bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Attention
Authors: Justi Francis dos Reis , Justi Cláudia Nascimento , de Freitas Araujo Saulo 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
Attention is a selection process in information processing that prevents a system of limited resources from being overloaded. Besides selectivity, other characteristics commonly attributed to attention are improving the processing of objects that are the focus of attention and promoting the access of these objects to awareness. While it may be said that these characteristics are central to the concept of attention, it is important to emphasize that attention is controversial and difficult to define, with several metaphors having been proposed to characterize it and different features added to the concept depending on the metaphor used. For example, visual attention is often characterized as a kind of spotlight, used to “illuminate” the visual field. In this metaphor, control mechanisms (executive processes) are responsible for shifting attention between visual field areas, and objects that fall in the center of the “beam” are the focus of attention and are more highly processed than objects on the periphery. Therefore, this kind of metaphor adds control mechanisms and the idea of dislocation to the concept of attention. It is also common to distinguish between attention driven by exogenous factors, such as stimulus characteristics (e.g., an abrupt movement that captures our attention), and that driven by endogenous factors, such as expectations and goals.
Cultural Response Bias
Authors: Cummins Robert A. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractIt is common to find lists that compare countries on their levels of subjective wellbeing (SWB) or mood happiness. In compiling these lists the authors inevitably find lower SWB within Confucian influenced societies (mainland China, Taiwan, Korea, Japan, Vietnam, and Singapore) than in Australia and North America. The assumption, then, is that such differences represent valid international comparisons of life quality. The assumption is incorrect and the reason is cultural response bias. That is, people from Confucian influenced societies respond differently from Australians to self‐rated happiness scales.
Rehabilitation in Cross‐Cultural Perspective
Authors: Umeasiegbu Veronica I. , Mpofu Jabulani , Mpofu Elias 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
Rehabilitation is about enabling others with needs associated with disability or disadvantage to access resources for health and wellbeing that are used by typical others. There is the presumption with rehabilitation services that functioning or participation is disrupted by some physical (or medical) and/or social event necessitating corrective intervention to enable activity and participation in typical or preferred environments by those affected. Unmet rehabilitation needs may lead to exclusion from the community, poor health, dependency, and decrease in life quality of those with disability or disadvantage.
Chromosomal Abnormalities in Patients With Autism Spectrum Disorders From Taiwan
Authors: Liao Hsiao‐Mei , Gau Susan Shur‐Fen , Tsai Wen‐Che , Fang Jye‐Siung , Su Ying‐Cheng , Chou Miao‐Chun , Liu Shih‐Kai , Chou Wen‐Jiun , Wu Yu‐Yu , Chen Chia‐Hsiang 
Published: October 2013

AbstractAutism spectrum disorders (ASD) are childhood‐onset neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by verbal communication impairments, social reciprocity deficits, and the presence of restricted interests and stereotyped behaviors. Genetic factors contribute to the incidence of ASD evidently. However, the genetic spectrum of ASD is highly heterogeneous. Chromosomal abnormalities contribute significantly to the genetic deficits of syndromic and non‐syndromic ASD. In this study, we conducted karyotyping analysis in a sample of 500 patients (447 males, 53 females) with ASD from Taiwan, the largest cohort in Asia, to the best of our knowledge. We found three patients having sex chromosome aneuploidy, including two cases of 47, XXY and one case of 47, XYY. In addition, we detected a novel reciprocal chromosomal translocation between long arms of chromosomes 4 and 14, designated t(4;14)(q31.3;q24.1), in a patient with Asperger's disorder. This translocation was inherited from his unaffected father, suggesting it might not be pathogenic or it needs further hits to become pathogenic. In line with other studies, our study revealed that subjects with sex chromosomal aneuploidy are liable to neurodevelopmental disorders, including ASD, and conventional karyotyping analysis is still a useful tool in detecting chromosomal translocation in patients with ASD, given that array‐based comparative genomic hybridization technology can provide better resolution in detecting copy number variations of genomic DNA. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Can sodium/hydrogen exchange inhibitors be repositioned for treating attention deficit hyperactivity disorder? An in silico approach
Authors: Faraone Stephen V. , Zhang‐James Yanli 
Published: October 2013

AbstractMedications for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are only partially effective. Ideally, new treatment targets would derive from a known pathophysiology. Such data are not available for ADHD. We combine evidence for new etiologic pathways with bioinformatics data to assess the possibility that existing drugs might be repositioning for treating ADHD. We use this approach to determine if prior data implicating the sodium/hydrogen exchanger 9 gene (SLC9A9) in ADHD implicate sodium/hydrogen exchange (NHE) inhibitors as potential treatments. We assessed the potential for repositioning by assessing the similarity of drug–protein binding profiles between NHE inhibitors and drugs known to treat ADHD using the Drug Repositioning and Adverse Reaction via Chemical–Protein Interactome server. NHE9 shows a high degree of amino acid similarity between NHE inhibitor sensitive NHEs in the region of the NHE inhibitor recognition site defined for NHE1. We found high correlations in drug–protein binding profiles among most ADHD drugs. The drug–protein binding profiles of some NHE inhibitors were highly correlated with ADHD drugs whereas the profiles for a control set of nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) were not. Further experimental work should evaluate if NHE inhibitors are suitable for treating ADHD. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Sex‐specific association of a common variant of the XG gene with autism spectrum disorders
Authors: Chang Shun‐Chiao , Pauls David L. , Lange Christoph , Sasanfar Roksana , Santangelo Susan L. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractAutism spectrum disorders (ASD) are much more common in males than in females. Studies using both linkage and candidate gene association approaches have identified genetic variants specific to families in which all affected cases were male, suggesting that sex may interact with or otherwise influence the expression of specific genes in association with ASD. In this study, we specifically evaluated the sex‐specific genetic effects of ASD with a family‐based genome‐wide association study approach using the data from the Autism Genetic Resource Exchange repository. We evaluated the male‐specific genetic effects of ASD in 374 multiplex families of European ancestry in which all affected were male (male‐only; MO) and identified a novel genome‐wide significant association in the pseudoautosomal boundary on chromosome Xp22.33/Yp11.31 in the MO families of predominantly paternal origin (rs2535443, p = 3.8 × 10−8). Five markers that reside within a 550 kb intergenic region on chromosome 13q33.3, between the MYO16 and IRS2 genes, also showed suggestive association with ASD in the MO families (p = 3.3 × 10−5 to 5.3 × 10−7). In contrast, none of these markers appeared to be associated with ASD in the families containing any affected females. Our results suggest that the pseudoautosomal boundary on Xp22.33/Yp11.31 may harbor male‐specific genetic variants for ASD. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Disorders and borders: Psychiatric genetics and nosology
Authors: Smoller Jordan W. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractOver the past century, the definition and classification of psychiatric disorders has evolved through a combination of historical trends, clinical observations, and empirical research. The current nosology, instantiated in the DSM‐5 and ICD‐10, rests on descriptive criteria agreed upon by a consensus of experts. While the development of explicit criteria has enhanced the reliability of diagnosis, the validity of the current diagnostic categories has been the subject of debate and controversy. Genetic studies have long been regarded as a key resource for validating the boundaries among diagnostic categories. Genetic epidemiologic studies have documented the familiality and heritability of clinically defined psychiatric disorders and molecular genetic studies have begun to identify specific susceptibility variants. At the same time, there is growing evidence from family, twin and genomic studies that genetic influences on psychiatric disorders transcend clinical boundaries. Here I review this evidence for cross‐disorder genetic effects and discuss the implications of these findings for psychiatric nosology. Psychiatric genetic research can inform a bottom‐up reappraisal of psychopathology that may help the field move beyond a purely descriptive classification and toward an etiology‐based nosology. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Green fabrication of porous chitosan/graphene oxide composite xerogels for drug delivery
Authors: Chen Yunping , Qi Yuanyuan , Yan Xingbin , Ma Haibing , Chen Jiangtao , Liu Bin , Xue Qunji 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACTPorous chitosan (CS)/graphene oxide (GO) composite xerogels were prepared through a simple and “green” freeze‐drying method. Scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectrometry, powder X‐ray diffraction, and compressive strength measurements were performed to characterize the microstructures and mechanical properties of as‐prepared composite xerogels. The results show that the incorporation of GO resulted in an observable change in the porous structure and an obvious increase in the compressive strength. The abilities of the composite xerogels to absorb and slowly release an anticancer drug, doxorubicin hydrochloride (DOX), in particular, the influence of different GO contents, were investigated systematically. The porous CS/GO composite xerogels exhibited efficient DOX‐delivery ability, and both the adsorption and slow‐release abilities increased obviously with increasing GO content. Additionally, the best adsorption concentration of DOX was 0.2 mg/mL, and the cumulative release percentage of DOX from the xerogels at pH4 much higher than that at pH 7.4. Therefore, such porous CS/GO composite xerogels could be promising materials as postoperation implanting stents for the design of new anticancer drug‐release carriers. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2014, 131, 40006.
Study of thermodegradation and thermostabilization of poly(lactide acid) using subsequent extrusion cycles
Authors: Amorin Nathalia S. Q. S. , Rosa Gabriela , Alves Jefferson Fernandes , Gonçalves Suely P. C. , Franchetti Sandra M. M. , Fechine Guilhermino J. M. 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACTThe thermomechanical degradation and thermostabilization of poly(lactic acid) (PLA) have been studied using subsequent extrusion cycles under different temperature profiles. Primary and secondary antioxidants were used to avoid degradation process during extrusion. Melt flow index (MFI), size exclusion chromatography (SEC), and infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis were used to evaluate the degradation and stabilization of PLA. The MFI and SEC analysis show that the main thermodegradation mechanism of PLA is governed by scission reactions. FTIR analysis confirmed the SEC results and showed that the synergetic effect between primary and secondary antioxidant is a suitable way to thermostabilize the PLA. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2014, 131, 40023.
Distribution and reproduction of Procambarus clarkii in relation to water management, salinity and habitat type in the Camargue
Authors: Meineri Eric , Rodriguez‐Perez Hector , Hilaire Samuel , Mesleard François 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACTProcambarus clarkii, one of the most invasive aquatic species worldwide, is present in Mediterranean estuarine regions. Water management of these deltas involves massive freshwater inputs, reducing wetland salinity and altering natural flooding periods, two important factors for P. clarkii. The paper examines whether water management affects the distribution and reproduction success of P. clarkii in Mediterranean estuarine regions.Procambarus clarkii was sampled in the Camargue every 6 weeks throughout a whole year. Forty‐eight stations were sampled to represent the available habitats and water management types in the study region: temporary ponds, semi‐permanent marshes, permanent marshes, canals and ricefields. Salinity and habitat effects on capture probability, abundance and proportion of juveniles were explored within each season to study species distribution, to identify suitable habitats for reproduction and its timing, and to assess how salinity affects these traits.Only a few crayfish were found above 10 g L–1 salinity and a few juveniles were found above 5 g L–1. Procambarus clarkii was found in the five habitat types sampled but with lower capture probability and abundance in ricefields and canals. The proportion of juveniles was highest in temporary ponds during their seasonal peak.These results suggest that low salinity increases the occurrence, the abundance and the reproduction success of P. clarkii but that hydroperiod length per se does not affect P. clarkii. Furthermore, the results suggest that temporary water bodies within the salinity range of the species are used as safe sites for reproduction.A significant reduction of freshwater inputs into estuarine ecosystems is needed to restore a higher salinity level and to reduce the reproductive success and expansion of P. clarkii. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Decadal‐scale variability in hazardous winds in northern Switzerland since end of the 19th century
Authors: Welker Christoph , Martius Olivia 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThe decadal‐scale variability in winter hazardous winds in northern Switzerland from 1871 to present is investigated in the Twentieth Century Reanalysis (20CR). Independent wind speed measurements taken at Zurich climate station show that the interannual and decadal variability in hazardous winds in northern Switzerland is realistically represented in the 20CR. Both time series exhibit pronounced decadal‐scale variability with periods between approximately 36 and 47 years. At these periodicities, the hazardous wind variability in northern Switzerland is positively correlated with the variability in the North Atlantic Oscillation, however the strength and statistical significance of their co‐variability varies over time.
Inter‐annual variations in natural and anthropogenic aerosol loadings over the seas adjoining India using a hybrid approach
Authors: Das Sushant , Dey Sagnik , Dash S. K. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractWe report the inter‐annual variations of natural and anthropogenic aerosol loading over the Arabian Sea (AS) and Bay of Bengal (BoB) for the period 2001–2010 using a hybrid approach. Mean (±1 standard deviation) decadal contributions of maritime, dust and anthropogenic aerosols to aerosol optical depth, τ are 16.6 ± 4.2 and 17.5 ± 4.6%, 44.3 ± 22.6 and 37.4 ± 20% and 39 ± 23.4 and 45 ± 20.5%, respectively, over the AS and BoB. Significant increase in τ (>0.007 or 2.3% per year) is mainly driven by anthropogenic aerosols. The results can be used for improved estimates of aerosol radiative forcing in these regions.
Thickness Uniformity Adjustment of Inkjet Printed Light‐emitting Polymer Films by Solvent Mixture
Authors: Xing Rubo , Ye Tengling , Ding Yan , Ding Zicheng , Ma Dongge , Han Yanchun 
Published: October 2013

AbstractIn this paper, thickness uniformity of poly(9,9‐di‐n‐octylfluorene) films patterned by inkjet printing was improved by the use of solvent mixtures (a solvent with higher volatility, higher surface energy and lower viscosity, with another solvent with lower volatility, lower surface energy and higher viscosity). The average thickness of inkjet printed poly(9,9‐di‐n‐octylfluorene) films was increased from ca. 30 nm to ca. 100 nm when solvent mixtures were used instead of pure chlorobenzene. More flat PFO films were formed instead of the original films with concave‐lens like cross‐section formed by coffee ring effect. This improvement was explained by combination of intense Marangoni flow at early drying process and weak complementary flow at the later drying process formed in the solvent mixture. Patterned poly(9,9‐di‐n‐octylfluorene) films were used for fabrication of electroluminescence devices with improved electronic property. Array of pixels with about 80% effective light‐emitting area was obtained.
One‐pot Sequential Reaction for the Synthesis of Polysubstituted 3‐(3‐Nitro‐2‐phenylchroman‐4‐yl)‐3‐arylaminoacrylates
Authors: Zhang Lili , Sun Jing , Yan Chaoguo 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThe one‐pot sequential reaction of arylamines, methyl propiolate and 2‐aryl‐3‐nitrochromenes without any catalyst in refluxing ethanol afforded the polysubstituted 3‐(3‐nitro‐2‐phenylchroman‐4‐yl)‐3‐arylaminoacrylates in good yields and with high diastereoselectivity. Reaction mechanism was believed involving the initial formation of β‐enamino ester and sequential Michael addition.
JI.FI: Visual test and debug queries for hard real‐time
Authors: Blanton Ethan , Lessa Demian , Arora Puneet , Ziarek Lukasz , Jayaraman Bharat 
Published: October 2013

SUMMARYHard real‐time systems have stringent timing and resource requirements. As such, debugging and tracing such systems often requires low‐level hardware support, and online debugging is usually precluded entirely. In other areas, however, visual debugging has greatly improved program understanding and late cycle development times for nonreal‐time applications. In this paper, we introduce a visual test and debug framework for hard real‐time Java applications built around the JIVE platform and realized in the Fiji virtual machine.Our framework, called JI.FI [" dZIfi], provides high‐level debugging support over low‐level execution traces. JI.FI provides both powerful visualizations and real‐time centric temporal query support. To ensure preservation of the real‐time characteristics of the application being tested and debugged, JI.FI leverages a real‐time event log infrastructure that logs only relevant application and virtual machine level events, such as synchronization and modifications to priorities or thread state. Our performance results indicate that our logging infrastructure is suitable for hard real‐time systems, as the performance impact is both uniform and quantifiable. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Relativistic red‐black trees
Authors: Howard Philip W. , Walpole Jonathan 
Published: October 2013

SUMMARYThis paper presents algorithms for concurrently reading and modifying a red‐black tree (RBTree). The algorithms allow wait‐free, linearly scalable lookups in the presence of concurrent inserts and deletes. They have deterministic response times for a given tree size and uncontended read performance that is at least 60% faster than other known approaches. The techniques used to derive these algorithms arise from a concurrent programming methodology called relativistic programming. Relativistic programming introduces write‐side delay primitives that allow the writer to pay most of the cost of synchronization between readers and writers. Only minimal synchronization overhead is placed on readers. Relativistic programming avoids unnecessarily strict ordering of read and write operations while still providing the capability to enforce linearizability. This paper shows how relativistic programming can be used to build a concurrent RBTree with synchronization‐free readers and both lock‐based and transactional memory‐based writers. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Electronic Structure of 1,2‐Dihydro[1,3,2]diazaborolo[1,5‐a]pyridine in Comparison with the Parent Isoindole
Authors: Chrostowska Anna , Mazière Audrey , Dargelos Alain , Graciaa Alain , Darrigan Clovis , Weber Lothar , Halama Johannes 
Published: October 2013

AbstractGas‐phase He‐I photoelectron spectra of N‐tert‐butyl‐1,2‐dihydro[1,3,2]diazaborolo[1,5‐a]pyridine (3) and its thermolysis product, the parent compound 1, have been recorded and assessed by density functional theory calculations. Similarly, N‐tert‐butylisoindole (4) and the parent isoindole (2) were also studied. The first ionization energies of these compounds increase in the series 3 (6.75 eV) < 1 (6.85 eV) < 4 (6.9 eV) < 2 (7.3 eV). Interestingly, the HOMOs of 1 and 3 are destabilized with respect to the first ionization energy of the isomeric 1,3,2‐benzodiazaboroles (ca. 7.3 eV). The dipole moment of the ground state of isoindole derivative 4 (3.48 D) is significantly greater than that of 1,2‐dihydro[1,3,2]diazaborolo[1,5‐a]pyridine (3; 0.996 D). Upon electronic excitation, the dipole moments increased to 5.945 and 4.735 D for 4 and 3, respectively.
Modular Hemisyntheses of Boronato‐ and Trifluoroborato‐Substituted L‐NHBoc Amino Acid and Peptide Derivatives
Authors: Audi Hassib , Rémond Emmanuelle , Eymin Marie‐Joëlle , Tessier Arnaud , Malacea‐Kabbara Raluca , Jugé Sylvain 
Published: October 2013

AbstractModular hemisyntheses of boronato‐ and trifluoroborato‐substituted amino acid and peptide derivatives by using Wittig and C–H iridium‐catalyzed borylation as key reactions, are described. Amino ester precursors bearing an aromatic moiety on a lateral chain were prepared by reaction of a new L‐NHBoc‐amino acid Wittig reagent with the corresponding aromatic aldehydes. After esterification and hydrogenation, the borylation of amino esters was achieved with yields up to 82 % by using the catalysed reaction of bis(pinacolato) diborane reagent (B2Pin2) in the presence of an iridium complex. Interestingly, this iridium‐catalyzed borylation was also performed with a dipeptide in 78 % yield. Finally, reaction of the boronato amino acids with KHF2 or NaI in the presence of chloramine led to the corresponding trifluoroborato or iodo derivatives in good to excellent yields. A study of the hydrolysis of the trifluoroborates in buffer solution by using 19F NMR monitoring, showed an excellent stability for the 3‐methylthien‐2‐yl amino acid derivative. Consequently, this hemisynthesis offers an efficient route for the modular preparation of boron amino acid derivatives that are useful for the synthesis of modified peptides and the fluoride labelling of peptides.