bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Glukosamin verlängert Leben
Authors: Fischer‐Henningsen Doris 
Published: October 2014

AbstractGlukosamin ist ein frei verkäufliches Nahrungsergänzungsmittel, das, wie kürzlich ein Forscherteam berichtete, die Lebenserwartung erhöht – zumindest bei Fadenwürmern und alternden Mäusen.
Colour and spectral reflectance of stools from normal neonatal babies
Authors: Griffin Lewis D. , Sutcliffe Alastair G. , Bradbury Kimberley , Kumble Smitha , Mylonas Dimitris , Baker Alastair 
Published: October 2014

AbstractData is presented on the colour and spectral reflectances of stool samples from healthy young infants (mean age 6 days). The range of spectral reflectances is well described by a pigment mixture model with three components—a pale component corresponding to partially digested milk fats, a yellow component corresponding to bilirubin breakdown products, and a dark component corresponding to meconium and bilirubin. Most stools were tan, beige or olive but white, grey and light grey were also observed. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 40, 585–591, 2015
An efficient graph data processing system for large‐scale social network service applications
Authors: Zhou Wei , Han Jizhong , Gao Yun , Xu Zhiyong 
Published: October 2014

SummaryTrust in social network draws more and more attentions from both the academia and industry fields. Public opinion analysis is a direct way to increase the trust in social network. Because the public opinion analysis can be expressed naturally by the graph algorithm and graph data are the default data organization mechanism used in large‐scale social network service applications, more and more research works apply the graph processing system to deal with the public opinion analysis. As the data volume is growing rapidly, the distributed graph systems are introduced to process the large‐scale public opinion analysis. Most of graph algorithms introduce a large number of data iterations, so the synchronization requirements between successive iterations can severely jeopardize the effectiveness of parallel operations, which makes the data aggregation and analysis operations become slower. In this paper, we propose a large‐scale graph data processing system to address these issues, which includes a graph data processing model, Arbor. Arbor develops a new graph data organization format to represent the social relationship, and the format can not only save storage space but also accelerate graph data processing operations. Furthermore, Arbor substitutes time‐constrained synchronization operations with non‐time‐constrained control message transmissions to increase the degree of parallelism. Based on the system, we put forward two most frequently used graph applications on Arbor: shortest path and PageRank. In order to evaluate the system, we compare Arbor with the other graph processing systems using large‐scale experimental graph data, and the results show that it outperforms the state‐of‐the‐art systems. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Structural and Magnetic Properties of CoGen− (n=2–11) Clusters: Photoelectron Spectroscopy and Density Functional Calculations
Authors: Deng Xiao‐Jiao , Kong Xiang‐Yu , Xu Xi‐Ling , Xu Hong‐Guang , Zheng Wei‐Jun 
Published: October 2014

AbstractA series of cobalt‐doped germanium clusters, CoGen−/0 (n=2–11), are investigated by using anion photoelectron spectroscopy combined with density functional theory calculations. For both anionic and neutral CoGen (n=2–11) clusters, the critical size of the transition from exo‐ to endohedral structures is n=9. Natural population analysis shows that there is electron transfer from the Gen framework to the Co atom at n=7–11 for both anionic and neutral CoGen clusters. The magnetic moments of the anionic and neutral CoGen clusters decrease to the lowest values at n=10 and 11. The transfer of electrons from the Gen framework to the Co atom and the minimization of the magnetic moments are related to the evolution of CoGen structures from exo‐ to endohedral.
Texture gradient studies of a Cu‐tube by the robot at STRESS‐SPEC
Authors: Al‐hamdany N. , Brokmeier H.‐G. , Randau C. , Gan W. M. , Völler M. 
Published: October 2014

The handling of larger samples for texture studies is limited when we using the Eulerian cradle. The robot Stäubli RX160 installed at STRESS‐SPEC offers much more freedom in sample manipulation on one hand to perform pole figure scanning and on the other hand to position the sample for a texture mapping. A key problem is that slit systems cannot be positioned close to large samples due to safety reasons which makes corrections more important. A very simple solution was tested to correct the scattered intensity for each pole figure point for constant volume and anisotropic absorption. A simple method to make these corrections is needed because engineering samples such as semi‐finished products have a large variety of shapes and weights and an ideal slit system is only seldomly available. The test sample was a Cu‐tube of 140 mm in diameter with an average wall thickness of 10 mm. To compare the corrections three kind of samples were measured, first a cube of 10 × 10 × 11 mm³ without any correction, second an 11 mm long tube segment and third a tube segment of 250 mm (12 kg weight) in length. Orientation Distribution Function (ODF) analysis of the average texture over the tube wall by the iterative series expansion method has shown that sufficient intensity corrections can be done to describe the texture gradient around the circumference of the Cu‐tube related to low ovality and eccentricity of the Cu‐tube.
Enhanced Visible‐Light Photocatalytic H2 Production by ZnxCd1−xS Modified with Earth‐Abundant Nickel‐Based Cocatalysts
Authors: Ran Jingrun , Zhang Jun , Yu Jiaguo , Qiao Shi Zhang 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThe application of various earth‐abundant Ni species, such as NiS, Ni, Ni(OH)2, and NiO, as a co‐catalyst in a ZnxCd1−xS system for visible‐light photocatalytic H2 production was investigated for the first time. The loading of Ni or NiS enhanced the photocatalytic activity of ZnxCd1−xS because they could promote the electron transfer at the interface with ZnxCd1−xS and catalyze the H2 evolution. Surprisingly, Ni(OH)2‐loaded ZnxCd1−xS exhibits a very high photocatalytic H2‐production rate of 7160 μmol h−1 g−1 with a quantum efficiency of 29.5 % at 420 nm, which represents one of the most efficient metal sulfide photocatalysts without a Pt co‐catalyst to date. This outstanding activity arises from the pronounced synergetic effect between Ni(OH)2 and metallic Ni formed in situ during the photocatalytic reaction. However, the loading of NiO deactivated the activity of ZnxCd1−xS because of their unmatched conduction band positions. This paper reports the optimization of the ZnxCd1−xS system by selecting an appropriate Ni‐based co‐catalyst, Ni(OH)2, from a series of Ni species to achieve the highest photocatalytic H2‐production activity for the first time and also reveals the roles of these Ni species in the photocatalytic activity.
Variability in sperm form and function in the context of sperm competition risk in two Tupinambis lizards
Authors: Blengini Cecilia S. , Sergio Naretto , Gabriela Cardozo , Giojalas Laura C. , Margarita Chiaraviglio 
Published: October 2014

AbstractIn polyandrous species, sperm morphometry and sperm velocity are under strong sexual selection. Although several hypotheses have been proposed to explain the role of sperm competition in sperm trait variation, this aspect is still poorly understood. It has been suggested that an increase in sperm competition pressure could reduce sperm size variation or produce a diversity of sperm to maximize male fertilization success. We aim at elucidating the variability of sperm morphometric traits and velocity in two Tupinambis lizards in the context of sperm competition risk. Sperm traits showed substantial variation at all levels examined: between species, among males within species, and within the ejaculate of individual males. Sperm velocity was found to be positively correlated with flagellum: midpiece ratio, with relatively longer flagella associated with faster sperm. Our results document high variability in sperm form and function in lizards.
Diuretic response in patients with acute decompensated heart failure: characteristics and clinical outcome—an analysis from RELAX‐AHF
Authors: Voors Adriaan A. , Davison Beth A. , Teerlink John R. , Felker G. Michael , Cotter Gad , Filippatos Gerasimos , Greenberg Barry H. , Pang Peter S. , Levin Bruce , Hua Tsushung A. , Severin Thomas , Ponikowski Piotr , Metra Marco ,   for the RELAX‐AHF Investigators
Published: October 2014

AimsWe studied the characteristics and clinical outcome related to diuretic response and the effects of serelaxin in patients hospitalized for acute heart failure (AHF).Methods and resultsRELAX‐AHF was a double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial, enrolling 1161 patients admitted to hospital for AHF who were randomized to 48 h i.v infusions of placebo or serelaxin (30 µg/kg per day) within 16 h from presentation. Diuretic response was defined as Δ weight kg/[(total i.v. dose)/40 mg] + [(total oral dose)/80 mg)] furosemide (or equivalent loop diuretic dose) up to day 5. Median diuretic response was −0.42 (−1.00, −0.14) kg/40 mg. A poor diuretic response was independently associated with Western‐like region (Western Europe, North America, Israel, and Poland), lower diastolic blood pressure, the absence of oedema, higher blood urea nitrogen, and lower levels of aspartate aminotransferase and potassium (all P < 0.01). Randomization to serelaxin was associated with lower doses of i.v. loop diuretics and slightly less weight loss, resulting in a neutral effect on diuretic response. Worse diuretic response was independently associated both with less relief of dyspnoea, measured with a visual analogue scale (VAS) at day 5 (primary endpoint; P = 0.0002), and with a higher risk of cardiovascular death or rehospitalization for heart failure or renal failure through day 60 (secondary endpoint, P < 0.0001), but not with increased 180‐day cardiovascular mortality (P = 0.507).ConclusionsIn patients hospitalized for AHF, a poor diuretic response was associated with a poor in‐hospital and early post‐discharge clinical outcome. Serelaxin had a neutral effect on diuretic response.Trial registration: NCT00520806
The antioxidant and anti‐cadmium toxicity properties of garlic extracts
Authors: Boonpeng Suwannaporn , Siripongvutikorn Sunisa , Sae‐wong Chutha , Sutthirak Pornpong 
Published: October 2014

AbstractCadmium (Cd) contamination is a highly dangerous international problem because it can transfer into the food chain and become bioaccumulated, endangering human health. Cd detoxication is very interesting particularly the method providing no undesirable side effects. Cd also causes lipid oxidation that leads to undesired food quality. Garlic (Allium sativum L.) has been used as conventional food and in herbal therapy and folklore medicine as an antibacterial, antitumorogenic, and antioxidant agent for over 5000 years. In the present work, fresh garlic and pickled garlic extracted with distilled water was brought to determine antioxidant activities in terms of 1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay, 2,2′‐azino‐bis‐3‐ethylbenzthiazoline‐6‐sulphonic acid (ABTS) radical scavenging assay, ferric reducing ability power (FRAP) assay, chelating activities, superoxide, and hydroxyl scavenging assay. The data showed that pickled garlic extracts significantly possessed more DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, superoxide, and hydroxyl scavenging assays as 11.86, 13.74, 4.9, 46.67, and 15.33 g trolox equivalent/g sample, respectively, compared with fresh one as 7.44, 7.62, 0.01, 4.07, and 8.09 g trolox equivalent/g sample, respectively. However, iron chelating activity of fresh garlic extract was higher than that of pickled garlic while there was no significant difference in the copper chelating activity of both extracts. For anti‐Cd properties, pickled garlic was more effective than fresh garlic and contained less toxicity than standard diallyl disulfide (DADS). Therefore, therapeutic properties of pickled garlic favored its consumption compared with fresh and standard DADS for its antioxidant and anti‐Cd properties.
The Report and Wiley‐Blackwell
Authors: KAEBNICK GREGORY E. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThis issue marks the beginning of a new publishing venture for The Hastings Center. After forty‐plus years of publishing the Hastings Center Report independently, the Center has decided to collaborate with Wiley‐Blackwell to get the Report out into the world. Hastings retains ownership and full editorial and artistic control; we will put the Report together just as we have always done. But for all of the things that I think of as going under the heading of publishing services—primarily printing, online hosting, mailing, and subscription services—we will now collaborate with Wiley‐Blackwell. The relationship will broaden the Report's reach and improve its services, but will not change the Report's appearance or content.
Accept No Substitutes: The Ethics of Alternatives
Authors: Marks Joel 
Published: October 2014

AbstractIt is common to argue that animal experimentation is justified by its essential contribution to the advancement of medical science. But note that this argument actually contains two premises: an empirical claim that animal experimentation is essential to the advancement of medical science and an ethical claim that if research is essential to the advancement of medical science, then it is justified. Neither premise looks weak; the first premise is an article of faith for most biomedical researchers, and the second is usually considered so obviously true that it goes unstated. In fact, however, both are open to challenge. In the logic of the case, only one of the premises needs to be shown false or moot in order to refute the argument. A number of other commentators have questioned the first, but it is the ethical premise that I find particularly wanting.
A Rationale in Support of Uncontrolled Donation after Circulatory Determination of Death
Authors: Munjal Kevin G. , Wall Stephen P. , Goldfrank Lewis R. , Gilbert Alexander , Kaufman Bradley J. , Dubler, on behalf of The New York City uDCDD Study Group Nancy N. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractMost donated organs in the United States come from brain dead donors, while a small percentage come from patients who die in “controlled,” or expected, circumstances, typically after the family or surrogate makes a decision to withdraw life support. The number of organs available for transplant could be substantially if donations were permitted in “uncontrolled” circumstances–that is, from people who die unexpectedly, often outside the hospital. According to projections from the Institute of Medicine, establishing programs permitting “uncontrolled donation after circulatory determination of death,” or uDCDD, throughout the United States has the potential to provide 22,000 more donation opportunities annually. In contrast, U.S. controlled donation after circulatory determination of death, or cDCDD, cases have increased progressively over the past decade from 87 to 848 donors, but currently account for only 10.6 percent of all deceased donors. Following the IOM recommendations, several projects exploring the feasibility of uDCDD were funded by the federal government, including a grant from the Health Resources and Services Administration that supported a pilot project in New York City in which the authors of this article participated.A key feature of our protocol, and indeed of many uDCDD protocols, is the initiation of preservation methods such as chest compressions and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation shortly after death in order to perfuse and preserve the donor's organs. Critics of uDCDD argue that the means of determining death deviates from generally ascribed principles. They assert that reinstituting circulation in order to preserve organs has the effect of “undoing” the prior determination of death. The result is that cDCDD is widely accepted and practiced routinely even though it only marginally increases the number of organs available for transplantation, and uDCDD is widely considered unacceptable despite being ethically embraced and proven to significantly increase organ donation opportunities in other countries. This article explores the evolution of this counterintuitive state of affairs and calls for a policy that, in line with the IOM report, allows for both cDCDD and uDCDD protocols.
Obesity: Chasing an Elusive Epidemic
Authors: Callahan Daniel 
Published: October 2014

AbstractObesity may be the most difficult and elusive public health problem this country has ever encountered. Unlike the classical infectious diseases and plagues that killed millions in the past, it is not caused by deadly viruses or bacteria of a kind amenable to vaccines for prevention, nor are there many promising medical treatments so far. While diabetes, heart disease, and kidney failure can be caused by obesity, it is easier to treat those conditions than one of their causes. I call obesity elusive partly because of the disturbingly low success rate in treating it, but also because it requires changing the patterns, woven deeply into our social fabric, of food and beverage commerce, personal eating habits, and sedentary lifestyles. It also raises the most basic ethical and policy questions: how far can government and business go in trying to change behavior that harms health, what are the limits of market freedom for industry, and how do we look upon our bodies and judge those of others?.
Respecting Donors to Biobank Research
Authors: Tomlinson Tom 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThe research importance of biobanked biological materials and their derived data is growing, especially as these are increasingly linked with individual and population‐level medical and health information. The number, diversity, and size of biobanks are growing in tandem. So, too, is the number of individuals whose donations are being used in biobank‐supported research, with or without their knowledge. Pretty soon, we all will be “participants” in a variety of research projects we know nothing about. Until recently, our leftover tissue or deidentified medical information could be used for research without our consent or even our knowledge. Even if we've been asked–as the current regulations require when research uses are anticipated‐we were most likely asked to give a blanket consent to any future use, with no prospect of learning about or controlling how our material is later used. This is an ethically problematic state of affairs, but there are options for improving it.
Reasons and Freedom
Authors: Giubilini Alberto , Minerva Francesca 
Published: October 2014

AbstractOne of three commentaries on ‐Scholarly Discussion of Infanticide?” by Mirko D. Garasic, and “Reflections from a Troubled Stream: Giubilini and Minerva on ‘After‐Birth Abortion,’” by Michael Hauskeller, from the July‐August 2012 issue.
The Undocumented Unwell
Authors: Marks Jonathan H. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractNell Toussaint is not well. In recent years, she has been diagnosed with uterine fibroids, uncontrolled hypertension, nephrotic syndrome, poorly controlled diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and a pulmonary embolism. She also suffers from decreased mobility, shortness of breath, and‐perhaps not surprisingly, given her other ailments‐anxiety. Toussaint is an indigent undocumented immigrant living in Canada who has been trying to secure medical coverage in the federal courts. In the process, she has sacrificed the medical confidentiality that most of us ordinarily enjoy.Toussaint first came to Canada from Grenada as a visitor in 1999 and remained after the term of her visa expired. At first, she earned enough to sustain a living, but in 2006, her health began to deteriorate, and she was no longer able to work. Although she has received some medical care since then, it has been sporadic, on an emergency basis, and at great expense. When Toussaint applied for medical health coverage under Canada's Interim Medical Health Program, which covers the cost of emergency medical care for legally admitted indigents, her application was rejected. She challenged the decision in federal court on the grounds that her right to life and security of the person under the Canadian Charter had been violated and that the denial of coverage was discriminatory.
A Second Chance
Authors: Blumenthal Nancy P. , Mendez James D. , Smith Martin L. , Hyland Beth 
Published: October 2014

AbstractMr. F. is a fifty‐year‐old father of two school‐aged daughters. Six years ago, he received a double lung transplant because he was suffering from interstitial lung disease, a fatal illness that causes suffocation by progressive scarring of the lungs. He is now experiencing chronic rejection of the transplant and is being considered to receive another. Without it, he is expected to survive only a year and a half. With it, his prognosis will improve, but the numbers are still not good.Three years after his lung transplant, Mr. F. stopped attending his office visits. For a period of sixteen months he went without the studies and attention essential to posttransplant care. He stopped performing the required daily self‐monitoring of his lung function about eight months after his transplant, but he has maintained a regular exercise regimen. While lost to follow‐up, he continued to take his immunosuppressant medications, but he stopped taking medicine to control his high blood pressure because of its expense.
State Health Insurance Exchanges: Progress and Challenges
Authors: Collins Sara R. , Garber Tracy 
Published: October 2014

AbstractBy 2014, each of the fifty states and the District of Columbia will have a new health insurance exchange, or marketplace, established under the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act. These exchanges are the centerpiece of the reform law: they will be the main portals where people who do not have health insurance coverage through their jobs and small businesses will go, either in person or online, to find a health plan and to learn about and apply for federal subsidies. The most immediate challenge facing all fifty‐one exchanges is fulfilling their most basic role: ensuring that all who are eligible to enroll in qualified health plans and to receive federal subsidies in fact enroll.