bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The effect of organic loads on stability of various chlorine‐based sanitisers
Authors: Waters Brian W. , Hung Yen‐Con 
Published: October 2013

SummaryThis study examined the effect of pH of chlorine‐based sanitisers on the reaction of free chlorine with compounds present in a variety of food environments. A model food system was first used to determine chlorine reactions with individual organic compounds. Different classes of organic compounds were added to chlorinated water at three different pHs (2.5, 6.0 and 9.3). Free and total chlorine concentrations were recorded in each sample by titrimetric assay. The results show that the level of free chlorine loss is both organic species dependent and pH dependent. Wash water from six different food sources was added to chlorinated water at three different pHs. The peptone plus catechol model appeared to be the best general predictor of free chlorine loss across all the treatments. GC‐MS analysis of samples with resorcinol added indicated that chloroform is produced as a primary trihalomethane product at higher pH values. The findings of this study indicate that solution pH, along with types of organic compound, plays a significant role on free chlorine loss, and chlorine loss can be predicted by the protein and phenolic content of the wash solution.
Changes in bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity during convective drying of murta (Ugni molinae T.) berries
Authors: Rodríguez Katia , Ah‐Hen Kong , Vega‐Gálvez Antonio , López Jessica , Quispe‐Fuentes Issis , Lemus‐Mondaca Roberto , Gálvez‐Ranilla Lena 
Published: October 2013

SummaryMurta (Ugni molinae T.) berries were air‐dried at five temperatures (40, 50, 60, 70 and 80 °C), and the changes in β‐carotene, phenolic acids, total phenolic and flavonoid contents and antioxidant capacities (DPPH and ORAC) were investigated. The berries showed a high content of β‐carotene, which decreased during drying temperature between 40 °C and 80 °C. Free and bound phenolic acids were also determined, showing gallic acid to be the prevalent phenolic acid. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents in the dried berries showed a higher decrease at lower temperature due to longer drying time. The radical‐scavenging activity also showed higher antioxidant activity at higher drying temperatures (70–80 °C) than at lower drying temperatures (40–50 °C). Total phenolic content (TPC) and flavonoids showed good correlation with antioxidant capacity. Murta berries proved to be an excellent source of antioxidants and bioactive compounds and are therefore a potential ingredient for new functional food products.
Job satisfaction, organisation commitment and retention in the public workforce: a survey among pharmacists in Malaysia
Authors: Chua Gin Nie , Yee Lai Jiuan , Sim Bee Ai , Tan Keat Hin , Sin Ng Khai , Hassali Mohammed Azmi , Shafie Asrul Akmal , Ooi Guat See 
Published: October 2013

AbstractObjectivesThe aims of the study were to assess job satisfaction and organisational commitment among pharmacists working in the public sector and its influence on their likelihood to stay within the public workforce.MethodsA cross-sectional survey was conducted among all fully registered pharmacists (FRPs) in the northern states of Malaysia in 2009 (n = 467). The questionnaire consisted of three sections to capture the demographic characteristics of the respondents, assess job satisfaction and organisational commitment of the respondents and their likelihood of staying in public service.Key findingsA total of 247 FRPs (response rate 52.9%) in the northern region of Malaysia participated in this survey. Majority of the respondents were women (n = 205, 83.0%), of Chinese ethnicity (n = 155, 62.8%), graduates from public universities (n = 173, 70.0%), single (n = 172, 69.6%), with a median age of 27 years (interquartile range (IQR) 2.0) and had worked with the Ministry of Health for a median of 2.75 years (IQR 1.63). The mean job satisfaction and organisational commitment score were 58.09 (standard deviation (SD) 11.83) and 53.46 (SD 6.65) respectively out of a maximum possible score of 90. Majority of the respondents claimed that they were likely to stay in public service (n = 176, 71.3%). Their likelihood of staying in public service was affected by respondents’ gender, ethnicity, job satisfaction and organisational commitment.ConclusionsThe findings from this study provide stakeholders with evidence on factors and issues affecting pharmacists’ job satisfaction and commitment in the public workforce as well as the likely turnover rate with an early cohort of pharmacists affected by the compulsory service.
The ThPOK transcription factor differentially affects the development and function of self‐specific CD8+T cells and regulatory CD4+T cells
Authors: Twu Yuh‐Ching , Teh Hung‐Sia 
Published: October 2013

SummaryThe zinc finger transcription factor ThPOK plays a crucial role in CD4 T‐cell development and CD4/CD8 lineage decision. In ThPOK‐deficient mice, developing T cells expressing MHC class II‐restricted T‐cell receptors are redirected into the CD8 T‐cell lineage. In this study, we investigated whether the ThPOK transgene affected the development and function of two additional types of T cells, namely self‐specific CD8 T cells and CD4+ FoxP3+ T regulatory cells. Self‐specific CD8 T cells are characterized by high expression of CD44, CD122, Ly6C, 1B11 and proliferation in response to either IL‐2 or IL‐15. The ThPOK transgene converted these self‐specific CD8 T cells into CD4 T cells. The converted CD4+ T cells are no longer self‐reactive, lose the characteristics of self‐specific CD8 T cells, acquire the properties of conventional CD4 T cells and survive poorly in peripheral lymphoid organs. By contrast, the ThPOK transgene promoted the development of CD4+ FoxP3+ regulatory T cells resulting in an increased recovery of CD4+ FoxP3+ regulatory T cells that expressed higher transforming growth factor‐β‐dependent suppressor activity. These studies indicate that the ThPOK transcription factor differentially affects the development and function of self‐specific CD8 T cells and CD4+ FoxP3+ regulatory T cells.
Betamethasone valerate dressing is non‐inferior to calcipotriol–betamethasone dipropionate ointment in the treatment of patients with mild‐to‐moderate chronic plaque psoriasis: results of a randomized assessor‐blinded multicentre trial
Authors: Ortonne J.‐P. , Esposito M. , Chimenti S. , Kapińska‐Mrowiecka M. , Grodzińska A. , Naldi L. , Frangione V. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractBackgroundA ready‐to‐use betamethasone valerate 0.1% (BMV) dressing was found to be superior to placebo dressing and a reference 0.1% BMV cream in the treatment of patients with chronic plaque psoriasis (CPP).MethodsThis multicentre, prospective, randomized, investigator‐blinded, controlled, non‐inferiority trial compared the efficacy and safety of the BMV dressing to the calcipotriol–betamethasone dipropionate (CBD) ointment during a 4‐week treatment of patients with mild to moderate CPP. The primary efficacy endpoint was the 4‐item psoriasis total severity score (TSS‐4) at week 4, and the associated non‐inferiority margin was 1 point. Secondary outcome measures included the psoriasis global assessment (PGA) score and patients’ quality of life (QoL). Safety was assessed through adverse events (AE) reporting in each treatment group.ResultsOf 325 screened patients, 324 were randomized to BMV (N = 165) or CBD (N = 159), and were considered evaluable for the safety and intention‐to‐treat (ITT) efficacy analyses. Per protocol (PP) populations included 133 and 131 patients in the BMV and CBD groups respectively. The mean adjusted TSS‐4 significantly decreased through the study from baseline in both groups. The PP (primary) analysis of week 4 data revealed a −0.288 (95% CI: −0.610 to 0.034) not significant between‐group difference in adjusted means, demonstrating non‐inferiority of BMV to CBD. Non‐inferiority was also demonstrated in the ITT analysis. The PGA and other secondary outcomes were significantly improved from baseline in both groups at week 4. The QoL score was slightly better in the CBD group at week 4, but no difference was observed at follow‐up. No safety or tolerability concerns were observed in either group.ConclusionsBMV dressing is non‐inferior to CBD ointment in patients with mild to moderate CPP. Both treatments significantly improve patients’ psoriasis and QoL.
Prevalence of unintended pregnancy and its associated factors among sexually active never‐married youth in Shanghai
Authors: He Huan , Blum Robert W 
Published: October 2013

AimsThis study was conducted to determine the prevalence and the associated factors for unintended pregnancy among never‐married sexually active youth (15–24 years old) in Shanghai.MethodsUsing a probability sample (n = 765, including 502 males and 263 females) from 2006, we estimated prevalence of unintended pregnancy involvement for females and males by demographic factors and its associations with contextual and behavioural factors, guided by a social‐ecological framework.ResultsWeighted proportion analyses estimated that 13.8% of females and 17.7% of males had been involved in an unintended pregnancy, and 99.0% and 90.5% of such pregnancies were reported to have ended in abortion by females and males, respectively. Controlling for sexual behaviour factors and residence history, multivariate hazard analyses with Weibull functions found increased hazard among older female youth (19–21 vs. 15–18 years old) but decreased hazard among older male youth (15–18 vs. 19–21/22–24 years old) as compared with the younger groups. Parallel analyses of unintended pregnancy's associations with contextual factors by sex also suggested that female unintended pregnancy involvement was more likely to be associated with family factors (family living arrangements and maternal education), while unintended pregnancy involvement among males was only associated with school factors (school climate and sex education on pregnancy) and perceived neighbourhood contraceptive services access.ConclusionsSexually active and never‐married youth are at considerable risk of unintended pregnancy and abortion in Shanghai. Age‐ and sex‐specific strategies will be needed if China is going to be successful in addressing unintended pregnancy.
Effects of the oophagous bivalve Acesta oophaga on the morphology and fecundity of its deep‐sea tubeworm host, Lamellibrachia luymesi
Authors: Burris Zair P. , Lord Joshua P. , Young Craig M. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThe deep‐sea bivalve Acesta oophaga lives attached to the anterior end of the vestimentiferan tubeworm, Lamellibrachia luymesi, at cold methane seeps. The bivalve is found almost exclusively on female tubeworms, where it consumes the lipid‐rich eggs of L. luymesi that are spawned year round (Biological Bulletin, 209, 2005, 87). It is apparent that A. oophaga benefits directly from this close association, but the consequences for the tubeworm host may be more complicated than just a simple predator–prey interaction. Since A. oophaga completely surrounds the tube opening and plume of the worm, it is likely that its presence would limit oxygen uptake by L. luymesi, thereby inhibiting worm growth and reproduction. We hypothesized that occupied tubeworms would compensate for this by growing larger plumes for oxygen uptake. To explore the effects of bivalve presence/absence on female tubeworms, several morphological features, including body size, plume length, tube diameter, and tube segment length, as well as instantaneous fecundity, were compared. Results suggest that the mere presence of A. oophaga has a significant impact on the morphology of its host worm, as all measures of worm size, except for tube segment length, were significantly greater with clams present. Additionally, instantaneous fecundity was 3.5 times higher in occupied worms, implying that tubeworms are not oxygen‐deprived or energy limited as a result of bivalve presence. Our findings suggest that the association between these two deep‐sea organisms may be a more complex form of symbiosis than the simple predator–prey relationship, as previously thought.
Clinical consequences of human herpesvirus‐6 DNAemia in peripheral blood in pediatric liver transplant recipients
Authors: Al Fawaz Tariq , Ng Vicky , Richardson Susan E. , Barton Michelle , Allen Upton 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThe significance of HHV6 DNAemia after solid organ transplantation has not been fully determined. Our objectives were to determine the prevalence of HHV6 DNAemia in pediatric liver transplant recipients and to describe the associated clinical characteristics and outcomes. This was a retrospective case–control study. Eligible liver transplant patients aged ≤ 18 yr with HHV6 DNAemia were matched with two subjects without HHV6 DNAemia. Matching was by age ± 6 months. Among 154 subjects, 25 patients (16%) had HHV6 DNAemia detected by PCR in whole blood or plasma (M:F ratio = 0.9:1). While 28% of subjects with DNAemia (7/25) had symptoms consistent with HHV6 infection, active infection was detected in only four subjects (2.6% of liver transplant patients). The major symptoms/signs were fever, vomiting, lethargy, splenomegaly, bone marrow suppression, and elevated transaminases. The prevalence of DNAemia due to other herpesviruses in cases vs. controls was EBV 56% vs. 60%, CMV 12% vs. 12%, HHV7 20% vs. 12%; p value is not significant for all pairwise comparisons. HHV6 DNAemia in pediatric liver transplant patients is not an uncommon entity. While the clinical relevance is still not entirely established, active HHV6 infection and attributable symptoms are relatively rare.
The successful use of alemtuzumab for treatment of steroid‐refractory acute graft‐versus‐host disease in pediatric patients
Authors: Khandelwal Pooja , Lawrence Julia , Filipovich Alexandra H. , Davies Stella M. , Bleesing Jacob J. , Jordan Michael B. , Mehta Parinda , Jodele Sonata , Grimley Michael S. , Kumar Ashish , Myers Kasiani , Marsh Rebecca A. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractSR‐aGVHD remains a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in allogeneic HCT recipients. Alemtuzumab has been used with success in adult patients but has not been studied in the pediatric setting. To estimate the effectiveness of alemtuzumab for the treatment of SR‐aGVHD in pediatric patients, we retrospectively reviewed the charts of 19 patients (median age 4 yr, range 0.5–28 years) with grades II (n = 3), III (n = 10), or IV (n = 6) SR‐aGVHD who received alemtuzumab treatment. Patients received a median dose of 0.9 mg/kg alemtuzumab (range 0.3–2 mg/kg) divided over 2–6 days. Eighty‐nine percent of patients received additional courses. A complete response, defined as GVHD of grade 0 at four wk following the first alemtuzumab course, was observed in nine patients (47%). A partial response, defined as an improvement in grade after four wk, was observed in five patients (26%). There was no response in five patients (26%). The overall response rate at four wk was 73%. Infectious complications included bacteremia (47%), presumed or documented fungal infections (21%), adenovirus viremia (52%), EBV viremia (36%), and CMV viremia (36%). We conclude that alemtuzumab is effective for SR‐aGVHD in pediatric patients with a tolerable spectrum of complications.
Evaluation of Tendon Anchorage Zone Stresses in Prestressed Concrete Nuclear Containment Using Detailed Finite Element Analysis
Authors: Wang Shen , Munshi Javeed A. 
Published: October 2013

Nuclear containments serve the critical function of providing a leak proof boundary for containment of radiation in nuclear power plants. The containments are, generally, steel, reinforced concrete or prestressed concrete depending upon the diameter and internal design pressure. Prestressed concrete containments are used in large nuclear containments with significant design internal pressure. In these situations, the externally applied prestressing serves to counter internal design pressure due to LOCA (loss of coolant accident) and other accident loads thus reducing the required thickness and reinforcement demand. The prestressing tendons are placed in sheathing within the concrete. After the concrete achieves its required strength, the tendons are stretched and locked off against the ends of the concrete called anchorage zones. These anchorage zones are thus subjected to substantial compressive and splitting stresses and need to be properly designed and detailed. Since anchorage zones are the primary location of the prestressing force transfer to concrete, they experience very large and localized bearing and splitting stresses which can have significant safety and structural consequences for the containment integrity.
Simple analysis based on strut-and-tie model is generally used for design of prestressed concrete anchorage zones. But because of the stress concentrations and potential impact to structural integrity, it is prudent to utilize detailed finite element method to verify and/or substantiate the results from simple analysis. The finite element (FE) analysis of tendon anchorage zone requires a refined mesh in order to capture the geometry of details surrounding tendons.
This paper presents a detailed and practical finite element model used to perform a comprehensive stress analysis of an anchorage zone of a large post-tensioned containment. Both local and general anchorage zones are evaluated. A fictitious case of tendon anchorage zone is established as an example case based on typical parameters of nuclear plants. A 3D finite element model is then developed using ANSYS Version 13.0, in which the effect of tendon sleeve / sheathing into concrete is modeled explicitly. This paper also discusses anchorage zone analysis approaches in various state-of-the-practice codes and standards using hand calculations. The result of finite element analysis are compared with analyses using various hand calculation approaches.
In particular, importance of adequate reinforcement design and detailing in anchorage regions is discussed based on the stress profiles from FE analysis and compared with hand calculation methods. It is concluded that a detailed finite element evaluation of anchorage regions is necessary to develop a level of confidence required for ensuring safety and integrity of nuclear containments. The FE modeling also serves as verification for results from simple hand calculation methods.
The Variation in Effectiveness of Low-Finned Tubes Within a Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchanger for Supercritical CO2
Authors: Fourspring Patrick M. , Nehrbauer Joseph P. 
Published: October 2013

Low-finned tubes can be effective in baffled flow heat exchangers, if the heat transfer coefficients on either side of the heat exchanger differ greatly and therefore limit the thermal conductance of the heat exchanger. Low-finned tubes can increase thermal conductance by providing additional heat transfer area on the limiting side.
The height and the spacing of the low-fins must be greater than the thickness of the thermal boundary layer on the low-finned side of the heat exchanger. Otherwise, the effectiveness of the additional area that the low-finned tubes provide will be reduced. The boundary layer thickness is dependent on the velocity and the thermophysical properties of the fluids. Therefore, in a standard shell-and-tube heat exchanger, the number of heat exchanger shell-side baffles needs to be properly considered to provide the correct shellside velocity without introducing too much pressure drop.
Testing of a shell-and-tube heat exchanger containing low-finned tubes varied the flow rate and pressure of the supercritical CO2 on the shell side as water provided the cooling on the tube side. The testing maintained the temperature and pressure of the CO2 above the critical point in order to determine the changes in the effectiveness of the low-finned tubes and thus the heat transfer rate of the heat exchanger.
The results show that the additional heat transfer area provided by the low-finned tubes will remain fully effective, even as the supercritical fluid nears its critical point or a pseudo-critical temperature. This result also supports (but is not sufficient to prove) the guidance to limit the estimated thickness of the thermal boundary layer to the fin height and twice the fin spacing to ensure the additional heat transfer area provided by the low-finned tubes remain effective.
Comparison of Containment Response for a CANDU 6 Station Blackout Sequence Using MAAP4-CANDU (v4.0.7) and GOTHIC (v7.2b)
Authors: Petoukhov S. M. , Nguyen Tuan H. , Awadh B. , Mathew P. M. 
Published: October 2013

The objective of this study is to compare containment simulation results predicted by MAAP4-CANDU v4.0.7 and GOTHIC v7.2b for a Station Blackout severe core damage accident, when the containment dousing spray system is not credited.
The input parameters (mass and energy source terms into containment) for GOTHIC were generated by MAAP4-CANDU for the Station Blackout sequence. The GOTHIC (lumped parameter model) and MAAP4-CANDU containment nodalization models were very similar, thus facilitating direct comparison of the results.
Analysis of the results demonstrated that the simulation results obtained with the two codes are similar. Good agreement was obtained for the containment pressure, gas temperature and containment atmosphere composition predictions.
Experimental Study on Condensate Inundation for Condensation of Horizontally Flowing Steam in a Large Condenser Tube Bundle
Authors: Fujita Issaku , Inoue Koichi , Machii Kotaro , Hiraoka Satoshi , Ishihara Manabu 
Published: October 2013

While 1700MW class Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR) projects like US-APWR are conducted by Mitsubishi Heavy Industry (MHI) now, the size of condenser tube bundle becomes the largest ever constructed by MHI to be accordance with the increased heat rejection rate from the turbine system. Where, it becomes difficult to ignore the condensate sub-cooling and heat transfer deterioration by condensate inundation. Therefore, we have been working on research about the practical application of large-sized condenser since 2008, and tube arrangement optimization is one of the important subjects.
As suitable tube arrangement for a large-sized condenser, the proven streamlined shape tube bundle was proposed, which had been adopted in the fossil fuel power units. In the streamlined shape tube bundle, most steam condenses on tubes under horizontal or downward steam flow conditions. In large tube bundle, the heat transfer deterioration due to inundation apparently occurs. On the other hand, condensate is blown away by the horizontal steam flow, and the effect of inundation would be reduced. For the tube arrangement optimization, the accurate knowledge on heat transfer including the behavior of such condensate under the horizontal steam flow condition is essential. However, most research on steam condensation on tube bundle has been conducted for the downward steam flow but the research for horizontal steam flow condensation is very limited so far (1–5).
In the present research, condensation experiments were conducted by using a horizontal tube bank containing 36 cooling tubes with 12 condensate supply tubes. Steam was horizontally supplied to the tube bank at velocities 15–27m/s at pressures of 8.8kPa. Cooling tubes were made of copper and have an outer diameter of 19.1mm and condensing length of 150mm. In order to clarify the effect of condensate inundation on condensation heat transfer in detail, local heat transfer coefficients and the condensate flow in the tube bank were measured. In this paper, we describe findings on the condensate behavior and heat transfer in horizontal flow obtained by the experiment.