bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Feeding requirements of white sharks may be higher than originally thought
Authors: Semmens J. M. , Payne N. L. , Huveneers C. , Sims D. W. , Bruce B. D. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractQuantifying the energy requirements of animals in nature is critical for understanding physiological, behavioural and ecosystem ecology; however, for difficult-to-study species such as large sharks, prey intake rates are largely unknown. Here, we use metabolic rates derived from swimming speed estimates to suggest that feeding requirements of the world's largest predatory fish, the white shark (Carcharodon carcharias), are several times higher than previously proposed. Further, our estimates of feeding frequency identify a clear benefit in seasonal selection of pinniped colonies - a white shark foraging strategy seen across much of their range.
Moving Into the 21st Century With Therapy Documentation
Authors: Morgan Ruth 
Published: March 2013

Abstract
It is very important that speech-language pathologists in the school system make decisions based on evidence-based practice. Because all speech-language pathologists are responsible for collecting data, in this article I will touch on some of the differences in data collection systems with evolving technology and then focus primarily on using Google forms and spreadsheets in the school therapy setting. There are strengths and drawbacks with most of the systems.
Patterns of bird functional diversity on land‐bridge island fragments
Authors: Ding Zhifeng , Feeley Kenneth J. , Wang Yanping , Pakeman Robin J. , Ding Ping 
Published: March 2013

SummaryThe loss of species diversity due to habitat fragmentation has been extensively studied. In contrast, the impacts of habitat fragmentation on functional diversity remains relatively poorly understood. We conducted bird functional diversity studies on a set of 41 recently isolated land‐bridge islands in the Thousand Island Lake, China.We analysed differences in bird species richness and a recently developed suite of complementary functional diversity indices (FRic, volume of functional space occupied;FEve, evenness of abundance distribution in the functional trait space;FDiv, divergence in the distribution of abundance in the trait volume) across different gradients (island area and isolation).We found no correlations betweenFRic andFEve orFEve andFDiv, but negative correlations betweenFRic andFDiv. As predicted, island area accounted for most of the variation in bird species richness, whereas isolation explained most of the variation in species evenness (decreasing species evenness with increasing isolation). Functional diversity appears to be more strongly influenced by habitat filtering as opposed to limiting similarity. More specifically, across all islands, bothFRic andFEve were significantly lower than expected for randomly assembled communities, butFDiv showed no clear patterns.FRic increased with island area,FEve decreased with island area andFDiv showed no clear patterns.Our finding thatFEve decreases with island area atTILmay indicate low functional stability on such islands, and as such large islands and habitat patches may deserve extra attention and/or protection. These results help to demonstrate the importance of considering the effects of fragmentation on functional diversity in habitat management and reserve design plans.
Cerebral energy metabolism during mitochondrial dysfunction induced by cyanide in piglets
Authors: NIELSEN T. H. , OLSEN N. V. , TOFT P. , NORDSTRÖM C. H. 
Published: March 2013

BackgroundMitochondrial dysfunction is an important factor contributing to tissue damage in both severe traumatic brain injury and ischemic stroke. This experimental study explores the possibility to diagnose the condition bedside by utilising intracerebral microdialysis and analysis of chemical variables related to energy metabolism.MethodsMitochondrial dysfunction was induced in piglets and evaluated by monitoring brain tissue oxygen tension (PbtO2) and cerebral levels of glucose, lactate, pyruvate, glutamate, and glycerol bilaterally. The biochemical variables were obtained by microdialysis and immediate enzymatic analysis. Mitochondrial function was blocked by unilateral infusion of NaCN/KCN (0.5 mol/L) through the microdialysis catheter (N = 5). As a reference, NaCl (0.5 mol/L) was infused by intracerebral microdialysis in one group of animals (N = 3).ResultsPbtO2 increased during cyanide infusion and returned to baseline afterwards. The lactate/pyruvate (LP) ratio increased significantly following cyanide infusion because of a marked increase in lactate level while pyruvate remained within normal limits. Glutamate and glycerol increased after cyanide infusion indicating insufficient energy metabolism and degradation of cellular membranes, respectively.ConclusionMitochondrial dysfunction is characterised by an increased LP ratio signifying a shift in cytoplasmatic redox state at normal or elevated PbtO2. The condition is biochemically characterised by a marked increase in cerebral lactate with a normal or elevated pyruvate level. The metabolic pattern is different from cerebral ischemia, which is characterised by simultaneous decreases in intracerebral pyruvate and PbtO2. The study supports the hypothesis that cerebral ischemia and mitochondrial dysfunction may be identified and separated at the bedside by utilising intracerebral microdialysis.
Selective breeding for high alcohol preference increases the sensitivity of the posterior VTA to the reinforcing effects of nicotine
Authors: Hauser Sheketha R. , Bracken Amy L. , Deehan Gerald A. , Toalston Jamie E. , Ding Zheng‐Ming , Truitt William A. , Bell Richard L. , McBride William J. , Rodd Zachary A. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractThe rate of codependency for alcohol and nicotine is extremely high. Numerous studies have indicated that there is a common genetic association for alcoholism and nicotine dependency. The current experiments examined whether selective breeding for high alcohol preference in rats may be associated with increased sensitivity of the posterior ventral tegmental area (pVTA) to the reinforcing properties of nicotine. In addition, nicotine can directly bind to the serotonin‐3 (5‐HT3) receptor, which has been shown to mediate the reinforcing properties of other drugs of abuse within the pVTA Wistar rats were assigned to groups that were allowed to self‐infuse 0, 10, 50, 100, 200, 400 or 800 μM nicotine in two‐lever (active and inactive) operant chambers. P rats were allowed to self‐infuse 0, 1, 10, 50 or 100 μM nicotine. Co‐infusion of 5‐HT3 receptor antagonists with nicotine into the pVTA was also determined. P rats self‐infused nicotine at lower concentrations than required to support self‐administration in Wistar rats. In addition, P rats received more self‐infusions of 50 and 100 μM nicotine than Wistar rats; including a 5HT3 receptor antagonist (LY‐278,584 or zacopride) with nicotine reduced responding on the active lever. Overall, the data support an association between selective breeding for high alcohol preference and increased sensitivity of the pVTA to the reinforcing properties of nicotine. In addition, the data suggest that activation of 5HT3 receptors may be required to maintain the local reinforcing actions of nicotine within the pVTA.
Age‐related differences in working memory deficits during nicotine withdrawal
Authors: Falcone Mary , Wileyto E. Paul , Ruparel Kosha , Gerraty Raphael T. , LaPrate Leah , Detre John A. , Gur Ruben , Loughead James , Lerman Caryn 
Published: March 2013

AbstractNicotine withdrawal is associated with subtle working memory deficits that predict subsequent relapse. We examined the neural substrates underlying these processes in treatment‐seeking smokers, and explored the moderating influence of age on abstinence‐induced alterations in brain activity and performance. Sixty‐three smokers participated in two blood oxygen level‐dependent (BOLD) functional magnetic resonance imaging scans while performing a visual N‐back task on two separate occasions: smoking as usual and after 24 hours of biochemically confirmed abstinence (order counterbalanced). Abstinence (versus smoking) led to reduced accuracy, slower median correct response time and reduced BOLD signal change in the three a priori regions of interest: medial frontal/cingulate gyrus and right and left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Significant age × session effects were found for BOLD signal change in all three regions, as well as for withdrawal and craving; for all measures, abstinence effects were attenuated in smokers aged ≥50 years compared with those <50 years old. These results suggest that abstinence effects on neurocognitive function may be more pronounced for younger smokers, and may indicate a new avenue for research exploring mechanisms underlying age differences in smoking cessation success.
Beneficial or Harmful Effect of Antipaternal Human Leukocyte Antibodies on Pregnancy Outcome? A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Lashley Eileen E.L.O. , Meuleman Tess , Claas Frans H.J. 
Published: March 2013

ProblemDuring pregnancy, antibodies are induced that target the paternal human leukocyte antigens of the semi‐allogeneic fetus. The level and presence of these antibodies have been reported increased as well as decreased for a variety of pregnancy complications; the clinical relevance and consequences of these antibodies are not very clear. Therefore, the objective of this review is to determine whether the presence of antipaternal antibodies influences pregnancy outcome.MethodWe performed a systematic search of studies that described the effect of antipaternal antibodies on pregnancy complications. The primary outcome was the risk ratio for HLA class I and class II antibodies on pregnancy complications. Furthermore, we calculated the risk for first‐ and third‐trimester complications.ResultsThe seventeen studies that were selected for meta‐analysis showed high level of statistical and clinical heterogeneity. In the meta‐analysis, we found no significant effect of HLA class I or class II antibodies on pregnancy outcome.ConclusionNo consistent conclusions can be drawn from the meta‐analysis. Discrepancies in the meta‐analysis are the result of different screening techniques, varying time points of screening, and use of incorrect control groups. Furthermore, more detailed analyses of the characteristics and specificity of the antibodies involved are essential.
Semiautomated quantification of β‐zone parapapillary atrophy using blue light fundus autofluorescence
Authors: Mansouri Kaweh , Tung Jonathan D. , Medeiros Felipe A. , Tafreshi Ali , Dorairaj Syril , Zangwill Linda , He Feng , Jain Sonia , Weinreb Robert N. 
Published: March 2013

Abstract.Purpose:  To evaluate the reproducibility of measurements of area of β‐zone parapapillary atrophy (β‐PPA) using blue laser fundus autofluorescence (FAF) and confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy reflectance (CSLO) measurements and to assess agreement between the two imaging modalities.Methods:  Sixty‐five eyes of 45 patients (mean age, 68.2 ± 11.3 years) with established or suspected glaucoma from the Diagnostic Innovations in Glaucoma Study (DIGS) were prospectively included. FAF scans were obtained with the Spectralis HRA+OCT and CSLO reflectance images with the HRTII (both from Heidelberg Engineering, Heidelberg, Germany). Two masked graders independently measured β‐PPA area on 3 consecutive scans using the semi‐automated BluePeak RegionFinder software (BPRF) and on CSLO reflectance images using the optic disc contour line. Reproducibility of β‐PPA area measurements was assessed using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC).Results:  Intragrader reproducibility was 0.997 (95% CI, 0.996–0.998) and 0.995 (95% CI, 0.992–0.996) for grader 1 and 2, respectively, using FAF‐BPRF, and by CSLO, it was 0.991 (95% CI, 0.986–0.994) and 0.988 (95% CI, 0.982–0.992). Intergrader agreement (ICC) was 0.53 (95% CI, 0.331–0.685) for FAF‐BPRF and 0.404 (95% CI, 0.149–0.601) for CSLO (comparison between ICC, p = 0.368). Agreement (ICC) between the two devices was worse for grader 1 (0.356; 95% CI, 0.129–0.549) than grader 2 (0.856; 95% CI, 0.774–0.910) (p < 0.001).Conclusions:  Despite excellent intragrader reproducibility for β‐PPA measurements with FAF‐BPRF and CSLO, intergrader reproducibility is low to moderate. Measurements of β‐PPA area obtained with the two instruments are of moderate agreement and, therefore, are not interchangeable.
Enhancing Bayesian Estimators for Removing Camera Shake
Authors: Wang C. , Yue Y. , Dong F. , Tao Y. , Ma X. , Clapworthy G. , Ye X. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractThe aim of removing camera shake is to estimate a sharp version x from a shaken image y when the blur kernel k is unknown. Recent research on this topic evolved through two paradigms called and . only solves for k by marginalizing the image prior, while recovers both x and k by selecting the mode of the posterior distribution. This paper first systematically analyses the latent limitations of these two estimators through Bayesian analysis. We explain the reason why it is so difficult for image statistics to solve the previously reported failure. Then we show that the leading methods, which depend on efficient prediction of large step edges, are not robust to natural images due to the diversity of edges. , although much more robust to diverse edges, is constrained by two factors: the prior variation over different images, and the ratio between image size and kernel size. To overcome these limitations, we introduce an inter‐scale prior prediction scheme and a principled mechanism for integrating the sharpening filter into . Both qualitative results and extensive quantitative comparisons demonstrate that our algorithm outperforms state‐of‐the‐art methods.
Non‐linear association between 25‐hydroxyvitamin D and the incidence of Type 2 diabetes: a community‐based nested case–control study
Authors: Tohidi M. , Bozorgmanesh M. , Mohebi R. , Khalili D. , Saadat N. , Khorrami N. , Azizi F. , Hadaegh F. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractAimsTo examine the nature of the association between 25‐hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] and newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes.MethodsSerum 25(OH)D concentrations were measured for 761 participants (aged 20–83 years) in the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study, selected for a 1‐to‐3 nested case–control study. Cases were 191 cases of Type 2 diabetes diagnosed during a median follow‐up of 3.6 years. A total of 570 participants were matched with these cases with regard to age, sex, BMI, and month of entering the study. Diabetes was defined according to the American Diabetes Association criteria, 2003. Serum 25(OH)D was measured using the enzyme immunoassay method. Odds ratios for Type 2 diabetes were obtained from conditional logistic regression models for tertiles of serum 25(OH)D concentrations [tertile‐1: 2.82–11.02 (reference), tertile‐2: 11.03–21.80, and tertile‐3: ≥ 21.82 ng/ml]. The multivariate model was adjusted for age, sex, family history of diabetes, systolic blood pressure, triglyceride‐to‐ HDL cholesterol ratio, waist‐to‐height ratio, lifestyle modification intervention, leisure time physical activity, and fasting plasma glucose at baseline. Non‐linearity in the associations between baseline 25(OH)D and Type 2 diabetes, was examined by using restricted cubic splines.ResultsUnadjusted odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) of diabetes were 0.73 (0.74–1.13), 0.54 (0.34–0.85) for the second and third tertiles, respectively. Multivariate adjusted odds ratios were 0.47 (0.25–0.90) and 0.43 (0.23–0.82), respectively. Below the cutoff of ~ 10 ng/ml the risk of newly diagnosed Type 2 diabetes increased dramatically.DiscussionIt was found that 25(OH)D concentrations contributed to the Type 2 diabetes incidence rate in a non‐linear fashion, with the risk beginning to increase sharply for values < 10 ng/ml.
Do resource value and ownership status affect intensity and resolution of contests in a parasitoid wasp?
Authors: Mohamad Rihab , Monge Jean‐Paul , Goubault Marlène 
Published: March 2013

AbstractBiological control of bruchid beetles, Callosobruchus maculatus (Fabricius) (Coleoptera: Bruchidae), infesting cowpea seeds, Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walpers (Fabaceae), can be performed via augmentative releases of Dinarmus basalis Rondani (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) parasitoid wasps. Females of the latter species are therefore likely to experience intense intraspecific competition: they should encounter numerous previously parasitized hosts but also conspecific competitors, with which they may fight to secure hosts on which to lay their eggs. Such contests might therefore disrupt biological control programs. Here, we studied aggressive behavior that D. basalis females show toward conspecific competitors and subsequent host exploitation strategies. We further investigated factors that classically affect contest intensity and outcomes in animals, such as the effect of ownership status, by manipulating the residency period before the intruder's arrival. In addition, we tested the effect of the size of female reproductive tissue (measured in terms of egg load) and the quality of the habitat previously experienced by females (either rich or poor in hosts). These two factors are expected to influence the value that females place on the host and therefore the costs they are willing to pay to win it. Finally, we discussed the consequences of agonistic behaviors on females' host exploitation strategies. Our results suggest that contest competition may actually enhance host control by favoring parasitoid dispersion, rather than disrupting it.
Female beetles facilitate leaf feeding for males on toxic plants
Authors: GONTIJO LESSANDO M. 
Published: March 2013

Abstract
Milkweed plants produce latex, which works as a defence against some herbivorous insects. The cerambycid beetles Tetraopes femoratus (LeConte) puncture the leaf midrib vein to extravasate the latex, and thus render the leaf edible. Nonetheless, it has not yet been investigated whether there is any further implication beyond food acquisition regarding this behaviour.
The present study examined the hypothesis that leaf latex drainage is done mainly by females of T. femoratus, and that the males opportunistically prefer to feed on those ‘disarmed’ leaves.
The experiments revealed that puncturing the leaf midrib vein to extravasate latex is done mainly by females of T. femoratus and not only serves their purpose of food acquisition, but also mediates an opportunistic feeding behaviour among males.
Males of T. femoratus preferred to feed on milkweed leaves that had previously been fed upon by females. In addition, field observations showed that mating occurred more frequently on recently ‘disarmed’ leaves, suggesting increased copulation opportunities for females during leaf feeding.
In sum, the results reveal that the feeding defence strategy of T. femoratusfemales to toxic milkweed foliage has created an opportunity for males to feed on milkweed leaves with a reduced risk of latex exposure and entanglement. Thus, this research provides empirical evidence of plant–insect interactions contributing to the appearance of an opportunistic adaptive feeding behaviour, which has broader implications for eco‐evolutionary systems.
Monoclonal antibodies: potential new therapeutic treatment against multiple myeloma
Authors: Allegra Alessandro , Penna Giuseppa , Alonci Andrea , Russo Sabina , Greve Bruna , Innao Vanessa , Minardi Viviana , Musolino Caterina 
Published: March 2013

AbstractDespite recent treatments, such as bortezomib, thalidomide, and lenalidomide, therapy of multiple myeloma (MM) is limited, and MM remains an incurable disease associated with high mortality. The outcome of patients treated with cytotoxic therapy has not been satisfactory. Therefore, new therapies are needed for relapsed MM. A new anticancer strategy is the use of monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs) that represent the best available combination of tumor cytotoxicity, environmental signal privation, and immune system redirection. Clinical results in patients with relapsed/refractory MM suggest that MoAbs are likely to operate synergistically with traditional therapies (dexamethasone), immune modulators (thalidomide, lenalidomide), and other novel therapies (bortezomib); in addition, MoAbs have shown the ability to overcome resistance to these therapies. It remains to be defined how MoAb therapy can most fruitfully be incorporated into the current therapeutic paradigms that have achieved significant survival earnings in patients with MM. This will require careful consideration of the optimal sequence of treatments and their clinical position as either short‐term induction therapy, frontline therapy in patients ineligible for ASCT, or long‐term maintenance treatment.
Ecologically functional landscapes and the role of dingoes as trophic regulators in south‐eastern Australia and other habitats
Authors: Letnic Mike , Baker Lynn , Nesbitt Brad 
Published: March 2013

SummaryLarge carnivores can play a pivotal role in maintaining healthy, balanced ecosystems. By suppressing the abundances and hence impacts of herbivores and smaller predators, top predators can indirectly benefit the species consumed by herbivores and smaller predators. Restoring and maintaining the ecosystem services that large carnivores provide has been identified as a critical step required to sustain biodiversity and maintain functional, resilient ecosystems. Recent research has shown that Australia's largest terrestrial predator, the Dingo (Canis lupus dingo), has strong effects on ecosystems in arid Australia and that these effects are beneficial for the conservation of small mammals and vegetation. Similarly, there is evidence from south‐eastern Australia that dingoes suppress the abundance of macropods and red Fox (Vulpes vulpes). It is likely that dingoes in south‐eastern Australia also generate strong indirect effects on the prey of foxes and macropods, as has been observed in the more arid parts of the continent. These direct and indirect effects of dingoes have the potential to be harnessed as passive tools to assist biodiversity conservation through the maintenance of ecologically functional dingo populations. However, research is required to better understand dingoes' indirect effects on ecosystems and the development of dingo management strategies that allow for both the preservation of dingoes and protection of livestock.