bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A resonant family of dynamically cold small bodies in the near-Earth asteroid belt
Authors: de la Fuente Marcos C. , de la Fuente Marcos R. 
Published: June 2013

Abstract
Near-Earth objects (NEOs) moving in resonant, Earth-like orbits are potentially important. On the positive side, they are the ideal targets for robotic and human low-cost sample return missions and a much cheaper alternative to using the Moon as an astronomical observatory. On the negative side and even if small in size (2–50 m), they have an enhanced probability of colliding with the Earth causing local but still significant property damage and loss of life. Here, we show that the recently discovered asteroid 2013 BS45 is an Earth co-orbital, the sixth horseshoe librator to our planet. In contrast with other Earth's co-orbitals, its orbit is strikingly similar to that of the Earth yet at an absolute magnitude of 25.8, an artificial origin seems implausible. The study of the dynamics of 2013 BS45 coupled with the analysis of NEO data show that it is one of the largest and most stable members of a previously undiscussed dynamically cold group of small NEOs experiencing repeated trappings in the 1:1 commensurability with the Earth. This new resonant family is well constrained in orbital parameter space and it includes at least 10 other transient members: 2003 YN107, 2006 JY26, 2009 SH2 and 2012 FC71 among them. 2012 FC71 represents the best of both worlds as it is locked in a Kozai resonance and is unlikely to impact the Earth. These objects are not primordial and may have originated within the Venus–Earth–Mars region or in the main-belt, then transition to Amor-class asteroid before entering Earth's co-orbital region. Objects in this group could be responsible for the production of Earth's transient irregular natural satellites.
Impact of an accurate modelling of primordial chemistry in high-resolution studies
Authors: Bovino S. , Grassi T. , Latif M. A. , Schleicher D. R. G. 
Published: June 2013

Abstract
The formation of the first stars in the Universe is regulated by a sensitive interplay of chemistry and cooling with the dynamics of a self-gravitating system. As the outcome of the collapse and the final stellar masses depend sensitively on the thermal evolution, it is necessary to accurately model the thermal evolution in high-resolution simulations. As previous investigations raised doubts regarding the convergence of the temperature at high resolution, we investigate the role of the numerical method employed to model the chemistry and the thermodynamics. Here we compare the standard implementation in the adaptive-mesh refinement code enzo, employing a first-order backward differentiation formula (BDF), with the fifth-order accurate BDF solver dlsodes. While the standard implementation in enzo shows a strong dependence on the employed resolution, the results obtained with dlsodes are considerably more robust, both with respect to the chemistry and thermodynamics, but also for dynamical quantities such as density, total energy or the accretion rate. We conclude that an accurate modelling of the chemistry and thermodynamics is central for primordial star formation.
Impact of Puroindolines on Semisweet Biscuit Quality: A Fractionation–Reconstitution Approach
Authors: Pauly Anneleen , Pareyt Bram , Lambrecht Marlies A. , Fierens Ellen , Delcour Jan A. 
Published: June 2013

ABSTRACTPuroindoline (PIN) proteins are a factor determining wheat kernel endosperm texture. Biscuits are preferably made from flour from soft wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Such wheat contains relatively high levels of wild‐type PINs, the impact of which on biscuit quality is unclear. We here studied the impact of PINs on biscuit texture using model flour samples reconstituted from starch and gluten fractions with varying PIN levels. These were obtained by fractionating flour from soft or durum wheat containing either wild‐type or no PINs, respectively. This approach allowed largely retaining the interaction between PINs and either starch or gluten, such as it exists in flour. High PIN levels enhanced air incorporation during dough preparation, increased dough (lateral) expansion, and yielded larger biscuits with higher porosity, which was mainly because of the larger pores. Biscuit fracture stress negatively correlated with PIN level. Porosity contributed to biscuit mechanical properties, but PINs also affected biscuit matrix strength, which in turn affected fracture stress. PINs seem to exert their softening effect when present above a threshold level, and then they have a stronger impact on biscuit fracture stress than the wheat endogenous lipids.
Bumetanide, an Inhibitor of Cation-chloride Cotransporter Isoform 1, Inhibits γ-Aminobutyric Acidergic Excitatory Actions and Enhances Sedative Actions of Midazolam in Neonatal Rats
Authors: Koyama Yukihide , Andoh Tomio , Kamiya Yoshinori , Morita Satoshi , Miyazaki Tomoyuki , Uchimoto Kazuhiro , Mihara Takahiro , Goto Takahisa 
Published: June 2013

Abstract

Background:
It has been shown that γ-aminobutyric acid exerts excitatory actions on the immature brain due to the increased expression of Na+–K+–2Cl− cotransporter isoform 1. The authors sought to clarify whether midazolam, a γ-aminobutyric acid–mimetic hypnotic agent, causes neuronal excitation that can be blocked by bumetanide, a selective inhibitor of Na+–K+–2Cl− cotransporter isoform 1. Furthermore, the authors examined whether bumetanide potentiates the sedative effects of midazolam in neonatal rats.

Methods:
The authors measured the effects of midazolam with or without bumetanide on the cytosolic Ca2+ concentration ([Ca]2+
i) in hippocampal slices (n = 3 in each condition) from rats at postnatal days 4, 7, and 28 (P4, P7, and P28) using fura-2 microfluorometry. Neuronal activity in the hippocampus and thalamus after intraperitoneal administration of midazolam with or without bumetanide was estimated by immunostaining of phosphorylated cyclic adenosine monophosphate–response element–binding protein (n = 12 in each condition). Furthermore, the authors assessed effects of bumetanide on the sedative effect of midazolam by measuring righting reflex latency (n = 6 in each condition).

Results:
Midazolam significantly increased [Ca]2+
i in the CA3 area at P4 and P7 but not at P28. Bumetanide inhibited midazolam-induced increase in [Ca]2+
i. Midazolam significantly up-regulated phosphorylated cyclic adenosine monophosphate–response element–binding protein expression in a bumetanide-sensitive manner in the hippocampus at P7 but not P28. Bumetanide enhanced the sedative effects of midazolam in P4 and P7 but not P28 rats.

Conclusion:
These results suggest that γ-aminobutyric acid A receptor–mediated excitation plays an important role in attenuated sedative effects of midazolam in immature rats.
Health‐Related Quality of Life in Children With Autoimmune Liver Disease
Authors: Gulati Reema , Radhakrishnan Kadakkal R. , Hupertz Vera , Wyllie Robert , Alkhouri Naim , Worley Sarah , Feldstein Ariel E. 
Published: June 2013

ABSTRACTBackground and Aim:Health‐related quality of life (HRQOL), a pivotal outcome indicator of health care interventions, has not been evaluated in children with autoimmune liver disease (AILD). The aim of this study was to determine HRQOL in children with AILD and the factors affecting it.Methods:The Pediatric Quality Of Life Inventory, generic core scale, was used to collect HRQOL data on children with AILD. Specific liver disease–related questions were added.Results:Survey responses were received from 30 of 40 patients. Patients' mean age at diagnosis was 11.6 ± 4.5 years, with M:F ratio of 1:1.3, and AILD for average of 4.6 ± 4.3 years. Seventy‐three percent of patients had advanced liver disease. Mean overall health summary scores for the group per child and parent reports were 71.6 ± 19.0 and 71.3 ± 17.1, respectively, which were lower than healthy controls: 83.9 ± 12.5 and 82.3 ± 15.6 (P = 0.002). Frequent liver‐related symptoms were associated with impaired physical and school functioning by child (P = 0.034 and 0.047) and parent reports (P = 0.051 and P = 0.018). Abdominal pain, fatigue, and psychological symptoms were found to adversely affect the HRQOL. Although it was difficult to estimate the effect of individual features of advanced liver disease such as cirrhosis, history of upper gastrointestinal bleed, and portal hypertension on the HRQOL, because of a relatively small sample size, the presence of ascites revealed lower social functioning score per parent report (P = 0.036). In an analysis of patients with any of the above complications versus those without, however, children reported lower social functioning scores (P = 0.018). There were no differences in HRQOL scores in children with autoimmune hepatitis versus primary sclerosing cholangitis versus autoimmune hepatitis/primary sclerosing cholangitis overlap syndrome.Conclusions:First study to date shows that AILD in children significantly affects HRQOL, especially with frequent liver disease–related symptoms, even in early stages of disease. Findings need to be validated in larger, multicenter studies and will help practitioners understand their patients better and optimize care.
Results of a Stepwise Approach to Extrahepatic Portal Vein Obstruction in Children
Authors: Alberti Daniele , Colusso Mara , Cheli Maurizio , Ravelli Paolo , Indriolo Amedeo , Signorelli Sergio , Fagiuoli Stefano , D'Antiga Lorenzo 
Published: June 2013

ABSTRACTBackground:The management of extrahepatic portal vein obstruction (EHPVO) in children is controversial. We report our experience with a prospective evaluation of a stepwise protocol based on severity of portal hypertension and feasibility of mesoportal bypass (MPB).Methods:After diagnosis, children with EHPVO underwent surveillance endoscopies and received nonselective β‐blockers (NSBBs) or endoscopic variceal obliteration (EVO) when large varices were detected. In patients who failed NSBBs and EVO, we considered MPB as first‐line and shunts or transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) as second‐line options.Results:Sixty‐five children, median age 12.5 (range 1.6–25.8), whose age at diagnosis was 3.5 (0.2–17.5) years, were referred to our unit. Forty‐three (66%) had a neonatal illness, 36 (55%) an umbilical vein catheterisation. Thirty‐two (49%) presented with bleeding at a median age of 3.8 years (0.5–15.5); during an 8.4‐year follow‐up period (1–16), 43 (66%) had a bleeding episode, 52 (80%) were started on NSBBs, 55 (85%) required EVO, and 33 (51%) required surgery or TIPS. The Rex recessus was patent in 24 of 54 (44%), negatively affected by a history of umbilical catheterisation (P = 0.01). Thirty‐four (53%) patients underwent a major procedure: MPB (13), proximal splenorenal (13), distal splenorenal (2), mesocaval shunt (3), TIPS (2), and OLT (1). At the last follow‐up, 2 patients died, 53 of 57 (93%) are alive with bleeding control, 27 of 33 (82%) have a patent conduit.Conclusions:Children with EHPVO have a high rate of bleeding episodes early in life. A stepwise approach comprising of medical, endoscopic, and surgical options provided excellent survival and bleeding control in this population.
Diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori Infection by Means of Reduced‐Dose 13C‐Urea Breath Test and Early Sampling of Exhaled Breath
Authors: Pacheco Sylmara L.M. , Ogata Silvio K. , Machado Rodrigo S. , Patrício Francy Reis da Silva , Pardo Mario L.E. , Kawakami Elisabete 
Published: June 2013

ABSTRACTObjective:The aim of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of reduced‐dose 13C‐urea breath test (13C‐UBT) and early sampling of exhaled breath for the detection of Helicobacter pylori infection in children and adolescents.Methods:Patients up to 20 years old that underwent upper gastrointestinal endoscopy with gastric biopsies were included. The 13C‐UBT was performed after a 4‐hour fasting period with 4 points of collection: baseline (T0), and at 10, 20, and 30 minutes (T10, T20, and T30) after ingestion of 25 mg 13C‐urea diluted in 100 mL of apple juice. The infection status was defined through 3 invasive methods, and a patient was considered infected with a positive culture or concomitant positive histology and rapid urease test. The absence of infection was defined by all negative histology, rapid urease test, and culture. Analysis of exhaled breath samples was performed with an isotope‐selective infrared spectrometer. A receiver‐operating characteristic curve analysis was done to define cutoff delta over baseline (DOB) values.Results:A total of 129 patients between the ages of 2.1 and 19 years (median 11.6 years; mean age ± standard deviation 11.5 ± 3.8 years; F:M 85:44) were included. The prevalence of infection was 41.1%. The sensitivity (S) and specificity (Sp) were at T10 (cutoff DOB 2.55‰), S 94.7% (95% confidence interval [CI] 90.9–98.5) and Sp 96.8% (95% CI 93.4–100); at T20 (DOB 2.5‰), S 96.2% (95% CI 92.9–99.5) and Sp 96.1% (95% CI 93.7–99.8); and at T30 (DOB 1.6‰), S 96.2% (95% CI 92.9–99.5) and Sp 94.7% (95% CI 90.8–98.6).Conclusions:Low‐dose 13C‐UBT with early sampling is accurate for diagnosing H pylori infection in children and adolescents.
Clostridium difficile Infection in Newly Diagnosed Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease in the Mid‐Southern United States
Authors: Mir Sabina A.V. , Kellermayer Richard 
Published: June 2013

ABSTRACTClostridium difficile is an emerging opportunistic pathogen that infects patients with underlying chronic disorders such as inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) at high rates. An extremely high prevalence of Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) was noted recently in new‐onset pediatric IBD from eastern Europe (Poland). We examined the rate of CDI in our new pediatric IBD patients (123 tested) from 2010 to 2012. The overall prevalence of CDI at disease onset was 8.1%, significantly (P < 0.0001) lower than in Poland, but much higher than in the general population. This work supports the testing for Clostridium difficile in suspected cases of new‐onset pediatric IBD.
Dietary GD3 Ganglioside Reduces the Incidence and Severity of Necrotizing Enterocolitis by Sustaining Regulatory Immune Responses
Authors: Xu Jiliu , Anderson Virginia , Schwarz Steven M. 
Published: June 2013

ABSTRACTObjectives:Gangliosides are glycosphingolipids, rich in colostrum and in membrane microdomains, which promote enterocyte growth and differentiation, and modulate TH1/TH2 responses. In an in vitro intestinal explant model of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), gangliosides have been shown to ameliorate intestinal injury; however, possible immunomodulatory mechanisms associated with this observation, as well as potential in vivo protective effects of gangliosides, remain unknown. The present study evaluates the effects of dietary GD3, the predominant ganglioside in neonatal rat intestine, both on the clinicopathologic expression of disease and on ileal Foxp3+ T regulatory cell immune responses in an experimental NEC model.Methods:Newborn rat pups were fed gavage formula (NEC) or formula supplemented with 15 μg/mL GD3 (GD3‐NEC). Dam‐fed (DF) littermates served as controls. NEC was induced by asphyxia and cold stress. At 96 hours, ileal gross and histologic changes were evaluated, and ileal cytokine profiles, Foxp3 expression, and Foxp3+ cell numbers were determined.Results:GD3 decreased the incidence and gross and histopathologic severity of NEC. Ileal Foxp3 expression and Foxp3+ cell numbers were significantly decreased in the NEC group compared with DF. GD3 increased ileal Foxp3 expression and Foxp3+ cell numbers, in association with upregulation of anti‐inflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL)‐10 and chemokines, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 1, IL‐1 receptor antagonist (IL‐1ra), and suppressed proinflammatory mediators.Conclusions:These data suggest that dietary GD3 protects newborn rats from NEC, in part, by augmenting mucosal Foxp3+ T regulatory immune responses.
Baker's law and the island syndromes in bryophytes
Authors: Patiño Jairo , Bisang Irene , Hedenäs Lars , Dirkse Gerard , Bjarnason Ágúst H. , Ah‐Peng Claudine , Vanderpoorten Alain 
Published: June 2013

SummaryThe evolution of island syndromes has long served as a model to understand the mechanisms accounting for phenotypic differentiation. Combining literature data with actual observations, we determine whether typical syndromes such as the loss of dispersal power and the bias towards self‐compatibility (Baker's law) apply to vagile organisms, using bryophytes as a model.The life‐history traits (LHTs) observed in oceanic island floras were statistically different from those observed on continents, evidencing the evolution of island syndromes. In contrast,LHTs of continental and continental island floras were similar, pointing to differences in migration intensity between continents, continental islands and oceanic islands.The proportion of bisexual species was significantly higher on oceanic islands than on continents. A significant proportion of species that are unisexual or bisexual on continents shifted towards exclusive bisexuality on oceanic islands, suggesting thatBaker's law applies to bryophytes. The underlying mechanisms, however, probably differ fromin situselection for selfing.The proportion of species producing specialized asexual diaspores, which are assumed to play a role in short‐distance dispersal (SDD), was higher on oceanic islands than on continents. The proportion of species producing spores, which are involved in long‐distance dispersal (LDD), exhibited the reverse trend, suggesting a shift in the prevalent reproductive strategy to favourSDDon oceanic islands. Approximately 50% of the species, however, maintained the ability to produce sporophytes on oceanic islands, and the relative frequency of fertile shoots within collections of four model species was even higher on islands than on continents.Synthesis. Bryophytes exhibit typical island syndromes, indicating that migration rates between oceanic islands and continents are not sufficient to prevent the effects of genetic drift and contradicting the view that the sea does not impede migration in the group. Significant shifts in life‐history traits (LHTs) towards increased production of specialized asexual diaspores and decreased sporophyte production on oceanic islands indeed point to a global loss of long‐distance dispersal (LDD) ability. The maintenance of traits characteristic forLDDin a large number of species has, however, substantial consequences for our understanding of island plant evolution, and in particular, for our vision of islands as evolutionary dead ends.
Nitrogen and phosphorus interact to control tropical symbioticN2fixation: a test inInga punctata
Authors: Batterman Sarah A. , Wurzburger Nina , Hedin Lars O. 
Published: June 2013

Summary Symbiotic di‐nitrogen (N2) fixation is a critical biogeochemical process in tropical forests, yet it remains unresolved how fixation is controlled by the availability of soil nitrogen and phosphorus, two nutrients often considered limiting in terrestrial ecosystems. We examine whether individualN2‐fixing trees can overcome nitrogen and phosphorus constraints by employing different strategies of nutrient acquisition and use:N2fixation, phosphatase exudation, mycorrhizal symbiosis and changes in root–shoot ratio or tissue stoichiometry. We grew a common and widespreadN2fixer,Inga punctata, in a full factorial nitrogen and phosphorus addition experiment (each nutrient at three levels) and evaluated whether trees adjusted their strategies of nutrient acquisition to overcome limitation. N2fixation was controlled by nitrogen availability in phosphorus‐sufficient soils, but both fixation and plant growth were constrained by phosphorus in the unamended native phosphorus‐poor soils. Despite the investment in both extracellular phosphatases and mycorrhizal symbionts, plants were unable to overcome phosphorus limitation. Our findings support the hypotheses that: (i)N2fixation is proximately controlled by nitrogen availability, consistent with a facultative fixation strategy, and (ii)N2fixation andN2fixer biomass growth are ultimately constrained by soil phosphorus. We found no support for the hypothesis that fixers can overcome phosphorus limitation by trading fixedN2for soil phosphorus. Synthesis. This study provides new knowledge about how nitrogen and phosphorus interact to regulate tropicalN2fixation by examining a suite of strategies that plants may employ to overcome nutrient limitation. These findings, focused at the organismal level, have broader implications for biogeochemical controls at the ecosystem level in tropical forests.
Impact of warming on phyto‐bacterioplankton coupling and bacterial community composition in experimental mesocosms
Authors: von Scheibner Markus , Dörge Petra , Biermann Antje , Sommer Ulrich , Hoppe Hans‐Georg , Jürgens Klaus 
Published: June 2013

SummaryGlobal warming is assumed to alter the trophic interactions and carbon flow patterns of aquatic food webs. The impact of temperature on phyto‐bacterioplankton coupling and bacterial community composition (BCC) was the focus of the present study, in which an indoor mesocosm experiment with natural plankton communities from the western Baltic Sea was conducted. A 6°C increase in water temperature resulted, as predicted, in tighter coupling between the diatom‐dominated phytoplankton and heterotrophic bacteria, accompanied by a strong increase in carbon flow into bacterioplankton during the phytoplankton bloom phase. Suppressed bacterial development at cold in situ temperatures probably reflected lowered bacterial production and grazing by protists, as the latter were less affected by low temperatures. BCC was strongly influenced by the phytoplankton bloom stage and to a lesser extent by temperature. Under both temperature regimes, Gammaproteobacteria clearly dominated during the phytoplankton peak, with Glaciecola sp. as the single most abundant taxon. However, warming induced the appearance of additional bacterial taxa belonging to Betaproteobacteria and Bacteroidetes. Our results show that warming during an early phytoplankton bloom causes a shift towards a more heterotrophic system, with the appearance of new bacterial taxa suggesting a potential for utilization of a broader substrate spectrum.
‘Undaunted all he views’: The Gibraltar Charger, Astley's Amphitheatre and Masculine Performance
Authors: MATTFELD MONICA 
Published: June 2013

AbstractEighteenth‐century managers built their illegitimate theatres around the presence of performing animals, but the animals have rarely been a part of theatre histories. This article places horses, the headlining acts and primary draw for London audiences, back into the ring of Astley's Amphitheatre. It examines how the presence of horses such as the Gibraltar Charger, along with the relationships between non‐humans and human actors, influenced constructions of political masculinity there. For Philip and John Astley, performances with the Charger in 1788 and 1789 were central to their patriotic constructions and displays of chivalrous, honourable, refined and polite masculinity.