bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Basement Structure and Distribution of Mesozoic‐Paleozoic Marine Strata in the South Yellow Sea Basin
Authors: Xun‐Hua ZHANG , Jin‐Yu YANG , Gang LI , Yan‐Qiu YANG 
Published: April 2015

AbstractThe South Yellow Sea basin is a large superposed basin composed of a Paleozoic‐Mesozoic marine sedimentary basin and Mesozoic‐Cenozoic terrigenous sedimentary basin. This work studied the structure and stratigraphic distribution of the lower crystal basement and the upper folded basement of the two kinds of basins based on integrated geological and geophysical data. New seismic data interpretation combined with drilling data and geological correlation between land and sea are used to identify the marine Paleozoic‐Mesozoic stratigraphic sequence. The depth of the top surface of the marine Paleozoic‐Mesozoic strata is determined by seismic interpretation; undulation of the bottom surface is derived by magnetic inversion. The residual thickness of the Triassic Qinglong limestone and the upper Permian strata is also analyzed to understand the distribution and structure features of the marine Paleozoic‐Mesozoic strata. The thickness and distribution of the marine sequence are mainly controlled by the undulation of the basement, and also influenced greatly by the Indosinian movement. The thickness of the marine Paleozoic‐Mesozoic strata is comparatively stable in the central uplift. The lower Triassic Qinglong formation and the upper Permian Dalong and Longtan formations are widely distributed in the southern depression and the Wunansha uplift of the South Yellow Sea basin, while the distribution of this succession in the northern depression is very limited; in the central uplift, little is are left due to uplift and denudation. At present, the residual thickness of the lower Paleozoic remains unknown due to limited data available.
Association Between Electrocardiographic Findings, Right Heart Strain, and Short‐Term Adverse Clinical Events in Patients With Acute Pulmonary Embolism
Authors: Hariharan Praveen , Dudzinski David M. , Okechukwu Ikenna , Takayesu James Kimo , Chang Yuchiao , Kabrhel Christopher 
Published: April 2015

AbstractBackgroundElectrocardiographic (ECG) changes may be seen with pulmonary emboli (PE). Whether ECG is associated with short‐term adverse clinical events after PE is less well established.HypothesisECG findings are associated with short‐term clinical deterioration after PE.MethodsConsecutive adult PE patients were enrolled in an academic emergency department from 2008 to 2011. The primary outcome was right heart strain (RHS) on echocardiogram or CT pulmonary angiography, or TnT ≥0.1 ng/mL. We derived an ECG (TwiST) score that is associated with RHS and short‐term adverse clinical events.ResultsWe enrolled 298 patients with PE. On multivariate analysis, T‐wave inversion in leads V1 through V3 (OR: 4.7, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.7‐13.2), S wave in lead I (OR: 2.0, 95% CI: 1.1‐3.5), and tachycardia (OR: 2.5, 95% CI: 1.3‐4.8) were associated with RHS. A TwiST score ≤2 (n = 210, 72%) was 84% (95% CI: 77%‐90%) sensitive for the absence of RHS, whereas a TwiST score ≥5 (n = 47, 16%) was 93% (95% CI: 88%‐97%) specific for the presence of RHS.ConclusionsA simple ECG (TwiST) score can identify patients likely or not likely to have RHS with >80% specificity and sensitivity and may assist in identifying patients with acute PE at risk for adverse clinical events before pursuing other advanced imaging tests.
Development of the nasolacrimal apparatus in the Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus), with notes on network topology and function
Authors: Rehorek Susan J. , Cunningham Jayna , Bruening Amanda E. , Johnson Jessica L. , Bhatnagar Kunwar P. , Smith Timothy D. , Hillenius Willem J. 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACTThe nasolacrimal apparatus (NLA) is a multicomponent functional system comprised of multiple orbital glands (up to four larger multicellular exocrine structures), a nasal chemosensory structure (vomeronasal organ: VNO), and a connecting duct (nasolacrimal duct: NLD). Although this system has been described in all tetrapod vertebrate lineages, albeit not always with all three main components present, considerably less is known about its ontogeny. The Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus) is a common lab rodent in which the individual components of the adult NLA have been well studied, but as yet nothing is known about the ontogeny of the NLA. In this study, serial sections of 15 fetal and three adult Mongolian gerbil heads show that the development of the NLA falls into three fetal stages: inception (origin of all features), elongation (lengthening of all features), and expansion (widening of all features). No postnatal or juvenile specimens were observed in this study, but considerable growth evidently occurs before the final adult condition is reached. The development of the orbital glands and the VNO in the Mongolian gerbil is largely consistent with those in other mammals, despite a slight nomenclatural conundrum for the anterior orbital glands. However, the Mongolian gerbil NLD follows a more circuitous route than in other tetrapods, due mainly to the convoluted arrangement of the narial cartilages, the development of a pair of enlarged incisors as well as an enlarged infraorbital foramen. The impact of these associated features on the ontogeny and phylogeny of the NLA could be examined through the approach of network science. This approach allows for the incorporation of adaptations to specific lifestyles as potential explanations for the variation observed in the NLA across different tetrapod clades. J. Morphol. 276:1005–1024, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Greater prairie‐chicken brood‐site selection and survival in the Nebraska sandhills
Authors: Anderson Lars C. , Powell Larkin A. , Schacht Walter H. , Lusk Jeffrey J. , Vodehnal William L. 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACTThe greater prairie‐chicken (Tympanuchus cupido pinnatus) is a grassland bird species of conservation concern, although the region of the Nebraska Sandhills has the largest and most stable population in North America. The Sandhills region is semiarid and dominated by privately owned rangeland; vegetation in the region is typically less dense than the tall grass ecosystem. Most management recommendations for the greater prairie‐chicken are based on work in tall grass prairies, so our goal was to estimate the responses of brood‐site selection and survival to the unique vegetation characteristics of the Sandhills region. We studied prairie‐chickens on private rangelands in Rock and Brown Counties from 2009 to 2011. We radio‐marked 139 females and monitored females with broods from May through July using pickup‐mounted and handheld telemetry systems. We used discrete choice models to assess micro‐scale habitat selection within used pastures. Specifically, we investigated the effect of local heterogeneity of vegetation structure and composition on site selection. The contiguous grasslands of the Sandhills contain variation in soils, slope, and proximity to water table, so we also assessed selection of these ecological sites (the equivalent of land‐use categories in fragmented landscapes) for brood‐rearing within the broad landscape (macro‐scale). Last, we assessed variation in brood survival in response to weather and vegetation structure and composition. Prairie‐chicken females with broods selected sands ecological sites (upland, rolling hills sites) that had thicker vegetation with higher visual obstruction reading (VOR;  = 7.7 cm, SE = 0.4), more variable VOR ( = 20.1, ±2.1), and greater litter depth ( = 0.07 cm, ±0.01) than at coupled random locations (VOR:  = 6.6 cm, ±0.1; variance VOR:  = 15.6, ±0.8; litter depth:  = 0.05 cm, ±0.01). The selection function for brood sites peaked for sites with approximately 10 cm VOR, which was significantly less than the range of 20–30 cm of visual obstruction suggested for management of tallgrass prairies. In fact, only 5.0% of random sites and 5.4% of sites used by hens with broods had VOR >20 cm. However, VOR and litter depth did not explain variability in brood survival, and we found considerable uncertainty in our analysis of daily survival. Models with forb cover were ranked highest in the survival analyses (combined ωAIC
c
= 0.63), which provided some support for a positive effect of forb cover on brood survival (βforb cover = 0.327, SE = 0.337). We suggest that land managers in the Sandhills region provide brooding habitat in grazed, upland ecological sites that is characterized by minimal bare ground, a consistent distribution of litter, a forb component, and VOR levels of 4–11 cm in pastures in the vicinity of leks. © 2015 The Wildlife Society.
Catalyst‐Transfer Condensation Polymerization of Acceptor Aromatic Monomers and of Donor Carbon‐Carbon Double Bond‐Containing Monomers
Authors: Yokozawa Tsutomu , Nanashima Yutaka , Nojima Masataka , Ohta Yoshihiro 
Published: April 2015

SummaryRecent developments in catalyst‐transfer condensation polymerization (CTCP), which proceeds in a chain‐growth polymerization manner, have made it possible to synthesize well‐defined π‐conjugated polymers with controlled molecular weight and low polydispersity, as well as block copolymers and gradient copolymers. However, CTCP has been limited to the polymerization of donor monomers (such as thiophene) for the synthesis of p‐type π‐conjugated polymers. Here, we highlight several recent advances in CTCP of acceptor aromatic monomers and monomers conjugated with carbon‐carbon double bond, the π‐donation ability of which is stronger than donor aromatic rings. In the former polymerization, well‐defined poly(pyridine‐3,5‐diyl), poly(benzotriazole), poly(fluorene‐alt‐benzothiaziazole), and poly(bithiophene‐alt‐naphthalene diimide) were obtained. In the latter polymerization, however, the obtained poly(p‐phenylenevinylene) possessed broad molecular weight distribution.
Controlled Polymerization of Phenylacetylenes Using Well‐Defined Rhodium Catalysts
Authors: Sanda Fumio , Shiotsuki Masashi , Masuda Toshio 
Published: April 2015

SummaryThis article deals with (1) the controlled polymerization of an optically active phenylacetylene (PA) derivative using well defined rhodium (Rh) catalyst, [(nbd)Rh{C(Ph)=CPh2}(PPh3)] and the study on the molecular weight dependence of the chirality (degree of helix formation and predominance of one‐handed helicity) of the formed polymers, (2) examination of the polymer end structures by matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight (MALDI‐TOF) mass spectrometry, (3) development of a novel Rh complex coordinated by a tridentate ligand, and [{nbd‐(CH2)4PPh2}Rh{C(Ph)=CPh2}] and the polymerization of PA in a controlled manner.
Synthesis of Amphiphilic Three‐Armed Star Random Copolymers via Living Radical Polymerization and their Unimolecular Folding Properties in Water
Authors: Sugita Takanori , Matsumoto Kazuma , Terashima Takaya , Sawamoto Mitsuo 
Published: April 2015

SummaryAmphiphilic three‐armed star random copolymers were synthesized by ruthenium‐catalyzed living radical copolymerization of hydrophilic poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate (PEGMA) and hydrophobic dodecyl methacrylate (DMA). Their amphiphilic star random copolymers with 10‐50 mol% DMA efficiently self‐folded in water with intramolecular hydrophobic interaction to form compact unimolecular micelles. Owing to PEG segments, star copolymers were thermoresponsive to induce lower critical solution temperature‐type phase separation in water.
Stereospecific Anionic Polymerization of α‐(Hydroxymethyl)acrylate with Protective Group
Authors: Kohsaka Yasuhiro , Suzawa Kazuha , Kitayama Tatsuki 
Published: April 2015

SummaryAnionic polymerizations of hydroxyl‐protected α‐(hydroxymethyl)acrylates were investigated. The methyl ester with methoxymethyl (1‐MOM) and allyl (1‐allyl) protecting groups were polymerized by isopropyl α‐lithioisobutyrate (Li‐iPrIB) in toluene at −78 °C, affording highly isotactic polymers. Similarly, the polymerization of ethyl ester (2‐MOM) gave an isotactic polymer, while those of t‐butyl (3‐MOM) and isobutyl (4‐MOM) ester did not form any polymeric products. The hydrolysis of poly(2‐MOM) in acidic conditions resulted in the deprotection of MOM group, although the acid also catalyzed the ester exchange between the neighboring units to form lactone units, as observed by 1H NMR analysis, IR spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis. A film of poly(2‐MOM) exposed to HCl vapor for 2 h became insoluble in any organic solvents due to the lactonization in solid state.
The relationship between cerebrospinal fluid tau markers, hippocampal volume, and delayed primacy performance in cognitively intact elderly individuals
Authors: Bruno Davide , Grothe Michel J. , Nierenberg Jay , Teipel Stefan J. , Zetterberg Henrik , Blennow Kaj , Pomara Nunzio 
Published: April 2015

AbstractBackgroundPrimacy performance in recall has been shown to predict cognitive decline in cognitively intact elderly and conversion from mild cognitive impairment to Alzheimer's disease (AD). Delayed primacy performance, but not delayed nonprimacy performance, has been shown to be associated with hippocampal volume in cognitively intact older individuals. Because presence of neurofibrillary tangles is an early sign of AD‐related pathology, we set out to test whether cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of tau had an effect on delayed primacy performance, while controlling for hippocampal volume and CSF amyloid‐β 1‐42 levels.MethodsForty‐seven individuals, aged 60 years or older and cognitively intact, underwent a multisession study including lumbar puncture, a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan of the head, and memory testing.ResultsOur regression analyses show that CSF levels of hyperphosphorylated (P) tau are only associated with reduced delayed primacy performance when hippocampal volumes are smaller.ConclusionOur findings suggest that hippocampal size may play a protective role against the negative effects of P tau on memory.
Rates of formal diagnosis of dementia in primary care: The effect of screening
Authors: Eichler Tilly , Thyrian Jochen René , Hertel Johannes , Michalowsky Bernhard , Wucherer Diana , Dreier Adina , Kilimann Ingo , Teipel Stefan , Hoffmann Wolfgang 
Published: April 2015

AbstractBackgroundScreening could improve recognition of dementia in primary care. We sought to determine the effect of screening for dementia in primary care practices on the formal diagnosis rate; the distribution of differential diagnoses; and the factors associated with receiving a formal diagnosis.MethodsThe “Dementia: life‐ and person‐centered help in Mecklenburg‐Western Pomerania” is an ongoing general practitioner (GP)‐based, randomized, controlled intervention trial. A total of 4064 community dwelling patients (aged ≥70 years) were screened for dementia in 108 GP practices. Of these patients, 692 (17%) had positive screening results (DemTect score <9). Of these 692 patients, 406 (59%) provided informed consent. The analyses included the data from 243 patients with a complete baseline assessment (preliminary data; January 2014).ResultsOf 146 patients without a formal diagnosis of dementia, 72 (49%) received a formal diagnosis after a positive screening outcome (69% with “unspecified dementia”). Female sex was significantly associated with receiving a formal diagnosis (multivariate analyses).ConclusionScreening improved the identification of dementia considerably. Because of the risk of receiving a false‐positive diagnosis, additional diagnostic assessment should be mandatory.
Can agrin cerebrospinal fluid concentration be used as an early biomarker for Alzheimer's disease?
Authors: Del Campo Milan Marta , Zuroff Leah , Jimenez Connie R. , Scheltens Philip , Teunissen Charlotte E. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractThe need for effective treatments halting Alzheimer's disease (AD) urges the discovery of the earliest possible biomarkers. Agrin is increased in the early stages of AD and is involved in amyloid‐β (Aβ) fibrillation and synaptogenesis. We investigated the potential of agrin as an early AD cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarker. We analyzed the agrin CSF concentration in nondemented controls (n = 20) and those with mild (n = 20) and severe (n = 20) AD. The levels of agrin CSF were not significantly divergent among the different patient groups and did not correlate with the concentration of Aβ42, total tau, phosphorylated tau, or the Mini Mental State Examination scores. However, agrin strongly correlated with age in those with dementia. The results indicate that agrin cannot be used as an early AD CSF biomarker using the current immunoassay. However, our population was relatively young; thus, the correlation between agrin and age suggests that stronger differences in agrin concentrations might be found in older groups with more heterogeneous AD pathologic features.
PLZF expression maps the early stages of ILC1 lineage development
Authors: Constantinides Michael G. , Gudjonson Herman , McDonald Benjamin D. , Ishizuka Isabel E. , Verhoef Philip A. , Dinner Aaron R. , Bendelac Albert 
Published: April 2015

SignificanceDiverse populations of group 1 innate lymphocytes, which exert critical early cytolytic functions against virally infected cells, have recently been discovered, raising issues of lineage relationships. We used expression of the transcription factor promyelocytic leukaemia zinc finger (PLZF) to identify the developmental intermediates of innate lymphoid cells type 1 (ILC1s), a subset of innate lymphoid cells that are particularly abundant in the liver, and demonstrated that this lineage arises from a distinct precursor, but that its development partially overlaps with established classical NK stages. Using microarray analysis, we defined a set of PLZF-dependent genes that may contribute to lineage divergence between ILC1s and classical NK cells.
Cryptococcal Antigenemia in Immunocompromised Human Immunodeficiency Virus Patients in Rural Tanzania: A Preventable Cause of Early Mortality
Authors: Letang Emilio , Müller Matthias C. , Ntamatungiro Alex J. , Kimera Namvua , Faini Diana , Furrer Hansjakob , Battegay Manuel , Tanner Marcel , Hatz Christoph , Boulware David R. , Glass Tracy R. 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
Background.  Cryptococcal meningitis is a leading cause of death in people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immune deficiency syndrome. The World Health Organizations recommends pre-antiretroviral treatment (ART) cryptococcal antigen (CRAG) screening in persons with CD4 below 100 cells/µL. We assessed the prevalence and outcome of cryptococcal antigenemia in rural southern Tanzania.
Methods.  We conducted a retrospective study including all ART-naive adults with CD4 &lt;150 cells/µL prospectively enrolled in the Kilombero and Ulanga Antiretroviral Cohort between 2008 and 2012. Cryptococcal antigen was assessed in cryopreserved pre-ART plasma. Cox regression estimated the composite outcome of death or loss to follow-up (LFU) by CRAG status and fluconazole use.
Results.  Of 750 ART-naive adults, 28 (3.7%) were CRAG-positive, corresponding to a prevalence of 4.4% (23 of 520) in CD4 &lt;100 and 2.2% (5 of 230) in CD4 100–150 cells/µL. Within 1 year, 75% (21 of 28) of CRAG-positive and 42% (302 of 722) of CRAG-negative patients were dead or LFU (P&lt;.001), with no differences across CD4 strata. Cryptococcal antigen positivity was an independent predictor of death or LFU after adjusting for relevant confounders (hazard ratio [HR], 2.50; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.29–4.83; P = .006). Cryptococcal meningitis occurred in 39% (11 of 28) of CRAG-positive patients, with similar retention-in-care regardless of meningitis diagnosis (P = .8). Cryptococcal antigen titer &gt;1:160 was associated with meningitis development (odds ratio, 4.83; 95% CI, 1.24–8.41; P = .008). Fluconazole receipt decreased death or LFU in CRAG-positive patients (HR, 0.18; 95% CI, .04–.78; P = .022).
Conclusions.  Cryptococcal antigenemia predicted mortality or LFU among ART-naive HIV-infected persons with CD4 &lt;150 cells/µL, and fluconazole increased survival or retention-in-care, suggesting that targeted pre-ART CRAG screening may decrease early mortality or LFU. A CRAG screening threshold of CD4 &lt;100 cells/µL missed 18% of CRAG-positive patients, suggesting guidelines should consider a higher threshold.
Effects of emergency department crowding on the delivery of timely care in an inner-city hospital in the Netherlands
Authors: van der Linden Naomi , van der Linden M. Christien , Richards John R. , Derlet Robert W. , Grootendorst Diana C. , van den Brand Crispijn L. 
Published: April 2015

Background
The impact of delays in emergency department (ED) care has not been described in European countries where ED crowding is not universally recognized. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship of ED crowding with delays in triage and treatment, and 24-h mortality in patients admitted to the ED.

Methods
Five years of data from adults admitted to the hospital were analysed retrospectively from an inner-city ED in the Netherlands. Variables included the following: crowded versus noncrowded time, time to triage, triage category, time to treatment, age, 24-h mortality and 10-day mortality.

Results
A total of 39 110 patients met the inclusion criteria. ED crowding occurred 30.8% of the time. There were no differences in mortality between patients arriving during crowding versus those arriving during noncrowding. Delays in triage during ED crowding occurred 29.7% of the time versus 14.6% during noncrowding. Delays in treatment occurred 11.7 and 7.3% of the time during crowding and noncrowding, respectively.

Conclusion
In this hospital, ED crowding results in increased times to triage and to treatment, not in increased 24-h or 10-day mortality.
Integrated whole‐genome screening for Pseudomonas aeruginosa virulence genes using multiple disease models reveals that pathogenicity is host specific
Authors: Dubern Jean‐Frédéric , Cigana Cristina , De Simone Maura , Lazenby James , Juhas Mario , Schwager Stephan , Bianconi Irene , Döring Gerd , Eberl Leo , Williams Paul , Bragonzi Alessandra , Cámara Miguel 
Published: April 2015

SummaryPseudomonas aeruginosa is a multi‐host opportunistic pathogen causing a wide range of diseases because of the armoury of virulence factors it produces, and it is difficult to eradicate because of its intrinsic resistance to antibiotics. Using an integrated whole‐genome approach, we searched for P. aeruginosa virulence genes with multi‐host relevance. We constructed a random library of 57 360 Tn5 mutants in P. aeruginosa PAO1‐L and screened it in vitro for those showing pleiotropic effects in virulence phenotypes (reduced swarming, exo‐protease and pyocyanin production). A set of these pleiotropic mutants were assayed for reduced toxicity in Drosophila melanogaster, Caenorhabditis elegans, human cell lines and mice. Surprisingly, the screening revealed that the virulence of the majority of P. aeruginosa mutants varied between disease models, suggesting that virulence is dependent on the disease model used and hence the host environment. Genomic analysis revealed that these virulence‐related genes encoded proteins from almost all functional classes, which were conserved among P. aeruginosa strains. Thus, we provide strong evidence that although P. aeruginosa is capable of infecting a wide range of hosts, many of its virulence determinants are host specific. These findings have important implication when searching for novel anti‐virulence targets to develop new treatments against P. aeruginosa.