bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
New Approaches to Network and Information Security Regulation: The EU Telecoms Package
Authors: Feiler Lukas 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
The ePrivacyDirective and the FrameworkDirective as amended by the EU Telecoms Package introduce, for the first time, obligations for providers of public communications networks and for providers of publicly available electronic communications services to notify certain personal data security breaches and certain network security breaches to subscribers, individuals concerned, and/or the competent national (regulatory) authority. This paper analyzes the conditions under which different types of security breaches will have to be notified and to whom this notification will have to be addressed. The paper will conclude with a riskbased assessment of these new security breach notification requirements, examining to what extent they not only allow users to take corrective security measures and regulators to make informed policy choices, but also to what extent the new policies address the fundamental problem of the misalignment of risk and risk mitigation capability.
Gewerbesteuerzerlegung bei mehrgemeindlichen Betriebstätten am Beispiel eines Großflughafens
Authors: Offerhaus Klaus , Althof Michael 
Published: November 2014

AbstractDie Belastung durch Lärmemissionen im unmittelbaren Umfeld von Großflughäfen gewinnen in Anbetracht der stark zunehmenden Zahl der Flugbewegungen sowie der immer dichter werdenden Besiedelung im Umfeld von Ballungsräumen zunehmend an Bedeutung. Um die vom Flughafen ausgehende Lärmbelästigung und den Erfolg von Lärmschutzmaßnahmen messen zu können, unterhalten Großflughäfen heutzutage ein Netz von Lärmmessstationen, die in den besonders lärmbelasteten Gebieten rund um den Flughafen aufgestellt werden. Hierzu sind die Betreiber von Verkehrsflughäfen nach § 19a des Luftverkehrsgesetzes (LuftVG) sogar verpflichtet. Der nachfolgende Beitrag befasst sich mit der Einordnung derartiger festinstallierter Lärmmessstationen im Lichte des Betriebstättenbegriffs sowie mit den möglichen Folgewirkungen für die Zerlegung der Gewerbesteuer. Der Betriebstättenbegriff wird insbesondere relevant, wenn es um die räumliche Zuordnung von Einkünften geht. Bei der Frage, welche Gemeinde (Gewerbesteuer-) hebeberechtigt ist, kommt es darauf an, ob der Gewerbebetrieb eine Betriebstätte in der betreffenden Gemeinde unterhält (§ 4 GewStG).
Die Finanzierung von Krankenhäusern in öffentlich-rechtlicher Trägerschaft aus EG-beihilfenrechtlicher Perspektive
Authors: Koenig Christian , Vorbeck Philipp 
Published: November 2014

Betriebsverluste von Krankenhäusern in öffentlich-rechtlicher Trägerschaft werden durch ihre Träger häufig ausgeglichen. Dieser Defizitausgleich war bereits Gegenstand eines konkreten Kommissionsverfahrens: Die Asklepios GmbH, ein privater Krankenhausträger, hatte gegen derartige Zahlungen der öffentlichen Hand im Januar 2003 Beschwerde vor der Europäischen Kommission mit der Begründung eingelegt, der Defizitausgleich stelle eine verbotene Beihilfe i.S.d. Art. 87 Abs. 1 EG dar. Da die Europäische Kommission trotz der Beschwerde nach Auffassung der Asklepios GmbH untätig geblieben war, erhob das Unternehmen im Mai 2004 Untätigkeitsklage vor dem Gericht erster Instanz der Europäischen Gemeinschaften (EuG). Die mündliche Verhandlung vor dem EuG in dieser Sache fand im März 2007 statt.Die anstehende Entscheidung des EuG in dieser Frage wird zum Anlass genommen, die Frage nach der Vereinbarkeit des Defizitausgleichs mit dem EG-Beihilfenrecht unter besonderer Beachtung der Freistellungsentscheidung der Kommission näher zu beleuchten.
Neuregelungen im Leistungserbringerrecht der GKV durch das GKV-OrgWG
Authors: Knispel Ulrich 
Published: November 2014

Im GKV-OrgWG ist in § 69 SGB V klargestellt worden, dass bei Vorliegen der tatbestandlichen Voraussetzungen das Vergaberecht der §§ 97 ff. GWB im Leistungserbringerrecht der GKV Anwendung findet. Zugleich ist der Rechtsweg für Streitigkeiten aus diesem Bereich gesetzlich geregelt worden: Zuständig für die Überprüfung von Entscheidungen der Vergabekammern, die auch bei die GKV betreffenden Vergabestreitigkeiten zunächst zur Entscheidung berufen sind, sind die Landessozialgerichte. Für Hilfsmittellieferanten soll ein sog. Präqualifizierungsverfahren etabliert werden, in dem vorab über die Eignung zur Teilnahme an der Versorgung entschieden wird. Allerdings ist die Einrichtung eines solchen Prüfungsverfahrens dem GKV-Spitzenverband und den Spitzenorganisationen der Leistungserbringer übertragen worden; zudem stellen sich zahlreiche Fragen, zu denen sowohl das Gesetz als auch die Gesetzesbegründung schweigen. Da es für den Fall einer Nichteinigung der Partner keine Konfliktlösungsregelung gibt, liegt es nicht fern, dass es nicht zu einer Regelung kommt. Im Vertragssystem der Hilfsmittelleistungserbringer ist der Vorrang für die im Wege einer Ausschreibung zu schließenden Verträge nach § 127 Abs. 1 SGB V, die dem Ausschreibungsgewinner eine Exklusivverssorgungsberechtigung vermitteln, abgeschwächt worden. Zugleich soll die Zweckmäßigkeit solcher Ausschreibungen durch gemeinsame Empfehlungen des GKVSpitzenverbandes und der Spitzenorganisationen der Leistungserbringer, an deren Stelle ggf. eine Schiedsperson entscheidet, festgelegt werden. Parallel zu dem Zurücktreten der Ausschreibungsverträge nach § 127 Abs. 1 SGB V wird allen geeigneten Leistungserbringern ein Beitrittsrecht zu den nach § 127 Abs. 2 SGB V geschlossenen Verträgen eingeräumt und so ihre Teilnahme an der Versorgung sichergestellt. Die Verlängerung der Versorgungsberechtigung der am 1.4.2007 zugelassenen Leistungserbringer bis zum 31.12.2009 hat angesichts dieses Beitrittsrechts kaum praktische Bedeutung, da gesetzlich klargestellt worden ist, dass im Bereich der nach § 127 Abs. 1 SGB V geschlossenen Verträge diese Übergangsbestimmung nicht gilt.Schon kurz nach dem seit 1.4.2007 geltenden GKVWSG2 hat sich der Gesetzgeber in dem zum 1.1.2009 in Kraft getretenen GKV-OrgWG einerseits im Leistungserbringerrecht zu Klarstellungen und andererseits im Bereich der Hilfsmittellieferanten, der durch das GKVWSG einem ausschließlichen Vertragsregime unterstellt worden ist, zu Ergänzungen und Änderungen veranlasst gesehen. Inhalt und Reichweite dieser Neuregelungen, die während der Gesetzesberatung durch den Ausschuss für Gesundheit vorgenommen worden sind,3 sollen im Folgenden näher betrachtet werden.
Earth's Climate Sensitivity: Apparent Inconsistencies in Recent Assessments
Authors: Schwartz Stephen E. , Charlson Robert J. , Kahn Ralph , Rodhe Henning 
Published: November 2014

AbstractEarth's equilibrium climate sensitivity (ECS) and forcing of Earth's climate system over the industrial era have been re‐examined in two new assessments: the Fifth Assessment Report (AR5) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), and a study by Otto et al. (2013). The ranges of these quantities given in these assessments and also in the Fourth (2007) IPCC Assessment are analyzed here within the framework of a planetary energy balance model, taking into account the observed increase in global mean surface temperature over the instrumental record together with best estimates of the rate of increase of planetary heat content. This analysis shows systematic differences among the several assessments and apparent inconsistencies within individual assessments. Importantly, the likely range of ECS to doubled CO2 given in AR5, 1.5–4.5 K/(3.7 W m−2) exceeds the range inferred from the assessed likely range of forcing, 1.2–2.9 K/(3.7 W m−2), where 3.7 W m−2 denotes the forcing for doubled CO2. Such differences underscore the need to identify their causes and reduce the underlying uncertainties. Explanations might involve underestimated negative aerosol forcing, overestimated total forcing, overestimated climate sensitivity, poorly constrained ocean heating, limitations of the energy balance model, or a combination of effects.
Sensitivity experiments on True Polar Wander
Authors: Greff‐Lefftz Marianne , Besse Jean 
Published: November 2014

AbstractUsing sensitivity experiments based on the position of subductions and of superplumes, we derive models for the temporal evolution of 3‐D mass anomalies in the mantle and compute the associated inertia perturbations and polar wander. We show that although the large length‐scale mantle dynamics during the Earth's history may have been dominated by coupled supercontinent‐superplume cycles, subductions alone are sufficient to trigger major True Polar Wander (TPW) episodes, or rotation of the whole lithosphere and mantle with respect to the Earth's rotation axis. We present two examples. We speculate that the distribution of continents with respect to the equator on the Earth's surface is driven by episodic subductions during the Wilson cycle: alternating fast subduction girdles around continents and upwellings during the divergence phases, with both reduced or stopped subductions activity around continents and moderate inter‐continental subductions during the convergence phases, lead to successive equatorial or polar distributions of continents, both configurations being separated by strong episodes of TPW. Finally, using plate reconstructions and geologic maps, over the period 1100–720 Ma, the period of amalgamation and destruction of the Rodinia supercontinent, we explain with our model the observed large eastward/westward and poleward/equatorward motions of the rotation axis.
Ein gemischtes Arsen‐Phosphor‐zentriertes Biradikaloid
Authors: Hinz Alexander , Schulz Axel , Villinger Alexander 
Published: November 2014

AbstractSingulett‐Biradikaloide der Hauptgruppenelemente wurden in den letzten 20 Jahren gründlich untersucht, insbesondere Derivate des Cyclobutan‐1,3‐diyls. Jedoch sind in jedem der bekannten Beispiele die Radikalzentren äquivalent. Daher wollten wir ein gemischtes Dipniktadiazandiyl herstellen, in dem P und As den Radikalcharakter tragen. Um das Ziel zu erreichen, musste zunächst das Dichlorcycloarsaphosphadiazan [ClP(μ‐NTer)2AsCl] synthetisiert werden. Durch Chloridabstraktion von [ClP(μ‐NTer)2AsCl] wurde das cyclische Kation [P(μ‐NTer)2AsCl]+ erhalten, während die Reduktion mit Magnesium zum Arsaphosphadiazandiyl [P(μ‐NTer)2As] führte.
Copper‐Catalyzed Stereoselective Aminoboration of Bicyclic Alkenes
Authors: Sakae Ryosuke , Hirano Koji , Satoh Tetsuya , Miura Masahiro 
Published: November 2014

AbstractA copper‐catalyzed aminoboration of bicyclic alkenes, including oxa‐ and azabenzonorbornadienes, has been developed. With this method, amine and boron moieties are simultaneously introduced at an olefin with exo selectivity. Subsequent stereospecific transformations of the boryl group can provide oxygen‐ and nitrogen‐rich cyclic molecules with motifs that may be found in natural products or pharmaceutically active compounds. Moreover, a catalytic asymmetric variant of this transformation was realized by using a copper complex with a chiral bisphosphine ligand, namely (R,R)‐Ph‐BPE.
Ligand‐Detected Relaxation Dispersion NMR Spectroscopy: Dynamics of preQ1–RNA Binding
Authors: Moschen Thomas , Wunderlich Christoph Hermann , Spitzer Romana , Levic Jasmin , Micura Ronald , Tollinger Martin , Kreutz Christoph 
Published: November 2014

AbstractAn NMR‐based approach to characterizing the binding kinetics of ligand molecules to biomolecules, like RNA or proteins, by ligand‐detected Carr‐Purcell‐Meiboom‐Gill (CPMG) relaxation dispersion experiments is described. A 15N‐modified preQ1 ligand is used to acquire relaxation dispersion experiments in the presence of low amounts of the Fsu class I preQ1 aptamer RNA, and increasing ligand concentrations to probe the RNA small molecule interaction. Our experimental data strongly support the conformational selection mechanism postulated. The approach gives direct access to two parameters of a ligand–receptor interaction: the off rate and the population of the small molecule–receptor complex. A detailed description of the kinetics underlying the ligand binding process is of crucial importance to fully understanding a riboswitch’s function and to evaluate potential new antibiotics candidates targeting the noncoding RNA species. Ligand‐detected NMR relaxation dispersion experiments represent a valuable diagnostic tool for the characterization of binding mechanisms.
ZnAl2O4:Eu novel phosphor: SEM and mechanoluminescence characterization synthesized by solution combustion technique
Authors: Satapathy Kabita K. , Mishra G. C. , Khan F. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractEu doped ZnAl2O4 phosphors were synthesized by the solution combustion technique using carbohydrazide as a fuel. Mechanoluminescence (ML) was excited impulsively by dropping a piston of 0.7 kg onto the phosphors. Two distinct peaks were observed in the ML glow curve of the γ‐ray irradiated ZnAl2O4:Eu phosphors. Dependence of ML on various parameters as impact velocity of the piston dropped on to it, mass of the sample, gamma ray doses given to the sample and ML spectra have been studied. ML emission spectrum showed the characteristic emission of Eu3+ ion in this system. ML is observed to be optimum for the sample having 0.2 mol% of Eu in the ZnAl2O4 phosphor. XRD result confirms formation of the phosphors. SEM characterization shows its surface morphology. This novel phosphor may be a potential candidate for dosimetric use due to its linear dose response. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Unexpected Carbon Dioxide Inclusion in Water‐Saturated Pores of Metal–Organic Frameworks with Potential for Highly Selective Capture of CO2
Authors: Kim Daeok , Lim Hyung‐Kyu , Ro Hyeyoon , Kim Hyungjun , Lee Huen 
Published: November 2014

AbstractUnusual CO2 storage in water‐saturated MOFs was investigated by combining experiment and simulation. It was found that the micropores of HKUST‐1 saturated with water provide an environment that is thermodynamically and kinetically favorable for CO2 capture, but not for N2 and H2 capture. We expect that this phenomenon have potential to be used for successful separation of CO2 from versatile flue streams and pre‐combustion gas.
113Cd Solid‐State NMR for Probing the Coordination Sphere in Metal–Organic Frameworks
Authors: Kuttatheyil Anusree Viswanath , Handke Marcel , Bergmann Jens , Lässig Daniel , Lincke Jörg , Haase Jürgen , Bertmer Marko , Krautscheid Harald 
Published: November 2014

AbstractSpectroscopic techniques are a powerful tool for structure determination, especially if single‐crystal material is unavailable. 113Cd solid‐state NMR is easy to measure and is a highly sensitive probe because the coordination number, the nature of coordinating groups, and the geometry around the metal ion is reflected by the isotropic chemical shift and the chemical‐shift anisotropy. Here, a detailed investigation of a series of 27 cadmium coordination polymers by 113Cd solid‐state NMR is reported. The results obtained demonstrate that 113Cd NMR is a very sensitive tool to characterize the cadmium environment, also in non‐single‐crystal materials. Furthermore, this method allows the observation of guest‐induced phase transitions supporting understanding of the structural flexibility of coordination frameworks.
Atrial Fibrillation and Incident Myocardial Infarction in the Elderly
Authors: O'Neal Wesley T. , Sangal Kunal , Zhang Zhu‐Ming , Soliman Elsayed Z. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractBackgroundAtrial fibrillation (AF) has been shown to be independently associated with an increased risk of myocardial infarction (MI) in a predominantly middle‐aged population; however, this association has not been examined in older populations.HypothesisAF is associated with MI in older adults.MethodsA total of 4608 participants (85% white, 40% male) from the Cardiovascular Health Study without evidence of baseline coronary heart disease were included in this analysis. AF cases were identified during the yearly study electrocardiogram, a self‐reported history of a physician diagnosis, or by hospitalization data. Incident MI was identified using medical records with local and central adjudication. Cox regression was used to compute hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the association between AF and incident MI.ResultsA total of 434 (9.4%) participants had evidence of AF before incident MI. Over a median follow‐up of 12.2 years, a total of 797 (17.3%) participants developed MI. In a multivariable Cox proportional hazards analysis adjusted for socio‐demographics, cardiovascular risk factors, and potential confounders, AF was associated with an increased risk of MI (HR: 1.7, 95% CI: 1.4‐2.2). A significant interaction was detected by race, with black (HR: 3.1, 95% CI: 1.7‐5.6) AF participants having an increased risk of MI compared with whites (HR: 1.6, 95% CI: 1.2‐2.1; P interaction = 0.030).ConclusionsAF is associated with an increased risk of MI in a population of older adults.
Theoretical Study of the Nontraditional Enol‐Based Photoacidity of Firefly Oxyluciferin
Authors: Pinto da Silva Luís , Esteves da Silva Joaquim C. G. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractA theoretical analysis of the enol‐based photoacidity of oxyluciferin in water is presented. The basis for this phenomenon is found to be the hydrogen‐bonding network that involves the conjugated photobase of oxyluciferin. The hydrogen‐bonding network involving the enolate thiazole moiety is stronger than that of the benzothiazole phenolate moiety. Therefore, enolate oxyluciferin should be stabilized versus the phenolate anion. This difference in strength is attributed to the fact that the thiazole moiety has more potential hydrogen‐bond acceptors near the proton donor atom than the benzothiazole moiety. Moreover, the phenol‐based excited‐state proton transfer leads to a decrease in the hydrogen‐bond acceptor potential of the thiazole atoms. The ground‐state enol‐based acidity of oxyluciferin is also studied. This phenomenon can be explained by stabilization of the enolate anion through strengthening of a bond between water and the nitrogen atom of the thiazole ring, in an enol‐based proton‐transfer‐dependent way.
Tracking Responses to Items in Measures as a Means of Increasing Therapeutic Engagement in Clients: A Complementary Clinical Approach to Tracking Outcomes
Authors: Cross Simone , Mellor‐Clark John , Macdonald James 
Published: November 2014

This article presents a novel clinical application of questionnaire feedback, which focuses on change at the individual question level rather than the total mean or clinical score level. We term the approach ‘Tracking Responses to Items in Measures’ (TRIM) and promote the key aims to be (1) providing both client and practitioner with feedback on areas of positive change that may be masked by numerical feedback, (2) reinforcing client strengths and self‐efficacy, (3) exploring potential extra‐therapeutic factors that may contribute to the lack of change or deterioration on individual questions and (4) establishing a collaborative dialogue relating clients' problems to their goals and the consequent aims of treatment. This paper profiles the clinical origins and technical development of TRIM as a clear, user‐friendly display of item change across sessions using colour codes and illustrates the clinical utility through two clinical vignettes. Although the profile of the TRIM method herein uses the Clinical Outcomes in Routine Evaluation Outcome Measure, we believe the method could easily be used with other measures. These could include Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7 and Patient Health Questionnaire 9 used in English National Health Service primary care Improving Access to Psychological Therapies services, or disorder specific measures for particular problems commonly used in National Health Service specialist services. We suggest TRIM is a practical complement to existing feedback systems, especially in work with clients who may be less likely to show empirically meaningful change on mean item or clinical score levels. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.Key Practitioner Message

Using outcome questionnaires as conversational tools helps practitioners focus on change at the individual item level rather than the numeric level.
Tracking Responses to Items in Measures helps provide clients and practitioners with feedback on areas of positive change that may be masked by summary score analysis.
Exploring the lack of change or deterioration on particular questions helps practitioners to assess extra‐therapeutic factors that may be compromising change.
Using individual item change profiles as feedback for clients helps validate their progress and reinforce their strengths and self‐efficacy.
Synaptic mechanisms of adenosine A2A receptor‐mediated hyperexcitability in the hippocampus
Authors: Rombo Diogo M. , Newton Kathryn , Nissen Wiebke , Badurek Sylvia , Horn Jacqueline M. , Minichiello Liliana , Jefferys John G.R. , Sebastiao Ana M. , Lamsa Karri P. 
Published: November 2014

ABSTRACTAdenosine inhibits excitatory neurons widely in the brain through adenosine A1 receptor, but activation of adenosine A2A receptor (A2AR) has an opposite effect promoting discharge in neuronal networks. In the hippocampus A2AR expression level is low, and the receptor's effect on identified neuronal circuits is unknown. Using optogenetic afferent stimulation and whole‐cell recording from identified postsynaptic neurons we show that A2AR facilitates excitatory glutamatergic Schaffer collateral synapses to CA1 pyramidal cells, but not to GABAergic inhibitory interneurons. In addition, A2AR enhances GABAergic inhibitory transmission between CA1 area interneurons leading to disinhibition of pyramidal cells. Adenosine A2AR has no direct modulatory effect on GABAergic synapses to pyramidal cells. As a result adenosine A2AR activation alters the synaptic excitation ‐ inhibition balance in the CA1 area resulting in increased pyramidal cell discharge to glutamatergic Schaffer collateral stimulation. In line with this, we show that A2AR promotes synchronous pyramidal cell firing in hyperexcitable conditions where extracellular potassium is elevated or following high‐frequency electrical stimulation. Our results revealed selective synapse‐ and cell type specific adenosine A2AR effects in hippocampal CA1 area. The uncovered mechanisms help our understanding of A2AR's facilitatory effect on cortical network activity. © 2014 The Authors Hippocampus Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Clinical perceptions of radiation therapy undergraduate competency standards
Authors: Carmichael Mary‐Ann , Bridge Pete 
Published: November 2014

AbstractIntroductionThe multifactorial nature of clinical skills development makes assessment of undergraduate radiation therapist competence level by clinical mentors challenging. A recent overhaul of the clinical assessment strategy at Queensland University of Technology has moved away from the high‐stakes Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE) to encompass a more continuous measure of competence. This quantitative study aimed to gather stakeholder evidence to inform development of standards by which to measure student competence for a range of levels of progression.MethodsA simple anonymous questionnaire was distributed to all Queensland radiation therapists. The tool asked respondents to assign different levels of competency with a range of clinical tasks to different levels of student. All data were anonymous and was combined for analysis using Microsoft Excel.ResultsFeedback indicated good agreement with tasks that specified the amount of direction required and this has been incorporated into the new clinical achievements record that the students need to have signed off. Additional puzzling findings suggested higher expectations with planning tasks than with treatment‐based tasks.ConclusionThe findings suggest that the amount of direction required by students is a valid indicator of their level and has been adopted into the clinical assessment scheme. Further work will build on this to further define standards of competency for undergraduates.