bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cardiac Autonomic Nervous System Activity in Obese and Never‐Obese Young Men
Authors: Aronne Louis J. , Mackintosh Ronald , Rosenbaum Michael , Leibel Rudolph L. , Hirsch Jules 
Published: September 2012

AbstractARONNE, LOUIS J, RONALD MACKINTOSH, MICHAEL ROSENBAUM, RUDOLPH L LEIBEL, JULES HIRSCH. Cardiac autonomic nervous system activity in obese and never‐obese young men.Autonomic nervous system (ANS) activity in age‐matched, weight‐stable, free‐living, ad libitumfed, obese (OB) and never‐obese (NO) young men (body mass index means [SD], 38.5 [3.9] and 22.0 [1.7], respectively) was evaluated by sequential blockade of cardiac autonomic innervation with weight‐adjusted doses of parasympathetic (atropine) and sympathetic (esmolol) blockers so as to produce maximal effects on heart rate. Change in heart period (interbeat interval) from baseline, induced by atropine, defined parasympathetic control (PC), and the subsequent change, after esmolol administration, defined sympathetic control (SC). The heart period, after PC and SC blockade, defined intrinsic heart period (I). In the OB group, baseline heart period and PC were lower, and SC and I were higher, than in the NO group. The results in the OB, relative to the NO subjects, are similar to those reported in a previous study of NO subjects who had undergone a 10% weight gain by overfeeding. These findings suggest that the ANS of individuals with obesity is chronically altered in a way that would tend to oppose their excessive adiposity, and that these autonomic changes are more likely to be responses to other forces that induce obesity, rather than being primary agents in the production of the disease.
Duration of Breastfeeding Associated With Obesity During Adolescence
Authors: Elliott Kristen G. , Kjolhede Chris L. , Gournis Effie , Rasmussen Kathleen M. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractELLIOTT, KRISTEN G, CHRIS L KJOLHEDE, EFFIE GOURNIS, KATHLEEN M RASMUSSEN. Duration of breastfeeding associated with obesity during adolescence.The relationship between duration of breastfeeding and obesity (body mass index 85 percentile) at adolescence was investigated in a white, rural population (n=136) in which confounding by race was absent and confounding by socioeconomic status was expected to be minimal. Relevant data were abstracted from hospital charts. When examined independently, minimal (2 months) or no breastfeeding was positively associated with adolescent obesity (p<0. 03). This association was present in the lower but not the higher socioeconomic status group. However, when sex, birthweight, and socioeconomic status were included in a multiple regression model, duration of breastfeeding was no longer significantly associated with obesity during adolescence.
Long‐Term Drug Treatment of Obesity in a Private Practice Setting
Authors: Atkinson Richard L. , Blank Roy C. , Schumacher Donald , Dhurandhar Nikhil V. , Ritch Douglas L. ,   With clinical and technical assistance of Jon Levine, Chan Eric , Rieg Thomas S. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractATKINSON, RICHARD L, ROY C BLANK, DONALD SCHUMACHER, NIKHIL V DHURANDHAR, DOUGLAS L RITCH. Long‐term drug treatment of obesity in a private practice setting.This study evaluated the long‐term efficacy and safety of the combination of phentermine and fenfluramine for the treatment of obesity in a private practice setting. A total of 1388 consecutive, qualified patients presenting to a private general internal medicine practice in Charlotte, NC, were enrolled with eligibility criteria including: age 18 years to 60 years, 20% over “desirable” bodyweight or body mass index <27, no serious medical or psychiatric disease, and no contraindications to drug therapy. Patients were instructed in diet, exercise, and behavior modification techniques and received phentermine (15 mg/day to 30 mg/day) and fenfluramine (20 mg/day to 60 mg/day) continuously for over 3 years. Average duration of treatment was 15. 9 months, and average weight loss at the last visit was 11. 6 kg, or 11. 7% of initial bodyweight. For patients completing 1 year of drug treatment, mean weight loss was 16. 5 kg, or 16% of initial weight. Weight loss persisted for 2 years, but partial regain was seen at 3 years. The dropout rates were 18% at 6 months, 39% at 1 year, 68% at 2 years, and 78% at 3 years. At 1 year, blood pressure of hypertensive patients fell from 151/95 mm Hg to 127/78 mm Hg, and serum cholesterol and triglycerides of hyperlipidemic patients fell by 0. 750 mmol/L (29 mg/dL) and 0. 937 mmol/L (83 mg/dL), respectively. Adverse events were modest. We conclude that, in a private practice setting, long‐term treatment of obesity with the combination of phentermine, fenfluramine, and a weight maintenance program is generally safe and effective. More research is needed to determine efficacy and safety for longer than 3 years.
Use of Very Low‐Calorie Diet in Preoperative Weight Loss: Efficacy and Safety
Authors: Pekkarinen Tuula , Mustaioki Pertti 
Published: September 2012

AbstractPEKKARINEN, TUULA, PERTTI MUSTAJOKI. Use of very low‐calorie diet in preoperative weight loss: Efficacy and Safety.We report the efficacy of a very low‐calorie diet (VLCD)‐based weight reduction program in patients with morbid obesity whose elective surgery had been postponed because of being overweight. The safety of weight loss on the immune system will also be evaluated. Thirty patients (mean age, 50 years; weight, 125 kg; BMI, 44 kg/m2) were treated. The program consisted of a 7‐week to 24‐week VLCD period, supported by individual sessions with a therapist, and of a refeeding period of 1 month before surgery. Two patients discontinued, and the mean weight loss of the remaining 28 patients was 19. 6 kg (15% of initial weight). In 23 patients, weight loss was 10% or more of the initial weight. After weight loss, 15 patients underwent surgery, 4 patients did not need an operation, and the remaining 9 patients were not operated on for various reasons. The numbers of circulating leukocytes, neutrophils, basophils, monocytes, CD3+, CD4+, CD8+, and natural killer cells did not change significantly by the ninth week on VLCD or by the end of the program. However, there was a significant (p<0. 05) decrease in the immunoglobulinM serum concentration during the program. In conclusion, a VLCD program is suitable for preoperative weight reduction in morbid obesity and seems not to compromise the immune system.
Relationship of Glycogen Synthase and Glycogen Phosphorylase to Protein Phosphatase 2C and cAMP‐Dependent Protein Kinase in Liver of Obese Rhesus Monkeys
Authors: Ortmeyer H. K. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractORTMEYER HK. Relationship of glycogen synthase and glycogen phosphorylase to protein phosphatase 2C and cAMP‐dependent protein kinase in liver of obese rhesus monkeys.The regulation of glycogen synthase (GS) and glycogen phosphorylase (GP) activity by phosphorylation/ dephosphorylation has been proposed to be via changes in activities of several different protein (serine/ threonine) phosphatases and kinases, including protein phosphatase (PP) 1/2A, PP2C, and cAMP‐dependent protein kinase (PKA). In order to determine whether PP1/2A, PP2C, and/or PKA activities are related to GS and/or GP activities, these enzymes were measured in freeze‐clamped liver biopsies obtained under basal fasting conditions from 16 obese monkeys. Four monkeys were normoglycemic and normoinsulinemic, five were hyperinsulinemic, and seven had type 2 diabetes (NIDDM). Liver glycogen and glucose 6‐phosphate (G6P) contents were also determined. Basal enzyme activities and basal substrate concentrations were not significantly different between the three groups of obese monkeys; however, there were several significant linear relationships observed when the monkeys were treated as one group. Therefore, multiple regression was used to determine the correlation between key variables. GS fractional activity was correlated to GP fractional activity (p<0. 05) and to PP2C activity (p=0. 005) (adjusted R2,53%). GP independent activity was correlated to GS independent activity (p<0. 07) and to PKA fractional activity (p=0. 005) (adjusted R2,64%). PP2C activity was correlated to GS fractional activity (p<0. 0005) and to PP1/2A activity G7<0. 0001) (adjusted R2,83%). PKA fractional activity was correlated to GP total activity (p<0. 0005) and to age (p=0. 001) (adjusted R282%). G6P content was correlated to glycogen content (p<0. 05) and to PP2C activity (p=0. 0005) (adjusted R2,73%). In conclusion, PP2C and PKA are involved in the regulation of GS and GP activity in the basal state in liver of obese monkeys with a wide range of glucose tolerance.
A Role for Brown Adipose Tissue in Diet‐Induced Thermogenesis
Authors: Rothwell Nancy J. , Stock Michael J. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractMeasurement of energy balance during voluntary overeating in rats unequivocally establishes the quantitative importance of diet‐induced thermogenesis in energy balance. Like cold‐induced thermogenesis, this form of heat production involves changes in the activity of the sympathetic nervous system and brown adipose tissue which suggest that this tissue may determine metabolic efficiency and resistance to obesity.
Relationships of Plasma Leptin Levels to Changes in Plasma Free Fatty Acids in Women Who Are Lean and Women Who Are Abdominally Obese
Authors: Hennes Magda M.I. , Dua Arnavaz , Maas Diana L. , Sonnenberg Gabriele E. , Krakower Glenn R. , Kissebah Ahmed H. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractHENNES, MAGDA MI, ARNAVAZ DUA, DIANA L MAAS, GABRIELE E SONNENBERG, GLENN R KRAKOWER, AHMED H KISSEBAH. Relationships of plasma leptin levels to changes in plasma free fatty acids in women who are lean and women who are abdominally obese.Regulation of leptin production by the hormonal and metabolic milieu is poorly understood. Because abdominal obesity is commonly associated with elevated plasma free fatty acid (FFA) flux, we examined the effects of augmenting FFA on plasma leptin levels in women who were lean and of suppressing FFA in women with abdominal obesity. In study 1, nine subjects who were lean, after a 12‐hour overnight fast, received either intravenous saline or Intralipid plus heparin to increase the plasma FFA concentration to approximately 1000 μmol/ L. After 3 hours of additional fasting, subjects underwent 3‐hour hyperglycemic clamps. In study 2, seven subjects with abdominal obesity were evaluated by a similar protocol, but lipolysis and plasma FFA flux were instead maximally suppressed by acipimox. In the individuals who were lean, leptin levels were unchanged during clamping. Increasing plasma FFA reduced plasma leptin from 7.66 ± 0.66 to 7.05 ±0 0.66 (p=0.03), but 3 hours of hyperglycemia plus hyperinsulinemia had no additional effect on leptin levels (7.15 ± 0.71). Basal leptin levels, 4‐fold higher in the subjects with obesity, were reduced from 34.6 ± 2.4 μg/L to 32.3 ± 1.1 μg/L (p=0.004) during the clamp period. When plasma FFA flux was suppressed, however, plasma leptin levels after clamped hyperglycemia/hyperinsulinemia were increased to 38.9 ± 1.2 μg/L (p=0.014 vs. time 0 and 0.001 vs. saline protocol). Changes in leptin concentrations are not correlated with changes in FFA. These results suggest that plasma FFA concentration does not regulate plasma leptin levels in basal, extended fasting, or hyperglycemic/hyperinsulinemic states.
Differential Short‐Term Distribution of Estrone and Oleoyl‐Estrone Administered in Liposomes to Lean and Obese Zucker Rats
Authors: Balada F. , Sanchis D. , Grasa M.M. , Virgili J. , Estruch J. , Fernændez‐López J.A. , Remesar X. , Alemany M. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThirteen‐week‐old female Zucker lean (Fa/Fa) and obese (fa/fa) rats were injected through a cannula inserted in the left jugular vein with 1 mL/kg of 3H‐labeled oleoyl‐estrone in liposomes (Merlin‐2) (i.e., 670 fmol, 84 kBq). The rats were killed 10 minutes later and dissected. The presence of intact or hydrolyzed oleoyl‐estrone was later determined in all samples. The pattern of distribution of estrone was quite different from that of oleoyl‐estrone both in rats that were lean and in those that were obese. Estrone was better retained by white adipose tissue than oleoyl‐estrone. Liver, spleen, and lungs accumulated more oleoyl‐estrone and split part of it, from 4.7% (lung, obese) to 27% (liver, lean). The overall high retention of estrone by the rat tissues results in its very low circulating levels. The fast splitting of liposome‐carried oleoyl‐estrone by most tissues (up to more than 67% by intestine and skin of lean rats) may help explain the rise in blood free estrone. The differences between lean and obese Zucker rats are mainly quantitative in the case of estrone, the main differences being found in blood and adipose tissues. However, when we compare the data for oleoyl‐estrone, the differences cannot be dismissed simply as due to differences in body size or the extent of fat deposits. A large portion of the label remained in the blood of the rats that were obese but not in those that were lean, the tissues of which took up more label. Brown adipose tissue shows a fair affinity for oleoyl‐estrone in the rats that were lean but practically does not retain label in the rats that were obese, suggesting that oleoyl‐estrone may have a direct effect on brown adipose tissue. The decreased uptake of oleoyl‐estrone in rats that were obese shows that the mechanism regulating the turnover or disposal of this signal is altered in this type of genetic obesity.
Realistic Weight Perception and Body Size Assessment in a Racially Diverse Community Sample of Dieters
Authors: Cachelin Fary M. , Striegel‐Moore Ruth H. , Elder Katherine A. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractRecently, a shift in obesity treatment away from emphasizing ideal weight loss goals to establishing realistic weight loss goals has been proposed; yet, what constitutes “realistic” weight loss for different populations is not clear. This study examined notions of realistic shape and weight as well as body size assessment in a large community‐based sample of African‐American, Asian, Hispanic, and white men and women. Participants were 1893 survey respondents who were all dieters and primarily overweight. Groups were compared on various variables of body image assessment using silhouette ratings. No significant race differences were found in silhouette ratings, nor in perceptions of realistic shape or reasonable weight loss. Realistic shape and weight ratings by both women and men were smaller than current shape and weight but larger than ideal shape and weight ratings. Compared with male dieters, female dieters considered greater weight loss to be realistic. Implications of the findings for the treatment of obesity are discussed.
The Human Obesity Gene Map: The 1997 Update
Authors: Chagnon Yvon C. , Pérusse Louis , Bouchard Claude 
Published: September 2012

AbstractAn update of the human obesity gene map incorporating published results up to October 1997 is presented. Evidence from Mendelian disorders exhibiting obesity as a clinical feature; single‐gene mutation rodent models; quantitative trait loci uncovered in human genome‐wide scans and in crossbreeding experiments with mouse, rat, and pig models; association and case‐control studies with candidate genes; and linkage studies with genes and other markers is reviewed. All chromosomal locations of the animal loci are converted into human genome locations based on syntenic relationships between the genomes. A complete listing of all of these loci reveals that all but chromosome Y of the 24 human chromosomes are represented. Some chromosomes show at least three putative loci related to obesity on both arms (1, 2, 6, 8, 11, and 20) and several on one chromosome arm only (3p, 4q, 5q, 7q, 12q, 13q, 15q, 15p, 22q, and Xq). Studies reporting negative association and linkage results are also listed, with the exception of the unlinked markers from genome‐wide scans.
Leptin Receptor Gene in a Large Cohort of Massively Obese Subjects: No Indication of the fa/fa Rat Mutation. Detection of an Intronic Variant with No Association with Obesity
Authors: Rolland Violaine , Clement Karine , Dugail Isabelle , Guy‐Grand Bernard , Basdevant Arnaud , Froeuel Philippe , Lavau Marcelle 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThe massive obesity caused in rodents by the disruption of the leptin‐receptor signal through genetic defects at the level of either leptin (OB) or leptin receptor (OB‐R) has raised the question of the relevance of these genes to morbid obesity in humans. In this study, we screened a large population of massively obese subjects for the presence of a leptin receptor mutation homologous to that of fa/fa rats, a single base substitution changing glutamine 269, a highly conserved glutamine found at position 270 in the human sequence. After polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of a DNA region encompassing the end of exon 5, intron 5, and the beginning of exon 6, we performed restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. Within the limitations of this approach where only mutations introducing restriction sites (5 of 8 possibilities) could be assessed, no evidence of mutation at the codon gin 270 was found in 343 massively obese subjects. However, a new OB‐R gene variant in intron 5 was revealed by Maell digestion of the PCR products. MaelVhOB‐R genotyping revealed no difference in the distribution of the genotypes between obese subjects and a group of 79 unrelated non‐obese control subjects. In addition, no significant association between various obesity‐related metabolic phenotypes and the presence of MaeII/hOB‐R alleles was found. Thus, our results did not support a significant role for the Maell/hOB‐R gene variant in the development of the obese phenotype in the population we studied.
Circulating Insulin Concentrations, Smoking, and Alcohol Intake Are Important Independent Predictors of Leptin in Young Healthy Men
Authors: Mantzoros Christos S. , Liolios Antonios D. , Tritos Nicholas A. , Kaklamani Virginia G. , Doulgerakis Dimitrios E. , Griveas Ioannis , Moses Alan C. , Flier Jeffrey S. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractObjective: Leptin, an adipocyte‐secreted hormone, has been shown to signal the status of energy stores to the brain, regulate energy homeostasis, and mediate the neuroendocrine response to food deprivation. Obesity is associated with increased leptin levels, and several hormones, including insulin and glucocorticoids, have been associated with leptin levels and expression in rodents. Although obesity has been strongly associated with increased leptin in humans, a significant percentage of leptin's variability remains unexplained. The role of endogenous hormones, demographic factors, or certain life‐style factors in explaining the residual variability of leptin levels has not yet been clarified. We performed this cross‐sectional study to document the relative importance of obesity, lifestyle factor, and endogenous hormones in determining serum leptin levels.Research Methods and Procedures: We measured serum concentrations of insulin, Cortisol, testosterone, growth hormone, and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate; ascertained anthropometric, demographic, and lifestyle characteristics; and studied these variables in relationship to serum leptin concentrations in a sample of young healthy men.Results: Obesity and alcohol intake were independently and positively associated with circulating leptin concentrations.Additionally, cigarette smoking was negatively and independently associated with leptin concentrations. Finally, serum insulin concentration was an independent hormonal determinant of circulating leptin concentrations, whereas serum testosterone was negatively associated with leptin only by bivariate analysis.Discussion: We conclude that, in addition to obesity, cigarette smoking, alcohol intake, and serum insulin levels are associated with leptin levels in a population of healthy young men.
Further Support for Consistent Self‐Monitoring as a Vital Component of Successful Weight Control
Authors: Boutelle Kerri N. , Kirschenbaum Daniel S. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractObjective: This study attempted to replicate that of Baker and Kirschenbaum by providing a descriptive analysis of the relationship between self‐monitoring and weight control.Procedures: Fifty‐nine women and men in long‐term cognitive‐behavioral treatment for obesity participated over an 8‐week period. Percentages of participants who self‐monitored consistently and the relationship between the variability in self‐monitoring and weight change were examined.Results: As in the previous study, a substantial minority of the participants in this research (26.3%) self‐monitored all foods eaten on less than half of the days evaluated. The assertion of Baker and Kirschenbaum that self‐monitoring is most appropriately viewed as both a state and a trait was supported by finding that the most consistent self‐monitors lost more weight than the least consistent self‐monitors; however, regardless of overall self‐monitoring consistency, participants lost much more weight during their two most consistent weeks compared with their two least consistent weeks. Again, as in the previous study, only the more consistent quartile of self‐monitors lost a substantial amount during the course of this study.Discussion: The results of both studies taken together suggests that a reasonable target for consistency for self‐monitoring within the context of a professional cognitive‐behavioral treatment program may be self‐monitoring all foods eaten on at least 75% of the days. If participants generally self‐monitor on less than half of the days during participation in such programs, they may be very unlikely to succeed at weight loss both during the program and afterward.
Effects of the Menopause Transition on Body Fatness and Body Fat Distribution
Authors: Tchernof André , Poehlman Eric T. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractObjective: The menopause transition increases cardiovascular and metabolic disease risk, partly because of the adverse effects of estrogen deficiency on the plasma lipid‐lipoprotein profile and cardiovascular function. This increased cardiovascular and metabolic disease risk may also be partially mediated by increased body fat, increased intraabdominal adipose tissue accumulation, or both. The objective of this mini‐review is to summarize studies that have investigated the relationships among the menopause transition, body fatness, and body fat distribution.Research Methods and Procedures: A review of cross‐sectional and longitudinal studies on menopause that examined body fatness and body fat distribution.Results: Cross‐sectional reports show that the menopause transition is related to modest increases in body mass index or total fatness, although not all studies found significant effects. Increased central adiposity appears to be related to menopause, independent of advancing age, but these results are methodology dependent. An independent effect of menopause on central body fatness was noted by the use of techniques such as DEXA or computed tomography, whereas studies using circumference measures showed discrepant results. Longitudinal studies showed that the menopause transition accelerated the increase in central adiposity, although no studies quantified changes in intra‐abdominal fat by imaging techniques.Discussion: Thus, additional longitudinal studies using more accurate measures of adiposity are needed to critically examine the effects of the menopause transition on total and central body fatness. Collectively, previous studies suggest that menopause is related to modest increase in total fatness and accelerated accumulation of central body fat that exceeds changes normally attributed to the aging process. These changes may increase the risk for cardiovascular and metabolic disease in aging women.