bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Elderly Homeless Veterans in Los Angeles: Chronicity and Precipitants of Homelessness
Authors: van den Berk-Clark Carissa , McGuire James 
Published: October 2013

Objectives. We compared the characteristics of chronically homeless and acutely homeless elderly veterans to better understand precipitants of homelessness. Methods. We conducted interviews with 33 chronically and 26 acutely homeless veterans aged 65 years and older receiving transitional housing services in Los Angeles, California, between 2003 and 2005. We asked questions regarding their sociodemographic characteristics and other social status measures. Other precipitants of homelessness were acquired via observation and open-ended and structured questions. Results. Both veterans groups were more similar than different, with substantial levels of physical, psychiatric, and social impairment. They differed significantly in homelessness history, with chronically homeless veterans having more homelessness episodes and more total time homeless. They were also less educated and had smaller social networks. In response to open-ended questioning, elderly homeless veterans revealed how health and substance use issues interacted with loss of social support and eviction to exacerbate homelessness. Conclusions. Assessment of a range of factors is needed to address risk factors and events leading to homelessness. Further research with larger samples is needed to confirm the characteristics and needs of the elderly homeless veteran population.
Housing Retention in Single-Site Housing First for Chronically Homeless Individuals With Severe Alcohol Problems
Authors: Collins Susan E. , Malone Daniel K. , Clifasefi Seema L. 
Published: October 2013

Objectives. We studied housing retention and its predictors in the single-site Housing First model. Methods. Participants (n = 111) were chronically homeless people with severe alcohol problems who lived in a single-site Housing First program and participated in a larger nonrandomized controlled trial (2005–2008) conducted in Seattle, Washington. At baseline, participants responded to self-report questionnaires assessing demographic, illness burden, alcohol and other drug use, and psychiatric variables. Housing status was recorded over 2 years. Results. Participants were interested in housing, although a sizable minority did not believe they would be able to maintain abstinence-based housing. Only 23% of participants returned to homelessness during the 2-year follow-up. Commonly cited risk factors—alcohol and other drug use, illness burden, psychiatric symptoms, and homelessness history—did not predict resumed homelessness. Active drinkers were more likely to stay in this housing project than nondrinkers. Conclusions. We found that single-site Housing First programming fills a gap in housing options for chronically homeless people with severe alcohol problems.
High Utilizers of Emergency Health Services in a Population-Based Cohort of Homeless Adults
Authors: Chambers Catharine , Chiu Shirley , Katic Marko , Kiss Alex , Redelmeier Donald A. , Levinson Wendy , Hwang Stephen W. 
Published: October 2013

Objectives. We identified predictors of emergency department (ED) use among a population-based prospective cohort of homeless adults in Toronto, Ontario. Methods. We assessed ED visit rates using administrative data from the Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences (2005–2009). We then used logistic regression to identify predictors of ED use. Frequent users were defined as participants with rates in the top decile (≥ 4.7 visits per person-year). Results. Among 1165 homeless adults, 892 (77%) had at least 1 ED visit during the study. The average rate of ED visits was 2.0 visits per person-year, whereas frequent users averaged 12.1 visits per person-year. Frequent users accounted for 10% of the sample but contributed more than 60% of visits. Predictors of frequent use in adjusted analyses included birth in Canada, higher monthly income, lower health status, perceived unmet mental health needs, and perceived external health locus of control from powerful others; being accompanied by a partner or dependent children had a protective effect on frequent use. Conclusions. Among homeless adults with universal health insurance, a small subgroup accounted for the majority of visits to emergency services. Frequent use was driven by multiple predisposing, enabling, and need factors.
Homelessness During the Transition From Foster Care to Adulthood
Authors: Dworsky Amy , Napolitano Laura , Courtney Mark 
Published: October 2013

Objectives. We estimated the incidence of homelessness during the transition to adulthood and identified the risk and protective factors that predict homelessness during this transition. Methods. Using data from the Midwest Evaluation of the Adult Functioning of Former Foster Youth, a longitudinal study of youths aging out of foster care in 3 Midwestern states, and a bounds approach, we estimated the cumulative percentage of youths who become homeless during the transition to adulthood. We also estimated a discrete time hazard model that predicted first reported episode of homelessness. Results. Youths aging out of foster care are at high risk for becoming homeless during the transition to adulthood. Between 31% and 46% of our study participants had been homeless at least once by age 26 years. Running away while in foster care, greater placement instability, being male, having a history of physical abuse, engaging in more delinquent behaviors, and having symptoms of a mental health disorder were associated with an increase in the relative risk of becoming homeless. Conclusions. Policy and practice changes are needed to reduce the risk that youths in foster care will become homeless after aging out.
Relationship Among Adverse Childhood Experiences, History of Active Military Service, and Adult Outcomes: Homelessness, Mental Health, and Physical Health
Authors: Montgomery Ann Elizabeth , Cutuli J. J. , Evans-Chase Michelle , Treglia Dan , Culhane Dennis P. 
Published: October 2013

Objectives. We determined whether a report of adverse childhood experiences predicts adult outcomes related to homelessness, mental health, and physical health and whether participation in active military service influences the relationship between childhood and adult adversity. Methods. Using data from the 2010 Washington State Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, we tested by means of logistic regression the relationship between adverse childhood experiences and 3 adult outcomes—homelessness, mental health, and physical health—as well as differences among those with a history of active military service. Results. Adverse childhood experiences separately predicted increased odds of experiencing homelessness as an adult and mental health and physical health problems. Childhood adversity increased the likelihood of adult homelessness and poor physical health among individuals with no history of active military service and the likelihood of mental health problems among individuals with a history of active military service. Conclusions. The relationship between childhood adversity and adult adversity changes in degree when history of active military service is controlled, which has implications for Armed Forces recruitment strategies and postmilitary service risk assessment.
Twenty-Five Years of Child and Family Homelessness: Where Are We Now?
Authors: Grant Roy , Gracy Delaney , Goldsmith Grifin , Shapiro Alan , Redlener Irwin E. 
Published: October 2013

Family homelessness emerged as a major social and public health problem in the United States during the 1980s.We reviewed the literature, including journal articles, news stories, and government reports, that described conditions associated with family homelessness, the scope of the problem, and the health and mental health of homeless children and families. Much of this literature was published during the 1980s and 1990s. This raises questions about its continued applicability for the public health community.We concluded that descriptions of the economic conditions and public policies associated with family homelessness are still relevant; however, the homeless family population has changed over time. Family homelessness has become more prevalent and pervasive among poor and low-income families. We provide public health recommendations for these homeless families.
Community-Level Characteristics Associated With Variation in Rates of Homelessness Among Families and Single Adults
Authors: Fargo Jamison D. , Munley Ellen A. , Byrne Thomas H. , Montgomery Ann Elizabeth , Culhane Dennis P. 
Published: October 2013

Objectives. We modeled rates of family and single-adult homelessness in the United States in metropolitan and nonmetropolitan regions and as a function of community-level demographic, behavioral, health, economic, and safety net characteristics. Methods. We entered community-level characteristics and US Department of Housing and Urban Development point-in-time counts for a single night in January 2009 into separate mixed-effects statistical analyses that modeled homelessness rates for 4 subpopulations: families and single adults in metropolitan and nonmetropolitan regions. Results. Community-level factors accounted for 25% to 50% of the variance in homelessness rates across models. In metropolitan regions, alcohol consumption, social support, and several economic indicators were uniquely associated with family homelessness, and drug use and homicide were uniquely associated with single-adult homelessness. In nonmetropolitan regions, life expectancy, religious adherence, unemployment, and rent burden were uniquely associated with family homelessness, and health care access, crime, several economic indicators, and receipt of Supplemental Security Income were uniquely associated with single-adult homelessness. Conclusions. Considering homeless families and single adults separately enabled more precise modeling of associations between homelessness rates and community-level characteristics, indicating targets for interventions to reduce homelessness among these subpopulations.
Predictors of Medical or Surgical and Psychiatric Hospitalizations Among a Population-Based Cohort of Homeless Adults
Authors: Chambers Catharine , Katic Marko , Chiu Shirley , Redelmeier Donald A. , Levinson Wendy , Kiss Alex , Hwang Stephen W. 
Published: October 2013

Objectives. We identified factors associated with inpatient hospitalizations among a population-based cohort of homeless adults in Toronto, Ontario. Methods. We recruited participants from shelters and meal programs. We then linked them to administrative databases to capture hospital admissions during the study (2005–2009). We used logistic regression to identify predictors of medical or surgical and psychiatric hospitalizations. Results. Among 1165 homeless adults, 20% had a medical or surgical hospitalization, and 12% had a psychiatric hospitalization during the study. These individuals had a total of 921 hospitalizations, of which 548 were medical or surgical and 373 were psychiatric. Independent predictors of medical or surgical hospitalization included birth in Canada, having a primary care provider, higher perceived external health locus of control, and lower health status. Independent predictors of psychiatric hospitalization included being a current smoker, having a recent mental health problem, and having a lower perceived internal health locus of control. Being accompanied by a partner or dependent children was protective for hospitalization. Conclusions. Health care need was a strong predictor of medical or surgical and psychiatric hospitalizations. Some hospitalizations among homeless adults were potentially avoidable, whereas others represented an unavoidable use of health services.
Prediction of Buried-Hill Productive Carbonate Reservoirs Using Electrical and Acoustic Image Logs, Ordovician Formation, China (II)
Authors: Zhou Feng-Ming , Si Zhao-Wei , Lin Fa-Wu , Liu De-Fang , Yang Hong , Wang Da-li , Zhao Xian-Ran , Yan Ping , Wei Guo , Zhao Hai-Peng 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
Electrical and acoustic image logs in 18 wells were integrated for prediction of buried-hill productive carbonate reservoirs in a field in China. The logs showed that the reservoirs are associated with paleotopographic features in a very complex and heterogeneous fracture/vug/cave karst system that provides their fluid-flow pathways and storage capacity. The fluid-flow pathways were provided mainly from high-angle permeable fractures and vugs with good connectivity that were caused by a long period of weathering and leaching. The storage components of the reservoirs were composed predominantly of the secondary development of a complex mixture of solution-enhanced fractures, vugs and pores, and occasionally of karst caves. The reservoirs had also undergone karstic erosion and fracturing during the Ordovician.
In addition to detecting and classifying buried-hill carbonate reservoir types, the combination of log data with data from 16 well production tests allowed us to establish reliable fracture and vug property ranges for a series of reservoir types and to calibrate the productivity of the various reservoir types by production test and core analysis, or local production experience from similar buried-hill carbonate reservoir fields. The main contributors to oil reserves and production are from the three types of buried-hill carbonate reservoirs, a fracture reservoir, a fracture-vug-breccia reservoir and a vug-breccia reservoir.
For the prediction of buried-hill productive carbonate reservoirs in the case study, firstly, the structural faults and fractures were detected from seismic data to better understand the fracture/vug/cave karst system in the field scale. Secondly, the fractures and vugs in the 18 wells were recognized and classified from borehole electrical and acoustic image logs to indicate the types of reservoir. Thirdly, the fluid-flow pathways and storage capacity of the reservoirs were quantitatively defined through the fracture and vug properties to analyze the relationship between the reservoir types and production. Finally, from the multiwell correlation of the fracture and vug properties with reservoir production, the levels of the productivity of the reservoirs were predicted. The approach used in this case study improves on the conventional approaches to the definition of the fluid-flow pathways of the reservoirs by adding hydraulic fracture aperture, fracture porosity and connected porosity to the fracture and vug properties, which have a close relationship with the reservoir production in the field.
Centralized Process Control System: A Choice for Optimizing Mature Field Facilities
Authors: Amanu Deny Kalfarosi , Chairunissa Cindy 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
As the Aceh Production Organization (APO) fields continue to mature and production declines, cost and personnel efficiencies become increasingly challenging. Process Control System (PCS) centralization and plant remote monitoring capability are critical elements toward reducing operator surveillance and achieving unmanned field operation. A robust Supervisory Control & Data Acquisition (SCADA) system is also a must to ensure reliable & secure real-time online monitoring, production data reporting, and remote troubleshooting.
Previously all the sites in APO have local PCS equipment consisting of individual Distributed Control System (DCS) and SCADA. To achieve centralization in PCS, local DCS was connected via an inter-field network. On top of it, central SCADA servers were built to directly collect data from DCS instead of local SCADA equipment.
To minimize project cost, the modification was done by utilizing existing network infrastructure. A key aspect of the new configuration was to ensure that the system was not compromised from a cyber-security standpoint.
The PCS centralization in APO supported unmanned operations in 4 out of 7 fields with modification cost US$ 180K, with total saving US$200K/year through reduced operator surveillance.
This paper outlines the series of PCS centralization and upgrade activities, including engineering concept selection, challenges faced, optimization, economic analysis, and implementation strategy.
CO2 Flooding WAG Safety Control Technology
Authors: jun Wang , Feng Wang , Deping Zhang , Guojun Yin , Ruosheng Pan , Shuai Xing 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
Under the conditions of injecting pure CO2, the corrosion rate of strings in CO2 injection wells is very low, while in WAG process, because CO2 is mixed with water, corrosion rate of downhole strings is high. Hence, we need to take some anticorrosion measures. Because of the fluctuations in pressure and the changes in temperature due to frequent changes of gas injection and water injection, both of these two processes will cause load changes of the tubing, as well as reduce the tubing seal behavior. WAG technology should be optimized.
According to affecting factors of corrosion of WAG process in CO2 flooding, studies of corrosion prevention measures of wellhead equipment, downhole strings and casing are carried out. Based on different conditions of string mechanics in the WAG process, considering different working conditions, the CO2 WAG process is optimized to reduce fatigue failure due to the fluctuations of pressure and temperature on the strings.
The safety control technology of CO2 WAG is widely used in CO2 flooding test in Daqingzi oilfield. In the CO2 WAG process, the technology optimizes injection strategy and corrosion prevention measures in CO2 WAG injection process, protects wellhead equipment and downhole strings of the CO2 injection effectively, as well as ensures safe and smooth operation of CO2 injecting wells.
Economic Small Scale LNG Plant Implementation with Cluster LNG Technology
Authors: Lee JungHan , Antara Dwi Suasti , Kim Julie 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
Recently gas has been more important role over coal and fuel oil in global energy sources, and the trend is expected to continue at least for 20 ~ 30 years. Southeast Asian countries are also coping with the trends and opportunities. Gas demands in the region have been increased and expected to increase rapidly with the relatively low price over fuel oil. However, the new emerging gas consumers are somewhat different from those of conventional large quantity LNG. The new consumers need more flexible and diverse supply of LNG for their specific needs. At the same time, there are many potential gas producers who endeavor to monetize their stranded gas fields by supplying LNG to nearby markets. New multi-producer and multi-consumer market requires different approaches in LNG production and distribution, and small scale LNG would be more appropriate for the new environment. Cluster LNG, which is based on increased pressure LNG liquefaction, has advantage in reducing liquefaction power, consequently overall CAPEX and OPEX. On the contrary, the produced LNG should be stored in increased pressure containment system. Nonetheless, it does not cause inconveniences to end-users as long as the integrated liquefaction, transportation, and regasification system is provided. At the same time, the increased pressure LNG system has superior carbon dioxide (CO2) emission index. The first Cluster LNG plant is being implemented in Indonesia. The plant would produce 5 mmscfd equivalent LNG and the produced LNG will be transported by LNG trucks to typically 300 ~ 500 Km away multiple industrial customers. The plant is expected to start operation around the end of 2014. High efficiency Cluster LNG will have overall competitiveness in CAPEX and OPEX compared with conventional LNG. Extensive applications of the innovative technology may bring paradigm changes in Southeast Asian LNG industry from long-term perspective.
Low Permeability Fractured Reservoir Drive Co2 Plugging Technology
Authors: Feng Wang , Yingan Zhang , Chuntao Yu , Xuechao Jin 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
Reservoir permeability of CO2 flooding test area in Block Da Qing Zi Jing in Jilin Oilfield is about 3.0~5.0 mD with poor physical properties, such as thin and multilayer reservoir, developed fractures, and strong heterogeneities. Therefore, commingled gas injection indicates there are large differences of gas injection between reservoirs, gas oil ratio increases in some oil wells. In order to inhibit the gas channeling, control flow pressure gradient and ensure the miscible displacement, profile control technique is an effective way to enlarge swept volume and enhance flooding EOR. According to reservoir characteristics, the gelling intensity could reach to 20000mpa.s under acidic condition. The system has the features of shearing resistance property, scouring resistance. Plugging efficiency of the core was higher than 92.0%. Based on the mechanisms of dual plugging of gel and foam, blocking gas channeling channels and enlarging swept volume of gas injection can be achieved. This technique had been applied in profile control test in five wells in CO2 test area of block Da QingZiJing and success rate is 100%. Injection pressure increases by 70.0%. Gas -liquid ratio decreases and oil production rate in the well group increases by 40.0%, the results show that profile control techniques can effectively plug gas channeling and enhance CO2 flooding EOR.
Co2 Flooding Lifting Technology in Oil Well with High Gas-Oil Ratio in Low Permeability Oilfield
Authors: Wang Feng , Zhang Yingan , Pan Ruosheng , Yin Guojun , Ma Dongmei 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
Daqingzi oil field is of low permeability, which gets a low fluid production. After implementing CO2 flooding, the carrying fluid can increase obviously. Meanwhile, a series of problems, including high CO2 content, casing pressure increase and high gas-oil ratio, arise, which can influence pump efficiency and lift efficiency.
Combined with production performance law and factors to influence lift efficiency in CO2 flooding well, a parameter optimizing design model was established. The CO2 breakthrough and the gas-oil increase were restrained by the methods of fluid pressure control and reasonable lift parameter optimizing. Meanwhile, an anti-gas lifting equip used in the well with high gas-oil ratio was developed, and a gas lift- pump assist- casing control integration technique, which can prevent pump efficiency from influencing by the gas, provide a gas bypass way and utilize gas to pump carrying fluid out, was designed.
The field application showed that this technique can meet the needs of regular production of the oil well whose gas-oil ratio is 300m3/t, effectively control the casing pressure under 2MPa, increase the pump efficiency by 12%, low down the casing pressure, as well as improving the production efficiency of the oil well.