bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Various Types of Sensors
Authors: Igarashi Shinya , Onozuka Junji , Hoshika Hiroaki , Hayashi Masahide 
Published: April 2015

AbstractThis chapter describes various sensors. Firstly, general discussions of sensors for automotive application are performed. Then, airflow sensor, rotation sensor, knock sensor, temperature sensor, humidity sensor, and combined inertia sensors (acceleration and angular rate sensors) are explained.
Impact of Electric Vehicles on Low Voltage Supply Systems
Authors: Rehtanz Christian , Rolink Johannes , Horenkamp Willi 
Published: April 2015

AbstractElectric vehicles represent extra loads that were not considered when the power grid was designed. As more and moreEVsare added, the grid may begin to experience local bottlenecks. This chapter thus looks at the impact of widespreadEVdeployment on the low voltage supply system in Germany. The analysis focuses on reference supply systems that are identified using structural data. It first determines the simultaneity behavior of electric vehicles based on uncontrolled charging processes. Next, it explains the methodology used to determine the reference supply systems. Then, it describes the main bottlenecks to connectEVsto the power grid. Finally, it analyzes the capacity of the low voltage supply system.
A Modular Approach to the Total Synthesis of Tunicamycins
Authors: Li Jiakun , Yu Biao 
Published: April 2015

AbstractThe tunicamycins constitute a delicate mimic of the bisubstrate intermediates of N‐acetyl‐D‐hexosamine‐1‐phosphate translocases and thus inhibit bacterial cell‐wall synthesis and the N glycosylation of eukaryotic proteins. An efficient approach to the synthesis of this unique type of nucleoside antibiotics is now reported and features the assembly of five modules in a highly stereoselective and robust manner. A Mukaiyama aldol reaction, intramolecular acetal formation, gold(I)‐catalyzed O and N glycosylation, and final N acylation were used as the key steps.
Metallophthalocyanine‐Based Conjugated Microporous Polymers as Highly Efficient Photosensitizers for Singlet Oxygen Generation
Authors: Ding Xuesong , Han Bao‐Hang 
Published: April 2015

AbstractSinglet oxygen (1O2) is of great interest because of its potential applications in photodynamic therapy, photooxidation of toxic molecules, and photochemical synthesis. Herein, we report novel metallophthalocyanine (MPc) based conjugated microporous polymers (MPc‐CMPs) as photosensitizers for the generation of 1O2. The rigid microporous structure efficiently improves the exposure of the majority of the MPc units to oxygen. The MPc‐CMPs also exhibit an enhanced light‐harvesting capability in the far‐red region through their extended π‐conjugation systems. Their microporous structure and excellent absorption capability for long‐wavelength photons result in the MPc‐CMPs showing high efficiency for 1O2 generation upon irradiation with 700 nm light, as evident by using 1,3‐diphenylisobenzofuran as an 1O2 trap. These results indicate that MPc‐CMPs can be considered as promising photosensitizers for the generation of 1O2.
Nonenzymatic Transformation of Amorphous CaCO3 into Calcium Phosphate Mineral after Exposure to Sodium Phosphate in Vitro: Implications for in Vivo Hydroxyapatite Bone Formation
Authors: Müller Werner E. G. , Neufurth Meik , Huang Jian , Wang Kui , Feng Qingling , Schröder Heinz C. , Diehl‐Seifert Bärbel , Muñoz‐Espí Rafael , Wang Xiaohong 
Published: April 2015

AbstractStudies indicate that mammalian bone formation is initiated at calcium carbonate bioseeds, a process that is driven enzymatically by carbonic anhydrase (CA). We show that amorphous calcium carbonate (ACC) and bicarbonate (HCO3−) cause induction of expression of the CA in human osteogenic SaOS‐2 cells. The mineral deposits formed on the surface of the cells are rich in C, Ca and P. FTIR analysis revealed that ACC, vaterite, and aragonite, after exposure to phosphate, undergo transformation into calcium phosphate. This exchange was not seen for calcite. The changes to ACC, vaterite, and aragonite depended on the concentration of phosphate. The rate of incorporation of phosphate into ACC, vaterite, and aragonite, is significantly accelerated in the presence of a peptide rich in aspartic acid and glutamic acid. We propose that the initial CaCO3 bioseed formation is driven by CA, and that the subsequent conversion to calcium phosphate/calcium hydroxyapatite (exchange of carbonate by phosphate) is a non‐enzymatic exchange process.
Numerical Simulation of Interfacial Closures for 3D Bubble Column Flows
Authors: Masood Rao M. A. , Jovicic Vojislav , Delgado Antonio 
Published: April 2015

AbstractNumerical investigation of flow hydrodynamics in a square cross‐sectioned bubble column was conducted in a transient Euler‐Euler environment by applying the simulation tool Ansys CFX 14.0. The influence of the drag coefficient (CD) was investigated and the results were also compared with drag force models. Furthermore, three different lift force models and a defined lift coefficient were studied. All results were compared with the available experimental data. All simulations were carried out for a single‐hole sparger with given aspect ratio (H/D) and superficial gas velocity.
Mathematical Modeling of a Simulated Moving‐Bed Adsorption Process: Parex™ Technology as a Case Study
Authors: Rezazadeh Mahdi , Esfahani Mohammad Seifi , Rahimi Amir , Ehsani Mohammad Reza 
Published: April 2015

AbstractA simplified dynamic mathematical model for a simulated moving‐bed adsorption process is presented. The model is adopted to simulate the separation process of p‐xylene from the other 8‐carbon aromatics by means of the Parex™ technology. Operating conditions and the moving‐bed structure for a commercial plant were used and the performance of the unit was simulated. The model results are in good agreement with the findings of similar existing studies. Comparison of the results of this simplified model with those obtained by other researches indicates a considerable decrease in central processing unit (CPU) time.
Extraction of Spent Bleaching Earth in the Production of Renewable Diesel
Authors: Kuuluvainen Vilppu , Mäki‐Arvela Päivi , Eränen Kari , Holappa Anton , Hemming Jarl , Österholm Heidi , Toukoniitty Blanka , Murzin Dmitry Y. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractThe extraction of oils based on animal fat and vegetable oil from two types of spent bleaching earths, namely from the acidic sepiolite and the nonacidic palygorskite, was investigated by the Soxhlet method with hexane as a solvent. The yields of oil were independent of the feedstock, whereas a much lower oil yield was obtained with palygorskite exhibiting also a smaller surface area as compared to sepiolite which provided a higher yield. The glyceride compositions were very similar in bleached and extracted oils, while slightly lower melting and crystallization energies were determined by differential scanning calorimetry for the extracted oils bleached with acidic clay indicating minor hydrolysis of triglycerides.
Small Iminocoumarin Derivatives as Red Emitters: From Biological Imaging to Highly Photoluminescent Non‐doped Micro‐ and Nanofibres
Authors: Khemakhem Kacem , Soulié Marine , Brousses Rémy , Ammar Houcine , Abid Souhir , Fery‐Forgues Suzanne 
Published: April 2015

AbstractThe fluorescence properties of four derivatives of 3‐thienyl‐2‐(N‐dicyanovinyl)iminocoumarin, bearing a diethylamino group in the 7‐position or a methoxy group in the 6, 7 and 8 positions, were compared in solution and in the solid state. The 7‐diethylamino derivative was strongly fluorescent in various solvents, with marked solvatochromism. Its fluorescence was quenched by aggregation. In contrast, the methoxy derivatives were only moderately or weakly fluorescent in solution, but two of them were strongly photoluminescent in the crystalline state, owing to favourable molecular packing. The 6‐methoxy derivative even exhibited spectacular crystallization‐enhanced emission, examples of which are particularly rare for this type of dyes. Dyes were tested for biological use. The 7‐diethylamino derivative led to particularly strong fluorescence staining of the cytoplasm of HCT‐116 colon cancer cells. No fading was observed over prolonged illumination by the microscope light beam, but a phototoxic effect was detected. The use of the dyes as red‐emitting materials was also investigated. Using easy‐to‐implement preparation methods, the compounds self‐ assembled to give one‐dimensional nano‐ and microsized particles, including millimeter‐long microfibres that exhibited clear wave‐guiding properties. This study shows the value of these low molecular‐weight molecules for the preparation of new orange and red‐emitting fluorescent materials based on totally pure dye.
Plasticity of the Malleobactin Pathway and Its Impact on Siderophore Action in Human Pathogenic Bacteria
Authors: Franke Jakob , Ishida Keishi , Hertweck Christian 
Published: April 2015

AbstractThe human pathogenic bacteria Burkholderia mallei, Burkholderia pseudomallei, and Burkholderia thailandensis harbor a highly conserved gene cluster coding for the biosynthesis of the long sought‐after malleobactins. Four new, unexpected congeners of the malleobactin family that were isolated and fully characterized in this study feature unusual deviations from the parent, ornibactin‐like architecture. Thus, the malleobactin non‐ribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) has a rare flexibility that yields diverse peptide backbones, of which one candidate confers pronounced siderophore activity (EC50: 8.4 μM, CAS assay). These findings not only unveil a highly diverse assembly line but also are an important addition to the knowledgebase of the pathogens’ metabolomes.
[P3Se4]+: A Binary Phosphorus Selenium Cation
Authors: Feldmann K.‐O. , Wiegand T. , Ren J. , Eckert H. , Breternitz J. , Groh M. F. , Müller U. , Ruck M. , Maryasin B. , Ochsenfeld C. , Schön O. , Karaghiosoff K. , Weigand J. J. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractHighlighted on the cover of this issue is a collaboration between the groups of Jan Weigand and Michael Ruck at TU Dresden, Hellmut Eckert and Thomas Wiegand at Westfälische Wilhelms‐University Münster, and Christian Ochsenfeld and Konstantin Karaghiosoff at Ludwig Maximilians University Munich (all Germany), who teamed up to uncover the novel selenium cation, [P3Se4]+. Three distinct syntheses and detailed information on its structural, electronic and dynamic properties resulted from the combination of the groups’ different perspectives (cover design by Dr. Kai‐Oliver Feldmann from the Weigand group). Read the full text of the article at 10.1002/chem.201406476.
Feasibility of Extended Ambulatory Electrocardiogram Monitoring to Identify Silent Atrial Fibrillation in High‐risk Patients: The Screening Study for Undiagnosed Atrial Fibrillation (STUDY‐AF)
Authors: Turakhia Mintu P. , Ullal Aditya J. , Hoang Donald D. , Than Claire T. , Miller Jared D. , Friday Karen J. , Perez Marco V. , Freeman James V. , Wang Paul J. , Heidenreich Paul A. 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACTBackgroundIdentification of silent atrial fibrillation (AF) could prevent stroke and other sequelae.HypothesisScreening for AF using continuous ambulatory electrocardiographic (ECG) monitoring can detect silent AF in asymptomatic in patients with known risk factors.MethodsWe performed a single‐center prospective screening study using a wearable patch‐based device that provides up to 2 weeks of continuous ambulatory ECG monitoring (iRhythm Technologies, Inc.). Inclusion criteria were age ≥55 years and ≥2 of the following risk factors: coronary disease, heart failure, hypertension, diabetes, sleep apnea. We excluded patients with prior AF, stroke, transient ischemic attack, implantable pacemaker or defibrillator, or with palpitations or syncope in the prior year.ResultsOut of 75 subjects (all male, age 69 ± 8.0 years; ejection fraction 57% ± 8.7%), AF was detected in 4 subjects (5.3%; AF burden 28% ± 48%). Atrial tachycardia (AT) was present in 67% (≥4 beats), 44% (≥8 beats), and 6.7% (≥60 seconds) of subjects. The combined diagnostic yield of sustained AT/AF was 11%. In subjects without sustained AT/AF, 11 (16%) had ≥30 supraventricular ectopic complexes per hour.ConclusionsOutpatient extended ECG screening for asymptomatic AF is feasible, with AF identified in 1 in 20 subjects and sustained AT/AF identified in 1 in 9 subjects, respectively. We also found a high prevalence of asymptomatic AT and frequent supraventricular ectopic complexes, which may be relevant to development of AF or stroke. If confirmed in a larger study, primary screening for AF could have a significant impact on public health.
Preoperative Cerebrovascular Evaluation in Patients With Infective Endocarditis
Authors: Behrouz Réza 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACTApproximately 12% to 40% of infective endocarditis patients experience cerebrovascular complications. One of the major clinical challenges in cerebrovascular medicine is management of infective endocarditis patients with cerebrovascular complications who require valve operations. Cerebrovascular specialists are often summoned to address appropriate preoperative brain imaging, timing of surgery, and estimation of the risk of perioperative cerebral embolization and hemorrhage. This article addresses these issues based on the available evidence.
Effect of treatment and mammography detection on breast cancer survival over time: 1990‐2007
Authors: Kaplan Henry G. , Malmgren Judith A. , Atwood Mary K. , Calip Gregory S. 
Published: April 2015

BACKGROUNDThe extent to which improvements over time in breast cancer survival are related to earlier detection by mammography or to more effective treatments is not known.METHODSAt a comprehensive cancer care center, the authors conducted a retrospective cohort study of women ages 50 to 69 years who were diagnosed with invasive breast cancer (stages I through III) and were followed over 3 periods (1990‐1994, 1995‐1999, and 2000‐2007). Data were abstracted from patient charts and included detection method, diagnosis, treatment, and follow‐up for vital status in the institutional breast cancer registry (n = 2998). The method of detection was categorized as patient or physician detected or mammography detected. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for 5‐year disease‐specific survival in relation to detection method and treatment factors, and differences in survival were analyzed using the Kaplan‐Meier method.RESULTSFifty‐eight percent of breast cancers were mammography detected, and 42% were patient or physician detected; 56% of tumors were stage I, 31% were stage II, and 13% were stage III. The average length of follow‐up was 10.71 years. The combined 5‐year disease‐specific survival rate was 89% from 1990 to 1994, 94% from 1995 to 1999, and 96% from 2000 to 2007 (P < .001). In an adjusted model, mammography detection (HR, 0.43; 95% CI, 0.27‐0.70), hormone therapy (HR, 0.47; 95% CI, 0.30‐0.75), and taxane‐containing chemotherapy (HR, 0.61; 95% CI, 0.37‐0.99) were significantly associated with a decreased risk of disease‐specific mortality.CONCLUSIONSBetter breast cancer survival over time was related to mammography detection, hormone therapy, and taxane‐containing chemotherapy. Treatment improvements alone are not sufficient to explain the observed survival improvements over time. Cancer 2015;121:2553–2561. © 2015 American Cancer Society.
Characterizing the Intermediates Compound I and II in the Cytochrome P450 Catalytic Cycle with Nonlinear X‐ray Spectroscopy: A Simulation Study
Authors: Zhang Yu , Biggs Jason D. , Mukamel Shaul 
Published: April 2015

AbstractCytochrome P450 enzymes are an important family of biocatalysts that oxidize chemically inert CH bonds. There are many unresolved questions regarding the catalytic reaction intermediates, in particular P450 Compound I (Cpd‐I) and II (Cpd‐II). By using simple molecular models, we simulate various X‐ray spectroscopy signals, including X‐ray absorption near‐edge structure (XANES), resonant inelastic X‐ray scattering (RIXS), and stimulated X‐ray Raman spectroscopy (SXRS) of the low‐ and high‐spin states of Cpd‐I and II. Characteristic peak patterns are presented and connected to the corresponding electronic structures. These X‐ray spectroscopy techniques are complementary to more conventional infrared and optical spectroscopy and they help to elucidate the evolving electronic structures of transient species along the reaction path.
Molecular Modeling of Bioorganometallic Compounds: Thermodynamic Properties of Molybdocene–Glutathione Complexes and Mechanism of Peptide Hydrolysis
Authors: Suárez Dimas , Díaz Natalia 
Published: April 2015

AbstractThe computational study of bioinorganic complexes between transition metals and flexible ligands is still challenging, given that, besides requiring extensive conformational searches, the treatment of metal–ligand bonds demands the application of quantum chemical methods. Herein, the adducts formed between molybdocene, which exhibits antitumor activity and reacts with thiol groups to give stable water‐soluble complexes, and the tripeptide glutathione, which is a major source of biological thiols, are studied. Conformational searches are performed using the semiempirical PM6 method followed by geometry optimizations and single‐point calculations using density functional theory methods. In addition, molecular dynamics simulations of the molybdocene–glutathione complex involved in the regioselective hydrolysis of the Cys–Gly linkage are performed in explicit solvent. The reactive process is also studied theoretically on cluster models of both the molybdocene‐bound and the free peptide.
In Situ Catalytic Hydrogenation of Biomass‐Derived Methyl Levulinate to γ‐Valerolactone in Methanol
Authors: Tang Xing , Li Zheng , Zeng Xianhai , Jiang Yetao , Liu Shijie , Lei Tingzhou , Sun Yong , Lin Lu 
Published: April 2015

AbstractIn this work, the hydrocyclization of methyl levulinate (ML) to γ‐valerolactone (GVL) was performed in MeOH over an in situ prepared nanocopper catalyst without external H2. This nanocopper catalyst served as a dual‐functional catalyst for both hydrogen production by MeOH reforming and hydrogenation of ML. Nearly quantitative ML conversion with a GVL selectivity of 87.6 % was achieved at 240 °C in 1 h in MeOH under a nitrogen atmosphere. ML in the methanolysis products of cellulose also could be hydrogenated effectively to GVL over this nanocopper catalyst even in the presence of humins to give an ML conversion of 94.1 % and a GVL selectivity of 73.2 % at 240 °C in 4 h. The absorption behavior of humins on the surface of the nanocopper catalyst was observed, which resulted in a pronounced increase in the acidic sites of the nanocopper catalyst that facilitate ring‐opening and the hydrocarboxylation/alkoxycarbonylation of GVL to byproducts.
One‐step Conversion of Furfural into 2‐Methyltetrahydrofuran under Mild Conditions
Authors: Dong Fang , Zhu Yulei , Ding Guoqiang , Cui Jinglei , Li Xianqing , Li Yongwang 
Published: April 2015

AbstractOne‐step direct conversion of biomass‐derived furfural to 2‐methyltetrahydrofuran was realized under atmospheric pressure over a dual solid catalyst based on two‐stage‐packed Cu–Pd in a reactor; this is the first report that one‐step conversion of furfural resulted in high yield of 2‐methyltetrahydrofuran (97.1 %) under atmospheric pressure. This strategy provided a successive hydrogenation process, which avoids high H2 pressure, uses the reactor efficiently, and eliminates the product‐separation step. Therefore, it could enhance the overall efficiency as a result of low cost and high yield.
Local and global pyrogeographic evidence that indigenous fire management creates pyrodiversity
Authors: Trauernicht Clay , Brook Barry W. , Murphy Brett P. , Williamson Grant J. , Bowman David M. J. S. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractDespite the challenges wildland fire poses to contemporary resource management, many fire‐prone ecosystems have adapted over centuries to millennia to intentional landscape burning by people to maintain resources. We combine fieldwork, modeling, and a literature survey to examine the extent and mechanism by which anthropogenic burning alters the spatial grain of habitat mosaics in fire‐prone ecosystems. We survey the distribution ofCallitris intratropica, a conifer requiring long fire‐free intervals for establishment, as an indicator of long‐unburned habitat availability under Aboriginal burning in the savannas of Arnhem Land. We then use cellular automata to simulate the effects of burning identical proportions of the landscape under different fire sizes on the emergent patterns of habitat heterogeneity. Finally, we examine the global extent of intentional burning and diversity of objectives using the scientific literature. The current distribution ofCallitrisacross multiple field sites suggested long‐unburnt patches are common and occur at fine scales (<0.5 ha), while modeling revealed smaller, patchy disturbances maximize patch age diversity, creating a favorable habitat matrix forCallitris. The literature search provided evidence for intentional landscape burning across multiple ecosystems on six continents, with the number of identified objectives ranging from two to thirteen per study. The fieldwork and modeling results imply that the occurrence of long‐unburnt habitat in fire‐prone ecosystems may be an emergent property of patch scaling under fire regimes dominated by smaller fires. These findings provide a model for understanding how anthropogenic burning alters spatial and temporal aspects of habitat heterogeneity, which, as the literature survey strongly suggests, warrant consideration across a diversity of geographies and cultures. Our results clarify how traditional fire management shapes fire‐prone ecosystems, which despite diverse objectives, has allowed human societies to cope with fire as a recurrent disturbance.