bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
How Do We Want to Be Represented? How Do We Differ?
Authors: Barker David C. , Carman Christopher Jan 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThis chapter begins with a discussion of the existing literature as it pertains to the instructed delegate versus trustee question. Then this chapter introduces our survey data and consider how, generally speaking, citizens tend to think about this question. The chapter shows that citizens tend to prefer instructed delegates, but not overwhelmingly so. The chapter then examines how the distribution of opinion changes according to (a) the types of issues being considered (e.g., foreign vs. domestic, and “hard” vs. “easy”) and (b) the institution doing the representing (the president vs. Congress). The chapter observes that citizens expect more trustee-style representation out of the president than they do of Congress, and slightly more trustee-style representation when the issues in question are cultural rather than economic.
Tranquility
Authors: Peponi Anastasia-Erasmia 
Published: September 2012

AbstractStarting with James Joyce’s discussion of aesthetic pleasure as a distinct type of pleasure associated with an attitude he names “luminous silent stasis” (a phrase that picks up on and transforms Thomas Aquinas’s approaches to beauty), the chapter discusses various ways in which Greek thought represented, evaluated, and visualized modes of aesthetic experience akin to restful contemplation and tranquility. Xenophon, Plato, Greek vase paintings, and, finally, Homer exemplify diverse instantiations of aesthetic tranquility, some of which may in fact straddle the border between external motionlessness and internal agitation.
Is Religion Fit for Reconciliation?
Authors: Philpott Daniel 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
This chapter considers the liberal criticism that religious justifications for reconciliation do not belong in politics. It first shows that religion is pervasive in the global politics of reconciliation. It then answers the criticisms that religious claims are destabilizing and that religious claims are disrespectful. Finally, it proposes an ethic of political engagement that expands on the concept of “rooted reason” in Chapter 1.
Reconciliation in the Jewish Tradition
Authors: Philpott Daniel 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
This chapter provides a justification for the ethic of political reconciliation from the Jewish tradition. It seeks to show how the Jewish tradition provides a grounding for the concepts of reconciliation, justice, peace, and mercy that the previous chapters set forth. For these tasks, it turns both to an analysis of language as found in the Jewish scriptures and an analysis of God's response to evil as found in the Jewish tradition.
Four Practices: Building Socially Just Institutions, Acknowledgment, Reparations, and Apologies
Authors: Philpott Daniel 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
This chapter analyzes four practices of reconciliation-building institutions for social justice, acknowledgment, reparations, and apology. For each practice, the chapter shows how it has taken place over the past generation or so. Then, the chapter shows how each practice reflects the core commitments of the ethic of reconciliation. Next, it shows which primary and secondary restorations each practice performs and how each does so. Finally, it also explores particular moral and conceptual dilemmas that attend each practice.
Punishment
Authors: Philpott Daniel 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
This chapter analyzes in depth one particular practice of political reconciliation, punishment. It begins with a brief description of how practices of punishment have evolved since the Nuremberg Trials. It then sets forth the idea of restorative punishment, a justification for punishment that reflects the ethic of political reconciliation. The chapter gives content to restorative punishment by showing how it achieves an array of primary and secondary restorations. From the standpoint of restorative punishment, it explores examples of institutions that have sought to deliver punishment for major human rights violators.
Holy War in the Bible
Authors: Firestone Reuven 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
In the ancient Near East, war was prosecuted by humans in partnership with their gods, so all wars were in some sense divinely authorized. War in the Hebrew Bible likewise is authorized by the God of Israel. The Hebrew Bible thus articulates a notion of war that can be defined as holy war, and the articulation is most developed and systematized in the Deuteronomic literature. Never intended as a means to propagate the faith or gain converts, divinely commanded war in the Hebrew Bible is justified for conquest and control of the Land of Israel and the elimination of idolatry within it.
Jewish Holy War in Practice
Authors: Firestone Reuven 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
The military victory of the Jewish Maccabees against the idolatrous Seleucid Greeks and their Hellenised Jewish allies during the period of the Second Temple was understood by its protagonists to have been successful by virtue of divine providence. Descriptions of this are not found in the Hebrew Bible but appear in the non-canonical Books of Maccabees. The triumph of Jewish heroes against the Greeks was acknowledged by Jews as a celebration of divinely wrought military success. Josephus acknowledges God’s hand in victory, and the festival of Hanukkah originally developed a celebration of military victory. Later, however, as observed from canonical rabbinic literature, Hanukkah takes on an entirely different meaning that plays down the military aspect of the occasion it celebrates.
Holy War Fails
Authors: Firestone Reuven 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
With subsequent Roman domination and exploitation of Judea, Jewish leaders were divided over whether resistance should be through military means or otherwise. As is often the case in history, militant factions dominated and imposed their approach. Two great Jewish revolts in Late Antiquity were waged against Roman domination in a pattern not unlike the previously successful Maccabean wars against the Greeks. But not only did the uprising against the Romans fail to achieve their aim of independence, they resulted in the destruction of the beloved Jerusalem Temple, the deaths of tens of thousands of Jews, and the end of biblical Judaism. The result was catastrophic destruction which convinced the emerging rabbinic leadership that military valour should be discouraged and military action proscribed.
Rabbinic Responses to War's Failure
Authors: Firestone Reuven 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
In the wake of the Destruction rose a new class of Jewish leadership in the rabbis. This chapter discusses the emergence and dominance of Rabbinic Judaism and its sacred literature after the destruction of the Second Temple in 70 ce. The trauma of destruction encouraged the new leadership to develop a different approach toward dealing with conflicts between Jews and Gentiles.
Rabbinic Typology of War
Authors: Firestone Reuven 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
The rabbis developed two rabbinic instruments designed to prevent the instigation of holy war after the destruction of the Temple. One was to categorize all biblical wars into categories and then limit the possibility of extended discussion about them. The other was the discovery that God had charged certain behaviours to both Jews and Gentiles that enacted a kind of balance between them. Exegetes understood a repeated motif in the Song of Songs (or Song of Solomon) to refer to three vows imposed by God on Jews and the world. Jews were commanded through their two vows not to rebel against Gentile hegemony nor engage in mass movements to settle the Land of Israel until God wished, meaning that Jews would not initiate such activities of their own accord. Gentiles, for their part were required to vow that they would not treat the Jews living among them too harshly.
EXPECTATIONS, OUTCOMES, AND FAIRNESS: LESSONS FROM THE CIVIL JUSTICE REFORM ACT EVALUATION
Authors: Carroll Stephen , Doherty Joseph W. 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
This chapter examines how and why litigant attitudes toward the civil justice system might be changed by participation in a court case. Specifically, it tests how expectations and outcomes relate to perceptions of procedural fairness among litigants in Federal District Court. It uses the litigant and attorney surveys from the Civil Justice Reform Act Evaluation to calculate the differences between the actual monetary awards and the expected best and worst monetary awards in each case. The difference between expectations and outcomes is then compared to another survey question about the perceived fairness of the court procedures. It is hypothesized that these differences are significantly correlated with a drop in perceived fairness in the system, and that this perception is correlated with confidence in the courts.
Poplar Wood Rays Are Involved in Seasonal Remodeling of Tree Physiology
Authors: Larisch Christina , Dittrich Marcus , Wildhagen Henning , Lautner Silke , Fromm Jörg , Polle Andrea , Hedrich Rainer , Rennenberg Heinz , Müller Tobias , Ache Peter 
Published: September 2012

AbstractUnderstanding seasonality and longevity is a major challenge in tree biology. In woody species, growth phases and dormancy follow one another consecutively. In the oldest living individuals, the annual cycle may run for more than 1,000 years. So far, however, not much is known about the processes triggering reactivation from dormancy. In this study, we focused on wood rays, which are known to play an important role in tree development. The transition phase from dormancy to flowering in early spring was compared with the phase of active growth in summer. Rays from wood samples of poplar (Populus × canescens) were enriched by laser microdissection, and transcripts were monitored by poplar whole-genome microarrays. The resulting seasonally varying complex expression and metabolite patterns were subjected to pathway analyses. In February, the metabolic pathways related to flower induction were high, indicating that reactivation from dormancy was already taking place at this time of the year. In July, the pathways related to active growth, like lignin biosynthesis, nitrogen assimilation, and defense, were enriched. Based on “marker” genes identified in our pathway analyses, we were able to validate periodical changes in wood samples by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. These studies, and the resulting ray database, provide new insights into the steps underlying the seasonality of poplar trees.
Cinnamate:CoA Ligase Initiates the Biosynthesis of a Benzoate-Derived Xanthone Phytoalexin in Hypericum calycinum Cell Cultures
Authors: Gaid Mariam M. , Sircar Debabrata , Müller Andreas , Beuerle Till , Liu Benye , Ernst Ludger , Hänsch Robert , Beerhues Ludger 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
Although a number of plant natural products are derived from benzoic acid, the biosynthesis of this structurally simple precursor is poorly understood. Hypericum calycinum cell cultures accumulate a benzoic acid-derived xanthone phytoalexin, hyperxanthone E, in response to elicitor treatment. Using a subtracted complementary DNA (cDNA) library and sequence information about conserved coenzyme A (CoA) ligase motifs, a cDNA encoding cinnamate:CoA ligase (CNL) was isolated. This enzyme channels metabolic flux from the general phenylpropanoid pathway into benzenoid metabolism. HcCNL preferred cinnamic acid as a substrate but failed to activate benzoic acid. Enzyme activity was strictly dependent on the presence of Mg2+ and K+ at optimum concentrations of 2.5 and 100 mm, respectively. Coordinated increases in the Phe ammonia-lyase and HcCNL transcript levels preceded the accumulation of hyperxanthone E in cell cultures of H. calycinum after the addition of the elicitor. HcCNL contained a carboxyl-terminal type 1 peroxisomal targeting signal made up by the tripeptide Ser-Arg-Leu, which directed an amino-terminal reporter fusion to the peroxisomes. Masking the targeting signal by carboxyl-terminal reporter fusion led to cytoplasmic localization. A phylogenetic tree consisted of two evolutionarily distinct clusters. One cluster was formed by CoA ligases related to benzenoid metabolism, including HcCNL. The other cluster comprised 4-coumarate:CoA ligases from spermatophytes, ferns, and mosses, indicating divergence of the two clades prior to the divergence of the higher plant lineages.
Research visibility, publication patterns and output of academic librarians in sub‐Saharan Africa
Authors: Ocholla Dennis , Ocholla Lyudmila , Bosire Onyancha Omwoyo 
Published: September 2012

PurposeThis study seeks to establish and compare the research and publication patterns and output of academic librarians in Eastern Africa from 2000 to 2009 using informetric techniques.Design/methodology/approachThe study confined its scope to publications produced between 2000 and 2009. The informetric technique (through content analysis) was used as a research method. The documents that were sourced for content analysis were obtained from the LISA database, which is one of the largest abstract databases in the field of library and information science (LIS). Data were extracted using the names of the librarians obtained from various sources, including: the libraries' web sites, Europa World of Learning and Wikipedia.FindingsThe results reveal that the research visibility of academic librarians was insignificant; that publication of research findings over the period was minimal; that publications from university librarians and directors were also minimal; that most academic librarians preferred publishing individually; and that the most published authors come from Tanzania.Originality/valueFew informetric studies focus on research output of academic librarians in Africa, and also on LIS research in the continent. Furthermore, the library profession is not well understood by many (including the academic community) because people do not appreciate how qualified librarians are, or that their promotion can be linked to research. This study raises issues that relate to the research output and research visibility of university librarians.
Acquiring market flexibility via niche portfolios
Authors: Hamlin Robert , Henry James , Cuthbert Ron 
Published: September 2012

PurposeThis paper seeks to establish that the instability of niche markets, and their predisposition to catastrophic collapse, makes market flexibility a prerequisite for long‐term survival among niche marketers. It describes the two ways by which a niche marketer can acquire this market flexibility and demonstrates the advantages of the second of these two approaches, i.e. the development of a portfolio of separated niches.Design/methodology/approachAn in‐depth discussion of niche instability/implosion, and how niche market flexibility can be acquired to increase the survivability of such events, provides the context for a single in‐depth case study of a company employing a systematic niche market flexibility approach. A multi‐method approach was adopted drawing on both interviews and documentary evidence.FindingsPlanning for flexibility is essential for long‐term survival as a niche marketer. Two broad approaches to achieve this exist – i.e. contingency and portfolio planning – which are not mutually exclusive. The portfolio approach offers specific advantages and examples of its successful applications exist.Research limitations/implicationsThis is a single case study.Practical implicationsThe article has significant implications for practice, as fragmentation of markets and globalisation of production makes niche marketing desirable/essential for many players.Originality/valueThe area of planning for flexibility using a niche portfolio marketing strategy is under‐researched at present.
Flexible business models
Authors: Mason Katy , Mouzas Stefanos 
Published: September 2012

PurposeThe aim in this paper is to describe and explain the flexibility offered by different business models adopted by different firms as they strive to achieve higher levels of business performance.Design/methodology/approachCross‐sectional research is used to investigate a matched pair sample of 20 high‐performing and 20 low‐performing firms in the UK. The relationship between business model architectures and focus are examined and their implications for flexibility are illustrated and discussed.FindingsThe flexibility offered by different business models is explored through the way organisations select and integrate three inter‐related elements to devise flexible business models, i.e. network influence, transactional relationships, and corporate ownership. Affected by situated practices in each business network and the market position or business size, companies select and integrate various configurations of these elements to respond to the constantly evolving demands of end‐customers.Research limitations/implicationsAlthough based upon a cross‐sectional analysis of a matched pair sample, the concept of “flexible business models” has far wider managerial implications. The efficiency of the proposed approach is achieved through the reduction into three inter‐related elements that allow flexible configuration and re‐adjustment.Practical implicationsCompanies can use the flexible business model approach to examine their own selection and integration of network influence, transactional relationships and corporate ownership and scrutinise their flexibility and performance in the marketplace.Originality/valueThe contribution of this paper is the development of the flexible business models concept, based on an empirical investigation of firms in the UK.
Additive manufacturing for archaeological reconstruction of a medieval ship
Authors: Soe Shwe P. , Eyers Daniel R. , Jones Toby , Nayling Nigel 
Published: September 2012

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine the suitability of additive manufacturing technologies in the reconstruction of archaeological discoveries as illustrative models. The processes of reverse engineering and part fabrication are discussed in detail, with particular emphasis placed on the difficulties of managing scaling and material characteristics for the manufacturing process.Design/methodology/approachThrough a case‐based approach, this paper examines the reconstruction of a fifteenth‐century ship recovered from the River Usk in South Wales, UK. Using interviews and process data, the paper identifies challenges for both archaeologists and manufacturers in the application of additive manufacturing technologies for archaeological reconstruction applications.FindingsThis paper illustrates both the suitability of additive manufacturing in archaeological restoration, but also the challenges which result from this approach. It demonstrates the practical considerations of scaling process and materials, whilst also highlighting the techniques to improve accuracy and mechanical properties of the model.Originality/valueWhilst the technologies of additive manufacturing have previously been applied to model making, little scholarly research has considered the practical techniques of design elicitation and manufacturing for archaeological applications. Using an in‐depth case study, this paper highlights the principal considerations for these applications, and provides guidance in the mitigation of manufacturing issues.
Tag‐based retrieval of images through different interfaces: a user study
Authors: Bar‐Ilan Judit , Zhitomirsky‐Geffet Maayan , Miller Yitzchak , Shoham Snunith 
Published: September 2012

PurposeThe purpose of this study was to compare the ease of use and the effectiveness of several interfaces for retrieving tagged images.Design/methodology/approachA number of participants were randomly assigned to one of four retrieval interfaces: tag search in a search box; faceted tag search in a search box; selecting terms from the tag cloud of all the tags in the database; and selecting concepts from an ontology created from the tags assigned to the images. Each interface was tested by 21 users.FindingsThe results show that the highest recall on average was achieved by users of the ontology interface, for seven out of the ten tasks, however, users were more satisfied with the textbox‐based search than the cloud or the ontology.Research limitations/implicationsThe experiment was rather specific, and more studies are needed in order to generalize the findings.Originality/valueWith the widespread use of tagging on the web it is of importance to examine whether tagging enables resource discovery. This study shows that in addition to the tags, the retrieval interface also influences user satisfaction and retrieval success.
Leadership wisdom from the Jewish tradition models of leadership in times of crisis
Authors: Kehat Hannah 
Published: September 2012

PurposeOne of the major exams of leadership skills of a leader is the challenge of managing conflicts within the organization or within society he heads. Perhaps, this is the biggest challenge especially when there is a situation of external threat on that society. In this situation when the leader who is unable to maintain internal cohesion, then the danger is that it will accelerate the breakdown in make it easier for the external enemy to destroy that society. The purpose of this paper is to explore how Jewish tradition, using formative ancient stories, tried to teach us how a leader should behave in a crisis, and how not to behave.Design/methodology/approachIn this article, the author wants to show how Jewish tradition, using formative ancient stories, tried to teach us how a leader should behave in a crisis, and how not to behave. The rabbis of the Jewish tradition, that had written the Babylonian Talmud, reviewed the defeat of the Jewish people, in 70th as a failure of the leaders. Through the stories that tried to show us the responsibility of leadership, they pointed out the weaknesses of the leaders and saw them as the main person responsible for the loss occurred, when Jerusalem fell. In contrast, other stories show us how other leaders, deserved to overcome a major crisis and come out stronger.FindingsThe author wants to show how stories reveal three models of leadership: a weak and cowardly leadership that enables the growth of terrorist leadership, extreme and dogmatic leaders against tolerant leadership, leadership of nonviolent revolution. The situations in which leadership is being tested are varied. At the time of a great crisis of society at risk, during the siege of Jerusalem, one of the stories takes place precisely in the house, between two people, with the presence of leaders, to show the social disintegration among the common people, and the failure of leaders to build a moral society.Practical implicationsThe positive example of overcoming the crisis and conflict, occurs after the destruction of Jerusalem in the Beit Midrash of the survivors in Yavneh. Perhaps the trauma of destruction leads the leaders to resolve the conflict in a nonviolent way.Originality/valueThe author tried to extract from the Jewish tradition the right model for managing crisis and conflict. The sages reflected on the serious crises that had happened to the Jewish people and they claimed that the leadership was the main cause of the failure.