bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE PHYSIOLOGY OF PREGNANCY IN THE RAT. FURTHER DATA BEARING ON THE PROLONGATION OF PREGNANCY WITH A STUDY OF THE EFFECTS OF OÖPHORECTOMY DURING PREGNANCY
Authors: Hain Annie M. 
Published: December 2014

1. Previous work showed that the gestation period in the rat could be prolonged by the injection of substances rich in gonadotropic hormones, but containing no growth hormone [Hain, 1932 b]. The results in this paper show that it can be prolonged by an extract of anterior pituitary rich in growth hormone (phyone), and having only a slight ovarian reaction.2. The ovarian reaction was the same with both extracts and was of a typical character, namely, the production of hawmorrhagic follicles or “blood points.” It is considered unlikely that the substance producing this effect was, by itself, responsible for the prolongation of pregnancy. The most probable alternative is the existence of a hitherto unknown hypophyseal factor which causes the prolongation of pregnancy. Channels through which it may act are briefly examined.3. The combination of oophorectomy with injections of the abovementioned extracts shows that the presence of the ovaries is essential for the production of the full effects of the extracts in the prolongation of pregnancy.4. Oöphorectomy interrupts pregnancy, but the action is nlot immediate, and removal of the corpus luteum does not cause evacuation of the uterus. Considerable fcetal and placental development takes place in the absence of the ovaries, but the ovaries are necessary for full‐term development in the rat.Parturition can occur in the absence of the ovaries, but in such event it is protracted. This feature was common also to the group in which anterior pituitary extract was injected, and it is suggested that in both cases parturition may have occurred without ovarian action. Since parturition is protracted after removal of the ovaries and is completely prevented in absence of the anterior pituitary, it seems probable that ovarian‐hypophyseal action is essential to the rapid expulsion of the fœtus and to ensure live births; at the same time the existence of another factor in the birth mechanism is strongly indicated.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE PERFUSED LUNGS OF THE GUINEAPIG
Authors: Dale Alison S. , Narayana B. 
Published: December 2014

In the isolated guinea‐pig's lungs, perfused through the pulmonary artery with modified Ringer or Tyrode solution:—1. Excitation of the cervical vagi, or injection of acetylcholine, causes bronchoconstriction and vasoconstriction. These effects are abolished by atropine but are unaffected by eserine. Acetylcholine caused vasodilatation in one experiment only.2. In one out of four experiments excitation of the stellate ganglion caused vasoconstriction. Injection of adrenaline produces vasoconstriction and, if the tone of the bronchial muscles is already high, bronchodilatation.3. During rhythmic inflation bronchoconstriction diminishes flow and bronchodilatation increases it. During the action of a drug affecting both bronchi and blood‐vessels two mechanisms are responsible for the final effect upon the blood‐vessels: (a) the action of the drug upon the blood‐vessels and their peripheral elements, and (b) the mechanical forces exerted on the blood‐vessels as a result of concomlitant changes in bronchial calibre. The resultant effect is the algebraic sum of the two effects.4. Eserine causes bronchoconstriction and vasoconstriction in atroponished preparations.We wish to express our thanks to Professor I. de Burgh Daly for suggesting this work and for his advice and encouragement throughout.The expenses of this research were in part defrayed by a grant to one of us (B. N.) from the Moray Endowment Committee, to whom we express our thanks.
THE SELECTIVE ACTION OF HISTAMINE AND THE EFFECT OF PROLONGED VAGAL STIMULATION ON THE CELLS OF GASTRIC GLANDS IN THE DOG
Authors: Bowie D. J. , Vineberg Arthur M. 
Published: December 2014

1. A satisfactory method has been developed for preserving and staining the pepsinogen granules in the gastric mucosa of the dog. This technique, in conjunction with suitable physiological methods, has been applied to a study of the cells of gastric mucosa under various physiological conditions.2. On histological examination of the gastric mucosa of dogs, after repeated subcutaneous administrations of histamine during several hours, there appeared to be no diminution in the amount of pepsinogen granules in the peptic (chief) cells.3. The gastric juice produced by histamine was copious and of high acidity, but was extremely low in peptic power. A few hours after the administrations of histamine were begun pepsin became practically absent from the secretion.4. Histological examination of the gastric mucosa revealed that a maximum discharge of pepsinogen granules from the peptic cells had occurred after prolonged rhythmic stimulation of the vagi in the neck by means of a strong induction current.5. The increase of pepsin in the gastric juice, following vagal stimulation, seems to have coincided with the discharging of the pepsinogen granules from the peptic cells.6. Vagal stimulation, when applied immediately after a period of administration of histamine, soon activated the previously inactive peptic cells. This activation was manifested by the rise in the peptic power of the juice and by the coincident discharging of the pepsinogen granules.7. Histamine does not stimulate the peptic cells to discharge their pepsinogen granules.We wish to express our appreciation of the interest which Dr. B. P. Babkin has at all times shown during our work on this problem.
HORMONAL FACTORS INVOLVED IN PARTURITION IN THE RAT
Authors: D'Amour Fred E. , Dumont Charlotte 
Published: December 2014

Certain theories which have been suggested to explain the onset of parturition on a hormonal basis were tested by the injection of various hormones and hormone combinations. It was thought that if the average length of the gestation period could be shortened significantly as compared with a large group of controls, this would be evidence that the hormone producing such results was involved in normal parturition. 361 rats, exclusive of controls, were used. The theories tested, and the results obtained, follow.1. Theory.—Parturition occurs as the result of an increased concentration of estrin late in pregnancy. Results.—Large doses of estrin terminate pregnancy by killing the fetuses. Doses which do not have this effect do not significantly affect the gestation period.2. Theory.—Parturition occurs as the result of the sensitization of the uterus to pitocin by estrin. Results.—No evidence supporting this theory was discovered.3. Theory.—The anterior lobe of the pituitary is involved, either directly or by stimulating estrin secretion in the follicles. Results.—Large doses of anterior lobe extract delay parturition. The fetuses die eventually and are either aborted or resorbed. Smaller doses, either with or without pitocin, have no effect.4. Theory.—Some substance in follicular fluid, placentæ, or blood is responsible. Results.—No such substance could be demonstrated.
CHOLINE ESTERASE IN TOXÆMIA
Authors: Dikshit B. B. , Mahal H. S. 
Published: December 2014

1. A toæmia produced in guinea‐pigs by inoculation with cultures of B. pestis lowers the C.E. values of their blood.2. The C.E. values return to normal if the animals survive the infection.3. In one experiment in man, a large dose of Haffkine's plague vaccine markedly lowered the C.E. activity of the blood. The C.E. activity returned to normal after complete clinical recovery.Our thanks are due to Lt.‐Col. S. S. Sokhey, I.M.S., Director of the Haffkine Institute, for valuable suggestions and help during the course of these experiments and for supplying funds, facilities, and assistance. Our thanks are also due to the Trustees of the Lady Tata Memorial Trust for the Scholarship granted to one of us (H. S. M.).
ACETYLCHOLINE FORMATION BY TISSUES
Authors: Dikshit B. B. 
Published: December 2014

(1) A.Ch. formation by different tissues was studied by suspending them in warm eserinised Locke's solution and oxygenating for 5 hours.(2) Brain cortex, basal ganglia, spinal cord, sympathetic ganglia, auricle, urinary bladder, gastro‐intestinal tract, and pancreas were found to possess the property of forming A.Ch.(3) All parts of the gastro‐intestinal tract could form A.Ch., but the small intestines formed the ester in larger quantities.(4) A.Ch. formation by the small intestines was studied further, and it was found that the nerve plexuses were chiefly responsible for the ester formation.(5) The possibility that A.Ch. formation is a specialised function of the nerve cell is briefly discussed.My grateful thanks are due to Prof. A.J. Clark for helpful suggestions, criticism, and advice, and to the Director, Haffkine Institute, for providing funds and facilities to carry out this work.
THE SECRETION OF URINE IN RABBITS DURING EXPERIMENTAL SALT DEFICIENCY
Authors: Wilkinson B. M. , McCance R. A. 
Published: December 2014

(1) Salt deficiency was induced experimentally in the rabbit (a) by administering diuretin by mouth to animals on a low salt diet, (b) by injecting glucose solutions intraperitoneally and withdrawing the fluid some hours later by paracentesis.(2) Salt deficiency so induced led to(a) A negative N balance and possibly an excessive breakdown of body proteins.(b) An abnormal water balance characterised by a failure to excrete water normally under test and by an extreme oliguria at normal fluid intakes.(c) A reduced glomerular filtration rate at all urine flows which cannot be satisfactorily explained by anhydrawmia or a fall of blood pressure and the cause of which probably lies in the kidney itself.(a), (b), and (c) acting together lead to very high blood ureas.(3) Salt deficiency in the rabbit produces the same signs of renal disorganisation as it does in man, and the pathology must be essentially the same in both species.Much of this work was done at the Medical School of King's College Hospital, London, and the authors wish to acknowledge with thanks the facilities which they were given there.
STUDIES ON THE ANTIHÆMOLYTIC PROPERTIES OF LECITHIN AND CHOLESTEROL
Authors: Lee Jui‐Shuan , Tsai Chiao 
Published: December 2014

1. Lecithin is hæmolytic toward oleic acid, taurocholate, and glycocholate, but antihæmolytic to digitonin, crude bile acid preparation, and natural hæmolysin (dog's citrated plasma or serum against rabbit's corpuscles).2. The antihæmolytic behaviour of lecithin toward crude bile acid is not due to the interaction between taurocholate and glycocholate.3. The antihæmolytic activity of cholesterol is reinforced by lecithin in all lysin systems except natural hæmolysin, regardless of whether lecithin is inhibitory or acceleratory toward them in the absence of cholesterol. The reinforcement is most pronounced in saponin and digitonin. It is also very evident in crude bile acid and oleic acid. But it is rather feeble in Na‐taurocholate and Na‐glycocholate.
THE LOCALIZATION OF THE INTESTINAL INHIBITORY REFLEX ARC
Authors: Chang Pei-Yen , Hsu Fong-Yen 
Published: December 2014

1. Stimulation of a loop of small intestine by pressure, heat, mechanical injury or electrical stimulation of its afferent nerve causes an inhibition of the whole intestine. It is a reflex response and is independent of the vagus and of the adrenal gland.2. The reflex centre lies in the lower part of the thoracic and upper part of the lumbar cord. Afferent fibres enter the cord via dorsal roots from the seventh thoracic to the first lumbar segments. Efferent fibres leave the cord via ventral roots from the eighth thoracic to the first lumbar segments.3. The fibre connections in the spinal cord was also investigated. It is found that most of the afferent fibres do not cross to the opposite side, nor ascend or descend in the cord, but make connections with the efferent neurones in the same side and same segment of the cord.
THE DISTRIBUTION OF ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE IN VARIOUS TISSUES
Authors: Bourne G. , MacKinnon MacKenzie 
Published: December 2014

1. Further details of the staining of various organs by Gomori's phosphatase technique have been given.2. A modification of the technique which involves adding sodium alizarin sulphonate to the substrate mixture has been described.3. A description has been given of the distribution of phosphatase in regenerating bone.4. It has been found that phosphatase does not appear to be associated with the calcification of the hen's egg.5. Phosphatase appears to play some part in the secretion of the shell of certain molluscs.6. The intensity of phosphatase staining of kidney and adrenal was found to be undiminished in scurvy, but the periosteum and regenerating bone were found to stain less intensely than normal in scorbutic animals.
A STUDY OF THE DISTRIBUTION OF SULPHANILAMIDE
Authors: Alexander Frank 
Published: December 2014

1. The concentration of sulphanilamide in the blood, one hour after intravenous injection, corresponds to an even distribution of the drug throughout the body water. The apparent volume of distribution, calculated six hours or more after the injection, becomes greater than the volume of the body.2. A part only of the dose given can be recovered from the urine.3. Estimations of the sulphanilamide content of rabbit's tissues, made at various intervals after intravenous injection, show higher concentrations in the liver and kidney than in the blood.4. About 30 per cent. of the drug was destroyed in the body, so that it could not be detected by diazotization even after hydrolysis.I wish to express my indebtedness to the late Professor A. J. Clark, Professor J. H. Gaddum, and Dr G. A. Levvy for their helpful advice and criticism. I should like to thank Dr J. Russell Greig for facilities to conduct experiments at the Animal Diseases Research Association Laboratories. Part of the expenses of this research were defrayed by the Moray Fund of Edinburgh University. The work was performed during the tenure of a Studentship for Research in Animal Health.
ATROPHY OF THE SUPRAOPTIC AND PARAVENTRICULAR NUCLEI AFTER INTERRUPTION OF THE PITUITARY STALK IN DOGS
Authors: O'Connor W. J. 
Published: December 2014

1. Counts have been made of the cells of the supraoptic and para‐ventricular nuclei of dogs.2. In the supraoptic nuclei of both sides in six normal animals between 64,200 and 93,000 cells were found, the average being 84,900. In three animals killed four months after removal of the posterior lobe of the pituitary 18,700–20,900 cells remained, 24 per cent. of normal; in four animals after section of the supraoptico‐hypophyseal tracts in the median eminence 10,600–13,300 cells remained, 14 per cent. of normal.3. In both paraventricular nuclei of six normal animals there were 11,800–20,100 cells morphologically similar to the cells of the supraoptic nucleus, the average being 16,800. After removal of the posterior lobe 4600–6100 (31 per cent. of normal), and after section of the base of the stalk 1400–4300 such cells (20 per cent. of normal) remained.4. It is therefore concluded that the axons of the cells of the para‐ventricular as well as of the supraoptic nuclei enter the pituitary stalk and reach the pars nervosa.5. It is suggested that one factor determining the extent of the atrophy of the nuclei after operative section of the hypothalamico‐hypophyseal tracts is the site of the lesion, more cells surviving the further the lesion is placed from the nuclei.6. No correlation was observed between the degree of polyuria which resulted from the operative procedures and the degree of atrophy of the supraoptic nuclei, and this is discussed in relation to the residual function of the neurohypophysis and the production of diabetes insipidus.
THE RÔLE OF PROGESTERONE IN THE MECHANISM OF PELVIC RELAXATION IN THE MOUSE
Authors: Hall Kathleen 
Published: December 2014

1. Experiments were carried out on 234 oöphorectomised mice with the aim of discovering whether progesterone plays an active rôle, such as that described for the guinea‐pig, in the mechanism of pelvic relaxation in the mouse.2. When 1·0 or 1·5 mg. progesterone was injected daily for 8‐19 days into œstrogenised mice, the interpubic gap as measured on X‐ray photographs was 0 to 0·6 mm., i. e. no wider than would be produced by œstrone alone, and not comparable with the considerable separation which follows relaxin administration or occurs in normal pregnancy.3. When 1·0 mg. progesterone was injected daily into œstrogenised mice, the effect on symphyseal separation of concurrent or subsequent administration of relaxin was largely prevented.4. When progesterone and œstrone were injected concurrently into mice whose pelves had been rendered sensitive to œstrogen, the action of œstrone was much impaired.5. The results of the experiments provide no evidence that progesterone itself is effective in producing symphyseal separation in the mouse, or can augment the action of œstrogen on the symphysis, or can act indirectly by causing the production of endogenous relaxin.6. It is suggested that in pubic separation produced by œstrogen and relaxin the action of œstrogen is fundamental, and that the inhibitory effect of progesterone on the separation is caused by antagonism between progesterone and œstrogen.7. The possibility is discussed that the pelvic changes which take place during the latter part of pregnancy in the mouse depend upon the presence of a low progesterone/œstrogen ratio in the body at this time, and that a species difference may exist in this respect between the mouse and the guinea‐pig.The expenses of this work were defrayed by a grant from the Research Committee of the University of Birmingham. I should like to thank Professor S. Zuckerman for X‐ray facilities in the University Department of Anatomy, and Dr. R. G. Britt and Mr. L. Glazebrook for preparing the X‐ray photographs. I am indebted also to Dr. F. S. H. Marshall, of British Schering Ltd., for a generous gift of progesterone.
THE USE OF INULIN CLEARANCE AS A MEASURE OF GLOMERULAR FILTRATION
Authors: Ferguson M. H. , Olbrich O. , Robson J. S. , Stewart C. P. 
Published: December 2014

1. Following a single intravenous injection of inulin, values for the renal clearance of inulin (Cin = µν/P) show a steady decline, with diminishing values of plasma inulin concentrations.2. Employing values of P 6 minutes before the mid‐point of the clearance period, in place of values 2½‐minutes before the mid‐point, does not eliminate this phenomenon.3. Employing the formula Cin = µν/P, the fall in values for clearance is due to the fact that the renal excretion of inulin (µν) is not proportional to the plasma level (P), since the imposition of a linear relationship between the two variables results in lines which deviate significantly from the point of origin.4. The lack of proportionality is shown not to be due to the sampling of venous blood as an estimate of arterial plasma inulin concentrations.5. The dependence of the magnitude of the renal clearance of inulin upon the plasma concentration of inulin is found also in three subjects using the continuous infusion method of administration. This excludes the possibility that the results obtained, following a single injection of inulin, are distortions of a simple proportional relationship consequent upon the dynamics of distribution of inulin in the body following a single injection.6. The results of the experiments, and those of other workers, are held to suggest strongly that, in man, inulin is reabsorbed by the tubules to a significant extent. Hence the use of inulin clearance as a measure of glomerular filtration rate involves a systematic error, which is estimated to be about 15 per cent. under the usual circumstances.
EXCRETION OF HISTAMINE IN HUMAN URINE
Authors: Adam H. M. 
Published: December 2014

1. A simplification of the method of Anrep et al. for the estimation of histamine in human urine is described.2. It is not possible by this method to obtain a reliable estimation of the amount of free histamine normally present in human urine, but the effects of the administration of histamine may be followed.3. When 133 mg. of histamine was given by mouth to three men, it was mainly conjugated histamine that appeared in the urine.4. When 3·5‐5 mg. was infused intravenously in three men, free histamine appeared in the urine.5. In two of these experiments no changes were detected in the histamine content of the plasma or cells obtained from the antecubital vein. It is concluded that investigations of the excretion of histamine are more likely to give information about the release of histamine in the body than investigations on venous blood.
THE ABSORPTION OF FAT AND OF CHOLESTEROL IN THE RAT, GUINEA‐PIG AND RABBIT
Authors: Cook R. P. , Thomson R. O. 
Published: December 2014

1. The apparent absorption by rats of cooking fat, butter fat orolive oil at concentrations of 16·6 per cent. in synthetic (chemically defined) diets has been found to be 96, 97 and 97 per cent. respectively.2. Cholesterol at a concentration of 1·7 per cent. is absorbed by rats from these diets at an average value of 0·3 g./ kg. body wt./day and an average absorption of 30 per cent. Apparent absorption occurs on a low fat diet.3. On a basal diet of animal food cake and 16·6 per cent. olive oil rats absorb 92 per cent. of the oil, guinea‐pigs 77 per cent. and rabbits 94 per cent.4. On the rat‐cake olive‐oil diet containing 1·6 per cent. of cholesterol the absorption of cholesterol measured as unsaponifiable matter was, as g./kg. body wt./day, for rats 0·35, guinea‐pigs 0·25, rabbits ·25. The average absorptions were for rats 34 per cent., guinea‐pigs 47 per cent. and rabbits 77 per cent. (Table VI).5. The levels for plasma cholesterol after feeding cholesterol are, in ascending order, rat, guinea‐pig and rabbit (Table VII). Very high levels may be obtained with the rabbit.6. Chemical analyses for the lipid constituents of the livers of the different animals after feeding cholesterol are given (Table VIII).7. Rats and rabbits absorb olive oil more readily than do guinea‐pigs. Cholesterol is apparently absorbed most readily by rabbits.
MEASUREMENT OF THE VISCERAL BLOOD VOLUME IN DOGS
Authors: Delorme E. J. , Macpherson A. I. S. , Mukherjee S. R. , Rowlands S. 
Published: December 2014

1. By the exclusion technique using the radioactive isotope P32 as a tracer substance in dogs, it has been possible to measure the volume of blood in active circulation through the splanchnic area and its component vascular beds.2. The volume of blood in the splanchnic bed at the moment of its exclusion from the general circulation was found in 13 dogs to lie between 20 and 50 per cent of the total blood volume.3. The volumes of blood in the intestinal, hepatic, splenic and gastric components of the splanchnic bed were estimated, and the results expressed as percentages of the splanchic blood volume.
REDUCED GLUTATHIONE AND SPONTANEOUS METHÆMOGLOBIN FORMATION IN HÆMOLYSATES
Authors: Eggleton Philip , Fegler George 
Published: December 2014

1. The rates of both spontaneous methæmoglobin (MHb) formation and oxidation of reduced glutathione (GSH), and the extent of decomposition of easily hydrolysable (ATP) phosphorus compounds, were determined in hæmolysates either destromatized by treatment with carbon dioxide, or filtered (partially destromatized), and in untreated hæmolysates (ox and horse erythrocytes).2. The formation of MHb, GSH oxidation, and the extent of ATP decomposition, were found to be slower in untreated than in destromatized hæmolysates. When deoxygenated, the untreated hæmolysates reduced oxidized glutathione more effectively than did destromatized hæmolysates.3. GSH added to destromatized hæmolysates retards MHb formation.4. “Stroma” (posthæmolytic residue) contains a mechanism which supports the optimal concentration of GSH. It is suggested that GSH serves as one of the main factors protecting Hb against oxidation by molecular oxygen.