bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Uranium (VI) adsorption equilibrium on purolite resin SGA 600 U/3472
Authors: Botez Adriana , Dobre Tanase , Panturu Eugenia , Filcenco-Olteanu Antoaneta 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
This paper characterizes uranium (VI) sorption from synthetic solutions using a fixed bed Purolite resin SGA 600 U/3472 system. The effect of the sulphate anion presence in the liquid phase on sorbtion dynamics and equilibrium is analysed. In the industrial processing of solutions obtained from leaching of uranium ore (alkaline/acid), in a continuous system, there are several compounds which strongly compete with uranium for ion exchange sites and consequently these substances depress the uranium adsorption. The influence of vanadate, molybdate, chloride, and nitrate is known, therefore, in this paper, the adsorption equilibrium isotherms for uranium (VI) are obtained for different sulphate ion concentrations in solution. The adsorption capacity variation of the Purolite resin SGA 600U/3472 with the number of adsorption/desorption cycles is also studied. The experimental results reveal the negative impact of high sulphate ion content in solution on the adsorption capacity of the resin Purolite SG 600 U / 3472 with uranium (VI) and therefore it is considered one of the compounds which strongly affect the uranium adsorption.
On Cohen-Macaulay modules over non-commutative surface singularities
Authors: Drozd Yuriy , Gavran Volodymyr 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
We generalize the results of Kahn about a correspondence between Cohen-Macaulay modules and vector bundles to non-commutative surface singularities. As an application, we give examples of non-commutative surface singularities which are not Cohen-Macaulay finite, but are Cohen-Macaulay tame.
Gait-simulating fatigue loading analysis and sagittal alignment failure of spinal pelvic reconstruction after total sacrectomy: comparison of 3 techniques
Authors: Clark Aaron J. , Tang Jessica A. , Leasure Jeremi M. , Ivan Michael E. , Kondrashov Dimitriy , Buckley Jenni M. , Deviren Vedat , Ames Christopher P. 
Published: January 2014

Object
Reconstruction after total sacrectomy is a critical component of malignant sacral tumor resection, permitting early mobilization and maintenance of spinal pelvic alignment. However, implant loosening, graft migration, and instrumentation breakage remain major problems. Traditional techniques have used interiliac femoral allograft, but more modern methods have used fibular or cage struts from the ilium to the L-5 endplate or sacral body replacement with transiliac bars anchored to cages to the L-5 endplate. This study compares the biomechanical stability under gait-simulating fatigue loading of the 3 current methods.

Methods
Total sacrectomy was performed and reconstruction was completed using 3 different constructs in conjunction with posterior spinal screw rod instrumentation from L-3 to pelvis: interiliac femur strut allograft (FSA); L5–iliac cage struts (CSs); and S-1 body replacement expandable cage (EC). Intact lumbar specimens (L3–sacrum) were tested for flexion-extension range of motion (FE-ROM), axial rotation ROM (AX-ROM), and lateral bending ROM (LB-ROM). Each instrumented specimen was compared with its matched intact specimen to generate an ROM ratio. Fatigue testing in compression and flexion was performed using a custom-designed long fusion gait model.

Results
Compared with intact specimen, the FSA FE-ROM ratio was 1.22 ± 0.60, the CS FE-ROM ratio was significantly lower (0.37 ± 0.12, p < 0.001), and EC was lower still (0.29 ± 0.14, p < 0.001; values are expressed as the mean ± SD). The difference between CS and EC in FE-ROM ratio was not significant (p = 0.83). There were no differences in AX-ROM or LB-ROM ratios (p = 0.77 and 0.44, respectively). No failures were noted on fatigue testing of any EC construct (250,000 cycles). This was significantly improved compared with FSA (856 cycles, p < 0.001) and CS (794 cycles, p < 0.001).

Conclusions
The CS and EC appear to be significantly more stable constructs compared with FSA with FE-ROM. The 3 constructs appear to be equal with AX-ROM and LB-ROM. Most importantly, EC appears to be significantly more resistant to fatigue compared with FSA and CS. Reconstruction of the load transfer mechanism to the pelvis via the L-5 endplate appears to be important in maintenance of alignment after total sacrectomy reconstruction.
L'urbanisation dans l'histoire
Authors: Duby Georges 
Published: January 2014

Urbanization in History.
Whatever approach is used to study the relationship between towns and the countryside, a crucial point in the problematic of French history for over a quarter of a century, it is necessary to observe carefully the origin and evolution of urban and rural contacts. Historians are concerned with determining when and how towns came to dominate the countryside, financially, administratively and culturally. An historical study of urbanization is essential to understand the evolution of present forms of "inurbation" and their regional variations. Western Europe, especially France, is divided into two sectors: areas where important villages served as mediators between towns and the countryside, and areas where traces of pre-Roman urbanism influenced rural life.
L'analyse physiocratique des rapports entre la ville et la campagne
Authors: Larrère Catherine 
Published: January 2014

The Physiocratic Analysis of Town and Country Relations.
This article deals with Quesnay's physiocratic theories and his attempts to eliminate, by the generalization of capitalism, the antagonism characteristic of urban-rural relations. To rescue the countryside from the misery inflicted by Colbert's mercantilism, he advocated the creation of a capitalistic form of agriculture. In the theoretical analysis leading to the elaboration of this program, town and country antagonism seems to be associated with a certain phase of capitalistic development, and thus bound to disappear as capitalism evolves. Quesnay analyzed capitalistic production in its pure state, formalizing a theory of capitalism in general, rather than a theory of a particular form of agricultural capitalism. Quesnay was also engaged in a controversy with the mercantilists and denounced their policies of urban and industrial expansion. For him, the nation, in order to achieve a harmonious economic cycle, should rely on the countryside and agriculture, not on the town and mercantilism, an urban, colonialist, marginal, form of capitalism. Quesnay announced the maturity of capitalism, which he saw as a means of ending town and country antagonism. Although his projects were never realized and are not entirely realizable, his efforts are of interest for he recognized the necessity of placing urban-rural antagonism in a general theory of social relations.
Les résidences secondaires des citadins dans les campagnes françaises
Authors: Cribier Françoise 
Published: January 2014

The Second Homes of Urbanités in the French Countryside.
After explaining the originality and history of the "second home" phenomenon in France, the author discusses the relationship of the urban occupant to his country home and the consequences for rural areas of the proliferation of secondary residences. Urbanization, the growth of urban populations and the resulting mediocrity of housing conditions are mainly responsible for the acquisition of country homes; economic factors (increased buying power, desire to make a good investment), actual rural conditions (rural exodus, modernization) as well as a romantic longing for rustic life also contribute. The next part of this article gives certain characteristics of country house owners (social and professional situation, location of permanent residence, age) and shows how these factors influence the location, means of acquisition (inheritance, purchase, construction) and choice of style of the home. The rate of occupancy of the country house varies according to its proximity to the principal residence and according to seasonal and climatic conditions; after retirement, the owner may live there permanently. The effects, if any, on rural areas of the presence of second homes belonging to urbanités are much debated and quite varied but in general are either detrimental (architectural degradation, housing problems, strain on communal budgets) or beneficial (stimulation of local business activities, employment of local inhabitants). The relations between the owners of second homes and the local residents depend on the socio-economic situation of the former and the traditions of hospitality of the latter.
Processus de changement dans les communautés rurales de Castille
Authors: Pérez-Díaz Víctor M. 
Published: January 2014

Process of Change in Rural Castilian Communities.
After enumerating the main characteristics of Castilian villages and their peasant populations, this article describes the process by which "traditional" rural society, which emerged in the last half of the 19th century, has been gradually obliterated by urban and industrial development. Among the many factors responsible for the collapse of traditional society, rural emigration served as a catalyst for economic and social transformations. Mechanization, which favored and was favored by emigration changed the concept and content of work and intensified rural and urban-industrial relations. It also affected the social structure by blurring previously clear status gaps between workers and peasants and by encouraging the formation of agrarian cooperatives, which ideologically seem communalist or collectivistic but which are in fact defined in particularistic and capitalistic terms. The repercussions of these transformations on family life are described, the analysis focussing on the educational system and the habitat, and stressing the changes provoked in the perception and values systems of rural communities. After defining the importance of the Civil War for the Castilian peasants, this article shows to what extent their present political attitudes are influenced by the increasing secularization and urbanization of rural life and speculates on the future political evolution of these peasants on their way to becoming small capitalistic farmers.
Législation foncière et société rurale. L'application de la loi du 26 juillet 1873 dans les douars de l'Algérois
Authors: Sainte-Marie Alain 
Published: January 2014

La loi du 26 juillet 1873 avait été voulue par la colonisation civile triomphante pour « franciser » le régime de la propriété foncière algérienne et accélérer ainsi la mobilisation des terres en sa faveur. Une telle mesure portait donc en elle-même de redoutables prolongements sociaux. Sa seule application, étudiée à partir des dossiers des commissions d'enquête, entraîne au sein des familles et des groupes ruraux tensions et perturbations.
Hâtivement élaborée, médiocrement appliquée par les commissaires enquêteurs, cette loi apparut rapidement décevante par la lenteur des travaux, la complexité de la détermination des ayants droit, le caractère précaire, éventuellement, des titres délivrés, etc., et dangereuse car les licitations entraînaient d'inquiétantes spoliations. Elle dut être amendée en 1887, puis suspendue, mais ses effets n'en furent pas effacés pour autant.
Le latifundium traditionnel au Pérou jusqu'en 1914. Marginalisation et résistance
Authors: Piel Jean 
Published: January 2014

Traditional Latifundium in Peru until 1914. Marginalisation and Resistance.
Mostly because they exclusively insist on the formal opposition between latifundium and minifundium, the studies produced in France dealing with the agrarian structures of Latin America conceal in fact the responsibilities of agrarian capitalism in the blockage of this dualistic structure of the land. What has happened to the traditional or archaic Peruvian latifundia since the end of the nineteenth century, in this respect is very significant. Reduced to a marginal status, through the technical and financial rise of the large capitalistic land estates, they remain however necessary to these estates as land, water and labour reserves ; and still more, as intermediate land institutions able to control the inland masses of the Andean Indian and half-breed peasantry. Between the nineteenth and twentieth century, in order to resist competition from modern capitalistic sector, the traditional Peruvian latifundia reacted by aggravating the exploitation and pauperisation of Indian communities. Such a reaction reflects, in its own way, the laws of unequal economic growth. The true responsibility of the pre-capitalistic development of the latifundia, which takes place in the Peruvian Andes at the beginning of the nineteenth century, can be found in the pressure brought upon the traditional latifundia by agrarian capitalism itself.
Réforme agraire et révolution dans le Chili d'Allende
Authors: Kay Cristóbal 
Published: January 2014

Agrarian Reform and Revolution in Attende's Chile.
The article argues that Popular Unity's agrarian policy reflects the limitations and contradictions of its strategy to power. Although Allende's agrarian reform was extensive, drastic and rapidly executed, it nevertheless limited the peasantry's contribution to the revolutionary struggle for power. The article starts by briefly examining the rural legacy left by the Christian Democrat government of Frei to the Popular Unity and presenting the agrarian programme of Allende. It proceeds with an analysis of peasant mobilisation and organisation, focusing on land seizures and peasants councils. Then it studies the organisation and functioning of the expropriated latifundia (reformed sector) and analyses why socialist relations of production failed to develop. Finally it attempts an assessment of Popular Unity's agrarian policy in the light of the failure of the revolutionary forces to capture power and initiate a transition to socialism in Chile.
La Révolution et les luttes des métayers
Authors: Aberdam Serge 
Published: January 2014

The Revolution and the Struggle of Share-Farmers.
The results of a systematic inventory of tithe-levying conflicts between the common people and the clergy, and between landowners and share-farmers in the South-Western province of Gascogne, is given as a contribution to the study of the pre-revolutionary period; we find in it an analysis of the material causes that were instrumental in the radical dechristianisation process, and precisions as to the nature of social conflicts in the village context under the Old Régime.
The article also shows how, after 1789, the landowners impropriated the tithes that had supposedly been abolished, and documents the attempts of Gascogne share-farmers to oppose salary limitations and the concentration of ground rent. It recounts certain historically contingent victories gained by share-farmers in the years 1793-1794, but also the reaction that ensued and its long term consequences for Gascony and more speciflcally, for the peasantry of the Gers department.
Les plantes tinctoriales dans l'économie du Vaucluse au XIXe siècle
Authors: Peeters Alice 
Published: January 2014

Tinctorial Plants in the Economy of Vaucluse during the XlXth Century.
The eventful history of tinctorial plants in Vaucluse during the XIXth Century, puts into evidence three different cases: 1) the decline of old cultures — such as saffron — and of plants for gathering — such as "fustet" and "graine d'Avignon" — ; this decline was linked to the transformation of very small dye-works into a larger industry needing a larger production; 2) the introduction of new plants — such as woad — which were imposed during the Continental System and did not last long enough to have any effect upon the local economy; 3) the growth of madder culture which played a leading part in trading and which meant prosperity during three quarters of a century. Several crisis, particularly those starting around 1860, endangered madder culture and industry, thus having serious economic and social consequences.
Un exemple d'agriculture socialiste : l'agriculture bulgare
Authors: Brossier Jacques , Petit Michel 
Published: January 2014

An Example of a Socialist Agriculture: the Bulgarian Agriculture.
The observation of the recent development of agriculture in the People's Republic of Bulgaria suggested two categories of questions to the authors of this paper. The first ones concern their "surprise" in view of the evolution of agriculture since 1944. The others, of a theoretical nature, deal with the decision process and the quantitative tools used in decision-making. The history of the socialist development of agriculture in Bulgaria is briefly sketched, emphasis being placed on the difficulties which have been encountered and on the solutions taken to overcome them. These are based on a socio-economic model, the main features of which are delineated. On this occasion, the authors raise the question of the neutrality and objectivity of economics as a science, and more generally of the importance of sciences and their objective laws in economic development, as expressed by Bulgarian economists.
Deux cas d'évolution de la population rurale dans le sud du Cameroun
Authors: Franqueville André 
Published: January 2014

II serait erroné de penser qu'il suffit de corriger les mécanismes de l'accroissement naturel par l'influence de l'émigration vers les villes pour expliquer l'évolution actuelle des populations rurales africaines.
Cette étude montre que, pour des raisons variées, ces populations sont en proie à une intense mobilité et la comparaison des chiffres bruts des recensements ne laisse pas soupçonner ce phénomène. Deux enquêtes réalisées à douze ans d'intervalle dans deux villages du Cameroun permettent d'expliquer la croissance de l'un et la stagnation de l'autre, et d'en déceler la signification réelle.
L'évolution de l'occupation des terres à Barre-des-Cévennes (Lozère). Approche phyto-écologique et socio-économique
Authors: Debussche Max , Godron Michel , Hubert Daniel , Romane François 
Published: January 2014

Evolution of Land Use in Barre-des-Cévennes (Lozère). A Phyto-Ecological and Socio-Economical Approach.

The present work is part of a more comprehensive study of a village located in a depressed area. This study inquires into the evolution of land use and seeks to determine the variables (ecological, sociological, and economical) involved.
Analysis of this evolution was based upon the interpreting of aerial photographs made at different dates. As for the variables, they were determined at both the ecological and the socio-economical level, on the basis of a systematic grid of 3 000 points (one point per hectare).
The authors suggest using the model of "transition matrix" for the data processing. This model is used for the set of 3 000 points or for subsets which are obtained on the basis of ecological or sociological criteria. They are trying to ascertain if the factors influencing the evolution of the vegetation are identical for each subset.
La traversée du champ matrimonial : un exemple alpin
Authors: Macherel Claude 
Published: January 2014

Going through the Marriage Field: an Alpine Case Study.

The marriage field is that portion of social space where marriageable people move about. These suitors are at one and the same time the stakes economic and sexual of the competing desires which polarize the field, and the competitors on these stakes. The first part of the paper describes this field, as it was until the Second World War, in an European peasant society, the Loetschen valley, in the Upper-Valais. Its demographic and eco nomic aspects are broadly outlined. The detailed study of its ritual frame brings out two features of courtship (which was highly stylised, experienced in common and hence socially denned): flexibility and strain. These features were both from a symbolic and a practical point of view central to the periodical transformations imposed upon the Loetschen society by its three-stage seasonal morphology and by the sexual division of pastoral labour inherent to it.
The second part describes how the field was gone through, i.e. the sequence about ten years long, of initiatives and rites by means of which a man and a woman went from the state of frolicsome adolescents to that of settled adults. The changes of position of the actors passing through the rite were spelled out in the spatio-temporal structure of the matrimonial script. The analysis shows that these variations have to be precisely grasped in order to get at the rational of customs characteristics of a society where each marriage was contingent on the particular point of view of each party involved, the triple result of a one-way conquest, of a gift, and of a mutual preference.
Intégration marchande et évolution des systèmes agraires montagnards. Le cas des Dômes (Massif central)
Authors: Bazin Gilles 
Published: January 2014

Integration and Evolution of Trading Methods in Mountains : the Dômes (Massif central) as an Example.

During the last two centuries, the agricultural and food market has established itself on a national scale, and areas with differenciated types of production are now in competition. The ancient agricultural systems, whose role was chiefly to meet local needs (although exchanges between different regions certainly existed), have gradually disintegrated and been replaced by regional specializations which indeed are part of a national or even international pattern of agricultural/food supply. Mountain agriculture, being like a poor relation in this spatial division of labour, is rapidly regressing.
The agricultural history of the Dômes illustrates in a distinctive way this process of trading integration of mountainous areas. Its originality lies in the development of a farm cheese production (saint-nectaire), which provides an important profit and allows numerous farmers to stay on their farms. But the saint-nectaire production has been increasing for fifteen years, which alters the profits on the milk market and brings forth a selective process of intensification of milk production. The loss of the "rente de situation" which occurs as a consequence may then accelerate the disappearance of the least competitive farms as they will then be integrated into the national milk market.
Organisation coopérative et recours des producteurs aux marchés agricoles traditionnels
Authors: Nicolas Philippe 
Published: January 2014

En régression générale, les marchés traditionnels de production ne conservent un rôle important que pour la commercialisation du bétail vif et surtout pour celle des fruits et légumes frais. Ce rôle lui-même se trouve remis en question par l'évolution générale de l'économie agro-alimentaire et, plus spécialement depuis une décennie au moins, par le développement de nouvelles formes d'organisation coopérative des agriculteurs, utilisant largement les possibilités offertes par les SICA et les groupements de producteurs.
Peut-on considérer pour autant ces marchés traditionnels comme des formes résiduelles, archaïques, d'anciens modes de commercialisation autrefois dominants ? Leur disparition est-elle au terme de cette évolution ? Ou bien, à la suite de mutations qualitatives actuellement en cours, certains de ces marchés, dans certains secteurs, une fois rénovés et spécialisés resteront-ils indispensables au fonctionnement de systèmes de production et de commercialisation complexes et composites ?