bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An Investigation of Center-Finding Techniques for Tropical Cyclones in Mesoscale Models
Authors: Ryglicki David R. , Hart Robert E. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractA variety of tropical-cyclone (TC) center-finding methods aggregated from previous works of mesoscale modeling and operational analysis are compared. The previous methods used can be divided into three classes: local extreme, weighted grid point, and minimization of azimuthal variance. To analyze these methods, four representative separate TC forecasts from three operational models—the Coupled Ocean–Atmosphere Mesoscale Prediction System Tropical Cyclone version, a Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory model, and the Hurricane Weather Research and Forecasting Model—are examined. It is found that for this dataset the spread of the derived TC centers is fairly small between 1000 and 600 hPa but begins to increase rapidly at higher levels. All models exhibit increased center spread at upper levels when the TCs’ strengths fall below approximately hurricane strength. On a given pressure level, tangential wind differences calculated from different centers are generally small and localized, whereas radial wind differences are often much larger in both space and relative magnitude. Center-finding techniques that use mass fields to calculate centers exhibit the smallest vertical tilts for hurricane-strength TCs. Conversely, potential vorticity centroids with large weighting areas produce the largest tilts. Given the potential sensitivity of center determination and implied tilt for various other measures of TC structure (radius of maximum winds), these results may have large repercussions on both past and future analyses.
Laryngotracheal Stenosis as a Complication of Photodynamic Therapy
Authors: Kim Irene A. , Long Jennifer 
Published: February 2015

Objective: Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has been proposed as an effective treatment for mucosal carcinomas such as early-stage laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma. Its advantage over other conventional modalities (surgery and chemoradiation) lies in its ability to treat disease while preserving the function and structure of the larynx. While not FDA-approved in the United States, it is used in some countries as a treatment for laryngeal cancer and is an area of active investigation. This report documents a severe complication of tracheostomy-dependent laryngotracheal stenosis resulting from PDT. Methods: Methods include a case report and review of the literature. Results: A 65-year-old male presented with severe stenosis of the supraglottic, glottic, and subglottic larynx following successful treatment of his laryngeal carcinoma with PDT. His presentation, staged airway reconstruction, and outcome are detailed. Conclusion: PDT is a minimally invasive technique which in early clinical trials has matched the effectiveness of conventional therapies for treating early head and neck squamous cell cancers. It uses a photosensitizing agent that is retained by tumor cells, allowing for the selective destruction of neoplastic cells. Permanent sequelae following treatment have rarely been reported; the most commonly described adverse effects include pain, hoarseness, and phototoxicity. However, our case report discusses the potential for significant laryngotracheal stenosis requiring airway reconstruction following PDT.
Optimising waste from electric and electronic equipment collection systems: A comparison of approaches in European countries
Authors: Friege Henning , Oberdörfer Michael , Günther Marko 
Published: February 2015

The first European waste from electric and electronic equipment directive obliged the Member States to collect 4 kg of used devices per inhabitant and year. The target of the amended directive focuses on the ratio between the amount of waste from electric and electronic equipment collected and the mass of electric and electronic devices put on the market in the three foregoing years. The minimum collection target is 45% starting in 2016, being increased to 65% in 2019 or alternatively 85% of waste from electric and electronic equipment generated. Being aware of the new target, the question arises how Member States with ‘best practice’ organise their collection systems and how they enforce the parties in this playing field. Therefore the waste from electric and electronic equipment schemes of Sweden, Denmark, Switzerland, Germany and the Flemish region of Belgium were investigated focusing on the categories IT and telecommunications equipment, consumer equipment like audio systems and discharge lamps containing hazardous substances, e.g. mercury. The systems for waste from electric and electronic equipment collection in these countries vary considerably. Recycling yards turned out to be the backbone of waste from electric and electronic equipment collection in most countries studied. For discharge lamps, take-back by retailers seems to be more important. Sampling points like special containers in shopping centres, lidded waste bins and complementary return of used devices in all retail shops for electric equipment may serve as supplements. High transparency of collection and recycling efforts can encourage ambition among the concerned parties. Though the results from the study cannot be transferred in a simplistic manner, they serve as an indication for best practice methods for waste from electric and electronic equipment collection.
Lateral Column Lengthening Corrects Hindfoot Valgus in a Cadaveric Flatfoot Model
Authors: Baxter Josh R. , Demetracopoulos Constantine A. , Prado Marcelo Pires , Tharmviboonsri Theerawoot , Deland Jonathan T. 
Published: February 2015

Background: Adult-acquired flatfoot deformity requires a complex operative plan that often utilizes a number of procedures to correct deformity, at both the hindfoot and midfoot. A lateral column lengthening procedure is typically performed to correct abduction deformity across the talonavicular joint; however its effect on hindfoot alignment is not well understood, and overcorrecting the hindfoot deformity can lead to pain and revision surgeries. Therefore, understanding the effect of lateral column lengthening on hindfoot alignment is important for operative planning. The aim of this study was to demonstrate the effect of a lateral column lengthening osteotomy on hindfoot valgus in a simulated flatfoot model. Methods: A flatfoot deformity was created in 12 lower limb cadaveric specimens. A step-cut lateral column lengthening osteotomy was performed and changes in hindfoot and midfoot alignment were measured using a motion capture system. Results: The lateral column lengthening procedure corrected 60% of the hindfoot valgus deformity ( P < .001). In addition, the abduction deformity at the midfoot was completely corrected with the procedure ( P < .001). Conclusion: Our findings suggest that the lateral column lengthening procedure corrects hindfoot valgus, in addition to midfoot abduction, in a flatfoot deformity. Clinical Relevance: Understanding the relative contribution of each operative procedure to the overall deformity correction in flatfoot reconstruction will allow surgeons to accurately correct the foot into a plantigrade position while minimizing the risk of overcorrection.
Sample-size calculations for short-term proof-of-concept studies of tissue protection and repair in multiple sclerosis lesions via conventional clinical imaging
Authors: Reich Daniel S , White Richard , Cortese Irene CM , Vuolo Luisa , Shea Colin D , Collins Tassie L , Petkau John 
Published: February 2015

Background: New multiple sclerosis (MS) lesion activity on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can test immunomodulatory therapies in proof-of-concept trials. Comparably powerful endpoints to assess tissue protection or repair are lacking. Objective: The objective of this paper is to report sample-size calculations for assessment of new lesion recovery. Methods: In two sets of six active MS cases, new lesions were observed by monthly MRI for approximately 12 months. Averages and quartiles of normalized (proton density/T1/T2 weighted) and quantitative (T1/T2 and mean diffusivity maps for dataset 1, T2 and magnetization transfer ratio maps for dataset 2) measures were used to compare the lesion area before lesion appearance to afterward. A linear mixed-effects model incorporating lesion- and participant-specific random effects estimated average levels and variance components for sample-size calculations. Results: In both datasets, greatest statistical sensitivity was observed for the 25th percentile of normalized proton density-weighted signal. At 3T, using new lesions ⩾15 mm3, as few as nine participants/arm may be required for a six-month placebo-controlled add-on trial postulating a therapeutic effect size of 20% and statistical power of 90%. Conclusion: Lesion recovery is a powerful outcome measure for proof-of-concept clinical trials of tissue protection and repair in MS. The trial design requires active cases and is therefore best implemented near disease onset.
Efficacy and safety profile of autologous blood versus tetracycline pleurodesis for malignant pleural effusion
Authors: Keeratichananont Warangkana , Limthon Theeranan , Keeratichananont Suriya 
Published: February 2015

Objectives: Autologous blood pleurodesis (ABP) is used for the treatment of pneumothorax with a good efficacy. The aim of this study is to determine the efficacy and safety of ABP in the treatment of malignant pleural effusion (MPE). Methods: A prospective study was conducted at Songklanagarind Hospital, Thailand. Symptomatic MPE patients were randomized to receive pleurodesis with either autologous blood or tetracycline. In the ABP group, 100 ml of autologous venous blood was instilled via chest tube followed by 50 ml of sterile normal saline (NSS). In the tetracycline group, 20 ml of 1% lidocaine diluted in 30 ml NSS was instilled followed by 1 g of tetracycline diluted in 100 ml of NSS. The chest tube was clamped for 2 hours, then reconnected to suction and removed. Pleurodesis effectiveness was evaluated according to Paladine’s criteria and adverse events were recorded. Results: A total of 48 symptomatic MPE patients were recruited. Of these, 24 cases were randomized to receive ABP and 24 cases received tetracycline. There was no difference between the two groups in baseline characteristics. The overall success rate of pleurodesis was the same in both the autologous blood group and the tetracycline group (83.4% versus 87.5%, p = 0.36). In the ABP group, the pain score and fever were significantly lower (8.3% versus 29.1%, p = 0.003) and there was a small percentage of cases that needed analgesia (4.2% versus 75%, p < 0.001); no serious events occurred. Conclusions: ABP was as effective as tetracycline in the treatment of MPE. ABP produced less pain and fever, and could shorten the hospital stay.
Energy drink consumption is associated with unhealthy dietary behaviours among college youth
Authors: Poulos Natalie S , Pasch Keryn E 
Published: February 2015

Aim: Energy drink consumption has been associated with a variety of health risk behaviours, yet little research has explored the relationship between energy drinks and dietary behaviours of emerging adults. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between energy drink consumption and dietary behaviours among energy drink users and non-users within a sample of college youth. Methods: College freshmen ( n = 585, m age = 18.7 years; 47% non-Hispanic White, 20.9% Hispanic, 25.5% Asian, 2.7% non-Hispanic Black and 4.4% other; 56% female), at a large, southwest university self-reported their energy drink consumption in the past week and a variety of dietary behaviours, including past week soda, diet soda, pre-packaged salty snacks, pre-packaged sweet snacks, fast food, restaurant food, frozen food, fruits, vegetables, milk and breakfast consumption. Linear regression analyses were run to determine associations between energy drink consumption and dietary behaviour among users and non-users of energy drinks. Analyses controlled for gender, race/ethnicity and body mass index (BMI). Results: Overall, 17.5% of students had consumed energy drinks in the past week. Energy drink users were more likely to be male, White and have a greater BMI. Students also reported low past week intake of fruits, vegetables, milk and breakfast. Past week energy drink consumption was associated with increased soda and frozen meal consumption. Conclusion: Given a rapidly expanding energy drink market, future dietary interventions among college youth may want to consider the implications of energy drinks, as results of this study suggest consumption of these beverages is associated with unhealthy dietary behaviours and a greater BMI.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Analysis of Peroneal Tendon Pathology Associated With Low-Lying Peroneus Brevis Muscle Belly
Authors: Highlander Peter , Pearson Kyle T. , Burns Patrick 
Published: February 2015

Background. Low-lying peroneus brevis tendon muscle belly has been speculated to be an associated factor with symptomatic peroneal tendon pathology. Multiple studies have analyzed normal and anomalous anatomy associated with peroneal tendon pathology; however, no study has confirmed the clinical association between peroneal tendon pathology and low-lying peroneus brevis muscle belly. Purpose. To identify the correlation of low-lying peroneus brevis muscle belly with peroneal tendon pathology. Study Design. Case-control study; Level of evidence 3. Methods. The level of peroneus brevis muscle belly was compared between patients with symptomatic peroneal tendon pathology (experimental group) and asymptomatic individuals with otherwise normal lateral ankle using magnetic resonance images. Results. Of the 32 consecutive patients with symptomatic peroneal tendon pathology, 28 (87.5%) demonstrated peroneus brevis muscle distal to the fibular groove while 53.8% of control patients demonstrated such findings (P = .022). The most common diagnosis associated with peroneal tendon pathology was ankle instability and osteochondral defect of the talus or tibial plafond. Peroneal tendon pathology in isolation was less common. Conclusion. Peroneal tendon pathology is often associated with lateral ankle instability and osteochondral defects of the ankle joint. Low-lying peroneus brevis muscle belly may be a common anatomic variant, but in the setting of instability it can become a source of pain and pathology secondary to overcrowding. Levels of Evidence: Diagnostic, level III: Case-control study
The Epidemiology of Fifth Metatarsal Fracture
Authors: Kane Justin M. , Sandrowski Kristin , Saffel Heather , Albanese Anthony , Raikin Steven M. , Pedowitz David I. 
Published: February 2015

Background. A paucity of data exists studying the epidemiology of fifth metatarsal fractures. While a number of studies exist focusing on specific fracture patterns and patient populations, a large comprehensive epidemiologic study on the general public does not. Objective. We reviewed 1275 fifth metatarsal fractures treated at a multicenter orthopaedic practice attempting to classify mechanism of injury and patient demographics as they pertain to specific fracture patterns. Methods. Patient demographics were recorded and fractures categorized by location and mechanism of injury. Demographics and mechanism of injury were assessed to determine their predictive value for the type of fracture. Statistical analysis was used to predict whether demographics and mechanism of injury were statistically significant for types of fractures and whether gender and age were positive predictive values for fifth metatarsal fractures. Results. Twisting injuries were a statistically significant predictor of zone 1 injuries. A significant correlation between gender and fracture location was seen with women sustaining 75% of zone 1 injuries and 84% of dancer’s fractures. A positive predictive value existed for age and gender with respect to the incidence of fractures. Males accounted for more fractures among younger patients and females accounting for the majority of fractures among older patients. Conclusion. Mechanism of injury is a predictor for fracture location. Gender and age have a role in fracture incidence. In younger patient populations, males account for the majority of fifth metatarsal fractures. In older patient populations, females account for the majority of fifth metatarsal fractures. Level of Evidence: Prognostic study, Level II: Retrospective Study
Assessment of Parental Knowledge and Attitudes Toward Pediatric Sports-Related Concussions
Authors: Lin Ann C. , Salzman Garrett A. , Bachman Shelby L. , Burke Rita V. , Zaslow Tracy , Piasek Carolina Z. , Edison Bianca R. , Hamilton Anita , Upperman Jeffrey S. 
Published: February 2015

Background: Parents of young athletes play a major role in the identification and management of sports-related concussions. However, they are often unaware of the consequences of concussions and recommended management techniques. Hypothesis: This study quantitatively assessed parental understanding of concussions to identify specific populations in need of additional education. We predicted that parents with increased education and prior sports- and concussion-related experience would have more knowledge and safer attitudes toward concussions. Study Design: Cross-sectional survey. Level of Evidence: Level 5. Methods: Participants were parents of children brought to a pediatric hospital and 4 satellite clinics for evaluation of orthopaedic injuries. Participants completed a validated questionnaire that assessed knowledge of concussion symptoms, attitudes regarding diagnosis and return-to-play guidelines, and previous sports- and concussion-related experience. Results: Over 8 months, 214 parents completed surveys. Participants scored an average of 18.4 (possible, 0-25) on the Concussion Knowledge Index and 63.1 (possible, 15-75) on the Concussion Attitude Index. Attitudes were safest among white women, and knowledge increased with income and education levels. Previous sports experience did not affect knowledge or attitudes, but parents who reported experiencing an undiagnosed concussion had significantly better concussion knowledge than those who did not. Conclusion: Parents with low income and education levels may benefit from additional concussion-related education. Clinical Relevance: There exist many opportunities for improvement in parental knowledge and attitudes about pediatric sports-related concussions. Ongoing efforts to understand parental knowledge of concussions will inform the development of a strategic and tailored approach to the prevention and management of pediatric concussions.
Catalytic activities of noble metal atoms on WO3 (001): nitric oxide adsorption
Authors: Ren Xiaoyan , Zhang Shuai , Li Chong , Li Shunfang , Jia Yu , Cho Jun-Hyung 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
Using first-principles density functional theory calculations within the generalized gradient approximation, we investigate the adsorption of NO molecule on a clean WO3(001) surface as well as on the noble metal atom (Cu, Ag, and Au)-deposited WO3(001) surfaces. We find that on a clean WO3 (001) surface, the NO molecule binds to the W atom with an adsorption energy (E
ads) of −0.48 eV. On the Cu- and Ag-deposited WO3(001) surface where such noble metal atoms prefer to adsorb on the hollow site, the NO molecule also binds to the W atom with E
ads = −1.69 and −1.41 eV, respectively. This relatively stronger bonding of NO to the W atom is found to be associated with the larger charge transfer of 0.43 e (Cu) and 0.33 e (Ag) from the surface to adsorbed NO. However, unlike the cases of Cu-WO3(001) and Ag-WO3(001), Au atoms prefer to adsorb on the top of W atom. On such an Au-WO3(001) complex, the NO molecule is found to form a bond to the Au atom with E
ads = −1.32 eV. Because of a large electronegativity of Au atom, the adsorbed NO molecule captures the less electrons (0.04 e) from the surface compared to the Cu and Ag catalysts. Our findings not only provide useful information about the NO adsorption on a clean WO3(001) surface as well as on the noble metal atoms deposited WO3(001) surfaces but also shed light on a higher sensitive WO3 sensor for NO detection employing noble metal catalysts.
Investigation of LRS dependence on the retention of HRS in CBRAM
Authors: Xu Xiaoxin , Lv Hangbing , Liu Hongtao , Luo Qing , Gong Tiancheng , Wang Ming , Wang Guoming , Zhang Meiyun , Li Yang , Liu Qi , Long Shibing , Liu Ming 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
The insufficient retention prevents the resistive random access memory from intended application, such as code storage, FPGA, encryption, and others. The retention characteristics of high resistance state (HRS) switching from different low resistance state (LRS) were investigated in a 1-kb array with one transistor and one resistor configuration. The HRS degradation was found strongly dependent on the LRS: the lower the resistance of the LRS (R
LRS) is, the worse HRS retention will be. According to the quantum point contact model, the HRS corresponds to a tiny tunnel gap or neck bridge with atomic size in the filament. The degradation of HRS is due to the filling or widening of the neck point by the diffusion of copper species from the residual filament. As the residual filament is stronger in case of the lower R
LRS, the active area around the neck point for copper species diffusion is larger, resulting in higher diffusion probability and faster degradation of HRS during the temperature-accelerated retention measurement.
Molecular breeding of thermo-sensitive genic male sterile (TGMS) lines of rice for blast resistance using Pi2 gene
Authors: Jiang Jiefeng , Mou Tongmin , Yu Huihui , Zhou Fasong 
Published: February 2015

Abstract

Background
Blast disease caused by the fungal pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae is one of the big problems in rice production in China, especially for high yield hybrid varieties made from a two-line system in which thermo-sensitive genic male sterile (TGMS) lines are used. In this study, we report the introgression of a rice blast resistance gene Pi2 from VE6219 into C815S, an elite rice TGMS line, leading to the development of blast resistant TGMS lines through marker assisted selection (MAS) and phenotypic selection approaches.

Results
Four new TGMS lines with blast resistance gene Pi2 were developed from C815S (an elite TGMS line susceptible to the blast, used as recurrent parent) and VE6219 (a blast resistant line harboring Pi2, used as donor parent). The pathogenicity assays inoculated with 53 blast prevalent isolates in glasshouse showed that the blast resistant frequency of the four TGMS lines was 94.3%-98.1% that is equivalent to blast resistant donor parent VE6219. The field evaluation of the new lines and hybrids made from them at a blast epidemic site also showed high resistant levels against the blast. The genetic background of the newly developed TGMS lines were examined using a whole-genome single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array (RICE6K) that turned out more than 83% of the genomic markers were derived from the recurrent parent. The critical temperature points of fertility-sterility alteration of the new TGMS lines were between 22°C and 23°C of daily mean temperature, which is similar to that of C815S. The complete male sterility under natural growth conditions at Wuhan last more than 80 days. Their agronomic and grain quality traits meet the requirement for two-line hybrid rice production.

Conclusions
The broad-spectrum and durable rice blast resistant gene Pi2 was introgressed into the elite TGMS line C815S background. The newly developed TGMS lines can be practically used for two-line hybrid rice breeding and must play an important role in sustainable rice production in China.