bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
IBS and FAPS in Children
Authors: Rutten Juliette M.T.M. , Benninga Marc A. , Vlieger Arine M. 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTObjectives:It has been suggested that different subcategories of childhood abdominal pain–related functional gastrointestinal disorders (AP‐FGIDs) are not separate clinical entities, but represent variable expressions of the same FGID. The aim of the present study was to compare clinical and psychological characteristics of children with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), functional abdominal pain (FAP), and functional abdominal pain syndrome (FAPS).Methods:A total of 259 children, ages 8 to 18 years, fulfilling Rome III criteria for IBS or FAPS were included in a randomized controlled trial evaluating the effect of hypnotherapy. At inclusion, questionnaires assessed demographics, clinical features, abdominal pain frequency and intensity, depression and anxiety, somatization, health‐related quality of life, pain beliefs, and coping strategies.Results:No differences were found between children with IBS and those with FAPS with respect to the main outcomes: frequency and intensity of abdominal pain, symptoms of depression and anxiety, somatization, health‐related quality of life, pain beliefs, and coping strategies. A significantly higher percentage of patients with IBS had a positive family history for AP‐FGIDs (56.8% vs 37.8%; P = 0.00). Characteristics of patients with IBS subtypes did not differ. Patients with FAP or FAPS differed only with respect to problem‐focused coping strategy (2.21 ± 0.61 vs 2.52 ± 0.49; P = 0.00).Conclusions:Pediatric patients with IBS and those with FAPS have similar psychosocial profiles. These results may explain why treatment response of psychological therapies in these AP‐FGIDs is similar. These results may indicate that pediatric IBS and FAPS are different expressions of 1 underlying functional disorder, but similarities in psychosocial characteristics do not exclude the possibility that these disorders are different entities, because these similarities can exist between disorders of various causes. Therefore, future research is required on the role of other (physiological) factors in pediatric IBS and FAPS.
A field test for frequency-dependent selection on mimetic colour patterns inHeliconiusbutterflies
Authors: Salazar Patricio A. , Stevens Martin , Jones Robert T. , Ogilvie Imogen , Jiggins Chris D. 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTMüllerian mimicry, the similarity among unpalatable species, is thought to evolve by frequency-dependent selection. Accordingly, phenotypes that become established in an area are positively selected because predators have learnt to avoid these forms, while introduced phenotypes are eliminated because predators have not yet learnt to associate these other forms with unprofitability. We tested this prediction in two areas where different colour morphs of the mimetic speciesHeliconius eratoandH. melpomenehave become established, as well as in the hybrid zone between these morphs. In each area we tested for selection on three colour patterns: the two parental and the most common hybrid. We recorded bird predation on butterfly models with paper wings, matching the appearance of each morph to bird vision, and plasticine bodies. We did not detect differences in survival between colour morphs, but all morphs were more highly attacked in the hybrid zone. This finding is consistent with recent evidence from controlled experiments with captive birds, which suggest that the effectiveness of warning signals decreases when a large signal diversity is available to predators. This is likely to occur in the hybrid zone where over twenty hybrid phenotypes coexist.
Role of auditory non‐verbal working memory in sentence repetition for bilingual children with primary language impairment
Authors: Ebert Kerry Danahy 
Published: June 2014

AbstractBackgroundSentence repetition performance is attracting increasing interest as a valuable clinical marker for primary (or specific) language impairment (LI) in both monolingual and bilingual populations. Multiple aspects of memory appear to contribute to sentence repetition performance, but non‐verbal memory has not yet been considered.AimsTo explore the relationship between a measure of non‐verbal auditory working memory (NVWM) and sentence repetition performance in a sample of bilingual children with LI.Methods & ProceduresForty‐seven school‐aged Spanish–English bilingual children with LI completed sentence repetition and non‐word repetition tasks in both Spanish and English as well as an NVWM task. Hierarchical multiple linear regression was used to predict sentence repetition in each language using age, non‐word repetition and NVWM.Outcomes & ResultsNVWM predicted unique variance in sentence repetition performance in both languages after accounting for chronological age and language‐specific phonological memory, as measured by non‐word repetition.Conclusions & ImplicationsDomain‐general memory resources play a unique role in sentence repetition performance in children with LI. Non‐verbal working memory weaknesses may contribute to the poor performance of children with LI on sentence repetition tasks.
School‐readiness profiles of children with language impairment: linkages to home and classroom experiences
Authors: Pentimonti Jill M. , Justice Laura M. , Kaderavek Joan N. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractBackgroundThis study represents an effort to advance our understanding of the nature of school readiness among children with language impairment (LI), a population of children acknowledged to be at risk of poor academic achievement. The academic, social–emotional, and behavioural competencies with which children arrive at kindergarten affect the nature of their future educational experiences, and their overall academic achievement.AimsTo examine whether there are reliable profiles that characterize children with LI just prior to kindergarten entrance, and the extent to which profile membership is associated with characteristics of children's homes and preschool experiences. Questions addressed were twofold: (1) To what extent are there reliable profiles of children with LI with respect to their school readiness? (2) To what extent is children's profile membership associated with characteristics of their homes and preschool classrooms?Methods & ProceduresParticipants were 136 children with LI from early childhood special education classrooms. We utilized latent class analysis (LCA) to classify individuals into profiles based on individual responses on school readiness measures. We then used multilevel hierarchical generalized linear models to examine the relations between profile membership and children's home/classroom experiences.Outcomes & ResultsLCA analyses revealed that a four‐profile solution was the most appropriate fit for the data and that classroom experiences were predictive of these profiles, such that children in classrooms with more instructional/emotional support were more likely to be placed in profiles characterized by higher school readiness skills.Conclusions & ImplicationsThese results suggest that the school readiness profiles of young children with LI are associated with the quality of children's classroom experiences, and that high‐quality classroom experiences can be influential for ensuring that young children with LI arrive in kindergarten ready to learn.
Do those over 80 years of age seek more or less medical help? A qualitative study of health and illness beliefs and behaviour of the oldest old
Authors: Elias Tania , Lowton Karen 
Published: June 2014

AbstractIncreasing longevity and prevalence of long‐term conditions contribute to older adults being the greatest users of health services. However, relatively little is known about the health and illness beliefs of the oldest old or how they decide to seek help in response to symptoms. Through analysis of in‐depth interviews with day centre attendees aged 80–93, we find that a moral, hierarchical approach to health problems and help‐seeking exists; similar to Cornwell's () findings among 50–60 year‐olds of a similar social group 30 years ago. However, when acting independently, those in their eighties and nineties report modifying their health and illness beliefs and behaviour, in response to their own perceived old age. Some health problems are ‘demedicalised’, being increasingly attributed to age and by being self‐managed. Others are perceived as potentially more serious, leading to increased consultation with medical services. When obliged to act outside their moral belief–behaviour framework by others, the participants expressed feelings of disempowerment, yet resisted modifying their moral beliefs. This may represent resistance to adopt the ‘sick role’, while seeking to maintain control over uncertain health as functional dependence and frailty increases. This study furthers theoretical understanding of the health and illness beliefs and behaviour of the oldest old, with important practical implications.
Changing Policy Framing as a Deliberate Strategy for Public Health Advocacy: A Qualitative Policy Case Study of Minimum Unit Pricing of Alcohol
Authors: KATIKIREDDI SRINIVASA VITTAL , BOND LYNDAL , HILTON SHONA 
Published: June 2014

ContextScotland is the first country in the world to pass legislation introducing a minimum unit price (MUP) for alcohol in an attempt to reduce consumption and associated harms by increasing the price of the cheapest alcohol. We investigated the competing ways in which policy stakeholders presented the debate. We then established whether a change in framing helped explain the policy's emergence.MethodsWe conducted a detailed policy case study through analysis of evidence submitted to the Scottish parliament, and in‐depth, one‐to‐one interviews (n = 36) with politicians, civil servants, advocates, researchers, and industry representatives.FindingsPublic‐ and voluntary‐sector stakeholders tended to support MUP, while industry representatives were more divided. Two markedly different ways of presenting alcohol as a policy problem were evident. Critics of MUP (all of whom were related to industry) emphasized social disorder issues, particularly among young people, and hence argued for targeted approaches. In contrast, advocates for MUP (with the exception of those in industry) focused on alcohol as a health issue arising from overconsumption at a population level, thus suggesting that population‐based interventions were necessary. Industry stakeholders favoring MUP adopted a hybrid framing, maintaining several aspects of the critical framing. Our interview data showed that public health advocates worked hard to redefine the policy issue by deliberately presenting a consistent alternative framing.ConclusionsFraming alcohol policy as a broad, multisectoral, public health issue that requires a whole‐population approach has been crucial to enabling policymakers to seriously consider MUP, and public health advocates intentionally presented alcohol policy in this way. This reframing helped prioritize public health considerations in the policy debate and represents a deliberate strategy for consideration by those advocating for policy change around the world and in other public health areas.
How Successful Is Medicare Advantage?
Authors: NEWHOUSE JOSEPH P. , McGUIRE THOMAS G. 
Published: June 2014

ContextMedicare Part C, or Medicare Advantage (MA), now almost 30 years old, has generally been viewed as a policy disappointment. Enrollment has vacillated but has never come close to the penetration of managed care plans in the commercial insurance market or in Medicaid, and because of payment policy decisions and selection, the MA program is viewed as having added to cost rather than saving funds for the Medicare program. Recent changes in Medicare policy, including improved risk adjustment, however, may have changed this picture.MethodsThis article summarizes findings from our group's work evaluating MA's recent performance and investigating payment options for improving its performance even more. We studied the behavior of both beneficiaries and plans, as well as the effects of Medicare policy.FindingsBeneficiaries make “mistakes” in their choice of MA plan options that can be explained by behavioral economics. Few beneficiaries make an active choice after they enroll in Medicare. The high prevalence of “zero‐premium” plans signals inefficiency in plan design and in the market's functioning. That is, Medicare premium policies interfere with economically efficient choices. The adverse selection problem, in which healthier, lower‐cost beneficiaries tend to join MA, appears much diminished. The available measures, while limited, suggest that, on average, MA plans offer care of equal or higher quality and for less cost than traditional Medicare (TM). In counties, greater MA penetration appears to improve TM's performance.ConclusionsMedicare policies regarding lock‐in provisions and risk adjustment that were adopted in the mid‐2000s have mitigated the adverse selection problem previously plaguing MA. On average, MA plans appear to offer higher value than TM, and positive spillovers from MA into TM imply that reimbursement should not necessarily be neutral. Policy changes in Medicare that reform the way that beneficiaries are charged for MA plan membership are warranted to move more beneficiaries into MA.
The incidence and implications of cerebral palsy following potentially avoidable obstetric complications: a preliminary burden of disease study
Authors: Leigh S , Granby P , Turner M , Wieteska S , Haycox A , Collins B 
Published: June 2014

ObjectiveTo determine the extent of cerebral palsy attributable to adverse obstetric events, and estimate the lifetime mortality and morbidity expectations of these individuals relative to age‐matched members of the UK general population.DesignSimulation model.SettingUK.PopulationAll projected live births during 2014.MethodsUsing published data regarding the incidence and aetiology of cerebral palsy, we simulated the outcomes of a hypothetical cohort of UK live births. Survival and quality of life (QoL) for those with cerebral palsy were compared with age‐matched individuals representative of the UK general population, in order to estimate the number of quality‐adjusted life years (QALYs) lost following asphyxia‐related cerebral palsy.Main outcome measuresIncidence of asphyxia‐related cerebral palsy, QALYS, QoL, and survival.ResultsA total of 207 (95% CI 169–245) cases of asphyxia‐related cerebral palsy were projected amongst UK children born during the year 2014, with approximately 15.2 QALYs lost per case. If these results held true in a real birth cohort, 3142 (95% CI 2321–3963) QALYs would be lost as a consequence of asphyxia‐related cerebral palsy, a loss valued by the UK National Health Service at £62.9 m (95% CI £46.4–79.3 m).ConclusionsCerebral palsy following intrapartum asphyxiation leads to significant reductions in QoL and survival; however, this may often be prevented. For those with GMFCS 1 and GMFCS 2 cerebral palsy (Gross Motor Function Classification System), lifetime QALYs accrued largely resemble those experienced by the UK general population, whereas for GMFCS 3 and GMFCS 4 QALYs are reduced considerably, and are negative in the case of GMFCS 5.
Coronary artery bypass grafting versus drug‐eluting stents in patients with severe coronary artery disease and diabetes mellitus: Systematic review and meta‐analysis 冠状动脉旁路移植术与药物洗脱支架治疗严重冠心病合并糖尿病的患者：系统评估和meta分析
Authors: Wu Yi‐Cheng , Su Ting‐Wei , Zhang Jian‐Feng , Shen Wei‐Feng , Ning Guang , Kong Ye 
Published: June 2014

AbstractBackgroundA comprehensive meta‐analysis was performed to evaluate the comparative benefits of coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) versus drug‐eluting stents (DES) in patients with diabetes mellitus and severe coronary artery disease (CAD).MethodsA comprehensive literature search ofPubMed, Embase, and ScienceDirect was undertaken. References cited with the papers were also checked to identify relevant articles.ResultsIn all, four randomized controlled trials, two prospective registries, and 11 retrospective studies were identified for review. Pooled analysis demonstrated thatDESwas associated with lower all‐cause mortality at Day 30. However, there was no significant difference betweenCABGandDESin mortality at 12 months and at maximum follow‐up. Furthermore,DESwas associated with lower overall and major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events (MACCE)‐free survival, as well as a higher incidence of myocardial infarction and repeat revascularization. In contrast,CABGwas associated with an increased risk of stroke.ConclusionsFor patients with diabetes mellitus and severeCAD,CABGis superior toDESin that it significantly improves overall andMACCE‐free survival and reduces the incidence of myocardial infarction and repeat revascularization in the long term, although it is associated with greater perioperative risk and a higher incidence of stroke. Therefore,CABGshould remain the gold standard for these patients.
Vaccination against smoking: an annotated agenda for debate. A review of scientific journals, 2001–13
Authors: Wolters Anna , de Wert Guido , van Schayck Onno C. P. , Horstman Klasien 
Published: June 2014

AbstractBackground and AimsThe ongoing development of novel nicotine vaccines makes it urgent to identify the normative questions around this innovative health technology against smoking.MethodsA qualitative thematic analysis of peer‐reviewed papers on nicotine vaccination published between 2001 and 2013.ResultsIn the scientific discourse, nicotine vaccination is presented in a neurobiological frame as a potent concept for (long‐term) smoking cessation. Nicotine vaccination is also considered a hypothetical strategy to prevent nicotine addiction in minors. Ethical assessments are conducted for the use of nicotine vaccination in public health and clinical medicine. Whereas vaccination for primary prevention is usually associated with public health, the hypothetical case of nicotine prevention in minors is also assessed for individualized protection. Therapeutic and preventive applications are given uneven attention: the classic goal of vaccination (primary prevention in minors) receives methodical consideration and invokes lively debate. The unprecedented use of vaccination, namely smoking cessation, is left largely unattended in the ethical analyses.ConclusionsWhile health innovations such as nicotine vaccination need broad reflection to guide decisions on their further development and possible future implementations, only a small part of the ethical and social issues of this innovative technology has been discussed. For a debate to come into existence, a ‘neurobio‐psycho‐socio‐cultural’ frame of smoking and quitting appears fruitful. Important topics for reflection are the human activities and social processes in a vaccine‐supported quit attempt, next to respect for individuals, possible harms and questions of (global) justice and research ethics.
Clinical results of primary malignant musculoskeletal tumor treated by wide resection and recycling autograft reconstruction using liquid nitrogen
Authors: Paholpak Permsak , Sirichativapee Winai , Wisanuyotin Taweechok , Kosuwon Weerachai , Jeeravipoolvarn Polasak 
Published: June 2014

AbstractAimTo evaluate the clinical results of primary malignant musculoskeletal tumors treated with wide resection and recycling autograft reconstruction using liquid nitrogen.MethodsWe reviewed 12 patients who had a primary malignant bone and soft tissue tumor treated by wide resection and recycling autograft reconstruction using liquid nitrogen between March 2006 and March 2013. The results were judged by recurrence, functional status and complications. Functional status was assessed according to the Musculoskeletal Tumor Society Score (MSTSS). Clinical failure was defined as need for reoperation in order to change the type of reconstruction or to amputate, and the presence of local recurrence.ResultsThe most common tumor was osteosarcoma (eight cases) followed by Ewing's sarcoma (two cases). The tibia was the most frequently involved skeletal site (six cases) followed by the femur (three cases). The median follow‐up period was 32 months. In 12 patients, 7 were still alive without recurrence. There were 3 clinical failures: 1 local recurrence and 2 graft complications at 28, 51 and 20 months after reconstruction, respectively. The main complication was infection (three cases). All osteotomy sites were radiographic unions, and the union time was 8.2 ± 2.7 months. The mean ± SD MSTSS score was 79% ± 11%; excellent functional results were achieved in seven patients.ConclusionsRecycling autograft reconstruction using liquid nitrogen had favorable clinical outcomes in terms of functional status and local recurrence. This reconstruction method, therefore, represents a reasonable alternative for limb salvage surgery.
Pinkwashing, Homonationalism, and Israel–Palestine: The Conceits of Queer Theory and the Politics of the Ordinary
Authors: Ritchie Jason 
Published: June 2014

AbstractThis paper offers a critique of the theory of homonationalism, which has become virtually hegemonic in contemporary queer thought and activism. Some theorists have tried to distance homonationalism from its popular/activist manifestation of “pinkwatching”, which refers to the increasingly vocal efforts of queer anti‐occupation activists to expose the Israeli government's efforts to “pinkwash” its treatment of Palestinians by touting its record on gay rights. The paper argues, however, that both suffer from fundamental conceptual flaws and ultimately have more to do with the contexts in which they circulate—“gay” cities in the US and Europe—than Israel–Palestine. The paper suggests a political and analytical shift away from the totalizing theory of homonationalism—and the simplistic critiques of pinkwashing inspired by it—to a more complex and contextualized focus on the ways in which ordinary bodies are regulated in their movements through time and space.