bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Soluble Form of IL-27Rα Is a Natural IL-27 Antagonist
Authors: Dietrich Céline , Candon Sophie , Ruemmele Frank M. , Devergne Odile 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
IL-27 is a cytokine of the IL-12 family that plays a key role in the regulation of inflammatory and T cell responses. Its receptor is composed of IL-27Rα and gp130 and activates the STAT pathway. We show in this study, using an ELISA that we developed, that a naturally occurring soluble form of IL-27Rα (sIL-27Rα) is produced by human activated CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, B cells, myeloid cells, and various cell lines. sIL-27Rα is present at a mean concentration of 10,344 ± 1,274 pg/ml in the sera from healthy individuals. Biochemical studies showed that sIL-27Rα is released as two N-glycosylated variants of ∼90 and ∼70 kDa. In IL-27Rα–transfected COS7 cells, primary cells, and cell lines, production of sIL-27Rα is inhibited by the metalloprotease inhibitors GM6001 and TAPI-0. Importantly, natural sIL-27Rα binds rIL-27, inhibits IL-27 binding to its cell surface receptor, and is a potent inhibitor of IL-27 signaling, as shown by its ability to specifically block IL-27–mediated STAT activation, at low molar excess over IL-27. Also, we found that serum levels of sIL-27Rα were elevated in patients with Crohn’s disease, a Th1-mediated disease. These findings suggest that sIL-27Rα may play important immunoregulatory functions under normal and pathological conditions.
Role of Leukotriene A4 Hydrolase Aminopeptidase in the Pathogenesis of Emphysema
Authors: Paige Mikell , Wang Kan , Burdick Marie , Park Sunhye , Cha Josiah , Jeffery Erin , Sherman Nicholas , Shim Y. Michael 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
The leukotriene A4 hydrolase (LTA4H) is a bifunctional enzyme with epoxy hydrolase and aminopeptidase activities. We hypothesize that the LTA4H aminopeptidase activity alleviates neutrophilic inflammation, which contributes to cigarette smoke (CS)–induced emphysema by clearing proline-glycine-proline (PGP), a triamino acid chemokine known to induce chemotaxis of neutrophils. To investigate the biological contributions made by the LTA4H aminopeptidase activity in CS-induced emphysema, we exposed wild-type mice to CS over 5 mo while treating them with a vehicle or a pharmaceutical agent (4MDM) that selectively augments the LTA4H aminopeptidase without affecting the bioproduction of leukotriene B4. Emphysematous phenotypes were assessed by premortem lung physiology with a small animal ventilator and by postmortem histologic morphometry. CS exposure acidified the airspaces and induced localization of the LTA4H protein into the nuclei of the epithelial cells. This resulted in accumulation of PGP in the airspaces by suppressing the LTA4H aminopeptidase activity. When the LTA4H aminopeptidase activity was selectively augmented by 4MDM, the levels of PGP in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and infiltration of neutrophils into the lungs were significantly reduced without affecting the levels of leukotriene B4. This protected murine lungs from CS-induced emphysematous alveolar remodeling. In conclusion, CS exposure promotes the development of CS-induced emphysema by suppressing the enzymatic activities of the LTA4H aminopeptidase in lung tissues and accumulating PGP and neutrophils in the airspaces. However, restoring the leukotriene A4 aminopeptidase activity with a pharmaceutical agent protected murine lungs from developing CS-induced emphysema.
Post-Fire Seeding in Western United States Forests: Perspectives of Resource Managers
Authors: Peppin Donna L. , Mottek-Lucas Anne L. , Fulé Peter Z. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractRecent reviews have brought into question the effectiveness of post-fire seeding in mitigating soil erosion and non-native plant invasions, yet millions of dollars continue to be spent annually on post-fire seeding as a primary post-fire rehabilitation response. Overall policy development and implementation direction regarding post-fire rehabilitation treatments rests heavily on national- and regional-level natural resource managers. We conducted personal interviews and telephone surveys with the population of national- and regional-level natural resource managers (N = 6 and N = 17, respectively) involved directly in post-fire seeding activities on federally managed lands. We found that 71 % of the respondents felt that information on the long-term effects of seeding was not sufficient. Respondents’ perception about the effectiveness of seeding in curtailing spread of non-native species was mixed: 64 % felt seeding was very or somewhat effective and 36 % felt it was not effective at all. Additional monitoring and research is needed that utilizes cost-benefit analyses for areas where values at risk are high. These analyses include whether or not to seed, seeding implementation methods, seed mix composition, and effectiveness of seeding in curtailing non-native species spread and reducing soil erosion. The majority of information available on seeding comes from short-term studies (≤2 years). Testimonies and recent reviews demonstrate the need for review and refinement of current policy that includes stronger mandates and adequate funding for dedicated staff to conduct long-term monitoring spanning 5 years to 10 years. Land managers and scientists agree that there is a need for data on the long-term effectiveness of seeding treatments as well as further inquiry regarding effectiveness of seeding in mitigating non-native species invasions. Stronger communication and collaboration between these two groups would allow researchers to develop well-replicated monitoring designs for areas that land managers consider to be high priority for intensive quantitative long-term research of post-fire treatments.
Survival and Recovery Following Wildfire in the Southern Range of the Coast Redwood Forest
Authors: Lazzeri-Aerts Rachel , Russell Will 
Published: April 2014

AbstractFire plays a central role in determining structure, composition, and recruitment in many forest types. In coast redwood forests, the role of fire is not well understood and scant literature exists on post-fire response, particularly in the southern part of the range. In order to better understand patterns of survival and recruitment following fire for coast redwood (Sequoia sempervirens [lamb. ex D. Don] Endl.) and associated tree species, three sites in the Santa Cruz Mountains, California, USA, were sampled following wildfire. Randomly selected 10 m diameter plots were used to collect data on survivorship and post fire regeneration in order to analyze short-term responses including mortality, crown retention, basal sprouting, canopy regeneration, and seedling production. Results indicated that coast redwood had the lowest percent mortality (11.98 %) and highest mean canopy retention (43.10 %) of all species sampled, followed by Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii [Mirb.] Franco) (25.54 %), tanoak (Notholithocarpus densiflorus [Hook. & Arn.] Manos) (23.27 %), combined oak species (Quercus sp.) (6.67 %), and Pacific madrone (Arbutus menziesii Pursh) (4.13 %). In addition, associated species experienced higher survival rates when proximate to coast redwoods. Coast redwood trees also exhibited the highest canopy regeneration (53 %), the highest average density of basal sprouts (3.54 × 104 ha), and the greatest average number of seedlings, ranging from zero to 2.09 × 105 seedlings ha−1. Overall, coast redwood appeared to have a balance of fire adaptive features, exceeding all associated species, which allow individual trees to withstand fire, while at the same time promoting recruitment following fire.
Intercomparison of Fire Size, Fuel Loading, Fuel Consumption, and Smoke Emissions Estimates on the 2006 Tripod Fire, Washington, USA
Authors: Drury Stacy A. , Larkin Narasimhan Sim , Strand Tara T. , Huang ShihMing , Strenfel Scott J. , Banwell Erin M. , O’Brien Theresa E. , Raffuse Sean M. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractLand managers rely on prescribed burning and naturally ignited wildfires for ecosystem management, and must balance trade-offs of air quality, carbon storage, and ecosystem health. A current challenge for land managers when using fire for ecosystem management is managing smoke production. Smoke emissions are a potential human health hazard due to the production of fine particulate matter (PM2.5), carbon monoxide (CO), and ozone (O3) precursors. In addition, smoke emissions can impact transportation safety and contribute to regional haze issues. Quantifying wildland fire emissions is a critical step for evaluating the impact of smoke on human health and welfare, and is also required for air quality modeling efforts and greenhouse gas reporting. Smoke emissions modeling is a complex process that requires the combination of multiple sources of data, the application of scientific knowledge from divergent scientific disciplines, and the linking of various scientific models in a logical, progressive sequence. Typically, estimates of fire size, available fuel loading (biomass available to burn), and fuel consumption (biomass consumed) are needed to calculate the quantities of pollutants produced by a fire. Here we examine the 2006 Tripod Fire Complex as a case study for comparing alternative data sets and combinations of scientific models available for calculating fire emissions. Specifically, we use five fire size information sources, seven fuel loading maps, and two consumption models (Consume 4.0 and FOFEM 5.7) that also include sets of emissions factors. We find that the choice of fuel loading is the most critical step in the modeling pathway, with different fuel loading maps varying by 108 %, while fire size and fuel consumption show smaller variations (36 % and 23 %, respectively). Moreover, we find that modeled fuel loading maps likely underestimate the amount of fuel burned during wildfires as field assessments of total woody fuel loading were consistently higher than modeled fuel loadings in all cases. The PM2.5emissions estimates from Consume and FOFEM vary by 37 %. In addition, comparisons with available observational data demonstrate the value of using local data sets where possible.
Potencialização da eficiência do mesotrione em mistura com inibidores de Fotossistema II em diferentes vias de absorção de capim-colchão
Authors: Maciel Cleber Daniel de Goes , Oliveira Neto Antonio Mendes de , Guerra Naiara , Maciel Alice Maria De Campos , Jardim Celso Eduardo , Silva André Augusto Pazinato da , Karpinski Ricardo André Kloster , Helvig Enelise Osco 
Published: April 2014

Com objetivo de avaliar a potencialização da eficiência do mesotrione em mistura em tanque com herbicidas inibidores do Fotossistema II no controle de capim-colchão (Digitaria horizontalis), quatro experimentos foram conduzidos em estufas plásticas pertencentes à Escola Superior de Agronomia de Paraguaçu Paulista, município de Paraguaçu Paulista, Estado de São Paulo, utilizando-se um Latossolo de textura arenosa. Os delineamentos experimentais dos quatro experimentos foram o inteiramente casualizado, com 10 tratamentos e 5 repetições, em fatorial 3x3+1, considerando-se o contraste entre mesotrione (96 g ha-1) e herbicidas inibidores do Fotossistema II (ametryn, 1500 g ha-1; metribuzin, 1440 g ha-1; diuron + hexazinone, 936+264 g ha-1 e atrazine, 2000 g ha-1), isolados e em mistura para três condições de absorção e uma testemunha sem aplicação. As condições de absorção constituíram-se pelo isolamento e/ou exposição parcial das plântulas alvo de D. horizontalis (3 a 6 folhas) em relação a deposição das pulverizações pelas modalidades: (a) plântulas protegidas com canudos plásticos em solo descoberto (absorção radicular); (b) plântulas desprotegidas em solo coberto com papel alumínio (absorção foliar); (c) plântulas e solo submetido à deposição dos herbicidas (absorção raízes + folhas) e (d) testemunha. Os maiores níveis de sinergismo obtidos no controle de D. horizontalis foram registrados para a absorção radicular e foliar+radicular da mistura mesotrione + atrazine, assim como da absorção foliar e foliar+radicular de mesotrione + diuron + hexazinone dos 3 aos 7 DAA (dias após aplicação) e de mesotrione + ametryn a partir dos 7 DAA, ambos caracterizados pela redução do tempo inicial do controle em atingir níveis ótimos (≥ 90%). Não foram constatados efeitos antagônicos para as misturas.
Proton temperature change with heliocentric distance from 0.3 to 1 AU according to relative temperatures
Authors: Lamarche Leslie J. , Vasquez Bernard J. , Smith Charles W. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractHelios spacecraft data excluding shocks, ejecta, and low‐cadence plasma intervals are averaged into hour‐long intervals and binned by heliocentric distance. In each distance bin, relative classes of fluctuation‐normalized cross helicity and total energy are made with a further refinement of each of these classes according to the relative proton radial component of temperature. The relative classes of temperature itself are also examined. All temperatures in each class are fitted by a power law as a function of heliocentric distance to determine the power law index. The difference between this index and the adiabatic index for isotropic plasma can be the first‐order indicator of heat addition to the plasma. Relative total energy has temperature indices and behaviors that can be consistent with heat addition from a turbulent energy cascade. Relative cross helicity also shows indices that can support heat addition, but the results are inconclusive on heat addition, especially at high cross helicity. A detailed knowledge of the thermal anisotropy, at least, is required in the case of high cross helicity.
A statistical approach to determining energetic outer radiation belt electron precipitation fluxes
Authors: Simon Wedlund Mea , Clilverd Mark A. , Rodger Craig J. , Cresswell‐Moorcock Kathy , Cobbett Neil , Breen Paul , Danskin Donald , Spanswick Emma , Rodriguez Juan V. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractSubionospheric radio wave data from an Antarctic‐Arctic Radiation‐Belt (Dynamic) Deposition VLF Atmospheric Research Konsortia (AARDDVARK) receiver located in Churchill, Canada, is analyzed to determine the characteristics of electron precipitation into the atmosphere over the range 3 < L < 7. The study advances previous work by combining signals from two U.S. transmitters from 20 July to 20 August 2010, allowing error estimates of derived electron precipitation fluxes to be calculated, including the application of time‐varying electron energy spectral gradients. Electron precipitation observations from the NOAA POES satellites and a ground‐based riometer provide intercomparison and context for the AARDDVARK measurements. AARDDVARK radiowave propagation data showed responses suggesting energetic electron precipitation from the outer radiation belt starting 27 July 2010 and lasting ~20 days. The uncertainty in >30 keV precipitation flux determined by the AARDDVARK technique was found to be ±10%. Peak >30 keV precipitation fluxes of AARDDVARK‐derived precipitation flux during the main and recovery phase of the largest geomagnetic storm, which started on 4 August 2010, were >105 el cm−2 s−1 sr−1. The largest fluxes observed by AARDDVARK occurred on the dayside and were delayed by several days from the start of the geomagnetic disturbance. During the main phase of the disturbances, nightside fluxes were dominant. Significant differences in flux estimates between POES, AARDDVARK, and the riometer were found after the main phase of the largest disturbance, with evidence provided to suggest that >700 keV electron precipitation was occurring. Currently the presence of such relativistic electron precipitation introduces some uncertainty in the analysis of AARDDVARK data, given the assumption of a power law electron precipitation spectrum.
The substorm current wedge: Further insights from MHD simulations
Authors: Birn J. , Hesse M. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractUsing a recent magnetohydrodynamic simulation of magnetotail dynamics, we further investigate the buildup and evolution of the substorm current wedge (SCW), resulting from flow bursts generated by near‐tail reconnection. Each flow burst generates an individual current wedge, which includes the reduction of cross‐tail current and the diversion to region 1 (R1)‐type field‐aligned currents (earthward on the dawn and tailward on the duskside), connecting the tail with the ionosphere. Multiple flow bursts generate initially multiple SCW patterns, which at later times combine to a wider single SCW pattern. The standard SCW model is modified by the addition of several current loops, related to particular magnetic field changes: the increase of Bz in a local equatorial region (dipolarization), the decrease of |Bx|away from the equator (current disruption), and increases in |By|resulting from azimuthally deflected flows. The associated loop currents are found to be of similar magnitude, 0.1–0.3 MA. The combined effect requires the addition of region 2 (R2)‐type currents closing in the near tail through dawnward currents but also connecting radially with the R1 currents. The current closure at the inner boundary, taken as a crude proxy of an idealized ionosphere, demonstrates westward currents as postulated in the original SCW picture as well as North‐South currents connecting R1‐ and R2‐type currents, which were larger than the westward currents by a factor of almost 2. However, this result should be applied with caution to the ionosphere because of our neglect of finite resistance and Hall effects.
Thermodynamics of melting relations in the system Fe‐FeO at high pressure: Implications for oxygen in the Earth's core
Authors: Komabayashi Tetsuya 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe thermodynamics of melting relations in the system Fe‐FeO was investigated to the outer core–inner core boundary condition from a self‐consistent thermodynamic database which was evaluated from the latest static high‐pressure (P) and high‐temperature (T) experiments. The evaluated database together with an existing nonideal mixing model for liquids reproduces experimental data on the eutectic composition and temperature to P = 50 GPa. On the other hand at the outer core pressures (136 to 330 GPa), employing an ideal solution model gives calculated eutectic temperatures of T = 2990–4330 K, which are also consistent with experimental data. Hence, the ideal solution model is applied to calculate the liquid property under outer core conditions and yields the eutectic compositions of Fe–7.2–9.1 wt % O. From the Gibbs free energy for the Fe‐FeO liquids, I calculated the density, sound velocity, and isentropic temperature gradient of a hypothetical oxygen‐bearing outer core. Under the outer core conditions, the addition of oxygen reduces the compressional wave velocity of iron liquid, moving it away from seismologically constrained values. An overall O‐rich bulk outer core model is thus excluded. Seismological observations however suggest the presence of a low‐velocity layer with a thickness of 60–70 km at the top of the outer core. The origin of such a low‐velocity layer can be explained by an enrichment of oxygen which might be a consequence of chemical interactions between the core and mantle.
Cortical interneuron loss and symptom heterogeneity in Huntington disease
Authors: Kim Eric H. , Thu Doris C. V. , Tippett Lynette J. , Oorschot Dorothy E. , Hogg Virginia M. , Roxburgh Richard , Synek Beth J. , Waldvogel Henry J. , Faull Richard L. M. 
Published: April 2014

ObjectiveThe cellular basis of variable symptoms in Huntington disease (HD) is unclear. One important possibility is that degeneration of the interneurons in the cerebral cortex, which play a critical role in modulating cortical output to the basal ganglia, might play a significant role in the development of variable symptomatology in HD. This study aimed to examine whether symptom variability in HD is specifically associated with variable degeneration of cortical interneurons.MethodsWe undertook a double‐blind study using stereological cell counting methods to quantify the 3 major types of γ‐aminobutyric acidergic interneurons (calbindin‐D28k, calretinin, parvalbumin) in 13 HD cases of variable motor/mood symptomatology and 15 matched control cases in the primary motor and anterior cingulate cortices.ResultsIn the primary motor cortex, there was a significant loss (57% reduction) of only calbindin interneurons (p = 0.022) in HD cases dominated by motor symptoms, but no significant interneuron loss in cases with a dominant mood phenotype. In contrast, the anterior cingulate cortex showed a major significant loss in all 3 interneuron populations, with 71% loss of calbindin (p = 0.001), 60% loss of calretinin (p = 0.001), and 80% loss of parvalbumin interneurons (p = 0.005) in HD cases with major mood disorder, and no interneuron loss was observed in cases with major motor dysfunction.InterpretationThese findings suggest that region‐specific degeneration of cortical interneurons is a key component in understanding the neural basis of symptom heterogeneity in HD. Ann Neurol 2014;75:717–727
Biosynthese und chemische Synthese von Presilphiperfolanolen
Authors: Hong Allen Y. , Stoltz Brian M. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractPresilphiperfolanole bilden eine biosynthetisch bedeutende Klasse von Sesquiterpenen, die sich zu verschiedenen weiteren Sesquiterpen‐Grundgerüsten umlagern können. Ihr Ursprung lässt sich auf einfache lineare Terpenvorstufen zurückverfolgen. Durch umfassende biochemische, theoretische und synthetische Arbeiten gelang es, ein mechanistisches Verständnis für die enzymatische Cyclisierung zu gewinnen. Um die ungewöhnliche und bemerkenswerte Grundstruktur der Presilphiperfolanole synthetisch zu erhalten, wurde ebenfalls intensiv an Totalsynthesen dieser Naturstoffe gearbeitet. Die dabei entwickelten Strategien mündeten in zwei Syntheseansätzen sowie zwei vollständigen Totalsynthesen. Während biosynthetisch und durch chemische Synthese schon viel zur Aufklärung der Moleküle und ihrer Mechanismen beigetragen wurde, tauchen Fragen zur Biosynthese von neueren Presilphiperfolanolen auf. Auch die Umlagerungsmechanismen sind im Detail noch unklar.
Introducing Deep Eutectic Solvents to Polar Organometallic Chemistry: Chemoselective Addition of Organolithium and Grignard Reagents to Ketones in Air
Authors: Vidal Cristian , García‐Álvarez Joaquín , Hernán‐Gómez Alberto , Kennedy Alan R. , Hevia Eva 
Published: April 2014

AbstractDespite their enormous synthetic relevance, the use of polar organolithium and Grignard reagents is greatly limited by their requirements of low temperatures in order to control their reactivity as well as the need of dry organic solvents and inert atmosphere protocols to avoid their fast decomposition. Breaking new ground on the applications of these commodity organometallics in synthesis under more environmentally friendly conditions, this work introduces deep eutetic solvents (DESs) as a green alternative media to carry out chemoselective additions of ketones in air at room temperature. Comparing their reactivities in DES with those observed in pure water suggest that a kinetic activation of the alkylating reagents is taking place, favoring nucleophilic addition over the competitive hydrolysis, which can be rationalized through formation of halide‐rich magnesiate or lithiate species.
Copper‐Catalyzed NH Insertion and Oxidative Aromatization Cascade: Facile Synthesis of 2‐Arylaminophenols
Authors: Ding Dong , Lv Xiaobing , Li Jian , Xu Guangyang , Ma Bing , Sun Jiangtao 
Published: April 2014

AbstractA copper‐catalyzed cascade reaction of N‐H insertion and oxidative aromatization has been developed. 2‐Arylaminophenols have been prepared in moderate to high yields from the diazo substrates. Moreover, this newly established methodology allows efficient access to natural 1‐oxygenated carbazole alkaloids, such as glycozolicine and murrayafoline A.