bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Robot‐assisted selective neck dissection combined with facelift parotidectomy in parotid cancer
Authors: Shin Yoo Seob , Choi Eun Chang , Kim Chul‐Ho , Koh Yoon Woo 
Published: August 2013

AbstractBackgroundRobot‐assisted neck dissection in patients with head and neck cancer has been demonstrated to be feasible. We conceived a surgical technique of surgery for parotid cancer with the robotic system via a gasless modified facelift (MFL) approach. A detailed surgical technique is provided.MethodsIn a 28‐year‐old female patient with parotid cancer, the disease was treated with primary tumor resection with robotic selective neck dissection I to III via an MFL incision.ResultsRobot‐assisted selective neck dissection I to III combined with primary tumor resection was successfully conducted without any significant intraoperative complication, applying additional incision, or conversion to open conventional neck dissection. Videographic demonstration of the robotic‐assisted neck dissection is included.ConclusionRobot‐assisted surgery via the MFL approach is a feasible and useful method with excellent cosmetic results for the surgical treatment in selected cases of parotid gland cancer. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 36: 592–595, 2014
How does a specific learning and memory system in the mammalian brain gain control of behavior?
Authors: McDonald Robert J. , Hong Nancy S. 
Published: August 2013

ABSTRACTThis review addresses a fundamental, yet poorly understood set of issues in systems neuroscience. The issues revolve around conceptualizations of the organization of learning and memory in the mammalian brain. One intriguing, and somewhat popular, conceptualization is the idea that there are multiple learning and memory systems in the mammalian brain and they interact in different ways to influence and/or control behavior. This approach has generated interesting empirical and theoretical work supporting this view. One issue that needs to be addressed is how these systems influence or gain control of voluntary behavior. To address this issue, we clearly specify what we mean by a learning and memory system. We then review two types of processes that might influence which memory system gains control of behavior. One set of processes are external factors that can affect which system controls behavior in a given situation including task parameters like the kind of information available to the subject, types of training experience, and amount of training. The second set of processes are brain mechanisms that might influence what memory system controls behavior in a given situation including executive functions mediated by the prefrontal cortex; switching mechanisms mediated by ascending neurotransmitter systems, the unique role of the hippocampus during learning. The issue of trait differences in control of different learning and memory systems will also be considered in which trait differences in learning and memory function are thought to potentially emerge from differences in level of prefrontal influence, differences in plasticity processes, differences in ascending neurotransmitter control, differential access to effector systems like motivational and motor systems. Finally, we present scenarios in which different mechanisms might interact. This review was conceived to become a jumping off point for new work directed at understanding these issues. The outcome of this work, in combination with other approaches, might improve understanding of the mechanisms of volition in human and non‐human animals. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Parallel processing of information about location in the amygdala, entorhinal cortex and hippocampus
Authors: Gaskin Stephane , White Norman M. 
Published: August 2013

ABSTRACTThe conditioned cue preference paradigm was used to study how rats use extra‐maze cues to discriminate between 2 adjacent arms on an 8‐arm radial maze, a situation in which most of the same cues can be seen from both arms but only one arm contains food. Since the food‐restricted rats eat while passively confined on the food‐paired arm no responses are reinforced, so the discrimination is due to Pavlovian stimulus‐reward (or outcome) learning. Consistent with other evidence that rats must move around in an environment to acquire a spatial map, we found that learning the adjacent arms CCP (ACCP) required a minimum amount of active exploration of the maze with no reinforcers present prior to passive pairing of the extra‐maze cues with the food reinforcer, an instance of latent learning. Temporary inactivation of the hippocampus during the pre‐exposure sessions had no effect on ACCP learning, confirming other evidence that the hippocampus is not involved in latent learning. A series of experiments indentified a circuit involving fimbria‐fornix and dorsal entorhinal cortex as the neural basis of latent learning in this situation. In contrast, temporary inactivation of the entorhinal cortex or hippocampus during passive training or during testing blocked ACCP learning and expression, respectively, suggesting that these two structures co‐operate in using spatial information to learn the location of food on the maze during passive pairing and to express this combined information during testing. In parallel with these processes we found that the amygdala processes information leading to an equal tendency to enter both adjacent arms (even though only one was paired with food) suggesting that the stimulus information available to this structure is not sufficiently precise to discriminate between the ambiguous cues visible from the adjacent arms. Expression of the ACCP in normal rats depends on hippocampus‐based learning to avoid the unpaired arm which competes with the amygdala‐based tendency to enter that arm. In contrast, there is cooperation between amygdala‐ and hippocampus‐based tendencies to enter the food‐paired arm. These independent forms of learning contribute to the rat's ability to discriminate among spatial locations using ambiguous extra‐maze cues. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Modulation of multiple memory systems: From neurotransmitters to metabolic substrates
Authors: Gold Paul E. , Newman Lori A. , Scavuzzo Claire J. , Korol Donna L. 
Published: August 2013

ABSTRACTThis article reviews evidence showing that neurochemical modulators can regulate the relative participation of the hippocampus and striatum in learning and memory tasks. For example, relative release of acetylcholine increases in the hippocampus and striatum reflects the relative engagement of these brain systems during learning of place and response tasks. Acetylcholine release is regulated in part by available brain glucose levels, which themselves are dynamically modified during learning. Recent findings suggest that glucose acts through astrocytes to deliver lactate to neurons. Brain glycogen is contained in astrocytes and provides a capacity to deliver energy substrates to neurons when needed, a need that can be generated by training on tasks that target hippocampal and striatal processing mechanisms. These results integrate an increase in blood glucose after epinephrine release from the adrenal medulla with provision of brain energy substrates, including lactate released from astrocytes. Together, the availability of peripheral and central energy substrates regulate the processing of learning and memory within and across multiple neural systems. Dysfunctions of the physiological steps that modulate memory—from hormones to neurotransmitters to metabolic substrates—may contribute importantly to some of the cognitive impairments seen during normal aging and during neurodegenerative diseases. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Energy flux partitioning and evapotranspiration in a sub‐alpine spruce forest ecosystem
Authors: Gaofeng Zhu , Ling Lu , Yonghong Su , Xufeng Wang , Xia Cui , Jinzhu Ma , Jianhua He , Kun Zhang , Changbin Li 
Published: August 2013

AbstractIn this study, we examined the year 2011 characteristics of energy flux partitioning and evapotranspiration of a sub‐alpine spruce forest underlain by permafrost on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau (QPT). Energy balance closure on a half‐hourly basis was H + λE = 0.81 × (Rn − G − S) + 3.48 (W m−2) (r2 = 0.83, n = 14938), where H, λE, Rn, G and S are the sensible heat, latent heat, net radiation, soil heat and air‐column heat storage fluxes, respectively. Maximum H was higher than maximum λE, and H dominated the energy budget at midday during the whole year, even in summer time. However, the rainfall events significantly affected energy flux partitioning and evapotranspiration. The mean value of evaporative fraction (Λ = λE/(λE + H)) during the growth period on zero precipitation days and non‐zero precipitation days was 0.40 and 0.61, respectively. The mean daily evapotranspiration of this sub‐alpine forest during summer time was 2.56 mm day−1. The annual evapotranspiration and sublimation was 417 ± 8 mm year−1, which was very similar to the annual precipitation of 428 mm. Sublimation accounted for 7.1% (30 ± 2 mm year−1) of annual evapotranspiration and sublimation, indicating that the sublimation is not negligible in the annual water balance in sub‐alpine forests on the QPT. The low values of the Priestley–Taylor coefficient (α) and the very low value of the decoupling coefficient (Ω) during most of the growing season suggested low soil water content and conservative water loss in this sub‐alpine forest. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hydrologic responses to land cover change: the case of Jedeb mesoscale catchment, Abay/Upper Blue Nile basin, Ethiopia
Authors: Tekleab S. , Mohamed Y. , Uhlenbrook S. , Wenninger J. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractThe objective of this study was to quantify the impacts of land use/land cover (LULC) change on the hydrology of the Jedeb, an agricultural dominated mesoscale catchment, in the Abay/Upper Blue Nile basin, Ethiopia.Two methods have been used. First, the trends of certain daily flow variability parameters were evaluated to detect statistical significance of the change of the hydrologic response. Second, a conceptual monthly hydrological model was used to detect changes in the model parameters over different periods to infer LULC change.The results from the statistical analysis of the daily flows between 1973 and 2010 reveal a significant change in the response of the catchment. Peak flow is enhanced, i.e. response appears to be flashier. There is a significant increase in the rise and fall rates of the flow hydrograph, as well as the number of low‐flow pulses below a threshold level. The discharge pulses show a declining duration with time.The model result depicts a change in model parameters over different periods, which could be attributed to an LULC change. The model parameters representing soil moisture conditions indicated a gradual decreasing trend, implying limited storage capacity likely attributed to increasing agricultural farming practices in the catchment. This resulted in more surface runoff and less infiltration into the soil layers. The results of the monthly flow duration curve analysis indicated large changes of the flow regime. The high flow has increased by 45% between the 1990s and 2000s, whereas the reduction in low flows was larger: a 15% decrease between 1970s and 1980s, 39% between 1980s and 1990s and up to 71% between 1990s and 2000s.These results, could guide informed catchment management practices to reduce surface runoff and augment soil moisture level in the Jedeb catchment. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Seeing Is Believing: Visualizing Transcriptional Dynamics in Single Cells
Authors: Newhart Alyshia , Janicki Susan M. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractFor a gene to be expressed, the functions of multiple molecular machines must be coordinated at the site of transcription. To understand the role of nuclear organization in transcription, it is necessary to visualize the dynamic interactions of regulatory factors with chromatin and RNA. It is currently possible to localize individual transcription sites in single living mammalian cells by engineering reporter gene constructs to include sequence elements which permit the visualization of nucleic acids in vivo. Upon stable integration, these transgenes form chromatinized arrays, which can be imaged during activation to obtain high‐resolution quantitative information about transcriptional dynamics. Modeling can suggest new hypotheses about gene regulation, which can be tested both in the single‐cell imaging system and at endogenous genes. This gene‐specific imaging strategy has the potential to reveal regulatory mechanisms, which would be difficult to imagine outside of single living cells. J. Cell. Physiol. 229: 259–265, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Structural and functional alterations of cellular components as revealed by electron microscopy
Authors: Condello Maria , Caraglia Michele , Castellano MARIA , Arancia Giuseppe , Meschini Stefania 
Published: August 2013

ABSTRACTScanning (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) are two fundamental microscopic techniques widely applied in biological research for the study of ultrastructural cell components. With these methods, especially TEM, it is possible to detect and quantify the morphological and ultrastructural parameters of intracellular organelles (mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, peroxisomes, endosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, cytoskeleton, nucleus, etc.) in normal and pathological conditions. The study of intracellular vesicle compartmentalization is raising even more interest in the light of the importance of intracellular localization of mediators of the signaling in eliciting different biological responses. The study of the morphology of some intracellular organelles can supply information on the bio‐energetic status of the cells. TEM has also a pivotal role in the determination of different types of programmed cell death. In fact, the visualization of autophagosomes and autophagolysosomes is essential to determine the occurrence of autophagy (and also to discriminate micro‐autophagy from macro‐autophagy), while the presence of fragmented nuclei and surface blebbing is characteristic of apoptosis. SEM is particularly useful for the study of the morphological features of the cells and, therefore, can shed light, for instance, on cell–cell interactions. After a brief introduction on the basic principles of the main electron microscopy methods, the article describes some cell components with the aim to demonstrate the huge role of the ultrastructural analysis played in the knowledge of the relationship between function and structure of the biological objects. Microsc. Res. Tech., 76:1057–1069, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Polar motion excitations for an Earth model with frequency‐dependent responses: 2. Numerical tests of the meteorological excitations
Authors: Chen Wei , Ray Jim , Shen WenBin , Huang ChengLi 
Published: August 2013

AbstractPolar motion excitation involves mass redistributions and motions of the Earth system relative to the mantle, as well as the frequency‐dependent rheology of the Earth, where the latter has recently been modeled in the form of frequency‐dependent Love numbers and polar motion transfer functions. At seasonal and intraseasonal time scales, polar motions are dominated by angular momentum fluctuations due to mass redistributions and relative motions in the atmosphere, oceans, and continental water, snow, and ice. In this study, we compare the geophysical excitations derived from various global atmospheric, oceanic, and hydrological models (NCEP, ECCO, ERA40, ERAinterim, and ECMWF operational products), and construct two model sets LDC1 and LDC2 by combining the above models with a least difference method. Comparisons between the geodetic excitation (derived from the polar motion series IERS EOP 08 C04) and the geophysical excitations (based on those meteorological models) imply that the atmospheric models are the most reliable while the hydrological ones are the most inaccurate; that the ERAinterim is, in general, the best model set among the original ones, but the combined models LDC1 and LDC2 are much better than ERAinterim; and that applying the frequency‐dependent transfer functions to LDC1 and LDC2 improves their agreements with the geodetic excitation. Thus, we conclude that the combined models LDC1 and LDC2 are reliable, and the frequency‐dependent Love numbers and polar motion transfer functions are well modeled.
Volcanic cooling signal in tree ring temperature records for the past millennium
Authors: D'Arrigo Rosanne , Wilson Rob , Anchukaitis Kevin J. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractTree rings are an important proxy for understanding the timing and environmental consequences of volcanic eruptions as they are precisely dated at annual resolution and, particularly in tree line regions of the world, sensitive to cold extremes that can result from climatically significant volcanic episodes. Volcanic signals have been detected in ring widths and by the presence of frost‐damaged rings, yet are often most clearly and quantitatively represented within maximum latewood density series. Ring width and density reconstructions provide quantitative information for inferring the variability and sensitivity of the Earth's climate system on local to hemispheric scales. After a century of dendrochronological science, there is no evidence, as recently theorized, that volcanic or other adverse events cause such severely cold conditions near latitudinal tree line that rings might be missing in all trees at a given site in a volcanic year (“stand‐wide” missing rings), resulting in misdating of the chronology. Rather, there is a clear indication of precise dating and development of rings in at least some trees at any given site, even under adverse cold conditions, based on both actual tree ring observations and modeling analyses. The muted evidence for volcanic cooling in large‐scale temperature reconstructions based at least partly on ring widths reflects several factors that are completely unrelated to any misdating. These include biological persistence of such records, as well as varying spatial patterns of response of the climate system to volcanic events, such that regional cooling, particularly for ring widths rather than density, can be masked in the large‐scale reconstruction average.
3D morphometry of valley networks on Mars from HRSC/MEX DEMs: Implications for climatic evolution through time
Authors: Ansan V. , Mangold N. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractMartian valley networks have been identified mainly in the Noachian heavily cratered uplands. Eight dense branching valley networks were studied in Noachian terrains of Huygens, Newcomb and Kepler craters, south Tyrrhena Terra, and Thaumasia, in Hesperian terrains of Echus Plateau and west Eberswalde craters, and in Amazonian terrains of Alba Patera, using images and digital elevation models from the Mars Express High Resolution Stereo Camera to determine 2D and 3D morphometric parameters. Extracted geomorphic parameters show similar geometry to terrestrial valleys: drainage densities, organization from bifurcation ratios and lengths ratios, Hack exponent consistent with terrestrial values of ~0.6, and progressive deepening of valleys with increasing Strahler order. In addition, statistics on valley depths indicate a deeper incision of Noachian valleys compared to younger post‐Noachian valleys (<25 m for Amazonian ones compared to >100 m for Noachian ones), showing a strong difference in fluvial erosion. These characteristics show that dense Martian valley networks formed by overland flows in relation to a global atmospheric water cycle in Noachian epoch and confirm that the later stages of activity may be related to shorter duration of activity, distinct climatic conditions, and/or regional processes, or conditions.
Influence of the IOD on the relationship between El Niño Modoki and the East Asian‐western North Pacific summer monsoon
Authors: Feng Juan , Chen Wen 
Published: August 2013

AbstractThe relationship between El Niño Modoki and the East Asian‐western North Pacific summer monsoon (EA‐WNPSM) has been revealed to be under the influence of Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD). When a pure El Niño Modoki occurs without a positive IOD, a strong EA‐WNPSM is observed with a significant anomalous low‐level cyclone over the western North Pacific (WNP), excessive rainfall there and deficient Meiyu–Baiu rainfall. In contrast, when an El Niño Modoki happens simultaneously with a positive IOD, the anomalous EA‐WNPSM tends to be much weaker. This difference is attributed to a positive IOD effect. The results demonstrate that a positive IOD usually leads to a strong South Asian summer monsoon heating, which further causes easterly anomalies in the western Pacific. These anomalous easterlies tend to strengthen the WNP anticyclonic vorticity leading to a weak EA‐WNPSM. Therefore, a positive IOD weakens the relationship between the El Niño Modoki and the EA‐WNPSM. In addition, numerical experiments verified that the strong low‐level WNP cyclonic anomaly is built through the off‐equatorial heating associated with the local cyclonic circulation. The anomalous WNP anticyclonic vorticity induced by a positive IOD weakens this off‐equatorial heating, thus leading to a weak EA‐WNPSM.
The role of Arabian Sea in the evolution of Indian Ocean Dipole
Authors: Sayantani Ojha , Gnanaseelan C. , Chowdary J. S. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractAn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) event often evolves without any forcing from the Pacific. This study demonstrates that Arabian Sea spring warming and associated summer barrier layer (BL) play an important role in the evolution of such IODs. We propose an alternate mechanism for IOD initiation. Anomalous Walker circulation over the Indian Ocean during IOD years forced by Arabian Sea warming in spring and summer plays a crucial role in initiating the easterly wind anomalies in the eastern equatorial Indian Ocean. The western warming and the associated convection induce easterly wind anomalies much before the significant eastern cooling during IOD years, which strongly supports the role of western warming in the IOD evolution. IOD years are characterized by anomalous thickening of summer BL over the Arabian Sea. The anomalous BL formation during IOD years is attributed to the anomalous negative Ekman pumping velocity in the Arabian Sea. This negative Ekman pumping velocity forced downwelling deepens isothermal layer depth and thickens the BL. In addition to this, strong precipitation during IOD years strengthened the stratification and supported the BL formation. These favourable conditions for BL formation are absent during El Niño years. Anomalous BL is mainly responsible for the deepening of thermocline and subsurface warming in the Arabian Sea during IOD years.