bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A cost-utility analysis of a comprehensive orthogeriatric care for hip fracture patients, compared with standard of care treatment
Authors: Ginsberg Gary , Adunsky Abraham , Rasooly Iris 
Published: November 2014

Background The economic burden associated with hip fractures calls for the investigation of innovative new cost-utility forms of organisation and integration of services for these patients. Objective To carry out a cost-utility analysis integrating epidemiological and economic aspects for hip fracture patients treated within a comprehensive orthogeriatric model (COGM) of care, as compared with standard of care model (SOCM). Design A demonstration study conducted in a major tertiary medical centre, operating both a COGM ward and standard orthopaedic and rehabilitation wards. Methods Data was collected on the clinical outcomes and health care costs of the two different treatment modalities, in order to calculate the absolute cost and disability-adjusted life years (DALY) ratio. Results The COGM model used 23% fewer resources per patient ($14,919 vs. $19,363) than the SOCM model and to avert 0.226 additional DALY per patient, mainly as a result of lower 1-year mortality rates among COGM patients (14.8% vs. 17.3%). conclusion A comprehensive ortho-geriatric care modality is more cost-effective, providing additional quality-adjusted life years (QALY) while using fewer resources compared with standard of care approach. The results should assist health policy-makers in optimising healthcare use and healthcare planning.
Developing water change spectra and distinguishing change drivers worldwide
Authors: Jaramillo Fernando , Destouni Georgia 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThe separate and combined effects of different drivers of change to water fluxes and resources on land (CWOL) remain difficult to distinguish and largely unknown, particularly at a global scale. Our study analyzes CWOL during the period 1901–2008, based on available hydroclimatic data for up to 859 hydrological basins. We develop a worldwide spectrum of change magnitudes and directions in Budyko space, from which we distinguish climate and landscape drivers of CWOL. We find that landscape drivers (e.g., changes in land and water use, water storage or water phase) are needed to explain CWOL in at least 74% of the basins studied. The water change effects of such landscape drivers are mostly opposite to those of atmospheric climate change. The change spectrum approach we developed provides a useful tool for quantifying and visualizing CWOL and for distinguishing the effects of climate and landscape drivers across regions and scales.
Storm time ionosphere and plasmasphere structuring: SAMI3‐RCM simulation of the 31 March 2001 geomagnetic storm
Authors: Huba J. D. , Sazykin S. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractWe present the first self‐consistent modeling study of the ionosphere‐plasmasphere system response to a geomagnetic storm. We use the coupled SAMI3‐Rice Convention Model (RCM) of the global ionosphere and inner magnetosphere, with self‐consistent electrodynamics, to simulate the 31 March 2001 magnetic storm. We find that the penetration electric fields associated with the magnetic storm lead to a storm time‐enhanced density (SED) in the low‐ to middle‐latitude ionosphere and that the separation in latitude of the Appleton anomaly peaks increases. The SED exhibits magnetic conjugacy, occurring in both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. Moreover, mapping the boundary of the SED into the equatorial plane coincides with the development of a “plume‐like” structure in the plasmasphere. These preliminary results are consistent with observations.
Changes of Pacific decadal variability in the twentieth century driven by internal variability, greenhouse gases, and aerosols
Authors: Dong Lu , Zhou Tianjun , Chen Xiaolong 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThis paper explores the contributions of internal variability, greenhouse gases (GHGs), and anthropogenic aerosols (AAs) in driving the magnitude and evolution of Pacific Decadal Variability (PDV) during the twentieth century by analyzing 129 Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 model realizations. Evidence shows that PDV phase transition is dominated by internal variability, but it is also significantly affected by external forcing agents such as GHGs and aerosols. The combined effects of GHGs and AAs favor the positive phase of PDV with stronger ocean warming in the tropics than the extratropical Pacific. The GHG forcing induces the increased surface downward longwave radiation, especially over the tropical Pacific, and results in stronger warming in that area. The AA forcing results in a stronger cooling in the North Pacific region, due to the reduced surface downward shortwave radiation via cloud‐aerosol interaction: this offsets the substantial warming caused by GHG forcing.
Spring persistence, transition, and resurgence of El Niño
Authors: Lee Sang‐Ki , DiNezio Pedro N. , Chung Eui‐Seok , Yeh Sang‐Wook , Wittenberg Andrew T. , Wang Chunzai 
Published: November 2014

AbstractWe present a systematic exploration of differences in the spatiotemporal sea surface temperature (SST) evolution along the equatorial Pacific among observed El Niño events. This inter‐El Niño variability is captured by two leading orthogonal modes, which explain more than 60% of the interevent variance. The first mode illustrates the extent to which warm SST anomalies (SSTAs) in the eastern tropical Pacific (EP) persist into the boreal spring after the peak of El Niño. Our analysis suggests that a strong El Niño event tends to persist into the boreal spring in the EP, whereas a weak El Niño favors a rapid development of cold SSTAs in the EP shortly after its peak. The second mode captures the transition and resurgence of El Niño in the following year. An early‐onset El Niño tends to favor a transition to La Niña, whereas a late‐onset El Niño tends to persist long enough to produce another El Niño event. The spatiotemporal evolution of several El Niño events during 1949–2013 can be efficiently summarized in terms of these two modes, which are not mutually exclusive, but exhibit distinctive coupled atmosphere‐ocean dynamics.
Global ionospheric and thermospheric response to the 5 April 2010 geomagnetic storm: An integrated data‐model investigation
Authors: Lu G. , Hagan M. E. , Häusler K. , Doornbos E. , Bruinsma S. , Anderson B. J. , Korth H. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractWe present a case study of the 5 April 2010 geomagnetic storm using observations and numerical simulations. The event was driven by a fast‐moving coronal mass ejection and despite being a moderate storm with a minimum Dst near −50 nT, the event exhibited elevated thermospheric density and surges of traveling atmospheric disturbances (TADs) more typically seen during major storms. The Thermosphere‐Ionosphere‐Mesosphere‐Electrodynamics General Circulation Model (TIMEGCM) was used to assess how these features were generated and developed during the storm. The model simulations gave rise to TADs that were highly nonuniform with strong latitude and longitude/local time dependence. The TAD phase speeds ranged from 640 m/s to 780 m/s at 400 km and were ~5% lower at 300 km and approximately 10–15% lower at 200 km. In the lower thermosphere around 100 km, the TAD signatures were nearly unrecognizable due to much stronger influence of upward propagating atmospheric tides. The thermosphere simulation results were compared to observations available from the Gravity Field and Steady‐State Ocean Circulation Explorer (GOCE), CHAllenging Minisatellite Payload (CHAMP) and Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellites. Comparison with GOCE data shows that the TIMEGCM reproduced the cross‐track winds over the polar region very well. The model‐data comparison also revealed some differences, specifically, the simulations underestimated neutral mass density in the upper thermosphere above ~300 km and overestimated the storm recovery tome by 6 h. These discrepancies indicate that some heating or circulation dynamics and potentially cooling processes are not fully represented in the simulations, and also that updates to some parameterization schemes in the TIMEGCM are warranted.
Impact of a spectral sampling technique for radiation onECMWFweather forecasts
Authors: Bozzo Alessio , Pincus Robert , Sandu Irina , Morcrette Jean‐Jacques 
Published: November 2014

AbstractRadiation transfer computations are one of the most expensive components of atmospheric models integrations. Methods generally applied to reduce their computational cost, include less frequent update of the radiative fluxes or coarser spatial grids than those used for the rest of the model. In the operational configuration of the Integrated Forecast System (IFS) used at the European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF), radiation accounts for ∼ 10% of the total computer time, and the radiative fluxes are computed with both a reduced temporal and spatial resolution. In this study, we show that these approximations have a negligible impact on the forecast errors when looking at the large‐scale circulation but they lead to biases in the surface temperature. These are linked to inconsistencies in the representation of surface properties or to poorly sampled temporal evolution of the radiative fluxes. Here we explore an alternative method to alleviate such errors, based on a recently developed technique that estimates radiative fluxes from randomly‐chosen subsets of spectral points designed to minimize the surface flux error. This approach introduces substantial uncorrelated noise in the radiative fluxes at the surface and heating rates, but it reduces the cost associated to the spectral integration. Therefore, it allows to update the radiative transfer computations more frequently and to perform them on a denser spatial grid. We evaluate how this approach applies to 5 days weather forecasts by testing different combinations of temporal and spectral sampling at high spatial resolution. We assess the impact of each radiation configuration on the forecast, by comparing the near‐surface temperatures to observations from synoptic stations. The results show that a combination of spectrally sparse but temporally and spatially dense radiation calculations has the potential to reduce the forecast errors, particularly those associated with underresolved topography and stable nocturnal boundary layers, with affordable computational costs.
Optimization of electrical stimulation parameters for electro‐responsive hydrogels for biomedical applications
Authors: Jackson Nathan , Stam Frank 
Published: November 2014

ABSTRACTElectro‐responsive hydrogels (ERH) are highly researched materials for biomedical applications. However, most of the research is concentrated on the synthesis of novel hydrogels for various applications, and little effort has been made to investigate electrode configuration and optimization of electrical stimulation parameters. This article used a three‐dimensional interdigitated (IDT) electrode configuration device to investigate the optimization of electrical actuation parameters in order to radially deswell an ERH. A Pluronic‐bismethacrylate hydrogel modified with hydrolyzed methacrylic acid was used as the ERH material. This article reports on using novel electro‐actuation parameters and electrode configurations to maximize radial deswelling of an ERH for biomedical applications. The optimal waveform was assessed for, varying electrode spacing's, voltages, duty cycles, and frequencies. The results show that a maximum deswelling occurred with a DC pulsed monophasic waveform, with IDT electrodes spaced close enough to create a relatively uniform electric field, with a peak voltage of 5 V at 1 kHz, and 50% duty cycle. This resulted in a deswelling of 320% in Krebs solution. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy results show that the impedance is dependent on the ionic concentration of the fluid environment and that the impedance decreases with increasing frequency. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41687.
A Comparative Study of Trabecular Bone Mass Distribution in Cursorial and Non‐Cursorial Limb Joints
Authors: Chirchir Habiba 
Published: November 2014

ABSTRACTSkeletal design among cursorial animals is a compromise between a stable body that can withstand locomotor stress and a light design that is energetically inexpensive to grow, maintain, and move. Cursors have been hypothesized to reduce distal musculoskeletal mass to maintain a balance between safety and energetic cost due to an exponential increase in energetic demand observed during the oscillation of the distal limb. Additionally, experimental research shows that the cortical bone in distal limbs experiences higher strains and remodeling rates, apparently maintaining lower mass at the expense of a smaller safety factor. This study tests the hypothesis that the trabecular bone mass in the distal limb epiphyses of cursors is relatively lower than that in the proximal limb epiphyses to minimize the energetic cost of moving the limb. This study utilized peripheral quantitative computed tomography scanning to measure the trabecular mass in the lower and upper limb epiphyses of hominids, cercopithecines, and felids that are considered cursorial and non‐cursorial. One‐way ANOVA with Tukey post hoc corrections was used to test for significant differences in trabecular mass across limb epiphyses. The results indicate that overall, both cursors and non‐cursors exhibit varied trabecular mass in limb epiphyses and, in certain instances, conform to a proximal–distal decrease in mass irrespective of cursoriality. Specifically, hominid and cercopithecine hind limb epiphyses exhibit a proximal–distal decrease in mass irrespective of cursorial adaptations. These results suggest that cursorial mammals employ other energy saving mechanisms to minimize energy costs during running. Anat Rec, 298:797–809, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Lesson study practices in the development of secondary teaching of students with moderate learning difficulties: a systematic qualitative analysis in relation to context and outcomes
Authors: Norwich Brahm , Ylonen Annamari 
Published: November 2014

This paper examines data from the novel use of Lesson Study (LS), an internationally known strategy for professional development, to improve the teaching of students (11–14 years old) with moderate learning difficulties (MLD). The paper aims to use a systematic qualitative analytic approach to identify variations in LS practice in a development and research project with about 100 teachers across 30 schools in two LS phases. It also examines the extent to which the immediate context of undertaking the LSs relates to the LS practices and the outcomes for teachers and learners. Different data sources were used to examine the LS context, LS practices and outcomes. Analysis showed how teachers adapted the LS strategy to their particular subject areas, the needs of students identified with MLD and their teaching contexts, while mainly keeping to the expected LS procedures. Co‐variation analysis showed how the degree to which contexts were supportive of LS could be related to student learning gains and teacher outcomes, but no mediating factors were identified. The conclusions indicate the importance of context for successful LS use. The findings are discussed in terms of possible mediating factors to better understand what is involved in quality and effective LS.
Quantitative analysis of chemotaxis towards toluene by Pseudomonas putida in a convection‐free microfluidic device
Authors: Wang Xiaopu , Atencia Javier , Ford Roseanne M. 
Published: November 2014

ABSTRACTChemotaxis has been shown to be beneficial for the migration of soil‐inhabiting bacteria towards industrial chemical pollutants, which they degrade. Many studies have demonstrated the importance of this microbial property under various circumstances; however, few quantitative analyses have been undertaken to measure the two essential parameters that characterize the chemotaxis of bioremediation bacteria: the chemotactic sensitivity coefficient and the chemotactic receptor constant Kc. The main challenge to determine these parameters is that and Kc are coupled together in non‐linear mathematical models used to evaluate them. In this study we developed a method to accurately measure these parameters for Pseudomonas putida in the presence of toluene, an important pollutant in groundwater contamination. Our approach uses a multilayer microfluidic device to expose bacteria to a convection‐free linear chemical gradient of toluene that is stable over time. The bacterial distribution within the gradient is measured in terms of fluorescence intensity, and is then used to fit the parameters Kc and with mathematical models. Critically, bacterial distributions under chemical gradients at two different concentrations were used to solve for both parameters independently. To validate the approach, the chemotaxis parameters of Escherichia coli strains towards α‐methylaspartate were experimentally derived and were found to be consistent with published results from related work. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2015;112: 896–904. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
SSDesign: Computational metabolic pathway design based on flux variability using elementary flux modes
Authors: Toya Yoshihiro , Shiraki Takanori , Shimizu Hiroshi 
Published: November 2014

ABSTRACTMetabolic pathway modification based on the stoichiometric model has been an effective approach for enhancing microbial bio‐production. The network of optimal pathways for “growth‐associated” and “non‐growth‐associated” production can be designed from the flux variability (solution space). The present study introduces a new computational method (solution space design [SSDesign]) that visually designs the gene knockout solution space. The smallest reaction sets that satisfy the mass balances of intermediates are called elementary flux nodes (EFMs). Because some of the EFMs necessarily occupy the outer boundary nodes of the flux solution space, the proposed SSDesign determines the area over which EFMs should be removed from the solution space of the parent strain, and explores the gene knockouts that will eliminate these undesirable EFMs. To evaluate the performance of SSDesign, the model was applied to growth‐associated and non‐growth‐associated succinate production in Escherichia coli. In the growth‐associated case, the deletion mutants that promoted succinate production at maximum biomass yield were predicted, and a candidate of ΔptsG ΔpykA,F ΔpflA has been experimentally confirmed as a succinate producer. Simply by changing the parameters, the gene knockout combinations yielding high growth yield were successfully predicted by SSDesign. In the non‐growth‐associated case, strong candidates for succinate production were the deletion mutants ΔpntAB ΔsfcA ΔpykA,F and ΔsfcA ΔmaeB ΔpykA,F Δzwf. According to the solution spaces, these strains allow high growth yield and inevitably produce succinate at zero biomass yield, since their metabolic pathways cannot sustain steady‐state without discarding succinate from the cell. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2015;112: 759–768. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Present and Future of Cyclopropanations in Fragrance Chemistry
Authors: Schröder Fridtjof 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThe elaboration of new cyclopropanation methods is expected to make selectively new Δ‐compounds available, either as precursors or as new ingredients with superior olfactory impacts. The improvement of cyclopropanation processes through understanding of reaction mechanisms reduces costs and environmental impact. Givaudan is the leading ‘Flavor & Frangrance’ company which successfully brings Δ‐molecules to the market. Javanol®, for example, with its unique performance exemplifies the product of an efficient industrial cyclopropanation of a dienol precursor. Serenolide®, Toscanol®, and Pashminol® are other high‐impact Δ‐fragrance ingredients manufactured at Givaudan. This review describes our journey from advanced SimmonsSmith methodology using Zn carbenoids, to Al‐ and Mg‐mediated cyclopropanation techniques in the context of related alternative cyclopropanation methods for the transfer of the CH2 group onto CC bonds. The resulting cyclopropane products are themselves interesting substrates for further transformation to other flavor and fragrance compounds.Throughout this Review, the notation Δ refers to the presence of a cyclopropane ring, i.e., a ‘Δ‐compound’ is defined as a compound that contains a cyclopropyl substituent or a ‘fused cyclopropa’ component, or a ‘spiro‐cyclopropane’ moiety.
Synthesis and Sensory Studies of Umami‐Active Scaffolds
Authors: Backes Michael , Paetz Susanne , Vössing Tobias , Ley Jakob Peter 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThe class of 2‐isopropyl‐5‐methylbicyclo[4.1.0]heptane‐7‐carboxamides, 1–4, has been identified as potent umami‐tasting molecules. A scalable synthesis of this challenging scaffold and new sensory insights will be presented. Interestingly, the umami characteristics differ remarkably, depending on constitutional and stereochemical features of the parent scaffold. During our studies, we could identify the carboxamide moiety as a crucial factor to influence the umami intensity of these scaffolds. In addition, the configuration of the cyclopropyl moiety exerts some influence, whereas the absolute configuration of the menthyl scaffold, at least the tested D‐ and L‐configuration, is less important.
Synthesis, Crystal Structure, and Biological Activities of Two Chiral Mononuclear Mn(III) Complexes
Authors: Wang Bi‐Wei , Jiang Lin , Shu Si‐Sheng , Li Bo‐Wen , Dong Zhang , Gu Wen , Liu Xin , Tian Jin‐Lei 
Published: November 2014

AbstractTwo new chiral mononuclear Mn(III) complexes, [MnL(R)Cl (C2H5OH)]•C2H5OH (1) and [MnL(S) (CH3OH)2]Cl•CH3OH (2), {H2L = (R,R)‐or (S,S)‐N,N’‐bis‐(2‐hydroxy‐1‐naphthalidehydene)‐cyclohexanediamine} were synthesized and characterized by various physicochemical techniques. Bond valence sum (BVS) calculations and the Jahn‐Teller effect indicate that the Mn centers are in a +3 oxidation state. The statuses of the two complexes in the solution were confirmed as a pair of enantiomers by electrospray ionization, mass spectrometry (ESI‐MS) spectrum. The binding ability of the complexes with calf thymus CT‐DNA was investigated by spectroscopic and viscosity measurements. Both of the complexes could interact with CT‐DNA via an intercalative mode with the order of 1 (R‐enantiomer) >2 (S‐enantiomer). Under the physiological conditions, the two compounds exhibit efficient DNA cleavage activities without any external agent, which also follows the order of R‐enantiomer > S‐enantiomer. Interestingly, the concentration‐dependent DNA cleavage experiments indicate an optimal concentration of 17.5 μM. In addition, the interaction of the compounds with bovine serum albumin (BSA) was also investigated, which indicated that the complexes could quench the intrinsic fluorescence of BSA by a static quenching mechanism. Chirality 27:142‐150, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.