bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Intergenerational Mobility: A Cross‐National Comparison
Authors: Mazumder Bhashkar 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
A goal in many societies is to ensure that individuals have the same opportunities for success irrespective of their circumstances at birth. While equality of opportunity is an elusive concept to measure, social science researchers have developed measures of intergenerational mobility to serve as a rough barometer. Presumably, societies in which where there is a high likelihood that families can improve their relative socioeconomic standing over generations are likely to be ones characterized by more widespread opportunity. In recent decades, a large and growing body of research that has used a variety of approaches to study intergenerational mobility with respect to income, education, and occupation has emerged. At this stage, the requisite data to conduct this kind of analysis is not available for all countries. Nevertheless, a few key patterns of results have emerged. First, intergenerational mobility appears to be most rapid in Nordic countries. Second, the United States and by some measures the United Kingdom appear to have lower rates of intergenerational mobility than other industrialized countries. Third, intergenerational mobility seems to be lower in developing countries, particularly those in Latin America. These conclusions are still tentative and may be revised as new and better data and more creative methods arise in future research.
Language, Perspective, and Memory
Authors: Ryskin Rachel A. , Yoon Si On , Brown‐Schmidt Sarah 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
The ability to take the perspective of another person is ubiquitous in many everyday cognitive activities. In particular, it allows people to communicate efficiently with conversational partners. Speakers tailor what they say based on the listener's knowledge and, likewise, listeners use what they know about the speaker to better understand what the speaker means. In this essay, we review foundational research on the role of perspective‐taking in the domain of language processing and describe new lines of work that are beginning to explore the memory processes that support the efficient use of perspectives in conversation. We then discuss key avenues for future research, such as investigating whether the type of perspective‐taking involved in creating memory reminders draws on the same underlying cognitive processes as in the domain of language processing. Exploring this interface between language, perspective‐taking, and memory will require interdisciplinary crosstalk and integration of methodologies across the domains of memory and language research.
Quantile Regression Methods
Authors: Fitzenberger Bernd , Wilke Ralf Andreas 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
Quantile regression is emerging as a popular statistical approach, which complements the estimation of conditional mean models. While the latter only focuses on one aspect of the conditional distribution of the dependent variable, the mean, quantile regression provides more detailed insights by modeling conditional quantiles. Quantile regression can therefore detect whether the partial effect of a regressor on the conditional quantiles is the same for all quantiles or differs across quantiles. Quantile regression can provide evidence for a statistical relationship between two variables even if the mean regression model does not.
We provide a short informal introduction into the principle of quantile regression which includes an illustrative application from empirical labor market research. This is followed by briefly sketching the underlying statistical model for linear quantile regression based on a cross‐section sample. We summarize various important extensions of the model including the nonlinear quantile regression model, censored quantile regression, and quantile regression for time‐series data. We also discuss a number of more recent extensions of the quantile regression model to censored data, duration data, and endogeneity, and we describe how quantile regression can be used for decomposition analysis. Finally, we identify several key issues, which should be addressed by future research, and we provide an overview of quantile regression implementations in major statistics software. Our treatment of the topic is based on the perspective of applied researchers using quantile regression in their empirical work.
Self‐Fulfilling Prophesies, Placebo Effects, and the Social–Psychological Creation of Reality
Authors: Crum Alia , Phillips Damon J. 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
In this essay, we pull together foundational research from the psychological, sociological, and medical sciences to illuminate the undeniable influence of the psychosocial context in constructing objective reality. From psychology, we review the growing body of research on how beliefs and expectations about common experiences (e.g., nutrition, stress, and aging) can fundamentally alter the impact of those experiences. From sociology, we review the role of social influence in constructing the quality and impact of cultural products and experiences. And from medicine, we review the neurological and physiological underpinnings of the placebo effect, a powerful demonstration of expectation and social context to produce physiological changes in the body. As we align evidence from these related—although currently disconnected—fields, we uncover important limitations from within each field of study and portray how an integrative approach can offer a more rich and comprehensive understanding of the phenomena underlying the social–psychological creation of reality. Combining foundational research with the interdisciplinary findings from our laboratory, we explore how psychological and social contexts can fundamentally alter the psychological, behavioral, and physiological effects of one of the most common human experiences: drinking water. To conclude, we present a series of questions and suggestions to assist and inspire further interdisciplinary collaboration. We offer a pathway for researchers to more frequently acknowledge, more thoroughly understand, and more effectively utilize the power of psychosocial influence to effect positive change in a number of disciplines including marketing, medicine, and public health.
The Development of Social Trust
Authors: Jaswal Vikram K. , Drell Marissa B. 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
Trust is the currency on which all human interactions are based. This entry reviews a diverse body of literature on the development of trust. We begin by describing foundational theories linking early experience to trust, and then discuss how violations of trust affect children. We turn next to a particularly active area of trust research in cognitive development—namely, trust in information learned from what other people say (testimony). Children's willingness to believe what they are told is essential for the cultural transmission of knowledge; it allows them to learn about things they have not experienced themselves. We describe research showing that, in fact, young children have a great deal of difficulty not believing testimony. We suggest that this credulity is the manifestation of a bias to trust testimony specifically rather than a more generic, undifferentiated trust, and speculate about the origins of this bias. Finally, we offer several suggestions of areas for future research, including whether children (like adults) make judgments of trustworthiness based on an individual's facial features, how culture influences trust and trustworthiness, and how children learn to evaluate the credibility of digital sources of information.
The Evolving View of the Law and Judicial Decision‐Making
Authors: D'Elia‐Kueper Justine , Segal Jeffrey A. 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
Attitudinalists and legal realists initially saw the law, not as something that constrained judges, but rather as a nuisance that judges could easily avoid in order to make decisions consistent with their personal policy preferences. As the study of law and judicial decision‐making has evolved, however, scholars are beginning to realize that judges may actually use the law to help them secure their most favored outcomes (Bueno de Mesquita & Stephenson, 2002; Hansford & Spriggs, 2006). As scholarship on the law and judicial decision‐making continues to evolve a key issue going forward will be how to measure the law. Text‐based analysis and citation analysis are promising new approaches in this regard.
The Future of Class Analyses in American Politics
Authors: Stonecash Jeffrey M. 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
Although the role of class has been extensively studied, this essay suggests several important matters that have been neglected and deserve more attention. The focus on occupational positions limits our understanding of the possible role of class. We need to devote more attention to household income and its impact on opportunity. We need to ask people about their aspirations and sense of fairness in American society and how that affects class voting. The presumption that class divisions have been reduced by racial and cultural issues has been embraced too quickly and needs more careful analyses. The use of nationally aggregated individual‐level surveys is limiting because it neglects how the distribution of classes across legislative districts and their representation through that matters for the emergence of class issues. Finally, the focus on multivariate analyses may satisfy academic notions of rigor but it removes analyses from having relevance for politicians.
The Future of Marriage
Authors: McClintock Elizabeth Aura 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
After briefly examining the history or marriage and the development of modern marriage, this essay describes major themes in the study of marriage, including research on the rise of alternatives to marriage, the “deinstitutionalization” of marriage, and the consequences of these changes. It next considers current demographic trends, recent advances in research, and likely future directions of research. In particular, the imminence of same‐sex marriage and the increasing importance of the internet in partner selection are likely to be important areas of research and social change. The conclusion considers the implications of these trends for marriage's future and for future research on marriage.
The Inherence Heuristic: Generating Everyday Explanations
Authors: Cimpian Andrei 
Published: May 2015

Abstract

The ability to explain enables humans to understand their world and informs much of their behavior. And yet, little is known about the psychological processes by which explanations are generated. Here, I describe a recent proposal on this topic. According to this proposal, people come up with explanations much as they come up with solutions to other complex problems—
heuristically
. Extensive research on human reasoning has suggested that people answer difficult questions (e.g., how satisfied are you with your life?) by retrieving simple information that comes to mind easily (e.g., I am in a good mood right now) and then using this information to construct an approximate answer. Prompts for an explanation (e.g., why do we eat eggs for breakfast?) are hypothesized to trigger a similar process. This process oversamples highly accessible facts about the entities in the observation to be explained. Owing to the organization of memory, these accessible facts are more often about the inherent features of the relevant entities (e.g., eggs have a lot of protein) than about their history, their relations to other entities, and so on. This skew toward inherence then propagates through to the final product of this heuristic process, which is typically an inherence‐based explanatory intuition (hence the name
inherence heuristic
). The inherence heuristic proposal sheds light on the mechanistic underpinnings of explanation and has implications for our understanding of other cognitive phenomena of societal importance (such as the tendency to explain membership in social groups in terms of deep biological “essences”).
The Reorganization of Work
Authors: Heckscher Charles 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
In recent decades, the bureaucratic organization of work in stable hierarchies of “jobs” and “offices” has come under increasing fire, seen as unresponsive and resistant to innovation. Practice has turned to two major alternatives: freeing individual “stars” to take independent initiative and building cooperative teamwork. Academic research has lagged far behind practice, often stuck in narrow positivist frames that miss the systemic and evolving nature of these organizational shifts. The emerging paradigm is not yet clear, but it certainly involves major modifications of the Weberian principles of bureaucratic efficiency.
Translational Sociology
Authors: Wethington Elaine 
Published: May 2015

Abstract

Translational sociology
is an emerging style of sociology that applies sociological theory to addressing real‐world problems using established scientific methods. Translational sociology is distinguished by working in collaboration with other disciplines and professions, including policymakers, consumers, and other community stakeholders in multidisciplinary teams. It is a method intended to increase the value of sociological scholarship by creating equitable problem‐solving groups between sociologists and practitioners and policymakers. A key characteristic of translational sociology is that it develops strategies to address and resolve social problems through evidence‐based interventions. This essay describes the emergence of translational sociology as a concept with a focus on my collaborative experience in the definition, practice, implementation, and evaluation of federally funded translational research in community and clinical settings.
Why So Few Women in Mathematically Intensive Fields?
Authors: Ceci Stephen J. , Williams Wendy M. 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
Women have made huge gains in all fields of science over the past four decades, greatly increasing their presence in PhD programs and in postdoctoral positions. But, their progress has been greater in some fields than others. Although women constitute a critical mass of faculty in fields such as biology, medicine, psychology, veterinary science, and sociology, they continue to be underrepresented in mathematically intensive fields such as engineering, physics, chemistry, economics, computer science, and mathematics. In this essay, we describe both data and argument pertinent to women's underrepresentation, organized around three alleged causes. After reviewing these three causes, we conclude that neither sex differences in mathematical and spatial ability, nor the often‐alleged bias against women in science, can explain their dearth, whereas choices and family formation plans go a long way toward doing so.
Hierarchy of Impairment of Spinal Mobility Measures in Ankylosing Spondylitis: Twelve‐Year Data
Authors: Ramiro Sofia , Landewé Robert B. M. , van der Heijde Désirée , Stolwijk Carmen , Dougados Maxime , van den Bosch Filip , van Tubergen Astrid 
Published: May 2015

ObjectiveTo investigate which spinal mobility measures (SMMs) are most frequently impaired in patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS), whether a hierarchy of impairment can be established, and whether assessing fewer measures sufficiently captures impairment in spinal mobility.MethodsPatients from the Outcome in Ankylosing Spondylitis International Study were followed up for 12 years. SMMs were considered impaired when falling below predefined cutoffs, derived from normal individuals. The proportion of patients in whom each SMM was impaired was calculated using baseline observation. In patients with ≥1 impaired SMM, we investigated how often impairment in spinal mobility would be missed if only a fixed number of SMMs was assessed. Analyses were repeated using all 12‐year observations.ResultsA total of 216 patients were included (70% males). Lateral spinal flexion (LSF) was the most frequently impaired measure, followed by the modified Schober (mSchober) test, tragus‐to‐wall, cervical rotation, intermalleolar distance, and chest expansion measures, respectively. This hierarchy was strikingly consistent over time, and independent of sex, symptom duration, and presence of syndesmophytes. In patients with ≥1 impaired SMM, LSF was impaired most frequently (86%), followed by the mSchober test (58%). If only LSF was measured, 14% of patients with impairment in any SMM would be missed; if additionally the mSchober test was measured, 9% would be missed.ConclusionLSF followed by the mSchober test are the most frequently impaired mobility measures in AS, reflecting an earlier involvement of the lumbar spine, followed by involvement of the thoracic and cervical spine. In clinical practice LSF and the mSchober test suffice to screen impairment in spinal mobility.
Comparative Studies on the High Performance Flocculating Agent of Novel Polyacrylamide grafted Oatmeal
Authors: Bharti Srijita , Mishra Sumit , Narendra Lagumaddepalli V. 
Published: May 2015

ABSTRACTPolyacrylamide grafted oatmeal was synthesized via two techniques, namely microwave assisted using ceric ammonium nitrate along with microwave irradiation and microwave initiated using microwave irradiation alone. The synthesized graft copolymers via both methods were characterized by a number of physicochemical techniques including viscometry, elemental analysis, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), SEM, TGA, UV DSC and Carbon 13‐cross polarization/magic angle spinning solid‐state NMR Spectroscopy (13C‐CP/MAS SSNMR Spectroscopy) using a parent biopolymer (oatmeal) as reference. Furthermore, flocculation efficiency of synthesized graft copolymers was studied in 0.25 wt% kaolin suspension and in wastewater for attenuation of pollutant load. The studies report the superiority of OAT‐g‐PAMs synthesized by the microwave‐assisted technique than microwave‐initiated technique in terms of their higher percentage grafting, intrinsic viscosity, flocculation efficiency and pollution load reduction. The synthesized graft copolymers were compared with PAM and alum for assessing their flocculation behavior in 0.25 wt% kaolin suspension and the results obtained were found encouraging for the treatment of effluents discharged from various industries.
Kontinuierliche Durchflussverfahren: ein Werkzeug für die sichere Synthese von pharmazeutischen Wirkstoffen
Authors: Gutmann Bernhard , Cantillo David , Kappe C. Oliver 
Published: May 2015

AbstractIn den letzten Jahren haben Durchflussreaktoren mit Kanalabmessungen im Mikrometer‐ oder Millimeterbereich weitverbreitete Anwendung in der organischen Synthese gefunden. Diese Reaktoren sind durch ihre außergewöhnlich schnellen Wärme‐ und Stoffübertragung gekennzeichnet. Außer bei den schnellsten Reaktionen kann in mikrostrukturierten Bauelementen dieses Typs eine fast augenblickliche Vermischung der Reaktanten erreicht werden. Ebenso lassen sich Probleme wie Wärmestau, Überhitzungszonen (Hot‐Spots) und thermisches Durchgehen vermeiden. Aufgrund der kleinen Reaktorvolumina ist die Prozesssicherheit erheblich verbessert, selbst wenn harsche Reaktionsbedingungen angewendet werden. Somit bietet die Mikroreaktortechnologie eine einzigartige Möglichkeit, ultraschnelle exotherme Reaktionen durchzuführen, und erlaubt die Realisierung von Reaktionen, die über sehr instabile oder sogar explosive Zwischenprodukte ablaufen. Dieser Aufsatz behandelt aktuelle Literaturbeispiele für die organische Synthese unter kontinuierlichem Durchfluss, in denen eine gefährliche Chemie oder extreme Prozessfenster angewendet wurden, wobei der Schwerpunkt vor allem auf Anwendungen liegt, die für die Herstellung von Pharmazeutika von Bedeutung sind.
Synthesis of Meso‐Substituted Subphthalocyanine–Subporphyrin Hybrids: Boron Subtribenzodiazaporphyrins
Authors: Remiro‐Buenamañana Sonia , Díaz‐Moscoso Alejandro , Hughes David L. , Bochmann Manfred , Tizzard Graham J. , Coles Simon J. , Cammidge Andrew N. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThe first syntheses of hybrid structures that lie between subphthalocyanines and subporphyrins are reported. The versatile single‐step synthetic method uses a preformed aminoisoindolene to provide the bridging methine unit and its substituent while trialkoxyborates simultaneously act as Lewis acid, template, and provider of the apical substituent. The selection of each component therefore allows for the controlled formation of diverse, differentially functionalized systems. The new hybrids are isolated as robust, pure materials that display intense absorption and emission in the mid‐visible region. The new compounds are further characterized in solution and solid state by variable‐temperature NMR spectroscopy and X‐ray crystallography, respectively.
Structure and dielectric properties of polyimide/silica nanocomposite nanofoam prepared by solid‐state foaming
Authors: li Xiaowen , Zou Huawei , liu Pengbo 
Published: May 2015

ABSTRACTIn this article, polyimide (PI)/silica nanocomposite nanofoams were prepared by solid‐state foaming using supercritical CO2 as foaming agent. To control the cell size and morphology of the PI/silica foam, the silica nanoparticles as nucleating agent were in situ formation from TEOS via sol‐gel process, which make the silica nanoparticles homogeneously dispersed in PI matrix. The resulting PI/silica nanocomposite nanofoams were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), the image analysis system attached to the SEM and dielectric properties measurements. In PI/silica nanocomposite nanofoams, one type of novel morphology was shown that each cell contained one silica nanoparticle and many smaller holes about 20–50 nm uniformly located in the cell wall. This special structure could visually prove that the nucleation sites during foaming were formed on the surface of nucleating agents. Compared with those of neat PI foam, the cell size of PI/silica nanocomposite nanofoams was smaller and its distribution was narrower. The dielectric constant of PI/silica nanocomposite nanofoams was decreased because of the incorporation of the air voids into the PI/silica nanofoams. While the porosity of PI/silica nanocomposite nanofoam film was 0.45, the dielectric constant of the film (at 1 MHz) was reduced from 3.8 to about 2.6. Furthermore, the dielectric constant of PI/silica nanofoam films remained stable across the frequency range of 1×102∼1×107 HZ. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42355.