bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
INVESTIGATION OF ACTION OF ENKEPHALIN ON THE SPONTANEOUS AND EVOKED RELEASE OF ACETYLCHOLINE FROM RAT CORTICAL AND STRIATAL SLICES
Authors: JHAMANDAS K. , ELLIOTT J. 
Published: May 2015

The effects of two synthetic enkephalins, d‐Ala2‐Met5‐enkephalinamide (DALA) and d‐Ala2‐MePne4‐Met5‐(0)‐ol‐enkephalin (33,824) were tested on the spontaneous and stimulated release of acetylcholine (ACh) from rat cortical and striatal slices.
DALA, but not 33,824, caused a modest increase in spontaneous cortical ACh release. Neither enkephalin affected the release of cortical ACh induced by high potassium (25 mm) or veratridine (20 μm).
DALA had no effect on the release of ACh from striatal slices occurring spontaneously or in the presence of potassium (25 mm), veratridine (5 μm) or ouabain (10 μm). The enkephalin 33,824 also had no significant action on the striatal ACh release except that it caused a slight enhancement of veratridine‐evoked release.
It is suggested that enkephalins have no significant action on release of ACh from the cortex or striatum in vitro. Their action on ACh release from the cortex in vivo, seen in previous studies, may be exerted at a subcortical level.
THE EFFECTS OF DIPYRIDAMOLE ON THE GUINEA‐PIG ILEAL LONGITUDINAL MUSCLE‐MYENTERIC PLEXUS PREPARATION
Authors: DOWDLE E.B. , MASKE R. 
Published: May 2015

The longitudinal muscle‐myenteric plexus strip prepared from guinea‐pig ileum has been used to study the actions of dipyridamole and its interactions with adenine derivatives.
Dipyridamole augmented the inhibitory effects of adenine derivatives on the twitch response induced by 0.1 Hz field stimulation of the preparation. This synergistic effect was apparent with relatively low concentrations of dipyridamole (10 to 100 nm) and after short pretreatment times (1 to 2 min) that did not inhibit the twitch response on their own. Appropriate studies suggested that dipyridamole‐adenosine synergism followed a pattern of facilitative agonist competition.
Dipyridamole did not inhibit either uptake of [3H]‐adenosine by the preparation or adenosine deaminase activity under the same conditions that it exhibited synergism with adenosine.
Higher concentrations of dipyridamole inhibited the twitch response, mainly by decreasing acetylcholine release but partly by a direct action on smooth muscle. The direct action of dipyridamole on muscle was not synergistic with adenosine.
Fluorescence microscopy showed preferential binding of dipyridamole to the myenteric plexus.
UPTAKE OF RADIOCALCIUM BY NERVE ENDINGS ISOLATED FROM RAT BRAIN: PHARMACOLOGICAL STUDIES
Authors: GRIPENBERG J. , HEINONEN E. , JANSSON S.‐E. 
Published: May 2015

The uptake of radiocalcium by nerve‐ending particles isolated from the striatum of rat brain was studied using lanthanum as a quenching agent.
High potassium‐induced calcium uptake occurred in two phases: an initial rapid phase and a late slow phase. Following preincubation with CaCl2 2.2 mmol/l for 1 h, dopamine at 1 to 2 × 10−4 mol/l reduced the high potassium‐induced calcium uptake which occurred during the initial rapid phase by 66 and 25% at 2 and 4 s of incubation, respectively, but had no effect on the late slow uptake phase.
Haloperidol at 1 × 10−6 mol/l abolished the inhibitory effect of dopamine on the initial rapid phase of the high potassium‐induced calcium uptake. Haloperidol per se had no effect on the calcium uptake.
Dibutyryl cyclic adenosine monophosphate at 2.5 × 10−3 mol/l or prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) at 1 × 10−5 mol/l had no effect on the initial rapid phase of the high potassium‐induced calcium uptake by striatal synaptosomes. Neither of these agents affect calcium uptake by whole brain synaptosomes.
It appears that in the striatum, dopamine regulates the depolarization‐induced influx of calcium in presynaptic nerve endings. This mechanism could constitute a feed‐back inhibition for transmitter release in the striatum.
THE INTERACTION OF AMINE LOCAL ANAESTHETICS WITH MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS
Authors: TAYLOR W.J. , WOLF A. , YOUNG J.M. 
Published: May 2015

Amine local anaesthetics inhibited the binding of (‐)‐[3H]‐quinuclidinyl benzilate ((‐)‐[3H]‐QNB) to muscarinic receptors in crude synaptosomal preparations from guinea‐pig brain. The order of potency was SKF 525A > tetracaine > procaine ⋍ quinidine > procainamide > bupivacaine > lignocaine > prilocaine.
The concentration of tetracaine or prilocaine causing 50% inhibition of the receptor‐specific binding of [3H]‐QNB varied linearly with the concentration of [3H]‐QNB present for the range of concentrations of prilocaine used and at lower concentrations of tetracaine, thus providing evidence for a competitive interaction. The affinity constant for tetracaine was 2.6 ± 0.2 × 105 m−1 and that for prilocaine 2.6 ± 0.8 × 103 m−1. At higher concentrations of tetracaine the interaction appears to diverge from simple competitive kinetics.
The log dose‐response curve for the contractile response of longitudinal muscle strips from guinea‐pig intestine to carbachol was shifted in a parallel fashion by low concentrations of tetracaine, but flattened by higher doses. A similar effect was observed for both lignocaine and prilocaine. The affinity constants for tetracaine and prilocaine calculated from the parallel shifts, 1 × 105 m−1 and 4 × 103m‐1, respectively, were in reasonable accord with the binding data.
The curve for the inhibition of [3H]‐QNB binding by carbachol was not significantly altered, either in position or shape, in the presence of 1 mm prilocaine. Thus there is no evidence that prilocaine, which increases the affinity of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors for agonists, has any similar effect on agonist binding to muscarinic receptors.
INFLUENCE OF CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITION ON THE RELEASE OF VASOPRESSIN INDUCED BY ANGIOTENSIN
Authors: KNEPEL W. , MEYER D.K. 
Published: May 2015

The effects of intravenous infusion of angiotensin I, II and (des‐1‐Asp) angiotensin II (angiotensin III) on the plasma vasopressin levels, with and without converting enzyme inhibition, were investigated in conscious rats by use of a specific radioimmunoassay.
All three peptides caused a dose‐dependent increase in vasopressin release, angiotensin III infusion being less effective than angiotensin I or II.
The converting enzyme inhibitor, SQ 20881 (Pyr‐Trp‐Pro‐Arg‐Pro‐Gln‐Ile‐Pro‐Pro) (1.0 mg/kg, i.v.), had no effect on the plasma vasopressin concentrations in bilaterally nephrectomized rats, but increased them in intact or sham‐operated animals.
SQ 20881 potentiated vasopressin release elicited by angiotensin I, leaving that elicited by angiotensin II unchanged. The receptor antagonist, saralasin, prevented the angiotensin‐induced increase in plasma vasopressin concentration, even after pretreatment with SQ 20881.
These data support the assumption that the renin‐angiotensin system may be involved in the control of vasopressin release, and indicate that in addition to angiotensin II, angiotensin I and III may also contribute, acting in concert.
ANTI‐TREMOR ACTION OF C10DICHOL, A PERIPHERAL ACETYLCHOLINE SYNTHESIS INHIBITOR
Authors: DAS M. , GANGULY D.K. , VEDASIROMONI J.R. 
Published: May 2015

Anti‐tremor action of decamethylene bis‐(hydroxyethly)‐dimethylammonium bromide (C10Dichol), a peripheral acetylcholine synthesis inhibitor, was investigated.
C10Dichol inhibited tremor induced by oxotremorine, nicotine and physostigmine and afforded partial protection from physostigmine‐induced mortality in mice.
In non‐paralysing doses, C10Dichol antagonized the neuromuscular effects of oxotremorine, nicotine and physostigmine.
Prior administration of C10Dichol failed to prevent tremor and neuromuscular paralysis induced by harmine and arecoline.
In the absence of any antimuscarinic property of C10Dichol, its neuromuscular effects appeared to be causually related to its anti‐tremor action.
This study reveals a possibility for the development of peripherally acting anti‐Parkinson drugs.
Systematic review of decreased intracranial pressure with optimal head elevation in postcraniotomy patients: a meta‐analysis
Authors: Jiang Yan , Ye Zeng pan‐pan , You Chao , Hu Xin , Liu Yi , Li Hao , Lin Sen , Li Ji‐Pin 
Published: May 2015

AbstractAimTo determine an optimal head elevation degree to decrease intracranial pressure in postcraniotomy patients by meta‐analysis.BackgroundA change in head position can lead to a change in intracranial pressure; however, there are conflicting data regarding the optimal degree of elevation that decreases intracranial pressure in postcraniotomy patients.DesignQuantitative systematic review with meta‐analysis following Cochrane methods.Data sourcesThe data were collected during 2014; three databases (PubMed, Embase and China National Knowledge Internet) were searched for published and unpublished studies in English. The bibliographies of the articles were also reviewed. The inclusion criteria referred to different elevation degrees and effects on intracranial pressure in postcraniotomy patients.Review methodsAccording to pre‐determined inclusion criteria and exclusion criteria, two reviewers extracted the eligible studies using a standard data form.ResultsThese included a total of 237 participants who were included in the meta‐analysis. (1) Compared with 0 degree: 10, 15, 30 and 45 degrees of head elevation resulted in lower intracranial pressure. (2) Intracranial pressure at 30 degrees was not significantly different in comparison to 45 degrees and was lower than that at 10 and 15 degrees.ConclusionPatients with increased intracranial pressure significantly benefitted from a head elevation of 10, 15, 30 and 45 degrees compared with 0 degrees. A head elevation of 30 or 45 degrees is optimal for decreasing intracranial pressure. Research about the relationship of position changes and the outcomes of patient primary diseases is absent.
Cytokine profiles in interstitial fluid from chronic atopic dermatitis skin
Authors: Szegedi K. , Lutter R. , Res P.C. , Bos J.D. , Luiten R.M. , Kezic S. , Middelkamp‐Hup M.A. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractBackgroundThe in vivo levels of inflammatory mediators in chronic atopic dermatitis (AD) skin are not well‐defined due to the lack of a non‐invasive or minimally invasive sampling technique.ObjectivesTo investigate the cytokine milieu in interstitial fluid (ISF) collected from chronic lesional AD skin as compared to ISF from non‐lesional AD skin and/or healthy donor skin.MethodsISF was obtained using a minimally invasive technique of creating micropores in the skin by a laser, and harvesting ISF through aspiration. We determined the levels of 33 cytokines by Luminex and ELISA in ISF and plasma from sixteen AD patients and twelve healthy individuals. In seven AD patients, we analysed the IL‐13, IL‐31, IL‐17, IL‐22 and IFN‐γ production by T cells isolated from lesional skin. AD patients were genotyped for the filaggrin gene (FLG)‐null mutations 2282del4, R501X, R2447X and S3247X.ResultsTwenty‐five of 33 examined mediators were detected in the ISF. The levels of IL‐1α, IL‐1β, IL‐18, IL‐1RA, IL‐5, IL‐13, IL‐6, IL‐8, TNF‐α, RANTES(CCL‐5), MIG(CXCL‐9), IP‐10(CXCL‐10), TARC(CCL‐17), VEGF and G‐CSF showed significant differences between either lesional, non‐lesional and/or healthy skin. IP‐10 levels in ISF from lesional and non‐lesional AD skin showed significant correlation with IP‐10 blood levels. IP‐10 also showed a significant correlation with clinical severity (SCORAD), as did IL‐13. Levels of both IP‐10 and IL‐13 were more pronounced in patients with FLG‐null mutations. Furthermore, FLG‐null mutation carriers had more severe AD.ConclusionThe presented minimally invasive technique is a valuable tool to determine the in vivo cytokine profile of AD skin.
Risk Indicators of Papillary Recession in the Anterior Maxilla
Authors: Ioannou Andreas L. , Koidou Vasiliki P. , Kamintzi Georgia I. , Hinrichs James E. , Kotsakis Georgios A. , Romanos Georgios E. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractPurposeThe interdental papilla is the portion of the gingiva that occupies the space between two adjacent teeth. When papillary recession occurs, an array of problems arises ranging from phonetics to food impaction and esthetic concerns. The aim of this study was to identify risk indicators for visible papillary recession in the anterior maxilla among a Caucasian population utilizing an advanced analytical approach.Materials and MethodsA dataset of 211 adult dentate Caucasian patients that had undergone intraoral assessment of midline papillary recession and extra‐oral assessment of visible papillary recession during maximum (“Duchenne”) smile was utilized. An enhanced analytical approach was employed to identify risk indicators for papillary recession.ResultsApproximately one‐third of the participants (38%) demonstrated papillary recession during maximum smile (“visible papillary recession”). An association between sex (male preference) and visible papillary recession was found in this sample population, while age was found to be a risk indicator for papillary recession in individuals over 65 years of age.ConclusionsVisible midline papillary recession in the maxilla is a highly prevalent clinical entity in Caucasian individuals, thus the development of efficacious treatment modalities for papillary regeneration is necessary. Findings of the present study on risk indicators for visible papillary absence, namely sex and age, may facilitate clinicians in treating patient with compromised interdental aesthetics as well as identifying patients that are in high risk for loss of interdental tissues.Clinical SignificanceFindings of the present study on risk indicators for visible papillary absence, namely sex and age, indicate the need for careful assessment and meticulous treatment planning with respect to preservation of the interdental tissues. The consideration of these risk indicators can help dentists to identify patients at risk for papillary recession.
Antimicrobial Activity of Essential Oils on Clostridium perfringens Type A Inoculated in Mortadella
Authors: Dias Nayane Aparecida Araujo , Rodrigues Luciana Teixeira de Siqueira , Palhares Priscila Cotta , Ramos Eduardo Mendes , Piccoli Roberta Hilsdorf 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThe antimicrobial activity of essential oils on Clostridium perfringens type A and the influence of such oils on mortadella quality were assessed. The anticlostridial effects of several essential oils and their combinations were identified and some essential oils and their combinations were selected for further study in mortadellas supplemented with 75 ppm sodium nitrite and inoculated with C. perfringens. The growth of C. perfringens in mortadella was not inhibited by nitrite (control treatments of 75 and 150 ppm), but the essential oils presented a significant inhibitory effect. The essential oil of Origanum vulgare presented the highest anticlostridial activity. Moreover, higher concentrations of residual nitrite were found in mortadellas containing essential oils than in controls.Practical ApplicationsClostridium perfringens is an anaerobic bacteria, gram‐positive and with the ability to form spores that are highly resistant to environmental conditions and causes two important human illnesses: a relatively mild, classic type A diarrhea and the more serious type C human necrotic enteritis. Approximately 75% of cases of illness due to C. perfringens are attributed to meat, meat products and poultry. Nitrite and nitrate salts are added to cooked meat products to control the growth of sporulated bacteria, however, such salts can react with amines to form N‐nitrous compounds, particularly nitrosamines, which are mutagenic, neurotoxic, nephrotoxic and carcinogenic. The natural compounds with antimicrobial activity can be used to reduce them. As high concentration of essential oils may negatively affect the flavor of foods, several combinations of essential oils should be minimized to the concentration required. The growth of C. perfringens in mortadella was not inhibited by nitrite, but the essential oils presented a significant anticlostridial activity shown to be possible to use.
Dental implants inserted in male versus female patients: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Chrcanovic B. R. , Albrektsson T. , Wennerberg A. 
Published: May 2015

SummaryThe aim of this meta‐analysis was to test the null hypothesis of no difference in the failure rates, marginal bone loss (MBL) and post‐operative infection for implants inserted in male or female patients, against the alternative hypothesis of a difference. An electronic search without time or language restrictions was undertaken in December 2014. Eligibility criteria included clinical human studies, either randomized or not. Ninety‐one publications were included, with a total of 27 203 implants inserted in men (1185 failures), and 25 154 implants inserted in women (1039 failures). The results suggest that the insertion of dental implants in male patients statistically affected the implant failure rates (RR 1·21, 95% CI 1·07–1·37, P = 0·002). Due to the limited number of studies reporting results on MBL, it is difficult to estimate the real effect of the insertion of implants in different sexes on the marginal bone level. Due to lack of satisfactory information, meta‐analysis for the outcome ‘post‐operative infection’ was not performed. The results have to be interpreted with caution due to the presence of several confounding factors in the included studies.
Pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin and ceftiofur in plasma, interstitial fluid, and gastrointestinal tract of calves after subcutaneous injection, and bactericidal impacts on representative enteric bacteria
Authors: Foster D. M. , Jacob M. E. , Warren C. D. , Papich M. G. 
Published: May 2015

This study's objectives were to determine intestinal antimicrobial concentrations in calves administered enrofloxacin or ceftiofur sodium subcutaneously, and their impact on representative enteric bacteria. Ultrafiltration devices were implanted in the ileum and colon of 12 steers, which received either enrofloxacin or ceftiofur sodium. Samples were collected over 48 h after drug administration for pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic analysis. Enterococcus faecalis or Salmonella enterica (5 × 105 CFU/mL of each) were exposed in vitro to peak and tail (48 h postadministration) concentrations of both drugs at each location for 24 h to determine inhibition of growth and change in MIC. Enrofloxacin had tissue penetration factors of 1.6 and 2.5 in the ileum and colon, while ciprofloxacin, an active metabolite of enrofloxacin, was less able to cross into the intestine (tissue penetration factors of 0.7 and 1.7). Ceftiofur was rapidly eliminated leading to tissue penetration factors of 0.39 and 0.25. All concentrations of enrofloxacin were bactericidal for S. enterica and significantly reduced E. faecalis. Peak ceftiofur concentration was bactericidal for S. enterica, and tail concentrations significantly reduced growth. E. faecalis experienced growth at all ceftiofur concentrations. The MICs for both organisms exposed to peak and tail concentrations of antimicrobials were unchanged at the end of the study. Enrofloxacin and ceftiofur achieved intestinal concentrations capable of reducing intestinal bacteria, yet the short exposure of ceftiofur in the intestine may select for resistant organisms.
Evaluation of the pharmacokinetics of oral amitriptyline and its active metabolite nortriptyline in fed and fasted Greyhound dogs
Authors: Norkus C. , Rankin D. , KuKanich B. 
Published: May 2015

This study reports the pharmacokinetics of oral amitriptyline and its active metabolite nortriptyline in Greyhound dogs. Five healthy Greyhound dogs were enrolled in a randomized crossover design. A single oral dose of amitriptyline hydrochloride (actual mean dose 8.1 per kg) was administered to fasted or fed dogs. Blood samples were collected at predetermined times from 0 to 24 h after administration, and plasma drug concentrations were measured by liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry. Noncompartmental pharmacokinetic analyses were performed. Two dogs in the fasted group vomited following amitriptyline administration and were excluded from analysis. The range of amitriptyline CMAX for the remaining fasted dogs (n = 3) was 22.8–64.5 ng/mL compared to 30.6–127 ng/mL for the fed dogs (n = 5). The range of the amitriptyline AUCINF for the three fasted dogs was 167–720 h·ng/mL compared to 287–1146 h·ng/mL for fed dogs. The relative bioavailability of amitriptyline in fasted dogs compared to fed dogs was 69–91% (n = 3). The exposure of the active metabolite nortriptyline was correlated to amitriptyline exposure (R2 = 0.84). Due to pharmacokinetic variability and the small number of dogs completing this study, further studies are needed assessing the impact of feeding on oral amitriptyline pharmacokinetics. Amitriptyline may be more likely to cause vomiting in fasted dogs.
Repression by H‐NS of genes required for the biosynthesis of the Vibrio cholerae biofilm matrix is modulated by the second messenger cyclic diguanylic acid
Authors: Ayala Julio C. , Wang Hongxia , Silva Anisia J. , Benitez Jorge A. 
Published: May 2015

SummaryExpression of Vibrio cholerae genes required for the biosynthesis of exopolysacchide (vps) and protein (rbm) components of the biofilm matrix is enhanced by cyclic diguanylate (c‐di‐GMP). In a previous study, we reported that the histone‐like nucleoid structuring (H‐NS) protein represses the transcription of vpsA, vpsL and vpsT. Here we demonstrate that the regulator VpsT can disrupt repressive H‐NS nucleoprotein complexes at the vpsA and vpsL promoters in the presence of c‐di‐GMP, while H‐NS could disrupt the VpsT‐promoter complexes in the absence of c‐di‐GMP. Chromatin immunoprecipitation‐Seq showed a remarkable trend for H‐NS to cluster at loci involved in biofilm development such as the rbmABCDEF genes. We show that the antagonistic relationship between VpsT and H‐NS regulates the expression of the rbmABCDEF cluster. Epistasis analysis demonstrated that VpsT functions as an antirepressor at the rbmA/F, vpsU and vpsA/L promoters. Deletion of vpsT increased H‐NS occupancy at these promoters while increasing the c‐di‐GMP pool had the opposite effect and included the vpsT promoter. The negative effect of c‐di‐GMP on H‐NS occupancy at the vpsT promoter required the regulator VpsR. These results demonstrate that c‐di‐GMP activates the transcription of genes required for the biosynthesis of the biofilm matrix by triggering a coordinated VpsR‐ and VpsT‐dependent H‐NS antirepression cascade.