bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Kuivenduse mõju rabamänniku arengule Järvselja Õppe- ja Katsemetskonna kuivendatud puistu näitel / Effect of drainage on the development of an oligotrophic bog Scots pine (P. sylvestris L.) stand in Järvselja
Authors: Sisask Silver 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
The effect of drainage in peatland forests has been studied in Estonia but research on bog pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) stands is lacking and mixed opinions on the expediency of amelioration in this site type are found. In order to obtain more information on the post drainage effects, measurements were conducted in a drained oligotrophic bog Scots pine stand (with a relatively thin peat layer) in Järvselja. Relationship between stand characteristics and distance from the drainage ditch was described and measurement data was compared with data that had been collected 59 years earlier in the same stand. Over time the stand structure and productivity had changed. Due to lengthy drainage, increase in several stand characteristics became evident: mean height 84% (8.60 ± 0.39 m), mean DBH 48% (6.55 ± 0.59 cm), basal area 59% (10.6 ± 3.4 m2 ha-1) and growing stock 179% (169 ± 32 m3 ha-1). Growth conditions had improved (site class improvement 1.8 units) and since earlier comparison data was from an already drained stand, actual change in stand characteristics and productivity compared to pre-drained state, has to be even greater. The studied stand is a good example of successful forest drainage in a bog pine forest and these results contribute to a better understanding of post drainage developments in these types of forests
Simple visualization of climate change for improving the public perception in forest pathology / Kliimamuutuste visualiseerimise lihtne viis seoste paremaks tajumiseks metsapatoloogias
Authors: Hanso Märt , Drenkhan Rein 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
In several national and international meetings of forest and general plant pathology, when discussing possible causes of current arrivals of new alien pathogens in Estonia, we demonstrated the climate characteristic “monthly mean temperatures” as coloured grid-boxes, colours of which indicate the statistical relation of the definite months’ characteristic to its’ long time mean value. It was met with approval and evaluated as suitable and pictorial way for the visualization of shorter (until some few decades) drastically differing periods in climate warming for more trustworthy connecting of these two scientifically-experimentally only heavily connectable natural processes - climate warming and epidemics of alien forest pathogens. During the winters of the 20th century, apparently not only freezing, but also warming periods had caused serious aftermaths in forest pathology
Empirical Analysis of the Impact of Inflation Targeting on the Risk Premium
Authors: Krušković Borivoje D. , Maričić Tina 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
The basis for the conduct of monetary policy is monetary policy strategy. Monetary strategy is necessary for monetary policy makers to analyse all relevant information in order to undertake effective policy actions. Inflation targeting has enabled countries to achieve low inflation in the very short term. Due to this, the financial markets have adjusted their long-term inflation expectations and incorporated them into the interest rate. Risk premiums that compensate for the uncertainty of inflation have fallen. The aim of this paper is to examine how the adoption of inflation targeting affects the movement of the risk premium. The hypothesis we want to test is that the adoption of inflation targeting affects the reduction of the country risk premium by affecting the formation of a more stable macroeconomic environment through a more stable and predictable inflation rate in the medium and long term. The method used for evaluating the regression coefficients is the dynamic panel generalized method of moments (GMM). This method involves the use of conditional moments in endogenous and exogenous variables with a lag as instruments for the assessment of differential equations, while the difference lagged endogenous variables are used as instruments in the levels equation.
Tree Transduction Tools for Cdec
Authors: Austin Matthews , Paul Baltescu , Phil Blunsom , Alon Lavie , Chris Dyer 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
We describe a collection of open source tools for learning tree-to-string and tree-to-tree transducers and the extensions to the cdec decoder that enable translation with these. Our modular, easy-to-extend tools extract rules from trees or forests aligned to strings and trees subject to different structural constraints. A fast, multithreaded implementation of the Cohn and Blunsom (2009) model for extracting compact tree-to-string rules is also included. The implementation of the tree composition algorithm used by cdec is described, and translation quality and decoding time results are presented. Our experimental results add to the body of evidence suggesting that tree transducers are a compelling option for translation, particularly when decoding speed and translation model size are important.
Depfix, a Tool for Automatic Rule-based Post-editing of SMT
Authors: Rudolf Rosa 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
We present Depfix, an open-source system for automatic post-editing of phrase-based machine translation outputs. Depfix employs a range of natural language processing tools to obtain analyses of the input sentences, and uses a set of rules to correct common or serious errors in machine translation outputs. Depfix is currently implemented only for English-to-Czech translation direction, but extending it to other languages is planned.
OxLM: A Neural Language Modelling Framework for Machine Translation
Authors: Paul Baltescu , Phil Blunsom , Hieu Hoang 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
This paper presents an open source implementation1 of a neural language model for machine translation. Neural language models deal with the problem of data sparsity by learning distributed representations for words in a continuous vector space. The language modelling probabilities are estimated by projecting a word's context in the same space as the word representations and by assigning probabilities proportional to the distance between the words and the context's projection. Neural language models are notoriously slow to train and test. Our framework is designed with scalability in mind and provides two optional techniques for reducing the computational cost: the so-called class decomposition trick and a training algorithm based on noise contrastive estimation. Our models may be extended to incorporate direct n-gram features to learn weights for every n-gram in the training data. Our framework comes with wrappers for the cdec and Moses translation toolkits, allowing our language models to be incorporated as normalized features in their decoders (inside the beam search).
Männi-, kuuse- ja kasepuistute majandamise tasuvus lühikese raieringi korral / Profitability analysis of short rotations in Scots pine, Norway spruce and silver birch stands
Authors: Korjus Henn , Põllumäe Priit , Rool Siim 
Published: September 2014

Abstract.
Estonian forest management is based traditionally on long rotations. Recent trends in wood industry and wood consumption promote also production of small-size timber for bioenergy and timber products. This opens a discussion about shorter rotations and intensive forest management again in Estonia. In current study, profitability of Scots pine, Norway spruce and silver birch stand management on fertile soils was analyzed according to three different rotation lengths: traditional long rotation, short rotation and economically optimal rotation according Finnish TAPIO rules. Stand simulation software MOTTI was used to simulate and optimize forest growth and management. Simulation results were compared with actual data on forest growth and yield in Estonia. Economically optimal rotations were for Scots pine stand 58 years, Norway spruce stand 53 years and silver birch stand 41 years. Short and optimal rotation length enable 5.9-6.5% profitability for forest owner, traditional long rotation length enables 4.8-5.4% profitability. Rotation forestry is challenging task. Based on our analysis, it is likely that applied practices can intensify wood production and reduce forest management risks. However, theoretical approach is not enough for assessing practical feasibility of short rotations. Thus further studies and experiments are needed for careful analysis and recommendations
Water chemistry following wood-ash application to a Scots pine stand on a drained peatland in Sweden
Authors: Ring Eva , Brömssen Claudia von , Losjö Katarina , Sikström Ulf 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
The availability of phosphorus and potassium often limit growth of trees on well drained peatlands in the boreal region. Wood ash, which contains phosphorus and potassium, can be used for forest fertilization on peatlands or for nutrient compensation following intensive harvesting. This study was performed in order to investigate the effects on water chemistry of applying wood ash to a Pinus sylvestris L. stand on a drained peatland in southern Sweden. Runoff chemistry was monitored in the main ditch for one year before and three years after the application of self-hardened and crushed wood ash, applied at an average rate of 3.1×103 kg per hectare. In addition, groundwater was collected from the ash-treated peatland and from an adjacent reference peatland and chemically analysed. Shortly after woodash application, the concentrations of boron, calcium, potassium, lithium, magnesium, manganese and sulphate in the ditch water, and the electrical conductivity, all increased. Some variables showed elevated concentrations for a few months only, while pH and the concentrations of boron, potassium, lithium, magnesium, manganese, total phosphorus and silica were significantly (p < 0.05) elevated over the last one and a half or two years of the study, compared to the reference period. The concentrations of iron, total sulphur and sulphate were lower during the last one and a half or two study years than in the reference period. Several trace metals and anions did not appear to be affected. In general, the effects detected in groundwater were consistent with those found in ditch water. Groundwater flow through superficial soil layers seems to have facilitated leaching
Predicting individual tree and stand diameter increment responses of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) after mountain forest selective cutting
Authors: Øyen Bernt-Håvard , Nilsen Petter , Bøhler Fredrik , Andreassen Kjell 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
Models for predicting diameter increment in multi-storey spruce stands following mountain forest selective cutting (MFS) were developed. They were based on increment cores, tree ring analyses and stump registrations. The presented models rely upon time series data from 1600 trees in thirty-one Norway spruce stands in south-eastern and central parts of Norway. The selective cuttings were heavy; on average two thirds of the standing volume were cut. The increment following the interventions was highly variable, resulting in large random variability in the models with R2 varying between 0.18-0.31 for individual tree diameter growth and 0.40-0.50 for mean tree stand diameter growth. Dummy variables referring to three first 5-year periods after cutting were found to increase the precision and significantly reduce the random error. Selected models were validated using a test material from central Norway and also compared with the mostly applied Norwegian diameter increment models. Despite a large random variation in all models, the model performances appeared logical and the general fit to the data was acceptable. Based on tests, two diameter increment models are recommended for future yield prognoses in MFS. The models should also be of interest for wider use in other parts of the Nordic and Baltic boreal zone.
Kasvutingimuste lineaarse muutumise mõju uurimine puistu kõrguse kasvukõverale simulatsioonide abil männikutes / Simulated change of stand height curves as the result of linear change of growth conditions in the case of Scotch Pine stands
Authors: Nilson Artur 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
The height growth curves of Scotch Pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) stands were simulated for stands with initial height asymptote H∞ 15 m, 25 m and 35 m and with linear change p of the potency of growth conditions 0.5% yr-1, 0.2% yr-1, 0.1% yr-1 , -0.2% yr-1 and with no change as the base. Different models to transmit the changing growth potential into stand growth were used: changing the efficient length of growth year replacing the stand age t with the expression t(1 + tp) with fixed H∞ in variant (1b) or calculating the current asymptote H∞,t as the expression H∞(1 + tp) corrected for asymptotic approaching the species specific asymptote sup(H∞). Current annual increment CAI in the last case was calculated using the equations CAIt = f(t, H∞,t) in variant (3ct), CAIt = f(H, H∞,t) in variant (4ch) and CAIt = f(H, H∞,t)*(1+p/2) in variant (4chb). The height Ht in the last 3 cases was calculated as ascending sum of CAIt. Figures of the functions Ht = f(t, H∞) and CAIt = f(H, H∞) indicated the last as more informative about the changes in the shape of curves. The results of approximation of simulated curves with five different functions indicated the possibility of their modeling using traditional functions and fixed value of height asymptote. The fit was the poorest for variants 4ch and 4chb. The function for conversation the apparent growth curve based on unique height measurements into real one and vice versa was deduced for version 1b. The need to make distinct difference between the past, present and future growth in growth modeling was underlined.
Experimental study of electrode effects of resistance type electrodes for monitoring wood drying process above fibre saturation point / Elektroodefektide uurimine puidu kuivatamisel niiskussisaldustel üle kiu küllastuspunkti
Authors: Tamme Valdek , Muiste Peeter , Kask Regino , Padari Allar , Tamme Hannes 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
Due to practical need to improve the accuracy of measurement of wood electrical resistance via creating multivariate calibration models the study of electrode effects was carried out. The experiments were made in DC mode and five types of electrode effects were measured: electrical resistance of the galvanic contact between the measuring electrode and wood, corrosion of measuring electrodes in wet wood, polarization and depolarization of the double layer forming on the surface of the measuring electrodes, residual polarization voltage between measuring electrodes and effect of repeated use of measuring electrodes. For multi-channel measurement mode effect of neighbouring electrodes was measured. Behind each of these factors is a complex transfer mechanism of free and bounded charge carriers from wood to measuring electrodes. Among the factors, polarization and depolarization have an immediate effect (duration of the processes in seconds) while resistance of electrode/wood contact, corrosion of electrodes and residual polarization have a slow effect (duration of processes in hours). For pine sapwood, coefficients of the Stamm formula were found in moisture contents (MC) above the fibre saturation point. It was determined that wood polarization and depolarization indicators are dependent on wood moisture content as is the case with wood electrical resistance. Compared to wood electrical resistance, wood polarization proved approximately four times and depolarization approximately eight times less sensitive to moisture content variation.
MERIS GPP/NPP product for Estonia: I. Algorithm and preliminary results of simulation / MERIS’e GPP/NPP tulem Eesti jaoks: I. Algoritm ja mudelarvutuste esialgsed tulemused
Authors: Nilson Tiit , Rennel Mattias , Luhamaa Andres , Hordo Maris , Olesk Aire , Lang Mait 
Published: September 2014

Abstract.
A light use efficiency (LUE) type model named EST_PP to simulate the yearly gross primary production (GPP) and net primary production (NPP) of Estonian land on a 1 km2 grid is described. The model is based on MERIS (MEdium Resolution Imaging Spectrometer) satellite images to describe the fraction of photosynthetically active radiation (fAPAR) and leaf area index (LAI) as well as meteorological reanalysis datasets on 11 km2 grid produced by Estonian Meteorological Institute (EMHI) and Tartu University (TU) by means of the HIRLAM (High Resolution Limited Area Model) numerical weather prediction model. The land cover map of Estonia needed for the model was derived using DMCii (Disaster Monitoring Constellation International Imaging) SLIM-6-22 (Surrey Linear Imager - 6 channel - 22 m resolution) images and ancillary information. The EST_PP model was run for the period from years 2003 to 2011. The results of GPP and NPP simulation are compared with the available global MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) GPP/NPP product and with the Estonian statistical data on yearly volume increment in forests and on yield of agricultural crops. The NPP simulation results on coniferous and deciduous forests are compared with the data from tree ring analyses from different counties. These comparisons show us that the simulated country average yearly NPP values for Estonian forests agree reasonably well with the indirect estimates from other sources, taking into account the rather high uncertainty of the model predictions, uncertainty of forest inventory-based estimates and limited representativity of existing tree ring data. However, problems arise with the ability of present versions of EST_PP and MODIS NPP models to adequately simulate the regional differences of productivity and of variability of productivity in different years. The model needs some modification and the basic LUE principles to be tested in Estonia. Nevertheless, the MODIS NPP and EST_PP models offer additional possibilities to map yearly productivity and carbon sequestration by Estonian vegetation. There is a perspective to add the model-simulated NPP values into the national inventory datasets.
Complement Opsonization of HIV-1 Results in Decreased Antiviral and Inflammatory Responses in Immature Dendritic Cells via CR3
Authors: Ellegård Rada , Crisci Elisa , Burgener Adam , Sjöwall Christopher , Birse Kenzie , Westmacott Garrett , Hinkula Jorma , Lifson Jeffrey D. , Larsson Marie 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
Immature dendritic cells (iDCs) in genital and rectal mucosa may be one of the first cells to come into contact with HIV-1 during sexual transmission of virus. HIV-1 activates the host complement system, which results in opsonization of virus by inactivated complement fragments, for example, iC3b. We investigated antiviral and inflammatory responses induced in human iDCs after exposure to free HIV-1 (F-HIV), complement-opsonized HIV-1 (C-HIV), and complement and Ab–opsonized HIV-1 (CI-HIV). F-HIV gave rise to a significantly higher expression of antiviral factors such as IFN-β, myxovirus resistance protein A, and IFN-stimulated genes, compared with C-HIV and CI-HIV. Additionally, F-HIV induced inflammatory factors such as IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α, whereas these responses were weakened or absent after C-HIV or CI-HIV exposure. The responses induced by F-HIV were TLR8-dependent with subsequent activation of IFN regulatory factor 1, p38, ERK, PI3K, and NF-κB pathways, whereas these responses were not induced by C-HIV, which instead induced activation of IFN regulatory factor 3 and Lyn. This modulation of TLR8 signaling was mediated by complement receptor 3 and led to enhanced infection. The impact that viral hijacking of the complement system has on iDC function could be an important immune evasion mechanism used by HIV-1 to establish infection in the host.
Growth and flowering of Helleborus argutifolius (Viviani) grown in pots depending on substrate type
Authors: Henschke Monika , Czuchaj Piotr K. , Szczepaniak Stanisława J. 
Published: September 2014

An experiment was conducted on the effect of substrate type on growth of Corsican hellebore (<em>Helleborus argutifolius </em>Viviani). Plants were grown for two years in pots with substrates whose components included Klasmann highmoor peat and Hartmann highmoor peat, mineral soil, expanded clay and perlite at various volumetric ratios. Vegetative growth and flowering were observed in hellebores. It was shown that substrates exhibited a varied effect on plant growth. Corsican hellebore in a substrate with a considerable addition of mineral soil was lower, but more branched, and it did not form inflorescences. An optimal medium for growing <em>H.</em> <em>argutifolius</em> in pots was Hartmann’s de-acidified peat + mineral soil (1:1 v:v). In this medium vegetative growth of plants was extensive, flowering was early and abundant, and long peduncles were produced.
A unifying framework for the analysis of proportionate NLMS algorithms
Authors: Jelfs B. , Mandic D. P. 
Published: September 2014

SummaryDespite being a de facto standard in sparse adaptive filtering, the two most important members of the class of proportionate normalised least mean square (PNLMS) algorithms are introduced empirically. Our aim is to provide a unifying framework for the derivation of PNLMS algorithms and their variants with an adaptive step‐size. These include algorithms with gradient adaptive learning rates and algorithms with adaptive regularisation parameters. Convergence analysis is provided for the proportionate least mean square (PLMS) algorithm in both the mean and mean square sense and bounds on its parameters are derived. An alternative, more insightful approach to the convergence analysis is also presented and is shown to provide an estimate of the optimal step‐size of the PLMS. Incorporating the so obtained step‐size into the PLMS gives the standard PNLMS together with a unified framework for introducing other adaptive learning rates. Simulations on benchmark sparse impulse responses support the approach. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The extent of cultural variation between adjacent chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes verus) communities; A microecological approach
Authors: Luncz Lydia V. , Boesch Christophe 
Published: September 2014

ABSTRACTChimpanzees show cultural differences among populations across Africa but also between neighboring communities. The extent of these differences among neighbors, however, remains largely unknown. Comparing three neighboring chimpanzee community in the Taï National Park, Côte d'Ivoire, we found 27 putative cultural traits, including tool use, foraging, social interaction, communication and hunting behavior, exceeding by far previously known diversity. As foraging behavior is predominantly influenced by the environment, we further compared in detail ecological circumstances underlying insectivore feeding behavior to analyze whether foraging differences onDorylusants andThoracotermestermites seen between neighboring chimpanzee communities were caused by environmental factors. Differences in the prey characteristics ofDorylusants (aggression level, running speed, and nest structure) that could influence the behavior of chimpanzees were excluded, suggesting that the observed group‐specific variation is not ecologically driven. Only one community preyed onThoracotermestermites despite a similar abundance of termite mounds in all three territories, supporting the idea that this difference is also not shaped by the environment. Therefore, our study suggests that transmission of cultural knowledge plays a role in determining insectivory prey behavior. This behavioral plasticity, independent of ecological conditions, can lead to large numbers of cultural diversification between neighboring chimpanzee communities. These findings not only deepen our understanding of the cultural abilities of chimpanzees in the wild but also open up possible future comparisons of the origin of cultural diversification among humans and chimpanzees. Am J Phys Anthropol 156:67–75, 2015 © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.