BHET is obtained by the glycolysis of polyethylene terephthalate waste. The synthesized PUs are blended with sodium alginate in the ratio of 7:3 and then cross‐linked by calcium chloride to get a pH‐sensitive protein (bovine serum albumin, BSA) carrier. X‐ray diffraction patterns of different PU compositions indicate the presence of amorphous phase. The hydroxyl value of OH‐terminated PUs is found to be increasing with increasing amount of PEG in the composition. PEGylated PU shows higher water uptake and protection against hemolysis with a rising amount of PEG in the PU. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy of the blend shows characteristic peaks for both PU and alginate distinctly, indicating good dispersion of both the polymers. pH responsive swelling behavior in different pH media corresponding to the gastrointestinal tract (pH 1.2 and 7.4) is investigated for all the prepared blends. The minimum degree of swelling is observed for PU with the maximum amount PEG at pH 1.2, whereas the degree of swelling of the same PU significantly increased at pH 7.4. BSA encapsulation efficiency of the blends increases with an increase in PEG content in the PU and varies within the range of 88–99%. The release profile of BSA at pH 7.4 is found to be similar as observed in the swelling study.
Management of nosocomial scabies, an outbreak of occupational disease
Authors: Jungbauer Frank H.W. , Veenstra‐Kyuchukova Yanka K. , Koeze Jacqueline , KruijtSpanjer Martijn R. , Kardaun Sylvia H. 
Published: March 2015

Background The optimal approach to managing institutional scabies outbreaks has yet to be defined. We report on outbreak managements are needed.Methods We report on a large outbreak of scabies in three acute care wards in a tertiary university teaching hospital in the Netherlands.Results The outbreak potentially effected 460 patients and 185 health care workers who had been exposed to the index patient.Conclusion Containment of an outbreak relies on a quick and strict implementation of appropriate infection control measures and should include simultaneous treatment of all infested persons and exposed contacts to prevent secondary spread and prolonged post‐intervention surveillance. Am. J. Ind. Med. 58:577–582, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Synthesis of Billard–Langlois Reagents and their Derivatives by Copper‐Catalyzed N‐Trifluoromethylthiolation of Arylamines with a Trifluoromethanesulfonyl Hypervalent Iodonium Ylide
Authors: Huang Zhongyan , Yang Yu‐Dong , Tokunaga Etsuko , Shibata Norio 
Published: March 2015

AbstractA one‐step synthesis of Billard–Langlois reagents and their derivatives, trifluoromethanesulfenamides, is reported. A series of primary and secondly arylamines were directly N−H trifluoromethylthiolated by a trifluoromethanesulfonyl hypervalent iodonium ylide under mild, copper‐catalyzed reaction conditions in high yields. Heteroaromatic amines were also successfully trifluoromethylthiolated under the same reaction conditions. An arylamine with an NH‐pyrrole moiety was chemoselectively N‐trifluoromethylthiolated.
Chronic rhinosinusitis and cystic fibrosis: the interaction between sinus bacteria and mucosal immunity
Authors: Kim Raymond J.T. , Park Lydia , Wood Andrew J. , Yin Tary , Jain Ravi , Douglas Richard G. 
Published: March 2015

BackgroundChronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is highly prevalent in cystic fibrosis (CF) patients, in whom a close correlation exists between the microbiology of the upper and lower respiratory tracts. We have reported intramucosal bacterial microcolonies in the sinus mucosa from idiopathic CRS patients and have made observations suggesting that these may result from mucosal immunotolerance secondary to altered macrophage function. In this study, we sought to determine whether intramucosal microcolonies exist in the mucosa of CF patients with CRS, and to investigate the associated mucosal immunology.MethodsMucus swabs and tissue biopsies were taken from 9 patients with CF undergoing functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS) for CRS, 11 with idiopathic CRS undergoing FESS, and 9 with normal sinuses having transnasal pituitary surgery. Microbiology samples were taken for culture and intramucosal microcolonies were sought using Gram staining. Mucosal immune cells were identified using fluorescent immunohistochemistry.ResultsPositive culture rates were similar between CRS patients and controls, but there were significantly more intramucosal microcolonies in the CRS groups (8/9 CF‐CRS, 7/11 CRS), compared to controls (1/9). Furthermore, the biodensity of intramucosal microcolonies was significantly higher in CF‐CRS than idiopathic CRS. Mirroring the microbiological observations, the number of CD163+ macrophages was significantly increased in CF‐CRS compared to idiopathic CRS (p = 0.03).ConclusionIntramucosal bacteria exist within the sinus mucosa of patients with CF, and in significantly greater numbers than in idiopathic CRS patients. We speculate that intramucosal microcolonies may also exist in the lower respiratory tract mucosa in CF and play a role in disease recalcitrance.
Management of advanced intracranial intradural juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma: combined single‐stage rhinosurgical and neurosurgical approach
Authors: Naraghi Mohsen , Saberi Hooshang , Mirmohseni Atefeh Sadat , Nikdad Mohammad Sadegh , Afarideh Mohsen 
Published: March 2015

BackgroundAlthough intracranial extension of juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma (JNA) occurs commonly, intradural penetration is extremely rare. Management of such tumors is a challenging issue in skull‐base surgery, necessitating their removal via combined approaches. In this work, we share our experience in management of extensive intradural JNA.MethodsIn a university hospital–based setting of 2 tertiary care academic centers, retrospective chart of 6 male patients (5 between 15 and 19 years old) was reviewed. Patients presented chiefly with nasal obstruction, epistaxis, and proptosis. One of them was an aggressive recurrent tumor in a 32‐year‐old patient. All cases underwent combined transnasal, transmaxillary, and craniotomy approaches assisted by the use of image‐guided endoscopic surgery, with craniotomy preceding the rhinosurgical approach in 3 cases.ResultsAdding a transcranial approach to the transnasal and transmaxillary endoscopic approaches provided 2‐sided exposure and appreciated access to the huge intradural JNAs. One postoperative cerebrospinal fluid leak and 1 postoperative recurrence at the site of infratemporal fossa were treated successfully. Otherwise, the course was uneventful in the remaining cases.ConclusionManagement of intracranial intradural JNA requires a multidisciplinary approach of combined open and endoscopic‐assisted rhinosurgery and neurosurgery, because of greater risk for complications during the dissection. Carotid rupture and brain damage remain 2 catastrophic complications that should always be kept in mind. A combined rhinosurgical and neurosurgical approach also has the advantage of very modest cosmetic complications.
Reduction of unexpected serious adverse events after introducing medical emergency team
Authors: Kawaguchi Rui , Nakada Taka‐aki , Oshima Taku , Abe Ryuzo , Matsumura Yosuke , Oda Shigeto 
Published: March 2015

AimTo assess the clinical benefits of introducing a medical emergency team system for early medical intervention in hospital care.MethodsThis prospective analysis included all cases of medical emergency team activation during the first year after the introduction of the medical emergency team system at Chiba University Hospital (Chiba, Japan) in February 2011. The rates of in‐hospital mortality and unexpected events before and after introduction of the medical emergency team system were compared.ResultsThe total number of medical emergency team activation calls was 83 (4.9 per 1,000 admissions). The activation of the medical emergency team system was requested most frequently from the general ward (56.6%) and by a physician (57.8%), with the most important reasons for activation being cardiac arrest (37.3%), breathing abnormality (33.7%), and impaired consciousness (32.5%). The most frequent medical interventions by the medical emergency team were intubation (43.3%) and oxygen inhalation (41.0%). Approximately one‐half of the patients requiring activation of the medical emergency team system were critically ill and needed subsequent intensive care unit admission. Although no significant difference was observed between the pre‐ and post‐ medical emergency team in‐hospital mortalities (2.1% versus 2.0%, respectively), the incidence rate of serious events significantly decreased (12.4% versus 6.8%, respectively; P = 0.015).ConclusionMost patients requiring activation of the medical emergency team system were critically ill and needed emergency treatment at the location of the medical emergency team activation, with subsequent critical care. Although the introduction of the medical emergency team system did not affect the in‐hospital mortality rate, it reduced the incidence of unexpected serious adverse events, suggesting that it may be clinically useful.
Ortho‐Chinonmethide als reaktive Intermediate in asymmetrischen Brønsted‐Säure‐katalysierten Cycloadditionen mit Alkenen mittels exklusiver Aktivierung des Elektrophils
Authors: Hsiao Chien‐Chi , Raja Sadiya , Liao Hsuan‐Hung , Atodiresei Iuliana , Rueping Magnus 
Published: March 2015

AbstractEin effizientes Verfahren für die enantioselektive Synthese von chiralen Chromanen mit mehreren Stereozentren wurde entwickelt. Ein chirales Binol‐basiertes N‐Triflylphosphoramid erwies sich dabei als effektiver Katalysator für die In‐situ‐Generierung von ortho‐Chinonmethiden (o‐QMs) und deren nachfolgende Cycloaddition mit nichtaktivierten Alkenen. Diese führte hoch diastereo‐ und enantioselektiv zu Chromanen.