bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
How Mastering Flow Assurance Software Can Help The Industry Take Up The Challenges Of Marginal And Remote Field Developments And Unlock Reserves?
Authors: Candelier Christophe , Papot Fabien , Musi Andrea , Larrey Dominique 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
With most of the world's largest and easiest-to-exploit deepwater reservoirs already under development or producing, the industry is now facing new challenges. The tie-back of new smaller fields, often with complex fluids, to existing production facilities; or the transportation of multiphase production over long distances using large pipe diameters can appear as a viable route to unlocking reserves, which are often too small to be developed economically as a stand-alone facility.
If the use of subsea technologies and innovative field architectures is a step change in the industry for the development of such complex fields; operators have nevertheless to face inherent challenges. The most demanding are the flow assurance issues arising from the different operating regimes, deeper water, remote locations, harsher environment, etc. which may also be combined with more viscous fluids and/or reservoirs at low pressure and/or low temperature.
Flow assurance engineers use commercially available multiphase flow software for the design of field development facilities. Optimized design recommendations are heavily reliant on the accuracy of these multiphase flow simulators, but usually extensive sensitivity studies are needed to refine the concept in order to ensure compliance with operating constraints.
With increasing demand on flow assurance tools, development works are performed by the code suppliers to improve the simulation accuracy and operators have to undertake systematic internal validation tests and to apply a methodology before qualifying released versions.
This paper examines the accuracy of available commercial multiphase flow simulators against field data (oil dominated and gas dominated fields are considered) and laboratory tests. A methodology is also presented to address operational considerations such as degraded mode, turndown, pigging strategy and restart management as well as to handle uncertainty of multiphase flow simulation in the case of gas field development over long distance via a large diameter pipeline.
Supporting the National Agenda : Education & Capability Building for the Youth of Today.
Authors: Garg Anu , Al-Kaabi Maryam 
Published: March 2015

Abstract

The Technician Preparatory Program at Pearl GTL
Building a competent National Operator and Technician workforce to support the Oil and Gas sector is an increasing priority for resource rich countries globally. School leavers in many parts of the world today find the Petroleum Industry less attractive than other Industries and their need for structural development that builds a solid foundation that is portable across their chosen employer is a critical part of the employee value proposition. Certifications against a clear competence driven program are vehicles that have great appeal.
This paper will describe the partnership between the Qatar Petroleum Corporate Training Department, CNA-Q, (State College), QiTS (technical school) and Royal Dutch Shell in delivering a new generation of competent national technician and operations staff. The purpose of the TPP program is to build the foundation skills necessary for working at the technician and operations (certificate) level in the Energy and Industry Sector in Qatar.
The competence based training program leads to the Technical and Further Education (TAFE) certification. Harnessing the principles of blended learning, its building block approach has a particular emphasis in practical workplace learning.
The combination of a state run college program, based on international industry standards and direct workplace application enables the progression from knowledge to skill in a thorough manner. In addition to Line Supervision, the paper will describe the TPP Support Team whose role is to coach and monitor to ensure competence levels are attained and customized to the needs of the asset team when needed. Aligning theoretical content with plant specific (Pearl GTL) needs ensures a seamless start at the workplace for the individual.
Following graduation, the next phase of development is outlined via a clear Work Area Learning Program (WALP). These highly tailored WALPs are the primary tools for an operator trainee to acquire deeper proficiency in the work place whilst building on the basis. This increases their time to proficiency and builds a solid foundation for their future progression.
Re-Fracturing in Old, Mature and Depleted Carbonate Reservoir in Saudi Arabia for Production Enhancement
Authors: Malik Ataur R. , Ogundare Tolulope M. , Ali Yaseen H. , Waleed Khnaifir K. , Alaa Dashash A. , Sebastian Ricardo , Bukovac Tomislav 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
High temperature, low reservoir pressure, high permeability contrast, high H2S content, long perforated interval, production decline, existing hydraulically induced fractures, FeS scale, and mature and aging completions are some of the tough challenges encountered in certain carbonate reservoirs in Saudi Arabia. These wells require periodic mechanical descaling operations using coiled tubing. The reservoir suffers tremendous damage during the descaling process and requires restimulation to restore and/or enhance production. The damage is noticed to be higher in non-monobore completion. High rate matrix acid stimulation treatment has been often found not effective to restore and/or enhance production. Acid re-fracture treatment is required to bypass damage and achieve effective new etched fracture length, but the aging completion often disqualifies the well to be a candidate for refracturing treatment.
The wells discussed in this paper have been acid fractured in the past and produce for over 20 years with significant production decline. The wells were isolated by pumping large volume of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) chips into the formation prior to the descaling operations. During the descaling of 4.5 in. tubing and 7 in. liner completion, additional near wellbore damage is unintentionally introduced into the formation from the precipitation and broken scale buildup from the wall of the 7 in. liner. Subsequently, acid refracture treatment was effectively placed allowing better and new stimulated rock volume in the depleted formation bypassing the induced near wellbore damaged. The post stimulation flowback analysis showed an improved productivity from mature and depleted reservoirs after the refracturing treatments.
This paper focuses on the challenges of refracturing old, mature and depleted carbonate reservoirs, well candidate selection, and treatment design, execution and evaluation.
Installation of Long Interval Conductor String Across Challenging Offshore Drilling Environment
Authors: Won K. , Muir K. , Chanpen C. , Thet W. , Noble F. , Budi Utama I.  B. 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
Conductor string installation has always proven to be key element process for a successful well construction in offshore project. However, challenging drilling environment such as rough current presents a huge resistance for the conductor string installation with conventional drilling technique. Previous offshore exploration activities have seen many case studies with failure on conductor installation causing significant delay on drilling operation consequently impacted with higher project cost.
Non-retrievable casing drilling technology, has gained wide reception from operators in Asia Pacific region for drilling top hole sections in offshore project recent years. The high value realized in reduction on well construction costs and efficient installation process across challenging drilling environment has contributed to the high popularity of this innovative drilling technique in the region's offshore work.
A non-retrievable casing drilling bit has been successful in previous casing drilling application across Myanmar shallow water. The previous success has raised interest for an attempt in pushing deeper conductor string setting depth to simplify well design and determining the ultimate capability of this system in drilling a 549 m conductor string, the deepest 20-Inch string set with casing drilling technique in Asia Pacific region. A new Leopard SD casing connector with higher torque capacity was first time utilized on a casing drilling application in this project.
This paper introduces the planning and implementation process of the long interval 20" casing drilling through challenging drilling environment in this project. In the paper it also discusses the detail running procedure, drilling parameters involved, operational results of the casing drilling bit, casing connector's performance and lesson learnt from the project.
Managing Risk in a Thermal Oil Sands Development Project Through Appropriate Technical and Well Operating Design
Authors: Zatka Mirko 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
Oil sands bitumen deposits in western Canada represent the third largest hydrocarbon resource in the world and with most requiring in-situ recovery technology, the safe and environmentally-responsible development of this resource is a key opportunity for Canada and the energy industry. Shell Canada Energy has operated thermal wells in Alberta for over 50 years in a number of different, steam- or other energy-based, recovery projects. Facing an ever-increasing regulatory demand for thermal wells that will provide safe long-term operation and stable hydraulic isolation from the thermal zone after abandonment, while meeting Shell's operating principles in protecting groundwater and air and a minimized surface footprint, the technical demands to achieve this continue to grow.
The key to overall technical success and reliable well integrity has been a systematic understanding of the parameters that lead to an appropriate and safe casing design, despite the need to operate the well casing at above-yield conditions. Through a combination of controlled materials testing, evaluation of full-scale connection behaviour under dynamic live conditions, and well monitoring during the operating phase, Shell Canada has been able to develop a comprehensive knowledge base over the past years that has enabled it to achieve a near-zero well failure rate.
This has been complemented by a comprehensive well integrity monitoring program that not only allows periodic confirmation of mechanical integrity of well components, but also detection of inter-well formation anomalies that may lead to well failure or loss of hydraulic isolation if left unidentified.
The know-how will be leveraged in the Carmon Creek thermal development project which is currently in detailed engineering design and, if approved, will start with two back-to-back development phases, each with a nominal target oil production rate of 40,000BPD.

Background
As defined today, the Carmon Creek project will consist of phased development of a very large oil sand deposit requiring in-situ recovery technology. The recovery process will utilize a combination of cyclic steam stimulation (CSS) and steam drive (SD) processes to mobilize and produce bitumen from the reservoir, which is located approximately 575m below surface. Wells will be drilled directionally from surface pads containing up to 48 operating and two observation wells (Figure 1). Aside from the wells, the surface pads will also contain associated facilities to produce and test fluids, and pipelines for steam and produced fluids / gases to/from the pad respectively. Co-generation will be used for power generation and steam production, using recycled produced water for steam and natural gas as fuel (Figure 2). Beam lift will be used for producing the wells when artificial lift is required.
Predicting Lithology And Porosity Of Carbonate Reservoirs Using Geostatistical Stochastic Pre-stack Inversion For Geomodeling Constraint
Authors: Pernia Soto L. R. , Piazza J.  L. , Chenot D. , De Margon C. 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
This paper describes a methodology to characterize lithology variations impacting the porosity distribution in a carbonate reservoir. We performed a stochastic seismic inversion to obtain multiple realizations of elastic properties discriminating between the target lithologies. These multi-realizations were then used in a supervised lithoseismic classification for obtaining cubes of occurrence probability of lithologies. Finally, a pseudo porosity cube is obtained using a linear combination between the acoustic impedance and the lithology probabilities. The entire workflow is performed in a stratigraphic grid layering-consistent with geomodeling grid. Such capability is important for further use of the results as 3D constraint during the geomodel infilling. Lithology probability cubes show proportions in agreement with vertical facies proportions observed from well data.

Introduction
Frequently a clear relationship between the acoustic impedance and the porosity is found in carbonate reservoirs, being the primary objective of reservoir characterization using seismic amplitudes on this kind of depositional contexts. This relationship is particularly complex in the presence of diverse lithologies, with different elastic responses not completely discriminated using only acoustic impedances. A good understanding of the lithologies behaviour in the reservoir is essential for a suitable characterisation of the spatial porosity distribution. Elastic properties inverted from seismic data have demonstrated an added value for lithology discrimination. These can be combined in a further lithoseismic classification approach supervised by well data in order to obtain lithology probability of occurrence in the 3D space.
Another problem to address in carbonate reservoirs is the presence of fine scale heterogeneities that cannot be easily discriminated using a conventional deterministic inversion scheme, which most of the times delivers a band limited result with an insufficient resolution power. Stochastic inversion schemes have been proposed in order to overcome the band-limited nature of classical deterministic inversion (Oldenburg et al., 1983). Multiple realizations of elastic properties from seismic data are generated, which incorporate the high frequency information present on well log data during the inversion process, which may help in the fine scale heterogeneities characterization from seismic data.
Earning a Future in Energy
Authors: Vera Fabian 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
Hydrocarbons represent 80% of energy worldwide and reliance upon them makes them necessary for at least another 50 more years. Among them, unconventional shale gas exhibits the best alternative for better efficiency in parallel of renewables development. Currently, not all shale gas is accessible because of several factors that do not rely only on technology development name the factors here and this underlines the opportunity of its access and production.
This work presents three main dimensions as policy, technology and the willingness of people, that ultimately affect the access, production and sustainability of hydrocarbon energy. Issues such as policy red tape, technology investment for production and wellpad strategies for production safety are the main factors to consideration in the near future. Representation on economic development factors diagnoses how the three dimensions affect access to financing unconventional projects, inflation and policy stability in different countries that leads to complicate, delay or forfeit shale gas development.
This paper introduces a method for estimating the optimum number of hydraulic fracture stages to achieve the best incremental gain, sustained production and environmental protection. Such insight enables a better approach to the reservoir and its long-term shale performance. Performance monitoring enables sustained energy production which influences technology development and access to profitable land.
Other factors such as institutions and policies incentives represent equal or more weight than the ones previously written and also such understating definitively helps to improve access of unconventional oil and gas.
Planning for a cohort study to investigate the impact and management of influenza in pregnancy in a future pandemic
Authors: Knight Marian , Brocklehurst Peter , O’Brien Pat , Quigley Maria A , Kurinczuk Jennifer J 
Published: March 2015

BackgroundEvidence from the 2009 A/H1N1 influenza pandemic demonstrated that pregnant women are particularly vulnerable to infection and at an increased risk of death. Active data collection through the UK Obstetric Surveillance System (UKOSS) about women admitted to hospital during the 2009 A/H1N1 pandemic was used to inform ongoing clinical guidance regarding the use of antiviral treatment for pregnant women and demonstrated that, in addition to an increased risk of maternal morbidity, influenza infection in pregnancy is associated with poor perinatal outcomes, including an increased risk of stillbirth and preterm birth. This evidence influenced the decision to offer routine influenza immunisation to pregnant women. Even in a non-epidemic period, pregnant women continue to die from influenza.ObjectiveTo establish, and then to put into hibernation, the study mechanisms needed to mount a rapid investigation of the impact of pandemic influenza in pregnancy in the event of a newly emerging pandemic strain.DesignA new UKOSS cohort study was designed, based on the 2009–10 study, and following consultation with the Pandemic Flu Planning Group at the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists and the UKOSS Steering Committee, to identify potential previously unanswered questions.SettingUK maternity units.ParticipantsAll pregnant women admitted to hospital with influenza in a future pandemic.Main outcome measuresManagement of pregnant women with influenza infection, intervention rates, treatment and pregnancy outcome for both the mother and fetus.ResultsThe study was designed and approved by the UKOSS Steering Committee and then placed into hibernation for activation in the event of an influenza pandemic.ConclusionsPregnant women, as a result of their changed immunological status, appear to be particularly susceptible to infection, including from influenza. The existence of the UKOSS enabled us to rapidly mount a study of pregnant women who were hospitalised with 2009 A/H1N1 influenza. Minor modifications to incorporate previously unanswered questions and our previous study enabled us to design, and then put into hibernation, a new study ready to investigate the impact and management of influenza in pregnancy, which is poised for activation in the event of a newly emerging pandemic strain. This will enable real-time data to be available on which to base rapid changes in clinical management as the as-yet-unforeseen pandemic unfolds. In the event of an influenza pandemic the study will be available to be immediately activated following expedited regulatory approvals.Trial registrationCurrent Controlled Trials ISRCTN44137563.FundingThe National Institute for Health Research Health Services and Delivery Research programme.
CT-Scan Findings of Patients Presented with Hepatic Mass attended at Tertiary Care Hospital in Bangladesh
Authors: Begum Wahida , Hussain Khondker Shaheed , Islam Tariqul , Rupa Sharmin Sultana 
Published: March 2015

Background: CT-scan findings give a well delineated impression on hepatic mass. Objective: The purpose of the present study was to observe the CT-scan findings of hepatic mass. Methodology: This cross sectional study was carried out in the department of Radiology and Imaging MMC in collaboration with the same department of BSMMU, DMC, Dhaka during the period of 1st January 2006 to 31st December 2007 to establish the usefulness of CT scan in the diagnosis of hepatic mass and its validity by determining sensitivity, specificity, PV, NPV, and accuracy. A total of 50 patients were admitted in the Department of Medicine and Department of Hepatobiliary of MMCH, BSMMU, and DMCH with the clinical diagnosis of fever, abdominal pain, anorexia, nausea/vomiting, loss of appetite, jaundice, weight loss and ascites. They were sent to the department of Radiology and Imaging and of respected hospitals for CT evaluation, confirmation and to see the extension for planning of proper management. Result: A total number of 50 hepatic mass patients were recruited in this study. CT findings of all patients showed 29 had lesions on right lobe, six patients had on left lobe and 15 patients had lesion on both lobe (p value <0.05). Among all patients 28 had multiple lesion, of them 71.4% was malignant and 28.6% was benign. On the other side 22 patients had solitary lesion, of them 36.4% was malignant and 63.6% was benign (p value <0.05). Among all malignant lesions 17 (60.7%) were hypodense, followed by 6 (21.4%) were isodense and 5 (17.9%) had mixed pattern of density. 12 (42.9%) patients of malignant diseases had ill-defined margin and 16 (57.1%) had well defined margin. 6 (27.3%) patients of benign lesions had ill-defined and 16 (72.7%) had well defined margin. No significant difference was observed. All malignant lesions (100%) and 77.3% benign lesions were enhanced after giving contrast. 16 (57.1%) malignant lesions were mildly enhanced, 10 (35.7%) were moderate and 2 (7.1%) were intensely enhanced. On the other side 8 (47.1%) benign lesions were mild, 35.5% were moderate and 3 (17.6%) were intensely enhanced. Conclusion: In conclusion hepatic mass is more common in right lobe of the liver of which multiple lesion is commonly found.Journal of Current and Advance Medical Research 2015;2(1):7-11DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jcamr.v2i1.22580
Visceral Fat Cut-off Points for a Sample of Egyptian Adults
Authors: Hassan Nayera , El-Masry Sahar , El Hussieny Mohamed , El-Banna Rokia , El Sherity Safenaz , Ebrahim Ebrahim , Metkees Mohamed , Ahmed Wesam 
Published: March 2015

Objective: To determine appropriate visceral fat cut-off values using ultrasound (USVF); for obesity according to existing waist circumference (WC), waist/hip ratio (WHR) and BMI cut-off levels.Methods: 998 Egyptian adults, aged 25- 55 years, were studied in a cross-sectional survey for evaluation of â€œVisceral and Central Obesity as an Early Estimator for Obesity Health Riskâ€. Results: Â Using WC as standard for classification ofÂ central obesity, cut-off points of USVF were found to be 6.5 cm for men and 5 cm for women; using ROC analysis; with 76 % sensitivity, 83% specificity, 1.06 PPV/NPV, and 81% accuracy for men, and with 77 % sensitivity, 76% specificity, 0.99 PPV/NPV, and 76% accuracy for women. Same cut-off points of USVF were detected using BMI as standard; with 71 % sensitivity, 77% specificity, 1.04 PPV/NPV, and 75% accuracy for men, and 74% sensitivity, 79% specificity, 1.03 PPV/NPV, and 77% accuracy for women. Even by using WHR as standard, these cut-offs increased 0.5 cm only for both men and women (7 and 5.5 cm respectively).Conclusion: The best cut-off points of visceral fat; using US in Egyptian adults; is 6.5 cm for men and 5 cm for women.en