bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A new T‐cell activation mode for suboptimal doses of antigen under the full activation of T cells with different specificity
Authors: Shibuya Mihoko , Fujio Keishi , Shoda Hirofumi , Okamura Tomohisa , Okamoto Akiko , Sumitomo Shuji , Yamamoto Kazuhiko 
Published: March 2015

Loss of tolerance for autoantigens is a common feature in autoimmune diseases. Bystander T‐cell activation is the activation of T cells to produce functional changes through TCR‐independent stimulation. Although bystander activation may be related to tolerance loss to multiple autoantigens, the activation mechanism of T cells directed to an autoantigen with limited amount is not clear. We investigated an activation mode of T cells (designated as “associator T cells”) directed to a suboptimal dose of cognate antigen X in the presence of fully activated T cells (designated as “responder T cells”) directed to an optimal dose of antigen Y. In in vitro coculture, the activation of associator T cells was dependent on the presentation of antigen X, and soluble factors from activated responder T cells were not sufficient. Therefore, we conclude this activation mode is different from bystander activation and named it “extended antigen priming (EAP)”. T cells with EAP showed a different phenotype compared to conventionally primed cells, suggesting the unique nature of EAP. Intriguingly, EAP was dependent on the CD40–CD40L signaling pathway. Thus, the EAP model is a T‐cell activation mode for suboptimal dose of antigen and presumably related to the immune response to autoantigens in autoimmune status.
Pentanuclear and Octanuclear Manganese Helices
Authors: Sato Hiroki , Yamaguchi Momoyo , Onuki Tatsuya , Noguchi Mao , Newton Graham N. , Shiga Takuya , Oshio Hiroki 
Published: March 2015

AbstractTwo helical manganese complexes, [Mn5(L)3(μ3‐O)(NO3)(OMe)2(MeOH)](NO3)·4MeOH·H2O (1) and [Mn8(L)6(μ3‐Cl)2]Cl2·3C2H4Cl2·60H2O·2DMF (2, DMF = N,N‐dimethylformamide), were obtained by the reaction of the multidentate polypyridine ligand 2,6‐bis[5‐(2‐pyridinyl)‐1H‐pyrazole‐3‐yl]‐pyridine (H2L) with manganese nitrate and chloride, respectively. The compounds were characterized by elemental analyses and single‐crystal X‐ray structural analyses. The pentanuclear complex 1 is composed of three ligands and five manganese ions with μ3‐oxido bridges, whereas the octanuclear complex 2 is constructed from six ligands and eight manganese ions with two μ3‐chlorido bridges. Both compounds have helix‐type structures. The manganese ions in 1 are present in a mixture of +2 and +3 valence states, whereas 2 is homovalent and contains only +2 ions. The magnetic properties of both compounds were investigated in the temperature range 1.8–300 K, and antiferromagnetic interactions between the manganese ions are dominant in both complexes.
Simultaneous extraction of phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine from soybean lecithin
Authors: John Johnson V. , Park Huiju , Lee Hye Ri , Suh Hongsuk , Kim Il 
Published: March 2015

A high composition of phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) was simultaneously extracted from soybean lecithin by using a mixed solvent consisting of ethanol and chloroform. The addition of chloroform in ethanol improved the total extraction yield to give high a composition of PC and PE. Thus, the best extraction yield (52%) of PC and PE was achieved at an ethanol/chloroform ratio of 6/4 (v/v). Molecular dynamics calculations of the amorphous cell bearing PC, PE, and solvent molecules were performed in order to understand the distribution of PC and PE molecules in specific solvent conditions. The extraction yield was also sensitive to extraction temperature, time and liquid to solid ratio. The extracted PC and PE mixture was successfully purified by flash chromatography using chloroform/methanol (8/2 v/v) as eluting solvent. The purified yields of PE and PC from lecithin extract were 16 and 35%, respectively. The structure of the extracted products was characterized by thin‐layer chromatography and 1H, 13C, 31P NMR, FTIR and UV/vis spectroscopies, and elemental analysis. The purity of PE and PC was higher than 95%.Practical applications: Lecithin composed of phosphoric acid, choline, fatty acids, glycerol, glycolipids, triglycerides, and phospholipids is widely used in human food, animal feed, pharmaceuticals, paints, and other industrial applications. Lecithin can easily be extracted chemically using various solvents in order to obtain pure components. Due to the importance of phospholipids there have been a number of reports on the extraction of PC from lecithin; however, there have been few reports on the extraction of PE or the simultaneous extraction of PC and PE. Thus the simultaneous extraction of PC (35%) and PE (16%) from soybean lecithin by using a mixed solvent consisting of ethanol and chloroform can be a good example to obtain such components in high yields. The protocol employed here is quite straightforward so that pure PC and PE can be obtained economically and may attract interest on mixed solvent systems for the simultaneous extraction of lecithin components.Phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine were simultaneously extracted from soybean lecithin by using a mixed solvent consisting of ethanol and chloroform.
Maternal high‐fat diet exposure leads to insulin resistance and impacts myogenic and adipogenicgene expression in offspring rats
Authors: Yang Xiao , Lai Peng , Chen Xiang‐Gui , Liu Zhen‐Ping , Tang Yuan‐Mou , Rao Su , Wen Chun‐Juan , Jiao Shi‐Rong , Lei Ji 
Published: March 2015

To obtain information on the molecular mechanisms of insulin resistance (IR) in offspring rats due to maternal high‐fat diet exposure, we investigated (i) the consequences of maternal high‐fat diet consumption on offspring malprogramming that predisposes the offspring to the onset of IR during adulthood and (ii) the impact of a maternal high‐fat diet on myogenic and adipogenic gene expression in muscle. Sprague–Dawley female rats were randomly divided into two groups and fed either a normal chow (NC) or a high‐fat diet (HF). After breeding, the pups were divided into four groups: male offspring of HF (MOH), female offspring of HF (FOH), male offspring of NC (MON) and female offspring of NC (FON). The offspring rats were fed NC until 18 weeks after weaning. The body weight, plasma parameters, oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and insulin sensitivity index (ISI) of the dam and the offspring rats were measured, and nuclear and mitochondrial morphologies of skeletal muscular cells of the offspring rats were observed. The expression of myogenic and adipogenic marker genes in muscle were measured during the embryonic and foetal periods. The results indicated that maternal high‐fat diet exposure led to the emergence of IR in MOH and FOH. The expression of myogenic and adipogenic genes in muscular tissues was seriously disrupted in MOH and FOH, which was revealed firstly in the present study.The consequences of maternal high‐fat diet consumption on offspring malprogramming that predisposes the offspring to the onset of insulin resistance during adulthood and the possible mechanism of offspring IR, that is the impact of a maternal high‐fat diet on skeletal muscle and adipose tissue gene expression, were investigated.
Recent Advancements in Calix[4]pyrrole‐Based Anion‐Receptor Chemistry
Authors: Saha Indrajit , Lee Jeong Tae , Lee Chang‐Hee 
Published: March 2015

AbstractCalix[4]pyrroles and their congeners are conformationally flexible, nonplanar tetrapyrrolic macrocycles that can recognize anionic substrates. Although the mother calix[4]pyrrole was reported more than 100 years ago, anion recognition accompanied with conformational changes was first discovered in 1996. These compounds have shown preferential binding of halide anions such as fluoride and chloride as well as that of phosphate and carboxylate anions. Extensive efforts have been made to improve the affinity and selectivity. Continuous expansion of related research makes this easy‐to‐make macrocycle more promising. In this review, recent synthetic developments and the anion binding properties of newly developed calix[4]pyrroles are discussed and accomplishments to date are summarized. We hope that this review provides a seed for future developments in this area of chemistry.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Domino Mizoroki–Heck/Intermolecular C(sp3)–H Activation Sequence: An Approach to the Formation of C(sp3)–C(sp3) Bonds
Authors: Wang Wei , Zhou Rong , Jiang Zhi‐Jie , Wang Xin , Fu Hai‐Yan , Zheng Xue‐Li , Chen Hua , Li Rui‐Xiang 
Published: March 2015

AbstractA palladium‐catalyzed domino Mizoroki–Heck/intermolecular unactivated C(sp3)–H alkylation reaction has been developed. This simple palladium nanoparticle catalytic system shows good activity and affords the dimeric dihydrobenzofuran derivatives in moderate to good yields. Furthermore, this reaction provides a new method for the elaboration of domino reactions involving a C(sp3)–C(sp3) bond‐forming process.
Reaction of Bicyclic Zirconacyclopentenes with Aldehydes and a Potential Pathway to Condensed 5–7–6(Ar) Ring Systems
Authors: Topolovčan Nikola , Panov Illia , Kotora Martin 
Published: March 2015

AbstractBicyclic zirconacyclopentenes prepared by the reactions of 1,6‐ and 1,7‐enynes with [Cp2ZrBu2] (Negishi reagent) reacted with a plethora of aldehydes (aryl, heteroaryl, alkyl, α,β‐unsaturated) by chemo‐ and stereoselective insertion into the sp3 C–Zr bond to give the corresponding oxazirconacycloheptenes. Subsequent hydrolysis or halogenolysis provided the corresponding alcohols 4 (31–74 % isolated yields) or halides 10 (35–50 % isolated yields). The oxazirconacycloheptenes prepared by the insertion of 2‐iodobenzaldehyde were also subjected to intramolecular coupling in the presence of CuCl and additives, and compounds possessing the condensed 5–7–6(aryl) ring system were obtained in reasonable isolated yields (32–46 %). The same ring system was also prepared by the Pd‐catalyzed coupling of dihalo derivatives 10 (38–42 % 1H NMR yields). Moreover, the mechanism of the unproductive side‐reaction leading to ketones during the reaction with CuCl was elucidated.
Do Recognizable Lifetime Eating Disorder Phenotypes Naturally Occur in a Culturally Asian Population? A Combined Latent Profile and Taxometric Approach
Authors: Thomas Jennifer J. , Eddy Kamryn T. , Ruscio John , Ng King Lam , Casale Kristen E. , Becker Anne E. , Lee Sing 
Published: March 2015

AbstractBackgroundWe examined whether empirically derived eating disorder (ED) categories in Hong Kong Chinese patients (N = 454) would be consistent with recognizable lifetime ED phenotypes derived from latent structure models of European and American samples.MethodWe performed latent profile analysis (LPA) using indicator variables from data collected during routine assessment, and then applied taxometric analysis to determine whether latent classes were qualitatively versus quantitatively distinct.ResultsLatent profile analysis identified four classes: (i) binge/purge (47%); (ii) non‐fat‐phobic low‐weight (34%); (iii) fat‐phobic low‐weight (12%); and (iv) overweight disordered eating (6%). Taxometric analysis identified qualitative (categorical) distinctions between the binge/purge and non‐fat‐phobic low‐weight classes, and also between the fat‐phobic and non‐fat‐phobic low‐weight classes. Distinctions between the fat‐phobic low‐weight and binge/purge classes were indeterminate.ConclusionEmpirically derived categories in Hong Kong showed recognizable correspondence with recognizable lifetime ED phenotypes. Although taxometric findings support two distinct classes of low weight EDs, LPA findings also support heterogeneity among non‐fat‐phobic individuals. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Navigating life
Authors: Cohen Neal J. 
Published: March 2015

ABSTRACTThe discoveries of “place cells” in the hippocampus and “grid cells” in the entorhinal cortex are landmark achievements in relating behavior to neural activity, permitting analysis of a powerful system for spatial representation in the brain. The contributions of this work include not only the empirical findings but also the approach this work pioneered of examining neural activity in complex behaviors with real ecological validity in freely moving animals, and of attempting to place the findings in the larger context of how the neural representations of space are used in service of real‐world behavior, namely what the Nobel committee described as permitting us to “navigate our way through a complex environment.” These discoveries and approaches have had far‐ranging impact on and implications for work in human cognitive neuroscience, where we see (1) confirmation in humans that the hippocampus and overlying MTL cortex are critically engaged in supporting a relational representation of space, and that it can be used for flexible spatial navigation and (2) evidence that these regions are also critically involved in aspects of relational memory not limited to space, and in the flexible use of hippocampal memory extending beyond spatial navigation. Recent work, using tasks that emphasize the requirement for the active use of memory in online processing, just as spatial navigation has long placed such a requirement on rodents, suggests that the hippocampus and related MTL cortex can support the navigating of environments even more complex than what is needed in spatial navigation. It allows us to use memory in guiding upcoming actions and choices to act optimally in and on the world, permitting us to navigate life in all its beautiful complexity. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Navigating the human hippocampus without a GPS
Authors: Zucker Halle R. , Ranganath Charan 
Published: March 2015

ABSTRACTThe award of the Nobel Prize to Professors John O'Keefe, May‐Britt Moser, and Edvard Moser brings global recognition to one of the most significant success stories in modern neuroscience. Here, we consider how their findings, along with related studies of spatial cognition in rodents, have informed our understanding of the human hippocampus. Rather than identifying a “GPS” in the brain, we emphasize that these researchers helped to establish a fundamental role for cortico‐hippocampal networks in the guidance of behavior based on a representation of the current place, time, and situation. We conclude by highlighting the major questions that remain to be addressed in future research. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Place fields and the cognitive map
Authors: Dudchenko Paul A. , Wood Emma R. 
Published: March 2015

ABSTRACTThe discovery of place cells by John O'Keefe in the early 1970s was a breakthrough not just for systems neuroscience, but also for psychology: place fields provided a clear neural substrate for the notion of a cognitive map, a construct devised to explain rat learning and spatial cognition. However, is the robust location‐related firing of place cells still best conceptualised as a cognitive map? In this commentary, we reassess this view of hippocampus function in light of subsequent findings on place cells. We argue that as place fields encode local space, and as they are modulated by ongoing behavior, the representation they provide may be more cognitive than map‐like. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The mantle of the heavens: Reflections on the 2014 nobel prize for medicine or physiology
Authors: Morris Richard G. M. 
Published: March 2015

ABSTRACTThe award of the Nobel Prize in Medicine or Physiology in 2014 for the discovery of place and grid cells was both a personal award to three great scientists and also a mark of the maturity of systems neuroscience as a discipline. This article offers both personal and scientific reflections on these discoveries, detailing both how getting to know all three winners had an impact on my life and the research questions that we shared in common work together. It ends with brief reflections on three important outstanding questions. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Osteoblast-Specific Loss of IGF1R Signaling Results in Impaired Endochondral Bone Formation During Fracture Healing
Authors: Wang Tao , Wang Yongmei , Menendez Alicia , Fong Chak , Babey Muriel , Tahimic Candice GT , Cheng Zhiqiang , Li Alfred , Chang Wenhan , Bikle Daniel D. 
Published: March 2015

ABSTRACT

Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) are important local regulators during fracture healing. Although IGF1 deficiency is known to increase the risk of delayed union or non-union fractures in the elderly population, the underlying mechanisms that contribute to this defect remains unclear. In this study, IGF1 signaling during fracture healing was investigated in an osteoblast-specific IGF1 receptor (IGF1R) conditional knockout (KO) mouse model. A closed tibial fracture was induced in IGF1Rflox/flox/2.3-kb α1(1)-collagen-Cre (KO) and IGF1Rflox/flox (control) mice aged 12 weeks. Fracture callus samples and nonfractured tibial diaphysis were collected and analyzed by μCT, histology, immunohistochemistry, histomorphometry, and gene expression analysis at 10, 15, 21, and 28 days after fracture. A smaller size callus, lower bone volume accompanied by a defect in mineralization, bone microarchitectural abnormalities, and a higher cartilage volume were observed in the callus of these KO mice. The levels of osteoblast differentiation markers (osteocalcin, alkaline phosphatase, collagen 1α1) were significantly reduced, but the early osteoblast transcription factor runx2, as well as chondrocyte differentiation markers (collagen 2α1 and collagen 10α1) were significantly increased in the KO callus. Moreover, increased numbers of osteoclasts and impaired angiogenesis were observed during the first 15 days of fracture repair, but decreased numbers of osteoclasts were found in the later stages of fracture repair in the KO mice. Although baseline nonfractured tibias of KO mice had decreased trabecular and cortical bone compared to control mice, subsequent studies with mice expressing the 2.3-kb α1(1)-collagen-Cre ERT2 construct and given tamoxifen at the time of fracture and so starting with comparable bone levels showed similar impairment in fracture repair at least initially. Our data indicate that not only is the IGF1R in osteoblasts involved in osteoblast differentiation during fracture repair, but it plays an important role in coordinating chondrocyte, osteoclast, and endothelial responses that all contribute to the endochondral bone formation required for normal fracture repair. © 2015 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Polyhydroxyalkanoates, a family of natural polymers, and their applications in drug delivery
Authors: Nigmatullin Rinat , Thomas Peter , Lukasiewicz Barbara , Puthussery Hima , Roy Ipsita 
Published: March 2015

AbstractPolyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are natural biopolymers produced by various microorganisms as a reserve of carbon and energy.PHAsynthesis generally occurs during fermentation under nutrient limiting conditions with excess carbon. There are two main types ofPHAs, short chain lengthPHAs(scl‐PHAs) and medium chain lengthPHAs(mcl‐PHAs). The mechanical and thermal properties ofPHAsdepend mainly on the number of carbons in the monomer unit and its molecular weight.PHAsare promising materials for biomedical applications because they are biodegradable, non‐toxic and biocompatible. The large range ofPHAs, along with their varying physical properties and high biocompatibility, make them highly attractive biomaterials for use in drug delivery. They can be used to produce tablets, micro‐ and nanoparticles as well as drug eluting scaffolds. A large range of differentPHAshave been explored and the results obtained suggest thatPHAsare excellent candidates for controlled and targeted drug delivery systems. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry
An improved diagnostic for summertime rainfall along the eastern seaboard of Australia
Authors: Black Mitchell T. , Lane Todd P. 
Published: March 2015

ABSTRACTThe eastern seaboard of Australia (ESB) is a unique climate entity. A region of complex topography bound by the coastline and the ridge of the Great Dividing Range, the ESB exhibits distinctly different rainfall patterns to the rest of southeastern Australia. As a large percentage of the Australian population resides along the ESB, understanding current and future rainfall variability in this region presents an important and difficult challenge. This challenge is compounded by the inability of most general circulation models to properly resolve the region. This study presents a diagnostic for characterizing the variability in summertime rainfall along the ESB. This simple yet effective East Coast Flow Index (ECFI) infers easterly geostrophic flow from the meridional pressure gradient along the ESB, and vertical circulation from the upper‐level ω field. The ECFI outperforms the common indices for drivers of rainfall variability, achieving statistically significant correlations with ESB summertime rainfall for a range of different timescales. The ECFI is shown to have great potential as a predictor for statistically downscaling rainfall along the ESB as (1) it provides a physical link between large‐scale forcings and local precipitation responses, (2) is capable of capturing multiyear variability and (3) is realistically represented by general circulation models. While the ECFI was designed for the summer months (December–February) it is still capable of performing well in the other seasons, especially spring (September–November).
Identifying inhibitors/enhancers of quantitative real‐time PCR in food samples using a newly developed synthetic plasmid
Authors: Sovová Tereza , Křížová Barbora , Hodek Jan , Ovesná Jaroslava 
Published: March 2015

AbstractBACKGROUNDPolymerase chain reaction (PCR) has become a common technique offering fast and sensitive analysis of DNA in food/feed samples. However, many substances, either already present in the sample or introduced during sample processing, inhibit PCR and thus underestimate the DNA content. It is therefore necessary to identify PCR inhibition in order to correctly evaluate the sample.RESULTSWe designed and validated a synthetic plasmid DNA that can be used to detect and quantify PCR inhibition. The DNA sequence, appropriate primers and probe, were designed in silico, synthesized and the sequence was inserted into a plasmid vector. The performance of the plasmid was verified via calibration curves and by performing the assay in the presence of various DNAs (crops, fungus, bacterium). The detection of PCR inhibition was assessed using six inhibiting substances with different modes of action, substances used in sample processing (EDTA, ethanol, NaCl, SDS) and food additives (sodium glutamate, tartrazine). The plasmid performance proved to be reproducible and there were no interactions with other DNAs. The plasmid was able to identify the presence of the inhibitors in a wide range of concentrations.CONCLUSIONThe presented plasmid DNA is a suitable and inexpensive possibility for evaluating PCR inhibition. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry