bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Migration and Inequality in the Rural United States: Connecting Urban to Rural and Local to Global
Authors: Golding Shaun A. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThis article draws from several overlapping literatures to frame urban–rural migration in the United States as the cause of emerging dimensions of inequality. To begin, the article reviews the amenity migration field of research, noting that scholars often underestimate or overlook inequality within rural destinations because common research lenses and methodological decisions inadvertently mask it. The article then describes a second thread of research that explicitly implicates migration as a driver of inequality and a third that draws connections to gentrification. Finally, the article reviews more recent research that characterizes inequality in rural destinations using a more global sociological perspective. The author draws attention to work, which recognizes that migration constitutes a material and theoretical connection between inequality experienced locally and societal inequality at the national and global scales.
The Political Lives of Girls
Authors: Taft Jessica K. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractGirls are increasingly being publically celebrated as community leaders, models for ideal citizenship, and central to economic development. Contemporary girlhood is rich with political implications and significance. In this essay, I outline some of the scholarship on the public discourses that idealize girls as model neoliberal citizens and address important findings and contributions from empirical research on the political lives of girls: girls' political beliefs, political socialization, political identities, and their practices of political and civic engagement. There is a growing body of scholarship that suggests that studying the political lives of girls enables and requires a re‐thinking of some key concepts in political sociology, including the meaning of politics, of engagement, and of citizenship for different populations.
Efficacy and Tolerability of Micafungin Monotherapy for Candidemia and Deep-Seated Candidiasis in Adults with Cancer
Authors: Farmakiotis Dimitrios , Tarrand Jeffrey J. , Kontoyiannis Dimitrios P. 
Published: March 2014

ABSTRACT
The response rate among 58 patients with cancer and candidemia or deep-seated candidiasis treated with micafungin monotherapy was 81%. Intensive care unit (ICU) stay, concomitant nonfungal infections, and acute kidney injury were significantly associated with the 30-day crude mortality rate. Severe neutropenia was an independent predictor of micafungin failure. The efficacy and safety of micafungin in cancer patients with invasive candidiasis were comparable to those reported for patients without malignancy and for cancer patients treated with caspofungin.
A Highly Active and Negatively Charged Streptococcus pyogenes Lysin with a Rare
d
-Alanyl-
l
-Alanine Endopeptidase Activity Protects Mice against Streptococcal Bacteremia
Authors: Lood Rolf , Raz Assaf , Molina Henrik , Euler Chad W. , Fischetti Vincent A. 
Published: March 2014

ABSTRACT

Bacteriophage endolysins have shown great efficacy in killing Gram-positive bacteria. PlyC, a group C streptococcal phage lysin, represents the most efficient lysin characterized to date, with a remarkably high specificity against different streptococcal species, including the important pathogen
Streptococcus pyogenes
. However, PlyC is a unique lysin, in terms of both its high activity and structure (two distinct subunits). We sought to discover and characterize a phage lysin active against
S. pyogenes
with an endolysin architecture distinct from that of PlyC to determine if it relies on the same mechanism of action as PlyC. In this study, we identified and characterized an endolysin, termed PlyPy (
p
hage
ly
sin from

S.
py
ogenes

), from a prophage infecting
S. pyogenes
. By
in silico
analysis, PlyPy was found to have a molecular mass of 27.8 kDa and a pI of 4.16. It was active against a majority of group A streptococci and displayed high levels of activity as well as binding specificity against group B and C streptococci, while it was less efficient against other streptococcal species. PlyPy showed the highest activity at neutral pH in the presence of calcium and NaCl. Surprisingly, its activity was not affected by the presence of the group A-specific carbohydrate, while the activity of PlyC was partly inhibited. Additionally, PlyPy was active
in vivo
and could rescue mice from systemic bacteremia. Finally, we developed a novel method to determine the peptidoglycan bond cleaved by lysins and concluded that PlyPy exhibits a rare
d
-alanyl-
l
-alanine endopeptidase activity. PlyPy thus represents the first lysin characterized from
Streptococcus pyogenes
and has a mechanism of action distinct from that of PlyC.
Triclosan-Induced Aminoglycoside-Tolerant Listeria monocytogenes Isolates Can Appear as Small-Colony Variants
Authors: Kastbjerg Vicky G. , Hein-Kristensen Line , Gram Lone 
Published: March 2014

ABSTRACT

Exposure of the human food-borne pathogen
Listeria monocytogenes
to sublethal concentrations of triclosan can cause resistance to several aminoglycosides. Aminoglycoside-resistant isolates exhibit two colony morphologies: normal-size and pinpoint colonies. The purposes of the present study were to characterize the small colonies of
L. monocytogenes
and to determine if specific genetic changes could explain the triclosan-induced aminoglycoside resistance in both pinpoint and normal-size isolates. Isolates from the pinpoint colonies grew poorly under aerated conditions, but growth was restored by addition of antibiotics. Pinpoint isolates had decreased hemolytic activity under stagnant conditions and a changed spectrum of carbohydrate utilization compared to the wild type and isolates from normal-size colonies. Genome sequence comparison revealed that all seven pinpoint isolates had a mutation in a heme gene, and addition of heme caused the pinpoint isolates to revert to normal colony size. Triclosan-induced gentamicin-resistant isolates had mutations in several different genes, and it cannot be directly concluded how the different mutations caused gentamicin resistance. However, since many of the mutations affected proteins involved in respiration, it seems likely that the mutations affected the active transport of the antibiotic and thereby caused resistance by decreasing the amount of aminoglycoside that enters the bacterial cell. Our study emphasizes that triclosan likely has more targets than just
fabI
and that exposure to triclosan can cause resistance to antibiotics that enters the cell via active transport. Further studies are needed to elucidate if
L. monocytogenes
pinpoint isolates could have any clinical impact, e.g., in persistent infections.
In Vitro
Activity of the New Fluoroketolide Solithromycin (CEM-101) against Macrolide-Resistant and -Susceptible Mycoplasma genitalium Strains
Authors: Jensen Jørgen Skov , Fernandes Prabhavathi , Unemo Magnus 
Published: March 2014

ABSTRACT

Mycoplasma genitalium
has become well established as an etiological agent of sexually transmitted infections, but due to its fastidious growth requirements, only a few
M. genitalium
strains are available to determine the MICs of currently used and new antimicrobial agents. Recent clinical trials have suggested that treatment with azithromycin has decreasing efficacy due to an increasing prevalence of macrolide resistance, and alternative treatment with moxifloxacin is similarly under pressure from emerging resistance. Thus, there is an urgent need for new antimicrobials. The
in vitro
activity of the newly developed fluoroketolide solithromycin (CEM-101) was evaluated against a collection of 40
M. genitalium
strains, including 15 with high-level macrolide resistance and 5 multidrug-resistant strains with resistance to both macrolides and quinolones. Furthermore, the MIC of solithromycin was correlated with mutations in the 23S rRNA gene and in the genes encoding ribosomal proteins L4 and L22. The
in vitro
results showed that solithromycin has activity against
M. genitalium
superior to that of other macrolides, doxycycline, and fluoroquinolones. Accordingly, this new fluoroketolide might be an effective option for treatment of
M. genitalium
infections. However, the efficacy of solithromycin in clinical trials with follow-up for test of cure and detection of genotypic and phenotypic resistance needs to be evaluated prior to widespread use. In a phase 2 clinical trial, solithromycin was highly effective as a single oral dose against
C. trachomatis
and
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
, suggesting that solithromycin could be a treatment option for several sexually transmitted infections, including in syndromic treatment of urethral and vaginal discharge.
COMPARISON BETWEEN CAST IMMOBILIZATION VERSUS VOLAR LOCKING PLATE FIXATION OF DISTAL RADIUS FRACTURES IN ACTIVE ELDERLY PATIENTS, THE ASIAN PERSPECTIVE
Authors: Chan Ying-Ho , Foo Tun-Lin , Yeo Chong-Jin , Chew Winston Yoon-Chong 
Published: March 2014

Displaced distal radius fractures in active elderly patients with high functional demand present a clinical dilemma because current evidence is equivocal in the recommendation of treatment. Internal fixation is an increasingly popular option with proposed superior results. Our study aims to evaluate the results among a population of active elderly patients with displaced fractures managed with either cast immobilization or internal fixation with volar locking plate. Seventy-five patients (35 cast immobilization and 40 internal fixation) with mean age of 74 ± 7.5 years with minimum of 12 months follow-up were studied. The radiological and clinical parameters were assessed at three, six, and 12 months. Functional outcomes (DASH, Green-O'Brien) were assessed at 12 months. Patients who underwent surgery regain wrist motion and grip strength earlier, but this was not statistically significant after six months.
Lithospheric flexure and volcano basal boundary conditions: keys to the structural evolution of large volcanic edifices on the terrestrial planets
Authors: McGovern Patrick J. , Grosfils Eric B. , Galgana Gerald A. , Morgan Julia K. , Rumpf M. Elise , Smith John R. , Zimbelman James R. 
Published: March 2014

Abstract
Large volcanic edifices constitute enormous loads at the surfaces of planets. The lithosphere, the mechanically strong outer layer of a planet, responds to growing edifice loads by flexing. The shape of this lithospheric flexure and the resulting stress state exert critical influences on the structure of the evolving edifices, which in turn feed back into the flexural response. Flexural subsidence of the lithosphere forms topographical moats surrounding volcanoes that are partially to completely filled by landslide debris, volcaniclastic materials and sediments, or by relatively flat aprons of volcanic flows. Flexure creates a characteristic ‘dipole’ state of stress that influences subsequent magma ascent paths and chamber dynamics in the lithosphere. Compression in the upper lithosphere can inhibit magma ascent and favour the development of oblate magma chambers or sill complexes. This compression can be transferred into the edifice unless a décollement allows the volcano base to slip over the underlying lithosphere; generally, basal décollements are found to operate via high pore-fluid pressure in a clay sediment-based layer. Volcanoes lacking such a layer, regardless of the thickness of the basal sediments, lack basal décollements and, thus, tend to be limited in size by compressive stresses adverse to magma ascent.
Online learning of timeout policies for dynamic power management
Authors: Khan Umair Ali , Rinner Bernhard 
Published: March 2014

Dynamic power management (DPM) refers to strategies which selectively change the operational states of a device during runtime to reduce the power consumption based on the past usage pattern, the current workload, and the given performance constraint. The power management problem becomes more challenging when the workload exhibits nonstationary behavior which may degrade the performance of any single or static DPM policy.
This article presents a reinforcement learning (RL)-based DPM technique for optimal selection of timeout values in the different device states. Each timeout period determines how long the device will remain in a particular state before the transition decision is taken. The timeout selection is based on workload estimates derived from a Multilayer Artificial Neural Network (ML-ANN) and an objective function given by weighted performance and power parameters. Our DPM approach is further able to adapt the power-performance weights online to meet user-specified power and performance constraints, respectively. We have completely implemented our DPM algorithm on our embedded traffic surveillance platform and performed long-term experiments using real traffic data to demonstrate the effectiveness of the DPM. Our results show that the proposed learning algorithm not only adequately explores the power-performance trade-off with nonstationary workload but can also successfully perform online adjustment of the trade-off parameter in order to meet the user-specified constraint.
Embedded RAIDs-on-chip for bus-based chip-multiprocessors
Authors: Bathen Luis Angel D. , Dutt Nikil D. 
Published: March 2014

The dual effects of larger die sizes and technology scaling, combined with aggressive voltage scaling for power reduction, increase the error rates for on-chip memories. Traditional on-chip memory reliability techniques (e.g., ECC) incur significant power and performance overheads. In this article, we propose a low-power-and-performance-overhead Embedded RAID (E-RAID) strategy and present Embedded RAIDs-on-Chip (E-RoC), a distributed dynamically managed reliable memory subsystem for bus-based Chip-Multiprocessors. E-RoC achieves reliability through redundancy by optimizing RAID-like policies tuned for on-chip distributed memories. We achieve on-chip reliability of memories through the use of Distributed Dynamic ScratchPad Allocatable Memories (DSPAMs) and their allocation policies. We exploit aggressive voltage scaling to reduce power consumption overheads due to parallel DSPAM accesses, and rely on the E-RoC Manager to automatically handle any resulting voltage-scaling-induced errors. We demonstrate how E-RAIDs can further enhance the fault tolerance of traditional memory reliability approaches by designing E-RAID levels that exploit ECC. Finally, we show the power and flexibility of the E-RoC concept by showing the benefits of having a heterogeneous E-RAID levels that fit each application's needs (fault tolerance, power/energy, performance).
Our experimental results on CHStone/Mediabench II benchmarks show that our E-RAID levels converge to 100% error-free data rates much faster than traditional ECC approaches. Moreover, E-RAID levels that exploit ECC can guarantee 99.9% error-free data rates at ultra low Vdd on average, where as traditional ECC approaches were able to attain at most 99.1% error-free data rates. We observe an average of 22% dynamic power consumption increase by using traditional ECC approaches with respect to the baseline (non-voltage scaled SPMs), whereas our E-RAID levels are able to save dynamic power consumption by an average of 27% (w.r.t. the same non-voltage scaled SPMs baseline), while incurring worst-case 2% higher performance overheads than traditional ECC approaches. By voltage scaling the memories, we see that traditional ECC approaches are able to save static energy by 6.4% (average), where as our E-RAID approaches achieve 23.4% static energy savings (average). Finally, we observe that mixing E-RAID levels allows us to further reduce the dynamic power consumption by up to 55.5% at the cost of an average 5.6% increase in execution time over traditional approaches.
HMTT
Authors: Huang Yongbing , Chen Licheng , Cui Zehan , Ruan Yuan , Bao Yungang , Chen Mingyu , Sun Ninghui 
Published: March 2014

DRAM access traces (i.e., off-chip memory references) can be extremely valuable for the design of memory subsystems and performance tuning of software. Hardware snooping on the off-chip memory interface is an effective and nonintrusive approach to monitoring and collecting real-life DRAM accesses. However, compared with software-based approaches, hardware snooping approaches typically lack semantic information, such as process/function/object identifiers, virtual addresses, and lock contexts, that is essential to the complete understanding of the systems and software under investigation.
In this article, we propose a hybrid hardware/software mechanism that is able to collect off-chip memory reference traces with semantic information. We have designed and implemented a prototype system called HMTT (Hybrid Memory Trace Tool), which uses a custom-made DIMM connector to collect off-chip memory references and a high-level event-encoding scheme to correlate semantic information with memory references. In addition to providing complete, undistorted DRAM access traces, the proposed system is also able to perform various types of low-overhead profiling, such as object-relative accesses and multithread lock accesses.
Problem Based Learning in Nursing Education
Authors: Zhang Weihua 
Published: March 2014

Background. McMaster University first introduced Problem Based Learning (PBL) in the mid 1960s. However, measuring the relationship between PBL for undergraduate nursing programs and students test performance has not yet been assessed in the USA. Purpose. The main purpose of this paper is to describe the effectiveness of PBL on senior student test performance on content related to PBL in a BSN program. Diabetes mellitus and renal insufficiency were taught by traditional lecture format in the previous years. This was the first year we taught this content by the problem based learning method. Method. Historical control group was used to compare the test performances between the PBL groups and the traditional group using Student’s t-test. Result. The mean of diabetes mellitus related questions missed by the PBL group was less than the traditional group (t = 4.51, and P=.00). The mean of renal insufficiency related questions missed by the PBL group was more than the traditional group (t=-6.44, and P=.00). Discussion. This study produced inconclusive findings. Factors that could be attributed to their performance will be discussed.
Cancer Stem-like Cells Derived from Chemoresistant Tumors Have a Unique Capacity to Prime Tumorigenic Myeloid Cells
Authors: Yamashina Tsunaki , Baghdadi Muhammad , Yoneda Akihiro , Kinoshita Ichiro , Suzu Shinya , Dosaka-Akita Hirotoshi , Jinushi Masahisa 
Published: March 2014

Abstract
Resistance to anticancer therapeutics greatly affects the phenotypic and functional properties of tumor cells, but how chemoresistance contributes to the tumorigenic activities of cancer stem-like cells remains unclear. In this study, we found that a characteristic of cancer stem-like cells from chemoresistant tumors (CSC-R) is the ability to produce a variety of proinflammatory cytokines and to generate M2-like immunoregulatory myeloid cells from CD14+ monocytes. Furthermore, we identified the IFN-regulated transcription factor IRF5 as a CSC-R–specific factor critical for promoting M-CSF production and generating tumorigenic myeloid cells. Importantly, myeloid cells primed with IRF5+ CSC-R facilitate the tumorigenic and stem cell activities of bulk tumors. Importantly, the activation of IRF5/M-CSF pathways in tumor cells were correlated with the number of tumor-associated CSF1 receptor+ M2 macrophages in patients with non–small lung cancer. Collectively, our findings show how chemoresistance affects the properties of CSCs in their niche microenvironments. Cancer Res; 74(10); 2698–709. ©2014 AACR.
HNRNPAB Induces Epithelial–Mesenchymal Transition and Promotes Metastasis of Hepatocellular Carcinoma by Transcriptionally Activating SNAIL
Authors: Zhou Zheng-Jun , Dai Zhi , Zhou Shao-Lai , Hu Zhi-Qiang , Chen Qing , Zhao Yi-Ming , Shi Ying-Hong , Gao Qiang , Wu Wei-Zhong , Qiu Shuang-Jian , Zhou Jian , Fan Jia 
Published: March 2014

Abstract
Expression of heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein AB (HNRNPAB) has been reported to be dysregulated in tumors, but its specific contributions to tumor formation and progression are not fully understood. Here, we demonstrate that HNRNPAB is overexpressed in highly metastatic cells and tumor tissues from patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with recurrence. We found that HNRNPAB overexpression promoted epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) in a manner associated with HCC metastasis in vitro and in vivo. RNA interference-mediated silencing of the EMT factor SNAIL attenuated HNRNPAB-enhanced cell invasion in vitro and lung metastasis in vivo. Mechanistically, HNRNPAB acted to transactivate SNAIL1 transcription, which in turn inhibited transcription of the pivotal SNAIL target gene E-cadherin. Overexpression of HNRNPAB in HCC samples correlated with higher SNAIL levels, shorter overall survival, and higher tumor recurrence. HNRNPAB overexpression, alone or in combination with SNAIL, was found to be a significant independent risk factor for recurrence and survival after curative resection. In conclusion, our findings define HNRNPAB as an activator of EMT and metastasis in HCC that predicts poor clinical outcomes. Cancer Res; 74(10); 2750–62. ©2014 AACR.
The Relationship between Umbilical Cord Estrogens and Perinatal Characteristics
Authors: Hickey Martha , Hart Roger , Keelan Jeffrey A. 
Published: March 2014

Abstract
Background: Prenatal estrogen exposure is thought to contribute to later life diseases such as breast cancer. However, few studies have directly measured prenatal estrogens and most have relied on proposed “markers” of estrogen exposure. We used a large population-based birth cohort to directly measure the relationship between prenatal estrogens and perinatal characteristics, including putative markers of estrogen exposure.
Methods: Total estrone (E1), estradiol (E2), estriol (E3), and estetrol (E4) were assayed by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry from archived mixed arterial and venous serum from 860 umbilical cord blood samples.
Results: Values for all estrogens were strongly intercorrelated. Cord estrogen concentrations did not differ between males and females. Levels of all estrogens were reduced in twins and concentrations increased with gestational age. Neither E1 nor E2 was correlated with birth weight, but E3 and E4 levels correlated weakly, whereas onset of labor was associated with higher estrogen concentrations. E1 and E2 concentrations were not associated with preeclampsia in the current pregnancy, but E3 and E4 concentrations were lower in pregnancies complicated by preeclampsia and antepartum hemorrhage.
Conclusions: Umbilical cord estrogen concentrations vary with gestational age, mode of delivery, pregnancy complications, and twinning, but not with infant sex. Putative markers of prenatal estrogen exposure, preeclampsia, and birth weight did not correlate with direct fetal measures of the most potent estrogen (E2) but were associated with weaker estrogens (E3 and E4). Twins had lower concentrations of all estrogens.
Impact: This is the largest and best characterized dataset of prenatal estrogen concentrations, measured using highly accurate mass spectrometry/spectroscopy. These observations represent the new “gold standard” for umbilical cord estrogens, and will inform the interpretation of other datasets and the early life origins of health and disease. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 23(6); 946–52. ©2014 AACR.