bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Accidental Asphyxial Deaths Involving Infants and Young Children
Authors: Sturner WQ , Spruill FG , Smith RA , Lene WJ 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Fatal accidents occurring in infants and children are theoretically, if not actually, preventable in all instances. However, prevention may be dependent on public understanding of the nature and frequency of such accidents and the facts which lead to their occurrences. Valuable data for community education may be obtained from properly functioning medical examiner systems which require that all sudden and unexpected deaths be reported, investigated at the scene of occurrence, and examined by a competent forensic pathologist. However, such reports continue to be more frequently used for law enforcement activities than for the benefit of public health.
Some New Approaches to the Individualization of Fresh and Dried Bloodstains
Authors: Grunbaum BW 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Human blood theoretically contains sufficient variables to enable the invididualization of one person from any other. The basis for blood individuality is mainly the multitude of polymorphic enzymes and proteins, most of which are products of genetic variation [1]. These genetic factors are constant throughout life. Both transient and comparatively permanent environmental factors, such as acquired immune antibodies, also contribute to the differentiation of blood between individuals. Any single factor which is decisively different in two specimens at a given time will discriminate between the two and thus eliminate a common source.
Simultaneous Electrophoresis of Peptidase A, Phosphoglucomutase, and Adenylate Kinase
Authors: Neilson DM , Shaler RC , Stuver WC , Mortimer CE , Hagins AM 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Peptidase A variant determinations may potentially be valuable tools for determining the racial origin of bloodstains and seminal stains. The Caucasian population is reported as predominantly the Type 1 polymorph (99.8%); however, variances are recorded within the Negroid population of Type 1 (85.2%), Type 2-1 (13.1%), Type 2 (1.5%), and Type 3-1 (0.2%) [1,2]. Table 1 contains the percentages of the phenotypes of peptidase A observed in a tested Negroid population.
Contaminants in Illicit Amphetamine Preparations
Authors: Lomonte JN , Lowry WT , Stone IC 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Samples from illicit preparations of amphetamine and methamphetamine have been analyzed by combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) to detect and identify contaminants, excipients, and by-products of manufacture. The samples were also analyzed by energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) and by X-ray diffraction.
Comparative Postmortem Chemistries of Vitreous Humor Before and After Embalming
Authors: Coe JI 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
While over thirty papers [1] discuss the use of vitreous humor to determine biochemical or toxicological abnormalities that may have existed prior to death, only three of these mention the use of vitreous humor from embalmed bodies. Sturner and Gantner [2], reporting on postmortem glucose determinations of vitreous humor, stated that of eight embalmed cases the results of all but one were in the proposed normal range. The single exception was a 12-year-old girl who died of botulism and whose vitreous sugar 24 h after embalming was 108 mg/dl. They further mentioned that in one case, eight days elapsed without appreciably altering a supposedly normal value. Scott et al [3] reported on the use of vitreous humor for determination of ethyl alcohol in embalmed bodies. They found good correlation between preembalming and postembalming alcohol levels, with a mild decrease in postembalming specimens noted. Finally, there is one case report by Coe [4] in which there was determination of barbiturates in the vitreous humor of a body embalmed 32 days before. His report is included as part of an article on general problems in postmortem chemistry.
Wound Ballistics: An Analysis of a Bullet in Gel
Authors: Jauhari M , Bandyopadhyay A 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
In a criminal investigation, it is often required to prove beyond all reasonable doubt that the wounds inflicted on the body of a victim could be caused by a particular firearm-cartridge combination fired under a specified set of circumstances. Such a situation occurred in the John F. Kennedy assassination case. During the Warren Commission Inquiry [1], a question arose as to whether the Mannlicher-Carcano rifle (recovered from the sixth floor of the Texas School Book Depository Building) and Western Cartridge Co. bullets and fragments (of the type recovered from Governor Connally's stretcher and in the Presidential limousine) were capable of causing the wounds inflicted on President Kennedy and Governor Connally. A scientific solution of this problem was obtained within the framework of wound ballistics by the scientists of the Wound Ballistics Branch of the U.S. Army Chemical Research and Development Laboratories at Edgewood Arsenal, Md.
Unusual Three-Dimensional Bite Mark Evidence in a Homicide Case
Authors: Vale GL , Sognnaes RF , Felando GN , Noguchi TT 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Under favorable circumstances, bite mark evidence may provide important information about the perpetrator of a crime, as reviewed in several textbooks [1–4] and articles [5–7]. In the case reported here, the remarkable depth and clarity of the bite marks, coupled with the distinctive nature of the suspect's teeth, played a significant role in the defendant's conviction in the strangulation death of a sexually molested woman. This is believed to be the first case in California in which bite mark evidence played a major role in the investigation and subsequent trial.
Fatal Consequences of Local Anesthesia: Report of Five Cases and a Review of the Literature
Authors: Christie JL 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Recent publications [1–8] have emphasized that the use of local anesthetic substances is not entirely without risk to the patient and have stressed the difficulty in establishing what is the maximum safe dosage in any particular clinical situation. A search of the literature indicates that few reports are available on blood and tissue concentrations in fatalities after therapeutic misadventure with lidocaine or other local anesthetic agents.
A Review of “Legal Admissability of the Polygraph”
Authors: McInerney CA 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
This book, which covers a wide range of polygraph topics, consists of presentations by 34 contributors who presented papers or participated in panel discussions at the 1972 Seminar of the American Polygraph Association. Chaired by John E. Reid, the program was divided into five sections: Law, Validity, Technique, Instrumentation, and Labor-Management.
A Review of “I Trapianti e la Sperimentazione Umana” (“Transplantation and Human Experimentation”)
Authors: Pirani CL 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
The book by Dr. Ferrando Mantorani, Professor of Criminal Law at the University of Florence, is an extensive treatise on the Italian and foreign laws regulating “Transplantation and Human Experimentation.” In 832 pages, it deals in considerable detail on the juridic aspects related to living and cadaveric transplant donors, particularly on the limitations of the consent, on the safeguards for the life and health of the donor, on the definition of death, and on the experimental aspects of some of the transplants. In addition to the kidney, other transplantable organs and tissues such as bone, bone marrow, skin, blood vessels, and eye are included in the discussion. A 200-page appendix contains the existing laws regulating transplantation in Italy and about 20 other countries.
Ethics and the Document Examiner Under the Adversary System
Authors: Hilton O 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Ethics play an important role in all branches of forensic science and, yet, until this year, the subject has received little attention within the Academy. It is doubtful that this omission has occurred because members do not recognize the importance of ethics, but rather that they assumed that most forensic scientists were guided by high ethical standards. But what are proper ethical standards for the forensic scientist, and especially for the document examiner?
A Scanning Electron Microscope Study of Dried Blood
Authors: Dixon TR , Samudra AV , Stewart WD , Johari O 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
The identification of a suspected stain or crust as being blood can be a difficult task for the forensic scientist. To date, either the benzidine test, discovered in 1904, or the phenolphthalein test [1] has been employed with either the Takayama crystal test, discovered in 1912, or the Teichmann crystal test [2] in confirming the presence of blood.
An Evaluation of Tetramethylbenzidine as a Presumptive Test for Blood
Authors: Garner DD , Cano KM , Peimer RS , Yeshion TE 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
In forensic use, a presumptive test indicating the possible presence of blood is an invaluable tool. This type of test has particular value in screening out samples that are definitely not blood and do not require further testing. Used in this manner, a test should be sensitive to some component of blood which remains even after the blood has dried, aged, or become diluted. This ideal test should also be specific. No such ideal specific test actually exists; however, the tests that are currently used have been characterized, and remedies for nonspecific reactions have been devised [1]. Since a presumptive test is used for screening, it should be simple to use and provide rapid results. Any test should be safe for the examiner applying it.
The Application of Differential Thermal Analysis and Thermogravimetric Analysis to Dating Bone Remains
Authors: Villanueva E , Girela F , Castellanos M 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Dating material is a difficult problem in legal medicine, no matter what substance is being tested. Concerning bone remains, the classic works of Orfila and Lazaretti [1] showed the difficulty of establishing the time since death. Since then, little research has been done in this field; mistakes can be made in dating bone material.
Short-Range Ammunition—A Possible Anti-Hijacking Device
Authors: Smialek JE , Spitz WU 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
International hijacking of commercial airplanes has become rather commonplace, and armed robbery aboard buses in the United States has recently occurred with some frequency. This type of violence poses unquestionable problems to law enforcement. In the event of a shoot-out with police or security guards, the possibility of injury to bystanders is a great problem. A high-powered round may miss a target and strike an unsuspecting person a considerable distance away, or it may richochet and veer off in an unpredictable direction. Furthermore, a round may pass through the intended target and continue on to injure an uninvolved party, or the skin of a commercial aircraft could be perforated by the gunfire, thereby upsetting pressure conditions in the cabin and possibly causing a crash.
Forensic Applications of Diamond Cell-Infrared Spectroscopy. I: Identification of Blasting Cap Leg Wire Manufacturers
Authors: Washington WD , Midkiff CR 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Infrared spectroscopy (IR) is widely used in the forensic laboratory for the identification and comparison of materials such as explosives, drugs, paints, and plastics. These materials are often encountered as trace evidence. Consequently, the total sample available is so small that conventional IR techniques, even with micro-KBr pellets, are not feasible. The use of a high-pressure diamond cell sample holder suitable for the infrared analysis of microgram-sized samples was reported in 1961 [1]. Additional advantages of the diamond cell holder for use with solid samples are minimal sample preparation and applicability to a wide range of materials. Applications of the technique, however, have been limited by the commercial availability of a suitable device. Recently, studies have been reported on several materials of trace evidence interest including the characterization of vehicle paints [2] and the microanalysis of paints, plastics, and other materials [3].
Programmed Energy Dispersive X-Ray Analysis of Top Coats of Automotive Paint
Authors: Reeve V , Keener T 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Elemental analysis is a necessary approach to the characterization of physical evidence in forensic science laboratories [1]. There are many wet chemical and instrumental methods in use; however, with few exceptions, these techniques are difficult to apply, have considerable sample size or preparation constraints, are time consuming, or are destructive. Energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectrometry does not have these disadvantages [2,3].
Examination of Paints by Trace Element Analysis
Authors: Krishnan SS 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
The examination of paint in this laboratory and many others is done, essentially, by two techniques. These are microscopy, for the physical characteristics and layer structure, and pyrolysis gas chromatography (PGC), for the resin type. X-ray diffraction is often used as an additional examination for establishing the nature of pigment and is effective in routine cases, particularly those involving automobile paint of varied colors. Microscopy, however, is of limited value in cases involving white and black paints, whereas PGC is less effective than microscopy in dealing with household paints, most of which contain alkyd-type resins. The X-ray diffraction pattern of household paints generally shows only titanium dioxide (TiO2 pigment and is of limited value. For the examination of white paints, therefore, we require an effective technique for differentiation. Analysis of the large number of trace elements contained in paint has been shown to be a useful technique in the discrimination of paints [1].
The Parameters of Ballpen Ink Examinations
Authors: Crown DA , Brunelle RL , Cantu AA 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Prior to about 1950, the inks encountered on questioned documents were usually fluid inks of the washable dyestuff or iron gallotannate varieties. Analysis of these inks included observation under various wavelengths of light ranging from ultraviolet (UV) to infrared (IR), photography with selected filters, and chemical spot tests to detect metals such as iron, vanadium, and chromium. Since about 1953, the ballpen has taken over the position formerly occupied by the fluid ink pen.
A Review of “Armed Robbery: Offenders and Their Victims”
Authors: Sadoff RL 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
In this book, to date his largest volume, Dr. MacDonald gives us another in his series of studies of criminal behavior. He has written on rape and murder as well as indecent exposure and general considerations of psychiatry and the criminal. In all of his books he presents a breadth of material, statistical and clinical, which illustrate his text. This is an ambitious study of the crime of armed robbery from a comprehensive standpoint, including the perpetrator, the victim, aspects of prevention, and motivation. In addition to two specific types of robbery—bank robbery and skyjacking—Dr. MacDonald introduces two chapters by Lt. C. Donald Brannan of the Denver Police Department on the criminal investigation and reporting of armed robbery.
The Analysis of Meperidine and Normeperidine in Biological Specimens
Authors: Siek TJ 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
This study centers on the analytical aspects of meperidine analysis in biological specimens. The major meperidine metabolite normeperidine is treated concomitantly throughout as it is considered important in the interpretation of results in medical examiner/coroner cases and in overdosed patients. Previous studies have presented methods for the gas chromatographic analysis of meperidine in blood, plasma, or urine [1–3]. Other reports have presented procedures for meperidine and normeperidine [4–7] but did not deal with tissue analysis. Kazyak [8] reported combined meperidine and normeperidine in blood, urine, and four tissues but did not analyze the two compounds separately. A gas chromatographic method for meperidine and normeperidine in blood, urine, bile, liver, and other tissues is presented here. The method is straightforward with no derivatizing reactions prior to gas chromatography (GC); analysis time for liver is about 1 h, and blood and urine can be analyzed in 30 min. Results from twelve medical examiner cases are presented and discussed.
Quantitative Gas Chromatographic Determination of Acetaminophen Using Trimethylanilinium Hydroxide as the Derivatizing Agent
Authors: Wahl KC , Rejent TA 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Pharmaceutical preparations of acetaminophen, an analgesic, are marketed and extensively used in the single drug form such as Tylenol® and Datril® and in combination with other analgesics such as aspirin and salicylamide in Excedrin® Excedrin P.M.® and others. Acetaminophen overdosage can result in centrilobular hepatic necrosis or hepatic failure [1] with severe overdosage resulting in a high fatality rate [2]. Workers have investigated and related severity of liver damage to drug serum concentration [1,3, 4]. Initial concentrations relative to time of ingestion and drug half-life are two criteria in the early diagnosis of possible liver damage or necrosis [4]. Administration of cysteamine soon after ingestion has been advocated [3] after successful use in severe overdosages, but its use is a risk to the patient and warranted only in cases of probable severe or fatal hepatic necrosis. Consequently, for intelligent therapy of suspected overdose cases and legal protection of physicians, rapid and accurate serum acetaminophen levels must be available throughout the first few critical hours after ingestion of acetaminophen.
High Pressure Liquid Chromatographic Separation of Dyes Encountered in Illicit Heroin Samples
Authors: Clark AB , Miller MD 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Over the last several years an increasingly large number of illicit heroin samples of the brown variety have contained dyes. STRIDE data analysis for the time period from August 1974 to December 1975 indicates that coloring matter was detected in 26% of the brown heroin submissions to the Southwest Regional Laboratory in San Diego. Apparently a formulation of dyes is used in the heroin dilution process to disguise the addition of adulterants that are normally white in their natural state. The resultant mixture maintains a relatively dark color and the diluted product is more easily sold as a high quality brown heroin.
Drug Detection in Urine by Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Saferstein R , Manura JJ , De PK 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
The analytical methods of thin-layer chromatography (TLC), gas chromatography (GC), and mass spectrometry (MS) have gained general acceptance as basic tools of the clinical and forensic toxicologist. The utility of these techniques resides in their ability to separate and identify a wide range of organic materials at relatively low detection limits. Assuming one has access to all of these procedures, when and how they are used will often depend on the degree of specificity one wishes to attach to the analytical data generated. In forensic laboratories, a thorough confirmation of all results is necessary if the analytical conclusions are to withstand the close scrutiny normally encountered during a legal hearing, On the other hand, clinical laboratories are often interested in rapid, simple, and economic testing procedures that can be executed on vast numbers of specimens. These tests are intended to provide data that are clinically reliable and have diagnostic value; however, they may not always yield data that are indisputable in a court of law. Of course, ideally, both the forensic and clinical toxicologists are continually striving for procedures that combine speed, versatility, and specificity. Undoubtedly, under these circumstances the mass spectrometer can be expected to play a far more important role in both types of laboratories in the future years.
Unequivocal Determination of Cocaine in Simulated Street Drugs by a Combination of High Performance Liquid Chromatography and Infrared Spectrophotometry
Authors: Trinler WA , Reuland DJ 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Since the development of high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) in the late 1960s papers have appeared in the literature describing the identification of drugs of abuse by this method. For example, Jane [1] reported a separation of a number of drugs on a Partisil column. However, while extremely useful in the forensic laboratory, HPLC has not attained its full potential because of the presumptive nature of the determination, that is, one cannot rule out the possibility that two compounds might have the same retention time. In an attempt to improve this situation a few companies are investigating the feasibility of interfacing the HPLC with a mass spectrometer. If such interfacing is successful, though, the cost probably will be prohibitive for most forensic laboratories. Also, some progress is being made in the technique of “absorbance ratioing” [2]. In this method the drug is monitored at more than one wavelength and the ratio of these absorbances is reported to be solely characteristic of the particular compound. Although promising, this technique requires a more elaborate and expensive detector system. Also more data need to be collected to prove statistically the premise that no two compounds will have the same absorbance ratios.
Phenotyping of Erythrocyte Acid Phosphatase in Fresh Blood and in Bloodstains on Cellulose Acetate
Authors: Grunbaum BW , Zajac PL 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
The genetically controlled polymorphic enzyme system of human erythrocyte acid phosphatase (EAP) has considerable usefulness as a discriminating factor in blood because five common phenotypes can be separated electrophoretically as distinct patterns.
The Sudden Infant Death Syndrome: A Possible Hypersensitivity Reaction Determined by Distribution of IgG in Lungs
Authors: Raven C , Maverakis NH , Eveland WC , Ackermann WW 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Specimens used in the experimental section of this paper were obtained primarily from Wayne County, Michigan. This population has been under study since 1959 by one of the authors (C. R.) [1–3]. Some characteristics compiled from 1000 sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) deaths in this population are summarized as they relate to the experimental findings. An additional complementary study [4] presents an in-depth epidemiologic survey.
A Conventional Method for Lifting Latent Fingerprints from Human Skin Surfaces
Authors: Reichardt GJ , Carr JC , Stone EG 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Because the perpetrator of a physical offense often places his hands on the victim during the commission of the crime, the successful recovery of identifiable latent finger, palm, or other prints from the victim's body would in many cases constitute the most conclusive physical evidence possible. Investigators of crimes against persons, therefore, have long sought physical evidence techniques that would allow such an identification, thus definitely indicating the criminal's presence and perhaps suggesting the criminal's activity during or after the crime. Historically, such techniques have only been successful under experimental conditions.
Biofeedback-Conditioned Galvanic Skin Response and Hypnotic Suppression of Arousal: A Pilot Study of Their Relation to Deception
Authors: Corcoran JFT , Lewis MD , Garver RB 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Since early civilization man has tried to separate reality from fantasy, fact from speculation, and truth from deception. Shakespeare [1] wrote, “Time's glory is to calm contending kings, to unmask falsehood and bring truth to light...”