bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Diffuse Field
Authors: Le Bot A. 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the conditions which lead to the emergence of diffuse field. The notion of mean free path is first introduced. The equations of propagation of rays in ergodic billiards and their energy density and radiative intensity are also given. It is shown that when the ray field becomes diffuse, the power exchanged between two lightly coupled domains follows the coupling power proportionality.
Thermodynamics of Sound and Vibration
Authors: Le Bot A. 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
This final chapter explores fundamental questions on thermodynamics and its application to sound and vibration. The notions of vibrational temperature and vibrational entropy are examined in detail. The analogy between the Clausius principle and coupling power proportionality and its consequences are extensively discussed. Statistical energy analysis is interpreted in terms of linear non-equilibrium thermodynamics.
The small (clause) beginnings
Authors: Progovac Ljiljana 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
This chapter focuses on tenseless (root) small clauses, lacking the TP (Tense Phrase) layer of hierarchical structure and shows that such clauses are measurably simpler than full finite TP sentences, and that they should be considered as (living) fossils of the flat, paratactic small-clause stage in the evolution of syntax. These clauses lack finite verbs, structural case, the ability to question or move constituents, as well as the ability to embed and show recursion. Many among the root small clauses in e.g. English and Serbian are now marginal, formulaic expressions, although some are still in productive use. One finds corroborating evidence for the proposal in first and second language acquisition and agrammatism, and potential testing grounds in the fields of neuroscience and genetics.
Parataxis and coordination as precursors to hierarchy: Evolving recursive grammars
Authors: Progovac Ljiljana 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
This chapter investigates the nature of the bond between the merged elements in the proto-syntactic constructs, as well as how the syntactic bond evolves over time. A distinction is made between the primary operation Conjoin, which produces flat (symmetrical) structures, and the operation Merge, which produces asymmetrical, hierarchical structures. In this respect, the chapter identifies three rough stages in the evolution of the syntactic bond: (i) the paratactic stage, characterized by Conjoin, (ii) the intermediate Proto-Coordination Stage, and (iii) the Specific Functional Category Stage (Subordination), characterized by Merge. It also identifies a host of transitional, ambivalent structures. As per the theme of this book, each new stage builds on the foundation of the previous one(s), as well as preserves their achievements. This chapter also shows how recursive structures emerge gradually, and how and why languages differ when it comes to recursion.
Islandhood (Subjacency) as an epiphenomenon of evolutionary tinkering
Authors: Progovac Ljiljana 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
This chapter on islandhood (Subjacency) is a good example of how evolutionary considerations of the kind pursued in this book can shed new light on the very nature of language design. Despite the sustained effort of syntactic theory for over forty years to account for the islandhood effects, that is, for the existence of constructions that prohibit Move, to date there has been no principled account. This book offers an explanation why: islands are not a well-defined syntactic phenomenon forming a natural class, but instead islands can be just pockets of proto-syntax interspersed with more modern structures which allow Move. To put it differently, given that proto-syntactic (paratactic and proto-coordination stages) did not exhibit Move (see previous chapters), the survivors of these stages, adjuncts and conjuncts, continue to show islandhood effects.
Exocentric VN compounds
Authors: Progovac Ljiljana 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
This chapter considers in detail what may be the best fossils we can access today of the paratactic absolutive-like stage in the evolution of human grammar: the exocentric verb-noun compounds (e.g. turn-coat, cry-baby, kill-joy). Structurally speaking, these compounds are exactly what the postulated paratactic stage would have looked like: a rigid combination of only two elements, a verb and a noun, with no subject/object distinction, and with no Move or recursion available. What is even more striking about these compounds is that they specialize for derogatory reference (insult) when they refer to humans, in language after language, which makes it plausible that comparable creations in the ancient past were used for ritual insult, contributing to the sexual selection of this simplest type of syntax (Progovac and Locke 2009).
The plausibility of natural selection for syntax
Authors: Progovac Ljiljana 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
This chapter identifies some concrete communicative advantages that would have been incurred by each new stage, and considers how the progression through these stages would have been guided by selection pressures. It looks at one concrete evolutionary scenario that would have solidified the earliest, paratactic stage of syntax by way of natural/sexual selection. Further, it identifies some specific communicative benefits of transitioning to a hierarchical stage, such as the reduction in vagueness, which in turn facilitates the capacities for displacement and novelty. This chapter identifies (paratactic) precursors to each hierarchical phenomenon discussed in the book, including transitivity and recursion, and shows how transitioning to the hierarchical level in each case would have been incremental, leaning on the foundation provided by the precursors. This approach thus offers a reconstruction of how communicative considerations may have shaped some properties of the formal design of human language.
The Basics of Crystallography and Diffraction
Authors: Hammond Christopher 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
This book provides an introduction to crystallography, light, X-ray, and electron diffraction. The book also shows, by historical and biographical references, how the subject has developed from the work and insights of successive generations of crystallographers and scientists. The book shows how an understanding of crystal structures, both inorganic and organic may be built up from simple ideas of atomic and molecular packing. Beginning with (two-dimensional) examples of patterns and tilings, the concepts of lattices, symmetry point, and space groups are developed. ‘Penrose’ tilings and quasiperiodic structures are also included. The reciprocal lattice and its importance in understanding the geometry of light, X-ray, and electron diffraction patterns is explained in simple terms, leading to Fourier analysis in diffraction, crystal structure determination, image formation, and the diffraction-limited resolution in these techniques. Practical X-ray and electron diffraction techniques and their applications are described. A recurring theme is the common principles: the techniques are not treated in isolation.
Two-dimensional patterns, lattices and symmetry
Authors: Hammond Christopher 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
This chapter starts by looking at two dimensional patterns and symmetry. It then considers the five plane lattices and examines seventeen-plane groups. It also describes one-dimensional symmetry which includes the border or frieze patterns. The chapter also looks at symmetry in art and design, counterchange patterns, and the eighty layer (two-sided) patterns giving examples in woven textiles. Finally, it looks at non-periodic patterns, Penrose tilings, the Golden Ratio, the Fibonacci series, and equiangular spirals.
Crystal symmetry
Authors: Hammond Christopher 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Chapter 4 is about symmetry and crystal habit. It looks at thirty-two crystal classes; centres and inversion axes of symmetry; crystal symmetry and properties; translational symmetry elements; space groups; and Bravais lattices, space groups, and crystal structures. The chapter also examines crystal structures and space groups of inorganic compounds, close packing of organic molecules (Kitaigorodskii), long chain polymer molecules, and quasiperiodic crystals (Mackay). Finally, it considers icosahedral structures and transformations, which relates to crystalline (icosahedral packing of spheres).
The reciprocal lattice
Authors: Hammond Christopher 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Chapter 6 starts by looking at some basic concepts: representation of a family of lattice planes by a reciprocal lattice vector—leading to reciprocal lattices and unit cells. It then considers the relations between the ‘direct’ and reciprocal lattice unit cells for the cubic P, I, and F lattices. It also considers the derivation of the relations between lattice vectors a, b, c, and reciprocal lattice vectors a*, b*, c*. The chapter ends by providing proof of some useful geometrical relationships, lattice planes, and reciprocal lattice planes.
The diffraction of X-rays
Authors: Hammond Christopher 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Chapter 9 illustrates the intensities of X-ray diffracted beams and considers atomic scattering factors, the structure factor equation, and its applications. Next, it analyses the broadening of diffracted beams and the Scherrer equation. The chapter examines the concept of integrated intensity; crystal size and perfection via mosaic structure and coherence length; the geometries of Laue, oscillation, rotation, and precession methods; and single crystal thin films and multi-layers. Finally, it looks at X-ray and neutron diffraction from ordered crystals, X-ray sources, synchrotron radiation, and recording techniques.
Electron diffraction and its applications
Authors: Hammond Christopher 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
This chapter starts by looking at wave-particle character of electrons. It also explains the Ewald reflecting sphere construction for electron diffraction and provides an analysis of electron diffraction patterns. It also illustrates the precession and rotation electron diffraction techniques, Shechtman's identification of quasiperiodic crystals, Kikuchi patterns in the electron microscope and electron backscattered (EBSD) patterns in the scanning electron microscope, and image formation and resolution in the electron microscope.
Fourier analysis in diffraction and image formation
Authors: Hammond Christopher 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
This chapter starts with the Fourier series and Fourier transforms, and the representation of periodic functions. It then looks at Fourier analysis in crystallography. It details electron density, the derivation of relations between Fourier coefficients and structure factors, the X-ray resolution of a crystal structure, and the structural analysis of crystals and molecules (trial and error methods, the Patterson function, interpretation of Patterson maps, heavy atom and isomorphous replacement techniques, direct methods, and charge flipping). Finally, it provides an analysis of the Fraunhofer diffraction pattern from a grating and the Abbe theory of image formation.
Introduction to Industrial Policy in Ethiopia
Authors: Oqubay Arkebe 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Ethiopia is a low-income country, landlocked, and located in a ‘bad neighbourhood’, and has the second largest population in Africa, with all the challenges and opportunities that entails. It has recorded one of the fastest economic growth rates in the early twenty-first century. In obvious ways, Ethiopia is a clear example of the ‘African Renaissance’, having undergone dramatic political and economic transformation in the past twenty-five years. This is the context within which research behind the book was carried out, drawing on quantitative data (primary and secondary) and on qualitative interviews. The chapter introduces the reader to industrial policymaking in Ethiopia, and the research design and methodology required to understand the policymaking process. The methodology draws heavily on structuralist development economics and political economy.
Beyond Bloom and Bust? Development and Challenges in Floriculture
Authors: Oqubay Arkebe 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
This chapter explores the striking performance of the floriculture sector, and looks at output, the sector’s structure, forward and backward linkages, and the content of policymaking that is credited with the success of the sector. Success in flower production has attracted international attention and some debate about the main drivers of the success. This chapter contributes to this debate and, while it celebrates success, also highlights the new constraints uncovered by that success and the problems these pose for policymakers. As with other chapters, this one highlights the role of government intervention, but also the interplay between policymaking and institutions, and the dynamics of industrial structure and interest groups. The floriculture sector is a classic demonstration of how unemployed, underutilized local entrepreneurial potential and natural endowments can be mobilized for economic development, but do not just bloom automatically under the warm sun of comparative advantage.
Duns Scotus and Divine Necessity
Authors: Cross Richard 
Published: August 2015

AbstractThe chapter shows that Scotus defends the view that ‘God exists’ is both metaphysically and logically necessary. Thus, Scotus maintains that denying that God exists involves asserting a contradiction, and that this can be shown to be the case. But while Scotus believes that it can be shown that there is a concept in virtue of which ‘God exists’ is self-evident, he also believes that human beings in the current run of things can have no access to the content of this concept. The chapter also relates the claims that God is both metaphysically and logically necessary to the kind of causally dependent modalities (neither metaphysical nor logical) that Scotus employs in his attempt to prove God’s existence.
Ockham’s Scientia Argument for Mental Language
Authors: Hagedorn Eric W. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractWilliam Ockham held that, in addition to written and spoken language, there exists a mental language, a structured representational system common to all thinking beings. This chapter presents and evaluates an argument found in several places across Ockham’s corpus, wherein he argues that positing a mental language is necessary for the nominalist to meet certain ontological constraints imposed by Aristotle’s account of scientific demonstration.
Silence, Skepticism, and Vulgar Theology
Authors: Davies Daniel 
Published: August 2015

AbstractDiverse interpretations of Maimonides’ Guide have abounded since it was first written. A recent school depicts Maimonides as a critical philosopher, in the Kantian mold, who was skeptical of claims to know certain metaphysical truths. Josef Stern’s new book is a landmark in this skeptical interpretation, which refines and extends the debate in various new directions. This chapter claims that focusing on skeptical motifs can bring Maimonides into line with recent developments in understanding the history of philosophy. Stern directs attention to the role that questioning can play in religious faith, and contends that Maimonides’ arguments are a series of spiritual exercises leading to equipollence and, ultimately, to silence and incomplete knowledge of God and the intelligences. The second half of the chapter turns to arguments that oppose a straightforward reading. It contextualizes them in studies of recent decades and offers alternative explanations of key passages in order to preserve a traditional reading.
Aquinas on the Beginning and End of Human Life
Authors: Amerini Fabrizio 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The chapter provides a response to Patrick Toner, “Critical Study of Fabrizio Amerini’s Aquinas on the Beginning and End of Human Life,” Oxford Studies in Medieval Philosophy 2 (2013), 211–28. The chapter corrects two misrepresentations in Toner’s review. First, it proves that, given Aquinas’ assumptions on substantial form and human soul, Aquinas could not give up his preference for delayed hominization of the embryo even if he were acquainted with contemporary embryology. Aquinas takes as the starting point of his embryology Aristotle’s characterization of the human soul as the act of an organic physical body having life potentially, and this characterization leads him to the conviction that the human soul can enter into the human body only after the principal vital organs are formed. Second, the chapter corrects Toner’s unusual interpretation of the clause “organic” in the Aristotelian characterization of the human soul, by specifying the different senses of potentiality (to being human) in Aquinas’ embryology. The chapter reaffirms the core idea that establishing when the hominization of the human embryo begins is not decisive for rejecting abortion. The chapter suggests relating the question of abortion to the identity or continuity of the human embryo rather than to the beginning of hominization.
Introduction
Authors: Francis Kimberly A. 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The book begins with the first moment Nadia Boulanger heard the music of Igor Stravinsky, at the 1910 premiere of L’Oiseau de feu. This chapter then transports Boulanger and Stravinsky from the end of the dizzying Belle Époque in Paris to the devastated aftermath of World War I and reconstruction. I consider both how Boulanger and Stravinsky fit into the cultural fabric of postwar Paris and the roles they played in supporting the emerging neoclassical aesthetic. The introduction presents the work of Pierre Bourdieu and his notions of cultural capital and the field of cultural production, tying them to Boulanger’s activity as a cultural agent and increasingly fervent supporter of Stravinsky’s music.
Foundations
Authors: Francis Kimberly A. 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
In this chapter Igor Stravinsky invites Boulanger to oversee the musical education of his younger son, and she accepts. This chapter explores Boulanger’s relationship as a sort of surrogate aunt to the young Soulima, who she calls Svétik. The text then shows how Boulanger’s closeness with Soulima translated into her corresponding with and ingratiating herself to his mother, Ekaterina, and grandmother Anna. It was her closeness with the women of Stravinsky’s domestic world that drew Boulanger closer to the composer himself, and in this chapter we see this closeness translate into her accepting an invitation to attend the world premiere of the Symphonie de psaumes in Brussels, Belgium. This concert and her closeness with this composition would have extraordinary professional ramifications for both Boulanger and Stravinsky. Overall, this chapter argues that it was the domestic, woman-centered arena of Igor Stravinsky’s world in which he and Boulanger connected.
Surviving the Great Depression
Authors: Francis Kimberly A. 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Situating Boulanger within the shifting world of a Paris crippled by the Great Depression and awash in refugees fleeing Hitler, this chapter considers the professional options for women within the tumultuous cultural field of Europe after 1932. Boulanger continued her dialogue with Stravinsky during this period, editing the piano-vocal reduction of his melodrama Perséphone and organizing the work’s unofficial premiere as part of her Wednesday afternoon classes. Along with a discussion of her copies of parts for Stravinsky’s 1934 Ave Maria, this chapter considers Boulanger’s financial situation during the Great Depression and how this may have influenced her access to Stravinsky’s music. This chapter also considers how, even in the wake of the death of her mother, Boulanger secured a position—and dependable income—for Stravinsky at the École normale de musique.
Beyond France
Authors: Francis Kimberly A. 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Following the death of her mother, Boulanger grew restless in a stifling Paris. From 1936 to 1939 she bolstered her international reputation, first by working in England and then by completing three tours of the United States. In her travels Boulanger cultivated connections with wealthy American women patrons such as Mildred Woods Bliss and worked to connect Stravinsky with this source of revenue, including by negotiating for him the commission for the Dumbarton Oaks Concerto. Simultaneously, Stravinsky experienced deep personal loss as his daughter, Lyudmila, and his wife died from tuberculosis. Boulanger and Stravinsky became closer through their shared sense of loss and search for hope, even as Stravinsky emigrated to the United States.
The War
Authors: Francis Kimberly A. 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Following the Nazi occupation of Paris and the establishment of the Vichy government, Boulanger emigrated to the United States. Once there, she faced the difficulty of adjusting to a new cultural milieu and a deep sense of guilt at having abandoned those she left behind. This chapter grapples with several difficult subjects that arise in the light of Boulanger and Stravinsky’s early adaptation to life in the United States during World War II, including the possibility of a romantic connection between Boulanger and Stravinsky (especially following his remarriage to Vera Sudeikina), allegations by Louise Talma of Boulanger’s anti-Semitism, and the complications Boulanger faced in reestablishing herself in America. Alongside this discussion is a consideration of the roles played by music, particularly Stravinsky’s Symphony in C, and her dialogue with Stravinsky in mitigating the pain of exile.
Redefining a Partnership, Reestablishing an Icon
Authors: Francis Kimberly A. 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
World War II eventually ended, and Boulanger leapt at the chance to return home, even though it meant a painful separation from her beloved friends Igor and Vera. Boulanger was particularly excited about reuniting with those she had not seen since 1940, including Soulima and Theodore Stravinsky. Once settled back in Paris, Boulanger again grew close with Soulima, his new wife Françoise, and their young son, Jean. This chapter considers the culture of early reconstruction Paris and the role Boulanger played in advocating for the reestablishment of European cultural greatness through presenting lectures, renewing her teaching practices, and performing concerts. Overall, we see here how Stravinsky’s music—particularly his Roman Catholic Mass—played a large part in Boulanger’s early postwar cultural work.
(Un)Familiar Femininities
Authors: Rajendran Aneeta 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The female homosexual in South Asia is not always a visible lesbian person. She is often a figuration of an act that challenges hegemonic ideas of gender and female subjectivity. This lesbian femininity can be found in many socio-cultural conversations, defamiliarizing and subverting normative ideas of female monogamy, compulsory motherhood, asexuality, celibacy, and compliance. A nuanced reading of contemporary literary and cinematic texts from India and its diaspora, this work traces the histories of the ‘(un)familiar’ lesbian in the homophobic realm around us. Focusing on representations and legacies of such femininities, the book shows how female same-sex socialities and female same-sex love straddle terrains both familiar and unfamiliar, arguing that homosexuality and heterosexuality are not in opposition but in a state of constant dialogue with each other.