bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Emergency department nurses’ perceptions and experiences of providing care for older people
Authors: Gallagher Robyn , Fry Margaret , Chenoweth Lynne , Gallagher Patrick , Stein‐Parbury Jane 
Published: March 2014

AbstractEmergency department nurses are challenged to provide safe, quality care to older people; however, nurses’ perceptions of their role and experiences are seldom investigated. This focus‐group study investigated emergency department nurses’ perceptions and experiences of caring for older people, using four focus groups of nurses with a minimum three months’ experience in the emergency department and a demographic survey. Data were thematically analyzed. Two themes emerged. The first was the clash of expectations between nurses and family/carers related to safety and quality of nursing care. Older people were perceived to be vulnerable in the emergency department, and nurses were frustrated that competing priorities decreased their ability to ensure them safe and quality care. Nurses felt family/carers were disappointed with care provided, and might not empathize with or understand their predicament. The second theme concerned nurses’ perception that family/carers could provide a safety net for the older person in the emergency department in times of high workload. Nurses need support to care for older people in the emergency department to ensure safe and optimal care, and a shared understanding of care provision between nurses and family needs development.
Testing Efficacy in Determination of Recurrent Supraventricular Tachycardia among Subjectively Symptomatic Children Following “Successful” Ablation
Authors: BHAT DEEPTI P. , DU WEI , KARPAWICH PETER P. 
Published: March 2014

BackgroundSupraventricular tachycardia (SVT) in children can be successfully terminated using catheter ablation techniques; however, chronic, true success may be less. Sensed tachycardia (ST) is common following ablation and the differentiation from true arrhythmia recurrences can be challenging.MethodsRecords of all patients ≤18 years who underwent successful ablation for simple forms of SVT and followed‐up for at least a year between 2002 and 2012 were reviewed. Patients with congenital heart disease, atrial muscle tachycardia, and associated ventricular tachycardia were excluded. The diagnostic utility of commonly performed tests was assessed.ResultsAmong the 205 eligible subjects, 202 underwent successful ablation (98.5%), of who five were lost to follow‐up before 1 year. The early success rate (6 weeks postablation) and mid‐term success rate (1 year postablation) were high (97.5% and 87.4%, respectively) whereas the chronic success (5 years postablation) was only 75%. Although true arrhythmia recurrence was significantly higher in the young (mean 11.5 years vs 13.5 years, P = 0.03) and males (P = 0.02), the presence of diffuse, right‐sided fibers was the only independent predictor of true recurrence (odds ratio = 2.7, P = 0.03, 95% confidence interval 1.1, 6.8). Significant ST was reported by 111 patients (56%). The 30‐day ambulatory event monitor had the highest sensitivity (71%) when compared to exercise test (19%) and electrocardiogram (24%) in identifying true arrhythmia recurrence.ConclusionsAcute and early success may not guarantee chronic ablation success. Postablation, symptomatic patients can be most effectively evaluated using ambulatory event monitoring; however, true recurrence may still be missed and requires closer monitoring.
Characterization of polyploid wheat genomic diversity using a high‐density 90 000 single nucleotide polymorphism array
Authors: Wang Shichen , Wong Debbie , Forrest Kerrie , Allen Alexandra , Chao Shiaoman , Huang Bevan E. , Maccaferri Marco , Salvi Silvio , Milner Sara G. , Cattivelli Luigi , Mastrangelo Anna M. , Whan Alex , Stephen Stuart , Barker Gary , Wieseke Ralf , Plieske Joerg ,   International Wheat Genome Sequencing Consortium, Lillemo Morten , Mather Diane , Appels Rudi , Dolferus Rudy , Brown‐Guedira Gina , Korol Abraham , Akhunova Alina R. , Feuillet Catherine , Salse Jerome , Morgante Michele , Pozniak Curtis , Luo Ming‐Cheng , Dvorak Jan , Morell Matthew , Dubcovsky Jorge , Ganal Martin , Tuberosa Roberto , Lawley Cindy , Mikoulitch Ivan , Cavanagh Colin , Edwards Keith J. , Hayden Matthew , Akhunov Eduard 
Published: March 2014

SummaryHigh‐density single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyping arrays are a powerful tool for studying genomic patterns of diversity, inferring ancestral relationships between individuals in populations and studying marker–trait associations in mapping experiments. We developed a genotyping array including about 90 000 gene‐associated SNPs and used it to characterize genetic variation in allohexaploid and allotetraploid wheat populations. The array includes a significant fraction of common genome‐wide distributed SNPs that are represented in populations of diverse geographical origin. We used density‐based spatial clustering algorithms to enable high‐throughput genotype calling in complex data sets obtained for polyploid wheat. We show that these model‐free clustering algorithms provide accurate genotype calling in the presence of multiple clusters including clusters with low signal intensity resulting from significant sequence divergence at the target SNP site or gene deletions. Assays that detect low‐intensity clusters can provide insight into the distribution of presence–absence variation (PAV) in wheat populations. A total of 46 977 SNPs from the wheat 90K array were genetically mapped using a combination of eight mapping populations. The developed array and cluster identification algorithms provide an opportunity to infer detailed haplotype structure in polyploid wheat and will serve as an invaluable resource for diversity studies and investigating the genetic basis of trait variation in wheat.
Mechanical embolectomy for ischemic stroke in a pediatric ventricular assist device patient
Authors: Rhee Eileen , Hurst Robert , Pukenas Bryan , Ichord Rebecca , Cahill Anne Marie , Rossano Joseph , Fuller Stephanie , Lin Kimberly 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThe reported incidence of cerebral embolic or hemorrhagic complications related to mechanical circulatory support in children is high, even while subjects are managed with aggressive antithrombotic therapy. The safety and utility of endovascular treatment for stroke in the pediatric VAD population has not been established in the published literature. We describe a nine‐yr‐old patient on BiVAD support who experienced threatened AIS on two separate occasions. He was treated successfully via mechanical embolectomy on both occasions and survived to transplantation with minimal neurologic deficits.
Academic potential and cognitive functioning of long‐term survivors after childhood liver transplantation
Authors: Ee L. C. , Lloyd O. , Beale K. , Fawcett J. , Cleghorn G. J. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThis cross‐sectional study assessed intellect, cognition, academic function, behaviour, and emotional health of long‐term survivors after childhood liver transplantation. Eligible children were >5 yr post‐transplant, still attending school, and resident in Queensland. Hearing and neurocognitive testing were performed on 13 transplanted children and six siblings including two twin pairs where one was transplanted and the other not. Median age at testing was 13.08 (range 6.52–16.99) yr; time elapsed after transplant 10.89 (range 5.16–16.37) yr; and age at transplant 1.15 (range 0.38–10.00) yr. Mean full‐scale IQ was 97 (81–117) for transplanted children and 105 (87–130) for siblings. No difficulties were identified in intellect, cognition, academic function, and memory and learning in transplanted children or their siblings, although both groups had reduced mathematical ability compared with normal. Transplanted patients had difficulties in executive functioning, particularly in self‐regulation, planning and organization, problem‐solving, and visual scanning. Thirty‐one percent (4/13) of transplanted patients, and no siblings, scored in the clinical range for ADHD. Emotional difficulties were noted in transplanted patients but were not different from their siblings. Long‐term liver transplant survivors exhibit difficulties in executive function and are more likely to have ADHD despite relatively intact intellect and cognition.
With a Sword Pointing to the East, West, South, and North
Authors: Danaher William J. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractIn his In Defense of War, Nigel Biggar argues for an account of war based in Christian love. In the process, he opposes Christian pacifists, the British Left, liberal accounts of just‐war, and accounts of just‐war based on self‐defense. Although framed in terms of love, his account pivots around punishment, which is further explicated by a thorough review of the recent war in Iraq, the invasion of which he deems justified. This review compares Biggar's monograph to prior iterations of a love‐based approach to just war by Paul Ramsey and Oliver O'Donovan. Biggar's contributions regarding love, punishment, and policy analysis are recognized, as well as his attempt to carry on the tradition of the ‘mournful warrior’. As a model for the kind of scrutiny that Christian ethicists should bring to bear on serious social issues, Biggar's monograph is excellent. However, the political stance and – largely implicit and unstated – political theology operating behind this book are, in the end, disconcerting.
The relationship between memory complaints, activity and perceived health status
Authors: Lee P.‐L. 
Published: March 2014

Subjective memory complaints (SMC) is a possible symptom of mild cognitive impairment which may progress to dementia. The present study examines the relationship of physical activity (PA), cognitive activity (CA), social activity (SA), and perceived health status (HS) with SMC for middle age and older adults. Participants were from the MIDUS II study (Midlife in the United States) recruited in 2004–2006 (Mean age = 55.99; N = 3030). Hierarchical multiple regression was performed with SMC as the dependent variable, along with PA, CA, SA, and HS as the independent variables. The study revealed that SMC was strongly related to PA, CA, and HS, while controlling covariates. Further, HS had the strongest link with SMC among these predictors while interaction effects (PA × HS, CA × HS, and SA × HS) were insignificant. In addition, different results were achieved in younger versus older groups. Participants with more CA, PA and perception of better health had lower frequency of memory complaints.
Why particles are not particular: Sentence‐final particles in Chinese as heads of a split CP
Authors: Paul Waltraud 
Published: March 2014

AbstractBiberauer, Newton & Sheehan () claim that clause‐final particles are categorially deficient. This move is motivated by the fact that a number of VO languages ‐ among them Mandarin Chinese ‐ display sentence‐final particles (SFPs), which, when analysed as complementisers, violate the purportedly universal Final‐over‐Final Constraint (FOFC). The FOFC excludes structures where a head‐final projection dominates a head‐initial one. In contrast, the present article argues that SFPs in Chinese instantiate C in a three‐layered split CP à la Rizzi (, ) and hence are “visible” for the FOFC. Furthermore, to equate The World Atlas of Language Structures' (WALS) label adverbial subordinator with complementiser as Biberauer et al. (, ) do is shown to be problematic, given that it turns out to be a cover term for different categories. Accordingly, WALS' results for the distribution of adverbial subordinator cannot be mechanically used as testing ground for the predictions made by the FOFC for the category C.
Utility Maximization and Bounds on Human Information Processing
Authors: Howes Andrew , Lewis Richard L. , Singh Satinder 
Published: March 2014

AbstractUtility maximization is a key element of a number of theoretical approaches to explaining human behavior. Among these approaches are rational analysis, ideal observer theory, and signal detection theory. While some examples of these approaches define the utility maximization problem with little reference to the bounds imposed by the organism, others start with, and emphasize approaches in which bounds imposed by the information processing architecture are considered as an explicit part of the utility maximization problem. These latter approaches are the topic of this issue of the journal.
A realistic assessment of fluvial and coastal flood risk in England and Wales
Authors: Penning‐Rowsell Edmund C 
Published: March 2014

Accurate national‐scale economic assessments of flood risk should, first, allow policy and resource allocation to be determined sensibly by relating both to the scale of that risk and, second, provide a benchmark against which any possible future changes in risk can be assessed. This paper critiques the UK's National Flood Risk Assessment (NAFRA), its development for England and Wales over a decade, and its evaluation of economic fluvial and coastal flood risk. We find, when comparing the results with other data on flooding and the damage caused over 20 + years (including insurance claims), that NAFRA appears to overestimate the economic risk by between four‐ and five‐fold (i.e. at c.£1.1bn p.a., as opposed to a central estimate here of £0.25bn p.a.). The flood problem faced is still serious, and may be increasing, but we suggest that an exaggeration has become embedded. The assessment models and their data need further enhancement if this situation is to be corrected and a realistic assessment made of the scale of the current fluvial and coastal flood risk. Only then will the results be adequately credible and hence useful.
Rapid detection of contaminant bacteria in platelet concentrate using differential impedance
Authors: Zhao Z. , Chalmers A. , Rieder R. 
Published: March 2014

Background and ObjectivesCurrent FDA‐approved culture‐based methods for the bacterial testing of platelet concentrate (PC) can yield false‐negative results attributed to Poisson‐limited sampling errors incurred near the time of collection that result in undetectable bacterial concentrations. Testing PC at the point of issue (POI) extends the incubation period for any contaminant bacteria increasing the probability of detection. Data are presented from time–course experiments designed to simulate POI testing of bacterially contaminated PCs at different stages of growth using differential impedance sensing.Study design and methodsWhole‐blood‐derived PCs were typically spiked with low numbers of bacteria (approximately 100 CFU/ml) and incubated under standard PC storage conditions. Each infected unit was evaluated every two hours over a 12‐h period. All samples were treated with a chemical compound that induces stress in the bacterial cells only. The development of any bacterial stress was monitored by detecting changes in the dielectric properties of the PC using differential impedance.ResultsDifferential impedance measurements and corresponding cell counts at the different time‐points are presented for six organisms implicated in post‐transfusion–septic reactions. All infected PCs were detected once contaminant bacteria reached concentrations ranging between 0·6 × 103 and 6 × 103 CFU/ml irrespective of the phase of growth. Results were obtained within 30 min after the start of the assay and without the need for cell lysis or centrifugation.ConclusionDifferential impedance sensing can detect bacterial contamination in PC rapidly at concentrations below clinical thresholds known to cause adverse effects.
Xenoantibody response to porcine islet cell transplantation using GTKO, CD55, CD59, and fucosyltransferase multiple transgenic donors
Authors: Chen Yan , Stewart John M. , Gunthart Mirja , Hawthorne Wayne J. , Salvaris Evelyn J. , O'Connell Philip J. , Nottle Mark B. , d'Apice Anthony J. F. , Cowan Peter J. , Kearns‐Jonker Mary 
Published: March 2014

AbstractBackgroundPromising developments in porcine islet xenotransplantation could resolve the donor pancreas shortage for patients with type 1 diabetes. Using α1,3‐galactosyltransferase gene knockout (GTKO) donor pigs with multiple transgenes should extend xenoislet survival via reducing complement activation, thrombus formation, and the requirement for exogenous immune suppression. Studying the xenoantibody response to GTKO/hCD55/hCD59/hHT islets in the pig‐to‐baboon model, and comparing it with previously analyzed responses, would allow the development of inhibitory reagents capable of targeting conserved idiotypic regions.MethodsWe generated IgM heavy and light chain gene libraries from 10 untreated baboons and three baboons at 28 days following transplantation of GTKO/hCD55/hCD59/hHT pig neonatal islet cell clusters with immunosuppression. Flow cytometry was used to confirm the induction of a xenoantibody response. IgM germline gene usage was compared pre‐ and post‐transplant. Homology modeling was used to compare the structure of xenoantibodies elicited after transplantation of GTKO/hCD55/hCD59/hHT pig islets with those induced by GTKO and wild‐type pig endothelial cells without further genetic modification.ResultsIgM xenoantibodies that bind to GTKO pig cells and wild‐type pig cells were induced after transplantation. These anti‐non‐Gal antibodies were encoded by the IGHV3‐66*02 (Δ28%) and IGKV1‐12*02 (Δ25%) alleles, for the immunoglobulin heavy and light chains, respectively. IGHV3‐66 is 86.7% similar to IGHV3‐21 which was elicited by rhesus monkeys in response to GTKO endothelial cells. Heavy chain genes most similar to IGHV3‐66 were found to utilize the IGHJ4 gene in 85% of V‐D regions analyzed. However, unlike the wild‐type response, a consensus complementary determining region 3 was not identified.ConclusionsAdditional genetic modifications in transgenic GTKO pigs do not substantially modify the structure of the restricted group of anti‐non‐Gal xenoantibodies that mediate induced xenoantibody responses with or without immunosuppression. The use of this information to develop new therapeutic agents to target this restricted response will likely be beneficial for long‐term islet cell survival and for developing targeted immunosuppressive regimens with less toxicity.
A practical and theoretical definition of very small field size for radiotherapy output factor measurements
Authors: Charles P. H. , Cranmer‐Sargison G. , Thwaites D. I. , Crowe S. B. , Kairn T. , Knight R. T. , Kenny J. , Langton C. M. , Trapp J. V. 
Published: March 2014

Purpose:This work introduces the concept of very small field size. Output factor (OPF) measurements at these field sizes require extremely careful experimental methodology including the measurement of dosimetric field size at the same time as each OPF measurement. Two quantifiable scientific definitions of the threshold of very small field size are presented.Methods:A practical definition was established by quantifying the effect that a 1 mm error in field size or detector position had on OPFs and setting acceptable uncertainties on OPF at 1%. Alternatively, for a theoretical definition of very small field size, the OPFs were separated into additional factors to investigate the specific effects of lateral electronic disequilibrium, photon scatter in the phantom, and source occlusion. The dominant effect was established and formed the basis of a theoretical definition of very small fields. Each factor was obtained using Monte Carlo simulations of a Varian iX linear accelerator for various square field sizes of side length from 4 to 100 mm, using a nominal photon energy of 6 MV.Results:According to the practical definition established in this project, field sizes ≤15 mm were considered to be very small for 6 MV beams for maximal field size uncertainties of 1 mm. If the acceptable uncertainty in the OPF was increased from 1.0% to 2.0%, or field size uncertainties are 0.5 mm, field sizes ≤12 mm were considered to be very small. Lateral electronic disequilibrium in the phantom was the dominant cause of change in OPF at very small field sizes. Thus the theoretical definition of very small field size coincided to the field size at which lateral electronic disequilibrium clearly caused a greater change in OPF than any other effects. This was found to occur at field sizes ≤12 mm. Source occlusion also caused a large change in OPF for field sizes ≤8 mm. Based on the results of this study, field sizes ≤12 mm were considered to be theoretically very small for 6 MV beams.Conclusions:Extremely careful experimental methodology including the measurement of dosimetric field size at the same time as output factor measurement for each field size setting and also very precise detector alignment is required at field sizes at least ≤12 mm and more conservatively≤15 mm for 6 MV beams. These recommendations should be applied in addition to all the usual considerations for small field dosimetry, including careful detector selection.
Comparison of Three Immunoassays for Detection of Antibodies to Strongyloides stercoralis
Authors: Anderson Neil W. , Klein Diane M. , Dornink Sarina M. , Jespersen Deborah J. , Kubofcik Joseph , Nutman Thomas B. , Merrigan Stephen D. , Couturier Marc Roger , Theel Elitza S. 
Published: March 2014

ABSTRACTDue to the limited sensitivities of stool-based microscopy and/or culture techniques forStrongyloides stercoralis, the detection of antibodies to this intestinal nematode is relied upon as a surrogate for determining exposure status or making a diagnosis ofS. stercoralisinfection. Here, we evaluated three immunoassays, including the recently released InBios Strongy Detect IgG enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) (InBios International, Inc., Seattle, WA), the SciMedxStrongyloidesserology microwell ELISA (SciMedx Corporation, Denville, NJ), and the luciferase immunoprecipitation system (LIPS) assay performed at the National Institutes of Health (NIH), for their detection of IgG antibodies toS. stercoralis. A total of 101 retrospective serum samples, previously submitted for routineS. stercoralisantibody detection using the SciMedx assay, were also evaluated by the InBios and LIPS assays. The qualitative results from each assay were compared using a Venn diagram analysis, to the consensus result among the three assays, and each ELISA was also evaluated using the LIPS assay as the reference standard. By Venn diagram analysis, 65% (66/101) of the samples demonstrated perfect agreement by all three assays. Also, the numbers of samples considered positive or negative by a single method were similar. Compared to the consensus result, the overall percent agreement of the InBios, SciMedx, and LIPS assays were comparable at 87.1%, 84.2%, and 89.1%, respectively. Finally, the two ELISAs performed analogously but demonstrated only moderate agreement (kappa coefficient for the two assays, 0.53) with the LIPS assay. Collectively, while the two commercially available ELISAs perform equivalently, neither should be used independently of clinical evaluation to diagnose strongyloidiasis.
Bioterrorism: a Laboratory
Who Does It?
Authors: Craft David W. , Lee Philip A. , Rowlinson Marie-Claire 
Published: March 2014

ABSTRACT
In October 2001, the first disseminated biological warfare attack was perpetrated on American soil. Initially, a few clinical microbiology laboratories were testing specimens from acutely ill patients and also being asked to test nasal swabs from the potentially exposed. Soon after, a significant number of clinical microbiology and public health laboratories received similar requests to test the worried well or evaluate potentially contaminated mail or environmental materials, sometimes from their own break rooms. The role of the clinical and public health microbiology laboratory in response to a select agent event or act of bioterrorism is reviewed.