bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A layer 2 multipath solution and its performance evaluation for Data Center Ethernets
Authors: Yu Yang , Fang Shuo , Aung Khin Mi Mi , Foh Chuan Heng , Li Hui , Zhu Yongqing 
Published: January 2013

SUMMARYData Center Ethernet is likely to be deployed as the communication infrastructure for future data centers, which carries multiple types of traffic with very different characteristics and handling requirements. Conventional Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) cannot meet the requirement of a Data Center Ethernet framework because of its poor bandwidth utilization and lack of multipathing capability. In this paper, we propose a layer 2 multipathing solution, namely optimized dynamic load‐balancing multipathing (ODLBMP), to be deployed in Data Center Ethernet. Our proposed method utilizes all available links and ports for frame delivery and can split traffic of a communication pair along multiple paths. In ODLBMP, the traffic loads of all paths are continuously monitored so that traffic assigned to each path can be dynamically adjusted to avoid path/link over‐utilization. Per‐flow forwarding is observed in ODLBMP to guarantee the in‐order delivery, which is important for most storage traffic. In addition, ODLBMP finely differentiates flows from application perspective so it has more flexibility in traffic splitting and route selection, and achieves better multipath load balancing. Computer simulations show that our proposed algorithm performs better than other compared algorithms, including STP, Transparent Interconnection of Lots of Links, and DLBMP, in all simulation scenarios in terms of frame delivery ratio and network throughput. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
pH‐Profiling of thermoactive lipases and esterases: Caveats and further notes
Authors: Hriscu Monica , Chiş Laura , Toşa Monica , Irimie Florin Dan 
Published: January 2013

AbstractA common technique for assaying lipase/esterase activity in vitro is the enzymatic cleavage of para‐nitrophenyl esters, with spectrophotometric monitorization at 405–410 nm of the released p‐nitrophenol (pNP). This method has its limitations, since the extinction coefficient of pNP is strongly pH‐dependent. Despite this, the method is being frequently used for investigating lipolytic activity over a pH range without any pH‐related corrections, which may bring along false results. We show to what extent the results may be altered by this approach and we review alternative strategies allowing the method to become usable both in the acidic range and with varying pH.
Environmental concentrations and bioaccumulations of cadmium and zinc in coastal watersheds along the Chinese Northern Bohai and Yellow Seas
Authors: Luo Wei , Lu Yonglong , Wang Tieyu , Kong Peiru , Jiao Wentao , Hu Wenyou , Jia Junmei , Naile Jonathan E. , Khim Jong Seong , Giesy John P. 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) and zinc (Zn) in surface water, sediment, carp, and crab samples collected from upstream and downstream regions of coastal watersheds along the Chinese Northern Bohai and Yellow Seas were analyzed to provide a comprehensive understanding and assessment of their environmental concentrations and bioaccumulations. The results showed that downstream waters contaminated with Zn would have adverse effects on aquatic organisms. Although nearly all sediments were contaminated with Cd due to human activities, little potential existed for Cd toxicity in sediment-dwelling fauna. Concentrations of Cd and Zn in most water, sediment, carp, and crab were less than published values. The downstream carp and crabs had higher mean bioaccumulation factors and biota-sediment accumulation factors for Cd but lower mean biota-sediment accumulation factors for Zn than the upstream carp and crabs. Based on the relationships among Cd and Zn concentrations in water, sediment, and biota, the authors conclude that Cd and Zn in crabs primarily derived from sediment exposure. Although Cd and Zn in water and sediment originated from some of the same sources, the sources of Cd or Zn in water were likely different from those in sediment. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2013;32:831–840. © 2013 SETAC
Ganglioside GM3 inhibits hepatoma cell motility via down‐regulating activity of EGFR and PI3K/AKT signaling pathway
Authors: X Huang , Y Li , J Zhang , Y Xu , Y Tian , K Ma 
Published: January 2013

AbstractTwo related sublines derived from murine ascites hepatoma cell lines Hca‐F25, which were selected for their markedly different metastatic potential to lymph nodes, were found to be distinct in their ganglioside patterns. The low metastatic cell line (HcaP) contained a major ganglioside GM3, whereas the high metastatic cell line (HcaF) contained a major ganglioside GM2. Suppression of GM3 by P4 enhanced the mobility and migration of the low metastatic HcaP cells in vitro. Increase in GM3 content in high metastatic HcaF cells by addition of exogenous GM3 inhibited the mobility and migration. These results suggested that the differences in lymphatic metastasis potential between these two cell lines could be attributed to the differences in their ganglioside compositions, and GM3 could suppress the motility and migration of these cells. Further, we investigated the mechanism by which GM3 suppressed the cell mobility and migration. The results showed that suppression of GM3 synthesis by P4 in low metastatic HcaP cells promoted PKB/Akt phosphorylation at Ser473 and Thr308, and phosphorylation of EGFR at the Tyr1173. In contrast, increase in GM3 content in high metastatic HcaF cells by addition of exogenous GM3 into the culture medium suppressed phosphorylation of PKB/Akt and EGFR at the same residues. Taken together, these results suggested that the mechanism of GM3‐suppressed cell motility and migration may involve the inhibition of phosphorylation of EGFR and the activity of PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. J. Cell. Biochem. 114: 1616–1624, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
microRNA 21‐mediated suppression of sprouty1 by Pokemon affects liver cancer cell growth and proliferation
Authors: Jin Xiu‐Li , Sun Qin‐Sheng , Liu Feng , Yang Hong‐Wei , Liu Min , Liu Hong‐Xia , Xu Wei , Jiang Yu‐Yang 
Published: January 2013

AbstractTranscriptional repressor Pokemon is a critical factor in embryogenesis, development, cell proliferation, differentiation, and oncogenesis, thus behaving as an oncogene. Oncomine database suggests a potential correlation between the expressions of Pokemon and Sprouty1. This study investigated the regulatory role of Pokemon in Sprouty1 expression and the effect on liver cancer cell growth and proliferation, revealing a novel miR‐21‐mediated regulatory circuit. In normal (HL‐7702) and cancer (QGY‐7703) liver cell lines, Sprouty1 expression is inversely correlated with Pokemon levels. Targeted expression or siRNA‐mediated silencing showed that Pokemon is a repressor of Sprouty1 expression at both mRNA and protein levels, but Pokemon cannot affect the promoter activity of Sprouty1. Sprouty1 is a target of miR‐21 and interestingly, we found that miR‐21 is up‐regulated by Pokemon in liver cancer cells. Luciferase reporter assays showed that Pokemon up‐regulated miR‐21 transcription in a dose‐dependent manner, and ChIP assay exhibited a direct binding of Pokemon to the miR‐21 promoter at −747 to −399 bp. Site‐directed mutagenesis of the GC boxes at −684 to −679 bp and −652 to −647 bp of miR‐21 promoter abolished the regulatory activity by Pokemon. Furthermore, we found that the modulation of Pokemon and miR‐21 expression affected the growth and proliferation of liver cancer cells QGY‐7703. In summary, our findings demonstrate that Pokemon suppresses Sprouty1 expression through a miR‐21‐mediated mechanism, affecting the growth and proliferation of liver cancer cells. This study recognized miR‐21 and Sprouty1 as novel targets of the Pokemon regulatory network. J. Cell. Biochem. 114: 1625–1633, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Antioxidant activity and HPLC analysis of polyphenol‐enriched extracts from industrial apple pomace
Authors: Bai Xuelian , Zhang Huawei , Ren Shuang 
Published: January 2013

AbstractBACKGROUNDPhenolic compounds are the predominant ingredients in apple pomace. However, polyphenols from industrial apple pomace, which usually consists of several cultivars, have not been studied in detail. The present work focused on the antioxidant assay and HPLC analysis of polyphenol‐enriched extracts from industrial apple pomace.RESULTSSix fractions of apple polyphenols, API to APVI, were acquired through extraction and purification using absorbent macroporous resin. Fraction APIII, eluted by 40% aqueous ethanol, had the highest content of total phenolics (1.48 ± 0.03 g gallic acid equivalents g−1 dry apple pomace), which consisted of chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, syrigin, procyanidin B2, (−)‐epicatechin, cinnamic acid, coumaric acid and quercetin. Antioxidant assays showed that APIII had the strongest antioxidant activity of DPPH radical scavenging rate (90.96% ± 10.23%), ABTS radical inhibition rate (89.78% ± 6.54%) and the strongest reducing power (8.30 ± 0.71 µmol Trolox equivalents kg−1 dry apple pomace). It also indicated that procyanidin B2, chlorogenic acid, (−)‐epicatechin and quercetin had stronger antioxidant capacity than other phenols.CONCLUSIONOur data suggested that extracts from industrial apple pomace were rich in phenols and exhibited potent antioxidant activity. Extraction of polyphenols from industrial apple pomace would bring a great benefit and improve development of apple juice and cider industries. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry
Amine‐Functionalized Polyglycidyl Methacrylate Microsphere as a Unified Template for the Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticles and Single‐Crystal Gold Plates
Authors: Oh Joon Suk , Dang Luong Nguyen , Yoon Sung Woon , Lee Pyoung Chan , Kim Dong Ouk , Kim Kwang Jin , Nam Jae Do 
Published: January 2013

AbstractPolyglycidyl methacrylate (PGMA) microspheres, crosslinked and surface‐functionalized by amine, can be used as a solid‐state template for the synthesis of gold (Au) crystals in the forms of either nanoparticles (NPs) or plates. It is discovered that the polymer microsphere acts as an internal template to cultivate Au NPs inside the microsphere or an external template to generate the single‐crystal plates depending on the critical concentration (Ccr) of gold ions. The ion–dipole interaction and the structure‐dependent solubility of gold induce two distinct gold nanostructures in the presence of the functionalized polymer microspheres. The catalytic activity and long‐term storage of the developed gold nanostructures that can be easily scaled‐up for mass production through the developed novel methodology is demonstrated.
Analysis of Mogroside V in Siraitia grosvenorii with Micelle‐mediated Cloud‐Point Extraction
Authors: Deng Fuli , Liang Xiangfeng , Yang Liangrong , Liu Qingfen , Liu Huizhou 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACTIntroductionMogroside V is the main effective ingredient of Siraitia grosvenorii used as a natural sweet food as well as a traditional Chinese medicine. The sample pre‐treatment prior to chromatographic analysis requires large amounts of toxic organic solvents and is time consuming.ObjectiveTo develop an effective and simple method for extracting and determining mogroside V of Siraitia grosvenorii.MethodsMogroside V was extracted and preconcentrated by micelle‐mediated cloud‐point extraction with nonionic surfactant isotridecyl poly (ethylene glycol) ether (Genapol® X‐080). The obtained solutions containing mogroside V were analysed by high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with ultraviolet (UV) detection. The chromatographic separation was performed on a C18‐column using gradient elution with acetonitrile and water at 203 nm.ResultsThe cloud‐point extraction yield was 80.7% while the pre‐concentration factor was about 10.8. The limit of detection was 0.75 µg/mL and the limit of quantification was 2 µg/mL. The relative standard deviations for intra‐ and interday precisions of mogroside V were less than 8.68% and 5.78%, respectively, and the recoveries were between 85.1% and 103.6%.ConclusionThe HPLC–UV method based on micelle‐mediated cloud‐point extraction for determination mogroside V in Siraitia grosvenorii was environmentally friendly, simple and sensitive. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sun‐trackers profitability analysis in Spain
Authors: de Simón‐Martín Miguel , Alonso‐Tristán Cristina , Díez‐Mediavilla Montserrat 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACTThe principal objective of this study is to analyze the performance of sun‐trackers devices compared with fixed flat plate systems using data from a widely used irradiation prediction software (PVGIS). We analyze typical parameters as daily and monthly sum of global irradiation (Hd and Hm) or average daily and monthly estimated electricity production (Eh and Em) and also their associated costs and land requirements (usually described by the ground cover ratio, GCR). It was observed that the influence of these two last parameters is quite important to the calculation of the payback time of the whole installation. As a final result, it is concluded that although the dual‐axis tracker allows the maximum energetic performance, a 38% higher than a fixed system on average, if we take into account the GCR value and calculate the surface performance ratio, the most efficient configuration is the horizontal‐axis solar tracker. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Helminth egg excretion with regard to age, gender and management practices on UK Thoroughbred studs
Authors: RELF V. E. , MORGAN E. R. , HODGKINSON J. E. , MATTHEWS J. B. 
Published: January 2013

SUMMARYFew studies have described the combined effect of age, gender, management and control programmes on helminth prevalence and egg shedding in grazing equines. Here, fecal samples collected from 1221 Thoroughbred horses, residing at 22 studs in the UK, were analysed. The distribution of strongyle eggs amongst individuals in relation to age, gender and management practices was investigated. Fecal worm egg counts (FWECs), described as the number of eggs per gramme (epg) of feces, were determined using a modification of the salt flotation method. The FWEC prevalence (mean%) of strongyles,Parascaris equorum, tapeworm spp. andStrongyloides westeriwas 56, 9, 4 and 8%, respectively. Strongyle,P. equorum, tapeworm spp. andS. westeriinfections were detected on 22 (100%), 11 (50%), 9 (41%) and 8 (36%) of studs, respectively. Within all age and gender categories, strongyle FWECs were highly over-dispersed (arithmetic mean = 95 epg, aggregation parameterk=0·111) amongst horses. Animal age, last anthelmintic type administered and management practices (for example, group rotation on grazing) most strongly influenced strongyle prevalence and level of egg shedding (P < 0·05). Overall, 11% of equines (range: 234–2565 epg) were responsible for excreting 80% of the strongyle eggs detected on FWEC analysis. The results confirm that the judicious application of targeted treatments has potential to control equine strongyle populations by protecting individual horses from high burdens, whilst promoting refugia for anthelmintic susceptible genotypes.
Naturalistic Assessment of Everyday Activities and Prompting Technologies in Mild Cognitive Impairment
Authors: Seelye Adriana M. , Schmitter-Edgecombe Maureen , Cook Diane J. , Crandall Aaron 
Published: January 2013

AbstractOlder adults with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) often have difficulty performing complex instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs), which are critical to independent living. In this study, amnestic multi-domain MCI (N = 29), amnestic single-domain MCI (N = 18), and healthy older participants (N = 47) completed eight scripted IADLs (e.g., cook oatmeal on the stove) in a smart apartment testbed. We developed and experimented with a graded hierarchy of technology-based prompts to investigate both the amount of prompting and type of prompts required to assist individuals with MCI in completing the activities. When task errors occurred, progressive levels of assistance were provided, starting with the lowest level needed to adjust performance. Results showed that the multi-domain MCI group made more errors and required more prompts than the single-domain MCI and healthy older adult groups. Similar to the other two groups, the multi-domain MCI group responded well to the indirect prompts and did not need a higher level of prompting to get back on track successfully with the tasks. Need for prompting assistance was best predicted by verbal memory abilities in multi-domain amnestic MCI. Participants across groups indicated that they perceived the prompting technology to be very helpful. (JINS, 2013, 19, 1–11)
Treating Severely Abused Parricide Offenders
Authors: Heide Kathleen M. , Solomon Eldra 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThis chapter considers the treatment of the severely abused parricide offender type. This type is the most common among adolescents who kill their parents and is the type with the most favorable prognosis. It first reviews the literature on the severely mentally ill parricide offender; on treating juvenile and adolescent homicide offenders; and on the treatment of adolescent parricide offenders (APO). It then discusses treatments for the severely abused APO. It focuses on two major aspects of treatment and the issues that accompany them. First, the APO's current crisis must be addressed. The youth must deal with the homicide and its aftermath with respect to himself and other family survivors. Second, treatment must focus on teaching the youth the skills he needs to cope more effectively with ongoing life events. Intervention must help the youth to resolve the traumatic experiences and their effects that propelled the violence. The youth's history of victimization in the home must be unraveled and resolved.
Reuse, Recycle, Recirculate
Authors: Garvey Ellen Gruber 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
This chapter traces the history of how readers have kept track of their reading, starting with bookmarks and commonplace books. Scrapbook making grew as cheap and even free books to paste over, became widely available. Readers displaced old book information with new clippings, asserting their individual hierarchies of reading matter: the stories they liked mattered more than sermons or information about new patents. Scrapbooks were part of a larger practice of isolating items from their original publications to recirculate within the nineteenth-century press. Editors stripped items of their attribution, or added a new authorial attribution. Authors such as Ella Wheeler Wilcox countered by devising methods to keep names attached to their works.
Mark Twain's Scrapbook Innovations
Authors: Garvey Ellen Gruber 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Mark Twain kept scrapbooks for various purposes, mocked scrapbook keepers in his writing, and invented a new type of scrapbook; he also altered and innovated the language for talking and writing about scrapbooks. This chapter shows that Twain's ambivalent relation to recirculation was tightly bound to the scrapbook he invented, which invited its buyers to write a book with his name on it, wielding their own scissors. The relationship of authorship to writing with scissors is complicated. Twain used the circuits of reprinting and recirculation to promote his scrapbook, while he undertook various frustrating attempts to protect his intellectual property from reprinting, including battling Will M. Clemens, a “maggot” who fed on his work.
What Does “Biological Motion” Really Mean?
Authors: Chouchourelou Arieta , Golden, Alissa , Shiffrar Maggie 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
For several decades, vision researchers’ use of the term “biological motion” has been used to refer to different things, including the category of all animal movements, the category of all human movements, and, most specifically, the category of human movements depicted in point-light displays. In reviewing data from psychophysical and neurophysiological studies, along with some new perceptual findings, this chapter examines the hypothesis that the visual analysis of human motion does not represent a uniform or bounded perceptual category but rather that analyses of human motion differ in a graded fashion from analyses of nonhuman animal motion. Thus, “biological motion” perception likely defines the perceptual category of human and animal motions organized such that human motion, or, more specifically, the observer’s own motor repertoire, constitutes the prototypical stimulus within the category.
The Debt Effect
Authors: Rohit  
Published: January 2013

AbstractChapter 6 studies the path of an economy where consumption of the workers is not limited by their wage income. They can take debt to finance it. Allowing for debt-driven consumption of the workers further adds to the counteracting tendency towards stagnation. Now that they can relax their budget constraint, the consumption of the workers might increase, instead of decreasing, thereby, giving rise to a boom. Short run dynamics show this process can produce a business cycle which moves according to the debt cycle. Tendency towards underconsumption can be overcome when the debt is increasing. Reverse would happen when defaults start happening as was evident in the subprime crisis. As was the case with the wealth effect, the debt effect has the potential of only generating a cycle instead of a prolonged growth, an experience borne out by the current crisis.
From Pelagius to Gildas
Authors: Charles-Edwards T. M. 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
At the end of the fourth century, the culture of the Latin‐speaking part of the Empire was still one in which provincial intellectuals were attracted to Rome. In the sixth century they remained at home; if they migrated they did so within the British lands (including Brittany) or across the sea to Ireland. Three Britons, Pelagius, Faustus, and Gildas, exemplify these changes. Pelagius gained fame in Rome in the late‐fourth century; in the early‐fifth century, Faustus migrated as far as Provence, where he became abbot of Lérins, in his lifetime the most influential monastery in western Europe. He later became bishop of Riez. He retained links with Britain and may be the source of one of the most important pieces of evidence on Anglo‐Saxon conquests in his homeland. Gildas was the author of the one major work to survive from sixth‐century Britain, a prophetic denunciation of the sins of the British elite.
Rome and the Britons, 400–664
Authors: Charles-Edwards T. M. 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
In 400 Britain remained part of the Roman Empire and enjoyed the material benefits that came with an extensive market for goods borne by long‐distance trade. In the fifth century it suffered a catastrophic decline in material culture brought about by warfare; but, at the same time, it extended Christianity and a Latin‐based intellectual culture to Ireland. By the sixth century the Gallo‐Roman inhabitants of what was then Frankish Gaul thought of themselves no longer as Gauls but as Romans. The Britons, however, remained Britons, both those of the new Brittany, south of the Channel, and those of the island of Britain. The tensions between the Britons of Brittany (the Bretons) and the (Gallo‐)Romans were exported to Britain and played a crucial role in causing their neighbours to see them all, not as Roman citizens, but as barbarians.
Lords, Food-Renders, and Peasants
Authors: Charles-Edwards T. M. 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
This chapter is concerned with the economic relationship between peasants and the elite. This was based on the payment of fixed annual food‐renders. The nature of these renders is discussed and reasons given why their structure, as shown by the Llancarfan charters, was of considerable antiquity. The laws, from North Wales as well as the South, show that a similar regime of food‐renders still obtained in the twelfth century. This conclusion may mitigate one difficulty, namely that most of the charters belong to south‐eastern Wales. Once the charters and the laws are put together, they reveal much of Welsh social organization over a very long period.