bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reterritorializing Subjectivity
Authors: Schroeder Brian 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
The philosophies of Deleuze, Guattari and Levinas are taken up in an effort to advance the ethical, political, and technological implications of how we interpret, inhabit, and territorialize the Earth. The difference between their views on the relation between immanence and transcendence and their respective analyses of the face and faciality are brought to bear in addressing the questions of ethics, politics, and values in relation to the constitution and liberation, or resingularization, of subjectivity. The contemporary world has produced to a historically unprecedented degree a tension between machinization and wildness—both of which are expressions of the inhuman. Somewhere in between this difference, transversing the borderlines between the human and inhuman, lies a possible way for rethinking the relation between subjectivity, identity, difference, and singularity.
Derivatives and Capitalist Markets: The Speculative Heart of Capital
Authors: Norfield Tony 
Published: November 2012

AbstractFinancial derivatives have been singled out as the major villain in the latest crisis, particularly through speculative trading by banks. Yet little attention has been paid to the fundamental rôle that derivatives play in modern capitalism. Even less has there been a focus on how the boom in derivatives-trading was prompted by the crisis of profitability and capital-accumulation. This article shows that while derivatives were one means by which speculation took off, the momentum behind this was driven by low profitability. That was why banks turned their mortgage-loans into derivative-driven securities, why pension-funds placed bets on commodity-futures and why countries such as Greece used derivatives to hide the real state of their finances. Derivatives helped determine the form and magnitude of the crisis, but were not its underlying cause. Proposed reforms of the derivatives-market ignore the fundamental determinants of the financial crisis, assuming it to be a failure of regulation.
History versus Theory: A Commentary on Marx’s Method in Capital
Authors: Harvey David 
Published: November 2012

AbstractThe gap between Marx’s theoretical writings on political economy (for example, the three volumes ofCapital) and his historical writings (such asThe Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis BonaparteandThe Civil War in France) arises out of certain limitations that Marx placed upon his political-economic enquiries. These limitations are outlined in theGrundrissewhere Marx distinguishes between the universality of the metabolic relation to nature, the generality of the laws of motion of capital, the particularities of distribution and exchange, and the singularities of consumption. What an analysis of the content ofCapitalshows is that Marx largely confined his efforts to identifying the law-like character of production to the exclusion of all else. While this allowed him to identify certain laws of motion of capital within any form of the capitalist mode of production, it did not and could not constitute a total theory of a capitalist mode of production. A better understanding of what it is that Marx can do for us through his identification of the general laws of motion leads to a far better appreciation of what it is that we have to do for ourselves in order to make Marx’s theoretical findings applicable to particular conjunctural conditions, such as those that have arisen throughout the economic crisis that began in 2007.
E.V. Ilyenkov and Creative Soviet Theory: An Introduction to ‘Dialectics of the Ideal’
Authors: Levant Alex 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
This article aims to introduce E.V. Ilyenkov’s ‘Dialectics of the Ideal’, first published in unabridged form in 2009, to an English-speaking readership. It does this in three ways: First, it contextualises his intervention in the history of Soviet and post-Soviet philosophy, offering a window into the subterranean tradition of creative theory that existed on the margins and in opposition to official Diamat. It explains what distinguishes Ilyenkov’s philosophy from the crude materialism of Diamat, and examines his relationship to four central figures from the pre-Diamat period: Deborin, Lukács, Vygotsky, and Lenin. Second, it situates his concept of the ideal in relation to the history of Western philosophy, noting Ilyenkov’s original reading of Marx through both Hegel and Spinoza, his criticism of Western theorists who identify the ideal with language, and his effort to articulate an anti-dualist conception of subjectivity. Third, it examines Ilyenkov’s reception in the West, previous efforts to publish his work in the West, including the so-called ‘Italian Affair’, as well as existing scholarship on Ilyenkov in English.
Modeling Ethnic Protest: The Case of the Middle East and Central Asia
Authors: SAHLIYEH EMILE , SINHA SANGEETA , PILLAI VIJAYAN 
Published: November 2012

ABSTRACT
Theory: Literature on ethnic protest in the Middle East and Central Asia does not provide empirical measures necessary for rigorous hypothesis testing, nor does it incorporate a comprehensive theoretical foundation needed to identify the conditions for ethnic protest. There is also no consensus on the causes of ethnic protest in the Middle East and Central Asia.
Hypotheses: To improve our ability to explain ethnic protest in the Middle East and Central Asia and to identify the necessary conditions for ethnic dissent, we test five hypotheses embodied in grievance and political mobilization. The literature on ethnic protest in the Middle East and Central Asia references both models but does not systematically test their relevance.
Methodology: We use Logistic Regression to test the explanatory potential of the five hypotheses of the Grievance and Mobilization models. We use Ted Gurr's Minorities at Risk data set, which presents data on 40 ethnic groups in the Middle East and Central Asia. The dependent variable is protest for 1990-95.
Findings: Our research does not lend much empirical support for the grievance model, which dominates the Middle Eastern and Central Asian area study literature. Cultural identity and religious freedom variables of grievance model do not provide sufficient condition for the outbreak of ethnic protest. The mobilization model has better explanatory power. It lends significant support to the three hypotheses associated with the mobilization model and suggests that ethnic protest is more likely to occur under conditions of organizational cohesiveness, low levels of autocracy, and international support.
Unsung Heroines: Media Reflections of the Social Conflict in South Africa
Authors: LE ROUX ELIZABETH 
Published: November 2012

ABSTRACT
This essay examines both media reports on South Africa's Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC), and the TRC's final report, to determine the reasons why women are portrayed in the media — when they are portrayed at all — almost exclusively as victims. This author examines media reports which deal with the testimony of women who lived through the period of social conflict (1960 to 1994) covered by the TRC. Building on theories that argue that media can create as well as reflect reality, the authors shows that women were not adequately represented in the media reports on the TRC, and thus in the public mind, in spite of efforts to include them in the TRC process. Thus, although the TRC process may have been helpful to individual women, it can be argued that it has had little impact on how people view women's role in South Africa, and more generally in armed conflict and social unrest world-wide.
Shooting the East/Veils and Masks: Uncovering Orientalism in South African Media
Authors: BADEROON GABEBA 
Published: November 2012

ABSTRACT
In this essay the author analyzes a series of South African newspaper articles on a Cape Town-based group called Pagad (People against Gangsterism and Drugs). The essay draws upon a larger study of the images of Islam in the South African media and reveals that both the Pagad and the media make use of regressive discourses about Islam. The author finds traces in the media of what Edward Said has referred to as Orientalism. Through the Pagad stories, Muslims in South Africa are treated by the media with an extremely constricted vocabulary which gives little of the suppleness needed to distinguish between Muslims, and the violence enacted in the name of Islam. The answer to the problem of stereotypical and racist representations in the media lies for Baderoon in people reading critically, insisting on complexity, claiming the right to ethical journalistic practices, establishing media with varied ownership, providing alternative visions, and inserting repressed histories into the media.
Black and White in Ink: Discourses of Resistance in South African Cartooning
Authors: MASON ANDY 
Published: November 2012

ABSTRACT
This author contends that cartooning in its various forms in South Africa played an important role in crystallising issues of allegiance and identity, introducing revolutionary concepts into public discourse, undermining the ideological hegemony of the apartheid state and legitimating the political struggle against apartheid. However, in spite of the fact that numerous black newspapers have subsisted to this day, there remains a dearth of black cartoonists in South Africa. The vexing question of why so few black cartoonists have emerged demands an answer. The villains of the piece appear to be the editors of the socalled 'liberal' newspapers who did nothing (and continue to do very little) to identify indigenous cartooning talent or promote the development of black South African cartooning, choosing rather to share the services of a few white cartoonists and to buy syndicated comic strips. Mason analyses this situation and offers a remedy for solving the problem.
Religious Consciousness in a Post-Christian Culture: J.H. Bavinck’s Religious Consciousness and Christian Faith (1949), Sixty Years Later
Authors: Paas Stefan 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
The Dutch missiologists J.H. Bavinck (1895-1954) has become well-known for his far-sighted view of human religious consciousness. Bavinck believed that the religious impulse of mankind would not disappear, not even with increasing secularity in the West. In this article it is asked to what extent Bavinck’s view of religiosity is still of use in a missiological approach of the most secularized part of the world, Europe. Its conclusion is that Bavinck’s essentially psychological view did not take the cultural nature of religion sufficiently into account, and therefore the possibility that it will disappear. Therefore, a more realistic view of religious consciousness than Bavinck’s is needed in a missiology of Europe.
Orientalised Hellenism versus Hellenised Orient:Reversing the Perspective on Gandharan Art
Authors: Filigenzi Anna 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
Studies on Gandharan art have not yet produced an unbiased interpretation of its participation in the wide phenomenon of ‘Hellenism’. This incertitude is mirrored by ambiguous and debatable definitions such as ‘Hellenised Orient’ or ‘Gréco-bouddhique’, which contain an implicit, though mostly unintentional, notion of civilising influence. The emphasis on Hellenistic forms may mislead our interpretative efforts, especially when, as in the case of India, art history is based on weak historical grounds. Indeed, in order to develop more effective analytical tools we have to draw upon methodical and scientific archaeology. The aim of the present work is to offer an overview of the most important achievements of the IsIAO’s Italian Archaeological Mission in Pakistan with regard to the vexata quaestio of the inception of Gandharan art and, implicitly, the inclusion of Hellenistic elements into the local figurative languages. In the course of over fifty years of field research the Italian Archaeological Mission has created a repository of data that enables us to bring vis-à-vis the single site and the regional environment, as well as the religious settlement and the lay world around, thus providing reliable grounds for a better understanding of the historical, political and social framework of Gandharan art and its Hellenistic components.
Computing Religion: A New Tool in the Multilevel Analysis of Religion
Authors: Nielbo Kristoffer L. , Braxton Donald M. , Upal Afzal 
Published: November 2012

AbstractThe computational approach has become an invaluable tool in many fields that are directly relevant to research in religious phenomena. Yet the use of computational tools is almost absent in the study of religion. Given that religion is a cluster of interrelated phenomena and that research concerning these phenomena should strive for multilevel analysis, this article argues that the computational approach offers new methodological and theoretical opportunities to the study of religion. We argue that the computational approach offers 1.) An intermediary step between any theoretical construct and its targeted empirical space and 2.) a new kind of data which allows the researcher to observe abstract constructs, estimate likely outcomes, and optimize empirical designs. Because sophisticated multilevel research is a collaborative project we also seek to introduce to scholars of religion some general computational issues, and finally applications that model behavior in religious contexts.
Illegal Investments in Investment Treaty Arbitration
Authors: Schill Stephan W. 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
Investment treaty tribunals on numerous occasions have had to deal with the impact of breaches of domestic law by a foreign investor on the investment’s protection under an international investment treaty. In this context, tribunals had to interpret different “in accordance with host State law”-clauses contained in investment treaties, but also dealt with the effect of illegality in the absence of such clauses. The present article traces this increasingly complex jurisprudence and frames it as an issue of the relationship between domestic law and international investment law. Although different approaches exist, most importantly as to the effect of domestic illegality on the jurisdiction of investment treaty tribunals, the article suggests that there is considerable potential for convergence in arbitral jurisprudence, thus unveiling the contours of a doctrinal structure for dealing with illegal investments in international investment law and arbitration.
Eight Negotiations – Seventeen Lessons
Authors: Goodby James 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
Recalling episodes from several major international security negotiations in which he was personally involved, Ambassador Goodby derives lessons and teachable moments for both negotiators and their political masters. These negotiations span nearly all of the Cold War and early-Post Cold War periods and include negotiations on the nuclear test ban, strategic arms reductions, confidence-building measures in Europe, and cooperative threat reduction (the Nunn-Lugar program). His aim is to help those involved in future negotiations recognize situations that are frequently repeated in security negotiations so as to avoid adding to the perceptions problems that beset any high-stakes negotiation.
The Temper Tantrums of Nations: Why Would Weak Nations Challenge Hegemonic Nations?
Authors: Khalil Elias L. 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
In March 2005, riots erupted in South Korea against Japan in reaction to Japan’s claims of sovereignty over some rocky uninhabited islets (0.23 km2). What explains the moral outrage against Japan, the severity of which could have erupted into a military conflict? Such outrage is a puzzle for two reasons. First, the probability that South Korea could defeat Japan is nil, especially since the US-Japan alliance dominates the US-South Korean alliance. Second, even if the probability of defeating Japan was 100%, the net benefit of conflict was apparently negative – given the meager potential reward vis-à-vis the cost of war. This article offers a rational choice model that demonstrates that the moral outrage cannot be explained as a strategic threat. The analysis demonstrates that sociological and evolutionary game explanations are also unconvincing. This calls for an evaluation of how emotions relate to rational choice in international conflicts.
Between Myths and Norms: Constructivist Constitutionalism and the Potential of Constitutional Principles in International Law
Authors: Kleinlein Thomas 
Published: November 2012

The aim of this article is to restate, refine and defend the constitutionalist argument in international law. As a basis for a more nuanced approach, the contribution sorts the phenomena to which the constitutionalization thesis refers. Secondly, it analyzes methodological and doctrinal features of constitutionalist approaches to public international law and clears up some myths in and about international constitutionalism. Finally, the text focuses on presumptions and burdens of justification established by various judicial institutions. They seem to express constitutional concerns in different areas of international law. It is submitted that these presumptions and burdens of justification are plausibly backed by processes of identity change and argumentative self-entrapment. On the basis of constructivist approaches in International Relations, these processes can be understood as creating the normativity of constitutional arguments. The special character of their normative force may be explained by classifying them as principles in contrast to strict rules.
Civic Integration as Symbolic Politics: Insights from Austria
Authors: Permoser Julia Mourão 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
This article draws insights from Austria in order to analyze if civic integration policies constitute an exclusionary tool of migration control and acculturation. In order to do so, the article presents an analytical framework operationalizing the notion of exclusion for civic integration policies, and applies this framework to systematically collected data on the agenda-setting, legal formulation, implementation, and outcomes of civic integration conditions in Austria. The findings show that civic integration in Austria has thus far not been primarily used as an exclusionary tool. Rather, integration conditions on the acquisition of membership rights can be understood as an instance of symbolic politics, where the primary aim of the policy is to send the restrictive message that the government is controlling and reducing immigration and promoting assimilation, albeit the policy was not designed to achieve these material effects.
The Rules of International Organizations and the Law of International Responsibility
Authors: Ahlborn Christiane 
Published: November 2012

AbstractThis paper discusses the role of the so-called 'rules of the organization' in the draft Articles on the Responsibility of International Organizations (ARIO), as adopted by the International Law Commission (ILC) on second reading in 2011. Although the rules of the organization occupy a central place in the ARIO, the ILC has decided not to take a “clear-cut view” on their legal nature as either international law or internal law of the organization. This paper argues that the ILC's indecision has left the ARIO with a fluctuating scope of application concerning various provisions such as the attribution of conduct, the breach of an international obligation, the obligation to make reparation, and countermeasures against an international organization. The term of art 'rules of the organization' was developed by the ILC in its work on the law of treaties but has rarely been addressed in legal scholarship. Part 1 therefore first examines the legal nature of the different components of the so-called 'rules of the organization': the constituent instruments, the acts, and the established practice of the organization. While the constituent instruments are contracts between States at the moment of the creation of an international organization, it will be contended that they also operate as constitutions during the life of the organization, giving it the autonomy to create internal law in force between the subjects of its legal order, including its member States. In analysing the ARIO on second reading, Part 2 accordingly suggests reconceiving the rules of the organization as 'internal law' of the organization as long as it functions effectively, so as to appropriately reflect its constitutional autonomy for purposes of international responsibility.
ARCHITECTURE AND SCIENCE IN BAROQUE ROME. THE MATHEMATICAL ORNAMENTS OF VILLA PAMPHILJ
Authors: CAMEROTA FILIPPO 
Published: November 2012

Abstracttitle RIASSUNTO /title Nell'opera di Francesco Borromini il progetto per Villa Pamphilj rappresenta uno dei lavori pi controversi dal punto di vista attributivo. Mentre i disegni sembrano manifestare con sufficiente chiarezza i tratti inconfondibili della mano del maestro, il singolare programma scientifico concepito per fare dell'edificio uno studio di matematica pratica rivela un aspetto della personalit dell'architetto ancora irrisolto nei giudizi della critica. Il programma, che propone raffinate applicazioni ottiche, catottriche, diottriche, gnomoniche, astronomiche, acustiche e magnetiche, generalmente considerato come una singolare espressione dell'ingegno borrominiano coadiuvata dalle conoscenze scientifiche di Virgilio Spada, l'amico e collaboratore di Borromini tra le cui carte si conservano i disegni e gli scritti in questione. A differenza dei disegni, tuttavia, attentamente esaminati dagli studiosi allo scopo di certificarne l'attribuzione, il programma scientifico non mai stato sottoposto ad alcuna lettura critica. Il presente studio intende provvedere a questa mancanza attraverso l'esame di un nuovo documento recentemente ritrovato - la versione originale in latino del programma scientifico - che permette di individuare un terzo autore nel progetto per Villa Pamphilj a cui si deve l'invenzione degli ornamenti matematici: il padre Minimo Emmanuel Maignan.
PENDULUMS AND PLANES: WHAT GALILEO DIDN'T PUBLISH
Authors: HILL DAVID K. 
Published: November 2012

Abstract<title> RIASSUNTO </title>Poche ma significative note di lavoro di Galileo trattano di esperimenti. Questo articolo esamina un manoscritto (folio 189v). Si sostiene che esso è il resoconto di un esperimento preciso nel quale Galileo determina empiricamente i tempi di caduta per archi e corde (pendoli e piani) e quindi sviluppa un metodo per determinare il tempo di caduta per una data altezza, dato il quarto di periodo di un pendolo. L'analisi dimostra anche che Galileo fu consapevole del non isocronismo del pendolo (nonostante nelle sue pubblicazioni abbia affermato il contrario). Fu anche consapevole dell'inerzia di rotazione e misurò abbastanza precisamente i suoi effetti. Qui si discute in modo circostanziato tale tesi e si prendono in considerazione le ragioni che indussero Galileo a non pubblicare questi risultati.