bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
X‐ray microdiffraction, TEM characterization and texture analysis of human dentin and enamel
Authors: XUE J. , ZAVGORODNIY A.V. , KENNEDY B.J. , SWAIN M.V. , LI W. 
Published: May 2013

SummaryHuman tooth is a complex bioceramic composite, which consists of enamel, dentin and the interface, the dentin–enamel junction (DEJ). The crystal properties and ultrastructure of the inorganic phase through the thickness of healthy human molar teeth were investigated using X‐ray microdiffraction (μXRD), electron diffraction and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) techniques. The XRD data were analysed using the Le Bail profile fitting approach. The size and the texture of the crystallites forming enamel and dentin in the crown part of teeth were measured using both techniques and then compared. Results showed that the thickness of dentin crystallites was found to decrease towards the DEJ, whereas the thickness of the enamel crystallites increased from the DEJ towards the outer layers. It was demonstrated that enamel exhibited an increase of texture in 002 lattice planes from the DEJ towards the outer layers. Texture was also detected in 102 lattice planes. The texture effect in 002 planes at the scale of less than 1 μm was also demonstrated in dentin. The variation of lattice parameters as a function of the position within the thickness of dentin and enamel was also observed. The values of the nonuniform microstrain in the dentin and enamel crystallites were from 1.40 × 10−6% to 4.44 × 10−5%. The good correlation between XRD and TEM indicated that μXRD is a useful technique to study crystallography and microstructure of heterogeneous enamel and dentin. The observed gradient characteristics of texture and crystallite size in enamel and dentin maybe an evolutionary outcome to resist wear and fracture, thereby contributing to the excellent mechanical properties of teeth.
Guanosine controls inflammatory pathways to afford neuroprotection of hippocampal slices under oxygen and glucose deprivation conditions
Authors: Dal‐Cim Tharine , Ludka Fabiana K. , Martins Wagner C. , Reginato Charlise , Parada Esther , Egea Javier , López Manuela G. , Tasca Carla I. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractGuanosine (GUO) is an endogenous modulator of glutamatergic excitotoxicity and has been shown to promote neuroprotection in in vivo and in vitro models of neurotoxicity. This study was designed to understand the neuroprotective mechanism of GUO against oxidative damage promoted by oxygen/glucose deprivation and reoxygenation (OGD). GUO (100 μM) reduced reactive oxygen species production and prevented mitochondrial membrane depolarization induced by OGD. GUO also exhibited anti‐inflammatory actions as inhibition of nuclear factor kappa B activation and reduction of inducible nitric oxide synthase induction induced by OGD. These GUO neuroprotective effects were mediated by adenosine A1 receptor, phosphatidylinositol‐3 kinase and MAPK/ERK. Furthermore, GUO recovered the impairment of glutamate uptake caused by OGD, an effect that occurred via a Pertussis toxin‐sensitive G‐protein‐coupled signaling, blockade of adenosine A2A receptors (A2AR), but not via A1 receptor. The modulation of glutamate uptake by GUO also involved MAPK/ERK activation. In conclusion, GUO, by modulating adenosine receptor function and activating MAPK/ERK, affords neuroprotection of hippocampal slices subjected to OGD by a mechanism that implicates the following: (i) prevention of mitochondrial membrane depolarization, (ii) reduction of oxidative stress, (iii) regulation of inflammation by inhibition of nuclear factor kappa B and inducible nitric oxide synthase, and (iv) promoting glutamate uptake.
The need for Experience Focused Counselling (EFC) with voice hearers in training and practice: a review of the literature
Authors: Schnackenberg J. K. , Martin C. R. 
Published: May 2013

Accessible summary
Mental health professionals are supposed to work within a recovery‐orientated culture of mental health service provision.
Despite a drive towards training mental health professionals in recovery‐orientated ways of working, there remains a distinct lack of complementary approaches to the biological paradigm when working with experiences such as voice hearing.
The Hearing Voices Movement has been a great influence within the Recovery Movement in the past 26 years. However, their self‐reported benefits appear to have been largely confined to the user movement.
The evidence from this review indicates the constraints of knowledge within biological research to schizophrenia and hearing voices. It also highlights a lack of quantifiable research to the individualized approach of the Hearing Voices Movement, also known as Experience Focused Counselling or Making Sense of Voices.
AbstractA pathologizing paradigm to making sense of experiences such as hearing voices and schizophrenia remains dominant within mental health service provision. However, a real biological basis to the aetiology of hearing voices, and similar phenomena remains elusive. Antipsychotic medication, as the mainstay of the biological model, has not only been shown to have serious side effects, but is widely acknowledged as being of clinical benefit only to a limited number of people. In contrast, the Recovery Movement, and in particular the Hearing Voices Movement, have suggested that a normal life is possible despite having the experience of hearing voices. At its heart is the notion that it is possible to make sense of voices within the person's life context and to learn to live with them. Interestingly, it would seem that this approach remains largely confined to the user movement. This may in part be the result of the lack of widely accepted quantifiable and qualitative research in this area supporting such a stance. This review focuses on the current evidence base for the individual approach of the Hearing Voices Movement, which is known as Experience Focused Counselling or Making Sense of Voices. Future directions for research are indicated.
Pharmacological investigation of the bioluminescence signaling pathway of the dinoflagellate Lingulodinium polyedrum: evidence for the role of stretch‐activated ion channels
Authors: Jin Kelly , Klima Jason C. , Deane Grant , Dale Stokes Malcolm , Latz Michael I. 
Published: May 2013

Dinoflagellate bioluminescence serves as a whole‐cell reporter of mechanical stress, which activates a signaling pathway that appears to involve the opening of voltage‐sensitive ion channels and release of calcium from intracellular stores. However, little else is known about the initial signaling events that facilitate the transduction of mechanical stimuli. In the present study using the red tide dinoflagellate Lingulodinium polyedrum (Stein) Dodge, two forms of dinoflagellate bioluminescence, mechanically stimulated and spontaneous flashes, were used as reporter systems to pharmacological treatments that targeted various predicted signaling events at the plasma membrane level of the signaling pathway. Pretreatment with 200 μM Gadolinium III (Gd3+), a nonspecific blocker of stretch‐activated and some voltage‐gated ion channels, resulted in strong inhibition of both forms of bioluminescence. Pretreatment with 50 μM nifedipine, an inhibitor of L‐type voltage‐gated Ca2+ channels that inhibits mechanically stimulated bioluminescence, did not inhibit spontaneous bioluminescence. Treatment with 1 mM benzyl alcohol, a membrane fluidizer, was very effective in stimulating bioluminescence. Benzyl alcohol‐stimulated bioluminescence was inhibited by Gd3+ but not by nifedipine, suggesting that its role is through stretch activation via a change in plasma membrane fluidity. These results are consistent with the presence of stretch‐activated and voltage‐gated ion channels in the bioluminescence mechanotransduction signaling pathway, with spontaneous flashing associated with a stretch‐activated component at the plasma membrane.
Expression patterns of tight junction components induced by CD24 in an oral epithelial cell‐culture model correlated to affected periodontal tissues
Authors: Ye P. , Yu H. , Simonian M. , Hunter N. 
Published: May 2013

Background and ObjectivePreviously we demonstrated uniformly strong expression of CD24 in the epithelial attachment to the tooth and in the migrating epithelium of the periodontitis lesion. Titers of serum antibodies autoreactive with CD24 peptide correlated with reduced severity of periodontal disease. Ligation of CD24 expressed by oral epithelial cells induced formation of tight junctions that limited paracellular diffusion. In this study, we aimed to reveal that the lack of uniform expression of tight junction components in the pocket epithelium of periodontitis lesions is likely to contribute to increased paracellular permeability to bacterial products. This is proposed as a potential driver of the immunopathology of periodontitis.Material and MethodsAn epithelial culture model with close correspondence for expression patterns for tight junction components in periodontal epithelia was used. Immunohistochemical staining and confocal laser scanning microscopy were used to analyse patterns of expression of gingival epithelial tight junction components.ResultsThe minimally inflamed gingival attachment was characterized by uniformly strong staining at cell contacts for the tight junction components zona occludens‐1, zona occludens‐2, occludin, junction adhesion molecule‐A, claudin‐4 and claudin‐15. In contrast, the pocket epithelium of the periodontal lesion showed scattered, uneven staining for these components. This pattern correlated closely with that of unstimulated oral epithelial cells in culture. Following ligation of CD24 expressed by these cells, the pattern of tight junction component expression of the minimally inflamed gingival attachment developed rapidly.ConclusionThere was evidence for non‐uniform and focal expression only of tight junction components in the pocket epithelium. In the cell‐culture model, ligation of CD24 induced a tight junction expression profile equivalent to that observed for the minimally inflamed gingival attachment. Ligation of CD24 expressed by gingival epithelial cells by lectin‐like receptors of commensal oral streptococci could mediate the phenotype of health, whereas pathogenic organisms associated with periodontal disease might not signal effectively through CD24.
Acute inactivation of the Aspergillus nidulans Golgi membrane fusion machinery: correlation of apical extension arrest and tip swelling with cisternal disorganization
Authors: Pinar Mario , Pantazopoulou Areti , Arst Herbert N. , Peñalva Miguel A. 
Published: May 2013

SummaryThe mechanisms governing traffic across the Golgi are incompletely understood. We studied, by live‐cell microscopy, the consequences of disorganizing the Aspergillus nidulans Golgi, using an extended set of fluorescent protein markers to resolve early from late cisternae. The early Golgi syntaxin SedVSed5 and the RabORab1 regulatory GTPase play essential roles in secretion, cooperating in the ER–Golgi interface. Following a temperature shift‐up ‘on‐the‐stage’, hyphae carrying engineered sedVR258G and rabOA136D ts mutations arrest polarized growth. This arrest correlates with overall Golgi disorganization and characteristic hyphal tip swelling. Using v‐SNARE SynA as reporter, we show that the sedVR258G phenotypes correlate with arrested secretion. Both the morphogenetic defect and the secretory deficit are reversible. Thus downregulation of secretion, like that of endocytosis, has morphogenetic consequences, implying that mechanisms tuning the secretory pathway might be involved in developmental processes. According to the cisternal maturation model, acute impairment of traffic in the ER–Golgi interface should lead to disorganization of both the early and the late Golgi cisternae. Thus, the relatively rapid late Golgi disorganization observed upon shifting ER–Golgi interface mutants to the restrictive temperature seems incompatible with an A. nidulans Golgi network organized on the basis of stable early and late compartments, supporting instead cisternal maturation.
Bypassing the need for subcellular localization of a polysaccharide export‐anchor complex by overexpressing its protein subunits
Authors: Javens June , Wan Zhe , Hardy Gail G. , Brun Yves V. 
Published: May 2013

SummarySubcellular protein localization is thought to promote protein–protein interaction by increasing the effective concentration and enabling spatial co‐ordination and proper segregation of proteins. We found that protein overexpression allowed the assembly of a productive polysaccharide biosynthesis‐export‐anchoring complex in the absence of polar localization in Caulobacter crescentus. Polar localization of the holdfast export protein, HfsD, depends on the presence of the other export proteins, HfsA and HfsB, and on the polar scaffold protein PodJ. The holdfast deficiency of hfsB and podJ mutants is suppressed by the overexpression of export proteins. Restored holdfasts are randomly positioned and colocalize with a holdfast anchor protein in these strains, indicating that functional complexes can form at non‐polar sites. Therefore, overexpression of export proteins surpasses a concentration threshold necessary for holdfast synthesis. Restoration of holdfast synthesis at non‐polar sites reduces surface adhesion, consistent with the need to spatially co‐ordinate the holdfast synthesis machinery with the flagellum and pili. These strains lack the cell‐specific segregation of the holdfast, resulting in the presence of holdfasts in motile daughter cells. Our results highlight the fact that multiple facets of subcellular localization can be coupled to improve the phenotypic outcome of a protein assembly.
Long‐term social structure of a resident community of Atlantic spotted dolphins, Stenella Frontalis, in the Bahamas 1991–2002
Authors: Elliser Cindy R. , Herzing Denise L. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractLong‐term social structure data on small delphinids is lacking for most species except the bottlenose dolphin. This study describes the long‐term social structure of one community of Atlantic spotted dolphins, Stenella frontalis, divided into three social clusters. Data from 12 yr were analyzed using SOCPROG 2.3. Coefficients of association (CoA) were calculated using the half‐weight index. The overall mean community CoA ranged from 0.09 to 0.12. Temporal analyses and mantel tests revealed significant differences between sex class associations due to high male‐male CoA (0.12–0.23) compared to female‐female and mixed sex CoA (0.08–0.10). Female associations were strongly influenced by reproductive status, calf care, and social familiarity, but not by age class. Male associations were strongly influenced by age, access to females, and alliance formation. Males showed two levels of alliance formation, long‐term first order pairs/trios (CoA 0.70–1.00) and shorter‐term second order alliances between two or more first order alliances (CoA 0.45–0.69), and a possible third level during interspecies interactions. Mating strategies, sex, and cluster formation shaped the social structure in this spotted dolphin community. Similar to many bottlenose dolphin studies, long‐term affiliations for spotted dolphins were correlated with age, sex, and reproductive status.
Bridge to Recovery or Permanent System Implantation: An Eight‐Year Single‐Center Experience in Transvenous Semipermanent Pacing
Authors: KORNBERGER ANGELA , SCHMID ECKHARD , KALENDER GUENAY , STOCK ULRICH ALFRED , DOERNBERGER VOLKER , KHALIL MAHMUD , LISY MILAN 
Published: May 2013

BackgroundTo compare the risks, implications, and outcomes of transvenous semipermanent pacing as a bridge to permanent system implantation or recovery.MethodsWe investigated semipermanent transvenous pacing systems consisting of one (n = 57%) or two (n = 3%) bipolar active‐fixation pacing leads and an attached epicutaneous pulse generator implanted from 2000 to 2009. The study population comprised 60 patients aged 72.9 ± 10.5 years (44 [73.3%] male). Forty‐two (70%) were enrolled for complete system explantation for cardiac‐implanted electronic devices associated infection. Eighteen (30%) required temporary pacing in the context of a variety of mostly severe cardiac and noncardiac conditions. The semipermanent pacing systems were removed after implantation of permanent systems or recovery of a noncompromising heart rhythm, respectively.ResultsTransvenous semipermanent lead implantation was successful in 59 (98.3%) patients. Major and minor intraoperative complications occurred in one case (1.7%) each. The semipermanent systems were left in situ for a mean period of 14.6 ± 8.1 days). They served as a bridge to permanent system implantation in 68.3% (n = 41) and as a bridge to recovery of a noncompromising heart rhythm in 11.7% (n = 7). Four patients (8.3%) died with the semipermanent pacing system in situ, and seven (11.7%) were transferred to external hospitals with semipermanent pacing systems.ConclusionsTransvenous semipermanent pacing with bipolar active‐fixation leads and epicutaneous pulse generators provide an important option for prolonged temporary pacing as a bridge to permanent system implantation or recovery.
Age‐related activity patterns are moderated by diet in Queensland fruit flies Bactrocera tryoni
Authors: PRENTER JOHN , WELDON CHRISTOPHER W. , TAYLOR PHILLIP W. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractLife‐history parameters and the fitness of tephritid flies are closely linked to diet. Studies of locomotor behaviour can provide insights to these links, although little is known about how locomotor behaviour is influenced by diet. In the present study, video recordings of Queensland fruit flies Bactrocera tryoni Froggatt (Diptera: Tephritidae) (‘Q‐flies’) that are maintained individually in cages are used to determine how diet affects the activity patterns (flight, walking, grooming, inactivity) of males and females at ages ranging from 4 to 30 days. The frequency and total duration of activities over 10‐min trials are affected by diet, age and sex. Supplementation of diet with hydrolysed yeast results in a higher frequency and duration of flight in flies of all ages and both sexes. The effect of diet on other activities varies with age. Q‐flies fed sugar only increase walking frequency steadily from 4 to 30 days post‐eclosion, whereas flies fed sugar + yeast have higher walking frequencies at 4 and 10 days than flies fed sugar only, although they then exhibit a sharp decline at 30 days post‐eclosion. The frequency and duration of inactivity remain consistent in flies fed sugar + yeast, whereas flies fed sugar only exhibit a marked increase in inactivity from 4 to 30 days post‐eclosion. Compared with older flies, 4 day‐old Q‐flies fed sugar only spend considerably more time grooming. The potential of activity monitoring as a quality control test for flies that are mass‐reared for use in sterile insect technique programmes is discussed.
Continuous positive airway pressure in clinically stable patients with mild‐to‐moderate obesity hypoventilation syndrome and obstructive sleep apnoea
Authors: Salord Neus , Mayos Mercedes , Miralda Rosa Maria , Farré Ariadna , Carreras Montserrat , Sust Rosa , Masuet‐Aumatell Cristina , Rodríguez Jose , Pérez Antonio 
Published: May 2013

AbstractBackground and objectiveThe use of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) treatment in patients with obesity hypoventilation syndrome (OHS) and obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) was evaluated, and factors that might predict CPAP treatment failure were determined.MethodsA sleep study was performed in 29 newly diagnosed, clinically stable OHS patients. CPAP treatment was commenced if the apnoea–hypopnoea index was >15. Lung function, night‐time oximetry, blood adipokine and C‐reactive protein levels were assessed prospectively on enrollment and after 3 months. Treatment failure at 3 months was defined as daytime arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO2) >45 mm Hg and/or oxygen saturation (SpO2) <90% for >30% of the night‐time oximetry study.ResultsAll patients had severe OSA (median apnoea–hypopnoea index = 74.7 (62–100) with a nocturnal mean SpO2 of 81.4 ± 7), and all patients were treated with CPAP. The percentage of time spent below 90% saturation improved from 8.4% (0.0–39.0%) to 0.3% (0.4–4.0%). Awake PaCO2 decreased from 50 (47–53) mm Hg to 43 (40–45) mm Hg. Seven patients failed CPAP treatment after 3 months. PaCO2 at 1 month and mean night‐time SpO2 during the first night of optimal CPAP were associated with treatment failure at 3 months (odds ratio 1.4 (1.03–1.98); P = 0.034 and 0.6 (0.34–0.93); P = 0.027).ConclusionsCPAP treatment improves night‐time oxygenation and daytime hypoventilation in selected clinically stable OHS patients who also have OSA. Patients with worse night‐time saturation while on CPAP and higher daytime PaCO2 at 1 month were more likely to fail CPAP treatment.
IgA Response to ESAT‐6/CFP‐10 and Rv2031 Antigens Varies in Patients With Culture‐Confirmed Pulmonary Tuberculosis, Healthy Mycobacterium tuberculosis–Infected and Non‐Infected Individuals in a Tuberculosis Endemic Setting, Ethiopia
Authors: Legesse M. , Ameni G. , Medhin G. , Mamo G. , Franken K. L. M. C. , Ottenhoff T. H. M. , Bjune G. , Abebe F. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractLittle attention has been given to the role of antibodies against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection. We have compared the levels of IgA and IgG against ESAT‐6/CFP‐10 and Rv2031c antigens in sera of patients with culture‐confirmed pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB), healthy Mtb‐infected and non‐infected individuals in endemic TB settings. Venous blood samples were collected from 166 study participants; sera were separated and assayed by an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). QuantiFERON‐TB Gold In‐Tube (QFTGIT) assay was used for the screening of latent TB infection. The mean optical density (OD) values of IgA against ESAT‐6/CFP‐10 and Rv2031 were significantly higher in sera of patients with culture‐confirmed PTB compared with healthy Mtb‐infected and non‐infected individuals (P < 0.001). The mean OD values of IgG against ESAT‐6/CFP‐10 and Rv2031 were also significantly higher in sera of patients with culture‐confirmed PTB compared with healthy Mtb‐infected and non‐infected individuals (P < 0.05). The mean OD values of IgA against both antigens were also higher in sera of healthy Mtb‐infected cases compared with non‐infected individuals. There were positive correlations (P < 0.05) between the level of IFN‐γ induced in QFTGIT assay and the OD values of serum IgA against both antigens in healthy Mtb‐infected subjects. This study shows the potential of IgA response against ESAT‐6/CFP‐10 and Rv2031 antigens in discriminating clinical TB from healthy Mtb‐infected and non‐infected cases. Nevertheless, further well‐designed cohort study is needed to fully realize the full potential of this diagnostic marker.