bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The development of nonadjacent dependency learning in natural and artificial languages
Authors: Sandoval Michelle , Gómez Rebecca L. 
Published: July 2013

Nonadjacent dependencies occur over one or more intervening units and require learners to track discontinuous sequential relationships. These discontinuous relationships are present at multiple levels in language (e.g., as seen in morphosyntactic dependencies and at the phonological level in vowel harmony). Experiments suggest that these dependencies are acquired using statistical learning mechanisms and that this learning is also affected by perceptual biases. Artificial and natural language studies have shown that infants are sensitive to these statistical regularities but there appear to be developmental constraints on learning. Developmental investigations have also examined how knowledge and processing of the intervening elements affect learning, and whether categories can be acquired using nonadjacent dependency information. WIREs Cogn Sci 2013, 4:511–522. doi: 10.1002/wcs.1244This article is categorized under:

Linguistics > Language Acquisition
Psychology > Language
Psychology > Learning
Contribution to the Chemistry of (ClC{PPh3}2)Cl, a Precursor of the Carbodiphosphorane C(PPh3)2
Authors: Petz Wolfgang , Neumüller Bernhard 
Published: July 2013

AbstractThe salt (ClC{PPh3}2)Cl (1), formally seen as an addition compound between the carbone C(PPh3)2 and Cl+, reacts with AlBr3 in DCM or 1‐Br‐2‐F‐C6H4 to give the dication (HClC{PPh3}2)2+ with the counterions [AlCl4]– and [AlBr4]–, respectively. If the reaction was carried out in MeNO2 as the solvent the salt (H2C{PPh3}2)Br[AlBr4] was isolated. The dication (HClC{PPh3}2)2+ was also formed from the reaction of 1 with Me3SiOSO2CF3. The protons at the ylidic carbon atoms stem from the solvents. Alternatively, the dication (HClC{PPh3}2)2+ could be obtained more easily upon reacting 1 with HCl in diethyl ether. The compounds were characterized by multi NMR spectroscopy and by X‐ray analyses.
A DFT Study on Estrone – TNT Interaction
Authors: Türker Lemi , Çelik Bayar Çağlar 
Published: July 2013

AbstractTrinitrotoluene, known as TNT, is a widely used powerful explosive. It is a poisonous material, which injures almost all cells, especially those of liver, bone marrow, and kidney. Estrone is a sex hormone having an electron rich aromatic (phenolic) ring that is capable of forming a π complex with molecules containing an electron deficient π system. This study has focused on investigating the tendency of the complex formation of TNT with estrone. It has been thought that the formation of estrone‐TNT π complex might take place in a human body exposed to acute or prolong period of this hazardous chemical and consequently estrone activities might be impaired. The complex formation reaction was investigated mainly using DFT method with B3LYP/6‐31G(d, p) basis set in gas phase. The existence of π interaction between estrone and TNT was demonstrated by computational spectroscopic analyses (UV/Vis, IR, and 1H NMR techniques). The frontier molecular orbital (HOMO and LUMO) analyses have shown that the considered π complex is very resistant to oxidation with respect to its components, estrone and TNT.
A Vekua‐type linear theory of thick elastic shells
Authors: Zhavoronok S. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractThis paper presents an effective variational formalism of construction of the thick anisotropic linear shell theory of Vekua‐type of an arbitrary order. The dynamic equations are formulated as the Lagrange equations of the second kind, independent from expansion functions. The asymmetric stress tensor is used to obtain the compact form of the dynamic equations similar to the classical shell theories. The proposed approach allows one for computer‐aided derivation of all equations using computer algebra software supporting main tensor operations. Some solutions of test problems are presented.
Finding all flux vacua in an explicit example
Authors: Martínez-Pedrera Danny , Mehta Dhagash , Rummel Markus , Westphal Alexander 
Published: June 2013

AbstractWe explicitly construct all supersymmetric flux vacua of a particular Calabi-Yau compactification of type IIB string theory for a small number of flux carrying cycles and a given D3-brane tadpole. The analysis is performed in the large complex structure region by using the polynomial homotopy continuation method, which allows to find all stationary points of the polynomial equations that characterize the supersymmetric vacuum solutions. The number of vacua as a function of the D3 tadpole is in agreement with statistical studies in the literature. We calculate the available tuning of the cosmological constant from fluxes and extrapolate to scenarios with a larger number of flux carrying cycles. We also verify the range of scales for the moduli and gravitino masses recently found for a single explicit flux choice giving a Kähler uplifted de Sitter vacuum in the same construction.
Time‐specific effect of prenatal stressful life events on gestational weight gain
Authors: Zhu Peng , Huang Wen , Hao Jia‐Hu , Huang Kun , Jiang Xiao‐Min , Tao Fang‐Biao 
Published: June 2013

AbstractObjectiveTo investigate the time‐specific effect of maternal exposure to prenatal stressful life events (SLEs) on gestational weight gain (GWG) and to determine whether pre‐pregnancy body mass index (BMI) modifies the effect.MethodsBetween March and November 2008, data were collected from 1800 pregnant women who received prenatal check‐ups in Hefei, China, after 32 completed weeks of gestation. Participants completed a structured interview on demographic characteristics and a checklist of SLEs during different stages of pregnancy. GWG during pregnancy was determined by self‐reported pre‐pregnancy weight and measured weight at delivery.ResultsThere was a significant dose–response relationship between prenatal SLEs in the first, but not the second or third, trimester and GWG. For each 1‐unit increase in SLEs during the first trimester, there was a reduction in GWG of approximately 0.497 kg (95% confidence interval, 0.176–0.817 kg). After stratification by pre‐pregnancy BMI, a significant negative association between SLEs in the first trimester and GWG was observed among women with pre‐pregnancy normal (β = − 0.796; 95% CI, − 1.291 to − 0.301) and low (β = − 1.066; 95% CI, − 2.180 to − 0.048) weight.ConclusionThe effect of prenatal SLEs on GWG depends on the timing of maternal exposure to stress and varies according to pre‐pregnancy BMI.
RECONSIDERING “TOTAL” FAILURE
Authors: Wilmot-Smith Frederick 
Published: July 2013

AbstractThe law has long recognised a right to recover an enrichment transferred on a consideration which has failed. However, the consideration has to fail totally. Much ink has been spilled arguing that the limit is a bad one. Less has been written about quite what a total failure of consideration actually is. In this paper, it is argued that the best understanding of the total failure rule is that it prevents restitution when the failure is insubstantial; only substantial failures justify restitution. This shows that the limit is integral to the justification of the award of restitution.
BNFinder2: Faster Bayesian network learning and Bayesian classification
Authors: Dojer Norbert , Bednarz Paweł , Podsiadło Agnieszka , Wilczyński Bartek 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
Summary: Bayesian Networks (BNs) are versatile probabilistic models applicable to many different biological phenomena. In biological applications the structure of the network is usually unknown and needs to be inferred from experimental data. BNFinder is a fast software implementation of an exact algorithm for finding the optimal structure of the network given a number of experimental observations. Its second version, presented in this article, represents a major improvement over the previous version. The improvements include (i) a parallelized learning algorithm leading to an order of magnitude speed-ups in BN structure learning time; (ii) inclusion of an additional scoring function based on mutual information criteria; (iii) possibility of choosing the resulting network specificity based on statistical criteria and (iv) a new module for classification by BNs, including cross-validation scheme and classifier quality measurements with receiver operator characteristic scores.
Availability and implementation: BNFinder2 is implemented in python and freely available under the GNU general public license at the project Web site https://launchpad.net/bnfinder, together with a user’s manual, introductory tutorial and supplementary methods.
Contact: dojer@mimuw.edu.pl or bartek@mimuw.edu.pl
Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
SbacHTS: Spatial background noise correction for High-Throughput RNAi Screening
Authors: Zhong Rui , Kim Min Soo , White Michael A. , Xie Yang , Xiao Guanghua 
Published: June 2013

Abstract
Motivation: High-throughput cell-based phenotypic screening has become an increasingly important technology for discovering new drug targets and assigning gene functions. Such experiments use hundreds of 96-well or 384-well plates, to cover whole-genome RNAi collections and/or chemical compound files, and often collect measurements that are sensitive to spatial background noise whose patterns can vary across individual plates. Correcting these position effects can substantially improve measurement accuracy and screening success.
Result: We developed SbacHTS (Spatial background noise correction for High-Throughput RNAi Screening) software for visualization, estimation and correction of spatial background noise in high-throughput RNAi screens. SbacHTS is supported on the Galaxy open-source framework with a user-friendly open access web interface. We find that SbacHTS software can effectively detect and correct spatial background noise, increase signal to noise ratio and enhance statistical detection power in high-throughput RNAi screening experiments.
Availability: http://www.galaxy.qbrc.org/
Contact: Guanghua.Xiao@UTSouthwestern.edu
Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Effect of Milling on the Color, Nutritional Properties, and Antioxidant Contents of Glutinous Black Rice
Authors: Laokuldilok Thunnop , Surawang Suthat , Klinhom Jitra 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACTDehulled glutinous black rice (cv. Kam Doi Saket) was abrasively milled (0–60 s) to make a degree of milling (DOM) curve. The curve showed a nonlinear relationship between milling time and DOM. The slope sharply increased in the first 20 s; after this point, the increase was moderate. The redness of grain and flour surprisingly increased after milling, and the highest value was found at 20 s of milling. Protein, fat, and crude fiber were not uniformly distributed in the dehulled rice kernel. The rice retained only 76.95, 32.79, 20.24, and 36.57% of protein, fat, crude fiber, and ash, respectively, after milling for 60 s. Anthocyanins, γ‐oryzanol, and α‐tocopherol decreased by 74.49, 55.35, and 70.36%, respectively, after 10 s of milling. The scavenging activity decreased sharply when milling was carried out for longer than 30 s. The methanolic extract from rice milled for 60 s showed the lowest activity, which was 21.1 times lower than that of the dehulled rice extract. It was concluded that milling for 20 s was sufficient to remove most of the bran layer of the black rice sample, but 10 s of milling retained higher contents of nutritional components and rice antioxidants.
Removal and Isolation of Germ‐Rich Fractions from Hull‐less Barley Using a Fitzpatrick Comminuting Mill and Sieves
Authors: Moreau Robert A. , Hicks Kevin B. 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACTA process was developed to produce a germ‐enriched fraction from hull‐less barley using a Fitzpatrick comminuting mill (FitzMilling) followed by sieving. Hulled and hull‐less barleys contain 1.5–2.5% oil and, like wheat kernels, which contain wheat germ oil, much of the oil in barley kernels is in the germ fraction. A process that combined FitzMilling and sieving produced a germ‐enriched fraction with an oil content of ≈15% and a yield of ≈1.1%. For comparison, this is higher than the levels of oil in most samples of commercial wheat germ. Experimental conditions were also described to produce a germ‐enriched fraction with a higher yield (2.16%), but it would have lower oil content (10.24%). Germination and compositional analysis studies suggested that FitzMilling hull‐less barley for 2 min or longer reduced germination rates to 1% or less, which was interpreted to mean that almost the entire viable germ was removed. In contrast, FitzMilling conventional hulled barley for 4 min had no effect on germination, and milling for 6 and 8 min resulted in germination rates of 36 and 12%, respectively. The oil extracted from germ‐enriched fractions was rich in free phytosterols (≈1%), phytosterol esters (3–7%), and free fatty acids (2–10%). These germ‐enriched fractions and the extracted oil they contain may have value as nutraceuticals or premium edible oils.
First Report of Potato Blackleg Disease Caused by Pectobacterium atrosepticum in Guangdong China
Authors: She X. M. , He Z. F. , Tang Y. F. , Du Z. G. , Lan G. B. 
Published: July 2013

Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is an important crop in China. In 2013, diseased potatoes exhibiting blackleg and soft rot symptoms were found in the winter potato growing areas of Huizhou city, Guangdong Province, China, with an incidence of approximately 20%. Initially, the stem bases of infected plants blackened and this symptom spread upward. Later, foliage of the diseased plants became yellow and the stem rotted with vascular discoloration. Twenty diseased plants with typical black leg symptoms were collected from a 10-ha potato field with approximately 60,000 potato plants per hectare. A bacterium with small, irregular, round, fluidal, white colonies was isolated from the vascular tissue of all diseased plants on nutrient agar at 26°C for 2 days. Ten strains were randomly selected for pathogenicity assays. Potato plants (cv. Favorita) at the five- to six-leaf stage were inoculated by injecting their stems with 1 ml of each strain in a bacterial suspension (3 × 108 CFU/ml). The inoculated potato plants were incubated at 16 to 21°C and 65 to 85% humidity, and exhibited the same symptoms as the diseased potato plants in the field by 3 to 5 days post inoculation (dpi). The bacterium was reisolated from the diseased tissue (stem) of the inoculated potato plants and produced characteristic pits on crystal violet pectate medium (1). The bacterium utilized a-methyl glucoside, glucose, lactose, maltose, cellobiose, raffinose, melibiose, and citrate, but not d-arabitol, sorbitol, or malonate. The bacteria also gave a positive reaction for catalase and production of reducing substances from sucrose, but gave a negative reaction for oxidase, production of phosphatase, and indole. Using the universal bacterial 16S rDNA primer set, 27f/1541R (4), 1,400-bp fragments were amplified from the 10 strains. The sequences of the 10 fragments (GenBank Accessions KC695819 to KC695828) were identical and had 100% sequence identity with 16S rDNA of Pectobacterium atrosepticum CFBP 1526 (JN600332). Further, the 438-bp and 690-bp fragments were respectively amplified from all 10 strains with the P. atrosepticum-specific primers Y45/Y46 (3) and ECA1f/ECA2r (2). To our knowledge, this is the first report of potato blackleg disease caused by P. atrosepticum (formerly named as Erwinia carotovora subsp. atroseptica) in Guangdong Province, China. References: (1) D. Cupples et al. Phytopathology 64:468, 1974. (2) S. H. De Boer et al. Phytopathology 85:854, 1995. (3) D. Frenchon et al. Potato Research 41:63, 1995. (4) M. Horita et al. J. Gen. Plant Pathol. 70:278, 2004.
First Report of Charcoal Rot Caused by Macrophomina phaseolina in Soybean in New York
Authors: Cummings J. A. , Bergstrom G. C. 
Published: July 2013

Charcoal rot of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.), incited by Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goidanich, is commonly found in much of the southern soybean production region of the United States, where it can be a major contributor to yield loss in warm, dry seasons (4). The disease has also been reported in northern states including Michigan, Minnesota, North Dakota, and Wisconsin (1,2,3). In early July of the warmer and drier than normal 2012 growing season, wilted soybean plants were observed and collected for diagnosis from a field in Cayuga County, NY. The diseased plants showed brown discoloration of the stem and roots but the diagnostic microsclerotia of M. phaseolina had not yet developed in the epidermis. Cut pieces of roots and crowns were surface-sterilized in 20% sodium hypochlorite, rinsed in sterile distilled water, and incubated on potato dextrose agar at room temperature with a 12-h photoperiod for 7 days. The pathogen was observed growing out of many of the crown and root pieces, and produced abundant microsclerotia as described by Smith and Wyllie (4). Pathogenicity of isolate Mp001NY12 was confirmed using a cut stem inoculation method. Five soybean plants were grown to the unifoliate stage and inoculated by cutting the stem above the unifoliate leaves and applying a fully colonized agar plug to the wound. Within 2 weeks, infection was obvious with microsclerotia formed in the epidermis of all infected plants, and M. phaseolina was reisolated from all infected plants. DNA of isolate Mp001NY12 was extracted from colonies grown on PDA with PrepMan Ultra DNA extraction kit (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA), and the DNA was submitted for ITS sequencing with the ITS1 and ITS4 primers used for PCR amplification. The ITS sequence (GenBank Accession No. KC800709) of Mp001NY12 was compared to those in the NCBI GenBank database using a BLAST search, and had 99% nucleotide sequence identity with M. phaseolina (accessions JX945170, FJ415067, and EU250575). To the best of our knowledge, charcoal rot has not been reported previously on soybean or other plant hosts in New York or in other states in the northeastern United States. References: (1) Baird et al. Mycopathologia 170:169, 2010. (2) C. A. Bradley and L. E. del Rio. Plant Dis. 87:601, 2003. (3) M. E. ElAraby et al. Plant Dis. 87:202, 2003. (4) G. S. Smith and T. D. Wyllie. Charcoal rot. Page 29 in: Compendium of Soybean Diseases, 4th ed. G. L. Hartman et al., eds. APS Press, St. Paul, MN, 1999.
Public agricultural R&D over the past half century: an emerging new world order
Authors: Pardey Philip G. , Alston Julian M. , Chan‐Kang Connie 
Published: June 2013

AbstractRecent trends in farm productivity and food prices raise concerns about whether the era of global agricultural abundance is over. Agricultural R&D is a crucial determinant of agricultural productivity and production, and therefore food prices and poverty. In this article, we present entirely new evidence on investments in public agricultural R&D worldwide as an indicator of the prospects for agricultural productivity growth over the coming decades. The agricultural R&D world is changing, and in ways that will definitely affect future global patterns of poverty, hunger, and other outcomes. The overall picture is one in which the middle‐income countries are growing in relative importance as producers of agricultural innovations through investments in R&D, and have consequently better prospects as producers of agricultural products.
Agricultural price distortions: trends and volatility, past, and prospective
Authors: Anderson Kym 
Published: June 2013

AbstractHistorically, earnings from farming in many developing countries have been depressed by a pro‐urban bias in own‐country policies, as well as by governments of richer countries favoring their farmers with import barriers and subsidies. Both sets of policies reduced global economic welfare and agricultural trade, and added to global inequality and poverty. Over the past three decades, much progress has been made in reducing agricultural protection in high‐income countries and agricultural disincentives in developing countries. However, plenty of price distortions remain. As well, the propensity of governments to insulate their domestic food market from fluctuations in international prices has not waned. Such insulation contributes to the amplification of international food price fluctuations, yet it does little to advance national food security when food‐importing and food‐exporting countries equally engage in insulating behavior. Thus there is still much scope to improve global economic welfare via multilateral agreement not only to remove remaining trade distortions but also to desist from varying trade barriers when international food prices gyrate. This article summarizes indicators of trends and fluctuations in farm trade barriers before examining unilateral or multilateral trade arrangements, together with complementary domestic measures, that could lead to better global food security outcomes.
Renal sympathetic nerve ablation for treatment‐resistant hypertension
Authors: Krum Henry , Schlaich Markus , Sobotka Paul 
Published: July 2013

Hypertension is a major risk factor for increased cardiovascular events with accelerated sympathetic nerve activity implicated in the pathogenesis and progression of disease. Blood pressure is not adequately controlled in many patients, despite the availability of effective pharmacotherapy. Novel procedure‐ as well as device‐based strategies, such as percutaneous renal sympathetic nerve denervation, have been developed to improve blood pressure in these refractory patients. Renal sympathetic denervation not only reduces blood pressure but also renal as well as systemic sympathetic nerve activity in such patients. The reduction in blood pressure appears to be sustained over 3 years after the procedure, which suggests absence of re‐innervation of renal sympathetic nerves. Safety appears to be adequate. This approach may also have potential in other disorders associated with enhanced sympathetic nerve activity such as congestive heart failure, chronic kidney disease and metabolic syndrome.This review will focus on the current status of percutaneous renal sympathetic nerve denervation, clinical efficacy and safety outcomes and prospects beyond refractory hypertension.