bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hd3a promotes lateral branching in rice
Authors: Tsuji Hiroyuki , Tachibana Chika , Tamaki Shojiro , Taoka Ken‐ichiro , Kyozuka Junko , Shimamoto Ko 
Published: March 2015

SummaryAccumulating evidence indicates that the FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) protein is the mobile floral signal known as florigen. A rice FT homolog, Heading date 3a (Hd3a), is transported from the phloem to shoot apical cells, where it interacts with 14–3–3 proteins and transcription factor OsFD1 to form a florigen activation complex (FAC) that activates a rice homolog of the floral identity gene APETALA1. Recent studies showed that florigen has roles in plant development beyond flowering; however, the exact nature of these roles is not well understood. It is not clear whether FT is transported to organs outside the shoot apex, and whether FAC formation is required for processes other than flowering. We show here that the Hd3a protein accumulates in axillary meristems to promote branching, and that FAC formation is required. Analysis of transgenic plants revealed that Hd3a promotes branching through lateral bud outgrowth. Hd3a protein produced in the phloem reached the axillary meristem in the lateral bud, and its transport was required for promotion of branching. Moreover, mutant Hd3a proteins defective in FAC formation but competent with respect to transport did not promote branching. Finally, we show that Hd3a promotes branching independently from strigolactone and FC1, a transcription factor that inhibits branching in rice. Together, these results suggest that Hd3a functions as a mobile signal for branching in rice.
A straightforward and reliable method for bacterial in planta transcriptomics: application to the Dickeya dadantii/Arabidopsis thaliana pathosystem
Authors: Chapelle Emilie , Alunni Benoît , Malfatti Pierrette , Solier Lucie , Pédron Jacques , Kraepiel Yvan , Van Gijsegem Frédérique 
Published: March 2015

SummaryTranscriptome analysis of bacterial pathogens is a powerful approach to identify and study the expression patterns of genes during host infection. However, analysis of the early stages of bacterial virulence at the genome scale is lacking with respect to understanding of plant–pathogen interactions and diseases, especially during foliar infection. This is mainly due to both the low ratio of bacterial cells to plant material at the beginning of infection, and the high contamination by chloroplastic material. Here we describe a reliable and straightforward method for bacterial cell purification from infected leaf tissues, effective even if only a small amount of bacteria is present relative to plant material. The efficiency of this method for transcriptomic analysis was validated by analysing the expression profiles of the phytopathogenic enterobacterium Dickeya dadantii, a soft rot disease‐causing agent, during the first hours of infection of the model host plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Transcriptome profiles of epiphytic bacteria and bacteria colonizing host tissues were compared, allowing identification of approximately 100 differentially expressed genes. Requiring no specific equipment, cost‐friendly and easily transferable to other pathosystems, this method should be of great interest for many other plant–bacteria interaction studies.
Inactivation of viruses in platelet and plasma products using a riboflavin‐and‐UV–based photochemical treatment
Authors: Keil Shawn D. , Bengrine Abderrahmane , Bowen Richard , Marschner Susanne , Hovenga Nick , Rouse Lindsay , Gilmour Denise , Duverlie Gilles , Goodrich Raymond P. 
Published: March 2015

BACKGROUNDMultilayered blood safety programs reduce the risk of transfusion‐transmitted diseases; however, there remains a risk of window period transmission of screened viruses and transmission of unscreened and emerging viruses from asymptomatic donors. To reduce this risk, a riboflavin‐and‐UV‐light–based pathogen reduction process was evaluated against eight viral agents.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODSRiboflavin and UV light was evaluated against the following eight viral agents: encephalomyocarditis virus (EMC), hepatitis A virus (HAV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), influenza A (FLUAV), La Crosse virus (LACV), pseudorabies virus (PRV), sindbis virus (SINV), and vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV). Before treatment, a sample was removed to determine the product's initial viral load. After treatment the product's viral load was reevaluated and the log reduction was calculated.RESULTSVirus reduction after treatment with riboflavin and UV light is equivalent in platelet (PLT) and plasma units, as demonstrated by a 3.2‐log reduction of EMC in plasma, PLTs, and PLT additive solution containing 35% plasma. Additionally, the following viral reductions values were observed: HAV 1.8 log, HCV at least 4.1 log, FLUAV at least 5.0 log, LACV at least 3.5 log, PRV 2.5 log, SINV 3.2 log, and VSV at least 6.3 log.CONCLUSIONSThe results observed in this study suggest that treating PLT and plasma products with a riboflavin‐and‐UV‐light–based pathogen reduction process could potentially eliminate window period transmission of screened viruses and greatly reduce the risk of transfusion transmission of unscreened viruses.
Hypotensive transfusion reactions in the era of prestorage leukoreduction
Authors: Pagano Monica B. , Ness Paul M. , Chajewski Olga S. , King Karen E. , Wu Yanyun , Tobian Aaron A.R. 
Published: March 2015

BACKGROUNDClinical characteristics of hypotensive transfusion reactions (HyTRs) have not been evaluated in the context of universal prestorage leukoreduction.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODSA retrospective review of medical records of patients with HyTRs during the years 2011 and 2012 was performed at two academic medical institutions.RESULTSThirty‐five patients with 35 HyTRs were identified, with an incidence of 1.33 per 10,000 transfusions. Red blood cells (RBCs) were implicated in 21 (60.0%) reactions and platelets (PLTs) and plasma (PL) in 11 (31.4%) and three (8.6%), respectively. The HyTR rate per blood component was 0.019% for PLTs, 0.015% for RBCs, and 0.006% for PL. Mean patient age was 65 years (range, 2 months‐87 years), five (14.3%) were pediatric (<18 years), and 20 (57.1%) were male. The most frequent clinical settings associated with HyTRs were cardiac surgery (n = 13; 37.1%), hematology‐oncology diseases (n = 11; 31.4%), and general surgery (n = 7; 20.0%). Extracorporeal circuits were used within 24 hours before the reaction in 16 patients (45.7%), including nine patients on cardiopulmonary bypass, four on dialysis or continuous venous‐venous hemodialysis, and three on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Four patients (11.4%) received an angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitor within 24 hours before the HyTR. Seventeen patients (48.6%) responded to stopping the transfusion and supportive treatment. Thirteen patients (37.1%) had severe reactions. No HyTR resulted in death.CONCLUSIONIn the absence of bedside leukoreduction filters, several medical situations are associated with HyTRs. The pathophysiology of HyTRs is yet to be defined. The US hemovigilance system allows for standardization of transfusion reactions, which facilitates their classification and study.
Stage Efficiency Effects of Vaneless Diffuser Wall Contours
Authors: Wulf James B. 
Published: March 2015

The effects of vaneless diffuser wall contour were investigated in a systematic series of laboratory tests. The test stage was investigated in an integral gear compressor operating on a laboratory test stand. The compressor was driven with a variable speed 1500 HP motor. A computer controlled data acquisition and reduction system was used. The 27.94 cm diameter test impeller was operated with vaneless diffusers and volute collectors.
Beginning with a substantially parallel wall vaneless diffuser, peak stage adiabatic total to total efficiency was improved from 80.2% to 87.5% and operating range was extended.
The interaction between the impeller, diffuser and volute was studied through detailed analysis of intra-stage static pressure data using a jet wake model. The results of data analysis show that wall contour had a small influence on impeller efficiency and that most of the stage performance improvement resulted from improved recovery in the vaneless diffuser.
100 MW Combined Cycle Achieves 7000 BTU/KWH Heat Rate at JFK International Airport
Authors: Kolp Donald A. , Roberts Richard , Kim Soo Young 
Published: March 2015

In early 1994 a 100 MW LM6000 combined cycle cogeneration plant will begin operation at New York City’s John F. Kennedy International Airport. Thanks to the extremely high simple cycle efficiency of the LM6000 gas turbine (8200 BTU/KWH, 8650 kJ/KWH-LHV dry) and a sophisticated three-pressure steam generating system, a heat rate below 7000 BTU/KWH-LHV (7380 kJ/KWH-LHV) is expected when operating in combined cycle mode. The dual-spool LM6000 achieves its efficiency by means of a 30:1 compression ratio. 2100 F. (1149 C.) firing temperatures and the direct coupling of the low compressor/turbine rotor to the electric generator. The efficiency of the heat recovery steam generator results from the use of three economizers, three evaporators and two superheaters combined with a patented feedwater heating system which yields a 245 F. (118 C.) exhaust stack temperature.
Operating flexibility is essential in this application. While the dual-fueled plant is designed for pure combined cycle operation, most of the time it will operate in a cogeneration mode — producing up to 250 × 106 BTU/HR (264 × 106 kJ/HR) of steam for heating in the winter and 7000 (24,618 KW) tons of chilling for air conditioning airport terminals in the summer. The waste heat boilers are designed to be supplementary fired on gas fuel when the airport requires the 110 MW maximum capacity of the plant simultaneously with the maximum thermal load of 250 × 106 BTU/HR (264 × 106 kJ/HR).
NOx emissions are controlled with a combination of water injection in the turbine combustors and a dual-function catalyst SCR/CO converter. CO is controlled by means of the converter. Combined gas turbine and duct burner NOx is maintained below 9.0 PPMV dry (@ 15% O2) and CO below 1.5 PPH (0.68 KG/HR) dry (@ 15% O2) when operating on gas fuel.
Cycle details, equipment selection and operation as well as the plant economics provide a useful insight into the benefits of these recent developments in gas turbine and heat recovery combined cycle cogeneration technology.
Development of a Knowledge Based Advisory System Based on Vibration of a Peaking Gas Turbine
Authors: Baldwin Richard M. , Smalley Anthony J. , Harris Ralph E. , Quentin George H. 
Published: March 2015

This paper describes the process of knowledge development and interpretation for a particular model of power generation combustion turbine and generator. The knowledge derives from three sources: fundamental understanding of rotordynamics; the experience of experts in troubleshooting this particular turbine; and in-depth analysis of vibration data acquired during every start-up and run of several examples. The data acquisition system is operated via modem from any phone tine to provide operational data for review.
The knowledge is to be applied in two ways. A Post Trip Analysis will provide the operator with advice on what to do when the unit trips, based upon the data obtained during the tripped run and previously acquired characteristics. The Post Trip Analysis will have knowledge which, when compared with the acquired data factors about vibration, and historical characteristics of the specific machine or the fleet, will give a recommended action. This application is designed to be available moments after the trip has occurred.
The second application of knowledge is for health assessment. A software module will automatically analyze each day’s data when the file is completed. The volume of data is reduced to a smaller, very descriptive set of data which is saved and compared with previous runs. These analyses are to be performed at the two critical speeds of the turbine and generator, as well as the normal running speed. One planned test for health assessment is to seek deviations: characteristics which fall outside the statistically normal range for the unit in question; characteristics which fall outside the desirable range based on expert opinion; and distinct unexplained changes during a run.
The paper illustrates the development and application of the knowledge base.
Flow Pattern and Heat Transfer in a Closed Rotating Annulus
Authors: Bohn D. , Dibelius G. H. , Deuker E. , Emunds R. 
Published: March 2015

The prediction of the temperature distribution in a gas turbine rotor containing gas filled closed cavities, for example in between two discs, has to account for the heat transfer conditions encountered inside these cavities. In an entirely closed annulus no forced convection is present, but a strong natural convection flow occurs induced by a non-uniform density distribution in the centrifugal force field.
A computer code has been developed and applied to a rotating annulus with square cross section as a base case. A co-axial heat flux from one side wall to the other was modelled assuming the temperatures at this walls being different but uniformly distributed, while both the outer and inner cylindrical surfaces were assumed to be adiabatic.
The code was first verified for the annulus approaching the plane square cavity in the gravitational field, i.e. the ratio of the radius r over the distance h between outer and inner cylindrical wall was set very large. The results obtained agree with De Vahl Davis’ benchmark solution. By reducing the inner radius to zero, the results could be compared with Chew’s computation of a closed rotating cylinder, and again good agreement was found.
Parametric studies were carried out varying the Grashof number Gr, the rotational Reynolds number Re and the r/h-ratio, i.e. the curvature of the annulus. A decrease of this ratio at constant Gr and Re number results in a decrease of heat transfer due to the Coriolis forces attenuating the relative gas velocity. The same effect can be obtained by increasing the Re number with the h/r-ratio and the Gr number being constant.
By inserting radial walls into the cavity the influence of the Coriolis forces is reduced resulting in an increase of heat transfer.
A Study of Stall in a Low Hub/Tip Ratio Fan
Authors: Soundranayagam M. , Elder R. L. 
Published: March 2015

An investigation has been carried out in order to define the process of rotating stall inception in a low speed, low hub-tip ratio fan. Based on elementary cascade analysis, the fan would be expected to stall from the root, however, considerable experimental evidence indicates that tip stall is more frequently incurred. Although the analysis has been undertaken for a specific fan it is considerd to be representative of a broad range of machines. The analysis has involved two primary considerations, first the effect of streamtube contraction which has been studied theoretically and secondly real flow effects (those not contained in the theoretical model) which have been studied experimentally.
The study of streamtube contraction indicates that the root rematches to a more stable operating point thus alleviating some of the problems in that region. The experimental investigation was undertaken on an isolated rotor, with successive build modifications to increase the likelihood of rotating stall inception at the root. It was apparent that real fluid effects tended to steepen the root pressure rise characteristic, thus enhancing the stability in that region. The performance of the fan at the tip tended to be poor providing a pressure characteristic with a lower negative gradient than anticipated indicating less stability than simple flow models would suggest. Hot wire flow mapping at the rotor exit supported the overall conclusion that the rotor showed a strong reluctance to stall at the root apparently due to “centrifuging” of the boundary layer towards the tip.
Aerodynamic Design of Pivotable Nozzle Vanes for Radial-Inflow Turbines
Authors: Schölch M. 
Published: March 2015

In order to improve the efficiency of a radial inflow turbine new inlet guide vanes were developed. The design was the result of iteratively changing the outline of the blade contour and subsequent aerodynamic investigation of the new cascade generated. The procedure consists of four steps:
– Conformal transformation of the radial cascade into a straight cascade
– Determination of the incompressible inviscid velocity distribution on the blades of the straight cascade by means of a potential flow analysis
– Retransformation of velocity distribution and blade geometry into the radial plane
– Application of a boundary layer program to the velocity distribution on the contour of the profile in the radial plane
The efficiency of the turbine was measured in operation with the original and the new guide vanes at different pressure ratios and nozzle positions. The total–to–static efficiency of the turbine increased in all measured points, in some points by two percent.
Influence of Flow Conditions on Deposits From Heated Hydrocarbon Fuels
Authors: Chin J. S. , Lefebvre A. H. 
Published: March 2015

The thermal stability characteristics of two liquid hydrocarbon fuels are examined using a single-pass system whereby the fuel under test flows only once through a heated tube which is maintained at constant temperature throughout a test duration of six hours. Deposition rates on the tube walls are measured by weighing the tube before and after each test.
The experimental data are used to derive empirical equations for predicting the effects on deposition rates of variation in fuel temperature, wall temperature, and Reynolds number. It is found that deposition rates are enhanced by increases in fuel temperature, wall temperature and flow velocity, and by reductions in tube diameter. Pressure has no effect on deposition rates provided it is high enough to prevent fuel boiling.
Effects of Variable Liquid Properties on Multicomponent Droplet Vaporization
Authors: Kneer R. , Schneider M. , Noll B. , Wittig S. 
Published: March 2015

A multicomponent droplet vaporization model, the Diffusion-Limit Model, is modified to account for the variation of liquid properties due to large temperature gradients as well as considerable concentration gradients within the droplet.
The effects on the vaporization behavior are analysed for an isolated bicomponent droplet consisting of heptane and dodecane. The results are presented for both moderate and high gas temperatures excluding combustion.
During the vaporization process the liquid phase properties vary considerably. For example, the Lewis number changes approximately one order of magnitude. The mass ratio of the liquid components seems to be rather sensitive to the variation of thermophysical property values, especially during the second half of the droplet lifetime, where about 50% of the droplet mass will still evaporate. The gas phase behavior is less affected by the use of constant liquid properties.
For both gas temperature levels tested it was found that single component models cannot describe satisfactorily the whole vaporization process of multicomponent droplets. With regard to ignition the sharp rise of the vapor concentration in the beginning of the droplet vaporization is important. This behavior is caused by the more volatile component and cannot be achieved by the single component substitute.
The Combustion of Droplets Within Gas Turbine Combustors Some Recent Observations on Combustion Efficiency
Authors: Odgers J. , Kretschmer D. , Pearce G. F. 
Published: March 2015

For many years investigators studying the combustion behaviour within gas turbines have presumed droplet size to play a very important role in defining combustion efficiency. Recently a very large number of experiments have been conducted jointly by Laval University and the Aeronautical Research Laboratory in Melbourne. In the course of these investigations, over a wide range of operating conditions, a single combustor has been investigated using three different Simplex atomisers at each of the conditions for three fuels. In addition, the same combustor has been used to investigate a very wide range of fuels (87) at ambient inlet conditions.
The measured combustion efficiencies show no measurable effects due to droplet size, although volatility effects have been noted (measured as TAV). It is thought that these effects are reflected in terms of a Transfer Number and related to diffusional phenomena, rather than evaporative phenomena.
A great number of experimental data are reviewed, and in addition to showing the absence of effects of droplets, a small section deals with the precision of experimental values of combustion efficiency and how it might influence models predicting combustion efficiency, especially with respect to possible future pollution requirements.
Sound Propagation Calculation Over Larger Distances on a Standardized Basis According to the German VDI Regulations No. 2714
Authors: Schneider Manfred 
Published: March 2015

In order to obtain permission for the construction of a new gas compressor station or other industrial facility, the future user has to submit a comprehensive forecast of sound immission levels to the competent supervisory authority, at the same time demonstrating by which means the noise level requirements in the vicinity of the facility can be met.
For this purpose, it is essential to calculate the sound propagation and associated attenuation effects on a basis which is reliable, verifiable and acceptable to the authority. The German VDI Regulations No. 2714 contain stipulations regarding standardized calculation procedures applicable in such cases.
This paper (ASME-presentation) discusses these calculation procedures for distances of > 200 m (> 650 feet) with special emphasis on screening and attenuation effects attributable to topography, weather influences and sound dissipation at high frequencies.
Computational Techniques for Probabilistic Analysis of Turbomachinery
Authors: Millwater H. R. , Smalley A. J. , Wu Y.-T. , Torng T. Y. , Evans B. F. 
Published: March 2015

This paper reports on some advanced computational techniques for probabilistic analysis of turbomachinery. A description of the requirements for probabilistic analysis and several solution methods are summarized. The traditional probabilistic analysis method, Monte Carlo simulation, and two advanced techniques, the Advanced Mean Value (AMV) method and importance sampling, are discussed.
The performance of the Monte Carlo, AMV, and importance sampling methods is explored through a forced response analysis of a two degree-of-freedom Jeffcott rotor model. Variations in rotor weight, shaft length, shaft diameter, Young’s modulus, foundation stiffness, bearing clearance, viscosity, and length are considered. The cumulative distribution function of transmitted force is computed using Monte Carlo simulation and AMV at several RPM. Also, importance sampling is used to compute the probability of transmitted force exceeding a specified limit at several RPM. In both cases, the AMV and importance sampling methods are shown to give accurate solutions with far fewer number of simulations than the Monte Carlo method. These methods enable the engineer to perform accurate and efficient probabilistic analysis of realistic complex rotor dynamic models.