bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of Fuel Type on Carbon Monoxide Accumulation in Tents of Varied Design
Authors: Betten David P. , Castle David J. , Bales Lee L. , Hughes Mary J. 
Published: August 2013

Objective The use of backpacking stoves in tents has been recognized to result in elevated carboxyhemoglobin levels and even death among tent inhabitants. A study was performed to evaluate carbon monoxide production occurring in varying tents with variable fuel types. Methods Using a popular backpacking stove, both white gas and regular unleaded gasoline were used to heat a pot of water inside 2 tents of differing levels of weather resistance (“3-season tent” and “4-season tent”) under controlled settings. A remote carbon monoxide sensor measured levels over a 20-minute period. Multiple 20-minute runs were performed with varying fuel and tent combinations to assess peak levels and rates of carbon monoxide production. Results Mean peak carbon monoxide levels were obtained in the 3-season tent and 4-season tent when white gas was burned measuring 60.5 ppm (95% CI: 31.2 to 89.8) and 154.5 ppm (95% CI: 112.8 to 195.7; P = .002), respectively. The use of regular unleaded gasoline in the 3-season and 4-season tents resulted in mean peak carbon monoxide levels of 102.9 ppm (95% CI: 77.8 to 128.0) and 210.6 ppm (95% CI: 37.4 to 383.1; P = .06), respectively. Using regular unleaded gasoline resulted in significantly increased mean peak carbon monoxide levels compared with white gas in the 3-season tent ( P = .006); however, the difference was not significant in the 4-season tent ( P = .23). Conclusions The use of backpacking stoves in tents produces varying levels of carbon monoxide related to fuel type and tent styles. Efforts should continue to educate persons of the risk of carbon monoxide poisoning with the use of any stove while inside tents.
Conjugal Interdependence in Quebec: From Legal Rules to Social
Representations About Spousal Support and Property Division on Conjugal
Breakdown1
Authors: Belleau Hélène , St-Pierre Pascale Cornut 
Published: August 2013

Abstract
In the present article, we examine the extent to which legal norms related to
family matters are in line with the diverse social representations of current
conjugal life, more particularly as concerns the economic interdependence of the
couple during or subsequent to their union. Two Quebec legal measures compel
attention: the division of the family patrimony and the obligation of support
payable to the former partner. The present analysis is based on an empirical
study involving couples living together in Quebec. Whereas current legal
discourse concerning unmarried cohabitation appears focused on spousal support,
our survey has brought out two elements that could challenge the current legal
approach. When it comes to social representations, we find that the awarding of
support to the partner is highly controversial. The majority of our respondents
also believe that the family patrimony should be shared equally, whether or not
the couple is married, and more especially when there are children, the property
of the household being deemed to be the fruit of a joint and family-oriented
effort.
PHOTOGRAPHICALLY BASED KNOWLEDGE
Authors: Cavedon-Taylor Dan 
Published: August 2013

AbstractPictures are a quintessential source of aesthetic pleasure. This makes it easy to forget that they are epistemically valuable no less than they are aesthetically so. Pictures are representations. As such, they may furnish us with knowledge of the objects they represent. In this article I provide an account of why photographs are of greater epistemic utility than handmade pictures. To do so, I use a novel approach: I seek to illuminate the epistemic utility of photographs by situating both photographs and handmade pictures among the sources of knowledge. This method yields an account of photography's epistemic utility that better connects the issue with related issues in epistemology and is relatively superior to other accounts. Moreover, it answers a foundational issue in the epistemology of pictorial representation: ‘What kinds of knowledge do pictures furnish?’ I argue that photographs have greater epistemic utility than handmade pictures because photographs are sources of perceptual knowledge, while handmade pictures are sources of testimonial knowledge.
A NEW PROSPECT FOR EPISTEMIC AGGREGATION
Authors: Berntson Daniel , Isaacs Yoaav 
Published: August 2013

AbstractHow should the opinion of a group be related to the opinions of the group members? In this article, we will defend a package of four norms – coherence, locality, anonymity and unanimity. Existing results show that there is no tenable procedure for aggregating outright beliefs or for aggregating credences that meet these criteria. In response, we consider the prospects for aggregating credal pairs – pairs of prior probabilities and evidence. We show that there is a method of aggregating credal pairs that possesses all four virtues.
A RELIABILISM BUILT ON COGNITIVE CONVERGENCE: AN EMPIRICALLY GROUNDED SOLUTION TO THE GENERALITY PROBLEM
Authors: Jönsson Martin L. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractProcess-reliabilist analyses of justification and knowledge face the generality problem. Recent discussion of this problem turns on certain untested empirical assumptions that this paper investigates. Three experiments are reported: two are free-naming studies that support the existence of a basic level in the previously unexplored domain of names for belief-forming processes; the third demonstrates that reliability judgments for the basic-level belief-forming process types are very strongly correlated with the corresponding justification and knowledge judgments. I argue that these results lend support to process-reliabilism; I then go on to explore several different ways to make use of them in solutions to the generality problem.
The decay of the flow in the end region of a suddenly blocked pipe
Authors: Jewell Nathaniel , Denier James P. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractWe consider the decay to rest of initially laminar flow within the end region of a suddenly blocked pipe. Here the flow is dominated by two temporally developing boundary layers, one on the pipe wall and one located at the blockage. The evolution and interaction of these boundary layers contributes to the creation and annihilation of toroidal vortices in the end-region flow, the number and extent growing with increasing Reynolds numbers. For larger Reynolds numbers, these nonlinear vortices delay the decay process within the end region, decaying at a slower rate than flow far downstream of the blockage. Our numerical simulations for pre-blockage Reynolds numbers up to 3000 indicate that the flow in this end region is stable to axisymmetric disturbances.
Hydrodynamic diffusion of sedimenting point particles in a vertical shear flow
Authors: Crosby Andrew , Lister John R. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractThe hydrodynamic diffusion of sedimenting point particles in a vertically sheared periodic system is investigated numerically and theoretically. In both the velocity-gradient direction and the vorticity direction, the rate of hydrodynamic diffusion is reduced as the shear rate is increased. In the velocity-gradient direction, two-particle interactions cause no net displacement, and three-particle interactions are necessary for diffusive behaviour. In contrast to an unsheared system, the resulting diffusion coefficient is only weakly dependent upon the size of the system and ${\widehat{D}}_{xx} \sim 4. 2\times 1{0}^{- 4} \hspace{0.167em} {n}^{2} {(f/ \mu )}^{4} {\dot {\gamma } }^{- 3} \ln (0. 42\widehat{L}{(\mu \dot {\gamma } / f)}^{1/ 2} )$, where $n$ is the particle number density, $f$ the force per particle, $\mu $ the fluid viscosity, $\dot {\gamma } $ the imposed shear rate, and $\widehat{L}$ the system size. In the vorticity direction, although individual two-particle interactions cause no net displacement, a superposition of interactions is sufficient to cause diffusion-like linear growth of the ensemble-averaged square particle displacements. The associated diffusion coefficient is given by ${\widehat{D}}_{yy} \sim 9. 47\times 1{0}^{- 4} \hspace{0.167em} n{(f/ \mu )}^{2} \widehat{L}\hspace{0.167em} {\dot {\gamma } }^{- 1} $. At sufficiently long times, the effect of multi-particle interactions cannot be neglected and there is a transition to another regime in which the diffusion coefficient is similar in form, but slightly reduced from this value. The dependence of ${\widehat{D}}_{xx} $ and ${\widehat{D}}_{yy} $ on the number density and dimensionless shear rate is explained using theoretical scaling arguments and analyses.
Three-dimensional spatially localized binary-fluid convection in a porous medium
Authors: Lo Jacono David , Bergeon Alain , Knobloch Edgar 
Published: August 2013

AbstractThree-dimensional convection in a binary mixture in a porous medium heated from below is studied. For negative separation ratios steady spatially localized convection patterns are expected. Such patterns, spatially localized in two dimensions, are computed and numerical continuation is used to examine their growth and proliferation as parameters are varied. The patterns studied have the form of a core region with four extended side-branches and can be stable. A physical mechanism behind the formation of these unusual structures is suggested.
The Stability of Finite Miscible Liquid-Liquid Stratified Microchannel Flow with Boundary Slip
Authors: You X.-Y. , Zhang L.-D. , Zheng J.-R. 
Published: August 2013

ABSTRACTThe effects of boundary slip on the stability of finite miscible/immiscible liquid-liquid stratified microchannel flow were investigated. In this approach, the boundary slip was considered by Navier slip assumption and the finite-miscible liquid-liquid interface was modeled by double film model. The stability of the flow was studied by the small disturbance theory. The results indicated that the effects of boundary slip on the instability of finite miscible stratified microchannel flow with different viscosity ratio, interface location and the property of interface (i.e.thickness and viscosity distribution of mixed layer) are distinct and complex. The effect intensity of upper and lower boundary slip on flow stability is determined by viscosity ratio, interface structure (different Ns) and film thickness. When the interface changes from the channel center to the wall, the critical Re number is enhanced by boundary slip and especially markedly near the critical line and after across the critical line it suddenly decreases to a small value (even to 424). The flow stability always increased by boundary slip.
Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) of Three-Dimensional Braided Composite Material using Carbon Nanotube Thread Sensors
Authors: Wan Z. , Li J. D. , Jia M. , Li J. L. 
Published: August 2013

ABSTRACTStructural Health Monitoring (SHM) takes advantage of the recent advances in nanotechnology and sensing in order to monitor the behavior of a structure, assess its performance and identify damage at an early stage. Monitoring the state of strain throughout an entire structure is essential to determine its state of stress, detect potential residual stresses after fabrication, and also to help to establish its integrity. The Carbon nanotube thread was integrated into three-dimensional braiding materials and used for the first time as a sensor to monitor strain and also to detect damage in the three-dimensional braided composite material.In this paper a literature review about the application of carbon nanotubes thread for sensors and smart materials used for SHM of braiding structures is presented. The test data show the braided angle is important parameter for structural health monitoring of three-dimensional. The research will provide a new integrated and distributed technologies for the built-in carbon nanotube sensor to detect the health of composite. The subject will provide the new idea and method for the development of smart composite materials research and application.
Soret and Dufour Effects on the Unsteady Mixed Convection Flow Over a Stretching Surface
Authors: Alsaadi F. E. , Shehzad S. A. , Hayat T. , Monaquel S. J. 
Published: August 2013

ABSTRACTMixed convection flow of second grade fluid bounded by a permeable stretching surface is discussed. Soret and Dufour effects are also present. Series solutions for the resulting problems are made using homotopy analysis method (HAM). Analysis has been carried out for the effects of embedded parameters on the velocity, temperature and concentration fields. Numerical values of Nusselt and Sherwood numbers are computed and discussed.
Investigation on Transient Responses of a Piezoelectric Crack by using Durbin and Zhao Methods for Numerical Inversion of Laplace Transforms
Authors: Ing Y.-S. , Liao H.-F. 
Published: August 2013

ABSTRACTThis study applies the numerical inversion of Laplace transform methods to study the piezoelectric dynamic fracture problem, recalculating Chen and Karihaloo's [1] analysis on the transient response of a impermeable crack subjected to anti-plane mechanical and in-plane electric impacts. Three numerical methods were adopted for calculating the dynamic stress intensity factor: Durbin method, Zhao method 1, and Zhao method 2. The results obtained were more accurate than the results in Chen and Karihaloo's [1] study. Through the calculation, this study presents a better range of parameters for the above three methods, and compares the advantages and disadvantages of each method in detail.
NEAT AND CONEAT SUBMODULES OF MODULES OVER COMMUTATIVE RINGS
Authors: CRIVEI SEPTIMIU 
Published: August 2013

AbstractWe prove that neat and coneat submodules of a module coincide when $R$ is a commutative ring such that every maximal ideal is principal, extending a recent result by Fuchs. We characterise absolutely neat (coneat) modules and study their closure properties. We show that a module is absolutely neat if and only if it is injective with respect to the Dickson torsion theory.
SPECIAL MAXIMAL SUBGROUPS OF -GROUPS
Authors: COSSEY JOHN 
Published: August 2013

AbstractIn the 2006 edition of the Kourovka Notebook, Berkovich poses the following problem (Problem 16.13): Let $p$ be a prime and $P$ be a finite $p$-group. Can $P$ have every maximal subgroup special? We show that the structure of such groups is very restricted, but for all primes there are groups of arbitrarily large size with this property.
A NOTE ON THE DIOPHANTINE EQUATION
Authors: DENG MOU JIE 
Published: August 2013

AbstractLet $(a, b, c)$ be a primitive Pythagorean triple satisfying ${a}^{2} + {b}^{2} = {c}^{2} . $ In 1956, Jeśmanowicz conjectured that for any given positive integer $n$ the only solution of $\mathop{(an)}\nolimits ^{x} + \mathop{(bn)}\nolimits ^{y} = \mathop{(cn)}\nolimits ^{z} $ in positive integers is $x= y= z= 2. $ In this paper, for the primitive Pythagorean triple $(a, b, c)= (4{k}^{2} - 1, 4k, 4{k}^{2} + 1)$ with $k= {2}^{s} $ for some positive integer $s\geq 0$, we prove the conjecture when $n\gt 1$ and certain divisibility conditions are satisfied.
Findings from an online behavioural weight management programme provided with or without a fortified diet beverage
Authors: Haddock C. Keith , Poston Walker S. C. , LaGrotte Caitlin , Klotz Alicia A. , Oliver Tracy L. , Vander Veur Stephanie S. , Foster Gary D. , Jebb Susan A. , Moore Carmel , Roberts Susan A. , Reeves Rebecca S. , Bolton Mary Pat , Foreyt John P. 
Published: August 2013

The present multi-centre randomised weight-loss trial evaluated the efficacy of a low-intensity 12-week online behavioural modification programme, with or without a fortified diet beverage using a 2 × 2 factorial design. A total of 572 participants were randomised to: (1) an online basic lifestyle information (OBLI) intervention, consisting of one online informational class about tips for weight management; (2) an online behavioural weight management (OBWM) intervention, entailing 12 weekly online classes focused on weight-loss behaviour modification; (3) an OBLI intervention plus a fortified diet cola beverage (BEV) containing green tea extract (total catechin 167 mg), soluble fibre dextrin (10 g) and caffeine (100 mg) (OBLI+BEV); (4) OBWM+BEV. Assessments included height, weight, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry-derived body composition, and waist circumference (WC). Attrition was 15·7 %. Intention-to-treat (ITT) models demonstrated a main effect for type of Internet programme, with those assigned to the OBWM condition losing significantly more weight (F= 7·174; P= 0·008) and fat mass (F= 4·491; P= 0·035) than those assigned to the OBLI condition. However, there was no significant main effect for the OBWM condition on body fat percentage (F= 2·906; P= 0·089) or WC (F= 3·351; P= 0·068), and no significant main effect for beverage use or significant interactions between factors in ITT models. A 12-week, low-intensity behaviourally based online programme produced a greater weight loss than a basic information website. The addition of a fortified diet beverage had no additional impact.
Low serum enterolactone concentration is associated with low colonicLactobacillus–Enterococcuscounts in men but is not affected by a synbiotic mixture in a randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind, cross-over intervention study
Authors: Holma Reetta , Kekkonen Riina A. , Hatakka Katja , Poussa Tuija , Vapaatalo Heikki , Adlercreutz Herman , Korpela Riitta 
Published: August 2013

The aims of the present study were to assess the possible differences in faecal microbiota between men with a low serum enterolactone concentration and those with a high concentration, and to investigate the impact of a synbiotic mixture on serum enterolactone concentration in men with a low concentration. We compared faecal microbiota between ten men with the lowest serum enterolactone concentration and ten men with the highest concentration at recruitment (n84). Furthermore, we carried out a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over intervention study (6-week intervention periods and 4-week washout period) to investigate the impact of a synbiotic mixture (twoLactobacillusstrains, oneBifidobacteriumstrain, onePropionibacteriumstrain and galacto-oligosaccharides (32 g/l)) on serum enterolactone concentration in fifty-two men who had a concentration < 20 nmol/l. Serum sensitive C-reactive protein (CRP) concentration was measured at the end of the first intervention period. Men with a low serum enterolactone concentration when compared with those with a high concentration had less faecal bacteria, especially those belonging to theLactobacillus–Enterococcusgroup (median 8·2 (interquartile range 7·8–8·4) log10colony-forming units/gv.median 8·8 (interquartile range 8·5–8·9) log10colony-forming units/g,P= 0·009). The synbiotic mixture that was used did not have a significant effect on serum enterolactone (synbioticv.placebo ratio 0·96 (95 % CI 0·76, 1·22),P= 0·724) or serum sensitive CRP (synbioticv.placebo ratio 0·99 (95 % CI 0·74, 1·33),P= 0·954) concentration. Men with a low serum enterolactone concentration harbour less colonic bacteria, especially those belonging to theLactobacillus–Enterococcusgroup. A synbiotic mixture does not increase serum enterolactone concentration.
The added value of18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography computed tomography in patients with neck lymph node metastases from an unknown primary malignancy
Authors: Prowse S J B , Shaw R , Ganeshan D , Prowse P M , Hanlon R , Lewis-Jones H , Wieshmann H 
Published: August 2013

AbstractBackground:The search for a primary malignancy in patients with a metastatic cervical lymph node is challenging yet ultimately of utmost clinical importance. This study evaluated the efficacy of positron emission tomography computed tomography in detecting the occult primary, within the context of a tertiary referral centre head and neck cancer multidisciplinary team tumour board meeting.Methods:Thirty-two patients (23 men and 9 women; mean and median age, 61 years) with a metastatic cervical lymph node of unknown primary origin, after clinical examination and magnetic resonance imaging, underwent positron emission tomography computed tomography.Results:The primary tumour detection rate was 50 per cent (16/32). Positron emission tomography computed tomography had a sensitivity of 94 per cent (16/17) and a specificity of 67 per cent (10/15). Combining these results with those of 10 earlier studies of similar patients gave an overall detection rate of 37 per cent.Conclusion:Positron emission tomography computed tomography has become an important imaging modality. To date, it has the highest primary tumour detection rate, for head and neck cancer patients presenting with cervical lymph node metastases from an unknown primary.
Patient self-assessment in discriminating the more obstructed side in nasal breathing
Authors: Chin D , Malek J , Pratt E , Marcells G , Sacks R , Harvey R J 
Published: August 2013

AbstractBackground:Correlating patient perception of nasal obstruction sidedness to causative anatomy is important in surgical planning. The accuracy of patient-perceived asymmetry of nasal obstruction, as regards objective measures, is described.Methods:Cross-sectional study of patients undergoing nasal airflow assessment. Unilateral obstruction was assessed using visual analogue scale scores and anterior rhinomanometry, without decongestion. Subjective obstruction asymmetry was defined using either the absolute score difference (rightvsleft) or the minimal clinically important difference, derived statistically. Correlation between subjective and objective obstruction measures was assessed.Results:In 145 patients (mean age ± standard deviation, 42.8 ± 16.6 years; 54.5 per cent female), objective obstruction was right-sided in 32.4 per cent, left-sided in 36.6 per cent and symmetrical in 31.0 per cent. Subjective perception of obstruction sidedness had a sensitivity and specificity of 86.9 and 41.1 per cent, respectively, using the minimal clinically important difference. Positive predictive value was 59.4 per cent using absolute score difference and 53.7 per cent using minimal clinically important difference. Receiver operator characteristic curve analysis indicated correlation between subjective and objective measures (p < 0.001).Conclusion:Subjective perception of nasal obstruction asymmetry has limited accuracy. Corroboration with objective airway assessment may be helpful in patients whose symptoms are incongruous with clinical findings.
Population size, survival and reproductive rates of northern Norwegian killer whales (Orcinus orca) in 1986–2003
Authors: Kuningas Sanna , Similä Tiu , Hammond Philip S. 
Published: August 2013

A long-term photo-identification study of killer whales (Orcinus orca) in northern Norway was initiated in 1986, when their prey the Norwegian spring-spawning herring (Clupea harengus) started to winter in a complex fjord system. The aim of this work was to estimate population size and apparent survival rates in this killer whale population using photo-identification and mark–recapture techniques with data collected during October–December 1986–2003. Total population size was estimated to be highest in 2003: 731 individuals (SE = 139, 95% CI = 505–1059) using a model taking heterogeneity of capture probabilities into account. Apparent survival of adult males and adult females was estimated using the Cormack–Jolly–Seber model as 0.971 (SE = 0.008) and 0.977 (SE = 0.009), respectively. Calving intervals ranged from 3 to 14 years (mean = 5.06, SE = 0.722). These are the first estimates of northern Norwegian killer whale population parameters, allowing their dynamics to be investigated and comparisons to be made with killer whale populations globally.