bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Projection of a Test Genome onto a Reference Population and Applications to Humans and Archaic Hominins
Authors: Yang Melinda A , Harris Kelley , Slatkin Montgomery 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
We introduce a method for comparing a test genome with numerous genomes from a reference population. Sites in the test genome are given a weight, w, that depends on the allele frequency, x, in the reference population. The projection of the test genome onto the reference population is the average weight for each x, w¯(x). The weight is assigned in such a way that, if the test genome is a random sample from the reference population, then w¯(x)=1. Using analytic theory, numerical analysis, and simulations, we show how the projection depends on the time of population splitting, the history of admixture, and changes in past population size. The projection is sensitive to small amounts of past admixture, the direction of admixture, and admixture from a population not sampled (a ghost population). We compute the projections of several human and two archaic genomes onto three reference populations from the 1000 Genomes project—Europeans, Han Chinese, and Yoruba—and discuss the consistency of our analysis with previously published results for European and Yoruba demographic history. Including higher amounts of admixture between Europeans and Yoruba soon after their separation and low amounts of admixture more recently can resolve discrepancies between the projections and demographic inferences from some previous studies.
Anthropometric Analysis of the Velopharynx and Related Craniometric Dimensions in Three Adult Populations Using MRI
Authors: Perry Jamie L. , Kuehn David P. , Sutton Bradley P. , Gamage Jinadasa K. , Fang Xiangming 
Published: October 2014

Objective The purpose of this study is to examine effects of sex, race, and craniometry among three distinct racial groups of adults with normal velopharyngeal anatomy and to determine whether craniofacial structures could be used to predict velopharyngeal structures. Methods A total of 88 adults across three racial groups including white, black, and Asian (Japanese) participated. Magnetic resonance images were obtained using a high-resolution, three-dimensional anatomical scan. Measurements were obtained on the levator veli palatini muscle, velum, and craniofacial structures. Results Head circumference was used as a covariate to control the effect of overall cranial size on the analyses. Palate height, linear cranial base, and face height and width vary based on sex, with men demonstrating larger values compared with women. Linear base values, cranial base angle, and face width vary significantly based on race, with Japanese subjects showing the smallest anterior to posterior measures and larger face-width values. Levator muscle measures, excluding angle measures, vary significantly ( P < .0001) based on sex. There was no statistically significant difference ( P > .05) among racial groups in the levator muscle measures. Velar length and thickness varied significantly based on race and sex. Conclusions This is the first study to examine the interaction of race and sex on levator muscle morphology. In spite of the differences in velar dimensions, no significant differences were found in muscle size, specifically the levator veli palatini, which is contained within the velum.
Hyperglucose Contributes to Periodontitis: Involvement of the NLRP3 Pathway by Engaging the Innate Immunity of Oral Gingival Epithelium
Authors: Huang Xin , Yang Xi , Ni Jia , Xie Baoyi , Liu Yeungyeung , Xuan Dongying , Zhang Jincai 
Published: October 2014

Background: The NLRP3 inflammasome is essentially a family of intracellular innate immune sensors that can respond to bacterial challenge and initiate early host immunity responses. However, the involvement and possible molecular mechanism of the NLRP3 pathway in the context of chronic periodontitis (CP) and diabetes mellitus have yet to be fully elucidated.Methods: Gingival tissues were collected from patients with CP and/or type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and the expression of NLRP3 and interleukin (IL)‐1β was analyzed by immunohistochemistry. To explore the possible molecular mechanism, human gingival epithelial cells (HGECs) were established in vitro and challenged with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and/or high glucose. High extracellular K+ was applied as an inhibitor of NLRP3. The NLRP3 pathway was analyzed by immunocytochemistry and quantitative polymerase chain reaction.Results: Compared with control individuals, NLRP3 and IL‐1β were significantly upregulated in oral gingival epithelium of patients with CP and/or T2DM (P <0.05). The expression of NLRP3 was significantly upregulated in HGECs when stimulated in vitro by LPS or high glucose (P = 0.00). The simultaneous stimulation of LPS and high glucose contributed to significant upregulation of NLRP3 expression versus LPS or high glucose alone (P = 0.00). Although expression of caspase 1 and IL‐1β protein were increased in HGECs when stimulated by LPS, they were partially inhibited after the NLRP3 was successfully blocked.Conclusion: For patients with T2DM and CP, hyperglycemic status may exacerbate the inflammation state of gingival tissue by activating the NLRP3 pathway, and this abnormal host inflammatory response may contribute to further tissue breakdown.
Hemoglobin A1c and the Progression of Coronary Artery Calcification Among Adults Without Diabetes
Authors: Carson April P. , Steffes Michael W. , Carr J. Jeffrey , Kim Yongin , Gross Myron D. , Carnethon Mercedes R. , Reis Jared P. , Loria Catherine M. , Jacobs David R. , Lewis Cora E. 
Published: October 2014

OBJECTIVE
Higher levels of hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) are associated with increased cardiovascular disease risk among individuals without diabetes and may also be positively associated with coronary artery calcification (CAC). This study investigated the association of HbA1c with CAC progression in the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults study.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
We included 2,076 participants with HbA1c and noncontrast computed tomography (CT) assessed at baseline (2005–2006), and CT repeated 5 years later (2010–2011). CAC progression was defined as 1) incident CAC (increase &gt;0 Agatston units among those with no CAC at baseline), 2) any CAC progression (increase &gt;10 Agatston units between examinations), and 3) advanced CAC progression (increase &gt;100 Agatston units between examinations).

RESULTS
During the 5-year follow-up period, 12.9% of participants without baseline CAC developed incident CAC; among all participants, 18.2% had any CAC progression and 5.4% had advanced CAC progression. Higher HbA1c was associated with incident CAC (risk ratio [RR] = 1.45; 95% CI 1.02, 2.06), any CAC progression (RR = 1.51; 95% CI 1.16, 1.96), and advanced CAC progression (RR = 2.42; 95% CI 1.47, 3.99) after adjustment for sociodemographic factors. Additional adjustment for cardiovascular risk factors attenuated the associations of HbA1c with incident CAC (RR = 1.05; 95% CI 0.74, 1.49) and any CAC progression (RR = 1.13; 95% CI 0.87, 1.47). In contrast, the association of HbA1c with advanced CAC progression persisted in multivariable adjusted models (RR = 1.78; 95% CI 1.08, 2.95).

CONCLUSIONS
Higher HbA1c was independently associated with advanced CAC progression among individuals without diabetes, while the associations with incident CAC and any CAC progression were accounted for by other established cardiovascular risk factors.
Differential Association Between Biomarkers of Subclinical Inflammation and Painful Polyneuropathy: Results From the KORA F4 Study
Authors: Herder Christian , Bongaerts Brenda W.C. , Rathmann Wolfgang , Heier Margit , Kowall Bernd , Koenig Wolfgang , Thorand Barbara , Roden Michael , Meisinger Christa , Ziegler Dan 
Published: October 2014

OBJECTIVE
Inflammatory processes have been implicated in the pathogenesis of painful neuropathy in rodents, but the relationship between inflammatory biomarkers and painful distal sensorimotor polyneuropathy (DSPN) has not been assessed in population-based studies. Therefore, we investigated whether circulating levels of seven pro- and anti-inflammatory immune mediators were associated with painful DSPN in older individuals in a large population-based study.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
The study population consisted of individuals with painless (n = 337) and painful DSPN (n = 54) from a source population (n = 1,047) of men and women aged 61–82 years who participated in the German KORA F4 survey (2006–2008). We measured circulating levels of seven immune mediators and assessed their associations with the presence of painful DSPN using multiple logistic regression models.

RESULTS
After adjustment for age and sex, we found positive associations between serum concentrations of the cytokine interleukin (IL)-6 and the soluble intercellular adhesion molecule (sICAM)-1 and painful DSPN (P = 0.004 and P = 0.005, respectively), whereas no associations were observed for C-reactive protein, IL-18, tumor necrosis factor-α, adiponectin, and IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RA, P = 0.07–0.38). Associations between IL-6 and sICAM-1 and painful DSPN remained significant after additional adjustment for waist circumference, height, hypertension, cholesterol, smoking, alcohol intake, physical activity, history of myocardial infarction and/or stroke, presence of other neurological conditions, and use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (P = 0.005 and P = 0.016, respectively).

CONCLUSIONS
Painful DSPN is linked to systemic subclinical and vascular inflammation in the older population independent of anthropometric, lifestyle, and metabolic confounders.
Sectoral Interdependencies and Key Sectors in the Romanian, Hungarian and Slovak Economy – An Approach Based on Input-Output Analysis
Authors: Balla Emese 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
The aim of this paper is to analyse sectoral interdependencies and to identify the key sectors in the Romanian, Hungarian and Slovak economy, drawing a comparison between these three countries. In order to do these investigations, input-output analysis is applied, as it is based on a model which presents interactions between sectors of the economy. This method can also be used for determining the role of each sector in the national economy regarding its contribution to the total output, incomes, exportimport and so on, and for quantifying direct and indirect impact on the whole economy caused by any change produced in a sector’s activity. As the results of the analyses show, several similarities and differences appear in the economic structure, the sectoral interdependencies and the key sectors of the analysed countries. For example, in Romania, intersectoral transactions are axing mainly on the Trade and Manufacturing sectors, while in Hungary and Slovakia on the Manufacturing and Other professional, scientific and technical services sectors. Key sectors - identified by applying output and income backward linkages - also differ as in Romania the output backward linkage is the largest in the case of the Trade sector, in Hungary, in the Food sector and in Slovakia in the Electricity, gas, water and waste management sector. In the case of the income linkages, Social, collective and personal services rank in the first place in all three countries
Changes in Education Funding in Hungary
Authors: Madaras Attila , Varga József 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
Our study examines some of the key aspects of education funding in Hungary. The theme of this publication is a current issue because the financing of Hungarian education has been dramatically changed from October 2013 on. Enrolment-based funding has been replaced by the average salary-based normative support, and the new “teacher career model” has been introduced. The study demonstrates the changes in financing using a model school, the calculations being based on the Budget Act of each year. We look at the trends of the previous system of financing, analysing the data from 2003 to 2012. We can compare the new, average salary-based funding with the normative support in 2012. By comparing the two types of funding, we attempt to find out whether the changes in Hungarian public education represent an opportunity for true transformation or they will remain a mere alteration in the calculation method of funding.
A Comparison of Algorithms for Conjoint Choice Designs
Authors: Illyés László , Sándor Zsolt 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
We study the performance of some widely-used design construction algorithms like the coordinate exchange and swapping-cycling as well as some of their versions. We measure performance in two ways, namely, first, by measuring jointly both running time and the efficiency achieved, and, second, by fixing the running time of the algorithms and measuring the efficiency achieved while allowing the number of choice situations to vary. In addition, we also analyse the performance in terms of heterogeneous designs. A somewhat surprising outcome of our analyses is that a simplified version of the joint swapping-cycling algorithm outperforms the coordinate-exchange algorithm irrespective of the performance measure.
Determinants of Intra-Industry Trade in Agricultural and Food Products Between Poland and EU Countries
Authors: Łapinska Justyna 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
The present study investigates the country-specific determinants of intra-industry trade between Poland and its European Union trading partners in agricultural and food products during the time period 2002-2011. An econometric model for panel data is applied for the analysis of the factors determining Polish bilateral intra-industry trade with European Union countries. The research leads to the formulation of a statement that the intensity of intra-industry trade in agricultural and food products is positively influenced by the intensity of trade with EU countries and the level of economic development of the member countries (as measured by the size of their GDP per capita). Increase in intra-trade turnover is also facilitated by EU membership and by the fact that Poland’s trade partners use similar Slavic-based languages. Relative differences in the size of the economies and relative differences in Poland’s and its trading partners’ levels of economic development have a negative impact. The degree of the imbalance of trade turnover between trading partners also negatively influences the intensity of intra-trade exchange. The research confirms that the impact of all of the identified factors determining intra-industry trade is consistent with the predictions of the theory.
German Language Proficiency among Students of Business and Management in the Czech Republic and its Perception: The Importance of German Language Skills on the Labour Market and the Role of Universities in Foreign Language Training
Authors: Zinecker Marek , Konečná Zdeňka 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
This paper presents the results of an empirical study designed to map German language proficiency among students at Czech universities of business and management. The results of this empirical survey can be summarised as follows. First, the ability of students at Czech universities of business and management to communicate in German is poor, and exceeds the general German language proficiency of the Czech population only to an insignificant extent. Second, the school environment (the opportunity to learn the language, compulsory subject, language study motivation) has a decisive influence on the respondents’ ability to communicate in German. Third, nearly three-quarters of the respondents perceive German as a language that is very or rather important for their profession and career growth. Fourth, almost two-thirds of the respondents consider the role played by a university of business and management in the improvement of German language proficiency rather or very important. In conclusion, the study proposes directions for the potential development of the national educational system in the area of German language proficiency of university graduates in business and management in the Czech Republic, with an emphasis on the concept of content and language integrated learning (CLIL). We believe that the survey results are also very important from the point of view of enterprises operating in the Czech Republic because of the very close economic relations between the Czech Republic and German-speaking countries.
Exploring Links Between Cooperation, Internationalization and Proftability: A Study of Polish Manufacturing Companies
Authors: Mazur Jolanta , Zaborek Piotr 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
The paper is focused on developing a predictive, statistical model depicting the relationships among companies' involvement in internationalization, engagement in cooperation with business partners and their fnancial performance.
Data were collected through a CATI survey of managers of medium-sized Polish manufacturing enterprises. The principal statistical technique employed was binary logistic regression. The regression equation model contained four statistically significant dichotomous predictors: (1) sales abroad above 30% of total sales, (2) cooperation with foreign suppliers, (3) cooperation with domestic distributors, and (4) Export-Only Early-Internationalized status of the company. The two former variables were correlated positively with the profit margin, while the two latter shown negative associations.
The principal limitation of the study was a relatively small sample size of 110 units that, while enough to detect patterns with strong and medium-strong effect sizes, might not have provided sufficient power to identify weaker associations. Generalizations were also constrained by the selection criteria of the sample to medium-sized Polish enterprises from traditional manufacturing B2B industries.
The study yielded a regression model that permitted isolation of the main factors linked to the degree of sales profitability, which could assist managers in their efforts to enhance profit margins and in competitor analysis. The originality of the approach involves using a comprehensive list of 25 potential predictors in analysis that represented salient dimensions of cooperation and internationalization. The predictive capacities of the model were found to be sufficient to make it useful for both scholars and practitioners. The research relied on a sample drawn from the population that has rarely been studied on similar subjects.
Subjective and Objective Health of the Population Aged 50+ and the Welfare State Regimes in 16 European Countries
Authors: Romaniuk Joanna 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
Health at 50+ issues are particularly important now, when the inevitable increase in the old-age dependency ratio calls for governmental involvement in measures that are aimed at mitigating the negative effects of population aging in Europe. The investigations of differences between the subjective and objective health measures in a welfare state regime perspective have not been conducted before although it can be assumed that such analyses might provide valuable information about the impact of welfare regime on health as well as about the interchangeability between the self-reported and measured health.
The main objective of this study was to determine whether the type of welfare regime influences the subjective and objective health of the population aged 50+. Hierarchical logistic regression models were applied to examine this subject. Analyses were conducted for 16 European countries (N=57236) classified into four different types of welfare regimes: social democratic, post-socialist, conservative-corporatist and Mediterranean. The empirical results suggest that the type of welfare regime helps to explain the variations in the subjective health between countries as well as the differences between individuals. However, it does not explain the differences in objective health when analyzing all socio-economic groups collectively. Analyzes performed within defined socioeconomic groups showed that the types of welfare regimes differentiated between both subjective and objective health in the majority of defined groups, however, the health of those least well-of in all of the analyzed welfare regimes was found to be similar. The different results obtained for both subjective and objective health in post-socialist and Mediterranean countries suggest that these two types of measurement should not be used interchangeably.
Innovation and Internationalization of Hungarian SMEs in the IT Industry
Authors: Csonka László 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
The aim of this paper is to look at the extent and type of internationalization among Hungarian information technology (IT) small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) and the possible relationship between the degree of innovativeness and the internationalization of these companies. Information technologies play an important role in the Hungarian economy: this sector is one of the most R&D intensive industries in which many SMEs are active.
The paper reviews relevant theories of internationalization in research, development and innovation (RDI) to give a broader picture of the environment in which SMEs have to succeed. This is followed by a secondary data analysis to show the situation of the industry in Hungary, then by an analysis of the survey data and interviews designed specifically for the purpose of this research.
The new empirical results show that Hungarian IT SMEs are still at the beginning of the internationalization process: while aware of the advantages of collaborations and internationalization, they are still reluctant to venture out of their “safety zone” and therefore they collaborate only with their closest partners. Very few SMEs have decided to establish international RDI contacts.
The analysis suggests that the main barriers in internationalization of the Hungarian SMEs are due to lack of capital, appropriate managerial capabilities and innovation-friendly economic environment.
So far, most theories/empirical research have concentrated on the role and activities of multinational enterprises in the internationalization of RDI, while in the literature less relevant knowledge on SMEs is available. The aim of this paper is to contribute to this latter part of the literature by analyzing the international activities of innovative/R&D-intensive SMEs in Hungary.
International Trade and Foreign Direct Investment as Innovation Factors of the U.S. Economy
Authors: Napiórkowski Tomasz M. 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
The aim of this research is to asses the hypothesis that foreign direct investment (FDI) and international trade have had a positive impact on innovation in one of the most significant economies in the world, the United States (U.S.). To do so, the author used annual data from 1995 to 2010 to build a set of econometric models. In each model, 11 in total) the number of patent applications by U.S. residents is regressed on inward FDI stock, exports and imports of the economy as a collective, and in each of the 10 SITC groups separately.
Although the topic of FDI is widely covered in the literature, there are still disagreements when it comes to the impact of foreign direct investment on the host economy [McGrattan, 2011]. To partially address this gap, this research approaches the host economy not only as an aggregate, but also as a sum of its components (i.e., SITC groups), which to the knowledge of this author has not yet been done on the innovation-FDI-trade plane, especially for the U.S.
Unfortunately, the study suffers from the lack of available data. For example, the number of patents and other used variables is reported in the aggregate and not for each SITC groups (e.g., trade). As a result, our conclusions regarding exports and imports in a specific SITC category (and the total) impact innovation in the U.S. is reported in the aggregate.
General notions found in the literature are first shown and discussed. Second, the dynamics of innovation, trade and inward FDI stock in the U.S. are presented. Third, the main portion of the work, i.e. the econometric study, takes place, leading to several policy applications and conclusions.