bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Physician Accuracy in Interpreting Potential ST‐Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction Electrocardiograms
Authors: McCabe James M. , Armstrong Ehrin J. , Ku Ivy , Kulkarni Ameya , Hoffmayer Kurt S. , Bhave Prashant D. , Waldo Stephen W. , Hsue Priscilla , Stein John C. , Marcus Gregory M. , Kinlay Scott , Ganz Peter 
Published: October 2013

Background

With adoption of telemedicine, physicians are increasingly asked to diagnose
ST
‐segment elevation myocardial infarctions (
STEMI
s) based on electrocardiograms (
ECG
s) with minimal associated clinical information. We sought to determine physicians' diagnostic agreement and accuracy when interpreting potential
STEMI ECG
s.

Methods and Results

A cross‐sectional survey was performed consisting of 36 deidentified
ECG
s that had previously resulted in putative
STEMI
diagnoses. Emergency physicians, cardiologists, and interventional cardiologists participated in the survey. For each
ECG
, physicians were asked, “based on the
ECG
above, is there a blocked coronary artery present causing a
STEMI
?” The reference standard for ascertaining the
STEMI
diagnosis was subsequent emergent coronary arteriography. Responses were analyzed with generalized estimating equations to account for nested and repeated measures. One hundred twenty‐four physicians interpreted a total of 4392
ECG
s. Among all physicians, interreader agreement (kappa) for
ECG
interpretation was 0.33, reflecting poor agreement. The sensitivity to identify “true”
STEMI
s was 65% (95%
CI
: 63 to 67) and the specificity was 79% (95%
CI
: 77 to 81). There was a 6% increase in the odds of accurate
ECG
interpretation for every 5 years of experience since medical school graduation (
OR
1.06, 95%
CI
: 1.02 to 1.10,
P
=0.01). After adjusting for experience, there was no significant difference in the odds of accurate interpretation by specialty—Emergency Medicine (reference), General Cardiology (
AOR
0.97, 95%
CI
: 0.79 to 1.2,
P
=0.80), or Interventional Cardiology physicians (
AOR
1.24, 95%
CI
: 0.93 to 1.7,
P
=0.15).

Conclusions

There is significant physician disagreement in interpreting
ECG
s with features concerning for
STEMI
. Such
ECG
s lack the necessary sensitivity and specificity to act as a suitable “stand‐alone” diagnostic test.
Old Garment from a New Tailor: The Reception and Reshaping of Epic Material in Early Medieval Iran
Authors: Gazerani Saghi 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThe corpus of epic material produced in the New Persian language, best known by Ferdowsi’sShāhnāma, is preoccupied with narrating Iran’s past. In this article, the production milieu of the epic material during post-Conquest Iran is explored. This is undertaken by tracing the sources of the Sistani Cycle of Epics, a body of literature, which recounts the stories of Rostam, his ancestors and his progeny. The discussion of the sources of this body of epics reveals what seems to be an abundant interest in narrating multiple, diverse and contradictory events of Iran’s pre-Islamic past. The existence of a plethora of varying narrations raises several questions such as the impetus for transmission of these varying narratives, and the nature of Iranian historiography.
Historiography and the Shoʿubiya Movement
Authors: Dabiri Ghazzal 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThis article examines the ways in which Iranian mytho-history was woven into the narratives of Islamic history. It argues that the inclusion of narratives such as the ones that equate several of the earliest Iranian mytho-historical kings to the earliest Koranic prophets or claim that Persian was the language of the prophets from Ādam to Esmāʿil, reflects the concerns of theShoʿubiyamovement. The paper also analyzes the ways in which these Iranian kings are represented in theAvestaas paradigmatic rulers and how their essential function as good rulers is retained in the latermythosand, hence, texts so that they are equatable to the prophets. The paper argues that these narratives reflect not only a concern for equality among Iranians as Muslims, but also the ways in which intellectuals negotiated the interstitial spaces between culture and politics.
Banners, Spears, Black Raiders and Byzantines: Some Textual Notes on Late Sasanian and post-Sasanian Zoroastrian Apocalyptic Texts
Authors: Shapira Dan D.Y. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThis article is a philological study of literary motifs in the Middle Persian apocalyptic work of uncertain date,Zand ī Wahman Yašt. The author claims that the motifs under his consideration in the text of ZWY (=Zand ī Wahman ī Yašt) go back to Middle Persian version of several AvestanYašts, especially, to the Middle Persian translation of the second part ofYašt1 (known asWahman Yašt),Yašt11, andYašt8.
“Building a New Vision of the Past in the Sasanian Empire: The Sanctuaries of Kayānsīh and the Great Fires of Iran”
Authors: Canepa Matthew P. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThis article analyzes how Zoroastrian holy sites as celebrated in the Avesta or elaborated in later, related traditions, emerged as important architectural and ritual centers in late antiquity. Instead of ancient foundations whose details were lost in the depths of time, this paper argues that some of the holiest sanctuaries of the Zoroastrian religion, including Ādur Gušnasp, Ādur Farnbāg, Ādur Burzēn-Mihr, Ādur Karkōy and Lake Kayānsīh, emerged no earlier than the Arsacid era, and were actively manipulated and augmented by the Sasanian dynasty. These ‘Avestan’ sites of memory emerged at locales with no previous Achaemenid monumental construction, but did benefit from beautiful and dramatic natural features. In late antiquity these natural features, usually mountains or lakes, took on the names and significance of the sacred geography of as found in the Avesta. The Sasanian dynasty in particular built grand monumental complexes as its sovereigns sought to take control of these ancient Iranian traditions.
Some Passages on Turkic Peoples in Zoroastrian Pahlavi Literature
Authors: Cereti Carlo G. 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
Following on similar contributions focusing on geographical chapters and subjects in Pahlavi literature, in this article the author briefly presents the main evidence on the presence of Turkic people and on place names relative to the vast area of Turkestân, as found in Middle Persian Zoroastrian texts.
Addressing State Responsibility for the Crime of Military Sexual Slavery during the Second World War: Further Attempts for Justice for the “Comfort Women”
Authors: McDougall Gay J. 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
Between 1932 and the end of the Second World War, the Japanese Government and the Japanese Imperial Army forced over 200,000 women into sexual slavery in rape centres throughout Asia. The majority of the victims were from Korea, but many were also taken from China, Indonesia, the Philippines and other Asian countries under Japanese control.
There has been no real redress for these injustices: no prosecutions of guilty perpetrators, no acceptance of full legal responsibility by the Government of Japan, and no compensation paid to the surviving victims. The present paper focuses primarily on the issue of state responsibility and the situation of the Korean survivors. The study concludes that Japan has a continuing legal liability for grave violations of human rights and humanitarian law, violations that amount in their totality to crimes against humanity. The study establishes, contrary to Japanese Government arguments, that (a) the crime of slavery accurately describes the system established by the rape centres and that the prohibition against slavery clearly existed as a customary norm under international law at the time of the Second World War; (b) that acts of rape in armed conflict were clearly prohibited by the Regulations annexed to the Hague Convention No. IV of 1907 and by customary norms of international law in force at the time of the Second World War; (c) that the laws of war applied to conduct committed by the Japanese military against nationals of an occupied state, Korea; and (d) that because these are crimes against humanity, no statute of limitations would limit current-day civil or criminal cases concerning the Second World War rape centres.
The paper also refutes the argument that any individual claims that these women may have had for compensation were fully satisfied by peace treaties and international agreements between Japan and other Asian States following the end of the Second World War.
International Law as Memorial Sites: The “Comfort Women” Lawsuits Revisited
Authors: Abe Kohki 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
This article revisits the legal and philosophical frontiers passionately explored in the “comfort women” lawsuits in Japan. The epoch-making judicial battle challenging the legality and legitimacy of Japanese military sexual slavery has created an innovative space for combining justice and history. Of enormous practical import are a series of lower court judgments that determined the wrongfulness of Japan’s shameful involvement in the heinous abusive practices during the wartime period. Invoking the nebulous concept of the “Framework” of the San Francisco Peace Treaty of 1951, the Supreme Court rendered a decision in 2007 to procedurally shut the door to the war reparation claims. The decision, however, may not be sustained from the perspective of contemporary international law that is increasingly infused with the quality of trans-temporal justice. The author argues that the Government of Japan should discharge its responsibility by faithfully adopting measures required under international law, an act powerfully called for in the “Age of Apology” and within a new global paradigm against violence against women.
The Regional Difference on Human Rights and Criminal Justice: Judicial Self-Determination Lost through the Suppression from Western States? Universal Jurisdiction and Prohibition of the Death Penalty
Authors: Inazumi Mitsue 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
States in different regions have different visions and interpretations of international law on how to achieve the goal of protecting human rights, and these differences are causing some conflicts between European states and non-European states. This article examines such conflicts in the field of criminal justice – in the exercise of extradition, universal jurisdiction, and the death penalty. In the field of international criminal law, there are new norms emerging, for example, a rule (referred in this article as ‘the Rule’) that in a situation of concurrent jurisdictions, the court that conducts a fair trial by providing sufficient human rights protection should proceed with the prosecution. In accordance with the Rule, European states decide to exercise their own jurisdiction over cases committed abroad by foreigners, and refuse to extradite a suspect when he or she is likely to face a death penalty or impartial trial. However, the practices of European states in applying new norms in accordance with their understandings of a fair trial and prohibition of the death penalty invited opposition from those states whose national jurisdiction is denied or defeated. They are criticised as an infringement of state sovereignty, or as an unreasonable compulsion of Western values. Such opposition can be observed in the aggressive response from African states asserting that the universal jurisdiction exercised by European states over African officials for crimes committed in Africa contradicts the sovereign equality and independence of African states, thus evoking memories of colonialism. Also, although the influence of the prohibition of death penalty by European states is reflected on the Japan-EU Agreement on the Mutual Legal Assistance in Criminal Matters, Japan continues to retain the death penalty.
Beliefs, stigma and discrimination associated with mental health problems in Uganda: Implications for theory and practice
Authors: Quinn Neil , Knifton Lee 
Published: October 2013

Background: There are major gaps in knowledge about beliefs, stigma and discrimination in Uganda, including the relationship between different cultural beliefs and stigmatising responses, how stigma and beliefs result in discrimination and the impact of social factors such as gender, poverty and ethnic conflict. Aim: This exploratory study aims to understand beliefs, stigma and discrimination associated with mental health in Uganda in more depth from the perspectives of different stakeholders. Methods: Focus groups and interviews were undertaken with mental health activists, policymakers, practitioners, non-governmental and human rights organisations, journalists and academics. Results: Stigma was reported by individuals, families, communities and institutions, including health services. The study also found stigmatising beliefs linked to traditional, religious and medical explanatory frameworks, high levels of ‘associated stigma’, common mental health problems rarely medicalised and discrimination linked to poverty, gender and conflict. Conclusions: The findings suggest the need to address stigma in their cultural and social context, alongside other human rights initiatives.
The Relationship Between Coping Styles in Response to Unfair Treatment and Understanding of Diabetes Self-Care
Authors: Dyke Michelle L. , Cuffee Yendelela L. , Halanych Jewell H. , McManus Richard H. , Curtin Carol , Allison Jeroan J. 
Published: October 2013

Purpose This study examined the relationship between coping style and understanding of diabetes self-care among African American and white elders in a southern Medicare-managed care plan. Methods Participants were identified through a diabetes-related pharmacy claim or ICD-9 code and completed a computer-assisted telephone survey in 2006-2007. Understanding of diabetes self-care was assessed using the Diabetes Care Profile Understanding (DCP-U) scale. Coping styles were classified as active (talk about it/take action) or passive (keep it to yourself). Linear regression was used to estimate the associations between coping style with the DCP-U, adjusting for age, sex, education, and comorbidities. Based on the conceptual model, 4 separate categories were established for African American and white participants who displayed active and passive coping styles. Results Of 1420 participants, the mean age was 73 years, 46% were African American, and 63% were female. Most respondents (77%) exhibited active coping in response to unfair treatment. For African American participants in the study, active coping was associated with higher adjusted mean DCP-U scores when compared to participants with a passive coping style. No difference in DCP-U score was noted among white participants on the basis of coping style. Conclusions Active coping was more strongly associated with understanding of diabetes self-care among older African Americans than whites. Future research on coping styles may give new insights into reducing diabetes disparities among racial/ethnic minorities.
Bodily Aesthetic Ideals Among Latinas With Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Weitzman Patricia Flynn , Caballero A. Enrique , Millan-Ferro Andreina , Becker Anne E. , Levkoff Sue E. 
Published: October 2013

Purpose The purpose of this study was to examine how attitudes and practices related to bodily aesthetic ideals and self-care might inform the engagement of Latinas with type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Methods Focus groups were used to collect qualitative data concerning bodily aesthetic ideals and diabetes management, including help-seeking experiences, from Latina women with T2DM (n = 29) receiving care through Latino Diabetes Initiative at the Joslin Diabetes Center. Focus groups were conducted in Spanish, audiotaped, transcribed, and content analyzed. Results Four main themes emerged: (1) a preference among participants for a larger than average body size, although perceptions of attractiveness were more closely linked to grooming than body size; bodily dissatisfaction centered on diabetes-induced skin changes, virilization, and fatigue rather than weight; (2) diabetic complications, especially foot pain, as a major obstacle to exercise; (3) fatalistic attitudes regarding the inevitability of diabetes and reversal of its complications; and (4) social burdens, isolation, and financial stressors as contributing to disease exacerbation. Conclusions Interventions that emphasize reduced body size may be less effective with Latinas who have T2DM than those that emphasize the benefits of exercise and weight loss for skin health, energy levels, and reduced virilization.
Analysis of Radiation‐Induced Cell Death in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma and Rat Liver Maintained in Microfluidic Devices
Authors: Carr Simon D. , Green Victoria L. , Stafford Nicholas D. , Greenman John 
Published: October 2013

ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to investigate how head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) tissue biopsies maintained in a pseudo in vivo environment within a bespoke microfluidic device respond to radiation treatment.Study DesignFeasibility study.SettingTertiary referral center.Subjects and MethodsThirty‐five patients with HNSCC were recruited, and liver tissue from 5 Wistar rats was obtained. A microfluidic device was used to maintain the tissue biopsy samples in a viable state. Rat liver was used to optimize the methodology. HNSCC was obtained from patients with T1‐T3 laryngeal or oropharyngeal SCC; N1‐N2 metastatic cervical lymph nodes were also obtained. Irradiation consisted of single doses of between 2 Gy and 40 Gy and a fractionated course of 5×2 Gy. Cell death was assessed in the tissue effluent using the soluble markers lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and cytochrome c and in the tissue by immunohistochemical detection of cleaved cytokeratin18 (M30 antibody).ResultsA significant surge in LDH release was demonstrated in the rat liver after a single dose of 20 Gy; in HNSCC, it was seen after 40 Gy compared with the control. There was no significant difference in cytochrome c release after 5 Gy or 10 Gy. M30 demonstrated a dose‐dependent increase in apoptotic index for a given increase in single‐dose radiotherapy. There was a significant increase in apoptotic index between 1×2 Gy and 5×2 Gy.ConclusionM30 is a superior method compared with soluble markers in detecting low‐dose radiation‐induced cell death. This microfluidic technique can be used to assess radiation‐induced cell death in HNSCC and therefore has the potential to be used to predict radiation response.
Clinical spectrum in three families with familial hemiplegic migraine type 2 including a novel mutation in the ATP1A2 gene
Authors: Roth Christian , Freilinger Tobias , Kirovski Georgi , Dunkel Juliane , Shah Yogesh , Wilken Bernd , Rautenstrauß Bernd , Ferbert Andreas 
Published: October 2013

Introduction Familial hemiplegic migraine (FHM) is a rare subtype of migraine with transient hemiplegic aura. Patients and methods We describe three unrelated families with familial hemiplegic migraine type II (FHM2). Retrospectively, information on 47 family members could be obtained, 15 by personal examination and 32 by indirect anamnesis from relatives. Genetic analyses were performed in 13 patients. Results One family had a novel missense mutation in the ATP1A2 gene (c.659C>T, p.Ser220Leu) that segregated with the phenotype in three generations. Two further unrelated families with different ethnic backgrounds (one from Germany and one from Russia) had a missense mutation that has not been described as yet in FHM, but occurred in only a single patient with sporadic hemiplegic migraine (c.2723G>A, p.Arg908Gln). Clinically the patients had severe attacks lasting up to several weeks as well as epileptic seizures. Three patients with a proven mutation in the ATP1A2 gene clinically presented without hemiparesis. Furthermore, there was a possible relation of FHM2 to mental retardation in another two patients. Conclusion Clinical symptoms may last for several weeks in some patients. Patients with FHM2 may also present without hemiplegia. Therefore, the full family history has to be taken into account to establish the diagnosis of FHM.
Antibacterial effects of curcumin
Authors: Gunes Hayati , Gulen Dumrul , Mutlu Reyhan , Gumus Abdullah , Tas Tekin , Topkaya Aynur Eren 
Published: October 2013

Aim: To evaluate the antibacterial effect of curcumin with the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) method in standard bacterial strains. Methods: The in vitro antibacterial activity of curcumin was evaluated against methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) (ATCC 29213), methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) (ATCC 43300), Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC 29212), Bacillus subtilis (ATCC 6633), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853), Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (ATCC 700603) using the macrodilution broth susceptibility test method. After incubation in tubes, the antibacterial activity of curcumin was detected by a lack of turbidity, which indicated the inhibition of bacterial growth. The concentration in the tube with the highest dilution showing no turbidity was defined as the MIC. Results: The curcumin MIC values were 175 µg/ml, 129 µg/ml, 219 µg/ml, 217 µg/ml, 163 µg/ml, 293 µg/ml and 216 µg/ml against P. aeruginosa, B. subtilis, MSSA, MRSA, E . coli, E. faecalis and K. Pneumonia, respectively. Conclusion: This study revealed antibacterial effects of curcumin against standard bacterial strains in high concentrations. Animal experiments have demonstrated that curcumin applied at high doses has strong antibacterial activity. There is a need for further in vivo studies to shed light on antibacterial effects of curcumin with high concentrations.
Protective effects of caffeic acid phenethyl ester on ifosfamide-induced central neurotoxicity in rats
Authors: Ginis Zeynep , Ozturk Gulfer , Albayrak Aynur , Kurt Sefika Nur , Albayrak Murat , Fadillioglu Ersin 
Published: October 2013

Background: The aim of this study was to establish the protective effect of caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) against the ifosfamide (IFOS)-induced central neurotoxicity in rats and to determine the changes in oxidant–antioxidant status of brain tissue. Method: A total of 35 Wistar rats (aged 7-12 days) were used in the experiments. The study comprised of five groups. Control untreated rats ( n = 7) belonged to group 1; group 2 was given intraperitoneal (IP) injection of CAPE alone (10 µmol/kg; n = 7); group 3 was treated with single IP injection of IFOS (500 mg/kg; n = 7); group 4 was treated for 2 days with IP administration of CAPE (10 µmol/kg) beginning from one day before single IP injection of IFOS ( n = 7); and group 5 was treated with saline and 10% ethanol. At the 24th hour of IFOS treatment, brain tissues were removed for analysis. Results: The brain catalase activity was lower in IFOS group than the other groups ( p < 0.05). The levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and protein carbonyl content in brain tissue were higher in IFOS group than the control, CAPE, ethanol, and IFOS + CAPE groups ( p < 0.05). There was no significant difference between MDA and protein carbonyl content of control, CAPE, ethanol, and IFOS + CAPE groups. Immunohistochemistry showed marked activation of caspase 3 in the IFOS group at 24 h after treatment. Conclusion: This study revealed that pretreatment with CAPE might protect brain tissue against IFOS-induced central neurotoxicity. CAPE could be an effective course of therapy to enhance therapeutic efficacy and to lessen IFOS toxicity in clinical chemotherapy.