bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Stunting at birth: recognition of early-life linear growth failure in the western highlands of Guatemala
Authors: Solomons Noel W , Vossenaar Marieke , Chomat Anne-Marie , Doak Colleen M , Koski Kristine G , Scott Marilyn E 
Published: November 2014

AbstractObjectiveMeasurements of length at birth, or in the neonatal period, are challenging to obtain and often discounted for lack of validity. Hence, classical ‘under-5’ stunting rates have been derived from surveys on children from 6 to 59 months of age. Guatemala has a high prevalence of stunting (49·8 %), but the age of onset of growth failure is not clearly defined. The objective of the study was to assess length-for-age within the first 1·5 months of life among Guatemalan infants.DesignAs part of a cross-sectional observational study, supine length was measured in young infants. Mothers’ height was measured. Length-for-ageZ-scores (HAZ) were generated and stunting was defined as HAZ <−2 using WHO growth standards.SettingEight rural, indigenous Mam-Mayan villages (n200, 100 % of Mayan indigenous origin) and an urban clinic of Quetzaltenango (n106, 27 % of Mayan indigenous origin), Guatemala.SubjectsThree hundred and six newborns with a median age of 19 d.ResultsThe median rural HAZ was −1·56 and prevalence of stunting was 38 %; the respective urban values were −1·41 and 25 %. Linear regression revealed no relationship between infant age and HAZ (r=0·101,r2=0·010,P=0·077). Maternal height explained 3 % of the variability in HAZ (r=0·171,r2=0·029,P=0·003).ConclusionsStunting must be carried over fromin uterogrowth retardation in short-stature Guatemalan mothers. As linear growth failure in this setting beginsin utero, its prevention must be linked to maternal care strategies during gestation, or even before. A focus on maternal nutrition and health in an intergenerational dimension is needed to reduce its prevalence.
The elimination of miR-23a in heat-stressed cells promotes NOXA-induced cell death and is prevented by HSP70
Authors: Roufayel R , Johnston D S , Mosser D D 
Published: November 2014

AbstractProtein-damaging stress stimulates cell destruction through apoptosis; however, non-lethal proteotoxic stress induces an adaptive response leading to the increased synthesis of heat shock proteins, which inhibit apoptosis. In this study, we sought to determine the mechanism responsible for the accumulation of the BH3-only protein NOXA in heat-stressed cells and its prevention by the heat shock protein HSP70. Analysis of transcript levels by RT-qPCR revealed that miR-23a levels decreased in heat-stressed cells and that this was correlated with an increased abundance of NOXA mRNA, which contains a miR-23a binding site in its 3′ untranslated region. Cells overexpressing HSP70 had higher levels of miR-23a, maintained these levels after heat shock and accumulated lower levels of NOXA mRNA and protein. The enhanced abundance of mir-23a in these HSP70-expressing cells is primarily due to its increased stability although higher levels of pri/pre-miR-23a expression, nuclear export and maturation were also contributing factors. Stable overexpression of miR-23a in the acute lymphoblastic T-cell line PEER resulted in reduced basal and heat-induced levels of NOXA mRNA and significantly inhibited heat-induced apoptosis. Additionally, stable overexpression of an shRNA targeting miR-23a in U937 lymphoma cells produced stable knockdown of miR-23a and resulted in increased NOXA mRNA and an increased sensitivity to heat-induced apoptosis. These results demonstrate the novel finding that hyperthermia affects the abundance of a microRNA that targets the expression of a pro-apoptotic protein and that HSP70 protects cells from heat-induced apoptosis by regulating the abundance of this microRNA. We speculate that the inhibition of miRNA transcription in heat-stressed cells could represent a general mechanism for apoptosis induction that is regulated by the molecular chaperone protein HSP70. Furthermore, we propose that HSP70 could be beneficial to tumor cells by helping to maintain the expression of oncogenic miRNAs under conditions of cellular stress.
SAP97-mediated ADAM10 trafficking from Golgi outposts depends on PKC phosphorylation
Authors: Saraceno C , Marcello E , Di Marino D , Borroni B , Claeysen S , Perroy J , Padovani A , Tramontano A , Gardoni F , Di Luca M 
Published: November 2014

AbstractA disintegrin and metalloproteinase 10 (ADAM10) is the major α-secretase that catalyzes the amyloid precursor protein (APP) ectodomain shedding in the brain and prevents amyloid formation. Its activity depends on correct intracellular trafficking and on synaptic membrane insertion. Here, we describe that in hippocampal neurons the synapse-associated protein-97 (SAP97), an excitatory synapse scaffolding element, governs ADAM10 trafficking from dendritic Golgi outposts to synaptic membranes. This process is mediated by a previously uncharacterized protein kinase C phosphosite in SAP97 SRC homology 3 domain that modulates SAP97 association with ADAM10. Such mechanism is essential for ADAM10 trafficking from the Golgi outposts to the synapse, but does not affect ADAM10 transport from the endoplasmic reticulum. Notably, this process is altered in Alzheimer's disease brains. These results help in understanding the mechanism responsible for the modulation of ADAM10 intracellular path, and can constitute an innovative therapeutic strategy to finely tune ADAM10 shedding activity towards APP.
TRPM2 channel deficiency prevents delayed cytosolic Zn2+ accumulation and CA1 pyramidal neuronal death after transient global ischemia
Authors: Ye M , Yang W , Ainscough J F , Hu X-P , Li X , Sedo A , Zhang X-H , Zhang X , Chen Z , Li X-M , Beech D J , Sivaprasadarao A , Luo J-H , Jiang L-H 
Published: November 2014

AbstractTransient ischemia is a leading cause of cognitive dysfunction. Postischemic ROS generation and an increase in the cytosolic Zn2+ level ([Zn2+]c) are critical in delayed CA1 pyramidal neuronal death, but the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. Here we investigated the role of ROS-sensitive TRPM2 (transient receptor potential melastatin-related 2) channel. Using in vivo and in vitro models of ischemia–reperfusion, we showed that genetic knockout of TRPM2 strongly prohibited the delayed increase in the [Zn2+]c, ROS generation, CA1 pyramidal neuronal death and postischemic memory impairment. Time-lapse imaging revealed that TRPM2 deficiency had no effect on the ischemia-induced increase in the [Zn2+]c but abolished the cytosolic Zn2+ accumulation during reperfusion as well as ROS-elicited increases in the [Zn2+]c. These results provide the first evidence to show a critical role for TRPM2 channel activation during reperfusion in the delayed increase in the [Zn2+]c and CA1 pyramidal neuronal death and identify TRPM2 as a key molecule signaling ROS generation to postischemic brain injury.
Combination therapy targeting ectopic ATP synthase and 26S proteasome induces ER stress in breast cancer cells
Authors: Chang H-Y , Huang T-C , Chen N-N , Huang H-C , Juan H-F 
Published: November 2014

AbstractF1Fo ATP synthase is present in all organisms and is predominantly located on the inner membrane of mitochondria in eukaryotic cells. The present study demonstrated that ATP synthase and electron transport chain complexes were ectopically expressed on the surface of breast cancer cells and could serve as a potent anticancer target. We investigated the anticancer effects of the ATP synthase inhibitor citreoviridin on breast cancer cells through proteomic approaches and revealed that differentially expressed proteins in cell cycle regulation and in the unfolded protein response were functionally enriched. We showed that citreoviridin triggered PERK-mediated eIF2α phosphorylation, which in turn attenuated general protein synthesis and led to cell cycle arrest in the G0/G1 phase. We further showed that the combination of citreoviridin and the 26S proteasome inhibitor bortezomib could improve the anticancer activity by enhancing ER stress, by ameliorating citreoviridin-caused cyclin D3 compensation, and by contributing to CDK1 deactivation and PCNA downregulation. More interestingly, the combined treatment triggered lethality through unusual non-apoptotic caspase- and autophagy-independent cell death with a cytoplasmic vacuolization phenotype. The results imply that by boosting ER stress, the combination of ATP synthase inhibitor citreoviridin and 26S proteasome inhibitor bortezomib could potentially be an effective therapeutic strategy against breast cancer.
Evolution of dominance mechanisms at a butterfly mimicry supergene
Authors: Le Poul Yann , Whibley Annabel , Chouteau Mathieu , Prunier Florence , Llaurens Violaine , Joron Mathieu 
Published: November 2014

AbstractGenetic dominance in polymorphic loci may respond to selection; however, the evolution of dominance in complex traits remains a puzzle. We analyse dominance at a wing-patterning supergene controlling local mimicry polymorphism in the butterfly Heliconius numata. Supergene alleles are associated with chromosomal inversion polymorphism, defining ancestral versus derived alleles. Using controlled crosses and the new procedure, Colour Pattern Modelling, allowing whole-wing pattern comparisons, we estimate dominance coefficients between alleles. Here we show strict dominance in sympatry favouring mimicry and inconsistent dominance throughout the wing between alleles from distant populations. Furthermore, dominance among derived alleles is uncoordinated across wing-pattern elements, producing mosaic heterozygous patterns determined by a hierarchy in colour expression. By contrast, heterozygotes with an ancestral allele show complete, coordinated dominance of the derived allele, independently of colours. Therefore, distinct dominance mechanisms have evolved in association with supergene inversions, in response to strong selection on mimicry polymorphism.
Direct evidence of milk consumption from ancient human dental calculus
Authors: Warinner C. , Hendy J. , Speller C. , Cappellini E. , Fischer R. , Trachsel C. , Arneborg J. , Lynnerup N. , Craig O. E. , Swallow D. M. , Fotakis A. , Christensen R. J. , Olsen J. V. , Liebert A. , Montalva N. , Fiddyment S. , Charlton S. , Mackie M. , Canci A. , Bouwman A. , Rühli F. , Gilbert M. T. P. , Collins M. J. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractMilk is a major food of global economic importance and its consumption is regarded as a classic example of gene-culture evolution. Humans have exploited animal milk as a food resource for at least 8500 years, but the origins, spread and scale of dairying remain poorly understood. Indirect lines of evidence, such as lipid isotopic ratios of pottery residues, faunal mortality profiles and lactase persistence allele frequencies, provide a partial picture of this process; however, in order to understand how, where and when humans consumed milk products, it is necessary to link evidence of consumption directly to individuals and their dairy livestock. Here we report the first direct evidence of milk consumption, the whey protein β-lactoglobulin (BLG), preserved in human dental calculus from the Bronze Age (ca. 3000 BCE) to the present day. Using protein tandem mass spectrometry, we demonstrate that BLG is a species-specific biomarker of dairy consumption and we identify individuals consuming cattle, sheep and goat milk products in the archaeological record. We then apply this method to human dental calculus from Greenland's medieval Norse colonies and report a decline of this biomarker leading up to the abandonment of the Norse Greenland colonies in the 15th century CE.
IMP-1 encoded by a novel Tn402-like class 1 integron in clinical Achromobacter xylosoxidans, China
Authors: Chen Zhenhong , Fang Haihong , Wang Li , Sun Fengjun , Wang Yong , Yin Zhe , Yang Huiying , Yang Wenhui , Wang Jie , Xia Peiyuan , Zhou Dongsheng , Liu Changting 
Published: November 2014

AbstractAchromobacter xylosoxidans strain A22732 is isolated from a pneumonia patient in China and produces carbapenemases OXA-114e and IMP-1, which are encoded by chromosome and plasmid, respectively and confer resistance to multiple ß-lactam antibiotics including carbapenems. The blaIMP-1 gene together with aacA7 and orfE is captured by a novel Tn402-like class 1 integron in a conjugative IncP-1ß plasmid. In addition to the intrinsic integron promoter PcW, there is still a blaIMP-1 gene cassette-specific promoter. This is the first report of carbapenemase-encoding IncP-1ß plasmid in clinical bacterial isolate.
Anthrapyrazolone analogues intercept inflammatory JNK signals to moderate endotoxin induced septic shock
Authors: Prasad Karothu Durga , Trinath Jamma , Biswas Ansuman , Sekar Kanagaraj , Balaji Kithiganahalli N. , Guru Row Tayur N. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractSevere sepsis or septic shock is one of the rising causes for mortality worldwide representing nearly 10% of intensive care unit admissions. Susceptibility to sepsis is identified to be mediated by innate pattern recognition receptors and responsive signaling pathways of the host. Thec-Jun N-terminal Kinase (JNK)-mediated signaling events play critical role in bacterial infection triggered multi-organ failure, cardiac dysfunction and mortality. In the context of kinase specificities, an extensive library of anthrapyrazolone analogues has been investigated for the selective inhibition of c-JNK and thereby to gain control over the inflammation associated risks. In our comprehensive biochemical characterization, it is observed that alkyl and halogen substitution on the periphery of anthrapyrazolone increases the binding potency of the inhibitors specifically towards JNK. Further, it is demonstrated that hydrophobic and hydrophilic interactions generated by these small molecules effectively block endotoxin-induced inflammatory genes expression inin vitroand septic shockin vivo, in a mouse model, with remarkable efficacies. Altogether, the obtained results rationalize the significance of the diversity oriented synthesis of small molecules for selective inhibition of JNK and their potential in the treatment of severe sepsis.
Theoretical study on the role of dynamics on the unusual magnetic properties in MnBi
Authors: Shanavas K. V. , Parker David , Singh David J. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractWe study the electronic structure and lattice dynamics in the ferromagnet MnBi using first-principles calculations and a tight-binding model. The band structure around the Fermi level is dominated by Bi-p states which are the primary contributors to the magnetic anisotropy energy in the low temperature structure. A tight-binding model consisting of Mn-d and Bi-p states is developed and the parameters are determined from first-principles calculations. Phonon dispersions and elastic moduli exhibit several interesting features. The results imply that the magnetic interaction with the crystal lattice in MnBi is considerably more complex than previously thought and in particular that there is a rich interplay between phonons and magnetism involving both magnetoelastic and magnetostrictive coupling.
Net ammonium and nitrate fluxes in wheat roots under different environmental conditions as assessed by scanning ion-selective electrode technique
Authors: Zhong Yangquanwei , Yan Weiming , Chen Juan , Shangguan Zhouping 
Published: November 2014

AbstractWheat is one of the most important food crops in the world, its availability affects global food security. In this study, we investigated variations in NH4+ and NO3- fluxes in the fine roots of wheat using a scanning ion-selective electrode technique in the presence of different nitrogen (N) forms, N concentrations and pH levels as well as under water stress. Our results show that the fine roots of wheat demonstrated maximum NH4+ and NO3− influxes at 20 mm and 25 mm from the root tip, respectively. The maximal net NH4+ and NO3− influxes were observed at pH 6.2 in the presence of a 1/4 N solution. We observed N efflux in two different cultivars following the exposure of roots to a 10% PEG-6000 solution. Furthermore, the drought-tolerant cultivar generally performed better than the drought-intolerant cultivar. Net NH4+ and NO3− fluxes may be determined by plant growth status, but environmental conditions can also affect the magnitude and direction of N flux. Interestingly, we found that NO3− was more sensitive to environmental changes than NH4+. Our results may be used to guide future hydroponic experiments in wheat as well as to aid in the development of effective fertilisation protocols for this crop.
Supercooled water escaping from metastability
Authors: Aliotta Francesco , Giaquinta Paolo V. , Ponterio Rosina C. , Prestipino Santi , Saija Franz , Salvato Gabriele , Vasi Cirino 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThe return of supercooled water to a stable equilibrium condition is an irreversible process which, in large enough samples, takes place adiabatically. We investigated this phenomenon in water by fast imaging techniques. As water freezes, large energy and density fluctuations promote the spatial coexistence of solid and liquid phases at different temperatures. Upon synchronously monitoring the time evolution of the local temperature, we observed a sharp dynamic transition between a fast and a slow decay regime at about 266.6 K. We construe the observed phenomenon in terms of the temperature dependence of heat transfers from solid and liquid volumes already at their bulk coexistence temperature towards adjacent still supercooled liquid regions. These findings can be justified by observing that convective motions induced by thermal gradients in a supercooled liquid near coexistence are rapidly suppressed as the nucleated solid fraction overcomes, at low enough temperatures, a characteristic percolation threshold.
Experimental realisation of micromachined terahertz electromagnetic crystal (EMXT) waveguide bandpass filter
Authors: Lu Hongda , Lv Xin , Si Liming , Wu Yuming , Liu Yong 
Published: November 2014

A terahertz (THz) micromachined waveguide bandpass filter based on metallic two‐dimensional (2D) electromagnetic crystal (EMXT) with a square lattice is proposed. The filter structure with three dual‐mode circular cavities and two rectangular waveguides is obtained by removing and optimising the EMXT unit cells in a 15 × 20 cells array. This filter, fed by WR2.2 waveguides, is fabricated with the silicon microelectromechanical systems technique and measured using a vector network analyser (VNA) with an extender. The measured fractional bandwidth is 7.6% with a 426.5 GHz centre frequency. The best insertion loss and return loss are 2 and 24 dB, respectively. These results agree well with the simulations. The proposed THz EMXT filter indicates a novel approach to obtain THz waveguide passive devices and has application potential in THz communication and detection.
Compact and closely spaced tunable printed F‐slot multiple‐input–multiple‐output antenna system for portable wireless applications with efficient diversity
Authors: Elfergani Issa T.E. , Hussaini Abubakar Sadiq , Rodriguez Jonathan , Abd‐Alhameed Raed A. , See Chan H. , Jan Naeem , Zhu Sharon , McEwan Neil J. 
Published: November 2014

In this work, miniaturised tunable two‐antenna multiple‐input–multiple‐output (MIMO) systems composed of printed F‐slot shaped are developed to operate in the global positioning system (GPS), personal communication system (PCS), distributed control system and Universal Mobile Telecommunications System bands. The two‐element MIMO antenna occupies a volume of 50 × 37.5 × 1.6 mm3, and is printed on an FR4 substrate. Initially, the frequency tunability of the MIMO antennas was verified by lumped capacitors with values between 0.75 to 2.75 pF to achieve a tuning range from 1.55 to 2.07 GHz while the low mutual coupling between the radiators was accomplished by adding an I‐shaped branch to a cut‐away ground plane. The two antennas are then loaded with varactors to simultaneously achieve miniaturisation and tunability. Simulation and measurement results demonstrate the successful implementation of a tunable MIMO with coupling reduction mechanism for a portable handheld wireless transceiver. The channel capacity of the proposed antenna is investigated and found to be close to that of a un‐correlated system with efficient diversity in which the mutual coupling across the full bandwidth was better than −13 dB. Owing to the compact size and ease of manufacture, the proposed antennas can be a promising solution for adaptive MIMO systems in handheld devices.
Numerical calculation of circulating current losses in stator transposition bar of large hydro‐generator
Authors: Liang Yanping , Bian Xu , Yang Lichao , Wu Lei 
Published: November 2014

To reduce circulating current losses in stator strands of hydro‐generator, strand transposition is widely used in stator bars. At present, the traditional analytical method for calculating circulating current losses cannot accurately simulate the distribution of leakage magnetic field, which will bring a large deviation to the calculation result and not benefit the winding design. The numerical calculation method for circulating current losses in stator bar is presented in this study, by which the leakage magnetic field distribution of stator transposition bar can be described in detail through establishing three‐dimensional actual transposition model. The 0°/360°/0° transposition bar in a 180 MW hydro‐generator is taken as an example and the circulating current losses in stator bar strands are calculated. The causes of errors in traditional analytical method are discussed through the comparison of the leakage magnetic field distribution obtained by numerical calculation method and traditional analytical method.
Plasma DNA aberrations in systemic lupus erythematosus revealed by genomic and methylomic sequencing
Authors: Chan Rebecca W. Y. , Jiang Peiyong , Peng Xianlu , Tam Lai-Shan , Liao Gary J. W. , Li Edmund K. M. , Wong Priscilla C. H. , Sun Hao , Chan K. C. Allen , Chiu Rossa W. K. , Lo Y. M. Dennis 
Published: November 2014

SignificanceThrough the use of massively parallel sequencing, we have demonstrated a spectrum of plasma DNA abnormalities in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. These abnormalities include aberrant measured genomic representations, hypomethylation, and DNA fragment size shortening. The binding of anti-double–stranded DNA antibody to plasma DNA appears to be an important factor associated with these abnormalities. These findings provide valuable insights into the biology of plasma DNA in an autoimmune disease and have potential implications for the development of new molecular markers for systemic lupus erythematosus.
Reliability-dependent contributions of visual orientation cues in parietal cortex
Authors: Rosenberg Ari , Angelaki Dora E. 
Published: November 2014

Significance
The world is 3D, but our eyes sense 2D projections. Constructing 3D spatial representations is consequently a complex problem the brain must solve for us to interact with the environment. Robust 3D representations can theoretically be created by combining distinct visual signals according to their reliabilities, which depend on factors such as an object’s orientation and distance. Here, we show that reliability constrains the integration of texture and disparity cues for 3D orientation in macaque parietal cortex. Consistent with human perceptual studies, the contribution of texture cues is found to increase as the object’s slant (i.e., depth variation) increases. This finding suggests that the parietal cortex is capable of combining multiple visual signals to perform statistical inference about the 3D world.