bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Oil Spill Response Equipment and Techniques for Waxy Oils in Brazil
Authors: Ranieri Adriano , Lyra Ana Paula , Lemos Bianca , Lutz Gustavo , Andrade Flavio 
Published: June 2013

Abstract
Waxy and high API oil presents some singularities in its behavior during a spill. This type of oil may show favorable properties in a spill such as low possibility of sinking and low emulsification tendency. On the other hand, due to the high pour point, it assumes a gel consistency during a spill in areas which environment temperature is near or below pour point. Its high viscosity, high interfacial tension and low evaporation rate present a strong influence on spill behavior, resulting in processes such as: recovery difficulties, once the oil may not flow towards skimmers or down inclined surfaces in skimmers, low spreading and resistance to dispersion, making the oil persistent on sea. Due to this behavior, traditional response equipment usually considered in emergency response plans shows skimming and pumping limited efficiency when used in waxy oils and might not be ideally suitable. Specific machinery for collection and recovery of this type of oil may be required.
This paper aims to provide a better definition of the window of opportunities for countermeasures and effective emergency response resources applicable to waxy oil spill scenario.
The method presented on this paper is divided into the following steps:
Discussion of the oil characteristics and its behavior at sea; Case studies regarding oil spills occurred with oil below pour point and response strategies employed; Identification of the range of equipment applicable to waxy oil spills, key manufacturers visiting and literature search on reliable data banks, in order to obtain information on traditional and cutting edge technologies applicable to oil spill response; Analysis of traditional and innovative equipment identified discussing pros and cons.
Due to the development of environmental awareness, evolution of legislation, and increase of offshore activities, new oil spill response strategies and devices are available and continuously being developed.
In order to compare and identify best possible alternatives, there were considered information available in equipment technical information and in case studies.
Finally, this study will address: Identification of equipment and strategy applicable to waxy oil spill response;Evaluation of techniques effectively applied to waxy oil spill responsePresent innovative solutions.
Methods To Establish Canopy Bridges To Increase Natural Connectivity in Linear Infrastructure Development
Authors: Gregory T. , Rueda F. Carrasco , Deichmann J. , Kolowski J. , Faura M. Costa , Dallmeier F. , Alonso A. 
Published: June 2013

Abstract
The development of linear infrastructure such as pipelines can have a dramatic impact on forest connectivity through canopy fragmentation. Because many forest animals are arboreal and spend their lives in the forest canopy, fragmentation caused by linear infrastructure may isolate animals on either side. Here we present our findings on linear infrastructure effects on canopy connectivity and impact mitigation with natural canopy bridges. Natural bridges are connections between branches that are left behind in the forest canopy above, in this case, a pipeline during the clearing of the right-of-way. We share our experiences with a natural bridge case study in the Lower Urubamba Region of Peru on a project where 13 natural bridges were left on average at 410m intervals over 5km, with tree trunks 8 to 24m apart. We provide 16 recommendations for the development of such projects, from the planning stages, timeline for bridge establishment, and necessary personnel for design, to bridge selection and monitoring protocol. Natural bridges can be established with little effect on the pipeline construction timeline and cost as long as they are considered in the initial stages of pipeline design, and the locations of the bridges are selected in collaboration with the pipeline engineers and topography team as the position of the right-of-way is established. We strongly encourage companies to include natural bridges in linear infrastructure because they can be highly effective in increasing forest connectivity with little cost to the corporation and little effect on the pipeline development timeline.
Integrating Safety Management Practices To Manage Operational Risks of Multiple Contractors in Offshore Drilling Ventures
Authors: Ranieri A. , Perez P. , Muniz T. 
Published: June 2013

Abstract
This work presents a suggestion of risk management strategy to assist Oil Companies to plan and implement proper measures for managing operational safety aspects of drilling operations performed by multiple contractors.
This strategy is presented in form of a work plan, which strongly relies in integrating different safety management practices, including: risk assessment techniques, decision making strategies and risk based audits.
Most of the safety management practices and techniques presented along this work are already known and are usually implemented by Oil Companies worldwide. However, this approach integrates and adapts these techniques in a dynamic and systematic way, with the objective of getting the most of each one of these management practices. Consequently, this work plan shall improve the risk management efficiency of drilling ventures by implementing the right tool at the right time in the proper way, from the planning phase throughout all the operational phase. As this approach was developed for Oil Companies with operations in Brazil, the work plan also considered the compliance with the local Operational Safety Management System Technical Regulation (SGSO), mandatory by the Brazilian National Petroleum Agency (ANP).
Cardiovascular Risk Impact in the Oil Industry
Authors: Uribe Teresa M. 
Published: June 2013

Abstract
An estimate of the World Health organization (WHO) shows that in 2003, 16.7 Millions of people died of cardiovascular diseases, which constitutes one third of the of the Global deaths. (1)
At the WHO meeting taking place in Geneva, in 2009 it was defined that cardiovascular diseases are multifactorial, and also preventable, through cardiovascular risk factor management. (2)
Problems caused by cardiovascular risk have a high impact in the work setting, as teaming up with workers with cardiovascular risk involves medical restrictions for high risk duties, as well as makes challenging to locate workers in remote areas.
This is a substantial problem for the oil industry, as most of the duties performed include the conditions listed above. Not taking preventive measures, will lead to the creation of emergency plans that will generate high social and economic impact to the employee, his family, the company and the health system.
Passive Protection System in Temporary Storage of Flammable Liquids
Authors: Solís J. Guerrero , Ivanisevich C.Videla. Videla , Caicedo W. A. 
Published: June 2013

Abstract
Exploration activities in general are carried out in remote areas of the planet like the middle of the jungle, in this sense the operation companies have to keep logistic bases where they store large quantities of flammable products (diesel, turbo and gasoline) in flexible containers (bladders) usually about 25,000 gallons capacity. These bladders store flammable and combustible liquids in temporary operations and are located in areas exposed to heavy rainfall, high solar radiation, environmentally sensitive, close to communities or archaeological zones. In case of fuel loss by a fire in the bladders, the replacement time is very high. The available area to place the bladders is also a limitation. In order to avoid the domino effect the bladders should be separated between each other.
Our case material of this paper is a logistic base which is located in the jungle of Peru, it is one hour forty five minutes by helicopter or two days by boat from the closer city, that base has the characteristic of temporary and its works like facility to the activities carried out in the exploration block; it needs to store 200,000 gallons of flammable fuel (diesel and turbo) to support exploration activities at an Exploration Block in the jungle of Peru twenty kilometers from Ecuador – Peru border. The products are stored in bladders of 25,000 gallons, in total there are 100,000 gallons of diesel and 100,000gls of turbo. The logistic base is located in an environmental sensitive area because it involves important waterways, primary and secondary forests, nearby communities, as well as a military base, which could be adversely affected in the event of an uncontrolled fire. The available area to place the bladders is limited which does not allow to distance them properly to avoid the domino effect. Also for environmental reasons and permits the 8 bladders must be located in the same pit.
In case of a "pool fire", it will be necessary to use large amounts of water and foam to smother it which, among other things, increases the risk of contamination of water resources near the area. It assed different alternatives to protect the pit, based on risk scenarios, the main issue to evaluate is the "pool fire", which can trigger a fire in all the bladders by the domino effect. To reduce risk, reduce investment in firefighting system and use the limited space available, it decided to investigate and define a passive protection system and the purchase of mobile firefighting systems, which can additionally be transferred to future projects.
The design of passive protection system must be able to protect the bladders in a case of fire in one bladder the other bladders must not get fire. On the other hand the firefighting system must extinguish the fire in less than 20 minutes and do not need a system of storage water.
Gas Treatment Model and Simulation on Pre-Salt Marine Petroleum Production Facilities
Authors: Fernandes Clayton , Maia João Luiz , da Silva Neves Marcus Vinicius 
Published: June 2013

Abstract
This paper introduces the main components of a computational tool developed to obtain the GHG (Greenhouse Gas), intensity and total emissions during the lifetime of petroleum production facilities taking into account all variations in quantity and quality of products and various possible operational configurations. It is a tool developed to help process engineers in designing the production facility equipment to optimize operational efficiency and minimize GHG emissions.
During the lifecycle of petroleum production facilities the material streams vary significantly. At the beginning of the operation, e.g. in the pre-salt region of Brazil, the volume of gas produced has an upward profile which reaches a maximum between 4 and 6 years of operation. Also, the CO2 content of this gas is significant and with a tendency to increase during the life of the well due to the well characteristics and due to gas re-injection (gas storage).
Depending on the design and local conditions of the production facility it may also be necessary to import fuel (diesel or natural gas to produce heat and power) either since the start of the operations or when the production curve starts to decline.
Many operational parameters of the processes undertaken to treat the products in an oil and gas production off-shore facility are function of time (due to variations not only in the quantity but also in the quality of the products) and, it is necessary to perform the entire material and energy balance for the operation to obtain the total GHG emissions as a function of time.
A computational tool was developed using the language Delphi to perform those material and energy balances for various configurations of the facility aiming at determining the total GHG emissions from combustion, flaring and venting at each stage of the production lifetime. This implies in automating the data input as a function of time, setting up the equipment configuration for each phase of the life-cycle and obtaining a comprehensive material balance for all equipment taking into account all stages of the treatment and possible alternatives.
It is thus possible to predict, for a platform’s activity profile during its lifetime, the annual quantities of GHG emitted.
Biodiversity Management in a Gas Pipeline in Peru
Authors: Vilca G. , Garcia A. , Tovar E. , Sulca G. 
Published: June 2013

Abstract
From the beginning of TgP's activities along 730 km of pipeline from the rainforest in Cuzco towards the coast, south of Lima, it committed to act with responsibility, as part of its environmental policy and social responsibility practices, ensuring the care and conservation of the environment in a sustainable development framework, showing that it is possible to undertake operations in megadiverse areas.
Programs and initiatives to protect Biodiversity were developed under IDB Operational Policies and IFC PS6 Biodiversity Conservation, such as the Biological Monitoring Program prior to the construction of the pipeline between 2000 and 2001. In 2007 TgP started as a sponsor of the Biodiversity Monitoring Program in the first 200 Km of the pipeline.
These studies allowed the company to implement special measures in its daily operation and maintenance activities in order to prevent and mitigate negative impacts on habitats that we share with native and rural communities along the area of influence. In the Coast it was developed the rescue and translocation of 52,053 and 2,747 tillandsias and columnar cacti, in the Sierra region the bio-restoration of 12.5 ha of highland wetlands by restoring a natural drainage pattern, seeding, organic manuring, and grazing control. In the rainforest during the construction of the facilities for TgP expansion projects an Ecological Management Plan was implemented by the identification of sensitive ecosystems, 100% forest inventory and relocation of sensitive species of flora.
Also, there have been new discoveries for science, recording two new species of reptiles group: Potamites montanicola and Euspondylus chasqui.
With the implementation of these efforts and initiatives, TgP not only met its initial goal of mitigating impact to Biodiversity but has brought benefits to the various stakeholders through:
Promotion of an information source platform for a little studied area. Discovery of new species to science. Development of procedures for protection of Biodiversity to be implemented during construction and operation of pipelines. Promotion of a culture with values focused on the care and protection of Biodiversity in the energy industry.
Development of a Profitable Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reduction Strategy
Authors: Robinson D. , Russo I. , Stricklin E. 
Published: June 2013

Abstract
For most companies, a discussion of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions reductions equates to reducing CO2 emissions, which is typically cost-prohibitive. However, a different approach adopted by numerous companies throughout the world addresses methane emissions instead. Even the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) has shifted its focus from CO2 to short lived climate forcers, such as methane, in the post Kyoto Protocol world. Methane emissions reductions can significantly reduce a company’s overall GHG emissions while also recovering a valuable energy resource. This paper will outline a strategy for cost-effectively reducing emissions of GHGs. Key steps include 1) development of an internal GHG emissions tier 3 inventory, 2) field verification of emissions estimates, 3) project identification, prioritization, and design, and 4) economic assessments of mitigation projects.
Methane, a powerful GHG with a global warming potential of 25 over 100 years1, is the primary component of natural gas. Methane emissions can be found throughout the entire natural gas value chain (production, processing, transmission and distribution of gas) and in upstream oil production. Typically, there are 3 types of methane emissions: fugitive (unintentional leaks), vented (intentional or designed releases) and as an unburned hydrocarbon from combustion. A robust GHG emissions reduction strategy would allow companies to evaluate and address emissions of all types.
Although volumetric methane emissions on a company level are not as high as CO2 emissions, because of the high global warming potential, methane on a CO2 equivalent basis is equal to or higher than CO2. Methane is often much simpler to address when considering costs and technical constraints. As a result, companies focusing on methane are able to make progress toward their GHG emissions reduction goals. Given the environmental impacts of methane, its economic value as an energy resource, and the relative ease of implementing mitigation projects, methane emissions reduction projects become an attractive area of focus for oil and gas companies as they look to reduce their GHG emissions and improve efficiency and economic co-benefits.
Development of a GHG emissions reduction strategy would streamline the process of addressing emissions and better position the company to undertake these endeavors. Implementation of an efficient approach, which has been successfully used by a large number of companies in the United States as well as globally, enables companies to better understand their current impact on the climate, identify potential project opportunities, and, lastly, follow through with implementation of key projects.
Derivation and Validation of a Renal Risk Score for People With Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Elley C. Raina , Robinson Tom , Moyes Simon A. , Kenealy Tim , Collins John , Robinson Elizabeth , Orr-Walker Brandon , Drury Paul L. 
Published: June 2013

OBJECTIVEDiabetes has become the leading cause of end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Renal risk stratification could assist in earlier identification and targeted prevention. This study aimed to derive risk models to predict ESRD events in type 2 diabetes in primary care.RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODSThe nationwide derivation cohort included adults with type 2 diabetes from the New Zealand Diabetes Cohort Study initially assessed during 2000–2006 and followed until December 2010, excluding those with pre-existing ESRD. The outcome was fatal or nonfatal ESRD event (peritoneal dialysis or hemodialysis for ESRD, renal transplantation, or death from ESRD). Risk models were developed using Cox proportional hazards models, and their performance was assessed in a separate validation cohort.RESULTSThe derivation cohort included 25,736 individuals followed for up to 11 years (180,497 person-years; 86% followed for ≥5 years). At baseline, mean age was 62 years, median diabetes duration 5 years, and median HbA1c 7.2% (55 mmol/mol); 37% had albuminuria; and median estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was 77 mL/min/1.73 m2. There were 637 ESRD events (2.5%) during follow-up. Models that included sex, ethnicity, age, diabetes duration, albuminuria, serum creatinine, systolic blood pressure, HbA1c, smoking status, and previous cardiovascular disease status performed well with good discrimination and calibration in the derivation cohort and the validation cohort (n = 5,877) (C-statistics 0.89–0.92), improving predictive performance compared with previous models.CONCLUSIONSThese 5-year renal risk models performed very well in two large primary care populations with type 2 diabetes. More accurate risk stratification could facilitate earlier intervention than using eGFR and/or albuminuria alone.
A New Universal Simplified Adhesive: 18-Month Clinical Evaluation
Authors: Perdigão J , Kose C , Mena-Serrano AP , De Paula EA , Tay LY , Reis A , Loguercio AD 
Published: June 2013

SUMMARY

Purpose
To evaluate the 18-month clinical performance of a multimode adhesive (Scotchbond Universal Adhesive, SU, 3M ESPE, St Paul, MN, USA) in noncarious cervical lesions (NCCLs) using two evaluation criteria.

Materials and Methods
Thirty-nine patients participated in this study. Two-hundred restorations were assigned to four groups: ERm, etch-and-rinse + moist dentin; ERd, etch-and-rinse + dry dentin; Set, selective enamel etching; and SE, self-etch. The composite resin, Filtek Supreme Ultra (3M ESPE), was placed incrementally. The restorations were evaluated at baseline, and at 18 months, using both the World Dental Federation (FDI) and the United States Public Health Service (USPHS) criteria. Statistical analyses were performed using Friedman repeated-measures analysis of variance by rank and McNemar test for significance in each pair (α=0.05).

Results
Five restorations (SE: 3; Set: 1; and ERm: 1) were lost after 18 months (p&gt;0.05 for either criteria). Marginal staining occurred in four and 10% of the restorations evaluated (p&gt;0.05), respectively, for USPHS and FDI criteria. Nine restorations were scored as bravo for marginal adaptation using the USPHS criteria and 38%, 40%, 36%, and 44% for groups ERm, ERd, Set, and SE, respectively, when the FDI criteria were applied (p&gt;0.05). However, when semiquantitative scores (or SQUACE) for marginal adaptation were used, SE resulted in a significantly greater number of restorations, with more than 30% of the total length of the interface showing marginal discrepancy (28%) in comparison with the other groups (8%, 6%, and 8%, respectively, for ERm, ERd, and Set).

Conclusions
The clinical retention of the multimode adhesive at 18 months does not depend on the bonding strategy. The only differences between strategies were found for the parameter marginal adaptation, for which the FDI criteria were more sensitive than the USPHS criteria.
Effects of equine metabolic syndrome on inflammatory responses of horses to intravenous lipopolysaccharide infusion
Authors: Tadros Elizabeth M. , Frank Nicholas , Donnell Robert L. 
Published: June 2013

Abstract
Objective—To test the hypothesis that inflammatory responses to endotoxemia differ between healthy horses and horses with equine metabolic syndrome (EMS).
Animals—6 healthy horses and 6 horses with EMS.
Procedures—Each horse randomly received an IV infusion of lipopolysaccharide (20 ng/kg [in 60 mL of sterile saline {0.9% NaCl} solution]) or saline solution, followed by the other treatment after a 7-day washout period. Baseline data were obtained 30 minutes before each infusion. After infusion, a physical examination was performed hourly for 9 hours and at 15 and 21 hours; a whole blood sample was collected at 30, 60, 90, 120, 180, and 240 minutes for assessment of inflammatory cytokine gene expression. Liver biopsy was performed between 240 and 360 minutes after infusion.
Results—Following lipopolysaccharide infusion in healthy horses and horses with EMS, mean rectal temperature, heart rate, and respiratory rate increased, compared with baseline findings, as did whole blood gene expression of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor-α. The magnitude of blood cytokine responses did not differ between groups, but increased expression of IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor-α persisted for longer periods in EMS-affected horses. Lipopolysaccharide infusion increased liver tissue gene expressions of IL-6 in healthy horses and IL-8 in both healthy and EMS-affected horses, but these gene expressions did not differ between groups.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results supported the hypothesis that EMS affects horses’ inflammatory responses to endotoxin by prolonging cytokine expression in circulating leukocytes. These findings are relevant to the association between obesity and laminitis in horses with EMS.