bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A heterogeneous thermal environment enables remarkable behavioral thermoregulation in Uta stansburiana
Authors: Goller Maria , Goller Franz , French Susannah S. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractEctotherms can attain preferred body temperatures by selecting specific temperature microhabitats within a varied thermal environment. The side‐blotched lizard, Uta stansburiana may employ microhabitat selection to thermoregulate behaviorally. It is unknown to what degree habitat structural complexity provides thermal microhabitats for thermoregulation. Thermal microhabitat structure, lizard temperature, and substrate preference were simultaneously evaluated using thermal imaging. A broad range of microhabitat temperatures was available (mean range of 11°C within 1–2 m2) while mean lizard temperature was between 36°C and 38°C. Lizards selected sites that differed significantly from the mean environmental temperature, indicating behavioral thermoregulation, and maintained a temperature significantly above that of their perch (mean difference of 2.6°C). Uta's thermoregulatory potential within a complex thermal microhabitat structure suggests that a warming trend may prove advantageous, rather than detrimental for this population.
Tocopherol and tocotrienol homologs in parenteral lipid emulsions
Authors: Xu Zhidong , Harvey Kevin A. , Pavlina Thomas M. , Zaloga Gary P. , Siddiqui Rafat A. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractParenteral lipid emulsions, which are made of oils from plant and fish sources, contain different types of tocopherols and tocotrienols (vitamin E homologs). The amount and types of vitamin E homologs in various lipid emulsions vary considerably and are not completely known. The objective of this analysis was to develop a quantitative method to determine levels of all vitamin E homologs in various lipid emulsions. An HPLC system was used to measure vitamin E homologs using a Pinnacle DB Silica normal phase column and an isocratic, n‐hexane:1,4 dioxane (98:2) mobile phase. An optimized protocol was used to report vitamin E homolog concentrations in soybean oil‐based (Intralipid®, Ivelip®, Lipofundin® N, Liposyn® III, and Liposyn® II), medium‐ and long‐chain fatty acid‐based (Lipofundin® , MCT and Structolipid®), olive oil‐based (ClinOleic®), and fish oil‐based (Omegaven®) and mixture of these oils‐based (SMOFlipid®, Lipidem®) commercial parenteral lipid emulsions. Total content of all vitamin E homologs varied greatly between different emulsions, ranging from 57.9 to 383.9 µg/mL. Tocopherols (α, β, γ, δ) were the predominant vitamin E homologs for all emulsions, with tocotrienol content < 0.3%. In all of the soybean emulsions, except for Lipofundin® N, the predominant vitamin E homolog was γ‐tocopherol, which ranged from 57–156 µg/mL. ClinOleic® predominantly contained α‐tocopherol (32 µg/mL), whereas α‐tocopherol content in Omegaven® was higher than most of the other lipid emulsions (230 µg/mL).Practical applications: The information on the types and quantity of vitamin E homologs in various lipid emulsions will be extremely useful to physicians and healthcare personnel in selecting appropriate lipid emulsions that are exclusively used in patients with inadequate gastrointestinal function, including hospitalized and critically ill patients. Some emulsions may require vitamin E supplementation in order to meet minimal human requirements.Vitamin E homologs (tocopherols and tocotrienols) contain a chromanol ring and a hydrophobic side chain.
Coupling between landslides and eroding stream channels reconstructed from spruce tree rings (examples from the Carpathians and Sudetes – Central Europe)
Authors: Wistuba Małgorzata , Malik Ireneusz , Wójcicki Krzysztof , Michałowicz Patrycja 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThe analysis of the positive feedback between landslides and erosion requires determination of the precise temporal and spatial relations between events of colluvium delivery and fluvial erosion. In our study we use decennial datasets on the occurrence of landsliding and erosion achieved through dendrochronological methods. Four sites covering areas of landslide slopes and adjacent valley floors with stream channels were studied. Landsliding on slopes was dated from the tree‐ring eccentricity developed in stems tilted due to bedrock instability. Erosion in channels was dated using the wood anatomy of roots exposed by erosion of the soil cover. Analysis of the temporal relations between dated landsliding, erosion and precipitation record has revealed that two types of repeating sequences can be observed: (1) rainfall → landsliding → erosion; (2) rainfall → erosion → landsliding. These sequences are an indication of the occurrence of slope‐channel positive feedback in the sites studied. In the first type, landsliding triggered by rainfall delivers colluvia into the valley floor and causes its narrowing, which in turn causes increased erosion. In the second type erosion triggered by rainfall disturbs the slope equilibrium and causes landsliding. Landsliding and erosion, once triggered by precipitation, can occur alternately in years with average precipitation and reinforce one another. Bidirectional coupling between landsliding and channel erosion was shown notably through the effects of channel shifting and forced sinuosity and by increased erosion of the slopes opposite the active landslides. Observations also suggest that the repetition of sequences described over longer periods of time can lead to a general widening of the valley floor at the expense of slopes and to a gradual change of the valley cross‐profile from narrow, V‐shaped into a wide flat‐bottomed. Thus landsliding–erosion coupling/positive feedback was recognized as an important factor shaping hillslope–valley topography of the mid‐mountain areas studied. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
One‐dimensional and two‐dimensional hydrodynamic modeling derived flow properties: impacts on aquatic habitat quality predictions
Authors: Benjankar Rohan , Tonina Daniele , McKean James 
Published: August 2014

AbstractStudies of the effects of hydrodynamic model dimensionality on simulated flow properties and derived quantities such as aquatic habitat quality are limited. It is important to close this knowledge gap especially now that entire river networks can be mapped at the microhabitat scale due to the advent of point‐cloud techniques. This study compares flow properties, such as depth and velocity, and aquatic habitat quality predicted from pseudo‐2D and fully 2D hydrodynamic modeling. The models are supported by high‐resolution, point‐cloud derived bathymetries, from which close‐spaced cross‐sections were extracted for the 1D modeling, of three morphologically and hydraulically different river systems. These systems range from small low‐gradient meandering pool–riffle to large steep confined plane‐bed rivers. We test the effects of 1D and 2D models on predicted hydraulic variables at cross‐sections and over the full bathymetry to quantify the differences due to model dimensionality and those from interpolation. Results show that streambed features, whose size is smaller than cross‐sectional spacing, chiefly determine the different results of 1D and 2D modeling whereas flow discharge, stream size, morphological complexity and model grid sizes have secondary effects on flow properties and habitat quality for a given species and life stage predicted from 1D and 2D modeling. In general, the differences in hydraulic variables are larger in the bathymetric than in the cross‐sectional analysis, which suggests that some errors are introduced from interpolation of spatially disaggregated simulated variables with a 1D model, instead of model dimensionality 1D or 2D. Flow property differences are larger for velocity than for water surface elevation and depth. Differences in weighted usable area (WUA) derived from 1D and 2D modeling are relatively small for low‐gradient meandering pool–riffle systems, but the differences in the spatial distribution of microhabitats can be considerable although clusters of same habitat quality are spatially comparable. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sleep Disturbance, Disability, and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Utility Workers
Authors: Giosan Cezar , Malta Loretta S. , Wyka Katarzyna , Jayasinghe Nimali , Evans Susan , Difede JoAnn , Avram Eugen 
Published: August 2014

ObjectiveThe objective of the present study was to examine the associations between sleep disturbance, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and functional disability in a population exposed to a singular traumatic event.MethodThe participants were a population of 2,453 predominantly male utility workers who were deployed to the World Trade Center site in the aftermath of the 9/11 attack. They underwent psychiatric screenings comprising measures of sleep disturbance, PTSD, and functional disability.ResultsAnalyses indicated that (a) rates of sleep disturbances were significantly higher among participants diagnosed with PTSD than those without, (b) PTSD severity was significantly associated with sleep disturbance, and (c) sleep disturbance moderated the relationship between PTSD and disability.ConclusionSleep disturbance is associated with occupational, social functioning, and PTSD severity, suggesting that ameliorating sleep may lead to increased occupational and social functioning, as well as better treatment responses in PTSD.
Mediators of Mindfulness‐Based Stress Reduction (MBSR): Assessing the Timing and Sequence of Change in Cancer Patients
Authors: Labelle Laura E. , Campbell Tavis S. , Faris Peter , Carlson Linda E. 
Published: August 2014

ObjectivesThis waitlist‐controlled study examined the timing of changes during Mindfulness‐Based Cancer Recovery (MBCR), and explored sequential mediated effects through enhanced mindfulness and emotion regulation (ER) in a cancer population.MethodPatients were recruited from the MBCR program waitlist and were either registered for immediate participation (n = 135) or waiting for the next program to begin (n = 76). Participants completed self‐report measures of stress symptoms, mood disturbance, mindfulness, and ER (rumination, worry, and experiential avoidance) pre‐, mid‐ and post‐MBCR or waiting period.ResultsThere was a relatively early effect of MBCR on observing, nonjudging, rumination, and worry. All other measures changed later. Early changes in present‐focused nonjudgmental awareness, rumination, and worry mediated the effect of MBCR on mindfulness skills such as nonreactivity later on.ConclusionThe constructs of mindfulness and ER may overlap and changes may be mutually facilitative during MBCR. The study informs our understanding of mindfulness and ER as mechanisms of mindfulness‐based interventions.
Low RNA translation activit limits the efficacy of hydrodynamic gene transfer to pig liver in vivo
Authors: Sendra Luis , Carreño Omar , Miguel Antonio , Montalvá Eva , Herrero María José , Orbis Francisco , Noguera Inmaculada , Barettino Domingo , López‐Andújar Rafael , Aliño Salvador F. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractBackgroundHydrodynamic gene delivery has proved an efficient strategy for nonviral gene therapy in the murine liver but it has been less efficient in pigs. The reason for such inefficiency remains unclear. The present study used a surgical strategy to seal the whole pig liver in vivo.MethodsA solution of enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) DNA was injected under two different venous injection conditions (anterograde and retrograde), employing flow rates of 10 and 20 ml/s in each case, with the aim of identifying the best gene transfer conditions. The gene delivery and information decoding steps were evaluated by measuring the eGFP DNA, mRNA and protein copy number 24 h after transfection. In addition, gold nanoparticles (diameters of 4 and 15 nm) were retrogradely injected (10 ml/s) to observe, by electron microscopy, the ability of the particle to access the hepatocyte.ResultsThe gene delivery level was higher with anterograde injection, whereas the efficacy of gene expression was better with retrograde injection, suggesting differences in the decoding processes. Thus, retrograde injection mediates gene transcription (mRNA copy/cell) equivalent to that of intermediate expression proteins but the mRNA translation was lower than that of rare proteins. Electron microscopy showed that nanoparticles within the hepatocyte were almost exclusively 4 nm in diameter.ConclusionsThe results suggest that the low activity of mRNA translation limits the final efficacy of the gene transfer procedure. On the other hand, the gold nanoparticles study suggests that elongated DNA conformation could offer advantages in that the access of 15‐nm particles is very limited. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Glycaemic index and glycaemic load of sorghum products
Authors: Prasad Madhrapakkam Pagadala Rajendra , Rao Benhur Dayakar , Kalpana Kommi , Rao Mendu Vishuvardhana , Patil Jagannath Vishnu 
Published: August 2014

AbstractBACKGROUNDSorghum, a small‐seeded grass, is an important food crop and chief energy source for the people of semi‐arid regions of the world. In India, sorghum production/consumption decreased after the ‘green revolution’, but it is now regaining momentum owing to numerous health and nutritional benefits. An understanding of the glycaemic index (GI) and glycaemic load (GL) of staples can help in choosing suitable foods for the prevention and control of diabetes. In view of this, the present study was undertaken to evaluate the GI and GL of different sorghum foods and compare them with those of wheat/rice based foods.RESULTSThe GI of sorghum‐based foods such as coarse semolina upma (P < 0.05), fine semolina upma (P < 0.01), flakes poha (P < 0.01) and pasta (P < 0.01) was significantly lower than that of their respective control (wheat/rice‐based) foods. All sorghum‐based foods showed significantly lower GL (P < 0.01) than their respective control (wheat/rice‐based) foods.CONCLUSIONA few sorghum‐based products have low GI (<55; coarse semolina upma, fine semolina upma, flakes poha and pasta) and all sorghum‐based products (with the exception of sorghum roti) tested in the present study have lower GL than their respective wheat/rice‐based foods. Consumption of low‐GI and low‐GL sorghum‐based foods may help in decreasing postprandial blood glucose levels. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
A nationwide population‐based cohort study on tonsillectomy and subsequent cancer incidence
Authors: Sun Li‐Min , Chen Hsuan‐Ju , Li Tsai‐Chung , Sung Fung‐Chang , Kao Chia‐Hung 
Published: August 2014

Objectives/HypothesisTonsillectomy is related to increased risk of certain types of cancer. This study evaluates the possible association between tonsillectomy and cancer in Taiwan.MethodsData from the National Health Insurance system of Taiwan was used. A cohort study consisting of 997 patients with a new diagnosis of tonsillectomy from 2000 to 2005 and a comparison cohort of 3,988 subjects without tonsillectomy were used in the Poisson regression analysis to estimate the incidence rate ratios (IRRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of cancers.ResultsThe incidence rate of all cancer types was higher in the tonsillectomy group than in the control group (4.28 vs. 2.97 per 1,000 person‐years, respectively), with an IRR = 1.54 and 95% CI of 1.05 to 2.25, but the significant difference was limited to patients with more than 3 years follow‐up. Site‐specific analysis found no significant association between tonsillectomy and any individual cancer after adjusting for age, sex, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, and diabetes; however, tonsillectomy patients with more than 3 years follow‐up had a marginally significantly higher risk for breast cancer development (adjusted IRR = 2.62; CI = 0.97–7.03).ConclusionOur study found that Taiwanese people with tonsillectomy have a significantly higher overall risk of developing cancer and a marginally higher risk of developing breast cancer when follow‐up is longer than 3 years.Level of Evidence2b. Laryngoscope, 125:134–139, 2015
Organic Matter Fractions Controlling Soil Water Repellency in Sandy Soils From the Doñana National Park (Southwestern Spain)
Authors: Jiménez‐Morillo Nicasio T. , González‐Pérez José A. , Jordán Antonio , Zavala Lorena M. , de la Rosa José María , Jiménez‐González Marco A. , González‐Vila Francisco J. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThe relationship between soil organic matter (SOM) content and organic molecular assemblages (n‐alkane/alkenes pairs andn‐fatty acids) with soil water repellency (WR) in different sieve fractions (1–2, 0·25–1, 0·05–0·5 and <0·05 mm) was studied in sandy soils from the Doñana National Park (SW Spain) under four vegetation species:Quercus suber(QS),Pteridium aquilinum(PA),Pinus pinea(PP) andHalimium halimifolium(HH). The severity of soil WR [assessed according to the water drop penetration time (WDPT) test] was ordered according to the sequence QS > PA > PP > HH. A positive correlation was found between soil WR from each sieve fraction and SOM content. Most severe soil WR was detected in QS for all sieve fractions, followed by the finer fractions (<0·05 mm) from PA, PP and HH samples. The finer fraction had the highest SOM content, ranging between 20·9% (PP) and 46·9% (QS). Coarser PA, PP and HH soil fractions (1–2 mm) showed the highest long‐chain‐even C numbered fatty acids in the order PP > PA > HH. A significant correlation was observed between SOM content and the severity of soil WR in QS samples and finer fractions of soil under other vegetation (PA, PP and HH). Coarser fractions (1–2 mm) from PP, PA and HH 1–2 mm sieve fractions showed high severity of WR and relatively low SOM contents that could be explained by a low degree of evolution of the organic residues as seen by analytical pyrolysis, that is, higher alkane/alkene carbon preference index values and the presence of a higher diversity of fatty acid structures. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
FGFR3 mutation frequency in 324 cases from the International Skeletal Dysplasia Registry
Authors: Xue Yuan , Sun Angela , Mekikian P. Betty , Martin Jorge , Rimoin David L. , Lachman Ralph S. , Wilcox William R. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractFibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3) is the only gene known to cause achondroplasia (ACH), hypochondroplasia (HCH), and thanatophoric dysplasia types I and II (TD I and TD II). A second, as yet unidentified, gene also causes HCH. In this study, we used sequencing analysis to determine the frequency of FGFR3 mutations for each phenotype in 324 cases from the International Skeletal Dysplasia Registry (ISDR). Our data suggest that there is a considerable overlap of genotype and phenotype between ACH and HCH. Thus, it is important to test for mutations found in either disorder when ACH or HCH is suspected. Only two of 29 cases with HCH did not have an identified mutation in FGFR3, much less than previously reported. We recommend testing other mutations in FGFR3, instead of just the common HCH mutation, p.Asn540Lys. The mutation frequency for TD I and TD II in the largest series of cases to date are also reported. This study provides valuable information on FGFR3 mutation frequency of four skeletal dysplasias for clinical diagnostic laboratories and clinicians.
Single acquisition electrical property mapping based on relative coil sensitivities: A proof‐of‐concept demonstration
Authors: Marques José P. , Sodickson Daniel K. , Ipek Ozlem , Collins Christopher M. , Gruetter Rolf 
Published: August 2014

PurposeAll methods presented to date to map both conductivity and permittivity rely on multiple acquisitions to compute quantitatively the magnitude of radiofrequency transmit fields,
. In this work, we propose a method to compute both conductivity and permittivity based solely on relative receive coil sensitivities (
) that can be obtained in one single measurement without the need to neither explicitly perform transmit/receive phase separation nor make assumptions regarding those phases.Theory and MethodsTo demonstrate the validity and the noise sensitivity of our method we used electromagnetic finite differences simulations of a 16‐channel transceiver array. To experimentally validate our methodology at 7 Tesla, multi compartment phantom data was acquired using a standard 32‐channel receive coil system and two‐dimensional (2D) and 3D gradient echo acquisition. The reconstructed electric properties were correlated to those measured using dielectric probes.ResultsThe method was demonstrated both in simulations and in phantom data with correlations to both the modeled and bench measurements being close to identity. The noise properties were modeled and understood.ConclusionThe proposed methodology allows to quantitatively determine the electrical properties of a sample using any MR contrast, with the only constraint being the need to have 4 or more receive coils and high SNR. Magn Reson Med 74:185–195, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
DESIGNING EFFECTIVE CIVIL SERVICE REFORM LESSONS FROM PAST EXPERIENCE
Authors: Repucci Sarah 
Published: August 2014

SUMMARYCivil service reform is one of the most intractable yet important challenges for governments and their supporters today. However, civil service reform thus far has largely failed. On the basis of a review of existing literature, this article presents principles for donors, governments and advocates to help them design more effective reform programmes. Although the current understanding of how best to promote civil service reform has advanced, it remains broadly incomplete because of a combination of the complexity of the subject, disagreement on the objectives, and a failure of practitioners to reflect on their experiences and then disseminate the results. Recommendations are presented separately for reform designers and reform funders. © 2014 The Authors. Public Administration and Development published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.