bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Adolescent Rearing Conditions Influence the Relationship Between Initial Anxiety‐Like Behavior and Ethanol Drinking in Male Long Evans Rats
Authors: Chappell Ann M. , Carter Eugenia , McCool Brian A. , Weiner Jeff L. 
Published: August 2012

BackgroundRodent studies have demonstrated that adolescent social isolation results in many behavioral perturbations, including increases in anxiety‐like behaviors. Socially isolated (SI) rats have also been shown to self‐administer greater amounts ethanol (EtOH) in some, but not all, studies. Here, we tested whether juvenile social isolation increases EtOH drinking using an intermittent procedure that engenders relatively high intake in normally reared animals. We also compared the behavioral phenotype of rats reared under social isolation or group‐housed conditions with adult rats housed under conditions commonly used in EtOH‐drinking studies.MethodsMale Long Evans rats were procured immediately postweaning and were group housed for 1 week. Subjects were then randomly divided into 2 groups: SI rats, housed individually for 6 weeks and group‐housed (GH) rats (4/cage). A third group was procured as young adults and was housed individually upon arrival for 1 week (standard housing condition). Rats were then tested in a plus‐maze and novelty assay, and then, all subjects were singly housed and EtOH drinking was assessed.ResultsSI rats displayed increased anxiety‐like behaviors on the plus‐maze, a greater locomotor response to a novel environment, and increased EtOH intake, relative to GH rats. Age‐matched standard housed (STD) rats exhibited an anxiety‐like behavioral profile on the plus‐maze that was similar to SI, and not GH rats, and also drank EtOH at levels comparable with SI subjects. In addition, anxiety‐like behavior on the plus‐maze correlated with intermittent EtOH intake in SI and GH rats.ConclusionsThese data further support the validity of the rodent juvenile social isolation model for studies directed at elucidating behavioral and neurobiological mechanisms linking anxiety and EtOH drinking. These findings further suggest that housing conditions commonly employed in rodent drinking studies may recapitulate the anxiety‐like and EtOH‐drinking phenotype engendered by a juvenile social isolation procedure.
Array‐Based Profiling of DNA Methylation Changes Associated with Alcohol Dependence
Authors: Zhang Huiping , Herman Aryeh I. , Kranzler Henry R. , Anton Raymond F. , Zhao Hongyu , Zheng Wei , Gelernter Joel 
Published: August 2012

BackgroundEpigenetic regulation through DNA methylation may influence vulnerability to numerous disorders, including alcohol dependence (AD).MethodsPeripheral blood DNA methylation levels of 384 CpGs in the promoter regions of 82 candidate genes were examined in 285 African Americans (AAs; 141 AD cases and 144 controls) and 249 European Americans (EAs; 144 AD cases and 105 controls) using Illumina GoldenGate Methylation Array assays. Association of AD and DNA methylation changes was analyzed using multivariate analyses of covariance with frequency of intoxication, sex, age, and ancestry proportion as covariates. CpGs showing significant methylation alterations in AD cases were further examined in a replication sample (49 EA cases and 32 EA controls) using Sequenom's MassARRAY EpiTYPER technology.ResultsIn AAs, 2 CpGs in 2 genes (GABRB3 and POMC) were hypermethylated in AD cases compared with controls (p ≤ 0.001). In EAs, 6 CpGs in 6 genes (HTR3A, NCAM1, DRD4, MBD3, HTR2B, and GRIN1) were hypermethylated in AD cases compared with controls (p ≤ 0.001); CpG cg08989585 in the HTR3A promoter region showed a significantly higher methylation level in EA cases than in EA controls after Bonferroni correction (p = 0.00007). Additionally, methylation levels of 6 CpGs (including cg08989585) in the HTR3A promoter region were analyzed in the replication sample. Although the 6 HTR3A promoter CpGs did not show significant methylation differences between EA cases and EA controls (p = 0.067 to 0.877), the methylation level of CpG cg08989585 was nonsignificantly higher in EA cases (26.9%) than in EA controls (18.6%; p = 0.139).ConclusionsThe findings from this study suggest that DNA methylation profile appears to be associated with AD in a population‐specific way and the predisposition to AD may result from a complex interplay of genetic variation and epigenetic modifications.
Complete paternal uniparental isodisomy for Chromosome 2 revealed in a parentage testing case
Authors: Ou Xueling , Liu Chao , Chen Suqin , Yu Jianfeng , Zhang Yinming , Liu Sujuan , Sun Hongyu 
Published: August 2012

BACKGROUND: Uniparental disomy (UPD) is a rare cytogenetic event that has previously been reported mostly via genetic analysis of patients with phenotypes of recessive diseases. The incidence of UPD of any chromosome is estimated to be approximately1:3500 live births.CASE REPORT: In a case of disputed paternity involving a phenotypically normal male child, mother–child exclusions were observed at five short tandem repeat markers, which were all located on Chromosome 2. Ten additional dinucleotide repeat markers spanning both arms of Chromosome 2 were investigated. The results revealed that the child was homozygous for all markers tested with all alleles originating from a single paternal Chromosome 2, which was consistent with paternal UPD for Chromosome 2.CONCLUSION: This case and other previous reports demonstrate that UPD poses a high risk for false exclusion and incorrect expert opinion. Furthermore, this case highlights that a conclusion of exclusion of paternity or maternity should not be postulated if multiple genetic incompatibilities are located on the same chromosome because of the occurrence of UPD.
Heparin‐grafted dialysis membrane allows minimal systemic anticoagulation in regular hemodialysis patients: A prospective proof‐of‐concept study
Authors: Kessler Michèle , Gangemi Concetta , Gutierrez Martones Alberto , Lacombe Jean‐Louis , Krier‐Coudert Marie‐Jeanne , Galland Roula , Kielstein Jan T. , Moureau Frédérique , Loughraieb Nathalie 
Published: August 2012

AbstractThis prospective, multicenter, proof‐of‐concept study aimed to evaluate the possibility to reduce the ordinary heparin dose and the systemic anti‐Xa activity during hemodialysis (HD) sessions using a new heparin‐grafted HD membrane. In 45 stable HD patients, the use of a heparin‐grafted membrane with the ordinary heparin dose was followed by a stepwise weekly reduction of dose. Reduction was stopped when early signs of clotting (venous pressure, quality of rinse‐back) occurred during two out of three weekly HD sessions. Heparin dose was decreased for 67% of patients resulting in the lowering of these patients' anti‐Xa activity by 50%. Dose reductions were achieved with both types of heparin (low‐molecular‐weight heparin: 64 ± 14 to 35 ± 12 IU/kg, P < 0.0001; unfractionated heparin: 82 ± 18 to 46 ± 13 IU/kg, P < 0.0001) resulting in a decrease of anti‐Xa activity at dialysis session end (low‐molecular‐weight heparin: 0.51 ± 0.25 to 0.25 ± 0.11 IU/mL, P < 0.0001; unfractionated heparin: 0.28 ± 0.23 to 0.13 ± 0.07 IU/mL, P < 0.0001). Failure to further decrease heparin dose was related to signs of clotting in blood lines (57% of sessions), in dialyzer (9%), or both (34%). Significant reduction of heparin dose and anti‐Xa activity at the end of HD sessions was possible in stable HD patients using heparin‐grafted membrane. HD patients who require low anti‐Xa activity at the end of HD sessions might benefit from a heparin‐grafted membrane to reduce bleeding risk and other heparin adverse events.
What determines skin sensitization potency–myths, maybes and realities. Part 1. The 500 molecular weight cut‐off
Authors: Roberts David W. , Mekenyan Ovanes G. , Dimitrov Sabcho D. , Dimitrova Gergana D. 
Published: August 2012

Background. It is widely accepted that there is a molecular weight (MW) cut‐off of 500, such that single chemicals with MWs higher than 500 cannot be skin sensitizers. If true, this could serve as a useful principle for designing non‐sensitizing chemicals.Objectives. To assess whether the 500 MW cut‐off is a myth or a reality.Methods. A database of 699 chemicals tested for skin sensitization in guinea pigs or mice was analysed to establish the number of tested chemicals with MW > 500, and to establish whether any of these were sensitizers.Results. Only 13 (2%) of the 699 chemicals in the database have MW > 500. Of the 13 tested compounds with MW > 500 in the database, five are sensitizers and eight are non‐sensitizers.Conclusions. The 500 MW cut‐off for skin sensitization is a myth, probably derived from the widespread misconception that ability to efficiently penetrate the stratum corneum is a key determinant of sensitization potency. The scarcity of sensitizers with MW > 500 simply reflects the general scarcity of chemicals with MW > 500.
Opportunistic filamentous mycoses: aspergillosis, mucormycosis, phaeohyphomycosis and hyalohyphomycosis
Authors: Perusquía‐Ortiz Ana María , Vázquez‐González Denisse , Bonifaz Alexandro 
Published: August 2012

SummaryOpportunistic filamentous mycoses are widely distributed all over the world. They are rarely observed in Europe but are common in developing countries. The most common are the aspergilloses (due to Aspergillus spp.) mostly in neutropenia and immunosuppression; the mucormycoses characterized by rapid progression in patients with diabetic ketoacidosis; the phaeohyphomycoses due to pigmented fungi causing either a mild superficial or a very serious deep disease and the hyalohyphomycoses due to hyaline filamentous fungi (Fusarium spp., Pseudallescheria spp., Scopulariopsis spp.). Cutaneous manifestations are usually secondary to dissemination from pulmonary or visceral disease; primary cases are less frequent and due to direct inoculation into the skin.We review epidemiological, clinical, diagnostic, and therapeutic data on the four most important opportunistic filamentous mycoses: aspergillosis, mucormycosis, phaeohyphomycosis and hyalohyphomycosis.
The zebrafish as a model for paediatric diseases
Authors: Lohi Olli , Parikka Mataleena , Rämet Mika 
Published: August 2012

AbstractThe rapid increase in information about genes and their associations with human diseases has highlighted the need for model organisms suitable for genetic manipulation and drug testing. The zebrafish is a valuable vertebrate animal model that offers many advantages, including the relative ease of husbandry and genetic manipulation and the capacity for high‐throughput screens. In this review, we describe the zebrafish as a model for paediatric diseases, with particular emphasis on haematopoietic and infectious diseases.Conclusion:  The zebrafish has become an established vertebrate model in which to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of various human diseases.
Phloem‐Mobile Aux/IAA Transcripts Target to the Root Tip and Modify Root ArchitectureF
Authors: Notaguchi Michitaka , Wolf Shmuel , Lucas William J. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractIn plants, the phloem is the component of the vascular system that delivers nutrients and transmits signals from mature leaves to developing sink tissues. Recent studies have identified proteins, mRNA, and small RNA within the phloem sap of several plant species. It is now of considerable interest to elucidate the biological functions of these potential long‐distance signal agents, to further our understanding of how plants coordinate their developmental programs at the whole‐plant level. In this study, we developed a strategy for the functional analysis of phloem‐mobile mRNA by focusing on IAA transcripts, whose mobility has previously been reported in melon (Cucumis melo cv. Hale's Best Jumbo). Indoleacetic acid (IAA) proteins are key transcriptional regulators of auxin signaling, and are involved in a broad range of developmental processes including root development. We used a combination of vasculature‐enriched sampling and hetero‐grafting techniques to identify IAA18 and IAA28 as phloem‐mobile transcripts in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Micro‐grafting experiments were used to confirm that these IAA transcripts, which are generated in vascular tissues of mature leaves, are then transported into the root system where they negatively regulate lateral root formation. Based on these findings, we present a model in which auxin distribution, in combination with phloem‐mobile Aux/IAA transcripts, can determine the sites of auxin action.
Skin Cancer Risks Avoided by the Montreal Protocol—Worldwide Modeling Integrating Coupled Climate‐Chemistry Models with a Risk Model for UV
Authors: van Dijk Arjan , Slaper Harry , den Outer Peter N. , Morgenstern Olaf , Braesicke Peter , Pyle John A. , Garny Hella , Stenke Andrea , Dameris Martin , Kazantzidis Andreas , Tourpali Kleareti , Bais Alkiviadis F. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractThe assessment model for ultraviolet radiation and risk “AMOUR” is applied to output from two chemistry‐climate models (CCMs). Results from the UK Chemistry and Aerosols CCM are used to quantify the worldwide skin cancer risk avoided by the Montreal Protocol and its amendments: by the year 2030, two million cases of skin cancer have been prevented yearly, which is 14% fewer skin cancer cases per year. In the “World Avoided,” excess skin cancer incidence will continue to grow dramatically after 2030. Results from the CCM E39C‐A are used to estimate skin cancer risk that had already been inevitably committed once ozone depletion was recognized: excess incidence will peak mid 21st century and then recover or even super‐recover at the end of the century. When compared with a “No Depletion” scenario, with ozone undepleted and cloud characteristics as in the 1960s throughout, excess incidence (extra yearly cases skin cancer per million people) of the “Full Compliance with Montreal Protocol” scenario is in the ranges: New Zealand: 100–150, Congo: −10–0, Patagonia: 20–50, Western Europe: 30–40, China: 90–120, South‐West USA: 80–110, Mediterranean: 90–100 and North‐East Australia: 170–200. This is up to 4% of total local incidence in the Full Compliance scenario in the peak year.
Using systematic conservation planning to minimize REDD+ conflict with agriculture and logging in the tropics
Authors: Venter Oscar , Possingham Hugh P. , Hovani Lex , Dewi Sonya , Griscom Bronson , Paoli Gary , Wells Phillip , Wilson Kerrie A. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractThis article describes the first application of systematic conservation planning for prioritizing REDD+ (reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation) strategies and agricultural expansion. For a REDD+ program in Indonesian Borneo, we find that the most cost‐effective way to reduce forest‐based emissions by 25% is to better manage protected areas and logging concessions. A more ambitious emissions reduction target would require constraining agricultural expansion and logging, which incurs opportunity costs. We discover, however, that these impacts can be mitigated by relocating oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) agricultural leases to areas that store, on average, 130 tons less carbon per hectare and are 8% more productive for oil palm. This reduces the costs of meeting REDD+ targets, avoids conflict with agriculture, and has the unanticipated effect of minimizing impacts on logging. Our approach presents a transparent and defensible method for prioritizing REDD+ locations and strategies in a way that minimizes development trade‐offs and promotes implementation success.
CHANGE PROCESS DURING SYNCHRONISED CONVERSION TO A ONCE‐MONTHLY ERYTHROPOIESIS‐STIMULATING AGENT (ESA) ADMINISTRATION AT A SINGLE SATELLITE HAEMODIALYSIS UNIT
Authors: Chow Josephine Sau Fan , Rayment Glenda , Britos Veronica , Cleland Bruce , Suranyi Michael 
Published: August 2012

SUMMARYBackground: There are currently no published data on the impact of changes to practice caused by introducing coordinated once‐monthly erythropoiesis‐stimulating agent (ESA) administration.Objective: This study aimed to measure staff satisfaction during and after ESA synchronisation within a single satellite haemodialysis unit.Design: A quantitative survey using a Likert scale was distributed to dialysis nurses pre‐synchronisation and during follow‐up at three and nine months post‐synchronisation. Secondary outcomes included monitoring of haemoglobin (Hb) levels.Results: A total of 19 respondents completed the surveys. By nine months post‐synchronisation, most nurses responded that ESA synchronisation was not a time‐consuming task, did not increase their workload, had saved them time and was simpler for the unit. Additionally, most nurses reported that they had coped well with the change and that they wanted ESA synchronisation to be permanently introduced. At 8 months post‐synchronisation, 53.3% of patients had an Hb level >11 g/dl and <12g/dl.Conclusion: Changes to practice resulting from ESA synchronisation did not appear to negatively impact nurse workplace satisfaction.
A transmission electron microscopy (TEM) investigation of opaque phases in shocked chondrites
Authors: Joreau Pascal , Leroux Hugues , Doukhan Jean‐Claude 
Published: August 2012

Abstract— Shock defects in the most common silicate minerals of chondrites (olivine, pyroxenes and feldspars) have been investigated in detail, but there have been almost no studies of the shock defects in other components, like metal and sulfide. This probably stems from the fact that these latter phases are opaque in the optical microscope. The same reason explains why veins and melt pockets, which are constituted of microcrystalline or glassy phases (i.e., isotropic) are also poorly documented. We have investigated such phases by analytical transmission electron microscopy (ATEM) in two shocked chondrites, Tenham (L6) and Gaines County (H5).We have characterized shock defects in troilite very similar to those occurring in silicates (i.e., a mosaic texture and sets of straight and very narrow, ⋍10 nm, lamellae of amorphized FeS).There are many small regions in shocked chondrites that are composed of very fine grained (⋍1 μm) mixtures of metal and sulfide or of various silicates. They must result from local melting followed by a rapid cooling that prevented grain growth. We have determined the chemical compositions and the volume proportions of the tiny grains in these veins and melt pockets, which has allowed their temperature and pressure (T, P) history to be partially deciphered.Finally, we have observed a dense network of very narrow fractures (down to 10 nm) in the olivine and enstatite grains. These fractures are systematically filled with an amorphous (or cryptocrystalline) material that stems from the melt pockets and was injected when the fractures were opened by the rarefaction wave. This material was then quenched at the contact with the colder crystalline rims.
Mantle material in the main belt: Battered to bits?
Authors: BURBINE Thomas H. , MEIBOM Anders , BINZEL Richard P. 
Published: August 2012

Abstract— The complete (or near complete) differentiation of a chondritic parent body is believed to result in an object with an Fe‐Ni core, a thick olivine‐dominated mantle and a thin plagioclase/pyroxene crust. Compositional groupings of iron meteorites give direct evidence that at least 60 chondritic parent bodies have been differentiated and subsequently destroyed. A long standing problem has been that our meteorite collections, and apparently our asteroid observations as well, show a great absence of olivine‐dominated metal‐free mantle material. While the basaltic achondrites (HED meteorites) represent metal‐free pyroxene‐dominated crustal samples, the isotopic and geochemical evidence implies that this class is derived from only one parent body (perhaps Vesta). Thus the meteoritic (and perhaps astronomical) evidence also suggests a great absence of crustal material resulting from the collisional disruption of numerous parent bodies.One explanation for the rarity of olivine‐dominated metal‐free and basaltic asteroids that fits all the available evidence is that all differentiated parent bodies, with the exception of Vesta, were either disrupted or had their crusts and mantles stripped very early in the age of the solar system. The resulting basaltic and olivine‐dominated metal‐free fragments were continually broken down until their sizes dropped at least below our current astronomical measurement limit (∼5–10 km for inner‐belt objects) and perhaps completely comminuted such that meteorite samples are no longer delivered. Because of their greater strengths and longer survival time in interplanetary space, only the iron and the stony‐iron meteorites remain as the final tracers of this differentiation and collisional history. However, other scenarios remain plausible such as those which invoke “space weathering” processes that effectively disguise the distinctive basaltic and olivine spectra of possible remnant crustal and mantle material within the main asteroid belt.
The fall of the St‐Robert meteorite
Authors: BROWN Peter , HILDEBRAND Alan R. , GREEN Daniel W. E. , PAGÉ Denis , JACOBS Cliff , REVELLE Doug , TAGLIAFERRI Edward , WACKER John , WETMILLER Bob 
Published: August 2012

Abstract The St‐Robert (Québec, Canada) meteorite shower occurred on 1994 June 15 at 0h02m UT accompanied by detonations audible for >200 km from the fireball endpoint. The fireball was recorded by visual observers in Vermont, New York State, New Hampshire, Québec and Ontario as well as by optical and infrared sensors in Earth‐orbit. Penetration to an altitude of 36 km occurred ∼60 km to the northeast of Montreal, where the bolide experienced several episodes of fragmentation. A total of 20 fragments of this H5 chondrite, comprising a total mass of 25.4 kg, were recovered in an ellipse measuring 8 × 3.5 km. One fragment of the shower partially penetrated the aluminum roof of a shed.Interpretation of the visual and satellite data suggests that the fireball traveled from south‐southwest to north‐northeast, with a slope from the horizontal of 55°–61°. A statistical evaluation of the likely heliocentric orbits for the body prior to collision with the Earth, coupled with theoretical modeling of the entry, suggests an entry velocity in the range of 12.7–13.3 km/s; the meteoroid had moved in a low‐inclination orbit, with orbital perihelion located extremely close to the Earth's orbit.From satellite optical data, it is found that the photometric mass consumed during the largest detonation is ∼1200 kg. Estimation of the amplitude of the acoustic signal detected by the most distant observer yields a source energy near 0.5 kt TNT equivalent energy, which corresponds to a mass of order 10 metric tonnes. This measure is uncertain to approximately one order of magnitude. Theoretical modeling of the entry of the object suggests a mass near 1600 kg. Cosmogenic radionuclide activities constrain the lower initial mass to be ∼700 kg with an upper limit near 4000 kg. Seismic data possibly associated with the fireball suggest extremely poor coupling between the airwave and the ground.The total mass estimated to have reached the ground is ∼100 kg (in material comprising >55 g fragments), while the preatmospheric mass is found to be most probably in the range of 1200–2000 kg.