bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
CtPMK1, a mitogen‐activated‐protein kinase gene, is required for conidiation, appressorium formation, and pathogenicity of Colletotrichum truncatum on soybean
Authors: Xiong Q. , Xu J. , Zhao Y. , Wang K. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractColletotrichum truncatum, the causal agent of soybean anthracnose, invades host plants by forming a specialised infection structure called an appressorium. Mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) genes have been shown to play vital roles in several phytopathogenic fungi in regulating various infection processes, including spore germination, melanised appressorium formation, appressorial penetration and subsequent invasive growth in host plants. In this study, we identified and characterised the first Fus3/Kss1‐related MAPK gene, CtPMK1, in Colletotrichum truncatum, which is related to PMK1 in Magnaporthe oryzae. Disruption of CtPMK1 in C. truncatum resulted in a mutant with slightly reduced mycelial growth (‐30%) and melanisation that is deficient in sporulation (‐99%), as observed in the CMK1 mutant of Colletotrichum lagenarium (a synonym of Colletotrichum orbiculare, which is now the accepted name for this taxon). In contrast to CMK1 of C. lagenarium, conidia from the Ctpmk1 mutant germinated normally on glass slides and onion epidermal surfaces. Our findings suggest that there are differences in the types of in vitro functions controlled by PMK1, even between closely related species. Furthermore, the Ctpmk1 mutant failed to form appressoria or hyphopodia, subsequently resulting in the complete loss of pathogenicity on host plants. Overall, the results indicate that the Fus3/Kss1‐related MAPK gene has a conserved role in infection structure formation and pathogenicity in phytopathogenic fungi.
EAACI IG Biologicals task force paper on the use of biologic agents in allergic disorders
Authors: Boyman O. , Kaegi C. , Akdis M. , Bavbek S. , Bossios A. , Chatzipetrou A. , Eiwegger T. , Firinu D. , Harr T. , Knol E. , Matucci A. , Palomares O. , Schmidt‐Weber C. , Simon H.‐U. , Steiner U. C. , Vultaggio A. , Akdis C. A. , Spertini F. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractBiologic agents (also termed biologicals or biologics) are therapeutics that are synthesized by living organisms and directed against a specific determinant, for example, a cytokine or receptor. In inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, biologicals have revolutionized the treatment of several immune‐mediated disorders. Biologicals have also been tested in allergic disorders. These include agents targeting IgE; T helper 2 (Th2)‐type and Th2‐promoting cytokines, including interleukin‐4 (IL‐4), IL‐5, IL‐9, IL‐13, IL‐31, and thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP); pro‐inflammatory cytokines, such as IL‐1β, IL‐12, IL‐17A, IL‐17F, IL‐23, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF); chemokine receptor CCR4; and lymphocyte surface and adhesion molecules, including CD2, CD11a, CD20, CD25, CD52, and OX40 ligand. In this task force paper of the Interest Group on Biologicals of the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, we review biologicals that are currently available or tested for the use in various allergic and urticarial pathologies, by providing an overview on their state of development, area of use, adverse events, and future research directions.
Systematic review with meta‐analysis: early infant feeding and coeliac disease – update 2015
Authors: Szajewska H. , Shamir R. , Chmielewska A. , Pieścik‐Lech M. , Auricchio R. , Ivarsson A. , Kolacek S. , Koletzko S. , Korponay‐Szabo I. , Mearin M. L. , Ribes‐Koninckx C. , Troncone R. ,   the PREVENTCD Study Group
Published: March 2015

SummaryBackgroundNew evidence emerged on early feeding practices and the risk of coeliac disease.AimTo systematically update evidence on these practices to find out whether there is a need to revise current recommendations.MethodsMEDLINE, EMBASE and the Cochrane Library were searched from July 2012 (end of last search) to February 2015 for studies of any design that assessed the effect of gluten consumption and breastfeeding on the development of coeliac disease and/or coeliac disease‐related autoimmunity.ResultsWe identified 21 publications, including two, new, large, randomised controlled trials performed in high‐risk infants. Exclusive or any breastfeeding, as well as breastfeeding at the time of gluten introduction, did not reduce the risk of developing coeliac disease during childhood. For infants at high risk of developing coeliac disease, gluten introduction at 4 months of age in very small amounts, or at 6 or 12 months of age, resulted in similar rates of coeliac disease diagnosis in early childhood. Later gluten introduction was associated with later development of coeliac specific autoimmunity and coeliac disease during childhood, but not total risk reduction. Observational studies indicate that consumption of a higher amount of gluten at weaning may increase the risk for coeliac disease development.ConclusionsInfant feeding practices (breastfeeding, time of gluten introduction) have no effect on the risk of developing coeliac disease during childhood (at least at specific timeframes evaluated in the included studies), necessitating an update of current European recommendations.
Preoperative factors associated with hypotension in young anaesthetised dogs undergoing elective desexing
Authors: Costa RS , Raisis AL , Hosgood G , Musk GC 
Published: March 2015

ObjectivesDocument the proportion of dogs with perioperative hypotension and explore the association of sex, age and body mass and indices of hydration with mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) in two cohorts of young, healthy anaesthetised dogs.MethodsDogs were anaesthetised with a standardised protocol. The proportion of dogs with invasively measured MAP <60 mmHg for ≥10 min was recorded. The area under the MAP*time curve (MAP‐AUC) was calculated for a standard perioperative period. The association of explanatory variables, including sex, age, body mass and indices of hydration (urine specific gravity (USG), packed cell volume and total solids) measured prior to surgery, with the MAP‐AUC was explored using regression analysis in the first cohort (n = 71) and externally validated in the second cohort (n = 24).ResultsIn cohort 1, 35 of 71 dogs (0.49, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.37–0.61) dogs and 17/24 dogs in cohort 2 (0.71, 95% CI 0.53–0.89) developed hypotension. Regression analysis showed that age and USG were significantly associated with MAP‐AUC for cohort 1 (P = 0.0138). There was a positive association of MAP‐AUC with age and a negative association with USG. The association of MAP‐AUC with USG was supported in cohort 2, with a significant negative association (P = 0.014, r = −0.54)ConclusionThe high frequency of hypotension in both cohorts supports blood pressure monitoring during anaesthesia of young, healthy dogs. USG, an index of hydration, appears negatively associated with MAP during anaesthesia, suggesting that subclinical dehydration may contribute to lower MAP during surgical anaesthesia.
Effect of an anti‐gonadotropin‐releasing factor vaccine on sexual and aggressive behaviour in male pigs during the finishing period under Australian field conditions
Authors: Karaconji B , Lloyd B , Campbell N , Meaney D , Ahern T 
Published: March 2015

ObjectiveThe objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of an anti‐gonadotropin‐releasing factor vaccine in controlling sexual and aggressive behaviour of male pigs in the late finishing period under Australian field conditions.MethodsMale pigs from four consecutive batches over a 4‐month period were randomly assigned to two groups: an untreated control group (n = 434) or a group treated with Improvac® (n = 433). The vaccine was administered at 10 and 16 weeks of age. Pigs were housed under commercial conditions in ecoshelters, a commonly used housing system in Australia in which pigs are kept in large pens often containing >100 animals. The occurrence of sexual and aggressive behaviours was recorded and evaluated after second vaccination until slaughter at 22 weeks of age.ResultsMale pigs treated with Improvac demonstrated significant reductions in mounting, fighting, pushing, head butting and tail manipulation when compared with control animals.ConclusionThis study confirms that vaccination with Improvac can improve the welfare of entire male pigs by inhibiting sexual and aggressive behaviour.
Pharmacovigilance in children: detecting adverse drug reactions in routine electronic healthcare records. A systematic review
Authors: Black Corri , Tagiyeva‐Milne Nara , Helms Peter , Moir Dorothy 
Published: March 2015

AimsA systematic review of the literature published in English over 10 years was undertaken in order to describe the use of electronic healthcare data in the identification of potential adverse drug reactions (ADRs) in children.MethodsMEDLINE and EMBASE were searched using MESH headings and text words. Titles, keywords and abstracts were checked for age <18 years, potential ADRs and electronic healthcare data. Information extracted included age, data source, pharmacovigilance method, medicines and ADRs. Studies were quality assessed.ResultsFrom 14 804 titles, 314 had a full text review and 71 were included in the final review. Fifty were published in North America, 10 in Scandinavia. Study size ranged from less than 1000 children to more than 10 million. Sixty per cent of studies used data from one source. Comparative observational studies were most commonly reported (66.2%) with 15% using passive surveillance. Electronic healthcare data set linkage and the quality of the data source were poorly reported. ADRs were classified using the International Classification of Disease (ICD10). Multi‐system reactions were most commonly studied, followed by central nervous system and mental and behavioural disorders. Vaccines were most frequently prescribed followed by corticosteroids, general anaesthetics and antidepressants.ConclusionsRoutine electronic healthcare records were increasingly reported to be used for pharmacovigilance in children. This growing and important health protection activity could be enhanced by consistent reporting of studies to improve the identification, interpretation and generalizability of the evidence base.
Treatment of spontaneous preterm labour with retosiban: a phase 2 proof‐of‐concept study
Authors: Thornton Steven , Miller Hugh , Valenzuela Guillermo , Snidow Jerry , Stier Brendt , Fossler Michael J. , Montague Timothy H. , Powell Marcy , Beach Kathleen J. 
Published: March 2015

AimThe aim was to investigate the efficacy and safety of intravenous retosiban in women with spontaneous preterm labour.MethodsThis was a randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, phase 2 trial. Retosiban was administered intravenously for 48 h to women in spontaneous preterm labour between 300/7 and 356/7 weeks’ gestation with an uncomplicated singleton pregnancy in an in‐patient obstetric unit. Outcome measures were uterine quiescence (primary endpoint), days to delivery, preterm delivery and safety.ResultsUterine quiescence was achieved in 62% of women who received retosiban (n = 30) compared with 41% who received placebo (n = 34). The relative risk (RR) was 1.53 (95% credible interval [CrI] 0.98, 2.48; NS). Retosiban resulted in a significant increase in time to delivery compared with placebo (mean difference 8.2 days, 95% CrI 2.7, 13.74). This difference was consistent across all gestational ages. The proportion of preterm births in the retosiban and placebo groups was 18.7% (95% CrI 7.4%, 33.7%) and 47.2% (95% CrI 31.4%, 63.4%), respectively. The RR of preterm birth in women treated with retosiban was 0.38 (95% CrI 0.15, 0.81). There were no deliveries within 7 days in the retosiban group, but there were six (17.6%) births in the placebo group. The maternal, fetal and neonatal adverse events were comparable in the retosiban and placebo groups.ConclusionsIntravenous administration of retosiban in women with spontaneous preterm labour was associated with a greater than 1 week increase in time to delivery compared with placebo, a significant reduction in preterm deliveries, a non‐significant increase in uterine quiescence and a favourable safety profile.
The Effect of a Polyvalent Antivenom on the Serum Venom Antigen Levels of Naja sputatrix (Javan Spitting Cobra) Venom in Experimentally Envenomed Rabbits
Authors: Yap Michelle Khai Khun , Tan Nget Hong , Sim Si Mui , Fung Shin Yee , Tan Choo Hock 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThe treatment protocol of antivenom in snake envenomation remains largely empirical, partly due to the insufficient knowledge of the pharmacokinetics of snake venoms and the effects of antivenoms on the blood venom levels in victims. In this study, we investigated the effect of a polyvalent antivenom on the serum venom antigen levels of Naja sputatrix (Javan spitting cobra) venom in experimentally envenomed rabbits. Intravenous infusion of 4 ml of Neuro Polyvalent Snake Antivenom [NPAV, F(ab′)2] at 1 hr after envenomation caused a sharp decline of the serum venom antigen levels, followed by transient resurgence an hour later. The venom antigen resurgence was unlikely to be due to the mismatch of pharmacokinetics between the F(ab′)2 and venom antigens, as the terminal half‐life and volume of distribution of the F(ab′)2 in serum were comparable to that of venom antigens (p > 0.05). Infusion of an additional 2 ml of NPAV was able to prevent resurgence of the serum venom antigen level, resulting in a substantial decrease (67.1%) of the total amount of circulating venom antigens over time course of envenomation. Our results showed that the neutralization potency of NPAV determined by neutralization assay in mice may not be an adequate indicator of its capability to modulate venom kinetics in relation to its in vivo efficacy to neutralize venom toxicity. The findings also support the recommendation of giving high initial dose of NPAV in cobra envenomation, with repeated doses as clinically indicated in the presence of rebound antigenemia and symptom recurrence.
The Autonomy‐Connection Challenge in Adolescent–Peer Relationships
Authors: Allen Joseph P. , Loeb Emily L. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThe world of peers presents a unique developmental challenge to adolescents—one that is likely to be linked to prior experiences within the family, affected by concurrent experiences with adults outside the family, and predictive of future mental and physical health. To negotiate relationships with peers successfully, adolescents must manage the challenge of connecting with peers while establishing autonomy regarding peer influences. Both the nature of this challenge and how it is handled are linked closely to the ways adolescents are treated by the adults in their lives. Adolescents’ capacities for autonomy and connection can be developed both in the family and in interventions that engage youth with adults outside the family, suggesting a substantial role for adults in easing adolescents’ peer challenges.
Does airway hyperresponsiveness monitoring lead to improved asthma control?
Authors: Galera R. , Casitas R. , Martínez‐Cerón E. , Romero D. , García‐Río F. 
Published: March 2015

SummaryThe current guidelines recommend an approach to asthma management based on asthma control, rather than asthma severity. Although several specific questionnaires have been developed and control criteria have been established based on clinical guidelines, the evaluation of asthma control is still not optimal. In general, these indicators provide adequate assessment of current control, but they are more limited when estimating future risk. There is much evidence demonstrating the persistence of airway inflammation and airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) in patients with total control. Therefore, the objective of this review was to analyse the possible role of AHR monitoring as an instrument for assessing asthma control. We will evaluate its capacity as an indicator for future risk, both for estimating the possibility of clinical deterioration and loss of lung function or exacerbations. Furthermore, its relationship with inhaled corticosteroid treatment will be analysed, while emphasizing its capacity for predicting response and adjusting dosage, as well as information about the capability of AHR for monitoring treatment. Last of all, we will discuss the main limitations and emerging opportunities of AHR as an assessment instrument for asthma control.
807. CEPHALANTHERA RUBRA
Authors: Fay Michael F. , Taylor Ian 
Published: March 2015

SummaryCephalanthera rubra(L.)Rich., the red helleborine, is described and illustrated with an historical plate. Details of its distribution, relationships, pollination, patterns of hybridization and its history and conservation inEngland are provided. Notes relating to the difficulty of propagating and cultivating this species are also included.
Development of a technical external quality assurance scheme in non‐gynaecological cytology in UK
Authors: Cross P. A. , Hodgson C. , Crossley J. , Crossley B. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractTechnical external quality assurance (EQA) schemes are well established for histopathology and cervical cytology but, to date, sadly lacking for diagnostic cytology (DC). This timely review redresses the balance by describing the development and evaluation of a technical EQA scheme for DC available to the UK, Europe and beyond.
Instream cover and shade mediate avian predation on trout in semi‐natural streams
Authors: Penaluna Brooke E. , Dunham Jason B. , Noakes David L. G. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractPiscivory by birds can be significant, particularly on fish in small streams and during seasonal low flow when available cover from predators can be limited. Yet, how varying amounts of cover may change the extent of predation mortality from avian predators on fish is not clear. We evaluated size‐selective survival of coastal cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarkii clarkii) in replicated semi‐natural stream sections. These sections provided high (0.01 m2 of cover per m2 of stream) or low (0.002 m2 of cover per m2 of stream) levels of instream cover available to trout and were closed to emigration. Each fish was individually tagged, allowing us to track retention of individuals during the course of the 36‐day experiment, which we attributed to survival from predators, because fish had no other way to leave the streams. Although other avian predators may have been active in our system and not detected, the only predator observed was the belted kingfisher Megaceryle alcyon, which is known to prey heavily on fish. In both treatments, trout >20.4 cm were not preyed upon indicating an increased ability to prey upon on smaller individuals. Increased availability of cover improved survival of trout by 12% in high relative to low cover stream sections. Trout also survived better in stream sections with greater shade, a factor we could not control in our system. Collectively, these findings indicate that instream cover and shade from avian predators can play an important role in driving survival of fish in small streams or during periods of low flow.
Unavailability of thymidine kinase does not preclude the use of German comprehensive prognostic index: results of an external validation analysis in early chronic lymphocytic leukemia and comparison with MD Anderson Cancer Center model
Authors: Molica Stefano , Giannarelli Diana , Mirabelli Rosanna , Levato Luciano , Russo Antonio , Linardi Maria , Gentile Massimo , Morabito Fortunato 
Published: March 2015

AbstractA comprehensive prognostic index that includes clinical (i.e., age, sex, ECOG performance status), serum (i.e., ß2‐microglobulin, thymidine kinase [TK]), and molecular (i.e., IGVH mutational status, del 17p, del 11q) markers developed by the German CLL Study Group (GCLLSG) was externally validated in a prospective, community‐based cohort consisting of 338 patients with early chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) using as endpoint the time to first treatment (TTFT). Because serum TK was not available, a slightly modified version of the model based on seven instead of eight prognostic variables was used. By German index, 62.9% of patients were scored as having low‐risk CLL (score 0–2), whereas 37.1% had intermediate‐risk CLL (score 3–5). This stratification translated into a significant difference in the TTFT [HR = 4.21; 95% C.I. (2.71–6.53); P < 0.0001]. Also the 2007 MD Anderson Cancer Center (MDACC) score, barely based on traditional clinical parameters, showed comparable reliability [HR = 2.73; 95% C.I. (1.79–4.17); P < 0.0001]. A comparative performance assessment between the two models revealed that prediction of the TTFT was more accurate with German score. The c‐statistic of the MDACC model was 0.65 (range, 0.53–0.78) a level below that of the German index [0.71 (range, 0.60–0.82)] and below the accepted 0.7 threshold necessary to have value at the individual patient level. Results of this external comparative validation analysis strongly support the German score as the benchmark for comparison of any novel prognostic scheme aimed at evaluating the TTFT in patients with early CLL even when a modified version which does not include TK is utilized.
Soil mixing and genesis as affected by tree uprooting in three temperate forests
Authors: Šamonil P. , Daněk P. , Schaetzl R. J. , Vašíčková I. , Valtera M. 
Published: March 2015

SummaryThe purpose of this study was to identify general patterns of pedoturbation by tree uprooting in three different, forested landscapes and to quantify post‐disturbance pedogenesis. Specifically, our study illustrates how the effects of ‘tree‐throw’ on soils gradually become diminished over time by post‐uprooting pedogenesis. We studied soil development within 46 pit‐mounds in two regions of the Czech Republic, one on Haplic Cambisols and one on Entic Podzols. A third study site was in Michigan, USA, on Albic Podzols. Uprooting events were dated by using tree censuses, dendrochronology and radiometry. These dates provided information on several chronosequences of pedogenesis in the post‐uprooting pits and mounds, dating back to 1816 AD (dendrochronological dating, Haplic Cambisols), 322 AD (median of calibration age, 14C age = 1720 ± 35 BP, Entic Podzols) and 4077 BC (14C age = 5260 ± 30 BP, Albic Podzols). Post‐uprooting pedogenesis was most rapid in pits and slowest on mounds. Linear chronofunction models were the most applicable for pedogenesis, regardless of whether the soils were in pit or mound microsites. These models allowed us to estimate the time required for horizons in such disturbed sites to obtain the equivalent thicknesses of those in undisturbed sites. These ranged from 5 (O horizon in pits on the Haplic Cambisols) to > 16 000 years (E horizon on mounds on the Albic Podzols). On the Albic Podzols, development of eluvial and spodic horizon thicknesses suggested that pathways involving divergent pedogenesis may occur at these small and localized spatial scales.