bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Five Years Seroprevalence Study of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus in Lithuanian Pig and Wild Boar Populations
Authors: Stankevičius Arunas , Buitkuviene Jurate , Deltuvytiene Jurgita , Čepuliene Ramune , Zilionyte Virginija , Pampariene Ina , Žymantiene Judita 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
Serological study of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) infection in pigs and wild boars was conducted in Lithuania between 2009 and 2013. Antibody level was measured using a commercial ELISA. The 4.32% (95% CI 3.92-4.72) out of 9856 examined porcine sera were positive for the PRRSV antibodies. The antibodies were detected in 11.82% (95% CI 10.28-13.36) of all investigated serum samples of sows and gilts. As much as 8.2% of serologically positive samples (95% CI 6.83-9.57) were determined in the piglets under three months of age. Considerably smaller (P < 0.05) seroprevalence was detected in boars (0.62%) and fattening pigs (1.84%). From 1357 examined sera of wild boar, collected between 2009 and 2013 hunting seasons, 5.38% (95% CI 4.52-8.2) of samples were positive for PRRSV antibodies in 23 locations out of 50 investigated. The analysis of seroprevalence in different age groups of wild boars showed that PRRSV antibodies were detected in all age groups; however, it was significantly higher in adults than in juveniles or subadults and reached up to 10.02% (95% CI 7.39-12.65).
In-house Validation of PCR Based Procedure for Specific Detection of Clostridium Botulinum Types C and D
Authors: Grenda Tomasz , Kukier Elżbieta , Goldsztejn Magdalena , Kwiatek Krzysztof 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
A PCR-based procedure for detection of C. botulinum C and D in corn silage samples was validated. During the validation, method specificity, sensitivity, and accuracy were determined according to PN - EN ISO 16140:2004. Additionally, the specificity of the validated methods was proved by sequence analysis of PCR products obtained from examination of samples connected with botulism cases in cattle and mallard ducks. Limit of detection was estimated according to the Spearman - Kärber formula and expressed as LOD50. The obtained results showed that a 100% specificity was achieved. The sequencing of PCR products revealed 99% identity with sequences of bont/C and bont/D genes deposited in the GenBank. The sensitivity value ranged from 63.3% for C. botulinum type C to 75% for type D. The accuracy value varied from 72% for type C to 81.3% for type D. LOD50 was estimated at the levels of 0.272 (0. D 188-0395) spore/g for type C and 0.17 (0.1-0.289) spore/g for type D. The described PCR-based procedure enabled detection of C. botulinum C and D at the stage of liquid culture. This makes examination of feed samples possible without isolation process. The presented procedure could support the diagnosis of botulism by faster and specific laboratory examination process.
Contamination of Omnivorous Freshwater Fish Species and Sediments by Chlorinated Hydrocarbons in Poland
Authors: Niewiadowska Alicja , Kiljanek Tomasz , Semeniuk Stanisław , Żmudzki Jan 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
The occurrence and concentrations of organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were determined in 158 muscle samples of bream (Abramis brama) and roach (Rutilus rutilus), and 84 samples of sediments collected from 10 river and lake sampling sites in 2011 and 2012. The concentrations of DDTs (p,p’-DDT, o,p’-DDT, p,p’-DDE, and p,p’-DDD), HCH isomers (a-, ß-, and y-HCH), HCB, and PCBs (six indicator PCB congeners 28, 52, 101, 138, 153 and 180) were determined using the capillary gas chromatography. The mean concentrations of DDTs in bream and roach were in the range of 11.2-654 and 4.5-121 ug/kg wet weight respectively, and PCBs were in the range of 1.3-75.9 and 1.1-112 ug/kg wet weight, respectively. Mean concentrations of DDTs and PCBs in sediments were 0.5-270 ug/kg dry weight and ⋋0.1-2.2 ug/kg dry weight respectively. The study showed clear spatial differences in the levels of organochlorine pesticides and PCBs in fish and sediments from different aquatic ecosystems. The highest levels of contaminants were detected in fish and sediments from the Vistula River in vicinity of Cracow. The possible risk to the fish meat consumers and ecological risk were evaluated.
Determination of the Thyreostats in Animal Feeding Stuffs Using Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Woźniak Barbara , Witek Sebastian , Matraszek-Żuchowska Iwona , Żmudzki Jan 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
A rapid liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method was developed and validated to detect and confirm five thyreostatic drugs: tapazole, thiouracil, methylthiouracil, propylthiouracil, and phenylthiouracil in animal feeding stuff samples. Thyreostats were extracted from feed with methanol, and then degreasing of the extract with petroleum ether was performed, followed by the derivatisation of the compounds with 3-iodobenzylbromide in basic medium (pH 8.0). The derivatives were extracted with diethyl ether and analysed by gradient elution on a Poroshell 120-EC C18 column with triple quadrupole MS detection with turbo spray source in positive ionisation mode. The method was validated in accordance with the Commission Decision 2002/657/EC. For validation level of 10 ļig kg-1, the recovery ranged from 82% to 97.5% for all examined compounds. The repeatability and reproducibility did not exceed the limit of 20% for all analytes. The linearity was good for all thyreostats in the whole range of tested concentrations, as proved by the correlation coefficients greater than 0.99. The decision limits (CCa) ranged from 1.63 ļig kg-1 to 3.95 ļig kg-1, whereas the detection capabilities (CCß) ranged from 2.74 ļig kg-1 to 6.73 ļig kg-1. The developed analysis is sensitive and robust, and therefore useful for quantification and confirmation of thyreostats in residue control programme.
Effect of Dietary Inulin Source on Piglet Performance, Immunoglobulin Concentration, and Plasma Lipid Profile
Authors: Grela Eugeniusz R. , Sobolewska Sandra , Kowalczuk-Vasilev Edyta , Krasucki Wacław 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of an inulin source (aqueous or aqueous-alcoholic extract, dried chicory root, or dried Jerusalem artichoke tubers) on piglet performance, plasma lipid profile, and immunoglobulin concentration. The study was conducted on 534 piglets (44 litters) allocated to five nutritional groups: group I (control) - fed basal diet, groups II and III receiving basal diet supplemented with 2% of inulin (aqueous and aqueous-alcoholic extract respectively), and groups IV and V -4% additive of dried artichoke or dried chicory respectively. During the trial, piglets’ body weight, feed intake, diarrhoea incidence, and mortality were controlled. Blood samples were collected twice from six animals of each group. In blood plasma, indices of lipid profile and concentrations of IgA, IgG and IgM were measured. The addition of inulin, regardless of its form (extracts or dried plants), significantly improved the rearing indices. In piglets of groups III, IV and V a significant improvement of daily weight gains and feed efficiency was noted. Inulin showed hypolipidemic activity (lowered total cholesterol level) and stimulated piglet immune system manifested by elevated IgA and IgG concentrations. Irrespective of the inulin source, a lower mortality rate resulting from the improvement of animal health was noted in all experimental groups.
Laboratoryjne Studium Porównawcze Środków Chemicznych Stosowanych W Zabiegach Ograniczania Dopływu Wody Do Odwiertów Gazowych
Authors: Falkowicz Sławomir , Dubiel Stanisław , Cicha-Szot Renata 
Published: October 2014

Streszczenie
W publikacji przedstawiono procedury doboru i oceny skuteczności technologicznej środków chemicznych stosowanych w zabiegach selektywnego ograniczania dopływu wody złożowej do odwiertów wydobywczych gazu ziemnego. W zabiegach, nazywanych dalej zabiegami RPM (od angielskiego Relative Permeability Modification), wykorzystuje siê zjawisko zmniejszania przepusz-czalności wzglêdnej skał zbiornikowych dla wody po zatłoczeniu do nich specjalnych środków chemicznych zwanych produktami RPM. Na podstawie danych literaturowych opisano efekty kilku zabiegów typu RPM wykonanych w ostatnich latach w zawodnionych odwiertach gazowych na złożach o różnych parametrach geologiczno-eksploatacyjnych. Przeprowadzono analizê danych eks-ploatacyjnych kilku odwiertów gazowych pod kątem zasadności stosowania w tych odwiertach zabiegów typu RPM. Przedstawiono sposób oceny charakteru przypływu wody do odwiertu (stożkiem lub warstwowy), co ma podstawowe znaczenie przy wyborze odwiertu do zabiegu typu RPM. Oceny charakteru przypływu wody do odwiertu dokonano metodą graficznej analizy zmian przebiegu wykresu zależności pierwszej pochodnej wykładnika wodno-gazowego od czasu eksploatacji złoża gazu danym odwiertem. Przedstawione w układzie podwójnie logarytmicznym kształty tych wy-kresów stanowią podstawê rozróżnienia charakteru dopływu wody złożowej do odwiertu gazowego oraz doboru technologii zabiegu RPM.
Opierając siê na danych producentów, wybrano cztery komercyjne środki typu RPM, które przetestowano laboratoryjnie realizując zabiegi RPM w symulowanych warunkach złożowych. Re-alizując testy laboratoryjne, uwzglêdniono specyficzne właściwości dostêpnych na rynku środków chemicznych (polimery lub mikrożele), odmienny mechanizm zmian przepuszczalności wzglêdnej skały kolektorskiej dla wody złożowej oraz charakterystykê eksploatacyjną odwiertów wydobywczych gazu ziemnego na przedgórzu Karpat. Na podstawie uzyskanych danych laboratoryjnych i zaproponowanej procedury, dokonano oceny skuteczności technologicznej każdego z wytypo-wanych produktów, w przypadku ich zastosowania w zawodnionych odwiertach produkujących gaz ziemny.
W zakresie analizy doboru parametrów technologicznych zabiegu RPM wykonano obliczenia umożliwiające porównanie wartości strat ciśnienia na pokonanie oporów hydraulicznych przepływu dwóch cieczy zabiegowych o różnym współczynniku lepkości dynamicznej przez przewody zatła-czające o różnej średnicy, w zależności od wydatku zatłaczania. Uwzglêdniono przy tym charak-terystyki reologiczne wyznaczone laboratoryjnie dla tych wytypowanych produktów.
Analysis of Results of Spatial Development Plans for Management of Rock Raw Material Deposits
Authors: Kazmierczak Urszula 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
This publication describes a mechanism for shaping the policy of spatial development, the final outputs of which are local land development plans determining the spatial distribution of objects of different environmental and economic functions. Land development plans guarantee a spatial order, which means not only aesthetic qualities, utility, logic, and clarity of spatial structure, but also high usability and effectiveness harmonized with nature, both nationally and locally. Working out such a plan is determined by drawing up many other planning documents. This results from the fact that spatial development should be integrated and comprehensive not only at the local but also at the regional level. What is more, the article presented the results of spatial policy at every stage of deposit management, from a deposit documentation to a post-mining area reclamation, as well as, it discussed issues connected with inadequate protection of the deposits in the planning documents. Documented rock raw material deposits must be included in a study of conditions and directions of commune spatial development (Polish: Studium uwarunkowañ i kierunków zagospodarowania przestrzennego gmin) and in a local land development plan (Miejscowy plan zagospodarowania przestrzennego), and also in voivodeship area development plans. Admittedly, this mention does not protect the deposit from being used for non-mining purposes; still, lack of it might result in failure to obtain the concession for mining of deposits, which is not possible without exclusion of land from the previous use. As for the last phase of mining activity – that is, area reclamation after mining of mineral deposits – such ans area must undergo reclamation and be prepared for development in a way that enables it to function in accordance with the study of conditions and directions of commune spatial development and in the land development plan of the particular commune. This means the necessity of amendments to these documents unless they have already defined target functions of deposit area.
Single Pot Benzylation of O-Xylene with Benzyl Chloride and Benzyl Alcohol Over Pillared Montmorillonites
Authors: Kurian Manju , Sugunan S. 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
Improvement of product selectivity is a major concern of the day. Presence of a coreactant can alter the rate as well as product selectivity of many key reactions like Friedel-Crafts benzylation. Single pot benzylation of o-xylene with benzyl chloride and benzyl alcohol was studied over transition metal exchanged pillared clay catalysts. Complete conversion of benzyl alcohol occured within one hour with 100% monoalkylated product selectivity. The reaction of o-xylene with benzyl alcohol was found to proceed fast in presence of benzyl chloride in single pot, than when present alone as the benzylating species. This enhancement occurs at the expense of no reaction of benzyl chloride, which when present alone reacts faster than benzyl alcohol. Existence of a second transition metal exchanged between the pillars increased the rate of the reaction. A detailed investigation of the reaction variables suggested preferential adsorption of benzyl alcohol to catalyst active sites as the reason.
Dehydrochlorination of 1,3-Dichloropropan-2-Ol by Calcium and Sodium Hydroxide Solutions
Authors: Krzyżanowska Anna , Milchert Eugeniusz , Bartkowiak Marcin 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
The results of dehydrochlorination of 88 wt% aqueous solution of 1,3-dichloropropan-2-ol to epichlorohydrin are reported. The process was carried out in the reaction-stripping column system with a continuous removal of epichlorohydrin in the steam stream. Aqueous solutions of sodium and calcium hydroxides at concentrations in the range of 3-14 wt% were used for the dehydrochlorination. The infl uence of the type and concentration of dehydrochlorination agent on 1,3-dichloropropan-2-ol conversion, the selectivity of transformation to epichlorohydrin and by-products, and the composition of distillate and wastewater were studied.
Ordinal Or Cardinal Utility: A Note
Authors: Block Walter E. , Wutscher Robert 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
Modern microeconomic theory is based on a foundation of ordinal preference relations. Good textbooks stress that cardinal utility functions are artificial constructions of convenience, and that economics does not attribute any meaning to “utils.” However, we argue that despite this official position, in practice mainstream economists rely on techniques that assume the validity of cardinal utility. Doing so has turned mainstream economic theorizing into an exercise of reductionism of objects down to the preferences of ‘ideal type’ subjects.
Sophorolipids Synthesized Using Non-Traditional Oils with Glycerol and Studies on Their Surfactant Properties with Synthetic Surfactant
Authors: Bhangale Akash P. , Wadekar Sushand D. , Kale Sandeep B. , Pratap Amit P. 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
The importances of bio-surfactants in industrial applications are huge due to their biodegradable and eco-friendly nature. Bio-surfactants mostly find application in cosmetics and health care products. Moreover, bio-surfactants like sophorolipids (SL) also exhibit antimicrobial and skin healing properties. The current studies involve production of SL using low cost substrates like glycerol (15%) instead of glucose (10%) with non-traditional oils (10%) such as jatropha oil, karanja oil and neem oil by using Starmerella bombicola (ATCC 22214). Neem oil gave lower yield i.e. (1.42 g/L) of SL as compared to jatropha oil (4.74 g/L) and karanja oil (5.91 g/L) with glycerol as substrate. Some pretreatment given to crude neem oil like oil refining and ethanol washing with glycerol helps in improved cell growth and SL yield i.e. 2.73 g/L and 3.82 g/L respectively. The comparison thin layer chromatography (TLC), Fourier Transform infrared spectra (FTIR), high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), liquid chromatography mass spectra (LC-MS) and proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H NMR) of SL produced on non-traditional oils with glycerol were carried out with that of SL produced on non-traditional oils with glucose. The surfactant properties of sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS) such as surface tension, interfacial tension, stabilization of foam, emulsification, and wetting were improved when SLS was replaced at different concentration of SL.
Application of Biosurfactant Surfactin on Copper Ion Removal from Sand Surfaces with Continuous Flushing Technique
Authors: Haryanto Bode , Chang Jo-Shu , Chang Chien-Hsiang 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
The potential of using the biosurfactant surfactin to remove adsorbed metal ions from sand surfaces with continuous flushing approaches was evaluated. With the surfactin solution flushing approach, low removal efficiency of 2–15% for copper ions was detected due to the contact of surfactin with copper ions occurring mainly in the inter-particle pore region. The channeling effect also contributed to the low removal efficiency. By incorporating foam in the flushing operation, the contact of surfactin with copper ions was enhanced due to reduced channeling effect. More copper ions with outer-sphere interaction type were thus available and the removal efficiency was increased. Increasing the surfactin concentration could increase the dynamic foaming capacity and lead to improved removal efficiency of 40%. The results demonstrated that the foam-enhanced solution flushing approach was efficient with a low usage of surfactin.
Synthesis and Properties of a Series of CO2 Switchable Gemini Imidazolium Surfactants
Authors: Lu Hongsheng , He Yu , Huang Zhiyu 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
Novel switchable gemini imidazolium surfactants with different carbon atoms in hydrophobic group were successfully synthesized by condensation of fatty acid with triethylene tetramine, then the intermediates were reacted with CO2 to give the imidazolinium bicarbonates. The structures of intermediates and products were identified by IR and 1H-NMR spectra. As the results show, the structures of the products obtained correspond to the target compounds designed. By surface tension measurements, these Gemini surfactants have excellent surface activity with low cmc and surface tension. The conductivity and surface tension cycles show that these surfactants could be switched from imidazoline (neutral form) to imidazolium bicarbonate (charged form) reversibly and repeatedly.
Synthesis and Solution Properties of New Polysiloxane Bola Surfactants Containing Carbohydrate
Authors: Zeng Xiaojun , Wang Hanghang , Chen Yanhong , Wang Liang 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
Three polysiloxane bola surfactants containing carbohydrate (ATPS-LA) were synthesized using a two-step method. Structure characterization was performed by infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H NMR). Their surface activities and aggregation properties in aqueous solution were investigated by surface tension measurements and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results indicated that these three surfactants have much higher surface activity than those of conventional hydrocarbon bola surfactants, such as sodium eicosanedioate, in aqueous solution, and they can self-assemble into spherical micelles with average diameters in the range from 100 to 600 nm.
Syntheses and Properties of Novel Ionic Twin-tail Trisiloxane Surfactants
Authors: Peng Zhongli , Deng Haiping , Chen Hongyan 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
To improve the hydrolysis resistant ability (HRA) of ionic trisiloxane surfactants, three novel ionic twin-tail trisiloxane surfactants have been synthesized. Their formulas are of (R)2N+(CH3)2I− (A), (R)2N(CH2)3SO3
−Na+ (B) and (R)2N+ (I)− (CH3)(CH2)3SO3
−Na+ (C) [R = Me3SiOSiMe(CH2)3OSiMe3], respectively. Their structures were characterized by ESI-MS, 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR spectroscopy. The surface activity and hydrolysis resistance of the synthesized ionic twin-tail trisiloxane surfactants are significantly better than that of the ionic single-tail analogue surfactants. The critical aggregation concentration (CAC) values of these ionic twin-tail trisiloxane surfactants are at levels of 10−6∼10−5 mol L−1 and the surface tension (γ) values of their aqueous solutions at CAC are below 21.0 mN m−1. The γ values of the aqueous solutions of anionic trisiloxane surfactant B and zwitterionic trisiloxane surfactant C are still less than 21 mN m−1 after having been placed in alkaline environment (pH 10.0) for 29 days. However, the spreading ability (SA) of their aqueous solutions on low-energy solid surfaces is not as good as that of the nonionic twin-tail trisiloxane surfactants previously prepared by us. By weight loss methods the cationic trisiloxane surfactant A was confirmed to be able to use as a corrosion inhibitor. The structure and surface area per molecule (as
m) of zwitterionic surfactant C were also discussed.
Que nul n'entre si...
Authors: Elguezabal Eleonora 
Published: October 2014

La ville contemporaine est-elle une ville d’enclaves ? Jusqu’où l’entre-soi des classes aisées peut-il être concrétisé ? Dans une démarche ethnographique, cet article explore la production d’espaces d’entre-soi à partir de l’analyse d’un cas extrême : l’usage de dispositifs de sécurité dans les nouveaux immeubles issus de la promotion privée à Buenos Aires. L’article montre que les dispositifs de sécurité ne se limitent pas à marquer des frontières territoriales définies en amont par les dynamiques de ségrégation, comme le soutiennent les études sur les gated communities : ils sont utilisés à l’intérieur même des espaces « fermés » pour marquer des frontières entre les habitants eux-mêmes, originaires de différents milieux, et, surtout, entre les habitants et leurs employés. Plutôt qu’un fait établi, l’entre-soi est une catégorie de l’action qui opère des distinctions et des classements en situation d’interdépendance.
15. Comment le manque de femmes en Chine peut-il expliquer le niveau très élevé de l'épargne des ménages chinois ?
Authors: LaFarguette Romain 
Published: October 2014

Le niveau très élevé du taux d’épargne des ménages chinois depuis les années 2000 a donné naissance à une vaste littérature théorique et empirique pour tenter d’expliquer le phénomène. Une approche novatrice et intéressante développée par Wei et Zhang (2011) propose d’expliquer une partie de la hausse de l’épargne des ménages chinois par l’accroissement du déséquilibre du ratio de masculinité en Chine : le manque relatif de femmes par rapport aux hommes dans la société chinoise se traduirait par une compétition entre les hommes, ces derniers cherchant à améliorer leur statut social et économique en épargnant davantage pour attirer les femmes. Cette nouvelle approche propose donc de mettre en avant la question des inégalités entre hommes et femmes pour expliquer une question macroéconomique fondamentale qui a des répercussions en Chine et sur les grands déséquilibres mondiaux.
Naître à la nation
Authors: Prokhoris Sabine , Zaoui Pierre 
Published: October 2014

Résumé	Hervé Le Bras est démographe. Il dirige le laboratoire de démographie historique de l’EHESS, et fut pendant douze ans directeur de la revue Population. Il a publié de nombreux ouvrages, notamment Marianne et les lapins (1991), sur l’obsession démographique, Le sol et le sang (1994) sur la question de la nationalité. Il est un des seuls démographes à avoir une pensée critique de la natalité.