bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
First Palladium‐Catalyzed Direct Regioselective C‐5 (Het)Arylation of Mono‐ or Disubstituted Thiazolo[3,2‐b][1,2,4]triazoles
Authors: Le Meur Mikaël , Bourg Stéphane , Massip Stéphane , Marchivie Mathieu , Jarry Christian , Guillaumet Gérald , Routier Sylvain 
Published: April 2014

AbstractAn efficient and convenient method was developed for the formation of polysubstituted thiazolo[3,2‐b][1,2,4]triazoles through C‐5 (het)arylation. The direct C–H activation protocol giving access to di‐ and trisubstituted derivatives in excellent yields was optimized. The method is suitable for use with a wide range of (hetero)aryl bromides, and allows access to a collection of C‐5,6 bis(het)aryl derivatives with full regioselectivity. The results are supported by a full description of all final compounds, and X‐ray crystallographic data confirmed that the spectroscopic analyses were interpreted correctly.
Thermodynamically Controlled Regioselective Glycosylation of Fully Unprotected Sugars through Bis(boronate) Intermediates
Authors: Kaji Eisuke , Yamamoto Daisuke , Shirai Yuko , Ishige Koji , Arai Yoshika , Shirahata Tatsuya , Makino Kazuishi , Nishino Takashi 
Published: April 2014

AbstractFully unprotected D‐glucose, D‐mannose, and D‐fructose were regioselectively glycosylated with several phenylthioglycosides to afford glycosyl‐β(1→6)‐α/β‐D‐glucopyranose, glycosyl‐β(1→1)‐α‐D‐mannofuranoside, and glycosyl‐β(1→1)‐β‐D‐fructopyranose in good yields. The regioselectivity might have arisen from a thermodynamically controlled bis(phenylboronate) intermediate, which leaves only one free hydroxy group to be glycosylated in complete regioselectivity.
Spinal protein kinase Mζ contributes to the maintenance of peripheral inflammation‐primed persistent nociceptive sensitization after plantar incision
Authors: An K. , Zhen C. , Liu Z.‐H. , Zhao Q. , Liu H.‐P. , Zhong X.‐L. , Huang W.‐Q. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractBackgroundPrevious studies suggest that persistent post‐surgical pain (PPSP) is correlated with preoperative pain status and amplification of central sensitization. Protein kinase Mζ (PKMζ) is an essential substrate of the late long‐term potentiation underlying central sensitization, which is one mechanism of pain memory formation. However, the potential contributions of spinal PKMζ to PPSP, a condition in which preoperative pain is prevalent, are not known.MethodsHere, a modified ‘hyperalgesia priming’ model was established to simulate the clinical situation. This model used intraplantar injections of carrageenan (Car) as priming stimuli to elicit persistent nociceptive sensitization after plantar incision in rats. Upon treatment with PKMζ inhibitor ZIP, Scr‐ZIP or protein kinase Cs (PKCs) inhibitor NPC‐15437, altered behaviour and spinal PKMζ/PKCs expression were observed.ResultsA long‐lasting hypersensitivity induced by Car‐priming was identified and precipitated by subsequent plantar incision in this ‘two‐hit’ paradigm. Post‐treatment with ZIP, but not Scr‐ZIP and NPC‐15437, after the resolution of Car‐priming selectively relieved hypersensitivity. In contrast, pre‐priming NPC‐15437 treatment only prevented Car‐induced initial transient hyperalgesia. Immunoassays showed a significant decrease in spinal PKMζ expression after plantar incision with post‐priming ZIP treatment as compared with Scr‐ZIP and NPC‐15437, but no notable differences in PKCs expression were observed.ConclusionsSpinal PKCs solely contribute to the initial induction of persistent pain, whereas PKMζ plays an essential role in spinal plasticity storage. PKMζ is responsible for the maintenance of peripheral inflammation‐primed PPSP. Therefore, spinal PKMζ may be a therapeutic target to prevent surgery‐induced chronic pain in patients with preoperative pain.
Source contributions and spatiotemporal characteristics of PAHs in sediments: Using three-way source apportionment approach
Authors: Tian Ying-Ze , Shi Guo-Liang , Liu Gui-Rong , Guo Chang-Sheng , Peng Xing , Xu Jian , Zhang Yuan , Feng Yin-Chang 
Published: April 2014

Abstract

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAHs) were measured in sediments from 29 sites throughout Taihu Lake in China during 2 seasons to investigate spatiotemporal characteristics and source contributions using a 3-way source apportionment approach to positive matrix factorization (PMF3). Seasonal and spatial variations of levels and toxicity suggested higher individual carcinogenic PAH concentrations and toxic equivalent quantity (TEQ) in the flooding season. Three-way PAHs dataset (PAH species, spatial variability, and seasonal variability) was analyzed by PMF3, and its results were compared with a widely used 2-way model (PMF2). Consistent results were observed: vehicular emission was the most important contributor (67.08% by PMF2 and 61.83% by PMF3 for the flooding season; 54.21% by PMF2 and 52.94% by PMF3 for dry season), followed by coal combustion and wood combustion in both seasons. The PMF-cluster analysis was employed to investigate spatial variability of source contributions. Findings can introduce the 3-way approach to apportion sources of PAHs and other persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in sediments, offering the advantage of accounting for information on 3-way datasets. Environ Toxicol Chem 2014;33:1747–1753. © 2014 SETAC
Response of the green alga Oophila sp., a salamander endosymbiont, to a PSII-inhibitor under laboratory conditions
Authors: Baxter Leilan , Brain Richard , Rodriguez-Gil Jose Luis , Hosmer Alan , Solomon Keith , Hanson Mark 
Published: April 2014

Abstract

In a rare example of autotroph-vertebrate endosymbiosis, eggs of the yellow-spotted salamander (Ambystoma maculatum) are colonized by a green alga (Oophila sp.) that significantly enhances salamander development. Previous studies have demonstrated the potential for impacts to the salamander embryo when growth of the algae is impaired by exposure to herbicides. To further investigate this relationship, the authors characterized the response of the symbiotic algae (Oophila sp.) alone to the photosystem II (PSII) inhibitor atrazine under controlled laboratory conditions. After extraction of the alga from A. maculatum eggs and optimization of culturing conditions, 4 toxicity assays (96 h each) were conducted. Recovery of the algal population was also assessed after a further 96 h in untreated media. Average median effective concentration (EC50) values of 123 µg L−1 (PSII yield), 169 µg L−1 (optical density), and 299 µg L−1 (growth rate) were obtained after the 96-h exposure. Full recovery of exposed algal populations after 96 h in untreated media was observed for all endpoints, except for optical density at the greatest concentration tested (300 µg L−1). Our results show that, under laboratory conditions, Oophila sp. is generally less sensitive to atrazine than standard test species. Although conditions of growth in standard toxicity tests are not identical to those in the natural environment, these results provide an understanding of the tolerance of this alga to PSII inhibitors as compared with other species. Environ Toxicol Chem 2014;33:1858–1864. © 2014 SETAC
Efficient multiple antenna–relay selection algorithms for MIMO unidirectional–bidirectional cognitive relay networks
Authors: Alsharoa Ahmad , Ghazzai Hakim , Alouini Mohamed‐Slim 
Published: April 2014

AbstractIn this paper, we consider a multiple‐input multiple‐output (MIMO) cooperative cognitive radio (CR) system using amplify‐and‐forward protocol under a spectrum sharing scenario, where licensed users and unlicensed users operate on the same frequency band. Indeed, combined CR, cooperative communication and MIMO antennas provide a smart solution for a more efficient usage of the frequency band and the data rate. The main objective of this work is to maximise the sum rate of the unlicensed users allowed to share the spectrum with the licensed users by respecting a tolerated interference threshold under perfect and imperfect channel state information scenarios. Practical approaches based on iterative and genetic algorithms for multiple antenna–relay selections with generalised MIMO model for both unidirectional and bidirectional transmissions are proposed to solve our formulated optimization problems. Interestingly, selected numerical results show that our proposed approaches reach a performance close to the performance of the optimal solution either with discrete or continuous power distributions while providing a considerable saving in terms of computational complexity. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Distributed and accumulated reinforcement arrangements: Evaluations of efficacy and preference
Authors: DeLeon Iser G. , Chase Julie A. , Frank‐Crawford Michelle A. , Carreau‐Webster Abbey B. , Triggs Mandy M. , Bullock Christopher E. , Jennett Heather K. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractWe assessed the efficacy of, and preference for, accumulated access to reinforcers, which allows uninterrupted engagement with the reinforcers but imposes an inherent delay required to first complete the task. Experiment 1 compared rates of task completion in 4 individuals who had been diagnosed with intellectual disabilities when reinforcement was distributed (i.e., 30‐s access to the reinforcer delivered immediately after each response) and accumulated (i.e., 5‐min access to the reinforcer after completion of multiple consecutive responses). Accumulated reinforcement produced response rates that equaled or exceeded rates during distributed reinforcement for 3 participants. Experiment 2 used a concurrent‐chains schedule to examine preferences for each arrangement. All participants preferred delayed, accumulated access when the reinforcer was an activity. Three participants also preferred accumulated access to edible reinforcers. The collective results suggest that, despite the inherent delay, accumulated reinforcement is just as effective and is often preferred by learners over distributed reinforcement.
Integration of modeling and simulation to support changes to ondansetron dosing following a randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐, and active‐controlled thorough QT study
Authors: Zuo Peiying , Haberer Lynda J. , Fang Lei , Hunt Thomas L. , Ridgway Derry , Russo Mark W. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractProlongation of the QT interval has been observed with ondansetron and other members of the 5‐HT3 antagonist class. This is the first thorough QTc study of ondansetron conducted in accordance with ICH E14 guidelines, designed to investigate the effect of single intravenous (IV) doses of ondansetron on cardiac conduction compared to placebo and a positive control, moxifloxacin, in healthy subjects. Statistical analysis of dose‐response showed the maximum mean difference in QTcF, compared to placebo and corrected for baseline (ddQTcF), was less than 10 milliseconds (ms) after an 8 mg IV dose and approximately 20 ms after the 32 mg dose, each infused over 15 minutes. The concentration‐response (Cp‐ddQTcF) model resulted in similar predictions for the 8 and 32 mg and was used to predict the maximum mean ddQTcF (upper 90% CI bound) of 9.2 (11.2) ms for 16 mg IV. As a result, single IV doses of ondansetron greater than 16 mg should no longer be used. Adult cancer patients, under 75 years, may receive up to a maximum initial 15‐minute IV dose of 16 mg, prior to chemotherapy, followed by 2 additional IV or IM doses of 8 mg for the management of chemotherapy‐induced nausea and vomiting (CINV).
Continuous hydrogen production in a trickling bed reactor by using triticale silage as inoculum: effect of simple and complex substrates
Authors: Arreola‐Vargas Jorge , Alatriste‐Mondragón Felipe , Celis Lourdes B. , Razo‐Flores Elías , López‐López Alberto , Méndez‐Acosta Hugo O. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractBACKGROUNDPrevious studies have reported that complexity of the substrate, type of inoculum and reactor configuration strongly affect fermentative hydrogen production. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of simple (glucose, xylose and sucrose) and complex (acid and enzymatic oat straw hydrolysates) substrates on the continuous hydrogen production in a trickling bed reactor. Novel inoculum (triticale silage) and biofilm support configuration (vertically organized PET tubing) were tested.RESULTSThe enzymatic hydrolysate was a suitable substrate for hydrogen production, since its hydrogen molar yield was similar to that obtained with glucose, mean values of 1.6 and 1.7 mol H2 mol−1 sugar consumed were obtained, respectively. In contrast, hydrogen was not produced from the acid hydrolysate. The highest hydrogen production rate (840 mL H2 L−1 h−1) was obtained with glucose at an organic loading rate of 160 g COD L−1 d−1. In spite of the high organic loading rate applied, clogging due to excessive biomass growth was not observed. Finally, PCR‐DGGE analysis revealed that bacteria from Clostridium genus were the putative responsible for hydrogen production.CONCLUSIONThis work demonstrates that continuous hydrogen production is affected by complexity of the substrate. Furthermore, it also shows the feasibility of using triticale silage as inoculum in hydrogen production systems. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Sclerostin monoclonal antibody enhanced bone fracture healing in an open osteotomy model in rats
Authors: Suen Pui Kit , He Yi‐Xin , Chow Dick Ho Kiu , Huang Le , Li Chaoyang , Ke Hua Zhu , Ominsky Michael S. , Qin Ling 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTSclerostin is a negative regulator of bone formation. Sclerostin monoclonal antibody (Scl‐Ab) treatment promoted bone healing in various animal models. To further evaluate the healing efficiency of Scl‐Ab in osteotomy healing, we investigated the time course effects of systemic administration of Scl‐Ab on fracture repair in rat femoral osteotomy model. A total of 120 six‐month‐old male SD rats were subjected to transverse osteotomy at the right femur mid‐shaft. Rats were treated with vehicle or Scl‐Ab treatment for 3, 6, or 9 weeks. Fracture healing was evaluated by radiography, micro‐CT, micro‐CT based angiography, 4‐point bending mechanical test and histological assessment. Scl‐Ab treatment resulted in significantly higher total mineralized callus volume fraction, BMD and enhanced neovascularization. Histologically, Scl‐Ab treatment resulted in a significant reduction in fracture callus cartilage at week 6 and increase in bone volume at week 9, associated with a greater proportion of newly formed bone area at week 6 and 9 by fluorescence microscopy. Mechanical testing showed significantly higher ultimate load in Scl‐Ab treatment group at week 6 and 9. This study has demonstrated that Scl‐Ab treatment enhanced bone healing in a rat femoral osteotomy model, as reflected in increased bone formation, bone mass and bone strength. © 2014 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 32:997–1005, 2014.
Recent trends in the use of food additives in the United Kingdom
Authors: Saltmarsh Mike 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe E number system for food additives was introduced in the 1960s and the E was intended to reassure consumers that permitted additives were safe. In the 1980s full ingredient declarations had to be provided on food products for the first time and manufacturers were permitted to use either the name or the number of the additive on the ingredient list. This paper outlines some of the trends in the sourcing, use and labelling of additives since the introduction of full ingredient listing. Generally, sourcing has become more global with a large number of suppliers being based in China. From an initial use of E numbers in ingredient lists, manufacturers are increasingly using the names of additives. This trend is being extended to avoid the use of anything the consumer might consider an additive, particularly in connection with colours and preservatives. Specifically, the colours used in the Southampton study on the impact of food colours on hyperactivity in children have largely been replaced by colouring foodstuffs, and the preservative used in the study, sodium benzoate, has been replaced by potassium sorbate in the majority of soft drinks. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Transcranial direct current stimulation for treatment of freezing of gait: A cross‐over study
Authors: Valentino Francesca , Cosentino Giuseppe , Brighina Filippo , Pozzi Nicolò Gabriele , Sandrini Giorgio , Fierro Brigida , Savettieri Giovanni , D'Amelio Marco , Pacchetti Claudio 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTBackground and objectiveProgression of Parkinson's disease (PD) is frequently characterized by the occurrence of freezing of gait (FOG) representing a disabling motor complication. We aim to investigate safety and efficacy of transcranial direct current stimulation of the primary motor cortex of PD patients with FOG.MethodsIn this cross‐over, double‐blind, sham‐controlled study, 10 PD patients with FOG persisting in “on” state underwent anodal and sham direct current stimulation for 5 consecutive days. Clinical assessment over a 1‐month period was performed.ResultsA significant improvement of gait, as assessed by the Stand Walk Sit test, with reduction in number and duration of FOG episodes, along with a significant reduction in the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale score, were observed after anodal stimulation. Beneficial effects were more evident after the entire 5‐day stimulation session, and persisted until the end of the observation period.ConclusionsAnodal transcranial direct current stimulation of the motor cortex is safe and has therapeutic potential in PD patients with FOG. © 2014 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
Error estimation and adaptivity for incompressible hyperelasticity
Authors: Whiteley J.P. , Tavener S.J. 
Published: April 2014

SUMMARYA Galerkin FEM is developed for nonlinear, incompressible (hyper) elasticity that takes account of nonlinearities in both the strain tensor and the relationship between the strain tensor and the stress tensor. By using suitably defined linearised dual problems with appropriate boundary conditions, a posteriori error estimates are then derived for both linear functionals of the solution and linear functionals of the stress on a boundary, where Dirichlet boundary conditions are applied. A second, higher order method for calculating a linear functional of the stress on a Dirichlet boundary is also presented together with an a posteriori error estimator for this approach. An implementation for a 2D model problem with known solution, where the entries of the strain tensor exhibit large, rapid variations, demonstrates the accuracy and sharpness of the error estimators. Finally, using a selection of model problems, the a posteriori error estimate is shown to provide a basis for effective mesh adaptivity. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Measures of ‘exposure needed for one additional patient to be harmed’ in population‐based case‐control studies
Authors: Hallas Jesper , Christensen Rene Depont , Stürmer Til , Pottegård Anton 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTPurposeThe magnitude of risk for adverse drug reactions may be communicated by a measure of ‘exposure needed for one additional patient to be harmed’ (ENH). We present four ENH measures, based on four different counterfactual contrasts, as illustrated by the known effects of NSAID use on peptic ulcer bleeding.MethodsThe four measures were basic ENH (estimating the excess risk when treating the entire source population versus treating no one), age‐restricted ENH (the entire source population above, e.g. 50 years old treated versus no one above 50 years old treated), standardised ENH (a population of similar age and gender distribution as those actually treated versus same subjects not treated) and naturalistic ENH (those actually treated versus same subjects not treated).Data were derived from a case‐control dataset on NSAIDs and severe peptic ulcer bleeding, collected in Funen County in 1995–2006. We incorporated prescription and census data to account for the source population's drug use.ResultsEstimates of basic, age‐restricted, standardised and naturalistic ENH were 619 person‐years (py) (95% confidence interval (CI): 558–684), 223 py (CI: 201–246), 131 py (CI: 118–144) and 162 py (CI: 151–173). The age‐restricted ENH showed strong dependence on the chosen age limit.ConclusionThe differing counterfactual contrasts underlying the ENH result in widely different estimates. These differences reflect the clinical and epidemiological aspects of NSAID‐related peptic ulcer bleeding. The ultimate choice of ENH measure will depend on epidemiological or clinical considerations and on availability of data. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Application of the BAMO‐AMMO Alternative Block Energetic Thermoplastic Elastomer in Composite Propellant
Authors: Zhang Chi , Luo Yun‐Jun , Jiao Qing‐Jie , Zhai Bin , Guo Xue‐Yong 
Published: April 2014

AbstractA BAMO‐AMMO alternative block (BAAB)‐based thermoplastic composite propellant with 80 % solid content was prepared using BAAB energetic thermoplastic elastomer (ETPE) as the binder, and the formulation was optimized through energy calculation. The densities, heats of explosion, glass‐transition temperatures, and mechanical properties of the samples were determined by surface tension measurements, oxygen bomb calorimetry, differential scanning calorimetry and static tensile tests, respectively. The results showed that this composite propellant can reach a standard theoretical specific impulse of 275.45 s (10 MPa), a density of 1.8102 g cm−3, a heat of explosion of 6256 kJ kg−1, a Tg of −50.46 °C, a tensile strength of 1.56 MPa and an elongation at break of 20 %, thus presenting a superior comprehensive property to BAMO‐AMMO random block (BARB)‐based thermoplastic composite propellant.
Effect of Nitrocellulose Gasifying Binder on Thrust Performance and High‐g Launch Tolerance of Miniaturized Nanothermite Thrusters
Authors: Staley Clay S. , Raymond Kristofer E. , Thiruvengadathan Rajagopalan , Herbst Jackson J. , Swaszek Sean M. , Taylor Robert J. , Gangopadhyay Keshab , Gangopadhyay Shubhra 
Published: April 2014

AbstractNanothermites are promising propellants for miniaturized thruster applications, but in their pure state can be very sensitive to ignition stimuli and prone to phase separation. Consequentially, a need exists for desensitizing binders that do not inhibit nanothermite thrust performance. We investigate the effects of incorporating small weight concentrations of nitrocellulose as a gasifying binder in bismuth trioxide‐aluminum nanothermites. Thrust measurements revealed improvements in specific impulse up to 63.2 s using nitrocellulose. The launch tolerance of the nanothermites in response to high‐g acceleration was also explored and substantial improvements were realized for nanothermites prepared with nitrocellulose. As small as 5 % nitrocellulose content suppressed the sensitivity of the nanothermites to less than 1 % ignition probability after exposure to 30 kg acceleration events. Some nanothermite charges experimentally survived up to 90 kg loads. Most importantly, nitrocellulose predictably modulated the thrust performance and ignition sensitivity of the nanothermites as a function of weight content. Employing nitrocellulose as a binder, high performance nanothermite propellants can be synthesized for miniaturized thruster applications with tailored impulse generation and ignition sensitivity.