bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Usefulness of Transcranial Doppler‐Derived Cerebral Hemodynamic Parameters in the Noninvasive Assessment of Intracranial Pressure
Authors: Wakerley Benjamin R. , Kusuma Yohanna , Yeo Leonard L.L. , Liang Shen , Kumar Komal , Sharma Arvind K. , Sharma Vijay K. 
Published: March 2014

ABSTRACTBACKGROUNDTranscranial Doppler (TCD) ultrasonography is a noninvasive bedside tool that can evaluate cerebral blood flow hemodynamics in major intracranial arteries. TCD‐derived pulsatility index (PI) is believed to be influenced by intracranial pressure (ICP).OBJECTIVETo correlate TCD‐PI with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pressure (representing ICP), measured by standard lumbar puncture (LP) manometry.METHODSCSF pressures (CSF‐P) were measured in 78 patients by LP manometry. Stable TCD spectra were obtained 5 minutes before LP from either middle cerebral arteries using Spencer's head frame and 2‐MHz transducer. PI values were calculated from the TCD spectra by an independent neurosonologist.RESULTSFactors displaying a significant relationship with CSF‐P included age (R = −.426, P < .0005); EDV (R = −.328, P = .002;) and PI (R = .650, P < .0005). On analyzing dichotomized data (CSF‐P < 20 vs. ≥ 20 cm H20) TCD‐PI was an independent determinant (OR per .1 increase in PI = 2.437; 95% CI, 1.573‐3.777; P < .0005). PI ≥ 1.26 could reliably predict CSF‐P ≥ 20 cm H20 (sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and overall accuracy were 81.1%, 96.3%, 93.8%, 88.1%, and 90.1% respectively).CONCLUSIONTCD‐derived PI could be used to identify patients with CSF‐P ≥ 20 cm H20 and may play an important role as a monitoring tool.
Temporal Lobe Epilepsy with Unilateral Amygdala Enlargement: Morphometric MR Analysis with Clinical and Pathological Study
Authors: Kimura Yukio , Sato Noriko , Saito Yuko , Ito Kimiteru , Kamiya Kouhei , Nakata Yasuhiro , Watanabe Masako , Maikusa Norihide , Matsuda Hiroshi , Sugimoto Hideharu 
Published: March 2014

ABSTRACTBACKGROUND AND PURPOSEAmygdala enlargement (AE) has been reported as an epileptogenic focus in subtypes of temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). The purpose of this study was to investigate the clinical, morphological, and pathological characteristics of AE.METHODSWe retrospectively reviewed the clinical data and imaging findings of 23 TLE patients with ipsilateral AE. We performed morphological MR analyses using FreeSurfer and voxel‐based morphometry (VBM) in 14 of the 23 patients and in 20 controls whose images were obtained by a 3.0‐Tesla MRI. A pathological study was also performed in 2 patients who underwent operations.RESULTSAll patients became seizure free or shSowed dramatic improvement by medical therapy except for two. They received operations and their pathology revealed that both patients had cortical dysplasia in from the amygdala to the ipsilateral temporal pole. The FreeSurfer analysis showed a significant difference in the amygdala volumes between the affected and nonaffected sides. VBM revealed significant increases of gray matter volumes of the temporal pole on the side of AE in seven of the 14 patients with AE (50%).CONCLUSIONSCortical dysplasia may be one of the pathological diagnoses in AE, and in some patients it may extend to the temporal pole.
System‐Wide Information About Family Carers of Adults With Intellectual/Developmental Disabilities—A Scoping Review of the Literature
Authors: Lunsky Yona , Tint Ami , Robinson Suzanne , Gordeyko Marcia , Ouellette‐Kuntz Hélène 
Published: March 2014

AbstractFamily carers play an important role supporting individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities (I/DD) into adulthood. Funders of services often desire this ongoing involvement by family members yet they rarely collect data about family carers. As policy makers and planners are increasingly recognizing the need for information related to indicators of system performance, a scoping review was conducted to identify system‐wide information needed about family carers of adults with I/DD that would help improve the quality of service provided. A final review of 87 research articles was organized in terms of service use, service need, and permanency planning by family carers of adults with I/DD. Service use and need were associated with the presence of challenging behaviors among individuals with I/DD as well as carer demographics and health status. In addition, carers' subjective view of how well they think they can provide for their child in the future was an important determining factor of service need. Permanency planning was associated with child level of functioning as well as parent income, social support, and compound caregiving demands. Studies highlighted the importance of measuring family carers' mental and physical health and their perceptions of the adequacy of services received. Considered also were methodological limitations, highlighting considerations for future system monitoring. Methodological limitations of studies reviewed include reliance on cross‐sectional data, samples consisting of families already receiving at least some services, and little information about the process of seeking and obtaining services. Areas to target in future system monitoring include information on who needs services, what services are needed, families' perceptions of the caregiving experience and families' experiences waiting for services over time. Understanding the experiences of family carers as seekers of formal services can help inform policy and practice.
A Call for the Integration of Trauma‐Informed Care Among Intellectual and Developmental Disability Organizations
Authors: Keesler John M. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractResearch exploring the occurrence of trauma among adults with intellectual and developmental disabilities (I/DD) has grown over the past decade. Yet there is a dearth of literature investigating the impact of organizational factors on the trauma experience despite this population's need for organizational supports. Trauma‐informed care (TIC), a systems‐focused model for service delivery, is a fast‐developing interest among the broader field of trauma in the general population. It recognizes the prevalence and impact of trauma, and creates a culture of safety, trustworthiness, choice, collaboration, and empowerment. The author synthesized relevant literature from both the intellectual and developmental disabilities areas and integrated this with TIC and trauma literature drawn from the general population. Explored are the implications of organizations for service delivery and the potential assimilation of TIC within I/DD organizations. The effectiveness of TIC applications and their potential barriers are discussed and related to the philosophy of quality of life and organizational culture. The author notes that some individuals with I/DD comprise a vulnerable subgroup of the population that in large part relies upon the support of organizational services to foster quality of life. Given the implications of the focus on quality of life, he posits that TIC presents as a viable response for organizations, complimenting and augmenting current efforts.
Agreement of Serum Spec cPL with the 1,2‐o‐Dilauryl‐Rac‐Glycero Glutaric Acid‐(6′‐methylresorufin) Ester (DGGR) Lipase Assay and with Pancreatic Ultrasonography in Dogs with Suspected Pancreatitis
Authors: Kook P.H. , Kohler N. , Hartnack S. , Riond B. , Reusch C.E. 
Published: March 2014

BackgroundSpeccPLis the most sensitive and specific test for diagnosing pancreatitis in dogs. Its results have not been compared to those of the 1,2‐o‐dilauryl‐rac‐glycero‐3‐glutaric acid‐(6′‐methylresorufin) ester (DGGR) lipase assay or those of abdominal ultrasonography.ObjectivesTo investigate agreement of SpeccPLwithDGGRlipase activity and pancreatic ultrasonography in dogs with suspected pancreatitis.AnimalsOne hundred and forty‐two dogs.MethodsDGGRlipase activity (reference range, 24–108 U/L) and SpeccPLwere measured using the same sample. The time interval between ultrasonography and lipase determinations was <24 hours. The agreement of the 2 lipase assays at different cutoffs and the agreement between pancreatic ultrasonography and the 2 tests were assessed using Cohen's kappa coefficient (κ).ResultsDGGRlipase (>108, >216 U/L) and SpeccPL(>200 μg/L) had κ values of 0.79 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.69–0.9) and 0.70 (CI, 0.58–0.82).DGGRlipase (>108, >216 U/L) and SpeccPL(>400 μg/L) had κ values of 0.55 (CI, 0.43–0.67) and κ of 0.80 (CI, 0.71–0.9). An ultrasonographic diagnosis of pancreatitis andDGGRlipase (>108, >216 U/L) had κ values of 0.29 (CI, 0.14–0.44) and 0.35 (CI, 0.18–0.52). Ultrasonographically diagnosed pancreatitis and SpeccPL(>200, >400 μg/L) had κ values of 0.25 (CI, 0.08–0.41) and 0.27 (CI, 0.09–0.45).Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceAlthough both lipase assays showed high agreement, agreement between ultrasonography and lipase assays results was only fair. Because lipase results are deemed more accurate, ultrasonography results should be interpreted carefully.
Legalism: Introducing a Concept and Analyzing Aspects of Han Fei's Political Philosophy
Authors: Harris Eirik Lang 
Published: March 2014

Abstract‘Legalism’ is a term that has long been used to categorize a group of early Chinese philosophers including, but not limited to, Han Fei (Han Feizi), Shen Dao, Shen Buhai, and Shang Yang. However, the usefulness of this term has been contested for nearly as long. This essay has the goal of introducing the idea of ‘Legalism’ and laying out aspects of the political thought of Han Fei, the most prominent of these thinkers. In this essay, I first lay out how the term Legalism could be useful and what would be necessary in order for it to serve that use. I then turn to an investigation of certain aspects of the most prominent Legalist philosopher, Han Fei, that is quite important for understanding his philosophy and situating him in the context of the early Chinese philosophical milieu. In particular, I focus on an analysis of Han Fei's conception of the Way (dao), arguing that features of his philosophy most often discussed, namely, his advocacy of law (fa), administrative techniques (shu), and positional power (shi), arise out of his conception of a cosmic Way. I then turn to Han Fei's understanding of the role of history, demonstrating how it differs radically from the views of his contemporaries, raising serious challenges to Confucian, Daoist, and Mohist conceptions of history.
Main sugar composition of floral nectar in three species groups of Scrophularia (Scrophulariaceae) with different principal pollinators
Authors: Rodríguez‐Riaño T. , Ortega‐Olivencia A. , López J. , Pérez‐Bote J. L. , Navarro‐Pérez M. L. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractIn some angiosperm groups, a parallelism between nectar traits and pollination syndromes has been demonstrated, whereas in others there is not such relationship and it has been explained as due to phylogenetic constraints. However, nectar trait information remains scarce for many plant groups. This paper focuses on three groups of Scrophularia species, with different flower sizes and principal pollinators, to find out whether nectar sugar composition is determined by pollinator type or reflects taxonomic affinities. Since the species we examined have protogynous flowers, and gender bias in nectar sugar composition has been noted in few plant groups, we also investigated whether sexual phase influenced Scrophularia nectar composition. The sugar composition was found to be similar in all species, having high‐sucrose nectar, except for the Macaronesian Scrophularia calliantha, which was the only species with balanced nectar; this last kind of nectar could be associated with the high interaction rates observed between S. calliantha and passerine birds. The nectar sugar composition (high in sucrose) was unrelated to the principal pollinator group, and could instead be considered a conservative taxonomic trait. No gender bias was observed between functionally female and male flowers for nectar volume or concentration. However, sexual phase significantly affected sucrose percentage in the largest‐flowered species, where the female phase flowers had higher sucrose percentages than the male phase flowers.
Two Notions of Shame
Authors: Berkovski Y. Sandy 
Published: March 2014

AbstractOn most accounts present in the literature, the complex experience of shame has the injury to self‐esteem as its main component. A rival view, originally propounded byStAugustine, relates shame to the structure of human agency, and more specifically, to the conflict between will and desire. A recent version of this view developed byDavidVelleman relates shame to the capacity of self‐presentation and the need for privacy. I examine two different interpretations ofVelleman's theory and argue that neither suggests a credible alternative to the received view.
Leadership as a Dominant Cultural Myth: A Strain‐Based Perspective on Leadership Approaches
Authors: Islam Gazi 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThe current paper is a review of leadership theory from the perspective of “strain” theories of conceptual development. From this perspective, key cultural concepts emerge to the extent that they can mediate between contradictory cultural values and symbolically capture both sides of opposing dimensions, leading such concepts to become both generally attractive and semantically ambiguous. I argue that the leadership literature, with its highly varied and sometimes contradictory conceptualizations of leadership, can be understood as such a symbolic mediation. To illustrate, the review illustrates several classical leadership approaches as attempts to capture both sides of the value dimensions of individualism–collectivism and agency–structure. While generally privileging one side of each dimension, each leadership approach tries to explain both sides, with some approaches taking borderline or hybrid positions. The potential of this approach to understanding leadership scholarship, and to building reflexivity in scholarship, is discussed.
Comparison of different diagnostic tools for the detection of Anaplasma phagocytophilum in dogs
Authors: Barth Charlotte , Straubinger Reinhard K. , Müller Elisabeth , Sauter‐Louis Carola , Hartmann Katrin 
Published: March 2014

BackgroundAnaplasma phagocytophilum is common in dogs, but the best way to diagnose an infection is still not determined. Antibody detection assays are frequently used in veterinary practice. Additionally, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is available for detection of A phagocytophilum DNA. It is still unknown, how well different diagnostic methods correlate.ObjectivesThe aim of the study was to compare 2 antibody detection assays, an immunofluorescence assay (IFA) and the ELISA SNAP4Dx, and to determine the correlation of these assays by evaluating the sensitivity and specificity compared with PCR as a direct detection method of the organism.MethodsSera of 200 prospectively included dogs were tested for antibodies to A phagocytophilum using IFA and SNAP4Dx. DNA of the organism was detected by PCR on whole blood. Sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values, including their 95% confidence intervals, were calculated for IFA and SNAP4Dx in relation to PCR.ResultsFour of 200 animals were PCR‐positive. Sensitivity of IFA and SNAP4Dx was 100% (95% CI 51.01–100). Specificity of IFA was 52.9% (95% CI 50.42–64.17) and that of SNAP4Dx, 57.4% (95% CI 45.83–59.70). Agreement of the 2 antibody tests was fair (κ 0.334).ConclusionsImmunofluorescence assay and SNAP4Dx were very sensitive and therefore can be useful as screening tests for A phagocytophilum infection. However, the specificity was low, and agreement between both antibody tests was insufficient. This could be due to either false‐positive antibody test results, or false‐negative PCR results in dogs that were actually infected.
Temporal Kinetics and Quantitative Analysis of Cryptococcus neoformans Nonlytic Exocytosis
Authors: Stukes Sabriya A. , Cohen Hillel W. , Casadevall Arturo 
Published: March 2014

ABSTRACT

Cryptococcus neoformans
is a facultative intracellular pathogen and the causative agent of cryptococcosis, a disease that is often fatal to those with compromised immune systems.
C. neoformans
has the capacity to escape phagocytic cells through a process known as nonlytic exocytosis whereby the cryptococcal cell is released from the macrophage into the extracellular environment, leaving both the host and pathogen alive. Little is known about the mechanism behind nonlytic exocytosis, but there is evidence that both the fungal and host cells contribute to the process. In this study, we used time-lapse movies of
C. neoformans
-infected macrophages to delineate the kinetics and quantitative aspects of nonlytic exocytosis. We analyzed approximately 800 macrophages containing intracellular
C. neoformans
and identified 163 nonlytic exocytosis events that were further characterized into three subcategories: type I (complete emptying of macrophage), type II (partial emptying of macrophage), and type III (cell-to-cell transfer). The majority of type I and II events occurred after several hours of intracellular residence, whereas type III events occurred significantly (
P
< 0.001) earlier in the course of macrophage infection. Our results show that nonlytic exocytosis is a morphologically and temporally diverse process that occurs relatively rapidly in the course of macrophage infection.
BPSS1504
, a Cluster 1 Type VI Secretion Gene, Is Involved in Intracellular Survival and Virulence of Burkholderia pseudomallei
Authors: Hopf Verena , Göhler André , Eske-Pogodda Kristin , Bast Antje , Steinmetz Ivo , Breitbach Katrin 
Published: March 2014

ABSTRACT

Burkholderia pseudomallei
is a Gram-negative rod and the causative agent of melioidosis, an emerging infectious disease of tropical and subtropical areas worldwide.
B. pseudomallei
harbors a remarkable number of virulence factors, including six type VI secretion systems (T6SS). Using our previously described plaque assay screening system, we identified a
B. pseudomallei
transposon mutant defective in the
BPSS1504
gene that showed reduced plaque formation. The
BPSS1504
locus is encoded within T6SS cluster 1 (T6SS1), which is known to be involved in the pathogenesis of
B. pseudomallei
in mammalian hosts. For further analysis, a
B. pseudomallei
BPSS1504
deletion (
Bp
Δ
BPSS1504
) mutant and complemented mutant strain were constructed.
B. pseudomallei
lacking the
BPSS1504
gene was highly attenuated in BALB/c mice, whereas the
in vivo
virulence of the complemented mutant strain was fully restored to the wild-type level. The
Bp
Δ
BPSS1504
mutant showed impaired intracellular replication and formation of multinucleated giant cells in macrophages compared with wild-type bacteria, whereas the induction of actin tail formation within host cells was not affected. These observations resembled the phenotype of a mutant lacking
hcp1
, which is an integral component of the T6SS1 apparatus and is associated with full functionality of the T6SS1. Transcriptional expression of the T6SS components
vgrG
,
tssA
, and
hcp1
, as well as the T6SS regulators
virAG
,
bprC
, and
bsaN
, was not dependent on
BPSS1504
expression. However, secretion of Hcp1 was not detectable in the absence of
BPSS1504
. Thus, BPSS1504 seems to serve as a T6SS component that affects Hcp1 secretion and is therefore involved in the integrity of the T6SS1 apparatus.
Seminal Plasma Initiates a Neisseria gonorrhoeae Transmission State
Authors: Anderson Mark T. , Dewenter Lena , Maier Berenike , Seifert H. Steven 
Published: March 2014

ABSTRACT

Niche-restricted pathogens are evolutionarily linked with the specific biological fluids that are encountered during infection.
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
causes the genital infection gonorrhea and is exposed to seminal fluid during sexual transmission. Treatment of
N. gonorrhoeae
with seminal plasma or purified semen proteins lactoferrin, serum albumin, and prostate-specific antigen each facilitated type IV pilus-mediated twitching motility of the bacterium. Motility in the presence of seminal plasma was characterized by high velocity and low directional persistence. In addition, infection of epithelial cells with
N. gonorrhoeae
in the presence of seminal plasma resulted in enhanced microcolony formation. Close association of multiple pili in the form of bundles was also disrupted after seminal plasma treatment leading to an increase in the number of single pilus filaments on the bacterial surface. Thus, exposure of
N. gonorrhoeae
to seminal plasma is proposed to alter bacterial motility and aggregation characteristics to influence the processes of transmission and colonization.

IMPORTANCE
There are greater than 100 million estimated new cases of gonorrhea annually worldwide. Research characterizing the mechanisms of pathogenesis and transmission of
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
is important for developing new prevention strategies, since antibiotic resistance of the organism is becoming increasingly prevalent. Our work identifies seminal plasma as a mediator of
N. gonorrhoeae
twitching motility and microcolony formation through functional modification of the type IV pilus. These findings provide insight into motility dynamics and epithelial cell colonization under conditions that are relevant to sexual transmission. Type IV pili are common virulence factors with diverse functions among bacterial pathogens, and this work identifies interactions between type IV pili and the host environment. Finally, this work illustrates the importance of the host environment and niche-specific fluids on microbial pathogenesis.
The Role of CRISPR-Cas Systems in Virulence of Pathogenic Bacteria
Authors: Louwen Rogier , Staals Raymond H. J. , Endtz Hubert P. , van Baarlen Peter , van der Oost John 
Published: March 2014

SUMMARY
Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) and CRISPR-associated (Cas) genes are present in many bacterial and archaeal genomes. Since the discovery of the typical CRISPR loci in the 1980s, well before their physiological role was revealed, their variable sequences have been used as a complementary typing tool in diagnostic, epidemiologic, and evolutionary analyses of prokaryotic strains. The discovery that CRISPR spacers are often identical to sequence fragments of mobile genetic elements was a major breakthrough that eventually led to the elucidation of CRISPR-Cas as an adaptive immunity system. Key elements of this unique prokaryotic defense system are small CRISPR RNAs that guide nucleases to complementary target nucleic acids of invading viruses and plasmids, generally followed by the degradation of the invader. In addition, several recent studies have pointed at direct links of CRISPR-Cas to regulation of a range of stress-related phenomena. An interesting example concerns a pathogenic bacterium that possesses a CRISPR-associated ribonucleoprotein complex that may play a dual role in defense and/or virulence. In this review, we describe recently reported cases of potential involvement of CRISPR-Cas systems in bacterial stress responses in general and bacterial virulence in particular.