bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Fundamentally Different Roles of Interpreters in the Ports of Nagasaki and Canton
Authors: Yao Keisuke 
Published: January 2014

With the expansion of Western power from the seventeenth century onward, many Asian countries were confronted with difficult political and economic problems in their relations with Europe. In several countries in Asia, in order to suppress Western cultural influences within their own nations, governments often employed foreigners as interpreters for their own diplomacy and trade with Europeans, with some governments even prohibiting their people from learning foreign languages.But, in the case of Japan, interpreters played a crucial role in both the study of the Dutch language and the integration of Western knowledge during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. It seems that early-modern Japanese interpreters were quite different from the interpreters of Western languages in other countries in Asia, as in Nagasaki interpreters of the Dutch language were shogunate-appointed Japanese nationals.Here I will examine and compare several aspects of the Chinese pidgin-English interpreters at Canton and the Japanese Dutch-language interpreters at Nagasaki, in particular their origins, incomes, duties, learning, and businesses. Through this examination I will demonstrate how the so-called Westernisation processes adopted in China and Japan were actually reflected in and represented by the different models of foreign trade at the ports of Canton and Nagasaki.
Development of a whole arm wearable robotic exoskeleton for rehabilitation and to assist upper limb movements
Authors: Rahman M. H. , Rahman M. J. , Cristobal O. L. , Saad M. , Kenné J. P. , Archambault P. S. 
Published: January 2014

SUMMARYTo assist physically disabled people with impaired upper limb function, we have developed a new 7-DOF exoskeleton-type robot named Motion Assistive Robotic-Exoskeleton for Superior Extremity (ETS-MARSE) to ease daily upper limb movements and to provide effective rehabilitation therapy to the superior extremity. The ETS-MARSE comprises a shoulder motion support part, an elbow and forearm motion support part, and a wrist motion support part. It is designed to be worn on the lateral side of the upper limb in order to provide naturalistic movements of the shoulder (vertical and horizontal flexion/extension and internal/external rotation), elbow (flexion/extension), forearm (pronation/supination), and wrist joint (radial/ulnar deviation and flexion/extension). This paper focuses on the modeling, design, development, and control of the ETS-MARSE. Experiments were carried out with healthy male human subjects in whom trajectory tracking in the form of passive rehabilitation exercises (i.e., pre-programmed trajectories recommended by a therapist/clinician) were carried out. Experimental results show that the ETS-MARSE can efficiently perform passive rehabilitation therapy.
When do institutional transfers work? The relation between institutions, culture and the transplant effect: the case of Borno in north-eastern Nigeria
Authors: SEIDLER VALENTIN 
Published: January 2014

Abstract:Little is known of why institutional transfers have been largely disappointing. Berkowitzet al.(2001) have argued that because of what they call the transplant effect, imported law lacks effectiveness unless there is an initial level of familiarity or the imported law is successfully adapted to local legal norms. Yet, history shows that institutional transfers are possible: Why have some countries been more successful than others in importing foreign institutions? The paper introduces a framework for the analysis of the transplant effect, which is based on institutional economics. In the second part, we investigate the case of Borno State in northeastern Nigerian where institutions transferred during colonial rule and upon independence have been largely ineffective. In the case of Borno, the lack of a European educated bureaucratic class, low commitment of the political leadership, generally low levels of education and urbanization contributed to the low effectiveness of imported institutions.
Levo-tetrahydropalmatine attenuates oxaliplatin-induced mechanical hyperalgesia in mice
Authors: Guo Zhenggang , Man Yuanyuan , Wang Xiaoyan , Jin Heng , Sun Xuefeng , Su Xiaojun , Hao Jianhua , Mi Weidong 
Published: January 2014

AbstractCommon chemotherapeutic agents such as oxaliplatin often cause neuropathic pain during cancer treatment in patients. Such neuropathic pain is difficult to treat and responds poorly to common analgesics, which represents a challenging clinical issue. Corydalis yanhusuo is an old traditional Chinese medicine with demonstrated analgesic efficacy in humans. However, the potential analgesic effect of its active component, levo-tetrahydropalmatine (l-THP), has not been reported in conditions of neuropathic pain. This study found that l-THP (1–4 mg/kg, i.p.) produced a dose-dependent anti-hyperalgesic effect in a mouse model of chemotherapeutic agent oxaliplatin-induced neuropathic pain. In addition, we found that the anti-hyperalgesic effect of l-THP was significantly blocked by a dopamine D1 receptor antagonist SCH23390 (0.02 mg/kg), suggesting a dopamine D1 receptor mechanism. In contrast, l-THP did not significantly alter the general locomotor activity in mice at the dose that produced significant anti-hyperalgesic action. In summary, this study reported that l-THP possesses robust analgesic efficacy in mice with neuropathic pain and may be a useful analgesic in the management of neuropathic pain.
Entangled photons from on-chip slow light
Authors: Takesue Hiroki , Matsuda Nobuyuki , Kuramochi Eiichi , Notomi Masaya 
Published: January 2014

AbstractWe report the first entanglement generation experiment using an on-chip slow light device. With highly efficient spontaneous four-wave mixing enhanced by the slow light effect in a coupled resonator optical waveguide based on a silicon photonic crystal, we generated 1.5-μm-band high-dimensional time-bin entangled photon pairs. We undertook two-photon interference experiments and observed the coincidence fringes with visibilities >74%. The present result enables us to realize an on-chip entanglement source with a very small footprint, which is an essential function for quantum information processing based on integrated quantum photonics.
The NTP pyrophosphatase DCTPP1 contributes to the homoeostasis and cleansing of the dNTP pool in human cells
Authors: Requena Cristina E. , Pérez-Moreno Guiomar , Ruiz-Pérez Luis M. , Vidal Antonio E. , González-Pacanowska Dolores 
Published: January 2014

The size and composition of dNTP (deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate) pools influence the accuracy of DNA synthesis and consequently the genetic stability of nuclear and mitochondrial genomes. In order to keep the dNTP pool in balance, the synthesis and degradation of DNA precursors must be precisely regulated. One such mechanism involves catabolic activities that convert deoxynucleoside triphosphates into their monophosphate form. Human cells possess an all-α NTP (nucleoside triphosphate) pyrophosphatase named DCTPP1 [dCTP pyrophosphatase 1; also known as XTP3-TPA (XTP3-transactivated protein A)]. In the present study, we provide an extensive characterization of this enzyme which is ubiquitously distributed in the nucleus, cytosol and mitochondria. Interestingly, we found that in addition to dCTP, methyl-dCTP and 5-halogenated nucleotides, DCTPP1 hydrolyses 5-formyl-dCTP very efficiently and with the lowest Km value described so far. Because the biological function of mammalian all-α NTP pyrophosphatases remains uncertain, we examined the role of DCTPP1 in the maintenance of pyrimidine nucleotide pools and cellular sensitivity to pyrimidine analogues. DCTPP1-deficient cells accumulate high levels of dCTP and are hypersensitive to exposure to the nucleoside analogues 5-iodo-2′-deoxycytidine and 5-methyl-2′-deoxycytidine. The results of the present study indicate that DCTPP1 has a central role in the balance of dCTP and the metabolism of deoxycytidine analogues, thus contributing to the preservation of genome integrity.
Cascaded charge‐domain sampling mixer with embedded sinc3 FIR and four‐path filters for software‐defined radio
Authors: Zhou Yushi , Yuan Fei 
Published: January 2014

A charge‐domain downconversion sampling mixer with an embedded four‐path bandpass filter for band selection and a sinc3 finite impulse response (FIR) and a first‐order sinc FIR with a decimation of 4 for channel selection is proposed to provide sufficient attenuation of out‐of‐band blockers and aliasing interferences. The sampling mixer designed in an IBM 130 nm 1.2 V CMOS with a 100 MHz input exhibits an 80 dB suppression of aliasing interferences and a 57 dB stopband attenuation while consuming 1.08 mA.
6.8 mW 15 dBm IIP3 CMOS common‐gate LNA employing post‐linearisation technique
Authors: Guo Benqing , Wen Guangjun , An Shiquan 
Published: January 2014

A linearised differential common‐gate CMOS low‐noise amplifier (LNA) is proposed. The linearity is improved by a cross‐coupled post‐distortion technique, employing PMOS in a weak inversion region as an auxiliary field effect transistor to cancel the third‐order nonlinear currents of a common‐gate LNA and impair the related second‐order nonlinear currents. Meanwhile, the resulting noise figure is little affected. The LNA implemented in a 0.18 μm CMOS technology demonstrates that IIP3 and gain have about 8.2 and 1.5 dB improvements in the designed frequency band, respectively. A NF of 3.4 dB is obtained with a power dissipation of 6.8 mW under a 1.8 V power supply.
Achievement of beam steering in terahertz band based on frequency‐scanning grating‐reflector antenna
Authors: Li Shichao , Li Chao , Zhang Xiaojuan , Fang Guangyou 
Published: January 2014

A frequency‐scanning grating‐reflector antenna operating in the 0.2 THz band is proposed. The antenna system consists of a planar grating reflector, a thin lens and a feed horn placed at the focal point of the lens. The beam‐scanning property based on the frequency sweeping was analysed and optimised based on Floquet's theorem. A bilayer structure is introduced to improve the diffraction efficiency and to suppress the specular beam. The frequency‐controlled beam steering concept was verified by the quasi‐optical measurements in the 0.2 THz band. The measured scanning range is 13.55° over the frequency band 180–220 GHz. The specular beams are remarkably inhibited with the diffractive efficiency as high as over 89%. The presented antenna has the advantage of the convenience to be extended to a higher frequency with a high directivity.
0.9–10.6 GHz UWB mixer using current bleeding for multi‐band application
Authors: Yeh Chin‐I , Feng Wu‐Shiung , Hsu Chen‐Yu 
Published: January 2014

A complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) downconversion mixer for ultra‐wideband (UWB) applications is presented. The mixer circuit is designed using a VIS 0.25 μm radio frequency (RF) CMOS technology, working at the 0.9–10.6 GHz frequency range; it will be used in applications such as IEEE wireless fidelity (Wi‐Fi), global systems for mobile (GSM) and worldwide interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX). The core of the mixer has been designed based on double‐balanced cell architecture, and uses the current‐bleeding method to increase the linearity and improve the conversion gain. A resistor is put on the drain of the MOS between two RF inputs, which will improve the flatness of the conversion gain. The measured conversion gain of the mixer is 8.6 ± 1 dB. The 1 dB compression point of the intermediate frequency (IF) output power is equal to −8 dBm. The RF and the local oscillator (LO) input return loss are well below −9 dB. The noise figure is 13.1 dB, whereas the IF is 100 MHz, and the mixer core dissipates 9.8 mW under a 1.8 V supply. The analytical, simulated and measured results are mutually consistent.
Line-narrowing effects in the near-infrared spectrum of water and precision determination of spectroscopic parameters
Authors: Amodio Pasquale , Moretti Luigi , Castrillo Antonio , Gianfrani Livio 
Published: January 2014

A dual laser absorption spectrometer operating at 1.39 μm was employed to acquire high-quality absorption spectra in coincidence with the 44,1 → 44,0 line of the H218O ν1 + ν3 band, at the temperature of the triple point of water. A rather sophisticated global fitting procedure was developed and used to simultaneously fit spectra across the explored pressure range, roughly between 1 and 4 Torr. Adopting the speed-dependent Galatry profile with a hypergeometric dependence of the collisional width and shift on the absorbers' velocity, we could take into account narrowing effects ascribed to collision-induced velocity changes and speed-dependence of relaxation rates. The global approach allowed us to implement and exploit some relevant physical constraints at the aim of reducing significantly statistical correlation issues among free parameters. Consequently, we demonstrated the possibility of determining pressure broadening and shifting parameters with high precision and accuracy, at the level of one part over 103. Furthermore, even being in the Doppler regime, it was possible to determine the effective frequency of velocity-changing collisions for self-colliding H218O molecules.
Identifying and mapping cell-type-specific chromatin programming of gene expression
Authors: Marstrand Troels T. , Storey John D. 
Published: January 2014

Significance
In order for genes to be expressed in humans, the DNA corresponding to a gene and its regulatory elements must be accessible. It is hypothesized that this accessibility and its effect on gene expression plays a major role in defining the different cell types that make up a human. We have only recently been able to make the measurements necessary to model DNA accessibility and gene-expression variation in multiple human cell types at the genome-wide level. We develop and apply a new quantitative framework for identifying locations in the human genome whose DNA accessibility drives cell-type-specific gene expression.
RNA design rules from a massive open laboratory
Authors: Lee Jeehyung , Kladwang Wipapat , Lee Minjae , Cantu Daniel , Azizyan Martin , Kim Hanjoo , Limpaecher Alex , Gaikwad Snehal , Yoon Sungroh , Treuille Adrien , Das Rhiju ,   EteRNA Participants
Published: January 2014

Significance
Self-assembling RNA molecules play critical roles throughout biology and bioengineering. To accelerate progress in RNA design, we present EteRNA, the first internet-scale citizen science “game” scored by high-throughput experiments. A community of 37,000 nonexperts leveraged continuous remote laboratory feedback to learn new design rules that substantially improve the experimental accuracy of RNA structure designs. These rules, distilled by machine learning into a new automated algorithm EteRNABot, also significantly outperform prior algorithms in a gauntlet of independent tests. These results show that an online community can carry out large-scale experiments, hypothesis generation, and algorithm design to create practical advances in empirical science.
Tumor-specific IL-9–producing CD8+Tc9 cells are superior effector than type-I cytotoxic Tc1 cells for adoptive immunotherapy of cancers
Authors: Lu Yong , Hong Bangxing , Li Haiyan , Zheng Yuhuan , Zhang Mingjun , Wang Siqing , Qian Jianfei , Yi Qing 
Published: January 2014

SignificanceOur laboratory has identified a critical role of IL-9 in promoting endogenous tumor-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte response. In this study, we found that differentiation of CD8+T cells under T helper 9-polarizing conditions induces the development of an IL-9–producing less cytolytic IL-9–skewed CD8+T (Tc9) cell subset. Noticeably, adoptive transfer of tumor-reactive Tc9 cells elicited greater antitumor responses against large established tumors than classic type-I CD8+cytotoxic T cells that are used in clinical protocols. Importantly, Tc9 cells have substantially enhanced persistence potential and possess the capacity to acquire/maintain effector function after transfer. Our results also revealed that Tc9-mediated therapeutic effect critically depended on IL-9 production in vivo. The ability of Tc9 cells to confer sustained antitumor responses might open an avenue for the advances of cancer immunotherapy.
Identification and characterization of the constituent human serum antibodies elicited by vaccination
Authors: Lavinder Jason J. , Wine Yariv , Giesecke Claudia , Ippolito Gregory C. , Horton Andrew P. , Lungu Oana I. , Hoi Kam Hon , DeKosky Brandon J. , Murrin Ellen M. , Wirth Megan M. , Ellington Andrew D. , Dörner Thomas , Marcotte Edward M. , Boutz Daniel R. , Georgiou George 
Published: January 2014

Significance
Most vaccines confer immunity by eliciting long-term production of antibodies that bind to and neutralize the vaccine antigen. Remarkably, very little is known regarding the identities, sequence diversity, relative concentrations, or binding functionalities of the mAbs that comprise the serum repertoire elicited by vaccination. Here, we have delineated the constituent antibodies of the human serum IgG repertoire after vaccination and examined their relationship to the antibody V gene repertoire encoded by circulating B cells. The results detail the molecular composition and characteristics of the vaccine-specific serum antibody repertoire and demonstrate differences between the end-point response (the serum antibodies) and the peripheral B cells responding to the vaccine.
Separating endogenous ancient DNA from modern day contamination in a Siberian Neandertal
Authors: Skoglund Pontus , Northoff Bernd H. , Shunkov Michael V. , Derevianko Anatoli P. , Pääbo Svante , Krause Johannes , Jakobsson Mattias 
Published: January 2014

Significance
Strict laboratory precautions against present day human DNA contamination are standard in ancient DNA studies, but contamination is already present inside many ancient human fossils from previous handling without specific precautions. We designed a statistical framework to isolate endogenous ancient DNA sequences from contaminating sequences using postmortem degradation patterns and were able to reduce high-contamination fractions to negligible levels. We captured DNA sequences from a contaminated Neandertal bone from Okladnikov Cave in Siberia and used our method to assemble its mitochondrial genome sequence, which we find to be from a lineage basal to five of six previously published complete Neandertal mitochondrial genomes. Our method paves the way for the large-scale genetic analysis of contaminated human remains.
Anomalous diffusion and multifractality enhance mating encounters in the ocean
Authors: Seuront Laurent , Stanley H. Eugene 
Published: January 2014

Significance
In the ocean, chemoreception plays a crucial role in increasing mate encounter rates in millimeter-scale crustaceans through pheromone trails that can be followed over hundreds of body lengths. Empirical evidence of trail following behavior is, however, limited to laboratory experiments conducted in still water. An important open question concerns what happens in the turbulent waters of the surface ocean where crustaceans instead experience background pheromone concentration. We show that both males and females of two key species react to background pheromone concentration, and their emerging behaviors depend on pheromone concentration, sex, species, and the level of reproductive experience of the individual tested, and are consistent with an adaptation to increase mate encounter rates.
Nanowire nanocomputer as a finite-state machine
Authors: Yao Jun , Yan Hao , Das Shamik , Klemic James F. , Ellenbogen James C. , Lieber Charles M. 
Published: January 2014

Significance
Fundamental limits soon may end the decades-long trend in microelectronic computer circuit miniaturization that has led to much technological and economic progress. Nanoelectronic circuits using new materials, devices, and/or fabrication methods face formidable challenges to provide alternatives for future microelectronics. A key advance toward overcoming these hurdles is achieved in this work through the construction of a nanoelectronic finite-state machine (nanoFSM) computer using “bottom–up” methods. The nanoFSM integrates both computing and memory elements, which are organized from individually addressable and functionally identical nanodevices, to perform clocked, multistage logic. Furthermore, the device density is the highest reported to date for any nanoelectronic system. Advances in logic and design in the nanoFSM are scalable and should enable more extensive nanocomputers.
Introduction to Healthcare for Interpreters and Translators
Authors: Crezee Ineke H.M. 
Published: January 2014

“Getting information off the internet is like taking a drink from a fire hydrant.” (Mitchell Kapor, n.d.). Medical concepts and terminology can be very confusing for the uninitiated interpreter or translator. This book will allow interpreters and translators to quickly read up on healthcare settings, familiarizing themselves with anatomy, physiology, medical terminology and frequently encountered conditions, investigations and treatment options. Health translators working on medical reports will be able to find commonly used abbreviations. Those who have been asked to translate health information material into community languages will be able to gain a good basic overview of related background information and crosscultural issues. Those who teach health interpreters or translators will find this book helpful for structuring their curriculum. Information is presented in a consistent, logical and informative manner, intended to support, rather than overwhelm.
Crezee was appointed an Officer of the New Zealand Order of Merit for services to interpreter and translator education in the 2020 New Year Honours list.
Nonverbal Communication across Disciplines
Authors: Poyatos Fernando 
Published: January 2014

This volume, based on the first two, identifies the verbal and nonverbal personal and environmental components of narrative and dramaturgic texts and the cinema — recreated in the first through the ‘reading act’ according to gaze mechanism and punctuation — and traces the coding-decoding processes of the characters’ semiotic-communicative itinerary between writer-creator and reader-recreator. In our total experience of a play or film we depend on the sensory and intellectual relationships between performers, audience and the environment of both, in a temporal dimension starting on the way to the theater and ending as one comes out. Two chapters discuss the speaking face and body of the characters and the explicit and implicit (at times ‘unstageable’) paralanguage, kinesics and quasiparalinguistic and extrasomatic and environmental sounds in the novel, the theater and the cinema, and the functions of personal and environmental silences. Another shows the functions, limitations and problems of punctuation systems in the creative-recreative processes and how a few new symbols and modifications would avoid some ambiguities. The stylistic, communicative and technical functions of nonverbal repertoires in the literary text are then identified as enriching critical analysis and offering new perspectives in translation. Finally, ‘literary anthropology’ (developed by the author in the 1970s) is is presented as an interdisciplinary area based on synchronic and diachronic analyses of the literatures of the different cultures as a source of anthropological and ethnological data.
Nearly 1200 quotes from 170 authors and 291 works are added to those in the first two volumes.