bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Management of prolonged epistaxis in pregnancy: case report
Authors: Cornthwaite K , Varadharajan K , Oyarzabal M , Watson H 
Published: July 2013

AbstractObjectives:To report a case of life-threatening epistaxis in a pregnant patient, describe the links between pregnancy and epistaxis, and discuss the management of such cases. Life-threatening epistaxis in pregnancy is rare, and there are no specific evidence-based guidelines regarding the management of these patients.Case report:A 31-year-old primigravida presented with severe epistaxis in the second trimester of her pregnancy. Conservative measures failed, thereby necessitating surgical intervention.Conclusion:This case illustrates the importance of a multidisciplinary approach in the management of a pregnant patient presenting with severe epistaxis, and highlights the surgical challenges presented in such a situation.
Soliton dynamics in an extended nonlinear Schrödinger equation with a spatial counterpart of the stimulated Raman scattering
Authors: GROMOV E. M. , MALOMED B. A. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractThe dynamics of solitons is considered in the framework of the extended nonlinear Schrödinger equation (NLSE), which is derived from a system of Zakharov's type for the interaction between high-frequency (HF) and low-frequency (LF) waves, in which the LF field is subject to diffusive damping. The model may apply to the propagation of HF waves in plasmas. The resulting NLSE includes a pseudo-stimulated-Raman-scattering (PSRS) term, i.e. a spatial-domain counterpart of the SRS term, which is well known as an ingredient of the temporal-domain NLSE in optics. Also included is inhomogeneity of the spatial second-order diffraction (SOD). It is shown that the wavenumber downshift of solitons, caused by the PSRS, may be compensated by an upshift provided by the SOD whose coefficient is a linear function of the coordinate. An analytical solution for solitons is obtained in an approximate form. Analytical and numerical results agree well, including the predicted balance between the PSRS and the linearly inhomogeneous SOD.
Ion acoustic waves in expanding strongly coupled plasmas
Authors: MENDONÇA J. T. , SHUKLA N. , RESENDES D. P. , SERBETO A. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractWe consider the excitation and dispersion of ion acoustic waves in expanding ultracold plasmas, taking into account the influence of boundary conditions. A cylindrical plasma geometry is assumed. We show that temporal changes in the medium lead to a wave frequency shift, associated with an evolving radial and standing wave mode structure, and to the temporal change of the background plasma parameters. A non-collisional model for the cylindrical geometry is also proposed.
Resistance, Engagement, and Heritage Conservation by Voluntary Sector: The Case of Penang in Malaysia
Authors: CHENG EDMUND W. , LI ANTHONY H. F. , MA SHU-YUN 
Published: July 2013

AbstractAn enduring question with regard to the voluntary sector is how it can nurture civic engagement and provide public goods. A World Heritage listing for Penang highlights this question by revealing a vibrant civil society network that has made heritage conservation an issue for public discourse and policy agenda. This paper discusses how the marginalized trajectory of Penang is related to the development of its civic realm, social cohesion and local identity, which are sources of Penang's voluntarism. It then examines the engagement pattern of the Penang Heritage Trust, a leading association, which has mounted resistance against the state's failure in heritage provision. This bottom-up approach has preserved Penang's cultural heritage and associated identity, and reveals the distinct nature and capacity of Penang's voluntary sector that goes against the general pattern in Malaysia.
Diagrams in biology
Authors: Perini Laura 
Published: July 2013

AbstractBiologists depend on visual representations, and their use of diagrams has drawn the attention of philosophers, historians, and sociologists interested in understanding how these images are involved in biological reasoning. These studies, however, proceed from identification of diagrams on the basis of their spare visual appearance, and do not draw on a foundational theory of the nature of diagrams as representations. This approach has limited the extent to which we understand how these diagrams are involved in biological reasoning. In this paper, I characterize three different kinds of figures among those previously identified as diagrams. The features that make these figures distinctive as representational types, furthermore, illuminate the ways in which they are involved in biological reasoning.
Unsupervised acquisition of entailment relations from the Web
Authors: SZPEKTOR IDAN , TANEV HRISTO , DAGAN IDO , COPPOLA BONAVENTURA , KOUYLEKOV MILEN 
Published: July 2013

AbstractEntailment recognition is a primary generic task in natural language inference, whose focus is to detect whether the meaning of one expression can be inferred from the meaning of the other. Accordingly, many NLP applications would benefit from high coverage knowledgebases of paraphrases and entailment rules. To this end, learning such knowledgebases from the Web is especially appealing due to its huge size as well as its highly heterogeneous content, allowing for a more scalable rule extraction of various domains. However, the scalability of state-of-the-art entailment rule acquisition approaches from the Web is still limited. We present a fully unsupervised learning algorithm for Web-based extraction of entailment relations. We focus on increased scalability and generality with respect to prior work, with the potential of a large-scale Web-based knowledgebase. Our algorithm takes as its input a lexical–syntactic template and searches the Web for syntactic templates that participate in an entailment relation with the input template. Experiments show promising results, achieving performance similar to a state-of-the-art unsupervised algorithm, operating over an offline corpus, but with the benefit of learning rules for different domains with no additional effort.
“Watch Out For The Sharks”: Gender, Technology, and Commerce in the American Song-Poem Industry
Authors: INGLESE FRANCESCA 
Published: July 2013

AbstractSince the early 1900s, song-poem entrepreneurs, often referred to as “song sharks,” have fueled a diffuse and largely hidden American industry that produces music to accompany the poems and lyrics of amateur writers. These entrepreneurs have long been demonized in the popular media for preying on the naiveté of their clientele. Yet despite charges of exploitation, this musical equivalent of the vanity press has survived for over a century. Although the vast majority of song-poets and their song-poems have remained in obscurity, in the 1990s, song-poems developed a cult following among record collectors; as “anonymous collaborations,” these recordings highlighted tensions between poignant personal expression and impersonal commercial rendering that appealed to listeners with a penchant for the obscure. This article draws on advertisements, sheet music, media coverage, and personal interviews to piece together a history of the song-poem industry, with particular focus on the gendered dimensions of the practice, the role of technology in the production process, and the multiplicity of meanings embedded in song-poems for both song-poets and collectors.
Interferon-induced RIP1/RIP3-mediated necrosis requires PKR and is licensed by FADD and caspases
Authors: Thapa Roshan J. , Nogusa Shoko , Chen Peirong , Maki Jenny L. , Lerro Anthony , Andrake Mark , Rall Glenn F. , Degterev Alexei , Balachandran Siddharth 
Published: July 2013

Significance
The interferons are small secreted proteins with powerful antiviral and cytotoxic properties. Here, we outline a signaling pathway activated by interferons that results in the precipitous necrotic death of susceptible cells. Interferon-induced necrosis proceeds via a novel, progressive mechanism that requires RNA transcription, as well as the sequential activity of three serine-threonine kinases: PKR, RIP1, and RIP3. This pronecrotic kinase cascade is normally held in check by FADD and caspases. As FADD can be disabled by phosphorylation during mitosis, our findings suggest the existence of a putative cell cycle-dependent checkpoint that licenses interferon-induced necrosis.
Insight into mechanisms of 3′-5′ exonuclease activity and removal of bulky 8,5′-cyclopurine adducts by apurinic/apyrimidinic endonucleases
Authors: Mazouzi Abdelghani , Vigouroux Armelle , Aikeshev Bulat , Brooks Philip J. , Saparbaev Murat K. , Morera Solange , Ishchenko Alexander A. 
Published: July 2013

SignificanceOxidative DNA damage has been postulated to play an important role in human neurodegenerative disorders and cancer. 8,5′-cyclo-2′-deoxyadenosine (cdA) is generated in DNA by hydroxyl radical attack and strongly blocks DNA replication and transcription. Here we demonstrate that cdA adducts at 3′ termini of DNA can be removed by 3′-5′ exonuclease activity of the apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) endonucleases:Escherichia coliXth and human APE1. The crystal structure of bacterial AP endonuclease in complex with DNA duplex provides insight into the mechanism of this activity. This new repair function provides an alternative pathway to counteract genotoxic effect of helix-distorting DNA lesions.
The placebo and nocebo effects on peak minute power during incremental arm crank ergometry
Authors: Bottoms Lindsay , Buscombe Richard , Nicholettos Andrew 
Published: July 2013

AbstractThis investigation aimed to explore the effects of inert sugar‐free drinks described as either ‘performance enhancing’ (placebo) or ‘fatigue inducing’ (nocebo) on peak minute power (PMP;W) during incremental arm crank ergometry (ACE). Twelve healthy, non‐specifically trained individuals volunteered to take part. A single‐blind randomised controlled trial with repeated measures was used to assess for differences in PMP;W, oxygen uptake, heart rate (HR), minute ventilation, respiratory exchange ratio (RER) and subjective reports of local ratings of perceived exertion (LRPE) and central ratings of perceived exertion (CRPE), between three separate, but identical ACE tests. Participants were required to drink either 500 ml of a ‘sports performance’ drink (placebo), a ‘fatigue‐inducing’ drink (nocebo) or water prior to exercise. The placebo caused a significant increase in PMP;W, and a significant decrease in LRPE compared to the nocebo (p=0.01; p=0.001) and water trials (p=0.01). No significant differences in PMP;W between the nocebo and water were found. However, the nocebo drink did cause a significant increase in LRPE (p=0.01). These results suggest that the time has come to broaden our understanding of the placebo and nocebo effects and their potential to impact sports performance.
Understanding the effects of a new grazing policy: the impact of seasonal grazing on shrub demography in the Inner Mongolian steppe
Authors: Li Shou‐Li , Yu Fei‐Hai , Werger Marinus J. A. , Dong Ming , Ramula Satu , Zuidema Pieter A. 
Published: July 2013

Summary

Grazing by livestock is a common land use in arid and semi‐arid areas. Developing sustainable grazing regimes that conserve vegetation and maintain productivity is therefore important in these ecosystems. To solve environmental problems induced by overgrazing in Chinese semi‐arid regions, the Chinese government has recently implemented a new policy of seasonal grazing, with no grazing from April to July. While this policy has been implemented in huge areas, its consequences for grazed plant populations have not been assessed so far.

We evaluated the demographic consequences of seasonal grazing for Caragana intermedia, a long‐lived dominant shrub serving as a main food source for livestock in Inner Mongolia, China. Controlled seasonally grazed and ungrazed populations were monitored during 2007–2009, and their vital rates were compared. We then constructed integral projection models (IPMs) to analyse the effects of seasonal grazing on population dynamics.

Seasonal grazing negatively affected two vital rates: seedling survival and seedling recruitment were 25–71% and 69–91% lower in the seasonally grazed treatment than in the ungrazed situation, respectively. Seasonal grazing had a minimal effect on adult survival and growth, but improved juvenile survival by 8–31%.

Despite its effects on several vital rates, seasonal grazing did not significantly affect long‐term population growth rates (λ), which remained close to unity in both grazed and ungrazed areas based on deterministic and stochastic analyses. An elasticity analysis showed that population growth rate was mainly governed by the high survival of large adults. Results of Life Table Response Experiments (LTREs) revealed that variation in population growth rates across treatments and years was more strongly governed by temporal differences than by grazing.

Synthesis and applications. Our study showed that the relatively large changes in vital rates induced by seasonal grazing did not affect population growth rates. Caragana intermedia populations can be sustained under the seasonal grazing regime probably because the grazing intensity is moderate and because this species has a high probability of adult survival under grazing. Plant species with similar life‐history traits to C. intermedia are likely to offer good opportunities for sustainable seasonal grazing regimes in arid and semi‐arid inland ecosystems.
Parental environments and interactions with conspecifics alter salinity tolerance of offspring in the annual Medicago truncatula
Authors: Castro Brenna M. , Moriuchi Ken S. , Friesen Maren L. , Badri Mounawer , Nuzhdin Sergey V. , Strauss Sharon Y. , Cook Douglas R. , von Wettberg Eric 
Published: July 2013

Summary

Based on expectations of the stress‐gradient hypothesis for conspecific interactions, stress‐sensitive genotypes may be able to persist in stressful environments when positive interactions between individuals occur under stressful environments. Additionally, we test how parental environmental effects alter responses to stress and outcomes of conspecific interactions in stress. While the stress‐gradient hypothesis focuses on plant growth, earlier flowering may provide stress avoidance in short‐lived organisms.

We studied responses to soil salinity and conspecific neighbour using genotypes of Medicago truncatula (Fabaceae) originating from saline or non‐saline environments, utilizing seeds from parental plants grown in saline or non‐saline environments. During the early stages of reproduction, we quantified leaf number, as a measure of vegetative growth, and number of flowers, as a measure of early reproduction potential.

Based on leaf counts, non‐saline genotypes were better competitors than saline‐origin genotypes and benefited from neighbouring plants in saline environments. This positive interaction was detected only when seeds were matured on parental plants grown in non‐saline environments. Saline‐origin genotypes displayed greater salinity tolerance in early flowering than non‐saline genotypes. Plants with neighbours had greater early flowering, regardless of origin, consistent with facilitative interactions in stressful environments.

Transgenerational plastic responses influenced neighbouring plant interactions on plant growth, and results suggest that facilitative interactions may be transient only persisting for one generation. However, earlier flowering of non‐saline genotypes when grown with a neighbouring plant is consistent with facilitative interactions resulting in reproductive benefits in saline environments, if earlier flowering is favoured in saline environments.

Synthesis. Adaptation to stressful environments allows tolerant genotypes to persist in these environments. Less appreciated is that stress‐sensitive genotypes lacking such adaptations may persist in stressful environments via positive interactions with other individuals. Thus, positive interactions between individuals may explain the persistence of stress‐sensitive genotypes within a population adapted to stressful environments.
Indocyanine green concentrations used in chromovitrectomy cause a reversible functional alteration in the outer blood–retinal barrier
Authors: Liu Zengping , Meyer Carsten H. , Fimmers Rolf , Stanzel Boris V. ,   International Chromovitrectomy Collaboration
Published: July 2013

AbstractPurposeTo assess tight junction integrity in cultured human foetal retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) after exposure to clinically relevant indocyanine green (ICG) concentrations.MethodsHuman foetal RPE was cultured with the Hu & Bok method. The apical compartments of well‐differentiated cultures were exposed to 0.125, 0.05 and 0.025 mg/ml ICG with or without 10‐min illumination. Vehicle and trypsin/EDTA or EDTA alone served as controls. Three minutes was chosen to mimic surgical exposure time, while 3 h was used for toxicity assays, with subsequent wash out. Cell–cell junctions were studied before and after exposure by phase contrast microscopy and immunofluorescence (ZO‐1). Blood–retinal barrier function was measured through transepithelial electrical resistance (TER).ResultsAt 6–8 weeks postconfluence, RPE had grown into pigmented hexagonal monolayers with stable TER (435–1227 Ω*cm2). After 3 min ICG exposure, cell morphology remained unchanged, with patchy cell–cell dissociation in positive controls. A continuous ZO‐1 signal was detected in ICG groups, whereas trypsin controls showed patchy loss of the tight junction stain. TER had dropped at 1.5 h after 3 min exposure to 22.8 ± 3.1%, compared with 10.2 ± 3.9% in positive controls. Surgical light illumination did not affect TER. After 3 h exposure to 0.05 mg/ml ICG, TER decreased to 58.1 ± 8.3%, while vehicle controls maintained similar levels as prior to exposure (92.7 ± 2.4%). TER recovered in all ICG groups to prior levels within 3 days.ConclusionIndocyanine green (ICG) exposure induced a transient decrease in transepithelial electrical resistance, despite unaltered tight junction structure.
Learning disability: experience of diagnosis
Authors: Kenyon Elinor , Beail Nigel , Jackson Tom 
Published: July 2013

Accessible summary

This study asked people with learning disabilities what it was like to find out they had a learning disability.

It found that the experience of finding out they have a learning disability can be a difficult experience which takes time to come to terms with.

This research could help professionals support people better with this.

SummaryStudies have focused on the experience of diagnosis from the perspectives of parents of children with learning disabilities, but there has been limited methodologically rigorous investigation into the experience for the person themselves. Eight participants were recruited from a range of different backgrounds. Interviews were analysed using interpretive phenomenological analysis. Three main themes emerged. The first concerned awareness of difference. Participants described becoming aware of an unwanted difference at school. Adolescence appeared as a time when an increased understanding of disability developed. In the second theme of ‘the relationship with nondisabled others’, participants described their opinions on labelling and their perspectives on how others viewed them. The final theme explored coping responses to stigma.
Genomics and anterior segment dysgenesis: a review
Authors: Ito Yoko A , Walter Michael A 
Published: July 2013

AbstractAnterior segment dysgenesis refers to a spectrum of disorders affecting structures in the anterior segment of the eye including the iris, cornea and trabecular meshwork. Approximately 50% of patients with anterior segment dysgenesis develop glaucoma. Traditional genetic methods using linkage analysis and family‐based studies have identified numerous disease‐causing genes such as PAX6, FOXC1 and PITX2. Despite these advances, phenotypic and genotypic heterogeneity pose continuing challenges to understand the mechanisms underlying the complexity of anterior segment dysgenesis disorders. Genomic methods, such as genome‐wide association studies, are potentially an effective tool to understand anterior segment dysgenesis and the individual susceptibility to the development of glaucoma. In this review, we provide the rationale, as well as the challenges, to utilizing genomic methods to examine anterior segment dysgenesis disorders.
The impact of intravenous fluid administration on complication rates in bowel surgery within an enhanced recovery protocol: a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Zakhaleva J. , Tam J. , Denoya P. I. , Bishawi M. , Bergamaschi R. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractAimA randomized controlled trial was conducted to test the hypothesis that there is no difference in complications in patients receiving intravenous (iv) water and electrolyte, based on either stroke volume or clinical indicators at bowel surgery.MethodEligible patients were randomized either to intra‐operative iv administration of fluid boluses based on stroke volume measured by oesophageal Doppler (probe arm) or to iv fluid based on clinical indicators (no‐probe arm). The end‐point was the complication rate, defined as deviation from an uneventful postoperative course. Surgery was defined as elective bowel resection with primary anastomosis. All patients were on an enhanced recovery protocol. A randomized controlled trial suggested a sample size of 91 patients.ResultsNinety‐one patients were randomized. Seventeen were excluded because of withdrawal of consent, failure of the procedure or cancellation of surgery. Patients were comparable for age (P = 0.89), gender (P = 0.14), body mass index (BMI) (P = 0.7), American Society of Anesthesiology (ASA) score (P > 0.9), race (P = 0.55), colorectal POSSUM score (P = 0.11), comorbidity (P = 0.4), previous operations (P = 0.45) and diagnosis (P = 0.50). Physiological and Operative Severity Score for the Enumeration of Morbidity and Mortality (POSSUM)‐predicted mortality was higher in the test (probe) arm (P = 0.011). No differences were observed in epidural analgesia (P = 0.16), type of resection (P = 0.43), incision length (P = 0.40), type of incision (P = 0.47), operation time (P = 0.92), estimated blood loss (EBL) (P = 0.56), time to ambulation (P = 0.95), flatus (P = 0.37), diet (P = 0.17), removal of the epidural anaesthesia (P = 0.26) and length of hospital stay (LOS) (P = 0.575). Intra‐operative fluids administered were 3.1 (0.7–77) vs 4 (0.9–6.2) liters (P = 0.53). Postoperative fluids administered were 12.5 (5.5–84.6) vs 11.3 (3.4–49.8) (P = 0.42). Overall and septic complication rates were significantly decreased in the test arm (7/32 (22%) vs 19/40 (49%) (P = 0.022) and 2/32 (6.2%) vs 12/40 (30%) (P = 0.05), respectively).ConclusionIntra‐operative administration of iv water and electrolyte during bowel surgery, based on stroke volume measured using oesophageal Doppler, was associated with decreased complication rates.