bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The effectiveness of annotated (vs. non‐annotated) digital pathology slides as a teaching tool during dermatology and pathology residencies
Authors: Marsch Amanda F. , Espiritu Baltazar , Groth John , Hutchens Kelli A. 
Published: March 2014

BackgroundWith today's technology, paraffin‐embedded, hematoxylin & eosin‐stained pathology slides can be scanned to generate high quality virtual slides. Using proprietary software, digital images can also be annotated with arrows, circles and boxes to highlight certain diagnostic features. Previous studies assessing digital microscopy as a teaching tool did not involve the annotation of digital images. The objective of this study was to compare the effectiveness of annotated digital pathology slides versus non‐annotated digital pathology slides as a teaching tool during dermatology and pathology residencies.MethodsA study group composed of 31 dermatology and pathology residents was asked to complete an online pre‐quiz consisting of 20 multiple choice style questions, each associated with a static digital pathology image. After completion, participants were given access to an online tutorial composed of digitally annotated pathology slides and subsequently asked to complete a post‐quiz. A control group of 12 residents completed a non‐annotated version of the tutorial.ResultsNearly all participants in the study group improved their quiz score, with an average improvement of 17%, versus only 3% (P = 0.005) in the control group.ConclusionsThese results support the notion that annotated digital pathology slides are superior to non‐annotated slides for the purpose of resident education.
Diagnostic approach to microcephaly in childhood: a two‐center study and review of the literature
Authors: von der Hagen Maja , Pivarcsi Mark , Liebe Juliane , von Bernuth Horst , Didonato Nataliya , Hennermann Julia B , Bührer Christoph , Wieczorek Dagmar , Kaindl Angela M 
Published: March 2014

AimThe aim of this study was to assess the diagnostic approach to microcephaly in childhood and to identify the prevalence of the various underlying causes/disease entities.MethodWe conducted a retrospective study on a cohort of 680 children with microcephaly (399 males, 281 females; mean age at presentation 7–8mo, range 1mo–5y) from patients presenting to Charité – University Medicine Berlin (n=474) and University Hospital Dresden (n=206). Patient discharge letters were searched electronically to identify cases of microcephaly, and then the medical records of these patients were used to analyze parameters for distribution.ResultsThe putative aetiology for microcephaly was ascertained in 59% of all patients, leaving 41% without a definite diagnosis. In the cohort of pathogenetically defined microcephaly, genetic causes were identified in about half of the patients, perinatal brain damage accounted for 45%, and postnatal brain damage for 3% of the cases. Microcephaly was associated with intellectual impairment in 65% of participants, epilepsy was diagnosed in 43%, and ophthalmological disorders were found in 30%. Brain magnetic resonance imaging revealed abnormalities in 76% of participants.InterpretationMicrocephaly remains a poorly defined condition, and a uniform diagnostic approach is urgently needed. A definite aetiological diagnosis is important in order to predict the prognosis and offer genetic counselling. Identifying gene mutations as causes of microcephaly increases our knowledge of brain development and the clinical spectrum of microcephaly. We therefore propose a standardized initial diagnostic approach to microcephaly.
Depressive symptoms and cardiovascular burden‐related mortality among the aged
Authors: Hiltunen Matti , Nieminen Tuomo , Kettunen Raimo , Hartikainen Sirpa , Sulkava Raimo , Vuolteenaho Olli , Kerola Tuomas 
Published: March 2014

AbstractBackgroundDepressive symptoms have been linked to increased cardiovascular mortality among the elderly. This study was aimed to test the independent and additive predictive value of depressive symptoms andB‐type natriuretic peptide (BNP), a marker of direct cardiovascular stress and a strong predictor of mortality, together with traditional cardiovascular risk markers on total and cardiovascular mortalities in a general elderly population.MethodsA total of 508 subjects aged 75 or older participated in the study. The prognostic capacity of depressive symptoms andBNPin regard to total and cardiovascular mortalities was assessed with Cox regression analyses. Depressive symptoms were handled as a dichotomous variable based on the Zung self‐rated depression scale score with a cut‐off point of 40.ResultsThe median follow‐up time was 84 months with an interquartile range of 36–99 months. Depressive symptoms reflected susceptibility to all‐cause (HR1·60; 95%CI1·26–2·04) and cardiovascular mortalities (HR1·81; 95%CI1·30–2·52) only in univariable analyses. When cardiovascular illnesses and risk markers were taken into account, depressive symptoms lost their significance as an independent predictor of mortality.BNPas a continuous variable was a significant predictor of both all‐cause (HR1·44; 95%CI1·22–1·69) and cardiovascular mortalities (HR1·79; 95%CI1·44–2·22) in fully adjusted models including depressive symptoms as a covariate.ConclusionsThe prognostic capacity of depressive symptoms is closely linked to cardiovascular morbidity and has no independent power in an elderly general population.BNPremains a strong harbinger of death regardless of depressive symptoms status.
The evolution of the vertebrate cerebellum: absence of a proliferative external granule layer in a non‐teleost ray‐finned fish
Authors: Butts Thomas , Modrell Melinda S. , Baker Clare V.H. , Wingate Richard J.T. 
Published: March 2014

SUMMARYThe cerebellum represents one of the most morphologically variable structures in the vertebrate brain. To shed light on its evolutionary history, we have examined the molecular anatomy and proliferation of the developing cerebellum of the North American paddlefish, Polyodon spathula. Absence of an external proliferative cerebellar layer and the restriction of Atonal1 expression to the rhombic lip and valvular primordium demonstrate that transit amplification in a cerebellar external germinal layer, a prominent feature of amniote cerebellum development, is absent in paddlefish. Furthermore, expression of Sonic hedgehog, which drives secondary proliferation in the mouse cerebellum, is absent from the paddlefish cerebellum. These data are consistent with what has been observed in zebrafish and suggest that the transit amplification seen in the amniote cerebellum was either lost very early in the ray‐finned fish lineage or evolved in the lobe‐finned fish lineage. We also suggest that the Atoh1‐positive proliferative valvular primordium may represent a synapomorphy (shared derived character) of ray‐finned fishes. The topology of valvular primordium development in paddlefish differs significantly from that of zebrafish and correlates with the adult cerebellar form. The distribution of proliferative granule cell precursors in different vertebrate taxa is thus the likely determining factor in cerebellar morphological diversity.
Combination of the fungus Beauveria bassiana and pheromone in an attract‐and‐kill strategy against the banana weevil, Cosmopolites sordidus
Authors: Lopes Rogério B. , Laumann Raul A. , Moore Dave , Oliveira Márcio W. M. , Faria Marcos 
Published: March 2014

AbstractAn attract‐and‐kill approach based on pellets from soybean or palm stearin fats blended with the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuill. sensu lato and the aggregation pheromone sordidin (Cosmolure®) was tested against the banana weevil, Cosmopolites sordidus (Germar) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). The viability of B. bassiana conidia, blended with hydrogenated oil and exposed for up to 150 min to heating at 50 °C, was not affected and the aggregation pheromone did not undergo any decomposition. Conidial viability in pellets decreased by 50% after an average of 15.1 and 9.1 days at 25 and 40 °C, respectively, when packaged in polypropylene bags. Active packaging (hermetic bag + O2/moisture‐absorbing sachet) increased the shelf lives almost 10 and 6 times at 25 and 40 °C, respectively. In olfactometer bioassays, fat pellets amended with pheromone (sordidin, 1% wt/vol) were highly attractive to C. sordidus adults for up to 15 days, after which the pheromone release rate had decreased by about 90% and pellets were no longer attractive. Pellets with pheromone and conidia were as attractive to C. sordidus as banana rhizomes, and considerably more attractive than pieces of pseudostem. In no‐choice experiments conducted in boxes, survival of insects exposed to fungus‐impregnated pellets was affected by fat type (soybean fat vs. palm stearin) and bioassay temperature (25 vs. 30 °C), with results favoring soybean fat pellets at the higher temperature (96.9% of mortality after 18 days and ST50 of 7.7 days). However, mortality levels were low (21.7% for soybean fat pellets) or very low (1–5% for palm stearin pellets) in choice experiments carried out at 25 °C when fungus‐impregnated pellets were applied before or after exposure of pseudostem residues to insects, respectively. The potential of this delivery system to manage C. sordidus populations and other insect pests (including those with cryptic habits) is discussed.
Stimulus duration and diversity do not reverse the advantage for superordinate‐level representations: the animal is seen before the bird
Authors: Poncet Marlène , Fabre‐Thorpe Michèle 
Published: March 2014

AbstractBasic‐level categorization has long been thought to be the entry level for object representations. However, this view is now challenged. In particular, Macé et al. [M.J.‐M. Macé et al. (2009) PLoS One, 4, e5927] showed that basic‐level categorization (such as ‘bird’) requires a longer processing time than superordinate‐level categorization (such as ‘animal’). It has been argued that this result depends on the brief stimulus presentation times used in their study, which would degrade the visual information available. Here, we used a go/no‐go paradigm to test whether the superordinate‐level advantage could be observed with longer stimulus durations, and also investigated the impact of manipulating the target and distractor set heterogeneity. Our results clearly show that presentation time had no effect on categorization performance. Both target and distractor diversity influenced performance, but basic‐level categories were never accessed faster or with higher accuracy than superordinate‐level categories. These results argue in favor of coarse to fine visual processing to access perceptual representations.
Localizing evoked and induced responses to faces using magnetoencephalography
Authors: Perry Gavin , Singh Krish D. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractA rich pattern of responses in frequency, time and space are known to be generated in the visual cortex in response to faces. Recently, a number of studies have used magnetoencephalography (MEG) to try to record these responses non‐invasively – in many cases using source analysis techniques based on the beamforming method. Here we sought both to characterize best practice for measuring face‐specific responses using MEG beamforming, and to determine whether the results produced by the beamformer match evidence from other modalities. We measured activity to visual presentation of face stimuli and phase‐scrambled control stimuli, and performed source analyses of both induced and evoked responses using Synthetic Aperture Magnetometry. We localized the gamma‐band response to bilateral lateral occipital cortex, and both the gamma‐band response and the M170‐evoked response to the right fusiform gyrus. Differences in the gamma‐band response between faces and scrambled stimuli were confined to the frequency range 50–90 Hz; gamma‐band activity at higher frequencies did not differ between the two stimulus categories. We additionally identified a component of the M220‐evoked response – localized to the parieto‐occipital sulcus – which was enhanced for scrambled vs. unscrambled faces. These findings help to establish that MEG beamforming can localize face‐specific responses in time, frequency and space with good accuracy (when validated against established findings from functional magnetic resonance imaging and intracranial recordings), as well as contributing to the establishment of best methodological practice for the use of the beamformer method to measure face‐specific responses.
The effect of air puff stress on c‐Fos expression in rat hypothalamus and brainstem: central circuitry mediating sympathoexcitation and baroreflex resetting
Authors: Furlong Teri M. , McDowall Lachlan M. , Horiuchi Jouji , Polson Jaimie W. , Dampney Roger A. L. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractPsychological stress evokes increases in sympathetic activity and blood pressure, which are due at least in part to an upward resetting of the baroreceptor‐sympathetic reflex. In this study we determined whether sympathetic premotor neurons in the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM), which have a critical role in the reflex control of sympathetic activity, are activated during air puff stress, a moderate psychological stressor. Secondly, we identified neurons that are activated by air puff stress and that also project to the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS), a key site for modulation of the baroreceptor reflex. Air puff stress resulted in increased c‐Fos expression in several hypothalamic and brainstem nuclei, including the paraventricular nucleus (PVN), dorsomedial hypothalamus, perifornical area (PeF), periaqueductal gray (PAG), NTS and rostral ventromedial medulla, but not in the RVLM region that contains sympathetic premotor neurons. In contrast, neurons in this RVLM region, including catecholamine‐synthesizing neurons, did express c‐Fos following induced hypotension, which reflexly activates RVLM sympathetic premotor neurons. The highest proportion of NTS‐projecting neurons that were double‐labelled with c‐Fos after air puff stress was in the ventrolateral PAG (29.3 ± 5.5%), with smaller but still significant proportions of double‐labelled NTS‐projecting neurons in the PVN and PeF (6.5 ± 1.8 and 6.4 ± 1.7%, respectively). The results suggest that the increased sympathetic activity during psychological stress is not driven primarily by RVLM sympathetic premotor neurons, and that neurons in the PVN, PeF and ventrolateral PAG may contribute to the resetting of the baroreceptor‐sympathetic reflex that is associated with psychological stress.
The role of pedunculopontine nucleus in choice behavior under risk
Authors: Leblond Mona , Sukharnikova Tatyana , Yu Chunxiu , Rossi Mark A. , Yin Henry H. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThe dopaminergic projections to the basal ganglia have long been implicated in reward‐guided behavior and decision‐making, yet little is known about the role of the posterior pedunculopontine nucleus (pPPN), a major source of excitatory input to the mesolimbic dopamine system. Here we studied the contributions of the pPPN to decision‐making under risk, using excitoxic lesions and reversible inactivation in rats. Rats could choose between two options – a small but certain reward on one lever; or a large but uncertain reward on the other lever. The overall payoff associated with each choice is the same, but the reward variance (risk) associated with the risky choice is much higher. In Experiment 1, we showed that excitotoxic lesions of the pPPN before training did not affect acquisition of lever pressing. But whereas the controls strongly preferred the safe choice, the lesioned rats did not. In Experiment 2, we found that muscimol inactivation of the pPPN also produced similar effects, but reversibly. These results show that permanent lesions or reversible inactivation of the pPPN both abolish risk aversion in decision‐making.
Intensity and duration of in‐vitro antibacterial activity of different adhesives used in orthodontics
Authors: Passariello Claudio , Sannino Gianpaolo , Petti Stefano , Gigola Pierangelo 
Published: March 2014

This work investigated the antibacterial activity of 14 bonding agents to predict their ability to inhibit white‐spot development during orthodontic treatment. Standardized, sterilized disks of each material were continuously rinsed (for up to 180 d) in a flow of sterile saline. At predetermined time points, the residual ability of each material to inhibit bacterial growth (determined by measuring the size of inhibition halos around disks placed onto appropriate culture media seeded with Streptococcus gordonii DSM6777, Streptococcus sanguinis DSM20567, Streptococcus mutans DSM20523, or Lactobacillus acidophilus DSM20079) and biofilm formation (determined by measuring the numbers of bacteria adherent to disks following incubation in appropriate broths) was tested in triplicate and compared with the baseline activities of freshly prepared materials. Overall antibacterial and anti‐biofilm activities, adjusted for exposure time and strain of bacteria, were assessed. The decrease of antibacterial activity was faster (30–60 d) and complete for fluoride‐enriched materials, but slower (90 d) and partial for antimicrobial‐containing materials (benzalkonium chloride, zinc oxide, chlorexidine, or MDPB). Materials enriched with benzalkonium chloride, chlorexidine, or MDPB showed the highest antibacterial activities. Anti‐biofilm assays yielded similar results. These data could be helpful for clinicians in the choice of the best performing bonding agent also in light of duration of the clinical application.
Between Persons: How Concepts of the Person Make Moral Experience Possible
Authors: Parish Steven M. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractMoral theories often conflate morality with society or mind, while detaching mind from society, and society from subjectivity. This eliminates the existential “space between” persons where morality is a process of making mutually recognized lives possible. Moral experience is a cultural experience of intersubjectivity, which has social and cultural, subjective and reflective, imaginative and practical, and existential and bodily dimensions. Concepts of the person organize the moral possibilities of intersubjectivity; they can help situate culturally formulated ethics in “the space between persons” in ways that help generate the moral presence afforded others and self.
The Promise: On the Morality of the Marginal and the Illicit
Authors: Garcia Angela 
Published: March 2014

AbstractMoral engagement in the setting of drug addiction is often at odds with prevailing moral discourse and is treated in punitive terms. In this article, I explore how one moral gesture—a promise between a heroin‐using mother and daughter—embodies the difficulty and ambiguity of moral experience in the context of addiction and offers insight into how it is profoundly shaped by social processes. By offering a close description of the promise over time, I show how morality is lived through sentiments and practices of care and commitment, which are vulnerable to isolation, punishment, and wounding. The story of the promise thus offers a way to reflect upon morality as the blurring of these different intensities.
Moral Moods
Authors: Throop C. Jason 
Published: March 2014

AbstractIn this article, I seek to examine how local moral concerns are revealed, contested, and negotiated in instances wherein individuals take up ethically imbued and viscerally laden moods. Halfway between moments of explicit ethical reflection and habitual embodied forms of morality, I argue that moral moods are temporally complex existential modalities that transform through time and yet often entail a durativity that extends beyond the confines of particular morally salient events and interactions.
Plotting a Moral Trajectory, Sans Papiers: Outlaw Motherhood as Inhabitable Space of Welcome
Authors: Willen Sarah S. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThis essay peers into the swirling, tumultuous lifeworld of Marlene, an unauthorized Filipina migrant living in Israel, and her extraordinary capacity for self‐preservation and creative sociality to consider several key questions. First, in empirical terms, how might the particular form of abjection Marlene confronts—migrant “illegality”—influence the texture and contour of her existential and moral reality? Second, how do migrants like Marlene, for whom illegality penetrates virtually every sphere of life, craft “inhabitable spaces of welcome” in which their own existential imperatives and moral commitments are sustained despite the abjection they daily confront? In working through these questions, I turn to the work of Michael Jackson and Ghassan Hage, both of whom approach experience and subjectivity with a sensitivity to what Jackson describes as “existential imperatives,” and explore two imperatives that help anchor the tempestuous lifeworld that Marlene—a single mother, an abandoned lover, an unauthorized migrant, a victim of harassment, and an outlaw denied the possibility of police protection—now inhabits.
The Moral Perils of a Superstrong Black Mother
Authors: Mattingly Cheryl 
Published: March 2014

AbstractInvestigations into clinical communication and interaction have provided an avenue for a Foucauldian‐style analysis of how subject positions are produced in clinical settings through various practices of moral subjugation, often drawing upon such concepts as biopower and biosociality. I take an alternative approach. In exploring the moral vulnerabilities of coming to inhabit a particular subject position, I build upon a first person neo‐Aristotelian virtue ethics rather than a Foucauldian‐inspired one. My central claim is that although a focus on biopower is enormously fruitful, moral vulnerability is about more than being morally subjugated. This does not sum up the moral perils that people may face, especially the possibility of moral tragedy. In the context of an ethnographic case centering upon one mother, Dotty, and her very ill daughter, Betsy, I argue for why a conception of tragedy is so important to moral life and why a first person virtue ethics is invaluable for its exploration. This case centers upon Dotty's interactions and relationships with the doctors caring for her daughter. It is drawn from a 15‐year ethnographic study of African American families in Los Angeles who have children with significant illnesses and disabilities.
A ‘toxin mantle’ as defensive barrier in a tropical bird: evolutionary exploitation of the basic permeability barrier forming organelles
Authors: Menon Gopinathan K. , Dumbacher John P. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractBirds in the genus Pitohui and Ifrita carry potent neurotoxins that are most abundant in skin and feathers. It was unknown precisely how or where in the skin these chemicals are stored. Here, we report high‐resolution electron microscopy using OsO4 staining to visualize the location of alkaloids. Our images suggest that toxic alkaloids accumulate in multigranular bodies of epidermal cells and are likely secreted as part of the avian epidermal barrier, where they are made available for chemical defense.