bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Extracellular ATP differentially affects epileptiform activity via purinergic P2X7 and adenosine A1 receptors in naive and chronic epileptic rats
Authors: Klaft Zin‐Juan , Schulz Steffen B. , Maslarova Anna , Gabriel Siegrun , Heinemann Uwe , Gerevich Zoltan 
Published: October 2012

SummaryPurpose: Adenosine is considered an endogenous anticonvulsant. However, much less is known about the putative effects of its precursor, ATP, on epilepsy. Therefore, we tested whether ATP and its receptors are able to modulate epileptiform activity in the medial entorhinal cortex of the rat.Methods: Recurrent epileptiform discharges (REDs) were induced by elevating extracellular potassium concentration combined with application of bicuculline in brain slices from naive and pilocarpine‐treated chronic epileptic rats. Field potentials were recorded from layer V/VI of the medial entorhinal cortex.Key Findings: REDs in slices from naive animals had a higher incidence and a shorter duration than in slices from chronic epileptic animals. Exogenous application of ATP reversibly reduced the incidence of REDs in naive and chronic epileptic slices via activation of adenosine A1 receptors without discernible P2 receptor effects. This effect was stronger in slices from chronic epileptic rats. In slices from naive rats, the P2X7 receptor antagonist A 740003 slightly but significantly reduced the amplitude of slow field potentials of REDs. In slices from chronic epileptic rats, none of the P2 receptor antagonists affected the parameters of REDs.Significance: Our results suggest that endogenously released ATP differentially modulates REDs by activation of A1 and P2X7 receptors. Although it has a minor proepileptic effect by direct activation of P2X7 receptors, its metabolite adenosine reduces the epileptiform activity via activation of A1 receptors. The exact effect of ATP on neural activity depends on the actual activity of ectonucleotidases and the expression level of the purinergic receptors, which both alter during epileptogenesis. In addition, our data suggest that P2X7 receptor antagonists have a minor antiepileptic effect.
Biomechanical and Histomorphometric Evaluation of Osseointegration of Fusion‐Sputtered Zirconia Implants
Authors: Salem Noha A. , Abo Taleb Ahmed L. , Aboushelib Moustafa N. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractPurposeThe aim of this study was to evaluate osseointegration of fusion‐sputtered zirconia implants in comparison with sandblasted, acid‐etched titanium implants in a biomechanical and histomorphometric study.Materials and MethodsSixty zirconia implants were manufactured using CAD/CAM. Half received fusion sputtering surface treatment through spraying the green body implants with a jet of zirconia suspension. Standard Ti implants of the same shape and dimensions served as control. Thirty adult New Zealand white male rabbits were used in this study. Each animal received one fusion‐sputtered and one Ti implant in one femur site and control zirconia in the other, for a healing period of 4, 8, and 12 weeks. At each healing time, a removal torque (RTQ) test was used to assess implant stability, while histological and histometric analyses were used to evaluate osseointegration.ResultsFusion‐sputtered zirconia implants demonstrated a statistically higher mean RTQ than control zirconia. When compared to Ti, however, although still higher, the differences were not significant. Histomorphometric evaluation revealed significantly greater bone‐implant contact for fusion‐sputtered zirconia implants compared to Ti after 4 and 8 weeks of healing time; however, at 12 weeks, the difference did not reach statistical significance. There were no significant differences in the measured bone density between fusion‐sputtered and Ti implants, although the difference was significant when compared to the control zirconia.ConclusionFusion‐sputtered zirconia implants demonstrated a degree of osseointegration and interfacial biomechanical stability comparable to Ti implants.
Application of the Functionally Generated Path Technique to Restore Mandibular Molars in Bilateral Group Function Occlusion
Authors: DuVall Nicholas B. , Rogers Paul M. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractThe functionally generated path (FGP) is a static representation of the opposing cusps’ dynamic eccentric movements from a centric position to achieve optimal articulation and occlusal harmony. When understood and appreciated, use of the FGP technique is a straightforward and practical method to achieve harmonious occlusal anatomy of restorations with the anterior determinant/anterior guidance, the posterior determinant/condylar guidance, existing occlusal and cuspal anatomy, and the neuromuscular system. Although the FGP technique is normally used in the fabrication of maxillary posterior indirect restorations, it is described and applied here in the fabrication of mandibular posterior restorations that maintained the patient's bilateral group function occlusion while eliminating the nonworking side and protrusive interferences. This novel procedure involved the use of a stone crib to intraorally construct a stone core that captured the FGP recording while simultaneously indexing to the contralateral and ipsilateral mandibular dentition. This technique lends additional stability to the stone core to minimize error during the mounting process.
Through a Dark Lens: Effects of Depressed Mood on Perceived Equity in Intergenerational Relationships
Authors: Kalmijn Matthijs 
Published: October 2012

ObjectivesMany studies have examined how equity in personal relationships affects mental health and well‐being. Often, such studies use measures based on how people perceive the balance in a relationship. In this study, the reverse causal path is studied, from well‐being to perceived equity. The expectation is that depressed mood would lead to more negative views of the degree of equity in a relationship.MethodsThe reciprocal relationships between depressive symptoms and perceived equity are studied using a large representative survey with two waves of measurement. The focus is on intergenerational relationships and the perspective taken is that of the elderly parent.FindingsAnalyses show that there is little effect of equity on depressed mood once this is analyzed in a longitudinal fashion. More evidence is obtained for the reverse path: mothers (but not fathers) who are depressed develop a more negative view of the degree of equity in the relationships they have with their children, even when reports of actual support exchange are taken into account.ConclusionsDepressed mood can bias perceptions of equity. In a more general way, the findings are in line with some recent experimental studies that have emphasized the importance of feelings for perceptions.
Older Australians' views about the impact of ageing on their nutritional practices: Findings from a qualitative study
Authors: Brownie Sonya 
Published: October 2012

Aim:  To explore older people's views about how getting older has influenced their dietary practices.Methods:  Focus groups with independently living residents aged 60 years and older in northern NSW, Australia. An inductive approach to thematic analysis was used.Results:  Five focus groups (n= 29) were conducted. The majority of participants were women (79%), mean age 73 years. The main findings were that reduced ability to eat large meals; health maintenance and disease management; food messages; food taste and convenience; and living arrangements appear to impact food choices and eating behaviour in this sample.Conclusion:  In the presence of reduced and/or modified food intake, older people might benefit from an understanding of the concept of nutrient density in order to help them attain and maintain nutritional adequacy. Lifelong exposure to food messages (sometimes conflicting) resulted in many participants feeling confused about appropriate dietary practices for this age group.
The Effect of Food Type (Fish Nuggets or French Fries) on Oil Blend Degradation during Repeated Frying
Authors: Del Carmen Flores‐Álvarez María , Molina‐Hernández Erika F. , Hernández‐Raya José Concepción , Sosa‐Morales María Elena 
Published: October 2012

Abstract:  Oil that is reused multiple times for deep frying goes through changes in chemical composition and physical characteristics, affecting the quality of the fried foods. In this study, the effect of the food type (fish nuggets or French fries) on the degradation of an oil blend during the deep‐fat frying of each food at 180°C during 12 days was determined, and the characteristics of the fried products were evaluated. The degradation of oil during repeated use was relatively faster when fish nuggets were fried than when French fries were fried, as higher values of total polar compounds were obtained.Practical Application:  The results are useful for producers of French fries and fish nuggets, such as restaurants or fast foods sellers, providing them with practical guidelines within the permitted values established by the regulatory authorities. The studied foods have high economic importance and are different in their composition. Under the studied conditions, the tested oil blend may be used during 4 d (4 h per day) with a daily replenishment, without discarding the oil when frying fish nuggets, and must be discarded after 8 d when French fries are processed. This suggestion allows preparing safe fried foods for consumers.
Characteristics of Milankovitch Cycles in the Mid‐Permian Liangshan and Qixia Formations of the Sichuan Basin—Examples from Well‐Long17 and Well‐Wujia1
Authors: Yunbo ZHANG , Chengzao JIA , Zongju ZHAO , Zaixing JIANG , Jie XU 
Published: October 2012

AbstractThe Liangshan and Qixia formations in the Sichuan Basin of central China were formed in the earlier middle Permian. Based on outcrop observation of the Changjianggou section at Shangsi, Guangyuan region and 3rd‐order sequence division in typical drillings, one‐dimensional spectrum analysis has been used to choose the better curve between the natural gamma ray spectrometry log(ln (Th/K)) in Well‐Long17 and the gamma ray log(GR) in Well‐Wujia1, respectively, for identifying Milankovitch cycles in Sequence PSQ1 which comprises the Liangshan and Qixia formations, and then to identify the variation in the Milankovitch cycle sequences. On this basis, the system tract and 4th‐order sequence interfaces in Sequence PSQ1 were found via two‐dimensional spectral analysis and digital filtering. Finally, a high‐frequency sequence division program was established. Among these cycles, long eccentricity (413.0 ka) and short eccentricity (123.0 ka) are the most unambiguous, and they are separately the major control factors in forming 4th‐order (parasequence sets) and 5th‐order (parasequences) sequences, with the average thicknesses corresponding to the main cycles being 11.47 m and 3.32 m in Well‐Long17, and 14.21 m and 3.79 m in Well‐Wujia1, respectively. In other words, the deposition rate in the beach subfacies is faster than that of the inner ramp facies. The ln(Th/K) curve is more sensitive than the GR as the index of relatively ancient water depth in carbonate deposition. One‐dimensional spectrum analysis of ln(Th/K) curve could distinguish the Milankovitch cycle sequences that arose from the Precession cycle (20.90 ka), with a much higher credibility. Sequence PSQ1 in Well‐Long17 contains 10 4th‐order sequences, and the growth span of Sequence PSQ1 consisting of the Liangshan and Qixia formations is about 4.13 Ma. The single deposition thickness of the long eccentricity cycle sequence has the characteristics of thinning and then thickening in the two‐dimensional spectrum, which could be used to identify the system tract interface of the 3rd‐order sequence. The precession sequence thickness remains stationary. As a result, the early deposition rate in the mid‐Permian of the Sichuan basin was very slow, remaining nearly stationary, and this reflects a sustained depositional environment. Whole‐rock carbon and oxygen isotope curves could also prove this point Milankovitch cycle sequence studies provide a basis for paleoenvironmental analysis and, as such, can be used to analyze ancient climate change, calculate deposition rate and deposition time, and carry out fine isochronous stratigraphic correlation.
Post‐Late Paleozoic Collisional Framework of Southern Great Altai
Authors: CHIKOV Boris M. , ZINOVIEV Sergei V. , DEYEV Eugene V. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractWe outline the post‐Late Paleozoic (latest Permian to Cenozoic) collisional framework of the southern Great Altai (Central Asia) produced by the convergence between the Tuva‐Mongolia and Junggar continental terranes (microplates). The collisional structures in the region classified on the basis of their geometry and deformation style, dynamic metamorphism, and compositions of tectonites are of three main types: (1) mosaic terranes made up of large weakly deformed Paleozoic blocks separated by younger shear zones; (2) contractional deformation systems involving structures formed in post‐Late Paleozoic time, parallel faults oriented along collisional deformation systems, and relict lenses of Paleozoic orogenic complexes; and (3) isolated zones of dynamic metamorphism composed mostly of collisional tectonites different in composition and alteration grade.
Xiba Granitic Pluton in the Qinling Orogenic Belt, Central China: Its Petrogenesis and Tectonic Implications
Authors: Fan ZHANG , Shuwen LIU , Xu CHEN , Qiugen LI , Junzhi DAI , Kai YANG , Fenghui WU , Youzhang CHEN 
Published: October 2012

AbstractXiba granitic pluton is located in South Qinling tectonic domain of the Qinling orogenic belt and consists mainly of granodiorite and monzogranite with significant number of microgranular quartz dioritic enclaves. SHRIMP zircon U–Pb isotopic dating reveals that the quartz dioritic enclaves formed at 214±3 Ma, which is similar to the age of their host monzogranite (218±1 Ma). The granitoids belong to high‐K calc‐alkaline series, and are characterized by enriched LILEs relative to HFSEs with negative Nb, Ta and Ti anomalies, and right‐declined REE patterns with (La/Yb)N ratios ranging from 15.83 to 26.47 and δEu values from 0.78 to 1.22 (mean= 0.97). Most of these samples from Xiba granitic pluton exhibit εNd(t) values of –8.79 to –5.38, depleted mantle Nd model ages (TDM) between 1.1 Ga and 1.7 Ga, and initial Sr isotopic ratios (87Sr/86Sr)i from 0.7061 to 0.7082, indicating a possible Meso‐ to Paleoproterozoic lower crust source region, with exception of samples XB01‐2‐1 and XB10‐1 displaying higher (87Sr/86Sr)i values of 0.779 and 0.735, respectively, which suggests a contamination of the upper crustal materials. Quartz dioritic enclaves are interpreted as the result of rapid crystallization fractionation during the parent magmatic emplacement, as evidenced by similar age, texture, geochemical, and Sr‐Nd isotopic features with their host rocks. Characteristics of the petrological and geochemical data reveal that the parent magma of Xiba granitoids was produced by a magma mingling process. The upwelling asthenosphere caused a high heat flow and the mafic magma was underplated into the bottom of the lower continent crust, which caused the partial melting of the lower continent crustal materials. This geodynamic process generated the mixing parent magma between mafic magma from depleted mantle and felsic magma derived from the lower continent crust. Integrated petrogenesis and tectonic discrimination with regional tectonic evolution of the Qinling orogen, it is suggested that the granitoids are most likely products in a post‐collision tectonic setting.
Paleoceanographic Indicators for Early Cambrian Black Shales from the Yangtze Platform, South China: Evidence from Biomarkers and Carbon Isotopes
Authors: Lan CHEN , Hong ZHONG , Ruizhong HU , Jiafei XIAO , Louis Loung‐Yie TSAI , Andrew Tien‐Shun LIN , Yanrong ZOU 
Published: October 2012

AbstractThe lower Cambrian Niutitang Formation, a widespread black shale deposition, is of geological interest because of its polymetallic beds, Cambrian explosion, depositional ages, dramatic environmental changes and so on. Previous study focused mainly on inorganic geochemistry and few studies have investigated the organic fractions of upper Neoproterozoic‐lower Cambrian strata in South China. Here we report a study of biomarkers plus organic carbon isotopes for black shales from Ganziping, Hunan Province (China). All the saturated hydrocarbon fractions have a unimodal distribution of n‐alkanes, a high content of short‐chain alkanes and maximize at C19 or C20 (C23 for sample Gzh00–1). The C27/C29 sterane ratio ranges from 0.77 to 1.20 and 4‐methylsteranes are in low abundance. These parameters indicate that algae and bacteria are the important primary producers. Furthermore, biomarker maturity proxies show the samples to be higher maturity. The low Pr/Ph values (<0.7) suggest that the samples were deposited under anoxic conditions and, likely, under stratified water columns. In addition, 25‐norhopanes and gammacerane are present as diagnostic indicators of normal marine salinity and dysoxic to anoxic conditions. During the Early Tommotian, known to coincide with a transgression event, small shelly fossils increased in abundance and diversity. Moreover, positive δ13Corg excursions close to 1.4‰ occur at the base of the Tommotian stage. In summary, the Early Cambrian black shales were deposited under dramatic paleoenvironmental changes, including oceanic anoxia, higher primary productivity and sea‐level rise.
Geochemical Evidence for Coal and Carbonaceous Mudstone as the Possible Major Oil Source Rock in the Jurassic Turpan Basin, Northwest China
Authors: Jianghui MENG , Min ZHANG , Hongjing ZHAO , Luofu LIU , Zhiyong WANG , Jieli ZHOU , Ying WANG 
Published: October 2012

AbstractPetroleum geologists have debated whether the hydrocarbons from Jurassic coal measures are derived from the coals, carbonaceous mudstones or coal‐measure mudstones in the Turpan Basin. Based on the geochemistry analysis of the 20 crude oils and 40 source rocks from the Turpan Basin, some data have been obtained as follows: carbon preference index and methylphenanthrene index of the Jurassic oils are 1.16–1.45 and 0.28–0.80, and the ααα C29 sterane 20S/(20S+20R) and C29 sterane ββ/(ββ+αα) are 0.44–0.51 and 0.4–0.54 respectively, which show the normal maturity of oils; the vitrinite reflectance of the source rocks from the Xishanyao to Badaowan Formations range from 0.47% to 0.97%, which indicate immature to mature thermal evolutionary stage and sufficient conditions for generating mass mature oil. The effect of hydrocarbon expulsion should be considered when studying the source of coal‐derived oil by using Biomarkers. Biomarkers in the Jurassic oils from the basin are similar to those in the coals and carbonaceous mudstones, with a strong predominant content of pristane, relatively high ratio of C15/C16 sesquiterpenoids (>1), a relatively high content of low carbon number tricyclic terpanes and C24 tetracyclic terpane, little gammacerane and C29 Ts detected, an absolute predominant content of C29 sterane and a relatively high content of diasterane. However, the opposite characteristics are shown in mudstones, with an approximately equal content of pristane and phytane, relatively low ratio of C15/C16 sesquiterpenoids (<1), a relatively high content of high carbon number tricyclic terpanes and a low content of C24 tetracyclic terpane, peaks of gammacerane and C29 Ts detected obviously and an increasing C27 sterane content All of these characteristics identify the coals and carbonaceous mudstones as the possible major oil source rocks in this area, and they were formed in the stronger oxidizing environment with shallower water than mudstones.
Reliability of Relative Paleointensity Recorded in Chinese Loess–Paleosol Sediments
Authors: Tianshui YANG , Haiyan LI , Huaichun WU , Zhenyu YANG , Shihong ZHANG , Masayuki HYODO 
Published: October 2012

AbstractA detailed paleomagnetic and rock‐magnetic investigation spanning loess L7 to paleosol S8 has been carried out at the Baoji and Xifeng sections. Results of anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility confirm that the studied loess–paleosol sediments retain primary sedimentary fabrics. Stepwise thermal demagnetization shows that two well‐defined magnetization components can be isolated from both loess and paleosol specimens. A low‐temperature component, isolated between 100°C and 200°C, is consistent with the present geomagnetic field direction, and a high‐temperature component, isolated between 200–300°C and 620–680°C, includes clearly normal and reversed polarities. Isothermal remanent magnetization and thermomagnetic analyses indicate that characteristic remanent magnetization is mainly carried by magnetite and hematite. The Day plot, together with the stratigraphic variations of rock‐magnetic parameters, shows that the uniformity of magnetic mineralogy and grain size fulfills the criteria for relative paleointensity (RPI) studies. RPI records have been constructed using natural remanent magnetization (NRM) intensity after thermal demagnetization at 300°C normalized by low‐frequency magnetic susceptibility (NRM300/χ). The results show that the RPI record from the Baoji section, where pedogenesis is quite weak, is compatible with the stacked PISO‐1500 paleointensity record, suggesting that it might reflect the paleointensity variation of the geomagnetic field. The RPI record from the Xifeng section, where pedogenesis is rather strong, indicates a clear dissimilarity with the stacked PISO‐1500 paleointensity record, implying that it does not reflect the paleointensity variation of the geomagnetic field. Our new results show that the NRM300/χ from the strongly pedogenetic paleosols does not completely eliminate the pedogenetic (climatic) influence, so it might be unsuitable for a reliable paleointensity study.