bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Trust tokens in team development
Authors: Pelegrini Morita Plinio , Marie Burns Catherine 
Published: March 2014

Purpose– Computer-mediated communication systems (CMCSs) have become the standard for supporting virtual teamwork. However, interpersonal trust formation though CMCSs is impaired due to limited media richness of the communication channels. The aim of this paper is to identify trust forming cues that occur naturally in face-to-face environments and are suitable to include in CMCSs design, to facilitate greater trust in virtual teams.Design/methodology/approach– To select cues that had a strong effect on fostering trust behaviour, a non-participatory ethnographic study was conducted. Two student teams at the University of Waterloo were observed for 6-12 months. Researchers identified mechanisms used for building trust and bridging team developmental barriers.Findings– The paper identifies five trust tokens that were effective in developing trust and bridging team developmental barriers: expertise, recommendations, social capital, willingness to help/benevolence, and validation of information. These behavioural cues, or behavioural trust tokens, which are present in face-to-face collaborations, carry important trust supporting information that leads to increased trust, improved collaboration, and knowledge integration. These tokens have the potential to improve CMCSs by supplementing the cues necessary for trust formation in virtual environments.Practical implications– This study identifies important mechanisms used for fostering trust behaviour in face-to-face collaborations that have the potential to be included in the design of CMCSs (via interface design objects) and have implications for interface designers, team managers, and researchers in the field of teamwork.Originality/value– This work presents the first ethnographic study of trust between team members for the purpose of providing improved computer support for virtual collaboration via redesigned interface components.
Effect of type of lead vehicle on following headway behaviour in mixed traffic
Authors: Kumar Ravindra , Parida Purnima , Saleh Wafaa 
Published: March 2014

Purpose
– There is gap in literature on understanding of the issues of following headway behaviour of the driver and a lack of sufficient data in different traffic conditions. The purpose of this paper is to find the effects of type of lead vehicle on following headway in mixed traffic condition in India on different category of roads and flow.

Design/methodology/approach
– Real-world headway data were collected through video and extracted. Data were analysed using tools and statically approach was adopted to present the results in detail.

Findings
– Results shows the impact of type of lead vehicle on driver following time headway behaviour under different level of traffic and types of road characteristics. It was found that driver following behaviour is affected by the type of lead vehicle. It also shows that drivers are inconsistent in their choice of headway.

Research limitations/implications
– This research has special strategic study area of India in typical two cities Silchar and Shillong of northeast region of India. The traffic characteristic and composition is quite different as compared to other cities of India. Therefore the study results cannot be generalized for whole India.

Practical implications
– The result of the study has focused on impact of type of lead vehicle on following behaviour. This can be useful to safety reduction and changing the driver behaviour through education and display of information. However, the real application of this result is to be implemented by local transport and road managing authority to reduce accidents and increase safety of drivers.

Originality/value
– In mixed traffic conditions, the impact of type of lead vehicle on following behaviour affects the safety of drivers and the accounting for such behaviour is never been explored in mixed traffic condition. If the study is implemented, it can be useful to simulation modeller and intelligent transport systems (ITS) to design and operate many in-vehicle systems for smooth traffic processes.
New Parochialism, Sources of Community Investment, and the Control of Street Crime
Authors: Ramey David M. , Shrider Emily A. 
Published: March 2014

Research SummaryWe examined Seattle, Washington's Neighborhood Matching Fund (NMF), a unique neighborhood improvement program that provides city funding for projects organized within neighborhoods. We found an inverse relationship between NMF funding and violent crime rates, a relationship that is stronger in poorer neighborhoods. The relationship also is stronger as funds accumulate within the neighborhoods over time. These findings suggest that investment and neighborhood participation can have both short‐term and long‐term crime reduction effects.Policy ImplicationsThe Neighborhood Matching Fund program is associated with significant reductions in crime, even though the program and its projects are not aimed specifically at crime reduction. This observation suggests that policies that encourage neighbors to interact with each other and that facilitate interactions and physical improvements can help reduce crime by improving neighborhood conditions and social relationships. Investments in neighborhoods by the city also can help counteract the negative effects of private disinvestment.
Diversity and genome dynamics of marine cyanophages using metagenomic analyses
Authors: Ma Yingfei , Allen Lisa Zeigler , Palenik Brian 
Published: March 2014

SummaryCyanophages are abundant in the oceanic environment and directly impact cyanobacterial distributions, physiological processes and evolution. Two samples collected from coastal Maine in July and September 2009 were enriched for Synechococcus cells using flow cytometry and examined through metagenomic sequencing. Homology‐based sequence prediction indicated cyanophages, largely myoviruses, accounted for almost half the reads and provided insights into environmental infection events. T4‐phage core‐gene phylogenetic reconstruction revealed unique diversity among uncultured cyanophages and reference isolates resulting in identification of a new phylogenetic cluster. Genomic comparison of reference cyanophage strains S‐SM2 and Syn1 with putative homologous contigs recovered from metagenomes provided evidence that gene insertion, deletion and recombination have occurred among, and are likely important for diversification of, natural populations. Identification of putative genetic exchange between cyanophage and non‐cyanophage viruses, i.e. Micromonas virus and Pelagibacter phage, supports hypotheses related to a significant role for viruses in mediating transfer of genetic material between taxonomically diverse organisms with overlapping ecological niches.
Effect of n‐3 fatty acids on markers of brain injury and incidence of sepsis‐associated delirium in septic patients
Authors: BURKHART C. S. , DELL‐KUSTER S. , SIEGEMUND M. , PARGGER H. , MARSCH S. , STREBEL S. P. , STEINER L. A. 
Published: March 2014

BackgroundData regarding immunomodulatory effects of parenteral n‐3 fatty acids in sepsis are conflicting. In this study, the effect of administration of parenteral n‐3 fatty acids on markers of brain injury, incidence of sepsis‐associated delirium, and inflammatory mediators in septic patients was investigated.MethodsFifty patients with sepsis were randomized to receive either 2 ml/kg/day of a lipid emulsion containing highly refined fish oil (equivalent to n‐3 fatty acids 0.12 mg/kg/day) during 7 days after admission to the intensive care unit or standard treatment. Markers of brain injury and inflammatory mediators were measured on days 1, 2, 3 and 7. Assessment for sepsis‐associated delirium was performed daily. The primary outcome was the difference in S‐100β from baseline to peak level between both the intervention and the control group, compared by t‐test. Changes of all markers over time were explored in both groups, fitting a generalized estimating equations model.ResultsMean difference in change of S‐100β from baseline to peak level was 0.34 (95% CI: −0.18–0.85) between the intervention and control group, respectively (P = 0.19). We found no difference in plasma levels of S‐100β, neuron‐specific enolase, interleukin (IL)‐6, IL‐8, IL‐10, and C‐reactive protein between groups over time. Incidence of sepsis‐associated delirium was 75% in the intervention and 71% in the control groups (risk difference 4%, 95% CI −24–31%, P = 0.796).ConclusionAdministration of n‐3 fatty acids did not affect markers of brain injury, incidence of sepsis‐associated delirium, and inflammatory mediators in septic patients.
Competing risks and prognostic stages of cirrhosis: a 25‐year inception cohort study of 494 patients
Authors: D'Amico G. , Pasta L. , Morabito A. , D'Amico M. , Caltagirone M. , Malizia G. , Tinè F. , Giannuoli G. , Traina M. , Vizzini G. , Politi F. , Luca A. , Virdone R. , Licata A. , Pagliaro L. 
Published: March 2014

SummaryBackgroundMorphological, haemodynamic and clinical stages of cirrhosis have been proposed, although no definite staging system is yet accepted for clinical practice.AimTo investigate whether clinical complications of cirrhosis may define different prognostic disease stages.MethodsAnalysis of the database from a prospective inception cohort of 494 patients. Decompensation was defined by ascites, bleeding, jaundice or encephalopathy. Explored potential prognostic stages: 1, compensated cirrhosis without oesophago‐gastric varices; 2, compensated cirrhosis with varices; 3, bleeding without other complications; 4, first nonbleeding decompensation; 5, any second decompensating event. Patient flow across stages was assessed by a competing risks analysis.ResultsMajor patient characteristics were: 199 females, 295 males, 404HCV+, 377 compensated, 117 decompensated cirrhosis. The mean follow‐up was 145 ± 109 months without dropouts. Major events: 380 deaths, 326 oesophago‐gastric varices, 283 ascites, 158 bleeding, 146 encephalopathy, 113 jaundice, 126 hepatocellular carcinoma and 19 liver transplantation. Patients entering each prognostic stage along the disease course were: 202, stage 1; 216, stage 2; 75 stage 3; 206 stage 4; 213 stage 5. Five‐year transition rate towards a different stage, for stages 1–4 was 34.5%, 42%, 65% and 78%, respectively (P < 0.0001); 5‐year mortality for stages 1–5 was 1.5%, 10%, 20%, 30% and 88% respectively (P < 0.0001). An exploratory analysis showed that this patient stratification may configure a prognostic system independent of the Child–Pugh score, Model for End Stage Liver Disease and comorbidity.ConclusionThe development of oesophago‐gastric varices and decompensating events in cirrhosis identify five prognostic stages with significantly increasing mortality risks.
Conceptual and Practical Problems of Moral Enhancement
Authors: Beck Birgit 
Published: March 2014

AbstractRecently, the debate on human enhancement has shifted from familiar topics like cognitive enhancement and mood enhancement to a new and – to no one's surprise – controversial subject, namely moral enhancement. Some proponents from the transhumanist camp allude to the ‘urgent need’ of improving the moral conduct of humankind in the face of ever growing technological progress and the substantial dangers entailed in this enterprise. Other thinkers express more sceptical views about this proposal. As the debate has revealed so far, there is no shared opinion among philosophers (or scientists) about the meaning, prospects, and ethical evaluation of moral enhancement. In this article I will address several conceptual and practical problems of this issue, in order to encourage discussion about the prospects of (thinking about) moral enhancement in the future. My assumption is that (i) for the short term, there is little chance of arriving at an agreement on the proper understanding of morality and the appropriateness of one single (meta‐)ethical theory; (ii) apart from this, there are further philosophical puzzles loosely referred to in the debate which add to theoretical confusion; and (iii) even if these conceptual problems could be solved, there are still practical problems to be smoothed out if moral enhancement is ever to gain relevance apart from merely theoretical interest. My tentative conclusion, therefore, will be that moral enhancement is not very likely to be made sense of – let alone realized – in the medium‐term future.
Financial System Leverage and the Shortage of Safe Assets: Exploring the Policy Options
Authors: Bleich Dirk , Dombret Andreas 
Published: March 2014

AbstractIn this article, we provide a simple supply and demand framework in which the build-up of an excessive level of leverage can result in a shortage of safe assets. On the basis of this, we discuss various policy options. First, we address the question of what policy-makers should do if shortages of safe assets arise. Second, we discuss what has to be done to prevent potential shortages of safe assets. Our main finding is that a smoother leverage cycle - which, in particular, implies less leverage in booms - is a major condition for preventing shortages of safe assets.
Editorial: Building global science capacity in child psychology and psychiatry – between the etic and emic of cross‐cultural enquiry
Authors: Sonuga‐Barke Edmund J.S. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractRecent progress in neurobiology and genetics is beginning to revolutionise our thinking about the developmental origins of children's mental health problems. Such advances, for instance in relation to neural plasticity and programming, and epigenetics, are moving us away from reductionist models of development and motivating a new enthusiasm to incorporate social factors within biological models of developmental psychopathology. As Burt (2014)1 convincingly argues in the current issue of the JCPP – we ignore the impact of the social environment on child mental health at our peril. By understanding this, and recognising that children from different communities around the world can grow up in radically different environments, we become aware of the need to integrate a thoroughgoing cross‐cultural perspective into mainstream child psychology and psychiatry research.
One size does not fit all glycemic targets for type 2 diabetes
Authors: Pozzilli Paolo , Strollo Rocky , Bonora Enzo 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThe United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study, and Diabetes Control and Complications Trial have shown that aggressive glucose control, especially early in the natural history of the disease, might result in a significant reduction of microvascular as well as macrovascular complications. However, more recent trials have increased the level of complexity of the relationship between ‘tight glucose control/chronic complications’, with several factors influencing the risk‐to‐benefit ratio to be considered, such as age, presence of established complications and diabetes duration. According to this strategy, a more intensive goal is desirable for young patients with no cardiovascular disease, whereas less stringent control is suitable for all people who are relatively late in the natural history of diabetic complications. Numerous calls for an individualized therapy have been proposed during the past years, but still debated is the level of glucose lowering necessary to reduce complications balanced by the risk and costs of the means used. The present paper briefly reviews the rationale and the clinical trials that support specific glycemic goals towards a ‘tailored’ approach for the management of hyperglycemia in diabetes.
Effect of weight maintenance or gain in a 10 years period over telomere length, sirtuin 1 and 6 expression and carotid intima media thickness
Authors: Bunout D. , Barrera G. , de la Maza M. P. , Leiva L. , Hirsch S. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractBackgroundLack of weight gain throughout adult life could mimic the beneficial effects of energy restriction in humans. The present study aimed to assess the effects of weight stability or gain, over a period of 10 years, on telomere length, sirtuin 1 and 6 expression, and carotid intima media thickness.MethodsWe studied 148 healthy adults (age range 20–59 years; 101 females) who had an objective record of their weight 10 years before. They were classified as weight losers, weight maintainers, weight gainers and extreme weight gainers. A fasting blood sample was obtained for routine laboratory and isolation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells, to extract DNA and RNA, and to measure telomere length and sirtuin 1 and 6 expression, respectively. Carotid intima media thickness was measured by ultrasound. Body composition was measured by Dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry.ResultsIn the 10‐year period, 24 participants lost weight (17 females), 65 maintained weight (41 females), 25 gained weight (15 females) and 34 were extreme weight gainers (28 females). Female weight gainers had a higher body mass index, waist circumference, total body fat and homeostatic model assessment insulin resistance. Male weight gainers had a higher hip circumference and total body fat. No differences in telomere length, sirtuin 1 expression and carotid intima media thickness were observed between weight gainers and maintainers.ConclusionsNo effect of weight maintenance or gain was observed on metabolic and vascular markers of ageing.
Effect of forage inclusion and particle size in diets of neonatal lambs on performance and rumen development
Authors: Norouzian M. A. , Valizadeh R. 
Published: March 2014

SummaryA slaughter experiment was conducted to determine the effects of alfalfa particle size on rumen morphology and performance of lambs. Twenty‐four Balouchi lambs aged 21 days (9.1 ± 1.1 kg) were randomly fed control (diet without alfalfa hay; CON) and mixed rations containing 15% finely ground (FINE; 2 mm) and 15% coarsely chopped alfalfa hay (LONG; 3 to 4 cm). After a 63 days feeding period, nine animals (three per treatment) were slaughtered to obtain ruminal tissue samples for morphological analyses. Alfalfa particle size did not affect (p > 0.05) papillae density, height, width, epithelium depth and surface area. Coarse alfalfa decreased the stratum corneum and increased (p < 0.05) muscle depth compared with fine and control diets. Neither DNA content and nor RNA concentration of rumen tissue was affected by feeding different diets. Forage particle size did not affect the blood concentration of glucose, urea nitrogen (BUN), beta‐hydroxybutyric acid (BHBA) and non‐esterified fatty acids (NEFA). Dry matter intake and feed conversion ratio were higher for control diet; however, there were no significant differences between treatments for average daily gain. These data suggest that coarse alfalfa significantly reduces the stratum corneum and increases muscularity of rumen wall and tended to better feed conversion ratio.
Systematic significance of cytology in Cyananthus (Campanulaceae) endemic to the Sino‐Himalayan region
Authors: CHEN Guang‐Fu , SUN Wen‐Guang , HONG De‐Yuan , ZHOU Zhuo , NIU Yang , NIE Ze‐Long , SUN Hang , ZHANG Jian‐Wen , LI Zhi‐Min 
Published: March 2014

AbstractChromosome numbers and the morphology of members of 24 populations representing 15 species of the Sino‐Himalayan endemic genus Cyananthus (Campanulaceae) were studied using karyological and numerical taxonomic techniques. The chromosome numbers of these taxa are 2n = 10, 12, 14, 24, 28, and the basic chromosome numbers for the genus are x = 5, 6, 7. All species except C. inflatus Hook. f. & Thoms. and C. microphyllus Edgew. were examined for the first time and a new ploidy level (tetraploidy) is reported in the genus. Chromosome measurement data were analyzed using cluster analysis. The relationships between three sections within Cyananthus and evolutionary trends within the genus are discussed in the light of karyological data. The cytological data suggest that Cyananthus is a relatively primitive genus in Campanulaceae and there is significant division within the genus, and polyploidization may have played an important role in the chromosome evolution and speciation of Cyananthus in the Himalayan–Hengduan Mountains.
Predictors of perioperative blood transfusions in patients with chronic kidney disease undergoing elective knee and hip arthroplasty
Authors: Graves Angela , Yates Piers , Hofmann Axel O , Farmer Shannon , Ferrari Paolo 
Published: March 2014

AbstractBackgroundLower preoperative haemoglobin and older age pose a risk for perioperative allogeneic blood transfusions (ABT). The presence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) is associated with low haemoglobin, greater bleeding and ABT utilization.Study Design and MethodsThe interaction between estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and haemoglobin on perioperative ABT, length‐of‐stay and mortality was assessed in 86 patients with CKD stage 3 or higher undergoing elective total knee or hip arthroplasty compared with 294 without CKD. Multivariate analyses for ABT risk with haemoglobin, eGFR, age, gender, duration of surgery and primary versus revision surgery were performed.ResultsPatients with CKD had lower preoperative haemoglobin and higher incidence of ABT. Haemoglobin was independently associated with increased odds of ABT (0.74 (95% confidence interval 0.71–0.77), P = 0.001), but eGFR was not (0.98 (0.96–1.02), P = 0.089). Length‐of‐stay and 1 year mortality did not differ between non‐transfused CKD patients and controls. Transfused CKD patients had significantly higher length‐of‐stay compared with transfused controls (25 ± 21 vs 19 ± 16 days, P < 0.0001), although 1 year mortality between transfused CKD patients and controls did not differ significantly.ConclusionCKD alone, in the absence of anaemia, does not predispose to increased risk of ABT or length‐of‐stay in patients with mild‐to‐moderate CKD undergoing elective joint surgery. However, low haemoglobin is associated with increased ABT utilization and increased length‐of‐stay. Considering that 1 in 4 patients undergoing elective hip or knee arthroplasty has CKD, optimal preoperative patient blood management may improve outcome in this population.