bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Autonomous Capabilities for Small Unmanned Aerial Systems Conducting Radiological Response: Findings from a High‐fidelity Discovery Experiment
Authors: Duncan Brittany A. , Murphy Robin R. 
Published: February 2014

This article presents a preliminary work domain theory and identifies autonomous vehicle, navigational, and mission capabilities and challenges for small unmanned aerial systems (SUASs) responding to a radiological disaster. Radiological events are representative of applications that involve flying at low altitudes and close proximities to structures. To more formally understand the guidance and control demands, the environment in which the SUAS has to function, and the expected missions, tasks, and strategies to respond to an incident, a discovery experiment was performed in 2013. The experiment placed a radiological source emitting at 10 times background radiation in the simulated collapse of a multistory hospital. Two SUASs, an AirRobot 100B and a Leptron Avenger, were inserted with subject matter experts into the response, providing high operational fidelity. The SUASs were expected by the responders to fly at altitudes between 0.3 and 30 m, and hover at 1.5 m from urban structures. The proximity to a building introduced a decrease in GPS satellite coverage, challenging existing vehicle autonomy. Five new navigational capabilities were identified: scan, obstacle avoidance, contour following, environment‐aware return to home, and return to highest reading. Furthermore, the data‐to‐decision process could be improved with autonomous data digestion and visualization capabilities. This article is expected to contribute to a better understanding of autonomy in a SUAS, serve as a requirement document for advanced autonomy, and illustrate how discovery experimentation serves as a design tool for autonomous vehicles.
GC‐FID/MS Analysis of Fatty Acids in Indian Cultivars of Moringa oleifera: Potential Sources of PUFA
Authors: Saini R. K. , Shetty N. P. , Giridhar P. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractIn the present investigation, the fatty acid profile was analysed in vegetative and reproductive parts of eight commercially cultivated Indian cultivars of Moringa oleifera and verified by gas chromatography mass spectra. In leaves, α‐linolenic acid (C18:3, cis‐9,12,15) was found in the highest quantity (49–59 %) followed by palmitic acid (C16:0) (16–18 %), and linoleic acid (C18:2, cis‐9,12) (6–13 %). The total content of saturated fatty acids and unsaturated fatty acids showed a ratio of 0.33 (cv. DHANRAJ) to 0.39 (cv. PKM‐2) in leaves, 0.53 in flowers and 0.56 in tender pods. Similarly, polyunsaturated fatty acids and total monounsaturated fatty acids were found in a ratio of 5.68 (cv. DHANRAJ) to 9.71 (cv. CO‐1) in leaves, 1.11 in flowers and 2.79 in tender pods. The total lipid content was recorded in the range of 1.92 % (flowers) to 4.82 % (leaves, cv. CO‐1). When considering health benefits, M. oleifera leaves contain low amounts of saturated fatty acids, a high mono‐ and polyunsaturated fatty acid content, which can enhance the health benefits of Moringa‐based products.
The Effects of Grandparents on Children’s Schooling: Evidence From Rural China
Authors: Zeng Zhen , Xie Yu 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThe issue of whether the social class of grandparents affects grandchildren’s socioeconomic outcomes net of the characteristics of the middle generation is much debated in the social mobility literature. Using data from the 2002 Chinese Household Income Project, we investigate the direct effects of grandparents on grandchildren’s educational attainment in rural China. We find that the influence of grandparents is contingent on living arrangements. Although the educational level of coresident grandparents directly affects the educational attainment of their grandchildren, with an effect size similar to that of parental education, the education of noncoresident and deceased grandparents does not have any effect. These findings suggest that grandparents can directly affect grandchildren’s educational outcomes through sociopsychological pathways. Our study not only adds an important case study to the literature but also sheds new light on theoretical interpretations of grandparent effects when they are found.
Stellar Populations and the Star Formation Histories of LSB Galaxies: IV Spitzer Surface Photometry of LSB Galaxies
Authors: Schombert James M. , McGaugh Stacy 
Published: February 2014

AbstractSurface photometry at 3.6 μm is presented for 61 low surface brightness (LSB) galaxies (μo<19 3.6 μm mag arcsecs−2). The sample covers a range of luminosity from −11 to −22 in M3.6 and size from 1 to 25 kpc. The morphologies in the mid-IR are comparable to those in the optical with 3.6 μm imaging reaches similar surface brightness depth as ground-based optical imaging. A majority of the resulting surface brightness profiles are single exponential in shape with very few displaying upward or downward breaks. The mean V − 3.6 colour of LSB is 2.3 with a standard deviation of 0.5. Colour-magnitude and two-colour diagrams are well matched to models of constant star formation, where the spread in colour is due to small changes in the star formation rate (SFR) over the last 0.5 Gyrs as also suggested by the specific SFR measured by Hα.
The Triassic U–Pb age for the aquatic long-necked protorosaur of Guizhou, China
Authors: WANG YANBIN , YANG DETING , HAN JUAN , WANG LITING , YAO JIANXIN , LIU DUNYI 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThe ancient marine limestone beds of the upper part of the Guanling Formation, Panxian County, Guizhou Province, SW China, yielded a wide range of high-diversity well-preserved marine reptiles such as the fully aquatic protorosaur with an extremely long neckDinocephalosaurus orientalis, the oldest mixosaurid ichthyosaurs and lariosaurs. However, there is no precise isotopic age to study the intriguing origin, evolution and emigration history of the important fauna. We report a sensitive high-resolution ion microprobe (SHRIMP) U–Pb zircon age for a volcanic tuff bed within the upper part of the Guanling Formation. The result indicates that the age of the fossil horizon is 244.0±1.3 Ma, 14 Ma earlier than the previously estimated age based on conodont evidence. We consider that the marine reptiles had a relatively rapid evolution during Middle Triassic time, some 8 Ma after the end-Permian mass extinction.
Measuring the effect of avermectins and milbemycins on somatic muscle contraction of adult Haemonchus contortus and on motility of Ostertagia circumcincta in vitro
Authors: DEMELER JANINA , VON SAMSON-HIMMELSTJERNA GEORG , SANGSTER NICHOLAS C. 
Published: February 2014

SUMMARYThe mechanism of anthelmintic resistance against the widely used macrocyclic lactones (MLs) is still not fully understood. Pharyngeal, somatic body muscles and the ovijector have been proposed as putative sites of action as well as resistance. In the present study the effects of three avermectins and three milbemycins on adult parasitic nematodes were evaluated in vitro. The Muscle Transducer system was used to investigate the effects of MLs on muscle contraction in female Haemonchus contortus and effects on motility were measured in Ostertagia (Teladorsagia) circumcincta using the Micromotility Meter. Concentration-response curves for all substances in both systems shifted to the right in the resistant isolates. Resistance was present to ivermectin (IVM) and its components IVM B1a and IVM B1b, suggesting that both components are involved in the mode of action and resistance. No consistent patterns of potency and resistance of the substances were observed except that milbemycins generally showed lower resistance ratios (RRs) than IVM. IVM and IVM B1b were the most potent inhibitors of contraction and motility in both susceptible isolates and also showed the highest RR in both species. Low RRs for milbemycins recorded in vitro for highly resistant isolates in vivo suggest that other factors such as pharmacokinetics influence drug potency in vivo.
Screening for mood disorders after stroke: a systematic review of psychometric properties and clinical utility
Authors: Burton L.-J. , Tyson S. 
Published: February 2014

BackgroundRoutine mood screening is recommended after stroke. However, clinicians report difficulty selecting appropriate tools from the wide range available. We aimed to systematically review the psychometric properties and clinical utility of mood screening tools for stroke survivors.MethodElectronic databases (AMED, EMBASE, CINAHL, Medline and PsycINFO) were searched to identify studies assessing the sensitivity and specificity of mood screening tools. Tools that demonstrated at least 80% sensitivity and 60% specificity with stroke survivors with identifiable cut-off scores indicating major and/or any mood disorder in at least one study were selected and clinical utility was assessed. Those with high clinical utility (against predefined criteria) were selected for recommendation.ResultsThirty papers examining 27 screening tools were identified and 16 tools met the psychometric and clinical utility criteria: 10 were verbal self-report tools, four were observational and two incorporated visual prompts for those with communication problems. Only the Stroke Aphasic Depression Questionnaire –Hospital version (SADQ-H) met all the psychometric and utility criteria. The nine-item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) can detect major depression and the 15-item Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS-15) can identify milder symptoms; both are feasible to use in clinical practice. The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) was the only tool able to identify anxiety accurately, but clinical utility was mixed.ConclusionsValid and clinically feasible mood screening tools for stroke have been identified but methodological inconsistency prevented recommendations about the optimal cut-off scores.
The role of walking surface in enhancing the stability of the simplest passive dynamic biped
Authors: Safa Ali Tehrani , Naraghi Mahyar 
Published: February 2014

SUMMARYEmploying passive dynamics of the simplest point-foot walker, we have shown that the walking surface could have a great role in promoting the gait stability. In this regard, the stabilization of the simplest walking model,3 between the range of slopes greater than 0.0151 rad. and less than 0.26 rad., has been achieved. The walker like other passive dynamic walking models has no open or closed-loop control system; so, is only actuated by the gravity field. Moreover, no damper or spring is used. Obviously, according to the model's unstable behavior, it is unable to walk on an even flat ramp between the mentioned intervals.3 Here, instead of restraining the model, we let it explore other smooth surfaces, walking on which, will end in an equally inclined surface. To reach the objective, we employ a parallel series of fixed straight lines (local slopes) passing through contact points of an unstable cycling gait, which is generated by an ordinary ramp. To categorize, we have nicknamed those local slopes that guide the biped to a stable cyclic walking, “Ground Attractors,” and the other, leading it to a fall, “Repulsive Directions.” Our results reveal that for the slope <0.26 rad., a closed interval of ground attractors could be found. Stabilization of those unstable limit cycles by this technique makes obvious the key role of walking surface on bipedal gait. Furthermore, following our previous work,13 the results confirm that the two thoroughly similar walking trajectories can have different stability. All of these results strongly demonstrate that without considering the effects of a walking surface, we cannot establish any explicit relationship between the walker's speed and its stability.
Robust tracking of bio-inspired references for a biped robot using geometric algebra and sliding mode control
Authors: Oviedo-Barriga J. , González-Jiménez L. , Castillo-Toledo B. , Bayro-Corrochano E. 
Published: February 2014

SUMMARYControlling a walking biped robot is a challenging problem due to the robot's complex and uncertain dynamics. In order to tackle this problem, we propose a sliding mode controller based on a dynamic model that we obtained using the conformal geometric algebra (CGA) approach. An important contribution of this paper is the development of algorithms using the CGA framework. The CGA framework permits us to use lines, points, and other geometric entities to obtain the Lagrange equations of the system. The references for the joints of the robot were obtained in a bio-inspired way following the kinematics of a walking human body. The first and second derivatives of the reference signal were obtained via an exact robust differentiator based on a high-order sliding mode. We analyzed the performance of the proposed control schemes by using bio-inspired walking patterns and simulations.
Is this enough? A qualitative evaluation of the effectiveness of a teacher-training course on the use of corpora in language education
Authors: Leńko-Szymańska Agnieszka 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThe paper describes a teacher-training course on the use of corpora in language education offered to graduate students at the Institute of Applied Linguistics, University of Warsaw. It also presents the results of two questionnaires distributed to the students prior to and after the second edition of the course. The main aims of the course are: to introduce students to the concept of a corpus and its analysis; to familiarize them with a range of available corpora, corpus-based resources and tools; and to demonstrate to them various applications of corpora in language education, with special emphasis placed on the in-house preparation of courses, teaching materials and class activities. In the first part of the paper, the design, the syllabus, the progression and the outcomes of the course are outlined. In the second part, the responses of thirteen students who participated in the second edition of the course are analysed. The analysis indicates that on the whole the students reacted positively to the course and they saw the benefits of corpus-based materials and tools in language teaching. Yet the students also reported that they needed more time to gain full command of the resources and software presented and more guidance on the pedagogical issues related to corpus use. The paper concludes that fourteen sessions, designed as an overview of the whole range of corpus-based resources and applications, is not sufficient to encourage teacher trainees to use corpora in their future work if they have no contact with these resources and tools in other classes. Only extensive exposure to corpora by future teachers coupled with suitable teacher training in the applications of corpora in language education may bring a substantial change in the scope of corpus use in language classrooms in the wide educational context.
Professional training in nutrition in Central and Eastern Europe: current status and opportunities for capacity development
Authors: Gurinović Mirjana , Novaković Romana , Šatalić Zvonimir , Nikolić Marina , Milešević Jelena , Ranić Marija , Glibetić Marija 
Published: February 2014

AbstractObjectiveTo examine the availability of academic programmes in nutrition and identify nutrition training needs in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE).DesignA questionnaire with close-ended and open-ended questions was distributed to the members of the United Nations University Standing Committee on Nutrition, Regional Network for Capacity Development in Nutrition in CEE (NCDN CEE).SettingParticipants’ responses to the questionnaire including the comments of their colleagues from home institutions were obtained in group discussions during NCDN CEE meetings in 2010–2013.SubjectsSixteen CEE countries’ experts and their colleagues from home institutions involved in NCDN CEE activities 2007–2013.ResultsThe responses were obtained from fourteen out of sixteen participating countries; five countries have established Bachelor, Master and PhD studies in nutrition (Croatia, Czech Republic, Poland, Slovak Republic and Slovenia), whereas in Latvia and Republic of Macedonia only Bachelor and Master studies are set up. Seven countries have no Bachelor, Master or PhD studies: Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Estonia, Lithuania, Montenegro, Romania and Serbia. Introduction to data analysis and Nutritional epidemiology are the most needed nutrition trainings that would increase working competence of nutritionists and nutrition-related professionals in CEE.ConclusionsAvailability of academic programmes in nutrition in CEE countries is limited. Opportunities for improving the competence of existing and future nutrition-related professionals should be addressed at national and regional level; distance learning courses and creation of a regional centre for nutrition training were seen as opportunities for sustainable capacity development in nutrition in CEE.
The future of new institutional economics: from early intuitions to a new paradigm?
Authors: MÉNARD CLAUDE , SHIRLEY MARY M. 
Published: February 2014

Abstract:The trajectory of institutional economics changed in the 1970s when new institutional economics (NIE) began to take shape around some relative vague intuitions which eventually developed into powerful conceptual and analytical tools. The emergence of NIE is a success story by many measures: four Nobel laureates in less than 20 years, increasing penetration of mainstream journals, and significant impacts on major policy debates. This rapid acceptance is remarkable when we consider that it was divided from birth into distinct schools of thought. What will be the future of NIE? Will it be quietly absorbed by mainstream theory, or will it radically transform neoclassical economics into a new paradigm that includes institutions? To address these questions, we follow the sometimes-bumpy road to NIE's current successes and ponder the challenges that lie ahead.
Infant mortality and ethnicity in an indigenous European population: Novel evidence from the Finnish population register
Authors: Saarela Jan , Finnäs Fjalar 
Published: February 2014

AbstractWe provide the first analyses of infant mortality rates by indigenous ethnic group in Finland, a country that has one of the lowest relative numbers of infant deaths in the world. Using files from the Finnish population register, we identified both of the parents of children born in the period from 1975–2003 according to ethnic affiliation, socioeconomic profile and demographic position. The infant mortality rate in homogamous Finnish unions is similar to that in homogamous Swedish unions, which reflects a lack of social disparities between the two groups. Surprisingly, infants from ethnically mixed unions have markedly lower mortality rates, with an adjusted rate ratio of 0.81 relative to homogamous Swedish unions (95% CI: 0.67–0.98). Although not empirically verified, we argue that the lower infant mortality rate in ethnically mixed unions may be due to lower levels of inbreeding and hence related to historically low intermarriage rates between the two ethnic groups, remote consanguinities and restricted inter-community gene flow.
Fluctuation-based imaging of nuclear Rac1 activation by protein oligomerisation
Authors: Hinde Elizabeth , Yokomori Kyoko , Gaus Katharina , Hahn Klaus M. , Gratton Enrico 
Published: February 2014

AbstractHere we describe a fluctuation-based method to quantify how protein oligomerisation modulates signalling activity of a multifunctional protein. By recording fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) data of a FRET biosensor in a format that enables concomitant phasor and cross Number and Brightness (cN&B) analysis, we measure the nuclear dynamics of a Rac1 FRET biosensor and assess how Rac1 homo-oligomers (N&B) regulate Rac1 activity (hetero-oligomerisation with the biosensor affinity reagent, PBD, by FLIM-FRET) or interaction with an unknown binding partner (cN&B). The high spatiotemporal resolution of this method allowed us to discover that upon DNA damage monomeric and active Rac1 in the nucleus is segregated from dimeric and inactive Rac1 in the cytoplasm. This reorganisation requires Rac1 GTPase activity and is associated with an importin-α2 redistribution. Only with this multiplexed approach can we assess the oligomeric state a molecular complex must form in order to regulate a complex signalling network.
Fabrication and mechanical characterization of graphene oxide-reinforced poly (acrylic acid)/gelatin composite hydrogels
Authors: Faghihi Shahab , Gheysour Mahsa , Karimi Alireza , Salarian Reza 
Published: February 2014

Hydrogels have found many practical uses in drug release, wound dressing, and tissue engineering. However, their applications are restricted due to their weak mechanical properties. The role of graphene oxide nanosheets (GONS) as reinforcement agent in poly (acrylic acid) (PAA)/Gelatin (Gel) composite hydrogels is investigated. Composite hydrogels are synthesized by thermal initiated redox polymerization method. Samples are then prepared with 20 and 40 wt. % of PAA, an increasing amount of GONS (0.1, 0.2, and 0.3 wt. %), and a constant amount of Gel. Subsequently, cylindrical hydrogel samples are subjected to a series of compression tests in order to measure their elastic modulus, maximum stress and strain. The results exhibit that the addition of GONS increases the Young's modulus and maximum stress of hydrogels significantly as compared with control (0.0 wt. % GONS). The highest Young's modulus is observed for hydrogel with GO (0.2 wt. %)/PAA (20 wt. %), whereas the highest maximum stress is detected for GO (0.2 wt. %)/PAA (40 wt. %) specimen. The addition of higher amounts of GONS leads to a decrease in the maximum stress of the hydrogel GO (0.3 wt. %)/PAA (40 wt. %). No significant differences are detected for the maximum strain among the hydrogel samples, as the amount of GONS increased. These results suggest that the application of GONS could be used to improve mechanical properties of hydrogel materials. This study may provide an alternative for the fabrication of low-cost graphene/polymer composites with enhanced mechanical properties beneficial for tissue engineering applications.
Le moniage du loup
Authors: Librová Bohdana 
Published: February 2014

Le grand rôle dramatique du loup — clerc dansl’Ysengrimuset dansl’Ecbasis, de même que son intervention dans deux branches duRoman de Renartont relégué à la marge des récits d’une envergure plus modeste, fables,exemplaet expressions gnomiques. Malgré la fixité des motifs caractéristique de la littérature moralisatrice, le thème y connaîtra tout au long du Moyen Âge, un certain nombre de variations. D’autre part, la tendance à la fixation des motifs au sein des récits brefs, marquante dès le XIIIesiècle, atteint
attient à son paroxysme dans des expressions figées, sous la forme desquelles le thème, pourvu d’un sens référentiel fixe, se propage en dehors de son contexte exclusief, la littérature parénétique. Les adaptations tardives du poèmeDe lupopermettent d’entrevoir un aspect inédit de cette évolution lorsque, en intégrant ces expressions en guise de moralité, elles les replacent dans le cadre contextuel analogue à celui qui les a fait naîre.