bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
HOW TO CONFUSE ORGANISMS WITH MOUSETRAPS: MACHINE METAPHORS AND INTELLIGENT DESIGN
Authors: Recker Doren 
Published: October 2015

Abstract.Why do design arguments—particularly those emphasizing machine metaphors such as “Organisms and/or their parts are machines”—continue to be so convincing to so many people after they have been repeatedly refuted? In this essay I review various interpretations and refutations of design arguments and make a distinction betweenrationallyrefuting such arguments (RefutingR) and rendering thempsychologicallyunconvincing (RefutingP). Expanding on this distinction, I provide support from recent work on the cognitive power of metaphors and developmental psychological work indicating a basic human propensity toward attributingagencyto natural events, to show that design arguments “make sense”unlessone is cued to look more closely. As with visual illusions, such as the Müller‐Lyer arrow illusion, there is nothing wrong with a believer's cognitive apparatus any more than with their visual apparatus when they judge the lines in the illusion to be of unequal length. It takes training or a dissonance between design beliefs and other beliefs or experiences to play the role that a ruler does in the visual case. Unless people are cued to “look again” at what initially makes perfect sense, they are not inclined to apply more sophisticated evaluative procedures.
CRITICAL AFTERWORD
Authors: Clayton Philip 
Published: October 2015

Abstract.This Afterword looks back over both parts of the discussion of “God and the World of Signs”—“Semiotics and the Emergence of Life” in the previous issue ofZygonand “Semiotics and Theology” in this issue. Three central questions in this extended debate are identified: What is the nature of biological organisms and biological evolution? What is the relationship between the natural world and the Triune God of the Christian theological tradition? What should be the goals of Science/Religion Studies? I summarize the answers that Christopher Southgate and Andrew Robinson have given in their program and the challenges raised by their critics. Their strengths and weaknesses are assessed. In the conclusion I ask readers to imagine that this particular research program were to be taken as a model program in science‐and‐religion research (with some tweaking) and then consider the features of the program that could function as standards for scholars working in other areas of the dialogue.
Sources of variation in trade union membership across the UK: the case of Wales
Authors: Beynon Huw , Davies Rhys , Davies Steve 
Published: October 2015

ABSTRACTThis article deals with issues relating to trade union density and the fact that while over the past 30 years, union densities have followed a declining path in all regions, this retreat was not uniform across space. Analysis of the Labour Force Survey reveals that Wales exhibits among the highest levels of union density in the UK. The reasons for this are examined through statistical analysis, historical analysis and interview data. These analyses reveal that there appear to be intrinsic differences in the nature of workplace representation in Wales; one linked to a particular style of trade unionism supported by the authority of a devolved state that continue to contribute to higher levels of membership.
Financing US Debt: Is There Enough Money in the World – and at What Cost?
Authors: Kitchen John , Chinn Menzie 
Published: October 2015

AbstractWith the outlook for continued US budget deficits and growing debt – and the uncertainties regarding their financing – we examine the role of foreign official holdings of US Treasury securities in determining Treasury security interest rates, and the resulting implications for international portfolio allocations, net international income flows and the US net international debt position. We update estimates of the relationship between Treasury interest rates and US structural budget deficits, and extend that empirical analysis to include foreign official and Federal Reserve holdings of US Treasury securities. Although relationships suggest that the world portfolio could potentially accommodate financing requirements over the intermediate horizon, substantial uncertainty surrounds the likelihood of that accommodation and the associated effects on interest rates and adjustments in international portfolios. Notably, unprecedented levels and growth of foreign official holdings of US Treasuries will be required to keep longer term Treasury security interest rates from rising substantially above current consensus projections.
The Home Bias, Capital Income Flows and Improved Long‐Term Consumption Risk Sharing between Industrialized Countries
Authors: Artis Michael J. , Hoffmann Mathias 
Published: October 2015

AbstractIs financial globalization associated with improved international consumption risk sharing? We focus on the long‐term (that is low frequency) co‐movement of consumption and output in answering this question. Theoretically, the impact of financial globalization should show up first and most robustly in the lower frequencies of the data. We show that this is the case empirically: by the end of our sample period (1960–2007), up to 40% of long‐term idiosyncratic consumption risk is shared between industrialized countries – as compared to less than 10% before 1990. This dramatic increase is associated with a huge increase in international capital income flows: while capital income flows remain relatively limited as a channel of risk sharing at business‐cycle horizons, their contribution to international risk sharing at longer horizons has increased substantially. Much of this increase can be attributed to the growth in international asset positions over the recent globalization period.
Publication recommendations for electrodermal measurements
Authors:   Society for Psychophysiological Research Ad Hoc Committee on Electrodermal Measures
Published: October 2015

AbstractThis committee was appointed by the SPR Board to provide recommendations for publishing data on electrodermal activity (EDA). They are intended to be a stand‐alone source for newcomers and experienced users. A short outline of principles for electrodermal measurement is given, and recommendations from an earlier report (Fowles et al., ) are incorporated. Three fundamental techniques of EDA recording are described: (1) endosomatic recording without the application of an external current, (2) exosomatic recording with direct current (the most widely applied methodology), and (3) exosomatic recording with alternating current—to date infrequently used but a promising future methodology. In addition to EDA recording in laboratories, ambulatory recording has become an emerging technique. Specific problems that come with this recording of EDA in the field are discussed, as are those emerging from recording EDA within a magnetic field (e.g., fMRI). Recommendations for the details that should be mentioned in publications of EDA methods and results are provided.
Parallelism, deep homology, and evo‐devo
Authors: Hall Brian K. 
Published: October 2015

SUMMARYParallelism has been the subject of a number of recent studies that have resulted in reassessment of the term and the process. Parallelism has been aligned with homology leaving convergence as the only case of homoplasy, regarded as a transition between homologous and convergent characters, and defined as the independent evolution of genetic traits. Another study advocates abolishing the term parallelism and treating all cases of the independent evolution of characters as convergence. With the sophistication of modern genomics and genetic analysis, parallelism of characters of the phenotype is being discovered to reflect parallel genetic evolution. Approaching parallelism from developmental and genetic perspectives enables us to tease out the degree to which the reuse of pathways represent deep homology and is a major task for evolutionary developmental biology in the coming decades.
How was the notochord born?
Authors: Satoh Nori , Tagawa Kuni , Takahashi Hiroki 
Published: October 2015

SUMMARYMore than 550 million years ago, chordates originated from a common ancestor shared with nonchordate deuterostomes by developing a novel type of larva, the “tadpole larva.” The notochord is the supporting organ of the larval tail and the most prominent feature of chordates; indeed, phylum Chordata is named after this organ. In this review, we discuss the molecular mechanisms involved in the formation of the notochord over the course of chordate evolution with a special emphasis on a member of T‐box gene family, Brachyury. Comparison of the decoded genome of a unicellular choanoflagellate with the genomes of sponge and cnidarians suggests that T‐box gene family arose at the time of the evolution of multicellular animals. Gastrulation is a morphogenetic movement that is essential for the formation of two‐ or three‐germ‐layered embryos. Brachyury is transiently expressed in the blastopore (bp) region, where it confers on cells the ability to undergo invagination. This process is involved in the formation of the archenteron in all metazoans. This is a “primary” function of Brachyury. During the evolution of chordates, Brachyury gained an additional expression domain at the dorsal midline region of the bp. In this new expression domain, Brachyury served its “secondary” function, recruiting another set of target genes to form a dorsal axial organ, notochord. The Wnt/β‐catenin, BMP/Nodal, and FGF‐signaling pathways are involved in the transcriptional activation of Brachyury. We discuss the molecular mechanisms of Brachyury secondary function in the context of the dorsal–ventral (D–V) inversion theory and the aboral‐dorsalization hypothesis. Although the scope of this review requires some degree of oversimplification of Brachyury function, it is beneficial to facilitate studies on the notochord formation, a central evolutionary developmental biology problem in the history of metazoan evolution, pointed out first by Alexander Kowalevsky.
Development of the head and trunk mesoderm in the dogfish, Scyliorhinus torazame: II. Comparison of gene expression between the head mesoderm and somites with reference to the origin of the vertebrate head
Authors: Adachi Noritaka , Takechi Masaki , Hirai Tamami , Kuratani Shigeru 
Published: October 2015

SUMMARYThe vertebrate mesoderm differs distinctly between the head and trunk, and the evolutionary origin of the head mesoderm remains enigmatic. Although the presence of somite‐like segmentation in the head mesoderm of model animals is generally denied at molecular developmental levels, the appearance of head cavities in elasmobranch embryos has not been explained, and the possibility that they may represent vestigial head somites once present in an amphioxus‐like ancestor has not been ruled out entirely. To examine whether the head cavities in the shark embryo exhibit any molecular signatures reminiscent of trunk somites, we isolated several developmentally key genes, including Pax1, Pax3, Pax7, Pax9, Myf5, Sonic hedgehog, and Patched2, which are involved in myogenic and chondrogenic differentiation in somites, and Pitx2, Tbx1, and Engrailed2, which are related to the patterning of the head mesoderm, from an elasmobranch species, Scyliorhinus torazame. Observation of the expression patterns of these genes revealed that most were expressed in patterns that resembled those found in amniote embryos. In addition, the head cavities did not exhibit an overt similarity to somites; that is, the similarity was no greater than that of the unsegmented head mesoderm in other vertebrates. Moreover, the shark head mesoderm showed an amniote‐like somatic/visceral distinction according to the expression of Pitx2, Tbx1, and Engrailed2. We conclude that the head cavities do not represent a manifestation of ancestral head somites; rather, they are more likely to represent a derived trait obtained in the lineage of gnathostomes.
National Competitiveness in Comparative Perspective: Evidence from Latin America
Authors: Weymouth Stephen , Feinberg Richard 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThe term competitiveness is widely applied as a catch-all for investor-friendly policies and institutions. This article argues that sloppy applications of the term ignore the possibilities of policy tradeoffs and varieties of institutional choices. Popular conceptualizations of the term describe three discernible clusters of economic policies and institutions. One cluster captures openness to international trade; a second gauges regulatory impediments to private sector competition; a third refers to public sector investments in human capital, security, and infrastructure. This essay develops three empirical indexes to operationalize these clusters and shows that these concepts are not only theoretically but also empirically distinct. In particular, the correlation between these measures is not especially high in a sample of Latin American countries. The larger economies in the region tend to be more competitive on the regulatory and public goods dimensions but fall well behind smaller economies in terms of external competitiveness, broadly conceived.
Female mating failures in insects
Authors: Rhainds Marc 
Published: October 2015

AbstractEmpirical and experimental studies reporting the probability that some females remain unmated in field populations of insects (defined herein as mating failures) are reviewed in more than 100 species. The techniques used to quantify mating failures in the field are summarized, as well as factors that influence the probability that females mate during their lifetime. The existing empirical data provide partial support for hypotheses generated by theoretical models, although the trends observed in field populations are far more diverse and complex than predictions derived from ecological theory, e.g., the effect of population density on female mating success at small and large spatial scales is opposite. Mating success of females increases with the ratio of males in the population, but the relation between emergence time, sex ratio, and female mating success is variable. Females have evolved a broad range of physiological and behavioural adaptations to reduce mating failures, and exhibit a flexible context‐dependent response to constraints limiting mating success. The large number of studies in Lepidoptera suggests a higher mating success in butterflies than moths. Examples of high rates of mating failure include species with gynogenous reproduction, long range migration, pre‐reproductive maturation, male‐biased sex ratio, acquisition of resources essential for reproduction, and female flightlessness. Species with sessile females that mate and oviposit near their emergence site provide model systems to investigate the causes and demographic consequences of female mating failure.
Plasmablastic lymphomas with light chain restriction – plasmablastic extramedullary plasmacytomas?
Authors: Boy Sonja C. , Van Heerden Marlene B. , Raubenheimer Erich J. , Van Heerden Willie F. P. 
Published: October 2015

J Oral Pathol Med (2010) 39: 435–439Background:  It is diagnostically difficult to differentiate plasmablastic lymphomas (PBLs) from plasma cell neoplasms with plasmablastic differentiation. Plasmablastic lymphomas are currently classified as ‘PBL of the oral mucosa’ and ‘PBL with plasmacytic differentiation’.Methods:  Forty‐five cases of PBL were retrieved from the Departments of Oral Pathology of the Universities of Pretoria and Limpopo, South Africa. Clinical features and HIV status were recorded and each case was classified as ‘PBL of the oral mucosa type’ or as ‘PBL with plasmacytic differentiation’. Immunohistochemistry included: CD45, CD3, CD20, CD79a, CD38, CD138, MUM1, Ki‐67 and kappa and lambda light chains. Positivity was recorded based on the percentage of positive staining cells as focal (5–20%); intermediate (20–70%) or diffuse (>70%). In situ hybridization was performed for Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) and HHV‐8. Results were recorded as positive or negative.Results:  All cases showed some degree of plasmacytic differentiation. All were negative for CD20 with reactive T cells detected with CD3. Diffuse and strong positive staining was found with Ki‐67 and MUM1, but variable immunoreactivity was found with CD79a, CD45, CD38 and CD138. Twenty cases (47%) showed light chain restriction. Epstein–Barr virus was detected in 44/45 cases and HHV‐8 in none.Conclusions:  The morphological classification of PBLs is not valid as all cases showed some degree of plasmacytic differentiation. We propose that PBLs with light chain restriction be reclassified as ‘plasmablastic extramedullary plasmacytomas’ and managed accordingly. The rest represents true PBLs. The true nature of these neoplasms as an entity should be further investigated with molecular and genetic studies.
Q‐switched alexandrite laser treatment of facial and labial lentigines associated with Peutz–Jeghers syndrome
Authors: Li Yan , Tong Xiaorong , Yang Jing , Yang Liu , Tao Juan , Tu Yating 
Published: October 2015

SummaryBackgroundThe Q‐switched alexandrite laser used at 752 nm, a wavelength well absorbed by melanin relative to other optically absorbing structures in skin, causes highly selective destruction of pigment‐laden cells. In addition, the 75‐nanosecond pulse duration produced by this laser approximates the thermal relaxation time for melanosomes, thereby confining the energy to the target. Facial and labial dark brown macules quickly identify patients with Peutz–Jeghers syndrome. These lentigines may be cosmetically disfiguring. The Q‐switched alexandrite laser produces clinically significant fading of mucocutaneous melanosis in association with Peutz–Jeghers syndrome without complications often seen with other therapeutic modalities.ObjectivesTo evaluate the efficacy and safety of the Q‐switched alexandrite laser in treating facial and labial lentigines of Peutz–Jeghers syndrome.Subjects43 patients diagnosed with Peutz–Jeghers syndrome were treated and studied in our laser center from 2000 to 2010.MethodsWe used a Q‐switched alexandrite laser specified with 75 ns pulse length, emitting at 752 nm and with a 2.4 mm‐diameter spot size. The lesional skin was irradiated with fluences of 5–7 J/cm2. The treatment intervals were 3 months.ResultsAfter treatment with the Q‐switched alexandrite laser, 55.8% (24/43) of the patients had excellent results in which more than 75% of the pigments cleared, and 44.2% (19/43) showed good results. Three sessions were required to obtain excellent results. We observed no serious complications.ConclusionsWe obtain a successful outcome in the treatment of these lentigines with Q‐switched alexandrite laser and consider it the treatment of choice for these lesions.
Serum TNF‐Related and Weak Inducer of Apoptosis Levels in Septic Shock Patients
Authors: Nagai Miho , Hirayama Kouichi , Ebihara Itaru , Higuchi Takashi , Imaizumi Masahiro , Maruyama Hiroshi , Miyamoto Yasunori , Kakita Tomoko , Ogawa Yujiro , Fujita Shogo , Shimohata Homare , Kobayashi Masaki 
Published: October 2015

AbstractCapillary permeability is a tightly regulated feature of microcirculation in all organ beds. In sepsis, this feature is fundamentally altered. We have previously reported elevated levels of angiopoietin‐2 in patients with septic shock, and have investigated tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐related and weak inducer of apoptosis (TWEAK), which mediates both angiogenesis and inflammation, in those patients. Enzyme‐linked immunoassay was used to measure serum TWEAK levels in 20 patients with septic shock, all of whom were treated by direct hemoperfusion with a polymyxin B‐immobilized fiber column (DHP‐PMX), and in 20 non‐septic controls. The TWEAK levels were higher in patients with septic shock (192.8 ± 230.5 pg/mL) than in controls (84.1 ± 28.7 pg/mL, P = 0.043). Between 11 survivors and 10 non‐survivors, there was no significant difference in the serum TWEAK levels before the DHP‐PMX therapy. During DHP‐PMX therapy, however, the serum TWEAK levels were significantly increased in non‐survivors (142.2 ± 88.1 pg/mL to 399.0 ± 307.1 pg/mL, P = 0.022). There was a significant correlation between the serum TWEAK levels and white blood cell counts (r = 0.393, P < 0.001), platelet counts (r = 0.418, P < 0.001), or serum CRP levels (r = 0.259, P = 0.029), but there was no correlation between the serum TWEAK levels and blood pressure. The serum TWEAK levels were also correlated with the ratio of angiopoietin‐2 to ‐1 (r = 0.464, P < 0.001). TWEAK may be a suitable marker of disease severity and mortality in septic patients, and TWEAK levels may be associated with vascular permeability via angiopoietin balance.
Editor's Introduction to the Symposium: Politics, Policy, andHarry Potter
Authors: ALEMÁN DAVID MENA 
Published: October 2015

Related Articles in thisPolitics & PolicySymposiumNorman and Delfin. 2012. “Wizards under Uncertainty: Cognitive Biases, Threat Assessment, and Misjudgments in Policy Making.”http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747‐1346.2012.00356.x/abstractNorman. 2012. “International Boggarts: Carl Schmitt,Harry Potter, and the Transfiguration of Identity and Violence.”http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747‐1346.2012.00357.x/abstractGrijalva. 2012. “Deconstructing the Grand Narrative inHarry Potter: Inclusion/Exclusion and Discriminatory Policies in Fiction and Practice.”http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747‐1346.2012.00358.x/abstractRelated MediaDocumentary:Oreck (director). 2004. “Philosophy and the Matrix: Return to the Source.”http://topdocumentaryfilms.com/philosophy‐and‐the‐matrix‐return‐to‐the‐source/Course Syllabus:“Harry Potter and International Politics: Identity, Violence, and Social Control.”http://ipsonet.org/data/files/psoproceedings16.pdf(7‐18)