bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Learning to Choose
Authors: Mackey Margaret 
Published: March 2014

AbstractOften the difference between a successful and unsuccessful reader is that the former is simply better at finding enjoyable books to read. The capacity to select appealing reading is not developed in classrooms where the decision about what book to read is made by someone other than the reader: the teacher, the curriculum planner, the person who buys material for the stock cupboard. We can learn much from avid readers, the truly successful choosers, and a summer reading program offers one vehicle for students to practice choosing titles for themselves. What really matters is that this question of making a productive selection should not remain invisible in the classroom.
In vivo formation and bioavailability of isothiocyanates from glucosinolates in broccoli as affected by processing conditions
Authors: Oliviero Teresa , Verkerk Ruud , Vermeulen Martijn , Dekker Matthijs 
Published: March 2014

ScopeTo study the effect of residual myrosinase (MYR) activity in differently processed broccoli on sulforaphane (SR) and iberin (IB) formation, bioavailability, and excretion in human volunteers.Methods and resultsFive different broccoli products were obtained with similar glucoraphanin (GR) and glucoiberin (GI) content, yet different MYR activity. Excretion of SR and IB conjugates in urine were determined in 15 participants after ingestion of the broccoli products. A reduction of 80% of MYR in the product did not cause differences in the total amount of SR and IB found in urine compared to the product with 100% MYR. Complete inactivation of MYR gave the lowest total amount of SR and IB in urine (10 and 19%). A residual MYR of only 2% in the product gave an intermediate amount (17 and 29%). The excretion half‐lives of SR and IB conjugates were comparable for all the products (2.5 h on average), although the maximum excretion peak times were clearly shorter when the residual MYR was higher (2.3–6.1 h).ConclusionFor the first time, the effect of residual MYR activity on isothiocyanate bioavailability was systematically and quantitatively studied. Processing conditions have a large effect on the kinetics and bioavailability of isothiocyanates from broccoli.
Tailoring quaternized starch as a non‐viral carrier for gene delivery applications
Authors: Sieradzki Rivka , Traitel Tamar , Goldbart Riki , Geresh Shimona , Kost Joseph 
Published: March 2014

ABSTRACTNon‐viral gene delivery systems have become increasingly desirable in both basic research and clinical settings as they overcome some of the problems associated with viral vectors. Presently, non‐viral carriers used for gene transfer consist mostly of liposomal formulations and cationic polymers. Starch, which is a biodegradable, biocompatible, non‐toxic, and water soluble polysaccharide, was evaluated for its potential as a non‐viral gene delivery carrier, after modifying it to cationic starch (Q‐starch) by means of quaternization. Q‐starch synthesis was assessed by means of nuclear magnetic resonance, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, elemental analysis, and Kjeldahl method, demonstrating that all the chemical reactions occurred. The Q‐starch potential to condense pDNA was evaluated by gel electrophoresis, dynamic light scattering, atomic force microscopy, and zeta potential, validating the formation of nano‐sized, positively charged spherical complexes. Transfection efficiency experiments reveal that there are two barriers for efficient transfection: endosomal escape and complex de‐complexation, while the latter appears to be the rate‐limiting step. We propose that further improvement in transfection efficiency can be achieved by augmenting carrier lysosomotropic ability, as well as its ability to disconnect from the pDNA. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Lattice deformations in quasi‐dynamic strain glass visualised and quantified by aberration corrected electron microscopy
Authors: Lu Jiangbo , Martinez Gerardo T. , Aert Sandra Van , Schryvers Dominique 
Published: March 2014

Advanced transmission electron microscopy and statistical parameter estimated quantification procedures were applied to study the room temperature quasi‐dynamical strain glass state in Ni–Ti alloys. Nanosized strain pockets are visualised and the displacements of the atom columns are quantified. A comparison is made with conventional high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy images of point defect induced strains in Ni–Al alloys. [001] Cs‐corrected HRTEM image of Ni51.7Ti48.3 B2 austenite with highlighted nanosized strain pocket of a few nm in diameter.
Innovative strategies to treat protein misfolding in inborn errors of metabolism: pharmacological chaperones and proteostasis regulators
Authors: Muntau Ania C. , Leandro João , Staudigl Michael , Mayer Felix , Gersting Søren W. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractTo attain functionality, proteins must fold into their three‐dimensional native state. The intracellular balance between protein synthesis, folding, and degradation is constantly challenged by genetic or environmental stress factors. In the last ten years, protein misfolding induced by missense mutations was demonstrated to be the seminal molecular mechanism in a constantly growing number of inborn errors of metabolism. In these cases, loss of protein function results from early degradation of missense‐induced misfolded proteins. Increasing knowledge on the proteostasis network and the protein quality control system with distinct mechanisms in different compartments of the cell paved the way for the development of new treatment strategies for conformational diseases using small molecules. These comprise proteostasis regulators that enhance the capacity of the proteostasis network and pharmacological chaperones that specifically bind and rescue misfolded proteins by conformational stabilization. They can be used either alone or in combination, the latter to exploit synergistic effects. Many of these small molecule compounds currently undergo preclinical and clinical pharmaceutical development and two have been approved: saproterin dihydrochloride for the treatment of phenylketonuria and tafamidis for the treatment of transthyretin‐related hereditary amyloidosis. Different technologies are exploited for the discovery of new small molecule compounds that belong to the still young class of pharmaceutical products discussed here. These compounds may in the near future improve existing treatment strategies or even offer a first‐time treatment to patients suffering from nowadays‐untreatable inborn errors of metabolism.
Lipid Classes and Subclasses of Cold‐Pressed and Solvent‐Extracted Oils from Commercial Indian Niger (Guizotia abyssinica (L.f.) Cass.) Seed
Authors: Bhatnagar A. S. , Gopala Krishna A. G. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractLipid classes and subclasses of cold‐pressed and solvent‐extracted (hexane and ethanol) oils from commercially available niger (Guizotia abyssinica (L.f.) Cass.) seeds were investigated. The oil yield of niger seeds obtained by cold pressing was 28.3 g/100 g while by hexane and ethanol extractions was 38.3 and 29.7 g/100 g respectively. The lipid classification of the extracted niger seed oils showed neutral lipids (65.9–95.5 %), glycolipids (2.7–24.6 %) and phospholipids (1.8–9.5 %). The acylglycerol composition of neutral lipids of extracted niger seed oils showed triacylglycerols (76.9–91.6 %), diacylglycerols (3.9–7.3 %) and monoacylglycerols (0.6–2.5 %). The fatty acid composition of tri‐, di‐, and monoacylglycerols of extracted niger seed oils showed linoleic acid (66.7–71.6 %) as the major fatty acid. The triacylglycerol composition of neutral lipids of extracted niger seed oils showed trilinolein (39.2–40.3 %) as the major triacylglycerol. The extracted niger seed oils contained 1289.9–6215.8 ppm of total phytosterols with β‐sitosterol (41.9–43.7 %) as the major phytosterol. Acylated steryl glucoside (39.5–52.2 %) was the major glycolipid in extracted niger seed oils. Phosphatidylcholine (49.6 and 47.9 %) was the major phospholipid in cold‐pressed and hexane‐extracted niger seed oils and phosphatidylethanolamine (57.1 %) was the major phospholipid in ethanol‐extracted niger seed oil. This is probably the first report on the variations in lipid classes and subclasses of Indian niger seed oil as affected by different modes of oil extraction.
Brief report: Can irritability act as a marker of psychopathology?
Authors: Mulraney Melissa , Melvin Glenn , Tonge Bruce 
Published: March 2014

ABSTRACTIrritability is ubiquitous in child and adolescent psychopathology. This study aimed to determine if the Affective Reactivity Index (ARI), a measure of irritability, could be used to screen for psychopathology in adolescents. The clinical sample comprised 31 adolescents with a DSM‐IV diagnosis. The control sample was 31 gender and age matched adolescents recruited through schools. Both samples completed a test battery that included the Affective Reactivity Index. The clinical participants reported significantly higher levels of irritability than the control sample by both self‐ and parent‐report. Using ROC analysis a cut off value of 4 on the self‐report ARI was found to be optimal for indicating psychopathology; with a specificity of 77.4% and a sensitivity of 77.4%, the area under the curve was 0.86. This paper provides evidence to suggest that irritability may be used as a general predictor of psychopathology in adolescents.
Psychosocial working conditions: An analysis of emotional symptoms and conduct problems amongst adolescent students
Authors: Plenty Stephanie , Östberg Viveca , Almquist Ylva B. , Augustine Lilly , Modin Bitte 
Published: March 2014

ABSTRACTThis study explored how psychosocial features of the schoolwork environment are associated with students' mental health. Data was drawn from 3699 ninth grade (15 year‐old) Swedish students participating in the Health Behaviour in School‐Aged Children survey. Using Structural Equation Modelling, perceived school demands, decision control and social support from teachers, classmates and parents were examined in relation to students' emotional and conduct problems. Higher demands were associated with greater emotional symptoms and conduct problems. Although weaker social support predicted emotional symptoms and conduct problems, the relative influence of teachers, classmates and parents differed. Teacher support was more closely associated with conduct problems, particularly for girls, while classmate support was more strongly related to emotional symptoms. The findings indicate that while excessive school pressure is associated with poorer mental health, social support can assist in optimising adolescents' emotional health and adaptive behaviour, as well as shaping perceptions of demands.
Contribution of obstetrics and gynecology societies in South America to the prevention of unsafe abortion in the region
Authors: Tavara Luis 
Published: March 2014

AbstractUnsafe abortion is one of the most serious public health and human rights issues in South America. Rates are among the highest in the world and account for 13% of maternal deaths. Nine out of 10 South American countries have enrolled in the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) Initiative for the Prevention of Unsafe Abortion and its Consequences. Each individual society of obstetrics and gynecology prepared a situational analysis, and an action plan was elaborated with the participation of their respective Ministries of Health, national and international agencies, and other collaborating institutions. Action plans were designed to respond to the problems identified in the situational analyses, with objectives corresponding with all or some of the 4 levels of prevention proposed in the FIGO initiative. This article reports the progress achieved in implementing the action proposed by each country, as well as some activities carried out in addition to those included in the formal plans.
EPISTEMIC INTUITIONS IN FAKE-BARN THOUGHT EXPERIMENTS
Authors: Colaço David , Buckwalter Wesley , Stich Stephen , Machery Edouard 
Published: March 2014

AbstractIn epistemology, fake-barn thought experiments are often taken to be intuitively clear cases in which a justified true belief does not qualify as knowledge. We report a study designed to determine whether members of the general public share this intuition. The data suggest that while participants are less inclined to attribute knowledge in fake-barn cases than in unproblematic cases of knowledge, they nonetheless do attribute knowledge to protagonists in fake-barn cases. Moreover, the intuition that fake-barn cases do count as knowledge is negatively correlated with age; older participants are less likely than younger participants to attribute knowledge in fake-barn cases. We also found that increasing the number of defeaters (fakes) does not decrease the inclination to attribute knowledge.
The opening of wind-driven polynyas
Authors: Morales Maqueda Miguel A. , Willmott A. J. , Walkington I. A. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThe opening of wind-driven coastal polynyas has often been investigated using idealised flux models. Polynya flux models postulate that the boundary separating the region of thin ice adjacent to the coast within the polynya from the thicker ice piling up downstream is a mathematical shock. To conserve mass, any divergence of the ice flux across the shock translates into a change in the shock’s position or, in other words, a change in the width of the thin-ice region of the polynya. Polynya flux models are physically incomplete in that, while they conserve ice mass, they do not conserve linear momentum. In this paper, we investigate the improvements that can be achieved in the simulation of polynyas by imposing conservation of momentum as well as mass. We start by adopting a mathematically solid formulation of the ice mass and momentum balances throughout the polynya region, from the coast to the pack ice. Hydrostatic and plastic versions of the ice internal forces are used in the model. Two different approaches are then explored. We first postulate the existence of a shock at the seaward edge of the thin-ice region of the polynya and derive jump conditions for the conservation of ice mass and momentum at the shock which are consistent with the continuous model physics. Polynyas simulated by this mass- and momentum-conserving shock model always reach a steady state if the polynya forcing is uniform in space and constant in time. This is also true for all polynya flux models presented previously in the literature, but the location of the steady-state polynya edge and the time required to reach it can greatly differ between shock formulations and more simplistic flux ones. We next relax the assumption that a shock exists and let the boundary between thin ice and piling up ice emerge naturally as part of the full solution of the continuous model equations. Polynyas simulated in this way are very different from those simulated by either shock or flux models. Most notably, we find that steady-state polynya solutions are not always attainable in the continuous model. We determine under which conditions this is so and explain how such unsteady solutions come about. We also show that, in those cases when a steady-state solution exists in the continuous model, the steady-state polynya width is considerably larger than in the shock model, and the time required to attain it is accordingly longer. The occurrence of such significant differences between the polynya solutions calculated with flux and shock models, on the one hand, and with more sophisticated continuous formulations, on the other hand, suggests that the former are, at best, incomplete, and should be used with caution.
Design in Context: Existing International Agreements and New Cooperation
Authors: Copelovitch Mark S. , Putnam Tonya L. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThis research note highlights an important element missing from rational design theories of international agreements: “institutional context”—the presence or absence of existing and prior agreements between prospective partners in “new” cooperation. If, as rational design theorists argue, agreement design is deliberate, strategic, and directed toward enhancing contracting parties' ability to credibly commit to future cooperation, then prior design “successes” should influence the terms of additional cooperation. We test for this omitted variable problem in three agreement design outcomes:ex antelimitations on agreement duration, exit clauses, and dispute-settlement provisions. Through an augmentation and reanalysis of data from a key study in the rational design literature—Barbara Koremenos's “Contracting Around International Uncertainty”—we show institutional context is positively correlated with inclusion ofex antetime limitations in negotiated agreements and negatively correlated with the inclusion of exit clauses and third-party dispute-settlement provisions. Institutional context also mediates and conditions the effects of the explanatory variable at the heart of existing rational design theories—uncertainty about the future distribution of gains from cooperation. Our findings show that the collective appeal of particular design features varies not only with the nature of underlying strategic problems, but also with degrees of shared institutional context.
Who Gains from Buying Bad Bidders?
Authors: Offenberg David , Straska Miroslava , Waller H. Gregory 
Published: March 2014

AbstractWe study the value gains from takeovers of firms with poor acquisition histories. We document that the premium received by target shareholders is higher when the value loss from the targets’ prior acquisitions is larger. However, the gains to target shareholders seem to be offset by losses to acquiring shareholders. The average announcement return to acquiring shareholders is negative and decreasing in the value loss from the targets’ prior acquisitions. Additionally, the combined acquirer-target value created in these takeovers is insignificant. These results suggest that the value lost from targets’ prior acquisitions is not recovered through changes in corporate control.
Factors affecting final facial nerve outcome following vestibular schwannoma surgery
Authors: Moffat D A , Parker R A , Hardy D G , Macfarlane R 
Published: March 2014

AbstractObjective:To determine factors affecting facial nerve outcome of vestibular schwannoma surgery.Methods:This retrospective cohort study comprised 652 patients. The outcome measure was House–Brackmann classification at two years post-operatively. Univariate and multivariate analyses were carried out to determine the factors affecting facial nerve outcome. The incidence rates of hemifacial spasm, metallic taste and crocodile tear syndrome were recorded.Results:For tumours less than 1.5 cm, 95 per cent of outcomes were normal, 100 per cent were satisfactory (House–Brackmann grades I–III) and 0 per cent were unsatisfactory (grades IV–VI). For tumours 1.5–2.4 cm, 83 per cent of outcomes were normal, 99 per cent were satisfactory and 1 per cent were unsatisfactory. For tumours 2.5–3.4 cm, 68 per cent of outcomes were normal, 96 per cent were satisfactory and 4 per cent were unsatisfactory. For tumours 3.5–4.4 cm, 52 per cent of outcomes were normal, 80 per cent were satisfactory and 20 per cent were unsatisfactory. For tumours larger than 4.4 cm, 50 per cent of outcomes were normal, 72 per cent were satisfactory and 28 per cent were unsatisfactory.Conclusion:Tumour size and operation year were significant predictors of facial nerve outcome. The surgical learning curve was steepest for the first 50 patients.
The relationship between fish size and otolith dimensions of stargazer (Uranoscopus scaber) in the south-eastern Black Sea
Authors: Erdoğan Sağlam N. , Sağlam C. , Demir Sağlam Y. 
Published: March 2014

Relations between fish size and otolith size of stargazer (Uranoscopus scaber) were studied in this study. A total of 268 samples were obtained from the coastal shelf of Ordu Province (south-eastern Black Sea) by commercial trawling and gillnetting operations. It was found that there were high correlations between fish size and otolith size. It was concluded that all measurable body sizes could be effectively used to estimate otolith length, width and weight. Similarly, estimation of the age of fish from otolith length and weight was also possible with high significance. The results of this research will be useful for others working on this fish, being a first study in the field. The ages of stargazer were determined between 0+ and 4+. Relationships were determined as OW = 0.001 × OWi2.76, OW = 0.35 × 10−3 × OL2.54 with high correlation coefficients of r = 0.965 and r = 0.949, respectively.
Amusia and protolanguage impairments in schizophrenia
Authors: Kantrowitz J. T. , Scaramello N. , Jakubovitz A. , Lehrfeld J. M. , Laukka P. , Elfenbein H. A. , Silipo G. , Javitt D. C. 
Published: March 2014

BackgroundBoth language and music are thought to have evolved from a musical protolanguage that communicated social information, including emotion. Individuals with perceptual music disorders (amusia) show deficits in auditory emotion recognition (AER). Although auditory perceptual deficits have been studied in schizophrenia, their relationship with musical/protolinguistic competence has not previously been assessed.MethodMusical ability was assessed in 31 schizophrenia/schizo-affective patients and 44 healthy controls using the Montreal Battery for Evaluation of Amusia (MBEA). AER was assessed using a novel battery in which actors provided portrayals of five separate emotions. The Disorganization factor of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) was used as a proxy for language/thought disorder and the MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB) was used to assess cognition.ResultsHighly significant deficits were seen between patients and controls across auditory tasks (p < 0.001). Moreover, significant differences were seen in AER between the amusia and intact music-perceiving groups, which remained significant after controlling for group status and education. Correlations with AER were specific to the melody domain, and correlations between protolanguage (melody domain) and language were independent of overall cognition.DiscussionThis is the first study to document a specific relationship between amusia, AER and thought disorder, suggesting a shared linguistic/protolinguistic impairment. Once amusia was considered, other cognitive factors were no longer significant predictors of AER, suggesting that musical ability in general and melodic discrimination ability in particular may be crucial targets for treatment development and cognitive remediation in schizophrenia.