bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Intellectual Assessment of Deaf People: A Critical Review of Core Concepts and Issues
Authors: Maller Susan J. , Braden Jeffery P. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis chapter addresses cognitive assessment of deaf children and adults. Emphasis is placed on the psychometric properties (e.g., reliability, validity, norms, item analysis) of published intelligence tests when administered to this population. The use of intelligence tests with deaf people has a long history that can be traced back to the early years of formal intelligence testing aimed at identifying those students in need of special education due to “mental retardation.” Intelligence tests continue to serve as a primary component of the assessment process for special education. Practitioners who serve deaf children regularly are faced with the dilemma of choosing from a variety of published tests that often lack sufficient evidence of validity (i.e., that the test score represents what it claims to represent) for this population. There are several potential reasons psychometric evidence is lacking for tests when administered to deaf people. First, deaf people constitute a low-incidence population, and sufficient sample sizes are difficult to obtain to conduct the necessary investigations. Second, the deaf population is composed of a diverse group in terms of a variety of variables, such as communication modalities, degree of hearing loss, parental hearing loss, age of onset, etiology, presence of additional disabilities, race/gender, socioeconomic status (SES), and educational placement. Third, funding is often not available to support investigations by test publishers and independent researchers for low-incidence populations. Finally, many independent researchers may lack the skills both for working with deaf people and in psychometrics that are required to conduct the necessary studies. Thus, valid cognitive assessment remains a difficult dilemma for practitioners whose goals may include helping educators understand a deaf child’s intellectual abilities and educational needs.
Systematic Review and Evidence Synthesis as a Practice and Scholarship Tool
Authors: Briner Rob B. , Denyer David 
Published: February 2013

AbstractReviews of existing research evidence have the potential to inform both practice and scholarship. This opportunity is currently not being fully realized in management and organization studies due to the limitations of traditional methods of review, which fail to identify clearly what is known and not known about a given topic. For practitioners, systematic review can help address managerial problems by producing a reliable knowledge base through accumulating findings from a range of studies. For scholars, systematic review can enhance methodological rigor as well as highlight opportunities for further research. Systematic reviews are guided by a set of principles rather than a specific, inflexible, and restricted protocol. By revealing these principles, outlining a systematic review methodology, and offering examples, we hope that this chapter helps both practitioners and scholars to use systematic review to inform their practice.
The Constitutional Frameworks of State and Local Government Finance
Authors: Kincaid John 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article provides a primer of the fiscal frameworks set forth in the US Constitution and the fifty state constitutions. Recognizing that neither the United States nor any constituent state has a free-standing fiscal constitution, the article works through the labyrinth of fiscal provisions that are embedded in the constitutions and constitutional law. Because what the US Constitution “says” about the practice of fiscal federalism is largely about what the federal courts (past and present) have decided it should be (ostensibly based on what the framers meant by federalism), the article begins with a review of The Federalist on federal and state fiscal powers. It then lays out the core public finance provisions in the federal Constitution.
Real Property Tax
Authors: Bell Michael E. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractA good place to start a discussion of the United States' state and local revenue systems is with the single largest source of state and local own-source revenues—the property tax. Beginning with a comparative review of traditional measures used to examine tax trends, this article proceeds to an analysis and evaluation as to that tax's performance in recent years and through the Great Recession, concluding with a look to the fiscal future. The property tax today still remains as the local government revenue “mainstay”—97 percent of property tax revenue accrues to local governments. Over the past four decades, however, the property tax has declined in its relative importance as a share of local government revenues (43 percent of local general revenues in 1968 to 28 percent in 2008), and as a percentage of local own-source revenues (56 percent in 1968 to 45 percent in 2008).
Local Revenue Diversification: User Charges, Sales Taxes, and Income Taxes
Authors: Sjoquist David L. , Stoycheva Rayna 
Published: February 2013

AbstractFrom broad-based taxes on sales and income and employer payrolls, to fees and charges on school lunches, medical equipment, parking, etc., few topics take us into more aspects of public economics than the study of local revenue diversification. This article provides a thorough review of this topic, bringing to the discussion new data as well as some new evidence on the measurement of the degree of revenue diversity among the states. The article begins with a set of measures as to the growth of the level and degree of revenue diversification by type of government, and, from there, it addresses the questions of “why diversify,” where diversification works well, and where, in contrast, it has led to unintended negative outcomes. It presents several reasons that justify local revenue diversification, beginning with the fundamental proposition that, just as is true for nations and states, different localities have different revenue-raising capacities.
Children and Families in Poverty: Federal Perspectives on Applied Research and Evaluation
Authors: Webb Mary Bruce 
Published: February 2013

AbstractA substantial body of research and evaluation is conducted through agencies whose primary mission is not research, but service delivery. This chapter will highlight some of the applied research, initiated by federal program offices, that shows promise for moving forward the knowledge base about disadvantaged children and families. Examples include large-scale longitudinal studies that have provided foundational information about the characteristics and life histories of individuals who live in poverty as well as large-scale evaluations and smaller research and evaluation programs that target issues of particular relevance to low-income families. The chapter also includes discussion of issues that arise in promoting the use of research evidence in federal programs and policy.
Maternal Mental Health and Child Health and Nutrition
Authors: McCurdy Karen , Gorman Kathleen S. , Kisler Tiffani S. , Metallinos-Katsaras Elizabeth 
Published: February 2013

AbstractIn this chapter, the family stress model provides a framework for exploring the relationships between maternal mental health and child health and nutrition, in the context of poverty. Specifically, we examine what is known about the links between maternal depression and anxiety with the increased rates of overweight, nutritional deficiencies, food insecurity, and overall poorer health observed among low-income children. We then explore how maternal psychological distress may impact three parenting practices linked to these child health domains: (1) health-related parenting behaviors, such as monitoring the child's access to television; (2) parental feeding strategies, such as how long the mother breast-feeds; and (3) food-related coping strategies, such as the need to shop in a variety of stores for the best food bargains. We conclude with three key directions to advance our understanding of the pathway from maternal mental health to child outcomes.
Fatherhood and Fathering Among Low-Income and Minority Men
Authors: Gorman-Smith Deborah , Hunt Elizabeth Grisa , Robertson Dylan 
Published: February 2013

AbstractIn earlier empirical research and policies, fathering was often reduced to 2 aspects of father involvement, focused financial support and residence in the child's home, with these most often measured as simply absent or present. More recent theory and study suggest fathering should be considered multidimensionally, with the 2 broad constructs of involvement and parenting skills as major components. In this chapter we review the research on fathering, with a particular focus on minority men living in urban neighborhoods. We discuss data collected from a sample of approximately 300 young adult men who had taken part in the Chicago Youth Development Study (CYDS) beginning when these young men were between the ages of 11 and 13. Initial and descriptive results of this study are presented, along with findings from the larger body of research in this area.
The Dynamic of Poverty and Affluence in Child Adoption
Authors: Grotevant Harold D. , Grant-Marsney Holly A. , French Quade Y. S. , Musante Danila S. , Dolan Jen H. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis chapter examines connections among poverty, adoption, and child outcomes in (1) child welfare adoptions, (2) domestic private adoptions, and (3) international adoptions. We discuss ways in which poverty plays a central role in the movement of children from their birth families to adoptive families and argue that adoption is a powerful intervention in the lives of children whose development might have been at risk because of poverty. Because adoption involves a legal relationship, it must be considered within the national context in which the relevant laws and policies are situated. Therefore, this chapter focuses on adoption in the United States. Each of the three primary sections includes a brief overview and history of that type of adoption in the United States followed by a discussion of current policies linking poverty, adoption, and child outcomes. Implications for practice and policy are presented, and future directions for the field are suggested.
SES, Childhood Experience, and the Neural Bases of Cognition
Authors: Farah Martha J. , Hackman Daniel A. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractUnderstanding how low childhood socioeconomic status (SES) is associated with lower cognitive and educational outcomes has the potential to reduce the intergenerational transmission of poverty, to level the societal playing field, and to enhance the world's human capital. This chapter provides a review of the literature on neurocognitive development and poverty, shedding light on the potential influences and causal relationships. We discuss our research, which offers a neuropsychological profile of children in poverty, and we conclude with a discussion of areas where more research is needed.
Extrafamilial Contexts and Children's Conduct Problems
Authors: Ingoldsby Erin M. , Shelleby Elizabeth , Lane Tonya , Shaw Daniel S. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractAs children transition to school, their environment rapidly expands and they spend increasing amounts of time in contexts outside of the family and home. This chapter reviews extant research on key factors that may facilitate or mitigate risk for child conduct problems in three extrafamilial contexts: school, after-school, and neighborhood. Evidence, albeit preliminary in some cases, consistently suggests that structural/organizational features, monitoring and supervision processes, and children's relationships with adults and peers in these settings are related to children's risk of conduct problems within and across these settings, with robust associations emerging for low-income children who experience multiple contextual risks. Future directions for research are raised, including the need for longitudinal and developmentally focused investigation of direct and interactive associations among contextual characteristics, parent involvement in these contexts, and individual and family factors in the prediction of children's conduct problems.
Homelessness and Child Outcomes
Authors: Park Jung Min 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis chapter aims to extend our knowledge base of the relationship between homelessness and child outcomes in order to contribute to developing effective strategies to better serve children and families who are experiencing homelessness. This chapter first goes over who is defined as homeless, how many children and families are counted as homeless, how homelessness and poverty are intertwined, and what characteristics are common among homeless families and their children. This chapter then reviews the relation of homelessness to child outcomes, such as physical and mental health, out-of-home placement, parent-child interactions, cognitive development, and educational outcomes. Lastly, this chapter discusses directions for future research in this area, including the need for further investigation of the independent effect of homelessness on child outcomes, differential service needs among subgroups of homeless families, both risk and protective factors for child problems, and methodologically rigorous intervention studies for children who are homeless or at risk for homelessness.
Addressing the Consequences of Concentrated Adversity on Child and Adolescent Mental Health
Authors: Betancourt Theresa S. , Beardslee William R. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractWe concentrate on the psychosocial and developmental consequences of major life adversity on child and family mental health, with particular attention to regions affected by communal violence and regions affected by HIV/AIDS. In both of these contexts, there is an overlap of several forms of family adversity that commonly characterize large proportions of developing children and their caregivers. As opposed to a simplistic view of children in adversity which ascribes their long-term well-being as mainly linked to traumatic exposures or individual characteristics, a developmental and ecological lens is used to consider the many ways in which mental health and well-being are shaped by the interplay between individual, family, community, and societal factors. We conclude with a series of recommendations illustrating the interplay between building the evidence base, increasing political will to make change, and improving the implementation of high quality and sustainable services for children, youth, and families.
Everyday Distress: Psychosocial and Economic Impact of Forced Migration on Children and Families
Authors: Wessells Michael G. , Kostelny Kathleen 
Published: February 2013

AbstractWorldwide, many children grow up in zones of political violence and armed conflict, where they are affected not only by acute, traumatic events but also by slower, ongoing distresses of everyday life. Everyday distresses often stem from economic and political problems and arise at levels such as individual, family, community, and societal levels. Among war-affected children, common sources of distress include inability to meet their basic needs and those of their families, family separation, family violence, lack of access to education, gender-based violence, stigmatization and lack of social acceptance, perceptions of spiritual contamination, community violence, refugee status, unemployment, and lack of positive life options. Although these distresses have significant psychosocial impact, many war-affected children demonstrate significant resilience due largely to protective factors in their social environments.
Firearm Violence
Authors: Cook Philip J. , Ludwig Jens 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article begins by characterizing the nature and scope of the gun violence problem, including a discussion of the potential benefit from use of guns in self-defense. The next section is devoted to a discussion of guns and it gives some basic facts on the patterns of private gun ownership and gun misuse. The article then discusses policies designed to discourage gun misuse directly by making guns a liability to criminals. Studies using a same basic research design have found evidence of some decline in gun use in crime. The article shows the importance of assessing the effects of overall rates of gun ownership within a community. The descriptive and analytical information summarized here opens the door to favorable consideration of a variety of other interventions.
Child Abuse
Authors: Malley-Morrison Kathleen , Hines Denise A. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article summarizes current knowledge concerning child abuse in the United States. It discusses major approaches to assess the incidence and prevalence of child abuse, including the national family violence surveys (NFVS), national incidence studies (NIS), and national child abuse and neglect data system (NCANDS) surveys. It mentions the estimates of abuse rates provided by the different data sources, apparent changes in prevalence rates over time, and possible explanations of these changes. This article considers ethnic differences in rates of child abuse and data relating to these differences. It provides an overview of competing definitions of child abuse and the major theories for its occurrence. It concludes with the description of the criminal justice system's response to the problem and implications of research for public policy.
Cybercrime
Authors: McQuade III Samuel C. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article begins by discussing cybercrime as an evolving technology-based crime construct. Cybercrime includes existing and emerging forms of criminality carried out with electronic IT devices and information systems. This is followed by examples and explanations of emerging IT-enabled abuse and crime and discussion of major types of cybercrime and categories of cyber offenders. This article reviews cyber offending and victimization on the basis of a limited number of available studies. It then discusses responses to cybercrime by numerous investigative, regulatory, and technical assistance entities. There is broad consensus that cybercrime threatens many institutional sectors and critical information infrastructure. Finally, the article concludes with suggestions for research and discussions of possibilities for mounting and sustaining coordinated research, evaluation, and prevention initiatives.
Drugs
Authors: Maccoun Robert J. , Martin Karin D. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article sets out an analytical framework for thinking about drug use and abuse and about drug policy. It summarizes current knowledge about patterns of drug use and patterns of drug-related harm. It presents an overview of policy responses to drug abuse and trafficking, which includes interdiction and source-country programs, arrest and imprisonment, treatment, and prevention. This article discusses a range of programs and offers a number of proposals—centering on the need to investigate not only the prevalence of drug use but also quantities consumed and harms associated with both drug use and drug policy strategies—for increasing our understanding of current patterns of drug use and of effects of drug policy. It concludes with two trends that have the potential to challenge current cultural assumptions about drugs and drug control.
Crete
Authors: Schoep Ilse 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article suggests that the emergence of the “First” or “Old” Palaces is generally considered to be the main event of the Middle Bronze Age on Crete. These “palaces” are widely believed to have emerged in Middle Bronze Age in several places on Crete (Knossos, Malia, Phaistos, Petras). In the last couple of years it has become clear, however, that some of these structures have a much older biography and in fact go back to the Early Minoan period. The designation “palace” and its interpretation as the residence of a king, as with many of our ideas about Minoan society, go back to Arthur Evans. The traditional definitions of “palace” were created on the basis of a single palace and a single phase, and any variation in time, form, and scale were not taken into account, thereby generating confusion as to whether some buildings should be identified as palaces or not.
Mycenaean Religion
Authors: Lupack Susan 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe evidence for the Mycenaean period is different from that for the Minoan in two important respects. First, in general the Mycenaean evidence is not as abundant as it is for the Minoan culture. In light of this, scholars can be dismissive of the evidence presented in this article, thereby giving the impression that not much can be said about Mycenaean religion. However, the body of archaeological material is now not as scanty as is often portrayed and positive information can be gleaned from the sites that have been discovered. When the archaeological evidence is combined with the information provided by the Linear B tablets, a fairly informative picture of Mycenaean religion results. Evidence for communal sacrificial rites has been found on the Kynortion hilltop above Epidauros. The types of bones and the associated pottery indicate that the sacrifices were probably followed by communal feasts.
Death and Burial
Authors: Mee Christopher 
Published: February 2013

AbstractFuneral practices were already well developed before the start of the Neolithic period. As the population increased with the growth of settlements, one would expect more graves. However, the number of excavated Neolithic burials can be counted in the hundreds, whereas tens of thousands of people lived and died in Greece between 7000 and 3000 bc. Intramural burial within settlements was not common for adults. Most of the cases that have been recorded were infants or young children. The situation is different in caves that were occupied at this time, such as Franchthi and Alepotrypa in Laconia. The remains of adults and children have been found at both of these sites, but few of the skeletons were articulated. Although some may have been disturbed, it is clear that secondary burial was a regular practice. Although Neolithic cremations have been found at a number of other sites, inhumation was probably the most common practice.
Textiles
Authors: Burke Brendan 
Published: February 2013

AbstractSpinning fibers and weaving garments predates by thousands of years nearly every other known craft or technology, including freestanding architecture, metallurgy, and ceramics. Unlike contemporary Egypt, scant traces of cloth from the Aegean Bronze Age survive, yet by using multidisciplinary approaches, including visual culture, textual sources, and tools of production, it is possible to understand cloth manufacture, distribution, and consumption. In this article, the tools of cloth production are contextualized within their economic, political, and social realms and thereby show that this was one of the most important economic activities of the Bronze Age Aegean. Within the Minoan and Mycenaean spheres, many craft activities, including the many phases of textile production, were controlled by elites in order to maintain and finance social, religious, and military institutions.
Kato Zakros
Authors: Platon Lefteris 
Published: February 2013

AbstractZakros was known as an archaeological site from the reports of nineteenth-century travelers T. Spratt and L. Mariani. Nevertheless, its significance was first understood by Sir Arthur Evans, who visited it during his travels across the island in 1894. Evans pushed David Hogarth, at that time director of the British School at Athens, to investigate the site by excavation. The site lies at the southeastern end of Crete, south of Palaikastro, where another important Minoan settlement is located. Sixty years later, in 1961, Nikolaos Platon, Ephor of Cretan Antiquities at the time, started a trial trench in the gulf of “Kato Zakros,” as the site is now known. Zakros, the ancient—probably prehistoric—name today has been transferred inland to the nearest, probably nineteenth-century, village.