bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
MODELING MARKET RISK IN FRONTIER EQUITY MARKETS—EVIDENCE FROM SERBIA
Authors: Milojević Marko , Terzić Ivica 
Published: November 2014

The need for understanding financial risk management and unique models for measuring risk in transitional capital markets increasingly gains in importance and becomes a very current issue. This article studies predictive ability of various classes of Value-at-Risk (VaR) models focusing on Serbian equity market in both stressed and normal market conditions. The five VaR models adopted in our evaluation procedure include: historical simulation with rolling window of 500 days, Risk Metrics, exponentially-weighted moving average (EWMA) with optimized decay factor, VaR based on models from GARCH family under three distributional assumptions (normal, generalized error, and Student-t), and Filtered historical simulation. In order to verify the forecasting performance of different VaR models, we employ a backtesting procedure, which consists of statistical tests. The results indicate that VaR based on conditional volatility models with asymmetric distribution of innovations behave reasonably well in both tranquil and crisis period. Standard VaR models developed for liquid and efficient markets seriously underestimate risk forecast in Serbian equity market under all circumstances.
PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT AS A MOTIVATOR OF GENERATION Y
Authors: Kmiotek Krystyna 
Published: November 2014

Along with Generation Y entering the market place, the human resources specialists have selected significant generation differences. The generations vary in values, expectations, approach to work, supervisors, and organization. These differences are very important for human resources management improvement as well as the motivation system in a company. The existing survey shows that Generation Y greatly appreciates the possibilities of professional development at work and it is important inducement for young employees. The aim of the article is to identify the approach of Polish Generation Y to their professional development and confirm that companies have to offer suitable conditions for professional development to attract and maintain the biggest talents. Based on the questionnaire survey conducted among generation Y employees, we attempt to answer the following questions: “is the possibility of professional development the most important motivator?” “Could the lack of the company support for professional development be the reason for giving up the job?” “How does Generation Y take care of their own professional development?” The research shows that the possibility of professional development is not the most important motivation factor for Polish generation Y; this is because they value family, personal relations, and time for their passions or relaxation more. In fact, these factors are more valuable for Generation Y than money and work. Furthermore, for young employees the lack of support in professional development by the organization is an important aspect that could cause them to leave the organization. Despite good preparation for work, generation Y employees still pursue further education, while working, in order to enhance their professional development. Human resource management practice in Polish companies should consider these conclusions under the scope of motivation system and talent management.
THE INFLUENCING FACTORS OF CHINESE MYTHOLOGICAL IMAGE CONSTRUCTION AND REPRODUCTION IN THE TRANSBAIKAL REGION
Authors: Zhukov Artem 
Published: November 2014

This article presents an investigation of the mass mentality, which exists under the influence of the Russian-Chinese transboundary relation within the territory of Transbaikalia. We have also investigated the peculiarities in the perception, of the Transbaikal population within this region, regarding the image of China and its culture. This research defines the essence of such notions as, “mentality of Transbaikal citizens” and “mythological image.”The objective of this research is to conduct a complex study of the phenomenal mythology, with respect to China, in the territory of Transbaikalia. We have identified five major factors influencing the construction and reproduction of the Chinese mythological images. As a result of this work, we have come to a conclusion that the phenomenon known as “cultural boundaries of China,” which acted as a barrier, also served as a melting pot for different cultures and languages, thereby forming the most active zone for Chinese myth creation.
Análise da Geração e Distribuição da Riqueza Originada pelas Empresas que Compõem o Ibovespa por meio da DVA
Authors: Klöppel Fábio , Schnorrenberger Darci , Lunkes Rogério João 
Published: November 2014

A Demonstração do Valor Adicionado - DVA - tornou-se obrigatória com a Lei 11.638/07 e ficou conhecida por apresentar, no mesmo documento, informações de natureza econômica: geração de riqueza; e social: distribuição de riqueza. Com isso, a presente pesquisa tem por objetivo verificar como ocorre a geração e a distribuição do valor adicionado. A amostra é constituída de 36 empresas que compõem o IBOVESPA, representando os setores de Construção e Transporte, Financeiros e Outros, Materiais Básicos, Telecomunicações e Utilidade Pública. Para isto, foram analisadas as DVAs publicadas nos exercícios de 2007 a 2010. A pesquisa caracteriza-se como descritiva, documental, com abordagem quanti e qualitativa, realizada com o auxílio da técnica de análise de conteúdo. Os resultados demonstram, na média do período, que o setor Financeiro foi o que mais gerou riqueza (92,6%) com a atividade fim e o setor de Construção e Transportes o que menos gerou (81,3%). Em relação à destinação da riqueza gerada no período, mais da metade dos setores destinaram a maior parte da riqueza para o Governo, com destaque para o setor de Telecomunicações (60,1%). No geral, constata-se que os setores destinaram 38,5% da riqueza para remuneração do Governo; 24,8% para a Remuneração de Capital Próprio; 19,5% para Capital de Terceiros e 17,2% para remuneração dos Colaboradores.
Reducing Added Sugars in the Food Supply Through a Cap-and-Trade Approach
Authors: Basu Sanjay , Lewis Kristina 
Published: November 2014

Objectives. We estimated the effect of a simulated cap-and-trade policy to reduce added sugar in the food supply. Methods. Using nationally representative data on added-sugar content and consumption, we constructed a mathematical model of a cap-and-trade policy and compared its health implications to those of proposals to tax sugar sweetened beverages or added sugars. Results. Capping added-sugar emissions into the food supply by food manufacturers at a rate of 1% per year would be expected to reduce the prevalence of obesity by 1.7 percentage points (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.9, 2.4; a 4.6% decline) and the incidence of type 2 diabetes by 21.7 cases per 100 000 people (95% CI = 12.9, 30.6; a 4.2% decline) over 20 years, averting approximately $9.7 billion in health care spending. Racial and ethnic minorities would be expected to experience the largest declines. By comparison, equivalent price penalties through excise taxes would be expected to generate smaller health benefits. Conclusions. A cap-and-trade policy to reduce added-sugar intake may reduce obesity and type 2 diabetes to a greater extent than currently-proposed excise taxes.
Weighing the costs: Implementing the SLMTA programme in Zimbabwe using internal versus external facilitators
Authors: Shumba Edwin , Nzombe Phoebe , Mbinda Absolom , Simbi Raiva , Mangwanya Douglas , Kilmarx Peter H. , Luman Elizabeth T. , Zimuto Sibongile N. 
Published: November 2014

Background: In 2010, the Zimbabwe Ministry of Health and Child Welfare (MoHCW) adopted the Strengthening Laboratory Management Toward Accreditation (SLMTA) programme as a tool for laboratory quality systems strengthening.Objectives: To evaluate the financial costs of SLMTA implementation using two models (external facilitators; and internal local or MoHCW facilitators) from the perspective of the implementing partner and to estimate resources needed to scale up the programme nationally in all 10 provinces.Methods: The average expenditure per laboratory was calculated based on accounting records; calculations included implementing partner expenses but excluded in-kind contributions and salaries of local facilitators and trainees. We also estimated theoretical financial costs, keeping all contextual variables constant across the two models. Resource needs for future national expansion were estimated based on a two-phase implementation plan, in which 12 laboratories in each of five provinces would implement SLMTA per phase; for the internal facilitator model, 20 facilitators would be trained at the beginning of each phase.Results: The average expenditure to implement SLMTA in 11 laboratories using external facilitators was approximately US$5800 per laboratory; expenditure in 19 laboratories using internal facilitators was approximately $6000 per laboratory. The theoretical financial cost of implementing a 12-laboratory SLMTA cohort keeping all contextual variables constant would be approximately $58 000 using external facilitators; or $15 000 using internal facilitators, plus $86 000 to train 20 facilitators. The financial cost for subsequent SLMTA cohorts using the previously-trained internal facilitators would be approximately $15 000, yielding a break-even point of 2 cohorts, at $116 000 for either model. Estimated resources required for national implementation in 120 laboratories would therefore be $580 000 using external facilitators ($58 000 per province) and $322 000 using internal facilitators ($86 000 for facilitator training in each of two phases plus $15 000 for SLMTA implementation in each province).Conclusion: Investing in training of internal facilitators will result in substantial savings over the scale-up of the programme. Our study provides information to assist policy makers to develop strategic plans for investing in laboratory strengthening.
A comprehensive review of the SLMTA literature part 1: Content analysis and future priorities
Authors: Luman Elizabeth T. , Yao Katy , Nkengasong John N. 
Published: November 2014

Background: Since its introduction in 2009, the Strengthening Laboratory Management Toward Accreditation (SLMTA) programme has been implemented widely throughout Africa, as well as in the Caribbean, Central and South America, and Southeast Asia.Objective: We compiled results from local, national and global studies to provide a broad view of the programme and identify directions for the future. The review consists of two companion papers; this paper focuses on content analysis, examining various thematic components of the SLMTA programme and future priorities.Methods: A systematic literature search identified 28 published articles about implementing the SLMTA programme. Results for various components of the SLMTA programme were reviewed and summarised.Results: Local and national studies provide substantial information on previous experiences with quality management systems; variations on SLMTA implementation; building human resource capacity for trainers, mentors and auditors; the benefits and effectiveness of various types of mentorship; the importance of management buy-in to ensure country ownership; the need to instill a culture of quality in the laboratory; success factors and challenges; and future directions for the programme.Conclusions: Local, national and global results suggest that the SLMTA programme has been overwhelmingly successful in transforming laboratory quality management. There is an urgent need to move forward in four strategic directions: progression (continued improvement in SLMTA laboratories), saturation (additional laboratories within countries that have implemented SLMTA), expansion (implementation in additional countries), and extension (adapting SLMTA for implementation beyond the laboratory), to lead to transformation of overall health systems and patient care.
Imaging of complications from hematopoietic stem cell transplant
Authors: Pandey Tarun , Maximin Suresh , Bhargava Puneet 
Published: November 2014

AbstractStem cell transplant has been the focus of clinical research for a long time given its potential to treat several incurable diseases like hematological malignancies, diabetes mellitus, and neuro-degenerative disorders like Parkinson disease. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is the oldest and most widely used technique of stem cell transplant. HSCT has not only been used to treat hematological disorders including hematological malignancies, but has also been found useful in treamtent of genetic, immunological, and solid tumors like neuroblastoma, lymphoma, and germ cell tumors. In spite of the rapid advances in stem cell technology, success rate with this technique has not been universal and many complications have also been seen with this form of therapy. The key to a successful HSCT therapy lies in early diagnosis and effective management of complications associated with this treatment. Our article aims to review the role of imaging in diagnosis and management of stem cell transplant complications associated with HSCT.
Neonatal neurosonography: A pictorial essay
Authors: Bhat Venkatraman , Bhat Varun 
Published: November 2014

AbstractNeurosonography is a simple, established non-invasive technique for the intracranial assessment of preterm neonate. Apart from established indication in the evaluation of periventricular haemorrhage, it provides clue to wide range of pathology. This presentation provides a quick roadmap to the technique, imaging anatomy and spectrum of pathological imaging appearances encountered in neonates.
MRI and MR tractography in bilateral hypertrophic olivary degeneration
Authors: Sen Debraj , Gulati Yoginder S , Malik Virender , Mohimen Aneesh , Sibi Eranki , Reddy Deepak Chandra 
Published: November 2014

AbstractHypertrophic olivary degeneration is a trans-synaptic neuronal degeneration associated with hypertrophy of the inferior olivary nucleus due to a lesion in the triangle of Guillain-Mollaret. Familiarity with this entity on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is essential to avoid other erroneous ominous diagnoses. We present a case of bilateral hypertrophic olivary degeneration and discuss the etiopathogenesis and MRI findings in this entity. The contributory role of MR tractography in the diagnosis is also highlighted.
“A força da liderança com ideias” ou “Thatcher, Hayek e o Brasil”
Authors: Cavalieri Marco Antonio , Passos Marcelo De Oliveira 
Published: November 2014

Recentemente, Margaret Thatcher, uma das principais líderes do liberalismo econômico no âmbito político, faleceu, suscitando uma série de reavaliações sobre o significado de sua passagem pelo cargo de primeira-ministra da Grã-Bretanha. Thatcher era admiradora da obra de um dos grandes líderes do liberalismo econômico no âmbito acadêmico, o economista austríaco Friedrich Hayek. Em nossa opinião, a relação entre as ideias de Hayek e a atuação política de Margaret Thatcher é um excelente exemplo da interação entre o meio acadêmico e a adoção das suas recomendações na prática política. Desse modo, aproveitamos para realizar três esforços de síntese nesse artigo. Primeiro, revisitar o núcleo duro das ideias econômicas e da abordagem teórica de Hayek. Em segundo lugar, analisar como o economista austríaco influenciou não somente Thatcher, mas seu contemporâneo Ronald Reagan. Por fim, algumas notas conclusivas analisam a relação entre o mundo acadêmico e a prática, fazendo algumas ilações a partir disso. Vale mencionar, a título de alerta, que o artigo tem um caráter ensaístico.
Regional differences in self‐reported HIV care and management in the EuroSIDA study
Authors: Grønborg Laut Kamilla , Mocroft Amanda , Lazarus Jeffrey , Reiss Peter , Rockstroh Jürgen , Karpov Igor , Rakhmanova Aza , Knysz Brygida , Moreno Santiago , Gargalianos Panagiotis , Lundgren Jens , Kirk Ole ,   on behalf of Eurosida in Eurocoord
Published: November 2014

IntroductionEuroSIDA has previously reported a poorer clinical prognosis for HIV‐positive individuals in Eastern Europe (EE) as compared with patients from other parts of Europe, not solely explained by differences in patient characteristics. We explored regional variability in self‐reported HIV management at individual EuroSIDA clinics, with a goal of identifying opportunities to reduce the apparent inequalities in health.MethodsA survey (www.chip.dk/eurosida/csurvey) on HIV management was conducted in early 2014 in all currently active EuroSIDA clinics. Responders in EE were compared with clinics in all other EuroSIDA regions combined (non‐EE). Characteristics were compared between regions using Fishers exact test.ResultsA total of 80/97 clinics responded (82.5%, 12/15 in EE, 68/82 in non‐EE). Participating clinics reported seeing a total of 133,532 patients [a median of 1300 per clinic (IQR 700–2399)]. The majority of clinics requested viral load and CD4 measurements at least every six months for patients on as well as off ART (EE 66.7%, non‐EE 75%, p=0,72). Significantly fewer EE clinics performed resistance tests before ART as well as upon treatment failure (Figure 1). Half of the EE clinics indicated following WHO guidelines (EE 50%, non‐EE 7.4%, p<0.0001), whereas most non‐EE clinics followed EACS guidelines (non‐EE 76.5%, EE 41.7%, p=0.017). The majority of EE clinics and ¼ non‐EE clinics indicated deferral of ART initiation in asymptomatic individuals until CD4 ≤350 cells/mm3 (Figure 1). There were no significant regional differences in screening haematology, liver or renal function, which the majority of clinics reported to do routinely. However, EE clinics reported screening significantly less for cardiovascular disease (CVD), and only about half screened for tobacco use, alcohol consumption and drug use (Figure 1). Screening for cervical cancer and for anorectal cancer was low in both regions (Figure 1).ConclusionsWe found significant regional variability in self‐reported HIV management across Europe, with less resistance testing, screening for CVD and substance use in EE. EE clinics indicated deferral of ART initiation for longer than non‐EE clinics. Adherence to international guidelines for cervical cancer screening was poor in both regions. Whether differences in HIV management are reflected in clinical outcomes deserves further investigation.
Major challenges in clinical management of TB/HIV co‐infected patients in Eastern Europe compared with Western Europe and Latin America
Authors: Efsen Anne Marie , Schultze Anna , Post Frank , Panteleev Alexander , Furrer Hansjakob , Miller Robert , Skrahin Aliaksandr , Losso Marcelo H , Toibaro Javier , Girardi Enrico , Miro José , Bruyand Mathias , Obel Niels , Caylá Joan , Podlekareva Daria , Lundgren Jens , Mocroft Amanda , Kirk Ole ,   EuroCoord TB/HIV Study Group
Published: November 2014

IntroductionRates of both TB/HIV co‐infection and multi‐drug‐resistant (MDR) TB are increasing in Eastern Europe (EE). Data on the clinical management of TB/HIV co‐infected patients are scarce. Our aim was to study the clinical characteristics of TB/HIV patients in Europe and Latin America (LA) at TB diagnosis, identify factors associated with MDR‐TB and assess the activity of initial TB treatment regimens given the results of drug‐susceptibility tests (DST).Material and MethodsWe enrolled 1413 TB/HIV patients from 62 clinics in 19 countries in EE, Western Europe (WE), Southern Europe (SE) and LA from January 2011 to December 2013. Among patients who completed DST within the first month of TB therapy, we linked initial TB treatment regimens to the DST results and calculated the distribution of patients receiving 0, 1, 2, 3 and ≥4 active drugs in each region. Risk factors for MDR‐TB were identified in logistic regression models.ResultsSignificant differences were observed between EE (n=844), WE (n=152), SE (n=164) and LA (n=253) for use of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) at TB diagnosis (17%, 40%, 44% and 35%, p<0.0001), a definite TB diagnosis (culture and/or PCR positive for Mycobacterium tuberculosis; 47%, 71%, 72% and 40%, p<0.0001) and MDR‐TB prevalence (34%, 3%, 3% and 11%, p <0.0001 among those with DST results). The history of injecting drug use [adjusted OR (aOR) = 2.03, (95% CI 1.00–4.09)], prior TB treatment (aOR = 3.42, 95% CI 1.88–6.22) and living in EE (aOR = 7.19, 95% CI 3.28–15.78) were associated with MDR‐TB. For 569 patients with available DST, the initial TB treatment contained ≥3 active drugs in 64% of patients in EE compared with 90–94% of patients in other regions (Figure 1a). Had the patients received initial therapy with standard therapy [Rifampicin, Isoniazid, Pyrazinamide, Ethambutol (RHZE)], the corresponding proportions would have been 64% vs. 86–97%, respectively (Figure 1b).ConclusionsIn EE, TB/HIV patients had poorer exposure to cART, less often a definitive TB diagnosis and more often MDR‐TB compared to other parts of Europe and LA. Initial TB therapy in EE was sub‐optimal, with less than two‐thirds of patients receiving at least three active drugs, and improved compliance with standard RHZE treatment does not seem to be the solution. Improved management of TB/HIV patients requires routine use of DST, initial TB therapy according to prevailing resistance patterns and more widespread use of cART.
Lack of association between use of efavirenz and death from suicide: evidence from the D:A:D study
Authors: Smith Colette , Ryom Lene , d'Arminio Monforte Antonella , Reiss Peter , Mocroft Amanda , El‐Sadr Wafaa , Weber Rainer , Law Matthew , Sabin Caroline , Lundgren Jens 
Published: November 2014

IntroductionA recent meta‐analysis of 4 RCTs showed an increased rate of suicidality events (suicidal ideation or attempted/completed suicide) associated with efavirenz (EFV) compared to other regimens, but only a trend towards a higher rate of completed/attempted suicides, as only 17 events occurred. We investigated the association between EFV use and completed suicide.Materials and MethodsAll D:A:D participants were followed from study entry to the first of death, last study visit or 1 February 2013. Deaths are centrally validated using cause of death methodology, which assigns underlying, immediate and up to four contributing causes of death. Two endpoints were considered: 1) suicide or psychiatric disease as the underlying cause, and 2) suicide or psychiatric disease mentioned as an underlying, immediate or contributing cause of death (anywhere). Adjusted rate ratios were calculated using Poisson regression.ResultsA total of 4420 deaths occurred in 49,717 people over 371,333 person‐years (PY) (rate 11.9 per 1000 PY; 95% CI 11.6–12.3). A total of 193 deaths (rate 0.52; 0.45–0.59) had an underlying cause of suicide or psychiatric disease, and 482 deaths (1.30; 1.18–1.41) had suicide or psychiatric disease mentioned anywhere. A strong association with current CD4 count was seen: for suicide or psychiatric disease mentioned anywhere, rates were: 3.18 (2.55–3.80) for <200 cells/uL, 1.60 (1.29–1.90) for 201–350 cells/uL, 1.07 (0.86–1.29) for 351–500 cells/uL, 0.95 (0.80–1.09) for >500 cells/uL and 1.30 (1.18–1.41) for unknown. Highest rate of suicide or psychiatric deaths were seen in ART‐experienced people currently off ART, but no differences were seen according to current ART regimen, which remained after adjustment (Table 1). Consistent results were obtained when considering additional endpoints of suicide alone as the underlying cause and death from suicide or any possibly related cause (psychiatric disease, drug overdose, alcohol related, accidental or violent), as well as considering recent EFV use in the previous 3 and 6 months.ConclusionsThe finding of no higher death rates from suicide amongst those receiving EFV is reassuring. However, there is likely confounding by indication in our observational study. In light of conflicting results from RCTs, this potentially could suggest that in clinical practice EFV may be less frequently prescribed in those with underlying psychiatric conditions.