bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
UPLAND/INLAND SPILL RESPONSE: USE OF UNDERFLOW DAMS
Authors: Camlin Theodore E. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
On December 20, 1999 at approximately 1045 hours, crude oil was discovered in the Leaf River near Collins, Mississippi. The investigation determined the discharge was approximately 8,000 barrels originating from a source in the vicinity of State Highway 28 and Summerland Road, Jones County, Mississippi. The point of the release was located inland and in an upland type environment approximately 8 miles from the discovery location (Highway 84 bridge) near Collins, Mississippi.
After the line was shut-in and control of the source was certain, it was determined there were three distinct types of work areas remaining for the cleanup operations: an upland marsh type environment, an ephemeral flow creek bed, and a limited access river environment. Strategic objectives for the response included prevention of any further migration of oil down the Leaf River; and prevent any additional oil from migrating or being flushed (during the next rain event) out of the upland marsh area down the unnamed creek and entering the Leaf River.
The focus of this paper is on the measures pursued by operations and the Unified Command that were designed to prevent any further oiling of the Leaf River in the event oil was flushed out of the upper marshy area as a result of the cleanup operations or from a rain event. Operations installed a series of underflow dams at the confluence of the unnamed creek and the Leaf River as well as between the unnamed creek and the upland marsh area. These two stopgaps provided the necessary containment for the anticipated rain events forecast to occur early in the new year. The series of dams were successful in controlling the total fluid flow, containing flushed oil, and preventing additional oiling of the Leaf River during the first rain and throughout the remainder of the response.
PARTNERING FOR A DISPERSANT APPLICATION CAPABILITY IN HAWAII
Authors: Martin Curtis , Kanazawa Gilbert , Beasley Kim 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Anything worthwhile takes time and effort. In 1989 the tanker Exxon Houston broke free of her offshore mooring and ran aground. Dispersants were brought to Hawaii as a potential response tool. This was a wake up call that our coastlines and economy were vulnerable to a large-scale event. Although not needed in this instance, this awakening produced the 1992 signed Memorandum of Agreement (MOA) between the Oceania Regional Response Team (RRT) and the state of Hawaii, preauthorizing the Federal On Scene Coordinator (FOSC) to use dispersant to combat oil spills in Hawaiian waters. It was very restricted in its applicability, but it was a good beginning. A revised and greatly improved dispersant pre-approval MOA was signed in April 1999. Explanation of the elements that worked to obtain agreement and the special considerations unique to Hawaii is addressed. The evolution of the state's acquisition of a large-scale dispersant application system, and the ultimate development of a unique three-party MOA is discussed.
Community interest focused on obtaining an Airborne Dispersant Delivery System (ADDS) and an adequate and immediately available stockpile of dispersant. It was envisioned to have the state of Hawaii come up with the necessary funding, the U.S. Coast Guard use their C-130 aircraft, and the local industry financed oil spill Cooperative, Clean Islands Council (CIC), maintain the system. This presentation discusses the challenges; issues and problem solving required accomplishing the acquisition of this large-scale system. It further discusses the Hawaii response community's continuing efforts to ensure this vital response tool is ready and able to perform in an emergency.
STRENGTHENING THE RESPONSE/RESTORATION LINKAGE—LESSONS LEARNED FROM RECENT OIL SPILLS1
Authors: Helton Douglas 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Although both spill responders and natural resource trustees share common goals, spill response in the United States is a disjointed process. Spill responders focus on containment and cleanup of the spilled oil, while trustees focus on documenting the impacts and developing a damage claim to fund restoration projects. Both steps in the process are necessary, but lack of coordination may result in a less than optimal mix of response and restoration actions. Efforts to remove oil from a shoreline or to capture and rehabilitate oiled wildlife may be conducted with good intentions, but may cause further harm to the environment. Liability limits set by the Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (OPA 90) may exacerbate the problem since responsible parties (RPs) may exceed their financial obligations during the response phase of the spill, leaving no funds for later restoration actions. At some point in the process, it makes sense to curtail the response and shift the effort to restoration.
This paper illustrates some of the problems with the status quo and argues that responders and trustees need to work together towards the goal of restoration using a combination of response and restoration tools. Expanding the use of the existing emergency restoration provisions under OPA 90 regulations may be a simple avenue to increase the effectiveness of both response and restoration actions.
SOURCE CHARACTERIZATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF NEW CARISSA OIL IN NRDA ENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLES USING A COMBINED STATISTICAL AND FINGERPRINTING APPROACH1
Authors: Payne James R. , Driskell William B. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Source oil characterization and its subsequent identification and quantification in different receiving environments are integral components of a natural resource damage assessment (NRDA) following a spill. When the M/V New Carissa broke up on the Oregon coast in February 1999, it released an estimated 70,000 gallons of two bunker fuels and two diesel fuels. Numerous oil, water, sediment, and tissue samples were subsequently analyzed for the standard suite of aliphatic and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) fractions, as well as steranes and triterpanes to use in chemical fingerprinting in support of the NRDA process. The fingerprinting task was uniquely complex with this spill because of the four major source oils of highly disparate compositions and additional compositional changes occurring as a result of partial in situ burning and release of residual fuels onboard the vessel during the response effort. Also unique to NRDA process was the segregated sampling of dissolved-phase and dispersed-oil droplet fractions from the water column, information that proved invaluable in the fingerprinting process. To assist with the complex data analysis in identifying New Carissa oil in environmental samples, a combination of multivariate principal-component analyses and hierarchical agglomerative-cluster analyses, conventional double-ratio analyses of selected PAH, and custom computer displays to allow comparison of multiple graphs on a single page was developed.
Results show two different mechanisms of hydrocarbon uptake into affected organisms: direct uptake of dissolved-phase PAH from the water column into crab tissues, and accumulation of aliphatic and aromatic constituents from dispersed oil droplets and oiled suspended particulate material (SPM) by filter-feeding organisms. From the combined statistical and fingerprinting process, it was possible to differentiate New Carissa oil from background combustion-derived (and sediment-associated) PAH in selected clam and oyster tissue samples from inside Coos Bay. Also documented was interstitial water contamination of otherwise clean and unoiled sandy beach substrates by offshore dissolved-phase PAH, and the accumulation of hydrocarbons from the surface microlayer by diatoms.
FAWICK PARK ENVIRONMENTAL REMOVAL PROJECT
Authors: Nguyen Duc , Darling Mary N. , Meier Ron A. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The project site was a small downtown park with many utilities and was bounded by roads on three sides and by the Big Sioux River on another. To remove the contaminants under the riverbank and sediments, a 900-foot temporary reusable damn was placed in the river along the bank. The soils and sediment were removed to bedrock A total of 378,779 gallons of ground and river water were treated and discharged to the city publicly owned treatment works. A total of 56,065 tons of manufactured gas plant (MGP)-impacted soil was removed, staged, and sampled, and properly transported and disposed. During removal, the original contaminated area was found to extend beneath adjacent state highway so this was also excavated. Thirty-seven tons of engineered select fill and 78 tons of ballast stone were used to restore state highway and minimize loading of the bridge abutment. The park excavation was backfilled with 19,494 cubic yards of clean soil materials, of which approximately 8,827 cubic yards was overburden. Extensive coordination was necessary between the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), state of South Dakota, City of Sioux Falls, U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT), U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACOE), and IT Corp. The project removal goals are: naphthalene, 100 mg/kg; TPH/DRO, 500 mg/kg; benzene soils, 13.5 mg/kg; and benzene sediments, 70 mg/kg. The City of Sioux Falls contributed “in-kind” cost savings to the project, including disposal of the soil, regrading park to require less backfill, and provided backfill soil. The project cost was $4.0 million and completed on time and under budget. There were no safety problems or incidents, which occurred during the course of this project.
NATURAL DISPERSION OF OIL IN A FRESHWATER ECOSYSTEM: DESAGUADERO PIPELINE SPILL, BOLIVIA
Authors: Lee Kenneth , Stoffyn-Egli Patricia , Owens Edward H. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
During a flood event in January 2000, approximately 29,000 barrels of mixed crude oil and condensate was accidentally released from a fracture in the OSSA II pipeline at a crossing point on the Rio Desaguadero, Bolivia. The resultant downstream impact zone included over 400 km of river banks and 500 km2 of flooded lowlands within the Bolivian Altiplano. Analysis of stranded oil samples recovered from the riverbanks suggested that significant oil loss occurred by evaporation (&gt;40%). With additional data on the amount of surface oil remaining (&lt;0.2%) and oil recovered (3–13%) at the end of cleanup operations, it became apparent that a large fraction of the spilled oil remained unaccountable (27–37%). Laboratory tests were undertaken to assess if oil-mineral aggregate (OMA) formation—a natural process believed to promote rapid oil dispersion—may provide part of the explanation for this unaccounted loss.
OMA were generated from local oil, sediment and water samples under simulated field conditions. Epi-fluorescence microscopy analysis verified the presence of flake aggregates that would be formed typically by the interaction of oil with smectite minerals (e.g. montmorillonite). On the basis of these microscopy observations and of mineral analysis of suspended material in water from the spill site, which revealed abundant smectite, it is hypothesized that OMA formation occurred, and that this process facilitated significant removal of residual oil from the ecosystem by enhancing biodegradation rates.
THE ADNOC 1999 OIL SPILL EXERCISE: EXERCISE GHAZAL
Authors: Svitil Edward A. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The Abu Dhabi National Oil Company (ADNOC) conducted the largest full deployment oil spill exercise ever held in the Arabian Gulf on October 4, 1999. Code-named EXERCISE GHAZAL, it took the form of an incident management exercise, lasting one long day of approximately 10–14 hours. This exercise required significant planning In terms of availability of personnel, development of an appropriate scenario and arranging for the physical and logistic requirements of such an exercise.
Industry participants included the ADNOC Crisis Management Team, the Abu Dhabi Marine Operating Company's Emergency Response Team, BP Amoco as the vessel and cargo owner, government/industry liaison, and press/media. ADNOC activated regional and international oil spill response equipment and personnel, including the equipment stockpile of the Petroleum Association of Japan and Oil Spill Response Limited (OSRL) in the United Kingdom. Local aviation assets activated for simulated aerial spraying of dispersant were augmented by deployment of the OSRL Hercules aircraft and ADDS pack dispersant spray system from Southampton, United Kingdom.
Another major accomplishment of EXERCISE GHAZAL was the full participation and integration for the first time of local and national government agencies into a major Incident response. Included in the planning and execution of EXERCISE GHAZAL were the Federal Environmental Agency, the United Arab Emirates (UAE) Frontier and Coast Guard, Environmental Research and Wildlife Development Agency, Civil Defense, the Ministries of Health and Communication, the General Civil Aviation Authority, and others. The exercise received extensive local, regional, and international media coverage.
Following the completion of EXERCISE GHAZAL, an immediate “hotwash” debriefing of all participants was conducted, followed by a more formal, comprehensive debriefing of the major participants. These sessions generated key lessons learned and led to the development of a Five-Point Action Plan to improve the ability of the United Arab Emirates to respond to a major oil spill, the primary point being the development of a National Oil Spill Contingency Plan.
FEASIBILITY OF USING ENVIRONMENTAL SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY (ESEM) TO DETERMINE THE IMPACTS OF CLEANING TECHNIQUES ON HISTORIC STONE STRUCTURES
Authors: Wingrove Richard R. , Blackwelder Pat , Lynn Matthew J. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The oiling of cultural sites has occurred in past spills (USCG, 1994; Wooley and Haggarty, 1995) and will continue to be a problem in future spills. Oiled stone structures must be cleaned to minimize damage and return them to an aesthetic standard, yet little research has been conducted on the potential impacts of the cleaning process. Unfortunately, the cleaning process can cause negative impacts, perhaps even altering the chemical makeup of the stone that can compromise the structure. Because visual inspection is usually the sole method of determining the effectiveness and negative impacts of the cleaning process, only obvious surflcial effects can be detected and not chemical changes to the rock
SEABIRD RECOVERY FOLLOWING THE EXXON VALDEZ OIL SPILL: WHY WAS MURRE RECOVERY CONTROVERSIAL?
Authors: Boersma P. Dee , Clark J. Alan 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The Exxon Valdez oil spill in 1989 was responsible for substantial seabird mortality in the Gulf of Alaska. The Barren Islands, with the largest seabird colonies in the path of the spill, were particularly hard hit. Because of insufficient prespill data, it is impossible to quantify the effect of the spill on murre populations. However, the large number of murres killed and the rapid increase in murre attendance following the spill showed that the spill did impact the population. The authors hypothesize that large numbers of nonbreeders or inexperienced murres replaced breeding murres killed by the spill. Post spill data showed lower murre reproductive success in 1990 than in 1991, which is consistent with the authors' hypothesis. In 1991, fledging success was over 0.8 fledglings/chick and continued to be high in 1993 and 1994, suggesting spill impacts were short lived. Significant numerical differences exist between the authors' data and those collected by U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) personnel. The low attendance numbers and poor reproduction they reported have been used to justify claims of extensive, potentially irreparable injury to murre populations. Data collection methods are at least partially responsible for causing USFWS to underestimate post spill murre populations and reproduction. Based on their data, the authors conclude that, although murres rafting near the Barren Islands suffered substantial mortality as a result of the Exxon Valdez oil spill, claims that the spill dramatically reduced colony attendance or reproduction of the remaining birds is not scientifically supportable.
PROTECTING RESOURCES IN THE LAKE WASHINGTON SHIP CANAL USING REAL-TIME ECOLOGICAL RISK ANALYSIS
Authors: Mora David G. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Response managers and resource protection specialists often face difficult environmental trade-offs. Many decisions are time sensitive so decision-making criteria developed prior to an actual spill event will often hold sway. Despite such planning efforts all too frequently there is great room for doubt and plenty of room for speculation regarding response decisions. Response planners frequently debate environmental trade-offs associated with dispersant applications, shoreline cleanup strategy, etc. Broad assumptions and uncertainty are in large part the fuel for such debates. This paper focuses on the dilemmas associated with developing a particular response plan in a particular geographic area (i.e., for the Lake Washington Ship Canal. Development of this plan is important because of needs for rapid response decisions in an area involving many conflicting interests. This paper suggests an approach for developing this plan utilizing real time risk analysis.
EXPERIMENTAL OIL WEATHERING STUDIES IN HYDRAULIC CANAL AND OPEN POOL TO PREDICT OILS BEHAVIOR IN CASE OF CASUAL SPILLAGE
Authors: Guyomarc'h Julien , Morin Estelle , Goutard Arnaud , Merlin François-X. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
When spilled at sea, a crude oil is subjected to weathering processes such as evaporation, emulsification, dispersion and photooxidation, which occur under the influence of natural conditions. According to its weathering stage, the oil is continuously changing in terms of chemical composition and physical properties. Understanding and predicting these transformations is a key element in evaluating the potential impacts, optimizing response options and implementing the emergency response plan to spillage.
The objective of this study was to get experimental data on the behavior of crude oils from different oil fields. The various weathering processes were simulated realistically in CEDRE's hydraulic canal, in which different marine water conditions can be recreated: wind, waves, and UV light. All the experiments were carried out with the same agitation level and at two temperatures, 10 and 20°C. Six different oils were tested and the different parameters measured or assessed were: density, viscosity, water content and kinetics of emulsification, chemical composition and kinetics of evaporation, flash point, emulsion stability, oil adhesion, and chemical dispersibility. The evolutions proved to vary considerably according to the nature of the oil, the temperature and the photooxidation process.
The weathering of one crude was also assessed outside in a large pool to provide a calibration of the evaporation and emulsification kinetics in realistic conditions compared to the flume test. The canal speeds up these processes by a factor between 4 and 6.
DEVELOPMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL SENSITIVITY INDEX MAPS IN JAPAN
Authors: Masaki Setsuko , Gell Dawn , Dauterman Andy , Verkennes Karen , Sawano Nobuhiro 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Environmental Sensitivity Index (ESI) maps are important tools for oil spill planning and response measures worldwide. The United States, through the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), has developed standardized guidelines for preparing ESI maps. The U.S. Navy stationed in Japan requested ESI maps for oil spill contingency and training purposes. Since Japan does not have national ESI guidelines, NOAA guidelines were used in preparing the maps. This effort proved to be challenging. Japanese agencies were contacted to collect existing data, and geographical information was compiled from numerous sources. The site surveys of the coastal areas surrounding the U.S. Navy bases in Japan also was done with added awareness of the unique physical features and habitats in Japan. This experience has lead to recommendations for standardized guidelines for Japan and for the corroboration of Japanese agencies to ease the collection and synthesis of data.
USING THE SELECTION GUIDE FOR SPILL COUNTERMEASURES TECHNOLOGIES IN RESPONSE DECISION MAKING AND PLANNING
Authors: Scholz Debra , Boyd John , Walker Ann Hayward , Michel Jacqueline 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
As part of national response priorities, On-Scene Coordinators (OSCs) and Incident Commanders should use all appropriate containment and removal tactics, including the use of products listed on the National Contingency Plan (NCP) Product Schedule, in a coordinated manner to ensure a timely, effective response that minimizes adverse impacts to the environment (40 CFR § 300.317). To facilitate greater understanding of these products and technologies, a Selection Guide was developed to evaluate their potential benefits and identify appropriate situations for their use. Although the NCP Product Schedule and Notebook provide information on regulated spill response products, the decision maker needs additional information presented clearly in a concise format that clarifies how these products can affect the spilled oil and the environment once applied.
The Selection Guide provides a spill response tool that gives OSCs and other decision makers an easy-to-use source of technical information on spill response countermeasures that are regulated by the NCP, including alternate sorbents, bioremediation agents, dispersants, elasticity modifiers, emulsion treating agents, in situ burning on land and on water, shoreline pre-treatment agents, solidifiers, surface-collecting agents (herders), surface-washing agents, and firefighting foams, as well as potential response strategies for “unusual” spill response conditions (i.e., fast-water booming strategies, non-floating oil strategies, and water intake monitoring). The Selection Guide facilitates easy comparison among product categories, as well as aids decision makers in determining the best response strategy or product for a particular issue that “traditional” response tools do not seem to address completely.
The Selection Guide has been developed under the Work Plan of the Region III Spill Response Countermeasures Work Group, in cooperation with the Region IV Regional Response Team (RRT). This document is applicable for inland and coastal areas and is intended for use during actual spill incidents and pre-spill planning efforts. This information also assists decision makers in evaluating vendor requests to use their products.