bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Observation of Vocal Fold and Pharyngeal Paralysis After Carotid Endarterectomy Using a Magnifying Laryngoscope
Authors: Tamaki Tomonori , Node Yoji , Saitou Norihiro , Saigusa Hideto 
Published: January 2013

AbstractBackgroundInjury to the vagus nerve or one of its branches during carotid endarterectomy (CEA) can result in vocal fold paralysis (VFP), but the exact mechanisms and site of injury responsible for VFP after CEA are unclear. The aim of this study was to identify the site of nerve injury in patients with VFP after CEA using magnifying laryngoscopy.MethodsWe performed 96 consecutive CEA procedures in 87 patients over 5 years. After 56 CEA procedures, we examined vocal fold movements with a flexible nasolaryngoscope and detected VFP in 5 of 40 cases (9 %). At 6–8 weeks after CEA, these five patients also underwent magnifying laryngoscopy at another institution by a specialist in vocalization.ResultsWe confirmed ipsilateral VFP and pharyngeal paralysis in three patients. The other two patients recovered from their nerve injuries spontaneously before the magnifying examination.ConclusionsVFP and pharyngeal paralysis were caused by damage to the recurrent laryngeal and pharyngeal nerves. Therefore, the probable site of nerve injury during CEA was near the inferior vagal ganglion of the vagus nerve trunk in our three patients.
Introgression of Botrytis grey mould resistance genes from Cicer reticulatum (bgmr1cr) and C. echinospermum (bgmr1ce) to chickpea (C. arietinum)
Authors: Ramgopal D. , Srivastava R. K. , Pande S. , Rathore A. , Jadhav D. R. , Sharma M. , Gaur P. M. , Mallikarjuna N. 
Published: January 2013

Botrytis grey mould (BGM), caused by the fungus Botrytis cinerea Pers. ex Fr., is an important disease of chickpea causing economic losses across the world in chickpea-growing regions. There are no available resistance sources in cultivated chickpea against this disease. Cicer echinospermum and C. reticulatum, the only two compatible annual wild species, have been reported to have resistance to BGM. Hence, interspecific populations were developed with susceptible cultivars as female parents and C. echinospermum accession IG 73 074 and C. reticulatum accession IG 72 937 as the pollen donors to transfer and assess the nature of genetic control for BGM. Screening the progeny indicated that resistance to BGM was controlled by a single additive gene/allele (bgmr1cr and bgmr1ce), which can be introgressed through a backcross breeding programme.
Avoiding malnutrition in the institutionalized elderly.
Authors: Lelovics Z. , Deé K. 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Residents at long-term residential institutions (nursing homes, homes for the elderly and social housing) find supported livelihood, full board and peace of mind. However, malnutrition is very frequent among institutionalized elderly. This article systematically reviews the currently available literature on malnutrition, factors that influence nutritional status and also the possible ways of prevention. Avoiding malnutrition in this group is a very difficult task for the staff of the institutions. These elderly people need special attention. We reviewed the screening tools, catering, food intake and the factors that lead to malnutrition and possible solutions for them. The review only deals with factors that were reported during the last 3 years. The conclusions could offer useful guidelines for institutions to develop a special, local protocol that is best for the residents, thus avoiding malnutrition.
Anti‐Sex Trafficking Institutions
Authors: Karlsson Michael 
Published: January 2013

AbstractMany anti‐sex trafficking analyses use the term institution in a narrow meaning, comprising mainly formal‐legal political structures (public laws and governmental organizations). However, by bringing in the new institutionalism approach, it is argued that an anti‐sex trafficking institution should refer to a relatively enduring collection of rules – including also informal rules such as norms and routines – and organized practices that prescribe appropriate behaviour for any actor, public or private, combating sex trafficking. Based on a review of current research it is concluded that anti‐sex trafficking institutions in the early 21st century tend to focus on behaviour that aims at detection, prevention, protection, crisis management, consequence management, and response. Finally, reflecting different strands of the new institutionalism approach, it is argued that the design of anti‐sex trafficking institutions depends on path‐dependencies, social constructions, international institutions, and domestic politics.
‘Black holes’: escaping the void
Authors: Waldron Sharn 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe ‘black hole’ is a metaphor for a reality in the psyche of many individuals who have experienced complex trauma in infancy and early childhood. The ‘black hole’ has been created by an absence of the object, the (m)other, so there is no internalized object, no (m)other in the psyche. Rather, there is a ‘black hole’ where the object should be, but the infant is drawn to it, trapped by it because of an intrinsic, instinctive need for a ‘real object’, an internalized (m)other. Without this, the infant cannot develop. It is only the presence of a real object that can generate the essential gravity necessary to draw the core of the self that is still in an undeveloped state from deep within the abyss. It is the moving towards a real object, a (m)other, that relativizes the absolute power of the black hole and begins a reformation of its essence within the psyche.
Why abused women do not seek professional help: a qualitative study
Authors: Prosman Gert‐Jan , Lo Fo Wong Sylvie H. , Lagro‐Janssen Antoine L.M. 
Published: January 2013

ObjectiveWe aimed to gain insight into the process of help seeking of abused women visiting their family physician (FP).SettingFamily practice in Rotterdam, the Netherlands.MethodWe used a qualitative method with interviews in a sample of 14 abused women, identified in an earlier cross‐sectional survey with the Composite Abuse Scale (CAS) and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). This qualitative method with semi‐structured interviews was used to obtain information on the process of seeking help.ResultsUnawareness of the impact of abuse on themselves and their children, unfamiliarity and negative experiences with professionals and fear for their partner hampers abused women to seek professional help. Our study reveals that abused women need informal support by family and friends to ask for professional support. Current health care does not fit into the needs of abused women during the abuse they want more practical support, after the abuse they need also psychological help. In our study, FPs and mothers pay less attention to the impact of witnessing violence on children.ConclusionWhen women are unaware of the negative consequences of IPV, the physical and mental well‐being of themselves and their children they do not ask for professional support. Abused women view informal support is important in the changing process. FPs should be trained to pay more attention to informal support and be alert to children's well‐being.
A plant‐specific in vitro ubiquitination analysis system
Authors: Zhao Qingzhen , Tian Miaomiao , Li Qingliang , Cui Feng , Liu Lijing , Yin Bojiao , Xie Qi 
Published: January 2013

SummaryProtein ubiquitination requires the concerted action of three enzymes: ubiquitin‐activating enzyme (E1), ubiquitin‐conjugating enzyme (E2) and ubiquitin ligase (E3). These ubiquitination enzymes belong to an abundant protein family that is encoded in all eukaryotic genomes. Describing their biochemical characteristics is an important part of their functional analysis. It has been recognized that various E2/E3 specificities exist, and that detection of E3 ubiquitination activity in vitro may depend on the recruitment of E2s. Here, we describe the development of an in vitro ubiquitination system based on proteins encoded by genes from Arabidopsis. It includes most varieties of Arabidopsis E2 proteins, which are tested with several RING‐finger type E3 ligases. This system permits determination of E3 activity in combination with most of the E2 sub‐groups that have been identified in the Arabidopsis genome. At the same time, E2/E3 specificities have also been explored. The components used in this system are all from plants, particularly Arabidopsis, making it very suitable for ubiquitination assays of plant proteins. Some E2 proteins that are not easily expressed in Escherichia coli were transiently expressed and purified from plants before use in ubiquitination assays. This system is also adaptable to proteins of species other than plants. In this system, we also analyzed two mutated forms of ubiquitin, K48R and K63R, to detect various types of ubiquitin conjugation.
Seq2Ref: a web server to facilitate functional interpretation
Authors: Li Wenlin , Cong Qian , Kinch Lisa N , Grishin Nick V 
Published: January 2013

Abstract

Background
The size of the protein sequence database has been exponentially increasing due to advances in genome sequencing. However, experimentally characterized proteins only constitute a small portion of the database, such that the majority of sequences have been annotated by computational approaches. Current automatic annotation pipelines inevitably introduce errors, making the annotations unreliable. Instead of such error-prone automatic annotations, functional interpretation should rely on annotations of ‘reference proteins’ that have been experimentally characterized or manually curated.

Results
The Seq2Ref server uses BLAST to detect proteins homologous to a query sequence and identifies the reference proteins among them. Seq2Ref then reports publications with experimental characterizations of the identified reference proteins that might be relevant to the query. Furthermore, a plurality-based rating system is developed to evaluate the homologous relationships and rank the reference proteins by their relevance to the query.

Conclusions
The reference proteins detected by our server will lend insight into proteins of unknown function and provide extensive information to develop in-depth understanding of uncharacterized proteins. Seq2Ref is available at: http://prodata.swmed.edu/seq2ref.
Association between paraoxonase gene and stroke in the Han Chinese population
Authors: Zhang Guojun , Li Wenjin , Li Zhiqiang , Lv Hong , Ren Yonghong , Ma Ruimin , Li Xiaohong , Kang Xixiong , Shi Yongyong , Sun Yimin 
Published: January 2013

Abstract

Background
The human paraoxonase (PON) gene family has three isoforms: PON1, PON2 and PON3. These genes are implicated as potential risk factors of cerebrovascular disease and can prevent oxidative modification of low-density lipoproteins and atherosclerosis. This study evaluated the association between the genetic variants of all three PON genes and the risks of total stroke, ischemic stroke and hemorrhagic stroke in the Han Chinese population.

Methods
A total of 1016 subjects were recruited, including 508 healthy controls and 498 patients (328 with ischemic stroke and 170 with hemorrhagic stroke). A total of 11 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) covering the PON genes were genotyped for statistical analysis. Two of the 11 SNPs (rs662 and rs854560) were contextualized in a meta-analysis of ischemic stroke.

Results
The presence of rs705381 (−162) in the promoter region of PON1 was significantly associated with total stroke (P

adjusted
= 0.0007, OR = 0.57 [95% CI = 0.41-0.79]) and ischemic stroke (P

adjusted
= 0.0017, OR = 0.54 [95% CI = 0.37-0.79]) when analyzed using a dominant model, but was not associated with hemorrhagic stroke. There was also a nominal association between rs854571 (−824) and total stroke. Meta-analysis demonstrated a significant nominal association between rs662 and ischemic stroke, but there was no evidence of an association between rs662 and ischemic stroke risk in a single site association study.

Conclusions
These findings indicate that polymorphisms of PON1 gene may be a risk factor of stroke.
A Model for Boron T.E.D. in Silicon: Full Couplings of Dopant with Free and Clustered Interstitials
Authors: Boucard F. , Mathiot D. , Guichard E. , Rivallin P. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractIn this contribution we present a model for transient enhanced diffusion of boron in silicon. This model is based on the usual pair diffusion mechanism including non-equilibrium reactions between the dopant and the free point defects, taking into account their various charge states. In addition to, and fully coupled with the dopant diffusion we model the growth and dissolution of the interstitials and boron interstitials clusters associated with the anneal of the self-interstitial supersaturation created by the implantation step. It is thus possible to simulate a rather large set of experimental conditions, from conventional predeposition steps, to RTA after low energy implantation.
Evolving Khuff Formation Gas Well Completions in Saudi Arabia: Technology as a Function of Reservoir Characteristics Improves Production
Authors: Rahim Zillur , Al Anazi Hamoud , Al-Kanaan Adnan , Makmun Areiyando , Fredd Chris , Gurmen Nihat 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe Khuff formation is a late Permian age heterogeneous carbonate sequence that underlies the massive Ghawar field in eastern Saudi Arabia. The Khuff is subdivided into four separate intervals (A through D), though production is primarily from the B and C intervals. Since its initial appraisal in the late 1970s, the majority of Khuff development activity has been focused in the Khuff-C reservoir, where single and multistage matrix acidizing treatments have been the predominant stimulation technique.As domestic gas demand in Saudi Arabia continues to rise, unrelenting efforts are underway to develop the tighter Khuff-B areas while sustaining production levels from Khuff-C wells. As a result, an increasing number of wells have been drilled and completed in the Khuff-B reservoir. The latest trends in the development of these tight gas Khuff wells include multistage acid fracturing to optimize the stimulation treatments.Various drilling, completion, and stimulation techniques have been utilized in the Khuff development since its inception. Some of the variants analyzed to determine impact on production include: type of stimulation treatment, hole azimuth, completion isolation system, and number of stimulation stages per well. In addition, treatment design parameters were analyzed. Particular attention was paid to performance trends from Khuff-B wells where improved technical solutions were required to address challenging reservoir characteristics.The results of this analysis demonstrate that multistage fracturing (MSF) technologies made a positive impact on Khuff development—with improved production results over time. Trends also highlight an increase in stimulation stage count and a wider range of stimulation treatments with the application of new technologies. The analysis identified the key production drivers in the Khuff and ways to improve production of future wells drilled in the formation. Continued use of multistage fracturing has proven very successful in Khuff reservoir providing substantially higher rates and sustained production.
Energy estimates and numerical verification of the stabilized Domain Decomposition Finite Element/Finite Difference approach for time-dependent Maxwell’s system
Authors: Beilina Larisa 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
We rigorously derive energy estimates for the second order vector wave equation with gauge condition for the electric field with non-constant electric permittivity function. This equation is used in the stabilized Domain Decomposition Finite Element/Finite Difference approach for time-dependent Maxwell’s system. Our numerical experiments illustrate efficiency of the modified hybrid scheme in two and three space dimensions when the method is applied for generation of backscattering data in the reconstruction of the electric permittivity function.
Open Question Argument
Authors: Suikkanen Jussi 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe Open Question Argument (OQA) is a crucial argumentative strategy in metaethics. It is mainly employed against naturalist accounts of moral properties. According to these views, moral properties (goodness, wrongness, cruelty, and the like) are empirically observable natural properties, such as the property of being approved or disapproved by the majority of people (seenaturalism, ethical). The defenders of the OQA tend to claim that this argument shows instead either (i) that moral properties are some other, unique kind of properties, or (ii) that the function of our moral language is not to refer to properties but rather to express our conative attitudes (seenonnaturalism, ethical;non‐cognitivism). Both these views would support the idea that there is a distinction in kind between facts and values (seefact–value distinction;is–ought gap;naturalistic fallacy).
Distance, Moral Relevance of
Authors: Brock Gillian , Hassoun Nicole 
Published: January 2013

AbstractWhat role should distance play in our normative theories? Does distance matter, for instance, in deciding who we must help or who deserves moral concern, so that we have stronger duties to those who are nearer to us than those further away? And what does it mean to be “nearer to us”: Is this a geographical relation or can people be nearer to us in other ways, such as emotionally, culturally, or temporally? These issues are central to deciding some fundamental questions about the nature of our moral commitments: Who is part of the sphere of moral concern – who deserves moral concern? And what shape should that concern take? Does everyone deserve some kind of equal consideration of their interests or is it permissible to give some people's interests considerably more attention in our moral deliberations?
Whistleblowing
Authors: Davis Michael 
Published: January 2013

AbstractSimilar to the related terms “whistleblower” and “blow the whistle on,” “whistleblowing” (in the technical sense relevant here) is neither an old term nor one the meaning of which is altogether settled. The first use in print seems to be in Roche (1971: 148), then president of General Motors (GM): “However this is labeled – industrial espionage, whistle blowing, or professional responsibility – it is another tactic for spreading disunity and creating conflict” (seeProfessional Ethics). Its first use in thePhilosopher's Indexwas in 1980 (about the same time as the term appeared in the Library of Congress catalogue). Discussion of whistleblowing in government began about the same time. For example, the Government Accountability Project (a nongovernmental organization) first publishedA Whistleblower's Guide to the Federal Bureaucracyin 1977. Though initially American, the term “whistleblowing” has long since become international.
Badiou, Alain
Authors: Norris Christopher 
Published: January 2013

AbstractFrench philosopher Alain Badiou (b. 1937) is an anti‐ethical thinker on just about every currently available understanding of ethics. He arrives at this negative view of existing conceptions not only on philosophic grounds but as a matter of their falling drastically short in terms of the human potential for change – for the radical betterment of presently existing sociopolitical realities – that must (he asserts) have a prominent motivating role in any ethics that merits the name (Badiou 2001, 2007a, 2007b).
Perry, Ralph Barton
Authors: Carson Thomas 
Published: January 2013

Abstract

Ralph Barton Perry (1876–1957) received his BA from Princeton in 1896 and his PhD from Harvard in 1899, where he studied with William James. He taught at Harvard from 1902 until 1946 and was Edger Pierce Professor of Philosophy from 1930 until 1946. Perry wrote on a very wide range of topics. Early in his career, he co‐authored an influential book on the so‐called “New Realism,” a major movement in early twentieth century American philosophy. (The central focus of New Realism was the rejection of metaphysical idealism.) Later, he wrote a Pulitzer Prize‐winning book,
The Thought and Character of William James
(1935) (
see
James, William). Perry was a public intellectual who took part in the political debates of his time and place and wrote articles for
The Atlantic
and
New Republic
. Of his writings,
General Theory of Value
and
Realms of Value
have had the most enduring influence on moral philosophy. His theory of value (
see
Good and Better) and his view that value is any object of interest have been particularly influential.
Condorcet's Jury Theorem
Authors: Weirich Paul 
Published: January 2013

Abstract

A society often needs answers to questions, for example questions about a defendant's guilt. Should a society rely on an individual or a group's judgment? Condorcet's jury theorem states that if a group is polled about some proposition, then, given certain assumptions, the majority's opinion is more responsive to the truth than is an individual's opinion. If a proposition is true, a majority will more likely than an individual judge that it is true. The theorem argues for using a jury rather than a judge to decide whether a defendant is guilty (
see
Punishment), and in general argues for using groups rather than individuals to settle social issues, for example questions about provision of public goods (
see
Public Goods).
Genetic Testing
Authors: Malpas Phillipa J. 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Completion of the international Human Genome Project (HGP) in 2003 resulted in significant advances in our understanding of how genes function and interact together. One area of rapid growth has been the widespread development of genetic tests. A genetic test can be broadly defined as the analysis of an individual's genetic material. A genetic test may be used to detect the presence or absence of abnormalities that may cause a specific genetic disease or disorders. Increasingly, genetic tests are also being used to predict responses to medication and to ascertain an individual's susceptibility to common, complex disorders. Due to the complexities surrounding genetic information, between 3 and 5 percent of the annual HGP budget is set aside to study the ethical, legal, and social issues that arise.
Emotivism
Authors: Chrisman Matthew 
Published: January 2013

AbstractAs a metaethical theory (seeMetaethics) about the meaning of ethical words, emotivism is typically seen as a form of non‐cognitivism (seeNon‐Cognitivism) because it holds that ethical words and statements have a distinctive kind of emotive meaning, which distinguishes them from other words and statements, whose meaning is purely cognitive or descriptive. The theory had its heyday in the 1940s and 1950s, but traces back at least to Ogden and Richards (1923) and Russell (1961), if not further (for discussion, see Satris 1987). It receives its fullest treatment in Ayer (1946;seeAyer, A. J.) and, initially independently, Stevenson (1937, 1944;seeStevenson, C. L.). Few philosophers today would call themselves emotivists, yet one can find more contemporary descendants in prescriptivism (seePrescriptivism), expressivism, and quasi‐realism (seeQuasi‐Realism).
Forgiveness
Authors: Richards Norvin 
Published: January 2013

Abstract

When we are done wrong, how should we react? If the answer is that we should take offense and hold the behavior against the wrong‐doer, should that remain our attitude as time goes by? Or should we put what happened behind us and forgive? What would be a reason to forgive, and how strong can such reasons be? Can it be wrong
not
to forgive?