bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparing the rheological properties of novel nanofibrillar cellulose-formulated pigment coating colours with those using traditional thickener
Authors: Dimic-Misic Katarina , Salo Tuomo , Paltakari Jouni , Gane Patrick 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
Nanocellulose containing materials, such as micro-fibrillated cellulose (MFC) and nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC), are potential additives which could improve strength properties of coated paper and board surfaces and thus substitute natural and synthetic cobinders, such as carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and polyacrylic thickeners, in pigmented coating formulations. The aim of this study is to evaluate whether MFC/NFC can be used in coating colours as sole co-binder. In this investigation, the change of rheological and dewatering behaviour of coating colours, having a single blend of pigments (ground calcium carbonate and kaolin clay) together with a latex emulsion binder, is studied when CMC is used as sole co-binder and during its partial and finally total replacement with MFC/NFC. The findings suggest that even though all coatings show viscoelasticity, MFC/NFC is seen to relate to the gel-like nature of the nanoparticles in the coating colour whereas the viscoelastic behaviour in the case of CMC is induced by differential flocculation amongst the pigment and latex binder. The flocculation mechanism is predicted to be necessary in order to provide the link between water retention and elastic structure recovery where anti-sagging is a prerequisite, such as in the coating of rough substrates, e.g. for board and packaging.
Adjustable wetting of Liquid Flame Spray (LFS) TiO2-nanoparticle coated board: Batch-type versus roll-to-roll stimulation methods
Authors: Tuominen Mikko , Teisala Hannu , Haapanen Janne , Aromaa Mikko , Mäkelä Jyrki M. , Stepien Milena , Saarinen Jarkko J. , Toivakka Martti , Kuusipalo Jurkka 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
Superhydrophobic nanoparticle coating was created on the surface of board using liquid flame spray (LFS). The LFS coating was carried out continuously in ambient conditions without any additional hydrophobization steps. The contact angle of water (CAW) of ZrO2, Al2O3 and TiO2 coating was adjusted reversibly from >150° down to ~10−20° using different stimulation methods. From industrial point of view, the controlled surface wetting has been in focus for a long time because it defines the liquid-solid contact area, and furthermore can enhance the mechanical and chemical bonding on the interface between the liquid and the solid. The used stimulation methods included batch-type methods: artificial daylight illumination and heat treatment and roll-to-roll methods: corona, argon plasma, IR (infra red)- and UV (ultra violet)-treatments. On the contrary to batch-type methods, the adjustment and switching of wetting was done only in seconds or fraction of seconds using roll-to-roll stimulation methods. This is significant in the converting processes of board since they are usually continuous, high volume operations. In addition, the creation of microfluidic patterns on the surface of TiO2 coated board using simple photomasking and surface stimulation was demonstrated. This provides new advantages and possibilities, especially in the field of intelligent printing. Limited durability and poor repellency against low surface tension liquids are presently the main limitations of LFS coatings.
An evaluation method for print mottle using wavelet denoising and image grey level intensity gradient
Authors: Liu Guodong , Zhang Meiyun , Wang Qian , Chen Yongchang , Lin Xiaolin , Gane Patrick 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
Print mottle is observed as an unevenness of printed tone across an image area. There are many causes of mottle on typical print media, i.e. printing and writing papers, packaging and board, as well as foils and polymer surfaces amongst others, in both applications of traditional printing techniques, such as offset and flexography as well as digital methods, including inkjet and electrophotography. Causes range from inhomogeneous surface chemistry and absorption characteristics to instability factors on the printing press. Since the phenomenon is both physical and aesthetical, providing an evaluation for comparison purposes is challenging, frequently requiring panels of observers to provide a visual ranking. A new evaluation method is proposed using wavelet denoising and grey level gradient analysis of the print image. The index of print mottle is built on the bases of the average of grey level gradient and its distribution standard deviation. The method was tested for print mottle evaluation on paper in specific situations under different image basis functions and decomposition level. The results show that the method is in good agreement with visual assessment, and is also less time consuming both in the process and in statistical analysis, with correlation coefficient (r2) of at least 0.79 and as high as 0.88 with every function basis (level 2 or 3).
Factorial study of connections between process variables and kraft paper quality properties
Authors: Håkansson Mikael , Carlson Johan E. 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
By investigating how properties of a finished paper product are related to different process variables as well as pulp characteristics throughout the fiber line, the understanding of the process will increase. In this paper we investigate the correlation between some key paper quality parameters and five tunable process variables, along the entire fiber production line. A full two-level factorial experiment has been conducted, where five factors were varied. The factor settings were based on a laboratory replica of a specific kraft mill’s paper product. The mill replicate was then used as a center point in the factorial design and appropriate levels of the factors were set based on these center points. Several experimental runs could be simulated via a Monte Carlo approach making it possible to get a reliable estimate of the significance of each factor effect. Analysis of the results shows that there are interaction effects present between variables, and that these interaction effects can be utilized to achieve similar paper properties using different variable settings.
Tear and tensile strength development of PGW and CTMP pulps mixed with PLA or viscose fibres
Authors: Asikainen Jaakko , Korpela Antti 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
The objective was to evaluate the effects on paper properties when replacing a minor share of wood fibre by synthetic fibre. The aim was to increase tear strength and stretch while minimizing the loss of tensile strength in paper consisting of mechanical pulp. Tested synthetic fibres included PLA and viscose fibres mixed with mechanical or chemi-mechanical pulp. Even at relatively low proportions, the synthetic fibres contributed to a significant increase of tear strength in the wood fibre based papers. With the highest tested proportion (20%) the increase of tear index in PGW based stock was 243% with PLA and 177% with viscose fibre. However, a simultaneous decrease in tensile strength and tensile stiffness was observed. The stretch at break remained unchanged. Thickness reduction of the synthetic fibres resulted in an increase of tear strength. The effect is due to the high fibre length of synthetic fibres, producing mechanically well entangled networks, coupled with the high enough strength of the synthetic fibres.
Paper strength improvement by inclusion of nano-lignocellulose to Chemi-thermomechanical pulp
Authors: Osong Sinke H. , Norgren Sven , Engstrand Per 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
So far, chemical pulp fibres have been utilized as conventional stock materials for nanocellulose production. The main aim of this work is to use stock materials from mechanical or chemi-thermomechanical pulping process to produce lignin containing nanofibres, which are referred to as nano-ligno-cellulose (NLC) in this study. The present study shows the influence on handsheets of chemi-thermomechanical pulp (CTMP) fibres blended with NLC. For comparison reasons, nanocellulose (NC) from bleached kraft pulp (BKP) was produced in a similar approach as NLC. Both the NLC and the NC were blended with their respective pulp fibres and their corresponding handsheets properties were evaluated with respect to sheet density. It was found that the handsheets of pulp fibres blended with NLC/NC improved the mechanical properties of handsheets with only a slight effect in relation to the sheet density. Improvements in strength properties of handsheets such as z-strength, tensile index, tear index, burst index, Emodulus, strain at break, tensile stiffness, air resistance were observed.
A method for preparing extensible paper on the laboratory scale
Authors: Lahti Jussi , Schmied Franz , Bauer Wolfgang 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
Extensibility is an important property for papers undergoing large deformations in converting or end use application (e.g. industrial bags). Industrially, high extensibility is created by compacting the moist paper web in machine direction (MD) using an extensible unit such as the Clupak or Expanda methods. In this study, a method was developed to produce extensible paper on the laboratory scale. The Clupak unit was simulated using a purpose-built MD compaction apparatus. A paper sheet is placed between two stretched rubbers which are recoiled under perpendicular pressure to create sufficient friction between paper and rubber. The laboratory method for producing extensible paper sufficiently corresponds to the industrial process, i.e. strain increased while tensile stiffness index and tensile index decreased. Increased solids content during rubber recoiling enhanced the sigmoidal shape of the specific stress versus strain curves whereas tensile index remained unchanged. The reproducibility of the method is at a good level and thus the developed method offers a feasible way to study the production of extensible paper on the laboratory scale.
Signal Transduction by Different Forms of the γδ T Cell–Specific Pattern Recognition Receptor WC1
Authors: Chen Chuang , Hsu Haoting , Hudgens Edward , Telfer Janice C. , Baldwin Cynthia L. 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
WC1 coreceptors are scavenger receptor cysteine-rich (SRCR) family members, related to T19 in sheep, SCART in mice, and CD163c-α in humans, and form a 13-member subfamily in cattle exclusively expressed on γδ T cells. Subpopulations of γδ T cells are defined by anti-WC1 mAbs and respond to different pathogen species accordingly. In this study, variegated WC1 gene expression within subpopulations and differences in signaling and cell activation due to endodomain sequences are described. The endodomains designated types I to III differ by a 15- or 18-aa insert in type II and an additional 80 aa containing an additional eight tyrosines for type III. Anti-WC1 mAbs enhanced cell proliferation of γδ T cells when cross-linked with the TCR regardless of the endodomain sequences. Chimeric molecules of human CD4 ectodomain with WC1 endodomains transfected into Jurkat cells showed that the tyrosine phosphorylation of the type II was the same as that of the previously reported archetypal sequence (type I) with only Y24EEL phosphorylated, whereas for type III only Y199DDV and Y56TGD were phosphorylated despite conservation of the Y24EEL/Y24QEI and Y199DDV/I tyrosine motifs among the three types. Time to maximal phosphorylation was more rapid with type III endodomains and sustained longer. Differences in tyrosine phosphorylation were associated with differences in function in that cross-linking of type III chimeras with TCR resulted in significantly greater IL-2 production. Identification of differences in the signal transduction through the endodomains of WC1 contributes to understanding the functional role of the WC1 coreceptors in the γδ T cell responses.
Macrophages Engulfing Apoptotic Cells Produce Nonclassical Retinoids To Enhance Their Phagocytic Capacity
Authors: Sarang Zsolt , Joós Gergely , Garabuczi Éva , Rühl Ralph , Gregory Christopher D. , Szondy Zsuzsa 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
Previous work in our laboratory has shown that transglutaminase 2 (TG2) acting as a coreceptor for integrin β3 is required for proper phagocytosis of apoptotic cells. In the absence of TG2, systemic lupus erythematosus–like autoimmunity develops in mice, similarly to other mice characterized by a deficiency in the clearance of apoptotic cells. In this study, we demonstrate that increasing TG2 expression alone in wild-type macrophages is not sufficient to enhance engulfment. However, during engulfment, the lipid content of the apoptotic cells triggers the lipid-sensing receptor liver X receptor (LXR), which in response upregulates the expression of the phagocytic receptor Mer tyrosine kinase and the phagocytosis-related ABCA1, and that of retinaldehyde dehydrogenases leading to the synthesis of a nonclassical retinoid. Based on our retinoid analysis, this compound might be a dihydro-retinoic acid derivative. The novel retinoid then contributes to the upregulation of further phagocytic receptors including TG2 by ligating retinoic acid receptors. Inhibition of retinoid synthesis prevents the enhanced phagocytic uptake induced by LXR ligation. Our data indicate that stimulation of LXR enhances the engulfment of apoptotic cells via regulating directly and indirectly the expression of a range of phagocytosis-related molecules, and its signaling pathway involves the synthesis of a nonclassical retinoid. We propose that retinoids could be used for enhancing the phagocytic capacity of macrophages in diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus, where impaired phagocytosis of apoptotic cells plays a role in the pathogenesis of the disease.
Between Marginalization and Orthodoxy: The Unitas Fratrum in Poland in the Sixteenth Century
Authors: Ptaszyński Maciej 
Published: May 2014

ABSTRACT
Soon after parts of the Unitas Fratrum emigrated to Poland in the years following the Schmalkaldic War (1546–47), the Brethren received much attention because of their church discipline. This fascination even led to first unions of the protestant churches in Poland. At the very beginning of the history of the Polish Reformation, the Calvinists from Lesser Poland decided to join the Brethren. This agreement was signed in Koźminek in 1555. Just after a couple of months, however, it was not valid anymore. A second attempt was made in 1570 in Sandomierz, where the Brethren joined the Lutherans and the Reformed and accepted the Reformed Confession of Faith. This union—though seemingly spectacular—did not have any consequences either. The status of the protestant confessions was secured by the religious peace called Warsaw Confederation in 1573. The Brethren remained one of three protestant confessions, which were officially recognized in Poland. This essay examines the transition of the image of the Brethren in the eyes of the Polish nobility from a radical and marginal religious group to one of the main churches and important players in the political arena.
German Pietists between the Ancient Unity of Brethren and the Moravian Church: The Case of Württemberg Pastor Georg Konrad Rieger (1687–1743) and His History of the Bohemian Brethren
Authors: Ehinger Siglind 
Published: May 2014

ABSTRACT
The Duchy of Württemberg was a center of German Pietism in the early eighteenth century. Nevertheless, the establishment of “Moravianism” in Württemberg remained largely controversial. Although Württemberg theologians were strongly attracted to Count Zinzendorf and the settlement of Herrnhut, their connections to Halle were closer. One of the reasons that the Herrnhuters found it difficult to gain a foothold here was the influential Pietist theologian Johann Albrecht Bengel, who had become increasingly opposed to Zinzendorf. This article seeks to exemplify and thus improve the understanding of the divergences among German Protestants concerning Moravianism in the first half of the eighteenth century. It is based on an examination of the Württemberg pastor Georg Konrad Rieger, a colleague of Bengel, and his history of the ancient Unitas Fratrum, written between 1734 and 1740. In this book Rieger advocated a Zinzendorfian understanding of Christianity: that the Christian community is indispensable. Like Zinzendorf, Rieger was convinced that there had always been groups of true believers in a succession without any hiatus.
Organizational Reintegration and Trust Repair after an Integrity Violation: A Case Study
Authors: Gillespie Nicole , Dietz Graham , Lockey Steve 
Published: May 2014

ABSTRACT:This paper presents a holistic, contextualised case study of reintegration and trust repair at a UK utilities firm in the wake of its fraud and data manipulation scandal. Drawing upon conceptual frameworks of reintegration and organizational trust repair, we analyze the decisions and actions taken by the company in its efforts to restore trust with its stakeholders. The analysis reveals seven themes on the merits of proposed approaches for reintegration after an integrity violation (including open investigations, accurate explanations, apologies, penance, and systemic reforms), and novel insights on the role of organizational identity, “changing of the guard” and cultural reforms alongside procedural modifications. The case further supports the dynamic nature of stakeholder salience across the reintegration process. The study both supports propositions from existing frameworks and suggests novel theoretical extensions for future research.
Maternal hepatitis B and infant infection among pregnant women living with HIV in South Africa
Authors: Hoffmann Christopher J , Mashabela Fildah , Cohn Silvia , Hoffmann Jennifer D , Lala Sanjay , Martinson Neil A , Chaisson Richard E 
Published: May 2014

IntroductionGlobally, hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is the leading cause of liver‐related mortality. Newborn vaccination, maternal antiviral therapy and administering hepatitis B immune globulin shortly after birth can greatly reduce the risk of perinatal and infant infection. However, evidence‐based policy regarding these interventions in Africa is hampered by gaps in knowledge of HBV epidemiology. We describe maternal chronic hepatitis B (CHB) prevalence and infant infection during the first year of life within a cohort of women living with HIV.MethodsWe recruited and prospectively followed pregnant women living with HIV and their infants from prenatal clinics in an urban area of South Africa. Hepatitis B surface antigen, anti‐hepatitis B surface antibodies and HBV DNA were assessed in all women. Hepatitis B testing was also performed at 6 and 52 weeks for all infants born to mothers with either positive surface antigen or detectable HBV DNA.ResultsWe enrolled 189 women with a median age of 29 years and median CD4 count of 348 cells/mm3. Fourteen had a positive surface antigen (7.4%), of which six were positive for “e” antigen. An additional three had detectable HBV DNA without positive surface antigen. One infant developed CHB and three others had evidence of transmission based on positive HBV DNA assays. HBV vaccinations were delivered at six weeks of life to all infants.ConclusionsOur findings highlight the risk of peripartum HBV transmission in this setting. Approaches to reducing this transmission should be considered.
Local variations of bulk hydrogen and chlorine‐equivalent neutron absorption content measured at the contact between the Sheepbed and Gillespie Lake units in Yellowknife Bay, Gale Crater, using the DAN instrument onboard Curiosity
Authors: Litvak M. L. , Mitrofanov I. G. , Sanin A. B. , Lisov D. , Behar A. , Boynton W. V. , Deflores L. , Fedosov F. , Golovin D. , Hardgrove C. , Harshman K. , Jun I. , Kozyrev A. S. , Kuzmin R. O. , Malakhov A. , Milliken R. , Mischna M. , Moersch J. , Mokrousov M. , Nikiforov S. , Shvetsov V. N. , Stack K. , Starr R. , Tate C. , Tret'yakov V. I. , Vostrukhin A. ,   the MSL Team
Published: May 2014

AbstractData gathered with the Dynamic Albedo of Neutron (DAN) instrument onboard rover Curiosity were analyzed for variations in subsurface neutron flux and tested for possible correlation with local geological context. A special DAN observation campaign was executed, in which 18 adjacent DAN active measurements were acquired every 0.75–1.0 m to search for the variations of subsurface hydrogen content along a 15 m traverse across geologic contacts between the Sheepbed and Gillespie Lake members of the Yellowknife Bay formation. It was found that several subunits in Sheepbed and Gillespie Lake could be characterized with different depth distributions of water‐equivalent hydrogen (WEH) and different chlorine‐equivalent abundance responsible for the distribution of neutron absorption elements. The variations of the average WEH at the top 60 cm of the subsurface are estimated at up to 2–3%. Chlorine‐equivalent neutron absorption abundances ranged within 0.8–1.5%. The largest difference in WEH and chlorine‐equivalent neutron absorption distribution is found between Sheepbed and Gillespie Lake.
The rock abrasion record at Gale Crater: Mars Science Laboratory results from Bradbury Landing to Rocknest
Authors: Bridges N. T. , Calef F. J. , Hallet B. , Herkenhoff K. E. , Lanza N. L. , Le Mouélic S. , Newman C. E. , Blaney D. L. , de Pablo M. A. , Kocurek G. A. , Langevin Y. , Lewis K. W. , Mangold N. , Maurice S. , Meslin P.‐Y. , Pinet P. , Renno N. O. , Rice M. S. , Richardson M. E. , Sautter V. , Sletten R. S. , Wiens R. C. , Yingst R. A. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractVentifacts, rocks abraded by wind‐borne particles, are found in Gale Crater, Mars. In the eastward drive from “Bradbury Landing” to “Rocknest,” they account for about half of the float and outcrop seen by Curiosity's cameras. Many are faceted and exhibit abrasion textures found at a range of scales, from submillimeter lineations to centimeter‐scale facets, scallops, flutes, and grooves. The drive path geometry in the first 100 sols of the mission emphasized the identification of abrasion facets and textures formed by westerly flow. This upwind direction is inconsistent with predictions based on models and the orientation of regional dunes, suggesting that these ventifact features formed from very rare high‐speed winds. The absence of active sand and evidence for deflation in the area indicates that most of the ventifacts are fossil features experiencing little abrasion today.