bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Les débuts de l’affacturage en France, 1961-1973 : un secteur marginal en quête de reconnaissance
Authors: Effosse Sabine 
Published: April 2015

En plein essor depuis la crise de 2007-2008, l’affacturage, c’est-à-dire la gestion et le paiement anticipé des créances, est longtemps resté une technique de financement confidentielle voire cachée. Pourtant, pratique alternative au crédit inter-entreprises, il permet de minimiser les risques liés à l’allongement des délais de paiement et aux créances impayées. En revenant sur les conditions d’implantation de l’affacturage en France au début des années 1960, cet article s’attache à en identifier les enjeux, les principaux acteurs, ainsi que les entreprises qui y recourent. Il apparaît ainsi que les affactureurs américains, soucieux de profiter du programme Kennedy de croissance des exportations, jouent un rôle majeur dans sa réimplantation en Europe lors de la construction du Marché commun. Face à ces initiatives visant la création de nouvelles sociétés de factoring, les autorités financières françaises sont partagées. Les risques d’inflation de crédit à court terme et de « dépersonnalisation » du crédit les conduisent à la plus grande prudence. Mais la nécessité d’encourager les exportations et la modernisation du crédit à court terme aboutissent à sa reconnaissance officielle en 1973. L’affacturage connaît toutefois un développement initial limité voire marginal. Les PME hésitent à utiliser un mode de financement plus coûteux que l’escompte. S’ajoute la crainte de l’immixtion de l’affactureur dans le « secret des affaires ». Aussi les entreprises qui y recourent le font-elles souvent en dernier recours. Devenu dès lors synonyme d’entreprises en difficultés, l’affacturage peine à combler ce déficit d’image. La restauration de cette image, qui soulève la question-clé de l’introduction d’un tiers dans la relation-clients, demeure ainsi jusqu’à aujourd’hui une préoccupation constante des acteurs d’un secteur en pleine mutation.
Le ‘tiers inclus’ dans l’évangile de Luc
Authors: Wargnies Philippe 
Published: April 2015

L’évangile de Luc prête une grande attention à la miséricorde. De nombreuses scènes et paraboles insistent sur cette disposition et laissent voir sa mise en œuvre. À cet égard, on rencontre, dans le fonctionnement narratif du troisième évangile, une configuration, typique et récurrente, de relations triangulaires entre personnages, réels ou paraboliques. Approfondies à travers quelques épisodes plus représentatifs, ces relations révèlent clairement l’invitation faite au lecteur : il s’agit d’accueillir ce don pour communier soi-même à la façon dont le Christ prodigue, à tous sans exception, la miséricorde du Père.
Le péché, offense de Dieu, et l’immutabilité divine
Authors: Chapelle Albert 
Published: April 2015

Dieu est touché par nos péchés. L’Écriture le fait entendre en chacune de ses pages. Mais comment concilier cette affirmation scripturaire avec l’immutabilité divine ? La difficulté ne viendrait-elle pas d’une conception exclusivement formelle de celle-ci ? Dieu n’est pas immuable « par défaut » (« il ne peut changer »), mais « par excès ». L’acte trinitaire de Dieu comprend, comme tel, toutes les relations personnelles, il n’a pas besoin de changer pour les éprouver. Dans l’Actualité éternelle de sa Charité, Dieu vit, en sa Trinité sainte, la soumission et la disponibilité infinie à des acquiescements et à des refus qui, venant de nous, ses enfants créés et recréés dans son Esprit, le touchent au Cœur. Il les accepte si simplement et si totalement qu’Il n’en peut souffrir.
L’apothéose de La Tour d’Auvergne
Authors: Le Bloas Alain 
Published: April 2015

En 1841, Carhaix est le théâtre d’une des plus
grandes fêtes publiques organisées en Bretagne sous la monarchie de
Juillet. L’inauguration de la statue de La Tour d’Auvergne, héros
révolutionnaire et enfant du pays, en est le prétexte. Cette
commémoration voulue et préparée par le préfet Boullé est
l’aboutissement d’une mobilisation conjointe de l’État et d’une partie
des élites bretonnes. Le rassemblement puise dans les différents
registres de la fête publique : la fête funèbre romantique, la
statuomanie, la fête patriotique, la fête libérale. Elle est aussi à
travers celui qui est à cette occasion propulsé grand homme de la
Bretagne célébration de la région. Si le rassemblement est un succès
par sa fréquentation et son parfait déroulement, il ne parvient
cependant pas à fédérer pour le plus grand profit du régime comme
l’espéraient les organisateurs. L’Église se montre en effet hostile au
culte du héros et organise dans les campagnes cornouaillaises un
véritable boycottage de la cérémonie. Quant aux participants, ils ne
se laissent pas docilement manipuler par la propagande orléaniste.
L’enfant des villes. Considérations sur la place du jeu et la créativité de l’architecte face à l’émergence de la ville garantie
Authors: Breviglieri Marc 
Published: April 2015

La présence des tout jeunes enfants dans la rue se manifeste parfois comme des gestes d’évasion et d’exploration arrachés à la surveillance parentale. A y regarder de près, la manifestation inspirée de ces « gestes d’échappement » semble dévoiler une dimension essentielle de la relation sensible au milieu urbain que l’architecte ne devrait en rien perdre de vue. L’enfant peut faire exister la ville autrement et en révéler une texture particulière que l’adulte tend à ne plus savoir lire. Mais cette ouverture au champ phénoménal de l’enfant, qui aide au travail imaginaire de l’architecte, subit une tension de sens opposé venant d’un ensemble de directives et de prescriptions techniques normatives liées au développement d’une politique de certification de la qualité particulièrement active dans le domaine de l’enfance et du design urbain. En voulant garantir l’utilisation raisonnable et informée de la ville, cette politique évacue bon nombre de possibilités d’irruption du jeu dans l’espace public, grâce auxquelles l’enfant apprend à vivre avec d’autres, potentialise des capacités remarquables et trouve parfois un incomparable lieu d’enchantement.
CD8+ TCR Bias and Immunodominance in HIV-1 Infection
Authors: Kløverpris Henrik N. , McGregor Reuben , McLaren James E. , Ladell Kristin , Harndahl Mikkel , Stryhn Anette , Carlson Jonathan M. , Koofhethile Catherine , Gerritsen Bram , Keşmir Can , Chen Fabian , Riddell Lynn , Luzzi Graz , Leslie Alasdair , Walker Bruce D. , Ndung’u Thumbi , Buus Søren , Price David A. , Goulder Philip J. 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
Immunodominance describes a phenomenon whereby the immune system consistently targets only a fraction of the available Ag pool derived from a given pathogen. In the case of CD8+ T cells, these constrained epitope-targeting patterns are linked to HLA class I expression and determine disease progression. Despite the biological importance of these predetermined response hierarchies, little is known about the factors that control immunodominance in vivo. In this study, we conducted an extensive analysis of CD8+ T cell responses restricted by a single HLA class I molecule to evaluate the mechanisms that contribute to epitope-targeting frequency and antiviral efficacy in HIV-1 infection. A clear immunodominance hierarchy was observed across 20 epitopes restricted by HLA-B*42:01, which is highly prevalent in populations of African origin. Moreover, in line with previous studies, Gag-specific responses and targeting breadth were associated with lower viral load set-points. However, peptide–HLA-B*42:01 binding affinity and stability were not significantly linked with targeting frequencies. Instead, immunodominance correlated with epitope-specific usage of public TCRs, defined as amino acid residue–identical TRB sequences that occur in multiple individuals. Collectively, these results provide important insights into a potential link between shared TCR recruitment, immunodominance, and antiviral efficacy in a major human infection.
The Free Radical Scavenger NecroX-7 Attenuates Acute Graft-versus-Host Disease via Reciprocal Regulation of Th1/Regulatory T Cells and Inhibition of HMGB1 Release
Authors: Im Keon-Il , Kim Nayoun , Lim Jung-Yeon , Nam Young-Sun , Lee Eun-Sol , Kim Eun-Jung , Kim Hyoung Jin , Kim Soon Ha , Cho Seok-Goo 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is a major complication associated with allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Despite the prominent role of the adaptive immune system, the importance of controlling the innate immune system in the pathogenesis of GVHD has recently been rediscovered. High-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) is a crucial damage-associated molecular pattern signal that functions as a potent innate immune mediator in GVHD. In the present study, we investigated treatment of experimental GVHD through HMGB1 blockade using the compound cyclopentylamino carboxymethylthiazolylindole (NecroX)-7. Treated animals significantly attenuated GVHD-related mortality and inhibited severe tissue damage. These protective effects correlated with the decrease in HMGB1 expression and lower levels of reactive oxidative stress. Additionally, NecroX-7 inhibited the HMGB1-induced release of TNF and IL-6, as well as the expression of TLR-4 and receptor for advanced glycation end products. We also observed increased regulatory T cell numbers, which may be associated with regulation of differentiation signals independent of HMGB1. Taken together, these data indicate that NecroX-7 protects mice against lethal GVHD by reciprocal regulation of regulatory T/Th1 cells, attenuating systemic HMGB1 accumulation and inhibiting HMGB1-mediated inflammatory response. Our results indicate the possibility of a new use for a clinical drug that is effective for the treatment of GVHD.
Involvement of CD300a Phosphatidylserine Immunoreceptor in Aluminum Salt Adjuvant–Induced Th2 Responses
Authors: Miki Haruka , Nakahashi-Oda Chigusa , Sumida Takayuki , Shibuya Akira 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
Aluminum salt (alum) has been widely used for vaccinations as an adjuvant. Alum not only enhances immunogenicity but also induces Th2 cell immune responses. However, the mechanisms of how alum enhances Th2 cell immune responses have been controversial. In an experimental allergic airway inflammation model, in which alum in conjunction with OVA Ag was i.p. injected for immunization, we found that apoptotic cells and inflammatory dendritic cells (iDC) expressing CD300a, an inhibitory immunoreceptor for phosphatidylserine (PS), significantly increased in number in the peritoneal cavity after the immunization. In contrast, apoptotic cells and iDCs were scarcely observed in the peritoneal cavity after injection of OVA alone. In CD300a-deficient mice, eosinophil infiltration in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, serum IgE levels, and airway hyperreactivity were significantly decreased after immunization with alum plus OVA compared with wild-type mice. In vitro, iDCs purified from CD300a-deficient mice after the immunization induced significantly less IL-4 production from OT-II naive CD4+ T cells after coculture with OVA Ag. CD300a expressed on iDCs bound PS on apoptotic cells in the peritoneal cavity after injection of OVA plus alum. Blocking CD300a interaction with PS by injection of a neutralizing anti-CD300a Ab resulted in inhibition of the development of allergic airway inflammation. These results suggest that CD300a is involved in alum-induced Th2 skewing.
Dual Inhibition of TNFR1 and IFNAR1 in Imiquimod-Induced Psoriasiform Skin Inflammation in Mice
Authors: Grine Lynda , Dejager Lien , Libert Claude , Vandenbroucke Roosmarijn E. 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease affecting 2–3% of the world population and is mainly characterized by epidermal hyperplasia, scaling, and erythema. A prominent role for TNF in the pathogenesis of psoriasis has been shown, and consequently various types of TNF antagonists such as etanercept and infliximab have been used successfully. Recently, increasing amounts of data suggest that type I IFNs are also crucial mediators of psoriasis. To investigate whether blocking their respective receptors would be useful, TNFR1- and IFNAR1-deficient mice were challenged with Aldara, which contains imiquimod, and is used as an experimental model to induce psoriasis-like skin lesions in mice. Both transgenic mice showed partial protection toward Aldara-induced inflammation compared with control groups. Additionally, TNFR1 knockout mice showed sustained type I IFN production in response to Aldara. Double knockout mice lacking both receptors showed superior protection to Aldara in comparison with the single knockout mice and displayed reduced levels of IL-12p40, IL-17F, and S100A8, indicating that the TNF and type I IFN pathways contribute significantly to inflammation upon treatment with Aldara. Our findings reveal that dual inhibition of TNFR1 and IFNAR1 may represent a potential novel strategic treatment of psoriasis.
The Lung Is Protected from Spontaneous Inflammation by Autophagy in Myeloid Cells
Authors: Kanayama Masashi , He You-Wen , Shinohara Mari L. 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
The lung is constantly exposed to the outer environment; thus, it must maintain a state of immune ignorance or tolerance not to overrespond to harmless environmental stimuli. How cells in the lung control immune responses under nonpathogenic condition is not fully understood. In this study, we found that autophagy plays a critical role in the lung-specific immune regulation that prevents spontaneous inflammation. Autophagy in pulmonary myeloid cells plays a role in maintaining low burdens of environmental microbes in the lung, as well as in lowering mitochondrial reactive oxygen species production and preventing overresponse to TLR4 ligands in alveolar macrophages. Based on these mechanisms, we also found that intranasal instillation of antibiotics or an inhibitor of reactive oxygen species was efficient in preventing spontaneous pulmonary inflammation. Thus, autophagy in myeloid cells, particularly alveolar macrophages, is critical for inhibiting spontaneous pulmonary inflammation, and pulmonary inflammation caused by dysfunctional autophagy is pharmacologically prevented.
Structural Basis for the Function of Complement Component C4 within the Classical and Lectin Pathways of Complement
Authors: Mortensen Sofia , Kidmose Rune T. , Petersen Steen V. , Szilágyi Ágnes , Prohászka Zoltan , Andersen Gregers R. 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
Complement component C4 is a central protein in the classical and lectin pathways within the complement system. During activation of complement, its major fragment C4b becomes covalently attached to the surface of pathogens and altered self-tissue, where it acts as an opsonin marking the surface for removal. Moreover, C4b provides a platform for assembly of the proteolytically active convertases that mediate downstream complement activation by cleavage of C3 and C5. In this article, we present the crystal and solution structures of the 195-kDa C4b. Our results provide the molecular details of the rearrangement accompanying C4 cleavage and suggest intramolecular flexibility of C4b. The conformations of C4b and its paralogue C3b are shown to be remarkably conserved, suggesting that the convertases from the classical and alternative pathways are likely to share their overall architecture and mode of substrate recognition. We propose an overall molecular model for the classical pathway C5 convertase in complex with C5, suggesting that C3b increases the affinity for the substrate by inducing conformational changes in C4b rather than a direct interaction with C5. C4b-specific features revealed by our structural studies are probably involved in the assembly of the classical pathway C3/C5 convertases and C4b binding to regulators.
De vierde D: inaugurele rede Thorbecke-leerstoel
Authors: Cohen Job 
Published: April 2015

The fourth D: inaugural speech Thorbecke-chair
The first contribution to this special issue on local democracy in the Netherlands is the inaugural speech of Job Cohen (the former mayor of Amsterdam) held on January 9th 2015 at the University of Leiden as extraordinary professor at the prestigious Thorbecke-chair. His field is the theory of the municipality as an administrative, political and legal system. The title of his inaugural speech was ‘The fourth D’, in which the first three D’s stand for three different decentralizations of tasks to the Dutch municipalities and the fourth D for democracy. In his speech Cohen advocates a deliberative form of democracy, because it doesn’t emphasize differences and the exaggeration of differences, but emphasizes what the members of a community have in common. Deliberative democracy wants to create space for this common interest through the establishment of an arena for dialogue. Job Cohen is particularly taken by the ideas of the Belgian writer David Van Reybrouck about lottery selection and citizen participation and corresponding initiatives like G1000: a civic-summit, a form of deliberative democracy that generates new ideas, opens new perspectives and increases trust in the democratic process. The element of lottery selection (that was previously put on the agenda by the American professor James Fishkin) is essential for these results, because it creates a maximum of diversity and real involvement of all layers of the population: full citizen participation.
Actief burgerschap en leefbaarheid in twee Rotterdamse wijken
Authors: Snel Erik , Hoogmoed Kim , Odé Arend 
Published: April 2015

Active citizenship and quality of life in two neighbourhoods in Rotterdam
Modern government has high expectations of active citizen participation. Sociologists however, expect that this emphasis on citizen participation leads to new inequalities between city neighbourhoods. In ‘better’ neighbourhoods relatively more inhabitants are higher educated and indigenous, categories that are traditionally more active in society. In vulnerable neighbourhoods on the other hand many of the inhabitants are non-indigenous, lower educated and unemployed, who – as is shown in research – participate less. Citizen initiatives therefore would prosper in neighbourhoods with resilient and competent citizens and a powerful social fabric, while inhabitants of the vulnerable neighbourhoods would participate less, although there is more need for active citizen participation, because of their problems. This study analyses active citizen participation in two neighbourhoods in the Dutch city of Rotterdam, ‘Schiemond’ and ‘Lloydkwartier’, a typical backward neighbourhood versus a typical neighbourhood for young urban professionals (‘yuppen’). In contrast with the expectations the inhabitants of Schiemond do not appear to participate less than the inhabitants of Lloydkwartier. Concerning matters of neighbourhood safety even more respondents participate in Schiemond than in Lloydkwartier. Possible reasons are: (a) that lower educated people do participate more often in informal neighbourhood initiatives; (b) that because of the average longer residency in Schiemond there is a greater amount of public familiarity in this neighbourhood; or (c) that because of the bigger problems in Schiemond there is a greater necessity for inhabitants to become active themselves.
Determination of Multiresidues of Three Acid Herbicides in Tobacco by Liquid Chromatography/Tandem Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Liu Shanshan , Bian Zhaoyang , Yang Fei , Li Zhonghao , Fan Ziyan , Zhang Hongfei , Wang Ying , Zhang Yange , Tang Gangling 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
A method to determine residues of the three acid herbicides, 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, and 3,6-dichloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid (dicamba), in tobacco using LC/MS/MS is presented. Because these herbicide residues in tobacco might exist in different forms (free acid, salt, and ester), tobacco samples were first pretreated by alkaline hydrolysis and then the pH was adjusted in order to convert the residues completely to their free acid forms. Dichloromethane extraction and dispersive SPE using C18 sorbent were carried out before LC/MS/MS analysis, and quantification was performed using the internal standard method. Linearity was good for all analytes (R2 ≥ 0.999) in the concentration range of 0.02 to 0.5 mg/kg. LODs were below 0.05 mg/kg. Recoveries ranged from 80.4 to 93.5%, and RSD was below 10%. This simple, efficient, and sensitive method can be applied to the determination of residues of the three acid herbicides in tobacco.
A Comparative Quantitative Structure-Retention Relationships Study for Lipophilicity Determination of Compounds with a Phenanthrene Skeleton on Cyano-, Reversed Phase-, and Normal Phase-Thin Layer Chromatography Stationary Phases
Authors: Ciura Krzesimir , Nowakowska Joanna , Pikul Piotr , Struck-Lewicka Wiktoria , Markuszewski Michał J 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
The phenanthrene skeleton is an important moiety in medical chemistry as it is present in steroidal drugs used as anti-inflammatory and anti-asthmatic agents as well as synthetic hormones or potassium sparing diuretics. Chromatographic properties of 14 derivatives containing the phenanthrene skeleton in their structure with known lipophilicityhave been studied. NP, RP, and cyano-bonded silica stationary phaseswith three binary mobile phases (acetonitrile–water, acetone–water, and acetone–petroleum ether) were tested. Obtained chromatographic data were correlated with the lipophilicity expressed as values of log partition coefficient (P). The presented study was undertaken to find the best TLC system and chromatographic data processing method in order to predict log P values. Correlations between chromatographic data and measurements of lipophilicity of compounds were presented as results of established quantitative structure-retention relationships. Principal component analysis and cluster analysis were used to investigate the similarities among chromatographic systems.
L’Underground musical des années 1970 au Québec
Authors: Lefebvre Marie-Thérèse 
Published: April 2015

La contre-culture possède deux visages : l’un à découvert (overground) et l’autre, souterrain (underground). Dans la mouvance « overground » des musiques écrites d’avant-garde et d’allégeance européenne défendues, entre autres, par la Société de musique contemporaine du Québec (SMCQ), une nouvelle génération de musiciens revendique un espace de création pluridisciplinaire où l’expérimentation et l’improvisation prennent appui sur les modèles américains. « Underground » dans les années 70, ce mouvement artistique donne naissance à un courant esthétique qui émerge au début des années 80 sous le nom de “musique actuelle”. Histoire d’une rencontre entre deux univers de création.