bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of pond salinization on survival rate of amphibian hosts infected with the chytrid fungus
Authors: Stockwell Michelle Pirrie , Storrie Lachlan James , Pollard Carla Jean , Clulow John , Mahony Michael Joseph 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThe chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis has been implicated in the decline and extinction of amphibian populations worldwide, but management options are limited. Recent studies show that sodium chloride (NaCl) has fungicidal properties that reduce the mortality rates of infected hosts in captivity. We investigated whether similar results can be obtained by adding salt to water bodies in the field. We increased the salinity of 8 water bodies to 2 or 4 ppt and left an additional 4 water bodies with close to 0 ppt and monitored salinity for 18 months. Captively bred tadpoles of green and golden bell frog (Litoria aurea) were released into each water body and their development, levels of B. dendrobatidis infection, and survival were monitored at 1, 4, and 12 months. The effect of salt on the abundance of nontarget organisms was also investigated in before and after style analyses. Salinities remained constant over time with little intervention. Hosts in water bodies with 4 ppt salt had a significantly lower prevalence of chytrid infection and higher survival, following metamorphosis, than hosts in 0 ppt salt. Tadpoles in the 4 ppt group were smaller in length after 1 month in the release site than those in the 0 and 2 ppt groups, but after metamorphosis body size in all water bodies was similar . In water bodies with 4 ppt salt, the abundance of dwarf tree frogs (Litoria fallax), dragonfly larvae, and damselfly larvae was lower than in water bodies with 0 and 2 ppt salt, which could have knock‐on effects for community structure. Based on our results, salt may be an effective field‐based B. dendrobatidis mitigation tool for lentic amphibians that could contribute to the conservation of numerous susceptible species. However, as in all conservation efforts, these benefits need to be weighed against negative effects on both target and nontarget organisms.
High‐dose erythropoietin for tissue protection
Authors: Lund Anton , Lundby Carsten , Olsen Niels V. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractBackgroundThe discovery of potential anti‐apoptotic and cytoprotective effects of recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEPO) has led to clinical trials investigating the use of high‐dose, short‐term rHuEPO therapy for tissue protection in conditions such as stroke and myocardial infarction. Experimental studies have been favourable, but the clinical efficacy has yet to be validated.Materials and methodsWe have reviewed clinical studies regarding the use of high‐dose, short‐term rHuEPO therapy for tissue protection in humans with the purpose to detail the safety and efficacy of rHuEPO for this indication. A systematic literature search was performed using the PubMed/MEDLINE database for randomized, placebo‐controlled clinical trials.ResultsTwenty‐six randomized controlled trials that enrolled 3176 patients were included. The majority of trials (20 trials including 2724 patients) reported no effect of rHuEPO therapy on measures of tissue protection. Five trials including 1025 patients reported safety concerns in the form of increased mortality or adverse event rates. No studies reported reduced mortality.ConclusionsEvidence is sparse to support a tissue‐protective benefit of rHuEPO in humans. Moreover, a number of studies indicate that short‐term administration of high‐dose rHuEPO is associated with an increased risk of mortality and serious adverse events. Further work is needed to elucidate the mechanisms of toxicity of rHuEPO in humans.
Niche partitioning and niche filtering jointly mediate the coexistence of three closely related spider species (Araneae, Philodromidae)
Authors: MICHALKO RADEK , PEKÁR STANO 
Published: October 2014

1. Several mechanisms can mediate the coexistence of species, such as the neutral dynamic, niche filtering and niche partitioning. The present study investigated which of these mechanisms mediate the coexistence of closely related spider species at the scale of one locality.2. The coexistence of three spider species of the genus Philodromus (Philodromidae) (Philodromus albidus, Philodromus aureolus and Philodromus cespitum) was studied. The study area comprised three habitat types, including a deciduous forest, a scrub and a plum tree stand. The spatial niche properties of the Philodromus species were explored by comparing their micro/macrohabitat preferences. The natural diet of these species was analysed. Laboratory experiments involving prey acceptance were conducted to investigate the trophic niche properties. The species' phenologies were studied to compare their temporal niches.3. The philodromids had differentiated their trophic and habitat niches. The coexistence mechanisms were therefore assessed by studying the relationships between niche overlaps and the pairwise product of relative abundances. A negative relationship was observed between functional niche overlaps and the product of relative abundances, whereas a positive relationship was observed between spatial niche overlaps and the product of relative abundances.4. The present results suggest that different mechanisms influence different niche dimensions. Niche partitioning influenced functional niches, whereas niche filtering influenced spatial niches. The results also suggest that the filtering process in one dimension was facilitated by niche differentiation in another dimension.
Potential population and assemblage influences of non‐native trout on native nongame fish in Nebraska headwater streams
Authors: Turek Kelly C. , Pegg Mark A. , Pope Kevin L. , Schainost Steve 
Published: October 2014

AbstractNon‐native trout are currently stocked to support recreational fisheries in headwater streams throughout Nebraska. The influence of non‐native trout introductions on native fish populations and their role in structuring fish assemblages in these systems is unknown. The objectives of this study were to determine (i) if the size structure or relative abundance of native fish differs in the presence and absence of non‐native trout, (ii) if native fish‐assemblage structure differs in the presence and absence of non‐native trout and (iii) if native fish‐assemblage structure differs across a gradient in abundances of non‐native trout. Longnose dace Rhinichthys cataractae were larger in the presence of brown trout Salmo trutta and smaller in the presence of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss compared to sites without trout. There was also a greater proportion of larger white suckers Catostomus commersonii in the presence of brown trout. Creek chub Semotilus atromaculatus and fathead minnow Pimephales promelas size structures were similar in the presence and absence of trout. Relative abundances of longnose dace, white sucker, creek chub and fathead minnow were similar in the presence and absence of trout, but there was greater distinction in native fish‐assemblage structure between sites with trout compared to sites without trout as trout abundances increased. These results suggest increased risk to native fish assemblages in sites with high abundances of trout. However, more research is needed to determine the role of non‐native trout in structuring native fish assemblages in streams, and the mechanisms through which introduced trout may influence native fish populations.
Upregulation of Syndecan‐1 in the bone marrow microenvironment in multiple myeloma is associated with angiogenesis
Authors: Andersen Niels F. , Kristensen Ida B. , Preiss Birgitte S. , Christensen Jacob H. , Abildgaard Niels 
Published: October 2014

AbstractObjectivesSyndecan‐1 (SDC1), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and interleukin‐6 (IL6) are expressed by malignant plasma cells and cells in the bone marrow microenvironment and may be involved in the angiogenic process in multiple myeloma (MM).MethodsIn this study, we examined the association between bone marrow angiogenesis estimated as micro‐vessel density (MVD) and gene expression of SDC1, HGF, VEGF and IL6 in whole bone marrow biopsies from healthy volunteers (n = 10), patients with monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) (n = 35) and MM (n = 65).ResultsMVD was significantly higher in patients with MM than MGUS (P = 0.03) and was positively correlated with plasma cell percentage (P = 0.002). SDC1 gene expression increased with increasing MVD in patients with MGUS and MM (P < 0.001). A positive correlation between bone marrow plasma cell percentage and SDC1 gene expression was detected in patients with MM (P < 0.001). Importantly, after adjustment for plasma cell percentage, the association between MVD and SDC1 gene expression remained significant (P = 0.026). No association between bone marrow angiogenesis and gene expression of HGF, VEGF and IL6 was seen.ConclusionOur study indicates that SDC1 expressed by the bone marrow microenvironment is involved in angiogenesis in MM.
Intracranial electroencephalography power and phase synchronization changes during monaural and binaural beat stimulation
Authors: Becher Ann‐Katrin , Höhne Marlene , Axmacher Nikolai , Chaieb Leila , Elger Christian E. , Fell Juergen 
Published: October 2014

AbstractAuditory stimulation with monaural or binaural auditory beats (i.e. sine waves with nearby frequencies presented either to both ears or to each ear separately) represents a non‐invasive approach to influence electrical brain activity. It is still unclear exactly which brain sites are affected by beat stimulation. In particular, an impact of beat stimulation on mediotemporal brain areas could possibly provide new options for memory enhancement or seizure control. Therefore, we examined how electroencephalography (EEG) power and phase synchronization are modulated by auditory stimulation with beat frequencies corresponding to dominant EEG rhythms based on intracranial recordings in presurgical epilepsy patients. Monaural and binaural beat stimuli with beat frequencies of 5, 10, 40 and 80 Hz and non‐superposed control signals were administered with low amplitudes (60 dB SPL) and for short durations (5 s). EEG power was intracranially recorded from mediotemporal, temporo‐basal and temporo‐lateral and surface sites. Evoked and total EEG power and phase synchronization during beat vs. control stimulation were compared by the use of Bonferroni‐corrected non‐parametric label‐permutation tests. We found that power and phase synchronization were significantly modulated by beat stimulation not only at temporo‐basal, temporo‐lateral and surface sites, but also at mediotemporal sites. Generally, more significant decreases than increases were observed. The most prominent power increases were seen after stimulation with monaural 40‐Hz beats. The most pronounced power and synchronization decreases resulted from stimulation with monaural 5‐Hz and binaural 80‐Hz beats. Our results suggest that beat stimulation offers a non‐invasive approach for the modulation of intracranial EEG characteristics.
Activity‐dependent modulation of the axonal conduction of action potentials along rat hippocampal mossy fibers
Authors: Chida Kuniaki , Kaneko Kenya , Fujii Satoshi , Yamazaki Yoshihiko 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThe axonal conduction of action potentials in the nervous system is generally considered to be a stable signal for the relaying of information, and its dysfunction is involved in impairment of cognitive function. Recent evidence suggests that the conduction properties and excitability of axons are more variable than traditionally thought. To investigate possible changes in the conduction of action potentials along axons in the central nervous system, we recorded action potentials from granule cells that were evoked and conducted antidromically along unmyelinated mossy fibers in the rat hippocampus. To evaluate changes in axons by eliminating any involvement of changes in the somata, two latency values were obtained by stimulating at two different positions and the latency difference between the action potentials was measured. A conditioning electrical stimulus of 20 pulses at 1 Hz increased the latency difference and this effect, which lasted for approximately 30 s, was inhibited by the application of an α‐amino‐3‐hydroxy‐5‐methylisoxazole‐4‐propionate (AMPA)/kainate receptor antagonist or a GluK1‐containing kainate receptor antagonist, but not by an AMPA receptor‐selective antagonist or an N‐methyl‐d‐aspartate receptor antagonist. These results indicated that axonal conduction in mossy fibers is modulated in an activity‐dependent manner through the activation of GluK1‐containing kainate receptors. These dynamic changes in axonal conduction may contribute to the physiology and pathophysiology of the brain.
Impact of proteinuria and glomerular filtration rate on risk of ischaemic and intracerebral hemorrhagic stroke: a result from the Kailuan study
Authors: Li Z. , Wang A. , Cai J. , Gao X. , Zhou Y. , Luo Y. , Wu S. , Zhao X. 
Published: October 2014

Background and purposePersons with chronic kidney disease, defined by a reduced estimated glomerular filtration rate and proteinuria, have an increased risk of cardiovascular disease including stroke. However, data from developing countries are limited. Our aim was to assess the relationship between chronic kidney disease and risk of stroke and its subtypes in a community‐based population in China.MethodsThe study was based on 92 013 participants (18–98 years old; 73 248 men and 18 765 women) of the Kailuan study who at baseline were free from stroke and myocardial infarction and had undergone tests for serum creatinine or proteinuria. Glomerular filtration rate was estimated using the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration formula and proteinuria by the urine dipstick result in laboratory databases. The primary outcome was the first occurrence of stroke. Data were analyzed using Cox proportional hazards models adjusted for relevant confounders and results are presented as hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs).ResultsDuring a follow‐up of 4 years, 1575 stroke events (1128 ischaemic, 406 intracerebral hemorrhagic and 41 subarachnoid hemorrhagic strokes) occurred. After adjustment for variable confounders, patients with proteinuria were found to have increased HRs for the total and subtypes of stroke events (HR 1.61; 95% CI 1.35–1.92 for total stroke; HR 1.53; 95% CI 1.24–1.89 for ischaemic stroke; and HR 1.90; 95% CI 1.35–2.67 for hemorrhagic stroke). However, estimated glomerular filtration rate was not associated with incident stroke after adjustment for established cardiovascular risk factors.ConclusionsProteinuria increased the risk of stroke in a general Chinese population.
Traditional Chinese patent medicine for prophylactic treatment of migraine: a meta‐analysis of randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trials
Authors: Xiao Y. , Yuan L. , Liu Y. , Sun X. , Cheng J. , Wang T. , Li F. , Luo R. , Zhao X. 
Published: October 2014

Background and purposeA large number of traditional Chinese patent medicines (TCPMs) are widely used to treat migraine in China. However, it is uncertain whether there is robust evidence on the effects of TCPMs for migraine. A meta‐analysis of randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trials was performed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of TCPMs in patients with migraine.MethodsComprehensive searches were conducted on the Medline database, Cochrane Library, the China National Knowledge Infrastructure database, the Chinese Biomedical Literature database and the Wanfang database up to December 2013. Summary estimates, including 95% confidence intervals (CIs), were calculated for frequency of migraine attacks, response rate and headache intensity.ResultsA total of seven trials including 582 participants with migraine met the selection criteria. TCPM was significantly more likely to reduce the frequency of migraine attacks compared with placebo (standardized mean difference −0.54; 95% CI −0.72, −0.36; P < 0.001). TCPM was associated with an improvement of response rate compared with placebo (summary relative risk 4.63, 95% CI 2.74, 7.80, P < 0.001; therapeutic gain 24.1%; number needed to treat 4.1). Headache intensity was attenuated by TCPM compared with placebo (standardized mean difference −1.33; 95% CI −1.79, −0.87; P < 0.001). The adverse events of TCPM were no different from those of placebo.ConclusionTCPMs are effective and well tolerated in the prophylactic treatment of migraine.
Modeling the effects of commonly used drugs on human metabolism
Authors: Sahoo Swagatika , Haraldsdóttir Hulda S. , Fleming Ronan M. T. , Thiele Ines 
Published: October 2014

Metabolism contributes significantly to the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of a drug. In addition, diet and genetics have a profound effect on cellular metabolism with respect to both health and disease. In the present study, we assembled a comprehensive, literature‐based drug metabolic reconstruction of the 18 most highly prescribed drug groups, including statins, anti‐hypertensives, immunosuppressants and analgesics. This reconstruction captures in detail our current understanding of their absorption, intracellular distribution, metabolism and elimination. We combined this drug module with the most comprehensive reconstruction of human metabolism, Recon 2, yielding Recon2_DM1796, which accounts for 2803 metabolites and 8161 reactions. By defining 50 specific drug objectives that captured the overall drug metabolism of these compounds, we investigated the effects of dietary composition and inherited metabolic disorders on drug metabolism and drug–drug interactions. Our main findings include: (a) a shift in dietary patterns significantly affects statins and acetaminophen metabolism; (b) disturbed statin metabolism contributes to the clinical phenotype of mitochondrial energy disorders; and (c) the interaction between statins and cyclosporine can be explained by several common metabolic and transport pathways other than the previously established CYP3A4 connection. This work holds the potential for studying adverse drug reactions and designing patient‐specific therapies.
Fisheries resource management of the daggertooth pike conger, Muraenesox cinereus, using existing limited datasets in the western Seto Inland Sea, Japan
Authors: Watari S. , Murata M. , Baba T. , Oda S. , Ishitani M. , Mishiro K. , Uchida Y. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThe daggertooth pike conger, Muraenesox cinereus (Forsskål), has become an important fish resource in the western Seto Inland Sea, Japan, since the 1990s. However, introducing sustainable fisheries resource management for this species is difficult in this region because stock assessments have not been performed, and official fisheries statistics for this stock were discontinued after 2007. This study used existing limited data sets to compile the first report for fisheries resource management for this M. cinereus stock. Yield‐per‐recruit analyses showed that increasing fishing pressure above current levels would provide only a minimal increase in expected catch levels. Hence, the current harvest level is considered to represent the upper limit of fishing pressure. Age composition in a given year could potentially be used to forecast landing abundance for the following 2 years. This study provides a basis for establishing effective fisheries resource management strategies for M. cinereus.
Tailoring codend mesh size to improve the size selectivity of undifferentiated trawl species
Authors: Hunt D. E. , Maynard D. L. , Gaston T. F. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractTiger flathead, Neoplatycephalus richardsoni (Castelnau), and sand flathead, Platycephalus bassensis Cuvier, are undifferentiated and managed with a common legal minimum length (LML). The Commonwealth Trawl Sector (CTS) and the Tasmanian Danish‐seine fishery (TDSF) use a minimum codend mesh sizes of 90 and 70 mm, respectively. The codend mesh size should be tailored to the LML, which is based on the length of first maturity of females (M50). This study found the length–girth relationship of N. richardsoni and P. bassensis was not significantly different. Using the covered codend method, these two species had 50% retention lengths (L50) of 294 ± 2 and 307 ± 3 mm, in 70‐mm and 90‐mm codends, respectively. L50 estimates for mesh sizes from this study and others produced a curvilinear relationship: y = 120 ln(x) − 214, with an r2 of 0.8504. The size at maturity (M50) for female N. richardsoni was 337 mm, which is larger than the estimate for female P. bassensis (247 mm). There is a mismatch between the estimates of L50, the estimates of M50 and the LMLs in each fishery, leading to suboptimal exploitation of female Platycephalus. The model produced in this paper recommends a codend mesh size of 98 mm for both fisheries to exploit Platycephalus species sustainably.
Deep‐water microbialites of the Mesoproterozoic Dismal Lakes Group: microbial growth, lithification, and implications for coniform stromatolites
Authors: Bartley J. K. , Kah L. C. , Frank T. D. , Lyons T. W. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractOffshore facies of the Mesoproterozoic Sulky Formation, Dismal Lakes Group, arctic Canada, preserve microbialites with unusual morphology. These microbialites grew in water depths greater than several tens of meters and correlate with high‐relief conical stromatolites of the more proximal September Lake reef complex. The gross morphology of these microbial facies consists of ridge‐like vertical supports draped by concave‐upward, subhorizontal elements, resulting in tent‐shaped cuspate microbialites with substantial primary void space. Morphological and petrographic analyses suggest a model wherein penecontemporaneous upward growth of ridge elements and development of subhorizontal draping elements initially resulted in a buoyantly supported, unlithified microbial form. Lithification began via precipitation within organic elements during microbialite growth. Mineralization either stabilized or facilitated collapse of initially neutrally buoyant microbialite forms. Microbial structures and breccias were then further stabilized by precipitation of marine herringbone cement. During late‐stage diagenesis, remaining void space was occluded by ferroan dolomite cement. Cuspate microbialites are most similar to those found in offshore facies of Neoarchean carbonate platforms and to unlithified, buoyantly supported microbial mats in modern ice‐covered Antarctic lakes. We suggest that such unusual microbialite morphologies are a product of the interaction between motile and non‐motile communities under nutrient‐limiting conditions, followed by early lithification, which served to preserve the resultant microbial form. The presence of marine herringbone cement, commonly associated with high dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), low O2 conditions, also suggests growth in association with reducing environments at or near the seafloor or in conjunction with a geochemical interface. Predominance of coniform stromatolite forms in the Proterozoic—across a variety of depositional environments—may thus reflect a combination of heterogeneous nutrient distribution, potentially driven by variable redox conditions, and an elevated carbonate saturation state, which permits preservation of these unusual microbialite forms.