bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Rocky Road to Publication
Authors: Mouser Bruce L. , Mouser Nancy Fox 
Published: May 2014

The path to the publication of our collaborative research concerning an aspect of earliest Church Missionary Society history has been an irregular, and often despairing, one. For a time it seemed unlikely that we would ever finish our research, and that was simply the research part of it. The prospect of collaboration by husband and wife, persons trained in disciplines—history and sociology—guided by approaches seemingly opposed to each other, was not a promising one from the start. Simply put, could we cooperate, work through the processes of writing, thinking, and rewriting/rethinking within a single household, and endure the stress associated with meeting demands placed upon us by a publisher and full-time jobs as instructors? Had we been aware that this project would last for nearly thirty years for Bruce and twenty for Nancy, and consume entirely too much of our lives, we are pretty certain—in retrospect—that we would never have embarked on it.Bruce was the first to encounter the archive of the Church Missionary Society, during his dissertation research in London in 1966. At that time his principal objective was to scan records found in that archive for bits and pieces of data relating to political development and economic transformation of a part of coastal Guinea/Conakry from 1800 to 1850. That was a region where the Church Missionary Society had operated schools and mission stations between 1808 and 1816/17. Among the Society's earliest missionaries sent to West Africa was one named Peter Hartwig—a person who, according to other missionaries and early historians, had deserted the sacred cause to become a slave trader, and yet had returned to the Society's service at the eleventh hour, only to die in 1815 in a yellow fever epidemic then sweeping the African coast. Still, something seemed to be amiss in that narrative, for correspondence found in the archive suggested that it was a very complex affair. It was apparent that a careful review of Hartwig's experiences would be a worthwhile research project, but for a later time.
Peter Hartwig, 1804-1808: Sociological Perspectives in Marginality and Alienation
Authors: Mouser Nancy Fox 
Published: May 2014

All social groups make rules and attempt, at some times and under some circumstances, to enforce them. Social rules define situations and the kinds of behavior appropriate to them, specifying some actions as “right” and forbidding others as “wrong.” When a rule is enforced, the person who is supposed to have broken it may be seen as a special kind of person, one who cannot be trusted to live by the rules agreed on by the group. He is regarded as an outsider.But the person who is thus labeled an outsider may have a different view of the matter. He may not accept the rule by which he is being judged and may not regard those who judge him as either competent or legitimately entitled to do so. Hence, a second meaning of the term emerges: the rule-breaker may feel his judges are outsiders.Peter Hartwig was a German seminarian recruited by the Church Missionary Society in 1803 to serve as one of its first two missionaries in Africa. He was sent to Freetown, a settlement established for Africans and people of African descent who had returned to Africa from Britain and the Americas. Hartwig was to reside at Freetown temporarily and to be supervised while there by a locally-based Corresponding Committee composed of Sierra Leone Company officials. The Society directed that, after a year's residence in Sierra Leone, Hartwig and his fellow recruit Melchior Renner would establish a mission among Susu peoples north of Freetown, where they were to convert indigenous Africans to Christianity. Hartwig, however, failed to meet the Society's expectations, violated the norms of the Corresponding Committee that the Society had established at Freetown to guide mission progress, and left the Society's service within three years of reaching the coast. He seemingly had become unable to adjust to changing realities, a wrongdoer and a moral example to other missionaries of what to avoid becoming.3 How are we to interpret his failure from a sociological perspective?
Trends in macrolide resistance of respiratory tract pathogens in the paediatric population in Serbia from 2004 to 2009
Authors: MIJAC V. , OPAVSKI N. , MARKOVIC M. , GAJIC I. , VASILJEVIC Z. , SIPETIC T. , BAJCETIC M. 
Published: May 2014

SUMMARYWe report the first study of macrolide resistance in respiratory tract pathogens in a Serbian paediatric population. It included 5293 Streptococcus pneumoniae, 4297 Streptococcus pyogenes, 2568 Moraxella catarrhalis and 1998 Haemophilus influenzae isolates derived from the respiratory tract and 110 invasive isolates from children aged up to 18 years during 2004–2009. Over the 6-year period, a significant increase (P < 0·01) in macrolide resistance was found in both S. pneumoniae and S. pyogenes that reached 45% and 19%, respectively, in 2009. In the same period, consumption of macrolides increased continually from 2·46 to 5·8 defined daily dose/1000 inhabitants per day. The increase in macrolide resistance in S. pyogenes correlated with consumption of total macrolide and long-acting macrolides (r = 0·879, P = 0·05 and r = 0·922, P = 0·026, respectively). A similar trend was observed in pneumoccoci, although it did not reach statistical significance. The growing problem of macrolide resistance in pneumococci and S. pyogenes in Serbia requires further vigilant surveillance.
Potter Cove, west Antarctic Peninsula, shallow water meiofauna: a seasonal snapshot
Authors: Pasotti F. , Convey P. , Vanreusel A. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThe meiobenthic community of Potter Cove (King George Island, west Antarctic Peninsula) was investigated, focusing on responses to summer/winter conditions in two study sites contrasting in terms of organic matter inputs. Meiofaunal densities were found to be higher in summer and lower in winter, although this result was not significantly related to the in situ availability of organic matter in each season. The combination of food quality and competition for food amongst higher trophic levels may have played a role in determining the standing stocks at the two sites. Meiobenthic winter abundances were sufficiently high to infer that energy sources were not limiting during winter, supporting observations from other studies for both shallow water and continental shelf Antarctic ecosystems. Recruitment within meiofaunal communities was coupled to the seasonal input of fresh detritus for harpacticoid copepods but not for nematodes, suggesting that species-specific life history or trophic features form an important element of the responses observed.
Identification of physical dormancy and dormancy release patterns in several species (Fabaceae) of the cold desert, north-west China
Authors: Abudureheman Buhailiqiemu , Liu Huiliang , Zhang Daoyuan , Guan Kaiyun 
Published: May 2014

AbstractA clear understanding of the mechanisms involved in releasing seed dormancy is important for effective plant conservation and regeneration of desert species. The dormancy types and dormancy release mechanisms of 19 Fabaceae species from four cold deserts in Xinjiang province, China, were studied. An imbibition experiment was performed to determine the presence or absence of physical dormancy. Other treatments included mechanical scarification, sulphuric acid scarification and simulation of summer temperatures typically encountered in the field. High summer temperature treatments included a maximum soil temperature of 80°C, 65°C and 40°C, conducted under dry and wet conditions. The results showed that all the species had orthodox seeds.Caragana korshinskii,Caragana intermedia,Caragana microphyllaandOnobrychis taneiticaseeds were not dormant.Glycyrrhiza uralensis,Ammodendron bifolium,Vicia costataandEremosparton songoricumseeds had combinational dormancy (PY+PD) whereas the other 11 species had physical dormancy. The mechanical scarification and sulphuric acid scarification treatments were significant to break dormancy (>80%).Melilotus suaveolensandOxytropissp. seeds were temperature-insensitive.Sophora alopecuroides,S. salsula,E. songoricum,A. bifoliumandCassia toraseeds were wet-heat sensitive.Glycyrrhiza glabraseeds were dry-heat sensitive, while those ofHalimodendron halodendronandAstragalus lehmannianuswere sensitive to both dry and wet heat. Although high temperatures, typical of summer, promoted the breaking of physical dormancy, the proportion of seeds of which dormancy was broken differed among species. These differences were indicative of the conditions in which the species are found naturally. Species may have different adaptations that promote favourable regeneration. Given suitable temperature and moisture conditions similar to those in their natural environment, most species were capable of regeneration.
Incentivizing fruit and vegetable purchases among participants in the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children
Authors: Andreyeva Tatiana , Luedicke Joerg 
Published: May 2014

AbstractObjectiveIn 2009, the US Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) began to provide participants with cash-value vouchers to purchase fruits and vegetables ($US 10 for women and $US 6 for children per month). The present paper assesses the potential effects of the new WIC incentives on fruit and vegetable purchases among WIC households in two New England states.DesignA pre–post assessment of changes in fruit and vegetable purchases after the WIC revisions in generalized estimating equation models.SettingScanner data on grocery purchases from a regional supermarket chain in New England, USA.SubjectsWIC-participating households (n 2137) that regularly shopped at the chain during January–September 2009 and January–September 2010.ResultsAfter the WIC revisions, purchases of fresh and frozen vegetables increased in volume by 17·5 % and 27·8 %, respectively. The biggest improvements were observed for fresh fruit, an increase of 28·6 %, adding almost a kilogram of fresh fruits per household per month. WIC households spent three times more of their WIC vouchers on purchasing fresh fruits than fresh vegetables. The magnitudes of substitution effects were relatively small: between 4 % (fresh fruit) and 13 % (canned vegetables) of the amounts purchased in 2009 with non-WIC funds were replaced by purchases made using WIC vouchers in 2010.ConclusionsThe provision of fruit and vegetable benefits in the revised WIC food packages increased overall purchases of fruits and vegetables among WIC-participating households in New England. Efforts to encourage consumption of fruits and vegetables by people receiving federal food assistance are paying off.
Effect of Mycotoxin-Containing Diets on Epigenetic Modifications of Mouse Oocytes by Fluorescence Microscopy Analysis
Authors: Zhu Cheng-Cheng , Hou Yan-Jun , Han Jun , Liu Hong-Lin , Cui Xiang-Shun , Kim Nam-Hyung , Sun Shao-Chen 
Published: May 2014

AbstractMycotoxins, such as aflatoxin (AF), fumonisin B1, zearalenone (ZEA), and deoxynivalenol (DON), are commonly found in many food commodities. Mycotoxins have been shown to increase DNA methylation levels in a human intestinal cell line. We previously showed that the developmental competence of oocytes was affected in mice that had been fed a mycotoxin-containing diet. In this study, we explored possible mechanisms of low mouse oocyte developmental competence after mycotoxin treatment in an epigenetic modification perspective. Mycotoxin-contaminated maize (DON at 3,875μg/kg, ZEA at 1,897μg/kg, and AF at 806μg/kg) was included in diets at three different doses (mass percentage: 0, 15, and 30%) and fed to mice for 4 weeks. The fluorescence intensity analysis showed that the general DNA methylation levels increased in oocytes from high dose mycotoxin-fed mice. Mouse oocyte histone methylation was also altered. H3K9me3 and H4K20me3 level increased in oocytes from mycotoxin-fed mice, whereas H3K27me3 and H4K20me2 level decreased in oocytes from mycotoxin-fed mice. Thus, our results indicate that naturally occurring mycotoxins have effects on epigenetic modifications in mouse oocytes, which may be one of the reasons for reduced oocyte developmental competence.
The tetrapeptide core of the carrier peptide Xentry is cell-penetrating: novel activatable forms of Xentry
Authors: Montrose Kristopher , Yang Yi , Krissansen Geoffrey W. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractHere we describe a structure-function analysis of the cell-penetrating peptide Xentry derived from the X-protein of the hepatitis B virus. Remarkably, the tetrapeptide core LCLR retains the cell-penetrating ability of the parental peptide LCLRPVG, as either an L- or D-enantiomer. Substitution of the cysteine with leucine revealed that the cysteine is essential for activity. In contrast, the C-terminal arginine could be substituted in the L-isomer with lysine, histidine, glutamic acid, glutamine and asparagine, though the resulting peptides displayed distinct cell-type-specific uptake. Substitution of the leucines in the D-isomer with other hydrophobic residues revealed that leucines are optimal for activity. Surprisingly, linear di- and tetra-peptide forms of Xentry are not cell-permeable. Protease-activatable forms of Xentry were created by fusing Xentry to itself via a protease-cleavable peptide, or by attaching a heparin mimic peptide to the N-terminus. These novel activatable forms of Xentry were only taken up by MCF-7 cells after cleavage by matrix metalloproteinase 9 and could be used to deliver drugs specifically to tumours.
Establishment and application of a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) system for detection of cry1Ac transgenic sugarcane
Authors: Zhou Dinggang , Guo Jinlong , Xu Liping , Gao Shiwu , Lin Qingliang , Wu Qibin , Wu Luguang , Que Youxiong 
Published: May 2014

AbstractTo meet the demand for detection of foreign genes in genetically modified (GM) sugarcane necessary for regulation of gene technology, an efficient method with high specificity and rapidity was developed for the cry1Ac gene, based on loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP). A set of four primers was designed using the sequence of cry1Ac along with optimized reaction conditions: 5.25 mM of Mg2+, 4:1 ratio of inner primer to outer primer, 2.0 U of Bst DNA polymerase in a reaction volume of 25.0 μL. Three post-LAMP detection methods (precipitation, calcein (0.60 mM) with Mn2+ (0.05 mM) complex and SYBR Green I visualization), were shown to be effective. The sensitivity of the LAMP method was tenfold higher than that of conventional PCR when using templates of the recombinant cry1Ac plasmid or genomic DNA from cry1Ac transgenic sugarcane plants. More importantly, this system allowed detection of the foreign gene on-site when screening GM sugarcane without complex and expensive instruments, using the naked eye. This method can not only provide technological support for detection of cry1Ac, but can also further facilitate the use of this detection technique for other transgenes in GM sugarcane.
Compounds from multilayer plastic bags cause reproductive failures in artificial insemination
Authors: Nerin C. , Ubeda J. L. , Alfaro P. , Dahmani Y. , Aznar M. , Canellas E. , Ausejo R. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractHigh levels of reproductive failure were detected in some Spanish sow farms in the Spring of 2010. Regular returns to estrus and variable reductions in litter size were observed. The problem started suddenly and did not appear to be related to the quality of the ejaculates, disease, alterations of body condition or any other apparent reasons. Subsequent studies determined that the problem was the origin of the plastic bags used for semen storage. Chemical analysis of the suspicious bags identified unexpected compounds such as BADGE, a cyclic lactone and an unknown phthalate that leached into the semen at concentrations of 0.2 to 2.5 mg/L. Spermatozoa preserved in these bags passed all of the routine quality control tests and no differences were observed between storage in the control and suspicious bags (p > 0.05). In vitro fecundation tests and endocrine profiler panel analysis (EPP) did not show any alterations, whereas the in vivo tests confirmed the described failure. This is the first described relationship between reproductive failure and toxic compounds released from plastic bags.
Cues for Lexical Tone Perception in Children: Acoustic Correlates and Phonetic Context Effects
Authors: Tong Xiuli , McBride Catherine , Burnham Denis 
Published: May 2014

Purpose
The authors investigated the effects of acoustic cues (i.e., pitch height, pitch contour, and pitch onset and offset) and phonetic context cues (i.e., syllable onsets and rimes) on lexical tone perception in Cantonese-speaking children.

Method
Eight minimum pairs of tonal contrasts were presented in either an identical phonetic context or in different phonetic contexts (different syllable onsets and rimes). Children were instructed to engage in tone identification and tone discrimination.

Results
Cantonese children attended to pitch onset in perceiving similarly contoured tones and attended to pitch contour in perceiving different-contoured tones. There was a decreasing level of tone discrimination accuracy, with tone perception being easiest for same rime–different syllable onset, more difficult for different rime–same syllable onset, and most difficult for different rime–different syllable onset phonetic contexts. This pattern was observed in tonal contrasts in which the member tones had the same contour but not in ones in which the member tones had different contours.

Conclusion
These findings suggest that in addition to pitch contour, the pitch onset is another important acoustic cue for tone perception. The relative importance of acoustic cues for tone perception is phonetically context dependent. These findings are discussed with reference to a newly modified TRACE model for tone languages (TTRACE).
20–40 GHz dual‐gate frequency doubler using 0.5 μm GaAs pHEMT technology
Authors: Li Yuan Chun , Huang Fan‐Hsiu , Xue Quan 
Published: May 2014

A Ka‐band dual‐gate frequency doubler using 0.5 μm GaAs enhancement‐mode pHEMT process is presented. The cascode circuit is equalised to the dual‐gate frequency doubler and the relationship between bias and output matching is discussed to obtain the maximum output power and conversion efficiency. Since a pinch‐off gate‐to‐source bias is driven at the input gate node, the frequency doubler consumes little DC power when injecting a low‐power fundamental signal. Based on the analysis, the designed dual‐gate doubler has a 3 dB bandwidth of 5.6 GHz, from 36 to 41.6 GHz. The fundamental suppressions are better than 15 dB. The measured maximum conversion gain is −0.9 dB at an injected power of 7 dBm. A high saturation output power is 7 dBm with a conversion efficiency of 14.3%. The measured results confirm the validity of the proposed analysis method.
Performance-optimized hierarchical models predict neural responses in higher visual cortex
Authors: Yamins Daniel L. K. , Hong Ha , Cadieu Charles F. , Solomon Ethan A. , Seibert Darren , DiCarlo James J. 
Published: May 2014

SignificanceHumans and monkeys easily recognize objects in scenes. This ability is known to be supported by a network of hierarchically interconnected brain areas. However, understanding neurons in higher levels of this hierarchy has long remained a major challenge in visual systems neuroscience. We use computational techniques to identify a neural network model that matches human performance on challenging object categorization tasks. Although not explicitly constrained to match neural data, this model turns out to be highly predictive of neural responses in both the V4 and inferior temporal cortex, the top two layers of the ventral visual hierarchy. In addition to yielding greatly improved models of visual cortex, these results suggest that a process of biological performance optimization directly shaped neural mechanisms.
Purification and cDNA cloning of a lectin and a lectin-like protein from Apios americana Medikus tubers
Authors: Kouzuma Yoshiaki , Irie Satoshi , Yamazaki Rikiya , Yonekura Masami 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
An Apios americana lectin (AAL) and a lectin-like protein (AALP) were purified from tubers by chromatography on Butyl-Cellulofine, ovomucoid-Cellulofine, and DEAE-Cellulofine columns. AAL showed strong hemagglutinating activity toward chicken and goose erythrocytes, but AALP showed no such activity toward any of the erythrocytes tested. The hemagglutinating activity of AAL was not inhibited by mono- or disaccharides, but was inhibited by glycoproteins, such as asialofetuin and ovomucoid, suggesting that AAL is an oligosaccharide-specific lectin. The cDNAs of AAL and AALP consist of 1,093 and 1,104 nucleotides and encode proteins of 302 and 274 amino acid residues, respectively. Both amino acid sequences showed high similarity to known legume lectins, and those of their amino acids involved in carbohydrate and metal binding were conserved.
Live-cell imaging of HP1α throughout the cell cycle of mouse C3H10T1/2 cells and rhythmical flickering of heterochromatin dots in interphase
Authors: Nakagawa Chika , Kawakita Ai , Fukada Takashi , Sugimoto Kenji 
Published: May 2014

AbstractHeterochromatin protein 1 alpha (HP1α) localizes to heterochromatin in interphase and shows dynamic molecular behavior in living cells. We previously reported that during mitosis, the majority of HP1α diffused into the cytoplasm but some remained in centromere heterochromatin. Here, we further characterize the molecular behavior of HP1α throughout the cell cycle. Time-lapse imaging of DsRed-HP1α through two successive cell divisions indicated that interphase can be divided into four phases. HP1α forms heterochromatin dots in early G1, which are maintained without any apparent changes (Phase 1). However, the HP1α dots begin to diffuse into the nucleoplasm and start flickering with a rhythmical cycle (Phase 2). Then, the HP1α dots diffuse further towards the periphery of the nucleus (Phase 3), and uniformly diffuse throughout the entire nucleus (Phase 4). Rhythmical flickering of HP1α dots in the middle of interphase may be useful for following cell cycle progression in mouse living cells.
Forced expression of FLO11 confers pellicle-forming ability and furfural tolerance on Saccharomyces cerevisiae in ethanol production
Authors: Nakagawa Youji , Hasebe Toru , Ishiai Miyuki , Yamamura Hideki , Iimura Yuzuru , Hayakawa Masayuki 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
We constructed a plasmid that expresses FLO11 encoding a cell surface glycoprotein of Saccharomyces cerevisiae under the control of a constitutive promoter. This plasmid conferred pellicle-forming ability on the non-pellicle-forming industrial strain of S. cerevisiae at the air–liquid interface of the glucose-containing liquid medium. The induced pellicle-forming cells exhibited tolerance to furfural, which is a key toxin in lignocellulosic hydrolysates, in ethanol production.
Evidence of positive selection at signal peptide region of interferon gamma
Authors: Wang Zhengshi , Zhong Ming , Fu Maobin , Dou Tonghai , Bian Zhengqian 
Published: May 2014

AbstractInterferon gamma (IFNG) is a major cytokine and plays crucial roles in pathogen clearance. About the course of evolution of IFNG, it has been reported that IFNG is being subjected to adaptive selection, which is proved at the level of gene. Neighbor-joining method was used to reconstruct the phylogenetic tree of all IFNG protein-coding sequences. The pair-wise computation of Ka/Ks between every exon homologs, branch-specific model, and site-specific model of the likelihood method were performed to detect positive selection of IFNG. We reported, for the first time, that the signal peptide region of IFNG is under significant positive selection, evolving faster than other parts. We provide evidence at the level of individual exon and individual amino acid site that IFNG is under adaptive evolution, which establishes the basis for further researches about IFNG.