bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ultrasonic measurement of the effects of light irradiation and presence of water on the polymerization of self‐adhesive resin cement
Authors: Takenaka Hirotaka , Ouchi Hajime , Sai Keiichi , Kawamoto Ryo , Murayama Ryosuke , Kurokawa Hiroyasu , Miyazaki Masashi 
Published: August 2015

Self‐adhesive resin cements are useful in restorations because they reduce the number of clinical steps involved in the restoration process. This study evaluated, using ultrasonic measurements, the influence of light irradiation and the presence of water on the polymerization behavior and elastic modulus of a self‐adhesive resin cement. A self‐adhesive resin cement (RelyX Unicem 2 Automix) or a resin cement (RelyX ARC) was inserted into a transparent mold on a sample stage, and the presence of water and effect of light‐irradiation were evaluated. The transit time of a sonic wave through the cement disk was divided by the specimen thickness to obtain the sonic velocity, and longitudinal and shear waves were used to determine the elastic modulus. When the resin cements were light‐irradiated, the sonic velocity rapidly increased and plateaued at 2,500–2,700 m s−1. When the cements were not irradiated, the rates of increase in the sonic velocity were reduced. When water was applied to the sample stage, the sonic velocity was reduced. The elastic modulus values of the specimens ranged from 9.9 to 15.9 GPa after 24 h. The polymerization behavior of self‐adhesive resin cements is affected by the polymerization mode and the presence of water.
Females of the Cellar Spider Discriminate Against Previous Mates
Authors: Mestre Laia , Rodríguez‐Teijeiro José D. , Tuni Cristina 
Published: August 2015

AbstractMate choice for novel partners should evolve when remating with males of varying genetic quality provides females with fitness‐enhancing benefits. We investigated sequential mate choice for same or novel mating partners in females of the cellar spider Pholcus phalangioides (Pholcidae) to understand what drives female remating in this system. Pholcus phalangioides females are moderately polyandrous and show reluctance to remating, but double‐mated females benefit from a higher oviposition probability compared to single‐mated females. We exposed mated females to either their former (same male) or a novel mating partner and assessed mating success together with courtship and copulatory behaviours in both sexes. We found clear evidence for mate discrimination: females experienced three‐fold higher remating probabilities with novel males, being more often aggressive towards former males and accepting novel males faster in the second than in the first mating trial. The preference for novel males suggests that remating is driven by benefits derived from multiple partners. The low remating rates and the strong last male sperm precedence in this system suggest that mating with novel partners that represent alternative genotypes may be a means for selecting against a former mate of lower quality.
The effect of fatigue pre‐cracking forces on fracture toughness
Authors: Nowak‐Coventry M. , Pisarski H. , Moore P. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractTesting procedures for the determination of the fracture toughness of a material by monotonic loading of fatigue pre‐cracked specimens are well established in standards such as BS 7448, BS EN ISO 15653, ISO 12135, ASTM E1820 and ASTM E1921. However, a review of these standards indicates a wide range of permitted fatigue pre‐cracking forces, whilst the underlying assumption in each standard is that the pre‐cracking conditions do not affect the fracture toughness determined. In order to establish the influence of different fatigue pre‐cracking forces on the fracture toughness, tests were carried out on specimens from an API 5L X70 pipeline steel. Single‐edge notch bend specimens of Bx2B geometry were notched through thickness and tested at temperatures of +20 °C, −80 °C and −140 °C to show the fracture behaviour in different regions of the fracture toughness ductile‐to‐brittle transition curve. Fatigue pre‐cracking was conducted on a high‐frequency resonance fatigue test machine over a range of pre‐cracking forces permissible within the various standards and beyond. The results showed that an excessively high pre‐cracking force can result in a significant overestimation of the value of fracture toughness for material exhibiting brittle behaviour, whilst very low fatigue pre‐cracking forces appeared to result in an increase in scatter of fracture toughness. A review of standards indicated that there was a possibility to misinterpret the intention of the ISO 12135 standard and potentially use excessively high pre‐cracking forces. Suggested clarifications to this standard have therefore been proposed to avoid the risk of overestimating fracture toughness.
Association between periodontitis and medical expenditure in older adults: A 33‐month follow‐up study
Authors: Sato Misuzu , Iwasaki Masanori , Yoshihara Akihiro , Miyazaki Hideo 
Published: August 2015

AimAlong with rapid aging, medical expenditure for older adults has been increasing in Japan. Research has shown that periodontitis is a useful predictor for excess medical expenditure; however, limited information is available on the elderly population after adequately considering confounding factors. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the association between periodontitis and long‐term medical expenditure in elderly Japanese.MethodsBaseline health and periodontal examinations were carried out in June 2008. Japanese adults (n = 245) aged 80 years were classified into quartiles based on periodontal inflamed surface area (PISA), which quantifies the degree of periodontal inflammation. Medical care use and costs were monitored by assessment of the National Health Insurance claim files from the baseline survey through the end of February 2011. Multivariable analysis of the differences in medical expenditure among PISA quartiles was carried out using linear regression with robust standard errors.ResultsThe participants in the fourth (with the largest PISA) and third quartiles had significantly higher inpatient medical expenditure compared with those of the first quartile (P < 0.01 and = 0.04, respectively). Participants in the fourth quartile had significantly higher total medical expenditure (P < 0.01) compared with the first quartile. A trend was observed of higher inpatient and total medical expenditure with increasing PISA.ConclusionsA significant association was found between periodontitis and future increase in medical expenditure, suggesting that periodontitis might be a modifiable factor for the reduction of excess medical expenditure among elderly Japanese. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2016; 16: 856–864.
Relationship between swallowing function and the skeletal muscle mass of older adults requiring long‐term care
Authors: Murakami Kohji , Hirano Hirohiko , Watanabe Yutaka , Edahiro Ayako , Ohara Yuki , Yoshida Hideyo , Kim Hunkyung , Takagi Daisuke , Hironaka Shouji 
Published: August 2015

AimThe present study investigated the risk factors for dysphagia among older adults who require long‐term care, and also examined their systemic decrease in skeletal muscle mass.MethodsWe evaluated 399 people who required long‐term care and who were residing in Omori town, Yokote city, Akita prefecture, Japan. We then analyzed data from 255 participants who had complete information available regarding their sex, age, case history (stroke, Parkinson's disease and dementia), Barthel Index, Skeletal Muscle Mass Index, oral function test and modified water swallowing test results. Participants' water swallowing test results were used to create groups with good or poor swallowing function, and a univariate analysis was carried out for each parameter. Parameters with a P‐value of <0.25 in the univariate analysis were subsequently included in a multiple logistic regression model as explanatory variables, and good or poor swallowing function were defined as the dependent variables.ResultsAfter adjusting for age and sex, our analysis showed that poor tongue motility (odds ratio 17.23, 95% confidence interval 5.90–50.31, P < 0.001) and decreased Skeletal Muscle Mass Index (odds ratio 3.36, 95% confidence interval 1.41–7.99, P = 0.006) were significantly correlated with decreased swallowing function.ConclusionsDecreased swallowing function was closely correlated with poor tongue motility, and this finding is similar to those of previous studies. However, the present results also show that decreased Skeletal Muscle Mass Index is a novel risk factor for dysphagia among older adults who require long‐term care. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2015; 15: 1185–1192.
Independent association of subclinical coronary artery disease and emphysema in HIV‐infected patients
Authors: Besutti G , Raggi P , Zona S , Scaglioni R , Santoro A , Orlando G , Ligabue G , Leipsic J , Sin DD , Man SFP , Guaraldi G 
Published: August 2015

ObjectivesChronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and coronary artery disease are inflammatory states with a significant clinical impact. The relationship between them has not been investigated in patients with HIV infection. We assessed the presence of subclinical emphysema and coronary artery disease using chest computed tomography (CT) imaging in a cohort of HIV‐infected patients receiving antiretroviral therapy.MethodsGated chest CT scans were performed in 1446 consecutive patients to assess the presence and severity of coronary artery calcium (CAC) (classified as a score of 0, 1–100 or > 100) and emphysema (classified using a visual semiquantitative scale: 0, absent; 1–4, mild to moderate; > 4, severe). Univariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed to identify factors independently associated with CAC and emphysema.ResultsThe emphysema score was significantly higher in patients with CAC scores of 1–100 and > 100 compared with those with a CAC score of 0. After adjustments for age, sex, smoking status, pack‐years of smoking, visceral adiposity and duration of HIV infection, the presence of any emphysema was significantly associated with a CAC score > 0 [odds ratio (OR) 1.43; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.08–1.88; P = 0.012]. The association persisted after adjustment for the Framingham risk score (OR 1.52; 95% CI 1.16–1.99; P = 0.002). There was a dose‐dependent effect in the association between emphysema score and CAC score.ConclusionsIn this cross‐sectional study of HIV‐infected patients, there was an independent association between emphysema and CAC, after adjustment for traditional cardiovascular risk factors, suggesting a common pathogenesis of these chronic inflammatory conditions in a chronic inflammatory disease such as HIV infection.
Cardiovascular risk prediction in HIV‐infected patients: comparing the Framingham, atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk score (ASCVD), Systematic Coronary Risk Evaluation for the Netherlands (SCORE‐NL) and Data Collection on Adverse Events of Anti‐HIV Drugs (D:A:D) risk prediction models
Authors: Krikke M , Hoogeveen RC , Hoepelman AIM , Visseren FLJ , Arends JE 
Published: August 2015

ObjectivesThe aim of the study was to compare the predictions of five popular cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk prediction models, namely the Data Collection on Adverse Events of Anti‐HIV Drugs (D:A:D) model, the Framingham Heart Study (FHS) coronary heart disease (FHS‐CHD) and general CVD (FHS‐CVD) models, the American Heart Association (AHA) atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk score (ASCVD) model and the Systematic Coronary Risk Evaluation for the Netherlands (SCORE‐NL) model.MethodsA cross‐sectional design was used to compare the cumulative CVD risk predictions of the models. Furthermore, the predictions of the general CVD models were compared with those of the HIV‐specific D:A:D model using three categories (< 10%, 10–20% and > 20%) to categorize the risk and to determine the degree to which patients were categorized similarly or in a higher/lower category.ResultsA total of 997 HIV‐infected patients were included in the study: 81% were male and they had a median age of 46 [interquartile range (IQR) 40–52] years, a known duration of HIV infection of 6.8 (IQR 3.7–10.9) years, and a median time on ART of 6.4 (IQR 3.0–11.5) years. The D:A:D, ASCVD and SCORE‐NL models gave a lower cumulative CVD risk, compared with that of the FHS‐CVD and FHS‐CHD models. Comparing the general CVD models with the D:A:D model, the FHS‐CVD and FHS‐CHD models only classified 65% and 79% of patients, respectively, in the same category as did the D:A:D model. However, for the ASCVD and SCORE‐NL models, this percentage was 89% and 87%, respectively. Furthermore, FHS‐CVD and FHS‐CHD attributed a higher CVD risk to 33% and 16% of patients, respectively, while this percentage was < 6% for ASCVD and SCORE‐NL.ConclusionsWhen using FHS‐CVD and FHS‐CHD, a higher overall CVD risk was attributed to the HIV‐infected patients than when using the D:A:D, ASCVD and SCORE‐NL models. This could have consequences regarding overtreatment, drug‐related adverse events and drug−drug interactions.
Chalcogenide Glasses for Infrared Photonics
Authors: Adam Jean‐Luc , Calvez Laurent , Trolès Johann , Nazabal Virginie 
Published: August 2015

The last advances in the synthesis and shaping techniques of chalcogenide glasses suitable for infrared photonics are reported. Ball milling combined with spark plasma sintering allows the preparation of bulk chalcogenide glasses at lower temperature and at lower cost. Microstructuring of optical fibers results in enhanced nonlinear properties leading to the demonstration of low‐threshold Brillouin laser at 1.55 μm, all‐optical wavelength conversion and time‐domain demultiplexing with a 170 Gb/s rate, and supercontinuum between 1.5 and 2.8 μm. The potential of integrated waveguides for functions such as near‐IR sensing, mid‐IR injection, and (bio)‐chemical functionalization is shown.
Thymic emigration patterns in patients with type 2 diabetes treated with metformin
Authors: Dworacki Grzegorz , Urazayev Olzhas , Bekmukhambetov Yerbol , Iskakova Saule , Frycz Bartosz A. , Jagodziński Paweł P. , Dworacka Marzena 
Published: August 2015

SummaryRecent data suggest that thymic output, which provides the naive T cells necessary for the normal functioning of T‐cell‐dependent immunosurveillance cellular immunity including anti‐cancer protection, can be disturbed in the course of type 2 diabetes. Metformin, an anti‐diabetic drug commonly confirmed as an agent with many potential anti‐cancer activities, might be helpful in this immune correction. The profile of thymic output was evaluated in the current study on the basis of the signal‐joint T‐cell receptor excision circle (sjTREC) concentration in peripheral blood polymorphonuclear cells and thymic emigrant content in peripheral blood evaluated from CD127 and/or CD132 antigen expression. It was revealed that recent thymic emigrants and more differentiated CD127+ CD132+ cell populations were decreased among naive T cells and CD8+ T cells, whereas RTE count was increased in CD4+ T cells, and the CD127+ CD132+ cell population was less numerous than in non‐diabetic participants. Terminally differentiated thymic emigrants, i.e. CD127− CD132+ cells, were increased in naive T cells and in CD8+ T cells. Metformin affects mainly the early phases of thymic export, increasing CD127+ CD132− and CD127+ CD132+ cell populations in naive T cells and the CD127+ CD132− population in CD4+ T lymphocytes. It could be concluded that type 2 diabetes deteriorates thymic immunostasis. The decreased thymic output could be compensated by metformin, especially with regard to CD4+ naive T cells. It is the first time that therapy with metformin has been documented by us as particularly useful in the control and normalization of thymus function, regarding correction of early populations of thymic emigrants.
Temperature Before Cold Acclimation Affects Cold Tolerance and Photoacclimation in Timothy (Phleum pratense L.), Perennial Ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) and Red Clover (Trifolium pratense L.)
Authors: Dalmannsdottir S. , Rapacz M. , Jørgensen M. , Østrem L. , Larsen A. , Rødven R. , Rognli O. A. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractThe expected temperature rise in late summer/early autumn can change the conditions for acclimation and affect the winter survival of perennial crops. This study examined the effect of the temperature just before the onset of cold acclimation (pre‐acclimation) on freezing tolerance of timothy (Phleum pratense L.), perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) and red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) populations (both cultivars and breeding populations) adapted to either northern or southern parts of Norway. Using phytotron experiments, we studied whether increasing pre‐acclimation temperature delays growth cessation, affects photoacclimation and reduces freezing tolerance. Furthermore, we assessed whether these effects were related to the latitudinal adaptation of the plant material. The results showed that a rise in pre‐acclimation temperature decreased both cold acclimation capacity and photoacclimation in these species. This affected the freezing tolerance, which was reduced significantly more in northern‐adapted population of timothy and perennial ryegrass compared with southern‐adapted populations. Red clover was less affected by temperature changes than the grasses.
Effects of conservation strip and crop type on natural enemies ofDelia radicum
Authors: Nilsson U. , Rännbäck L.‐M. , Anderson P. , Björkman M. , Futter M. , Rämert B. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractThis 3‐year field study investigated the combined effect of floral resources and perennial shelter habitats (i.e. conservation strips), and crop rotation in supporting natural enemies of the cabbages root fly,Delia radicum. Habitat manipulation with conservation strips increased the overall catches of hymenopteran parasitoids. However, conservation strips did not increase parasitism by either of the two dominant parasitoid species,Trybliographa rapaeandAleochara bipustulata, in any study year. In fact, higher parasitism was found in control plots in the second year. This could be explained by parasitoid mobility and higher patch detectability, as more plants in the control plots were infested withD. radicumlarvae. Conservation strips did not result in increased predation ofD. radicumeggs. However, the activity densities of twoBembidionspecies were correlated with egg predation. The species assemblage distribution of epigeal predators was best explained by seasonal period, followed by year and, to a low extent, crop type, while treatment with conservation strips had no effect. However, during the egg laying peak ofD. radicum, a higher number ofA. bipustulata, an important larval predator was observed in conservation strips during one study year. In conclusion, positive effects of conservation strips were demonstrated for abundance of some natural enemies ofD. radicum, but a consistent increase in performance could not be adequately demonstrated due to experimental set‐up, the short timescale and the complex landscape in which our study site was located.
Common pitfalls when testing additivity of treatment mixtures with chi‐square analyses
Authors: Pallmann P. , Schaarschmidt F. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractStudying interactions of multiple pesticides applied simultaneously in a mixture is a common task in phytopathology. Statistical methods are employed to test whether the treatment components influence each other's efficacy in a promotive or inhibitory way (synergistic or antagonistic interaction) or rather act independent of one another (additivity). The trouble is that widely used procedures based on chi‐square tests are often seriously flawed, either because people apply them in a preposterous way or because the method simply does not fit the problem at hand. Browsing recent volumes of entomological journals, we found that numerous researchers have (in all likelihood unwittingly) analysed their data as if they had had a sample size of 100 or, equally bad, a sample size of one! We show how to avoid such poor practices and further argue that chi‐square testing is, even if applied correctly (meaning that no technical errors are made), a limited purpose tool for assessing treatment interactions.
Systemic review of the prevention of pit and fissure caries of permanent molars by resin sealants in children in China
Authors: Hou Jun , Gu Ying , Zhu Ling , Hu Yukung , Sun Ming , Xue Haowei 
Published: August 2015

AbstractAimThe aim of the present study was to evaluate the relationship between pit and fissure sealants and the prevention of dental caries in permanent molars of children in China.MethodsThe Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions was followed. Articles published in English and Chinese from 2002 to 2013 were selected. All these studies were randomized clinical trials related to pit and fissure sealants on caries prevention. Data were analyzed using Software Review Manager 5.1.ResultsA search of the four largest Chinese medical literature databases and the PubMed/Medline database yielded a total of 397 clinical research studies about the effects of pit and fissure sealants on the prevention of dental caries; 20 original research studies were selected. In this meta‐analysis, a total of 12 187 participants were included. Statistical analyses demonstrated a significant association between pit and fissure sealants and dental caries prevention for a 6‐month follow‐up period (combined odds ratio = 0.06, 95% CI: 0.01, 0.32, P < 0.0001). For other follow ups, there was a trend in pit and fissure sealants preventing the occurrence of dental caries.ConclusionCurrent clinical evidence suggests that pit and fissure sealants are effective for dental caries prevention. Sealants should be placed as part of an overall caries prevention approach. Further research with larger sample sizes and rigorously‐designed clinical trials are required to corroborate the current results.
Use of genotype‐environment interactions to elucidate the pattern of maize root plasticity to nitrogen deficiency
Authors: Li Pengcheng , Zhuang Zhongjuan , Cai Hongguang , Cheng Shuai , Soomro Ayaz Ali , Liu Zhigang , Gu Riliang , Mi Guohua , Yuan Lixing , Chen Fanjun 
Published: August 2015

AbstractMaize (Zea mays L.) root morphology exhibits a high degree of phenotypic plasticity to nitrogen (N) deficiency, but the underlying genetic architecture remains to be investigated. Using an advanced BC4F3 population, we investigated the root growth plasticity under two contrasted N levels and identified the quantitative trait loci (QTLs) with QTL‐environment (Q × E) interaction effects. Principal components analysis (PCA) on changes of root traits to N deficiency (ΔLN‐HN) showed that root length and biomass contributed for 45.8% in the same magnitude and direction on the first PC, while root traits scattered highly on PC2 and PC3. Hierarchical cluster analysis on traits for ΔLN‐HN further assigned the BC4F3 lines into six groups, in which the special phenotypic responses to N deficiency was presented. These results revealed the complicated root plasticity of maize in response to N deficiency that can be caused by genotype‐environment (G × E) interactions. Furthermore, QTL mapping using a multi‐environment analysis identified 35 QTLs for root traits. Nine of these QTLs exhibited significant Q × E interaction effects. Taken together, our findings contribute to understanding the phenotypic and genotypic pattern of root plasticity to N deficiency, which will be useful for developing maize tolerance cultivars to N deficiency.