bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Social Media and Literacy
Authors: Banaji Shakuntala 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThis entry explores debates about what it means to be literate, to be media literate, and to be literate in a social media environment. The significance given to formal and informal learning and teaching about social media depends on how the concepts of literacy and media literacy are defined and understood. Literacy has been linked historically to both technical knowledge about reading and writing and the acquisition of social status and political power. Media literacy most resiliently has been viewed as a bounded set of enabling skills that can be applied to distinct texts and technologies. It has also been seen as a fluid and contested field of knowledge with links to political power, and even as an orientation towards knowledge and society. Literacy and media literacy can be construed as deeply political concepts and the implications of literacy in an age of file sharing, social networks, and social bookmarking are increasingly significant for society.
ICT4Dand Poverty Reduction
Authors: Grimshaw David J. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractReducing poverty is a key feature of the rhetoric of institutional actors in the international development community and serves as the main driver of aid. Reflections on what poverty means and how reductions can be measured have evolved as the amount of aid increased yet failed to deliver expected results. At the heart of this debate is the issue of what we are trying to achieve when engaging in international development. This entry considers narrowly focused definitions of poverty measured in economic terms, for example, those living on less than US$2 per day, and broader conceptions of increasing a person's choice to live the life he or she has reason to value. This entry discusses dimensions of poverty in the context of the potential roles of information, knowledge, and technology in poverty reduction with detailed consideration of the relationship between information and communication technologies (ICTs) and economic growth and livelihood improvements.
Social Media and Activism
Authors: Cammaerts Bart 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
This entry provides an overview of the ways in which social media and digital networks are contextualized and examined in relation to social movements and activism. A number of communicative practices that activists deploy are identified and the ways in which information and communication technology (ICT) mediated practices are embedded in roles and functions relevant to activists and social movements are addressed giving attention to the importance of social ties and networks online and offline and to constraints and limitations of ICT use. Networks and communicative practices increasingly manifest themselves as a field of contention which is giving rise to a digital rights and freedoms agenda that is being embraced by activists, nongovernmental organizations, and social movements.
Social Media Ownership
Authors: Ford Sam 
Published: February 2015

AbstractOwnership of social media content has most often been thought of in relation to the increased consolidation of corporate ownership of digital platforms and services. This entry looks instead at the history of scholarship focused on the contested cultural conception of “ownership” in relation to media texts and platforms. In particular, this entry draws from longstanding strands of work on the negotiation of a sense of ownership between audiences and content creators in the discipline of fan studies and how concepts from that work have been applied to research in marketing, sports, and the study of the sites which enable social media discussions.
Social Media and Youth
Authors: Haddon Leslie 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
This entry examines young people's experience of social media. While the term “social media” often refers to a more restrictive range of internet based platforms, a broader understanding of social media, taking into account historical antecedents, allows an appreciation of the precursors to current online practices, issues, and research frameworks. Hence, this entry covers relevant research on young people's use of mobile phones and the internet, before examining the emerging risk agenda.
Geographical Information Systems in the Global South
Authors: Sala Simone , Dendena Bianca 
Published: February 2015

AbstractGeographic information is of key importance in promoting sustainable development in the rural and urban areas of the global South. Within the broader framework of information and communication technologies for development (ICT4D), geographic information systems (GIS) include a wide range of tools used for landscape representation, including community produced paper maps, participatory mapping, and computer based systems. The prominent role of GIS in the global South is acknowledged by many scholars and institutions. This entry explores applications relevant to global development, such as crisis mapping and location based services, presents methodologies and approaches for the deployment of GIS in the global South and highlights the main sustainability issues.
Data Mining and Marketing
Authors: Dholakia Ruby Roy , Dholakia Nikhilesh 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
The rapid rise in available cloud based big data on marketing transactions and consumers and the increasing sophistication of data mining methods is transforming scholarly research and managerial practice. Following an historical review of marketing research, this entry focuses on trends and challenges of big data for scholarly and commercial marketing research with respect to data acquisition, data analytics, data privacy, and security. Critical issues pertaining to the new analytical approaches for data mining, as well as theory building and knowledge creation, are summarized. A key issue for future marketing research is how to divide efforts between fast and accurate customer response prediction with the help of big data – employing artificial intelligence, machine learning, and neural networks – and research aimed at developing in‐depth understanding of big data‐led changes in markets, consumers, and social networks.
Mobile Lifestyles in the Business World
Authors: Forlano Laura 
Published: February 2015

AbstractSince 2000 researchers in the field of communications have been studying the role of mobile lifestyles at the interpersonal, organizational, and urban levels. Specifically, researchers have focused on the social, spatial, and technological aspects of this topic as well as on the ways in which these three dimensions are interrelated. Mobile devices have allowed for a rethinking of traditional dichotomies such as private–public, global–local, digital–material, and individual–community. Mobile lifestyles have been enabled by the adoption of mobile and wireless communications technologies that include a wide variety of devices, applications, and features. This entry gives an overview of research on mobile lifestyles that has been conducted in the field of communications.
Online Consumer Behavior
Authors: Hoffman Donna L. , Novak Thomas P. , Li Yuanrui 
Published: February 2015

Abstract

Consumers perform various behaviors online. In this entry, we apply the
4Cs
(connect, create, consume, and control) model of higher order goals consumers may pursue online to examine several important research questions related to what motivates consumers' online behaviors and what insights marketers can gather to promote their business. Consumers may go online to connect with their family and friends (e.g., checking and sharing status updates on Facebook), create content (e.g., posting
YouTube
videos), consume content created by others (e.g., reading product reviews), and finally, consumers may exercise control over their online self‐presentation (e.g., adjusting online profile or privacy settings). These four goals are not mutually exclusive, as one behavior could fulfill more than one goal. For each primary goal, we define how it relates to consumers' online behaviors, describe some of the most important ways it has been examined in the literature, and then conclude with ideas for future research.
Identity and Agency
Authors: Krotoski Aleks , Hammersley Ben 
Published: February 2015

AbstractIdentity is a complex and multifaceted construct that, when considered within a binary, digital environment, is divided into two constituent and occasionally conflicting parts: the collection of information that relates to a single entity (digital identity) and the representation of the self‐identity in the digital space (online identity). This entry primarily considers the latter, including the ways it is expressed in an anonymized space – both at an individual and a social level – and the structures that inhibit and support its expression. It also explores the necessary role in digital identity in creating the online environments that make up the technologically mediated world, and the negotiations currently debated between social science, philosophy, law, and computer science for creating an identity‐rich and safe digital media.
Mobile Business Models
Authors: Bouwman Harry , de Reuver Mark 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
In this entry we discuss the role of business models in the mobile telecommunications domain, considering technology trends at the level of hardware, infrastructure (4G and LTE as first release), platforms (operating systems, network based platforms, and service aggregator platforms) and presentation protocols (HTML 5), and how they affect end‐user services or applications. With regard to business models, we adopt a service or application centered approach, based on platform concepts, discussing several business model frameworks and their relevance to mobile applications, specifically for networked enterprises (or micro‐ecosystems). Future trends are also discussed from a convergence perspective with a particular emphasis on ubiquitous computing and smart living concepts.
Semantic Web
Authors: Dabrowski Maciej 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThe semantic web is an attempt to provide technology, standards, and methodologies to structure and describe the meaning of data on the web, and to make it easier to process by machines thus allowing software to accomplish many of the tasks users must currently perform manually. The term coined in 2001 by Sir Tim Berners‐Lee, the creator of the web, has conceptual roots in the early decades of the twentieth century. This entry describes the foundation technologies of the semantic web and current trends impacting its adoption.
Defamation/Libel
Authors: Sanders Amy Kristin 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
Around the world, criminal and civil laws, collectively known as the law of defamation, are designed to deter false attacks on an individual's reputation. However, the amount of speech punishable with these laws varies greatly from nation to nation. On one end of the spectrum, the United States protects even false statements of fact about public plaintiffs unless actual malice is shown. On the other, in China insulting statements need not contain false information to be actionable. As the internet unites the world through instantaneous communication, the differences in these legal protections have begun to present global communicators with numerous challenges.
e
‐Learning for Development: The Role of the Teacher
Authors: Winters Niall 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
Much of the discourse on e‐learning has a focus on technology. Teachers are positioned as external to the design of e‐learning interventions in development projects. In this entry, this positioning is critiqued from a methodological and pragmatic standpoint, arguing that projects will struggle to be successful in the longer term if they continue to take this approach. Drawing on research in technology enhanced learning (TEL), ways of repositioning the teacher as central to the e‐learning design process are detailed and the key challenges that need to be overcome to achieve this ambitious goal are discussed. An approach that begins by understanding the context of teachers' everyday practice, promotes participation in the design process through multistakeholder partnerships, and urges a more self‐reflective role on the part of corporate funders in e‐learning projects is introduced.
Legal Limits to Technology Use
Authors: Proferes Nicholas 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
This entry describes the efforts by some states to limit citizens' use of digital communication technologies. The entry details five common characteristics of these limits to use. The first characteristic deals with limits placed on citizens' access to certain forms of content through digital communication technologies. The second details how certain categories of citizens are singled out and how their use of digital communication technologies is restricted. The third and fourth characteristics illustrate the ways that states may restrict use based on time and place. Finally, the last characteristic illustrates the different technological and legal means by which citizens' use is limited. This entry concludes by suggesting that many future technologies will face limits to use with similar characteristics.
Living Labs
Authors: Ballon Pieter 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
A living lab is a way of organizing innovation processes that is closely linked to the rise of social media. Social media use community platforms to leverage the creative inputs of, and the interactions between, users. Living labs apply the same principles, but in a design and experimentation oriented manner. While they comprise a heterogeneous mix of methodologies and organizational settings, living labs have in common the objective to involve multiple stakeholders, including users and communities of users, in the exploration, co‐creation and evaluation of innovations within a realistic setting.
Obscenity Law
Authors: Cenite Mark 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThe legal and technical challenges of regulating sexually explicit content through obscenity law have multiplied in digital media environments. Age‐old criticisms persist that obscenity laws are vague attempts to legislate morality, while defenders of such laws argue that regulation of morality is a legitimate aim. This entry reviews obscenity laws in numerous jurisdictions and considers the extent to which they are enforced.
e‐Government
Authors: van Dijk Jan , Ebbers Wolfgang , van de Wijngaert Lidwien 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThere are similarities between e‐government services and commercial e‐services, but also a number of basic differences, given that they are public services that should be available to everyone. E‐government services are evolving from one‐way operations with a supply‐side and technical orientation to two‐way operations with a demand‐side and a social role. Service development extends from information services, download and upload services, transaction services, participation and communication services, to integrated services (one‐stop services and portals). In this way the focus is transformed from traditional administration to modern communication between governments and citizens or companies.
e‐Agriculture
Authors: Flor Alexander G. , Cisneros Andrea Jimenez 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThe term e‐agriculture refers to three things. It may mean the use of electronic media to promote and support agricultural programs, projects, and activities. An example is the harnessing of radio or television to disseminate innovation or support capacity development programs of national agriculture agencies. The term e‐agriculture is also used in reference to a movement within the international agricultural sector that advocates the use of information and communication technology for agricultural production, marketing, and advocacy. Part of this movement champions mobile phones and texting services for agricultural market information and crop decision support systems as well as food policy advocacy. Additionally, e‐agriculture refers to a global organization, a community of practice, engaged in the sharing and reuse of best practices and lessons learned using digital communication applications for agriculture via an established online platform administered by the Food and Agriculture Organization in Rome. This entry introduces these various developments that are associated with the term e‐agriculture. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
ICT4D
and Global Connectivity
Authors: Waema Timothy Mwololo 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
Many countries in the global South are dramatically expanding their broadband infrastructure as part of national plans to use domestic and global connectivity to achieve accelerated social and economic development. This entry reviews recent developments in the expansion of undersea fiber networks connecting with African countries and considers some of the opportunities and constraints to achieving the potential benefits, focusing on both supply‐ and demand‐side factors.
Online Games and Role Playing
Authors: Mortensen Torill Elvira 
Published: February 2015

Abstract

Large online role playing games (
RPG
s) have a long history of development and several aspects in common with analog role playing games. This entry discusses the progression from re‐enactment to live‐action role playing games, and how these are connected with text based adventure games, multi‐user dungeons (
MUD
s), and massively multiplayer online role playing games (
MMORPG
s). The entry also touches on the connection between role play and story, narrative, and suspension of disbelief.
ICT4Dande‐Governance
Authors: Madon Shirin 
Published: February 2015

AbstractE‐governance initiatives have proliferated in many parts of the developing world and are aimed at enhancing the efficiency, accessibility, and democratic accountability of public administration. This entry reviews the major categories of theories and research findings on e‐governance for development, beginning with literature focusing on various stages of development in e‐governance applications with respect to technological sophistication and support structures, followed by a discussion of approaches to studying the impact of e‐governance for development initiatives ranging from the assessment of short‐term measurable gains to longer‐term social change, and a consideration of connections between this work and broader literatures on governance and development, pointing to new pathways for scholarship on this topic.
Freedom of Expression and Professional Status
Authors: Eko Lyombe 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThe institutional media are the traditional beneficiaries of free speech protections. However, members of other “expressive” professions have sought refuge under the umbrella of constitutional protections by virtue of their professional status or occupations. The practice of conferring speech rights on specific individuals or members of certain occupations on the basis of their professional status reflects the politico‐cultural specificities of each nation. In the United States, professional groups seek protection under the First Amendment, while in Europe the focal point of freedom of expression is the citizen, not the professional journalist. In European court cases involving newspapers, the “press” is not often singled out as the beneficiary of constitutional protection as is the case in the United States. This entry describes and explains the law and policy of attribution of freedom of expression rights by virtue of professional or occupational status in the United States and selected jurisdictions.
Wikis
Authors: Alevizou Giota 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
This entry describes the sociotechnical specificity of wikis and their application in domains of culture, knowledge, and learning. It begins by locating the wiki in the history of technological visions for collective cognition and continues by examining the material and social properties of wikis through a series of concepts: collective intelligence and crowdsourcing, openness and open collaboration. It examines some key tensions surrounding the properties of participation within open collaborative systems and points to empirical research within media and communications, education, and computer and information sciences. In doing so, it situates the ways in which wiki phenomena have been used to define ideological movements and fields of socioeconomic activity in the domains of science, culture, and politics.
ICT4D
and Mobile Communication
Authors: Samarajiva Rohan , Kapugama Nilusha 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
The entry outlines the evolution of mobile communication, addressing both its substitution for fixed communication and the novel feature of communication while mobile and untethered. A discussion of the economic impacts of utilizing mobile technology as well as its limitations follows. Social impacts are illustrated with health and disaster early warning applications based on mobile communication.
Online Advertising
Authors: Ma Wenjuan , Wildman Steven S. , Li Hairong 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
This entry provides an overview of online advertising, focusing on its growth over a fairly short period of time to become a major category for advertising spending, the various forms online advertising takes, the measurement of online audiences, mechanisms for pricing online ad inventory, and the new players that have emerged and the institutions that have developed to serve the market for online ads.
Cybercrime
Authors: Sarno Federica 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThis entry addresses the emergence of cybercrime in relation to the evolution of information and communication technologies (ICTs), emphasizing the important difference these have made to people's lives, the new opportunities they introduce for criminal behaviors, and the growing challenges for contemporary society. Concrete and distinctive manifestations of cybercrime are discussed, with particular attention to definitions and classification, and cybercrime is considered in the light of the characteristics of cyberspace and challenges for law enforcement and policing.
Telecenters
Authors: Bailur Savita 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
This entry explains how telecenters are defined, reviews their history, and introduces the main stakeholders. It then turns to a discussion of telecenter business models and considers their impacts on the “digital divide(s),” the potential for community participation, and their role in contributing to the Millennium Development Goals. A final section considers the ways in which telecenters can be considered successful, whether they are sustainable, and what their future is likely to be.
Freedom of Expression
Authors: Youm Kyu Ho 
Published: February 2015

AbstractFreedom of expression is a definitional challenge because it is not easily definable. While “freedom” is the central issue, “expression” is relevant to what deserves protection. Free expression as a human right is not fully understood without its theoretical and conceptual framework. Given that freedom of expression is not absolute, free expression is balanced with its conflicting interests. Electronic media and internet law issues highlight the pervasive impact of new communication technologies on freedom of expression. This article identifies and examines various key legal issues, whether content or process related. While using an international and comparative law perspective, the entry notes American experience with freedom of expression as a possible point of reference for the world of the global twenty‐first century.