bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
POLICY INTERVENTIONS RELATED TO CHILD DROWNING PREVENTION IN LOW AND MIDDLE INCOME COUNTRIES
Authors: Gerdmongkolgan S , Ekchaloemkiet S 
Published: October 2012

Background97% of those dying from drowning are the population of low and middle income developing countries of which the risk factors in drowning are different from those in developed countries. Apart from this, the government agencies' structure, resources, and potential make the pattern of formulating or implementing the policy on drowning prevention in low and middle income countries (LMICs) different from the one in high income countries.ObjectivesTo review the policy Interventions on child drowning prevention inLMICs.MethodsReview the literature and study from the Best Practice in several countries and Experts' opinions.ResultsExperts' opinions together with the Spectrum of Prevention, according to Best Practice in several countries, can be used for carrying out Policy Interventions on Drowning Prevention in Low and Middle Income Countries in the following aspects:• Developing education and skills.• Legislation and standards.• Drowning prevention campaigns.• National and local water safety watch and investigation into drowning.• National and local commissions.SignificanceAlthough a policy has significant effects on drowning prevention, the difference in government agencies' structure, resources, and potentials in LIMCs and HICs causes the inefficiency of adopting some of those policy interventions like pool fencing, using a mobile swimming pool or natural water sources for acquiring swimming skills and learning about water safety etc. It is advisable to prioritize this matter on the basis of the context of each area. The policy integration in all levels of a country is necessary. The coordination with all sectors in the society contributes to pushing the policy on drowning prevention.
AN OVERVIEW OF DROWNING IN NEW ZEALAND AND ASSOCIATED RESEARCH EFFORTS
Authors: Webb S , Brunt A 
Published: October 2012

BackgroundWater Safety New Zealand (WSNZ) is New Zealand's national organisation responsible for water safety education, awareness and prevention. It represents 35 organisations within New Zealand that have an interest in water safety.Drowning affects all New Zealanders irrespective of age, ethnicity, gender or social economic status. It is consistently the third highest cause of unintentional death in New Zealand, surpassed only by road vehicle crashes and accidental falls. WSNZ and its members have achieved considerable success since its inception in 1949. Over the last 29 years a 60% reduction in drowning has occurred since a record high in 1985 of 215 and a record low of 87 in 2010. Currently on average (last 5 years) 105 New Zealanders die per annum from drowning.Aim/PurposeIn order to reduce drowning in New Zealand WSNZ established a Research Advisory Group (RAG) in 2008/2009. This RAG produced a Research Strategy that contains the national research objectives and outcomes for New Zealand over the next 3–4 years.MethodsIn order to establish the Strategy a critical review of New Zealand and international research published since 1990 was completed. The review investigated the RAG's main areas of inquiry, focusing specifically on published, unpublished and in-progress research.ResultsTo date the following has been completed:• Literature review• National Strategy• Doctoral scholarship programme established• Report on Canyoning in New Zealand• Research on behavioural analysis of human characteristics following sudden water immersionContribution to the FieldAn overarching strategy that has delivered key pieces of research for the sector.Water Safety New Zealand (WSNZ), PO BOX 10126, Wellington 6143, New ZealandPhone: +64 4 801:9600Email: alex@watersafety.org.nzWebsite: http://www.watersafety.org.nz
RIP CURRENT RELATED DROWNING DEATHS AND RESCUES IN AUSTRALIA 2004–2011
Authors: Brighton B , Sherker S , Bradstreet A , Thompson M 
Published: October 2012

BackgroundRip currents are narrow, strong currents that move seaward through the surf zone. Rip currents are the number one drowning hazard on surf beaches globally. A comprehensive review of rip current related drowning and rescue has not been reported to date.AimsTo describe rip current related drowning deaths and rescues in Australia from 2004 to 2011.MethodsA retrospective search was undertaken for fatal and non-fatal rip related drowning incidents in Australia from the National Coroner's Information System (NCIS), SurfGuard Incident Reporting Database (IRD), and Media Monitors, between 1 July 2004 and 30 June 2011.ResultsThere were 629 fatal coastal drowning deaths recorded and rip currents were a factor in 145 fatalities (22.9%), an average of 21 per year. There were a total of 1246 ‘major rescues’, lifesavers reported the involvement of rip currents in 602 rescues (48.3%), an average of 86 per year.SignificanceUsing similar data sets from life saving organisations in the USA, UK, and NZ an international range of 48.3%–57.9% of all rescues are rip related, which is comparable to Australia. Rip related events are common though preventable. Priority strategies for rip related drowning prevention include educating beachgoers to: swim between the flags; identify rip currents; and appropriate responses if caught in a rip. Interventions should target young males in particular, as they are overrepresented in rip related drowning and rescue incidents.
IMPROVING THE CARE OF CHILDREN PRESENTING WITH MILD TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY (MTBI) TO EMERGENCY CARE SETTINGS: CLINICIANS ATTITUDES AND PERCEPTIONS OF CARE
Authors: Kool B , King V , Ameratunga S , Wells S 
Published: October 2012

BackgroundTraumatic brain injury (TBI) is a significant Public Health problem in New Zealand and globally. The vast majority of cases (80–90%) are considered to be mild.Aims/Objectives/PurposeTo examine the barriers and enablers to clinicians delivering evidenced-based care to children presenting with mild head injury to Emergency Department (ED) and Accident and Medical Clinic (A&M) settings.MethodsA cross-sectional survey of a purposeful sample of clinicians involved in the acute assessment of children was conducted in 2011 in two busy paediatric EDs and an A&M clinic, in Auckland. Clinicians were selected from various stages of post graduate training. The survey tool captured information on: demographics, clinical experience and training, current practice in relation to the acute management of mild TBI (MTBI) and sources of knowledge.Results/Outcomes29 surveys were completed. Most clinicians (25/29) believed MTBI is an important complication among children who sustain a head injury, and considered doctors the most suitable professional to screen children for MTBI (22/29). Many agreed that a lack of knowledge was a barrier to effectively managing children who sustained a MTBI (13/29). Most (17/29) felt that there was a lack of follow-up for children with MTBI. Slightly more than half (16/29) indicated they gave verbal advice in addition to written advice.Significance/Contribution to the FieldThe findings of this study are consistent with overseas research suggesting important gaps between current and best practice for the appropriate care of children with MTBI in EDs and in primary care settings.
CELL PHONE USE AND TRAFFIC CRASH RESPONSIBILITY: A CULPABILITY ANALYSIS OF COLLISION-INVOLVED DRIVERS
Authors: Asbridge M , Brubacher J , Chan H 
Published: October 2012

BackgroundCell phone use while driving is illegal in many jurisdictions. Restrictions are supported by studies showing: (i) increasing cell phone use by motorists, (ii) an increased proportion of crashes where cell phones are implicated, and (iii) experimental studies demonstrating that cell phone use negatively affects overall driving performance. Few studies have evaluated the collision risk associated with cell phone use in real driving conditions.ObjectivesThe current study aims to compare culpability in drivers who crashed with versus without cell phone use.MethodCulpability studies approximate case-control studies and overcome difficulties with constructing control groups (ie, crash free drivers). The Canadian Culpability Scale (CCS) determines crash culpability from police reports in British Columbia. We use the CCS to determine culpability in 312 crashes (2005–2008) where police report cell phone use and in 936 propensity matched (driver and crash characteristics) crashes without cell phone use. Statistical analysis involved conditional logistic regression methods, with additional analyses to adjust for confounders.ResultsA comparison of crashes with versus without cell phones revealed a crude OR of 2.03 (95% CI 1.44 to 2.86). Subgroup analysis demonstrated a consistent association regardless of crash severity.SignificanceCrash culpability was found to be strongly associated with driver cell phone use, nearly doubling the odds of a culpable crash compared to drivers who did not use a cell phone. These findings lend support to existing policies directed at restricting the use of cell phones and other devices while driving.
SPECIFICITY OF POST-CONCUSSION SYMPTOMS AT 3 MONTHS AFTER MILD TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY. RESULTS FROM A PROSPECTIVE STUDY
Authors: Lagarde E , Masson F , Ribéreau-Gayon R , Zongo D , Salmi L -R , Laborey M 
Published: October 2012

BackgroundCommon complaints after mild traumatic brain injury (MTBI) include headaches, anxiety, irritability, and sleep disturbances, but these symptoms also occur in the non head-injured population. Whether they are more frequent among MTBI patients should help identify those that could be considered as part of the post concussion syndrome (PCS).Aims/Objectives/PurposeWe assessed the specificity of symptoms proposed in the three main scales used to measure PCS: post concussion symptoms listed in the Rivermead Post Concussion Symptoms Questionnaire (RPQ), the 4th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV), and the 10th International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10).MethodsA cohort of 536 patients with MTBI and a comparison group of 946 patients with non-head injuries were recruited in the Adult Emergency Department (ED) of a teaching hospital in Bordeaux, France. Specificity of symptoms was assessed comparing MTBI and comparison patients at 3 months taking in to account baseline levels before ED admission.Results/Outcomes8 symptoms were identified as being specific to MTBI: headaches, dizziness, intolerance of stress, forgetfulness, poor concentration, taking longer to think, blurred vision, and personality change. Eight symptoms were found to be not specific to MTBI: nausea, noise sensitivity, irritability, anxiety, feeling frustrated, double vision, light sensitivity and restlessness.Significance/Contribution to the FieldThe relevance of symptoms proposed to constitute PCS should be reviewed. A more specific definition of PCS would make diagnosis easier and facilitate prevention as well as treatment of patients with MTBI.
HEALTH SEEKING BEHAVIOUR OF INJURED VICTIMS AMONG COMMUNITY
Authors: Verma PK 
Published: October 2012

BackgroundAim of injury planning is to reduce morbidity and mortality due to injury. Pre-hospital and hospital care play vital role for injury management.ObjectivesTo study health-seeking behaviour of injured victims.MethodsRetrospective 1-year data was collected from 30 554 populations in relation to health seeking behaviour of injured victims.ResultsTransportation used for reaching Medical Center: Auto/Taxi (28.9%), two wheeler (15.4%), bicycle (9.5%) and only 43 cases (1.9%) had used ambulances for transportation of injured victim. Police Control Room vans were effectively used by 32 injured victims out of total 43 cases. Majority of the injured victims (92.8%) administered treatment within 6 h while 71.9% took treatment within 1 h of injury affliction. Injured mostly treated at private clinics (45.4%), government hospitals (24.5%) and government dispensaries (4.1%). Majority of the victims were treated in OPD (47.8%) and 33.3% had taken only 1st aid treatment. Out of total 2232 cases, 5.4% victims were in critical condition, 3.4% hospitalised, 1.3% operated and 0.6% admitted in ICU. Most of the victims resumed work in 2–4 days of injury (19.3%) followed by 5–7 days work loss (14.7%) and 13.4% could not resume normal work for 1–2 months.SignificancePre-hospital time should be reduced by integration of public transport with health care facilities to reduce severity of injury. Separate trauma care unit could be started in big hospitals. Training must be imparted at medical graduation level. There should be national policy for injury prevention.
ASSESSING INTER-RATER RELIABILITY OF ENVIRONMENTAL AUDIT DATA IN A CASE-CONTROL STUDY ON BICYCLING INJURIES
Authors: Ruest N , Hagel BE , McCormack GR , Nettel-Aguirre A , Rowe B H 
Published: October 2012

BackgroundEnvironmental audit tools must be valid in order to accurately estimate the association between built environmental characteristics and bicycling injury risk.ObjectivesTo examine the inter-rater reliability of a built environment audit tool in a case-control study on the environmental determinants of bicycling injuries.MethodsAuditor pairs visited locations where bicycling injuries were known to have occurred in two cities, and recorded location characteristics using the validated Systematic Pedestrian and Cyclist Environmental Scan (SPACES). Case locations were those where a bicyclist was struck by a motor-vehicle (MV), or suffered injuries requiring hospitalisation. Control locations were those where non-MV or minor injuries occurred. Inter-rater reliability of each item on the tool was assessed using observed agreement and Kappa (κ).ResultsNinety-seven locations were audited from May–October 2010. Inter-observer agreement was generally high (≥95%); most items had a 1–2% difference in responses. Items with differences ≥5% between raters included path condition, slope, and obstructions. For land use, path, and roadway characteristics, κ ranged from 0.3 for presence of offices and cleanliness to 0.9 for schools and number of lanes; overall, 78% of items had high agreement (κ≥0.61). For MV cases the proportion of items with high agreement was 60%, compared with 73% for controls. For both severe cases and controls, 76% of items had high agreement.SignificanceDespite low reliability for land use types and cleanliness, percent agreement was high for most items. Our findings suggest that the SPACES tool provides reliable quantitative descriptions of built environmental characteristics at bicycle injury locations.
DEVELOPMENT OF AN ON-ROAD DRIVING ASSESSMENT FOR NOVICE TEEN DRIVERS
Authors: Winston F , Durbin D , Brant C , Mirman J , Curry A , Garcia-Espana F 
Published: October 2012

BackgroundA standardised measure of driving performance is needed to evaluate the effectiveness of driver training programmes for novice teen drivers.Aims/Objectives/PurposeDevelop and assess the reliability of an on-road driving assessment for novice teens, as well as their driving performance at two times: (1) after initial experience in a limited number of driving environments (early route) and (2) after experience in a wide range of environments (late route).MethodsWe developed two routes with varying speed limits and a range of road characteristics to test driver competencies across six environments: parking lot, residential, intermediate roads, commercial, highway and rural roads. Nineteen teens drove one of the two routes accompanied by two certified driving evaluators. Performance errors at specified route segments were ascertained.Results/OutcomeInter-rater (front vs back seat) reliability of the drives was excellent (ICC=0.79). There was significant variation in the number of errors committed by the 13 teens who drove the early route (mean: 24.2 errors, range: 8–46) and the six who drove the late route (mean:18.5 (15–22)). For both routes, the most common sources of error were turns, parking, backing up and lane changes.Significance/Contribution to the FieldWe have developed an on-road driving assessment to evaluate novice teen driver performance that demonstrates excellent inter-rater reliability and an ability to identify a wide range of driving errors. Future assessments of discriminatory validity will be conducted. Refinement of the routes may enable adaptation to other geographic areas, providing an ability to evaluate a wide range of driver training programmes.
PHOTOVOICE: CHILDREN'S PERSPECTIVES ON ROAD TRAFFIC SAFETY IN 10 COUNTRIES
Authors: Gautam P , Brondum L , Françoia A , Perez T , Lail M 
Published: October 2012

BackgroundBetween 2008 and 2012, Safe Kids organisations in 10 countries received grants to conduct the PHOTOVOICE Project.Aims/Objectives/PurposeTo assess the effectiveness of the PHOTOVOICE participatory research methodology in engaging communities and facilitating permanent changes to walking environments and evaluate whether the method is replicable in low-, middle-, and high-income countries.MethodsSafe Kids organisations conducted photography training and pedestrian safety education sessions with over 1700 students and collected observational and behavioural surveys, discussion notes, walking maps, and pre- and post-tests. Findings were used to identify high-risk areas and determine appropriate environmental modifications to improve pedestrian safety and advocate for the appropriate changes.Results/OutcomePedestrian safety knowledge scores increased by an average of 25% (p<0.0001) from pre- to post-tests. Behaviour surveys showed that among children most walk to and from school, most walk alone, and most feel safe while walking in areas near home. Observational surveys showed that infrastructure deficiencies were the highest rated problem for sidewalks. Highest observed unsafe environments included sidewalks blocked by cars, trash and vendors; lack of painted crosswalks and lack of traffic signals. Permanent modifications were made to the environments where children walk in more than 50 communities in 10 countries based on the findings of the participatory research.Significance/Contribution to the FieldThe participatory research project not only increased pedestrian safety knowledge and behaviour in communities but also served as an effective needs and risk assessment tool. The results also showed that the project is feasible and replicable across low-, middle- and high income countries.
DRIVER SLEEPINESS AND RISK OF MOTOR VEHICLE CRASH INJURIES: A POPULATION-BASED CASE CONTROL STUDY IN FIJI
Authors: Herman J , Ameratunga S , Kafoa B , Wainiqolo I , Robinson E , McCaig E , Connor J , Jackson R 
Published: October 2012

BackgroundThe few published studies investigating the role of driver sleepiness in road crashes in low and middle-income countries have largely focused on heavy vehicles.ObjectiveWe investigated the contribution of driver sleepiness to four-wheeled motor vehicle crashes in Viti Levu, Fiji resulting in death or hospital admission.MethodsThe population-based case control study included 131 motor vehicles involved in crashes where at least one person died or was hospitalised (cases) and 752 motor vehicles identified in roadside surveys (controls) in Viti Levu. Drivers or their proxies (study informants) completed an interviewer-administered questionnaire ascertaining data on vehicle, driving, and personal characteristics including sleepiness while driving, and factors associated with reduced quality and quantity of sleep.ResultsThere was a six-fold increase in the odds of injury-involved crashes for vehicles where the drivers reported they were sleepy, had difficulty staying awake, or were not fully alert (OR 5.7, CI 2.7 to 12.3); and those who reported less than 6 h of sleep during the previous 24 h (OR 5.9, CI 1.7 to 20.9). The population attributable risk for crashes associated with driving while sleepy or less alert was 34.SignificanceDriver sleepiness is an important contributor to the burden of four-wheeled motor vehicle crashes in Fiji. The research highlights the need for evidence-based strategies to reduce the contribution of this poorly characterised risk factor in less resourced settings.
‘DAVID'S STORY—BORN TO FAIL THE PERFECT STORM’
Authors: Carnochan J 
Published: October 2012

Violence, in all its forms, infects the well being and health of communities throughout the World, the daily stress and fear experienced by individuals and families inhibits lives and aspirations. Violence is preventable, but criminal justice solutions alone cannot achieve this. Violence is situated within a complicated and complex landscape of causes, societal conditions, personal circumstances, individual characteristics, attitudes and cultures.The principal of prevention is gaining increasing currency and the application of a public health model provides a framework of understanding, a clear identification of the components of violence, a means to articulate solutions to a complex multi sectoral problem and a methodology founded in a robust science based process of evaluation. Different agencies are already dealing directly with the same people as victims, offenders, patients, clients, students and tenants; already we can identify the shared agenda. The effective coordination of services that are appropriate, proportionate and timely and focussed on positive outcomes is the most viable response. Primary prevention must be at the heart of all our collaborative efforts. Preventing violence through the development of safe, stable and nurturing relationships between children and their caregivers must become a key component of national strategy.‘David's Story’ is a factual narrative of the life of a young man convicted of culpable homicide when he was 15. The story will highlight some of the circumstances and social conditions that increased his vulnerability and at the same time identify those opportunities where effective intervention may have changed his life course.
SUICIDE PREVENTION: CONFRONTING PUBLIC HEALTH CHALLENGES
Authors: Caine E 
Published: October 2012

Suicide has been identified as a major international public health priority. This presentation will examine ‘core challenges’ that impede the successful development and dissemination of effective prevention initiatives.Data from the US and other countries will be used to illustrate key discussion points. Apparent challenges must be frankly and creatively addressed if we propose to prevent suicide at national, community, or institutional levels. The presentation draws upon lessons gleaned from both effective and less successful approaches, and considers future opportunities.Suicide is preventable! Future initiatives must integrate injury prevention and mental health perspectives, identify common risks, and create and sustain a mosaic of coordinated programmes in order to enhance community health and promote mental health, and to provide timely access to services across diverse social settings.