bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Parotid lymphoepithelial cysts in human immunodeficiency virus: a review
Authors: Sujatha D , Babitha K , Prasad R S , Pai A 
Published: October 2013

AbstractBackground:Many patients with human immunodeficiency virus present with atypical features. Early indicators of human immunodeficiency virus are scarce and hence most affected patients are diagnosed in the later stages of the disease, which is associated with poor prognosis. Salivary gland disease usually develops before acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, and is sometimes the first manifestation of human immunodeficiency virus infection. Salivary gland lesions include benign lymphoepithelial cysts of the parotid gland, which are seen in 3–6 per cent of patients. Many of the reported lesions are diagnosed on routine examination.Objective:This review aimed to highlight the association between parotid gland benign lymphoepithelial cyst and human immunodeficiency virus infection, in order to aid early diagnosis and management of the disease.Conclusion:Human immunodeficiency virus testing is recommended for patients with benign lymphoepithelial cysts, as this can often be the first indication of human immunodeficiency virus infection. Benign lymphoepithelial cysts are important diagnostic and prognostic indicators in human immunodeficiency virus infection.
Childhood maltreatment, juvenile disorders and adult post-traumatic stress disorder: a prospective investigation
Authors: Breslau N. , Koenen K. C. , Luo Z. , Agnew-Blais J. , Swanson S. , Houts R. M. , Poulton R. , Moffitt T. E. 
Published: October 2013

BackgroundWe examine prospectively the influence of two separate but potentially inter-related factors in the etiology of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD): childhood maltreatment as conferring a susceptibility to the PTSD response to adult trauma and juvenile disorders as precursors of adult PTSD.MethodThe Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Development Study (DMHDS) is a birth cohort (n = 1037) from the general population of New Zealand's South Island, with multiple assessments up to age 38 years. DSM-IV PTSD was assessed among participants exposed to trauma at ages 26–38. Complete data were available on 928 participants.ResultsSevere maltreatment in the first decade of life, experienced by 8.5% of the sample, was associated significantly with the risk of PTSD among those exposed to adult trauma [odds ratio (OR) 2.64, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.16–6.01], compared to no maltreatment. Moderate maltreatment, experienced by 27.2%, was not associated significantly with that risk (OR 1.55, 95% CI 0.85–2.85). However, the two estimates did not differ significantly from one another. Juvenile disorders (ages 11–15), experienced by 35% of the sample, independent of childhood maltreatment, were associated significantly with the risk of PTSD response to adult trauma (OR 2.35, 95% CI 1.32–4.18).ConclusionsSevere maltreatment is associated with risk of PTSD response to adult trauma, compared to no maltreatment, and juvenile disorders, independent of earlier maltreatment, are associated with that risk. The role of moderate maltreatment remains unresolved. Larger longitudinal studies are needed to assess the impact of moderate maltreatment, experienced by the majority of adult trauma victims with a history of maltreatment.
Time-of-flight spectra for mapping of charge density of ions produced by laser
Authors: Krása J. , Parys P. , Velardi L. , Velyhan A. , Ryć L. , Delle Side D. , Nassisi V. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractA space-resolved charge density of ions is derived from a time-resolved current of ions emitted from laser-produced plasma and expanded into the vacuum along collision-free and field-free paths. This derivation is based on a similarity relationship for ion currents with “frozen” charges observed at different distances from the target. This relationship makes it possible to determine a map of ion charge density at selected times after the laser plasma interaction from signals of time-of-flight detectors positioned at a certain distance from the target around a target-surface normal. In this work, we present maps of the charge density of ions emitted from Cu and polyethylene plasmas. The mapping demonstrates that bursts of ions are emitted at various ejection angles ϕn with respect to the target-surface normal. There are two basic directions ϕ1 and ϕ2, one belonging to the fastest ions, i.e., protons and carbon ions, and the other one to the slowest ions being a part of each plasma plume.
Language and memory abilities of internationally adopted children from China: evidence for early age effects
Authors: DELCENSERIE AUDREY , GENESEE FRED 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThe goal of the present study was to examine if internationally adopted (IA) children from China (M = 10;8) adopted by French-speaking families exhibit lags in verbal memory in addition to lags in verbal abilities documented in previous studies (Gauthier & Genesee, 2011). Tests assessing verbal and non-verbal memory, language, non-verbal cognitive ability, and socio-emotional development were administered to thirty adoptees. Their results were compared to those of thirty non-adopted monolingual French-speaking children matched on age, gender, and socioeconomic status. The IA children scored significantly lower than the controls on language, verbal short-term memory, verbal working memory, and verbal long-term memory. No group differences were found on non-verbal memory, non-verbal cognitive ability, and socio-emotional development, suggesting language-specific difficulties. Despite extended exposure to French, adoptees may experience language difficulties due to limitations in verbal memory, possibly as a result of their delayed exposure to that language and/or attrition of the birth language.
Surface Palæolithic Implements from the Chilterns
Authors: Peake A. E. 
Published: October 2013

In the last number of our Proceedings (Vol. II., Part 3) our President, Mr. Reginald Smith, F.S.A., communicated a paper on “Plateau Deposits and Implements,” in which he produced facts to show that the Plateau Gravels are not sterile, as has hitherto been supposed. He cites in this paper two spots within a few miles of my centre at Rotherfield Peppard, viz., Blagrave's Farm, 1½ miles N.W. of Caversham Bridge, 149-ft. above the Thames, and Highlands Farm, 1 mile S.E. of Rotherfield Greys Church, 170-ft. above the river.During the last few years I have searched the pits and surface within a wide radius of Peppard, and have been fortunate in finding some implements, forming the subject of this paper, which are certainly of Palæolithic date. The whole of the ground in this neighbourhood is mapped as either Plateau gravel or clay with flints—the former forming a wide spread over this part of the high Chiltern country, as may be seen on the model in the Museum of Practical Geology, Jermyn Street, London. I have not yet succeeded in finding any palæoliths in situ, but have found series of edge-trimmed flakes and chipped forms of rostro-carinate type, which will be included in another paper.
A Bronze Shield from Sutton, Norfolk
Authors: Gurney Robert 
Published: October 2013

The account given by Mr. Burroughs in 1880 of the discovery of the Sutton shield is illustrated by a rather inferior drawing, and is somewhat misleading in some respects. It seems to me, therefore, advisable that a photograph of the shield should be published and the facts of its discovery placed on record. I am greatly indebted to Dr. Francis Clowes, the present owner of the shield, for the following information and for the photographs (Plate XVIII.) which are here reproduced with his permission. Dr. Clowes was with Mr. Burroughs when he visited the place where the shield was found, so that the facts given here may be accepted as correct.The discovery was made on June 7th, 1875, by two men digging a main drain to the mill which stands at the edge of the “Hand Marsh” south-east of Sutton Broad, but I am unable to say exactly which is the drain in question. The shield was found beneath about 7 feet of peat, lying on, and partly covered by, bright white sand, while in its vicinity were pieces of oak three or four feet long, much charred by fire.
Pleistocene Deposits in England, and the Continental Chronology
Authors: Burkitt Miles C. 
Published: October 2013

It has been my privilege to work under Prof. Man at Cambridge, and discuss with him the problems of the relation between Quaternary Man and the Ice Age. His ideas have been ably expressed in the Presidential Address that he gave to the Society. One point, however, it seemed to me was rather passed over lightly, and that is the correlation of the results obtained in England with those found abroad. Dr. Marr suggested in his paper that the time was not yet ripe for such a correlation, and that it was as yet dangerous. Yet the results obtained by Prof. Marr and Mr. Moir are so definite and far-reaching that the writer feels that an attempted correlation is necessary to avoid the danger of a too great insularity of thought. The results obtained abroad may be grouped under two heads;—(1) Those showing positive results(2) Those showing negative resultsAbroad, and especially in France, not only have there been a number of gifted amateurs engaged in the study of prehistory, but further, owing to the generosity of the Prince of Monaco, there have been a number of distinguished specialists who have been devoting their whole energies to the elucidation of various problems.
Prehistoric Cooking Places in Norfolk
Authors: Layard Nina F. 
Published: October 2013

Contributions to the general study of Prehistory have accumulated of late years, but the methods of cooking in early times have received but little attention. This, then, must be my excuse for bringing this subject to your notice to-day.Prehistoric man has unwittingly divulged the course of his wanderings over continents, not only by the implements which strew his path, and with which we are familiar, but by the burnt stones which mark his simple hearth.These eloquent but unattractive little relics have a significance equal, if not exceeding that of the artifacts themselves. For their advent coincides with one of the leaps and bounds of man's evolution, when goaded by his sufferings, to crave artificial warmth, he caught at the vagrant spark inadvertently struck from a flint, or produced by the friction of wood, and prisoned it for his use and comfort. How early he became a fire-maker we have yet to determine, but the insignificant heating-stone (so largely used in primitive cookery), as we trace it back to the horizon of its first appearance, may presently teach us.
Early Settlement at Runcton Holme, Norfolk
Authors: Clark J. G. D. 
Published: October 2013

The antiquities here described came to light in the course of commercial gravel digging, but though we lack stratigraphical information they appear to be of sufficient importance in themselves to be worthy of accurate record. It is entirely due to the efforts and care of Mr. Ivan Thatcher, of King's Lynn, that they were recovered at all and we would like to thank him for the great trouble he has taken to see that as much as possible became available for study. Through his generosity the greater part of the Beaker pottery and also the figured sherds of the Early Iron Age and Romano-British periods are now in the University Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology at Cambridge. Messrs.F. B. and G. W. Gorbould, the lessees of the pit, have co-operated patiently in the preservation of Antiquities from the site, and Mr. J. R. Gorboud has also been very helpful. We have also to thank Miss Feetham for placing a Beaker (No. 2) on deposit in the same museum. Mr. Cockle of Lynn, kindly allowed the jet bead to be drawn. Finally we have to thank Mr. L. C. G. Clarke, F.S.A., and Miss O' Reilly of the Cambridge Museum for granting facilities for studying the objects in their charge.Runcton Holme is situated some six miles due south of King's Lynn and about a mile to the east of the river Ouse. The exact position of the site is shown by Fig. 1. It consists of a low gravel promontory averaging about 20 feet above O.D. (Newlyn) and overlooking a vast expanse of Fenland. The marginal character of the site is illustrated by the fact that, but for the embanking of the Ouse, high spring tides would approach it quite closely. There appear to have been two main periods of early settlement on the site, Peterborough-Beaker and Early Iron Age-Romano-British, with an interval roughly speaking of a millenium when, so far as we can tell, it was abandoned. Whether this gap is a real one and whether in which case it was due to some natural cause, we cannot on the evidence before us decide. It will, however, be instructive to observe whether other sites discovered in the future on this gravel edge reveal a similar break in human occupation. The objects dating from the first occupation are briefly described in this paper, while the later occupation which accounts for the bulk of the archaeological material is dealt with by Mr. Christopher Hawkes, F.S.A. , of the British Museum.
Setting Favourable Habitat Reference Values for breeding birds: general principles and examples for passerine birds
Authors: BRAMBILLA MATTIA , CELADA CLAUDIO , GUSTIN MARCO 
Published: October 2013

SummarySetting Favourable Reference Values (FRVs) can assist the definition of the conservation status of a species. FRVs may consider population, habitat, and range. FRVs can indicate a range of values for different parameters, which should allow the long-term persistence of a species/population. We propose a method for the definition of reference values for the habitat (FRV-H or HRV) of breeding bird species. HRV should cover habitat extent and quality, both required to ensure long-term persistence. Extent HRV should express a measure of suitable area, whereas quality HRV could be defined as the range of values for habitat variables known to affect habitat quality. To define an extent HRV, we built species distribution models (SDMs) and set extent HRV as the extent of potentially suitable habitat under a conservative approach. Quality HRV should refer to environmental determinants/correlates of occurrence and breeding success, and should be defined by the identification of the habitat factors affecting occurrence and reproduction. When habitat selection is adaptive, habitat suitability may approximate habitat quality, being correlated with breeding success. In that case, fine-scaled habitat/distribution models may be used to identify determinants/correlates of reproductive output, and such species-habitat relationships may help define quality HRV. We show examples using the Red-backed Shrike Lanius collurio as a model. The use of habitat selection models, which can be made spatially explicit generating distribution models, may assist the definition of both extension and quality HRVs. Species-habitat models can allow the individuation of factors and relative values affecting species occurrence/reproduction (quality HRV), and the definition of the spatial distribution and quantity of potentially suitable habitat (extent HRV). Our approach is one of the possible ones, aiming at finding a “suitable” trade-off between affordable data and scientific precision. HRVs should be used together with population and range FRVs to assess the status of a species/population.
A microfibre assembly of an iron-carbon composite with giant magnetisation
Authors: Liang Ying , Liu Pu , Xiao Jun , Li Hongbo , Wang Chengxin , Yang Guowei 
Published: October 2013

AbstractIron carbide is among the oldest known materials. The utility of this ancient advanced material is greatly extended in its nanostructured forms. We demonstrate for the first time that one-dimensional iron carbide microfibres can be assembled in liquid using strong magnetic field-assisted laser ablation. The giant saturation magnetisation of these particles was measured a 261 emu/g at room temperature, which is the best value reported to date for iron nitride and carbide nanostructures, is 5.5 times greater than the 47 emu/g reported for Fe3C nanoparticles, and exceeds the 212 emu/g for bulk Fe. The magnetic field-induced dipolar interactions of the magnetic nanospheres and the nanochains played a key role in determining the shape of the product. These findings lead to a variety of promising applications for this unique nanostructure including its use as a magnetically guided transporter for biomedicine and as a magnetic recording material.
New Carbon Allotropes with Helical Chains of Complementary Chirality Connected by Ethene-type π-Conjugation
Authors: Wang Jian-Tao , Chen Changfeng , Kawazoe Yoshiyuki 
Published: October 2013

AbstractWe here identify by ab initio calculations two distinct three-dimensional three-connected (3D3C) chiral framework structures of carbon in "Equation missing" and I41/amd symmetry, respectively, which comprise 3-fold and 4-fold helical chains with complementary chirality. The helical carbon chains are connected by an ethene-type planar π-conjugation, and the resulting structures contain a network of sp2 carbon bonds with one-third being double bonds between the chains and two-thirds single bonds along the chains. Phonon and electronic band structure calculations show that these chiral carbene structures are dynamically stable and exhibit a large band gap (2.4 ~ 2.9 eV). This semiconducting nature reflects a key distinction from previously proposed metallic isomers of helical or zigzag carbon chains with twisted π states that are dynamically unstable. The present results solve the long-sought 3D3C all-sp2 carbon structures and may help design other covalent bonding networks.
Impact of Prematurity on Language Skills at School Age
Authors: Smith Jamie Mahurin , DeThorne Laura Segebart , Logan Jessica A. R. , Channell Ron W. , Petrill Stephen A. 
Published: October 2013

Purpose
The existing literature on language outcomes in children born prematurely focuses almost exclusively on standardized test scores rather than discourse-level abilities. The authors of this study looked longitudinally at school-age language outcomes and potential moderating variables for a group of twins born prematurely versus a control group of twins born at full term, analyzing both standardized test results and language sample data from the population-based Western Reserve Reading Project (WRRP; Petrill, Deater-Deckard, Thompson, DeThorne, & Schatschneider, 2006).

Method
Fifty-seven children born prematurely, at ≤32 weeks or <1,500 g, were compared with 57 children born at full term and were matched for age, gender, race, and parental education. Data included discourse-level language samples and standardized test results, collected at average ages 7, 8, and 10 years. The language samples were analyzed to yield a number of semantic and syntactic measures that were consolidated via factor analysis.

Results
Regression models showed significant differences between the 2 groups for standardized test results, although the mean score for both groups fell in the normal range. For the discourse-level language measures, however, differences never reached statistical significance. Parental education was significantly associated with improved standardized test scores.

Conclusions
These findings suggest that in the absence of frank neurological impairment, sophisticated semantic and syntactic skills may be relatively intact in the discourse-level language of children born prematurely. Implications for assessment, particularly the potential role of attention and executive function in standardized testing tasks, are reviewed.
Effect of 24 Hours of Sleep Deprivation on Auditory and Linguistic Perception: A Comparison Among Young Controls, Sleep-Deprived Participants, Dyslexic Readers, and Aging Adults
Authors: Fostick Leah , Babkoff Harvey , Zukerman Gil 
Published: October 2013

PurposeTo test the effects of 24 hr of sleep deprivation on auditory and linguistic perception and to assess the magnitude of this effect by comparing such performance with that of aging adults on speech perception and with that of dyslexic readers on phonological awareness.MethodFifty-five sleep-deprived young adults were compared with 29 aging adults (older than 60 years) and with 18 young controls on auditory temporal order judgment (TOJ) and on speech perception tasks (Experiment 1). The sleep deprived were also compared with 51 dyslexic readers and with the young controls on TOJ and phonological awareness tasks (One-Minute Test for Pseudowords, Phoneme Deletion, Pig Latin, and Spoonerism; Experiment 2).ResultsSleep deprivation resulted in longer TOJ thresholds, poorer speech perception, and poorer nonword reading compared with controls. The TOJ thresholds of the sleep deprived were comparable to those of the aging adults, but their pattern of speech performance differed. They also performed better on TOJ and phonological awareness than dyslexic readers.ConclusionsA variety of linguistic skills are affected by sleep deprivation. The comparison of sleep-deprived individuals with other groups with known difficulties in these linguistic skills might suggest that different groups exhibit common difficulties.
Coordination of Gaze and Speech in Communication Between Children With Hearing Impairment and Normal-Hearing Peers
Authors: Sandgren Olof , Andersson Richard , van de Weijer Joost , Hansson Kristina , Sahlén Birgitta 
Published: October 2013

Purpose
To investigate gaze behavior during communication between children with hearing impairment (HI) and normal-hearing (NH) peers.

Method

Ten HI–NH and 10 NH–NH dyads performed a referential communication task requiring description of faces. During task performance, eye movements and speech were tracked. Using verbal event (questions, statements, back channeling, and silence) as the predictor variable, group characteristics in gaze behavior were expressed with Kaplan-Meier survival functions (estimating time to gaze-to-partner) and odds ratios (comparing number of verbal events with and without gaze-to-partner). Analyses compared the listeners in each dyad (HI:
n
= 10, mean age = 12;6 years, mean better ear pure-tone average = 33.0 dB HL; NH:
n
= 10, mean age = 13;7 years).

Results
Log-rank tests revealed significant group differences in survival distributions for all verbal events, reflecting a higher probability of gaze to the partner's face for participants with HI. Expressed as odds ratios (OR), participants with HI displayed greater odds for gaze-to-partner (ORs ranging between 1.2 and 2.1) during all verbal events.

Conclusions
The results show an increased probability for listeners with HI to gaze at the speaker's face in association with verbal events. Several explanations for the finding are possible, and implications for further research are discussed.
Effects of Speech Practice on Fast Mapping in Monolingual and Bilingual Speakers
Authors: Kan Pui Fong , Sadagopan Neeraja , Janich Lauren , Andrade Marixa 
Published: October 2013

Purpose
This study examines the effects of the levels of speech practice on fast mapping in monolingual and bilingual speakers.

Method
Participants were 30 English-speaking monolingual and 30 Spanish–English bilingual young adults. Each participant was randomly assigned to 1 of 3 practice conditions prior to the fast-mapping task: (a) intensive speech practice, (b) moderate speech practice, or (c) no practice. In a fast-mapping experiment, each participant was briefly exposed to novel objects and their corresponding novel words. Participants' knowledge of the target novel words was assessed immediately after the exposures.

Results
There were significant effects of speech practice on fast mapping for both monolingual and bilingual adults. It is important to note that participants' language experience also played a role in their fast-mapping performance.

Conclusion
The findings suggest that speech practice, interacting with language experience, facilitates the processes for fast mapping.