bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Analysis of ILI, ACVG and DCVG Indications in Conjunction With CIS: A Case Study
Authors: Matocha Garry , Burns James F. , Garrity Kevin C. , Eastman Alan 
Published: July 2013

To support pipeline integrity initiatives, Spectra Energy (Spectra) undertook to verify the pipeline coating condition on certain pipeline assets by performing DCVG or ACVG surveys on Class 2 and Class 3 locations and in HCA’s. The process undertaken was to consider the alignment of coating anomaly indications with ILI anomaly indications and to compare the results of direct examinations to anomaly indications. The alignment and comparison of the data is based upon the analysis of DCVG, ACVG, CIS and ILI data. The results of the direct examinations at the sites in the affected segments were reviewed to evaluate the condition of the pipelines as it relates to specific severity of the identified coating anomalies.
This paper will discuss the results and findings of those studies.
Supporting Guidelines for Reviewing Reliability-Based Assessments of Onshore Non-Sour Natural Gas Transmission Pipelines
Authors: McCallum Marcus , Mora Rafael G. , Emmerson Graham , Senadheera Thushanthi , Francis Andrew 
Published: July 2013

In Canada, a great deal of effort has been invested into the use of reliability-based techniques for the design and assessment of non-sour natural gas transmission pipelines. This led to the inclusion of Annex O in the Canadian onshore pipeline code CSA Z662 in 2007, which gives detailed descriptions of all of the key components of reliability-based approaches. However, the annex does not and is not intended to provide recipes for using the reliability-based techniques for particular fields of application such as evaluating the acceptability of changes to location class, service or increasing maximum operating pressure. Consequently, the onus is on the reliability/integrity engineer to tailor the approach to the particular field of application and the specifics of the pipeline. This means that even working in accordance with the code, the approach and optimizing techniques adopted by one engineer may be very different to that adopted by another. This presents a challenge for those reviewing reliability based plans, designs and alternatives for approval.
The National Energy Board (NEB) engaged Andrew Francis & Associates Ltd (AFAA) to assist them with constructing a set of supporting guidelines to assess the comprehensiveness and safety of reliability based submissions. Unlike customary design reviews, the guidelines are geared towards provoking a reviewer into asking delving questions rather than into going through a ‘box-checking’ questionnaire. Indeed, asking the case-specific and clarification questions is regarded as a crucial step towards determining the adequacy and effectiveness of the measures proposed in the content and conclusions of a particular filing. Simply questioning whether Annex O has been followed is not encouraged and, even when safety criteria appear to have been met (i.e. box-checking), a reviewer is prompted to challenge the reasonableness of assumptions and ask whether safety levels are providing the lowest practicable risk to the Canadian public. One line of inquiring might be: are sufficient data available; are the data reliable; are the data relevant to the case under consideration; or have the data been analyzed using a valid method applicable to the case. Other typical questions would be have the consequences been properly assessed and are the mitigative and preventative measures providing the lowest practicable risk compared to pressure reduction and pipe replacement.
The purpose of this paper is to present an overview of the assessment guidelines and the approach and key considerations for conducting efficient, consistent and fair reviews of reliability based assessments of hazardous material pipelines. In doing so, the paper also identifies some of the pitfalls that engineers conducting reliability based integrity assessments should seek to avoid.
Development of Industry Standard for Pipeline Security Pre-Warning Technology
Authors: Li Yunjie , Zheng Juan , Tan Dongjie , Liu Yanshuang , Chen Pengchao 
Published: July 2013

This article describes the development of industry standard for pipeline security pre-warning (PSP) technology which is an achievement of China National Petroleum Corporation’s Eleventh Five-Year science and technology project. By comprehensive application of signal acquisition and identification technologies, the PSP system monitors the pipeline for real time and promptly warns and locates the damages caused by illegal excavation, drilling hole for oil-stealing, pipeline erosion and natural disaster. This technology applied and operated well on some long distance transport pipelines in China and was listed on the Recommendation Projects for Safe and Security by the State Administration of Work Safety in 2009.
To speed up the industrial application and promotion of the PSP technology, the Oil & Gas Storage and Transportation Standardization Committee (OGSTSC) of the Petroleum Industry organized the development of the standard from which transferred the research and development results. The standardization process has taken two years and gone through five major steps: first, determining the standard range; second, researching relative standards, laws and regulations; third, carrying out field tests; fourth, drafting the specifications, finally, revision and finalizing the standard. The development of PSP standard is a typical example for OGSTSC of transferring knowledge from R&D to industrial standard and finally to end users. The PSP standard development process was finished in 2010 and the industry standard SY/T 6827 Specification for Security & pre-warning System of Oil & gas Pipeline was published in the July of 2011.
Guidance for Field Segmentation and Welding of Induction Bends and Elbows
Authors: Bruce William A. , Amend Bill , Rapp Steve 
Published: July 2013

The use of cold field bends is not practical for some pipeline construction applications, particularly for large diameter pipelines built with restricted work space. For many reasons, the use of segmented induction bends and long-radius elbows becomes a necessary part of normal construction practice.
This paper describes the results of the second phase of a recently-completed joint industry project pertaining to welding of field segmented induction bends and elbows for pipeline construction. In this phase, optimal methods for mapping, cutting, beveling, and transitioning induction bends and elbows were developed. Recommended practices for welding in the field and for a variety of related issues were also developed. The information was summarized and used to develop a generic specification for segmenting and welding of induction bends and elbows.
Further Development of Heat-Affected Zone Hardness Limits for In-Service Welding
Authors: Bruce William A. , Etheridge Bradley C. 
Published: July 2013

Welding onto an in-service pipeline is frequently required to facilitate a repair (Figure 1) or to install a branch connection using the “hot tapping” technique (Figure 2).
Welds made in-service cool at an accelerated rate as the result of the ability of the flowing contents to remove heat from the pipe wall. These welds, therefore, are likely to have hard heat-affected zones (HAZs) and a subsequently increased susceptibility to hydrogen-assisted cracking.
During the evaluation of procedure qualification welds, HAZ hardness is often used as an indicator of the susceptibility to cracking. A widely used value below which it is generally agreed that hydrogen cracking is not expected to occur is 350 HV. Both the US standard API 1104 Appendix B[1] and the Canadian standard CSA Z662[2] indicate that procedures for in-service welding that produce HAZ hardness greater than 350 HV should be evaluated with regard to the risk of hydrogen cracking. A previous paper on this topic[3] is referenced in CSA Z662 as guidance for performing this evaluation. The present paper describes the further development of HAZ hardness acceptance criteria that can be used to evaluate welds during the qualification of procedures for welding onto in-service pipelines.[4] This further development involved taking the effect of material thickness (restraint level) into account and further validation.
A Method to Determine the Safe Time for High Waxy Crude Pipeline With Uncertainty
Authors: Xu Bo , Miao Qing , Lan Hao , Yan Feng , Liu Donglei 
Published: July 2013

More than 80% crude oils produced in China has a high content of wax. Pipeline transportation for such high waxy Chinese crude has a serious safety risk due to its characteristics of high gel point (up to 30 degree) and high viscosity below the wax appearance temperature. In the case of pipeline shutdown the crude cools down. After a certain amount of time, depending on the crude oil properties, the crude oil temperature plot file, the hydraulic data as well as the pipeline construction and environmental related data, the required pressure to restart the pipeline might exceed the maximum allowable operation pressure (MAOP) which makes the restart of operation become very difficult or even impossible.
To mitigate the safety risk in case of the pipeline shutdown or to avoid congeal accident, determining the safe time after which the pipeline is still able to restart is necessary. However, the complexity of the presented problem lies in the uncertainty of the operation parameters and the environmental related data, such as the uncertainly of the flow rate and natural temperature.
A method is developed to predict the safe time based on the uncertainty of parameters. In the method, the field data is firstly collected, then processed and analyzed to obtain the static rules of these data. By doing so, the complexity of uncertainty is successfully handled. The method is then applied to two pipelines, the results show that the safety of the pipeline is ensured and the energy consumption is also significantly reduced.
Implementing Corporate Initiatives
Authors: Greaves Thomas H. 
Published: July 2013

IT enabled corporate projects have failure rates that approach 68% (Standish CHAOS 2009 Report). This paper will chronicle the steps needed to increase your chances of successfully implementing a corporate initiative.
Examples will be provided based on the recent roll out of a revamped Management of Change (MOC) program that included simple processes and policies, appropriate training at the right time, and an IT tool that was well established prior to roll out.
Detection of Small Leaks in Liquid Pipelines Utilizing Distributed Temperature Sensing
Authors: Siebenaler Shane P. , Walter Gary R. 
Published: July 2013

Leaks from hazardous liquid pipelines can have significant impacts on safety and the environment. The detection of such leaks in their infancy is important to the overall integrity management of pipelines. The traditional means of detecting leaks on this infrastructure typically involve visual inspection or computational monitoring. However, such methods are often inadequate for detecting and locating small discharges that can result in damage to the environment. One potential alternative technology is distributed temperature sensing (DTS).
The analytical work in this paper details near-field thermal effects surrounding the pipeline, seasonal and diurnal impacts on temperature as a function of buried depth, and the impact of transient temperature response from batch product operations. The analysis demonstrated that DTS employed on a buried transmission line would be immune from many of these effects and would not generate numerous false alarms due to these conditions.
Laboratory testing was conducted on both Brillouin and Raman-based DTS systems; a total of four different manufacturer’s products were utilized. The testing characterized any limitations of such systems as a function of wetted length. The testing demonstrated that such technology could accurately detect small temperature fluctuations over distances exceeding 12 km (7.5 mi) to a location with a resolution of one meter. In addition to sensitivity testing of the systems, the automated alarm systems were tested to ensure that the systems could detect leaks without generating numerous false alarms.
Geotechnical Management in OCP Pipeline
Authors: Salguero Gualberto Chiriboga 
Published: July 2013

Landslides are one of the main threats in maintaining pipeline integrity and depend directly on natural geological and geotechnical conditions. External factors such as weather, rainfall, and others, can trigger land movements and displace the pipeline.
The Ecuadorian OCP (Heavy Crude Oil Pipeline) is a buried pipeline going in an East to West direction, crossing 485 kilometers of the Ecuadorian territory. It starts in the Amazon Region (approximately 300 meters above sea level), and then climbs the Andes Mountains (4060 meters above sea level in its tallest portion), to then descend to the shores of the Pacific Ocean. The OCP pipeline crosses many regions with varying climates, varying rainfall patterns, variable morphologies, diversity of soils, and areas affected by tectonic faults, among others.
In order to prevent pipeline failures, OCP Ecuador has instituted programs to perform preventive and corrective actions in order to handle the following geological concerns:
• Intervention of a specialized geotechnical team to identify and monitor critical points along the pipeline route. This team identifies unstable sites based on the observations of cracks, land movements, or other visual deformations of the pipeline route and its surroundings.
• Upkeep of the preventive program.
• Execution of third-level studies required to understand specific unstable zones in detail: nature of the subsoil, underground water level, geo-mechanic characteristics, stability factor, and stabilization works.
• Geotechnical instrumentation used: inclinometers to search the spread of movement, shifting direction, speed, (landslide location); strain gauges for preventive control of pipeline strain, alert levels, efficiency of stabilization works; and topographic surveys to monitor superficial movements.
• Data processing and mapping on GIS Software.
• Annual over-flights to detect massive landslides.
• Internal inspectors (online-ILI) providing a wide range of information: geometry measurements, curvature monitoring, pipeline displacement, etc. In addition, it allows detection of probable zones depicting soil movement.
The purpose of this technical paper is to present the methodology applied by OCP Ecuador to prevent failure of the pipeline along its route.
Intelligent Valve Placement Enhancements Incorporate Value Assessment and Broaden Protection to Consequence Areas
Authors: Li Yanping , Weir David A. 
Published: July 2013

In previous International Pipeline Conference papers, Weir et al. (IPC 2006) and Weir, Li (IPC 2008) described an approach for determining the location of new remote controlled sectionalizing valves on an existing liquid pipeline system and for new pipeline development that considers a) valve placement to protect major water crossings (defined as 100 feet wide or greater), b) the volume out reduction potential of valve placement to areas of high consequence, and c) a set volume out threshold. High consequence areas include high and other populated areas, drinking water, environmentally sensitive areas, and commercially navigable waterways as defined by 49 CFR 195.450. These papers describe the use of an effectiveness calculation and effectiveness curve that is used to determine a valve location based on a calculated effectiveness score being above a set predetermined threshold.
Effectiveness is a measure of the volume out reduction achieved to one or more high consequence areas by the placement of a remote controlled sectionalizing valve. All other conditions being equal, the effectiveness score is higher for sections of pipeline contained within or having the ability to affect many high consequence areas versus sections of pipe with limited or no potential to affect such areas. As a result, the effectiveness scoring method does not work well for those pipe sections with the potential to impact small but significant high consequence areas or non-major water crossings (i.e. width less than 100 ft) or that do not impact a high consequence area.
Recent incidents and a heightened public awareness about pipelines and measures that are required to alleviate concerns of environmental impacts in the event of a pipeline rupture have necessitated a reevaluation and refinement of the Intelligent Valve Placement approach. This paper outlines enhancements that Enbridge Pipelines has made to its Intelligent Valve Placement approach. These enhancements include a) set valve spacing for high vapor pressure (HVP) pipelines, b) a new definition of major water crossing, c) tighter volume out thresholds, and d) application of a value assessment applied to the placement of valves for pipeline sections in areas that may or may not contain high consequence areas.
Study on Pipeline Integrity Management Performance Evaluation Techniques and its Application in China Pipeline Companies
Authors: Gu Yulei , Zheng Honglong , Yang Yufeng , Zhou Lijian , Zhang Huabing , Li Yi 
Published: July 2013

Nowadays, more and more pipeline operators vigorously promote the implementation of integrity management programs (IMPs for short) in order to improve the integrity of their pipeline systems. But how can the operators measure the performance of their pipeline IMPs? In other words, how can the operators evaluate the efficiency and effectiveness of their programs so as to make continuous improvement? The regulations and standards of pipeline integrity management just gave some requirements and recommendations on performance measurement, but no specific methods were presented. Normally, the pipeline operators measured the performance of IMPs on the base of their management objectives and local regulations’ requirements.
The paper introduced the methodology and achievements of pipeline integrity management performance evaluation work conducted in PetroChina Pipeline Company. Considering the company’s specific integrity management goals and objectives, the metrics were established and applied to evaluate whether those goals had been achieved or not, and found out the shortage of the IMP for giving suggestions for improvement. Considering the input and output parameters of IMP, the performance measures system was set up. The input parameters included the input of workforce, facilities and other investments. The output parameters indicated the output of IMP, such as the accomplishment of the objectives, the quality of the work and the safety improvement through IMP. In order to clearly define the input and output parameters of IMP, the IMP was divided into nine parts, such as data management, high consequences areas identification, risk assessment, integrity assessment, corrosion prevention, defect repair, geo-hazards control, pipeline patrol, pipeline security. For each part, considering the management objectives, the “input-output” parameters metrics were set to measure the performance.
In order to see the performance of IMP from a macroscopic perspective, a simplified index system was built which mainly focused on the safety improvement such as the number of leakage, failures, accidents and economic loss. The grading performance evaluation system could conveniently meet the different focus of different levels managers.
In addition, in order to eliminate the influence of the different management difficulties to the performance of IMP, the paper built a set of adjustment factors to modify the investment parameters to make sure the evaluation results more objective and fair.
At last, the paper showed the application results of the IMP performance evaluation conducted in PetroChina Pipeline Company and its branches.
Dynamic Behaviour of High Strength Pipeline Steel
Authors: Van den Abeele F. , Peirs J. , Verleysen P. , Oikonomides F. , Van Wittenberghe J. 
Published: July 2013

The occurrence of a longitudinal crack propagating along a gas pipeline is a catastrophic event, which involves both economic losses and environmental damage. Hence, the fracture propagation control is essential to ensure pipeline integrity. The commonly used ductile fracture control strategy for the design of high pressure pipelines is the Battelle Two Curve Method. This approach stipulates that if there is a crack speed at a given pressure that exceeds the gas decompression velocity at the same pressure, propagation will occur.
However, for high strength pipeline steels, this method does not yield conservative predictions, as the absorbed impact energy during a Charpy test no longer reflects the actual burst behaviour of the pipe. Enhanced toughness measures, like Crack Tip Opening Angle and instrumented Battelle Drop Weight Tear test are being proposed as alternative options. These emerging toughness tests are complemented by numerical simulations of ductile crack propagation and arrest. Most of these models are based on the computation of void growth, and account for the local softening of the material due to void growth and subsequent coalescence.
The constitutive behaviour of the sound pipeline steel is often modelled as merely an elastoplastic law, measured under quasi-static conditions. However, both Charpy tests and Battelle tests are dynamic events, which require knowledge of the strain rate sensitivity of the pipeline material. In addition, very high strain rates can occur in the vicinity of a running crack in a high pressure gas pipeline. Hence, the constitutive model for the pipeline steel has to account for strain rate sensitivity.
In this paper, Split Hopkinson Tensile Bar (SHTB) experiments are reported on high strength pipeline steel. Notched tensile tests are performed at high strain rates, to assess the influence of both strain rate sensitivity and triaxiality on the response of the material. In addition, dynamic experiments are conducted at low temperatures (−70°C) to evaluate the ductility of pipeline steel under such severe conditions. The results allow discriminating between the effects of strain rate, triaxiality and temperature, and provide reliable experimental data to accurately model the constitutive behaviour of high strength pipeline steel.