bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Incidence and Toxicological Aspects of Cannabis and Ethanol Detected in 1394 Fatally Injured Drivers and Pedestrians in Ontario (1982–1984)
Authors: Cimbura G , Lucas DM , Bennett RC , Donelson AC 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A comprehensive epidemiological study of the involvement of cannabis and ethanol in motor vehicle fatalities in the Province of Ontario. Canada, is described. The study is based on toxicological analyses of blood and, when available, urine specimens. Ethanol was determined by headspace gas chromatography (GC). For cannabis, the methods employed were radioimmunoassays (RIAs) for screening and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) for the determination of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in blood.
The study sample consisted of 1169 drivers and 225 pedestrians. THC was detected in the blood of 127 driver victims (10.9%) in concentrations ranging from 0.2 to 37 ng/mL, with a mean of 3.1 ± 5.0 ng/mL. Ethanol was found in 667 driver victims (57.1%), in concentrations ranging from 9 to 441 mg/100 mL, with a mean of 165.8 ± 79.5 mg/100 mL. For pedestrians, the incidence of THC and ethanol in the blood was 7.6 and 53.3%, respectively.
The incidence of THC in the driver victims in this study constitutes an approximately threefold increase over the results of an Ontario study completed in 1979. At least a part of the increase may be attributed to interstudy differences in analytical methodology for cannabinoids.
Analysis Protocol for Discrimination of Automotive Paints by SEM-EDXA Using Beam Alignment by Current Centering
Authors: Beam TL , Willis WV 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A testing protocol for elemental analysis of automotive paint by scanning electron microscopy/energy-dispersive X-ray analysis, based on beam alignment by current centering and using an attached optical microscope was developed to improve the reliability of sample comparisons. Six light-green paint samples (three color pairs) from the 1983 Reference Collection of Automotive Paints were used for developing this protocol. X-ray spectral data were acquired using a JEOL JSM-35CF scanning electron microscope with an attached optical microscope and a Tracor Northern energy-dispersive X-ray analyzer and software. The instrumental conditions for the analyses were as follows: 20-kV accelerating voltage, 0.5-nA beam current, 30-mm detector distance, 35° detector take-off angle, 0° sample tilt, and × 200 magnification. The software acquisition parameters were 1 000 000 integral counts per spectrum and a 0.2 to 10-eV spectral range. Statistical analyses were used to examine the reliability of the X-ray spectral data acquired using this protocol. A one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) indicated that the elemental means of all paint samples were significantly different than the means of the same sample in replicate analyses. Simple visual comparison of data between samples, along with ANOVA, provided discrimination of all paint samples.
Concentration of Urine Samples by Three Different Procedures: ABO Typing from Concentrated Urine Samples
Authors: Roy Reena 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Urine samples from 28 donors with known blood group and secretor status were concentrated by three different procedures, and ABO typing on the concentrated samples was successfully performed after 12 weeks of storage. The effects of storage with or without sodium azide on ABO typing and on the pH values at several different temperatures were also studied.
Fatal Ethanol Intoxication from Household Products Not Intended for Ingestion
Authors: Sperry K , Pfalzgraf R 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Fatal acute ethanol intoxication is frequently encountered in medicolegal practice. Although the vast majority of acute ethanol toxicity deaths follow the ingestion of conventional alcoholic beverages, ethanol can be obtained from a variety of commercial products, which often contain high levels of ethyl alcohol but are not manufactured or designed for consumption. Such products may be easily purchased in locales where statutory limitations restrict liquor availability on Sundays or during the early morning hours. Several acute ethanol fatalities have been encountered in New Mexico that were directly related to consumption of non-beverage ethanol-containing products, all of them occurring during times when alcoholic beverage sales were restricted. Despite the fact that manufacturers deliberately include compounds in these products that discourage ingestion, this policy apparently does little to deter individuals who are searching for a source of ethanol when no conventional beverages are available. The products that were consumed in these fatalities also contained other compounds which would be toxic at much greater concentrations, but which were inconsequential in their effects in comparison with the direct toxic effect of ethanol. Investigation of the scene and awareness that alcohol-containing products can be fatally abused are essential to detecting these unconventional ethanol sources.
The Grief Process in Those Admitted to Regional Secure Units Following Homicide
Authors: Hambridge JA 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Although there is considerable literature on grief and grief work, there have been few studies of the grief process in those who have killed someone. This paper reviews the scope of this problem in England and Wales and examines a number of issues in connection with the grieving process in those who have killed but, because they were found to be suffering from an “abnormality of mind” at the time of the offence, were found not guilty of murder. Increasingly, these patients are referred for treatment to Regional Secure Units, under hospital orders of the Mental Health Act of 1983.
Liberty and Tardive Dyskinesia: Informed Consent to Antipsychotic Medication in the Forensic Psychiatric Hospital
Authors: Kleinman SB 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
This paper addresses informed consent to antipsychotic medication of those incarcerated in a forensic psychiatric hospital. The ways in which the unique setting of the forensic psychiatric hospital impinge upon the three components of informed consent—information, voluntariness, and competency—are explored. Special attention is given to the risk-benefit ratio of receiving antipsychotic medication in terms of the liberty interests at stake—freedom of movement, that is, the effects of tardive dyskinesia, and freedom of space, that is, release from the forensic psychiatric facility.
An Elliptical Incised Wound of the Breast Misinterpreted as a Bite Injury
Authors: Sperry K , Campbell HR 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Bite injuries upon homicide victims are most often initially identified by the forensic pathologist during the course of the autopsy examination. Following such recognition, the injury or photographs of the traumatized site are then referred to a forensic odontologist for his or her examination, further characterization, and subsequent comparison with any suspect's dentition. However, if the pathologist misidentifies an injury caused by another mechanism as a human bite, this mistake can potentially be perpetuated by the dental consultant, since relatively few dentists regularly examine traumatic injuries other than those arising from bites. To illustrate such an event, a case is presented involving an incised wound of the breast, which was originally identified as an avulsive bite wound. Detailed examination by two odontologic consultants confirmed the wound as having been caused by human teeth, and further, they related the “bite injury” to a specific individual. The bite injury interpretation represented the only scientific evidence implicating the suspect at a subsequent trial for capital murder. Later examination of the tissues and photographs by a forensic pathologist and another dental consultant revealed that the injury was not due to human dentition, but rather resulted from a sharp-edged instrument. These consultants conducted a unique experiment to reduplicate the injury and prove its causation. This information was presented to the jury during the suspect's trial and resulted in his acquittal on all charges.
A Review of Commentary on Legal Psychiatry
Authors: Kaye NS 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Although the dust cover promises “a collection of relevant data on twenty-four psychiatric conditions, a discussion of what a physician sees when such a condition is present, and an examination of how some courts have seen the same problem,” nothing of the sort lies within. Instead, we are presented with the author's rambling and often tangential thoughts about a whole host of psychiatric (and some not psychiatric) conditions.
A Review of Handbook of Chromatography: Drugs, Vols. III and IV
Authors: Sunshine Irving 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
These two volumes contain a comprehensive synopsis of referred articles published between 1979 and 1986 on the chromatographic analysis of drugs. They present a laboriously accumulated mass of information on all the procedural details for the analyses. The gas chromatography data include extraction techniques, column size and type, temperature program, detector, retention time, internal standards, and derivatization procedures. Similar data are presented for liquid chromatography procedures, which also include data on the developing mixture and column packing materials. When available, thin-layer chromatography procedures are also included. Extensive references are part of each drug monograph. These two volumes include drugs listed alphabetically from A through F. Presumably, similar volumes for the remaining drugs are in process.
A Review of Fraud Auditing and Forensic Accounting—New Tools and Techniques
Authors: Casey Owens M 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The authors initially attempt to expose the reader to the extent of white-collar crime by listing its many varieties. As is stated, the main thrfist of the book is to provide auditors nd investigators with further knowledge of and insight into fraud as an economic, social, and organizational phenomenon. Fraud auditing is referred to as a relatively new discipline, in comparison with financial and operational auditing.
Use of Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) Fingerprints for Identity Determination: Comparison with Traditional Paternity Testing Methods—Part I
Authors: Tonelli LA , Markowicz KR , Anderson MB , Green DJ , Herrin GL , Cotton RW , Dykes DD , Garner DD 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A study involving comparison of the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) fingerprinting test with traditional methods used for paternity testing is presented. Samples from 191 cases were tested for a series of blood group and polymorphic protein markers. DNA “fingerprints” were then obtained for all samples using the multilocus probes 33.6 and 33.15. The results of DNA fingerprinting correlated well with those of traditional methods and proved to be informative in cases where traditional methods yielded inconclusive or insufficient results.
Use of Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) Fingerprints for Identity Determination: Comparison with Traditional Paternity Testing Methods—Part II
Authors: Markowicz KR , Tonelli LA , Anderson MB , Green DJ , Herrin GL , Cotton RW , Gottschall JL , Garner DD 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Six red blood cell (RBC) antigen systems, coupled with human lymphocyte antigen (HLA) phenotyping, were used to establish paternity on 28 mother/child/allegedfather trios. Samples were subsequently examined using the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) fingerprinting test with the multilocus Jeffreys DNA probes 33.6 and 33.15. In 27 of 28 paternity cases, the DNA fingerprinting test results supported and enhanced the results of RBC and HLA typing by resolving disputed paternity cases conclusively. One discrepancy between conventional serological methods and DNA analysis is discussed.
Trajectory Reconstructions I: Trace Evidence in Flight
Authors: Petraco N , De Forest PR 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
This paper reviews the use of trace evidence recovered from spent bullets in helping to establish trajectories. The use of information derived from such trace evidence combined with that from geometrical techniques of trajectory reconstruction and other data is discussed. Five cases are reviewed in which the analysis of trace evidential materials adhering to bullets was used to help reconstruct the event.
High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with Column Switching for the Determination of Cocaine and Benzoylecgonine Concentrations in Vitreous Humor
Authors: Logan BK , Stafford DT 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A sample concentration technique was adapted for the determination of cocaine and benzoylecgonine (BE) concentrations in vitreous humor. Vitreous humor (0.5 mL) was diluted 1:1 with water and applied through a filter onto a 3-cm preconcentration column. Following a simple wash step, the analytes were flushed directly onto a reversed-phase analytical high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) system. Absolute recoveries were high (above 90%) and the chromatograms were free from interference. Analysis for the drug and its breakdown product was performed using ultraviolet (UV) visible photodiode array detection, which allowed confirmation of peak identity. Recognizable UV spectra could be measured with as little as 20 ng on column. Comparison of the drug levels in 27 blood and vitreous humor samples showed that, while there was only a low correlation between the blood and vitreous concentrations (R = 0.70), vitreous cocaine and BE determinations were good indicators of antemortem cocaine use. In almost all cases, the vitreous BE concentrations were higher than the cocaine concentrations. The technique was easy to perform and the vitreous samples were especially compatible with this low-labor analytical procedure.
Comparison of Dyes from Transferred Fibers by Scanning Densitometry
Authors: Golding GM , Kokot S 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The application of scanning densitometry to the analysis of dyes extracted from transferred fibers is examined. The Camag high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC)/thin-layer chromatography (TLC) scanner can provide all of the information normally available from visual examination of the TLC plates. The position, color, and relative proportions of the various components are obtained in a semiquantitative form. The instrument can provide useful data in both the visible and fluorescence modes with greater sensitivity than is available from visual observations. The potential of the instrument for examination of dyes from pale-colored fibers is demonstrated.
The data obtained are objective and do not suffer from the variations that can occur when using subjective visual observations.
Fluorometric Determination of Pseudocholinesterase Activity in Postmortem Blood Samples
Authors: Kusu F , Tsuneta T , Takamura K 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A fluorometric assay using 3-(p-hydroxyphenyl) propionic acid (HPPA) was conducted to determine the activity of pseudocholinesterase (ChE) [Enzyme Commission (EC) No. 3.1.1.8] in postmortem blood samples so as to test for organophosphate poisoning. By the enzymatic reaction of ChE, its substrate, benzoylcholine, produces choline, which is oxidized by choline oxidase to generate hydrogen peroxide. HPPA is oxidized by hydrogen peroxide and peroxidase to become the fluorogenic dimer whose concentration is measured fluorometrically at an excitation emission wavelength of 320 nm and an elimination emission wavelength of 404 nm. The selectivity and sensitivity of the present method were found to be superior to those of conventional pH and spectrophotometric methods.
An Application of Probability Theory to a Group of Breath-Alcohol and Blood-Alcohol Data
Authors: Gullberg RG 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Many jurisdictions have “per se” driving-while-intoxicated (DWI) statutes expressed in terms of a blood-alcohol concentration (BAC) standard (in grams per 100 mL or the equivalent). Since breath-alcohol (BrAC) analysis is typically employed to determine BAC, there is often challenge to the use of an assumed 2100:1 conversion ratio. This concern may be relevant in light of considerable data that show a low percentage of cases in which BrAC &gt; BAC, and this concern increases when the BrAC is used to predict BAC in the context of “per se” legislation.
Probability theory provides a basis for estimating the likelihood of an individual having a BrAC ≥ 0.10 g/210 L with a corresponding BAC &lt; 0.10 g/100 mL. Actual field data from the state of Wisconsin (n = 404) were evaluated to determine the probability of this occurrence. The probability for this occurrence involves the multiplication law for independent events. The computed probability from the data was 0.018. The actual number of occurrences where BrAC ≥ 0.10 g/210 L and BAC &lt; 0.10 g/100 mL was 5, resulting in a probability of 0.012. The concern of having BrAC &gt; BAC at the critical “per se” level has a very low probability of occurrence, which thus supports the reasonableness of “per se” DWI legislation based upon a blood-alcohol standard determined by breath-alcohol analysis.
The Usefulness of Lung Surfactant Phospholipids (LSPs) in the Diagnosis of Drowning
Authors: Lorente JA , Hernandez-Cueto C , Villanueva E , Luna JD 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The authors have studied the usefulness of some lung surfactant phospholipids (LSPs) isolated from lung tissues as markers of drowning. Two different groups of rabbits were sacrificed by drowning in fresh and salt water, and their phospholipid compositions were compared with those of a non-drowned control series.
For the phospholipids studied in lung lavages (phosphatidyl choline, phosphatidyl ethanolamine, and phosphatidyl glycerol) the proportions differed between the control group and the drowned group, and between the fresh-water and salt-water drowned animals. According to these results, the lipids we have analyzed can be employed as markers in forensic autopsies, where it is necessary to differentiate between death by drowning and postmortem immersion and between fresh-water and salt-water drowning.
In lung tissue, only phosphatidyl choline and phosphatidyl inositol showed significative differences.
These results also confirm that LSPs are strongly affected in drowning.
The Accuracy of Sex Identification in European Skeletal Remains Using the Phenice Characters
Authors: MacLaughlin SM , Bruce MF 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Three documented European skeletal series were examined to assess the accuracy and reliability of the public variables described by Phenice for correctly identifying the sex of adult human skeletal remains. The accuracy and objectivity of these variables, as reported by Phenice. Kelley, Sutherland and Suchey, and Lovell, could not be confirmed on this European material. In general, the subpublic concavity feature, when used alone, proved to be the most reliable variable for sex identification.
In this study, the level of correct sex identification that could be achieved using the Phenice variables was shown to be significantly affected by the previous experience of the observer.
Expert Systems in Forensic Science
Authors: Kingston C 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Expert systems provide a means for experienced experts to make their expertise available to others. The workings of a simple expert system shell are described using several small knowledge bases for examples. Several types of materials are described which would appear to be excellent candidates around which to develop knowledge bases to assist in the identification, evaluation, or interpretation of evidence involving such materials. The knowledge bases could be used in practice by forensic scientists or for educational purposes.
The Expert Witness: Ethics and Responsibilities
Authors: Hollien H 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
While this paper is being written by a scientist in a specific disciplinary area, the comments to be made undoubtedly transcend that discipline and extend into other fields. As a matter of fact, nearly all of the points reviewed also have been articulated at one time or another by individuals from other areas of expertise. Hence, this effort is based as much on a kind of collective discomfort among expert witnesses as it is on the personal opinions of the author. In any case, the focus is on the problems of the expert witness in general rather than simply upon those difficulties uniquely experienced by a particular specialist. Five problems are addressed. They involve (1) the somewhat checkered legacy imposed upon the modern expert by his or her early counterparts, (2) the lack of specific forensic training for experts within their content disciplines, (3) the widely varying qualifications and professional training of current experts, (4) the pressures experienced by the expert, and (5) the conflicts of interest imposed upon them by the judicial system. Each of these problems presently affect expert witnesses; attempts to resolve or mitigate them would appear appropriate.
A Death Resulting from Trichlorotrifluoroethane Poisoning
Authors: McGee MB , Meyer RF , Jejurikar SG 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Fatalities due to accidental exposure to chlorinated hydrocarbon in an industrial setting have been infrequently reported. The deaths in these cases have occurred within poorly ventilated, enclosed compartments or areas. A case is presented of a 16-year-old male who died as a result of exposure to trichlorotrifluoroethane while working in an open pit. Chromatographic results and tissue concentrations are presented.
The Tubular “Cookie Cutter” Bullet: A Unique Projectile
Authors: Nolte KB 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Recently marketed PMC™ (Pan Metal Corporation) Ultramag tubular hollow point ammunition is uniquely constructed with a two-part projectile composed of a tubular copper bullet and a Teflon® wad. A fatal gunshot wound with this ammunition is described. A unique radiographic pattern and the results of test firing are also presented.
Tragedy at Gunpowder River: Amtrak-Conrail Collision, Chase, Maryland
Authors: McBay AJ 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) reported that the collision between an Amtrak train and three Conrail locomotives on 4 Jan. 1987 was caused by impairment of the engineer of the Conrail locomotives from marijuana and by the failure of and lack of safety devices. Evaluation of NTSB's report does not support marijuana impairment as a cause of the accident, but it does reveal many safety problems.
A Review of Reconstruction of Life from the Skeleton
Authors: Hinkes MJ 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The editors of this volume state that their purpose is “to present the state of the art of elucidating biological characteristics from skeletal remains” (p. xv) and “to offer to our colleagues … a clear profile of current research activities in skeletal anthropology” (p. 8). They do this by assembling 17 authors writing on 15 topics of interest to biological anthropologists and others. This book is an outgrowth of a 1986 seminar of the same title presented at the annual meeting of the American Anthropological Association. While some of the authors are not necessarily among “the most respected members of the profession” (p. xv), most of them have been publishing or presenting papers on their respective topics for some time, so their participation in this volume comes as no surprise
Introduction: Charles S. Petty, M.D.—The Quintessential Forensic Pathologist
Authors: Stembridge VA 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A scientific symposium honoring Dr. Charles S. Petty was held in November 1989 in Dallas, Texas. Past and present associates and fellows were invited to recognize Dr. Petty upon his completion of 20 highly successful years as chief medical examiner of Dallas County and director of the Southwestern Institute of Forensic Sciences. One hundred attendees came from throughout the United States, Canada, and Japan to honor Dr. Petty for what he has meant to their careers.