bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hyper-capitalism, not the medium, is the message: Communication technologies and culture
Authors: Keshishian Flora 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
This article inverts Marshall McLuhan’s aphorism, ‘the medium is the message’, coined more than half a century ago, to make the argument that it is the message – in this case hyper-capitalism – that shapes the medium and governs the context in which media are introduced and operate. Harsh life conditions under hyper-capitalism make communication technologies, such as mobile phones and their numerous devices including text-messaging, a necessity. Hyper-capitalism cashes in on such communication devices without weighing their negative impact on culture. It is time that the system put people (and culture) before profit.
Book Reviews
Authors: Hunt III Arthur W. , Dance Frank , Burkey Brant 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
Understanding Jacques Ellul, Jeffrey P. Greeman, Read Mercer Schuchardt and Noah J. Toly (2012) Eugene, OR: Cascade Books, 174 pp., ISBN: 978-1610974318, p/bk, $21.00
Oral Tradition and the Internet: Pathways of the Mind, John Foley Miles (2012) Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 312 pp., ISBN:-13: 978-0252078699, p/bk, $27.00
On Media Memory: Collective Memory in a New Media Age, Oren Meyers, Motti Neiger and Eyal Zandberg (eds) (2011) New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 296 pp., ISBN: 978-0230275683, h/bk, $95.00
Understanding evidence-based diagnosis
Authors: Kohn Michael A. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe real meaning of the word “diagnosis” is naming the disease that is causing a patient’s illness. The cognitive process of assigning this name is a mysterious combination of pattern recognition and the hypothetico-deductive approach that is only remotely related to the mathematical process of using test results to update the probability of a disease. What I refer to as “evidence-based diagnosis” is really evidence-based use of medical tests to guide treatment decisions. Understanding how to use test results to update the probability of disease can help us interpret test results more rationally. Also, evidence-based diagnosis reminds us to consider the costs and risks of testing and the dangers of over-diagnosis and over-treatment, in addition to the costs and risks of missing serious disease.
Let patients help with diagnosis
Authors: Graedon Teresa , Graedon Joe 
Published: January 2014

AbstractDiagnostic errors are common and have seemed intractable for decades. Although time pressure is often cited as a contributor to this problem, overconfidence on the part of the diagnostician may also play a role. Successful strategies for reducing error in the diagnostic process should include patients and families in innovative ways. Changing the existing paradigm of patients responding passively to one of patients participating actively has the potential to assist in achieving greater diagnostic accuracy. Providers should welcome patients’ online research into their symptoms, succinct summaries of their course of illness and questions about the differential diagnoses that might be applicable. Systematic methods for following up after the initial diagnosis are essential for verifying accuracy as well as providing excellent patient care.
Errors in clinical laboratory test selection and result interpretation: commonly unrecognized mistakes as a cause of poor patient outcome
Authors: Laposata Michael 
Published: January 2014

AbstractOver the past decade, the test menu in the clinical laboratory has increased dramatically in size, cost, and complexity. Most practicing physicians would agree that it is a challenge to select the appropriate tests, and only the appropriate tests, with a clinical laboratory test menu of thousands of assays, many of which are genetic tests. This results in delayed diagnoses or incorrect diagnoses from errors in test selection and a failure to interpret tests correctly. Teams of diagnostic experts in a variety of specialty areas in laboratory medicine to aid treating physicians in test selection and result interpretation are being implemented to address this growing problem which frequently leads to significant diagnostic errors and the associated financial consequences.
Learning sciences principles that can inform the construction of new approaches to diagnostic training
Authors: Papa Frank J. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe author suggests that the ill-defined nature of human diseases is a little appreciated, nonetheless important contributor to persistent and high levels of diagnostic error. Furthermore, medical education’s continued use of traditional, non-evidence based approaches to diagnostic training represents a systematic flaw likely perpetuating sub-optimal diagnostic performance in patients suffering from ill-defined diseases. This manuscript briefly describes how Learning Sciences findings elucidating how humans reason in the face of the uncertainty and complexity posed by ill-defined diseases might serve as guiding principles in the formulation of first steps towards a codified, 21st century approach to training and assessing the diagnostic capabilities of future health care providers.
What can be done to increase the use of diagnostic decision support systems?
Authors: Berner Eta S. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThis essay explores the reasons why diagnostic decision support systems are underutilized despite growing concern about diagnostic errors. Factors related to the motivation to use the systems, clinician cognition, system design and implementation, as well as the absence of feedback in routine clinical care are discussed. Suggestions for design and implementation strategies for diagnostic decision support systems that can increase appropriate utilization are discussed.
Diagnostic conversations: Clinical Decision Making in surgery – Part 1
Authors: Watters David Allan , Beasley Spencer Wynyard , Crebbin Wendy 
Published: January 2014

AbstractSound and efficient decision making are hallmarks of an expert surgeon. Unfortunately, those experts are often unable to explain their thinking processes, or to teach their trainees and colleagues how they do it. Surgeons and staff of the Royal Australasian College of Surgeons worked together to develop a model to explain the processes around clinical decision making and used this understanding and knowledge to devise a Clinical Decision Making (CDM) training course. The surgical faculty ensure the model is applicable to specific surgical cases, as well as presenting a framework of how clinical decisions are made. Wendy targets the specific decision making processes that are occurring with each clinical scenario, and highlights some of the learning opportunities that they provide. The conversation in this paper models the kinds of case-based interactions which occur in the development and teaching of the CDM course.
Perspectives from a pediatrician about diagnostic errors
Authors: Singhal Geeta 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThis opinion paper provides perspectives from a pediatrician about diagnostic challenges in caring for children. This essay shares personal experiences and lessons learned from a pediatric hospitalist about caring for children and making errors in diagnosis. This piece offers guidance about how to teach medical learners key concepts about error in diagnosis with underscoring the importance of developing critical thinking skills. Finally, the author offers tips from the literature about how physicians and other care providers can reorganize their own thinking (metacognition) to address their clinical practice.
A unified conceptual model for diagnostic errors: underdiagnosis, overdiagnosis, and misdiagnosis
Authors: Newman-Toker David E. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractProgress in diagnostic error research has been hampered by a lack of unified terminology and definitions. This article proposes a novel framework for considering diagnostic errors, offering a unified conceptual model for underdiagnosis, overdiagnosis, and misdiagnosis. The model clarifies the critical separation between ‘diagnostic process failures’ (incorrect workups) and ‘diagnosis label failures’ (incorrect diagnoses). By dividing processes into those that are substandard, suboptimal, or optimal, important distinctions are drawn between ‘preventable’, ‘reducible,’ and ‘unavoidable’ diagnostic errors. The new model emphasizes the importance of mitigating diagnosis-related harms, regardless of whether the solutions require traditional safety strategies (preventable errors), more effective evidence dissemination (reducible errors; harms from overtesting and overdiagnosis), or new scientific discovery (currently unavoidable errors). Doing so maximizes our ability to prioritize solving various diagnosis-related problems from a societal value perspective. This model should serve as a foundation for developing consensus terminology and operationalized definitions for relevant diagnostic-error categories.
Assessing clinical reasoning: moving from in vitro to in vivo
Authors: Holmboe Eric S. , Durning Steven J. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe last century saw dramatic changes in clinical practice and medical education and the concomitant rise in high-stakes, psychometrically-based examinations of medical knowledge. Higher scores on these high-stakes “in-vitro” examinations are modestly associated with better performance in clinical practice and provide a meaningful degree of assurance to the public about physicians’ competency in medical knowledge. However, results on such examinations explain only a small fraction of the wide variation currently seen in clinical practice and diagnostic errors remain a serious and vexing problem for patients and the healthcare system despite decades of high-stakes examinations. In this commentary we explore some of the limitations of high-stakes examinations in assessing clinical reasoning and propose utilizing situated cognition theory to guide research and development of innovative modes of ”in-vivo” assessments that can be used in longitudinally and continuously in clinical practice.
Laboratory-associated and diagnostic errors: a neglected link
Authors: Plebani Mario 
Published: January 2014

AbstractClinical laboratories play a vital role in patient care, but many diagnostic errors are associated with laboratory testing. The past decades have seen sustained improvements in analytical performances but the error rates, particularly in pre- and post-analytical phases is still high. Although the seminal concept of the brain-to-brain laboratory loop has been described more than four decades ago, the awareness about the importance of extra-analytical aspects in laboratory quality is a recent achievement. According to this concept, all phases and activities of the testing cycle should be assessed, monitored and improved in order to decrease the total error rates and thereby improve patient safety. In the interests of patients, any direct or indirect negative consequence related to a laboratory test must be considered, irrespective of which step is involved and whether the error depends on a laboratory professional (e.g., calibration or testing error) or a non-laboratory operator (e.g., inappropriate test request, error in patient identification and/or blood collection). Data collected in various clinical settings demonstrate that many diagnostic errors are associated with laboratory testing. In particular, errors are due to inappropriate test request and/or result interpretation and utilization. Collaborations between laboratory professionals and other care providers, namely clinicians and nurses, are needed to achieve the goal of improved patient safety.
Detecting diagnostic error in psychiatry
Authors: Phillips James 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe question of diagnostic error in psychiatry involves two intertwined issues, diagnosis and error detection. You cannot detect diagnostic error unless you have a reliable, valid method of making diagnoses. Since the diagnostic process is less certain in psychiatry than in general medicine, that will make the detection of error less confidant. Psychiatric diagnostic categories are developed without laboratory tests and other biomarkers. These limitations dramatically weaken the validity of psychiatric diagnoses and render error detection an uncertain undertaking, with go gold standard such as laboratory findings and tissue analysis, as in most of general medicine. With these limitations in mind, I review the methods that are available for error detection in psychiatry.
Synthesis and antimicrobial activities of novel 6-(1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-1,3-benzoxazol-2(3H)-one derivatives
Authors: Łączkowski Krzysztof Z. , Misiura Konrad , Biernasiuk Anna , Malm Anna , Grela Izabela 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
Synthesis, characterization and investigation of antimicrobial activities of seven new 6-(1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-1,3-benzoxazol-2(3H)-ones are presented. Their structures were determined using 1H NMR, 13C NMR and elemental analyses. The compounds possess some biological activity against Gram-positive bacteria, especially against Micrococcus luteus belonging to opportunistic pathogens, with an MIC of 31.25 μg/mL.
Single-Valued Neutrosophic Minimum Spanning Tree and Its Clustering Method
Authors: Ye Jun 
Published: January 2014

AbstractClustering plays an important role in data mining, pattern recognition, and machine learning. Then, single-valued neutrosophic sets (SVNSs) are a useful means to describe and handle indeterminate and inconsistent information, which fuzzy sets and intuitionistic fuzzy sets cannot describe and deal with. To cluster the data represented by single-value neutrosophic information, the article proposes a single-valued neutrosophic minimum spanning tree (SVNMST) clustering algorithm. Firstly, we defined a generalized distance measure between SVNSs. Then, we present an SVNMST clustering algorithm for clustering single-value neutrosophic data based on the generalized distance measure of SVNSs. Finally, two illustrative examples are given to demonstrate the application and effectiveness of the developed approach.
The Hidden Face of Justice: Fairness, Discrimination and Distribution in Transitional Justice Processes
Authors: Cárdenas Juan Camilo , Casas-Casas Andrés , Méndez Nathalie Méndez 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThis article contributes to the literature on the impact of transitional justice measures using behavioral evidence from experiments. We argue that there is a distributional dilemma at the heart of transitional justice programs, given that the State must allocate goods and services both to victims and excombatants. Individual and social preferences over these processes matter, given that they are likely to scale up to undermine or increase public support for transitional justice programs. We offer evidence from the Colombian case, to show what we call the hidden face of justice effect, which occurs when in the transition from war to peace distributional dilemmas arise and generate a social sanction function that creates negative incentives that can affect the achievement of reintegration of ex-combatants and jeopardizes the maintenance of peace. In order to explore the microfoundations that underlie the differences between allocations to victims and ex-combatants, we use data from field experiments and find that ex-combatants expect lower transfers from public officers and citizens and indeed receive lower transfers, if compared to the victims and the control groups included in the study, despite the fact that third-party observers have the power to punish senders when making offers seen by the third-party as unfair.
Restoration of fertility by gonadotropin replacement in a man with hypogonadotropic azoospermia and testicular adrenal rest tumors due to untreated simple virilizing congenital adrenal hyperplasia
Authors: Rohayem Julia , Tüttelmann Frank , Mallidis Con , Nieschlag Eberhard , Kliesch Sabine , Zitzmann Michael 
Published: January 2014

ContextClassical congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH), a genetic disorder characterized by 21-hydroxylase deficiency, impairs male fertility, if insufficiently treated.PatientA 30-year-old male was referred to our clinic for endocrine and fertility assessment after undergoing unilateral orchiectomy for a suspected testicular tumor. Histopathological evaluation of the removed testis revealed atrophy and testicular adrenal rest tumors (TARTs) and raised the suspicion of underlying CAH. The remaining testis was also atrophic (5 ml) with minor TARTs. Serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone levels were elevated, cortisol levels were at the lower limit of normal range, and gonadotropins at prepubertal levels, but serum testosterone levels were within the normal adult range. Semen analysis revealed azoospermia. CAH was confirmed by a homozygous mutation g.655A/C>G (IVS2-13A/C>G) inCYP21A2. Hydrocortisone (24 mg/m2) administered to suppress ACTH and adrenal androgen overproduction unmasked deficient testicular testosterone production. As azoospermia persisted due to sustained hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, a combined s.c. gonadotropin replacement with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) (1500 IU twice weekly) and FSH (human menopausal gondadotropin (hMG) 150 IU three times weekly) was initiated.ResultsNormalization of testosterone levels and a stable low sperm concentration (0.5 mill/ml) with good sperm motility (85% A+B progressive) were achieved within 21 months of treatment. Despite persisting TARTs, while receiving treatment, the patient successfully impregnated his wife twice, the latter impregnation leading to the birth of a healthy girl.ConclusionsTARTs in unrecognized (simple virilizing) CAH may lead to unnecessary orchiectomy. In hypogonadotropic, azoospermic CAH, a combined treatment with oral corticosteroids and subcutaneously administered hCG and FSH can successfully restore testicular testosterone production and fertility, even if only one hypoplastic and atrophic testis with adrenal rest tumors is present.
The relationship between endogenous testosterone and lipid profile in middle-aged and elderly Chinese men
Authors: Zhang Nan , Zhang Haiqing , Zhang Xu , Zhang Bingchang , Wang Furong , Wang Chenggang , Zhao Meng , Yu Chunxiao , Gao Ling , Zhao Jiajun , Guan Qingbo 
Published: January 2014

ObjectiveTo evaluate the relationship between serum total testosterone (TT) level and lipid profile after adjusting for some traditional confounding factors, free thyroid hormones and TSH in Chinese men.MethodsThis was a retrospective study based on an epidemiological investigation including 11 000 subjects. Bivariate and partial correlation analysis, multiple linear regression analysis, and a general linear model were used to assess the influence of TT on the lipid profile. Additionally, the odds ratios (ORs) (95% CIs) for hypertriglyceridemia and low HDL-C in relation to TT categories were calculated using logistic regression analysis.ResultsA total of 4114 subjects whose mean age was 56.04±8.75 years were finally analyzed. There was a significant linear trend toward lower total cholesterol (TC), lower triglycerides (TG), and higher HDL-C with increasing serum TT, which remained significant after adjusting for age, BMI, fasting blood glucose, systolic blood pressure, free triiodothyronine, free thyroxine, and TSH. Compared with the bottom quartile of TT, the adjusted OR (95% CI) for hypertriglyceridemia and low HDL-C was 0.082 (0.048–0.138,P=0.000) and 0.669 (0.503–0.891,P=0.006) respectively in the top quartile of TT.ConclusionsTT was correlated negatively and linearly with TC, TG, and LDL-C and positively and linearly with HDL-C. Low TT might have adverse effects on the lipid profile and thus represent a risk factor for hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, high LDL-C, and low HDL-C, suggesting the importance of maintaining an appropriate TT level in men.
Short oestrous cycles in sheep during anoestrus involve defects in progesterone biosynthesis and luteal neovascularisation
Authors: Brown H M , Fabre Nys C , Cognié J , Scaramuzzi R J 
Published: January 2014

Anoestrous ewes can be induced to ovulate by the socio-sexual, ‘ram effect’. However, in some ewes, the induced ovulation is followed by an abnormally short luteal phase causing a so-called ‘short cycle’. The defect responsible for this luteal dysfunction has not been identified. In this study, we investigated ovarian and uterine factors implicated in male-induced short cycles in anoestrous ewes using a combined endocrine and molecular strategy. Before ovulation, we were able to detect a moderate loss of thecal expression of steroid acute regulatory protein (STAR) in ewes that had not received progesterone priming (which prevents short cycles). At and following ovulation, we were able to identify a significant loss of expression of genes coding key proteins involved in the biosynthesis of progesterone (STAR,CYP11A1andHSD3B1(HSD3B)) as well as genes coding proteins critical for vascular development during early luteal development (VEGFAandKDR(VEGFR2)), suggesting dysfunction in at least two pathways critical for normal luteal function. Furthermore, these changes were associated with a significant reduction of progesterone production and luteal weight. Additionally, we cast doubt on the proposed uterus-mediated effect of prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α) as a cause of short cycles by demonstrating the dysregulation of luteal expression of the PGF receptor, which mediates the luteal effects of PGF2α, and by finding no significant changes in the circulating concentrations of PGFM, the principal metabolite of PGF2α in ewes with short cycles. This study is the first of its kind to examine concurrently the endocrine and molecular events in the follicular and early luteal stages of the short cycle.Free French abstractA French translation of this abstract is freely available athttp://www.reproduction-online.org/content/147/3/357/suppl/DC1
Cost-effectiveness Analysis of the National Perinatal Hepatitis B Prevention Program
Authors: Barbosa Carolina , Smith Emily A. , Hoerger Thomas J. , Fenlon Nancy , Schillie Sarah F. , Bradley Christina , Murphy Trudy V. 
Published: January 2014

OBJECTIVE:To analyze the cost-effectiveness of the national Perinatal Hepatitis B Prevention Program (PHBPP) over the lifetime of the 2009 US birth cohort and compare the costs and outcomes of the program to a scenario without PHBPP support. PHBPP’s goals are to ensure all infants born to hepatitis B (HepB) surface antigen–positive women receive timely postexposure prophylaxis, complete HepB vaccine series, and obtain serologic testing after series completion.METHODS:A decision analytic tree and a long-term Markov model represented the risk of perinatal and childhood infections under different prevention alternatives, and the long-term health and economic consequences of HepB infection. Outcome measures were the number of perinatal infections and childhood infections from infants born to HepB surface antigen–positive women, quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs), lifetime costs, and incremental cost per QALY gained. The health outcomes and total costs of each strategy were compared incrementally. Costs were evaluated from the health care system perspective and expressed in US dollars at a 2010 price base.RESULTS:In all analyses, the PHBPP increased QALYs and led to higher reductions in the number of perinatal and childhood infections than no PHBPP, with a cost-effectiveness ratio of $2602 per QALY. In sensitivity analyses, the cost-effectiveness ratio was robust to variations in model inputs, and there were instances where the program was both more effective and cost saving.CONCLUSIONS:This study indicated that the current PHBPP represents a cost-effective use of resources, and ensuring the program reaches all pregnant women could present additional public health benefits.