bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Vertical Distribution and Mobilization of Arsenic in Shallow Alluvial Aquifers of Chapai-Nawabganj District, Northwestern Bangladesh
Authors: Reza A. H. M. Selim , Jean Jiin-Shuh 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
Core sediments from two boreholes and groundwater from fifty four As-contaminated well waters were collected in the Chapai-Nawabganj area of northwestern Bangladesh for geochemical analysis. Groundwater arsenic concentrations in the uppermost aquifer (10 to 40 m of depth) range from 2.76-315.15 mg/l (average 48.81 mg/l). Arsenic concentration in sediments ranges from 3.26-10 mg/kg. Vertical distribution of arsenic in both groundwater and sediments shows that maximum As concentration (462 mg/l in groundwater and 10 mg/kg in sediments) occurs at a depth of 24 m. In January 2008, 2009 and 2010, maximum As concentration occurs at the same depth. Environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM) with EDAX was used to investigate the presence of major and trace elements in the sediments. The dominant groundwater type is Ca-HCO3 with high concentrations of As and Fe, but with low levels of NO3- and SO4-2. Statistical analysis clearly shows that As is closely associated with Fe (R2 = 0.64) and Mn (R2 = 0.91) in sediments while As is not correlated with Fe and Mn in groundwater samples. Comparatively low Fe and Mn concentrations in some groundwater, suggest that probably siderite and/or rhodochrosite precipitated as secondary mineral on the surface of the sediment particles. The correlations along with results of sequential leaching experiments suggest that reductive dissolution of FeOOH and MnOOH mediated by anaerobic bacteria represents mechanism for releasing arsenic into the groundwater.
Geochemistry and Tectonic Significance of Mafic Volcanic Rocks of the Hindoli Belt, Southeastern Rajasthan: Implications for Continent Assembly
Authors: Raza Mahshar , Siddiqui Mohd. Zuhaib 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
Mafic volcanic rocks that occur within the sedimentary pile of the Hindoli Group were analyzed for major and trace elements (including REE) to establish tectonic setting of volcanism during the early Proterozoic history of the North Indian Craton. The mafic volcanics are sub-alkaline showing compositional variation from picrobasalt to basalt. They are LREE enriched with (La/Yb)N ratio ranging from 4.67-6.19 (avg.5.27) and exhibit slightly concave REE patterns relative to chondrite. The multi-element patterns of these mafic volcanic rocks display relative enrichment in Th and LREE and negative anomalies of Nb and P. These geochemical characteristics are consistent with a subduction related origin. Various variation diagrams, involving immobile trace elements, distinguish the Hindoli lavas as arc basalt. However, their Ti and Nb contents are higher than those of subduction related magmas. Probably the wedge melting, along with mixing of rising asthenosphere might have produced these characteristics. It is suggested that the Hindoli basin originated by rifting of island-arc lithosphere, caused by rising plume in an extensional back arc region. Based on the results of the present geochemical study, it is proposed that in the early Proterozoic the Mewar block had an active-type continental margin on its present eastern side. The continental magmatic arcs and intra-arc basins developed on this margin were subsequently incorporated into the Mewar protocontinent. Possibly, the plate carrying the Bundelkhand block subducted beneath the eastern margin of the Mewar block, resulting in the final amalgamation of the two blocks along Great Boundary Fault zone or Banas Dislocation Zone. The arc related volcanism of north Indian shield at about 1850-1832 Ma, appears to represent the global subduction event, which resulted in the amalgamation and formation of Columbia supercontinent.
Occurrence of Scheelite-Powellite in the Rocks of Mahakoshal Group, Wyndhamganj Area, Sonbhadra District, Uttar Pradesh
Authors: Khan M. A. , Hakim Asfar , Ameer Rasool S. Syed , Sinha V. P. 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
Scheelite and Powellite occur as dissemination and fractures filling in the hornfels and tourmaline-garnet granite in the Palaeoproterozoic rocks of Mahakoshal Group, at about 2.5 km north of Wyndhamganj, Sonbhadra district, Uttar Pradesh. This new find opens new vistas for the search of tungsten mineralization along the contact zones of Mahakoshal Group and the younger granite.
Reducing the Frequency of Immediate‐Use Sterilization: A Systematic Multidisciplinary Approach
Authors: Shelby Debra , Kras Bill , Bryant Sandra , Myers Kimberly , Bolyard Nancy 
Published: October 2012

AbstractEfforts to comply with AORN's recommended practices for sterilization led a multidisciplinary team at H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, to undertake a quality improvement project to reduce the frequency of immediate‐use (previously called flash) sterilization. Team members determined that time pressures on sterile processing department personnel, staff members' inability to find items on the peel pack cart, and shortages of some instruments led to an increased reliance on immediate‐use sterilization. By tracking which instruments were most likely to be sterilized for immediate use, reorganizing the peel pack cart and instrument trays, and purchasing some additional instruments, team members were able to reduce the frequency of immediate‐use sterilization by as much as 70%. It is important for perioperative nurses to participate as members of multidisciplinary quality improvement teams to implement practice changes. Shared governance is critical to any improvement project to help provide positive outcomes for the organization and for patient care.
Optimizing Hemostatic Practices: Matching the Appropriate Hemostat to the Clinical Situation
Authors: Neveleff Deborah J. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractAchieving hemostasis is a critical focus of clinicians working in the surgical setting, given that uncontrolled surgical bleeding is associated with increased mortality rates and higher costs of care. As principal members of the surgical team, perioperative nurses are in an optimal position to plan and direct care during a bleeding event and throughout a patient's surgical stay. This supplement includes an assessment of the clinical and economic effects of surgical bleeding, a thorough review of available therapies, and a detailed comparison of these products to demonstrate which agents are best suited for a given clinical situation. By understanding the basic science of coagulation and hemostasis and current advances in topical hemostatic agents, including their safety, efficacy, and judicious use, perioperative nurses will be empowered to better assist the surgeon in optimizing patient outcomes.
Between a rock and a hard place: The failure of the attraction effect among unattractive alternatives
Authors: Malkoc Selin A. , Hedgcock William , Hoeffler Steve 
Published: October 2012

AbstractMany important decisions that consumers face involve choosing between options that are unattractive or undesirable—the proverbial “lesser of two evils.” Consumers, who face budget or geographical constraints, for example, end up with mostly undesirable consideration sets; yet a choice is necessary. We examine the role of option set desirability in the context of the well‐established attraction effect. In five studies, we show that the attraction effect occurs in desirable domains but is eliminated when all the options are undesirable (Experiments 1–4). We further find that this asymmetric effect is consistent with a shift in decision makers' processing styles. Decision makers show more vigilant processing when making choices among undesirable (vs. desirable) domains (Experiments 3A and 3B), which results in an attenuated attraction effect (Experiment 4). Our results indicate that the attraction effect might not be as robust as generally thought and establishes (un)desirability as an important boundary condition.
Governing the transition to a biofuels economy in the US and EU: Accommodating value conflicts, implementing uncertainty
Authors: Kay Adrian , Ackrill Robert 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
The scale of the ambition to decouple emissions growth from energy consumption runs counter to decades of debates and literatures on the limits of government. Transport biofuels are an early and influential case of the policy capacity challenge in the transition to low-carbon economies. The case stands analytically for the policy-maker’s dilemma of maintaining long-term policy goals as credible commitments, despite the flexibility and adaptability in policy-making required to achieve them under high political, technological and market uncertainty. This paper compares US and EU biofuels policy processes in these terms. It reveals an intertemporal choice embedded in biofuels policies which tests the capacity to account for future benefits from a low carbon future in current policy processes; if the pathway to their achievement is uncertain and politically contested in the implementation phase, then future benefits may be heavily discounted, shortening policy-maker horizons and rendering the transition process politically vulnerable.
Vortex dynamics of clapping plates
Authors: Kim Daegyoum , Hussain Fazle , Gharib Morteza 
Published: October 2012

AbstractVortex formation and force generation of clapping plates with various aspect ratios ($AR$) and stroke angles were investigated. Experiments were performed with a pair of hinged rectangular plates that were rotated symmetrically in a static fluid, and defocusing digital particle image velocimetry was employed to measure the three-dimensional flow field. Single-plate cases were also studied to compare with clapping plate cases. As$AR$decreases, both circulation of the tip vortex and area enclosed by the vortex loop increase inversely. An empirical power-law relationship with a negative exponent is found between total impulse and$AR$for a given stroke angle. The sensitivity of the force generated by the plates to the change of$AR$is larger at the smaller stroke angle because of faster acceleration and deceleration. The increase in impulse per plate from the single-plate case to the clapping double-plate case is larger for lower$AR$. These results reveal that low$AR$wings are more efficient in propulsive force generation in some specific modes of unsteady flapping flight. The evolution of the wake structures is found to depend on$AR$and stroke angle.
Lattice-Boltzmann equations for describing segregation in non-ideal mixtures
Authors: Philippi Paulo C. , Mattila Keijo K. , Siebert Diogo N. , dos Santos Luís O. E. , Hegele Júnior Luiz A. , Surmas Rodrigo 
Published: October 2012

AbstractIn fluid mechanics, multicomponent fluid systems are generally treated either as homogeneous solutions or as completely immiscible parts of a multiphasic system. In immiscible systems, the main task in numerical simulations is to find the location of the interface evolving over time, driven by normal and tangential surface forces. The lattice-Boltzmann method (LBM), on the other hand, is based on a mesoscopic description of the multicomponent fluid systems, and appears to be a promising framework that can lead to realistic predictions of segregation in non-ideal mixtures of partially miscible fluids. In fact, the driving forces in segregation are of a molecular nature: there is competition between the intermolecular forces and the random thermal motion of the molecules. Since these microscopic mechanisms are not accessible from a macroscopic standpoint, the LBM can provide a bridge linking the microscopic and macroscopic domains. To this end, the first purpose of this article is to present the kinetic equations in their continuum forms for the description of the mixing and segregation processes in mixtures. This paper is limited to isothermal segregation; non-isothermal segregation was discussed by Philippi et al. (Phil. Trans. R. Soc., vol. 369, 2011, pp. 2292–2300). Discretization of the kinetic equations leads to evolution equations, written in LBM variables, directly amenable for numerical simulations. Here the dynamics of the kinetic model equations is demonstrated with numerical simulations of a spinodal decomposition problem with dissolution. Finally, some simplified versions of the kinetic equations suitable for immiscible flows are discussed.
PARTY AUTONOMY IN THE LEGAL REGULATION OF ADULT RELATIONSHIPS: WHAT PLACE FOR PARTY CHOICE IN PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW?
Authors: Carruthers Janeen 
Published: October 2012

AbstractThis article is an examination of the merits of permitting the exercise of party autonomy in choice of court and choice of law in respect of the personal and patrimonial aspects of adult relationships. It provides a commentary on the party autonomy provisions of EU harmonization instruments, actual and proposed, in family law. The treatment considers the particular issues of drafting which arise from the specialties of family law, and ponders whether or not the refinements required render the exercise of permitting party autonomy self-defeating.
A case of a ‘lost’ nasogastric tube
Authors: Sankar V , Shakeel M , Keh S , Ah-See K W 
Published: October 2012

AbstractObjectives:To present the case of a ‘lost’ nasogastric tube and to highlight the importance of imaging and/or chest X-ray after nasogastric tube insertion, especially in unreliable patients.Case report:A 50-year-old man, undergoing radiotherapy treatment for squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue base, was admitted for pain control and nasogastric tube feeding. This patient required multiple nasogastric tubes over a two-week period. The patient repeatedly denied pulling the nasogastric tube out and we were unable to establish the exact mode of nasogastric tube removal. On one such occasion another tube was inserted and a check X-ray showed two feeding tubes; the latest one was lying in the left main bronchus and the old nasogastric tube was observed in the oesophagus, with its upper end jutting above the hypopharynx. It was apparent that the patient had somehow cut the tube and swallowed it.Conclusion:This case not only illustrates the importance of flexible nasendoscopy and/or chest X-ray for checking the position of the nasogastric tube, but also highlights that some patients are not tolerant of nasogastric tubes. The use of nasogastric tubes should be avoided in these patients to prevent any self-inflicted injury.
The Roman Fort at Bainbridge, Wensleydale: Excavations by B.R. Hartley on thePrincipiaand a Summary Account of Other Excavations and Surveys
Authors: Bidwell Paul 
Published: October 2012

AbstractOccupation at Bainbridge began in the governorship of Agricola. Little is known of the first fort; the visible remains represent a successor fort, established inc.a.d. 85 at the earliest, abandoned under Hadrian and Antoninus Pius, and reoccupied inc.a.d. 160. In the early Severan period, the size of the unit at the fort seems to have been greatly reduced in numbers, and a suite of rooms for an officer was inserted in theprincipia. Extensive work bycohors VI Nerviorumwhich took place inc.a.d. 205–7 included the building of newprincipia, the relocation of the east gate, and probably the addition of an annexe, its wall described in an inscription from the site as abracchium. The fort was held until the end of the Roman period, by which time theprincipiahad been partly demolished to provide space for a timber building probably accommodating the commanding officer. Theaedesand part of the rear range seem to have stood until the ninth or tenth century, when the former was possibly converted into a church. Knowledge of this sequence of occupation depends largely on the results of Brian Hartley's excavations which are published here. The main focus of the report is on the remarkable series ofprincipia, but a review of what is known of the overall archaeology of the fort is also included in the main text. The Supplementary Material (http://journals.cambridge.org/bri) contains a more detailed analysis of some of the other excavations together with various specialist reports.
First evidence that populations of the critically endangered Long-billed Vulture Gyps indicus in Pakistan have increased following the ban of the toxic veterinary drug diclofenac in south Asia
Authors: CHAUDHRY M. JAMSHED I. , OGADA DARCY L. , MALIK RIFFAT N. , VIRANI MUNIR Z. , GIOVANNI MATTHEW D. 
Published: October 2012

SummaryThe cliff-nesting Long-billed Vulture Gyps indicus is one of four critically endangered Asian Vultures. In India, this species has declined catastrophically, but in Pakistan only small population declines have been recorded. Mortality of this species has been linked to poisoning by veterinary diclofenac, which was banned throughout south Asia in 2006. Between 2003 and 2012 we measured abundance of adult, sub-adult, juvenile, and dead vultures, and nest occupancy and productivity at the largest known Long-billed Vulture colony in Pakistan. We compared population parameters from before (2003−2006) and after (2007−2012) the ban on veterinary diclofenac. Our data and models indicate that vulture abundance, nest occupancy, and nest productivity declined 61%, 73%, and 95%, respectively, in the three years before the diclofenac ban, and then increased 1–2 years after the ban by 55%, 52%, and 95%. Furthermore, we observed 87% of total vulture mortalities prior to the diclofenac ban. Our results demonstrate for the first time since the onset of the Asian vulture crisis that the ban on veterinary diclofenac is an effective management tool for reversing Long-billed Vulture population declines.
Validation of a Modified Medical Resource Model for Mass Gatherings
Authors: Smith Wayne P. , Tuffin Heather , Stratton Samuel J. , Wallis Lee A. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractIntroductionA modified Medical Resource Model to predict the medical resources required at mass gatherings based on the risk profile of events has been developed. This study was undertaken to validate this tool using data from events held in both a developed and a developing country.MethodsA retrospective study was conducted utilizing prospectively gathered data from individual events at Old Trafford Stadium in Manchester, United Kingdom, and Ellis Park Stadium, Johannesburg, South Africa. Both stadia are similar in design and spectator capacity. Data for Professional Football as well as Rugby League and Rugby Union (respectively) matches were used for the study. The medical resources predicted for the events were determined by entering the risk profile of each of the events into the Medical Resource Model. A recently developed South African tool was used to predetermine medical staffing for mass gatherings. For the study, the medical resources actually required to deal with the patient load for events within the control sample from the two stadia were compared with the number of needed resources predicted by the Medical Resource Model when that tool was applied retrospectively to the study events. The comparison was used to determine if the newly developed tool was either over- or under-predicting the resource requirements.ResultsIn the case of Ellis Park, the model under-predicted the basic life support (BLS) requirement for 1.5% of the events in the data set. Mean over-prediction was 209.1 minutes for BLS availability. Old Trafford displayed no events for which the Medical Resource Model would have under-predicted. The mean over-prediction of BLS availability for Old Trafford was 671.6 minutes. The intermediate life support (ILS) requirement for Ellis Park was under-predicted for seven of the total 66 events (10.6% of the events), all of which had one factor in common, that being relatively low spectator attendance numbers. Modelling for ILS at Old Trafford did not under-predict for any events. The ILS requirements showed a mean over-prediction of 161.4 minutes ILS availability for Ellis Park compared with 425.2 minutes for Old Trafford. Of the events held at Ellis Park, the Medical Resource Model under-predicted the ambulance requirement in 4.5% of the events. For Old Trafford events, the under-prediction was higher: 7.5% of cases.ConclusionThe medical resources that are deployed at a mass gathering should best match the requirement for patient care at a particular event. An important consideration for any model is that it does not continually under-predict the resources required in relation to the actual requirement. With the exception of a specific subset of events at Ellis Park, the rate of under-prediction for this model was acceptable.SmithWP, TuffinH, StrattonSJ, WallisLA. Validation of a modified medical resource model for mass gatherings. Prehosp Disaster Med.2013;28(1):1-7.
Forming coalitions to negotiate North–South climate agreements
Authors: Caparrós Alejandro , Péreau Jean-Christophe 
Published: October 2012

AbstractThis paper analyzes North-South negotiations over climate change abatement. We consider that northern countries have an incentive to negotiate over a transfer to the southern countries in exchange for their abatement efforts rather than reducing their emissions at home. We study the incentives for northern and southern countries to form negotiation-coalitions at each side of the bargaining table and the impact of these negotiation-coalitions on the final outcome. We show that the incentives can be separated into direct efficiency gains, as fixed costs savings, and indirect bargaining power gains. Depending on the relative values of these gains, we determine the equilibrium of the game. We also show that bargaining power gains encourage southern countries to negotiate separately while they encourage northern countries to unite, and that this hinders the formation of the grand coalition.
Attribution of direct ozone radiative forcing to spatially resolved emissions
Authors: Bowman K. , Henze D. K. 
Published: October 2012

Quantifying the dependence of ozone direct radiative forcing (DRF) on the mixture and spatial distribution of precursor emissions is a key step towards understanding the impact of air quality standards on climate. We use here a combination of satellite observations of ozone and its radiative effect in conjunction with an adjoint chemical transport model to determine the ozone DRF due to global, anthropogenic NOx, CO, and non‐methane hydrocarbons (NMHC) emissions regionally at 2° × 2.5° regions resolution. We show that 8% of the ozone DRF from the sum of all these emissions can be attributed to 15 regions, which are predominantly located in China and the United States (US). To achieve an equivalent reduction in ozone DRF, necessary emission reductions for each precursor vary intra‐continentally by a factor of 3–10 and globally by over an order of magnitude. The contribution of NOx emissions to ozone DRF relative to CO and NMHC emissions within individual regions varies globally by nearly a factor of two.
Minimum charge moment change in positive and negative cloud to ground lightning discharges producing sprites
Authors: Qin Jianqi , Celestin Sebastien , Pasko Victor P. 
Published: October 2012

Measurements indicate that surprisingly small charge moment changes of ∼200 C km in positive cloud‐to‐ground lightning discharges (+CGs) can initiate middle atmospheric gas discharges termed sprites. In the present work a plasma fluid model is used to demonstrate that for spherically symmetric initial electron density inhomogeneities, the initiation of sprites by such small charge moment changes is only possible when the ionospheric D‐region electron density profile is characterized by a reference altitudeh′ greater than 90 km. Vertically elongated inhomogeneities are found to be more favorable for sprite initiation, which is consistent with recently published studies. It is calculated that for the same ionospheric conditions (i.e., inhomogeneities and h′ values) that lead to initiation of sprites by +CGs associated with ∼200 C km charge moment changes, the minimum charge moment change required for initiation of sprites by −CGs is 300 C km.