bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ferromagnetism and structural defects in V‐doped titanium dioxide
Authors: Yildirim O. , Butterling M. , Cornelius S. , Mikhailovskiy Yu. , Novikov A. , Semisalova A. , Orlov A. , Gan'shina E. , Perov N. , Anwand W. , Wagner A. , Potzger K. , Granovsky A. B. , Smekhova A. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractWe report recent experimental results about influence of negatively charged structural defects on room‐temperature ferromagnetism in V‐doped TiO2‐δ thin films with different electric conductivities. Films were prepared on LaAlO3 (001) substrates by RF magnetron sputtering in reduced argon‐oxygen atmosphere, while the V to Ti metal ratio was fixed at 1 at.%. The ferromagnetic order at room temperature (RT) was confirmed by SQUID magnetometry. Positron annihilation spectroscopy (PAS) was applied to check the presence of open‐volume defects in the TiO2–δ matrix. The relation between ferromagnetic properties and amount of negatively charged defects in the studied films was established. The collection of structural, magnetometry, magnetotransport, magneto‐optic and PAS data hints towards the defect‐induced model of ferromagnetism in 1 at.% V‐doped TiO2–δ thin films. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
An idea of the test stand for studies of magnetobarocaloric materials properties and possibilities of their application
Authors: Czernuszewicz A. , Kaleta J. , Lewandowski D. , Przybylski M. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThe paper presents an idea of the laboratory test stand for evaluation of the application potential of magnetobarocaloric materials. These materials are characterized by the temperature change under stimulation by a magnetic field and mechanical loading. This property of the material can be used for construction of cooling and heating devices. Thanks to the ecofriendly character of the solutions based on this material it may replace, in the near future, nowadays solutions based on the gas compression–decompression method. The presented laboratory test stand will allow comparison of the several groups of materials in terms of their application in modern cooling systems. The paper shows the main ideas behind the construction and working principles of the system. To obtain a change in the temperature of the tested material it will be subjected to the magnetic field generated by permanent magnets and mechanical loading generated with use of a universal testing machine. Loading will cause a uniaxial tension state in the material. Magnetobarocaloric material, working as a refrigerant in the device, will be applied as a multiflow system. The test stand will work in a modified active magnetic regenerator (AMR) cycle that is most commonly used in prototypes of magnetic refrigerators. This cycle will be adapted for the use of mechanical loading in addition to magnetic stimulation. The test stand presented in this paper is currently under construction. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Key splitting: making random key distribution schemes resistant against node capture
Authors: Ehdaie Mohammad , Alexiou Nikos , Attari Mahmoud Ahmadian , Aref Mohammad Reza , Papadimitratos Panos 
Published: March 2014

AbstractA large number of random key pre‐distribution (RKD) schemes have been proposed in the literature to secure wireless sensor network applications, relying on symmetric key cryptography. However, sensor nodes are exposed to physical compromise by adversaries, who target the symmetric keys stored at each node. With the stolen keys in their possession, the adversaries are then able to compromise communication links between benign nodes. Here, the big challenge arises: how to increase resilience of RKD schemes for wireless sensor networks to node capture, while maintaining the flexibility and low‐cost features of RKD? We propose the idea of key splitting to address this problem, without the need of any special‐purpose hardware. Our key splitting scheme neither increases per‐node storage nor introduces additional computation and communication overheads. Nevertheless, it can achieve better connectivity. More importantly, it significantly increases resilience to node compromise, when the adversary does not have overwhelming computational power. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
2‐Fatty Acrylic Acids: New Highly Derivatizable Lipophilic Platform Molecules
Authors: Zerkowski Jonathan A. , Solaiman Daniel K. Y. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThis paper reports the incorporation of an alpha‐methylene unit into fatty acid skeletons. Since the new olefin is conjugated with the carboxylate, it is susceptible to 1,4‐(Michael) additions. We have used multifunctional thiols and amines for additions at the methylene. The resulting products possess clusters of functionality grouped at one end of a hydrophobic tail. These structural patterns will be of use in the design of new types of bio‐based surfactants and polymers. One particularly promising pattern of functionality that can be obtained through oxidation and reduction chemistry is a 2‐fatty 1,2,3‐propanetriol, or a lipophilized glycerol moiety.
Simple and Task-oriented Mirror Therapy for Upper Extremity Function in Stroke Patients: A Pilot Study
Authors: Paik Young-Rim , Kim Su-Kyoung , Lee Jae-Shin , Jeon Byoung-Jin 
Published: March 2014

Objective/Background To compare the effects of simple and task-oriented mirror therapies on upper extremity function in stroke patients with hemiplegia. Methods A single-subject, reversal (applied behaviour analysis) research design was used, and the study included four patients and two treatments. Treatment 1 involved simple mirror therapy that was performed using simple upper limb movements. Treatment 2 involved task-oriented mirror therapy that required each patient to perform functional movements associated with the tasks of daily living. Changes in upper extremity function were assessed during 23 sessions using box and block test, cube carry, and card turning tests. The Fugl-Meyer Assessment of upper extremity function was also performed. Results The upper extremity function of all patients increased after mirror therapy. However, the improved upper extremity function of the patients undergoing simple mirror therapy was not maintained after the conclusion of the therapy. By contrast, the improved upper extremity function of the patients receiving task-oriented mirror therapy continued to improve, even after therapy cessation. Conclusion Task-oriented mirror therapy in stroke patients provided more effective improvement in the upper extremity function of the hemiplegic stroke victims.
Formation of particle clouds
Authors: Zhao B. , Law A. W. K. , Adams E. E. , Er J. W. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractIn the literature, it has been conceptualized that a group of dense particles released instantaneously into homogeneous stagnant water would form a circulating vortex cloud and descend through the water column as a thermal. However, Wen & Nacamuli (Hydrodynamics: Theory and Applications, 1996, pp. 1275–1280) observed the formation of particle clumps characterized by a narrow, fast-moving core shedding particles into the wake. They found clump formation to be possible even for particles in the non-cohesive range as long as the source Rayleigh number was large ($\mathit{Ra} > {10^3}$) or, equivalently, the source cloud number was small ($\mathit{Nc} < 3.2 \times 10^{-2}$). This physical phenomenon has not been investigated further since the experiments of Wen and Nacamuli. In the present study, the relationship between Nc and the formation process is examined more systematically. The theoretical support for cloud number dependence is explored by considering flows passing a porous sphere. Here $\mathit{Nc}$ values ranging from $2.9 \times 10^{-3}$ to $5.9 \times 10^{-2}$ are tested experimentally using particles with different initial masses and grain sizes, from non-cohesive to marginally cohesive. The formation processes are categorized into cloud formation, a transitional regime and clump formation, and their distinct features are presented through qualitative description of the flow patterns and quantitative assessment of the gross characteristics.
Lessons from the conservation sector's response to a crisis environment in Zimbabwe
Authors: Sibanda Mxolisi 
Published: March 2014

AbstractHere I examine how conservation organizations responded to a crisis environment in Zimbabwe. Since c. 2000 Zimbabwe has gone through a political, social and economic crisis that has led to reduced support for, and in some cases disengagement by, international and regional conservation organizations. I explore five response types on a continuum of disengagement and propose lessons for wider conservation practice. The lessons include the need to recognize that political discourse often excludes biodiversity conservation and therefore any conservation decisions based on political expediency run the risk of impeding conservation progress. Progress in conserving biodiversity requires sustained investment regardless of changing political circumstances. Such investment should include support for institutional development, local engagement, and accountability that engenders ownership of local conservation initiatives. I conclude that conservation organizations must take a long-term view of conservation and commitment to enhance conservation outcomes. This kind of engagement must be adaptive instead of based on a wait-and-see attitude or other forms of disengagement, as has been seen in Zimbabwe. Conservation organizations that disengage do so at the risk of further loss of biodiversity in some of the most biodiverse but unstable places.
The power of rituals: Mendelssohn and Cassirer on the religious dimension ofBildung
Authors: POLLOK ANNE 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThis article discusses the ceremonial laws in Judaism as a language of religion and assesses their role within human self-formation (Bildung). Moses Mendelssohn's groundbreaking account on the function of ritual offers both a solution and a threat to this issue: on the one hand the capacity to perform and understand rituals can be seen as a form of self-liberation. At the same time, the general openness to interpretation makes this conception vulnerable to the destructive force of idolatry. With the aid of Ernst Cassirer'sPhilosophy of Symbolic Forms, this article offers a solution to this problem by showing how ritual functions as a dialogue between the members of a community; a dialogue that carries a distinctively ethical outreach.
Which Psychosocial Factors Best Predict Cognitive Performance in Older Adults?
Authors: Zahodne Laura B. , Nowinski Cindy J. , Gershon Richard C. , Manly Jennifer J. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractNegative affect (e.g., depression) is associated with accelerated age-related cognitive decline and heightened dementia risk. Fewer studies examine positive psychosocial factors (e.g., emotional support, self-efficacy) in cognitive aging. Preliminary reports suggest that these variables predict slower cognitive decline independent of negative affect. No reports have examined these factors in a single model to determine which best relate to cognition. Data from 482 individuals 55 and older came from the normative sample for the NIH Toolbox for the Assessment of Neurological and Behavioral Function. Negative and positive psychosocial factors, executive functioning, working memory, processing speed, and episodic memory were measured with the NIH Toolbox Emotion and Cognition modules. Confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling characterized independent relations between psychosocial factors and cognition. Psychosocial variables loaded onto negative and positive factors. Independent of education, negative affect and health status, greater emotional support was associated with better task-switching and processing speed. Greater self-efficacy was associated with better working memory. Negative affect was not independently associated with any cognitive variables. Findings support the conceptual distinctness of negative and positive psychosocial factors in older adults. Emotional support and self-efficacy may be more closely tied to cognition than other psychosocial variables. (JINS, 2014,20, 1–9)
Trends of fruit and vegetable availability in neighbourhoods in Albany, NY, USA, 2003–2012
Authors: Hosler Akiko S , Kammer Jamie R 
Published: March 2014

AbstractObjectiveTo investigate a 9-year trend of fresh fruit and vegetable availability and factors associated with the net availability change in two contrasting neighbourhoods.DesignLongitudinal design. Data were collected in 2003, 2009 and 2012 through in-store observations. Fresh fruit and vegetable availability was presented by weight-adjusted counts of stores having designated varieties per 10 000 population.SettingA low-income minority neighbourhood and an adjacent middle-income racially mixed neighbourhood in Albany, NY, USA. These neighbourhoods became sites of fresh produce interventions after baseline data were collected.SubjectsA total of 111, 128 and 146 eligible food stores in respective years.ResultsFresh fruit availability (two or more varieties) increased in both neighbourhoods. Inventory expansion of existing stores and the convenience store intervention contributed to the significant increase (P for trend=0·04) of fresh fruit availability in the minority neighbourhood. Although not statistically significant (P>0·05), the availability of two or more dark-coloured fresh vegetables also increased in the mixed neighbourhood, but declined slightly in the minority neighbourhood. The secular (non-intervention) fresh vegetable availability rate ratio by neighbourhood reached 3·0 in 2012 (P<0·01). The net decline of fresh vegetable availability in the minority neighbourhood was primarily attributed to inventory reduction of existing stores.ConclusionsLongitudinal observations revealed narrowed neighbourhood disparities of fresh fruit availability and widened gaps of fresh vegetable availability. Inventory shifts of existing stores impacted the net availability change more profoundly than store opening or closing in the minority neighbourhood. Findings support increasing the programme capacity of the convenience store intervention to address the fresh vegetable disparity.
Development of a New Nordic Diet score and its association with gestational weight gain and fetal growth – a study performed in the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study (MoBa)
Authors: Hillesund Elisabet R , Bere Elling , Haugen Margaretha , Øverby Nina C 
Published: March 2014

AbstractObjectiveTo construct a diet score for assessing degree of adherence to a healthy and environmentally friendly New Nordic Diet (NND) and to investigate its association with adequacy of gestational weight gain and fetal growth in a large prospective birth cohort.DesignMain exposure was NND adherence, categorized as low, medium or high adherence. Main outcomes were adequacy of gestational weight gain, described as inadequate, optimal or excessive according to the 2009 Institute of Medicine guidelines, and fetal growth, categorized as being small, appropriate or large for gestational age. Associations of NND adherence with gestational weight gain and fetal growth were estimated with multinomial logistic regression in crude and adjusted models.SettingNorway.SubjectsWomen (n 66 597) from the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study (MoBa).ResultsHigher NND adherence implied higher energy and nutrient intakes, higher nutrient density and a healthier macronutrient distribution. Normal-weight women with high as compared with low NND adherence had lower adjusted odds of excessive gestational weight gain (OR=0·93; 95 % CI 0·87, 0·99; P=0·024). High as compared with low NND adherence was associated with reduced odds of the infant being born small for gestational age (OR=0·92; 95 % CI 0·86, 0·99; P=0·025) and with higher odds of the baby being born large for gestational age (OR=1·07; 95 % CI 1·00, 1·15; P=0·048).ConclusionsThe NND score captures diet quality. Adherence to a regional diet including a large representation of fruits and vegetables, whole grains, potatoes, fish, game, milk and drinking water during pregnancy may facilitate optimal gestational weight gain in normal-weight women and improve fetal growth in general.
Simulation of Probe Position-Dependent Electron Energy-Loss Fine Structure
Authors: Oxley Mark P. , Kapetanakis Myron D. , Prange Micah P. , Varela Maria , Pennycook Stephen J. , Pantelides Sokrates T. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractWe present a theoretical framework for calculating probe-position-dependent electron energy-loss near-edge structure for the scanning transmission electron microscope by combining density functional theory with dynamical scattering theory. We show how simpler approaches to calculating near-edge structure fail to include the fundamental physics needed to understand the evolution of near-edge structure as a function of probe position and investigate the dependence of near-edge structure on probe size. It is within this framework that density functional theory should be presented, in order to ensure that variations of near-edge structure are truly due to local electronic structure and how much from the diffraction and focusing of the electron beam.
Isolation of microplastics in biota-rich seawater samples and marine organisms
Authors: Cole Matthew , Webb Hannah , Lindeque Pennie K. , Fileman Elaine S. , Halsband Claudia , Galloway Tamara S. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractMicroplastic litter is a pervasive pollutant present in aquatic systems across the globe. A range of marine organisms have the capacity to ingest microplastics, resulting in adverse health effects. Developing methods to accurately quantify microplastics in productive marine waters and those internalized by marine organisms, is of growing importance. Here we investigate the efficacy of using acid, alkaline and enzymatic digestion techniques in mineralizing biological material from marine surface trawls to reveal any microplastics present. Our optimized enzymatic protocol can digest >97% (by weight) of the material present in plankton-rich seawater samples without destroying any microplastic debris present. In applying the method to replicate marine samples from the western English Channel, we identified 0.27 microplastics m−3. The protocol was further used to extract microplastics ingested by marine zooplankton under laboratory conditions. Our findings illustrate that enzymatic digestion can aid the detection of microplastic debris within seawater samples and marine biota.
Acute nutrient regulation of the mitochondrial glutathione redox state in pancreatic β-cells
Authors: Takahashi Hilton K. , Santos Laila R. B. , Roma Letícia P. , Duprez Jessica , Broca Christophe , Wojtusciszyn Anne , Jonas Jean-Christophe 
Published: March 2014

The glucose stimulation of insulin secretion by pancreatic β-cells depends on increased production of metabolic coupling factors, among which changes in NADPH and ROS (reactive oxygen species) may alter the glutathione redox state (EGSH) and signal through changes in thiol oxidation. However, whether nutrients affect EGSH in β-cell subcellular compartments is unknown. Using redox-sensitive GFP2 fused to glutaredoxin 1 and its mitochondria-targeted form, we studied the acute nutrient regulation of EGSH in the cytosol/nucleus or the mitochondrial matrix of rat islet cells. These probes were mainly expressed in β-cells and reacted to low concentrations of exogenous H2O2 and menadione. Under control conditions, cytosolic/nuclear EGSH was close to −300 mV and unaffected by glucose (from 0 to 30 mM). In comparison, mitochondrial EGSH was less negative and rapidly regulated by glucose and other nutrients, ranging from −280 mV in the absence of glucose to −299 mV in 30 mM glucose. These changes were largely independent from changes in intracellular Ca2+ concentration and in mitochondrial pH. They were unaffected by overexpression of SOD2 (superoxide dismutase 2) and mitochondria-targeted catalase, but were inversely correlated with changes in NAD(P)H autofluorescence, suggesting that they indirectly resulted from increased NADPH availability rather than from changes in ROS concentration. Interestingly, the opposite regulation of mitochondrial EGSH and NAD(P)H autofluorescence by glucose was also observed in human islets isolated from two donors. In conclusion, the present study demonstrates that glucose and other nutrients acutely reduce mitochondrial, but not cytosolic/nuclear, EGSH in pancreatic β-cells under control conditions.
Cornelius Nepos
Authors: Stem Rex 
Published: March 2014

Cornelius Nepos (b. c. 110–d. c. 25 bce) is the first biographer in Latin whose works survive and the first biographer from antiquity whose surviving works include a series of lives of political men. He is not known to have been involved in politics, and he seems to have lived a quiet, scholarly life. He was friends with some of the distinguished literary minds of his time: Catullus dedicated a collection of poems to him, two books of his correspondence with Cicero were later collected, and Atticus shared his interest in chronological and antiquarian research. Most of his attested corpus is lost: the Chronica in three books, an Exempla in at least five books, and a very large biographical collection titled On Famous Men, which probably contained over three hundred brief lives in at least sixteen paired books comparing Romans and non-Romans in different areas of achievement. All that survives of On Famous Men (and, in fact, of Nepos’s entire corpus) are two individual lives (Cato [the Elder], Atticus) from the book On Roman Historians and the complete book On Foreign Generals, which contains the lives of twenty-two subjects (averaging less than four pages each). His style is plain and his tone moralizing, but he brings the Greek past to bear on his Roman present in a direct and highly accessible way. No ancient author cites the surviving portion of Nepos’s corpus, yet his influence can be perceived on later biographers such as Suetonius and Plutarch as well as on other scholarly Latin writers such as Pliny the Elder and Aulus Gellius.