bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Where Are All The Bugs?
Authors: Holstege Mary 
Published: July 2013

In a large code and complex code base, it becomes unfeasible to manually develop tests for every feature and combination of features. The key to quality assurance in this context is automation and focus. Automatic generation of tests creates its own problems, however, as the execution of a complete cross-product of all interactions will take too long to execute, and small defects can give rise to large numbers of regression failures that must be manually analyzed. Manually identifying the interactions is itself a challenging undertaking, as is automatically generating meaningful test cases. It becomes important to make smart choices about what to expend effort on so as to minimize the risk of undetected code defects.
This paper reports on an attempt to find areas to focus testing on in a large XQuery code base by performing XQuery introspection on that code base, treating the set of functions and parameter and return types as vocabularies, and computing TF-IDF scores over the terms in those vocabularies. To the extent that function names and types follow classic Zipf distributions, using TF-IDF scoring over those vocabularies makes mathematical sense. Terms that score high will be those that are common enough to be important (high term frequency) but not so ubiquitous that they tend not to be covered by other tests (high inverse document frequency).
Semantic Profiling Using Indirection
Authors: Nordström Ari 
Published: July 2013

Profiling is an often-used XML publishing technique where nodes are marked as conditional according to a set of profiles, identified using attribute values as filtering conditions. When publishing, the nodes are only included if the publishing conditions match the publishing context. The profiles are sometimes also used as variables in text content, including the attribute value in the publication.
While useful, these techniques have a number of problems. For example, if the attribute values need to be changed, the new values usually require converting any “live” legacy documentation to the new values, changing the schema, stylesheets, etc, and supporting both the old and new profiles will not be possible. This paper takes a look at profiling, some of the common problems and suggest ways to solve those problems.
An abstraction layer solves this. The profile values are not used directly; instead they represent a specific “semantic profile”. The abstraction layer can be expressed using URNs that are matched to human-readable values when required.
A different problem arises when handling XML documents with structures not in our control. The document might be from a third party and not be editable directly, or use incompatible profiling semantics.
These documents can be profiled using out-of-line profiling, describing the conditions outside the document, for example, in an extended XLink linkbase listing the nodes and their profiles. XLink, as it turns out, is well suited for this.
ProofExpress
Authors: O'Connor Charles , Gnanapiragasam Antony , Hepp Michael 
Published: July 2013

For a browser-based XML article proofing system to function well in a journal publishing workflow, it must embody two virtues: It must have a very shallow learning curve, because the majority of users will be encountering it for the first time, and they may have no knowledge whatsoever of XML. It must also have a comprehensive and accurate change-tracking feature that allows editors to accept and reject changes without breaking the XML. A system designed for a publication services company with many publisher-customers must have the additional virtue of being highly customizable to account for wide variations in journal styles and the particular needs of online hosts.
To achieve usability, we based ProofExpress on LiveContent Create (formerly Xopus), a browser-based, WYSIWYG XML editor, and designed form-based tools to guide users in the creation of more complex XML structures. Our change-tracking feature employs denormalization of nested elements to granularly expose all edits and a rule engine that protects the structure of the XML by governing the order of acceptance and rejection of edits. XML configuration files control the content of the nodes added by the tools, allowing ProofExpress to accommodate the differences in, for example, reference, citation, and footnote styles used by journals that publish articles in XML that conforms to the JATS 1.0 DTD.
THE EFFECT OF ACRYLONITRILE CONTENT ON THE THERMO-OXIDATIVE AGING OF NITRILE RUBBER
Authors: Pazur Richard J. , Cormier J. G. , Korhan-Taymaz K. 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACT
The level of thermo-oxidative degradation in a series of unstabilized and unfilled nitrile rubbers (NBR) varying in acrylonitrile (ACN) content (18–43.5 wt%) was investigated on heat-aged samples (40–120 °C) by Attenuated Total Reflectance–Fourier Transform Infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy. A similar degradation profile evolution was observed regardless of ACN content with the generation of hydroxyl-, carbonyl-, and ester-based products with a concomitant loss of the 1,4-trans, 1,4-cis, and 1,2-vinyl butadienes. The magnitude of IR active group absorption loss is greatest in the lowest ACN NBR concentration and steadily lessens toward higher ACN levels (1,4-cis &gt; 1,2-vinyl &gt; 1,4-trans &gt;&gt; butadiene methylenes). The 18% ACN NBR possesses two distinct kinetically different degradation regimes (80–120 and 40–80 °C). Activation energies by carbonyl growth and 1,4-trans loss increase from 71 to 87 kJ mol−1 and from 71 to 79 kJ mol−1 respectively, for decreasing ACN (43.5–18%) content. The rate of consumption of the 1,4-trans butadiene group is mainly affected by thermo-oxidative carbonyl-based and addition-cross-linking reactions, the latter being lower in activation energy for low to mid ACN NBRs. The high oxidation rate behavior of the lowest acrylonitrile rubber is attributed to its higher oxygen permeability rates. Cross-linking due to addition-type reactions is favored for higher 1,4 unsaturation levels.
Reconstruction‐based fault prognosis for flue gas turbines with independent component analysis
Authors: Ma Jie , Wang Qiuyan , Li Gang , Zhou Donghua 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACTOnline detection and prognosis are very important for the safe operation of flue gas turbines. Compared with univariate monitoring of the process, multivariate process monitoring is more effective and can capture abnormal situation in the early stage. This paper proposes a new multivariate fault prognosis framework for the flue gas turbine with a hidden fault process based on independent component analysis (ICA). ICA is a statistical method for identifying underlying independent factors or components in multivariate data. First of all, the non‐Gaussian measurements are modeled by the ICA model, and three indices are used for fault detection. Once several faulty samples are collected, fault directions can be extracted for the reconstruction. Then, a reconstruction‐based method is proposed to estimate the fault magnitude with the most sensitive index. At last, the fault magnitude is predicted by the support vector machine model. Test results for K‐103 catalytic flue gas turbine clearly showed that the proposed fault prognosis method is more efficient than traditional methods. The results also demonstrate support vector machine method has advantages over auto regression approach. © 2013 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and application of an alternative plasticizer Di(2‐Ethylhexyl)‐1,2‐cyclohexane dicarboxylate
Authors: Ou Yuanhui , Ding Xuejia , Zhang Long 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACTCyclohexane dicarboxylic acid esters are environmentally friendly and non‐toxic plasticizers, and have similar performance with phthalates which have potential toxicity to human health. In this article, di(2‐ethylhexyl)‐1,2‐cyclohexane dicarboxylate (DEHCH) was synthesized via esterification between hexahydrophthalic anhydride (HHPA) with iso‐octanol by using concentrated sulfuric acid as a catalyst. The effects of reaction parameters on esterification were studied by investigating the temperature, reaction time, molar ratio of iso‐octanol‐to‐HHPA, and catalyst content. Conversions of HHPA to esters were determined. Functional group analysis was conducted by using FTIR and 1H‐NMR spectroscopy. PVC compounds after addition of the synthesized plasticizer DEHCH presented similar plasticizing performance with DEHP and DINCH, as demonstrated by comparisons of the results of mechanical properties, transparency, and volatilization and migration tests obtained for plasticized PVC compounds. DEHCH can also be considered as an alternative plasticizer for DEHP. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 39763.
Monitoring the West African heat low at seasonal and intra‐seasonal timescales using AMSU‐A sounder
Authors: Lavaysse C. , Eymard L. , Flamant C. , Karbou F. , Mimouni M. , Saci A. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractThe Saharan heat low (SHL) is defined as a stationary thermal depression below 700 hPa located over the Sahara during the boreal summer season. This feature has a significant impact on the seasonal and intra‐seasonal variability of rainfall over the Sahel. For various reasons, few observations are assimilated in operational numerical weather prediction models, especially surface sensitive observations. In this study we make use of the advanced microwave sounding unit (AMSU‐A) brightness temperatures measured at 52.8 GHz (noted A4 hereafter) and at 53.6 GHz (noted A5 hereafter) to detect the heat low and to characterize its intensity at the seasonal and intra‐seasonal scales. In terms of seasonal variability, AMSU‐based estimates of SHL are found in good agreement with those based on the European Center Medium‐range Weather Forecast ERA‐I reanalyses for the period ranging from 2000 to 2011. However, differences exist between the two datasets at intraseasonal timescale. They may be related to mismatches between the numerical weather prediction model levels and the level of maximum of sensitivity of the AMSU observations. Particular meteorological situations can also explain some differences between the two types of products, as there is a lack of assimilated observations in this region. Finally, we show that the A4 brightness temperature is a suitable proxy to provide a good estimate of the location and the intensity of the SHL from daily to seasonal timescales.
Energetics of a Southeastern Pacific cut‐off low
Authors: Gan Manoel Alonso , Dal Piva Everson 
Published: July 2013

AbstractThe occurrence of cut‐off lows (COLs) over South Pacific can be seen on different synoptic maps and on satellite imageries. However, the formation and maintenance mechanisms of the COLs are not well understood. An energetics analysis of a COL case through the eddy kinetic energy (EKE) equation is the aim of this study. The main terms analysed were ageostrophic flux convergence (AFC), baroclinic (BRC) and barotropic (BRT) conversions. This analysis shows that the formation mechanism of the COL was associated with BRC (COL western side) and AFC (COL eastern side). After the maximum intensity period, the BRC term was negative and the AFC positive.
Liquid films on shake flask walls explain increasing maximum oxygen transfer capacities with elevating viscosity
Authors: Giese Heiner , Azizan Amizon , Kümmel Anne , Liao Anping , Peter Cyril P. , Fonseca João A. , Hermann Robert , Duarte Tiago M. , Büchs Jochen 
Published: July 2013

AbstractIn biotechnological screening and production, oxygen supply is a crucial parameter. Even though oxygen transfer is well documented for viscous cultivations in stirred tanks, little is known about the gas/liquid oxygen transfer in shake flask cultures that become increasingly viscous during cultivation. Especially the oxygen transfer into the liquid film, adhering on the shake flask wall, has not yet been described for such cultivations. In this study, the oxygen transfer of chemical and microbial model experiments was measured and the suitability of the widely applied film theory of Higbie was studied. With numerical simulations of Fick's law of diffusion, it was demonstrated that Higbie's film theory does not apply for cultivations which occur at viscosities up to 10 mPa s. For the first time, it was experimentally shown that the maximum oxygen transfer capacity OTRmax increases in shake flasks when viscosity is increased from 1 to 10 mPa s, leading to an improved oxygen supply for microorganisms. Additionally, the OTRmax does not significantly undermatch the OTRmax at waterlike viscosities, even at elevated viscosities of up to 80 mPa s. In this range, a shake flask is a somehow self‐regulating system with respect to oxygen supply. This is in contrary to stirred tanks, where the oxygen supply is steadily reduced to only 5% at 80 mPa s. Since, the liquid film formation at shake flask walls inherently promotes the oxygen supply at moderate and at elevated viscosities, these results have significant implications for scale‐up. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2014;111: 295–308. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Polymer‐Templated Perylene‐Probe Noncovalent Self‐Assembly: A New Strategy for Label‐Free Ultrasensitive Fluorescence Turn‐On Biosensing
Authors: Wang Yan , Chen Jian , Jiao Huping , Chen Yang , Li Wenying , Zhang Qingfeng , Yu Cong 
Published: July 2013

AbstractA new label‐free fluorescence turn‐on strategy for highly sensitive biosensing has been developed. A negatively charged perylene probe was synthesized. Polycations could induce aggregation of the perylene probe through noncovalent interactions and the fluorescence of the probe’s monomer was efficiently quenched. Upon addition of a single‐stranded nucleic acid, competitive binding of the negatively charged nucleic acid (a polyanion) to the cationic polymer resulted in the release of a monomer and thus a turn‐on fluorescence signal was detected. Without the use of any amplification techniques, a detection limit of 2 pM DNA was obtained. Based on these results, an assay strategy for the highly sensitive detection of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity has been demonstrated. λ Exonuclease (λ exo) could degrade 5′‐phosphorylated single‐stranded DNA. However, when the DNA sample was treated with ALP, the phosphate functional group was removed by ALP and it could no longer be degraded by λ exo. Binding of the DNA to the perylene probe–polycation complex resulted in a turn‐on fluorescence signal, which could be used for sensing of ALP. The method is highly sensitive, a limit of detection as low as 0.02 mU mL−1 ALP was obtained. Our method is simple, convenient, highly sensitive, and inexpensive.
The effect of prior androgen synthesis inhibition on outcomes of subsequent therapy with docetaxel in patients with metastatic castrate‐resistant prostate cancer
Authors: Aggarwal Rahul , Halabi Susan , Kelly William Kevin , George Daniel , Mahoney John F. , Millard Frederick , Stadler Walter M. , Morris Michael J. , Kantoff Philip , Monk J. Paul , Carducci Michael , Small Eric J. ,   for the Alliance for Clinical Trials in Oncology
Published: July 2013

BACKGROUNDPreliminary data suggest a potential decreased benefit of docetaxel in patients with metastatic, castration‐resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) who previously received abiraterone acetate, a novel androgen synthesis inhibitor (ASI). Cancer and Leukemia Group B (CALGB) trial 90401 (Alliance), a phase 3 trial in patients with mCRPC who received docetaxel‐based chemotherapy, offered the opportunity to evaluate effect of prior ketoconazole, an earlier generation ASI, on clinical outcomes after docetaxel.METHODSIn CALGB trial 90401, 1050 men with chemotherapy‐naive mCRPC were randomized to receive treatment with docetaxel and prednisone that included either bevacizumab or placebo. In total, 1005 men (96%) had data available regarding prior ketoconazole therapy. The observed effects of prior ketoconazole on overall survival (OS), progression‐free survival (PFS), prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) decline, and the objective response rate (ORR) were assessed using proportional hazards and Poisson regression methods adjusted for validated prognostic factors and treatment arm.RESULTSBaseline characteristics between patients who did (N = 277) and did not (N = 728) receive prior ketoconazole therapy were similar. There were no statistically significant differences between patients who did and those who did not receive prior ketoconazole therapy with respect to OS (median OS, 21.1 months vs 22.3 months, respectively; stratified log‐rankP = .635), PFS (median PFS, 8.1 months vs 8.6 months, respectively; stratified log‐rankP = .342), the proportion achieving a decline ≥50% in PSA (61% vs 66%, respectively; relative risk, 1.09; adjustedP = .129), or ORR (39% vs 43%, respectively; relative risk, 1.11; adjustedP = .366).CONCLUSIONSAs measured by OS, PFS, PSA, and the ORR, there was no evidence that prior treatment with ketoconazole had an impact on the clinical outcomes of patients with mCRPC who received subsequent docetaxel‐based therapy. The current results highlight the need for prospective studies to assess for potential cross‐resistance with novel ASIs and to define the optimal sequence of therapy in mCRPC.Cancer2013;119:3636–3643. ©2013 American Cancer Society.
Adsorption of Polar and Nonpolar Molecules on Isolated Cationic C60, C70, and Their Aggregates
Authors: Echt Olof , Kaiser Alexander , Zöttl Samuel , Mauracher Andreas , Denifl Stephan , Scheier Paul 
Published: July 2013

AbstractPhysisorption on graphite, graphene, nanotubes, and other graphitic structures has been the subject of numerous studies, partly driven by interest in the nature of order in two‐dimensional systems, their phase transitions, and the use of graphitic scaffolds for reversible storage of hydrogen at high volumetric density and low mass. In contrast, physisorption on individual fullerenes or small aggregates of fullerenes has remained largely unexplored, last but not least, because of technical challenges. A summary of recent progress in identifying specific adsorption sites on positively charged C60, C70, and their aggregates is given in this Minireview. Adsorption energies and storage capacities for helium, hydrogen, methane, oxygen, nitrogen, water, and ammonia are determined. Mass spectrometric data reveal the formation of a commensurate phase in which all hollow sites of C60 or C70 are occupied. This phase is identified for all nonpolar molecules, including oxygen, which does not form a commensurate phase on planar graphite. The polar molecules, on the other hand, do not wet fullerenes and they do not form this commensurate phase. A hierarchy of other distinct adsorption sites are identified for nonpolar molecules, namely, groove sites for fullerene dimers and beyond, and dimple sites for fullerene trimers and beyond. Furthermore, evidence is presented for the preferential adsorption of hydrogen and methane in registered sites on fullerene dimers. The interpretation of experimental data that merely count the number of preferred adsorption sites is aided by molecular dynamics simulations, which utilize interaction potentials derived from ab initio calculations to determine adsorption energies.
Effect of chlorine ion on the crystalline and photocatalytic activity of BiOCl for the degradation of Rhodamine B
Authors: Mao Xiaoming , Fan Caimei , Zhang Xiaochao , Wang Yawen , Wang Yunfang , Ding Guangyue 
Published: July 2013

Two kinds of layer‐structured BiOCl photocatalysts (BiOCl‐01 and BiOCl‐02) were synthesized using NaBiO3 and HCl as the raw materials, and KCl as the Cl− conditioning agent. These photocatalysts were characterized by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), and ultraviolet visible diffuse reflectance spectra (DRS) measurements. The effects of chlorine ion in the reaction solutions on the crystalline of BiOCl and photodegradation of Rhodamine B (RhB) under 365 nm and 530 nm monocharomatic light irradiation were investigated. The XRD spectra confirmed the formation and purity of BiOCl photocatalysts, revealed that Cl− ion existed in the preparation solution restrained the growth of BiOCl and influenced the surface configuration. The TEM and HRTEM analysis gave the similar results with XRD. The band gaps of BiOCl‐01 and BiOCl‐02 were estimated about 3.19 and 3.29 eV, respectively. The photocatalytic degradation results of RhB under 365 nm showed that the photocatalytic activity of BiOCl‐02 was better than that of BiOCl‐01, and the main active species were h+ and . Meanwhile, the photosensitized results of RhB under 530 nm indicated that the photosensitized activity of BiOCl‐01 and BiOCl‐02 was similar, and the main active species was .
Functional traits, the phylogeny of function, and ecosystem service vulnerability
Authors: Díaz Sandra , Purvis Andy , Cornelissen Johannes H. C. , Mace Georgina M. , Donoghue Michael J. , Ewers Robert M. , Jordano Pedro , Pearse William D. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractPeople depend on benefits provided by ecological systems. Understanding how these ecosystem services – and the ecosystem properties underpinning them – respond to drivers of change is therefore an urgent priority. We address this challenge through developing a novel risk‐assessment framework that integrates ecological and evolutionary perspectives on functional traits to determine species’ effects on ecosystems and their tolerance of environmental changes. We define Specific Effect Function (SEF) as the per‐gram or per capita capacity of a species to affect an ecosystem property, and Specific Response Function (SRF) as the ability of a species to maintain or enhance its population as the environment changes. Our risk assessment is based on the idea that the security of ecosystem services depends on how effects (SEFs) and tolerances (SRFs) of organisms – which both depend on combinations of functional traits – correlate across species and how they are arranged on the species’ phylogeny. Four extreme situations are theoretically possible, from minimum concern whenSEFandSRFare neither correlated nor show a phylogenetic signal, to maximum concern when they are negatively correlated (i.e., the most important species are the least tolerant) and phylogenetically patterned (lacking independent backup). We illustrate the assessment with five case studies, involving both plant and animal examples. However, the extent to which the frequency of the four plausible outcomes, or their intermediates, apply more widely in real‐world ecological systems is an open question that needs empirical evidence, and suggests a research agenda at the interface of evolutionary biology and ecosystem ecology.