bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Biological ice nucleation initiates hailstone formation
Authors: Michaud Alexander B. , Dore John E. , Leslie Deborah , Lyons W. Berry , Sands David C. , Priscu John C. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractCloud condensation and ice nuclei in the troposphere are required precursors to cloud and precipitation formation, both of which influence the radiative balance of Earth. The initial stage of hailstone formation (i.e., the embryo) and the subsequent layered growth allow hail to be used as a model for the study of nucleation processes in precipitation. By virtue of the preserved particle and isotopic record captured by hailstones, they represent a unique form of precipitation that allows direct characterization of the particles present during atmospheric ice nucleation. Despite the ecological and economic consequences of hail storms, the dynamics of hailstone nucleation, and thus their formation, are not well understood. Our experiments show that hailstone embryos from three Rocky Mountain storms contained biological ice nuclei capable of freezing water at warm, subzero (°C) temperatures, indicating that biological particles can act as nucleation sites for hailstone formation. These results are corroborated by analysis of δD and δ18O from melted hailstone embryos, which show that the hailstones formed at similarly warm temperatures in situ. Low densities of ice nucleation active abiotic particles were also present in hailstone embryos, but their low concentration indicates they were not likely to have catalyzed ice formation at the warm temperatures determined from water stable isotope analysis. Our study provides new data on ice nucleation occurring at the bottom of clouds, an atmospheric region whose processes are critical to global climate models but which has challenged instrument‐based measurements.
The blue water footprint and land use of biofuels from algae
Authors: Gerbens‐Leenes P. W. , Xu L. , de Vries G. J. , Hoekstra A. Y. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractBiofuels from microalgae are potentially important sources of liquid renewable energy. Algae are not yet produced on a large scale, but research shows promising results. This study assesses the blue water footprint (WF) and land use of algae‐based biofuels. It combines the WF concept with an energy balance approach to determine the blue WF of net energy. The study considers open ponds and closed photobioreactors (PBRs). All systems have a positive energy balance, with output‐input ratios ranging between 1.13 and 1.98. This study shows that the WF of algae‐based biofuels lies between 8 and 193 m3/GJ net energy provided. The land use of microalgal biofuels ranges from 20 to 200 m2/GJ net energy. For a scenario in which algae‐based biofuels provide 3.5% of the transportation fuels in the European Union in 2030, the system with the highest land productivity needs 17,000 km2 to produce the 850 PJ/yr. Producing all algae‐based biofuels through the system with the highest water productivity would lead to a blue WF of 7 Gm3/yr, which is equivalent to 15% of the present blue WF in the EU28. A transition to algae‐based transportation fuels will substantially increase competition over water and land resources.
Endomicroscopy and electromyography of neuromuscular junctions in situ
Authors: Brown Rosalind , Dissanayake Kosala N. , Skehel Paul A. , Ribchester Richard R 
Published: October 2014

AbstractObjectiveElectromyography (EMG) is used routinely to diagnose neuromuscular dysfunction in a wide range of peripheral neuropathies, myopathies, and neuromuscular degenerative diseases including motor neuron diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Definitive neurological diagnosis may also be indicated by the analysis of pathological neuromuscular innervation in motor‐point biopsies. Our objective in this study was to preempt motor‐point biopsy by combining live imaging with electrophysiological analysis of slow degeneration of neuromuscular junctions (NMJs) in vivo.MethodsWe combined conventional needle electromyography with fiber‐optic confocal endomicroscopy (CEM), using an integrated hand‐held, 1.5‐mm‐diameter probe. We utilized as a test bed, various axotomized muscles in the hind limbs of anaesthetized, double‐homozygous thy1.2YFP16: WldS mice, which coexpress the Wallerian‐degeneration Slow (WldS) protein and yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) in motor neurons. We also tested exogenous vital stains, including Alexa488‐α‐bungarotoxin; the styryl pyridinium dye 4‐Di‐2‐Asp; and a GFP conjugate of botulinum toxin Type A heavy chain (GFP‐HcBoNT/A).ResultsWe show that an integrated EMG/CEM probe is effective in longitudinal evaluation of functional and morphological changes that take place over a 7‐day period during axotomy‐induced, slow neuromuscular synaptic degeneration. EMG amplitude declined in parallel with overt degeneration of motor nerve terminals. EMG/CEM was safe and effective when nerve terminals and motor endplates were selectively stained with vital dyes.InterpretationOur findings constitute proof‐of‐concept, based on live imaging in an animal model, that combining EMG/CEM may be useful as a minimally invasive precursor or alternative to motor‐point biopsy in neurological diagnosis and for monitoring local administration of potential therapeutics.
Two Dosing Regimens of Certolizumab Pegol in Patients With Active Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Furst D. E. , Shaikh S. A. , Greenwald M. , Bennett B. , Davies O. , Luijtens K. , Staelens F. , Koetse W. , Bertin P. 
Published: October 2014

ObjectiveTo investigate clinical efficacy and safety of 2 certolizumab pegol (CZP) maintenance dosing regimens plus methotrexate (MTX) in active rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients achieving the American College of Rheumatology 20% improvement criteria (ACR20) after the CZP 200 mg every 2 weeks open‐label run‐in period.MethodsDOSEFLEX (dosing flexibility) was a double‐blind, placebo‐controlled randomized study with an open‐label run‐in phase. During the run‐in phase, all patients received CZP 400 mg (weeks 0, 2, and 4) and 200 mg every 2 weeks to week 16. Week 16 ACR20 responders were randomized 1:1:1 at week 18 to CZP 200 mg every 2 weeks, 400 mg every 4 weeks, or placebo.ResultsA total of 209 (of 333) patients were randomized at week 18 (CZP: 200 mg, n = 70; 400 mg, n = 70; placebo, n = 69). Groups had similar baseline characteristics (week 0). Week 34 ACR20 response rates were comparable between the CZP 200 mg every 2 weeks and the 400 mg every 4 weeks groups (67.1% versus 65.2%), which was significantly higher than placebo (44.9%; P = 0.009 and P = 0.017). ACR50/70 and remission criteria were met more frequently in CZP groups than placebo at week 34, with similar responses between anti–tumor necrosis factor–experienced and naive patients. Improvements from baseline Disease Activity Score in 28 joints using the erythrocyte sedimentation rate and Health Assessment Questionnaire disability index scores were maintained in CZP groups from week 16 to 34 while worsening on placebo. Adverse event (AE) rates in the double‐blind phase were 62.9% versus 60.9% versus 62.3%; serious AE rates were 7.1% versus 2.9% versus 0.0% (CZP 200 mg, 400 mg, and placebo groups).ConclusionIn active RA patients with an incomplete MTX response, CZP 200 mg every 2 weeks and 400 mg every 4 weeks were comparable and better than placebo for maintaining clinical response to week 4 following a 16‐week, open‐label run‐in phase.
Intracellular Reduction‐Responsive Sheddable Copolymer Micelles for Targeted Anticancer Drug Delivery
Authors: Zhang Yuanyuan , Qu Qiuyu , Li Menghuan , Zhao Yanli 
Published: October 2014

AbstractIntracellular, reduction‐responsive, amphiphilic, copolymer micelles with cancer cell specificity were developed. The copolymer was prepared with controlled molecular weight and functionalities using a double‐headed initiator consisting of a disulfide linkage and folic acid targeting unit. The polymer could self‐assemble into spherical micelles, which were stable under physiological conditions. Anticancer drug doxorubicin (DOX) was encapsulated into the micelles during the micellization and then released rapidly into the environment under the stimulus of intracellular reducing agent glutathione. Flow cytometry and confocal laser scanning microscopy observations further indicated that DOX was successfully released from the internalized micelles into the cytoplasm, inducing apoptosis and cell death. The potential of the present copolymer micelles for application as anticancer drug carriers for targeted cancer therapy is promising.
Understanding the evolution of the windlass mechanism of the human foot from comparative anatomy: Insights, obstacles, and future directions
Authors: Griffin Nicole L. , Miller Charlotte E. , Schmitt Daniel , D'Août Kristiaan 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACTHumans stand alone from other primates in that we propel our bodies forward on a relatively stiff and arched foot and do so by employing an anatomical arrangement of bones and ligaments in the foot that can operate like a “windlass.” This is a significant evolutionary innovation, but it is currently unknown when during hominin evolution this mechanism developed and within what genera or species it originated. The presence of recently discovered fossils along with novel research in the past two decades have improved our understanding of foot mechanics in humans and other apes, making it possible to consider this question more fully. Here we review the main elements thought to be involved in the production of an effective, modern human‐like windlass mechanism. These elements are the triceps surae, plantar aponeurosis, medial longitudinal arch, and metatarsophalangeal joints. We discuss what is presently known about the evolution of these features and the challenges associated with identifying each of these specific components and/or their function in living and extinct primates for the purpose of predicting the presence of the windlass mechanism in our ancestors. In some cases we recommend alternative pathways for inferring foot mechanics and for testing the hypothesis that the windlass mechanism evolved to increase the speed and energetic efficiency of bipedal gait in hominins. Am J Phys Anthropol 156:1–10, 2015 © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Formation of continuous dense polymer layer at the surface of hollow fiber using a photografting process
Authors: Lasseuguette Elsa , Rouch Jean‐Christophe , Remigy Jean‐Christophe 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACTThe surface modification of a PES hollow fiber by UV photografting has been investigated in order to graft a dense polymer layer. The study focused on a UV photografting process, starting from a monomer solution, enabling the thickness and regularity of the grafted polymer to be followed. 2‐(Acryloyloxy)ethyl trimethylammonium chloride was polymerized on the surface of the PES membrane. Modified membranes were characterized by SEM, FTIR spectroscopy, and liquid and gas permeability. A dense layer of poly(2‐(acryloyloxy)ethyl trimethylammonium chloride) was obtained when a photoinitiator and a photocrosslinker were used. Polymerization of the ammonium material also occurred inside the pores of the membrane. With pretreatment and an increase of the irradiation time, the thickness of the grafted polymer decreased and gas permeability reached measurable levels. However, a CO2/N2 selectivity of around 1 was found which suggested the presence of defects in the grafted layer. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41514.
Brief Report: Genome‐Wide Association Study Identifies ITPR2 as a Susceptibility Gene for Kashin‐Beck Disease in Han Chinese
Authors: Zhang Feng , Wen Yan , Guo Xiong , Zhang Yingang , Wang Xi , Yang Tielin , Shen Hui , Chen Xiangding , Tian Qing , Deng Hong‐Wen 
Published: October 2014

ObjectiveKashin‐Beck disease (KBD) is a chronic osteochondropathy, the pathogenesis of which remains elusive. The aim of this study was to identify susceptibility genes for KBD by conducting a 2‐stage genome‐wide association study (GWAS).MethodsNinety patients with grade II or grade III KBD with extreme KBD phenotypes and 1,627 healthy control subjects were enrolled in the initial GWAS. Affymetrix Genome‐Wide Human SNP Array 6.0 was used for genotyping. For the replication study, 9 single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the significant gene identified by the GWAS (ITPR2) were tested in an independent validation sample composed of 559 patients with KBD and 467 healthy control subjects.ResultsThe GWAS identified significant association (P = 1.58 × 10−8) between KBD and a novel locus, ITPR2 SNP rs10842750. The replication study showed significant associations with KBD at 9 ITPR2 SNPs, including rs10842750 (P = 5.97 × 10−3), rs16931011 (P = 1.29 × 10−3), rs1531928 (P = 4.95 × 10−3), rs4414322 (P = 4.40 × 10−3), rs11048570 (P = 4.53 × 10−3), rs11048572 (P = 4.43 × 10−3), rs2017510 (P = 4.58 × 10−3), rs9669395 (P = 5.77 × 10−3), and rs1002835 (P = 4.85 × 10−3). In patients with KBD, the genotype score for rs10842750 was also correlated with KBD clinical severity grades (P = 0.013).ConclusionOur results strongly suggest that ITPR2 is a novel susceptibility gene for KBD in Han Chinese. This study may provide new insights into the pathogenesis and rationale for treatment of KBD as well as other osteoarthritides with similar articular cartilage lesions.
Verification Theorem Of Stochastic Optimal Control With Mixed Delay And Applications To Finance
Authors: Zhu Wenli , Zhang Zisha 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThis paper focuses on a general model of a controlled stochastic differential equation with mixed delay in the state variable. Based on the Itô formula, stochastic analysis, convex analysis, and inequality technique, we obtain a semi‐coupled forward‐backward stochastic differential equation with mixed delay and mixed initial‐terminal conditions and prove that such forward‐backward system admits a unique adapted solution. The verification theorem for an optimal control of a system with mixed delay is established. The obtained results generalize and improve some recent results, and they are more easily verified and applied in practice. As an application, we conclude with finding explicitly the optimal consumption rate from the wealth process of a person given by a stochastic differential equation with mixed delay which fit into our general model.
Bedarfsplanung und Grundlagenermittlung für WU‐Bauwerke
Authors: Bastert Heinrich , Fingerloos Frank , Kiltz Denis 
Published: October 2014

AbstractBei wasserundurchlässigen Bauwerken aus Beton übernimmt die Betonkonstruktion neben der tragenden auch die abdichtende Funktion gegenüber einer Feuchtebeanspruchung von außen. Die Weiße Wanne als im Erdreich eingebettetes wasserundurchlässiges Bauwerk aus Beton hat sich – nicht zuletzt durch Richtlinien, Merkblätter und zahlreiche Fachveröffentlichungen – als bewährte Bauweise etabliert. Daneben haben sich in den letzten Jahren Weiße Dächer als weitere mögliche wasserundurchlässige Betonbauteile immer mehr durchgesetzt.WU‐Bauwerke sind komplexe Baukonstruktionen, die eine enge Abstimmung zwischen den Bauherrenwünschen, der Planung und der Bauausführung erfordern. Hieraus ergibt sich, dass bereits bei der Konzeption von WU‐Bauwerken die Anforderungen des Bauherrn berücksichtigt werden müssen. Zur systematischen Erfassung dieser Anforderungen bietet sich ein methodisches Vorgehen im Rahmen einer Bedarfsplanung für WU‐Bauwerke an, die sich darüber hinaus zur umfassenden Beratung des Bauherrn und zur anschließenden Dokumentation der Planungsziele auf Basis definierter Bauherrenwünsche eignet.Brief for building design for waterproof concrete structuresWaterproof concrete structures are used in waterproof concrete tanks, waterproof roofs, and floors. These structures have been built successfully for more than four decades in the construction of buildings, industrial facilities etc. Beyond the design and construction principles of the code of practice this paper gives additional information about how to regard the client's expectations to his building.The brief for building design or identification of needs is a recommended tool that is appropriate for waterproof concrete construction to systematically capture the needs of the client and to document them in a design brief.
Simultaneous quantification of olanzapine and its metabolite N‐desmethylolanzapine in human plasma by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry for therapeutic drug monitoring
Authors: Lou Hong‐gang , Ruan Zou‐rong , Jiang Bo. , Chen Jin‐liang 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACTA simple, sensitive, and selective liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC‐MS/MS) method was developed and validated for the simultaneous quantification of olanzapine (OLZ) and its metabolite N‐desmethylolanzapine (DMO) in human plasma for therapeutic drug monitoring. Sample preparation was performed by one‐step protein precipitation with methanol. The analytes were chromatographed on a reversed‐phase YMC‐ODS‐AQ C18 Column (2.0 × 100 mm,3 µm) by a gradient program at a flow rate of 0.30 mL/min. Quantification was performed on a triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometer via electrospray ionization in positive ion mode. The method was validated for selectivity, linearity, accuracy, precision, matrix effect, recovery and stability. The calibration curve was linear over the concentration range 0.2–120 ng/mL for OLZ and 0.5–50 ng/mL for DMO. Intra‐ and interday precisions for OLZ and DMO were <11.29%, and the accuracy ranged from 95.23 to 113.16%. The developed method was subsequently applied to therapeutic drug monitoring for psychiatric patients receiving therapy of OLZ tablets. The method seems to be suitable for therapeutic drug monitoring of patients undergoing therapy with OLZ and might contribute to prediction of the risk of adverse reactions. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prevalence of Intrafamilial Child Maltreatment in the Nordic countries: A Review
Authors: Kloppen Kathrine , Mæhle Magne , Kvello Øyvind , Haugland Siren , Breivik Kyrre 
Published: October 2014

There are differences in the prevalence rates of child maltreatment between countries, as well as variation in how these rates change over time. This review examined the prevalence of different forms of intrafamilial child maltreatment in the Nordic countries and possible changes in the prevalence rates over the past two decades. We conducted a systematic search of the databases PsycInfo, ISI Web of Science and PubMed and of self‐report studies investigating the prevalence of one or several forms of child maltreatment in non‐clinical samples published from 1990 to the present. In addition, we searched for unpublished reports. A total of 24 Nordic studies were included. The findings suggest a prevalence of child sexual abuse by a parent in the range of 0.2–1.2 per cent, a prevalence of severe physical abuse in the range of three to nine per cent and a prevalence of witnessing domestic violence in the range of seven to 12, 5 per cent in the Nordic countries. Markedly more girls than boys were exposed to sexual abuse. The results indicate a decline in the prevalence of sexual abuse by a relative and of parental physical abuse over the past 20 years, but no corresponding changes in the prevalence of witnessing domestic violence. There is a lack of studies on the prevalence of neglect and emotional maltreatment. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.‘A total of 24 Nordic studies were included’Key Practitioner Messages:

Knowledge of intrafamilial child abuse and witnessing domestic violence in the Nordic countries is expanded.
Prevalence studies not published in the international scientific literature are included. Time trends in prevalence rates are shown.
Differences between Nordic prevalence rates and the rates found in high‐income countries as a whole are explored and discussed.
Attention is drawn to the influence of contextual factors on the prevalence of child maltreatment.‘Attention is drawn to the influence of contextual factors on the prevalence of child maltreatment.’
Giant left‐sided inguinoscrotal hernia containing the cecum and appendix (giant left‐sided Amyand's hernia)
Authors: Maeda Kenichi , Kunieda Katsuyuki , Kawai Masahiko , Nagao Narutoshi , Tanaka Chihiro , Oida Yasuhisa , Kiyama Shigeru , Tawada Masahiro 
Published: October 2014

Key Clinical MessageThe present case involved a 62‐year‐old male with a large left‐sided inguinoscrotal hernia. A CT scan and a clinical examination led to a diagnosis of a giant left‐sided Amyand's hernia. The hernia was repaired using the ULTRAPRO Hernia System (UHS), and the patient exhibited an uneventful postoperative course.
Template‐Induced Diverse Metal–Organic Materials as Catalysts for the Tandem Acylation–Nazarov Cyclization
Authors: Huang Chao , Ding Ran , Song Chuanjun , Lu Jingjing , Liu Lu , Han Xiao , Wu Jie , Hou Hongwei , Fan Yaoting 
Published: October 2014

AbstractIn our continuing quest to develop a metal–organic framework (MOF)‐catalyzed tandem pyrrole acylation–Nazarov cyclization reaction with α,β‐unsaturated carboxylic acids for the synthesis of cyclopentenone[b]pyrroles, which are key intermediates in the synthesis of natural product (±)‐roseophilin, a series of template‐induced Zn‐based (1–3) metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs) have been solvothermally synthesized and characterized. Structural conversions from non‐porous MOF 1 to porous MOF 2, and back to non‐porous MOF 3 arising from the different concentrations of template guest have been observed. The anion–π interactions between the template guests and ligands could affect the configuration of ligands and further tailor the frameworks of 1–3. Futhermore, MOFs 1–3 have shown to be effective heterogeneous catalysts for the tandem acylation–Nazarov cyclization reaction. In particular, the unique structural features of 2, including accessible catalytic sites and suitable channel size and shape, endow 2 with all of the desired features for the MOF‐catalyzed tandem acylation–Nazarov cyclization reaction, including heterogeneous catalyst, high catalytic activity, robustness, and excellent selectivity. A plausible mechanism for the catalytic reaction has been proposed and the structure–reactivity relationship has been further clarified. Making use of 2 as a heterogeneous catalyst for the reaction could greatly increase the yield of total synthesis of (±)‐roseophilin.
A Copper–Formate Framework Showing a Simple to Helical Antiferroelectric Transition with Prominent Dielectric Anomalies and Anisotropic Thermal Expansion, and Antiferromagnetism
Authors: Shang Ran , Chen Sa , Wang Zhe‐Ming , Gao Song 
Published: October 2014

AbstractWe present here the compound [NH4][Cu(HCOO)3], a new member of the [NH4][M(HCOO)3] family. The Jahn–Teller Cu2+ ion leads to a distorted 49⋅66 chiral Cu–formate framework. In the low‐temperature (LT) orthorhombic phase, the Cu2+ is in an elongated octahedron, and the ${{\rm NH}{{+\hfill \atop 4\hfill}}}$ ions in the framework channel are off the channel axis. From 94 to 350 K the ${{\rm NH}{{+\hfill \atop 4\hfill}}}$ ion gradually approaches the channel axis and the related modulation of the framework and the hydrogen‐bond system occurs. The LT phase is simple antiferroelectric (AFE). The material becomes hexagonal above 355 K. In the high‐temperature (HT) phase, the Cu2+ octahedron is compressed, and the ${{\rm NH}{{+\hfill \atop 4\hfill}}}$ ions are arranged helically along the channel axis. Therefore, the phase transition is one from LT simple AFE to HT helical AFE. The temperature‐dependent structure evolution is accompanied by significant thermal and dielectric anomalies and anisotropic thermal expansion, due to the different status of the ${{\rm NH}{{+\hfill \atop 4\hfill}}}$ ions and the framework modulations, and the structure–property relationship was established based on the extensive variable‐temperature single‐crystal structures. The material showed long range ordering of antiferromagnetism (AFM), with low dimensional character and a Néel temperature of 2.9 K. Therefore, within the material AFE and AFM orderings coexist in the low‐temperature region.