bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Performance and feeding behaviour of two biotypes of the black currant-lettuce aphid,Nasonovia ribisnigri, on resistant and susceptibleLactuca sativanear-isogenic lines
Authors: ten Broeke Cindy J.M. , Dicke Marcel , van Loon Joop J.A. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractThe black currant-lettuce aphid,Nasonovia ribisnigri, is an important pest of cultivated lettuce,Lactuca sativa.Since 1982, the control of this aphid on lettuce is largely based on host plant resistance, conferred by theNrgene, introgressed fromLactuca virosa. The resistance mechanism remains to be identified.N. ribisnigripopulations virulent on theNr-based resistance in lettuce have emerged in several locations in Europe since 2007. The objective of this study was to investigate the resistance mechanism mediated by theNrgene in lettuce by detailed studies of aphid feeding behaviour and performance. Both avirulent (Nr:0) and virulent (Nr:1) biotypes ofN. ribisnigriwere studied on five resistant and two susceptible near isogenic lines (NILs). In addition, survival and colony development were quantified. Nr:0 aphids showed a strong decrease in sieve element ingestion and took longer to accept a sieve element on resistant NILs compared with susceptible NILs, and no aphids survived on the resistant NIL. Nr:1 aphids fed and performed equally well on the resistant and susceptible NILs. The resistance mechanism against Nr:0 aphids encoded by theNrgene seems to be located in the phloem, although we also observed differences in feeding behaviour during the pathway phase to the phloem. Nr:1 aphids were highly virulent to the resistance conferred by theNrgene. The consequences of the appearance of Nr:1 aphids for control ofN. ribisnigriare discussed.
Synthesis and X-ray powder diffraction data of 7-fluoro-2-exo-(2-methylpropen-1-yl)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,4-epoxybenzo[b]azepine
Authors: Macías M. A. , Henao J. A. , Acosta Lina María , Palma Alirio 
Published: March 2013

The stereoselective synthesis of 7-fluoro-2-exo-(2-methylpropen-1-yl)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,4-epoxybenzo[b]azepine was developed by intramolecular 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of the nitrone derived from the corresponding 2-allyl-4-fluoro-N-(3-methylbut-2-enyl)aniline. The X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) pattern for the new compound was analyzed and found to crystallize in a monoclinic system with space group P21/m (No. 11) and refined unit-cell parameters a = 11.655(5) Å, b = 5.850(2) Å, c = 18.314(4) Å, β = 104.27(3) and V = 1210.1 (6) Å3.
In or Out of their Place: The Migrant Poor in English Art, 1740–1900
Authors: SNELL K.D.M. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractThis article considers how depictions of the migrant poor in English landscape art changed between 1740 and 1900. A painting by Edward Haytley (1744) is used to illustrate some prevailing themes and representations of the rural poor in the early eighteenth century, with the labouring poor being shown ‘in their place’ socially and spatially. This is then contrasted with the signs of a restless and migrant poor which appear in a few of Gainsborough's paintings, culminating in the poverty-stricken roadside, mobile, vagrant and sometimes gypsy poor who are so salient and sympathetically depicted in George Morland's work between 1790 and 1804. While there were clearly British and European precedents for such imagery long before this period, it is argued here that English landscape art after about 1750, and especially from c. 1790, witnessed a marked upsurge of such restless and migrant imagery, which was related to institutional and demographic transformations in agrarian societies. By George Morland's death in 1804, ‘social realism’ had become firmly established in his imagery of the migrant poor, and this long predated the 1860s and 1870s which are normally associated with such a movement in British painting.
Monitoring dynamics of human adenovirus disassembly induced by mechanical fatigue
Authors: Ortega-Esteban A. , Pérez-Berná A. J. , Menéndez-Conejero R. , Flint S. J. , Martín C. San , de Pablo P. J. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractThe standard pathway for virus infection of eukaryotic cells requires disassembly of the viral shell to facilitate release of the viral genome into the host cell. Here we use mechanical fatigue, well below rupture strength, to induce stepwise disruption of individual human adenovirus particles under physiological conditions and simultaneously monitor disassembly in real time. Our data show the sequence of dismantling events in individual mature (infectious) and immature (noninfectious) virions, starting with consecutive release of vertex structures followed by capsid cracking and core exposure. Further, our experiments demonstrate that vertex resilience depends inextricably on maturation and establish the relevance of penton vacancies as seeding loci for virus shell disruption. The mechanical fatigue disruption route recapitulates the adenovirus disassembly pathway in vivo, as well as the stability differences between mature and immature virions.
Transoral Miniplate Fixation of Mandibular Angle Fracture with and without 2 Weeks of Maxillomandibular Fixation: A Clinical Trial Study
Authors: Khiabani Kazem S. , Mehmandoost Meghdad Khanian 
Published: March 2013

Background and ObjectivesThe ideal line of osteosynthesis in mandibular angle fractures indicates that a plate might be placed either along or just below the external oblique ridge. Some authors believe that using one miniplate at this line at the mandibular angle region provides sufficient strength to stabilize the fracture but others imply a second plate is required. Such controversies exist in the use of maxillomandibular fixation (MMF). The intention of the present study was to compare efficiency and complications of using one miniplate with and without MMF in mandibular angle fractures.Methods and MaterialsForty patients with facial trauma with mandibular angle fractures including displaced and unfavorable fractures were categorized into two groups of 20 persons. In all patients, one miniplate was placed on the external oblique ridge. In the first group, patients had light maxillomandibular elastic bands just after surgery but no rigid MMF. In the second group, patients had rigid MMF for 2 weeks after surgery. Patients were followed to evaluate complications and treatment efficiency.ConclusionsOur study showed that use of a single miniplate in the external oblique ridge is a functionally stable treatment for all types of angle fractures (including displaced and unfavorable fractures) except comminuted and long oblique fractures, which were not included in our study. Use of postoperative MMF did not improve the results.
CCL21 is associated with fatal outcomes in chronic heart failure: data from CORONA and GISSI‐HF trials
Authors: Ueland Thor , Nymo Ståle H. , Latini Roberto , McMurray John J.V. , Kjekshus John , Yndestad Arne , Fucili Alessandro , Grosu Aurelia , Masson Serge , Maggioni Aldo P. , Gullestad Lars , Aukrust Pål ,   on behalf of the Investigators of the Controlled Rosuvastatin Multinational Study in Heart Failure (CORONA) and GISSI‐Heart Failure (GISSI‐HF) trials
Published: March 2013

AimsChronic heart failure (HF) is in part characterized by immune activation and inflammation, and factors that regulate lymphocyte trafficking and inflammation may contribute to the progression of this disorder. The homeostatic chemokine CCL21 is a potent regulator of T‐cell migration into non‐lymphoid tissue and may exert inflammatory properties and influence tissue remodelling. We therefore investigated CCL21 levels and association with fatal outcomes in patients with chronic HF.Methods and resultsPlasma CCL21 was measured at randomization in 1456 patients enrolled in the Controlled Rosuvastatin Multinational Trial in HF (CORONA) and in 1145 from the GISSI‐HF trial. Association between CCL21 levels [given below as hazard ratio (HR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) for 1 SD increase] with all‐cause (n = 741) or cardiovascular (CV) mortality (n = 576) was evaluated with multivariable Cox proportional hazard models, adjusting for clinical risk factors, C‐reactive protein, and NT‐proBNP. In multivariable Cox models, CCL21 was associated with higher risk of all‐cause mortality (HR 1.16, 95% CI 1.02–1.32; P = 0.020) and CV mortality (HR 1.20, 95% CI 1.08–1.33; P < 0.001). When the two trials were analysed separately, CCL21 had a similar influence on risk prediction. Finally, CCL21 had a modest but significant impact on the discriminatory properties of the model (all‐cause mortality, change in Harrell's C‐statistic 0.004, P = 0.001; CV mortality, change in C‐statistic 0.002, P = 0.002).ConclusionCirculating CCL21 was associated with all‐cause and CV mortality in two large populations of contemporary patients with chronic HF.
Improved agreement of net and acoustical methods for surveying euphausiids by mitigating avoidance using a net-based LED strobe light system
Authors: Wiebe Peter H. , Lawson Gareth L. , Lavery Andone C. , Copley Nancy J. , Horgan Erich , Bradley Albert 
Published: March 2013

Abstract
Wiebe, P. H., Lawson, G. L., Lavery, A. C., Copley, N. J., Horgan, E., and Bradley, A. 2013. Improved agreement of net and acoustical methods for surveying euphausiids by mitigating avoidance using a net-based LED strobe light system. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 70: 650–664. Euphausiids are known for their ability to avoid capture by standard plankton nets. Repeat sampling was conducted in the Gulf of Maine with a 1 m2 MOCNESS equipped with a light-emitting diode (LED)-based strobe light concurrent to multifrequency acoustic data collection. On cruise one, the strobe light's efficacy in reducing euphausiid net avoidance was evaluated on two horizontal tows where four of the eight nets were sampled with the strobe flashing and four with the strobe off. With the strobe light on, there was a significant increase in euphausiid abundance by a factor of 4.5 at night and by a factor of 11.0 during the day. There was also a significant increase in biovolume catch of zooplankton when the strobe light was on by factors of 2.2 at night and 5.5 during the day due to a higher abundance of 10 and 35 mm euphausiids. Euphausiids caught with the strobe light on accounted for most of the observed backscattering, and acoustic and net estimates of their abundance agreed. Similar results were obtained on cruise two. Agreement of acoustic and net estimates when using the strobe light suggests that reduced avoidance enhanced the efficiency of catching euphausiids.
Religion and Violence in Christian Traditions
Authors: Steffen Lloyd 
Published: March 2013

Abstract
This chapter investigates the theological justifications for violence within the sources of the Christian traditions, and also reports the symbolic representations of violence in the history of the tradition. It then presents a consideration of some specific issues that have provoked Christian people, to condone or even resort to violence while believing themselves faithful to Christian teachings and values. The chapter introduces the theological justifications of St. Paul, Jesus of Nazareth, just war, Crusades, inquisition and heresy trials, and missionary movements. Christian people have acted in ways opposed to violence, and have also warranted violence over the centuries by referring to scripture and by developing theological interpretations. Additionally, they preserve connection to its history of involvement of violence in a variety of symbols, rites, and rituals. In general, Christian people are moral agents who have to make decisions about how to act and how to act religiously.
Muslim Engagement with Injustice and Violence
Authors: Lawrence Bruce 
Published: March 2013

AbstractThis chapter explores the role of violence in Islam, specifically contrasting Islam in 611 with the Islam associated with terrorism on 9/11. When several tribes attempted to draw from the treaty that bound them to Muhammad, Abu Bakr opposed them in what became known as the Ridda wars. The Ottomans succeeded in invoking Islam, and also the doctrine of jihad. Islam became an explicit ideology and building block of public prestige for the newest Turkish Muslim Empire, and also became an idiom of protest against the gradual contraction of internal and external trade. The association of Osama bin Laden with al-Jazeera proves to be almost as significant as his decision to wage jihad. There are many ways to connect Bin Laden to the early generation of Islam. Bin Laden's legacy is one of deviance and damage rather than persistence and profit in the cause of Islam.
Starvation and Self-Mutilation in Religious Traditions
Authors: Wilson Liz 
Published: March 2013

Abstract
This chapter investigates the place of destructive acts against oneself—such as starvation and self-mutilation—in the spectrum of violent actions performed in the name of religion. Self-starvation and self-mutilation share some of the ideological and performative features of violence in the name of religion. The self-sacrifice of Quang Duc was demonstrative of a time-tested Buddhist form of bodily practice known in Buddhist studies in the West as self-immolation. It is revealed that self-directed violence can be both an act of devotion and an act of protest. Self-immolation and hunger-striking employ the body as a means of resistance. Like self-conflagration, the hunger strike has become a global phenomenon used on every continent of the world.
Cosmic War in Religious Traditions
Authors: Aslan Reza 
Published: March 2013

AbstractThis chapter provides a discussion on cosmic war in religious traditions, focusing on the development and evolution of cosmic war in the Hebrew Bible. Cosmic war can allow belief in the direct intervention of a deity on the battlefield on behalf of the deity's tribe, nation, or peopl, and is a concept that is profoundly settled in the religious traditions of the ancient Near East. The major themes found in most cosmic war traditions are elaborated. The wars in Afghanistan and Iraq rapidly play the tenor of a cosmic conflict against demonic forces. It must be noted that behind the cosmic impulse, there often lurks very real and earthly grievances that must be considered if the drive toward cosmic war, which remains such a destructive factor in contemporary religious disputes, is to be stemmed.
Genocide and the Religious Imaginary in Rwanda
Authors: Taylor Christopher C. 
Published: March 2013

Abstract
This chapter, which concentrates on the violent imaginaries that informed the reports and deeds of the 1994 Rwandan genocide, reviews the perseverance of pre-colonial notions of a sacred king whose “wild sovereignty” and inability to promote the flow of imaana earns him fateful sacrifice. The term imaana denotes a supreme being and, in a more generalized way, a “diffuse, fecundating fluid” of celestial origin whose activity upon livestock, land, and people brought fertility and abundance. As imaana's earthly representative, the king channeled fertility to the rest of humanity. The chapter also discusses symbolism of the sovereign's body and its implicit link with the process of liquid flow. Habyarimana is an inadequate conduit of imaana and thus not a worthy king. He is the antithesis of Ruganzu Ndori.
Religion and Violence from a Sociological Perspective
Authors: Hall John R. 
Published: March 2013

Abstract
This chapter investigates the circumstances of violence in a way that identifies alternative “domains” in which religious concatenations of violence arise. Despite the fluidity of empirical trajectories and theoretical transitions among analytic types, diverse situations are not so idiosyncratically historicist as to prevent theorization of alternative patterns. Religious communities “contained” by a state may raise countercultural ideologies. The structural circumstances of violence have been modified by apocalyptic war. In social processes, the link of religion to political power differentiates a variety of hegemonic and counterhegemonic conditions in which religion and violence become concatenated. Theorizing relationships between religion and violence should not be an exercise in differentiating “ideal” and “material” causes but rather an effort to understand their complex interplay in social processes.
Religion and Violence from Literary Perspectives
Authors: Kitts Margo 
Published: March 2013

AbstractThis chapter investigates how violence gets into religious texts and how it gets out of them, into action. Religious literatures clearly help to provide archives of cosmologies, memories, personalities, and symbols for collective imagination. Trauma, terror, pain and the like are among the fundamental components of religious literature, and conjure a violent imaginary, which, by definition, takes shape in violent acts. It surely modifies wartime actions constituted within ancient literature, in some cases saturating warlike acts with sacrificial themes. Upon reading, hearing, or seeing, it is hard to imagine that any conscious being would not be focused by a spectacle of violent destruction, grasping immediately the specter of his or her own demise.
Introduction
Authors: Kitts Margo , Juergensmeyer Mark , Jerryson Michael 
Published: March 2013

Abstract
This Handbook describes four major dimensions: 1) overviews of major religious traditions; 2) patterns and themes relating to religious violence; 3) major analytic approaches; and 4) new directions in theory and analysis related to religion and violence. There is a much more nuanced interpretation of the presence of violence in so many different traditions. This chapter, which specifically presents overviews of traditions, patterns and themes, analytic approaches, and new directions in order to offer a roadmap to the academic field of studies in religion and violence, demonstrates both the range and diversity of areas of inquiry within this emerging field. The images and acts of destruction discussed in the chapters can be collectively described as “religious violence.” The study of religious violence and the religious dimensions of violent situations do much to shed light on the nature of religion itself.
Functional Characterization of Type-B Response Regulators in the Arabidopsis Cytokinin Response
Authors: Hill Kristine , Mathews Dennis E. , Kim Hyo Jung , Street Ian H. , Wildes Sarah L. , Chiang Yi-Hsuan , Mason Michael G. , Alonso Jose M. , Ecker Joseph R. , Kieber Joseph J. , Schaller G. Eric 
Published: March 2013

Abstract
Cytokinins play critical roles in plant growth and development, with the transcriptional response to cytokinin being mediated by the type-B response regulators. In Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), type-B response regulators (ARABIDOPSIS RESPONSE REGULATORS [ARRs]) form three subfamilies based on phylogenic analysis, with subfamily 1 having seven members and subfamilies 2 and 3 each having two members. Cytokinin responses are predominantly mediated by subfamily 1 members, with cytokinin-mediated effects on root growth and root meristem size correlating with type-B ARR expression levels. To determine which type-B ARRs can functionally substitute for the subfamily 1 members ARR1 or ARR12, we expressed different type-B ARRs from the ARR1 promoter and assayed their ability to rescue arr1 arr12 double mutant phenotypes. ARR1, as well as a subset of other subfamily 1 type-B ARRs, restore the cytokinin sensitivity to arr1 arr12. Expression of ARR10 from the ARR1 promoter results in cytokinin hypersensitivity and enhances shoot regeneration from callus tissue, correlating with enhanced stability of the ARR10 protein compared with the ARR1 protein. Examination of transfer DNA insertion mutants in subfamilies 2 and 3 revealed little effect on several well-characterized cytokinin responses. However, a member of subfamily 2, ARR21, restores cytokinin sensitivity to arr1 arr12 roots when expressed from the ARR1 promoter, indicating functional conservation of this divergent family member. Our results indicate that the type-B ARRs have diverged in function, such that some, but not all, can complement the arr1 arr12 mutant. In addition, our results indicate that type-B ARR expression profiles in the plant, along with posttranscriptional regulation, play significant roles in modulating their contribution to cytokinin signaling.
Reduction of Oxalate Levels in Tomato Fruit and Consequent Metabolic Remodeling Following Overexpression of a Fungal Oxalate Decarboxylase
Authors: Chakraborty Niranjan , Ghosh Rajgourab , Ghosh Sudip , Narula Kanika , Tayal Rajul , Datta Asis , Chakraborty Subhra 
Published: March 2013

Abstract
The plant metabolite oxalic acid is increasingly recognized as a food toxin with negative effects on human nutrition. Decarboxylative degradation of oxalic acid is catalyzed, in a substrate-specific reaction, by oxalate decarboxylase (OXDC), forming formic acid and carbon dioxide. Attempts to date to reduce oxalic acid levels and to understand the biological significance of OXDC in crop plants have met with little success. To investigate the role of OXDC and the metabolic consequences of oxalate down-regulation in a heterotrophic, oxalic acid-accumulating fruit, we generated transgenic tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) plants expressing an OXDC (FvOXDC) from the fungus Flammulina velutipes specifically in the fruit. These E8.2-OXDC fruit showed up to a 90% reduction in oxalate content, which correlated with concomitant increases in calcium, iron, and citrate. Expression of OXDC affected neither carbon dioxide assimilation rates nor resulted in any detectable morphological differences in the transgenic plants. Comparative proteomic analysis suggested that metabolic remodeling was associated with the decrease in oxalate content in transgenic fruit. Examination of the E8.2-OXDC fruit proteome revealed that OXDC-responsive proteins involved in metabolism and stress responses represented the most substantially up- and down-regulated categories, respectively, in the transgenic fruit, compared with those of wild-type plants. Collectively, our study provides insights into OXDC-regulated metabolic networks and may provide a widely applicable strategy for enhancing crop nutritional value.
Tiered Regulation of Sulfur Deprivation Responses in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and Identification of an Associated Regulatory Factor
Authors: Aksoy Munevver , Pootakham Wirulda , Pollock Steve V. , Moseley Jeffrey L. , González-Ballester David , Grossman Arthur R. 
Published: March 2013

Abstract
During sulfur (S) deprivation, the unicellular alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii exhibits increased expression of numerous genes. These genes encode proteins associated with sulfate (SO4 2−) acquisition and assimilation, alterations in cellular metabolism, and internal S recycling. Administration of the cytoplasmic translational inhibitor cycloheximide prevents S deprivation-triggered accumulation of transcripts encoding arylsulfatases (ARS), an extracellular polypeptide that may be important for cell wall biosynthesis (ECP76), a light-harvesting protein (LHCBM9), the selenium-binding protein, and the haloperoxidase (HAP2). In contrast, the rapid accumulation of transcripts encoding high-affinity SO4 2− transporters is not affected. These results suggest that there are two tiers of transcriptional regulation associated with S deprivation responses: the first is protein synthesis independent, while the second requires de novo protein synthesis. A mutant designated ars73a exhibited low ARS activity and failed to show increases in ECP76, LHCBM9, and HAP2 transcripts (among others) in response to S deprivation; increases in transcripts encoding the SO4 2− transporters were not affected. These results suggest that the ARS73a protein, which has no known activity but might be a transcriptional regulator, is required for the expression of genes associated with the second tier of transcriptional regulation. Analysis of the ars73a strain has helped us generate a model that incorporates a number of complexities associated with S deprivation responses in C. reinhardtii.