bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
AssessingEnglishinNorth America
Authors: ElAtia Samira 
Published: November 2013

This chapter addresses ESL assessment in North America, covering both Canada and the USA. Even though the countries share commonalities, they each have a specific and different mandate regarding ESL assessment, linked to the official status of English in each country. Taking this into consideration, the chapter starts by discussing the issues of ESL terminology and defining ESL assessment: that is, what is ESL? And, what is considered as ESL assessment? Terminologies are in themselves problematic given the diversity of stakeholders and the interests connected with ESL teaching, learning, and assessment. Following this, the chapter discusses the legislation that governs language use within Canada and the USA. The different levels and groups of assessment population are described and differentiated from one another. Three main assessment areas are covered: for immigrant purposes, for educational purposes, and for work purposes.A brief historical background is provided to contextualize and define each of these categories. A range of English tests, either large‐scale standardized tests or institutionally developed, is currently used across Canada and the USA for various purposes. This chapter also outlines current ongoing research and identifies pressing issues and challenges that may dictate future research and professional directions for ESL assessment in North America.
AssessingHawaiian
Authors: Wilson William H. 
Published: November 2013

Over a period of 30 years, Hawaiian has moved from being a nearly extinct and forgotten language receiving almost no attention to being the single non‐English language most embedded as an official language of education and academic assessments in any of the 50 states within the USA. This change is highly related to the post‐World War II movement for equality for previously colonized peoples. It is also built upon inertia from government language use patterns and community identity factors in the small 19th‐century multiracial kingdom of Hawaii.Hawaii is the only one of the 50 states in the USA with two official languages recognized in its constitution. The gradual expansion of use of Hawaiian by the state of Hawaii has become a role model for other indigenous governments of the USA including American Indian tribes, Alaska Native villages, and Pacific Island territories. Assessments of Hawaiian language fluency and of academic knowledge through the Hawaiian language range from the private sector through to graduate school.While locally distinct historical factors have played a major role in the current attention to the use of Hawaiian, Hawaiian has also been weakened by shared American historical factors relative to restrictions of language diversity, and on indigenous languages in particular. Hawaiian was nearly exterminated by the elimination of public Hawaiian medium education in 1896, and a subsequent ban on its use as a medium of education in schools that only ended in 1986. Continuing into the present are perspectives on Hawaiian that undervalue high fluency in it compared to foreign languages and which run counter to other trends that place high value on Hawaiian for symbolic purposes.
AssessingEnglishinSouth Asia
Authors: Mathew Rama 
Published: November 2013

This chapter presents a description and evaluation of English as a second language (ESL) assessments carried out in India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, and Nepal. Other countries will be mentioned only in passing, due to the fact that published documents are not available. An examination of how these assessments are carried out in different contexts provides an opportunity to look at two essentially overlapping areas: the micro‐level aspects of language assessment within a curriculum‐based and a construct‐based framework; and the macro‐level aspects of how different countries are coping with critical issues such as the hegemony of English over local languages, or the link between identity and multilingualism.The chapter starts by giving an overview of the status of English that affects English language education (ELE) in South Asia. Next it discusses assessment practices in India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, and Nepal. It examines the language policy that informs the education system, then it goes on to describe the kind of English language education that is offered at school and university levels, in both mother tongue medium and English medium streams. The last section presents issues and challenges that are unique to these countries (as well as common between them) in relation to ESL assessment and that need to be addressed at conceptual and systemic levels, if effective assessment practices are to be implemented in the classroom. The chapter concludes by highlighting future possibilities in the area given the cultural, linguistic, social and economic factors specific to this region.
Effects of Image Preprocessing on Face Matching and Recognition in Human Observers
Authors: Liu Chang Hong , Chen Wenfeng , Han Hu , Shan Shiguang 
Published: November 2013

SummaryIn person identification, recognition failure due to variations of illumination is common. In this study, we employed image‐processing techniques to tackle this problem. Participants performed recognition and matching tasks where the face stimuli were either original images or computer‐processed images in which shading was weakened via a number of image‐processing techniques. The results show that whereas recognition accuracy in a memory task was unaffected, some of the techniques significantly improved the identification performance in a face‐matching task. We conclude that relative to long‐term face memory, face matching is more susceptible to discrepancy of shading in different images of a face. Reducing the discrepancy by certain preprocessing techniques can facilitate person identification when original face images contain large illumination differences. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Verifiability Approach: Countermeasures Facilitate its Ability to Discriminate Between Truths and Lies
Authors: Nahari Galit , Vrij Aldert , Fisher Ronald P. 
Published: November 2013

SUMMARYAccording to the verifiability approach, liars tend to provide details that cannot be checked by the investigator and awareness of this increases the investigator's ability to detect lies. In the present experiment, we replicated previous findings in a more realistic paradigm and examined the vulnerability of the verifiability approach to countermeasures. For this purpose, we collected written statements from 44 mock criminals (liars) and 43 innocents (truth tellers), whereas half of them were told before writing the statements that the verifiability of their statements will be checked. Results showed that ‘informing’ encouraged truth tellers but not liars to provide more verifiable details and increased the ability to detect lies. These findings suggest that verifiability approach is less vulnerable to countermeasures than other lie detection tools. On the contrary, in the current experiment, notifying interviewees about the mechanism of the approach benefited lie detection. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Scope and Post‐Transformations for the Borane‐Isocyanide Multicomponent Reactions: Concise Access to Structurally Diverse Heterocyclic Compounds
Authors: Kielland Nicola , Vicente‐García Esther , Revés Marc , Isambert Nicolas , Arévalo María José , Lavilla Rodolfo 
Published: November 2013

AbstractA recently described family of multicomponent reactions (MCRs) involving isocyanides, aldehydes, dipolarophiles and alkylboranes that yield highly substituted aziridines, oxazolidines and pyrrolidines has been studied in detail. In this work the scope of these processes is significantly increased by preparing the borane input through hydroboration of alkenes or organometallic processes, in tandem with the MCR. The aldehyde range is also expanded, and indole‐3‐carbaldehydes yield reactive imines and bis‐indolyloxazolidines, depending on the electron density of the heterocycle. Finally, the obtained adducts constitute an ideal platform to generate structurally diverse compounds using simple post‐condensation modifications. In this way, indole imines undergo stereoselective hydrocyanation and oxazolidines are reductively opened to give amino alcohols. Additionally, palladium‐, ruthenium‐ and gold‐catalyzed processes lead to a variety of complex heterocycles. The methodology is simple, efficient and highly divergent, leading to an array of interesting scaffolds for medicinal chemistry.magnified image
Modification research on the peel strength of the acrylate emulsion pressure‐sensitive adhesives
Authors: Fang Cheng , Huang Bing , Lin Zhongxiang 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTPressure‐sensitive adhesives (PSAs) were produced with latexes synthesized via starved semibatch emulsion polymerization processes with butyl acrylate, three different kinds of hard monomers [styrene (St), methyl methacrylate, and 2‐phenoxy ethyl methacrylate (SR340)], acrylic acid, and 2‐hydroxy ethyl acrylate. The management of both the copolymer composition and the polymerization process allowed us to control the behavior of the PSAs. For the acrylate latexes, the types of hard monomers and their contents, the concentration of buffer [bicarbonate (NaHCO3)], and three kinds of semibatch processes were manipulated to modify the polymer properties. The performance of the PSA films cast from these latexes was evaluated by the peel strength. The results show that the PSA prepared with St exhibited the highest peel strength among the three hard monomers, and the latex synthesized by SR340 showed the largest gel content compared with the other two hard monomers. With increasing buffer, the latex particle size increased, and the peel strength initially increased to a maximum and then decreased. Nevertheless, the stability of the latexes decreased with increasing buffer concentration. In addition, the effects of the three kinds of semibatch processes on the peel strength of the PSA were also evaluated. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40095.
Nanopaper membranes from chitin–protein composite nanofibers—structure and mechanical properties
Authors: Ezekiel Mushi Ngesa , Butchosa Nuria , Zhou Qi , Berglund Lars A 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTChitin nanofibers may be of interest as a component for nanocomposites. Composite nanofibers are therefore isolated from crab shells in order to characterize structure and analyze property potential. The mechanical properties of the porous nanopaper structures are much superior to regenerated chitin membranes. The nanofiber filtration‐processing route is much more environmentally friendly than for regenerated chitin. Minerals and extractives are removed using HCl and ethanol, respectively, followed by mild NaOH treatment and mechanical homogenization to maintain chitin–protein structure in the nanofibers produced. Atomic force microscope (AFM) and scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM) reveal the structure of chitin–protein composite nanofibers. The presence of protein is confirmed by colorimetric method. Porous nanopaper membranes are prepared by simple filtration in such a way that different nanofiber volume fractions are obtained: 43%, 52%, 68%, and 78%. Moisture sorption isotherms, structural properties, and mechanical properties of membranes are measured and analyzed. The current material is environmentally friendly, the techniques employed for both individualization and membrane preparation are simple and green, and the results are of interest for development of nanomaterials and biocomposites. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40121.
Using fishers’ ecological knowledge to assess the status and cultural importance of sawfish in Guinea‐Bissau
Authors: Leeney Ruth H. , Poncelet Peggy 
Published: November 2013

Abstract

Sawfishes have declined dramatically in West Africa and may be extinct throughout much of their historical range. Guinea‐Bissau is considered to be one of the last remaining places in West Africa where sawfish persist.
Fishers’ ecological knowledge (FEK) can provide valuable baseline data, which can be used to direct scientific studies, in situations where information is scarce or lacking and can also provide insight into local attitudes towards species of interest. Interview surveys were used to collect FEK data on the past and current range of sawfishes within Guinea‐Bissau waters, perceived causes of the decline amongst fishermen, and the cultural importance of this species to Bissau‐Guineans.
Data were collected from 274 respondents, of whom 85% could identify a sawfish from an image. The majority of respondents reported to have last seen a sawfish in the 1980s, although this varied considerably by region, and 30% of respondents in the south had seen or captured sawfishes in the past decade up to and including 2012.
Overfishing or excessive fishing pressure was most frequently cited as a perceived cause for the decline in sawfish, followed by shark finning and overseas fishermen. The sawfish is primarily of cultural importance in the Bijagos Islands, where it is central to many traditional ceremonies.
This information provides valuable insight into the cultural importance of sawfish to Bissau‐Guineans and their concerns in relation to the sustainability of their local fishery resources. Information on recent catches will be useful for directing future work to locate and protect remaining sawfish in Guinea‐Bissau. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Green Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of New Di‐α‐aminophosphonate Derivatives as Cytotoxic Agents
Authors: Uma Maheswara Rao Kunda , Namkoong Sim , Yu Hwan‐Chul , Park Junsoo , Chung Chan‐Moon , Oh Se Young 
Published: November 2013

AbstractA series of novel di‐α‐aminophosphonate derivatives were synthesized by a one‐pot method in the presence of PEG–H2O under ultrasonic irradiation and were characterized by IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, mass spectrometry, and elemental analysis. The newly synthesized compounds were evaluated for their cytotoxic activities against the human lung cancer cell line H1299 and the human breast cancer cell line MCF7 in vitro by the MTT method. All compounds showed moderate cytotoxic activity on both cell lines, and compounds 4b and 4c showed marked activity.
Hydroformylation in the Realm of Scents
Authors: Gusevskaya Elena V. , Jiménez‐Pinto Jhonny , Börner Armin 
Published: November 2013

AbstractMetal (Co, Rh, Pt/Sn)‐catalyzed homogeneous hydroformylation reactions produce aldehydes, acetals, and alcohols, respectively, which are important aroma compounds that are used as ingredients in numerous perfumes, flavors, and foodstuffs. Indeed, not only the products, but also several olefins that are used as starting material have a pleasant scent. In this review, different methods for hydroformylation reactions are discusses, together with the typical aroma properties of the educts and products. We will show that hydroformylation is one of the most attractive synthetic methods in this area. Interestingly, its value seems to be rather underestimated and a re‐evaluation may be necessary.
Hydridoborylene Complexes and Di‐, Tri‐, and Tetranuclear Borido Complexes with Hydride Ligands
Authors: Bauer Jürgen , Bertsch Stefanie , Braunschweig Holger , Dewhurst Rian D. , Ferkinghoff Katharina , Hörl Christian , Kraft Katharina , Radacki Krzysztof 
Published: November 2013

AbstractMono‐ and dinuclear hydridoborylene complexes were prepared by intermetallic borylene transfer from Group VI borylene or metalloborylene reagents. The hydride and borylene ligands were found to interact with each other significantly, although the boron ligand retains much of its former borylene character. Zero‐valent platinum fragments were successively added to the dinuclear hydridoborylene complexes, resulting in tri‐ and tetranuclear borido complexes, in which the BH interaction has been lost, and the hydride ligands now bridge two metal centers. The complexes were studied spectroscopically, crystallographically, and by DFT methods, and the unusual bonding situation in the MBH triangles of hydridoborylene complexes were evaluated.
Development and Initial Validation of a Brief Symptom Measure
Authors: Blais Mark , Blagys Matthew D. , Rivas‐Vazquez Rafael , Bello Iruma , Sinclair Samuel J. 
Published: November 2013

Self‐report measures of psychiatric symptomatology are important components of treatment monitoring and service evaluation programs. However, the currently available measures have numerous limitations including being symptom or disorder specific, suited to a limited range of clinical settings, and having excessive burden. Consequently, there is a need for a brief and psychometrically robust measure of global symptomatology that is applicable across diverse clinical settings, therapeutic modalities and patient populations. This paper presents the development and initial validation of such a scale, the Brief Symptom Measure‐25 (BSM‐25). We report findings from multiple samples examining the reliability, validity, sensitivity to change and factor structure of the new instrument. The results suggest that the BSM‐25 has good reliability, is suitable to multiple levels of care, sensitive to treatment induced change and has promising validity. Exploratory bifactor modelling revealed that all items loaded strongly on a general factor (bifactor) while also forming two minor group factors. Potential limitations of this study along with future research and clinical applications of the BSM‐25 are discussed. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.Key Practitioner Message

The BSM‐25 is a broad measure of symptom severity that is easy to administer and score, appropriate for divers patient populations, and suitable for monitoring progress in routine clinical practice.
Correlation of Electron Beams and Hard X‐ray Emissions in ISTTOK Tokamak
Authors: Jakubowski L. , Plyusnin V.V. , Malinowski K. , Sadowski M.J. , Zebrowski J. , Rabiński M. , Fernandes H. , Silva C. , Duarte P. , Jakubowski M.J. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe paper reports on experimental studies of electron beams in the ISTTOK tokamak, those were performed by means of an improved four‐channel detector. The Cherenkov‐type detector measuring head was equipped with four radiators made of two types of alumina‐nitrate (AlN) poly‐crystals: machinable and translucent ones, both of 10 mm in diameter and 2.5 mm in thickness. The movable support that enabled the whole detectors to be placed inside the tokamak vacuum chamber, at chosen positions along the ISTTOK minor radius. Since the electron energy distribution is one of the most important characteristics of tokamak plasmas, the main aim of the study was to perform estimations of an energy spectrum of the recorded electrons. For this purpose the radiators were coated with molybdenum (Mo) layers of different thickness. The technique based on the use of Cherenkov‐type detectors enabled the detection of fast electrons (of energy above 66 keV) and determination of their spatial and temporal characteristics in the ISTTOK experiment. Measurements of hard X‐rays (HXR), which were emitted during ISTTOK discharges, have also been performed. Particular attention was paid to the correlation measurements of HXR pulses with run‐away electron beams. (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Real‐time distributed hybrid testing: coupling geographically distributed scientific equipment across the Internet to extend seismic testing capabilities
Authors: Ojaghi Mobin , Williams Martin S. , Dietz Matt S. , Blakeborough Anthony , Lamata Martínez Ignacio 
Published: November 2013

SUMMARYLarge‐scale testing and qualification of structural systems and their components is crucial for the development of earthquake engineering knowledge and practice. However, laboratory capacity is often limited when attempting larger experiments due to the sheer size of the structures involved. To overcome traditional laboratory capacity limitations, we present a new earthquake engineering testing method: real‐time distributed hybrid testing. Extending current approaches, the technique enables geographically distributed scientific equipment including controllers, dynamic actuators and sensors to be coupled across the Internet in real‐time. As a result, hybrid structural emulations consisting of physical and numerical substructures need no longer be limited to a single laboratory. Larger experiments may distribute substructures across laboratories located in different cities whilst maintaining correct dynamic coupling, required to accurately capture physical rate effects. The various aspects of the distributed testing environment have been considered. In particular, to ensure accurate control across an environment not designed for real‐time testing, new higher level control protocols are introduced acting over an optimised communication system. New large time‐step prediction algorithms are used, capable of overcoming both local actuation and distributed system delays. An overview of the architecture and algorithms developed is presented together with results demonstrating a number of current capabilities. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Toxic compounds in honey
Authors: Islam Md. Nazmul , Khalil Md. Ibrahim , Islam Md. Asiful , Gan Siew Hua 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTThere is a wealth of information about the nutritional and medicinal properties of honey. However, honey may contain compounds that may lead to toxicity. A compound not naturally present in honey, named 5‐hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), may be formed during the heating or preservation processes of honey. HMF has gained much interest, as it is commonly detected in honey samples, especially samples that have been stored for a long time. HMF is a compound that may be mutagenic, carcinogenic and cytotoxic. It has also been reported that honey can be contaminated with heavy metals such as lead, arsenic, mercury and cadmium. Honey produced from the nectar of Rhododendron ponticum contains alkaloids that can be poisonous to humans, while honey collected from Andromeda flowers contains grayanotoxins, which can cause paralysis of limbs in humans and eventually leads to death. In addition, Melicope ternata and Coriaria arborea from New Zealand produce toxic honey that can be fatal. There are reports that honey is not safe to be consumed when it is collected from Datura plants (from Mexico and Hungary), belladonna flowers and Hyoscamus niger plants (from Hungary), Serjania lethalis (from Brazil), Gelsemium sempervirens (from the American Southwest), Kalmia latifolia, Tripetalia paniculata and Ledum palustre. Although the symptoms of poisoning due to honey consumption may differ depending on the source of toxins, most common symptoms generally include dizziness, nausea, vomiting, convulsions, headache, palpitations or even death. It has been suggested that honey should not be considered a completely safe food. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Photoresponsive Gels Prepared by Ring‐Opening Metathesis Polymerization
Authors: Gumbley Patricia , Hu Xiaoran , Lawrence John A. , Thomas Samuel W. 
Published: November 2013

This communication describes photoresponsive gels, prepared using ring‐opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP), that dissolve upon irradiation with ultraviolet light. Exposure of mixtures of norbornene‐type ROMP monomers and new photoreactive cross‐linkers comprising two norbornene units bound through a chain containing o‐nitrobenzyl esters (NBEs) to well‐known ruthenium carbene catalysts gave cross‐linked polymer networks that swelled in organic solvents or water depending on the structure of the monomer. These gels became homogeneous upon irradiation with UV light, consistent with breaking of the cross‐links through photolysis of the NBE groups. The irradiation time required for homogenization of the gels depended on the cross‐link density and the structure of the photoresponsive cross‐linker.
image