bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Study of the Thermal-Structural Behavior of a Piston Diesel With Gallery Through Finite Element Method
Authors: Avila Aguilar José Manuel , Lesso Arroyo Raul , Martínez Cruz Jorge 
Published: October 2013

The finite element analysis is a useful tool to investigate the behavior of a body subjected to different loads. The objective of this work was the analysis of an aluminum diesel piston provided with a cooling gallery, Cu-Zn bushings, and a Ni-resist insert. This piston is used in 1.9 L turbodiesel engines. The investigation was undertaken in order to observe the mechanical behavior of the piston at the operating temperatures and pressures and thus to study the performance of the different parts of the piston.
The analysis was performed using a finite element software, taking into account a coupled field analysis and involving a fluid passing through the cooling gallery, temperature and pressure at the piston head which resulted in heat flow and thermo-mechanical stresses in the piston.
According to the obtained results, it is worth noting the important role of Cu-Zn bushings in the piston as they support the highest stress of about 359 MPa and protect the piston against failure, and these bushings are able to support more stress that the body of the piston (aluminum yield stress limit 290 MPa). Also it is observed that the cooling gallery acts as a thermal barrier by preventing the heat flow from the head piston (approximately 213 ° C) toward the piston body (approximately 80 ° C). Another important aspect is the structural thermal interaction analysis and it can be observed the influence of high temperatures in the piston, increasing stress up to 100%. Finally it was concluded that the piston is able to withstand the operating pressures and temperatures.
Megalin Contributes to Kidney Accumulation and Nephrotoxicity of Colistin
Authors: Suzuki Takahiro , Yamaguchi Hiroaki , Ogura Jiro , Kobayashi Masaki , Yamada Takehiro , Iseki Ken 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACTInterest has recently been shown again in colistin because of the increased prevalence of infections caused by multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria. Although the potential for nephrotoxicity is a major dose-limiting factor in colistin use, little is known about the mechanisms that underlie colistin-induced nephrotoxicity. In this study, we focused on an endocytosis receptor, megalin, that is expressed in renal proximal tubules, with the aim of clarifying the role of megalin in the kidney accumulation and nephrotoxicity of colistin. We examined the binding of colistin to megalin by using a vesicle assay. The kidney accumulation, urinary excretion, and concentrations in plasma of colistin in megalin-shedding rats were also evaluated. Furthermore, we examined the effect of megalin ligands and a microtubule-depolymerizing agent on colistin-induced nephrotoxicity. We found that cytochromec, a typical megalin ligand, inhibited the binding of colistin to megalin competitively. In megalin-shedding rats, renal proximal tubule colistin accumulation was decreased (13.5 ± 1.6 and 21.3 ± 2.6 μg in megalin-shedding and control rats, respectively). Coadministration of colistin and cytochromecor albumin fragments resulted in a significant decrease in urinaryN-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase (NAG) excretion, a marker of renal tubular damage (717.1 ± 183.9 mU/day for colistin alone, 500.8 ± 102.4 mU/day for cytochromecwith colistin, and 406.7 ± 156.7 mU/day for albumin fragments with colistin). Moreover, coadministration of colistin and colchicine, a microtubule-depolymerizing agent, resulted in a significant decrease in urinary NAG excretion. In conclusion, our results indicate that colistin acts as a megalin ligand and that megalin plays a key role in the accumulation in the kidney and nephrotoxicity of colistin. Megalin ligands may be new targets for the prevention of colistin-induced nephrotoxicity.
Sensititre MYCOTB MIC Plate for Testing Mycobacterium tuberculosis Susceptibility to First- and Second-Line Drugs
Authors: Lee Jongseok , Armstrong Derek T. , Ssengooba Willy , Park Jeong-ae , Yu Yeuni , Mumbowa Francis , Namaganda Carolyn , Mboowa Gerald , Nakayita Germine , Armakovitch Sandra , Chien Gina , Cho Sang-Nae , Via Laura E. , Barry Clifton E. , Ellner Jerrold J. , Alland David , Dorman Susan E. , Joloba Moses L. 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACT

For
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
, phenotypic methods for drug susceptibility testing of second-line drugs are poorly standardized and technically challenging. The Sensititre MYCOTB MIC plate (MYCOTB) is a microtiter plate containing lyophilized antibiotics and configured for determination of MICs to first- and second-line antituberculosis drugs. To evaluate the performance of MYCOTB for
M. tuberculosis
drug susceptibility testing using the Middlebrook 7H10 agar proportion method (APM) as the comparator, we conducted a two-site study using archived
M. tuberculosis
isolates from Uganda and the Republic of Korea. Thawed isolates were subcultured, and dilutions were inoculated into MYCOTB wells and onto 7H10 agar. MYCOTB results were read at days 7, 10, 14, and 21; APM results were read at 21 days. A total of 222 isolates provided results on both platforms. By APM, 106/222 (47.7%) of isolates were resistant to at least isoniazid and rifampin. Agreement between MYCOTB and APM with respect to susceptibility or resistance was ≥92% for 7 of 12 drugs when a strict definition was used and ≥96% for 10 of 12 drugs when agreement was defined by allowing a ± one-well range of dilutions around the APM critical concentration. For ethambutol, agreement was 80% to 81%. For moxifloxacin, agreement was 83% to 85%; incorporating existing DNA sequencing information for discrepant analysis raised agreement to 91% to 96%. For MYCOTB, the median time to plate interpretation was 10 days and interreader agreement was ≥95% for all drugs. MYCOTB provided reliable results for
M. tuberculosis
susceptibility testing of first- and second-line drugs except ethambutol, and results were available sooner than those determined by APM.
Differential Susceptibilities to Azithromycin Treatment of Chlamydial Infection in the Gastrointestinal Tract and Cervix
Authors: Yeruva Laxmi , Melnyk Stepan , Spencer Nicole , Bowlin Anne , Rank Roger G. 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACT
Evidence from animal studies suggests that chlamydiae may persist in the gastrointestinal tract (GI) and be a reservoir for reinfection of the genital tract. We hypothesize that there may be a differential susceptibility of organisms in the GI and genital tracts. To determine the effect of azithromycin on persistent chlamydial gut infection, C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice were infected orally and genitally and treated with azithromycin (Az) orally (20, 40, or 80 mg/kg of body weight), and the numbers of chlamydiae were determined from cervix and cecal tissues. The Az concentration in the cecum and cervix was measured by high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection (HPLC-ECD). Az treatment cleared genital infection in both C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice; however, GI infection was not cleared with the same doses. HPLC data showed the presence of Az at both sites of infection, and significant amounts of Az were measured in treatment groups. However, no significant difference in Az levels between the cecum and the cervix was observed, indicating similar levels of Az reaching both sites of infection. These data indicate that antibiotic levels that are sufficient to cure genital infection are ineffectual against GI infection. The results suggest a reevaluation of antibiotic therapy for chlamydial infection.
Evaluation of the Efficacies of Amphotericin B, Posaconazole, Voriconazole, and Anidulafungin in a Murine Disseminated Infection by the Emerging Opportunistic Fungus Sarocladium (Acremonium)
kiliense
Authors: Fernández-Silva Fabiola , Capilla Javier , Mayayo Emilio , Sutton Deanna A. , Hernández Pilar , Guarro Josep 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACT

We evaluated and compared the efficacies of different antifungal drugs against
Sarocladium kiliense
(formerly
Acremonium kiliense
), a clinically relevant opportunistic fungus, in a murine model of systemic infection. Three clinical strains of this fungus were tested, and the therapy administered was as follows: posaconazole at 20 mg/kg of body weight (twice daily), voriconazole at 40 mg/kg, anidulafungin at 10 mg/kg, or amphotericin B at 0.8 mg/kg. The efficacy was evaluated by prolonged animal survival, tissue burden reduction, and (1→3)-β-
d
-glucan serum levels. In general, the four antifungal drugs showed high MICs and poor
in vitro
activity. The efficacy of the different treatments was only modest, since survival rates were never higher than 40% and no drug was able to reduce fungal load in all the organs for the three strains tested. Posaconazole, in spite of its high MICs (≥16 μg/ml), showed the highest efficacy. The (1→3)-β-
d
-glucan serum levels were equally reduced by all drugs evaluated.
Epidemiology of Bloodstream Infections Caused by Acinetobacter baumannii and Impact of Drug Resistance to both Carbapenems and Ampicillin-Sulbactam on Clinical Outcomes
Authors: Chopra Teena , Marchaim Dror , Awali Reda A. , Krishna Amar , Johnson Paul , Tansek Ryan , Chaudary Khawar , Lephart Paul , Slim Jessica , Hothi Jatinder , Ahmed Harris , Pogue Jason M. , Zhao Jing J. , Kaye Keith S. 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACT

Acinetobacter baumannii
has become a leading cause of bloodstream infections (BSI) in health care settings. Although the incidence of infection with carbapenem- and ampicillin-sulbactam-resistant (CASR)
A. baumannii
has increased, there is a scarcity of studies which investigate BSI caused by CASR
A. baumannii
. A retrospective cohort study was conducted on adult patients with BSI caused by
A. baumannii
and who were admitted to the Detroit Medical Center between January 2006 and April 2009. Medical records were queried for patients' demographics, antimicrobial exposures, comorbidities, hospital stay, and clinical outcomes. Bivariate analyses and logistic regression were employed in the study. Two hundred seventy-four patients with BSI caused by
A. baumannii
were included in the study: 68 (25%) caused by CASR
A. baumannii
and 206 (75%) caused by non-CASR
A. baumannii
. In multivariate analysis, factors associated with BSI caused by CASR
A. baumannii
included admission with a rapidly fatal condition (odds ratio [OR] = 2.83, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.27 to 6.32,
P
value = 0.01) and prior use of antimicrobials (OR = 2.83, 95% CI = 1.18 to 6.78,
P
value = 0.02). In-hospital mortality rates for BSI caused by CASR
A. baumannii
were significantly higher than those for non-CASR
A. baumannii
-induced BSI (43% versus 20%; OR = 3.0, 95% CI = 1.60 to 5.23,
P
value < 0.001). However, after adjusting for potential confounders, the association between BSI caused by CASR
A. baumannii
and increased risk of in-hospital mortality was not significant (OR = 1.15, 95% CI = 0.51 to 2.63,
P
value = 0.74). This study demonstrated that CASR
A. baumannii
had a distinct epidemiology compared to more susceptible
A. baumannii
strains; however, clinical outcomes were similar for the two groups. Admission with a rapidly fatal condition was an independent predictor for both CASR
A. baumannii
and in-hospital mortality.
Exoenzyme S ADP-Ribosylates Rab5 Effector Sites To Uncouple Intracellular Trafficking
Authors: Simon Nathan C. , Barbieri Joseph T. 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACT

Pseudomonas aeruginosa
exoenzyme S (ExoS) ADP-ribosylates multiple eukaryotic targets to promote cytopathology and bacterial colonization. ADP-ribosylation of the small GTPase Rab5 has previously been shown to block fluid-phase endocytosis and trafficking of plasma membrane receptors to the early endosomes as well as inhibit phagocytosis of the bacterium. In this study, ExoS is shown to be capable of ADP-ribosylating 6 candidate arginine residues that are located in the effector binding region or in the C terminus of Rab5. Two Rab5 derivatives were engineered, which contained Arg→Ala mutations at four Arg residues within the effector binding region (EF) or two Arg residues within the C-terminal tail (TL). Expression of Rab5(TL) does not affect the ability of ExoS to modify intracellular trafficking, while expression of Rab5(EF) rescued the ability of ExoS to inhibit intracellular trafficking. ADP-ribosylation of effector arginines likely uncouples Rab5 signaling to downstream effectors. This is a different mechanism for inhibition than observed for the ADP-ribosylation of Ras by ExoS, where ADP-ribosylated Ras loses the ability to bind guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF). Other experiments showed that expression of dominant negative Rab5(Ser34Asn) does not inhibit ExoS trafficking to the perinuclear region of intoxicated cells. This study provides insight into a mechanism for how ExoS ADP-ribosylation of Rab5 inhibits Rab5 function.
The role of proximal dynamic joint stability in the development of exertional medial tibial pain: a prospective study
Authors: Verrelst Ruth , De Clercq Dirk , Vanrenterghem Jos , Willems Tine , Palmans Tanneke , Witvrouw Erik 
Published: October 2013

ObjectiveTo prospectively determine risk factors contributing to the development of exertional medial tibial pain (EMTP).MethodsData were prospectively collected on healthy female students in physical education, who were freshmen in 2010–2011 and 2011–2012. Eighty-six female students aged 19.38±0.85 years, were tested at the beginning of their first academic year. Kinematic parameters in the frontal and transverse plane were measured during a single-leg drop jump (SLDJ). For further analysis, the SLDJ task was divided in two phases: touchdown until maximal knee flexion (MKF) and then MKF until take-off, representing landing and push-off phase, respectively. The injury follow-up of the students was assessed using a weekly online questionnaire and a 3-monthly retrospective control questionnaire. EMTP was diagnosed by an experienced medical doctor. Cox regression analysis was used to identify the potential risk factors for the development of EMTP.ResultsDuring injury follow-up (1–2 years), 22 participants were diagnosed with EMTP. The results of this study identified that increased range of motion (ROM) in the transverse plane of hip and thorax during landing (p=0.010 and 0.026, respectively) and during push off (p=0.019 and 0.045, respectively) are predictive parameters for the development of EMTP in women.ConclusionsIncreased ROM values of hip and thorax in the transverse plane, which can be interpreted as impaired ability to maintain dynamic joint stability resulting in increased accessory movements, are significant contributors to the development of EMTP in women.
A survey of appearance models in visual object tracking
Authors: Li Xi , Hu Weiming , Shen Chunhua , Zhang Zhongfei , Dick Anthony , Hengel Anton Van Den 
Published: October 2013

Visual object tracking is a significant computer vision task which can be applied to many domains, such as visual surveillance, human computer interaction, and video compression. Despite extensive research on this topic, it still suffers from difficulties in handling complex object appearance changes caused by factors such as illumination variation, partial occlusion, shape deformation, and camera motion. Therefore, effective modeling of the 2D appearance of tracked objects is a key issue for the success of a visual tracker. In the literature, researchers have proposed a variety of 2D appearance models.To help readers swiftly learn the recent advances in 2D appearance models for visual object tracking, we contribute this survey, which provides a detailed review of the existing 2D appearance models. In particular, this survey takes a module-based architecture that enables readers to easily grasp the key points of visual object tracking. In this survey, we first decompose the problem of appearance modeling into two different processing stages: visual representation and statistical modeling. Then, different 2D appearance models are categorized and discussed with respect to their composition modules. Finally, we address several issues of interest as well as the remaining challenges for future research on this topic.The contributions of this survey are fourfold. First, we review the literature of visual representations according to their feature-construction mechanisms (i.e., local and global). Second, the existing statistical modeling schemes for tracking-by-detection are reviewed according to their model-construction mechanisms: generative, discriminative, and hybrid generative-discriminative. Third, each type of visual representations or statistical modeling techniques is analyzed and discussed from a theoretical or practical viewpoint. Fourth, the existing benchmark resources (e.g., source codes and video datasets) are examined in this survey.
LocateMe
Authors: Subbu Kalyan Pathapati , Gozick Brandon , Dantu Ram 
Published: October 2013

Fine-grained localization is extremely important to accurately locate a user indoors. Although innovative solutions have already been proposed, there is no solution that is universally accepted, easily implemented, user centric, and, most importantly, works in the absence of GSM coverage or WiFi availability. The advent of sensor rich smartphones has paved a way to develop a solution that can cater to these requirements.
By employing a smartphone's built-in magnetic field sensor, magnetic signatures were collected inside buildings. These signatures displayed a uniqueness in their patterns due to the presence of different kinds of pillars, doors, elevators, etc., that consist of ferromagnetic materials like steel or iron. We theoretically analyze the cause of this uniqueness and then present an indoor localization solution by classifying signatures based on their patterns. However, to account for user walking speed variations so as to provide an application usable to a variety of users, we follow a dynamic time-warping-based approach that is known to work on similar signals irrespective of their variations in the time axis.
Our approach resulted in localization distances of approximately 2m--6m with accuracies between 80--100% implying that it is sufficient to walk short distances across hallways to be located by the smartphone. The implementation of the application on different smartphones yielded response times of less than five secs, thereby validating the feasibility of our approach and making it a viable solution.
CDK1 Phosphorylation of YAP Promotes Mitotic Defects and Cell Motility and Is Essential for Neoplastic Transformation
Authors: Yang Shuping , Zhang Lin , Liu Miao , Chong Rong , Ding Shi-Jian , Chen Yuanhong , Dong Jixin 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
The Yes-associated protein, YAP, is a downstream effector of the Hippo pathway of cell-cycle control that plays important roles in tumorigenesis. Hippo-mediated phosphorylation YAP, mainly at S127, inactivates YAP function. In this study, we define a mechanism for positive regulation of YAP activity that is critical for its oncogenic function. Specifically, we found that YAP is phosphorylated in vitro and in vivo by the cell-cycle kinase CDK1 at T119, S289, and S367 during the G2–M phase of the cell cycle. We also found that ectopic expression of a phosphomimetic YAP mutant (YAP3D, harboring T119D/S289D/S367D) was sufficient to induce mitotic defects in immortalized epithelial cells, including centrosome amplification, multipolar spindles, and chromosome missegregation. Finally, we documented that mitotic phosphorylation of YAP was sufficient to promote cell migration and invasion in a manner essential for neoplastic cell transformation. In support of our findings, CDK1 inhibitors largely suppressed cell motility mediated by activated YAP-S127A but not the phosphomimetic mutant YAP3D. Collectively, our results reveal a previously unrecognized mechanism for controlling the activity of YAP that is crucial for its oncogenic function mediated by mitotic dysregulation. Cancer Res; 73(22); 6722–33. ©2013 AACR.
Targeting Src and Tubulin in Mucinous Ovarian Carcinoma
Authors: Liu Tao , Hu Wei , Dalton Heather J. , Choi Hyun Jin , Huang Jie , Kang Yu , Pradeep Sunila , Miyake Takahito , Song Jian H. , Wen Yunfei , Lu Chunhua , Pecot Chad V. , Bottsford-Miller Justin , Zand Behrouz , Jennings Nicholas B. , Ivan Cristina , Gallick Gary E. , Baggerly Keith A. , Hangauer David G. , Coleman Robert L. , Frumovitz Michael , Sood Anil K. 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
Purpose: To investigate the antitumor effects of targeting Src and tubulin in mucinous ovarian carcinoma.
Experimental Design: The in vitro and in vivo effects and molecular mechanisms of KX-01, which inhibits Src pathway and tubulin polymerization, were examined in mucinous ovarian cancer models.
Results: In vitro studies using RMUG-S and RMUG-L cell lines showed that KX-01 inhibited cell proliferation, induced apoptosis, arrested the cell cycle at the G2–M phase, and enhanced the cytotoxicity of oxaliplatin in the KX-01–sensitive cell line, RMUG-S. In vivo studies showed that KX-01 significantly decreased tumor burden in RMUG-S and RMUG-L mouse models relative to untreated controls, and the effects were greater when KX-01 was combined with oxaliplatin. KX-01 alone and in combination with oxaliplatin significantly inhibited tumor growth by reducing cell proliferation and inducing apoptosis in vivo. PTEN knock-in experiments in RMUG-L cells showed improved response to KX-01. Reverse phase protein array analysis showed that in addition to blocking downstream molecules of Src family kinases, KX-01 also activated acute stress-inducing molecules.
Conclusion: Our results showed that targeting both the Src pathway and tubulin with KX-01 significantly inhibited tumor growth in preclinical mucinous ovarian cancer models, suggesting that this may be a promising therapeutic approach for patients with mucinous ovarian carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res; 19(23); 6532–43. ©2013 AACR.
Polyamine-Blocking Therapy Reverses Immunosuppression in the Tumor Microenvironment
Authors: Hayes Candace S. , Shicora Allyson C. , Keough Martin P. , Snook Adam E. , Burns Mark R. , Gilmour Susan K. 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
Correcting T-cell immunosuppression may unleash powerful antitumor responses; however, knowledge about the mechanisms and modifiers that may be targeted to improve therapy remains incomplete. Here, we report that polyamine elevation in cancer, a common metabolic aberration in aggressive lesions, contributes significantly to tumor immunosuppression and that a polyamine depletion strategy can exert antitumor effects that may also promote immunity. A polyamine-blocking therapy (PBT) that combines the well-characterized ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) inhibitor difluoromethylornithine (DFMO) with AMXT 1501, a novel inhibitor of the polyamine transport system, blocked tumor growth in immunocompetent mice but not in athymic nude mice lacking T cells. PBT had little effect on the proliferation of epithelial tumor cells, but it increased the number of apoptotic cells. Analysis of CD45+ tumor immune infiltrates revealed that PBT decreased levels of Gr-1+CD11b+ myeloid suppressor cells and increased CD3+ T cells. Strikingly, in a model of neoadjuvant therapy, mice administered with PBT one week before surgical resection of engrafted mammary tumors exhibited resistance to subsequent tumor rechallenge. Collectively, our results indicate that therapies targeting polyamine metabolism do not act exclusively as antiproliferative agents, but also act strongly to prevent immune escape by the tumor. PBT may offer a general approach to heighten immune responses in cancer. Cancer Immunol Res; 2(3); 274–85. ©2013 AACR.