bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tenant vs. owner: deriving access to justice from the right to housing
Authors: Moons Nico 
Published: October 2015

Tenant vs. owner: deriving access to justice from the right to housing
The right to adequate housing has since long been established in international and European human rights law and has been (constitutionally) incorporated into many domestic legal systems. This contribution focuses on the extent to which this fundamental right influences rental law and the horizontal relationship between tenant and landlord and how it contributes to the tenant’s access to justice. The right to housing certainly accounts for tenant’s rights, but since international and European human rights law evidently centres around state obligations, any possible impact on the position of tenants remains indirect. This is of course different on the national plane. In Belgium, the constitutional right to housing has been implemented through regional Housing Codes, complementing private law measures and creating additional protection to tenants. Nonetheless, many challenges still remain in increasing access to justice for tenants, both top-down and bottom-up: lack of knowledge and complexity of law, imbalance in power and dependency, discrimination, etc.
Challenges and obstacles to access to justice in health care
Authors: Hendriks Aart 
Published: October 2015

Challenges and obstacles to access to justice in health care
In the Netherlands, patients have a large number of options to express their dissatisfaction about the services provided by health care providers and can institute all kind of (quasi) legal procedures. None of these procedures was however introduced to ensure patients’ right to access to justice. Access to justice for health care providers confronted with complaints by patients is even less guaranteed. An analysis of Dutch law and practice learns that the access to justice has not found an inroad in the health care sector yet. This is not to suggest that patients lack legal rights, but if access to justice was taken as a yardstick to measures laws against the health care sector, they would have looked differently.
Relationship Between the Pathologic Subtype/Initial Stage and Microliths in Testicular Germ Cell Tumors
Authors: Sharmeen Farhana , Rosenthal Michael H. , Wood Monica J. , Tirumani Sree Harsha , Sweeney Christopher , Howard Stephanie A. 
Published: October 2015

ObjectivesTo investigate the relationship between microliths and germ cell tumor histologic subtypes and determine whether microliths correlate with tumor stage at diagnosis.MethodsA total of 1249 patients with testicular cancer seen between 1999 and 2013 were evaluated; 346 of 1249 patients (28%) with primary testicular tumors and sonographic imaging of unaffected testicular tissue formed the analytic cohort. Age, ethnicity, tumor histologic subtype, and stage at diagnosis were extracted from the medical record. Two examiners concurrently recorded the highest number of microliths per image of unaffected testicular tissue.ResultsA total of 175 of 346 patients (51%) had 1 or more microliths; 69 of 346 (20%) had more than 5 microliths per image. The histologic percentage of seminomas positively correlated with the microlith count (rs = 0.12; P = .036); the histologic percentage of embryonal components negatively correlated with the microlith count (rs = −0.15; P = .007). A higher microlith count was associated with a lower stage at diagnosis (P = .0243). Subgroup analysis of pure seminomas suggested a trend toward a higher microlith count in patients with lower‐stage disease at diagnosis (P= .07). No association was found between the tumor stage at diagnosis and microlith count in patients with greater than 50% embryonal components of tumors (P= .55). No association was found between microliths and age, tumor size, and presence of lymphovascular/rete testis invasion (P = .120, .500, .629, and .155, respectively).ConclusionsPatients with testicular cancer who have microliths may be more likely to have a higher percentage of seminomas and a lower percentage of embryonal components in their primary tumors. Microliths also showed an association with earlier stages of disease at diagnosis.
Optimal Filum Terminale Thickness Cutoff Value on Sonography for Lipoma Screening in Young Children
Authors: Shin Hyun Joo , Kim Myung-Joon , Lee Hye Sun , Kim Hyun Gi , Lee Mi-Jung 
Published: October 2015

ObjectivesThe purpose of this study was to evaluate the normal thickness of the filum terminale on sonography and suggest an optimal cutoff value for filum terminale lipoma screening in young children.MethodsWe retrospectively reviewed lumbosacral sonograms and magnetic resonance images from children younger than 36 months that were obtained between January 2013 and June 2014. The filum terminale thickness on sonography and the presence of fat in the filum terminale on magnetic resonance imaging were evaluated.ResultsFrom 111 children (mean age ± SD, 3.6 ± 3.0 months), 49 did not have abnormal lesions (normal group), and 62 had fat infiltration in the filum terminale (lipoma group). The filum terminale was thicker in the lipoma group than the normal group (1.5 ± 0.5 versus 0.9 ± 0.2 mm; P < .001). Filum terminale thickness also showed significance in a multivariable analysis with sex and age (odds ratio per 0.1‐mm unit, 2.754; P < .001) and in propensity score matching for age (P < .001). The optimal cutoff value for filum terminale lipoma screening was 1.1 mm, with 94% sensitivity and 86% specificity.ConclusionsThe conventional cutoff value of 2 mm for a thickened filum terminale on sonography can be too thick. We suggest an optimal cutoff value of 1.1 mm for lipoma screening in young children.
Combined Use of Ultrasound Elastography and B‐Mode Sonography for Differentiation of Benign and Malignant Circumscribed Breast Masses
Authors: Kim Soo-Yeon , Park Jeong Seon , Koo Hye Ryoung 
Published: October 2015

ObjectivesTo evaluate the diagnostic performance of combined B‐mode sonography and ultrasound elastography for differentiation between benign and malignant breast masses with circumscribed margins.MethodsWe analyzed 109 pathologically proven circumscribed breast masses. Two radiologists retrospectively reviewed B‐mode sonograms and elastograms in consensus. Based on the American College of Radiology Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System, we determined categories of the masses on B‐mode sonography. Elastographic scores were assessed by a 3‐point scale (negative, 0; equivocal, 1; and positive, 2). When the elastographic score for a lesion was 0 or 2, we downgraded or upgraded the B‐mode category, respectively; thus, the reclassified Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System category was defined as the “reclassification category.” Mean category values for benign and malignant lesions were compared by a Student t test. The diagnostic performance of B‐mode, elastographic, and reclassification assessments was compared by receiver operating characteristic curve analysis.ResultsThe mean B‐mode category (2.5 versus 1.7), elastographic score (1.7 versus 0.8), and reclassification category (3.2 versus 1.6) were significantly higher in malignant than benign lesions (P < .001). The area under the curve for reclassification assessment was significantly higher than that for B‐mode sonography (0.916 versus 0.795; P < .05). With a cutoff value between 1 and 2, the specificity was increased from 26.5% to 42.9% after reclassification.ConclusionsFor differentiation between benign and malignant circumscribed breast masses, combined use of B‐mode sonography and elastography could provide a better diagnostic performance than B‐mode sonography alone.
Wave Intensity Analysis Can Identify Eccentric Cardiac Hypertrophy in Hypertensive Patients With Varied Left Ventricular Configurations
Authors: Du Guo-Qing , Li Hai-Ru , Xue Jing-Yi , Chen Shuang , Du Pei , Wu Yan , Tian Jia-Wei 
Published: October 2015

ObjectivesThe primary aim of this study was to determine whether wave intensity can discriminate cases of eccentric hypertrophy in patients with essential hypertension who have varied left ventricular configurations.MethodsA total of 155 hypertensive patients with different ventricular configurations (27 normal configuration, 42 concentric remodeling, 62 concentric hypertrophy, and 24 eccentric hypertrophy) were recruited. We performed a noninvasive wave intensity analysis of the common carotid artery and conventional echocardiography. Blood pressure and flow velocity were measured in the right carotid artery of all patients.ResultsThe left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) in the eccentric hypertrophy group was significantly lower than the values in the other groups (P < .05). The R–W1 interval/W1–W2 interval ratio (where W1 indicates the first positive peak and W2 the second positive peak) in the eccentric hypertrophy group was much higher than the values in the other groups (P < .05). However, there were no significant differences in W1, W2, and negative area among these groups. Pearson correlation analysis showed that R–W1/W1–W2, R–W1, and W1–W2were correlated with the LVEF, whereas there was no correlation between W1, W2, negative area, and the reflection coefficient with the LVEF.ConclusionsWe propose that by using the R–W1/W1–W2 ratio, wave intensity analysis can identify hypertensive patients with eccentric hypertrophy without the need for echocardiography.
Antenatal Surveillance in Twin Pregnancies Using the Biophysical Profile
Authors: Booker Whitney , Fox Nathan S. , Gupta Simi , Carroll Rachel , Saltzman Daniel H. , Klauser Chad K. , Rebarber Andrei 
Published: October 2015

ObjectivesThe nonstress test is currently the most widely used modality for antenatal surveillance in twin pregnancies, with a quoted false‐positive rate of 11%–12%. Our objective was to report our experience with the sonographic portion of the biophysical profile in twin pregnancies as the primary screening modality.MethodsWomen with twin pregnancies delivered by a single maternal‐fetal medicine practice from 2005 to 2013 were included. We excluded monoamniotic twins. Twin pregnancies began weekly sonography for the biophysical profile starting at 32 to 33 weeks, or earlier if indicated. The nonstress test was performed if the sonographic biophysical profile score was less than 8 of 8. We reviewed biophysical profile scores and outcomes for all patients who delivered at 33 weeks or later to assess the false‐positive rate for the biophysical profile, as well as the incidence of intrauterine fetal death (IUFD) after initiation of antenatal surveillance.ResultsA total of 539 twin pregnancies were included. The incidence of IUFD per patient was 2 per 539 (0.4%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.1%–1.3%), and the incidence of IUFD per fetus was 2 per 1078 (0.19%; 95% CI, 0.05%–0.7%). The overall positive screen rate was 24 per 539 (4.45%; 95% CI, 3.0%–6.5%). The false‐positive screen rate, defined as an abnormal biophysical profile that did not diagnose an IUFD or lead to delivery, was 10 per 539 (1.9%; 95% CI, 1.0%–3.4%).Conclusions—In twin pregnancies the use of the sonographic biophysical profile for routine antenatal surveillance has a low false‐positive rate, with a very low incidence of IUFD. The sonographic biophysical profile should be considered as a primary mode for antenatal surveillance in twin pregnancies, with a reflex nonstress test for an abnormal score.
Chronic Influences of Obstructive Sleep Apnea on Cerebral Venous Flow
Authors: Chi Hsin-Yi , Lin Chang-Sheng , Hsu Min-hsien , Chan Po-chi , Hu Han-Hwa 
Published: October 2015

ObjectivesEvidence reveals a pathophysiologic link between sleep apnea syndrome and cerebrovascular diseases. It is known that obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) may cause serial hemodynamic changes and structural abnormalities in the cerebral and cardiac arterial systems, but its effect on the cerebral venous system has remained unclear. The purpose of this study was to compare internal jugular vein hemodynamics between patients with OSA and healthy individuals.MethodsPatients with OSA and age‐, body mass index‐, and sex‐matched healthy control participants were recruited for a jugular venous duplex study and neurologic examination. The luminal area of the internal jugular vein, jugular venous flow volume, time‐averaged mean velocity, and presence of jugular venous reflux were recorded. These flow characteristics were obtained at different respiratory statuses, and we analyzed the differences between patients and controls.ResultsIn the OSA group, there was an increasing flow volume in total internal jugular veins at rest. The frequency of venous reflux in patients compared with controls was significantly decreased (26.7% versus 53.3%, respectively; P < .05). The internal jugular vein drainage dominance was greater on the left side in the OSA group (right versus left: 48.8% versus 51.2%), whereas it was greater on the right side in the control group (right versus left: 61.7% versus 38.3%).ConclusionsOur data showed peculiar internal jugular vein hemodynamics at baseline and different respiratory statuses in patients with OSA. These characteristics imply that cerebral venous drainage conditions might be involved in the pathophysiologic mechanisms of OSA syndrome.
Ultrasound‐Guided Fenestration of Tendons About the Hip and Pelvis
Authors: Jacobson Jon A. , Rubin Joshua , Yablon Corrie M. , Kim Sung Moon , Kalume-Brigido Monica , Parameswaran Aishwarya 
Published: October 2015

ObjectivesPercutaneous ultrasound‐guided needle fenestration has been used to treat tendinopathy of the elbow, knee, and ankle with promising results. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical outcome of ultrasound‐guided fenestration of tendons about the hip and pelvis.MethodsAfter Institutional Review Board approval, a retrospective search of imaging reports from January 1, 2005, to June 30, 2011, was completed to identify patients treated with ultrasound‐guided tendon fenestration about the hip or pelvis. Subsequent clinic notes were retrospectively reviewed to determine whether the patient showed marked improvement, some improvement, no change, or worsening symptoms.ResultsThe study group consisted of 22 tendons in 21 patients with an average age of 55.8 years (range, 26.7–77.0 years). The treated tendons included 11 gluteus medius (9 tendinosis and 2 partial tears), 2 gluteus minimus (both tendinosis), 8 hamstring (6 tendinosis and 2 partial tears), and 1 tensor fascia latae (tendinosis). The average interval to clinical follow‐up was 70 days (range, 7–813 days). There was marked improvement in 45.5% (10 of 22), some improvement in 36.4% (8 of 22), no change in symptoms in 9.1% (2 of 22), and worsening symptoms in 9.1% (2 of 22). There were no patient variables (age, chronicity of symptoms, sex, tendon, tendinosis versus tear, prior physical therapy, and prior corticosteroid injection) that were significantly different between patients who improved and those who did not. There were no cases of a subsequent tendon tear or infection.ConclusionsClinical follow‐up after ultrasound‐guided fenestration of the gluteus medius, gluteus minimus, proximal hamstring, and tensor fascia latae tendons showed that 82% of patients had improvement in their symptoms.
New hemispheric geomagnetic indicesαwith 15 min time resolution
Authors: Chambodut Aude , Marchaudon Aurélie , Lathuillère Chantal , Menvielle Michel , Foucault Etienne 
Published: October 2015

AbstractNew subauroralα15indices are proposed. They are based on a simple reproducible algorithm which relies on an as dense as possible network of magnetic observatories in each hemisphere. At first, the variation with time of local geomagnetic activity is determined at each magnetic station. Gathering all obtained stations' precomputed values, a normalization with corrected geomagnetic latitude is determined. Then, for each 15 min interval, magnetic activity on the horizontal component is averaged out over 15 min and corrected using this normalization, before a spline modeling of the longitudinal variation in each hemisphere is applied. Hemispheric and planetary 15 min indices are then computed by arithmetic means. Preliminary statistical results, from probability distribution function over a solar cycle and superposed epoch analysis during storms conditions, show, by comparison withamgeomagnetic index series, that newα15indices are reliable in describing subauroral magnetic activity. These new indices will suit any future user, allowing either to choose the spatial description (planetary versus hemispheric) and/or to choose the temporal resolution, knowing unambiguously all their strengths and caveats.
The impact of Callisto's atmosphere on its plasma interaction with the Jovian magnetosphere
Authors: Liuzzo Lucas , Feyerabend Moritz , Simon Sven , Motschmann Uwe 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThe interaction between Callisto's atmosphere and ionosphere with the surrounding magnetospheric environment is analyzed by applying a hybrid simulation code, in which the ions are treated as particles and the electrons are treated as a fluid. Callisto is unique among the Galilean satellites in its interaction with the ambient magnetospheric plasma as the gyroradii of the impinging plasma and pickup ions are large compared to the size of the moon. A kinetic representation of the ions is therefore mandatory to adequately describe the resulting asymmetries in the electromagnetic fields and the deflection of the plasma flow near Callisto. Multiple model runs are performed at various distances of the moon to the center of Jupiter's magnetospheric current sheet, with differing angles between the corotational plasma flow and the ionizing solar radiation. When Callisto is embedded in the Jovian current sheet, magnetic perturbations due to the plasma interaction are more than twice the strength of the background field and may therefore obscure any magnetic signal generated via induction in a subsurface ocean. The magnetic field perturbations generated by Callisto's ionospheric interaction are very similar at different orbital positions of the moon, demonstrating that local time is only of minor importance when disentangling magnetic signals generated by the magnetosphere‐ionosphere interaction from those driven by induction. Our simulations also suggest that deflection of the magnetospheric plasma around the moon cannot alone explain the density enhancement of 2 orders of magnitude measured in Callisto's wake during Galileo flybys. However, through inclusion of an ionosphere surrounding Callisto, modeled densities in the wake are consistent with in situ measurements.
In situ observations on the coupling between hydraulic diffusivity and displacements during fault reactivation in shales
Authors: Guglielmi Yves , Elsworth Derek , Cappa Frédéric , Henry Pierre , Gout Claude , Dick Pierre , Durand Jérémie 
Published: October 2015

AbstractKey questions in fault reactivation in shales relate to the potential for enhanced fluid transport through previously low‐permeability aseismic formations. Here we explore the behavior of a 20 m long N0‐to‐170°, 75‐to‐80°W fault in shales that is critically stressed under a strike‐slip regime (σ1 = 4 ± 2 MPa, horizontal and N162° ± 15°E, σ2 = 3.8 ± 0.4 MPa and σ3 = 2.1 ± 1 MPa, respectively 7–8° inclined from vertical and horizontal and N72°). The fault was reactivated by fluid pressurization in a borehole using a straddle packer system isolating a 2.4 m long injection chamber oriented‐subnormal to the fault surface at a depth of 250 m. A three‐dimensional displacement sensor attached across the fault allowed monitoring fault movements, injection pressure and flow rate. Pressurization induced a hydraulic diffusivity increase from ~2 × 10−9 to ~103 m2 s−1 associated with a complex three‐dimensional fault movement. The shear (x‐, z‐) and fault‐normal (y‐) components (Ux, Uy, and Uz) =  (44.0 × 10−6 m, 10.5 × 10−6 m, and 20.0 × 10−6 m) are characterized by much larger shear displacements than the normal opening. Numerical analyses of the experiment show that the fault permeability evolution is controlled by the fault reactivation in shear related to Coulomb failure. The large additional fault hydraulic aperture for fluid flow is not reflected in the total normal displacement that showed a small partly contractile component. This suggests that complex dilatant effects estimated to occur in a plurimeter radius around the injection source affect the flow and slipping patch geometries during fault rupture, controlling the initial slow slip and the strong back slip of the fault following depressurization.
Snow‐borne nanosized particles: Abundance, distribution, composition, and significance in ice nucleation processes
Authors: Rangel‐Alvarado Rodrigo Benjamin , Nazarenko Yevgen , Ariya Parisa A. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractPhysicochemical processes of nucleation constitute a major uncertainty in understanding aerosol‐cloud interactions. To improve the knowledge of the ice nucleation process, we characterized physical, chemical, and biological properties of fresh snow using a suite of state‐of‐the‐art techniques based on mass spectrometry, electron microscopy, chromatography, and optical particle sizing. Samples were collected at two North American Arctic sites, as part of international campaigns (2006 and 2009), and in the city of Montreal, Canada, over the last decade. Particle size distribution analyses, in the range of 3 nm to 10 µm, showed that nanosized particles are the most numerous (38–71%) in fresh snow, with a significant portion (11 to 19%) less than 100 nm in size. Particles with diameters less than 200 nm consistently exhibited relatively high ice‐nucleating properties (on average ranged from −19.6 ± 2.4 to −8.1 ± 2.6°C). Chemical analysis of the nanosized fraction suggests that they contain bioorganic materials, such as amino acids, as well as inorganic compounds with similar characteristics to mineral dust. The implication of nanoparticle ubiquity and abundance in diverse snow ecosystems are discussed in the context of their importance in understanding atmospheric nucleation processes.
Estimation of thermospheric zonal and meridional winds using a Kalman filter technique
Authors: Lomidze Levan , Scherliess Ludger 
Published: October 2015

AbstractKnowledge of the thermospheric neutral wind and its horizontal components is critical for an improved understanding of F region dynamics and morphology. However, to date their reliable estimation remains a challenge because of difficulties in both measurement and modeling. We present a new method to estimate the climatology of the zonal and meridional components of thermospheric neutral wind at low and middle latitudes using a Kalman filter technique. First, the climatology of the magnetic meridional wind is obtained by assimilating seasonal maps of F region ionosphere peak parameters (NmF2 and hmF2), obtained from Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere, and Climate radio occultation data, into the Global Assimilation of Ionospheric Measurements Full Physics (GAIM‐FP) model. GAIM‐FP provides the 3‐D electron density throughout the ionosphere, together with the magnetic meridional wind. Next, the global zonal and meridional wind components are estimated using a newly developed Thermospheric Wind Assimilation Model (TWAM). TWAM combines magnetic meridional wind data obtained from GAIM‐FP with a physics‐based 3‐D thermospheric neutral wind model using an implicit Kalman filter technique. Ionospheric drag and ion diffusion velocities, needed for the wind calculation, are also taken from GAIM‐FP. The obtained wind velocities are in close agreement with measurements made by interferometers and with wind values from the Horizontal Wind Model 93 (HWM93) over Millstone Hill, Arecibo, and Arequipa during December and June solstices, and March equinox. In addition, it is shown that compared to HWM93 the winds from TWAM significantly improve the accuracy of the Ionosphere/Plasmasphere Model in reproducing the observed electron density variation over the Weddell Sea Anomaly.