bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hybrid iterative reconstruction algorithm in brain CT: a radiation dose reduction and image quality assessment study
Authors: Löve Askell , Siemund Roger , Höglund Peter , Van Westen Danielle , Stenberg Lars , Petersen Cecilia , Björkman-Burtscher Isabella M 
Published: July 2013

Background Iterative reconstruction (IR) algorithms improve image quality and allow for radiation dose reduction in CT. Dose reduction is particularly challenging in brain CT where good low-contrast resolution is essential. Ideally, evaluation of image quality combines objective measurements and subjective assessment of clinically relevant quality criteria. Subjective assessment is associated with various pitfalls and biases. Purpose To evaluate the potential of the hybrid IR algorithm iDOSE4 to preserve image quality in phantom and clinical brain CT acquired with 30% reduced radiation dose, and to discuss the image quality assessment methods. Material and Methods Forty patients underwent two consecutive brain CTs with normal radiation dose (ND) and 30% reduced dose (RD). Both ND and RD were reconstructed with FBP. In addition the reduced dose CTs were reconstructed with two levels of IR (ID2, ID4). Three image quality criteria (grey-white-matter discrimination, basal ganglia delineation, general image quality) were graded and ranked by six neuroradiologists. Noise levels and contrast-to-noise ratios (CNR) were measured in clinical data. Noise, signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), spatial resolution, and noise-power spectrum (NPS) were also assessed in a phantom. Results Subjective image quality was considered adequate for clinical use for all reconstructions, graded good or excellent in 93% of cases for ND, 83% for ID4, 79% for ID2, and 67% for RD. For all quality parameters, ID4 and ID2 were graded better than RD ( P < 0.0055 and P < 0.035), but worse than ND ( P < 0.001). In clinical images, objective measurements showed lower noise and significantly higher CNR in ID4 compared with ND and RD ( P < 0.001). CNR was similar for ID2 and ND. In the phantom, IR reduced noise while maintaining spatial resolution and NPS. Conclusion: The IR algorithm improves image quality of reduced dose CTs and consistently delivers sufficient image quality for clinical purposes. Pitfalls related to subjective assessment can be addressed with careful study design.
Low-dose multidetector computed tomography of the cervical spine: optimization of iterative reconstruction strength levels
Authors: Omoumi Patrick , Verdun Francis R , Salah Yosr Ben , Berg Bruno C Vande , Lecouvet Frederic E , Malghem Jacques , Ott Julien G , Meuli Reto , Becce Fabio 
Published: July 2013

Background Iterative reconstruction (IR) techniques reduce image noise in multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) imaging. They can therefore be used to reduce radiation dose while maintaining diagnostic image quality nearly constant. However, CT manufacturers offer several strength levels of IR to choose from. Purpose To determine the optimal strength level of IR in low-dose MDCT of the cervical spine. Material and Methods Thirty consecutive patients investigated by low-dose cervical spine MDCT were prospectively studied. Raw data were reconstructed using filtered back-projection and sinogram-affirmed IR (SAFIRE, strength levels 1 to 5) techniques. Image noise, signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), and contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) were measured at C3–C4 and C6–C7 levels. Two radiologists independently and blindly evaluated various anatomical structures (both dense and soft tissues) using a 4-point scale. They also rated the overall diagnostic image quality using a 10-point scale. Results As IR strength levels increased, image noise decreased linearly, while SNR and CNR both increased linearly at C3–C4 and C6–C7 levels ( P < 0.001). For the intervertebral discs, the content of neural foramina and dural sac, and for the ligaments, subjective image quality scores increased linearly with increasing IR strength level ( P ≤ 0.03). Conversely, for the soft tissues and trabecular bone, the scores decreased linearly with increasing IR strength level ( P < 0.001). Finally, the overall diagnostic image quality scores increased linearly with increasing IR strength level ( P < 0.001). Conclusion The optimal strength level of IR in low-dose cervical spine MDCT depends on the anatomical structure to be analyzed. For the intervertebral discs and the content of neural foramina, high strength levels of IR are recommended.
Can a multi-disciplinary assessment approach improve outcomes for children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder?
Authors: Bor William , Heath Fiona , Heussler Honey , Reuter Rebecca , Perrett Carmel , Lee Erica 
Published: July 2013

Objective: Public, consumer and professional views about attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, its assessment and treatment – especially with medication – remain a highly contested domain. Parents in particular express disquiet with services. One response to this tension is a multidisciplinary evaluation. Parental and education perceptions of this process have not been evaluated previously. A community multidisciplinary approach was assessed in terms of diagnostic outcomes and client satisfaction. Method: A comprehensive multidisciplinary structured assessment of the first 50 referred children with severe attentional problems was documented. Demographic and symptom/behavioural profiles, developmental history and indicated multi-disciplinary evaluation were recorded. A team consensus process arrived at diagnostic classification. Post-assessment satisfaction of parents and school staff was surveyed. Results: Thirteen children (26%) were diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and three commenced stimulants. The majority of parents and educators were satisfied with the service. Conclusions: A multidisciplinary assessment clinic for children presenting with attention problems resulted in minimal prescribing. Overall, education staff and parents were satisfied with the service. The model may be a suitable response to the multiple concerns in the community.
Demonstrating the impact and model of care of a Statewide psychiatric intensive care service
Authors: Lee Stuart , Hollander Yitzchak , Scarff Lisa , Dube Ryan , Keppich-Arnold Sandra , Stafrace Simon 
Published: July 2013

Objective: To characterise patients and their outcomes following referral to a Statewide psychiatric intensive care service. Method: This study conducted a medical audit for patients referred to the Statewide service during the first four years of operation (2007−2011). Demographics and the presence of alcohol and other drug and forensic comorbidities were documented along with the treatment received prior to and during admission. Results: In the first four years of operation, 58 referrals were received, 41 resulting in admission and seven in secondary consultation delivered to the referring inpatient psychiatry service. Admitted patients were most commonly experiencing a psychotic illness, had high levels of substance comorbidities and antisocial personality traits, required lengthy admissions (mean days = 41.5), and were in most cases successfully discharged back to the referring inpatient psychiatry service or the community. Significant reductions in clinician-rated difficulties measured via the Health of the Nations Outcome Scale were found at discharge, and despite the significant presenting aggression risk, few attempted or actual assaults occurred. Conclusion: Improved outcomes were achieved with patients deemed unsafe for psychiatric care in high dependency units in other Victorian acute mental health services through management by an acute service that has developed special expertise in this area.
National trends in the community prescribing of second-generation antipsychotic medications in Australian children and youth: the incomplete story
Authors: Hollingworth Samantha , Duhig Michael , Hall Wayne , Scott James 
Published: July 2013

Objective: The objective of this article is to examine national trends in prescribing second-generation antipsychotic (SGA) medications to Australian children and youth (0–24 years) and to report deficiencies in available data. Methods: We conducted a retrospective review of government data on all dispensed SGA prescriptions between 2002 and 2007. Scripts were converted to defined daily dose (DDD)/1000 population/day using census data. Trends in utilisation of dispensed SGAs were analysed by gender and age. Results: The total amount of SGAs dispensed to children (0–14 years) remained stable over the five-year study period. In 2007, according to available data, total SGA medication dispensed to Australian children equated to fewer than three in 10,000 children receiving the equivalent of a standard adult dose of medication each day. Conclusions: In contrast to many other countries, the dispensed use of SGA medication in Australian children and youth has remained relatively stable. In our opinion, this is almost certainly because of limitations in data collection and accessibility. Given the safety concerns associated with SGAs prescribed to children and young people and the need to improve the quality use of medicines, it is essential that methods are developed in Australia to accurately capture prescribing of SGAs to Australian children and youth.
Gender dysphoria in Asperger’s syndrome: a caution
Authors: Parkinson John 
Published: July 2013

Objective: The incidence of Asperger’s syndrome is reported as above average in young people presenting with gender dysphoria. Patients with Asperger’s syndrome, however, are prone to obsessive preoccupations. This paper points out that the apparent dysphoria may in some cases prove to be a transient obsession. Method: Cases from the author’s clinical practice were reviewed. Results: Two young men with histories suggesting Asperger’s syndrome presented with strong convictions of gender dysphoria, asking for hormonal and surgical treatment. Treatment was withheld and after several years both came to repudiate their ’transgender phase’. Conclusions: Patients asking for sex reassignment should be assessed for indications of Asperger’s syndrome. Irreversible treatments should be withheld until it is clear there is a genuine issue of transsexualism.
The psychological impact of losing a friend to suicide
Authors: Bartik Warren , Maple Myfanwy , Edwards Helen , Kiernan Michael 
Published: July 2013

Objective: Suicide bereavement research can help facilitate greater understanding of the impact of suicide and potential risks for others. As there is limited research on the experience of young people who lose a friend to suicide, the aim of this exploratory study was to consider specific psychological factors for such bereaved young people. Methods: Ten young people who had experienced the suicide death of a friend completed self-report measures to assess levels of depression, anxiety, coping and prolonged grief. Results: Participants reported increased levels of stress, depression, reduced coping capacity and prolonged grief symptoms that have continued considerably beyond the death of their friend. Conclusions: Psychological distress for young people bereaved by a friend’s suicide is of concern given the developmental changes and life transitions associated with this age group. Implications include the significant health and wellbeing challenges associated with suicide bereavement for young people. The outcomes support a more proactive response from mental health and support services.
Demonstrating the effectiveness of less restrictive care pathways for the management of patients treated with clozapine
Authors: Filia Sacha , Lee Stuart , Sinclair Kelly , Wheelhouse Alyson , Wilkins Sally , de Castella Anthony , Kulkarni Jayashri 
Published: July 2013

Objective: The purpose of this study was to measure the effectiveness of two alternative care pathways for managing patients treated with clozapine. Method: Medical records for 90 clozapine patients managed via three care pathways were audited for a 24 month period (30 per group). The three care pathways established to manage patients prescribed clozapine include: (1) remaining in public mental health service case management; (2) transitioning to general practitioner–mental health service shared care; or (3) transitioning to private psychiatry sole care. Demographic, illness, medication compliance, service utilisation and performance on clinical outcome measures were collected in the 12 months prior to and following transition. Results: Across both the private psychiatry and general practitioner (GP) shared care transitioned groups, only one patient had a psychiatric hospital admission in the 12 months following transition, and transitioned patients also had fewer mental health service clinician contacts. Good medication compliance, better skills of daily living, lower levels of illicit substance abuse and a lower intensity of case management history were seen in transitioned patients. Conclusions: Transitioning appropriate patients taking clozapine to less intensive care pathways like private psychiatrists and GP shared care can be effectively achieved if appropriate supports are in place for both the clinicians and their patients.
Effect of physicians’ gender on communication and consultation length: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Jefferson Laura , Bloor Karen , Birks Yvonne , Hewitt Catherine , Bland Martin 
Published: July 2013

Objective Physician gender may be a source of differences in communication between physicians and their patients, which may in turn contribute to patient satisfaction and other outcomes. Our aim was to review systematically research on gender differences in the length, style and content of communication with patients. Methods Seven electronic databases were searched from inception to September 2010 with no language restrictions (included MEDLINE; PsychINFO; EMBASE; CINAHL; Health Management Information Consortium; Web of Science; and ASSIA). ‘Grey’ literature was also searched. Data extraction and quality assessment was carried out in accordance with Cochrane Collaboration guidelines by at least two reviewers. The review uses mainly narrative synthesis due to the heterogeneous nature of the studies, with only data on consultation length being pooled in a random effects generic inverse variance meta-analysis. Results Searches yielded 6412 articles, of which 33 studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Studies were heterogenous and of mixed quality. Conflicting results are reported for many communication variables. There is some evidence that female physicians adopt a more partnership building style and spend on average 2.24 min longer with patients per consultation (95% CI 0.62–3.86) than their male colleagues. Conclusions Greater patient engagement by female doctors may reflect a more patient-centred approach, but their longer consultation times will limit the number of consultations they can provide. This has implications for planning and managing services.
The new genetics of chronic neutrophilic leukemia and atypical CML: implications for diagnosis and treatment
Authors: Gotlib Jason , Maxson Julia E. , George Tracy I. , Tyner Jeffrey W. 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
Although activation of tyrosine kinase pathways is a shared theme among myeloproliferative neoplasms, the pathogenetic basis of chronic neutrophilic leukemia (CNL) has remained elusive. Recently, we identified high-frequency oncogenic mutations in the granulocyte-colony stimulating factor receptor (CSF3R) in CNL and in some patients with atypical chronic myeloid leukemia. Inhibition of Janus kinase 2 or SRC kinase signaling downstream of mutated CSF3R is feasible and should be explored therapeutically. Herein, we discuss the potential impact of these findings for the classification and treatment of these disorders.
Aberrant NDRG1 methylation associated with its decreased expression and clinicopathological significance in breast cancer
Authors: Han Lin-Lin , Hou Lin , Zhou Ming-Jin , Ma Zhong-liang , Lin Dong-Liang , Wu Li , Ge Yin-lin 
Published: July 2013

AbstractBackgroundCancer cell differentiation is an important characteristic of malignant tumor and has a great impact on prognosis and therapeutic decision for patients. The N-myc downstream regulated gene 1 (NDRG1), a putative tumor suppression gene, is involved in the regulation of human cell differentiation and metastasis in various cancers. Changes in the status of methylation of the NDRG1 gene have not been studied in detail in human breast cancer.ResultsThe MDA-MB-231 breast tumor cell line could express NDRG1. However, it was only expressed after treatment with 5-Aza-2'-deoxycytidine (AZA) in T47D cell line, which revealed that NDRG1 expression could modulated by DNA methylation. Therefore, the fragment surrounding the transcript start site of NDRG1 gene promoter was cloned after sodium bisulfite DNA treatment. A high density (66%) of methylation for human NDRG1 gene promoter was detected in T47D; however, there was only 16% of methylated CpG dinucleotides in the NDRG1 gene promoter in MDA-MB-231. DNA methylation in the NDRG1 promoter was detected in 31.1% of primary breast cancer samples. Furthermore, the NDRG1 promoter methylation correlated with the Tumor Node Metastasis (TNM) at stage III/IV, metastasis, lymph invasion, moderate and poor histological grade in the breast cancer patients.ConclusionThese findings suggest that the DNA methylation status of NDRG1 gene may play an important role in the pathogenesis and/or development of breast cancer, and the expression could be regulated by aberrant DNA methylation.
Data-mining the FlyAtlas online resource to identify core functional motifs across transporting epithelia
Authors: Chintapalli Venkateswara R , Wang Jing , Herzyk Pawel , Davies Shireen A , Dow Julian AT 
Published: July 2013

Abstract

Background
Comparative analysis of tissue-specific transcriptomes is a powerful technique to uncover tissue functions. Our FlyAtlas.org provides authoritative gene expression levels for multiple tissues of Drosophila melanogaster (1). Although the main use of such resources is single gene lookup, there is the potential for powerful meta-analysis to address questions that could not easily be framed otherwise. Here, we illustrate the power of data-mining of FlyAtlas data by comparing epithelial transcriptomes to identify a core set of highly-expressed genes, across the four major epithelial tissues (salivary glands, Malpighian tubules, midgut and hindgut) of both adults and larvae.

Method
Parallel hypothesis-led and hypothesis-free approaches were adopted to identify core genes that underpin insect epithelial function. In the former, gene lists were created from transport processes identified in the literature, and their expression profiles mapped from the flyatlas.org online dataset. In the latter, gene enrichment lists were prepared for each epithelium, and genes (both transport related and unrelated) consistently enriched in transporting epithelia identified.

Results
A key set of transport genes, comprising V-ATPases, cation exchangers, aquaporins, potassium and chloride channels, and carbonic anhydrase, was found to be highly enriched across the epithelial tissues, compared with the whole fly. Additionally, a further set of genes that had not been predicted to have epithelial roles, were co-expressed with the core transporters, extending our view of what makes a transporting epithelium work. Further insights were obtained by studying the genes uniquely overexpressed in each epithelium; for example, the salivary gland expresses lipases, the midgut organic solute transporters, the tubules specialize for purine metabolism and the hindgut overexpresses still unknown genes.

Conclusion
Taken together, these data provide a unique insight into epithelial function in this key model insect, and a framework for comparison with other species. They also provide a methodology for function-led datamining of FlyAtlas.org and other multi-tissue expression datasets.
Directional RNA-seq reveals highly complex condition-dependent transcriptomes in E. coli K12 through accurate full-length transcripts assembling
Authors: Li Shan , Dong Xia , Su Zhengchang 
Published: July 2013

Abstract

Background
Although prokaryotic gene transcription has been studied over decades, many aspects of the process remain poorly understood. Particularly, recent studies have revealed that transcriptomes in many prokaryotes are far more complex than previously thought. Genes in an operon are often alternatively and dynamically transcribed under different conditions, and a large portion of genes and intergenic regions have antisense RNA (asRNA) and non-coding RNA (ncRNA) transcripts, respectively. Ironically, similar studies have not been conducted in the model bacterium E coli K12, thus it is unknown whether or not the bacterium possesses similar complex transcriptomes. Furthermore, although RNA-seq becomes the major method for analyzing the complexity of prokaryotic transcriptome, it is still a challenging task to accurately assemble full length transcripts using short RNA-seq reads.

Results
To fill these gaps, we have profiled the transcriptomes of E. coli K12 under different culture conditions and growth phases using a highly specific directional RNA-seq technique that can capture various types of transcripts in the bacterial cells, combined with a highly accurate and robust algorithm and tool TruHMM (http://bioinfolab.uncc.edu/TruHmm_package/) for assembling full length transcripts. We found that 46.9 ~ 63.4% of expressed operons were utilized in their putative alternative forms, 72.23 ~ 89.54% genes had putative asRNA transcripts and 51.37 ~ 72.74% intergenic regions had putative ncRNA transcripts under different culture conditions and growth phases.

Conclusions
As has been demonstrated in many other prokaryotes, E. coli K12 also has a highly complex and dynamic transcriptomes under different culture conditions and growth phases. Such complex and dynamic transcriptomes might play important roles in the physiology of the bacterium. TruHMM is a highly accurate and robust algorithm for assembling full-length transcripts in prokaryotes using directional RNA-seq short reads.