bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Biology and key to theAustralian species ofHypogastruraandCeratophysella(Collembola:Hypogastruridae)
Authors: Greenslade Penelope , Ireson John , Skarżyński Dariusz 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThe familyHypogastruridae is represented by nine genera inAustralia, three of which:Mesogastrura Bonet,Hypogastrura Bourlet andCeratophysella Börner, consist only of species that have been probably introduced fromEurope within the last 250 years, with the exception of a new species described here. All species in these three genera are typical of, and abundant in, disturbed habitats. The 11 species currently recorded fromAustralia inHypogastruraandCeratophysellaareC. communis(Folsom, 1897),C. denticulata(Bagnall, 1941),C. gibbosa(Bagnall, 1940),C. succinea(Gisin, 1949),Hypogastrura assimilis(Krausbauer, 1898),H. distincta(Axelson, 1902),H. manubrialis(Tullberg, 1869),H. purpurescens(Lubbock, 1867,H. vernalis(Carl, 1901) andH. viatica(Tullberg, 1872), and a new speciesC. paucisetasp. nov.Ceratophysella communiswas misidentified in some published literature asC. engadinensis Gisin, 1949. AlthoughC. communisis confirmed as occurring inAustralia, there now seems to be no evidence thatC. engadinensisoccurs here, and the nameH. denticulatamay include more than one species. An illustrated dichotomous key and description is given here for all Australian species ofHypogastruraandCeratophysella, and their distributions and habitats documented. Their value as indicators of disturbed habitats inAustralia is discussed.Collembola in general have been shown to have a positive influence on nutrient cycling. It is not known what contributionHypogastruraandCeratophysellamake toAustralian arable and grazing systems in this respect, but it may be considerable because of their abundance.
UNIVERSAL ACCESS, PARALLEL TRADE AND INCENTIVES TO INNOVATE
Authors: Acharyya Rajat , García‐Alonso María D. C. 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACTGovernments often subsidize poorer groups in society to ensure their access to new drugs. We analyse the optimal income‐based price subsidies in a strategic environment. We show that universal access is less likely to arise when price arbitrage prevents international price discrimination. When this is not the case, under some income ranges, bilateral universal coverage can be supported by equilibrium subsidies together with bilateral partial provision. In such a case, international health policy coordination becomes relevant. We also show that asymmetric universal access to medicines across countries can arise, even when countries are ex ante symmetric, when international price discrimination is possible and governments cannot design subsidies proportional to either income or quality.
Preclinical evaluation of 4‐[3,5‐bis(2‐chlorobenzylidene)‐4‐oxo‐piperidine‐1‐yl]‐4‐oxo‐2‐butenoic acid, in a mouse model of lung cancer xenograft
Authors: Yadav Vivek R , Sahoo Kaustuv , Awasthi Vibhudutta 
Published: October 2013

Background and Purpose4‐[3,5‐Bis(2‐chlorobenzylidene)‐4‐oxo‐piperidine‐1‐yl]‐4‐oxo‐2‐butenoic acid CLEFMA is a new anti‐cancer molecule. Here, we investigated changes in apoptosis and inflammatory markers during CLEFMA‐induced tumour suppression.Experimental ApproachLung adenocarcinoma H441 and A549, and normal lung fibroblast CCL151 cell lines were used, along with a xenograft model of H441 cells implanted in mice. Tumour tissues were analysed by immunoblotting, immunohistochemistry and/or biochemical assays. The ex vivo results were confirmed by performing selected assays in cultured cells.Key ResultsCLEFMA‐induced cell death was associated with cleavage of caspases 3/9 and PARP. In vivo, CLEFMA treatment resulted in a dose‐dependent suppression of tumour growth and 18F‐fluorodeoxyglucose uptake in tumours, along with a reduction in the expression of the proliferation marker Ki‐67. In tumour tissue homogenates, the anti‐apoptotic markers (cellular inhibitor of apoptosis protein‐1(cIAP1), Bcl‐xL, Bcl‐2, and survivin) were inhibited and the pro‐apoptotic Bax and BID were up‐regulated. Further, CLEFMA decreased translocation of phospho‐p65–NF‐κB into the nucleus. In vitro, it inhibited the DNA‐binding and transcriptional activity of NF‐κB. It also reduced the expression of COX‐2 in tumours and significantly depressed serum TNF‐α and IL‐6 levels. These effects of CLEFMA were accompanied by a reduced transcription and/or translation of the invasion markers VEGF, MMP9, MMP10, Cyclin D1 and ICAM‐1.Conclusions and ImplicationsOverall, CLEFMA inhibited growth of lung cancer xenografts and this tumour suppression was associated with NF‐κB‐regulated anti‐inflammatory and anti‐metastatic effects.
Maternal, umbilical arterial and umbilical venous 25‐hydroxyvitamin D and adipocytokine concentrations in pregnancies with and without gestational diabetes
Authors: McManus Ruth , Summers Kelly , de Vrijer Barbra , Cohen Nicole , Thompson Alexandra , Giroux Isabelle 
Published: October 2013

SummaryObjectiveGestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) has been associated with inflammation as well as Vitamin D insufficiency. While Vitamin D has anti‐inflammatory properties, relationships between Vitamin D and inflammatory markers remain unexplored in GDM. Therefore, this case‐–control study investigated adipocytokine and Vitamin D [25(OH)D] concentrations and correlations in GDM and control women, as well as their neonates.Design/Participants/Measurementsseventy‐three women participated: 36 GDM and 37 controls. Maternal samples were drawn at 31 weeks. Umbilical arterial and venous samples were collected at birth. 25(OH)D and adipocytokine concentrations were compared for GDM vs control maternal, umbilical arterial and venous samples. Correlations were explored between biochemical results, maternal and neonatal demographics.ResultsCompared with age‐ and weight‐matched control participants, GDM women had significantly lower concentrations of 25(OH)D (77·3 ± 24·3 vs 93·2 ± 19·2 nm/l; P = 0·009); adiponectin (17·5 ± 11·8 vs 34·1 ± 20·3 μg/ml, P < 0·001); resistin (25·4 ± 9·1 vs 31·9 ± 12·1 ng/ml, P = 0·045); and plasminogen activator inhibitor‐1 (PAI‐1) 13·9 ± 10·0 vs 21·0 ± 12·6 ng/ml, P = 0·038), while delivering 1 week earlier (38·2 ± 1·2 vs 39·5 ± 0·9 weeks, P < 0·001). GDM maternal 25(OH)D concentrations positively correlated with PAI‐1, IL‐8 and TNF‐α concentrations. Umbilical 25(OH)D concentrations were not significantly different in GDM vs control offspring, whereas adiponectin, resistin and PAI‐1 concentrations were significantly lower in GDM offspring.ConclusionsGDM women had lower 25(OH)D concentrations than controls, while neonatal umbilical concentrations of 25(OH)D did not differ. GDM maternal and GDM offspring had lower adiponectin, resistin and PAI‐1 concentrations compared with controls. Results suggest that both GDM women and their offspring demonstrate abnormal adipocytokine patterns.
Mechanisms of autoimmunity in the central nervous system: Disturbance of natural autoimmunity, infectious agents, cell contribution and antibody signatures
Authors: Ortega‐Hernandez Oscar‐Danilo 
Published: October 2013

AbstractAutoimmunity in the central nervous system (CNS) seems to be a physiological process that might normally occur from the very early stages of fetal development. There is some evidence suggesting that CNS autoimmunity could participate in brain structuring, early antigen recognition and immune tolerance. Interestingly, clues to the occurrence of such early events can be discovered in cord blood samples from newborns and peripheral blood, as well as cerebrospinal fluid samples from adults by means of antibody profiling, through antigen microarray technology. In the past, results from those studies raised the possibility for the existence of a physiological autoantibody network recognizing self‐key antigens, as proposed by Irun Cohen many years ago. After examining those findings, I suggest the existence of a specific autoantibody network recognizing resident antigens, which would eventually behave as a two‐sided sword in the CNS. It might act as a framework for the organization of local immune homeostasis, which is necessary for the maintenance of neurophysiological processes. On the contrary, it might also participate in the pathogenesis of abnormal autoimmunity after the loss of tolerance to resident antigens. The disturbance of this synchronic homeostasis by environmental stimuli might trigger abnormal reactivity, influenced by favorable genetic conditions. In this regard, the evidence supporting some cutting‐edge concepts that are intended to comprehensively characterize the molecular and cellular mechanisms likely implicated in abnormal CNS autoimmunity (primarily in multiple sclerosis) is presented. Finally, the usefulness of the detection of specific disease‐associated autoantibodies and autoantibody profiling as clinical tools is also approached.
The magnetic anal sphincter in faecal incontinence: is initial success sustained over time?
Authors: Barussaud M.‐L. , Mantoo S. , Wyart V. , Meurette G. , Lehur P.‐A. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractAimIn the short term, implantation of a magnetic anal sphincter (MAS) is a safe and effective treatment for faecal incontinence (FI). In this paper we show that the initial results stand the test of time and patient satisfaction remains high in the medium term.MethodData on 23 women [median age 64 (35–78) years] implanted with a MAS device between December 2008 and September 2012 were reviewed from a prospective database. Assessment was based on significant improvement of incontinence scores – the Cleveland Clinic Florida Incontinence Severity (CCF‐IS) score, Faecal Incontinence Quality of Life (FIQoL) score – and patient satisfaction at 6, 12, 24 and 36 months after surgery.ResultsThe device was removed in two patients owing to complications. Median follow‐up was 17.6 months. The median preoperative CCF‐IS score was 15.2 and fell to 6.9, 7.7, 7.8 and 5.3 at 6, 12, 24 and 36 months, respectively. The median FIQoL score significantly (P < 0.001) improved from 1.97 preoperatively to 3.19, 3.11, 2.92 and 2.93, respectively, at the same time periods. The concordance of the CCF‐IS and FIQoL scores was 91%. Sixteen of the 23 patients were satisfied but only 14 would have recommended the MAS to someone else. Lack of improvement was the main reason for dissatisfaction.ConclusionGood initial results tend to remain stable over time and about two‐thirds of patients are satisfied after MAS implantation.
Mineralizing angiopathy with infantile basal ganglia stroke after minor trauma
Authors: Lingappa Lokesh , Varma Ravi Dandu , Siddaiahgari Sirisharani , Konanki Ramesh 
Published: October 2013

AimsThe objective of this study was to describe a cohort of infants with basal ganglia stroke associated with mineralization in the lenticulostriate arteries and their clinical outcomes.MethodSubcortical strokes occurring in infants during the study period were categorized as arterial ischaemic, venous, or haemorrhagic. A cohort of infants with basal ganglia infarcts and associated mineralization of lenticulostriate arteries were identified. This group was analysed for possible aetiological factors, clinical course, and recurrence rate of the stroke.ResultsOf 23 infants with basal ganglia arterial ischaemic stroke, 22 (16 males, six females; mean age 11mo [±SD 4.8mo]) were found to have lenticulostriate artery mineralization. Twenty infants presented with hemiparesis and two presented with recurrent episodes of hemidystonia. Eighteen infants had a history of minor trauma before onset of stroke. No other predisposing factors were identified in this cohort. There were no demonstrable causes for vascular and soft tissue calcification. The mean follow‐up was 11 months, during which five infants experienced stroke recurrence. Of the 17 infants who did not experience a recurrent stroke, eight exhibited complete neurological recovery, and nine had mild residual hemiparesis.InterpretationAcute basal ganglia stroke after minor trauma associated with mineralization of lenticulostriate arteries in infants is a distinct clinicoradiological entity. Investigations for prothrombotic states and vasculopathies are normal. Although neurological outcomes in most children are good, trauma is a risk factor for recurrence of stroke.
Clinical association between serum γ‐glutamyltransferase levels and the development of insulin resistance in Korean men: a 5‐year follow‐up study
Authors: Ryoo J.‐H. , Oh C.‐M. , Kim H. S. , Park S. K. , Choi J.‐M. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractAimsIn recent years, γ‐glutamyltransferase has emerged as a predictor of cardiovascular disease, Type 2 diabetes mellitus, the metabolic syndrome and hypertension. However, it is not yet certain whether γ‐glutamyltransferase is a predictor for insulin resistance. The aim of this study was to examine the longitudinal association between baseline γ‐glutamyltransferase level and the development of insulin resistance in Korean men.MethodsWe performed a prospective cohort study, involving 22 931 healthy Korean men without baseline insulin resistance (homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance, HOMA‐IR < 2.7) for 5 years. We checked the HOMA‐IR serially to monitor the development of insulin resistance (incidence of HOMA‐IR ≥ 2.7). A Cox proportional hazards model was used to determine hazard ratios for insulin resistance by quartile groups of baseline serum γ‐glutamyltransferase levels.ResultsDuring 81 208.6 person‐years of follow‐up, 3856 (16.8%) cases of insulin resistance developed between 2006 and 2010. After adjusting for multiple covariates, including baseline HOMA‐IR, the hazard ratios (95% CI) for incident insulin resistance comparing the second to the fourth quartile of baseline serum γ‐glutamyltransferase levels with the first quartile were 1.19 (1.06–1.33), 1.38 (1.23‐1.53) and 1.58 (1.41‐1.77), respectively (P for trend < 0.001).ConclusionsOur findings show that serum γ‐glutamyltransferase level could be a predictor of the development of insulin resistance in Korean men.
Proximate effects of maternal oviposition preferences on defence efficacy and larval survival in a diet‐specialised tortoise beetle. Who knows best: mothers or their progeny?
Authors: VENCL FREDRIC V. , PLATA C. CAMILA A. , SRYGLEY ROBERT B. 
Published: October 2013

The fate of an immature herbivorous insect depends on its mother's ability to locate a host that fosters optimal growth. However, immature performance and survival is often decoupled from female host preference.
We used defence manipulation and exclusion experiments to investigate how oviposition choices impact survival in the diet‐specialised leaf beetle, Acromis sparsa, whose larvae are defended by host‐derived chemical shields, gregariousness and maternal guarding, but can only migrate within a narrow range of leaf options upon the natal host.
Females preferred to oviposit on mature leaves of Merremia umbellate morning glory vines their sole host, that were high above ground where egg parasitism was least, although survival of fully defended larvae was greater on young leaves near to the ground.
Because ant attacks were prevalent in low sites, while bug and wasp attacks were frequent in high sites, we expected a relationship between sequesterable chemicals, defence efficacy and apparency to site‐specific predators.
Shields were effective in low but not in high sites. Guarding was effective against ants and bugs in high, but not in low sites. Shields and gregariousness were effective against ants on mature leaves, but ineffective against bugs on young leaves.
Shields derived from young leaves, which were richer in oleic acid, were more effective against wasps then bugs. Larvae in high sites migrated to young leaves that contained less phytol, a bug attractant.
Larval migration may be an adaptation for the exploitation of enemy‐free space when maternal oviposition choices are not optimal for survival.
Upregulation of axon guidance molecules in the adult central nervous system of Nogo‐A knockout mice restricts neuronal growth and regeneration
Authors: Kempf Anissa , Montani Laura , Petrinovic Marija M. , Schroeter Aileen , Weinmann Oliver , Patrignani Andrea , Schwab Martin E. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractAdult central nervous system axons show restricted growth and regeneration properties after injury. One of the underlying mechanisms is the activation of the Nogo‐A/Nogo receptor (NgR1) signaling pathway. Nogo‐A knockout (KO) mice show enhanced regenerative growth in vivo, even though it is less pronounced than after acute antibody‐mediated neutralization of Nogo‐A. Residual inhibition may involve a compensatory component. By mRNA expression profiling and immunoblots we show increased expression of several members of the Ephrin/Eph and Semaphorin/Plexin families of axon guidance molecules, e.g. EphrinA3 and EphA4, in the intact spinal cord of adult Nogo‐A KO vs. wild‐type (WT) mice. EphrinA3 inhibits neurite outgrowth of EphA4‐positive neurons in vitro. In addition, EphrinA3 KO myelin extracts are less growth‐inhibitory than WT but more than Nogo‐A KO myelin extracts. EphA4 KO cortical neurons show decreased growth inhibition on Nogo‐A KO myelin as compared with WT neurons, supporting increased EphA4‐mediated growth inhibition in Nogo‐A KO mice. Consistently, in vivo, Nogo‐A/EphA4 double KO mice show increased axonal sprouting and regeneration after spinal cord injury as compared with EphA4 KO mice. Our results reveal the upregulation of developmental axon guidance cues following constitutive Nogo‐A deletion, e.g. the EphrinA3/EphA4 ligand/receptor pair, and support their role in restricting neurite outgrowth in the absence of Nogo‐A.
A comparison of two doses of omeprazole in the treatment of equine gastric ulcer syndrome: A blinded, randomised, clinical trial
Authors: Sykes B. W. , Sykes K. M. , Hallowell G. D. 
Published: October 2013

SummaryReasons for performing the studyStudies on omeprazole have reported that doses as low as 0.7 mg/kg bwtper osare potent suppressors of acid production. Yet, to date, no studies have compared treatment efficacy of different doses in clinical cases of equine gastric ulceration. Furthermore, no studies have been performed to compare the healing response of the squamous and glandular mucosa to acid suppression therapy.ObjectivesTo compare: 1) the efficacy of 2 doses of omeprazole in the treatment of primary squamous and glandular gastric ulceration; and 2) the healing response of primary squamous and glandular gastric ulceration to acid suppression therapy.Study designA blinded, randomised, dose–response clinical trial.MethodsTwentyThoroughbred racehorses withgrade≥2/4glandular ulceration were identified on gastroscopy. Seventeen horses also hadgrade≥2/4squamous ulceration. Horses were randomly assigned to one of 2 groups. Horses received either 2.0 g (high dose: 4.0 mg/kg bwt) or 0.8 g (low dose: 1.6 mg/kg bwt) of oral omeprazoleper osonce daily. Gastroscopy was repeated at 28–35 days.ResultsTime and dose significantly affected grades of squamous (P<0.0001, P = 0.02) and glandular (P = 0.006 and 0.005) ulceration. Data analysis did not support our hypothesis that the lower dose would have similar effects (i.e. be noninferior) to the higher dose when considering ulcer healing and ulcer improvement. Improvement was more likely with the high dose for the squamous (P= 0.05) but not glandular (P= 0.4) mucosa. The percentage of glandular ulcers that improved was less than squamous ulcers (P= 0.02).ConclusionsThe results suggest that a dose–response exists for the treatment of both squamous and glandular ulcers. Improvement of glandular ulcers was not as complete as observed with squamous ulcers and current equine gastric ulcer syndrome treatment recommendations may not be appropriate for glandular disease.
Iron reduction and mineralization of deep‐sea iron reducing bacterium Shewanella piezotolerans WP3 at elevated hydrostatic pressures
Authors: Wu W. F. , Wang F. P. , Li J. H. , Yang X. W. , Xiao X. , Pan Y. X. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractIn this study, iron reduction and concomitant biomineralization of a deep‐sea iron reducing bacterium (IRB), Shewanella piezotolerans WP3, were systematically examined at different hydrostatic pressures (0.1, 5, 20, and 50 MPa). Our results indicate that bacterial iron reduction and induced biomineralization are influenced by hydrostatic pressure. Specifically, the iron reduction rate and extent consistently decreases with the increase in hydrostatic pressure. By extrapolation, the iron reduction rate should drop to zero by ~68 MPa, which suggests a possible shut‐off of enzymatic iron reduction of WP3 at this pressure. Nano‐sized superparamagnetic magnetite minerals are formed under all the experimental pressures; nevertheless, even as magnetite production decreases, the crystallinity and grain size of magnetite minerals increase at higher pressure. These results imply that IRB may play an important role in iron reduction, biomineralization, and biogeochemical cycling in deep‐sea environments.
Tipping points in tropical tree cover: linking theory to data
Authors: van Nes Egbert H. , Hirota Marina , Holmgren Milena , Scheffer Marten 
Published: October 2013

AbstractIt has recently been found that the frequency distribution of remotely sensed tree cover in the tropics has three distinct modes, which seem to correspond to forest, savanna, and treeless states. This pattern has been suggested to imply that these states represent alternative attractors, and that the response of these systems to climate change would be characterized by critical transitions and hysteresis. Here, we show how this inference is contingent upon mechanisms at play. We present a simple dynamical model that can generate three alternative tree cover states (forest, savanna, and a treeless state), based on known mechanisms, and use this model to simulate patterns of tree cover under different scenarios. We use these synthetic data to show that the hysteresis inferred from remotely sensed tree cover patterns will be inflated by spatial heterogeneity of environmental conditions. On the other hand, we show that the hysteresis inferred from satellite data may actually underestimate real hysteresis in response to climate change if there exists a positive feedback between regional tree cover and precipitation. Our results also indicate that such positive feedback between vegetation and climate should cause direct shifts between forest and a treeless state (rather than through an intermediate savanna state) to become more likely. Finally, we show how directionality of historical change in conditions may bias the observed relationship between tree cover and environmental conditions.