bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
<b>A reforma educacional paulista e a “nova” cultura docente</b>
Authors: Lourencetti Gisela Do Carmo 
Published: July 2013

http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/198464445698 O ideário neoliberal, as mudanças sociais e educacionais compõem o referencial desta pesquisa, que investigou indícios de alteração na cultura docente dos professores secundários, principalmente após a implantação da reforma educacional paulista. Foram realizadas entrevistas intensivas com dez experientes e comprometidos professores de Português, Matemática, História, Geografia e Ciências que atuam em escolas estaduais paulistas. A análise dos dados, que se baseou na abordagem qualitativa de pesquisa, aponta alteração na cultura docente dos professores. Considerando a formação recebida por esses docentes e comparando o papel que os professores desempenhavam no passado, parece que estamos diante de uma nova especificidade do trabalho. Os professores procuram conciliar, ao ensino dos conteúdos específicos, um papel afetivo e de socialização. Decorrente da ampliação do papel docente estamos diante de uma mudança na especificidade do trabalho docente, porque em muitos momentos os professores “abrem mão” do acadêmico para suprir aquilo que as famílias e a sociedade não ofereceram a seus jovens alunos. Nessa ampliação do papel docente, tradu­zida no desempenho de várias tarefas e no abandono do aspecto acadêmico como central, temos novos elementos na cultura docente de professores secundários. Outro aspecto a ser ressaltado é o reconhecimento deles de que estão menos exigentes. A justificativa apresentada indica que essa mudança foi necessária após a implantação da Progressão Continuada nas escolas estaduais. Nesse cenário, identificamos um aspecto decisivo: além da configuração da “nova” cultura docente há indícios de um grave processo de enfraquecimento da escola.
<b>Regime de Colaboração no financiamento da Educação Básica no Brasil: a experiência dos fundos contábeis em foco</b>
Authors: Andrade Edson Francisco 
Published: July 2013

http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/198464446227 O presente texto discorre sobre a corresponsabilidade constitucional entre Estados, Municípios e União no que concerne a obrigação desses entes federado sem garantir o atendimento de todos os níveis de educação escolar no País. Analisa-se, inicialmente, a concepção de Regime de Colaboração no contexto educacional brasileiro. Em seguida, tematiza-se a experiência da colaboração por meio dos fundos contábeis no Brasil. Por fim, destaca-se que a política de financiamento da educação que é levada a efeito pelos fundos contábeis tem contribuído para o provimento de uma agenda transitória para o setor, por conseguinte, faz-se imprescindível a consolidação de uma Política de Estado que garanta investimento compatível com a totalidade do gasto com a educação básica no País.
Bullying and victimization in early adolescence: Relations to social information processing patterns
Authors: Ziv Yair , Leibovich Inbal , Shechtman Zipora 
Published: July 2013

AbstractThere is a gap in the literature on the social information processing (SIP) patterns of adolescents exposed to victimization in school. Therefore, we examine the SIP patterns of young adolescents characterized by their teachers and by their own reports as victims, bullies, bullies/victims, and neither bullies nor victims. The 105 adolescents participating in this study were asked to respond to hypothetical social scenarios in which a protagonist is either rebuffed or provoked by peers. The scenarios were ambiguous in nature and thus could have been processed in different ways. Indeed, distinctive processing patterns were found for each of these groups: victims tended to avoid challenging social situations while expecting others to be purposefully hostile or ignoring; bullies tended to interpret others as purposefully hostile and stated their desire to retaliate; bullies/victims showed patterns more similar to those of the bullies than the victims; and those who were neither victims nor bullies tended to view the same challenging social situations as non hostile and more likely to end well for them. We conclude by discussing the theoretical and practical implications of these findings. Aggr. Behav. 39:482–492, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Bioinspired Chitinous Material Solutions for Environmental Sustainability and Medicine
Authors: Fernandez Javier G. , Ingber Donald E. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractChitin—the second most abundant organic material on earth—is a polysaccharide that combines with proteinaceous materials to form composites that provide the structural backbone of insect cuticles, crustacean exoskeletons, cephalopod shells and covering surfaces of many other living organisms. Although chitin and its related chitosan materials have been used in various industrial and medical applications based on their chemical properties, their unique mechanical functions have not date been leveraged for commercial applications. The use of chitinous materials for structural applications has been limited by our inability to reproduce, or even fully understand, the complex hierarchical designs behind naturally occurring chitin composites. In this article, an example of engineered chitinous materials is used to introduce the reader to the potential value that bioinspired materials offer for engineering of synthetic and biological materials. The nature of chitin and its general characteristics are first reviewed, and examples of chitinous structures are presented that are designed to perform very different functions, such as nacre and the insect cuticle. Investigation of the structural organization of these materials leads to understanding of the principles of natural materials design that are beginning to be harnessed to fabricate biologically‐inspired composites for materials engineering with tunable properties that mimic living materials, which might provide useful for environmental challenges, as well as medical applications.
Tailor‐Made Polymer Multilayers
Authors: Schuh Kerstin , Prucker Oswald , Rühe Jürgen 
Published: July 2013

AbstractThe fabrication of multilayer assemblies from polymeric compounds is an important tool for precise control of film architecture on the nanoscale. In this report, a general, novel approach for the preparation of well‐defined polymeric multilayers is described. To achieve this, sulfonyl‐azide group containing polymers are first generated and deposited as thin films onto solid (organic) substrates. Upon thermal activation, the system crosslinks and binds to the substrate via C–H bond insertion. Through step‐and‐repeat procedures, multilayer assemblies are then generated where all the individual layers are linked to each other. As the assembly process does not require any specific molecular interactions, the described process represents a general strategy to generate tailor‐made multilayer surface coatings with wide range of film thickness and composition.
Developing Polymer Composite Materials: Carbon Nanotubes or Graphene?
Authors: Sun Xuemei , Sun Hao , Li Houpu , Peng Huisheng 
Published: July 2013

AbstractThe formation of composite materials represents an efficient route to improve the performances of polymers and expand their application scopes. Due to the unique structure and remarkable mechanical, electrical, thermal, optical and catalytic properties, carbon nanotube and graphene have been mostly studied as a second phase to produce high performance polymer composites. Although carbon nanotube and graphene share some advantages in both structure and property, they are also different in many aspects including synthesis of composite material, control in composite structure and interaction with polymer molecule. The resulting composite materials are distinguished in property to meet different applications. This review article mainly describes the preparation, structure, property and application of the two families of composite materials with an emphasis on the difference between them. Some general and effective strategies are summarized for the development of polymer composite materials based on carbon nanotube and graphene.
A systematic review and meta‐analysis of asthma outcomes following endoscopic sinus surgery for chronic rhinosinusitis
Authors: Vashishta Rishi , Soler Zachary M. , Nguyen Shaun A. , Schlosser Rodney J. 
Published: July 2013

BackgroundPatients suffering from both chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) and asthma demonstrate improved asthma outcomes when upper airway inflammation is controlled with medications. It is unclear if similar benefits exist when the upper airway is treated surgically. This study presents a systematic review and meta‐analysis to assess the effects of endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) on asthma outcomes.MethodsOvid MEDLINE and the Cochrane databases were searched to identify studies examining asthma outcomes in patients with CRS following ESS. Included studies involved a cohort of at least 5 patients and reported at least 1 postoperative asthma outcome.ResultsTwenty‐two studies involving a total of 891 patients were identified. Mean follow‐up across all studies was 26.4 months. Patients reported improved overall asthma control in 76.1% (95% confidence interval [CI], 71.9% to 80.3%) of cases. The frequency of asthma attacks decreased in 84.8% (95% CI, 76.6% to 93.0%) of patients and the number of hospitalizations decreased in 64.4% (95% CI, 53.3% to 75.6%). Decreased use of oral corticosteroids was seen in 72.8% (95% CI, 67.5% to 78.1%) of patients; inhaled corticosteroid use decreased in 28.5% (95% CI, 22.6% to 34.5%) and bronchodilator use decreased in 36.3% (95% CI, 28.9% to 43.7%) of patients. Mean improvement in predicted forced expiratory volume at 1 second (FEV1) was 1.62%, but was not statistically significant (p = 0.877).ConclusionESS in patients with concomitant bronchial asthma improves clinical asthma outcome measures, but not lung function testing. Difficulty conducting controlled clinical trials of ESS limits the strength of conclusions which can be reached.
Longitudinal positron emission tomography imaging for monitoring myelin repair in the spinal cord
Authors: Wu Chunying , Zhu Junqing , Baeslack Jonathan , Zaremba Anita , Hecker Jordan , Kraso Janet , Matthews Paul M. , Miller Robert H. , Wang Yanming 
Published: July 2013

ObjectiveNovel therapeutic interventions aimed at myelin repair are now under development for neuroprotection as well as functional recovery of patients with multiple sclerosis. However, development of myelin repair therapy necessitates a noninvasive approach for measuring changes in myelin content in vivo in a quantitative fashion not yet possible using magnetic resonance imaging. For this reason, we developed a novel positron emission tomography (PET) probe, termed [11C]MeDAS, that is capable of longitudinally imaging central nervous system myelin content.MethodsThe binding properties of [11C]MeDAS for myelin were systematically evaluated by in vitro and in situ fluorescent staining of the spinal cord and the brain, and by in vivo competitive blocking studies. Longitudinal PET studies were conducted in 3 rat models involving acute focal neuroinflammation in the brain, lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC)‐induced focal demyelination in the spinal cord, and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Image‐guided myelin repair therapy was conducted in an LPC rat model using a mesenchymal stem cell‐based hepatocyte growth factor (HGF). Biodistribution and acute toxicity studies of [11C]MeDAS were also conducted.ResultsMeDAS selectively stains myelin in the spinal cord and brain. Neuroinflammation did not affect [11C]MeDAS uptake in the brain as long as the myelin sheaths remained intact. Longitudinal PET studies in LPC and EAE rat models demonstrate that [11C]MeDAS uptake changes correlate with associated myelin loss in the spinal cord. Furthermore, using [11C]MeDAS‐PET, the efficacy of myelin repair therapy with HGF was longitudinally monitored in vivo.Interpretation[11C]MeDAS‐PET is a promising imaging marker for monitoring myelin pathology in vivo, future applications of which in humans should be achievable. Ann Neurol 2013;74:688–698
Operating windows of stripe coating
Authors: Lin Chi‐Feng , Wang Bo‐Kai , Lo Shao‐Hsuan , Wong David Shan‐Hill , Liu Ta‐Jo , Tiu Carlos 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACTThe fluid mechanics of narrow stripe coating for low viscosity Newtonian solutions was investigated. A narrow stripe could be produced either through a slot die with a shim to control the slot width or through a rectangular nozzle. A flow visualization technique was employed to observe the mechanism on how a narrow stripe breaks at high coating speeds. Two‐dimensional and three‐dimensional numerical simulations on coating flows were also carried out to examine the fluid motion. The coating solution was found to expand laterally after emanating from the slot die channel at low coating speeds. The stripe width contracts gradually with increasing coating speed until coating failures appear. The coating defect observed switches from ribbing to a periodic stable and break‐up motion. The effects of various fluid properties, geometric and operating parameters on the variation of coating width and maximum coating speeds were examined. A universal correlation involving two dimensionless groups, Reynolds and Bond number, was established for the prediction of coating width. © 2013 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and characterization of poly(caprolactone triol succinate) elastomer for tissue engineering application
Authors: Harmon Matthew D. , James Roshan , Shelke Namdev B. , Kumbar Sangamesh G. 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACTA novel polymer poly(caprolactone triol succinate) (PPCLSu) was synthesized from monomers polycaprolactone triol and succinic acid by direct polycondensation. The tensile strength of PPCLSu was found to be 0.33 ± 0.03 MPa with an elongation of 47.8 ± 1.9%. These elastomers lost about 7% of their original mass in anin vitrodegradation study conducted in phosphate‐buffered saline (PBS) at 37°C up to 10 weeks. Three‐dimensional (3D) porous scaffolds were created by a porogen‐leaching method and these constructs were evaluated for primary rat osteoblast (PRO) proliferation and phenotype developmentin vitro. This elastomer promoted primary rat osteoblast adhesion, proliferation and increased expression of alkaline phosphatase, an early marker of osteoblastic phenotype. These preliminary results suggest that PPCLSu may be a good candidate material for scaffolding applications in tissue regeneration. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 130: 3770–3777, 2013
Biodegradation of in situ‐forming gel of poly(DLLA‐co‐CL) in vivo
Authors: Zhang Chong , Zhang Xiaowei , Yang Dan , Wang Ping 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACTPoly(dl‐lactide‐co‐caprolactone) was dissolved in N‐methyl‐2‐pyrolidone (NMP) for preparing blank group formulation, and drug group was prepared by dissolving testosterone undecanoate (TU) as model drug in blank group. These formulations rapidly gelled by solvent diffusion effect after subcutaneous injection. The in vivo degradation of copolymer gel in rabbits was investigated after injection. The GPC and 1H NMR results showed that no matter the gel contained drug or not, it had no effect on degradation rate for the P(DLLA‐co‐CL) carrier. Degradation products of copolymer were absorbed or excreted based on metabolism. Copolymer molar composition changed slightly in 3 months. The structures and characteristic of copolymers were characterized via DSC, TGA, and SEM, respectively. Experimental results showed that the copolymer had excellent heat resistance. Crystallinity increased gradually during degradation process. A dense cross‐sectional structure formed after 90 days. In addition, it can be obviously found that the degradation process of the copolymer proceeded in two steps. Mechanism of copolymer biodegradation in vivo was bulk degradation. The gel could well administrate the release of TU in a sustained way without significant burst features. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 130: 3800–3808, 2013
Ground‐penetrating Radar and Electromagnetic Archaeogeophysical Investigations at the Roman Legionary Camp at Legio, Israel
Authors: Pincus Jessie A. , de Smet Timothy S. , Tepper Yotam , Adams Matthew J. 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACTHistorical sources indicate that the Roman Sixth LegionFerrataestablished a permanent camp in the Jezreel Valley (Israel) in the vicinity of the archaeological site currently known as Legio (el‐Lajjun) near a historical Roman road junction to the south of Tel Megiddo. While archaeological surveys have demonstrated that indeed there was a strong Roman presence at the site, the precise location of the legionary camp has not been demonstrated conclusively. One of the authors (Tepper) has made a topographical and archaeological argument that the low hill, known locally asel‐Manach, on the eastern edge of the site is, indeed, the location of the camp. To test this hypothesis, we conducted ground‐penetrating radar (GPR) and electromagnetic (EM) archaeogeophysical surveys at the site. In particular, we studied the hypothetical northern corner of the camp in an effort to confirm the presence of archaeological features consistent with Roman military construction. Data from both studies were combined and compared with evidence proffered by Tepper's historical and geographical research. This study provides strong evidence for architectural remains on the hill ofel‐Manach, and concludes that it is highly likely that such remains relate to the Roman camp of the Sixth Legion. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Death Receptor 5–Targeted Depletion of Interleukin‐23–Producing Macrophages, Th17, and Th1/17 Associated With Defective Tyrosine Phosphatase in Mice and Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Li Jun , Yang PingAr , Wu Qi , Li Hao , Ding Yanna , Hsu Hui‐Chen , Spalding David M. , Mountz John D. 
Published: July 2013

ObjectiveBidirectional interactions between granulocyte–macrophage colony‐stimulating factor–positive (GM‐CSF+) T cells and interferon regulatory factor 5–positive (IRF‐5+) macrophages play a major role in autoimmunity. In the absence of SH2 domain–containing phosphatase 1 (SHP‐1), GM‐CSF–stimulated cells are resistant to death receptor (DR)–mediated apoptosis. The objective of this study was to determine whether TRA‐8, an anti–DR5 agonistic antibody, can eliminate inflammatory macrophages and CD4 T cells in the SHP‐1–deficient condition.MethodsUbiquitous Cre (Ubc.Cre) human/mouse‐chimeric DR5–transgenic mice were crossed with viable SHP‐1–defective motheaten (mev/mev) mice. TRA‐8 was administered weekly for up to 4 weeks. The clinical scores, histopathologic severity, and macrophage and CD4 T cell phenotypes were evaluated. The role of TRA‐8 in depleting inflammatory macrophages and CD4 T cells was also evaluated, using synovial fluid obtained from patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA).ResultsThe levels of inflammatory macrophages (interleukin‐23–positive [IL‐23+] IRF‐5+) and CD4 T cells (IL‐17+ GM‐CSF+) were elevated in mev/mev mice. In DR5‐transgenic mev/mev mice, DR5 expression was up‐regulated in these 2 cell populations. TRA‐8 treatment depleted these cell populations and resulted in a significant reduction in inflammation and in the titers of autoantibodies. In synovial cells from patients with RA, the expression of IRF5 and DR5 was negatively correlated with the expression of PTPN6. TRA‐8, but not TRAIL, suppressed RA inflammatory macrophages and Th17 cells under conditions in which the expression of SHP‐1 is low.ConclusionIn contrast to TRAIL, which lacks the capability to counteract the survival signal in the absence of SHP‐1, TRA‐8 eliminated both IRF‐5+ IL‐23+ M1 macrophages and pathogenic GM‐CSF+ IL‐17+ CD4 T cells in a SHP‐1–independent manner. The results of the current study suggest that TRA‐8 can deplete inflammatory cell populations that result from a hyperactive GM‐CSF/IRF‐5 axis.
Brief Report: Deficient Thymic Output in Rheumatoid Arthritis Despite Abundance of Prethymic Progenitors
Authors: Wagner Ulf , Schatz Annika , Baerwald Christoph , Rossol Manuela 
Published: July 2013

ObjectiveTo determine the frequencies of common lymphoid progenitors (CLPs) and recent thymic emigrants (RTEs) in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and healthy control subjects.MethodsFlow cytometry was performed to determine the frequencies of CLPs and RTEs in the peripheral blood of 101 control subjects and 51 patients with RA. Thirteen of these patients were also analyzed longitudinally for 6 months after initiation of treatment with a tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitor.ResultsA significant correlation between the frequencies of CLPs and RTEs was observed in healthy control subjects. The frequencies of both CLPs and RTEs decreased with age and correlated inversely with absolute lymphocyte numbers in peripheral blood. In patients with RA, the frequencies of RTEs were significantly decreased compared with the frequencies in control subjects. Importantly, the frequencies of CLPs were significantly higher in patients with RA compared with control subjects. Therapeutic TNF blockade further increased the frequency of CLPs, thereby normalizing thymic output, as indicated by an increase in the number of RTEs.ConclusionThymic insufficiency in RA is not attributable to an inadequate supply of progenitor cells to the thymus. Thus, insufficient numbers of RTEs could result from inadequate thymic T cell neogenesis, or alternatively, could be a consequence of high CD4+ T cell turnover, homeostatic proliferation, and subsequent dilution of the RTE population.
Interleukin‐6 Trans‐Signaling Exacerbates Inflammation and Renal Pathology in Lupus‐Prone Mice
Authors: Tsantikos Evelyn , Maxwell Mhairi J. , Putoczki Tracy , Ernst Matthias , Rose‐John Stefan , Tarlinton David M. , Hibbs Margaret L. 
Published: July 2013

ObjectiveSystemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a heterogeneous autoimmune disease that is characterized by the production of antinuclear antibodies (ANAs) and leads to immune complex deposition in the kidneys and nephritis. Lyn tyrosine kinase is a regulator of antibody‐mediated autoimmune disease, as evidenced by studies in gene‐targeted mice and as suggested in genome‐wide association studies in SLE. Like SLE patients, Lyn‐deficient mice have increased levels of interleukin‐6 (IL‐6). Deletion of IL‐6 from Lyn‐deficient mice abrogates levels of inflammation, pathogenic autoantibodies, and nephritis. The purpose of this study was to assess the role of IL‐6 trans‐signaling in autoimmune disease by overexpressing soluble gp130Fc (sgp130Fc) in a mouse model.MethodsThe effect of overexpression of sgp130Fc on immune cell phenotypes was determined by flow cytometry in young and aged mice with lupus, and ANAs were measured by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. Glomerulonephritis was assessed by histopathologic analysis, by measuring the glomerular area and the blood urea nitrogen concentration, and by immunohistochemistry. Immunofluorescence defined renal immune complex and complement deposition. The acute‐phase response was determined by quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction.ResultsIn contrast to removing IL‐6, impaired IL‐6 trans‐signaling had little effect on many immune cell abnormalities in Lyn−/− mice. Pathogenic ANAs and kidney deposition of immune complexes were also unaltered by sgp130Fc. However, sgp130Fc overexpression led to diminished macrophage expansion, reduced glomerular leukocyte infiltration, reduced complement fixation, significantly attenuated glomerulonephritis, and improved renal function in Lyn‐deficient mice.ConclusionOur results reveal key roles of leukocytes, complement, and the innate immune system in mediating glomerulonephritis, and they implicate IL‐6 trans‐signaling in this process. We suggest that targeting this pathway may be an effective adjunct to B cell depletion in SLE treatment.