bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Spatial inequalities in life expectancy within postindustrial regions of Europe: a cross-sectional observational study
Authors: Taulbut Martin , Walsh David , McCartney Gerry , Parcell Sophie , Hartmann Anja , Poirier Gilles , Strniskova Dana , Hanlon Phil 
Published: June 2014

ObjectivesTo compare spatial inequalities in life expectancy (LE) in West Central Scotland (WCS) with nine other postindustrial European regions.DesignA cross-sectional observational study.SettingWCS and nine other postindustrial regions across Europe.ParticipantsData for WCS and nine other comparably deindustrialised European regions were analysed. Male and female LEs at birth were obtained or calculated for the mid-2000s for 160 districts within selected regions. Districts were stratified into two groups: small (populations of between 141 000 and 185 000 people) and large (populations between 224 000 and 352 000). The range and IQR in LE were used to describe within-region disparities.ResultsIn small districts, the male LE range was widest in WCS and Merseyside, while the IQR was widest in WCS and Northern Ireland. For women, the LE range was widest in WCS, though the IQR was widest in Northern Ireland and Merseyside. In large districts, the range and IQR in LE was widest in WCS and Wallonia for both sexes.ConclusionsSubregional spatial inequalities in LE in WCS are wide compared with other postindustrial mainland European regions, especially for men. Future research could explore the contribution of economic, social and political factors in reducing these inequalities.
Prediction of liver disease in patients whose liver function tests have been checked in primary care: model development and validation using population-based observational cohorts
Authors: McLernon David J , Donnan Peter T , Sullivan Frank M , Roderick Paul , Rosenberg William M , Ryder Steve D , Dillon John F 
Published: June 2014

ObjectiveTo derive and validate a clinical prediction model to estimate the risk of liver disease diagnosis following liver function tests (LFTs) and to convert the model to a simplified scoring tool for use in primary care.DesignPopulation-based observational cohort study of patients in Tayside Scotland identified as having their LFTs performed in primary care and followed for 2 years. Biochemistry data were linked to secondary care, prescriptions and mortality data to ascertain baseline characteristics of the derivation cohort. A separate validation cohort was obtained from 19 general practices across the rest of Scotland to externally validate the final model.SettingPrimary care, Tayside, Scotland.ParticipantsDerivation cohort: LFT results from 310 511 patients. After exclusions (including: patients under 16 years, patients having initial LFTs measured in secondary care, bilirubin >35 μmol/L, liver complications within 6 weeks and history of a liver condition), the derivation cohort contained 95 977 patients with no clinically apparent liver condition. Validation cohort: after exclusions, this cohort contained 11 653 patients.Primary and secondary outcome measuresDiagnosis of a liver condition within 2 years.ResultsFrom the derivation cohort (n=95 977), 481 (0.5%) were diagnosed with a liver disease. The model showed good discrimination (C-statistic=0.78). Given the low prevalence of liver disease, the negative predictive values were high. Positive predictive values were low but rose to 20–30% for high-risk patients.ConclusionsThis study successfully developed and validated a clinical prediction model and subsequent scoring tool, the Algorithm for Liver Function Investigations (ALFI), which can predict liver disease risk in patients with no clinically obvious liver disease who had their initial LFTs taken in primary care. ALFI can help general practitioners focus referral on a small subset of patients with higher predicted risk while continuing to address modifiable liver disease risk factors in those at lower risk.
Pulmonary pathologic manifestations of anti-glycyl-tRNA synthetase (anti-EJ)-related inflammatory myopathy
Authors: Schneider Frank , Yousem Samuel A , Bi David , Gibson Kevin F , Oddis Chester V , Aggarwal Rohit 
Published: June 2014

AimsAntisynthetase syndromes are a subset of the idiopathic inflammatory myopathies characterised by the presence of autoantibodies to aminoacyl transfer-RNA synthetases (ARS) and monotypic clinical features including Raynaud phenomenon, fever, non-erosive inflammatory arthritis and hyperkeratotic skin changes (‘mechanic's hands’). Interstitial lung disease (ILD) is particularly common in ARS syndromes, affecting up to 90% of patients.MethodsFour patients with ARS syndrome who possessed anti-glycyl-tRNA synthetase (anti-EJ) autoantibodies were retrieved from the University of Pittsburgh database. We report their clinical, radiographic and histopathologic findings.ResultsPatients presented with dyspnoea accompanied by Raynaud phenomenon and ‘mechanic's hands’. Lung disease was the first manifestation in all four patients (100%) who were all amyopathic. High-resolution CT of the chest showed patchy opacities and consolidations in two patients (50%) whose surgical lung biopsies revealed organising diffuse alveolar damage (DAD), and lower lung zone predominant reticular infiltrates and traction bronchiectasis without honeycomb change in two patients (50%) whose surgical lung biopsies revealed usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP). Mild lymphoplasmacytic inflammation and few scattered lymphoid aggregates were present, but we found no pathognomonic histopathologic features of anti-EJ ARS syndrome. Serologic testing revealed no other autoantibodies. All patients responded to immunosuppressive therapy.ConclusionsIdentifying ARS-associated autoantibodies in ILD patients with or without myopathy is desirable because patients may respond well to immunosuppressive therapy, and their prognosis is better than that of patients with idiopathic forms of DAD or UIP.
Family employment and child socioemotional behaviour: longitudinal findings from the UK Millennium Cohort Study
Authors: Hope Steven , Pearce Anna , Whitehead Margaret , Law Catherine 
Published: June 2014

BackgroundLevels of paid employment in two parent and lone parent families have increased in the UK but evidence of its impact on child socioemotional behaviour is limited and inconsistent.MethodsWe conducted a longitudinal analysis using the first four sweeps of the Millennium Cohort Study (9 months, 3 years, 5 years and 7 years) to investigate the influence of family employment trajectories in the early years on socioemotional behaviour at 7 years, unadjusted and adjusted for covariates. In addition, mothers’ employment was investigated separately.ResultsChildren from families where no parent was employed for one or more sweeps were at a greater risk of socioemotional problem behaviour compared with those where a parent was continuously employed, even after adjustment for covariates. Children of mothers who were non-employed for one or more sweeps were at greater risk of problem behaviour compared with mothers who were employed at all sweeps. Adjustment for covariates fully attenuated the excess risk for children whose mothers had moved into employment by the time they were 7 years. In contrast, the elevated risk associated with continuous non-employment and a single transition out of employment was attenuated after adjustment for early covariates, fathers’ employment, household income and mothers’ psychological distress at 7 years, but remained significant.ConclusionsFamily and mothers’ employment were associated with a lower risk of problem behaviour for children in middle childhood, in part explained by sociodemographic characteristics of families and the apparent psychological and socioeconomic benefits of employment. Results for mothers’ transitions in or out of the labour market suggest that child problem behaviour is influenced by current status, over and above diverse earlier experiences of employment and non-employment.
Preliminary in vivo evaluation of a novel intrasaccular cerebral aneurysm occlusion device
Authors: Moftakhar Roham , Xu Fangmin , Aagaard-Kienitz Beverly , Consigny Daniel W , Grinde Julie R , Hart Kevin , Flanagan Claire E , Crone Wendy C , Masters Kristyn S 
Published: June 2014

ObjectiveCurrent endovascular technology does not offer a perfect solution for all cerebral aneurysms. Our group has built two versions of a novel aneurysm intrasaccular occlusion device (AIOD) to address the drawbacks associated with current occlusion devices. The objective of the present study was to perform pilot proof of concept in vivo testing of this new AIOD in swine and canines.MethodsTwo configurations of the AIOD, termed ‘coil-in-shell’ and ‘gel-in-shell’, were implanted in surgically created sidewall aneurysms (n=4) in swine for acute occlusion studies, as well as sidewall (n=8) and bifurcation aneurysms (n=3) in canines to assess long term occlusion efficacy. Occlusion at all time points (immediate, 6 weeks, and 12 weeks) was evaluated by angiography. Neointimal healing at 12 weeks post-implantation in canines was examined histologically.ResultsAngiographic analysis showed that both the coil-in-shell and gel-in-shell devices achieved complete aneurysm occlusion immediately following device delivery in sidewall aneurysms in swine. In longer term canine studies, initial occlusion ranged from 71.3% to 100%, which was stable with no recurrence in any of the sidewall aneurysms at 6 or 12 weeks. Histological analysis at 12 weeks showed mature fibromuscular tissue at the neck of all aneurysms and no significant inflammatory response.ConclusionsThe AIOD tested in this study showed promise in terms of acute and chronic occlusion of aneurysms. Our findings suggest that these devices have the potential to promote robust tissue healing at the aneurysm neck, which may minimize aneurysm recurrence. Although proof of principle has been shown, further work is needed to deliver this device through an endovascular route.
Wave guiding in fractured layered media
Authors: Shao S. , Petrovitch C. L. , Pyrak-Nolte L. J. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Many carbonate rocks are composed of layers and contain fracture sets that cause the hydraulic, mechanical and seismic properties to be anisotropic. Co-located fractures and layers in carbonate rock lead to competing wave-scattering mechanisms: both layers and parallel fractures generate compressional-wave (P-wave) guided modes. The guided modes generated by the fractures may obscure the presence of the layers. In this study, we examine compressional-wave guided modes for two cases: wave guiding by fractures in a layered medium with sub-wavelength layer thickness; and wave guiding in media with competing scattering mechanisms, namely layering (where the thickness is greater than a wavelength) and parallel sets of fractures. In both cases, the fracture spacing is greater than a wavelength. When the layer thickness is smaller than a wavelength, P-wave guiding is controlled by the spacing of the fractures, fracture specific stiffness, the frequency of the signal and the orientation of the layering relative to the fracture set. The orientation of the layering determines the directionally dependent P-wave velocity in the anisotropic matrix. When the layer thickness is greater than a wavelength and an explosive point source of a signal is located in the layer containing a fracture, the fracture either enhanced or suppressed compressional-mode wave guiding caused by the layering in the matrix.
Recent BRCAPRO Upgrades Significantly Improve Calibration
Authors: Mazzola Emanuele , Chipman Jonathan , Cheng Su-Chun , Parmigiani Giovanni 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
The recent release of version 2.0-8 of the BayesMendel package contains an updated BRCAPRO risk prediction model, which includes revised modeling of contralateral breast cancer (CBC) penetrance, provisions for pedigrees of mixed ethnicity and an adjustment for mastectomies among family members. We estimated penetrance functions for CBC by a combination of parametric survival modeling of literature data and deconvolution of SEER9 data. We then validated the resulting updated model of CBC in BRCAPRO by comparing it with the previous release (BayesMendel 2.0-7), using pedigrees from the Cancer Genetics Network (CGN) Model Validation Study. Version 2.0-8 of BRCAPRO discriminates BRCA1/BRCA2 carriers from noncarriers with similar accuracy compared with the previous version (increase in AUC, 0.0043), is slightly more precise in terms of the root-mean-square error (decrease in RMSE, 0.0108), and it significantly improves calibration (ratio of observed to expected events of 0.9765 in version 2.0-8, compared with 0.8910 in version 2.0-7). We recommend that the new version be used in clinical counseling, particularly in settings where families with CBC are common. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 23(8); 1689–95. ©2014 AACR.
Pathogen-Sensing and Regulatory T Cells: Integrated Regulators of Immune Responses
Authors: Paul William E. , Grossman Zvi 
Published: June 2014

AbstractWe present the concept that pathogen-sensing and regulatory T cells (Treg) mutually regulate immune responses to conventional and tumor antigens through countervailing effects on dendritic cells (DC). Normally, conventional CD4 T cells recognizing their cognate antigen presented by a DC will respond only if the DC also receives a signal through its pathogen-sensing/danger/adjuvant recognition systems (the pathogen-sensing triad). However, in the absence of Tregs capable of interacting with the same DC, DCs are competent to present antigens, both foreign and self, even without the stimulation provided by the pathogen-sensing triad. Tregs recognizing an antigen presented by the DC that is also presenting antigen to a conventional CD4 T cell will prevent the activation of the CD4 T-cell responses, but a signal delivered by a member of the pathogen-sensing triad will overcome the inhibitory action of Tregs, thus allowing CD4 T-cell responses to go forward. These considerations take on special meaning for responses to “weak antigens” such as many of the antigens displayed by spontaneous human tumors. Cancer Immunol Res; 2(6); 503–9. ©2014 AACR.
Phenomenological Psychology: Husserl’s Static and Genetic Methods
Authors: Sousa Daniel 
Published: June 2014

AbstractA new framework for phenomenological psychology is proposed based on Husserl’s static and genetic methods. Static phenomenology holds a eidetic psychology centred on the processes of noetic-noematic constitution and elaborates typologies and general notions about human beings in connection with the world. Genetic analysis is research into facticity, it focus on the personal history of a subject, which is constantly in the process of becoming. When the temporal dimension of consciousness is considered, the phenomenological method becomes ‘static’, as it excludes the factitious dimension of self, its personal and individual history, sedimented in layers of meaning, which are in part pre-reflective, non-thematic and anonymous to the self, but which nevertheless continue to influence the experience of itself with the other and with the world. This paper aims to present some of the fundamental principals of genetic phenomenology and it’s application to existential-phenomenological psychotherapy. There are three main aspects underlying genetic-phenomenological analysis as it is being proposed: inner time-consciousness theory, the experiential self and the theory of passive geneses.
Assimilation of Remotely Sensed Soil Moisture and Snow Depth Retrievals for Drought Estimation
Authors: Kumar Sujay V. , Peters-Lidard Christa D. , Mocko David , Reichle Rolf , Liu Yuqiong , Arsenault Kristi R. , Xia Youlong , Ek Michael , Riggs George , Livneh Ben , Cosh Michael 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
The accurate knowledge of soil moisture and snow conditions is important for the skillful characterization of agricultural and hydrologic droughts, which are defined as deficits of soil moisture and streamflow, respectively. This article examines the influence of remotely sensed soil moisture and snow depth retrievals toward improving estimates of drought through data assimilation. Soil moisture and snow depth retrievals from a variety of sensors (primarily passive microwave based) are assimilated separately into the Noah land surface model for the period of 1979–2011 over the continental United States, in the North American Land Data Assimilation System (NLDAS) configuration. Overall, the assimilation of soil moisture and snow datasets was found to provide marginal improvements over the open-loop configuration. Though the improvements in soil moisture fields through soil moisture data assimilation were barely at the statistically significant levels, these small improvements were found to translate into subsequent small improvements in simulated streamflow. The assimilation of snow depth datasets were found to generally improve the snow fields, but these improvements did not always translate to corresponding improvements in streamflow, including some notable degradations observed in the western United States. A quantitative examination of the percentage drought area from root-zone soil moisture and streamflow percentiles was conducted against the U.S. Drought Monitor data. The results suggest that soil moisture assimilation provides improvements at short time scales, both in the magnitude and representation of the spatial patterns of drought estimates, whereas the impact of snow data assimilation was marginal and often disadvantageous.
Dynamic and Double-Diffusive Instabilities in a Weak Pycnocline. Part II: Direct Numerical Simulations and Flux Laws
Authors: Flanagan Jason D. , Radko Timour , Shaw William J. , Stanton Timothy P. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
This study examines the interaction of diffusive convection and shear through a series of 2D and 3D direct numerical simulations (DNS). The model employed is based on the Boussinesq equations of motion with oscillating shear represented by a forcing term in the momentum equation. This study calculates thermal diffusivities for a wide range of Froude numbers and density ratios and compares the results with those from the analysis of observational data gathered during a 2005 expedition to the eastern Weddell Sea. The patterns of layering and the strong dependence of thermal diffusivity on the density ratio described here are in agreement with observations. Additionally, the authors evaluate salinity fluxes that are inaccessible from field data and formulate a parameterization of buoyancy transport. The relative significance of double diffusion and shear is quantified through comparison of density fluxes, efficiency factor, and dissipation ratio for the regimes with/without diffusive convection. This study assesses the accuracy of the thermal production dissipation and turbulent kinetic energy balances, commonly used in microstructure-based observational studies, and quantifies the length of the averaging period required for reliable statistics and the spatial variability of heat flux.
Quantitative Differences between Lightning and Nonlightning Convective Rainfall Events as Observed with Polarimetric Radar and MSG Satellite Data
Authors: Matthee Retha , Mecikalski John R. , Carey Lawrence D. , Bitzer Phillip M. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
To increase understanding of the relationships between lightning and nonlightning convective storms, lightning observations from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analyses (NAMMA) campaign were analyzed with Meteosat Second Generation (MSG) geostationary satellite and S-band NASA Polarimetric Doppler Weather Radar (NPOL) data. The study’s goal was to analyze the time evolution of infrared satellite fields and ground-based polarimetric radar during NAMMA to quantify relationships between satellite and radar observations for lightning and nonlightning convective clouds over equatorial Africa. Using NPOL data, very low-frequency arrival time difference lightning data, and MSG Spinning Enhanced Visible and Infrared Imager observations, the physical attributes of growing cumulus clouds, including ice mass production, updraft strength, cloud depth, and cloud-top glaciation were examined. It was found that, on average, the lightning storms had stronger updrafts (seen in the satellite and radar fields), which lead to the formation of deeper clouds (seen in the satellite and radar fields) and subsequently much more ice in the mixed-phase region (as confirmed in radar observations), as well as much more nonprecipitating ice in the top 1 km of the cloud (as quantified in both satellite and radar fields) than the nonlightning storms. Computed radar-derived ice masses in cumulus clouds verifies the traditional MSG indicators of cloud-top glaciation, while NPOL verifies internal structures (i.e., large amounts of graupel) where satellite and radar show strong updrafts.
B-cell prolymphocytic leukemia: a specific subgroup of mantle cell lymphoma
Authors: van der Velden Vincent H. J. , Hoogeveen Patricia G. , de Ridder Dick , Schindler-van der Struijk Magdalena , van Zelm Menno C. , Sanders Mathijs , Karsch Dennis , Beverloo H. Berna , Lam King , Orfao Alberto , Lugtenburg Pieternella J. , Böttcher Sebastian , van Dongen Jacques J. M. , Langerak Anton W. , Kappers-Klunne Mies , van Lom Kirsten 
Published: June 2014

Key Points
On the basis of its immunophenotype and gene expression profile, B-PLL may be considered a specific subgroup of MCL. B-PLL is part of a spectrum ranging from CLL-like B-PLL, to leukemic MCL-like B-PLL, to nodal MCL-like B-PLL.
Estrogen promotes stemness and invasiveness of ER-positive breast cancer cells through Gli1 activation
Authors: Sun Ying , Wang Yunshan , Fan Cong , Gao Peng , Wang Xiuwen , Wei Guangwei , Wei Junmin 
Published: June 2014

Abstract

Background
Although long-term estrogen (E2) exposure is associated with increased breast cancer (BC) risk, and E2 appears to sustain growth of BC cells that express functional estrogen receptors (ERs), its role in promoting BC stem cells (CSCs) remains unclear. Considering that Gli1, part of the Sonic hedgehog (Shh) developmental pathway, has been shown to mediate CSCs, we investigated whether E2 and Gli1 could promote CSCs and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in ER+ BC cell lines.

Methods
We knocked down Gli1 in several BC cells using a doxycycline-controlled vector, and compared Gli1-knockdown cells and Gli1
+ cells in behavior and expression of ER, Gli1, ALDH1 (BC-CSC marker), Shh, Ptch1 (Shh receptor) and SOX2, Nanog and Bmi-1 (CSC-associated transcriptions factors), using PCR; tissue microarrays, western blot; chromatin immunoprecipitation q-PCR, confocal immunofluorescence microscopy; fluorescence-activated cell sorting; annexin–flow cytometry (for apoptosis); mammosphere culture; and colony formation, immunohistochemistry, Matrigel and wound-scratch assays.

Results
Both mRNA and protein expressions of ER correlated with those of Gli1 and ALDH1. E2 induced Gli1 expression only in ER+ BC cells. E2 promoted CSC renewal, invasiveness and EMT in ER+/Gli1+ cells but not in Gli1-knockdown cells.

Conclusions
Our results indicate that estrogen acts via Gli1 to promote CSC development and EMT in ER+ BC cells. These findings also imply that Gli1 mediates cancer stem cells, and thus could be a target of a novel treatment for ER+ breast cancer.