bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Going Institutional
Authors: Jacobs Lawrence R. 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
Communications from election candidates, officeholders, and government programs often project an air of candor and forthrightness. In reality, however, they are invariably intentional and strategic – constructed to promote campaigns, sell legislation, and explain benefits and fees to constituents. This chapter traces two seminal developments of modern political communication. First, political strategy has become enormously more sophisticated to exploit vulnerabilities in the ways individuals process information and form evaluations. Second, the nature of political communications itself has qualitatively changed. Political communications are typically equated with “situational framing” - the intentional efforts of political actors to target individuals within specific situations and moments of time. We now live in an era increasingly defined, however, by institution-based communications and framing. This chapter addresses two elements: the substantial expansion of the White House’s administrative capacity for crafted communications and the routinized and consequential messages of established policies. Institutions-based communications have, under certain circumstances, more enduring and deeper effects than situational framing.
Music as Political Communication
Authors: Street John 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
This chapter examines the ways in which music acts as political communication and plays an important role in politics. It notes that the contemporary study of political communication has tended to overlook the role that sound plays and provides an account of the ways in which music has been associated with political communication through protest, propaganda, and resistance. The chapter then explains how music can be understood to communicate politics and discusses how political communication scholars might study music’s role in the public sphere and civic engagement. It concludes by arguing that sound should be featured more prominently in political communication research than it is currently.
Visual Interpolation and Extrapolation of Contours
Authors: Fulvio Jacqueline M. , Singh Manish , Maloney Larry 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
Computing object boundaries from fragmented image data poses a formidable problem for the visual system. Contours in the image are typically fragmented due to the prevalence of occlusion and camouflage (hence insufficient image contrast). Given two or more such fragments, the visual system must determine not only whether they belong to a single extended contour, but also what shape the contour takes in the “missing” regions. The authors review psychophysical studies investigating how human observers visually interpolate and extrapolate contours. The results point to shape constraints embodied in the visual processing of contours that allow us to formulate consistency criteria for successful interpolation. The authors also discuss various theoretical models of contour interpolation in light of these findings.
Duplicate and Conquer: Multiple Homologs ofPHOSPHORUS-STARVATION TOLERANCE1Enhance Phosphorus Acquisition and Sorghum Performance on Low-Phosphorus Soils
Authors: Hufnagel Barbara , de Sousa Sylvia M. , Assis Lidianne , Guimaraes Claudia T. , Leiser Willmar , Azevedo Gabriel C. , Negri Barbara , Larson Brandon G. , Shaff Jon E. , Pastina Maria Marta , Barros Beatriz A. , Weltzien Eva , Rattunde Henry Frederick W. , Viana Joao H. , Clark Randy T. , Falcão Alexandre , Gazaffi Rodrigo , Garcia Antonio Augusto F. , Schaffert Robert E. , Kochian Leon V. , Magalhaes Jurandir V. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractLow soil phosphorus (P) availability is a major constraint for crop production in tropical regions. The rice (Oryza sativa) protein kinase, PHOSPHORUS-STARVATION TOLERANCE1 (OsPSTOL1), was previously shown to enhance P acquisition and grain yield in rice under P deficiency. We investigated the role of homologs of OsPSTOL1 in sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) performance under low P. Association mapping was undertaken in two sorghum association panels phenotyped for P uptake, root system morphology and architecture in hydroponics and grain yield and biomass accumulation under low-P conditions, in Brazil and/or in Mali. Root length and root surface area were positively correlated with grain yield under low P in the soil, emphasizing the importance of P acquisition efficiency in sorghum adaptation to low-P availability. SbPSTOL1 alleles reducing root diameter were associated with enhanced P uptake under low P in hydroponics, whereas Sb03g006765 and Sb03g0031680 alleles increasing root surface area also increased grain yield in a low-P soil. SbPSTOL1 genes colocalized with quantitative trait loci for traits underlying root morphology and dry weight accumulation under low P via linkage mapping. Consistent allelic effects for enhanced sorghum performance under low P between association panels, including enhanced grain yield under low P in the soil in Brazil, point toward a relatively stable role for Sb03g006765 across genetic backgrounds and environmental conditions. This study indicates that multiple SbPSTOL1 genes have a more general role in the root system, not only enhancing root morphology traits but also changing root system architecture, which leads to grain yield gain under low-P availability in the soil.
The relative importance of number, duration and intensity of cold stress events in determining survival and energetics of an overwintering insect
Authors: Marshall Katie E. , Sinclair Brent J. 
Published: September 2014

Summary

The relationship between abiotic stress and fitness in an individual is usually described by the intensity and duration of stress. Yet in natural systems, variability in abiotic stress is common. Since individuals have physiological and fitness responses to single bouts of stress, frequency of stress may also determine the lifetime success of an organism. However, the majority of laboratory studies have focused only on the effects of single stress events.

We investigated the relative importance of stress parameters including duration, intensity and number of cold events on the short‐term physiology and long‐term fitness in the freeze‐avoiding eastern spruce budworm Choristoneura fumiferana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae, Clemens).

We exposed overwintering 2nd‐instar larvae of C. fumiferana to −5 °C, −10 °C, −15 °C or −20 °C, for either a single exposure of 120 h or repeated 12 h exposures (3, 6 or 10 exposures). Changes in short‐term physiology were quantified by cryoprotectant content, energetic stores and supercooling point. Long‐term fitness effects were measured by rearing individuals after overwintering and recording successful eclosion as adults, development time from 2nd instar to adult, and adult size.

We found that long‐term survival of C. fumiferana was most strongly affected by the number of low‐temperature stress events rather than intensity or duration, despite increased investment into cryoprotection at the expense of glycogen reserves. Sublethal measures such as adult size were unaffected by low‐temperature stress.

Thus, we show that frequency of stress is an important, yet frequently neglected, parameter in the study of the effects of abiotic stress. The responses we documented here suggest that frequency of stress may be an additional important parameter for modelling the effects of abiotic stress on populations.
The nexus of syntrophy‐associated microbiota in anaerobic digestion revealed by long‐term enrichment and community survey
Authors: Narihiro Takashi , Nobu Masaru K. , Kim Na‐Kyung , Kamagata Yoichi , Liu Wen‐Tso 
Published: September 2014

SummaryAnaerobic digestion (AD) processes are known to effectively convert organic waste to CO2 and CH4, but much of the microbial ecology remains unclear. Specifically, we have limited insights into symbiotic syntroph and methanogen (‘syntrophy’) acid degradation, although they are essential for preventing process deterioration. Also, we often observed many uncharacterized or uncultivated organisms, but poorly understood their role(s) in relation to syntrophy. To define syntrophy‐associated populations, this study enriched methanogenic communities with propionate, butyrate, benzoate, acetate, formate and H2 from two different inocula over 3 years. 16S pyrotag analysis revealed core populations of known syntrophs (six clades) and methanogens (nine clades) associated with acid degradation, and evidence for substrate‐ and/or inoculum‐dependent specificity in syntrophic partnerships. Based on comprehensive re‐evaluation of publically available microbial community data for AD, the known syntrophs and methanogens identified were clearly representatives of the AD‐associated syntrophs and methanogens. In addition, uncultivated clades related to Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, Actinobacteria and Chloroflexi were ubiquitously found in AD and enrichments. These organisms may be universally involved in AD syntrophic degradation, but only represented <23% of the yet‐to‐be‐cultivated organisms (89 of 390 clades). Thus, the contribution of these uncultured organisms in AD remains unclear and warrants further investigation.
Impact of Metabolic Disturbances and Malnutrition‐Inflammation on 6‐Year Mortality in Japanese Patients Undergoing Hemodialysis
Authors: Nakagawa Naoki , Matsuki Motoki , Yao Naoyuki , Hirayama Tomoya , Ishida Hironori , Kikuchi Kenjiro , Hasebe Naoyuki 
Published: September 2014

AbstractMetabolic syndrome confers an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in the general population. The relationship between adiponectins, and clinical outcomes in patients undergoing hemodialysis remains controversial. We investigated whether adiponectins, biomarkers of inflammation, nutrition status and clinical features predict the mortality of patients undergoing hemodialysis for 6 years. We measured baseline plasma total and high‐molecular‐weight (HMW) adiponectins, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α, serum high sensitivity C‐reactive protein (hsCRP), and clinical characteristics including visceral fat area (VFA) and the Geriatric Nutritional Risk Index (GNRI) in 133 patients undergoing chronic hemodialysis. Forty‐one of the 133 patients died during follow‐up. The deceased patients were significantly older, had more prior CVD and diabetes, higher TNF‐α and hsCRP levels but lower GNRI. VFA, and total and HMW adiponectin did not significantly differ between the two groups. TNF‐α and hsCRP levels and GNRI score were significant for predicting all‐cause and cardiovascular mortality in receiver operating curve analyses. When stratified by a GNRI score of 96, Cox proportional hazards analyses identified TNF‐α as a significant predictor of all‐cause mortality (hazard ratio [HR] 1.23; P = 0.038) and hsCRP as a significant predictor of all‐cause and cardiovascular mortality (HR, 2.32, P = 0.003; HR 2.30, P = 0.012, respectively) after adjusting for age, sex, diabetes mellitus, and prior CVD, only in malnourished patients. These results demonstrate that malnutrition and the inflammatory markers TNF‐α and hsCRP, but not metabolic markers, including VFA and adiponectins have a significant impact on 6‐year all‐cause and cardiovascular mortality in Japanese patients undergoing hemodialysis.
Higher Mortality Due to Intracerebral Hemorrhage in Dialysis Patients: A Comparison with the General Population in Japan
Authors: Wakasugi Minako , Matsuo Koji , Kazama Junichiro James , Narita Ichiei 
Published: September 2014

AbstractCerebrovascular diseases, including intracerebral hemorrhage, cerebral infarction, and subarachnoid hemorrhage, remain prevalent causes of morbidity and mortality among dialysis patients. Their mortality rate for cerebrovascular diseases is roughly three times higher than that in the general population. However, whether mortality rates for all subtypes of cerebrovascular diseases are equally higher has not been evaluated. The aim of this study was to determine the mortality rate for each stroke subtype, comparing dialysis patients and the general population in Japan. We used mortality data reported by the Japanese Society for Dialysis Therapy and national Vital Statistics data between 2008 and 2009. We calculated standardized mortality ratios and compared the mortality rates for stroke subtypes including intracerebral hemorrhage, cerebral infarction, and subarachnoid hemorrhage. During the 2‐year study period, 51 994 and 933 deaths from intracerebral hemorrhage, 79 124 and 511 deaths from cerebral infarction, and 24 957 and 147 deaths from subarachnoid hemorrhage were recorded per 252 million person‐years and per 546 474 dialysis patient‐years, respectively. Standardized mortality ratios among dialysis patients relative to the general population were 3.8 (95% confidence interval, 3.6–4.1), 1.3 (1.2–1.4), and 1.3 (1.1–1.6) for intracerebral hemorrhage, cerebral infarction, and subarachnoid hemorrhage, respectively. Intracerebral hemorrhage was the highest cause of mortality in the dialysis population, although cerebral infarction was the highest in the general population. Relative to the general population in Japan, Japanese dialysis patients had higher mortality rates, especially for intracerebral hemorrhage.
Changes in Volumetric Hemodynamic Parameters Induced by Fluid Removal on Hemodialysis in Critically Ill Patients
Authors: Compton Friederike , Vogel Marie , Zidek Walter , van der Giet Markus , Westhoff Timm 
Published: September 2014

AbstractManagement of volume status is difficult in critically ill patients with renal failure. Volumetric hemodynamic indices are increasingly being used to guide fluid therapy in the intensive care unit (ICU), but are not established to monitor hemodialysis‐induced fluid removal in critically ill patients. Using volumetric hemodynamic monitoring, changes in extravascular lung water index (EVLWI) and intrathoracic blood volume index (ITBVI) were measured immediately before and after hemodialysis sessions in 35 ICU patients. Additional hemodynamic and oxygenation related parameters were recorded at the same time, and online relative blood volume (RBV) monitoring was performed during hemodialysis. EVLWI decreased significantly with fluid removal (median 10.0 vs. 9.6 mL/kg, P = 0.001), whereas ITBVI remained stable (median 1012 vs. 1029 mL/m2, P = 0.402). Significant changes were also observed in stroke volume variation (median 12.0 vs. 13.0 %, P = 0.012), cardiac index (median 4.2 vs. 3.5 mL/min/m2, P = 0.003), mean arterial pressure (median 77 vs. 85.5 mmHg, P = 0.006), norepinephrine dose (median 0.092 vs. 0.114 μg/kg per min, P = 0.043), and hemoglobin values (median 9.5 vs. 10.4 gm/dL, P = 0.036). RBV decreased by 7.8% (median); there was no correlation with either the volumetric measurements or the other hemodynamic parameters recorded. EVLWI reduction with dialysis reflects the removal of excess body fluid, whereas preservation of cardiac preload is indicated by ITBVI stability. Volumetric hemodynamic measurements provide additional information concerning fluid status and are thus potentially useful to guide fluid removal on hemodialysis in critically ill patients.
Longer Dialysis Times Are Associated With a Lower Chance of Dementia Among Chronic Hemodialysis Patients
Authors: Chou Che‐Yi , Wu Tai‐Te , Chang Chieh‐Ying , Chen Tzu‐Jen , Chang Chiz‐Tzung , Huang Chiu‐Ching 
Published: September 2014

AbstractDementia is common in chronic hemodialysis (HD) patients and is associated with a higher mortality. Factors associated with dementia in HD patients are not clear. We investigated factors associated with early dementia in HD patients. Chronic HD patients of 27 hemodialysis centers were enrolled in 2013. Early dementia was identified using the AD8 assessment. Factors associated with early dementia were analyzed using logistic regression. A total of 1617 chronic HD patients including 820 males and 797 females, aged 63.3 ± 13 years, dialyzed for 4 (1.8–8.4) years were analyzed. Early dementia was identified in 414 (25.6%) of the patients. Longer HD times were associated with a lower chance of dementia (P = 0.032), with an adjusted odds ratio (OR) of 0.522 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.270–0.969) for every one more hour of HD. Patient's age (OR: 1.587, 95% CI: 1.406–1.791, P < 0.001), body mass index (OR: 0.958, 95% CI: 0.921–0.996, P = 0.031), cerebrovascular accident (OR: 1.480, 95% CI: 1.000–2.188), diabetes (OR: 1.894, 95% CI: 1.390–2.581, P < 0.001), and serum albumin (OR: 0.376, 95 % CI: 0.256–0.553, P < 0.001) were independently linked to early dementia. Short hemodialysis times are associated with early dementia in a chronic hemodialysis population with a quarter of patients having early dementia. Patients' age, nutrition status and comorbidity are independently linked to early dementia.
Antibiotic Resistance Traits and Molecular Subtyping of Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Raw Sheep Milk Cheese
Authors: Spanu Vincenzo , Scarano Christian , Cossu Francesca , Pala Carlo , Spanu Carlo , De Santis Enrico P. L. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThe main objective of the present research was to evaluate the antibiotic resistance profiles of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from raw sheep milk cheese. A total of 150 strains were isolated from curd cheese samples and identified as S. aureus. The survey on antibiotic resistance was carried out on 47 strains, selected among isolates showing differences in the banding pattern after Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE) screening or, belonging at the same pulsotype but isolated from different cheese samples. On selected strains antimicrobial resistance against ampicillin, penicillin, cloxacillin, tetracycline, erythromycin, and vancomycin was assessed by broth microdilution method. The presence of the genes coding for antibiotic resistance and virulence factors (agr alleles, sea‐see, and tst) was also investigated by PCR. Thirty‐one isolates belonging to agrI and agrIII groups carried at least one gene coding for enterotoxins or toxic shock syndrome toxin. Approximately 60% of the selected strains were susceptible to the tested antibiotics. Twelve of 47 isolates showed multiple resistance against ampicillin and penicillin. Only 1 strain, represented by a unique PFGE profile showed simultaneous resistance to ampicillin, penicillin and cloxacillin. Single resistance against tetracycline was found in 5 isolates belonging to 2 different pulsotypes. The results of this study suggest that the recovery of S. aureus resistant strains in raw milk cheese samples is quite common but it is limited to few antibiotic classes, mainly β‐lactams and tetracyclines. None of the strains showed resistance to erythromycin and vancomycin.
Strategies for restoring tree seedling recruitment in high conservation value tropical montane forests underplanted with cardamom
Authors: Dhakal Balram , Pinard Michelle A. , Gunatilleke I.A.U. Nimal , Gunatilleke C.V. Savitri , Burslem David F.R.P. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractQuestionWhat strategies are most appropriate for restoring tree seedling recruitment whilst avoiding the spread of invasive plant species in high conservation value tropical forests disturbed by planting a shade‐demanding crop?LocationKnuckles Forest Reserve, Sri Lanka (7°21′–7°24′ N, 80°45′–80°48′ E).MethodsAn experiment was conducted to test the effects of clipping or removal of established cardamom plants on recruitment of native tree seedlings and spread of non‐native plants in a tropical montane forest with abandoned cardamom stands in the understorey. The number and composition of tree seedling emergents, the cover of herbaceous plants and the recovery of cardamom were assessed for 3 yr.ResultsTree seedling recruitment was higher in plots from which above‐ground cardamom biomass had been removed through slashing (mean ± SE per 5 m2; 28.9 ± 2.70) and those where cardamom plants had been removed completely through uprooting (32.2 ± 3.17), or when dead cardamom leaves and stems were removed with small‐scale extraction of pods (22.5 ± 2.16), than in unmanipulated control plots (16.6 ± 1.13) over 15 mo. The species composition of tree seedling emergents did not differ in response to removal of cardamom. However, the cover of herbaceous plants, including the non‐native invasive Ageratina riparia, increased in response to removal of cardamom. Recovery of cardamom was higher when the plants had been slashed than when entire plants were uprooted and removed.ConclusionSlashing or uprooting cardamom plants is a potential strategy for restoring tree seedling recruitment in forests with abandoned cardamom stands in the understorey, but these interventions would need to be repeated annually over many years to be successful, and they risk promoting expansion of the cover of herbaceous plants, including non‐native species. Hence, this approach would be labour‐intensive and costly. An alternative approach to promoting tree seedling emergence and establishment is to clear dead cardamom leaves and stems, and to encourage small‐scale extraction of pods from the residual cardamom plants. Harvesting pods reduces the likelihood that the crop will be sustained in situ through natural regeneration, and supplies an income to local communities, which would enhance the social acceptability of the intervention.
Bayesian Designs and the Control of Frequentist Characteristics: A Practical Solution
Authors: Ventz Steffen , Trippa Lorenzo 
Published: September 2014

SummaryFrequentist concepts, such as the control of the type I error or the false discovery rate, are well established in the medical literature and often required by regulators. Most Bayesian designs are defined without explicit considerations of frequentist characteristics. Once the Bayesian design is structured, statisticians use simulations and adjust tuning parameters to comply with a set of targeted operating characteristics. These adjustments affect the use of prior information and utility functions. Here we consider a Bayesian decision theoretic approach for experimental designs with explicit frequentist requisites. We define optimal designs under a set of constraints required by a regulator. Our approach combines the use of interpretable utility functions with frequentist criteria, and selects an optimal design that satisfies a set of required operating characteristics. We illustrate the approach using a group-sequential multi-arm Phase II trial and a bridging trial.