bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthesis, Enzymatic Resolution, and Stereochemical Characterization of Isoparaconic Acid Derivatives: A Combined Experimental and Theoretical Investigation
Authors: Felluga Fulvia , Forzato Cristina , Mazzeo Giuseppe , Nitti Patrizia , Pitacco Giuliana , Superchi Stefano 
Published: July 2014

ABSTRACTEnantiomerically enriched isoparaconic acid derivatives were obtained by kinetic enzymatic resolution. To explain the solvent dependence observed for their optical rotatory power a computational investigation of their chiroptical properties was performed. Chirality 26:640–650, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Trigeminal laser‐evoked potentials: A neurophysiological tool to detect post‐surgical outcome in trigeminovascular contact neuralgia
Authors: Squintani G. , Turri M. , Donato F. , Tinazzi M. , Masotto B. , Tramontano V. , Talacchi A. , Sala F. , Moretto G. , Valeriani M. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractBackgroundThe aim of this study was to explore the nociceptive system of patients affected by trigeminal neuralgia (TN) secondary to documented vascular contact who underwent microvascular decompression. For that purpose, we used the classical trigeminal reflexes and the trigeminal laser‐evoked potentials (tLEPs) before and after surgery, in order to verify any possible change after decompression and determine if there was any correlation between the neurophysiological parameters and the clinical outcome.MethodsEleven patients affected by TN caused by trigeminovascular contact and 10 age‐matched controls underwent conventional trigeminal reflexes (bilateral Blink Reflex/BR and Masseter Inhibitory Reflex stimulating infraorbital and mental nerves/MIR V2 and V3) and tLEPs. Patients repeated neurophysiological tests one week after surgery.ResultsShort‐latency BR and MIR were normal in all patients before surgery and there was no statistical difference before and after surgery. Conversely, in patients before surgery, tLEPs' amplitudes were significantly lower in the affected than in the healthy side (p = 0.017 for V2 and 0.037 for V3 branches). After surgery, on the affected side, tLEP amplitude increased and the pre/post‐operative difference was significant (p = 0.017 for V2 and 0.028 for V3 divisions). Nine patients referred satisfactory pain relief and the favourable clinical outcome correlated with the neurophysiological recovery.ConclusionsThis study demonstrates that TN caused by trigeminovascular compression may be related to Aδ fibres impairment, and tLEPs are more sensitive than conventional trigeminal reflexes to reveal small fibre dysfunction and to monitor the post‐surgical outcome in these patients.
An investigation into the stability of microemulsions in electrophoresis
Authors: Chang Chia‐Wen , Chen Yu‐Cheng , Liu Chuen‐Ying 
Published: July 2014

A typical oil‐in‐water microemulsion (ME) was applied for the capillary electrophoretic separation of nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). As the high‐pH ME was introduced into the capillary and a voltage was applied, we observed an unusual phenomenon during the preconditioning process: a sharp inflection point occurred at 56.2 min ( ± 4.8%) (N = 15). Both before (region A) and after (region B) that point, a steady state was observed. Highly reproducible results were obtained for this event. Two different absorbance patterns were observed for the hydrostatic injection of either freshly prepared ME or ME collected from the outlet of the capillary column during the steady state of region B. The latter had an inflection point at approximately 9 min, whereas the former had a constant absorbance over the entire range. To further characterize this property, regions A and B were used for the separation of NSAIDs. The results showed that both the detection limit and the reproducibility of the separation were superior in region B. For deep insight into the stability of the ME in an electric field, the effects of the oil, cosurfactant, pH, and voltage were systematically investigated in the neat ME. From our findings, it can be concluded that the inflection time might be the migration time of the ME in an electric field, and it might actually be the result of equilibration. Moreover, the existence of many unexpected phenomena seems to be the result of a change in the properties of ME droplet in an electric field.
Far‐red light (720 or 740 nm) improves growth and changes the chemical composition of Chlorella vulgaris
Authors: Kula Monika , Rys Magdalena , Skoczowski Andrzej 
Published: July 2014

Far‐red (FR) light is crucial for the efficiency of photosynthesis and photomorphogenetic activity. This study investigated whether FR light at different wavelengths affects the Chlorella vulgaris biomass growth rate and chemical composition. For this purpose, FR was added to the blue–red (R) light at the wavelength of 720 nm (BRFR720L [blue + R + FR 720 nm light]) or 740 nm (BRFR740L [blue + R + FR 740 nm light]). BRFR740L allowed both higher growth rate and increased amount of total biomass compared to BRFR720L (blue + R + FR 720 nm light). The chemical composition of C. vulgaris biomass, analyzed by FT‐Raman spectroscopy on lyophilized cells, significantly correlated with the applied FR component. The differences in lipid, carotenoid, and chlorophyll contents were particularly evident and all were higher in BRFR740L. Fluorescence emissions spectra of C. vulgaris cells were measured in the range 420–800 nm in the cuvette equipped with a magnetic stirrer preventing sedimentation of the cells during measurement. In the blue–green range (420–650 nm) fluorescence emission spectra indicated that changes in the chemical composition of phenolic compounds in the algae depended on the wavelength of FR used in LED matrices. This work showed that the use of FR of a wavelength 740 nm in the bioreactor's light source significantly improves biomass production of C. vulgaris cultures.
Novel Cell Lines Isolated From Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells Exhibiting De Novo Methylation of the E-Cadherin Promoter
Authors: Hawkins Kate , Keramari Maria , Soncin Francesca , Segal Joe M. , Mohamet Lisa , Miazga Natalie , Ritson Sarah , Bobola Nicoletta , Merry Catherine L. R. , Ward Christopher M. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) and epiblast stem cells represent the naïve and primed pluripotent states, respectively. These cells self-renew via distinct signaling pathways and can transition between the two states in the presence of appropriate growth factors. Manipulation of signaling pathways has therefore allowed the isolation of novel pluripotent cell types such as Fibroblast growth factor, Activin and BIO-derived stem cells and IESCs. However, the effect of cell seeding density on pluripotency remains unexplored. In this study, we have examined whether mESCs can epigenetically regulate E-cadherin to enter a primed-like state in response to low cell seeding density. We show that low density seeding in the absence of leukaemia inhibitory factor (LIF) induces decreased apoptosis and maintenance of pluripotency via Activin/Nodal, concomitant with loss of E-cadherin, Signal transducer and activator of transcription phosphorylation, and chimera-forming ability. These cells, E-cadherin negative proliferating stem cells (ENPSCs) can be reverted to a naïve phenotype by addition of LIF or forced E-cadherin expression. However, prolonged culture of ENPSCs without LIF leads to methylation of the E-cadherin promoter (ENPSCM), which cannot be reversed by LIF supplementation, and increased histone H3K27 and decreased H3K4 trimethylation. Transcript analysis of ENPSCM revealed a primed-like phenotype and their differentiation leads to enrichment of neuroectoderm cells. The generation of ENPSCs is similar to tumorigenesis as ENPSCs exhibit transcript alterations associated with neoplasia, hyperplasia, carcinoma, and metastasis. We therefore describe a novel cell model to elucidate the role of E-cadherin in pluripotency and to investigate epigenetic regulation of this gene during mESC differentiation and tumor metastasis. Stem Cells 2014;32:2869–2879
Satellite remote sensing data can be used to model marine microbial metabolite turnover
Authors: Larsen Peter E , Scott Nicole , Post Anton F , Field Dawn , Knight Rob , Hamada Yuki , Gilbert Jack A 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Sampling ecosystems, even at a local scale, at the temporal and spatial resolution necessary to capture natural variability in microbial communities are prohibitively expensive. We extrapolated marine surface microbial community structure and metabolic potential from 72 16S rRNA amplicon and 8 metagenomic observations using remotely sensed environmental parameters to create a system-scale model of marine microbial metabolism for 5904 grid cells (49 km2) in the Western English Chanel, across 3 years of weekly averages. Thirteen environmental variables predicted the relative abundance of 24 bacterial Orders and 1715 unique enzyme-encoding genes that encode turnover of 2893 metabolites. The genes’ predicted relative abundance was highly correlated (Pearson Correlation 0.72, P-value &lt;10−6) with their observed relative abundance in sequenced metagenomes. Predictions of the relative turnover (synthesis or consumption) of CO2 were significantly correlated with observed surface CO2 fugacity. The spatial and temporal variation in the predicted relative abundances of genes coding for cyanase, carbon monoxide and malate dehydrogenase were investigated along with the predicted inter-annual variation in relative consumption or production of ∼3000 metabolites forming six significant temporal clusters. These spatiotemporal distributions could possibly be explained by the co-occurrence of anaerobic and aerobic metabolisms associated with localized plankton blooms or sediment resuspension, which facilitate the presence of anaerobic micro-niches. This predictive model provides a general framework for focusing future sampling and experimental design to relate biogeochemical turnover to microbial ecology.
Ultrafast Ramsey interferometry to implement cold atomic qubit gates
Authors: Lim Jongseok , Lee Han-gyeol , Lee Sangkyung , Park Chang-Yong , Ahn Jaewook 
Published: July 2014

AbstractQuantum computing is based on unitary operations in a two-level quantum system, a qubit, as the fundamental building block and the ability to perform qubit operations in an amount of time that is considerably shorter than the coherence time is an essential requirement for quantum computation. Here, we present an experimental demonstration of arbitrary single-qubit SU(2) quantum gate operations achieved at a terahertz clock speed. Implemented by coherent control methods of tailored ultrafast laser interaction with cold rubidium atomic qubits, Bloch vector manipulation about all three rotational axes was successfully demonstrated. The dynamic evolution of the qubits was successfully measured by devised femtosecond Ramsey interferometry. We anticipate this demonstration to be a starting point to process quantum algorithm in a simplified manner by a programmed sequence of femtosecond laser pulses.
Novel Multiarm Polyethylene glycol-Dihydroartemisinin Conjugates Enhancing Therapeutic Efficacy in Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer
Authors: Dai Lin , Wang Luying , Deng Lihong , Liu Jing , Lei Jiandu , Li Dan , He Jing 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThe clinical application of dihydroartemisinin (DHA) has been hampered due to its poor water-solubility. To overcome this hurdle, we devised a novel polymer-drug conjugate, multiarm polyethylene glycol-dihydroartemisinin (PEG-DHA), made by linking DHA with multiarm polyethylene glycol. Herein, we investigated PEG-DHA on chemical structure, hydrolysis, solubility, hemolysis, cell cytotoxicity in vitro and efficacy in vivo. The PEG-DHA conjugates have showed moderate drug loadings (2.82 ~ 8.14 wt%), significantly good water-solubilities (82- ~ 163-fold of DHA), excellent in vitro anticancer activities (at concentrations ≥8 μg/ml, showed only 15–20% cell viability) with potency similar to that of native DHA and long blood circulation half-time (5.75- ~ 16.75-fold of DHA). Subsequent tumor xenograft assays demonstrated a superior therapeutic effect of PEG-DHA on inhibition of tumor growth compared with native DHA. The novel PEG-DHA conjugates can not only improve the solubility and efficacy of DHA but also show the potential of scale-up production and clinical application.
Cerebrospinal fluid markers including trefoil factor 3 are associated with neurodegeneration in amyloid-positive individuals
Authors: Paterson R W , Bartlett J W , Blennow K , Fox N C ,   Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative, Shaw L M , Trojanowski J Q , Zetterberg H , Schott J M 
Published: July 2014

AbstractWe aimed to identify cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers associated with neurodegeneration in individuals with and without CSF evidence of Alzheimer pathology. We investigated 287 Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) subjects (age=74.9±6.9; 22/48/30% with Alzheimer’s disease/mild cognitive impairment/controls) with CSF multiplex analyte data and serial volumetric MRI. We calculated brain and hippocampal atrophy rates, ventricular expansion and Mini Mental State Examination decline. We used false discovery rate corrected regression analyses to assess associations between CSF variables and atrophy rates in individuals with and without amyloid pathology, adjusting in stages for tau, baseline volume, p-tau, age, sex, ApoE4 status and diagnosis. Analytes showing statistically significant independent relationships were entered into reverse stepwise analyses. Adjusting for tau, baseline volume, p-tau, age, sex and ApoE4, 4/83 analytes were significantly independently associated with brain atrophy rate, 1/83 with ventricular expansion and 2/83 with hippocampal atrophy. The strongest CSF predictor for the three atrophy measures was low trefoil factor 3 (TFF3). High cystatin C (CysC) was associated with higher whole brain atrophy and hippocampal atrophy rates. Lower levels of vascular endothelial growth factor and chromogranin A (CrA) were associated with higher whole brain atrophy. In exploratory reverse stepwise analyses, lower TFF3 was associated with higher rates of whole brain, hippocampal atrophy and ventricular expansion. Lower levels of CrA were associated with higher whole brain atrophy rate. The relationship between low TFF3 and increased hippocampal atrophy rate remained after adjustment for diagnosis. We identified a series of CSF markers that are independently associated with rate of neurodegeneration in amyloid-positive individuals. TFF3, a substrate for NOTCH processing may be an important biomarker of neurodegeneration across the Alzheimer spectrum.
Problem Solving Supervised Experience in the Schools
Authors: Monnin Lorraine M. , Peters Kathleen M. 
Published: July 2014

A directed-teaching program at California State University, Los Angeles, is described. This supervised experience in the public schools uses a systematic approach of reassessment and reevaluation combined with a well-balanced, academically sound background of courses and clinical work.
Whatever else we may be, I view us, in our professional field as basically problem solvers. There is, or should be, an orderly process about problem solving, beginning first with the ability to define what the problem is (Douglass, 1969, p. 13).
A Clinical Study of Twenty-seven Children Exhibiting Functional Hearing Loss
Authors: McCanna Donald L. , DeLapa Giacinto 
Published: July 2014

This report reviews 27 cases of children exhibiting functional hearing loss. The study reveals that most students were in the upper elementary grades and were predominantly females. These subjects were functioning below their ability level in school and were usually in conflict with school, home, or peers.
Tests used were selected on the basis of their helping to provide early identification. The subjects' oral and behavioral responses are presented, as well as ways of resolving the hearing problem. Some helpful counseling techniques are also presented.
Common Misconceptions About Oral Pharyngeal Structure and Function
Authors: Pannbacker Mary 
Published: July 2014

Many of the concepts about oral pharyngeal structure and function which were acceptable in the past are now totally unacceptable. Although advances have been made, some clinicians continue to use information based on erroneous concepts in making management decisions.
There are many reasons for considering these issues. Among them are: (a) the need for more reliable decisions about adequacy of the speech mechanism, and (b) the need for more adequate training.
Analysis of Successful Initiations of Three Children With Hearing Loss Mainstreamed in Kindergarten Classrooms
Authors: Hulsing Melissa Murphy , Luetke-Stahlman Barbara , Loeb Diane Frome , Nelson Peggy , Wegner Jane 
Published: July 2014

The communicative interactions of three mainstreamed children who are deaf or hard of hearing (deaf/HOH) were investigated. These children were matched with a classmate who had normal hearing (NH) according to chronological age, sex, race, and socioeconomic status (SES). All subjects were white females approximately 5 years of age. The subjects were videotaped while involved in normal classroom activities. The videotaped interactions were coded for: (a) activity, (b) play level, (c) partner, (d) interactive status, and (e) mode of communication.
Dyad interactions were analyzed for average length, frequency, and total number of interactions. The children’s interactions varied by child and classroom setting. Results regarding the success of initiations were that one subject who is deaf initiated less often and was more successful than her peer with NH; the other subject who is deaf initiated less often and was less successful than her peer with NH; and the subject who is HOH initiated more often and was less successful than her peer with NH. Factors found to affect the success of initiations were the number of children involved and the accompaniment of actions and/or gestures with spoken or signed communication. These results suggest that children who are deaf/HOH often are less successful at initiations than children with NH, but the success of the initiations by children who are deaf/HOH may depend on more variables than past research has led us to believe (Arnold & Tremblay, 1979; Lederberg, Ryan, & Robbins, 1986; Levy Shiff & Hoffman, 1985; Vandell & George, 1981). Possible factors that contribute to interactions and successful initiations by children who are deaf/HOH are discussed.
Hearing and Listening in a Typical Classroom
Authors: Palmer Catherine V. 
Published: July 2014

In the past, many educational audiologists dedicated the majority of their time to assessing the hearing status of students and providing listening solutions to those students with hearing loss. More recently, educational audiologists are positioning themselves (rightfully) as experts not only in hearing loss, but also in the acoustical environment for all students. In this role, audiologists are being called on to provide solutions for improving the listening environment in average classrooms that are full of students with normal hearing and with mild hearing impairment.
Although Flexer, Wray, and Ireland (1989) and Crandell, Smaldino, and Flexer (1995) have recently provided excellent reviews of classroom listening for the hearing professional, there is a need for a simple description of classroom listening for the educator, administrator, and parent. To assist local educational audiologists and classroom teachers in obtaining technology to enhance the classroom listening environment, the following article has been developed for use with administrators, school board members, and parents. The style is purposefully "chatty," and some terminology is simplified for the target audience.
Trying to Make Sense of Developmental Language Disorders
Authors: Kamhi Alan G. 
Published: July 2014

In this article, I share my thoughts concerning what children with developmental language disorders should be called, how they should be defined, and how we might differentiate children with specific language impairment (SLI) from other children with developmental language disorders. Among other things, I attempt to show why a lack of congruence between clinical and research constructs should be expected.
Researchers and clinicians use different identification criterion and procedures because clinical and educational objectives are different from research objectives. While recognizing these differences, I suggest several possible ways to differentiate a subgroup of children with SLI from the general population of children with developmental language disorders without using nonverbal IQ. Even if researchers are able to identify this unique group of children, clinicians may never embrace the SLI construct.
In the best of all possible worlds, clinicians would be familiar with how researchers define SLI and appreciate the value of research that attempts to identify distinct subgroups of children with developmental language disorders. Researchers, in this ideal world, would recognize and acknowledge the lack of congruence between the research populations of SLI and the larger clinical population of children with developmental language disorders.
Cost Justifications for Multifrequency Tympanometry
Authors: Hanks Wendy D. , Robinette Martin 
Published: July 2014

MFT has the potential to become the standard of care when dealing with possible middle ear pathologies. By applying those applications appropriate to the individual practice, and with a reasonable marketing effort, the cost of MFT-capable equipment should be readily recoverable.
Finally, and most importantly, MFT is being shown in the current literature to be a better diagnostic tool than traditional tympanometry and to improve the level of care being provided to many clients by the audiologist and the physician. In my mind, this alone justifies the expenditure.
Congenital Cytomegalovirus and Deafness
Authors: Schildroth Arthur N. 
Published: July 2014

Although the incidence of medical and neurological problems resulting from congenital cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is relatively low, the widespread and indiscriminate nature of this infection and the severity of these conditions when they do occur are such that it warrants the close attention of medical specialists, audiologists, and educators. The identification of congenital CMV is especially difficult because of its largely nonsymptomatic character, and because conditions associated with it, including hearing impairment, can be either progressive in nature or occur only later in life. Data reviewed in this study resemble those reported for children with impaired hearing from the 1964–65 maternal rubella epidemic: hearing loss in the severe to profound range, often accompanied by serious additional disabilities, especially mental retardation and cerebral palsy. Depressed achievement test results of children with CMV-induced hearing loss are further indications of the serious nature of this disease.The presence of any symptoms of CMV infection in infants or of risk factors associated with it—e.g., purplish skin rash, severe asphyxia, jaundice, low birth weight, swollen lymph glands, and other mononucleosis-like symptoms—signals the need for immediate testing, including audiological evaluation, and, if results are positive, the initiation of early medical and educational intervention.