bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Food Aid Procurement and Transportation Decision-making in Governmental Agencies:
Authors: Özpolat Koray , Ribbink Dina , Hales Douglas N. , Windle Robert J. 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
This article conceptually and empirically examines sourcing of food aid, comparing the approaches promoted by the United States with those of the United Nations (UN) and the European Union (EU). In the recipient country approach (RCA) promoted by the United Nations and the European Union, transaction cost economics (TCE) suggests that RCA provides faster aid with fewer transaction costs. In the donor country approach (DCA) practiced by the United States, the resource-based view (RBV) suggests that the superior resources of a donor country assure a higher quality, safer, and plentiful food supply. Using a comparative case analysis with data provided by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID), we provide evidence that RCA and DCA as practiced in reality are both suboptimal. Improved sourcing and transportation options computed through quantitative methods can offer significant benefits over both approaches. We propose a contingency approach that reduces landed costs of food aid by giving governmental relief organizations more flexibility in RCA versus DCA sourcing, which can be justified by resource dependency theory (RDT). Our findings contribute to the decision-making and policy discussion about the efficiency of governmental food-aid programs.
Counting the Minutes—Measuring Truck Driver Time Efficiency
Authors: Prockl Günter , Sternberg Henrik 
Published: May 2015

AbstractHow truck drivers spend their time is crucial to the profitability of motor carriers. However, the aspect of time has been marginally addressed in industry practice and academic literature on motor-carrier strategies and operations. Given the importance of the drivers in transport operations, the purpose of this article is to outline how driver time in motor-carrier operations can be measured using various methods. The underlying empirical data related to transport efficiency have been collected over five years throughout numerous projects in Europe. The article summarizes the experiences from the measurements carried out in these projects. In total, 80 drivers from 22 motor carriers were measured using different types of participant observations and driver self-observation. Practitioners addressing drivers' time use will find important principles to guide their work in measuring drivers' activities. For future research into driver activities, we suggest using the nine activity categories proposed in our note.
Accounting for vegetation height and wind direction to correct eddy covariance measurements of energy fluxes over hilly crop fields
Authors: Zitouna‐Chebbi Rim , Prévot Laurent , Jacob Frédéric , Voltz Marc 
Published: May 2015

AbstractAs agricultural hilly watersheds are widespread throughout the world, there is a strong need for reliable estimates of land surface fluxes, especially evapotranspiration, over crop fields on hilly slopes. In order to obtain reliable estimates from eddy covariance (EC) measurements in such conditions, the current study aimed at proposing adequate planar fit tilt corrections that account for the combined effects of topography, wind direction, and vegetation height on airflow inclinations. EC measurements were collected within an agricultural hilly watershed in northeastern Tunisia, throughout the growth cycles of cereals, legumes, and pasture. The wind had two dominant directions that induced upslope and downslope winds. For upslope winds, the airflows were parallel to the slopes and slightly came closer to the horizontal plane when vegetation grew. For downslope winds, over fields located in the lee of the rim top, the airflows were almost horizontal over bare soil and came closer to the topographical slope when vegetation grew. We therefore adjusted the planar fit tilt correction on EC measurements according to vegetation height and by discriminating between upslope and downslope winds. This adjusted tilt correction improved the energy balance closure in most cases, and the obtained energy balance closures were similar to that reported in the literature for flat conditions. We conclude that EC data collected within crop fields on hilly slopes can be used for monitoring land surface fluxes, provided planar fit tilt corrections are applied in an appropriate manner.
Decadal covariability of Atlantic SSTs and western Amazon dry‐season hydroclimate in observations and CMIP5 simulations
Authors: Fernandes Katia , Giannini Alessandra , Verchot Louis , Baethgen Walter , Pinedo‐Vasquez Miguel 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThe unusual severity and return time of the 2005 and 2010 dry‐season droughts in western Amazon is attributed partly to decadal climate fluctuations and a modest drying trend. Decadal variability of western Amazon hydroclimate is highly correlated to the Atlantic sea surface temperature (SST) north‐south gradient (NSG). Shifts of dry and wet events frequencies are also related to the NSG phase, with a 66% chance of 3+ years of dry events per decade when NSG > 0 and 19% when NSG < 0. The western Amazon and NSG decadal covariability is well reproduced in general circulation models (GCMs) historical (HIST) and preindustrial control (PIC) experiments of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5). The HIST and PIC also reproduce the shifts in dry and wet events probabilities, indicating potential for decadal predictability based on GCMs. Persistence of the current NSG positive phase favors above normal frequency of western Amazon dry events in coming decades.
Variability of helium, neon, and argon in the lunar exosphere as observed by the LADEE NMS instrument
Authors: Benna M. , Mahaffy P. R. , Halekas J. S. , Elphic R. C. , Delory G. T. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThe Neutral Mass Spectrometer (NMS) onboard the Lunar Atmosphere and Dust Environment Explorer (LADEE) provided the first global characterization of He and Ar along with the discovery of Ne in the lunar exosphere. The mapping of the equatorial distribution of these noble gases revealed new selenographic and temporal variations. Helium was found to be controlled by the supply of solar wind alpha particles and by the presence of an endogenous source that supplies the exosphere at a rate of 1.9 × 1023 atoms s−1. Neon was detected over the nightside at levels comparable to He and was found to exhibit the spatial distribution of a surface accommodated noncondensable gas. The global measurements of NMS revealed the presence of a localized Ar enhancement that has never been identified before at the western maria. The variability resulting from this local enhancement is coupled to a more global but transient source.
Silver(I)‐ or Copper(II)‐Mediated Dearomatization of Aromatic Ynones: Direct Access to Spirocyclic Scaffolds
Authors: James Michael J. , Cuthbertson James D. , O'Brien Peter , Taylor Richard J. K. , Unsworth William P. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractA high‐yielding silver(I)‐ or copper(II)‐catalyzed dearomatizing spirocyclization strategy allows the conversion of simple aromatic compounds that contain ynone substituents, including indole, anisole, pyrrole, and benzofuran derivatives, into functionalized spirocyclic scaffolds. A high‐yielding asymmetric variant furnishes spirocyclic indolenines in up to 89:11 e.r.
Zeitaufgelöste Elektronenspinresonanz‐Spektroskopie an Triplett‐Exzitonen deckt Ordnung von PCDTBT auf
Authors: Biskup Till , Sommer Michael , Rein Stephan , Meyer Deborah L. , Kohlstädt Markus , Würfel Uli , Weber Stefan 
Published: May 2015

AbstractDie zeitaufgelöste Elektronenspinresonanz‐Spektroskopie (“time‐resolved electron paramagnetic resonance”, TREPR) ist sehr hilfreich, um Triplett‐Exzitonen konjugierter Polymere zu charakterisieren. Die resultierenden Spektren sind hochgradig von der Orientierung der Moleküle abhängig. In dünnen Filmen, die auf PET‐Folie aufgetragen wurden, kann so die Orientierung des Moleküls bezüglich der Folienebene bestimmt werden. Das liefert einen Zugang zur Probenmorphologie auf mikroskopischer Ebene. Erstaunlicherweise ist das hier untersuchte Polymer – ein vielversprechendes Material in der organischen Photovoltaik – selbst in Bulk‐Proben geordnet. Orientierungseffekte können einen entscheidenden Einfluss auf die Effizienz von Solarzellen haben. Deshalb ist eine entsprechende Kontrolle der Probenmorphologie von grundlegender Bedeutung.
Poly(methyl methacrylate) copolymer nanocapsules containing phase‐change material (n‐dodecanol) prepared via miniemulsion polymerization
Authors: Yu Fei , Chen Zhong‐Hua , Zeng Xing‐Rong , Gao Xue‐Nong , Zhang Zheng‐Guo 
Published: May 2015

ABSTRACTPoly(methyl methacrylate) copolymer nanocapsules containing the phase‐change material n‐dodecanol, which could be used for energy storage, were prepared with different comonomers via miniemulsion polymerization. The thermal properties, morphology, and composition of nanocapsules were characterized with differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, transmission electron microscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The results show that the thermal properties and morphology of the nanocapsules were influenced greatly by the type and amount of comonomers. Under the same dosage of 4 wt %, the nanocapsules prepared with the comonomer acrylamine and which had a moderate hydrophilicity showed the highest phase‐change latent heat of 109.3 J/g; the acrylamine that had a moderate hydrophilicity and the highest encapsulation efficiency of 91.3%. The size of the nanocapsules ranged from 50 to 100 nm with a uniform spherical shape and apparent core–shell structure. We also found that when the amount of the soft comonomer butyl acrylate was increased, the phase‐change latent heat of the nanocapsules first decreased slightly, then increased to the maximum value with deformed spherical and conglutinated morphology, and finally decreased continuously. The thermal stability of the nanocapsules became weaker with higher contents of core material. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42334.
Conformational diversity of single‐stranded DNA from bacterial repetitive extragenic palindromes: Implications for the DNA recognition elements of transposases
Authors: Charnavets Tatsiana , Nunvar Jaroslav , Nečasová Iva , Völker Jens , Breslauer Kenneth J. , Schneider Bohdan 
Published: May 2015

ABSTRACTRepetitive extragenic palindrome (REP)—associated tyrosine transposase enzymes (RAYTs) bind REP DNA domains and catalyze their cleavage. Genomic sequence analyses identify potential noncoding REP sequences associated with RAYT‐encoding genes. To probe the conformational space of potential RAYT DNA binding domains, we report here spectroscopic and calorimetric measurements that detect and partially characterize the solution conformational heterogeneity of REP oligonucleotides from six bacterial species. Our data reveal most of these REP oligonucleotides adopt multiple conformations, suggesting that RAYTs confront a landscape of potential DNA substrates in dynamic equilibrium that could be selected, enriched, and/or induced via differential binding. Thus, the transposase‐bound DNA motif may not be the predominant conformation of the isolated REP domain. Intriguingly, for several REPs, the circular dichroism spectra suggest guanine tetraplexes as potential alternative or additional RAYT recognition elements, an observation consistent with these REP domains being highly nonrandom, with tetraplex‐favoring 5′‐G and 3′‐C‐rich segments. In fact, the conformational heterogeneity of REP domains detected and reported here, including the formation of noncanonical DNA secondary structures, may reflect a general feature required for recognition by RAYT transposases. Based on our biophysical data, we propose guanine tetraplexes as an additional DNA recognition element for binding by RAYT transposase enzymes. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 103: 585–596, 2015.
Controllable data sampling in the space of human poses
Authors: Yang Kyungyong , Youn Kibeom , Lee Kyungho , Lee Jehee 
Published: May 2015

AbstractMarkerless human pose recognition using a single‐depth camera plays an important role in interactive graphics applications and user interface design. Recent pose recognition algorithms have adopted machine learning techniques, utilizing a large collection of motion capture data. The effectiveness of the algorithms is greatly influenced by the diversity and variability of training data. We present a new sampling method that resamples a collection of human motion data to improve the pose variability and achieve an arbitrary size and level of density in the space of human poses. The space of human poses is high dimensional, and thus, brute‐force uniform sampling is intractable. We exploit dimensionality reduction and locally stratified sampling to generate either uniform or application specifically biased distributions in the space of human poses. Our algorithm learns to recognize such challenging poses as sitting, kneeling, stretching, and doing yoga using a remarkably small amount of training data. The recognition algorithm can also be steered to maximize its performance for a specific domain of human poses. We demonstrate that our algorithm performs much better than the Kinect software development kit for recognizing challenging acrobatic poses while performing comparably for easy upright standing poses. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A hybrid SDF for the detailed representation of liquid–solid mixed surfaces
Authors: Kim Jong‐Hyun , Kim Chang‐Hun , Lee Jung 
Published: May 2015

AbstractWe propose a hybrid signed distance field (SDF) method for reconstructing the detailed surface of a model as it changes from a solid state to a liquid state. Previous particle‐based fluid simulations suffer from a noisy surface problem when the particles are distributed irregularly. If a smoothing scheme is applied to reduce the problem, sharp and detailed features can be lost by over‐smoothing artifacts. Our method constructs a hybrid SDF by combining level‐set values from the solid and liquid parts of the object. This makes it possible to represent the detailed features and smooth surfaces of an object when both solid and liquid parts are mixed in that object. In addition, the concept of a guiding shape is proposed, which uses a coordinate‐warping technique to query the level‐set values quickly. The guiding shape is constructed from the object before the simulation begins and some parts of it become liquid. To track the details of the initial solid shape and preserve it, the transformation of the guiding shape is accumulated while the phase‐shift is in progress. By warping the coordinates of this accumulated transformation of the guiding shape, the level‐set values of the solid part can be acquired very quickly. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Relevance of the Second Harmonic Generation to Characterize Crystalline Samples
Authors: Simon Florent , Clevers Simon , Dupray Valérie , Coquerel Gérard 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThe application of powder second harmonic generation (P‐SHG), temperature‐resolved SHG (TR‐SHG), and SHG microscopy (SHGM) in the characterization of bulk crystalline samples is illustrated. P‐SHG applied to powder samples can be an extremely sensitive approach to detect the absence of an inversion center in crystalline structures, TR‐SHG serves to monitor temperature‐induced phase transitions, and SHGM is used in the detection of non‐centrosymmetric zones inside a heterogeneous material. These methods are of great relevance, e.g., in the pharmaceutical industry where crystalline active pharmaceutical ingredients are often made of a single enantiomer and are therefore non‐centrosymmetric. Herein, several examples are provided to describe how a given SHG signal should be interpreted. A general procedure to carry out a P‐SHG experiment is illustrated in detail.
Electrophilic Addition to Alkenes: The Relation between Reactivity and Enthalpy of Hydrogenation: Regioselectivity is Determined by the Stability of the Two Conceivable Products
Authors: Schnatter Wayne F. K. , Rogers Donald W. , Zavitsas Andreas A. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractAlthough electrophilic addition to alkenes has been well studied, some secrets still remain. Halogenations, hydrohalogenations, halohydrin formations, hydrations, epoxidations, other oxidations, carbene additions, and ozonolyses are investigated to elucidate the relation of alkene reactivities with their enthalpies of hydrogenation (ΔHhyd). For addition of electrophiles to unconjugated hydrocarbon alkenes, ln(k) is a linear function of ΔHhyd, where k is the rate constant. Linear correlation coefficients are about 0.98 or greater. None of the many previously proposed correlations of ln(k) with the properties of alkenes or with linear free‐energy relationships match the generality and accuracy of the simple linear relationship found herein. A notable exception is acid‐catalyzed hydration in water or in solvents stabilizing relatively stable carbocation intermediates (e.g., tertiary, benzylic, or allylic). 13C NMR chemical shifts of the two alkene carbons also predict regioselectivity. These effects have not been noted previously and are operative in general, including addition to heteroatom‐substituted alkenes.
Global Existence of Weak Solutions of the Nematic Liquid Crystal Flow in Dimension Three
Authors: Lin Fanghua , Wang Changyou 
Published: May 2015

AbstractFor any bounded smooth domain , we establish the global existence of a weak solution of the initial boundary value (or the Cauchy) problem of the simplified Ericksen‐Leslie system LLF modeling the hydrodynamic flow of nematic liquid crystals for any initial and boundary (or Cauchy) data , with (the upper hemisphere). Furthermore, (u,d) satisfies the global energy inequality.© 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Lamellar versus Micellar Structures—Aggregation Behavior of a Three‐Chain Cationic Lipid Designed for Nonviral Polynucleotide Transfer
Authors: Wölk Christian , Janich Christopher , Pawlowska Dorota , Drescher Simon , Meister Annette , Hause Gerd , Dobner Bodo , Langner Andreas , Brezesinski Gerald 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThe aggregation behavior of a cationic lipid, N‐[6‐amino‐1‐oxo‐1‐(N‐tetradecylamino)hexan‐(2S)‐2‐yl]‐N′‐{2‐[N,N‐bis(2‐aminoethyl)amino]ethyl}‐2,2‐ditetradecylpropandiamide (DiTT4), is investigated in aqueous dispersions at different pH values (5, 7.3, and 10). An unusual aggregation behavior is observed whereby DiTT4 forms bilayer structures at pH 10 and 7.3. At pH 5, rod‐like micelles are the dominant aggregate form. The thermotropic and lyotropic behavior is studied using differential scanning calorimetry, small‐angle X‐ray scattering, and FTIR spectroscopy. In addition, investigations at the air–water interface are performed by recording area–pressure‐isotherms and infrared reflection–absorption (IRRA) spectra. Complementary dynamic light scattering experiments and transmission electron microscopy (TEM and cryoTEM) are also used. The ability of DiTT4 to complex plasmid DNA is investigated using fluorescence techniques and zeta potential measurements. Cell culture experiments demonstrate the ability of DiTT4 to enhance plasmid transfer in A549 cells.
Effectiveness of a peer‐delivered dissonance‐based program in reducing eating disorder risk factors in high school girls
Authors: Ciao Anna C. , Latner Janet D. , Brown Krista E. , Ebneter Daria S. , Becker Carolyn B. 
Published: May 2015

ABSTRACTObjectiveThis pilot study investigated the feasibility, acceptability, and effectiveness of a peer‐led dissonance‐based eating disorders (ED) prevention/risk factor reduction program with high school girls.MethodNinth grade girls (n = 50) received the peer‐led program within the school curriculum. A quasi‐experimental design was used to assess changes in ED risk factors preintervention and postintervention compared with waitlist control. Participants were followed through 3‐month follow‐up.ResultsPeer‐leader adherence to an intervention manual tailored for this age group was high. The intervention was rated as highly acceptable, with a large proportion of participants reporting that they enjoyed the program and learned and applied new information. Intervention participants exhibited significantly greater pre‐post reductions in a majority of risk‐factor outcomes compared to waitlist controls. When groups were combined to assess program effects over time there were significant pre‐post reductions in a majority of outcomes that were sustained through 3‐month follow‐up.DiscussionThis pilot study provides tentative support for the effectiveness of using peer leaders to implement an empirically supported ED risk factor reduction program in a high school setting. Additional research is needed to replicate results in larger, better‐controlled trials with longer follow‐up. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Int J Eat Disord 2015; 48:779–784)
Clinical utility of subtyping binge eating disorder by history of anorexia or bulimia nervosa in a treatment sample
Authors: Utzinger Linsey M. , Mitchell James E. , Cao Li , Crosby Ross D. , Crow Scott J. , Wonderlich Stephen A. , Peterson Carol B. 
Published: May 2015

ABSTRACTObjectiveThis study examined whether having a history of anorexia nervosa (AN) or bulimia nervosa (BN) is associated with response to treatment in adults with binge eating disorder (BED).MethodData from 189 adults diagnosed with BED who were randomly assigned to one of three group cognitive‐behavioral (CBT) treatments were analyzed to compare those with and without a history of AN/BN.ResultsA total of 16% of the sample had a history of AN/BN. The BED subgroup with a history of AN/BN presented with higher rates of mood disorders and greater eating‐related symptom severity at baseline. Participants with a history of AN/BN also had higher global eating disorder (ED) symptoms at end of treatment (EOT), and more frequent objective binge‐eating episodes at EOT and 12‐month follow‐up.DiscussionThese findings suggest that in adults with BED, a history of AN/BN is predictive of greater eating‐related symptom severity following group‐based CBT and poorer short‐ and long‐term binge‐eating outcomes. These findings suggest that considering ED history in the treatment of adults with BED may be clinically useful. (Int J Eat Disord 2015; 48:785–789)
Comparison of overweight and obese military‐dependent and civilian adolescent girls with loss‐of‐control eating
Authors: Schvey Natasha A. , Sbrocco Tracy , Stephens Mark , Bryant Edny J. , Ress Rachel , Spieker Elena A. , Conforte Allison , Bakalar Jennifer L. , Pickworth Courtney K. , Barmine Marissa , Klein David , Brady Sheila M. , Yanovski Jack A. , Tanofsky‐Kraff Marian 
Published: May 2015

ABSTRACTObjectiveLimited data suggest that the children of U.S. service members may be at increased risk for disordered‐eating. To date, no study has directly compared adolescent military‐dependents to their civilian peers along measures of eating pathology and associated correlates. We, therefore, compared overweight and obese adolescent female military‐dependents to their civilian counterparts along measures of eating‐related pathology and psychosocial functioning.MethodAdolescent females with a BMI between the 85th and 97th percentiles and who reported loss‐of‐control eating completed interview and questionnaire assessments of eating‐related and general psychopathology.ResultsTwenty‐three military‐dependents and 105 civilians participated. Controlling for age, race, and BMI‐z, military‐dependents reported significantly more binge episodes per month (p < 0.01), as well as greater eating‐concern, shape‐concern, and weight‐concern (p's < 0.01) than civilians. Military‐dependents also reported more severe depression (p < 0.05).DiscussionAdolescent female military‐dependents may be particularly vulnerable to disordered‐eating compared with civilian peers. This potential vulnerability should be considered when assessing military‐dependents. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Int J Eat Disord 2015; 48:790–794)