bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of several thermoplastic canal filling techniques on surface temperature rise on roots with simulated internal resorption cavities: an infrared thermographic analysis
Authors: Ulusoy Ö. İ. , Yılmazoğlu M. Z. , Görgül G. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractAimTo evaluate the surface temperature rise using an infrared thermal imaging camera on roots with and without simulated internal resorption cavities, during canal filling with injectable (Obtura II), carrier‐based (Soft‐Core) gutta‐percha and continuous wave of condensation (System B) techniques.MethodologyRoot canals of 60 mandibular premolar teeth were instrumented to an apical size of 40. Circular artificial internal resorption cavities with a diameter of 2.40 mm were prepared on the root canal walls of 30 teeth. All teeth were divided into six groups of 10 specimen and root filled as follows: group 1 (teeth with internal resorption): thermoplasticized injectable gutta‐percha (Obtura II), group 2 (teeth without internal resorption): thermoplasticized injectable gutta‐percha (Obtura II), group 3 (teeth with internal resorption): carrier‐based gutta‐percha (Soft‐Core), group 4 (teeth without internal resorption): carrier‐based gutta‐percha (Soft‐Core), group 5 (teeth with internal resorption): continuous wave of condensation (System B) and group 6 (teeth without internal resorption): continuous wave of condensation (System B). The surface temperature changes during filling of canals were measured with an infrared thermal imaging camera. The thermograms were recorded at 2‐s intervals over a period of 40 s to determine the maximum temperature rise at the apical, middle and cervical thirds of the root surface. The data were statistically analysed with one‐way anova and Tukey HSD post hoc or Kruskal–Wallis and Bonferroni‐adjusted Mann–Whitney U‐tests if appropriate.ResultsThe temperature rise on the surface of roots with artificial resorptive defects was significantly higher compared with the ones without defects in the Obtura II and System B groups (P < 0.001). The System B group with internal resorption was associated with the maximum temperature rise in the apical (4.3 ± 2.1) and middle (19.5 ± 8.9) thirds amongst the groups (P < 0.001).ConclusionUse of System B and Obtura II for filling canals with internal resorptive cavities resulted in surface temperature rise over the critical threshold. However, Soft‐Core root filling did not increase the temperature over 10 °C.
Ethics in global health outreach: three key considerations for pharmacists
Authors: Romo Matthew L , DeCamp Matthew 
Published: April 2014

Abstract

Objective
The objective of this article is to explore three key ethical tenets that pharmacists should consider prior to participating in global health outreach.

Key findings
There are increasing opportunities for pharmacists to be involved in global health outreach; however, little attention has been given to the ethical issues that participation may raise for pharmacists. Pharmacists' widely accepted and basic ethical obligations at home lay the foundation for effective management of these ethical challenges abroad. At home, pharmacists have an ethical obligation to provide the best possible quality of care to the patients for whom they serve. During global health outreach, this involves identifying and mitigating the potential for harm, as well as understanding and respecting cultural differences. Furthermore, pharmacists have an ethical obligation to not only meet individual patient needs, but also community and societal needs, when applicable. In global health outreach, this involves tailoring interventions to the needs of the population served.

Conclusions
Because of their unique skillset, pharmacists have the potential to make significant contributions to global health. Applying ethical principles, such as providing the best possible care, respecting cultural differences and meeting societal needs, provides the foundation for successful global health outreach by pharmacists.
THERMI ON LESBOS: A CASE STUDY OF CHANGING TRADE PATTERNS
Authors: BEGEMANN F. , PERNICKA E. , SCHMITT‐STRECKER S. 
Published: April 2014

Summary Provenance studies on archaeological metal objects rely on their trace element abundance pattern and lead isotopic composition. A comparison of these features in artifacts from different archaeological sites often requires a comparison of results reported by different laboratories. In this case reasonable conclusions can only be expected if it is assured that the respective laboratories produce compatible results. A comparison of some twenty copper‐based artifacts from Thermi I and II shows this compatibility still to be less than perfect between Oxford and Heidelberg — Mainz. We find the lead isotopic compositions reported by the two laboratories to agree within the stated uncertainties of the abundance ratios of 0.1 percent. The same is also true, to within 50 percent or better, for the contents of As, Sb, Ag, Au and possibly Ni. Serious discrepancies exist, however, for Co, Pb and Zn that we argue to be due to analytical problems at Oxford.Discriminant analysis of the data from all metal‐bearing occupational levels at Thermi reveals a remarkably good correspondence between trace element signature and occupational level which suggests that at the beginning of the third millennium BC intercourse between Lesbians and Aegean metal traders was rare. Lead isotope data show that the change in metal, at least that upon the transition from Towns I + II to Towns III–IV, was indeed due to a change in source region of the metal and not one caused by a change in technology.
The ILO and the right to strike
Authors: BELLACE Janice R. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe author argues that the June 2012 challenge by the ILO Employers' group to the hitherto generally accepted view regarding the right to strike under the Freedom of Association Convention, No. 87, is at odds with the historical understanding of the framework in which the Convention is embedded. She demonstrates how the ILO constituents have consistently recognized that there is a positive right to strike, which is inextricably linked to – and an inevitable corollary of – the right to freedom of association. The article also analyses the relative roles of the ILO supervisory bodies in this regard.
Organizing migrant care workers in Israel: Industrial citizenship and the trade union option
Authors: MUNDLAK Guy , SHAMIR Hila 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe authors examine the feasibility of trade unionism for migrant care workers, based on a recent organizing drive in Israel. Distinguishing between trade unions and other civil society organizations, they re‐examine the concept of workers' collective action, looking at what constitutes a trade union and to what extent unions can address the specific concerns of migrant care workers. They conclude that, despite the numerous problems involved in organizing migrant care workers, and the vulnerabilities intrinsic to migration processes, gendered work and the occupation of care, trade unions play an important role in establishing industrial citizenship and forming political agency.
The emergent relevance of care staff decision‐making and situation awareness to mobility care in nursing homes: an ethnographic study
Authors: Taylor Janice , Sims Jane , Haines Terry P. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractAimTo explore mobility care as provided by care staff in nursing homes.BackgroundCare staff regularly assist residents with their mobility. Nurses are increasingly reliant on such staff to provide safe and quality mobility care. However, the nature of care staff decision‐making when providing assistance has not been fully addressed in the literature.DesignA focused ethnography.MethodThe study was conducted in four nursing homes in Melbourne, Australia. Non‐participant observations of residents and staff in 2011. Focus groups with 18 nurses, care and lifestyle staff were conducted at three facilities in 2012. Thematic analysis was employed for focus groups and content analysis for observation data. Cognitive Continuum Theory and the notion of ‘situation awareness’ assisted data interpretation.FindingsDecision‐making during mobility care emerged as a major theme. Using Cognitive Continuum Theory as a guide, nursing home staff's decision‐making was described as ranging from system‐aided, through resident‐ and peer‐aided, to reflective and intuitive. Staff seemed aware of the need for resident‐aided decision‐making consistent with person‐centred care. Habitual mobility care based on shared mental models occurred. It was noted that levels of situation awareness may vary among staff.ConclusionCare staff may benefit from support via collaborative and reflective practice to develop decision‐making skills, situation awareness and person‐centred mobility care. Further research is required to explore the connection between staff's skills in mobility care and their decision‐making competence as well as how these factors link to quality mobility care.
Effect of Chlorthalidone, Amlodipine, and Lisinopril on Visit‐to‐Visit Variability of Blood Pressure: Results From the Antihypertensive and Lipid‐Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial
Authors: Muntner Paul , Levitan Emily B. , Lynch Amy I. , Simpson Lara M. , Whittle Jeffrey , Davis Barry R. , Kostis John B. , Whelton Paul K. , Oparil Suzanne 
Published: April 2014

Few randomized trials have compared visit‐to‐visit variability (VVV) of systolic blood pressure (SBP) across drug classes. The authors compared VVV of SBP among 24,004 participants randomized to chlorthalidone, amlodipine, or lisinopril in the Antihypertensive and Lipid‐Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT). VVV of SBP was calculated across 5 to 7 visits occurring 6 to 28 months following randomization. The standard deviation (SD) of SBP was 10.6 (SD=5.0), 10.5 (SD=4.9), and 12.2 (SD=5.8) for participants randomized to chlorthalidone, amlodipine, and lisinopril, respectively. After multivariable adjustment including mean SBP across visits and compared with participants randomized to chlorthalidone, participants randomized to amlodipine had a 0.36 (standard error [SE]: 0.07) lower SD of SBP and participants randomized to lisinopril had a 0.77 (SE=0.08) higher SD of SBP. Results were consistent using other VVV of SBP metrics. These data suggest chlorthalidone and amlodipine are associated with lower VVV of SBP than lisinopril.
Mandibular reconstruction using a calcium phosphate/polyethylene glycol hydrogel carrier with BMP‐2
Authors: Gruber Rudolf M. , Krohn Sebastian , Mauth Corinna , Dard Michel , Molenberg Aart , Lange Katharina , Perske Christina , Schliephake Henning 
Published: April 2014

AbstractAimTo test the hypothesis that a synthetic hydroxyapatite/β‐tricalcium phosphate (HA/TCP) construct combined with polyethylene glycol (PEG) hydrogel including recombinant human bone morphogenetic proteins‐2 (rhBMP‐2) enhances new bone formation compared with bone morphogenetic proteins‐2 (BMP‐2) delivered using the HA/TCP construct alone.Material and MethodsBilateral mandibular partial thickness 20 × 8 × 8 mm (L × W × H) alveolar defects were surgically created in the edentulated posterior mandible in 18 female minipigs. Randomized into two groups of nine animals each, the alveolar defects either received HA/TCP or HA/TCP/PEG with or without BMP‐2 (105 μg/defect) in contra‐lateral sites using a split‐mouth design. Primary outcome, bone density (%) within four regions of interest, was evaluated following a 4‐week healing interval when the animals were killed for histometric analysis.ResultsBone morphogenetic proteins‐2 loaded onto HA/TCP constructs significantly enhanced new bone formation compared with HA/TCP controls. Adding PEG apparently obstructed BMP‐2 induced bone formation.ConclusionPolyethylene glycol compromises the osteogenic effect of BMP‐2.
Increase in child behavior problems among urban Brazilian 4‐year olds: 1993 and 2004 Pelotas birth cohorts
Authors: Matijasevich Alicia , Murray Elizabeth , Stein Alan , Anselmi Luciana , Menezes Ana M. , Santos Iná S. , Barros Aluísio J.D. , Gigante Denise P. , Barros Fernando C. , Victora Cesar G. 
Published: April 2014

BackgroundThere are an increasing number of reports on time trends in child and adolescent psychological problems but none from low‐ and middle‐income countries, and very few covering the preschool period. The aim was to investigate changes in preschool behavioral/emotional problems in two birth cohorts from a middle‐income country born 11 years apart.MethodsWe analyzed data from the 1993 and 2004 Pelotas birth cohort studies from Brazil. A subsample of 4‐year olds from the 1993 cohort (634) and all 4‐year olds from the 2004 cohort (3750) were assessed for behavioral/emotional problems through maternal report using the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL). Response rates in these two population‐based cohorts were above 90%.ResultsWe found a significant increase in CBCL total problems, internalizing and externalizing mean scores over the 11‐year period. For 1993 and 2004 Pelotas cohorts, respectively, CBCL mean values (SE) total problems scores were 27.9 (0.8) and 34.7 (0.3); for internalizing scores, 5.7 (0.2) and 6.3 (0.1) and for externalizing scores, 12.4 (0.4) and 15.5 (0.1). After adjusting for confounding variables, the largest increase from 1993 to 2004 was identified in the aggressive behavior syndrome score (Cohen's d = .50), followed by the externalizing problem score (Cohen's d = .40) and CBCL total problem score (Cohen's d = .36), respectively. The rise in child psychological problems was more marked in children from families with fewer assets and with less educated mothers.ConclusionsOur findings provide evidence for a substantial increase in preschool behavioral problems among children in Brazil over an 11‐year period.
Island Waste Management Systems
Authors: Eckelman Matthew J. , Ashton Weslynne , Arakaki Yuji , Hanaki Keisuke , Nagashima Shunsuke , Malone‐Lee Lai Choo 
Published: April 2014

SummaryIsland waste management professionals are faced with limited land resources, high energy costs, large seasonal fluctuations in waste volumes, and complex social and political dynamics that stem from their often closely knit societies. These and other factors can discourage typical waste management practices, but they also provide opportunities for island governments and businesses to explore alternative technologies and policies that suit their particular circumstances and that might be environmentally preferable. This critical review discusses the waste management literature on islands to date, including several industrial ecology (IE) studies. Common advantages and disadvantages faced by island waste management challenges are presented from the perspectives of business and municipal management. Waste generation data are presented from more than 40 islands around the world and tested for correlation with economic and geographic parameters and using cluster analysis, with the aim of identifying trends among island types. Poor data quality and comparability are ongoing challenges that underscore the potential benefits of a consistent program of island waste management data collection. Finally, the review explores opportunities for applying IE research to generate useful insights and policies in the areas of material flow analysis, industrial symbiosis, life cycle assessment, and social ecology.
Possibilities and Challenges of Multimodal Literacy Practices in Teaching and Learning English as an Additional Language
Authors: Yi Youngjoo 
Published: April 2014

AbstractI review a decade of empirical research specifically addressing possibilities and challenges of multimodal literacy practices in learning and teaching English as an additional language, particularly for adolescent multilingual English language learners (ELLs). Given the lack of empirical research and discussions about multimodal literacy practices of ELLs, this review focuses on the issues of multimodal literacy practices of ELLs and their teachers. Thus, I look mainly at the promise and potential of engaging ELLs in multimodal literacy practices and potential tensions of implementing multimodal literacies into classroom practices. Findings of this review suggest more empirical research related to how ELLs consume, interpret, and produce multimodal texts as well as some implications for pedagogy.
Expression profiling reveals functionally redundant multiple‐copy genes related to zinc, iron and cadmium responses in Brassica rapa
Authors: Li Jimeng , Liu Bo , Cheng Feng , Wang Xiaowu , Aarts Mark G. M. , Wu Jian 
Published: April 2014

Summary

Genes underlying environmental adaptability tend to be over‐retained in polyploid plant species. Zinc deficiency (ZnD) and iron deficiency (FeD), excess Zn (ZnE) and cadmium exposure (CdE) are major environmental problems for crop cultivation, but little is known about the differential expression of duplicated genes upon these stress conditions.

Applying Tag‐Seq technology to leaves of Brassica rapa grown under FeD, ZnD, ZnE or CdE conditions, with normal conditions as a control, we examined global gene expression changes and compared the expression patterns of multiple paralogs.

We identified 812, 543, 331 and 447 differentially expressed genes under FeD, ZnD, ZnE and CdE conditions, respectively, in B. rapa leaves. Genes involved in regulatory networks centered on the transcription factors bHLH038 or bHLH100 were differentially expressed under (ZnE‐induced) FeD. Further analysis revealed that genes associated with Zn, Fe and Cd responses tended to be over‐retained in the B. rapa genome. Most of these multiple‐copy genes showed the same direction of expression change under stress conditions.

We conclude that the duplicated genes involved in trace element responses in B. rapa are functionally redundant, making the regulatory network more complex in B. rapa than in Arabidopsis thaliana.
How effective is eccentric viewing training? A systematic literature review
Authors: Gaffney Allannah J. , Margrain Tom H. , Bunce Catey V. , Binns Alison M. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractPurposeThe global prevalence of age‐related macular degeneration and associated central vision loss is rising. Central vision loss hinders the performance of many activities of daily living. Adaptive strategies such as eccentric viewing and steady eye strategy may be used to compensate for central vision loss. In order to establish the potential of these rehabilitation strategies, this systematic review evaluates current literature regarding the effectiveness of eccentric viewing and steady eye strategy training in people with central vision loss.ResultsThe search strategies identified 2605 publications, 36 of which met the inclusion criteria for the review, but only three of which were randomised controlled trials. This literature shows that eccentric viewing and steady eye strategy training can improve near visual acuity, reading speed, and performance of activities of daily living in people with central vision loss. However, there was insufficient literature to establish a relationship between training and distance visual acuity or quality of life. There is no conclusive evidence to show that a particular model of eccentric viewing training is superior to another, little clear evidence of a relationship between participant characteristics and training outcomes and no data regarding the cost effectiveness of training.ConclusionThis report highlights the need for further robust research to establish the true potential and cost effectiveness of eccentric viewing and steady eye strategy training as a rehabilitation strategy for individuals with central vision loss.
A 14‐year‐old with 4 month history of a pen lid embedded in his tongue
Authors: Gill V. , Kerr R. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractA patient presented with an unusual history of trauma to his tongue, for which he attended the emergency department. An infected, foreign body was embedded in his tongue from an injury sustained 4 months earlier. Foreign bodies in the tongue are rare; however, this case highlights the need for a thorough history and examination to avoid incorrect diagnosis.
Ketorolac Tromethamine – Routes and Clinical Implications
Authors: Vadivelu Nalini , Gowda Anusha M. , Urman Richard D. , Jolly Suneil , Kodumudi Vijay , Maria Monisa , Taylor Robert , Pergolizzi Joseph V. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractOpioids have long been used for analgesic purposes for a wide range of procedures. However, the binding of these drugs to opiate receptors has created various challenges to the clinician due to unfavorable side effect profiles and the potential for tolerance and abuse. In 1989, ketorolac became an approved nonsteroidal inflammatory drug (NSAID) for injectable use as an analgesic. Over the last 20 years, numerous studies have been conducted involving ketorolac. These studies have provided additional information about various routes of administration and their effect on the efficacy and the side effect profile of ketorolac. Moreover, ketorolac has been compared with several widely used analgesics. This review evaluates both the potential benefits and potential drawbacks of ketorolac generally, and specifically discusses routes of administration, including their advantages and disadvantages when compared to several traditional analgesics in both inpatient and outpatient settings.
Measuring the Intensity of Chronic Pain: Are the Visual Analogue Scale and the Verbal Rating Scale Interchangeable?
Authors: Kliger Mark , Stahl Shy , Haddad May , Suzan Erica , Adler Rivka , Eisenberg Elon 
Published: April 2014

AbstractObjectivesThe 0 to 100 mm visual analogue scale (VAS) and the five‐category verbal rating scale (VRS) are commonly used for measuring pain intensity. An open question remains as to whether these scales can be used interchangeably to allow comparisons between intensities of pain in the clinical setting or increased statistical power in pain research.MethodsSeven hundred and ninety‐six patients were requested to rate the present intensity of their chronic pain on the two scales. Spearman's rank correlation coefficients between VAS and VRS were calculated. For testing interchangeability, VAS was transformed into a discrete ordinal scale by dividing the entire VAS into five categories, either equidistantly (biased) or using frequency distributions of VAS (unbiased). We used Goodman–Kruskal's gamma and Wilson's e measures of ordinal association quantified the relationships between the transformed VAS and VRS scores and Svensson method to evaluate agreement between biased and unbiased discrete VAS and VRS scales.ResultsAverage VAS and VRS scores were 76 ± 18 mm and “severe,” respectively. Spearman's rank correlation coefficient values between continuous VAS and VRS were 0.77 to 0.85. Goodman–Kruskal's gamma ordinal associations between discrete VAS and VRS were 0.82 to 0.92 and 0.90 to 0.98 for the biased and unbiased VAS, respectively. Wilson's e measures were 0.51 to 0.61 and 0.54 to 0.65, accordingly. Svensson analysis showed low probability of agreement between both biased (0.66 to 0.76) and unbiased (0.75 to 0.82) VAS and VRS.DiscussionRegardless of the relatively high Spearman correlations between original VAS and VRS, the low ordinal association and low probability of agreement between discrete VAS and VRS suggest that they are not interchangeable. Therefore, VAS and VRS should not be used interchangeably in the clinical setting or for increased statistical power in pain research.