bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Simulating the future wind energy resource of Ireland using the COSMO‐CLM model
Authors: Nolan Paul , Lynch Peter , Sweeney Conor 
Published: September 2012

ABSTRACTWe consider the impact of climate change on the wind energy resource of Ireland using an ensemble of regional climate model (RCM) simulations. The RCM used in this work is the Consortium for Small‐scale Modelling–climate limited‐area modelling (COSMO‐CLM) model.The COSMO‐CLM model was evaluated by performing simulations of the past Irish climate, driven by European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts ERA‐40 data, and comparing the output with observations. For the investigation of the influence of the future climate under different climate scenarios, the Max Planck Institute's global climate model, ECHAM5, was used to drive the COSMO‐CLM model. Simulations are run for a control period 1961–2000 and future period 2021–2060. To add to the number of ensemble members, the control and future simulations were driven by different realizations of the ECHAM5 data. The future climate was simulated using the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change emission scenarios, A1B and B1.The research was undertaken to consolidate, and as a continuation of, similar research using the Rossby Centre's RCA3 RCM to investigate the effects of climate change on the future wind energy resource of Ireland. The COSMO‐CLM projections outlined in this study agree with the RCA3 projections, with both showing substantial increases in 60 m wind speed over Ireland during winter and decreases during summer. The projected changes of both studies were found to be statistically significant over most of Ireland. The agreement of the COSMO‐CLM and RCA3 simulation results increases our confidence in the robustness of the projections. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Difference equation matrix model (DEMM) for the control of wind turbines
Authors: Avello Agustín Jiménez , Al‐Hadithi Basil Mohammed , Garcia Marta Ines Gonzalez , Rubio Jose Maria Lopez 
Published: September 2012

ABSTRACTIn this paper, a new algorithm, difference equation matrix model (DEMM), in the framework of model predictive control (MPC) is introduced. Instead of the standard dynamic matrix control (DMC), which is based upon step response method that has been used in most research works, we propose a new approach based upon a DEMM for model prediction. It has shown that DEMM has proven to be less computational and thus faster than the original DMC for real time applications. Thus, the drawbacks of DMC for online identification or adaptive design could be avoided. The control of wind turbines is carried out in order to decrease the cost of wind energy by increasing the efficiency, and thus the energy capture, or by reducing structural loading and increasing the lifetimes of the components and turbine structures. Modeling of wind turbine has been carried out. Effect of noise and disturbance on the system has been also studied. The results obtained show that the proposed DEMM minimizes the effect of the disturbance and produces an accurate and smooth control. Significant improvements in the regulation of rotor speed at high wind speeds are obtained from the proposed DEMM, where control set points are obtained ahead of the disturbance, saving the turbine of the negative effects of them and thus increasing its lifetime. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Biosurfactants as Alternatives to Chemosynthetic Surfactants in Controlling Bubble Behavior in the Flotation Process
Authors: Li Yanpeng , Yang Liwei , Zhu Tingting , Yang Jingjing , Ruan Xiaodong 
Published: September 2012

AbstractTo examine the usage of biosurfactants as potential alternatives to chemosynthetic surfactants in controlling bubble behavior in the flotation process, a high‐speed photographic method was employed to measure the motion of single bubbles and the size distribution of bubbles in the presence of biosurfactants in a laboratory scale flotation column. Deionized water, rhamnolipid, tea saponin and t‐C8phenolethoxylateEO9 were used for making various surfactant solutions. Bubble trajectory, dimensions, velocity and size distribution were then determined from the recorded frames using the image analysis software. The results show that similar to chemosynthetic surfactants, the addition of biosurfactants has significant effects on bubble motion and size distribution. The addition of a small amount of tea saponin can significantly dampen bubble deformation, slow down terminal velocity, stabilize bubble trajectory, reduce bubble size and increase the specific surface area of bubbles due to the Marangoni effect. In addition, the biosurfactant effect on bubble behavior has been also found to depend on their type and concentration. The effect of tea saponin, fairly close to C8phenolethoxylateEO9, is stronger than rhamnolipid. The findings in the present study suggest that such biosurfactant as tea saponin may be good substitutes of chemosynthetic surfactants to control bubble behavior in flotation operation.
Investing in Children: Changes in Parental Spending on Children, 1972–2007
Authors: Kornrich Sabino , Furstenberg Frank 
Published: September 2012

AbstractParental spending on children is often presumed to be one of the main ways that parents invest in children and a main reason why children from wealthier households are advantaged. Yet, although research has tracked changes in the other main form of parental investment—namely, time—there is little research on spending. We use data from the Consumer Expenditure Survey to examine how spending changed from the early 1970s to the late 2000s, focusing particularly on inequality in parental investment in children. Parental spending increased, as did inequality of investment. We also investigate shifts in the composition of spending and linkages to children’s characteristics. Investment in male and female children changed substantially: households with only female children spent significantly less than parents in households with only male children in the early 1970s; but by the 1990s, spending had equalized; and by the late 2000s, girls appeared to enjoy an advantage. Finally, the shape of parental investment over the course of children’s lives changed. Prior to the 1990s, parents spent most on children in their teen years. After the 1990s, however, spending was greatest when children were under the age of 6 and in their mid-20s.
Arginine exposure alters ectonucleotidase activities and morphology of zebrafish larvae (Danio rerio)
Authors: Capiotti Katiucia Marques , Fazenda Lidiane , Nazario Luiza Reali , Menezes Fabiano Peres , Kist Luiza Wilges , Bogo Maurício Reis , Da Silva Rosane Souza , Wyse Angela Terezinha , Bonan Carla Denise 
Published: September 2012

AbstractHyperargininemia is an inborn error of metabolism (IEM) characterized by tissue accumulation of arginine (Arg). Mental retardation and other neurological features are common symptoms in hyperargininemic patients. Considering purinergic signaling has a crucial role from the early stages of development and underlying mechanisms of this disease are poorly established, we investigated the effect of Arg administration on locomotor activity, morphological alterations, and extracellular nucleotide hydrolysis in larvae and adult zebrafish. We showed that 0.1 mM Arg was unable to promote changes in locomotor activity. In addition, 7‐day‐post‐fertilization (dpf) larvae treated with Arg demonstrated a decreased body size. Arg exposure (0.1 mM) promoted an increase in ATP, ADP, and AMP hydrolysis when compared to control group. These findings demonstrated that Arg might affect morphological parameters and ectonucleotidase activities in zebrafish larvae, suggesting that purinergic system is a target for neurotoxic effects induced by Arg.
Forgotten Commons: The Struggle for Recognition and Property Rights in a Spanish Village, 1509–1957
Authors: LANA-BERASAIN JOSÉ-MIGUEL 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThis article studies the role of property rights in social change using the case study of the small village of Sansomáin in Northern Spain between the years 1509 and 1957. The sources are mainly notary and court records and the focus is on the identity of neighbours as the foundation of civil and political rights during the Old Regime, and its translation into the new constitutional order that emerged after the era of the French Revolution. In the village studied, the failure of the Spanish liberal regime in extending the right of citizenship involved the usurpation of the commons by two foreign owners at the expense of the families residing there.
The Effect of the AED and AED Programs on Survival of Individuals, Groups and Populations
Authors: Stokes Nathan Allen , Scapigliati Andrea , Trammell Antoine R. , Parish David C. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractObjectiveThe automated external defibrillator (AED) is a tool that contributes to survival with mixed outcomes. This review assesses the effectiveness of the AED, consistencies and variations among studies, and how varying outcomes can be resolved.MethodsA worksheet for the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation (ILCOR) 2010 science review focused on hospital survival in AED programs was the foundation of the articles reviewed. Articles identified in the search covering a broader range of topics were added. All articles were read by at least two authors; consensus discussions resolved differences.ResultsAED use developed sequentially. Use of AEDs by emergency medical technicians (EMTs) compared to manual defibrillators showed equal or superior survival. AED use was extended to trained responders likely to be near victims, such as fire/rescue, police, airline attendants, and casino security guards, with improvement in all venues but not all programs. Broad public access initiatives demonstrated increased survival despite low rates of AED use. Home AED programs have not improved survival; in-hospital trials have had mixed results. Successful programs have placed devices in high-risk sites, maintained the AEDs, recruited a team with a duty to respond, and conducted ongoing assessment of the program.ConclusionThe AED can affect survival among patients with sudden ventricular fibrillation (VF). Components of AED programs that affect outcome include the operator, location, the emergency response system, ongoing maintenance and evaluation. Comparing outcomes is complicated by variations in definitions of populations and variables. The effect of AEDs on individuals can be dramatic, but the effect on populations is limited.StokesNA, ScapigliatiA, TrammellAR, ParishDC. The effect of the AED and AED programs on survival of individuals, groups and populations. Prehosp Disaster Med.2012;27(5):1–6.
Ocean circulation beneath Larsen C Ice Shelf, Antarctica from in situ observations
Authors: Nicholls Keith W. , Makinson Keith , Venables Emily J. 
Published: September 2012

Hot‐water drilled access holes were used to obtain oceanographic data from beneath two sites on Larsen C Ice Shelf, one in the north and one in the south. At both sites the entire water column was colder than the surface freezing point, and the temperature‐salinity characteristics are consistent with a High Salinity Shelf Water source of maximum salinity 34.65 psu. At the southern site the 0.08°C thermal driving at the ice base and the 0.2‐m s−1 rms water speed resulted in a melt rate of 1.3 ± 0.2 m a−1, as measured over an eight‐day period. When combined with the available ship‐based data, the evidence suggests that the sub‐ice cavity is flushed only by water at the surface freezing point. This implies that the reported decrease in surface elevation of Larsen C Ice Shelf is unlikely to be a result of thinning due to an increasing rate of basal melting.
The recent shift in early summer Arctic atmospheric circulation
Authors: Overland James E. , Francis Jennifer A. , Hanna Edward , Wang Muyin 
Published: September 2012

The last six years (2007–2012) show a persistent change in early summer Arctic wind patterns relative to previous decades. The persistent pattern, which has been previously recognized as the Arctic Dipole (AD), is characterized by relatively low sea‐level pressure over the Siberian Arctic with high pressure over the Beaufort Sea, extending across northern North America and over Greenland. Pressure differences peak in June. In a search for a proximate cause for the newly persistent AD pattern, we note that the composite 700 hPa geopotential height field during June 2007–2012 exhibits a positive anomaly only on the North American side of the Arctic, thus creating the enhanced mean meridional flow across the Arctic. Coupled impacts of the new persistent pattern are increased sea ice loss in summer, long‐lived positive temperature anomalies and ice sheet loss in west Greenland, and a possible increase in Arctic‐subarctic weather linkages through higher‐amplitude upper‐level flow. The North American location of increased 700 hPa positive anomalies suggests that a regional atmospheric blocking mechanism is responsible for the presence of the AD pattern, consistent with observations of unprecedented high pressure anomalies over Greenland since 2007.
Seismic‐afterslip characterization of the 2010 MW 8.8 Maule, Chile, earthquake based on moment tensor inversion
Authors: Agurto Hans , Rietbrock Andreas , Ryder Isabelle , Miller Matthew 
Published: September 2012

On February 27th 2010, a MW8.8 earthquake struck the coast of south‐central Chile, rupturing ∼500 km along the subduction interface. Here we estimate the amount of seismically‐released afterslip (SRA) and the mechanisms underlying the distribution of aftershocks of this megathrust earthquake. We employ data from a temporary local network to perform regional moment tensor (RMT) inversions. Additionally, we relocate global centroid‐moment‐tensor (GCMT) solutions, assembling a unified catalog covering the time period from the mainshock to March 2012. We find that most (70%) of the aftershocks with MW> 4 correspond to thrust events occurring on the megathrust plane, in areas of moderate co‐seismic slip between 0.15 and 0.7 fraction of the maximum slip (Smax). In particular, a concentration of aftershocks is observed between the main patches of co‐seismic slip, where the highest values of SRA are observed (1.7 m). On the other hand, small events, MW< 4, occur in the areas of largest co‐seismic slip (>0.85 Smax), likely related to processes in the damage zone surrounding the megathrust plane. Our study provides insight into the mechanics of the seismic afterslip pattern of this large megathrust earthquake and a quantitative approach to the distribution of aftershocks relative to coseismic slip that can be used for similar studies in other tectonic settings.
The comparative importance of DE3, SE2, and SPW4 on the generation of wavenumber‐4 longitude structures in the low‐latitude ionosphere during September equinox
Authors: Pedatella N. M. , Hagan M. E. , Maute A. 
Published: September 2012

Numerical simulations are performed to investigate the generation of the wave‐4 longitude variation in the low‐latitude ionosphere due to the diurnal eastward propagating nonmigrating tide with zonal wavenumber 3 (DE3), semidiurnal eastward propagating nonmigrating tide with zonal wavenumber 2 (SE2), and stationary planetary wave 4 (SPW4). From a fixed local time perspective, the DE3, SE2, and SPW4 all appear as wave‐4 structures in longitude, and thus each of these waves must be considered as a potential source of the wave‐4 variation in the ionosphere. Both theDE3 and SPW4 are found to produce significant wave‐4 variations in the equatorial verticalE × Bdrift velocity, and in the ionospheric peak density (NmF2) at 15°N magnetic latitude. The daytime wave‐4 variation in NmF2 is driven by the combination of verticalE × Bdrift variability and in‐situ effects due largely to meridional neutral winds. The simulation results indicate that theSE2 is not a contributor to the wave‐4 longitude variation. Our results further demonstrate that the actual wave‐4 longitude variation is due to a combination of theDE3 and SPW4. We therefore conclude that, in addition to the DE3, the SPW4 also needs to be considered as an important driver of the wave‐4 longitude variation in the low‐latitude ionosphere. We additionally present evidence for the generation of theSPW4 due to the nonlinear interaction between the migrating diurnal tide and the DE3, and demonstrate the impact of DE3 variability on the amplitude of the SPW4.
Mercury's moment of inertia from spin and gravity data
Authors: Margot Jean‐Luc , Peale Stanton J. , Solomon Sean C. , Hauck Steven A. , Ghigo Frank D. , Jurgens Raymond F. , Yseboodt Marie , Giorgini Jon D. , Padovan Sebastiano , Campbell Donald B. 
Published: September 2012

Earth‐based radar observations of the spin state of Mercury at 35 epochs between 2002 and 2012 reveal that its spin axis is tilted by (2.04 ± 0.08) arc min with respect to the orbit normal. The direction of the tilt suggests that Mercury is in or near a Cassini state. Observed rotation rate variations clearly exhibit an 88‐day libration pattern which is due to solar gravitational torques acting on the asymmetrically shaped planet. The amplitude of the forced libration, (38.5 ± 1.6) arc sec, corresponds to a longitudinal displacement of ∼450 m at the equator. Combining these measurements of the spin properties with second‐degree gravitational harmonics (Smith et al., 2012) provides an estimate of the polar moment of inertia of MercuryC/MR2 = 0.346 ± 0.014, where M and R are Mercury's mass and radius. The fraction of the moment that corresponds to the outer librating shell, which can be used to estimate the size of the core, is Cm/C = 0.431 ± 0.025.
A review of nitrogen isotopic alteration in marine sediments
Authors: Robinson Rebecca S. , Kienast Markus , Luiza Albuquerque Ana , Altabet Mark , Contreras Sergio , De Pol Holz Ricardo , Dubois Nathalie , Francois Roger , Galbraith Eric , Hsu Ting‐Chang , Ivanochko Tara , Jaccard Samuel , Kao Shuh‐Ji , Kiefer Thorsten , Kienast Stephanie , Lehmann Moritz , Martinez Philippe , McCarthy Matthew , Möbius Jürgen , Pedersen Tom , Quan Tracy M. , Ryabenko Evgeniya , Schmittner Andreas , Schneider Ralph , Schneider‐Mor Aya , Shigemitsu Masahito , Sinclair Dan , Somes Christopher , Studer Anja , Thunell Robert , Yang Jin‐Yu 
Published: September 2012

Nitrogen isotopes are an important tool for evaluating past biogeochemical cycling from the paleoceanographic record. However, bulk sedimentary nitrogen isotope ratios, which can be determined routinely and at minimal cost, may be altered during burial and early sedimentary diagenesis, particularly outside of continental margin settings. The causes and detailed mechanisms of isotopic alteration are still under investigation. Case studies of the Mediterranean and South China Seas underscore the complexities of investigating isotopic alteration. In an effort to evaluate the evidence for alteration of the sedimentary N isotopic signal and try to quantify the net effect, we have compiled and compared data demonstrating alteration from the published literature. A >100 point comparison of sediment trap and surface sedimentary nitrogen isotope values demonstrates that, at sites located off of the continental margins, an increase in sediment 15N/14N occurs during early burial, likely at the seafloor. The extent of isotopic alteration appears to be a function of water depth. Depth‐related differences in oxygen exposure time at the seafloor are likely the dominant control on the extent of N isotopic alteration. Moreover, the compiled data suggest that the degree of alteration is likely to be uniform through time at most sites so that bulk sedimentary isotope records likely provide a good means for evaluating relative changes in the global N cycle.
Enhanced optical conductance in graphene superlattice due to anisotropic band dispersion
Authors: Ang Yee Sin , Zhang C 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
The optical response of a Kronig–Penney type graphene superlattice is investigated. When an external field is applied along the periodicity of the superlattice, the total optical response of the graphene superlattice is enhanced due to the formation of anisotropic Dirac fermions. Such anisotropy tunes up the total optical spectra while maintaining the same critical electric field regardless of the degree of anisotropy. The optical conductance of anisotropic Dirac fermions exhibits two contrasting behaviours: (i) inversely proportional to the anisotropy and (ii) directly proportional to the anisotropy, depending on the direction of the external field. Interestingly, the anisotropy-induced optical conductance enhancement also occurs in gapped graphene with band structure anisotropy. This suggests that the enhanced electron–photon couplings in the presence of anisotropy is a general feature of the relativistic nature of the Dirac fermions in both massless and massive form. It is also revealed that the strong optical nonlinearity is a consequence of the relativistic nature of the Dirac fermions and the Dirac cone isotropy is not required.
DNAbarcodingNeotropical fishes: recent advances from thePampaPlain,Argentina
Authors: Rosso J. J. , Mabragaña E. , González Castro M. , Díaz de Astarloa J. M. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThe fish fauna of thePampaPlain, the southernmost distribution range of manyNeotropical species, was barcoded in this study.COIsequences were analysed by means of distance (K2P/NJ) and character‐based (ML) models, as well as theBarcodeIndexNumber (BIN).K2P/NJanalysis was able to discriminate among all previously identified species while also revealing the likely occurrence of two cryptic species that were further supported byBINandMLanalyses. On the other hand, bothBINandMLwere not able to discriminate between two species ofRineloricaria. Despite the small genetic divergence betweenA. cf. pampaandA. eigenmanniorum, a tight array of haplotypes was observed for each species in both the distance and character‐based methods. Deep intraspecific divergences were detected inCnesterodon decemmaculatus(5%) andSalminus brasiliensis(6%). ForSalminus brasiliensis,these findings were further supported by character‐based (ML) evidence and meristic and morphological data. Our results also showed that Pampa Plain representatives ofSalminus brasiliensis,Rhamdia quelen,Hoplias malabaricus,Synbranchus marmoratus,Australoheros facetus,Oligosarcus jenynsiiandCorydoras paleatusdiffered by more than 3% from their conspecifics from other parts of South America. Overall, this study was able to highlight the likely occurrence of a cryptic species inSalminus brasiliensisand also illustrate the strong geographical structure in theCOIsequence composition of seven fish species fromSouthAmerica.