bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Machiavellianism in long‐term relationships: Competition, mate retention and sexual coercion
Authors: Brewer Gayle , Abell Loren 
Published: February 2015

Machiavellianism is characterized by a manipulative interpersonal style and willingness to exploit others (Christie & Geis, 1970). Though previous research has focused on the influence of Machiavellianism in short‐term relationships, Machiavellianism may also influence behavior within long‐term committed romantic relationships. Heterosexual men (N = 93) and women (N = 141) in current romantic relationships of at least 12 months duration were recruited online. Participants completed Machiavellianism, Intra‐Sexual Competition, Mate Retention and Sexual Coercion scales. Regression analyses revealed that those with high levels of Machiavellianism were more likely to compete with same‐sex rivals, directly guard a mate and employ inter‐sexual or intra‐sexual negative inducements as a form of mate retention than those with low levels of the personality trait. Gender did not moderate the influence of Machiavellianism on these behaviors. Findings highlight the influence of Machiavellianism within long‐term committed romantic relationships.
Effortless Self‐Control: A Novel Perspective on Response Conflict Strategies in Trait Self‐Control
Authors: Gillebaart Marleen , de Ridder Denise T. D. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractSelf‐control is of invaluable importance for well‐being. While previous research has focused on self‐control failure, we introduce a new perspective on self‐control, including the notion of effortless self‐control, and a focus on self‐control success rather than failure. We propose that effortless strategies of dealing with response conflict (i.e., competing behavioral tendencies) are what distinguishes successful self‐controllers from less successful ones. While people with high trait self‐control may recognize the potential for response conflict in self‐control dilemmas, they do not seem to subjectively experience this conflict as much as people with low self‐control. Two strategies may underlie this difference: avoidance of response conflict through adaptive, habitual behaviors, and the efficient downregulating of response conflict. These strategies as well as the role of response conflict are elaborated upon and discussed in the light of existing literature on self‐control.
Infections after T‐replete haploidentical transplantation and high‐dose cyclophosphamide as graft‐versus‐host disease prophylaxis
Authors: Crocchiolo R. , Bramanti S. , Vai A. , Sarina B. , Mineri R. , Casari E. , Tordato F. , Mauro E. , Timofeeva I. , Lugli E. , Mavilio D. , Carlo‐Stella C. , Santoro A. , Castagna L. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractBackgroundRecently, a platform of T‐cell replete haploidentical hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (haplo‐HSCT) using post‐transplant cyclophosphamide (Cy) has shown high reproducibility and acceptable safety profile.MethodThis prospective cohort analysis allowed us to collect data on infections among 70 consecutive recipients of haplo‐HSCT affected by various hematologic malignancies.ResultsAfter a median follow‐up of 23 months, cumulative incidence of viral infections was 70% (95% confidence interval [CI] 59–81) at 100 days and 77% (95% CI 67–87) at 1 year; 35 of 65 patients at risk had CMV reactivation (54%) and the rate of polyomavirus‐virus‐associated cystitis was 19% (13/70). Cumulative incidence of bacterial and fungal infections at 1 year were 63% (95% CI 51–75) and 12% (95% CI 4–19), respectively. Of note, only 1 invasive fungal infection occurred beyond 1 year after transplant (day +739).ConclusionIn conclusion, despite a high rate of viral infections in the early period, present data suggest a satisfactory infectious profile after T‐cell replete haplo‐HSCT using post‐transplant Cy. These results may help clinicians to improve both prophylactic and therapeutic antimicrobial strategies in this emerging haploidentical setting.
Variability of hepatitis E serologic assays in a pediatric liver transplant recipient: challenges to diagnosing hepatitis E virus infection in the United States
Authors: Sue P.K. , Pisanic N. , Heaney C.D. , Mixson‐Hayden T. , Kamili S. , Nelson K. , Schwarz K.B. , Forman M. , Valsamakis A. , Ticehurst J. , Karnsakul W. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractHepatitis E virus (HEV) is an emerging cause of viral hepatitis among immunocompromised individuals in developed countries. Yet the diagnosis of HEV infection in the United States remains challenging, because of the variable sensitivity and specificity of currently available tests, and the lack of a US Food and Drug Administration‐approved test. We report a case of multiple discordant HEV serology results in a pediatric liver transplant recipient with idiopathic hepatitis, and review the challenges to diagnosis of HEV infection in the United States.
Controversies regarding choice of vasopressor therapy for management of septic shock in animals
Authors: Silverstein Deborah C. , Santoro Beer Kari A. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractObjectiveTo review and appraise common vasopressor drugs used to treat septic shock‐induced hypotension in volume replete animals.Data SourcesHuman and animal publications were searched using PubMed without time limits and the following keywords were used: “vasopressor,” “septic shock,” “norepinephrine,” “dopamine,” “epinephrine,” and “vasopressin.”Human Data SynthesisThe choice of vasopressor drug is unlikely to have a marked impact on outcome, but the incidence of adverse events (eg, tachycardia) varies greatly between the various treatment options. In agreement with the 2012 Cochrane Database consensus, norepinephrine is the first‐choice vasopressor to maintain a mean arterial pressure ≥65 mm Hg. If an additional agent is required, epinephrine should be administered. Low‐dose vasopressin can be added to norepinephrine to either increase the arterial blood pressure to the target goal value or decrease the norepinephrine dose, but should not be used as the initial vasopressor. Dopamine is not recommended except in highly selected circumstances.Veterinary Data SynthesisThere is insufficient evidence to make definitive conclusions regarding the treatment of naturally occurring septic shock, but clinical studies are underway to provide further data.ConclusionsThe treatment of hypotension in people or animals with septic shock is challenging and vasopressor therapy is associated with a variety of adverse effects. Further research is warranted in dogs and cats to establish evidence‐based guidelines.
Computed Tomographic and Low‐Field Magnetic Resonance Arthrography: A Comparison of Techniques For Observing Intra‐articular Structures of the Normal Canine Shoulder
Authors: De Rycke Lieve M. , Gielen Ingrid M. , Dingemanse Walter , Kromhout Kaatje , van Bree Henri 
Published: February 2015

ObjectiveTo compare low‐field magnetic resonance arthrography (MRA) and computed tomographic arthrography (CTA) for identification of intra‐articular ligaments and joint cartilage in the normal canine shoulder with the aid of cross‐sectional anatomy.AnimalsNormal adult Foxhounds (n = 3) and 4 Foxhound cadaver shoulders.MethodsCTA of 3 dogs was performed after intra‐articular administration of contrast medium in both shoulders. Transverse slices and reformatted sagittal and dorsal images were obtained. Later, an MRA study of all 6 shoulder joints was performed using a low‐field system. T1‐ and T2‐weighted images were made in 3 planes, arthrography performed, and T1‐weighted images repeated. Unrelated cadaver shoulder joints were injected with red methylmethacrylate, frozen, and sectioned into dorsal, sagittal, and transverse sections. Representative anatomic images were compared with the CTA, MRA, and T2‐weighted images.ResultsThe joint cartilage was identified on all CTA images. The glenohumeral ligaments were clearly visible on the transverse and dorsal CTA and MRA images but were not detected on the T2‐weighted sequences. The biceps tendon could be evaluated on all images. The supraspinatus, infraspinatus, and subscapularis muscle tendons were most easily identified on the MRA and T2‐weighted MR images.ConclusionsCTA was useful for seeing articular cartilage and both CTA and MRA were useful for seeing the normal glenohumeral ligaments; however, further research is needed to examine each technique's sensitivity for diagnosing the pathology of these ligaments and any associated lesions of the capsule, tendon, and bone, and for determining the clinical importance of CTA for evaluating loose fragments or osteochondral lesions.
Genus-2 curves and Jacobians with a given number of points
Authors: Bröker Reinier , Howe Everett W. , Lauter Kristin E. , Stevenhagen Peter 
Published: February 2015

AbstractWe study the problem of efficiently constructing a curve$C$of genus $2$over a finite field$\mathbb{F}$for which either the curve$C$itself or its Jacobian has a prescribed number$N$of$\mathbb{F}$-rational points.In the case of the Jacobian, we show that any ‘CM-construction’ to produce the required genus-$2$curves necessarily takes time exponential in the size of its input.On the other hand, we provide an algorithm for producing a genus-$2$curve with a given number of points that, heuristically, takes polynomial time for most input values. We illustrate the practical applicability of this algorithm by constructing a genus-$2$curve having exactly$10^{2014}+9703$(prime) points, and two genus-$2$curves each having exactly$10^{2013}$points.In an appendix we provide a complete parametrization, over an arbitrary base field$k$of characteristic neither two nor three, of the family of genus-$2$curves over$k$that have$k$-rational degree-$3$maps to elliptic curves, including formulas for the genus-$2$curves, the associated elliptic curves, and the degree-$3$maps.Supplementary materials are available with this article.
Nox4 supports proper capillary growth in exercise and retina neo‐vascularization
Authors: Vogel Juri , Kruse Christoph , Zhang Min , Schröder Katrin 
Published: February 2015

Key points
We provide evidence for two distinct functions of the NADPH oxidase Nox4 in angiogenesis using Nox4 knockout mice.
First, Nox4 maintains vascular endothelial growth factor expression and prevents an increase in angiopoietin 1 expression, thereby contributing to angiogenesis in exercise.
Second, deletion of Nox4, via an enhanced angiopoietin 1 expression, contributes to stabilization of new formed vessels and prevents an exacerbated neo‐angiogenesis in oxygen‐induced retinopathy.
By contrast, Nox4 does not influence developmental angiogenesis.
AbstractBy producing H2O2, the NADPH oxidase Nox4 is involved in hypoxia‐induced angiogenesis, as present in vascular remodelling of the hypertrophic heart or blood flow recovery after hind limb ischaemia. In the present study, we hypothesized that Nox4 contributes to proper capillary growth in the retina and in exercised muscles and investigated this in wild‐type and Nox4−/− mice. Exercise, as induced by voluntary running in a running wheel or forced running on a treadmill, stimulated capillary growth in wild‐type but not Nox4−/− mice. As an underlying mechanism, we identified both vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression to be reduced and angiopoietin 1 (Ang1) expression to be increased in response to Nox4 knockout. To differentiate the two factors, oxygen‐induced retinopathy was investigated. In this model, deletion of Nox4 protected from neo‐angiogenesis and stabilized the network of regrown vessels, which is a typical feature of Ang1. However the angiogenesis in the developing retina was similar between Nox4−/− and wild‐type mice. Thus, Nox4 contributes to exercise‐ and hypoxia‐induced angiogenesis through a dual mechanism of maintaining VEGF and preventing Ang‐1 expression, whereas the developmental angiogenesis is Nox4 independent.
Use of IgG in Oral Fluid To Monitor Infants with Suspected Congenital Toxoplasmosis
Authors: Chapey Emmanuelle , Meroni Valeria , Kieffer François , Bollani Lina , Ecochard René , Garcia Patricia , Wallon Martine , Peyron François 
Published: February 2015

ABSTRACTInfants born to mothers who seroconverted for toxoplasmosis during pregnancy are at risk of sequelae. In the case of a negative work-up at birth, congenital infection can be ruled out only by monitoring the disappearance of maternal immunoglobulin G (IgG) transmitted through the placenta, which can be achieved by regular blood sampling during the first year. To alleviate the discomfort of this follow-up, we developed an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to detect specific IgG diffusing passively from the blood through the gingival epithelium by collecting oral fluid on microsponges. To assess the feasibility of the test, 212 patients were first enrolled. Levels of specific IgG in oral fluid were significantly higher in seropositive (n= 195) than in seronegative (n= 17) patients (mean optical densities, 1.145 ± 0.99 versus 0.092 ± 0.127;P< 0.0001). In a population of 93 patients <15 months of age born to mothers who displayed toxoplasmic infection during pregnancy, 70 were free of congenital infection and were followed up until their serology turned negative, and 23 were congenitally infected. The same patterns of IgG were observed in the oral fluid and sera in each group. Using a cutoff of 0.04 (optical density value), the sensitivity and specificity of the test were 67.9% and 80.3%, respectively, and the probability of not having a congenital infection when the test on oral fluid was negative was 99%. Although the performance of the test needs to be improved, oral fluid sampling appears to be a promising tool for monitoring infants with suspected congenital toxoplasmosis.
Shigella Outer Membrane Protein PSSP-1 Is Broadly Protective against Shigella Infection
Authors: Kim Jae-Ouk , Rho Semi , Kim Su Hee , Kim Heejoo , Song Hyo Jin , Kim Eun Jin , Kim Ryang Yeo , Kim Eun Hye , Sinha Anuradha , Dey Ayan , Yang Jae Seung , Song Man Ki , Nandy Ranjan Kumar , Czerkinsky Cecil , Kim Dong Wook 
Published: February 2015

ABSTRACTIn developing countries,Shigellais a primary cause of diarrhea in infants and young children. Although antibiotic therapy is an effective treatment for shigellosis, therapeutic options are narrowing due to the emergence of antibiotic resistance. Thus, preventive vaccination could become the most efficacious approach for controlling shigellosis. We have identified several conserved protein antigens that are shared by multipleShigellaserotypes and species. Among these, one antigen induced cross-protection against experimental shigellosis, and we have named it pan-Shigellasurface protein 1 (PSSP-1). PSSP-1-induced protection requires a mucosal administration route and coadministration of an adjuvant. When PSSP-1 was administered intranasally, it induced cross-protection againstShigella flexneriserotypes 2a, 5a, and 6,Shigella boydii,Shigella sonnei, andShigella dysenteriaeserotype 1. Intradermally administered PSSP-1 induced strong serum antibody responses but failed to induce protection in the mouse lung pneumonia model. In contrast, intranasal administration elicited efficient local and systemic antibody responses and production of interleukin 17A and gamma interferon. Interestingly, blood samples from patients with recent-onset shigellosis showed variable but significant mucosal antibody responses to other conservedShigellaprotein antigens but not to PSSP-1. We suggest that PSSP-1 is a promising antigen for a broadly protective vaccine againstShigella.
Role of Type I Interferon Signaling in Human Metapneumovirus Pathogenesis and Control of Viral Replication
Authors: Hastings Andrew K. , Erickson John J. , Schuster Jennifer E. , Boyd Kelli L. , Tollefson Sharon J. , Johnson Monika , Gilchuk Pavlo , Joyce Sebastian , Williams John V. 
Published: February 2015

ABSTRACTType I IFN signaling, which is initiated through activation of the alpha interferon receptor (IFNAR), regulates the expression of proteins that are crucial contributors to immune responses. Paramyxoviruses, including human metapneumovirus (HMPV), have evolved mechanisms to inhibit IFNAR signaling, but the specific contribution of IFNAR signaling to the control of HMPV replication, pathogenesis, and adaptive immunity is unknown. We used IFNAR-deficient (IFNAR−/−) mice to assess the effect of IFNAR signaling on HMPV replication and the CD8+T cell response. HMPV-infected IFNAR−/−mice had a higher peak of early viral replication but cleared the virus with kinetics similar to those of wild-type (WT) mice. However, IFNAR−/−mice infected with HMPV displayed less airway dysfunction and lung inflammation. CD8+T cells of IFNAR−/−mice after HMPV infection expressed levels of the inhibitory receptor programmed death 1 (PD-1) similar to those of WT mice. However, despite lower expression of inhibitory programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1), HMPV-specific CD8+T cells of IFNAR−/−mice were more functionally impaired than those of WT mice and upregulated the inhibitory receptor Tim-3. Analysis of the antigen-presenting cell subsets in the lungs revealed that the expansion of PD-L1lowdendritic cells (DCs), but not PD-L1highalveolar macrophages, was dependent on IFNAR signaling. Collectively, our results indicate a role for IFNAR signaling in the early control of HMPV replication, disease progression, and the development of an optimal adaptive immune response. Moreover, our findings suggest an IFNAR-independent mechanism of lung CD8+T cell impairment.IMPORTANCEHuman metapneumovirus (HMPV) is a leading cause of acute respiratory illness. CD8+T cells are critical for clearing viral infection, yet recent evidence shows that HMPV and other respiratory viruses induce CD8+T cell impairment via PD-1–PD-L1 signaling. We sought to understand the role of type I interferon (IFN) in the innate and adaptive immune responses to HMPV by using a mouse model lacking IFN signaling. Although HMPV titers were higher in the absence of type I IFN, virus was nonetheless cleared and mice were less ill, indicating that type I IFN is not required to resolve HMPV infection but contributes to pathogenesis. Further, despite lower levels of the inhibitory ligand PD-L1 in mice lacking type I IFN, CD8+T cells were more impaired in these mice than in WT mice. Our data suggest that specific antigen-presenting cell subsets and the inhibitory receptor Tim-3 may contribute to CD8+T cell impairment.
Analyses of Alternatively Processed Genes in Ciliates Provide Insights into the Origins of Scrambled Genomes and May Provide a Mechanism for Speciation
Authors: Gao Feng , Roy Scott W. , Katz Laura A. 
Published: February 2015

ABSTRACT

Chromosome rearrangements occur in a variety of eukaryotic life cycles, including during the development of the somatic macronuclear genome in ciliates. Previous work on the phyllopharyngean ciliate Chilodonella uncinata revealed that macronuclear β-tubulin and protein kinase gene families share alternatively processed germ line segments nested within divergent regions. To study genome evolution in this ciliate further, we characterized two additional alternatively processed gene families from two cryptic species of the ciliate morphospecies C. uncinata: those encoding histidine acid phosphatase protein (
Hap
) and leishmanolysin family protein (
Lei
). Analyses of the macronuclear
Hap
and
Lei
sequences reveal that each gene family consists of three members in the macronucleus that are marked by identical regions nested among highly divergent regions. Investigation of the micronuclear
Hap
sequences revealed a complex pattern in which the three macronuclear sequences are derived either from a single micronuclear region or from a combination of this shared region recombined with additional duplicate micronuclear copies of
Hap
. We propose a model whereby gene scrambling evolves by gene duplication followed by partial and reciprocal degradation of the duplicate sequences. In this model, alternative processing represents an intermediate step in the evolution of scrambled genes. Finally, we speculate on the possible role of genome architecture in speciation in ciliates by describing what might happen if changes in alternatively processed loci occur in subdivided populations.

IMPORTANCE
Genome rearrangements occur in a variety of eukaryotic cells and serve as an important mechanism for generating genomic diversity. The unusual genome architecture of ciliates with separate germline and somatic nuclei in each cell, provides an ideal system to study further principles of genome evolution. Previous analyses revealed complex forms of chromosome rearrangements, including gene scrambling and alternative processing of germ line chromosomes. Here we describe more complex rearrangements between germ line and somatic chromosomes than previously seen in alternatively processed gene families. Drawing on the present and previous findings, we propose a model in which alternative processing of duplicated micronuclear regions represents an intermediate stage in the evolution of scrambled genes. Under this model, alternative processing may provide insights into a mechanism for speciation in ciliates. Our data on gene scrambling and alternative processing also enhance views on the dynamic nature of genomes across the eukaryotic tree of life.
Assessing beliefs and risk perceptions on smoking and smoking cessation in immigrant Chinese adult smokers residing in Vancouver, Canada: a cross-sectional study
Authors: FitzGerald J Mark , Poureslami Iraj , Shum Jessica 
Published: February 2015

ObjectivesWe aimed to conduct culturally-based participatory research to assess cultural and belief contexts for smoking behaviours within Mandarin and Cantonese communities. Outcome variables were smoking-related knowledge, smoking patterns, attitudes and beliefs, and perceived barriers and facilitators to successful cessation.DesignA community-based approach was applied involving smokers, community key-informants and professionals in study design and implementation. Initially, focus groups were conducted and findings were used to develop study instrument. Participants responded once to study questionnaire after informed consent.SettingCommunity based in the Greater Vancouver Area, Canada.Participants16 Chinese smokers participated in focus groups and subsequently, 167 current Chinese immigrant (137 males and 30 females) smokers from Mandarin and Cantonese communities, recruited with the help of community agencies and collaborating physicians, were enrolled in a cross-sectional study.ResultsWe found that a majority believed smoking was harmful on their health. Younger smokers (<35 years of age) did not mind smoking in front of young children compared to older smokers (≥35 years of age) (p<0.001). People with high school or lower levels of education believed that they would benefit more from smoking than suffering from withdrawal symptoms compared to better educated smokers (p<0.05). Mandarin smokers were significantly more likely to encourage others to quit than Cantonese smokers (p<0.05). Many indicated not receiving adequate support from care providers and lack of access to culturally and linguistically appropriate cessation programmes impacted on their ability to quit smoking.ConclusionsOur study highlighted the importance of tobacco beliefs and perceptions among Mandarin and Cantonese speaking immigrants with limited access to healthcare information and for younger smokers whose attention to health consequences of smoking may be limited as well. Study participants were generally aware of the health risks and were willing to quit. Access to appropriate cessation programmes would fulfil their willingness.