bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Changes in forest floor and mineral soil carbon and nitrogen stocks in a boreal forest after clear‐cutting and mechanical site preparation
Authors: Piirainen S. , Finér L. , Starr M. 
Published: May 2015

SummarySignificant amounts of organic carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) are accumulated in soil in boreal forests. However, increased concern has been shown regarding the negative impacts of forestry operations on both the C sequestration and N stocks in soil. Changes in the C and N stocks in woody debris, forest floor and mineral soil (0–20 cm) were studied in Eastern Finland for 10 years after stem‐only clear‐cutting followed by soil harrowing. Samples were taken from the uncut forest and from the different microsites formed by the harrowing (ridges, furrows and undisturbed areas). Carbon and N from logging residues were not incorporated into the forest floor or mineral soil stocks to any great extent. After 5 years the C stock above the mineral soil was smaller (< 20%) in the treated area than in the uncut forest and after 10 years it was < 50% smaller. The corresponding N stock was marginally larger (< 5%) after 5 years, but smaller (< 20%) after 10 years. In the mineral soil there were no changes; only the furrows lost C and N when compared with the other microsites, but not when compared with the forest. Harrowing increased the spatial variation in the forest floor C and N stocks. The comparison of the N losses from the soil and logging residues and woody debris with the leaching losses, the amounts utilized by the regenerating vegetation or estimated to be immobilized by the stumps at the same site indicated that N which remained after the clear‐cutting was retained at the site. For a full understanding of the impact of such a disturbance on stocks at a site all significant fluxes and stocks would need to be monitored.
Fracture toughness prediction of aged CF8M using small punch test
Authors: Jeon J.‐Y. , Kim Y.‐J. , Lee M.‐Y. , Kim J.‐W. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractFollowing Ref. , this technical note presents a method to predict the thermal ageing effect on fracture toughness of cast stainless steel CF8M from the small punch test using finite element (FE) damage analysis. A procedure is given to extract tensile properties and multi‐axial fracture strain locus of aged CF8M from the small punch test using FE analysis. It is further shown that fracture toughness of aged CF8M can be predicted from the small punch test using FE damage analysis. Comparison with experimental data shows good agreement.
Efficacy of a microballoon catheter in transarterial chemoembolization of hepatocellular carcinoma using miriplatin, a lipophilic anticancer drug: Short‐term results
Authors: Ogawa Masahiro , Takayasu Kentaro , Hirayama Midori , Miura Takao , Shiozawa Katsuhiko , Abe Masahisa , Matsumoto Naoki , Nakagawara Hiroshi , Ohshiro Shu , Yamamoto Toshiki , Tanaka Naohide , Moriyama Mitsuhiko , Mutou Haruomi , Yamamoto Yoshinobu , Irie Toshiyuki 
Published: May 2015

AimThe goal of the study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of balloon‐occluded transarterial chemoembolization (B‐TACE) of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) using miriplatin (a lipophilic anticancer drug) and gelatin particles.MethodsB‐TACE was performed for 62 HCC nodules in 33 patients who could not be treated by surgical resection or radiofrequency ablation. All 33 patients had a history of transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) treatment prior to B‐TACE. As a historical comparison, we investigated 40 nodules in 28 patients treated by TACE using a conventional microcatheter (C‐TACE), miriplatin and gelatin particles. The therapeutic effect per tumor was compared between the groups based on the Response Evaluation Criteria in Cancer Study Group of Japan (RECICL) and side‐effects were compared based on the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (ver. 4.0).ResultsThe therapeutic efficacy after 4–12 weeks was evaluated in 59 nodules in the B‐TACE group and in 37 nodules in the C‐TACE group. Of these nodules, TE4 occurred in 29 (49.2%) in the B‐TACE group and in 10 (27%) in the C‐TACE group. Local efficacy was significantly higher in nodules treated by B‐TACE than by C‐TACE. The side‐effects on hepatic function were similar in the two groups.ConclusionOur results suggest that B‐TACE with miriplatin is a useful treatment for hepatocellular carcinoma.
Genetic characterisation of new host‐specialised biotypes and novel associations with bacterial symbionts in the pea aphid complex
Authors: Peccoud Jean , Mahéo Frédérique , de la Huerta Manon , Laurence Cindy , Simon Jean‐Christophe 
Published: May 2015

Abstract

The pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum Harris, constitutes a complex of sympatric populations that are specialised to distinct species of Fabaceae. So far, 12 such populations have been characterised genetically as genetic clusters associated with one or few legumes species. These clusters form a continuum of genetic divergence linking host‐associated races, which show moderate hybridization, to nascent species. They are also known to be associated with different species of endosymbiotic bacteria, which have environmentally dependent effects on aphid fitness.

Here, we report on the genetic characterisation of new host‐associated populations in this species complex. We sampled pea aphids in eastern France on Genista tinctoria, G. sagittalis, Onobrychis viciifolia, and Hippocrepis comosa. Bayesian clustering methods based on genotypes obtained at 25 microsatellite loci showed that each sampled plant species hosted a specific pea aphid population. Comparison with previously characterised biotypes showed that the population associated with Hippocrepis comosa was no different from that on Securigera varia. Migrant aphids from other host plants and hybrids were found at various frequencies on the newly sampled plant species. They were particularly frequent on Onobrychis viciifolia, occasional between the two Genista‐associated populations, and rare on Hippocrepis comosa.

PCR‐based screening of bacterial species revealed new associations between aphid biotypes and facultative endosymbionts, chiefly the combination of Serratia symbiotica and Hamiltonella defensa within most individuals collected on Genista.

The newly identified biotypes, which add up to a total of 15 within the pea aphid complex, offer new material to study the mechanisms and genetic bases of host‐specialisation and ecological speciation in this model aphid.
De‐escalation: A survey of clinical staff in a secure mental health inpatient service
Authors: Hallett Nutmeg , Dickens Geoffrey L. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractDe‐escalation is an important tool for preventing aggression in inpatient settings but definitions vary and there is no clear practice guideline. We aimed to identify how clinical staff define and conceptualize de‐escalation, which de‐escalation interventions they would use in aggressive scenarios, and their beliefs about the efficacy of de‐escalation interventions. A questionnaire survey (n = 72) was conducted using open and closed questions; additionally, clinical vignettes describing conflict events were presented for participants to describe their likely clinical response. Qualitative data were subject to thematic analysis. The major themes that de‐escalation encompassed were communication, tactics, de‐escalator qualities, assessment and risk, getting help, and containment measures. Different types of aggression were met with different interventions. Half of participants erroneously identified p.r.n. medication as a de‐escalation intervention, and 15% wrongly stated that seclusion, restraint, and emergency i.m. medication could be de‐escalation interventions. Those interventions seen as most effective were the most commonly used. Clinical staff's views about de‐escalation, and their de‐escalation practice, may differ from optimal practice. Use of containment measures and p.r.n. medication where de‐escalation is more appropriate could have a negative impact; work is needed to promote understanding and use of appropriate de‐escalation interventions based on a clear guideline.
The value of purpose built mental health facilities: Use of the Ward Atmosphere Scale to gauge the link between milieu and physical environment
Authors: Nicholls Daniel , Kidd Kevin , Threader Jennifer , Hungerford Catherine 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThis study investigated changes in the ‘atmosphere’ of an acute adult mental health setting following relocation to a new purpose‐built facility. The Ward Atmosphere Scale (WAS) was designed and validated for specific use in hospital‐based psychiatric facilities, and measures several dimensions of an environment. In this study, the WAS was administered to consumers and staff at periods before and also after their relocation to a new purpose‐built acute adult mental health facility. There were significant improvements in the physical atmosphere of the new facility, when compared with the old facility. In terms of ward atmosphere, however, improvements were seen to occur in only a small number of measures and there were minor differences between consumers' and staff perspectives on some indicators. Interestingly, it was found that consumers noted less ‘staff control’ in the new setting, raising the question of the differences in understanding of control. For staff only, there was a perception of greater levels of consumer ‘involvement’ in the new facility. Despite the minor differences in perception, the study does confirm that architecture is an important influence on the ‘atmosphere’ of a health facility, for both staff and consumers.
Amniotic membrane is a potential regenerative option for chronic non‐healing wounds: a report of five cases receiving dehydrated human amnion/chorion membrane allograft
Authors: Mrugala Andrew , Sui Audrey , Plummer Malgorzata , Altman Igor , Papineau Elaine , Frandsen Devn , Hill Danielle , Ennis William J 
Published: May 2015

AbstractA case series of five patients with a total of six chronic non‐healing wounds (>30 day duration) were non‐randomly selected to evaluate the performance, safety and handling properties of dehydrated human amnion/chorion membrane allograft, an amniotic membrane scaffolding product. The patients had lower extremity wounds that had previously failed standard of care within a university outpatient/inpatient wound healing programme. Five wounds treated with dehydrated amnion/chorion membrane allograft showed a mean 43% area reduction from baseline (51% median) at 3 weeks into treatment and completely healed with a 64‐day median time to closure (SD ±27·6 days). One wound worsened at 3 weeks and was found to have a complete central vein obstruction that was treated with long‐term mild compression but still eventually healed at 6 months. Removing this outlier, the four responding wounds had a 72% mean and 69% median change in area from baseline, at the 3 week point. All five patients received only one application of dehydrated human amnion/chorion membrane allograft, and there were no adverse events. The product was easy to use, administer and handle. In summary, dehydrated human amnion/chorion membrane allograft appears to be a safe, effective and easy to use therapy for chronic non‐healing wounds. This study describes the details of these clinical cases and provides an overview of the current evidence on the use of amniotic tissue in clinical practice.
Factors associated with relational coordination between health professionals involved in insulin initiation in the general practice setting for people with type 2 diabetes
Authors: Manski‐Nankervis Jo‐Anne , Furler John , Young Doris , Patterson Elizabeth , Blackberry Irene 
Published: May 2015

AbstractAimTo examine associations between characteristics of general practice settings and primary healthcare providers (general practitioners and practice nurses) and the degree of relational coordination for the task of insulin initiation for type 2 diabetes between primary healthcare providers and diabetes specialists.BackgroundRelational coordination is a component of effective chronic disease management and can be used to measure collaboration and communication between health professionals. High levels of relational coordination may be important to support insulin initiation in general practice.DesignCross‐sectional study.MethodsSurveys were completed by general practitioners and practice nurses participating in the Stepping Up trial. Data on demographics, practice characteristics and relational coordination were collected between October 2012–June 2014. Univariate and multivariate analyses examined factors associated with relational coordination.ResultsGeneral practitioners (n = 174) and 115 practice nurses from 78 general practices were included in the analysis. General practice characteristics associated with relational coordination were geographical location and number of administrative staff. Female general practitioners and older practice nurses reported lower relational coordination. Practice nurses with diabetes educator qualifications and experience in insulin initiation reported higher relational coordination.ConclusionAn expanded role and experience of practice nurses in diabetes care increased relational coordination and has the potential to deliver more effective chronic disease management in general practice. Practice and health professional characteristics should be taken into account when designing models of care to increase insulin initiation.
Changes in transcriptome of macrophages in atherosclerosis
Authors: Chistiakov Dimitry A. , Bobryshev Yuri V. , Orekhov Alexander N. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractMacrophages display significant phenotypic heterogeneity. Two growth factors, macrophage colony‐stimulating factor and chemokine (C‐X‐C motif) ligand 4, drive terminal differentiation of monocytes to M0 and M4 macrophages respectively. Compared to M0 macrophages, M4 cells have a unique transcriptome, with expression of surface markers such as S100A8, mannose receptor CD206 and matrix metalloproteinase 7. M4 macrophages did not express CD163, a scavenger receptor for haemoglobin/haptoglobin complex. Depending on the stimuli, M0 macrophages could polarize towards the proinflammatory M1 subset by treatment with lipopolysaccharide or interferon‐γ. These macrophages produce a range of proinflammatory cytokines, nitric oxide, reactive oxygen species and exhibit high chemotactic and phagocytic activity. The alternative M2 type could be induced from M0 macrophage by stimulation with interleukin (IL)‐4. M2 macrophages express high levels of CD206 and produce anti‐inflammatory cytokines IL‐10 and transforming growth factor‐β. M1, M2 and M4 macrophages could be found in atherosclerotic plaques. In the plaque, macrophages are subjected to the intensive influence not only by cytokines and chemokines but also with bioactive lipids such as cholesterol and oxidized phospholipids. Oxidized phospholipids induce a distinct Mox phenotype in murine macrophages that express a unique panel of antioxidant enzymes under control of the redox‐regulated transcription factor Klf2, resistant to lipid accumulation. In unstable human lesions, atheroprotective M(Hb) and HA‐mac macrophage subsets could be found. These two subsets are induced by the haemoglobin/haptoglobin complex, highly express haeme oxygenase 1 and CD163, and are implicated in clearance of haemoglobin and erythrocyte remnants. In atherogenesis, the macrophage phenotype is plastic and could therefore be switched to proinflammatory (i.e. proatherogenic) and anti‐inflammatory (i.e. atheroprotective). The aim of this review was to characterize changes in macrophage transcriptome in atherosclerosis and discuss key markers that characterize different phenotypes of macrophages present in atherosclerotic lesions.
Geographic body size variation in the periodical cicadas Magicicada: implications for life cycle divergence and local adaptation
Authors: Koyama T. , Ito H. , Kakishima S. , Yoshimura J. , Cooley J. R. , Simon C. , Sota T. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractSeven species in three species groups (Decim, Cassini and Decula) of periodical cicadas (Magicicada) occupy a wide latitudinal range in the eastern United States. To clarify how adult body size, a key trait affecting fitness, varies geographically with climate conditions and life cycle, we analysed the relationships of population mean head width to geographic variables (latitude, longitude, altitude), habitat annual mean temperature (AMT), life cycle and species differences. Within species, body size was larger in females than males and decreased with increasing latitude (and decreasing habitat AMT), following the converse Bergmann's rule. For the pair of recently diverged 13‐ and 17‐year species in each group, 13‐year cicadas were equal in size or slightly smaller on average than their 17‐year counterparts despite their shorter developmental time. This fact suggests that, under the same climatic conditions, 17‐year cicadas have lowered growth rates compared to their 13‐years counterparts, allowing 13‐year cicadas with faster growth rates to achieve body sizes equivalent to those of their 17‐year counterparts at the same locations. However, in the Decim group, which includes two 13‐year species, the more southerly, anciently diverged 13‐year species (Magicicada tredecim) was characterized by a larger body size than the other, more northerly 13‐ and 17‐year species, suggesting that local adaptation in warmer habitats may ultimately lead to evolution of larger body sizes. Our results demonstrate how geographic clines in body size may be maintained in sister species possessing different life cycles.
Potential rapid evolution of foot morphology inItalian plethodontid salamanders (Hydromantes strinatii) following the colonization of an artificial cave
Authors: Salvidio S. , Crovetto F. , Adams D. C. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractHow organisms respond to environmental change is a long‐standing question in evolutionary biology. Species invading novel habitats provide an opportunity to examine contemporary evolution in action and decipher the pace of evolutionary change over short timescales. Here, we characterized phenotypic evolution in the Italian plethodontid salamander,Hydromantes strinatii,following the recent colonization of an artificial cave by a forest floor population. When compared with a nearby and genetically related population in the natural forest floor and a nearby cave population, the artificial cave population displayed significant differences in overall foot shape, with more interdigital webbing relative to the other populations. Further, this population evolved significantly larger feet, which corresponded more closely to those found in other cave populations than to forest floor populations to which the cave population is closely related. Finally, we quantified the rate of evolution for both foot shape and foot area, and found that both traits displayed large and significant evolutionary rates, at levels corresponding to other classic cases of rapid evolution in vertebrates. Together, these findings reveal that the response to novel environmental pressures can be large and rapid and that the anatomical shifts observed in the artificial cave population ofH. strinatiimay represent a case of rapid evolution in response to novel environmental pressures.
Negative association between parental care and sibling cooperation in earwigs: a new perspective on the early evolution of family life?
Authors: Kramer J. , Thesing J. , Meunier J. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThe evolution of family life requires net fitness benefits for offspring, which are commonly assumed to mainly derive from parental care. However, an additional source of benefits for offspring is often overlooked: cooperative interactions among juvenile siblings. In this study, we examined how sibling cooperation and parental care could jointly contribute to the early evolution of family life. Specifically, we tested whether the level of food transferred among siblings (sibling cooperation) in the European earwigForficula auricularia(1) depends on the level of maternal food provisioning (parental care) and (2) is translated into offspring survival, as well as female investment into future reproduction. We show that higher levels of sibling food transfer were associated with lower levels of maternal food provisioning, possibly reflecting a compensatory relationship between sibling cooperation and maternal care. Furthermore, the level of sibling food transfer did not influence offspring survival, but was associated with negative effects on the production of the second and terminal clutch by the tending mothers. These findings indicate that sibling cooperation could mitigate the detrimental effects on offspring survival that result from being tended by low‐quality mothers. More generally, they are in line with the hypothesis that sibling cooperation is an ancestral behaviour that can be retained to compensate for insufficient levels of parental investment.
Agglomeration Properties of Semolina and Whole Wheat Flour Fortified with Flaxseed Flour
Authors: de la Peña Elena , Wiesenborn Dennis P. , Manthey Frank A. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractFormation of large wet agglomerates during nontraditional pasta manufacturing is problematic to the pasta industry. The objective of this research was to characterize the wet agglomeration properties of semolina and a whole hard white winter wheat flour fortified with fine flaxseed flour (FF) and coarse flaxseed flour (CF). The formulations used were semolina 100% (S), whole wheat 100% (WW), semolina–whole wheat (49:51) (SWW), semolina–flaxseed flour (SCF/SFF) (90:10), whole wheat–flaxseed flour (WWCF/WWFF) (90:10) and semolina–whole wheat–flaxseed flour (SWWCF/SWWFF) (39:51:10). Samples were hydrated to 30, 31, 32, 33 and 34% moisture content. The formation of the largest agglomerates occurred with SFF hydrated above 30% moisture. Limited large agglomerate formation was detected in WW, WWFF, SWW and SWWFF regardless of hydration level. The maximum hydration level recommended for each formulation to avoid the formation of large agglomerates was as follows: 30% for SFF, 32% for SCF, 33% for S, WWFF and SWWFF and 34% for WW, WWCF, SWW and SWWCF.Practical ApplicationsThe information provided by this study is useful for pasta manufacturers that want to incorporate nontraditional ingredients in their pasta products. This study characterizes and provides recommendations to avoid or minimize the formation of extremely large agglomerates during the hydration step of the pasta‐making process, which is one of the main problems derived from utilizing nontraditional ingredients for pasta making. This study only addresses the incorporation of whole wheat flour and flaxseed flour; however, the information provided here can be applied to other nontraditional ingredients added to pasta. The magnitude of the problem may vary depending on the type of nontraditional ingredient, but the nature and origin of this problem will be the same.