bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Implementation of Membership Function using Spatial Wave-Function Switched FETs
Authors: Karmakar Supriya , Chandy John A , Jain Faquir C. 
Published: May 2014

Spatial wave-function switched field effect transistor (SWSFET) switches the current flow between different channels inside the FET based on the applied voltage in its gate terminal. SWSFET can be used to implement multi-valued logic circuit with less number of circuit elements. Recently we presented unipolar inverter circuit using SWSFET. In this paper we develop a circuit model of SWSFET based on BSIM 3.2.0 and BSIM 3.2.4 and implement membership function using that circuit model of SWSFET. The spatial wave-function switched field effect transistor (SWSFET) has two or three low band-gap quantum well channels inside the substrate of the semiconductor. Applied voltage at the gate region of the SWSFET, switches the charge carrier concentration in different channels from source to drain region. A circuit model of SWSFET is developed in BSIM 3.2.0. Membership function is implemented using the circuit model of the SWSFET. Membership function implementation using less number of SWSFET will reduce the device count in future analog-to-digital converter (ADC) and digital-to-analog converter (DAC) circuits.
Preliminary modelling of the saturation of a full-sized clay and concrete shaft seal
Authors: Priyanto D. G. , Dixon D. A. , Kim C.-S. , Korkeakoski P. , Villagran J. E. 
Published: May 2014

Abstract

A shaft seal was installed at the intersection of the 5 m-diameter access shaft of the Atomic Energy of Canada Limited's Underground Research Laboratory with a major, moderately dipping fracture zone (FZ) to limit the mixing of the saline groundwater at the zone below the FZ with freshwater at the zone above the FZ. The shaft seal consists of 6 m-thick clay-based material that is sandwiched between 3 m-thick upper and lower concrete components, and its centre is located at
c.
273 m depth below the surface. This paper presents the results of preliminary finite element analyses using 2D-axisymetric and 3D geometries simulating the saturation of the shaft seal. The components in the analyses include the clay, concrete, intact rock and FZ. Of particular interest are the field-observed differences in the hydraulic pressures above and below the shaft seal. The results of the numerical analyses were compared with the 3-year monitoring data. The results of the numerical models showed that the decrease in the pressure difference indicates that there was flow path that connects the zones above and below the shaft seal. A preliminary long-term estimation of the shaft seal hydraulic response (up to 1000 years) was done based on the hydraulic pressure and excavation volume data, combined with the assumptions that that the groundwater level will eventually recover to the initial conditions.
Model validation based on
in situ
radionuclide migration tests in Boom Clay: status of a large-scale migration experiment, 24 years after injection
Authors: Weetjens E. , Maes N. , Van Ravestyn L. 
Published: May 2014

Abstract

Demonstration of the long-term safety of a nuclear waste repository relies on earth science models, integrated in a performance assessment model chain. These models are subject to quality assurance procedures and principles of which model validation, qualification and verification are essential elements. However, in the context of performance assessment, model validation is often limited owing to extreme timescales and the use of natural barriers that can never be entirely characterized. Nevertheless, it is often possible to demonstrate that the models are valid or qualified to describe the processes at hand. In case of geological disposal in Boom Clay, the host formation is the dominant barrier for radionuclide migration and releases to the biosphere. Therefore, it has to be demonstrated that migration of solutes through Boom Clay at relevant scale is adequately understood. Large-scale and long-term
in situ
migration experiments, such as the CP1 experiment, form a cornerstone in this confidence-building process. In this experiment, accurate predictions of the tracer's breakthrough curves up to 3 m from the source have been obtained using the conventional advection–dispersion–reaction equation to describe solute transport and parameters obtained from (small-scale) migration experiments in the laboratory.
Cyclin D1 Integrates Estrogen-Mediated DNA Damage Repair Signaling
Authors: Li Zhiping , Chen Ke , Jiao Xuanmao , Wang Chenguang , Willmarth Nicole E. , Casimiro Mathew C. , Li Weihua , Ju Xiaoming , Kim Sung Hoon , Lisanti Michael P. , Katzenellenbogen John A. , Pestell Richard G. 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
The cyclin D1 gene encodes the regulatory subunit of a holoenyzme that phosphorylates the retinoblastoma protein (pRb) and nuclear respiratory factor (NRF1) proteins. The abundance of cyclin D1 determines estrogen-dependent gene expression in the mammary gland of mice. Using estradiol (E2) and an E2–dendrimer conjugate that is excluded from the nucleus, we demonstrate that E2 delays the DNA damage response (DDR) via an extranuclear mechanism. The E2-induced DDR required extranuclear cyclin D1, which bound ERα at the cytoplasmic membrane and augmented AKT phosphorylation (Ser473) and γH2AX foci formation. In the nucleus, E2 inhibited, whereas cyclin D1 enhanced homology-directed DNA repair. Cyclin D1 was recruited to γH2AX foci by E2 and induced Rad51 expression. Cyclin D1 governs an essential role in the E2-dependent DNA damage response via a novel extranuclear function. The dissociable cytoplasmic function to delay the E2-mediated DDR together with the nuclear enhancement of DNA repair uncovers a novel extranuclear function of cyclin D1 that may contribute to the role of E2 in breast tumorigenesis. Cancer Res; 74(14); 3959–70. ©2014 AACR.
Flotillin-1 Regulates Oncogenic Signaling in Neuroblastoma Cells by Regulating ALK Membrane Association
Authors: Tomiyama Arata , Uekita Takamasa , Kamata Reiko , Sasaki Kazuki , Takita Junko , Ohira Miki , Nakagawara Akira , Kitanaka Chifumi , Mori Kentaro , Yamaguchi Hideki , Sakai Ryuichi 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
Neuroblastomas harbor mutations in the nonreceptor anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) in 8% to 9% of cases where they serve as oncogenic drivers. Strategies to reduce ALK activity offer clinical interest based on initial findings with ALK kinase inhibitors. In this study, we characterized phosphotyrosine-containing proteins associated with ALK to gain mechanistic insights in this setting. Flotillin-1 (FLOT1), a plasma membrane protein involved in endocytosis, was identified as a binding partner of ALK. RNAi-mediated attenuation of FLOT1 expression in neuroblastoma cells caused ALK dissociation from endosomes along with membrane accumulation of ALK, thereby triggering activation of ALK and downstream effector signals. These features enhanced the malignant properties of neuroblastoma cells in vitro and in vivo. Conversely, oncogenic ALK mutants showed less binding affinity to FLOT1 than wild-type ALK. Clinically, lower expression levels of FLOT1 were documented in highly malignant subgroups of human neuroblastoma specimens. Taken together, our findings suggest that attenuation of FLOT1-ALK binding drives malignant phenotypes of neuroblastoma by activating ALK signaling. Cancer Res; 74(14); 3790–801. ©2014 AACR.
Activating and Propagating Polyclonal Gamma Delta T Cells with Broad Specificity for Malignancies
Authors: Deniger Drew C. , Maiti Sourindra N. , Mi Tiejuan , Switzer Kirsten C. , Ramachandran Vijaya , Hurton Lenka V. , Ang Sonny , Olivares Simon , Rabinovich Brian A. , Huls M. Helen , Lee Dean A. , Bast Robert C. , Champlin Richard E. , Cooper Laurence J.N. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractPurpose: To activate and propagate populations of γδ T cells expressing polyclonal repertoire of γ and δ T-cell receptor (TCR) chains for adoptive immunotherapy of cancer, which has yet to be achieved.Experimental Design: Clinical-grade artificial antigen-presenting cells (aAPC) derived from K562 tumor cells were used as irradiated feeders to activate and expand human γδ T cells to clinical scale. These cells were tested for proliferation, TCR expression, memory phenotype, cytokine secretion, and tumor killing.Results: γδ T-cell proliferation was dependent upon CD137L expression on aAPC and addition of exogenous IL2 and IL21. Propagated γδ T cells were polyclonal as they expressed TRDV1, TRDV2-2, TRDV3, TRDV5, TRDV7, and TRDV8 with TRGV2, TRGV3F, TRGV7, TRGV8, TRGV9*A1, TRGV10*A1, and TRGV11 TCR chains. IFNγ production by Vδ1, Vδ2, and Vδ1negVδ2neg subsets was inhibited by pan-TCRγδ antibody when added to cocultures of polyclonal γδ T cells and tumor cell lines. Polyclonal γδ T cells killed acute and chronic leukemia, colon, pancreatic, and ovarian cancer cell lines, but not healthy autologous or allogeneic normal B cells. Blocking antibodies demonstrated that polyclonal γδ T cells mediated tumor cell lysis through combination of DNAM1, NKG2D, and TCRγδ. The adoptive transfer of activated and propagated γδ T cells expressing polyclonal versus defined Vδ TCR chains imparted a hierarchy (polyclonal&gt;Vδ1&gt;Vδ1negVδ2neg&gt;Vδ2) of survival of mice with ovarian cancer xenografts.Conclusions: Polyclonal γδ T cells can be activated and propagated with clinical-grade aAPCs and demonstrate broad antitumor activities, which will facilitate the implementation of γδ T-cell cancer immunotherapies in humans. Clin Cancer Res; 20(22); 5708–19. ©2014 AACR.
Towards an Asian Multitextual Theology
Authors: Adiprasetya Joas 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
The article criticizes some shortcomings of Asian contextual and liberation theologies that methodologically employ ‘hermeneutical circle’. The method focuses on experience as the starting point of doing theology. Despite its powerful insights that enable theologians to engage with concrete human and social problems, the method can easily preserve a theologian’s blind spot that hinders her/him from perspectives other than his or her own. I also criticize such an experience-based method as being too linear which can easily result in a methodological imperialism. In response to the weakness, I propose a multitextual theology, which on the one hand acknowledges the importance of perspectivism in any theology but also, on the other hand, celebrates theological freedom in viewing reality from ‘manywheres’. Since reality provides plurality of texts, a multitextual theology can begin simultaneously from any text, without being trapped into a procedural rigidity as clearly demonstrated in contextual and liberation theologies.
Tell Us Our Story
Authors: van Liere Lucien 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
This article raises the question about how definitions of religion and violence can be understood as links to the context in which they are formulated. The focus is on the context of academic learning. Understanding a definition as a micro-narrative that reflects the cultural ‘archive’, the author uses two academic contexts (i.e. Utrecht, The Netherlands and Jakarta, Indonesia) to show how religion and violence are differently understood. These differences are taken as significant information for understanding how the topic of ‘religion and violence’ is related to cultural understandings of the place of religion in society. The question is raised how ‘narrative learning’ can help as a strategy to raise awareness about the preconditioning of (academic) definitions of ‘religion and violence’.
Reading the Bible in Africa
Authors: Ngong David T. 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
This paper describes inculturation biblical reading in a narrow way to include mainly that reading of the Bible that takes for granted what is believed to be a peculiarly African spiritualistic cosmology. A central element of this method includes pitting a supposedly African spiritualized cosmology against a supposedly Western rationalistic and disenchanted cosmology. Proponents of this method claim that a relevant biblical interpretation in the African context should enable Africans to deal with issues arising from their belief in an enchanted world. This essay problematizes the focus on this enchanted cosmology and argues that the African condition can be effectively addressed through interpreting the Bible in ways that encourage the development of the scientific imagination, which could lead to the development of science and technology and an improved standard of living for the people.
Mothers for a Christian Nation
Authors: van Geuns Suzanne 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
Believers of the American Quiverfull movement reject all forms of contraception. They promote having as many children as God is willing to give and raising these children to be righteous Christians, with the explicit purpose of creating a Christian nation. The movement has no central institutions: believers communicate online, through blogs and forums.
This article investigates where the Quiverfull movement can be situated within the realm of American Christianity as well as its relation to modernity. By using Moojan Momen’s fundamentalism-liberalism spectrum to locate the movement on the map of Christianity, the article argues that the Quiverfull position can be best understood by relating its standpoints on gender and family politics to those of American evangelical fundamentalist churches.
Yet Quiverfull stances do not entirely fit the fundamentalist frame. The Quiverfull focus on a biblical future, rather than a biblical past, sets this movement apart from evangelical fundamentalism. Though the Quiverfull movement is small now, its tactics and strategies might provide Christian fundamentalists with new perspectives on growth and the preservation of Christian morals. Rearticulating their biblical convictions online in modern ways, Quiverfull women are working towards a modernity that is transformed to be wholly Christian, one baby at a time.
Analysis of the Nonlinearity of El Niño–Southern Oscillation Teleconnections*
Authors: Frauen Claudia , Dommenget Dietmar , Tyrrell Nicholas , Rezny Michael , Wales Scott 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) has significant variations and nonlinearities in its pattern and strength. ENSO events vary in their position along the equator, with some located in the central Pacific (CP) and others in the east Pacific (EP). To study how these variations are reflected in global ENSO teleconnections, both observations and idealized atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM) simulations are analyzed. Clear nonlinearities exist in observed teleconnections of sea level pressure (SLP) and precipitation. However, it is difficult to distinguish if these are caused by the different signs, strengths, or spatial patterns of events (strong El Niño events mostly being EP events and strong La Niña events mostly being CP events) or by combinations of these. Therefore, sensitivity experiments are performed with an AGCM forced with idealized EP and CP ENSO sea surface temperature (SST) patterns with varying signs and strengths. The response is generally stronger for warm events than for cold events and the teleconnection patterns vary with changing SST anomaly patterns. EP events show stronger nonlinearities than CP events. The nonlinear responses to ENSO events can be explained as a combination of nonlinear responses to a linear ENSO (fixed pattern but varying signs and strengths) and a linear response to a nonlinear ENSO (varying patterns). Any observed event is a combination of these aspects. While in most tropical regions these add up, leading to stronger nonlinear responses than expected from the single components, in some regions they cancel each other, resulting in little overall nonlinearity. This leads to strong regional differences in ENSO teleconnections.
Scalability and Realist Climate Insights
Authors: Karlsson Rasmus , Symons Jonathan 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
Recent scientific findings have underscored the need for a rapid global decarbonization. Yet, atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases continue to rise despite vast investments in small-scale renewable energy. Meanwhile, the prolonged international climate negotiations have yet to deliver effective mitigation action. By problematizing the issue of scalability and taking into consideration a realist analysis of international relations, this article suggests 1) that national transitions to a low-carbon economy can only serve as stepping-stones to global decarbonization if they contribute to the development of scalable technologies that are significantly cheaper than existing fossil alternatives and 2) that the current diplomatic gridlock can only be broken by technological innovation that severs the link between economic prosperity and greenhouse gas emissions, and thus also severs the link between decarbonization and military power.
Compression in mixed ulcers: venous side
Authors: Mosti Giovanni 
Published: May 2014

Introduction: arterial involvement may coexist in about 15–30 of venous ulcers. In this case compression therapy maybe applied, only by expert caregivers, with a reduced pressure which must not overcome the arterial pressure at ankle and foot level. It remains to assess if such a reduced pressure may be effective also on the impaired venous hemodynamics. Aim of this paper is to present an overview of the data we have, showing the effects on venous hemodynamics of a reduced compression pressure. Material and methods: in different groups of patients affected by deep and superficial venous incompetence, venous reflux and ejection fraction (EF) from the lower leg were measured in baseline conditions, without any compression, and after application of different elastic and inelastic compression devices exerting different pressure ranges from 20 to 60 mm Hg. The compression pressure was always recorded simultaneously with venous reflux of EF assessment. Results: strong pressures show the greatest effect in reducing/abolishing venous reflux and increasing EF but also a reduced pressure in the range of 20 to 40 mm Hg is effective in improving venous hemodynamics provided inelastic materials are used. Conclusions: inelastic but not elastic materials exert a standing pressure which is significantly higher than in supine position even starting from a reduced supine pressure of 40 mm Hg which does not impair the arterial inflow. This strong pressure is able to reduce and even abolish the venous reflux and improve the EF up to restoring its normal range. A reduced or modified compression pressure is able to significantly improve the venous hemodynamics without affecting the arterial inflow in patients with mixed ulcers, provided inelastic materials are used.
Feasibility of identifying deep vein thrombosis characteristics with contrast enhanced MR-Venography
Authors: Arnoldussen CWKP , Strijkers RHW , Lambregts DMJ , Lahaye MJ , de Graaf R , Wittens CHA 
Published: May 2014

Purpose To assess the feasibility of identifying deep vein thrombosis characteristics with contrast enhanced magnetic resonance venography. Materials and Methods A total of 53 cases of deep vein thrombosis extending in and/or above the common femoral vein were evaluated by 4 independent observers (2 expert, 2 novice) using pre-determined characteristics to determine the thrombosis present to be acute, sub-acute or old. If present, chronic remnants of a previous deep vein thrombosis were reported. Additionally these image qualifications were compared to the reported duration of complaints. Results In all cases all observers were able to qualify the thrombosis. The interobserver agreement between the experts was excellent (kappa 0.97) and good between expert and novice (kappa 0.82). Thrombosis identified as acute had an average duration of complaints of 6,5 (2–13) days, sub‐acute 13 (8–18) days and old 22 (15–32) days. Conclusion Qualification of thrombosis as acute, sub-acute or old and identification of chronic remnants of DVT with CE-MRV using routinely identifiable characteristics is feasible and reproducible with good to excellent interobserver agreement.
The imaging spectrum of pulmonary tuberculosis
Authors: Cardinale Luciano , Parlatano Daniela , Boccuzzi Francesco , Onoscuri Maurizio , Volpicelli Giovanni , Veltri Andrea 
Published: May 2014

Tuberculosis has still an important impact on public health because it is an important cause of death, particularly in developing countries.On the other hand recent studies have shown that tuberculosis is again becoming concentrated in big cities of Western Europe, especially among immigrants, drug addicts, poor people, and the homeless, despite progress in reducing national rates of the disease.Diagnostic imaging is challenging for radiologists because signs of tuberculosis may easily mimic other diseases such as neoplasms or sarcoidosis. Clinical signs and symptoms in affected adults can be non-specific and a high level of pre-test clinical suspicion based on history is fundamental in the diagnostic work-up. Impact of tuberculosis in the world is extremely important considering the high incidence estimated during 2011 that was 8.7 million cases. This article gives a review of imaging patterns of chest tuberculosis as may be detected on conventional radiography and computerized tomography (CT). The main aim is to improve radiologist’s familiarity with the spectrum of imaging features of this disease and facilitate timely diagnosis. Furthermore, we consider the emerging role of alternative methods of imaging, such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), that can be helpful and highly accurate for a better definition of some signs of tuberculosis.
Subclinical hypothyroidism: Comparison of adhesion molecule levels before and after levothyroxine therapy
Authors: Bilgir Ferda , Bilgir Oktay , Calan Mehmet , Calan Ozlem , Isikyakar Tolgay 
Published: May 2014

Objective Adhesion molecules are involved in inflammation, atherosclerosis and malignancy. This study measured levels of adhesion molecules before and after levothyroxine therapy in patients with subclinical hypothyroidism (SHO). Methods Levels of soluble (s) intracellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1, s vascular cell adhesion molecule (sVCAM) VCAM-1 and sE-selectin were analysed in patients diagnosed with SHO, prior to administration of 50 µg/day levothyroxine orally for 3 months. Subsequently, levels of sICAM-1, sVCAM-1 and sE-selectin were reanalysed then compared with the pretreatment levels. Results In 30 patients with SHO, levels of sICAM-1 were found to be significantly higher than those in healthy controls, ( P = 0.001). Post-treatment sICAM-1 levels were significantly lower than pretreatment levels ( P = 0.001). No significant differences were found in sVCAM-1 or sE-selectin levels between healthy controls and patients with SHO before treatment, or between patients with SHO pre- and post-treatment. Conclusions Patients with SHO had significantly higher levels of sICAM-1 compared with controls. Levels became normal after treatment with levothyroxine. These findings emphasize the need for levothyroxine therapy in cases of SHO to normalize sICAM-1 levels. Such treatment helps to prevent the future development of atherosclerosis or cancer.