bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Coaxial electrospun encapsulation of epoxy for use in self‐healing materials
Authors: Mitchell Timothy J , Keller Michael W 
Published: December 2012

AbstractEpoxy was sequestered within a poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) shell using a coaxial electrospinning process resulting in fibers suitable for use in self‐healing materials. Electrospinning equipment was designed and built including extensive development of the coaxial spinneret and optimization of the electrical field. Other parameters that were studied and controlled included the viscosity of the shell material and the interfacial tension between the shell and core material. The interfacial tension between the PVA solution and the epoxy was controlled by adding ethanol to the water solvent. A concentration of 8.5 wt% PVA in a combined ethanol and water solution (water:EtOH = 1:0.15) yielded a PVA solution that had interfacial tension and viscosity characteristics that were effective for coaxial electrospinning. The resulting coaxially electrospun fibers assumed a beaded fiber morphology. © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Assessing Fear‐avoidance Beliefs in Patients with Cervical Radiculopathy
Authors: Dedering Åsa , Börjesson Tina 
Published: December 2012

AbstractBackground and PurposeThe study sought to evaluate validity and reliability of the Fear Avoidance Beliefs Questionnaire and the Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia in patients with cervical radiculopathy.MethodsA test–retest design was used to test stability over time in 46 patients with cervical radiculopathy. Differences between patients and healthy subjects were also evaluated comparing the patients with 41 physically active and healthy subjects. The patients answered the Fear Avoidance Beliefs Questionnaire and the Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia twice. To test for differences between the patients and the healthy subjects, the latter answered the same questionnaires once. Questionnaires about activity, personal factors and health were also used.ResultsThe test–retest reliability assessed with weighted kappa was 0.68 for the Fear Avoidance Beliefs Questionnaire and 0.45 for the Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia. Only six of the 11 single items of the Fear Avoidance Beliefs Questionnaire and none of the single items of the Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia showed kappa coefficients exceeding 0.60 (good reliability). Patients with cervical radiculopathy rated significantly worse on the Fear Avoidance Beliefs Questionnaire and the Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia than the healthy subjects did.ConclusionsThe Fear Avoidance Beliefs Questionnaire may be recommended for test–retest evaluations because ‘good’ reliability was found. The Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia had only ‘moderate’ test–retest reliability, and this should be considered when using this scale in test–retest evaluations. Both questionnaires can discriminate between patients with cervical radiculopathy and healthy subjects. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Arrays of low‐temperature plasma probes for ambient ionization mass spectrometry
Authors: Dalgleish Jon K. , Wleklinski Michael , Shelley Jacob T. , Mulligan Christopher C. , Ouyang Zheng , Graham Cooks R. 
Published: December 2012

RATIONALEThis paper reports the development of arrays of capillary‐based low‐temperature plasma (LTP) probes for direct sample analysis. These probe arrays allow a higher surface area to be analyzed, increasing the throughput in large sample analysis. Validation of these arrays was performed on illicit, cathinone‐based drugs marketed as 'bath salts'.METHODSLTP arrays consisting of 1, 7, and 19 probes were constructed with quartz capillaries and held together with silver epoxy resin adhesive. Three drugs, mephedrone, methylone and methylenedioxypyrovalerone, were analyzed with each plasma ion source and an ion trap mass spectrometer in full MS and in MS/MS positive ion mode. Chemical and thermal footprints were determined for each source. A reactive probe design was used to inject trifluoroacetic anhydride directly into the plasma stream for on‐line derivatization.RESULTSSmall LTP probes and bundled arrays provide low picogram level limits of detection for mephedrone, methylone and methylenedioxypyrovalerone. Bundling the probes together in larger arrays increases the surface area analyzed by a factor of ten, while maintaining surface temperatures below 40 °C. Selectivity towards mephedrone and methylone was increased using trifluoracetylation under ambient ionization conditions.CONCLUSIONSLow‐temperature plasma ionization sources allow rapid detection of illicit 'bath salt' drugs in low amounts. The sources have a larger sampling area that allows faster detection of each analyte, and selectivity towards the selected drug is enhanced by adding reagents directly into the plasma stream. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Structure‐fragmentation relationship and rapid dereplication of Buxus steroidal alkaloids by electrospray ionization‐quadrupole time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry
Authors: Musharraf Syed Ghulam , Goher Madiha , Shahnaz Salma , Choudhary M. Iqbal , Atta‐ur‐Rahman  
Published: December 2012

RATIONALETandem mass spectrometric studies of natural products revealed the identification of key fragments which can be helpful for their rapid dereplication in plant extracts utilizing a liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) approach, particularly for the thermally labile compounds. The knowledge of the collision‐induced dissociation (CID) fragmentation pattern of the molecule is essentially required prior to the analysis by LC/MS/MS.METHODSThe fragmentation patterns of eleven Buxus steroidal alkaloids were studied by using a positive ion electrospray ionization quadrupole time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (ESI‐QqTOF‐MS/MS) hybrid instrument. Chromatographic separation of a Buxus papillosa extract was achieved using a capillary HPLC system coupled with the mass instrument.RESULTSESI‐QqTOF‐MS (positive ion mode) showed the presence of several characteristic fragments which can be used to rapidly identify various classes of Buxus steroidal alkaloids. The presence of a cyclopropane ring in the cycloartenol skeleton and the hydroxyl group at C‐10 was found to effect on the fragmentation pattern and afford characteristic peaks. This study distinguishes between different types of Buxus steroidal alkaloids based on logical fragmentation pathways. This strategy was successfully applied in LC/ESI‐QqTOF‐MS/MS analysis of Buxus papillosa extract to investigate and characterize Buxus steroidal alkaloids and 14 compounds were identified as steroidal alkaloids.CONCLUSIONSThe knowledge of the fragmentation pattern was used for the rapid identification of this bioactive group of biosynthetically unique steroidal alkaloids in complex plant extracts of Buxus species, especially in the absence of any reference material, by combining key fragments, exact mass measurements and relative abundances of diagnostic fragment ions. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Determination of 17O‐excess of terrestrial silicate/oxide minerals with respect to Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water (VSMOW)
Authors: Tanaka Ryoji , Nakamura Eizo 
Published: December 2012

RATIONALEOxygen triple isotope compositions give key information for understanding physical processes during isotopic fractionation between the geo‐, hydro‐, bio‐, and atmosphere. For detailed discussion of these topics, it is necessary to determine precise 17O‐excess values of terrestrial silicate/oxide minerals with respect to Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water (VSMOW).METHODSWater was fluorinated in an electrically heated Ni‐metal tube into which water and BrF5 were loaded for the quantitative extraction of oxygen. Silicate/oxide minerals were fluorinated by heating with a CO2 laser in an atmosphere of BrF5. The extracted oxygen was purified and isotope ratios of the oxygen triple isotope compositions were determined using a Finnigan MAT253 isotope ratio mass spectrometer.RESULTSThe oxygen triple isotope compositions of meteoric water and terrestrial silicate/oxide minerals fall on statistically distinguishable fractionation lines, defined as [ln(δ17O + 1) = λln(δ18O + 1) + Δ], where λ and Δ correspond to the slope and intercept, respectively. The fractionation line for meteoric water has λ = 0.5285 ± 0.0005 and Δ = 0.03 ± 0.02‰ and for terrestrial silicate/oxide minerals has λ = 0.5270 ± 0.0005 and Δ = –0.070 ± 0.005‰, at the 95% confidence limit.CONCLUSIONSAll the analyzed terrestrial silicate/oxide minerals including internationally accepted reference materials (NBS‐28, UWG‐2, and San Carlos olivine) have a negative 17O‐excess with respect to VSMOW. We propose that it is necessary to specify if the determined δ17O values of terrestrial and extraterrestrial samples are expressed as the difference from VSMOW or the terrestrial silicate mineral‐corrected value. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effective Theories and Theory Choice
Authors: Wells James D. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractPromoting a theory with a finite number of terms into an effective field theory with an infinite number of terms worsens simplicity, predictability, falsifiability, and other attributes often favored in theory choice. However, the importance of these attributes pales in comparison with consistency, both observational and mathematical consistency, which propels the effective theory to be superior to its simpler truncated version of finite terms, whether that theory be renormalizable (e.g., Standard Model of particle physics) or unrenormalizable (e.g., gravity). Some implications for the Large Hadron Collider and beyond are discussed, including comments on how directly acknowledging the preeminence of consistency can affect future theory work.
Mutations in the AGXT2L2 gene cause phosphohydroxylysinuria
Authors: Veiga‐da‐Cunha Maria , Verhoeven‐Duif Nanda M. , de Koning Tom J. , Duran Marinus , Dorland Bert , Van Schaftingen Emile 
Published: December 2012

AbstractPhosphohydroxylysinuria has been described in two patients with neurological symptoms, but the deficient enzyme or mutated gene has never been identified. In the present work, we tested the hypothesis that this condition is due to mutations in the AGXT2L2 gene, recently shown to encode phosphohydroxylysine phospholyase. DNA analysis from a third patient, without neurological symptoms, but with an extreme hyperlaxicity of the joints, shows the existence of two mutations, p. Gly240Arg and p.Glu437Val, both in the heterozygous state. Sequencing of cDNA clones derived from fibroblasts mRNA indicated that the two mutations were allelic. Both mutations replace conserved residues. The mutated proteins were produced as recombinant proteins in Escherichia coli and HEK293T cells and shown to be very largely insoluble, whereas the wild‐type one was produced as a soluble and active protein. We conclude that phosphohydroxylysinuria is due to mutations in the AGXT2L2 gene and the resulting lack of activity of phosphohydroxylysine phospholyase in vivo. The finding that the nul alleles of p.Gly240Arg and p.Glu437Val are present at low frequencies in the European and/or North American population suggests that this condition is more common than previously thought. The diversity of the clinical symptoms described in three patients with phosphohydroxylysinuria indicates that this is most likely not a neurometabolic disease.
Sphingolipid Content in the Human Uterus and Pair‐Matched Uterine Leiomyomas Remains Constant
Authors: Paweł Knapp , Chabowski Adrian , Górski Jan 
Published: December 2012

AbstractIn the present work we sought to investigate the content of sphingolipids (sphingosine, sphinganine, sphingosine‐1‐phosphate and ceramide) in human fibroids and pair‐matched healthy uterus tissue. We demonstrated that, in uterine leiomyomas, the contents of sphingosine, sphinganine, sphingosine‐1‐phosphate and ceramide remains quite constant. However, a trend towards elevation of ceramide and simultaneous reduction of sphingosine‐1 phosphate levels was also noticed. Additionally, in uterine leiomyomas we found relevant activation of both PTEN and MAPK(ERK1/2) signaling pathways with only a minor change in AKT activity and relatively absent HIF‐1α/AMPK activation. In conclusion, rather modest changes in sphingolipids are correlated with the activation of PTEN and MAPK(ERK1/2) signaling proteins in human uterine leiomyomas.
The Unwritten Constitution of the United Kingdom
Authors: Baker John 
Published: December 2012

There has been much talk of constitutional reform in recent years, but the changes that have actually been taking place have often differed markedly from those that the Government has professed to espouse and have shaken the foundations of the previous system without following any coherent overall plan. Written constitutions are not without shortcomings; the conventions that held the old British constitution in place are in any case difficult to codify or enforce. But a pressing problem with an unwritten constitution is that there is no special mechanism for constitutional change. Recent reforms have therefore become associated with short-term political expediency and spin. The cure is not simple.1As a tribute to Professor Sir John Baker QC, who has served as a member of the Editorial Board since the Ecclesiastical Law Journal's foundation and energetically continues to do so,2 I am pleased to reproduce the lightly edited text of his British Academy Maccabbaean Lecture.3 Delivered in 2009, though still topical today, it provides a cautionary critique of the direction of travel in the evolution of the United Kingdom's unwritten constitution which I hope will serve as a prelude to an occasional series of articles and comment in the pages of this Journal considering the role of the spiritual within the constitution and the established nature of the Church of England in the twenty-first century. Matters that have been ignored or marginalised in the recent constitutional revolution include the role of the Prime Minister in the appointment of bishops and archbishops and the ecclesiastical patronage exercised by the Lord Chancellor. [Editor]
Psychological impact of working with patients with cystic fibrosis at end-of-life, pre-transplant stage
Authors: Clisby Nicola , Shaw Samantha , Cormack Maggie 
Published: December 2012

AbstractObjective:Multidisciplinary staff who work with end-of-life, pre-transplant patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) have to juggle two seemingly opposing care approaches; active care to maintain their patients’ health and condition in anticipation of a transplant, and sensitive palliative care that takes their end-of-life wishes into consideration should they not receive a transplant. Little is known about the psychological impact on staff working within this care dichotomy. The aim of this study is to explore staff's experiences and understand more about the psychological impact of this work on them professionally and personally, and how this affects their ability to provide appropriate care for their patients.Method:A qualitative explorative research design was used. Ten semistructured interviews with multidisciplinary staff working in cystic fibrosis centers and units across the United Kingdom were analyzed using interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA).Results:Two superordinate themes emerged from the analysis: factors contributing to the “juggle” of active and palliative care, and extent of emotional impact on staff.Significance of results:The study indicates that there is an emotional impact on staff working with patients with CF at end-of-life, pre-transplant stages. Specifically, it reveals the extent of the unpredictability that staff work with, and the range of emotions that staff experience, including uncertainty about professional identity and anxiety about working practices. The depth and intimacy of professional–patient relationships is highlighted, particularly for staff in close contact with and similar in age to their patients. Additionally, the strength of staff's commitment and desire to care for patients within broader humanistic terms that mesh with their own personal values is brought to light. Despite the difficulties with their work, the majority of staff adopted numerous coping strategies to manage their emotions, many of which emphasized the link between their professional and personal values in undertaking their roles.
Die Bedeutung von Berufserfahrung für den Zusammenhang zwischen Alter, entwicklungsbezogener Selbstwirksamkeit und Anpassung an organisationale Veränderungen
Authors: Molter Beate , Noefer Katrin , Stegmaier Ralf , Sonntag Karlheinz 
Published: December 2012

Die vorliegende Studie untersucht den Zusammenhang zwischen Alter und adaptiver Leistung und zugrunde liegende Mechanismen. Als bedeutsam für den Zusammenhang werden die Variablen Berufserfahrung sowie das anpassungsrelevante Personmerkmal entwicklungsbezogene Selbstwirksamkeit berücksichtigt. Als adaptive Leistung werden Lernen neuer Technologien, Arbeitsaufgaben und Prozeduren, Umgang mit unsicheren/unvorhersehbaren Arbeitssituationen und interpersonelle Anpassung erfasst. Auf Basis der Theorie der Self-efficacy ( Bandura, 1977 ) wird ein Modell überprüft, bei dem Berufserfahrung den negativen Zusammenhang zwischen Alter und entwicklungsbezogener Selbstwirksamkeit zumindest teilweise mediiert und sich negativ auf adaptive Leistungen auswirkt. 858 Arbeitnehmer zwischen 18 und 65 Jahren aus unterschiedlichen Unternehmen und Branchen nahmen an der Fragebogenstudie teil. Mittels der Berechnung von Strukturgleichungsmodellen können signifikant negative indirekte Effekte von Alter über Berufserfahrung auf entwicklungsbezogene Selbstwirksamkeit nachgewiesen werden. Weiterhin lassen sich signifikant negative indirekte Effekte von Berufserfahrung auf die drei Dimensionen adaptiver Leistung über entwicklungsbezogene Selbstwirksamkeit zeigen.
Sediment microbial communities in Great Boiling Spring are controlled by temperature and distinct from water communities
Authors: Cole Jessica K , Peacock Joseph P , Dodsworth Jeremy A , Williams Amanda J , Thompson Daniel B , Dong Hailiang , Wu Geng , Hedlund Brian P 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
Great Boiling Spring is a large, circumneutral, geothermal spring in the US Great Basin. Twelve samples were collected from water and four different sediment sites on four different dates. Microbial community composition and diversity were assessed by PCR amplification of a portion of the small subunit rRNA gene using a universal primer set followed by pyrosequencing of the V8 region. Analysis of 164 178 quality-filtered pyrotags clearly distinguished sediment and water microbial communities. Water communities were extremely uneven and dominated by the bacterium Thermocrinis. Sediment microbial communities grouped according to temperature and sampling location, with a strong, negative, linear relationship between temperature and richness at all taxonomic levels. Two sediment locations, Site A (87–80 °C) and Site B (79 °C), were predominantly composed of single phylotypes of the bacterial lineage GAL35 (p̄=36.1%), Aeropyrum (p̄=16.6%), the archaeal lineage pSL4 (p̄=15.9%), the archaeal lineage NAG1 (p̄=10.6%) and Thermocrinis (p̄=7.6%). The ammonia-oxidizing archaeon ‘Candidatus Nitrosocaldus’ was relatively abundant in all sediment samples &lt;82 °C (p̄=9.51%), delineating the upper temperature limit for chemolithotrophic ammonia oxidation in this spring. This study underscores the distinctness of water and sediment communities in GBS and the importance of temperature in driving microbial diversity, composition and, ultimately, the functioning of biogeochemical cycles.
Specialization on traits as basis for the niche‐breadth of flower visitors and as structuring mechanism of ecological networks
Authors: Junker Robert R. , Blüthgen Nico , Brehm Tanja , Binkenstein Julia , Paulus Justina , Martin Schaefer H. , Stang Martina 
Published: December 2012

SummaryBiotic interactions do not occur in isolation but are imbedded in a network of species interactions. Network analysis facilitates the compilation and understanding of the complexity found in natural ecosystems and is a powerful tool to reveal information on the degree of specialization of the interacting partners and their niches. The indices measuring these properties are based on qualitative or quantitative observations of interactions between partners from different trophic levels, which informs about the structure of network patterns, but not about the underlying mechanisms. Functional traits may control the interaction strength between partners and also the (micro‐) structure of networks. Here, we ask whether flower visitors specialize on certain plant traits and how this trait specialization contributes to niche partitioning and interaction partner diversity.We introduce two novel statistical approaches suited to evaluate the dimension of the realized niche and to analyse which traits determine niches. As basis for our analysis, we measured 10 quantitative flower traits and evaluated whether 31 arthropod taxaivisited flowers displaying only subsets of the available trait characteristics, indicating a specialization on these traits by narrowtrait‐widths〈Si〉. The product of 10 trait‐ and species‐specifictrait‐widths〈Si〉 was defined astrait‐volumeVi(expansion of an‐dimensional hypervolume) occupied by each taxoni. These indices are applicable beyond flower–visitor interactions to quantify realized niches based on various biotic and abiotic factors.Each flower visitor species showed some degree of specialization to a unique set of flower traits (realized niche). Overall, our data suggested a hierarchical sequence of flower traits influencing the flower visitors' behaviour and thus network structure: flowering phenology was found to have the strongest effect, followed by flower height, nectar‐tube depth and floral reflectance. Less important were pollen‐mass/flower, sugar/flower, anther position, phylogeny, display size and abundance.The species‐specific specialization on traits suggests that plant communities with more diverse floral niches may sustain a larger number of flower visitors with non‐redundant fundamental niches. Our study and statistical approach provide a basis for a better understanding of how plant traits shape interactions between flowers and their visitors and thus network structure.
Identifying optimal barriers to halt the invasion of cane toads Rhinella marina in arid Australia
Authors: Tingley Reid , Phillips Benjamin L. , Letnic Mike , Brown Gregory P. , Shine Richard , Baird Stuart J. E. 
Published: December 2012

Summary
Spatial heterogeneity in environmental conditions may restrict the spread of invasive species to narrow corridors between extensive patches of suitable habitat; thus, we may be able to curtail invasions by identifying such corridors, and focusing control efforts in these areas. Invasive cane toads Rhinella marina have spread rapidly through northern Australia, but to invade further into Western Australia, the toads must traverse a narrow arid corridor where artificial waterbodies may serve as critical stepping stones for range expansion.
We focus on the cane toads' imminent expansion into north‐western Australia and use stochastic simulation to identify areas in which removal of artificial waterbodies would be most effective at stopping their spread.
Our model predicts that toads will spread from the Kimberley to the Pilbara regions of Western Australia through a narrow coastal corridor, but that they will depend upon artificial waterbodies to do so. Importantly, excluding toads from artificial waterbodies is predicted to prevent toads from colonizing c. 268 200 km2 of their potential range in Western Australia.
We identified three locations where closure of a relatively small subset of artificial waterbodies is predicted to halt the spread of toads.
Synthesis and applications. We present a modelling framework that can be used to focus management activities within invasion corridors. Our analyses suggest that strategic removal of potential invasion hubs along such corridors can halt the spread of an invasive species.