bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Temperature Influences Persistence of Chlorothalonil and Iprodione on Creeping Bentgrass Foliage
Authors: Koch P. L. , Kerns J. P. 
Published: July 2015

Fungicides play a critical role in the management of plant diseases, yet the impact of temperature on foliar fungicide persistence remains unclear. The objective of this study was to determine the relative persistence of chlorothalonil and iprodione on creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera L.) leaf blades at 10, 20, and 30°C during two separate experiments in 2011. A commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to assess the relative concentration of both fungicides remaining both on and within the leaf tissue. Dissipation of both fungicides was greatest at 30°C and slowest at 10°C, while dissipation at 20°C was intermediate between 10 and 30°C and often not statistically different from either of the temperatures. Iprodione half-life over both trials averaged 51.2 days at 10°C, 7.8 days at 20°C, and 4.0 days at 30°C. Chlorothalonil half-life averaged 9.5 days, 4.3 days, and 4.0 days at 10, 20, and 30°C, respectively. These results indicate that fungicide persistence decreases with increasing temperature, which may help explain why fungicides more commonly fail to provide adequate disease protection during periods of hot temperatures. Accepted for publication 27 June 2015. Published 1 July 2015.
A Rapid and Efficient Method for Evaluation of Suspect Testimony: Palynological Scanning
Authors: Wiltshire Patricia E. J. , Hawksworth David L. , Edwards Kevin J. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractA rapid method for evaluating suspect testimony is valuable at any stage in an inquiry and can result in a change of direction in an investigation. Rape cases, in particular, can present problems where a defendant renders DNA analysis redundant by claiming that the claimant consented to have sexual relations. Forensic palynology is valuable in confirming or eliminating locations as being crime scenes, thus checking the testimony of both parties. In contrast to some forensic disciplines, forensic palynology can provide critical information without time‐consuming full analysis. Two cases are described where the palynological assemblages from comparator samples of pertinent places were compared with those obtained from clothing of claimants and defendants. The results of rapid microscopical scanning of relevant preparations led to early confessions, thus obviating the need for costly analyses and protracted court proceedings. A third case demonstrates the unbiased nature of this technique where a man, although innocent of any offense, lied about having visited the crime scene for fear of prosecution. This highlights the need for sensitive policing in claims of rape.
Craniofacial Superimposition: Historical Review and Current Issues
Authors: Ubelaker Douglas H. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractMethodology of craniofacial superimposition has evolved dramatically since its inception in the early 20th century. Contemporary approaches involve advanced procedures of digitization, use of video cameras, warping algorithms, skull positioning devices and data derived from computed tomography, radiography, and ultrasound technology. Applications have proven most useful in exclusion and casework frequency has declined in some regions in recent years as molecular approaches to identification have become more widely available. Additional research is needed to clarify the probabilities involved and to facilitate comparisons when the technique is employed.
Suicidal Fatality from Azide Ingestion
Authors: Meatherall Robert , Oleschuk Curtis 
Published: July 2015

AbstractA 35‐year‐old man ingested an unknown amount of sodium azide and died within 2 h. The postmortem interval was 3 days. No alcohol or drugs were found in the blood and urine. Azide was derivatized in the peripheral blood, urine, and vitreous fluid with propionic anhydride. A portion of the headspace was injected onto a gas chromatograph with a nitrogen–phosphorus detector. Azide was quantitated in the peripheral blood (1.1 μg/mL), urine (7.5 μg/mL), and vitreous (43 μg/mL). The vitreous appears to be a better fluid for azide screening because of slower degradation.
Comparison of Four Saliva Detection Methods to Identify Expectorated Blood Spatter
Authors: Park Hee‐Yeon , Son Bu‐Nam , Seo Young‐Il , Lim Si‐Keun 
Published: July 2015

AbstractBlood spatter analysis is an important step for crime scene reconstruction. The presence of saliva in blood spatter could indicate expectorated blood which is difficult to distinguish from impact spatter. In this study, four saliva test methods (SALIgAE®, Phadebas® sheet, RSID™‐Saliva kit, and starch gel diffusion) were compared to identify the best method for detecting expectorated blood spatter. The RSID™‐Saliva kit showed the highest sensitivity even when saliva was mixed with blood, and was not inhibited by the presence of blood. The SALIgAE® test provided easy and rapid results, but the yellow color of a positive reaction was overwhelmed by the red color of the blood. The starch gel diffusion method and the Phadebas® sheet exhibited relatively low sensitivity and the assay took a long time. When using the RSID™‐Saliva kit for identifying saliva in blood, results should be read within 10 min.
Background Levels of Salivary‐α‐amylase Plus Foreign DNA in Cases of Oral Intercourse: a Female Perspective
Authors: Breathnach Michelle , Moore Elizabeth 
Published: July 2015

AbstractSaliva plus DNA from a suspect is commonly encountered in sexual assault cases on bodily swabs. However, without background knowledge, the weight of this evidence is unknown. It may indicate the presence of saliva resulting from cunnilingus, or it may represent indirect transfer. In this study, females who refrained from cunnilingus donated 43 items of underwear and 19 vaginal swabs. The samples were subjected to Phadebas®, RSID™‐Saliva and mRNA profiling and were subsequently DNA‐profiled to determine the prevalence of background saliva in the female population. The results report that 15.8% of females who refrained from cunnilingus were positive for saliva and a further 10.5% also had DNA from unknown source(s). These findings of the rate of indirect transfer were evaluated with the Bayesian approach, and it was found that the evidence of saliva plus a high foreign DNA source adds moderately strong support to the allegation of cunnilingus.
A Nonlinear Least Squares Approach to Time of Death Estimation Via Body Cooling
Authors: Rodrigo Marianito R. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractThe problem of time of death (TOD) estimation by body cooling is revisited by proposing a nonlinear least squares approach that takes as input a series of temperature readings only. Using a reformulation of the Marshall–Hoare double exponential formula and a technique for reducing the dimension of the state space, an error function that depends on the two cooling rates is constructed, with the aim of minimizing this function. Standard nonlinear optimization methods that are used to minimize the bivariate error function require an initial guess for these unknown rates. Hence, a systematic procedure based on the given temperature data is also proposed to determine an initial estimate for the rates. Then, an explicit formula for the TOD is given. Results of numerical simulations using both theoretical and experimental data are presented, both yielding reasonable estimates. The proposed procedure does not require knowledge of the temperature at death nor the body mass. In fact, the method allows the estimation of the temperature at death once the cooling rates and the TOD have been calculated. The procedure requires at least three temperature readings, although more measured readings could improve the estimates. With the aid of computerized recording and thermocouple detectors, temperature readings spaced 10–15 min apart, for example, can be taken. The formulas can be straightforwardly programmed and installed on a hand‐held device for field use.
The Food Preferences of the Blow Fly Lucilia cuprina Offered Human Blood, Semen and Saliva, and Various Nonhuman Foods Sources
Authors: Durdle Annalisa , Mitchell Robert J. , van Oorschot Roland A. H. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractAs human DNA profiles can be obtained from blow fly artifacts, this study aimed to establish the feeding preferences of Lucilia cuprina (Wiedemann) blow flies when offered human biological fluids and nonhuman food sources. One‐day‐old and 3‐day‐old blow flies of both sexes were simultaneously offered human blood, semen and saliva, pet food, canned tuna and honey, and the number and length of visits documented over 6 h. One‐day‐old flies visited pet food and honey most often, but stayed longest on honey and semen. Three‐day‐old flies visited semen and pet food most often, and stayed longest on these food sources. Blood and saliva were the least preferred options for all flies. Overall, flies preferred dry blood and semen to the wet forms. These findings demonstrate that even when other food sources are available, flies at a crime scene may feed on human biological fluids if present, potentially transferring human DNA.
Less is More—Optimization of DNA Extraction from Canine Feces
Authors: Lindquist Christina D. , Wictum Elizabeth J. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractAlthough most DNA crime laboratories may not encounter fecal samples often, they are a familiar sample type in non‐human forensic laboratories due to their prevalence in the environment. Fecal matter can be challenging due to low numbers of nucleated cells and the presence of inhibitors that impede amplification success. Sampling location (internal vs. external), sampling quantity (10–200 mg), and various extraction protocols (silica matrix, bead beating, and clean‐up column) were evaluated to maximize DNA yield. The greatest yield of intact DNA was obtained using a modified silica matrix extraction protocol (VGL‐Fecal) on 30–50 mg of fecal matter collected from the external surface of a stool that had been dried for 24 h. This optimized sampling and extraction protocol was applied to a pilot study where DNA yield and genotyping success were evaluated. By optimizing our collection, sampling, and extraction procedures, a reliable method for maximizing the yield of canine fecal DNA was developed.
An Unusual Method of Suicidal Ligature Strangulation
Authors: Pramanik Parthasarathi 
Published: July 2015

AbstractThis article reports a case of suicidal strangulation by ligature of a 51‐year‐old woman with a psychiatric disorder. She had been suffering from depression with a history of previous suicidal attempt. The deceased accomplished self‐strangulation using two ligatures, with one placed above the other and consisting of a satin fabric and a shoelace. The underlying shoelace ligature was fastened by a secure fixed square knot at the back of the neck. The overlying fabric piece was tied with a half‐knot under the chin and was tightened around the neck manually. A detailed investigation and autopsy examination strongly suggests suicide. The case is of interest due to its rarity and uncommon method of execution.
Permanent Ocular Injury Following Paintball Pellet Hit: A Medicolegal Case
Authors: Ghazanfari‐Nasrabad Mahdi , Amrollahi‐Sharifabadi Mohammad , Kargar‐Bideh Omidreza , Azizi‐Sharifabad Saeed 
Published: July 2015

AbstractPaintball is a ubiquitous recreation, with severe and occasionally irreversible injuries. In this study, a rare medicolegal case of paintball‐related closed globe blunt ocular injury was described. An 18‐year‐old boy who was hit in his right eye by a paintball pellet presented with severe eye pain and blurred vision. Ophthalmologic examinations showed lid edema, conjunctival hyperemia, conjunctival laceration, subconjunctival hemorrhage, corneal edema, anterior vitreous hemorrhage, congested sclera, commotio retinae, vitreous hemorrhage, retinal hemorrhage, macular edema, and macular hole. After maximum medical improvement, the patient who sustained incurable maculopathy and decreased visual acuity was referred to the legal medicine center for appraisal of the impairment. AMA Guides was used to assess the impairment of the functional vision. Despite his monocular visual defect, the patient was rated in the range of mild vision loss namely AMA class 1 with 22 percentage visual system impairment.
A Death Involving a Fired and Deflected Bullet: A Case Report from Lyon University Institute of Forensic Science, France
Authors: Maujean Géraldine , Guinet Tiphaine , Malicier Daniel 
Published: July 2015

AbstractIn case of gunshot deaths, atypical wounds can make the distinction between entrance and exit wounds harder. They may be due either to anatomical reasons or to diverse cogent ballistic arguments. The reported case pertains to a fatal hunting accident involving an expanded conical point bullet against the neck with both atypical entrance and exit wounds. Ballistic analyses including test firings allowed a better understanding of the external and internal findings. Upon premature impact with an intermediary target, the bullet experienced expansion in the formation of sharp brass petals responsible for a star‐shaped entry wound. The trajectory of the deformed high energy projectile through the victim's body was then deviated by the cervical column, causing it to be tangential to the skin when exiting the body. The description of such atypical cases may benefit other experts and may assist in their investigation into similar cases.
Manual vacuum aspiration: an outpatient alternative for surgical management of miscarriage
Authors: Sharma Mona 
Published: July 2015

Key content

Manual vacuum aspiration (MVA) is a safe and effective alternative method for surgical management of miscarriage.

MVA can be performed in the outpatient setting under local anaesthesia.

MVA reduces patient waiting time for surgery, cost of hospital stay and avoids general anaesthesia‐related complications and increases patient choice.

Complication rates are similar to those of electric vacuum aspiration carried out under general anaesthesia in the operating theatre.

The necessary skills are easy to acquire and require minimal additional training and resources.

Learning objectives

To understand the indications, procedure and advantages of MVA.

To review the data on effectiveness and complications of MVA.

To review the feasibility of implementing the service in National Health Service hospitals while delivering a quality service which is safe, cost‐effective and acceptable.

Ethical issues

How safe is it to perform MVA in an outpatient setting?

Is it ethical to perform MVA under local anaesthesia, in emotionally vulnerable miscarrying women?

Is the outpatient department an ideal setting in which to train doctors to perform MVA?
Impact of obesity on the health of women in midlife
Authors: Lumsden Mary Ann , Hor Kahyee 
Published: July 2015

Key content

Obesity is a major public health issue worldwide and lifestyle factors affecting weight should be addressed at every opportunity.

Weight gain is not affected by the menopause or administration of hormone replacement therapy.

Menopause favours the development of central adiposity.

Obesity is a risk factor for menopausal symptoms and depression.

Increased adiposity affects the hypothalamic‐pituitary‐gonadal function, which may manifest as menstrual dysfunction and late onset of menopause.

Learning objectives

To understand the impact of obesity on both general and reproductive health in women in midlife.

To understand the pathophysiology underlying these changes.

To understand the significance of fat distribution on metabolism and disease.

Ethical issues

While there is evidence that there is a genetic predisposition towards obesity, lifestyle is also recognised as a significant risk factor.

The cost of obesity to the UK National Health Service is huge and it is a potentially avoidable problem.
Judging the temperature of future art by degrees: The Art Academy and Critical Practice – Fresh Visions 2013, Graduate Painting Exhibition
Authors: Sanderson Edward 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
This curatorial text, originally published in the catalogue for the group exhibition Fresh Visions 2013: From University to Universe (held in the galleries of OCT Contemporary Art Terminal in Shenzhen (OCAT Shenzhen) from 7 September to 7 November 2013), presents co-curator (with Pu Hong and Li Rongwei) Edward Sanderson�s experiences during the preparation for the show and his conclusions drawn from those experiences. Fresh Visions is an annual exhibition established by the state-run He Xiangning Art Museum in Shenzhen in 2004, and the 2013 edition marked the first time that OCAT Shenzhen (administered by the He Xiangning Art Museum) hosted the show. The exhibition features selected artworks from the Oil Painting Department degree shows of the top nine art academies of China: Central Academy of Fine Arts (Beijing), Academy of Art & Design, Tsinghua University (Beijing), China Academy of Art (Hangzhou), Sichuan Academy of Fine Arts (Chongqing), Guangzhou Academy of Fine Arts (Guangzhou), Luxun Academy of Fine Arts (Shenyang), Tianjin Academy of Fine Arts (Tianjin), Hubei Academy of Fine Arts (Wuhan) and Xi'an Academy of Fine Arts (Xi'an). The author's experience of visiting the degree shows while researching for the exhibition has led him to propose that higher education in art in China (as exemplified by these academies) remains dominated by conservative and uncritical attitudes towards art creation. The level of skill on display was of a consistently high standard, but the author found the level of creativity to be lacking. The author attributes this to a lack of criticality in the practices of the artists, apparently in part due to the educational environment itself. Making an analogy to a complaint regarding restrictive systems of assessment in US MFA programmes, the author highlights the risks of a similar inflexibility in the academic systems of China, and warns of the consequences of such a situation for the art world that these graduates are entering.
Reviews
Authors: Carrier David , Vigneron Frank 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
'Mao's Golden Mangoes and the Cultural Revolution', China Institute, New York, 18 September 2014-26 April 2015
Zheng Chongbin. Impulse, Matter, Form, Br itta Er ickson (ed.) (2014), Beijing: Ink Studio, 123 pp., ISBN: 978-0-615-86453-2 (US$45)
Secrets, sorrow and the feminine subjective: Nüshu references in the work of contemporary Chinese artist Ma Yanling
Authors: Guest Luise 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
This is an investigation into the significance of the ancient 'secret' women's phonetic syllabary, Nüshu, in the performance and painting work of contemporary artist Ma Yanling, based on two extensive interviews with the artist in October and November 2013 and a close analysis of specific works. This article examines, first, the ways in which the gendered communication of life-stories and the exploration of female grievance found in Nüshu texts (the supposedly 'secret' women's phonetic syllabary used by peasant women in Jiangyong County, Hunan Province until the late 1980s) continues to have relevance in the work of a contemporary artist. It is argued that Nüshu texts (intended to be chanted aloud) are in themselves performative and cathartic in a similar manner to contemporary performance art practices. Second, the article argues that the ways in which Ma Yanling's work subverts the iconography of Mao-era propaganda portraiture and its Pop-inspired satire in contemporary Chinese art (Zhongguo Dangdai Yishu) represent complex and contradictory aspects of female experience and feminine subjectivity in today's China.
Conflicts through the lens of Chinese war photojournalists
Authors: Zhang Shixin Ivy 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Since the 1990s, China, as a new global power, has played an increasing role in international affairs. Chinese journalists have travelled to war and conflict zones overseas to report and file news coverage back home. This article surveys the historical development of Chinese war photography. It also critically examines the ideology and practices of four young Chinese photojournalists who work at a Chinese state news agency through semi-structured interviews and analysis of the photographs they took in conflict zones. The author argues that contemporary Chinese war photojournalists take realism as their main aesthetic and ideological doctrine in a sense to provide visual evidences and to stress the naturalism and symbolic power of war images. The visual representations of civilians� sufferings and hope for peace correspond with China's peaceful diplomatic policy and non-intervention principles. The war images elicit sympathetic public emotions and collective memory in China. Chinese photojournalists� depictions of wars and conflicts are influenced by internal political, organizational and individual constraints as well as the changing nature of contemporary wars.
Jie I–V/Analysis I–V: Eclipsing the individual in the instruction-based practice of the New Measurement Group (Beijing, China 1988–1995)
Authors: Martraire Marie 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
In 1988, artists Chen Shaoping, Gu Dexin and Wang Luyan began collaborating with a distinctive approach to art-making in Beijing, China, forming the New Measurement Group (NMG). Active until 1995, they based their practice on a series of complex collective instructions, which they would execute to create artworks. Their resulting drawings would then appear in different forms such as tables, diagrams and numbers, which were then bound together into books for presentation in an exhibition context. This article considers the NMG's art practice as situated within a Communist approach to art-making, one structured upon collective ownership of production and moral codes, and reflecting China's artistic, economic and socio-political context at the end of the 1980s and the early 1990s. Additionally, this article considers their collective instruction-based practice within an international history of instruction-based art; that is, art based on artists' instructions for themselves or audiences to enact, a genre having a longer history within a western context, specifically through the genres of conceptual art and Fluxus. To understand the NMG's contribution to art-by-instruction, this article discusses their practice alongside some aspects of the exhibition series 'Do it' – the role of the audience, the value of subjectivity and chance, and consideration of the art-making process. Since its inception in 1993 by curator Hans-Ulrich Obrist and artists Christian Boltanski and Bertrand Lavier, 'Do it' has featured certain kinds of instructional artworks; that is, artworks based on artists' instructions and enacted by audiences. Though very different, this curatorial project offers the possibility of discussing and considering the NMG's distinctive process-based approach to art-making in greater detail.