bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Distortions in Genealogies due to Purifying Selection and Recombination
Authors: Nicolaisen Lauren E , Desai Michael M 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
Purifying selection at many linked sites alters patterns of molecular evolution, reducing overall diversity and distorting the shapes of genealogies. Recombination attenuates these effects; however, purifying selection can significantly distort genealogies even for substantial recombination rates. Here, we show that when selection and/or recombination are sufficiently strong, the genealogy at any single site can be described by a time-dependent effective population size, Ne(t), which has a simple analytic form. Our results illustrate how recombination reduces distortions in genealogies and allow us to quantitatively describe the shapes of genealogies in the presence of strong purifying selection and recombination. We also analyze the effects of a distribution of selection coefficients across the genome.
Effete, a Drosophila Chromatin-Associated Ubiquitin-Conjugating Enzyme That Affects Telomeric and Heterochromatic Position Effect Variegation
Authors: Cipressa Francesca , Romano Sabrina , Centonze Silvia , zur Lage Petra I , Vernì Fiammetta , Dimitri Patrizio , Gatti Maurizio , Cenci Giovanni 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
Drosophila telomeres are elongated by the transposition of telomere-specific retrotransposons rather than telomerase activity. Proximal to the terminal transposon array, Drosophila chromosomes contain several kilobases of a complex satellite DNA termed telomere-associated sequences (TASs). Reporter genes inserted into or next to the TAS are silenced through a mechanism called telomere position effect (TPE). TPE is reminiscent of the position effect variegation (PEV) induced by Drosophila constitutive heterochromatin. However, most genes that modulate PEV have no effect on TPE, and systematic searches for TPE modifiers have so far identified only a few dominant suppressors. Surprisingly, only a few of the genes required to prevent telomere fusion have been tested for their effect on TPE. Here, we show that with the exception of the effete (eff; also called UbcD1) mutant alleles, none of the tested mutations at the other telomere fusion genes affects TPE. We also found that mutations in eff, which encodes a class I ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme, act as suppressors of PEV. Thus, eff is one of the rare genes that can modulate both TPE and PEV. Immunolocalization experiments showed that Eff is a major constituent of polytene chromosomes. Eff is enriched at several euchromatic bands and interbands, the TAS regions, and the chromocenter. Our results suggest that Eff associates with different types of chromatin affecting their abilities to regulate gene expression.
Full-Field Simulation Supports Reservoir Management Decisions in a Giant Carbonate Complex
Authors: Pérez-Martínez Ernesto , Rojas-Figueroa Antonio , Carreras Patricia E. , Sizer James P. , Segura-Cornejo Víctor O. 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
The Ku, Maloob and Zaap (KMZ) complex is located offshore in the shallow waters of the Gulf of Mexico, in the bay of Campeche, 105 kilometers from Ciudad del Carmen. The complex oil production averaged 850, 000 BOPD in 2012. KMZ has been Mexico's largest contributor to production since January 2009. The fluid is heavy oil of 22°API in Ku, and 13°API in Maloob-Zaap. The Cretaceous is the main producing formation. This carbonate reservoir is a naturally fractured dolomite that also contains matrix and vuggy porosity. Average permeability and gross thickness are 4, 000 md and 700 m, respectively.
Field production began in 1981. More than 150 wells were active in 2012. The initial reservoir pressure of 4, 594 psi declined to about 1, 707 psi as of 2012. Nitrogen injection began in 2009 for pressure maintenance.
Reservoir simulation has been used in the KMZ complex during the last 15 years to support key reservoir management decisions. The Cretaceous reservoir was simulated as a dual porosity/single permeability system. The different fluids of Ku and Maloob-Zaap were each represented by a 6-component equation of state. The simulation was implemented as compositional to model the nitrogen injection. The aquifer volume was represented by applying pore volume multipliers to grid cells. One set of gas-oil and water-oil relative permeability and capillary pressure was assigned to the whole reservoir, along with one pressure dependent pore volume compressibility. Simple input parameters were used whenever possible for the history match.
The simulation model matched the historical pressure and the production of oil, water, and gas by field satisfactorily. The match by well was fit-for-purpose. The production/injection forecasts helped support reserves, the complex plateau rate, the pressure maintenance strategy, the development scenario, and the timing and capacity of future facilities needed to manage increasing water production.
This case study shows that even though reservoir simulation has limitations as any other tool, it is excellent for validating reservoir mechanisms and serving as the basis for estimating field long-term production performance, and providing support for economic and financial decisions.
Interventional Nephrology
Authors: Niyyar Vandana Dua , Chan Micah R. 
Published: July 2013

Summary
Despite recommendations by various national guidelines advocating arteriovenous fistulae as the access of choice in patients undergoing hemodialysis (HD), the use of central venous catheters (CVCs) remains widespread among both incident and prevalent HD patients. Unfortunately, long-term use of CVCs is fraught with complications, which are a major cause of morbidity and death in this patient population. Complications include a high rate of infections, as well as thrombus and sheath-related mechanical dysfunction. This review addresses prevention and management of noninfectious catheter-related dysfunction.
Vascular Access Morbidity and Mortality
Authors: Lok Charmaine E. , Foley Robert 
Published: July 2013

Summary
During the past decade, clear trends in the types of incident and prevalent hemodialysis vascular access can be observed. There has been a steady increase and recent stabilizaton of patients initiating hemodialysis with a central venous catheter, representing approximately 80% of all incident accesses. There has also been a steady increase in prevalent fistula use, currently greater than 50% within 4 months of hemodialysis initiation. Patient and vascular access related morbidity and mortality are reflected in the type of vascular access used at initiation and for long-term maintenance dialysis. There is a three- to fourfold increase in risk of infectious complications in patients initiating dialysis with a catheter compared with either a fistula or graft and a sevenfold higher risk when the catheter is used as a prevalent access. Procedure rates have increased two- to threefold for all types of access. There is a significant increased risk of mortality associated with catheter use, especially within the first year of dialysis initiation.
Characteristics of Accounting Standards and SEC Review Comments
Authors: Boone Jeff P. , Linthicum Cheryl L. , Poe April 
Published: July 2013

SYNOPSIS
As mandated by Sarbanes-Oxley, the SEC reviews the financial reports of public companies and challenges the appropriateness of accounting that seems questionable or unclear. We investigate whether the likelihood of an SEC comment (challenge), and the time needed to resolve such comments, depends upon either of two characteristics of the underlying accounting standard—rules and accounting estimates. We find that the probability of an SEC comment increases with the rules-based characteristics in the standard, but find little evidence that time to resolution is related to such characteristics. We also find that the extent of estimates required to implement the standard is positively associated with both the probability of an SEC comment and the time to resolve the comment. Our findings should help inform the debate over the appropriate level of rules and estimates in GAAP, and are especially timely in light of the potential convergence between more rules-based U.S. GAAP and more principles-based IFRS GAAP.
Data Availability: Data are available from public sources.
Institutional Investor Preferences for Corporate Governance Mechanisms
Authors: Bushee Brian J. , Carter Mary Ellen , Gerakos Joseph 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACT
We examine institutional investors' preferences for corporate governance mechanisms. We find little evidence of an association between total institutional ownership and governance mechanisms. However, using revealed preferences, we identify a small group of “governance-sensitive” institutions that exhibit persistent associations between their ownership levels and firms' governance mechanisms. We also find that firms with a high level of ownership by institutions sensitive to shareholder rights have significant future improvements in shareholder rights, consistent with shareholder activism. Further, we find that factors describing the characteristics of institutions' portfolios are correlated with governance preferences. Large institutions, those holding a large number of portfolio stocks, and those with preferences for growth firms are more likely to be sensitive to corporate governance mechanisms, suggesting those mechanisms may be a means for decreasing monitoring costs and may be more essential for firms with a high level of growth opportunities. Finally, our results suggest that common proxies for governance sensitivity by investors (e.g., legal type, blockholding) do not cleanly measure governance preferences.
JEL Classifications: G11; G20; G34.
Morphological peculiarities of the trigeminal nerve roots and ganglia in human fetus
Authors: Dimitropoulou Th. , Dănălache C. , Bordei P. , Iliescu D.M 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
The study of the intracranial traject of the trigeminal nerve was performed through a dissection of 40 human fetuses whose ages ranged between 4 and 9 months. We examined: the apparent origin of the nerve, the traject, stating the length and width of the roots and of the triangular plexus, the antero-posterior width of the trigeminal ganglion and its transverse diameter, measured between the two extremities (horns). The anatomical landmarks were considered left versus right for each fetus and the trigeminal ganglia were studied only in terms of macroscopy: form and relations. We found that the sensory root length increases greatly between the fourth and the fifth month (more than 1 mm), from six to seven months the root length present a stagnation and in the eighth month its increase in length is very significant, about 4 mm, while in the ninth month we also recorded an increase of about 2 mm. The motor root may have two separate fiber bundles, both as cylinders, which can be present from the apparent origin and up to the mandibular nerve; near their origin of the two bundles are separated by nervous tissue. The trigeminal ganglia has, most often, a semilunar aspect, thus justifying its name. Other times it may be irregular, triangular or quadrilateral (rectangular). There are situations when the trigeminal ganglion shows three lobes, each corresponding to one of its three terminal branches.
Indirect effects of noise exposure on liver activity - experimental case -
Authors: Chirică R. , Comșa G.I. 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
We live in a noisy world. We constantly undergoing in various types of noise that affect our quality of life. It is well known that noise is not only a problem but also a serious threat to health. The effects, that noise exposure has on health is a public serious problem, and is becoming more acute, which can occur at both, mentally and physically levels.
Modern treatment of upper permanent canine absence - Case report
Authors: Gheorghiu Irina-Maria , Mitran Loredana , Mitran M. , Mironiuc-Cureu Magdalena , Stoian Irina Maria 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
The absence of upper definitive canine is relatively common in clinic. The edentulous area is problematic regarding the prosthetic treatment. In this study case it has been used a modern treatment by inserting a dental implant. This method has major advantages because is very conservative thinking the old prosthetic methods.
Cross-Border Cooperation in Slovak-Czech Border Region under EU Programmes
Authors: Rajčáková Eva , Švecová Angelika 
Published: July 2013

AbstractCross-border cooperation is one of the development opportunities of border regions. Cross-border cooperation (CBC) along the Slovakia-Czech border is specific. It is due to several factors like common history under one state formation, historical ties and similarity of language and culture. Cooperation was realised also in the past. CBC got new forms and intensity after the peaceful dissolution of Czechoslovakia in two independent states - Czech Republic and Slovak Republic and the possibility to draw support from EU instruments for cross-border cooperation in the pre-accession (after 2003) and the programming periods 2004-2006 and 2007-2013. The aim of this contribution is to highlight the implementation status and opportunities of Operational Programme Cross-Border Cooperation Slovak Republic - Czech Republic 2007-2013 (OP CBC SK-CZ 2007-2013) and at a lower administrative level to evaluate the potential of local governments of the Trenčín Self-Governing Region (TSR) and three border self-governing regions (Trnava, Trenčín, Žilina) for involvement in cross-border cooperation. In the current programming period of 2007- 2013, cross-border cooperation is implemented also in the Slovakia-Czech border region under the OP CBC SK-CZ 2007-2013. Research pointed to a lower intensity of drawing funds on OP CBC SK-CZ 2007-2013. The main reasons are the lack of experience of local governments with grant applications, project implementation and difficult project administration. The problem is also long term of verification of the financial costs of the project activities what gets municipalities into trouble with co-financing of projects. It caused that municipalities have low interest to apply for new projects.
A New Slovakian-Hungarian Cross-Border Geopark in Central Europe – Possibility for Promoting Better Connections Between the Two Countries
Authors: Horváth Gergely , Csüllög Gábor 
Published: July 2013

AbstractIn the past years, many geoparks have been established all over the world, based mainly on the geoheritage, and partly on the cultural heritage, of the regions. Their main aim is to promote the spatial development of certain regions, especially by the development of tourism, including geo- and ecotourism. One of the newest geoparks is the Novohrad-Nógrád Geopark along the border of Slovakia and Hungary, which, having a high status, belongs to the UNESCO Global Geoparks Network. What is remarkable about it is that it was the very first cross-border geopark. Because of historical elements and due to political intentions, borders often play a more disjunctive than connective role, and the changes of the borders in the 20th century often distorted the spatial structure and turned former peripheries into flourishing regions. This was characteristic also of the regions where the Novohrad-Nógrád Geopark was established. Beyond the perspective for the spatial development of these regions, this cross-border geopark forces directly the local authorities and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) on both sides of the border to maintain tighter contacts for co-operation, promoting by this means also better connections between the two countries.
New gravity control in Poland – needs, the concept and the design
Authors: Krynski Jan , Olszak Tomasz , Barlik Marcin , Dykowski Przemyslaw 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
The existing Polish gravity control (POGK) established in the last few years of 20th century according to the international standards is spanned on 12 absolute gravity stations surveyed with four different types of absolute gravimeters. Relative measurements performed by various groups on nearly 350 points of POGK with the use of LaCoste&Romberg (LCR) gravimeters were linked to those 12 stations. The construction of the network, in particular the limited number of non homogeneously distributed absolute gravity stations with gravity determined with different instruments in different epochs is responsible for systematic errors in g on POGK stations. The estimate of those errors with the use of gravity measurements performed in 2007-2008 is given and their possible sources are discussed.
The development of absolute gravity measurement technologies, in particular instruments for precise field absolute gravity measurements, provides an opportunity to establish new type of gravity control consisting of stations surveyed with absolute gravimeters. New gravity control planned to be established in 2012-2014 will consist of 28 fundamental points (surveyed with the FG5 - gravimeter), and 169 base points (surveyed with the A10 gravimeter). It will fulfill recent requirements of geodesy and geodynamics and it will provide good link to the existing POGK. A number of stations of the new gravity control with precisely determined position and height will form the national combined geodetic network.
Methodology and measurement schemes for both absolute gravimeters as well as the technology for vertical gravity gradient determinations in the new gravity control were developed and tested. The way to assure proper gravity reference level with relation to ICAG and ECAG campaigns as well as local absolute gravimeter comparisons are described highlighting the role of metrology in the project. Integral part of the project are proposals of re-computation of old gravity data and their transformation to a new system (as 2nd order network) as well as a definition of gravity system as “zero-tide” system. Seasonal variability of gravity has been discussed indicating that the effects of environmental changes when establishing modern gravity control with absolute gravity survey cannot be totally neglected.
Organisational aspects of spatial information infrastructure in Poland
Authors: Bielecka Elzbieta , Zwirowicz-Rutkowska Agnieszka 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
One of the more important elements of spatial information infrastructure is the organisational structure defining the obligations and dependencies between stakeholders that are responsible for the infrastructure. Many SDI practitioners and theoreticians emphasise that its influence on the success or failure of activities undertaken is significantly greater than that of technical aspects. Being aware of the role of the organisational structure in the creating, operating and maintenance of spatial information infrastructure (SII), Polish legislators placed appropriate regulations in the Spatial Information Infrastructure Act, being the transposition of the INSPIRE Directive into Polish Law.
The principal spatial information infrastructure stakeholders are discussed in the article and also the scope of cooperation between them. The tasks and relationships between stakeholders are illustrated in UML, in both the use case and the class diagram. Mentioned also are the main problems and obstructions resulting from imprecise legal regulations.
Composition of Volatile Compounds of Horseradish Roots (Armoracia rusticana L.) Depending on the Genotype
Authors: Tomsone Lolita , Kruma Zanda , Galoburda Ruta , Talou Thierry 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
Horseradish is a perennial plant with significant antioxidant properties, and it contains about 0.2% to 1.0% of essential oil, mainly sinigrin, sinigrin-derived allylisothiocyanate and diallylsulphide. The aim of the study was to determine composition of volatile compounds of horseradish (A. rusticana L.) roots depending on the genotype. Volatiles from fresh horseradish roots of nine genotypes were extracted using solid phase microextraction with DVB/Car/PDMS fibre and were further analysed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The volatile compounds were identified by comparing their mass spectra with mass spectral libraries (Nist98) and by calculating linear retention indexes and comparing them with the literature data. The studied horseradish genotypes differed both in the quantitative and qualitative content of aroma compounds. Totally 15 volatile compounds were detected, and their highest amount was found in genotype G12B. The main aroma compound of all horseradish samples was allylisothiocyanate, which formed 64-82% of the total identified volatile compounds. The obtained results were compared with those found in the literature. All horseradish samples contained significant amounts of phenylethylisothiocyanate (4-18%) that is formed from glucosinolate - gluconasturtin. The study revealed that genotype has great influence on the content of volatiles in horseradish roots.
The effectiveness of computer-assisted cognitive rehabilitation in brain-damaged patients
Authors: Łojek Emilia , Bolewska Anna 
Published: July 2013

AbstractThis study examined the effects of computer-assisted cognitive rehabilitation in a group of 16 brain-damaged patients. Therapeutic effectiveness was assessed by improvement on computer tasks, the results of neuropsychological tests and quality of life ratings. Participants suffered from mild to moderate attention and memory problems or aphasia. The procedure involved baseline assessment (pretest), a 15-week course of therapy conducted twice a week (30 hours in total) and posttest. Neuropsychological tests assessing attention, memory and language problems and quality of life ratings were administered twice: in pre- and posttests. Twelve healthy controls were also examined twice (with a 15-week interval) using the same battery of neuropsychological tests. The RehaCom program and the Polish computer therapy program for aphasics called Afa-System were used for rehabilitation. The computer-assisted rehabilitation tasks were selected individually for each patient. The results showed significant improvement on computer-assisted tasks in all braindamaged subjects. However, none or very little improvement was observed on neuropsychological tests and quality of life ratings. The results of the study confirm the importance of using different types of measures to estimate the effectiveness of computer-assisted neuropsychological rehabilitation as well as the necessity of applying various kinds of therapy to improve cognitive, emotional and social functioning in brain-damaged patients.
Investigating cognitive style differences in the perception of biological motion associated with visuospatial processing
Authors: Thomson Kaivo , Watt Anthony 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
The purpose of the study was to compare the visuospatial decision-making error scores related to the perception of biological motion of individuals categorized as field dependent or field independent. A sample of 69 participants aged 18-27 years (M = 21.91, SD = 2.39) that included 33 males and 36 females completed the experiment. Cognitive style was assessed using the Group Embedded Figure Test. Perception of biological motion was evaluated using two different point-light stimuli developed from video images of a ballet dancer’s performance of a correct and incorrect turn in the fifth position. The results showed that individuals classified as field independent made significantly fewer visuospatial processing errors. The findings are considered and discussed in relation to theoretical perspectives associated with both cognitive processing and cognitive style.