bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Scottish Enlightenment and Scottish Independence
Authors: Smith Craig 
Published: October 2015

AbstractAs the 2014 referendum on whether Scotland should become an independent country approaches, there is increasing debate about the nature and advantages of the relationship between Scotland and the rest of the United Kingdom. This paper seeks to examine the views on the Union between Scotland and England that are found in the writings of the main figures of the eighteenth century Scottish Enlightenment. It examines the arguments that Scotland's most famous social and political thinkers, such as David Hume and Adam Smith, put forward in favour of union with England and uses them to inform the contemporary debate.
Echocardiographic Features of Cardiac Angiosarcomas: The Mayo Clinic Experience (1976–2013)
Authors: Kupsky Daniel F. , Newman Darrell B. , Kumar Gautam , Maleszewski Joseph J. , Edwards William D. , Klarich Kyle W. 
Published: October 2015

ObjectiveCardiac angiosarcoma is the most common primary malignant cardiac tumor. The dismal prognosis and nonspecific symptomatology underscore the need for an accurate and cost‐effective approach to the identification and characterization of this rare tumor.MethodsMayo Clinic tissue registry archives were queried for all histologically confirmed cases of cardiac angiosarcoma (1976–2013) with available imaging data. Echocardiograms were retrospectively reviewed.ResultsThirty‐three cases of cardiac angiosarcoma were identified; of these, 17 had echocardiograms available (mean age, 46 years; six men). Transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) as the initial diagnostic test had 75% sensitivity for visualizing primary cardiac angiosarcoma (9/12 patients). Tumor extension into the pericardium was common and pericardial effusion was present in 15 patients (88%); however, pericardial fluid cytology was negative for malignancy in all tested patients (n = 15). Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was preserved in 16 patients (94%) (average LVEF, 62%). Right ventricular function was mildly reduced in two patients (12%) at initial presentation. Tricuspid valve obstruction was present in three patients (18%; mean diastolic gradient, 6.3 mmHg [range, 3–11 mmHg]).ConclusionThe sensitivity of TTE as the first diagnostic imaging modality compared favorably with computed tomography. Pericardial effusion was common, but pericardial fluid cytology was negative in all patients who underwent pericardiocentesis. The absence of a stalk was a universal finding that may help distinguish angiosarcoma from benign, primarily pedunculated tumors such as myxoma and papillary fibroelastoma.
Expression patterns of Wnt genes in the venom claws of centipedes
Authors: Hayden Luke , Arthur Wallace 
Published: October 2015

SUMMARYThe venom claws of centipedes, also known as forcipules, represent an evolutionary novelty that must have arisen in the centipede stem species, as they are not found in any other myriapods. The developmental‐genetic changes that are involved in the origin of novelties are of considerable interest. It has previously been shown that centipede forcipules have a unique Hox code. However, this is a combinatorial code: no single Hox gene has a forcipule‐specific expression. Here, we focus on Wnt genes. Two genes of this family show forcipule‐specific expression in the “model centipede” Strigamia maritima: Wnt7 and Wnt11. For Wnt7, this forcipular expression zone seems to be a new one, which has arisen in evolution subsequently to other expression zones of the same gene. However, for Wnt11, the forcipule‐specific expression probably arose by reduction of a more general pattern that originally included most or all of the limbs of an ancestral myriapod. Thus the developmental‐genetic basis of the evolutionary change that turned the first pair of walking legs into venom claws is complex, involving different types of change in expression pattern. This sort of complexity is likely to be the case regarding evolutionary changes in morphology in general. Whether the origins of those features that can be considered as novelties are different in terms of their developmental‐genetic basis from more routine evolutionary changes remains an open question.
Impact of plant and aphid stress history on infestation in arugula plants
Authors: Menéndez A.I. , Folcia A.M. , Vizgarra L. , Romero A.M. , Martínez‐Ghersa M.A. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractPlants can activate inducible defence mechanisms against pests, pathogens, or chemical elicitors, such as ozone, mediated by reactive oxygen species (ROS), particularly hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). An unfavourable balance between ROS production and the plant antioxidant capacity seems to be responsible for the resulting susceptibility of the plant to insect attack. Arugula plants [Eruca sativa Mill. (Brassicaceae)] and green peach aphids, Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Hemiptera: Aphididae), were used in this study to test the hypothesis that the growth of an aphid population depends on both plant and insect stress history. We investigated the impact of density and duration of a previous aphid infestation, and the time lag before re‐infestation, on aphid population growth. In a second experiment, we assessed the effect on aphid population growth of previous ozone exposure of arugula plants in open top chambers receiving a continuous O3 fumigation of 100–120 p.p.b., 90 min per day during 3 days. A third experiment was conducted to study the effect of aphid density during a previous infestation on the population growth on an uninfested host. Both previous herbivory and ozone changed the oxidative status of plant tissues and facilitated aphid population growth, which increased with the duration and density of a previous infestation by aphids. Colonization success also depended on the aphids' own history. Aphids coming from high‐density populations and/or longer infestation periods produced larger populations on an (initially) uninfested plant. Pest outbreaks in a polluted environment might be expected to be modulated by the hosts' spatial‐temporal heterogeneity related to the ozone exposure and previous herbivory.
An overview of current trends and gaps in patient‐reported outcome measures used in haemophilia
Authors: Pocoski Jennifer , Benjamin Katy , Michaels Lisa A. , Flood Emuella , Sasane Rahul 
Published: October 2015

AbstractAimThis review summarises the importance, recent progress and issues in measuring patient‐reported outcomes (PROs) in haemophilia research.MethodsA critical review of recent advances and trends in measuring haemophilia‐related PROs was conducted, using current regulatory guidelines and methodological recommendations to evaluate these instruments.ResultsAlthough regulators, payers and policymakers increasingly consider the patient's perspective to be important in treatment decision‐making, to date, few haemophilia intervention studies have meaningfully applied PRO endpoints. Condition‐specific PRO instruments have been developed, but most are not fully validated; sensitivity to subgroup differences and changes over time is unclear. Generic PROs and instruments developed for other conditions have been used to measure health‐related quality of life (HRQL) in haemophilia patients, but little evidence of their validity for this purpose exists. Haemophilia presents a number of challenges to developing valid, reliable and responsive PRO instruments, including the rarity of the disorder; necessitating research in multiple counties to attain sufficient sample size; the chronic nature of the condition; acute exacerbations of illness; age and geographical region variations with respect to treatment; differences in treatment regimens, range of disease severity and phenotypes; and changes in patients' perceived health status over time. Given that haemophilia begins at birth, the illness has an impact on the lives of caregivers, although the extent of the impact is largely unknown.ConclusionsPatient perspectives are crucial to understanding the best and most cost‐effective haemophilia treatment approaches. More research is needed on the ability of current disease‐specific and generic PRO instruments to capture responsiveness to treatments over time and subgroup differences in outcomes. Inclusion of PROs in clinical trials is necessary to answer these questions.
The SER primer and climate change
Authors: Clewell Andre , Aronson James 
Published: October 2015

SummaryThe SER Primer on Ecological Restoration provides a succinct introduction to, and overview of, the rapidly growing field of ecological restoration. The Primer was issued initially in 2002 by the Society for Ecological Restoration (SER) and reissued verbatim 2 years later in a more attractive format (http://www.ser.org/resources;resources-detail-view/ser-international-primer-on-ecological-restoration). A SER committee recently began deliberations to update the Primer, and much discussion is underway. As two of the Primer's principal authors, we were invited to share our views on how the Primer can be advantageously revised in the light of any changes or new insights since 2002. In particular, we were asked how the Primer might be modified to reflect the ways that ecological restoration address conservation issues raised by climate change and other rapid environmental shifts and global changes. We also touch on questions relating to the benefits of ecological restoration to human society, as this is an area where the Primer needs sharper focus. We have structured the following in a ‘Frequently Asked Questions’ format to highlight issues raised in the recent literature and to focus attention on other issues that merit consideration in the Primer revision process.
Whole genome sequencing shows sleeping sickness relapse is due to parasite regrowth and not reinfection
Authors: Richardson Joshua B. , Evans Benjamin , Pyana Patient P. , Van Reet Nick , Sistrom Mark , Büscher Philippe , Aksoy Serap , Caccone Adalgisa 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThe trypanosome Trypanosoma brucei gambiense (Tbg) is a cause of human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) endemic to many parts of sub‐Saharan Africa. The disease is almost invariably fatal if untreated and there is no vaccine, which makes monitoring and managing drug resistance highly relevant. A recent study of HAT cases from the Democratic Republic of the Congo reported a high incidence of relapses in patients treated with melarsoprol. Of the 19 Tbg strains isolated from patients enrolled in this study, four pairs were obtained from the same patient before treatment and after relapse. We used whole genome sequencing to investigate whether these patients were infected with a new strain, or if the original strain had regrown to pathogenic levels. Clustering analysis of 5938 single nucleotide polymorphisms supports the hypothesis of regrowth of the original strain, as we found that strains isolated before and after treatment from the same patient were more similar to each other than to other isolates. We also identified 23 novel genes that could affect melarsoprol sensitivity, representing a promising new set of targets for future functional studies. This work exemplifies the utility of using evolutionary approaches to provide novel insights and tools for disease control.
Shared Religious Beliefs, Prayer, and Forgiveness as Predictors of Marital Satisfaction
Authors: Olson Jonathan R. , Marshall James P. , Goddard H. Wallace , Schramm David G. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractResults of numerous studies have demonstrated a positive relation between religiosity and marital well‐being. In this study, the authors examined direct effects on marital satisfaction of religious homogamy, prayer for spousal well‐being, and forgiveness. They also examined the degree to which religiosity buffered against risks to marital well‐being. The results indicated significant positive linear relations between each indicator of religiosity and marital satisfaction. Furthermore, religiosity moderated, or buffered against, the negative effects of risk factors; specifically, religious homogamy buffered against previous divorce; prayer buffered against having a high‐stress marriage; and spousal forgiveness buffered against cohabitation before marriage, previous divorce, and stressful marriage.
The Role of Pessimistic Attributions in the Association Between Anxious Attachment and Relationship Satisfaction
Authors: Kimmes Jonathan G. , Durtschi Jared A. , Clifford Charity E. , Knapp Darin J. , Fincham Frank D. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractAttributions—the explanations spouses give to each other's behavior—have been consistently linked to relationship satisfaction, but little is known about the origins of attributional tendencies. In this study, an actor–partner interdependence model was tested to examine the relationships among pessimistic attributions, anxious attachment, and relationship satisfaction, using married couples (N = 767) from The German Family Panel Analysis of Intimate Relationships and Family Dynamics (pairfam; Huinink et al., 2011). For husbands and wives, higher levels of anxious attachment predicted more pessimistic attributions 2 years later. These pessimistic attributions, in turn, predicted their own later relationship satisfaction. Husbands' pessimistic attributions also predicted lower wives' relationship satisfaction. Pessimistic attributions fully mediated the relationship between anxious attachment and relationship satisfaction within spouses. It may be beneficial when intervening with couples to facilitate improvement in their attachment security and thereby promote more optimistic attributions and higher relationship satisfaction.
Language Votes: Attitudes Toward Foreign Language Policies
Authors: Rivers William P. , Robinson John P. , Harwood Paul G. , Brecht Richard D. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThis article reports data from opinion polls on attitudes toward language policy in the American public over the last decade. The data appear to reflect sustained support for the teaching and learning of foreign languages at all levels and suggest that there is stronger grassroots acknowledgment of the value of languages than is reflected in statements issued by professionals engaged in, and organizations devoted to, the teaching and learning of languages. The data provide a foundation on which to advocate for increased support of foreign language learning as a core component of 21st‐century education and citizenship.
The devil is in the detail: unstable response functions in species distribution models challenge bulk ensemble modelling
Authors: Hannemann Henrik , Willis Katherine J. , Macias‐Fauria Marc 
Published: October 2015

AbstractAimSpecies distribution models (SDMs) are commonly used to determine threats to biodiversity and opportunities under climate change. DespiteSDMsbeing based on the assumption of complete knowledge of the climate space of the modelled species, truncated occurrence datasets (and hence truncated climate spaces) such as national inventories are often employed. This may lead to prediction errors, which have been proposed to stem from: (1) the degree of climate space truncation and/or (2) instability of the modelling algorithms. Our aim was to explore the potential causes of prediction errors inSDMsusing truncated training datasets.LocationEurope 11° W–32° E, 34°–72° N.MethodsSDMsemploying commonly used bioclimatic variables were applied to seven forest tree species. We created two model training datasets covering: (1)Germany only (significantly truncated climate space) and (2) Europe (minimally truncated climate space). Differences between the climate space represented byGermany‐only and European data were measured on two‐dimensional climate spaces obtained through principal component analysis of the bioclimatic variables. SevenSDMalgorithms were run, and the stability of the response function and variable selection for each species and model type were analysed.ResultsThe degree of climate space truncation was less important for model performance than the instability of model algorithms and indiscriminate variable selection. The latter led to irrelevant relationships of species occurrence with bioclimatic variables. These instabilities caused pronounced prediction errors.Main conclusionsOur results strongly suggest that erroneous model predictions stem from instability and ecological irrelevance of the statistical functions relating the probability of a species' occurrence to bioclimatic variables, compounded by a lack of consistency in variable selection. Models displaying these characteristics showed lower overall performance when trained with truncated datasets. Further, commonly used ensemble approaches do not compensate for the shortfalls of individual models. Detailed model‐by‐model and species‐by‐species analysis of response functions and variable importance is recommended.
Listen with Your Eyes; Towards a Filmic Geography
Authors: Jacobs Jessica 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThe use of film‐making as a research method and film as publication currently sits rather awkwardly in the social sciences. While some disciplines situate film (and video) production within a visual sub‐discipline, this approach risks diminishing the non‐visual and ‘more than visual’ elements of film. Filmic publication has also been hampered by the assumption that it is less theoretical than text and incompatible with the peer and editorial review process of the journal article. Today, technological innovations have made the processes of production, editing and storage of films (as digital videos) easier and cheaper, and the Internet has opened up new platforms for dissemination. The ability of film to creatively cut across a diverse range of academic and non‐academic networks chimes with the general call to reach new audiences and engage more directly with policymakers and the communities we work among. This article looks at geography's uneven relationship with film and proposes that the online digitisation of the research and learning environment is challenging our reliance on text. The growing ubiquity of sound‐driven and image‐driven media calls for a rise in filmic literacy and the development of a digital filmic geography that is not only theoretically rigorous but also creative, collaborative and practice‐led.
Interview‐ and questionnaire‐based surveys on elderly patients' wishes about artificial nutrition and hydration during end‐of‐life care
Authors: Yamaguchi Yasuhiro , Mori Hiromi , Ishii Masaki , Okamoto Sohshi , Yamaguchi Kiyoshi , Iijima Setsu , Ogawa Sumito , Ouchi Yasuyoshi , Akishita Masahiro 
Published: October 2015

AimTo promote advance directives, it is crucial to understand how many older persons have wishes related to end‐of‐life care. Additionally, it is important to understand how cognitive function or mood affect these wishes.MethodsFor the interview‐based survey, 99 inpatients aged 75 years or older were enrolled after excluding patients with a Mini‐Mental State Examination score of 20 or less. For the questionnaire‐based survey, 99 outpatients aged 75 years or older without dementia were enrolled. Both surveys comprised the same items on older patients' wishes related to artificial nutrition and hydration (ANH) during end‐of‐life care.ResultsOf the total enrolled patients, 76.8% participated in the interviews. Of these, 50.0% were against ANH during their end‐of‐life care, including the patients who were definitely against ANH (26.3%). In contrast, just 5.3% wished to receive ANH. In the questionnaire survey, 65.6% of the respondents were against ANH, and 4.9% wished to receive ANH. Aging and Mini‐Mental State Examination scores of less than 24 were significantly associated with a higher tendency to decline from participating in the interview. However, the distribution of the interview answers was not associated with age, Mini‐Mental State Examination or Geriatric Depression Scale scores. Of the interviewed patients, 84.2% agreed to their responses being preserved in their medical records.ConclusionsAlthough the majority of the elderly patients were against ANH during end‐of‐life care, many patients did not have definite wishes in Japan. The percentage of those who were against ANH was not associated with cognitive function or depressive state. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2016; 16: 1204–1210.
Detecting Drawdowns Masked by Environmental Stresses with Water‐Level Models
Authors: Garcia C.A. , Halford K.J. , Fenelon J.M. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractDetecting and quantifying small drawdown at observation wells distant from the pumping well greatly expands the characterized aquifer volume. However, this detection is often obscured by water level fluctuations such as barometric and tidal effects. A reliable analytical approach for distinguishing drawdown from nonpumping water‐level fluctuations is presented and tested here. Drawdown is distinguished by analytically simulating all pumping and nonpumping water‐level stresses simultaneously during the period of record. Pumping signals are generated with Theis models, where the pumping schedule is translated into water‐level change with the Theis solution. This approach closely matched drawdowns simulated with a complex three‐dimensional, hypothetical model and reasonably estimated drawdowns from an aquifer test conducted in a complex hydrogeologic system. Pumping‐induced changes generated with a numerical model and analytical Theis model agreed (RMS as low as 0.007 m) in cases where pumping signals traveled more than 1 km across confining units and fault structures. Maximum drawdowns of about 0.05 m were analytically estimated from field investigations where environmental fluctuations approached 0.2 m during the analysis period.
Going Beyond Overlooked Populations in Lebanese Historiography: The Armenian Case
Authors: Nalbantian Tsolin 
Published: October 2015

AbstractScholarship on the historiography of Lebanon consistently calls attention to ethnic and religious communities that have been conveniently “left out” of Lebanese history to perpetuate either a mostly Maronite imagination of Lebanon that traces its roots to Phoenician (and therefore non‐Arab and non‐Muslim origins) or to a larger pan‐Arab narrative. Nevertheless, recent attempts to write a modified – and more inclusive – history of Lebanon continue to disregard Armenian inhabitants in the country. By exploring the Lebanese Armenian press coverage of the 1946 Repatriation Movement (a worldwide undertaking to gather all members of the Armenian Diaspora and relocate them in the Soviet Republic of Armenia), I aim to show additional articulations of citizenship, homeland, and belonging in Lebanon in the first years of its independence. Repatriation and its coverage present us with untapped resources that complicate both traditional and corrective narratives of the history of Lebanon. The exploration of these understandings allows for scholarship to go beyond the traditional constraints of viewing Lebanon as an amalgamation of sectarian divisions that need to be covered in some form to create a dominant national narrative. In addition, these findings avoid the temptation to create a more inclusive national history of Lebanon, as they present scholars with ambiguous and changing notions of who is Lebanese. © 2013 John Wiley & Sons Ltd