bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Topic of the Month Sodium Chromate Inhibitor In on Ethylene Glycol Engine Coolant
Authors: ROWE LEONARD C. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Laboratory tests were made to determine the suitability of sodium chromate inhibitor for ethylene glycol engine coolant. In the presence of light, chromate solutions turned green and dichromate solutions formed greenish precipitates. In the absence of light, little color change was noted.
Following completion of laboratory testing, eight-month long tests were made in automobile cooling systems. Methyl alcohol and ethylene glycol antifreezes were tested separately after addition of chromates. Indications were that chromate inhibitors could be used with ethylene glycol in the absence of light in cases where a laboratory evaluation had been made of operational factors. 5.8.2
Effect of pH on Oxygen Corrosion At Elevated Pressures
Authors: RIGGS O. L. , SUDBURY J. D. , HUTCHISON MERLE 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
A summary study of oxygen corrosion of mild steel in brine is presented. Corrosion rates were determined for oxygen pressures ranging from atmospheric to 515 psia and over a pH range of 1-13.5. All tests were conducted at room temperature (24 C).
It is shown that corrosion rates are generally increased with increasing oxygen pressure and decreasing pH; however, when tests exceeded 6 hours duration, an accelerated corrosion developed over the pH range 8–12. An unusual filamentary type corrosion product develops and grows in the 300–500 psi oxygen pressure range in pH 12 system. The identification and proposed mechanism of growth are given.
3.4.6
Laboratory and Plant Applications of Recording Electrical Resistance Corrosion Meters
Authors: WINEGARTNER E. C. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The application to plant and laboratory corrosion studies of instruments which continuously record the thickness of corrosion test probes is discussed. A discussion of the instrument components involved and general precautions necessary to obtain meaningful results is included. Careful consideration of design features of the test probes is required in order that they be installed properly to obtain the type of information desired.
The use of the electrical resistance method for determining corrosion rates has been increasing rapidly during the past five years. Continuous recording of the results of such tests makes it possible to determine when corrosion occurs in order that additional studies can be made to show how it occurs. Several plant applications of the method are described which demonstrate the usefulness and reliability of the equipment. Laboratory tests which are described not only demonstrate the usefulness of the equipment for corrosion studies but also show that good indications of the presence and concentration of transient corrosive intermediates may be obtained. Such measurements have aided in identifying chemical reactions occurring in chemical processes being developed, and have influenced the process design of the commercial plants.
2.4.2
Ceramic Coatings for High Temperature Service
Authors: BRADSTREET S. W. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Several types of coatings may be used for service in extreme thermal environments. For moderate temperatures (to about 1700 C) for short time periods, these coatings may be rather simple refractory layers. Under the more severe conditions of ramjet and rocket operation, reinforced materials, graded substrate-coating interfaces, or multilayers are required. Where thermal gradients are severe and where high shear stresses and abrasion exist, composites must be used which utilize controlled ablation.
The principles which appear to dominate the attachment of a ceramic coating to a variety of substrates are reviewed, and the deficiencies and advantages of different combinations are discussed. Principles for “tailoring” protective coatings for refractory metals is suggested, and a flame-sprayed ceramic coating of potential value as a combustion catalyst is used to illustrate these principles. 5.4.2
Reaction Velocity in the Corrosion of Iron By Hydrogen Sulfide and the Effect of Inhibitors
Authors: GARDNER GEORGE S. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The rate of reaction of iron and hydrogen sulfide has been studied in an oxygen-free system in the presence of sodium chloride brine, in the presence and absence of an oil phase under a constant mixing rate at 40 G and 80 C.
The experimental data are plotted according to a previously derived equation for the iron-acetic acid system, and are shown to be in agreement with that equation. Values of K, the overall reaction velocity, are obtained from the slopes. From the K values for three sets of experiments at 40 C and 80 C, values for the temperature coefficient are calculated, and are shown to correspond to the range of values expected for diffusional control. The presence of an oil phase seems to have little influence on the reaction rate.
Another group of measurements on the iron-hydrogen sulfide system was carried out in the presence of corrosion inhibitors. While all the data of the inhibited reactions will show reasonable straight line plots, when plotted according to the diffusional equation, such plots have little meaning with the good inhibitors, because there is no essential change with time in the loss-in-weight values when they are used at 50 ppm. There seems to be some possibility that good inhibitors function by forming a particularly efficient non-permeable adsorbed film with iron sulfide corrosion products. 6.2.2
Leaching Action of High Purity Water On Plastics and Other Materials
Authors: KNOEDLER E. L. , GOODSON J. B. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Laboratory tests were made to determine the leaching effects of high purity water on plastics and other materials used in building or lining of high purity water storage tanks. Specifically tested were enamels used in painting interiors of condensate storage tanks, materials used for filter tubes, plastic and metal materials of construction, and miscellaneous coating and linings materials. Materials tested include polyethylene, epoxy resins, phenol-formal-dehyde resins, cotton, cellulose acetate, glass fiber, mineral rubber with inert filler mixture, asphalt clay-cement mixture, polyvinyl over sprayed zinc and aluminum, sprayed zinc and aluminum, hydraulic cement, commercially pure aluminum, and coal tar enamels. 4.6.5
Coating Performance in a Marine Environment Evaluated by Statistical Methods
Authors: COOK FRANK E. , MARTHENS ARTHUR S. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Painted steel drums were tested at Kure Beach, North Carolina, and a comparison made of four paints (both for one and two coats) in two colors, on four different steel pretreatments. A method of evaluating the condition of paint is described, and its use illustrated by the tests on the painted steel drums. Statistical analysis of the observed data provides satisfactory assurance of correct interpretation of the results. Film thickness is most important in obtaining durability.
Specification TT-E-485 paint was confirmed as being suitable as a drum enamel. 5.4.5
Effect of pH in the Range 6.6–14.0+ On the Aerobic Corrosion Fatigue of Steel
Authors: RADD F. J. , CROWDER L H. , WOLFE L. H. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The aerobic corrosion fatigue performance of a normalized AISI 1036 steel was determined in a 3 percent NaCl brine of various pH levels from 6.6 to the saturated caustic level (14+). A systematic behavior was observed, a behavior which is believed typical for similar steels. These statistical test findings are summarized in fatigue curve form, and in addition, several special corrosion phenomena are recorded. The principal results are explicable in terms of ferrous hydroxide solubility and oxygen concentration cell behavior as the two primary variables. The oxygen concentration cell system is considered as a pH-sensitive discontinuity to the transformed ferrous hydroxide films. A theory is outlined to explain the principal points observed. Finally, control measure possibilities are suggested. 3.4.7
Cathodic Protection For Metallic Water Tanks
Authors: BAUER CONRAD A. , EDDY LEVI C. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Practical and theoretical considerations are detailed in connection with the cathodic protection of a large potable water tank. Topics discussed include theory of current distribution on parallel anodes, aggressiveness and resistivity of water, size and spacing of anodes, anode interference factor, and rectifier voltage and current requirements. A large number of equations used in calculating circuit resistances, current requirements, outputs, etc. are reported. 5.2.1
Compositional Effects in the Corrosion Of Type 347 and 316 Stainless Steel In Chemical Environments
Authors: DILLON C. P. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Statistical analysis indicates that some improvement in corrosion resistance of Type 347 stainless steel, in so far as this is indicated by the Huey Test, can be effected by tightening control of the compositional limits. The major improvement is effected by limiting the maximum silicon content; the chromium content and the columbiurn: carbon ratio are next in importance.
In practice, adequate quality control is probably established by the qualification test itself, since variables other than composition significantly affect the corrosion resistance of the alloy in boiling 65 percent nitric acid. Statistical analysis of both qualification tests and field corrosion tests of chromium-nickel-molybdenum stainless steel indicates that the influence of various compositional elements varies with environment. A compositional range that is best for one type of exposure is not the optimum composition for another. Performance of annealed material (or of sensitized extra low carbon material) in qualification tests cannot be used to indicate quality as to general corrosion resistance in other environments.
In practice, the effect of variations of composition within the nominal ASME range do not significantly affect corrosion resistance. In isolated cases where performance is affected, this must be determined empirically. 6.2.5
Solving Design Problems for Cathodic Protection of Glass-Lined Domestic Water Heaters
Authors: Fischer H. C. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Factors important in designing” a cathodic protection system for glass lined domestic hot water heaters are considered. Method by which bare areas of single coated glass lined tanks can be calculated is explained, and comparisons are made between calculated values and those obtained by tests on tanks under protection. Instruments for making these tests and techniques are illustrated and described.
Design data relevant to required current densities are considered with respect to platinum clad tantalum and platinum plated titanium anodes. Regulations of Underwriters’ Laboratories concerning accumulated gas from cathodic protection systems are weighed against test results and the volume of gas actually produced is measured and analyzed.
Design criteria and details for rectified current used in systems applied to electrically heated tanks are given. Details of a thermoelectric generator for use with gas fired tanks are given. This generator produces sufficient current to protect a well-lined tank in the highest resistivity water likely to be encountered.
5.2.3
Design for Prevention of Pipe Line Corrosion Based on Survey of Ground Potential Distribution
Authors: FUKUTA SHIGEO , KONDO SHIN-ICHI , USAMI NOBUO , SEKIMOTO SHIGEKI 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This is a report of a procedure adopted in designing the cathodic protection system and other corrosion control provisions for a pipe line. The steps taken were as follows: (1) pipeline route was determined; (2) ground potentials along the route with reference to a fixed sufficiently remote ground potential were measured with recording instruments, and ground potential distribution profile of the route was obtained; (3) pipe-to-ground potential distribution along the route was anticipated according to the above cited ground potential distribution profile; (4) specifications for the pipe protective coating and covering, locations of cathodic protection or drainage equipments and their current ratings were determined; (5) pipes and other necessary materials were prepared and installed; (6) after the pipe line construction work was completed the pipe-to-ground potential distribution profile was obtained to check the adequacy of the design. Thus the adequacy of the design was confirmed. 8.9.3, 5.11
Effect of Various Curing Agents On the Chemical Stability of Epoxy Resins
Authors: DeHOFF RONALD L. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The epoxy resins most widely used in corrosion prevention are liquids of low molecular weight which can be converted to hard, tough, chemically resistant polymers by the use of various curing agents. Unlike other thermosetting resins such as polyesters, the curing agents may produce chemical linkages in the final polymers that differ from those present in the uncured form. Hence, the properties of cured epoxy resins are likely dependent upon, and may even reflect the properties of the curing agent used.
Some seven different epoxy resin systems were exposed to various chemical environments and evaluatd for changes in dimensional stability and flexural strengths over a six month period. From the data presented herein, only limited conclusions may be drawn. Heat cured systems fare better than room temperature cured systems in every case. Anhydride cured epoxy resins show greater resistance to outdoor weathering than amine cured systems. 5.4.5, 6.6.8
The Electrochemical Approach To Cavitation Damage and Its Prevention
Authors: PREISER H. S. , TYTELL B. H. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This paper presents a unified theory on the interrelationship between electrochemical and mechanical factors causing damage to materials subjected to cavitating environments. The ambiguous term “cavitation erosion” is rejected in favor of three modes ot damage which depend on the severity of cavitation collapse forces: Cavitation Deformation or Fracture; Cavitation Fatigue; and Cavitation Corrosion. The authors describe some model propeller experiments which demonstrate Cavitation Fatigue damage and how specific cathodic protection measures reduce the damage. An extensive bibliography is appended.
3.5.3
Laboratory Tests Show Resistance Properties of Urethane Coatings
Authors: Cushing J. W. , Montle John F. , Byrd J. D. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Describes the basic differences in major types of urethane surface coatings commercially available. Illustrates considerable variation in chemical resistance of commercial formulas in two-package or catalyzed urethane group. Describes superior resistance of catalyzed urethanes to softening by high-solvency organics as compared to commercial epoxyamine coatings. Illustrates urethane retention of flexibility and impact resistance after weathering exposures as compared to commercial catalyzed epoxies. Describes briefly several types of urethane coatings that are being developed.5.4.5
Cathodic Protection in Desert Soils
Authors: WHALLEY W. C. R. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
An appraisal is made of special conditions contributing to the severe corrosion experienced on buried pipelines in the arid desert soils of Syria and Iraq. The effectiveness of cathodic protection in reducing corrosion in such areas is discussed in detail.
Generally cathodic protection is difficult in desert soils and results are less satisfactory than in moist low resistivity soils. Potentials are notably erratic and are subject to variations of 0.5v within a distance of a few feet. General potential checks at intervals of 200 ft show many points with low potential on pipelines which are polarized (−0.85v or more). In practice the amount of current which can be drained from an element of bare surface is controlled in desert soils by the resistivity of the matrix. Where the bare element is in contact with the high resistivity matrix only, it is possible to drain sufficient current to polarize the pipe surface, provided that the bare element is not too large. Where the bare element is in contact with a lower resistivity salty patch, which is itself enclosed in an envelope of the high resistivity matrix, then it may be a practical impossibility to drain sufficient current through the envelope to polarize the pipe surface. This results in low potential locally.
In unfavorable conditions the general polarization of pipe surfaces in desert soils may be very difficult unless the pipe has first class coating surrounded by substantial thickness of soil or selected ditch padding. Even so, areas of locally low potential may exist.
5.2.2, 4.5.2
Influence of Area of the Steel Component On Behavior of a Tin-Steel Couple
Authors: BRITTON S. C. , BRIGHT K. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Tinned steel specimens with the coating removed from selected areas have been corroded in anaerobic citric acid. Even with very small areas of exposed steel some dissolution of iron occurs, but the rate of dissolution increases sharply when the steel area is increased sufficiently to cause the current density on it to fall below an effective protective value. With small steel areas, the hydrogen produced in the corrosion process is absorbed by the steel for some weeks. The rate of hydrogen evolution increases with increased area of exposed steel but there is no sharp increase when dissolution of iron begins.
Information is given about the isolation and examination of the tin-iron alloy layer from tinplate. 5.3.2, 4.4.2, 6.3.14
Chloride Stress Corrosion Cracking Of Stainless Steel Deaerator Trays
Authors: GROVES N. D. , SCHARFSTEIN L R. , EISENBROWN C. M. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
A case history is given of failures of stainless steel deaerator trays used in a deaerating feed water heater. Trays fabricated from Type 201 and Type 329 stainless steels were reported to have failed by chloride stress corrosion cracking after several months' service. The cracking of the Type 201 was very severe. It is shown that conditions in parts of the deaerating heater promote failure by chloride stress corrosion cracking and the service life of austenitic stainless steels is very short. Annealing after welding of the Type 329 trays would improve resistance to cracking. It is also suggested that Type 430 stainless steel be considered since it is not susceptible to chloride stress corrosion cracking. 6.2.5, 3.5.8, 7.6.8
Influence of Reactor Radiation on the Oxidation of Niobium
Authors: CATHCART J. V. , YOUNG F. W. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The effect of neutron irradiation at flux levels of ~ 1012 nv on the oxidation characteristics of niobium was studied at temperatures near 400 C. No measurable change was detected either in the rate of oxidation of niobium or in the nucleation process associated with the oxidation of niobium. On the basis of estimates of the extent of radiation damage in thin oxide films, it was concluded that the damage resulting from irradiation at currently available neutron fiux levels is unlikely to change the number of oxide lattice defects sufficiently to produce a significant change in the oxidation rate. It was thought though that alteration of a nucleation-type process was possible. 3.5.4, 6.3.5, 3.2.3
Effect of Flow Rate on the Galvanic Corrosion Of Low-Carbon Steels in Sea Water
Authors: UUSITALO EINO 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The effect of flow rates ranging from 0 to 5 meters per second on the galvanic corrosion of low-carbon steels in sea water at 0 degrees G has been studied by: (1) recording current-potential curves of the steels, and (2) measuring the potentials, current strengths and weight losses of galvanic cells formed by the steels in pairs. The corrosion of the steels forming galvanic cells was found to be up to 15 times as great at high rates of flow as in standing sea water, but the variation of the flow rate did not alter the order of nobility of the examined steels.
3.6.6, 6.2.3, 4.6.11, 3.6.11
Five Methods Suggested: Automobile Body Corrosion Control Problems
Authors: Webster Harold A. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Discusses corrosion damage and loss on automobile bodies in North America. Describes corrosion control measures that can be taken through use of more resistant materials, improvement of body design, protective coatings, treatment of environment (inhibitors for de-icing salts) and continued maintenance by car owner. Presents economic problems involved in using more resistant materials, problems of modern body styling that create box sections, hollows and crevices where corrosion can occur, and body undercoatmg to protect metal surfaces from corrosion.
8.9.2
Bridge Coating––Paint Maintenance Program Costs Over a Million Dollars Per Year On Five State-Owned Toll Bridges
Authors: Downing Dale F. , Marsh D. Ewing 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Describes paint maintenance program used on state owned toll bridges across San Francisco Bay. Includes cost data on painting operations for five bridges for fiscal year 1959–60. Describes crew, equipment, spot painting procedure, surface preparations and special scaffolding designed to save manpower time.
5.4.5, 1.2.2, 7.10
Experience With Blast-Furnace Slag As an Aggregate in Reinforced Concrete
Authors: LARRABEE C. P. , COBURN S. K. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The role of blast-furnace slag as an aggregate in reinforced concrete is considered both in the light of present-day experience and in past erroneous reports. It was found that such slag actually is substantially inert insofar as any deleterious action toward steel is concerned. Several prestressed-concrete structures containing slag aggregate, in use for more than three years, showed every evidence of giving potentially long and trouble-free service life.
4.2.3, 6.6.5
Cathodic Polarization of Steel In Salt Water
Authors: ERBEN A. R. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
A laboratory study was made of the effect on several variables on the cathodic polarization of steel. For several phases of testing, actual produced fluid from West Texas oil fields was used. Laboratory work included studies involving temperature changes, the effect of two corrosive acid gases, the effect of varying amounts of an organic acid, and the comparison of actual produced fluids with synthetic fluids. It was found that changes in temperature from 78 F to 150 F had a decided depolarizing effect on steel in salt water. Mineral constituents of the fluids handled dictated the amount of current needed for the cathodic polarization of steel. The addition of carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide definitely depolarized steel in a salt water system.
3.6.8, 5.2.1
Welded Stainless Steels For Hot Hydrogen Sulfide Service
Authors: BRUNS FRANK J. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
A description is given of the effects of welding, heat-treatment and composition on corrosion rates of various grades of stainless steel exposed to 615 F hydrogen-hydrogen sulfide stream in a commercial desulfurizer. Study was made by weight loss measurements and metallographic examinations. It was concluded that in the thermally stabilized condition, the manganese substituted stainless steels showed slightly better resistance to high temperature hydrogen sulfide than the conventional nickel stainless steels. In the as received, quench annealed condition the former were equivalent to Type 304. It was found also that a thermal stabilizing treatment at 1630 F increased the corrosion rate of all the austenitic stainless steels tested in hot hydrogen sulfide. Seam-welded 304L stainless tubing in the as-welded condition showed no preferential weld zone attack in aqueous media.
3.7.3, 6.2.5, 8.4.3, 4.3.2