bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Large Magnetoresistance Effect in p–n Junction Devices by the Space‐Charge Effect
Authors: Yang Dezheng , Wang Fangcong , Ren Yang , Zuo Yalu , Peng Yong , Zhou Shiming , Xue Desheng 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe finding of an extremely large magnetoresistance effect on silicon based p–n junction with vertical geometry over a wide range of temperatures and magnetic fields is reported. A 2500% magnetoresistance ratio of the Si p–n junction is observed at room temperature with a magnetic field of 5 T and the applied bias voltage of only 6 V, while a magnetoresistance ratio of 25 000% is achieved at 100 K. The current‐voltage (I–V) behaviors under various external magnetic fields obey an exponential relationship, and the magnetoresistance effect is significantly enhanced by both contributions of the electric field inhomogeneity and carrier concentrations variation. Theoretical analysis using classical p–n junction transport equation is adapted to describe the I–V curves of the p–n junction at different magnetic fields and reveals that the large magnetoresistance effect origins from a change of space‐charge region in the p–n junction induced by external magnetic field. The results indicate that the conventional p–n junction is proposed to be used as a multifunctional material based on the interplay between electronic and magnetic response, which is significant for future magneto‐electronics in the semiconductor industry.
Respiratory and behavioral dysfunction following loss of the GABAA receptor α4 subunit
Authors: Loria C. Jean , Stevens Ashley M. , Crummy Ellen , Casadesus Gemma , Jacono Frank J. , Dick Thomas E. , Siegel Ruth E. 
Published: February 2013

Abstractγ‐Aminobutyric acid type A (GABAA) receptor plasticity participates in mediating adaptation to environmental change. Previous studies in rats demonstrated that extrasynaptic GABAA receptor subunits and receptors in the pons, a brainstem region involved in respiratory control, are upregulated by exposure to sustained hypobaric hypoxia. In these animals, expression of the mRNA encoding the extrasynaptic α4 subunit rose after 3 days in sustained hypoxia, while those encoding the α6 and δ subunits increased dramatically by 2 weeks. However, the participation of extrasynaptic subunits in maintaining respiration in normoxic conditions remains unknown. To examine the importance of α4 in a normal environment, respiratory function, motor and anxiety‐like behaviors, and expression of other GABAA receptor subunit mRNAs were compared in wild‐type (WT) and α4 subunit‐deficient mice. Loss of the α4 subunit did not impact frequency, but did lead to reduced ventilatory pattern variability. In addition, mice lacking the subunit exhibited increased anxiety‐like behavior. Finally, α4 subunit loss resulted in reduced expression of other extrasynaptic (α6 and δ) subunit mRNAs in the pons without altering those encoding the most prominent synaptic subunits. These findings on subunit‐deficient mice maintained in normoxia, in conjunction with earlier findings on animals maintained in chronic hypoxia, suggest that the expression and regulation of extrasynaptic GABAA receptor subunits in the pons is interdependent and that their levels influence respiratory control as well as adaptation to stress.
Numerical Study on the Effect of Cavitation on Flow and Diesel Fuel Atomization Characteristics
Authors: Sadegharani H. , Haghshenasfard M. , Salimi J. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractComputational fluid dynamics (CFD) models based on the turbulent mixture multiphase model were applied to consider the effect of cavitation on the spray of diesel fuel. The effects of injection pressure and length‐to‐width (L/W) ratio on the velocity distribution, cavitation number, discharged coefficient, and nozzle exit velocity were investigated and the performance of the model was compared with the experimental data. The results indicate that the cavitation generated in the nozzle has a strong impact on the fuel injection and spray quality, whereas the L/W ratio is a highly effective parameter for cavitation behavior. In addition, by increasing the L/W ratio, the range of cavitation number, wall friction, and flow resistance increase but in the cavitation region the velocity profile in radial and axial directions, spray cone angle, nozzle exit velocity, and the discharged coefficient decrease.
Hydrogenation of Vegetable Oil – Mechanism and Kinetics
Authors: Kuchling Thomas , Wollmerstädt Hendrik , Endisch Matthias 
Published: February 2013

AbstractExperimentelle Untersuchungen zur Hydrierung von Pflanzenölen für die Herstellung hochwertiger Dieselkraftstoffkomponenten in einem kontinuierlich arbeitenden Rieselbettreaktor werden vorgestellt. Anhand der experimentellen Ergebnisse wird der Reaktionsablauf diskutiert und ein globaler, strukturgruppenbasierter Reaktionsmechanismus postuliert. Darauf aufbauend wird ein formalkinetisches Modell vorgestellt, das auch die Bildung von Zwischenprodukten erfasst und als Grundlage für die Auslegung technischer Reaktoren verwendet werden kann.
Interstate Crossing‐Induced Chemiexcitation as the Reason for the Chemiluminescence of Dioxetanones
Authors: Pinto da Silva Luís , Esteves da Silva Joaquim C. G. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe decomposition reaction of dimethyl‐1,2‐dioxetanone in dichloromethane was studied by using a DFT approach. The low efficiency of triplet and singlet excited‐state formation was rationalised. A charge‐transfer process was demonstrated to be involved in the chemiluminescence process. Present and previous results allow us to define an interstate crossing‐induced chemiexcitation (ICIC) mechanism for the chemiluminescence of dioxetanones. Charge transfer is needed to reach a transition state, in the vicinity of which direct population of excited states is possible. The chemiexcitation process is then governed by singlet/triplet intersystem crossings. Structural modifications then modify the rate of these crossings and the singlet ground and excited‐state interaction, thereby modulating the efficiency of this process and the spin of the resulting products.
What constitutes clinically significant binge eating? Association between binge features and clinical validators in college‐age women
Authors: Vannucci Anna , Theim Kelly R. , Kass Andrea E. , Trockel Mickey , Genkin Brooke , Rizk Marianne , Weisman Hannah , Bailey Jakki O. , Sinton Meghan M. , Aspen Vandana , Wilfley Denise E. , Taylor C. Barr 
Published: February 2013

AbstractObjective:To investigate the association between binge features and clinical validators.Method:The Eating Disorder Examination assessed binge features in a sample of 549 college‐age women: loss of control (LOC) presence, binge frequency, binge size, indicators of impaired control, and LOC severity. Clinical validators were self‐reported clinical impairment and current psychiatric comorbidity, as determined via a semistructured interview.Results:Compared with women without LOC, those with LOC had significantly greater odds of reporting clinical impairment and comorbidity (ps < 0.001). Among women with LOC (n = 252), the indicators of impaired control and LOC severity, but not binge size or frequency, were associated with greater odds of reporting clinical impairment and/or comorbidity (ps < 0.05).Dicussion:Findings confirm that the presence of LOC may be the hallmark feature of binge eating. Further, dimensional ratings about the LOC experience—and possibly the indicators of impaired control—may improve reliable identification of clinically significant binge eating. © 2013 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Int J Eat Disord 2013)
Dipotassium Diaquadiphosphatooctaperoxotetramolybdate, [K2(P2O7){MoO(O2)2}2{MoO(O2)2(OH2)}2]2– – a One‐Dimensional Double Chain Array of Polyanions Linked by Potassium Cations
Authors: Aoki Koji , Iwata Keisuke , Iwata Takahiro , Hashimoto Masato 
Published: February 2013

AbstractA dipotassium diaquadiphosphatooctaperoxotetramolybdate, [K2(P2O7){MoO(O2)2}2{MoO(O2)2(OH2)}2]2–, was crystallised as a tetramethylammonium salt and its structure was determined by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. The diaquadiphosphatooctaperoxotetramolybdate moiety (POPMo4) consists of four molybdenum decahedra and one μ4‐diphosphate group. All Mo atoms bear two peroxo groups at their equatorial positions. Two of the four Mo atoms are also coordinated by a water molecule. The four molybdenum decahedra are separated and linked by the diphosphate group. The POPMo4 moieties are linked by potassium atoms to form an infinite anionic 1D double chain. The chains are connected by hydrogen bonds to water of crystallisation molecules to form a 2D network. POPMo4 or its precursor gives a 31P NMR signal at δ = –7.3 ppm in the reaction solution and is stable at low pH and a high Mo/diphosphate molar ratio.
General Approach to Prostanes B1 by Intermolecular Pauson–Khand Reaction: Syntheses of Methyl Esters of Prostaglandin B1 and Phytoprostanes 16‐B1‐PhytoP and 9‐L1‐PhytoP
Authors: Vázquez‐Romero Ana , Verdaguer Xavier , Riera Antoni 
Published: February 2013

AbstractA synthetic approach to the methyl esters of Prostaglandin B1 and Phytoprostanes 16‐B1‐PhytoP (PPB1‐I) and 9‐L1‐PhytoP (PPB1‐II) based on the modified Julia olefination of a formylcyclopentenone and an appropriately protected hydroxy sulfone has been developed. The cyclopentenones were efficiently prepared by intermolecular Pauson–Khand reaction of a (silyloxymethyl)alkyne. The sulfone counterpart was prepared by regioselective ring‐opening of the appropriate chiral epoxides by 2‐mercaptobenzothiazole. The protecting group for the alcohol functionality on the sulfone proved to be crucial. Protection as a tert‐butyl ether was the best solution, giving better results than a tert‐butyldimethylsilyl ether.
Tropanes as Scaffolds for Phosphorus–Olefin Ligands and Their Application in Asymmetric Catalysis
Authors: Vlahovic Sandra , Schädel Nicole , Tussetschläger Stefan , Laschat Sabine 
Published: February 2013

AbstractTropane‐derived phosphorus–olefin hybrid ligands bearing various combinations of P‐units (chiral BINOL‐derived units/achiral PPh2‐units) with a tropene skeleton (chiral/achiral) have been synthesized and used in Cu‐catalysed conjugate 1,4‐additions of diethylzinc to cyclic enones and in Rh‐catalysed 1,4‐additions of phenylboronic acid (Hayashi–Miyaura reaction) with cyclic and acyclic enones. Whereas in Cu‐catalysed reactions only moderate yields and ee values (up to 49 % ee) were obtained, up to 97 % ee was observed in the Hayashi–Miyaura reaction with various substrates. The most promising results in both reactions were achieved with ligands 11 and 15, which contain a chiral alkene/achiral P‐unit or an achiral alkene/chiral P moiety, respectively, and where the metal is complexed on the exo side of the tropene skeleton. In contrast, ligands with an endo coordination mode showed only low (13) or no activity (12) in all of the 1,4‐additions. NMR and ESI‐MS experiments revealed the presence of two cationic [RhI(15)2]+ species in solution.
Prins‐Type Cyclization Reactions in Natural Product Synthesis
Authors: Han Xun , Peh GuangRong , Floreancig Paul E. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractPrins‐type cyclization reactions proceed through the intramolecular addition of a π‐nucleophile to an oxocarbenium ion or related species to generate a ring through carbon–carbon bond formation, often with excellent and predictable stereocontrol. The widespread presence of naturally occurring oxygen‐containing heterocycles has made these reactions exceedingly valuable for total synthesis efforts. This microreview covers several common variations of Prins‐type cyclizations and highlights their applicability to the total synthesis of natural products and analogs.
Day‐to‐day ionospheric variability due to lower atmosphere perturbations
Authors: Liu H.‐L. , Yudin V. A. , Roble R. G. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractIonospheric day‐to‐day variability is a ubiquitous feature, even in the absence of appreciable geomagnetic activities. Although meteorological perturbations have been recognized as an important source of the variability, it is not well represented in previous modeling studies and the mechanism is not well understood. This study demonstrates that the thermosphere‐ionosphere‐mesosphere‐electrodynamics general circulation model (TIME‐GCM) constrained in the stratosphere and mesosphere by the hourly whole atmosphere community climate model (WACCM) simulations is capable of reproducing observed features of day‐to‐day variability in the thermosphere‐ionosphere. Realistic weather patterns in the lower atmosphere in WACCM were specified by Modern Era Retrospective Reanalysis for Research and Application (MERRA). The day‐to‐day variations in mean zonal wind, migrating and nonmigrating tides in the thermosphere, vertical and zonal E × B drifts, and ionosphere F2 layer peak electron density (NmF2) are examined. The standard deviations of the drifts and NmF2 show local time and longitudinal dependence that compare favorably with observations. Their magnitudes are 50% or more of those from observations. The day‐to‐day thermosphere and ionosphere variability in the model is primarily caused by the perturbations originated in lower atmosphere, since the model simulation is under constant solar minimum and low geomagnetic conditions.
Insignificant solar‐terrestrial triggering of earthquakes
Authors: Love Jeffrey J. , Thomas Jeremy N. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractWe examine the claim that solar‐terrestrial interaction, as measured by sunspots, solar wind velocity, and geomagnetic activity, might play a role in triggering earthquakes. We count the number of earthquakes having magnitudes that exceed chosen thresholds in calendar years, months, and days, and we order these counts by the corresponding rank of annual, monthly, and daily averages of the solar‐terrestrial variables. We measure the statistical significance of the difference between the earthquake‐number distributions below and above the median of the solar‐terrestrial averages by χ2 and Student's t tests. Across a range of earthquake magnitude thresholds, we find no consistent and statistically significant distributional differences. We also introduce time lags between the solar‐terrestrial variables and the number of earthquakes, but again no statistically significant distributional difference is found. We cannot reject the null hypothesis of no solar‐terrestrial triggering of earthquakes.
The conjunctive trace
Authors: Richards Blake A. , Frankland Paul W. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractMemories serve to establish some permanence to our inner lives despite the fleeting nature of subjective experience. Most neurobiological theories of memory assume that this mental permanence reflects an underlying cellular permanence. Namely, it is assumed that the cellular changes which first occur to store a memory are perpetuated for as long as the memory is stored. But is that really the case? In an opinion piece in this issue of Hippocampus, Aryeh Routtenberg raises the provocative idea that the subjective sense of memory persistence is not in fact a result of persistence at the cellular level, rather, that “supple synapses” and multiple “evanescent networks” that are forever changing are responsible for our memories. On one level, his proposal could be construed as a radical challenge to some of our most fundamental theories of the neurobiology of memory, including Donald Hebb's proposal that memories are stored by networks that strengthen their connections to increase the likelihood of the same activity patterns being recreated at a later date. However, it could also be seen as a moderating call, a call for a greater acknowledgement of the dynamic, stochastic, and distributed nature of neural networks. In this response to Routtenberg's article, we attempt to provide a clarification of the dividing line between these two interpretations of his argument, and in doing so, we provide some overview of the empirical evidence that bears on this subject. We argue that the data that exists to date favors the more moderate interpretation: that memory storage involves a process in which activity patterns are made more likely to reoccur, but that an under‐appreciated reality is that mnemonic traces may continue to change and evolve over time. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Indinavir and nelfinavir inhibit proximal insulin receptor signaling and salicylate abrogates inhibition: Potential role of the NFkappa B pathway
Authors: Ismail Wan Iryani W. , King Judy A. , Anwar Khawar , Pillay Tahir S. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe molecular basis of insulin resistance induced by HIV protease inhibitors (HPIs) remains unclear. In this study, Chinese hamster ovary cells transfected with high levels of human insulin receptor (CHO‐IR) and 3T3‐L1 adipocytes were used to elucidate the mechanism of this side effect. Indinavir and nelfinavir induced a significant decrease in tyrosine phosphorylation of the insulin receptor β‐subunit. Indinavir caused a significant increase in the phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate‐1 (IRS‐1) on serine 307 (S307) in both CHO‐IR cells and 3T3‐L1 adipocytes. Nelfinavir also inhibited phosphorylation of Map/ERK kinase without affecting insulin‐stimulated Akt phosphorylation. Concomitantly, levels of protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B), suppressor of cytokines signaling‐1 and ‐3 (SOCS‐1 and ‐3), Src homology 2B (SH2B) and adapter protein with a pleckstrin homology domain and an SH2 domain (APS) were not altered significantly. When CHO‐IR cells were pre‐treated with sodium salicylate (NaSal), the effects of indinavir on tyrosine phosphorylation of the IR β‐subunit and phosphorylation of IRS‐1 at S307 were abrogated. These data suggest a potential role for the NFκB pathway in insulin resistance induced by HPIs. J. Cell. Biochem. 114: 1729–1737, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Probiotic use decreases intestinal inflammation and increases bone density in healthy male but not female mice
Authors: McCabe Laura R. , Irwin Regina , Schaefer Laura , Britton Robert A. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractOsteoporosis can result from intestinal inflammation, as is seen with inflammatory bowel disease. Probiotics, microorganisms that provide a health benefit to the host when ingested in adequate amounts, can have anti‐inflammatory properties and are currently being examined to treat inflammatory bowel disease. Here, we examined if treating healthy male mice with Lactobacillus reuteri ATCC PTA 6475 (a candidate probiotic with anti‐TNFα activity) could affect intestinal TNFα levels and enhance bone density. Adult male mice were given L. reuteri 6475 orally by gavage for 3×/week for 4 weeks. Examination of jejunal and ileal RNA profiles indicates that L. reuteri suppressed basal TNFα mRNA levels in the jejunum and ileum in male mice, but surprisingly not in female mice. Next, we examined bone responses. Micro‐computed tomography demonstrated that L. reuteri 6475 treatment increased male trabecular bone parameters (mineral density, bone volume fraction, trabecular number, and trabecular thickness) in the distal femur metaphyseal region as well as in the lumbar vertebrae. Cortical bone parameters were unaffected. Dynamic and static histomorphometry and serum remodeling parameters indicate that L. reuteri ingestion increases osteoblast serum markers and dynamic measures of bone formation in male mice. In contrast to male mice, L. reuteri had no effect on bone parameters in female mice. Taken together our studies indicate that femoral and vertebral bone formation increases in response to oral probiotic use, leading to increased trabecular bone volume in male mice. J. Cell. Physiol. 228: 1793–1798, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Response of breeding duck pairs to predator reduction in North Dakota
Authors: Pieron Matthew R. , Rohwer Frank C. , Chamberlain Michael J. , Kaller Michael D. , Lancaster Joseph 
Published: February 2013

AbstractPredator management regularly improves waterfowl nesting success, often beyond levels believed necessary for population maintenance. If recruitment, survival of breeding females, and/or breeding site fidelity is increased on predator‐reduced sites, then local breeding populations may increase in subsequent years. During 2005–2008, we annually conducted breeding pair surveys on >600 wetlands at 6 township‐sized (93.2 km2) trapped sites and 4 non‐trapped sites for the 5 most common upland nesting ducks in eastern North Dakota, USA. For each species, we developed a series of competing regression models that related breeding pair abundance to wetland size, predator management, and upland habitats adjacent to sampled wetlands. In contrast to previous studies, we found limited and equivocal evidence that breeding populations increased following predator management. We discuss multiple potential explanations for this lack of effect and suggest that managers should not assume that increased production as a product of elevated nest success will be compounded over years. © The Wildlife Society, 2013
Which dyskinesia scale best detects treatment response?
Authors: Goetz Christopher G. , Stebbins Glenn T. , Chung Kathryn A. , Hauser Robert A. , Miyasaki Janis M. , Nicholas Anthony P. , Poewe Werner , Seppi Klaus , Rascol Olivier , Stacy Mark A. , Nutt John G. , Tanner Caroline M. , Urkowitz Alison , Jaglin Jean A. , Ge Song 
Published: February 2013

ABSTRACTNumerous scales assess dyskinesia in Parkinson's disease (PD), variably focusing on anatomical distribution, phenomenology, time, severity, and disability. No study has compared these scales and their relative ability to detect change related to an established treatment. We conducted a randomized placebo‐controlled trial of amantadine, assessing dyskinesia at baseline and at 4 and 8 weeks using the following scales: Unified Dyskinesia Rating Scale (UDysRS), Lang‐Fahn Activities of Daily Living Dyskinesia Rating Scale (LF), 26‐Item Parkinson's Disease Dyskinesia scale (PDD‐26), patient diaries, modified Abnormal Involuntary Movements Scale (AIMS), Rush Dyskinesia Rating Scale (RDRS), dyskinesia items from the Movement Disorder Society–sponsored revision of the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (MDS‐UPDRS), and Clinical Global Impression (severity and change: CGI‐S, CGI‐C). Scale order was randomized at each visit, but raters were aware of each scale as it was administered. Sensitivity to treatment was assessed using effect size. Sixty‐one randomized dyskinetic PD subjects (31 amantadine, 30 placebo) completed the study. Four of the 8 scales (CGI‐C, LF, PDD‐26, and UDysRS) detected a significant treatment. The UDysRS Total Score showed the highest effect size (η2 = 0.138) for detecting treatment‐related change, with all other scales having effect sizes < 0.1. No scale was resistant to placebo effects. This study resolves 2 major issues useful for future testing of new antidyskinesia treatments: among tested scales, the UDysRS, having both subjective and objective dyskinesia ratings, is superior for detecting treatment effects; and the magnitude of the UDysRS effect size from amantadine sets a clear standard for comparison for new agents. © 2012 Movement Disorder Society