bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Histoimmunogenetics Markup Language 1.0: Reporting Next Generation Sequencing-based HLA and KIR Genotyping
Authors: Milius Robert P. , Heuer Michael , Valiga Daniel , Doroschak Kathryn J. , Kennedy Caleb J. , Bolon Yung –Tsi , Schneider Joel , Pollack Jane , Kim Hwa Ran , Cereb Nezih , Hollenbach Jill A. , Mack Steven J. , Maiers Martin 
Published: February 2015

AbstractWe present an electronic format for exchanging data for HLA and KIR genotyping with extensions for next-generation sequencing (NGS). This format addresses NGS data exchange by refining the Histoimmunogenetics Markup Language (HML) to conform to the proposed Minimum Information for Reporting Immunogenomic NGS Genotyping (MIRING) reporting guidelines (miring.immunogenomics.org). Our refinements of HML include two major additions. First, NGS is supported by new XML structures to capture additional NGS data and metadata required to produce a genotyping result, including analysis-dependent (dynamic) and method-dependent (static) components. A full genotype, consensus sequence, and the surrounding metadata are included directly, while the raw sequence reads and platform documentation are externally referenced. Second, genotype ambiguity is fully represented by integrating Genotype List Strings, which use a hierarchical set of delimiters to represent allele and genotype ambiguity in a complete and accurate fashion. HML also continues to enable the transmission of legacy methods (e.g. site-specific oligonucleotide, sequence-specific priming, and sequence based typing (SBT)), adding features such as allowing multiple group-specific sequencing primers, and fully leveraging techniques that combine multiple methods to obtain a single result, such as SBT integrated with NGS.AbbreviationsBRIDGBiomedical Research Integrated Domain GroupCDISCClinical Data Interchange Standards ConsortiumDaSHData Standard HackathonEMBLEuropean Molecular Biology LaboratoryENAEuropean Nucleotide ArchiveFDAFood and Drug AdministrationGLGenotype ListHMLHistoimmunogenetics Markup LanguageHLAHuman Leucocyte AntigenIMGTImMunoGeneTicsISOInternational Organization for StandardizationLSDAMLife Sciences Domain Analysis ModelKIRKiller-cell Immunoglobulin-like ReceptorMHCMajor Histocompatibility ComplexMIRINGMinimum Information for Reporting Immunogenomic NGS GenotypingNCINational Cancer InstituteNGSNext Generation SequencingNMDPNational Marrow Donor ProgramOIDObject IdentifierSBTSequence Based TypingSSOSequence Specific OligonucleotideSSPSequence Specific PrimerURIUniform Resource IdentifierXMLeXtensible Markup Language
Improving access to endogenous DNA in ancient bone and teeth
Authors: Damgaard Peter B. , Margaryan Ashot , Schroeder Hannes , Orlando Ludovic , Willerslev Eske , Allentoft Morten E. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractPoor DNA preservation is the most limiting factor in ancient genomic research. In the vast majority of ancient bones and teeth, endogenous DNA molecules only represent a minor fraction of the whole DNA extract, rendering traditional shot-gun sequencing approaches cost-ineffective for whole-genome characterization. Based on ancient human bone samples from temperate and tropical environments, we show that an initial EDTA-based enzymatic ‘pre-digestion’ of powdered bone increases the proportion of endogenous DNA several fold. By performing the pre-digestion step between 30 min and 6 hours on five bones, we identify the optimal pre-digestion time and document an average increase of 2.7 times in the endogenous DNA fraction after 1 hour of pre-digestion. With longer pre-digestion times, the increase is asymptotic while molecular complexity decreases. We repeated the experiment with n=21 and t=15-30’, and document a significant increase in endogenous DNA content (one-sided paired t-test: p=0.009). We advocate the implementation of a short pre-digestion step as a standard procedure in ancient DNA extractions from bone material. Finally, we demonstrate on 14 ancient teeth that crushed cementum of the roots contains up to 14 times more endogenous DNA than the dentine. Our presented methodological guidelines considerably advance the ability to characterize ancient genomes.
Venture creation programs: bridging entrepreneurship education and technology transfer
Authors: Lackéus Martin , Williams Middleton Karen 
Published: February 2015

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to explore how university-based entrepreneurship programs, incorporating real-life venture creation into educational design and delivery, can bridge the gap between entrepreneurship education and technology transfer within the university environment.Design/methodology/approach– Based on a literature review and snowball sampling over a two-year period, 18 entrepreneurship education programs were identified as applying a venture creation approach. Ten of these programs were selected for case study, including direct interviews and participatory observation during a two-day workshop. Empirical findings were iteratively related to theory within entrepreneurship education and technology transfer.Findings– The paper identifies the bridging capabilities of venture creation programs (VCP) across five core themes, illustrating the potential benefits of closer collaboration between entrepreneurship education and technology transfer in a university environment.Research limitations/implications– A definition for “VCP” is tested empirically. These programs are shown to be sophisticated laboratory environments, allowing for clinical research towards the understanding of entrepreneurship and technology transfer processes.Practical implications– Findings identify practical benefits of combining entrepreneurship education and technology transfer activities, such as increased value creation through not only new firms, but also an entrepreneurially equipped graduate population. VCPs allow for “spin-through” of innovative ideas in the university environment, while simultaneously contributing to entrepreneurial learning.Originality/value– This paper presents findings from the first multiple case study into entrepreneurship education specifically designed to develop real-life venture as part of the core curriculum. Findings provide basis for investigating the value of integrating entrepreneurship education and technology transfer at the university.
The determinants of VET educators’ occupational choice
Authors: Berger Jean-Louis , Girardet Céline 
Published: February 2015

Purpose– Potential teacher shortage and low esteem of vocational education and training (VET) educator profession, together with the importance of attracting individuals best suited for the profession, lead to concerns about the reasons why people become VET educators as a second career. Accordingly, the purpose of this paper is to investigate the determinants of career choice in Swiss VET educators using an adaption of the Factors Influencing Teaching Choice framework (Watt and Richardson, 2007).Design/methodology/approach– With a sample of 605 VET educators undergoing initial teacher training, the authors first provide a description of the determinants of career choice at the sample level, based on a motivational model and analyze differences in these determinants between three types of VET educators. Then, the authors contrast it to the conclusions of other studies on teachers’ career choice.Findings– There are somewhat different determinants driving this career choice depending on the type of educators. In terms of motivation, intrinsic value is the most important determinant of a career as VET teacher. VET educators value the activity of teaching more than the potential advantages it may offer.Originality/value– The findings of the research provide an insight into VET teachers’ career choice and how to promote the attractiveness of the profession.
The role of androgyny in leader prototypes over four decades
Authors: Powell Gary N. , Butterfield D. Anthony 
Published: February 2015

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to examine the role of psychological androgyny, a construct that represents a combination of masculinity and femininity, in explaining changes in descriptions of a good manager over time.Design/methodology/approach– Samples of the same two populations were surveyed at four different points in time spanning four decades (N= 1,818).Findings– Good-manager descriptions became increasingly similar in masculinity and femininity over time, or increasingly androgynous according to the balance conceptualization of androgyny. However, both good-manager masculinity and good-manager femininity declined over time, with masculinity declining to a greater extent, which accounted for the greater similarity in these scores. As a result, according to the high masculinity/high femininity conceptualization of androgyny, good-manager descriptions actually became decreasingly androgynous and more “undifferentiated”. Overall, the trend in leader prototypes over time was toward less emphasis on traits associated with members of either sex.Research limitations/implications– Limitations of two alternative methods of analyses and the survey instrument are acknowledged. What constituted a good manager may have depended on the context. Further scholarly attention to the concept of an undifferentiated leadership style is recommended.Practical implications– People may be moving beyond leader prototypes based on the simple application of gender stereotypes. Changes in leader prototypes over the past four decades may contribute to enhancements in women’s societal status.Social implications– Leader prototypes may disadvantage women less than in the past.Originality/value– Results suggest that the role of androgyny in leader prototypes is declining according to the high masculinity/high femininity conceptualization.
Transformational leadership in teams – the effects of a team leader’s sex and personality
Authors: Brandt Tiina Maria , Edinger Piia 
Published: February 2015

Purpose
– This study aims to investigate whether transformational leadership exists in teams, and if so, whether it is represented in a similar way as in more traditional leadership situations. The study also aims to determine whether a team leader’s sex has an influence on the relationship between personality and team leadership when team members evaluate the leader’s behaviour.

Design/methodology/approach
– A quantitative analysis is conducted on input from 104 team leaders and 672 team members from a Finnish university. Data were collected during university courses, and the team leaders’ transformational leadership styles were evaluated by team members at the end of the courses.

Findings
– The results indicate that the transformational leadership questionnaire is applicable when studying team leadership; the Visioning dimension might be absent, but Modelling, Enabling, Challenging and Rewarding dimensions represent transformational leadership in teams. Women tend to be more transformational team leaders than men. Personality seems to influence both sexes, so that extraverted and judging personality types are more transformational leaders than introverted and perceiving ones. In relation to sex, introverted, sensing, thinking and perceiving female leaders are regarded as more transformational than men with similar preferences. Additionally, some personality preferences seem to be sex-neutral in terms of team transformational leadership when rated by team members.

Originality/value
– There is no previous study combining these variables in the academic team context.
Challenging the concept of risk in relation to women’s entrepreneurship
Authors: Humbert Anne Laure , Brindley Clare 
Published: February 2015

Purpose– This paper aims to challenge the myth of risk-averseness among women entrepreneurs and analyses risk in the context of gender. It explores risk perceptions and examines the relationship between the concept of risk and women’s socially attributed roles.Design/methodology/approach– This paper adopts a qualitative approach, where ten Irish women business owners were interviewed, that encouraged them to talk about their entrepreneurial experiences. The research design aimed to elicit data concerning how gender and the socio-economic context influenced risk.Findings– Risk is shown as a gendered concept which needs to be widened to suit the experiences of women entrepreneurs and the influences of the gendered expectations of care dictated by the socio-economic environment.Practical implications– Risk as a concept needs to be expanded to go beyond financial risk. The different types of risk encountered by women should be addressed by policy to promote a further growth of women-led enterprises and support those considering self-employment.Originality/value– The paper develops an understanding of risk among women entrepreneurs in their socio-economic context. It challenges the viewpoint of seeing women entrepreneurs as risk-averse and thus leading to low-growth prospects for their business ventures.
Organizational culture, structure, technology infrastructure and knowledge sharing
Authors: Islam Md Zahidul , Jasimuddin Sajjid M. , Hasan Ikramul 
Published: February 2015

Purpose– This paper aims to examine how organizational culture, structure and technology infrastructure influence knowledge sharing.Design/methodology/approach– This study is based on quantitative research, administered on 90 managerial staff in multinational corporations (MNCs) based in Malaysia.Findings– The paper explains the role of organizational cultural and structure on knowledge-sharing processes in MNCs, with the moderating effect of technology infrastructure. Learning and development, top management support and centralization are positively related to knowledge sharing, using technology infrastructure as a moderator.Research limitations/implications– The findings will help MNCs to create an appropriate environment of knowledge sharing. However, the research is limited to MNC’s in Penang, Malaysia, only. Furthermore, similar research can be extended to MNCs in other Asian countries with a larger sample which may bring more statistical power and, thereby, increases generalizability.Practical implications– The outcome of this research provides useful indications of how organizations can work to ensure knowledge sharing within their work place.Originality/value– While the links between organizational culture and knowledge sharing and between organizational structure and knowledge sharing have been examined independently, few studies have investigated the association between the three concepts. This paper examines the nature of this relationship and presents empirical evidence, which suggests that the relationship between organizational culture, organizational structure and knowledge sharing is moderated by the technology infrastructure.
How to measure knowledge management: dimensions and model
Authors: García-Fernández Mariano 
Published: February 2015

Purpose– The aims of this paper are: to identify the dimensions of knowledge management (KM), and to propose a model for KM that will be useful for future researchers in carrying out KM measurement.Design/methodology/approach– The paper is based on a literature review of theoretical and empirical contributions to KM.Findings– The results obtained show that the creation, transfer and storage, and implementation and use are dimensions of the concept of KM. On the basis of these dimensions, this study proposes a model integrating these dimensions and operationalizes it using selected items, so that future researchers may carry out measurements using the proposed model.Practical implications– The study implies that companies and researchers use a smaller time in theoretical checks and can devote to measurements which develop improvements.Originality/value– The present model differs from other, previous models in that it integrates various approaches to the study of KM.
Does Higher Spending Improve Survival Outcomes for Myocardial Infarction? Examining the Cost‐Outcomes Relationship Using Time‐Varying Covariates
Authors: Cohen Deborah , Manuel Douglas G. , Tugwell Peter , Sanmartin Claudia , Ramsay Tim 
Published: February 2015

ObjectivesPrevious patient‐level acute myocardial infarction (AMI) research has found higher hospital spending to be associated with improved survival; however, survivor‐treatment selection bias traditionally has been overlooked. The purpose of this study was to examine the AMI cost‐outcome relationship, taking into account this form of bias.Data SourcesHospital Discharge Abstract data tracked costs for AMI hospitalizations. Ontario Vital Statistics data tracked patient mortality.Study DesignA standard Cox survival model was compared to an extended Cox model using hospital costs as a time‐varying covariate to examine the impact of cost on 1‐year survival in a cohort of 30,939 first‐time AMI patients in Ontario, Canada, from 2007 to 2010.Principal FindingsHigher patient‐level AMI spending decreased the hazard of dying (Standard Model: log‐cost hazard ratio: 0.513, 95 percent CI: 0.479–0.549; Extended Model: log‐cost hazard ratio: 0.700, 95 percent CI: 0.645–0.758); however, the protective effect was overestimated by 62 percent when survivor‐treatment bias was overlooked. In the extended model, a 10 percent increase in spending was associated with a 3.6 percent decrease in hazard of death.ConclusionThe findings of this study suggest that if survivor‐treatment bias is overlooked, future research may materially overstate the protective effect of patient‐level spending on outcomes.
Patterns and causes of geographic variation in bat echolocation pulses
Authors: JIANG Tinglei , WU Hui , FENG Jiang 
Published: February 2015

AbstractEvolutionary biologists have a long‐standing interest in how acoustic signals in animals vary geographically, because divergent ecology and sensory perception play an important role in speciation. Geographic comparisons are valuable in determining the factors that influence divergence of acoustic signals. Bats are social mammals and they depend mainly on echolocation pulses to locate prey, to navigate and to communicate. Mounting evidence shows that geographic variation of bat echolocation pulses is common, with a mean 5–10 kHz differences in peak frequency, and a high level of individual variation may be nested in this geographical variation. However, understanding the geographic variation of echolocation pulses in bats is very difficult, because of differences in sample and statistical analysis techniques as well as the variety of factors shaping the vocal geographic evolution. Geographic differences in echolocation pulses of bats generally lack latitudinal, longitudinal and elevational patterns, and little is known about vocal dialects. Evidence is accumulating to support the fact that geographic variation in echolocation pulses of bats may be caused by genetic drift, cultural drift, ecological selection, sexual selection and social selection. Future studies could relate geographic differences in echolocation pulses to social adaptation, vocal learning strategies and patterns of dispersal. In addition, new statistical techniques and acoustic playback experiments may help to illustrate the causes and consequences of the geographic evolution of echolocation pulse in bats.
Refining Measures of Alcohol Problems for General Population Surveys
Authors: Karriker‐Jaffe Katherine J. , Witbrodt Jane , Greenfield Thomas K. 
Published: February 2015

BackgroundThere is a need to improve classification of alcohol use disorders (AUDs) in general population surveys. We developed and tested follow‐up questions for 2 commonly reported symptom domains (withdrawal and larger/longer) to assess effects on Diagnostic and Statistical Manual‐5 AUD classification.MethodsTelephone interviews recontacted a selective follow‐up sample of respondents under age 46 from the 2010 National Alcohol Survey with at least 1 lifetime AUD symptom (n = 244). Items included detailed questions about past‐year AUD symptoms. Three items (vomiting, sweating, irritability) were recoded as acute intoxication rather than withdrawal if they most recently occurred within 8 hours of stopping drinking. The larger/longer criterion was recoded as socially motivated if respondents endorsed “got caught up in drinking with a group of friends” and not “feel compelled to drink and just can't stop” as a reason for drinking more than intended.ResultsOf 225 current drinkers, 11% reported past‐year withdrawal, with 28% of those reporting acute intoxication instead of physical withdrawal. Adjusting past‐year withdrawal classification reduced AUD prevalence by 6%. A minority (12%) reported the past‐year larger/longer criterion. Of those, 50% indicated social reasons for drinking more than intended, rather than compulsion to drink. Adjusting the past‐year larger/longer criterion reduced AUD prevalence by 8%. Accounting for both adjustments reduced AUD prevalence by 13%. Cases that met AUD criteria after both adjustments were substantially heavier drinkers than those that were reclassified.ConclusionsFollow‐up items could be implemented in epidemiologic studies with minimal response burden and may help reduce misclassification of AUD.
Developmental progression to early adult binge drinking and marijuana use from worsening versus stable trajectories of adolescent attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and delinquency
Authors: Howard Andrea L. , Molina Brooke S. G. , Swanson James M. , Hinshaw Stephen P. , Belendiuk Katherine A. , Harty Seth C. , Arnold L. Eugene , Abikoff Howard B. , Hechtman Lily , Stehli Annamarie , Greenhill Laurence L. , Newcorn Jeffrey H. , Wigal Timothy 
Published: February 2015

AbstractAimsTo examine the association between developmental trajectories of inattention, hyperactivity–impulsivity and delinquency through childhood and adolescence (ages 8–16 years) and subsequent binge drinking and marijuana use in early adulthood (age 21 years).DesignProspective naturalistic follow‐up of children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) previously enrolled in a randomized controlled trial (RCT). Treatment‐phase assessments occurred at 3, 9 and 14 months after randomization; follow‐up assessments occurred at 24 months, 36 months, and 6, 8 and 12 years after randomization.SettingSecondary analysis of data from the Multimodal Treatment Study of ADHD (MTA), a multi‐site RCT comparing the effects of careful medication management, intensive behavior therapy, their combination, and referral to usual community care.ParticipantsA total of 579 children with DSM‐IV ADHD combined type, aged 7.0 and 9.9 years at baseline (mean = 8.5, SD = 0.80).MeasurementsRatings of inattention, hyperactivity–impulsivity and delinquency were collected from multiple informants at baseline and through the 8‐year follow‐up. Self‐reports of binge drinking and marijuana use were collected at the 12‐year follow‐up (mean age 21 years).FindingsTrajectories of worsening inattention symptoms and delinquency (and less apparent improvement in hyperactivity–impulsivity) were associated with higher rates of early adult binge drinking and marijuana use, compared with trajectories of stable or improving symptoms and delinquency (of 24 comparisons, all P‐values <0.05), even when symptom levels in stable trajectories were high.ConclusionsWorsening inattention symptoms and delinquency during adolescence are were associated with higher levels of early adult substance use; this pattern may reflect a developmental course of vulnerability to elevated substance use in early adulthood.