bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fluid management in critically ill patients: the role of extravascular lung water, abdominal hypertension, capillary leak, and fluid balance
Authors: Cordemans Colin , De laet Inneke , Van Regenmortel Niels , Schoonheydt Karen , Dits Hilde , Huber Wolfgang , Malbrain Manu LNG 
Published: December 2012

Abstract

Introduction
Capillary leak in critically ill patients leads to interstitial edema. Fluid overload is independently associated with poor prognosis. Bedside measurement of intra-abdominal pressure (IAP), extravascular lung water index (EVLWI), fluid balance, and capillary leak index (CLI) may provide a valuable prognostic tool in mechanically ventilated patients.

Methods
We performed an observational study of 123 mechanically ventilated patients with extended hemodynamic monitoring, analyzing process-of-care variables for the first week of ICU admission. The primary outcome parameter was 28-day mortality. ΔmaxEVLWI indicated the maximum difference between EVLWI measurements during ICU stay. Patients with a ΔmaxEVLWI <−2 mL/kg were called 'responders'. CLI was defined as C-reactive protein (milligrams per deciliter) over albumin (grams per liter) ratio and conservative late fluid management (CLFM) as even-to-negative fluid balance on at least two consecutive days.

Results
CLI had a biphasic course. ΔmaxEVLWI was lower if CLFM was achieved and in survivors (−2.4 ± 4.8 vs 1.0 ± 5.5 mL/kg, p = 0.001; −3.3 ± 3.8 vs 2.5 ± 5.3 mL/kg, p = 0.001, respectively). No CLFM achievement was associated with increased CLI and IAPmean on day 3 and higher risk to be nonresponder (odds ratio (OR) 2.76, p = 0.046; OR 1.28, p = 0.011; OR 5.52, p = 0.001, respectively). Responders had more ventilator-free days during the first week (2.5 ± 2.3 vs 1.5 ± 2.3, p = 0.023). Not achieving CLFM and being nonresponder were strong independent predictors of mortality (OR 9.34, p = 0.001 and OR 7.14, p = 0.001, respectively).

Conclusion
There seems to be an important correlation between CLI, EVLWI kinetics, IAP, and fluid balance in mechanically ventilated patients, associated with organ dysfunction and poor prognosis. In this context, we introduce the global increased permeability syndrome.
Intra-abdominal pressure and abdominal perfusion pressure in cirrhotic patients with septic shock
Authors: Al-Dorzi Hasan M , Tamim Hani M , Rishu Asgar H , Aljumah Abdulrahman , Arabi Yaseen M 
Published: December 2012

Abstract

Background
The importance of intra-abdominal pressure (IAP) and abdominal perfusion pressure (APP) in cirrhotic patients with septic shock is not well studied. We evaluated the relationship between IAP and APP and outcomes of cirrhotic septic patients, and assessed the ability of these measures compared to other common resuscitative endpoints to differentiate survivors from nonsurvivors.

Methods
This study was a post hoc analysis of a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial in which mean arterial pressure (MAP), central venous oxygen saturation (ScvO2) and IAP were measured every 6 h in 61 cirrhotic septic patients admitted to the intensive care unit. APP was calculated as MAP - IAP. Intra-abdominal hypertension (IAH) was defined as mean IAP ≥ 12 mmHg, and abdominal hypoperfusion as mean APP < 60 mmHg. Measured outcomes included ICU and hospital mortality, need for renal replacement therapy (RRT) and ventilator- and vasopressor-free days.

Results
IAH prevalence on the first ICU day was 82%, and incidence in the first 7 days was 97%. Compared to patients with normal IAP, IAH patients had significantly higher ICU mortality (74.0% vs. 27.3%, p = 0.005), required more RRT (78.0% vs. 45.5%, p = 0.06) and had lower ventilator- and vasopressor-free days. On a multivariate logistic regression analysis, IAH was an independent predictor of both ICU mortality (odds ratio (OR), 12.20; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.92 to 77.31, p = 0.008) and need for RRT (OR, 6.78; 95% CI, 1.29 to 35.70, p = 0.02). Using receiver operating characteristic curves, IAP (area under the curve (AUC) = 0.74, p = 0.004), APP (AUC = 0.71, p = 0.01), Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II score (AUC = 0.71, p = 0.02), but not MAP, differentiated survivors from nonsurvivors.

Conclusions
IAH is highly prevalent in cirrhotic patients with septic shock and is associated with increased ICU morbidity and mortality.
How much energy should manipulative parasites leave to their hosts to ensure altered behaviours?
Authors: Maure Fanny , Brodeur Jacques , Hughes David , Thomas Frédéric 
Published: December 2012

SummaryAlthough host manipulation is likely to be costly for parasites, we still have a poor understanding of the energetic aspects underlying this strategy. It is traditionally assumed that physiological costs are inevitably associated with mechanisms evolved by parasites to induce the required changes in host behaviours. While most energetic expenditures of parasites relate primarily to bringing about the altered behaviours, manipulative parasites also have to consider the condition of their host during the manipulation. Here, we suggest that because of this trade-off, the energy required to accomplish parasite-induced behaviours may represent a key energetic constraint for parasites. Depending on the energetic expenditures specific to each type of manipulation, parasites should undergo selection to secure resources for their host to allow them to perform manipulated behaviours.
Morphologic and Clinicopathologic Features of Lung Squamous Cell Carcinomas ExpressingSox2
Authors: Brcic Luka , Sherer Carol K. , Shuai Yongli , Hornick Jason L. , Chirieac Lucian R. , Dacic Sanja 
Published: December 2012

AbstractSox2 amplification was recently reported as a common event in squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) occurring at different anatomic sites including the lung. The objective of the study was to determine morphologic and clinicopathologic characteristics of lung SCCs with respect to Sox2 protein expression and gene amplification. One hundred forty-seven surgically treated non–small cell lung carcinomas were analyzed for Sox2 gene amplification by using fluorescence in situ hybridization and protein expression using immunohistochemical analysis. SCC showed more frequent Sox2 protein expression (52/66; 79%) than adenocarcinomas (ADC) (14/76; 18%) (P &lt; .0001). Similarly, Sox2 amplification was more frequent in SCCs (52/70; 72%) than in ADCs (6/77; 8%) (P &lt; .0001). Sox2 protein expression was associated with better overall survival in SCC (66 vs 14 months; P =.048). SCC with basaloid differentiation and severe nuclear atypia exhibited more intense Sox2 protein expression than other tumors. Sox2 appears to be an important gene in lung squamous cell carcinogenesis that in particular drives the development of poorly differentiated tumors.
ERG Protein Expression in Human Tumors Detected With a Rabbit Monoclonal Antibody
Authors: Yaskiv Oksana , Rubin Brian P. , He Huiying , Falzarano Sara , Magi-Galluzzi Cristina , Zhou Ming 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
Avian v-ets erythroblastosis virus E26 oncogene homolog (ERG) is highly sensitive and specific for endothelial neoplasms and specific for prostate carcinoma. We characterized a rabbit anti-ERG antibody as an immunohistochemical agent to detect ERG expression in various tumors using tissue microarrays with a wide array of epithelial and mesenchymal tumors. ERG was positive in 63 (38%) of 168 prostate carcinomas and negative in all other epithelial tumors. ERG was positive in all 125 vascular lesions. It was also positive in the sarcomatoid component of a high-grade urothelial carcinoma and 6 (40%) of 15 meningiomas. Twelve (80%) of 15 meningiomas were positive for Fli1, including all 6 ERG-positive cases. Positive immunostaining with this antibody is therefore highly specific for prostate carcinoma and vascular lesions, with a few caveats. ERG is rarely detected in nonvascular mesenchymal tumors with this antibody. Furthermore, about 40% of meningiomas are also positive for ERG immunohistochemically, probably because of cross-reactivity with Fli1.
Interobserver Agreement Among Pathologists for Semiquantitative Hormone Receptor Scoring in Breast Carcinoma
Authors: Cohen David A. , Dabbs David J. , Cooper Kristine L. , Amin Milon , Jones Terrell E. , Jones Mirka W. , Chivukula Mamatha , Trucco Giuliana A. , Bhargava Rohit 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
The American Society of Clinical Oncology/College of American Pathologists (ASCO/CAP) guidelines recommend reporting of hormone receptor test results in a semiquantitative manner. This study used 74 resected estrogen receptor (ER)–positive invasive breast cancers to determine reproducibility of semiquantitative scoring of hormone receptors using the H-score method. Four pathologists independently scored each slide. Agreement among observers was analyzed via Fleiss κ statistics on ER and progesterone receptor (PR) categorical scores. Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was used to estimate the interobserver agreement for ER and PR H-scores on a continuous scale (0–300). There was 100% agreement for categorical ER results (κ = 1) and 97% agreement (κ = 0.823, P &lt; .001) for categorical PR results. For quantitative H-scores, ICC agreement was 0.85 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.79–0.90) for ER and 0.87 (95% CI = 0.82–0.92) for PR. Because the H-score provides a continuous measure of tumor hormone receptor content, we suggest universal adoption of this method.
Simultaneous Analysis of HER2 Gene and Protein on a Single Slide Facilitates HER2 Testing of Breast and Gastric Carcinomas
Authors: Hirschmann Astrid , Lamb Tiffany Ann , Marchal Georges , Padilla Mary , Diebold Joachim 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
This study sought to evaluate a new combined gene and protein detection platform in the context of HER2 evaluation in breast and gastric carcinomas. HER2 immunohistochemistry (IHC) and dual color in situ hybridization (Dual ISH) were combined on a single slide. Results were compared with conventional HER2 IHC and fluorescence ISH. Results from the gene and protein assay were reliable and highly reproducible for both breast and gastric carcinomas. Concordance was found between conventional HER2 IHC and ISH testing and the gene and protein assay in the same laboratory (&gt;95% for Dual ISH; lower for IHC because of different antibody clones), between IHC and Dual ISH performed on the same slide (&gt;92%), and in the gene and protein assays between laboratories (&gt;96%). This cost- and time-effective method provides fast and definitive results (IHC confirmed by means of Dual ISH) to aid in rapid treatment decisions. It can also be applied to other gene and protein combinations.
Varenicline: Implications for the Field
Authors: Bobak Alex 
Published: December 2012

AbstractVarenicline tartrate (Champix) is the first in a new class of therapy for smoking cessation and has been available on NHS prescription since December 2006. It has received approval from The National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) and the Scottish Medicines Consortium and NICE final guidance was issued in July 2007. Varenicline is a partial agonist of the nicotinic receptor (·4, 2 subtype) and also prevents nicotine from binding to it. Studies comparing safety and efficacy with bupropion (Zyban) have been favourable and efficacy with varenicline has been shown to be greater than that with bupropion. A study comparing the nicotine patch is due for publication this year. Varenicline has a good safety profile with nausea being the most common side effect in about a third of those who take it. Despite the treatment's advantages there have been numerous issues which have affected its use. These include funding and administrative issues and this paper looks at ways of overcoming those barriers to prescribing what is a valuable addition to the range of treatments on offer to smokes who want to stop.
Unequal New Democracies in East Asia: Rising Inequality and Government Responses in South Korea and Taiwan
Authors: Chi Eunju , Kwon Hyeok Yong 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
This paper explores the growing trend in income inequality in Korea and Taiwan. The two recent East Asian democracies have witnessed rising inequality since the 1990s but with cross-national differences. We find that market inequality is higher in Taiwan than in Korea, yet the Taiwan government’s efforts to reduce this disparity are stronger than similar moves in Korea. By applying the logic of economic, social, and political effects, we find both similar trends and divergent paths in the politics of inequality in the two countries.
Usefulness of salivary cortisol in the diagnosis of hypercortisolism: comparison with serum and urinary cortisol
Authors: Manetti Luca , Rossi Giuseppe , Grasso Lucia , Raffaelli Valentina , Scattina Ilaria , Del Sarto Simone , Cosottini Mirco , Iannelli Aldo , Gasperi Maurizio , Bogazzi Fausto , Martino Enio 
Published: December 2012

ObjectiveSeveral tests have been proposed to diagnose patients with Cushing's syndrome (CS). The aims of the study were: i) to evaluate the performance of salivary cortisol (SC) in hypercortisolism and ii) to compare SC with serum cortisol (SeC) and urinary cortisol.Design and patientsThis was a diagnostic study. Twenty-seven patients with untreated Cushing's disease (CD untr), 21 women consuming oral contraceptive pill (OCP), 18 pregnant women, and 89 healthy subjects (controls) were enrolled.MethodsSC and SeC at baseline and after the low-dose dexamethasone suppression test (LDDST) and urinary free cortisol (UFC) were measured.ResultsMidnight SC had a sensitivity of 100% in the CD untr group and a specificity of 97.7% in the controls. Specificity remained high (95.2%) in women taking OCP, while in pregnant women, it decreased to 83.3%. SC after the LDDST showed a sensitivity of 96.3% in the CD untr group; specificity was 97.7% in the controls and 90.5% in OCP women. Midnight SeC had a sensitivity of 100% in the CD untr group. SeC after the LDDST had a sensitivity of 100% in the CD untr group while specificity was 97.7% in the controls and 61.9% in women taking OCP. For UFC, sensitivity was 92.6% in the CD untr group while specificity was 97.7% in the controls and 100% in the OCP group.ConclusionsSC is a reliable parameter for the diagnosis of severe hypercortisolism, with high sensitivity and specificity. In women during pregnancy or taking OCP, the measurement of SC, identifying the free fraction, could be helpful to exclude CS.
Molecular epidemiology of multiple endocrine neoplasia 2: implications for RET screening in the new millenium
Authors: Machens Andreas , Lorenz Kerstin , Sekulla Carsten , Höppner Wolfgang , Frank-Raue Karin , Raue Friedhelm , Dralle Henning 
Published: December 2012

ObjectiveTwenty years ago, the groundbreaking discovery that rearranged during transfection (RET) mutations underlie multiple endocrine neoplasia 2 (MEN2) and familial medullary thyroid cancer (FMTC) ushered in the era of personalized medicine. MEN2-associated signs, taking time to manifest, can be subtle. This study sought to clarify to what extent conventional estimates of 1:200 000–500 000 underestimate the incidence ofRETmutations in the population.DesignIncluded in this retrospective investigation were 333 RET carriers born between 1951 and 2000 and operated on at the largest German surgical referral center (286 carriers) or elsewhere (47 carriers).MethodsTo estimate the incidence ofRETmutations, the number of RET carriers born in Germany in five decades (1951–1960, 1961–1970, 1971–1980, 1981–1990, and 1991–2000) was divided by the corresponding number of German live births.ResultsOwing to improved diagnosis and capture of FMTC and MEN2 patients, minimum incidence estimates increased over time: overall from 5.0 (1951–1960) to 9.9 (1991–2000) per million live births and year (P=0.008), and by American Thyroid Association/ATA class from 1.7 to 3.7 for ATA class C (P=0.008); from 1.8 to 2.7 for ATA class A (P=0.017); from 1.5 to 2.2 for ATA class B (P=0.20); and from 0 to 1.4 for ATA class D mutations per million live births and year (P=0.008). Based on 1991–2000 incidence estimates the prevalence in Germany is ∼1:80 000 inhabitants.ConclusionsThe molecular minimum incidence estimate of ≈1:100 000 was two- to fivefold greater than conventional estimates of 1:200 000–500 000.
Nondestructive Evaluation of Fatigue Limit of Metals using Infrared Thermography
Authors: Luong M. P. 
Published: December 2012

ABSTRACTThe paper aims to illustrate three advantages of infrared thermography as a non-destructive, real-time and non-contact technique. It permits first observation of the macrostructural aspects of thermoplasticity describing damage and failure processes in metals, and in particular, automotive components subjected to fatigue loading, second detection of the occurrence of intrinsic dissipation, and third evaluation of the fatigue strength in a very short time, compared to traditional fatigue testing techniques. In addition, infrared thermography readily describes the damage location and the evolution of structural failure.
High Frequency Electron Spin Resonance Study of Hydrogenated Microcrystalline Silicon
Authors: Ehara Takashi 
Published: December 2012

AbstractDangling bond defects (DB) in hydrogenated microcrystalline silicon (μc-Si:H) have been studied by X-band (9 GHz) Q-band (33 GHz) and W-band (90 GHz) electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy. In X-band ESR spectra, all the samples showed asymmetric dangling bond defect signal at g = 2.005 – 2.006. The DB signal shape shows little dependence on substrate temperature in the X-band electron spin resonance (ESR) spectra. In the Q-band and W-band ESR spectra, existence of two centers in DB signals is clearly indicated by the shape of the spectra. The Q-band ESR spectra shape reviles that the peak of one center is at g = 2.0055andthe other is around at g = 2.0060. In addition, the DB signal showed dependence on substrate temperature. The dependence of the DB signals can be explained by difference of intensity ratio of the peaks by these two centers. The signal at g = 2.0060 is consistent with the asymmetric ESR signal observed in the microcrystalline silicon embedded in SiO2. W-band ESR measurement indicates that the signal observed at g = 2.0060 is due to single inhomogeneous species and does not consist of plural species.
Aladin: The First European Lidar in Space
Authors: Morançais Didier , Fabre Frédéric 
Published: December 2012

AbstractAfter several decades of observations from space, direct measurements of the global threedimensional wind field remain elusive, however crucial to weather predictions. The ALADIN instrument, payload of the AEOLUS satellite (figure 1), will provide measurements of atmospheric wind profiles with global Earth coverage for the climatology and meteorology users. The AEOLUS programme is sponsored by the European Space Agency with a launch planned in 2008.ALADIN belongs to a new class of Earth Observation payloads and will be the first European Lidar in space. The instrument comprises a diode-pumped high energy Nd:YAG laser and a direct detection receiver operating on aerosol and molecular backscatter signals in parallel. In addition to the Flight Model (FM), two instrument models are developed: a Pre-development Model (PDM) and an Opto-Structure-Thermal Model (OSTM). The OSTM integration has been completed and the flight equipments are under manufacturing. This paper describes the instrument design as well as the development status. The ALADIN instrument is developed under prime contractor EADS Astrium SAS with a consortium of thirty companies.
The influence of geomorphic processes on plant distribution and abundance as reflected in plant tolerance curves
Authors: Chase M. N. , Johnson E. A. , Martin Y. E. 
Published: December 2012

Ecologists describe plant distribution using direct gradient analysis, by which a tolerance curve of species abundance is described along an environmental gradient (any environmental variable that affects plant distribution). Soil moisture is generally the gradient in low‐relief areas that explains the most variation. Traditional direct gradient analyses have used terrain structure (i.e., transects up or down hillslopes) as a correlate to soil moisture. Here we use a numerical tectonic and geomorphic process‐based landscape development model to create two landscapes with different geomorphic characteristics: (1) to demonstrate the influence of geomorphic processes on soil moisture patterns and plant distribution and (2) to evaluate the effectiveness of transects in describing moisture gradients and tolerance curves on landscapes dominated by creep or overland flow. We use a topographic index to approximate the distribution of soil moisture as it is determined by the shape of these different landscapes. Transects are placed on hillslopes in each model landscape and used to construct tolerance curves.Results show that transect methods that use the distance from the channel to the ridgeline as an approximation of soil moisture create variable tolerance curves for the same plant both within a single landscape and between different landscapes. The reason for these differences is that transects do not take into account the three‐dimensional landscape form that explains water movement. Landscapes have regions of convexity and flow path divergence and regions of concavity and flow path convergence that, along with hillslope length, determine contributing area. In addition, hillslope curvature results in varying capacities to retain water. However, when the topographic index is used instead of hillslope transect position, tolerance curves from the same and different landscapes reflect the differences the topographic structure has on soil moisture. We thus show that traditional methods of direct gradient analysis are not always adequate as they do not tend to consider that soil moisture depends on hillslope length, curvature, and slope. Furthermore, we show that within and between landscapes there are differences in spatial distributions of soil moisture that are reflections of the geomorphic processes that created them.
Introduction of Nippleless Tubing Stop Plug Application in Pakistan
Authors: Sherwani Waseem Akhtar , Qureshi Imran , Khattak Kifayatullah , Ali Abdul Salam , Ali Syed Dost 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
Well control is the management of the hazardous effects caused by the unexpected well release. In a production well, downhole safety valve and X-mass tree are considered the main barriers against the well release in the event of a worst case scenario surface disaster. Inadequate risk management and improperly managed well control situations cause blowouts, potentially resulting in a fire hazard.
This paper describes a case history of a production well where a tubing string was roded severely during production phase. The problem was detected while attempting to retrieve the separation sleeve in the long string which was not accessible at the required depth. Downhole camera indicated that 90% of the long string had been eroded and remaining 10% is connected with the flow coupling. Thus, full workover job was required to replace tubing strings. However, the lack of well control barrier in the tubing to prevent uncontrolled flow of hydrocarbons prior to blowout preventer (BOP) installation for the workover was a serious safety concern.
Introduction of Nippleless Tubing-Stop Plug technology provide an effective, safe and economical remedial solution to the problem.