bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Genius
Authors: Simonton Dean Keith 
Published: February 2013

AbstractScientific research on genius began in the early 19th century and increased in popularity throughout the end of the century and the beginning of the 20th century. Although the first investigations used mainly historiometric methods, later psychologists introduced psychometric and experimental techniques. Definitions of genius fall into two categories: superlative intellect and phenomenal achievement, where the latter can be subdivided into extraordinary creativity, exceptional leadership, and prodigious performance. However defined, genius has been studied from four main psychological perspectives: general intelligence, domain expertise, heuristic search, and blind variation. Each of these perspectives has distinct advantages and disadvantages as explanatory accounts. As a consequence, a comprehensive understanding of how geniuses think and reason will require an integration of all four perspectives. The chapter closes with a discussion of future directions for research.
Thinking in Societies and Cultures
Authors: Rai Tage S. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractRather than focusing on cross-cultural differences in cognition, this chapter focuses on how being born into and living in any large sociocultural group is deeply intertwined with thinking. I begin by discussing the ways in which thinking in societies and cultures is heavily distributed across people, time, and technology. This selective review focuses primarily on research on distributed and extended cognition, social and transactive memory, and cognitive anthropology and cultural transmission. The second part of the chapter addresses the question of whether cultural evolution is linked to cognitive evolution in humans. In particular, I will ask to what extent our minds are predisposed to acquire knowledge relevant for succeeding in culture, and how this possibility changes our view of the role of culture in cognition. I will conclude the chapter by proposing a division between micropsychological and macropsychological levels of analysis in psychology, and I will suggest research questions that this perspective is uniquely suited to address.
The Cognitive Neuroscience of Thought Disorder in Schizophrenia
Authors: Bachman Peter , Cannon Tyrone D. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe term thought disorder most commonly refers to a constellation of impairments in communication manifested by individuals suffering from schizophrenia. Although diverse in nature, these symptoms are thought to result from the influence of one or a small number of cognitive abnormalities that affect how individuals with psychotic disorders process information. We discuss the phenomenology of thought disorder and the candidate cognitive mechanisms that may play a role in its expression. Among these, impaired executive functioning—possibly through its interaction with semantic memory—shows the greatest promise in accounting for the phenomena that comprise thought disorder. Additionally, we review a prominent model of executive control of ongoing behavior and discuss links to psychosis symptoms. We then outline a set of neurophysiological abnormalities associated with schizophrenia, or with latent genetic risk for developing the disorder, and consider how these factors may contribute to the expression of disordered thinking.
Musical Thought
Authors: Thompson William Forde , Ammirante Paolo 
Published: February 2013

AbstractListening to music entails processes in which auditory input is automatically analyzed and classified, and conscious processes in which listeners interpret and evaluate the music. Performing music involves engaging in rehearsed movements that reflect procedural (embodied) knowledge of music, along with conscious efforts to guide and refine these movements through online monitoring of the sounded output. Composing music balances the use of intuition that reflects implicit knowledge of music with conscious and deliberate efforts to invent musical textures and devices that are innovative and consistent with individual aesthetic goals. Listeners and musicians also interact with one another in ways that blur the boundary between them: Listeners tap or clap in time with music, monitor the facial expressions and gestures of performers, and empathize emotionally with musicians; musicians, in turn, attend to their audience and perform differently depending on the perceived energy and attitude of their listeners. Musicians and listeners are roped together through shared cognitive, emotional, and motor experiences, exhibiting remarkable synchrony in behavior and thought. In this chapter, we describe the forms of musical thought for musicians and listeners, and we discuss the implications of implicit and explicit thought processes for musical understanding and emotional experience.
Venda Children’s Musical Culture in Limpopo, South Africa
Authors: Emberly Andrea 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article explores the musical culture of Venda children in Limpopo, South Africa. Their perspective is examined from three primary points: a historical vantage point—that of ethnomusicologist John Blacking; the current perspective of the author as researcher; and the perspective of the children themselves, as creators and propagators of their own distinct and collective musical cultures. It shows that children have their own ideas about of what their musical cultures sound like, and what they should sound like. Music grounds them in their quest to understand what it means to be Venda, to be South African, and to locate themselves in a global culture.
Celticity, Community, and Continuity in the Children’s Musical Cultures of Cornwall
Authors: Kent Alan M. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article explores the musical culture of children in Cornwall. Children’s musical traditions are hybrid of Cornu-Celtic and Anglo-Cornish, with elements of continuity, discontinuity, decline, revival, and fusion over time. The study traces the origins of children’s musical cultures from the ancient and medieval literatures, to the cultural construction of mystery plays in medieval and Tudor [1485–1603] Cornwall, to the rise of Methodism in the late eighteenth century, to the folkloric collections of Robert Hunt and William Bottrell in nineteenth century. The discussion also covers the Cornwall Music Festival, established in 1910, which celebrates both adult and children’s musical culture; the national policy for Cornish music, and contemporary children's music projects.
Miskitu Children’s Singing Games on the Caribbean Coast of Nicaragua as Intercultural Play and Performance
Authors: Minks Amanda 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article examines the musical activities of Miskitu children in Corn Island, some 52 miles off the Caribbean coast of Nicaragua. The study focuses on Miskitu children's singing games, most of which are performed in Spanish. It is argued that children’s creative adaptation of Spanish singing games and multilingual play discourses is not necessarily a threat to indigenous identity and expressive practice. The children’s expressive practices on Corn Island reveal the expansion, rather than contraction, of expressive resources, and the development of intercultural identities.
The Complex Ecologies of Early Childhood Musical Cultures
Authors: Whiteman Peter 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article explores the musical cultures of young Indigenous and non-Indigenous children, their families, and communities in New South Wales, Australia, and Hawai‘i, USA. It presents the stories of four children, which illustrate children’s musical practices in four geographically disparate locales, and serve as examples of the musical borders that are regularly traversed in early childhood. These children engaged with the music surrounding them and appear to be on the path to enculturation into the knowledge, practices, and beliefs that were bound by these. They acquired the knowledge of norms and expectations of existing musical cultures through experiences in the home, school, community, and commercial music.
Music in the Lives of Refugee and Newly Arrived Immigrant Children in Sydney, Australia
Authors: Marsh Kathryn 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article examines the role of music in the lives of refugees and newly arrived immigrant children in Sydney. Music had different functions for children depending on the length of time since resettlement, individual proclivities and interests, the presence and size of diasporic groups, and institutional endorsement. Music in school activities provides opportunities for social integration and language development. Creative involvement with music and dance both in and out of school settings gave some form of agency to disempowered refugee children. Different technologies, particularly the Internet, also facilitated children’s contact with the music of their home culture as well that of the host culture.
Toward Bridging Gaps: Finding Commonality between Evolutionary and Comparative Psychology
Authors: Shackelford Todd K. , von Friedeburg Robert 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis volume brings together an eclectic and provocative body of work from some of the brightest minds in comparative psychology and evolutionary psychology. The intent of this volume is to highlight the strengths and insights of each field and to bridge the gaps between them. Comparative psychology has sometimes lost the focus that evolutionary psychology wields to shed light on seminal questions in the study of human and nonhuman behavior. Although evolutionary psychology maintains an overarching framework with which to explore questions of ultimate or proximate causation—referring to mechanisms of natural selection, comparative psychologists sometimes study esoteric topics of interest, without placing these studies in a larger theoretical framework. However, the insights of comparative psychologists have often forged new ground, generating new theoretical debates and inspiring nonhuman studies in new directions. For instance, the recent explosion of work in canine cognition has been inspired to a large degree by hypotheses about the importance of domestication in sculpting canine cognitive skills, and these hypothesis have prompted much debate (Dorey, Udell, & Wynne, 2010; Hare, Brown, Williamson & Tomasello, 2002; Hare et al., 2010; Udell, Dorey & Wynne, 2008; Wynne, Udell & Lord; 2008). Bringing together comparative psychology and evolutionary psychology can strengthen the contributions of both. Rather than taking all or none approaches to scientific pursuits, our journey should allow the beacon of truth to guide us forward, even if the path is a middle ground. There need not be a divide between field researchers and laboratory scientists, between those who study humans and nonhumans, between behaviorists and cognitivists, or between comparative psychologists and evolutionary psychologists.
Convergent Evolution of Cognition in Corvids, Apes and Other Animals
Authors: Van Horik Jayden O. , Clayton Nicola S. , Emery Nathan J. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractOver the past 30 years, a cognitive renaissance has produced startling revelations about how species perceive their physical and social worlds. Once considered mere automata by Descartes, recent research supports claims that many animals possess advanced cognitive capacities (Shettleworth, 2010). Moreover, advanced cognition appears to have arisen across numerous species, many of which are distantly related, but which share a number of traits, such as large relative brain size, complex sociality and behavioral flexibility. Is the evolution of advanced cognition the result of a series of adaptive specializations driven by the shared selection pressures that species face in their environments? With our expanding awareness of cognitive processes across species, attributes such as causal reasoning, mental time travel or mental attribution, once thought unique to humans, invite careful reconsideration of their evolutionary origins.
Animal Models of Human Cognition
Authors: Crystal Jonathon D. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractAn objective for studying cognition in animals is that it may provide insight into impairments in cognition observed in people. Cognitive impairments are debilitating, and developing insight into the origins of such impairments may aid in the development of effective treatments. This chapter focuses on development of animal models of memory that may aid in the search for effective treatments of memory disorders such as Alzheimer's disease. The case of modeling episodic memory in animals is considered. Evidence is presented that, at the time of memory assessment, rats remember a unique earlier event including what occurred, where it happened, and when it took place (what-where-when memory). The merits and limitations of the model are discussed. Future directions for further development of the model are highlighted.
Intimate Partner Violence: War at Our Doorsteps
Authors: Goetz Aaron T. , Romero Gorge A. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractViolence between intimate partners transcends culture and time. This chapter synthesizes several fronts of evolutionary-based research in order to describe and explain the primary causes of female-directed violence. Sexual conflict between men and women suggests that the sexes have unique avenues to reproductive success. Women's mating strategies, coupled with men's inability to ensure that the offspring they invest in are genetically their own, generated selective pressures for men to evolve tactics to eliminate threats to valued relationships. This chapter details how some of these tactics—executed by psychological mechanisms—lead to the violence, rape, and homicide observed among intimate partners. Using evolutionary theory, we seek to provide insight on ultimate explanations for intimate partner violence. Through this and through efforts made to understand proximate explanations of men's violence against women, we hope to contribute to a complete understanding of men's use of aggression in the relationships they value most.
Filicide and Child Maltreatment: Prospects for Ultimate Explanation
Authors: Harris Grant T. , Rice Marnie E. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe clinical literature on human filicide and child maltreatment lacks a comprehensive explanation both for perpetration and its effects. In this chapter, we outline how evolutionary, selectionist thinking can help make sense of the data on the perpetrators of child maltreatment and filicide, and potentially also help make sense of the effects of maltreatment on its victims. At the proximate level, filicide and child maltreatment seem pathological or inexplicable by natural causes. At the ultimate level, however, we explore how things that seem deviant, disturbed, and even self-destructive can be understood as adaptive or as side effects of adaptations. In addition to leading to scientific hypotheses that can further our theoretical understanding, an evolutionary explanation might help efforts to assess the risk of these troubling behaviors, prevent them, and remedy the effects.
Familial Homicide-Suicide
Authors: Liem Marieke C. A. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractHomicide followed by suicide constitutes a severe form of lethal violence that leads to shock and incomprehension. These acts of interpersonal violence mainly occur in partnerships and families, involving male perpetrators and female and child victims. This chapter delineates the present state of knowledge regarding homicide-suicide by addressing the nature and incidence of these acts and the characteristics of subtypes of homicide-suicide. Specific attention is paid to the main theoretical underpinnings used to explain the homicide-suicide phenomenon, with a particular focus on evolutionary psychological perspectives.
Evolutionary Psychological Perspectives on Sexual Offending: From Etiology to Intervention
Authors: Camilleri Joseph A. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis chapter reviews the literature on evolutionary psychological explanations of sexual offending, which span nearly 30 years of research and scholarship. Other reviews have been published, but they have focused on particular areas of sexual offending or on specific hypotheses. Here, I review this diverse literature to give a general overview and commentary on evolutionary approaches to sexual offending etiology and intervention, and I conclude by proposing a typology of sexual offenders.
Sacrifice and Sacred Values: Evolutionary Perspectives on Religious Terrorism
Authors: Sosis Richard , Phillips Erika J. , Alcorta Candace S. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractEvolutionary theories of religion and sacred values are essential for understanding current trends in terrorist activity. We clarify religion's role in facilitating terror and outline recent theoretical developments that focus on four cross-culturally recurrent features of religion: communal participation in costly ritual, belief in supernatural agents and counterintuitive concepts, separation of the sacred and the profane, and adolescence as the critical life phase for the transmission of religious beliefs and values. These four characteristics constitute an adaptive complex that evolved to solve problems of group cooperation and commitment, problems faced by all terrorist organizations. We examine how terrorists employ these features of religion to achieve their goals and describe how terrorists utilize costly rituals to conditionally associate emotions with sanctified symbols and signal group commitments. These sanctified symbols are emotionally evocative and motivationally powerful, fostering ingroup solidarity, trust, and cooperation. Religious beliefs, including promised rewards in the afterlife, further serve to facilitate cooperation by altering the perceived payoffs of costly actions, including suicide terrorism. Patterns of brain development unique to adolescence render this the ideal developmental stage to attract recruits, inculcate sacred beliefs, and enlist them in high-risk behaviors. We conclude by offering insights, based on our evolutionary analysis, concerning conflict resolution when sacred values are in dispute.
The Male Warrior Hypothesis: The Evolutionary Psychology of Intergroup Conflict, Tribal Aggression, and Warfare
Authors: Van Vugt Mark 
Published: February 2013

AbstractSocial science literature abounds with examples of human tribalism, which is the tendency to categorize individuals on the basis of their group membership and to treat ingroup members benevolently and outgroup members malevolently. I argue that this tribal inclination is an evolved response to the threat of coalitional aggression and intergroup violence that were endemic in ancestral human environments (and are still common today). Here I hypothesize that intergroup conflict has profoundly affected the psychology of men, in particular—the male warrior hypothesis—and present evidence consistent with this hypothesis. I also discuss implications of this hypothesis for managing intergroup relations in our society.
War, Evolution, and the Nature of Human Nature
Authors: Smith David Livingstone 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This chapter aims to arrive at a credible account of the relations between evolution, human nature, and the propensity for war. Virtually nothing is known about war during prehistory. The conclusions of anthropologists, archaeologists, and primatologists are underdetermined by evidence; therefore, claims about the antiquity of war cannot be used to support the thesis that war is rooted in human nature. To examine the connection between war and human nature, one needs an explicit theory of human nature. Equating human nature with a human essence is unacceptable. The nomological theory of human nature holds that human nature consists of evolved psychological traits that are widespread and not dimorphic. The nomological theory is used to distinguish components of human nature from expressions of human nature. The disposition to war is an expression of human nature rather than a component of it.
An Evolutionary Perspective on Child Development in the Context of War and Political Violence
Authors: Belsky Jay 
Published: February 2013

AbstractLethal intergroup conflict has been part of the human experience ever since our species emerged on the African savannah. Modern evolutionary thinking suggests that children's development could have evolved a variety of responses to it, some of which are highlighted upon considering, from the field of behavioral ecology, life-history theory, and, derived from it, Belsky, Steinberg, and Draper's (1991) evolutionary theory of socialization. This speculative chapter examines the implications of such thinking, specifically with regard to insecure attachment, anxiety, depression, aggression, pubertal and sexual development, and mating and parenting. Considered, too, are issues of intergenerational transmission and variation in developmental reactivity to exposure to deadly political violence of the ethnic-cleansing variety in childhood.
Ethical Principles, Values, and Codes for Psychologists: An Historical Journey
Authors: Sinclair Carole 
Published: February 2013

AbstractIn this chapter, a review is provided of the efforts and methods used by professions, from the time of the ancient world to the present, to articulate their ethical principles and values to guide members of the professions. The evolution of the concepts of respect for persons, doing good and avoiding harm, truth-telling, and responsibility to society are traced across time, cultures, and professions. The purpose and role of ethics codes also are described, demonstrating the influence of culture, politics, and historical events. In addition, the history (since the mid-20th century ce) of the development of modern-day codes of ethics for psychologists is outlined, including the possible impact of the Universal Declaration of Ethical Principles for Psychologists on this development.
Ethical Dilemmas, Cultural Differences, and the Globalization of Psychology
Authors: Pettifor Jean L. , Ferrero Andrea 
Published: February 2013

AbstractAs the world becomes globalized, psychologists more frequently encounter ethical dilemmas based on differences in worldviews. Enlightened globalization may lead to greater harmony, while unilateral globalization by dominant cultures will not. This chapter presents practical examples for psychologists of culture-based ethical dilemmas around such themes as respect, competency, professional boundaries, the status of women, the law, and social justice. Today, psychologists and counselors may come from different cultures, train in different countries, and practice with a diversity of clients and in a diversity of locations. When cultural beliefs appear to clash with ethical rules of conduct, ethical decision making must focus on the well-being of clients individually and collectively. Respect and caring for clients takes priority over Western concepts of rule-compliance. The vignettes of ethical dilemmas illustrate some of the complexities of working across cultures. Psychologists are urged to support an enlightened globalization.