bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Systemic thromboembolic complications after laparoscopic splenectomy for idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura in comparison to open surgery in the absence of anticoagulant prophylaxis
Authors: Mohamed Said Yousuf , Abdel-Nabi Ibrahim , Inam Ahmed , Bakr Mohammad , Tayeb Khaled El , Saleh Abu Jafar M. , Alzahrani Hazaa , Abdu Said H. 
Published: July 2014

BACKGROUND:
Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) in adults has a chronic course and may necessitate splenectomy. The current study was undertaken to study the systemic thromboembolic complications of laparosscopic splenectomy (LS) versus open splenectomy (OS) in patients with ITP at two large referral hospitals.

PATIENTS AND METHODS:
We conducted a retrospective analysis of 49 patients who underwent splenectomy (21 LS and 28 OS) for primary/relapsing refractory ITP between June 1995 and November 2004. Clinically and/or radiologically confirmed deep venous thrombosis (DVT) and/or pulmonary embolism (PE) were assessed within 2 weeks before and after splenectomy. None had prophylactic anticoagulants immediately after surgery. Follow up of those who developed complications continued for at least 2 additional years to assess for contributiing factors that may have been masked at the time of occurrence.

RESULTS:
Two (9.5%) LS group had acute PE within 5 days of LS and their platelet count reached 500×105/μL within 4 days and 1000×105/μL within 7 days after surgery. Three conversions to OS occurred; none had VTE. DVT occurred in 3 patients (10.7%) in the OS group; none were life threatening. There were no deaths.

CONCLUSION:
Life-threatening venous thromboembolic events are serious complications after LS and OS for ITP patients if prophylactic anticoagulants are not administered. Patients at risk are those who both have an exponential rise of the platelet count, although factors other than the platelet count may be contributing in OS. Postsplenectomy, ITP should be considered as a thrombophilic condition and studies of additional measures to prevent such events are warranted.
A meta-analysis of highly active anti-retroviral therapy for treatment of plasmablastic lymphoma
Authors: Guan Bing , Zhang Xinhua , Ma Henhui , Zhou Hangbo , Zhou Xiaojun 
Published: July 2014

BACKGROUN DAND OBJECTIVES:
Plasmablastic lymphoma is a recently described B-cell derived lymphoma. The prognosis of plasmablastic lymphoma patients is usually poor. We performed a systematic review of the literature on the use of highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART) and the prognosis of plasmablastic lympphoma.

METHODS:
A comprehensive search of relevant databases, including Medline, Embase, the Cochrane Controlled Trials Register, the Cochrane Library, and the Science Citation Index yielded ten randomized controlled trials. Trials were divided into two groups according to therapy. The rates of plasmablastic lymphoma were analyzed using a fixed-effects model. Sensitivity analyses (on publication type, statistical model) were performed to further detect and evaluate clinically significant heterogeneity. Tests of survival for plasmablastic lymphoma were also performed by using Kaplan-Meier method.

RESULTS:
Meta-analysis result showed that the prognosis of plasmablastic lymphoma patients was statistically different in the patients receiving HAART in addition to chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy than in the patients receiving the chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy alone (pooled relative risk=3.04; P=.03). Survival analyses also displayed a statistically significant difference (χ2=6.22, P=.013).

CONCLUSION:
HAART in addition to chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy is effective in improving the prognosis of plasmablastic lymphoma. However, the small sample sizes increase the likelihood of bias in the studies in this meta-analysis, and therefore, the results should be taken cautiously.
Normal forces exerted upon a long cylinder oscillating in an axial flow
Authors: Divaret L. , Cadot O. , Moussou P. , Doaré O. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThis work aims to improve understanding of the damping induced by an axial flow on a rigid cylinder undergoing small lateral oscillations within the framework of the quasistatic assumption. The study focuses on the normal force exerted on the cylinder for a Reynolds number of$\def \xmlpi #1{}\def \mathsfbi #1{\boldsymbol {\mathsf {#1}}}\let \le =\leqslant \let \leq =\leqslant \let \ge =\geqslant \let \geq =\geqslant \def \Pr {\mathit {Pr}}\def \Fr {\mathit {Fr}}\def \Rey {\mathit {Re}}\mathit{Re}=24\, 000$(based on the cylinder diameter and axial flow velocity). Both dynamic and static approaches are investigated. With the static approach, fluid forces, pressure distributions and velocity fields are measured for different yaw angles and cylinder lengths in a wind tunnel. It is found that for yaw angles smaller than$5{^\circ }$, the normal force varies linearly with the angle and is fully dominated by its lift component. The lift originates from the high pressure coefficient at the front of the cylinder, which is found to depend linearly on the angle, and from a base pressure coefficient that remains close to zero independent of the yaw angle. At the base, a flow deficit and two counter-rotating vortices are observed. A numerical simulation using a$k\mbox{--}\omega $shear stress transport turbulence model confirms the static experimental results. A dynamic experiment conducted in a water tunnel brings out damping-rate values during free oscillations of the cylinder. As expected from the linear dependence of the normal force on the yaw angle observed with the static approach, the damping rate increases linearly with the axial flow velocity. Satisfactory agreement is found between the two approaches.
Auto-ejection of liquid drops from capillary tubes
Authors: Mehrabian Hadi , Feng James J. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractWicking flow inside capillary tubes can attain considerable momentum so as to produce a liquid jet at the end of the tube. Auto-ejection refers to the formation of droplets at the tip of such a jet. Experimental observations suggest that a tapering nozzle at the end of the capillary tube is necessary for auto-ejection; it has never been reported for a straight tube. Besides, most experimental realizations require microgravity, although it is possible under normal gravity if the nozzle has a sufficiently sharp contraction. This computational study focuses on two related issues: the critical condition for auto-ejection, and the hydrodynamics of the liquid meniscus as affected by geometric parameters. We adopt a diffuse-interface Cahn–Hilliard model for the moving contact line, and allow the dynamic contact angle to deviate from the static one through wall energy relaxation. From analyzing the dynamics of the meniscus in the straight tube and the nozzle, we establish a critical condition for the onset of auto-ejection based on a Weber number defined at the exit of the nozzle and an effective length that encompasses the geometric features of the tube–nozzle combination. In particular, this shows that capillary ejection is not possible in straight tubes. With steeper contraction in the nozzle, we predict two additional regimes of interfacial rupture: rapid ejection of multiple droplets and air bubble entrapment. The numerical results are in general agreement with available experiments.
Instability of a free-shear layer in the vicinity of a viscosity-stratified layer
Authors: Sahu Kirti Chandra , Govindarajan Rama 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThe stability of a mixing layer made up of two miscible fluids, with a viscosity-stratified layer between them, is studied. The two fluids are of the same density. It is shown that unlike other viscosity-stratified shear flows, where species diffusivity is a dominant factor determining stability, species diffusivity variations over orders of magnitude do not change the answer to any noticeable degree in this case. Viscosity stratification, however, does matter, and can stabilize or destabilize the flow, depending on whether the layer of varying velocity is located within the less or more viscous fluid. By making an inviscid model flow with a slope change across the ‘viscosity’ interface, we show that viscous and inviscid results are in qualitative agreement. The absolute instability of the flow can also be significantly altered by viscosity stratification.
Clinician and practice characteristics influencing delivery and outcomes of the early part of outpatient cognitive behavioural therapy for anorexia nervosa
Authors: Brown Amy , Mountford Victoria , Waller Glenn 
Published: July 2014

AbstractCognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT) can be effective for anorexia nervosa. However, there is evidence that the delivery of treatments for the eating disorders is inconsistent. This study examined evidence that clinician characteristics and practice can influence the effective implementation of CBT. The participants were 100 qualified clinicians who routinely offered outpatient CBT to adults with anorexia nervosa. They completed a survey of their demographic characteristics, level of anxiety, clinical practice in CBT for anorexia nervosa, and beliefs about the relationship between weight gain and therapeutic alliance in the early part of such treatment. Greater reported levels of weight gain were associated with the use of manuals, early focus on weight gain as a target, structured eating, and a belief that weight gain precedes a good working alliance. Clinician anxiety and early focus on the therapeutic alliance rather than structured eating were associated with poorer outcomes. These conclusions need to be tested within clinical and research settings. However, they suggest that clinicians should be encouraged to use manual-based approaches when treating anorexia nervosa using CBT, as focusing on techniques might result in the best possible outcome in this early part of treatment.
Human HMGA2 protein overexpressed in mice induces precursor T-cell lymphoblastic leukemia
Authors: Efanov A , Zanesi N , Coppola V , Nuovo G , Bolon B , Wernicle-Jameson D , Lagana A , Hansjuerg A , Pichiorri F , Croce C M 
Published: July 2014

AbstractT-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) is a neoplasia of thymocytes characterized by the rapid accumulation of the precursors of T lymphocytes. HMGA2 (high-mobility group AT-hook 2) gene expression is extremely low in normal adult tissues, but it is overexpressed in many tumors. To identify the biological function of HMGA2, we generated transgenic mice carrying the human HMGA2 gene under control of the VH promoter/Eμ enhancer. Approximately 90% of Eμ-HMGA2 transgenic mice became visibly sick between 4 and 8 months due to the onset and progression of a T-ALL-like disease. Characteristic features included severe alopecia (30% of mice); enlarged lymph nodes and spleen; and profound immunological abnormalities (altered cytokine levels, hypoimmunoglobulinemia) leading to reduced immune responsiveness. Immunophenotyping showed accumulation of CD5+CD4+, CD5+CD8+ or CD5+CD8+CD4+ T-cell populations in the spleens and bone marrow of sick animals. These findings show that HMGA2-driven leukemia in mice closely resembles spontaneous human T-ALL, indicating that HMGA2 transgenic mice should serve as an important model for investigating basic mechanisms and potential new therapies of relevance to human T-ALL.
The subgingival microbiome of clinically healthy current and never smokers
Authors: Mason Matthew R , Preshaw Philip M , Nagaraja Haikady N , Dabdoub Shareef M , Rahman Anis , Kumar Purnima S 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Dysbiotic oral bacterial communities have a critical role in the etiology and progression of periodontal diseases. The goal of this study was to investigate the extent to which smoking increases risk for disease by influencing the composition of the subgingival microbiome in states of clinical health. Subgingival plaque samples were collected from 200 systemically and periodontally healthy smokers and nonsmokers. 16S pyrotag sequencing was preformed generating 1 623 713 classifiable sequences, which were compared with a curated version of the Greengenes database using the quantitative insights into microbial ecology pipeline. The subgingival microbial profiles of smokers and never-smokers were different at all taxonomic levels, and principal coordinate analysis revealed distinct clustering of the microbial communities based on smoking status. Smokers demonstrated a highly diverse, pathogen-rich, commensal-poor, anaerobic microbiome that is more closely aligned with a disease-associated community in clinically healthy individuals, suggesting that it creates an at-risk-for-harm environment that is primed for a future ecological catastrophe.
Bacteria on leaves: a previously unrecognised source of N2O in grazed pastures
Authors: Bowatte Saman , Newton Paul C D , Brock Shona , Theobald Phil , Luo Dongwen 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from grazed pastures are a product of microbial transformations of nitrogen and the prevailing view is that these only occur in the soil. Here we show this is not the case. We have found ammonia-oxidising bacteria (AOB) are present on plant leaves where they produce N2O just as in soil. AOB (Nitrosospira sp. predominantly) on the pasture grass Lolium perenne converted 0.02–0.42% (mean 0.12%) of the oxidised ammonia to N2O. As we have found AOB to be ubiquitous on grasses sampled from urine patches, we propose a ‘plant’ source of N2O may be a feature of grazed grassland.
Widespread expression of conserved small RNAs in small symbiont genomes
Authors: Hansen Allison K , Degnan Patrick H 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Genome architecture of a microbe markedly changes when it transitions from a free-living lifestyle to an obligate symbiotic association within eukaryotic cells. These symbiont genomes experience numerous rearrangements and massive gene loss, which is expected to radically alter gene regulatory networks compared with those of free-living relatives. As such, it remains unclear whether and how these small symbiont genomes regulate gene expression. Here, using a label-free mass-spec quantification approach we found that differential protein regulation occurs in Buchnera, a model symbiont with a reduced genome, when it transitions between two distinct life stages. However, differential mRNA expression could not be detected between Buchnera life stages, despite the presence of a small number of putative transcriptional regulators. Instead a comparative analysis of small RNA expression profiles among five divergent Buchnera lineages, spanning a variety of Buchnera life stages, reveals 140 novel intergenic and antisense small RNAs and 517 untranslated regions that were significantly expressed, some of which have been conserved for ∼65 million years. In addition, the majority of these small RNAs exhibit both sequence covariation and thermodynamic stability, indicators of a potential structural RNA role. Together, these data suggest that gene regulation at the post-transcriptional level may be important in Buchnera. This is the first study to empirically identify Buchnera small RNAs, and we propose that these novel small RNAs may facilitate post-transcriptional regulation through translational inhibition/activation, and/or transcript stability. Ultimately, post-transcriptional regulation may shape metabolic complementation between Buchnera and its aphid host, thus impacting the animal’s ecology and evolution.
Bright emission from a random Raman laser
Authors: Hokr Brett H. , Bixler Joel N. , Cone Michael T. , Mason John D. , Beier Hope T. , Noojin Gary D. , Petrov Georgi I. , Golovan Leonid A. , Thomas Robert J. , Rockwell Benjamin A. , Yakovlev Vladislav V. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractRandom lasers are a developing class of light sources that utilize a highly disordered gain medium as opposed to a conventional optical cavity. Although traditional random lasers often have a relatively broad emission spectrum, a random laser that utilizes vibration transitions via Raman scattering allows for an extremely narrow bandwidth, on the order of 10 cm−1. Here we demonstrate the first experimental evidence of lasing via a Raman interaction in a bulk three-dimensional random medium, with conversion efficiencies on the order of a few percent. Furthermore, Monte Carlo simulations are used to study the complex spatial and temporal dynamics of nonlinear processes in turbid media. In addition to providing a large signal, characteristic of the Raman medium, the random Raman laser offers us an entirely new tool for studying the dynamics of gain in a turbid medium.
Climate change impact and adaptation in agricultural systems - introduction.
Authors: Fuhrer J. , Gregory P. J. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract

This chapter introduces the book 'Climate Change Impact and Adaptation in Agricultural Systems', which is comprised of fifteen chapters. The book provides insights into sensitivities and possible adaptive measures to climate change across a number of different production systems, ranging from intensive cropping and horticultural systems to mixed crop-livestock systems, to intensive livestock systems, and across regions ranging from humid temperate to dryland areas. It also provides a discussion of the opportunities for and the limitations to adaptation.
Intensive livestock systems for dairy cows.
Authors: Collier R. J. , Hall L. W. , Smith J. F. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract

This article gives an overview on several aspects of intensive farming system for dairy cows. Focus is given on how heat stress affects production, health and reproduction in dairy cows and the measures that can be used to mitigate it. Topics discussed also include seasonal production patterns, estimating thermal loads on animals using the temperature humidity index, strategies to reduce the impact of heat in dairy cattle facilities, water availability, shade, orientation of naturally ventilated free stalls, taking advantage of natural ventilation, cow cooling, providing a cooler environment for the cow, using multiple methods to cool cows, considerations for dry lots and desert barns, mechanically ventilated free stalls, managing four-row naturally ventilated free stall barns, holding pen cooling and bottlenecks to cow cooling.
Land managed for multiple services.
Authors: Aspinall R. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract

This chapter uses examples from agricultural land use to examine the nature and sources of the multiple goods and services produced by land systems as a set of services that are directly influenced by land management. First, the global-scale and scope of land change and pressures on land are reviewed briefly; this reveals the extent of the impacts of management on the global system. Second, the specification of land systems as coupled human-environment systems incorporating natural, technological, financial and human capital and flows is emphasized. This system's formulation supports the analysis and understanding of land dynamics at multiple spatial, temporal and organizational scales, and helps to reveal the full range of inputs of different forms of capital, and also the importance of human-environment relationships in the production of ecosystem goods and services. Third, the nature of different goods and services produced from land, and the sources of these goods as they relate to agricultural land systems and land management are reviewed, using examples based on farming in Scotland. This provides an understanding of ecosystem services that are based on land and land management, and emphasizes the roles of human activities in the delivery of ecosystem services.
Enhancing climate resilience of cropping systems.
Authors: Webber H. , Kahiluoto H. , Rötter R. , Ewert F. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract

This chapter examines how a resilience approach may be used to learn about, and ultimately support, adaptations to increasing climate variation and uncertainty for cropping systems. The potential contributions of several commonly mentioned crop and soil management adaptation options in improving the climate resilience of cropping systems are also discussed.
Shaping sustainable intensive production systems: improved crops and cropping systems in the developing world.
Authors: Stirling C. , Hellin J. , Cairns J. , Silverblatt-Buser E. , Tefera T. , Ngugi H. , Gbegbelegbe S. , Tesfaye K. , Chung U. , Sonder K. , Cox R. A. , Verhulst N. , Govaerts B. , Alderman P. , Reynolds M. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract

This chapter focuses on the impacts of climate change on intensive maize and wheat production systems. Some technologies to close the yield gap to achieve sustainable intensification are also discussed.
The role of modelling in adapting and building the climate resilience of cropping systems.
Authors: Kahiluoto H. , Rötter R. , Webber H. , Ewert F. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract

This chapter focuses on the current applications of modelling tools for cropping system (i.e. barley) assessment under climate change. The contributions of these modelling approaches in enhancing the resilience of cropping systems are also discussed.
Agroforestry solutions for buffering climate variability and adapting to change.
Authors: Noordwijk M. van , Bayala J. , Hairiah K. , Lusiana B. , Muthuri C. , Khasanah N. , Mulia R. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract

This chapter focuses on increasing the adaptive capacity of agricultural systems in tropical and subtropical regions through agroforestry. Agroforestry as a concept resists and tries to counteract the way agriculture has been segregated from forests and forestry. The chapter reviews the hypothesis that the presence of trees increases the degree of buffering of climate variability from the perspective of an annual food crop, and that retention and the increase of trees in agricultural landscapes can be a relevant art of climate change adaptation strategies.
Channelling the future? The use of seasonal climate forecasts in climate adaptation.
Authors: Rickards L. , Howden M. , Crimp S. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract

This chapter contributes to understanding the context of risk management by bringing together a diversity of literatures pertinent to the use of seasonal climate forecasts (SCFs). In particular, it examines the role of such forecasts in assisting agricultural producers to adapt to climate variability and change. SCFs are projections of the trajectory of major climatic variables (notably precipitation) over a timescale of weeks to months. They allow some revision of the probability of occurrence of specific climate conditions when compared with historic experience (i.e. climatology). The chapter critically appraises the perceived benefi t of SCFs for climate change adaptation. Focused on a discussion of agricultural production in developed countries, the chapter speculates about the potential disadvantages of producers relying overly strongly on SCFs.
What are the factors that dictate the choice of coping strategies for extreme climate events? The case of farmers in the Nile basin of Ethiopia.
Authors: Deressa T. T. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract

This chapter argues that it is the differences in households' socioeconomic and environmental characteristics that affect the choice of coping strategies rather than the type of extreme event. In other words, a household employs what is at its disposal to cope with an extreme climate event, whether that extreme might be, drought, flood or hail storm. This chapter identifies and analyses the factors affecting farmers' choice of coping mechanisms for extreme climate events in Ethiopia's Nile Basin without differentiating between coping strategies adopted by farmers against a particular event like drought, flood or hail storm. In doing so, it argues that knowledge of the factors dictating farmers' selection of a particular coping method can assist in government policy interventions to reduce the harmful impacts of climate extremes.