bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Long-Term Durability of Pressure-Treated Wood in a Severe Test Site
Authors: Lebow Stan , Woodward Bessie , Kirker Grant , Lebow Patricia 
Published: April 2013

Abstract
Improved estimates of the long-term durability of treated wood products are needed to guide choices about construction materials and allow estimates of design life. This report summarizes the long-term decay and insect resistance of treated wood post and lumber specimens placed in ground contact at a test site of the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Product Laboratory in southern Mississippi. Posts treated with relatively low levels of creosote had an estimated durability of 54 years, and slightly less durability was observed in creosote-treated lumber. Pentachlorophenol-treated posts exhibited durability in excess of 60 years, whereas lumber specimens treated to standard ground-contact retentions had no failures after 39 or 45 years. Posts treated with low retentions of copper naphthenate had an estimated 65-year longevity, but lumber specimens treated to higher retentions of copper napththenate had lower average lives of 27 to 30 years. Low-retention ammoniacal copper arsenate (ACA) posts had an estimated durability of 60 years, whereas stakes treated to retentions of 8 kg/m3 (0.5 lb/ft3) or greater with ammoniacal copper zinc arsenate (ACZA) or ACA have had no failures after 30 and 60 years, respectively. Posts treated with a range of retentions of chromated copper arsenate (CCA-C) have had no failures after 35 years, and stakes treated with CCA-A, CCA-B, or CCA-C to retentions above 7 0 kg/m3 (0.43 lb/ft3) have had no failures after 60, 61, and 40 years, respectively. As a whole, the post and lumber specimens indicate an expected durability of over 50 years for creosote-treated wood and over 60 years for wood treated with pentachlorophenol, copper naphthenate, ACZA, or CCA. Comparison of the results from this site to reports from other locations suggests that these results might underestimate the potential durability in more moderate exposures. In relating these findings to treated commodities, it should be noted that these test specimens have not been subjected to the same mechanical loads or wear and tear associated with in-service structures.
Analytical Solution of the Problem of Diffusional Transformation Under Continuous Cooling Condition Based on Isothermal Transformation Diagram Data
Authors: Mirzaev D. A. , Okishev K. Yu. , Mirzaeva K. D. 
Published: April 2013

Abstract
This paper is devoted to theoretical analysis of the critical cooling rate necessary to suppress the diffusional transformation of austenite. The transition from isothermal conditions to continuous cooling conditions was accomplished in two ways: by means of the traditional integral of Scheil and Steinberg (often called the additivity rule), and via direct integration of the Avrami equation. The resulting equations for both the cooling rate and a coefficient in Grange and Kiefer’s formula are presented. It was found that the theoretical value of the Grange–Kiefer coefficient almost never reached the value of 1.5 that they proposed. A method for determining the parameters in kinetic equations describing isothermal and continuous cooling transformations from an experimental time-temperature transformation diagram is also outlined.
Post-surgical thyroid ablation with low or high radioiodine activities results in similar outcomes in intermediate risk differentiated thyroid cancer patients
Authors: Castagna Maria Grazia , Cevenini Gabriele , Theodoropoulou Alexandra , Maino Fabio , Memmo Silvia , Claudia Cipri , Belardini Valentina , Brianzoni Ernesto , Pacini Furio 
Published: April 2013

BackgroundIn differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) patients at intermediate risk of recurrences, no evidences are provided regarding the optimal radioactive iodine (RAI) activity to be administered for post-surgical thyroid ablation.MethodsThis study aimed to evaluate the impact of RAI activities on the outcome of 225 DTC patients classified as intermediate risk, treated with low (1110–1850 MBq) or high RAI activities (≥3700 MBq).ResultsSix to 18 months after ablation, remission was observed in 60.0% of patients treated with low and in 60.0% of those treated with high RAI activities, biochemical disease was found in 18.8% of patients treated with low and in 14.3% of patients treated with high RAI activities, metastatic disease was found in 21.2% of patients treated with low and in 25.7% of patients treated with high RAI activities (P=0.56). At the last follow-up (low activities, median 4.2 years; high activities, median 6.9 years), remission was observed in 76.5% of patients treated with low and in 72.1% of patients treated with high RAI activities, persistent disease was observed in 18.8% of patients treated with low and in 23.5% of patients treated with high RAI activities, recurrent disease was 2.4% in patients treated with low and 2.1% in patients treated with high RAI activities, deaths occurred in 2.4% of patients treated with low and in 2.1% of patients treated with high RAI activities (P=0.87).ConclusionOur study provides the first evidence that in DTC patients at intermediate risk, high RAI activities at ablation have no major advantage over low activities.
Controlling the Crystalline Quality and the Purity of Single-walled Carbon Nanotubes Grown by Catalytic Chemical Vapor Deposition
Authors: Navas Hugo , Picher Matthieu , Arenal Raul , Quesnel Etienne , Anglaret Eric , Jourdain Vincent 
Published: April 2013

ABSTRACTIt is frequently observed that as-grown single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) contain defects. Controlling the defect density is a key issue for the control of nanotube properties. However, little is known about the influence of the growth conditions on the formation of nanotube defects. In addition, SWCNT samples frequently contain carbonaceous by-products which affect their ensemble properties. Raman spectroscopy is commonly used to characterize both features from the measurement of the defect-induced D band. However, the contribution of each carbonaceous species to the D band is usually not known making it difficult to separately extract the defect density and relative abundance of each. Here, we report on the correlated evolution of the D and G’ bands of SWCNT samples with increasing growth temperature. In the general case, three to four Lorentzian components are required to fit them. Coupled with HRTEM characterization, the low frequency components of the D and G’ can be attributed to the contribution of SWCNTs while high frequency components are associated with defective carbonaceous by-products. The nature of these defective by-products varies with the type of catalysts and with the growth conditions.
Ecodesign concept case studies: Cu in electric motor and Ni in waste incinerator
Authors: Laitinen Tarja , Turunen Erja , Salmi Olli , Tammi Kari , Mroueh Ulla-Maija , Kivikytö-Reponen Päivi 
Published: April 2013

ABSTRACTVTT has implemented the demand of energy and resource efficiency in the framework of Ecodesign concept covering the whole material life cycle from material sources to material design and manufacturing, component life time optimisation and finally recycling concepts. The vision of the virtually supported Ecodesign concept is to create optimized and efficient machine and device components regarding their whole lifecycle by evolving multiscale modelling.In this presentation we will introduce our development work within our Ecodesign concept by giving two case examples including Cu flow in electrical motor and Ni flow in waste incinerator. In the first case we will discuss raw material scarcity based design criteria, technological challenges and possibilities of Cu substitution and finally energy efficiency in system level. In the latter we will discuss multiscale modelling approach starting from raw materials and new design criteria regarding performance, life time, maintenance strategies and energy efficiency in system level operation.
Hierarchical Organisation in the Most Abundant Biopolymer –Cellulose
Authors: Khandelwal Mudrika , Windle Alan H. 
Published: April 2013

ABSTRACTThe most abundant biopolymer, cellulose, occurs as a supra-molecular organisation of poly-glucan chains. The cellulose produced by bacteria has been characterised by various techniques including SEM, AFM, PXRD and SAXS, to elucidate the multi-level organisation. A model has been developed to relate this organisation to the cellulose biosynthetic machinery in bacteria.
Conducting Oxide Electrode to Mitigate Mechanical Instability (Bubble Formation) during Operation of La1-xSrxMnO3 (LSMO) based RRAM
Authors: Nori Rajashree , Chandra Raju N. Ravi , Thomas Naijo , Panwar Neeraj , Kumbhare Pankaj , Rao Gurudatt , Srinivasan Senthil , Venkataramani N. , Ganguly U. 
Published: April 2013

ABSTRACTThe role of field-induced electrochemical migration oxygen ions in switching behaviour of LSMO films is established through I-V measurements under various top electrode device configurations. We report observation of bubbling, mechanical damage and delamination of top electrode in LSMO-based large area RRAM devices. Polarity dependence of this phenomenon, as observed in-situ during electrical measurements, reveals O-evolution to be the likely cause for such electrode damage. The effect of this phenomenon on switching behaviour of devices with reactive as well as inert top electrodes is presented. To mitigate the electrode integrity issue, we explore the use of conducting oxide electrodes on the active LSMO film.
Silicon based core-shell silicon nanowires for broadband and wide angle antireflection
Authors: Pignalosa P. , Lee H. , Guo W. , Duan X. , Yi Y. 
Published: April 2013

ABSTRACTAntireflection with broadband and wide angle properties is important for a wide range of applications on photovoltaic cells and display. The SiOx shell layer provides a natural antireflection from air to the Si core absorption layer. In this work, we have demonstrated the random core-shell silicon nanowires with both broadband (from 400nm to 900nm) and wide angle (from normal incidence to 60°) antireflection characteristics within AM1.5 solar spectrum. The graded index structure from the randomly oriented core-shell (Air/SiOx/Si) nanowires may provide a potential avenue to realize a broadband and wide angle antireflection layer.
Structural Dynamics of Polycrystals under Shock Compression Observed via Nanosecond Time-resolved X-ray Diffraction
Authors: Nakamura Kazutaka G. , Hu Jianbo , Ichiyanagi Kouhei , Kawai Nobuaki , Adachi Shin-ichi 
Published: April 2013

ABSTRACTDynamics of structural phase transition in polycrystalline samples (tetragonal stabilized zirconia and bismuth) under laser-shock compression has been studied using nanosecond time-resolved X-ray diffraction technique based on synchrotron radiation. Tetragonal zirconia shows the structural phase transition to the monoclinic phase within 20 ns during shock compression without any intermediate and reverts back to the tetragonal phase during pressure release. Bismuth shows more complex phase transition dynamics. The Bi-I phase, which is the stable phase at ambient pressure and temperature, transfers to Bi-V phase within 4 ns under shock compression and gradually reverts back following the path of Bi-V →Bi-III → Bi-II → Bi-I within 30 ns during pressure release.
High Concentration but Low Activity of Hepatocyte Growth Factor in Periodontitis
Authors: Lönn Johanna , Johansson Carin Starkhammar , Nakka Sravya , Palm Eleonor , Bengtsson Torbjörn , Nayeri Fariba , Ravald Nils 
Published: April 2013

Background: High levels of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), a healing factor with regenerative and cytoprotective effects, are associated with inflammatory diseases, including periodontitis. HGF biologic activity requires binding to its receptors, the proto‐oncogene c‐Met and heparan sulfate proteoglycan (HSPG). This study investigates HGF expression and its relationship to subgingival microbiota in medically healthy individuals with and without periodontitis.Methods: Saliva, gingival crevicular fluid (GCF), and blood samples from 30 patients with severe periodontitis and 30 healthy controls were analyzed for HGF concentration using enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay and binding affinity for HSPG and c‐Met using surface plasmon resonance. The regenerative effects of saliva from three patients and controls were analyzed in an in vitro model of cell injury. Subgingival plaques were analyzed for the presence of 18 bacterial species.Results: Patients with periodontitis showed higher HGF concentrations in saliva, GCF, and serum (P <0.001); however, the binding affinities for HSPG and c‐Met were reduced in GCF and saliva (P <0.002). In contrast to the controls, saliva from patients showed no significant regenerative effect over time on gingival epithelial cells. Compared with controls, patients had a higher prevalence of periodontally related bacteria.Conclusions: Higher circulatory HGF levels indicate a systemic effect of periodontitis. However, the HGF biologic activity at local inflammation sites was reduced, and this effect was associated with the amount of periodontal bacteria. Loss of function of healing factors may be an important mechanism in degenerative processes in periodontally susceptible individuals.
Change in Health Insurance Coverage in Massachusetts and Other New England States by Perceived Health Status: Potential Impact of Health Reform
Authors: Dhingra Satvinder S. , Zack Matthew M. , Strine Tara W. , Druss Benjamin G. , Simoes Eduardo 
Published: April 2013

Objectives. We examined the impact of Massachusetts health reform and its public health component (enacted in 2006) on change in health insurance coverage by perceived health. Methods. We used 2003–2009 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System data. We used a difference-in-differences framework to examine the experience in Massachusetts to predict the outcomes of national health care reform. Results. The proportion of adults aged 18 to 64 years with health insurance coverage increased more in Massachusetts than in other New England states (4.5%; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 3.5%, 5.6%). For those with higher perceived health care need (more recent mentally and physically unhealthy days and activity limitation days [ALDs]), the postreform proportion significantly exceeded prereform (P < .001). Groups with higher perceived health care need represented a disproportionate increase in health insurance coverage in Massachusetts compared with other New England states—from 4.3% (95% CI = 3.3%, 5.4%) for fewer than 14 ALDs to 9.0% (95% CI = 4.5%, 13.5%) for 14 or more ALDs. Conclusions. On the basis of the Massachusetts experience, full implementation of the Affordable Care Act may increase health insurance coverage especially among populations with higher perceived health care need.
Harvesting More Than Vegetables: The Potential Weight Control Benefits of Community Gardening
Authors: Zick Cathleen D. , Smith Ken R. , Kowaleski-Jones Lori , Uno Claire , Merrill Brittany J. 
Published: April 2013

Objectives. We examined the association of participation in community gardening with healthy body weight. Methods. We examined body mass index (BMI) data from 198 community gardening participants in Salt Lake City, Utah, in relationship to BMI data for 3 comparison groups: neighbors, siblings, and spouses. In comparisons, we adjusted for gender, age, and the year of the BMI measurement. Results. Both women and men community gardeners had significantly lower BMIs than did their neighbors who were not in the community gardening program. The estimated BMI reductions in the multivariate analyses were −1.84 for women and −2.36 for men. We also observed significantly lower BMIs for women community gardeners compared with their sisters (−1.88) and men community gardeners compared with their brothers (−1.33). Community gardeners also had lower odds of being overweight or obese than did their otherwise similar neighbors. Conclusions. The health benefits of community gardening may go beyond enhancing the gardeners’ intake of fruits and vegetables. Community gardens may be a valuable element of land use diversity that merits consideration by public health officials who want to identify neighborhood features that promote health.
Unmet Hearing Health Care Needs: The Beaver Dam Offspring Study
Authors: Nash Scott D. , Cruickshanks Karen J. , Huang Guan-Hua , Klein Barbara E. K. , Klein Ronald , Nieto F. Javier , Tweed Theodore S. 
Published: April 2013

Objectives. We evaluated the use of hearing health care services (hearing testing and hearing aids) by adults aged 21 to 84 years. Methods. Hearing was tested and medical and hearing health histories were obtained as part of the Beaver Dam Offspring Study between 2005 and 2008 (n = 3285, mean age = 49 years). Results. Of the cohort, 34% (55% of participants aged ≥ 70 years) had a hearing test in the past 5 years. In multivariate modeling, older age, male gender, occupation, occupational noise, and having talked with a doctor about a hearing problem were independently associated with having had a hearing test in the past 5 years. Hearing aid use was low among participants with a moderate to severe hearing impairment (22.5%) and among participants with a hearing handicap (8.6%), as determined by the Hearing Handicap Inventory. Conclusions. Data support the need for improvement in hearing health care. Hearing aids’ effectiveness is limited if patients do not acquire them or do not use them once acquired. Future research should focus on developing effective strategies for moving patients from diagnosis to treatment.
What Maryland Adults With Young Children Know and Do About Preventing Dental Caries
Authors: Horowitz Alice M. , Kleinman Dushanka V. , Wang Min Qi 
Published: April 2013

Objectives. We sought to determine Maryland adults’ knowledge, understanding, opinions, and practices with respect to prevention and early detection of dental caries. Methods. We conducted a statewide random-digit-dialing, computer-assisted telephone survey in 2010 among 770 adults who had a child aged 6 years or younger living in their home. A traditional random-digit sample and a targeted low-income sample were included. Analyses included frequencies, percentages, the χ2 test, and multivariate logistic regression. Results. Respondents’ overall level of knowledge about preventing dental caries was low. Those with higher levels of education were more likely to have correct information regarding prevention and early detection of dental caries. Nearly all respondents (97.9%) reported that they were aware of fluoride, but only 57.8% knew its purpose. More than one third (35.1%) of the respondents were not aware of dental sealants. Those with lower levels of education were significantly less likely to drink tap water, as were their children, and significantly less likely to have had a dental appointment in the preceding past 12 months. Conclusions. Our results demonstrate the need to increase oral health literacy regarding caries prevention and early detection.
The Effect of Internal Possession Laws on Underage Drinking Among High School Students: A 12-State Analysis
Authors: Disney Lynn D. , LaVallee Robin A. , Yi Hsiao-ye 
Published: April 2013

Objectives. We assessed the effect of internal possession (IP) laws, which allow law enforcement to charge underage drinkers with alcohol possession if they have ingested alcohol, on underage drinking behaviors. Methods. We examined Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS) data from 12 states with IP laws and with YRBS data before and after each law’s implementation. We used logistic regression models with fixed effects for state to assess the effects of IP laws on drinking and binge drinking among high school students. Results. Implementation of IP laws is associated with reductions in the odds of past-month drinking. This reduction was bigger among male than among female adolescents (27% vs 15%) and only significant among younger students aged 14 and 15 years (15% and 11%, respectively). Male adolescents also reported a significant reduction (24%) in the odds of past-month binge drinking under IP laws. Conclusions. These findings suggest that IP laws are effective in reducing underage drinking, particularly among younger adolescents.
Offender Diversion Into Substance Use Disorder Treatment: The Economic Impact of California’s Proposition 36
Authors: Anglin M. Douglas , Nosyk Bohdan , Jaffe Adi , Urada Darren , Evans Elizabeth 
Published: April 2013

Objectives. We determined the costs and savings attributable to the California Substance Abuse and Crime Prevention Act (SACPA), which mandated probation or continued parole with substance abuse treatment in lieu of incarceration for adult offenders convicted of nonviolent drug offenses and probation and parole violators.Methods. We used individually linked, population-level administrative data to define intervention and control cohorts of offenders meeting SACPA eligibility criteria. Using multivariate difference-in-differences analysis, we estimated the effect of SACPA implementation on the total and domain-specific costs to state and county governments, controlling for fixed individual and county characteristics and changes in crime at the county level.Results. The additional costs of treatment were more than offset by savings in other domains, primarily in the costs of incarceration. We estimated the statewide policy effect as an adjusted savings of $2317 (95% confidence interval = $1905, $2730) per offender over a 30-month postconviction period. SACPA implementation resulted in greater incremental cost savings for Blacks and Hispanics, who had markedly higher rates of conviction and incarceration.Conclusions. The monetary benefits to government exceeded the additional costs of SACPA implementation and provision of treatment.
Physical Health Effects of the Housing Boom: Quasi-Experimental Evidence From the Health and Retirement Study
Authors: Hamoudi Amar , Dowd Jennifer Beam 
Published: April 2013

Objectives. We examined the impact of the dramatic increases in housing prices in the United States in the 1990s and early 2000s on physical health outcomes among a representative sample of middle-aged and older Americans.Methods. Using a quasi-experimental design, we exploited geographic and time variation in housing prices using third-party valuation estimates of median single-family detached houses from 1988 to 2007 in each of 2400 zip codes combined with Health and Retirement Study data from 1992 to 2006 to test the impact of housing appreciation on physical health outcomes.Results. Respondents living in communities in which home values appreciated more rapidly had fewer functional limitations, performed better on interviewer-administered physical tasks, and had smaller waist circumference.Conclusions. Our results indicate that increases in housing wealth were associated with better health outcomes for homeowners in late middle age and older. The recent sharp decline in housing values for this group may likewise be expected to have important implications for health and should be examined as data become available.