bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Enhanced recovery of alkaline protease from fish viscera by phase partitioning and its application
Authors: Ketnawa Sunantha , Benjakul Soottawat , Ling Tau Chuan , Martínez-Alvarez Oscar , Rawdkuen Saroat 
Published: April 2013

Abstract

Background
Too many different protein and enzyme purification techniques have been reported, especially, chromatographic techniques. Apart from low recovery, these multi-step methods are complicated, time consuming, high operating cost. So, alternative beneficially methods are still required. Since, the outstanding advantages of aqueous two phase system (ATPS) such as simple, low cost, high recovery and scalable, ATPS have been used to purify various enzymes. To improve purification efficiency, parameters affected to enzyme recovery or purity was investigated. The objectives of the present study were to optimize of alkaline protease recovery from giant catfish fish viscera by using ATPS and to study of hydrolytic patterns against gelatin.

Results
Using 70% (w/w) crude enzyme extract (CE) in system (15% PEG2000-15% sodium citrate) provided the highest recovery, PF and KE. At unmodified pH (8.5) gave the best recovery and PF with compare to other pHs of the system. The addition of 1% (w/w) NaCl showed the recovery (64.18%), 3.33-fold and 15.09 of KE compared to the system without NaCl. After addition of 10% (w/w) sodium citrate in the second ATPS cycle, the highest protease recovery (365.53%) and PF (11.60-fold) were obtained. Thus, the top phase from the system was subjected to further studied. The protein bands with molecular weights (MWs) of 20, 24, 27, 36, 94 and 130 kDa appeared on the protein stained gel and also exhibited clear zone on casein-substrate gel electrophoresis. The β, α1, α2 of skin gelatin extensively degraded into small molecules when treated with 10 units of the extracted alkaline protease compared to those of the level of 0.21 units of Flavourzyme.

Conclusions
Repetitive ATPS is the alternative strategy to increase both recovery and purity of the alkaline protease from farmed giant catfish viscera. Extracted alkaline protease exposed very high effectiveness in gelatin hydrolysis. It is suggested that the alkaline protease from this fish viscera can further be used in protein hydrolysate production.
Identifying disruptors of male germ cell development by small molecule screening in ex vivo gonad cultures
Authors: Wakeling Stephanie I , Miles Denise C , Western Patrick S 
Published: April 2013

Abstract

Background
Germ cell development involves formation of the spermatogenic or oogenic lineages from the bipotential primordial germ cells. Signaling mechanisms in the fetal testis and ovary determine whether germ cells enter the male or female developmental pathway, respectively. These signaling processes underpin an important phase of germ cell development, disruption of which can lead to failed germ cell function resulting in infertility or the formation of germ cell tumours.

Findings
In this study we have developed a small molecule screening protocol combined with flow cytometry to identify signaling pathways that direct male-specific development of germ cells. Here we provide a detailed method for this screening protocol, which we have used to identify signaling pathways important for male germ cell development.

Conclusion
This method will be of particular use in screening inhibitors of signaling pathways, endocrine disruptors or other chemicals for their ability to disrupt testis and germ cell development, thereby providing insight into testicular dysgenesis and factors underlying poor male reproductive health.
The B cell helper side of neutrophils
Authors: Cerutti Andrea , Puga Irene , Magri Giuliana 
Published: April 2013

ABSTRACTNeutrophils use opsonizing antibodies to enhance the clearance of intruding microbes. Recent studies indicate that splenic neutrophils also induce antibody production by providing helper signals to B cells lodged in the MZ of the spleen. Here, we discuss the B cell helper function of neutrophils in the context of growing evidence indicating that neutrophils function as sophisticated regulators of innate and adaptive immune responses.
Reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament
Authors: Maletis G. B. , Inacio M. C. S. , Desmond J. L. , Funahashi T. T. 
Published: April 2013

We examined the association of graft type with the risk of early revision of primary anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) in a community-based sample. A retrospective analysis of a cohort of 9817 ACLRs recorded in an ACLR Registry was performed. Patients were included if they underwent primary ACLR with bone–patellar tendon–bone autograft, hamstring tendon autograft or allograft tissue. Aseptic failure was the main endpoint of the study. After adjusting for age, gender, ethnicity, and body mass index, allografts had a 3.02 times (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.93 to 4.72) higher risk of aseptic revision than bone–patellar tendon–bone autografts (p < 0.001). Hamstring tendon autografts had a 1.82 times (95% CI 1.10 to 3.00) higher risk of revision compared with bone–patellar tendon–bone autografts (p = 0.019). For each year increase in age, the risk of revision decreased by 7% (95% CI 5 to 9). In gender-specific analyses a 2.26 times (95% CI 1.15 to 4.44) increased risk of hamstring tendon autograft revision in females was observed compared with bone–patellar tendon–bone autograft. We conclude that allograft tissue, hamstring tendon autografts, and younger age may all increase the risk of early revision surgery after ACLR. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2013;95-B:623–8.
Ten-year RSA-measured migration of the Exeter femoral stem
Authors: Murray D. W. , Gulati A. , Gill H. S. 
Published: April 2013

The Exeter femoral stem is a double-tapered highly polished collarless cemented implant with good long-term clinical results. In order to determine why the stem functions well we have undertaken a long-term radiostereometric analysis (RSA) study. A total of 20 patients undergoing primary Exeter total hip replacement for osteoarthritis using the Hardinge approach were recruited and followed with RSA for ten years. The stems progressively subsided and internally rotated with posterior head migration. The mean subsidence was 0.7 mm (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.5 to 0.9) at two years and 1.3 mm (95% CI 1.0 to 1.6) at ten years. The mean posterior migration of the head was 0.7 mm (95% CI 0.5 to 0.9) at two years and 1.2 mm (95% CI 1.0 to 1.4) at ten years. There was no significant cement restrictor migration. The Exeter stem continues to subside slowly into the cement mantle in the long term. This appears to compress the cement and the cement bone interface, contributing to secure fixation in the long term. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2013;95-B:605–8.
Two “Jacobean” Malfis: Controversy and Reception in 1892 and 2010
Authors: Bloomfield Jem 
Published: April 2013

Drawing on Susan Bennett's notion of "Jacobean" as a term attached to contemporary productions of Shakespeare's contemporaries, which "flaunt...thematic distinctions concerned with transgression, dissidence, and desire", this article investigates two productions of The Duchess of Malfi , in 1892 and 2010. William Poel's production for the Independent Theatre Society took place at the intersection between the progressive theatre movement of the late nineteenth century and the growing interest in "authentic" staging conditions, though it also appears to draw on the language of melodrama and the trappings of the commercial theatre. Punchdrunk's version combined their well-known site-specific approach, which was interpreted by some spectators as a once-innovative technique applied once again to a famous text, with music by the composer Torsten Rasch, whose previous works had included a cantata based on the lyrics of the heavy metal band Rammstein. The article expands the historical frame within which Malfi's "Jacobean" status is considered, suggesting that both demonstrate the power of non-Shakespearean drama to destabilise assumptions about "authentic" British culture and the version of the past, which supports current visions of that culture. It considers the way in which these productions provided a site for cultural controversy, and suggests that this potential may be ebbing away with each performance and syllabus, as Malfi becomes the most safely canonical non-Shakespearean play from the era.
Prevalence of and Characteristics Associated with Use Of Withdrawal Among Women in Victoria, Australia
Authors: Ong Jason , Temple‐Smith Meredith , Wong William , McNamee Kathleen , Fairley Christopher 
Published: April 2013

CONTEXTPopularly regarded as “ineffective,” withdrawal is a form of contraception largely ignored by health ‐professionals. Thus, little is known of the prevalence and correlates of its use.METHODSA survey of 1,006 sexually active women aged 16–50 and not intending to conceive was conducted in three Family Planning Victoria clinics in 2011. The questionnaire asked about contraceptive behavior and characteristics associated with contraceptive use. Univariate and multivariate analyses were conducted to assess prevalence of withdrawal use and characteristics associated with reliance solely on this method.RESULTSNinety‐six percent of women reported having used some form of contraception in the last three months, most commonly male condoms (67%), the pill (49%) and withdrawal (32%); use of withdrawal was especially common among the youngest women. Of women reporting withdrawal use, 40% relied solely on this method. Eighty percent of sole users of withdrawal were also inconsistent users. Women who used only withdrawal had elevated odds of saying that they were dissatisfied with their current method (odds ratio, 1.6), had had more than one partner in the last three months (1.7), had no access to contraceptives when needed (2.4) and found it too inconvenient to use contraceptives (2.1).CONCLUSIONWithdrawal use is common, but there is a need for better education on proper use. Health profes‐sionals should discuss the risks and benefits of withdrawal, along with those of other methods, when discussing con‐traception with their patients. Further research is needed into why women choose withdrawal.
Inspiration
Authors: Goldstein Howard 
Published: April 2013

Most of us who turn to any subject we love remember some morning or evening hour when we got on a high stool to reach down an untried volume, or sat with parted lips listening to a new talker, or for the very lack of books began to listen to the voices within, as the first traceable beginning of our love. - George Eliot, Middlemarch, 1871
The Helping Relationship Inventory: A Clinical Appraisal
Authors: Young Thomas M. , Poulin John E. 
Published: April 2013

The Helping Relationship Inventory (HRI) is a newly developed measure of the strength of the helping relationship. It is designed for use by social workers and their clients in a variety of helping contexts. An appraisal of its clinical utility, based on nine pairs of clients and their MSW student workers, showed that the HRI worked well in a number of different settings and that using it can improve the worker-client relationship and facilitate the helping process. Three case examples are provided, and the significance of differences between ratings of clients and workers are discussed. For those helping professionals and agencies facing managed market pressures to provide briefer, more effective services, the Helping Relationship Inventory provides an easily administered means of assessing and improving the working relationship between consumers and their providers.
Transcendence from Trauma and Terrorism: A Taoistic Reflection
Authors: Yip Kam-shing 
Published: April 2013

What one calls calamity is often a fortune under disguise. What one calls fortune is often a call of calamity. Who knows what the final outcome will be? How can there be absolute right! The right may turn out to be wrong. The good may turn out to be evil. —Lao Tzu, translated by Cheng, (1995), Ch. 5
Formation and properties of copper chalcogenides thin films on polymers formed using sodium telluropentathionate
Authors: Šukytė Judita , Ivanauskas Remigijus 
Published: April 2013

Abstract
The preparative conditions were optimized to get chalcogens layers on the polymer — polyamide PA surface by sorption at room temperature using sodium telluropentathionate, Na2TeS4O6. Further interaction of chalcogenized dielectric with copper’s (I/II) salt solution leads to the formation of mixed CuxSy-CuxTey layers. Optical, electrical and surface characteristics of the layers are highly controlled by the deposition parameters. The stoichiometry of these layers was established by UV-Visible and AA spectrometry. Optical absorption (transmittance) experiments show the samples are of high optical quality. The band gaps of thin films were obtained from their optical absorption spectra, which were found in the range of 1.44–2.97 eV. XRD was used in combination with AFM to characterize chalcogenides layers’ structural features. XRD analysis confirmed the formation of mixed copper chalcogenides’ layers in the surface of PA with binary phases such as Cu2Te, Cu3.18Te2, copper telluride, Cu2.72Te2, vulcanite, CuTe, anilite, Cu7S4 and copper sulfide, Cu1.8S. The crystallite sizes of thin films calculated by the Scherer formula were found to be in the range of 3.07–13.53 nm for CuxSy crystallites and 4.06–20.79 nm for CuxTey crystallites. At room temperature an electrical resistance of CuxSy-CuxTey layers varies from 3.0×103 kΩ□−1 to 1.0 kΩ□−1.
StudHeart-diabetes mellitus t.2 risk factors in senior medical students
Authors: Morawiec Robert , Janikowski Kamil , Zawisza Jaroslaw , Lelonek Malgorzata 
Published: April 2013

Abstract
Introduction. StudHeart research was performed to evaluate the risk of diabetes mellitus type 2 (T2DM) amongst the senior medical students. Material and methods. The research involved 506 students aged 22–27 (mean age 23.96±1.52 yrs) in their 5th and 6th year of the medical faculties at the Medical University of Lodz. Each of the examined students has filled out an anonymous survey comprising 12 questions, which enabled us to use the FINDRISC scale in estimation of the risk for T2DM. Analysis was performed in relation to gender. Results. Overall in 16.80% of respondents the body mass index (BMI) was >25 kg/m2. Almost all students (93.48%) admitted to drinking alcohol and 9.68% smoked cigarettes. Only 13.64% of participants exercised daily (women 8.16% vs. men 21.30%; P=0.000). Everyday consumption of fruit and vegetables was reported by 55.34% of the respondents whereas 6.92% of them (women 4.42% vs. men 10.40%; P=0.026) ate fast-food 2–3 times a week. The overall risk for T2DM was elevated in 17.2% of examined students. It is predicted that by the time participants will reach age of 45, 40.52% of them (mostly men) will have their risk of T2DM elevated. Conclusion. Despite the awareness of risk factors for T2DM among senior medical students, their lifestyle remains unchanged. In the given population it is predicted that the risk of T2DM will enhance about 2.5-fold in the next 20 years.
La situation démographique et la politique de l'emploi en Chine
Authors: Schran Peter 
Published: April 2013

China's demographic situation and employment strategy.
The employment problem in China is specific in more than one respect. On one hand, the Chinese economy evolves on the scale of a continent, which dampens the effect of foreign economic relations and on the other, trade is organized on the basis of substitutions, making it practically possible to consider the Chinese economy as a closed one.
Having established these restrictions, the author traces the demographic picture in China as is appeared during the first years of the Communist regime. He then points out the difficulties encountered in trying to determine the size and growth rate of the Chinese population. The 1953 census serves as a guideline for calculations although its accuracy has been questioned by more than one specialist from the West. In general, statistical data (size of the population, the working age, town and country distribution, a household's principal activity, etc.) are extremely imprecise.
The second part of the article is devoted to the specific nature of employment policy in China. This policy is dependent on the ups and downs of economic development, characterized by successive campaigns launched by the government such as, « the big leap ahead », the creation of communes, the « back to the land » movements, etc. According to the author there was considerable unemployment in the urban sector and considerable under-employment in the rural one. Some efforts were made to absorb the manpower surplus by favoring expansion during the period of socialization and modernization. Attempts were also made, although not altogether successful, to channel the migration flow into the most promising sectors and develop non-agricultural activity in rural areas. All in all, employment practices in China are characterized by numerous experiments and changes in policy which have done little to further a rapid solution to the problem of the effective use of manpower.
Phylogenetic relationships and character evolution analysis of Saxifragales using a supermatrix approach
Authors: Soltis Douglas E. , Mort Mark E. , Latvis Maribeth , Mavrodiev Evgeny V. , O'Meara Brian C. , Soltis Pamela S. , Burleigh J. Gordon , Rubio de Casas Rafael 
Published: April 2013

• Premise of the study: We sought novel evolutionary insights for the highly diverse Saxifragales by constructing a large phylogenetic tree encompassing 36.8% of the species‐level biodiversity.• Methods: We built a phylogenetic tree for 909 species of Saxifragales and used this hypothesis to examine character evolution for annual or perennial habit, woody or herbaceous habit, ovary position, petal number, carpel number, and stamen to petal ratio. We employed likelihood approaches to investigate the effect of habit and life history on speciation and extinction within this clade.• Key results: Two major shifts occurred from a woody ancestor to the herbaceous habit, with multiple secondary changes from herbaceous to woody. Transitions among superior, subinferior, and inferior ovaries appear equiprobable. A major increase in petal number is correlated with a large increase in carpel number; these increases have co‐occurred multiple times in Crassulaceae. Perennial or woody lineages have higher rates of speciation than annual or herbaceous ones, but higher probabilities of extinction offset these differences. Hence, net diversification rates are highest for annual, herbaceous lineages and lowest for woody perennials. The shift from annuality to perenniality in herbaceous taxa is frequent. Conversely, woody perennial lineages to woody annual transitions are infrequent; if they occur, the woody annual state is left immediately.• Conclusions: The large tree provides new insights into character evolution that are not obvious with smaller trees. Our results indicate that in some cases the evolution of angiosperms might be conditioned by constraints that have been so far overlooked.
Radiation-Induced Equilibrium Is a Balance between Tumor Cell Proliferation and T Cell–Mediated Killing
Authors: Liang Hua , Deng Liufu , Chmura Steven , Burnette Byron , Liadis Nicole , Darga Thomas , Beckett Michael A. , Lingen Mark W. , Witt MaryEllyn , Weichselbaum Ralph R. , Fu Yang-Xin 
Published: April 2013

Abstract
Local failures following radiation therapy are multifactorial, and the contributions of the tumor and the host are complex. Current models of tumor equilibrium suggest that a balance exists between cell birth and cell death due to insufficient angiogenesis, immune effects, or intrinsic cellular factors. We investigated whether host immune responses contribute to radiation-induced tumor equilibrium in animal models. We report an essential role for immune cells and their cytokines in suppressing tumor cell regrowth in two experimental animal model systems. Depletion of T cells or neutralization of IFN-γ reversed radiation-induced equilibrium, leading to tumor regrowth. We also demonstrate that PD-L1 blockade augments T cell responses, leading to rejection of tumors in radiation-induced equilibrium. We identify an active interplay between tumor cells and immune cells that occurs in radiation-induced tumor equilibrium and suggest a potential role for disruption of the PD-L1/PD-1 axis in increasing local tumor control.
Location of CD4+ T Cell Priming Regulates the Differentiation of Th1 and Th17 Cells and Their Contribution to Arthritis
Authors: Rodeghero Rachel , Cao Yanxia , Olalekan Susan A. , Iwakua Yoichiro , Glant Tibor T. , Finnegan Alison 
Published: April 2013

AbstractTh cytokines IFN-γ and IL-17 are linked to the development of autoimmune disease. In models of rheumatoid arthritis, that is, proteoglycan (PG)-induced arthritis, IFN-γ is required, whereas in collagen-induced arthritis, IL-17 is necessary for development of arthritis. In this study we show that the route of immunization determines the requirement for either IFN-γ or IL-17 in arthritis. Intraperitoneal immunization with PG induces a CD4+ T cell IFN-γ response with little IL-17 in the spleen and peripheral lymph nodes. However, s.c. immunization induces both an IFN-γ and an IL-17 CD4+ T cell response in spleen and lymph nodes. The failure to induce a CD4+ T cell IL-17 response after i.p. immunization is associated with T cell priming, as naive T cells activated in vitro were fully capable of producing IL-17. Moreover, PG-induced arthritis is converted from an IFN-γ to an IL-17–mediated disease by altering the route of immunization from i.p. to s.c. The histological appearance of joint inflammation (cellular inflammation and bone erosion) is similar in the i.p. versus s.c. immunized mice despite the presence of CD4+ T cells producing IL-17 in joint tissues only after s.c. immunization. These data indicate a critical role for the site of initial T cell priming and the Th cytokines required for susceptibility to arthritis. Our findings suggest that T cell activation at different anatomical sites in rheumatoid arthritis patients may skew the T cells toward production of either IFN-γ or IL-17.
Invariant NKT Cells Induce Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cell (DC) Cross-Talk with Conventional DCs for Efficient Memory CD8+ T Cell Induction
Authors: Shimizu Kanako , Asakura Miki , Shinga Jun , Sato Yusuke , Kitahara Shuji , Hoshino Katsuaki , Kaisho Tsuneyasu , Schoenberger Stephen P. , Ezaki Taichi , Fujii Shin-ichiro 
Published: April 2013

Abstract
A key goal of vaccine immunotherapy is the generation of long-term memory CD8+ T cells capable of mediating immune surveillance. We discovered a novel intercellular pathway governing the development of potent memory CD8+ T cell responses against cell-associated Ags that is mediated through cross-presentation by XCR1+ dendritic cells (DCs). Generation of CD8+ memory T cells against tumor cells pulsed with an invariant NKT cell ligand depended on cross-talk between XCR1+ and plasmacytoid DCs that was regulated by IFN-α/IFN-αR signals. IFN-α production by plasmacytoid DCs was stimulated by an OX40 signal from the invariant NKT cells, as well as an HMGB1 signal from the dying tumor cells. These findings reveal a previously unknown pathway of intercellular collaboration for the generation of tumor-specific CD8+ memory T cells that can be exploited for strategic vaccination in the setting of tumor immunotherapy.