bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Overexpression of ubiquitin‐like LpHUB1 gene confers drought tolerance in perennial ryegrass
Authors: Patel Minesh , Milla‐Lewis Susana , Zhang Wanjun , Templeton Kerry , Reynolds William C. , Richardson Kim , Biswas Margaret , Zuleta Maria C. , Dewey Ralph E. , Qu Rongda , Sathish Puthigae 
Published: December 2014

SummaryHUB1, also known as Ubl5, is a member of the subfamily of ubiquitin‐like post‐translational modifiers. HUB1 exerts its role by conjugating with protein targets. The function of this protein has not been studied in plants. A HUB1 gene, LpHUB1, was identified from serial analysis of gene expression data and cloned from perennial ryegrass. The expression of this gene was reported previously to be elevated in pastures during the summer and by drought stress in climate‐controlled growth chambers. Here, pasture‐type and turf‐type transgenic perennial ryegrass plants overexpressing LpHUB1 showed improved drought tolerance, as evidenced by improved turf quality, maintenance of turgor and increased growth. Additional analyses revealed that the transgenic plants generally displayed higher relative water content, leaf water potential, and chlorophyll content and increased photosynthetic rate when subjected to drought stress. These results suggest HUB1 may play an important role in the tolerance of perennial ryegrass to abiotic stresses.
Geach's Three Most Inspiring Errors Concerning Medieval Logic
Authors: Klima Gyula 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThis paper analyses the import of three claims extracted from Geach's works concerning (i) theories of predication and the reference of common terms, (ii) the notions of being or existence, and (iii) the force/content distinction and theories of valid inference, respectively. The paper highlights the theoretical and historical errors involved in these claims as well as their enormous influence and inspiration in the field of the philosophical study of medieval logic and metaphysics.
Evaluation of Nursing Interventions Designed to Impact Knowledge, Behaviors, and Health Outcomes for Rural African‐Americans: An Integrative Review
Authors: Abbott Laurie S. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractObjectiveThe purpose of this review is to evaluate published nursing research reports of effective health promotion strategies for preventing cardiovascular disease, cancer and stroke among rural African Americans.Design and SampleA review of the nursing literature was conducted to select intervention studies published within the past decade (2004‐2014). An integrative review method was adapted to evaluate, analyze, and synthesize the nursing research articles that met the inclusion criteria.ResultsData evaluation encompassed displaying the data in a literature matrix for the appraisal of research components employed in the studies. The major intervention strategies reported in the health promotion studies were reduced, displayed in tables, and synthesized. The resultant comparison of the studies can potentially guide nurse researchers in designing health promotion interventions targeting rural African Americans.DiscussionPublic health nurses are uniquely qualified to assist in the national goals of eliminating health disparities for population groups at risk for poor health outcomes by the development and implementation of evidence‐based health promotion interventions. Assisting healthy individuals within community settings reduce risk factors for cardiovascular disease and cancer can potentially decrease mortality rates associated with these diseases and improve health equity for disadvantaged populations.
Effects of Substituents on Synthetic Analogs of Chlorophylls. Part 4: How Formyl Group Location Dictates the Spectral Properties of Chlorophylls b, d and f
Authors: Yuen Jonathan M. , Harris Michelle A. , Liu Mengran , Diers James R. , Kirmaier Christine , Bocian David F. , Lindsey Jonathan S. , Holten Dewey 
Published: December 2014

AbstractPhotosynthetic organisms are adapted to light characteristics in their habitat in part via the spectral characteristics of the associated chlorophyll pigments, which differ in the position of a formyl group around the chlorin macrocycle (chlorophylls b, d, f) or no formyl group (chlorophyll a). To probe the origin of this spectral tuning, the photophysical and electronic structural properties of a new set of synthetic chlorins are reported. The zinc and free base chlorins have a formyl group at either the 2‐ or 3‐position. The four compounds have fluorescence yields in the range 0.19–0.28 and singlet excited‐state lifetimes of ca 4 ns for zinc chelates and ca 8 ns for the free base forms. The photophysical properties of the 2‐ and 3‐formyl zinc chlorins are similar to those observed previously for 13‐formyl or 3,13‐diformyl chlorins, but differ markedly from those for 7‐formyl analogs. Molecular‐orbital characteristics obtained from density functional theory (DFT) calculations were used as input to spectral simulations employing the four‐orbital model. The analysis has uncovered the key changes in electronic structure engendered by the presence/location of a formyl group at various macrocycle positions, which is relevant to understanding the distinct spectral properties of the natural chlorophylls a, b, d and f.
Germination sensitivities to water potential among co‐existing C3 and C4 grasses of cool semi‐arid prairie grasslands
Authors: Mollard F. P. O. , Naeth M. A. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractAn untested theory states that C4 grass seeds could germinate under lower water potentials (Ψ) than C3 grass seeds. We used hydrotime modelling to study seed water relations of C4 and C3 Canadian prairie grasses to address Ψ divergent sensitivities and germination strategies along a risk‐spreading continuum of responses to limited water. C4 grasses were Bouteloua gracilis, Calamovilfa longifolia and Schizachyrium scoparium; C3 grasses were Bromus carinatus, Elymus trachycaulus, Festuca hallii and Koeleria macrantha. Hydrotime parameters were obtained after incubation of non‐dormant seeds under different Ψ PEG 6000 solutions. A t‐test between C3 and C4 grasses did not find statistical differences in population mean base Ψ (Ψb(50)). We found idiosyncratic responses of C4 grasses along the risk‐spreading continuum. B. gracilis showed a risk‐taker strategy of a species able to quickly germinate in a dry soil due to its low Ψb(50) and hydrotime (θH). The high Ψb(50) of S. scoparium indicates it follows the risk‐averse strategy so it can only germinate in wet soils. C. longifolia showed an intermediate strategy: the lowest Ψb(50) yet the highest θH. K. macrantha, a C3 grass which thrives in dry habitats, had the highest Ψb(50), suggesting a risk‐averse strategy for a C3 species. Other C3 species showed intermediate germination patterns in response to Ψ relative to C4 species. Our results indicate that grasses display germination sensitivities to Ψ across the risk‐spreading continuum of responses. Thus seed water relations may be poor predictors to explain differential recruitment and distribution of C3 and C4 grasses in the Canadian prairies.
Predicting Political Influence on State Ethics Commissions: Of Course We Are Ethical—Nudge Nudge, Wink Wink
Authors: Rauh Jonathan 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThis article explores the ability of elected officials to affect the autonomy of state ethics commissions. The author examines autonomy as a function of the capacity of ethics commissions to control their finances and personnel decisions and how the presence or absence of that capacity affects whether bureaucratic structures can function independently of politics. Using data from the 2011 State Integrity Investigation, the analysis extends previous arguments concerning political actors’ desire to affect ethics commissions. Findings suggest that elected officials use their positions to control the makeup of commission leadership and financial resources, with the goal of decreasing commissions’ ability to act autonomously.
The Choice of Dialysate Sodium is Influenced by Hemodialysis Frequency and Duration: What Should It Be and For What Modality?
Authors: Thomson Benjamin K. A. , Huang Shih‐Han S. , Lindsay Robert M. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractCardiovascular disease is the leading cause of mortality in hemodialysis patients. A chronic state of volume and pressure overload contributes, and central to this is the net sodium balance over the course of a hemodialysis. Of recent interest is the contribution of the dialysate sodium concentration (Dial‐Na+) to clinical outcomes. Abundant evidence confirms that in thrice‐weekly conventional hemodialysis, higher Dial‐Na+ associates with increased intradialytic weight gain, blood pressure, and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. On the other hand, low Dial‐Na+ associates with intradialytic hypotension in the same patient population. However, the effect of Dial‐Na+ in short hours daily hemodialysis (SHD; often referred to as “quotidian” dialysis), or nocturnal dialysis (FHND) is less well studied. Increased frequency and duration of exposure to a diffusive sodium gradient modulate the way in which DPNa+ alters interdialytic weight gain, predialysis blood pressure, and intradialytic change in blood pressure. Furthermore, increased dialysis frequency appears to decrease the predialysis plasma sodium setpoint (SP), which is considered stable in conventional thrice‐weekly patients. This review discusses criteria to determine optimal Dial‐Na+ in conventional, SHD and FHND patients, and identifies areas for future research.
US Wage Inequality and Low‐Wage Import Competition
Authors: Rigby David , Kemeny Tom , Cooke Abigail 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThis paper revisits the link between trade and wage inequality motivated by two changes in the structure of trade. First, trade today is shaped as much by the exchange of components as finished goods. Second, low‐wage country imports into advanced economies like the US have risen dramatically since the early 1990s. We pay special attention to the timing of trade impacts. Consistent with prior work, technological change is confirmed as the key driver of inequality before 1990. After 1990 the growth of wage inequality is primarily a consequence of rising import competition from low‐wage economies. We account for the growing fragmentation of production using a panel model focusing on within rather than between‐industry shifts in inequality. Lags of key variables are used as instruments, and our results appear robust to broad concerns with endogeneity and to different measures of skill‐biased technological change.
Chronic wound repair and healing in older adults: Current status and future research
Authors: Gould Lisa , Abadir Peter , Brem Harold , Carter Marissa , Conner‐Kerr Teresa , Davidson Jeff , DiPietro Luisa , Falanga Vincent , Fife Caroline , Gardner Sue , Grice Elizabeth , Harmon John , Hazzard William R. , High Kevin P. , Houghton Pamela , Jacobson Nasreen , Kirsner Robert S. , Kovacs Elizabeth J. , Margolis David , McFarland Horne Frances , Reed May J. , Sullivan Dennis H. , Thom Stephen , Tomic‐Canic Marjana , Walston Jeremy , Whitney JoAnne , Williams John , Zieman Susan , Schmader Kenneth 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThe incidence of chronic wounds is increased among older adults, and the impact of chronic wounds on quality of life is particularly profound in this population. It is well established that wound healing slows with age. However, the basic biology underlying chronic wounds and the influence of age‐associated changes on wound healing are poorly understood. Most studies have used in vitro approaches and various animal models, but observed changes translate poorly to human healing conditions. The impact of age and accompanying multi‐morbidity on the effectiveness of existing and emerging treatment approaches for chronic wounds is also unknown, and older adults tend to be excluded from randomized clinical trials. Poorly defined outcomes and variables, lack of standardization in data collection, and variations in the definition, measurement, and treatment of wounds also hamper clinical studies. The Association of Specialty Professors, in conjunction with the National Institute on Aging and the Wound Healing Society, held a workshop, summarized in this paper, to explore the current state of knowledge and research challenges, engage investigators across disciplines, and identify key research questions to guide future study of age‐associated changes in chronic wound healing.
Enhancing Low Temperature Combustion With Biodiesel Blending in a Diesel Engine at a Medium Load Condition
Authors: Lee Sunyoup , Oh Seungmook , Kim Junghwan , Kim Duksang 
Published: December 2014

The present study investigated the effects of biodiesel blending under a wide range of intake oxygen concentration levels in a diesel engine. This study attempted to identify the lowest biodiesel blending rate that achieves acceptable levels of nitric oxides (NOx), soot, and coefficient of variation in the indicated mean effective pressure (COVIMEP). Biodiesel blending was to be minimized in order to reduce the fuel penalty associated with the biodiesels lower caloric value. Engine experiments were performed in a 1-liter single-cylinder diesel engine at an engine speed of 1400 rev/min under a medium load condition. The blend rate and intake oxygen concentration were varied independently of each other at a constant intake pressure of 200 kPa. The biodiesel blend rate varied from 0% (B000) to 100% biodiesel (B100) at a 20% increment. The intake oxygen level was adjusted from 8 to 19% by volume (vol %) in order to embrace both conventional and low-temperature combustion (LTC) operations. A fixed injection duration of 788 μs at a fuel rail pressure of 160 MPa exhibited a gross indicated mean effective pressure (IMEP) between 750 kPa and 910 kPa, depending on the intake oxygen concentration.
The experimental results indicated that the intake oxygen level had to be below 10 vol% to achieve the indicated specific NOx (ISNOx) below 0.2g/kWhr with the B000 fuel. However, a substantial soot increase was exhibited at such a low intake oxygen level. Biodiesel blending reduced NOx until the blending rate reached 60% with reduced in-cylinder temperature due to lower total energy release. As a result, 60%-biodiesel blended diesel (B060) achieved NOx, soot, and COVIMEP of 0.2 g/kWhr, 0.37 filter smoke number (FSN), and 0.5, respectively, at an intake oxygen concentration of 14 vol%. The corresponding indicated thermal efficiency was 43.2%.
Fundamental Explorations of Spring-Varied, Free Piston Linear Engine Devices
Authors: Robinson Matthew C. , Clark Nigel N. 
Published: December 2014

The conventional crank-based internal combustion engine faces many challenges to remain a viable option for electric power generation. Limitations in mechanical, thermal, and combustion efficiencies must be overcome by innovations in existing technologies and progress towards new ones. The free piston linear engine (FPLE) is a device with the potential to meet these challenges. Friction losses are reduced by avoiding rotational motion and linkages. Instead, electrical power is generated by the oscillation of the translator through a stator. Meanwhile, naturally variable compression ratio provides a unique platform to employ advanced combustion regimes. Possibly high variations in stroke length also result in unknown dead center piston positions and greater difficulties in compression control as compared to conventional engines. Without control, adverse occurrences such as misfire, stall, over-fueling, and rapid load changes pose greater complications for stable system operation. Based on previous research, it is believed that incorporating springs will advance former designs by both increasing system frequency and providing a restoring force to improve cycle-to-cycle stability.
Despite growing interest in the FPLE, current literature does not address the use of springs within a dual, opposed piston design. This investigation is an extension of recent efforts in the fundamental analysis of such a device. Previous work by the authors combined the dynamics of a damped, spring mass system with in-cylinder thermodynamic expressions to produce a closed-form non-dimensional model. Simulations of this model were used to describe ideal Otto cycle as the equilibrium operating point. The present work demonstrates more realistic modelling of the device in three distinct areas. In the previous model, the work term was a constant coefficient over the length of the stroke, instantaneous heat addition (representing combustion) was only seen at top dead center positions, and the use of the Otto cycle included no mechanism for heat transfer except at dead center positions. Instead, a position based sinusoid is employed for the work coefficient causing changes to the velocity and acceleration profiles. Instantaneous heat addition prior to top dead center is allowed causing the compression ratio to decrease towards stable, Otto operation. And, a simple heat transfer scheme is used to permit cylinder gas heat exchange throughout the stroke resulting in deviation from Otto operation. Regardless, simulations show that natural system stability arises under the right conditions. Highest efficiencies are achieved at a high compression ratio with minimal heat transfer and near-TDC combustion.
CFD Analysis of the Scavenging Process in Marine Two-Stroke Diesel Engines
Authors: Andersen Fredrik H. , Hult Johan , Nogenmyr Karl-Johan , Mayer Stefan 
Published: December 2014

The scavenging process is an integral part of any two-stroke internal combustion engine regardless of being spark ignited (SI) or compression ignited (CI). The scavenging process is responsible for replacing the burned gas from the combustion process from the previous working stroke with fresh air/charge before the subsequent compression stroke. This implies that the scavenging process is integral to engine performance as it influence the initial condition for the combustion process, thus affecting the fuel economy, power output and emission of hazardous gases.
Two-stroke diesel engines for marine propulsion normally operates by the uniflow scavenging method, where the scavenge air enters the cylinder via inlet ports located near the bottom dead center and exits through one or several exhaust valves located in the cylinder head. This arrangement concentrates the airflow in one direction through the cylinder thus giving the method its name. The inlet ports are angled with respect to the local radius which will introduce a tangential velocity component to the air flow. The air moves axially through the cylinder in a swirling motion that favors mixing of fuel and air as the injected fuel is transported with the swirling air in the combustion chamber during fuel injection.
A known characteristic of swirling flows is an adverse pressure gradient in the center of the rotating flow which might lead to a local deficit in axial velocity and the formation of central recirculation zones, known as vortex breakdown. Optimal scavenging is achieved when the gas exchange is done by displacement, the local deficit in axial velocity will increase the mixing of burned gas and scavenge air thus decreasing the amount of pure displacement.
Effect of Renewable Diesel and Jet Blending Components on Combustion and Emissions Performance of a HCCI Engine
Authors: Guo Hongsheng , Neill W. Stuart , Chippior Wally , Gieleciak Rafal 
Published: December 2014

Renewable diesel and jet blending components may be produced by hydrotreating waste fats and vegetable oils. The resulting hydrocarbon components are paraffinic in nature and free of sulfur and aromatics. An isomerization process may follow to improve the cold weather properties. The main differences between renewable diesel and jet blending components is that the jet blending components are more volatile, have a lower cetane number and a much lower cloud point. In this study, different percentages of hydrotreated renewable diesel and jet components were blended into an ultra-low sulfur diesel (ULSD) fuel and their effect on homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) combustion and emissions performance was investigated.
The experiments were conducted using a Co-operative Fuel Research (CFR) engine coupled to an eddy-current dynamometer. The percentage of renewable blending components was varied from 0 to 100%. HCCI combustion and emissions data was collected at a single relative air/fuel ratio (λ) = 1.2 and engine speeds of 900 and 1200 rpm for each fuel blend. The experimental results indicate that the renewable diesel and jet blending components increased the heat release during low temperature stage and reduced the auto-ignition temperature compared to the ULSD fuel, which tended to advance the combustion phasing at a fixed compression ratio. The thermal efficiency was not significantly affected by renewable jet and diesel blends up to 10% by volume, but the renewable jet improved the thermal efficiency while the renewable diesel blends deteriorated thermal efficiency for higher percentage blends. The renewable jet fuel component improved unburned hydrocarbon (HC) emissions, but the renewable diesel component did not have a significant effect on HC emissions. Both renewable fuel components reduced CO emissions at a fixed compression ratio, but there was not a clear trend for CO emissions at the optimal thermal efficiency condition when renewable components were blended with the ULSD fuel. The NOx emissions were extremely low and did not show a clear trend as the percentage of renewable blending components increased.
Diesel and Compressed Natural Gas Dual Fuel Engine Operating Envelope for Heavy Duty Application
Authors: de Tablan Andrew 
Published: December 2014

The abundance of natural gas in the United States and low price relative to diesel fuel has generated interest in dual fuel engines where natural gas is substituted for diesel fuel. The factors limiting the natural gas (NG) substitution rates are: minimum diesel injector pulse width, cycle-to-cycle variation in net indicated mean effective pressure (NIMEP), engine knock, peak cylinder pressure, compression ratio, boost pressure and lean air/fuel limits leading to misfire among others.
The objective of this study was to explore the highest natural gas substitution for a commercially available heavy duty diesel engine for several of the 13 Mode European Stationary Cycle (ESC) and US EPA Supplementary Emissions Tests (SET) speeds and loads while maintaining acceptable engine performance levels. A heavy duty 2012 Navistar MaxxForce 13® engine was retrofitted to accommodate dual-fuel operation. The engine was operated over several different speeds and loads to determine the possible NG substitution rates at different diesel injection timings, diesel injection pressures and equivalence ratios, while maintaining combustion phasing.
The data showed that dual fuel operation at high NG percentages was stable over several speeds and loads with brake thermal efficiencies comparable to 100% diesel operation. The introduction of NG generally demonstrated reductions in peak cylinder pressure and cylinder pressure rise rate at a given speed and load point. Increases in hydrocarbon and greenhouse gas emissions and a decrease in nitrogen oxides were observed during dual-fuel operation.