bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Trauma‐exposed Firefighters: Relationships among Posttraumatic Growth, Posttraumatic Stress, Resource Availability, Coping and Critical Incident Stress Debriefing Experience
Authors: Sattler David N. , Boyd Bill , Kirsch Julie 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThis project examines protective factors associated with resilience/posttraumatic growth and risk factors associated with posttraumatic stress among firefighters exposed to critical incidents. The participants were 286 (257 men and 29 women) volunteer and paid firefighters in Whatcom County, Washington. Participants completed an anonymous survey asking about demographics, critical incident exposure, posttraumatic stress symptoms, posttraumatic growth, resource availability, coping, occupational stress and critical incident stress debriefing experience. Most participants had significant critical incident exposure, and about half had attended critical incident stress debriefing sessions. Posttraumatic growth was associated with being female, critical incident exposure, critical incident stress debriefing attendance, posttraumatic stress symptoms (negative association), occupational support, occupation satisfaction, occupational effort, problem‐focused coping, emotion‐focused coping and personal characteristic resources. Posttraumatic stress symptoms were positively associated with years of firefighting, burnout, occupational effort and disengagement coping and negatively associated with critical incident stress debriefing attendance, posttraumatic growth, social support, internal locus of control, personal characteristic resources, energy resources and condition resources. The findings support conservation of resources stress theory and show that the maintenance and acquisition of resources can offset losses and facilitate resilience/posttraumatic growth. Implications of the findings for enhancing firefighter resources, facilitating resilience and minimizing occupational stressors are discussed. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Development of a Three Part Model of Psychological Resilience
Authors: de Terte Ian , Stephens Christine , Huddleston Lynne 
Published: December 2014

AbstractPsychological resilience has been defined as the ability of an individual to recover from a traumatic event or to remain psychologically robust when faced with an adverse event. This study investigated a sample of 176 police officers who were surveyed at commencement of their training in 1998/1999 (Time 1), 12 months later (Time 2), and at the end of 2009 (Time 3). A multidimensional model of psychological resilience (including environment, thoughts, feelings, behaviours, and physical activities) was evaluated in terms of the pathogenic outcomes of posttraumatic stress, psychological distress, and physical health at the three time points. A three part model of psychological resilience (environment, physical behaviours, and cognitions) was used to demonstrate that social support, adaptive health practices, adaptive coping, and optimism were effective when police officers were faced with adversity. The model provides initial understandings of the multidimensional nature of psychological resilience which requires further evaluation. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Constellation constrained multiuser multiple‐input multiple‐output for high capacity and error performance over correlated fading channels
Authors: Al‐Hussaibi Walid A. , Ali Falah H. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractChannels' correlation has direct impact to degrade the capacity and reliability of multiple‐input multiple‐output (MIMO) systems considerably. In this paper, new signal constellation designs are investigated to mitigate fading correlation and maximize the capacity and error performance of multiuser MIMO (MU‐MIMO) over correlated channels, which is a major research challenge. Two methods are studied in a novel constellation constrained MU‐MIMO approach, namely, unequal power allocation and rotated constellation. Based on principles of maximizing the minimum Euclidean distance (dmin) of composite received signals, users' data can be recovered using maximum likelihood joint detection irrespective of correlation values. Compared with the identical constellation scenario in conventional MU‐MIMO, it is shown that constellation rearrangement of transmitted signals has direct impact to resolve the detection ambiguity when the channel difference is not sufficient, particularly in moderate to high correlations. Extensive analysis and simulation results demonstrate the superiority of proposed technique to capture most of the promised gains of multiantenna systems and application for future wireless communications. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Slit molecules prevent entrance of trunk neural crest cells in developing gut
Authors: Zuhdi Nora , Ortega Blanca , Giovannone Dion , Ra Hannah , Reyes Michelle , Asención Viviana , McNicoll Ian , Ma Le , de Bellard Maria Elena 
Published: December 2014

AbstractNeural crest cells emerge from the dorsal neural tube early in development and give rise to sensory and sympathetic ganglia, adrenal cells, teeth, melanocytes and especially enteric nervous system. Several inhibitory molecules have been shown to play important roles in neural crest migration, among them are the chemorepulsive Slit1–3. It was known that Slits chemorepellants are expressed at the entry to the gut, and thus could play a role in the differential ability of vagal but not trunk neural crest cells to invade the gut and form enteric ganglia. Especially since trunk neural crest cells express Robo receptor while vagal do not. Thus, although we know that Robo mediates migration along the dorsal pathway in neural crest cells, we do not know if it is responsible in preventing their entry into the gut. The goal of this study was to further corroborate a role for Slit molecules in keeping trunk neural crest cells away from the gut. We observed that when we silenced Robo receptor in trunk neural crest, the sympathoadrenal (somites 18–24) were capable of invading gut mesenchyme in larger proportion than more rostral counterparts. The more rostral trunk neural crest tended not to migrate beyond the ventral aorta, suggesting that there are other repulsive molecules keeping them away from the gut. Interestingly, we also found that when we silenced Robo in sacral neural crest they did not wait for the arrival of vagal crest but entered the gut and migrated rostrally, suggesting that Slit molecules are the ones responsible for keeping them waiting at the hindgut mesenchyme. These combined results confirm that Slit molecules are responsible for keeping the timeliness of colonization of the gut by neural crest cells.
Development of non‐catecholaminergic sympathetic neurons in para‐ and prevertebral ganglia of cats
Authors: Masliukov Petr M. , Emanuilov Andrey I. , Moiseev Konstantin , Nozdrachev Alexandr D. , Dobrotvorskaya Svetlana , Timmermans Jean‐Pierre 
Published: December 2014

AbstractExpression of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) and calcitonin gene‐related peptide (CGRP) in the sympathetic ganglia was investigated by immunohistochemistry in the superior cervical ganglion (SCG), stellate ganglion (SG) and celiac ganglion (CG) from cats of different ages (newborn, 10‐day‐old, 20‐day‐old, 30‐day‐old and 2‐month‐old). Non‐catecholaminergic TH‐negative VIP‐immunoreactive (IR) and nNOS‐IR sympathetic ganglionic neurons are present from the moment of birth. In all studied age groups, substantial populations of VIP‐IR (up to 9.8%) and nNOS‐IR cells (up to 8.3%) was found in the SG, with a much smaller population found in the SCG (<1%) and only few cells observed in the CG. The percentage of nNOS‐IR and VIP‐IR neurons in the CG and SCG did not significantly change during development. The proportion of nNOS‐IR and VIP‐IR neuron profiles in the SG increased in first 20 days of life from 2.3 ± 0.15% to 8.3 ± 0.56% and from 0.3 ± 0.05% to 9.2 ± 0.83%, respectively. In the SG, percentages of nNOS‐IR sympathetic neurons colocalizing VIP increased in the first 20 days of life. ChAT‐IR and CGRP‐IR neurons were not observed in the sympathetic ganglia of newborn animals and did not appear until 10 days after birth. In the SG of newborn and 10‐day‐old kittens, the majority of NOS‐IR neurons were calbindin (CB)‐IR, whereas in the SCG and CG of cats of all age groups and in the SG of 30‐day‐old and older kittens, the vast majority of NOS‐IR neurons lacked CB. We conclude that the development of various non‐catecholaminergic neurons in different sympathetic ganglia has its own time dynamics and is concluded at the end of the second month of life.
Coverage and distribution of obstetricians and gynecologists in Nigeria
Authors: Agboghoroma Chris O. , Gharoro Etedafe P. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractObjectiveTo determine the number, regional spread, and population ratio of obstetricians and gynecologists (OB/GYNs) in Nigeria.MethodsData for the present descriptive study were collected between July 1, 2012, and December 31, 2013, as part of a national survey of OB/GYNs. Information was obtained about characteristics, qualifications, place of work, primary employer, subspecialty interest, and type of practice.ResultsIn total, 968 OB/GYNs were identified, of whom 846 (87.4%) were male. The estimated national population in 2013 was 175 651 197, which meant that there was one OB/GYN for every 181 458 individuals. Lagos State had the highest number of OB/GYNs (179 [18.5%]), whereas Yobe State had only 2 (0.2%) and Jigawa State 1 (0.1%). The geopolitical region with the highest number of OB/GYNs was the South West (315 [32.5%]), whereas the North East had the lowest number (45 [4.6%]).ConclusionThe number of OB/GYNs in Nigeria is inadequate in view of the population size, and coverage varies greatly in different states. Efforts to improve maternal health and reduce the maternal mortality ratio should include more investment in training, engagement, and equitable distribution of OB/GYNs in all parts of the country.
Effects of intravenous human immunoglobulin on late hyporegenerative anemia secondary to rhesus hemolytic disease of the newborn
Authors: Al-Alaiyan Saleh , Ahmad Husain Alsaid , Al-Hazzani Fahad , AlHasan Mai , Dawoud Magdy , Khadawardi Emad , Al-Midani Eyad 
Published: December 2014

Background and objectives:
To determine the effects of intravenous immunoglob-ulin (IVIg) on the course of late hyporegenerative anemia and the requirement for exchange transfusions, phototherapy and top-up red blood cell transfusions due to rhesus hemolytic dis-ease of the newborn (Rh-HDN).

Patients and methods:
This is retrospective cohort study of newborns with Rh-HDN who were treated with or without IVIg. Relevant maternal and neonatal data were obtained and analyzed. All infants were followed up as outpatients for a period of 2-3 months, and during the follow ups, complete blood counts (RBCs) were performed every two weeks to diagnose late hyporegenerative anemia.

Results:
Sixty-six infants with Rh-HDN were enrolled in this study (42 in the IVIg group and 24 in the no-IVIg group). We observed no significant differences between the two groups in terms of maternal age, number of previous children affected with Rh-HDN, intrauterine transfusions, gestational age (GA), birth weight (BW), Apgar scores at the 1st or 5th minutes, exchange transfusions, or days on phototherapy. The serum bilirubin immediately after birth and the maximum serum bilirubin during the hospital course were significantly higher in the IVIG group (P = 0.0035 and P = 0.0225, respectively). Although there were no statistically significant dif-ferences, there was a trend toward the late anemia in the IVIg group being diagnosed and resolved earlier than in the no-IVIg group. Additionally, a greater proportion of the IVIg group required three or more top-up transfusions compared to the no-IVIg group, but this difference was not statistically significant.

Conclusion:
IVIg might have had an effect on the early development of late anemia and might have shortened the duration of late anemia relative to the infants who did not receive IVIg. The exchange transfusions and the days on phototherapy were not affected by IVIg.
From Cultural Property to Cultural Data: The Multiple Dimensions of “Ownership” in a Global Digital Age
Authors: Silberman Neil Asher 
Published: December 2014

Abstract:The global digital environment and the continuous expansion of digital information about cultural property necessitate a reevaluation of John Henry Merryman’s tripartite typology of cultural property ideals. Merryman put forth those ideals, namely 1.) ensuring the physical preservation of cultural property, 2.) protecting its even-handed interpretation, and 3.) offering public access to cultural property, as the main bases for the settlement of international cultural property disputes. However, new questions have arisen about the status of cultural property in an era when detailed virtual copies of cultural property are instantaneously available. For example, to what extent is digitized cultural property data should itself be regarded as cultural property? This paper will address some of the ethical issues related to the physical preservation, interpretation, and access to this digitized cultural property data. It will conclude with an examination of another type of cultural heritage data: the increasing use of behavioral data about cultural property consumers and audiences as a marketing tool by cultural institutions. This ominous new turn in the commodification of cultural property, it will be suggested, identifies items of cultural significance not only as objects of ownership and sale, but also as a marketable entertainment experience.
Ferrets exclusively synthesize Neu5Ac and express naturally humanized influenza A virus receptors
Authors: Ng Preston S.K. , Böhm Raphael , Hartley-Tassell Lauren E. , Steen Jason A. , Wang Hui , Lukowski Samuel W. , Hawthorne Paula L. , Trezise Ann E.O. , Coloe Peter J. , Grimmond Sean M. , Haselhorst Thomas , von Itzstein Mark , Paton Adrienne W. , Paton James C. , Jennings Michael P. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractMammals express the sialic acids N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac) and N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc) on cell surfaces, where they act as receptors for pathogens, including influenza A virus (IAV). Neu5Gc is synthesized from Neu5Ac by the enzyme cytidine monophosphate-N-acetylneuraminic acid hydroxylase (CMAH). In humans, this enzyme is inactive and only Neu5Ac is produced. Ferrets are susceptible to human-adapted IAV strains and have been the dominant animal model for IAV studies. Here we show that ferrets, like humans, do not synthesize Neu5Gc. Genomic analysis reveals an ancient, nine-exon deletion in the ferret CMAH gene that is shared by the Pinnipedia and Musteloidia members of the Carnivora. Interactions between two human strains of IAV with the sialyllactose receptor (sialic acid—α2,6Gal) confirm that the type of terminal sialic acid contributes significantly to IAV receptor specificity. Our results indicate that exclusive expression of Neu5Ac contributes to the susceptibility of ferrets to human-adapted IAV strains.
Evidence for a General Auditory Processing Deficit in Developmental Dyslexia From a Discrimination Paradigm Using Speech Versus Nonspeech Sounds Matched in Complexity
Authors: Christmann Corinna A. , Lachmann Thomas , Steinbrink Claudia 
Published: December 2014

PurposeIt is unknown whether phonological deficits are the primary cause of developmental dyslexia or whether they represent a secondary symptom resulting from impairments in processing basic acoustic parameters of speech. This might be due, in part, to methodological difficulties. Our aim was to overcome two of these difficulties: the comparability of stimulus material and task in speech versus nonspeech conditions.MethodIn this study, the authors (a) assessed auditory processing of German vowel center stimuli, spectrally rotated versions of these stimuli, and bands of formants; (b) used the same task for linguistic and nonlinguistic conditions; and (c) varied systematically temporal and spectral parameters inherent in the German vowel system. Forty-two adolescents and adults with and without reading disabilities participated.ResultsGroup differences were found for all linguistic and nonlinguistic conditions for both temporal and spectral parameters. Auditory deficits were identified in most but not all participants with dyslexia. These deficits were not restricted to speech stimuli—they were also found for nonspeech stimuli with equal and lower complexity compared with the vowel stimuli. Temporal deficits were not observed in isolation.ConclusionThese results support the existence of a general auditory processing impairment in developmental dyslexia.Supplemental Materialhttps://doi.org/10.23641/asha.6170498
Historic Food Regimes and the Middle East
Authors: Woertz Eckart 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
This chapter analyses how different food regimes have affected Middle Eastern countries. A food regime describes a system that allocates food resources via two institutions that have shaped modernity — markets and states. From the 1870s to 1930s, colonial export trade in grain supplies from Australia, the United States, Canada, Russia and India to the UK and other industrialising countries was the defining characteristic of the first food regime. Following the Great Depression, the second food regime emerged after the Second World War. Subsidised agriculture in industrialised countries and surplus disposal to the developing world were at its core. By the 1970s, all countries in the Middle East were dependent on grain imports. World Trade Organization-sponsored liberalisation, deregulation of agriculture, speculation, financial markets’ demands, and increased corporatisation of value chains in global food production helped precipitate the global food crisis, producing what can be argued to be a third food regime.
The War on Terror and the Laws of War
Authors: Corn Geoffrey S. , Schoettler, Jr. James A. , Brenner-Beck Dru , Hansen Victor M. , Jackson Dick , Jensen Eric Talbot , Lewis Michael W. , Dunlap, Jr. Charles J. 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
Thirteen years after the United States initiated a military response to the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, the nation continues to prosecute what it considers an armed conflict against transnational terrorist groups. Understanding how the law of armed conflict applies to and regulates military operations executed within the scope of this armed conflict against transnational nonstate terrorist groups is as important today as it was in September 2001. This is because the core purpose of this branch of international law (what was historically known as the law of war) is to strike an effective balance between the necessity of using armed violence to subdue a threat to the nation with the humanitarian interest of mitigating the suffering inevitably associated with that use. How this core purpose of the law of armed conflict has influenced operational decisions related to all aspects of the military response to al-Qaeda and associated forces is the focus of this book. Each chapter will address a specific operational issue, including the national right of self-defense, military targeting and the use of drones, detention, interrogation, and trial by military commission of captured terrorist operatives, and the impact of battlefield perspectives on counter-terror military operations and illustrate how the law of armed conflict influences resolution of that issue. Some chapters will go further. All will reinforce the essential link between respect for the law and strategic legitimacy, perhaps the most enduring lesson from this on-going national challenge.
Targeting of Persons and Property
Authors: Jensen Eric T. 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
This chapter begins by analyzing the current law on targeting in armed conflict. It then considers the unique issues of targeting involved in the war on terror, including the difficulties associated with targeting individuals who are not members of armed forces and who may not be currently involved in active hostilities or residing in an area of active hostilities. It also considers the use of drones, and analyzes not only the legal but also the policy issues associated with the United States’ current targeting methodology. The chapter considers presidential administration statements on the targeting of terrorists abroad, particularly those related to the use of drones, and analyzes the legal approach. The chapter also considers briefly the potential use of drones or other targeting methods against terrorists within the United States.
Treatment of rectal chlamydia infection may be more complicated than we originally thought
Authors: Hocking Jane S. , Kong Fabian Y. S. , Timms Peter , Huston Wilhelmina M. , Tabrizi Sepehr N. 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
Rectal chlamydia diagnoses have been increasing among MSM and may also rise among women as anal sex rates increase among heterosexuals. However, there is growing concern about treatment for rectal chlamydia with treatment failures of up to 22% being reported. This article addresses factors that may be contributing to treatment failure for rectal chlamydia, including the pharmacokinetic properties of azithromycin and doxycycline in rectal tissue, the ability of chlamydia to transform into a persistent state that is less responsive to antimicrobial therapy, the impact of the rectal microbiome on chlamydia, heterotypic resistance, failure to detect cases of lymphogranuloma venereum and the performance of screening tests. If we are to reduce the burden of genital chlamydia, treatment for rectal chlamydia must be efficacious. This highlights the need for randomized controlled trial evidence comparing azithromycin with doxycycline for the treatment of rectal chlamydia.
Long-Term Outcome of Pyogenic Vertebral Osteomyelitis: A Cohort Study of 260 Patients
Authors: Gupta Arjun , Kowalski Todd J. , Osmon Douglas R. , Enzler Mark , Steckelberg James M. , Huddleston Paul M. , Nassr Ahmad , Mandrekar Jayawant M. , Berbari Elie F. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractBackground.  The long-term outcome of patients with pyogenic vertebral osteomyelitis (PVO) has not been fully assessed.Methods.  We conducted a retrospective cohort study to describe the long-term outcome of PVO and to assess risk factors for treatment failure in patients evaluated at our institution between 1994 and 2002. Patients were observed until July 1, 2013.Results.  Two hundred sixty patients with PVO were included in this study. Twenty-seven percent (70) of patients developed their infection after an invasive spinal procedure. Staphylococcus aureus accounted for 40% (103) of infections. Forty-nine percent (128) of patients underwent spinal surgery as part of their initial therapy. The median duration of parenteral antimicrobial therapy was 42 days (interquartile range, 38–53). The estimated 2-, 5-, and 10-year cumulative probability of treatment failure-free survival was 72%, 69%, and 69%, respectively. Seventy-five percent of patients who developed treatment failure did so within 4.7 months of diagnosis. Residual neurological defects and persistent back pain were seen in 16% and 32% of patients, respectively. In a multivariate analysis, longer duration of symptoms before diagnosis and having an infection with S. aureus were associated with increased risk of treatment failure.Conclusions.  Increasing duration of symptoms and infection with S. aureus were associated with treatment failure in patients with PVO. Most treatment failures occurred early after initiation of treatment. Pyogenic vertebral osteomyelitis is associated with a high 2-year failure rate. Persistent neurological deficits and back pain are common after therapy.