bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE PRACTICALITY OF POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY
Authors: Weinberg Justin 
Published: February 2014

AbstractMust principles of justice be practical? Some political philosophers, the “implementers,” say yes. Others, the “idealists,” say no. Despite this disagreement, the implementers and idealists agree on what “practical” means, subscribing to the “implementation-prediction” (IP) conception of practicality. They also seem to agree that principles of so-called “ideal theory” need not be (and often are not) IP-practical. The implementers take this as a reason to reject ideal theory as an approach to principles of justice, while the idealists do not. In this paper, I argue that we should reject the IP conception of practicality. The implementers make a mistake, then, by requiring principles of justice to be IP-practical. But the idealists make a mistake, too, by rejecting in general the requirement that principles of justice be practical. For there is a plausible alternative conception of practicality that political philosophers should accept: the “experimentation-learning” (EL) conception. EL-practicality makes for a more realistic and epistemically accessible standard of practicality, and thus should be welcomed by the realistically-inclined implementers. It also preserves a crucial role for ideal theory, so should be welcomed by the idealists, too.
OWNING LAND VERSUS GOVERNING A LAND: PROPERTY, SOVEREIGNTY, AND NATIONALISM
Authors: Fleischacker Sam 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThis essay attempts to clarify the distinction between property and sovereignty, and to bring out the importance of that distinction to a liberal nationalism. Beginning with common intuitions about what distinguishes our rights to our possessions from the state's rightful governance over us, it proceeds to explore some historical sources of these intuitions, and the importance of a sharp distinction between ownership and governance to the rise of liberalism. From here, the essay moves into an exploration of group ownership, and the ways in which group ownership can in practice turn into an illiberal kind of sovereignty The point is to shed new light on problems that nationalist states — states purporting to represent or foster a particular group identity — characteristically face. Examples of these problems, from the Israel/Palestine conflict, are put forth in the conclusion.
LIBERAL ASSOCIATIONISM AND THE RIGHTS OF STATES
Authors: Estlund David 
Published: February 2014

AbstractIt is often argued that if one holds a liberal political philosophy about individual rights against the state and the community, then one cannot consistently say that a state that violates those principles is owed the right of noninterference. How could the rights of the collective trump the rights of individuals in a liberal view? I believe that this debate calls for more reflection, on the relation between liberalism and individualism. I will sketch a conception of liberalism (“liberal associationism”) in which there is nothing awkward about saying that associations, as such, have some moral (not just, say, legal) rights to noninterference. If liberal associationism is compelling in general terms then, if states (or some of them) can be shown to be associations in the relevant respects, then liberalism itself will supply the moral basis for a right of that kind, held by a state or people as such, to nonintervention.
EMPIRICAL ETHICS AND THE DUTY TO EXTEND THE “BIOLOGICAL WARRANTY PERIOD”
Authors: Farrelly Colin 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThe world's aging populations face novel health challenges never experienced before in human history. The moral landscape thus needs to adapt to reflect this novel empirical reality. In this paper I take for granted one basic moral principle advanced by Peter Singer — a principle of preventing bad occurrences — and explore the implications that empirical considerations from demography, evolutionary biology, and biogerontology have for the way we conceive of fulfilling this principle at the operational level. After bringing to the fore a number of considerations that Singer ignores, such as the probability that nonintervention will result in harm and the likelihood that different kinds of extrinsic and intrinsic harms can be prevented, I argue that the aspiration to extend the human biological warranty period (by retarding the rate of aging) is a pressing moral imperative for the twenty-first century. In the final sections I briefly address some standard objections raised against life extension and conclude that, while there may be some legitimate concerns worth addressing, they are not compelling enough to provide a rational basis for forfeiting the potential health and economic benefits that could be realized by extending the biological warranty period.
The international congress as scientific and diplomatic technology: global intellectual exchange in the International Prison Congress, 1860–90
Authors: Shafir Nir 
Published: February 2014

AbstractIn the 1870s, the American prison reformer E. C. Wines attempted to bring together representatives from every country and colony in the world to discuss the administration and reform of the prison, under the auspices of the International Prison Congress. This article tackles the challenge by exploring how the international congress operated as both a social scientific technology and a diplomatic forum that emerged from this short-lived world of amateur social science and diplomacy. It argues that the exigencies of the international congress as a social scientific space forced it to take on diplomatic and political functions that both imprinted a logic of comparability onto the burgeoning international diplomatic system and also caused the eventual exclusion of non-European polities from the congresses. It engages with recent scholarship in history of science specifically to understand the international congress as a technology that mediated intellectual exchange and scientific communication. By examining the challenges posed by the inclusion of non-Western polities in such communication, it attempts to reveal the multiple global histories of the social sciences in the late nineteenth century.
Effect of CYP3A4*22, CYP3A5*3, and CYP3A Combined Genotypes on Cyclosporine, Everolimus, and Tacrolimus Pharmacokinetics in Renal Transplantation
Authors: Moes DJAR , Swen JJ , den Hartigh J , van der Straaten T , van der Heide JJ Homan , Sanders JS , Bemelman FJ , de Fijter JW , Guchelaar HJ 
Published: February 2014

Cyclosporine, everolimus, and tacrolimus are the cornerstone of immunosuppressive therapy in renal transplantation. These drugs are characterized by narrow therapeutic windows, highly variable pharmacokinetics (PK), and metabolism by CYP3A enzymes. Recently, the decreased activity allele, CYP3A4*22, was described as a potential predictive marker for CYP3A4 activity. This study investigated the effect of CYP3A4*22, CYP3A5*3, and CYP3A combined genotypes on cyclosporine, everolimus, and tacrolimus PK in renal transplant patients. CYP3A4*22 carriers showed a significant lower clearance for cyclosporine (−15%), and a trend was observed for everolimus (−7%) and tacrolimus (−16%). Patients carrying at least one CYP3A5*1 allele had 1.5‐fold higher tacrolimus clearance compared with noncarriers; however, CYP3A5*3 appeared to be nonpredictive for everolimus and cyclosporine. CYP3A combined genotype did not significantly improve prediction of clearance compared with CYP3A5*3 or CYP3A4*22 alone. These data suggest that dose individualization of cyclosporine, everolimus, or tacrolimus therapy based on CYP3A4*22 is not indicated.CPT: Pharmacometrics Systems Pharmacology (2014); 3, e100; doi:10.1038/psp.2013.78; published online 12 February 2014
Chitinase-3-like protein 1 protects skeletal muscle from TNFα-induced inflammation and insulin resistance
Authors: Görgens Sven W. , Eckardt Kristin , Elsen Manuela , Tennagels Norbert , Eckel Jürgen 
Published: February 2014

CHI3L1 (chitinase-3-like protein 1) is a glycoprotein consisting of 383 amino acids with a molecular mass of 40 kDa, and its serum level is elevated in inflammatory diseases. Although CHI3L1 is described as a biomarker of inflammation, the function of this protein is not completely understood. In the present study, we examined the regulation of CHI3L1 in primary human skeletal muscle cells. Moreover, we analysed potential autocrine effects of CHI3L1. We show that myotubes express CHI3L1 in a differentiation-dependent manner. Furthermore, pro-inflammatory cytokines up-regulate CHI3L1 expression (6-fold) and release (3-fold). Importantly, CHI3L1 treatment blocked TNFα (tumour necrosis factor α)-induced inflammation by inhibiting NF-κB (nuclear factor κB) activation in skeletal muscle cells. We show that this effect is mediated via PAR2 (protease-activated receptor 2). In addition, CHI3L1 treatment diminished the TNFα-induced expression and secretion of IL (interleukin)-8, MCP1 (monocyte chemoattractant protein 1) and IL-6. In addition, impaired insulin action at the level of Akt and GSK3α/β (glycogen synthase kinase 3α/β) phosphoryl-ation and insulin-stimulated glucose uptake was normalized by CHI3L1. In conclusion, the novel myokine CHI3L1, which is induced by pro-inflammatory cytokines, can counteract TNFα-mediated inflammation and insulin resistance in human skeletal muscle cells, potentially involving an auto- and/or para-crine mechanism.
High‐resolution three‐dimensional laser radar with static unitary detector
Authors: Mheen Bongki , Shim Jea‐Sik , Oh Myoung Sook , Song Jungho , Song Minhyup , Choi Gyu Dong , Seo Hongsoek , Kwon Yong‐Hwan 
Published: February 2014

A new simple method to obtain real‐time high‐resolution three‐dimensional (3D) images based on a static unitary detector (STUD) is reported. The STUD consists of a common bias network, a partitioned photodetector, a preamplifier array and a combiner, which makes it possible to easily increase the effective photo‐detection area for a wider 3D image acquisition without affecting the ability to detect short laser pulses for high‐resolution 3D images. From an implemented experimental prototype based on a STUD, the intensity and 3D images with a very high resolution (320 pixels × 240 pixels) were obtained. The achieved range resolution and the spatial resolution of remote 3D objects at 50 m were measured to be <0.3 and 1.1 cm, respectively.
Monolithically integrated dual‐lock‐in optical sensor
Authors: Davidovic M. , Seiter J. , Hofbauer M. , Gaberl W. , Zimmermann H. 
Published: February 2014

A single‐pixel sensor consisting of a dual‐lock‐in amplifier with an innovative dual‐cathode photodetector is presented. The sensor is fabricated in 0.35 µm CMOS and is designed to be integrated in a multipixel array working with a frequency shifted feedback (FSF) laser. The realised single‐pixel structure occupies an area of 120 × 100 µm² at a 58% fill factor. This pixel ensures frequency detection of the optical signal independently of its phase and power. The bandwidth of the interleaved pin photodiodes is larger than 100 MHz even for 850 nm. The sensor shows a dynamic range of ∼24 dB at a modulation frequency of 10 MHz. Signals up to 35 MHz can be detected.
A novel low-jitter plasma-jet triggered gas switch operated at a low working coefficient
Authors: Tie Weihao , Liu Shanhong , Liu Xuandong , Zhang Qiaogen , Pang Lei , Liu Longchen 
Published: February 2014

In this paper, we described the fabrication and testing of a novel plasma-jet triggered gas switch (PJTGS) operated at extremely low working coefficients with excellent triggered jitters. While the structure of the PJTGS is similar to that of a traditional three-electrode field-distortion gas switch, to improve its triggered performance we used a conical micro-plasma-gun with a needle-to-plate spark gap embedded in the trigger electrode. Applying a nanosecond pulse to the trigger electrode caused a spark discharge in the micro-plasma-gun. The electric field drove the discharge plasma to spray into the spark gap of the gas switch, causing fast breakdown. We tested the PJTGS with charging voltages of ±25 kV and a trigger voltage of +80 kV (5 ns rise time and 80 ns full width at half maximum) in two working modes. The PJTGS operated in Mode II had a lower triggered jitter and could be operated over a wider range of working coefficients than in Mode I under the same conditions. At working coefficients higher than 70%, we obtained sub-ns triggered jitters (&lt;0.89 ns) from the PJTGS, at working coefficients lower than 50%, we obtained triggered jitters of 1.6–3.5 ns without no-fires or pre-fires. Even at a working coefficient of 27.4%, the PJTGS could still be triggered reliably with a delay time of 96.1 ns and a triggered jitter of 3.5 ns, respectively.
Are Well-Child Visits a Risk Factor for Subsequent Influenza-Like Illness Visits?
Authors: Simmering Jacob E. , Polgreen Linnea A. , Cavanaugh Joseph E. , Polgreen Philip M. 
Published: February 2014

Objective.To determine whether well-child visits are a risk factor for subsequent influenza-like illness (ILI) visits within a child's family. DESIGN. Retrospective cohort.Methods.Using data from the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey from the years 1996-2008, we identified 84,595 families. For each family, we determined those weeks in which a well-child visit or an ILI visit occurred. We identified 23,776 well-child-visit weeks and 97,250 ILI-visit weeks. We fitted a logistic regression model, where the binary dependent variable indicated an ILI clinic visit in a particular week. Independent variables included binary indicators to denote a well-child visit in the concurrent week or one of the previous 2 weeks, the occurrence of the ILI visit during the influenza season, and the presence of children in the family in each of the age groups 0–3, 4–7, and 8–17 years. Socioeconomic variables were also included. We also estimated the overall cost of well-child-exam-related ILI using data from 2008.Results.We found that an ILI office visit by a family member was positively associated with a well-child visit in the same or one of the previous 2 weeks (odds ratio, 1.54). This additional risk translates to potentially 778,974 excess cases of ILI per year in the United States, with a cost of $500 million annually.Conclusions.Our results should encourage ambulatory clinics to strictly enforce infection control recommendations. In addition, clinics could consider time-shifting of well-child visits so as not to coincide with the peak of the influenza season.
No universal minimum-mass extrasolar nebula: evidence againstin situaccretion of systems of hot super-Earths
Authors: Raymond Sean N. , Cossou Christophe 
Published: February 2014

AbstractIt has been proposed that the observed systems of hot super-Earths formed in situ from high-mass discs. By fitting a disc profile to the entire population of Kepler planet candidates, Chiang & Laughlin constructed a ‘minimum-mass extrasolar nebula’ with surface density profile Σ ∝ r−1.6. Here, we use multiple-planet systems to show that it is inconsistent to assume a universal disc profile. Systems with 3–6 low-mass planets (or planet candidates) produce a diversity of minimum-mass discs with surface density profiles ranging from Σ ∝ r−3.2 to Σ ∝ r0.5 (5th–95th percentile). By simulating the transit detection of populations of synthetic planetary systems designed to match the properties of observed super-Earth systems, we show that a universal disc profile is statistically excluded at high confidence. Rather, the underlying distribution of minimum-mass discs is characterized by a broad range of surface density slopes. Models of gaseous discs can only explain a narrow range of slopes (roughly between r0 and r−1.5). Yet accretion of terrestrial planets in a gas-free environment preserves the initial radial distribution of building blocks. The known systems of hot super-Earths must therefore not represent the structure of their parent gas discs and cannot have predominantly formed in situ. We instead interpret the diversity of disc slopes as the imprint of a process that re-arranged the solids relative to the gas in the inner parts of protoplanetary discs. A plausible mechanism is inward type 1 migration of Mars- to Earth-mass planetary embryos, perhaps followed by a final assembly phase.
Study of the Intracluster and Intergalactic Medium in the Sculptor Supercluster with Suzaku
Authors: Sato Kosuke , Kelley Richard L. , Takei Yoh , Tamura Takayuki , Yamasaki Noriko Y. , Ohashi Takaya , Gupta Anjali , Galeazzi Massimiliano 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
We studied the high-temperature plasma in the direction of the Sculptor supercluster at $z =$ 0.108 with Suzaku. Suzaku carried out four observations in the supercluster: namely, A 2811, A 2811 offset, A 2804, A 2801 regions in 2005 November–December, including the regions beyond the virial radii of these clusters. The spectra taken in regions outside of the virial radii of the member clusters were used as background that included both of the Galactic and Cosmic X-ray Background (CXB) components. Temperature and metal abundance profiles were determined to the virial radii of the member clusters, and we then searched for oxygen line emission in the region outside of the virial radii of the clusters. As a result, the temperature of the clusters decreased toward the virial radii, and the spectral fits for the filament region did not require any extra component other than the Galactic and CXB components. We constrained the intensities of the OVII and OVIII lines to be less than 8.1 and 5.1 $\times$ 10$^{-8}$ photons cm$^{-2}\ $s$^{-1}\ $arcmin$^{-2}\ $, respectively, as 2$\ \sigma$ upper limits in the filament region. The intensity of OVII indicates $n_{\rm H}$$&lt;$ 1.6 $\times$ 10$^{-5}\ $cm$^{-3}$ ($Z/$0.1$\ Z_{\odot}$)$^{-1/2}$($L/$25 Mpc)$^{-1/2}$, which corresponds to an over density of $\delta$$&lt;$ 60($Z/$0.1$\ Z_{\odot}$)$^{-1/2}$($L/$25 Mpc)$^{-1/2}$.
Cosmic Star-Formation Activity at z = 2.2 Probed by H α Emission-Line Galaxies
Authors: Tadaki Ken-ichi , Kodama Tadayuki , Koyama Yusei , Hayashi Masao , Tanaka Ichi , Tokoku Chihiro 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
We present a pilot narrow-band survey of H$\alpha$ emitters at z $=$ 2.2 in the Great Observatories Origins Deep Survey North (GOODS-N) field with MOIRCS instrument on the Subaru Telescope. The survey reached a 3$\ \sigma$ limiting magnitude of 23.6 (NB209), which corresponds to a 3$\ \sigma$ limiting line flux of 2.5 $\times$ 10$^{-17}\ $erg s$^{-1}\ $cm$^{-2}$ over a 56 arcmin$^2$ contiguous area (excluding a shallower area). From this survey, we have identified eleven H$\alpha$ emitters and one AGN at z $=$ 2.2 on the basis of narrow-band excesses and photometric redshifts. We obtained spectra for seven out of the new objects, including one AGN; also, an emission line above 3$\ \sigma$ was detected from all of them. We estimated star-formation rates (SFR) and stellar masses ($M_{\mathrm{star}}$) for individual galaxies. The average SFR and $M_{\mathrm{star}}$ are 27.8$\ M_{\odot}\ $yr$^{-1}\ $ and 4.0 $\times$ 10$^{10}\ M_\odot$, respectively. Their specific star-formation rates negatively correlate with their stellar masses. Fitting to a Schechter function yields the H$\alpha$ luminosity function with log$L$ $=$ 42.82, log$\phi$ $=$ $-$2.78, and $\alpha$ $=$ $-$1.37. The average star-formation rate density in the survey volume is estimated to be 0.31$\ M_{\odot}\ $yr$^{-1}\ $Mpc$^{-3}$ according to the Kennicutt relation between the H$\alpha$ luminosity and the star-formation rate. We compared our H$\alpha$ emitters at z $=$ 2.2 in GOODS-N with narrow-band line emitters in other fields and clusters to see their time evolution and environmental dependence. We found that the star-formation activity is rapidly reduced from z $=$ 2.5 to z $=$ 0.8 in the cluster environment, while it only moderately changed in the field environment. This result suggests that the time scale of galaxy formation differs among different environments, and the star-forming activities in high density regions eventually overtake those in lower-density regions as a consequence of “galaxy-formation bias” at high redshifts.
Infrared 3–4 μm Spectroscopy of Nearby PG QSOs and AGN–Nuclear Starburst Connections in High-Luminosity AGN Populations
Authors: Imanishi Masatoshi , Ichikawa Kohei , Takeuchi Tomoe , Kawakatu Nozomu , Oi Nagisa , Imase Keisuke 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
We present the results of infrared $L$-band (3–4$\ \mu$m) slit spectroscopy of 30 PG QSOs at z$\lt$ 0.17, a representative sample of local high-luminosity, optically selected AGNs. The 3.3$\ \mu$m polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) emission feature is used to probe nuclear ($\lt$ a few kpc) starburst activity and to investigate the connections between AGNs and nuclear starbursts in PG QSOs. The 3.3$\ \mu$m PAH emission is detected in the individual spectra of 5/30 of the observed PG QSOs. We constructed a composite spectrum of PAH-undetected PG QSOs and discerned the presence of the 3.3$\ \mu$m PAH emission therein. We estimated the nuclear-starburst and AGN luminosities from the observed 3.3$\ \mu$m PAH emission and 3.35$\ \mu$m continuum luminosities, respectively, and found that the nuclear-starburst-to-AGN luminosity ratios in PG QSOs are similar to those of previously studied AGN populations with lower luminosities, suggesting that AGN–nuclear starburst connections are valid over a wide luminosity range of AGNs in the local universe. The observed nuclear-starburst-to-AGN luminosity ratios in PG QSOs with available supermassive black-hole masses are comparable to a theoretical prediction based on the assumption that the growth of a supermassive black hole is controlled by starburst-induced turbulence.
Exploring the [S$/$Fe] Behavior of Metal-Poor Stars with the S I 1.046μm Lines
Authors: Takeda Yoichi , Takada-Hidai Masahide 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
In an attempt of clarifying the [S$/$Fe] behavior with the run of [Fe$/$H] in the metal-poor regime, which has been a matter of debate, an extensive non-LTE analysis of near-IR S I triplet lines (multiplet 3) at 1.046$\ \mu$m was carried out for 33 selected halo/disk stars over a wide metallicity range of [Fe$/$H] $\sim-$3.7 to $\sim\ +$0.3, based on spectral data collected with IRCS$+$AO188 of the Subaru Telescope. We found evidence of a considerably large [S$/$Fe] ratio, amounting to $\sim\ +$0.7–0.8 dex at very low metallicity of [Fe$/$H] $\sim$ $-$3, which makes marked contrast with other $\alpha$-elements (Mg, Si, Ca, Ti) flatly showing a moderately supersolar [$\alpha/$Fe] of $\sim$0.3 dex. Meanwhile, a locally-flat tendency of [S$/$Fe] at $\sim\ +$0.3 is seen at $-$2.5 $\lesssim$ [Fe$/$H] $\lesssim$ $-$1.5. These results may suggest that the nature of [S$/$Fe] in metal-poor halo stars is not as simple as has been argued (i.e., neither being globally flat independent of [Fe$/$H] nor monotonically increasing with a decrease in [Fe$/$H]), but rather complicated with a local plateau around [Fe$/$H] $\sim-$2, followed by a discontinuous jump between the narrow interval of $-$3 $\lesssim$ [Fe$/$H] $\lesssim$ $-$2.5.