bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tropical cyclones in climate models
Authors: Camargo Suzana J. , Wing Allison A. 
Published: November 2015

In this review, we provide a historical overview of the simulation of tropical cyclones (TCs) in climate models, from the first attempts in the 1970s to the current state‐of‐the‐art models. We discuss the status of TC simulation across multiple time scales, from intraseasonal, seasonal, and decadal, to climate change. One of the limitations on the simulation of TCs in climate models has been, and continues to be, balancing the high resolution necessary to accurately simulate TCs themselves with the need to run simulations for many years and using many ensemble members. Several approaches to inferring TC activity indirectly, rather than relying on the models own under‐resolved TCs, are reviewed, including the use of TC genesis indices based on the large‐scale environment and downscaling methods such as the use of regional climate models and statistical–dynamical techniques. We also provide an update on the status of climate change projections from the current class of models, where it is feasible to directly track the model's TCs. While there has been great progress in the capability of climate models to simulate TCs and provide useful forecasts and projections across multiple time scales, there remains much work to be done. We list some of the sources of uncertainty and model sensitivity, describe where improvements are necessary, and provide a few suggestions for promising research directions. WIREs Clim Change 2016, 7:211–237. doi: 10.1002/wcc.373This article is categorized under:

Climate Models and Modeling > Knowledge Generation with Models
Long-term use of benzodiazepines: Definitions, prevalence and usage patterns – a systematic review of register-based studies
Authors: Kurko T.A.T. , Saastamoinen L.K. , Tähkäpää S. , Tuulio-Henriksson A. , Taiminen T. , Tiihonen J. , Airaksinen M.S. , Hietala J. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractBackgroundNumerous treatment guidelines recommend that long-term use of benzodiazepines (BZD) should be avoided primarily due to development of tolerance and a risk for BZD dependence. Despite this, long-term BZD use remains a controversial subject in clinical patient care with “for and against” debates. However, there is no explicit understanding of what is meant by long-term BZD use in real world. The aim of this study was to assess different definitions, usage patterns, prevalence and other characteristics of long-term BZD use based on published register-based studies. Synthesis of these characteristics is essential to derive a meaningful definition of long-term BZD.MethodsSystematic review of register-based studies on long-term BZD use published in 1994–2014.ResultsFourty-one studies met our predetermined inclusion criteria. The length of BZD use defined as “long-term” varied in these studies ranging from one month to several years. The most common definition was six months or longer during a year. The prevalence of long-term BZD use in the general population was estimated to be about 3%. The relative proportion of long-term BZD users (all definitions) in adult BZD users ranged from 6% to 76% (mean 24%; 95% CL 13–36%). The estimates were higher in studies only on the elderly (47%; 95% CL 31–64%). Long-term use involved typically steady treatment with low BZD doses. However, in elderly patients long-term BZD use and exceeding recommended doses was relatively common. Several characteristics associated with long-term use were found.ConclusionsLong-term BZD use is common and a clinical reality. Uniform definitions for “long-term”, which is in line with population-based evidence, is needed to have more comparable results between studies. Our systematic review suggests that duration of BZD treatment over six months, the most common definition for long-term BZD use in the included studies. As also recommended previously, it is a useful starting point for further analyses on disadvantages but also potential advantages associated with long-term BZD use.
First Insights into the Viral Communities of the Deep-Sea Anoxic Brines of the Red Sea
Authors: Antunes André , Alam Intikhab , Simões Marta Filipa , Daniels Camille , Ferreira Ari J.S. , Siam Rania , El-Dorry Hamza , Bajic Vladimir B. 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
The deep-sea brines of the Red Sea include some of the most extreme and unique environments on Earth. They combine high salinities with increases in temperature, heavy metals, hydrostatic pressure, and anoxic conditions, creating unique settings for thriving populations of novel extremophiles. Despite a recent increase of studies focusing on these unusual biotopes, their viral communities remain unexplored. The current survey explores four metagenomic datasets obtained from different brine–seawater interface samples, focusing specifically on the diversity of their viral communities. Data analysis confirmed that the particle-attached viral communities present in the brine–seawater interfaces were diverse and generally dominated by Caudovirales, yet appearing distinct from sample to sample. With a level of caution, we report the unexpected finding of Phycodnaviridae, which infects algae and plants, and trace amounts of insect-infecting Iridoviridae. Results from Kebrit Deep revealed stratification in the viral communities present in the interface: the upper-interface was enriched with viruses associated with typical marine bacteria, while the lower-interface was enriched with haloviruses and halophages. These results provide first insights into the unexplored viral communities present in deep-sea brines of the Red Sea, representing one of the first steps for ongoing and future sampling efforts and studies.
PacBio Sequencing and its Applications
Authors: Rhoads Anthony , Au Kin Fai 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
Single-molecule, real-time sequencing developed by Pacific BioSciences offers longer read lengths than the second-generation sequencing (SGS) technologies, making it well-suited for unsolved problems in genome, transcriptome, and epigenetics research. The highly-contiguous de novo assemblies using PacBio sequencing can close gaps in current reference assemblies and characterize structural variation (SV) in personal genomes. With longer reads, we can sequence through extended repetitive regions and detect mutations, many of which are associated with diseases. Moreover, PacBio transcriptome sequencing is advantageous for the identification of gene isoforms and facilitates reliable discoveries of novel genes and novel isoforms of annotated genes, due to its ability to sequence full-length transcripts or fragments with significant lengths. Additionally, PacBio’s sequencing technique provides information that is useful for the direct detection of base modifications, such as methylation. In addition to using PacBio sequencing alone, many hybrid sequencing strategies have been developed to make use of more accurate short reads in conjunction with PacBio long reads. In general, hybrid sequencing strategies are more affordable and scalable especially for small-size laboratories than using PacBio Sequencing alone. The advent of PacBio sequencing has made available much information that could not be obtained via SGS alone.
Mirror neuron activation in children with developmental coordination disorder: A functional MRI study
Authors: Reynolds Jess E. , Licari Melissa K. , Billington Jac , Chen Yihui , Aziz‐Zadeh Lisa , Werner Julie , Winsor Anne M. , Bynevelt Michael 
Published: November 2015

AbstractThe aim of this study was to reveal cortical areas that may contribute to the movement difficulties seen in children with Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD). Specifically, we hypothesized that there may be a deficit in the mirror neuron system (MNS), a neural system that responds to both performed and observed actions. Using functional MRI, 14 boys with DCD ( years ± 1.31, range = 7.83 − 11.58 years) and 12 typically developing controls ( years ± 1.15, range = 8.33–12.00 years) were scanned observing, executing and imitating a finger sequencing task using their right hand. Cortical activations of mirror neuron regions, including posterior inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), ventral premotor cortex, anterior inferior parietal lobule and superior temporal sulcus were examined. Children with DCD had decreased cortical activation mirror neuron related regions, including the precentral gyrus and IFG, as well as in the posterior cingulate and precuneus complex when observing the sequencing task. Region of interest analysis revealed lower activation in the pars opercularis, a primary MNS region, during imitation in the DCD group compared to controls. These findings provide some preliminary evidence to support a possible MNS dysfunction in children with DCD.
Student, school, parent connectedness, and school risk behaviors of adolescents in Saudi Arabia
Authors: AlMakadma Abdul Karim S. , Ramisetty-Mikler Suhasini 
Published: November 2015

Background and Objectives:
School-related risk behaviors, such as school absen-teeism, and engaging in violence on school property are scarcely addressed in the Kingdom. The study investigated select school behaviors, including school absenteeism, engaging in fights, and discipline for misconduct at school as well as their association with the school envi-ronment, school and home connectedness.

Design and setting:
A school-based cross-sectional study.

Materials and methods:
A total of 1668 students were selected from high schools in Riyadh on the basis of geographical location (North, South, Middle) and type of school. In each geograph-ical area, the two largest public schools, one private school and one international school were selected. Classrooms with a free period were selected at random, and all of the students in select classrooms were eligible to participate in the study. The study employed a self- administered survey that inquired about school behaviors and student connectedness with their parents and school.

Results:
Nearly 54% of students skipped school or cut classes for at least 1 h, and out of those students who skipped school, 37% of students skipped school for 1-3 h and 20% of students skipped school for 3 or more hours during the month prior to the survey. Thirty-eight percent of students engaged in fights on school property at least once during the past or current aca-demic year. In addition, 37% of students were disciplined for engaging in school fights, theft or damaging school property at least once.
Absenteeism increased with grade, while engaging in school fights and discipline for miscon-duct decreased with grade. A significantly higher proportion of males exhibited these behaviors, and students who exhibited these behaviors reported significantly lower levels of school connectedness and parental monitoring. Regression analyses suggested that school-student connectedness reduced the odds for all three risk behaviors examined in this study. Parental monitoring reduced the odds for absenteeism, and school policies reduced student involvement in school fights.

Conclusion:
This study highlights the need to develop strategies to enhance the best practices in school settings to promote positive student behavior and school achievement. Schools and parents should be encouraged to work as a team and to recognize the importance of school connectedness in improving positive student behavior and outcomes.
A case of extensive encircling pulmonary vein isolation in a patient with severe scoliosis
Authors: Kamihara Takahiro , Kaneko Shinji , Fujita Masaya , Yamaguchi Kazutoshi , Narita Shingo , Haga Tomoaki , Hayashi Daisuke , Ohashi Taiki , Kubota Ryuji , Shinoda Masanori 
Published: November 2015

AbstractThe patient was a 62‐year‐old man with atrial fibrillation and severe scoliosis. Scoliosis may impair cardiorespiratory function. Enhanced computed tomography (CT) was helpful for the Brockenbrough method. Three‐dimensional (3D) mapping also demonstrated clockwise rotation of the heart. We successfully isolated extensive encircling pulmonary vein in this patient using enhanced CT and 3D mapping. The CT venous images revealed appropriate localization of the vein and heart. CT and 3D mapping may ensure a more stable and safer procedure.
The influence of insulin‐like Growth Factor‐1‐Receptor expression and endocrine treatment on clinical outcome of postmenopausal hormone receptor positive breast cancer patients: A Dutch TEAM substudy analysis
Authors: Engels Charla C. , de Glas Nienke A. , Sajet Anita , Bastiaannet Esther , Smit Vincent T.H.B.M. , Kuppen Peter J.K. , Seynaeve Caroline , van de Velde Cornelis J.H. , Liefers Gerrit Jan 
Published: November 2015

Background: Signaling via the Insulin‐like Growth Factor type 1 Receptor (IGF1R) plays a crucial role in cancer development. In breast cancer (BC), IGF1R and estrogen receptor expression are correlated. In this current study we explored the hypothesis that postmenopausal hormone receptor positive (HR+ve) BC patients with high IGF1R tumor expression still have estrogen driven IGF1R stimulated tumor growth when treated with tamoxifen, resulting in detrimental clinical outcome compared to patients treated with exemestane. Additionally, we assessed the added value of metformin as this drug may lower IGF1R stimulation.Methods: Of 2,446 Dutch TEAM patients, randomized to either exemestane for 5 years or sequential treatment (tamoxifen for 2–3 years followed by exemestane for another 3–2 years) tumor tissue microarray sections were immunohistochemically stained for IGF1R. Overall Survival (OS), Breast Cancer specific Survival (BCSS) and Relapse‐Free Survival (RFS) were assessed in patient subgroups with low and high IGF1R expression, and in patients with or without metformin use.Results: High IGF1R tumor expression was significantly associated with exemestane therapy for RFS (Hazard Ratio (HR) 0.74, 95% Confidence Interval (CI) 0.58–0.95, p = 0.02). In addition, the combination of metformin with exemestane resulted in improved efficacy, yielding a 5‐yrs RFS of 95% (HR 0.32, 95% CI 0.10–1.00, p = 0.02, compared to sequential treatment). No relation was observed in tumors with low IGF‐1R expression.Conclusion: This study suggests IGF1R as a potential biomarker of improved clinical outcome in HR+ve BC patients treated with exemestane. Adding metformin to exemestane treatment may add to this effect.
Discovery of aSphaeroschwagerinafusuline fauna from the Raggyorcaka Lake area, northern Tibet: implications for the origin of the Qiangtang Metamorphic Belt
Authors: ZHANG YI-CHUN , SHEN SHU-ZHONG , ZHAI QING-GUO , ZHANG YU-JIE , YUAN DONG-XUN 
Published: November 2015

AbstractThe Qiangtang Metamorphic Belt (QMB) was considered to have either formedin situby amalgmation of the North and South Qiangtang blocks or been underthrust from the Jinsha suture and exhumed in the interior of a single ‘Qiangtang Block’. A newSphaeroschwagerinafusuline fauna discovered in the Raggyorcaka Lake area supports the interpretation that the North and South Qiangtang blocks were separated by a wide ocean during Asselian (Early Permian) time, indicating that the QMB was formed by the suturing of the Palaeotethys Ocean along the Longmu Co-Shuanghu suture.
Love and Betrayal: The Political Economy of Youth Violence in Post-War Sierra Leone
Authors: Enria Luisa 
Published: November 2015

ABSTRACTYouth unemployment is often presented as a security risk in post-conflict countries, yet the relationship between labour market exclusion and engagement in violence remains little understood. This paper opens up one aspect of this relationship, analysing how the employment aspirations of Sierra Leone's marginal youth relate to their decisions to take part in political unrest. Telling the stories of urban youth involved to varying degrees in violent episodes shows how violence is used as a tactic to signal loyalty to political strongmen. Such loyalty is hoped to result in the establishment of relations of reciprocity that will offer a road to socially valued employment. Comparing the experiences of two groups of young people, similar in their socio-economic background and experience of violence but different in their collocation in political networks, reveals two things. Firstly, availability for violence was insufficient to achieve durable incorporation, as pre-existing social ties determined the nature of recruitment. Secondly, as even those embedded in politicians’ networks of reciprocity appeared ultimately unable to escape marginality, their experiences cast doubt on the expediency of using violence as a way into the labour market, making the exploitative nature of these relations starkly evident.
Schooling at Oombulgurri as Part of the Development of a Community
Authors: Dowsett D. 
Published: November 2015

In October 1973, a small group of about 30 Aboriginal people moved from Wyndham, Western Australia, forty miles across the Cambridge Gulf, to establish the community of Oombulgurri on the site of the now closed Forrest River Mission.The move was from the ‘futurelessness’ of existence on the Wyndham Reserve to a chance to build their own future as an autonomous community living on tribal land. A Mawaba (Executive) was elected. The Oombulgurri Association employs an auxiliary staff whose role is to advise the community. The Auxiliary has no decision-making power.Just twelve months later, Oombulgurri has grown to 200 people, of whom 60 are school-age children, with an additional 30 below school age. From the outset those moving back to Oombulgurri – most of whom made little real attempt to ensure their children attended school regularly in Wyndham – insisted that a school must be included in the community plan. The school functions as a community school. Two qualified teachers are employed by the Oombulgurri Association. They work in the school with four Aboriginal teaching assistants selected from the community. Each of these assistants is involved fully in planning and decision making, and is totally responsible for the day to day teaching and disciplining of various groups within the school. It has become yery clear that the students gain a great deal by having some of their own people involved in actual teaching and curriculum building. The school has become much more than an institution imposed on the community. Women from the community are also involved in the pre-school and child care centre. Working with a member of the Auxiliary, the women plan the curriculum and carry out the daily program.
Attitudes to School Experience: A Report from a Seminar of Aboriginal Students
Authors: Binnion J.E. , Lunnay J. 
Published: November 2015

On 25th September, a day long seminar was held at Maitland in South Australia as part of the Action Research Project for Secondary Education of Aboriginal Students. This project is being carried out within the Research & Planning Branch of the Education Department of South Australia.The participants in the seminar were 27 past and present Aboriginal high school students, and the 10 current students were all senior students. Questionnaires were administered and answered individually by all students. Later in the day a discussion of some of the information collated from the questionnaires took place. After the meeting, the questionnaires were more thoroughly analysed, and the following report was written.The questionnaires are reproduced in the Appendix following the report.There were two main reasons for calling the meeting: firstly so that Aboriginals could give their views about school, and secondly so that the school and the Action Research Project could use the information given by the Aboriginals to effect changes. Three questionnaires were administered during the day. Part I was put on the overhead projector, and the students filled in answer sheets. Part II and Part III were on sheets which were filled in by individuals.
Special Courses for Aboriginals
Authors: Campbell K. 
Published: November 2015

Proposals for special training courses for Aboriginals in New South Wales have been made intermittently over the last few years. It has been firmly established that Aboriginals have not been acquiring trade skills, despite policies designed to provide equal opportunities for both Aboriginals and white Australians. Aboriginals have tended to gravitate towards unskilled, casual or labouring positions, while unemployment has been many times higher than of the general population. Although the educational system has attempted to prepare Aboriginals for a European life style, they have nevertheless tended to fall into the low income/unskilled employment class.It is generally conceded that Aboriginals are disadvantaged in comparison to non-Aboriginals in regard to open employment. The disadvantages stem from remoteness from employment opportunities, relatively low levels of education, lack of work skills and cultural differences.
The Mathematics of Card Playing in an Aboriginal Community
Authors: Holm Neil , Japanangka Lionel 
Published: November 2015

The teaching of mathematics to Aboriginal children poses many difficulties for teachers. Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal teachers agree that many Aboriginal children are not making adequate progress in their development of mathematical understanding. The teaching of mathematics in Aboriginal communities is discussed in the Northern Territory Infants Curriculum (1974 : 119–123). After reviewing the outcomes of a desirable mathematics course the curriculum writers conclude that “many Aboriginal children do not manifest many of these outcomes at a level comparable with that obtained by European children”.John Gay and Michael Cole have written a very valuable book, The New Mathematics and an Old Culture, which examines the teaching of mathematics in a cross-cultural situation. They state that
“... in order to teach mathematics effectively, we must know more about our students. In particular we must know more about the indigenous mathematics so that we can build effective bridges to the new mathematics we are trying to introduce.” (Gay and Cole, 1967:1)
But They Don’t Use It in the Playground: “How Often Do We Use Standard English?”
Authors: Brumby E. 
Published: November 2015

A common complaint from teachers of Aboriginal children in rural/remote schools goes something like this: “I teach them Standard English and they use it in the classroom and when they speak to me. But they don’t use it in the playground. They revert to Aboriginal English or the vernacular. So why waste time teaching Standard English?”So, what is the problem? More importantly, is there a problem?There is little doubt that the teaching of English is one of the most difficult areas in classroom work with Aboriginal children. And the frustration felt by teachers when they hear children speaking other than Standard English is, in one sense, understandable. However, in another more important sense, it reflects a lack of appreciation for the different ways that people use language, either varieties of the same language or different languages.It is unfortunate that so many people, teachers included, still think in terms of Standard English being ‘right’ and anything else being ‘wrong’. There are many varieties of English. Standard English is one, Aboriginal English another. There is not, and never can be any justification fbr calling one ‘right’ and the other ‘wrong’. They certainly cannot be judged in this manner in linguistic or scientific terms. Standard English and Aboriginal English are different dialects of the same language, each having its own phonological and grammatical system and each being a separate and equal entity in its own right. There is no linguistic basis whatsoever for saying that one is better than the other.