bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of processing conditions on physical properties of 3‐aminophenoxyphthalonitrile/epoxy laminates
Authors: Guo Heng , Chen Zhiran , Liu Xiaobo 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACTTo develop high performances of polymer composite laminates, differential scanning calorimetry and dynamic rheological analysis studies were conducted to show curing behaviors of 3‐aminophenoxyphthalonitrile/epoxy resin (3‐APN/EP) matrix and define cure parameters of manufacturing processes. Glass fiber reinforced 3‐APN/EP (GF/3‐APN/EP) composite laminates were successfully prepared through different processing conditions with three parameters such as pressures, temperatures, and time. Based on flexure tests, dynamic mechanical analysis, thermal gravimetric analysis, and scanning electron microscope, the complementary catalytic effect of the three processing parameters is investigated by studying mechanical behavior, thermomechanical behavior, thermal behavior, and fracture morphology of GF/3‐APN/EP laminates. The 50/50 GF/3‐APN/EP laminates showed a significant improvement in flexural strength, glass transition temperature (Tg), and thermal stability with favorable processing parameters. It was also found that the Tg and thermal stability were significantly improved by the postheated treatment method. The effect of manufacturing process provides a new and simple route for the polymer–matrix composites application, which indicates that the composites can be manufactured at low temperatures. But, they can be used in a high temperature environment. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 39746.
Phase I, Randomized, Double‐Blind, Placebo‐Controlled, Multiple Intravenous, Dose‐Ascending Study of Sirukumab in Cutaneous or Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Authors: Szepietowski Jacek C. , Nilganuwong Surasak , Wozniacka Anna , Kuhn Annegret , Nyberg Filippa , van Vollenhoven Ronald F. , Bengtsson Anders A. , Reich Adam , de Vries Dick E. , van Hartingsveldt Bart , Robinson Donald W. , Gordon Robert , Hsu Benjamin 
Published: July 2013

ObjectiveWe undertook a 2‐part, phase I, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled study to evaluate the safety and pharmacokinetics of multiple intravenous infusions of sirukumab, a human anti–interleukin‐6 monoclonal antibody, in patients with cutaneous lupus erythematosus (CLE) or systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).MethodsIn part A, patients with histologically confirmed CLE were randomized to 4 infusions of placebo or 1, 4, or 10 mg/kg sirukumab every 2 weeks. In part B, SLE patients diagnosed according to American College of Rheumatology criteria with a score of 5–12 on the Safety of Estrogens in Lupus Erythematosus National Assessment version of the SLE Disease Activity Index were randomized to 4 infusions of placebo or 10 mg/kg sirukumab every 2 weeks.ResultsWe treated 31 CLE patients (23 with sirukumab, 8 with placebo) and 15 SLE patients (10 with sirukumab, 5 with placebo). Adverse events (AEs) occurred more often with sirukumab than placebo in CLE patients (91% versus 63%) and in SLE patients (90% versus 80%). Sirukumab led to sustained, dose‐independent decreases in white blood cell counts, absolute neutrophil counts (neutropenia), and platelet counts (thrombocytopenia) and to minor elevations in total cholesterol levels. The majority of infections were mild respiratory infections. which were reported similarly across CLE cohorts but more often in sirukumab‐treated than in placebo‐treated SLE patients. Two serious AEs of infection occurred (pneumonia in the 10 mg/kg–treated group and iatrogenic wound infection in the 4 mg/kg–treated group). Sirukumab showed linear pharmacokinetics in CLE patients. Systemic exposure and half‐life were comparable between CLE and SLE patients. No patient developed antibodies to sirukumab through 22 weeks. C‐reactive protein and serum amyloid A mean concentrations were suppressed with sirukumab from week 1 to week 14.ConclusionTreatment with intravenous sirukumab infusions was generally well tolerated in both CLE and SLE patients with mild, stable, active disease. Sirukumab demonstrated linear pharmacokinetics over the dose range studied and comparable systemic exposure and half‐life in CLE and SLE patients.
Comparative effects of 1α‐hydroxyvitamin D3 and 1,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D3 on transporters and enzymes in fxr(+/+) and fxr(‐/‐) mice
Authors: Chow Edwin C.Y. , Durk Matthew R. , Maeng Han‐Joo , Pang K. Sandy 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACTPrevious studies have shown that 1α,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3] treatment in mice resulted in induction of intestinal and renal Cyp24a1 and Trpv6 expression, increased hepatic Cyp7a1 expression and activity, as well as higher renal Mdr1/P‐gp expression. The present study compared the equimolar efficacies of 1α‐hydroxyvitamin D3 [1α(OH)D3] (6 nmol/kg i.p. q2d × 4), a lipophilic precursor with a longer plasma half‐life that is converted to 1,25(OH)2D3, and 1,25(OH)2D3 on vitamin D receptor (VDR) target genes. To clarify whether changes in VDR genes was due to VDR and not secondary, farnesoid X receptor (FXR)‐directed effects, namely, lower Cyp7a1 expression in rat liver due to increased bile acid absorption, wildtype [fxr(+/+)] and FXR knockout [fxr(‐/‐)] mice were used to distinguish between VDR and FXR effects. With the exception that hepatic Sult2a1 mRNA was increased equally well by 1α(OH)D3 and 1,25(OH)2D3, 1α(OH)D3 treatment led to higher increases in hepatic Cyp7a1, renal Cyp24a1, VDR, Mdr1 and Mrp4, and intestinal Cyp24a1 and Trpv6 mRNA expression in both fxr(+/+) and fxr(‐/‐) mice compared to 1,25(OH)2D3 treatment. A similar induction in protein expression and microsomal activity of hepatic Cyp7a1 and renal P‐gp and Mrp4 protein expression was noted for both compounds. A higher intestinal induction of Trpv6 was observed, resulting in greater hypercalcemic effect following 1α(OH)D3 treatment. The higher activity of 1α(OH)D3 was explained by its rapid conversion to 1,25(OH)2D3 in tissue sites, furnishing higher plasma and tissue 1,25(OH)2D3 levels compared to following 1,25(OH)2D3‐treatment. In conclusion, 1α(OH)D3 exerts a greater effect on VDR gene induction than equimolar doses of 1,25(OH)2D3 in mice. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cyclotide discovery in Gentianales revisited—identification and characterization of cyclic cystine‐knot peptides and their phylogenetic distribution in Rubiaceae plants
Authors: Koehbach Johannes , Attah Alfred F. , Berger Andreas , Hellinger Roland , Kutchan Toni M. , Carpenter Eric J. , Rolf Megan , Sonibare Mubo A. , Moody Jones O. , Wong Gane Ka‐Shu , Dessein Steven , Greger Harald , Gruber Christian W. 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACTCyclotides are a unique class of ribosomally synthesized cysteine‐rich miniproteins characterized by a head‐to‐tail cyclized backbone and three conserved disulfide‐bonds in a knotted arrangement. Originally they were discovered in the coffee‐family plant Oldenlandia affinis (Rubiaceae) and have since been identified in several species of the violet, cucurbit, pea, potato, and grass families. However, the identification of novel cyclotide‐containing plant species still is a major challenge due to the lack of a rapid and accurate analytical workflow in particular for large sampling numbers. As a consequence, their phylogeny in the plant kingdom remains unclear. To gain further insight into the distribution and evolution of plant cyclotides, we analyzed ∼300 species of >40 different families, with special emphasis on plants from the order Gentianales. For this purpose, we have developed a refined screening methodology combining chemical analysis of plant extracts and bioinformatic analysis of transcript databases. Using mass spectrometry and transcriptome‐mining, we identified nine novel cyclotide‐containing species and their related cyclotide precursor genes in the tribe Palicoureeae. The characterization of novel peptide sequences underlines the high variability and plasticity of the cyclotide framework, and a comparison of novel precursor proteins from Carapichea ipecacuanha illustrated their typical cyclotide gene architectures. Phylogenetic analysis of their distribution within the Psychotria alliance revealed cyclotides to be restricted to Palicourea, Margaritopsis, Notopleura, Carapichea, Chassalia, and Geophila. In line with previous reports, our findings confirm cyclotides to be one of the largest peptide families within the plant kingdom and suggest that their total number may exceed tens of thousands. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Pept Sci) 100: 438–452, 2013.
Molecular Rotors of Coronene in Charge‐Transfer Solids
Authors: Yoshida Yukihiro , Shimizu Yasuhiro , Yajima Takeshi , Maruta Goro , Takeda Sadamu , Nakano Yoshiaki , Hiramatsu Takaaki , Kageyama Hiroshi , Yamochi Hideki , Saito Gunzi 
Published: July 2013

AbstractTen types of neutral charge transfer (CT) complexes of coronene (electron donor; D) were obtained with various electron acceptors (A). In addition to the reported 7,7,8,8‐tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ) complex of 1:1 stoichiometry with a DA‐type alternating π column, TCNQ also afforded a 3:1 complex, in which a face‐to‐face dimer of parallel coronenes (Cor‐As) is sandwiched between TCNQs to construct a DDA‐type alternating π column flanked by another coronene (Cor‐B). Whereas solid‐state 2H NMR spectra of the 1:1 TCNQ complex formed with deuterated coronene confirmed the single in‐plane 6‐fold flipping motion of the coronenes, two unsynchronized motions were confirmed for the 3:1 TCNQ complex, which is consistent with a crystallographic study. Neutral [Ni(mnt)2] (mnt: maleonitriledithiolate) as an electron acceptor afforded a 5:2 complex with a DDA‐type alternating π column flanked by another coronene, similar to the 3:1 TCNQ complex. The fact that the Cor‐As in the [Ni(mnt)2] complex arrange in a non‐parallel fashion must cause the fast in‐plane rotation of Cor‐A relative to that of Cor‐B. This is in sharp contrast to the 3:1 TCNQ complex, in which the dimer of parallel Cor‐As shows inter‐column interactions with neighboring Cor‐As. The solid‐state 1H NMR signal of the [Ni(mnt)2] complex suddenly broadens at temperatures below approximately 60 K, indicating that the in‐plane rotation of the coronenes undergoes down to approximately 60 K; the rotational rate reaches the gigahertz regime at room temperature. Rotational barriers of these CT complexes, as estimated from variable‐temperature spin–lattice relaxation time (T1) experiments, are significantly lower than that of pristine coronene. The investigated structure–property relationships indicate that the complexation not only facilitates the molecular rotation of coronenes but also provides a new solid‐state rotor system that involves unsynchronized plural rotators.
Enantiomer‐Specific In Vitro Biotransformation of Select Pharmaceuticals in Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)
Authors: Connors Kristin A. , Du Bowen , Fitzsimmons Patrick N. , Chambliss C. Kevin , Nichols John W. , Brooks Bryan W. 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACTThe occurrence of pharmaceuticals in the environment represents a challenge of emerging concern. Many pharmaceuticals are chiral compounds; however, few studies have examined the relative toxicity of pharmaceutical enantiomers to wildlife. Further, our understanding of stereospecific pharmacokinetics remains largely informed by research on humans and a few well‐studied laboratory test animals, and not by studies conducted with environmentally relevant species, including fish. The objective of this study was to investigate whether rainbow trout display stereospecific in vitro metabolism of three common chiral pharmaceuticals. Metabolism by trout liver S9 fractions was evaluated using a substrate depletion approach, which provides an estimate of intrinsic hepatic clearance (CLIN VITRO,INT). No biotransformation was observed forrac‐,R‐, orS‐fluoxetine. Ibuprofen, including both enantiomers and the racemic mixture, appeared to undergo slow metabolism, but the resulting substrate depletion curves did not differ significantly from those of inactive controls. Contrary to relative clearance rates in humans,S(−)‐propranolol was more rapidly cleared than theR(+)‐ enantiomer. This work demonstrates that relative clearance rates and the effects of racemic mixtures in trout could not have been predicted based on human data. Additional research describing species differences and exploring tools for species extrapolation in biomedical and environmental studies is needed.Chirality 25:763–767, 2013, © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Differential content of vesicular glutamate transporters in subsets of vagal afferents projecting to the nucleus tractus solitarii in the rat
Authors: Hermes Sam M. , Colbert James F. , Aicher Sue A. 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACTThe vagus nerve contains primary visceral afferents that convey sensory information from cardiovascular, pulmonary, and gastrointestinal tissues to the nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS). The heterogeneity of vagal afferents and their central terminals within the NTS is a common obstacle for evaluating functional groups of afferents. To determine whether different anterograde tracers can be used to identify distinct subpopulations of vagal afferents within NTS, we injected cholera toxin B subunit (CTb) and isolectin B4 (IB4) into the vagus nerve. Confocal analyses of medial NTS following injections of both CTb and IB4 into the same vagus nerve resulted in labeling of two exclusive populations of fibers. The ultrastructural patterns were also distinct. CTb was found in both myelinated and unmyelinated vagal axons and terminals in medial NTS, whereas IB4 was found only in unmyelinated afferents. Both tracers were observed in terminals with asymmetric synapses, suggesting excitatory transmission. Because glutamate is thought to be the neurotransmitter at this first primary afferent synapse in NTS, we determined whether vesicular glutamate transporters (VGLUTs) were differentially distributed among the two distinct populations of vagal afferents. Anterograde tracing from the vagus with CTb or IB4 was combined with immunohistochemistry for VGLUT1 or VGLUT2 in medial NTS and evaluated with confocal microscopy. CTb‐labeled afferents contained primarily VGLUT2 (83%), whereas IB4‐labeled afferents had low levels of vesicular transporters, VGLUT1 (5%) or VGLUT2 (21%). These findings suggest the possibility that glutamate release from unmyelinated vagal afferents may be regulated by a distinct, non‐VGLUT, mechanism. J. Comp. Neurol. 522:642–653, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Classification of retinal ganglion cells in the southern hemisphere lamprey Geotria australis (Cyclostomata)
Authors: Fletcher Lee Norman , Coimbra João Paulo , Rodger Jennifer , Potter Ian C. , Gill Howard S. , Dunlop Sarah A. , Collin Shaun P. 
Published: July 2013

ABSRACTLampreys are one of two extant representatives of the earliest group of vertebrates, the agnathans or jawless fishes. The single species of the southern hemisphere lamprey family Geotriidae, Geotria australis, possesses the potential for pentachromatic color discrimination opposed to the mono‐ or dichromacy found in other lampreys. However, little is known of the retinal ganglion cell types that contribute to visual processing in G. australis. A quantitative morphological approach was used to distinguish and describe retinal ganglion cell types in G. australis. The morphology of retinal ganglion cells was revealed by retrograde biocytin labeling from the optic disc. Cells were digitally reconstructed, and somatic area and position and dendritic field size, density, tortuosity, and stratification were subjected to quantitative morphometric analyses. Cluster analysis, in conjunction with similarity profile analysis (SIMPROF), statistically identified five discrete monostratified retinal ganglion cell types, one of which may comprise two subtypes. Two bistratified types were identified separately, including a biplexiform and a bistratified subtype. The use of cluster analysis with SIMPROF provided a robust statistical technique for objectively identifying cell types whose characteristics were similar and significantly different from those of other types and thus provides an objective resolution of the problems posed by “lumpers vs. splitters” when designating cell types. The diversity of retinal ganglion cells suggests that visual information in the lamprey G. australis is processed in parallel streams, as in gnathostomes. These findings, together with the results of previous studies, indicate that the visual system of the lamprey G. australis represents the upper limit of visual complexity in extant agnathans. J. Comp. Neurol. 522:750–771, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Geographic routing protocol for vehicular ad hoc networks in city scenarios: a proposal and analysis
Authors: Li C. , Zhao C. , Zhu L. , Lin H. , Li J. 
Published: July 2013

SUMMARYThe characteristics of vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) make the design of routing protocol a great challenge. In this paper, we propose a vehicle density and load aware routing protocol for VANETs called VDLA. VDLA adopts sequential selection of junctions to construct the route. The selection is based on the real‐time vehicle density, the traffic load, and the distance to the destination. The network information is collected by a decentralized mechanism. Through factoring in these metrics, the packets are avoided being sent to roads where network is disconnected, and the network load is balanced to mitigate network congestion. The intermediate junctions are selected before the packet reaches a junction to reduce the unnecessary hops. Our study also investigates the impact of the high mobility of the nodes. An analytical framework is proposed to analyze the mobility. Based on the analysis, the traditional Hello scheme is enhanced to improve the accuracy of the neighbor table. In the simulation, we compare VDLA with greedy perimeter coordinator routing and GpsrJ+, which are geographic routings protocols proposed for VANETs. The results validate the superiority of VDLA in terms of end‐to‐end delay and packet delivery rate. And the superiority holds in different scenarios. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fully secure constructions of spatial encryption with vector privacy
Authors: Zhang Mingwu , Wang Chunzhi , Yang Bo , Takagi Tsuyoshi 
Published: July 2013

SUMMARYAn encryption scheme is a tuple of algorithms used to ensure secrecy while exchanging messages over a public channel. Spatial encryption is a generalized extension of id‐based encryption with the ability of partial order role delegation. In this paper, we propose an efficient spatial encryption with vector privacy preservation, which is derived from the technique of static assumption from dual system encryption in composite order groups. The proposed scheme achieves the cryptosystem properties of message confidentiality, recipient anonymity, adaptively full security, and short constant ciphertext. Provable security in our setting consists of three steps: the first one is giving a rigorous definition of security, the second one is giving the construction of a scheme, and the last one is giving a rigorous mathematical proof showing that the scheme satisfies the security definition given in the first stage. Compared with related schemes, our proposed scheme has a comparable advantage in security while it holds an approximate computing efficiency and communicating payload such as public parameters, private keys, and ciphertexts. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hydrolysis of Dipeptides Catalyzed by a Zirconium(IV)‐Substituted Lindqvist Type Polyoxometalate
Authors: Ly Hong Giang T. , Absillis Gregory , Bajpe Sneha R. , Martens Johan A. , Parac‐Vogt Tatjana N. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractThe hydrolysis of a series of unactivated dipeptides in the presence of a zirconium(IV)‐substituted Lindqvist type polyoxometalate, (Me4N)2[W5O18Zr(H2O)3] (designated as ZrW5), was studied by kinetic experiments and NMR spectroscopy. Among the dipeptides examined, those with the X–Ser amino acid sequence were most effectively hydrolyzed. The kinetics of the hydrolysis of histidylserine (His–Ser) was studied in detail; a rate constant of 95.3 (± 0.1) × 10–7 s–1 (pD 7.4 and 60 °C) in the presence of an equimolar amount of ZrW5 was calculated. The binding of His–Ser to ZrW5 was examined by UV/Vis, 1H, 13C, and 183W NMR spectroscopy, and the data indicate that at physiological pD His–Ser chelates the ZrIV through its imidazole nitrogen, amine nitrogen, and amide carbonyl oxygen. In the presence of ZrW5, the pD profile of kobs is bell‐shaped, with a maximum reaction rate at pD 7.5. At high pD values an inactive complex is formed as a result of the deprotonation of the amide nitrogen, resulting in inhibition of His–Ser hydrolysis. The effects of pH, temperature, inhibitors, and ionic strength on the hydrolysis rate constant were also investigated, and a full account of the mechanism of this novel reaction is given.
Identification and antioxidant activity of sinapic acid derivatives in Brassica napus L. seed meal extracts
Authors: Siger Aleksander , Czubinski Jaroslaw , Dwiecki Krzysztof , Kachlicki Piotr , Nogala‐Kalucka Malgorzata 
Published: July 2013

Sinapic acid and its derivatives are main phenolic compounds present in rapeseed. Identification and quantitative determination of those compounds were carried out in crude extracts as well as extracts after basic and acidic hydrolysis. The total phenolic content in the crude extracts, expressed as sinapic acid equivalent, ranged from 1577 to 1705 mg/100 g for cv. Visby and Bellevue, respectively. An increase in total phenolics contents was observed in extracts after hydrolysis in comparison to crude extracts. The predominant phenolic acids in rapeseed samples were trans‐sinapic and cis‐sinapic acids. The highest concentration of sinapic acid methyl ester (2533–2702 mg/100 g) was detected in the extract after basic hydrolysis. In turn, two sinapic acid derivatives, i.e., kaempferol 3‐dihexoside‐7‐sinapoyl‐hexoside and 3‐hexoside‐7‐sinapoyl‐hexoside, were detected in the hydrolysed extracts. Total peroxyl radical‐trapping potential (TRAP) of the investigated crude extracts amounted to 20.21 and 27.05 μM Trolox Eq/g in the case of cv. Visby and Bellevue, respectively. The increase in antioxidant activity of the analyzed extracts after basic and acidic hydrolysis was probably a result of the release of free phenolic compounds from their conjugates (esters, glycosides).Practical applications: The content and qualitative composition of the phenolic compounds in rapeseed have much influence on the stability, sensory, and nutritional characteristics of the products. During oil production process phenolic compounds may be transferred into final products and inhibit lipid oxidation. Rapeseed oil, among all commercially available oils, has the highest content of phenolic compounds, especially sinapic acid and their derivatives. That is why the antioxidant activity of phenolic compounds was investigated in the presented study. Determination of polar phenolics before and after hydrolysis indicates which compounds are responsible for antioxidant effect in oils and which are available for the human organism after digestion in the digestive tract.