bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pietism and Pentecostalism: Spiritual Cousins or Competitors?
Authors: Olson Roger E. 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
Scholars of Pentecostalism typically trace the movement’s roots to the Wesleyan-Holiness movement and the healing revivals of the nineteenth century. Often overlooked is the influence of Pietism on early Pentecostalism. Pietism began as a spiritual renewal movement among Lutherans in late sixteenth- and early seventeenth-century Germany, but its ethos of unmediated spiritual experience of God filtered into the stream of European and North American evangelical Christianity. Outbreaks of speaking in tongues and other ecstatic experiences happened among Scandinavian Pietist immigrants in Chicago and the upper Midwest of North America several years before the birth of Pentecostalism in Topeka and at Azusa Street in the first decade of the twentieth century. Pietists and Pentecostals are spiritual cousins who can learn from each other.
The World Bank Administrative Tribunal’s External Sources of Law: The Next Chapter (2006–2010) (Part II)
Authors: Hansen Peter C. 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
The World Bank Administrative Tribunal has begun its second quarter-century with a jurisprudential flowering of extraordinary proportions. Mr. Hansen’s study, which builds on his earlier 25-year retrospective, comprehensively surveys the Tribunal’s numerous doctrinal developments during this time. In this article, which is part two of two, Mr. Hansen revisits two of the four subjects explored in his retrospective: (i) the role of general legal principles as a source of Tribunal law, particularly with respect to the Tribunal’s recent and extensive due process jurisprudence; and (ii) the role of external case law as a source of Tribunal law, including decisions from international courts, international administrative tribunals, international arbitral tribunals and national courts. Extensively footnoted, Mr. Hansen’s study is intended for both academics and practitioners specializing in international administrative law and comparative international jurisprudence.
Beyond Christendom: Lesslie Newbigin as a Post-Christendom Theologian
Authors: Nikolajsen Jeppe Bach 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
In recent decades an increasing number of theologians have asserted that the Western world has moved from a Christendom era to a post-Christendom era, as evidenced by the magnitude of which it has been discussed in theological texts. This article analyzes the writings of Lesslie Newbigin with the aim of understanding the relationship between Christendom and his theological project, particularly how he evaluated the rise of Christendom and, finally, proposes how Newbigin envisioned the role of the church in a post-Christendom society.
Mission and Discipleship in a Digital Culture
Authors: Meadows Philip R. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractDigital culture technology has opened up a whole new realm of virtual life, relationships and community that seem to exist above and beyond the banalities of ‘real life’. It seems that more and more people are spending more and more time jacked into ‘cyberspace’, and some even get lost there. This compartmentalized view of virtual life has prompted various cross-cultural approaches to mission, exploring how we might become immersed in the online world as a witness to unreached virtual peoples. On the one hand, there is an ever-growing literature on how incarnational mission in this context can be accomplished through various approaches to internet evangelism, web ministry, and planting virtual churches. On the other hand, there is a good deal of theological reflection that warns us that enthusiasm for virtual life and mission must be tempered by a concern for the disembodying and dehumanizing power of digital technology on Christian life and communities.Recent studies have shown that digital culture does not merely lead to the compartmentalization of embodied and virtual realms, however, but to an ever greater convergence between them. In particular, the development of mobile computing devices and wireless network connectivity has woven our online activities and virtual relationships into the routine flow of everyday life. From the perspective of convergence, this essay argues that the future of mission will necessitate a reorientation from planting churches in virtual worlds to living as mission-shaped disciples at the interface of embodied and virtual life. The promise and pitfalls of digital culture are explored, along with a critical survey of various theological and missional stances towards it. In conclusion, some practical-theological reflections are offered towards developing a ‘rule of life’ for mission-shaped discipleship in a culture of convergence.
Forum Internum and Forum Externum in Canon Law and Public International Law with a Particular Reference to the Jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights
Authors: Petkoff Peter 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
The canon law distinction of two forums emphasizes the importance of a dialogical relationship between two spheres of jurisdiction for the development of co-responsibility and solidarity in the context of what could be described as a pursuit of a relational justice. In the context of international law the same terminology expresses an approach which balances between interests in what is defined as the public and private sphere but also defines the scope of these spheres by overemphasizing their distinctiveness and their different levels of autonomy from the point of view of duties of the State and the potential of state interference. This article explores the possibility of a more relational understanding of the two forums in international law.
Boundaries without Judah, Boundaries within Judah: Hybridity and Identity in Nahum
Authors: Timmer Daniel C. 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
This article examines the use of boundaries and the related phenomenon of hybridity in the book of Nahum through a variety of postcolonial optics. Moving beyond the essentialist/interactivist dichotomy, it explores the various kinds of difference between Judah and Neo-Assyria that Nahum articulates, their reuse as a means of critiquing Assyria, and the intriguing similarity between Judah and all nations but Assyria. The article also suggests that an inner-Judahite distinction coexists alongside the book’s response to empire, and that Nahum’s stereotypes are crucial to its varied uses of hybridity.
A Persecution was Decreed:Persecution as a Rhetorical Device in the Literature of the Ge’onim and Rishonim Part 1
Authors: Ringer Albert 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
It is a common misconception that the haftarah started as a replacement for the reading of the Torah. This idea has its modern source in an influential article published in 1927 by Jacob Mann.1 Going back to rabbinical and medieval sources shows that we should read them as topological texts. They give a pseudo-historical basis to well known and loved features of the service, like the haftarah, thereby missing a straightforward Talmudic source. Furthermore, they seem to be in dialog with other medieval texts that speak about martyrdom as a reaction to repression.
Structure of the type IV secretion system in different strains of Anaplasma phagocytophilum
Authors: Al-Khedery Basima , Lundgren Anna M , Stuen Snorre , Granquist Erik G , Munderloh Ulrike G , Nelson Curtis M , Alleman A Rick , Mahan Suman M , Barbet Anthony F 
Published: November 2012

Abstract

Background

Anaplasma phagocytophilum is an intracellular organism in the Order Rickettsiales that infects diverse animal species and is causing an emerging disease in humans, dogs and horses. Different strains have very different cell tropisms and virulence. For example, in the U.S., strains have been described that infect ruminants but not dogs or rodents. An intriguing question is how the strains of A. phagocytophilum differ and what different genome loci are involved in cell tropisms and/or virulence. Type IV secretion systems (T4SS) are responsible for translocation of substrates across the cell membrane by mechanisms that require contact with the recipient cell. They are especially important in organisms such as the Rickettsiales which require T4SS to aid colonization and survival within both mammalian and tick vector cells. We determined the structure of the T4SS in 7 strains from the U.S. and Europe and revised the sequence of the repetitive virB6 locus of the human HZ strain.

Results
Although in all strains the T4SS conforms to the previously described split loci for vir genes, there is great diversity within these loci among strains. This is particularly evident in the virB2 and virB6 which are postulated to encode the secretion channel and proteins exposed on the bacterial surface. VirB6-4 has an unusual highly repetitive structure and can have a molecular weight greater than 500,000. For many of the virs, phylogenetic trees position A. phagocytophilum strains infecting ruminants in the U.S. and Europe distant from strains infecting humans and dogs in the U.S.

Conclusions
Our study reveals evidence of gene duplication and considerable diversity of T4SS components in strains infecting different animals. The diversity in virB2 is in both the total number of copies, which varied from 8 to 15 in the herein characterized strains, and in the sequence of each copy. The diversity in virB6 is in the sequence of each of the 4 copies in the single locus and the presence of varying numbers of repetitive units in virB6-3 and virB6-4. These data suggest that the T4SS should be investigated further for a potential role in strain virulence of A. phagocytophilum.
Comparative genome analysis of 19 Ureaplasma urealyticum and Ureaplasma parvumstrains
Authors: Paralanov Vanya , Lu Jin , Duffy Lynn B , Crabb Donna M , Shrivastava Susmita , Methé Barbara A , Inman Jason , Yooseph Shibu , Xiao Li , Cassell Gail H , Waites Ken B , Glass John I 
Published: November 2012

Abstract

Background

Ureaplasma urealyticum (UUR) and Ureaplasma parvum (UPA) are sexually transmitted bacteria among humans implicated in a variety of disease states including but not limited to: nongonococcal urethritis, infertility, adverse pregnancy outcomes, chorioamnionitis, and bronchopulmonary dysplasia in neonates. There are 10 distinct serotypes of UUR and 4 of UPA. Efforts to determine whether difference in pathogenic potential exists at the ureaplasma serovar level have been hampered by limitations of antibody-based typing methods, multiple cross-reactions and poor discriminating capacity in clinical samples containing two or more serovars.

Results
We determined the genome sequences of the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) type strains of all UUR and UPA serovars as well as four clinical isolates of UUR for which we were not able to determine serovar designation. UPA serovars had 0.75−0.78 Mbp genomes and UUR serovars were 0.84−0.95 Mbp. The original classification of ureaplasma isolates into distinct serovars was largely based on differences in the major ureaplasma surface antigen called the multiple banded antigen (MBA) and reactions of human and animal sera to the organisms. Whole genome analysis of the 14 serovars and the 4 clinical isolates showed the mba gene was part of a large superfamily, which is a phase variable gene system, and that some serovars have identical sets of mba genes. Most of the differences among serovars are hypothetical genes, and in general the two species and 14 serovars are extremely similar at the genome level.

Conclusions
Comparative genome analysis suggests UUR is more capable of acquiring genes horizontally, which may contribute to its greater virulence for some conditions. The overwhelming evidence of extensive horizontal gene transfer among these organisms from our previous studies combined with our comparative analysis indicates that ureaplasmas exist as quasi-species rather than as stable serovars in their native environment. Therefore, differential pathogenicity and clinical outcome of a ureaplasmal infection is most likely not on the serovar level, but rather may be due to the presence or absence of potential pathogenicity factors in an individual ureaplasma clinical isolate and/or patient to patient differences in terms of autoimmunity and microbiome.
Production of the Bacillus licheniformis SubC protease using Lactococcus lactis NICE expression system
Authors: Mirończuk Aleksandra M , Krasowska Anna , Murzyn Anna , Płachetka Małgorzata , Łukaszewicz Marcin 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
In this work the subC gene from Bacillus licheniformis encoding subtilisin was cloned into the nisin-controlled expression (NICE) vectors (pNZ8048 and pNZ8148) with or without the signal peptide SP Usp45 directing extracellular secretion via Sec machinery. Extracellular protease production and activity was tested using Lactococcus lactis NZ9000 as host, which could be used for rennet production. The efficiency of protein production was tested using purified nisin and the supernatant of L. lactis NZ970 nisin producer. Similar results were obtained for 1 ng/ml nisin and 10 000 diluted supernatant. SP Usp45 signal peptide effectively directed extracellular localization of active and stable protease. SubC signal for extracellular localization in B. licheniformis, was also recognized by L. lactis Sec pathway, although with lower efficiency, as shown by a 3-fold lower protease activity in the medium. Protease production and activity was optimized using parameters such as induction time, nutrients (glucose, casitone) supplementation during growth or protease stabilization by calcium ions. The results were also verified in fed-batch bioreactor for further scale-up of the expression system.
Alteration of non-protein respiratory quotient after hepatocellular carcinoma treatment can be related to des-γ-carboxy prothrombin before treatment
Authors: Saito Masaya , Seo Yasushi , Yano Yoshihiko , Miki Akira , Momose Kenji , Hirano Hirotaka , Yoshida Masaru , Azuma Takeshi 
Published: November 2012

Abstract

Background
Transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) is an effective treatment for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) that would occasionally lead to energy malnutrition through therapeutic hypoxic stress. We aimed to clarify the correlation between the energy malnutrition after TACE and low tolerability for hypoxia of non-tumoral liver before TACE.

Findings
We performed a prospective cohort study involving 100 HCC patients who underwent TACE at Kobe University Hospital. Indirect calorimetry was performed before and 7 days after TACE, and non-protein respiratory quotient (npRQ) as an indicator of the energy malnutrition was measured. Blood biochemical examinations were also performed before TACE. As an indicator of hypoxic marker, des-γ-carboxy prothrombin (DCP) was measured before TACE. The correlation between npRQ ratio (7 days after/before TACE) and DCP (before TACE) was statistically examined. Spearman’s correlation coefficient test showed that npRQ ratio (Day 7/Day 0) was significantly related to DCP (Day 0) (p=0.0481, r=-0.2033). On the other hand, npRQ ratio (Day 7/Day 0) was not related to alpha fetoprotein (Day 0) (p=0.6254, r=-0.0494).

Conclusions
The npRQ reduction after TACE was related to a high value of DCP before TACE. The energy malnutrition after TACE would originate from low tolerability for hypoxia of non-tumoral liver. The HCC patients with a high value of DCP before TACE would clinically have a high risk of the energy malnutrition after TACE.
Eine Bezeichnung für libysche Warlords?
Authors: Römer Malte 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
The title aA n xrw, borne by Libyans, is mainly known from hieroglyphic inscriptions. In this article, additional evidence from papyri of the ThirdIntermediate Period is presented, which has been unnoticed or misunderstood until now.
The meaning of this title is problematic. The previously suggested translation as “Great one of the enemies” does not explain its adoption by those enemies in question, namely the Libyans, for their own nobles. Therefore a different meaning is suggested.
EIS studies of anodic aluminum oxide films
Authors: Linardi Evelina M. , Lanzani Liliana A. , Collet Lacoste Juan R. 
Published: November 2012

ABSTRACTSamples of AA 6061 alloy and Al 5N were anodized at constant potential conditions and sealed in distilled boiling water. Immersion tests in high purity water were also carried out on AA 6061 samples at open circuit potential. EIS measurements were then performed in order to investigate the properties of the oxides obtained.For sealed anodic oxides on AA 6061 and Al 5N, EIS experimental data was useful to differentiate between the capacitances of the two layers present in the oxide, named the barrier and porous layers. EIS data obtained for oxide layers grown at open circuit potential in AA 6061 allowed estimating the capacitance of the barrier layer, which value was greater than the barrier layer capacitance present in anodic oxides.
Characterisation of concrete, mortar and calcium silicate hydrated phases (CSH) and thorium retention analyses by ion beam techniques.
Authors: Alonso Ursula , Missana Tiziana , Garcia-Gutierrez Miguel , Rojo Henar , Patelli Alessandro , Rigato Valentino , Ceccato Daniele 
Published: November 2012

ABSTRACTCement-based materials, like concrete and mortar, are widely used in radioactive waste repositories. A deep characterization of these heterogeneous materials, and of their main phases, is necessary to evaluate their capability of retaining critical radionuclides (RN).In this study, the ion beam technique micro- Particle Induced X- Ray Emission (μPIXE) is used to characterize the concrete and mortar used in the Spanish low level waste repository. Two calcium silicate hydrate (CSH) phases with different Ca/Si ratio are also studied, because they are known to be amongst the most relevant phases, formed upon cement hydration, that retain RN. The retention of thorium on the above mention materials, as relevant tetravalent actinide, is also analyzed. Results are compared with Scanning Electron Microscopy- Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (SEM-EDX) analyses.
Corrosion of Steel Drums Containing Cemented Ion-Exchange Resins as Intermediate Level Nuclear Waste
Authors: Duffó Gustavo S. , Farina Silvia B. , Schulz Fátima M. 
Published: November 2012

ABSTRACTIon-exchange resins are used for purification of radioactive liquid waste from nuclear reactors. After exhaustion, resins become intermediate level radioactive waste to be managed. They have to be immobilized before being stored to improve the leach resistance of the waste matrix and to maintain mechanical stability for safety requirements. The immobilized resins are thus contained in steel drums that can undergo internal corrosion depending on the presence of certain contaminants. This work shows an study of the corrosion susceptibility of steel drums in contact with cemented ion-exchange resins with different types and contents of aggressive species. Results show that the corrosion depth of the steel drums after a period of 300 years (foreseen life-span of the radioactive waste disposal facility), in the most unfavorable case (high chloride contamination), will be considerably lower than the thickness of the wall of the drums.
Long-Term Corrosion of 2,000-Year-Old Ancient Iron Sword
Authors: Mitsui Seiichiro , Fujii Atsuhiro , Higuchi Megumi , Nishimura Kohsuke 
Published: November 2012

ABSTRACTAn ancient iron sword (ca 2,000 year old) excavated from Ohtake-nishi archaeological site in Osaka Prefecture, is one of the oldest cast iron swords in Japan. Because of a good state of preservation, such as the sharply-defined “Shinogi” (the longitudinal ridge) on the surface, we studied relationship between the burial environment and corrosion behavior. As environmental conditions, we investigated groundwater chemistry and corrosion rate with iron probe monitor, etc. Regarding corrosion state, we analyzed corrosion depths with an X-ray computed tomography and corrosion products with a portable X-ray diffractometer equipped with X-ray fluorescence spectrometer. As results, we found that the redox potential and dissolved oxygen level as environmental conditions were very low, and that the corrosion rate (7.5×10-4 mm/y) evaluated from measured corrosion depths was smaller than the probe corrosion rate (3.2–5.2×10-2 mm/y) by two orders of magnitude. The results suggested that the corrosion layer of siderite formed on the iron sword surface inhibited corrosion reaction.
Radiation Damage of II, III, IV, V Pyrochlores - CaLnZrNbO7
Authors: Whittle Karl R. , de los Reyes Massey , Gao Yan , Blackford Mark G. , Zaluzec Nestor J. , Lumpkin Gregory R. 
Published: November 2012

ABSTRACTPyrochlores based on the general composition CaLnZrNbO7 (where Ln = La, Nd, Sm, Gd and Ho) have been prepared, and irradiated through the crystalline-amorphous transition, with 1 MeV Kr ions at the IVEM-TANDEM user facility. The obtained critical temperatures show a decrease from La to Gd (∼680 K to ∼230 K), with Ho being resistant to amorphisation at 50K. The results suggest that the amorphisation cross section for these materials is directly related to the Ln component.
Dyes in Vertically Aligned Carbon Nanotube Arrays for Solar Cell Applications
Authors: Lackner Gerhard , Endler Ingolf , Meissner Frank , Scholz Sebastian , Mayer-Uhma Tobias , Liebschner Rocco , Bezugly Viktor , Meiss Jan , Mkandawire Martin , Boucher Richard , Michaelis Alexander , Lupascu Doru C. 
Published: November 2012

ABSTRACTThe infiltration of dissolved dyes into vertically aligned carbon nanotube arrays (va-CNT) is reported. The ultra hydrophobic surface of the CNT forest can be wetted and hence infiltrated for an appropriate choice of solvent. The dye-infiltrated CNT array forms a well ordered bulk-heterojunction structure for organic solar cells in which the CNT can act as a large electrode or, for appropriate energy levels, as an acceptor material. Derivatives of the small molecule copper phthalocyanine or the polymer poly(3-hexylthiophene) were used as dyes. Drop coating was chosen as the infiltration technique resulting in a completely embedded CNT forest. Field emission secondary electron microscopy analysis illustrates the final layer quality. Common electrical characterization under AM1.5 illumination proves photosensitivity and implies photovoltaic behavior of the composite.
Effect of Cathode Metal Evaporation Rate on the Deep Trapped Hole Formation in Bulk Heterojunction Organic Solar Cells
Authors: Yengel Emre , Islam M. Saif 
Published: November 2012

ABSTRACTIn bulk heterojunction organic solar cells, open-circuit voltage (Voc) is mainly dependent on the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital and the highest occupied molecular orbital of the donor/acceptor polymer pair in the active layer. However, there are other factors that contribute to considerable reduction in the Voc. The active layer/cathode interface is one of these factors. Previous studies show that e-beam evaporation of the cathode metal contact forms deep interface trap holes in the active layer which increases the Voc of the solar cells. Although these studies show the effect of deeply trapped holes on the Voc, several attempts to elucidate the mechanism behind this effect revealed their subtle and elusive nature. In this work, the effect of cathode contact annealing rate on the overall efficiency is studied. Three different sets of devices were fabricated with varying cathode evaporation rates of 0.1Å/s, 1Å/s and 5Å/s. The results show that at low evaporation rates, atoms in the cathode materials lack adequate energy to form deeply trapped holes. Additionally, above a certain value, the evaporation rate does not have a significant effect on the formation of deeply trapped holes. We also demonstrate that power conversion efficiencies of the devices can be maximized by maintaining the evaporation rate within a specific range.