bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Proving Dispersants Work
Authors: Gugg Paul M. , Henry Charles B. , Bridgeman Todd , Glenn Stephan P. , Buie Gregory W. , Austin Meredith L. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Growing acceptance of dispersants as a front line oil spill response tool is due in large part to the availability of reliable scientific effectiveness measurements. This paper examines the procedures known as Specialized Monitoring of Advanced Response Technologies (SMART) that determine if dispersant chemicals are having the desired effect of causing small droplet formation and dispersal in the water column. Response decision makers will benefit from the discussion of monitoring protocols, the visual and empirical indicators of dispersion, and the equipment used to derive this data. Proof of SMART feasibility and utility is provided in the form of case histories, data, and photographs from recent exercises and two actual dispersant response operations.
Emulsification of Crude Oil: A New Equation and Governing Parameters
Authors: Tasaki Ryo , Ogawa Akihiro 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Through the differentiation of a formula defining the water content ratio, a water-in-oil emulsification equation for crude oil is derived to include the effects of evaporation loss and entrained water with time. The equation reveals that emulsification is governed by two fixed parameters (related to the evaporation process) and four free constant parameters. The presentation of water content ratio versus evaporation ratio is found to be useful for understanding the emulsification process. The free constant parameters are selected to fit the numerical solutions to the measured values obtained in flume tests on six types of Middle East crude oils.
Research Leading To Revisions In Epa's Dispersant Effectiveness Protocol
Authors: Venosa Albert D. , Sorial George A. , Richardson Teri L. , Uraizee Farooq , Suidan Makram T. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The current EPA protocol for testing the effectiveness of dispersants in the laboratory—the Swirling Flask Test—is fraught with difficulties because it has been found to give widely varying results in the hands of different testing laboratories. The objective of this study is to develop an understanding of the factors most responsible for this lack of reproducibility. Once that objective has been accomplished, the protocol will be modified to achieve better reproducibility in the hands of multiple laboratories. To accomplish the objective, fractional factorial experiments were conducted to determine which factors have the greatest impact on the variance of the method. Such factors as oil type, mixing speed, settling time, dispersant type, flask type, and operator were evaluated systematically and in a statistically rigorous manner. In addition, since the calibration curve used for analyzing the oil concentration dispersed in the seawater solution may also be a major source of variability, a systematic evaluation of the way such measurements are made was conducted (such as comparing various types of instruments and evaluating the variance due to operator vs. that due to the instrument per se). Instruments evaluated were the spectrophotometer, diode array detector, and gas Chromatograph with a flame ionization detector. Results from these experiments to date have indicated that the factors most responsible for the lack of reproducibility of the method are mixing speed, settling time, and the type of flask in which the test is conducted. This has led to a redesign of the flask used in the test, which is characterized as being baffled and having a stopcock located at the bottom of the flask to prevent remixing of the dispersed oil mixture when transferring to the extraction vessel. The paper discusses the design of the new flask and the important experiments leading to the refinement of the protocol to reflect a more accurate simulation of mixing and dispersion in the open sea.
Design and Implementation of a Mesocosm Experiment On The Environmental Consequences of Nearshore Dispersant Use
Authors: Lessard Richard R. , Aurand Don , Coelho Gina , Fuller Chris , McDonald Thomas J. , Clark Jim , Bragin Gail , Jamail Robin , Steen Alexis 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
In April 1998 the first full-scale oil spill experiment was run at the Coastal Oilspill Simulation System (COSS) Facility in Corpus Christi, Texas. The facility contains nine 110-foot long, eight-foot deep wave tanks for simulated nearshore or intertidal habitat experiments. Features include an adjustable 2-foot tidal range, variable flow rate, and random wave capability. Sediment can be added to create bottom habitat and to develop an intertidal “shoreline.” The project compared the ecological effects when oil is allowed to strand on the beach to the effects when dispersed oil is present in very shallow areas. Untreated and dispersed weathered Arabian Medium crude oil was released in three tanks each. Two other tanks served as controls. The fate and effects of the oil or dispersed oil were evaluated over ten days using caged marine species and detailed hydrocarbon chemistry. The tests were successfully completed, demonstrating the facility's impressive potential for similar experiments. Preliminary data analyses indicate that water column effects of dispersed oil were not significantly different from those of untreated oil, and the use of dispersant led to a clear reduction in shoreline accumulation of oil.
Evaluation of Bioaugmentation for Remediation of Petroleum In a Wetland
Authors: Simon Mark A. , Autenrieth Robin L. , McDonald Thomas J. , Bonner James S. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The primary goal of this research was to evaluate the performance of two commercial bioaugmentation products for their ability to enhance bioremediation of petroleum in a wetland. Additional treatments included inorganic nutrients, and an oiled control (intrinsic). The experiment used a controlled application of oil to reduce heterogeneity normally associated with spilled petroleum. The experimental design incorporated full replication and interspersion of treatments in a block design. The first-order biodegradation rate coefficients for the total target saturate and total target aromatic hydrocarbons showed no significant differences between treatments. Comparison of first-order biodegradation rate coefficients for individual hydrocarbon target analytes also showed no differences between the treatments. Although not statistically significant, one of the commercial bioaugmentation products did show consistently higher biodegradation rates for individual target analytes. Comparison of first-order biodegradation rate coefficients for the control treatment showed biodegradation rates comparable with those obtained in previous studies conducted at the site. This research study and the previous studies conducted at the site demonstrate bioremediation can be effective in removing petroleum from the environment. However, further research is necessary to optimize treatment strategies and to increase the understanding of the processes that contribute to bioremediation of petroleum in a wetland.
Laboratory Assessment of Bioremediation Products Under Freshwater Conditions
Authors: Haines John R. , Venosa Albert D. , Holder Edith L. , Miller Karen M. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The recovery and transportation of petroleum and petroleum products creates the potential for spillage of these materials into the environment. Bioremediation is a recently applied technology for clean up after a petroleum spill, and a protocol for evaluating bioremediation products in marine systems has been instituted. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) undertook this research to extend the protocol to freshwater systems, and to validate the protocol by examining commercial products for effectiveness in the laboratory.
EPA's shake flask protocol developed for marine systems was adapted for this work. Commercial products were applied per manufacturer's recommended dosage. All flasks received weathered Alaska North Slope oil at 5 g/L. The test flasks contained the commercial products with an inoculum developed from freshwater sources unless the product contained microbes. The control was an oil degrading inoculum in Bushneil Haas (Difco) medium. Triplicate flasks for each treatment were sacrificed on days 0, 7, 14, 21, and 28. Most-Probable-Numbers of alkane and aromatic hydrocarbon degraders were measured. The microbiological populations degrading alkane and aromatic hydrocarbons increased up to four orders of magnitude for all products except one. The original inoculum contained approximately 103 cells/mL of alkane degraders and 104 cells/mL of aromatic degraders. Oil analysis over the experimental period revealed differences in oil degradation among the products. After 28 days alkane reduction was 98% for the Bushnell-Haas control and 94% for Product A. Aromatic reduction was 53% in the control and up to 66% for product A. Product B was similar in alkane reduction but less effective with aromatics. Product C was ineffective in reducing either class of compounds. Product D reduced alkanes 37% and aromatics 47%. Oxygen uptake and CO2 production were high for the control and Products A and B, but low for Products C and D. The protocol was able to demonstrate clear differences among products and thus was deemed successful for evaluating product performance.
Natural Recovery Reduces Impact of the 1970 Arrow Oil Spill
Authors: Lee Kenneth , Wohlgeschaffen Gary D. , Tremblay Gilles H. , Vandermeulen J. H. , Mossman D. C. , Wilson J. E. H. , Doe Kenneth G. , Jackman P. M. , Prince R. C. , Garrett R. M. , Haith C. E. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
In 1970 the tanker Arrow ran aground releasing 2,000 m3 of Bunker C crude oil along 300 km of Nova Scotia's coastline, of which only 10% was subjected to cleanup, the rest was left to degrade naturally. Sediment and interstitial water collected in 1993 and 1997 from Black Duck Cove in Chedabucto Bay, a representative untreated site, showed that the remaining residual oil has undergone substantial biodegradation. The environmental significance of this intrinsic remediation process was assessed with a battery of microscale biotests: CYP1A and mixed function oxygenase induction in winter flounder, Amphipod Survival, Echinoid Fertilization, Grass Shrimp Embryo-Larval Toxicity, Microtox® Solid-Phase and 100% Tests. While much oil remains in the sediment (426–12,744 ppm), results of the biotests show that it is of low toxicity and habitat recovery is evident from the level of benthic diversity.
Technology of Oil Spill Treatment and Accelerated Rehabilitation of Swampy Soil
Authors: Kurchenko Alexander 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
As a result of Vosei-Golovnye pipeline break and consequental oil spill (Russia, Komi Republic) in 1994 about 80 hectares of the earth surface were contaminated, major part of which represents swampy soil. In the period of oil spill liquidation works, an original technology of swampy soil treatment and recovery was designed. The technology process of oil spill treatment and swampy soil rehabilitation includes 5 stages. 1st stage: oil spill containment by creating dikes of earth. 2nd stage: removal of gross oil concentrations on treated sections with the assistance of specially constructed drags. After the second stage residual oil concentration are not less than 250,000 mg/kg of peat cover. 3d stage: residual oil concentrations are hosed off by high pressure water. After the treatment is completed the oil concentration is reduced to 50,000–60,000 mg/kg of peat cover. 4th stage: cutting out 3 to 5 cm of peat cover polluted by oil and oil slime recovery on sections under cleaning. The oil concentration is reduced until the parameters which make possible normal vegetation of plants. 5th stage: biological recultivation during of which the recultivated sections are sowed with plants typical for this swampy region.
Historical Overview of Oil Spills from All Sources (1960–1998)
Authors: Etkin Dagmar Schmidt 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
This poster session gives an overview of oil spill statistics on oil spills of at least 10,000 gallons (34 tonnes) that have occurred worldwide over the last 20 years. Included are: the annual amount of oil spilled from different source types as well as in total, and the number and amount of oil spilled by size range. The data indicate that in any one year, the total amount of oil spilled depends largely on the incidence of catastrophic spills. While the frequency of smaller spills under 100,000 gallons (340 tonnes) greatly exceeds those of spills of over 1 million gallons (3,400 tonnes), the total volume of these smaller spills represents only a fraction of one catastrophic spill. While tanker spills have often gotten more media coverage, the amount of oil spilled from these vessels is often less than that spilled from pipelines, storage tanks, and other facilities.
A Logistical Response to the Grounding of the M/T Shogun1
Authors: Masterson Joseph Scott , Hilton Jerome Harrison 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
On November 6, 1997, the M/T Shogun ran aground off the coast of Rota, an island in the Commonwealth of the Northern Marianas Islands. The resulting successful salvage response, which lasted 9 days, prevented the occurrence of a major oil spill in a pristine island environment. The response was managed by a Unified Command established under the Incident Command System (ICS) and consisted of the responsible party, U.S. Coast Guard (USCG), and the Commonwealth of the Northern Marianas Islands Emergency Management Office (EMO). Logistical problems, which can be directly attributed to the remote location of the island, were identified and ultimately drove almost every aspect of the response. The Logistics Section, however, repeatedly found solutions to these problems allowing the Unified Command to mount a successful response. This poster presentation seeks to display the remoteness of Rota's location, the logistical difficulties encountered during the response, and the methods used by the Unified Command to successfully overcome them.
The Statistical Analysis of Manual Removal of Stranded Oil Spills: Lessons Learned from Oil Spills Caused by the Russian Tanker Nakhodka
Authors: Shikida Asami 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
In 1997, the Russian tanker Nakhodka, weighing 13,157 tons, sank off in the Japan Sea reportedly causing an oil spill. The oil spill had a serious impact on the shoreline environment. The purpose of this poster is to present a method to estimate the number of workers needed to clean the shoreline with maximum efficiency and minimum redundancy. In this study the parameters of manual oil removal are estimated and the framework in which those parameters work is explained. The results show that the amount of oil removed in a day correlates with the cumulative amount of oil removed up to that day and the number of people engaged in cleaning up on that day. The equation predicting the amount of oil is: S = 13.4827 E − 0.03874 C + 38458.1525 R2 = 0.918, F (2,34) = 192.28,p&lt;0.01where S = the amount of oil removed in a day (liter), E = the number of people engaged in cleaning up on that day, C = the cumulative amount of oil removed up to that day (liter), R = correlation coefficient, F = degree of freedom. With this equation, the total amount of stranded oil that can be collected on a certain day and the number of people necessary to remove the spilled oil at the most efficient rate can be estimated. One can also calculate the optimal number of workers for the task.
Managing a Public Affairs Co-Op1
Authors: Diehl William J. , Prince Michael 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
An effective public affairs effort during a crisis is of paramount importance, both in disseminating accurate information and in shaping a positive public perception of the response effort. Good crisis managers take a proactive role preparing, staffing, and testing a media plan. The state of Michigan has had success in its media plan by establishing a Joint Public Information Team (JPIT) consisting of federal, state, and local agencies. This paper is an overview of how the state recruits members, defines jobs, and equips a JPIT. It gives the history of how the JPIT got started and discusses how its lead agency, the Michigan State Police, Emergency Management Division (MSP/EMD) keeps members motivated to participate. The poster presentation will be a series of handouts containing the details of how the MSP/EMD established the JPIT. This overview with the handout should be helpful to any organization establishing a JPIT.
Risk and Hazard Communication In The Marine Oil Transportation Environment
Authors: Cantwell Vincent , Mille Gerry E. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
An important element in the prevention of marine oil spills, accidents, and injury, is the effective communication of the risks and hazards present. Risk and hazard communication is typically accomplished through the application of labels, signs, markers, graphics, color codes, and through other warning or alarm devices. The type, size, physical characteristics, content, and placement of risk and hazard communication devices is directly related to the utility, persistence, and effectiveness of the intended message. The precise selection of words, phrases, and characters directly impacts the intelligibility and comprehension of the risk or hazard being identified. Confidence and compliance levels of those to which the message is directed, are also affected by poorly designed, worded, or placed visual and audible signals.
Regulations requiring or defining the content of risk communications do not adequately account for these factors. Risk and hazard communications are further complicated by cultural factors. Current trends in vessel construction and manning will only exacerbate these issues. Guidelines have been published for hazard and risk communication devices, equipment, and marine systems. This guidance should be used to evaluate and improve risk and hazard communication however possible. The goal of risk and hazard communication should be to promote or support Situation Awareness, (SA). Education should be conducted in the proper interpretation, application, and maintenance of communication devices.
Fast Oil Spill Team: A Medium-Size Oil Spill Response Centre
Authors: Lamy Andre , Leroy Louis-Michel 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The Mediterranean Sea is a very sensitive zone; it is a virtually closed sea with an important economic and environmental pressure. ELF Aquitaine has decided to create its own oil spill response team called FOST (Fast Oil Spill Team) and its design makes it unique. This paper discusses the main innovations of this centre and describes materials available there, and also presents the partnership established between ELF Aquitaine and the Marseille batallion of the Marins Pompiers (Marine Emergency Services).
Reducing Trajectory Modeling Response Time In Texas
Authors: Martin Robert D. , Solis Ruben S. , Reid Robert O. , Howard Mathew K. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Oil spill trajectory models are one of the few tools that can help response teams stay ahead of an oil slick, but the process of trajectory modeling requires many time-consuming steps. Hydrodynamic modeling, used to generate the current forecasts required by trajectory models, can consume hours of operator and computer run-time. The Texas General Land Office and the Texas Water Development Board have automated the daily operation of hydrodynamic models to produce current forecasts for two Texas bays. Each midnight, computers running the hydrodynamic models for Galveston Bay and Corpus Christi Bay download the latest water level measurements from a real time tide gage network. The models use this data to produce a 2-day forecast of the currents for the two bay systems. In the event of a spill, the trajectory modeling team retrieves the recently generated current forecasts for immediate input to the trajectory model. Model automation saves two hours in computer run-time alone for these two bays. Along similar lines for the offshore environment, Texas A&M University is developing an automated gridded wind forecasts and a wind-driven, shelf circulation (spectral) model to predict near-surface current patterns and velocities along the inner Texas shelf on an operational basis.
Transitional Dynamics—From Ship Fires To Pollution Response Ops
Authors: Leonard Joseph J. , Gibeault Carl L. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Ship fires are a rare occurrence, or at least they are supposed to be! In the Houston area, there were five significant ship fires from April 1997 to March of 1998—the most anyone can remember. Three of these occurred since November, and two of these are worth reviewing to look at the organization and strategies developed to mitigate the events. Also of interest is how the event transitioned from the emergency response phase of fire suppression operations to the ongoing mitigation phase of pollution response operations. The M/V Stolt Spirit fire occurred on 11 November 1997, when afire started in the engine room during bunkering operations. Response resources battled the conflagration for over 54 hours before finally bringing the stubborn fire under control. The M/V Katania fire occurred on 9 March 1998, when a Class-? cargo fire was discovered during loading operations. Response forces battled this fire for over 14 hours before bringing it under control. Both of these fires had many similarities, including many of the same response personnel. Due to legal constraints, there were no comprehensive lessons learned from the Stolt Spirit fire, but many responders who worked both fires ensured that some of the problems noted on the first incident were not repeated. Success can be measured in various ways, but one key to that success is the implementation of a Unified Command to develop response objectives, mitigate the incident, and meet their various jurisdictional requirements.