bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Electrochemistry of Conjugated Polymers and Electrochemical Applications
Authors: MacDiarmid Alan G. , Zheng Weigong 
Published: June 2014

The discovery in 1977–78 that trans-polyacetylene — (CH)x, the prototype conducting polymer (Figure 1)—could be chemically p-doped (partly oxidized) or n-doped (partly reduced) with a concomitant increase of its conductivity through the semiconducting to the metallic regime introduced new concepts of considerable theoretical and possible technological importance to condensed matter science. In 1979 it was discovered that p- or n-doping of trans-(CH)x could be accomplished electrochemically and that these processes were electrochemically reversible. Polyacetylene is the simplest example of a conjugated polymer, a polymer in which the “backbone” atoms are joined alternately by single and double bonds. All conducting polymers, “synthetic metals,” are conjugated polymers, at least in their doped forms. Other conducting polymers, including for example, poly(paraphenylene), polypyrrole, polythiophene, and polyaniline, have since been examined as electrochemically active materials. These findings have stimulated much industrial and academic interest in the electro-chemistry of conducting polymers and their possible technological applications in for example, energy storage, electrochromic displays, electrochemical drug-delivery systems, electromechanical devices, and light-emitting devices.This article will show the relationship between the doping of a conjugated polymer, the reduction potential of the polymer, and the role of “dopant” ions. These interrelationships have frequently caused considerable confusion in understanding electrochemical doping. Electrochemical synthesis of conjugated polymers and the role of cyclic voltammetry in elucidating the mechanism of electrochemical redox processes involving conjugated organic polymers will also be discussed. This article will also summarize a few selected applications involving electro-chemical properties of conjugated polymers. The coverage is intended to beexemplary rather than exhaustive. Furthermore since the electrochemistry of (CH), the “prototype” conducting polymer, has been extensively studied and comprises a relatively simple, reversible electrochemical system, it will be used to exemplify the basic concepts involved. These basic concepts can then be applied with appropriate modification as necessary to the electrochemistry of other conjugated polymers. Polyaniline will then be used to illustrate a more complex conjugated polymer electrochemical system.
The Association of Rate of Weight Gain During Early Adulthood With the Prevalence of Subclinical Coronary Artery Disease in Recently Diagnosed Type 2 Diabetes: The MAXWEL-CAD Study
Authors: Lim Soo , Choi Sung Hee , Kim Kyoung Min , Choi Sang Il , Chun Eun Ju , Kim Min Joo , Park Kyong Soo , Jang Hak Chul , Sattar Naveed 
Published: June 2014

OBJECTIVE
To investigate the association of the rate of weight gain (Ratemax_wt) between the age of 20 years and the age of maximum lifetime weight gain with indicators of subclinical coronary artery disease (CAD) at the time of diagnosis of type 2 diabetes (T2D).

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
We studied 1,724 consecutive Korean subjects aged ≥30 years with recently diagnosed (within 3 months) T2D and one or more cardiovascular risk factors to investigate the association of Ratemax_wt with subclinical CAD. We used 64-slice cardiac computed tomography angiography to evaluate the degree of coronary artery stenosis, multivessel involvement, plaque characteristics, and coronary artery calcium score (CACS). Body weight at age 20 years (Wt20y) was obtained from participant records. Participants recalled their maximum weight (Wtmax) before T2D diagnosis and age at maximum weight (Agemax_wt). The Ratemax_wt was calculated as (Wtmax – Wt20y) / (Agemax_wt – 20 years).

RESULTS
The prevalence of coronary artery stenosis (≥50%), multivessel involvement (two or more vessels), plaque characteristics, and CACS ≥100 were 11.4%, 6.6%, 19.7%, and 12.8%, respectively. Mean Wt20y and Wtmax were 60.1 ± 10.5 and 73.0 ± 11.5 kg, respectively. Mean Agemax_wt was 41.3 ± 10.7 years, and Ratemax_wt was 0.59 ± 0.56 kg/year. After adjusting for cardiovascular risk factors, including current BMI, the highest quarter of prior weight gain was significantly associated with coronary artery stenosis, multivessel involvement, and plaque characteristics, particularly mixed and noncalcified plaque.

CONCLUSIONS
The findings suggest that a greater rate of prior weight gain may accelerate the development of subclinical vascular complications in patients with newly diagnosed T2D.
Different Associations of Diabetes With β-Cell Dysfunction and Insulin Resistance Among Obese and Nonobese Chinese Women With Prior Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Li Weiqin , Zhang Shuang , Liu Huikun , Wang Leishen , Zhang Cuiping , Leng Junhong , Yu Zhijie , Yang Xilin , Tian Huiguang , Hu Gang 
Published: June 2014

OBJECTIVE
To examine the relative contributions of β-cell dysfunction and insulin resistance to postpartum diabetes risk among obese and nonobese women with prior gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM).

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
We performed a cross-sectional survey 1–5 years after 1,263 women who had GDM gave birth. Polytomous logistic regression models were used to assess the associations of β-cell dysfunction (the lower quartile of HOMA-%β), insulin resistance (the upper quartile of HOMA-IR), decreased insulin sensitivity (the lower quartile of HOMA-%S), and different categories of BMI with prediabetes and diabetes risk.

RESULTS
β-Cell dysfunction, insulin resistance, and decreased insulin sensitivity all were significantly associated with hyperglycemic status across normal weight, overweight, and obese groups, and the patterns of insulin resistance and decreased insulin sensitivity were similar. BMI was inversely associated with β-cell dysfunction and positively associated with insulin resistance across normal glucose, prediabetes, and diabetes categories. Compared with women with normal glucose and weight, obese women with normal glucose had increased β-cell secretory function (odds ratio [OR] 0.09 [95% CI 0.02–0.37]) and insulin resistance (OR 17.4 [95% CI 9.47–31.9]). Normal weight diabetic women displayed the most β-cell dysfunction (OR 13.6 [95% CI 4.06–45.3]), whereas obese diabetic women displayed the highest insulin resistance (OR 45.8 [95% CI 18.5–113]).

CONCLUSIONS
For women with prior GDM, β-cell dysfunction had more pronounced contribution to postpartum diabetes among nonobese subjects, whereas insulin resistance contributed more to postpartum hyperglycemia among obese subjects.
Data dependence of solutions for Fredholm-Volterra integral equations in L2[a, b]
Authors: András Szilárd 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
In this paper we study the continuous dependence and the differentiability with respect to the parameter λ ∈ [λ1, λ2] of the solution operator S : [λ1, λ2] → L2[a, b] for a mixed Fredholm-Volterra type integral equation. The main tool is the fiber Picard operators theorem (see [9], [8], [11], [3] and [2]).
A survey of the alternating sum-of-divisors function
Authors: Tóth László 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
We survey arithmetic and asymptotic properties of the alternating sum-of-divisors function β defined by β(pa) = pa − pa−1 + pa−2 − · · · + (−1)a for every prime power pa (a ≥ 1), and extended by multiplicativity. Certain open problems are also stated.
Contact CR-submanifolds of an indefinite Lorentzian para-Sasakian manifold
Authors: Laha Barnali , Das Bandana , Bhattacharyya Arindam 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
In this paper we prove some properties of the indefinite Lorentzian para-Sasakian manifolds. Section 1 is introductory. In Section 2 we define D-totally geodesic and D⊥-totally geodesic contact CRsubmanifolds of an indefinite Lorentzian para-Sasakian manifold and deduce some results concerning such a manifold. In Section 3 we state and prove some results on mixed totally geodesic contact CR-submanifolds of an indefinite Lorentzian para-Sasakian manifold. Finally, in Section 4 we obtain a result on the anti-invariant distribution of totally umbilic contact CR-submanifolds of an indefinite Lorentzian para-Sasakian manifold.
The Soundslide Report
Authors: Engebretsen Martin 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
The audio slideshow - or soundslide report - represents a new format for journalistic reporting on online news sites. It is not very widely used, but it has certain discursive and aesthetic potentials indicating that it could contribute substantially to the ecology of journalistic genres. The article offers an illustration and discussion of these potentials, asking how the format communicates and how it affects journalism in general. Starting out with a close reading of a sample text and a discussion of the format’s position in a network of genres, the article concludes that the soundslide report belongs to a new wave of ”aesthetic journalism”, where journalism and art intersect
The assessment of mobility of selected joints of elderly women, the residents of social welfare homes
Authors: Kaczorowska Antonina , Katan Aleksandra , Ignasiak Zofia 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Introduction: Good scope of mobility within the junctions of the motor system means that people are not only efficient in doing their everyday activities but also that they are engaged in family, social and professional life. The aim of this thesis is the assessment of mobility of chest, spine and large joints of women living in social welfare homes of different standards.
Material and methods: The research included the group of 124 women at the age of 60 - 89 who are residents of social welfare homes. The analyzed residents were divided into two groups according to age: 60-74 years old and 75-89 years old. Among the social welfare homes two kinds of institutions were differentiated. The first group is the institutions where women were offered additional programme of physical therapy - ‘good homes’. The second group is the institutions were rehabilitation is conducted only on basic level - ‘average homes’.
The mobility of spine in cervical and lumbar sections was measured by Saunders digital inclinometer. Mobility of chest was measured . The measurement of the mobility of large joints was conducted by goniometer.
Results: The female residents with extended programme of treatment show greater mobility of chest. Mobility of spine of tested women differs. The scope of mobility of large joints is better among the younger residents of good homes. Older women from good homes show greater mobility of hip joints.
Conclusions: The research has shown that the expanded programme of occupational therapy and rehabilitation should be applied to all types of such institutions. This will bring not only greater independence of doing everyday activities but also it will improve the quality of life of elderly people.
O Leonie Przanowskim (1844–1924) raz jeszcze/ Leon Przanowski (1844–1924) revisited
Authors: Przegaliński Andrzej 
Published: June 2014

AbstractThe published text as the press source is the description of funeral ceremonies which took place in Lublin in March 1924 to pay the last honors and homage to Leon Przanowski - one of the most significant and deserved personages associated with Lublin and the Lublin area at the turn of 19th and 20th century. The transcribed text was previously published on the pages of “Kalendarz Lubelski” [The Lublin Calendar] in 1925
Polska obecność na uniwersytetach w Wielkiej Brytanii w okresie międzywojennym/ The Polish Presence at Universities in Great Britain in the Interwar Period
Authors: Złotkiewicz -Kłębukowska Joanna 
Published: June 2014

AbstractThe first attempts to obtain support for Poland from the British public opinion were related to the period of the First World War. It was when the Polish politicians in London, representing various political views started more effective propaganda actions. After the war, the obligation to promote knowledge about Poland was assumed by the Polish diplomatic missions. Thanks to great effort of Polish diplomats, their personal commitment, fresher initiatives appeared, targeted to remove ignorance concerning Polish affairs, as well as history, culture and science. For this purpose, they organised lectures and readings for the Polish professors in Great Britain. The Polish students were also supported in their activities related to Polish cultural propaganda, however there were not many of them. It was considered that cooperation with the British students, organisations and associations was more important. The creation of Polish language courses for English students at the University of Nottingham and the University of Birmingham was a great success. However, all those activities were limited by financial problems as the well as lack of the Polish Foreign Ministry understanding.
Properties of the determinant of a rectangular matrix
Authors: Makarewicz Anna , Pikuta Piotr , Szałkowski Dominik 
Published: June 2014

AbstractIn this paper we present new identities for the Radić’s determinant of a rectangular matrix. The results include representations of the determinant of a rectangular matrix as a sum of determinants of square matrices and description how the determinant is affected by operations on columns such as interchanging columns, reversing columns or decomposing a single column
A fixed point theorem for nonexpansive compact self-mapping
Authors: Narang T. D. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractA mapping T from a topological space X to a topological space Y is said to be compact if T(X) is contained in a compact subset of Y . The aim of this paper is to prove the existence of fixed points of a nonexpansive compact self-mapping defined on a closed subset having a contractive jointly continuous family when the underlying space is a metric space. The proved result generalizes and extends several known results on the subject
An Improvised “Blow Glove” Device Produces Similar PEP Values to a Commercial PEP Device: An Experimental Study
Authors: Dagan Yaakov , Wiser Itay , Weissman Oren , Farber Nimrod , Hundeshagen Gabriel , Winkler Eyal , Kazula-Halabi Tamar , Haik Josef 
Published: June 2014

Background: Postoperative positive expiratory pressure (PEP) therapy promotes increased lung volume, secretion clearance, and improved oxygenation. Several commercial devices exist that produce recommended PEP values (10–20 cmH2O) when the patient breathes through a fixed orifice resistor. It was hypothesized that an inexpensive, improvised “blow glove” device would produce similar PEP values over a wider range of expiration volumes and flow rates. Methods: PEP for different expiration volumes (400–2000 mL) and expiratory flow rates (10–80 L/min) was compared between a commercial PEP device (Resistex, Mercury Medical, Clearwater, FL) and an improvised “blow glove” device, recorded by a Vela ventilator (CareFusion, San Diego, CA). Dynamics in positive end expiratory pressure (PEEP) values were evaluated following five consecutive expirations. The “blow glove” device was evaluated using various glove compositions and sizes. Results: The improvised “blow glove” device produced a significantly higher rate of PEP values in the recommended range than the Resistex device (88.9% vs. 20%, p<0.0001). No significant difference was observed between small and large glove sizes (88.9% vs. 82.9%, p>0.05), but the powdered latex glove showed a significantly higher rate of PEP values in the recommended range than the powder-free latex glove (88.9% vs. 44.4%, p<0.001). Conclusions: A “blow glove” PEP device using a powdered latex glove produces PEP values in the recommended range over a wider spectrum of expiratory flow rates and expiration volumes than a commercial PEP device.
3D-Characterization of AlCu5Mg0.3Mn0.3 and AlCu7Mn0.4 Alloys
Authors: Gutiérrez R. Fernández , Requena G. , Stauder B. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
The three dimensional microstructural evolution of cast B206 (AlCu5Mg0.3Mn0.3) and AlCu7 (AlCu7Mn0.4) alloys is studied as a function of solution treatment time by synchrotron tomography. Both alloys are formed by an α-Al matrix, Al2Cu and Al7Cu2(FeMn). 3D microstructural parameters of the aluminides such as volume fraction and interconnectivity are presented for the alloys in as-cast condition and after 4 h, 8 h and 16 h of solution treatment at 530 °C. Morphological evolution is obtained from the mean and Gauss curvature distribution. Finally, target metallography is combined with energy dispersive x-ray analysis to identify the phases remaining after 16 h of solution treatment.
Challenges of structural Decisions in contemporary architecture
Authors: Fülöp Zsuzsanna 
Published: June 2014

Design in contemporary architecture has become increasingly exploratory in recent years. Digital architecture and the huge number of construction products allow a diverse range of complex forms to be created. Today, sustainability is a key factor in architecture, with architects continually looking for ways to reduce the use of energy and other natural resources, and then harvest and re-use those resources.As a result of these new perspectives and tools, the architectural design process must become more conscious. Architects need to take into consideration the full complexity of available social, cultural, functional, economic, natural, structural, material and technological data, while providing control over the decisions of the design process. The Holistic Performance Based (HPB) [9] method and its approach to the design process could be a toolkit for choosing the most appropriate structural solutions. The essential part of the decision process is a properly modifiable Project-oriented Site-specific Database (PSD) [15], continuously fitted to the project, consisting of real, up to date and comparable data.
Expression of energy: The architecture of power stations in Hungary between 1945 and 1970 part I.
Authors: Haba Péter 
Published: June 2014

The study in two parts discusses the architectural characteristics of power stations built in Hungary from 1945 to 1970, reviewing the period’s social, architectural and technological background, as well as those factors that exerted an influence on power station architecture in these 25 years. The study points out that despite the dominance of technological systems in the case of this building type, Hungarian architects were able to create autonomous designs by their various interpretations of monumentality as a unique aesthetic quality. The first part of the study focuses on the processes that took place in the Rákosi era (1948-1956). It mainly explores the interplay between the structural and formal characteristics resulting from on-site concrete precasting, the technological demands imposed by the electricity industry and the stylistic expectations of socialist realist ideology, and shows how this led to a kind of classicizing monumentality that also manifested in the area of engineering.
Building Rehabilitation – Tendencies of Functional Transformations in Spain
Authors: Kóródy Anna Nóra 
Published: June 2014

Over the last decade, instead of new constructions, building rehabilitations have become a focal point of international architecture. The extending approach of heritage protection opened up a broad spectrum of architectural instruments besides the solutions traditionally applied to protected monuments. These contemporary methods serve the sustainability of heritage through their further usage and adaptation for new functions. The paper concerns the problem of integrated monument restoration from the viewpoint of functional transformations and presents the tendencies of conversions featured in the examined period. Stability or gradual disappearance of certain functions is observable, and they can also be defined as flexible or bounded due to their adaptability to different buildings. Functional transformations are influenced by several social, economic and architectural aspects like environmental facilities, architectural values, local construction regulations, structural facilities, spacial arrangement and questions of ownership. The investigation is based on building rehabilitations in Spain where the number of projects allows the establishment of comprehensive conclusions; furthermore, the case studies of high architectural quality also introduce examples for Hungarian practice.
Severity of Liver Disease Affects HCV Kinetics in Patients Treated with Intravenous Silibinin Monotherapy
Authors: Canini Laetitia , DebRoy Swati , Mariño Zoe , Conway Jessica M , Crespo Gonzalo , Navasa Miquel , D'Amato Massimo , Ferenci Peter , Cotler Scott J , Forns Xavier , Perelson Alan S , Dahari Harel 
Published: June 2014

Background HCV kinetic analysis and modelling during antiviral therapy have not been performed in decompensated cirrhotic patients awaiting liver transplantation. Here, viral and host parameters were compared in three groups of patients treated with daily intravenous silibinin (SIL) monotherapy for 7 days according to the severity of their liver disease. Methods Data were obtained from 25 patients, 12 non-cirrhotic, 8 with compensated cirrhosis and 5 with decompensated cirrhosis. The standard-biphasic model with time-varying SIL effectiveness (from 0 to final effectiveness [εmax]) was fitted to viral kinetic data. Results Baseline viral load and age were significantly associated with the severity of liver disease ( P<0.0001). A biphasic viral decline was observed in most patients with a higher first phase decline in patients with less severe liver disease. The εmax was significantly ( P≤0.032) associated with increasing severity of liver disease (non-cirrhotic εmax [se]=0.86 [0.05], compensated cirrhotic εmax=0.69 [0.06] and decompensated cirrhotic εmax=0.59 [0.1]). The second phase decline slope was not significantly different among groups (mean 1.88 ±0.15 log10 IU/ml/week, P=0.75) as was the rate of change of SIL effectiveness (k=2.12/day [se=0.18/day]). HCV-infected cell loss rate (δ [se]=0.62/ day [0.05/day]) was high and similar among groups. Conclusions The high loss rate of HCV-infected cells suggests that sufficient dose and duration of SIL might achieve viral suppression in advanced liver disease.
Les transitions professionnelles des personnes touchées par une maladie chronique
Authors: Waser Anne-Marie , Lénel Pierre 
Published: June 2014

Résumé À partir de l’analyse d’un matériau issu de deux recherches-actions auprès de personnes touchées par des maladies chroniques qui avaient exprimé le souhait de retrouver une activité, cet article propose une thématisation des transitions professionnelles sous l’aspect d’une rupture avec les normes sociales du travail. Les participants, à travers différentes stratégies, montrent qu’ils cherchent à agir non seulement sur les conditions de leur santé, sur les conditions de collaboration avec les autres, mais aussi à faire évoluer les normes du travail. Ainsi à l’occasion d’un dispositif d’enquête particulier, la rupture biographique se « transmeut » en une dynamique de transformation sociale.