bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tips and tricks of double‐balloon endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (with video)
Authors: Hatanaka Hisashi , Yano Tomonori , Tamada Kiichi 
Published: February 2015

AbstractAlthough endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is technically difficult in patients with altered gastrointestinal tract, double‐balloon endoscopy (DBE) allows endoscopic access to pancreato‐biliary system in such patients. Balloon dilation of biliary stricture and extraction of bile duct stones, placement of biliary stent in patients with Roux‐en‐Y or Billroth‐II reconstruction, using DBE have been reported. However, two major technical parts are required for double‐balloon ERCP (DB‐ERCP). One is insertion of DBE and the other is an ERCP‐related procedure. The important point of DBE insertion is a sure approach to the afferent limb with Roux‐en‐Y reconstruction or Braun anastomosis. Short type DBE with working length 152 cm is beneficial for DB‐ERCP because it is short enough for most biliary accessory devices. In this paper, we introduce our tips and tricks for successful DB‐ERCP.
Climatological characteristics of the Ora del Garda wind in the Alps
Authors: Giovannini Lorenzo , Laiti Lavinia , Zardi Dino , de Franceschi Massimiliano 
Published: February 2015

ABSTRACTThe Ora del Garda is a coupled lake and valley breeze regularly blowing from the northern shorelines of Lake Garda, in the Italian Alps, especially during warm‐season clear‐sky days. The climatological characteristics of this wind are investigated through the analysis of 10 years of observations collected at two representative surface weather stations – one on Lake Garda's shore and the other 30 km inland. Furthermore, the possible influences of the land‐water temperature contrast and of the synoptic wind on the development and the propagation of the Ora del Garda are analysed. Lake‐breeze days are identified by means of a set of objective criteria based on observations of solar radiation, wind speed and direction at the two stations. The analysis highlights that, on the lake's shoreline, the breeze develops on about 70% of the days in the warmest months, while it rarely occurs from October to February. Moreover, in the warmest months, the Ora del Garda reaches the inland weather station on about 80–90% of the days on which it blows on the lake's shore, after 3.5 h on average. It displays rather strong intensities, reaching average velocities of 5 m s−1 and gusts of 10 m s−1, respectively, in summer on the lake's shore and in spring at the inland weather station. No clear relationship is found between the land‐water temperature contrast and the lake‐breeze strength. On the other hand, synoptic winds are observed to affect significantly the development of the breeze. In particular, onshore synoptic winds are associated with stronger intensities at the lake's shore. Moreover, in these situations the Ora del Garda propagates faster and is detected earlier at the inland weather station.
Utilization of organic phosphorus sources by oilseed rape, sunflower, and soybean
Authors: Belinque Hernan , Pucheu Norma , Kerber Norma , Rubio Gerardo 
Published: February 2015

AbstractWe evaluated the ability of Brassica napus L. (oilseed rape), Helianthus annus L. (sunflower), and Glycine max L. (soybean) plants grown inoculated with or without bacteria to utilize organic P sources. Plants were supplied with inorganic (dibasic sodium phosphate) and organic P sources (phytate and glucose phosphate) at three concentrations and grown for 40 d under sterile conditions. Three inoculation treatments were compared: control (non‐inoculated plants), inoculation with Bacillus amyloliquefaciens BNM340, and inoculation with Pseudomonas fluorescens BNM296 (two bacteria with proven phytase activity). Oilseed rape, sunflower and soybean could utilize organic P sources. For example, when phytate (0.5 mM) P was used as the external P source, the increase factors over the no‐P treatments were 4.5, 1.4, and 1.4 for oilseed rape, sunflower, and soybean P uptake, respectively. When glucose 1‐phosphate disodium salt (G1P, 0.5 mM) was the P source, the increase factors were 8.8, 1.7, and 1.9 respectively. Positive responses to the organic P sources were found for the biomass accumulation of oilseed rape and soybean but not for sunflower. The inoculation with bacteria did not exert a promoting effect on P uptake. We demonstrate that the three species can effectively use organic P sources. The existence of crop plants that are more efficient in the utilization of different soil P sources would be particularly beneficial to improve P recycling and use of P fertilizers in agriculture.
Characterization of a novel radiation‐induced sarcoma cell line
Authors: Lang Julie , Zhu Weizhu , Nokes Brandon , Sheth Grishma , Novak Petr , Fuchs Laura , Watts George , Futscher Bernard , Mineyev Neal , Ring Alexander , LeBeau Lauren , Nagle Ray , Cranmer Lee 
Published: February 2015

AbstractBackgroundRadiation‐induced sarcoma (RIS) is a potential complication of cancer treatment. No widely available cell line models exist to facilitate studies of RIS.MethodsWe derived a spontaneously immortalized primary human cell line, UACC‐SARC1, from a RIS.ResultsShort tandem repeat (STR) profiling of UACC‐SARC1 was virtually identical to its parental tumor. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) analysis of the tumor and immunocytochemistry (ICC) analysis of UACC‐SARC1 revealed shared expression of vimentin, osteonectin, CD68, Ki67 and PTEN but tumor‐restricted expression of the histiocyte markers α1‐antitrypsin and α1‐antichymotrypsin. Karyotyping of the tumor demonstrated aneuploidy. Comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) provided direct genetic comparison between the tumor and UACC‐SARC1. Sequencing of 740 mutation hotspots revealed no mutations in UACC‐SARC1 nor in the tumor. NOD/SCID gamma mouse xenografts demonstrated tumor formation and metastasis. Clonogenicity assays demonstrated that 90% of single cells produced viable colonies. NOD/SCID gamma mice produced useful patient‐derived xenografts for orthotopic or metastatic models.ConclusionOur novel RIS strain constitutes a useful tool for pre‐clinical studies of this rare, aggressive disease. UACC‐SARC1 is an aneuploid cell line with complex genomics lacking common oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes as drivers of its biology. The UACC‐SARC1 cell line will enable further studies of the drivers of RIS. J. Surg. Oncol. 2015 111:669–682. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Disease‐Modifying Treatments for Progressive Supranuclear Palsy
Authors: Stamelou Maria , Boxer Adam L. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractIn recent years, research has focused on the development of disease‐modifying treatments for PSP, targeting mainly at tau dysfunction. However, the glycogen synthase kinase 3 inhibitor, tideglusib, and the microtubuli stabilizer, davunetide, both failed to show efficacy in recent double‐blind, placebo‐controlled studies. Despite these results, further agents targeting tau dysfunction, tau post‐translational modifications, or aiming at mictorubuli stabilization are currently being investigated. Further approaches under development include agents to reduce tau levels extracellularly by active or passive immunization, antisense oligonucleotides to reduce tau concentrations, and small interfering RNAs to suppress human tau expression. However, the major limitation on the way to find disease‐modifying treatments for PSP still remains the lack of biomarkers. Indeed, for all of these potential therapeutic modalities, a well‐designed human trial would require validated biomarkers, without which the results of negative efficacy trials will be difficult to interpret. In this regard, PET imaging using tau‐specific ligands may be proven useful in the near future. There is great hope that the next decade will bring the first effective therapy for PSP.
Photonic crystal microcrystalline silicon solar cells
Authors: Tanaka Yoshinori , Ishizaki Kenji , De Zoysa Menaka , Umeda Takami , Kawamoto Yosuke , Fujita Shoya , Noda Susumu 
Published: February 2015

AbstractEnhancing the absorption of thin‐film microcrystalline silicon solar cells over a broadband range in order to improve the energy conversion efficiency is a very important challenge in the development of low cost and stable solar energy harvesting. Here, we demonstrate that a broadband enhancement of the absorption can be achieved by creating a large number of resonant modes associated with two‐dimensional photonic crystal band edges. We utilize higher‐order optical modes perpendicular to the silicon layer, as well as the band‐folding effect by employing photonic crystal superlattice structures. We establish a method to incorporate photonic crystal structures into thin‐film (~500 nm) microcrystalline silicon photovoltaic layers while suppressing undesired defects formed in the microcrystalline silicon. The fabricated solar cells exhibit 1.3 times increase of a short circuit current density (from 15.0 mA/cm2 to 19.6 mA/cm2) by introducing the photonic crystal structure, and consequently the conversion efficiency increases from 5.6% to 6.8%. Moreover, we theoretically analyze the absorption characteristics in the fabricated cell structure, and reveal that the energy conversion efficiency can be increased beyond 9.5% in a structure less than 1/400 as thick as conventional crystalline silicon solar cells with an efficiency of 24%. © 2015 The Authors. Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Facile synthesis of linear–hyperbranched polyphosphoesters via one‐pot tandem ROMP and ADMET polymerization and their transformation to architecturally defined nanoparticles
Authors: Ding Liang , Lin Ling , Wang Chengshuang , Qiu Jun , Zhu Zhenshu 
Published: February 2015

ABSTRACTA convenient one‐pot synthesis of linear–hyperbranched polyphosphoesters (l–HBPPEs) was accomplished by a tandem ring‐opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) and acyclic diene metathesis (ADMET) polymerization procedure. A linear monotelechelic poly(norbornene) with a terminal acrylate and many pendent thiol groups is first prepared through adding an internal cis‐olefin terminating agent to the reaction mixture immediately after the completion of the living ROMP, and then utilized as a macromolecular chain stopper in subsequent ADMET polymerization of a phosphoester functional AB2 monomer, yielding l–HBPPEs as the reaction time prolonged. These l–HBPPEs bearing lots of pendent thiol groups in linear poly(norbornene) and peripheral acrylate groups in HBPPE could be self‐crosslinked in ultradilute solution through thiol‐Michael addition click reaction between acrylate and thiol to give single‐molecule nanoparticles with comparatively uniform size. This facile approach can be extended toward the fabrication of novel nanomaterials with sophisticated structures and tunable multifunctionalities. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2015, 53, 964–972
Structured elastomeric submillimeter films displaying magneto and piezo resistivity
Authors: Ruiz Mariano M. , Claudia Marchi M. , Perez Oscar E. , Jorge Guillermo E. , Fascio Mirta , D'Accorso Norma , Martín Negri R. 
Published: February 2015

ABSTRACTStructured elastomer films (100–150 µm) presenting piezo and magneto resistance are described. The films are composites of filler particles, which are both electrically conductive and magnetic, dispersed in an elastomeric matrix. The particles consist of magnetite (6 nm) grouped in silver‐coated aggregates (Fe3O4@Ag). The matrix is styrene–butadiene rubber (SBR) in which diethylene glycol (DEG) is added. The particles, SBR and DEG, are dispersed in toluene and then placed between two rare earth magnets. Formation of pseudo‐chains (needles) of inorganic material aligned in the direction of the magnetic field is obtained after solvent evaporation. The addition of DEG is substantial to obtain an electrically conductive material. The electrical conductivity is anisotropic and increases when applying normal stresses and/or magnetic fields in the direction of the needles. The elastomers, particles, and needless were characterized by XRD, SEM, EDS, FTIR, DSC, TGA, VSM, profilometry, and stress–strain analysis. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2015, 53, 574–586
Structural heterogeneity in microcrystalline ubiquitin studied by solid‐state NMR
Authors: Fasshuber Hannes Klaus , Lakomek Nils‐Alexander , Habenstein Birgit , Loquet Antoine , Shi Chaowei , Giller Karin , Wolff Sebastian , Becker Stefan , Lange Adam 
Published: February 2015

AbstractBy applying [1‐13C]‐ and [2‐13C]‐glucose labeling schemes to the folded globular protein ubiquitin, a strong reduction of spectral crowding and increase in resolution in solid‐state NMR (ssNMR) spectra could be achieved. This allowed spectral resonance assignment in a straightforward manner and the collection of a wealth of long‐range distance information. A high precision solid‐state NMR structure of microcrystalline ubiquitin was calculated with a backbone rmsd of 1.57 to the X‐ray structure and 1.32 Å to the solution NMR structure. Interestingly, we can resolve structural heterogeneity as the presence of three slightly different conformations. Structural heterogeneity is most significant for the loop region β1‐β2 but also for β‐strands β1, β2, β3, and β5 as well as for the loop connecting α1 and β3. This structural polymorphism observed in the solid‐state NMR spectra coincides with regions that showed dynamics in solution NMR experiments on different timescales.
Small caliber arterial endothelial cells calcium signals elicited by PAR2 are preserved from endothelial dysfunction
Authors: Hennessey John C. , Stuyvers Bruno D. , McGuire John J. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractEndothelial cell (EC)‐dependent vasodilation by proteinase‐activated receptor 2 (PAR2) is preserved in small caliber arteries in disease states where vasodilation by muscarinic receptors is decreased. In this study, we identified and characterized the PAR2‐mediated intracellular calcium (Ca2+)‐release mechanisms in EC from small caliber arteries in healthy and diseased states. Mesenteric arterial EC were isolated from PAR2 wild‐type (WT) and null mice, after saline (controls) or angiotensin II (AngII) infusion, for imaging intracellular calcium and characterizing the calcium‐release system by immunofluorescence. EC Ca2+ signals comprised two forms of Ca2+‐release events that had distinct spatial‐temporal properties and occurred near either the plasmalemma (peripheral) or center of EC. In healthy EC, PAR2‐dependent increases in the densities and firing rates of both forms of Ca2+‐release were abolished by inositol 1,4,5‐ trisphosphate receptor (IP3R) inhibitor, but partially reduced by transient potential vanilloid channels inhibitor ruthenium red (RR). Acetylcholine (ACh)‐induced less overall Ca2+‐release than PAR2 activation, but enhanced selectively the incidence of central events. PAR2‐dependent Ca2+‐activity, inhibitors sensitivities, IP3R, small‐ and intermediate‐conductance Ca2+‐activated potassium channels expressions were unchanged in EC from AngII WT. However, the same cells exhibited decreases in ACh‐induced Ca2+‐release, RR sensitivity, and endothelial nitric oxide synthase expression, indicating AngII‐induced dysfunction was differentiated by receptor, Ca2+‐release, and downstream targets of EC activation. We conclude that PAR2 and muscarinic receptors selectively elicit two elementary Ca2+ signals in single EC. PAR2‐selective IP3R‐dependent peripheral Ca2+‐release mechanisms are identical between healthy and diseased states. Further study of PAR2‐selective Ca2+‐release for eliciting pathological and/or normal EC functions is warranted.
Improving the sensitivity of the heat‐transfer method (HTM) for cancer cell detection with optimized sensor chips
Authors: Eersels K. , van Grinsven B. , Vandenryt T. , Jiménez‐Monroy K. L. , Peeters M. , Somers V. , Püttmann C. , Stein C. , Barth S. , Bos G. M. J. , Germeraad W. T. V. , Diliën H. , Cleij T. J. , Thoelen R. , Ceuninck W. De , Wagner P. 
Published: February 2015

In this article, we increased the sensitivity of the heat‐transfer method (HTM) for the detection of breast cancer cells (ZR‐75‐1 cells, see figure) in phosphate buffered saline (PBS). The effect of small technological changes on the limit of detection (LoD) of the methodology was examined. To this extent, polished aluminum substrates with a mirror finish were used, replacing the unpolished chips used in previous studies. These chips were coated with a polyurethane layer and imprinted for the target cell type, creating a so‐called surface imprinted‐polymer (SIP). Binding of target cells to the SIP resulted in an increase of the thermal resistance at the solid‐liquid interface under study. Background thermal resistance measurements were performed with polished and unpolished aluminum substrates. In addition, the effect of using silver paste as thermal coupling between the aluminum chip and the copper heat provider was analyzed. The results of these experiments reveal that optimal thermal contact is achieved when directly coupling the copper heat provider to the polished side of the aluminum substrate as evidenced by a decrease in the baseline thermal resistance. In addition, noise levels on the heat‐transfer resistance (Rth) signal decreased by a factor in the optimal configuration. Dose‐response curves were obtained using the optimized methodology and were compared with results obtained with the original substrates. These quantitative experiments demonstrated an improvement of the LoD by approximately thirty percent.ZR‐75‐1 cells applied onto a home‐made rubber stamp.
An evaluation of routing in vehicular networks using analytic hierarchy process
Authors: Katsaros Konstantinos , Dianati Mehrdad , Sun Zhili , Tafazolli Rahim 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThis paper presents a comprehensive study of the performance of routing protocols in distributed vehicular networks. We propose a novel and efficient routing protocol, namely cross‐layer, weighted, position‐based routing, which considers link quality, mobility and utilisation of nodes in a cross layer manner to make effective position‐based forwarding decisions. An analytic hierarchy process approach is utilised to combine multiple decision criteria into a single weighting function and to perform a comparative evaluation of the effects of aforementioned criteria on forwarding decisions. Comprehensive simulations are performed in realistic representative urban scenarios with synthetic and real traffic. Insights on the effect of different communication and mobility parameters are obtained. The results demonstrate that the proposed protocol outperforms existing routing protocols for vehicular ad hoc networks, including European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI's) proposed greedy routing protocol, greedy traffic aware routing protocol and advanced greedy forwarding in terms of combined packet delivery ratio, end‐to‐end delay and overhead. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of medium-chain length (C6–C10) fuels and chemicals via β-oxidation reversal in Escherichia coli
Authors: Kim Seohyoung , Clomburg James M , Gonzalez Ramon 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
The recently engineered reversal of the β-oxidation cycle has been proposed as a potential platform for the efficient synthesis of longer chain (C ≥ 4) fuels and chemicals. Here, we demonstrate the utility of this platform for the synthesis of medium-chain length (C6–C10) products through the manipulation of key components of the pathway. Deletion of endogenous thioesterases provided a clean background in which the expression of various thiolase and termination components, along with required core enzymes, resulted in the ability to alter the chain length distribution and functionality of target products. This approach enabled the synthesis of medium-chain length carboxylic acids and primary alcohols from glycerol, a low-value feedstock. The use of BktB as the thiolase component with thioesterase TesA’ as the termination enzyme enabled the synthesis of about 1.3 g/L C6–C10 saturated carboxylic acids. Tailoring of product formation to primary alcohol synthesis was achieved with the use of various acyl-CoA reductases. The combination of AtoB and FadA as the thiolase components with the alcohol-forming acyl-CoA reductase Maqu2507 from M. aquaeolei resulted in the synthesis of nearly 0.3 g/L C6–C10 alcohols. These results further demonstrate the versatile nature of a β-oxidation reversal, and highlight several key aspects and control points that can be further manipulated to fine-tune the synthesis of various fuels and chemicals.
Manometric analysis of the influence of rectal content on anal pressures in chronically constipated patients
Authors: Bruno Rodrigo Ciotola , Bin Fang Chia , César Maria Auxiliadora Prolungatti , Klug Wilmar Artur , Cruz Sylvia Heloisa Arantes 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
Objective The aim of our study was to analyze whether the presence of content in the rectum influences the anorectal manometry examination results in chronically constipated patients.
Methods We evaluated 38 chronically constipated patients, 36 women and 2 men, with an average age of 53.55 years of age, all with a score above 10 on the Agachan Constipation Scoring System. All the patients underwent rectal preparation and then had the anorectal manometry examination without rectal content and after 5 min had it with a rectal balloon inflated with 200 ml of air in the rectum.
Statistical analysis The statistical parametric paired-t test was applied in order to verify the difference in response between the groups after an intervention, adopting a significant level of 5% (p < 0.05).
Results The anal pressure was analyzed from the standard anal manometry examination and we found a statistically significant influence on the manometric results for the patients’ average resting pressures, absolute average contractions, average contractions, evacuations, and sustained contractions in the functional anal canals.
Conclusion The presence of rectal content influences the manometric values of average resting pressure, average absolute contraction, average contraction, evacuation, and average sustained contractions in the functional anal canal in the group of chronically constipated patients.
EPISTEMIC INJUSTICE IN THE SPACE OF REASONS
Authors: Congdon Matthew 
Published: February 2015

AbstractIn this paper, I make explicit some implicit commitments to realism and conceptualism in recent work in social epistemology exemplified by Miranda Fricker and Charles Mills. I offer a survey of recent writings at the intersection of social epistemology, feminism, and critical race theory, showing that commitments to realism and conceptualism are at once implied yet undertheorized in the existing literature. I go on to offer an explicit defense of these commitments by drawing from the epistemological framework of John McDowell, demonstrating the relevance of the metaphor of the “space of reasons” for theorizing and criticizing instances of epistemic injustice. I then point out how McDowell’s own view requires expansion and revision in light of Mills' concept of “epistemologies of ignorance.” I conclude that, when their strengths are used to make up for each others' weaknesses, Mills and McDowell’s positions mutually reinforce one another, producing a powerful model for theorizing instances of systematic ignorance and false belief.