bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Urinary Adenosine Cyclic 3′,5′-Monophosphate in Idiopathic Calcium Stone-Formers: Response to An Oral Calcium Load
Authors: Walker V. R. , Sutton R. A. L. 
Published: August 2015

1. Idiopathic calcium stone-formers with hypercalciuria during fasting have significantly lower urinary cyclic AMP levels (nmol/dl of glomerular filtrate) than fasting normocalciuric stone-formers.
2. Female subjects, including both normal subjects and idiopathic calcium stone-formers, have higher urinary cyclic AMP levels than their male counterparts, and this difference is significant when urinary cyclic AMP is expressed in the units μmol/g of creatinine. Expressing urinary cyclic AMP in nmol/dl of glomerular filtrate reduces this difference but does not abolish it. Thus, in comparing urinary cyclic AMP levels in various subgroups of the calcium stone-formers and in normal subjects, both sex differences and the units of urinary cyclic AMP expression must be taken into consideration.
3. The magnitude of the change in urinary cyclic AMP in response to an oral calcium load appears to depend on the antecedent urinary cyclic AMP excretion rate, whereby those individuals (either normal subjects or calcium stone-formers) having the highest urinary cyclic AMP levels demonstrate the greatest fall in urinary cyclic AMP after a calcium load.
The Importance of Urinary Immunoglobulin Light Chain Isoelectric Point (Pi) in Nephrotoxicity in Multiple Myeloma
Authors: Coward R. A. , Delamore I. W. , Mallick N. P. , Robinson E. L. 
Published: August 2015

1. There is clinical and experimental evidence to imply that urinary immunoglobulin light chains are nephrotoxic yet some patients pass large amounts for years with little renal damage. Animal experiments suggest that a light chain is more nephrotoxic if it has a high isoelectric point (i.e. is cationic in relation to urine pH).
2. We studied 23 patients with multiple myeloma, measuring light chain excretion rate, light chain isoelectric point (pI) and creatinine clearance.
3. Light chain excretion rate was independent of light chain isoelectric point and did not correlate with creatinine clearance.
4. Light chain isoelectric point correlated with creatinine clearance, suggesting that this characteristic may be an important determinant of the nephrotoxic effect of these immunoglobulin constituents.
The Effect of a Reduced Sodium Intake on Post-Renal Transplantation Hypertension in Rats
Authors: De Keijzer M. H. , Provoost A. P. , Wolff E. D. , Kort W. J. , Weijma I. M. , Van Aken M. , Molenaar J. C. 
Published: August 2015

1. In an experimental model of post-renal transplantation hypertension in rats, we studied the effect of a reduction of sodium intake on the development of this type of hypertension.
2. Systolic blood pressure, plasma- renin concentration and renal function were measured regularly in recipients of an allogeneic kidney transplant that had previously undergone active immunological enhancement.
3. Transplant recipients on a normal diet showed a rise in systolic blood pressure during the second week after transplantation. The systolic blood pressure of recipients on a low sodium diet remained normotensive throughout the 15 weeks follow-up period.
4. The plasma renin concentration was low in the hypertensive recipients on a normal diet, as compared with unilaterally nephrectomized controls. Although the plasma renin concentration of recipients on a low sodium diet fell below that of unilaterally nephrectomized controls on a low sodium diet, it was higher than that of recipients on a normal diet.
5. The renal function of transplant recipients was greatly reduced compared with that of control rats. The glomerular filtration rate was reduced to a greater extent than the effective renal plasma flow.
6. In a separate experiment it was revealed that a similar reduction in the glomerular filtration rate of kidneys permanently damaged by temporary ischaemia did not result in an increase in the systolic blood pressure.
7. Survival up to 6 weeks after transplantation was the same for both groups of recipients. Recipients on a low sodium diet, however, showed a better 15 weeks survival, probably owing to the absence of hypertension in this group.
8. The prevention of the development of hypertension by means of a reduction of sodium intake, points to an involvement of sodium retention in this post-transplantation hypertension model.
The Effects of Immobilization, after Lower Leg Fracture, on the Contractile Properties of Human Triceps Surae
Authors: White M. J. , Davies C. T. M. 
Published: August 2015

1. The contractile properties of the triceps surae were evaluated in 11 patients after unilateral fracture of the lower leg and subsequent immobilization for 135 ± 68 days. Calf muscle cross-sectional area (plus bone: CSA) was assessed from anthropometric measurement.
2. It was shown that the injured leg had a faster time to peak tension and increased half-relaxation time (1/2RT); twitch force (Pt) was reduced by 25%. Evoked maximal tetanic tensions (P0) at 10 and 20 Hz were reduced by 51% and 46% respectively compared with the uninjured leg. The force of a maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) was also reduced, by 50%, but calf circumference and CSA were only 5% and 16% respectively lower in the injured leg.
3. It was concluded that the changes in contractile speed may indicate a relatively greater atrophy of slow (type I) muscle fibres.
4. The relationship between CSA and tension generation in the injured limb was shown to be poor after immobilization and during recovery. Anthropometric estimation of CSA does not appear to reflect the degree of muscle wasting, as indicated by reduced tension development after immobilization.
The Logical Description of a Disease Class as a Boolean Function with Special Reference to the Irritable Bowel Syndrome
Authors: Card W. I. , Lucas R. W. , Spiegelhalter D. J. 
Published: August 2015

1. Although some disease classes can be defined by a single defining characteristic, in terms of traditional logic one that is both necessary and sufficient, other disease classes, such as the so-called ‘irritable bowel syndrome’ (IBS), have only a set of symptoms, signs etc. which are said to chatacterize it in some undefined way.
2. This characterization might be made definite by using simple Boolean algebra to give a logical description of the disease class.
3. This method can only be used if the individual doctor can be shown to be consistent in his assignment of a set of data to the disease class and also if his assignment agrees independently with that of another doctor.
4. To test such consistency and concordance, 100 case records were collected of supposed IBS and not-IBS; 20 of these were replicated to test consistency, and the total of 120 records was examined by five consultants independently, who assigned them either to an IBS or a not-IBS class.
5. From the 1500 pair-wise comparisons, analysis revealed that the disagreement in assignment between doctors was only slightly greater than the disagreement within doctors, suggesting that the group of doctors acted as if there were an implicit description of IBS with which each of them broadly agreed. This implicit description, if made explicit, could form a basis for diagnosis by logical implication.
6. This method of logical definition has general application in medicine and a set of defined cases could be used to establish entry criteria for multicentre trials of a previously ill-defined class.
Blood Pressure and Intra-Erythrocyte Sodium during Normal and High Salt Intake in Middle-Aged Men: Relationship to Family History of Hypertension, and Neurogenic and Hormonal Variables
Authors: Gudmundsson Ottar , Herlitz Hans , Jonsson Olof , Hedner Thomas , Andersson Ove , Berglund Goran 
Published: August 2015

1. During 4 weeks 37 normotensive 50-year-old men identified by screening in a random population sample were given 12 g of NaCl daily, in addition to their usual dietary sodium intake. Blood pressure, heart rate, weight, urinary excretion of sodium, potassium and catecholamines, plasma aldosterone and noradrenaline and intra-erythrocyte sodium content were determined on normal and increased salt intake. The subjects were divided into those with a positive family history of hypertension (n = 11) and those without such a history (n = 26).
2. Systolic blood pressure and weight increased significantly irrespective of a positive family history of hypertension.
3. On normal salt intake intra-erythrocyte sodium content was significantly higher in those with a positive family history of hypertension. During high salt intake intra-erythrocyte sodium content decreased significantly in that group and the difference between the hereditary subgroups was no longer significant.
4. In the whole group urinary excretion of noradrenaline, adrenaline and dopamine increased whereas plasma aldosterone decreased during the increased salt intake.
5. Thus, in contrast to some earlier studies performed in young subjects, our results indicate that moderately increased sodium intake acts as a pressor agent in normotensive middle-aged men whether there was a positive family history of hypertension or not. We confirm that men with positive family history of hypertension have an increased intra-erythrocyte sodium content, and that an increase in salt intake seems to increase overall sympathetic activity.
Evidence for Angiotensin-Stimulated Proximal Tubular Fluid Reabsorption in Normotensive and Hypertensive Rats: Effect of Acute Administration of Captopril
Authors: Harris P. J. , Navar L. G. , Ploth D. W. 
Published: August 2015

1. The effects of captopril on mean arterial blood pressure and proximal tubular fluid re-absorption (Jv) were examined in anaesthetized normotensive rats and in the non-clipped kidneys of two-kidney, one-clip Goldblatt hypertensive rats.
2. In the normotensive animals, captopril reduced arterial blood pressure from 121 ± sd 9 to 106 ± 10 mmHg and Jv decreased from 3.78 ± 0.45 to 2.57 ± 0.58 × 10−4mm3mm−2s−1. Captopril had a greater effect on blood pressure in the hypertensive animals (172 ± 17 reduced to 133 ± 23 mmHg) although the decrease in Jv from 3.62 ± 0.12 to 2.40 ± 0.40 was similar to that observed in normotensive animals.
3. These results provide evidence that, in the anaesthetized rat, angiotensin II contributes to the maintenance of the rate of proximal fluid re-absorption. The magnitude of the angiotensin-stimulated component of proximal fluid absorption is similar in normotensive and two-kidney, one-clip Goldblatt hypertensive rats.
Cyclic AMP Responses to Parathyroid Hormone and Glucagon during Lithium Treatment
Authors: Waller D. G. , Albano J. D. M. , Millar J. G. B. , Polak A. 
Published: August 2015

1. Inhibition of adenylate cyclase has been proposed as a mechanism for hypothyroidism and nephrogenic diabetes insipidus occurring during lithium treatment, but these disorders are rarely found in the same patients.
2. We have measured plasma levels of adenosine 3′:5′-cyclic monophosphate (cyclic AMP) after an intravenous injection of glucagon in eight patients receiving long term lithium treatment and in six control subjects. Urinary cyclic AMP levels after an intravenous injection of bovine parathyroid hormone (PTH) were also measured in the patients.
3. The plasma cyclic AMP response to glucagon in the patient group was significantly lower than that of the controls. No correlation was demonstrated between the plasma cyclic AMP response after glucagon and the urinary cyclic AMP response after PTH.
4. We have previously shown that impairment of the response to PTH correlates with reduced urine concentrating ability during lithium treatment. In contrast, there was no correlation between the responses to PTH and glucagon in individual patients. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that inhibition of adenylate cyclase is an important factor in lithium-induced endocrine dysfunction.
Acute effects of moderate alcohol consumption on blood pressure and plasma catecholamines
Authors: Ireland M. A. , Vandongen R. , Davidson L. , Beilin L. J. , Rouse I. L. 
Published: August 2015

1. This study examines the response of blood pressure, plasma catecholamines and cortisol to acute alcohol intake in young men with light to moderate drinking habits.
2. Ingestion of alcohol was associated with a highly significant increase in systolic blood pressure and heart rate which occurred before blood alcohol reached its peak concentration of 16.9 ± 1.1 mmol/l (80 mg/100 ml). After an initial non-specific rise, diastolic pressure fell below values observed after drinking water only. This predominant effect of alcohol on systolic blood pressure is also seen with chronic alcohol consumption.
3. Drinking water and non-alcoholic cold liquids caused a marked fall in plasma adrenaline and a transient rise in noradrenaline concentration. In contrast, drinking alcohol resulted in a relative rise in adrenaline and a delayed increase in noradrenaline concentration.
4. Blood glucose increased after alcohol, supporting a physiological effect of adrenaline on liver glycogenolysis. Plasma cortisol concentration was also significantly higher after drinking alcohol.
5. It is proposed that the relative rise in adrenaline together with higher cortisol levels, repeated over a variable period in susceptible individuals, are implicated in the elevation of blood pressure associated with long term alcohol consumption. It concurs with observations in man and experimental animals of a slow pressor mechanism mediated by adrenaline.
6. The study emphasized that an evaluation of the acute effects of alcohol requires careful measurement of blood pressure, precise assay of catecholamines and recognition of the confounding effects of drinking cold liquids.
Methacholine dose-response curves in normal and asthmatic man: Effect of starting conductance and pharmacological antagonism
Authors: Chung K. F. , Snashall P. D. 
Published: August 2015

1. The bronchial response of 11 normal and ten stable asthmatic subjects to increasing concentrations of methacholine aerosol was assessed by serial measurements of specific airways conductance (scaw) in a body plethysmograph.
2. Cumulative log dose-response curves were constructed. The threshold provocative dose of methacholine needed to cause a 35% fall in starting sCaw (pD35) and the steepest slope of the response were measured from each curve.
3. On separate days subjects were premedicated with 0.9% NaCl solution (control) in duplicate, chlorpheniramine, salbutamol and atropine, the last-named at two different doses, one twice the other.
4. Asthmatic subjects had a lower mean PD35 and a lower mean slope than normal subjects.
5. Pretreatment with salbutamol resulted in a greater increase in sGaw than after atropine but caused a smaller increase in PD35 in both groups. There was a dose-dependent increase in PD3s after the two doses of atropine, but no significant difference in bronchodilatation between doses. Mean steepest slope approximately doubled in these three sets of challenges.
6. Chlorpheniramine caused a small degree of bronchodilatation and there was a non-significant increase in mean PD3s and in mean steepest slope in both normal and asthmatic groups.
7. There was a positive linear correlation between starting sGaw and steepest slope in each group of premedicated challenges, such that when
A circulating inhibitor of leucocyte sodium transport in patients with advanced liver cirrhosis
Authors: Sewell R. B. , Poston Lucilla , Wilkinson S. P. , Williams Roger 
Published: August 2015

1. Leucocyte sodium efflux was measured in control leucocytes pre-incubated for 90 min with serum from patients with advanced liver cirrhosis.
2. Serum from patients with advanced alcoholic liver cirrhosis was inhibitory to sodium transport in control leucocytes. The degree of inhibition was similar to that seen in the patients' own leucocytes; the defect induced by patient serum was primarily inhibition of ouabain-insensitive sodium efflux, whereas in the patients' own leucocytes, inhibition was seen in both ouabain-sensitive and -insensitive sodium efflux, as shown previously.
3. The results suggest that a circulating factor, present in patients with advanced cirrhosis, is capable of inhibiting sodium transport in leucocytes.
Pathogenicity of Cationized Albumin in the Dog: Renal and Extrarenal Effects
Authors: Lambert P. P. , Doriaux M. , Sennesael J. , Vanholder R. , Lammens-Verslijpe M. 
Published: August 2015

1. The effects of 21 cationized serum albumin samples of various degrees of cationization on renal function were studied in the dog. The samples were perfused intra-aortically to obtain preferential perfusion of the left kidney in 25 dogs. Standard clearance techniques were used, associated in six dogs with sieving studies of 125I-labelled polyvinylpyrrolidone (125I-PVP) and with an extensive morphological study in 15 dogs.
2. Renal effects were observed. (a) Renal effects in left kidneys. The perfusion with weakly cationized albumin (group 1) produced moderate proteinuria associated with the deposition of cationized albumin on the anionic sites of the basement membrane. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was unaltered. Perfusion with highly cationized samples (group 2) produced more severe proteinuria and a significant decrease in GFR. Glomerular permeability to 125I-PVP increased. Perfusion with the four samples of highest pI (group 3) was followed by anuria. (b) Renal effects in right kidneys. A retarded mild proteinuria appeared only in group 2 and group 3 animals without alteration of GFR. All the kidneys (group 1 included), with the exception of two (group 3), showed deposition of the protein in the anionic sites.
3. The following extrarenal effects were observed essentially in group 2 and group 3 animals: erythrocyte agglutination and haemolysis, platelet aggregation and thrombocytopenia, and a decrease in plasma fibrogen level due to fibrinogen precipitation. These effects produced progressive obstruction in the glomerular capillaries, thus explaining the occurrence of anuria. The structural damage in group 2 and group 3 left kidneys bears remarkable resemblance to that observed in the fulminant form of the human so-called ‘haemolytic-uraemic syndrome’.
4. The neutralization alone of the fixed negative charges in the glomerular wall appears to produce only mild proteinuria, whereas the various extrarenal effects combine to produce more severe proteinuria associated with functional alteration and vascular obstruction.
Role of the Splanchnic Bed in Extracting Circulating Adrenaline and Noradrenaline in Normal Subjects and in Patients with Cirrhosis of the Liver
Authors: Keller U. , Gerber P. P. G. , Bühler F. R. , Stauffacher W. 
Published: August 2015

1. Splanchnic extraction rates of adrenaline and noradrenaline were determined in seven normal subjects and in nine patients with cirrhosis of the liver using arterial-hepatic venous catherization.
2. Both catecholamines were effectively removed when the blood passed through the splanchnic area: splanchnic fractional uptake of adrenaline in normal subjects was 90 ± 3%, and lower for noradrenaline, 68 ± 4% (P &lt; 0.001). Net splanchnic extraction rates were higher for noradrenaline (126 ± 16 ng/min) than for adrenaline (40 ± 10 ng/min, P &lt; 0.001), probably due to the higher arterial plasma levels of noradrenaline.
3. Resting arterial adrenaline and noradrenaline levels were significantly higher in cirrhotic patients than in normal subjects (adrenaline: 121 ± 27 vs 54 ± 8 pg/ml, P &lt; 0.05; noradrenaline: 678 ± 89 vs 251 ± 26 pg/ml, P &lt; 0.005). Net splanchnic catecholamine uptake was increased in cirrhotic patients.
4. The results demonstrate that the splanchnic bed in normal and cirrhotic subjects extracts plasma catecholamines efficiently; they suggest that elevated plasma catecholamines in cirrhosis are not the result of impaired splanchnic catecholamine removal.
A Paradoxical Fall in Urine Dopamine Output When Patients with Essential Hypertension Are Given Added Dietary Salt
Authors: Harvey J. N. , Casson I. F. , Clayden A. D. , Cope G. F. , Perkins C. M. , Lee M. R. 
Published: August 2015

1. The effect of dietary sodium on the urine dopamine excretion of eight hypertensive patients and six matched controls was studied under metabolic balance conditions over a 2 week period during which dietary sodium intake was increased from 20 to 220 mmol/day.
2. The control group showed the expected increase in dopamine excretion in response to sodium but the hypertensive patients showed an initial fall followed by a return to baseline values.
3. Neither group showed a rise in blood pressure but the hypertensive patients showed a greater weight gain on salt loading, although this change was not significant. The cumulative sodium balance was greater and more prolonged in the hypertensive patients, although this difference also did not attain statistical significance.
4. This defect in dopamine mobilization may be important in relation to renal sodium handling by patients with essential hypertension.
Receptor-Cyclase Coupling Protein in Erythrocytes of Patients with Essential Hypertension
Authors: Farfel Zvi , Iaina Adrian , Eliahou Haskel , Cohen Zohara 
Published: August 2015

1. In order to define the alteration of the function of the adrenergic system in hypertension, we studied directly the receptor-cyclase coupling protein (N protein), which is one of the components of the enzyme adenylate cyclase.
2. N protein was determined in erythrocyte membranes of patients with essential hypertension and normal subjects, with a complementation assay in vitro. Fifteen normal subjects and 18 patients with essential hypertension (eight untreated and ten treated with β-adrenoreceptor blocking drugs alone or in combination with other antihypertensive drugs), and two patients with pseudohypoparathyroidism type Ia (known to have deficient N protein activity), were studied.
3. Erythrocyte N protein activities in the various groups expressed as percentages of the means ± sd of normals were: normal subjects 100 ± 13.7, untreated hypertensive 108.9 ± 20.4, treated hypertensive 104.3 ± 11.3 and pseudohypoparathyroidism type Ia 43%.
4. The difference between N protein activity in the hypertensive patients and normals was not statistically significant. We suggest that the molecular basis for the altered sympathetic responsiveness in essential hypertension may reside in other components of the cyclic AMP protein kinase effector system.
Inhibition of Jejunal Water and Electrolyte Absorption by Therapeutic Doses of Clindamycin in Man
Authors: Spiller R. C. , Higgins B. E. , Frost P. G. , Silk D. B. A. 
Published: August 2015

1. A steady-state perfusion technique has been used in vivo in normal subjects to show that at concentrations occurring during therapeutic use (500 mg/l, 1.1 mmol/l) the antibiotic clindamycin reversibly inhibits bicarbonate-stimulated water and electrolyte absorption from the human jejunum.
2. Lactose-stimulated water and electrolyte absorption was not affected by the addition of clindamycin at the same concentration.
3. Clindamycin-induced malabsorption of water and electrolytes may contribute significantly to the diarrhoea that occurs during clindamycin therapy in the absence of pseudomembranous colitis.