bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Parenteral Lipid Emulsions in Guinea Pigs Differentially Influence Plasma and Tissue Levels of Fatty Acids, Squalene, Cholesterol, and Phytosterols
Authors: Harvey Kevin , Xu Zhidong , Walker Candace , Pavlina Thomas , McGrath Sheila , Zaloga Gary , Siddiqui Rafat 
Published: July 2014

AbstractLipid emulsions are made by mixing vegetable and/or fish oils with egg yolk and contain different types and amounts of fatty acids and sterols. This study assessed the effects of oral diet, soybean oil (SO)‐, fish oil (FO)‐, a mixture of olive and soybean oil (OOSO)‐, and a mixture of fish, olive, coconut, and soybean oil (FOCS)‐based emulsions on plasma triacylglycerols and plasma and tissue fatty acid and sterol content following acute and chronic intravenous administration in the guinea pig. Upon acute administration, peak triacylglycerols were highest with SO and lowest with OOSO. Upon chronic administration, the plasma triglyceride levels did not increase in any group over that of the controls. Fatty acid levels varied greatly between organs of animals on the control diets and organs of animals following acute or chronic lipid administration. Squalene levels increased in plasma following acute administration of OOSO, but plasma squalene levels were similar to control in all emulsion groups following chronic administration. Total plasma phytosterol levels were increased in the SO, OOSO, and FOCS groups following both acute and chronic infusions, whereas phytosterols were not increased following FO infusion. Total phytosterol levels were higher in liver, lung, kidney and adipose tissue following SO and OOSO. Levels were not increased in tissues after FO and FOCS infusion. These results indicate that fatty acid and sterol contents vary greatly among organs and that no one tissue reflects the fatty acid or sterol composition of other tissues, suggesting that different organs regulate these compounds differently.
Effect of strain rate on the compressive deformation behaviors of lotus-type porous copper
Authors: Liu Xin-hua , Huang Hai-you , Xie Jian-xin 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Lotus-type porous copper was fabricated by unidirectional solidification, and compressive experiments were subsequently conducted in the strain rate range of 10−3–2400 s−1 with the compressive direction parallel to the pores. A GLEEBLE-1500 thermal-mechanical simulation system and a split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) were used to investigate the effect of strain rate on the compressive deformation behaviors of lotus-type porous copper. The influence mechanism of strain rate was also analyzed by the strain-controlling method and by high-speed photography. The results indicated that the stress-strain curves of lotus-typed porous copper consist of a linear elastic stage, a plateau stage, and a densification stage at various strain rates. At low strain rate (< 1.0 s−1), the strain rate had little influence on the stress-strain curves; but when the strain rate exceeded 1.0 s−1, it was observed to strongly affect the plateau stage, showing obvious strain-rate-hardening characteristics. Strain rate also influenced the densification initial strain. The densification initial strain at high strain rate was less than that at low strain rate. No visible inhomogeneous deformation caused by shockwaves was observed in lotus-type porous copper during high-strain-rate deformation. However, at high strain rate, the bending deformation characteristics of the pore walls obviously differed from those at low strain rate, which was the main mechanism by which the plateau stress exhibited strain-rate sensitivity when the strain rate exceeded a certain value and exhibited less densification initial strain at high strain rate.
Preparation of high-strength Al-Mg-Si-Cu-Fe alloy via heat treatment and rolling
Authors: Liu Chong-yu , Yu Peng-fei , Wang Xiao-ying , Ma Ming-zhen , Liu Ri-ping 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
An Al-Mg-Si-Cu-Fe alloy was solid-solution treated at 560°C for 3 h and then cooled by water quenching or furnace cooling. The alloy samples which underwent cooling by these two methods were rolled at different temperatures. The microstructure and mechanical properties of the rolled alloys were investigated by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction analysis, and tensile testing. For the water-quenched alloys, the peak tensile strength and elongation occurred at a rolling temperature of 180°C. For the furnace-cooled alloys, the tensile strength decreased initially, until the rolling temperature of 420°C, and then increased; the elongation increased consistently with increasing rolling temperature. The effects of grain boundary hardening and dislocation hardening on the mechanical properties of these rolled alloys decreased with increases in rolling temperature. The mechanical properties of the 180°C rolling water-quenched alloy were also improved by the presence of β″ phase. Above 420°C, the effect of solid-solution hardening on the mechanical properties of the rolled alloys increased with increases in rolling temperature.
Effect of combining anesthetics in neonates on long‐term cognitive function
Authors: Lee Bradley H. , Hazarika Obhi D. , Quitoriano Gabe R. , Lin Nan , Leong Jason , Brosnan Heather , Chan John T. , May Laura D.V. , Yu Damon , Alkhamisi Ashkan , Stratmann Greg , Sall Jeffrey W. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractBackgroundWith growing evidence that anesthesia exposure in infancy affects cognitive development, it is important to understand how distinct anesthetic agents and combinations can alter long‐term memory. Investigations of neuronal death suggest that combining anesthetic agents increases the extent of neuronal injury. However, it is unclear how the use of simultaneously combined anesthetics affects cognitive outcome relative to the use of a single agent.MethodsPostnatal day 7 (P7) male rats were administered either sevoflurane as a single agent or the combined delivery of sevoflurane with nitrous oxide at 1 Minimum Alveolar Concentration for 4 h. Behavior was assessed in adulthood using the forced alternating T‐maze, social recognition, and context‐specific object recognition tasks.ResultsAnimals exposed to either anesthetic were unimpaired in the forced alternating T‐maze test and had intact social recognition. Subjects treated with the combined anesthetic displayed a deficit, however, in the object recognition task, while those treated with sevoflurane alone were unaffected.ConclusionA combined sevoflurane and nitrous oxide anesthetic led to a distinct behavioral outcome compared with sevoflurane alone, suggesting that the simultaneous use of multiple agents may uniquely influence early neural and cognitive development and potentially impacts associative memory.
Nationwide survey of catheter ablation for atrial fibrillation: The Japanese catheter ablation registry of atrial fibrillation (J‐CARAF)–A report on periprocedural oral anticoagulants
Authors: Murakawa Yuji , Nogami Akihiko , Shoda Morio , Inoue Koichi , Naito Shigeto , Kumagai Koichiro , Miyauchi Yasushi , Yamane Teiichi , Morita Norishige , Mitamura Hideo , Okumura Ken ,   on behalf of the Japanese Heart Rhythm Society's members
Published: July 2014

AbstractBackgroundCatheter ablation has become an established therapy for the treatment of atrial fibrillation (AF). To obtain a perspective on the current status of this therapy in Japan, the Japanese Heart Rhythm Society (JHRS) conducted a nationwide survey, the Japanese Catheter Ablation Registry of Atrial Fibrillation (J‐CARAF). In this study, we focused on whether periprocedural use of novel oral anticoagulants (NOACs) was related with excessive thromboembolic or bleeding complications.MethodsUsing an online questionnaire, JHRS requested electrophysiology centers in Japan to register the data of patients who underwent AF ablations in September 2011, March 2012, and September 2012. We compared the clinical profiles and ablation data, including the incidence of complications among patients in whom warfarin, a NOAC or neither was used as a periprocedural anticoagulant.ResultsA total of 179 centers submitted data relating to 3373 patients (62.2±10.6 years). Paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (PAF) was observed in 64.4% of patients. Warfarin, as a periprocedural oral anticoagulant, was used by 53.6% (1808/3373) of patients. A NOAC was given to 541 subjects (dabigatran: 504 [16.1%], rivaroxaban: 37 [1.1%]). In the remaining 1024 patients (30.4%), no periprocedural oral anticoagulants (OACs) were used. The proportion of PAF in warfarin‐treated patients (61.1%) was significantly lower than that in NOAC‐treated patients (70.1%, p<0.01) or in patients not treated with an OAC (67.4%, p<0.01). Patients treated with uninterrupted warfarin therapy were associated with significantly higher CHA2DS2‐VASc scores. A total of 158 complications occurred in 151 subjects (4.5%). The incidence of complications in NOAC‐treated patients (14/541 [2.6%]) was lower than that in patients receiving uninterrupted warfarin therapy (4.8%, p<0.05). The incidence of pericardial effusion in NOAC‐treated patients (0.7%) was lower than in warfarin‐treated patients (2.6%, p<0.05). The difference in the periprocedural anticoagulant strategy was not related to the frequency of other bleeding events. Cerebral infarction occurred in one patient from each patient group.ConclusionsOur results suggest that NOACs are safe for use as substitutes for warfarin without causing excessive increases in the rates of thromboembolic or bleeding complications.
The effect of performance measurement systems on firm performance: A cross‐sectional and a longitudinal study
Authors: Koufteros Xenophon , Verghese Anto (John) , Lucianetti Lorenzo 
Published: July 2014

AbstractPerformance measurement (PM) systems have been popularized over the last 20 years and the operations management literature is replete with discussion of metrics and measurement systems. Yet, a comprehensive nomological network relating types of PM system uses to organizational capabilities and performance is lacking. Furthermore, there is scant empirical evidence attesting to the explanatory efficacy of PM systems as it relates to organizational performance. We view PM system uses through the lenses of the Resource Orchestration Theory (ROT) and explore specific relationships of underlying variables by relying on the Organizational Information Processing Theory (OIPT). Resting on the extant literature, we identify two types of uses which include Diagnostic Use (the review of critical performance variables in order to maintain, alter, or justify patterns in an organizational activity) and interactive use (a forward‐looking activity exemplified by active and frequent involvement of top management envisioning new ways to orchestrate organizational resources for competitive advantage) and relate them along with their interaction (i.e., dynamic tension) to organizational capabilities. We further link capabilities to target performance, which subsequently impacts organizational performance (operationalized through both perceptual and objective financial performance measures). The nomological network is tested via a cross sectional study (386 Italian firms) while the efficacy of PM systems to explain organizational performance is examined by using longitudinal panel data approaches over a 10 year period. There is sufficient evidence to suggest that the use of PM systems leads to improved capabilities, which then impact performance. Contrary to the extant literature, however, we discovered that Diagnostic Use appears to be the most constructive explanatory variable for capabilities. On the other hand, in light of a longitudinal study, we also uncovered that Diagnostic Use experienced depreciating returns as far as objective financial measures are concerned. Also, when high levels of Diagnostic Use were coupled with low levels of Interactive Use, they produced the lowest levels of organizational capabilities. Conversely, high levels of both types of PM system use generated extraordinary high levels of capabilities. There is sufficient evidence to suggest that organizations cannot rely merely on Diagnostic Use of PM systems. We also learned that the effects of PM systems (measured via adaptation) fade unless high learning rates are applied. We offer detailed recommendations for future research which have theoretical as well as empirical implications.
Understanding and predicting the global spread of emergent infectious diseases
Authors: Brockmann Dirk 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
The emergence and global spread of human infectious diseases has become one of the most serious public health threats of the 21st century. Sophisticated computer simulations have become a key tool for understanding and predicting disease spread on a global scale. Combining theoretical insights from nonlinear dynamics, stochastic processes and complex network theory these computational models are becoming increasingly important in the design of efficient mitigation and control strategies and for public health in general.
Infections causing cancers: world burden and potential for prevention
Authors: de Martel Catherine , Plummer Martyn , Franceschi Silvia 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Infections with viruses, bacteria, and parasites have long been identified as strong risk factors for specific cancers (Table 1) (IARC, 2012). Worldwide, about 2.1 million of the total of 12.7 million cancer cases that occurred in 2008 (16.5% of all cases) are attributable to infections (de Martel et al., 2012). This fraction varies 10-fold by region; it is lowest in North America, Australia, and New Zealand (≤ 5%) and highest in sub-Saharan Africa (>30%) (Figure 1). Helicobacter pylori, hepatitis B and C viruses, and human papillomaviruses are responsible for 1.9 million cancer cases globally, mainly encompassing gastric, liver, and cervical cancer, respectively.
Multiresistente Risikoerreger - Krankenhaushygiene
Authors: Dettenkofer Markus 
Published: July 2014

Einleitung
Die Prävention und Kontrolle von nosokomialen Infektionen und multiresistenten Pathogenen ist von größter Wichtigkeit für einen hohen Level an Patientensicherheit. Unterstützt durch jüngst erlassene Rechtsvorschriften wurden in Deutschland vor kurzem besser koordinierte Programme eingeführt. Gut ausgebildetes und hoch motiviertes Personal im Gesundheitsbereich scheint die entscheidende Komponente zu sein, um eine hohe Compliance hinsichtlich der etablierten Prinzipien der Infektionskontrolle zu erreichen.
Übertragbare Krankheiten: Herausforderung für die Öffentliche Gesundheit
Authors: Herr Caroline 
Published: July 2014

Einleitung
Infektionskrankheiten stehen zunehmend im Blickpunkt der Bevölkerung und der Wissenschaft. Durch Vernachlässigung von hygienischen Maßnahmen sowie nichtadäquaten Antibiotikaeinsatz hat die Zahl der Infektionen mit multiresistenten Erregern zugenommen. Im Falle von „Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases“ kam es auch durch Impflücken (z.B. Masern) und Impfskepsis zu einem deutlichen Anstieg. Im Innenraum sind Schimmel, im Außenluftbereich anthropogene Bioaerosolimmissionen aus Anlagen der Land- und Abfallwirtschaft sowie Legionellen aus Rückkühlwerken als Infektionsquellen in den Fokus gerückt. Der öffentliche Gesundheitsdienst ist hier präventiv tätig und versucht, durch unterschiedliche Herangehensweisen die Ausbreitung der Infektionskrankheiten zu verhindern, sie frühzeitig zu erkennen oder ein Wiederauftreten zu verhindern.
Noroviren – ein Impfstoff muss erst entwickelt werden
Authors: Hofmann Friedrich 
Published: July 2014

Einleitung
Seit der ersten wissenschaftlich genauen Dokumentation der ‘winter vomiting disease’ mit den typischen Merkmalen einer Gastroenteritis im Jahre 1968 und der wenig später erfolgten Entdeckung des verantwortlichen Pathogens (heute als Norovirus bezeichnet) hat man in zahlreichen Studien versucht, Präventionsmaßnahmen zu erforschen. 2010 wurden erste Ergebnisse einer Studie zur Produktion eines Impfstoffs mit Hilfe virusartiger Partikel präsentiert, denen 2012 eine weitere, ähnliche Untersuchung folgte. In dieser Arbeit sollen die Eigenschaften von Noroviren und die Ergebnisse der Impfstoffstudien präsentiert werden.
Zur derzeitigen Bedeutung der Infektionskrankheiten
Authors: Hofmann Friedrich 
Published: July 2014

Einleitung
Während der letzten beiden Jahrhunderte sind Hunderte von Infektionserregern entdeckt worden. Die epidemiologische Situation hinsichtlich der wichtigsten Infektionskrankheiten in Deutschland hat sich in den letzten zehn Jahren entscheidend geändert. Einem signifikanten Abfall der Hepatitis A- und B-Inzidenz steht die moderate Reduktion bei der Hepatitis C und der Tuberkulose gegenüber, während Masern und Hepatitis E erheblich an Bedeutung gewonnen haben. In dieser Arbeit werden Public Health-Maßnahmen zur Kontrolle von Infektionskrankheiten vor dem Hintergrund der Empfehlungen der Ständigen Impfkommission am Robert Koch-Institut diskutiert.
Kopfläuse und ihre Bekämpfung - eine unendliche Geschichte?
Authors: Mehlhorn Heinz 
Published: July 2014

Einleitung
Regelmässig kommt es 4-6 Wochen nach den großen Schulferien zu Läusealarm in Kindergärten und Schulen. Läuseträger werden gemobbt, obwohl jeder bei Haar-zu-Haar-Kontakten von Läusen befallen werden kann. Es treten meist nur befruchtete Weibchen auf einen neuen Wirt über. Daher dauert es 4-5 Wochen, bis überhaupt Läuse bemerkt werden. Wenn nicht gleichzeitig alle Kinder/Personen behandelt werden, kommt es zu anhaltenden kostenträchtigen Ping-Pong-Infektionen. Pflanzliche Mittel wirken wenig und wirken potenziell allergen. Insektizide können auf bereits resistente Läusestämme treffen. Di- und Cyclomethicone wie auch ein liquides Bioprodukt wirken erstickend, wobei allerdings bei den Silikonen die Gefahr der leichten Entflammbarkeit besteht. Alle Produkte müssen aber stets bis auf die Kopfhaut aufgebracht werden, weil dort die meisten Läuse sitzen.
Infektionen im Kindesalter
Authors: Zoch Beate , Mikolajczyk Rafael 
Published: July 2014

Einleitung
Das frühe Kindesalter stellt sowohl bezüglich der Exposition gegenüber Infektionskrankheiten als auch für die Entwicklung des Immunsystems die sensibelste Lebensphase dar. Weltweit wurden und werden zahlreiche Anstrengungen unternommen, um die Zusammenhänge zwischen Infektionen, Immunantwort und Langzeitfolgen zu untersuchen. Neue Erkenntnisse werden aus Geburtenkohorten erwartet, die sich besonders der Betrachtung von Infektionen widmen.
Der Frühsommer-Meningoenzephalitis (FSME) kann durch Impfung vorgebeugt werden
Authors: Niedrig Matthias , Klaus Christine 
Published: July 2014

Einleitung
Die Frühsommer-Meningoenzephalitis (FSME) ist eine der bedeutendsten viralen durch Zecken übertragenen Krankheiten in Deutschland. Der Erreger, das FSME-Virus, kann durch alle Entwicklungsstadien der Zeckenspezies Ixodes ricinus übertragen werden. In seltenen Fällen kann eine Infektion auch durch Rohmilch und Rohmilchprodukte erfolgen. Der Schwerpunkt der Erkrankungsfälle liegt in Süddeutschland, Einzelfälle kommen aber in ganz Deutschland vor. Eine wirksame Impfung gegen FSME steht zur Verfügung. Eine spezifische Therapie für FSME Erkrankte steht nicht zur Verfügung
Sexually transmitted infections: incidence and awareness among German adolescents
Authors: Samkange-Zeeb Florence , Pöttgen Saskia 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Despite the fact that they are largely preventable and curable, sexually transmitted infections (STIs) present a major global public health problem disproportionally affecting young persons aged 15-25 years. Several STIs can occur without, or only with mild and passing symptoms over long periods of time, leading to delayed diagnosis and treatment, and also increasing the chance of the infections being passed on during unprotected sexual intercourse. According to reports, many adolescents get information on STIs such as chlamydia and human papillomavirus only after getting infected.
Die Wiederentdeckung Sexuell übertragbarer Infektionen jenseits von HIV
Authors: Stiehler Matthias 
Published: July 2014

Einleitung
Sexuell übertragbare Infektionen (STI) gewinnen in den letzten Jahren wieder zunehmend an Bedeutung. Insbesondere der Zusammenhang der Zunahme von STI- und HIV-Infektionen forderten wieder eine stärkere Beschäftigung mit Syphilis, Chlamydien und Gonorrhoe. Dabei werden verschiedene Probleme deutlich: Es fehlt an bundesweit verlässlichen Daten, der Aufklärungsstand zu den STI ist verglichen mit HIV gering und es fehlt an flächendeckenden Screeningmöglichkeiten.
Capitolo 6: Il costo dei pazienti
Authors: Arrighi Enrico , di Maio Alessandra , Mapelli Vittorio 
Published: July 2014

La stima del costo annuo di trattamento (CT paz) del paziente psichiatrico all'interno del DSM ha comportato (figura 6.1): a) la descrizione e quantificazione delle prestazioni ricevute nelle strutture delle UOP nel corso del 2000; b) la valorizzazione del trattamento attraverso la determinazione di costi medi standard delle prestazioni. Data l'ampiezza del campione si è optato per un modello di activity based costing, in cui la stima del costo del prodotto è ottenuta come somma dei costi di singole attività generate dall' organizzazione. Nel caso specifico l'organizzazione, il prodotto e le attività sono rappresentati rispettivamente dalla UOP, dal trattamento complessivo ricevuto dal paziente nel corso del 2000 e dalle singole prestazioni erogate dalle strutture della UOP.La prima fase (punto a) ha utilizzato il flusso informativo regionale Psiche per rilevare le prestazioni erogate nel 2000 per singolo paziente reclutato.
Capitolo 7: Il modello esplicativo della variabilità dei costi di trattamento dei pazienti: metodologia e risultati
Authors: di Maio Alessandra , Lora Antonio , Torri Valter 
Published: July 2014

La forte variabilità nei costi di trattamento e l'obiettivo di definire un sistema di classificazione dei pazienti psichiatrici in gruppi iso-risorse hanno suggerito di ricorrere all'analisi statistica e in particolare ai modelli di analisi della varianza per rispondere ai seguenti interrogativi:– in che misura la diagnosi è in grado di predire i costi di trattamento dei pazienti psichiatrici;– qual è la capacità esplicativa della gravità dei pazienti psichiatrici rispetto ai loro costi di trattamento;– quali sono gli altri fattori predittivi dei costi, oltre alla gravità e alla diagnosi.Si è proceduto, dapprima, con modelli univariati, nei quali i costi per paziente (variabile dipendente) sono stati correlati, di volta in volta, con la diagnosi, la gravità o altre variabili esplicative. Successivamente, le variabili più esplicative, sono state regredite tutte insieme con i costi per paziente, secondo il modello interpretativo illustrato successivamente.Nella maggior parte delle regressioni sono stati utilizzati i dati relativi ad una coorte di 5.390 pazienti, che corrispondono a quelli reclutati nella prima rilevazione HoNOS (16 gennaio-16 febbraio 2000) per i quali, al momento della stesura di questo rapporto, era possibile calcolare il costo annuo delle prestazioni consumate, risultante dalle informazioni raccolte tramite il Sistema Informativo PSICHE nel 2000.