bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fine structure of Delia platura (Meigen) (Diptera: Anthomyiidae) revealed by scanning electron microscopy
Authors: Wang Qi‐Ke , Yang Yan‐Zhi , Liu Mei‐Qin , Zhang Dong 
Published: May 2014

ABSTRACTDelia platura (Meigen) is a phytophagous fly that can cause significant crop losses. To obtain a better understanding of the external morphology of this species, adult D. platura is studied using scanning electron microscopy. Organs or structures that are important for taxonomy, such as the compound eyes, spiracles, pulvilli, wings, and genitalia are highlighted to complement previous description based on light microscope. Mesothoracic and metathoracic spiracles of D. platura that provide efficiency in preventing entrance of fine materials or dust into the tracheal system are morphologically different. In addition, the elongate‐oval pulvillus is densely covered with tenent setae with spoon‐like tip, which can increase the number of contact points for attachment to a surface. Four types of sensilla are observed on the male genitalia of D. platura including: trichoid sensilla, chaetic sensilla, three subtypes of campaniform sensilla, and basiconic sensilla. Long bristles and microtrichiae are observed on the female genitalia of D. platura. The possible function of sensilla located in the genitalia of D. platura is discussed. Microsc. Res. Tech. 77:619–630, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Light and pH Dual‐Degradable Triblock Copolymer Micelles for Controlled Intracellular Drug Release
Authors: Jin Qiao , Cai Tongjiang , Han Haijie , Wang Haibo , Wang Yin , Ji Jian 
Published: May 2014

A novel amphiphilic ABA‐type triblock copolymer poly(ethylene glycol)‐b‐poly(ethanedithiol‐alt‐nitrobenzyl)‐b‐poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG‐b‐PEDNB‐b‐PEG) is successfully prepared by sequential thiol‐acrylate Michael addition polymerization in one pot. PEG‐b‐PEDNB‐b‐PEG is designed to have light‐cleavable o‐nitrobenzyl linkages and acid‐labile β‐thiopropionate linkages positioned repeatedly in the main chain of the hydrophobic block. The light and pH dual degradation of PEG‐b‐PEDNB‐b‐PEG is traced by gel permeation chromatography (GPC). Such triblock copolymer can self‐assemble into micelles, which can be used to encapsulate anticancer drug doxorubicin (DOX). Because of the different degradation chemistry of o‐nitrobenzyl linkages and β‐thiopropionate linkages, DOX can be released from the micelles by two different manners, i.e., light‐induced rapid burst release and pH‐induced slow sustained release. Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) results indicated that DOX‐loaded micelles exhibited faster drug release in A549 cells after UV irradiation. Furthermore, 3‐(4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) results show that the DOX‐loaded micelles under UV light degradation exhibit better anticancer activity against A549 cells than that of the nonirradiated ones.
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Medicinal leeches for surgically uncorrectable venous congestion after free flap breast reconstruction
Authors: Pannucci Christopher J. , Nelson Jonas A. , Chung Cyndi U. , Fischer John P. , Kanchwala Suhail K. , Kovach Stephen J. , Serletti Joseph M. , Wu Liza C. 
Published: May 2014

BackgroundFree tissue transfer is an accepted method for breast reconstruction. Surgically uncorrectable venous congestion is a rare but real occurrence after these procedures. Here, we report our experience with the management of surgically uncorrectable venous congestion after free flap breast reconstruction using medicinal leech therapy.MethodsWe queried our prospectively maintained institutional database for all patients with venous congestion after free flap breast reconstruction since 2005. Chart review was performed for all patients having post‐operative venous congestion. We compared patients with surgically correctable venous congestion and surgically uncorrectable venous congestion requiring medicinal leech therapy.ResultsTwenty‐three patients had post‐operative venous congestion, and four of these patients were surgically uncorrectable requiring medicinal leech therapy. Patients who required leech therapy had lower hemoglobin nadirs, received more blood transfusions, and received a higher number of total units of red blood cells than patients who did not require leech therapy. Among four patients who required leech therapy, one flap was partially salvaged and three flaps were completely lost. Leech therapy was associated with higher total flap loss rates (75.0% vs. 42.1%) and longer length of stay (8.0 ± 3.6 days vs. 6.5 ± 2.1 days) when compared to non‐leeched flaps. These differences were not statistically significant (P = 0.32 and P = 0.43, respectively).ConclusionsIn patients with surgically uncorrectable venous congestion after free flap breast reconstruction, total flap loss is common despite leech therapy. When venous congestion cannot be corrected, total flap removal may be a better option than attempted salvage with leech therapy. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microsurgery 34:522–526, 2014.
c‐Jun promotes cell migration and drives expression of the motility factor ENPP2 in soft tissue sarcomas
Authors: Sioletic Stefano , Czaplinski Jeffrey , Hu Lan , Fletcher Jonathan A , Fletcher Christopher DM , Wagner Andrew J , Loda Massimo , Demetri George D , Sicinska Ewa T , Snyder Eric L 
Published: May 2014

AbstractGenomic amplification of the c‐Jun proto‐oncogene has been identified in ∼30% of dedifferentiated liposarcomas (DDLPS), but the functional contribution of c‐Jun to the progression of DDLPS remains poorly understood. In previous work we showed that knock‐down of c‐Jun by RNA interference impaired the in vitro proliferation and in vivo growth of a DDLPS cell line (LP6) with genomic amplification of the c‐Jun locus. Here, we used gene expression analysis and functional studies in a broad panel of cell lines to further define the role of c‐Jun in DDLPS and other soft tissue sarcomas. We show that c‐Jun knock‐down impairs transition through the G1 phase of the cell cycle in multiple DDLPS cell lines. We also found that high levels of c‐Jun expression are both necessary and sufficient to promote DDLPS cell migration and invasion in vitro. Our data suggest that high levels of c‐Jun enhance motility in part by driving the expression of ENPP2/Autotaxin. c‐Jun over‐expression has minimal effects on in vitro proliferation but substantially enhances the in vivo growth of weakly tumourigenic DDLPS cell lines. Finally, we provide evidence that c‐Jun genomic amplification and over‐expression may have similar functional consequences in other types of soft tissue sarcoma. Our data suggest a model in which relatively low levels of c‐Jun are sufficient for in vitro proliferation, but high levels of c‐Jun enhance invasiveness and capacity for in vivo tumour growth. These observations provide an explanation for the selective advantage provided by c‐Jun genomic amplification in vivo and suggest that sarcomas with elevated c‐Jun levels are likely to have a particularly high malignant potential. Data from exon array and RNA‐Seq experiments have been deposited in the GEO database (Accession No. GSE57531). Copyright © 2014 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Comparison of the Incidence of Vancomycin‐Induced Nephrotoxicity in Hospitalized Patients with and without Concomitant Piperacillin‐Tazobactam
Authors: Burgess Lindsey D. , Drew Richard H. 
Published: May 2014

Study ObjectivesTo determine whether the addition of piperacillin‐tazobactam leads to an increased incidence of nephrotoxicity in patients receiving vancomycin and to explore potential confounding factors that may increase the risk of vancomycin‐induced nephrotoxicity.DesignSingle‐center, retrospective cohort study.SettingLarge, academic, tertiary‐care hospital.PatientsOne hundred ninety‐one adults hospitalized between July 1, 2009, and July 1, 2012, with normal baseline renal function who received a minimum of 48 hours of vancomycin for any indication were included in the analysis. Of these patients, 92 received a minimum of 48 hours of intravenous piperacillin‐tazobactam concurrently with vancomycin, with piperacillin‐tazobactam being initiated within 48 hours of the initiation of vancomycin (combination group); 99 received vancomycin without piperacillin‐tazobactam (vancomycin group).Measurements and Main ResultsA univariate analysis was performed to assess the effect of the following risk factors on the incidence of nephrotoxicity within the first 7 days of vancomycin treatment: concomitant nephrotoxic agents, advanced age, steady‐state vancomycin trough concentration of 15 μg/ml or greater, elevated Charlson Comorbidity Index, and a total daily vancomycin dose of 4 g or greater. A multivariate model was constructed to compare the incidence of the primary end point of nephrotoxicity, defined as a minimum 1.5‐fold increase in serum creatinine concentration, between groups. Nephrotoxicity developed in 8 (8.1%) of 99 patients in the vancomycin group and in 15 (16.3%) of 92 patients in the combination group (1‐sided χ2 test, p=0.041). In the univariate analysis, only vancomycin trough concentration of 15 μg/ml or greater (odds ratio 3.67) was associated with an increased risk of developing nephrotoxicity. In the multivariate analysis, patients with piperacillin‐tazobactam added to vancomycin exhibited an increased incidence of nephrotoxicity, with an odds ratio of 2.48 (1‐sided χ2 test, p=0.032).ConclusionWe observed an increased incidence of nephrotoxicity in vancomycin‐treated patients who received concomitant piperacillin‐tazobactam. A steady‐state vancomycin trough concentration of 15 μg/ml or greater was also associated with an increased risk of the development of nephrotoxicity. These findings should be confirmed in larger, randomized studies.
Synthesis and Structural Characterization of a Lithium Alkynyl(hydrazinediido)zirconate and its Protonolysis to an Alkynylhydrazido(1–)zirconium Complex
Authors: Gehrmann Thorsten , Wadepohl Hubert , Gade Lutz H. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractReaction of the hydrazinediido complex 1 with lithiated phenylacetylene selectively gave the lithium alkynyl(hydrazinediido)zirconate [(N2TBSNpy)Zr{μ‐NNPh2‐1κN:2κN}{μ‐PhCC‐1κC:2κC}‐Li(py)] (2), which reacted with one molar equivalent of TMEDA to give the corresponding Li‐TMEDA derivative [(N2TBSNpy)Zr{μ‐NNPh2‐1κN:2κN}{μ‐PhCC‐1κC:2κC}‐Li(TMEDA)] (3). The details of the molecular structure of complex 3 were established by single‐crystal X‐ray structure analysis. The lithium hydrazinediidozirconate 2 was treated with triethylammonium hydrochloride yielding the corresponding alkinylzirconium hydrazido(1‐) complex 4 as a mixture of two diastereomers.
Comparison of Single‐Incision Plus One Additional Port Laparoscopy‐assisted Anterior Resection with Conventional Laparoscopy‐assisted Anterior Resection for Rectal Cancer
Authors: Kawamata Futoshi , Homma Shigenori , Minagawa Nozomi , Kawamura Hideki , Takahashi Norihiko , Taketomi Akinobu 
Published: May 2014

AbstractBackgroundReduced‐port laparoscopic surgery is the latest innovation in minimally invasive surgery. We performed single‐incision plus one additional port laparoscopy‐assisted anterior resection (SILS + 1‐AR) starting in August 2010. This study aimed at evaluating the feasibility of SILS + 1‐AR and comparing it with that of conventional laparoscopy‐assisted anterior resection (C‐AR).MethodsPatients with preoperative clinical stage 0 to stage III rectal cancer were included. Demographic, intraoperative, and pathological examination data, as well as short‐term outcome data, of 20 patients who underwent SILS + 1‐AR were retrospectively compared with that of 20 patients who underwent C‐AR. Invasiveness of the two procedures was also evaluated through a vital signs diary and hematological examination on postoperative days (POD) 1, 3, and 7.ResultsOperating time, mean estimated blood loss, the number of lymph nodes dissected, the number of lymph node metastases, and the mean distal resection margin length were not significantly different. However, postoperative neutrophil counts in the SILS + 1‐AR group were lower than those in the C‐AR group (P = 0.085). A significant difference in body temperature was observed in the SILS + 1‐AR group on POD 1 (P = 0.028). No significant differences were observed in perioperative and overall morbidity between the two groups. Conversion to open surgery was required in 2 (10 %) of the 20 patients in the SILS + 1‐AR group. The mean postoperative length of stay and recurrence rates were similar in the two groups.ConclusionSILS + 1‐AR for rectal cancer is similar to C‐AR in safety, feasibility, and provision of oncological radicality.
A high-resolution Late Glacial to Holocene record of environmental change in the Mediterranean from Lake Ohrid (Macedonia/Albania)
Authors: Lacey Jack H. , Francke Alexander , Leng Melanie J. , Vane Christopher H. , Wagner Bernd 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
Lake Ohrid (Macedonia/Albania) is the oldest extant lake in Europe and exhibits an outstanding degree of endemic biodiversity. Here, we provide new high-resolution stable isotope and geochemical data from a 10 m core (Co1262) through the Late Glacial to Holocene and discuss past climate and lake hydrology (TIC, δ13Ccalcite, δ18Ocalcite) as well as the terrestrial and aquatic vegetation response to climate (TOC, TOC/N, δ13Corganic, Rock Eval pyrolysis). The data identifies 3 main zones: (1) the Late Glacial–Holocene transition represented by low TIC and TOC contents, (2) the early to mid-Holocene characterised by high TOC and increasing TOC/N and (3) the Late Holocene–Present which shows a marked decrease in TIC and TOC. In general, an overall trend of increasing δ18Ocalcite from 9 ka to present suggests progressive aridification through the Holocene, consistent with previous records from Lake Ohrid and the wider Mediterranean region. Several proxies show commensurate excursions that imply the impact of short-term climate oscillations, such as the 8.2 ka event and the Little Ice Age. This is the best-dated and highest resolution archive of past Late Glacial and Holocene climate from Lake Ohrid and confirms the overriding influence of the North Atlantic in the north-eastern Mediterranean. The data presented set the context for the International Continental scientific Drilling Program Scientific Collaboration On Past Speciation Conditions in Lake Ohrid project cores recovered in spring–summer 2013, potentially dating back into the Lower Pleistocene, and will act as a recent calibration to reconstruct climate and hydrology over the entire lake history.
Male territories and the lek-like mating system of MacQueen’s Bustard Chlamydotis macqueenii
Authors: Riou Samuel , Combreau Olivier 
Published: May 2014

AbstractLekking is a promiscuous breeding system in which females visit groups of displaying males only for the purpose of mating. The spatial organization of these groups can range from tight aggregations of individuals, or leks, to loose clusters of males displaying on exploded-leks, and it can also include males seemingly displaying alone. As the distance between displaying males increases, it becomes possible for them to hold fixed territories and for females to select mates not for their genetic quality, as on true leks, but for the quality of the resource on their territory, i.e., resource-defense polygyny. Here, in a 2-year study of a breeding population of MacQueen’s BustardChlamydotis macqueeniiin southwest Kazakhstan, we used GPS and radio-tracking coupled with observation to understand male territoriality and the spatial distribution of sites, and we followed the breeding behavior of cryptic females using nest locations and genetic paternity analysis. We found that males were faithful throughout the season and across years to a small and exclusive territory centered on their display site. These sites were significantly overdispersed in space and thus we could not delimit any leks in a study area spanning 350 km2. Females nested in the vicinity of male territories and sometimes inside them, but based on a sample of six resolved paternities, they did not favor the territory of their mate for nesting. This is inconsistent with the hypothesis of resource-based female choice and implies that the breeding system of MacQueen’s Bustard can be treated as a special case of lekking, albeit without male aggregation. Six broods were fathered by at least five different males, which lends support to the hypothesis that overdispersion of male sites is related to variability in female mate choice, and thus low male mating-skew in a lekking system.
Acetate Treatment Increases Fatty Acid Content in LPS‐Stimulated BV2 Microglia
Authors: Bhatt Dhaval P. , Rosenberger Thad A. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractAcetate supplementation increases plasma acetate, brain acetyl‐CoA, histone acetylation, phosphocreatine levels, and is anti‐inflammatory in models of neuroinflammation and neuroborreliosis. Although radiolabeled acetate is incorporated into the cellular lipid pools, the effect that acetate supplementation has on lipid deposition has not been quantified. To determine the impact acetate‐treatment has on cellular lipid content, we investigated the effect of acetate in the presence of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on fatty acid, phospholipid, and cholesterol content in BV2 microglia. We found that 1, 5, and 10 mM of acetate in the presence of LPS increased the total fatty acid content in BV2 cells by 23, 34, and 14 % at 2 h, respectively. Significant increases in individual fatty acids were also observed with all acetate concentrations tested with the greatest increases occurring with 5 mM acetate in the presence of LPS. Treatment with 5 mM acetate in the absence of LPS increased total cholesterol levels by 11 %. However, neither treatment in the absence of LPS significantly altered the content of individual phospholipids or total phospholipid content. To determine the minimum effective concentration of acetate we measured the time‐ and concentration‐dependent changes in histone acetylation using western blot analysis. These studies showed that 5 mM acetate was necessary to induce histone acetylation and at 10 mM acetate, the histone acetylation‐state increased as early as 0.5 h following the start of treatment. These data suggest that acetate increases fatty acid content in LPS‐stimulated BV2 microglia that is reflected by an increase in fatty acids esterified into membrane phospholipids.
Regulation of Diacylglycerol Kinase δ2 Expression in C2C12 Skeletal Muscle Cells by Free Fatty Acids
Authors: Sakiyama Shizuka , Usuki Takako , Sakai Hiromichi , Sakane Fumio 
Published: May 2014

AbstractDecreased expression of diacylglycerol kinase (DGK) δ in skeletal muscles is closely related to the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes. However, the regulation of DGKδ expression is not well understood. In this study, we found that myristic acid (14:0) significantly increased DGKδ2 protein expression in a dose‐dependent manner (EC50 = 0.16 mM) in mouse C2C12 myotubes. In contrast, oleic [18:1(n‐9)], eicosenoic [20:1(n‐9)] and erucic [22:1(n‐9)] acids markedly decreased DGKδ2 expression. Myristic acid slowly enhanced DGKδ2 expression at the transcription level. Therefore, DGKδ2 expression is positively regulated by the relatively short‐chain saturated fatty acid myristic acid but attenuated by n‐9 monounsaturated fatty acids.
Selection, Language Heritage, and the Earnings Trajectories of Black Immigrants in the United States
Authors: Hamilton Tod G. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractResearch suggests that immigrants from the English-speaking Caribbean surpass the earnings of U.S.-born blacks approximately one decade after arriving in the United States. Using data from the 1980–2000 U.S. censuses and the 2005–2007 American Community Surveys on U.S.-born black and non-Hispanic white men as well as black immigrant men from all the major sending regions of the world, I evaluate whether selective migration and language heritage of immigrants’ birth countries account for the documented earnings crossover. I validate the earnings pattern of black immigrants documented in previous studies, but I also find that the earnings of most arrival cohorts of immigrants from the English-speaking Caribbean, after residing in the United States for more than 20 years, are projected to converge with or slightly overtake those of U.S.-born black internal migrants. The findings also show three arrival cohorts of black immigrants from English-speaking African countries are projected to surpass the earnings of U.S.-born black internal migrants. No arrival cohort of black immigrants is projected to surpass the earnings of U.S.-born non-Hispanic whites. Birth-region analysis shows that black immigrants from English-speaking countries experience more rapid earnings growth than immigrants from non-English-speaking countries. The arrival-cohort and birth-region variation in earnings documented in this study suggest that selective migration and language heritage of black immigrants’ birth countries are important determinants of their initial earnings and earnings trajectories in the United States.
Governance of professional service firms: a configurational approach
Authors: Harlacher Dirk , Reihlen Markus 
Published: May 2014

AbstractProfessional service firms (PSFs) such as accounting firms, management consultancies, or advertising agencies use very different forms of governance ranging from traditional professional partnerships to public corporations. In spite of the extensive literature, little academic work has been done to synthesize the wealth of theoretical and empirical work on PSF governance into a more comprehensive theory of PSF governance. Taking configuration theory as our theoretical approach, we identify three classes of design parameter (legal form, organizational governance structure, and the systems for managing professionals) and six contingency factors (service commoditization, service diversification, firm size, capital intensity, firm culture, and risk of litigation) that are synthesized into four configurations of PSF governance. These are described, respectively, as the founder-dominated, the collegial, the managerial, and the entrepreneurial configuration.
Contemporary policy work in subnational governments and NGOs: Comparing evidence from Australia, Canada and the Czech Republic
Authors: Evans Bryan , Veselý Arnošt 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThis article introduces the special issue on policy work at the sub-national government level and non-governmental sector in three countries: Australia, Canada, and the Czech Republic. It consists of three parts. First, new public governance theory is presented as a general theoretical perspective that captures some of the important macro factors influencing the nature of current policy work. Second, an overview of empirical findings on policy work of subnational governments and NGOs is provided. This review discusses different possible interpretations of these findings. Third, main findings from each paper presented in this special issue are summarized.