bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An evaluation of the contribution of hatchery stocking on population density and biomass: a lesson from masu salmon juveniles within a Japanese river system
Authors: Sahashi G. , Morita K. , Ohnuki T. , Ohkuma K. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractStocking is an important management tool for enhancing fisheries resources, but its actual contribution to fisheries resources is controversial, taking into consideration both the positive and negative effects. This study compared density and biomass of hatchery (otolith thermal marked) and wild masu salmon parr between stocked and unstocked rivers to evaluate the contribution of stocking with hatchery‐reared fish. Density and biomass of all fish did not differ between stocked and unstocked rivers. Moreover, density and biomass of wild fish in the stocked rivers were lower than those of the unstocked rivers. Density and biomass of hatchery fish in a non‐natural reproducing river were similar with those of all fish in natural reproducing rivers. These results indicate that hatchery stocking does not have positive effects on population density or biomass but replaces wild fish with hatchery fish and that non‐natural reproducing areas are more suitable as stocking sites.
DER TROST DER POESIE: STIFTERS ABDIAS
Authors: Lauer Gerhard 
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACTStifter's ‘Erzählungen’ belong to a metaphysically oriented tradition of narration which does not share the modern notion of aesthetic autonomy. Instead art has a moral duty to scrutinise the human heart and to console it in its limitations. With reference to the story Abdias, this essay examines Stifter's narrative techniques of moral explication, exemplification and inculcation, which grant his short stories a strong moral sense. The essay shows how Stifter intimately connected art with the purpose of moral education and sensual pleasure. In this aim, Stifter is not modern. He is, however, modern in the way his stories emphasise subjective perspective and a form of insight only to be achieved through art. That is why his stories belong to a specific type of metaphysical and moral narration within modernity.Stifters Erzählungen gehören einer Tradition des metaphysischen Erzählens an, die das Autonomiepostulat moderner Kunst nicht teilt. Unverstellt hat Kunst die moralphilosophische Aufgabe, das menschliche Herz zu erkunden und in seinen Beschränkungen zu trösten. Am Beispiel der Abdias‐Erzählung untersucht der Aufsatz Stifters Verfahren der moralischen Explikation, Exemplifikation und Einübung, die seinen Erzählungen offensiv Sinn verleihen. Wie der Aufsatz zeigt, bindet Stifter damit die Kunst an Zwecke expliziter Lehrhaftigkeit und die Erzeugung sinnlichen Vergnügens zurück. Mit diesem Anspruch ist Stifter nicht modern. Modern ist er dagegen dort, wo seine Erzählungen die subjektive Perspektive und die nur durch die Kunst zu vermittelnde Erkenntnis betonen. Darin gehört er einem eigentümlich lehrhaften Typus metaphysisch‐moralischen Erzählens in der Moderne an.Für Wolfgang Frühwald zum 80. Geburtstag
Long‐term exposure to pro‐inflammatory cytokines inhibits the osteogenic/dentinogenic differentiation of stem cells from the apical papilla
Authors: Liu C. , Xiong H. , Chen K. , Huang Y. , Huang Y. , Yin X. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractAimTo investigate the in vitro effects of TNF‐α and IL‐1β on the osteogenic/dentinogenic differentiation of stem cells from the apical papilla (SCAP).MethodologySCAPs treated with 10 ng mL−1 TNF‐α and/or 5 ng mL−1 IL‐1β were defined as the treatment groups, with untreated cells defined as the control group. Cell proliferation was measured using the MTT assay and cell cycle analysis. Cells in all of the groups were cultured in the osteogenic/dentinogenic differentiation medium and processed for analysis at days 3, 7 and 14. The Alizarin Red S assay, alkaline phosphatase staining and real‐time PCR were used to evaluate the differentiation capacity. Differences between the treatment groups and the control groups were analysed statistically using one‐way anova and Dunnett's post‐test.ResultsCompared with the control group, the treated SCAPs were associated with a significantly greater proliferation activity at days 3 and 5 but reduced proliferation at day 9 (P < 0.05). Significantly lower calcium deposition and ALP activity were observed in the treatment groups at day 14 (P < 0.05), as well as reduced ALP, DSPP and DMP‐1 expression levels (P < 0.05); however, treated SCAPs had significantly higher levels of DSPP and DMP‐1 at day 7 (P < 0.05). In the control group, the ALP, DSPP and DMP‐1 expression levels increased significantly from day 3 to day 14 (P < 0.05), but the treatment groups were not associated with increased expression from day 7 to day 14 (P > 0.05).ConclusionsThe pro‐inflammatory cytokines TNF‐α and IL‐1β inhibited mineralization and osteogenic‐/dentinogenic‐related gene expression in SCAPs in vitro after long‐term culturing. However, these cytokines induced cell proliferation and mineralization in short‐term culture probably as a protective response. These findings help to elucidate the impact of inflammation on tooth development.
Impact of Food and Drug Administration hepatotoxicity warning on prescribing and monitoring of dronedarone in a tertiary teaching hospital
Authors: Arif Sally A , Drury Rachel , Ader Pamela 
Published: September 2015

Abstract

Objectives
The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of a Food and Drug Administration (FDA) hepatotoxicity warning on 14 January 2011 on the prescribing practices and hepatic monitoring of patients receiving dronedarone.

Methods
Patients who received dronedarone 1 year before and after the FDA warning were retrospectively evaluated for the appropriateness of dronedarone prescribing, hepatic injury evaluation and medication discontinuation rates in a tertiary medical centre.

Key findings
Ninety-one patients (66.4%) were prescribed dronedarone prior to the FDA warning, compared with 46 patients (33.6%) after the warning. The frequency of liver function testing (72.5% versus 76.1%) and discontinuation rates (42.9% versus 50%) were similar before and after the FDA warning.

Conclusions
There was no significant change in dronedarone prescribing practice, monitoring of hepatic function or discontinuation rates following an FDA hepatotoxicity warning.
Do no harm: the role of community pharmacists in regulating public access to prescription drugs in Saudi Arabia†
Authors: Bahnassi Anas 
Published: September 2015

Abstract

Objective
Pharmacists have a crucial role to ensure regulated public access to prescription drugs. The study aimed to investigate the views of community pharmacists practising in Saudi Arabia on their role in the unauthorised supply of prescription drugs, consider the possible contributory factors and report pharmacists' suggested strategies to regulate supply.

Methods
One hundred community pharmacists were invited to participate in an interview-based survey, including questions on demographic characteristics, and the unauthorised supply of prescription drugs. Descriptive statistics were conducted, and associations between categorical responses tested; a P value of ≤0.05 was considered significant. Responses to open questions were analysed thematically.

Key findings
In Saudi Arabia, there is widespread unregulated supply of prescription drugs; pharmacists are under pressure from patients to provide prescription drugs for a wide range of clinical conditions. There are safety and appropriateness concerns when drugs are provided based on patient demand rather than clinical need. Pharmacists do not maintain patient records with information on drugs supplied and associated actions.

Conclusion
While most pharmacists supply prescription drugs without the necessary prescriber authorisation, they also this may jeopardise patients safety. While we have many concerns about this practice its present form, we believe pharmacists should have certain prescribing privileges within their areas of competence. A legal framework is needed to guarantee proper pharmacists' training, support, mentorship and access to the tools required to provide safe pharmacy practice.
Editorial: Painting by numbers: using modern approaches to analyse and visualise clinical and research data
Authors: Coghill David 
Published: September 2015

AbstractA broad range of modern mathematical and statistical approaches alongside vastly increased computing power have opened up new posibilities for the management and analysis of research data. These approaches have allowed researchers to link data from large public registries and then explore these very large and complex datasets. Machine learning approaches that can both learn from and make predictions about data are helping us move closer to a personalised medicine approach. These advances in data management and analysis have been mirrored by the development of various innovative, creative and informative visualisation tools and approaches that offer the researcher fantastic possibilities to improve the clarity of their presentations and increase the impact of their research. In order to make the best use of these opportunities it will be important to ensure that we are more consistent in bringing the right kind of skills into our research teams at the beginning of the process rather than turning to them as an afterthought at the end of the process.
Diagnosis of monogenic diabetes: 10‐Year experience in a large multi‐ethnic diabetes center
Authors: Thomas Ellen RA , Brackenridge Anna , Kidd Julia , Kariyawasam Dulmini , Carroll Paul , Colclough Kevin , Ellard Sian 
Published: September 2015

AbstractAims/IntroductionMonogenic diabetes accounts for approximately 1–2% of all diabetes, and is difficult to distinguish from type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Molecular diagnosis is important, as the molecular subtype directs appropriate treatment. Patients are selected for testing according to clinical criteria, but up to 80% of monogenic diabetes in the UK has not been correctly diagnosed. We investigated outcomes of genetic testing in our center to compare methods of selecting patients, and consider avenues to increase diagnostic efficiency.Materials and MethodsWe reviewed 36 probands tested for monogenic diabetes in the last 10 years in a large adult diabetes outpatient clinic, serving an ethnically diverse urban population. We compared published clinical criteria and an online maturity onset diabetes of the young calculator applied to these 36 patients, and presented the predictions together with the molecular results.ResultsThe overall mutation detection rate was 42%, reflecting the strict clinical selection process applied before genetic testing. Both methods had high sensitivity for identifying patients with mutations: 88 and 89% for the clinical criteria and online calculator, respectively. Cascade testing in a total of 16 relatives led to diagnosis of a further 13 cases.ConclusionsExisting patient selection criteria were effective in identifying patients with monogenic forms of diabetes, but the number of patients missed using these strict criteria is unknown. Because of the potential savings resulting from correct molecular diagnosis, it is possible that testing a larger pool of patients using less stringent selection criteria would be cost‐effective. Further evidence is required to inform this assessment.
A Radiation Dose Reduction Technology to Improve Patient Safety During Cardiac Catheterization Interventions
Authors: Bracken John A. , Mauti Maria , Kim Michael S. , Messenger John C. , Carroll John D. 
Published: September 2015

ObjectivesA novel radiation dose reduction technology was evaluated in a cardiac catheterization laboratory during routine clinical care to determine if it could reduce radiation dose to patients undergoing coronary angiography and percutaneous coronary intervention. These results were compared to patients undergoing similar procedures in a cardiac catheterization laboratory without this technology.BackgroundThere is a safety priority in clinical care to reduce X‐ray radiation dose to patients in order to lower the risk of deterministic and stochastic effects. Dose reduction technologies must be verified in clinical settings to prove if they reduce X‐ray radiation dose and to what extent.MethodsRadiation dose data and procedure characteristics of 268 consecutive patients were collected and analyzed from a cardiac catheterization laboratory with dose reduction technology installed (referred to as Lab A, n = 135) and from a cardiac catheterization laboratory without this technology (referred as Lab B, n = 133).ResultsFor diagnostic procedures, the median total dose‐area product in Lab A was reduced by 46% (P < 0.0001) compared to Lab B, with no differences in terms of body mass index (P = 0.180), total fluoroscopy times (P = 1), number of acquired images (P = 0.920), and contrast medium (P = 0.660). For interventional procedures, the median total dose‐area product in Lab A was reduced by 34% (P = 0.015) compared to Lab B, with no differences in terms of body mass index (P = 0.665), total fluoroscopy times (P = 0.765), number of acquired images (P = 0.923), and contrast medium (P = 0.969).ConclusionsThis new dose reduction technology significantly reduces X‐ray radiation dose without affecting fluoroscopy time, number of images, and contrast medium used during diagnostic and interventional coronary procedures. (J Interven Cardiol 2015;28:493–497)
Efficiency of Cordless Versus Cord Techniques of Gingival Retraction: A Systematic Review
Authors: Huang Cui , Somar Mirinal , Li Kang , Mohadeb Jhassu Varsha Naveena 
Published: September 2015

AbstractPurposePrimarily to assess the efficacy of cordless versus cord techniques in achieving hemostasis control and gingival displacement and their influence on gingival/periodontal health. In addition, subjective factors reported by the patient (pain, sensitivity, unpleasant taste, discomfort) and operator's experience to both techniques were analyzed.Materials and methodsAn electronic database search was conducted using five main databases ranging from publication year 1998 to December 2014 to identify any in vivo studies comparing cord and cordless gingival retraction techniques.ResultsSeven potential studies were analyzed. Out of the four articles that reported achievement of hemostasis control, three compared patients treated by an epi‐gingival finish line and concluded that paste techniques were more efficient in controlling bleeding. Five studies reported on the amount of sulcus dilatation, with contrasting evidence. Only one study reported an increased gingival displacement when paste systems were used. Two studies did not observe any significant difference, although two showed greater gingival displacement associated with cords, particularly in cases where the finish line was placed at a subgingival level. Of the four studies that assessed the influence of both techniques on the gingival/periodontal health, three noted less traumatic injury to soft tissues when gingival paste was used. A paste system, in general, was documented to be more comfortable to patients and user‐friendly to the operator.ConclusionsBecause of heterogeneity of measurement variables across studies, this study precluded a meta‐analytic approach. Although both techniques (cord/cordless) are reliable in achieving gingival retraction, some situations were identified wherein each of the techniques proved to be more efficient.
Nitric Oxide and Hydrogen Sulfide Regulation of Ischemic Vascular Remodeling
Authors: Yuan Shuai , Kevil Christopher G. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractBlockage or restriction of blood flow through conduit arteries results in tissue ischemia downstream of the disturbed area. Local tissues can adapt to this challenge by stimulating vascular remodeling through angiogenesis and arteriogenesis thereby restoring blood perfusion and removal of wastes. Multiple molecular mechanisms of vascular remodeling during ischemia have been identified and extensively studied. However, therapeutic benefits from these findings and insights are limited due to the complexity of various signaling networks and a lack of understanding central metabolic regulators governing these responses. The gasotransmitters NO and H2S have emerged as master regulators that influence multiple molecular targets necessary for ischemic vascular remodeling. In this review, we discuss how NO and H2S are individually regulated under ischemia, what their roles are in angiogenesis and arteriogenesis, and how their interaction controls ischemic vascular remodeling.
Different rates of defense evolution and niche preferences in clonal and nonclonal milkweeds (Asclepias spp.)
Authors: Pellissier Loïc , Litsios Glenn , Fishbein Mark , Salamin Nicolas , Agrawal Anurag A. , Rasmann Sergio 
Published: September 2015

Summary

Given the dual role of many plant traits to tolerate both herbivore attack and abiotic stress, the climatic niche of a species should be integrated into the study of plant defense strategies.

Here we investigate the impact of plant reproductive strategy and components of species' climatic niche on the rate of chemical defense evolution in the milkweeds using a common garden experiment of 49 species.

We found that across Asclepias species, clonal reproduction repeatedly evolved in lower temperature conditions, in species generally producing low concentrations of a toxic defense (cardenolides). Additionally, we found that rates of cardenolide evolution were lower for clonal than for nonclonal species.

We thus conclude that because the clonal strategy is based on survival, long generation times, and is associated with tolerance of herbivory, it may be an alternative to toxicity in colder ecosystems. Taken together, these results indicate that the rate of chemical defense evolution is influenced by the intersection of life‐history strategy and climatic niches into which plants radiate.
Integrating modelling of biodiversity composition and ecosystem function
Authors: Mokany Karel , Ferrier Simon , Connolly Sean R. , Dunstan Piers K. , Fulton Elizabeth A. , Harfoot Michael B. , Harwood Thomas D. , Richardson Anthony J. , Roxburgh Stephen H. , Scharlemann Jörn P. W. , Tittensor Derek P. , Westcott David A. , Wintle Brendan A. 
Published: September 2015

There is increasing reliance on ecological models to improve our understanding of how ecological systems work, to project likely outcomes under alternative global change scenarios and to help develop robust management strategies. Two common types of spatiotemporally explicit ecological models are those focussed on biodiversity composition and those focussed on ecosystem function. These modelling disciplines are largely practiced separately, with separate literature, despite growing evidence that natural systems are shaped by the interaction of composition and function. Here we call for the development of new modelling approaches that integrate composition and function, accounting for the important interactions between these two dimensions, particularly under rapid global change. We examine existing modelling approaches that have begun to combine elements of composition and function, identifying their potential contribution to fully integrated modelling approaches. The development and application of integrated models of composition and function face a number of important challenges, including biological data limitations, system knowledge and computational constraints. We suggest a range of promising avenues that could help researchers overcome these challenges, including the use of virtual species, macroecological relationships and hybrid correlative‐mechanistic modelling. Explicitly accounting for the interactions between composition and function within integrated modelling approaches has the potential to improve our understanding of ecological systems, provide more accurate predictions of their future states and transform their management.SynthesisThere is increasing attention from researchers and policy makers around the world on both assessing and projecting the state of the planet's biodiversity, its ecosystems and the essential services they provide to society. However, existing modelling approaches largely ignore the interactions between biodiversity composition and ecosystem function. We highlight the key challenges and potential solutions to developing integrated models of composition and function. Such models will require a new effort and focus from ecologists, yet the benefits are likely to be substantial, including better informing the management of natural systems at regional, national and international scales.
Pilot Study of Natural Killer Cells in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome/Myalgic Encephalomyelitis and Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Huth T. K. , Brenu E. W. , Ramos S. , Nguyen T. , Broadley S. , Staines D. , Marshall‐Gradisnik S. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractPatients with chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic encephalomyelitis (CFS/ME) and multiple sclerosis (MS) suffer from debilitating fatigue which is not alleviated by rest. In addition to the fatigue‐related symptoms suffered by patients with CFS/ME and MS, dysfunction of the immune system and, in particular, reduced natural killer (NK) cell cytotoxic activity has also been reported in CFS/ME and MS. The purpose of this pilot study was to compare NK cellular mechanisms in patients with CFS/ME and MS to investigate potential dysfunctions in the NK cell activity pathway. Flow cytometry protocols assessed CD56dimCD16+ and CD56brightCD16+/− NK cell expression of adhesion molecules, NK activating and inhibiting receptors, NK cell maturation and lytic proteins. All participants in this study were female and included 14 patients with CFS/ME, nine patients with MS and 19 non‐fatigued controls. The patient groups and the non‐fatigued controls were not taking any immunosuppressive or immune‐enhancing medications. In the MS cohort, KIR2DL5 was significantly increased on CD56brightCD16+/− NK cells and expression of CD94 was significantly increased on CD56dimCD16+ NK cells in comparison with the controls. Co‐expression of CD57 and perforin was significantly increased on CD56dimCD16+ NK cells from patients with CFS/ME compared to the MS and non‐fatigued control participants. The results from this pilot study suggest that NK cells from patients with CFS/ME and MS may have undergone increased differentiation in response to external stimuli which may affect different mechanisms in the NK cell cytotoxic activity pathway.
Complex Shades of Green: Gradually Changing Notions of the ‘Good Farmer’ in aSwedish Context
Authors: Saunders Fred P. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThere are ever‐growing demands on farmers to consider the wider environmental implications of production, not least in theBalticSeaRegion where concerns about agricultural‐related eutrophication are significant. InSweden, farmers are being nudged through voluntary agro‐environmental measures, enticed by the market and compelled to make the transition from a productivist agriculture to a multifunctional one. Drawing on the ‘good farmer’ concept, inspired by Bourdieu, this article studiesSwedish conventional and agro‐environmental organic farmers' views and reflections on the changing relationship between farming practices and the environment. The article finds that despite 25 years of agro‐environmental policy inSweden, some conventional farmers are still mired in a narrow productivist mindset. That said, the study concludes that we should be wary of conceiving the ‘good farmer’ too strictly in productivist terms, given that the ‘rules of the agricultural game’ inSweden are leading to a more divergent farmer habitus. Farmers are looking for opportunities within the multifunctional agricultural field, which increasingly demands and expects all farmers to embed social and environmental goals into production considerations.