bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Talk Shows, Political
Authors: Harmer Emily 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
Political talk shows have a significant present on television around the world. There are a diverse range of formats, which appeal to different audiences, but they are all characterized by informal and unscripted discussion. Political talk shows are constructed as spontaneous and informal but are in fact rigidly structured. It is claimed that they offer a space for political commentary that allows audiences to form their own political views, but critics claim that political talk shows do not inspire healthy political debate and instead focus on trivial matters. Political talk shows are also criticized for presenting an insufficient spectrum of political views, and for privileging elite or expert voices.
Political Communication Research inEurope
Authors: Voltmer Katrin 
Published: November 2015

AbstractEurope is characterized as much by its diversity as by any common feature that could reasonably be identified as European. Reaching from the Atlantic to the Ural and from the Mediterranean to the Arctic Circle, Europe includes a large variety of cultural traditions, languages, religions, and polities, which have brought about different political communication cultures and systems of media‐politics relations across the continent. In fact, it seems easier to identify what divides Europeans than what unites them.
Voting Behavior and Communication
Authors: Kleinen‐Von Königslöw Katharina 
Published: November 2015

AbstractFew questions have triggered as much theoretical debate and empirical research in the field of political communication as the potential impact of communication on voting behavior. This entry discusses the theoretical underpinnings, main empirical results, and future research perspectives regarding the influence of communication by political actors, communication by journalists, and interpersonal communication on two forms of voting behavior: voter turnout and vote choice. Despite fears to the contrary, communication about an election will encourage citizens to participate and cast their votes. At the same time, the influence of communication on vote choice seems to occur mainly in the form of indirect effects, such as knowledge gains, agenda‐setting, and priming and framing effects. A direct persuasive influence is comparatively rare and mostly short‐lived. But this may change as the proportion of undecided, more susceptible voters continues to rise in many countries.
Pluralism, Political
Authors: Pasquino Gianfranco 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
Pluralism—the practice of competition among interests, ideas, and associations—lies at the heart of democratic regimes. Pluralism holds the view that between the state, on the one hand, and the individual, on the other, there are autonomous and independent associations of all kinds. These associations prevent the state from becoming omnipotent and oppressive and offer to the individual the best chance to participate in the political life and to exercise some influence. Pluralism has been challenged by the elitists as well as by the neocorporatists. The former claim that even in democratic societies there are dominant groups that are far more powerful than most citizens' associations. The neocorporatists have maintained that iron triangles comprising governments and their bureaucracy, the unions, and major industrial organizations dominate the decision‐making process. While neocorporatism has substantially receded, the challenge to be faced by all democracies continues to be the unequal distribution to individuals and groups of political (social and economic) voice and power.
RAFT polymerization of acrylamide manipulated with trithiocarbonates in poly(ethylene glycol) solution
Authors: Zhang Yulin , Ye Lei , Diao Yongfu , Lei Weiwei , Shi LinYing , Ran Rong 
Published: November 2015

ABSTRACTThe reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization of acrylamide (AM) in aqueous two‐phase system was successfully carried out in polyethylene glycol (PEG) aqueous solution. Because of phase transition involved in the polymerization process, the ln([M]0/[M])‐time plots were indicated in two‐stages significantly. Both the initial homogeneous polymerization and the subsequent heterogeneous polymerization were under good control. The effects of various synthesis parameters such as polymerization temperature, concentration of CTA, and initiator on RAFT polymerization behaviors have been investigated. Furthermore, the evolution process of the droplet morphologies after separation was examined by transmission electron microscope. The results showed that the nuclei were formed throughout the whole heterogeneous polymerization and stable sphere particles with an average size of about 1 μm were produced finally. More importantly, it was also found that the viscosity played a significant role in the stabilization of the dispersion of polymer particles. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43000.
Two‐phase and three‐phase liquid‐phase microextraction of hydrochlorothiazide and triamterene in urine samples
Authors: Ahmad Panahi Homayon , Ejlali Maryam , Chabouk Monireh 
Published: November 2015

AbstractThis paper reports the applicability of two‐phase and three‐phase hollow fiber based liquid‐phase microextraction (HF‐LPME) for the extraction of hydrochlorothiazide (HYD) and triamterene (TRM) from human urine. The HYD in two‐phase HF‐LPME is extracted from 24 mL of the aqueous sample into an organic phase with microliter volume located inside the pores and lumen of a polypropylene hollow fiber as acceptor phase, but the TRM in three‐phase HF‐LPME is extracted from aqueous donor phase to organic phase and then back‐extracted to the aqueous acceptor phase, which can be directly injected into HPLC for analysis. Under optimized conditions preconcentration factors of HYD and TRM were obtained as 128 and 239, respectively. The calibration curves were linear (R2 ≥ 0.995) in the concentration range of 1.0–100 µg/L for HYD and 2.0–100 µg/L for TRM. The limits of detection for HYD and TRM were 0.5 µg/L. The intra‐day and inter‐day RSD based on four replicates were obtained as ≤5.8 and ≤9.3%, respectively. The methods were successfully applied for determining the concentration of the drugs in urine samples. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Will invasive coronary imaging identify vulnerable plaque and predict future cardiac events?
Authors: Safian Robert D. 
Published: November 2015

Key Points

Culprit ACS lesions are characterized by varying degrees of plaque rupture and thrombosis overlying a large lipid core plaque (LCP).
Identification of LCP using near‐infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) was accurate for detecting culprit lesions in ACS patients.
While LCP may be a marker of vulnerable plaque, further studies are needed to determine if NIRS can provide a site‐specific approach to predicting and preventing future cardiac events.
© 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Ageless benefits of transradial access for percutaneous coronary revascularization
Authors: Kim Sun Moon , Moliterno David J. 
Published: November 2015

Key Points

Radial artery access for PCI is an independent predictor of reduced mortality and lower major bleeding events.
In this report, use of radial artery access increased roughly from less than 20% in 2006 to great than 60% in 2012, with the lowest increase among octogenarians.
Steadily increasing operator experience and improving equipment should make radial artery access the preferred approach in the overwhelming majority of cases—irrespective of patient age.
Implantation of everolimus‐eluting bioresorbable scaffolds in a diabetic all‐comers population—the future is now?
Authors: Sharma Ajay K. , Levy Michael S. 
Published: November 2015

Key Points

This article describes a single‐center experience of Everolimus‐eluting bioresorbable scaffolds as an alternative to drug eluting stents in diabetic patients with various presentations of coronary artery disease.
The results suggest the possibility of a paradigm shift for treatment in this population as ultimately no metallic remains are left to act as a nidus for inflammation.
The study suggests the benefits as well as technical limitations of the current bioresorbable scaffold (BRS) technology, such as increased strut thickness, decreased deliverability, and increase in major cardiovascular events compared to current drug eluting stent (DES) technology.
Refining rather than redefining the BVS in “real world”
Authors: Seth Ashok , Ezhumalai Babu 
Published: November 2015

Key Points

The article outlines the factors influencing acute recoil of BVS after implantation, especially the role of lesion preparation and predilatation.
It attracts attention to “optimal implantation technique” of BVS in complex “real world” patients to improve outcomes and avoid scaffold thrombosis.
Large multicenter registries/trials in complex lesions utilizing “optimal implantation techniques” could establish the role of BVS in our “real world” practice.
Conjunctival and pulmonary hemodynamic properties in sickle cell disease subjects with and without pulmonary hypertension
Authors: Kord Valeshabad Ali , Wanek Justin , Molokie Robert E. , Machado Roberto F. , Gordeuk Victor R. , Shahidi Mahnaz 
Published: November 2015

Key Clinical MessageConjunctival microvascular hemodynamic alterations were reported for the first time in sickle cell subjects with and without pulmonary hypertension. Assessment of the conjunctival microcirculation using noninvasive imaging may improve understanding of microvascular hemodynamic alterations that occur due to pulmonary hypertension in sickle cell disease.
Prenatal ultrasound diagnosis of cystic biliary atresia
Authors: Morel Baptiste , Kolanska Kamila , Dhombres Ferdinand , Jouannic Jean Marie , Franchi‐Abella Stéphanie , Ducou Le Pointe Hubert , Garel Catherine 
Published: November 2015

Key Clinical MessageNonvisualization of the gallbladder during the second trimester of pregnancy should prompt concern for biliary atresia. A normal‐sized gallbladder with irregular and crenelated wall associated with a cyst of the extrahepatic tract should raise concern for cystic biliary atresia.
Synthesis of Polypentenamer and Poly(Vinyl Alcohol) with a Phase‐Separable Polyisobutylene‐Supported Second‐Generation Hoveyda–Grubbs Catalyst
Authors: Al‐Hashimi Mohammed , Tuba Robert , Bazzi Hassan S. , Grubbs Robert H. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractEquilibrium ring‐opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) of cyclic olefins using a soluble supported second‐generation Ru complex has been investigated. Cycloolefin homo‐ and copolymers are of great academic and industrial importance owing to their interesting applications as packaging materials, adhesives in coatings, and optoelectronics. The supported complex exhibits good chemical stability and was effective in ROMP of strained cyclic olefins. In addition, the complex is easily phase separated from the product, resulting in lower residual ruthenium in the final polymer product compared with the homogeneous complex.
How Consistent are Publicly Reported Cytotoxicity Data? Large‐Scale Statistical Analysis of the Concordance of Public Independent Cytotoxicity Measurements
Authors: Cortés‐Ciriano Isidro , Bender Andreas 
Published: November 2015

AbstractWhile increased attention is being paid to the impact of data quality in cell‐line sensitivity and toxicology modeling, to date, no systematic study has evaluated the comparability of independent cytotoxicity measurements on a large‐scale. Here, we estimate the experimental uncertainty of public cytotoxicity data from ChEMBL version 19. We applied stringent filtering criteria to assemble a curated data set comprised of pIC50 data for compound–cell line systems measured in independent laboratories. The estimated experimental uncertainty calculated was a mean unsigned error (MUE) value of 0.61–0.76, a median unsigned error (MedUE) value of 0.51–0.58, and a standard deviation of 0.76–1.00 pIC50 units. The experimental uncertainty (σE) estimated from all pairs of cytotoxicity measurements with a ΔpIC50 value lower than 2.5 was found to be 0.59–0.77 pIC50 units, and thus 21–60 % and 21–26 % higher than that of pKi and pIC50 data for ligand–protein data (σE=0.47–0.48 pKi units and σE=0.57‐0.61 pIC50 units, respectively). The estimated σE value from the pairs of pIC50 values measured with metabolic assays was 0.98, whereas the σE value was found to be 0.69 when using the 1388 pIC50 pairs measured using exactly the same experimental setup. The maximum achievable Pearson correlation coefficient (
) of in silico models trained on cytotoxicity data from different laboratories was estimated to be 0.51–0.85, which is considerably different from the value of 1 corresponding to perfect predictions, hinting at the maximum performance one can expect also from computational cytotoxicity predictions. The lowest concordance between pairs of measurements was found for the drugs paclitaxel, methotrexate, zidovudine, and docetaxel, and for the cell lines HepG2, NCI‐H460, L1210, and CCRF‐CEM, hinting at particular sensitivity of those systems to experimental setups. The highest concordance was estimated for the compound–cell line system HL‐60–etoposide (σE=0.70), whereas the lowest for L1210–methotrexate (σE=1.68). We found that annotation errors are responsible for the high discordance observed for some pairs of measurements, pointing out the importance of data curation when automatically extracting cytotoxicity data from public databases. Likewise, these results highlight the importance of estimating compound cytotoxicity with assays providing complementary biological information (i.e., metabolic, clonogenic and assays based on cell membrane integrity), especially when the mechanism of action of test compounds is unknown. From this analysis, guidelines can be created on the reliability of cytotoxicity data from public databases, which could ultimately prove valuable for modeling purposes, and to guide reporting of data in the literature.
High‐Strength Composite Fibers from Cellulose–Lignin Blends Regenerated from Ionic Liquid Solution
Authors: Ma Yibo , Asaadi Shirin , Johansson Leena‐Sisko , Ahvenainen Patrik , Reza Mehedi , Alekhina Marina , Rautkari Lauri , Michud Anne , Hauru Lauri , Hummel Michael , Sixta Herbert 
Published: November 2015

AbstractComposite fibres that contain cellulose and lignin were produced from ionic liquid solutions by dry‐jet wet spinning. Eucalyptus dissolving pulp and organosolv/kraft lignin blends in different ratios were dissolved in the ionic liquid 1,5‐diazabicyclo[4.3.0]non‐5‐enium acetate to prepare a spinning dope from which composite fibres were spun successfully. The composite fibres had a high strength with slightly decreasing values for fibres with an increasing share of lignin, which is because of the reduction in crystallinity. The total orientation of composite fibres and SEM images show morphological changes caused by the presence of lignin. The hydrophobic contribution of lignin reduced the vapour adsorption in the fibre. Thermogravimetric analysis curves of the composite fibres reveal the positive effect of the lignin on the carbonisation yield. Finally, the composite fibre was found to be a potential raw material for textile manufacturing and as a precursor for carbon fibre production.
Enhancement of Lumbar Fusion and Alleviation of Adjacent Segment Disc Degeneration by Intermittent PTH(1-34) in Ovariectomized Rats
Authors: Zhou Zhuang , Tian Fa-Ming , Gou Yu , Wang Peng , Zhang Heng , Song Hui-Ping , Shen Yong , Zhang Ying-Ze , Zhang Liu 
Published: November 2015

ABSTRACT

Osteoporosis, which is prevalent in postmenopausal or aged populations, is thought to be a contributing factor to adjacent segment disc degeneration (ASDD), and the incidence and extent of ASDD may be augmented by osteopenia. Parathyroid hormone (PTH) (1-34) has already been shown to be beneficial in osteoporosis, lumbar fusion and matrix homeostasis of intervertebral discs. However, whether PTH(1-34) has a reversing or retarding effect on ASDD in osteopenia has not been confirmed. In the present study, we evaluated the effects of intermittent PTH(1-34) on ASDD in an ovariectomized (OVX) rat model. One hundred 3-month-old female Sprague-Dawley rats underwent L4–L5 posterolateral lumbar fusion (PLF) with spinous-process wire fixation 4 weeks after OVX surgery. Control groups were established accordingly. PTH(1-34) was intermittently administered immediately after PLF surgery and lasted for 8 weeks using the following groups (n = 20) (V = vehicle): Sham+V, OVX+V, Sham+PLF+V, OVX+PLF+V, OVX+PLF+PTH. The fused segments showed clear evidence of eliminated motion on the fusion-segment based on manual palpation. Greater new bone formation in histology was observed in PTH-treated animals compared to the control group. The extent of ASDD was significantly increased by ovariotomy. Intermittent PTH(1-34) significantly alleviated ASDD by preserving disc height, microvessel density, relative area of vascular buds, endplate thickness and the relative area of endplate calcification. Moreover, protein expression results showed that PTH(1-34) not only inhibited matrix degradation by decreasing MMP-13, ADAMTS-4 and Col-I, but also promote matrix synthesis by increasing Col-II and Aggrecan. In conclusion, PTH(1-34), which effectively improves lumbar fusion and alleviates ASDD in ovariectomized rats, may be a potential candidate to ameliorate the prognosis of lumbar fusion in osteopenia. © 2015 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
What is a clinically relevant difference in MDADI scores between groups of head and neck cancer patients?
Authors: Hutcheson Katherine A. , Barrow Martha P. , Lisec Asher , Barringer Denise A. , Gries Kacie , Lewin Jan S. 
Published: November 2015

Objective/HypothesisTo describe clinically relevant between‐group differences in MD Anderson Dysphagia Inventory (MDADI) scores among head and neck cancer (HNC) patients.Study DesignRetrospective cross‐sectional study was conducted in 1,136 HNC patients seen for modified barium swallow (MBS) studies.MethodsThe MDADI was administered by written questionnaire at the MBS appointment. MD Anderson Dysphagia Inventory global, composite, and subscale scores were calculated. Anchor‐based methods were employed to determine clinically meaningful between‐group differences by feeding tube status, aspiration status (per MBS study), and diet level.ResultsMean MDADI scores for the 1,136 patients were: emotional 65.8 ± 17.3, functional 68.1 ± 19.6, physical 60.1 ± 18.6, global 59.3 ± 28.3, and composite 64.0 ± 17.1. Three hundred seventy‐eight patients (33%) were feeding tube‐dependent; 395 (34.8%) were aspirators; 122 (11%) were nothing per oral (Performance Status Scale‐Head and Neck [PSS‐HN] diet = 0); and 249 (22%) ate unrestricted, regular diets (PSS‐HN diet = 100). Statistically significant (P < 0.0001) between‐group differences (feeding tube vs. no feeding tube, aspirator vs. nonaspirator, oral vs. nonoral diet, PSS‐HN diet levels) were observed for all mean MDADI scores (global, composite, and subscales). A mean difference of 10 points in composite MDADI scores differentiated feeding tube‐dependent from nontube‐dependent patients, aspirators from nonaspirators, and distinct PSS‐HN diet levels.ConclusionsWe identify that a 10‐point between‐group difference in composite MDADI scores was associated with clinically meaningful between‐group differences in swallowing function.Level of Evidence4. Laryngoscope, 126:1108–1113, 2016
The Mechanism and Thermodynamic Studies of CMRP: Different Control Mechanisms Demonstrated by CoII(TMP), CoII(salen*), and CoII(acac)2 Mediated Polymerization, and the Correlation of Reduction Potential, Equilibrium Constant, and Control Mechanism
Authors: Wang Fu‐Sheng , Yang Tsung‐Yao , Hsu Ching‐Chun , Chen Ya‐Jo , Li Ming‐Han , Hsu Yu‐Jie , Chuang Min‐Chieh , Peng Chi‐How 
Published: November 2015

The mechanism study of cobalt mediated radical polymerization (CMRP) is performed with CoII(TMP), CoII(salen*), and CoII(acac)2 at 60 °C to demonstrate that the control of vinyl acetate radical polymerization is achieved via a degenerative transfer pathway when CoII(TMP) and CoII(salen*) are used but via a reversible termination process with equilibrium constant (Keq) equal to 1.4 × 106 m−1 when CoII(acac)2 is the mediator. Given by the measured Keq in CMRP with varied cobalt complexes and the reduction potential (E1/2) of the corresponding cobalt complexes, a linear correlation between log(Keq), and E1/2 is found and can be used to estimate the Keq of other CMRP systems. With the enriched database of Keq values, the control mechanisms of CMRP are quantitatively defined by CoII/CoIII equilibrium constant. The connection of reduction potential, equilibrium constant, and control mechanism would contribute to the in‐depth understanding of CMRP process.
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Preparation of Head‐to‐Tail Regioregular 6‐(1‐Alkenyl)‐Functionalized Poly(pyridine‐2,5‐diyl) and its Post‐Functionalization via Hydroboration
Authors: Grandl Markus , Pammer Frank 
Published: November 2015

In this work, the preparation of head‐to‐tail regioregular poly(6‐(1‐tridecenyl)‐pyridine‐2,5‐diyl) (PPy) and its post‐functionalization via hydroboration is described. PPy has been prepared via Kumada‐coupling polycondensation with different catalytic systems. Number‐average molecular weights of up to Mn = 14.7 kDa (PDI = 2.0, DPn = 60) can be obtained, as determined by gel permeation chromatography relative to polystyrene standards. PPy has been characterized by MALDI‐TOF MS, optical spectroscopy, and cyclic voltammetry. The regioregularity of the material is confirmed by comparison with a head‐to‐head‐tail‐to‐tail regioregular polybipyridine (PBPy, Mn = 14.0 kDa, PDI = 1.5, DPn = 29). The 1‐alkenyl‐substituents in PPy have been introduced to provide functional groups for post‐functionalization. Herein, it is also demonstrated that these internal double‐bonds are sufficiently reactive to allow for hydroboration with 9H‐borabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane (9H‐BBN), to furnish an intermediate borylated polymer (PPyHB). Treatment of PPyHB with strong acids, and characterization of the deborylated polymer PPyH2 proves quantitative conversion of the precursor polymer.
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Two novel regulators of N‐acetyl‐galactosamine utilization pathway and distinct roles in bacterial infections
Authors: Zhang Huimin , Ravcheev Dmitry A. , Hu Dan , Zhang Fengyu , Gong Xiufang , Hao Lina , Cao Min , Rodionov Dmitry A. , Wang Changjun , Feng Youjun 
Published: November 2015

AbstractBacterial pathogens can exploit metabolic pathways to facilitate their successful infection cycles, but little is known about roles of d‐galactosamine (GalN)/N‐acetyl‐d‐galactosamine (GalNAc) catabolism pathway in bacterial pathogenesis. Here, we report the genomic reconstruction of GalN/GalNAc utilization pathway in Streptococci and the diversified aga regulons. We delineated two new paralogous AgaR regulators for the GalN/GalNAc catabolism pathway. The electrophoretic mobility shift assays experiment demonstrated that AgaR2 (AgaR1) binds the predicted palindromes, and the combined in vivo data from reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction and RNA‐seq suggested that AgaR2 (not AgaR1) can effectively repress the transcription of the target genes. Removal of agaR2 (not agaR1) from Streptococcus suis 05ZYH33 augments significantly the abilities of both adherence to Hep‐2 cells and anti‐phagocytosis against RAW264.7 macrophage. As anticipated, the dysfunction in AgaR2‐mediated regulation of S. suis impairs its pathogenicity in experimental models of both mice and piglets. Our finding discovered two novel regulators specific for GalN/GalNAc catabolism and assigned them distinct roles into bacterial infections. To the best of our knowledge, it might represent a first paradigm that links the GalN/GalNAc catabolism pathway to bacterial pathogenesis.