bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Diagnosis of regime‐dependent cloud simulation errors in CMIP5 models using “A‐Train” satellite observations and reanalysis data
Authors: Su Hui , Jiang Jonathan H. , Zhai Chengxing , Perun Vince S. , Shen Janice T. , Del Genio Anthony , Nazarenko Larissa S. , Donner Leo J. , Horowitz Larry , Seman Charles , Morcrette Cyril , Petch Jon , Ringer Mark , Cole Jason , von Salzen Knut , d S. Mesquita Michel , Iversen Trond , Kristjansson Jon Egill , Gettelman Andrew , Rotstayn Leon , Jeffrey Stephen , Dufresne Jean‐Louis , Watanabe Masahiro , Kawai Hideaki , Koshiro Tsuyoshi , Wu Tongwen , Volodin Evgeny M. , L'Ecuyer Tristan , Teixeira Joao , Stephens Graeme L. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThe vertical distributions of cloud water content (CWC) and cloud fraction (CF) over the tropical oceans, produced by 13 coupled atmosphere‐ocean models submitted to the Phase 5 of Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5), are evaluated against CloudSat/CALIPSO observations as a function of large‐scale parameters. Available CALIPSO simulator CF outputs are also examined. A diagnostic framework is developed to decompose the cloud simulation errors into large‐scale errors, cloud parameterization errors and covariation errors. We find that the cloud parameterization errors contribute predominantly to the total errors for all models. The errors associated with large‐scale temperature and moisture structures are relatively greater than those associated with large‐scale midtropospheric vertical velocity and lower‐level divergence. All models capture the separation of deep and shallow clouds in distinct large‐scale regimes; however, the vertical structures of high/low clouds and their variations with large‐scale parameters differ significantly from the observations. The CWCs associated with deep convective clouds simulated in most models do not reach as high in altitude as observed, and their magnitudes are generally weaker than CloudSat total CWC, which includes the contribution of precipitating condensates, but are close to CloudSat nonprecipitating CWC. All models reproduce maximum CF associated with convective detrainment, but CALIPSO simulator CFs generally agree better with CloudSat/CALIPSO combined retrieval than the model CFs, especially in the midtroposphere. Model simulated low clouds tend to have little variation with large‐scale parameters except lower‐troposphere stability, while the observed low cloud CWC, CF, and cloud top height vary consistently in all large‐scale regimes.
Association of dietary sodium intake with atherogenesis in experimental diabetes and with cardiovascular disease in patients with Type 1 diabetes
Authors: Tikellis Chris , Pickering Raelene J. , Tsorotes Despina , Harjutsalo Valma , Thorn Lena , Ahola Aila , Wadén Johan , Tolonen Nina , Saraheimo Markku , Gordin Daniel , Forsblom Carol , Groop Per-Henrik , Cooper Mark E. , Moran John , Thomas Merlin C. 
Published: December 2012

It is recommended that individuals with diabetes restrict their dietary sodium intake. However, although salt intake is correlated with BP (blood pressure), it also partly determines the activation state of the RAAS (renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system), a key mediator of diabetes-associated atherosclerosis. apoE KO (apolipoprotein E knockout) mice were allocated for the induction of diabetes with streptozotocin or citrate buffer (controls) and further randomized to isocaloric diets containing 0.05%, 0.3% or 3.1% sodium with or without the ACEi [ACE (angiotensin-converting enzyme) inhibitor] perindopril. After 6 weeks of study, plaque accumulation was quantified and markers of atherogenesis were assessed using RT–PCR (reverse transcription–PCR) and ELISA. The association of sodium intake and adverse cardiovascular and mortality outcomes were explored in 2648 adults with Type 1 diabetes without prior CVD (cardiovascular disease) from the FinnDiane study. A 0.05% sodium diet was associated with increased plaque accumulation in diabetic apoE KO mice, associated with activation of the RAAS. By contrast, a diet containing 3.1% sodium suppressed atherogenesis associated with suppression of the RAAS, with an efficacy comparable with ACE inhibition. In adults with Type 1 diabetes, low sodium intake was also associated with an increased risk of all-cause mortality and new-onset cardiovascular events. However, high sodium intake was also associated with adverse outcomes, leading to a J-shaped relationship overall. Although BP lowering is an important goal for the management of diabetes, off-target actions to activate the RAAS may contribute to an observed lack of protection from cardiovascular complications in patients with Type 1 diabetes with low sodium intake.
The Accuracy of Matching Target Insertion Gains With Open-Fit Hearing Aids
Authors: Aazh Hashir , Moore Brian C. J. , Prasher Deepak 
Published: December 2012

PurposeTo assess the accuracy with which target insertion gains were matched for a single type of open-fit hearing aid, both on initial fitting and after adjustment.MethodThe hearing aids were fitted using the first-fit setting in the programming software and the target formula was selected as NAL–NL1. The difference between the real ear insertion gain (REIG) and the NAL–NL1 target REIG was recorded. The initial fitting was considered acceptable if the difference was less than 10 dB at all frequencies. If an initial fitting was not acceptable, the frequency-gain response was modified. The difference between the final REIG and the NAL–NL1 target REIG was recorded as final target mismatch.ResultsOf the 51 initial fittings, 36 (71%) failed to achieve a match within ±10 dB of the NAL–NL1 insertion gain target at 1 or more frequencies between 0.25 and 4 kHz. After the authors adjusted the frequency-gain response of the hearing aids, only 9 fittings (18%) failed to achieve a match.ConclusionThese outcomes suggest that target insertion gains for the open-fit hearing aids used here are rarely achieved with a first fitting but can usually be achieved through adjustments based on REIG measurements.
Acceptable Noise Level and Psychophysical Masking
Authors: Rishiq Dania A. , Harkrider Ashley W. , Hedrick Mark S. 
Published: December 2012

Purpose
Individuals with low acceptable noise levels (ANLs) accept more noise than individuals with high ANLs. To determine whether ANL is influenced more by afferent or efferent cortical responsiveness, the authors measured differences in temporal masking responses between individuals with low versus high ANLs. If listeners with low ANLs have masked thresholds similar to those of listeners with high ANLs, low ANLs may be due to reduced afferent responsiveness affecting both the masker and signal. If, however, listeners with low ANLs have masked thresholds better than that of listeners with high ANLs, there may be a physiological basis for improved selective attention via stronger efferent inhibition of the “unwanted” sound.

Method
Participants were 19 listeners with normal hearing between the ages of 19 and 35. Ten listeners had low ANLs and 9 had high ANLs. All participants were compared using tone-in-noise simultaneous, forward, and backward masking tasks.

Results
Results revealed no observed differences in masked thresholds between the low versus high ANL group. The low ANL group, however, required significantly more threshold runs to achieve criterion necessary for threshold determinations.

Conclusions
Findings suggest that low ANLs are associated with reduced afferent cortical responsiveness and, possibly, decreased sustained attention.
Effects of Advancing Age and Hearing Loss on Gaps-in-Noise Test Performance
Authors: John Andrew B. , Hall James W. , Kreisman Brian M. 
Published: December 2012

PurposeThe present study evaluated the effects of advancing age and sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) on approximate temporal gap detection thresholds obtained from the Gaps-in-Noise (GIN; Musiek et al., 2005) test.MethodApproximate thresholds from the GIN test were compared among 3 groups of participants (older adults with SNHL, older adults with essentially normal hearing, and young adults with normal hearing). Analyses of variance and regression modeling were used to determine the effect of age and audibility on GIN performance. Comparisons of thresholds obtained from the 4 test lists of the GIN were also conducted.ResultsApproximate gap thresholds differed significantly across all groups, with the poorest thresholds found in older adults with SNHL and with the best thresholds found in young adults with normal hearing. The strongest predictor of decreases in GIN performance was increased Audibility Index score, but a significant independent effect of age was also documented. Test list influenced GIN performance only in the group of young adults with normal hearing.ConclusionsThe GIN test is a promising clinical measure of temporal resolution. Findings from the present study suggest that age and audibility influence GIN performance and may affect test analysis and interpretation with published normative data.
Determining the Presence or Absence of Middle Ear Disorders: An Evidence-Based Systematic Review on the Diagnostic Accuracy of Selected Assessment Instruments
Authors: Sanford Chris A. , Schooling Tracy , Frymark Tobi 
Published: December 2012

PurposeTo conduct an evidence-based systematic review on the state of the evidence and the diagnostic accuracy of multifrequency tympanometry (MFT), 1000 Hz tympanometry, and wideband acoustic transfer functions in determining the presence or absence of middle ear disorders.MethodA systematic search of the literature published between 1975 and 2011 was conducted. Articles meeting the selection criteria were appraised by 2 reviewers and vetted by a 3rd for methodological quality.ResultsTen studies were included and focused on participants with otosclerosis or otitis media. Two studies investigated 1000 Hz tympanometry, 7 examined MFT, and 2 addressed wideband reflectance (WBR). Methodological quality varied. Positive likelihood ratios (LR+) were predominantly uninformative for MFT and were mixed for 1000 Hz tympanometry. LR+ values for WBR ranged from diagnostically suggestive to informative. Negative likelihood ratios (LR−) for 1000 Hz tympanometry and WBR were at least diagnostically suggestive. LR− values for MFT were mixed, with half considered clinically uninformative and half considered diagnostically suggestive.ConclusionsAlthough some of the results are promising, limited evidence and methodological considerations restrict the conclusions that can be drawn regarding the diagnostic accuracy of these technologies. Additional investigations are needed to determine which tools can most accurately predict middle ear status.
Audiologists' Professional Satisfaction
Authors: Saccone Patricia , Steiger James 
Published: December 2012

Purpose
The authors surveyed currently practicing audiologists to evaluate their professional satisfaction and compared the results to a similar survey conducted in 1997.

Method

The authors repeated an audiologist professional satisfaction survey conducted in 1997; 382 randomly chosen, currently practicing audiologists participated. Responses to 38 statements were on a 5-point Likert scale (5 =
strong agreement with a statement,
1 =
strong disagreement with a statement
). The respondent sample was broken down into demographic subgroups, and statements were divided into subgroups reflecting 6 core reward areas that contribute to overall professional satisfaction.

Results

Mean group satisfaction was 3.9 (
n
= 382;
SD
= 1.01), which has remained unchanged since 1997 (
p
< .05). Private practice audiologists' mean group satisfaction of 4.31 (
n
= 80,
SD
= 0.78) was higher than for other practice settings (
p
< .05). AuD private practice owners' mean group satisfaction of 4.52 (
n
= 46,
SD
= 0.66) was higher than for other degrees and practice settings (
p
< .05). Core reward area ratings differed for AuD, MA/MS, and PhD degree holders (
p
< .05). Correlations between the average core reward area ratings and mean group satisfaction met statistical significance (
p
< .05).

Conclusions
These results have implications for goal setting and planning within the profession and for audiologists' career choices.
Suppression of the Vestibulo-Ocular Reflex Using Visual and Nonvisual Stimuli
Authors: Jacobson Gary P. , Piker Erin G. , Do Christina , McCaslin Devin L. , Hood Linda 
Published: December 2012

Purpose
To determine to what extent attention directed toward visual, auditory, somesthetic, and imaginary sources would attenuate the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR).

Method
Two prospective studies included 16 (Investigation 1) and 5 (Investigation 2) healthy participants (mean age of 24 years in Investigation 1 and 37 years in Investigation 2). VOR gain was assessed with a commercially available rotary chair and was measured in dark both while the subject was tasked with mental alerting exercises and while not being tasked. VOR suppression was measured for the following conditions: (a) visual suppression, (b) auditory suppression, (c) somatosensory suppression, (d) imaginary visual target suppression, and (e) combined auditory and somatosensory suppression.

Results
Attention directed to visual source attenuated the VOR by approximately 85%. Attention directed toward auditory and somatosensory targets (both separately and combined) and attention directed toward an imaginary target suppressed the VOR between 28% and 44%. The extent of VOR suppression that occurred with attention directed toward various nonvisual stimuli was significantly less than the visual suppression of the VOR. The various nonvisual conditions were not statistically different from one another.

Conclusion
The data suggest that it is possible for typical adults to suppress the VOR in the absence of a visual target. That is, the VOR can be attenuated with attention directed toward chair-fixed visual, auditory, somatosensory, and imaginary targets.
Older Adults and Hearing Help-Seeking Behaviors
Authors: Saunders Gabrielle H. , Chisolm Theresa H. , Wallhagen Margaret I. 
Published: December 2012

Purpose
To review the current literature on help seeking for hearing health care among older adults.

Method
The authors conducted a literature review regarding help seeking for hearing-related communication difficulties as well as for other chronic medical conditions.

Results
Untreated hearing loss can lead to numerous negative secondary consequences; uptake and use of hearing aids remain low, despite the fact that hearing aids provide an effective treatment option for older adults with hearing loss. The authors describe models relevant to understanding the help-seeking and decision-making behaviors of older adults with hearing loss and discuss recommendations for future research.

Conclusion
Because of the considerable overlap in factors associated with help-seeking behaviors across chronic medical conditions and because help-seeking behaviors are complex, help seeking should be examined within the framework of a multifactorial model, such as the health belief model or the transtheoretical stages of change model.
The Effects of Aging on Auditory Processing and Cognition
Authors: Tun Patricia A. , Williams Victoria A. , Small Brent J. , Hafter Ervin R. 
Published: December 2012

Purpose
To briefly summarize existing data on effects of aging on auditory processing and cognition.

Method
A narrative review summarized previously reported data on age-related changes in auditory processing and in cognitive processes with a focus on spoken language comprehension and memory. In addition, recent data on effects of lifestyle engagement on cognitive processes are reviewed.

Results
There is substantial evidence for age-related declines in both auditory processes and cognitive abilities. Accumulating evidence supports the idea that the perceptual burden associated with hearing loss impacts the processing resources available for good comprehension and memory for spoken language, particularly in older adults with limited resources. However, many language abilities are well preserved in old age, and there is considerable variability among individuals in cognitive performance across the life span. The authors discuss how lifestyle factors and socioemotional engagement can help to offset declining abilities.

Conclusions
It is clear that spoken language processing in adulthood and old age is affected by changes in perceptual, cognitive, and socioemotional processes as well as by interactions among these changes. Recommendations for further research include studying speech comprehension in complex conditions, including meaningful-connection spoken language, and tailoring clinical interventions based on patients' auditory processing and cognitive abilities along with their individual socioemotional demands.
An Introduction to the Second Starkey Research Summit
Authors: Abrams Harvey B. 
Published: December 2012

Purpose
In the coming decades, Americans with hearing and cognitive deficits will represent a growing proportion of the population. This article describes the rationale and goals of the second Starkey Research Summit, which was convened to better understand the challenges that an aging demographic represents to the future of hearing health care.

Method
A multidisciplinary group of scientists representing audiology, cognitive science, psychology, aging, and hearing science met in the fall of 2011 to explore key issues associated with the convergence of aging, hearing loss, and cognitive deficit.

Results
Four major topic areas were identified for discussion and further exploration: (a) the effects of aging on auditory processing and cognition; (b) the effects of hearing technology on auditory processing and cognition in the elderly; (c) the effects of training on auditory processing and cognition in the elderly; and (d) the effects of aging on hearing help-seeking behavior.

Conclusion

A brief overview of each of the four major topic areas, to include the identification of unmet research needs, was prepared and is included in this issue of the
American Journal of Audiology.
Ohio's 2010 Lake Erie Charter Fishing Industry
Authors: Lucente Joseph E , Gabriel Tory , Davis Gregory , Wellington Colleen , Lichtkoppler Frank 
Published: December 2012

ABSTRACT
Charter fishing provides important angler access to Lake Erie sport fishing. It is economically important to local harbor communities, with 79% of charter anglers coming from over 50 miles away. To update information from our 2006 survey, we conducted a mail survey of 500 randomly selected Ohio charter boat captains in early 2010 and received usable information from 239 captains. In 2010 the Ohio Department of Natural Resources licensed 786 charter guides compared to 783 licensed captains in 2006. Possibly reflecting difficult economic times, charter firms in 2010 made on average 10.1 fewer trips per firm (34.6) than in 2006 (44.7). These captains made an estimated 21,082 charter trips in 2010, of which over 81% were full-day and almost 19% were half-day trips. Mean total revenues earned in 2010 ($15,132 ± $16,110) declined over 13% from 2006. Declining harvests, invasive species, and increasing operating costs highlight the concerns noted by captains responding to the survey. Policies and actions to address declining sport fish populations, invasive species, and other key issues may have positive impacts on the industry and help it continue into the future.
RESUMEN
la pesca tipo chárter ofrece a los pescadores un importante acceso a la pesca deportiva en el lago Erie. Se trata de una actividad económicamente relevante para las comunidades locales, en las que 79% de los pescadores de chárteres provienen de lugares situados hasta 50 millas de distancia. Con el fin de actualizar la información recabada en un sondeo realizado en 2006, a inicios de 2010 se condujo otro sondeo por correo a 500 capitanes de barcos chárter en Ohio, recibiéndose información utilizable de 239 de ellos. En 2010, el Departamento de Recursos Naturales de Ohio otorgó 786 guías para chárteres en comparación con los 783 capitanes con licencia registrados en 2006. En 2010, las firmas de barcos chárter realizaron, en promedio, 10.1 menos viajes por firma (34.6) que en 2006 (44.7) lo cual posiblemente sea el reflejo de un periodo difícil en términos económicos. Los capitanes hicieron alrededor de 21,082 viajes chárter en 2010, de los cuales más del 81% tuvieron una duración de un día entero y casi 19% duraron medio día. Los dividendos totales promedio en 2010 ($15,132 ± $16,110) se redujeron más de 13% desde 2006. La disminución de la captura, especies invasivas y el incremento en los costos de operación subrayan la preocupación que expresaron los capitanes que respondieron el sondeo. Las políticas y acciones que surjan en torno a la reducción de las poblaciones sujetas a la pesca deportiva, especies invasoras y otros factores clave pudieran tener impactos positivos en la industria y servirían para mantener la actividad en el futuro.
Glycosylation Network Analysis Toolbox: a MATLAB-based environment for systems glycobiology
Authors: Liu Gang , Puri Apurv , Neelamegham Sriram 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
Summary: Systems glycobiology studies the interaction of various pathways that regulate glycan biosynthesis and function. Software tools for the construction and analysis of such pathways are not yet available. We present GNAT, a platform-independent, user-extensible MATLAB-based toolbox that provides an integrated computational environment to construct, manipulate and simulate glycans and their networks. It enables integration of XML-based glycan structure data into SBML (Systems Biology Markup Language) files that describe glycosylation reaction networks. Curation and manipulation of networks is facilitated using class definitions and glycomics database query tools. High quality visualization of networks and their steady-state and dynamic simulation are also supported.
Availability: The software package including source code, help documentation and demonstrations are available at http://sourceforge.net/projects/gnatmatlab/files/.
Contact: neel@buffalo.edu or gangliu@buffalo.edu
Recruitment depressions in North Sea herring
Authors: Corten Ad 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
Corten, A. 2013. Recruitment depressions in North Sea herring. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 70:1–15. Two periods of sustained low recruitment have been observed in North Sea herring in recent history; one from 1971 to 1979 and one that started in 2002 and continued up until the most recent year for which information is available (2010). This paper compares both periods of recruitment depression and considers the possible causes for each of them. The first depression (1971–1979) has been commonly ascribed to insufficient egg production by the depleted parent stock. However, recruitment to the central and northern populations was probably also affected by an environmental factor. There are indications of a reduced Atlantic inflow into the northwestern North Sea at the time of the depression. This could have affected survival of the larvae by slowing down their transport to the nursery areas in the southeastern North Sea. For the second period (2002–2010), the low recruitment has been ascribed to an increase in temperature and/or a regime shift in the ecosystem. An alternative explanation could be predation by the large stock of adult herring on its own larvae.