bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Positive Impact of Fungal Histopathology on Immunocompromised Pediatric Patients With Histology-Proven Invasive Fungal Infection
Authors: Dekio Fumiko , Bhatti Tricia R. , Zhang Sean X. , Sullivan Kaede V. 
Published: June 2015

Abstract

Objectives:
We investigated the performance and the clinical impact of histologic examination of infected tissue in patients with suspected invasive fungal infection (IFI) at a tertiary pediatric center.

Methods:
Unique episodes of IFI were identified from January 1, 2001, through December 31, 2012. Surgical pathology reports, fungal culture results, and clinical data were abstracted from medical records.

Results:
Forty-seven patients with IFI were identified. Each patient had one episode of IFI. Risk factors included chemotherapy for an oncologic condition (n = 35), hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (n = 6), solid organ transplantation (n = 4), and primary immunodeficiency (n = 2). Tissue was obtained from deep subcutaneous tissue (n = 21), visceral organs (14 lungs, five livers, and one spleen), or the sinonasal cavity (n = 6). Fungal culture was ordered in 40 of the 47 episodes of IFI. Fungus grew in 27 (68%) of the 40 cultures submitted, and all isolates were concordant with histology. Medical records were available for 36 (77%) of 47 patients. Communication of histology results prompted changes in antifungal therapy 64% of the time. This included initiation of antifungal therapy in 13 patients who were not previously receiving therapy. Fifteen (42%) patients underwent surgical excision within 48 hours of histologic diagnosis.

Conclusions:
Histology can provide rapid, accurate, and clinically actionable information to clinicians caring for children with IFI.
The Major Roles Of Long Distance Bus Transport In Developing Countries With Emphasis On Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Authors: Kassa Fekadu 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
This article presents the major roles of long distance bus transport that radiates from Addis Ababa to the hinterland. The purpose is to assess and identify the major roles of Long Distance Bus Transport in Addis Ababa. The methodology is focused on both primary and secondary sources. The primary informants, who were principally distinguished from the passengers, operators, and key government officials from the transport office, include the head of bus terminal and Association, and selected experts. In terms of analysis, the qualitative approach was used by applying a thick description of the issue. The findings revealed that the availability of towns comes mainly because of the routes which give access and distribution of road passenger transport. The LDB (Long Distance Bus) along the line has played a great role in the making of metropolitan linkage. The presence of these routes contributes more to the rise of urbanization and it has also played a role in the creation of towns and rural areas found around certain radius at the two sides of highways. Thus, it has a high probability for the expansion of urban sprawl and formation of conurbation in the future. The prescription for this study is to work with stakeholders to reduce the congestion of passengers in the terminals and the association also should serve the society 24/7 or 18/7.
Resonant Multiple Light Scattering for Photon Harvest Enhancement in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells
Authors: Kim Jihun , Lee Horim , Seo Yongsok 
Published: June 2015

ABSTRACTWe have set a new bench mark for DSSC performances by fabricating a very efficient device with a high photocurrent density and good stability. This bench mark was accomplished by harmonizing the absorption spectrum of the dye with the average size of the aggregates in the TiO2 electrode. The resultant resonant multiple scattering enhanced the light harvesting efficiency and charge collection yield. The high and robust photovoltaic performance (with an initial efficiency of 9.18% and an efficiency of 7.44% after 800 h of irradiation with a light intensity of 100 mW cm-2) of the JH-1 DSSC prepared without an antireflecting layer demonstrated the promise of this novel sensitizer for large scale applications.
Morphologically Controlled Thermal Rate of Ultra High Performance Concrete
Authors: Cupkova Dana , Yao Shi-Chune , Azel Nicolas 
Published: June 2015

ABSTRACTThis research focuses on defining the design principles that integrate passive-system thinking into the built environment with the goal of mitigating building energy usage by self-regulating the heat gain/loss at level of building envelopes. In collaboration with TAKTL, a company that developed and uses advanced Ultra High Performance Concrete (UHPC) integrated with mold design and manufacturing of architectural elements, our research targets how specific manipulation of UHPC surface area in combination with self-regulating thermochromic response can improve building’s energy performance. By coupling the adaptive color response with surface geometry we can suggest new passive sustainable solutions that would mitigate the energy usage with no additional energy input; purely through designing the form and color adaptation for UHPC concrete Trombe wall components integrated within building façade systems. This paper outlines the first part - the thermal behavior in response to surface geometry. Such comprehensive knowledge not only enhances the possibilities within architectural design, but becomes an effective strategy in self-regulating the heat gain/loss at the building surface level, while reducing the need for mechanical building systems.
Waterflooding in Colombia: Past, Present, and Future
Authors: Castro R. , Maya G. , Mantilla J. , Diaz V. , Amaya R. , Lobo A. , Ordoñez A. , Villar A. 
Published: June 2015

The PDF file of this paper is primarily in Spanish, with small portions of English text throughout the manuscript. A complete English version is not available.
In Colombia the water injection process has been applied in 19 oil fields at a commercial level. The processes implemented normal and inverted patterns of 5, 7 and 9 points; some others were initially designed for pressure maintenance. In any injection process the volumetric sweep efficiency depends on the geology of the reservoir sands, type of sedimentary basin and on the mobility of the reservoir fluids, because of this, the incremental oil recovery factor of the Colombian field's water injection processes is between 1% and 9%. This paper presents the results of fillup, plateau, decline, secondary recovery efficiency and typical problems of processes in Colombian fields.
The average oil recovery factor in Colombia is approximately 18%, around 90% of the 280 Colombian oil fields are still in primary production and many of them have a big loss of the reservoir energy. By the mentionned above, and with the objective of rising the oil production in the country, the implementation of waterflooding processes plays a fundamental role for both increasing the oil recovery factor and giving energy to the reservoirs for the implementation of any other technology that can increase the productivity of the wells. Today there are being designed and implemented an important amount of water injection projects.
A significant percentage of Ecopetrol's production target in 2015 - 2020 depends on the implementation massive of the water injection process, this is why 27 new water injection processes have been stablished as a strategy to incorporate reserves, breaking historical rhythms of implementation. The generation of standards and best practices in the technical, operational, environmental, social, legal, implementation and surveillance aspects, has been identified as a key factor to ensure that the Company's know-how supports this goal, reducing implementation time and increasing quality and efficiency of new waterflooding pilots and expansions projects in Colombia.
Formation Fluid Sampling While Drilling during Critical Time of Invasion in Order to Improve Cleanup Process
Authors: Al Osaimi Falah , Palmer Richard , Najrani Hussain , llies Mostefai , Ibrahim Merie , Haq Minhas 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
The mud filtrate has been always a challenge during formation fluid sampling and this challenge becomes aggravated when drilling in formations with different pressures as mud weight has to be adjusted to the higher pressure. In this case, the formation with low pressure gets exposed to high overbalance pressure and invasion will penetrate deeper and deeper overtime making cleanup during formation fluid sampling longer. This paper will illustrate the impact of mud filtrate on the formation based on a case history and how the technique of formation fluid sampling while drilling improves the process.
This paper discusses a real example for Formation Sampling While Drilling (FSWD). Two samples were collected at the same depth, but with different elapsed time since drilling in order to the evaluate cleanup process. The result showed a significant reduction of pumping time when the sample was collected right after drilling the section. Also, the purity of the samples was improved with shorter pumping time. The result showed that there is a time window for sampling shortly after drilling followed by a critical time of mud filtrate invasion in the formation which made the sampling more difficult.
Formation sampling while drilling (FSWD) was introduced to the industry with the capability to collect samples while drilling which brings a great economic value by saving rig time in reducing pumping hours during formation fluid sampling, and eliminating wireline runs for formation fluid sampling after total depth has been reached. A previous study has discussed this advantage based on theory and simulated model that predict invasion as a function of time, overbalance pressure and other factors. This paper adheres to the idea of fluid sampling shortly after drilling significantly reduces the process of sampling.
Application of the New Dielectric Technology to the Formation Evaluation of Middle Eastern Carbonate and Sandstone Reservoirs – A Case Study from Saudi Arabia
Authors: Mahiout Said , Clerke Edward A. , Azizi Ibrahim Mohd , Belowi Ali , Ghanim Rayan 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
Proper reservoir evaluation in carbonate and sandstone environments has always been a challenge. Petrophysicists are constantly struggling with water salinity uncertainty and Archie's exponents (m and n). These parameters are often not readily available, require time-consuming special core analysis and can vary significantly within and across depositional sequences. A new generation of dielectric technology, which provides reliable measurements that overcomes some of the limitations of the old devices, is used. The enhanced data from the tool improves petrophysical formation evaluation in a variety of borehole environments.
Measurements from dielectric devices have been available via wireline conveyance for more than three decades. Several devices operating with a single-frequency were built in the eighties. Most failed to gain acceptance due to measurement limitations affected by borehole and invasion effects, and moderate accuracy making their interpretation complicated. Based on recent technology developments, a new device measuring both permittivity and conductivity at multiple frequencies has enabled petrophysicists to evaluate the petrophysical properties in various complex environments.
The combination of dielectric with other conventional logging measurements had been utilized in many wells to determine water saturation and remaining hydrocarbon saturation on a regular basis. In addition, the continuous variable Archie's exponent "MN" measurement from dielectric is used to estimate accurately water saturation. The difference in volume of total porosity and the dielectric quantification of water filled porosity (WFP) is used to estimate hydrocarbon saturation. A new approach for identifying and quantifying gas thinly bedded sands is tested with promising results. It combines high resolution dielectric measurements, borehole images and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) measurements. Integration of dielectric data to the conventional open-hole logging suites enables rapid and accurate results during the logging operation and allows proper decisions on pressure points to optimize logging time and reduce substantial cost.
Saudi Aramco has been leading the tests of the technology in a diverse range of environments and for various applications. The development and theory behind the dielectric measurements are discussed. Examples highlighting the value of these new measurements for improved formation evaluation in both carbonate and sandstone environments are provided in the paper.
A New Completion Approach in Saudi Aramco for Unconventional Gas Wells Using Full Monobore 4½" Cemented Casing Completion
Authors: Almasmoom Salahaldeen S. , Gonzalez Juan I. , Ramos Domingo A. , Al-Faraj Omar A. 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
In fields with marginal economic impact and a considerable amount of wells, it is easy to develop a mindset that accepts past drilling performance and costs. Changing the "status quo" requires the application of new techniques, well analysis, planning, and knowledge management. Accept nothing less than measurable and continuous improvement and reward appropriate risk taking. Under that line of thought, a cemented casing completion was designed.
Cemented casing completion is a technique that provides an opportunity for reducing completion costs along with delivery days without impacting safety or well integrity. In this project, the completion is run straight into the open hole and cemented in place like any conventional casing, without the need to run a liner and perform a traditional cleanup.
In an attempt to save rig time and cost, this new completion approach was trial tested successfully on unconventional exploration gas wells for the first time in Saudi Aramco. Both the completion string and the annulus were pressure tested to the required pressures successfully. About six days of rig time and substantial costs were saved. The team used the latest advanced software to ensure a complete long-term zonal isolation of the cemented completion. Models of the expected stresses, which will be applied inside the completion string and in the annulus during the testing and fracturing stages, were developed. An optimum cementing job schedule was developed to achieve the best quality cement job.
This paper will highlight the advantages of the cemented casing completion design over the conventional monobore design for applicable wells, the challenges while planning and executing, the full risk assessment approach, and software simulation for cementing and completion stages. In addition, this paper will discuss the case study, including detailed operational execution.
Defining the Optimum Properties of Chelating Agents to be used as EOR Fluid for Sandstone Reservoirs
Authors: Attia M. , Mahmoud M. A. 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
Many laboratory core flood investigations proved the increase in the oil recovery by applying low salinity water. However, till now the main mechanism of the oil recovery is debated. Recently chelating agents have been proposed as chemical enhanced oil recovery fluids that can be used along with the sea water to recover oil from sandstone and carbonate reservoirs. Chelating agents have the ability to decrease the salinity of the injected water and increase the recovery better than low salinity water flooding with low cost compared to diluting the sea water.
In this paper we will define the optimum pH, concentration, and type of the chelating agent by conducting series of core flooding experiments. First, we changed the pH of chelating agent between 10.7 and 12.2 and the oil recovery was determined for each experiment. Second, the optimum concentration was identified by changing the concentration of the injected fluid and comparison of the recovered oil achieved for each experiment was conducted. Finally, the best chelating agent was selected by comparing between the oil achieved by two different types.
The results showed that high oil recovery up to 30% of the original oil in place was achieved by EDTA chelating agent diluted from an initial concentration of 40 wt% using raw sea water has the same composition of Arabian Gulf sea water. The optimum pH value should be greater than 12. In addition, a concentration of 5wt% or greater should be used. EDTA-based chelating agents yielded higher recovery compared to HEDTA-based chelating agents.
Electric Submersible Pump Installation and Commissioning - Challenges and Lesson Learned from Field Development
Authors: Al-Khalifa Mohammed A. , Cox Robert L. , Saad Hossam 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
A field with about large number of wells, all equipped with electric submersible pumps (ESPs), was developed. ESPs are used to increase wellhead pressure, to overcome backpressure from surface facilities and to lift wells at a later stage when water cut increases. ESPs are selected as the primary artificial lift mechanism as it provides the highest differential pressure and system reliability when compared to other methods. For this field, a comparison study between the applicable artificial lift methods indicated ESPs are the most economical option.
This paper will describe the ESP equipment selection process, completion schematic and installation process. The paper will then discuss several challenges encountered during the ESP installation, precommissioning and commissioning, in addition to solutions implemented to overcome these challenges.
Examples of the technical and operational challenges encountered during the equipment design and selection process include well environment such as corrosion; well control regulations, especially requirements for physical barriers between the hydrocarbon formation and casing annulus; production engineering requirements to allow well intervention without damaging the formation; and the difficulties encountered during ESP installation and startup, such as wellhead penetrator damage, ESP system electrical integrity degradation, and difficulties starting-up ESPs due to high initial reservoir pressure.
Single Gas Flow Prediction through Chokes using Artificial Intelligence Techniques
Authors: Elhaj Murtada A. , Anifowose Fatai , Abdulraheem Abdulazeez 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
This paper shows the importance of Artificial Intelligence (AI) techniques as a practical engineering tool for predicting and estimating the gas flow rate through chokes. Studying the single gas flow through wellhead chokes is vital to the oil industry, not only to ensure the accurate estimation of gas flow rate but also to keep equipments protected from damage due to high gas flow rate. It also has the potential to avoid sand problems. Many studies have investigated the predictability of gas flow through chokes. In this paper, we reviewed, evaluated and compared the predictive performance of the available choke correlations in literature with five AI techniques.
162 data points were used to develop five AI models for predicting the gas flow rate. The data were fed to the five AI techniques Artificial Neural Network (ANN), Fuzzy Logic (FL), Support Vector Machine (SVM), Functional Network (FN) and Decision Tree (DT) (ANN, FL, SVM, FN and DT) and the results were optimized for each technique. The new models were found to perform better than the correlation and give the lowest error, with a mean absolute percentage error of 0.83%. Because of these reduced errors, the proposed AI-based models can improve gas flow rate prediction through chokes.
The results of this paper will provide a better alternative to predictive modeling of petroleum reservoir properties. It will also open windows of opportunity for researchers and engineers to explore advanced machine learning techniques such as hybrids and ensembles for continued improvement of petroleum exploration and production.
Estimating Energy Loss through Wellhead Chokes
Authors: Xiao J. J. , Busfar Wessam A. , Lastra Rafael , Adnan Muhammad 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
Chokes are control valves built into the production systems so that wells can be produced at desired rates and in the same time reservoir depletion and sweep can be optimized; and formation and well completion integrity can be protected. The use of surface chokes also allows surface flowlines and facilities to be designed more economically due to reduced pressure ratings. Substantial pressure drops can occur through well surface chokes, especially at early stages of production when the reservoir pressure is still high and lower choke settings are applied. This paper investigates energy loss through wellhead chokes for gas wells with the laws of thermodynamics. Calculation methods and applicable equations are presented. Example calculations show that energy loss can be significant as a result of choking applied to wells. This is especially true when one considers the number of wells and the total daily production that a company has. The energy waste can be potentially avoided by extracting the fluid flow energy to produce electricity. In remote areas, subsea or on offshore platforms, the generated electricity can be used to power equipment present at the wellsites such as sensors, communication devices, heaters or pumps. The electricity can also be fed into existing power grids. The potential benefit includes reduction in field energy consumption and operating costs, energy conservation and environmental protection.
Improving Reservoir Characterization with Seismic Data Preconditioning—a Case Study of Saudi Arabian Channel Detection
Authors: Al-Dossary Saleh 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
Random seismic noise, present in every authentic seismic data set, hampers both geoscientists’ manual interpretation of data and computerized delineation and analysis of seismic features. Therefore, many noise suppression techniques have the goal of preserving image quality. For channel detection, accurately suppressing seismic noise without damaging image detail is crucial. Theoretically, channel patterns can be automatically detected owing to their unique spatial footprint, which differentiates them from other three-dimensional seismic features. One notable characteristic of channels is their local linearity: Their spatial extent is much greater in one direction than in any other direction. A variety of techniques, such as spatial filters, can enhance the "slender" characteristic of channels. Unfortunately, most of these techniques reduce noise by smoothing the data, resulting in a loss of edge definition. During the past few years the literature has revealed several new edge-preserving noise reduction techniques, including edge-preserving smoothing and complex wavelet transforms. In this case study I illustrate the performance of edge-preserving smoothing based on the redundant wavelet transform (RWT) and demonstrate its usefulness before running an edge detection algorithm to reveal channel patterns in seismic data from Saudi Arabia. Our examples demonstrate that RWT can successfully preserve, enhance, and delineate channel edges that are otherwise not readily visible on conventional seismic amplitude displays.