bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Survival and development of a stored‐product pest, Sitophilus zeamais (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), and its natural enemy, the parasitoid Lariophagus distinguendus (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae), on transgenic Bt maize
Authors: Hansen Lise S , Lövei Gábor L , Székács András 
Published: August 2012

AbstractBackgroundThe effect of transgenic maize (Zea mays L.) containing a lepidopteran‐specific Bt toxin on a stored‐product pest, Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky, and its parasitoid, Lariophagus distinguendus Förster, was examined in the laboratory to test the impact of transgenic maize on stored‐product pests and their biological control.ResultsWeevils were not harmfully affected by transgenic Bt maize in their development characteristics (development time, body mass), and females emerging from transgenic maize kernels were larger. However, significantly fewer parasitoid females emerged from weevils that developed in transgenic kernels, although parasitoids did not develop more slowly and were not different in size or mass from their conspecifics emerging from hosts in non‐transgenic maize kernels.ConclusionThe emergence of female parasitoids was reduced in transgenic Bt maize, and this effect cannot be explained by the known lepidopteran‐specific toxicity of Bt Cry1Ab toxin.
Competing localization and quantum interference effects in Fe0.9Co0.1Si
Authors: Samatham S. Shanmukharao , Venkateshwarlu D. , Gangrade Mohan , Ganesan V. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractUnusual magnetoresistance observed in weak itinerant ferromagnetic metal Fe0.9Co0.1Si is addressed. We invoke localization effects significantly contributing to the positive magnetoresistance apart from quantum interference effects (QIE), a new mechanism for magnetoresistance at low temperatures. QIE are dominant only at very low temperatures while localization effects are progressive out of the sub‐Kelvin domain. Dominance of localization effects in Kelvin range with increasing applied magnetic field is demonstrated. An unconventional effect of magnetic field on resistivity, favors a least dominant role of ferromagnetic correlations. The H–T phase diagram explore the regions of H3/2 (paramagnetic region) and QIE (Δσ ∝ H1/2) and its extension into the paramagnetic region. A new region of linear field dependence of MC (Δσ ∝ H) is also found and reported. Qualitative analysis of thermopower and its correspondence with electrical resistivity strengthens the concept that the same electrons are responsible for both electrical and magnetic properties. It is also reported that the onset of magnetic and QIE effects is well above TC.
Peer‐to‐peer distributed text classifier learning in PADMINI
Authors: Zhu Xianshu , Mahule Tushar , Dutta Haimonti , Arora Sugandha , Kargupta Hillol , Borne Kirk 
Published: August 2012

AbstractPopular Internet document repositories, such as online newspapers, digital libraries, and blogs store large amount of text and image data that are frequently accessed by large number of users. Users' input through collaborative commenting or tagging can be very useful in organizing and classifying documents. Some web sites (e.g. Google Image Labeler) support a collection of tags and labels, but a large fraction of these sites do not currently support such activities. Moreover, relying upon centrally controlled web‐service providers for such support is probably not a good idea if the objective is to make the collaborative inputs publicly available. Often, business entities offering such web‐based tagging environments end up owning and monetizing the result of the collective effort. This paper takes a step toward addressing this problem—it proposes a peer‐to‐peer (P2P) system (PADMINI), powered by distributed data mining algorithms. In particular, it focuses on learning a P2P classifier from tagged text data. This paper describes the PADMINI system and the distributed text classifier learning components; text classification is posed as a linear program and an asynchronous distributed algorithm is used to solve it. It also presents extensive empirical results on text data obtained from the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) proposal abstract database. Copyright © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Statistical Analysis and Data Mining 2012
Protective effects of an anti‐melanocortin‐4 receptor scFv derivative in lipopolysaccharide‐induced cachexia in rats
Authors: Peter Jean-Christophe , Rossez Hélène , Weckering Marjorie , Zipfel Géraldine , Lecourt Anne-Catherine , Owen Joshua B. , Banks William A. , Hofbauer Karl G. 
Published: August 2012

BackgroundCachexia is a complex syndrome defined by weight loss due to an ongoing loss of skeletal muscle mass with or without loss of body fat. It is often associated with anorexia. Numerous results from experimental studies suggest that blockade of the melanocortin‐4 receptor (MC4R) could be an effective treatment for anorexia and cachexia. In a previous study, we reported the basic pharmacological properties of a blocking anti‐MC4R mAb 1E8a and its scFv derivative in vitro and in vivo.MethodsIn the present study, we further characterized the mode of action of the 1E8a scFv, evaluated its pharmacokinetic properties in mice, and assessed its therapeutic potential in a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐induced cachexia model in rats.ResultsIn vitro, scFv enhanced the efficacy of the endogenous inverse agonist Agouti‐related protein. After intravenous (i.v.) administration in mice, the scFv penetrated the blood–brain barrier (BBB) and reached its central sites of action: the scFv brain–serum concentration ratios increased up to 15‐fold which suggests an active uptake into brain tissue. In telemetry experiments, i.v. administration of the scFv in rats was well tolerated and only induced slight cardiovascular effects consistent with MC4R blockade, i.e., a small decrease in mean arterial pressure and heart rate. In the model of LPS‐induced anorexia, i.v. administration of scFv 1E8a prevented anorexia and loss of body weight. Moreover, it stimulated a myogenic response which may contribute to the preservation of muscle mass in cachexia.ConclusionThe pharmacological profile of scFv 1E8a suggests its potential value in the treatment of cachexia or anorexia.
‘Looking as Little Like Patients as Persons Well Could’: Hypnotism, Medicine and the Problem of the Suggestible Subject in Late Nineteenth-Century Britain
Authors: Chettiar Teri 
Published: August 2012

AbstractDuring the late nineteenth century, many British physicians rigorously experimented with hypnosis as a therapeutic practice. Despite mounting evidence attesting to its wide-ranging therapeutic uses publicised in the 1880s and 1890s, medical hypnosis remained highly controversial. After a decade and a half of extensive medical discussion and debate surrounding the adoption of hypnosis by mainstream medical professionals – including a thorough inquiry organised by the British Medical Association – it was decisively excluded from serious medical consideration by 1900. This essay examines the complex question of why hypnosis was excluded from professional medical practice by the end of the nineteenth century. Objections to its medical adoption rarely took issue with its supposed effectiveness in producing genuine therapeutic and anaesthetic results. Instead, critics’ objections were centred upon a host of social and moral concerns regarding the patient’s state of suggestibility and weakened ‘will-power’ while under the physician’s hypnotic ‘spell’. The problematic question of precisely how far hypnotic ‘rapport’ and suggestibility might depart from the Victorian liberal ideal of rational individual autonomy lay at the heart of these concerns. As this essay demonstrates, the hypnotism debate was characterised by a tension between physicians’ attempts to balance their commitment to restore patients to health and pervasive middle-class concerns about the rapid and ongoing changes transforming British society at the turn of the century.
Examining a solar‐climate link in diurnal temperature ranges
Authors: Laken Benjamin , Čalogović Jasa , Shahbaz Tariq , Pallé Enric 
Published: August 2012

A recent study has suggested a link between the surface level diurnal temperature range (DTR) and variations in the cosmic ray (CR) flux. As the DTR is an effective proxy for cloud cover, this result supports the notion that widespread cloud changes may be induced by the CR flux. If confirmed, this would have significant implications for our understanding of natural climate forcings. Here, we perform a detailed investigation of the relationships between DTR and solar activity (total solar irradiance and the CR flux) from more than 60 years of NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data and observations from meteorological station data. We find no statistically significant evidence to suggest that the DTR is connected to either long‐term solar periodicities (11 or 1.68‐year) or short‐term (daily timescale) fluctuations in solar activity, and we attribute previous reports on the contrary to an incorrect estimation of the statistical significance of the data. If a CR–DTR relationship exists, based on the estimated noise in DTR composites during Forbush decrease (FD) events, the DTR response would need to be larger than 0.03°C per 1% increase in the CR flux to be reliably detected. Compared with a much smaller rough estimate of −0.005°C per 1% increase in the CR flux expected if previous claims that FD events cause reductions in the cloud cover are valid, we conclude it is not possible to detect a solar related responses in station‐based or reanalysis‐based DTR data sets related to a hypothesized CR–cloud link, as potential signals would be drowned in noise.
Reconstruction of tissue‐engineered bone with bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells and partially deproteinized bone in vitro
Authors: Han Xuesong , Liu Liu , Wang Fuke , Zhao Xian , Zhao Deping , Dai Xiaoming , Li Yisong 
Published: August 2012

AbstractWe have explored the optimal seeding density and timing for transplantation of the tissue‐engineered bone with BMMSCs (bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells) and PDPB (partially deproteinized bone) in vitro. Rabbit BMMSCs of different densities were seeded into PDPB generated from fresh pig vertebrates to reconstruct tissue‐engineered bone in vitro. Adhesion and proliferation of BMMSCs were analysed by MTT [3‐(4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐diphenyl‐2H‐tetrazolium bromide] assay from which growth curves of BMMSCs on the PDPB materials were generated. The data show that BMMSCs began to adhere to PDPB after 24 h of primary culture, all groups reaching peak growth on the 6th day, after which the value of A decreased gradually and reached a plateau phase. The optimal BMMSCs seeding density of 5×106/ml achieved an excellent adhesion and proliferation activity on PDPB. In summary, the best cell seeding density of constructing tissue‐engineered bone with BMMSCs in vitro is 5×106/ml, the optimal timing to transplant is the 6th day.
Human embryonic stem cell differentiation into insulin secreting β‐cells for diabetes
Authors: Bose Bipasha , Shenoy Sudheer P , Konda Sudhakar , Wangikar Pralhad 
Published: August 2012

AbstracthESC (human embryonic stem cells), when differentiated into pancreatic β ILC (islet‐like clusters), have enormous potential for the cell transplantation therapy for Type 1 diabetes. We have developed a five‐step protocol in which the EBs (embryoid bodies) were first differentiated into definitive endoderm and subsequently into pancreatic lineage followed by formation of functional endocrine β islets, which were finally matured efficiently under 3D conditions. The conventional cytokines activin A and RA (retinoic acid) were used initially to obtain definitive endoderm. In the last step, ILC were further matured under 3D conditions using amino acid rich media (CMRL media) supplemented with anti‐hyperglycaemic hormone‐Glp1 (glucagon‐like peptide 1) analogue Liraglutide with prolonged t½ and Exendin 4. The differentiated islet‐like 3D clusters expressed bonafide mature and functional β‐cell markers‐PDX1 (pancreatic and duodenal homoeobox‐1), C‐peptide, insulin and MafA. Insulin synthesis de novo was confirmed by C‐peptide ELISA of culture supernatant in response to varying concentrations of glucose as well as agonist and antagonist of functional 3D β islet cells in vitro. Our results indicate the presence of almost 65% of insulin producing cells in 3D clusters. The cells were also found to ameliorate hyperglycaemia in STZ (streptozotocin) induced diabetic NOD/SCID (non‐obese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficiency) mouse up to 96 days of transplantation. This protocol provides a basis for 3D in vitro generation of long‐term in vivo functionally viable islets from hESC.
Stability of dense liquid carbon dioxide
Authors: Boates Brian , Teweldeberhan Amanuel M. , Bonev Stanimir A. 
Published: August 2012

We present ab initio calculations of the phase diagram of liquid CO
2
and its melting curve over a wide range of pressure and temperature conditions, including those relevant to the Earth. Several distinct liquid phases are predicted up to 200 GPa and 10,000 K based on their structural and electronic characteristics. We provide evidence for a first-order liquid–liquid phase transition with a critical point near 48 GPa and 3,200 K that intersects the mantle geotherm; a liquid–liquid–solid triple point is predicted near 45 GPa and 1,850 K. Unlike known first-order transitions between thermodynamically stable liquids, the coexistence of molecular and polymeric CO
2
phases predicted here is not accompanied by metallization. The absence of an electrical anomaly would be unique among known liquid–liquid transitions. Furthermore, the previously suggested phase separation of CO
2
into its constituent elements at lower mantle conditions is examined by evaluating their Gibbs free energies. We find that liquid CO
2
does not decompose into carbon and oxygen up to at least 200 GPa and 10,000 K.
De novo structure prediction and experimental characterization of folded peptoid oligomers
Authors: Butterfoss Glenn L. , Yoo Barney , Jaworski Jonathan N. , Chorny Ilya , Dill Ken A. , Zuckermann Ronald N. , Bonneau Richard , Kirshenbaum Kent , Voelz Vincent A. 
Published: August 2012

Peptoid molecules are biomimetic oligomers that can fold into unique three-dimensional structures. As part of an effort to advance computational design of folded oligomers, we present blind-structure predictions for three peptoid sequences using a combination of Replica Exchange Molecular Dynamics (REMD) simulation and Quantum Mechanical refinement. We correctly predicted the structure of a
N
-aryl peptoid trimer to within 0.2 Å rmsd-backbone and a cyclic peptoid nonamer to an accuracy of 1.0 Å rmsd-backbone. X-ray crystallographic structures are presented for a linear
N
-alkyl peptoid trimer and for the cyclic peptoid nonamer. The peptoid macrocycle structure features a combination of
cis
and
trans
backbone amides, significant nonplanarity of the amide bonds, and a unique “basket” arrangement of (
S
)-
N
(1-phenylethyl) side chains encompassing a bound ethanol molecule. REMD simulations of the peptoid trimers reveal that well folded peptoids can exhibit funnel-like conformational free energy landscapes similar to those for ordered polypeptides. These results indicate that physical modeling can successfully perform de novo structure prediction for small peptoid molecules.
Nationwide survey of acromegaly in South Korea
Authors: Kwon Obin , Song Young Duk , Kim Seong Yeon , Lee Eun Jig ,   Rare Disease Study Group, Science and Research Committee, Korean Endocrine Society
Published: August 2012

SummaryContextIt was previously reported in Korea that there were 1·4 case per million per year of acromegaly. This was low in comparison with the extrapolated values of Western European countries. We expected that the incidence of acromegaly would be much higher now because of recently improved medical facilities, diagnostic tools and coverage of medical insurance to all the population of South Korea.ObjectiveThe purpose of this nationwide survey was to examine the incidence and prevalence of patients with acromegaly, mode of treatment and outcome of surgical treatment of recent 5 years.Design and patientsWe requested and collected the medical records of all possible patients with acromegaly from 74 secondary or tertiary medical institutes in Korea from 2003 to 2007 retrospectively.MeasurementsDate of diagnosis and treatment, tumour size, pre‐ and postoperative hormonal level, treatment modality and usage of medication were collected.ResultsDuring 5 years, 1350 patients with acromegaly had been registered. The average annual incidence was 3·9 cases per million during this period, and prevalence had increased up to 27·9 cases per million in 2007. Male/female ratio was 1:1·2, and mean age at diagnosis was 44·1 years. Macroadenoma was dominant (82·9%). Transsphenoidal adenoidectomy was used the most as primary treatment (90·4%).ConclusionsThis Korean acromegaly survey offers a realistic overview of the predominant epidemiological characteristics of acromegaly in Korea. Annual incidence was at a similar level with western countries. Efforts to diagnose and control the disease earlier are recommended.
Organisational aspects of dental practices: do dental students think like patients or like general dental practitioners?
Authors: Sonneveld R. E. , Brands W. G. , Bronkhorst E. M. , Welie J. V. M. , Truin G. J. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractIntroductionIn view of transparency in health care, the widespread desire for more patient‐centred care, and in an attempt to facilitate educational programmes that effectively respond to these changes, two research questions are formulated: (i) How do dental students rate the importance of various organisational aspects of dental practices compared with dental patients and general dental practitioners (GDPs), and what prescripts, defined as specific operational responsibilities of GDPs in these matters, do dental students propose? and (ii) In doing so, do students resemble patients or GDPs?MethodsIn two survey studies, dental students (n = 198), patients (n = 3127) and GDPs (n = 303) were asked to rate by questionnaire the importance of 41 organisational aspects of a general dental practice and proposed specific operational responsibilities (‘prescripts’).ResultsSeven of 41 aspects were rated as important by the majority of the students. Although in a different rank order, three aspects were predominantly selected by all three groups: continuing education, accessibility by telephone and Dutch‐speaking GDP. For most aspects, significant differences were found between the prescripts proposed by students and those proposed by patients, and few differences were found between students and GDPs.ConclusionThe findings do not permit the general conclusion that the views of dental students resemble those of patients or GPDs. Looking at the overall rank order, the three respondent groups showed a great resemblance although significant differences were found for specific aspects. With regard to the proposed prescripts, students showed realistic views and the majority wants to participate in continuing education and work with protocols and guidelines. In this, they tend to resemble GDPs more than they resemble patients.
What can we learn from parents about enhancing participation in pharmacovigilance?
Authors: Arnott Janine , Hesselgreaves Hannah , Nunn Anthony J. , Peak Matthew , Pirmohamed Munir , Smyth Rosalind L. , Turner Mark A. , Young Bridget 
Published: August 2012

AimsTo investigate parents' views and experiences of direct reporting of a suspected ADR in their child.MethodsWe audio‐recorded semi‐structured qualitative interviews with parents of children with suspected ADRs. Our sample included parents with (n = 17) and without (n = 27) previous experience of submitting a Yellow Card.ResultsParents in both groups described poor awareness of the Yellow Card Scheme. Parents who had participated in the Yellow Card Scheme were generally happy to report their child's ADR via the Scheme and valued the opportunity to report concerns independently of health practitioners. They expressed motivations for reporting that have not previously been described linked to the parental role, including how registering a concern about a medicine helped to resolve uncomfortable feelings about their child's ADR. Parents who had not previously submitted a Yellow Card expressed uncertainty about the legitimacy of their involvement in reporting and doubts about the value of the information that they could provide.ConclusionPromoting wider participation in pharmacovigilance schemes will depend on raising public awareness. Additionally, our findings point to the need to empower lay people to submitting reports and to reassure them about the value of their reports.
Enhanced therapeutic effect of B cell-depleting anti-CD20 antibodies upon combination within-situdendritic cell vaccination in advanced lymphoma
Authors: Manzur S , Cohen S , Haimovich J , Hollander N 
Published: August 2012

SummaryThe present standard of care for B cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma includes the anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody rituximab. Although combination treatments with chemotherapy and rituximab improved the duration of remissions and overall survival in indolent B cell lymphoma, the disease is essentially incurable. Thus, new therapeutic approaches are needed. One such approach is active immunization. Given that rituximab depletes both malignant and normal B cells, it is expected to impair humoral immune responses in vaccinated patients. Hence, optimal vaccination strategies for rituximab-treated patients require induction of effector T cells, which can be achieved by dendritic cell (DC) vaccines. We have demonstrated in a mouse model that chemotherapy combined with DC vaccines was therapeutically effective. However, efficacy was related to tumour size at the onset of treatment, decreasing in correlation with increasing tumour burdens. We therefore examined whether, in spite of its low efficacy in advanced disease, DC vaccination may synergize with anti-CD20 antibodies to enhance therapy. Lymphoma-bearing mice were treated with cyclophosphamide, anti-CD20 antibodies and an intratumoral DC vaccine. Results clearly demonstrated the enhanced therapeutic effect of this combination treatment. Thus, under conditions of disseminated disease, when either anti-CD20 antibody treatment or vaccination showed insufficient efficacy, their combination resulted in synergism that mediated long-term survival. We demonstrated further that the combination of antibody and vaccine induced T cell-mediated anti-tumour immune responses with long-term memory. Combination treatments including tumour cell-loaded DC vaccines may therefore provide a strategy for enhancing therapy in rituximab-treated patients.