bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Variability of oceanic carbon cycle in the North Pacific from seasonal to decadal scales
Authors: Xiu Peng , Chai Fei 
Published: July 2014

AbstractVariability of upper‐ocean carbon cycle in the North Pacific during 1958–2010 period is investigated using a physical‐biogeochemical model. Comparisons with in situ data from five different oceanographic environments in the South China Sea, Monterey Bay, North Pacific gyre, northwestern Pacific, and Gulf of Alaska indicate that the model usually captures observed seasonal and interannual variability in both sea surface pCO2 and sea‐air CO2 flux. Seasonal variability of pCO2 and CO2 flux in the North Pacific follows the change in sea surface temperature (SST) closely with high and low values in summer and winter, respectively. Total CO2 modifies pCO2 seasonal pattern in an opposite manner with respect to SST, and surface wind speed modifies the magnitude of CO2 flux variations. On interannual and decadal time scales, sea surface pCO2 is primarily controlled by anthropogenic CO2, followed by modulations by the El Niño‐Southern Oscillation and the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO), while sea‐air CO2 flux is significantly regulated by the PDO and the North Pacific Gyre Oscillation (NPGO). We show that anthropogenic CO2 tends to amplify the influence on CO2 flux from the PDO but to damp the influence from the NPGO.
Role of the western tropical Pacific in the North Pacific regime shift in the winter of 1998/1999
Authors: Jo Hyun‐Su , Yeh Sang‐Wook , Kirtman Ben P. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractIn this study, we examine the role of the western tropical Pacific in the North Pacific regime shift during the winter (December–January–February) of 1998/1999. The North Pacific regime shift in the winter of 1998/1999 is characterized by a dipole‐like structure along 40°N where significant warming is prominent in the western and central North Pacific. This shift might have been associated with an abrupt warming in the western tropical Pacific after 1998/1999, in the North Equatorial Current (NEC) bifurcation region (8°N–18°N, 125°E–160°E) in particular. The NEC bifurcation region experiences a regime shift from cooling to warming during the 1998/1999. Consequently, the Kuroshio current, which originates in the NEC bifurcation region, could transport the anomalous warm water into the North Pacific. In addition, a sudden shift in the NEC bifurcation latitude to the south also contributes to the 1998/1999 regime shift in the North Pacific. We suggest a possible mechanism that could have caused the regime shift in the NEC bifurcation region during the 1998/1999. An abrupt deepening of the thermocline depth in the NEC bifurcation region from 1997/1998 to 1998/1999, which is associated with the biggest El Niño in 1997/1998 and a subsequent La Niña event in 1998/1999, plays a role in initiating the shift in the NEC bifurcation region. Subsequently, the frequent occurrence of the La Niña events after 1998/1999 plays a role in maintaining the regime shift toward warming by sustaining a deepening of the thermocline depth.
Is weaker Arctic sea ice changing the Atlantic water circulation?
Authors: Itkin Polona , Karcher Michael , Gerdes Rüdiger 
Published: July 2014

AbstractWith a numerical model, we test the sensitivity of the Arctic Ocean circulation at middepth (212–1200 m) to the change in the sea ice rheology parameter P* that controls the sea ice compressive strength. We show that the reduction of the sea ice strength via P* within commonly used envelope reduces the sea ice extent and consequently enhances the ocean surface heat loss in the marginal ice zone. This leads to cooling of the Atlantic water inflow into the Arctic Ocean. As a result Eurasian Basin and Amerasian Basin temperatures are in average cooled by 0.1°C and 0.05°C, respectively. An increased sea ice drift speed in the central Arctic leads to an enhanced circulation of the anticyclonic Beaufort Gyre of the Amerasian Basin, which in turn weakens the cyclonic Atlantic water circulation below and enhances the recirculation of the Atlantic water in the Eurasian Basin. Consequently the balance of the volume fluxes through the Arctic gateways changes. Fram Strait net outflow increases by 0.46 Sv, Barents Sea Opening net inflow increases by 0.19 Sv and Davis Strait net outflow decreases by 0.28 Sv. This may spread the effects of the sea ice strength change beyond the limits of the Arctic Ocean and into the deep water convection zones in the North Atlantic. These substantial effects should be considered also in the model optimization efforts where P* is commonly used as one of the tuning parameters to achieve better sea ice simulations, whereas the effects on the ocean circulation are rarely taken into account.
Insights on the OAFlux ocean surface vector wind analysis merged from scatterometers and passive microwave radiometers (1987 onward)
Authors: Yu Lisan , Jin Xiangze 
Published: July 2014

AbstractA high‐resolution global daily analysis of ocean surface vector winds (1987 onward) was developed by the Objectively Analyzed air‐sea Fluxes (OAFlux) project. This study addressed the issues related to the development of the time series through objective synthesis of 12 satellite sensors (two scatterometers and 10 passive microwave radiometers) using a least‐variance linear statistical estimation. The issues include the rationale that supports the multisensor synthesis, the methodology and strategy that were developed, the challenges that were encountered, and the comparison of the synthesized daily mean fields with reference to scatterometers and atmospheric reanalyses. The synthesis was established on the bases that the low and moderate winds (<15 m s−1) constitute 98% of global daily wind fields, and they are the range of winds that are retrieved with best quality and consistency by both scatterometers and radiometers. Yet, challenges are presented in situations of synoptic weather systems due mainly to three factors: (i) the lack of radiometer retrievals in rain conditions, (ii) the inability to fill in the data voids caused by eliminating rain‐flagged QuikSCAT wind vector cells, and (iii) the persistent differences between QuikSCAT and ASCAT high winds. The study showed that the daily mean surface winds can be confidently constructed from merging scatterometers with radiometers over the global oceans, except for the regions influenced by synoptic weather storms. The uncertainties in present scatterometer and radiometer observations under high winds and rain conditions lead to uncertainties in the synthesized synoptic structures.
Explaining Jupiter's magnetic field and equatorial jet dynamics
Authors: Gastine T. , Wicht J. , Duarte L. D. V. , Heimpel M. , Becker A. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractSpacecraft data reveal a very Earth‐like Jovian magnetic field. This is surprising since numerical simulations have shown that the vastly different interiors of terrestrial and gas planets can strongly affect the internal dynamo process. Here we present the first numerical dynamo that manages to match the structure and strength of the observed magnetic field by embracing the newest models for Jupiter's interior. Simulated dynamo action primarily occurs in the deep high electrical conductivity region, while zonal flows are dynamically constrained to a strong equatorial jet in the outer envelope of low conductivity. Our model reproduces the structure and strength of the observed global magnetic field and predicts that secondary dynamo action associated to the equatorial jet produces banded magnetic features likely observable by the Juno mission. Secular variation in our model scales to about 2000 nT per year and should also be observable during the 1 year nominal mission duration.
Wide longitudinal distribution of interplanetary electrons following the 7 February 2010 solar event: Observations and transport modeling
Authors: Dröge W. , Kartavykh Y. Y. , Dresing N. , Heber B. , Klassen A. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractWe analyze 65–105 keV electrons in the 7 February 2010 solar electron event observed simultaneously by STEREO‐A, STEREO‐B, and ACE. A method to reconstruct the full‐electron pitch angle distributions from the four Solar Electron and Proton Telescope sensors on STEREO‐A/B and the Solar Electron and Proton Telescope instrument on ACE in the energy range of approximately 60–300 keV for periods of incomplete angular coverage is presented. A transport modeling based on numerical solutions of a three‐dimensional particle propagation model which includes pitch angle scattering and focused transport is applied to the intensity and anisotropy profiles measured on all three spacecraft. Based on an analysis of intensity gradients observed between the three spacecraft, we find that the lateral transport of the electrons occurs partially close to the Sun, due to effects of nonradial divergence of magnetic field lines or particle diffusion, and partially in the interplanetary medium. For the mean free paths characterizing the electron diffusion parallel and perpendicular to the interplanetary magnetic field, we derive values of λ∥∼ 0.1 AU and λ⟂∼ 0.01 AU. In comparison with results from other particle events which we had previously analyzed in a similar manner we discuss whether the diffusion mean free paths parallel and perpendicular to the average magnetic field might be related with each other, and whether the particle transport perpendicular to the average magnetic field is more likely due to particles following meandering magnetic field lines, or due to particles being scattered off individual field lines.
Limiting energy spectrum of an electron radiation belt
Authors: Summers Danny , Shi Run 
Published: July 2014

AbstractTo determine the Kennel‐Petschek limiting particle flux in a planetary radiation belt in a fully relativistic regime, without assuming a predetermined form for the particle energy distribution, has been a long‐standing challenge in space physics. In this paper, for the case of whistler mode wave‐electron interaction, we meet this challenge. The limiting flux is determined by a steady state marginal stability criterion in which a convective wave gain condition is applied over all frequencies for which wave growth occurs. This condition produces an integral equation for the trapped flux. We find that in the relativistic regime the limiting electron energy spectrum varies asymptotically as 1/E, for large energy E, just as in the nonrelativistic case. However, the scaling coefficient in the relativistic case is twice that in the nonrelativistic result. We compare numerical solutions for the limiting spectra with measured energetic electron spectra at Jupiter.
Impact of assimilating surface salinity from SMOS on ocean circulation estimates
Authors: Köhl A. , Sena Martins M. , Stammer D. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractIn a pilot attempt, the GECCO2 synthesis system is being used to investigate the impact of SMOS sea surface salinity (SSS) observations on estimates of SSS and freshwater fluxes. The paper focuses on the period 2010–2011, during which, in addition to traditional in situ and satellite observations, SMOS SSS is assimilated. A prior SMOS SSS error field is inferred through a comparison of the satellite data with in situ salinity data and reveals large biases (>1 g/kg) in the SMOS product near continents and in the Southern Ocean. Employing this error estimate in the assimilation procedure leads only to an insignificant impact of SMOS SSS on the estimated ocean state. However, when reducing the error artificially by a factor of 10, the SMOS data can be reproduced well in the interior ocean. In this case, the previously remaining positive model bias with respect to in situ salinity is changed to a negative bias while the misfit slightly increased. The clear freshening can be attributed to the SMOS bias with respect to in situ data. The associated increase in freshwater input in the tropical oceans enhances slightly the correspondence of the estimated fluxes to the independent satellite‐based estimate from HOAPS except for the South Pacific and South Atlantic. On short‐timescales, changes in the estimated surface salinity result primarily from changes in surface freshwater fluxes, while over longer periods ocean dynamics become increasingly more important for changing the near‐surface salinity.
Disproportionate subarachnoid space hydrocephalus—outcome and perivascular space
Authors: Akiguchi Ichiro , Shirakashi Yoshitomo , Budka Herbert , Watanabe Yuko , Watanabe Toshiyuki , Shiino Akihiko , Ogita Mihoko , Kawamoto Yasuhiro , Jungwirth Susanne , Krampla Wolfgang , Fischer Peter 
Published: July 2014

AbstractObjectiveWe sought to identify the prevalence of MRI features of disproportionately enlarged subarachnoid space hydrocephalus in possible idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (DESH‐iNPH) and to describe the clinico‐radiological features and outcomes of a community‐based investigation (The Vienna Trans‐Danube Aging study).MethodsOf the 697 inhabitants (all 75 years old), 503 completed extensive neurological examinations at baseline and were followed up every 30 months thereafter with MRIs, mini‐mental state examination (MMSE), and the Unified Parkinson Disease Rating Scale‐Motor Section (UPDRSM). The DESH‐iNPH participant data were compared with the data from participants with Evans index ratios >0.3 (ex vacuo hydrocephalus), cerebral small‐vessel diseases, and normal MRIs. The widening of perivascular space was also evaluated by MRI in these groups.ResultsEight participants with DESH‐iNPH (1.6%) and 76 with ex vacuo hydrocephalus (16.1%) at baseline were identified. The mean MMSE in DESH‐iNPH, ex vacuo hydrocephalus, and normal MRIs was 26.4, 27.9, and 28.3, respectively, and the mean UPDRSM was 9.75, 2.96, and 1.87, respectively. After a 90‐month follow‐up, the mortality rates for DESH‐iNPH, ex vacuo hydrocephalus, and normal MRIs were 25.0%, 21.3%, and 10.9%, respectively. The perivascular‐space widening scores were significantly smaller in the DESH‐iNPH cases, particularly at the centrum semiovale, compared to cerebral small‐vessel disease and ex vacuo hydrocephalus cases.InterpretationThe prevalence of DESH‐iNPH was 1.6% for participants aged 75 years and revealed significantly lower MMSE and higher UPDRSM scores compared to the ex vacuo hydrocephalus and controls. Moreover, it is suggested that perivascular‐space narrowing is a morphological and pathophysiological marker of DESH‐iNPH.
Early Progressive Strength Training to Enhance Recovery After Fast‐Track Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Jakobsen Thomas Linding , Kehlet Henrik , Husted Henrik , Petersen Janne , Bandholm Thomas 
Published: July 2014

ObjectiveTo compare 7 weeks of supervised physical rehabilitation with or without progressive strength training (PST) commenced early after fast‐track total knee arthroplasty (TKA) on functional performance.MethodsIn total, 82 patients with a unilateral primary TKA were randomized to 2 different interventions: 7 weeks of supervised physical rehabilitation with PST (PST group) and without PST (CON group) commenced early after fast‐track TKA. The primary outcome was the maximal distance walked in 6 minutes (6‐minute walk test). Secondary outcomes were lower extremity strength and power, knee joint effusion and range of motion, knee pain, and self‐reported disability and quality of life. All outcome measures were assessed before TKA (baseline) and 4, 8, and 26 weeks after TKA.ResultsThere was no statistically significant difference between the PST and CON groups in the change score from baseline to the 8‐week postoperative assessment (primary end point) for the 6‐minute walk test with unadjusted baseline scores (mean difference between groups: −11.3 meters [95% confidence interval −45.4, 22.7]; analysis of variance P = 0.51). There were no statistically significant or clinically meaningful differences between groups in change scores from baseline to any other time point for all secondary outcomes. The secondary outcome knee extension strength did not reach the level recorded before surgery in both groups.ConclusionSeven weeks of supervised physical rehabilitation with PST was not superior to 7 weeks of supervised physical rehabilitation without PST in improving functional performance, measured as the maximal walking distance in 6 minutes, at the primary end point 8 weeks after fast‐track TKA.
Do Cognitive and Physical Fatigue Tasks Enhance Pain, Cognitive Fatigue, and Physical Fatigue in People With Fibromyalgia?
Authors: Dailey Dana L. , Keffala Valerie J. , Sluka Kathleen A. 
Published: July 2014

ObjectiveFibromyalgia is a condition characterized by chronic widespread muscle pain and fatigue. The primary objective of this study was to determine if pain, perceived cognitive fatigue, and perceived physical fatigue were enhanced in participants with fibromyalgia compared to healthy controls during a cognitive fatigue task, a physical fatigue task, and a dual fatigue task.MethodsIn total, 24 people with fibromyalgia and 33 healthy controls completed pain, fatigue, and function measures. A cognitive fatigue task (Controlled Oral Word Association Test) and physical fatigue task (Valpar peg test) were done individually and combined for a dual fatigue task. Resting pain, perceived cognitive fatigue, and perceived physical fatigue were assessed during each task using visual analog scales. Function was assessed with shoulder range of motion and grip.ResultsPeople with fibromyalgia had significantly higher increases in pain, cognitive fatigue, and physical fatigue when compared to healthy controls after completion of a cognitive fatigue task, a physical fatigue task, or a dual fatigue task (P < 0.01) with the exception of perceived cognitive fatigue during the cognitive fatigue task. People with fibromyalgia performed equivalently on measures of physical performance and cognitive performance on the physical and cognitive fatigue tasks, respectively.ConclusionThese data show that people with fibromyalgia show larger increases in pain, perceived cognitive fatigue, and perceived physical fatigue to both cognitive and physical fatigue tasks compared to healthy controls. The increases in pain and fatigue during cognitive and physical fatigue tasks could influence subject participation in daily activities and rehabilitation.
Best Practices for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Systematic Review of Guideline Recommendations and Quality Indicators
Authors: Barber Claire E. H. , Smith Alexa , Esdaile John M. , Barnabe Cheryl , Martin Liam O. , Faris Peter , Hazlewood Glen , Noormohamed Raheem , Alvarez Nanette , Mancini G. B. John , Lacaille Diane , Keeling Stephanie , Aviña‐Zubieta J. Antonio , Marshall Deborah 
Published: July 2014

ObjectiveCardiovascular disease (CVD) is a leading cause of mortality in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). This study systematically reviewed and appraised guidelines and quality indicators (QIs) pertaining to CVD risk management in patients with RA.MethodsFour electronic medical databases (Medline, Embase, CINAHL, and Web of Science) and gray literature publications were searched using terms and keywords pertaining to guidelines, QIs, RA, and CVD (RA and general population literature searched). Abstracts were screened for inclusion and rated using the Appraisal of Guidelines for Research and Evaluation II instrument independently by 2 of 3 reviewers.ResultsIn total, 16,064 abstracts were screened and 808 underwent full‐text review. A total of 17 guidelines and 3 QI sets published between 2008 and 2013 were included. A number of consistent themes emerged, including the increased CV risk faced by RA patients and the need to address modifiable risk factors on a regular basis. The role of the multidisciplinary team in risk optimization was also highlighted. Ten guidelines provided recommendations for CVD prevention in patients with RA. Unfortunately, most recommendations lacked the specificity required to determine adherence to the recommendation. Only 4 RA‐specific CVD QIs were identified (1 general comorbidity screening, formal CVD risk estimation, exercise, and minimizing steroid use).ConclusionRegular screening for CVD risk factors is an important part of care in patients with RA. Unfortunately, existing RA‐specific CVD QIs do not adequately address risk factor management, and existing guideline recommendations lack specificity for measurement and use in quality improvement initiatives.
Incidence of Physical Disability Related to Musculoskeletal Disorders in the Elderly: Results From a Primary Care–Based Registry
Authors: Jover Juan A. , Lajas Cristina , Leon Leticia , Carmona Loreto , Serra Jose A. , Reoyo Agustin , Rodriguez‐Rodriguez Luis , Abasolo Lydia ,   for the Acute Physical Disability in the Elderly Group
Published: July 2014

ObjectiveTo estimate the incidence of musculoskeletal‐related acute physical disability in the elderly (APDE).MethodsA primary care–based registry was established in Madrid's Health Area 7 from October 1, 2005 to September 31, 2006. We included all persons age ≥65 years, who were non‐institutionalized and covered by the health cards assigned to the participating general practitioners (GPs). A case of APDE was defined as a moderate mobility alteration in the disability level within the Rosser's Classification System, in the last 3 months, related to a musculoskeletal cause. Incidence rates (IRs) were estimated per 10,000 person‐years by direct standardization with a 95% confidence interval (95% CI).ResultsEight primary care centers and 23 GPs participated in the registry, covering 8,546 elderly patients. In the inclusion year, the GPs identified 147 new APDE cases in 106 patients. The annual estimated incidence of APDE was 331 cases per 10,000 person‐years (95% CI 280–389) and the IR of new patients with an APDE episode was 239 (95% CI 196–288); the IR was higher in women (344 cases; 95% CI 279.8–423.0) than in men (207 cases; 95% CI 127.0–338.2).ConclusionThe incidence estimate of acute physical disability related to musculoskeletal disorders in the elderly should help us to determine the magnitude of this health problem, as well as the first step to establishing a specific practice for the recovery of cases and for the prevention of loss of functioning, mobility, and independence.