bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Maternal and Infant Health
Authors: van Dijk Ingrid K. , Lazuka Volha , Quaranta Luciana 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines the development of maternal and infant mortality and its connection to changes in medical and healthcare treatment of mothers and infants in the city of Landskrona, Sweden, and its rural hinterland between 1905 and 2015. The authors show that maternal mortality, stillbirth rates, and infant mortality declined strongly in this period. In parallel, hospitals began to admit more women for childbirth and modernized their facilities, offering first more space and later neonatal intensive care. In addition, new medicines arrived, such as sulfa antibiotics against infant pneumonia and penicillin against most infections, and these proved efficient in surgical intervention around childbirth. Newly opened infant healthcare centers provided preventive care. The authors apply intervention analysis to the time series of mortality rates and find that most of these institutional reforms in medical and health care were related to lower stillbirth rates and higher survival of infants.
Introduction
Authors: Rose Deondra 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The introduction presents the book’s core argument, describing how education has played a central role in American political development and offering an overview of HBCUs—the distinctive educational institutions whose work has driven key changes in the American democratic landscape. The chapter highlights the contributions HBCUs have made to the US educational and political landscape, paying particular attention to the disproportionate representation of HBCU alumni among Black elected officials. It also discusses the role HBCUs have played in shaping the political landscape and development of the American state. Last, it outlines the role that government has played in HBCU development and explains how government programs that have contributed to the growth of HBCUs have left a powerful mark on the political landscape, promoting the development of Black citizens through the transmission of politically relevant knowledge, helping to build politically relevant skills, promoting political efficacy, and fostering a commitment to service.
A unified theory of Case form and Case meaning
Authors: Crisma Paola , Guardiano Cristina , Longobardi Giuseppe 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The syntax of Genitive is shown to be the key to eliminate all proposed partitions of Case into grammatically relevant subclasses, in favour of only one distinction: that between interpretable and uninterpretable Case features. This reduction of Case types to [±interpretable], once combined with other minimalist assumptions and some Case-checking hypotheses, nearly exhausts the core grammar of Genitive in various languages. The mapping of Genitive syntax to the Conceptual-Intentional system in terms of just [±interpretable] is shown to be always straightforward, even if the interpretable and uninterpretable instantiations are distinguishable in certain languages and systematically ambiguous in others. The mapping to the Sensory-Motor system is more articulate and partly idiosyncratic: still, it is translated into a principled and deductive parametric structure, that is set from positive evidence and guided by a number of plausible, independently proposed Third Factor conditions.
Book 7
Authors: Brockliss William 
Published: July 2024

AbstractBook 7 introduces a character (Ajax) and a structure (the Achaean wall), who/which will serve as the twin defenses of the Achaeans in the upcoming battles. The construction of the wall in the tenth year of the war has posed a problem for scholars: some regard it as an undesirable addition to the poem, while others defend its inclusion in the Iliad. Iliad 7 also explores the dichotomy of permanence and impermanence, which will be important in the remaining books. The grave of an enemy will serve as a lasting memorial to Hector’s fame, but the destruction of the wall and the grave mound beneath it, anticipated in book 7, suggest the impermanence of human memorials. Meanwhile, the funerary rites of book 7 and Hector’s duel with Ajax establish a standard of civility that sets in stark relief the abusive behaviors dominating much of the rest of the poem.
Book 8
Authors: Minchin Elizabeth 
Published: July 2024

AbstractThe battle scenes of book 8 are in many respects unremarkable, and yet the events narrated here are pivotal in the Iliad’s story: as a result of this day’s battle, the Achaeans will send an embassy to Achilles to seek his return to the fighting. This chapter discusses the friction between the Olympian gods as Zeus favors the Trojans, the transmission of messages from Olympus and mortals’ interpretation of those messages, Zeus’s use of his golden scales, and his prophecy outlining the events of the following day. The chapter looks too at the concept of reciprocity that underpins Homeric society, the poet’s references to the story of Heracles, forms of combat in the Iliad, the aristeia, the relationship between Diomedes and Nestor, and Hector’s excess of confidence. The chapter considers narrative strategies (suspense, curiosity, and surprise), retardation, the poet’s use of lists, character text and speech acts, and audience engagement.
Book 11
Authors: Alden Maureen 
Published: July 2024

AbstractAgamemnon’s arming scene prefaces the battle narrative of book 11. Similes illustrate the massed fighting: the troops are mown down like corn. Agamemnon and the Greek leaders are compared to lions and boars, the Trojans to (less heroic) dogs and cattle. Agamemnon’s brutality is motivated by his desire for poinē (revenge): he and the other Greek leaders reject the supplications and apoina (ransom) offered by their Trojan victims. The pathos of the slaughter of young Trojans is increased by brief obituaries and personal details. Assured by Zeus of success until nightfall, Hector enters battle when Agamemnon departs. When other Greek leaders are wounded and retreat, Achilles sends Patroclus to Nestor, who plants in Patroclus’s mind the idea that he could be the hero of the hour, as Nestor was in the para-narrative he tells him about his own role in the Pylian wars. Authorial comment indicates foreshadowing of Patroclus’s death.
Book 13
Authors: Ready Jonathan L. 
Published: July 2024

AbstractBook 12 ends with the Achaeans in flight from Hector as he breaks through the wall surrounding their encampment. Poseidon’s machinations in book 13 reverse for a moment what looks like an imminent Trojan victory. Under the category of themes, this chapter discusses epiphanies, the warriors’ relative status, and their insulting speeches. It then considers Trojan guilt, the characterization of Hector and of Zeus, and vividness. Under the category of poetics, it discusses epic retardation, type scenes, the construction of minor characters, and Homeric nods (apparent errors on the part of the poet).
Work and Play in the Shadow of AI
Authors: Tasioulas John 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
AI promises to be a means of enabling us to perform more efficiently a whole range of activities that standardly have required the exercise of human cognitive powers. As such, it poses a particular challenge. What does it mean to find fulfilment as a human being in a world in which AI-based systems are undertaking tasks that have characteristically given human life its point? Most particularly, what happens if AI begins to make work redundant? Might games replace work as a source of achievement? The author suggests that there are distinctive aspects of work that will be difficult to replace.
Blame Avoidance and Critical Language Awareness
Authors: Hansson Sten 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
To hold on to power, officeholders may try to use language in ways that would impair the public understanding of harmful events and their causes, and derail debates over blame issues. It is therefore necessary to develop an approach to governmental blame avoidance that focuses on critical language awareness—citizens’ improved understanding of social and political functions of language with a special consideration of how various discursive strategies of persuasion are used within struggles for power. This chapter presents a conceptual framework that integrates the contemporary methods of critical discourse studies—an important source of critical language awareness—with current knowledge of administrative blame avoidance. It shows how we could look beyond officeholders’ well-known presentational strategies such as denials and justifications to understand more broadly how blame-takers and their deeds are represented in text and talk in particular ways that could modify the public perception of blame.
Parties and the Regulation of Armed Conflict through Collective Entities
Authors: Wentker Alexander 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Chapter 1 analyses the various ways in which the rules of the international legal framework regulating armed conflict are organised by reference to the parties as collective entities. The analysis demonstrates that party status continues to hold a central place in that regulatory framework. At one level, parties are key addressees of international law provisions regulating armed conflict. To specify what legal difference being ‘at war’ still makes, the chapter discusses the extent to which international law places restrictions on parties and grants them permissions that they would not otherwise have. Moving to another level, the chapter explains how the legal position of individuals in armed conflict depends on the nature of their connection to parties. This reveals that the legal positions of the parties and individuals are inextricably intertwined, balancing the collective character of the legal regulation of warfare with its humanisation and individualisation. Finally, the chapter outlines how international humanitarian law establishes its geographical scope of application by reference to parties.
The Lost Works of Nondemocratic Rule
Authors: Morgenbesser Lee 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Conventional wisdom holds that the study of nondemocratic rule unfolded in three broad phases: the totalitarian paradigm of the 1950s–1960s; the authoritarian model of the 1970s–1980s; and the post-transitology outlook of the late 1990s onward. This chapter challenges this understanding by reviving twenty-nine “lost” comparative books published between 1875 and 1948. It answers two core questions. First, why was this scholarship lost? The explanations include a lack of engagement from pioneering scholars and a path dependency owing to the focus on totalitarian rule. Second, what if anything can be learned from this scholarship? The answer is focused on, but not limited to, four areas of inquiry: regime classification schemes, region and cases, nominally democratic institutions, and autocratization. The chapter concludes by suggesting a future research agenda concerned with unheralded classification schemes, stages of autocratization, and short-lived dictatorships.
Individual and Community Property Rights and Duties in Land and the Environment
Authors: Vani M. S. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The appropriation of land and its components for self-use has been one of the primary actions of humankind with respect to nature. Human society has evolved a range of value systems—economic, political, social, cultural, ethical and spiritual—to describe its relationship with land and other natural elements and the methods to establish such a relationship. These value systems coalesce broadly into two distinct philosophical approaches—anthropocentrism and biocentrism—engendering distinct legal, institutional and governance modes, representing western and non-western cultures generally. The chapter examines the property rights and duties of individuals and communities in India in land and environment. The chapter reflects on the need for a duty-based local governance system with dominant community property tenures, and a legal system infused with ethical and spiritual values to re-establish a balance between property rights and environment, securing both.
Parents' Perspectives on Early Relational Health: A Qualitative Study
Authors: Cordoba David J. , Levin Erica R. , Ramachandran Usha , Lima Daniel , Shearman Nikki , Willis David , Srinivasavaradan Deepa , Jimenez Manuel E. 
Published: July 2024

ABSTRACT:

Objective:
The American Academy of Pediatrics endorses a paradigm shift toward promoting early relational health (ERH) in pediatrics. Pediatric clinicians have a unique opportunity to promote ERH, yet little work has sought parents' perspectives on how clinicians can do so effectively. We sought to understand diverse parents' perspectives on ERH and the role of pediatric clinicians in supporting it.

Methods:
We conducted virtual focus groups using a guide prepared with input from community partners and parent advisors. We purposively sampled a diverse group of parents of children aged ≤7 years. Focus groups were recorded and transcribed verbatim. We analyzed data as it was collected and identified themes using an inductive and iterative process.

Results:
Thirty-seven parents participated in 8 focus groups (median parent age: 36.0 years; 43.2% Asian, 18.9% Black/African-American; 32.4% Hispanic/Latino; 78.4% mothers). We identified 3 organizing themes: (1) Time, attention, and open communication with children lay a foundation for ERH; (2) Pediatric clinicians have an opportunity to promote ERH, but disconnected parent-clinician relationships are a major barrier; and (3) Enhanced communication and careful attention to child development and family well-being represent key opportunities to strengthen parent-clinician relationships.

Conclusion:
Parents identified time, attention, and open communication as essential to ERH. Although participants expressed openness to clinicians addressing ERH, such work is contingent on strong parent-clinician relationships. Policymakers and clinicians seeking to address ERH in pediatric settings must also be prepared to address potential barriers through strategies like providing adequate time to facilitate relationship-building and careful attention to address this critical topic.
Decisional Needs of Veterans With Mild Traumatic Brain Injury Initiating Treatment for Insomnia Disorder and Obstructive Sleep Apnea
Authors: Kinney Adam R. , Brenner Lisa A. , Nance Morgan , Mignogna Joseph , Cobb Audrey D. , Forster Jeri E. , Ulmer Christi S. , Nakase-Richardson Risa , Bahraini Nazanin H. 
Published: July 2024

Objective: We sought to elicit key informant (KI) perspectives regarding decisional needs of Veterans with mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) who are initiating insomnia disorder and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) treatment within the Veterans Health Administration (VHA) Polytrauma/TBI System of Care (PSC). Specifically, we sought to understand: (1) information regarding treatment options that Veterans with mTBI require in order to make an informed decision; and (2) values used to guide decision-making (ie, personally meaningful aspects of the decision used to compare treatment options). Setting: Nationwide VHA PSC sites. Participants: Clinicians included VHA providers and policymakers involved in the management of mTBI and/or sleep disorders in the VHA PSC (n = 29). Veterans included those with a clinician-confirmed mTBI who received care for insomnia disorder and/or OSA within the past year (n = 20). Design: Semi-structured interviews with the 49 KIs were recorded and transcribed verbatim. Themes were identified using a descriptive and interpretive approach to qualitative analysis. Main Measures: Not applicable. Results: Informational needs identified by both KI groups included information regarding outcomes and downsides of treatment, accessible delivery, treatment candidates, description of diagnosis, and level of commitment. Values used to guide decision-making for both insomnia disorder and OSA treatment included benefits, downsides, and availability of treatments. Values used to decide on insomnia treatments alone included time commitment, intrinsic management of sleep, beliefs regarding mental health treatment, and time course of benefit. Values used to decide on OSA treatment alone included intrusiveness of the treatment, appearance, and impact on bed partners. Conclusions: The current study revealed the decisional needs of Veterans with mTBI who are initiating sleep disorder treatment. Findings can inform the development of decision aids and other efforts aimed at promoting patient-centered management of comorbid mTBI and sleep disorders, thereby improving care quality and clinical outcomes.
Repeat Femtosecond-Assisted Anterior Lamellar Keratoplasty for Recurrence of TGF B I Dystrophy in Eyes After Previous FALK
Authors: Pantola Priyanka , Chaurasia Sunita , Mishra Dilip Kumar , Ramappa Muralidhar 
Published: July 2024

Purpose:
To report the management of recurrent TGF BI dystrophy after prior femtosecond-assisted anterior lamellar keratoplasty (FALK) with repeat FALK.

Methods:
Clinical and histopathological study of 2 eyes of 2 patients with a recurrence of TGFBI dystrophy. Patient 1 had Reis–Buckler corneal dystrophy, and patient 2 had granular corneal dystrophy GCD type 1.

Results:
Patient 1 had FALK 8 years ago, when she was 23 years old. Patient 2 had FALK 7 years ago at the age of 24 years. Slit-lamp examination showed recurrence in the subepithelial layer of the anterior lamellar graft as confluent chalky white granular deposits. Anterior segment optical coherence tomography highlighted the deposits in the subepithelial region of the anterior lamellar graft. The anterior lamellar graft with deposits was removed and replaced with another graft created using femtolaser dissection of a healthy donor. The parameters for femtosecond laser-assisted donor dissection was similar to the size and depth as the previously used donor. The best-corrected visual acuity was restored to 20/30 in patient 1 and 20/25 in patient 2. The histology of the anterior lamellar graft showed eosinophilic deposits between the epithelium and the Bowman layer in both samples. In addition, the corneal sample from patient 2 revealed Bowman layer breach at some places and few deposits at 1 edge of the lamellar graft.

Conclusions:
Repeat FALK with a healthy donor is effective in the management of recurrence of deposits. The histology of the recurrence in the anterior lamellar graft revealed eosinophilic deposits predominantly between the epithelium and Bowman layer.
Simultaneous Liver and Kidney Transplantation in Patients Aged 70 y and Older: Proceed With Caution
Authors: Kaufman Daniel M. , Perkins James D. , Bakthavatsalam Ramasamy , Leca Nicolae , Sibulesky Lena 
Published: July 2024

Background.
The number of elderly patients aged 70 y and older with liver and kidney failure is increasing, mainly because of increasing prevalence of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis. At present, limited data are available on the outcomes of elderly patients who fit the criteria for dual organ transplantation since the implementation of the simultaneous liver and kidney (SLK) allocation policy.

Methods.
We performed a retrospective analysis of the Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network database of adults aged 18 y and older undergoing SLK and kidney transplantation only from August 11, 2017, to December 31, 2022. We examined patient and graft survivals and compared the outcomes of the recipients aged 70 y and older undergoing SLK transplantation to those who received kidney transplant alone and kidney after liver transplant.

Results.
During the study period, there has been a significant rise in the number of patients aged 70 y and older undergoing SLK transplantation, with 6 patients undergoing SLK transplantation in 2017 and 63 in 2021. Patients aged 70 y and older had significantly lower survival with 82.9% at 1 y and 66.5% at 3 y compared with 89.3% and 78.8% in the 50–69 y age group and 93.2% and 88.6% in the 18–49 y age group, respectively. Overall, kidney allograft survival was significantly lower in the 70 y and older group, with 80.9% at 1 y and 66.4% at 3 y compared with 91.1% and 75.5%, respectively, in those undergoing kidney transplant alone. There was no difference in kidney allograft survival in those undergoing SLK and kidney after liver transplantation.

Conclusions.
Although the outcomes are inferior in recipients of SLK transplant aged 70 y and older, chronologic age should not preclude them from undergoing transplantation. Kidney transplantation after liver transplantation could be considered to avoid futile transplants.
International Travel for Organ Transplantation: Provider and Patient Perspectives
Authors: Nguyen Ann B. , Roth Hannah F. , Chung Bow , Rodgers Daniel , Clerkin Kevin J. , Sayer Gabriel , Kim Gene , Jeevanandam Valluvan , Siegler Mark , Uriel Nir , Aronsohn Andrew 
Published: July 2024

Background.
Organ allocation in the United States to non-US citizen, non-US residents who travel for transplant (NC/NRTx) is controversial. Current policies may not be informed by stakeholder opinions, as limited data exist assessing the knowledge or opinions of providers or patients on this issue.

Methods.
A cross-sectional, hospital-based pilot survey was distributed to providers and patients from December 2019 to June 2020 at a single large urban transplant institute. Providers were members of the departments of surgery and medicine and included both transplant and nontransplant providers. Surveys included 10 questions on eligibility, prioritization, and limitations for deceased donor transplantation and 12 demographic questions.

Results.
A total of 209 providers responded (61% women, median age 40) and 119 patients responded (62% women, median age 54). Awareness of eligibility for transplantation of US citizens, non-US citizens residing in the United States (NC/R), and NC/NRTx was high in both groups, though providers and patients lacked awareness of the eligibility of nonlegal NC/R (those who live in the United States who are not citizens and are not legal residents) to donate and receive organs. Overall, 79.3% of patients stated that NC/NRTx should be eligible for transplant in the United States compared with only 60.7% of providers (P = 0.001). Providers were more likely than patients to prioritize transplant to legal NC/NR over NC/NRTx (58.2% versus 35.1%, P < 000.1) and reported that families should be able to limit donations to NC/NRTx (34.9% versus 23.2%, P = 0.03).

Conclusions.
Surveyed patients and providers generally support transplant in non-US citizens; however, the strength of support varied considerably based on the legal status of the patient and the occupation of those surveyed. Larger studies are necessary to develop data-informed policy.