bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Three‐Component Synthesis of Indanone‐Fused Spirooxindole Derivatives
Authors: Chen Xue‐Bing , Liu Xi‐Ming , Huang Rong , Yan Sheng‐Jiao , Lin Jun 
Published: June 2013

AbstractA simple, straightforward and versatile multicomponent protocol for the synthesis of indanone‐fused spirooxindole derivatives has been developed. The strategy involves the one‐pot three‐component reaction of heterocyclic ketene aminals, 1H‐indene‐1,3(2H)‐dione and the dicarbonyl compounds isatins or acenaphthenequinone in an ethanol/water medium catalysed by p‐TSA at reflux. Mild reaction conditions, operational simplicity, wide substrate scope and overall excellent yields make this method highly efficient for the library synthesis of indanone‐fused spirooxindole.
Presenting Analytical Performances of Electrochemical Sensors. Some Suggestions
Authors: Desimoni Elio , Brunetti Barbara 
Published: June 2013

AbstractA description of the performances of new electrochemical sensors is important for evaluating their novelty and potential applicability to the analysis of real samples. However, it was noticed that quite often some figures of merit were ill‐defined or reported in an inadequate format. Based on some well‐known books and guidelines, some simple approaches are briefly reviewed which allow a better estimation of the most frequently reported figures of merit. Adopting these approaches implies a certain increase of cost and time of the given investigations. But the results would benefit from an easier acceptance by the scientific community.
Assessing adequacy of spectrum‐matched ground motions for response history analysis
Authors: Grant Damian N. , Diaferia Riccardo 
Published: June 2013

SUMMARYResponse spectrum matching is commonly used to generate ground motions with response spectra matching a scenario target spectrum. There is some debate in the literature about whether spectrum‐matched motions lead to biased structural analysis results. Furthermore, there are no objective, quantitative criteria available for deciding whether a ground motion has been manipulated excessively by spectrum matching, and whether large modification may also lead to bias. This study investigates both of these issues by presenting the results of structural analysis using two reinforced concrete moment frame models and two earthquake scenarios, with suites of unmatched and matched ground motions. Through comparison with a robust benchmark, it is shown that no significant bias is introduced by spectrum matching. The period range and target damping values for matching are also investigated, and matching up to three times the fundamental period is shown to be beneficial in reducing dispersion in the results. Finally, these analyses were also used to investigate whether large changes in the ground motion lead to biased analysis results. Several potential measures of change are investigated, including those based on peak absolute ground motion, cumulative squared ground motion (absolute or normalized), and input energy into single‐degree‐of‐freedom systems. Although no systematic, statistically significant correlation is found for the analysis results in terms of any of these measures of change, tentative criteria are proposed, which may be used by analysts to aid in the decision of whether to accept or reject a spectrum‐matched motion. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Implementation of all‐Mach Roe‐type schemes in fully implicit CFD solvers – demonstration for wind turbine flows
Authors: Carrión M. , Woodgate M. , Steijl R. , Barakos G. 
Published: June 2013

SUMMARYThis paper presents the implementation of all‐Mach Roe‐type schemes in a fully implicit CFD solver. Simple 2D cases, such as the flow around inviscid and viscous aerofoils, were used for an initial validation of these methods, along with more challenging computations consisting of the 3D flow around the Model Experiments in Controlled Conditions wind turbine, in parked and rotating conditions. This work is motivated by the increased interest of the wind turbine industry in larger diameter wind turbines where compressibility effects near the blade tips may be important. Instead of using an incompressible flow solver, this paper explores the option of modifying an existing, efficient, compressible flow solver for use at lower Mach numbers. The good performance of the Roe solver and its popularity influenced the selection of schemes for this work. The results suggest that effective all‐Mach solutions are possible with implicit solvers, and the paper defines the implementation of the new fluxes and Jacobian, including an investigation of some numerical parameters, using as platform the Helicopter Multi‐Block solver of Liverpool University. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Numerical and Experimental Verification of the Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cell Performances Enhanced by Under‐Rib Convection
Authors: Park K. , Kim H.‐M. , Choi K.‐S. 
Published: June 2013

AbstractUnderstanding the current density distributions in polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFCs) is crucial for designing cell components, such as the flow field of bipolar plates. A new serpentine flow field equipped with sub‐channels and by‐passes (SFFSB) was numerically and experimentally confirmed to enhance the reactant transport rates and liquid removal efficiency compared with a conventional advanced serpentine flow field (CASFF). Consequently, the maximum current and the power densities of the SFFSB were increased due to the promotion of under‐rib convection. In this study, current density distributions are measured under transient conditions to verify the PEFC performances enhanced by under‐rib convection. The current density distributions of the SFFSB are compared with those of the CASFF. The results show that the SFFSB has a higher local current density and a more uniform distribution than the CASFF, therefore, the PEFC performances with the new flow field of SFFSB is enhanced by the better current density distributions.
Measurement of Spatially Resolved Impedance Spectroscopy with Local Perturbation
Authors: Zamel N. , Bhattarai A. , Gerteisen D. 
Published: June 2013

AbstractThe characteristics of the measured total impedance spectra of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells are often not representative of the performance of the cell. This is due in part mainly to two reasons; total impedance measurements are not representative of local phenomena and perturbation of the cell around the steady‐state polarization can result in oscillations of the gas concentrations downstream the flow channels that can affect the trend of the local spectrum. In this study, we overcome these two challenges by measuring the spectra of a segmented cell using local excitation of the segments. With these capabilities, we experimentally investigate the explanation given in works found in literature in regards to the oxygen oscillation in the channel and its effect on the spectra of locally perturbed segments. We further investigate the characteristics of the low frequency arc, measuring for the first time a loop in the spectrum around the transition frequency between the high and low frequency arcs. The characteristics of the spectra are investigated by varying the flow properties with a focus on the effect of air stoichiometry.
Mechanical Properties of Gd‐CeO2 Electrolyte for SOFC Prepared by Aqueous Tape Casting
Authors: Akbari‐Fakhrabadi A. , Mangalaraja R. V. , Jamshidijam M. , Ananthakumar S. , Chan S. H. 
Published: June 2013

AbstractMechanical properties of gadolinium‐doped ceria (Ce0.9Gd0.1O1.95, 10GDC) green tape prepared by aqueous‐based tape casting process were characterized by tensile test and shear punch test (SPT). SPT was found to be a useful method for characterizing mechanical properties of green tapes. Microstructures and mechanical properties such as flexural modulus, bending strength, and microhardness of tapes sintered at 1,300–1,500 °C have been evaluated. Indentation fracture toughness was also determined by the method of Palmqvist cracks at different applied loads for tapes sintered at 1,500 °C. Grain size measurements showed that excessive grain growth occurred during sintering despite using 10GDC nanopowders as the starting material. However, mechanical properties of sintered tapes improved by increasing sintering temperature and the results are comparable with those reported for 10GDC in literature.
Gadolinia Doped Ceria Thin Films Prepared by Aerosol Assisted Chemical Vapor Deposition and Applications in Intermediate‐Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cells
Authors: Schlupp M. V. F. , Kurlov A. , Hwang J. , Yáng Z. , Döbeli M. , Martynczuk J. , Prestat M. , Son J.‐W. , Gauckler L. J. 
Published: June 2013

AbstractFurthermore, deposition at such low temperatures is promising for processing of thin film assemblies.The preparation of bi‐layer electrolytes of yttria stabilized zirconia and gadolinia doped ceria thin films by aerosol assisted chemical vapor deposition is demonstrated. Gadolinia doped ceria films as thin as 150 nm are applied as barrier layers between yttria stabilized zirconia electrolyte and La0.6Sr0.4CoO3–δ cathode in anode supported solid oxide fuel cells. High power densities above 850 mW cm–2 at 650 °C are only obtained with these barrier layers, indicating that the GDC thin films effectively inhibit the formation of unwanted interface reactions.
Testing the Efficient Market Hypothesis in Conditionally Heteroskedastic Futures Markets
Authors: Westerlund Joakim , Narayan Paresh 
Published: June 2013

AbstractMost empirical evidence suggests that the efficient market hypothesis, stating that spot and futures prices should cointegrate with a unit slope on futures prices, does not hold. These results have recently motivated researchers to start looking for more “informative” tests, and the current paper takes a step in this direction. However, unlike existing tests, the test proposed here exploits the information contained in the heteroskedasticity of the data, which is expected to lead to more accurate inference, a result that is confirmed by our findings. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark
The 2013 Russian fireball largest ever detected by CTBTO infrasound sensors
Authors: Le Pichon Alexis , Ceranna Lars , Pilger Christoph , Mialle Pierrick , Brown David , Herry Pascal , Brachet Nicolas 
Published: June 2013

AbstractOn 15 February 2013, a large Earth‐impacting fireball disintegrated over the Ural Mountains. This extraordinary event is, together with the 1908 Tunguska fireball, among the most energetic events ever instrumentally recorded. It generated infrasound returns, after circling the globe, at distances up to ~85,000 km, and was detected at 20 infrasonic stations of the global International Monitoring System (IMS). For the first time since the establishment of the IMS infrasound network, multiple arrivals involving waves that traveled twice round the globe have been clearly identified. A preliminary estimate of the explosive energy using empirical period‐yield scaling relations gives a value of 460 kt of TNT equivalent. In the context of the future verification of the Comprehensive Nuclear‐Test‐Ban Treaty, this event provides a prominent milestone for studying in detail infrasound propagation around the globe for almost 3 days as well as for calibrating the performance of the IMS network.
Analysis of uncertainties in the hydrological response of a model‐based climate change impact assessment in a subcatchment of the Spree River, Germany
Authors: Gädeke Anne , Hölzel Herwig , Koch Hagen , Pohle Ina , Grünewald Uwe 
Published: June 2013

AbstractClimate change impact assessments form the basis for the development of suitable climate change adaptation strategies. For this purpose, ensembles consisting of stepwise coupled models are generally used [emission scenario → global circulation model → downscaling approach (DA) → bias correction → impact model (hydrological model)], in which every item is affected by considerable uncertainty. The aim of the current study is (1) to analyse the uncertainty related to the choice of the DA as well as the hydrological model and its parameterization and (2) to evaluate the vulnerability of the studied catchment, a subcatchment of the highly anthropogenically impacted Spree River catchment, to hydrological change. Four different DAs are used to drive four different model configurations of two conceptually different hydrological models (Water Balance Simulation Model developed at ETH Zürich and HBV‐light). In total, 452 simulations are carried out. The results show that all simulations compute an increase in air temperature and potential evapotranspiration. For precipitation, runoff and actual evapotranspiration, opposing trends are computed depending on the DA used to drive the hydrological models. Overall, the largest source of uncertainty can be attributed to the choice of the DA, especially regarding whether it is statistical or dynamical. The choice of the hydrological model and its parameterization is of less importance when long‐term mean annual changes are compared. The large bandwidth at the end of the modelling chain may exacerbate the formulation of suitable climate change adaption strategies on the regional scale. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Symmetric ‐Designs and ‐Difference Sets
Authors: Olmez Oktay 
Published: June 2013

AbstractIn this paper, we introduce a method to construct ‐designs, which are also known as partial geometric designs, by using subsets of certain finite groups. We introduce the concept of ‐difference sets and investigate the existence and nonexistence of these structures. We also provide some nonexistence results on ‐designs based on the fact that ‐designs yield directed strongly regular graphs.
Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Profile of Supratherapeutic Oral Doses of Δ9‐THC in Cannabis Users
Authors: Lile Joshua A. , Kelly Thomas H. , Charnigo Richard J. , Stinchcomb Audra L. , Hays Lon R. 
Published: June 2013

AbstractOral Δ9‐tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9‐THC) has been evaluated as a medication for cannabis dependence, but repeated administration of acute oral doses up to 40 mg has not been effective at reducing drug‐taking behavior. Larger doses might be necessary to affect cannabis use. The purpose of the present study was therefore to determine the physiological and behavioural effects of oral Δ9‐THC at acute doses higher than those tested previously. The pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profile of oral Δ9‐THC, administered in ascending order in 15 mg increments across separate sessions, up to a maximum of 90 mg, was determined in seven cannabis users. Five subjects received all doses and two experienced untoward side effects at lower doses. Δ9‐THC produced a constellation of effects consistent with previous clinical studies. Low cannabinoid concentrations were associated with significant effects on drug‐sensitive measures, although progressively greater levels did not lead to proportionately larger drug effects. Considerable variability in Cmax and tmax was observed. Doses of oral Δ9‐THC larger than those tested previously can be administered to individuals with a history of cannabis use, although given the pharmacokinetic variability of oral Δ9‐THC and individual differences in sensitivity, individualized dose adjustment is needed to avoid side effects and maximize therapeutic response.
Removal of CH3SH with in‐situ generated ferrate(VI) in a wet‐scrubbing reactor
Authors: Ding Ling , Liu Tong‐Xu , Li Xiang‐Zhong 
Published: June 2013

AbstractBACKGROUNDA wet scrubbing process with in‐situ electro‐generation of ferrate(VI) has been developed for removing odour from foul gas in wastewater treatment plants. In this process, methyl mercaptan (CH3SH) in synthetic gas is removed through absorption and oxidation by contacting the gaseous stream with aqueous NaOH electrolyte that offers in‐situ generation of ferrate(VI).RESULTSThe process parameters including electrolyte concentration, applied current density, initial CH3SH concentration, gas flow rate and gaseous CH3SH compositions were investigated to determine the best operating conditions and design parameters for a scale‐up design. Under all the experimental conditions, gaseous CH3SH was completely removed by the wet scrubbing process at room temperature and atmospheric pressure. The process proved to be quite effective for dissolved CH3S‐ degradation under the optimum experimental condition at the NaOH concentration of 6 mol L–1, current density of 2.22 mA cm‐2 and CH3SH loading below 30 g m‐3 h‐1. A very short contact time of 0.06 s between the gas and the liquid phases was achieved in this in‐situ ferrate(VI) generation reactor.CONCLUSIONSThis process is effective for CH3SH control, and holds great promise for industrial applications due to its high efficiency, simplicity and stability. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry
Radioactive liquid waste treatment at Fukushima Daiichi
Authors: Sylvester Paul , Milner Tim , Jensen Jesse 
Published: June 2013

AbstractThe earthquake and tsunami on 11 March 2011 severely damaged the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear plant leading to the most severe nuclear incident since Chernobyl. Ongoing operations to cool the damaged reactors at the site have led to the generation of highly radioactive coolant water. This is currently treated to remove Cs‐137 and Cs‐134 and then passed through a reverse osmosis (RO) unit to reduce the salinity before being cycled back to the reactors. Because only the Cs isotopes are removed, the RO reject water cannot be discharged from the site and this has led to the accumulation of over 200 000 m3 (52 million gallons) of extremely contaminated water which is currently stored on site in tanks. EnergySolutions, in partnership with Toshiba, were contracted to develop a system to reduce 62 isotopes in this waste to allowable levels. This was a significant technical challenge given the high background salt content of the waste‐water, the variation in aqueous chemistry of the radioactive isotopes and the presence of relatively high concentrations of non‐active competing ions (e.g. Ca and Mg) which inhibit the removal of isotopes such as Sr‐89 and Sr‐90. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry
Approaches for cesium uptake by vermiculite
Authors: Suzuki Noriko , Ozawa Shunsuke , Ochi Kotaro , Chikuma Toshiyuki , Watanabe Yujiro 
Published: June 2013

AbstractBACKGROUNDExpanded vermiculite is widely used in many fields, especially as an ameliorant in agriculture. Although it is known as a cation‐exchanger, in a search for a new cesium adsorbent for environmental conservation, the ion‐exchange behaviour of cesium on vermiculite in various grain sizes was investigated. The adsorption of cesium from artificial seawater was also investigated.RESULTSThe effect of the vermiculite grain size was clearly identified. The preferred gain size for general use was found to be 500 µm. The amount of adsorption was low in these artificial seawater samples, however, almost similar ion‐exchange behaviour was observed in both of the pure water and artificial seawater samples.CONCLUSIONAdjustment of grain size according to the end use enables unlimited availability for application as an adsorbent of cesium. The results showed that vermiculite is a promising material for the recovery of cesium from contaminated seawater. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry
Tectonic evolution and mantle structure of the Caribbean
Authors: van Benthem Steven , Govers Rob , Spakman Wim , Wortel Rinus 
Published: June 2013

AbstractWe investigate whether predictions of mantle structure from tectonic reconstructions are in agreement with a detailed tomographic image of seismic P wave velocity structure under the Caribbean region. In the upper mantle, positive seismic anomalies are imaged under the Lesser Antilles and Puerto Rico. These anomalies are interpreted as remnants of Atlantic lithosphere subduction and confirm tectonic reconstructions that suggest at least 1100 km of convergence at the Lesser Antilles island arc during the past ~45 Myr. The imaged Lesser Antilles slab consists of a northern and southern anomaly, separated by a low‐velocity anomaly across most of the upper mantle, which we interpret as the subducted North America‐South America plate boundary. The southern edge of the imaged Lesser Antilles slab agrees with vertical tearing of South America lithosphere. The northern Lesser Antilles slab is continuous with the Puerto Rico slab along the northeastern plate boundary. This results in an amphitheater‐shaped slab, and it is interpreted as westward subducting North America lithosphere that remained attached to the surface along the northeastern boundary of the Caribbean plate. At the Muertos Trough, however, material is imaged until a depth of only 100 km, suggesting a small amount of subduction. The location and length of the imaged South Caribbean slab agrees with proposed subduction of Caribbean lithosphere under the northern South America plate. An anomaly related to proposed Oligocene subduction at the Nicaragua rise is absent in the tomographic model. Beneath Panama, a subduction window exists across the upper mantle, which is related to the cessation of subduction of the Nazca plate under Panama since 9.5 Ma and possibly the preceding subduction of the extinct Cocos‐Nazca spreading center. In the lower mantle, two large anomaly patterns are imaged. The westernmost anomaly agrees with the subduction of Farallon lithosphere. The second lower mantle anomaly is found east of the Farallon anomaly and is interpreted as a remnant of the late Mesozoic subduction of North and South America oceanic lithosphere at the Greater Antilles, Aves ridge, and Leeward Antilles. The imaged mantle structure does not allow us to discriminate between an “Intra‐Americas origin” and a “Pacific origin” of the Caribbean plate.
Mechanics of nonplanar faults at extensional steps with application to the 1992M7.3 Landers, California, earthquake
Authors: Madden Elizabeth H. , Maerten Frantz , Pollard David D. 
Published: June 2013

AbstractEarthquakes that rupture across steps between faults can be larger than those predicted from individual fault lengths, making understanding multifault events critical to assessing earthquake hazard. Empirical data from earthquake surface ruptures suggest that the distances between faults that rupture together can range from <1 to 5 km. Dynamic and quasi‐static models of planar faults determine similar distances. However, studies of interactions between realistic, 3‐D nonplanar faults are few. A general comparison of quasi‐static stress perturbations and triggering potentials with mechanical models incorporating either planar or nonplanar faults highlights the sensitivity of planar fault models to model parameters and reveals no clear relationship between mean fault slip and triggering potential. More specifically, planar fault models predict triggering across a 3 km extensional step, while models incorporating nonplanar faults indicate that a connecting fault is necessary to transfer slip through a 3 km step along the 1992 Landers, California earthquake rupture. The mechanical approach taken captures the stress changes as well as the total stress following fault slip, improving the criterion used to determine triggered failure potential. This underscores the need for additional constraint on fault strength and cohesion. The focus on complex fault geometry restricts analyses to the quasi‐static realm, limiting the results to fault interactions over the short distances and slow rupture velocities for which the quasi‐static stress field is relevant or approximates the dynamic stress field.