bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE EFFECTS OF THYROIDECTOMY AND THYROID‐FEEDING UPON THE ADRENALIN CONTENT OF THE SUPRARENALS
Authors: Herring P. T. 
Published: December 2014

Complete thyroidectomy has little, if any, permanent effect upon the adrenalin content of the suprarenals of the rabbit—an animal in which no characteristic symptoms follow removal of the thyroids.In cats the adrenalin content of the suprarenals is diminished in direct proportion to the severity of the symptoms induced by removal of the thyroids. The amount of adrenalin in the suprarenals is found to be up to the average normal amount in cats which show no symptoms.In those cats which exhibit tetany, progressive muscular weakness, and emaciation subsequent to removal of the thyroids and parathyroids, the adrenalin is greatly reduced, and the greater the muscular weakness the greater is found to be the loss of adrenalin.The absence of symptoms following upon complete removal of the thyroids and parathyroids is not infrequent in cats, and has been noted in the Macacus rhesus monkey.The adrenalin content of the suprarenals per kilogramme body‐weight is higher in rabbits than in cats, the figures averaging 0·400 mg. and 0·229 mg. respectively for the normal animals examined.In cats which receive large amounts of raw ox thyroid in addition to their ordinary diet, the amount of adrenalin in the suprarenals is increased, the amount averaging 0·347 mg. per kilogramme body‐weight in the thyroidfed cats examined against 0·229 mg. in the normal.The relative amounts of adrenalin in the suprarenals of normal, thyroidectomised, and thyroid‐fed animals have been ascertained by physiological methods and by Folin'
s colorimetric method. The results are in agreement.
DOES THYROPARATHYROIDECTOMY IN THE DOG AFFECT THE BLOOD COAGULATION TIME?
Authors: Simpson Sutherland , Rasmussen A. T. 
Published: December 2014

In the dog the blood‐coagulation time varies considerably in different individuals, and in the same individual from time to time.The tetany resulting from the removal of the thyroid and all the parathyroid glands does not appear to have any distinct effect on the coagulability of the blood. This applies also to the period before the onset of tetany and to that immediately succeeding it. In our experience the venosity of the blood does not seem to affect the coagulation time in the dog.
CAPILLARY PHENOMENA OBSERVED IN BLOOD CELLS: THIGMOCYTES, PHAGOCYTOSIS, AMŒBOID MOVEMENT, DIFFERENTIAL ADHESIVENESS OF CORPUSCLES, EMIGRATION OF LEUCOCYTES
Authors: Tait John 
Published: December 2014

Rhumbler's Statement of the Physical hypothesis of Ingestion.Rhumbler (1914) has stated the physical hypothesis regarding ingestion of foreign particles by cells, not in terms of surface‐tension, but in terms of molecular attraction. We shall carry out the necessary transformation of expression (1), which is stated in terms of surface‐tension, in order to compare the results with Rhumbler's statement of the conditions.
THE EFFECTS OF PORTAL AND JUGULAR INJECTIONS OF PYLORIC EXTRACTS ON GASTRIC SECRETION
Authors: Lim R. K. S. , Ammon S. E. 
Published: December 2014

1. Injections of pyloric extract into the portal circulation produce a smaller depressor effect and less gastric secretion than similar injections into the jugular vein. The latent period is also more prolonged than in the former case.2. The cause of this difference is discussed and attributed mainly to the removal by the liver of a portion of the gastric exciting substance from the portal blood passing through it.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE HUMAN GASTRO‐DUODENAL SECRETIONS WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE ACTION OF HISTAMINE
Authors: Lim R. K. S. , Matheson Alister R. , Schlapp W. 
Published: December 2014

1. The overnight juice or “residuum” may be described as follows. Amount 52 cc. ; active HCl, 0.150 grm. % ; pepsin, 0.369 grm. % ; mucus and occasionally bile. The analysis of the overnight juice gives no information regarding the secretory state of the stomach ; the amount of the juice depends on the tone of the stomach wall and its holding capacity.2. The basal or fasting juice is as follows. Amount 12 cc. (per 10 minutes); active HCl 0.185 grm. % ; pepsin, 0.544 grm. % ; bile, etc., should be absent. The basal acidity in the majority of cases is low but individuals may show considerable variation. The analysis of the basal juice is of great importance, especially the estimation of the acid output per unit time, as it furnishes the only reliable control to further experimental observations.3. The gastric response. Histamine increases the rate of secretion, and the amount of acid and pepsin. The acid is secreted at a maximum rate for the period of response induced, while the stomach seeks to establish an optimum concentration of acid. The amount of fluid secreted is governed by the necessity of producing an optimum concentration from the acid output. The actual response in each case is therefore governed by the level of the basal output. The average acidity is 0.346 grm. % HCl ; this and actually lower figures in individuals are obtainable in the absence of duodenal regurgitation.In short the acidity of the freshly secreted juice is seldom as high as 0.5 grm.% HCl, the commonly accepted figure.The pepsin increase is irregular, and apparently unrelated to either acidity or amount of juice.4. The influence of atropine. The local application of atropine in doses up to 0.0026 grm. of the sulphate for a period of ten minutes is ineffective in inhibiting the histamine response. The subcutaneous injection of 0.00065 grm. atropine sulphate has also no influence. Histamine must therefore act directly on the secreting cells.5. The duodenal response. Histamine has no direct action on the duodenal, pancreatic, or biliary secretions, but under normal conditions it stimulates these secretions indirectly when the acid of the gastric response escapes into the duodenium.6. Histamine and the alveolar CO2. Both a rise and a fall of alveolar CO2 pressures may be obtained after histamine. These changes may be supposed to result from a preponderating secretion of acid and of alkali respectively, although the evidence available cannot be considered as conclusive.We wish to acknowledge our indebtedness to those students of this University who have volunteered for the experiments described in this paper.The expenses incurred have been defrayed by grants from the Carnegie Trust and from the Earl of Moray Fund for the promotion of Research in the University of Edinburgh.
EFFECTS OF THYROIDECTOMY ON THE CUTANEOUS SYSTEM IN THE SHEEP AND GOAT
Authors: Simpson Sutherland 
Published: December 2014

1. Thyroidectomy in the sheep has a marked effect on the cutaneous system, causing, in certain cases, a falling out of the wool, and in all a diminution in the weight of the fleece when shorn.2. In one case it is uncertain whether the extensive shedding of the wool was due to thyroidectomy or to an excessive dose of thyroxin.3. There is reason to believe that a condition comparable with myxœdema in man may be induced in the sheep by removal of the thyroid glands.4. Both in sheep and goats the rate of horn growth is markedly retarded by thyroidectomy ; and5. This is not due secondarily to an effect on the gonads, but rather directly to loss of the thyroid glands.The cost of this investigation has been defrayed by grants from the Sage Research Fund and the Heckscher Research Foundation of Cornell University.
THE INFLUENCE OF NATURAL CHEMICAL STIMULI ON THE MOVEMENTS OF THE FROG'S STOMACH
Authors: Babkin B. P. 
Published: December 2014

1. The most active part of an isolated stomach of the frog is the pyloric part, from which both ascending and descending waves of contraction may arise.2. The influence of hydrochloric acid on the spontaneous contractions of a frog's stomach varies according to the concentration of the solution employed. In weak solutions (0·05 per cent.) hydrochloric acid increases the contractions while diminishing their frequency. In more concentrated solutions (0·1 per cent. to 0·2 per cent.) it weakens or arrests them. In the latter case a marked lowering of tone is observed.3. The pyloric part of the stomach is the most sensitive to hydrochloric acid.4. The effect of sodium carbonate (0·3–0·5 per cent.) is to raise the tone and to increase the intensity and frequency of the contractions of the frog's stomach.5. The effects of sodium carbonate vary with the excitability of the neuro‐muscular apparatus of the stomach. On weakened preparations what is observed is principally a rise in tone; but—with sufficient excitability of the preparation—special “sodium”contractions are caused.6. Sodium carbonate, unlike hydrochloric acid, stimulates the activity of the pyloric part.This investigation was begun in 1918 in the Physiological Department of the Institute of Experimental Medicine in Petrograd, and was finished in the Physiological Laboratory of the University of Odessa. I owe a debt of gratitude to Professor I. P. Pavlov, not only for allowing me to work in his Laboratory, but also for his helpful criticism throughout the work.
STUDIES ON THE PITUITARY.—IV. QUANTITATIVE COMPARISON OF PRESSOR ACTIVITY
Authors: Hogben Lancelot T. , Schlapp Walter , MacDonald A. D. 
Published: December 2014

1. A method of standardising pressor activity of pituitary extracts with an order of precision not significantly inferior to that obtained with the virgin uterus of the guinea‐pig is described.2. For quantitative or clinical purposes involving action on the circulatory system, pituitary extracts free of depressor substances can be prepared, as SCHAFER and VINCENT indicated, by alcoholic extraction.3. For depressor‐free extracts tolerance is a function of the dosage and time interval between successive injections.4. With appropriate time intervals a remarkable constancy of response of the same character and order of magnitude as the initial rise in blood‐pressure may be obtained with the spinal cat for periods up to twenty hours.5. With sub maximal doses the period of recovery for response of the same order as that obtained on initial injection is rather less than an hour.6. Consistent discrimination tending to increase as the experiment proceeds may be obtained for ten or twelve hours between hourly doses differing by 10 per cent.7. The curve obtained by plotting increase of pressure against dose shows the steepest gradient near a point corresponding to half the dose requisite to produce maximal response; and the best discrimination is obtained by working with a standard in the neighbourhood of this value.8. It is therefore suggested that the match should be made against a standard for which a curve of reference is kept in use: the limit of accuracy can be defined in any instance by interpolating a known dilution between two injections of the standard.
THE NERVOUS SYMPTOMS OF INSULIN HYPOGLYCÆMIA IN RABBITS CONTRASTED WITH THE CONVULSIONS INDUCED BY COCAINE
Authors: Brain W. Russell 
Published: December 2014

1. An account is given of the symptoms of insulin hypoglycæmia in rabbits.2. Their most prominent feature consists of rotatory disturbances of posture and movement, which are in great part the same as those resulting from unilateral labyrinth extirpation.3. The response of the labyrinths to caloric tests has been shown to be diminished or abolished on one or both sides in hypoglycæmic animals.4. The rotatory disturbances are therefore attributed to interference with the excitation or conduction of impulses from the labyrinths in the hypoglyceemic state.5. The convulsions induced in rabbits by cocaine are described.The expenses of this investigation have been defrayed by a grant from the Medical Research Council. I am indebted to Dr
George Riddoch, at whose suggestion it was undertaken, for much helpful advice.
BLOOD COAGULATION AS STUDIED BY INTRAVENOUS INJECTION OF TISSUE EXTRACT
Authors: Burke Hugh E. , Tait John 
Published: December 2014

1. WOOLDRIDGE'S “tissue‐fibrinogen” (thrombokinase) is not obtainable in true solution, its active component being bound up with material in suspension. By filtration through a Pasteur‐Chamberland filter a “solution” of tissue extract (or thrombokinase) is rendered inactive.2. Any injection of active tissue extract causes a prompt fall in the number of circulating platelets. The number soon rises again, to fall once more on repetition of the injection. The immediate fall in number of platelets on each successive injection of the active extract is due to the presence of particulate matter (cell‐debris) in the extract.3. Negative‐phase blood produced by repeated slow injection of tissue extract may behave anomalously when one attempts to defibrinate it by whipping with a stick. If the platelets are still relatively abundant fibrin collects in small amount, and after a considerable delay, on the stick, the rest of the blood staying fluid. If the platelets are considerably reduced in number no fibrin collects, but the blood eventually and after long delay clots in lumps.4. When a starved animal is killed by injection of a minimal lethal amount of active tissue extract, death is due to the formation of a platelet thrombus in the right ventricle and pulmonary artery. The remaining blood, which is fluid, is found to have been all but denuded of its platelets.5. Blood which has been virtually deplateletised in this way still contains fibrinogen and will clot firmly on addition of tissue extract. Apart from a slight local coagulation due to contact of the few remaining platelets with the foreign surface, this blood does not spontaneously clot on glass. If the blood could be wholly deplateletised it would be found to have lost the property of spontaneous coagulation.6. To describe the exact condition of a negative‐phase blood it is not sufficient to specify simply the amount of fibrinogen it contains. For full description one must also specify the relative number of contained platelets, which number does not run parallel to the amount of fibrinogen.7. A blood in which the platelets have been sensibly reduced in number by injection of old and inactive tissue extract exhibits delay in spontaneous coagulation.8. The fatal platelet thrombus in the right ventricle and pulmonary artery after injection of a minimal lethal dose of active tissue extract is similar to that described by
Welsh as occurring sometimes in pneumonia.The expenses of this research were defrayed in part by a grant from the James Cooper Fund of M'Gill University for Research in Experimental Medicine.
THE EFFECT OF THYROIDECTOMY ON SKELETAL MUSCLE IN SHEEP
Authors: Simpson Ethel D. 
Published: December 2014

A study of the skeletal muscle from eleven cretin and five normal sheep shows that early thyroidectomy prevents the normal development of sarcoplasm. The ratio of nucleus to cytoplasm remains more nearly like that in the young animal than that in the control twin. No degeneration of the tissue is evident even in a cretin of four and a half years, and all the structures of normal muscle are demonstrable.I wish to acknowledge my indebtedness to Professor S. H.
Gage and Dr H. S.
Liddell for assistance in this investigation.
THE EFFECT OF THE INJECTION OF SERUM ON THE HEART AND VESSELS OF THE CAT
Authors: Ponder Eric 
Published: December 2014

1. The intravenous injection of small quantities of serum produces in the cat a transient fall of blood‐pressure and a transient slowing and diminution of the amplitude of the heart‐beat. This is due to an effect of the serum on the pulmonary nerve‐endings, and a resulting effect on the cardiac and vasomotor centres.
Brodie's results are thus confirmed.2. This typical effect occurs only in the urethaned or etherised cat. In the cat under chloralose or chloral the heart effect is absent, but the effect on the vasomotor centre persists.3. The effects are not produced by all sera, but by only about 80 per cent. of the number tested. Of these about 50 per cent. produced marked effects. The serum of the cat, rabbit, ox, horse, and of man are equally effective in doses of about 3 c.c.4. One injection rapidly sets up a state of immunity to subsequent injections, the site of the immunity being the pulmonary nerve‐endings. The active substance may be shown to remain in the circulating blood for about five minutes, but no longer. The state of immunity lasts at least thirty minutes, often several hours; the length of its duration depends on the amount of serum injected.5. In animals in which this immunity is established, or in animals with both vagi cut, the injection of the serum produces a slight fall of pressure without any accompanying effect on the heart, and due to a direct action on the peripheral vessels. This effect is always obtained with ether or urethane anæsthesia. In cats under chloralose anæsthesia the fall of pressure is occasionally replaced by a marked rise; more frequently by no effect at all. In pithed cats, in which the effect of the serum on the medullary centres is necessarily abolished, the serum may produce either a fall of pressure or, more rarely, a rise. These effects are not confined to the cat, but occur in the dog, rabbit, and rat.6. The statement that the substance which has its action on the medullary centres is a protein of the albumin class, formed during clotting of the blood in the presence of red cells, is confirmed. The effects on the peripheral vessels are, however, due to another substance which is soluble in boiling alcohol, and which is insoluble in ether or acetone. This latter substance is probably formed after the shedding of the blood.This research was carried out with the aid of a grant from the Moray Fund of the University of Edinburgh.
THE NORMAL OVARIAN CYCLE IN RELATION TO ŒSTRUS PRODUCTION
Authors: Brambell F. W. Rogers , Parkes A. S. 
Published: December 2014

1. It is shown that, in the mouse, double ovariotomy thirty‐six to forty‐eight hours before an œstrous period does not inhibit the appearance of œstrous, although, of course, no signs of it occur subsequently unless ovarian regeneration takes place. From this it is concluded that the œstrus‐producing stimulus becomes operative nearly two days before the appearance of œstrus—i.e. almost in the middle of the diœstrous period.2. It is also shown that the group of follicles which will ovulate at an œstrous period undergo nearly their whole maturation growth after the time when the œstrus stimulus becomes operative. This is additional evidence that follicular maturation is not responsible for œstrous production, and suggests that follicular maturation itself results from the operation of the œstrus‐producing stimulus.As in previous work, our thanks are due to Prof. J. P.
Hill, F.R.S., and Dr. F. H. A.
Marshall, F.R.S., for advice and criticism.The expenses of the research were defrayed from grants from the Medical Research Council to A. S. P., and from the Government Grant Committee of the Royal Society to F. W. R, B.
CERTAIN EFFECTS PRODUCED BY SHOCK AND DEATH ON THE VESSELS OF THE SKIN
Authors: Densham H. B. A. R. , Wells H. M. 
Published: December 2014

In “shocked” animals and in surviving perfused limbs the skin‐vessels do not react directly to adrenaline and “pituitrin,” although they react to alkali.The reactivity of the muscle‐vessels to these drugs remains relatively unaltered.The skin‐vessels respond by passive dilatation to a constriction of the muscle‐vessels of the limb.Our thanks are due to Professor
M'Dowall for much kind assistance.We are indebted to Messrs Parke, Davis & Co. for a supply of adrenaline.
DEMONSTRATION OF SPECIAL PARASYMPATHETIC NERVEFIBRES IN THE DORSAL OR POSTERIOR ROOTS OF THE LUMBAR REGION OF THE SPINAL CORD
Authors: Kure Ken , Nitta Yosio , Tuzi Morimasa , Siraisi Kensaki , Siuyenaga Binzi 
Published: December 2014

The commonly received hypothesis that the vaso‐;dilator effects seen on stimulation of the dorsal roots of the spinal nerves in the thoraciclumbar regions of the cord are produced by antidromic impulses passing down the sensory fibres of those roots is incorrect.Evidence is adduced of the presence of numerous fine medullated fibres in the dorsal roots which have their origin in small nerve‐cells in the grey matter at the base of the dorsal horn of the cord, the axis‐cylinders of which pass as fine medullated fibres into the dorsal roots (accompanying the entering sensory fibres), and pass into the dorsal root ganglia. They are there connected by synapse with special nerve‐cells from which other fine medullated fibres come off. These emerge from the ganglion and pass peripherally into the mixed nerve and its branches. Histological examination of the nerve‐fibres of the dorsal roots after section both beyond the ganglion and between the ganglion and the cord affords clear evidence of the above statement. This evidence is obtained from the result of section of the dorsal root between the ganglion and the cord in producing or in failing to produce Wallerian degeneration of the nerve‐fibres in question in the parts of the severed root distal or proximal to the cord respectively, and in the observation of the changes which occur in certain cells of the cord after such section.It is concluded that the centrifugal small medullated fibres in question represent the parasympathetic fibres of the autonomic system of
Langley in the thoraciclumbar region of the cord, and that their presence is sufficient to account for the so‐called “antidromic” impulses, which have been supposed to travel (centrifugally) down the sensory nerve‐fibres.
THE MEASUREMENT OF THE DIAMETERS OF ERYTHRO‐CYTES. III.—CHANGES IN THE DIAMETER IN ANAEMIA RESULTING FROM HAEMORRHAGE
Authors: Ponder Eric , Millar W. G. 
Published: December 2014

Measurements of the diameter of rabbit erythrocytes in plasma show that repeated hæmorrhage results in a small increase in the mean diameter (about 0.5µ). An increase in the scatter of the distribution of the cell sizes sometimes occurs, but this is an inconstant feature.This investigation was carried out under a grant from the Medical Research Council, and was commenced in the Department of Physiology, Edinburgh University, during the time that one of us (W. G. M.) was holding a Crichton Scholarship.
SOME REMOTE EFFECTS OF DEFICIENT DIETS ON THE RHYTHMICAL MOVEMENTS OF THE ISOLATED INTESTINE
Authors: Magee H. E. , Anderson Wm. , M'Callum Miss J. 
Published: December 2014

The movements of surviving small intestine of cavies fed on adequate diets and on diets consisting chiefly of cereals were studied.In normally‐fed animals three types of rhythm were found: (a) fine contractions; (b) tonus movements of short duration; and (c) large sharp contractions‐the (a) movements preponderating and being very often superimposed on those of the (b) and sometimes of the (c) type. In animals fed on deficient rations various degrees of disordered rhythm were found of a hypersensitive or a hyposensitive type. The responses to adrenaline, bicarbonate, and phosphates were generally different from those found in normal animals.