bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Deaths involving novel benzodiazepines in Victoria, Australia from 2018 to 2022
Authors: Drummer Olaf H , Joubert Samantha , Di Rago Matthew , Castle Jared W , Crump Kerryn , Glowacki Linda , Gerostamoulos Dimitri 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Novel benzodiazepine (NBz) detections in Victorian coronial cases started early in 2018 and have continued to increase in number and type up to December 2022. The 11 different NBz detections included etizolam (n = 82), flualprazolam (n = 43), clonazolam or 8-aminoclonazolam (n = 30), bromazolam (n = 15), clobromazolam (n = 13), phenazepam (n = 13), flubromazolam (n = 12), flubromazepam (n = 8), desalkylflurazepam (n = 6), diclazepam (n = 2), and estazolam (n = 1). The pattern of detections varied over the 5-year period, with different compounds appearing over different time frames. The most recent NBz to appear were bromazolam, clobromazolam, flubromazepam, and phenazepam, whereas etizolam had been seen regularly in case work since 2018. Of the total 133 deaths, 95 were considered drug-related deaths by forensic pathologists with at least one additional CNS depressant also present capable of contributing to death. All deaths involved other (non-benzodiazepine) CNS active drugs, although many involved multiple NBz, with five or more different benzodiazepines detected in eight cases.
Resilience in the gig economy: digital skills in online freelancing
Authors: Fiers Floor 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Research on digital inequality suggests that digital skills are integral to participation on gig platforms. Focusing on the case of online freelancing, this article asks what such skills look like and how gig workers translate them into opportunities. Drawing on semi-structured interviews with 21 U.S. online freelancers, I identify moments in which participants approach the gig platform differently because of their digital skills. I find that digital skills enable online freelancers to (1) optimize their use of platform tools, (2) construct alternative pathways when existing tools malfunction, and (3) imagine and blaze new paths that go beyond the platform’s current functionality. These findings suggest that, in the volatile context of gig platforms, digital skills entail not only the ability to leverage platform tools as designed but also the capacity to creatively navigate situations in which the online environment changes, breaks, or proves inadequate for their needs.
Finding love in algorithms: deciphering the emotional contexts of close encounters with AI chatbots
Authors: Li Han , Zhang Renwen 
Published: August 2024

AbstractAI chatbots are permeating the socio-emotional realms of human life, presenting both benefits and challenges to interpersonal dynamics and well-being. Despite burgeoning interest in human–AI relationships, the conversational and emotional nuances of real-world, in situ human–AI social interactions remain underexplored. Through computational analysis of a multimodal dataset with over 35,000 screenshots and posts from r/replika, we identified seven prevalent types of human–AI social interactions: intimate behavior, mundane interaction, self-disclosure, play and fantasy, customization, transgression, and communication breakdown, and examined their associations with six basic human emotions. Our findings suggest the paradox of emotional connection with AI, indicated by the bittersweet emotion in intimate encounters with AI chatbots, and the elevated fear in uncanny valley moments when AI exhibits semblances of mind in deep self-disclosure. Customization characterizes the distinctiveness of AI companionship, positively elevating user experiences, whereas transgression and communication breakdown elicit fear or sadness.
Fifty-year population trajectory in a marginal American Pika (Ochotona princeps) population
Authors: Smith Andrew T , Millar Constance I , White Easton R 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The American Pika (Ochotona princeps) has been considered a species at risk due to warming temperatures associated with climate change. Many life-history attributes of pikas contribute to the sensitivity of pikas to warming temperatures. Repeated censuses of a marginal (warm, low-elevation) population of pikas at Bodie State Historic Park, California, conducted from 1972 to 2022, are presented to track the population trajectory of pikas for a time period predating recent awareness of global warming to the present day, thus giving a comprehensive portrayal of how American pikas may be responding to climate change. The northern constellation of anthropogenic habitat patches (mine ore dumps) showed no decline in percent of patches occupied or in total number of pika territories over time, suggesting that pikas in that area have not been at risk of extirpation resulting from climate change. In contrast, the pika population in the southern constellation of patches showed significant declines in percent of patches occupied and number of pika territories occupied. That area was unoccupied for about a decade beginning in 2006, but was recently recolonized from the northern constellation of patches. The most likely cause of the initial decline and transient extirpation in the south appears to result from fragmentation and stochastic population dynamics, independent of climatic factors that we investigated. Assessments of climatic impacts on American pikas should take into account the dynamics documented in the Bodie pika population and its resilience over time.
Amy Levy’s Decadent ‘Medea’
Authors: Wise Julie 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This essay focuses on Amy Levy’s 1882 ‘Medea. A Fragment after Euripides’, suggesting that the poem offers a meditation on decadence and its possibilities. Specifically, Levy examines its potential as a means of exploring the experiences of a cultural outsider, experiences that resonate with Levy’s own circumstances as an Anglo-Jewish New Woman whose primary attachments were to other women. While Medea had emerged from mid-Victorian literature and poems like Augusta Webster’s ‘Medea in Athens’ as a wronged woman whose victimization merits troubled sympathy, Levy develops a sceptical view of this interpretation. When Levy’s Medea pleas for sympathetic understanding, her listeners have none to offer the figure of racial and sexual otherness in their midst. Drawing from late-century revaluations of Euripides and his work by writers like John Addington Symonds, Levy restores Medea to her status as a decadent femme fatale. In doing so, she calls attention to the limitations of sympathy as a means of understanding while proposing decadence – a language of excess, irony, and ambiguity – as a language available to cultural outsiders for challenging their marginalization.
Preamble
Authors: Schwenzer Ingeborg , Schroeter Ulrich G 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter covers the preamble for the application of the CISG. The intentions of the drafters of the Preamble provide guidance in regard to the often difficult task to interpret the CISG in a manner promoting ‘good faith in international trade’ (Article 7(1)). An interpretation of the Convention’s rules under Article 7(1) must therefore ultimately lead to results which are in conformity with the intentions of their drafters and the spirit of the Convention as laid down and embodied in the Preamble. Whether the Preamble may also be of use for gap-filling under Article 7(2) for determining the general principles on which the Convention is based is disputed but, according to the chapter, is to be answered in the affirmative. Indeed, as the chapter shows, the CISG expressly provides that gaps are first of all to be filled by resorting to ‘the general principles on which it is based’.
Substantive scope of convention
Authors: Schwenzer Ingeborg , Schroeter Ulrich G 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter takes a look at Article 4, which deals with what the Convention does and does not govern. Article 4, sentence 1 has an introductory function. It does not exhaustively list the issues relating to formation of contract and the rights and obligations of the parties. Determining these provisions’ scope is a matter of interpretation. If according to such interpretation the CISG covers a specific subject matter but does not contain explicit language, Article 7(2) calls for gap-filling using the general principles on which the Convention is based, or in the absence of such, the applicable domestic law. In all of these situations, great caution is in order to avoid transposing inadvertently domestic preconceptions to the CISG which may then unduly narrow or expand the Convention’s scope in disregard of its international character and hence violation of Article 7(1).
Interpretation of parties’ statements or conduct
Authors: Schwenzer Ingeborg , Schroeter Ulrich G 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter takes a look at Article 8 of the CISG. Here, the Convention unifies the standards of contract interpretation and thus displaces conflicting national rules of interpretation and evidence. Article 8 specifies the standards of interpretation of statements made and conduct addressed in the text and at the same time governs the interpretation of the concluded contract. The primary standard is the intention of the parties supplemented by the (objective) understanding of a reasonable person of the same kind. In addition, the provision lists several circumstances to be taken into account in the interpretation. Beyond the interpretation in a narrow sense, the provision gives important indications of the possibilities and limits of a judicial supplementation of the contract respective the acceptance of implied terms. Finally, Article 8 together with Articles 14 et seq is one of the guidelines for the treatment of standard terms and conditions, which is only rudimentarily covered by the Convention.
Late acceptance
Authors: Schwenzer Ingeborg , Schroeter Ulrich G 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses acceptances as per Article 21. Article 21 lays down special rules on late acceptances. These rules operate in close systematic connection with Article 18(2) and the basic rule contained therein, according to which the effectiveness of acceptances depends on their timeliness. In principle, an acceptance that reaches the offeror late is therefore ineffective. Article 21 provides two exceptions to this rule that both are based on similar policy considerations, but are each limited to a specific reason for the acceptance’s late receipt by the offeror. In both constellations covered by Article 21, a contract is formed by the acceptance in spite of its delay.
Definition of ‘reaches’
Authors: Schwenzer Ingeborg , Schroeter Ulrich G 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter clarifies the definition of reaches that is presented in Article 24. It explains Article 24 as the moment at which a party declaration reached the respective addressee through the means of communication to communicate. Moreover, Article 24 functions as a risk allocation provision. The chapter then notes the difference between oral declarations and declarations delivered by other means such as telegram, SMS, WhatsApp or WeChat. It also highlights the importance of proving the addressee’s actual awareness and knowledge of the declaration. Additionally, a foreign language is considered as an impediment to the declaration reaching the addressee as it could run the language risk of misunderstanding the context.
Time of delivery
Authors: Schwenzer Ingeborg , Schroeter Ulrich G 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter notes Article 33, which covers the time when the seller must deliver the goods as required by Article 31. In line with Article 6, parties are free to determine the time for delivery in their contract. The time of delivery will determine when the buyer could initiate the remedies under the Convention in cases of non-delivery. The chapter notes the difference between the delivery period and the period for taking delivery. It highlights the seller’s and buyer’s rights to choose the date for delivery as well. If the contract does not fix a time for delivery, the seller must deliver the goods within a ‘reasonable time’ under Article 33.
Buyer’s remedies for seller’s breach of contract
Authors: Schwenzer Ingeborg , Schroeter Ulrich G 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter looks into the buyer’s remedies in line with the seller’s failure to perform any of his contractual obligations. Article 45 tackles issues such as claims for damages and the lack of period of grace. All of the buyer’s remedies referred to in Article 45 are available only if the seller fails to perform any one of his obligations under the contract or the Convention. Additionally, the right to perform is not dependent on the fault or circumstances within the seller’s control. The chapter then discusses the remedies under Articles 46-52. It also includes the seller’s guaranteed liability based on the failure to perform the contractual obligation.
Passing of risk when goods are sold in transit
Authors: Schwenzer Ingeborg , Schroeter Ulrich G 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter centers on the passage of risk when the goods are sold in transit. Article 68 holds that the risk in respect of goods sold in transit passes to the buyer from the time of the conclusion of the contract. However, if the circumstances so indicate, the risk is assumed by the buyer from the time the goods were handed over to the carrier who issued the documents embodying the contract of carriage. Meanwhile if at the time of the conclusion of the contract of sale, the seller knew or ought to have known that the goods had been lost or damaged and did not disclose this to the buyer, the loss or damage is at the risk of the seller.
Passing of risk in other cases
Authors: Schwenzer Ingeborg , Schroeter Ulrich G 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter looks at Article 69, which is a residual rule covering situations left out in Articles 67 and 68. Its provisions address situations where the buyer collects the goods at the place of the seller, in which case risk passes there; and where the seller has to bring the goods to a certain place, in which case risk passes there. Article 69 distinguishes taking over the goods as the moment in which risk passes and placing the goods at the buyer’s disposal as the moment in which risk passes. Article 69 requires sufficient identification of the goods to the contract. The chapter, nevertheless, acknowledges that the provision is of limited practical relevance given the widespread use of Incoterms or equivalent provisions in international sales contracts.
Calculation of damages in case of avoidance without substitute transaction
Authors: Schwenzer Ingeborg , Schroeter Ulrich G 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses Article 76, which allows the party who has avoided the contract to abstractly calculate its non-performance loss as the difference between the contract price and the market price. The provision is based on the notion that the promisee has the right to make a substitute transaction at the market price. The chapter underscores that the provision is only applicable when no substitute transaction has been entered into and where the contract has been avoided. The calculation of loss on the basis of Article 76 is only possible if the goods contracted for have a market price. The existence of a price fixed by the contract is also a prerequisite.
Breach caused by creditor
Authors: Schwenzer Ingeborg , Schroeter Ulrich G 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter focuses on provisions about how a party may not rely on a failure of the other party to perform, to the extent that such failure was caused by the first party’s act or omission. Article 80 has no direct predecessor in the ULIS. It explains that the article was included in the Convention based on a proposal by the former German Democratic Republic and provides for a complete exemption of the promisor from its contractual obligations. The chapter mentions civil law authors that conceive Article 80 to be an expression of the general principle of good faith. In contrast to other provisions, Article 80 does not specify the consequences of contributory or comparative negligence on the part of the promisee.
Introduction to Articles 81–84 CISG: General questions regarding the effects of avoidance
Authors: Schwenzer Ingeborg , Schroeter Ulrich G 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses the consequences and effects of contract avoidance that are comprehensively governed by Articles 81–84. It points out that these articles are one of the few areas where the Convention’s attempt to provide for a reasonable and modern solution has failed. Gaps have remained and outdated solutions that have hardly ever proved satisfactory have been retained. The chapter explains how Articles 81–84 settle the technical aspects of rewinding a contract that has been avoided. The rewinding of a contract is preceded by two questions: ‘Are there sufficient grounds for avoiding the contract?’ and ‘Has avoidance been properly declared?’
Introduction to Articles 89–101 CISG: General questions regarding the final provisions
Authors: Schwenzer Ingeborg , Schroeter Ulrich G 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter focuses on Article 89, which designates the Secretary-General of the United Nations as depositary of the 1980 Sales Convention. It highlights the designation of Article 89 that resembles the majority of conventions that were drawn up and concluded within the framework of the UN. In contrast to earlier international conventions, the Sales Convention does not comprehensively spell out the depositary’s tasks under the Convention but restricts itself to designating the depositary as addressee of a number of State declarations. The chapter recounts the 1969 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties that inter alia codified the tasks of depositaries before the Sales Convention’s text was finalized in early 1980. Article 89 is a purely diplomatic clause with a mostly formal content, which in itself is neither addressed to nor of relevance for commercial courts, private parties and their legal advisers.
Formalities, taking effect and withdrawal of declarations
Authors: & Schlechtriem 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses Article 97 that governs the formalities of State declarations made under Part IV of the Sales Convention and the question when such declarations take effect. In theory and practice, the majority of declarations covered by Article 97 are reservations. It cites Article 97(4), (5) that address the actus contrarius to the making of State declarations, namely their withdrawal. The chapter elaborates how Article 97 is addressed to States in their role as State parties to the Convention and is primarily of interest to government officials who handle the making of declarations or their withdrawal. The effect of declarations can be relevant for private parties and their legal advisers, given that declarations may affect the applicability of the Sales Convention to a given sales transaction.
The 21-cm signal during the end stages of reionization
Authors: Giri Sambit K , Bianco Michele , Schaeffer Timothée , Iliev Ilian T , Mellema Garrelt , Schneider Aurel 
Published: August 2024

ABSTRACT
During the epoch of reionization (EoR), the 21-cm signal allows direct observation of the neutral hydrogen (H i) in the intergalactic medium (IGM). In the post-reionization era, this signal instead probes H i in galaxies, which traces the dark matter density distribution. With new numerical simulations, we investigated the end stages of reionization to elucidate the transition of our Universe into the post-reionization era. Our models are consistent with the latest high-redshift measurements, including ultraviolet (UV) luminosity functions up to redshift $\simeq$8. Notably, these models consistently reproduced the evolution of the UV photon background, which is constrained from Lyman-$\alpha$ absorption spectra. We studied the dependence of this background on the nature of photon sinks in the IGM, requiring mean free path of UV photons to be $\sim$10 comoving-megaparsecs (cMpc) during the EoR that increases gradually with time during late stages ($z\lesssim 6$). Our models revealed that the reionization of the IGM transitioned from an inside-out to an outside-in process when the Universe is less than 0.01 per cent neutral. During this epoch, the 21-cm signal also shifted from probing predominantly the H i in the IGM to that in galaxies. Furthermore, we identified a statistically significant number of large neutral islands (with sizes up to 40 cMpc) persisting until very late stages ($5 \lesssim z \lesssim 6$) that can imprint features in Lyman-$\alpha$ absorption spectra and also produce a knee-like feature in the 21-cm power spectrum.
Phosphatidylserine-dependent antiprothrombin antibodies as a key predictor for systemic lupus erythematosus in patients with primary antiphospholipid syndrome: A retrospective longitudinal cohort study
Authors: Wei Jiang , Fujieda Yuichiro , Fujita Yusuke , Ogata Yusuke , Hisada Ryo , Kono Michihito , Amengual Olga , Kato Masaru , Atsumi Tatsuya 
Published: August 2024

ABSTRACT

Objectives
Primary antiphospholipid syndrome (PAPS) is an autoimmune disorder characterized by thrombosis and pregnancy morbidity. Although PAPS is distinct from systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), the two conditions share clinical features and susceptibility genes. Progression from PAPS to SLE is well recognized. However, risk factors for this transition are poorly understood. We aimed to identify predictors of progression to SLE in patients with PAPS.

Methods
A longitudinal single-centre study was conducted at Hokkaido University Hospital from 1990 to 2021. Baseline characteristics, including clinical features, laboratory data, and antiphospholipid antibody profiles, were compared between patients who progressed to SLE (SLE group) and those who did not (non-SLE group).

Results
Among 64 patients diagnosed with PAPS at baseline, nine (13.8%) progressed to SLE over a mean follow-up duration of 9 years (incidence rate, 1.61 per 100 person-years). At the time of the diagnosis of PAPS, the SLE group had a higher prevalence of phosphatidylserine-dependent antiprothrombin antibody (aPS/PT) and anti-dsDNA antibodies compared to the non-SLE group. Other clinical findings, autoantibody profiles, and serum complement levels were similar between the two groups. Multivariate Cox analysis showed that aPS/PT IgG was significantly associated with SLE development (hazard ratio: 10.3, 95% confidence interval: 1.13–92.6, P = .04).

Conclusions
aPS/PT IgG may be a predictive factor for new-onset SLE in patients with PAPS, suggesting its utility in guiding risk stratification and monitoring strategies for these patients.