bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Asthma During Pregnancy and Clinical Outcomes in Offspring: A National Cohort Study
Authors: Tegethoff Marion , Olsen Jørn , Schaffner Emmanuel , Meinlschmidt Gunther 
Published: August 2013

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE:Maternal asthma is a common pregnancy complication, with adverse short-term effects for the offspring. The objective was to determine whether asthma during pregnancy is a risk factor of offspring diseases.METHODS:We studied pregnant women from the Danish National Birth Cohort (births: 1996–2002; prospective data) giving birth to live singletons (n = 66 712 mother-child pairs), with 4145 (6.2%) women suffering from asthma during pregnancy. We estimated the associations between asthma during pregnancy and offspring diseases (International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision diagnoses from national registries), controlling for potential confounders and validating findings by secondary analyses.RESULTS:Offspring median age at end of follow-up was 6.2 (3.6–8.9) years. Asthma was associated with an increased offspring risk of infectious and parasitic diseases (hazard ratio [HR] 1.34; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.23–1.46), diseases of the nervous system (HR 1.43; CI 1.18–1.73), ear (HR 1.33; CI 1.19–1.48), respiratory system (HR 1.43; CI 1.34–1.52), and skin (HR 1.39; CI 1.20–1.60), and potentially (not confirmed in secondary analyses) of endocrine and metabolic disorders (HR 1.26; CI 1.02–1.55), diseases of the digestive system (HR 1.17; CI 1.04–1.32), and malformations (odds ratio 1.13; CI 1.01–1.26), but not of neoplasms, mental disorders, or diseases of the blood and immune system, circulatory system, musculoskeletal system, and genitourinary system.CONCLUSIONS:To the best of our knowledge, this is the first comprehensive study of the associations between asthma during pregnancy and a wide spectrum of offspring diseases. In line with previous data on selected outcomes, asthma during pregnancy may be a risk factor for numerous offspring diseases, suggesting that careful monitoring of women with asthma during pregnancy and their offspring is important.
Visual Processing in Adolescents Born Extremely Low Birth Weight and/or Extremely Preterm
Authors: Molloy Carly S. , Wilson-Ching Michelle , Anderson Vicki A. , Roberts Gehan , Anderson Peter J. , Doyle Lex W. 
Published: August 2013

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES
Ocular growth and development differs between preterm and term-born infants and may cause long-term negative consequences for visual function, but contemporary data on long-term visual outcomes in representative samples of the highest risk extremely low birth weight (ELBW, &lt;1000 g birth weight) or extremely preterm (EP, &lt;28 weeks’ gestation) survivors are lacking. Our objective was to compare visual functioning between ELBW/EP and normal birth weight (NBW, &gt;2499 g birth weight) control adolescents.

METHODS:
Geographically determined cohort study of 228 consecutive ELBW/EP survivors born in the state of Victoria in 1991 and 1992, and 166 randomly selected NBW controls assessed between 14 and 20 years of age. Visual acuity, stereopsis, convergence, color perception, and visual perception were assessed and contrasted between groups.

RESULTS:
ELBW/EP subjects had significantly worse visual acuity with habitual correction in both the left and right eyes, and for the best eye (P &lt; .001). The ELBW/EP adolescents also exhibited poorer stereopsis, odds ratio (OR) 3.22 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.78 to 5.84), and convergence, OR 2.76 (CI 1.32 to 5.75) than controls, and more problems with visual perception, OR 3.09 (CI 1.67 to 5.71) after habitual correction.

CONCLUSIONS:
Despite advances in medical care improving the survival rate of high-risk ELBW/EP infants, visual morbidity is still relatively high compared with controls in late adolescence.
Sugar-Sweetened Beverages and Weight Gain in 2- to 5-Year-Old Children
Authors: DeBoer Mark D. , Scharf Rebecca J. , Demmer Ryan T. 
Published: August 2013

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE:
Although sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) consumption has been tightly linked to weight status among older children, the data regarding these relationships in children aged 2 to 5 years have been mixed. Our objective was to evaluate longitudinal and cross-sectional relationships between SSB consumption and weight status among children aged 2 to 5 years.

METHODS:
We assessed SSB consumption and BMI z scores among 9600 children followed in the Early Childhood Longitudinal Survey—Birth Cohort, using linear and logistic regression and adjusting for race/ethnicity, socioeconomic status, mother’s BMI, and television viewing.

RESULTS:
Higher rates of SSB consumption were associated with higher BMI z scores among children age 4 (P &lt; .05) and 5 (P &lt; .001) but not yet at 2 years. Children aged 5 years who drank SSB regularly (compared with infrequent/nondrinkers) had a higher odds ratio for being obese (1.43, confidence interval 1.10–1.85, P &lt; .01). In prospective analysis, children drinking SSB at 2 years (compared with infrequent/nondrinkers) had a greater subsequent increase in BMI z score over the ensuing 2 years (P &lt; .05).

CONCLUSIONS:
Similar to what is seen among older children, children aged 2 to 5 years drinking SSB demonstrate both prospective and cross-sectional correlations with higher BMI z score. Pediatricians and parents should discourage SSB consumption to help avoid potential unhealthy weight gain in young children. From a public health standpoint, strong consideration should be made toward policy changes leading to decreases in SSB consumption among children.
Lake morphometry and resource polymorphism determine niche segregation between cool‐ and cold‐water‐adapted fish
Authors: Hayden Brian , Harrod Chris , Kahilainen Kimmo K. 
Published: August 2013

Climate change is increasing ambient temperatures in Arctic and subarctic regions, facilitating latitudinal range expansions of freshwater fishes adapted to warmer water temperatures. The relative roles of resource availability and interspecific interactions between resident and invading species in determining the outcomes of such expansions has not been adequately evaluated.Ecological interactions between a cool‐water adapted fish, the perch (Perca fluviatilis), and the cold‐water adapted European whitefish (Coregonus lavaretus), were studied in both shallow and deep lakes with fish communities dominated by (1) monomorphic whitefish, (2) monomorphic whitefish and perch, and (3) polymorphic whitefish and perch. A combination of stomach content, stable‐isotope, and invertebrate prey availability data were used to identify resource use and niche overlap among perch, the trophic generalist large sparsely rakered (LSR) whitefish morph, and the pelagic specialist densely rakered (DR) whitefish morph in 10 subarctic lakes at the contemporary distribution limit of perch in northern Scandinavia.Perch utilized its putative preferred littoral niche in all lakes. LSR whitefish utilized both littoral and pelagic resources in monomorphic whitefish‐dominated lakes. When found in sympatry with perch, LSR whitefish exclusively utilized pelagic prey in deep lakes, but displayed niche overlap with perch in shallow littoral lakes. DR whitefish was a specialist zooplanktivore, relegating LSR whitefish from pelagic habitats, leading to an increase in niche overlap between LSR whitefish and perch in deep lakes.Our results highlight how resource availability (lake depth and fish community) governs ecological interactions between native and invading species, leading to different outcomes even at the same latitudes. These findings suggest that lake morphometry and fish community structure data should be included in bioclimate envelope‐based models of species distribution shifts following predicted climate change.
Accomplishing Esthetics Using Enamel Microabrasion and Bleaching—A Case Report
Authors: Sundfeld RH , Franco LM , Gonçalves RS , de Alexandre RS , Machado LS , Neto DS 
Published: August 2013

SUMMARY
This case report describes the sequential steps that were used to treat unesthetic, white, hard-texture enamel stains of unknown etiology. A tapered fine diamond bur was used to remove superficial enamel followed by the use of an enamel microabrasion compound Opalustre (Ultradent Products Inc). This technique removed the stains and was followed by polishing with a fluoride paste to restore the enamel to a smooth finish. The teeth were subsequently bleached with carbamide peroxide (Opalescence 10%, Ultradent Products), which achieved the patient's desired esthetic results.
D-dimer plasma level: a reliable marker for venous thromboembolism after elective craniotomy
Authors: Prell Julian , Rachinger Jens , Smaczny Robert , Taute Bettina-Maria , Rampp Stefan , Illert Joerg , Koman Gershom , Marquart Christian , Rachinger Alexandra , Simmermacher Sebastian , Alfieri Alex , Scheller Christian , Strauss Christian 
Published: August 2013

Object
The incidence of deep venous thrombosis (DVT) after craniotomy is reported to be as high as 50%. In outpatients, D-dimer levels of more than 0.5 mg/L indicate venous thromboembolism (VTE, which subsumes DVT and pulmonary embolism [PE]) with a sensitivity of 99.4% and a specificity of 38.2%. However, D-dimer levels are believed to be unreliable in postoperative patients. The authors undertook the present study to test the hypothesis that D-dimer levels would be systematically raised in a postoperative population and to define a feasible threshold for identification of VTE.

Methods
Doppler ultrasonography of the lower extremity was performed pre- and postoperatively to evaluate for DVT in 101 patients who underwent elective craniotomy. D-dimer levels were assessed preoperatively and on the 3rd, 7th, and 10th days after surgery. Statistical analysis was carried out to define a feasible threshold for D-dimer levels.

Results
D-dimer plasma levels were found to be systematically raised postoperatively, and they differed between patients with and without VTE in a highly significant way. On the 3rd day after surgery, D-dimer levels of more than 2 mg/L indicated VTE with a sensitivity of 95.3% and a specificity of 74.1%, allowing for the definition of a feasible threshold. D-dimer levels of more than 4 mg/L were observed in all patients who had PE during the postoperative period (n = 9). Ventilation time and duration of surgery were identified as highly significant risk factors for the development of VTE.

Conclusions
Using a threshold of 2 mg/L, D-dimer levels will indicate VTE with a high degree of sensitivity and specificity in patients who have undergone craniotomy. Pulmonary embolism seems to be indicated by even higher D-dimer levels. Given that the development of D-dimer plasma levels in the postoperative period follows a principle that can be predicted and that deviations from it indicate VTE, this principle might be applicable to other types of surgery.
Stability of SG1 nitroxide towards unprotected sugar and lithium salts: a preamble to cellulose modification by nitroxide-mediated graft polymerization
Authors: Moreira Guillaume , Charles Laurence , Major Mohamed , Vacandio Florence , Guillaneuf Yohann , Lefay Catherine , Gigmes Didier 
Published: August 2013

The range of applications of cellulose, a glucose-based polysaccharide, is limited by its inherently poor mechanical properties. The grafting of synthetic polymer chains by, for example, a “grafting from” process may provide the means to broaden the range of applications. The nitroxide-mediated polymerization (NMP) method is a technique of choice to control the length, the composition and the architecture of the grafted copolymers. Nevertheless, cellulose is difficult to solubilize in organic media because of inter- and intramolecular hydrogen bonds. One possibility to circumvent this limitation is to solubilize cellulose in N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) or N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMA) with 5 to 10 wt % of lithium salts (LiCl or LiBr), and carry out grafted polymerization in this medium. The stability of nitroxides such as SG1 has not been studied under these conditions yet, even though these parameters are of crucial importance to perform the graft modification of polysaccharide by NMP. The aim of this work is to offer a model study of the stability of the SG1 nitroxide in organic media in the presence of unprotected glucose or cellobiose (used as a model of cellulose) and in the presence of lithium salts (LiBr or LiCl) in DMF or DMA.Contrary to TEMPO, SG1 proved to be stable in the presence of unprotected sugar, even with an excess of 100 molar equivalents of glucose. On the other hand, lithium salts in DMF or DMA clearly degrade SG1 nitroxide as proven by electron-spin resonance measurements. The instability of SG1 in these lithium-containing solvents may be explained by the acidification of the medium by the hydrolysis of DMA in the presence of LiCl. This, in turn, enables the disproportionation of the SG1 nitroxide into an unstable hydroxylamine and an oxoammonium ion.Once the conditions to perform an SG1-based nitroxide-mediated graft polymerization from cellobiose have been established, the next stage of this work will be the modification of cellulose and cellulose derivatives by NMP.
Télé‑communs versus télé‑services publics : vers des services publics collaboratifs en ligne
Authors: Bourcier Danièle 
Published: August 2013

Résumé	Les télé‑communs sont des télé‑services qui sont issus de la coopération entre le secteur public et le secteur privé non marchand. Ces services sont nés du mouvement des communs et de l’explosion de l’	open data	qui oblige l’administration à mettre à la disposition de tous les données publiques. Des groupes d’acteurs particuliers les communautés numériques vont donc devenir un nouveau partenaire dont l’administration devra tenir compte. Nous observerons leurs implications particulièrement dans le mouvement de l’	open data	et comment ces communautés ont coopéré à certains services publics notamment en matière de santé, d’environnement, d’urbanisme et de transports publics. Nous ferons alors l’hypothèse que le e‑gouvernement a ouvert, de façon dynamique, de nouvelles façons de penser ce que serait un nouveau type de service public, à la fois pour le public et avec le public.
Le service public du nommage, consecration et limites
Authors: du Marais Bertrand 
Published: August 2013

Résumé	La loi du 22 mars 2011, et plus encore les décisions du Conseil d’Etat du 10 juin 2013, précisent le cadre juridique de la gestion du « .fr » sans fondamentalement en changer la nature et le régime de service public. Elles n’ont malheureusement pas non plus réduit les principales sources d’insécurité juridiques – absence de qualification juridique du nom de domaine, rareté des adresses – car les pouvoirs publics français restent contraints par la gouvernance internationale très particulière de cette activité.
Téléservices et confidentialités en matière de défense
Authors: Cammilleri‑Subrenat Anne 
Published: August 2013

Résumé	Le ministère de la défense est au cœur de l’État républicain. Comme les autres ministères, il contribue à l’essor des téléservices. Mais, il n’en demeure pas moins qu’il a une mission régalienne particulière de protection des secrets de la sécurité et de la défense nationale. Il doit assurer avec agilité un équilibre entre les développements des téléservices et le respect strict de toutes les formes du secret. Pour ce faire, à la rigidité de la maîtrise des systèmes d’information s’ajoute celle de l’existence « du besoin de connaître l’information » et des procédures d’habilitation des personnes.
Nouvelles technologies et fiscalite vers un « e‑contrat fiscal » ?
Authors: Boudet Jean-François 
Published: August 2013

Résumé	Le développement du commerce électronique a considérablement modifié l’appréhension des systèmes d’impositions et des modalités de paiement de l’impôt. Ce phénomène s’est d’autant plus amplifié que les États entendent user des nouvelles technologies de l’information et de la communication pour améliorer leurs relations avec les contribuables. Cette « nouvelle économie » bouleverse l’impôt dans sa nature et dans son régime juridique, de telle sorte que se dessinent une conception nouvelle de l’impôt formulée sur la méthode contractuelle.
Le vote des fonctionnaires en 2012 ou la crise de l'appareil d'état
Authors: Rouban Luc 
Published: August 2013

Résumé	L’analyse du vote des fonctionnaires lors de l’élection présidentielle de 2012 montre que les agents publics ont davantage voté contre Nicolas Sarkozy qu’ils n’ont soutenu François Hollande. Elle révèle également que deux évolutions touchent leurs comportements politiques et constituent les signes d’une crise d’identité. Au premier tour, les choix électoraux varient sensiblement selon la catégorie et le métier. La fonction publique apparaît ainsi éclatée en différents univers socio­politiques assez éloignés les uns des autres, notamment sous l’effet du niveau de diplôme. D’autre part, le vote en faveur de l’extrême-droite a beaucoup progressé.
Programmed Death-1 Is a Marker for Abnormal Distribution of Naive/Memory T Cell Subsets in HIV-1 Infection
Authors: Breton Gaëlle , Chomont Nicolas , Takata Hiroshi , Fromentin Rémi , Ahlers Jeffrey , Filali-Mouhim Abdelali , Riou Catherine , Boulassel Mohamed-Rachid , Routy Jean-Pierre , Yassine-Diab Bader , Sékaly Rafick-Pierre 
Published: August 2013

Abstract
Chronic activation of T cells is a hallmark of HIV-1 infection and plays an important role in disease progression. We previously showed that the engagement of the inhibitory receptor programmed death (PD)-1 on HIV-1–specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells leads to their functional exhaustion in vitro. However, little is known about the impact of PD-1 expression on the turnover and maturation status of T cells during the course of the disease. In this study, we show that PD-1 is upregulated on all T cell subsets, including naive, central memory, and transitional memory T cells in HIV-1–infected subjects. PD-1 is expressed at similar levels on most CD4+ T cells during the acute and the chronic phase of disease and identifies cells that have recently entered the cell cycle. In contrast, PD-1 expression is dramatically increased in CD8+ T cells during the transition from acute to chronic infection, and this is associated with reduced levels of cell proliferation. The failure to downregulate expression of PD-1 in most T cells during chronic HIV-1 infection is associated with persistent alterations in the distribution of T cell subsets and is associated with impaired responses to IL-7. Our findings identify PD-1 as a marker for aberrant distribution of T cell subsets in HIV-1 infection.
Soluble CD80 Restores T Cell Activation and Overcomes Tumor Cell Programmed Death Ligand 1–Mediated Immune Suppression
Authors: Haile Samuel T. , Dalal Sonia P. , Clements Virginia , Tamada Koji , Ostrand-Rosenberg Suzanne 
Published: August 2013

Abstract
Many tumor cells escape anti-tumor immunity through their expression of programmed death ligand-1 (PDL1 or B7-H1), which interacts with T cell–expressed PD1 and results in T cell apoptosis. We previously reported that transfection of human tumor cells with a membrane-bound form of the human costimulatory molecule CD80 prevented PD1 binding and restored T cell activation. We now report that a membrane-bound form of murine CD80 similarly reduces PDL1–PD1-mediated suppression by mouse tumor cells and that a soluble protein consisting of the extracellular domains of human or mouse CD80 fused to the Fc domain of IgG1 (CD80-Fc) overcomes PDL1-mediated suppression by human and mouse tumor cells, respectively. T cell activation experiments with human and mouse tumor cells indicate that CD80-Fc facilitates T cell activation by binding to PDL1 to inhibit PDL1–PD1 interactions and by costimulating through CD28. CD80-Fc is more effective in preventing PD1–PDL1-mediated suppression and restoring T cell activation compared with treatment with mAb to either PD1 or PDL1. These studies identify CD80-Fc as an alternative and potentially more efficacious therapeutic agent for overcoming PDL1-induced immune suppression and facilitating tumor-specific immunity.
TWEAK Inhibits TRAF2-Mediated CD40 Signaling by Destabilization of CD40 Signaling Complexes
Authors: Salzmann Steffen , Lang Isabell , Rosenthal Alevtina , Schäfer Viktoria , Weisenberger Daniela , Carmona Arana José Antonio , Trebing Johannes , Siegmund Daniela , Neumann Manfred , Wajant Harald 
Published: August 2013

Abstract
We found recently that TNF-like weak inducer of apoptosis (TWEAK) and fibroblast growth factor–inducible-14 (Fn14) by virtue of their strong capability to reduce the freely available cytoplasmic pool of TNFR-associated factor (TRAF)2 and cellular inhibitors of apoptosis (cIAPs) antagonize the functions of these molecules in TNFR1 signaling, resulting in sensitization for apoptosis and inhibition of classical NF-κB signaling. In this study, we demonstrate that priming of cells with TWEAK also interferes with activation of the classical NF-κB pathway by CD40. Likewise, there was strong inhibition of CD40 ligand (CD40L)–induced activation of MAPKs in TWEAK-primed cells. FACS analysis and CD40L binding studies revealed unchanged CD40 expression and normal CD40L–CD40 interaction in TWEAK-primed cells. CD40L immunoprecipitates, however, showed severely reduced amounts of CD40 and CD40-associated proteins, indicating impaired formation or reduced stability of CD40L–CD40 signaling complexes. The previously described inhibitory effect of TWEAK on TNFR1 signaling has been traced back to reduced activity of the TNFR1-associated TRAF2–cIAP1/2 ubiquitinase complex and did not affect the stability of the immunoprecipitable TNFR1 receptor complex. Thus, the inhibitory effect of TWEAK on CD40 signaling must be based at least partly on other mechanisms. In line with this, signaling by the CD40-related TRAF2-interacting receptor TNFR2 was also attenuated but still immunoprecipitable in TWEAK-primed cells. Collectively, we show that Fn14 activation by soluble TWEAK impairs CD40L–CD40 signaling complex formation and inhibits CD40 signaling and thus identify the Fn14-TWEAK system as a potential novel regulator of CD40-related cellular functions.
Multistage T Cell–Dendritic Cell Interactions Control Optimal CD4 T Cell Activation through the ADAP-SKAP55–Signaling Module
Authors: Mitchell Jason S. , Burbach Brandon J. , Srivastava Rupa , Fife Brian T. , Shimizu Yoji 
Published: August 2013

Abstract
The Ag-specific interactions between T cells and dendritic cells progress through dynamic contact stages in vivo consisting of early long-term stable contacts and later confined, yet motile, short-lived contacts. The signaling pathways that control in vivo interaction dynamics between T cells and dendritic cells during priming remain undefined. Adhesion and degranulation promoting adapter protein (ADAP) is a multifunctional adapter that regulates “inside-out” signaling from the TCR to integrins. Using two-photon microscopy, we demonstrate that, in the absence of ADAP, CD4 T cells make fewer early-stage stable contacts with Ag-laden dendritic cells, and the interactions are characterized by brief repetitive contacts. Furthermore, ADAP-deficient T cells show reduced contacts at the late motile contact phase and display less confinement around dendritic cells. The altered T cell interaction dynamics in the absence of ADAP are associated with defective early proliferation and attenuated TCR signaling in vivo. Regulation of multistage contact behaviors and optimal T cell signaling involves the interaction of ADAP with the adapter src kinase–associated phosphoprotein of 55 kDa (SKAP55). Thus, integrin activation by the ADAP-SKAP55–signaling module controls the stability and duration of T cell–dendritic cell contacts during the progressive phases necessary for optimal T cell activation.