bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mitochondrial phylogeography of the European wild boar: the effect of climate on genetic diversity and spatial lineage sorting across Europe
Authors: Vilaça Sibelle T. , Biosa Daniela , Zachos Frank , Iacolina Laura , Kirschning Julia , Alves Paulo C. , Paule Ladislav , Gortazar Christian , Mamuris Zizzis , Jędrzejewska Bogumiła , Borowik Tomasz , Sidorovich Vadim E. , Kusak Josip , Costa Stefano , Schley Laurent , Hartl Günther B. , Apollonio Marco , Bertorelle Giorgio , Scandura Massimo 
Published: January 2014

AbstractAimClimate changes in the past had a deep impact on the evolutionary history of many species and left genetic signatures that are often still detectable today. We investigated the geographical pattern of mitochondrial DNA diversity in the European wild boar (Sus scrofa). Our final aims were to clarify the influence of present and past climatic conditions, infer the geographical position of glacial refugia, and suggest post‐glacial spatial dynamics.LocationEurope.MethodsD‐loop sequences were obtained for 763 individuals from Portugal to western Russia. Phylogenetic, multivariate and interpolation methods were used to describe the genetic and geographical patterns. Climatic suitability during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) was predicted using MaxEnt. The effect of present and past suitability on the observed patterns of diversity was evaluated by multiple linear regression.ResultsWe confirmed the existence of a ubiquitous mitochondrial clade in Europe (E1), an endemic clade in Italy (E2) and a few East Asian haplotypes (A), presumably introgressed from domestic pigs. No Near Eastern haplotypes were detected. Genetic divergence was not simply related to geographical distance. A clear south–north decreasing gradient of diversity was observed, with maximum levels in putative glacial refugia. Latitudinal variation in climatic conditions during the LGM was shown to be a good predictor of current genetic diversity. Moreover, an unexpected similarity between Iberia and eastern Europe was observed, while central European populations showed a higher affinity to the Italian gene pool.Main conclusionsThe current distribution of mitochondrial genetic diversity was highly influenced by past climatic events, especially those related to the LGM, and is consistent with a major contribution of the Italian peninsula and the Balkans to the post‐glacial recolonization of northern areas. More recent processes, such as restocking and extensive hunting, probably acted at rather local scales, without great impact on the global pattern of mitochondrial diversity.
Potential disease interaction reinforced: double‐virus‐infected escaped farmed Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., recaptured in a nearby river
Authors: Madhun A S , Karlsbakk E , Isachsen C H , Omdal L M , Eide Sørvik A G , Skaala Ø , Barlaup B T , Glover K A 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe role of escaped farmed salmon in spreading infectious agents from aquaculture to wild salmonid populations is largely unknown. This is a case study of potential disease interaction between escaped farmed and wild fish populations. In summer 2012, significant numbers of farmed Atlantic salmon were captured in the Hardangerfjord and in a local river. Genetic analyses of 59 of the escaped salmon and samples collected from six local salmon farms pointed out the most likely source farm, but two other farms had an overlapping genetic profile. The escapees were also analysed for three viruses that are prevalent in fish farming in Norway. Almost all the escaped salmon were infected with salmon alphavirus (SAV) and piscine reovirus (PRV). To use the infection profile to assist genetic methods in identifying the likely farm of origin, samples from the farms were also tested for these viruses. However, in the current case, all the three farms had an infection profile that was similar to that of the escapees. We have shown that double‐virus‐infected escaped salmon ascend a river close to the likely source farms, reinforcing the potential for spread of viruses to wild salmonids.
Pathways to Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Hardy J. , Bogdanovic N. , Winblad B. , Portelius E. , Andreasen N. , Cedazo‐Minguez A. , Zetterberg H. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractRecent trials of anti‐amyloid agents have not produced convincing improvements in clinical outcome in Alzheimer's disease; however, the reason for these poor or inconclusive results remains unclear. Recent genetic data continue to support the amyloid hypothesis of Alzheimer's disease with protective variants being found in the amyloid gene and both common low‐risk and rare high‐risk variants for disease being discovered in genes that are part of the amyloid response pathways. These data support the view that genetic variability in how the brain responds to amyloid deposition is a potential therapeutic target for the disease, and are consistent with the notion that anti‐amyloid therapies should be initiated early in the disease process.
Phaeoacremonium spp. and Botryosphaeriaceae spp. Associated with Date Palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) Decline in Iran
Authors: Mohammadi Hamid 
Published: January 2014

AbstractDuring spring and summer of 2011, a survey was undertaken on some palm groves in the Kerman province (south‐eastern Iran) to determine the fungal pathogens associated with date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) decline diseases. Samples were taken from date palm trees showing yellowing, wilting and dieback symptoms. Isolations were made from symptomatic tissues on malt extract agar (MEA) supplemented with 100 mg/l streptomycin sulphate (MEAS). Two species of Phaeoacremonium, Phaeoacremonium aleophilum and Pm. parasiticum, and two species of Botryosphaeriaceae, Botryosphaeria dothidea andDiplodia mutila, were isolated from affected trees and identified on the basis of morphological, cultural and molecular characteristics. Pathogenicity tests were performed on date palm (4‐year‐old potted plants) under greenhouse conditions. Based on the pathogenicity tests, Pm. aleophilum was the most virulent and caused the longest lesions. This is the first report of Pm. aleophilum and B. dothidea and their pathogenicity on date palm tree.
Microbial and chemical composition of liquid‐associated bacteria in goats' rumen and fermenters
Authors: Abecia L. , Soto E. C. , Ramos‐Morales E. , Molina‐Alcaide E. 
Published: January 2014

SummaryThis study was undertaken to investigate the relationship between chemical composition and microbial profile of rumen liquid‐associated bacteria (LAB) in vivo (Murciano‐Granadina goats) and in a rumen simulation system (single‐flow continuous‐culture fermenters). To achieve this aim, analyses of purine bases along with some molecular techniques (quantitative PCR to assess abundance and DGGE to identify biodiversity and bacterial profile) were carried out. A control diet (AHC) based on alfalfa hay (AH) and concentrate (C) in a 1:1 ratio and two experimental diets (AHCBI and AHCBII), in which concentrate was partially replaced with multinutrient blocks, were used. Diets AHCBI and AHCBII included multinutrient blocks differing in the relative amount of two‐stage olive cake and the source of protein (sunflower meal vs. fava beans). We aimed to investigate the effect of these blocks on rumen microbiota to evaluate their potential as safe substitutes of cereal‐based concentrates. Similar patterns of response to diet were found for chemical composition, microbial abundances and diversity in LAB isolated from goat's rumen and fermenters. Whereas bacterial density (log10 gene copies/g FM: 11.6 and 9.4 for bacteria and methanogens, respectively, in rumen) and diversity indexes (Shannon index: 3.6) were not affected by diet, DGGE analyses showed that bacterial community profile was affected. The cluster analysis suggested differences in bacterial profile between LAB pellets isolated from the rumen of goat and fermenters. A relationship between chemical composition and bacterial community composition in LAB pellets seems to exist. Changes in the former were reflected in the bacterial community profile. Further research is needed to clarify the relationship between chemical and microbial composition of ruminal bacterial pellets with diets of different quality.
Responses to betaine and inorganic sulphur of sheep in growth performance and fibre growth
Authors: Nezamidoust M. , Alikhani M. , Ghorbani G. R. , Edriss M. A. 
Published: January 2014

SummarySulphur‐containing amino acids (SAA) are essential and usually the first limiting amino acids for growth, milk and wool production. The keratin fibre that grows from epidermal tissue is rich in SAA. The rate of fibre growth and its S content are influenced by the availability of SAA. Betaine is a dietary source for a labile methyl group and actively participates in methionine metabolism by donating methyl groups for the remethylation of homocysteine to methionine. Ruminants are capable of synthesizing SAA from inorganic S sources, and most bacteria in the rumen can use inorganic S to meet their requirements for growth. The objective of this study was to examine whether betaine and an inorganic sulphur supplement could provide methyl groups and sulphur amino acids in a way that growth performance and wool production of ewes and lambs are improved. Treatments performed included betaine supplementation, sulphate supplementation and betaine plus sulphate supplementation with five replications for each treatment. The dry matter intake of the ewes was affected by betaine plus sulphate supplementation (p < 0.05). In the ewes, betaine plus sulphate supplementation increased (p < 0.05) the wool growth rate, wool yield, staple length and wool sulphur concentration, while decreasing wool wax and wool yellowness (p < 0.05). In the lambs, wool growth rate, wool yield, fibre diameter, staple length, staple strength, wool sulphur concentration, wool wax and fibre percentage did not differ (p > 0.05) between treatments. In the ewes, plasma methionine concentration increased (p < 0.05) with betaine plus sulphate treatment. No corresponding difference (p > 0.05) was observed in plasma methionine concentration in the lambs. It can be concluded that betaine plus sulphate supplementation has the potential to change wool characteristics in the ewes, while these compounds were without any effect on growth and wool production of the lambs. Combining the two supplements was advantageous.
Clinical Features, Intestinal Histopathology, and Outcome in Protein‐Losing Enteropathy in Yorkshire Terrier Dogs
Authors: Simmerson S.M. , Armstrong P.J. , Wünschmann A. , Jessen C.R. , Crews L.J. , Washabau R.J. 
Published: January 2014

BackgroundA poorly understood protein‐losing enteropathy (PLE) disorder has been reported in Yorkshire Terrier dogs.ObjectivesTo describe clinical features, intestinal histopathology, and outcome in Yorkshire Terrier dogs withPLE, and to identify variables predictive of outcome.AnimalsThirty client‐owned Yorkshire Terrier dogs withPLE.MethodsRetrospective study. Records of dogs with a diagnosis ofPLEwere reviewed. Intestinal histopathology was interpreted using the World Small Animal Veterinary Association gastrointestinal histopathology classification system. Discriminate analysis techniques were used to identify variables predictive of outcome.ResultsFemales outnumbered males (20/30). Median age was 7 years (range 1–12). Common clinical signs were diarrhea (20/30), vomiting (11), ascites and abdominal distension (11), and respiratory difficulty (8). Histopathologic abnormalities included villous lymphatic dilatation, crypt lesions, villous stunting, and variable increases in cellularity of the lamina propria. All dogs were treated with glucocorticoids. Of 23 dogs with long‐term follow‐up, 9 had complete, and 3 had partial, resolution of signs, and 11 failed to respond to treatment. Median survival of responders was 44 months and of nonresponders was 12 months, with 4 dogs experiencing peracute death. Vomiting, monocytosis, severity of hypoalbuminemia, low blood urea nitrogen concentration, and villous blunting were predictive of survival <4 months.ConclusionsIn addition to classicGIsigns, Yorkshire Terriers withPLEoften show clinical signs associated with hypoalbuminemia and low oncotic pressure. Lymphatic dilatation, crypt lesions, and villous stunting are consistent histopathologic findings. Clinical outcomes are variable, but many dogs experience remission of clinical signs and prolonged survival.
Recurrent Mycobacterium haemophilum in a renal transplant recipient
Authors: Ducharlet Kathryn , Murphy Caitlin , Tan Sven‐Jean , Dwyer Karen M , Goodman David , Aboltins Craig , Daffy John R , Langham Robyn G 
Published: January 2014

AbstractMycobacterium haemophilum is a rare isolate of non‐tuberculous Mycobacterium which has been reported to affect immunocompromised patients. We report a case of a 32‐year‐old renal transplant patient with M. haemophilum infection initially involving his left sinus which was treated with appropriate antimicrobial therapy for thirteen months. Two weeks after cessation of antibiotics the infection rapidly recurred in his skin and soft tissues of his hands and feet. This case highlights the difficult diagnostic and therapeutic implications of atypical infections in transplant patients. To our knowledge this is the first reported case of relapsed M. haemophilum infection in a renal transplant recipient.
Extensive projections of myenteric serotonergic neurons suggest they comprise the central processing unit in the colon
Authors: Okamoto T. , Barton M. J. , Hennig G. W. , Birch G. C. , Grainger N. , Corrigan R. D. , Koh S. D. , Sanders K. M. , Smith T. K. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractBackground5‐Hydroxytryptamine (5‐HT, serotonin) is an important regulator of colonic motility and secretion; yet the role of serotonergic neurons in the colon is controversial.MethodsWe used immunohistochemical techniques to examine their projections throughout the enteric nervous system and interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) networks in the murine proximal to mid colon.Key ResultsSerotonergic neurons, which were mainly calbindin positive, occurred only in myenteric ganglia (1 per 3 ganglia). They were larger than nNOS neurons but similar in size to Dogiel Type II (AH) neurons. 5‐HT neurons, appeared to make numerous varicose contacts with each other, most nNOS neurons, Dogiel Type II/AH neurons and glial cells. 5‐HT, calbindin and nNOS nerve fibers also formed a thin perimuscular nerve plexus that was associated with ganglia, which contained both nNOS positive and negative neurons, which lay directly upon the submucosal pacemaker ICC network. Neurons in perimuscular ganglia were surrounded by 5‐HT varicosities. Submucous ganglia contained nNOS positive and negative neurons, and calbindin positive neurons, which also appeared richly supplied by serotonergic nerve varicosities. Serotonergic nerve fibers ran along submucosal arterioles, but not veins. Varicosities of serotonergic nerve fibers were closely associated with pacemaker ICC networks and with intramuscular ICC (ICC‐IM). 5‐HT2B receptors were found on a subpopulation of non‐5‐HT containing myenteric neurons and their varicosities, pacemaker ICC‐MY and ICC‐IM.Conclusions & InferencesMyenteric serotonergic neurons, whose axons exhibit considerable divergence, regulate the entire enteric nervous system and are important in coordinating motility with secretion. They are not just interneurons, as regularly assumed, but possibly also motor neurons to ICC and blood vessels, and some may even be sensory neurons.
Bolus retention in hiatal hernia identified by high‐resolution esophageal manometry with impedance
Authors: Shin G. H. , Sankineni A. , Parkman H. P. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractBackgroundEsophageal acid retention in a hiatal hernia (HH) may play a role in gastro‐esophageal reflux. The aims of this study were to determine the prevalence of bolus retention (BR) in HH and to compare pressure profiles in patients with HH with BR in the hernia to those with bolus clearance (BC) through the hernia using high‐resolution esophageal manometry with impedance (HREMI).MethodsClinical HREMI studies with HH ≥1.5 cm were analyzed for lower esophageal sphincter (LES) and crural diaphragm (CD) pressures and pressure profiles during 12 saline swallows. Impedance was analyzed for swallow retention in the HH.Key ResultsBolus retention in a HH was present in 35 of 53 (66%) patients with a HH. Patients with BR had overall lower pressure profiles including a lower basal LES pressure (14.8 ± 10.6 vs 28.9 ± 16.8 mmHg; p = 0.0001), LES‐CD gradient (6.8 ± 17.9 vs 20.6 ± 12.2 mmHg; p = 0.002), residual LES pressure (2.5 ± 4.6 vs 6.1 ± 12.2 mmHg; p = 0.017), amplitude of distal esophageal contractions (83.2 ± 38.8 vs 111.2 ± 42.8 mmHg; p = 0.020), and distal contractile integral (1487 ± 1016 vs 2608 ± 1221 mmHg‐cm‐sec; p = 0.001) compared to the BC group. Patients with BR were more likely to have a larger sized HH compared to the BC group (3.1 ± 1.6 vs 2.1 ± 0.6 cm; p = 0.016); similar pressure changes were found when the groups were divided up by HH sizes.Conclusions & InferencesBolus retention was seen in 66% of patients with HH. Bolus retention in the HH was associated with larger HH size, lower LES pressure, and lower esophageal contractile pressures compared to those with BC.
Different outcomes for the MYB floral symmetry genes DIVARICATA and RADIALIS during the evolution of derived actinomorphy in Plantago
Authors: Reardon Wesley , Gallagher Pauline , Nolan Katie M. , Wright Hayley , Cardeñosa‐Rubio Maria Cruz , Bragalini Claudia , Lee Chui‐Sang , Fitzpatrick David A. , Corcoran Killian , Wolff Kirsten , Nugent Jacqueline M. 
Published: January 2014

Summary

The gene network that specifies flower shape in Antirrhinum majus (bilateral floral symmetry or zygomorphy) includes two MYB‐class genes – RADIALIS (RAD) and DIVARICATA (DIV). RAD is involved in establishing the dorsal identity program and its role is to regulate the domain of activity of DIV (the ventral identity program) by restricting it to ventral regions of the flower.

Plantago is in the same family as Antirrhinum but has small, radially symmetrical (actinomorphic) flowers derived from a zygomorphic ancestral state. Here we investigate the MYB‐class floral symmetry genes and the role they have played in the evolution of derived actinomorphy in Plantago lanceolata.

A DIV ortholog (PlDIV) but no RAD ortholog was identified in P. lanceolata. PlDIV is expressed across all petals and stamens later in flower development, which is consistent with the loss of RAD gene function. PlDIV expression in anther sporogenous tissue also suggests that PlDIV was co‐opted to regulate cell proliferation during the early stages of pollen development.

These results indicate that evolution of derived actinomorphy in Plantago involved complete loss of dorsal gene function, resulting in expansion of the domain of expression of the ventral class of floral symmetry genes.
Long‐Term Follow‐Up of Patients with Chronic Chagas Disease and Implantable Cardioverter‐Defibrillator
Authors: PEREIRA FRANCISCA TATIANA MOREIRA , ROCHA EDUARDO ARRAIS , MONTEIRO MARCELO DE PAULA MARTINS , NETO ALMINO CAVALCANTE ROCHA , DAHER ELISABETH DE FRANCESCO , SOBRINHO CARLOS ROBERTO MARTINS RODRIGUES , NETO ROBERTO DA JUSTA PIRES 
Published: January 2014

Background/ObjectivesChronic Chagas heart disease (ChHD) is associated with ventricular tachyarrhythmias and an increased risk of sudden cardiac death. Little is known about the effectiveness of implantable cardioverter‐defibrillator (ICD) therapy in this population. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of ICD in patients with ChHD and to identify predictors of mortality and appropriate ICD shocks.MethodsThe cohort study included 65 patients with ChHD and ICD for primary and secondary prevention of sudden death. The Cox model was applied to evaluate the predictors of mortality, and survival was assessed by Kaplan‐Meier analysis.ResultsThe median age was 56 ± 11.9 years. The median follow‐up was 40 ± 26.8 months. Among the patients 23 (36.5%) had appropriate shocks. A total of 13 (20%) patients died (6.1% of annual mortality rate), and there was no sudden death. In univariate Cox model, functional class IV (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.99; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.05–3.76; P = 0.034), primary prevention (HR = 0.29; 95% CI, 0.09–0.99; P = 0.048), lower education (HR = 2.51; 95% CI, 1.05–5.99; P = 0.038), and ejection fraction <30% (HR = 2.80; 95% CI, 1.09–7.18; P = 0.032) were predictors of worse prognosis (death). In the multivariate Cox model, an ejection fraction <30% and the low education remained predictors of poor prognosis. Predictors of appropriate shocks were not found.ConclusionsThe ICD was effective for the prevention of sudden cardiac death in patients with chronic ChHD. An ejection fraction <30% and low education were predictors of poor prognosis.
The Rise of Sunbelt Governors: Conservative Outsiders in the White House
Authors: Ambar Saladin M. 
Published: January 2014

In memory of Alan RosenthalThere have been two periods in American political development where governors and their particular brand of politics have held sway in the White House. The first period, occurring during the Progressive Era, was marked by presidents like Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson, who brought their state‐honed reform agendas with them to the presidency. Three‐quarters of a century later, their push for greater federal authority over big business, machine politics, and ineffective direction of public policy at the local level, was met by fierce resistance from a different breed of governor‐presidents. Hailing from the Sunbelt, these governors sought to overturn the “Hudson” progressive model. The conservative (and at times moderate) presidential politics of Ronald Reagan, Bill Clinton, and George W. Bush exemplified a brand of outsider governance dedicated to ending “big government.” Among their accomplishments was the confirmation of the American governorship as a distinctly powerful institution for shaping presidential behavior. This article examines this latter cohort of governor‐presidents and the meaning they brought to “outsider” politics.
Deslorelin Implants in Pre‐pubertal Female Dogs: Short‐ and Long‐Term Effects on the Genital Tract
Authors: Marino G , Rizzo S , Quartuccio M , Macrì F , Pagano G , Taormina A , Cristarella S , Zanghì A 
Published: January 2014

ContentsDeslorelin acetate is aGnRHagonist used for contraception in dogs. This study aimed to evaluate the treatment of pre‐pubertal female dogs with deslorelin acetate implants, to better investigate the primary stimulatory effect of the drug and the long‐term effects on the genital tract, throughout repeated treatments. Sicilian hound female dogs (24) were randomly assigned to treated group, control group 1 and control group 2. First group bitches were implanted at 4.5, 9.0 and 13.5 months and monitored clinically, ultrasonographically and endocrinologically, throughout the study period (13.5 months). Control group 1 bitches were not implanted and clinically monitored for the same period. At 18 months, the animals underwent ovariohysterectomy, thus allowing evaluation of the internal genitalia. Control group 2 bitches were ovariohysterectomized at the age of 4.5 months. The suppression of oestrus was obtained in the treated group despite the fact that the first implant caused a modest increase in plasmatic levels of 17‐beta estradiol and an evident cornification of the vaginal mucosa cells (50–80%). Estradiol and progesterone were at baseline levels for the remaining study period, in which no other oestrous manifestations were observed. The external genitalia maintained a juvenile appearance. The ovaries, ultrasonographically, showed no follicular structures and stayed the same size. At 18 months, the genital tract was still juvenile with inactive small ovaries and a thin filiform uterus. Deslorelin suppressed ovarian activity in pre‐pubertal bitches, and oestrous induction was not observed despite the presence of the primary stimulatory effect of the drug. Juvenile genitalia were an expected side effect of the treatment.