bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Source identification of N2O produced during simulated wastewater treatment under different oxygen conditions using stable isotopic analysis
Authors: Azzaya T , Toyoda Sakae , Yoshida Naohiro , Shiomi Hiroshi , Kouno Rina 
Published: December 2014

Nitrous oxide (N2O), a potent greenhouse gas which is important in climate change, is predicted to be the most dominant ozone depleting substance. It is mainly produced by oxidation of hydroxylamine (NH2OH) or reduction of nitrite (NO2-) during microbiological processes such as nitrification and denitrification. Wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) is one of the anthropogenic N2O sources because inorganic and organic nitrogen compounds are converted to nitrate (NO3-, in the case of standard system) or N2 (in the case of advanced system) by bacterial nitrification and denitrification in WWTP. We investigated the N2O production mechanisms during batch experiments that simulate wastewater treatment with activated sludge under various dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations by stable isotope analysis. About 125mL of water was sampled from 30L incubation chamber for several times during the incubation, and concentration and isotopomer ratios of N2O and N-containing species were measured using gas chromatography/isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC/IRMS). Ammonium (NH4+) consumption was accompanied by increment of nitrite (NO2-), and at the same time dissolved N2O concentration gradually increased to 4850 and 5650 nmol kg-1, respectively, during the four-hour incubation when DO concentrations were 0.2 and 0.5 mg L-1. Observed low SP values (0.2-8.9‰ at DO-0.2 mg L-1, -5.3-6.3‰ at DO-0.5 mg L-1, -1.0-8.3‰ at DO-0.8 mg L-1) in N2O and relationship of nitrogen isotope ratios between N2O and its potential substrates (NH4+, NO3-) suggested that N2O produced under the aerobic condition derived mainly from NO2- reduction by ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (nitrifier–denitrification).DOI: http://doi.dx.org/10.5564/mjc.v15i0.313Mongolian Journal of Chemistry 15 (41), 2014, p4-10
Separation and purification of curcumin preparation of morphology controlled micro particles
Authors: Tsedendorj Ts , Hai-long Hong , Li-min Han , Lkhagvajav N , Darkhijav B 
Published: December 2014

Curcumin was extracted from turmeric plants which is the most commonly used natural pigments, and possess a variety of pharmacological functions except for using pigment. The morphology and particle size of curcumin are main factors affecting the application. Therefore, the morphology and particle size distribution of curcumin were effectively controlled by advanced technology, which is significant for expanding the application and added value of curcumin. The curcumin crystal was obtained from curcumin pigments by using column chromatography and recrystallization techniques. The composition and structure of curcumin were characterized by elementary analysis, UV-Vis, IR and NMR. Micronization of curcumin was carried out the Solution Enhanced Dispersion by Supercritical Fluids (SEDS) technology. In the process, supercritical carbon dioxide was used as anti-solvent and acetone/dichloromethane (1:4, v:v) was used as solvent. The curcumin crystals with PSs of about 378 μm were successfully micronized by the SEDS process to micro particles with PSs of about 2.6-10 μm. The acicular, leaves, dendritic and tubular micro particles were obtained through controlling parameters such as pressure, temperature, solution concentration and solution flow rate.DOI: http://doi.dx.org/10.5564/mjc.v15i0.314 Mongolian Journal of Chemistry 15 (41), 2014, p11-14
Antioxidative activity of Silibum marianum cultivated in Mongolia
Authors: Ganbaatar J , Tamir O , Lkhagvamaa E , Tsiiregzen A , Oyuntsetseg J , Bayarjargal M 
Published: December 2014

Silibum marianum (Milk thistle) contains high amount of phenolic compounds with antioxidant properties. The aim of this work was to evaluate the antioxidant activity of phenolic compounds included in Milk thistle. The antioxidant properties of the leaves and seeds of milk thistle were examined by determining its ability to scavenge the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical. The results obtained from DPPH assay confirm that Milk thistle extracts have high antioxidative activity.DOI: http://doi.dx.org/10.5564/mjc.v15i0.323 Mongolian Journal of Chemistry 15 (41), 2014, p53-55
The main chemical properties of hot and cold mineral waters in Bayankhongor, Mongolia
Authors: Oyuntsetseg D , Uugangerel E , Minjigmaa A , Ueda A 
Published: December 2014

In the current study, hot and cold mineral springs and sub mineral waters in the Bayankhongor province were examined for their chemical characteristics and identified cold mineral waters classification according to mineral water classification of Mongolia. The hot spring waters belong to Na+-HCO3- and Na+-SO42- types. The cold mineral spring of Lkham belongs to Ca2+-HCO3- type. All sub mineral waters are generally located in the two areas (northern part or mountain forest area and the southern part or Gobi desert area). TDS concentrations of cold springs of the southern part in the study area were higher than northern part’s cold springs. The total dissolved silica content of cold spring was ranged from 4.5mg/L to 26 mg/L which did not correspond to requirements of mineral water standard of Mongolia. Thus, these cold springs are belonging to sub mineral water classification. The sub mineral waters were characterized into four types such as a Ca2+-SO42-, Na+-SO42-, Na+-HCO3 and Ca2+ - HCO3 by their chemical composition in the study area. The values for the quartz, chalcedony geothermometer and the Na/K geothermometer were quite different. The silica-enthalpy mixing model predicts a subsurface reservoir temperature between 124 and 197°C and most of the hot waters have been probably mixed with cold water. The result shows that an averaged value of calculated temperature ranges from 77°C to 119°C which indicates that studied area has low temperature geothermal resources. DOI: http://doi.dx.org/10.5564/mjc.v15i0.324 Mongolian Journal of Chemistry 15 (41), 2014, p56-62
Magmatic plumbing at Lucky Strike volcano based on olivine‐hosted melt inclusion compositions
Authors: Wanless V. D. , Shaw A. M. , Behn M. D. , Soule S. A. , Escartín J. , Hamelin C. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractHere we present volatile, major, and trace element concentrations of 64 olivine‐hosted melt inclusions from the Lucky Strike segment on the mid‐Atlantic ridge. Lucky Strike is one of two locations where a crustal melt lens has been seismically imaged on a slow‐spreading ridge. Vapor‐saturation pressures, calculated from CO2 and H2O contents of Lucky Strike melt inclusions, range from approximately 300–3000 bars, corresponding to depths of 0.5–9.9 km below the seafloor. Approximately 50% of the melt inclusions record crystallization depths of 3–4 km, corresponding to the seismically imaged melt lens depth, while an additional ∼35% crystallize at depths > 4 km. This indicates that while crystallization is focused within the melt lens, significant crystallization also occurs in the lower crust and/or upper mantle. The melt inclusions span a range of major and trace element concentrations from normal to enriched basalts. Trace element ratios at all depths are heterogeneous, suggesting that melts are not efficiently homogenized in the mantle or crust, despite the presence of a melt lens. This is consistent with the transient nature of magma chambers proposed for slower‐spreading ridges. To investigate the petrogenesis of the melt inclusion compositions, we compare the measured trace element compositions to theoretical melting calculations that consider variations in the melting geometry and heterogeneities in the mantle source. The full range of compositions can be produced by slight variations in the proportion of an Azores plume and depleted upper mantle components and changes in the total extent of melting.
Intraannual variability of tides in the thermosphere from model simulations and in situ satellite observations
Authors: Häusler K. , Hagan M. E. , Forbes J. M. , Zhang X. , Doornbos E. , Bruinsma S. , Lu G. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractIn this paper, we provide insights into limitations imposed by current satellite‐based strategies to delineate tidal variability in the thermosphere, as well as the ability of a state‐of‐the‐art model to replicate thermospheric tidal determinations. Toward this end, we conducted a year‐long thermosphere‐ionosphere‐mesosphere‐electrodynamics general circulation model (TIME‐GCM) simulation for 2009, which is characterized by low solar and geomagnetic activity. In order to account for tropospheric waves and tides propagating upward into the ∼30–400 km model domain, we used 3‐hourly MERRA (Modern‐Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Application) reanalysis data. We focus on exospheric tidal temperatures, which are also compared with 72 day mean determinations from combined Challenging Minisatellite Payload (CHAMP) and Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellite observations to assess the model's capability to capture the observed tidal signatures and to quantify the uncertainties associated with the satellite exospheric temperature determination technique. We found strong day‐to‐day tidal variability in TIME‐GCM that is smoothed out when averaged over as few as ten days. TIME‐GCM notably overestimates the 72 day mean eastward propagating tides observed by CHAMP/GRACE, while capturing many of the salient features of other tidal components. However, the CHAMP/GRACE tidal determination technique only provides a gross climatological representation, underestimates the majority of the tidal components in the climatological spectrum, and moreover fails to characterize the extreme variability that drives the dynamics and electrodynamics of the ionosphere‐thermosphere system. A multisatellite mission that samples at least six local times simultaneously is needed to provide this quantification.
The interaction of propagating opening mode fractures with preexisting discontinuities in shale
Authors: Lee Hunjoo P. , Olson Jon E. , Holder Jon , Gale Julia F. W. , Myers Rodrick D. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractField observations show that hydraulic fracture growth in naturally fractured formations like shale is complex. Preexisting discontinuities in shale, including natural fractures and bedding, act as planes of weakness that divert fracture propagation. To investigate the influence of weak planes on hydraulic fracture propagation, we performed Semicircular Bend tests on Marcellus Shale core samples containing calcite‐filled natural fractures (veins). The approach angle of the induced fracture to the veins and the thickness of the veins have a strong influence on propagation. As the approach angle becomes more oblique to the induced fracture plane, and as the vein gets thicker, the induced fracture is more likely to divert into the vein. Microstructural analysis of tested samples shows that the induced fracture propagates in the middle of the vein but not at the interface between the vein and the rock matrix. Cleavage planes and fluid inclusion trails in the vein cements exert some control on the fracture path. Combining the experimental results with theoretical fracture mechanics arguments, the fracture toughness of the calcite veins was estimated to range from 0.24 MPa m1/2 to 0.83 MPa m1/2, depending on the value used for the Young's modulus of the calcite vein material. Measured fracture toughness of unfractured Marcellus Shale was 0.47 MPa m1/2.
Investing in Agriculture as an Asset Class
Authors: Chen Songjiao , Wilson William W. , Larsen Ryan , Dahl Bruce 
Published: December 2014

ABSTRACTThere has been massive investment in agricultural assets including farmland, handling and trading, technology, fertilizer, and others. A number of studies have analyzed investing in farmland, but there has been limited focus on investing in non‐farmland agricultural assets. This article analyzes the role of farmland and other agricultural investments in class‐specific portfolios. We use a Mean‐Value at Risk (M‐VaR) model with restrictions to find, compare, and contrast the optimal portfolio composition among U.S. farmland, agricultural equities and grain futures. Copulas are used to account for non‐normal distributions and asymmetric dependence relationships. The results illustrate that farmland is attractive as an investment. However, as risk tolerance is increased, a shift to other agricultural assets would bring greater returns.
Detection of ALK rearrangements in malignant pleural effusion cell blocks from patients with advanced non‐small cell lung cancer: A comparison of Ventana immunohistochemistry and fluorescence in situ hybridization
Authors: Wang Weiya , Tang Yuan , Li Jinnan , Jiang Lili , Jiang Yong , Su Xueying 
Published: December 2014

BACKGROUNDSurgical resections or tumor biopsies are often not available for patients with late‐stage non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Cytological specimens, such as malignant pleural effusion (MPE) cell blocks, are critical for molecular testing. Currently, diagnostic methods to identify anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) rearrangements include fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), real‐time reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR), and immunohistochemistry (IHC). In the current study, the authors compared Ventana ALK IHC assays and ALK FISH to detect ALK rearrangements in MPE cell blocks from patients with advanced NSCLC.METHODSThe ALK IHC assay and ALK FISH were performed on 63 MPE cell blocks. RT‐PCR analysis was performed as additional validation in cases in which a discrepancy was observed between the IHC assay and FISH results.RESULTSThe Ventana ALK IHC assay was found to be informative for all 63 samples, and 8 cases were positive. Fifty‐eight cases were interpretable for FISH detection, and 6 were positive. The concordance between IHC and FISH was 100% among the 58 cases. Of the 5 uninterpretable ALK FISH cases, 2 cases and 3 cases, respectively, were ALK IHC positive and negative. One of the 2 ALK IHC‐positive cases also demonstrated a positive result in the RT‐PCR assay and the patient benefited from crizotinib treatment.CONCLUSIONSMPE cell blocks can be used successfully for the detection of ALK rearrangement when tumor tissue is not available. The Ventana ALK IHC assay is an effective screening method for ALK rearrangement in MPE cell blocks from patients with advanced NSCLC, demonstrating high agreement with FISH results. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2015;123:117–122. © 2014 American Cancer Society.
Simulation of one‐dimensional blood flow in networks of human vessels using a novel TVD scheme
Authors: Huang P. G. , Muller L. O. 
Published: December 2014

SUMMARYAn extension of a total variation diminishing (TVD) scheme to solve one‐dimensional (1D) blood flow for human circulation is proposed. This method is simple as it involves only a few modifications to existing shock‐capturing TVD schemes. We have applied the method to a wide range of test cases including a complete simulation of the human vascular network. Excellent solutions have been demonstrated for problems involving varying and discontinuous mechanical properties of blood vessels. For 1D network simulations, the method has been shown to agree well with the reported computational results. Finally, the method has been demonstrated to compare favorably with in vivo experiments set up to study the impact of circle of Willis anomalies on flow patterns in the cerebral arterial system. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Were There “Additional Foreseeable Risks” in the SUPPORT Study? Lessons Not Learned from the ARDSnet Clinical Trials
Authors: Silverman Henry J. , Dreyfuss Didier 
Published: December 2014

AbstractSUPPORT, a study involving approximately 1,300 premature infants who were randomly assigned to treatment protocols that differed in whether they offered higher or lower levels of oxygen saturation, was purportedly an example of comparative effectiveness research performed in the intensive care unit. However, SUPPORT became highly controversial. One source of controversy involved the proper determination of “reasonably foreseeable risks.” Commentators debated whether randomization to contrasting restrictive strategies that are within existing standard‐of‐care treatments imposed additional “reasonably foreseeable risks” greater than what study participants would have received outside of the research. A second controversial issue had to do with disclosures in informed consent documents. This article explores these issues.We argue that randomization to contrasting restrictive interventions lying at the outer ends of “standard‐of‐care” practices differs in important ways from unrestricted “standard‐of‐care” practices available outside of a proposed study; that research involving such randomization might pose additional “reasonably foreseeable risks” from what occurs in “standard‐of‐care” practices; and that for trials whose study designs are similar to the SUPPORT study, respect for persons requires the disclosure of information about the nature of the experimental procedures and their risks.
SUPPORT and the Ethics of Study Implementation: Lessons for Comparative Effectiveness Research from the Trial of Oxygen Therapy for Premature Babies
Authors: Lantos John D. , Feudtner Chris 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThe Surfactant, Positive Pressure, and Oxygenation Randomized Trial (SUPPORT) has been the focal point of many different criticisms regarding the ethics of the study ever since publication of the trial's findings in 2010 and 2012. In this article, we focus on a concern that the technical design and implementation details of the study were ethically flawed. While the federal Office Human Research Protections focused on the consent form, rather than on the study design and implementation, OHRP's critiques of the consent form reveal views about the study design and implementation that we believe are fundamentally flawed. These criticisms about the design and implementation of SUPPORT, if generalized, become relevant concerns about these aspects of many comparative effectiveness research studies.Our analytical approach will be to use SUPPORT as a prime example of comparative effectiveness research and show why it challenges some prevailing assumptions about the riskiness of research. We will address five aspects of the study design and implementation: 1) randomization, 2) treatment by protocol, 3) choice of endpoints, 4) lack of a “standard care” control group, and 5) the use of altered oximeters. Examining these aspects will allow us to answer two specific central questions. The first is a methodological question with ethical implications: was the study designed in such a way as to answer the primary study question? The second question is whether the study design added or decreased risk to the babies enrolled in the study compared to babies who were not in the study.
Pain anticipation: An activation likelihood estimation meta‐analysis of brain imaging studies
Authors: Palermo Sara , Benedetti Fabrizio , Costa Tommaso , Amanzio Martina 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThe anticipation of pain has been investigated in a variety of brain imaging studies. Importantly, today there is no clear overall picture of the areas that are involved in different studies and the exact role of these regions in pain expectation remains especially unexploited. To address this issue, we used activation likelihood estimation meta‐analysis to analyze pain anticipation in several neuroimaging studies. A total of 19 functional magnetic resonance imaging were included in the analysis to search for the cortical areas involved in pain anticipation in human experimental models. During anticipation, activated foci were found in the dorsolateral prefrontal, midcingulate and anterior insula cortices, medial and inferior frontal gyri, inferior parietal lobule, middle and superior temporal gyrus, thalamus, and caudate. Deactivated foci were found in the anterior cingulate, superior frontal gyrus, parahippocampal gyrus and in the claustrum. The results of the meta‐analytic connectivity analysis provide an overall view of the brain responses triggered by the anticipation of a noxious stimulus. Such a highly distributed perceptual set of self‐regulation may prime brain regions to process information where emotion, action and perception as well as their related subcategories play a central role. Not only do these findings provide important information on the neural events when anticipating pain, but also they may give a perspective into nocebo responses, whereby negative expectations may lead to pain worsening. Hum Brain Mapp 36:1648–1661, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Inside the Creative Sifter: Recognizing Metacognition in Creativity Development
Authors: Puryear Jeb S. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThe parallels between cognitive development and creativity are neglected in the literature. Piaget's information transformations are personalized, meaning individual constructions can involve creativity. Vygotsky's work considers the implications and interactions of social influences, conventions, and personal implications for creative development. The Cognitive‐Creative Sifting Model is proposed to focus attention on these and other connections between cognitive development and creativity. Other common methods of assessing creativity are compared to the proposed model. It is argued that the model provides a foundation to evaluate individual creative potentials more holistically. Specifically, the conceptual elements of metacognition are described and their role in the development of creativity is suggested. It is argued that future researchers should pay particular attention to the interaction effects metacognition has with traditional measures of creativity focused on ideation and product evaluation.
Nursing Shortages in the OR: Solutions for New Models of Education
Authors: Ball Kay , Doyle Donna , Oocumma Nichole I. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThe professional literature predicts worldwide perioperative nursing shortages. Compounding this is the absence of perioperative curricula in most nursing programs, which reduces new graduate interest in and awareness of employment opportunities in the OR environment. Educators at a university and a large hospital system formed an innovative partnership to create a pilot undergraduate nursing course to better prepare nurses for the surgical setting. The course was offered in a condensed‐semester format and included online activities, simulation experiences, classroom discussions, and clinical experiences in a small group setting. Two of the four nursing students in the course were hired directly into the perioperative setting after graduation, decreasing hospital costs related to recruitment and orientation. The success of the course led to its integration into the undergraduate curriculum, thus providing a valuable elective option for junior and senior nursing students, as well as achieving a new model for perioperative nursing education.
Symptomatic Spinal Epidural Hematoma After Lumbar Spine Surgery: The Importance of Diagnostic Skills
Authors: Daniels Alan H. , Schiebert Steven S. , Palumbo Mark A. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractSymptomatic spinal epidural hematoma (SEH) is a rare but serious complication that may occur after lumbar spine surgery. Prompt recognition of this complication depends on the diagnostic skills of perioperative nursing personnel, particularly postanesthesia care unit nurses. Analysis of a composite of patients undergoing spinal surgery suggests that neurological and functional outcomes of patients with symptomatic lumbar SEH often depend on the time interval between symptom onset and surgical evacuation of the hematoma. Clinicians should consider a diagnosis of symptomatic SEH if there is a change in the patient's neurological status during the first several hours after lumbar spine surgery. Suspicion of postoperative symptomatic SEH should prompt clinicians to notify the responsible surgeon without delay.