bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The obsidian model: three regimes of black hole feedback
Authors: Rennehan Douglas , Babul Arif , Moa Belaid , Davé Romeel 
Published: July 2024

ABSTRACT
In theoretical models of galaxy evolution, black hole feedback is a necessary ingredient in order to explain the observed exponential decline in number density of massive galaxies. Most contemporary black hole feedback models in cosmological simulations rely on a constant radiative efficiency (usually $\eta \sim 0.1$) at all black hole accretion rates. We present the obsidian subgrid model, a synthesis model for the spin-dependent radiative efficiencies of three physical accretion rate regimes, i.e. $\eta = \eta (j, \dot{M}_\mathrm{acc})$, for use in large-volume cosmological simulations. The three regimes include: an advection-dominated accretion flow ($\dot{M}_\mathrm{acc}\lt 0.03\, \dot{M}_\mathrm{Edd}$), a quasar-like mode ($0.03 \lt \dot{M}_\mathrm{acc}/ \dot{M}_\mathrm{Edd}\lt 0.3$), and a slim disc mode ($\dot{M}_\mathrm{acc}\gt 0.3\, \dot{M}_\mathrm{Edd}$). Additionally, we include a large-scale powerful jet at low accretion rates. The black hole feedback model we present is a kinetic model that prescribes mass loadings but could be used in thermal models directly using the radiative efficiency. We implement the obsidian model into the simba galaxy evolution model to determine if it is possible to reproduce galaxy populations successfully, and provide a first calibration for further study. Using a $2\times 1024^3$ particle cosmological simulation in a $(150\, \mathrm{cMpc})^3$ volume, we found that the model is successful in reproducing the galaxy stellar mass function, black hole mass–stellar mass relationship, and stellar mass–halo mass relationship. Moving forward, this model opens new avenues for exploration of the impact of black hole feedback on galactic environments.
Towards modelling AR Sco: generalized particle dynamics and strong radiation-reaction regimes
Authors: Du Plessis L , Venter C , Harding A K , Wadiasingh Z , Kalapotharakos C , Els P 
Published: July 2024

ABSTRACT
Numerical simulations of relativistic plasmas have become more feasible, popular, and crucial for various astrophysical sources with the availability of computational resources. The necessity for high-accuracy particle dynamics is especially highlighted in pulsar modelling due to the extreme associated electromagnetic fields and particle Lorentz factors. Including the radiation-reaction force in the particle dynamics adds even more complexity to the problem, but is crucial for such extreme astrophysical sources. We have also realized the need for such modelling concerning magnetic mirroring and particle injection models proposed for AR Sco, the first white dwarf pulsar. This paper demonstrates the benefits of using higher-order explicit numerical integrators with adaptive time-step methods to solve the full particle dynamics with radiation-reaction forces included. We show that for standard test scenarios, namely various combinations of uniform E- and B-fields and a static dipole B-field, the schemes we use are equivalent to and in extreme field cases outperform standard symplectic integrators in accuracy. We show that the higher-order schemes have massive computational time improvements due to the adaptive time-steps we implement, especially in non-uniform field scenarios and included radiation reaction where the particle gyro-radius rapidly changes. When balancing accuracy and computational time, we identified the adaptive Dormand–Prince eighth-order scheme to be ideal for our use cases. The schemes we use maintain accuracy and stability in describing the particle dynamics and we indicate how a charged particle enters radiation-reaction equilibrium and conforms to the analytical Aristotelian Electrodynamics expectations.
GLANCE – Gravitational Lensing Authenticator using Non-modelled Cross-correlation Exploration of Gravitational Wave Signals
Authors: Chakraborty Aniruddha , Mukherjee Suvodip 
Published: July 2024

ABSTRACT
Gravitational lensing is the phenomenon where the presence of matter (called a lens) bends the path of light-like trajectories travelling nearby. Similar to the geometric optics limit of electromagnetic waves, gravitational lensing of gravitational waves (GWs) can occur in geometric optics condition when GW wavelength is much smaller than the Schwarzschild radius of the lens, that is, $\lambda _{\mathrm{ GW}} \ll$R$^{\rm s}_{\rm lens}$. This is known as the strong lensing regime for which a multiple-image system with different magnifications and phase shifts is formed. We developed GLANCE, Gravitational Lensing Authenticator using Non-modelled Cross-correlation Exploration, a novel technique to detect strongly lensed GW signals. We demonstrate that cross-correlation between two noisy reconstruction of polarized GW signals shows a non-zero value when the signals are lensed counterparts. The relative strength between the signal cross-correlation and noise cross-correlation can quantify the significance of the event(s) being lensed. Since lensing biases the inference of source parameters, primarily the luminosity distance, a joint parameter estimation of the source and lens-induced parameters is incorporated using a Bayesian framework. We applied GLANCE to synthetic strong lensing data and showed that it can detect lensed GW signals and correctly constrain the injected source and lens parameters, even when one of the signals is below match-filtered threshold signal-to-noise ratio. This demonstrates GLANCE’s capability as a robust detection technique for strongly lensed GW signals and can distinguish between lensed and unlensed events.
The boundary of cosmic filaments
Authors: Wang Wei , Wang Peng , Guo Hong , Kang Xi , Libeskind Noam I , Galárraga-Espinosa Daniela , Springel Volker , Kannan Rahul , Hernquist Lars , Pakmor Rüdiger , Yu Hao-Ran , Bose Sownak , Guo Quan , Yu Luo , Hernández-Aguayo César 
Published: July 2024

ABSTRACT
For decades, the boundary of cosmic filaments has been a subject of debate. In this work, we determine the physically motivated radii of filaments by constructing stacked galaxy number density profiles around the filament spines. We find that the slope of the profile changes with distance to the filament spine, reaching its minimum at approximately 1 Mpc at $z=0$ in both state-of-the-art hydrodynamical simulations and observational data. This can be taken as the average value of the filament radius. Furthermore, we note that the average filament radius rapidly decreases from $z=4$ to 1, and then slightly increases. Moreover, we find that the radius of the filament depends on the length of the filament, the distance from the connected clusters, and the masses of the clusters. These results suggest a two-phase formation scenario of cosmic filaments. The filaments experienced rapid contraction before $z=1$, but their density distribution has remained roughly stable since then. The subsequent mass transport along the filaments to the connected clusters is likely to have contributed to the formation of the clusters themselves.
On the ultra-long spin period of 4U 1954+31
Authors: Mao Ying-Han , Li Xiang-Dong 
Published: July 2024

ABSTRACT
4U 1954$+$31 is a high-mass X-ray binary (HMXB) that contains a neutron star (NS) and an M supergiant companion. The NS has a spin period of $\sim 5.4$ h. The traditional wind-accreting model requires an ultra-strong magnetic field for the NS to explain its extremely long spin period, which seems problematic for the NS with age of a few $10^7$ yr. In this work, we take into account the unsteady feature of wind accretion, which results in alternation of the direction of the wind matter’s angular momentum. Accordingly, the torque exerted by the accreted wind matter varies between positive and negative from time to time, and largely cancels out over long time. In such a scenario, NSs can naturally attain long spin periods without the requirement of a very strong magnetic field. This may also provide a reasonable explanation for the spin period distribution of long-period NSs in HMXBs.
Molecular basis of RNA recombination in the 3′UTR of chikungunya virus genome
Authors: Bardossy Eugenia S , Volpe Sebastiano , Suzuki Yasutsugu , Merwaiss Fernando , Faraj Santiago , Montes Mónica , Saleh Maria-Carla , Alvarez Diego E , Filomatori Claudia V 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a rapidly spreading re-emergent virus transmitted from mosquitoes to humans. The emergence of epidemic variants has been associated with changes in the viral genome, such as the duplication of repeated sequences in the 3′ untranslated region (UTR). Indeed, blocks of repeated sequences seemingly favor RNA recombination, providing the virus with a unique ability to continuously change the 3′UTR architecture during host switching. In this work, we provide experimental data on the molecular mechanism of RNA recombination and describe specific sequence and structural elements in the viral 3′UTR that favor template switching of the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase on the 3′UTR. Furthermore, we found that a 3′UTR deletion mutant that exhibits markedly delayed replication in mosquito cells and impaired transmission in vivo, recombines in reference laboratory strains of mosquitoes. Altogether, our data provide novel experimental evidence indicating that RNA recombination can act as a nucleic acid repair mechanism to add repeated sequences that are associated to high viral fitness in mosquito during chikungunya virus replication.
The influence of feature-based attention and response requirements on ERP correlates of auditory awareness
Authors: Filimonov Dmitri , Krabbe Andreas , Revonsuo Antti , Koivisto Mika 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
In search for the neural correlates of consciousness (NCCs), it is important to isolate the true NCCs from their prerequisites, consequences, and co-occurring processes. To date, little is known about how attention affects the event-related potential (ERP) correlates of auditory awareness and there is contradictory evidence on whether one of them, the late positivity (LP), is affected by response requirements. By implementing a GO-NOGO design with target and nontarget stimuli, we controlled for feature-based attention and response requirements in the same experiment, while participants rated their awareness using a perceptual awareness scale. The results showed a prolonged auditory awareness negativity (AAN) for aware trials, which was influenced neither by attention nor by response requirement. The LP was affected by both attention and response requirements. Consistent with the levels of processing hypothesis, the LP was related to consciousness as a correlate of the processing of higher-level stimulus features, likely requiring access to a “global workspace.” Our findings further suggest that AAN is a proper ERP correlate of auditory consciousness and thus a true NCC in the auditory modality.
Biology of the proximal tubule in body homeostasis and kidney disease
Authors: Hoenig Melanie P , Brooks Craig R , Hoorn Ewout J , Hall Andrew M 
Published: July 2024

ABSTRACT
The proximal tubule (PT) is known as the workhorse of the kidney, for both the range and magnitude of the functions that it performs. It is not only responsible for reabsorbing most solutes and proteins filtered by glomeruli, but also for secreting non-filtered substances including drugs and uremic toxins. The PT therefore plays a pivotal role in kidney physiology and body homeostasis. Moreover, it is the major site of damage in acute kidney injury and nephrotoxicity. In this review, we will provide an introduction to the cell biology of the PT and explore how it is adapted to the execution of a myriad of different functions and how these can differ between males and females. We will then discuss how the PT regulates phosphate, glucose and acid–base balance, and the consequences of alterations in PT function for bone and cardiovascular health. Finally, we explore why the PT is vulnerable to ischemic and toxic insults, and how acute injury in the PT can lead to maladaptive repair, chronic damage and kidney fibrosis. In summary, we will demonstrate that knowledge of the basic cell biology of the PT is critical for understanding kidney disease phenotypes and their associated systemic complications, and for developing new therapeutic strategies to prevent these.
Regulating interaction with surface ligands on Au25 nanoclusters by multivariate metal–organic framework hosts for boosting catalysis
Authors: Wang He , Liu Xiaokang , Zhao Yulong , Sun Zhihu , Lin Yue , Yao Tao , Jiang Hai-Long 
Published: July 2024

ABSTRACT
While atomically precise metal nanoclusters (NCs) with unique structures and reactivity are very promising in catalysis, the spatial resistance caused by the surface ligands and structural instability poses significant challenges. In this work, Au25(Cys)18 NCs are encapsulated in multivariate metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) to afford Au25@M-MOF-74 (M = Zn, Ni, Co, Mg). By the MOF confinement, the Au25 NCs showcase highly enhanced activity and stability in the intramolecular cascade reaction of 2-nitrobenzonitrile. Notably, the interaction between the metal nodes in M-MOF-74 and Au25(Cys)18 is able to suppress the free vibration of the surface ligands on the Au25 NCs and thereby improve the accessibility of Au sites; meanwhile, the stronger interactions lead to higher electron density and core expansion within Au25(Cys)18. As a result, the activity exhibits the trend of Au25@Ni-MOF-74 &gt; Au25@Co-MOF-74 &gt; Au25@Zn-MOF-74 &gt; Au25@Mg-MOF-74, highlighting the crucial roles of microenvironment modulation around the Au25 NCs by interaction between the surface ligands and MOF hosts.
A Content Analysis of Nicotine Descriptors on the Front of Vape Packaging in the United Kingdom
Authors: Ford Allison , MacKintosh Anne Marie , Morgan Amber , Jones Daniel , Moodie Crawford , Hunt Kate , Angus Kathryn 
Published: July 2024

Abstract

Introduction
The Tobacco and Related Products Regulations (TRPR) 2016 require consumers in the United Kingdom to be informed about the presence of nicotine in vaping products. However, there is misunderstanding among some young people and adults around the strength of products. We examined how nicotine content is displayed on the front of vape packaging in the United Kingdom.

Aims and Methods
Between August and December 2022, we systematically analyzed a representative, stratified selection of vapes and refill packs (n = 156) on the UK market to assess TRPR compliance. This paper presents an analysis of free-text responses collected to indicate the presence of nicotine information on the front-of-pack including metric, percentage, graphic, and text indicators. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics produced for the sample as a whole and for five product categories.

Results
Most packs (n = 126, 81%) displayed at least one front-of-pack nicotine descriptor, including the majority of disposables (n = 43, 90%), e-liquid (n = 42, 88%) and refill pods (n = 36, 100%). Many packs (n = 107, 69%) contained a nicotine-related metric (eg mg/ml), a quarter (n = 37, 24%) included a percentage indicator and most (n = 126, 81%) displayed at least one of these. Almost two-fifths (n = 57, 37%) mentioned nicotine beyond the warning. Less observed indicators included graphic and textual depictions of strength, dosage information, and an equivalent number of cigarettes.

Conclusions
The front of vape packaging communicates important product information to consumers. There is inconsistency in how nicotine content is currently displayed. Future research should examine how best to display nicotine content to promote consumer understanding and informed decision making.

Implications
This pack analysis of a representative sample of UK vape packaging highlights the varied ways in which nicotine content and strength are currently communicated to consumers on the front of vape packaging. The inconsistent presentation of nicotine content on the front of packs may contribute to misperceptions around product strength. A consistent and easily understood way of communicating nicotine content on the front of vape packaging may help consumers make more informed choices about vape products.
Ocular adverse events associated with antibody-drug conjugates for cancer: evidence and management strategies
Authors: Dy Grace K , Farooq Asim V , Kang Joann J 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are a fast-growing class of cancer drugs designed to selectively deliver cytotoxic payloads through antibody binding to cancer cells with high expression of the target antigen, thus reducing systemic exposure and minimizing off-target effects. However, ADCs are associated with various ocular adverse events (AEs) that may impact treatment administration and patient outcomes. In this review, we provide a summary of ocular AEs associated with approved and investigational ADCs, recommendations for the mitigation and management of ocular AEs, current guidelines and expert opinions, and recommendations for clinical practice. A literature search was performed, using PubMed and Google Scholar, for English-language articles published between January 1985 and January 2023 to identify studies reporting ocular AEs associated with ADC use. Search terms included generic and investigational names of all identified ADCs, and further searches were performed to identify strategies for managing ADC-associated ocular AEs. ADC-associated ocular AEs include symptoms such as blurred vision and foreign-body sensation and signs such as corneal fluorescein staining, corneal pseudomicrocysts, and conjunctivitis. Reported management strategies include ADC dose modification (eg, dose delay or reduction), cool compresses, artificial tears, topical vasoconstrictors, and topical steroids. Although ADC dose modification appears to be beneficial, the preventive and/or therapeutic benefits of the remaining interventions are unclear. Although the exact mechanisms are not fully understood, most ADC-associated ocular AEs are reversible with dose delay or dose reduction. Management of ocular AEs requires a multidisciplinary approach to minimize treatment discontinuation and optimize clinical outcomes.
Plumage polymorphism in raptors
Authors: Robinson Bryce W , Lovette Irby J , Walsh Jennifer 
Published: July 2024

ABSTRACTTrait polymorphisms are a perennially popular topic of study in ecology and evolutionary biology. Plumage polymorphisms occur broadly in birds, with a particularly high rate among the raptors. The regularity of this heritable, melanin-based trait in raptors has prompted research into its potential connections to aspects of life history such as immune response, foraging ecology, and mating systems. Because raptors are a non-monophyletic grouping of multiple orders, they can further be leveraged to explore the eco-evolutionary drivers of recurrent plumage polymorphism phenotypes. Here we characterize plumage polymorphism throughout the raptors and review the existing literature on factors involved in its development and maintenance. We identify patterns and trends in this past body of research and discuss the opportunity to strengthen our understanding of plumage polymorphism through a holistic research approach. Specifically, we detail the likely benefits of applying genomic tools to plumage polymorphism research in raptors while encouraging both a focus on unstudied polymorphic species and on the potential interactions among multiple hypotheses that might promote plumage polymorphism.
The gut-lung axis: the impact of the gut mycobiome on pulmonary diseases and infections
Authors: Sey Emily A , Warris Adilia 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract contains a diverse microbiome consisting of bacteria, fungi, viruses and archaea. Although these microbes usually reside as commensal organisms, it is now well established that higher abundance of specific bacterial or fungal species, or loss of diversity in the microbiome can significantly affect development, progression and outcomes in disease. Studies have mainly focused on the effects of bacteria, however, the impact of other microbes, such as fungi, has received increased attention in the last few years. Fungi only represent around 0.1% of the total gut microbial population. However, key fungal taxa such as Candida, Aspergillus and Wallemia have been shown to significantly impact health and disease. The composition of the gut mycobiome has been shown to affect immunity at distal sites, such as the heart, lung, brain, pancreas, and liver. In the case of the lung this phenomenon is referred to as the ‘gut-lung axis’. Recent studies have begun to explore and unveil the relationship between gut fungi and lung immunity in diseases such as asthma and lung cancer, and lung infections caused by viruses, bacteria and fungi. In this review we will summarize the current, rapidly growing, literature describing the impact of the gut mycobiome on respiratory disease and infection.
Polarized X-rays correlated with the short-timescale variability of Cygnus X-1
Authors: Ninoyu Kaito , Uchida Yuusuke , Yamada Shinya , Kohmura Takayoshi , Igarashi Taichi , Hayakawa Ryota , Kawamura Tenyo 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
We systematically investigate the variability of polarized X-rays on a timescale of a few seconds in the low/hard state of the black hole binary Cygnus X-1. The correlation between polarization degrees and angles with X-ray intensity was analyzed using data collected by the Imaging X-ray Polarimetry Explorer (IXPE) in 2022 June. Given that X-ray variability in the low/hard state of Cygnus X-1 is non-periodic, flux peaks were aggregated to suppress statistical fluctuations. We divided the temporal profiles of these aggregated flux peaks into seven time segments and evaluated the polarization for each segment. The results reveal that the polarization degree was 4.6% $\pm$ 1.2% and 5.3% $\pm$ 1.2% before and after the peak, respectively, but decreased to 3.4% $\pm$ 1.1% and 2.7% $\pm$ 1.1% in the segments including and immediately following the peak. Furthermore, the polarization angle exhibited a slight shift from approximately 30$^{\circ }$ to ${\sim} 40^{\circ }$ before and after the peak. These findings suggest that the accretion disk contracts with increasing X-ray luminosity, and the closer proximity of the X-ray emitting gas to the black hole may lead to reduced polarization.