bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PRELIMINARY FINDINGS OF OIL-SOLIDS INTERACTION IN EIGHT ALASKAN RIVERS
Authors: McCourt James , Shier Larry 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The formation of oil-mineral aggregates in rivers with high concentrations of suspended solids could be an important mechanism for transferring oil from a surface slick into the water column.
Seven glacier-fed rivers in south-central Alaska were sampled three times in the summer of 1999 and tested to see how suspended solids in the water would interact with crude oil. Oil-mineral aggregates formed with all samples, which lead to the conclusion that similar oil-solids interaction should occur if oil is spilled into other glacier-fed rivers.
The amount of oil associated with the solids after mixing was roughly proportional to the concentration of suspended solids in the samples. The oil-loading results ranged between 0.01 and 0.45 g oil/g solid, with most of the measurements falling between 0.03 and 0.24 g oil/g solid. The average loading for all tests was 0.13 g oil/g solid, which is consistent with the findings of a similar study done in 1998 on the Yukon River. This result indicates that the suspended solids in the streams studied—especially the larger Yukon, Copper, and Lowe Rivers—have a large oil-holding capacity and would be capable of scavenging a considerable volume of oil. The exact quantity would depend on several factors, including the volume and dimensions of the slick, concentration of suspended solids, and current velocity of the river.
Historical data on stream flow, suspended-solids concentration, and particle-size distribution were gathered and used in conjunction with the laboratory oil-solids interaction results to identify the times of the year when such interaction could occur to a significant degree. This data indicated that oil-mineral aggregates are expected to form in all rivers tested, with the most significant periods being during the summer months.
A 3-YEAR BASELINE SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS STUDY OF PETROLEUM POLLUTANTS IN COASTAL LOUISIANA
Authors: Gisclair David , McMillin Debra 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The Louisiana Oil Spill Coordinator's Office (LOSCO) has conducted a 3-year study of baseline petroleum pollutant levels in South Louisiana. The project collected a total of 3,540 composite sediment samples from 1,180 sites. Each site was sampled three times, once a year from 1997 through 1999. Samples were collected within four zones; each zone was assigned to a different contractor. The zones were located primarily along the Louisiana coast, with additional sampling points along the Mississippi River, Atchafalaya Navigation Channel, Red River, and Ouachita-Black River. LOSCO emphasized areas at high risk of sustaining oil spills. The project required a 10 parts-per-billion detection limit for 65 analytes, including parent and alkylated polynuclear aromatic hyrdrocarbons (PAHs), saturated hydrocarbons (up to 35 carbon units), pristane, phytane, hopanes, and steranes. The targeted analytes provide a sample profile that can be used to both classify contaminant sources (crude, heavy fuel oil, combustion sources, etc.) and identify crude oil sources.
To standardize analytical results between contract laboratories and to ensure data quality, LOSCO funded development of an analytical standard operating procedure (SOP). The SOP describes a tumbling method of sample extraction and gas Chromatograph mass spectrometer (GC-MS) selected ion mode (SIM) analysis. This method is similar to procedures used to assess the environmental impacts of the Exxon Valdez oil spill, as well as other spills. SOP appendices describe identification and standardization procedures for quantifying alkylated PAH. Extraction and quantitative analysis of a reference-contaminated sediment supplied by LOSCO was required for every 30 samples.
The review process included: (1) a review of electronic spreadsheets to pinpoint incorrect or invalid results, and (2) an examination of hardcopy laboratory documents and electronic data files to determine if the analysis and data processing were performed correctly.
Baseline Sampling and Analysis Monitor Point Locations data sets1, in Geographic NAD83 (LOSCO, 1999a) for each of the sampling years, have been compiled in a geographical information system (GIS) format. Analytical results will be provided via the Internet or CD-ROM. The linking of field and analytical results allows examination and spatial analysis of study results.
BACKGROUND TARBALL STRANDINGS ON SANDY OREGON BEACHES
Authors: Mauseth Gary S. , Martin Colin A. , Brown John 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The New Carissa grounded February 4, 1999 near Coos Bay, Oregon and released an estimated 595 to 1,786 barrels (25,000 to 75,000 gallons) of IFO 280 and MDO. Stranded oil and tarballs were monitored on 56 segments over 280 km (150 nmiles) of central Oregon coast sand beaches for a period of over 18 months. Tarball samples were collected and analyzed by GC-MS Modified EPA 8270. Samples were qualitatively compared to oils known to be aboard the ship. To date, a total of 824 tarballs have been collected, of which 183 have been analyzed. Criteria used for selection of tarballs to be analyzed were: (1) representative of tarballs on the beach, (2) appeared to be anomalous to the New Carissa incident in terms of timing or distribution, and (3) anomalous in appearance. Samples were randomly selected within each category for analysis.
Of the 141 random samples collected and analyzed, 69 (49%) were inconsistent with New Carissa source oils (NCSOs). Of 34 samples analyzed as anomalous in time and/or space, 16 (47%) were inconsistent with NCSOs, and of 8 samples analyzed as anomalous in appearance, 5 (63%) were inconsistent with NCSOs. In all cases, the relative frequency of inconsistent samples increased with distance from the vessel. In the winter and spring of 1999–2000 (10 months following the initial incident), data and samples were collected from two 1,000-m control beaches believed to be unaffected by New Carissa oil and 1,000 m of beach adjacent to the stern portion of the wrecked ship. Density of tarballs on control beaches was 0.01 g/m2 with 100% of the samples inconsistent with NCSOs. The beach adjacent to the wreck had a tarball density of 0.1 g/m2 with 70% consistent with NCSOs. Because of the small size of the tarballs, difficulty in observation in sand and frequent adverse weather conditions, the authors believe that the data collected likely underestimate the quantity of oil on the beach and is therefore conservative.
MODELING OIL SPILL TRAJECTORY IN THE GULF OF PARIA, TRINIDAD, WEST INDIES
Authors: Ramnath Kelvin , Harbajan-Sankar Ramona , Jagai Tennyson 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The Gulf of Paria (GOP) is a semi-enclosed basin that provides access for all sea-going traffic to the four major ports on the west coast of Trinidad. This traffic includes tourist cruise liners, powerboats and yachts for recreation; cargo ships for transporting methanol, ammonia, and urea; tankers carrying crude oil and refined products to and from the refinery; and large, liquefied natural gas tankers. The GOP is considered a high-risk area for marine accidents and related spills because of this voluminous oceanic traffic. It also supports a range of fragile ecosystems including several beaches and the Caroni swamp, all of which can be adversely affected by any kind of discharge into this area.
Petroleum Company of Trinidad and Tobago Limited (PETROTRIN), in discharging its responsibility, has put in place many systems to mitigate the damage resulting from such a situation should it occur. The most recent has been the acquisition of a commercially available software package that can be used to predict the movement of oil spills during an actual incident. Wind speed and direction, and mean tidal and background currents for the GOP were used to customize the model for the marine area bounded by the points 10.0234°N 62.2059°W, 10.0234°N 61.4911°W, 10.06796°N 61.4911 °W, and 10.06796 °N 62.2059 °W.
The movements of surface drifters launched from a boat were recorded with time using a handheld global positioning system (GPS). Model simulations were generated and compared with field data to determine the model's capabilities and limitations for predicting the spill movement in the GOP. The trajectories predicted by the model were consistent with the actual movement of the surface drifters. Continuous updates of the movement of an actual spill will allow improved predictions and thereby assist response teams in determining and prioritizing the next course of action.
DETERMINATION OF A LIDAR SIGNAL FROM IMAGES OF BACKSCATTERED NATURAL LIGHT ON WATER SURFACE
Authors: Yamagishi Susumu , Hitomi Kazuo , Yamanouchi Hiroshi , Yamaguchi Yoshitaka 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Surveillance is an essential component of an oil spill response that provides helpful data about cleanup operational sites and for the monitoring of the marine environment. A compact fluorescence lidar system, to be mounted in a small airplane or on a ship, has been developed to procure active real-time information of water properties even in full daylight. This paper describes a concept of a lidar system that is suitable for an operator to identify oil slicks quickly and a procedure to evaluate its performance on a ship and in an airplane. During a flight over a water surface, the proposed system could track the illuminated spots in an image with wide field of view. During a cruise, a spot illuminated by a laser on the sea surface was identified clearly even with the presence of whitecaps. The reflection from the surface was significantly greater than background noise. Signals acquired in an image were compared with adjacent background scattering due to the natural light. For an operator, the system can display a real-time spot image accurately positioned on a map.
HYDROCARBON AND ECOTOXICITY IN SEAWATER AND SEDIMENT SAMPLES OF GUANABARA BAY AFTER THE OIL SPILL IN JANUARY 2000
Authors: Gabardo Irene Terezinha , de Fátima Guadalupe Meniconi Maria , Falcão Leticia Veiga , Vital Neusa A. A. , Pereira Rosana Cardoso Lopez , da Silva Carreira Renato 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
On January 18, 2000, approximately 340,000 gallons (1,300 m3) of marine fuel (MF-380) spilled into Guanabara Bay, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The spill originated from a leak in the pipeline from the PETROBRAS refinery to the oil terminal. This paper presents the results for the water column and sediment monitoring 10 days after the spill, including n-alkanes, unresolved complex mixture (UCM), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and toxicological essays.
Chemical and toxicological monitoring of the water column was performed at 14 sampling stations throughout the impacted area in Guanabara Bay. The chemical analysis of PAHs by ultraviolet fluorescence showed results from &lt;0.04–11.56 μg/L−1in chrysene equivalents. The toxicological essays for three species (Artemia sp., Mysidium gracile, and Vibrio fisheri, Microtox) indicate no acute effects for the water samples studied.
To monitor sediments, 57 samples were collected from intertidal and sub tidal sites. For the 30 intertidal sediments, 73% contained PAHs (GC-MS) below 2 μg/g−1, 20% were in the range 2–5 μg/g−1, and only two stations (7%), located in the vicinity of the spill point, contained levels up to 20 μg/g−1. For the 27 subtidal sediments, results were in the range of 0.2–9.6 μg/g−1 for PAHs, 0.7–43.3 μg/g−1 for n-alkanes, and 17.8–1,250 μg/g−1 for UCM. The toxicological study for the sediments based on Vibrio fisheri (Microtox) indicated no acute toxicity effects.
When comparing the post-spill results with previous hydrocarbon data, no significant impact was observed in sediments and water column because of the oil spill. There is, however, a significant background of chronic anthropogenic inputs to Guanabara Bay.
FISHERIES SAFETY MONITORING IN THE GUANABARA BAY, BRAZIL FOLLOWING A MARINE FUEL OIL SPILL
Authors: de Fátima Guadalupe Meniconi Maria , Santos Angelo Francisco , Moreira Isabel Maria N.S. , Scofield Arthur de Lemos , Salmito Thais M.C. , Romão Cátia Maria , Azevedo Luiz Augusto Carneiro , Machado Guilherme Augusto Witte Cruz 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
In January 2000, approximately 1,300 m3 (340,000 gallons) of marine fuel oil were released during a pipeline transference accident in the Guanabara Bay, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, reaching island and land shorelines situated at the north and northeast part of the bay. An Emergency Action Plan for oil recovery and cleanup was performed, and the effort of this strategy resulted in the recovery of approximately 40% of the spilled oil. Although there was no official fishery closure, several areas were, in practice, closed to marine traffic, and fishermen were not fishing in the oil-affected area; thus, there was a de facto fishery closure.
Chemical and toxicological analyses were performed on water and sediment samples to evaluate the degree of the contamination of the affected area 10 days after the spill. The results of these analyses showed background levels for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in finfish habitat in Guanabara Bay. A study was then conducted as a cooperative effort among the governmental environmental agency (IBAMA), universities, and PETROBRAS to assess the degree of contamination of finfish from the area for hydrocarbons and microorganisms. Microbial essays and chemical analyses for PAHs were conducted on six composite samples of edible tissue of two species (Mugil lisa and Micropogonias furnieri) collected in nets and fish traps in the most affected area. The species were chosen based on their abundance, marketability, and feeding habits. Two samples collected in the bay 1 year before the oil spill were used as reference to PAHs. The microbial analyses were conducted according to the rules from the Health Ministry and also were done for other species collected by net fishing.
All samples were found free of microbial contamination and were approved to be consumed in accordance with the MERCOSUL criteria. The concentration of PAHs in the samples collected after the oil spill were at the same level of the reference samples, confirming the expectation from the literature. These results were compared to three international concentration-based and risk-based criteria since there were no legal limits for PAHs in fishes. No sample analyzed contained PAH contamination exceeding the criteria used as reference in this study. No carcinogenic compounds were detected in the samples. The net results of this work were the rapid resumption of the finfisheries and the acquisition of a preliminary database of PAH concentration and microbial conditions on finfish tissue for the Guanabara Bay.
PROPERTIES OF CRUDE OIL AND OIL PRODUCTS (NOT JUST ANOTHER PRETTY DATABASE)
Authors: Jokuty Paula 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
When an oil spill occurs, there is an immediate need on the part of spill responders to know the properties of the spilled oil, as these will affect the behavior, fate, and effects of the oil, which will in turn affect the choice of countermeasures. However, it is often difficult or impossible to obtain a sample of the spilled oil, let alone the specialized analysis required to determine its properties, in a manner timely enough to suit the circumstances of an oil spill. Under the scrutiny of the media and the public, answers regarding the identity and predicted behavior of the spilled oil will be expected immediately, if not sooner.
In preparation for such emergencies, the Emergencies Science Division (ESD) of Environment Canada has been collecting properties data for crude oils and oil products since 1984. Basic physical properties—density, viscosity, pour point, etc.—and environmentally relevant characteristics—evaporation rates, emulsion formation, chemical dispersibility—are measured. Properties related to health and safety—flash point, volatile organic compounds, sulfur—also are determined. In fact, nearly 20 different types of measurements are made for both fresh and weathered crude oils and oil products.
To date data has been collected for more than 400 oils. For ease of access, this information is stored in an electronic database. The database in turn is accessible via the World Wide Web, and is also periodically printed in an easy-to-read catalogue format. The wide variety of data collected in the database also makes it possible to examine both simple and complex relationships that may exist between oil properties and spill behavior.
This presentation will review the full scope of information determined and collected by ESD. Using tables and graphs, examples will be presented of the many ways in which this information can be viewed and used by both laymen and experts in the field of oil spills.
DEVELOPMENT OF A TACTICAL GUIDE FOR SENSITIVE AREAS
Authors: Marchant Larry A. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Important to any response is the ability to effectively respond to locations identified as sensitive within a response region. In Port Valdez, a part of Prince William Sound, Alaska adjacent to the Valdez Marine Terminal, the Port Valdez Sensitive Areas Tactical Guide was developed to do exactly that. It provides a tool for operational personnel during a spill response to enable protection of preidentified sensitive areas. In the guide, each sensitive area discussion includes tactical information required for deployment of exclusion, diversion or entrapment booming. This paper explains the development of the Tactical Guide.
The project started by visiting all sensitive areas to determine existing habitat, shoreline, and tidal flats. Anchor points also have been identified for use in the event booming is required. Surveying each area at low tide—given the 12-foot tidal range—indicated the necessary type and quantity of boom and anchor placement, and which type of workboats are needed. The Tactical Guide recognizes that permanent rock bolt anchors or concrete shoreline deadman anchor points are much more suitable for smooth and speedy deployment.
The permitting process for permanent anchor is a long and arduous task. This paper explores the process used to achieve successful permitting and buy-in from stakeholders. After the installation of permanent anchors in each area, aerial photographs were taken at different times of the tidal cycle to ensure successful identification on a year-round basis.
The Port Valdez Sensitive Areas Tactical Guide is key to the Valdez Marine Terminal Oil Discharge Prevention and Contingency Plan's effectiveness. It was developed over several years through input from regulators, stakeholders, and the plan holders. The establishment of the guide ensures tactical responses will be rapidly available to the response team, and mobilized based on prioritization established by the Unified Command. The development of the Tactical Guide has been a tremendous benefit to the response effort and a great example of stakeholder and plan holder cooperation.
Contamination of the Water Table by an Oil Spill at the Presidente Getulio Vargas Refinery – Repar, Municipality of Araucaria, Paraná
Authors: Bastos Neto Artur Cezar , Luna Caicedo Nelson Oswaldo , Melo Clarissa Lovato , Finott Alexandra 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
This paper presents the results of the evaluation of contamination in the Saldanha Creek basin, caused by an oil spill at Refinaria Presidente Getúlio Vargas belonging to PETROBRAS, in Araucária – state of Paraná, which occurred on July 16, 2000. The oil reached Saldanha stream following 4 distinct paths and, over its course, overflowed the canal banks contaminating a total of 17.70 hectares of existing wetlands. The oil infiltration into the subsoil occurred in two main areas: (1) around the scraper, which is where most of the oil was infiltrated (approximately 43,000 liters of oil in free phase); (2) in Wetland 4, where the contaminant is mainly adsorbed to the soil particles. The characteristics of the former favor the implementation of a subsurface drainage system, with an oil separator. In the second, flooding the area would allow the removal of part of the contaminant by a difference of density, and part with a reactive barrier to which the groundwater flow would be induced.
In-Situ Burning of Orimulsion: Small-Scale Burns
Authors: Fingas Merv , MacKay Ron 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Orimulsion is a heavy bitumen dispersed into water with a surfactant. In general, in-situ burning has not been considered as a countermeasure for Orimulsion because of the nature of Orimulsion and the perception that the product could not be ignited. If it could be ignited, then combustion may not be sustained. This study examined the feasibility of burning Orimulsion at three small laboratory scales. Tests were conducted on three scales or diameters of approximately 5 cm, 10 cm, and 50 cm. Burning at the smallest scale was conducted in a Cleveland Open Cup apparatus, which was run in standard mode. A special pan was built for larger-scale burns. All tests were conducted on saltwater which resulted in the bitumen separating from the water in the Orimulsion. The Cleveland Open Cup apparatus was used to determine whether sufficient vapours could be generated to begin combustion. In 2 burns out of 9, limited burning of vapours was started. The same apparatus was also used to measure whether sustained flame impingement would result in successful combustion. This latter experiment was also successful in most cases. The larger scale combustion tests were conducted in a special pan and were ignited using diesel fuel as a primer. In all cases, quantitative removal of Orimulsion was achieved, although re-ignition was required in some burns. Orimulsion burns with frequent mini-explosions of entrained water droplets still in the bitumen. Some of these mini-explosions were large enough to extinguish the flame, if the burn area was not large enough. This did not occur on large-scale burns. Thus the potential for successful burning increases with the size of the burn. The amount of diesel ignitor required was found to be about 1 mm in thickness in the given starting area. Large-scale burns were ignited from an area less than 30% of the total area.