bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
How different long‐term fertilization strategies influence crop yield and soil properties in a maize field in the North China Plain
Authors: Zhao Bingzi , Chen Ji , Zhang Jiabao , Xin Xiuli , Hao Xiying 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe impact of fertilization on maize (Zea mays L.) yield and soil properties was investigated in a long‐term (> 18 y) experimental field in N China. A completely randomized block design with seven fertilizer treatments and four replications was used. The seven fertilizer treatments were (1) compost (COMP), (2) half compost plus half chemical fertilizer (COMP1/2), (3) balanced NPK fertilizer (NPK), (4–6) unbalanced chemical fertilizers without one of the major elements (NP, PK, and NK), and (7) an unamended control (CK). In addition to maize yield, soil chemical and biological properties were investigated. Compared to the balanced NPK treatment, maize yield from the COMP treatment was 7.9% higher, from the COMP1/2 was similar, but from the NP, PK, NK, and CK treatment were 12.4%, 59.9%, 78.6%, and 75.7% lower. Across the growing season, microbial biomass C and N contents, basal soil respiration, and fluorescein diacetate hydrolysis, dehydrogenase, urease, and invertase activities in the COMP and COMP1/2 treatments were 7%–203% higher than the NPK treatment. Values from all other treatments were up to 60% lower than the NPK treatment. Maize yield is closely related to the soil organic C (OC) and biological properties, and the OC is closely related to various biological properties, indicating that OC is a suitable indicator for soil quality. Our results suggest the most limiting nutrient for improving the yield or soil quality was P, followed by N and K, and balanced fertilization is important in maintaining high crop yield and soil quality. Additionally, increases in OC, N, and biological activities in COMP and COMP1/2 treatments imply that organic compost is superior to the chemical fertilizers tested.
A comment on “Novel scavenger removal trials increase wind turbine‐caused avian fatality estimates”
Authors: Huso Manuela M.P. , Erickson Wallace P. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractIn a recent paper, Smallwood et al. (2010) conducted a study to compare their “novel” approach to conducting carcass removal trials with what they term the “conventional” approach and to evaluate the effects of the different methods on estimated avian fatality at a wind power facility in California. A quick glance at Table 3 that succinctly summarizes their results and provides estimated fatality rates and 80% confidence intervals calculated using the 2 methods reveals a surprising result. The confidence intervals of all of their estimates and most of the conventional estimates extend below 0. These results imply that wind turbines may have the capacity to create live birds. But a more likely interpretation is that a serious error occurred in the calculation of either the average fatality rate or its standard error or both. Further evaluation of their methods reveals that the scientific basis for concluding that “many estimates of scavenger removal rates prior to [their] study were likely biased low due to scavenger swamping” and “previously reported estimates of avian fatality rates … should be adjusted upwards” was not evident in their analysis and results. Their comparison to conventional approaches was not applicable, their statistical models were questionable, and the conclusions they drew were unsupported. © 2013 The Wildlife Society.
Response to Huso and Erickson's comments on novel scavenger removal trials
Authors: Smallwood K. Shawn , Bell Douglas A. , Karas Brian , Snyder Sara A. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractTrials involving volitionally placed carcasses are often used to estimate the portion of the collision‐caused fatality population that is undetected by periodic fatality searches at wind turbines. Huso and Erickson criticized our paper reporting on a comparison of carcass persistence rates between what we termed conventional versus novel approaches to these trials. In our novel approach, we measured carcass persistence rates by placing only 1–2 fresh carcasses per week, instead of the typical 10 or more carcasses at a time, often using found carcasses of unknown time since death. Huso and Erickson directed most of their critique to this novel aspect of our approach, although the novelty of our approach also included the use of event‐triggered camera traps, which we used to record exact times of removals and to identify vertebrate scavenger species responsible for the removals. In our replies to Huso and Erickson's major criticisms, we acknowledge flaws in our field methods for arriving at fatality rate estimates, but we also point out the larger flaws in the methods used by Huso and Erickson, especially in their use of mean days to removal as a measure of carcass persistence. We conclude by introducing a more appropriate detection trial, which combines searcher detection and scavenger removal trials, and integrates this detection trial into periodic fatality monitoring. © 2013 The Wildlife Society.
Unconventional Non‐birefringent or Birefringent Concentric Ring‐Banded Spherulites in Poly(L‐lactic acid) Thin Films
Authors: Nurkhamidah Siti , Woo Eamor M. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractUnconventional concentric up‐and‐down bands, differing from the conventional bright‐ extinction or blue/orange bands in other polymers, in poly(L‐lactic acid) are found via controlled thin films. Non‐birefringent and birefringent concentric banded spherulites are obtained from 350–400 nm and 1800–2000 nm film thicknesses, respectively. Non‐birefringent concentric ring‐banded spherulites are arranged only by flat‐on lamellae; in contrast, complex combinations of flat‐on, edge‐on, and round‐shaped lamellae in four transitional zones are present within a single band in the thicker films of birefringent, concentric, ring‐banded spherulites. Interband is an optically extinction crevice that segregates two neighboring bands. Unique lamellar arrangements at specific Tc and thickness confinement are two factors for the unconventional concentric bands.
Pencils on real curves
Authors: Coppens Marc , Huisman Johannes 
Published: January 2013

AbstractWe consider coverings of real algebraic curves to real rational algebraic curves. We show the existence of such coverings having prescribed topological degree on the real locus. From those existence results we prove some results on Brill‐Noether Theory for pencils on real curves. For coverings having topological degree \documentclass{article}\usepackage{amssymb}\begin{document}\pagestyle{empty}$\underline{0}$\end{document} we introduce the covering number k and we prove the existence of coverings of degree 4 with prescribed covering number.
Dietary format alters fecal bacterial populations in the domestic cat (Felis catus)
Authors: Bermingham Emma N. , Young Wayne , Kittelmann Sandra , Kerr Katherine R. , Swanson Kelly S. , Roy Nicole C. , Thomas David G. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe effects of short‐term (5‐week) exposure to wet or dry diets on fecal bacterial populations in the cat were investigated. Sixteen mixed‐sex, neutered, domestic short‐haired cats (mean age = 6 years; mean bodyweight = 3.4 kg) were randomly allocated to wet or dry diets in a crossover design. Fecal bacterial DNA was isolated and bacterial 16S rRNA gene amplicons generated and analyzed by 454 Titanium pyrosequencing. Cats fed dry diets had higher abundances (P < 0.05) of Actinobacteria (16.5% vs. 0.1%) and lower abundances of Fusobacteria (0.3% vs. 23.1%) and Proteobacteria (0.4% vs. 1.1%) compared with cats fed the wet diet. Of the 46 genera identified, 30 were affected (P < 0.05) by diet, with higher abundances of Lactobacillus (31.8% vs. 0.1%), Megasphaera (23.0% vs. 0.0%), and Olsenella (16.4% vs. 0.0%), and lower abundances of Bacteroides (0.6% vs. 5.7%) and Blautia (0.3% vs. 2.3%) in cats fed the dry diet compared with cats fed the wet diet. These results demonstrate that short‐term dietary exposure to diet leads to large shifts in fecal bacterial populations that have the potential to affect the ability of the cat to process macronutrients in the diet.
Cocoa flavanol metabolites activate HNF‐3β, Sp1, and NFY‐mediated transcription of apolipoprotein AI in human cells
Authors: Oleaga Carlota , Ciudad Carlos J. , Izquierdo‐Pulido Maria , Noé Véronique 
Published: January 2013

ScopeTo identify the mechanisms by which cocoa induces HDL levels and since apolipoprotein AI (ApoAI) is the major protein in HDLs, we analyzed, upon incubation with cocoa metabolites, ApoAI mRNA levels, its transcriptional regulation, and the levels of the transcription factors involved in this process.Methods and resultsEpicatechin and cocoa metabolites caused an increase in ApoAI expression in HepG2 cells. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays revealed the involvement of Sites A and B of the ApoAI promoter in the induction of ApoAI mRNA upon incubation with cocoa metabolites. Using supershift assays, we demonstrated the binding of HNF‐3β, HNF‐4, ER‐α, and RXR‐α to Site A and the binding of HNF‐3β, NFY, and Sp1 to Site B. Luciferase assays performed with a construct containing Site B confirmed its role in the upregulation of ApoAI by cocoa metabolites. Incubation with 3‐methyl‐epicatechin led to an increase in HNF‐3β mRNA, HNF‐3β, ER‐α, Sp1, and NFY protein levels and the activation of ApoAI transcription mediated by NFY, Sp1, and ER‐α.ConclusionThe activation of ApoAI transcription through Site B by cocoa flavanol metabolites is mainly mediated by an increase in HNF‐3β, with a significant contribution of Sp1 and NFY, as a mechanism for the protective role of these compounds in cardiovascular diseases.
Local versus global search in channel graphs
Authors: Hunter A.H. , Pippenger Nicholas 
Published: January 2013

AbstractPrevious studies of search in channel graphs have assumed global search, for which the status of any link can be probed by the search algorithm at any time. We consider for the first time local search, for which only links to which an idle path from the source has already been established may be probed. We show that some well‐known channel graphs may require exponentially more probes, on average, when search must be local than when it may be global. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq 2013
A branch‐and‐bound algorithm for representative integer efficient solutions in multiple objective network programming problems
Authors: Sun Minghe 
Published: January 2013

AbstractIn many applications of multiple objective network programming (MONP) problems, only integer solutions are acceptable as the final optimal solution. Representative efficient solutions are usually obtained by sampling the efficient set through the solution of augmented weighted Tchebycheff network programs. Because such efficient solutions are usually not integer solutions, a branch‐and‐bound (BB) algorithm is developed to find integer efficient solutions. The purpose of the BB algorithm is to support interactive procedures by generating representative integer efficient solutions. To be computationally efficient, the algorithm takes advantage of the network structure as much as possible. An algorithm, used in the BB algorithm and performed on the key tree, is developed to construct feasible solutions from infeasible solutions and basic solutions from nonbasic solutions when bounds on branching variables change. The BB algorithm finds basic and nonbasic or supported and unsupported integer efficient solutions as long as they are optimal. Details of the algorithm are presented, an example is provided and computational results are reported. Computational results show that the BB algorithm performs well. Although the BB algorithm is developed for the purpose of generating integer efficient solutions for MONP problems, it can also solve more general integer network flow problems with linear side constraints. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq 2013
Stability criteria for continuous‐time systems with additive time‐varying delays
Authors: Zhu Xun‐Lin , Wang Youyi , Du Xin 
Published: January 2013

SUMMARYThis paper studies the problem of stability analysis for continuous‐time systems with two additive time‐varying delay components. By taking the independence and the variation of the additive delay components into consideration, more general type of Lyapunov functionals are defined. Together with a tighter estimation of the upper bound of the cross‐product terms derived from the derivatives of the Lyapunov functionals, less conservative delay‐dependent stability criteria are established in terms of LMIs. Combining with a reciprocally convex combination technique, the newly obtained stability conditions are also less complex. Two numerical examples are given to illustrate the effectiveness and the significant improvement of the proposed method. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pesticide‐laden dust emission and drift from treated seeds during seed drilling: a review
Authors: Nuyttens David , Devarrewaere Wouter , Verboven Pieter , Foqué Dieter 
Published: January 2013

AbstractDressing seeds with pesticides to control pests is a widespread practice with important advantages. Recent incidents of bee losses, however, have directed attention to the emission of abraded pesticide‐coated seed particles to the environment during sowing. This phenomenon of drift of pesticide dust can lead to pesticide contamination of air, water and other natural resources in crop‐growing areas. This review article presents the state of the art of the phenomenon of dust emission and drift from pesticide seed dressing during sowing and its consequences. Firstly, pesticide seed treatment is defined and its pros and cons are set out, with the focus on dust, dust emission and dust drift from pesticide‐coated seed. The factors affecting emission of pesticide dust (e.g. seed treatment quality, seed drilling technology and environmental conditions) are considered, along with its possible effects. The measuring techniques and protocols and models currently in use for calculating the behaviour of dust are reviewed, together with their features and limitations. Finally, possible mitigation measures are discussed, such as improving the seed quality and the use of modified seed drilling technology, and an overview of regulations and stewardship activities is given. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry
On the mechanisms of radiation damage and prospects of their suppression in complex metal oxides
Authors: Lushchik Aleksandr , Lushchik Cheslav , Nagirnyi Vitali , Pazylbek Sapargali , Sidletskiy Oleg , Schwartz Kurt , Shablonin Evgeni , Shugai Anna , Vasil'chenko Evgeni 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe influence of some impurity ions on the increase/decrease in the resistance against irradiation of metal oxides with X‐rays and electrons (low‐dense excitation) or ∼2 GeV Au198 and U238 ions providing a superhigh density of electronic excitations along cylindrical tracks (LET > 30 keV nm−1) has been investigated for fcc MgO single crystals with close ion masses or Lu3Al5O12 and Gd2SiO5 with large unit cells and heavy cations. The radiation effects have been studied using the methods of low‐temperature vacuum ultraviolet spectroscopy (up to 40 eV), cathodoluminescence and thermoactivation spectroscopy. The step‐by‐step annealing of the radiation‐induced absorption, scattering, and luminescence has been performed at the heating of irradiated crystals up to ∼70% of a melting point. Possible experimental manifestations of the temperature‐stable nanosize 3D defects created, according to theoretical predictions, via rearrangement of many host ions at the collapse of discrete solitons (breathers) are detected in Lu3Al5O12 and Gd2SiO5 crystals irradiated with swift heavy ions (fluence of 1012 ions cm−2).
Effects of planar geometry on the inhomogeneous broadening of zero‐phonon lines of optical centers in diamond
Authors: Deshko Yury , Gorokhovsky Anshel 
Published: January 2013

AbstractOptically active defects in diamond find a wide range of applications from lasers to single photon emitters essential for quantum communications. Ion implantation followed by thermal annealing is a mature technique used to create such defects. Implanted at a fixed energy, ions form a thin layer of optically active defects. Low temperature photoluminescence spectra of Xe‐related defects in pure CVD diamond show peculiar behavior: the narrow zero‐phonon line at 811.7 nm changes its shape significantly with the increase of implantation dose from 1.1 × 1011 to 5 × 1012 ion cm−2. This work investigates the possible causes of this effect: planar geometry of the defects distribution and/or the complex defect structure.
Role of photothermal effect in photoexpansion of chalcogenide glasses
Authors: Zhao Donghui , Jain Himanshu , Malacarne Luis C. , Pedreira Paulo R. B. 
Published: January 2013

Abstractmagnified imageWe present a photothermoelastic model for studying the photothermal effect in chalcogenide glasses. The temperature rise and thermoelastic expansion for a model material As2S3 glass are calculated. Our result indicates that significant expansion (e.g. >1 µm) on the free surface of glass can be induced with only moderate temperature rise (e.g. <30 K). This occurs because of the Poisson effect of the large compressive forces generated on the interface between the irradiated and unirradiated areas in the material. We argue that photoexpansion in chalcogenide glasses arise from the concurrent effect of photothermoelastic expansion and photofluidity. The temperature dependence of photoexpansion is also discussed. The present model provides an explanation for the generality of photoexpansion in these materials.
Evidence of two‐photon absorption in strain‐free quantum dot GaAs/AlGaAs solar cells
Authors: Scaccabarozzi Andrea , Adorno Silvia , Bietti Sergio , Acciarri Maurizio , Sanguinetti Stefano 
Published: January 2013

AbstractWe report the fabrication procedure and the characterization of an Al0.3Ga0.7As solar cell containing high‐density GaAs strain‐free quantum dots grown by droplet epitaxy. The production of photocurrent when two sub‐bandgap energy photons are absorbed simultaneously is demonstrated. The high quality of the quantum dot/barrier pair, allowed by the high quality of nanostructured strain‐free materials, opens new opportunities for quantum dot based solar cells.magnified imageLeft: Scheme of the fabricated quantum dot solar cell. Right: 1 × 1 µm2 image of the dot layer.(© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Intracellular Uptake and Toxicity of Ag and CuO Nanoparticles: A Comparison Between Nanoparticles and their Corresponding Metal Ions
Authors: Cronholm Pontus , Karlsson Hanna L. , Hedberg Jonas , Lowe Troy A. , Winnberg Lina , Elihn Karine , Wallinder Inger Odnevall , Möller Lennart 
Published: January 2013

AbstractAn increased understanding of nanoparticle toxicity and its impact on human health is essential to enable a safe use of nanoparticles in our society. The aim of this study is to investigate the role of a Trojan horse type mechanism for the toxicity of Ag‐nano and CuO‐nano particles and their corresponding metal ionic species (using CuCl2 and AgNO3), i.e., the importance of the solid particle to mediate cellular uptake and subsequent release of toxic species inside the cell. The human lung cell lines A549 and BEAS‐2B are used and cell death/membrane integrity and DNA damage are investigated by means of trypan blue staining and the comet assay, respectively. Chemical analysis of the cellular dose of copper and silver is performed using atomic absorption spectroscopy. Furthermore, transmission electron microscopy, laser scanning confocal microscopy, and confocal Raman microscopy are employed to study cellular uptake and particle‐cell interactions. The results confirm a high uptake of CuO‐nano and Ag‐nano compared to no, or low, uptake of the soluble salts. CuO‐nano induces both cell death and DNA damage whereas CuCl2 induces no toxicity. The opposite is observed for silver, where Ag‐nano does not cause any toxicity, whereas AgNO3 induces a high level of cell death. In conclusion: CuO‐nano toxicity is predominantly mediated by intracellular uptake and subsequent release of copper ions, whereas no toxicity is observed for Ag‐nano due to low release of silver ions within short time periods.
Full‐scale test of trailing edge flaps on a Vestas V27 wind turbine: active load reduction and system identification
Authors: Castaignet Damien , Barlas Thanasis , Buhl Thomas , Poulsen Niels K. , Wedel‐Heinen Jens Jakob , Olesen Niels A. , Bak Christian , Kim Taeseong 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACTA full‐scale test was performed on a Vestas V27 wind turbine equipped with one active 70 cm long trailing edge flap on one of its 13 m long blades. Active load reduction could be observed in spite of the limited spanwise coverage of the single active trailing edge flap. A frequency‐weighted model predictive control was tested successfully on this demonstrator turbine. An average flapwise blade root load reduction of 14% was achieved during a 38 minute test, and a reduction of 20% of the amplitude of the 1P loads was measured. A system identification test was also performed, and an identified linear model, from trailing edge flap angle to flapwise blade root moment, was derived and compared with the linear analytical model used in the model predictive control design model. Flex5 simulations run with the same model predictive control showed a good correlation between the simulations and the measurements in terms of flapwise blade root moment spectral densities, in spite of significant differences between the identified linear model and the model predictive control design model. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Lorentz violation, gravity, dissipation and holography
Authors: Kiritsis Elias 
Published: January 2013

AbstractWe reconsider Lorentz Violation (LV) at the fundamental level. We argue that Lorentz Violation is intimately connected with gravity and that LV couplings in QFT must always be fields in a gravitational sector. Diffeomorphism covariance, implementing general charnges of frame, is intact and the LV couplings transform as tensors under coordinate/frame changes. Therefore searching for LV is one of the most sensitive ways of looking for new physics, either new interactions or modifications of known ones. Energy dissipation/Cerenkov radiation is shown to be a generic feature of LV in QFT. A general computation is done in strongly coupled theories with gravity duals. It is shown that in scale invariant regimes, the energy dissipation rate depends non-trivially on two characteristic exponents, the Lifshitz exponent and the hyperscaling violation exponent.
Modelling IEEE 802.11 CSMA/CA RTS/CTS with stochastic bigraphs with sharing
Authors: Calder Muffy , Sevegnani Michele 
Published: January 2013

Abstract

Stochastic bigraphical reactive systems (SBRS) is a recent formalism for modelling systems that evolve in time and space. However, the underlying spatial model is based on sets of trees and thus cannot represent spatial locations that are shared among several entities in a simple or intuitive way. We adopt an extension of the formalism,
SBRS with sharing
, in which the topology is modelled by a directed acyclic graph structure. We give an overview of SBRS with sharing, we extend it with rule priorities, and then use it to develop a model of the 802.11 CSMA/CA RTS/CTS protocol with exponential backoff, for an
arbitrary
network topology with possibly overlapping signals. The model uses sharing to model overlapping connectedness areas, instantaneous prioritised rules for deterministic computations, and stochastic rules with exponential reaction rates to model constant and uniformly distributed timeouts and constant transmission times. Equivalence classes of model states modulo instantaneous reactions yield states in a CTMC that can be analysed using the model checker PRISM. We illustrate the model on a simple example wireless network with three overlapping signals and we present some example quantitative properties.