bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Abstract FO02-01: Lessons learned from 20 years of chemoprevention research
Authors: Vogel Victor G. 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
A preventive strategy is more attractive than treating progressive or advanced cancer, but neither the primary care community nor medical oncologists have embraced chemoprevention as their own responsibility, despite the fact that professional organizations have endorsed primary prevention as a standard of care. In order for a preventive strategy to be both effective and efficient, we need an easily identified target population, criteria for identifying those who would benefit from risk reduction, a safe and effective agent, an informed group of practitioners who can provide care to the high-risk group, and an educated population of patients who understand the advantages and the risks of taking a drug to modify their risk. Despite strong evidence that it is efficacious, chemoprevention has been underused. For breast cancer risk reduction, for example, the number needed to treat to prevent a single case of breast cancer are comparable to similar costs of statins to reduce cardiovascular events or of antihypertensives to lower the risk of stroke. Reasons not to adopt and initiate strategies to reduce risk include the fear of adverse effects, medication costs, lack of reasonably accurate and feasible methods for assessing personal and individual risks, and the lack of established risk thresholds that clearly and objectively maximize benefit and minimize harms. Lack of reimbursement for the cost of risk counseling and for the agents administered to reduce risk are also impediments to widespread adoption of preventive strategies. Methods to improve this situation include both professional and public education, tort reform, inclusion of preventive drugs in health care insurance coverage, and the identification of safer, more effective agents for risk reduction.
Citation Format: Victor G. Vogel. Lessons learned from 20 years of chemoprevention research. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Eleventh Annual AACR International Conference on Frontiers in Cancer Prevention Research; 2012 Oct 16-19; Anaheim, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Prev Res 2012;5(11 Suppl):Abstract nr FO02-01.
Abstract PL01-02: Early life environmental exposures, sentinel reproductive events and cancer risk in women
Authors: Forman Michele Robin 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
A woman's age at menarche and her age at menopause are the alpha and omega of her reproductive years. The timing of these milestones is critical for a woman's health trajectory over her lifespan, as they are indicators of ovarian function and aging. Both early and late timing of either event are associated with risk for adverse health, in particular risk for hormonal cancers in women, quality of life and lifespan. Thus, the search for a relationship between age at menarche and menopause has consequences for chronic disease prevention and implications for public health. Trends in ages at menarche and menopause worldwide and in sub-populations will be presented, however challenges exist in constructing trends. Among 36 studies that examine the association between the two sentinel events, 10 reported a significant direct association, and two reported an inverse association, while the remaining 26 had null results. Over the life course, exposures to environmental and hormonal factors during the prenatal, postnatal and adolescent periods have the potential to initiate, promote, and/or alter mammary and ovarian changes that may affect both age at menarche and natural menopause. This presentation will focus on epidemiological research from several longitudinal prospective cohort studies of multiple factors including hormonal and environmental exposures, socioeconomic status and stress that are hypothesized to influence the tempo of growth including body size and height, development, menarche, menopause and the aging process in women.
Citation Format: Michele Robin Forman. Early life environmental exposures, sentinel reproductive events, and cancer risk in women. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Eleventh Annual AACR International Conference on Frontiers in Cancer Prevention Research; 2012 Oct 16-19; Anaheim, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Prev Res 2012;5(11 Suppl):Abstract nr PL01-02.
Abstract PL04-03: SERM breast cancer pharmacogenomics: Beyond biomarkers
Authors: Weinshilboum Richard 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERMs) such as tamoxifen and raloxifene can reduce the occurrence of breast cancer in high risk women by approximately 50%. This presentation will describe the use of a genome-wide association study (GWAS) to identify novel genes associated with breast cancer risk during SERM prevention therapy. Those results were pursued by functional genomic experiments that defined mechanisms responsible for the associations observed during the GWAS. These observations not only moved “beyond biomarkers” to function and underlying mechanism, but they also provided novel insight into mechanisms responsible for individual variation in SERM response phenotypes.
Citation Format: Richard Weinshilboum. SERM breast cancer pharmaco-genomics: Beyond biomarkers. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Eleventh Annual AACR International Conference on Frontiers in Cancer Prevention Research; 2012 Oct 16-19; Anaheim, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Prev Res 2012;5(11 Suppl):Abstract nr PL04-03.
Abstract PL04-04: How will genomic information be useful to limit cancer risk behaviors?
Authors: Amos Christopher I. 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
In this presentation I describe the development of genomic profiling approaches for application for population based studies. The advent and application of large scale genomic methods raises major issues and opportunities for individuals. My focus in this talk is towards describing specific examples to describe benefits and pitfalls in genomic medicine and disease prevention. Variation in several variants are already being used to understand disease development. A first issue in application relates to the describing the population of study. Genomic analysis provides a very detailed evaluation of population membership, and this information is relevant to risk profiling but its application is problematic for selected groups according to their beliefs about group membership and historical origins. Within some populations, genetic profiling has had a very significant effect on disease managment. For example carbamazepine use can lead to Stevens-Johnson syndrome which confers a lethal side effects in some individuals according their HLA genotypes. Population-wide assessment was implemented in Taiwan leading to a near eradication of this disease. With a very limited number of genotypes some phenotypes such as eye and skin color can be deduced very effectively. Genetic analysis of the alpha 5 nicotinic receptor shows a very dramatic correlation with ability to quit smoking. Finally more complex sets of genotypes are useful for predicting risk for some common cancers such as prostate and breast cancer. These collections of genotypes are useful for designing research studies to identify high risk subjects and will be increasingly useful for organizing screening.
Citation Format: Christopher I. Amos. How will genomic information be useful to limit cancer risk behaviors? [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Eleventh Annual AACR International Conference on Frontiers in Cancer Prevention Research; 2012 Oct 16-19; Anaheim, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Prev Res 2012;5(11 Suppl):Abstract nr PL04-04.
Abstract PR-01: Systemic inhibition of receptor tyrosine kinase signaling by metformin
Authors: Quinn Brendan J. , Dallos Matthew , Kitagawa Hiroshi , Kunnumakkara Ajaikumar B. , Memmott Regan M. , Gills Joell J. , Hollander M. Christine , Dennis Phillip A. 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
Metformin is the most commonly prescribed drug for type II diabetes and is associated with decreased cancer risk. Previously, we showed that metformin prevents tobacco carcinogen (NNK)-induced lung tumorigenesis in mice, which was associated with decreased IGF-I/insulin receptor signaling in lung tissues, decreased circulating levels of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and insulin, but not activation of AMPK. Here, we used liver-IGF-1-deficient (LID) mice to determine the importance of IGF-1 in tobacco carcinogen-induced lung tumorigenesis and chemoprevention by metformin. NNK-induced lung tumor multiplicity and burden were significantly decreased in LID mice, identifying IGF-1 as an oncogenic factor. Metformin further decreased lung tumorigenesis in LID mice, suggesting that metformin acts through IGF-1-independent mechanisms. In lung tissues, metformin decreased phosphorylation of multiple receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), independent of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). Tissue distribution of [14C]-metformin was high in liver but much lower in lungs, suggesting that the suppression of RTK activation by metformin occurs predominantly via systemic, cell-autonomous effects. Indeed, metformin decreased plasma levels of several cognate ligands for these RTK. These results identify systemic inhibition of RTK signaling as a new mechanism of action for metformin that could underlie its chemopreventive effects.
This abstract is also presented as Poster B60.
Citation Format: Brendan J. Quinn, Matthew Dallos, Hiroshi Kitagawa, Ajaikumar B. Kunnumakkara, Regan M. Memmott, Joell J. Gills, M. Christine Hollander, Phillip A. Dennis. Systemic inhibition of receptor tyrosine kinase signaling by metformin. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Eleventh Annual AACR International Conference on Frontiers in Cancer Prevention Research; 2012 Oct 16-19; Anaheim, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Prev Res 2012;5(11 Suppl):Abstract nr PR-01.
Warfarin Use and the Risk for Stroke and Bleeding in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation Undergoing Dialysis
Authors: Shah Mitesh , Avgil Tsadok Meytal , Jackevicius Cynthia A. , Essebag Vidal , Eisenberg Mark J. , Rahme Elham , Humphries Karin H. , Tu Jack V. , Behlouli Hassan , Guo Helen , Pilote Louise 
Published: January 2014

Background—
Current observational studies on warfarin use and the risk for stroke and bleeding in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) undergoing dialysis found conflicting results.

Methods and Results—
We conducted a population-based retrospective cohort study of patients aged ≥65 years admitted to a hospital with a primary or secondary diagnosis of AF, in Quebec and Ontario, Canada from 1998 to 2007. The AF cohort was grouped into dialysis (hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis) and nondialysis patients and into warfarin and no-warfarin users according to the first prescription filled for warfarin within 30 days after AF hospital discharge. We determined the association between warfarin use and the risk for stroke and bleeding in dialysis and nondialysis patients. The cohort comprised 1626 dialysis patients and 204 210 nondialysis patients. Among dialysis patients, 46% (756/1626) patients were prescribed warfarin. Among dialysis patients, warfarin users had more congestive heart failure and diabetes mellitus, but fewer prior bleeding events in comparison with the no-warfarin users. Among dialysis patients, warfarin use, in comparison with no-warfarin use, was not associated with a lower risk for stroke (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.14; 95% confidence interval, 0.78–1.67) but was associated with a 44% higher risk for bleeding (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.44; 95% confidence interval, 1.13–1.85) after adjusting for potential confounders. Propensity score–adjusted analyses yielded similar results.

Conclusions—
Our results suggest that warfarin use is not beneficial in reducing stroke risk, but it is associated with a higher bleeding risk in patients with AF undergoing dialysis.
Subcortical Projections of Area V2 in the Macaque
Authors: Ungerleider Leslie G. , Galkin Thelma W. , Desimone Robert , Gattass Ricardo 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
To investigate the subcortical efferent connections of visual area V2, we injected tritiated amino acids under electrophysiological control into 15 V2 sites in 14 macaques. The injection sites included the fovea representation as well as representations ranging from central to far peripheral eccentricities in both the upper and lower visual fields. The results indicated that V2 projects topographically to different portions of the inferior and lateral pulvinar and to the superficial and intermediate layers of the superior colliculus. Within the pulvinar, the V2 projections terminated in fields P1, P2, and P4, with the strongest projection being in P2. Central visual field injections in V2 labeled projection zones in P1 and P2, whereas peripheral field injections labeled P1, P2, and P4. No projections were found in P3. Both central and peripheral field injections in V2 projected topographically to the superficial and intermediate layers of the superior colliculus. Projections from V2 to the pulvinar and the superior colliculus constituted cortical–subcortical loops through which circuits serving spatial attention are activated.
Bridging the Divide between Sensory Integration and Binding Theory: Using a Binding-like Neural Synchronization Mechanism to Model Sensory Enhancements during Multisensory Interactions
Authors: Billock Vincent A. , Tsou Brian H. 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
Neural information combination problems are ubiquitous in cognitive neuroscience. Two important disciplines, although conceptually similar, take radically different approaches to these problems. Sensory binding theory is largely grounded in synchronization of neurons responding to different aspects of a stimulus, resulting in a coherent percept. Sensory integration focuses more on the influences of the senses on each other and is largely grounded in the study of neurons that respond to more than one sense. It would be desirable to bridge these disciplines, so that insights gleaned from either could be harnessed by the other. To link these two fields, we used a binding-like oscillatory synchronization mechanism to simulate neurons in rattlesnake that are driven by one sense but modulated by another. Mutual excitatory coupling produces synchronized trains of action potentials with enhanced firing rates. The same neural synchronization mechanism models the behavior of a population of cells in cat visual cortex that are modulated by auditory activation. The coupling strength of the synchronizing neurons is crucial to the outcome; a criterion of strong coupling (kept weak enough to avoid seriously distorting action potential amplitude) results in intensity-dependent sensory enhancement—the principle of inverse effectiveness—a key property of sensory integration.
Observing, Performing, and Understanding Actions: Revisiting the Role of Cortical Motor Areas in Processing of Action Words
Authors: Rueschemeyer Shirley-Ann , Ekman Matthias , van Ackeren Markus , Kilner James 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
Language content and action/perception have been shown to activate common brain areas in previous neuroimaging studies. However, it is unclear whether overlapping cortical activation reflects a common neural source or adjacent, but distinct, sources. We address this issue by using multivoxel pattern analysis on fMRI data. Specifically, participants were instructed to engage in five tasks: (1) execute hand actions (AE), (2) observe hand actions (AO), (3) observe nonbiological motion (MO), (4) read action verbs, and (5) read nonaction verbs. A classifier was trained to distinguish between data collected from neural motor areas during (1) AE versus MO and (2) AO versus MO. These two algorithms were then used to test for a distinction between data collected during the reading of action versus nonaction verbs. The results show that the algorithm trained to distinguish between AE and MO distinguishes between word categories using signal recorded from the left parietal cortex and pre-SMA, but not from ventrolateral premotor cortex. In contrast, the algorithm trained to distinguish between AO and MO discriminates between word categories using the activity pattern in the left premotor and left parietal cortex. This shows that the sensitivity of premotor areas to language content is more similar to the process of observing others acting than to acting oneself. Furthermore, those parts of the brain that show comparable neural pattern for action execution and action word comprehension are high-level integrative motor areas rather than low-level motor areas.
Attention Biases Visual Activity in Visual Short-term Memory
Authors: Kuo Bo-Cheng , Stokes Mark G. , Murray Alexandra M. , Nobre Anna Christina 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
In the current study, we tested whether representations in visual STM (VSTM) can be biased via top–down attentional modulation of visual activity in retinotopically specific locations. We manipulated attention using retrospective cues presented during the retention interval of a VSTM task. Retrospective cues triggered activity in a large-scale network implicated in attentional control and led to retinotopically specific modulation of activity in early visual areas V1–V4. Importantly, shifts of attention during VSTM maintenance were associated with changes in functional connectivity between pFC and retinotopic regions within V4. Our findings provide new insights into top–down control mechanisms that modulate VSTM representations for flexible and goal-directed maintenance of the most relevant memoranda.
The Necessity of the Medial Temporal Lobe for Statistical Learning
Authors: Schapiro Anna C. , Gregory Emma , Landau Barbara , McCloskey Michael , Turk-Browne Nicholas B. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe sensory input that we experience is highly patterned, and we are experts at detecting these regularities. Although the extraction of such regularities, or statistical learning (SL), is typically viewed as a cortical process, recent studies have implicated the medial temporal lobe (MTL), including the hippocampus. These studies have employed fMRI, leaving open the possibility that the MTL is involved but not necessary for SL. Here, we examined this issue in a case study of LSJ, a patient with complete bilateral hippocampal loss and broader MTL damage. In Experiments 1 and 2, LSJ and matched control participants were passively exposed to a continuous sequence of shapes, syllables, scenes, or tones containing temporal regularities in the co-occurrence of items. In a subsequent test phase, the control groups exhibited reliable SL in all conditions, successfully discriminating regularities from recombinations of the same items into novel foil sequences. LSJ, however, exhibited no SL, failing to discriminate regularities from foils. Experiment 3 ruled out more general explanations for this failure, such as inattention during exposure or difficulty following test instructions, by showing that LSJ could discriminate which individual items had been exposed. These findings provide converging support for the importance of the MTL in extracting temporal regularities.
Radiative and Microphysical Properties of Cirrus Cloud Inferred from Infrared Measurements Made by the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS). Part I: Retrieval Method
Authors: Iwabuchi Hironobu , Yamada Soichiro , Katagiri Shuichiro , Yang Ping , Okamoto Hajime 
Published: January 2014

AbstractAn optimal estimation–based algorithm is developed to infer the global-scale distribution of cirrus cloud radiative and microphysical properties from the measurements made by the Aqua Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) at three infrared (IR) window bands centered at 8.5, 11, and 12 μm. Cloud-top and underlying surface temperatures, as a priori information, are obtained from the MODIS operational products. A fast-forward model based on semianalytical equations for the brightness temperature is used. The modeling errors in brightness temperature are mainly from the uncertainties in model parameters including surface emissivity, precipitable water, and cloud-base temperature. The total measurement–model errors are well correlated for the three bands, which are considered in the retrieval. The most important factors for the accurate retrieval of cloud optical thickness and the effective particle radius are cloud-top and surface temperatures, whereas model parameter uncertainties constitute a moderately significant error source. The three-band IR method is suitable for retrieving optical thickness and effective radius for cloud optical thicknesses within a range of 0.5–6, where the typical root-mean-square error is less than 20% in optical thickness and less than 40% in effective particle radius. A tropical-region case study demonstrates the advantages of the method—in particular, the ability to be applied to more pixels in optically thin cirrus in comparison with a solar-reflection-based method—and the ability of the optimal estimation framework to produce useful diagnostics of the retrieval quality. Collocated comparisons with spaceborne active remote sensing data exhibit reasonable consistency with respect to retrieved particle size.
A Study of the Distribution and Variability of Cloud Water Using ISCCP, SSM/I Cloud Product, and Reanalysis Datasets
Authors: Heng Zhiwei , Fu Yunfei , Liu Guosheng , Zhou Renjun , Wang Yu , Yuan Renmin , Guo Jingchao , Dong Xue 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
In this paper, the global distribution of cloud water based on International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP), Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), CloudSat Cloud Profiling Radar (CPR), European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts Interim Re-Analysis (ERA-Interim), and Climate Forecast System Reanalysis (CFSR) datasets is presented, and the variability of cloud water from ISCCP, the Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I), ERA-Interim, and CFSR data over the time period of 1995 through 2009 is discussed. The results show noticeable differences in cloud water over land and over ocean, as well as latitudinal variations. Large values of cloud water are mainly distributed over the North Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, eastern ITCZ, regions off the west coast of the continents as well as tropical rain forest. Cloud water path (CWP), liquid water path (LWP), and ice water path (IWP) from these datasets show a relatively good agreement in distributions and zonal means. The results of trend analyzing show an increasing trend in CWP, and also a significant increasing trend of LWP can be found in the dataset of ISCCP, ERA-Interim, and CFSR over the ocean. Besides the long-term variation trend, rises of cloud water are found when temperature and water vapor exhibit a positive anomaly. EOF analyses are also applied to the anomalies of cloud water, the first dominate mode of CWP and IWP are similar, and a phase change can be found in the LWP time coefficient around 1999 in ISCCP and CFSR and around 2002 in ERA-Interim.