bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cerebral white matter disease is associated with Alzheimer pathology in a prospective cohort
Authors: Moghekar Abhay , Kraut Michael , Elkins Wendy , Troncoso Juan , Zonderman Alan B. , Resnick Susan M. , O'Brien Richard J. 
Published: September 2012

BackgroundAlthough magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)‐detected white matter disease has been correlated with cognitive decline in the elderly individuals, it is unclear whether white matter disease is primarily responsible for the cognitive deterioration or whether another process is common to both white matter disease and dementia.MethodsWe examined the relationship between Alzheimer‐type brain pathology at autopsy and MRI‐detected cerebral white matter disease in 50 participants from the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging Autopsy Program, a prospective study of aging that includes detailed cognitive assessments.ResultsWhite matter disease was quantitated in pre‐ and postmortem MRI scans using the Cardiovascular Health Study (CHS) criteria in a blinded manner. We found that several measures of Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology, including the Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease score, Braak score, and a composite AD pathology score, along with hypertension, were significantly associated with CHS white matter score using univariate and multivariate ordinal regression. In contrast, amyloid angiopathy was not independently associated with CHS score. Although a clinical diagnosis of dementia was associated with CHS score in univariate analysis, the association disappeared after accounting for AD pathology.ConclusionAD pathology at autopsy is associated with MRI‐detected cerebral white matter disease. This relationship may explain, in part, the association between cerebral white matter disease and cognitive decline in the elderly individuals.
The first data on the Early Proterozoic sialic basement in the eastern West Siberian Platform (studies of the Tyn’yar rhyolite–granite pluton)
Authors: Ivanov K.S. , Erokhin Yu.V. , Ronkin Yu.L. , Khiller V.V. , Rodionov N.V. , Lepikhina O.P. 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
Despite the long history of research, the presence of Precambrian complexes in the West Siberian basement has not been proven. The Tyn’yarskaya 100 and Tyn’yarskaya 101 wells were drilled in the Vakh–Elogui interfluve, in the eastern West Siberian Plate (eastern Khanty-Mansi Autonomous District). At a depth of 1790 m, they stripped a rhyolite extrusion, which graded into A-type alkali granitoids with rare-metal and REE mineralization (thorite, thorogummite, pitchblende, REE-carbonates, chevkinite, and others) downsection. This volcanoplutonic complex is Early Permian (K–Ar age, ∼270 Ma; Rb–Sr age, 275.7 Ma; Sm–Nd age, 276 Ma; U–Pb age, 277 Ma). Some zircon grains from granites are much older (2049 ± 23 Ma, SHRIMP II), suggesting a relationship between the Early Permian granitic magma and the ancient matter. This might have been a granite-metamorphic basement, the partial melting of which produced the Tyn’yar rhyolite–granite body. The Sm–Nd model ages also suggest the participation of a Precambrian substratum in the formation of the rocks under study. Thus, it is quite possible that the Tyn’yar area is underlain by a Proterozoic (∼ 2 Ga) sialic basement, which is an edge of the Siberian Platform thinned by Late Proterozoic–Early Paleozoic rifting and extension.
Aepyornisas moa: giant birds and global connections in nineteenth-century science
Authors: ANDERSON THOMAS J. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThis essay explores how the scientific community interpreted the discoveries of extinct giant birds during the mid-nineteenth century on the islands of New Zealand and Madagascar. It argues that theAepyornisof Madagascar was understood through the moa of New Zealand because of the rise of global networks and theories. Indeed, their global connections made giant birds a sensation among the scientific community and together forged theories and associations not possible in isolation. In this way, this paper argues for a closer look at how the creation of science emerged from a world framework that involved multiple sites of discovery and interpretation that continually influenced and reshaped scientific theories. It also stresses the importance of local naturalists in participating in this global exchange of knowledge.
Laser wakefield bubble regime acceleration of electrons in a preformed non uniform plasma channel
Authors: Magesh Kumar K.K. , Tripathi V.K. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractA model of bubble regime electron acceleration by an intense laser pulse in non uniform plasma channel is developed. The plasma electrons at the front of the pulse and slightly off the laser axis in the plasma channel, experience axial and radial ponderomotive and space charge forces, creating an electron evacuated non uniform ion bubble. The expelled electrons travel along the surface of the bubble and reach the stagnation point, forming an electron sphere of radius re. The electrons of this sphere are pulled into the ion bubble and are accelerated to high energies. The Lorentz boosted frame enabled us to calculate energy gain of a test electron inside the bubble.
Bacteriological and molecular detection of Mycobacterium bovis in cattle with inconclusive results to intradermal tuberculin tests
Authors: ZARDEN C. F. O. , MARASSI C. D. , CARVALHO A. C. , FIGUEIREDO E. E. S. , LILENBAUM W. 
Published: September 2012

SUMMARYA dairy herd (77 cows) from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, with a history of tuberculosis infection was tested by a comparative cervical test (CCT). Seventeen cows were reactive and seven were inconclusive (swelling ⩾2·0 mm and ⩽3·9 mm, respectively). All of these 24 cows were slaughtered and necropsied; samples from lungs and lymph nodes were collected for multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and culturing. Infection was confirmed in 23/24 (95·8%) of the slaughtered animals (five by culturing, four by PCR, and 14 by both tests). All cows with inconclusive results at CCT were confirmed as infected. Although slaughter of inconclusive reactor cows is not mandatory in many countries, our study provided evidence to support the slaughter of these cows, at least during an outbreak.
On cosmopolitan self-determination
Authors: SOMEK ALEXANDER 
Published: September 2012

AbstractIn order to arrive at an adequate understanding of the changing Westphalian world, it is necessary to distinguish political self-determination from its cosmopolitan counterpart. While political self-determination has its place in a familiar and common space, cosmopolitan self-determination stands for unbounded collective self-determination among strangers. Two forms can be distinguished. In its mixed form, it is tied in with political self-determination, adopting the latter as a medium for realizing common autonomy among those who are foreign to one another. Virtual representation is essential to understanding how cosmopolitans are connected to bounded political spaces. In its pure form, by contrast, cosmopolitan self-determination detaches itself from political judgement and finds its major role in authorizing risk management and crisis intervention. It lends expression to the impoverishment suffered by collective freedom in an administered world. Any calibration of the relationship between political and cosmopolitan self-determination must examine the general social conditions enabling an autonomous life.
Pharmacokinetic–Pharmacodynamic Modeling of Severity Levels of Extrapyramidal Side Effects With Markov Elements
Authors: Pilla Reddy V , Petersson KJ , Suleiman AA , Vermeulen A , Proost JH , Friberg LE 
Published: September 2012

A major problem in the treatment of schizophrenic patients with current antipsychotic drugs, mainly acting as dopamine‐2 receptor antagonists, is the occurrence of side effects such as extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS). Meta‐analyses of summary data of EPS occurrence, and receptor occupancies inferred from mean plasma concentrations, have shown the incidence of EPS to rise when receptor occupancy is above ~80%. In this analysis, individual longitudinal EPS data from 2,630 patients participating in one of seven different trials and treated with haloperidol, paliperidone, ziprasidone, olanzapine, JNJ‐37822681, or placebo were analyzed using a continuous time probability model with Markov elements. The developed pharmacokinetic–pharmacodynamic model describes the longitudinal changes of spontaneously reported EPS‐related adverse events and their severity levels rated by clinicians. Individual steady‐state concentrations and occupancy levels were found to be predictors for EPS. The results confirm 80% occupancy as a level of increased EPS occurrence rates, also at the individual level.CPT: Pharmacometrics & Systems Pharmacology (2012) 1, e1; doi:10.1038/psp.2012.9; advance online publication 26 September 2012
The substrate/product-binding modes of a novel GH120 β-xylosidase (XylC) from Thermoanaerobacterium saccharolyticum JW/SL-YS485
Authors: Huang Chun-Hsiang , Sun Yu , Ko Tzu-Ping , Chen Chun-Chi , Zheng Yingying , Chan Hsiu-Chien , Pang Xuefei , Wiegel Juergen , Shao Weilan , Guo Rey-Ting 
Published: September 2012

Xylan-1,4-β-xylosidase (β-xylosidase) hydrolyses xylo-oligomers at their non-reducing ends into individual xylose units. Recently, XylC, a β-xylosidase from Thermoanaerobacterium saccharolyticum JW/SL-YS485, was found to be structurally different from corresponding glycosyl hydrolases in the CAZy database (http://www.cazy.org/), and was subsequently classified as the first member of a novel family of glycoside hydrolases (GH120). In the present paper, we report three crystal structures of XylC in complex with Tris, xylobiose and xylose at 1.48–2.05 Å (1 Å=0.1 nm) resolution. XylC assembles into a tetramer, and each monomer comprises two distinct domains. The core domain is a right-handed parallel β-helix (residues 1–75 and 201–638) and the flanking region (residues 76–200) folds into a β-sandwich domain. The enzyme contains an open carbohydrate-binding cleft, allowing accommodation of longer xylo-oligosaccharides. On the basis of the crystal structures and in agreement with previous kinetic data, we propose that XylC cleaves the glycosidic bond by the retaining mechanism using two acidic residues Asp382 (nucleophile) and Glu405 (general acid/base). In addition to the active site, nine other xylose-binding sites were consistently observed in each of the four monomers, providing a possible reason for the high tolerance of product inhibition.
Phospholipid:Diacylglycerol Acyltransferase Is a Multifunctional Enzyme Involved in Membrane Lipid Turnover and Degradation While Synthesizing Triacylglycerol in the Unicellular Green Microalga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii
Authors: Yoon Kangsup , Han Danxiang , Li Yantao , Sommerfeld Milton , Hu Qiang 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
Many unicellular microalgae produce large amounts (∼20 to 50% of cell dry weight) of triacylglycerols (TAGs) under stress (e.g., nutrient starvation and high light), but the synthesis and physiological role of TAG are poorly understood. We present detailed genetic, biochemical, functional, and physiological analyses of phospholipid:diacylglycerol acyltransferase (PDAT) in the green microalga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, which catalyzes TAG synthesis via two pathways: transacylation of diacylglycerol (DAG) with acyl groups from phospholipids and galactolipids and DAG:DAG transacylation. We demonstrate that PDAT also possesses acyl hydrolase activities using TAG, phospholipids, galactolipids, and cholesteryl esters as substrates. Artificial microRNA silencing of PDAT in C. reinhardtii alters the membrane lipid composition, reducing the maximum specific growth rate. The data suggest that PDAT-mediated membrane lipid turnover and TAG synthesis is essential for vigorous growth under favorable culture conditions and for membrane lipid degradation with concomitant production of TAG for survival under stress. The strong lipase activity of PDAT with broad substrate specificity suggests that this enzyme could be a potential biocatalyst for industrial lipid hydrolysis and conversion, particularly for biofuel production.
Building high‐performing teams rapidly
Authors: Eales‐White Rupert 
Published: September 2012

PurposeThe aim of the paper is to share the recipe that enables a team‐builder to build in the workplace, out of any group of individuals, a high‐performing team in four hours.Design/methodology/approachAfter a period of research and testing, the recipe was formulated and successfully implemented over a 15‐year period with more than 1,000 groups.FindingsThe recipe confirmed the research findings by A.J. Romiszowski that the effective team improves the intellectual and creative thinking skills, as well as the sociability, of the individual.Practical implicationsThe recipe enables radical improvement in individual, team and organisational performance.Originality/valueThe recipe is unique and is the only methodology to enable a high‐performing team to be built rapidly, delivering to any organisation a quantum leap in individual and team performance.
Talent management and building high performance organisations
Authors: Coulson‐Thomas Colin 
Published: September 2012

PurposeMany contemporary approaches to talent management are unaffordable. This paper seeks to summarise some key findings of a five‐year investigation into quicker and more affordable routes to creating high performance organisations. It aims to suggest a practical and much more cost‐effective way of quickly achieving multiple corporate objectives and measurable benefits for both people and organisations is often being overlooked.Design/methodology/approachA programme of critical success factor, “issue” and other surveys was complemented with a five‐year evaluation of more recent case studies to understand early adoptions of performance support and to assess their results and implications. The applications examined were discussed with the relevant technical architect and the results obtained corroborated with commissioner/user performance data and/or documented assessments/reactions.FindingsRecruiting exceptional people – even if affordable – can create a host of problems if they are not properly managed, which is often the case. Paying for talented people may make little sense for organisations that cannot harness or capture and share what they do differently. Talent needs to be relevant to what an organisation is seeking to do and critical success factors for excelling in key roles, and what top performers do differently in these areas captured and shared.Research limitations/implicationsEvaluations of performance management need to consider all the objectives that are beneficially impacted.Practical implicationsOne can avoid certain general, expensive, time consuming and disruptive corporate programmes in an area such as talent management and adopt quick, focused, cost effective alternatives that generate large returns on investment, and quickly deliver multiple benefits for people and organisations. Performance support can enable average performers wherever they may be to excel at difficult jobs.Social implicationsA wider range of people can be helped to do difficult jobs.Originality/valueThe paper summarises the main findings of an investigation that has identified deficiencies of contemporary approaches to talent management, identifies an approach which if strategically adopted can enable relevant talent in terms of how to excel at key roles to be developed as and when required, and sets out the benefits of Talent Management 2, of which performance support is a central element.
LILAC Conference 2012
Authors: Street Penelope , Hawksworth Lisa 
Published: September 2012

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to provide a flavour of the content of the LILAC Conference held in Glasgow, UK, in April 2012.Design/methodology/approachThe paper provides an overview of the themes, content, keynote speakers and selected parallel sessions of the LILAC conference.FindingsThe conference held a series of parallel sessions covering six key themes: information literacy and the digital future; information literacy research; supporting the research community; transitions: from school through to higher education; information literacy and employability; active learning and creative pedagogical approaches.Originality/valueThe conference provided an insight into emerging trends for information literacy.
Demand management in downstream wholesale and retail distribution: a case study
Authors: Hung Lau Kwok 
Published: September 2012

PurposeThis case study aims to examine the role of demand management in balancing distribution efficiency and responsiveness to customer needs in the downstream of a retail supply chain.Design/methodology/approachA major machine part supplier in Australia is used as a case study to investigate the challenges faced by the industry in distributing goods to customers. The use of demand management techniques to help improve distribution efficiency without significantly impacting on responsiveness is also explored.FindingsThe findings of the case study reveal that appropriate demand management measures, such as customer segmentation and price discrimination, can help improve overall distribution efficiency of the supply chain while providing the required responsiveness to meet genuine customer needs. Other management attempts, such as vendor‐managed inventory and rationalisation of retail network, can facilitate demand aggregation and improve vehicle utilisation in distribution with minor impact on customer service. These changes require a full understanding of customer requirements and supply capabilities of the company as well as corresponding adjustments in business strategy, leadership style, and organisational culture.Research limitations/implicationsThis study lends insight into the use of demand management techniques to improve efficiency in downstream wholesale and retail distribution, thereby enhancing sustainability and profitability of business. To serve mainly as a case study and an illustration of the approach, the scope of the study is limited to six stores in the distribution network of the case company.Practical implicationsRetailers can explore the use of demand management techniques to increase distribution efficiency and hence competitiveness of the company. The approach can also assist managers in adopting best practices among stores and facilitate more effective allocation of distribution resources to serve different market segments.Social implicationsUsing demand management techniques to increase distribution efficiency can reduce delivery frequency and total travel distance. This will help lessen energy usage, carbon emission, traffic congestion, and other negative impacts on the environment.Originality/valueResearch in retail distribution efficiency to date focuses mainly on delivery optimisation through routing and scheduling. Attempts to link demand with supply and use demand management techniques to improve distribution efficiency are relatively limited. This paper fills the gap in the literature by investigating the value of demand management in distribution and explores empirically the significance of the approach to achieve higher wholesale and retail distribution efficiency.
Are there any first‐mover advantages for pioneering firms?
Authors: Cleff Thomas , Rennings Klaus 
Published: September 2012

PurposeIn environmental policy first mover advantages for environmental technologies are often taken for granted. It is a popular view to see the state as a political entrepreneur who introduces a certain environmental policy instrument and thus becomes the world market leader or the lead market for the respective technology. Against this background, the purpose of this paper is to find out if the idea of first mover and lead market advantages can be justified by theories and empirical evidence.Design/methodology/approachA wide range of theoretical and empirical papers from the business management and industrial economics literature were reviewed to provide success factors for different timing‐to‐market and lead market strategies of environmental innovations.FindingsA successful innovator is not necessarily the first but very often one of the early movers within the competition of different innovation designs. The paper shows that the success of a timing strategy depends on country‐specific lead market potentials, on market and technology characteristics and on the regime of the country‐specific regulation. On this basis the paper derives options for environmental innovation strategies for firms under different circumstances of markets, technologies and regulations.Research limitations/implicationsPatent applications, R&D expenditure, etc. are not unimportant input factors for the innovation, but all these supply‐side factors are beyond the focus of this article.Practical implicationsResearch on the lead market and the timing to market takes centre stage when product innovations are in the development phase. Companies in countries that do not have sufficient above‐average lead market attributes must target product innovations to fit the preferences of users in the lead market.Originality/valueThis paper is the first to analyse if different timing to market advantages and lead market advantages for environmental innovation can be justified by theories and by empirical evidence.
CSR and sustainable development: are the concepts compatible?
Authors: Husser Jocelyn , André Jean‐Marc , Barbat Guillaume , Lespinet‐Najib Véronique 
Published: September 2012

PurposeIn France, an application decree from February 2002 enumerates a series of operational indicators that companies must offer, including a number of accounting and financial items. The information expected notably includes working time organisation, gender equality, health and safety, disability policies, subcontractor arrangements, water, raw material and energy consumption and biodiversity efforts. The present study aims to account for the diversity of the social and environmental information that companies supply by focusing on three stakeholder categories: suppliers; customers; and employees. It also seeks to highlight possible variations among different sectors of activity; influence of three pillars of sustainability (economic, social and environmental); timeframe (short‐term, long‐term, analytical); and type of discourse (situational or action variables).Design/methodology/approachBased on 40 French companies as a qualitative approach, the purpose of the present communication is to offer a discussion of the structuring modes applied to the information found in sustainability reports targeting stakeholders for all the companies belonging to the CAC 40 index.FindingsMobilizing a structural contents analysis, its findings identify differentiated communications practices among the 40 companies in question. The study also unveils the existence of shorter‐term approaches to sustainability action, contrasting to more long‐term and/or analytical orientations. Finally, the reports in question all emphasized sustainability's “economic” dimension, with its “social” dimension being considered secondary and its “environmental” dimension coming last. This inquiry demonstrates that, in the French context, there is a far cry from corporate social responsibility (CSR) dimension and sustainable development (SD) vision.Originality/valueThe paper provides an in‐depth method to analyze CSR and SD reports through its structural discourse.