bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Constraints Functional Neuroimaging Places on Classical Models of Auditory Word Processing
Authors: Giraud A. L. , Price C. J. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Several previous functional imaging experiments have demonstrated that auditory presentation of speech, relative to tones or scrambled speech, activate the superior temporal sulci (STS) bilaterally. In this study, we attempted to segregate the neural responses to phonological, lexical, and semantic input by contrasting activation elicited by heard words, meaningless syllables, and environmental sounds. Inevitable differences between the duration and amplitude of each stimulus type were controlled with auditory noise bursts matched to each activation stimulus. Half the subjects were instructed to say “okay” in response to presentation of all stimuli. The other half repeated back the words and syllables, named the source of the sounds, and said “okay” to the control stimuli (noise bursts). We looked for stimulus effects that were consistent across task. The results revealed that central regions in the STS were equally responsive to speech (words and syllables) and familiar sounds, whereas the posterior and anterior regions of the left superior temporal gyrus were more active for speech. The effect of semantic input was small but revealed more activation in the inferior temporal cortex for words and familiar sounds than syllables and noise. In addition, words (relative to syllables, sounds, and noise) enhanced activation in the temporo-parietal areas that have previously been linked to modality independent semantic processing. Thus, in cognitive terms, we dissociate phono-logical (speech) and semantic responses and propose that word specificity arises from functional integration among shared phonological and semantic areas.
Detection of Sounds in the Auditory Stream: Event-Related fMRI Evidence for Differential Activation to Speech and Nonspeech
Authors: Vouloumanos Athena , Kiehl Kent A. , Werker Janet F. , Liddle Peter F. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
The detection of speech in an auditory stream is a requisite first step in processing spoken language. In this study, we used event-related fMRI to investigate the neural substrates mediating detection of speech compared with that of nonspeech auditory stimuli. Unlike previous studies addressing this issue, we contrasted speech with nonspeech analogues that were matched along key temporal and spectral dimensions. In an oddball detection task, listeners heard nonsense speech sounds, matched sine wave analogues (complex nonspeech), or single tones (simple nonspeech). Speech stimuli elicited significantly greater activation than both complex and simple nonspeech stimuli in classic receptive language areas, namely the middle temporal gyri bilaterally and in a locus lateralized to the left posterior superior temporal gyrus. In addition, speech activated a small cluster of the right inferior frontal gyrus. The activation of these areas in a simple detection task, which requires neither identification nor linguistic analysis, suggests they play a fundamental role in speech processing.
Hemispheric Processing of Categorical and Coordinate Spatial Relations in the Absence of Low Spatial Frequencies
Authors: Okubo Matia , Michimata Chikashi 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Right-handed participants performed the categorical and coordinate spatial relation judgments on stimuli presented to either the left visual field—right hemisphere (LVF-RH) or the right visual field—left hemisphere (RVF-LH). The stimulus patterns were formulated either by bright dots or by contrast-balanced dots. When the stimuli were bright, an RVF-LH advantage was observed for the categorical task, whereas an LVF-RH advantage was observed for the coordinate task. When the stimuli were contrast balanced, the RVF-LH advantage was observed for the categorical task, but the LVF-RH advantage was eliminated for the coordinate task. Because the contrast-balanced dots are largely devoid of low spatial frequency content, these results suggest that processing of low spatial frequency is responsible for the right hemisphere advantage for the coordinate spatial processing.
The Neurophysiology of Backward Visual Masking: Information Analysis
Authors: Rolls Edmund T. , Tovée Martin J. , Panzeri Stefano 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Backward masking can potentially provide evidence of the time needed for visual processing, a fundamental constraint that must be incorporated into computational models of vision. Although backward masking has been extensively used psychophysically, there is little direct evidence for the effects of visual masking on neuronal responses. To investigate the effects of a backward masking paradigm on the responses of neurons in the temporal visual cortex, we have shown that the response of the neurons is interrupted by the mask. Under conditions when humans can just identify the stimulus, with stimulus onset asynchronies (SOA) of 20 msec, neurons in macaques respond to their best stimulus for approximately 30 msec. We now quantify the information that is available from the responses of single neurons under backward masking conditions when two to six faces were shown. We show that the information available is greatly decreased as the mask is brought closer to the stimulus. The decrease is more marked than the decrease in firing rate because it is the selective part of the firing that is especially attenuated by the mask, not the spontaneous firing, and also because the neuronal response is more variable at short SOAs. However, even at the shortest SOA of 20 msec, the information available is on average 0.1 bits. This compares to 0.3 bits with only the 16-msec target stimulus shown and a typical value for such neurons of 0.4 to 0.5 bits with a 500-msec stimulus. The results thus show that considerable information is available from neuronal responses even under backward masking conditions that allow the neurons to have their main response in 30 msec. This provides evidence for how rapid the processing of visual information is in a cortical area and provides a fundamental constraint for understanding how cortical information processing operates.
Implementation of Partial Surface Display
Authors: Hirota Koichi , Hirose Michitaka 
Published: July 2002

The sensations of touch and force have come to be recognized as essential factors in virtual reality, and many efforts have been made to develop display devices that reproduce these sensations. Such devices are divided into two categories: wearing and nonwearing. In this paper, a method is proposed for representing virtual objects of arbitrary shapes using a nonwearing device. Based on this method, a device was fabricated to describe our approach. Our prototype device was designed to approximately represent part of the surface of a virtual object as a tangential surface (i.e., partial surface) to the user's fingertip. The device was implemented as a mechanism with five degrees of freedom that are commonly used to measure the fingertip position and to present the partial surface to the fingertip. The mechanism was controlled through two calculation loops: a model loop that gives a tangential surface from the fingertip position and the shape of objects, and a servo loop that manages the mechanism to represent the given tangential surface by the partial surface. Also, a stereoscopic, head-tracking visual system was implemented to realize the combined presentation of visual information and the partial surface. As an example of the applications of the environment, a task of writing characters was simulated. From the observation of the performance of the task, the presentation of the partial surface was proved to have an effect on decreasing blur and dragging in written characters.
NAIVE SENSUALISM, DOCTA IGNORANTIA. TIBETAN LIBERATION THROUGH THE SENSES
Authors: Tokarska-Bakir Joanna 
Published: July 2002

AbstractLiberations through the senses are the soteriological practices of the Tibetan Buddhists, a counterpart to and an elaboration on what in Europe is occasionally described, somewhat contemptuously, as "rattling off one's prayers". Linked with folk beliefs and rituals and labelled "naive sensualism" in European ethnographic terminology, Tibetan "liberation through senses" are all those religious behaviours (as well as related sacred objects) - such as listening to and repeating mantras, circumambulation of stūpas, looking at sacred images, tasting relics, smelling and touching sacred substances - which are accompanied by a belief that sensual contact with a sacred object (sculpted figure, painting, mandala, stūpa, holy man, tree, mount, book, substance, etc.) can give one hope and even certainty of achieving liberation. This study argues against ethnological conclusion, classifying such a kind of behaviour as a typical example of non-reflective folk-religiousness. The text is concerned with an in-depth interpretation of "liberations through the senses." The soteriological idea of endless repetition, associated with the process of destroying the discursive consciousness, is projected on the background of comparative religion. Subsequently, the full soteriological cycle, beginning with rattling off prayers and ending with "a borderline experience," is traced in the Tibetan and other religious materials.
LIFE IN THE SHADOWS: THE ROLE AND FUNCTION OF ISAAC IN GENESIS—SYNCHRONIC AND DIACHRONIC READINGS
Authors: Boase Elizabeth 
Published: July 2002

AbstractArising out of the observation of the seemingly insignificant status of Isaac in the ancestral narrative of Genesis xii-xxxvi, this study explores the role and function of Isaac in Genesis. Two contrastive readings are applied to the Isaac material: one synchronic focussing on the characterisation of Isaac in those episodes in which he appears in the narrative; and a diachronic analysis focussing on the extant Isaac traditions in Genesis xxvi. Both readings support a subordination of Isaac to Abraham, but differ in their understanding of how this subordination takes place. Both readings agree that the outcome of the subordination of Isaac is the transfer of the promises to Isaac, thus providing the basis for the promises to continue into subsequent generations. In becoming the recipient of the promises, Isaac becomes the crucial, proto-typical link between Abraham and the future generations of Israel.
THE GREAT WORK UNDERWAY
Authors: Rasmussen Larry 
Published: July 2002

AbstractAbstract The Maryknoll Ecological Sanctuary, Baguio, Luzon, The Philippines, is Berry's "Great Work" already underway. The mountain knob at the intersection of Marcos Highway and Santo Tomas Road is home to the Center for the Integrity of Creation, the Environmental Theater, the Fourteen Stations of the Cosmic Journey on the grounds, and the Bio-Shelter and its own cosmic journey in the stained glass of the chapel. The entire complex, spirituality, and eco-justice work is the new amidst the old, often the new resurrected from the old. It is ancient and avant-garde at once, the transformation of deep Christian traditions now as Earth-honoring faith. Thomas Berry's stamp is clearly here, yet this is Filipino in art, architecture, and spiritual expression. Local community is integral to Earth - and cosmos - as the comprehensive community. The Sanctuary already embodies the transition from "the human devastation of Earth" to a time "when humans [are] present to the planet in a mutually beneficial manner" (p. 3, The Great Work).
DIE Q-REKONSTRUKTION DES INTERNATIONALEN Q-PROJEKTS: EINFÜHRUNG IN METHODIK UND RESULTATE
Authors: Heil Christoph 
Published: July 2002

AbstractZunächst sollen die wichtigsten Stationen der Q-Forschung genannt werden—von der Formulierung der Q-Hypothese bis zum gegenwärtigen Stand der Diskussion. Im Hauptteil werden zunächst die Methodik des Internationalen Q-Projekts (IQP), seine Ziele, Voraussetzungen und Arbeitsweise erläutert. Dann werden die Resultate des Projekts in Form der Reihe Documenta Q und der Critical Edition of Q vorgestellt. Abschließend werden fünf Konsequenzen für die neutestamentliche Exegese formuliert, die sich m.E. aus der Arbeit des IQP ergeben haben.
ORGANES GENITAUX, COPULATION ET FECONDATION CHEZ SYNISOMA MEDITERRANEA REZIG, 1989 (ISOPODA, VALVIFERA)
Authors: Rezig  , Khelil C. El Hedfi-Bel Haj 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThis study of the reproduction in Synisoma mediterranea shows that the species is gonochoristic and shows a sexual dimorphism. Both males and females have a dorsal genital system. The genital system consists of two symmetrical parts formed by the gonads, the genital ducts, and the endocrine formations. The copulation takes place after a pre-copulation period. The eggs are fertilized in the ovary; they develop in the marsupium. Incubation lasts 1 month, after which the young leave the brood pouch. Reproduction continues throughout the year, but the maximum of ovigerous females was observed in September, when the water temperature is around 25 C and salinity fluctuates between 36 and 371/2. L'etude de la reproduction chez Synisoma mediterranea a montre que cette espece est gonochorique, et possede un dimorphisme sexuel bien net. Chez le male et la femelle l'appareil genital est dorsal. Il est forme par deux parties symetriques qui se compose chacune d'une gonade, de conduits genitaux et de formations endocrines. La copulation s'effectue apres une phase precopulatoire. La fecondation des ovules se fait a l'interieur des ovaires. Les uufs se d eveloppent a l'interieur du marsupium. L'incubation dure 1 mois au bout duquel les jeunes quittent la poche incubatrice. La reproduction est continue tout le long de l'annee, cependant un maximum de femelles ovigeres a ete constate pendant le mois de septembre ou la temperature de l'eau est aux alentours de 25 C tandis que la salinite fluctue entre 36 et 371/2.
THE EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT DIETS ON THE FATTY ACID PROFILE OF THE FAIRY SHRIMP CHIROCEPHALUS RUFFOI COTTARELLI & MURA, 1984 (BRANCHIOPODA, ANOSTRACA)
Authors: Mura  , Delise  , Zarattini  , Fabietti  , Bocca  
Published: July 2002

AbstractNauplii of the anostracan Chirocephalus ruffoi were grown until sexual maturity under standard laboratory conditions (18 +/- 1 C; 12L/12D; 1600 lux light intensity) and fed ad libitum once a day on either an alga (Selenastrum capricornutum), baker's yeast, or a formulated diet. Both parents and cysts, as well as feeds were analysed for their fatty acid profiles and compared with wild adults and cysts. Significant differences (P < 0:05) were recorded among the different treatments. As far as total lipid content is concerned, a correlation was found between feeds and adult shrimps as well as between the latter and the cysts they produced during the different feeding tests. Significant differences (P < 0:05) were also recorded from a qualitative point of view. The results obtained provided evidence that the fatty acid profile of both fairy shrimps and cysts can be manipulated in order to improve their nutritional effectiveness, as it was previously shown in the case of the brine shrimp Artemia (Millamena et al., 1988; Lavens et al., 1989; Navarro & Amat, 1992) and of two other freshwater anostracan species (Mura et al., 1997a). Des nauplii de l'anostrace Chirocephalus ruffoi ont ete eleves jusqu'a maturite sexuelle dans des conditions standard de laboratoire (18 +/- 1 C, 12L/12D, 1600 lux d'intensite lumineuse) et nourris a volonte une fois par jour, soit avec une algue (Selenastrum capricornutum), soit avec de la levure de biere, soit avec une formule composee. Les adultes et les oeufs de duree, ainsi que les aliments, ont ete ensuite analyses quant a leur teneur et composition en acides gras et compares aux adultes et aux oeufs de duree sauvages. Des differences significatives (P < 0,05) ont ete notees suivant les differents traitements. En ce qui concerne le contenu total en lipides, une correlation a ete trouvee entre les aliments et les adultes ainsi qu'entre ces derniers et les oeufs de duree qu'ils produisent au cours des differents tests de nutrition. Des differences significatives (P < 0,05) ont ete observees d'un point de vue qualitatif. Les resultats obtenus mettent en evidence que le profil d'acides gras a la fois des anostraces et de leurs oeufs peut etre manipule dans le but d'ameliorer l'efficacite de la nutrition, comme il avait ete montre dans le cas d' Artemia (cf. Millamena et al., 1988; Lavens et al., 1989; Navarro & Amat, 1992) et de deux autres especes d'anostraces des eaux douces (Mura et al., 1997a).
DETECTION OF GENETIC VARIABILITY IN STYGOBITIC ISOPODS USING RAPD MARKERS
Authors: Filippo Carlotta De , Bazzicalupo Marco , Messana Giuseppe , Baratti Mariella 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThree species of the stygobitic isopod genus Stenasellus have been described from Italy: Stenasellus racovitzai, S. nuragicus, and S. assorgiai. Recent electrophoretic data suggest the presence of more than one species in the "racovitzai"-group. In order to clarify the degree of genetic variability and the evolutionary trends in the "racovitzai-group, we have analysed three natural populations currently known from Italy and Corsica, by the Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD)" technique. RAPD has proven to be a rapid and valid method for the detection of intra and interspecific genetic polymorphism in Crustacea and to be suitable for the analysis of DNA of preserved samples. This technique was carried out to generate RAPD fingerprints from the populations of the five localities. The molecular data obtained by RAPD markers confirm previously obtained morphological and electrophoretic results. Trois especes du genre d'Isopodes stygobie Stenasellus ont ete decrite d'Italie: Stenasellus racovitzai, S. nuragicus et S. assorgiai. De recentes donnees electrophoretiques suggerent la presence de plus d'une espece dans le groupe "racovitzai. Afin de clarifier le degre de variabilite genetique et la tendance evolutionnaire dans ce groupe, nous avons analyse trois populations naturelles couramment connues d'Italie et de Corse par la technique "Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD)". Cette technique s'est revelee une methode rapide et valable de detection du polymorphisme genetique intra- et interspecifique chez les Crustaces, et appropriee a l'analyse de DNA des echantillons conserves. Cette technique a ete effectuee pour produire les empreintes RAPD des populations des cinq localites. Les donnees moleculaires obtenues par les marqueurs RAPD confirment les resultats morphologiques et electrophoretiques precedemment obtenus.
ON A NEW SPECIES OF DEEP-WATER CRAB OF THE GENUS PROGERYON (DECAPODA, BRACHYURA, GERYONIDAE) FROM HAWAII
Authors: Guinot Daniele , Ng Peter 
Published: July 2002

AbstractA new species of deep-water crab, Progeryon mus (Geryonidae), is described from Hawaii. The species is allied to P. guinotae from the Indian Ocean as well as P. vaubani and P. mararae from the Pacific, but can easily be separated by various carapace, ambulatory leg, and cheliped characters. Une nouvelle espece de crabe d'eau profonde, Progeryon mus (Geryonidae) est decrite des Hawao. L'esp ece est apparentee a P. guinotae, de l'ocean Indien, ainsi qu'a P. vaubani et P. mararae, du Pacifique, mais peut en etre facilement distinguee par divers caracteres de la carapace, des pattes ambulatoires et des chelipedes.
INTERSTITIAL CRUSTACEANS AND GROUNDWATER QUALITY IN FIVE RIVERS OF THE WESTERN HIGH ATLAS (MOROCCO)
Authors: Boutin  , Yacoubi-Khebiza  , Bovee F. De , Coineau  
Published: July 2002

AbstractThis short note is a synthesis of the results dealing with the distribution of interstitial groundwater fauna, especially crustaceans, related to groundwater quality and sediment grain size. The study is devoted to five rivers of the High Atlas in Morocco. Ce bref resume synthetise les resultats a propos de la repartition des communautes des eaux interstitielles souterraines, et plus particulierement des Crustaces, en relation avec la qualite de l'eau souterraine et la granulometrie des sediments, le long de cinq cours d'eau du Haut-Atlas (Maroc).
THE CARCINOLOGICAL WORK AND TAXA OF JAN HENDRIK STOCK (1931-1997)
Authors: Wagner  
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe 370 papers on carcinology published by the late Jan H. Stock are cited and annotated through a list of new taxa published in each paper. A short outline of the career of Jan Stock as a carcinologist and an impression of his personality are drawn. Les 370 travaux carcinologiques publies par le regrette Jan. H. Stock sont mentionnes et annotes, avec une liste des nouveaux taxa publies dans chaque article. Est egalement presente un court expose sur la carriere de Jan Stock en tant que carcinologiste, ainsi qu'un apercu de sa personnalite.
THE ROLE OF SERTOLI CELLS IN THE ORGANIZATION OF SPERM BUNDLES IN THE TESTIS OF SADURIA ENTOMON (LINNAEUS, 1758) (ISOPODA, VALVIFERA)
Authors: Hryniewiecka-Szyfter Zofia , Gabala Elzbieta , Babula Adam 
Published: July 2002

AbstractUltrastructural observations show that in Saduria entomon (L., 1758) sperm bundles are organized already in the testis, and that a crucial function in this process is played by Sertoli cells, whose protrusions are connected with maturing spermatids. The specific arrangement of maturing spermatids around a Sertoli cell protrusion and their turned-out tails lying centrally in channels reflect the arrangement of spermatozoa in a later bundle. One might assume, therefore, that the pattern along which sperm bundles are organized, which results from their specific structure, is made possible by the way in which the lumen of the testis is penetrated by protrusions of the Sertoli cells. A further role of the Sertoli cells is to produce and secrete matrix components and precursor material for extracellular tubules. Both structures are permanent elements of sperm bundles in isopods. In S. entomon extracellular tubules have a diameter of 80 nm, and their assembling proceeds in close contact with the membrane of a Sertoli cell protrusion. Des observations ultrastructurales montrent que, chez Saduria entomon (L., 1758), les masses spermatiques sont deja organisees dans le testicule et qu'un role crucial dans le processus est joue par les cellules de Sertoli, dont les protrusions sont connectees avec les spermatides en maturation. L'arrangement specifique de ces dernieres autour d'une protrusion de cellule de Sertoli et de leurs queues retournees en position centrale dans les canaux reflete l'arrangement des spermatozoodes dans une masse ulterieure. On peut de ce fait presumer que le modele suivant lequel les masses spermatiques sont organisees, et qui resulte de leur structure specifique, est rendu possible par la facon par laquelle les protrusions des cellules de Sertoli penetrent le testicule. Un autre role des cellules de Sertoli est de produire et de secreter les composants de la matrice et le materiel precurseur pour les tubules extracellulaires. Les deux structures sont des elements permanents des masses spermatiques chez les isopodes. Chez S. entomon, les tubules extracellulaires ont un diametre de 80 nm, et leur assemblage s'effectue en etroit contact avec la membrane d'une protrusion de cellule de Sertoli.