bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Trapped Water Flushed by Flowing Oil in Upward-Inclined Oil Pipelines
Authors: Xu Guangli , Cai Liangxue , Ullmann Amos , Brauner Neima 
Published: July 2013

Pipe-line corrosion is of a major concern in the transportation of crude oil and natural gas. The corrosion is caused by the presence of water in contact with the walls. Following water-tests and/or shut-down, small amounts of water tend to accumulate at low sections along the pipe line. Flushing out of the water from the pipe by the oil flow is required to avoid damages in the pipeline. From a practical point of view, the minimal oil flow rate required for displacement and flush-out of the accumulated water by the oil flow has to be determined.
Experimental study, mechanistic models and numerical simulations are used to investigate the characteristics of water displacement by oil flow in hilly terrain pipelines. Various mechanisms for the onset of water displacement from a lower (horizontal) section into an upward inclined section are considered and the associated minimal (critical) oil-flow rate for the water displacement is evaluated. For oil-flow rates exceeding the critical value, the possible patterns of water movement in the inclined pipe are examined.
Modeling the Effect of Material Behavior and Mild Thermal Treatments on Collapse Resistance of UOE Pipes
Authors: Serebrinsky Santiago , Mantovano Luciano , de Souza Marcos , Valdez Martín , Ernst Hugo , Chad Luis 
Published: July 2013

Oil exploration and production of offshore sources is continuously shifting towards increasing depths and more severe environmental conditions. Ultra deep waters are an objective in, e.g., the pre-salt layer off the Brazilian coast and in the Gulf of Mexico. Under these conditions, resistance to collapse of pipelines is a main concern. Increasing the collapse pressure pc is thus a primary objective, which would lead to a reduction of material and installation costs.
To increase pc, it is fundamental to understand which variables affect it, and how to control these variables. For instance, it is well known that ovality, residual stresses, and material constitutive behavior have a direct effect on pc. Current efforts for improving pc of large diameter UOE pipes include an increase in flow stress by the application of a thermal cycle, similar to those typical of coating processes. These thermal treatments recover at least part of the early yielding due to the Bauschinger effect that develops during the collapse test, after the expansion stage.
Predictive modeling of pc, based on an appropriate set of input variables, allows for an adequate design of deep- and ultra-deep water projects. In the present work, an assessment by finite element analysis of the requirements on material characterization tests for a reliable prediction of pc has been performed. The most appropriate testing direction is the transverse compression. Moreover, since for large diameter pipes the plastic strain levels attained at collapse are often below 0.2%, the sample should allow for an accurate determination of compression behavior in this very low deformation range. This is particularly relevant for cold-formed pipes, as with the UOE process. Based on these guidelines, a testing sample geometry and compression data processing methodology has been designed.
The methodology has been applied to a series of UOE processed pipes that had been thermally treated. On one hand, compression samples were extracted and used for the FE calculation of pc. On the other hand, collapse tests were performed on the same pipes. Both the absolute values of pc, and the enhancement of pc due to thermal cycling, were accurately predicted.
In addition, both the flow stress after thermal cycling, and the measured pc values, clearly show that the fabrication factor αfab used in the standard DNV OS-F101 should be set to αfab≥1 for an adequate rating of the pipes.
Risk Based Design Solution for Routing a High Pressure Gas Transmission Pipeline Through a Region of Geological Instability
Authors: Taylor Mike , Jandu Chas , McCallum Marcus , Northing Ray 
Published: July 2013

If present, regions of geological instability are normally identified during the route selection study and a route through such locations will normally be rejected if a suitably practicable alternative route can be found. Therefore the consequential effects of a landslip on pipeline integrity rarely need to be considered. However, when an alternate route is not practicable, then a means of negotiating the landslip zone in a safe manner needs to be determined and adopted. One means of negotiating a landslip zone is to route the pipeline well beneath the slope using techniques such as horizontal directional drilling (HDD). However, the success of an HDD cannot be guaranteed in such situations and hence alternative solutions need to be considered even if only as a back-up. This paper describes a technique that was developed by a major UK high pressure gas pipeline operator with support from Andrew Francis & Associates Ltd (AFAA) to achieve a viable engineering alternative to HDD.
The technique is based on a combination of structural reliability analysis (SRA) and quantified risk assessment (QRA) which was developed by modifying and customising an approach that the operator had developed and used previously for demonstrating the safe operation of gas transmission pipelines at design factors in excess of 0.72. The overall objective is to demonstrate that all associated risks have been reduced to levels that can be regarded ‘As Low As Reasonably Practicable’ (ALARP).
SRA begins with an identification of all credible failure causes and these are then analysed using a combination of structural mechanics based techniques and probability theory to determine failure frequencies. For the present application, significant attention was given to the interaction between the moving land mass and the pipeline using 3-dimensional finite element analysis. The analyses were performed for a range of credible scenarios assuming a range of soil properties to establish the likelihood that failure would occur in the event of a land slide. These were then combined with an assessment of the event frequency to determine estimates of the failure frequency. Having established ‘raw’ failure frequencies, the model was developed further to investigate the effects of introducing mitigating methods to reduce the failure frequencies, and hence risks, to levels that could be regarded as ALARP.
The paper describes the philosophy and the salient features of the approach and illustrates the application using a case study.
Investigation Into the Effect of Post Weld Heat Treatment on Thermo-Mechanically Controlled Rolled Pipeline Steels
Authors: Slater Simon , Wilkinson Richard 
Published: July 2013

Practical options for routing new or diverted pipelines are often limited, which in some cases can lead to the construction of pipelines in potentially seismic or land-slip areas. Designers have advocated the use of heavy wall pipe in these areas; with the potential requirement for girth weld post weld heat treatment (PWHT) to reduce the residual stresses and temper any hard microstructures created during construction welding.
A large proportion of high strength, heavy wall pipe is manufactured using thermo-mechanically controlled processed (TMCP) steel plate. It is generally accepted that these steels are not designed for subsequent PWHT and may suffer some degradation in their mechanical properties when re-heated above critical temperatures. A number of standards, specifications and technical publications acknowledge the influence of PWHT on mechanical properties of TMCP plate, but provide limited guidance on how it will affect the properties. Others refer directly to a detrimental effect, such as BS 4514-1, which states “when PWHT is carried out it may be necessary to verify the properties of the pipe and the welded joints affected by the heat treatment” and EN10208-2 which states “subsequent heating of TMCP material above 580°C may lower the strength”.
The response to PWHT of two TMCP pipeline steels used within the UK gas transmission network has been investigated to confirm if the expected degradation in properties occurs and attempt to quantify the scale of any effect. The pipe material tested was L450MB and L555MB (equivalent grade to API5L X65 and X80), with dimensions 1219 mm × 25.4 mm and 1219 mm × 22.9 mm respectively, manufactured using the UOE process and submerged arc welding. The girth welds were manufactured using a manual metal arc process at the National Grid Pipeline Maintenance Centre in the UK.
The PWHT parameters were selected to represent the top end of the temperature and time ranges available in existing standards and literature, theoretically testing the worst case scenario in terms of any possible deleterious effect.
The project incorporated a detailed test program of the pipe, longitudinal weld and girth weld in both the as-welded and PWHT condition. The paper describes the tests performed and the results obtained.
The mechanical properties of both pipe grades met the minimum requirements of the associated specifications after PWHT. However, a general deleterious effect of PWHT was observed, most significantly for the L555MB material and particularly the longitudinal seam weld. The magnitude of any effect is considered a function of the material chemistry, TMCP parameters, welding consumable and PWHT parameters. PWHT on TMCP pipe materials should be restricted. Where PWHT cannot be avoided, testing should be performed on the specific material to clearly define the magnitude of any deterioration in properties at the proposed PWHT temperature and thermal cycle.
A Wayside System for In-Situ Measurement of Rail Neutral Temperature by Nonlinear Ultrasonic Guided Waves
Authors: Nucera Claudio , Phillips Robert , Lanza di Scalea Francesco , Fateh Mahmood , Carr Gary 
Published: July 2013

The University of California at San Diego (UCSD), under a Federal Railroad Administration (FRA) Office of Research and Development (R&D) grant, is conducting research to develop a system for in-situ measurement of the rail Neutral Temperature in Continuous-Welded Rail (CWR). It is known that CWR can break in cold weather and can buckle in hot weather. Currently, there is a need for the railroads to know the current state of thermal stress in the rail, or the rail Neutral Temperature (rail temperature with zero thermal stress), to properly schedule slow-order mandates and prevent derailments.
UCSD has developed a prototype for wayside rail Neutral Temperature measurement that is based on non-linear ultrasonic guided waves. Numerical models were first developed to identify proper guided wave modes and frequencies for maximum sensitivity to the thermal stresses in the rail web, with little influence of the rail head and rail foot. Experiments conducted at the Large-scale Rail NT Test-bed indicated a rail Neutral Temperature measurement accuracy of a few degrees. Field tests are planned at the Transportation Technology Center (TTC) in Pueblo, CO in June 2012 in collaboration with the Burlington Northern Santa Fe (BNSF) Railway.
Development of Analytical Models for Railroad Tank Car Impact and Puncture Behaviors
Authors: Kirkpatrick Steven W. , Munaretto Joseph M. , Phan Virginia , MacNeill Robert A. 
Published: July 2013

There has been significant research in recent years to analyze and improve the impact behavior and puncture resistance of railroad tank cars. Much of this research has been performed using detailed nonlinear finite element analyses supported by full scale impact testing. This use of detailed simulation methodologies has significantly improved our understanding of the tank impact behaviors and puncture safety. However, the performance of the detailed analyses or full scale testing can require significant computer or financial resources to evaluate a wide range of impact scenarios.
This paper describes the development of analytical models that can predict the impact and puncture behavior of a pressurized railroad tank car. The methodology applied is to first develop a model that can predict the force-deflection behavior obtained from a general impact at any point on the tank. Separately, a characteristic puncture force is determined as a function of the tank geometry, impactor geometry, and impact conditions. Combined, these models can be applied to predict the impact and puncture behavior of the tank.
Meningococcal Polysaccharide A
O
-Acetylation Levels Do Not Impact the Immunogenicity of the Quadrivalent Meningococcal Tetanus Toxoid Conjugate Vaccine: Results from a Randomized, Controlled Phase III Study of Healthy Adults Aged 18 to 25 Years
Authors: Lupisan Socorro , Limkittikul Kriengsak , Sosa Nestor , Chanthavanich Pornthep , Bianco Véronique , Baine Yaela , Van der Wielen Marie , Miller Jacqueline M. 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACT

In this study, we compared the immunogenicities of two lots of meningococcal ACWY-tetanus toxoid conjugate vaccine (MenACWY-TT) that differed in serogroup A polysaccharide (PS)
O
-acetylation levels and evaluated their immunogenicities and safety in comparison to a licensed ACWY polysaccharide vaccine (Men-PS). In this phase III, partially blinded, controlled study, 1,170 healthy subjects aged 18 to 25 years were randomized (1:1:1) to receive one dose of MenACWY-TT lot A (ACWY-A) (68%
O
-acetylation), MenACWY-TT lot B (ACWY-B) (92%
O
-acetylation), or Men-PS (82%
O
-acetylation). Immunogenicity was evaluated in terms of serum bactericidal activity using rabbit complement (i.e., rabbit serum bactericidal activity [rSBA]). Solicited symptoms, unsolicited adverse events (AEs), and serious AEs (SAEs) were recorded. The immunogenicities, in terms of rSBA geometric mean titers, were comparable for both lots of MenACWY-TT. The vaccine response rates across the serogroups were 79.1 to 97.0% in the two ACWY groups and 73.7 to 94.1% in the Men-PS group. All subjects achieved rSBA titers of ≥1:8 for all serogroups. All subjects in the two ACWY groups and 99.5 to 100% in the Men-PS group achieved rSBA titers of ≥1:128. Pain was the most common solicited local symptom and was reported more frequently in the ACWY group (53.9 to 54.7%) than in the Men-PS group (36.8%). The most common solicited general symptoms were fatigue and headache, which were reported by 28.6 to 30.3% and 26.9 to 31.0% of subjects, respectively. Two subjects reported SAEs; one SAE was considered to be related to vaccination (blighted ovum; ACWY-B group). The level of serogroup A PS
O
-acetylation did not affect vaccine immunogenicity. MenACWY-TT (lot A) was not inferior to Men-PS in terms of vaccine response and was well tolerated.
Virulence, Transmission, and Heterologous Protection of Four Isolates of Haemophilus parasuis
Authors: Brockmeier Susan L. , Loving Crystal L. , Mullins Michael A. , Register Karen B. , Nicholson Tracy L. , Wiseman Barry S. , Baker Rodney B. , Kehrli Marcus E. 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACTHaemophilus parasuiscauses Glässer's disease, a syndrome of polyserositis, meningitis, and arthritis in swine. Previous studies withH. parasuishave revealed virulence disparity among isolates and inconsistent heterologous protection. In this study, virulence, direct transmission, and heterologous protection of 4 isolates ofH. parasuis(SW114, 12939, MN-H, and 29755) were evaluated using a highly susceptible pig model. In an initial experiment, isolates 12939, MN-H, and 29755 caused Glässer's disease, while strain SW114 failed to cause any clinical signs of disease. One pig from each group challenged with MN-H or 29755 failed to develop clinical disease but was able to transmitH. parasuisto noninfected pigs, which subsequently developed Glässer's disease. Pigs colonized with SW114, 29755, or MN-H that were free of clinical disease were protected from a subsequent challenge with isolate 12939. In a following experiment, pigs vaccinated with strain SW114 given as either a bacterin intramuscularly or a live intranasal vaccine were protected from subsequent challenge with isolate 12939; however, some pigs given live SW114 developed arthritis. Overall these studies demonstrated that pigs infected with virulent isolates ofH. parasuiscan remain healthy and serve as reservoirs for transmission to naive pigs and that heterologous protection amongH. parasuisisolates is possible. In addition, further attenuation of strain SW114 is necessary if it is to be used as a live vaccine.
Molecular Studies Neglect Apparently Gram-Negative Populations in the Human Gut Microbiota
Authors: Hugon Perrine , Lagier Jean-Christophe , Robert Catherine , Lepolard Catherine , Papazian Laurent , Musso Didier , Vialettes Bernard , Raoult Didier 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACT

Studying the relationships between gut microbiota, human health, and diseases is a major challenge that generates contradictory results. Most studies draw conclusions about the gut repertoire using a single biased metagenomics approach. We analyzed 16 different stool samples collected from healthy subjects who were from different areas, had metabolic disorders, were immunocompromised, or were treated with antibiotics at the time of the stool collection. The analyses performed included Gram staining, flow cytometry, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) of the
Bacteroidetes
and
Firmicutes
phyla, and pyrosequencing of the 16S rRNA gene amplicons targeting the V6 region. We quantified 10
10
prokaryotes per gram of feces, which is less than was previously described. The Mann-Whitney test revealed that Gram-negative proportions of the prokaryotes obtained by Gram staining, TEM, and pyrosequencing differed according to the analysis used, with Gram-negative prokaryotes yielding median percentages of 70.6%, 31.0%, and 16.4%, respectively. A comparison of TEM and pyrosequencing analyses highlighted a difference of 14.6% in the identification of Gram-negative prokaryotes, and a Spearman test showed a tendency toward correlation, albeit not significant, in the Gram-negative/Gram-positive prokaryote ratio (ρ = 0.3282,
P
= 0.2146). In contrast, when comparing the qPCR and pyrosequencing results, a significant correlation was found for the
Bacteroidetes
/
Firmicutes
ratio (ρ = 0.6057,
P
= 0.0130). Our study showed that the entire diversity of the human gut microbiota remains unknown because different techniques generate extremely different results. We found that to assess the overall composition of bacterial communities, multiple techniques must be combined. The biases that exist for each technique may be useful in exploring the major discrepancies in molecular studies.
Cardiac Device-Related Endocarditis Caused by Paenibacillus glucanolyticus
Authors: Ferrand Janina , Hadou Tahar , Selton-Suty Christine , Goehringer François , Sadoul Nicolas , Alauzet Corentine , Lozniewski Alain 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACT

We report the first case of
Paenibacillus glucanolyticus
infection in a 65-year-old patient with type 2 diabetes who developed a cardiac device-related endocarditis. The identification of the isolate was performed using phenotypic methods, including mass spectrometry-based methods, and 16S rRNA gene sequencing.
Absence of Frequent Herpesvirus Transmission in a Nonhuman Primate Predator-Prey System in the Wild
Authors: Murthy Sripriya , Couacy-Hymann Emmanuel , Metzger Sonja , Nowak Kathrin , De Nys Helene , Boesch Christophe , Wittig Roman , Jarvis Michael A. , Leendertz Fabian H. , Ehlers Bernhard 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACT

Emergence of viruses into the human population by transmission from nonhuman primates (NHPs) represents a serious potential threat to human health that is primarily associated with the increased bushmeat trade. Transmission of RNA viruses across primate species appears to be relatively frequent. In contrast, DNA viruses appear to be largely host specific, suggesting low transmission potential. Herein, we use a primate predator-prey system to study the risk of herpesvirus transmission between different primate species in the wild. The system was comprised of western chimpanzees (
Pan troglodytes verus
) and their primary (western red colobus,
Piliocolobus badius badius
) and secondary (black-and-white colobus,
Colobus polykomos
) prey monkey species. NHP species were frequently observed to be coinfected with multiple beta- and gammaherpesviruses (including new cytomegalo- and rhadinoviruses). However, despite frequent exposure of chimpanzees to blood, organs, and bones of their herpesvirus-infected monkey prey, there was no evidence for cross-species herpesvirus transmission. These findings suggest that interspecies transmission of NHP beta- and gammaherpesviruses is, at most, a rare event in the wild.
Vaccinia Virus A19 Protein Participates in the Transformation of Spherical Immature Particles to Barrel-Shaped Infectious Virions
Authors: Satheshkumar P. S. , Weisberg Andrea S. , Moss Bernard 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACT

The A19L open reading frame of vaccinia virus encodes a 9-kDa protein that is conserved in all sequenced chordopoxviruses, yet until now it has not been specifically characterized in any species. We appended an epitope tag after the start codon of the A19L open reading frame without compromising infectivity. The protein was synthesized after viral DNA replication and was phosphorylated independently of the vaccinia virus F10 kinase. The A19 protein was present in purified virions and was largely resistant to nonionic detergent extraction, suggesting a location within the core. A conditional lethal mutant virus was constructed by placing the A19 open reading frame under the control of the
Escherichia coli lac
repressor system. A19 synthesis and infectious virus formation were dependent on inducer. In the absence of inducer, virion morphogenesis was interrupted, and spherical dense particles that had greatly reduced amounts of the D13 scaffold accumulated in place of barrel-shaped mature virions. The infectivity of purified A19-deficient particles was more than 2 log units less than that of A19-containing virions. Nevertheless, the A19-deficient particles contained DNA, and except for the absence of A19 and decreased core protein processing, they appeared to have a similar protein composition as A19-containing virions. Thus, the A19 protein participates in the maturation of immature vaccinia virus virions to infectious particles.
Herpesvirus 6 Glycoproteins B (gB), gH, gL, and gQ Are Necessary and Sufficient for Cell-to-Cell Fusion
Authors: Tanaka Yuki , Suenaga Tadahiro , Matsumoto Misako , Seya Tsukasa , Arase Hisashi 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACTThe human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) envelope glycoprotein gH/gL/gQ1/gQ2 complex associates with host cell CD46 as its cellular receptor. Although gB has been suggested to be involved in HHV-6 infection, its function in membrane fusion has remained unclear. Here, we have developed an HHV-6A (strain GS)and HHV-6B (strain Z29) virus-free cell-to-cell fusion assay and demonstrate that gB and the gH/gL/gQ1/gQ2 complex are the minimum components required for membrane fusion by HHV-6.