bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Trans Tasman Radiation Oncology Group: Development of the Assessment of New Radiation Oncology Technology and Treatments (ANROTAT) Framework
Authors: Duchesne Gillian M , Grand Mel , Kron Tomas , Haworth Annette , Corry June , Jackson Michael , Ng Michael , Besuijen Deidre , Carter Hannah E , Martin Andrew , Schofield Deborah , Gebski Val , Torony Joan , Kovacev Olga , Amin Rowena , Burmeister Bryan 
Published: October 2014

AbstractIntroductionThe study aim was to develop a generic framework to derive the parameters to populate health‐economic models for the rapid evaluation of new techniques and technologies in radiation oncology.MethodsA draft framework was developed through horizon scanning for relevant technologies, literature review to identify framework models, and a workshop program with radiation oncology professionals, biostatisticians, health economists and consumers to establish the Framework's structure. It was tested using four clinical protocols, comparing intensity modulated with 3D conformal therapy (post‐prostatectomy, anal canal and nasopharynx) and image‐guided radiation therapy techniques with off‐line review of portal imaging (in the intact prostate).ResultsThe draft generic research framework consisted of five sequential stages, each with a number of components, and was assessed as to its suitability for deriving the evidence needed to populate the decision‐analytic models required for the health‐economic evaluations. A final Framework was established from this experience for use by future researchers to provide evidence of clinical efficacy and cost‐utility for other novel techniques. The four clinical treatment sites tested during the project were considered suitable to use in future evaluations.ConclusionsDevelopment of a generic research framework to predict early and long‐term clinical outcomes, combined with health‐economic data, produced a generally applicable method for the rapid evaluation of new techniques and technologies in radiation oncology. Its application to further health technology assessments in the radiation oncology sector will allow further refinement and support its generalisability.
Decomposing changes in phylogenetic and functional diversity over space and time
Authors: Chalmandrier Loïc , Münkemüller Tamara , Devictor Vincent , Lavergne Sébastien , Thuiller Wilfried 
Published: October 2014

Summary

The α‐, β‐, γ‐diversity decomposition methodology is commonly used to investigate changes in diversity over space or time but rarely conjointly. However, with the ever‐increasing availability of large‐scale biodiversity monitoring data, there is a need for a sound methodology capable of simultaneously accounting for spatial and temporal changes in diversity.

Using the properties of Chao's index, we adapted Rao's framework of diversity decomposition between orthogonal dimensions to a multiplicative α‐, β‐, γ‐decomposition of functional or phylogenetic diversity over space and time, thereby combining their respective properties. We also developed guidelines for interpreting both temporal and spatial β‐diversities and their interaction.

We characterized the range of β‐diversity estimates and their relationship to the nested decomposition of diversity. Using simulations, we empirically demonstrated that temporal and spatial β‐diversities are independent from each other and from α‐ and γ‐diversities when the study design is balanced, but not otherwise. Furthermore, we showed that the interaction term between the temporal and the spatial β‐diversities lacked such properties.

We illustrated our methodology with a case study of the spatio‐temporal dynamics of functional diversity in bird assemblages in four regions of France. Based on these data, our method makes it possible to discriminate between regions experiencing different diversity changes in time. Our methodology may therefore be valuable for comparing diversity changes over space and time using large‐scale data sets of repeated surveys.
Modelling demographic processes in marked populations: proceedings of theEURING2013 analytical meeting
Authors: Francis Charles M. , Barker Richard J. , Cooch Evan G. 
Published: October 2014

SummaryThis article introduces a special issue of papers presented at the EURING 2013 technical conference on the analysis of data from marked individuals.The EURING technical conferences were originally established to bring together ecologists and statisticians to develop methods to estimate demographic parameters such as survival, recruitment, density, population size and movement from the large accumulated datasets on marked birds, but many methods are also relevant to other taxa.Papers in this issue cover a range of topics include new statistical modelling approaches, spatially explicit modelling, experimentation and hypothesis testing, integrating data from multiple sources and occupancy modelling.
Renal P2 receptors and hypertension
Authors: Menzies R. I. , Unwin R. J. , Bailey M. A. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThe regulation of extracellular fluid volume is a key component of blood pressure homeostasis. Long‐term blood pressure is stabilized by the acute pressure natriuresis response by which changes in renal perfusion pressure evoke corresponding changes in renal sodium excretion. A wealth of experimental evidence suggests that a defect in the pressure natriuresis response contributes to the development and maintenance of hypertension. The mechanisms underlying the relationship between renal perfusion pressure and sodium excretion are incompletely understood. Increased blood flow through the vasa recta increases renal interstitial hydrostatic pressure, thereby reducing the driving force for transepithelial sodium reabsorption. Paracrine signalling also contributes to the overall natriuretic response by inhibiting tubular sodium reabsorption in several nephron segments. In this brief review, we discuss the role of purinergic signalling in the renal control of blood pressure. ATP is released from renal tubule and vascular cells in response to increased flow and can activate P2 receptor subtypes expressed in both epithelial and vascular endothelial/smooth muscle cells. In concert, these effects integrate the vascular and tubular responses to increased perfusion pressure and targeting P2 receptors, particularly P2X7, may prove beneficial for treatment of hypertension.
Adenosine, type 1 receptors: role in proximal tubule Na+ reabsorption
Authors: Welch W. J. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractAdenosine type 1 receptor (A1‐AR) antagonists induce diuresis and natriuresis in experimental animals and humans. Much of this effect is due to inhibition of A1‐ARs in the proximal tubule, which is responsible for 60–70% of the reabsorption of filtered Na+ and fluid. Intratubular application of receptor antagonists indicates that A1‐AR mediates a portion of Na+ uptake in PT and PT cells, via multiple transport systems, including Na+/H+ exchanger‐3 (NHE3), Na+/PO4− co‐transporter and Na+‐dependent glucose transporter, SGLT. Renal microperfusion and recollection studies have shown that fluid reabsorption is reduced by A1‐AR antagonists and is lower in A1‐AR KO mice, compared to WT mice. Absolute proximal reabsorption (APR) measured by free‐flow micropuncture is equivocal, with studies that show either lower APR or similar APR in A1‐AR KO mice, compared to WT mice. Inhibition of A1‐ARs lowers elevated blood pressure in models of salt‐sensitive hypertension, partially due to their effects in the proximal tubule.
Exercise training and DNA methylation in humans
Authors: Voisin S. , Eynon N. , Yan X. , Bishop D. J. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThe response to exercise training (trainability) has been shown to have a strong heritable component. There is growing evidence suggesting that traits such as trainability do not only depend on the genetic code, but also on epigenetic signals. Epigenetic signals play an important role in the modulation of gene expression, through mechanisms such as DNA methylation and histone modifications. There is an emerging evidence to show that physical activity influences DNA methylation in humans. The present review aims to summarize current knowledge on the link between DNA methylation and physical activity in humans. We have critically reviewed the literature and only papers focused on physical activity and its influence on DNA methylation status were included; a total of 25 papers were selected. We concluded that both acute and chronic exercises significantly impact DNA methylation, in a highly tissue‐ and gene‐specific manner. This review also provides insights into the molecular mechanisms of exercise‐induced DNA methylation changes, and recommendations for future research.
Imaging Neuroinflammation? A Perspective from MR Spectroscopy
Authors: Zahr Natalie M. , Mayer Dirk , Rohlfing Torsten , Sullivan Edith V. , Pfefferbaum Adolf 
Published: October 2014

AbstractNeuroinflammatory mechanisms contribute to the brain pathology resulting from human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) has been touted as a suitable method for discriminating in vivo markers of neuroinflammation. The present MRS study was conducted in four groups: alcohol dependent (A, n = 37), HIV‐infected (H, n = 33), alcohol dependent + HIV infected (HA, n = 38) and healthy control (C, n = 62) individuals to determine whether metabolites would change in a pattern reflecting neuroinflammation. Significant four‐group comparisons were evident only for striatal choline‐containing compounds (Cho) and myo‐inositol (mI), which follow‐up analysis demonstrated were due to higher levels in HA compared with C individuals. To explore the potential relevance of elevated Cho and mI, correlations between blood markers, medication status and alcohol consumption were evaluated in H + HA subjects. Having an acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)‐defining event or hepatitis C was associated with higher Cho; lower Cho levels, however, were associated with low thiamine levels and with highly active antiretroviral HIV treatment (HAART). Higher levels of mI were related to greater lifetime alcohol consumed, whereas HAART was associated with lower mI levels. The current results suggest that competing mechanisms can influence in vivo Cho and mI levels, and that elevations in these metabolites cannot necessarily be interpreted as reflecting a single underlying mechanism, including neuroinflammation.
Alterations in Immune Cells and Mediators in the Brain: It's Not Always Neuroinflammation!
Authors: Estes Myka L. , McAllister A. Kimberley 
Published: October 2014

AbstractNeuroinflammation was once a clearly defined term denoting pathological immune processes within the central nervous system (CNS). Historically, this term was used to indicate the four hallmarks of peripheral inflammaton that occur following severe CNS injuries, such as stroke, injury or infection. Recently, however, the definition of neuroinflammation has relaxed to the point that it is often now assumed to be present when even only a single classical hallmark of inflammation is measured. As a result, a wide range of disorders, from psychiatric to degenerative diseases, are now assumed to have an integral inflammatory component. Ironically, at the same time, research has revealed unexpected nonclassical immune actions of immune mediators and cells in the CNS in the absence of pathology, increasing the likelihood that homeostatic and adaptive immune processes in the CNS will be mistaken for neuroinflammation. Thus, we suggest reserving the term neuroinflammation for contexts where multiple signs of inflammation are present to avoid erroneously classifying disorders as inflammatory when they may instead be caused by nonimmune etiologies or secondary immune processes that serve adaptive roles.
Filtering Multi‐Layer Shadow Maps for Accurate Soft Shadows
Authors: Selgrad K. , Dachsbacher C. , Meyer Q. , Stamminger M. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractIn this paper, we introduce a novel technique for pre‐filtering multi‐layer shadow maps. The occluders in the scene are stored as variable‐length lists of fragments for each texel. We show how this representation can be filtered by progressively merging these lists. In contrast to previous pre‐filtering techniques, our method better captures the distribution of depth values, resulting in a much higher shadow quality for overlapping occluders and occluders with different depths. The pre‐filtered maps are generated and evaluated directly on the GPU, and provide efficient queries for shadow tests with arbitrary filter sizes. Accurate soft shadows are rendered in real‐time even for complex scenes and difficult setups. Our results demonstrate that our pre‐filtered maps are general and particularly scalable.
Horizontal Resorption of Fresh‐Frozen Corticocancellous Bone Blocks in the Reconstruction of the Atrophic Maxilla at 5 Months
Authors: Pereira Eugénio , Messias Ana , Dias Ricardo , Judas Fernando , Salvoni Alexander , Guerra Fernando 
Published: October 2014

AbstractBackgroundReliable implant‐supported rehabilitation of an alveolar ridge needs sufficient volume of bone. In order to achieve a prosthetic‐driven positioning, bone graft techniques may be required.PurposeThis prospective cohort study aims to clinically evaluate the amount of resorption of corticocancellous fresh‐frozen allografts bone blocks used in the reconstruction of the severe atrophic maxilla.Materials and MethodsTwenty‐two partial and totally edentulous patients underwent bone augmentation procedures with fresh‐frozen allogenous blocks from the iliac crest under local anesthesia. Implants were inserted into the grafted sites after a healing period of 5 months. Final fixed prosthesis was delivered ± 4 months later. Ridge width analysis and measurements were performed with a caliper before and after grafting and at implant insertion. Bone biopsies were performed in 16 patients.ResultsA total of 98 onlay block allografts were used in 22 patients with an initial mean alveolar ridge width of 3.41 ± 1.36 mm. Early exposure of blocks was observed in four situations and one of these completely resorbed. Mean horizontal bone gain was 3.63 ± 1.28 mm (p < .01). Mean buccal bone resorption between allograph placement and the reopening stage was 0.49 ± 0.54 mm, meaning approximately 7.1% (95% confidence interval: [5.6%, 8.6%]) of total ridge width loss during the integration period. One hundred thirty dental implants were placed with good primary stability (≥ 30 Ncm). Four implants presented early failure before the prosthetic delivery (96.7% implant survival). All patients were successfully rehabilitated. Histomorphometric analysis revealed 20.9 ± 5.8% of vital bone in close contact to the remaining grafted bone. A positive strong correlation (adjusted R2 = 0.44, p = .003) was found between healing time and vital bone percentage.ConclusionsAugmentation procedures performed using fresh‐frozen allografts from the iliac crest are a suitable alternative in the reconstruction of the atrophic maxilla with low resorption rate at 5 months, allowing proper stability of dental implants followed by fixed prosthetic rehabilitation.
miR‐99a directly targets the mTOR signalling pathway in breast cancer side population cells
Authors: Yang Z. , Han Y. , Cheng K. , Zhang G. , Wang X. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractObjectivesmiR‐99a has been reported to function as a tumour suppressor in breast cancer. However, its role in the regulation of breast cancer stem cell (CSC) phenotype has up to now remained unknown.Materials and methodsIn this study, we isolated the side population (SP) cells by staining cultured MCF‐7 and MDA‐MB‐231 cells with fluorescent DNA‐binding dye Hoechst 33342, then by flow cytometric sorting. Next, we detected expression of miR‐99a in the SP cells compared to non‐SP cells using real‐time PCR, and explored effects of miR‐99a on the CSC phenotype of the breast cancer cells, including sphere formation, self‐renewal, tumourigenicity and cell migratory capability.ResultsWe found that expression of miR‐99a was down‐regulated in the SP cells compared to non‐SP cells. Restoration of expression of miR‐99a inhibited cell migration and invasion, reduced sphere formation of breast SP cells in vitro, and suppressed tumour growth in vivo. Finally, bioinformatic prediction suggested the oncogene, mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) – a downstream effector of the PI3K/AKT signalling pathway, was a target gene of miR‐99a in SP cells. Further, quantitative RT‐PCR and western blot assays identified that overexpression of miR‐99a suppressed expression of mTOR and its downstream gene, HIF‐1α.ConclusionCollectively, these data suggest that miR‐99a reversed the breast cancer malignant CSC phenotype, probably by targeting the mTOR signalling pathway.
Metastatic Cardiac Sarcoma Arising from the Left Posterior Pulmonary Vein Treated with Combination Therapy of Surgical Resection and Preoperative Chemotherapy Treatment
Authors: Aggeli Constantina , Kastellanos Stilianos , Pliarchopoulou Kika , Felekos Ioannis , Stefanadis Christodoulos 
Published: October 2014

Mini‐AbstractA 44‐year‐old man with pulmonary sarcoma presented symptoms of dyspnea, cough, chest pain, and fatigue. During echocardiographic examination, a large mass was revealed inside the left atrium causing severe mitral valve obstruction. The patient underwent chemotherapy with alleviation of symptoms. Follow‐up echocardiogram revealed decreased mass size and no mitral valve obstruction. The mass stemmed from the left posterior pulmonary vein. After surgical resection, the mass was revealed to be a sarcoma. Postsurgery echocardiogram was normal. The patient has remained asymptomatic. Chemotherapy may decrease the size of a cardiac sarcoma and alleviate mitral valve obstruction symptoms, thus facilitating complete resection.
The Effects of Successful Percutaneous Mitral Balloon Valvuloplasty on Acute and Intermediate Term Aortic Stiffness
Authors: Inci Sinan , Nar Gökay , Erol Mustafa Kemal , Demirelli Selami , Duman Hakan , Serdar Serkan , Erol Fatih 
Published: October 2014

AimThe aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of percutaneous mitral balloon valvuloplasty (PMBV) on short‐ and intermediate‐term aortic stiffness in patients with mitral stenosis.Materials and MethodsThis prospective study included 56 patients with critical mitral stenosis in normal sinus rhythm (68% female; mean age: 42 ± 11 years) and 37 healthy controls. Aortic stiffness was measured using transthoracic echocardiography before PMBV, and 24–48 hours and 1 year post procedure.ResultsAortic strain and distensibility were significantly higher in the patients with mitral stenosis, both after PMBV and 1 year post procedure, whereas the aortic stiffness index (ASI) was significantly lower. There was also a significant decrease in mitral mean gradient (MMG) and systolic pulmonary artery pressure (sPAP) after PMBV, based on echocardiography and catheterization. Mitral valve area (MVA) significantly increased after PMBV. There was a significant correlation between change in ∆MVA and ∆MMG and aortic elastic properties. There was a significantly negative correlation between the ∆MVA and ∆∆ aortic stiffness (r = −0.62, P < 0.001), and a significantly positive correlation between ∆MMG and ∆ASI (r = 0.60, P < 0.001).ConclusionMitral valve stenosis was associated with impaired aortic stiffness and following PMBV, aortic stiffness decreased during both the acute period and the intermediate period.
Patterns of host utilisation by herbivore assemblages of the genus Caloptilia (Lepidoptera; Gracillariidae) on congeneric maple tree (Acer) species
Authors: NAKADAI RYOSUKE , MURAKAMI MASASHI 
Published: October 2014

1. The pattern of host utilisation by congeneric Caloptilia caterpillars on 14 different species of Acer (maple) was investigated in temperate mixed forests of central Japan. A multi‐filtering model of host plant utilisation was proposed to address how phylogenetically related herbivore assemblages are constructed on phylogenetically related host plant species.2. Two hypotheses were examined. The first questioned whether a negative relationship exists between the phylogenetic distance of plants from the most suitable host species and the abundance of herbivorous insects on the host. Regarding the second, it was investigated whether the assemblage dissimilarity of herbivorous insects among host plant species increases with increasing distance of plant phylogeny and traits.3. Mantel and partial Mantel tests were used to measure the relationship between assemblage dissimilarity of Caloptilia species and the distance of plant phylogeny and leaf traits.4. Both hypotheses were confirmed, clearly suggesting that the utilisation and suitability of hosts for Caloptilia caterpillars were strongly influenced by phylogenetic relatedness and leaf trait similarity among Acer species. This implies that phylogenetic distance is an integrated measure of phenotypic and ecological attributes of congeneric Acer species that can be used to explain specialisation and constraints of host utilisation of congeneric herbivore species even on a short evolutionary timescale.
Larval food composition affects courtship song and sperm expenditure in a lekking moth
Authors: CORDES NILS , ALBRECHT FREDERIK , ENGQVIST LEIF , SCHMOLL TIM , BAIER MARKUS , MÜLLER CAROLINE , REINHOLD KLAUS 
Published: October 2014

1. Variation in larval food composition can have far‐reaching effects on the adult phenotype of insects. To maximise reproductive output, it is therefore beneficial if insects are able to plastically adapt to nutritional cues in their larval diet.2. The expression of sexual traits implicated in pre‐ and postcopulatory sexual selection of the lesser wax moth, Achroia grisella Fabricius, across different rearing environments of varying diet composition was investigated.3. Moths reared on diet with relatively low amounts of carbohydrate, but more protein and fats, had lower survival rates, decreased body mass, and longer development times. Males reared on this diet produced songs with higher pulse pair rates (which are attractive to females) and transferred more sperm per copulation than males reared on the alternative diets.4. There was no evidence for a trade‐off between pre‐ and postcopulatory traits. Interestingly, individuals with both higher pulse pair rates and more transferred sperm came from the treatment group with higher mortality rates and generally poorer development. The present results suggest that both of these sexual characteristics are developmentally plastic, but that only moths reared on the protein‐rich diet were able to benefit from this plasticity.