bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Machining Parameter Optimization of Bidirectional CFRP Composite Pipe by Genetic Algorithm
Authors: Vijaykumar Krishnasamy , Panneerselvam Kavan , Sait Abdullah Naveen 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
Composite materials such as fiber-reinforced composites (FRP) are extensively used in today's industries such as aerospace, automotive, and shipping because of their high specific strength and high specific stiffness. In addition, they have good thermal resistance, corrosion resistance, damping resistance, and dimensional stability. But, due to the inhomogeneous composition of these materials, machining of composite materials becomes a major concern in the industry. For the present study, machining was carried out at a CFRP composite pipe with bidirectional carbon fiber. Based on the experimental results, regression analysis was conducted to determine the input-output relationships of the process. A mathematical model was developed to predict the responses, and correlation graphs were plotted. The regression equations were then plotted and the effects of each process parameter on the response were analyzed using the response surface methodology. The process parameters were then optimized using genetic algorithm to yield minimum cutting force and minimum surface roughness.
Effect of Rotational Speed and Dwell Time on Mechanical Properties of Dissimilar AA1050-AA3105 Friction Stir Spot Welded Joints*
Authors: Aydin Hakan , Tuncel Oguz , Yuce Celalettin , Tutar Mumin , Yavuz Nurettin , Bayram Ali 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
Friction stir spot welding is a newly developed joining technology which is expected to be used in the automotive industry for joining body parts made of aluminum sheets. The effect of the rotational speed and dwell time on the mechanical properties of dissimilar friction stir spot welded aluminum sheet alloys was investigated in this study. In the experimental studies, macro-structural characterization, micro-hardness tests and tensile shear tests were conducted. The experimental results showed that the tensile shear load and tensile deformation of the friction stir spot welded joints decreased roughly by 20 % and 25 %, respectively, when the rotational speed increased from 1000 rpm to 2000 rpm. On the other hand, when the dwell time increased from 3 s to 11 s, the tensile shear load increased roughly by 7 %, while the tensile deformation decreased roughly by 19 %, respectively.
Numerical and Experimental Determination of the Residual Stress State in Multipass Welded API 5L X70 Plates*
Authors: Garipova Nuriya , Batigün Caner , Gür Cemil Hakan 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
Residual stress distributions in multipass welded API 5L X70 steel plates were determined by numerical and experimental methods. SYSWELD finite element software was used for numerical simulations. Microstructure variations were also considered for calculation of residual stresses. The continuous cooling transformation diagram was obtained via JMatPro software. The results showed that residual stress distribution is sensitive to number of weld passes, and microstructure changes. The simulation results were compared with those obtained by Magnetic Barkhausen Noise measurements on the welded plates. Simulation and experimental results gave qualitatively similar tendencies for the variation of the residual stress state.
Fatigue Cracking of Hybrid Plasma Gas Metal Arc Welded 2205 Duplex Stainless Steel*
Authors: Yurtisik Koray , Tirkes Suha 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
Contrary to other keyhole welding applications on duplex stainless steels, a proper cooling time and a dilution were achieved during hybrid plasma gas metal arc welding that provided sufficient reconstructive transformation of austenite without sacrificing its high efficiency and productivity. Simultaneous utilization of keyhole and metal deposition in the hybrid welding procedure enabled us to get an as-welded 11 mm-thick standard duplex stainless steel plate in a single pass. Metallographic examination on hybrid plasma-gas metal arc weldments revealed only primary austenite in ferrite matrix, whereas in addition to reconstructive transformation of primary austenite during solidification, secondary austenite was also transformed in a displacive manner due to successive thermal cycles during multi-pass gas metal arc welding. On the one hand, secondary austenite provided barriers and retarded the crack propagation during the tests in laboratory air. On the other hand, chromium and molybdenum depletion in the neighborhood of secondary austenite precipitates yielded relatively high crack propagation rates in multi-pass weldments under chloride attack.
Torsional Behavior of AISI 420/AISI 4340 Steel Friction Welds
Authors: Ozan Sermin 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
The solid-state friction welding method, which is widely used in the automotive, machinery, aviation and aerospace industry, was applied in this study. AISI 420 martensitic stainless steel, which is difficult to join by using fusion welding methods, and AISI 4340 tempered steel, which is commonly used in the automotive industry, were joined. During the welding process, three different rotations as 700, 1000 and 1300 rpm were used and parameters such as friction pressure, friction time, upset pressure as well as upsetting duration were kept constant. After the welding process, welded joints were examined macroscopically and microscopically, and their microhardness were measured. Then, torsion tests were performed on these samples. During the torsion tests, the samples fractured outside the welded joint regions. Thus, it was concluded that torsional strength of welded joint zones was high and AISI 420 and AISI 4340 steels were smoothly joined by friction welding.
Mechanical Properties of Pattern Welded 1075-15N20 Steels*
Authors: Özkan Furkan , Kirdan Hakan , Kara İsmail Hakkı , Hüsem Fazıl , Özcelik Sait , Akinay Yüksel , Çug Harun , Sun Yavuz , Ahlatci Hayrettin 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
Forged welded (damascus) steels are produced by traditional methods and mostly used in the design of decorative tools. These steels are well-known for their good mechanical properties. The process for making forged welded (damascus) steel consists of stacking alternating sheets of different kinds of steel on top of each other and then forge welding them together. In this study, the steels 1075 and 15N20 were used for the forging and folding procedure. The effect of fold numbers on the microstructure and mechanical behavior were investigated. The steel consisted of both materials, 54 and 250 layers, respectively, produced by forge welding. The pattern layers are homogeneous and regular, but after the process sections with up to 54 pattern layers were irregular. Steel 1075 has a pearlitic microstructure, while steel 15N20 has a ferritic microstructure. The impact toughness and tensile strength of the folded steels improved with increasing the number of folds.
Phase fraction mapping in the as-cast microstructure of extrudable 6xxx aluminum alloys
Authors: Sarafoglou Panagiota I. , Haidemenopoulos Gregory N. 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
The mapping of Mg2Si and β-AlFeSi phase fractions in the as-cast microstructure of Al–Mg–Si–Fe–Mn (6xxx series) alloys has been performed over the useful composition range (0–1.2 mass%) of the principal alloying elements Mg and Si. The calculations were based on the Scheil–Gulliver assumption of infinite diffusion in the liquid and limited diffusion in the solid state. The computed phase fractions were validated with experimental measurements of phase fractions. The mapping procedure allows the control of intermetallic phases in the as-cast microstructure, the minimization of the β-AlFeSi phase in particular, which is a significant prerequisite in obtaining enhanced extrudability, combined with high strength in this alloy series. Construction of maps for different levels of Mn has shown that addition of Mn could allow for higher alloying with Mg and Si, in order to obtain higher amounts of Mg2Si, without at the same time increasing the β-AlFeSi phase in the as-cast microstructure.
Synthesis of ultrafine powder (W,Ti)C by microwave heating in a stream of argon
Authors: Nikolaenko Irina , Kedin Nikolay , Shveikin Gennadii 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
In this article, a new method of synthesis of ultrafine powder solid solution (Ti,W)C by a combination of classical liquid-phase precipitation on a carbon support and low-temperature microwave heat treatment is proposed. An entire spectrum of intermediates obtained during thermolysis, reduction, and carbidization precursor to the final product has been obtained. The structure, particle morphology, phase structure and surface area values for the samples are shown.
Chronic gliosis and behavioral deficits in mice following repetitive mild traumatic brain injury
Authors: Mannix Rebekah , Berglass Jacqueline , Berkner Justin , Moleus Philippe , Qiu Jianhua , Andrews Nick , Gunner Georgia , Berglass Laura , Jantzie Lauren L. , Robinson Shenandoah , Meehan William P. 
Published: September 2014

Object
With the recent increasing interest in outcomes after repetitive mild traumatic brain injury (rmTBI; e.g., sports concussions), several models of rmTBI have been established. Characterizing these models in terms of behavioral and histopathological outcomes is vital to assess their clinical translatability. The purpose of this study is to provide an in-depth behavioral and histopathological phenotype of a clinically relevant model of rmTBI.

Methods
The authors used a previously published weight-drop model of rmTBI (7 injuries in 9 days) in 2- to 3-month-old mice that produces cognitive deficits without persistent loss of consciousness, seizures, gross structural imaging findings, or microscopic evidence of structural brain damage. Injured and sham-injured (anesthesia only) mice were subjected to a battery of behavioral testing, including tests of balance (rotarod), spatial memory (Morris water maze), anxiety (open field plus maze), and exploratory behavior (hole-board test). After behavioral testing, brains were assessed for histopathological outcomes, including brain volume and microglial and astrocyte immunolabeling.

Results
Compared with sham-injured mice, mice subjected to rmTBI showed increased exploratory behavior and had impaired balance and worse spatial memory that persisted up to 3 months after injury. Long-term behavioral deficits were associated with chronic increased astrocytosis and microgliosis but no volume changes.

Conclusions
The authors demonstrate that their rmTBI model results in a characteristic behavioral phenotype that correlates with the clinical syndrome of concussion and repetitive concussion. This model offers a platform from which to study therapeutic interventions for rmTBI.
Densification of layered firn of the ice sheet at NEEM, Greenland
Authors: Fujita Shuji , Hirabayashi Motohiro , Goto-Azuma Kumiko , Dallmayr Remi , Satow Kazuhide , Zheng Jiancheng , Dahl-Jensen Dorthe 
Published: September 2014

AbstractDensification of firn at the North Greenland Eemian Ice Drilling (NEEM) camp is investigated using density surrogates: dielectric permittivities ∊v and ∊h at microwave frequencies with electrical fields in the vertical and horizontal planes, respectively. Dielectric anisotropy Δ∊ (= ∊v − ∊h) is then examined as a surrogate for the anisotropic geometry of firn. Its size, fluctuations and mutual correlations are investigated in samples taken at depths from the surface to ~90 m. The initial Δ∊ of ~0.06 appears within the uppermost 0.2 m. After that, Δ∊ decreases rapidly until 21–26 m depth. Below this, Δɛ decreases slowly. Layers with more ions of fluorine, chlorine and some cations deposited between the autumn and the subsequent summer deform preferentially during all these stages. This layered deformation is explained partly by the textural effects initially formed by the seasonal variation of metamorphism, and partly by ions such as fluorine, chlorine and ammonium, which are known to modulate dislocation movement in the ice crystal lattice. Insolation-sensitive microstructure appears to be preserved all the way to the pore close-off, within layers of the summer-to-autumn metamorphism. Like previous authors, we hypothesize that calcium is not the active agent in the reported deformation– calcium correlations.
Direct measurement of glacier thinning on the southern Tibetan Plateau (Gurenhekou, Kangwure and Naimona’Nyi glaciers)
Authors: Lide Tian , Jibiao Zong , Tandong Yao , Linglong Ma , Jianchen Pu , Dayun Zhu 
Published: September 2014

AbstractNumerous studies have confirmed the rapid retreat of Tibetan Plateau glaciers in recent decades, and resulting reductions in glacier volume. However, high-resolution determinations of the changes in glacier thickness remain sparse. This paper presents results based on differential GPS measurements to accurately measure glacier thickness change over the past few years. Measurements from the lower part of Gurenhekou glacier show an average thickness change of –3.82 m over a 4 year period. On the lower part of Kangwure glacier we measured an average thickness change of –2.70 m over 3 years. On the upper part of Naimona’Nyi glacier (northern branch), western Himalaya, thickness changed by –1.34 m on average between 2008 and 2010, and –0.87 m between 2010 and 2013. Large temporal changes in thinning rates were found on Naimona’Nyi glacier, due to variations in local precipitation. Our measurements also show variable changes in glacier thickness over different parts of each glacier, with little dependence on elevation. The limited data also show glacier thinning in the accumulation zone.
Procoagulant and platelet‐derived microvesicle absolute counts determined by flow cytometry correlates with a measurement of their functional capacity
Authors: Ayers Lisa , Harrison Paul , Kohler Malcolm , Ferry Berne 
Published: September 2014

BackgroundFlow cytometry is the most commonly used technology to measure microvesicles (MVs). Despite reported limitations of this technique, MV levels obtained using conventional flow cytometry have yielded many clinically relevant findings, such as associations with disease severity and ability to predict clinical outcomes. This study aims to determine if MV enumeration by flow cytometry correlates with a measurement of their functional capacity, as this may explain how flow cytometry generates clinically relevant results.MethodsOne hundred samples from healthy individuals and patients with obstructive sleep apnoea were analysed by conventional flow cytometry (FACSCalibur) and by three functional MV assays: Zymuphen MP‐activity in which data were given as phosphatidylserine equivalent, STA® Phospholipid Procoag Assay expressed as clotting time and Endogenous Thrombin Potential (ETP) reflecting in vitro thrombin generation. Correlations were determined by Spearman correlation.ResultsAbsolute counts of lactadherin+ procoagulant MVs generated by flow cytometry weakly correlated with the results obtained from the Zymuphen MP‐activity (r=0.5370, p<0.0001); correlated with ETP (r=0.7444, p<0.0001); negatively correlated with STA® Phospholipid Procoag Assay clotting time (−0.7872, p<0.0001), reflecting a positive correlation between clotting activity and flow cytometry. Levels of Annexin V+ procoagulant and platelet‐derived MVs were also associated with functional assays. Absolute counts of MVs derived from other cell types were not correlated with the functional results.ConclusionsQuantitative results of procoagulant and platelet‐derived MVs from conventional flow cytometry are associated with the functional capability of the MVs, as defined by three functional MV assays. Flow cytometry is a valuable technique for the quantification of MVs from different cellular origins; however, a combination of several analytical techniques may give the most comprehensive information on the role of MVs in health and disease.
Revenus des facteurs et agglomération
Authors: Toulemonde Éric 
Published: September 2014

Nous présentons un modèle simple d’économie géographique basé sur la circularité suivante : (1) les régions où vivent les travailleurs qualifiés gagnant des revenus élevés sont attractives pour les firmes qui y trouvent des débouchés importants ; (2) la présence de nombreuses firmes dans une région incite les travailleurs à acquérir les qualifications requises par ces firmes. Cette circularité peut pousser les firmes à s’agglomérer. Ce modèle s’étend facilement à plusieurs régions. Il permet aussi d’envisager une analyse plus poussée en matière de politique économique. La modélisation s’y prêtant facilement, nous rappelons enfin quelques résultats standards de l’économie géographique.
Mast Cells Control the Expansion and Differentiation of IL-10–Competent B Cells
Authors: Mion Francesca , D’Incà Federica , Danelli Luca , Toffoletto Barbara , Guarnotta Carla , Frossi Barbara , Burocchi Alessia , Rigoni Alice , Gerdes Norbert , Lutgens Esther , Tripodo Claudio , Colombo Mario P. , Rivera Juan , Vitale Gaetano , Pucillo Carlo E. 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
The discovery of B cell subsets with regulatory properties, dependent on IL-10 production, has expanded our view on the mechanisms that control inflammation. Regulatory B cells acquire the ability to produce IL-10 in a stepwise process: first, they become IL-10 competent, a poised state in which B cells are sensitive to trigger signals but do not actually express the Il-10 gene; then, when exposed to appropriate stimuli, they start producing IL-10. Even if the existence of IL-10–competent B cells is now well established, it is not yet known how different immune cell types cross talk with B cells and affect IL-10–competent B cell differentiation and expansion. Mast cells (MCs) contribute to the differentiation and influence the effector functions of various immune cells, including B lymphocytes. In this study, we explored whether MCs could play a role in the expansion of IL-10–competent B cells and addressed the in vivo relevance of MC deficiency on the generation of these cells. We show that MCs can expand IL-10–competent B cells, but they do not directly induce IL-10 production; moreover, the absence of MCs negatively affects IL-10–competent B cell differentiation. Noteworthy, our findings reveal that the CD40L/CD40 axis plays a significant role in MC-driven expansion of IL-10–competent B cells in vitro and highlight the importance of MC CD40L signaling in the colon.
Inflammasome Activation by Campylobacter jejuni
Authors: Bouwman Lieneke I. , de Zoete Marcel R. , Bleumink-Pluym Nancy M. C. , Flavell Richard A. , van Putten Jos P. M. 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
The Gram-negative pathogen Campylobacter jejuni is the most common cause of bacterial foodborne disease worldwide. The mechanisms that lead to bacterial invasion of eukaryotic cells and massive intestinal inflammation are still unknown. In this study, we report that C. jejuni infection of mouse macrophages induces upregulation of pro–IL-1β transcript and secretion of IL-1β without eliciting cell death. Immunoblotting indicated cleavage of caspase-1 and IL-1β in infected cells. In bone marrow–derived macrophages from different knockout mice, IL-1β secretion was found to require NLRP3, ASC, and caspase-1/11 but not NLRC4. In contrast to NLRP3 activation by ATP, C. jejuni activation did not require priming of these macrophages. C. jejuni also activated the NLRP3 inflammasome in human macrophages as indicated by the presence of ASC foci and caspase-1–positive cells. Analysis of a vast array of C. jejuni mutants with defects in capsule formation, LPS biosynthesis, chemotaxis, flagella synthesis and flagellin (-like) secretion, type 6 secretion system needle protein, or cytolethal distending toxin revealed a direct correlation between the number of intracellular bacteria and NLRP3 inflammasome activation. The C. jejuni invasion–related activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome without cytotoxicity and even in nonprimed cells extends the known repertoire of bacterial inflammasome activation and likely contributes to C. jejuni–induced intestinal inflammation.
Variation and Genetic Control of Gene Expression in Primary Immunocytes across Inbred Mouse Strains
Authors: Mostafavi Sara , Ortiz-Lopez Adriana , Bogue Molly A. , Hattori Kimie , Pop Cristina , Koller Daphne , Mathis Diane , Benoist Christophe ,   The Immunological Genome Consortium, Blair David A. , Dustin Michael L. , Shinton Susan A. , Hardy Richard R. , Shay Tal , Regev Aviv , Cohen Nadia , Brennan Patrick , Brenner Michael , Kim Francis , Rao Tata Nageswara , Wagers Amy , Heng Tracy , Ericson Jeffrey , Rothamel Katherine , Ortiz-Lopez Adriana , Mathis Diane , Benoist Christophe , Kreslavsky Taras , Fletcher Anne , Elpek Kutlu , Bellemare-Pelletier Angelique , Malhotra Deepali , Turley Shannon , Miller Jennifer , Brown Brian , Merad Miriam , Gautier Emmanuel L. , Jakubzick Claudia , Randolph Gwendalyn J. , Monach Paul , Best Adam J. , Knell Jamie , Goldrath Ananda , Jojic Vladimir , Koller Daphne , Laidlaw David , Collins Jim , Gazit Roi , Rossi Derrick J. , Malhotra Nidhi , Sylvia Katelyn , Kang Joonsoo , Bezman Natalie A. , Sun Joseph C. , Min-Oo Gundula , Kim Charlie C. , Lanier Lewis L. 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
To determine the breadth and underpinning of changes in immunocyte gene expression due to genetic variation in mice, we performed, as part of the Immunological Genome Project, gene expression profiling for CD4+ T cells and neutrophils purified from 39 inbred strains of the Mouse Phenome Database. Considering both cell types, a large number of transcripts showed significant variation across the inbred strains, with 22% of the transcriptome varying by 2-fold or more. These included 119 loci with apparent complete loss of function, where the corresponding transcript was not expressed in some of the strains, representing a useful resource of “natural knockouts.” We identified 1222 cis-expression quantitative trait loci (cis-eQTL) that control some of this variation. Most (60%) cis-eQTLs were shared between T cells and neutrophils, but a significant portion uniquely impacted one of the cell types, suggesting cell type–specific regulatory mechanisms. Using a conditional regression algorithm, we predicted regulatory interactions between transcription factors and potential targets, and we demonstrated that these predictions overlap with regulatory interactions inferred from transcriptional changes during immunocyte differentiation. Finally, comparison of these and parallel data from CD4+ T cells of healthy humans demonstrated intriguing similarities in variability of a gene’s expression: the most variable genes tended to be the same in both species, and there was an overlap in genes subject to strong cis-acting genetic variants. We speculate that this “conservation of variation” reflects a differential constraint on intraspecies variation in expression levels of different genes, either through lower pressure for some genes, or by favoring variability for others.