bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Accuracy of different temperature reading techniques and associated stress response in hospitalized dogs
Authors: Gomart Samantha B. , Allerton Fergus J. W. , Gommeren Kris 
Published: April 2014

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate the accuracy and associated induced stress response of axillary, auricular, and rectal thermometry in hospitalized dogs.DesignProspective observational study from October 2011 to February 2012.SettingUniversity veterinary teaching hospital.AnimalsTwo hundred fifty hospitalized dogs. All hospitalized dogs were considered eligible unless their condition precluded measurement at one of the designated sites.InterventionsA veterinary auricular infrared device for auricular temperature (OT) and an electronic predictive thermometer for rectal temperature (RT) and axillary temperature (AT) were used for temperature measurements. All recordings were obtained by the same investigator in a randomized fashion. Heart rate was noted before and immediately after each measurement. Stress behaviors (eg, vocalization, lip licking, shaking, panting, defensive behavior) were also recorded and graded from 0 (lowest) to 4 (highest). Signalment, analgesic therapy, and length of hospitalization were recorded.Measurements and Main ResultsRT measurements were associated with greatest increase in heart rate (P< 0.05). Scores obtained for defensive behavior, lip licking, and vocalization were lowest with AT and highest with RT measurements (P< 0.05).Mean RT, AT, and OT were 38.0°C (SD: 0.85°C), 37.0°C (SD: 0.99°C), and 37.23°C (SD: 1.0382°C), respectively. AT and OT were moderately correlated with RT (r= 0.70 andr= 0.64, respectively). Gender (P= 0.02) and coat length (P= 0.03) had a significant influence on results. No effect of dehydration, body condition, analgesia, age, reproductive status, or operator experience was observed (P> 0.05).ConclusionsAT and to a lesser extent OT are reliable, less stressful alternatives to estimate RT in dogs. Further studies are needed to evaluate these techniques in hyperthermic dogs, and to evaluate the use of AT and OT as monitoring tools in intensive care patients.
Measuring level of agreement between values obtained by directly measured blood pressure and ultrasonic Doppler flow detector in cats
Authors: da Cunha Anderson F. , Saile Katrin , Beaufrère Hugues , Wolfson Wendy , Seaton Diana , Acierno Mark J. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractObjectiveTo determine if blood pressure measured with an ultrasonic Doppler flow detector (Doppler) is in good agreement with directly measured blood pressures in anesthetized cats.DesignProspective observational study.SettingUniversity veterinary teaching hospital.AnimalsThirty‐nine cats undergoing routine neutering.InterventionsCats were divided into 2 groups; 19 cats enrolled in Group A had a 24‐Ga catheter inserted into a dorsal pedal artery; 20 cats in Group B had a 20‐Ga catheter placed in a femoral artery. In both groups, systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial pressures were directly measured using a validated pressure measurement system. Indirect values were compared against direct blood pressure measurements.ResultsThere was no difference between groups. Overall, there was poor agreement with a significant bias observed between Doppler and directly measured blood pressures. For the systolic arterial pressure the bias was −8.8 with limits of agreements (LOA) of −39.3 and 21.7. For the mean arterial pressure, the bias was 14.0 with LOA of −13.9 and 41.9. For the diastolic arterial pressure, the bias was 27.9 with LOA of −4.4 and 60.2. Methodology, weight, sex, and replicates did not have a significant effect on the difference between indirect and direct measurements in any model.ConclusionsResults suggest poor agreement between Doppler values and directly measured blood pressures in anesthetized cats. Use of Doppler in cats could be misleading and readings should be interpreted with caution in a clinical context.
Massive transoceanic gene flow in a freshwater turtle (Testudines: Geoemydidae: Mauremys rivulata)
Authors: Vamberger Melita , Stuckas Heiko , Ayaz Dinçer , Lymberakis Petros , Široký Pavel , Fritz Uwe 
Published: April 2014

The freshwater turtle Mauremys rivulata ranges from the Adriatic coast of the Balkan Peninsula through the Aegean region and coastal western and southern Turkey southwards to Israel. In addition, it occurs on several Aegean islands, Crete and Cyprus. Previous investigations using mtDNA sequences found virtually no genetic differentiation across its distribution range, despite some major biogeographical barriers for terrestrial and freshwater biota. Thus, the absence of any phylogeographical differentiation would be unexpected. To re‐examine genetic differentiation within M. rivulata, here we use a comprehensive rangewide sampling and information of 13 unlinked polymorphic microsatellite loci and compare these data against mtDNA variation. Our microsatellite analyses reveal a weak population structuring which conflicts, however, with most biogeographical barriers. We conclude that the genetic structure in the vast majority of the species' range has been shaped by massive transoceanic gene flow. This explanation is unlikely for the northernmost populations, which seem rather to be genetically impacted by intentionally released foreign turtles.
Ramification theory and perfectoid spaces
Authors: Hattori Shin 
Published: April 2014

AbstractLet $K_1$ and $K_2$ be complete discrete valuation fields of residue characteristic $p>0$. Let $\pi _{K_1}$ and $\pi _{K_2}$ be their uniformizers. Let $L_1/K_1$ and $L_2/K_2$ be finite extensions with compatible isomorphisms of rings $\mathcal{O}_{K_1}/(\pi _{K_1}^m)\, {\simeq }\, \mathcal{O}_{K_2}/(\pi _{K_2}^m)$ and $\mathcal{O}_{L_1}/(\pi _{K_1}^m)\, {\simeq }\, \mathcal{O}_{L_2}/(\pi _{K_2}^m)$ for some positive integer $m$ which is no more than the absolute ramification indices of $K_1$ and $K_2$. Let $j\leq m$ be a positive rational number. In this paper, we prove that the ramification of $L_1/K_1$ is bounded by $j$ if and only if the ramification of $L_2/K_2$ is bounded by $j$. As an application, we prove that the categories of finite separable extensions of $K_1$ and $K_2$ whose ramifications are bounded by $j$ are equivalent to each other, which generalizes a theorem of Deligne to the case of imperfect residue fields. We also show the compatibility of Scholl’s theory of higher fields of norms with the ramification theory of Abbes–Saito, and the integrality of small Artin and Swan conductors of $p$-adic representations with finite local monodromy.
Performance Comparison for Aeroengine-Type Sump Geometries
Authors: Chandra Budi , Simmons Kathy , Keeler Benjamin 
Published: April 2014

Oil removal from aeroengine bearing chambers presents a challenge for aeroengine designers. Effective scavenging of oil is necessary to avoid excessive heat in the bearing chamber as this may lead to degradation of oil properties and deterioration in heat transfer functionality. However the task of oil removal is not trivial. Oil is entrained in a highly rotating environment induced by rotating shafts. An aeroengine scavenge pump must remove both air and oil from the chamber and the ratio of the two fluids depends on pump operating point as well as the geometry of the exit region.
The University of Nottingham Technology Centre in Gas Turbine Transmission Systems is conducting an on-going experimental programme investigating liquid and gas flow behaviour in a relevant highly rotating environment. Previously reported work [2, 4] in combination with work conducted by Purdue University [3, 5] suggests that a deeper sump may help to reduce residence volume.
More recently a study has been conducted that investigates geometries incorporating features sometimes included in aeroengine scavenge. Three very different exit geometries were investigated experimentally using chamber residence volume as a parameter of comparison. Data for one of these, the so called Curved Wall Deep Sump (CWDS), has already been reported in [4]. This paper presents residence volume data for all three sumps over a range of shaft speeds, inlet flow rates and scavenge ratios. Trends are analysed and presented and areas for future work identified.
Evaluation of Metal Wire Network ‘Kana-ami’ Structure Between Expert and Non-Expert
Authors: Wang Zelong , Endo Atsushi , Koshino Tetsushi , Tsuji Toru , Tsuji Ken-ichi 
Published: April 2014

As well known, Kyoto was a capital city of Japan with one thousand years history. The long ancient culture brings out a serious of traditional craft products, such as ‘Kana-ami’ — a kind of metal wire network. ‘Kana-ami’ was all made by hand work, for this reason there was no industrial pollution produced during the manufacturing process. In other words, ‘Kana-ami’ is a kind of green manufacturing product, whose processing motion and working experience make a big effect on final products’ quality. Product’s quality was judged by the standard structure of ‘Kana-ami’, which was established and developed in the long course of history and culture. That aesthetical standard has already been consistently rooted into Japanese peoples’ heart deeply. Dated back to around 50 years before, there were about 30 handmade wire net shops in Kyoto. However, it has decreased dramatic until 7 shops now. Therefore, it is urgent time to pay attention to this severe reality and try to do something to keep this traditional culture wealth and continue green manufacturing technique, skill to the next generation.
In this research, cooperating with ‘Kanaami Tsuji’ workshop, the excellent products of Mr.Tsuji and his son were chosen as the investigation subjects for Kana-ami’s structure comparison. As well known, ‘Kana-ami’ product made by Mr.Tsuji have already been widely accepted and preferred among Japanese people, even his son’s finish also has beautiful looking. Therefore, the main target of this study was to clarify the difference in shape and hexagon structure of ‘Kana-ami’ products made by Mr.Tsuji and his son through mathematical measurement. Based on this structure evaluation system, hexagon angles and length were discussed and analyzed in order to help his son and other beginners to inherit this Japanese traditional craft technology.
The Immediate Effects of an Anterior-To-Posterior Talar Mobilization on Neural Excitability, Dorsiflexion Range of Motion, and Dynamic Balance in Patients With Chronic Ankle Instability
Authors: Harkey Matthew , McLeod Michelle , Van Scoit Ashley , Terada Masafumi , Tevald Michael , Gribble Phillip , Pietrosimone Brian 
Published: April 2014

Context:Altered neuromuscular function and decreased dorsiflexion range of motion (DFROM) have been observed in patients with chronic ankle instability (CAI). Joint mobilizations are indicated for restoring DFROM and dynamic postural control, yet it remains unknown if a mobilization can alter neuromuscular excitability in muscles surrounding the ankle.Objective:To determine the immediate effects of a Maitland grade III anterior-to-posterior joint mobilization on spinal-reflex and corticospinal excitability in the fibularis longus (FL) and soleus (SOL), DFROM, and dynamic postural control.Design:Single-blinded randomized control trial.Setting:Research laboratory.Patients:30 patients with CAI randomized into a mobilization (n = 15) or control (n = 15) group.Intervention:Maitland grade III anterior-to-posterior joint mobilization.Main Outcome Measures:Spinal-reflex excitability was measured with the Hoffmann reflex, while corticospinal excitability was evaluated with transcranial magnetic stimulation. DFROM was measured seated with the knee extended, and dynamic postural control was quantified with the Star Excursion Balance Test. Separate 2 × 2 repeated-measures ANOVAs were performed for each outcome measure. Dependent t tests were used to evaluate individual differences within groups in the presence of significance.Results:Spinal-reflex and corticospinal excitability of the SOL and FL were not altered in the mobilization or control group (P > .05). DFROM increased immediately after the mobilization (P = .05) but not in the control group, while dynamic postural control was unchanged in both groups (P > .05).Conclusion:A single joint-mobilization treatment was efficacious at restoring DFROM in participants with CAI; however, excitability of spinal reflex and corticospinal pathways at the ankle and dynamic postural control were unaffected.
Misidentification of Saprochaete clavata as Magnusiomyces capitatus in Clinical Isolates: Utility of Internal Transcribed Spacer Sequencing and Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization–Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry and Importance of Reliable Databases
Authors: Desnos-Ollivier Marie , Blanc Catherine , Garcia-Hermoso Dea , Hoinard Damien , Alanio Alexandre , Dromer Françoise 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTSaprochaete clavataandMagnusiomyces capitatusare human pathogens that are frequently mistaken for each other due to their similar phenotypes and erroneous or limited databases. Based on internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences, we propose species-specific carbon assimilation patterns and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization–time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) fingerprints that enable the identification ofS. clavata,M. capitatus, andGalactomyces candidusto the species level.
Head-to-Head Comparison of Second-Generation Nucleic Acid Amplification Tests for Detection of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae on Urine Samples from Female Subjects and Self-Collected Vaginal Swabs
Authors: Chernesky Max , Jang Dan , Gilchrist Jodi , Hatchette Todd , Poirier André , Flandin Jean-Frederic , Smieja Marek , Ratnam Sam 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACT

In a comparison of 4 second-generation nucleic acid amplification tests performed with self-collected vaginal swab (SCVS) and first-void urine (FVU) specimens from 575 women, SCVS specimens indicated more infections than did FVU specimens in all assays. The prevalence rates were 9% (53/575 patients) for
Chlamydia trachomatis
and 2% (11/575 patients) for
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
. The clinical sensitivities for testing SCVS specimens for
C. trachomatis
were 98.1% on a Tigris system and 96.2% on a Panther system for the Aptima Combo 2 assay (Hologic Gen-Probe), 98.0% for the RealTi
m
e CT/NG assay on an m2000 instrument (Abbott), 90.6% for the ProbeTec CT/GC Q

x

assay on the Viper system (Becton Dickinson), and 84.6% for the cobas CT/NG assay on the cobas 4800 platform (Roche). Clinical sensitivities for
C. trachomatis
in FVU specimens were 88.7% (Tigris) and 88.0% (Panther) for the Aptima Combo 2 assay, 76.9% for the RealTi
m
e CT/NG assay, 75.5% for the ProbeTec CT/GC Q

x

assay, and 81.1% for the cobas CT/NG assay. Clinical sensitivities of the assays for
N. gonorrhoeae
, with limited positive results, ranged from 63.6% to 100%. Specificities for both infections ranged from 98.4 to 100%. Differences in analytical sensitivities and levels of molecular targets in clinical samples but not inhibitors of amplification may explain the differences in clinical sensitivities.
Dysfunction of Bovine Endogenous Retrovirus K2 Envelope Glycoprotein Is Related to Unsuccessful Intracellular Trafficking
Authors: Nakaya Yuki , Miyazawa Takayuki 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACT

Endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) are the remnants of retroviral infection of ancestral germ cells. Mutations introduced into ERVs halt the production of infectious agents, but their effects on the function of retroviral proteins are not fully understood. Retroviral envelope glycoproteins (Envs) are utilized in membrane fusion during viral entry, and we recently identified intact coding sequences for bovine endogenous retrovirus K1 (BERV-K1) and BERV-K2 Envs. Amino acid sequences of BERV-K1 Env (also called Fematrin-1) and BERV-K2 Env are similar, and both viruses are classified in the genus
Betaretrovirus
. While Fematrin-1 plays an important role in cell-to-cell fusion in bovine placenta, the BERV-K2 envelope gene is marginally expressed
in vivo
, and its recombinant Env protein is defective in membrane fusion due to inefficient cleavage of surface (SU) and transmembrane subunits. Here, we conducted chimeric analyses of Fematrin-1 and BERV-K2 Envs and revealed that defective maturation of BERV-K2 Env contributed to failed intracellular trafficking. Fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometric analysis suggested that in contrast to Fematrin-1 Env, BERV-K2 Env could not be transported from the endoplasmic reticulum to the
trans
-Golgi network, where cellular proteases required for processing retroviral Envs are localized. We also identified that one of the responsive regions of this phenomenon resided within a 65-amino-acid region of BERV-K2 SU. This is the first report to identify that retroviral Env SU is involved in the regulation of intracellular trafficking, and it may help to elucidate the maturation process of Fematrin-1 and other related Envs.

IMPORTANCE
Retroviruses utilize envelope glycoproteins (Envs) to enter host target cells. Mature retroviral Env is a heterodimer, which consists of surface (SU) and transmembrane (TM) subunits that are generated by the cleavage of an Env precursor protein in the
trans
-Golgi network. SU and TM mediate the recognition of the entry receptor and virus-host membrane fusion, respectively. However, unexplained issues remain for the maturation process of retroviral Env. We previously reported that bovine endogenous retrovirus K2 (BERV-K2) Env lost fusogenicity due to a defect in the cleavage of SU and TM. In this study, we identified that mutations residing in BERV-K2 SU disturbed intracellular trafficking of BERV-K2 Env and resulted its inefficient cleavage. Because SU is not known to play an important role in this process, our study may provide novel insights into the maturation mechanism of retroviral Envs.
CD4-Mimetic Small Molecules Sensitize Human Immunodeficiency Virus to Vaccine-Elicited Antibodies
Authors: Madani Navid , Princiotto Amy M. , Schön Arne , LaLonde Judith , Feng Yu , Freire Ernesto , Park Jongwoo , Courter Joel R. , Jones David M. , Robinson James , Liao Hua-Xin , Moody M. Anthony , Permar Sallie , Haynes Barton , Smith Amos B. , Wyatt Richard , Sodroski Joseph 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACT
Approaches to prevent human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) transmission are urgently needed. Difficulties in eliciting antibodies that bind conserved epitopes exposed on the unliganded conformation of the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (Env) trimer represent barriers to vaccine development. During HIV-1 entry, binding of the gp120 Env to the initial receptor, CD4, triggers conformational changes in Env that result in the formation and exposure of the highly conserved gp120 site for interaction with the coreceptors, CCR5 and CXCR4. The DMJ compounds (+)-DMJ-I-228 and (+)-DMJ-II-121 bind gp120 within the conserved Phe 43 cavity near the CD4-binding site, block CD4 binding, and inhibit HIV-1 infection. Here we show that the DMJ compounds sensitize primary HIV-1, including transmitted/founder viruses, to neutralization by monoclonal antibodies directed against CD4-induced (CD4i) epitopes and the V3 region, two gp120 elements involved in coreceptor binding. Importantly, the DMJ compounds rendered primary HIV-1 sensitive to neutralization by antisera elicited by immunization of rabbits with HIV-1 gp120 cores engineered to assume the CD4-bound state. Thus, small molecules like the DMJ compounds may be useful as microbicides to inhibit HIV-1 infection directly and to sensitize primary HIV-1 to neutralization by readily elicited antibodies.

IMPORTANCE
Preventing HIV-1 transmission is a priority for global health. Eliciting antibodies that can neutralize many different strains of HIV-1 is difficult, creating problems for the development of a vaccine. We found that certain small-molecule compounds can sensitize HIV-1 to particular antibodies. These antibodies can be elicited in rabbits. These results suggest an approach to prevent HIV-1 sexual transmission in which a virus-sensitizing microbicide is combined with a vaccine.
HIV-1 Tat Protein Induces PD-L1 (B7-H1) Expression on Dendritic Cells through Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha- and Toll-Like Receptor 4-Mediated Mechanisms
Authors: Planès Rémi , BenMohamed Lbachir , Leghmari Kaoutar , Delobel Pierre , Izopet Jacques , Bahraoui Elmostafa 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACT
Chronic human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection is associated with induction of T-cell coinhibitory pathways. However, the mechanisms by which HIV-1 induces upregulation of coinhibitory molecules remain to be fully elucidated. The aim of the present study was to determine whether and how HIV-1 Tat protein, an immunosuppressive viral factor, induces the PD-1/PD-L1 coinhibitory pathway on human dendritic cells (DCs). We found that treatment of DCs with whole HIV-1 Tat protein significantly upregulated the level of expression of PD-L1. This PD-L1 upregulation was observed in monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MoDCs) obtained from either uninfected or HIV-1-infected patients as well as in primary myeloid DCs from HIV-negative donors. In contrast, no effect on the expression of PD-L2 or PD-1 molecules was detected. The induction of PD-L1 on MoDCs by HIV-1 Tat (i) occurred in dose- and time-dependent manners, (ii) was mediated by the N-terminal 1–45 fragment of Tat, (iii) did not require direct cell-cell contact but appeared rather to be mediated by soluble factor(s), (iv) was abrogated following neutralization of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) or blocking of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), (v) was absent in TLR4-knockoout (KO) mice but could be restored following incubation with Tat-conditioned medium from wild-type DCs, (vi) impaired the capacity of MoDCs to functionally stimulate T cells, and (vii) was not reversed functionally following PD-1/PD-L1 pathway blockade, suggesting the implication of other Tat-mediated coinhibitory pathways. Our results demonstrate that HIV-1 Tat protein upregulates PD-L1 expression on MoDCs through TNF-α- and TLR4-mediated mechanisms, functionally compromising the ability of DCs to stimulate T cells. The findings offer a novel potential molecular target for the development of an anti-HIV-1 treatment.

IMPORTANCE
The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) Tat on the PD-1/PD-L1 coinhibitory pathway on human monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MoDCs). We found that treatment of MoDCs from either healthy or HIV-1-infected patients with HIV-1 Tat protein stimulated the expression of PD-L1. We demonstrate that this stimulation was mediated through an indirect mechanism, involving tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) pathways, and resulted in compromised ability of Tat-treated MoDCs to functionally stimulate T-cell proliferation.