bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Optimisation of ultrasonic‐assisted extraction of polyphenols from apple peel employing cellulase enzymolysis
Authors: Junjian Ran , Mingtao Fan , Yahui Li , Guowei Li , Zhengyang Zhao , Jun Liang 
Published: December 2012

SummaryCellulase enzymolysis extraction with ultrasonic‐assisted technology was applied for polyphenols extraction from apple peel, and response surface methodology was used to optimise the conditions of polyphenols extraction. Efficiency of extraction was optimised by measuring total polyphenol content and three individual polyphenols. Three independent variables that were taken into consideration were extraction time (X1), extraction temperature (X2) and enzyme amount (X3). The statistical analysis indicated that extraction time and the quadratic of X1 had significant effects on the yields. The mathematical model had been developed adequately describing the ranges of the experimental parameters studied and provided a statistically accurate prediction of the optimum yield. A high correlation of the quadratic polynomial mathematical model was gained. The optimal extraction conditions of polyphenols were determined as follows: extraction time of 37 min, extraction temperature of 37 °C and enzyme amount of 2500 U g−1, which was agreed closely with the predicted value.
Effect of partial replacement of potassium lactate and sodium diacetate by natural green tea and grape seed extracts and postpackaging thermal treatment on the growth of Listeria monocytogenes in hotdog model system
Authors: Perumalla Amara. V. S. , Hettiarachchy Navam. S. , Over Kenneth. , Ricke Steven C. , Slavik Michael F. , Gbur Edward , Davis Brad , Acosta Shane 
Published: December 2012

SummaryLow‐ (5%) and high‐fat (20%) chicken and turkey hotdogs were formulated in three groups: no antimicrobials (control), chemical preservatives (potassium lactate and sodium diacetate) alone and partial replacement of chemical preservatives by green tea (GTE) and grape seed extracts (GSE), surface inoculated (c. 103 CFU g−1) with Listeria monocytogenes, treated with or without heat treatment (65 °C for 104 s) to determine the growth of L. monocytogenes until spoilage (28 days). Maximum growth inhibitions (c. 2.0 CFU g−1) were observed in the treatments having chemical preservatives and plant extracts regardless of the meat and fat type. Furthermore, plant extracts along with chemical preservatives demonstrated additional inhibitory effect on the growth of L. monocytogenes survivors in chicken hotdog samples followed by postpackaging heat treatment. Results demonstrated that natural GTE and GSE can partially replace the chemical preservatives and further enhance the antilisterial activities when combined with heat treatment.
Phenolic composition and antioxidant activity of white mulberry (Morus alba L.) fruits
Authors: Butkhup Luchai , Samappito Wannee , Samappito Supachai 
Published: December 2012

SummaryEight major mulberry cultivars [Nakhonratchasima 60 (NS 60), Buriram 60 (BR 60), Chumphon (CP), Wavee (WV), Chaingmai (CM), Pikultong (PT), Kamphaengsaen (KS) and Kamnanchul (KJ)] cultivated in Thailand were assessed for their flavonoid and phenolic acid composition using HPLC and tested for antioxidant potential using 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl hydrate (DPPH) assay. The total phenolic content (TPC) ranged from 104.78 to 213.53 mg GAE/100 g DW, and total flavonoid content (TFC) ranged from 69.58 to 211.01 mg CE/100 g DW. The major flavonoid compounds in mulberry fruit cultivars were (+)‐catechin (309.26–750.01 mg/100 g DW), procyanidin B1 (62.59–224.41 mg/100 g DW), quercetin (5.36–58.42 mg/100 g DW), rutin (18.73–26.90 mg/100 g DW) and (−)‐epicatechin (8.47–29.21 mg/100 g DW). Gallic acid, cinnamic acid and p‐hydroxybenzoic acid were found to be the major phenolic acids in mulberry fruit cultivars. The gallic acid and cinnamic acid contents ranged from 7.33 to 23.90 mg/100 g DW and from 11.64 to 15.05 mg/100 g DW, respectively. p‐Hydroxybenzoic acid content ranged from 1.77 mg/100 g DW (PT) to 7.13 mg/100 g DW (KJ). DPPH‐scavenging ability was excellent for ethanolic extract of NS 60, and EC50 value of NS 60 (241.83 μg mL−1) was significantly lower than those of the others (P < 0.05). TPC and TFC of the mulberry fruit were positively correlated with the DPPH‐scavenging ability.
Polyphenol oxidase activity in white tan‐plant‐type sorghums: An important determinant of the relatively dark colour of their porridges
Authors: Hikeezi Doreen M. , Duodu Kwaku G. , Chisi Medson , Rooney Lloyd W. , Taylor John R.N. 
Published: December 2012

SummaryThe relatively dark colour of food products from white tan‐plant (food‐grade) sorghums can compromise their acceptability. The relationship between white tan‐plant sorghum polyphenol oxidase activity (PPO) and porridge colour was investigated, primarily using lines grown in the same locality over two seasons. Sorghum was intermediate in PPO between wheat and maize. White tan‐plant sorghum and white maize whole grain flours were similar in colour. However, with white tan‐plant sorghum, the transition from flour to porridge caused a much larger reduction in L* value. Further, the correlation between white tan‐plant sorghum PPO activity and porridge L* values was highly significantly negative (P < 0.001), the relationship accounting for 40–50% of variation. PPO in white tan‐plant‐type sorghums is therefore an important determinant of the relatively dark colour of porridges. Breeding to reduce PPO activity could improve consumer appeal. Cultivar Sima (IS 23520) that had low PPO activity and produced light‐coloured porridge could be useful for breeding.
Antibacterial activity of Ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer) stems–leaves extract produced by subcritical water extraction
Authors: Lee Kyoung Ah , Kim Won Ju , Kim Hyun Jung , Kim Kee‐Tae , Paik Hyun‐Dong 
Published: December 2012

SummaryAntibacterial activities of ginseng extracts produced from ginseng by‐products, stems and leaves, using subcritical water extraction (SWE) at 110, 165 and 190 °C, were evaluated and compared with those of ginseng extracts prepared by hot water and ethanol extraction. The ginseng stems–leaves extract produced by SWE at 190 °C contained the greatest concentration of phenolics (98.4 mg GAE g−1 of extract). All ginseng extracts inhibited the growth of Bacillus cereus, Salmonella enteritidis, Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Listeria monocytogenes. Among four strains, B. cereus was more sensitive to the ginseng extract by SWE at 190 °C than other bacteria. Cell membranes of bacteria were disrupted by the addition of SWE ginseng extract, observed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), with the release of cellular contents. These findings provided evidence about the potential utilisation of ginseng stems and leaves by using an environmental friendly extraction process, SWE, to produce ginseng extract for the inhibition of bacteria growth.
How the immune system talks to itself: the varied role of synapses
Authors: Xie Jianming , Tato Cristina M. , Davis Mark M. 
Published: December 2012

SummaryUsing an elaborately evolved language of cytokines and chemokines as well as cell‐cell interactions, the different components of the immune system communicate with each other and orchestrate a response (or wind one down). Immunological synapses are a key feature of the system in the ways in which they can facilitate and direct these responses. Studies analyzing the structure of an immune synapse as it forms between two cells have provided insight into how the stability and kinetics of this interaction ultimately affect the sensitivity, potency, and magnitude of a given response. Furthermore, we have gained an appreciation of how the immunological synapse provides directionality and contextual cues for downstream signaling and cellular decision‐making. In this review, we discuss how using a variety of techniques, developed over the last decade, have allowed us to visualize and quantify key aspects of the dynamic synaptic interface and have furthered our understanding of their function. We describe some of the many characteristics of the immunological synapse that make it a vital part of intercellular communication and some of the questions that remain to be answered.
Compartmentalization of signaling by vesicular trafficking: a shared building design for the immune synapse and the primary cilium
Authors: Finetti Francesca , Baldari Cosima T. 
Published: December 2012

SummaryAccumulating evidence underscores the immune synapse (IS) of naive T cells as a site of intense vesicular trafficking. At variance with helper and cytolytic effectors, which use the IS as a secretory platform to deliver cytokines and/or lytic granules to their cellular targets, this process is exploited by naive T cells as a means to regulate the assembly and maintenance of the IS, on which productive signaling and cell activation crucially depend. We have recently identified a role of the intraflagellar transport (IFT) system, which is responsible for the assembly of the primary cilium, in the non‐ciliated T‐cell, where it controls IS assembly by promoting polarized T‐cell receptor recycling. This unexpected finding not only provides new insight into the mechanisms of IS assembly but also strongly supports the notion that the IS and the primary cilium, which are both characterized by a specialized membrane domain highly enriched in receptors and signaling mediators, share architectural similarities and are homologous structures. Here, we review our current understanding of vesicular trafficking in the regulation of the assembly and maintenance of the naive T‐cell IS and the primary cilium, with a focus on the IFT system.
Evolving immune circuits are generated by flexible, motile, and sequential immunological synapses
Authors: Gérard Audrey , Beemiller Peter , Friedman Rachel S. , Jacobelli Jordan , Krummel Matthew F. 
Published: December 2012

SummaryThe immune system is made up of a diverse collection of cells, each of which has distinct sets of triggers that elicit unique and overlapping responses. It is correctly described as a ‘system’ because its overall properties (e.g. ‘tolerance’, ‘allergy’) emerge from multiple interactions of its components cells. To mobilize a response where needed, the majority of the cells of the system are obligatorily highly motile and so must communicate with one another over both time and space. Here, we discuss the flexibility of the primary immunological synapse (IS) with respect to motility. We then consider the primary IS as an initiating module that licenses ‘immunological circuits’: the latter consisting of two or more cell‐cell synaptic interactions. We discuss how two or three component immunological circuits interact might with one another in sequence and how the timing, stoichiometry, milieu, and duration of assembly of immunological circuits are likely to be key determinants in the emergent outcome and thus the system‐wide immune response. An evolving consideration of immunological circuits, with an emphasis on the cell‐cell modules that complement T‐antigen‐presenting cell interaction, provides a fundamental starting point for systems analysis of the immune response.
Mechanisms of enhanced HIV spread through T‐cell virological synapses
Authors: Dale Benjamin M. , Alvarez Raymond A. , Chen Benjamin K. 
Published: December 2012

SummaryAn elaborate network of cell–cell interactions in the immune system is essential for vertebrates to mount adaptive immune responses against invading pathogens. For lymphotropic viruses such as the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV‐1), these immune cell interactions can also promote the spread of the virus within the host. The main target of HIV‐1 infection is the CD4+ helper T lymphocyte, a cell type that is responsible for coordinating immune responses and modulating effector responses to foreign antigens. As part of their normal immune surveillance duties, these cells migrate actively within lymphoid tissues and can travel from inductive sites to effector sites in search of their cognate antigen. For CD4+ T cells, there is an ongoing search for a unique peptide antigen presented in the context of class II MHC that can activate a proliferative or tolerogenic response. This iterative and continual probing and interrogation of other cells determine the outcome of immune responses. Recent studies in vitro have revealed that the viral infection program induces cell–cell interactions called virological synapses between infected and uninfected CD4+ T cells. These long‐lived, virally induced adhesive contacts greatly enhance the rate of productive infection and may be central to the spread of the virus in vivo. Here, we review aspects of this efficient mode of cell‐to‐cell infection and the implications for our understanding of HIV‐1 pathogenesis.
Lower respiratory tract hemorrhage associated with 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) virus infection
Authors: Kennedy Erin D. , Roy Monika , Norris Jeffrey , Fry Alicia M. , Kanzaria Mitul , Blau Dianna M. , Shieh Wun‐Ju , Zaki Sherif R. , Waller Kirsten , Kamimoto Laurie , Finelli Lyn , Jhung Michael A. ,   for the 2009 Pandemic H1N1 Influenza‐Associated Lower Respiratory Tract Hemorrhage Working Group
Published: December 2012

Please cite this paper as: Kennedy et al. for the 2009 Pandemic H1N1 Influenza‐Associated Lower Respiratory Tract Hemorrhage Working Group. (2012) Lower respiratory tract hemorrhage associated with 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) virus infection. Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses DOI: 10.1111/irv.12022.Background  Influenza‐associated lower respiratory tract hemorrhage (LRTH) has been reported in previous pandemics and is a rare complication of seasonal influenza virus infection. We describe patients with LRTH associated with 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) (pH1N1) virus infection identified from April 2009 to April 2010 in the United States.Methods  We ascertained patients with pH1N1‐associated LRTH through state and local surveillance, the Emerging Infections Program, and CDCs Infectious Diseases Pathology Branch. All patients had influenza A, evidence of pneumonia, and evidence of LRTH.Results  We identified 44 cases; the median number of days from illness onset to clinical signs of LRTH was one. Hemoptysis or respiratory tract bleeding was documented in 40% of pH1N1‐associated LRTH cases, often present early during the course of illness. Twenty‐one (48%) patients with LRTH had no other hemorrhagic diatheses. Seven (23%) patients with LRTH received antiviral treatment within two days of illness onset.Conclusions  During influenza season, clinicians should consider influenza infection in the differential diagnosis for patients presenting with hemoptysis or other signs or symptoms of LRTH. While the impact of timing of antiviral therapy on this complication has not been studied, the rapid progression of LRTH may support use of early empiric therapy. Continued investigation is necessary to betterdefine the clinical spectrum of both seasonal influenza‐ and pH1N1‐associated LRTH.
Psychometric testing of the Jefferson Scale of Empathy Health Profession Students' version with Australian paramedic students
Authors: Williams Brett , Brown Ted , Boyle Malcolm , Dousek Simon 
Published: December 2012

AbstractEvidence now suggests that improved empathic behaviors can have a positive impact on healthcare outcomes. Therefore, having psychometrically‐sound empathy scales is important for healthcare educators. In this study, the factor structure of the 20‐item Jefferson Scale Empathy–Health Profession Students' version, when completed by a group of undergraduate paramedic students from a large Australian university, was investigated. Data from the Scale completed by 330 paramedic students were analyzed using principal components analysis followed by a maximum likelihood confirmatory factor analysis to test goodness of fit to the sample data. Two factors emerged from the principal components analysis, “compassionate care” and “perspective taking”, accounting for 44.2% of the total variance. The 17‐item two‐factor model produced good model fit and good reliability estimates. Three of the original items did not fit the model. Results from the confirmatory factor analysis suggest that the 17‐item Jefferson Scale Empathy–Health Profession Students' version is a valid and reliable measure for undergraduate paramedic students' empathy levels.
The translation of the pathological findings described in humans to experimental models of acute motor axonal neuropathy
Authors: Willison Hugh J. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractOur mechanistic understanding of the Guillain‐Barre' syndromes (GBS) was greatly enhanced by the human pathological studies of Jack Griffin and colleagues conducted in the mid‐1990s. Subsequently, many of the pathological findings in human GBS were confirmed and extended in animal models. This brief account of GBS pathogenesis focuses on the studies that provided the mechanistic evidence for the role of anti‐ganglioside antibodies and complement in injuring the motor axon in Campylobacter‐associated GBS, thereby supporting the earlier seminal pathological observations.
X‐linked Charcot‐Marie‐Tooth disease
Authors: Scherer Steven S. , Kleopa Kleopas A. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThe X‐linked form of Charcot‐Marie‐Tooth disease (CMT1X) is the second most common form of hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy. The clinical phenotype is characterized by progressive muscle atrophy and weakness, areflexia, and variable sensory abnormalities; central nervous system manifestations occur, too. Affected males have moderate to severe symptoms, whereas heterozygous females are usually less affected. Neurophysiology shows intermediate slowing of conduction and distal axonal loss. Nerve biopsies show more prominent axonal degeneration than de/remyelination. More than 400 different mutations in GJB1, the gene that encodes the gap junction (GJ) protein connexin32 (Cx32), cause CMT1X. Many Cx32 mutants fail to form functional GJs, or form GJs with abnormal biophysical properties. Schwann cells and oligodendrocytes express Cx32, and the GJs formed by Cx32 play an important role in the homeostasis of myelinated axons. Animal models of CMT1X demonstrate that loss of Cx32 in myelinating Schwann cells causes a demyelinating neuropathy. An effective therapy remains to be developed.
The ultimate question: why do axons degenerate? A tribute to the work and mentorship of John W. Griffin, MD
Authors: Glass Jonathan D. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractAxonal degeneration is a common pathological feature of neurodegenerative diseases. The underlying mechanisms for axonal degeneration, as well as for day to day maintenance of axonal integrity are just now coming to light. This short review outlines some of the historical landmarks in axonal degeneration research, focusing on the contributions of the late John W. Griffin. The importance of axonal degeneration in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders of the central and peripheral nervous systems is emphasized.
BACE1 influences debris clearance and axonal regeneration in injured peripheral nerve
Authors: Farah Mohamed H. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractDuring 3 years, my research activities in Jack Griffin's laboratory focused on the influence of β‐amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) on the degeneration/regeneration of sciatic nerve of mice. Here, potential mechanisms of how BACE1 enzymatic activity influences these processes are discussed.
Alcohol Marketing Receptivity, Marketing‐Specific Cognitions, and Underage Binge Drinking
Authors: McClure Auden C. , Stoolmiller Mike , Tanski Susanne E. , Engels Rutger C. M. E. , Sargent James D. 
Published: December 2012

BackgroundExposure to alcohol marketing is prevalent and is associated with both initiation and progression of alcohol use in underage youth. The mechanism of influence is not well understood, however. This study tests a model that proposes alcohol‐specific cognitions as mediators of the relation between alcohol marketing and problematic drinking among experimental underage drinkers.MethodsThis study describes a cross‐sectional analysis of 1,734 U.S. 15‐ to 20‐year‐old underage drinkers, recruited for a national study of media and substance use. Subjects were queried about a number of alcohol marketing variables including TV time, Internet time, favorite alcohol ad, ownership of alcohol‐branded merchandise (ABM), and exposure to alcohol brands in movies. The relation between these exposures and current (30‐day) binge drinking was assessed, as were proposed mediators of this relation, including marketing‐specific cognitions (drinker identity and favorite brand to drink), favorable alcohol expectancies, and alcohol norms. Paths were tested in a structural equation model that controlled for sociodemographics, personality, and peer drinking.ResultsAlmost one‐third of this sample of ever drinkers had engaged in 30‐day binge drinking. Correlations between mediators were all statistically significant (range 0.16 to 0.47), and all were significantly associated with binge drinking. Statistically significant mediation was found for the association between ABM ownership and binge drinking through both drinker identity and having a favorite brand to drink, which also mediated the path between movie brand exposure and binge drinking. Peer drinking and sensation seeking were associated with binge drinking in paths through all mediators.ConclusionsAssociations between alcohol marketing and binge drinking were mediated through marketing‐specific cognitions that assess drinker identity and brand allegiance, cognitions that marketers aim to cultivate in the consumer.
Oral health behaviors of preschool children with cerebral palsy: a case‐control community‐based study
Authors: Du Rennan Y. , McGrath Colman P. , Yiu Cynthia K.Y. , King Nigel M. 
Published: December 2012

ABSTRACTTo describe and compare the oral health behaviors of preschool children with and without cerebral palsy (CP), and to assess the oral health knowledge and attitudes of their primary caregivers (PCGs). Seventy‐two preschool children with CP were recruited from 23 Special Child Care Centers in Hong Kong. An age‐ (±3 months) and gender‐matched sample of children from mainstream preschools was recruited as a “control group.” Assessment of children's oral health behaviors and the PCGs' oral health knowledge and attitudes was conducted using questionnaires. Preschool children with CP were less likely to have ever attended a dentist (p< 0.05). Tooth brushing frequency was similar between the two groups (p> 0.05), but PCGs of children with CP more frequently reported provision of tooth brushing assistance to their children (p< 0.001). PCGs in both groups had similar oral health knowledge and attitudes (p> 0.05). Difference in oral health behaviors existed between preschool children with and without CP. PCGs of children with and without CP had similar oral health knowledge and attitudes.