bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Catch me if you can: Adaptation from standing genetic variation to a moving phenotypic optimum
Authors: Matuszewski Sebastian , Hermisson Joachim , Kopp Michael 
Published: February 2015

ABSTRACTAdaptation lies at the heart of Darwinian evolution. Accordingly, numerous studies have tried to provide a formal framework for the description of the adaptive process. Out of these, two complementary modelling approaches have emerged: While so-called adaptive-walk models consider adaptation from the successive fixation ofde-novomutations only, quantitative genetic models assume that adaptation proceeds exclusively from pre-existing standing genetic variation. The latter approach, however, has focused on short-term evolution of population means and variances rather than on the statistical properties of adaptive substitutions. Our aim is to combine these two approaches by describing the ecological and genetic factors that determine the genetic basis of adaptation from standing genetic variation in terms of the effect-size distribution of individual alleles. Specifically, we consider the evolution of a quantitative trait to a gradually changing environment. By means of analytical approximations, we derive the distribution of adaptive substitutions from standing genetic variation, that is, the distribution of the phenotypic effects of those alleles from the standing variation that become fixed during adaptation. Our results are checked against individual-based simulations. We find that, compared to adaptation fromde-novomutations, (i) adaptation from standing variation proceeds by the fixation of more alleles of small effect; (ii) populations that adapt from standing genetic variation can traverse larger distances in phenotype space and, thus, have a higher potential for adaptation if the rate of environmental change is fast rather than slow.
Extensivede novomutation rate variation between individuals and across the genome ofChlamydomonas reinhardtii
Authors: Ness Rob W. , Morgan Andrew D. , Vasanthakrishnan Radhakrishnan B. , Colegrave Nick , Keightley Peter D. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractDescribing the process of spontaneous mutation is fundamental for understanding the genetic basis of disease, the threat posed by declining population size in conservation biology, and in much evolutionary biology. However, directly studying spontaneous mutation is difficult because of the rarity of de novo mutations. Mutation accumulation (MA) experiments overcome this by allowing mutations to build up over many generations in the near absence of natural selection. In this study, we sequenced the genomes of 85 MA lines derived from six genetically diverse wild strains of the green algaChlamydomonas reinhardtii. We identified 6,843 spontaneous mutations, more than any other study of spontaneous mutation. We observed seven-fold variation in the mutation rate among strains and that mutator genotypes arose, increasing the mutation rate dramatically in some replicates. We also found evidence for fine-scale heterogeneity in the mutation rate, driven largely by the sequence flanking mutated sites, and by clusters of multiple mutations at closely linked sites. There was little evidence, however, for mutation rate heterogeneity between chromosomes or over large genomic regions of 200Kbp. Using logistic regression, we generated a predictive model of the mutability of sites based on their genomic properties, including local GC content, gene expression level and local sequence context. Our model accurately predicted the average mutation rate and natural levels of genetic diversity of sites across the genome. Notably, trinucleotides vary 17-fold in rate between the most mutable and least mutable sites. Our results uncover a rich heterogeneity in the process of spontaneous mutation both among individuals and across the genome.
Contextualizing entrepreneurial learning in basic and vocational education
Authors: Hietanen Lenita , Järvi Taina 
Published: February 2015

Purpose
– The purpose of this study is to examine and model entrepreneurial learning processes as a continuum from non-business basic education to vocational education. Previous studies and policy programs in Europe suggest that entrepreneurship education should be a core part of the education system.

Design/methodology/approach
– This is an action research piece of work in which two researchers (the authors) have first studied each other’s own data independently, and then combined these two sets of data. One data set has been collected in a non-business, basic education setting, whereas the other focuses on business studies in vocational education. Here, the entrepreneurial learning process is seen as a synthesis of experimentation with discovered and created opportunities and managing knowledge and competences through reflective practices and decision-making processes.

Findings
– The main finding is that entrepreneurial learning can be enabled and may manifest itself as a useful process both in non-business and business school contexts. Another related essential finding is the importance of developing learners’ reflective practices.

Practical implications
– This research aims to provide scientific evidence that different school levels should cooperate to establish entrepreneurial learning as a continuous process. This case has been researched in the Finnish educational system, but it may also prompt teachers at different school levels in other countries to enable their students’ entrepreneurial learning.

Originality/value
– Although entrepreneurial learning has been researched frequently, there is still a lack of investigation concerning lower educational levels, especially non-business basic education. In addition, the point when growth to become entrepreneurial could begin has not been studied in depth. This research focuses on demonstrating how entrepreneurial learning can be planned and executed as a continuum at lower educational levels.
Cultural heritage and entrepreneurship – inspiration for novel ventures creation
Authors: Summatavet Kärt , Raudsaar Mervi 
Published: February 2015

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to study the role of networking, creating community, product development and mentoring in the experiential and entrepreneurial learning process. A close look is taken at the experiential knowledge of entrepreneurs to understand and bridge the gap between local cultures and entrepreneurial communities: how to map and implement the tacit knowledge possessed by an entrepreneur, and what sources help trainees find attractive ideas for a new venture?Design/methodology/approach– After reviewing the key literature, a phenomenological approach has been applied. Data were collected using not only semi-structured interviews but also secondary data.Findings– Creative entrepreneurs consider it important that learning materials are provided according to the learner’s specialist business idea. They need and expect multi-layered support from peers/coaches/mentors and social/local/specialist networks to test the ideas and products and services directly in the community.Originality/value– As the conventional teaching methodology is inapplicable for creative and community entrepreneurs, the key factors of their venture-creation process focus on their personal experience, skills, capabilities and motivation.
The association between the regular use of preventive labour induction and improved term birth outcomes: findings of a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Nicholson JM , Kellar LC , Henning GF , Waheed A , Colon‐Gonzalez M , Ural S 
Published: February 2015

BackgroundDespite a lack of high‐quality evidence, the use of ‘non‐indicated’ term labour induction is increasingly restricted throughout the world.ObjectivesTo assess published associations between the regular use of modelled risk‐based ‘non‐indicated’ term labour induction (hereinafter ‘preventive induction’) and rates of common adverse birth outcomes.Search strategyMEDLINE and PUBMED databases were searched electronically.Selection criteriaStudies were identified that compared term birth outcomes following either the current standard approach with its emphasis on the expectant management of intermediate‐level risk or the regular use of preventive induction.Data collection and analysisFour studies from four unique databases were identified. A meta‐analysis was performed using STATA IC12.Main resultsPregnancies exposed to the regular use of preventive induction (n = 1153), as compared with pregnancies receiving the current standard approach (n = 1865), experienced a lower caesarean delivery rate (5.7% versus 14.4%; relative risk 0.39, 95% CI 0.31–0.50; I2 P = 0.21), a lower neonatal intensive care unit admission rate (2.9% versus 6.5%; relative risk 0.45, 95% CI 0.31–0.65; I2 P = 0.57), and a lower weighted adverse outcome index score (2.8 versus 6.1).ConclusionsThe regular use of preventive induction, as compared with the current standard approach, was associated with a more favourable pattern of birth outcomes. Other recently published meta‐analyses have also determined that certain types of ‘non‐indicated’ labour induction are beneficial. Accordingly, the current broad restrictions on ‘non‐indicated’ labour induction should be reconsidered. Adequately powered multi‐site randomised clinical trials are needed to definitively study the risks and benefits of modelled risk‐based ‘non‐indicated’ (i.e. ‘preventive’) term labour induction.
Ethnic differences in postpartum weight retention: a Norwegian cohort study
Authors: Waage CW , Falk RS , Sommer C , Mørkrid K , Richardsen KR , Bærug A , Shakeel N , Birkeland KI , Jenum AK 
Published: February 2015

ObjectiveTo explore ethnic differences in weight retention 14 weeks postpartum.DesignPopulation‐based cohort study.SettingThe STORK Groruddalen Study.PopulationA multi‐ethnic cohort of healthy pregnant women attending primary antenatal care at three public Child Health Clinics, in Oslo, Norway (n = 642).MethodsAn explanatory linear regression was performed to model the relationship between ethnicity and postpartum weight retention. Forward selection of 12 explanatory factors was used to adjust for potential confounding factors, based on univariate analysis and adjusted R2.Main outcome measurePostpartum weight retention.ResultsUnadjusted mean postpartum weight retention was 2.3 (4.9) kg for women from Western Europe and varied from 3.7 (3.5) to 6.3 (4.7) kg among the five ethnic minority groups. The proportion of women in the highest quintile (postpartum weight retention >8.5–24.4 kg) significantly differed by ethnicity (P < 0.01 for the proportion of women from South Asia, the Middle East and Africa compared with Western Europeans). Women from all ethnic minority groups had a higher relative increase in weight from pre‐pregnancy to postpartum (P < 0.01) compared with Western Europeans. After adjustments for significant exposures, women from the Middle East retained 2.0 kg (95% CI: 1.0–3.0), South Asia 2.8 kg (91.9–3.6), and Africa 4.4 kg (3.1–5.8) more than Western Europeans (P < 0.01).ConclusionsSignificantly more women with an ethnic origin from South Asia, the Middle East and Africa had high postpartum weight retention compared with Western European women.
The Impact of Daubert on the Admissibility of Forensic Anthropology Expert Testimony
Authors: Lesciotto Kate M. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractForensic anthropologists anticipated a significant impact from the 1993 Supreme Court Daubert decision, which addressed the standard of admissibility for expert testimony. In response, many forensic articles cited Daubert in the search for objective techniques or a critique of established subjective methods. This study examines challenges to forensic anthropological expert testimony to evaluate whether Daubert has actually affected the admissibility of such testimony. Thirty cases were identified that addressed the admissibility of the testimony, including 14 cases prior to Daubert and 16 after Daubert. Examination of these cases indicates that post‐Daubert cases do not result in more exclusions. Yet, this lack of exclusions may instead be viewed as a manifestation of the field's overall surge toward more objective and quantifiable techniques in a self‐regulating response to Daubert.
Localization of Banana bunchy top virus and cellular compartments in gut and salivary gland tissues of the aphid vector Pentalonia nigronervosa
Authors: Watanabe Shizu , Borthakur Dulal , Bressan Alberto 
Published: February 2015

AbstractBanana bunchy top virus (BBTV) (Nanoviridae: Babuvirus) is transmitted by aphids of the genus Pentalonia in a circulative manner. The cellular mechanisms by which BBTV translocates from the anterior midgut to the salivary gland epithelial tissues are not understood. Here, we used multiple fluorescent markers to study the distribution and the cellular localization of early and late endosomes, macropinosomes, lysosomes, microtubules, actin filaments, and lipid raft subdomains in the gut and principal salivary glands of Pentalonia nigronervosa. We applied colabeling assays, to colocalize BBTV viral particles with these cellular compartments and structures. Our results suggest that multiple potential cellular processes, including clathrin‐ and caveolae‐mediated endocytosis and lipid rafts, may not be involved in BBTV internalization.
Incidence and management of chylothorax after esophagectomy
Authors: Miao Longsheng , Zhang Yawei , Hu Hong , Ma Longfei , Shun Yihua , Xiang Jiaqing , Chen Haiquan 
Published: February 2015

AbstractBackgroundChylothorax is a rare but serious postoperative complication in esophageal cancer patients. The aim of this study was to identify risk factors associated with chylothorax and the indication for surgical intervention.MethodsA consecutive series of 1290 patients who underwent esophagectomy for esophageal cancer was included. Peri‐operative data, including postoperative morbidity and mortality, were analyzed.ResultsThirty‐four patients (2.6%) developed chylothorax and had significantly higher instances of pneumonia (26.5% vs. 11.1%, P = 0.012) and arrhythmia (17.6% vs. 2.9%, P = 0.001), and a longer hospital stay (22 vs. 18 days, P < 0.001). Reoperation was performed in 11 patients at a rate of 77.8%, 42.9%, 20%, and 0% for chylothorax diagnosed in two, three, four, and >= 5 days, respectively, after esophagectomy (P < 0.001). After three days of conservative therapy, the chest tube output was significantly greater in patients whose medical management had failed than in those successfully treated (P < 0.001). All patients who required reoperation had >= 13.5 ml/kg of drainage (sensitivity 100%); four of 23 patients with successful medical management had a chest tube output >= 13.5 ml/kg (specificity 83%). Logistic regression analysis showed that body mass index (BMI) < 25 was an independent risk factor for chylothorax (hazard ratio = 9.256, P = 0.029).ConclusionsPatients with a BMI < 25 are more likely to develop chylothorax after esophagectomy. Operative therapy should be seriously considered in patients who develop chylothorax early postoperatively. In addition, a high daily chylous output of >= 13.5 ml/kg after three days of conservative therapy might be a reliable indicator for reoperation.
Testing hypotheses on distribution shifts and changes in phenology of imperfectly detectable species
Authors: Chambert Thierry , Kendall William L. , Hines James E. , Nichols James D. , Pedrini Paolo , Waddle J. Hardin , Tavecchia Giacomo , Walls Susan C. , Tenan Simone 
Published: February 2015

Summary

With ongoing climate change, many species are expected to shift their spatial and temporal distributions. To document changes in species distribution and phenology, detection/non‐detection data have proven very useful. Occupancy models provide a robust way to analyse such data, but inference is usually focused on species spatial distribution, not phenology.

We present a multi‐season extension of the staggered‐entry occupancy model of Kendall et al. (2013, Ecology, 94, 610), which permits inference about the within‐season patterns of species arrival and departure at sampling sites. The new model presented here allows investigation of species phenology and spatial distribution across years, as well as site extinction/colonization dynamics.

We illustrate the model with two data sets on European migratory passerines and one data set on North American treefrogs. We show how to derive several additional phenological parameters, such as annual mean arrival and departure dates, from estimated arrival and departure probabilities.

Given the extent of detection/non‐detection data that are available, we believe that this modelling approach will prove very useful to further understand and predict species responses to climate change.
The skin microbiome: Associations between altered microbial communities and disease
Authors: Weyrich Laura S , Dixit Shreya , Farrer Andrew G , Cooper Alan J , Cooper Alan J 
Published: February 2015

AbstractA single square centimetre of the human skin can contain up to one billion microorganisms. These diverse communities of bacteria, fungi, mites and viruses can provide protection against disease, but can also exacerbate skin lesions, promote disease and delay wound healing. This review addresses the current knowledge surrounding the healthy skin microbiome and examines how different alterations to the skin microbial communities can contribute to disease. Current methodologies are considered, changes in microbial diversity and colonisation by specific microorganisms are discussed in the context of atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, acne vulgaris and chronic wounds. The recent impact of modern Westernised lifestyles on the human skin microbiome is also examined, as well as the potential benefits and pitfalls of novel therapeutic strategies. Further analysis of the human skin microbiome, and its interactions with the host immune system and other commensal microorganisms, will undoubtedly elucidate molecular mechanisms for disease and reveal gateways for novel therapeutic treatment strategies.
Incidence and prevalence of non‐melanoma skin cancer in Australia: A systematic review
Authors: Perera Eshini , Gnaneswaran Neiraja , Staines Carolyn , Win Aung Ko , Sinclair Rod 
Published: February 2015

AbstractNon‐melanoma skin cancer (NMSC), including basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), is the most common cancer occurring in people with fair skin. Australia has been reported to have the highest incidence of NMSC in the world. Using a systematic search of the literature in EMBASE and Medline, we identified 21 studies that investigated the incidence or prevalence of NMSC in Australia. Studies published between 1948 and 2011 were identified and included in the analysis. There were six studies that were conducted on national level, two at state level and 13 at the regional level. Overall, the incidence of NMSC had steadily increased over calendar‐years in Australia. The incidence of NMSC per 100 000 person‐years was estimated to be 555 in 1985; 977 in 1990; 1109 in 1995; 1170 in 2002 and 2448 in 2011. The incidence was higher for men than women and higher for BCC than SCC. Incidence varied across the states of Australia, with the highest in Queensland. The prevalence of NMSC was estimated to be 2% in Australia in 2002. The incidence and prevalence of NMSC still need to be accurately established at both national and state levels to determine the costs and burden of the disease on the public health system in Australia.
Patients with eating disorders showed no signs of coeliac disease before and after nutritional intervention
Authors: Kaltsa Maria , Garoufi Anastasia , Tsitsika Artemis , Tsirogianni Alexandra , Papasteriades Chryssa , Kossiva Lydia 
Published: February 2015

AbstractAimThis study assessed the presence of specific antibodies for coeliac disease in outpatients suffering from eating disorders before and after nutritional intervention. We also evaluated whether those patients should undergo regular screening for coeliac disease.MethodsThe sample consisted of 154 patients with a mean age of 16.7 years – ranging from one to 19 years of age – suffering from eating disorders. Serology screening for coeliac disease and total immunoglobulin A (IgA) levels was evaluated in the 154 children before the nutritional intervention and in 104 patients after the intervention. The patients consumed an adequate amount of gluten in both phases.ResultsPostintervention evaluation revealed that 92 patients (88.5%) achieved a normal body weight, while the remaining 12 (11.5%) became obese. Postprandial abdominal discomfort and pain were resolved. The serology tests were negative in all patients, before and after intervention. None displayed IgA deficiency.ConclusionTo the best of our knowledge, this was the first prospective study where patients underwent a screening serology for coeliac disease before and after nutritional intervention. No indication of the coexistence of eating disorders and coeliac disease was documented, and the patients in our study were unlikely to require regular screening for coeliac disease.
Natural history of bleeding risk in colonic diverticulosis patients: a long‐term colonoscopy‐based cohort study
Authors: Niikura R. , Nagata N. , Shimbo T. , Aoki T. , Yamada A. , Hirata Y. , Sekine K. , Okubo H. , Watanabe K. , Sakurai T. , Yokoi C. , Mizokami M. , Yanase M. , Akiyama J. , Koike K. , Uemura N. 
Published: February 2015

SummaryBackgroundThe natural history of bleeding risk from colonic diverticulosis remains unclear.AimTo identify the incidence of bleeding in colonic diverticulosis patients and associated risk factors.MethodsA cohort of 1514 patients with colonoscopy‐confirmed asymptomatic diverticulosis was selected between 2001 and 2013. Age, sex and location of colonic diverticulosis (right or left side, or bilateral) were assessed. The endpoint was a bleeding event, and data were censored at the time of last colonoscopy. The cumulative and overall incidences of bleeding were estimated using the Kaplan–Meier and person‐years methods. The Cox proportional hazards model was used to estimate age‐ and sex‐adjusted hazard ratios (aHRs).ResultsThe median follow‐up period was 46 months. Bleeding events occurred in 35 patients, and the median time‐to‐event interval was 50 months. Kaplan–Meier analysis showed that the cumulative incidence of diverticular bleeding was 0.21% at 12 months, 2.2% at 60 months and 9.5% at 120 months. By the person‐years method, the overall incidence rate of bleeding was 0.46 per 1000 patient‐years. On multivariate analysis, age ≥70 (aHR. 3.7) and bilateral diverticulosis (aHR, 2.4) were significant risk factors for bleeding.ConclusionsThis long‐term follow‐up study demonstrated that the cumulative incidence of bleeding from diverticulosis was approximately 2% at 5 years and 10% at 10 years, and the overall incidence was 0.46 per 1000 patient‐years. Bilateral diverticulosis increased the risk of bleeding.
The Microstructure of Action Perception in Infancy: Decomposing the Temporal Structure of Social Information Processing
Authors: Gredebäck Gustaf , Daum Moritz M. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractIn this article, we review recent evidence of infants' early competence in perceiving and interpreting the actions of others. We present a theoretical model that decomposes the timeline of action perception into a series of distinct processes that occur in a particular order. Once an agent is detected, covert attention can be allocated to the future state of the agent (priming), which may lead to overt gaze shifts that predict goals (prediction). Once these goals are achieved, the consequence of the agents' actions and the manner in which the actions were performed can be evaluated (evaluation). We propose that all of these processes have unique requirements, both in terms of timing and cognitive resources. To understand more fully the rich social world of infants, we need to pay more attention to the temporal structure of social perception and ask what information is available to infants and how this changes over time.