bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Modeling Reservoir Geometry With Irregular Grids
Authors: Heinemann Z. E. , Brand C. , Munka M. , Chen Y. M. 
Published: October 2015

Abstract
The widely used Cartesian coordinate grid has some disadvantages in the description of boundaries, faults and discontinuities. In addition, a five-point scheme can cause significant grid orientation effects. A nine-point scheme reduces this effect but makes the treatment of boundaries and heterogeneities more difficult.
Orthogonal curvilinear coordinate systems have improved the modeling of reservoir shape and flow geometry. Mathematically they are based on a coordinate transformation and discretization of the transformed equations in the usual manner. Due to the lack of orthogonality additional mixed derivative terms are introduced which are difficult to discretize and therefore are usually neglected. However, because grid lines have to be coordinate lines, strictly orthogonal systems are not flexible enough to describe reservoirs of complicated shape.
This paper describes a practical method for using irregular or locally irregular grids in reservoir simulation with the advantages of flexible approximation of reservoir geometry, simple treatment of boundary conditions and reduced grid orientation effects.
Finite difference equations are set up by the so-called balance method. This method uses an integral formulation of the reservoir model equations equivalent to the commonly used differential equations. Integrating over grid blocks results in "balance equations" for each block. This can be done for various types of networks formed by triangles, convex quadrangles, polar meshes, curvilinear or locally refined grids. HEINRICHS1 has proved consistence for this discretization scheme. The mesh can be refined locally. Well locations can be selected as mesh points to ensure that they are situated in the center of grid blocks. For triangular grids, the more isotropic distribution of grid points diminishes the orientation effect significantly.
Numerical examples are presented comparing the proposed difference scheme with a nine-point Cartesian scheme. The performance of the method is illustrated by symmetry elements and complex simulation problems.
A Control Volume Finite Element Method for Local Mesh Refinement
Authors: Forsyth P. A. 
Published: October 2015

Abstract
This paper describes a control volume-finite element technique for coupling coarse grids with local fine meshes. The pressure is treated in a finite element manner, while the mobility terms are upstream weighted in the usual way. This requires identification of the cell volumes and edges which are consistent with the linear finite element discretization of the pressure. In order to ensure that the pressure equation yields an M-matrix, various conditions are required for the type of triangulation allowed. Since the form of the equations is similar to the usual finite difference discretization, standard techniques can be used to solve the Jacobian. The local mesh refinement method is demonstrated on some thermal reservoir simulation problems, and computational results presented. Significant savings in execution times are obtained while giving similar predictions to global fine mesh runs.
Mentoring Ph.D. Students into Effective Teaching and Service: Challenges and Opportunities
Authors: Holder-Webb Lori , Trompeter Gregory M. 
Published: October 2015

ABSTRACT
This article presents an overview and analysis of a set of papers that respond to a call for papers addressing the skills, other than those required for conducting research, that are critical for the professional success of doctoral students in accounting. While research proficiency is a key success factor for doctoral students at all types of institutions, long-term career success also requires proficiency in teaching and in related service areas such as performing peer-reviews of other scholars' work for journals and conferences. Three of the articles in this volume discuss programs that can be used to improve the teaching skills and effectiveness of doctoral students and fledgling faculty. Two of the articles in this volume address the skills required for improving the general body of research, and personal visibility within the profession, through discussing and reviewing papers. The final paper in the volume deals with how to manage the publication process, and contains valuable advice intended to prevent new faculty from abandoning publication efforts prematurely. We believe that the body of work represented in this volume will add value to doctoral education by supplementing the existing focus on performing research with the additional skills commonly required of members of the accounting academy.
New Approach of Sucrose Myristate as a Promising Penetration Enhancer in Dermal Preparations
Authors: Balázs Boglárka , Csizmazia Eszter , Berkó Szilvia , Budai-Szűcs Mária , Szabó-Révész Piroska , Csányi Erzsébet 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThe aim of this work was to compare the penetration enhancer effect of newly developed sucrose myristate with the generally used sucrose laurate. Hydrogel formulations containing sucrose esters (SEs) were prepared and the model drug was Ibuprofen (IBU), which has oral side effects, so applying it in a transdermal system could be useful. We evaluated the effect of SE hydrogel formulations on the skin by the noninvasive in vivo test and examined their concentration dependent influence on the penetration of IBU through a synthetic membrane (in vitro) by the Franz cell method. The results indicated that sucrose myristate incorporated into hydrogel moistures the skin well and lastingly and showed a better drug penetration enhancing effect at a much lower concentration compared to sucrose laurate. Our results revealed that sucrose myristate could be a promising and effective penetration enhancer in the pharmaceutical field.
Synthesis and Spectrophotometric Study of Toxic Metals Extraction by Novel Thio-Based Non-Ionic Surfactant
Authors: Ullah Imdad , Shah Afzal , Khan Musharaf , Khan Shahan Zeb , ur-Rehman Zia , Badshah Amin 
Published: October 2015

AbstractA new thio-based non-ionic surfactant 1-(3-chlorophenyl)-3-te-tradecanoylthiourea has been synthesized from potassium thiocyanate, tetradecanoyl chloride and 3-chloroanaline. The purity of the compound was characterized by techniques like 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and FT-IR. The compound was used to detect the toxic metals like copper, mercury and manganese by using UV-Visible spectrophotometric technique. The compound is able to act as a ligand as well to form micelles. Due to this the compound extracts these toxic metals in form of solubilization and complexation. The extracted metals settle down to the bottom in a water tank. The visible change in color with time proves the interaction of the compound with the metals. The compound having carbonyl as well as sulfur groups have soft corner to metal for complexation. This will be used to remove toxic metals from polluted soil and soft drinking surface and underground water. The surfactant is easily synthesized, very economical and environmentally acceptable. The CMC of the surfactant is also determined.
Eco-favourable Mobile Phase in Thin Layer Chromatographic Analysis of Surfactants: Resolution of Coexisting Alkyl Dimethylbenzyl Ammonium Chloride, Cetyltrimethyl Ammonium Bromide and Triton X 100
Authors: Mohammad Ali , Mobin Rizwana 
Published: October 2015

AbstractA thin-layer chromatographic system comprising of silica gel as stationary phase and a mixture of methanol, 0.1 % aqueous sodium thiocyanate, acetone and ethyl acetate in 7 : 3 : 2 : 3 ratio as eco-favourable mobile phase has been found most efficient for the separation of ternary mixture of surfactants (alkyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride (ADBAC) + cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) + Triton X 100). The separation pattern has been presented as densitogram. Chromatographic parameters like ΔRF, separation factor (α) and resolution (RS) for the separation have been calculated. The effect of the presence of foreign substances such as metal cations, metal anions, amino acids and vitamins as impurities on the separation has been examined. The mobility trend of the separated surfactants was also examined by replacing methanol with other alcohols. The detection limits for ADBAC, CTAB and Triton X 100 have been determined. The proposed method has been successfully applied for the identification of ADBAC in the household cleaning product “Lizol”.
Temperature reconstruction from glacier length fluctuations in the Himalaya
Authors: Banerjee Argha , Azam Mohd Farooq 
Published: October 2015

AbstractA temperature reconstruction in the glacierized Himalaya over the past centuries using glacial length fluctuation records is challenging due to the abundance of debris-covered glaciers and a scarcity of glacial length fluctuation data. Using idealized flowline model simulations, we show that supraglacial debris cover significantly alters the length fluctuations only when the debris cover is very thick. An expanded database of length fluctuation records for 43 glaciers in the Himalaya and Karakoram is compiled and a standard linear inversion procedure is applied to a subset of 34 glaciers in this database. The reconstructed temperature anomaly during 1860-2010 indicates a continued warming of the region with a total temperature change of ~1.6 K. A close resemblance of the regional temperature anomaly to global trends is seen.
Configurational energy and the formation of mixed flowing/powder snow and ice avalanches
Authors: Bartelt Perry , Buser Othmar , Vera Valero Cesar , Bühler Yves 
Published: October 2015

Abstract.A long-standing problem in avalanche dynamics is to model the flow of a mixed flowing/powder avalanche. Here we use the thermodynamic concept of configurational energy to describe the blow-out of air from the avalanche core. Configurational energy is the mean potential energy associated with the location of snow and ice particles in the avalanche core. As such, configurational energy determines the avalanche flow density. Expansion of the particle ensemble reduces the flow density and leads to the intake of air. Compression of the particle ensemble causes the blow-out of the intaken air, now laden with ice dust. Once formed, the cloud moves independently of the flowing avalanche with the initial momentum acquired in the core. Configurational energy changes in the avalanche core are therefore intimately related to the formation of the powder suspension cloud. In this paper we use the concept of configurational energy to predict the mass of air taken into and blown out of the core. This requires calculating the dispersive pressure arising from random particle movements and configuration changes related to the expansion and collapse of the flowing particle ensemble. The ice avalanche that struck the Everest base camp on 25 April 2015 is simulated using the proposed concept.
<i>In vitro</i> thrombolytic, anthelmintic, anti-oxidant and cytotoxic activity with phytochemical screening of methanolic extract of <i>Xanthium indicum</i> leaves
Authors: Ghosh Antara , Banik Sujan , Islam Md. Ariful 
Published: October 2015

<p class="Abstract"><em>Xanthium indicum</em> is an important medicinal plant traditionally used in Bangladesh as a folkloric treatment. The current study was undertaken to evaluate thrombolytic, anthelmintic, anti-oxidant, cytotoxic properties with phytochemical screening of methanolic extract of <em>X. indicum</em> leaves. The analysis of phytochemical screening confirmed the existence of phytosetrols and diterpenes. In thrombolytic assay, a significant clot lysis was observed at four concentrations of plant extract compare to the positive control streptokinase (30,000 IU, 15,000 IU) and negative control normal saline. The extract revealed potent anthelmintic activity at different concentrations. In anti-oxidant activity evaluation by two potential experiments namely total phenolic content determination and free radical scavenging assay by 2, 2-diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH), the leaves extract possess good anti-oxidant property. In the brine shrimp lethality bioassay, the crude extract showed potent (LC<sub>50</sub> 1.3 μg/mL) cytotoxic activity compare to the vincristine sulfate as a positive control (LC<sub>50</sub> 0.8 μg/mL). </p><p> </p>
Les représentants du Pas-de-Calais à l'Assemblée Nationale (1871-1875). Elections et activités parlementaires
Authors: Guislin Jean-Marc 
Published: October 2015

De parlementairen van Nord/Pas-de-Calais in de nationale vergadering (1871-1875). Verkiezingen en parlementaire aktie.
Pas-de-Calais is een rustig département. Alleen de laatste verkiezing, met de strijd tussen drie partijen, is wat meer geanimeerd. Het is een conservatief en Bonapartistisch getint département, maar de conservatieven vallen terug van 80 tot 52% ; zij behouden een soliede inplanting in drie arrondissementen, Montreuil, en Boulogne en Saint-Omer dank zij de rurale kantons, op een totaal van zes. De grotere steden en dorpen, de indus- triecentra, en de mijnstreek zijn republikeinse kernen, al is het populaire bonapartisme niet verdwenen bij de mijnwerkers. Uit het stemgedrag van de parle mentairen, alien notabelen, blijkt dat een enkel vertegenwoordiger links was, 1/5 bestond uit « Chevau- legers » en 1/3 uit Bonapartisten. Hun conservatief stemgedrag ligt boven het nationaal gemiddelde, als het erom gaat tegen de Republiek of voor conservatieve wetten te stem- men. Slechts twee parlementairen op vijftien, de centrumlinkse Martel en de centrum- rechtse Paris, twee merkwaardige persoonlijkheden, alle twee latere ministers, zullen voor de Constitutiewetten stemmen.
Zoals verscheidene kollega's en ongelukkige rivalen, in de periode 1871-1875 hebben zij op parlementair gebied twintig jaar lang (1871-1892) een hoofdrol gespeeld.
Saint-Riquier en 800
Authors: Heitz Carol 
Published: October 2015

L'abbaye de Centula/Saint-Riquier, bâtie de 790 à 799, avait des dimensions considérables. Les longaniae — couloirs à arcades mesurant pas moins de 750 mètres — reliaient trois églises : l'abbatiale Saint-Sauveur/Saint-Riquier, la rotonde Sainte-Marie-et-tous- les- Apôtres, enfin l'église Saint-Benoît, réservée exclusivement à la communauté monastique.
L'église principale était un édifice monumental, long de plus de 90 mètres, coiffé de deux grandes tours rondes. La turris occidentale, consacrée au Sauveur, vaste dispositif à transept et tourelles d'escalier, constitue le premier grand «Westwerk» dont nous connaissons à la fois l'agencement architectural et l'utilisation liturgique. La crypta Salvatoris de cette antéglise occidentale inaugure la longue série des cryptes-porches carolingiennes, ottoniennes, romanes.
La liturgie organisée par Angilbert selon la symbolique des nombres — qui, à Centula, accorde la préférence aux chiffres 3 et 7 — emplissait cette église qui était également le théâtre des Laudes regiae, attestées par un texte original datant de l'extrême fin du VIIIe siècle (B.N. Paris, ms. lat. 13159, fol. 163 et 164).
Point d'aboutissement de l'évolution liturgique gallicane, révélant déjà l'influence de la route récente réforme romaine, la Centula de l'an 800 se situe à un carrefour décisif de l'évolution de l'architecture médiévale et aussi du culte pratiqué dans les monastères bénédictins de l'Occident.
Les monnaies émises à Cambrai aux VIe-IXe siècles
Authors: Lafaurie Jean 
Published: October 2015

Hoofddoel van dit onderzoek was te komen tot een nieuwe datering van de muntslag van de stad Kamerijk en van deSint-Goriksabdij. Uit enkele vondsten blijkt dat men tussen 580 en 615 misschien wel voortdurend munten in omloop heeft gebracht. Men moet wachten op het derde kart van de 7e eeuw voor een herneming van die activiteit.
De grote hervorming van 675 waarbij de aanmunting met goud vervangen werd door zilver, kent men in Kamerrijk slechts door een enkel stuk, een in Domburg (Zeeland) ont- delte denarius. Na de dynastieke verandering verschijnen munten met de naam van Sint-Goriks. Er worden denarii geslagen met het merkteken van Pepijn de Korte en karel de Grote. Na een nieuwe onderbreking van een 40-tal jaren laten Lodewijk de Vrome en Lotharius I opnieuw munt slaan, voor de abdij, maar ook voor de stad.
Antagonizing Peroxisome Proliferator–Activated Receptor α Activity Selectively Enhances Th1 Immunity in Male Mice
Authors: Zhang Monan Angela , Ahn Jeeyoon Jennifer , Zhao Fei Linda , Selvanantham Thirumahal , Mallevaey Thierry , Stock Nick , Correa Lucia , Clark Ryan , Spaner David , Dunn Shannon E. 
Published: October 2015

Abstract
Females exhibit more robust Th1 responses than males. Our previous work suggested that this sex disparity is a consequence of higher activity of the androgen-induced gene peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor α (PPARα) in male CD4+ T cells. The objective of this study was to elucidate the cellular and molecular mechanism of how PPARα inhibits Th1 responses in male mice. In this study, we found that PPARα functions within CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes and NKT cells to negatively regulate IFN-γ responses in male mice and identified Ifng as the gene target of PPARα repression. Treatment of male CD4+ T cells with the PPARα agonist fenofibrate induced the recruitment of PPARα and the nuclear receptor-interacting protein, nuclear receptor corepressor 1, to specific cis-regulatory elements in the Ifng locus. This recruitment associated with reduced histone acetylation at these sites. Knockdown of nuclear receptor corepressor 1 in primary male T cells abolished the effect of fenofibrate in reducing IFN-γ production. In contrast, treatment of male T cells with IS001, a novel antagonist of PPARα, increased Ifng gene expression and histone acetylation across the Ifng locus. Finally, we investigated the effects of IS001 on IFN-γ responses in mice during infection with the Th1-associated pathogen Listeria monocytogenes and observed that IS001 enhanced IFN-γ production by NKT, CD4+, and CD8+ T cells and improved the survival of male, but not female, mice. Our findings provide a novel mechanism of why IFN-γ responses are more robust in females and introduce a small-molecule IS001 that can be used to enhance Th1 immunity in males.
Prevalence and associated risk factors of hypertension amongst adults in a rural community of Limpopo Province, South Africa
Authors: Ntuli Samuel T. , Maimela Eric , Alberts Mariannes , Choma Solly , Dikotope Sekgothe 
Published: October 2015

Background: Hypertension is problem already faced by urban populations of South Africa, but little is known about its prevalence and risk factors in rural areas.Aim: To assess the prevalence of and risk factors associated with hypertension amongst adults in a rural community in South Africa.Setting: Dikgale Health and Demographic Surveillance Site, Limpopo Province, South Africa.Methods: A community-based cross-sectional survey was carried out at this site where individuals aged 15 years and older were screened using a locally adapted version of the World Health Organization STEPwise questionnaire. Demographics, anthropometry and three independent blood pressure (BP) readings were taken. The average of the three BP measurements was used in analysis, and hypertension taken as systolic and diastolic BP of ≥ 140 or ≥ 90 mmHg respectively, or at least a two-week history of antihypertensive treatment. Analysis included the Chi-square test and statistical significance was set at p ≤ 0.05.Results: A total of 1407 individuals were interviewed, of whom 1281 had complete BP, weight and height measurements taken. The mean age of participants was 44.2 ± 2 0.9 years (range 15–98 years), 63% were female, 55% were single and 90% were unemployed, whilst 13% were tobacco smokers and 20% reported drinking alcohol. Overall prevalence of hypertension was 41% and this was significantly associated with age and marital status.Conclusion: The prevalence of hypertension was found to be high. Prevention strategies are urgently needed to address this life-threatening and important risk factor for cardiovascular disease in rural Limpopo Province.
Using Health Information Technology to Reach Patients in Underserved Communities: A Pilot Study to Help Close the Gap With Health Disparities
Authors: Ryan Mark H. , Yoder Jonathan , Flores Sharon K. , Soh Jason , Vanderbilt Allison A. 
Published: October 2015

<p><strong>INTRODUCTION:</strong> In the current era of medical education and curriculum reform, medical schools across the United States are launching innovative approaches to teaching students in order to improve patient outcomes and increase patient safety. One such innovation is the use information technology (IT) that can be used to disseminate health information, especially for patients with limited access to care. Strategies for using health IT to enhance communication between providers and patients in low-income communities can be incorporated into undergraduate medical education (UME) curriculum.</p><p><strong>METHODS: </strong>A pilot study was conducted to determine if IT could serve as an effective means of communication with patients at a free clinic where 100% of the patients are uninsured; the clinic is located in an urban setting and primarily serves Latinos, the working poor, and the homeless. An anonymous survey was administered to patients to assess rates of IT ownership, general IT use, and IT use for health and medical information.</p><p><strong>RESULTS:</strong> The majority of study participants owned a cell phone (92%); one-third used their cell phone to access health or medical information (38%). Most study participants reported using the Internet (72%), and two-thirds had used the Internet to obtain health and medical information (64%). </p><p><strong>CONCLUSION:</strong> Given the difficulties faced by low income and medically underserved communities in accessing healthcare services, the use of IT tools may improve their’ access to health information in ways that could enhance patient knowledge and self-management, and perhaps positively impact health outcomes. Therefore, it is essential to incorporate use of IT tools in training for medical students and residents to enhance communication with patients in underserved communities.</p>
The preliminary reference procedure: challenge or opportunity?
Authors: Hoevenaars Jos 
Published: October 2015

The preliminary reference procedure: challenge or opportunity?
This contribution approaches the theme of access to justice from an EU law perspective and deals with the question: to what extent can the preliminary reference procedure serve as an empowering tool for individuals and civil society? The first part of the contribution deals with the structure of the EU legal system and the theoretically empowering function of preliminary references. Based on interviews with litigants and their counsellors, the second part deals with this notion from a sociological and empirical perspective. The analysis reveals the practical obstacles to realizing ones rights by preliminary references, and thus nuances the empowerment thesis found both among legal- and political sciences theories as well as in the legitimating rhetoric by propagators of the EU legal system.