bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Four Decades of Necrotizing Sarcoid Granulomatosis: What Do We Know Now?
Authors: Rosen Yale 
Published: January 2015

ContextIn the 4 decades since Dr Averill A. Liebow introduced necrotizing sarcoid granulomatosis, there have been publications of numerous cases, but its nature and possible relationship to classical and nodular sarcoidosis have been and remain controversial. Liebow introduced necrotizing sarcoid granulomatosis as a provisional diagnostic term and stated that “the problem is whether the disease represents necrotizing angiitis with sarcoid reaction, or sarcoidosis with necrosis of the granulomas and of the vessels.” There has, as yet, been no definitive answer to the questions that he raised.ObjectiveTo determine whether there is a relationship between necrotizing sarcoid granulomatosis and nodular sarcoidosis in order to ascertain whether the current prevailing opinion that they are related is correct.Data SourcesThe world's literature on necrotizing sarcoid granulomatosis from 1973 to 2013 and nodular sarcoidosis from 1952 to 2013 was critically reviewed. One hundred three cases of necrotizing sarcoid granulomatosis and 111 cases of nodular sarcoidosis were found suitable for individual case analysis.ConclusionThe data showed a striking overlap in the clinical, radiologic, and pathologic features of both entities, strongly supporting the conclusion that necrotizing sarcoid granulomatosis is a previously unrecognized manifestation of sarcoidosis and is essentially the same as nodular sarcoidosis. It is proposed that use of necrotizing sarcoid granulomatosis as a diagnostic term be discontinued and replaced by sarcoidosis with necrotizing sarcoid granulomatosis pattern provided that an infectious etiology can be reasonably excluded. Our concept of sarcoidosis should now be expanded to recognize that there is a continuous spectrum of necrosis ranging from minimal to extensive.
Beyond Versus
Authors: Tabery James 
Published: January 2015

Why the “nature versus nurture” debate persists despite widespread recognition that human traits arise from the interaction of nature and nurture.
If everyone now agrees that human traits arise not from nature or nurture but from the interaction of nature and nurture, why does the “nature versus nurture” debate persist? In Beyond Versus, James Tabery argues that the persistence stems from a century-long struggle to understand the interaction of nature and nurture—a struggle to define what the interaction of nature and nurture is, how it should be investigated, and what counts as evidence for it.
Tabery examines past episodes in the nature versus nurture debates, offers a contemporary philosophical perspective on them, and considers the future of research on the interaction of nature and nurture. From the eugenics controversy of the 1930s and the race and IQ controversy of the 1970s to the twenty-first-century debate over the causes of depression, Tabery argues, the polarization in these discussions can be attributed to what he calls an “explanatory divide”—a disagreement over how explanation works in science, which in turn has created two very different concepts of interaction. Drawing on recent developments in the philosophy of science, Tabery offers a way to bridge this explanatory divide and these different concepts integratively. Looking to the future, Tabery evaluates the ethical issues that surround genetic testing for genes implicated in interactions of nature and nurture, pointing to what the future does (and does not) hold for a science that continues to make headlines and raise controversy.
Sonographic Inferior Vena Cava Measurements to Assess Hydration Status in College Football Players During Preseason Camp
Authors: Waterbrook Anna L. , Shah Amish , Jannicky Elisabeth , Stolz Uwe , Cohen Randy P. , Gross Austin , Adhikari Srikar 
Published: January 2015

ObjectivesThe purpose of this study was to determine whether sonographic measurement of the inferior vena cava (IVC) in college football players during preseason camp is a reliable way to detect and monitor dehydration. Our primary hypothesis was that IVC diameter measurements, the postpractice caval index, and expiratory diameter were significantly related to percent weight loss after a preseason football practice.MethodsA prospective cohort sample of Division I intercollegiate football players in preseason training camp was recruited before practice. All football players on the active roster who were at least 18 years of age were eligible to participate in the study. Sonographic IVC measurements were obtained in the long axis using either the subcostal or subxiphoid approach during inspiration and expiration both before and after an approximately 3‐hour practice with moderate to high levels of exertion at high ambient temperatures. Player weights were recorded in the locker room before and after practice.ResultsA total of 27 prepractice and postpractice sonographic measurements were obtained. The postpractice expiratory IVC diameter was significantly related to percent weight loss after practice (R2 = 0.153; P = .042), with the IVC diameter being significantly inversely correlated with percent weight loss; the regression coefficient was −1.07 (95% confidence interval, −2.09 to −0.04). There was no statistically significant relationship between percent weight loss and the postpractice caval index; the regression coefficient was 0.245 (95% confidence interval, −0.10 to 0.59; R2 = 0.078; P = .16).ConclusionsThe postpractice expiratory IVC diameter was significantly related to percent weight loss after practice, whereas the caval index was not found to correlate with weight loss.
Transcranial Color‐Coded Duplex Sonography of the Middle Cerebral Artery
Authors: Rogge Annette , Doepp Florian , Schreiber Stephan , Valdueza José Manuel 
Published: January 2015

ObjectivesRoutine sonography of the middle cerebral artery in acute ischemic stroke usually focuses on the main stem (M1 segment). However, stenoses and occlusions affect not only proximal but also more distal vessel branches, such as the M2 segments. Transcranial color‐coded duplex sonography allows visualization of these segments; however, a formal analysis and description of normal blood flow values are missing. The purpose of this study was to analyze middle cerebral artery branching patterns with transcranial color‐coded duplex sonography and to establish reference flow velocity values in the detectable M2 branches as well as the early temporal M1 branch.MethodsTranscranial color‐coded duplex sonography in the axial and coronal planes was performed in 50 participants without vascular disease and with a good temporal bone window (ie, fully visible M1 middle cerebral artery segment and A1 anterior cerebral artery segment). We analyzed the course and branching pattern of the M1 segment, including anatomic variants such as an early temporal M1 branch, and measured the length and flow parameters of the detectable M2 branches.ResultsAssessment of 100 hemispheres allowed classification into 3 anatomic patterns: M1 bifurcation (63%), M1 trifurcation (32%), and medial M1 branching into 2 major segments (2%). A clear distinction was not possible in 3 cases (3%). An early temporal M1 branch was detected in the coronal plane in 26%.ConclusionsTranscranial color‐coded duplex sonography is a useful tool for analyzing anatomic variants and branching patterns of the middle cerebral artery as well as flow characteristics of M2 segments. Therefore, it also has potential to increase the diagnostic yield for the detection of middle cerebral artery disease in these vessel segments.
Anesthetic Techniques Influence the Induction of Pulmonary Capillary Hemorrhage During Diagnostic Ultrasound Scanning in Rats
Authors: Miller Douglas L. , Dou Chunyan , Raghavendran Krishnan 
Published: January 2015

ObjectivesPulmonary capillary hemorrhage can be induced by diagnostic ultrasound (US) during direct pulmonary US scanning in rats. The influence of specific anesthetic techniques on this bioeffect was examined.MethodsKetamine plus xylazine has been used previously. In this study, the influence of intraperitoneal injections of ketamine and pentobarbital, inhalational isoflurane, and the supplemental use of xylazine with ketamine and isoflurane was tested. A diagnostic US machine with a 7.6‐MHz linear array was used to image the right lung of anesthetized rats in a warmed water bath at different mechanical index (MI) settings. Pulmonary capillary hemorrhage was assessed by measuring comet tail artifacts in the image and by morphometry of the hemorrhagic areas on excised lungs.ResultsPulmonary capillary hemorrhage was greatest for pentobarbital, lower for inhalational isoflurane, and lowest for ketamine anesthesia, with occurrence thresholds at MIs of about 0.44, 0.8, and 0.8, respectively. Addition of xylazine produced a substantial increase in hemorrhage and a significant proportion of hemorrhage occurrence for ketamine at an MI of 0.7 (P < .01) and for isoflurane at an MI of 0.52 (P < .01).ConclusionsKetamine plus xylazine and pentobarbital yield lower thresholds than ketamine or isoflurane alone by nearly a factor of 2 in MI. These results suggest that the choice of the anesthetic agent substantially modifies the relative risks of pulmonary capillary hemorrhage from pulmonary US.
Thyroid Malignancy Markers on Sonography Are Common in Patients With Benign Thyroid Disease and Previous Iodine Deficiency
Authors: Krejbjerg Anne , Brilli Lucia , Pikelis Arunas , Pedersen Henrik Baymler , Laurberg Peter 
Published: January 2015

ObjectivesThe purpose of this study was to evaluate the characteristics of benign thyroid nodules on sonography and ultrasound elastography in a population exposed to iodine deficiency.MethodsWe conducted a prospective systematic evaluation of preoperative thyroid sonography and elastography in patients assigned for surgical excision of benign thyroid nodules. Two experienced sonographers performed all sonographic and elastographic examinations. Thyroid nodules were evaluated by 7 generally accepted sonographic malignancy risk markers and assigned an elasticity score on elastography. The final diagnosis of a benign thyroid nodule was based on histopathologic analysis of resected thyroid gland tissue.ResultsWe evaluated 232 thyroid nodules in 105 patients (86 women and 19 men). In total, 57% of the examined nodules had 1 or 2 malignancy risk markers present, and 24% did not have any markers present. A solid nodule larger than 15 mm was the most common malignancy risk marker observed (63%), followed by low elasticity (33%), microcalcifications (26%), and hypoechogenicity (15%). In an analysis stratified according to the number of nodules (solitary versus multiple), low elasticity was described more frequently in solitary nodules (61.9% versus 30.4%; P= .004). A large nodular volume was a predictor (P < .05) of microcalcifications and intranodular vascularization, whereas an absent halo sign and a solid nodule were found less frequently in nodules with larger volumes.ConclusionsOur results show that routine preoperative malignancy risk evaluation of presumably benign thyroid nodules is of little value when performed on patients exposed to iodine deficiency.
Primary Thyroid Lymphoma Has Different Sonographic and Color Doppler Features Compared to Nodular Goiter
Authors: Wang Zhongqing , Fu Bin , Xiao Ying , Liao Jintang , Xie Ping 
Published: January 2015

ObjectivesThe purpose of this study was to determine the specific sonographic features of primary thyroid lymphoma and its color Doppler pattern compared to nodular goiter.MethodsThe sonographic findings for 13 surgically proven primary thyroid lymphomas were analyzed and compared to those for 27 nodular goiters.ResultsIn accordance with the suggested pathologic patterns, the sonographic patterns of primary thyroid lymphoma could be classified into diffuse and nodular or segmental types based on the distribution of hypoechoic and echogenic structures within the lesions. Some common sonographic characteristics suggesting thyroid malignancy could not facilitate differentiation of primary thyroid lymphoma from nodular goiter. However, a central blood flow pattern would favor the diagnosis of primary thyroid lymphoma, whereas a peripheral pattern would suggest the diagnosis of nodular goiter.ConclusionsPrimary thyroid lymphoma has characteristic sonographic and Doppler flow features. Along with several other parameters, a central blood flow pattern would highly suggest the diagnosis of primary thyroid lymphoma rather than nodular goiter.
Comparative Effectiveness of Infraclavicular and Supraclavicular Perineural Catheters for Ultrasound‐Guided Through‐the‐Catheter Bolus Anesthesia
Authors: Harrison T. Kyle , Kim T. Edward , Howard Steven K. , Funck Natasha , Wagner Michael J. , Walters Tessa L. , Curtin Catherine , Chang James , Ganaway Toni , Mariano Edward R. 
Published: January 2015

ObjectivesUsing a through‐the‐needle local anesthetic bolus technique, ultrasound‐guided infraclavicular perineural catheters have been shown to provide greater analgesia compared to supraclavicular catheters. A through‐the‐catheter bolus technique, which arguably “tests” the anesthetic efficacy of the catheter before initiating an infusion, has been validated for infraclavicular catheters but not supraclavicular catheters. This study investigated the through‐the‐catheter bolus technique for supraclavicular catheters and tested the hypothesis that infraclavicular catheters provide faster onset of brachial plexus anesthesia.MethodsPreoperatively, patients were randomly assigned to receive either a supraclavicular or an infraclavicular catheter using an ultrasound‐guided nonstimulating catheter insertion technique with a mepivacaine bolus via the catheter and ropivacaine perineural infusion initiated postoperatively. The primary outcome was time to achieve complete sensory anesthesia in the ulnar and median nerve distributions. Secondary outcomes included procedural time, procedure‐related pain and complications, and postoperative pain, opioid consumption, sleep disturbances, and motor weakness.ResultsFifty patients were enrolled in the study; all but 2 perineural catheters were successfully placed per protocol. Twenty‐one of 24 (88%) and 24 of 24 (100%) patients in the supraclavicular and infraclavicular groups, respectively, achieved complete sensory anesthesia by 30 minutes (P= .088). There was no difference in the time to achieve complete sensory anesthesia. Supraclavicular patients reported more sleep disturbances postoperatively, but there were no statistically significant differences in other outcomes.ConclusionsBoth supraclavicular and infraclavicular perineural catheters using a through‐the‐catheter bolus technique provide effective brachial plexus anesthesia.
Seasonal and interannual variability of the West Greenland Current System in the Labrador Sea in 1993–2008
Authors: Rykova Tatiana , Straneo Fiammetta , Bower Amy S. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractThe West Greenland Current System (WGCS) transports heat and freshwater into the Labrador Sea, influencing the formation of Labrador Sea Water, a key component of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation. Notwithstanding its importance, relatively little is known about the structure and transport of this current system and its seasonal and interannual variability. Here we use historical hydrographic data from 1992 to 2008, combined with AVISO satellite altimetry, to diagnose the mean properties as well as seasonal and interannual variability of the boundary current system. We find that while the surface, fresh, cold West Greenland Current is amplified in summer, the subsurface warm, salty Irminger Current has maximum transport in winter, when its waters are also warmer and saltier. Seasonal changes in the total transport are thus mostly due to changes in the baroclinic structure of the current. By contrast, we find a trend toward warmer/saltier waters and a slowdown of the WGCS, within the period studied. The latter is attributed to changes in the barotropic component of the current. Superimposed on this trend, warm and salty anomalies transit through the system in 1997 and 2003 and are associated with a rapid increase in the transport of the boundary current due to changes in the baroclinic component. The boundary current changes precede similar changes in the interior with a 1–2 year lag, indicating that anomalies advected into the region by the boundary current can play an important role in the modulation of convection in the Labrador Sea.
Formation of DNA:RNA Hybrid G‐Quadruplex in Bacterial Cells and Its Dominance over the Intramolecular DNA G‐Quadruplex in Mediating Transcription Termination
Authors: Wu Ren‐yi , Zheng Ke‐wei , Zhang Jia‐yu , Hao Yu‐hua , Tan Zheng 
Published: January 2015

AbstractDNA with four guanine tracts can fold into G‐quadruplexes that are targets of transcription regulation. We recently found that hybrid DNA:RNA G‐quadruplexes (HQs) can form during in vitro transcription. However, it is unclear whether they can form in cells. Evidence is presented supporting their formation in plasmids in bacterial cells. The formation of the HQs is indicated by a unique pattern of prematurely terminated transcripts under two conditions where the RNA transcripts do or do not participate in G‐quadruplex assembly and further supported by a number of chemical and biochemical analysis. HQs dominate over the intramolecular DNA G‐quadruplexes (DQ) in mediating the transcription termination when both structures are able to form. These findings provide the first evidence of HQ formation in cells and suggest that the competition/conversion between HQ and DQ may regulate transcription and serve as drug target in pharmaceutical applications.
Cytomorphology of sebaceous carcinoma with analysis of p40 antibody expression
Authors: Jain Deepali , Mathur Sandeep R. , Sharma Mehar C. , Iyer Venkateswaran K. 
Published: January 2015

BackgroundSebaceous carcinomas (SBCs) are aggressive tumors with the potential to cause great morbidity and mortality. Poorly‐differentiated tumors may at times pose challenges for the correct diagnosis. p40, a new antibody that targets a short isoform of p63 has been shown as a promising squamous cell marker. In this study, we sought to evaluate cytomorphological features of SBC and p40 expression analysis.MethodsA total of 29 previously diagnosed cases of SBCs including fine‐needle aspirates and histopathology specimens from various sites were reviewed and studied for p40 expression. p40 nuclear expression was semi‐quantitatively assessed. Adequate positive and negative controls of non‐small cell lung carcinoma were taken for comparison. Expression pattern of normal sebaceous glands was also analyzed.ResultsOf the 29 cases, 13 (44.8%) were from the periocular region. The most common extraocular site was parotid gland. Morphologically tumors were categorized into well‐ and poorly‐differentiated varieties based on extent of sebaceous differentiation. p40 positivity was seen in all cases of cytology aspirates and histology sections with similar intensity. No difference in percentage positivity of cells was recorded in well‐ and poorly‐differentiated tumors.Conclusionp40 can be a valuable marker when evaluating tumors with possible sebaceous differentiation. Although p40 expression in SBCs is not as useful for the differential diagnosis that includes poorly‐differentiated squamous cell carcinoma, this study, for the first time in the literature, highlights an important observation that p40 can be utilized as a marker for sebaceous lineage. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2015;43:456–461. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Crystallographic and Spectroscopic Investigations on Nine Metal–Rare‐Earth Silicates with the Apatite Structure Type
Authors: Wierzbicka‐Wieczorek Maria , Göckeritz Martin , Kolitsch Uwe , Lenz Christoph , Giester Gerald 
Published: January 2015

AbstractNine silicates with the apatite structure type (space group P63/m) containing both rare‐earth elements (REEs: Pr, Nd, Sm, Tb, Ho and Er) and various metals (K, Sr, Ba and Cd) were synthesised by high‐temperature flux‐growth techniques and characterised by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy and laser‐induced photoluminescence spectroscopy. In all of the compounds, the 6h Wyckoff position is predominantly or solely occupied by REE3+ cations, whereas the cations shows a mixed occupancy at the larger, nine‐coordinate 4f site with 55–75 % of REE3+ cations and 45–25 % of other metal cations. The O4 (“free” oxygen) site is fully occupied by O2– anions, except for a Ba–Pr member with full occupancy by F– anions. The refined formulas are Cd2Er8(SiO4)6O2, Cd2Tb8(SiO4)6O2, KHo9(SiO4)6O2, KTb9(SiO4)6O2, KSm9(SiO4)6O2, Sr2Nd8(SiO4)6O2, Ba2Nd8(SiO4)6O2, Ba2Sm8(SiO4)6O2 and Ba4Pr6(SiO4)6F2. Changes in the metaprism twist angle (φ) and correlations between the unit‐cell parameters, average cationic radii (of M+/M2+–REE3+ pairs) and the chemistry of both the synthesised M+/M2+–REE3+ silicate apatites and those reported previously are evaluated. Photoluminescence measurements of undoped samples yielded emission bands in the visible region from green to red; therefore, these compounds are potential candidates for luminescent materials.
Calligonum polygonoides Linnaeus Extract: HPLC‐EC and Total Antioxidant Capacity Evaluation
Authors: Gomes Sara M. C. , Fernandes Isabel P. G. , Shekhawat Narpat Singh , Kumbhat Sunita , Oliveira‐Brett Ana Maria 
Published: January 2015

AbstractFlavonoids in Calligonum polygonoides Linnaeus extract were separated, detected, and identified by reverse‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography (RP‐HPLC) with electrochemical detection (EC) in combined isocratic and gradient elution using a glassy carbon or a boron doped diamond electrode. Ultrasonication coupled with a microwave‐assisted technique was developed to optimize the extraction of the phenolic compounds. The total antioxidant capacity was quantified using the DPPH. method and voltammetry. The RP‐HPLC‐EC led to the detection of nine different flavonoids: catechin, delphinidin, fisetin, myricetin, epicatechin, kuromanin, rutin, callistephin and procyanidin A2, in a single run by direct injection of the sample extract solution.