bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Numerical study of solute transport in shallow beach aquifers subjected to waves and tides
Authors: Geng Xiaolong , Boufadel Michel C. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractA numerical study was conducted to investigate the fate of solute in a laboratory beach in response to waves and tides. A new temporal upscaling approach labeled “net inflow” was introduced to address impacts of waves on solute transport within beaches. Numerical simulations using a computational fluid dynamic model were used as boundary conditions for the two‐dimensional variably saturated flow and solute transport model MARUN. The modeling approach was validated against experimental data of solute transport due to waves and tides. Exchange fluxes across the beach face and subsurface solute transport (e.g., trajectory, movement speed, and residence time) were quantified. Simulation results revealed that waves increased the exchange fluxes, and engendered a wider exchange flux zone along the beach surface. Compared to tide‐only forcing, waves superimposed on tide caused the plume to be deeper into the beach, and to migrate more seaward. The infiltration into the beach was found to be directly proportional to the general hydraulic gradient in the beach and inversely proportional to the matrix retention (or capillary) capacity. The simulations showed that a higher inland water table would attenuate wave‐caused seawater infiltration, which might impact beach geochemical processes (e.g., nutrient recycle and redox condition), especially at low tide zone. The concept of biochemical residence time maps (BRTM) was introduced to account for the net effect of limiting concentration of chemicals on biochemical reactions. It was found that waves shifted the BRTMs downward and seaward in the beach, and subsequently they engendered different biochemical conditions within the beach.
Failure to bloom: Intense upwelling results in negligible phytoplankton response and prolonged CO2 outgassing over the Oregon shelf
Authors: Evans Wiley , Hales Burke , Strutton Peter G. , Shearman R. Kipp , Barth John A. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractDuring summer, upwelled water with elevated CO2 partial pressure (pCO2) and nutrients outcrops over the Oregon (OR) inner shelf. As this water transits across the shelf, high rates of primary production fueled by the upwelled nutrients results in net atmospheric CO2 drawdown. Upwelled source‐waters typically have pCO2 approaching 1000 µatm that is then reduced to ∼200 µatm. For almost the entire month of July 2008, strong and persistent upwelling brought cold (∼8°C), saline (∼33.5), high‐pCO2 (>600 µatm) water to our midshelf buoy site, and high‐pCO2 water was broadly distributed over the shelf. Chlorophyll levels, as a proxy for phytoplankton biomass, were low (< 2 mg m−3) on the shelf during the period of most intense upwelling, and satellite data showed no evidence of a downstream phytoplankton bloom. A small chlorophyll increase to ∼4 mg m−3 was observed at our buoy site following a decrease in the strength of southward wind stress 10 days after upwelling initiated. Chlorophyll levels further increased to ∼10 mg m−3 only after a cease in upwelling. These higher levels were coincident with the appearance of water masses having temperature and salinity properties distinct from recently upwelled water. We suggest that rapid offshore transport and subsequent subduction before phytoplankton populations could respond is the most likely explanation for the persistent low chlorophyll and elevated surface‐water pCO2 throughout the July upwelling event. This mechanism likely dominates under conditions of strong and persistent upwelling‐favorable winds that coincide with close proximity of low‐density offshore waters, which may have implications for the biogeochemical functioning of this system under future climate scenarios.
Near‐infrared spectroscopy of lacustrine sediments in the Great Salt Lake Desert: An analog study for Martian paleolake basins
Authors: Lynch Kennda L. , Horgan Briony H. , Munakata‐Marr Junko , Hanley Jennifer , Schneider Robin J. , Rey Kevin A. , Spear John R. , Jackson W. Andrew , Ritter Scott M. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractThe identification and characterization of aqueous minerals within ancient lacustrine environments on Mars are a high priority for determining the past habitability of the red planet. Terrestrial analog studies are useful both for understanding the mineralogy of lacustrine sediments, how the mineralogy varies with location in a lacustrine environment, and for validating the use of certain techniques such as visible–near‐infrared (VNIR) spectroscopy. In this study, sediments from the Pilot Valley paleolake basin of the Great Salt Lake desert were characterized using VNIR as an analog for Martian paleolake basins. The spectra and subsequent interpretations were then compared to mineralogical characterization by ground truth methods, including X‐ray diffraction, automated scanning electron microscopy, and several geochemical analysis techniques. In general, there is good agreement between VNIR and ground truth methods on the major classes of minerals present in the lake sediments and VNIR spectra can also easily discriminate between clay‐dominated and salt‐dominated lacustrine terrains within the paleolake basin. However, detection of more detailed mineralogy is difficult with VNIR spectra alone as some minerals can dominate the spectra even at very low abundances. At this site, the VNIR spectra are dominated by absorption bands that are most consistent with gypsum and smectites, though the ground truth methods reveal more diverse mineral assemblages that include a variety of sulfates, primary and secondary phyllosilicates, carbonates, and chlorides. This study provides insight into the limitations regarding the use of VNIR in characterizing complex mineral assemblages inherent in lacustrine settings.
Forecasting SEP events with same active region prior flares
Authors: Kahler S. W. , Ling A. , White S. M. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractForecasting large solar energetic (E > 10 MeV) particle (SEP) events is currently based on observed solar X‐ray flare peak fluxes or fluences. Recent work has indicated that the probability of a solar eruptive event in an active region (AR) is enhanced when a large flare has occurred in that AR during the previous day. In addition, peak intensities Sp of SEP events associated with fast coronal mass ejections (CMEs) are larger for CMEs with prior CMEs from the same associated ARs in the previous day. This suggests that the associated SEP event probability and/or Sp may be higher for a given solar X‐ray flare with a recent prior major flare in the same AR. We use data sets of NOAA flares and SEP events from solar cycles 22–24 to test this idea statistically for periods of prior flares ranging from 12 to 48 h. The occurrence probabilities and Sp of large SEP events for flares with prior same AR major (≥ M2) flares are not significantly higher than for flares without the prior flares; hence, prior flare occurrence is not a useful SEP event forecasting tool. The flare‐based occurrence probabilities are higher for cycle 24 than for cycles 22 and 23, but the dependence of Sp on X‐ray fluence appears unchanged. We show an example of a recent flare‐prolific AR for which the SEP‐associated flares are spatially distinct from the numerous non‐SEP associated flares, indicating how prior AR flares may be unrelated to SEP‐associated flares.
Aminoacyl‐
tRNA
Synthetases
Authors: Arnez John G , Beinsteiner Brice , Moras Dino 
Published: January 2015

Abstract

Aminoacyl‐tRNA synthetases catalyse a key reaction in protein biosynthesis. They match the 20 amino acids to the genetic code by specifically attaching them to their adaptors, transfer ribonucleic acid (tRNA) molecules. The reaction proceeds in two steps: the amino acid is first activated by adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to form aminoacyl adenylate and then the aminoacyl group is transferred to the terminal ribose of tRNA. This family of enzymes is divided into two classes, based on the similarities in primary structure and architecture of the active site domains; the two architectures are characterised by two modes of binding of ATP, the intermediate aminoacyl adenylate and the acceptor end of tRNA, which result in two regioselectivities of amino acid attachment to the terminal ribose of the tRNA. Aminoacyl‐tRNA synthetases are modular enzymes; to the central active site module are attached various domains with diverse functions such as tRNA‐binding and amino acid editing. The primary subject of this article are structural and functional aspects of these enzymes.

Key Concepts

Highly specific attachment of amino acids to their corresponding adaptor molecules, the transfer ribonucleic acids.

Synthetases are partitioned into two classes according to structural features of their catalytic site and their functional correlation.

Class II enzymes exhibit a unique fold and bind ATP in a unique bent conformation.

The two classes bind the acceptor arm of tRNA in two ways that constitute mirror images of each other.

Aminoacyl‐tRNA synthetases are modular enzymes, various domains of diverse functions being attached to the active site domain.

Continuous editing is part of the tRNA aminoacylation process in living organisms.
Climate Change and Biogeochemical Impacts
Authors: Doney Scott C , Schimel David 
Published: January 2015

Abstract

Human activities are causing a significant build‐up of heat‐trapping greenhouse gases (e.g. carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide) and aerosols in the atmosphere driven by emissions from fossil fuel combustion, industry, agriculture and deforestation. Atmospheric carbon dioxide is more than 40% above preindustrial levels and growing, and levels would be even higher without modulation by land biosphere and ocean uptake. Model projections for the coming century suggest that these changes in atmospheric composition will result in substantial global warming and strengthening of the hydrological cycle and there is growing observational evidence of a substantial alteration in climate patterns. Carbon cycle (

CO
2

and

CH
4

) feedbacks to climate from the land and ocean can significantly affect future climate, but current projections of these effects are highly uncertain. Climate change and other human‐driven processes such as land‐use changes and ocean acidification will have profound impacts on global biogeochemistry and terrestrial and marine ecosystems.

Key Concepts

The carbon cycle will have a significant impact on the amount and pace of future climate change.

Atmospheric levels of CO
2
, other greenhouse gases (CH
4
and N
2
O) and some aerosols have increased substantially above preindustrial levels due to human activities.

Changing atmospheric composition alters the radiative balance of the planet and the resulting climate impacts reflect many feedback mechanisms that can either amplify or diminish the initial perturbation.

Global‐scale climate warming, changes in the water cycle and melting of the cryosphere are already underway, and these trends are projected to continue into the future.

Fossil‐fuel use transfers carbon from a long‐lived geological reservoir to the atmosphere–land–ocean system where excess CO
2
can reside in the atmosphere for many centuries.

The biosphere and oceans mitigate some of the effects of fossil fuel burning and deforestation but the future of these carbon sinks under an altered climate is highly uncertain.

Changes to climate and the carbon cycle cause profound changes to ocean physics, biology and chemistry including changes to temperature and pH likely to affect marine ecosystems profoundly.

Changes to climate may change terrestrial ecosystems through disturbance processes such as wildfire or disease.

New approaches are essential including expanded observing systems and satellite measurements and improving techniques for combining these observations with predictive models.
Selective Mutism
Authors: Kearney Christopher A. , Ross Emma 
Published: January 2015

AbstractSelective mutism (SM) is a persistent and debilitating condition in which a child fails to speak in public situations where speaking is expected. It is commonly linked to social anxiety, mild oppositional behavior, and developmental problems. The assessment of SM can involve various methods but the general goal is to evaluate the parameters and function of a child's failure or refusal to speak. Primary assessment methods include interviews, questionnaires, behavioral observations, and formal testing. Treatments for youths with SM are designed to increase the audibility and frequency of speech in public contexts, such as school. Common treatments include exposure‐based practices integrated with stimulus fading, self‐modeling, as well as shaping and prompting. Supplementary procedures include social skills and language training, anxiety‐management techniques, parent‐based contingency management, and family therapy.
Committee on Training in Clinical Psychology (CTCP)
Authors: Routh Donald K. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractThe 1947 Committee on Training in Clinical Psychology (CTCP), chaired by David Shakow (1901–81), was the most important committee of its day because its report provided the framework for the 1949 Boulder Conference and its scientist‐practitioner model for training clinical psychologists. It was at this time, after World War II, that the federal government began to support clinical psychology training in a very big way. The CTCP agreed on three main points: that clinical psychology training required a doctoral degree, that a 1‐year, full‐time internship was necessary, and that the scope of the field included diagnosis, treatment, and research.
Catharsis (Abreaction)
Authors: Lohr Jeffrey M. , Adams Thomas G. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Catharsis (venting) has a long history in the psychology of emotion expression. Suppression of negative emotions is presumed to result in psychological harm, and the expression of such emotions is presumed to be beneficial in reducing the experience and expression of these emotions in the future. Alternative psychological theory predicts that the expression of negative emotions will increase their experience and expression and social psychological research supports that prediction. Psychosocial treatments that employ catharsis increase negative emotions, and cognitive‐behavioral treatments that teach alternative ways of responding decrease the experience and expression of those emotions.
Null Hypothesis Significance‐Testing Debate
Authors: Thompson Bruce 
Published: January 2015

Abstract

The steps in the logic of null hypothesis statistical testing are enumerated. The history of the logic is briefly summarized. The two competing schools of thought with respect to statistical testing (Neyman–Pearson vs. Fisher) are summarized. The three primary criticisms of statistical significance testing that emerged, especially during the 1990s, are specified. Today, social scientists increasingly place less emphasis on
p
values and more emphasis on effect sizes, the precisions of statistical estimates, and the replicability of sample results.
Risk Assessment/Violence Prediction, Juvenile Offenders
Authors: Witt Katrina , Perrault Rachael , Singh Jay P. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractViolencerisk assessment in juveniles refers to the attempt to predict the likelihood of future violence in minors. Risk assessments are commonly conducted within the juvenile justice system to predict reoffending risk and to inform custody, diversion, sentencing, release, and treatment decisions. Thus, the findings of the risk assessment process can have serious consequences for the individual offender as well as public safety. Historically, instruments used for the assessment of violence risk in juveniles have been actuarial in nature, focusing on the prediction of risk with little attention directed to individualized risk management. More recently, however, structured professional judgment instruments have been developed, focusing on risk management rather than risk prediction. Regardless of their approach, juvenile risk assessment instruments, in contrast to their adult counterparts, place a greater emphasis on protective factors and the management of violence risk.
Solution‐Focused Therapy
Authors: Corcoran Jacqueline 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
In solution‐focused therapy (SFT) it is assumed that clients possess the necessary strengths and capacities to solve their own problems. Thus, in collaboration with their clients, SFT practitioners aim to identify clients' strengths and amplify them so that clients can apply these “solutions” to their problems. To this end, practitioners assist clients in eliciting “exceptions,” or times when the problem is either not a problem or is lessened in terms of its duration, severity, frequency, or intensity. Further details of SFT, including the phases of its helping process and its research basis, are provided in the entry.
C
ohen,
J
acob (1923–98)
Authors: Shrout Patrick E. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Jacob Cohen (1923–98) was a clinical psychologist and a statistician who made contributions to methodology relevant to clinical psychology. This entry describes his contributions to the study of rater reliability, the scientific planning of study design through power analysis, and the practice of reporting statistical results using facts about effect size and confidence intervals around parameter estimates.
Risk Assessment/Violence Prediction, Juvenile Sexual Offenders
Authors: Fanniff Amanda M. , Cates Sarah A. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractMental health professionals are called upon to evaluate risk in juveniles adjudicated for sexual offenses (JSOs) to inform a variety of decisions (e.g., level of care, inclusion on public registries). Evaluators conducting such evaluations face significant challenges given the limited predictive validity evidence currently available regarding measures for assessingJSOs' sexual recidivism risk. The instruments studied most frequently with the strongest evidence to date are the Juvenile Sex Offender Assessment Protocol‐IIand the Estimate of Risk of Adolescent Sexual Offense Recidivism. Evaluators may choose to use such instruments to structure their evaluations and ensure the consideration of empirically supported risk factors, but should acknowledge their limitations. Additionally, evaluators should focus on short‐term risk and the ongoing development of juveniles, emphasize the low base rates of sexual recidivism and demonstrated effectiveness of treatment in this population, and identify the conditions under which risk would likely be effectively mitigated.
Amnestic Disorders
Authors: Kessels Roy P. C. , Savage Greg 
Published: January 2015

AbstractAmnestic disorders may involve deficits in the encoding or storage of information in memory, or in retrieval of information from memory. Etiologies vary and include traumatic brain injury, neurodegenerative disease, and psychiatric illness. Different forms of amnesia can be distinguished: anterograde amnesia affects memory for the present, and retrograde amnesia affects memory for the past. Different memory systems may also be affected (working memory, episodic memory or semantic memory). This entry discusses hippocampal amnesia, amnesia caused by Alzheimer's disease (including mild cognitive impairment), memory dysfunction caused by vascular cognitive impairment, Korsakoff's syndrome, posttraumatic amnesia, transient global amnesia, transient epileptic amnesia, and psychogenic amnesia.
Psychiatric Hospitalization
Authors: Dickerson Faith B. , Sharfstein Steven S. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Psychiatric hospitalization typically happens in order to stabilize and ensure the safety of persons in psychological crisis. Hospital stays tend to be short (averaging 9–11 days) and tend to occur on specialty units of private psychiatric hospitals or psychiatric units of general hospitals. Over the past 60 years, deinstitutionalization policies have drastically reduced the number of beds in public hospital settings without an adequate increase in community psychiatric services. Managed care practices have also led to a reduction in available hospital beds. Nevertheless, psychiatric hospitalization remains an essential part of the mental health‐care continuum. By expanding health‐care coverage, the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act will increase demand for hospital psychiatric care, and it remains unclear exactly how this demand will be met. Today's consumer movement and greater emphasis on mental health recovery will also likely shape the future of hospital psychiatry.
Child Maltreatment and Dependency
Authors: Hunt Elizabeth 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Child maltreatment cases can be fairly complex because of the mixture of interests among the different parties involved and the difficult decisions often made in these contexts, such as termination of parental rights. Psychologists can play an important role in the handling of maltreatment cases in dependency court by performing evaluations to assist legal decision makers in making informed decisions about the child's best interests to ensure his or her protection. The dependency system seeks to protect children from harmful situations associated with inadequate parenting and provide placement and necessary services to ensure the child's wellbeing.
Immaturity and Incompetence
Authors: Fanniff Amanda M. , Smith Kristen L. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
The majority of U.S. jurisdictions have recognized that juveniles must be competent to proceed with the adjudicative process, but whether they may be found incompetent due to immaturity remains controversial. Research on juveniles' trial‐related abilities as well as the child and adolescent development literature suggest reasons for concern that some youth may have significant deficits in legal capacities due to developmental factors; however, few jurisdictions have formally recognized that juveniles may be incompetent due to immaturity alone. Research has begun to investigate the cognitive, emotive, and psychosocial skills that may underlie the well‐established relationship between age and competence, with initial evidence suggesting that cognitive and psychosocial development may mediate this relationship. Additional research is necessary to identify the specific skills that may be insufficiently developed to support competency in young defendants. This research will clarify the relevance of immaturity and inform remediation and accommodation strategies to enable immature youth to participate effectively as defendants.
Glasser, William (1925–2013)
Authors: Parish Thomas S. , Wubbolding Robert E. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractWilliam Glasser (1925–2013) founded reality therapy, a cognitive behavioral system that includes a usable strategy applicable to clients who demonstrate minor or major issues. Originating in a correctional institution and a mental hospital, its applications now include use in schools, business, management and supervision, and most interpersonal relationships. Its theoretical basis is choice theory, formerly known as control theory or control system theory, which posits that human behavior is the result of a current effort to satisfy five genetic needs: survival or self‐preservation, love and belonging, power or inner control, freedom or independence, and fun or enjoyment. Most behaviors are chosen or at least partially chosen. When implementing the theory and practice, the helper assists clients in examining their choices, evaluating them, and making plans for more effective need satisfaction.