bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of Herbicides, CLODEX 100EC and CONQER 80EC, on Non-Targeted Pathogenic fungi (Rhizactonia solani and Fusarium solani) Isolated from Cucumber Plant
Authors: Allobawi Salwan A. Z. J. , Bisly Ali A. , Al-Shafiee Adeeb K. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This study aimed to determine the effect of the herbicides, CLODEX 100EC (CL) and Conqer 80EC (CO), which are used to control wheat weeds, on non-target pathogenic fungi Rhizactonia solani and Fusarium solani. The effect of the herbicides on the solid culture medium (P.D.A.) for fungi was measured. The results showed that the herbicides were superior in inhibiting the pathogenic fungi in the solid culture medium P.D.A., where the inhibition rate reached (17.86, 26.67) %. However, in the liquid medium P.D.B., there was encouragement with the herbicides CLODEX 100EC and Conqer 80EC. The highest encouragement was in the treatment of the pathogenic fungus R.solani and the pesticide CLODEX 100EC (13.00)%. The study showed that the pathogenic fungi Rhizactonia solani and Fusarium solani have a high pathogenic ability and that the infection rate reached (100.00 and 50.32) % respectively on cucumber seeds.
Effect of Some Plant Extracts and Herbicides on Weed Control in Irrigated and Non-Irrigated Vineyards in Sulaymaniyah-Iraq
Authors: Othman Sonia Hiwa , Lazim Zainab Sabah , Ali Al-Wakaa Adnan Hussein 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Allelopathy, the inhibition of neighboring plant growth by certain plants, can be particularly useful if applied in a targeted way for weed management. So, this study aimed to determine the most environmentally friendly weed control technologies and identify the optimum management for lowering weed number and biomass, leading to improved grape quality and quantity. Two experiments were carried out in irrigated and non-irrigated vineyards in Sharbazher, Sulaymaniyah City, Kurdistan Region of Iraq, for two consecutive growing seasons, 2021 and 2022. The experiments were conducted at the Sitak and Maluma subdistricts of Sulaymaniyah, respectively. The effects of six aqueous plant extracts were investigated. The plants included pomegranate (Punica granatum) peels, walnut (Juglans regia) green husk, eucalyptus (Eucalyptus camaldulensis) leaves, Aleppo oak (Quercus infectoria) galls, cogon grass (Imperata cylindrica) rhizomes, nutgrass (Cyperus rotundus) tubers. Two herbicides (Glyphosate and Paraquat) were included, plus control. The number and dry weights of weed plants, Percentage of Weed Inhibition (PWI), some vegetative growth, yield, and qualitative properties of grapes were measured. A Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) was used. All results were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 24.0). The differences between means were compared using Duncan’s multiple range test at a 5% level. Results revealed that herbicides significantly decreased the number, biomass, and PWI of broad and narrow-leaved weeds and total weeds in all growth stages. Furthermore, all treatments led to an increase in the number of clusters.vine-1, cluster weight, total yield, and WI, and the highest values appeared in the treatment with herbicides, followed by eucalyptus leaf extract and peels of pomegranate as compared to the control. Peels of pomegranate recorded the highest leaves’ chlorophyll content. For dry weight of leaves and qualitative parameters like TSS and TA%, all treatments led to minor effects that did not reach the degree of significance compared to the control at both locations. Thus, plant extracts can be used as a bioherbicide to control and manage some weeds.
Evaluation of the Efficiency of some Biological Control Agents in Inducing Systemic Resistance of Potato Plants Against Black Scale Disease Caused by the fungus Rhizoctonia solani Kühn
Authors: Al-Ghanimi Ghada Majid , Al-Khafaji Hamed Abdzaid 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The study aimed at the possibility of using safe biological agents to induce systemic resistance of potato plants against black scale disease caused by the fungus Kühn Rhizoctonia solani in In laboratory and greenhouse conditions.. Factorial experiments were carried out using a completely randomized design (CRD) with four replications for each treatment, and for four concentrations of EM1 (1, 3, 5, and 10)% and the same amount of Curcuma longa extract (1, 2, 3, and 5)% compared to the control treatment (0). The results showed that all the used concentrations of EM1 and turmeric extract increased the percentage of inhibition of the growth of R. solani in the laboratory, as the concentrations of 5 and 10% EM1 and 5% of turmeric extract achieved the highest inhibition rate of 100.00% compared to the comparison treatment of 0.00.%. The interaction treatment between EM1 added to soil contaminated with R. solani fungus inoculum and Curcuma extract added and sprayed on the plant recorded the lowest percentage and severity of plant infection with the pathogenic fungus amounted to 0.00% compared to the fungus treatment. The percentage of plant infection was 100.00% and 98.55% for the severity of infection. The overlap treatment (EM1 with Curcuma extract) gave the highest levels of the studied growth parameters, reaching 9373.30 cm2 / plant, 50.55 mg.gm / fresh weight, and 6.25 tubers / plant (leaf area, chlorophyll content, and number of tubers per plant, respectively, measured by (2354.90 and 25.40 and 2,83) in R. solani treatment, respectively.
The Effect of Solar Heating on Lesser Grain Borer, Rhyzopertha dominica (Fab.) (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae)
Authors: Saber Najdat Ghazi , Mansor Mohammed Shakir , Qader Fadel Abbas 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The experiments of this study were conducted in the Plant protection Department laboratories - College of Agriculture - Tikrit University in 2023 for the purpose of identifying the effect of solar heating on both larvae and pupae of lesser grain borer during four weeks of both July and Augast, 2023 at 10.00 a.m, 12.00 noon and 2.00 p.m. by using three exposure times. 15, 30, and 45 minutes It has been indicated from the results that the weeks of July and August have a distinct and significant impact on the larval stage mortality and the development of the visible adult insect, as the highest larvae killing 55.19% was recorded in the 4th week of August, while the lowest larvae killing 32.95% was recorded in the 1st week of August inside uncovered petri dishes. The July weeks, as you can see from these results, also has an effective effect on the mortalty larvae, by solar heating, as the highest larval mortalty was recorded at 63.33% for the 45-minute period at 12.00 noon inside uncovered petri dishes also., while the lowest percentage of killing larvae, 19.16%, was recorded for the exposure period of 15 minutes at 10.00 a.m.. It is worth noting here that the interaction between weeks and the exposure time also has an important and significant impact on the percentage of larvae killing, recording its highest percentage of 93.33% for the interaction between 4th Augast week and The exposure time 45 minutes at 2.00 p.m. in uncovered petri dishes, while the lowest larval stage percentage killing 10.00% was recorded for the interaction treatment between the 1st July week and the exposure time, 15 minutes for the treatment at 10.00 a.m. inside uncovered petri dishes. The results also showed that the effect of sunlight on the larval stage inside covered Petri dishes varied according to the three different exposure time included in this study. The highest rate of killing larvae was recorded, 100%, 100% larvae, all of which were observed for 15, 30, and 45 minutes for the two hour periods of larvae. 12.00 noon and 2.00 p.m. The results also showed that the four weeks observed in this study had a significant and clear effect on the rate of larval stimulation, recording its highest rate of 84.44% larvae in the 2nd Augast week inside covered petri dishes, while the lowest larval stage mortality 77.31% larvae was recorded in the 1st Augast week inside covered petri dishes also.
Molecular Diagnosis and Genetic Diversity of Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Virus in Basra Governorate
Authors: Abdulqader Sara Ali , Al-Waeli Muhannad A. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This study was conducted to determine the extent of the spread of the Tomato yellow leaf curl in the farms of Basra Governorate. Additionally, the study aimed to detect the genetic diversity of the coat protein CP(V1) of the virus. A total of 137 samples of leaves and stems of the tomato plant were collected from the fields located in the district of Zubair, Al-Burjisiya, Safwan, Khor Al-Zubair and Al-Lahis, Total DNA extraction was performed using the CTAB method and a primer pair; V1 (CP) Forward (EcoRI) and V1 (CP) Reverse (EcoRI), to detect TYLCV. The virus was detected in 84 out of the 137 samples (61.3%), indicating its widespread presence across all surveyed areas. The infection rate ranged from 80.55% to 29% in the districts of Al-Zubair and Khor Al-Zubair, respectively. Analysis of nucleotide sequences revealed that all the obtained sequences corresponded to TYLCV when compared with the equivalent sequences in the NCBI GenBank. The highest nucleotide similarity was observed with the M3 isolate (PP19939), exhibiting 99.31% similarity to the Iraqi isolate (JQ354991). Conversely, the M5 isolate (PP199397) showed the lowest nucleotide resemblance, with 95.30% similarity to the Iraqi isolate (MF429946). Sequencing analysis and the construction of a phylogenetic tree indicated a discrepancy among the studied isolates, with similarity rates ranging from 93% to 98%.
Morphological and Morphometrical Characterization of the Nematode Genus Filenchus spp. Associated with Olive Trees in Iraq
Authors: Albazazz Amina M. , Aljuboori Firas K. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
A field survey was conducted for selected olive farms in the Basheeqa and Al-Fadhiliya districts in Nineveh Governorate - Iraq. The results of this research recorded the parasitism of the nematode Filenchus
spp. on the roots of olive trees in the tested fields. The morphological and morphometric results of the tested specimens described the most important characteristics of the adults of this species that can be relied upon in diagnosing this species. The body length of adult females ranged between 513.4-710.8 microns and its width 12-28 microns, and the body length ranged from 531-661 microns and the body width was 15-20 microns in males, respectively. The stylet is stomato stylet type and it is 8.9-11.18 microns long and has clear knobs. The esophagus is of the Tylenchoid type, 80.0-121.0 microns long in females and 118-129 microns in males, with a structured median bulb. Cuticle, the body is smooth in outline, and the lateral fields contain four clear lines. The female reproductive system is anteriorly straight and monodelphic, consisting of a single ovary extending with eggs in a single row. The filamentous tail is 76-130 microns long in females and 65-97 microns in males. The male reproductive system is monorchic and the testicle is continuous tubular. The spicules are 14-17 microns long. The morphological and morphometric diagnostic results are similar to the genus Filenchus spp. This is the first recording of this genus on olive trees in Iraq, as the provided sources did not indicate that it had been recorded previously.
Effect of Nano-Silicon Oxide and Salt Stress on the Anatomical Characteristics of the Mandevilla Sanderi Plant in Vitro Culture
Authors: Qanbar Asker Saja Al-Layle , Ghanim Nadhim Salim , Ismael Bairam Solomon 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Experimental work was done at the Plant Cells and Tissues Culture Laboratory of the Department of Horticulture and Landscape Engineering, College of Agriculture, Tikrit University, from 10/1/2023 to 2/23/2024 Through in vitro tissue culture, increase Mandevilla sanderi plants and examine their response to NaCl and Sio2. 4 weeks after planting was the “establishment stage,” and 8 weeks later was the “multiplication stage.” In the comparison treatment, Zeatin concentrations outperformed The others received 2,140 branches per plant part-1, the highest mean. With 3,220 branches on average, 1.5 mg L-1 had the most during multiplication. The seedlings were planted in media (MS) with a full salt content and various IBA concentrations after multiplication. Root length, rooting percentage, and number of roots were calculated. The concentration was estimated as 1 mg L-1. It rooted 90% better than the other concentrations. Tissue culture-derived plants were grown on Murashige and Skoog nutritional medium with NaCl and nano-Sio2 five weeks after propagation. The medium concentrations were: 50 mg L-1, 100 mg L-1, and 200 mg L-1 were higher values. At most 350 stomata were detected. Mesophyll tissue thickness was greatest at 200 mg L-1, 158 micrometers. The greatest rate was found using 100 mg L-1 Sio2 and 100 mmol L-1 NaCl. The upper cuticle layer is 6 micrometres thick and the bottom 5 micrometres. With the same mix of xylem and phloem dimensions, the average diameter of components with phloem tissue is maximized to 4 micrometres and that of components with xylem to 7 micrometres. The collenchyma tissue averaged 35 micrometres thick with the best combination of SiO2 at 200 mg L-1 and NaCl at 100 mmol L-1.
Changes in the Growth and Yield of Broccoli Grown in the Alternative Solution ABEER, Affected by Gas Enrichment and Spraying with Organic Nutrients under the Hydroponic Cultivation System
Authors: Salman Abeer Dawood , Abdulrasool Iman Jaber 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
A Field experiment was conducted in Horticulture and Landscape Department, College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences, University of Baghdad, Al-Jadriah during fall 2019-2020 to study changes in the growth and yield of broccoli grown in the alternative solution ABEER, affected by gas enrichment and spraying with coconut water and moringa aqueous extract under the hydroponic cultivation system. Nested design with three replications adopted in the experiment, each of them included in main plot the first factor, which is gas enrichment (O2 and O3), Then levels of second factor were randomly distributed within each replicate, which included spraying with plants extracts which was Coconut water and Moringa leaves extract at two concentrations 50, 100 ml. L-1 and 2, 4 % for each of them symbolized as T1, T2, T3, T4 respectively, As well as control treatment T0. Results showed a significant effect of O2T2 on leaves content of Calcium, Manganese, Zinc, Copper, Boron and Chlorophyll, leaves area, roots length, roots dry weight, Weight of main head and total yield (1.716%, 27.80, 64.80, 64.80, 20.90 mg.Kg-1, 421.1 mg.100g fresh wt.-1, 293.48 dcm2 plant-1, 124.2 cm, 29.67g. plant1, 677.00 g. plant1 and 50.08 t.ha-1 respectively) while O2T3 produced a significant highest values of leaves content of Mg, Fe, leaves number, number and weight of side heads compared to the control treatment O2T0. It could be concluded that it is possible to culture broccoli hydroponically and increase its productivity through oxygen enrichment and spraying with the coconut water at the concentration of 100 ml. L-1 while preserving the environment from pollution.
Response of Two Hybrids of Roses to Organic Media and Biofertilizer in Vegetative and Floral Growth and Peroxidase Enzyme
Authors: Kadhim Fadhil J. , Alwan Nawal M. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The experiment was conducted at Research Station B, College of Agricultural Engineering sciences, University of Baghdad-Jadriyah, on the rose plant for the growing season 2022 2023. The response of two hybrids of roses to organic media and biofertilizer in vegetative and floral growth and peroxidase enzyme was investigated. The experiment was conducted using a randomized complete block design with a split-plot arrangement with three replications. The experiment included three factors. The first factor two rose hybrids (Brighton and Pink-Martini), allocated to the main-plots. rice straw at two levels (2 and 4 kg/m2, sugarcane bagasse residues at two levels (2 and 4 kg/m2), in addition to a control treatment without additives The third factor represented bio fertilization by adding Azospirillum and Trichoderma. Trichoderma was added to the soil at a rate of 75 g per square meter, and Azospirillum was treated by soaking the roots for 20 minutes before planting. The plants were then planted according to the experimental design. The results showed that the three-way interaction between the hybrids, organic media, and biofertilizer showed the superiority of the treatment A1B2C1 in flower diameter and peroxidase enzyme, with an average of 12.00 cm and 1.76, respectively. The hybrid grown in the organic medium of 2 kg of rice husks B1 treated with Azospirillum bacteria was superior in carbohydrate content and leaf zinc content. The treatment A2B2C1 significantly outperformed in the number of leaves, length of the Flower pedicle, and total chlorophyll content of the leaves, with an average of 99.33 leaves plant-1, 40.55 cm, and 510.47, respectively. The two-way interaction between organic media and biofertilizer showed superiority of most traits in the number of leaves (92.75 leaves plant-1), length of the Flower pedicle (37.47 cm), and chlorophyll content (417.00) for treatment A2B2, with treatment A2C1 being superior in the number of leaves, length of flower pedicle, chlorophyll content, percentage of dry matter in the leaves, and carbohydrate and zinc content of the leaves. The hybrids Brighton was superior for most traits, while the factor of organic media showed the superiority of B1 in length of the flower pedicle and carbohydrate content of the leaves, as well as content of the elements iron and zinc. The significant superiority of Azospirillum bacteria for all traits of rose plants.
Response of some Varieties of Beans Phaseolus Vulgaris L. in the Plastic House and Spraying with Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles in Vegetative Growth Qualities
Authors: Aziz Wathik A. , Abdulrahman Harith B. , Saeed Ammar H. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This experiment was conducted in the greenhouse unit of the Department of Horticulture and Garden Engineering in the agricultural season 2023-2022 to study the response of four varieties of beans to spraying with zinc oxide nanoparticles at a concentration of 0, 100, 150 mg liter-1 and its effect on vegetative growth qualities. The results showed the superiority of the variety Seychelles over all varieties in the characteristics of plant height, the total leaf area of the plant and the content of leaves of chlorophyll a and b, the superiority of the variety Gia Bean in the characteristic of the number of leaves and the number of nodes and the superiority of the two varieties Sonesta and Gia Bean in the percentage of dry matter for vegetative growth. As for spraying with zinc oxide nanoparticles, spraying at a concentration of 150 mg l-1 is superior in the characteristics of plant height, number of leaves, total leaf area of the plant, number of nodes, chlorophyll A and chlorophyll B for bean plants. As for bilateral overlap, the variety Seychelles and spraying at a concentration of 100 mg L-1 were superior in the characteristics of plant height, total leafy area of the plant and chlorophyll b, The bilateral overlap between the variety Gia Bean and spraying at a concentration of 100 mg l-1 was superior in the qualities of the number of leaves and the number of nodes, The bilateral interaction treatment between the variety Gia Bean and spraying at a concentration of 50 mg L-1 excelled in the percentage of dry matter for vegetative growth, As for the content of the leaves of chlorophyll A, it exceeded the treatment of bilateral overlap between the seychelles and spraying with a concentration of 50 mg-1.
Response of Two Potato Varieties Solanum tuberosum L. to Spraying with Moringa Leaf Extract on Crop Storage Characteristics
Authors: Abdullah Adnan Mohammed , Abdullrehman Hareth Burhanalden 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The study was conducted in Bazian district which is located within Sulaymaniyah Governorate for spring season of 2022 to study the response extent of two potato varieties class E (Hermes and Metro) and four levels of moringa leaf extract (0, 5, 10, 15%) to the storage characteristics of produced tubers of potato. The experiment was carried out using a split plot design within a randomized complete block design (R.C.B.D) with three replications, varieties treatments were placed in the main plots and spray treatments with moringa leaf extract were placed as a sub plots. The results showed that the varieties factor did not show significant differences between their averages in studied traits effect, but the two varieties showed a close effect that did not reach the limits of significance. While the spraying treatment with different concentrations of moringa extract had a significant effect, as spraying with a concentration of 5% of the extract excelled and gave the highest values for the percentage of sprouted tubers, which amounted 30.36%. The 10% concentration treatment of the extract also excelled in terms of percentage of dry matter and starch percentage as well as tubers specific density, the results reached (27.02%, 20.43%, 1.114075 g cm3), respectively. The interactions between the treatments showed a significant increase in dry matter percentage and germinated tubers percentage.
Effect of Spraying with Different Types and Concentrations of Auxin and Two Growth Stages of the Date Palm (Al-Sultani cultivar) on the Chemical Traits of the Leaves and the Amount of Yield
Authors: Jaaz Al-Lami Rawaa Samir , Hashem Abbas Hadi 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The factorial experiment was conducted at the Al-Mahawil palm tree station (20 km north of Babylon province), affiliated with the Horticulture Department/Ministry of Agriculture, to determine the effect of spraying with three types of Auxin (IBA, NAA, and 2,4-D) at two different stages of growth (Al-Hababouk and Al-Kamari) using four concentrations of The Auxin used are (0, 0.5, 1, and 1.5) mg L-1. The first spraying appointment was conducted on April 19, 2023, in the Al-Hababouk stage, with two sprays, with a time difference of two weeks between spray 1 and spray 2. The second spraying appointment was conducted in the Al-Kamari stage on 2023/5/11, with a two-week time difference between spray 1 and spray 2. The results of this study can be summarized as follows: The triple interaction treatment between (growth stage, type of Auxin and their concentrations) achieved a significant effect on the following studied traits (the percentage of carbohydrates and the percentage of nitrogen in the leaves and the percentage of reducing sugars in the fruits), while the trait (Bunch weight) did not respond significantly to the effect of the triple interactions.