bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
TACID: A COMPUTER-BASED INFORMATION SYSTEM FOR ON-SCENE COMMANDERS
Authors: Goodman R. H. , Peabody C. H. , Holoboff A. G. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
This paper describes the development of TACID, a computer-based data base system for use by on-scene commanders and technical advisors at the scene of an oil spill. The system uses an MS-DOS-based lap-top computer, a readily available data base program, and a menu-driven selection process. All the environmental and response data for a geographic area are recorded on a number of 3.5-inch rugged computer discs, and an operating program has been written to allow users to select the appropriate disc. The computer serves both as a retrieval program and as an arithmetic processor. The use of TACID greatly enhances the capabilities of emergency response commanders and their technical advisors to deal with an oil spill on the scene.
REAL-TIME PROCESSING OF OIL SPILL REMOTE SENSING DATA1
Authors: Le Guen Yvon J. F. , Brussieux Marc , Burkhalter Rolland 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The good quality of thermal infrared imagery and the relation between infrared emissivity and the thickness of an oil slick have led to the development of a visualizing rack and an image processing program. This system, tested on board a surveillance aircraft, has permitted on-site estimation within 20 seconds of the total volume of a 28 cubic meter slick with less than 15% error.
LABORATORY STUDIES ON THE BEHAVIOR AND CLEANUP OF WAXY CRUDE OIL SPILLS
Authors: Buist Ian , Potter Stephen , Mackay Don , Charles Michael 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Small- and mid-scale laboratory tests were undertaken to investigate the behavior and cleanup of spills of waxy crude oils at sea. The results indicate that the behavior of such oils is very different from that of conventional oils. This difference is likely due primarily to the precipitation of waxes, asphaltenes, and other unknown resinous compounds as the oil evaporates or as environmental temperatures drop. Thus, the oil spreads, evaporates, and naturally disperses very slowly, or in the extreme, even gels into a semisolid mass. Waxy oil spills can be expected to survive on the sea surface considerably longer than an equivalent spill of conventional crude. The results of simple countermeasure tests suggest that waxy crude oil spills will be difficult to clean up, since they are very viscous, do not adhere well to oleophilic surfaces, and are extremely resistant to chemical dispersants.
OIL SPREADING UNDER ICE COVERS
Authors: Yapa Poojitha D. , Chowdhury Tamara 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
A new set of equations is presented for describing oil spreading under ice in calm waters. These equations consider the constant discharge mode, constant volume mode, and termination of spreading due to a balance of forces. Therefore, a complete description of the spreading phenomena from the time of initial spill to termination of spreading is presented. The equations are derived based on a simplified form of Navier-Stokes equations. Laboratory experiments were conducted using ice covers of different roughnesses, oils of different viscosities, and varying discharge rates. The theory agrees closely with the experimental data.
OIL LAYER FLOW AROUND SKIMMING VESSELS
Authors: Suzuki Isao , Tasaki Ryo , Miki Kkenjiro , Kajita Etsuji , Yagi Takanobu 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The flow of an oil layer around an advancing skimming vessel was investigated theoretically on the following assumptions: (1) the oil layer is so thin that the velocity distribution is uniform over the depth; (2) there is no shear and tension at the oil-water interface; and (3) the density difference between oil and water is so small that the elevation of the air-oil interface is negligible. The investigation showed that the oil layer flow is replaced by a supercritical flow in a shallow open water channel which is characterized by the densimetric Froude number in the ideal case of inviscid fluids with no interfacial tension.
Tank tests have been carried out to verify the theoretical model and its simulation of an oil layer flow, using scale models of a mono-hull vessel. Similar models with different entrance angles have been tested, at varying ship speeds and oil layer thicknesses. The test results show that the theoretical model and the similitude are valid at lower densimetric Froude numbers, and the effect of the Froude number appears at higher densimetric Froude numbers.
COMBATING OIL POLLUTION IN CHINA1
Authors: Baokang Pu 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
China is accelerating its economic growth now, but prevention of pollution also has been put on the priority agenda of the government and has become a basic policy of the country.
The first National Environmental Protection Law (for trial implementation) was adopted in 1979. Since then, more than five national laws and regulations relating to the prevention of marine pollution, as well as other laws for the prevention of air and land pollution have been approved.
The focus of this paper is on the marine pollution situation which China is facing, the problems China is dealing with, and the difficulties remaining.
Regulations for the prevention of oil pollution have been published in The Regulations Concerning The Prevention Of Pollution Of Sea Areas By Vessels Of The People's Republic Of China, based on those of The International Convention For The Prevention Of Pollution From Ships, 1973, As Modified By The Protocol Of 1978 Relating Thereto (MARPOL 73/78).
The pollution control organization from national to regional levels, their activities and achievements, difficulties in implementation of both national and international regulations, and the technical assistance available from international bodies, such as the International Maritime Organization (IMO), United Nations Development Program (UNDP) and foreign countries such as Norway and Sweden are introduced.
OIL SPILL CONTINGENCY PLANNING IN THE BALTIC SEA
Authors: Bender Klavs , Østfeldt Preben , Kronborg Poul 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
In 1986 an oil and gas concession in the Baltic Sea was granted by the Danish Ministry of Energy to a group of oil companies with Norsk Hydro as operator. In this connection, the company initiated a three-year research project in the area, covering the following subjects:The use and development of analytical methods for biomarkers, prior to any oil spill, to identify oil in marine sedimentsBaseline evaluation at 10 sediment stations within the concession area of certain defined heavy metals and hydrocarbonsSimulation of drift, spreading, and fate of oil slicks using advanced computer models calibrated for the Baltic Sea areaCoastal vulnerability mapping of resources and development of a computerized data base system for this information.
This paper is a status report on the research, describing the goals achieved midway through the program.
A COMPARISON OF REGULATIONS RELATED TO THE OIL SPCC PROGRAM
Authors: Novotny Sandra K. , Wendel Thearin R. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Several federal agencies regulate selected aspects of the production, refining, transportation, and storage of petroleum and petroleum products. Based on analyses of such programs, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) may propose modifications to the Oil Spill Prevention, Control, and Countermeasures (SPCC) program. These proposed changes would be likely to result in improved consistency with other government and industry standards.
Regulatory changes may occur in two extensive and significant areas: adoption of specific and widely recognized industry and regulatory tank standards, and mandatory contingency planning at all facilities covered by the SPCC regulations. Relevant industrial, trade association, and technical standards generated by the American Petroleum Institute, the Underwriters Laboratories, Inc., the National Fire Protection Association, the American National Standards Institute, and the National Association of Corrosion Engineers have been reviewed for applicability to the SPCC regulations. Areas of concern include materials specifications, welding requirements, pressure testing prior to service, overpressure and vacuum relief requirements, design specifications, hydrostatic testing requirements, and siting specifications.
THE ROLE OF INDIAN TRIBES IN NATURAL RESOURCE DAMAGES RECOVERY
Authors: Parker Grant D. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Oil and hazardous substance spills can have a catastrophic impact on Indian tribes relying on natural resources such as fish and wildlife for subsistence or economic survival. Indian tribes have increasing legal and administrative opportuntiies to protect, and recover damages for, tribal resources injured by oil and hazardous substance releases. Common law, and recent amendments to the federal Superfund statute recognize the importance of resource protection to tribal governments and specifically provide for the participation of tribal governments in both assessing damage to, and bringing claims to recover for the loss of, natural resources.
NATURAL RESOURCE DAMAGE ASSESSMENT OF THE AMAZON VENTURE OIL SPILL
Authors: Michel Jacqueline 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The release of approximately 500,000 gallons of No. 6 fuel oil into the Savannah River on December 4 to 6, 1986 resulted in extensive contamination of wetlands. The extreme tidal currents transported the oil over 100 river miles, heavily contaminating 650 acres of wetlands and lightly contaminating 690 acres. The affected area included the Savannah National Wildilfe Refuge and wetland and fishery resources within the states of Georgia and South Carolina. A natural resources damage assessment was conducted, focusing on damages to the wetlands, using replacement cost and two different loss-of-use valuation methods. Damages to fisheries and wildlife were estimated using the draft Type A computer model. Other costs included impacts to a three-year study at the refuge. The initial assessment valuation ranged from $640,000 to $3.0 million. The out-of-court settlement was $1.2 million. The assessment followed the spirit of the Type A assessment, as a simple method using readily available information, without the constraints of the computer model, which was not appropriate to the spill conditions.
STUDY OF OIL-IN-WATER DISPERSION USING A DYNAMIC TURBIDIMETER
Authors: Pelletier Emilien , Brochu Charles 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
A new laboratory method using a turbidimetric technique has been developed to study basic oil-in-water dispersion processes and oil spill chemical dispersant effectiveness. A simple dynamic turbidimeter was interfaced to a microcomputer, and rates of oil dispersion and oil droplet resurfacing were recorded and correlated to experimental parameters such as oil-to-water ratio and dispersant-to-oil ratio. The new technique was found much more sensitive than classical effectiveness methods and experimental results were in excellent agreement with a mathematical model developed a few years ago to predict oil spill dispersant effectiveness. The method was also found very useful for studying dispersant formulation.
STUDY TO DETERMINE THE RECOVERY OF A LOUISIANA MARSH FROM AN OIL SPILL
Authors: Fischel Marion , Grip Wayne , Mendelssohn Irving A. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
A pipeline break in April 1985 near the Shell Pipe Line Corporation pumping station at Nairn, Louisiana, resulted in the release of approximately 300 barrels of crude oil in a south Louisiana marsh. A study was conducted three months after the spill to assess the effects of the oil on the marsh community. Results showed that the vegetation was affected by the oil.3 A follow-up study was conducted in fall 1986 to determine the extent of recovery of the marsh vegetation. Color infrared aerial photographs taken in October 1986 revealed an increase in healthy vegetation and a decrease in stressed vegetation, indicating that some marsh recovery had occurred. However, some vegetated areas were converted to mudflats or open water after the spill. A review of historical aerial photographs taken between 1952 and 1978 showed that deterioration of the marsh had been occurring at an estimated annual rate of one percent since 1972 and may have increased to three percent since the early 1980s.
A vegetation survey conducted in September 1986 also showed recovery of some of the marsh vegetation. The extent of recovery appeared to be a function of location of the vegetation within the marsh. Sampling plots located on the western side of the study area (adjacent to Bay Vacherie) exhibited substantial recovery, while some of the plots on the eastern half (near a flood protection levee) did not recover. The greater impact of the oil on the vegetation adjacent to the levee appears to be attributable to the prevalent wind direction at the time of the oil spill; the lower marsh elevation, causing waterlogging of the vegetation and concentration of the oil; and use of marsh buggies near the levee during the cleanup. Some additional recovery may still occur in the future in areas that have suitable surface elevation for reestablishment of the vegetation.
CHARACTERIZATION OF THE INITIAL WEATHERING OF PETROLEUM HYDROCARBONS BY FTIR SPECTROSCOPY AND SUPERCRITICAL FLUID CHROMATOGRAPHY
Authors: Mansur Lamya , Williams Alan , Bartle Keith D. , Raynor Mark W. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Chemical changes resulting from the weathering processes of oils have been investigated on a bench scale weathering apparatus. A multicomponent oil simulating crude oil was developed for this purpose. Hydrocarbon concentrations resulting from evaporation and dissolution were measured using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and interpreted by a computer program (CIRCOM), which uses the method of principal components regression for multicomponent quantitative analysis. This method could be fast and accurate for quantitative assessments of changes in chemical and physical properties of an oil. However, this study outlines only the chemical measurements of saturated and aromatic hydrocarbon composition.
Experiments were also undertaken to study weathering processes on oil droplets. In this technique single droplets of crude oil were suspended in water, the trends of dissolution were studied, and the behavior of the remaining heavy fraction assessed by FTIR spectroscopy and capillary column supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC). SFC was used to identify compounds, especially high molecular weight alkanes, and their changes in concentration with time in suspension in water. The results show that the main changes in the composition of oil droplets in stagnant waters are loss of low molecular weight material and differential loss of high boiling n-alkanes compared to their isoprenoid counterparts. FTIR spectroscopy and SFC proved powerful techniques for detecting minimal weathering processes, including oxidation, dissolution, and microbial degradation.
BIODEGRADATION OF OIL IN THE ARCTIC: ENHANCEMENT BY OIL-SOLUBLE FERTILIZER APPLICATION
Authors: Sveum Per , Ladousse Alain 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Oil exploration in arctic regions will require special oil spill cleanup methods for shorelines. The application of fertilizers to speed biodegradation of oil may hold promise. INIPOL EAP22, an oil-soluble fertilizer that is nontoxic and biodegradable, was tested in a series of experiments on Spitsbergen, Norway, to determine its effectiveness under various conditions. The fertilizer was applied to floating oil and to oil on shoreline sediments. Effectiveness of the treatments varied. The oil-on-water experiments showed virtually no signs of biodegradation, perhaps because photo-oxidation products and low-boiling-point hydrocarbons interfered. Experiments with oil in sediments showed mixed results: oil in finer sediments showed little or no biodegradation, but oil in coarser sediments was significantly biodegraded. Uptake and exchange of nutrients depends on the complex growth kinetics of the bacteria involved, and requires detailed study.
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF THE 1985 ARCO ANCHORAGE OIL SPILL: 1988 CONCLUSIONS1
Authors: Mancini Eugene R. , Lindstedt-Siva June , Chamberlain Dilworth W. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The beach of Ediz Hook, Port Angeles, Washington, was heavily oiled by Alaska North Slope (ANS) crude oil spilled subsequent to the grounding of the Arco Anchorage on December 21, 1985. Intertidal crude oil concentrations measured in beach sediments ranged from less than 50 to 20,000 ppm, with an average of 2,240 ppm. Beach reclamation efforts, concluded in April 1986, reduced average crude oil concentrations to 670 ppm. An intertidal and subtidal sediment chemistry and benthic invertebrate monitoring program was initiated at Ediz Hook in 1986 and was concluded in early 1988. Sediment chemistry data indicated a decline in mean intertidal concentrations from 670 to 110 ppm between April 1986 and July 1987. Shallow subtidal concentrations decreased from a mean of 460 to 110 ppm in the same time period. Benthic invertebrate population indices, developed with core and box sampler data, generally demonstrated a negative correlation with sediment crude oil concentrations. Organism density, taxonomic diversity and biomass increased significantly at numerous stations during the course of the monitoring studies. Successful bivalve population recruitment and growth were evident for several hardshell clam species by the fall of 1987. There was no evidence of petroleum-derived hydrocarbons in the edible tissues of salmonids (rainbow trout and Atlantic salmon) which were gathered for several months after the spill from a net-pen culturing facility in Port Angeles. Despite vigorous bird rehabilitation efforts, approximately 80 percent of the 1,917 oiled birds perished. Pre- and post-spill population census data indicate, however, that population level impacts did not occur. Various reconnaissance, monitoring and damage assessment investigations conducted during and after the spill have documented the environmental value of a rapid and effective spill response and cleanup effort. Significant impacts associated with the spill were short-term in nature and generally limited to the immediate spill area.
A PRIORITY APPROACH TO REGIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL SENSITIVITY MAPPING
Authors: Rooney Ann Hayward , Ledwin Jane 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Identifying and mapping especially sensitive environments in coastal areas is essential to protecting these environments from the effects of oil spills. Accordingly, “hot spot” habitats and resources in the Chesapeake Bay, one of the nation's major estuarine ecosystems, have been illuminated in a unique series of four seasonal maps. Incorporating these maps into contingency planning and spill response efforts not only speeds the identification of priority areas requiring protection from oil spills, but also enhances the effort itself.
ESTABLISHING A BREEDING EIDER DUCK POPULATION IN MASSACHUSETTS
Authors: Stanton Philip B. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
In an effort to make a waterfowl population with a limited breeding range—Maine to the Canadian Maritimes—less vulnerable to local catastrophe from petroleum activities, a population of common eiders (Somateria mollissima dressesi) was transplanted from Maine to Massachusetts. The objective of the relocation of the eiders was to see if a population of seabirds could successfully be moved from an area subject to petroleum activities to a new breeding ground. This move involved taking a group of birds from its existing breeding ground to a nonbreeding territory and establishing another breeding population. Such wildlife management techniques could contribute to increasing the reproductive potential of birds lost to oil spills, thus decreasing the need for high-cost oiled bird rehabilitation, which is often ecologically unsound.
From 1973 to 1975, adult eiders and eggs were collected from Casco Bay, Maine. Eggs were hatched and hand-reared for several weeks both at the Wildlife Rehabilitation Center and on Penikese Island in Massachusetts. The birds were released on Penikese in Buzzard's Bay, about 240 kilometers (150 miles) south of their known breeding range, but in an area of habitat similar to that of the islands of Casco Bay. An acclimation program included rearing the birds at the release site for one to three weeks and introducing a saltwater environment and natural foods to the birds.
The released eiders began breeding in 1976 on Penikese and have since colonized at least three nearby islands. By 1988 the population had increased to an estimated 200 breeding pairs.
INDEMNIFICATION OF OIL SPILL COOPERATIVES DURING THIRD PARTY SPILLS
Authors: Onstad L. A. , Gallagher John J. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Oil spill cooperatives are generally organized under an agreement that requires a member company to indemnify all other members fully against liability arising from a member company's spill and response actions with cooperative resources. The cooperatives also require the same type of indemnification on the part of nonmembers and third parties.
When a major third-party spill occurs in an area where the cooperative's equipment is required, the cooperative can find itself dealing with representatives of shipping companies who are unable or unwilling to commit to required indemnification. At the same time, it is likely to be in the interest of the cooperative (the oil and gas industry) to ensure an adequate response is made. Reverting to federal response under U. S. Cost Guard direction is an option (Section 311[k] Fund), but not preferred. The Coast Guard has been unwilling or unable to establish contractual arrangements before the fact with cooperatives, thus leading to instances of delayed payments, non-allowable costs, and disputes.
Protection and indemnification (P&I) clubs, which underwrite the liability insurance of the vessels, are accustomed to dealing with marine disasters and have been asked to review the indemnification requirements of Clean Seas, which are similar to those of other industry cooperatives. The clubs are willing to work with the cooperatives’ requirements to eliminate an inordinate amount of time in contract negotiations during the early hours or days of a spill and to ensure parties do not have to rely upon a federal response. With the acceptance of these requirements by the clubs, it is hoped shipping companies and representatives will be able to enter into contracts or indemnification agreements with cooperatives with full support from the clubs.
THE INTERNATIONAL OIL POLLUTION COMPENSATION FUND: TEN YEARS OF CLAIMS SETTLEMENT EXPERIENCE
Authors: Jacobsson Måns 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The International Oil Pollution Compensation Fund (IOPC Fund) was established in October 1978, pursuant to the 1971 Fund Convention, with the task of providing compensation to victims of oil pollution damage in states party to that convention, to the extent that the victims do not receive adequate compensation from the shipowner and his insurer. During its 10 years of operation, the IOPC Fund has been involved in the settlement of claims arising out of 34 incidents.
The fund has developed a reputation for quick settlement of claims. This is based on the fund's careful monitoring of incidents that may lead to claims against the fund, of its readiness to provide information on how to present claims, the well-defined procedures laid down for accepting claims, the discretion given the fund's director in paying compensation, and its close cooperation with shipowners’ protection and indemnity (P & I) clubs. The IOPC Fund's criteria for presentation, documentation, and admissibility of claims are described here, as well as its policies for negotiating with claimants and its definitions of oil pollution. The IOPC Fund's decisions in the past 10 years have contributed to the development and harmonization of international law regarding oil spill liability.