bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Brief Report: Relationship of Age and Body Mass Index to Skin Temperature and Skin Perfusion in Primary Raynaud's Phenomenon
Authors: Giurgea Georgiana‐Aura , Mlekusch Wolfgang , Charwat‐Resl Silvia , Mueller Markus , Hammer Alexandra , Gschwandtner Michael E. , Koppensteiner Renate , Schlager Oliver 
Published: October 2014

ObjectiveTo assess the relationship of age and body mass index (BMI) to skin temperature and perfusion in patients with primary Raynaud's phenomenon (RP) compared with controls.MethodsPatients with RP as well as age‐ and sex‐matched controls underwent external cold provocation by exposure to 20°C water for 1 minute. Before and after cold provocation, skin temperature and skin perfusion were measured.ResultsTwenty‐six patients with RP (20 women and 6 men; median age 41.9 years) and 22 controls (17 women and 5 men; median age 42.9 years) were studied. In RP patients, cold exposure led to a median change in skin temperature of −7% (interquartile range [IQR] −13.1, −4.1) and to a median change in skin perfusion of −26.4% (IQR −36.2, 2.9). In controls, skin temperature changed by −15.7% (IQR −18.3, −11.6) and skin perfusion by −33% (IQR −53.3, −1.1) upon cold exposure. In patients with RP, age and BMI were related to skin temperature (for age, r = 0.683, P < 0.0001; for BMI r = 0.657, P < 0.0001) and skin perfusion (for age, r = 0.595, P = 0.002; for BMI, r = 0.653, P < 0.0001), while no association was found in controls. The cold‐induced decrease in skin temperature was inversely related to age (r = −0.518, P = 0.003) and BMI (r = −0.662, P < 0.0001) in patients with RP; correlations were not observed in controls. The cold‐induced change in skin perfusion was not related to age or BMI in either group.ConclusionThe cold‐induced decrease in skin temperature is related to age and BMI in patients with RP but not in controls. Further studies are needed to clarify the pathophysiology of digital ischemia in primary RP.
Ras Guanine Nucleotide–Releasing Protein 4 Is Aberrantly Expressed in the Fibroblast‐like Synoviocytes of Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis and Controls Their Proliferation
Authors: Kono Michihito , Yasuda Shinsuke , Stevens Richard L. , Koide Hideyuki , Kurita Takashi , Shimizu Yuka , Kanetsuka Yusaku , Oku Kenji , Bohgaki Toshiyuki , Amengual Olga , Horita Tetsuya , Shimizu Tomohiro , Majima Tokifumi , Koike Takao , Atsumi Tatsuya 
Published: October 2014

ObjectiveRas guanine nucleotide–releasing protein 4 (RasGRP‐4) is a calcium‐regulated guanine nucleotide exchange factor and diacylglycerol/phorbol ester receptor not normally expressed in fibroblasts. While RasGRP‐4–null mice are resistant to arthritis induced by anti–glucose‐6‐phosphate isomerase autoantibodies, the relevance of these findings to humans is unknown. We undertook this study to evaluate the importance of RasGRP‐4 in the pathogenesis of human and rat arthritis.MethodsSynovial tissue from patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and osteoarthritis (OA) were evaluated immunohistochemically for the presence of RasGRP‐4 protein. Fibroblast‐like synoviocytes (FLS) were isolated from synovial samples, and expression of RasGRP‐4 was evaluated by real‐time quantitative reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction analyses. The proliferation potency of FLS was evaluated by exposing the cells to a RasGRP‐4–specific small interfering RNA (siRNA). Finally, the ability of RasGRP‐4–specific siRNAs to hinder type II collagen–induced arthritis in rats was evaluated to confirm the importance of the signaling protein in the disease.ResultsUnexpectedly, RasGRP‐4 protein was detected in the synovial hyperplastic lining, where proliferating FLS preferentially reside. FLS isolated from tissues obtained from a subpopulation of RA patients expressed much more RasGRP‐4 than did FLS from examined OA patients. Moreover, the level of RasGRP‐4 transcript was correlated with the FLS proliferation rate. The ability of cultured FLS to divide was diminished when they were treated with RasGRP‐4–specific siRNAs. The intraarticular injection of RasGRP‐4–specific siRNAs also dampened experimental arthritis in rats.ConclusionRasGRP‐4 is aberrantly expressed in FLS and helps regulate their growth. This intracellular signaling protein is therefore a candidate target for dampening proliferative synovitis and joint destruction.
Multicentre study of the learning curve and surgical performance of cytoreductive surgery with intraperitoneal chemotherapy for pseudomyxoma peritonei
Authors: Kusamura S , Moran B J , Sugarbaker P H , Levine E A , Elias D , Baratti D , Morris D L , Sardi A , Glehen O , Deraco M , Gilly F N , Barrios P , Quenet F , Loggie B W , Gómez Portilla A , de Hingh I H J T , Ceelen W P , Pelz J O W , Piso P , González-Moreno S , Van Der Speeten K , Chua T C , Yan T D , Liauw W 
Published: October 2014

Abstract

Background
The learning curves for cytoreductive surgery with intraperitoneal chemotherapy for treatment of pseudomyxoma peritonei (PMP) were explored between international centres/surgeons to identify institutional or other factors that might affect performance.

Methods
Data from patients with PMP treated with the combined procedure across 33 international centres between 1993 and 2012 were analysed retrospectively. A risk-adjusted sequential probability ratio test was conducted after defining the target outcome as early oncological failure (disease progression within 2 years of treatment), an acceptable risk for the target outcome (odds ratio) of 2, and type I/II error rates of 5 per cent. The risk prediction model was elaborated and patients were evaluated sequentially for each centre/surgeon. The learning curve was considered to be overcome and proficiency achieved when the odds ratio for early oncological failure became smaller than 2.

Results
Rates of optimal cytoreduction, severe postoperative morbidity and early oncological failure were 84·4, 25·7 and 29·0 per cent respectively. The median annual centre volume was 17 (range 6–66) peritoneal malignancies. Only eight of the 33 centres and six of 47 surgeons achieved proficiency after a median of 100 (range 78–284) and 96 (86–284) procedures respectively. The most important institutional factor affecting surgical performance was centre volume.

Conclusion
The learning curve is extremely long, so centralization and/or networking of centres is necessary to assure quality of services. One centre for every 10–15 million inhabitants would be ideal.
The Legal Aspects of Conditional Release in the Criminal and Civil Court System
Authors: Weinstein Naomi M. 
Published: October 2014

This article considers the legal implications of conditional release in both the civil and criminal parts of the law. In the criminal context, conditional release takes the form of probation and parole. It also involves persons who are found to be incompetent to stand trial or not guilty by reason of insanity. In the civil context, conditional release exists for persons with mental illness and sex offenders who face mandatory outpatient treatment.The public policy behind conditional release is to allow certain persons the least restrictive alternative with proper oversight that will prevent the person from recidivating or being re‐hospitalized. Conditional release is also used as a cost‐saving mechanism in response to the overwhelming costs of incarceration and hospitalization.This article explores the issues of professional liability, third party liability, and individual rights in relation to conditional release. This article also addresses public policy concerns with conditional release and examines conditional release from a therapeutic jurisprudence perspective. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Shaken Baby Syndrome Prevention Programme: A Pilot Study in Turkey
Authors: Taşar Medine Ayşin , Dallar Bilge Y𝚤ld𝚤z , Şahin Figen , Çamurdan Aysu , Beyazova Ufuk , Polat Selda , İlhan Mustafa N. 
Published: October 2014

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of the training materials of a shaken baby syndrome (SBS) prevention programme produced in Western Sydney, Australia, when used with parents in Turkey, and to evaluate the best timing for this training. In this intervention study, a total of 545 mothers, 39.8 per cent of whom were in the first 48 hours after birth (group 1), 43.1 per cent three to seven days after birth (group 2) and 17.1 per cent pregnant (group 3), were tested before and after watching the educational film, for evaluation of their perception, and knowledge of and attitudes towards SBS. The total points measuring the levels of knowledge of shaking hazards changed from an average of 5.0 ± 2.2 pre‐intervention to 6.4 ± 1.7 post‐intervention (p = 0.001). There was no statistically significant difference between the groups in the pre‐test score, whereas in the post‐test score group one was significantly lower than the other groups (p = 0.001). In conclusion, training using the SBS Prevention Program was useful for mothers; their level of knowledge about the dangers of shaking increased. Education given prior to the birth and three to seven days after the birth was found to be more useful than during the immediate postnatal period. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.KEY PRACTITIONER MESSAGES

Training in the SBS Prevention Program was useful for mothers.
Their level of knowledge about the dangers of shaking increased.
Education given before birth and in the postnatal three to seven days was found to be more useful compared to that given in the immediate postnatal period.
Predictors of Group Treatment Outcomes for Child Sexual Abuse: An Investigation of the Role of Demographic and Abuse Characteristics
Authors: Hiller Atara , Springer Craig , Misurell Justin , Kranzler Amy , Rizvi Shireen 
Published: October 2014

Research has begun to identify factors that may moderate the effects of interventions for symptomatology associated with child sexual abuse (CSA). However, there is disagreement about which factors may be important for different populations. The present investigation examined predictors of treatment outcomes among 166 predominantly economically disadvantaged and culturally diverse CSA survivors between the ages of six and ten, who were treated using game‐based cognitive‐behavioural therapy (GB‐CBT). Predictor variables included demographic characteristics (i.e. age, gender, ethnicity, household income) and abuse‐related risk factors (i.e. degree of invasiveness of abuse, frequency of instances of CSA and type of relationship to the perpetrator). Treatment outcomes included internalising and externalising symptoms, sexually inappropriate behaviours, knowledge of abuse and personal safety skills. Results indicate that participants' responsiveness to treatment was not impacted by demographic or abuse‐related risk factors. Thus, group treatment appears to be effective for treating a wide range of problems following CSA, irrespective of clients' varied demographic background and abuse characteristics. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.‘166 predominantly economically disadvantaged and culturally diverse CSA survivors between the ages of six and ten’Key Practitioner Messages:

GB‐CBT is an integrative treatment approach for survivors of CSA, combining features of trauma‐focused cognitive‐behavioural therapy (TF‐CBT), play therapy and group therapy.
It is important to investigate whether demographic and abuse characteristics impact treatment outcomes for CSA to determine whether children respond differently to treatment based on pre‐existing characteristics.
GB‐CBT participants experienced improvements in internalising and externalising symptoms, sexually inappropriate behaviours and personal safety skills, irrespective of their demographic backgrounds and varied abuse histories.
‘GB‐CBT is an integrative treatment approach for survivors of CSA’
Synthesis by Ring‐Closing Alkyne Metathesis with Selective Hydrogenation, and Olfactory Comparison of (7E)‐ and (7Z)‐Cyclohexadec‐7‐enone (Aurelione®)
Authors: Mathys Marion , Kraft Philip 
Published: October 2014

AbstractBoth CC‐bond isomers of cyclohexadec‐7‐enone (6, Aurelione®) were selectively synthesized via cyclohexadec‐7‐ynol (16) by ring‐closing alkyne metathesis of icosa‐2,18‐diyn‐9‐ol (15), employing an in situ‐formed catalyst from Mo(CO)6 and 4‐(trifluoromethyl)phenol. Pyridinium chlorochromate (PCC) oxidation and subsequent Lindlar hydrogenation afforded the (7Z)‐configured isomer (7Z)‐6, while hydrosilylation of the intermediate cyclohexadec‐7‐ynone (17), followed by desilylation, provided the (7E)‐configured cyclohexadec‐7‐enone ((7E)‐6). The substrate for the alkyne metathesis was prepared from cycloheptanone (7) by cycloaddition of chloromethylcarbene to its trimethylsilyl enol ether 8, and subsequent ring enlargement of the adduct 9 under rearrangement to 2‐methylcyclooct‐2‐enone (10), which was subjected to WeitzScheffer epoxidation and EschenmoserOhloff fragmentation to non‐7‐ynal (12). Its reaction with the Grignard reagent of 11‐bromoundec‐2‐yne (14), prepared from the corresponding alcohol 13 by AppelLee bromination, furnished the icosa‐2,18‐diyn‐9‐ol (15). While both isomers of cyclohexadec‐7‐enone (6) possess warm and powdery musk odors with tobacco‐type ambery accents, (7Z)‐6 is more animalic and waxy, whereas (7E)‐6 was found to be more floral, sweet, and hay‐like in tonality. Interestingly, however, with odor detection thresholds of 2.0 ng/l air and 2.3 ng/l air, respectively, both (7Z)‐6 and (7E)‐6 were found to be almost identical in their odor strength, with the (7Z)‐6 being only very slightly more powerful.
Direct Enantioseparation of Nitrogen‐Heterocyclic Pesticides on Cellulose‐Based Chiral Column by High‐Performance Liquid Chromatography
Authors: Chai Tingting , Yang Wenwen , Qiu Jing , Hou Shicong 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThe enantiomeric separation of eight pesticides including bitertanol (1), diclobutrazol (2), fenbuconazole (3), triticonazole (4), imazalil (5), triapenthenol (6), ancymidol (7), and carfentrazone‐ethyl (8) was achieved, using normal‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography on two cellulosed‐based chiral columns. The effects of isopropanol composition from 2% to 30% in the mobile phase and column temperature from 5 to 40 °C were investigated. Satisfactory resolutions were obtained for bitertanol (1), triticonazole (4), imazalil (5) with the (+)‐enantiomer eluted first and fenbuconazole (3) with the (—)‐enantiomer eluted first on Lux Cellulose‐2 and Lux Cellulose‐3. (+)‐Enantiomers of diclobutrazol (2) and triapenthenol (6) were first eluted on Lux Cellulose‐2. (—)‐Carfentrazone‐ethyl (8) were eluted first on Lux Cellulose‐2 and Lux Cellulose‐3 with incomplete separation. Reversed elution orders were obtained for ancymidol (7). (+)‐Ancymidol was first eluted on Lux Cellulose‐2 while on Lux Cellulose‐3 (—)‐ancymidol was first eluted. The results of the elution order at different column temperatures suggested that column temperature did not affect the optical signals of the enantiomers. These results will be helpful to prepare and analyze individual enantiomers of chiral pesticides. Chirality 27:32–38, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Adjuvant chemotherapy use and outcomes of patients with high‐risk versus low‐risk stage II colon cancer
Authors: Kumar Aalok , Kennecke Hagen F. , Renouf Daniel J. , Lim Howard J. , Gill Sharlene , Woods Ryan , Speers Caroline , Cheung Winson Y. 
Published: October 2014

BACKGROUNDAdjuvant chemotherapy (AC) is frequently considered in patients with stage II colon cancer who are considered to be at high risk. However, to the authors' knowledge, the survival benefits associated with AC in these patients remain largely unproven. In the current study, the authors sought to examine the use of AC in patients with AJCC stage II colon cancer and to compare the impact of AC on outcomes in patients with high‐risk versus low‐risk disease in a population‐based setting.METHODSPatients with stage II colon cancer who were evaluated at 1 of 5 regional cancer centers in British Columbia from 1999 to 2008 were analyzed. Kaplan‐Meier and Cox regression methods were used to correlate high‐risk versus low‐risk status and receipt of AC with recurrence‐free survival (RFS), disease‐specific survival (DSS), and overall survival (OS).RESULTSA total of 1697 patients were identified: 1286 (76%) with high‐risk and 411 (24%) with low‐risk disease, among whom 373 (29%) and 51 (12%),respectively, received AC. Individuals with high‐risk disease treated with AC were younger (median age, 62 years vs 72 years; P<.001) and had better Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status (0/1: 47% vs 33%; P = .001). For high‐risk patients, AC was associated with improved OS (hazard ratio [HR], 0.65; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 0.50‐0.83 [P = .001]). However, no significant benefits with regard to RFS or DSS were observed. Subgroup analyses revealed that AC in patients with T4 disease was associated with significantly improved RFS (HR, 0.63; 95% CI, 0.42‐0.95 [P = .03]), DSS (HR, 0.59; 95% CI, 0.37‐0.93 [P = .02]), and OS (HR, 0.50; 95% CI, 0.33‐0.77 [P = .002]). For patients with low‐risk disease, AC was associated with inferior RFS (HR, 2.18; 95% CI, 1.00‐4.79 [P = .05]) and DSS (HR, 3.01; 95% CI, 1.10‐8.23 [P = .03]).CONCLUSIONSIn this population‐based analysis, AC was associated with an OS advantage in high‐risk patients, most likely due to patient selection. RFS, DSS, and OS benefits were mainly observed in patients with T4 disease, suggesting a limited role for AC in patients deemed to be high risk by non‐T4 features. Cancer 2015;121:527–534. © 2014 American Cancer Society.
A hybrid relay control mechanism for ribbon topology in low‐voltage power line communication networks
Authors: Xiang Min , Wen Chao , Hou Xing‐ zhe 
Published: October 2014

SummaryThe communication reliability and distance of the low‐voltage power line communication system are seriously affected by the channel interference and the time variant load impedance. Therefore, how to control the relay nodes to reduce the communication delay and improve the communication reliability is mainly considered in the design. A novel hybrid relay control mechanism (HRCM) that includes the static relay pre‐configuration and the dynamic relay selection is designed for the ribbon topology in the low‐voltage power line communication networks. In the ribbon topology, the initial configuration for the communication link is realized through the pre‐configure relay nodes, which guarantees that the concentrator can communicate with the furthest terminal node. During the normal operations, the dynamic relay node is selected according to the sequence number of the uplink or downlink data frame and the data discard strategy. With the relay node dynamical selected mechanism, the frame repeated transmission can be avoided and the communication delay is reduced. The actual test results show that the hybrid relay control mechanism can effectively extend the communication distance, improve the communication real‐time and the reliability of the low‐voltage power line communication. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Early divergence of central and peripheral neural retina precursors during vertebrate eye development
Authors: Venters Sara J. , Mikawa Takashi , Hyer Jeanette 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACTBackground: During development of the vertebrate eye, optic tissue is progressively compartmentalized into functionally distinct tissues. From the central to the peripheral optic cup, the original optic neuroepithelial tissue compartmentalizes, forming retina, ciliary body, and iris. The retina can be further sub‐divided into peripheral and central compartments, where the central domain is specialized for higher visual acuity, having a higher ratio and density of cone photoreceptors in most species. Results: Classically, models depict a segregation of the early optic cup into only two domains, neural and non‐neural. Recent studies, however, uncovered discrete precursors for central and peripheral retina in the optic vesicle, indicating that the neural retina cannot be considered as a single unit with homogeneous specification and development. Instead, central and peripheral retina may be subject to distinct developmental pathways that underlie their specialization. Conclusions: This review focuses on lineage relationships in the retina and revisits the historical context for segregation of central and peripheral retina precursors before overt eye morphogenesis. Developmental Dynamics 244:266–276, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Differences in the thermal physiology of adult Yarrow's spiny lizards (Sceloporus jarrovii) in relation to sex and body size
Authors: Beal Martin S. , Lattanzio Matthew S. , Miles Donald B. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractSexual size dimorphism (SSD) is often assumed to reflect the phenotypic consequences of differential selection operating on each sex. Species that exhibit SSD may also show intersexual differences in other traits, including field‐active body temperatures, preferred temperatures, and locomotor performance. For these traits, differences may be correlated with differences in body size or reflect sex‐specific trait optima. Male and female Yarrow's spiny lizards, Sceloporus jarrovii, in a population in southeastern Arizona exhibit a difference in body temperature that is unrelated to variation in body size. The observed sexual variation in body temperature may reflect divergence in thermal physiology between the sexes. To test this hypothesis, we measured the preferred body temperatures of male and female lizards when recently fed and fasted. We also estimated the thermal sensitivity of stamina at seven body temperatures. Variation in these traits provided an opportunity to determine whether body size or sex‐specific variation unrelated to size shaped their thermal physiology. Female lizards, but not males, preferred a lower body temperature when fasted, and this pattern was unrelated to body size. Larger individuals exhibited greater stamina, but we detected no significant effect of sex on the shape or height of the thermal performance curves. The thermal preference of males and females in a thermal gradient exceeded the optimal temperature for performance in both sexes. Our findings suggest that differences in thermal physiology are both sex‐ and size‐based and that peak performance at low body temperatures may be adaptive given the reproductive cycles of this viviparous species. We consider the implications of our findings for the persistence of S. jarrovii and other montane ectotherms in the face of climate warming.
The phenotypic variance gradient – a novel concept
Authors: Pertoldi Cino , Bundgaard Jørgen , Loeschcke Volker , Barker James Stuart Flinton 
Published: October 2014

AbstractEvolutionary ecologists commonly use reaction norms, which show the range of phenotypes produced by a set of genotypes exposed to different environments, to quantify the degree of phenotypic variance and the magnitude of plasticity of morphometric and life‐history traits. Significant differences among the values of the slopes of the reaction norms are interpreted as significant differences in phenotypic plasticity, whereas significant differences among phenotypic variances (variance or coefficient of variation) are interpreted as differences in the degree of developmental instability or canalization. We highlight some potential problems with this approach to quantifying phenotypic variance and suggest a novel and more informative way to plot reaction norms: namely “a plot of log (variance) on the y‐axis versus log (mean) on the x‐axis, with a reference line added”. This approach gives an immediate impression of how the degree of phenotypic variance varies across an environmental gradient, taking into account the consequences of the scaling effect of the variance with the mean. The evolutionary implications of the variation in the degree of phenotypic variance, which we call a “phenotypic variance gradient”, are discussed together with its potential interactions with variation in the degree of phenotypic plasticity and canalization.