bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the multiplicity function of generic group extensions with continuous spectrum
Authors: AGEEV OLEG N. 
Published: July 2002

A modification of the method of geometric models is proposed and applied to the study of multiplicity functions of group extensions.It is proved that, for some generic set of the automorphisms T of the Lebesgue space with respect to the standard topology, for any M\subseteq {\mathbb N} \cup \{\infty\}(1\in M) there exists a generic set of weakly mixing group extensions T' of transformation T with M(T')=M, where M(T) denotes the set of essential spectral multiplicities of the unitary operator corresponding to the transformation T.
Deviation for interval exchange transformations
Authors: ZORICH ANTON 
Published: July 2002

Consider a long piece of a trajectory $x, T(x), T(T(x)), \ldots, T^{n-1}(x)$
of an interval exchange transformation $T$. A generic interval exchange
transformation is uniquely ergodic. Hence, the ergodic theorem predicts that
the number $\chi_i(x,n)$ of visits of our trajectory to the $i$th subinterval
would be approximately $\lambda_i n$. Here $\lambda_i$ is the length of the
corresponding subinterval of our unit interval $X$. In this paper we give an
estimate for the deviation of the actual number of visits to the $i$th
subinterval $X_i$ from one predicted by the ergodic theorem.We prove that for almost all interval exchange
transformations the following bound is valid:
$$
\max_{\ssty x\in X \atop \ssty 1\le i\le m}
\limsup_{n\to +\infty} \frac {\log | \chi_i(x,n) -\lambda_in|}{\log n}
= \frac{\theta_2}{\theta_1} < 1.
$$
Roughly speaking the error term is bounded by $n^{\theta_2/\theta_1}$. The
numbers $0\le \theta_2 < \theta_1$ depend only on the permutation $\pi$
corresponding to the interval exchange transformation (actually, only on the
Rauzy class of the permutation). In the case of interval exchange of two
intervals we obviously have $\theta_2=0$. In the case of exchange of three
and more intervals the numbers $\theta_1, \theta_2$ are the two top Lyapunov
exponents related to the corresponding generalized Gauss map on the space of
interval exchange transformations.The limit above ‘converges to the bound’ uniformly for
all $x\in X$ in the following sense. For any $\varepsilon >0$ the ratio
of logarithms would be less than $\theta_2(\pi)/\theta_1(\pi)+\varepsilon $
for all $n\ge N(\varepsilon)$, where $N(\varepsilon)$ does not depend on the
starting point $x\in X$.
Marriage, family labour and the stem
family household: traditional Japan in
a comparative perspective
Authors: SAITO OSAMU 
Published: July 2002

John Hajnal's classic essay published in 1965 on European marriage
patterns contrasted western with eastern Europe in terms of age at
marriage and proportion never-married. In a more recent article, ‘Two
kinds of pre-industrial household formation system’, which is indeed a
development from his 1965 essay, the life-cycle is taken into explicit
consideration by use of the concept of household formation. In addition,
he makes some geographical alterations to his previous argument: the
‘West’ is narrowly defined to cover ‘north-west’ European countries,
whereas the ‘East’ now extends beyond the eastern European boundaries
to Asian countries such as China and India.To this formulation there can be two kinds of response from scholars
specializing in the Far East, especially traditional Japan. One is concerned
with the lack of full discussion of a stem family system in Hajnal's article.
He suggests that while some versions of this system are ‘compatible with
the general north-west European household formation rules’ and some
others are not, ‘[n]o kind of stem family system can be classified as a joint
household system’; but unfortunately, no detailed stem family household
formation rules are specified, nor is there any discussion of Japan's family
system, which has been regarded as a typical example of the stem type.
Growth and development of giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) cubs at Beijing Zoo
Authors: Peng Jianjun , Jiang Zhigang , Liu Weixing , Huang Shiqiang , Zhang Jingguo , Wang Wanming 
Published: July 2002

AbstractWe studied the postnatal body weight gain and development of 11 male and nine female giant panda Ailuropoda melanoleuca cubs born at Beijing Zoo from 1985 to 1998. Growth rates of the cubs appeared to be sexually dimorphic from the fourth month after birth; the male grew slightly faster than the female cubs. Growth rates between artificially fed and naturally fed cubs were significantly different from the fourth month after birth. The growth rate of the artificially fed cubs was slightly higher than that of the cubs fed by their mothers, indicating that the substitute milk satisfied the nutrient needs of the cubs. The body length of the cubs increased rapidly after birth; 8‐month‐old cubs were three times longer than newborn cubs. Chest circumferences of 8‐month‐old cubs also increased to twice that of newborn cubs. Tail length relative to body length was reduced from 14.9% at birth to about 8.6% in 8‐month‐old cubs. Cubs started to grow teeth when they were 3 months old. By the age of 1 year, the cubs had fully grown deciduous teeth. The teeth formula of one 1‐year‐old cub was 2·1·3·0/2·1·3·0=24. We recorded the changes in fur colour, development of the sense organs and limbs of the giant panda cubs. Finally, we compared the body weight and life‐history parameters of giant pandas with those of bears and raccoons and discussed the management regime for the care of captive‐born giant panda cubs.
Reproductive behaviour and food consumption associated with the captive breeding of platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus)
Authors: Holland Norm , Jackson Stephen M. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractA female platypus Ornithorhynchus anatinus was intensively monitored with the use of video equipment in captivity at Healesville Sanctuary, Victoria, Australia to record feeding and behavioural changes that occurred as a result of only the second successful raising of young platypus (twins) in captivity. These results revealed the female to be inactive (not leaving the burrow) for periods up to 6 days, and mating occurred 15–21 days before eggs were laid. The nest was built over 5 nights between 5 and 9 days before the eggs were laid. The eggs were thought to have been laid during a 4‐day period when the female was confined to her burrow. Once the eggs were laid there was a slow initial rate of feeding which sharply rose 20 days after the eggs were laid. The first time the female spent a day away from the young was 39 days after the eggs were laid, after which she decreasingly nested with them until she spent only 8% of the time with them when they emerged from the burrow, 131 and 136 days after the eggs are thought to have been laid. She rarely went in the nest after day 155, suggesting that the lactation period is c. 135–145 days, assuming 10 days for incubation. The time of emergence also corresponded with the peak in the female's food consumption, which correlates well with the high demands of late lactation, with the daily food intake reaching c. 90–100% of body weight 140 days after the eggs are thought to have hatched. This captive breeding of the platypus has provided the first records of the gestation period, food consumption in relation to breeding stage, the time the female spends with her young during their development, and a partial growth curve of developing platypus.
Fetoscopy and fetal endoscopic surgery: review of the literature
Authors: De Keersmaecker B , Ville Y 
Published: July 2002

The first attempt to visualise the fetus with a panendoscope was performed in 1954. Embryoscopy and fetoscopy were developed in the 1970's. They were introduced as a diagnostic tool to visualise external malformations of the fetus in the first, second and third trimesters of pregnancy as well as to obtain fetal tissue for diagnostic purposes and perform fetal intravascular transfusion.Diagnostic fetoscopy during the second and third trimester was abandoned in the late 80's due to the invasive nature of the technique and the development of high resolution ultrasound imaging. Percutaneous access to fetal blood and tissue sampling under continuous ultrasound guidance also became possible in the late eighties. Recently there has been renewed interest in embryo-fetoscopy due to the increasing use of ultrasound in the first trimester together with the development of new equipment, especially miniature fiberscopes. These have improved image resolution while being less invasive. Anomalies suspected in the first trimester often call for a rapid and complete fetal evaluation and microendoscopy allows for a sono-endoscopic assessment of fetal anatomy. This may help a couple to decide whether to carry on with the pregnancy or to opt for early termination of pregnancy (TOP). More recently, embryoscopy and fetoscopy have been used to operate on the placenta and membranes and also on the fetus itself.
THE FIX OF FORM: AN OPEN LETTER
Authors: Tucker Herbert 
Published: July 2002

Charlottesville Fin de siècle XXO thou that after toil and storm Mayst seem to have reached a purer air, Whose faith has centre everywhere, Nor cares to fix itself to form, or — as the undersigned trusts to find you still —Dear Reader, THERE WAS A TIME when the New Criticism taught you to pay attention to literary form as the embodied elaboration of meaning. You knew that authors had a design on you, but you learned to bracket questions of intention and affect so as to concentrate on the design itself, where creative purpose got built out in verbal deed. You dealt, by and large, with the concrete particular, anatomizing complexities for the sake of an analytically earned appreciation of distinct instances of formal unity. While every instance was unique, what you found to say about the unity of this poem or that novel did evince a family resemblance among literary works, and among critical interpretations, that linked them to each other and, presumably, to a family of wholesome universals. Or did it just seem to? If you couldn’t be sure then, and can’t be sure now either, that’s because these larger issues were somehow off in the background and beside the point, which was to practice criticism as a cognition of integral form.
IR‐based satellite and radar rainfall estimates of convective storms over northern Italy
Authors: Amorati R , Alberoni P P , Levizzani V , Nanni S 
Published: July 2002

AbstractConvective precipitation events in northern Italy during 1996 and 1997 are analysed using two infrared‐based geosynchronous satellite rainfall estimation methods to verify the level of applicability of the techniques for operational applications in the area, their quantitative results, and relative performances. The Negri–Adler–Wetzel (NAW) and the convective stratiform technique (CST) are applied to METEOSAT's thermal infrared (IR) data. C‐band radar reflectivity fields detail the vertical and horizontal structure of the cloud systems, and radar rainfall data are retrieved. Satellite rain areas are checked against simultaneous radar rainfall retrievals through a contingency analysis procedure. A semi‐quantitative analysis is presented. Positive brightness temperature differences between water vapour and thermal IR channels are also examined and related to the storms' development stage and rainrate. Results show that NAW and CST perform reasonably in delimiting rain areas during active convection and care should be used in the initial and final development stage when statistical parameters lose most of their significance. NAW tends to overestimate rainfall while CST approaches more closely radar measurements. Most common errors arise from considering only portions of the storm, contamination from cold non‐precipitating cloud, and merging of two or more cloud masses of independent origin. Operational applications, though not completely quantitative, are also possible, including positive values of the difference between water vapour and IR brightness temperature. Copyright © 2000 Royal Meteorological Society
Two cases of severe weather in Catalonia (Spain): an observational study
Authors: Ramis Clemente , Arús Joan , López José Manuel , Mestres Antoni M. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractSurface observations, satellite and radar imagery and cloud‐to‐ground lightning data are used in an observational study of two cases that produced severe weather in Catalonia (Spain). The first one occurred on 24 August 1993; a squall line crossed Catalonia from west to east producing heavy rain with rates of up to 100 mm h−1 and hail of 7 cm diameter. The observational information provided is a good tool for monitoring the event and issuing a reasonable nowcast. The second case, which occurred on 31 August 1994, was associated with the development of a tornado (F1 in the Fujita scale) as well as hail of up to 5 cm diameter. In this case the convection was almost stationary and no clear signatures of severe weather can be identified from available satellite and radar imagery. Copyright © 1997 Royal Meteorological Society
Competing harvesting strategies in a simulated population under uncertainty
Authors: Milner‐Gulland E. J. , Shea K. , Possingham H. , Coulson T. , Wilcox C. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractWe present a case study of the use of simulation modelling to develop and test strategies for managing populations under uncertainty. Strategies that meet a stock conservation criterion under a base case scenario are subjected to a set of robustness trials, including biased and highly variable abundance estimates and poaching. Strategy performance is assessed with respect to a conservation criterion, the revenues achieved and their variability. Strategies that harvest heavily, even when the population is apparently very large, perform badly in the robustness trials. Setting a threshold below which harvesting does not take place, and above which all individuals are harvested, does not provide effective protection against over‐harvesting. Strategies that rely on population growth rates rather than estimates of population size are more robust to biased estimates. The strategies that are most robust to uncertainty are simple, involving harvesting a relatively small proportion of the population each year. The simulation modelling approach to exploring harvesting strategies is suggested as a useful tool for the assessment of the performance of competing strategies under uncertainty.
Isolation and Characterization of Two Germacrene A Synthase cDNA Clones from Chicory
Authors: Bouwmeester Harro J. , Kodde Jan , Verstappen Francel W.A. , Altug Iris G. , de Kraker Jan-Willem , Wallaart T. Eelco 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Chicory (Cichorium intybus) sesquiterpene lactones were recently shown to be derived from a common sesquiterpene intermediate, (+)-germacrene A. Germacrene A is of interest because of its key role in sesquiterpene lactone biosynthesis and because it is an enzyme-bound intermediate in the biosynthesis of a number of phytoalexins. Using polymerase chain reaction with degenerate primers, we have isolated two sesquiterpene synthases from chicory that exhibited 72% amino acid identity. Heterologous expression of the genes in Escherichia coli has shown that they both catalyze exclusively the formation of (+)-germacrene A, making this the first report, to our knowledge, on the isolation of (+)-germacrene A synthase (GAS)-encoding genes. Northern analysis demonstrated that both genes were expressed in all chicory tissues tested albeit at varying levels. Protein isolation and partial purification from chicory heads demonstrated the presence of two GAS proteins. On MonoQ, these proteins co-eluted with the two heterologously produced proteins. TheK m value, pH optimum, and MonoQ elution volume of one of the proteins produced in E. coli were similar to the values reported for the GAS protein that was recently purified from chicory roots. Finally, the two deduced amino acid sequences were modeled, and the resulting protein models were compared with the crystal structure of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) 5-epi-aristolochene synthase, which forms germacrene A as an enzyme-bound intermediate en route to 5-epi-aristolochene. The possible involvement of a number of amino acids in sesquiterpene synthase product specificity is discussed.
γ-Glutamyl Transpeptidase in Transgenic Tobacco Plants. Cellular Localization, Processing, and Biochemical Properties
Authors: Storozhenko Sergei , Belles-Boix Enric , Babiychuk Elena , Hérouart Didier , Davey Mark W. , Slooten Luit , Van Montagu Marc , Inzé Dirk , Kushnir Sergei 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
γ-Glutamyl transpeptidase (γ-GT) is a ubiquitous enzyme that catalyzes the first step of glutathione (GSH) degradation in the γ-glutamyl cycle in mammals. A cDNA encoding an Arabidopsis homolog for γ-GT was overexpressed in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) plants. A high level of the membrane-bound γ-GT activity was localized outside the cell in transgenic plants. The overproduced enzyme was characterized by a high affinity to GSH and was cleaved post-translationally in two unequal subunits. Thus, Arabidopsis γ-GT is similar to the mammalian enzymes in enzymatic properties, post-translational processing, and cellular localization, suggesting analogous biological functions as a key enzyme in the catabolism of GSH.
The Vacuolar Targeting Signal of the 2S Albumin from Brazil Nut Resides at the C Terminus and Involves the C-Terminal Propeptide as an Essential Element
Authors: Saalbach G. , Rosso M. , Schumann U. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Genetic constructs in which different N- and C-terminal segments of Brazil nut (Bertholletia excelsa H.B.K.) 2S albumin were fused to secretory yeast invertase were transformed into tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) plants to investigate the vacuolar targeting signal of the 2S albumin. None of the N-terminal segments, including the complete precursor containing all propeptides, was able to direct the invertase to the vacuoles. However, a short C-terminal segment comprising the last 20 amino acids of the precursor was sufficient for efficient targeting of yeast invertase to the vacuoles of the transformed tobacco plants. Further analyses showed that peptides of 16 and 13 amino acids of the C-terminal segment were still sufficient, although they had slightly lower efficiency. When segments of 9 amino acids or shorter were analyzed, a decrease to approximately 30% was observed. These segments included the C-terminal propeptide of four amino acids (Ile-Ala-Gly-Phe). When the 2S albumin was expressed in tobacco, it was also localized to the vacuoles of mesophyll cells. If the C-terminal propeptide was deleted from the 2S albumin precursor, all of this truncated 2S albumin was secreted from the tobacco cells. These results indicate that the C-terminal propeptide is necessary but not sufficient for vacuolar targeting. In addition, an adjacent segment of at least 12 amino acids of the mature protein is needed to form the complete signal for efficient targeting.
Characterization and Expression of Caffeoyl-Coenzyme A 3-O-Methyltransferase Proposed for the Induced Resistance Response of Vitis vinifera L
Authors: Busam G. , Junghanns K. T. , Kneusel R. E. , Kassemeyer H. H. , Matern U. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Cell-suspension cultures of Vitis vinifera L. cv Pinot Noir accumulated resveratrol upon fungal elicitation, and the activity of S-adenosyI-L-methionine:trans-caffeoyl-coenzyme A 3-O-methyl-transferase (CCoAOMT), yielding feruloyl-CoA, increased to a transient maximum at 12 to 15 h. CCoAOMT cDNA was cloned from the elicited cells and was shown to encode a polypeptide highly homologous to CCoAOMTs from cells of Petroselinum species or Zinnia species. The expression of the cDNA in Escherichia coli revealed that grapevine CCoAOMT methylates both caffeoyl-and 5-hydroxyferuloyl-coenzyme A and is probably involved in phenolic esterification and lignification. Commercial plant activators induce the disease-resistance response of test plants and are considered to mimic the action of salicylic acid. Among these chemicals, 2,6-dichloroisonicotinic acid and benzo(1,2,3)-thiadiazole-7-carbothioic acid S-methyl ester provoke systemic acquired resistance (SAR) and were also shown to induce the expression of class III chitinase in grapevine. The SAR response is classified by an unchanged phenotype of tissues, but the mechanistic basis is unknown. Treatment of the cultured V. vinifera cells with either fungal elicitor or low concentrations of salicylic acid and 2,6-dichloroisonicotinic acid, respectively, raised the CCoAOMT or stilbene synthase transcript abundance, suggesting that grapevine is capable of the SAR response, whereas benzo(1,2,3)-thiadiazole-7-carbothioic acid S-methyl ester was ineffective. The data imply for the first time (to our knowledge) that the expression of phenylpropanoid genes in grapevine is induced by SAR activators without phenotypic consequences and suggest a role for CCoAOMT and stilbene synthase in the disease-resistance response leading beyond the level of pathogenesis-related proteins as markers of the SAR.
The NAD(P)H Dehydrogenase in Barley Thylakoids Is Photoactivatable and Uses NADPH as well as NADH1
Authors: Bernhard Teicher Harald , Vibe Scheller Henrik 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
An improved light-dependent assay was used to characterize the NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (NDH) in thylakoids of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). The enzyme was sensitive to rotenone, confirming the involvement of a complex I-type enzyme. NADPH and NADH were equally good substrates for the dehydrogenase. Maximum rates of activity were 10 to 19 μmol electrons mg−1chlorophyll h−1, corresponding to about 3% of linear electron-transport rates, or to about 40% of ferredoxin-dependent cyclic electron-transport rates. The NDH was activated by light treatment. After photoactivation, a subsequent light-independent period of about 1 h was required for maximum activation. The NDH could also be activated by incubation of the thylakoids in low-ionic-strength buffer. The kinetics, substrate specificity, and inhibitor profiles were essentially the same for both induction strategies. The possible involvement of ferredoxin:NADP+ oxidoreductase (FNR) in the NDH activity could be excluded based on the lack of preference for NADPH over NADH. Furthermore, thenoyltrifluoroacetone inhibited the diaphorase activity of FNR but not the NDH activity. These results also lead to the conclusion that direct reduction of plastoquinone by FNR is negligible.
RNA Polymerase Subunits Encoded by the Plastid rpoGenes Are Not Shared with the Nucleus-Encoded Plastid Enzyme1
Authors: Serino Germán , Maliga Pal 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Plastid genes in photosynthetic higher plants are transcribed by at least two RNA polymerases. The plastid rpoA, rpoB, rpoC1, and rpoC2 genes encode subunits of the plastid-encoded plastid RNA polymerase (PEP), an Escherichia coli-like core enzyme. The second enzyme is referred to as the nucleus-encoded plastid RNA polymerase (NEP), since its subunits are assumed to be encoded in the nucleus. Promoters for NEP have been previously characterized in tobacco plants lacking PEP due to targeted deletion ofrpoB (encoding the β-subunit) from the plastid genome. To determine if NEP and PEP share any essential subunits, therpoA, rpoC1, and rpoC2genes encoding the PEP α-, β′-, and β"-subunits were removed by targeted gene deletion from the plastid genome. We report here that deletion of each of these genes yielded photosynthetically defective plants that lack PEP activity while maintaining transcription specificity from NEP promoters. Therefore, rpoA,rpoB, rpoC1, and rpoC2 encode PEP subunits that are not essential components of the NEP transcription machinery. Furthermore, our data indicate that no functional copy ofrpoA, rpoB, rpoC1, orrpoC2 that could complement the deleted plastidrpo genes exists outside the plastids.