bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impact of early salmon louse, Lepeophtheirus salmonis, infestation and differences in survival and marine growth of sea‐ranched Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., smolts 1997–2009
Authors: Skilbrei O T , Finstad B , Urdal K , Bakke G , Kroglund F , Strand R 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe impact of salmon lice on the survival of migrating Atlantic salmon smolts was studied by comparing the adult returns of sea‐ranched smolts treated for sea lice using emamectin benzoate or substance EX with untreated control groups in the River Dale in western Norway. A total of 143 500 smolts were released in 35 release groups in freshwater from 1997 to 2009 and in the fjord system from 2007 to 2009. The adult recaptures declined gradually with release year and reached minimum levels in 2007. This development corresponded with poor marine growth and increased age at maturity of ranched salmon and in three monitored salmon populations and indicated unfavourable conditions in the Norwegian Sea. The recapture rate of treated smolts was significantly higher than the controls in three of the releases performed: the only release in 1997, one of three in 2002 and the only group released in sea water in 2007. The effect of treating the smolts against salmon lice was smaller than the variability in return rates between release groups, and much smaller that variability between release years, but its overall contribution was still significant (P < 0.05) and equivalent to an odds ratio of the probability of being recaptured of 1.17 in favour of the treated smolts. Control fish also tended to be smaller as grilse (P = 0.057), possibly due to a sublethal effect of salmon lice.
Salmon lice – impact on wild salmonids and salmon aquaculture
Authors: Torrissen O , Jones S , Asche F , Guttormsen A , Skilbrei O T , Nilsen F , Horsberg T E , Jackson D 
Published: January 2013

AbstractSalmon lice,Lepeophtheirus salmonis, are naturally occurring parasites of salmon in sea water. Intensive salmon farming provides better conditions for parasite growth and transmission compared with natural conditions, creating problems for both the salmon farming industry and, under certain conditions, wild salmonids. Salmon lice originating from farms negatively impact wild stocks of salmonids, although the extent of the impact is a matter of debate. Estimates from Ireland and Norway indicate an odds ratio of 1.1:1‐1.2:1 for sea lice treated Atlantic salmon smolt to survive sea migration compared to untreated smolts. This is considered to have a moderate population regulatory effect. The development of resistance against drugs most commonly used to treat salmon lice is a serious concern for both wild and farmed fish. Several large initiatives have been taken to encourage the development of new strategies, such as vaccines and novel drugs, for the treatment or removal of salmon lice from farmed fish. The newly sequenced salmon louse genome will be an important tool in this work. The use of cleaner fish has emerged as a robust method for controlling salmon lice, and aquaculture production of wrasse is important towards this aim. Salmon lice have large economic consequences for the salmon industry, both as direct costs for the prevention and treatment, but also indirectly through negative public opinion.
Subepithelial connective tissue graft with or without enamel matrix derivative for the treatment of Miller class I and II gingival recessions: a controlled randomized clinical trial
Authors: Roman A. , Soancă A. , Kasaj A. , Stratul S.‐I. 
Published: January 2013

BackgroundThe aim of this study was to evaluate whether the combination of enamel matrix derivative (EMD) with subepithelial connective tissue graft (SCTG) plus coronally advanced flap (CAF) would improve the treatment outcomes of Miller class I and II gingival recessions when compared with the same technique (SCTG plus CAF) alone.MethodsThe study was designed as a randomized, parallel, controlled, double‐blinded clinical trial. Forty‐two patients were randomly assigned in the test group (SCTG plus EMD) and in the control group (SCTG). Patients had at least one gingival recession ≥ 2 mm. The clinical parameters were evaluated at baseline and at 14 d, 1, 3, 6 and 12 mo follow‐up time points.ResultsForty‐two patients, 21 in the test group (SCTG plus EMD) and 21 in the control group (SCTG), aged 21–48 years (mean age 31 ± 8.56) were initially included in the study. Both treatments, STCG plus EMD and SCTG, resulted in a significant final mean root coverage (2.91 ± 0.95mm and 2.91 ± 1.29 mm, respectively) (p < 0.001) and in a high mean percentage of root coverage (82.25 ± 22.20% and 89.75 ± 17.33%, respectively) (p < 0.001), 1 year after surgery. The differences in mean root coverage recorded for the two techniques after 1 year, were not statistically significant (p = 0.19). Complete root coverage was achieved in 56.5% of patients treated with SCTG plus EMD and in 70.6% of patients treated with SCTG (p = 0.275), 1 year after treatment.ConclusionsThe present study failed to demonstrate any additional clinical benefits when EMD was added to SCTG plus CAF.
Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy using a diode laser with a potential new photosensitizer, indocyanine green‐loaded nanospheres, may be effective for the clearance of Porphyromonas gingivalis
Authors: Nagahara A. , Mitani A. , Fukuda M. , Yamamoto H. , Tahara K. , Morita I. , Ting C.‐C. , Watanabe T. , Fujimura T. , Osawa K. , Sato S. , Takahashi S. , Iwamura Y. , Kuroyanagi T. , Kawashima Y. , Noguchi T. 
Published: January 2013

BackgroundAntimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) is a new treatment method for the removal of infectious pathogens using a photosensitizer and light of a specific wavelength, e.g., toluidine blue with a wavelength of about 600 nm. We explored a new photosensitizer and focused on indocyanine green (ICG), which has high absorption at a wavelength of 800–805 nm. We investigated the bactericidal effect of PDT on Porphyromonas gingivalis using a new photosensitizer, ICG‐loaded nanospheres with an 805 nm wavelength low‐level diode laser irradiation.MethodsWe designed ICG‐loaded nanospheres coated with chitosan (ICG‐Nano/c) as a photosensitizer. A solution containing Porphyromonas gingivalis (108 CFU/mL) with or without ICG‐Nano/c (or ICG) was prepared and irradiated with a diode laser or without laser irradiation as a negative control. The irradiation settings were 0.5 W with a duty ratio of 10%, for 3–100 ms in repeated pulse (RPT) or continuous wave mode. CFU were counted after 7 d of anaerobic culture.ResultsWe observed that ICG‐Nano/c could adhere to the surface of P. gingivalis. When ICG‐Nano/c was used for aPDT, irradiation with RPT 100 ms mode gave the lowest increase in temperature. Laser irradiation with ICG‐Nano/c significantly reduced the number of P. gingivalis (i.e., approximately 2‐log10 bacterial killing). The greatest bactericidal effect was found in the RPT 100 ms group. However, laser irradiation (RPT 100 ms) with ICG, as well as without photosensitizer, had no effect on the number of bacteria.ConclusionsWithin the limits of this study, ICG‐Nano/c with low‐level diode laser (0.5 W; 805 nm) irradiation showed an aPDT‐like effect, which might be useful for a potential photodynamic periodontal therapy.
Active and passive smoking and prevalence of periodontal disease in young Japanese women
Authors: Tanaka K. , Miyake Y. , Hanioka T. , Arakawa M. 
Published: January 2013

Background and ObjectiveStudies reporting on the association between smoking and periodontal disease have mostly focused on active smoking. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships between active smoking and exposure to second‐hand smoke at home and at work and the prevalence of periodontal disease among young Japanese women.Material and methodsStudy subjects were 1167 postpartum women with a mean age of 31.5 years. Information on smoking and potential confounding factors was obtained through a self‐administered questionnaire. Partial‐mouth recording was used to determine probing pocket depth at six sites per tooth for six teeth in the mouth. Periodontal disease was defined as positive if a woman had at least one tooth with a probing pocket depth of 3.5 mm or deeper. Adjustment was made for age, region of residence, household income, education, toothbrushing frequency and use of an interdental brush.ResultsCompared with never smoking, ever smoking was independently positively associated with the prevalence of periodontal disease: the adjusted odds ratio was 1.56 (95% confidence interval: 1.02–2.36). There was a marginally significant positive dose–response relationship between pack‐years of smoking and the prevalence of periodontal disease (p for linear trend = 0.08). No material associations were observed between second‐hand smoke exposure at home or at work and periodontal disease.ConclusionOur findings suggest that active smoking, but not passive smoking, might be associated with an increased prevalence of periodontal disease among young women in Japan.
Mature male parr contribution to the effective size of an anadromous Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) population over 30 years
Authors: Johnstone Devon L. , O'Connell Michael F. , Palstra Friso P. , Ruzzante Daniel E. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractWe describe temporal changes in the genetic composition of a small anadromous Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) population from South Newfoundland, an area where salmon populations are considered threatened (COSEWIC 2010). We examined the genetic variability (13 microsatellite loci) in 869 out‐migrating smolt and post‐spawning kelt samples, collected from 1985 to 2011 for a total of 22 annual collections and a 30 year span of assigned cohorts. We estimated the annual effective number of breeders (Nb) and the generational effective population size (Ne) through genetic methods and demographically using the adult sex ratio. Comparisons between genetic and demographic estimates show that the adult spawners inadequately explain the observed Ne estimates, suggesting that mature male parr are significantly increasing Nb and Ne over the study period. Spawning as parr appears to be a viable and important strategy in the near absence of adult males.
Transcriptomic responses to ocean acidification in larval sea urchins from a naturally variable pH environment
Authors: Evans Tyler G. , Chan Francis , Menge Bruce A. , Hofmann Gretchen E. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractSome marine ecosystems already experience natural declines in pH approximating those predicted with future anthropogenic ocean acidification (OA), the decline in seawater pH caused by the absorption of atmospheric CO2. The molecular mechanisms that allow organisms to inhabit these low pH environments, particularly those building calcium carbonate skeletons, are unknown. Also uncertain is whether an enhanced capacity to cope with present day pH variation will confer resistance to future OA. To address these issues, we monitored natural pH dynamics within an intertidal habitat in the Northeast Pacific, demonstrating that upwelling exposes resident species to pH regimes not predicted to occur elsewhere until 2100. Next, we cultured the progeny of adult purple sea urchins (Strongylocentrotus purpuratus) collected from this region in CO2‐acidified seawater representing present day and near future ocean scenarios and monitored gene expression using transcriptomics. We hypothesized that persistent exposure to upwelling during evolutionary history will have selected for increased pH tolerance in this population and that their transcriptomic response to low pH seawater would provide insight into mechanisms underlying pH tolerance in a calcifying species. Resulting expression patterns revealed two important trends. Firstly, S. purpuratus larvae may alter the bioavailability of calcium and adjust skeletogenic pathways to sustain calcification in a low pH ocean. Secondly, larvae use different strategies for coping with different magnitudes of pH stress: initiating a robust transcriptional response to present day pH regimes but a muted response to near future conditions. Thus, an enhanced capacity to cope with present day pH variation may not translate into success in future oceans.
Correlations between physical and chemical defences in plants: tradeoffs, syndromes, or just many different ways to skin a herbivorous cat?
Authors: Moles Angela T. , Peco Begoña , Wallis Ian R. , Foley William J. , Poore Alistair G. B. , Seabloom Eric W. , Vesk Peter A. , Bisigato Alejandro J. , Cella‐Pizarro Lucrecia , Clark Connie J. , Cohen Philippe S. , Cornwell William K. , Edwards Will , Ejrnæs Rasmus , Gonzales‐Ojeda Therany , Graae Bente J. , Hay Gregory , Lumbwe Fainess C. , Magaña‐Rodríguez Benjamín , Moore Ben D. , Peri Pablo L. , Poulsen John R. , Stegen James C. , Veldtman Ruan , von Zeipel Hugo , Andrew Nigel R. , Boulter Sarah L. , Borer Elizabeth T. , Cornelissen Johannes H. C. , Farji‐Brener Alejandro G. , DeGabriel Jane L. , Jurado Enrique , Kyhn Line A. , Low Bill , Mulder Christa P. H. , Reardon‐Smith Kathryn , Rodríguez‐Velázquez Jorge , De Fortier An , Zheng Zheng , Blendinger Pedro G. , Enquist Brian J. , Facelli Jose M. , Knight Tiffany , Majer Jonathan D. , Martínez‐Ramos Miguel , McQuillan Peter , Hui Francis K. C. 
Published: January 2013

Summary

Most plant species have a range of traits that deter herbivores. However, understanding of how different defences are related to one another is surprisingly weak. Many authors argue that defence traits trade off against one another, while others argue that they form coordinated defence syndromes.

We collected a dataset of unprecedented taxonomic and geographic scope (261 species spanning 80 families, from 75 sites across the globe) to investigate relationships among four chemical and six physical defences.

Five of the 45 pairwise correlations between defence traits were significant and three of these were tradeoffs. The relationship between species’ overall chemical and physical defence levels was marginally nonsignificant (P = 0.08), and remained nonsignificant after accounting for phylogeny, growth form and abundance. Neither categorical principal component analysis (PCA) nor hierarchical cluster analysis supported the idea that species displayed defence syndromes.

Our results do not support arguments for tradeoffs or for coordinated defence syndromes. Rather, plants display a range of combinations of defence traits. We suggest this lack of consistent defence syndromes may be adaptive, resulting from selective pressure to deploy a different combination of defences to coexisting species.
Morbidity and outcome of severe respiratory syncytial virus infection
Authors: El Kholy Amani A. , Mostafa Nadia A. , El‐Sherbini Seham A. , Ali Aliaa A. , Ismail Reem I. , Magdy Rania I. , Hamdy Mona S. , Soliman May S. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractBackgroundRespiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the main cause of severe acute respiratory infection (SARI) in infants and young children. This study aimed to identify risk factors for intensive care unit (ICU) admission, prolonged length of stay (PLOS), and mortality in patients hospitalized with SARI caused by RSV.MethodsThis prospective cohort study included children hospitalized with SARI (according to the World Health Organization definition) and whose laboratory results proved RSV infection during the period from February 2010 to May 2011.ResultsOut of 240 enrolled patients, 24 patients (10%) were admitted to the ICU, 57 patients (24.3%) had a PLOS of >9 days and 12 patients (5%) died. The presence of cyanosis (P = 0.000; OR, 351.7) and lung consolidation (P = 0.006, OR, 9.3) were independent risk factors associated with ICU admission. The need for ICU admission (P = 0.000; OR, 6.1) and lung consolidation (P = 0.008, OR, 2.46) were independent risk factors associated with PLOS. The presence of an underlying congenital heart disease (P = 0.03, OR, 18.3), thrombocytopenia (P = 0.04, OR, 32.86) and mechanical ventilation (P = 0.000; OR, 449.4) were the only independent risk factors associated with mortality in our study.ConclusionsEarly recognition of risk factors for complicated RSV disease on admission prompts early interventions and early ICU admissions for these children.
Modulation of C16:0‐ceramide in hypertrophied immature hearts by losartan
Authors: Itoi Toshiyuki , Oka Tatsujiro , Terada Naoto 
Published: January 2013

AbstractBackgroundThe angiotensin type 2 receptor plays a unique role in growth inhibition in adult myocardium via modulation of ceramide synthesis. Angiotensin type 1 (AT1)‐receptor blockade results in increased angiotensin type 2 receptor activation by angiotensin II, and AT1‐receptor blockers are sometimes prescribed to children for the treatment of cardiac hypertrophy or heart failure. We investigated the changes of ceramide lipid components in hypertrophied immature rabbit hearts after chronic administration of the AT1‐receptor blocker, losartan.MethodsOne‐week‐old Japanese white rabbits were randomly divided into three groups: sham‐operated control rabbits (Group S), rabbits given distilled water orally for 21 days after aortic constriction (Group H), and rabbits given losartan orally for 21 days after aortic constriction (Group H + L).ResultsCompared with Group S, the hypertrophy index and left ventricular posterior wall thickness were significantly increased in Group H, but were not different in Group H + L. Total myocardial ceramide levels in Group H and Group H + L were suppressed compared with Group S. The relative fatty acid components of myocardial ceramide in Group H were the same as those in Group S, but Group H + L showed a significant increase in the C16:0 component.ConclusionsThe total cardiac ceramide levels are depressed by pressure overload of immature rabbit hearts. Losartan reduced the hypertrophy with selective increase of the relative amount of C16:0‐ceramide.
Biotin and carnitine profiles in preterm infants in Japan
Authors: Tokuriki Shuko , Hayashi Hisako , Okuno Takashi , Yoshioka Kikuko , Okazaki Shintaro , Kawakita Akiko , Ohta Genrei , Hata Ikue , Shigematsu Yosuke , Ohshima Yusei 
Published: January 2013

AbstractBackgroundBiotin plays an important role as a covalently bound coenzyme for carboxylases. Carnitine is essential in β‐oxidation to transport long‐chain fatty acids across the inner mitochondrial membrane. The present study was conducted to assess the risk of biotin and carnitine deficiencies in preterm infants who received enteral feeding with maternal milk and/or standard infant formula made in Japan.MethodsForty‐six infants were enrolled in the study. Urine and serum samples and dried blood spots were collected at 1 week and 1 month of age. Additionally, samples were collected at 40 and 44 weeks post‐menstrual age (PMA) in preterm infants. Free carnitine and C5‐OH acylcarnitine, which consist of 3‐hydroxyisovalerylcarnitine as a major isomer, were measured in serum samples and dried blood spots using tandem mass spectrometry. Urine 3‐hydroxyisovaleric acid (3‐HIVA) was measured using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry.ResultsThe free carnitine levels in preterm infants were significantly lower than those in term infants, but increased with PMA in serum samples and dried blood spots. C5‐OH acylcarnitine and urinary 3‐HIVA levels, which were very low in term infants, were increased with PMA in preterm infants.ConclusionThe present results may indicate chronic biotin deficiency in preterm infants fed maternal milk and/or standard infant formula. Analyses of carnitine profiles of dried blood spots and urine 3‐HIVA are relatively non‐invasive and useful for the early detection of biotin deficiency in preterm infants.
Iron deficiency anemia and levels of oxidative stress induced by treatment modality
Authors: Akarsu Saadet , Demır Hatıce , Selek Sahabettın , Oguzoncul Ferdane 
Published: January 2013

AbstractBackgroundThe effects of iron deficiency anemia (IDA) and its treatment on plasma total antioxidant capacity (TAOC) were investigated.MethodsSixty patients with IDA and 20 healthy controls were divided into four subgroups: an oral (per os: PO) group (n = 20); an intramuscular (IM) group (n = 20); an intravenous (IV) group (n = 20); and the control group (n = 20). Blood samples were obtained from all patients before treatment, and at 24 h, 7 days, 6 and 13 weeks after initiation of IDA therapy.ResultsTAOC in the IDA group was low when compared with the control group (P < 0.001). Although TAOC at 24 h in the PO group was not different from the control group, the TAOC in the IM and IV groups was relatively lower (P < 0.001). The TAOC in the PO group at 7 days, and at 6 and 13 weeks was closest to the control group level. The mean TAOC in the IV group at 13 weeks was clearly lower relative to the PO and IM groups.ConclusionsOxidative stress was minimally induced with oral therapy, while IM and IV therapies induced higher levels of oxidative stress, in increasing order of intensity.
Overcoming limitations of the ERP method with Residue Iteration Decomposition (RIDE): A demonstration in go/no‐go experiments
Authors: Ouyang Guang , Schacht Annekathrin , Zhou Changsong , Sommer Werner 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe usefulness of the event‐related potential (ERP) method can be compromised by violations of the underlying assumptions, for example, confounding variations of latency and amplitude of ERP components within and between conditions. Here we show how the ERP subtraction method might yield misleading information due to latency variability of ERP components. We propose a solution to this problem by correcting for latency variability using Residue Iteration Decomposition (RIDE), demonstrated with data from representative go/no‐go experiments. The overlap of N2 and P3 components in go/no‐go data gives rise to spurious topographical localization of the no‐go–N2 component. RIDE decomposes N2 and P3 based on their latency variability. The decomposition restored the N2 topography by removing the contamination from latency‐variable late components. The RIDE‐derived N2 and P3 give a clearer insight about their functional relevance in the go/no‐go paradigm.
Atypical visual change processing in children with autism: An electrophysiological Study
Authors: Cléry Helen , Bonnet‐Brilhault Frederique , Lenoir Pascal , Barthelemy Catherine , Bruneau Nicole , Gomot Marie 
Published: January 2013

AbstractChildren with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) may display atypical behaviors in reaction to unattended changes that occur in all sensory modalities. Atypical automatic auditory change processing has been highlighted in ASD via the analysis of mismatch negativity (MMN). The present study investigated visual deviancy detection in children with ASD in order to determine whether unusual reactions to change operate in other sensory modalities. Twelve children with ASD were presented with a passive visual oddball paradigm using dynamic stimuli. Compared to controls, children with ASD showed an earlier visual mismatch response, suggesting a hypersensitivity to visual deviancy. This study is thus consistent with the hypothesis of the existence of “general” atypical change detection processing in children with ASD that might contribute to their intolerance of change.