bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A two‐component, multimeric endolysin encoded by a single gene
Authors: Proença Daniela , Velours Christophe , Leandro Clara , Garcia Miguel , Pimentel Madalena , São‐José Carlos 
Published: November 2014

SummaryBacteriophage endolysins are bacterial cell wall degrading enzymes whose potential to fight bacterial infections has been intensively studied. Endolysins from Gram‐positive systems are typically described as monomeric and as having a modular structure consisting of one or two N‐terminal catalytic domains (CDs) linked to a C‐terminal region responsible for cell wall binding (CWB). We show here that expression of the endolysin gene lys170 of the enterococcal phage F170/08 results in two products, the expected full length endolysin (Lys170FL) and a C‐terminal fragment corresponding to the CWB domain (CWB170). The latter is produced from an in‐frame, alternative translation start site. Both polypeptides interact to form the fully active endolysin. Biochemical data strongly support a model where Lys170 is made of one monomer of Lys170FL associated with up to three CWB170 subunits, which are responsible for efficient endolysin binding to its substrate. Bioinformatics analysis indicates that similar secondary translation start signals may be used to produce and add independent CWB170‐like subunits to different enzymatic specificities. The particular configuration of endolysin Lys170 uncovers a new mode of increasing the number of CWB motifs associated to CD modules, as an alternative to the tandem repetition typically found in monomeric cell wall hydrolases.
Molecular details of a starch utilization pathway in the human gut symbiont Eubacterium rectale
Authors: Cockburn Darrell W. , Orlovsky Nicole I. , Foley Matthew H. , Kwiatkowski Kurt J. , Bahr Constance M. , Maynard Mallory , Demeler Borries , Koropatkin Nicole M. 
Published: November 2014

SummaryEubacterium rectale is a prominent human gut symbiont yet little is known about the molecular strategies this bacterium has developed to acquire nutrients within the competitive gut ecosystem. Starch is one of the most abundant glycans in the human diet, and E. rectale increases in vivo when the host consumes a diet rich in resistant starch, although it is not a primary degrader of this glycan. Here we present the results of a quantitative proteomics study in which we identify two glycoside hydrolase 13 family enzymes, and three ABC transporter solute‐binding proteins that are abundant during growth on starch and, we hypothesize, work together at the cell surface to degrade starch and capture the released maltooligosaccharides. EUR_21100 is a multidomain cell wall anchored amylase that preferentially targets starch polysaccharides, liberating maltotetraose, whereas the membrane‐associated maltogenic amylase EUR_01860 breaks down maltooligosaccharides longer than maltotriose. The three solute‐binding proteins display a range of glycan‐binding specificities that ensure the capture of glucose through maltoheptaose and some α1,6‐branched glycans. Taken together, we describe a pathway for starch utilization by E. rectale DSM 17629 that may be conserved among other starch‐degrading Clostridium cluster XIVa organisms in the human gut.
Role of the aminotransferase domain in Bacillus subtilis GabR, a pyridoxal 5′‐phosphate‐dependent transcriptional regulator
Authors: Okuda Keita , Kato Shiro , Ito Tomokazu , Shiraki Shunsuke , Kawase Yumiko , Goto Masaru , Kawashima Susumu , Hemmi Hisashi , Fukada Harumi , Yoshimura Tohru 
Published: November 2014

SummaryMocR/GabR family proteins are widely distributed prokaryotic transcriptional regulators containing pyridoxal 5′‐phosphate (PLP), a coenzyme form of vitamin B6. The Bacillus subtilis GabR, probably the most extensively studied MocR/GabR family protein, consists of an N‐terminal DNA‐binding domain and a PLP‐binding C‐terminal domain that has a structure homologous to aminotransferases. GabR suppresses transcription of gabR and activates transcription of gabT and gabD, which encode γ‐aminobutyrate (GΑΒΑ) aminotransferase and succinate semialdehyde dehydrogenase, respectively, in the presence of PLP and GABA. In this study, we examined the mechanism underlying GabR‐mediated gabTD transcription with spectroscopic, crystallographic and thermodynamic studies, focusing on the function of the aminotransferase domain. Spectroscopic studies revealed that GABA forms an external aldimine with the PLP in the aminotransferase domain. Isothermal calorimetry demonstrated that two GabR molecules bind to the 51‐bp DNA fragment that contains the GabR‐binding region. GABA minimally affected ΔGbinding upon binding of GabR to the DNA fragment but greatly affected the contributions of ΔH and ΔS to ΔGbinding. GABA forms an external aldimine with PLP and causes a conformational change in the aminotransferase domain, and this change likely rearranges GabR binding to the promoter and thus activates gabTD transcription.
V. THE DIFFERENTIAL ASSOCIATION OF ADIPOSITY AND FITNESS WITH COGNITIVE CONTROL IN PREADOLESCENT CHILDREN
Authors: Pontifex Matthew B. , Kamijo Keita , Scudder Mark R. , Raine Lauren B. , Khan Naiman A. , Hemrick Bonnie , Evans Ellen M. , Castelli Darla M. , Frank Kenneth A. , Hillman Charles H. 
Published: November 2014

ABSTRACTWith the increasing prevalence of sedentary behaviors during childhood, a greater understanding of the extent to which excess adiposity and aerobic fitness relate to cognitive health is of increasing importance. To date, however, the vast majority of research in this area has focused on adiposity or fitness, rather than the possible inter‐relationship, as it relates to cognition. Accordingly, this study examined the differential associations between body composition, aerobic fitness, and cognitive control in a sample of 204 (96 female) preadolescent children. Participants completed a modified flanker task (i.e., inhibition) and a switch task (i.e., cognitive flexibility) to assess two aspects of cognitive control. Findings from this study indicate that fitness and adiposity appear to be separable factors as they relate to cognitive control, given that the interaction of fitness and adiposity was observed to be nonsignificant for both the flanker and switch tasks. Fitness exhibited an independent association with both inhibition and cognitive flexibility whereas adiposity exhibited an independent association only with cognitive flexibility. These results suggest that while childhood obesity and fitness appear to both be related to cognitive control, they may be differentially associated with its component processes.
VI. THE ROLE OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY IN REDUCING BARRIERS TO LEARNING IN CHILDREN WITH DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS
Authors: Pontifex Matthew B. , Fine Jodene G. , da Cruz Katelin , Parks Andrew C. , Smith Alan L. 
Published: November 2014

ABSTRACTEmerging research suggests that physical activity may be an effective non‐pharmaceutical intervention approach for childhood developmental disorders. Findings indicate that both single bouts of activity and chronic physical activity associate with improved mental health and classroom performance in children with attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder and children with autism spectrum disorders. This review describes the research in this area and identifies limitations and challenges to the translation of these findings to promote physical activity in clinical practice and educational policy.
MECHANISMS AND CORRELATES OF A HEALTHY BRAIN: A COMMENTARY
Authors: Cheatham Carol L. 
Published: November 2014

ABSTRACTIn this monograph, the message is that early inactivity and obesity lead to later chronic disease, and, as such, physical inactivity should be recognized as a public health crisis. Sedentary behavior, to some extent, serves a purpose in our current culture (e.g., keeping children indoors keeps them safe), and, as such, may not be amenable to change. Thus, it is important that we understand the underpinnings of later‐developing chronic disease as this complex public health issue may have roots that go deeper than sedentary behavior. In this commentary, I speculate on the mechanisms for physical activity exacting positive changes on cognitive abilities. Three potential mechanisms are discussed: glucose transport, postnatal neurogenesis, and vitamin synthesis, all of which are inextricably linked to nutrition. This discussion of mechanisms is followed by a discussion of tractable correlates of the progression to non‐communicable disease in the adult.
Knowing your friends and foes – plant receptor‐like kinases as initiators of symbiosis or defence
Authors: Antolín‐Llovera Meritxell , Petutsching Elena Kristin , Ried Martina Katharina , Lipka Volker , Nürnberger Thorsten , Robatzek Silke , Parniske Martin 
Published: November 2014

SummaryThe decision between defence and symbiosis signalling in plants involves alternative and modular plasma membrane‐localized receptor complexes. A critical step in their activation is ligand‐induced homo‐ or hetero‐oligomerization of leucine‐rich repeat (LRR)‐ and/or lysin motif (LysM) receptor‐like kinases (RLKs). In defence signalling, receptor complexes form upon binding of pathogen‐associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), including the bacterial flagellin‐derived peptide flg22, or chitin. Similar mechanisms are likely to operate during the perception of microbial symbiont‐derived (lipo)‐chitooligosaccharides. The structurally related chitin‐oligomer ligands chitooctaose and chitotetraose trigger defence and symbiosis signalling, respectively, and their discrimination involves closely related, if not identical, LysM‐RLKs. This illustrates the demand for and the challenges imposed on decision mechanisms that ensure appropriate signal initiation. Appropriate signalling critically depends on abundance and localization of RLKs at the cell surface. This is regulated by internalization, which also provides a mechanism for the removal of activated signalling RLKs. Abundance of the malectin‐like domain (MLD)‐LRR‐RLK Symbiosis Receptor‐like Kinase (SYMRK) is additionally controlled by cleavage of its modular ectodomain, which generates a truncated and rapidly degraded RLK fragment. This review explores LRR‐ and LysM‐mediated signalling, the involvement of MLD‐LRR‐RLKs in symbiosis and defence, and the role of endocytosis in RLK function.
Functional equivalence, competitive hierarchy and facilitation determine species coexistence in highly invaded grasslands
Authors: Gross Nicolas , Liancourt Pierre , Butters Robyn , Duncan Richard P. , Hulme Philip E. 
Published: November 2014

Summary

Alien and native plant species often differ in functional traits. Trait differences could lead to niche differences that minimize competitive interactions and stabilize coexistence. However, trait differences could also translate into average fitness differences, leading to a competitive hierarchy that prevents coexistence.

We tested whether trait differences between alien and native species translated into average fitness or stabilizing niche differences, and whether competition could explain observed coexistence within invaded grassland communities (New Zealand).

Trait differences reflected marked competitive hierarchy, suggesting average fitness differences. Species coexistence was determined by a trade‐off between species susceptibility to herbivory vs competitive hierarchy and facilitation. Importantly, although aliens and natives differed in their trait values, they did not differ in their competitive response, highlighting the importance of equalizing mechanisms in structuring invaded communities. Only a few alien species with a particular set of traits were able to jeopardize species coexistence when grazing was ceased.

Our study explains why some alien species coexist with natives, whereas others have strong impacts on native communities. It highlights that trait differences can underlie several coexistence processes and that the demonstration of trait differences between aliens and natives is only a first step to understanding the role of biotic interactions in structuring invaded communities.
Association of TGF‐β1 −509C/T, +869T/C, and +915G/C polymorphisms with periodontitis susceptibility
Authors: Huang J , Ding C , Chen X , He R , Chen N 
Published: November 2014

ObjectivesTo investigate the potential association of TGF‐β1 −509C/T (rs1800469), +869T/C (rs1800470), and +915G/C (rs1800471) polymorphisms with susceptibility to periodontitis.Materials and MethodsSeveral electronic databases were searched for eligible articles. Odds ratios (ORs) along with their 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated to assess the strength of relationship between the TGF‐β1 polymorphisms and periodontitis risk.ResultsEleven studies were searched without any language restriction. Pooled estimates showed that TGF‐β1 −509C/T polymorphism was associated with decreased risk of periodontitis. Subgroup analysis revealed that −509C/T T allele was associated with decreased risk of chronic periodontitis (CP) in Asians (T allele vs C allele: OR = 0.81, 95% CI = 0.69–0.97, Pheterogeneity = 0.25). Furthermore, the +915G/C CC genotype might be associated with elevated risk of CP in Caucasians (CC vs GG: OR = 9.14, 95% CI = 1.01–82.50, Pheterogeneity = 0.49). Concerning +869T/C polymorphism, no evidence of significant association was identified.ConclusionThis meta‐analysis suggested that TGF‐β1 −509C/T T allele was associated with decreased risk of CP in Asians, while +915G/C CC genotype might contribute to increased CP risk in Caucasians. Replication studies of our results in independent large populations are necessary to validate this association in diverse populations.
Pain Intensity as Prognostic Factor in Cancer Pain Management
Authors: Mercadante Sebastiano , Porzio Giampiero , Adile Claudio , Aielli Federica , Cortegiani Andrea , Caruselli Amanda , Casuccio Alessandra 
Published: November 2014

AbstractAimThe aim of this study was to prospectively assess the prognostic value of initial pain intensity and its duration in advanced cancer patients.MethodsA prospective study was conducted in a sample of patients with cancer requiring pain control. Patients underwent standard analgesic strategies used in our palliative care units. Pain intensity was measured at admission (T0) and after successful dose titration or opioid/route switching within a week (Ts). Patients were also asked about their pain intensity reported 15 days before admission (T‐15). Doses of opioids and duration of opioid use were recorded.Patients were also assessed for the presence of incident pain, neuropathic pain, alcoholism, delirium, and symptom intensity, including items representing psychological distress. One week after or at time of stabilization (Ts), the opioid response was clinically graded as follows: (1) good pain control; (2) adequate pain control requiring more aggressive opioid escalation; (3) adequate pain control associated with the occurrence of adverse effects; (4) incapacity to achieve pain control within a week. Opioid escalation indexes and days for dose finding were also recorded.ResultsPain intensity at T0 and at T‐15, opioid doses, duration of opioid therapy, and age were associated with more complex analgesic therapies, which were effective in almost all patients within a week.ConclusionHigh levels of pain intensity, often due to previous undertreatment, are predictive of more complex analgesic treatment. Opioid tolerance, as well as younger age, may also play a role.
The role of attachment style, attachment to therapist, and working alliance in response to psychological therapy
Authors: Taylor Peter J. , Rietzschel Julia , Danquah Adam , Berry Katherine 
Published: November 2014

ObjectivesWorking alliance (WA) has been shown to be an important process influencing the success of therapy. The association of clients' underlying attachment representations with WA and the subsequent success of therapy has increasingly been recognized. This study explores the association between adult attachment representations, specific attachment to the therapist and WA in patients receiving psychological therapy.MethodFifty‐eight participants due to receive therapy were recruited from primary care psychological services. Participants completed self‐report measures of attachment, WA, and psychopathology.ResultsPatients with greater secure attachment to the therapist showed significantly greater WA. In a subset of participants completing therapy, change in outcome was also correlated with baseline attachment towards the therapist.ConclusionsThe study suggests that attachment towards the therapist is an important predictor of WA. The results suggest that in terms of WA, attachment to the therapist may be more important than pre‐existing attachment representations.Practitioner points

A more secure attachment to the therapist was associated with greater WA and improvement in therapy.

Clinicians should be mindful of signs of an insecure attachment to themselves, reflecting a difficulty around trusting the therapist and viewing them as a secure base. Missed sessions and an ongoing reluctance to disclose personal information to the therapist may be signs of an insecure attachment.

This may be the case even in cognitive–behavioural approaches to therapy where relational processes are not necessarily a focus of therapy.

Incorporating attachment processes in the formulation, including attachment to the therapist, may provide one way of exploring these issues in therapy.
White matter abnormalities in major depressive disorder with melancholic and atypical features: A diffusion tensor imaging study
Authors: Ota Miho , Noda Takamasa , Sato Noriko , Hattori Kotaro , Hori Hiroaki , Sasayama Daimei , Teraishi Toshiya , Nagashima Anna , Obu Satoko , Higuchi Teruhiko , Kunugi Hiroshi 
Published: November 2014

AimThe DSM‐IV recognizes some subtypes of major depressive disorder (MDD). It is known that the effectiveness of antidepressants differs among the MDD subtypes, and thus the differentiation of the subtypes is important. However, little is known as to structural brain changes in MDD with atypical features (aMDD) in comparison with MDD with melancholic features (mMDD), which prompted us to examine possible differences in white matter integrity assessed with diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) between these two subtypes.MethodsSubjects were 21 patients with mMDD, 24 with aMDD, and 37 age‐ and sex‐matched healthy volunteers whose DTI data were obtained by 1.5 tesla magnetic resonance imaging. We compared fractional anisotropy and mean diffusivity value derived from DTI data on a voxel‐by‐voxel basis among the two diagnostic groups and healthy subjects.ResultsThere were significant decreases of fractional anisotropy and increases of mean diffusivity in patients with MDD compared with healthy subjects in the corpus callosum, inferior fronto‐occipital fasciculus, and left superior longitudinal fasciculus. However, we detected no significant difference in any brain region between mMDD and aMDD.ConclusionOur results suggest that patients with MDD had reduced white matter integrity in some regions; however, there was no major difference between aMDD and mMDD.
Resistance to a highly aggressive isolate of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in a Brassica napus diversity set
Authors: Taylor A. , Coventry E. , Jones J. E. , Clarkson J. P. 
Published: November 2014

Sclerotinia stem rot (SSR) of oilseed rape (OSR, Brassica napus), caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, is a serious problem in the UK and worldwide. As fungicide‐based control approaches are not always reliable, identifying host resistance is a desirable and sustainable approach to disease management. This research initially examined the aggressiveness of 18 Sclerotinia isolates (17 S. sclerotiorum, one S. subarctica) on cultivated representatives of B. rapa, B. oleracea and B. napus using a young plant test. Significant differences were observed between isolates and susceptibility of the brassica crop types, with B. rapa being the most susceptible. Sclerotinia sclerotiorum isolates from crop hosts were more aggressive than those from wild buttercup (Ranunculus acris). Sclerotinia sclerotiorum isolates P7 (pea) and DG4 (buttercup), identified as ‘aggressive’ and ‘weakly aggressive’, respectively, were used to screen 96 B. napus lines for SSR resistance in a young plant test. A subset of 20 lines was further evaluated using the same test and also in a stem inoculation test on flowering plants. A high level of SSR resistance was observed for five lines and, although there was some variability between tests, one winter OSR (line 3, Czech Republic) and one rape kale (line 83, UK) demonstrated consistent resistance. Additionally, one swede (line 69, Norway) showed an outstanding level of resistance in the stem test. Resistant lines also had fewer sclerotia forming in stems. New pre‐breeding material for the production of SSR resistant OSR cultivars relevant to conditions in the UK and Europe has therefore been identified.
Will Incremental Hemodialysis Preserve Residual Function and Improve Patient Survival?
Authors: Davenport Andrew 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThe progressive loss of residual renal function in peritoneal dialysis patients is associated with increased mortality. It has been suggested that incremental dialysis may help preserve residual renal function and improve patient survival. Residual renal function depends upon both patient related and dialysis associated factors. Maintaining patients in an over‐hydrated state may be associated with better preservation of residual renal function but any benefit comes with a significant risk of cardiovascular consequences. Notably, it is only observational studies that have reported an association between dialysis patient survival and residual renal function; causality has not been established for dialysis patient survival. The tenuous connections between residual renal function and outcomes and between incremental hemodialysis and residual renal function should temper our enthusiasm for interventions in this area.
Generalized Clausal Modifiers in Thai Noun Phrases
Authors: Jenks Peter 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThe Thai particlethîiintroduces relative clauses and noun‐complement clauses but does not introduce clausal complements of verbs. This paper provides a unified analysis for these two noun phrase‐internal clauses as modifiers, proposing thatthîiis a complementizer that is interpreted as a lambda‐operator that derives CP‐sized properties. This analysis is extended to the use ofthîiin factive complements of verbs, contrastive clefts, and infinitives. Arguments are presented against the analysis ofthîiby den Dikken & Singhapreecha (2004) as alinker, a reflex of DP‐internal predicate inversion.