bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An Optimised 1,10‐Phenanthroline Method for the Determination of Ferrous and Ferric Oxides in Silicate Rocks, Soils and Minerals
Authors: Tarafder Pranab K. , Thakur Raghbendra 
Published: October 2012

A precise, accurate and rapid method for the sequential determination of FeO and Fe2O3 in rocks, soils and some non‐refractory minerals by 1,10‐phenanthroline spectrophotometry is described. Fe(II) and Fe(III) were leached from the sample (−200 mesh) using a mixture of NH4HF2 and H2SO4 at 40–80 °C for 10 min on a hot plate. Both Fe(II) and Fe(III) could be conveniently estimated sequentially from the same reaction mixture at the μg g−1 to percentage level. The method is better than the existing wet chemical methods, including the commonly used Pratt's titrimetric redox method, for Fe(II) and Fe(III) determinations in rock and soil samples in terms of precision, accuracy and rapidity. The throughput of the method was very high; at least forty to fifty samples could be estimated easily in a day. The results obtained compare favourably with those obtained by Pratt's method, as well as for certified/recommended values of a set of eleven certified reference materials having FeO and Fe2O3 contents in the range 0.21–14.63% and 0.58–8.48%, respectively. The optimised 1,10 phenanthroline method was found to be accurate to within 0.21% m/m FeO and 0.30% m/m Fe2O3 compared with the literature values of the certified reference materials studied.
Using species combinations in indicator value analyses
Authors: De Cáceres Miquel , Legendre Pierre , Wiser Susan K. , Brotons Lluís 
Published: October 2012

Summary

Indicator species are often determined using an analysis of the relationship between the species occurrence or abundance values from a set of sites and the classification of the same sites into site groups (habitat types, community types, disturbance states, etc.). It may happen, however, that a particular site group has no indicator species even if its sites have a community composition that is clearly distinct from the sites of other site groups. This motivates an exploration of the indicator value of not only individual species but also species combinations.

Here, we present a novel statistical approach to determine indicators of site groups using species data. Unlike traditional indicator value analysis, we allow indicators to be species combinations in addition to single species. We require that all the species forming the combination must occur in the site to use the combination as an indicator. We present a simple algorithm that identifies the set of indicators (each one being either a single species or a species combination) that show high positive predictive value for the target site group. Moreover, we demonstrate the use of the percentage of sites of the site group where at least one of its valid indicators occurs to determine whether the group can be reliably predicted throughout its range.

Using a simulation study, we show that if two species are not strongly correlated and their frequency in the data set is larger than the frequency of sites belonging to the site group, the joint occurrence of the two species has higher positive predictive value for the site group than the two species taken independently.

We illustrate the proposed method by determining which combinations of vascular plants can be used as indicators for 29 shrubland and forest vegetation types of New Zealand.

The proposed methodology extends traditional indicator value analyses and will be useful to develop multispecies ecological or environmental indicators. Further, it will allow newly surveyed sites to be reliably assigned to previously defined vegetation types.
‘Like doing a jigsaw with half the parts missing’: community pharmacists and the management of cancer pain in the community
Authors: Savage Imogen , Blenkinsopp Alison , Closs S Jose , Bennett Michael I 
Published: October 2012

Abstract

Objectives
The aim was to explore and describe community pharmacists' current and potential place in the cancer pain pathway. Objectives were to describe pharmacists' role in advising patients and their carers on optimum use of opioid drugs for pain relief, identify elements of medicines management that could be modified and identify opportunities for improved communication with patients and other professionals.

Methods
Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 25 community pharmacists in three areas of England. Data were analysed using the Framework method.

Key findings
Pharmacists had no reliable method to identify patients with cancer and no access to disease stage and treatment plan information. There was little evidence of any routine communication with other professionals about patient care. Contact with patients was limited. Access to palliative care medicines could be problematic for patients and medicines use reviews (MURs) were rarely done. Interview data suggested variable levels of knowledge about optimal opioid use in cancer pain or awareness of patients' priorities. For some pharmacists, proactive involvement appeared to be inhibited by fear of discussing emotional and wider social aspects and accounts showed that a wide range of issues and concerns were raised by family members, indicating considerable unmet need. Pharmacists tended to assume information had already been provided by others and felt isolated from other care team members. Many felt that their potential contribution to cancer pain management was constrained but aspired to do more.

Conclusions
There is significant scope for improving access to and interaction with, community pharmacists by people with cancer pain and their families. Finding ways to embed pharmacists within palliative care teams could provide a starting point for a greater contribution to cancer pain management.
Being flexible and tuning in: professional caregivers' reflections on management of violent behaviour in nursing homes
Authors: Isaksson Ulf , Åström Sture , Graneheim Ulla H. 
Published: October 2012

Aims and objectivesThis qualitative, descriptive study aimed to illuminate professional caregivers' reflections on managing residents' violent behaviour in nursing homes.BackgroundViolence towards caregivers in the care of older people is a challenge attracting increasing attention in nursing research. However, studies that focus on the approaches caregivers in nursing homes resort to and how they manage everyday care situations involving threats and violent situations are relatively few.MethodsThe study was based on 41 interviews in which the caregivers reflected on their own courses of action in violent situations. The interviews were subjected to qualitative content analysis.ResultsThis study showed that caregivers were flexible and in tune with the resident by averting and defusing threatening and violent situations. The caregivers tried to give care in line with the residents' condition, control their own spontaneous reactions and interpret the residents' reactions as communicative signs indicating how they should interact with the resident in the situation. As a last resort, when previous approaches had been unsuccessful, the caregivers took a firm stand, confronted the resident and the violent behaviour more directly, but with respect and with the residents' best interests in mind.ConclusionsThese findings illuminate how caregivers successfully can manage threatening and violent behavior in nursing homes by being flexible and tuning in with the resident but also by taking a firm stand with the residents' best interests in mind. To be flexible and in tune with residents, it is important to know the residents' personal histories. This may mean involving stakeholders, such as family members and friends, in the care of residents with violent behaviour.Implications for practiceWe believe that it is important to involve stakeholders in the care of threatening and violent residents in nursing homes as it is important to get information on the residents' personal history. However, there are risks when interpreting residents' behaviour in light of their personal histories as relatives experiences may be subjective and the information may give the caregivers preconceived ideas about the resident.
Genotype‐specific SNP map based on whole chromosome 3B sequence information from wheat cultivars Arina and Forno
Authors: Shatalina Margarita , Wicker Thomas , Buchmann Jan P. , Oberhaensli Simone , Šimková Hana , Doležel Jaroslav , Keller Beat 
Published: October 2012

SummaryAgronomically important traits are frequently controlled by rare, genotype‐specific alleles. Such genes can only be mapped in a population derived from the donor genotype. This requires the development of a specific genetic map, which is difficult in wheat because of the low level of polymorphism among elite cultivars. The absence of sufficient polymorphism, the complexity of the hexaploid wheat genome as well as the lack of complete sequence information make the construction of genetic maps with a high density of reproducible and polymorphic markers challenging. We developed a genotype‐specific genetic map of chromosome 3B from winter wheat cultivars Arina and Forno. Chromosome 3B was isolated from the two cultivars and then sequenced to 10‐fold coverage. This resulted in a single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) database of the complete chromosome. Based on proposed synteny with the Brachypodium model genome and gene annotation, sequences close to coding regions were used for the development of 70 SNP‐based markers. They were mapped on a Arina × Forno Recombinant Inbred Lines population and found to be spread over the complete chromosome 3B. While overall synteny was well maintained, numerous exceptions and inversions of syntenic gene order were identified. Additionally, we found that the majority of recombination events occurred in distal parts of chromosome 3B, particularly in hot‐spot regions. Compared with the earlier map based on SSR and RFLP markers, the number of markers increased fourfold. The approach presented here allows fast development of genotype‐specific polymorphic markers that can be used for mapping and marker‐assisted selection.
Comparative in vitro and experimental in vivo studies of the anti–epidermal growth factor receptor antibody nimotuzumab and its aglycosylated form produced in transgenic tobacco plants
Authors: Rodríguez Meilyn , Pérez Lincidio , Gavilondo Jorge V. , Garrido Greta , Bequet‐Romero Mónica , Hernández Ignacio , Huerta Vivian , Cabrera Gleysin , Pérez Marlene , Ramos Osmani , Leyva René , León Mariela , Ramos Pedro Luis , Triguero Ada , Hernández Abel , Sánchez Belinda , Ayala Marta , Soto Jeny , González Ernesto , Mendoza Osmani , Tiel Kenia , Pujol Merardo 
Published: October 2012

SummaryA broad variety of foreign genes can be expressed in transgenic plants, which offer the opportunity for large‐scale production of pharmaceutical proteins, such as therapeutic antibodies. Nimotuzumab is a humanized anti–epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) recombinant IgG1 antibody approved in different countries for the treatment of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, paediatric and adult glioma, and nasopharyngeal and oesophageal cancers. Because the antitumour mechanism of nimotuzumab is mainly attributed to its ability to interrupt the signal transduction cascade triggered by EGF/EGFR interaction, we have hypothesized that an aglycosylated form of this antibody, produced by mutating the N297 position in the IgG1 Fc region gene, would have similar biochemical and biological properties as the mammalian‐cell‐produced glycosylated counterpart. In this paper, we report the production and characterization of an aglycosylated form of nimotuzumab in transgenic tobacco plants. The comparison of the plantibody and nimotuzumab in terms of recognition of human EGFR, effect on tyrosine phosphorylation and proliferation in cells in response to EGF, competition with radiolabelled EGF for EGFR, affinity measurements of Fab fragments, pharmacokinetic and biodistribution behaviours in rats and antitumour effects in nude mice bearing human A431 tumours showed that both antibody forms have very similar in vitro and in vivo properties. Our results support the idea that the production of aglycosylated forms of some therapeutic antibodies in transgenic plants is a feasible approach when facing scaling strategies for anticancer immunoglobulins.
Differential effects of intranasal vaccination with recombinant NcPDIin different mouse models ofNeospora caninuminfection
Authors: Debache K. , Hemphill A. 
Published: October 2012

SummaryIn this study, mice were vaccinated intranasally with recombinantN. caninumprotein disulphide isomerase (NcPDI) emulsified in cholera toxin (CT) or cholera toxin subunit B (CTB) fromVibrio cholerae. The effects of vaccination were assessed in the murine nonpregnant model and the foetal infection model, respectively. In the nonpregnant mice, previous results were confirmed, in that intranasal vaccination with recNcPDI in CT was highly protective, and low cerebral parasite loads were noted upon real‐time PCR analysis. Protection was accompanied by an IgG1‐biased anti‐NcPDI response upon infection and significantly increased expression of Th2 (IL‐4/IL‐10) and IL‐17 transcripts in spleen compared with corresponding values in mice treated with CT only. However, vaccination with recNcPDI in CT did not induce significant protection in dams and their offspring. In the dams, increased splenic Th1 (IFN‐γ/IL‐12) and Th17mRNAexpressions was detected. No protection was noted in the groups vaccinated with recNcPDI emulsified in CTB. Thus, vaccination with recNcPDI in CT in nonpregnant mice followed by challenge infection induced a protective Th2‐biased immune response, while in the pregnant mouse model, the same vaccine formulation resulted in a Th1‐biased inflammatory response and failed to protect dams and their progeny.
Neogene exhumation history of the Bergell massif (southeast Central Alps)
Authors: Mahéo Gweltaz , Gautheron Cécile , Leloup Philippe‐Hervé , Fox Matthew , Tassant‐Got Laurent , Douville Eric 
Published: October 2012

Terra Nova, 25, 110–118, 2013AbstractThe Bergell pluton is an elongated plutonic body emplaced during Oligocene time along the Insubric line in the central Alps. Reconstruction of its exhumation, based on apatite (U–Th)/He dating and one‐dimensional thermal modelling, provides evidence for a three steps history: (i) following initial fast exhumation from >20–25 to ∼17 Ma, slow down of the exhumation rate until ∼10 Ma, (ii) quiescent phase from ∼10 to ∼5–6 Ma and (iii) an apparent increase of exhumation after ∼5–6 Ma. The decrease in exhumation rate is related with migration of thrusting south of the Bergell area in the Southern Alps (Lombardic phase). Increase in exhumation rate after ∼5–6 Ma is possibly related with Messinian base level drop, enhanced climatic variability (3–4 Ma) and intensification of glaciation (∼0.87 Ma).
Biocontainment in Gain-of-Function Infectious Disease Research
Authors: Lipkin W. Ian 
Published: October 2012

ABSTRACT
The discussion of H5N1 influenza virus gain-of-function research has focused chiefly on its risk-to-benefit ratio. Another key component of risk is the level of containment employed. Work is more expensive and less efficient when pursued at biosafety level 4 (BSL-4) than at BSL-3 or at BSL-3 as modified for work with agricultural pathogens (BSL-3-Ag). However, here too a risk-to-benefit ratio analysis is applicable. BSL-4 procedures mandate daily inspection of facilities and equipment, monitoring of personnel for signs and symptoms of disease, and logs of dates and times that personnel, equipment, supplies, and samples enter and exit containment. These measures are not required at BSL-3 or BSL-3-Ag. Given the implications of inadvertent or deliberate release of high-threat pathogens with pandemic potential, it is imperative that the World Health Organization establish strict criteria for biocontainment that can be fairly applied in the developing world, as well as in more economically developed countries.
Enzymatically Active and Inactive Phosphodiesterases and Diguanylate Cyclases Are Involved in Regulation of Motility or Sessility in Escherichia coli CFT073
Authors: Spurbeck Rachel R. , Tarrien Rebecca J. , Mobley Harry L. T. 
Published: October 2012

ABSTRACT

Intracellular concentration of cyclic diguanylate monophosphate (c-di-GMP), a second messenger molecule, is regulated in bacteria by diguanylate cyclases (DGCs) (synthesizing c-di-GMP) and phosphodiesterases (PDEs) (degrading c-di-GMP). c-di-GMP concentration ([c-di-GMP]) affects motility and sessility in a reciprocal fashion; high [c-di-GMP] typically inhibits motility and promotes sessility. A c-di-GMP sensor domain, PilZ, also regulates motility and sessility. Uropathogenic
Escherichia coli
regulates these processes during infection; motility is necessary for ascending the urinary tract, while sessility is essential for colonization of anatomical sites. Here, we constructed and screened 32 mutants containing deletions of genes encoding each PDE (
n
= 11), DGC (
n
= 13), PilZ (
n
= 2), and both PDE and DGC (
n
= 6) domains for defects in motility, biofilm formation, and adherence for the prototypical pyelonephritis isolate
E. coli
CFT073. Three of 32 mutations affected motility, all of which were in genes encoding enzymatically inactive PDEs. Four PDEs, eight DGCs, four PDE/DGCs, and one PilZ regulated biofilm formation in a medium-specific manner. Adherence to bladder epithelial cells was regulated by [c-di-GMP]. Four PDEs, one DGC, and three PDE/DGCs repress adherence and four DGCs and one PDE/DGC stimulate adherence. Thus, specific effectors of [c-di-GMP] and catalytically inactive DGCs and PDEs regulate adherence and motility in uropathogenic
E. coli
.

IMPORTANCE
Uropathogenic
Escherichia coli
(UPEC) contains several genes annotated as encoding enzymes that increase or decrease the abundance of the second messenger molecule, c-di-GMP. While this class of enzymes has been studied in an
E. coli
K-12 lab strain, these proteins have not been comprehensively examined in UPEC. UPEC utilizes both swimming motility and adherence to colonize and ascend the urinary tract; both of these processes are hypothesized to be regulated by the concentration of c-di-GMP. Here, for the first time, in a uropathogenic strain,
E. coli
CFT073, we have characterized mutants lacking each protein and demonstrated that the uropathogen has diverged from
E. coli
K-12 to utilize these enzymes to regulate adherence and motility by distinct mechanisms.
Lung function in volunteers before and after exposure to trichloramine in indoor pool environments and asthma in a cohort of pool workers
Authors: Nordberg Gunnar F , Lundstrom Nils-Goran , Forsberg Bertil , Hagenbjork-Gustafsson Annika , Lagerkvist Birgitta J-son , Nilsson Johan , Svensson Mona , Blomberg Anders , Nilsson Leif , Bernard Alfred , Dumont Xavier , Bertilsson Helen , Eriksson Kare 
Published: October 2012

ObjectivesExposure to trichloramine (NCl3) in indoor swimming-pool environments is known to cause mucous membrane irritation, but if it gives rise to changes in lung function or asthma in adults is not known. (1) We determined lung function in volunteers before and after exposure to indoor pool environments. (2) We studied the occurrence of respiratory symptoms and asthma in a cohort of pool workers.Design/methods/participants(1) We studied two groups of volunteers, 37 previously non-exposed healthy persons and 14 pool workers, who performed exercise for 2 h in an indoor pool environment. NCl3in air was measured during pool exposures and in 10 other pool environments. Filtered air exposures were used as controls. Lung function and biomarkers of pulmonary epithelial integrity were measured before and after exposure. (2) We mailed a questionnaire to 1741 persons who indicated in the Swedish census 1990 that they worked at indoor swimming-pools.Results(1) In previously non-exposed volunteers, statistically significant decreases in FEV1(forced expiratory volume) and FEV%(p=0.01 and 0.05, respectively) were found after exposure to pool air (0.23 mg/m3of NCl3). In pool workers, a statistically significant decrease in FEV%(p=0.003) was seen (but no significant change of FEV1).In the 10 other pool environments the median NCl3concentration was 0.18 mg/m3. (2) Our nested case/control study in pool workers found an OR for asthma of 2.31 (95% CI 0.79 to 6.74) among those with the highest exposure. Exposure-related acute mucous membrane and respiratory symptoms were also found.ConclusionsThis is the first study in adults showing statistically significant decreases in lung function after exposure to NCl3. An increased OR for asthma among highly exposed pool workers did not reach statistical significance, but the combined evidence supports the notion that current workroom exposures may contribute to asthma development. Further research on sensitive groups is warranted.
Economic crisis and smoking behaviour: prospective cohort study in Iceland
Authors: McClure Christopher Bruce , Valdimarsdóttir Unnur A , Hauksdóttir Arna , Kawachi Ichiro 
Published: October 2012

ObjectiveTo examine the associations between the 2008 economic collapse in Iceland and smoking behaviour at the national and individual levels.DesignA population-based, prospective cohort study based on a mail survey (Health and Wellbeing in Iceland) assessed in 2007 and 2009.SettingNational mail survey.ParticipantsRepresentative cohort (n=3755) of Icelandic adults.Main outcome measureSmoking status.ResultsA significant reduction in the prevalence of smoking was observed from 2007 (pre-economic collapse) to 2009 (postcollapse) in both males (17.4–14.8%; p 0.01) and females (20.0–17.5%; p 0.01) in the cohort (n=3755). At the individual level of analysis, male former smokers experiencing a reduction in income during the same period were less likely to relapse (OR 0.37; 95% CI 0.16 to 0.85). Female smokers were less likely to quit over time compared to males (OR 0.65; 95% CI 0.45 to 0.93). Among male former smokers who experienced an increase in income between 2007 and 2009, we observed an elevated risk of smoking relapse (OR 4.02; 95% CI 1.15 to 14.00).ConclusionsThe national prevalence of smoking in Iceland declined following the 2008 economic crisis. This could be due to the procyclical relationship between macro-economic conditions and smoking behaviour (ie, hard times lead to less smoking because of lower affordability), or it may simply reflect a continuation of trends already in place prior to the crisis. In individual-level analysis, we find that former smokers who experienced a decline in income were less likely to relapse; and conversely, an increase in income raises the risk. However, caution is warranted since these findings are based on small numbers.