bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Frailty Change and Major Osteoporotic Fracture in the Elderly: Data from the Global Longitudinal Study of Osteoporosis in Women 3-Year Hamilton Cohort
Authors: Li Guowei , Papaioannou Alexandra , Thabane Lehana , Cheng Ji , Adachi Jonathan D 
Published: November 2015

ABSTRACT

Investigating the cumulative rate of deficits and the change of a frailty index (FI) chronologically is helpful in clinical and research settings in the elderly. However, limited evidence for the change of frailty before and after some nonfatal adverse health event such as a major osteoporotic fracture (MOF) is available. Data from the Global Longitudinal Study of Osteoporosis in Women 3-Year Hamilton cohort were used in this study. The changes of FI before and after onset of MOF were compared between the women with and without incident MOF. We also evaluated the relationship between risk of MOF, falls, and death and the change of FI and the absolute FI measures. There were 3985 women included in this study (mean age 69.4 years). The change of FI was significantly larger in the women with MOF than those without MOF at year 1 (0.085 versus 0.067, p = 0.036) and year 2 (0.080 versus 0.052, p = 0.042) post-baseline. The FI change was not significantly related with risk of MOF independently of age. However, the absolute FI measures were significantly associated with increased risk of MOF, falls, and death independently of age. In summary, the increase of the FI is significantly larger in the elderly women experiencing a MOF than their peer controls, indicating their worsening frailty and greater deficit accumulation after a MOF. Measures of the FI change may aid in the understanding of cumulative aging nature in the elderly and serve as an instrument for intervention planning and assessment. © 2015 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Prediction of conformationally dependent atomic multipole moments in carbohydrates
Authors: Cardamone Salvatore , Popelier Paul L. A. 
Published: November 2015

The conformational flexibility of carbohydrates is challenging within the field of computational chemistry. This flexibility causes the electron density to change, which leads to fluctuating atomic multipole moments. Quantum Chemical Topology (QCT) allows for the partitioning of an “atom in a molecule,” thus localizing electron density to finite atomic domains, which permits the unambiguous evaluation of atomic multipole moments. By selecting an ensemble of physically realistic conformers of a chemical system, one evaluates the various multipole moments at defined points in configuration space. The subsequent implementation of the machine learning method kriging delivers the evaluation of an analytical function, which smoothly interpolates between these points. This allows for the prediction of atomic multipole moments at new points in conformational space, not trained for but within prediction range.In this work, we demonstrate that the carbohydrates erythrose and threose are amenable to the above methodology. We investigate how kriging models respond when the training ensemble incorporating multiple energy minima and their environment in conformational space. Additionally, we evaluate the gains in predictive capacity of our models as the size of the training ensemble increases. We believe this approach to be entirely novel within the field of carbohydrates. For a modest training set size of 600, more than 90% of the external test configurations have an error in the total (predicted) electrostatic energy (relative toab initio) of maximum 1 kJ mol−1for open chains and just over 90% an error of maximum 4 kJ mol−1for rings. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Mitochondrial phenotype of marsupial torpor: Fuel metabolic switch in the Chilean mouse–opossum Thylamys elegans
Authors: Cortés Pablo Andres , Bacigalupe Leonardo Daniel , Mondaca Fredy , Desrosiers Véronique , Blier Pierre U. 
Published: November 2015

ABSTRACTTorpor is a phenotype characterized by a controlled decline of metabolic rate and body temperature. During arousal from torpor, organs undergo rapid metabolic reactivation and rewarming to near normal levels. As torpor progress, animals show a preference for fatty acids over glucose as primary source of energy. Here, we analyzed for first time the changes in the maximal activity of key enzymes related to fatty acid (Carnitine palmitoyltransferase and β‐Hydroxyacyl CoA dehydrogenase) and carbohydrate (Pyruvate kinase, Phosphofructokinase and Lactate dehydrogenase) catabolism, as well as mitochondrial oxidative capacity (Citrate synthase), in six organs of torpid, arousing and euthermic Chilean mouse‐opossums (Thylamys elegans). Our results showed that activity of enzymes related to fatty acid and carbohydrate catabolism were different among torpor phases and the pattern of variation differs among tissues. In terms of lipid utilization, maximal enzymatic activities differ in tissues with high oxidative capacity such as heart, kidney, and liver. In terms of carbohydrate use, lower enzymatic activities were observed during torpor in brain and liver. Interestingly, citrate synthase activity did not differ thought torpor‐arousal cycle in any tissues analyzed, suggesting no modulation of mitochondrial content in T. elegans. Overall results provide an indication that modulation of enzymes associated with carbohydrate and fatty‐acid pathways is mainly oriented to limit energy expensive processes and sustain energy metabolism during transition from torpor to euthermy. Future studies are required to elucidate if physiological events observed for T. elegans are unique from other marsupials, or represents a general response in marsupials. J. Exp. Zool. 325A:41–51, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Aid, Political Business Cycles and Growth in Africa
Authors: Chiripanhura Blessing , Niño‐Zarazúa Miguel 
Published: November 2015

AbstractThis study develops a model of opportunistic behaviour in which an incumbent government resorts to expansionary fiscal and/or monetary stimuli to foster economic growth and thus, maximize the probability of re‐election. Using a panel dataset of 31 African countries covering the period 1980 to 2009, we test whether donor aid facilitates such political business cycles and investigate their effect on growth. We find evidence that donors, through guaranteeing support to incumbent governments, may unwittingly instigate political business cycles. With forbearance, and sometimes complicity by donors, aid seems to allow incumbent governments to instigate macroeconomic stimuli that ensure electoral victory with no fear of losing aid support. © 2015 UNU‐WIDER. Journal of International Development published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
How to Assess the Effectiveness of Development Aid Projects: Evaluation Ratings versus Project Indicators
Authors: Metzger Laura , Guenther Isabel 
Published: November 2015

AbstractMost studies on project‐based aid effectiveness rely on subjective evaluation ratings to measure projects' performance. Using the example of drinking water projects, this study compares evaluation ratings to objective, quantitative project indicators based on water supply to better understand the drivers of evaluation ratings. We find that evaluation ratings are only weakly correlated with improvements in water supply. Whereas the water supply‐based project indicators are best explained by project design variables, evaluation ratings put more weight on project management and implementation. © 2015 UNU‐WIDER. Journal of International Development published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A comparison between porcine, ovine, and bovine intervertebral disc anatomy and single lamella annulus fibrosus tensile properties
Authors: Monaco Lauren A. , DeWitte‐Orr Stephanie J. , Gregory Diane E. 
Published: November 2015

ABSTRACTThis project aimed to compare gross anatomical measures and biomechanical properties of single lamellae from the annulus fibrosus of ovine and porcine lumbar vertebrae, and bovine tail vertebrae. The morphology of the vertebrae of these species differ significantly both from each other and from human, yet how these differences alter biomechanical properties is unknown. Geometric parameters measured in this study included: 1) absolute and relative intervertebral (IVD) and vertebral body height and 2) absolute and relative intervertebral disc (IVD) anterior‐posterior (AP) and medial‐lateral (ML) widths. Single lamella tensile properties included toe‐region stress and stretch ratio, stiffness, and tensile strength. As expected, the bovine tail IVD revealed a more circular shape compared with both the ovine and porcine lumbar IVD. The bovine tail also had the largest IVD to vertebral body height ratio (due to having the highest absolute IVD height). Bovine tail lamellae were also found to be strongest and stiffest (in tension) while ovine lumbar lamellae were weakest and most compliant. Histological analysis revealed the greatest proportion of collagen in the bovine corroborating findings of increased strength and stiffness. The observed differences in anatomical shape, connective tissue composition, and tensile properties need to be considered when choosing an appropriate model for IVD research. J. Morphol. 277:244–251, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Prolapse repair with and without apical resuspension—Practice patterns among certifying American urologists
Authors: Liu Joceline S. , Nettey Oluwarotimi , Vo Amanda X. , Hofer Matthias D. , Flury Sarah C. , Kielb Stephanie J. 
Published: November 2015

AimsTo examine surgeon characteristics in certifying urologists performing prolapse surgeries. Anterior compartment prolapse is often associated with apical prolapse, with high rates of recurrence when anterior repair is performed without apical resuspension.MethodsSix‐month case log data of certifying urologists between 2003 and 2013 was obtained from the American Board of Urology (ABU). Cases with a CPT code for common prolapse repairs in females ≥18 years were analyzed.ResultsAmong 2,588 urologists logging at least one prolapse surgery and a total of 30,983 surgeries, 320 (1.0% of all cases) uterosacral ligament suspension, 3,673 (11.9%) sacrospinous ligament suspension, and 2,618 (8.4%) abdominal sacrocolpopexy were identified. The remaining 14,585 cases were logged as anterior repair. 54.7% of anterior repairs did not include apical suspension. The proportion of anterior repairs without apical suspension has decreased from 77.7% in 2004 to 41.4% in 2012 (P < 0.001). Female subspecialists before 2011 performed anterior repair without apical suspension in 58.5%, versus 70.3% by all others. Since 2011 there has been a decrease in number of anterior repairs without apical suspension, notably in those applying for Female Pelvic Medicine and Reconstructive Surgery (FPMRS) certification (17.1% vs. 30.7% by all other urologists, P < 0.001); nonacademically affiliated urologists are 2.1 times more likely to report anterior repair without apical suspension than academically affiliated colleagues (P < 0.001).ConclusionsThe proportion of prolapse repairs reported as anterior repairs without apical suspension is decreasing, although it remains a substantial portion. Recent log year, FPMRS, and academic affiliation were associated with prolapse repairs addressing apical support. Neurourol. Urodynam. 36:344–348, 2017. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A simple integration algorithm for a non‐associated anisotropic plasticity model for sheet metal forming
Authors: Wali M. , Autay R. , Mars J. , Dammak F. 
Published: November 2015

SummaryIn this paper, an anisotropic material model based on a non‐associated flow rule and nonlinear mixed isotropic‐kinematic hardening is developed. The quadratic Hill48 yield criterion is considered in the non‐associated model for both yield function and plastic potential to account for anisotropic behavior. The developed model is integrated based on fully implicit backward Euler's method. The resulting problem is reduced to only two simple scalar equations. The consistent local tangent modulus is obtained by exact linearization of the algorithm. All numerical development was implemented into user‐defined material subroutine for the commercial finite element code ABAQUS/Standard. The performance of the present algorithm is demonstrated by numerical examples. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A new Leapfrog scheme for rotational motion in 3D
Authors: Mariotti C. 
Published: November 2015

SummaryDiscrete element codes use complex geometric solid particles, so it is necessary to integrate three‐dimensional rigid‐body rotation correctly with external torque. This article presents an interpretation of the Leapfrog scheme. We begin with some rotation formulae before presenting an efficient and high‐order recurrent Taylor series method for rotation. Integrating this method with Leapfrog interpretation provides a complete scheme for rotational motion with external torque. This new Leapfrog scheme has been integrated into the CeaMka3D Discrete Element code, and we present some verifications and simulations to illustrate the capabilities of this scheme. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An effective 3D meshing approach for fractured rocks
Authors: Liu Yan , Xing H. L. 
Published: November 2015

SummaryAn effective mesh generation algorithm is proposed to construct mesh representations for arbitrary fractures in 3D rock masses. With the development of advanced imaging techniques, fractures in a rock mass can be clearly captured by a high‐resolution 3D digital image but with a huge data set. To reduce the data size, corresponding mesh substitutes are required in both visualization and numerical analysis. Fractures in rocks are naturally complicated. They may meet at arbitrary angles at junctions, which could derive topological defects, geometric errors or local connectivity flaws on mesh models. A junction weight is proposed and applied to distinguish fracture junctions from surfaces by an adequate threshold. We take account of fracture junctions and generate an initial surface mesh by a simplified centroidal Voronoi diagram. To further repair the initial mesh, an innovative umbrella operation is designed and adopted to correct mesh topology structures and preserve junction geometry features. Constrained with the aforementioned surface mesh of fracture, a tetrahedral mesh is generated and substituted for the 3D image model to be involved in future numerical analysis. Finally, we take two fractured rock samples as application examples to demonstrate the usefulness and capability of the proposed meshing approach. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) and first trimester markers in prenatal screening for Down syndrome
Authors: Huttly Wayne J. , Bestwick Jonathan P. , Wald Nicholas J. 
Published: November 2015

What's already known about this topic?

In the late first trimester of pregnancy, women with insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) have pregnancy associated plasma protein‐A (PAPP‐A) levels lower than women without IDDM.
What does this study add?

This study confirms that first trimester PAPP‐A is lower among women with IDDM compared with women without IDDM.
A single adjustment factor (19% based on data from this study) is sufficient for PAPP‐A. A gestational age‐dependent adjustment factor is not needed.
Free β‐hCG levels are also lower among women with IDDM compared with women without IDDM; however, the difference is small and does not warrant an adjustment.
Degradation of a polyester‐urethane coating: Physical properties
Authors: Makki Hesam , Adema Koen N. S. , Peters Elias A. J. F. , Laven Jozua , van der Ven Leendert G. J. , van Benthem Rolf A. T. M. , de With Gijsbertus 
Published: November 2015

ABSTRACTIn this article we studied the evolution of thermomechanical properties of a polyester‐urethane coating during degradation under different degradation conditions, i.e., aerobic and anaerobic conditions with and without dry/wet cycling during degradation. Dynamic mechanical and thermal analyses show that under aerobic conditions the coatings become stiffer and more brittle in the glassy state. This stiffening is probably due to the increase in the amount of hydrogen bonding and the formation of oxidized groups which increase the polarity of the material and enhance the interactions of the polymer segments. However, oxidation reactions result in a considerable decrease in cross‐link density and stiffness in the rubbery state. Both changes, in the glassy and rubbery states, give rise to development of internal stresses. These stresses increase as the degradation process proceeds. Nevertheless, for samples exposed to anaerobic conditions, the stiffness remains constant in the glassy state and the cross‐link density slightly increases as a result of degradation. This reconfirms the dominance of the effect of oxidation reactions on the mechanical failure of the coatings. Oxygen permeation measurements show a more‐or‐less time‐independent diffusion coefficient and a gradual decrease in solubility of oxygen as a function of exposure time. This results in a slight decrease in oxygen permeation (mainly in the early stage of the degradation) as degradation proceeds. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2016, 54, 659–671
Camera‐based high frequency heterodyne lock‐in carrierographic (frequency‐domain photoluminescence) imaging of crystalline silicon wafers
Authors: Sun Qiming , Melnikov Alexander , Mandelis Andreas 
Published: November 2015

A heterodyne lock‐in imaging scheme is introduced to overcome NIR camera speed limitations and poor signal‐to‐noise ratios, thereby generating high‐frequency carrierographic imaging up to 10 kHz. A theoretical model was established to investigate the heterodyne signal generation mechanism as well as to extract the major carrier transport parameters by best‐fitting the entire modulation frequency dependence. Good agreement was found between the theoretically predicted and experimentally measured heterodyne amplitude dependence on excitation intensity. A contrast inversion feature in the high‐frequency heterodyne amplitude images was observed. High‐frequency information presents a method for resolving local near‐surface carrier transport parameters from the lumped effective lifetime, thereby providing ac‐diffusion‐length‐controlled depth‐selective/resolved imaging.Heterodyne lock‐in carrierography (LIC) amplitude images of a crystalline silicon wafer at different frequencies.
Effect of Pretreatment and Modified Atmosphere Packaging on Quality of dry Coleslaw mix
Authors: Radziejewska‐Kubzdela Elżbieta , Czaczyk Katarzyna 
Published: November 2015

The aim of the study was to determine the effect of soaking in chlorinated water (100 ppm chlorine) or mild thermal treatment in water (55°C; 3 min) and modified atmosphere packaging on the quality and shelf life of dry coleslaw stored for 12 days at 4°C. Samples were packaged in low‐barrier film in modified atmosphere containing: 5/10/85, 20/25/55, 50/30/20, 70/30/0 %O2/% CO2/% N2, and air atmosphere. In‐pack gas levels, sensory quality, microbial counts and cell permeability were determined.In comparison to non‐processed coleslaw, pretreatment of coleslaw, both consisting in soaking in chlorine solution and a mild thermal processing, resulted in a reduction by approx. 1 logarithmic cycle for counts of psychrophilic and lactic acid bacteria as well as mesophilic and psychrophilic yeasts, by 1 and 1.7 logarithmic cycle for coliform bacteria and by 2 up to 3 logarithmic cycles for Pseudomonas bacteria. Modified atmosphere (irrespective of its composition) used in product packaging was found to have no effect on the count of mesophilic bacteria. An elevated content of carbon dioxide in modified atmosphere (10, 25 or 30%) inhibited growth of psychrophilic bacteria and Pseudomonas bacteria up to 6 days of storage. In the case of coliform bacteria growth inhibition during storage was recorded both in the samples packaged in air atmosphere and in the atmosphere of 50/30/20 and 70/30/0 %O2/% CO2/% N2. In samples packaged in the atmosphere of 70% O2 and 30% CO2 after 12 days the greatest cell permeability was recorded, which was connected with a deterioration of their microbiological quality. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A solar city strategy applied to six municipalities: integrating market, finance, and policy factors for infrastructure‐scale photovoltaic development in Amsterdam, London, Munich, New York, Seoul, and Tokyo
Authors: Byrne John , Taminiau Job , Kim Kyung Nam , Seo Jeongseok , Lee Joohee 
Published: November 2015

Policy support platforms like the Feed‐in Tariff and the Renewable Portfolio Standard have been very successful in accelerating renewable energy development around the world. Nonetheless, the sustained and consistent transition to a renewable energy future required, e.g., to avoid further climate change, continues to elude societies. To achieve substantial energy transformation, reconsideration of the finance–policy–market interaction is required and is contemplated here by positioning the build‐out of a particular renewable energy technology, photovoltaic (PV) energy, as a commitment to infrastructure‐scale development. A so‐called ‘solar city’ strategy is analyzed in which large‐scale deployment of PV throughout the urban fabric essentially constructs an urban renewable energy power plant by utilizing the vast rooftop real estate available in all cities. The article explores a capital market strategy for practical implementation of urban PV in six case study cities—Amsterdam, London, Munich, New York City, Seoul, and Tokyo. This study demonstrates the substantial potential of the solar city concept in each location and outlines a financing strategy to realize the potential. WIREs Energy Environ 2016, 5:68–88. doi: 10.1002/wene.182This article is categorized under:

Photovoltaics > Economics and Policy
Solar Heating and Cooling > Systems and Infrastructure
Energy and Development > Economics and Policy
A paired comparison of scat‐collecting versus scat‐swabbing methods for noninvasive recovery of mesocarnivore DNA from an arid environment
Authors: Miles Kathleen A. , Holtz Michelle N. , Lounsberry Zachary T. , Sacks Benjamin N. 
Published: November 2015

ABSTRACTNoninvasive DNA sampling from scats can provide powerful tools for wildlife research depending in large part on how scats are collected in the field. Preservation of scat in 95–100% ethanol can be highly effective, but not always practical. Use of swabs to sample the mucous layer from scats is a popular alternative, but has not been adequately tested in arid environments, where the mucous layer can rapidly desiccate. We conducted a paired comparison of methods, extraction from scats stored in ethanol (“direct method”) versus from swabs (“swab method”), for carnivore scats collected under typical field conditions during May–September 2013 and January–February 2015 in northern California, USA. Direct quantification of DNA indicated that the extracts from ethanol‐preserved direct‐method samples contained, on average, an order of magnitude (14×) more target DNA than extracts from swab method (P < 0.03). For mitochondrial sequencing, which is typically used for species‐typing, we obtained slightly higher success for the direct (81%) than the swab (73%) extracts, but not significantly so (P = 0.25, n = 104). Among 62 canid scats, microsatellite genotyping (typically used for individual identification) was much more successful for the direct extracts (74%) than the swab extracts (35%; P < 0.001, n = 62). Together, our findings indicated a substantial advantage of ethanol preservation followed by extraction directly from scats over swabbing in our arid study area. Our results apply most specifically to canids in the arid study environment; swabbing is potentially more effective in humid environments or in other carnivore species. Nevertheless, our findings highlight the importance of conducting pilot studies before committing to swabbing as a means of fecal DNA collection. © 2015 The Wildlife Society.