bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Plant selection and soil legacy enhance long‐term biodiversity effects
Authors: Zuppinger‐Dingley Debra , Flynn Dan F. B. , De Deyn Gerlinde B. , Petermann Jana S. , Schmid Bernhard 
Published: November 2015

AbstractPlant–plant and plant–soil interactions can help maintain plant diversity and ecosystem functions. Changes in these interactions may underlie experimentally observed increases in biodiversity effects over time via the selection of genotypes adapted to low or high plant diversity. Little is known, however, about such community‐history effects and particularly the role of plant–soil interactions in this process. Soil‐legacy effects may occur if co‐evolved interactions with soil communities either positively or negatively modify plant biodiversity effects. We tested how plant selection and soil legacy influence biodiversity effects on productivity, and whether such effects increase the resistance of the communities to invasion by weeds. We used two plant selection treatments: parental plants growing in monoculture or in mixture over 8 yr in a grassland biodiversity experiment in the field, which we term monoculture types and mixture types. The two soil‐legacy treatments used in this study were neutral soil inoculated with live or sterilized soil inocula collected from the same plots in the biodiversity experiment. For each of the four factorial combinations, seedlings of eight species were grown in monocultures or four‐species mixtures in pots in an experimental garden over 15 weeks. Soil legacy (live inoculum) strongly increased biodiversity complementarity effects for communities of mixture types, and to a significantly weaker extent for communities of monoculture types. This may be attributed to negative plant–soil feedbacks suffered by mixture types in monocultures, whereas monoculture types had positive plant–soil feedbacks, in both monocultures and mixtures. Monocultures of mixture types were most strongly invaded by weeds, presumably due to increased pathogen susceptibility, reduced biomass, and altered plant–soil interactions of mixture types. These results show that biodiversity effects in experimental grassland communities can be modified by the evolution of positive vs. negative plant–soil feedbacks of plant monoculture vs. mixture types.
Intraprofessional Excellence in Nursing: Collaborative Strategies for Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome
Authors: Teague Amanda H. , Jnah Amy J. , Newberry Desi 
Published: November 2015

AbstractNeonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS) is a growing public health concern, one that costs the health care system $190–$720 million each year. Recently, state-level perinatal quality collaborative groups have disseminated NAS action plans: customizable frameworks aimed to assist health care systems in identifying, evaluating, treating, and coordinating discharge services for neonates with NAS. Hospital-based neonatal nursing quality improvement teams, including neonatal nurse practitioners (NNPs), neonatal clinical nurse specialists (CNSs), and clinical neonatal nurses, by virtue of their collective academic, administrative, and practical years of experience, are ideally positioned to develop, implement, and evaluate NAS care bundles. The article’s purpose is to discuss key elements of an NAS care bundle using the framework of the Perinatal Quality Collaborative of North Carolina NAS action plan as an exemplar. Discussion of evidence-based and nursing-driven metrics will be followed by a discussion of the emerging concept of an inpatient-to-outpatient transitional care NAS management model.
Initial Development of C.A.T.E.S.: A Simulation-Based Competency Assessment Instrument for Neonatal Nurse Practitioners
Authors: Cates Leigh Ann , Bishop Sheryl , Armentrout Debra , Verklan Terese , Arnold Jennifer , Doughty Cara 
Published: November 2015

AbstractPurpose:Determine content validity of global statements and operational definitions and choose scenarios for Competency, Assessment, Technology, Education, and Simulation (C.A.T.E.S.), instrument in development to evaluate multidimensional competency of neonatal nurse practitioners (NNPs).Design:Real-time Delphi (RTD) method to pursue four specific aims (SAs): (1) identify which cognitive, technical, or behavioral dimension of NNP competency accurately reflects each global statement; (2) map the global statements to the National Association of Neonatal Nurse Practitioners (NANNP) core competency domains; (3) define operational definitions for the novice to expert performance subscales; and (4) determine the essential scenarios to assess NNPs.Sample:Twenty-five NNPs and nurses with competency and simulation experienceMain outcome variable:One hundred percent of global statements correct for competency dimension and all but two correct for NANNP domain. One hundred percent novice to expert operational definitions and eight scenarios chosen.Results:Content validity determined for global statements and novice to expert definitions and essential scenarios chosen.
Maternal and Paternal Knowledge and Perceptions Regarding Infant Pain in the NICU
Authors: Vazquez Victoria , Cong Xiaomei , DeJong Angela 
Published: November 2015

AbstractPurpose: To investigate parents’ knowledge, self-efficacy, and satisfaction about infant pain in the NICU.Design and sample: A survey was conducted, and 80 parents (57 mothers and 23 fathers) participated in the study.Main outcome variable: A researcher-developed questionnaire composed of 3 dimensions: parents’ knowledge about infant pain, perception of self-efficacy regarding infant pain, and satisfaction with infant pain management.Results: Most parents had adequate knowledge and moderate to high self-efficacy and were satisfied with infant pain management in the NICU. Mothers and fathers responded differently regarding self-efficacy and satisfaction, and parents’ perceptions were correlated with infants’ correct age and parents’ own age. Most important, most parents wanted to be present and to be given the opportunity to comfort their infant during and after a painful procedure. Parents also preferred to receive formal/written information on infant pain.
Patients’ and Spouses’ Contribution Toward Adherence to Self-Care Behaviors in Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Pereira M. Graça , Costa Vera , Oliveira Daniela , Ferreira Gabriela , Pedras Susana , Sousa Maria Rui , Machado José C. 
Published: November 2015

This article focuses on patients’ and partners’ variables regarding adherence to self-care, in recently diagnosed patients with Type 2 diabetes. One hundred four patients and partners were included. Instruments answered were Family Inventory of Life Events and Changes (family stress), Family Crisis Oriented Personal Evaluation Scales (family coping), Revised Dyadic Adjustment Scale (dyadic adjustment), Multidimensional Diabetes Questionnaire (partner support) and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (psychological morbidity).Results showed adherence to diet to be positively predicted by patient dyadic adjustment and patient positive support and negatively by partner depression and partner negative support. Adherence to exercise was predicted by patient’s family stress and negatively by partner anxiety. Adherence to glucose monitoring was predicted by partner positive support. Psychological variables were not associated with adherence to foot care. Finally, positive partner support moderated the relationship between family stress and dyadic adjustment in patients.The results emphasize the need to treat the patient in the context of the dyad. Future research should focus on partners’ specific instrumental behaviors that promote patients’ self-care behaviors.
Le droit du défunt
Authors: Touzeil-Divina Mathieu , Bouteille-Brigant Magali 
Published: November 2015

Résumé La qualification juridique du corps humain mort semble acquise : le cadavre n’est pas, juridiquement, une personne mais bien une chose, voire, pour certaines juridictions, un bien. Toutefois, cette qualification n’est pas dénuée d’ambiguïtés, si bien que certains auteurs restent mal à l’aise dès lors qu’il s’agit de qualifier le cadavre. En effet, elle n’est pas réellement satisfaisante tant existe un écart entre la perception des proches d’un défunt, qui auront tendance à voir encore en lui une personne, fût-elle morte, et la qualification retenue par le droit, qui tend à réifier le corps mort. La qualification de « personne » n’est toutefois pas, en l’état, elle-même satisfaisante. Aussi proposons-nous d’envisager le corps humain mort non plus comme une chose mais comme une « personne décédée », qui serait sous la garde de la nation, en créant au sein de la catégorie des personnes une sous-distinction entre les personnes vivantes et les personnes décédées. Cette qualification permettrait, notamment, d’appliquer aux cadavres la protection attachée à la dignité de la personne humaine, sans avoir à déformer cette notion.
Une histoire médicale des critères de la mort
Authors: Carol Anne 
Published: November 2015

Résumé La médecine n’a pas toujours été chargée de dire la mort, qui a longtemps eu un caractère d’évidence. Au xviii e et au xix e siècle, elle s’empare de cet objet dont elle tente de définir les signes cliniques, en réaction contre la mort apparente et les inhumations prématurées. Paradoxalement, la médicalisation massive de la mort et les progrès de la réanimation au xx e siècle rendent leur définition tributaire des progrès de la technique et du diagnostic et brouillent les frontières entre la vie et la mort.
Petites dépouilles
Authors: Charrier Philippe , Clavandier Gaëlle 
Published: November 2015

Résumé Depuis une vingtaine d’années, on observe un processus de reconnaissance sociale du deuil périnatal. Si la souffrance des parents bénéficie d’un accompagnement, qu’en est-il du devenir du corps ? N’étant pas nés, ces fœtus n’accèdent pas au statut de « personne », ce qui a des conséquences notables sur la prise en charge des corps. Au-delà d’un ensemble normatif assez cohérent dû à une transformation des valeurs et des pratiques, cet article montre qu’une diversité de réponses est perceptible sur le terrain. Même si la norme solennise la sépulture, reste que ces corps ne sont pas élevés systématiquement au rang de cadavres, ce qui reviendrait à les considérer comme des corps humains morts. Le plus grand nombre est assimilé à des pièces anatomiques, suscitant des questions éthiques relatives à leurs « conditionnement, conservation, transport et élimination ».
Role of Sortilin in Models of Autoimmune Neuroinflammation
Authors: Reuter Eva , Weber Juliane , Paterka Magdalena , Ploen Robert , Breiderhoff Tilman , van Horssen Jack , Willnow Thomas E. , Siffrin Volker , Zipp Frauke 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
The proneurotrophin receptor sortilin is a protein with dual functions, being involved in intracellular protein transport, as well as cellular signal transduction. The relevance of the receptor for various neuronal disorders, such as dementia, seizures, and brain injury, is well established. In contrast, little is known about the role of sortilin in immune cells and inflammatory diseases. The aim of our study was to elucidate the distribution of sortilin in different immune cell types in mice and humans and to analyze its function in autoimmune CNS inflammation. Sortilin was expressed most profoundly in murine and human macrophages and dendritic cells and to a much lesser extent in B and T cells. In dendritic cells, sortilin had an impact on Ag processing. Accordingly, sortilin was highly expressed by infiltrated perivascular myeloid cells, mainly in vessel cuffs, in the CNS of patients suffering from multiple sclerosis, the most common inflammatory autoimmune disease of the CNS. Yet, sortilin gene-targeted mice (Sort1−/−) and chimeras deficient in sortilin in the immune system were as susceptible as wild-type littermates to T cell–dependent experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Considering our results and recent data from other investigators, we conclude that the proneurotrophin receptor sortilin plays a role in innate, rather than in adaptive, immune processes and, thus, not in autoimmune neuroinflammation.
Mechanism of Activation-Induced Downregulation of Mitofusin 2 in Human Peripheral Blood T Cells
Authors: Dasgupta Asish , Chen Kuang-Hueih , Munk Rachel B. , Sasaki Carl Y. , Curtis Jessica , Longo Dan L. , Ghosh Paritosh 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
Mitofusin 2 (Mfn2), a mitochondrial protein, was shown to have antiproliferative properties when overexpressed. In this article, we show that activation of resting human peripheral blood T cells caused downregulation of Mfn2 levels. This downregulation of Mfn2 was blocked by different inhibitors (mTOR inhibitor rapamycin, PI3K inhibitor LY294002, and Akt inhibitor A443654), producing cells that were arrested in the G0/G1 stage of the cell cycle. Furthermore, the activation-induced downregulation of Mfn2 preceded the entry of the cells into the cell cycle, suggesting that Mfn2 downregulation is a prerequisite for activated T cell entry into the cell cycle. Accordingly, small interfering RNA–mediated knockdown of Mfn2 resulted in increased T cell proliferation. Overexpression of constitutively active AKT resulted in the downregulation of Mfn2, which can be blocked by a proteasome inhibitor. Akt-mediated downregulation of Mfn2 was via the mTORC1 pathway because this downregulation was blocked by rapamycin, and overexpression of wild-type, but not kinase-dead mTOR, caused Mfn2 downregulation. Our data suggested that activation-induced reactive oxygen species production plays an important role in the downregulation of Mfn2. Collectively, our data suggest that the PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathway plays an important role in activation-induced downregulation of Mfn2 and subsequent proliferation of resting human T cells.
γδ T Cell–Dependent Regulatory T Cells Prevent the Development of Autoimmune Keratitis
Authors: Huang Yafei , Yang Zhifang , Huang Chunjian , McGowan Jessica , Casper Tamara , Sun Deming , Born Willi K. , O’Brien Rebecca L. 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
To prevent potentially damaging inflammatory responses, the eye actively promotes local immune tolerance via a variety of mechanisms. Owing to trauma, infection, or other ongoing autoimmunity, these mechanisms sometimes fail, and an autoimmune disorder may develop in the eye. In mice of the C57BL/10 (B10) background, autoimmune keratitis often develops spontaneously, particularly in the females. Its incidence is greatly elevated in the absence of γδ T cells, such that ∼80% of female B10.TCRδ−/− mice develop keratitis by 18 wk of age. In this article, we show that CD8+ αβ T cells are the drivers of this disease, because adoptive transfer of CD8+, but not CD4+, T cells to keratitis-resistant B10.TCRβ/δ−/− hosts induced a high incidence of keratitis. This finding was unexpected because in other autoimmune diseases, more often CD4+ αβ T cells, or both CD4+ and CD8+ αβ T cells, mediate the disease. Compared with wild-type B10 mice, B10.TCRδ−/− mice also show increased percentages of peripheral memory phenotype CD8+ αβ T cells, along with an elevated frequency of CD8+ αβ T cells biased to produce inflammatory cytokines. In addition, B10.TCRδ−/- mice have fewer peripheral CD4+ CD25+ Foxp3+ αβ regulatory T cells (Tregs), which express lower levels of receptors needed for Treg development and function. Together, these observations suggest that in B10 background mice, γδ T cells are required to generate adequate numbers of CD4+ CD25+ Foxp3+ Tregs, and that in B10.TCRδ−/− mice a Treg deficiency allows dysregulated effector or memory CD8+ αβ T cells to infiltrate the cornea and provoke an autoimmune attack.
Structure of the mantle beneath the Alboran Basin from magnetotelluric soundings
Authors: Garcia X. , Seillé H. , Elsenbeck J. , Evans R. L. , Jegen M. , Hölz Sebastian , Ledo J. , Lovatini A. , Marti A. , Marcuello A. , Queralt P. , Ungarelli C. , Ranero C. R. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractWe present results of marine MT acquisition in the Alboran sea that also incorporates previously acquired land MT from southern Spain into our analysis. The marine data show complex MT response functions with strong distortion due to seafloor topography and the coastline, but inclusion of high resolution topography and bathymetry and a seismically defined sediment unit into a 3‐D inversion model has allowed us to image the structure in the underlying mantle. The resulting resistivity model is broadly consistent with a geodynamic scenario that includes subduction of an eastward trending plate beneath Gibraltar, which plunges nearly vertically beneath the Alboran. Our model contains three primary features of interest: a resistive body beneath the central Alboran, which extends to a depth of ∼150 km. At this depth, the mantle resistivity decreases to values of ∼100 Ohm‐m, slightly higher than those seen in typical asthenosphere at the same depth. This transition suggests a change in slab properties with depth, perhaps reflecting a change in the nature of the seafloor subducted in the past. Two conductive features in our model suggest the presence of fluids released by the subducting slab or a small amount of partial melt in the upper mantle (or both). Of these, the one in the center of the Alboran basin, in the uppermost‐mantle (20–30 km depth) beneath Neogene volcanics and west of the termination of the Nekkor Fault, is consistent with geochemical models, which infer highly thinned lithosphere and shallow melting in order to explain the petrology of seafloor volcanics.
Spontaneous reconnection at a separator current layer: 1. Nature of the reconnection
Authors: Stevenson J. E. H. , Parnell C. E. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractMagnetic separators, which lie on the boundary between four topologically distinct flux domains, are prime locations in three‐dimensional magnetic fields for reconnection, especially in the magnetosphere between the planetary and interplanetary magnetic fields and also in the solar atmosphere. Little is known about the details of separator reconnection, and so the aim of this paper, which is the first of two, is to study the properties of magnetic reconnection at a single separator. Three‐dimensional, resistive magnetohydrodynamic numerical experiments are run to study separator reconnection starting from a magnetohydrostatic equilibrium which contains a twisted current layer along a single separator linking a pair of opposite‐polarity null points. The resulting reconnection occurs in two phases. The first is short involving rapid reconnection in which the current at the separator is reduced by a factor of around 2.3. Most (75%) of the magnetic energy is converted during this phase, via Ohmic dissipation, directly into internal energy, with just 0.1% going into kinetic energy. During this phase the reconnection occurs along most of the separator away from its ends (the nulls) but in an asymmetric manner which changes both spatially and temporally over time. The second phase is much longer and involves slow impulsive bursty reconnection. Again, Ohmic heating dominates over viscous damping. Here the reconnection occurs in small localized bursts at random anywhere along the separator.
Observation and simulation of lake‐air heat and water transfer processes in a high‐altitude shallow lake on the Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Wang Binbin , Ma Yaoming , Chen Xuelong , Ma Weiqiang , Su Zhongbo , Menenti Massimo 
Published: November 2015

AbstractLakes are an important part of the landscape on the Tibetan Plateau. Most of the Plateau lakes' area has been expanding in recent years, but lake‐atmosphere energy and water interaction is poorly understood because of a lack of observational data and adequate modeling systems. Based on the eddy covariance observation over a high‐altitude shallow and small lake (the small Nam Co Lake) during an ice‐free period from 10 April to 30 August 2012, this study analyzes the lake‐air heat and water vapor turbulent transfer processes and evaluates two popular lake‐air exchange models: a bulk aerodynamic transfer model (B model) and a multilayer model (M model). Our main results are as follows: (1) observations show that the bulk transfer coefficient (CE) and roughness length (zoq) for water are higher than those for heat (CH and z0h), especially under low wind speed; (2) both models underestimate turbulent fluxes due to inaccurate values of the Charnock coefficient (α) and the roughness Reynolds number (Rr) which are both important parameters for calculating the roughness length for momentum (z0m) over water; (3) α within a reasonable range of 0.013–0.035 for rough flow and Rr for smooth flow (Rr = 0.11) are 0.031 and 0.54, respectively, by our observation. The wave pattern of shorter wavelength gives a larger z0m in the small and shallow lake; and (4) the B model and the M model gave consistent results, and both models are more suitable for simulation of turbulent flux exchange after z0m optimization.
Analysis of groundwater flow in mountainous, headwater catchments with permafrost
Authors: Evans Sarah G. , Ge Shemin , Liang Sihai 
Published: November 2015

AbstractHeadwater catchments have a direct impact on the water resources of downstream lowland regions as they supply freshwater in the form of surface runoff and discharging groundwater. Often, these mountainous catchments contain expansive permafrost that may alter the natural topographically controlled groundwater flow system. As permafrost could degrade with climate change, it is imperative to understand the effect of permafrost on groundwater flow in headwater catchments. This study characterizes groundwater flow in mountainous headwater catchments and evaluates the effect of permafrost in the context of climate change on groundwater movement using a three‐dimensional, finite element, hydrogeologic model. The model is applied to a representative headwater catchment on the Qinghai‐Tibet Plateau, China. Results from the model simulations indicate that groundwater contributes significantly to streams in the form of baseflow and the majority of groundwater flow is from the shallow aquifer above the permafrost, disrupting the typical topographically controlled flow pattern observed in most permafrost‐free headwater catchments. Under a warming scenario where mean annual surface temperature is increased by 2°C, reducing the areal extent of permafrost in the catchment, groundwater contribution to streamflow may increase three‐fold. These findings suggest that, in headwater catchments, permafrost has a large influence on groundwater flow and stream discharge. Increased annual air temperatures may increase groundwater discharge to streams, which has implications for ecosystem health and the long‐term availability of water resources to downstream regions.