bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The contribution of eddies to striations in absolute dynamic topography
Authors: Buckingham C. E. , Cornillon P. C. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractDistinct 4 year averages of absolute dynamic topography reveal striations in all ocean basins during 1993–2008. Striations are alternating mesoscale jet‐like structures observed in time‐averaged zonal geostrophic velocity, . They are characterized by speeds O(1 cm s–1) and are nominally separated by 200 km in the meridional direction. Similar patterns have been observed in sea level anomaly, mean dynamic topography, and Argo float measurements. Use of a tracked‐eddy database in concert with a contour identification and eddy removal algorithm demonstrates that eddies are a dominant source of striations in in the South Pacific (20°S–50°S, 200°E–280°E). Eddies with lifetimes ≥ 4 weeks account for 46–57% of the variance in and correlation coefficients between total and eddy‐only are 0.90–0.93. Attention is given to the ability of the algorithm to correctly identify eddies and suggests that a more appropriate bound on the variance due to eddies is ∼ 30–70%. This permits the existence of latent zonal jets and/or β‐plumes. Additional findings of the study include (1) a large number of eddies having a broad range of amplitudes and scales contribute most to the eddy‐induced patterns and (2) the standard deviation of does not decay inversely with averaging period as proposed by a model of random eddies.
Seasonal mixed‐layer salinity balance in the tropical Atlantic Ocean: Mean state and seasonal cycle
Authors: Da‐Allada C. Y. , Alory G. , du Penhoat Y. , Kestenare E. , Durand F. , Hounkonnou N. M. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractWe investigate the causes of the seasonal cycle of the near‐surface salinity using a mixed‐layer salinity model and a combination of satellite products, atmospheric reanalyses, and in situ observations for the period 2000–2008, in the tropical Atlantic Ocean. We find that the balance differs from one region to another. In the western tropical Atlantic, it is controlled by horizontal advection from March to November and by freshwater flux and entrainment for the rest of the year. In the central tropical Atlantic, it is mainly due to the strong contribution of precipitation in agreement with previous results. In the northeastern tropical Atlantic, all terms contribute to the mixed layer salinity between December and March; during the rest of the year, precipitation and zonal advection mainly control the balance. In the Gulf of Guinea, it is driven by freshwater flux from October to February; from March to July, it is controlled by horizontal advection and entrainment; from August to September, mixed‐layer salinity variability is weak. Finally, in the Congo region, it is driven by freshwater flux (precipitation and runoff from Congo River) from September to December, by horizontal advection during January to March, and by vertical entrainment during the rest of the year (April to August). There are some discrepancies between observed and modeled salinity tendencies. Some of them are due to our model formulation, which does not explicitly account for the effect of vertical diffusion. Uncertainties of observation products, which force the model, are also sources of errors.
Forward transport of proteins in the plasma membrane of migrating cerebellar granule cells
Authors: Wang Dong , She Liang , Sui Ya-nan , Yuan Xiao-bing , Wen Yunqing , Poo Mu-ming 
Published: December 2012

Significance
Newly differentiated neurons migrate over long distances to reach their proper destination in the developing brain. The mechanisms by which neurons accomplish this translocation remain to be clarified. By analyzing the trajectories of antibody-coated single quantum dots bound to specific plasma membrane proteins, we found that membrane proteins of migrating cultured cerebellar granule cells exhibited net forward translocation in a form of biased drift, which is superimposed upon Brownian motion, and that this biased drift appears to be driven by myosin II-dependent active transport processes. Thus, plasma membrane proteins undergo forward translocation in unison with cytoplasmic components in migrating neurons.
Evaluating the Effects of Electricity on Fish Embryos as a Potential Strategy for Controlling Invasive Cyprinids
Authors: Nutile Sam , Amberg Jon J. , Goforth Reuben R. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractFish embryo responses to electricity have been evaluated to investigate impacts of electrofishing on survival of fish embryos. However, use of electricity as a lethal means of control for early life history stages of unwanted invasive fish species has not been investigated. We exposed Fathead Minnow Pimephales promelas and Zebrafish Danio rerio embryos at multiple developmental stages to voltage gradients between 2 and 24 V/cm with pulsed direct current (PDC) and virtual direct current (VDC) for 20 and 60 s. Goldfish Carassius auratus embryos were similarly exposed to the same voltage gradients, although these trials were limited to VDC for 60 s. Voltage gradients ≥20 V/cm resulted in significantly lower survival for Fathead Minnow and Zebrafish embryos, and Goldfish embryos exhibited significantly reduced survival at voltage gradients ≥16 V/cm. Zebrafish embryos also exhibited significantly lower survival with longer exposure duration and when exposed to VDC versus PDC, although Fathead Minnow embryo survival did not differ across exposure durations or current types. Based on these results, the use of electrical barriers to control bigheaded carps at early life history stages is likely impractical due to the large voltage gradients and high power densities necessary to transfer lethal power to embryos in open systems with ambient conductivities >300 μS/cm. The larger size of bigheaded carp eggs relative to those of our proxy cyprinids may make them more susceptible to lower voltage gradients. However, exploratory tests using a small number of wild‐caught bigheaded carp eggs suggested that voltage gradients and associated power densities needed to transfer lethal power to embryos under in situ ambient conductivities were similar to those required to reduce survival in the proxy fish, possibly due to the small size of the bigheaded carp embryos relative to the large void space in water‐hardened eggs.
Response of Wild Trout to Stream Restoration over Two Decades in the Blackfoot River Basin, Montana
Authors: Pierce Ron , Podner Craig , Carim Kellie 
Published: December 2012

AbstractAnthropogenic degradation of aquatic habitats has prompted worldwide efforts to improve or restore stream habitats for fisheries. However, little information exists on the long‐term responses of salmonids to restoration in North American streams. To recover wild trout populations in the Blackfoot River in western Montana, a collaborative approach to stream restoration began in 1990 to improve degraded stream habitats, primarily on private land. To assess the efficacy of various restoration techniques (channel reconstruction and placement of instream habitat structures, restoration of natural instream flows, installation of fish ladders and screens at irrigation diversions, and modification of grazing practices) in the recovery of wild trout, we examined long‐term (>5 years) trends in trout abundance on 18 tributaries treated between 1990 and 2005 and subsequently monitored between 1989 and 2010. At pretreatment conditions, average trout abundance was significantly lower in treatment versus reference sites (0.19 versus 0.62 trout/m; P = 0.0001). By 3 years posttreatment, trout abundance had increased significantly to an average of 0.47 trout/m across treatment sites (P = 0.01) and was no longer significantly different from the reference average (P = 0.12). These initial rapid increases were sustained over the long term (5–21 years) in 15 streams. However, trout abundance declined below pretreatment levels on three streams presumably due to the return of human impacts from heavy riparian grazing and detrimental irrigation practices. Although long‐term (12 year) average response trends were positive, trends varied spatially and native trout responded more strongly in the upper portion of the basin. Study results indicate that restoration should focus in the mid to upper basin and emulate features of natural channels to promote life history diversity and the recovery of native trout. Finally, long‐term monitoring led to adaptive management on most (10 of 18) projects, and thus proved vital to the overall sustainability of wild trout fisheries throughout the basin.
Swordfish Vertical Distribution and Habitat Use in Relation to Diel and Lunar Cycles in the Western North Atlantic
Authors: Lerner Justin D. , Kerstetter David W. , Prince Eric D. , Talaue‐McManus Liana , Orbesen Eric S. , Mariano Arthur , Snodgrass Derke , Thomas Gary L. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThe vertical movement patterns of eight Swordfish Xiphias gladius from 109‐ to 249‐cm lower jaw fork length in the western North Atlantic were studied utilizing pop‐up archival transmitting tags. Deployments ranged from 120 to 151 d. Swordfish demonstrated significant differences in depth and temperature distributions between daytime and nighttime periods. Individual Swordfish behavior was characterized by occupying surface waters of less than 100 m during the night and depths greater than 400 m during daytime hours, vertical movements between the surface and depth occurring during crepuscular hours. The maximum depth recorded was 1,448 m (one of the deepest recorded depths for the species). Daytime surfacing behavior was seen in all tagged Swordfish, a rare finding for Swordfish in tropical latitudes. A dominant diurnal period of 1 cycle/d was found from a power spectral density analysis of five of the tagged Swordfish, a novel method for determining periodicity in the behavior of tagged animals. Regression analysis indicated a significant positive relationship between depth and fraction of the moon illuminated, supporting anecdotal and vessel logbook information from local Swordfish fisheries indicating changes in depth in relation to lunar phase.
Connections between Campeche Bank and Red Snapper Populations in the Gulf of Mexico via Modeled Larval Transport
Authors: Johnson Donald R. , Perry Harriet M. , Lyczkowski‐Shultz Joanne 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThe potential for Red Snapper Lutjanus campechanus on Campeche Bank to contribute to regional fisheries in the Gulf of Mexico through larval transport was studied using numerical circulation model data. A tracking algorithm was applied at an array of starting locations over Campeche Bank and simulated larval propagules launched every 3 d during the spawning seasons of four model years within the period 2003–2010. Successful recruitment was defined as arrival in water depths less than 200 m after 31 d of planktonic drift, regional recruitment being defined as a percentage of propagules launched. It was found that successful natal retention to Campeche Bank was high, varying between 67% and 73% of all launched propagules. However, successful recruitment to other regions around the Gulf of Mexico (GOM) was sporadic and extremely low. Robustness of the methodology was examined in a set of experiments involving larval depth and subgrid scale diffusion. The results suggest that larvae from Campeche Bank can contribute to homogenization of the gene pool throughout the GOM but may be insufficient to restore depleted regional populations.
Exploring the Influence of Stock–Recruitment Relationships and Environmental Variables on Black Bass and Crappie Recruitment Dynamics in Missouri Reservoirs
Authors: Siepker Michael J. , Michaletz Paul H. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractLarge reservoirs provide important sport fisheries, but managing these fisheries is difficult because of the multiple biological and environmental variables that interact to shape them. Understanding how sport fish recruitment responds to parental stock and environmental influences would improve our management capabilities. We compiled long‐term datasets for 15 Missouri reservoirs and used them to examine the influence of parental stock abundance and a suite of environmental variables on the recruitment of Largemouth Bass Micropterus salmoides, Spotted Bass M. punctulatus, White Crappie Pomoxis annularis, and Black Crappie P. nigromaculatus. Comparisons of log‐linear, Ricker, and Beverton–Holt stock–recruit models revealed that the log‐linear model was the most parsimonious for Largemouth Bass, White Crappie, and Black Crappie, but the Ricker model was best for Spotted Bass. However, stock–recruit models alone explained less than 13% of the variation in Largemouth Bass, Spotted Bass, and White Crappie recruitment while explaining about 33% of the variability in recruitment of Black Crappie. Largemouth Bass recruitment was positively related to spring rises in water levels, summer water levels, and average summer air temperatures, whereas Spotted Bass recruitment was positively related to spring air temperatures. White Crappie recruitment was positively related to total phosphorus levels and drops in spring water levels. Black Crappie recruitment was best explained by the model positively relating recruitment to spawning stock abundance, spring water levels, and summer water levels, while negatively relating recruitment to rapid drops in spring water levels. With the exception of models for Black Crappie, the best models did not include spawning stock abundance, and environmental variables appeared more important in explaining variation in recruitment. However, environmental variables in these models explained only a modest amount of variation (27–44%) in recruitment, revealing the complexity of recruitment processes in large reservoirs.
The insignificance of major mergers in driving star formation at z ≃ 2
Authors: Kaviraj S. , Cohen S. , Windhorst R. A. , Silk J. , O'Connell R. W. , Dopita M. A. , Dekel A. , Hathi N. P. , Straughn A. , Rutkowski M. 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
We study the significance of major-merger-driven star formation in the early Universe, by quantifying the contribution of this process to the total star formation budget in 80 massive (M* &gt; 1010 M⊙) galaxies at z ≃ 2. Employing visually classified morphologies from rest-frame V-band Hubble Space Telescope (HST) imaging, we find that 55±14 per cent of the star formation budget is hosted by non-interacting late types, with 27±8 per cent in major mergers and 18±6 per cent in spheroids. Given that a system undergoing a major merger continues to experience star formation driven by other processes at this epoch (e.g. cold accretion and minor mergers), ∼27 per cent is an upper limit to the major-merger contribution to star formation activity at this epoch. The ratio of the average specific star formation rate in major mergers to that in the non-interacting late types is ∼2.2:1, suggesting that the enhancement of star formation due to major merging is typically modest, and that just under half the star formation in systems experiencing major mergers is unrelated to the merger itself. Taking this into account, we estimate that the actual major-merger contribution to the star formation budget may be as low as ∼15 per cent. While our study does not preclude a major-merger-dominated era in the very early Universe, if the major-merger contribution to star formation does not evolve strongly into larger look-back times, then this process has a relatively insignificant role in driving stellar mass assembly over cosmic time.
Giant stellar arcs in the Large Magellanic Cloud: a possible link with past activity of the Milky Way nucleus
Authors: Efremov Yuri N. 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
The origin of the giant stellar arcs in the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) remains a controversial issue, one that has been discussed since 1966. No other star/cluster arc is so perfect a segment of a circle; moreover, there is another similar arc nearby. Many hypotheses were advanced to explain these arcs and all but one of these was disproved. It was proposed in 2004 that the origin of these arcs was a bow shock from the jet that is intermittently fired by the Milky Way nucleus; during its last episode of activity the jet was pointed toward the LMC. Quite recently, evidence for such a jet indeed appeared. We suggest that it was once energetic enough to trigger star formation in the LMC, and if the jet opening angle was about 2° then it could push out H i gas from a region of about 2 kpc in size, forming a cavity LMC4, but also squeeze two dense clouds that occurred in the same area, causing the formation of stars along their surfaces facing the core of the Milky Way. As a result, spherical segments of stellar shells might arise, visible now as the arcs named the Quadrant and Sextant, the apexes of which point towards the centre of the Milky Way. The orientation of both arcs could be the key to unlocking their origin. Here we give data that confirm the above hypothesis, amongst which are the radial velocities of stars inside and outside the larger of the LMC arcs. The probability is low that a jet from an active galactic nucleus (AGN) points towards a nearby galaxy and triggers star formation there, but a few other examples are now known or suspected.
Is the introduction of anonymous delivery associated with a reduction of high neonaticide rates in Austria? A retrospective study
Authors: Klier CM , Grylli C , Amon S , Fiala C , Weizmann‐Henelius G , Pruitt SL , Putkonen H 
Published: December 2012

ObjectiveTo assess rates of neonaticide after the implementation of a preventative ‘anonymous delivery’ law in mid‐2001 in Austria. Women are allowed to access antenatal care and give birth in a hospital anonymously, without showing any ID and free of charge.DesignRetrospective study.SettingA complete census of police‐reported neonaticides was obtained from the police statistics of Austria, Sweden and Finland.PopulationAll neonaticides reported to the police, 1991–2009.Main outcome measuresNeonaticide rates before (1991–2001) and after (2002–2009) the introduction of anonymous delivery legislation per 100 000 births.MethodsThe Mann–Whitney U‐test for two independent samples was used to compare neonaticide rates in the period before the new law was introduced with the rates observed after the implementation of the new law for each country.ResultsOn average the rate of police‐reported neonaticides was 7.2 per 100 000 births (SD 3.5, median 7.1) in Austria prior to the new law being passed, and 3.1 per 100 000 births (SD 2.1, median 2.6) after the law was passed. A significant decrease in neonaticide was observed in Austria after the implementation of anonymous delivery (Mann–Whitney U‐test P = 0.017). Whereas the Finnish and Swedish rates were lower than the Austrian rates before and after the implementation of the Austrian law, they remained unchanged over the study period.ConclusionsOur data demonstrate a significant decrease in the number of police‐reported neonaticides in Austria after the implementation of anonymous delivery. Even though underlying factors associated with neonaticide are complex, the findings could indicate an effect of anonymous delivery in the prevention of this crime.
Aflatoxin B1: Toxicity, bioactivation and detoxification in the polyphagous caterpillar Trichoplusia ni
Authors: Zeng Ren Sen , Wen Zhimou , Niu Guodong , Berenbaum May R. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractTrichoplusia ni caterpillars are polyphagous foliage‐feeders and rarely likely to encounter aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), a mycotoxin produced by Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus, in their host plants. To determine how T. ni copes with AFB1, we evaluated the toxicity of AFB1 to T. ni caterpillars at different developmental stages and found that AFB1 tolerance significantly increases with larval development. Diet incorporation of AFB1 at 1 μg/g completely inhibited larval growth and pupation of newly hatched larvae, but 3 μg/g AFB1 did not have apparent toxic effects on larval growth and pupation of caterpillars that first consume this compound 10 days after hatching. Piperonyl butoxide, a general inhibitor of cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (P450s), reduced the toxicity of AFB1, suggesting that AFB1 is bioactivated in T. ni and this bioactivation is mediated by P450s. Some plant allelochemicals, including flavonoids such as flavones, furanocoumarins such as xanthotoxin and imperatorin, and furanochromones such as visnagin, that induce P450s in other lepidopteran larvae ameliorated AFB1 toxicity, suggesting that P450s are also involved in AFB1 detoxification in T. ni.
Basophils are recruited to inflamed lungs and exacerbate memory Th2 responses in mice and humans
Authors: Wakahara K. , Van V. Q. , Baba N. , Bégin P. , Rubio M. , Delespesse G. , Sarfati M. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractBackgroundAlthough the contribution of basophils as inducers or amplifiers of Th2 responses is still debated, prolonged basophil/CD4 T cell interactions were observed in lungs but not lymph nodes (LNs) of parasite‐infected mice. However, the impact of basophils on the function of tissue CD4 effector T cells remains unknown.MethodsBasophils were purified from the lungs of ovalbumin (OVA)‐sensitized and OVA‐challenged (OVA‐immunized) mice or human peripheral blood for in vivo and in vitro functional studies. Pulmonary basophils were adoptively transferred to OVA‐sensitized hosts to assess airway inflammation in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and Th2 responses in lung explants and draining LNs. Basophils were co‐cultured with effector T cells or Ag‐specific naïve T cells alone or in combination with dendritic cells (DCs); IL‐4 production was determined by flow cytometry and ELISA.ResultsBasophils accumulated in lungs of OVA‐immunized mice. Adoptive transfer of basophils to OVA‐sensitized hosts enhanced lung IL‐4 and IL‐13 release while co‐administration of OVA further aggravated airway inflammation and Th2 responses in LNs. Mechanistic in vitro studies revealed that pulmonary basophils interacted with lung CD4 effectors, in the absence of DCs, to increase T cell survival and Th2 cytokine expression at the single cell level but amplified OVA‐loaded DC‐driven Th2 differentiation. Finally, human basophils augmented in vitro IL‐4 expression in effector memory CD4 T cells that include CRTH2+ cells through IL‐4 and TCR‐independent pathways.ConclusionsBasophils may worsen Th2 inflammatory disorders through direct interactions with pathogenic CD4 T cells as well as by enhancing DC‐induced Th2 cell development.
Efficacy and safety of the SQ‐standardized grass allergy immunotherapy tablet in mono‐ and polysensitized subjects
Authors: Nelson H. , Blaiss M. , Nolte H. , Würtz S. Ø. , Andersen J. S. , Durham S. R. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThe efficacy of single‐allergen‐specific immunotherapy in polysensitized subjects is a matter of debate. We therefore performed a post hoc analysis of pooled data from six randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trials (N = 1871) comparing the efficacy and safety of the SQ‐standardized grass allergy immunotherapy tablet (AIT), Grazax (Phleum pratense 75 000 SQ‐T/2800 BAU, ALK, Denmark), in mono‐ and polysensitized subjects. A statistically significant reduction in the mean total combined symptom/medication score (TCS) of 27% was demonstrated in actively treated subjects compared with placebo (P < 0.0001). This was not dependent on sensitization status (P = 0.5772), suggesting a similar treatment effect in mono‐ and polysensitized subjects (i.e. reductions of the TCSs of 28% and 26%, respectively, both P < 0.0001). Finally, a comparable and favourable safety profile of grass AIT was demonstrated in the two subgroups. Thus, no difference in efficacy and safety of single‐allergen grass AIT was observed between mono‐ and polysensitized subjects.