bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Promising Ketone Containing Alternating Copolymer for Organic Photovoltaics
Authors: Kottokkaran Ranjith , Rao Arun D , Ramamurthy Praveen C 
Published: June 2013

ABSTRACTAn alternating copolymer containing dithienylcyclopentadienone, thiophene and benzothiadiazole was synthesized by palladium (0) catalyzed Stille coupling reaction. Structural characterization of the synthesized alternating copolymer was carried out by NMR and FTIR spectroscopy. This solution processable copolymer shows an excellent thermal stability and has a broad absorption range from 300-800 nm. High LUMO energy level and low band gap of the synthesized copolymers suggest that, this copolymer will be a better donor material for application in organic photovoltaics. Particle size analysis and molecular weight determination of the synthesized copolymer through dynamic light scattering experiment indicates that, high molecular weight copolymer was obtained by this polymerization route. Photovoltaic devices were fabricated from the blend of copolymer and phenyl-C61- butyric acid methyl ester as the active material. Fabricated photovoltaic device results show that this alternating copolymer is a promising candidate for use in organic photovoltaics.
Quinone/hydroquinone redox couple as a source of enormous capacitance of activated carbon electrodes
Authors: Fic Krzysztof , Meller Mikolaj , Lota Grzegorz , Frackowiak Elzbieta 
Published: June 2013

ABSTRACTThe main subject of this paper is to examine and to evaluate the capacitive behaviour of activated carbon electrodes electrochemically decorated by quinone-type functional groups. For this purpose, different electrolytes, i.e. hydroquinone, catechol and resorcinol at the concentration of 0.38 mol L-1, dissolved in 1 mol L-1 H2SO4, 1 mol L-1 Li2SO4 and 6 mol L-1 KOH were used. These electrolytes could generate electroactive groups (able to undergo reversible redox reactions) on the surface of electrode material. Apart from typical adsorption of the mentioned dihydroxybenzenes, so called grafting could occur and might cause generation of quinone|hydroquinone functionals on carbon surface. As an effect of functional reversible redox reaction, additional capacitance value, called pseudocapacitance, could be achieved. Hence, besides typical charge originating from charging/discharging of the electrical double layer on the electrode/electrolyte interface, additional capacitance comes also from faradaic reactions. Activated carbons are the most promising electrode materials for this purpose; apart from great physicochemical properties, they are characterized by well-developed specific surface area over 2000 m2 g-1 which results in high capacitance values.In the manuscript the influence of the hydroxyl group location as well as electrolyte solution pH on the electrochemical performance of the electrode is discussed.
Formation and Characterization of Hybrid Nanodots Floating Gate for Optoelectronic Application
Authors: Miyazaki Seiichi 
Published: June 2013

ABSTRACTWe have fabricated a hybrid nanodots floating gate (FG) in which Si quantum dots (QDs) and silicide nanodots (NDs) are stacked with a very thin SiO2 interlayer in order to satisfy both multiple valued capability and charge storage capacity for a sufficient memory window and to open up novel functionality for optoelectronic application. In electron charging and discharging characteristics measured with application of pulsed gate biases to MOS capacitors with a hybrid NDs FG, stepwise changes in the rates for electron injection and emission were revealed with increasing pulse width at room temperature. Also, nMOSFETs with a hybrid NDs FG show unique hysteresis with stepwise changes in the drain current - gate voltage characteristics. The observed characteristics can be interpreted in terms that the electron injection and storage into silicide-NDs proceed through the discrete charged states of Si-QDs. For MOS capacitors with a triple-stacked hybrid NDs FG fabricated by adding another Si-QDs, by subgap light irradiation from the back side of the Si substrate, a distinct infrared optical response in C-V characteristics was detected at room temperature. The result is attributable to the shift of charge centroid in the hybrid NDs FG as a result of transfer of photoexcited electrons from silicide NDs to Si-QDs.
Photovoltaic properties of multi walled carbon nanotubes - poly(3-octathiophene) conducting polymer blends structures
Authors: Basnayaka Punya A. , Villalba Pedro , Ram Manoj K. , Stefanakos Lee , Kumar Ashok 
Published: June 2013

AbstractIn the present study, we have studied photoelectrochemical properties of poly(3-octathiophene) (P3OT), blending with multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). P3OT blended with MWCNTs was characterized using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM), Raman spectroscope, and Cyclic Voltammetry (CV) techniques, respectively. The photoelectrochemical current of the MWCNs-P3OT based cell under illumination was investigated by applying a voltage. The blend consisting of 10% MWCNTs in P3OT gave the promising photocurrent in 0.2 M tetra-butyl-ammonium-tetrafluoroborate (TBATFB), electrolyte. Experimental results indicate that photocurrent obtained from MWCNT-P3OT was three times higher than simple P3OT-based conducting polymer. The electrochemical responses of MWCNT-P3OT films in different electrolytes such as 0.2M TBATFB, 0.2 M LiClO4, 1 M H2SO4and 0.2 M LiBF6 were investigated for comparative photocurrent properties of the photoelectrochemical cell.
Altered Gene Expression in Gingival Tissues and Enhanced Bone Loss in Rats With Diabetes With Experimental Periodontitis
Authors: Soboku Kyoko , Kikuchi Takeshi , Fujita Sachiko , Takeda Hiroaki , Naruse Keiko , Matsubara Tatsuaki , Noguchi Toshihide 
Published: June 2013

Background: Systemic hyperglycemia is clearly related to severity of periodontitis, meaning that periodontitis can be exacerbated by diabetes mellitus (DM). However, the biologic mechanisms responsible for this relationship remain unclear. Thus, in this study, the global gene expression in gingival tissue with periodontitis is profiled in Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats compared with Zucker normoglycemic littermates (Lean).Methods: At age 8 weeks, ZDF and Lean rats received ligature placement around the maxillary right second molar. At 0, 14, 28, 42, and 56 days after ligature placement, the maxilla around the molar was analyzed using microcomputed tomography. Two and 7 days after ligature placement, total RNA in the gingival tissue was isolated, and gene expression analysis was conducted using a rat oligo array. To validate the microarray findings, the selected genes were analyzed using real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction assays.Results: There was a significant difference regarding the average amount of bone resorption between ZDF and Lean rats from days 14 to 56. On day 2, it was found that 113 genes were regulated (20 upregulated, 93 downregulated) in the presence of DM. Lipopolysaccharide binding protein (LBP) messenger RNA (mRNA) expression was significantly higher in gingival tissue with periodontitis from ZDF rats compared with that from Lean rats. On day 7, interleukin (IL)‐10 and IL‐24 mRNA levels were significantly lower, whereas IL‐2 level was significantly elevated.Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that the role of DM in modulating bone breakdown related to periodontitis may involve an increased level of LBP and reduced levels of T‐helper 2 cytokines.
Geochronology, Geochemistry, and Fluid Characterization of the Late Miocene Buriticá Gold Deposit, Antioquia Department, Colombia
Authors: Lesage Guillaume , Richards Jeremy P. , Muehlenbachs Karlis , Spell Terry L. 
Published: June 2013

Abstract
Buriticá is an intermediate sulfidation epithermal gold deposit located 75 km north of Medellín, Colombia. It is hosted by the late Miocene Buriticá andesite porphyry, a shallow-level pluton dated at 7.41 ± 0.40 Ma (2σ, MSWD = 2.30; 40Ar/39Ar on hornblende), which intrudes volcanic and sedimentary rocks of the Cretaceous Barroso Formation and the Buriticá stock.
Gold mineralization is associated with proximal sericite-adularia and distal epidote-dominant propylitic alteration, and is hosted in two different sets of veins striking and dipping ~072°/87°S and ~105°/87°S. Hydrothermal muscovite from altered host rock yielded a weighted average 40Ar/39Ar age of 7.74 ± 0.08 Ma for two samples, which is within error of the age of the Buriticá andesite porphyry.
Sulfur isotope, oxygen isotope, and fluid inclusion data indicate that a relatively hot and saline fluid (~310°C, up to ~8 wt % NaCl equiv) of probable magmatic origin was dominant during stage 1 of the vein paragenesis, and mixed with cooler and less saline groundwater during stages 2 and 3. Fluid inclusion assemblages indicate that boiling was likely the main control on gold precipitation, with cooling and dilution during fluid mixing as a possible secondary control.
The Long Canyon Deposit: Anatomy of a New Off-Trend Sedimentary Rock-Hosted Gold Discovery in Northeastern Nevada
Authors: Smith Moira T. , Rhys David , Ross Katherina , Lee Christopher , Gray James N. 
Published: June 2013

Abstract
The Long Canyon deposit is a new sedimentary rock-hosted gold discovery located in northeastern Nevada, over 150 km east of the well-explored Carlin trend. Unlike most examples of this type, the deposit is hosted in a sequence of Cambro-Ordovician carbonate rocks deposited in a periodically emergent, platform to shelf-edge environment.
The strata were strongly deformed and weakly metamorphosed during a mid-Mesozoic orogenic event that segmented and extended a brittle, 80-m-thick dolomite layer into a series of elongate, N- to NE-trending boudin blocks, while the enclosing limestone underwent ductile deformation. This unusual structural architecture focused subsequent contractional deformation, as well as Tertiary extensional brittle deformation, forming pathways for meteoric and hydrothermal fluids, which formed and enlarged dissolution cavities and dissolution breccias along boudin margins, boudin necks, and normal faults.
Gold occurs primarily in zones of polyphase dissolution breccias that are localized in minor faults and fold hinges in the structurally complex areas along and adjacent to dolomite block margins. Two general phases of brecciation are present, including calcareous breccias and later, Fe ± As oxide-rich breccias, which carry the highest gold grades. Breccias are accompanied by variable pervasive silicification.
Alteration assemblages include zoned dickite + white mica + hematite in the cores of mineralized zones, with peripheral kaolinite + sericite and goethite + hematite and, ultimately, more distal illite + smectite. Local preservation of fine-grained sulfides encapsulated in calcite and silica suggests that the iron oxide assemblages may represent oxidation of fine-grained pyrite + marcasite + arsenopyrite assemblages.
As currently defined, the Long Canyon deposit extends for 3 km in a northeasterly direction and consists of several subparallel zones of mineralization focused on boudin block margins, boudin necks, and incipient boudins. It contains a combined (measured, indicated, and inferred) estimated resource comprising 2.2 million ounces of gold, at an average grade of ~2.3 g/t gold. Metallurgical work indicates that the deposit is highly amenable to cyanidation by heap leaching or milling. The Long Canyon deposit is open to further exploration and resource additions, and is shallowly buried, relatively high grade, and thoroughly oxidized.
The stratigraphic position of the Long Canyon deposit on the Paleozoic shelf and its location well east of the majority of identified major trends indicate significant potential for new discoveries in this underexplored area of eastern Nevada.
A Detailed Assessment of Global Cu Resource Trends and Endowments
Authors: Mudd Gavin M. , Weng Zhehan , Jowitt Simon M. 
Published: June 2013

AbstractCopper plays a crucial role in modern society across the world, contributing to infrastructure, technology, and lifestyles. Although mineral resources are commonly considered to be “finite,” global Cu production has grown steadily throughout the 20th century, and has been matched by substantial growth in estimated Cu reserves and resources. While there is growing concern about “peak oil,” there is very little research about “peak minerals.” In this paper, we present a detailed compilation and assessment of globally reported Cu resources by project and standard deposit types for the year 2010. The minimum amount of Cu reported globally as mineral resources is 1,780.9 Mt Cu, split over a total of 730 projects, with a further 80.4 Mt Cu in China. In addition, our compiled data indicate that global Cu resources continue to increase, despite a coincident increase in Cu production over time, along with declining cutoff and ore grades, increasing awareness of environmental issues, and other related aspects. Our data compilation indicates that the vast majority of global copper resources are hosted by Cu porphyry deposits, especially in Chile, with Cu porphyry deposits containing some 10 times more Cu than any other mineral deposit type. Overall, there are abundant Cu resources already identified that can meet growing global demands for some decades to come; the primary factors that govern whether a given project is developed will be social, economic, and environmental in nature.
THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF SILVER AND BISMUTH SULFOSALT MINERALS, PAVONITE (AgBi3S5) AND MATILDITE (AgBiS2) AND IMPLICATIONS FOR ORE DEPOSITS
Authors: Voronin Mikhail V. , Osadchii Evgeniy G. 
Published: June 2013

Abstract
Although Bi-Ag sulfides often occur in many types of hydrothermal Au-Ag ore deposits, their stability and phase relationships are insufficiently quantified. We employed the electromotive force (emf) method to measure the thermodynamic properties of pavonite (AgBi3S5) and matildite (AgBiS2), which are the two main ternary mineral phases in the Ag-Bi-S system. These new results, coupled with a critical analysis of literature data, allow generation of a consistent set of thermodynamic values in the Ag-Bi-S system. The recommended standard values at 25°C and 1 bar of the Gibbs free energy of formation from the elements, enthalpy and entropy are −227.12 ± 4.33 kJ·mol−1, −223.05 ± 4.03 kJ·mol−1, and 386.67 ± 5.84 J·mol−1·K−1, respectively, for pavonite, and −90.88 ± 1.73 kJ·mol−1, −86.47 ± 1.63 kJ·mol−1, and 178.16 ± 2.40 J·mol−1·K−1, respectively, for matildite. The new thermodynamic data can be used for quantifying phase equilibria in the Ag-Bi-S system, predicting the solubilities of Bi and Ag in the ore-bearing hydrothermal fluids and constraining temperature (T) and sulfur fugacity (fS2 of ore deposition. It is shown that the stability field of AgBiS2 (matildite) in T- fS2) coordinates of the Fe-Ag-Bi-S system is narrow and thus can be used for constraining the temperature and sulfur fugacity of formation of Ag-Au-Bi ore mineral assemblages involving matildite.
How Do Auditors Weight Informal Contrary Advice? The Joint Influence of Advisor Social Bond and Advice Justifiability
Authors: Kadous Kathryn , Leiby Justin , Peecher Mark E. 
Published: June 2013

ABSTRACT:
Auditors frequently seek informal advice from peers to improve judgment quality, but the conditions under which advice improves auditor judgment are poorly understood. We predict and find evidence of a trust heuristic among auditors receiving advice from advisors with whom they share a social bond. This heuristic is evident among non-specialists, who weight advice according to its justifiability when it is received from a weaker social bond advisor, but fail to objectively assess the quality of advice received and weight it heavily when it comes from a stronger social bond advisor, regardless of its justifiability. Specialists, while less prone to the trust heuristic in advice weighting, show inconsistencies in advice weighting and their assessments of advice quality. In particular, specialists discount better justified advice from stronger social bond advisors, despite rating this advice as being of relatively high quality. This defensiveness likely arises from an aversive social comparison process attributable to the high ego-relevance of a task within one's specialization. Future research is warranted to corroborate or refute this possibility.
Effects of Decomposition and Categorization on Fraud-Risk Assessments
Authors: Favere-Marchesi Michael 
Published: June 2013

SUMMARY
This study examines two issues related to the decomposition of fraud-risk assessments. First, it investigates whether there is a significant difference in the fraud-risk assessment of auditors who decompose the fraud judgment from that of auditors who merely categorize fraud-risk factors. Second, it examines whether the perceived need to modify the audit plan and the extent of testing in response to the fraud-risk assessment is significantly influenced by the decomposition of the fraud judgment. In an experiment with 60 audit managers, auditors who decomposed fraud-risk judgments have significantly different fraud-risk assessments than those of auditors who simply categorized fraud cues. When management's attitude cues are indicative of a low fraud risk, decomposition auditors are significantly more sensitive to changes in incentive and opportunity cues than categorization auditors. Finally, auditors who decompose fraud-risk assessments perceive a significantly higher need to revise audit plans and to increase the extent of audit testing.
Efficiency of Water Quality Index Approach as an Evaluation Tool
Authors: Boyacioğlu Hülya , Gündoğdu Vildan 
Published: June 2013

Abstract
This study aimed to demonstrate efficiency of documented index method “universal water quality index-UWQI” to evaluate surface water quality and investigate seasonal and temporal changes, in the case of Gediz River Basin Turkey. UWQI expressed results relative to levels according to criteria specified in European legislation (75-440 EEC). The method produced a unitless number ranging from 1 to 100 and a higher number was indicator of better water quality. Water quality is classified into five classes and index scores between 95-100 represent excellent and lower than 24 represent poor quality. In the study, dissolved oxygen-DO, pH, mercury-Hg, cadmium-Cd, total phosphorus-TP, biochemical oxygen demand- BOD and nitrate nitrogen-NO3-N have been chosen as index determinants. Samples analyzed for these variables were collected from five stations on monthly basis along two years. Based on UWQI classification scheme, water quality at sampling stations had scores below 40 and assigned to “marginal” which is between fair and poor quality class. On the other hand sub-indices of water quality determinants showed seasonal differences for some parameters. Cd concentrations were higher in “high flow” and lower values were observed in “low flow” periods. This was explained by negative impact of urban runoff on water quality. On the other hand DO concentrations were higher in “high flow” period. Under “low flow” conditions water quality at upstream stations (where the industrial density is low) was comparably better than downstream part. The study showed that index approach can be efficient tool to: a) evaluate water quality, b) investigate spatial and seasonal variations and finally, c) extract required information from complex data sets that is understandable by non-technical people.
Assessment of Intrinsic Biodegradation Potentials in an Aquifer Contaminated with Chlorinated Ethenes in the Vicinity of Nowa Deba
Authors: Kiecak Aleksandra , Kret Ewa , Cichostępska Monika , Malina Grzegorz 
Published: June 2013

Abstract
Natural Attenuation (NA) in the case of groundwater contaminated with organic compounds relies mainly on intrinsic biodegradation processes. The aim of reliance on natural processes is to achieve site-specific cleanup objectives within reasonable time frames and costs. Such approach may be considered as a risk reduction/remedial option for groundwater contaminated with trichloroethene (TCE) and tetrachloroethene (PCE). This case study presents implementation of the US EPA’s guideline „Technical protocol for evaluating natural attenuation of chlorinated solvents in groundwater” to asses intrinsic biodegradation potentials in TCE and PCE contaminated groundwater in the vicinity of Nowa Deba waterworks (south-east Poland). Literature and field data collected from wells and piezometers were used to develop a conceptual model of contaminants’ fate and transport from a source to a receptor. The intrinsic biodegradation was investigated basing on available analytical parameters (eg concentrations of oxygen, nitrates, chlorides, and pH, TOC and temperature) that are considered as indicators of TCE and PCE transformation. Preliminary screening was done by giving certain points for these parameters, and interpreted in order to asses intrinsic biodegradation potentials. The results indicate inadequate evidence for intrinsic biodegradation (reductive dehalogention) of TCE and PCE, thus a limited potential for NA as a remedial/risk reduction option in the studied case, unless some measures for enhancement of TCE and PCE intrinsic biodegradation are applied.
Groundwater Formation Below Chernozem Soils - Effect of Mineral Fertilization, Rainy and Dry Periods
Authors: Sager Manfred 
Published: June 2013

Abstract
Chernozem soil samples from the east of Austria have been packed into columns in order to investigate the effects of mineral fertilization on the composition of water, released to deeper layers. A solution imitating NPK fertilization was added on top of water-saturated columns, and washed down with 150 cm3 portions (about 0.1 pore volumes) every day except weekends, for 2 months. The eluates were collected and analyzed by ICP and AAS methods. After about one pore volume, a strong peak in alkali, alkaline earths, and sulfate occurred in the eluates, due to ion exchange with the fertilizer solution. After this, most concentrations in the eluates approached a steady state again, but lower than the levels met before. After a period of drying, the release of K and S, as well as P in 2 of 3 cases, increased, whereas the release of Fe and Mn decreased. Before the eluates entered the sample collection vessels, ochre precipitation scavenged many solutes (Cr > Al > Pb > P > V > Fe), but left Mo-Sr-Mg-K-Se-B rather untouched.
Effect of Varied NPK Fertilization on Catalase Activity of Amaranth (Amaranthus Cruentus L.)
Authors: Skwaryło-Bednarz Barbara , Krzepiłko Anna 
Published: June 2013

Abstract
A study was carried out on the effect of varied NPK fertilization on catalase activity per gram fresh weight of the leaves of two varieties of amaranth, Rawa and Aztek, at different developmental stages (seedling, five-leaf, flowering and mature seed), as well as in the seeds. Amaranth was grown in a field experiment in southeast Poland, at wide-row spacing on good wheat complex soil. The following combinations of macronutrient levels were applied: I - 50 kg N ・ ha-1, 40 kg P ・ ha-1, 40 kg K ・ ha-1, II - 70 kg N ・ ha-1, 50 kg P ・ ha-1, 50 kg K ・ ha-1, III - 90 kg N ・ ha-1, 60 kg P ・ ha-1, 60 kg K ・ ha-1 and IV - 130 kg N ・ ha-1, 70 kg P ・ ha-1, 70 kg K ・ ha-1. The study showed that catalase activity exhibited a downward trend during the vegetation period of amaranth. The highest catalase activity was noted in the leaves during the first stage, ie the seedling stage. Increasing levels of NPK led to an increase in catalase activity. Leaves of the Rawa variety had higher catalase activity than those of the Aztek variety at every stage of development. The level of catalase activity in the amaranth seeds was also significantly affected by fertilization and the variety of amaranth. Higher levels of the fertilizers caused an increase in catalase activity in the seeds.