bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Association Between Smoke-Free Legislation and Hospitalizations for Cardiac, Cerebrovascular, and Respiratory Diseases
Authors: Tan Crystal E. , Glantz Stanton A. 
Published: October 2012

Background—
Secondhand smoke causes cardiovascular and respiratory disease. Smoke-free legislation is associated with a lower risk of hospitalization and death from these diseases.

Methods and Results—
Random-effects meta-analysis was conducted by law comprehensiveness to determine the relationship between smoke-free legislation and hospital admission or death from cardiac, cerebrovascular, and respiratory diseases. Studies were identified by using a systematic search for studies published before November 30, 2011 with the use of the Science Citation Index, Google Scholar, PubMed, and Embase and references in identified articles. Change in hospital admissions (or deaths) in the presence of a smoke-free law, duration of follow-up, and law comprehensiveness (workplaces only; workplaces and restaurants; or workplaces, restaurants, and bars) were recorded. Forty-five studies of 33 smoke-free laws with median follow-up of 24 months (range, 2–57 months) were included. Comprehensive smoke-free legislation was associated with significantly lower rates of hospital admissions (or deaths) for all 4 diagnostic groups: coronary events (relative risk, 0.848; 95% confidence interval 0.816–0.881), other heart disease (relative risk, 0.610; 95% confidence interval, 0.440–0.847), cerebrovascular accidents (relative risk, 0.840; 95% confidence interval, 0.753–0.936), and respiratory disease (relative risk, 0.760; 95% confidence interval, 0.682–0.846). The difference in risk following comprehensive smoke-free laws does not change with longer follow-up. More comprehensive laws were associated with larger changes in risk.

Conclusions—
Smoke-free legislation was associated with a lower risk of smoking-related cardiac, cerebrovascular, and respiratory diseases, with more comprehensive laws associated with greater changes in risk.
A Comparison of CMIP3 Simulations of Precipitation over North America with Observations: Daily Statistics and Circulation Features Accompanying Extreme Events
Authors: DeAngelis Anthony M. , Broccoli Anthony J. , Decker Steven G. 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
Climate model simulations of daily precipitation statistics from the third phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP3) were evaluated against precipitation observations from North America over the period 1979–99. The evaluation revealed that the models underestimate the intensity of heavy and extreme precipitation along the Pacific coast, southeastern United States, and southern Mexico, and these biases are robust among the models. The models also overestimate the intensity of light precipitation events over much of North America, resulting in fairly realistic mean precipitation in many places. In contrast, heavy precipitation is simulated realistically over northern and eastern Canada, as is the seasonal cycle of heavy precipitation over a majority of North America. An evaluation of the simulated atmospheric dynamics and thermodynamics associated with extreme precipitation events was also conducted using the North American Regional Reanalysis (NARR). The models were found to capture the large-scale physical mechanisms that generate extreme precipitation realistically, although they tend to overestimate the strength of the associated atmospheric circulation features. This suggests that climate model deficiencies such as insufficient spatial resolution, inadequate representation of convective precipitation, and overly smoothed topography may be more important for biases in simulated heavy precipitation than errors in the large-scale circulation during extreme events.
Remote Forcing versus Local Feedback of East Pacific Intraseasonal Variability during Boreal Summer
Authors: Rydbeck Adam V. , Maloney Eric D. , Xie Shang-Ping , Hafner Jan , Shaman Jeffrey 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
During boreal summer (June–October), interactions between intraseasonal variability in the Eastern Hemisphere and east Pacific warm pool are often described as a local amplification of the Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO), the dominant mode of tropical intraseasonal variability. The MJO in the Eastern Hemisphere emits eastward-propagating dry Kelvin waves that are a source of rapid communication with the east Pacific. However, the precise mechanism by and degree to which intraseasonal variability in the Eastern Hemisphere interacts with the east Pacific are not well understood. To quantify the relationship, sensitivity tests in two separate models are used: the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) Community Atmosphere Model (CAM) and the International Pacific Research Center Regional Atmosphere Model (IRAM). Different methods are employed to isolate the east Pacific from outside intraseasonal signals in each model. When isolated from Kelvin wave fronts associated with the MJO, the CAM produces similar east Pacific intraseasonal variability to observations. In the CAM, the communication of intraseasonal signals by Kelvin waves does not appear necessary to the initiation and maintenance of east Pacific intraseasonal variability, suggesting that such events can be independent of the MJO. However, communication by MJO-initiated Kelvin waves provides a possible phase locking mechanism between hemispheres. When the east Pacific is isolated from all remote intraseasonal signals in the IRAM, intraseasonal events there are weak and incoherent. In the IRAM communication across the Pacific appears necessary to the representation of east Pacific intraseasonal variability. However, the IRAM contains an important bias in the climatological low-level winds that may suppress east Pacific intraseasonal events.
Estimate of Ocean Mixed Layer Deepening after a Typhoon Passage over the South China Sea by Using Satellite Data
Authors: Pan Jiayi , Sun Yujuan 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
The ocean responses to Typhoon Cimaron, which influenced the South China Sea (SCS) from 1 to 8 November 2006, are analyzed. Based on satellite-observed sea surface temperature (SST) and climatological temperature profiles in the SCS, mixed layer deepening, an important parameter characterizing turbulent mixing and upwelling driven by strong typhoon winds, is derived. Corresponding to the SST drop of 4.4°C on 3 November 2006, the mixed layer deepened by 104.5 m relative to the undisturbed depth of 43.2 m, which is consistent with a simulation result from a mixed layer model. Furthermore, baroclinic geostrophic velocity and vorticity are calculated from the surface temperature gradient caused by the typhoon. The negative vorticity, associated with the typhoon cooling, indicated an anticyclonic baroclinic circulation strongest at the base of the mixed layer and at the depth of 50 m, the geostrophic speed reached as high as 0.2 m s−1. Typhoon Cimaron proceeded slowly (1.7 m s−1) when it was making a southwestward turn on 3 November 2006, resulting in a subcritical condition with a Froude number (the ratio of typhoon translation speed to first baroclinic mode speed) of 0.6 around the maximum SST drop location and facilitating high SST cooling and mixed layer deepening because of the absence of inertial-gravity waves in the wake of the typhoon. Comparison of Argo buoy data with the climatological temperature suggests that the average uncertainty in the mixed layer deepening estimation caused by the difference between Argo and climatological temperature profiles is less than 10 m.
Influence of Bottom Topography on Integral Constraints in Zonal Flows with Parameterized Potential Vorticity Fluxes
Authors: Ivchenko V. O. , Sinha B. , Zalesny V. B. , Marsh R. , Blaker A. T. 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
An integral constraint for eddy fluxes of potential vorticity (PV), corresponding to global momentum conservation, is applied to two-layer zonal quasigeostrophic channel flow. This constraint must be satisfied for any type of parameterization of eddy PV fluxes. Bottom topography strongly influences the integral constraint compared to a flat bottom channel. An analytical solution for the mean flow solution has been found by using asymptotic expansion in a small parameter, which is the ratio of the Rossby radius to the meridional extent of the channel. Applying the integral constraint to this solution, one can find restrictions for eddy PV transfer coefficients that relate the eddy fluxes of PV to the mean flow. These restrictions strongly deviate from restrictions for the channel with flat bottom topography.
A Note on the Role of Mean Flows in Doppler-Shifted Frequencies
Authors: Gerkema Theo , Maas Leo R. M. , van Haren Hans 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to resolve a confusion that may arise from two quite distinct definitions of “Doppler shifts”: both are used in the oceanographic literature but they are sometimes conflated. One refers to the difference in frequencies measured by two observers, one at a fixed position and one moving with the mean flow—here referred to as “quasi-Doppler shifts.” The other definition is the one used in physics, where the frequency measured by an observer is compared to that of the source. In the latter sense, Doppler shifts occur only if the source and observer move with respect to each other; a steady mean flow alone cannot create a Doppler shift. This paper rehashes the classical theory to straighten out some misconceptions. It is also discussed how wave dispersion affects the classical relations and their application.
Three-Dimensional VHF Lightning Mapping System for Winter Thunderstorms
Authors: Nishihashi Masahide , Shimose Ken-ichi , Kusunoki Kenichi , Hayashi Syugo , Arai Ken-ichiro , Inoue Hanako Y. , Mashiko Wataru , Kusume Masako , Morishima Hiroyuki 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
A three-dimensional (3D) winter lightning mapping system employing very high frequency (VHF) broadband signals was developed for continuous remote observation in winter. VHF broadband pulses radiated by leader progression are received with three discone antennas arranged in a triangle (20–30 m) and recorded on a high-speed digital oscilloscope (1.25-GHz sampling) with GPS digital timing data. The two-dimensional (2D) mapping for azimuth and elevation of the VHF radiation sources was conducted by computing the arrival time differences of three pulses using a cross-correlation technique. From azimuth and elevation data from two sites extracted within a given time frame, 3D lightning mapping was performed using the triangulation scheme. An observation network for winter lightning was constructed within a comprehensive meteorological observation network in the Shonai area, which is located on the coast of the Japan Sea. This report includes the preliminary 2D and 3D mapping of winter lightning observed on 3 December 2010. The horizontal and vertical distributions of VHF radiation sources were consistent with the radar echo observed with X-band Doppler radar. These results indicate that the system can detect winter lightning discharges and perform 2D and 3D lightning mapping in detail.
A Supercell Storm Simulation Using a Nonhydrostatic Cloud-Resolving Model Based on a Hybrid Isentropic-Sigma Vertical Coordinate
Authors: Toy Michael D. 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
A three-dimensional simulation of a supercell storm is performed with a nonhydrostatic model based on a hybrid isentropic-sigma vertical coordinate. The coordinate is a terrain-following, height-based coordinate near the surface that smoothly transitions to potential temperature with height. Using isentropic coordinates provides the advantage of having zero cross-coordinate vertical mass flux for adiabatic flow, which virtually eliminates the numerical error in the vertical transport. The model uses an adaptive grid algorithm by which the coordinate surfaces may deviate from their target isentropes to maintain a sufficiently smooth mesh, while allowing the turbulence and vertical motion associated with convection to develop. The storm simulated by the hybrid-coordinate model compares well with simulations by Eulerian-coordinate models, but with the key difference being that the cross-coordinate mass flux is significantly smaller in much of the domain with the hybrid-coordinate model. A semi-implicit time-differencing scheme for numerically stabilizing vertically propagating acoustic modes in isentropic coordinates is also presented in the paper.
A Proposal for Analyzing and Forecasting Lower-Atmospheric Undular Bores in the Western Gulf of Mexico Region
Authors: Lutzak Philip A. 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
A method is presented for analyzing and forecasting the occurrence of lower-atmospheric undular bores over the western and central Gulf of Mexico (GOM) and adjacent land areas using standard operational forecasting and analysis techniques. The method is based on research that has identified a set of sufficient conditions associated with these occurrences realized by observations of the phenomena in recent years and is grounded in the theoretical understanding of undular bores developed during the last century by fluid dynamicists. The approach discusses practical approximations to the theory that allows the operational forecaster to use output from standard numerical and statistical forecast models. In addition to providing an operational method for forecasting the time and location of occurrence, the technique provides a methodology for analyzing and anticipating the strength, forward speed, and horizontal wavelength of the phenomena.
Measured Severe Convective Wind Climatology and Associated Convective Modes of Thunderstorms in the Contiguous United States, 2003–09
Authors: Smith Bryan T. , Castellanos Tomas E. , Winters Andrew C. , Mead Corey M. , Dean Andrew R. , Thompson Richard L. 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
A severe thunderstorm wind gust climatology spanning 2003–09 for the contiguous United States is developed using measured Automated Surface Observing System (ASOS) and Automated Weather Observing System (AWOS) wind gusts. Archived severe report information from the National Climatic Data Center publication Storm Data and single-site volumetric radar data are used to identify severe wind gust observations [≥50 kt (25.7 m s−1)] associated with thunderstorms and to classify the convective mode of the storms. The measured severe wind gust distribution, comprising only 2% of all severe gusts, is examined with respect to radar-based convective modes. The convective mode scheme presented herein focuses on three primary radar-based storm categories: supercell, quasi-linear convective systems (QLCSs), and disorganized. Measured severe gust frequency revealed distinct spatial patterns, where the high plains received the greatest number of gusts and occurred most often in the late spring and summer months. Severe wind gusts produced by supercells were most frequent over the plains, while those from QLCS gusts were most frequent in the plains and Midwest. Meanwhile, disorganized storms produced most of their severe gusts in the plains and Intermountain West. A reverse spatial distribution signal exists in the location between the maximum measured severe wind gust corridor located over the high plains and the maximum in all severe thunderstorm wind reports from Storm Data, located near and west of the southern Appalachians.
Child and Adolescent Behaviorally Based Disorders
Authors: Mallett Christopher A. 
Published: October 2012

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate the historical construction and empirical support of two child and adolescent behaviorally based mental health disorders: oppositional defiant and conduct disorders. Method: The study utilized a historiography methodology to review, from 1880 to 2012, these disorders’ inclusion in psychiatric nosology systems, related historical and medical system material, and published empirical literature. Results: Analysis found limited reliability support and almost no construct or criterion validity support for either early dynamic classification diagnoses or today’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder’s (DSM’s) descriptive symptomology categories. Conclusion: This is cause for concern because of the high diagnostic prevalence rates for these child and adolescent disorders, diagnostic-driven practice within the field, and the inordinate influence of the DSM on the clinical social work profession.
Trialling a patient-led cancer care website in an acute cancer care setting
Authors: Milne Donna , Sheeran Lisa , Holmes Matthew , Tidhar Gil , Aranda Sanchia 
Published: October 2012

Health ICT is rapidly gaining popularity among policy makers and health consumers. Specific platforms for use in cancer care are missing. Aim: The aim of this pilot study was to: 1) test the feasibility, functionality and usability of a patient-led cancer care web platform: CanCare, in a sample of people undergoing cancer treatment and 2) ascertain if CanCare could enhance communication between patients, family, friends and health professionals. Methods: Cancer patients receiving chemotherapy were invited to participate. Data were collected via semi-structured interviews, online surveys and a website usage program. Results: Nine patients with four different types of cancer completed the study. All saw the potential of the website but many found it too complex to use, particularly when unwell post treatment. Many were frustrated by the lack of integration with existing hospital systems and the need to enter relevant data manually. The cancer-specific information tab rated highly and was used extensively. The website used alone did not promote interactions between family and/or health professionals. Conclusion: A patient-led cancer care website has the potential to help patients manage their cancer care but needs to be intuitive to use, integrated into hospital systems and requires significant family/carer and health professional engagement.
Adjuvant and immunostimulatory effects of a D-galactose-binding lectin from Synadenium carinatum latex (ScLL) in the mouse model of vaccination against neosporosis
Authors: Cardoso Mariana R D , Mota Caroline M , Ribeiro Dâmaso P , Noleto Pablo G , Andrade William B F , Souza Maria A , Silva Neide M , Mineo Tiago W P , Mineo José R , Silva Deise A O 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
Vaccination is an important control measure for neosporosis that is caused by a coccidian parasite, Neospora caninum, leading to abortion and reproductive disorders in cattle and serious economic impacts worldwide. A D-galactose-binding lectin from Synadenium carinatum latex (ScLL) was recently described by our group with potential immunostimulatory and adjuvant effects in the leishmaniasis model. In this study, we evaluated the adjuvant effect of ScLL in immunization of mice against neosporosis. First, we investigated in vitro cytokine production by dendritic cells stimulated with Neospora lysate antigen (NLA), ScLL or both. Each treatment induced TNF-α, IL-6, IL-10 and IL-12 production in a dose-dependent manner, with synergistic effect of NLA plus ScLL. Next, four groups of C57BL/6 mice were immunized with NLA + ScLL, NLA, ScLL or PBS. The kinetics of antibody response showed a predominance of IgG and IgG1 for NLA + ScLL group, whereas IgG2a response was similar between NLA + ScLL and NLA groups. Ex vivo cytokine production by mouse spleen cells showed the highest IFN-γ/IL-10 ratio in the presence of NLA stimulation for mice immunized with NLA + ScLL and the lowest for those immunized with ScLL alone. After parasite challenge, mice immunized with NLA + ScLL or ScLL alone presented higher survival rates (70-80%) and lower brain parasite burden as compared to PBS group, but with no significant changes in morbidity and inflammation scores. In conclusion, ScLL combined with NLA was able to change the cytokine profile induced by the antigen or lectin alone for a Th1-biased immune response, resulting in high protection of mice challenged with the parasite, but with low degree of inflammation. Both features may be important to prevent congenital neosporosis, since protection and low inflammatory response are necessary events to guide towards a successful pregnancy.
Transbronchial biopsy is useful in predicting UIP pattern
Authors: Tomassetti Sara , Cavazza Alberto , Colby Thomas V , Ryu Jay H , Nanni Oriana , Scarpi E , Tantalocco Paola , Buccioli Matteo , Dubini Alessandra , Piciucchi Sara , Ravaglia Claudia , Gurioli Christian , Casoni Gian Luca , Gurioli Carlo , Romagnoli Micaela , Poletti Venerino 
Published: October 2012

Abstract

Background
Usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP), is a necessary feature pathologically or radiologically for the diagnosis of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). The predictive value of transbronchial biopsy (TBB) in identifying UIP is currently unknown. The objective of this study is to assess the accuracy with which histopathologic criteria of usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP) can be identified in transbronchial biopsy (TBB) and to assess the usefulness of TBBx in predicting a the diagnosis of UIP pattern. We conducted a retrospective blinded and controlled analysis of TBB specimens from 40 established cases of UIP and 24 non-UIP interstitial lung diseases.

Results
Adequate TBB specimens were available in 34 UIP cases (85% of all UIP cases). TBB contained histopathologic criteria to suggest a UIP pattern (ie. at least one of three pathologic features of UIP present; patchy interstitial fibrosis, fibroblast foci, honeycomb changes) in 12 cases (30% of all UIP cases). Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values for the two pathologists were 30% (12/40), 100% (24/24), 100% (12/12), 46% (24/52) and 30% (12/40), 92% (22/24), 86% (12/14), 55% (22/40) respectively. Kappa coefficient of agreement between pathologists was good (0.61, 95% CI 0.31-0.91). The likelihood of identifying UIP on TBB increased with the number and size of the TBB specimens.

Conclusion
Although sensitivity is low our data suggest that even modest amount of patchy interstitial fibrosis, fibroblast foci, honeycomb changes detected on TBB can be highly predictive of a UIP pattern. Conversely, the absence of UIP histopathologic criteria on TBB does not rule out UIP.