bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sensitivity of Venturia inaequalis to Trifloxystrobin and Difenoconazole in Uruguay
Authors: Mondino Pedro , Casanova Leticia , Celio Antonella , Bentancur Oscar , Leoni Carolina , Alaniz Sandra 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThe sensitivity of Venturia inaequalis to trifloxystrobin and difenoconazole was studied in Uruguay. Populations of V. inaequalis were collected from apple orchards with different histories of trifloxystrobin use. Sensitivity of populations to trifloxystrobin was analysed using a method for testing spore germination published by FRAC, using a discriminatory concentration of 2.0 mg a.i./l. Resistance to trifloxystrobin was widespread in the region of commercial apple production with resistance detected in all orchards examined, the incidences ranging from 3% to 95%. The highest frequencies were found in orchards with the most intensive use of Quinone outside inhibitors (QoI) fungicides. Sensitivities of isolates of V. inaequalis to difenoconazole were assessed at five concentrations using a mycelial growth assay on isolates (33 isolates per orchard) from one non‐commercial (baseline orchard) and two commercial orchards having differing histories of difenoconazole use. Populations in both commercial orchards exhibited reduced sensitivities to difenoconazole compared to the baseline orchard. Resistance factor (RF) values of 6.6 and 11.74 were measured in the orchards with moderate (up to 4 sprays per season) and intensive use (more than 5 sprays per season) of difenoconazole, respectively. A single‐assessment concentration (SAC) was identified for assessing difenoconazole sensitivity of V. inaequalis isolates by fitting linear regressions between log10 EC50 and relative growth (RG) of the isolates at each fungicide concentration testing, and comparing the goodness‐of‐fit of the regression lines. Comparable results were obtained based on EC50 values and RG values at a SAC of 0.05 mg of active ingredient per litre (a.i. per l). Populations from both commercial orchards differed from the baseline population, in that isolates with RG ≥70 were present at substantial levels in the former but absent from the latter.
Genetic Mapping Reveals Sophisticated Responses of Malus domestica to Botryosphaeria dothidea Isolates
Authors: Cui Mei Sha , Yang Li Li , Han Yuan Yuan , Zhang Qiong , Zhao Yong Bo , Li Chun Min , Han Yue Peng , Wang Yi , Chen Dong Mei , Yang Feng Qiu , Zhang Xin Zhong , Han Zhen Hai 
Published: May 2014

AbstractInfection by the globally distributed pathogenic fungus Botryosphaeria dothidea (Moug.) Ces. et de Not. causes bot canker on the stems, branches and limbs or causes fruit ring rot (FRR) on the fruit in apple. To investigate the relationship between resistance to bot canker and FRR and among resistance mechanisms in response to different pathogen isolates, 34 major gene loci and six quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for bot canker and FRR resistance/susceptibility were genetically mapped on Malus genome using an F1 hybrid population (Jonathan × Golden Delicious) in 2008 and 2009. None of the QTLs for bot canker and FRR overlapped with the region of the major gene loci. Some of the FRR‐ and bot canker‐associated loci either coincided or overlapped, and some were independent, suggesting that the responses of different organs to the pathogen would be correlated but might deviate from each other. Some major gene loci and QTLs associated with different pathogen isolates of bot canker or, FRR were mapped to different regions of the genome. The results indicated that not only did the resistance mechanisms differ between bot canker and FRR but also that genetic differentiation occurred among pathogen isolates.
Patterns of phylogenetic diversity are linked to invasion impacts, not invasion resistance, in a native grassland
Authors: Bennett Jonathan A. , Stotz Gisela C. , Cahill James F. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractQuestionThere are often more invasive species in communities that are less phylogenetically diverse or distantly related to the invaders. This is thought to indicate reduced biotic resistance, but recent theory predicts that phylogenetic relationships have more influence on competitive outcomes when interactions are more pair‐wise than diffuse. Therefore, phylogenetic relationships should change when the invader becomes dominant and interactions are more pair‐wise, rather than alter biotic resistance, which is the outcome of diffuse interactions with the resident community; however both processes can produce similar phylogenetic structures within communities. We ask whether phylogenetic structure is more associated with biotic resistance or invasion impacts following Bromus inermis (brome) invasion and identify the mechanisms behind changes to phylogenetic structure.LocationNative grassland in Alberta, Canada.MethodsWe tested whether phylogenetic structure affected biotic resistance by transplanting brome seedlings into intact vegetation and quantified invasion impacts on community structure by surveying across multiple invasion edges. Additionally, we tested whether relatedness, rarity, average patch size, evolutionary distinctiveness or environmental tolerances determined species' response to brome invasion.ResultsNeither phylogenetic diversity, nor relatedness to brome, influenced the strength of biotic resistance; resource availability was the strongest determinant of resistance. However, communities did become less diverse and phylogenetically over‐dispersed following brome invasion, but not because of the loss of related species. Brome invasion was associated with declines in common species from common lineages and increases in shade‐tolerant species and rare species from species‐poor lineages.ConclusionsOur results suggest that invasion is more likely to affect the phylogenetic structure of the community than the phylogenetic structure of the community will affect invasion. However, they also suggest that the degree of relatedness between the invader and the resident community is unlikely to drive these effects on phylogenetic community structure. Consistent with previous studies, invasion effects were stronger for common species as they have reduced shade tolerance and cannot persist in a subordinate role. This suggests that invasion effects on phylogenetic community structure will depend on which species exhibit traits that enable persistence with the invader and how these traits are distributed across the phylogeny.
The Danebury Iron Age meteorite—An H5 ordinary chondrite “find” from Hampshire, England
Authors: Pillinger C. T. , Pillinger J. M. , Johnson D. , Greenwood R. C. , Tindle A. G. , Jull A. J. T. , Allen D. H. , Cunliffe B. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractWhat remains of a 30 g sample, first recognized as a meteorite in 1989 during characterization of metalworking debris from Danebury, an Iron Age hillfort, in Hampshire, England, has been classified as an H5 ordinary chondrite. Its arrival on Earth has been dated as 2350 ± 120 yr BP, making it contemporary with the period of maximum human activity at the recovery site. Despite its considerable terrestrial residence age, the interior of the specimen is remarkably fresh with a weathering index of W1/2. There is, however, no evidence of human intervention in its preservation. Its near‐pristine state is explained in terms of its serendipitous burial during the back‐fill of a pit dug into chalk by prehistoric people for the storage of grain. This chance discovery has interesting ramifications for the survival of meteorites in areas having a high pH because of a natural lime content arising as a result of the local geology.
Isolated medial longitudinal fasciculus syndrome due to small midbrain infarction
Authors: Kobayashi Zen , Iizuka Mihoko , Tomimitsu Hiroyuki , Shintani Shuzo 
Published: May 2014

AbstractIsolated medial longitudinal fasciculus (MLF) syndrome as a result of midbrain infarction is rare, and its magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has not been reported previously. A 62‐year‐old man suddenly presented with diplopia, and consulted JA Toride Medical Center, Ibaraki, Japan. The patient complained of diplopia when viewing targets on the left side. Examination of the ocular movement showed only adduction disturbance of the right eye. There was no anisocoria, nystagmus, convergence disturbance, blepharoptosis, motor weakness, ataxia or sensory disturbance. Diffusion‐weighted brain MRI showed a small high‐intensity lesion in the right paramedian portion of the caudal midbrain tegmentum, which was thought to involve the right MLF. Re‐examination of the patient 18 days after onset showed the disappearance of the adduction disturbance of the right eye, and diffusion‐weighted MRI approximately 1 month after onset showed resolution of the high intensity lesion. This is the first report of isolated MLF syndrome in which midbrain infarction was confirmed with MRI.
Sensorimotor neuropathy in late‐onset Krabbe disease progressing over 40 years after onset
Authors: Tokushige Shin‐ichi , Mitsui Jun , Goto Ryoji , Hatano Keiko , Terao Yasuo , Kanda Takefumi , Nakano Ryoichi , Tsuji Shoji 
Published: May 2014

AbstractWe describe the case of a 51‐year‐old woman with Krabbe disease presenting with progressive spastic paraparesis since she was 10 years‐of‐age. At the age of 51 years, neurological evaluation showed progression of her sensorimotor neuropathy along with deterioration of nerve conduction, whereas no apparent progression of the bilateral pyramidal tract lesions was observed by magnetic resonance imaging. Sensorimotor neuropathy progresses over several decades in its long‐term natural course in contrast to the absence of apparent progression of lesions in the central motor pathways.
Universal ECG Changes in Pediatric Patients Undergoing Procainamide Challenge
Authors: JORDAN CHRISTOPHER P. , BERUL CHARLES I. , MOAK JEFFREY P. , GREENE ELIZABETH ANNE 
Published: May 2014

BackgroundProcainamide is known to prolong PR, QRS, and QTc intervals in adults and is utilized to unmask the distinct electrocardiographic signatures, including right bundle branch block pattern and right precordial ST segment elevation seen with Brugada syndrome. This study analyzes a pediatric case series of procainamide challenges done to evaluate for possible Brugada syndrome. Our goal was to quantify the impact of procainamide on electrocardiographic intervals in all pediatric patients, regardless of the eventual determination of Brugada syndrome status.MethodsWe retrospectively reviewed all children undergoing procainamide challenge, consecutively from March 2009 to September 2012. Patients received intravenous procainamide over 15 minutes. All electrocardiograms (ECGs) performed during the drug challenge were reviewed. Analysis and ECG measurements were performed by investigators blinded to clinical diagnoses.ResultsAll patients undergoing procainamide infusion had prolongation of their PR (mean +14%; 0–45%), QRS (+13%; 2–49%), and QTc (+15%; 4–30%) intervals regardless of testing outcome. QTc prolongation to >460 ms following procainamide infusion occurred in 76% of patients. No sustained arrhythmias or adverse events occurred.ConclusionsECG changes including prolongation of the PR, QRS, and QTc intervals were seen in all children who underwent procainamide challenge for evaluation of possible Brugada syndrome. An increase in the PR, QRS, and QTc intervals of at least 20% occurred in all children without any adverse events. The QTc prolongation was not completely explained by the QRS prolongation.
Migraine is frequent in children and adolescents with neurofibromatosis type 1
Authors: Pinho Ricardo Silva , Fusão Eduardo Ferracioli , Paschoal Joelma Karina Sagica Fernandes , Caran Eliana Maria Monteiro , Minett Thaís Soares Cianciarullo , Vilanova Luiz Celso Pereira , Masruha Marcelo Rodrigues 
Published: May 2014

AbstractBackgroundDespite the high prevalence of headache in patients with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1), little data exist regarding the classification and characterization of headaches experienced by these patients. This paper describes a study of headache in patients with NF1 compared with healthy controls.MethodsIn this transversal study, participants (aged 4–19 years) were classified into two groups: NF1 patients or control subjects. The diagnosis of NF1 was performed according to the diagnostic criteria of the National Institutes of Health Consensus Conference, and the headache diagnosis was performed according to the diagnostic criteria of the International Classification of Headache Disorders, Second Edition. All participants underwent physical and neurologic evaluation and completed a detailed headache questionnaire.ResultsThe comparison of 50 patients with NF1 and 50 age‐matched controls revealed that the complaint of headache was significantly more frequent in the NF1 group than in the control group (CG) (62% vs 14%, χ2(1) = 22.4; P < 0.001). Migraine was significantly more frequent in patients with NF1 than in the CG (54% vs 14%, χ2(1) = 17.82; P < 0.001). No differences were found between the two groups regarding the use of simple analgesics (NF1: 14% vs CG: 5%, χ2(1) = 1.18; P = 0.276).ConclusionsChildren and adolescents with NF1 are prone to migraines. Complaints of headache are very frequent in this population.
Multi‐Sited Governance of Large‐Scale Land Acquisitions: Mapping and Evaluating the Terrain
Authors: German Laura 
Published: May 2014

AbstractRecent spikes in commodity prices, the growing appetite for primary commodities among emerging economies, growing interest in biofuels and speculations over future returns to land and its products have led to a renewed interest in farmland in the global South. With highly publicized risks and polarized “win‐lose” narratives, so‐called “land grabbing” has become an important focus of transnational governance activity. In juxtaposition to those seeing large‐scale land acquisitions as inherently risky or undesirable, some argue for the potential opportunities they engender—provided risks can be mitigated through improved governance. This paper explores this argument through a systematic analysis of the formal features of the multi‐sited governance mechanisms in place to guide agricultural investment and govern its social and environmental effects. The intent is not to discount the importance of informal norms and practices or the so‐called “lived experience of governance,” nor the argument that such land acquisitions are inherently flawed irrespective of the “discipline imposed on them.” Rather, the paper aims to explore the merits of the arguments advanced by the pro‐investment camp, and to explore the extent to which the emerging global governance architecture is set up to deliver on the purported benefits of large‐scale agricultural investment. Results suggest that serious weaknesses in the substantive scope, reach and/or implementation mechanisms in all of the reviewed governance mechanisms pose a serious risk to the likely effectiveness of the emerging governance architecture in minimizing risks and leveraging benefits. Addressing these weaknesses is an obvious first step for bolstering the credibility of those advocating that governance is the solution.
Both CRISPR/Cas‐based nucleases and nickases can be used efficiently for genome engineering in Arabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Fauser Friedrich , Schiml Simon , Puchta Holger 
Published: May 2014

SummaryEngineered nucleases can be used to induce site‐specific double‐strand breaks (DSBs) in plant genomes. Thus, homologous recombination (HR) can be enhanced and targeted mutagenesis can be achieved by error‐prone non‐homologous end‐joining (NHEJ). Recently, the bacterial CRISPR/Cas9 system was used for DSB induction in plants to promote HR and NHEJ. Cas9 can also be engineered to work as a nickase inducing single‐strand breaks (SSBs). Here we show that only the nuclease but not the nickase is an efficient tool for NHEJ‐mediated mutagenesis in plants. We demonstrate the stable inheritance of nuclease‐induced targeted mutagenesis events in the ADH1 and TT4 genes of Arabidopsis thaliana at frequencies from 2.5 up to 70.0%. Deep sequencing analysis revealed NHEJ‐mediated DSB repair in about a third of all reads in T1 plants. In contrast, applying the nickase resulted in the reduction of mutation frequency by at least 740‐fold. Nevertheless, the nickase is able to induce HR at similar efficiencies as the nuclease or the homing endonuclease I–SceI. Two different types of somatic HR mechanisms, recombination between tandemly arranged direct repeats as well as gene conversion using the information on an inverted repeat could be enhanced by the nickase to a similar extent as by DSB‐inducing enzymes. Thus, the Cas9 nickase has the potential to become an important tool for genome engineering in plants. It should not only be applicable for HR‐mediated gene targeting systems but also by the combined action of two nickases as DSB‐inducing agents excluding off‐target effects in homologous genomic regions.
COMPARISON OF ADAPTIVE RADIOTHERAPY TECHNIQUES FOR EXTERNAL RADIATION THERAPY OF CANINE BLADDER CANCER
Authors: Nieset Jessica R. , Harmon Joseph F. , Johnson Thomas E. , Larue Susan M. 
Published: May 2014

Daily bladder variations make it difficult to utilize standard radiotherapy as a primary treatment option for muscle‐invasive bladder cancer. Our purpose was to develop a model comparing dose distributions of image‐guided and adaptive radiotherapy (ART) techniques for canine bladder cancer. Images were obtained retrospectively from cone‐beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans used for daily positioning of four dogs undergoing fractionated image‐guided radiotherapy (IGRT). Four different treatment plans were modeled for each dog, and dosimetric data were compared. Two plans were developed using planning target volumes based on planning computed tomography (CT) bladder volume. These plans then used bony anatomy or soft tissue anatomy for daily positioning and dosimetric modeling. The third plan type was a hybrid IGRT and ART technique utilizing a library of premade anisotropic planning target volumes using bladder wall motion data and selection of a "plan‐of‐the‐day" determined from positioning CBCT bladder volumes. The fourth plan was an ART technique that constructed a new planning target volume each day based on daily bladder volume as determined by pretreatment CBCT. Dose volume histograms were generated for each plan type and dose distribution for the bladder and rectum were compared between plan types. Irradiated rectal volume decreased and irradiated bladder volume increased as plan conformality increased. ART provided the greatest rectal sparing, with lowest irradiated rectal volume (P < 0.001), and largest bladder volume receiving 95% of the prescription dose (P < 0.001). In our model, adaptive radiotherapy techniques for canine bladder cancer showed significant reduction in rectal volume irradiated when compared to nonadaptive techniques, while maintaining appropriate bladder coverage.
Effectiveness of water permeable joint filling materials for weed prevention in paved areas
Authors: De Cauwer B , Fagot M , Beeldens A , Boonen E , Bulcke R , Reheul D 
Published: May 2014

SummaryThe recent phase‐out of herbicide use on public pavements in Flanders has triggered the development of alternative strategies for weed prevention and control. In this study, growth chamber experiments investigated the ability of various water permeable joint filling materials for pavements to prevent weed growth. Joint fillers included in the tests comprised five innovative (iron slag sand, polymeric bound sand and three sodium silicate enriched fillers) and eight standard joint fillers (four fine materials, for example, sea sand, white sand, sandstone and fine limestone, and four coarse materials based on porphyry and limestone). Their ability to suppress weeds was investigated by examining seedling emergence and biomass production of seven test species in pure or organically polluted (5%, 10%, 20%, 40% and 80% compost by volume) filler substrate. Selected test species were dominant, hard‐to‐control weeds found on pavements. Seedling emergence and weed biomass were lowest in iron slag sand, polymeric bound sand and most sodium silicate enriched fillers, irrespective of pollution level or test species. Within standard joint fillers, pure white sand, sandstone and the coarse materials also reduced biomass, but their inhibitory effect dropped quickly once organically polluted, in contrast to fine limestone and sea sand for which weed suppression lasted longer (up to 40% compost by volume). Weed suppression of joint fillers was species specific. Our results show that there is potential for preventing weed growth using fillers that prevent the growth of a wide spectrum of plant species over a long period.
Bounds and algorithms for the -Bessel function of imaginary order
Authors: Booker Andrew R. , Strömbergsson Andreas , Then Holger 
Published: May 2014

AbstractUsing the paths of steepest descent, we prove precise bounds with numerical implied constants for the modified Bessel function${K}_{ir} (x)$of imaginary order and its first two derivatives with respect to the order. We also prove precise asymptotic bounds on more general (mixed) derivatives without working out numerical implied constants. Moreover, we present an absolutely and rapidly convergent series for the computation of${K}_{ir} (x)$and its derivatives, as well as a formula based on Fourier interpolation for computing with many values of$r$. Finally, we have implemented a subset of these features in a software library for fast and rigorous computation of${K}_{ir} (x)$.