bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of Chlamydia Lipopolysaccharide Haptens through the use of α‐Specific 3‐Iodo‐Kdo Fluoride Glycosyl Donors
Authors: Pokorny Barbara , Kosma Paul 
Published: October 2014

AbstractA scalable approach towards high‐yielding and (stereo)selective glycosyl donors of the 2‐ulosonic acid Kdo (3‐deoxy‐D‐manno‐oct‐2‐ulosonic acid) is a fundamental requirement for the development of vaccines against Gram‐negative bacteria. Herein, we disclose a short synthetic route to 3‐iodo Kdo fluoride donors from Kdo glycal esters that enable efficient α‐specific glycosylations and significantly suppress the elimination side reaction. The potency of these donors is demonstrated in a straightforward, six‐step synthesis of a branched Chlamydia‐related Kdo‐trisaccharide ligand without the need for protecting groups at the Kdo glycosyl acceptor. The approach was further extended to include sequential iteration of the basic concept to produce the linear Chlamydia‐specific α‐Kdo‐(2→8)‐α‐Kdo‐(2→4)‐α‐Kdo trisaccharide in a good overall yield.
Solid Tryptophan as a Pseudoracemate: Physicochemical and Crystallographic Characterization
Authors: Li Yan , Zhao Yuming , Zhang Yan 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThe crystalline nature of solid tryptophan has been characterized by X‐ray single crystal and powder diffraction analyses, differential scanning calorimetry, as well as measurement of solid–liquid equilibrium in water/isopropanol solution. Both the thermodynamic and crystallographic investigations have demonstrated unambiguously that solid tryptophan crystallizes in the form of a pseudoracemate (i.e., solid solution) with maximum melting over the entire enantiomeric composition range. Comparative single‐crystal X‐ray studies show that the crystal structures of racemic and enantiomeric tryptophan give very similar solid‐state packing geometries dictated by hydrogen bonding interactions. Our results indicate that the insignificant difference between homochiral and heterochiral interactions accounts for the formation of a pseudoracemate for this system. Chirality 27:88–94, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Reactivity of [60]Fullerene with Primary Nitro Compounds: Addition or Catalysed Condensation to Isoxazolo[60]fullerenes
Authors: Biagiotti Giacomo , Cicchi Stefano , De Sarlo Francesco , Machetti Fabrizio 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThe catalysed condensation of [60]fullerene with ethyl nitroacetate (1b) or analogous activated nitro derivatives to afford isoxazolino[60]fullerenes has been achieved in both homogeneous and heterogeneous conditions. This direct synthetic approach is more convenient than previous methods. Model reactions with electron‐poor dipolarophiles led to either condensation to isoxazolines or to conjugate addition products, depending on the nitro compound and catalyst. The former product was favoured by the use of CuII in the catalytic system. Conversely, [60]fullerene underwent catalytic condensation, even in the absence of copper(II) salts, only with activated nitro compounds and addition only with nitroalkanes in excess base. Note, the formal conjugated fullerene addition product was obtained in isomeric form, as previously reported. A possible explanation is presented for this contrasting behaviour.
Stereoselective Synthesis of α‐Trifluoromethyl Enones by AuI/CuI‐Co‐Catalyzed Tandem 1,3‐Acyloxy Migration/Trifluoromethylation Reaction of Propargyl Acetates
Authors: Ji Yun‐Long , Lin Jin‐Hong , Xiao Ji‐Chang , Gu Yu‐Cheng 
Published: October 2014

AbstractAuI/CuI‐co‐catalyzed tandem 1,3‐acyloxy migration/trifluoromethylation reaction of propargyl esters to give α‐trifluoromethyl enones in moderate yields and with excellent stereoselectivity is described. It is proposed that the reaction proceeds through the 1,3‐acyloxy migration of the propargyl esters catalyzed by AuI to produce an allenic intermediate, followed by its trifluoromethylation to give the final product.
An Economical and Practical Synthesis of rac‐(Z)‐β‐Santalol: Application of a Scriabine‐Inspired Reaction to Alkenes Results in the One‐Step Preparation of a Key Intermediate
Authors: Birkbeck Anthony A. , Marquet Xavier , Millet Pascal , Pamingle Hervé 
Published: October 2014

AbstractAn economical and practical synthesis of rac‐(Z)‐β‐santalol was accomplished. The key coupling step is based on a Scriabine‐inspired reaction of a dienyl diacetate substrate and an alkene. The total synthesis was achieved in five steps (longest linear sequence) in 19 % overall yield from cyclopentadiene.
Impact of di‐ethylhexylphthalate exposure on metabolic programming in P19 ECC‐derived cardiomyocytes
Authors: Schaedlich Kristina , Schmidt Juliane‐Susanne , Kwong Wing Yee , Sinclair Kevin D. , Kurz Randy , Jahnke Heinz‐Georg , Fischer Bernd 
Published: October 2014

AbstractDi(2‐ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) is the most common plasticizer in plastic devices of everyday use. It is a ubiquitous environmental contaminant and primarily known to impair male gonadal development and fertility. Studies concerning the long‐term effects of prenatal DEHP exposure on certain diseases [The Developmental Origins of Health and Disease paradigm (DOHaD) hypothesis] are scarce although it is proven that DEHP crosses the placenta. Rising environmental pollution during the last centuries coincides with an increasing prevalence of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. We have investigated the effects of an early embryonic DEHP exposure at different developmental stages on cardiomyogenesis. We used an in‐vitro model, the murine P19 embryonic carcinoma cell line (P19 ECC), mimicking early embryonic stages up to differentiated beating cardiomyocytes. P19 ECC were exposed to DEHP (5, 50, 100 µg ml–1) at the undifferentiated stage for 5 days and subsequently differentiated to beating cardiomyocytes. We analyzed the expression of metabolic (Pparg1, Fabp4 and Glut4), cardiac (Myh6, Gja1) and methylation (Dnmt1, Dnmt3a) marker genes by quantitative real‐time PCR (qRT‐PCR), beating rate and the differentiation velocity of the cells. The methylation status of Pparg1, Ppara and Glut4 was investigated by pyrosequencing. DEHP significantly altered the expression of all investigated genes. The beating rate and differentiation velocity were accelerated. Exposure to DEHP led to small but statistically significant increases in methylation of specific CpGs within Ppara and Pparg1, which otherwise were generally hypomethylated, but methylation of Glut4 was unaltered. Early DEHP exposure of P19 ECC alters the expression of genes associated with cellular metabolism and the functional features of cardiomyocytes. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Core–Shell–Shell and Hollow Double‐Shell Microgels with Advanced Temperature Responsiveness
Authors: Dubbert Janine , Nothdurft Katja , Karg Matthias , Richtering Walter 
Published: October 2014

Unique doubly temperature‐responsive hollow microgels are presented. These consist of two concentric thermoresponsive polymer shells made of poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) and poly(N‐isopropylmethacrylamide) (PNIPMAM), respectively. The hollow particles are derived from silica‐PNIPAM‐PNIPMAM core‐shell–shell (CSS) particles by dissolution of the silica core. Light scattering measurements reveal the twofold volume phase transition behavior that occur in the PNIPAM and PNIPMAM regions of the CSS and the respective hollow particles. In the presence of the silica core, i.e., in case of the CSS particles, the swelling of the inner shell is tremendously restricted by the core. However, after the core is dissolved, the transition of the inner shell from the swollen to the collapsed state is highly pronounced. This versatile approach allows preparing hollow particles with individually tunable properties on the particle inside and outside for various applications as multifunctional smart materials.
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Modeling photon transport in fluorescent solar concentrators
Authors: Parel Thomas S. , Danos Lefteris , Fang Liping , Markvart Tomas 
Published: October 2014

AbstractFluorescent solar concentrators (FSC) can concentrate light onto solar cells by trapping fluorescence through total internal reflection. In an ideal FSC, the major obstacle to efficient photon transport is the re‐absorption of the fluorescence emitted. In order to decompose the contribution of different photon flux streams within a FSC, the angular dependent re‐absorption probability is introduced and modeled in this paper. This is used to analyze the performance of different FSC configurations and is also compared with experimental results. To illustrate the application of the modeling, the collection efficiency of ideal devices has also been calculated from the re‐absorption probability and is shown to be useful for estimating non‐ideal losses such as those due to scattering or reflection from mirrors. The results also indicate that among the FSCs studied, the performance of those surrounded by four edge solar cells is close to ideal. The rapid optimization of FSCs has also been presented as another practical application of the models presented in this paper. © 2014 The Authors. Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Organic nanoparticles as fragmentable support for Ziegler–Natta catalysts
Authors: Nietzel Sven , Joe Daejune , Krumpfer Joseph W. , Schellenberger Frank , Alsaygh Abdulhamid A. , Fink Gerhard , Klapper Markus , Müllen Klaus 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACTA fragmentable support material for Ziegler–Natta catalysts is presented based on micrometer‐sized aggregates of polystyrene nanoparticles. Hydroxyl anchoring groups are introduced by copolymerization of hydroxymethylstyrene in emulsion process to immobilize the catalysts. The catalytic activity in ethylene slurry polymerizations is found to be directly correlated to the hydroxyl group content of the supports. Furthermore, the fragmentation behavior of dye‐labeled support aggregates into the initial nanoparticles is demonstrated using laser scanning confocal fluorescence microscopy as a nondestructive method. These supported catalysts fulfill two important design criteria, high fragmentability and high catalyst loading, and produce high‐density polyethylene with medium molecular weight distributions (MWDs = 3–4). These values lie between those obtained using single‐site metallocene‐based (narrow MWD < 3) or inorganic supported multi‐site Ziegler–Natta‐based (broad MWD = 4–12) polymerizations without the need of blending. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2015, 53, 15–22
Mosaike im Gehirn des Menschen
Authors: Iourov Ivan Y. , Vorsanova Svetlana G. , Liehr Thomas , Yurov Yuri B. 
Published: October 2014

Zusammenfassung
Das gesunde menschliche Gehirn weist ein bemerkenswert hohes Maß an somatischen Zellmosaiken auf. Zum einen ist dies altersassoziiert, und darüber hinaus wurde nachgewiesen, dass stärker ausgeprägte Zellmosaike im Gehirn Grundlage für neurologische und/oder psychiatrische Störungen (z. B. Alzheimer-Krankheit oder Schizophrenie) sind bzw. damit im Zusammenhang stehen. Möglicherweise eröffnen diese neueren Erkenntnisse künftig Anwendungsmöglichkeiten für die klinische Diagnostik, z. B. in Kombination mit neuen Biomarkern. In diesem Zusammenhang könnte eine vielversprechende Perspektive die Erforschung molekularer Signalwege sein, die die Zellen vor Genom- und/oder Chromosomeninstabilität schützen könnten.
Ebola Triage Screening and Public Health: The New “Vital Sign Zero”
Authors: Koenig Kristi L. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractDuring public health emergencies of international concern such as the 2014 Ebola event, health care leaders need to educate clinicians on the front lines to make uncomfortable, but real triage decisions that focus on optimization of population health outcomes over individual care. Health care workers must consider their own protection first before direct contact with potentially contagious patients. In an era of globalization and emerging infectious disease, routine triage including evaluation of the standard vital signs must shift to include public health considerations with immediate consequences. A new “vital sign zero” should be taken at the time of initial patient evaluation to assess for risk and exposure to potentially contagious infectious diseases.
To Save or Savor: A Review of Approaches for Measuring Wine as an Investment
Authors: Fogarty James J. , Sadler Rohan 
Published: October 2014

AbstractIn the literature, there is no standard approach for estimating the return to wine or testing for a portfolio risk diversification benefit from holding wine. Using auction data for Australian wine, we show that the estimation method has a material impact on the estimated wine return distribution and that the type of diversification benefit test used influences whether or not wine is found to provide a portfolio risk diversification benefit. Our results indicated that a simple modification to the hedonic model, which we call a pooled model, is an appropriate method for estimating the return to infrequently traded heterogeneous assets such as wine. Across the various approaches to testing for a risk diversification benefit, we find direct estimation of the efficient frontier with bootstrapped confidence intervals to be the most transparent and comprehensive method of illustrating wine's potential for lowering portfolio risk. (JEL Classifications: G11, C61, C13)
Audience Features and the Strategic Timing of Trade Disputes
Authors: Chaudoin Stephen 
Published: October 2014

AbstractIf international institutions are such potent alarm mechanisms that mobilize procompliance domestic audiences, as many existing theories argue, why do countries wait so long before sounding the alarm? World Trade Organization (WTO) members often wait months or even years before objecting to their trading partners’ WTO-illegal barriers. To turn a phrase, trade cooperation delayed is trade cooperation denied, so why wait? To explain this variation, I develop a theory of institutional alarm mechanisms in which (1) the preferences and strength of the audience hearing the alarm vary and (2) the decision to sound the alarm is strategic. Sounding the alarm is most valuable when strong audiences in the defendant country support compliance. I test this prediction using competing risks models analyzing the timing of WTO disputes against US tariff barriers. Consistent with the theory, disputes are more likely during election years when macroeconomic indicators suggest broader support for free trade.
XML clustering: a review of structural approaches
Authors: Piernik Maciej , Brzezinski Dariusz , Morzy Tadeusz , Lesniewska Anna 
Published: October 2014

AbstractWith its presence in data integration, chemistry, biological, and geographic systems, eXtensible Markup Language (XML) has become an important standard not only in computer science. A common problem among the mentioned applications involves structural clustering of XML documents—an issue that has been thoroughly studied and led to the creation of a myriad of approaches. In this paper, we present a comprehensive review of structural XML clustering. First, we provide a basic introduction to the problem and highlight the main challenges in this research area. Subsequently, we divide the problem into three subtasks and discuss the most common document representations, structural similarity measures, and clustering algorithms. In addition, we present the most popular evaluation measures, which can be used to estimate clustering quality. Finally, we analyze and compare 23 state-of-the-art approaches and arrange them in an original taxonomy. By providing an up-to-date analysis of existing structural XML clustering algorithms, we hope to showcase methods suitable for current applications and draw lines of future research.
Networks of Informal Caring: A Mixed-Methods Approach
Authors: Rutherford Alasdair , Bowes Alison 
Published: October 2014

RÈSUMÈLa prise en charge des soins des personnes âgées est un phénomène complexe et un sujet de préoccupation politique urgent. En rassemblant des littératures sur les prises en charge des soins venant des domaines de la gerontologie sociale et de l’economie, nous rapportons les résultats d’un projet de méthodes mixtes explorant les réseaux de prise en charge des soins informels. À l’aide de données quantitatives provenant du « British Household Panel Survey » (sondage officiel sur des menages britanniques), ainsi que des entretiens qualitatifs avec des personnes âgées et des travailleurs sociaux informels, nous décrivons des réseaux de prise en charge des soins informels différents, et les facteurs et processus décisifs qui ont contribué à la formation des réseaux. Une approche basée sur des réseaux de prise en charge des soins permet une étude à la fois quantitative et qualitative, et peut être utilisée pour explorer plusieurs questions importantes.
The impact of bovine respiratory disease: the current feedlot experience
Authors: Engler Michael , Defoor Paul , King Carter , Gleghorn Justin 
Published: October 2014

AbstractMortality during the finishing phase in beef steers has increased over the last 13 years at a rate of 0.05% per year for cattle fed in Cactus Feeders’ operations. A change in the demographics of placements has also occurred, in that heavier weight cattle are being placed as compared to previous years. Morbidity rates are lower, but higher case fatality rates are observed when compared to years when lighter weight cattle were placed. More lung lesions of varying degree are documented at necropsy of new arrivals and there is greater perception of reduced response to therapy in animals identified with respiratory disease. As placement weights have increased, mortality in the early stages of the feeding period has decreased, resulting in a greater proportion of total death loss later in the period. This shift, in conjunction with an increasing long-term trend of total death loss, can lead to the interpretation of higher ‘late day mortality’. Rather than relying solely on observation and distributions of the data, Cactus Feeders believes that the development of a predictive model is better suited to address the potential of ‘late day mortality’ in confined cattle feeding operations.
Customary rule-following behaviour in the work of John Stuart Mill and Alfred Marshall
Authors: ZOUBOULAKIS MICHEL S. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThe informal institutional structure embraces the social norms and moral values of a particular society and together with the formal institutional frame, they compose the social environment. Social norms and values, congealed into customary rules of behaviour, provide a stable and enduring context to economic life that acts positively or negatively on economic activity. Despite their methodological and theoretical differences, Mill and Marshall have both suggested that individual economic decisions are fully embedded in their social environment. Thus, in order to explain the economic phenomena, from simple transaction processes to long term development, they adopted a broader perspective by including the social frame inside which economic choices are made, divulging the role of custom, yet in a quite distinctive way.
Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling and Simulation in Pediatric Drug Development
Authors: Maharaj A R , Edginton A N 
Published: October 2014

Increased regulatory demands for pediatric drug development research have fostered interest in the use of modeling and simulation among industry and academia. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling offers a unique modality to incorporate multiple levels of information to estimate age‐specific pharmacokinetics. This tutorial will serve to provide the reader with a basic understanding of the procedural steps to developing a pediatric PBPK model and facilitate a discussion of the advantages and limitations of this modeling technique.CPT Pharmacometrics Syst. Pharmacol. (2014) 3, e148; doi:10.1038/psp.2014.45; published online 19 November 2014
Direct Visualization of De novo Lipogenesis in Single Living Cells
Authors: Li Junjie , Cheng Ji-Xin 
Published: October 2014

AbstractIncreased de novo lipogenesis is being increasingly recognized as a hallmark of cancer. Despite recent advances in fluorescence microscopy, autoradiography and mass spectrometry, direct observation of de novo lipogenesis in living systems remains to be challenging. Here, by coupling stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) microscopy with isotope labeled glucose, we were able to trace the dynamic metabolism of glucose in single living cells with high spatial-temporal resolution. As the first direct visualization, we observed that glucose was largely utilized for lipid synthesis in pancreatic cancer cells, which occurs at a much lower rate in immortalized normal pancreatic epithelial cells. By inhibition of glycolysis and fatty acid synthase (FAS), the key enzyme for fatty acid synthesis, we confirmed the deuterium labeled lipids in cancer cells were from de novo lipid synthesis. Interestingly, we also found that prostate cancer cells exhibit relatively lower level of de novo lipogenesis, but higher fatty acid uptake compared to pancreatic cancer cells. Together, our results demonstrate a valuable tool to study dynamic lipid metabolism in cancer and other disorders.
Comparison of the Clinical and Radiographic Results Between Cervical Artificial Disk Replacement and Anterior Cervical Fusion
Authors: Tian Wei , Yan Kai , Han Xiao , Yu Jie , Jin Peihao , Han Xiaoguang 
Published: October 2014

Study Design:
Prospective nonrandomized comparative study.

Objective:
To compare the long-term clinical and radiographic results of cervical artificial disk replacement (CADR) and anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF), and to provide our evidence if CADR could reduce adjacent segment degeneration (ASD).

Summary of Background Data:
CADR is widely used in spine surgery today. Despite the short-term results of it having been ascertained, the long-term results are still under observation. Meanwhile it is still debatable if CADR could reduce ASD in the long run.

Materials and Methods:
Sixty-three patients with cervical myelopathy who underwent CADR (28) or ACDF (35) with a minimum follow-up of 68 months were included. Japanese Orthopaedic Association score, neck disability index, and Odom’s scale were used to evaluate the clinical outcomes. Radiographs, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging were used to evaluate the radiographic outcomes.

Results:
Both CADR and ACDF groups showed significant improvement on Japanese Orthopaedic Association scores and neck disability index, and there was no significant difference between the 2 groups. The sagittal alignment was maintained for both the groups. The C2–C7 range of motion had no significant change for CADR group, whereas it significantly decreased for ACDF group. The range of motion at index level of CADR patients decreased from 9.5±3.7 degrees before surgery to 7.0±3.0 degrees at 3 months after surgery (P<0.001), and it was maintained to 6.6±4.1 degrees at last follow-up without significant decrease (P=0.448). We used radiographic data to evaluate ASD and we found the incidence of ASD was significantly lower for CADR group than ACDF group.

Conclusions:
The clinical and radiographic results of CADR over 6-year follow-up are basically satisfying. Compared with ACDF, CADR could better preserve physiological motion and biomechanics of cervical spine, and reduce the occurrence of ASD.