bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Methodology for remote characterization of fracture systems in bedrock of enemy underground facilities
Authors: Jacobi Robert D. , Eastler Thomas E. , Xu Jiandong 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
Weaponry can be conveniently and safely concealed in enemy underground bedrock facilities (UGF). The bedrock environment surrounding UGF offers a high degree of protection for the assets contained within. Physical characteristics of the surrounding bedrock constrain the effects of conventional and even nuclear weapons. Brittle structures in the bedrock such as fracture systems have anisotropic characteristics and present a formidable obstacle to the survival of penetrating weapons. Knowledge of the three-dimensional (3-D) characteristics of bedrock fracture systems in enemy UGF, which may be covered by soil or vegetation, is of paramount importance to the weapons development community in its quest to penetrate anisotropic environments.
We utilize rigorous methodologies to predict fracture characteristics in overburden-covered regions from outcrop, core, borehole, and remote sensing data. We have established digital scanline and scangrid methodologies to characterize fracture geometries. The digital data allow us to easily analyze the fractures in terms of fractal and more advanced geostatistical techniques. We have developed theoretical and practical guidelines for determining the two-dimentional (2-D) density of fractures from one-dimentional (1-D) (scanline) data. Additionally, we have developed theoretical relationships between 2-D and 3-D fracture densities. Integration of digital field data with density and spatial structure of the fracture networks allows us to predict the distribution of fractures in areas removed from the outcrop. These methodologies, once refined, fully tested, and verified, will allow us to characterize three-dimensional fracture systems in potential target areas worldwide by remote sensing means alone.
A consumer’s guide to instrumental methods for determination of hypocenters
Authors: Dewey James W. 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
In nuclear power plant siting, redetermination of hypocenters of instrumentally recorded earthquakes in the site region may be better than relying on routinely determined hypocenter locations listed in standard earthquake catalogues. Routinely determined hypocenters, particularly those of small earthquakes or of earthquakes occurring before the mid-1950s, may be so mislocated that they present a misleading picture of the seismo-tectonics of the site region. The preferred method for redetermining a hypocenter depends on the earthquake being considered. The hypocenters of many pre-1954 earthquakes may be more accurately redetermined by now-standard computerized location techniques that were not available when the earthquakes were initially catalogued. Some important earthquakes are so poorly recorded that they cannot be assigned a hypocenter that is mathematically unique; however, it may be possible to pose a hypothesis such that the significance of the earthquake to a proposed power plant can be tested without explicitly locating the earthquake. A well-recorded earthquake whose hypocenter is suspected of being biased by lateral variations of seismic wave velocities can be more accurately located by ray-tracing methods, provided that the lateral variations of velocity are known. In an attempt to infer a fault or seismic zone from a group of hypocenters, a relative-location method—such as the master-event method or joint hypocenter determination—should be used. All methods for determining hypocenters involve assumptions over which seismologists may disagree; in the safety analysis of a nuclear power plant, these assumptions must be explicitly discussed and shown to be conservative as to their implication for the design of the plant. In addition, confidence ellipses should be given for the hypo-central coordinates, in order to assess the errors that might occur even if the assumptions of the location method are correct.
Geophysics as related to siting of nuclear power plants
Authors: Murphy V.J. , Sexton T.F. , Levine E.N. 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
The safe siting of nuclear power plants requires knowledge of foundation conditions and faulting. Geophysical surveys and measurements are necessary to provide needed data in the early stages of a siting program, in order to supplement geologic studies. Later, detailed licensing studies may require additional geophysical measurements to supplement geotechni-cal engineering studies.
Seismic methods are most commonly used for exploring localized geologic and foundation conditions at and near a plant site; gravity and magnetic measurements are often helpful in regional geologic studies.
Other geophysical exploration techniques are usually reserved for specialized applications such as the search for subsurface cavities, determination of stratigraphy, slope stability studies, hydrogeology, and locating construction materials. Special seismic techniques are employed to determine dynamic elastic properties.
Borehole geophysics in nuclear power plant siting
Authors: Crosby James W. , Scott John D. 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
Miniaturized borehole geophysical equipment designed for use in ground-water investigations can be adapted to investigations of nuclear power plant sites. This equipment has proved to be of value in preliminary and comprehensive studies of interior basins where thick sequences of Quaternary clastic sediment, occasionally with associated volcanic rocks, pose problems of stratigraphic correlation. The unconsolidated nature of the deposits generally requires that exploratory holes be cased, which ordinarily restricts the borehole geophysical studies to the radiation functions—natural gamma, gamma-gamma, neutron-gamma, and neutron-epithermal neutron logs. Although a single log response may be dominant in a given area, correlations derive from consideration of all log responses as a composite group. Because major correlations usually are based upon subtle differences in the physical properties of the penetrated sediment, high-resolution logging procedures are employed with some sacrifice of the quantitative parameters important to petroleum technology. All geophysical field data are recorded as hard copy and as digital information on punched paper tape. Digital data are subsequently computer processed and plotted to scales that enhance the stratigraphic data being correlated. Retention of the data in analog format permits rapid review, whereas computer plotting allows playback and detailed examination of log sections and sequences that may be attenuated on hard copy because of the logarithmic nature of the response to the physical property being examined.
The state-federal partnership in siting of nuclear power plants
Authors: James Davis F. , Slosson James E. , Fakundiny Robert H. 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
Geology and seismology studies are becoming increasingly important in nuclear power plant siting decisions. Earthquake hazard assessment is perhaps the most challenging application of these disciplines to siting. Techniques for determination of the probabilities of damaging earthquakes and forecasting of seismic events need further development before they can be routinely applied as prescribed standards to power plant siting. Although the plate-tectonics model provides a functional explanation for the loci of earthquake activity along plate boundaries, the genesis of seismicity within lithospheric plates is less well understood. The seismic potential of numerous mapped, geologic structures in many portions of the North American continent are still matters of conjecture and disagreement.
The current siting criteria provide a normative procedure for establishing seismic design bases using the regional earthquake history and structural geology, together with detailed observations at the site. This process of prescribed analysis can, and has, led different investigators to contrasting conclusions.
States review the seismic design conclusions of the applicant utility and the safety evaluations of the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC). Outside of the utilities and the NRC, the States are virtually the only other entities with scientific expertise that regularly participate in the siting process. The State role is usually advisory and nonregulatory. States contribute extensive knowledge of regional geology and seismicity to the decision-making process. Increasingly, the State geological surveys provide comments and suggestions to the Federal government and to utilities at an early enough stage so that an extensive and helpful dialogue precedes the State’s ultimate, formal review of siting reports.
In this discussion, we examine the State roles in determining the site-specific seismic-design bases for nuclear power plants. We consider the roles and perspectives of other parties as well. The scientific and procedural limitations that affect the siting process are analyzed. Finally, recommendations are made to improve the manner in which conclusions about seismic hazards at nuclear power plant sites are presented.
Geology and space beneath a city—Kansas City
Authors: Parizek Eldon J. 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
Kansas City geology is favorable to secondary development of subsurface space created by mining for commercial activities. Upper Pennsylvanian shales and lime-stones, including the Bethany Falls limestone, which is the principal source of limestone products for western Missouri, comprise the bedrock. Activities like ware-housing, controlled temperature food storage, manufacturing, and office and laboratory space, have been relocated below the surface to the extent that Kansas City has become the world leader in secondary subsurface space utilization.
Problems, most importantly, floor heave from volume changes caused by oxidation of sulfides in black shales, present limitations to growth of underground usage. Many surface facilities throughout the region are similarly affected, and measures used to counter heave problems in both surface and subsurface facilities have proved only moderately successful.
Coal mine subsidence—eastern United States
Authors: Gray Richard E. , Bruhn Robert W. 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
Underground coal mining has occurred beneath eight million acres of land in the United States, two million acres of which have been affected by subsidence. Most of this mining has taken place in the eastern half of the United States (east of the 100th meridian) where thousands of acres in urban areas are threatened by subsidence.
Early mining was not as efficient as today. Unrecovered coal pillars, often of variable size and spacing, remain to support the overlying strata for an indefinite period of time after mining has ceased. Roof collapse, crushing of pillars, or punching of pillars into the floor is now resulting in sinkhole or trough subsidence tens or even hundreds of years after mining.
In areas of active mining, where nominal total extraction is practiced, subsidence is essentially contemporaneous with mining. Limited observational data on ground movements over total extraction mines–room and pillar and longwall–suggest subsidence over deep longwall mines in Europe is similar in general respects, but different in detail, to subsidence in the United States.
Ground deformations resulting from subsidence have often been assumed to cause damage to structures in terms of simple tension and compression transferred by friction and adhesion to the undersides of foundations. Differential settlement, intensified pressure on subgrade walls, and other modes of soil-structure interaction are of equal significance in the eastern United States.
Coal mine subsidence—western United States
Authors: Richard Dunrud C. 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
Coal mine subsidence is the local lowering of the ground surface caused by coal mining. Subsidence processes above underground mines consist of a gradual downwarping of the overburden into coal extraction panels, which causes depressions, or a sudden collapse into individual mine openings, which causes pits. Subsidence type (depressions, pits), amount, areal extent, rate, and duration are controlled by (1) thickness of coal mined, (2) mine geometry and mining methods, and (3) thickness, lithology, structure, and hydrology of the bedrock and surficial material in the mining area. Subsidence in surface mining areas is caused by compaction of rehandled overburden material (spoil), dewatering of aquifers near surface mines, and (or) stress and strain readjustments. Depressions (troughs), cracks, and pits (sinkholes) can occur under either underground or surface mining procedures.
Maximum vertical displacement in depressions above extraction areas large enough to cause maximum subsidence in the western United States ranges from about 45 to 90 percent of the thickness of coal mined. However, pits may be deeper than the mining thickness, where the caved material can move laterally into adjacent mine openings. In surface mining areas, although little detailed information is available in the western United States, subsidence may range from a few percent to perhaps as much as 10 percent or more of the thickness of the reclaimed spoil. The limit angle, which determines the area of subsidence above underground mines, ranges from about 5° to 30° (from a vertical reference) above underground mines in the western United States. In surface mining areas, however, the subsidence area can range from nearly equal to the mining area, where compaction of rehandled spoil occurs, to many times the mining area, where aquifers are dewatered and undergo compaction.
The time or duration between mining and complete subsidence above underground mines commonly ranges from a few months to a few years, where downwarping occurs above extraction panels, to many years or decades, where pillars are not mined. The duration between mining and the occurrence of pits (sinkholes), however, can vary from a few decades to many decades or even centuries. The time necessary for depressions and pits in surface mining areas is not well known but apparently depends on factors such as methods of emplacing and grading and rate of wetting the rehandled material, rate of dewatering of aquifers near the mine, and stress-strain readjustments.
Use of bispectral index to monitor the depth of sedation in mechanically ventilated patients in the prehospital setting
Authors: Duchateau François-Xavier , Saunier Monique , Larroque Béatrice , Josseaume Julien , Gauss Tobias , Curac Sonja , Wojciechowski-Bonnal Estelle , Mantz Jean 
Published: May 2013

BackgroundSedative drug administration is a challenging aspect of the management of mechanically ventilated patients in the out-of-hospital critical care medicine. We hypothesised that the bispectral index of the EEG (BIS) could be a helpful tool in evaluating the depth of sedation in this difficult environment. The main objective of the present study was to assess the agreement of BIS with the clinical scales in the out-of-hospital setting.MethodsThis prospective study included mechanically ventilated patients. BIS values were blindly recorded continuously. A Ramsay score was performed every 5 min. The main judgement criterion was the correlation between BIS values and the Ramsay score.Results72 patients were included, mostly presenting with toxic coma (36%) or neurological coma (21%). The median (IQR) BIS value was 85 (84–86) when the Ramsay score was 3, 80 (76–84) when the Ramsay score was 4, 61 (55–80) when the Ramsay score was 5 and 45 (38–60) when the Ramsay score was 6. According to Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves, BIS was categorised into three classes (BIS<54 corresponding to Ramsay score 6, 54≤BIS<72 for Ramsay score 5 and BIS≥73 for Ramsay score ≤4). Based on these categories, the proportion of appropriate BIS values was 67% (217/323). The concordance correlation coefficient for repeated measurements was 0.54 (0.43–0.64). The agreement between BIS and the Ramsay score is moderate.ConclusionsPrehospital measured BIS values appear poorly correlated with clinical assessment of the depth of sedation. For this reason, the use of BIS to guide prehospital sedation cannot be recommended.
Can postal prompts from general practitioners improve the uptake of breast screening? A randomised controlled trial in one east London general practice
Authors: O'Connor A M , Griffiths C J , Underwood M R , Eldridge S 
Published: May 2013

Objective To determine the effect on the uptake of breast screening of a personalised letter from the general practitioner recommending mammography, sent to coincide with an invitation from the NHS breast screening programme. Design Randomised control trial with stratification of prognostic variables. Setting A group practice in Hackney, east London. Subjects 473 women invited for breast screening by the City and East London Breast Screening Service. Outcome measureAttendance for mammography. Results All women in the randomised trial were followed up; 134 of 236 (57%) randomly allocated to receive the prompting letter attended for mammography compared with 120 of 234 (51%) controls. This difference was not significant (χ2 =1.43, p=0.23) Conclusion Personal recommendation by a letter prompting attendance for mammography from the general practitioner known best to women due to be screened did not improve uptake of breast screening in this east London practice. Other strategies are needed to increase uptake of mammography in inner cities.
Screening digital rectal examination and prostate cancer mortality: a case-control study
Authors: Richert-Boe K E , Humphrey L L , Glass A G , Weiss N S 
Published: May 2013

Background Prostate cancer is the second most common cause of death from cancer in men in the United States. Digital rectal examination is the oldest and most commonly used screening test for prostate cancer, but as yet there are no studies which demonstrate its effectiveness. Methods A case-control study was conducted among members of a large health maintenance organisation to estimate the effect of screening digital rectal examination on mortality from prostate cancer. 150 men, aged 40–84 when cancer was diagnosed, who developed fatal prostate cancer, and 299 male controls matched for age who did not die from prostate cancer were studied. A history of screening digital rectal examination during the 10 years before the date on which cancer was diagnosed was determined from medical records. Results A similar proportion of men who died from prostate cancer and controls had undergone at least one screening digital rectal examination during the 10 year interval (odds ratio = 0.84, 95% confidence interval 0.48 to 1.46). Similar results were obtained when a shorter interval (such as five years before diagnosis) during which screening histories were evaluated was considered, or in analyses in which men with a history of benign prostatic hypertrophy were excluded. Conclusions The data suggest that screening digital rectal examination does not reduce mortality from prostate cancer to any appreciable degree.
Second trimester screening for Down's syndrome using maternal serum dimeric inhibin A
Authors: Haddow J E , Palomaki G E , Knight G J , Foster D L , Neveux L M 
Published: May 2013

Objectives To determine the second trimester Down's syndrome screening performance of maternal serum dimeric inhibin A, both alone and in combination with existing serum markers. Setting A case-control set of serum samples from patients with Down's syndrome (52) and subjects with matched unaffected pregnancies obtained in a previous cohort study before second trimester amniocentesis and karyotyping. The amniocenteses were performed for reasons other than a positive serum screening test result. Methods For each serum from a Down's syndrome pregnancy, five serum samples from pregnancies with a normal karyotype were matched for recruitment centre, gestational age, maternal age, and date of amniocentesis. A specific form of inhibin (dimeric inhibin A) was measured using monoclonal antibodies. Measurements of α fetoprotein, unconjugated oestriol, and human chorionic gonadotrophin and its free β subunit were already available. Screening performance was modelled using distribution variables of the analytes coupled with the 1993 age distribution of pregnant women in the United States. Results The median dimeric inhibin A level was 2.10 times higher in Down's syndrome pregnancies. When dimeric inhibin A was combined with maternal age and three other serum markers (α fetoprotein, unconjugated oestriol, and human chorionic gonadotrophin) the Down's syndrome detection rate increased to 75% (from 66%) at a 5% false positive rate. If dimeric inhibin A could be added for less than &dollar;31 (ranging from &dollar;16 to &dollar;39 depending on the detection rate, markers chosen, and method of dating), the cost of detecting each Down's syndrome pregnancy and the number of procedure related fetal losses would both be reduced. Conclusions The addition of dimeric inhibin A to prenatal screening programmes for Down's syndrome should be considered, or possibly it could be substituted for an existing serum marker. One barrier to implementation in the United States, however, is the unavailability of kits with Food and Drug Administration approval.
Cost-benefit analysis of a national thalassaemia prevention programme in Israel
Authors: Ginsberg G , Tulchinsky T , Filon D , Goldfarb A , Abramov L , Rachmilevitz E A 
Published: May 2013

Objective In Israel (population 5.7 million) there are around 200 known living subjects with thalassaemia major, of whom around 80% are from the northern district. This study aims at examining the costs and benefits of a national screening programme to prevent thalassaemia in Israel. Measurements and main resultsThe lifetime healthcare costs of caring for a person born with thalassaemia major are &dollar;284 154. The costs of the home infusion service (33.1&percnt;) actually exceed the costs of the chelating agent itself (22.1&percnt;). The remaining 44.8&percnt; of costs are due to stay in hospital, operations, outpatient visits, laboratory tests, therapists, etc. Lost earnings and premature mortality costs account for a further &dollar;51 843 and &dollar;141 944 respectively for each case. A national screening programme would cost &dollar;900 197 and prevent around 13.4 homozygotes being born, at a cost of &dollar;67 369 for each birth prevented. The benefit-cost ratio of the programme to the health services is 4.22:1, which increases to 6.01:1 when a societal perspective is taken. However, around 13.0 homozygote births are still expected to occur, the majority owing to lack of compliance of patients at various stages in the screening process. The addition of a national health education programme for the higher risk non-Jewish population either nationally or in selected regions will incur extra costs, which may be covered by increased benefits as a result of better compliance with the screening programme. Conclusion Israel should start to provide a nationwide thalassaemia screening programme as the monetary benefits to society (and even to the health services alone) will exceed the screening programmes costs.