bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cerebral Microbleeds and Recurrent Stroke Risk
Authors: Charidimou Andreas , Kakar Puneet , Fox Zoe , Werring David J. 
Published: March 2013

Background and Purpose—
To evaluate cerebral microbleeds (CMBs) and future stroke risk (including intracerebral hemorrhage [ICH]) in patients with ischemic stroke (IS) or transient ischemic attack.

Materials and Methods—
A systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohorts with recent IS/transient ischemic attack. We critically appraised studies and calculated pooled odds ratios (ORs), using the Mantel–Haenszel fixed-effects method, for ICH or recurrent IS, in patients with versus without CMBs.

Results—

We pooled data from 10 cohorts, including 3067 patients. CMBs were associated with a significant increased risk of any recurrent stroke (OR, 2.25; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 1.70–2.98;
P
<0.0001), ICH (OR, 8.52; 95%CI, 4.23–17.18;
P
=0.007), and IS (OR, 1.55; 95%CI, 1.12–2.13;
P
<0.0001). When stratified by study population ethnicity (Asian versus Western [mainly white European]), the association of CMBs with ICH was significant for Asian cohorts (5 studies; n=1915; OR, 10.43; 95%CI, 4.59–23.72;
P
<0.0001) but borderline and of lower magnitude for Western cohorts (4 studies; n=885; OR, 3.87; 95%CI, 0.91–16.4;
P
=0.066). By contrast, there was a significant association of CMBs with recurrent IS in Western (3 studies; n=899) but not Asian cohorts (4 studies; n=1357; OR, 2.23; 95%CI, 1.29–3.85;
P
=0.004 compared with OR, 1.30; 95%CI, 0.88–1.93;
P
=0.192, respectively).

Conclusions—
There is consistent evidence of an increased risk of recurrent stroke after IS or transient ischemic attack in patients with CMBs. The risk for spontaneous ICH appears to be greater than the risk for recurrent IS. Our findings also suggest that the balance of risk for ICH versus IS differs between Asian and Western cohorts.
Characterization of Arterial Thrombus Composition by Magnetic Resonance Imaging in a Swine Stroke Model
Authors: Fujimoto Motoaki , Salamon Noriko , Mayor Fernando , Yuki Ichiro , Takemoto Koichiro , Vinters Harry V. , Viñuela Fernando 
Published: March 2013

Background and Purpose—
The aim of this study is to analyze the histological composition of acute arterial thrombi and their MRI signals.

Methods—
Two different types of experimental thrombi, erythrocyte- and fibrin-rich thrombus, were created and injected into an experimentally formed stenotic common carotid artery in swine. MRI of the in vivo and in vitro samples was obtained immediately after the thrombus application.

Results—
Erythrocyte component showed high on fluid-attenuated inversion recovery, and iso on T2-weighted signal in both in vitro and in vivo. Fibrin-rich thrombus was composed of fibrin/platelet and nucleated cell layers, which demonstrated iso- and low intensities, respectively, in both fluid-attenuated inversion recovery and T2-weighted images in vitro. Mixed signal was obtained in vivo.

Conclusions—
We successfully characterized the only erythrocyte component of acute thrombus by MRI.
Reduction in Distal Emboli With Proximal Flow Control During Mechanical Thrombectomy
Authors: Chueh Ju-Yu , Kühn Anna Luisa , Puri Ajit S. , Wilson Scott D. , Wakhloo Ajay K. , Gounis Matthew J. 
Published: March 2013

Background and Purpose—
To evaluate the impact of proximal flow control on efficacy and safety of mechanical thrombectomy in an in vitro middle cerebral artery occlusion.

Methods—
Three independent variables, including clot type, device (Merci Retriever, Solitaire FR, and Trevo devices), and use of a balloon guide catheter, were used to ascertain the impact of proximal flow control on the size and number of distal emboli generated during thrombectomy. Secondary end points were the recanalization rate and amount of flow restored.

Results—

Use of the balloon guide catheter during thrombectomy of the fragile, hard clot significantly reduced the formation of large distal emboli with a diameter >1 mm, regardless of the device used (
P
<0.01). Applying aspiration via the balloon guide catheter in place of the conventional guide catheter resulted in a significant increase of flow reversal (
P
<0.0001). Prior to thrombectomy, deployment of the stent-trievers produced immediate flow restoration through the soft and hard clot occlusions, 69.2±27.3 and 45.5±22.8 mL/min, respectively, that was preserved after the balloon inflation because of collateral flow via the posterior communication artery. After deployment but before thrombectomy, no flow was restored when using the Merci Retriever. After thrombectomy, complete flow restoration was achieved in a majority of cases. The Merci Retriever required more thrombectomy attempts to achieve hard clot removal compared with the stent-trievers when the conventional guide catheter was used (1.5 versus 1.1).

Conclusions—
The risk of distal embolization was significantly reduced with the use of the balloon guide catheter.
Is Navigation in Virtual Reality with fMRI Really Navigation?
Authors: Taube Jeffrey S. , Valerio Stephane , Yoder Ryan M. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractIdentifying the neural mechanisms underlying spatial orientation and navigation has long posed a challenge for researchers. Multiple approaches incorporating a variety of techniques and animal models have been used to address this issue. More recently, virtual navigation has become a popular tool for understanding navigational processes. Although combining this technique with functional imaging can provide important information on many aspects of spatial navigation, it is important to recognize some of the limitations these techniques have for gaining a complete understanding of the neural mechanisms of navigation. Foremost among these is that, when participants perform a virtual navigation task in a scanner, they are lying motionless in a supine position while viewing a video monitor. Here, we provide evidence that spatial orientation and navigation rely to a large extent on locomotion and its accompanying activation of motor, vestibular, and proprioceptive systems. Researchers should therefore consider the impact on the absence of these motion-based systems when interpreting virtual navigation/functional imaging experiments to achieve a more accurate understanding of the mechanisms underlying navigation.
Distribution and Mechanisms of Orographic Precipitation Associated with Typhoon Morakot (2009)
Authors: Yu Cheng-Ku , Cheng Lin-Wen 
Published: March 2013

Abstract
Using a combination of Doppler radar observations and rain gauge data, this study documents detailed aspects of the orographic precipitation associated with Typhoon Morakot (2009). Rainfall distribution over underlying topographical features and possible physical mechanisms responsible for the observed orographic enhancement are explored. The study region constitutes an approximately two-dimensional, south–north-oriented orographic barrier with higher, wider (lower, narrower) terrain features in its northern (southern) portions (i.e., the northern and southern barriers). Upstream conditions were characterized by abundant typhoon background precipitation embedded within strong, nearly saturated westerly to west-southwesterly oncoming flow. The observations show that a wide area of topographically enhanced precipitation and the rainfall maxima were confined to the windward slopes of the northern barrier, whereas the strongest rainfall tended to occur near and/or slightly downstream of the mountain crest of the southern barrier. Quantitative analysis indicates that upslope lifting may explain the observed precipitation enhancement over the northern barrier; however, this mechanism was found to be less relevant to precipitation enhancement for the southern barrier. The characteristics of the enhanced precipitation observed over the southern barrier are, instead, consistent with the theoretical prediction of the seeder–feeder process. In this context, the degree of orographic enhancement was shown to be proportional to the intensity of the typhoon background precipitation multiplied by the oncoming wind speed. The results suggest that for the tropical cyclone environment, understanding and predicting rainfall over narrow, low mountain ranges is particularly challenging because it involves complex dynamical and microphysical processes.
A Planetary Boundary Layer Height Climatology Derived from ECMWF Reanalysis Data
Authors: von Engeln Axel , Teixeira João 
Published: March 2013

Abstract
A planetary boundary layer (PBL) height climatology from ECMWF reanalysis data is generated and analyzed. Different methods are first compared to derive PBL heights from atmospheric temperature, pressure, and relative humidity (RH), which mostly make use of profile gradients, for example, in RH, refractivity, and virtual or potential temperature. Three methods based on the vertical gradient of RH, virtual temperature, and potential temperature were selected for the climatology generation. The RH-based method appears to capture the inversion that caps the convective boundary layer very well as a result of its temperature and humidity dependence, while the temperature-based methods appear to capture the PBL better at high latitudes. A validation of the reanalysis fields with collocated radiosonde data shows generally good agreement in terms of mean PBL height and standard deviation for the RH-based method. The generated ECMWF-based PBL height climatology shows many of the expected climatological features, such as a fairly low PBL height near the west coast of continents where stratus clouds are found and PBL growth as the air is advected over warmer waters toward the tropics along the trade winds. Large seasonal and diurnal variations are primarily found over land. The PBL height can exceed 3 km, mostly over desert areas during the day, although large values can also be found in areas such as the ITCZ. The robustness of the statistics was analyzed by using information on the percentage of outliers. Here in particular, the sea-based PBL was found to be very stable.
Constraining the Ratio of Global Warming to Cumulative CO2 Emissions Using CMIP5 Simulations*
Authors: Gillett Nathan P. , Arora Vivek K. , Matthews Damon , Allen Myles R. 
Published: March 2013

Abstract
The ratio of warming to cumulative emissions of carbon dioxide has been shown to be approximately independent of time and emissions scenarios and directly relates emissions to temperature. It is therefore a potentially important tool for climate mitigation policy. The transient climate response to cumulative carbon emissions (TCRE), defined as the ratio of global-mean warming to cumulative emissions at CO2 doubling in a 1% yr−1 CO2 increase experiment, ranges from 0.8 to 2.4 K EgC−1 in 15 models from phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5)—a somewhat broader range than that found in a previous generation of carbon–climate models. Using newly available simulations and a new observational temperature dataset to 2010, TCRE is estimated from observations by dividing an observationally constrained estimate of CO2-attributable warming by an estimate of cumulative carbon emissions to date, yielding an observationally constrained 5%–95% range of 0.7–2.0 K EgC−1.
The Present and Future of the West African Monsoon: A Process-Oriented Assessment of CMIP5 Simulations along the AMMA Transect
Authors: Roehrig Romain , Bouniol Dominique , Guichard Francoise , Hourdin Frédéric , Redelsperger Jean-Luc 
Published: March 2013

AbstractThe present assessment of the West African monsoon in the models of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP) phase 5 (CMIP5) indicates little evolution since the third phase of CMIP (CMIP3) in terms of both biases in present-day climate and climate projections.The outlook for precipitation in twenty-first-century coupled simulations exhibits opposite responses between the westernmost and eastern Sahel. The spread in the trend amplitude, however, remains large in both regions. Besides, although all models predict a spring and summer warming of the Sahel that is 10%–50% larger than the global warming, their temperature response ranges from 0 to 7 K.CMIP5 coupled models underestimate the monsoon decadal variability, but SST-imposed simulations succeed in capturing the recent partial recovery of monsoon rainfall. Coupled models still display major SST biases in the equatorial Atlantic, inducing a systematic southward shift of the monsoon. Because of these strong biases, the monsoon is further evaluated in SST-imposed simulations along the 10°W–10°E African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analysis (AMMA) transect, across a range of time scales ranging from seasonal to intraseasonal and diurnal fluctuations.The comprehensive set of observational data now available allows an in-depth evaluation of the monsoon across those scales, especially through the use of high-frequency outputs provided by some CMIP5 models at selected sites along the AMMA transect. Most models capture many features of the African monsoon with varying degrees of accuracy. In particular, the simulation of the top-of-atmosphere and surface energy balances, in relation with the cloud cover, and the intermittence and diurnal cycle of precipitation demand further work to achieve a reasonable realism.
Downregulation of pigment epithelium-derived factor in condyloma acuminatum
Authors: Dong Yu-hao , Li Zi-quan , Sun Yi , Zhuang Le , Wang Yu-kun , Sun Qing 
Published: March 2013

Objectives To investigate pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) mRNA and protein levels in condyloma acuminatum, and their relationship with angiogenesis and keratinocyte proliferation. Methods Lesions from male patients with condyloma acuminatum and skin from healthy male (control) subjects were collected. Levels of PEDF protein and its corresponding mRNA (SERPINF1) were determined via Western blotting and reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction, respectively. Immunohistochemical staining for Ki-67 and CD34 was performed to calculate keratinocyte proliferation index (PI) and microvessel density (MVD), respectively. Results Levels of both PEDF protein and SERPINF1 mRNA were significantly lower in lesions from patients with condyloma acuminatum ( n = 30) than in skin from healthy control subjects ( n = 30). There were significant negative correlations between PEDF levels and both PI and MVD. Conclusions The reduction in PEDF levels in condyloma acuminatum was associated with an increase in angiogenesis and cell proliferation. PEDF may be involved in the pathogenesis of condyloma acuminatum.
Deaf Mothers and Breastfeeding
Authors: Chin Nancy P. , Cuculick Jessica , Starr Matthew , Panko Tiffany , Widanka Holly , Dozier Ann 
Published: March 2013

Background: Deaf mothers who use American Sign Language (ASL) consider themselves a linguistic minority group, with specific cultural practices. Rarely has this group been engaged in infant-feeding research. Objectives: To understand how Deaf mothers who use ASL learn about infant feeding and to identify their breastfeeding challenges. Methods: Using a community-based participatory research approach, we conducted 4 focus groups with Deaf mothers who had at least 1 child 0-5 years old. A script was developed using a social ecological model (SEM) to capture multiple levels of influence. All groups were conducted in ASL, filmed, and transcribed into English. Deaf and hearing researchers analyzed data by coding themes within each SEM level. Results: Fifteen mothers participated. All had initiated breastfeeding with their most recent child. Breastfeeding duration for 8 of the mothers was 3 weeks to 12 months. Seven of the mothers were still breastfeeding, the longest for 19 months. Those mothers who breastfed longer described a supportive social environment and the ability to surmount challenges. Participants described characteristics of Deaf culture such as direct communication, sharing information, use of technology, language access through interpreters and ASL-using providers, and strong self-advocacy skills. Finally, mothers used the sign for “struggle” to describe their breastfeeding experience. The sign implies a sustained effort over time that leads to success. Conclusion: In a setting with a large population of Deaf women and ASL-using providers, we identified several aspects of Deaf culture and language that support breastfeeding mothers across institutional, community, and interpersonal levels of the SEM.
Changing Strategies to Treat Venous Thrombotic Occlusions of the Upper and Lower Extremities Secondary to Compressive Phenomena
Authors: Spivack Adam , Troutman Doug , Dougherty Matthew , Calligaro Keith 
Published: March 2013

Objectives: We reviewed our strategies during the last decade for deep vein thrombosis (DVT) of the upper extremity due to thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS) andthe lower extremity. Methods: Between 1998 and 2011, we treated 31 patients with 18 subclavian DVTs and 13 iliac DVTs. Management included catheter-directed thrombolysis compared to mechanical thrombolysis (MT; post 2006). Prior to 2006, patients with TOS were treated with total excision of the first rib compared to excision of the anterior half of the rib. Patients were followed up with serial duplex ultrasounds. Results: There was no major morbidity and no mortality in these 31 patients. Three patients developed recurrent DVT but maintained patency after further treatment. Conclusion: Use of MT has led to shorter treatment duration and length of hospital stay. Limiting first rib resection to the anterior half of the rib shortened operative time. Patients requiring stents had excellent long-term patency rates.
Wogonoside induces cell cycle arrest and differentiation by affecting expression and subcellular localization of PLSCR1 in AML cells
Authors: Chen Yan , Hui Hui , Yang Hao , Zhao Kai , Qin Yansu , Gu Cong , Wang Xiaotang , Lu Na , Guo Qinglong 
Published: March 2013

Key PointsWogonoside induces cell cycle arrest and differentiation. Wogonoside acts by changing PLSCR1 expression and subcellular localization in the nucleus and by PLSCR1-related molecular events.
Long-term repair of T-cell synapse activity in a phase II trial of chemoimmunotherapy followed by lenalidomide consolidation in previously untreated chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)
Authors: Shanafelt Tait D. , Ramsay Alan G. , Zent Clive S. , Leis Jose F. , Tun Han W. , Call Timothy G. , LaPlant Betsy , Bowen Deborah , Pettinger Adam , Jelinek Diane F. , Hanson Curtis A. , Kay Neil E. 
Published: March 2013

Key Points
Lenalidomide consolidation repairs T-cell immune synapses in CLL patients. Lenalidomide consolidation improved the quality of response in CLL patients treated with chemoimmunotherapy.
Nedd8 processing enzymes in Schizosaccharomyces pombe
Authors: O’Donoghue Jean E , Bech-Otschir Dawadschargal , Larsen Ida B , Wallace Mairi , Hartmann-Petersen Rasmus , Gordon Colin 
Published: March 2013

Abstract

Background
Conjugation of the ubiquitin-like modifier Nedd8 to cullins is critical for the function of SCF-type ubiquitin ligases and thus facilitates ubiquitin conjugation and ultimately degradation of SCF substrates, including several cell cycle regulators. Like ubiquitin, Nedd8 is produced as a precursor that must first be processed before it becomes active. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae this is carried out exclusively by the enzyme Yuh1.

Results
Here we show that in the fission yeast, Schizosaccharomyces pombe, the Yuh1 orthologue, Uch1, is not the sole Nedd8 processing enzyme. Instead it appears that deubiquitylating enzymes can efficiently process the Nedd8 precursor in vivo.

Conclusions
Several enzymes contribute to Nedd8 precursor processing including a number of deubiquitylating enzymes.
Identification of TRPC6 as a possible candidate target gene within an amplicon at 11q21-q22.2 for migratory capacity in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas
Authors: Bernaldo de Quirós Sandra , Merlo Anna , Secades Pablo , Zambrano Iriana , de Santa María Ines Saenz , Ugidos Nerea , Jantus-Lewintre Eloisa , Sirera Rafael , Suarez Carlos , Chiara María-Dolores 
Published: March 2013

Abstract

Background
Cytogenetic and gene expression analyses in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC) have allowed identification of genomic aberrations that may contribute to cancer pathophysiology. Nevertheless, the molecular consequences of numerous genetic alterations still remain unclear.

Methods
To identify novel genes implicated in HNSCC pathogenesis, we analyzed the genomic alterations present in five HNSCC-derived cell lines by array CGH, and compared high level focal gene amplifications with gene expression levels to identify genes whose expression is directly impacted by these genetic events. Next, we knocked down TRPC6, one of the most highly amplified and over-expressed genes, to characterize the biological roles of TRPC6 in carcinogenesis. Finally, real time PCR was performed to determine TRPC6 gene dosage and mRNA levels in normal mucosa and human HNSCC tissues.

Results
The data showed that the HNSCC-derived cell lines carry most of the recurrent genomic abnormalities previously described in primary tumors. High-level genomic amplifications were found at four chromosomal sites (11q21-q22.2, 18p11.31-p11.21, 19p13.2-p13.13, and 21q11) with associated gene expression changes in selective candidate genes suggesting that they may play an important role in the malignant behavior of HNSCC. One of the most dramatic alterations of gene transcription involved the TRPC6 gene (located at 11q21-q22.2) which has been recently implicated in tumour invasiveness. siRNA-induced knockdown of TRPC6 expression in HNSCC-derived cells dramatically inhibited HNSCC-cell invasion but did not significantly alter cell proliferation. Importantly, amplification and concomitant overexpression of TRPC6 was also found in HNSCC tumour samples.

Conclusions
Altogether, these data show that TRPC6 is likely to be a target for 11q21–22.2 amplification that confers enhanced invasive behavior to HNSCC cells. Therefore, TRPC6 may be a promising therapeutic target in the treatment of HNSCC.
Low expression of TFPI-2 associated with poor survival outcome in patients with breast cancer
Authors: Xu Cheng , Wang Huijun , He Hongyu , Zheng Fengyun , Chen Yating , Zhang Jin , Lin Xiaoyan , Ma Duan , Zhang Hongwei 
Published: March 2013

Abstract

Background
The purpose of this study is to evaluate the prognostic value of TFPI-2 expression in breast cancer patients through examining the correlation between TFPI-2 expression and breast cancer clinicopathologic features.

Methods
Immunohistochemical staining combined with digital image analysis was used to quantify the expression of TFPI-2 protein in breast tumor tissues. For evaluation of the prognostic value of TFPI-2 expression to each clinicopathologic factor, Kaplan-Meier method and COX’s Proportional Hazard Model were employed.

Results
TFPI-2 expression was significantly correlated with tumor size, lymph node metastasis, histologic grade, clinical stage, and vessel invasion. More importantly, TFPI-2 expression was also associated with disease-free survival (DFS) of breast cancer patients. We found that patients with high TFPI-2 expression had longer DFS compared with those with low or negative expression of TFPI-2 (P <0.05, log-rank test). Cox’s regression analysis indicated that TFPI-2 expression, histologic grade, and vessel invasion might be significant prognostic factors for DFS, while TFPI-2 expression and histologic grade were the most significant independent predictors for tumor recurrence. Compared with the group with low/high TFPI-2 expression, the TFPI-2 negative group was more likely to have tumor relapse. The hazard ratio of DFS is 0.316 (P <0.01).

Conclusions
Low or negative expression of TFPI-2 is associated with breast cancer progression, recurrence and poor survival outcome after breast cancer surgery. TFPI-2 expression in breast tumors is a potential prognostic tool for breast cancer patients.