bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Historical perspectives
Authors: Davies Owen 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
Where do people think magic came from and how have histories of magic influenced our view of it? ‘Historical perspectives’ shows how written histories of magic have typically been informed by a sense of Western superiority and have been religiously and culturally biased. What is the difference between superstition and magic? For many societies, superstition and magic were the difference between good and bad religion. In Christianity, magic was Paganism (bad religion), connected to the devil. In the early 1500s laws against witchcraft were enacted across Europe — these were laws against magic. But scientific explorations of magic also took place, such as Isaac Newton's pursuit of alchemy pushed scientific discovery forwards.
All in the mind?
Authors: Davies Owen 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
There is a long history of scepticism regarding magic. ‘All in the mind? ’ looks at magicians, witchcraft, and psychoanalysis. In 16th-century England Reginald Scot learned the tricks of the trade of street magicians then wrote a book exposing them. He pointed out the similarities between witches who were being killed for their ‘trickery’ and magicians who were making a living plying their trade. In the 19th and 20th centuries depression was seen as a source of magic; women were viewed as hysterics, and so were connected to magic. Attempts to define magic continue, with the formulation of the Paranormal Belief Scale (PBS) in the 1980s.
Form, or, what's contemporary about contemporary fiction?
Authors: Eaglestone Robert 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
‘Form, or, what's contemporary about contemporary fiction?’ considers how writers explore the form of the novel. While most novels published are realist, three areas of challenge to this realism seem special to the last ten years. The first is a retreat from the wilder edges of postmodernism towards a stronger sense of narrative while retaining postmodern fiction's playfulness and complexity over issues like textuality and closure. The second is a renewed interest in techniques of high modernism, associated with Woolf and Joyce. The third involves the demolition of the barriers between the realms of fiction and non-fiction writing. All three have a nuanced approach to the central issue of closure.
The past
Authors: Eaglestone Robert 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
‘The past’ points out that novels have always been interested in the past, in history, and in memory. Contemporary fiction often rejects the traditional historical novel, instead exploring memory, trauma, and how the past haunts the present. Our stories about the past shift and develop. Because we are, in part, shaped by the stories we tell about our pasts, these changes, in turn, mean that our sense of ourselves changes, too: our past is always about our present. Contemporary fiction not only reflects these quite normal changes but also investigates how we relate not just to the events of the past but to our experience of ‘pastness’ itself.
The future
Authors: Eaglestone Robert 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
The image of the future in contemporary fiction is inseparable from ideas about the impact of technology: expressions of hope or despair about that future are measured through the figure of the child. It is technology that allows us history, as a recorded past, and so a present and a future. According to ‘The future’, to think about technology is to think about the very core of what we, as a species, are. As we change technology, we change ourselves. Contemporary fiction ‘thinks’ about technology in different ways each of which has a different use of the idea of the child, the inchoate figure of future hope or despair.
What are trust and distrust?
Authors: Hawley Katherine 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
Trust plays a huge part in how we run our lives. At a basic level, we trust or distrust the inanimate objects around us such as kitchen chairs and sharp knives. At this level, trusting or distrusting doesn't have the moral overtones or complexity of interpersonal trust or distrust. There is no sense of blame. ‘What are trust and distrust?’ looks at the definitions of these two concepts. Trustworthiness is the challenge of deciding who to trust. It is a noble attribute; appearing to be a moral virtue yet it can exist in corrupted relationships. How do we decide to trust or distrust?
Chemical modifications on siRNAs avoid Toll-like-receptor-mediated activation of the hepatic immune system in vivo and in vitro
Authors: Broering Ruth , Real Catherine I. , John Matthias J. , Jahn-Hofmann Kerstin , Ickenstein Ludger M. , Kleinehr Kathrin , Paul Andreas , Gibbert Kathrin , Dittmer Ulf , Gerken Guido , Schlaak Joerg F. 
Published: September 2013

Abstract

Objectives:
The therapeutic application of small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) is limited by the induction of severe off-target effects, especially in the liver. Therefore, we assessed the potential of differently modified siRNAs to induce the hepatic innate immune system in vitro and in vivo.

Methods:
Primary isolated liver cells were transfected with siRNAs against apolipoprotein B1 (APOB1), luciferase (LUC) or galactosidase (GAL). For in vivo use, siRNAs were formulated in lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) and administered intravenously to C57BL/6 mice. Liver tissue was collected 6–48h after injection and knock-down efficiency or immune responses were determined by quantitative reverse-transcription-linked PCR.

Results:
Unmodified GAL siRNA transiently induced the expression of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-10, IFN-β and IFN-sensitive gene 15 in vivo, whereas a formulation of 2′-O-methylated-LUC siRNA had no such effects. Formulation of unmodified APOB1-specific siRNA suppressed APOB1 mRNA levels by ~80% in the liver 48h after application. The results were paralleled in vitro, where transfection of liver cells with unmodified siRNAs, but not with chemically modified siRNAs, led to cell-type-specific induction of immune genes. These immune responses were not observed in MYD88-deficient mice or in chloroquine-treated cells in vitro.

Conclusions:
Our data indicate that siRNAs activate endosomal Toll-like receptors in different liver-derived cell types to various degrees, in vitro. LNP-formulated siRNA selectively leads to hepatic knock-down of target genes in vivo. Here, off-target immune responses are restricted to non-parenchymal liver cells. However, 2′-O-methyl modifications of siRNA largely avoid immune-stimulatory effects, which is a crucial prerequisite for the development of safe and efficient RNA-interference-based therapeutics.
A novel method for routine quality assurance of volumetric‐modulated arc therapy
Authors: Wang Qingxin , Dai Jianrong , Zhang Ke 
Published: September 2013

Purpose:Volumetric‐modulated arc therapy (VMAT) is delivered through synchronized variation of gantry angle, dose rate, and multileaf collimator (MLC) leaf positions. The delivery dynamic nature challenges the parameter setting accuracy of linac control system. The purpose of this study was to develop a novel method for routine quality assurance (QA) of VMAT linacs.Methods:ArcCheck is a detector array with diodes distributing in spiral pattern on cylindrical surface. Utilizing its features, a QA plan was designed to strictly test all varying parameters during VMAT delivery on an Elekta Synergy linac. In this plan, there are 24 control points. The gantry rotates clockwise from 181° to 179°. The dose rate, gantry speed, and MLC positions cover their ranges commonly used in clinic. The two borders of MLC‐shaped field seat over two columns of diodes of ArcCheck when the gantry rotates to the angle specified by each control point. The ratio of dose rate between each of these diodes and the diode closest to the field center is a certain value and sensitive to the MLC positioning error of the leaf crossing the diode. Consequently, the positioning error can be determined by the ratio with the help of a relationship curve. The time when the gantry reaches the angle specified by each control point can be acquired from the virtual inclinometer that is a feature of ArcCheck. The gantry speed between two consecutive control points is then calculated. The aforementioned dose rate is calculated from an acm file that is generated during ArcCheck measurements. This file stores the data measured by each detector in 50 ms updates with each update in a separate row. A computer program was written in MATLAB language to process the data. The program output included MLC positioning errors and the dose rate at each control point as well as the gantry speed between control points. To evaluate this method, this plan was delivered for four consecutive weeks. The actual dose rate and gantry speed were compared with the QA plan specified. Additionally, leaf positioning errors were intentionally introduced to investigate the sensitivity of this method.Results:The relationship curves were established for detecting MLC positioning errors during VMAT delivery. For four consecutive weeks measured, 98.4%, 94.9%, 89.2%, and 91.0% of the leaf positioning errors were within ±0.5 mm, respectively. For the intentionally introduced leaf positioning systematic errors of −0.5 and +1 mm, the detected leaf positioning errors of 20 Y1 leaf were −0.48 ± 0.14 and 1.02 ± 0.26 mm, respectively. The actual gantry speed and dose rate closely followed the values specified in the VMAT QA plan.Conclusions:This method can assess the accuracy of MLC positions and the dose rate at each control point as well as the gantry speed between control points at the same time. It is efficient and suitable for routine quality assurance of VMAT.
Less Is More: Burkholderia pseudomallei and Chronic Melioidosis
Authors: Nandi Tannistha , Tan Patrick 
Published: September 2013

ABSTRACT

The Gram-negative bacterium
Burkholderia pseudomallei
is the causative agent of melioidosis, a serious infectious disease of humans and animals. Once considered an esoteric tropical disease confined to Southeast Asia and northern Australia, research on
B. pseudomallei
has recently gained global prominence due to its classification as a potential bioterrorism agent by countries such as the United States and also by increasing numbers of case reports from regions where it is not endemic. An environmental bacterium typically found in soil and water, assessing the true global prevalence of melioidosis is challenged by the fact that clinical symptoms associated with
B. pseudomallei
infection are extremely varied and may be confused with diverse conditions such as lung cancer, tuberculosis, or
Staphyloccocus aureus
infection. These diagnostic challenges, coupled with lack of awareness among clinicians, have likely contributed to underdiagnosis and the high mortality rate of melioidosis, as initial treatment is often either inappropriate or delayed. Even after antibiotic treatment, relapses are frequent, and after resolution of acute symptoms, chronic melioidosis can also occur, and the symptoms can persist for months to years. In a recent article, Price et al. [mBio 4(4):e00388-13, 2013, doi:10.1128/mBio.00388-13] demonstrate how comparative genomic sequencing can reveal the repertoire of genetic changes incurred by
B. pseudomallei
during chronic human infection. Their results have significant clinical ramifications and highlight
B. pseudomallei
’s ability to survive in a wide range of potential niches within hosts, through the acquisition of genetic adaptations that optimize fitness and resource utilization.
Metabolic Dysregulation of the Insulin–Glucose Axis and Risk of Obesity-Related Cancers in the Framingham Heart Study-Offspring Cohort (1971–2008)
Authors: Parekh Niyati , Lin Yong , Vadiveloo Maya , Hayes Richard B. , Lu-Yao Grace L. 
Published: September 2013

AbstractBackground: Obesity-related dysregulation of the insulin–glucose axis is hypothesized in carcinogenesis. We studied impaired fasting glucose (IFG) and other markers of insulin–glucose metabolism in the Framingham Heart Study-Offspring Cohort, which uniquely tracks these markers and cancer &gt;37 years.Methods: Participants were recruited between 1971 and 1975 and followed until 2008 (n = 4,615; mean age 66.8 years in 2008). Serum glucose, insulin, and hemoglobin A1c were determined from fasting blood in quart-annual exams. Lifestyle and demographic information was self-reported. HRs and 95% confidence intervals (CI) of cancer risk were computed using time-dependent survival analysis (SASv9.3), while accounting for temporal changes for relevant variables.Results: We identified 787 obesity-related cancers, including 136 colorectal, 217 breast, and 219 prostate cancers. Absence versus presence of IFG 10 to 20 years and 20+ years before the event or last follow-up was associated with 44% (95% CI, 1.15–1.79) and 57% (95% CI, 1.17–2.11) increased risk of obesity-related cancers, respectively. When time-dependent variables were used, after adjusting for age, sex, smoking, alcohol, and body mass index, IFG was associated with a 27% increased risk of obesity-related cancer (HR = 1.27; CI, 1.1–1.5). Associations were stronger in smokers (HR = 1.41; CI, 1.13–1.76). Increased risk was noted among persons with higher insulin (HR = 1.47; CI, 1.15–1.88) and hemoglobin A1c (HR = 1.54; CI, 1.13–2.10) for the highest (≥5.73%) versus lowest (≤5.25%) category. A &gt;2-fold increase in colorectal cancer risk was observed for all blood biomarkers of insulin–glucose metabolism, particularly with earlier IFG exposure. Nonsignificant increased risk of breast and prostate cancer was observed for blood biomarkers.Conclusions: Earlier IFG exposure (&gt;10 years before) increased obesity-related cancer risk, particularly for colorectal cancer.Impact: Our study explicitly recognizes the importance of prolonged IFG exposure in identifying links between glucose dysregulation and obesity-related cancers. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 22(10); 1825–36. ©2013 AACR.
The oldest herpetological collection in the world: the surviving amphibian and reptile specimens of the Museum of Ulisse Aldrovandi
Authors: Bauer Aaron M. , Ceregato Alessandro , Delfino Massimo 
Published: September 2013

The natural history collection of the Bolognese polymath, encyclopedist, and natural philosopher Ulisse Aldrovandi (1522-1605) is regarded as the first museum in the modern sense of the term. It was intended as a resource for scholarship and a microcosm of the natural world, not simply a cabinet of curiosities. In addition to physical specimens, Aldrovandi’s zoological material included a large series of paintings of animals (Tavole di Animali) that were integral to the collection. Following Aldrovandi’s death, his collection was maintained by the terms of his will, but by the 19th century relatively little remained. We examined surviving herpetological components of the collection, comprising 19 specimens of ten species, as well as the corresponding paintings and associated archival material in the Museum of Palazzo Poggi, Museo di Zoologia, and Biblioteca Universitaria Bolognese in Bologna, Italy. Although the antiquity of some of these dried preparations is in question, many are documented in the Tavole di Animali and/or are mentioned in 17th century lists of the museum, verifying them as the oldest museum specimens of amphibians and reptiles in the world. Exotic species are best represented, including two specimens of Uromastyx aegyptia and several boid snakes – the first New World reptiles to be displayed in Europe. However, the Tavole di Animali suggest that the original collection was dominated by Italian taxa and that greater effort may have been made to conserve the more spectacular specimens. The Aldrovandi collection provides a tangible link to the dawn of modern herpetology in Renaissance Italy.
Rediscovery of the rare tree frog Hyla inframaculata Boulenger, 1882 (Anura: Hylidae), in Amazonian Brazil with notes on variation and distribution, and its generic allocation
Authors: Hoogmoed Marinus 
Published: September 2013

Hyla (= Osteocephalus) inframaculata was described on the basis of one specimen collected more than 130 years ago in the neighbourhood of Santarém, Pará, Brazil. Only in 2001 three new specimens were collected in the Belo Monte area of the Xingu River, Pará, and ten more in late 2011 and 2012 in the same area. The distribution of the species seems to be restricted to “terra firme” (= not flooded) and temporarily flooded forest between the Tapajós and Xingu rivers, in a band south of the Amazon River. The new material deposited in MPEG is described, morphometric data for males, females and a half grown are provided and some conclusions in the literature are corrected. A new diagnosis is presented. The species seems to belong to the genus Dryaderces.
Derivatives, Money, Finance and Imperialism: A Response to Bryan and Rafferty
Authors: Norfield Tony 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
This paper contributes to the debate on the role of financial derivatives for capitalism. It responds to Bryan and Rafferty’s defence of their analysis and their critique of my own. The paper argues that their analysis confuses what a financial derivative does, and mixes together different kinds of derivative – and non-derivative – that play very different roles. After detailing these points, the paper discusses the relationship between gold, money and derivatives, rejecting their notion that derivatives are some kind of new ‘commodity money’. An important theme absent from Bryan and Rafferty’s analysis is the relationship of financial trading and derivatives markets to parasitism in the imperialist world economy. To illustrate this, the paper notes advantages enjoyed by the major financial powers – the US and the UK – that are the main centres for the origination of derivatives and for derivatives trading.
Phase Space Parameterization of Rain: The Inadequacy of Gamma Distribution
Authors: Ignaccolo Massimiliano , De Michele Carlo 
Published: September 2013

AbstractThe authors test the adequacy of gamma distribution to describe the statistical variability of raindrop diameters in 1-min disdrometer data using the Kolmogorov–Smirnov goodness-of-fit test. The results do not support the use of this distribution, with a percentage of rejected cases that increases with the sample size. A different parameterization of the drop size distribution is proposed that does not require any particular functional form and is based on the adoption of statistical moments. The first three moments, namely the mean, standard deviation, and skewness, are sufficient to characterize the distribution of the drop diameter at the ground. These parameters, together with the drop count, form a 4-tuple, which fully describes the variability of the drop size distribution. The Cartesian product of this 4-tuple of parameters is the rainfall phase space. Using disdrometer data from 10 different locations, invariant, location-independent properties of rainfall are identified.
Anticoagulation inhibits tumor cell–mediated release of platelet angiogenic proteins and diminishes platelet angiogenic response
Authors: Battinelli Elisabeth M. , Markens Beth A. , Kulenthirarajan Rajesh A. , Machlus Kellie R. , Flaumenhaft Robert , Italiano Joseph E. 
Published: September 2013

Key Points
Anticoagulants inhibit release of angiogenic proteins from platelets.
Horizontally acquired divergent O-antigen contributes to escape from cross-immunity in the classical bordetellae
Authors: Hester Sara E , Park Jihye , Goodfield Laura L , Feaga Heather A , Preston Andrew , Harvill Eric T 
Published: September 2013

Abstract

Background
Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) allows for rapid spread of genetic material between species, increasing genetic and phenotypic diversity. Although HGT contributes to adaptation and is widespread in many bacteria, others show little HGT. This study builds on previous work to analyze the evolutionary mechanisms contributing to variation within the locus encoding a prominent antigen of the classical bordetellae.

Results
We observed amongst classical bordetellae discrete regions of the lipopolysaccharide O-antigen locus with higher sequence diversity than the genome average. Regions of this locus had less than 50% sequence similarity, low dN/dS ratios and lower GC content compared to the genome average. Additionally, phylogenetic tree topologies based on genome-wide SNPs were incongruent with those based on genes within these variable regions, suggesting portions of the O-antigen locus may have been horizontally transferred. Furthermore, several predicted recombination breakpoints correspond with the ends of these variable regions. To examine the evolutionary forces that might have selected for this rare example of HGT in bordetellae, we compared in vitro and in vivo phenotypes associated with different O-antigen types. Antibodies against O1- and O2-serotypes were poorly cross-reactive, and did not efficiently kill or mediate clearance of alternative O-type bacteria, while a distinct and poorly immunogenic O-antigen offered no protection against colonization.

Conclusions
This study suggests that O-antigen variation was introduced to the classical bordetellae via HGT through recombination. Additionally, genetic variation may be maintained within the O-antigen locus because it can provide escape from immunity to different O-antigen types, potentially allowing for the circulation of different Bordetella strains within the same host population.
Defining the contribution of SNPs identified in asthma GWAS to clinical variables in asthmatic children
Authors: Tulah Asif S , Holloway John W , Sayers Ian 
Published: September 2013

Abstract

Background
Asthma genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified several asthma susceptibility genes with confidence; however the relative contribution of these genetic variants or single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) to clinical endpoints (as opposed to disease diagnosis) remains largely unknown. Thus the aim of this study was to firstly bridge this gap in knowledge and secondly investigate whether these SNPs or those that are in linkage disequilibrium are likely to be functional candidates with respect to regulation of gene expression, using reported data from the ENCODE project.

Methods
Eleven of the key SNPs identified in eight loci from recent asthma GWAS were evaluated for association with asthma and clinical outcomes, including percent predicted FEV1, bronchial hyperresponsiveness (BHR) to methacholine, severity defined by British Thoracic Society steps and positive response to skin prick test, using the family based association test additive model in a well characterised UK cohort consisting of 370 families with at least two asthmatic children.

Results

GSDMB SNP rs2305480 (Ser311Pro) was associated with asthma diagnosis (p = 8.9×10-4), BHR (p = 8.2×10-4) and severity (p = 1.5×10-4) with supporting evidence from a second GSDMB SNP rs11078927 (intronic). SNPs evaluated in IL33, IL18R1, IL1RL1, SMAD3, IL2RB, PDE4D, CRB1 and RAD50 did not show association with any phenotype tested when corrected for multiple testing. Analysis using ENCODE data provides further insight into the functional relevance of these SNPs.

Conclusions
Our results provide further support for the role of GSDMB SNPs in determining multiple asthma related phenotypes in childhood asthma including associations with lung function and disease severity.