bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Protecting children from nutritional and medical neglect in sub‐SaharanAfrica: A five‐country study
Authors: Laird Siobhan E 
Published: May 2015

This study critically considers the applicability of conceptions of child neglect that have been theorised byBritish andAmerican scholars and promulgated inAfrican countries through the domestication of theConvention on theRights of theChild. The child protection legislation of five sub‐Saharan nations was compared in order to examine the presumptions embedded in their provisions concerning child neglect. These were then appraised in relation to the socio‐economic conditions pertaining in each country. Food insecurity, over‐reliance on staples and high infection rates among children in conjunction with hard to access health care and poor quality services contest the validity and relevance of dominantAnglo‐centric definitions of child neglect and methods for detecting it. The study concluded that greater congruence between national child protection legislation and the socio‐economic challenges faced by families in sub‐Saharan countries would better protect children against neglect.Key Practitioner Message: ● Child neglect is an ethnocentric concept that requires interrogation to test its relevance before applying it to developing country contexts. ● In sub‐Saharan countries, conditions of absolute poverty and grossly inadequate public services profoundly affect the ability of parents or guardians to meet their children's basic needs. ● Laws that frame child protection systems need to recognise the inter‐relationship between public services, poverty and parental care in the neglect of children.
Proteome research in urothelial carcinoma
Authors: Kageyama Susumu , Isono Takahiro , Iwaki Hideaki , Hanada Eiki , Tomita Keiji , Yoshida Tetsuya , Yoshiki Tatsuhiro , Kawauchi Akihiro 
Published: May 2015

AbstractIn all creatures including humans, the molecules that function in accordance with the genetic code are mainly proteins. After completing the sequencing of the human genome, rapid progress has been made in proteome analysis. The primary structures of almost all proteins were determined by the human genome sequence. However, the whole picture of proteins cannot be elucidated because of alternative splicing and post‐translational modifications. Therefore, genomic as well as systematic and comprehensive information of proteins is required. Modern methods of proteomics have dramatically improved the quality and speed of protein analysis. Developments in both bioinformatics and mass spectrometry have contributed to the technical improvement, making it possible to identify proteins in a short time with high accuracy even from a very small sample. In the field of cancer research, many studies of useful diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers using these proteomic technologies have been reported, and target molecules for treatment have been explored. The aim of the present review was to summarize the basic technologies of proteomics and recent research in the field of urothelial cancer obtained using proteomic methods.
Cost to government and society of chronic kidney disease stage 1–5: a national cohort study
Authors: Wyld M. L. R. , Lee C. M. Y. , Zhuo X. , White S. , Shaw J. E. , Morton R. L. , Colagiuri S. , Chadban S. J. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractBackgroundCosts associated with chronic kidney disease (CKD) are not well documented. Understanding such costs is important to inform economic evaluations of prevention strategies and treatment options.AimTo estimate the costs associated with CKD in Australia.MethodsWe used data from the 2004/2005 AusDiab study, a national longitudinal population‐based study of non‐institutionalised Australian adults aged ≥25 years. We included 6138 participants with CKD, diabetes and healthcare cost data. The annual age and sex‐adjusted costs per person were estimated using a generalised linear model. Costs were inflated from 2005 to 2012 Australian dollars using best practice methods.ResultsAmong 6138 study participants, there was a significant difference in the per‐person annual direct healthcare costs by CKD status, increasing from $1829 (95% confidence interval (CI): $1740–1943) for those without CKD to $14 545 (95% CI: $5680–44 842) for those with stage 4 or 5 CKD (P < 0.01). Similarly, there was a significant difference in the per‐person annual direct non‐healthcare costs by CKD status from $524 (95% CI: $413–641) for those without CKD to $2349 (95% CI: $386–5156) for those with stage 4 or 5 CKD (P < 0.01). Diabetes is a common cause of CKD and is associated with increased health costs. Costs per person were higher for those with diabetes than those without diabetes in all CKD groups; however, this was significant only for those without CKD and those with early stage (stage 1 or 2) CKD.ConclusionIndividuals with CKD incur 85% higher healthcare costs and 50% higher government subsidies than individuals without CKD, and costs increase by CKD stage. Primary and secondary prevention strategies may reduce costs and warrant further consideration.
Patients' estimates of their sleep times: reliability and impact on diagnosis of obstructive sleep apnoea
Authors: Khor Y. H. , Tolson J. , Churchward T. , Rochford P. , Worsnop C. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractBackgroundHome polysomnography (PSG) is an alternative method for diagnosis of obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA). Some types 3 and 4 PSG do not monitor sleep and so rely on patients' estimation of total sleep time (TST).AimTo compare patients' subjective sleep duration estimation with objective measures in patients who underwent type 2 PSG for probable OSA.MethodsA prospective clinical audit of 536 consecutive patients of one of the authors between 2006 and 2013. A standard questionnaire was completed by the patients the morning after the home PSG to record the time of lights being turned off and estimated time of sleep onset and offset. PSG was scored based on the guidelines of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine.ResultsMedian estimated sleep latency (SL) was 20 min compared with 10 min for measured SL (P < 0.0001). There was also a significant difference between the estimated and measured sleep offset time (median difference = −1 min, P = 0.01). Estimated TST was significantly shorter than the measured TST (median difference = −18.5 min, P = 0.002). No factors have been identified to affect patients' accuracy of sleep perception. Only 2% of patients had a change in their diagnosis of OSA based on calculated apnoea–hypopnoea index.ConclusionsOverall estimated TST in the patients with probable OSA was significantly shorter than measured with significant individual variability. Collectively, inaccurate sleep time estimation had not resulted in significant difference in the diagnosis of OSA.
When a patient's ethnicity is declared, medical students' decision‐making processes are affected
Authors: Ewen S. C. , Barrett J. , Paul D. , Askew D. , Webb G. , Wilkin A. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractBackgroundDisparity in health status and healthcare outcomes is widespread and well known. This holds true for Indigenous peoples in many settings including Australia and Hawaii. While multi‐factorial, there is increasing evidence of health practitioner contribution to this disparity. This research explored senior medical students' clinical decision‐making processes.MethodsA qualitative study was conducted in 2014 with 30 final year medical students from The University of Melbourne, Australia, and The John Burns Medical School, Hawaii, USA. Each student responded to questions about a paper‐based case, first in writing and elaborated further in an interview. Half the students were given a case of a patient whose ethnicity was not declared; the other half considered the patient who was Native Hawaiian or Australian Aboriginal. A systematic thematic analysis of the interview transcripts was conducted.ResultsThe study detected subtle biases in students' ways of talking about the Indigenous person and their anticipation of interacting with her as a patient. Four main themes emerged from the interview transcripts: the patient as a person; constructions of the person as patient; patient–student/doctor interactions; and the value of various education settings. There was a strong commitment to the patient's agenda and to the element of trust in the doctor–patient interaction.ConclusionThese findings will help to advance medical curricula so that institutions graduate physicians who are increasingly able to contribute to equitable outcomes for all patients in their care. The study also draws attention to subtle biases based on ethnicity that may be currently at play in physicians' practices.
Temperature‐Sensitive Photoluminescence Property and Energy Transfer Mechanism in the Silicate Phosphor MgY4Si3O13: Eu3+
Authors: Ci Zhipeng , Guan Runnan , Nie Kaihui , Liu Limei , Han Lili , Zhang Jiachi , Wang Yuhua 
Published: May 2015

A red‐emitting phosphor MgY4Si3O13:Eu3+ was synthesized by conventional solid‐state reaction for the first time. Photoluminescence spectra show that the phosphor can be efficiently excited by ultraviolet and blue light and exhibit an intense emission at 615 nm due to the dominant 5D0→7F2 electric dipole transition of Eu3+. The decay times of Eu3+ monitored at the different wavelengths present an interesting change trend. According to the results of XRD Rietveld refinement, in a unit cell, the number of Eu3+ is obtained to be 0.064 for 4f site and 0.294 for 6 h site. The remarkable preference occupancy for one site could be the leading reason of the abnormal change in decay times. The testing of thermal quenching indicates that the photoluminescence intensity of the phosphor is very sensitive to temperature and furthermore, the emission intensities from 5D1→7FJ and 5D0→7FJ show the different decay ratios with the increase in temperature. Based on the configurational coordinate diagram, an underlying mechanism is proposed and can explain the phenomenon reasonably. The mechanism could be helpful for the understanding of the energy transfer phenomenon among the various energy levels in the process of temperature change as reference.
Highly Porous SiOC Bulk Ceramics with Water Vapor Assisted Pyrolysis
Authors: Li Jiake , Lu Kathy 
Published: May 2015

Micro/mesoporous SiOC bulk ceramics with the highest surface area and the narrowest pore size distribution were prepared by water‐assisted pyrolysis of polysiloxane in argon atmosphere at controlled temperatures (1100°C–1400°C) followed by etching in hydrofluoric acid (HF) solution. Their pyrolysis behaviors, phase compositions, and microstructures were investigated by DSC, FTIR, XRD, and BET. The Si–O–Si bonds, SiO2‐rich clusters, and SiO2 nanocrystals in the pyrolyzed products act as pore‐forming species and could be etched away by HF. Water injection time and pyrolysis temperature have important effects on phase compositions and microstructures of the porous SiOC bulk ceramics, which have a maximum‐specific surface area of 2391.60 m2/g and an average pore size of 2.87 nm. The porous SiOC ceramics consist of free carbon phase, silicon carbide, and silicon oxycarbide.
Retracted: CYP2E1 Rsa Ι/Pst Ι polymorphism and lung cancer susceptibility: a meta‐analysis involving 10,947 subjects
Authors: Shen Ze‐Tian , Wu Xin‐Hu , Li Bing , Shen Jun‐shu , Wang Zhen , Li Jing , Zhu Xi‐Xu 
Published: May 2015

AbstractMany studies have examined the association between the CYP2E1 Rsa Ι/Pst Ι (rs3813867) polymorphism gene polymorphisms and lung cancer risk in various populations, but their results have been inconsistent. The PubMed and CNKI database was searched for case–control studies published up to October 2013. Data were extracted and pooled odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated. In this meta‐analysis, we assessed 23 published studies involving comprising 4727 lung cancer cases and 6220 controls of the association between CYP2E1 Rsa Ι/Pst Ι polymorphism and lung cancer risk. For the homozygote c2/c2 and c2 allele carriers (c1/c2 + c2/c2), the pooled ORs for all studies were 0.73(95% CI = 0.62–0.84; P = 0.005 for heterogeneity) and 0.84 (95% CI = 0.77–0.92; P = 0.001 for heterogeneity) when compared with the homozygous wild‐type genotype (c1/c1). In the stratified analysis by ethnicity, the same significantly risks were found among Asians and mixed population for both the c2 allele carriers and homozygote c2/c2. However, no significant associations were found in Caucasian population all genetic models. This updated meta‐analysis suggests that CYP2E1 Rsa Ι/Pst Ι c2 allele is a decreased risk factor for the developing lung cancer among Asians and mixed population.
Unpacking Interests in Normative Power Europe
Authors: Martin‐Mazé Médéric 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThe concept of normative power Europe accurately captured the distinctiveness of EU's international practices. However, it fell victim to social constructivism, from which it derived an exclusionary ontology perpetuating the dualism between norms and interests. To conceive those notions as two faces of the same coin, one needs a thicker ontology. This is what Bourdieu provides for in anchoring norms and interests in social fields. Interest is simultaneously what ties actors to particular games (generic interest) and what makes them make particular moves in these games (specific interest). To illustrate how Bourdieu's sociology shapes a better understanding of normative power Europe, I explore the transmission of EU's integrated border management in Central Asia. In this case, EU power elites delegate the business of wielding this normative power of Europe to a Vienna‐based international street corner society.
Ridge regeneration of damaged extraction sockets using rhBMP‐2: an experimental study in canine
Authors: Lee Jung‐Seok , Jung Jae‐Suk , Im Gun‐Il , Kim Byung‐Soo , Cho Kyoo‐Sung , Kim Chang‐Sung 
Published: May 2015

AbstractObjectivesThis study evaluated the dimensional ridge alteration in a buccal‐bone‐deficient extraction socket, and ridge regeneration following socket grafting accompanied by recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein 2 (rhBMP‐2) or a collagen membrane covering.Material and MethodsIn five beagle dogs, entire buccal bone of the extracted sockets of premolars was surgically removed and immediately grafted using one of the following graft protocols: (1) sham surgery without any grafting, and grafting with (2) deproteinized bovine bone mineral (DBBM), (3) DBBM/rhBMP‐2 and (4) DBBM covered with a collagen membrane (DBBM/Membrane). Quantitative/qualitative analyses were performed radiographically/histologically after 8 weeks.ResultsBuccal‐deficient extraction sockets healed with significant reduction in buccolingual dimension along the entire length of the socket, but all grafting techniques reduced the dimensional changes compared to the non‐grafted control sites. Histologically, sites received DBBM only exhibited minimal regeneration, whereas sites grafted with DBBM/rhBMP‐2 or DBBM/Membrane exhibited greater new bone formation extending the entire augmented area.ConclusionsBuccal‐bone‐deficiency may lead to significant volume reduction after tooth extraction along the entire length of the socket, and socket grafting accompanied by rhBMP‐2 or covered with a membrane can be candidate therapies for preservation of the buccolingual dimension and successful ridge regeneration.
Smoking, Central Adiposity, and Poor Glycemic Control Increase Risk of Hearing Impairment
Authors: Cruickshanks Karen J. , Nondahl David M. , Dalton Dayna S. , Fischer Mary E. , Klein Barbara E. K. , Klein Ronald , Nieto F. Javier , Schubert Carla R. , Tweed Ted S. 
Published: May 2015

ObjectivesTo determine associations between smoking, adiposity, diabetes mellitus, and other risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD) and the 15‐year incidence of hearing impairment (HI).DesignA longitudinal population‐based cohort study (1993–95 to 2009–10), the Epidemiology of Hearing Loss Study (EHLS).SettingBeaver Dam, Wisconsin.ParticipantsParticipants in the Beaver Dam Eye Study (1988–90; residents of Beaver Dam,WI, aged 43–84 in 1987–88) were eligible for theEHLS. There were 1,925 participants with normal hearing at baseline.MeasurementsFifteen‐year cumulative incidence ofHI(pure‐tone average of hearing thresholds at 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 kHz greater than 25 decibels hearing level in either ear). Cigarette smoking, exercise, and other factors were ascertained according to questionnaire. Blood pressure, waist circumference, body mass index, and glycosylated hemoglobin were measured.ResultsFollow‐up examinations (≥1) were obtained from 87.2% (n = 1,678; mean baseline age 61). The 15‐year cumulative incidence ofHIwas 56.8%. Adjusting for age and sex, current smoking (hazard ratio (HR) = 1.31,P = .048), education (<16 years;HR = 1.35,P = .01), waist circumference (HR = 1.08 per 10 cm,P = .02), and poorly controlled diabetes mellitus (HR = 2.03,P = .048) were associated with greater risk ofHI. Former smokers and people with better‐controlled diabetes mellitus were not at greater risk.ConclusionSmoking, central adiposity, and poorly controlled diabetes mellitus predicted incidentHI. These well‐known risk factors forCVDsuggest that vascular changes may contribute toHIin aging. Interventions targeting reductions in smoking and adiposity and better glycemic control in people with diabetes mellitus may help prevent or delay the onset ofHI.
Exploration of the two‐photon excitation spectrum of fluorescent dyes at wavelengths below the range of the Ti:Sapphire laser
Authors: TRÄGÅRDH J. , ROBB G. , AMOR R. , AMOS W.B. , DEMPSTER J. , McCONNELL G. 
Published: May 2015

SummaryWe have studied the wavelength dependence of the two‐photon excitation efficiency for a number of common UV excitable fluorescent dyes; the nuclear stains DAPI, Hoechst and SYTOX Green, chitin‐ and cellulose‐staining dye Calcofluor White and Alexa Fluor 350, in the visible and near‐infrared wavelength range (540–800 nm). For several of the dyes, we observe a substantial increase in the fluorescence emission intensity for shorter excitation wavelengths than the 680 nm which is the shortest wavelength usually available for two‐photon microscopy. We also find that although the rate of photo‐bleaching increases at shorter wavelengths, it is still possible to acquire many images with higher fluorescence intensity. This is particularly useful for applications where the aim is to image the structure, rather than monitoring changes in emission intensity over extended periods of time. We measure the excitation spectrum when the dyes are used to stain biological specimens to get a more accurate representation of the spectrum of the dye in a cell environment as compared to solution‐based measurements.
Nutritional Programming of Accelerated Puberty in Heifers: Involvement of Pro‐Opiomelanocortin Neurones in the Arcuate Nucleus
Authors: Cardoso R. C. , Alves B. R. C. , Sharpton S. M. , Williams G. L. , Amstalden M. 
Published: May 2015

The timing of puberty and subsequent fertility in female mammals are dependent on the integration of metabolic signals by the hypothalamus. Pro‐opiomelanocortin (POMC) neurones in the arcuate nucleus (ARC) comprise a critical metabolic‐sensing pathway controlling the reproductive neuroendocrine axis. α‐Melanocyte‐stimulating hormone (αMSH), a product of the POMC gene, has excitatory effects on gonadotrophin‐releasing hormone (GnRH) neurones and fibres containing αMSH project to GnRH and kisspeptin neurones. Because kisspeptin is a potent stimulator of GnRH release, αMSH may also stimulate GnRH secretion indirectly via kisspeptin neurones. In the present work, we report studies conducted in young female cattle (heifers) aiming to determine whether increased nutrient intake during the juvenile period (4–8 months of age), a strategy previously shown to advance puberty, alters POMC and KISS1 mRNA expression, as well as αMSH close contacts on GnRH and kisspeptin neurones. In Experiment 1, POMC mRNA expression, detected by in situ hybridisation, was greater (P < 0.05) in the ARC in heifers that gained 1 kg/day of body weight (high‐gain, HG; n = 6) compared to heifers that gained 0.5 kg/day (low‐gain, LG; n = 5). The number of KISS1‐expressing cells in the middle ARC was reduced (P < 0.05) in HG compared to LG heifers. In Experiment 2, double‐immunofluorescence showed limited αMSH‐positive close contacts on GnRH neurones, and the magnitude of these inputs was not influenced by nutritional status. Conversely, a large number of kisspeptin‐immunoreactive cells in the ARC were observed in close proximity to αMSH‐containing varicosities. Furthermore, HG heifers (n = 5) exhibited a greater (P < 0.05) percentage of kisspeptin neurones in direct apposition to αMSH fibres and an increased (P < 0.05) number of αMSH close contacts per kisspeptin cell compared to LG heifers (n = 6). These results indicate that the POMC‐kisspeptin pathway may be important in mediating the nutritional acceleration of puberty in heifers.
EVALUATION OF THE ROLE OF NURSE PRACTITIONERS IN MASTERPLAN
Authors: Wierdsma Judith M. , Vervoort Sigrid C. J. M. , van Zuilen Arjan D. , Berkhout Noeleen C. , Gundlach Paul J. 
Published: May 2015

SUMMARYBackgroundPreserving kidney function and prevention of cardiovascular disease can only be achieved if patients are supported in self‐managing their disease aimed at developing coping strategies.ObjectivesIn MASTERPLAN, a clinical trial from 2005 ‐2010, patients with chronic kidney disease were randomised to receive nurse practitioner (NP) support or physician care alone. We evaluated the role of NP and patients in achieving lifestyle treatment goals. However the evaluation of lifestyle interventions resulted in disappointing findings.DesignWe conducted a mixed method study to explain the previous quantitative results in order to achieve a more complete description of the practice of reaching lifestyle goalsParticipantsTen NPs in nine participating hospitals of the MASTERPLAN study were interviewed and identified a hierarchy on what treatment goals received the most attention during MASTERPLAN, at baseline and after four years.ResultsA shift of attention in study goals occured for various reasons e.g. progression of disease, too many goals, non‐motivated patients, changed relationship between NP and patient. Different strategies were used to influence lifestyle change with varying degrees of success.ConclusionLifestyle change is difficult to maintain during five years follow up. Besides a shift of attention in study goals, the relationship with the patient also changed over time.
Genetic Variability of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. ciceris Population Affecting Chickpea in the Sudan
Authors: Mohamed Omyma Elmahi , Hamwieh Aladdin , Ahmed Seid , Ahmed Nafisa Elmahi 
Published: May 2015

AbstractFusarium wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. ciceris (Foc) is the most important soilborne disease of chickpea in the Sudan and many other countries. A total of 76 Foc isolates from six different chickpea‐growing states in the Sudan have been collected in this study to investigate the genetic diversity of Sudanese Foc isolates. Additional 14 Foc isolates from Syria and Lebanon were included in this study. All isolates were characterized using four random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), three simple sequence repeats (SSR), five sequence‐characterized amplified region (SCAR) primers and three specific Foc genome primers. Based on the similarity coefficient, the results indicated two major clusters included seven subclusters. The isolates from the Sudan were grouped as identified as races 0, 2 and unknown races. The isolates from Syria and Lebanon were grouped together as they identified as races 1B/C and 6, respectively. This study identified a new race Foc (race 0) in the Sudan. The results of this study will be useful for breeders to design effective resistance breeding program in chickpea in the Sudan.