bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Contribution of the Central American and Caribbean obstetrics and gynecology societies to the prevention of unsafe abortion in the region
Authors: de Gil Marina Padilla 
Published: March 2014

AbstractUnsafe abortion is a very important public health issue in the Central America and Caribbean region, where the use of modern contraceptive methods remains low and the restrictive legal framework reduces access to safe abortion. The International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) Initiative for the Prevention of Unsafe Abortion and its Consequences is contributing toward resolving this problem by strengthening collaboration between medical societies, representatives of each country's Ministry of Health, and local and international agencies. In the 8 countries that decided to join this initiative in 2008, progress has been achieved in improving access to modern contraceptive methods, increasing the use of manual vacuum aspiration and misoprostol, and updating guidelines on postabortion care.
Renal molecular mechanisms underlying altered Na+handling and genesis of hypertension during adulthood in prenatally undernourished rats
Authors: Vieira-Filho Leucio D. , Cabral Edjair V. , Farias Juliane S. , Silva Paulo A. , Muzi-Filho Humberto , Vieyra Adalberto , Paixão Ana D. O. 
Published: March 2014

In the present study, we investigated the development of hypertension in prenatally undernourished adult rats, including the mechanisms that culminate in dysfunctions of molecular signalling in the kidney. Dams were fed a low-protein multideficient diet throughout gestation with or without α-tocopherol during lactation. The time course of hypertension development followed in male offspring was correlated with alterations in proximal tubule Na+-ATPase activity, expression of angiotensin II (Ang II) receptors, and activity of protein kinases C and A. After the establishment of hypertension, Ang II levels, cyclo-oxygenase 2 (COX-2) and NADPH oxidase subunit expression, lipid peroxidation and macrophage infiltration were examined in renal tissue. Lipid peroxidation in undernourished rats, which was very intense at 60 d, decreased at 90 d and returned to control values by 150 d. During the prehypertensive phase, prenatally undernourished rats exhibited elevated renal Na+-ATPase activity, type 2 Ang II receptor down-regulation and altered protein kinase A:protein kinase C ratio. Stable late hypertension coexisted with highly elevated levels of Ang II-positive cells in the cortical tubulointerstitium, enhanced increase in the expression of p47phox(NADPH oxidase regulatory subunit), marked down-regulation of COX-2 expression, expanded plasma volume and decreased creatinine clearance. These alterations were reduced when the dams were given α-tocopherol during lactation. The offspring of well-nourished dams treated with α-tocopherol exhibited most of the alterations encountered in the offspring of undernourished dams not treated with α-tocopherol. Thus, alterations in proximal tubule Na+transport, subcellular signalling pathways and reactive oxygen species handling in renal tissue underpin the development of hypertension.
Trends in dietary carbohydrate consumption from 1991 to 2008 in the Framingham Heart Study Offspring Cohort
Authors: Makarem Nour , Scott Marc , Quatromoni Paula , Jacques Paul , Parekh Niyati 
Published: March 2014

The intake of carbohydrates has been evaluated cross-sectionally, but not longitudinally in an ageing American adult population. The aim of the present study was to examine trends in the intake of dietary carbohydrates and their major food sources among the Framingham Heart Study Offspring (FOS) cohort, which had been uniquely tracked for 17 years in the study. The FOS cohort was recruited in 1971–1975. Follow-up examinations were conducted, on average, every 4 years. Dietary data collection began in 1991 (examination 5) using a validated semi-quantitative FFQ. The study included 2894 adults aged ≥ 25 years with complete dietary data in at least three examinations from 1991 to 2008. Descriptive statistics were generated using SAS version 9.3, and a repeated-measures model was used to examine trends in the intake of carbohydrates and their food sources in the whole sample, and by sex and BMI category. Over 17 years of follow-up, the percentage of energy from total carbohydrates (51·0–46·8 %;Pfor trend < 0·001) and total sugars (18·2–16·6 %;Pfor trend < 0·001) decreased. There was a decrease in the percentage of energy from fructose (5·4–4·7 %;Pfor trend < 0·001) and sucrose (9·8–8·8 %;Pfor trend < 0·001). Dietary fibre intake increased (18·0–19·2 g/d;Pfor trend < 0·001). The number of weekly servings of yeast bread, soft drinks/soda, cakes/cookies/quick breads/doughnuts, potatoes, milk, pasta, rice and cooked grains, fruit juice/drinks, potato chips/maize chips/popcorn, and lunch foods (e.g. pizzas and burgers) decreased significantly (Pfor trend < 0·001), while the intake of ready-to-eat cereals, legumes, fruits, dairy products, candy and ice cream/sherbet/frozen yogurt increased significantly (Pfor trend<0·04). Similar trends were observed when the analyses were stratified by sex and BMI. The present results suggest favourable trends in dietary carbohydrate consumption, but dietary guidelines for fruits, vegetables and fibre were not met in this cohort.
SPANISH HOUSING MARKETS, 1904-1934: NEW EVIDENCE
Authors: Carmona Juan , Lampe Markus , Rosés Joan R. 
Published: March 2014

ABSTRACTThis article makes the first systematic attempt to analyse quantitatively the evolution of Spanish housing markets from 1904 to 1934, a period of dramatic changes in housing demand as a consequence of substantial income and demographic growth. In order to do so, we collect a new database on houses sold and their prices using data from the Registrar's Yearbooks. Furthermore, we construct a new hedonic index of real housing prices for Spain and its provinces. To our surprise, we found that real housing prices rose slightly over the entire period and, hence, that housing supply responded effectively to new demand for housing.
Numerical simulations of laser ablated plumes using Particle-in-Cell (PIC) methods
Authors: Genco Filippo , Hassanein Ahmed 
Published: March 2014

AbstractLaser ablation of graphite materials in the presence of an external magnetic field is studied with the use of the newly developed HEIGHTS-PIC particle-in-cell code and compared with both theoretical and experimental results. Carbon plumes behavior controlled by a strong magnetic field is of interest to evaluate the plume shielding effects to protect the original exposed target from further damage and erosion. Since intense power deposition on plasma facing components is expected during Tokamaks loss of plasma confinement events such as disruptions, vertical displacements event, runaway electrons, or during normal operating conditions such as edge-localized modes, it is critical to better understand the evolving target plasma behavior for more accurate prediction of the potential damage created by these high-energetic dumps which may not be easily mitigated without loss of structural and functional performance of the plasma facing components. Numerical experiments have been performed to provide benchmarking conditions for the HEIGHTS-PIC simulation package originally designed to evaluate the erosion of the Tokamak surfaces, splashing of the melted/ablated-vaporized material, and transport into the bulk plasma with consequent plasma contamination. Evolving target plasma temperature and density are calculated and compared with measured reported values available into literature for similar conditions and show good agreement with the HEIGHTS-PIC package predictions.
Maiden outbreaks of dengue virus 1 genotype III in rural central India
Authors: BARDE P. V. , KORI B. K. , SHUKLA M. K. , BHARTI P. K. , CHAND G. , KUMAR G. , UKEY M. J. , ALI N. A. , SINGH N. 
Published: March 2014

SUMMARYDengue is regarded as the most important arboviral disease. Although sporadic cases have been reported, serotypes responsible for outbreaks have not been identified from central India over the last 20 years. We investigated two outbreaks of febrile illness, in August and November 2012, from Korea district (Chhattisgarh) and Narsinghpur district (Madhya Pradesh), respectively. Fever and entomological surveys were conducted in the affected regions. Molecular and serological tests were conducted on collected serum samples. Dengue-specific amplicons were sequenced and phylogenetic analyses were performed. In Korea and Narsinghpur districts 37·3% and 59% of cases were positive, respectively, for dengue infection, with adults being the worst affected. RT–PCR confirmed dengue virus serotype 1 genotype III as the aetiology. Ninety-six percent of infections were primary. This is the first time that dengue virus 1 outbreaks have been documented from central India. Introduction of the virus into the population and a conducive mosquitogenic environment favouring increased vector density caused the outbreak. Timely diagnosis and strengthening vector control measures are essential to avoid future outbreaks.
The role of unconditional cash transfers during a nutritional emergency in Maradi region, Niger: a pre–post intervention observational study
Authors: Fenn Bridget , Noura Garba , Sibson Victoria , Dolan Carmel , Shoham Jeremy 
Published: March 2014

AbstractObjectiveTo assess the effect of an unconditional cash transfer (CT) implemented as part of an emergency response to food insecurity during a declared state of emergency.DesignPre–post intervention observational study involving two rounds of data collection, i.e. baseline (April 2012) and final survey (September 2012), on the same cohort of ‘poor’ and ‘very poor’ households enrolled by Save the Children in an unconditional CT programme.SettingAguié district, Maradi, Niger.SubjectsHouseholds with a non-acutely malnourished child aged 6–36 months (n412).ResultsThe study showed that the living standards of ‘poor’ and ‘very poor’ households improved, as indicated by a reduction in poverty-related indicators and an improvement in household food security. Anthropometric outcomes for children aged 6–36 months improved significantly, despite a decline in child health and women’s well-being and autonomy. Risk factors for becoming acutely malnourished post-intervention were being from a very poor household at baseline, starting the lean season with low weight-for-heightZ-score (WHZ <−1) and the presence of co-morbidity.ConclusionsThe results of the study are consistent with the published evidence regarding the general impact of CT and suggest it is plausible that giving cash during an emergency can help safeguard living standards of the very poor and poor. While improvements in childhood nutrition status were seen it is not possible to attribute these to the CT programme. However, knowledge of the risk factors for acute malnutrition in a particular setting can be used to influence the design of future CT interventions for which a controlled trial would be recommended if feasible.
Variable timing of synaptic transmission in cerebellar unipolar brush cells
Authors: van Dorp Stijn , De Zeeuw Chris I. 
Published: March 2014

Significance
The neural representation of time is a fundamental concept in neurobiology. In the cerebellum, behavioral studies and computational modeling have long suggested a cortical locus for the representation of time intervals up to hundreds of milliseconds, but no clear hypothesis about the origin of such signals has been formulated. In this paper, we identify and characterize a robust mechanism for slow signal timing in the synaptic transmission of cerebellar unipolar brush cells, an excitatory granular layer interneuron. The timing mechanism is rooted in an unusual mode of synaptic integration and is well suited as a basis for control of slow eye and head movements.
Glycogen synthase kinase 3 inhibitors induce the canonical WNT/β-catenin pathway to suppress growth and self-renewal in embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma
Authors: Chen Eleanor Y. , DeRan Michael T. , Ignatius Myron S. , Grandinetti Kathryn Brooke , Clagg Ryan , McCarthy Karin M. , Lobbardi Riadh M. , Brockmann Jillian , Keller Charles , Wu Xu , Langenau David M. 
Published: March 2014

Significance
Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma (ERMS) is a cancer of skeletal muscle and is one of the most common pediatric cancers of soft tissue. There is no effective treatment for patients with relapsed ERMS, with less than 50% surviving the disease. The self-renewing and molecularly defined tumor propagating cells (TPCs) drive continued tumor growth and relapse. Yet to date, drugs targeting ERMS self-renewal and differentiation of TPCs have not been identified. Our study describes a large-scale chemical screen to identify targetable pathways essential for modulating self-renewal and differentiation of ERMS and demonstrates the feasibility of inducing differentiation of TPCs in ERMS by small molecules.
Small cationic antimicrobial peptides delocalize peripheral membrane proteins
Authors: Wenzel Michaela , Chiriac Alina Iulia , Otto Andreas , Zweytick Dagmar , May Caroline , Schumacher Catherine , Gust Ronald , Albada H. Bauke , Penkova Maya , Krämer Ute , Erdmann Ralf , Metzler-Nolte Nils , Straus Suzana K. , Bremer Erhard , Becher Dörte , Brötz-Oesterhelt Heike , Sahl Hans-Georg , Bandow Julia Elisabeth 
Published: March 2014

Significance
Multidrug-resistant bacteria present an acute problem to medicine, generating interest in novel antimicrobial strategies. Antimicrobial peptides currently are being investigated, both as antibiotics and as immunomodulatory agents. Many antimicrobial peptides interact with the bacterial membrane, a previously underexplored antibiotic target. We present a system-based study of the mode of action of small cationic peptides and the mechanisms that bacteria use to defend against them. We show that peptide integration into the membrane causes delocalization of essential peripheral membrane proteins. This delocalization impacts on two cellular processes, namely respiration and cell-wall biosynthesis. We describe a bacterial survival strategy in which mechanosensitive channels in the bacterial membrane establish osmoprotection against membrane-targeting bacteriolytic peptides. Understanding the peptides' mode of action and bacterial survival strategies opens up new avenues for devising peptide-based antibacterial strategies.
Heat-shock Response Increases Lung Injury Caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa via an Interleukin-10-dependent Mechanism in Mice
Authors: Carles Michel , Wagener Brant M. , Lafargue Mathieu , Roux Jérémie , Iles Karen , Liu Dong , Rodriguez Cilina Ann , Anjum Naseem , Zmijewski Jaroslaw , Ricci Jean-Ehrland , Pittet Jean-Francois 
Published: March 2014

Abstract

Background:
The heat-shock response (HSR) protects from insults, such as ischemia–reperfusion injury, by inhibiting signaling pathways activated by sterile inflammation. However, the mechanisms by which the HSR activation would modulate lung damage and host response to a bacterial lung infection remain unknown.

Methods:
HSR was activated with whole-body hyperthermia or by intraperitoneal geldanamycin in mice that had their lungs instilled with Pseudomonas aeruginosa 24 h later (at least six mice per experimental group). Four hours after instillation, lung endothelial and epithelial permeability, bacterial counts, protein levels in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, and lung myeloperoxidase activity were measured. Mortality rate 24 h after P. aeruginosa instillation was recorded. The HSR effect on the release of interleukin-10 and killing of P. aeruginosa bacteria by a mouse alveolar macrophage cell line and on neutrophil phagocytosis was also examined.

Results:
HSR activation worsened lung endothelial (42%) and epithelial permeability (50%) to protein, decreased lung bacterial clearance (71%), and increased mortality (50%) associated with P. aeruginosa pneumonia, an effect that was not observed in heat-shock protein–72-null mice. HSR-mediated decrease in neutrophil phagocytosis (69%) and bacterial killing (38%) by macrophages was interleukin-10 dependent, a mechanism confirmed by increased lung bacterial clearance and decreased mortality (70%) caused by P. aeruginosa pneumonia in heat-shocked interleukin-10-null mice.

Conclusions:
Prior HSR activation worsens lung injury associated with P. aeruginosa pneumonia in mice via heat-shock protein–72- and interleukin-10-dependent mechanisms. These results provide a novel mechanism for the immunosuppression observed after severe trauma that is known to activate HSR in humans.
Phase II Study of Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy With S-1 and CDDP in Patients With Lymph Node Metastatic Stage II or III Gastric Cancer
Authors: Kochi Mitsugu , Fujii Masashi , Kanamori Noriaki , Mihara Yoshiaki , Funada Tomoya , Tamegai Hidenori , Watanabe Megumu , Takayama Yuriko , Suda Hiroshi , Takayama Tadatoshi 
Published: March 2014

Objectives:
We conducted a phase II trial to investigate the efficacy and safety of neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) comprising S-1 and cisplatin (CDDP) followed by extensive resection in the management of resectable locally advanced gastric cancer with lymph node (LN) metastases.

Methods:
Patients with LN metastases from stage II or III gastric cancer received S-1 and CDDP, as NAC criteria for LN metastases were the involvement of ≥4 nodes <2 cm or ≥1 nodes ≥2 cm as confirmed by a total body computed tomography scan. All patients underwent extensive resection including D2 gastrectomy. The primary endpoint was complete resection rate and the secondary endpoints were 3-year relapse-free and overall survival.

Results:
Fifty patients were assessable for the analysis. The complete resection rate was 87.8%. Three-year relapse-free survival was 44.9% and 3-year overall survival rate was 48.0%.

Conclusions:
NAC with S-1 and CDDP is safe and may improve the complete resection rate in patients with metastatic LN gastric cancer. This suggests that LN metastases would provide good target lesions in future clinical trials of NAC.
Very high-density planets: a possible remnant of gas giants
Authors: Mocquet A. , Grasset O. , Sotin C. 
Published: March 2014

Data extracted from the Extrasolar Planets Encyclo- paedia (see
http://exoplanet.eu
) show the existence of planets that are more massive than iron cores that would have the same size. After meticulous verification of the data, we conclude that the mass of the smallest of these planets is actually not known. However, the three largest planets, Kepler-52b, Kepler-52c and Kepler-57b, which are between 30 and 100 times the mass of the Earth, have indeed density larger than an iron planet of the same size. This observation triggers this study that investigates under which conditions these planets could represent the naked cores of gas giants that would have lost their atmospheres during their migration towards the star. This study shows that for moderate viscosity values (10
25
Pa s or lower), large values of escape rate and associated unloading stress rate during the atmospheric loss process lead to the explosion of extremely massive planets. However, for moderate escape rate, the bulk viscosity and finite-strain incompressibility of the cores of giant planets can be large enough to retain a very high density during geological time scales. This would make those a new kind of planet, which would help in understanding the interior structure of the gas giants. However, this new family of exoplanets adds some degeneracy for characterizing terrestrial exoplanets.
The systems approach to the improvement of innovation in Slovenian tourism
Authors: Ropret Marko , Jere Jakulin Tadeja , Likar Borut 
Published: March 2014

Purpose
– This paper aims to analyse whether and how the Development Plan and Policies of Slovenian Tourism (SiPlan) could be improved systematically and systemically, enabling more comprehensive management of innovation.

Design/methodology/approach
– The data were obtained within a comprehensive national innovation study. Data analysis was performed in four phases. In the initial phase, a link between the innovation project and SiPlan was established. In the next phase, which of the innovation factors are significantly correlated with the tourism destination development concept was identified. In the third phase, further policy potential for improving the innovation factors was identified. In the last phase, a systems approach was applied to develop a qualitative systems model, a causal loop diagram, taking into consideration the empirically identified strengths and weaknesses of the current SiPlan and other pertinent factors.

Findings
– The results of empirical research indicate that SiPlan represents a valuable, but not optimum development model of Slovene tourism development. Therefore, the authors propose a qualitative tourism development model based on the research results and a systems dynamics methodology.

Originality/value
– The work is important from the scientific point of view, i.e. as a methodology and research results that could be applied in further research activities. In addition, the results could be usefully used by policy makers by way of focusing on the most influential factors: policies that have a potential for the systems (holistic) and socially responsible development of tourism in Slovenia.
Can critical realism enable a journey from description to understanding in operations and supply chain management?
Authors: Rotaru Kristian , Churilov Leonid , Flitman Andrew 
Published: March 2014

Purpose
– The current state of theory-building in the field of operations and supply chain management (OSCM) is in a strong need of rigorous, empirically based theories that enhance understanding of the causal relationships between the structural elements and properties of the business processes. In this research note the authors propose the critical realism (CR) philosophy of science as a particularly suitable philosophical position (not to the exclusion of others) to review the mechanisms of OSCM knowledge generation and to provide philosophical grounding and methodological guidance for both OSCM theory building and testing.

Design/methodology/approach
– To demonstrate potential benefits of CR-based structured approach to knowledge generation in OSCM research, this conceptual paper uses a case study that illustrates the adoption of one of the OSCM theories – i.e. the theory of swift, even flow.

Findings
– CR interprets the accumulated empirical information about OSCM phenomena as observable manifestations of the underlying causal mechanisms that cannot be perceived otherwise. CR can provide epistemological support to the choice of performance measures that manifest the underlying causal mechanisms of interest. Extensive accumulation of empirical data from multiple innovative sources will not dramatically add to understanding of the system under investigation, unless and until the underlying causal mechanisms that trigger the observed behaviour are identified and tested. The CR abductive mode of reasoning emphasises the role of uncertainty in complex process behaviours and can facilitate enrichment and refutation of OSCM theories.

Originality/value
– CR has a clear potential to contribute to OSCM research by enabling better understanding of causal relationships underlying complex behaviours of different elements of business process by providing robust and relevant mechanisms of generating knowledge about business processes that explicitly link empirical and causal aspects of theory building and testing.