bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Review of Oil-field Corrosion Problems for 1929
Authors: Bignell L.G.E. 
Published: June 2014

Surveying what was done in 1929 in meeting problems of oil-field equipmentcorrosion, one is struck by the fact that fewer meetings were held fordiscussion of these problems and fewer papers written than in any year sincethe subject engaged the attention of petroleum engineers. This does not meanthat progress has not been made, for a great deal actually has beenaccomplished. Recommendations that accompanied field reports have been put intoactual trial and some results obtained are gratifying.
The type of papers prepared also has undergone a change, for they now deal withthings accomplished rather than recite damages and suggest possible remedies.Some of the most notable work pointing the way for future solution of many pipeline problems is that done for the U. S. Bureau of Standards by Dr. K. H. Loganand Dr. Gordon N. Scott, dealing with tests of pipe coatings and reports onsoil conditions. Many facts of great importance have been isolated and definedby these two men, not only indicating what may be done in some instances toretard corrosion, but showing that things formerly considered of importancehave little bearing apparently upon the practical results.

All-Aluminum Storage Tanks
In April, 1928, an all-aluminum 500-bbl. field storage tank was put into actualfield use in Crane County, Texas, together with another tank of the samecapacity but made with steel bottom and lower section of side sheets andaluminum upper ring of side sheets and deck. In April,
1929, after a little over one year's use these tanks were opened and examinedby a group of engineers and chemists. The results of the test wereenlightening.
Other tanks made entirely of steel and used in the same battery with the twotest tanks had some of their side and bottom sheets destroyed by corrosion insix to nine months, but the all-aluminum tank was in actual use for 18 monthsbefore holes were found corroded through the bottom, when the tank was examinedfor a second time in September, 1929.
Compulsory Unit Operation of Oil Pools
Authors: German W.P.Z. 
Published: June 2014

Some attention should be given to definitions. The term "unitoperation" may have at least two meanings. One meaning is the merging oftitles and the development and operation of the unitized area, as if it wereone tract of land held under a single oil and gas lease, according to adefinite program intended to accomplish a maximum recovery from the pool as awhole at a minimum of cost. It is incomplete when the royalty owners do notalso merge their titles to their oil and gas rights in the area, and iscomplete when they do. The other meaning is not accompanied by any merger oftitles, but the development and operation of the area is in accordance, asnearly as reasonably practicable, with such a program. This second conceptionmay be nothing more than a cooperative development and operation plan, but inthis paper it is regarded as more than that. If there cannot be unit operationwithout a merger of titles, it would seem that the state cannot require unitoperation, for it cannot require a merging of titles; but if it may consist inrequiring each and all of the leaseholders to develop and operate or to submitto a development and operation according to some such common plan as isreferred to above without at the same time requiring a merger of titles, itwould seem that unit operation may be required by the state. Whether the stateshave this power is the subject to be herein considered. If the state can sobind the several lessees, it also can so bind the several lessors.
The writer does not know what would be an ideal plan for the development andoperation of a pool; but it takes into account the fact that the accumulationof gas and oil is not uniform throughout the formation; that often free gas, highly compressed, occupies the upper portions of the reservoir, the oil withcompressed gas in solution coming next in order; that at places oil is notoverlain by free gas, and sometimes there are peaks where free gas is notimmediately underlain by any oil; and the fact that these substances are heldunder a uniformly distributed pressure, generally referred to as "rockpressure."
Effect of Proration on Decline, Potential and Ultimate Production of Oil Wells
Authors: Power H.H. , Pishny C.H. 
Published: June 2014

When an oil operator becomes a party to a proration agreement he may wonder, with good cause, whether production prorated today is merely deferred untiltomorrow or whether oil might be lost. Various types of evidence obtained fromproduction records when studied quantitatively are of great assistance inarriving at definite conclusions. A study of individual examples cited in thispaper leads towards some solution of the problem, particularly when they areconsidered in the aggregate.
Many production curves on various pay horizons were studied. A disappointinglylarge number of these were of contributory value, but inconclusive. However, there were enough curves of similar type from the Wilcox sand at Earlsboro, Bowlegs, Seminole City, the Cromwell horizon at Little River, and the Simpsondolomite at Valley Center, Kansas, from which reasonably definite conclusionswere drawn.
Assuming that deferred production is later made up with no increase in ultimaterecovery, a curve (Fig. 1) shows the normal flowing and pumping life of acomposite well, constructed by the family curve method. The initial productionof the well shown is 1700 bb1. daily and the allowed production is 25 per cent.On this basis the average daily allowed rate for the first month is 425 bbl., or the area BCDE, which is equivalent to the area AFDG under the normal declinecurve. The potential production for the second month is 1500 bb1. and theallowed production 375 bb1. daily By this procedure a potential curve for eachsucceeding month is obtained (points A, H, I, J and K). If the well is openedit should produce somewhere near its potential curve for a short period andthen decline at a more rapid rate than the potential curve. This theoreticalanalysis is basic. Actual examples exhibiting all points raised by the idealcurve are rare.
Production Engineering in 1930
Authors: Whiteford W.K. 
Published: June 2014

Unitl the beginning of the year 1930, conditions in the oil industry weresuch that the production engineer was chiefly concerned with improving theefficiency of development and production technique. Good engineering practicehad been adopted to devise and improve methods and materials better suited todrilling for and producing oil and gas. These efforts reduced the hazard andexpense of deeper drilling, increased the ultimate recovery from reservoirs andlowered production costs. Equipment was of better design and materials werebetter suited for the work and were more permanent. These improvementsnaturally have contributed their share toward increasing the volume of crudeoil produced each year.
The industry is now faced with a need for preventing a waste of this naturalresource; waste which came as a result of continued reckless drilling of newreservoirs. To make a careful study of this economic problem and to devisemethods for correcting these conditions was a logical problem for theproduction engineer. Much time and study have been devoted to the question, andremedial plans have been suggested during the last year and a half. Theprinciples of unit operation have attracted the engineer's attention, as theypresent ideal conditions for the most scientific and economical development ofan oil field.

Unitization
During 1930 unitization of producing and potentially producing areas has madereal progress, and as each new unitized development is agreed upon theobjections that loomed so large at the inception of the idea fade intocomparative insignificance. Undoubtedly the outstanding example of the efficacyof unitization is the Kettleman Hills project in California. Unitizing thisstructure, with its almost incredible reserve, is an important step forward inthe industry's concerted effort toward conservation.
Effect of Edge Water on the Recovery of Oil
Authors: Wright H.H. 
Published: June 2014

In many fields edge water is one of the most important factors governing theproduction of oil. Possibly this fact is not appreciated by many producersexcept in so far as it may bring about a loss in production from wells drilledon the flanks of structures. In the light of artificial flooding as practicedin New York and Pennsylvania, and of the beneficial effect of naturalwater-flooding on many wells and leases in the Mid-Continent and elsewhere, itseems reasonable to suppose that very few phases of the petroleum industry holdgreater promise for future benefit than the study and control of the naturalwater drive.

Rate Of Water Encroachment
The rate of movement of water in artificially flooded areas has been referredto as so many feet per unit of time, usually from an injection well towardsurrounding producing wells. This definition is vague when used in reference tothe movement of natural edge water, inasmuch as such factors as sand thickness, steepness of dip and horizontal extent are not considered. In the ultimateanalysis, only the vertical component of movement affects the production of oilin the natural drive, and in order to define the rate of water encroachmentmore exactly, such a term as acre-feet per unit time might be used. Thus, whereone well is located to each 10 acres a vertical movement of 5 ft. in the waterlevel in a year would be defined as an encroachment of 50 acre-feet per year, and where one well is located to each 20 acres, as 100 acre-feet per year. Sucha definition as this is entirely arbitrary, but it takes into consideration toa certain extent the influence of well spacing, and consequent sand drainage, on the rate of water movement.
The rate of movement is considered to be an important function of waterencroachment, for it is believed that the efficiency of recovery by naturalwater flood depends a good deal upon the rate of movement. In general, rapidencroachment is thought to effect a poor recovery because of the differentialin favor of the movement of water through a sand body and the consequenttendency to trap oil in the sand.
Preliminary Report on an Investigation of the Bureau of Mines Regarding the Solubility of Natural Gas in Crude Oil
Authors: Lindsly Ben E. 
Published: June 2014

Petroleum engineers generally are familiar with the investigations of Dowand Reistle, Beecher and Parkhurst, and Dow and Calkin, relative to thesolubility of natural gas in crude oil. Since the publication of the results ofthose investigations and the work of Mills and Heithecker little additionalknowledge on this interesting and important subject has appeared in thepetroleum engineering literature.
The reports of Beecher and Parkhurst and Dow and Calkin agree substantially.The data from both investigations showed that, under the conditions of thetests, the solubility of natural gas in crude oil increased in directproportion to the pressure at which the gas was put into solution, and thesolubility decreased to a considerable extent with increased temperature. Thesefacts, and others relating to the changes in viscosity, surface tension andspecific gravity of the crude caused by the solution of gas in the oil, havebeen given due consideration in the petroleum industry, and the recognition ofthese facts has resulted in a great improvement in the technique of producingoil.
However, in these first experiments, various grades and types of weatheredcrude oil were contacted at various pressures up to 500 lb. per sq. in. gagewith gases deficient to a considerable degree in the heavier hydrocarbons, ascompared with the gas that was originally in solution in the oil in its naturalunderground reservoir. The amount of dissolved gas that was liberated uponreducing the pressure to 1 atm. was measured. For these reasons, the completesignificance of the effect of dissolved gases in crude oil, as it occurs innature, cannot be determined directly from the data obtained under theconditions of the tests as described.
Practical Interpretation of Core Analysis
Authors: Panyity L.S. 
Published: June 2014

The inception of this paper may be traced directly to the variousdiscussions of another paper by the writer wherein certain indefinite beliefsand opinions were emphasized as to the relative importance of total sandporosity and the actual size of the openings between the grains. Sincepublication of that paper it has been possible to study various methods of sandanalyses and results that have been obtained under different conditions andactual operations in the field.
The purpose of this paper is to indicate the value of screen analysis, especially in areas where repressuring by means of water-flood, air or gas isbeing used in the partly depleted fields. Sand samples have been analyzed forporosity, saturation and grain size. They are mainly from the Bradfordwater-flood area, where a great reliance has been put upon such analyses, andwhere many data are available. A few sand studies are included from fieldsother than the water-flood area, in order to indicate the possibilities ofscreen analysis in any field.
Examples of various conditions are given in Figs. 1 to 7, which show theporosity, saturation and grain-size analyses of submitted cores or drillcuttings. The generally accepted methods of delineating such sand studies oncross-section paper, known as "core charts" has been employed; with theexception that a method of representing grain size has been evolved which isbelieved to be the best adapted for this purpose. It differs from the blockdiagrams generally used, in the employment of a linear section. Percentage ofgrain-size is represented by the subdivision of a given distance, where thetotal length represents the whole sample of rock chunk, while the subdivisionsindicate the percentages of grains of the different sizes that will passthrough the various sieves, through which the samples of crushed sand aresorted to determine the size and amount of the components that make up theaggregate. Thus, on Fig. 1, under the heading of Grain Size, the first samplesare composed of grains of the following sizes: 16 per cent. through 120-meshsieve; 33 per cent. through 150-mesh; 25 per cent. through l50-mesh; 26 percent. through 200 mesh; a total of 100 per cent.
Permeability Studies of Pennsylvania Oil Sands
Authors: Fettke Charles R. , Copeland W.A. 
Published: June 2014

The permeability of an oil or gas sand is its capacity for transmittingfluids, either liquids or gases, under pressure. The permeability of a sanddepends upon the size and shape of the openings in it and the extent to whichthese communicate with one another, as well as upon the ratio of their volumeto the total volume of the sand.
The apparatus employed and the method of procedure used by the authors inconducting the permeability tests have been described in a previouspublication. 1 For the tests described here 72-in. cubes were used. They wereset in the lower end of a 1-in. union, inserted in a square hole cut in a hardrubber stopper which fitted into the lower end of the union. In the tests withair, volumes were measured with a wet American gas meter of 100 cu. ft.capacity. In those with water, distilled water at room temperature wasemployed, unless otherwise noted.

Description Of Sands Tested
The tests described in this paper were performed upon 18 samples representingtypical oil and gas sands from 7 localities in northwestern Pennsylvania. Forpurposes of identification, the cores from which the samples came have beendesignated by capital letters, the sequence of the samples in the cores bynumerals, and the individual cubes by small letters. All cubes from the samesamples came from adjacent portions parallel to the bedding.
Core A of the Bradford sand came from the north central part of the Bradfordfield, from an area where water-flooding operations have proved highlysuccessful. Core B of the same sand was obtained from the southern part of thefield. This core contained a so-called "loose streak," 7.5 ft. thick, in the middle portion of which B2 is a representative sample. The "loosestreak" has given trouble in water-flooding but responded favorably to anair-drive, using a pressure of 300 lb. The natural production was increasedapproximately five times over a period of three years in which the air-drivewas in operation.
Microscopic Study of California Oil-field Emulsions and Some Notes on the Effects of Superimposed Electrical Fields
Authors: Fisher Harmon F. 
Published: June 2014

In the course of a comprehensive investigation for the development of theelectrical process for the dehydration of oil-field emulsions, the writer hashad an unusual opportunity to direct and execute a number of related, parallelstudies concerning crude oil emulsions and extending over a period of nearlysix years. Among these was an investigation utilizing the microscope forstudying both the general characteristics of crude oil emulsions, the nature oftheir electrical charge and the action of an alternating current field incausing coalescence of the finely dispersed, more or less permanentlysuspended, emulsion particles into larger droplets of such mass that subsequentdehydration would follow by the ordinary process of settling, furtheragglomeration of the water droplets and, finally, separation into commerciallydry, pipe line oil and a clean water discharge.
It is not the purpose of this paper to enter into a detailed discussion of thehighly specialized subject of microscope technique, nor into a theoreticaldiscussion concerning the origin of the electrical charge on the emulsionparticle or concerning the mechanism of the electrical phenomena occurringduring the electrical treatment of oil-field emulsions. In a short paper ofthis character one can hope to touch on only a very limited discussion of thetheoretical aspects of crude oil emulsions. The subject of emulsions andcolloids is comprised in a comparatively young science in which, however, veryrapid progress is being made and consequently it is undergoing many changes; atentative conclusion valid today may be overthrown tomorrow. Nor would it be asimple science even if it were no longer undergoing this rapid progress; athorough study of emulsions is based upon a knowledge of such fundamentalsubjects as molecular structure, ionization and other electrical phenomena, surface chemistry, surface and interfacial tension phenomena, viscosity andother factors too numerous to discuss here and the fundamental theories ofwhich are still undergoing more or less change.
What is the Policy of the Mineral Industry?
Authors: Leith C.K. 
Published: June 2014

I apologize for attempting to talk in a field in which I am by no means aspecialist, but some of the problems brought up have much in common with otherminerals. It touches the field in which we are all interested and it is a fieldin which our Mineral Inquiry has been giving special attention during the lasttwo years. While it is the primary business, of course, of this Institute toconsider the physical facts and technology of minerals, we now face thenecessity of considering the mineral industry in its broader economic, social, and political relationships. We have run into a traffic jam-as though a load ofhay had been spilled on the road. It makes no difference whether we are driversor passengers, technical or nontechnical men, we have to get the load off theroad before we can go farther. We are conscious of very many difficulties whichare outside of the ordinary range of cost accounting or methods of mining orthe usual thing with which we concern ourselves. We have extensivereadjustments to make in our social and economic and political contacts. It isup to us to find out what is the matter.
As a matter of fact, we do not know what is the matter in any comprehensiveway. We have many suggestions as to difficulties here and there. Many peopleare working on the problem, but when the mineral industry as a whole is askedwhat is a reasonable course of procedure, what is its program, what would be areasonable state or national policy, I think you will agree with me that wehave no spokesman able to outline even a semblance of such a generalpolicy.
We sit back and criticize when somebody else steps in, as Governor Murraystepped in, and as many others of our state governors and legislators arestepping in, to do things which we do not think are reasonable. When they say, "What is a reasonable program?" we find ourselves caught napping. Wehave not agreed on a program. The other day in talking with one of the leadersof the western radical movement, I was twitting him on having no sound andcomprehensive conservation program.
Economics of Proration
Authors: Pogue Joseph E. 
Published: June 2014

Proration in the petroleum industry has come to mean a method for curtailingthe production of crude petroleum by artificial effort, and it is in this sensethat the term is employed throughout this paper. Although a contrived curb onsupply has been invoked at various times in the past in particular fields andto meet specific situation's, it is not until the past few years that thisprocedure has become general and assumed a dominant role in the oil business.In the sense that we now understand it, proration had its inception in theSeminole area of Oklahoma in 1927, from which time and place the practicespread to include practically all the flush oil fields of the country, especially those of California, Kansas, Oklahoma and Texas.
At present there is perhaps no phase of the oil business that commands moreattention than proration, nor one that engages more time and effort on the partof executives in the business. The practice of proration, indeed, has not onlybecome an integral part of the policy of most companies and operators, but ithas also taken on the aspects of a "movement" involving two schools ofthought with considerable feeling, and at times some bitterness, on both sides.In this atmosphere it is difficult to find calm, dispassionate consideration ofproration, for most discussions are either vigorous exhortations by itsproponents, or else sharp condemnations by its opponents; although it appearsthat the majority of the industry is clearly "in favor of" proration.It is hoped that this analysis will be taken as an attempt to appraise themovement as an economic force, without bias and without regard to the incidenceof the conclusions upon any preconceptions that the industry mayentertain.

Evolution Of Proration
To appreciate the causes that brought proration into being, it is necessary toview briefly the development of the petroleum industry over the past twentyyears, approximately the span of the gasoline era.