bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
5-Hydroxymethylcytosine is an essential intermediate of active DNA demethylation processes in primary human monocytes
Authors: Klug Maja , Schmidhofer Sandra , Gebhard Claudia , Andreesen Reinhard , Rehli Michael 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
Background
Cytosine methylation is a frequent epigenetic modification restricting the activity of gene regulatory elements. Whereas DNA methylation patterns are generally inherited during replication, both embryonic and somatic differentiation processes require the removal of cytosine methylation at specific gene loci to activate lineage-restricted elements. However, the exact mechanisms facilitating the erasure of DNA methylation remain unclear in many cases.

Results
We previously established human post-proliferative monocytes as a model to study active DNA demethylation. We now show, for several previously identified genomic sites, that the loss of DNA methylation during the differentiation of primary, post-proliferative human monocytes into dendritic cells is preceded by the local appearance of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine. Monocytes were found to express the methylcytosine dioxygenase Ten-Eleven Translocation (TET) 2, which is frequently mutated in myeloid malignancies. The siRNA-mediated knockdown of this enzyme in primary monocytes prevented active DNA demethylation, suggesting that TET2 is essential for the proper execution of this process in human monocytes.

Conclusions
The work described here provides definite evidence that TET2-mediated conversion of 5-methylcytosine to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine initiates targeted, active DNA demethylation in a mature postmitotic myeloid cell type.
Genome-wide analysis of functional sirtuin chromatin targets in yeast
Authors: Li Mingguang , Valsakumar Veena , Poorey Kunal , Bekiranov Stefan , Smith Jeffrey S 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
Background
The sirtuins are a conserved family of NAD+-dependent histone/protein deacetylases that regulate numerous cellular processes, including heterochromatin formation and transcription. Multiple sirtuins are encoded by each eukaryotic genome, raising the possibility of cooperativity or functional overlap. The scope and variety of chromatin binding sites of the sirtuins in any specific organism remain unclear.

Results
Here we utilize the ChIP-seq technique to identify and functionally characterize the genome-wide targets of the sirtuins, Sir2, Hst1 to Hst4, and the DNA binding partner of Hst1, Sum 1, in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Unexpectedly, Sir2, Hst1 and Sum1, but not the other sirtuins, exhibit co-enrichment at several classes of chromatin targets. These include telomeric repeat clusters, tRNA genes, and surprisingly, the open reading frames (ORFs) of multiple highly expressed RNA polymerase II-transcribed genes that function in processes such as fermentation, glycolysis, and translation. Repression of these target genes during the diauxic shift is specifically dependent on Sir2/Hst1/Sum1 binding to the ORF and sufficiently high intracellular NAD+ concentrations. Sir2 recruitment to the ORFs is independent of the canonical SIR complex and surprisingly requires Sum1. The shared Sir2/Hst1/Sum1 targets also significantly overlap with condensin and cohesin binding sites, where Sir2, Hst1, and Sum1 were found to be important for condensin and cohesin deposition, suggesting a possible mechanistic link between metabolism and chromatin architecture during the diauxic shift.

Conclusions
This study demonstrates the existence of overlap in sirtuin function, and advances our understanding of conserved sirtuin-regulated functions, including the regulation of glycolytic gene expression and condensin loading.
Mutations within lncRNAs are effectively selected against in fruitfly but not in human
Authors: Haerty Wilfried , Ponting Chris P 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
Background
Previous studies in Drosophila and mammals have revealed levels of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) sequence conservation that are intermediate between neutrally evolving and protein-coding sequence. These analyses compared conservation between species that diverged up to 75 million years ago. However, analysis of sequence polymorphisms within a species' population can provide an understanding of essentially contemporaneous selective constraints that are acting on lncRNAs and can quantify the deleterious effect of mutations occurring within these loci.

Results
We took advantage of polymorphisms derived from the genome sequences of 163 Drosophila melanogaster strains and 174 human individuals to calculate the distribution of fitness effects of single nucleotide polymorphisms occurring within intergenic lncRNAs and compared this to distributions for SNPs present within putatively neutral or protein-coding sequences. Our observations show that in D.melanogaster there is a significant excess of rare frequency variants within intergenic lncRNAs relative to neutrally evolving sequences, whereas selection on human intergenic lncRNAs appears to be effectively neutral. Approximately 30% of mutations within these fruitfly lncRNAs are estimated as being weakly deleterious.

Conclusions
These contrasting results can be attributed to the large difference in effective population sizes between the two species. Our results suggest that while the sequences of lncRNAs will be well conserved across insect species, such loci in mammals will accumulate greater proportions of deleterious changes through genetic drift.
Cycloaddition of 1,4-Diaryl-1,3-butadiynes with Nitriles: An Atom-economic One-pot Approach to Benzo[f]quinazolines
Authors: Yang Lichen , Hua Ruimao 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
A one-pot synthesis of benzo[f]quinazoline by a novel cycloaddition of 1,4-diaryl-1,3-butadiynes with nitriles in the presence of trifluoromethanesulfonic acid at 120 °C is developed.
A Heterobifunctional Linker Bearing Azide-reactive Alkyne and Thiol-reactive Maleimide Connected with N-(2-Nitrobenzyl)imide to Synthesize Photocleavable Diblock Copolymers
Authors: Yamamoto Shota , Nakahama Seiichi , Yamaguchi Kazuo 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
A novel heterobifunctional linker 1 connected with photocleavable N-(2-nitrobenzyl)imide has been developed. Hydrophobic polystyrene (PS), hydrophilic poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO), and thermosensitive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) containing thiol or azide at the terminal, synthesized by a living radical polymerization or a transformation of terminal functional groups, were coupled with the alkyne and maleimide protected as the furan adduct at both terminals of 1 to synthesize three types of photocleavable diblock copolymers in high yields.
Quaternary Ammonium Hydroxide-assisted Solvothermal Synthesis of Monodispersed ITO Nanoparticles with a Cubic Shape
Authors: Kanie Kiyoshi , Sasaki Takafumi , Nakaya Masafumi , Muramatsu Atsushi 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
Quaternary ammonium hydroxides were first applied for the solvothermal synthesis of monodispersed ITO nanoparticles controlled in cubic morphology. The formation of a gel-like intermediate was the decisive factor for the precise control of size and shape. Their blue-colored compacts exhibited low resistivity as a transparent conductive oxide.
Identification and Classification of Diseases: Fundamental Problems in Medical Ontology and Epistemology
Authors: Nordenfelt Lennart 
Published: May 2013

During the last three centuries there has been remarkable development in the area of the identification and classification of diseases. The taxonomic systems adopted in the 18th century by, for instance, Sauvages and Linnaeus bare no resemblance to the modern nomenclatures for pathological phenomena. The aim of this paper is to give a brief historical presentation, but also a critical analysis, of a number of crucial ideas and theories behind the construction of certain major disease classifications. My focus in the second half of the paper is on the most influential modern systems of classification, the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD) and the International Systematized Nomenclature of Human and Veterinary Medicine (SNOMED). The former is the official classification adopted by the World Health Organization and is used mainly for clinical and administrative purposes. The latter is a highly complex system of classification which has recently been developed for a variety of purposes (including medical research) and is meant to be read and handled by computers. ICD, although widely used all over the world, has salient and well-known logical deficiencies. SNOMED has been introduced partly to remedy these deficiencies. I conclude, however, that SNOMED, in spite of its sophisticated resources, cannot completely replace ICD. For many clinical and administrative purposes there is need of a relatively simple system that can be handled by the ordinary doctor and the ordinary health-care administrator.
The Dual Aspects Theory of Truth
Authors: Jarvis Benjamin 
Published: May 2013

Consider the following ‘principles’:(Norm of Belief Schema) Necessarily, a belief of <p> is correct (relative to some scenario) if and only ifp(at that scenario) — where ‘p’ has the aforementioned content <p>.(Generalized Norm of Belief) Necessarily, for all propositions <p>, a belief ofp> is correct (relative to some scenario) if and only if <p> is true (at that scenario).Both ‘principles’ appear to capture the aim(s) of belief. (NBS) particularizes the aims to beliefs of distinct content-types. (GNB) generalizes these aims of beliefs as truth. Properly understood, the instances of (NBS) appear to be at least approximately true as does (GNB). Of course, one might harbor concerns about whether these are mere appearances or whether these ‘principles’ are properly formulated. Putting such concerns aside, one might naturally wonder how these two ‘principles’ (or their proper reformulations) are fundamentally related. More specifically, are the instances of (NBS) explanatorily basic if they are true?
Exemplification and Argument
Authors: Goddu G.C. 
Published: May 2013

‘Grass is red’ is the only premise and is obviously false, so (X) should convince you that there are arguments with merely obviously false premises. On the face of it, there is nothing irrational about being so convinced by (X). But then (X) is a rationally persuasive argument with merely obviously false premises.A cheap trick you say? Not so, say I — a trick yes, but, I shall argue, far from cheap. In ‘ ‘P, Therefore, P’ Without Circularity,’ Roy Sorensen uses numerous examples like these to suggest, among other things, that there is a missing parameter to argument evaluation, viz. exemplification. I shall argue, however, that understanding these sorts of cases in the way that motivates Sorensen to recommend adding the extra parameter has extremely unpalatable consequences. I shall propose an alternative account that avoids these consequences.
What can we Learn from Buridan's Ass?
Authors: Weintraub Ruth 
Published: May 2013

The mythical hungry ass, facing two identical bundles of hay equidistant from him, has engendered two related questions. Can he choose one of the bundles, there seemingly being nothing to incline him one way or the other? If he can, the second puzzle — pertaining to rational choice — arises. It seems the ass cannotrationallychoose one of the bundles, because there is no sufficient reason for any choice.In what follows, I will argue that choice is possible even when there is no option which is better than the others (section II), and that it is perfectly reasonable to choose an option even when there is no sufficient reason for it (section III). I will then (section IV) point to another puzzling feature of the ass's tale, a seeming difference between it and its theoretical analogue, and consider some suggestions as to how the asymmetry is to be explained (section V).
Effects of Perinatal Protein-Nacl Diets on Offspring's Blood Pressure and
Renal Function in Lewis Rats
Authors: Lee Jong Y. , Azar Silvia H. 
Published: May 2013

Perinatal diets may affect the cardiovascular-renal functions of offspring. To understand effects of maternal diet
on the renal function and blood pressure (BP) of offspring, protein (10% low, LP; 23% normal, NP) and/or NaCl (4% high
salt, HS; 0.6% normal, NS) diets were started at pre-pregnancy through pups' weaning to either a 4% high NaCl (hs) or
0.6% NaCl (ns) diet. Telemetered BP data was analyzed by methods of linear least square rhythmometry. Systolic BPs
(circadian mean ±SE mm Hg) were: NPNSns, 131±2; NPNShs, 137±2; NPHSns, 137±0.2; NPHShs, 134±3; LPNSns,
138±1; LPNShs, 138±0.6; LPHSns, 135±2; LPHShs, 142±2. Offspring in NPNShs and NPHSns had significantly increased
SBPs versus NPNSns (both P<0.05). Most LP-offspring had increased SBP (P<0.01 to <0.05) and lower body
weight (BW) with smaller glomerular filtration rate changes (renal reserve, RR-GFR) following overnight acute highprotein
loads: RR-GFRs (inulin, ml/min/g kidney) for groups stated above were, respectively: 0.935; 0.927; 0.537; -0.064;
-0.229; 0.057; -0.515; -0.404. The kidney weight/BW ratio of offspring was higher on hs- than on ns-diets (all P<0.001).
Rats on a low caloric diet had reduced sclerotic glomerular numbers compared to those on normal diets (11.2±1 vs.
15.7±2, P<0.001), though glomerular numbers were similar in both groups.
In summary, perinatal LP-HS diets significantly affected the BW, BP, renal injuries and kidney function of offspring. RR
was seriously reduced, especially among offspring in hs- and perinatal LP groups. The most interesting result was the
glomerular maturation staging in the pups, which suggests delayed nephrogenesis by a maternal LP diet.
Rhabdomyolysis Following Bariatric Surgery: a Retrospective Analysis
Authors: Forfori Francesco , Sidoti Anna , Taddei Riccardo , Terrasini Nora , Arbeid Erik , Gregori Dario , Giunta Francesco , Chuntranuluck Sawitri 
Published: May 2013

Background:
Rhabdomyolysis (RML) indicates a skeletal muscle necrosis which results in an emission of
intracellular contents from myocytes into the circulatory system. It has been recognized to be a complication of bariatric
surgery. A high BMI and a prolonged operative time are the main risk factors associated to the development of RML. The
aim of this study is to define the incidence and the main features of RML in a cohort of obese patients undergoing
bariatric surgery.

Materials and Methods:
a retrospective observational analysis was carried out on 100 patients undergone bariatric
surgery. The bariatric operations were open or laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) and laparoscopic sleeve
gastrectomy (SG); they were performed at the university hospital Nuovo S. Chiara in 2011.

Results:
6 of 100 patients enrolled developed RML. Three of these also showed acute kidney injury due to RML (50%). A
significant correlation between post-operative increased creatine phosphokinase (CPK) levels and BMI was found
(r=0.369; r2=0,137; p=0.005) as well as a significant correlation between the increased levels of creatine phosphokinase,
myoglobin and operative time (increased operative time - highest CPK: r=0.550; r2=0.302; p<0.0001; increased operative
time - highest myoglobin: r=0.553; r2=0.305; p<0.0001). Moreover, hypertension and prolonged operative time were
found to be variables associated with RML in bivariate analysis.

Conclusions:
The incidence of RML following bariatric surgery was 6%. Since rhabdomyolysis is the most important
complication of bariatric surgery, appropriate precautions should be taken during surgery. Post-operative monitoring of
CPK and myoglobin levels is essential for an early diagnosis of RML.
The effect of the growth rate and meatiness of young gilts during rearing on the growth and development of their reproductive system
Authors: Kapelański Wojciech , Jankowiak Hanna , Bocian Maria , Grajewska Salomea , Dybała Jan , Cebulska Aleksandra 
Published: May 2013

The effects of reproduction performance of sows may be subject to the degree of progress growth and development of their reproductive system. The aim of the study focused on the effect of the growth rate and meatiness on the potential fertility of gilts. In total, developmental stages of reproductive organs of gilts of two breeds Polish Large White (n = 100) and Polish Landrace (n = 100) were used. The animals were divided into three groups depending on their daily gains (≤ 850 g, 851 - 1000 g and > 1000 g). Feed efficiency was similar in each group, and amounted to 2.91, 2.57 and 2.34 kg/kg, respectively. Meat content in carcass demonstrated significant differences (P ≤ 0.01) between three groups for the Polish Landrace breed (61%, 61% and 59.2%, respectively). An adverse effect of a high growth rate was confirmed for uterine weight (P ≤ 0.05), vaginal and cervical length (P ≤ 0.01), total length of the uterine horns (P ≤ 0.01) and uterine capacity (P ≤ 0.01) mainly in the Polish Large White breed. Similarly to ovarian volume, ovarian weight showed significant differences (P ≤ 0.01; P ≤ 0.05), however disproportionately to the rate of growth. The most favourable properties have been demonstrated in the Polish Large White characterized by moderate growth rate (P ≤ 0.01). Research on the scope of the assessment growth and development of the reproductive system of prepubertal gilts is very limited. Thus, this study brings important data about factors affecting morphometrical characteristics of the uteri, ovaries and oviducts of gilts.
Content of nutrients and energy in pasture vegetation and their apparent digestibility in Old Kladruber horses
Authors: Straková Eva , Suchý Pavel 
Published: May 2013

This study focuses on the determination of apparent digestibility of pasture vegetation nutrients in horses of the Old Kladruber breed through a balance indicator method (determination of acid insoluble ash). When evaluating the nitrogenous substances, their determination was based on the content of pure protein (sum of amino acids) which is more accurate than crude protein. There were differences in the chemical composition of dry matter from pasture vegetation and horse excrements. Regarding crude fat, crude fibre, acid detergent fibre, neutral detergent fibre, acid detergent lignin, ash, P and Mg, the average values in dry matter of horse excrements were significantly (P≤ 0.01) higher; on the contrary, we found significantly (P≤ 0.01) lower mean values of nitrogen-free extract, organic matter and Ca ​​in the dry mass of pasture grass. The highest coefficient of apparent digestibility for organic nutrients was determined in the nitrogen-free extract (73%) followed with organic matter (71%), pure protein (68%), crude protein (65%) and crude fat (61%). In case of fibre and its fractions, the apparent digestibility coefficients decreased as follows: crude fibre (66%), neutral detergent fibre (66%), acid detergent fibre (63%) and acid detergent lignin (42%). Significantly lower values were determined for coefficients of apparent digestibility for minerals P (16%) and Mg (50%), which highlights the need for their regular supplementation in horses on pasture. This study extends the current state of knowledge regarding the apparent digestibility of pasture vegetation which is a prerequisite for optimal nutrition of horses.
Prostatic adenocarcinoma with renal metastases in a dog diagnosed by contrast enhanced ultrasound - case report
Authors: Feier Diana , Mircean Mircea , Purdoiu Robert Cristian , Gal Adrian , Papuc Ionel , Badea Radu 
Published: May 2013

Prostate cancer in dogs belongs to the category of diseases that affect mainly elderly animals. Due to low frequency and slow development of this disease, the diagnosis and staging of these tumours present a challenge. The aim of this study was to highlight the role of contrast enhanced ultrasound in the diagnosis and staging in a case report of prostate adenocarcinoma in Rottweiler aged 7 years. Conventional ultrasound examination of the dog revealed a profoundly altered structure of the prostate, the presence of masses in both the kidney and liver parenchyma with hepatic veins consistent with turgor, and also a hyperechoic content of the gallbladder. Optimization of the examination with contrast substance revealed a vascular pattern of malignancy both in the prostate and kidney, and has excluded any bile and kidney determinations. Pathological examination revealed a primary tumour in the form of an anaplastic prostate adenocarcinoma with multiple secondary determinations in the lung, kidney and bone. Ultrasound enhanced with intravenously administered contrast substance is an optimal imaging technique that provides real-time information on the vascular space replacement formations behaviour in prostate and kidney, with a role in the diagnosis and staging of prostate tumours.
Immediate impact of medical abortion on women's health and clients' satisfaction with medical abortion
Authors: Paudel N 
Published: May 2013

Background: Medical abortion has been proved to be effective method for safe abortion. It is highly acceptable to women in a variety of settings, including where resources are limited. Objective: The objective of the study was to assess the immediate impact of medical abortion on women’s health and clients’ satisfaction with medical abortion. Methods: A descriptive study was conducted at Marie Stopes Center, Satdobato, Lalitpur. A total of 100 consecutive women visiting the center for medical abortion during 2010 September to 2010 October were included. Respondents were the women attending follow up visit following medical abortion using Mifepristone 200 mg orally followed by Misoprostol 800μg per vaginal after 24 hours of oral Mifepristone. Structured questionnaire was designed and interview method was used for data collection. Statistical Package for Social Sciences version16 was used to analyze the data. Results: The success rate of medical abortion was 91%. Most of the respondents did not have any problems besides the expected effects and side effects of the method such as bleeding, abdominal cramping, nausea, vomiting, dizziness and headache. Majority (79%) of respondents was satisfied with medical abortion and 76% respondents said they would recommend this method to others in future. There was no significant relationship between information and counseling and client’s satisfaction with medical abortion. Conclusions: The immediate impact of medical abortion on women’s health is positive. It is a safe and easy method in termination of early pregnancy and most of the clients were satisfied with this method. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jkmc.v1i2.8144 Journal of Kathmandu Medical College, Vol. 1, No. 2, Oct.-Dec., 2012: 91-95