bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Harm reduction in a military Institution of chemical dependent recovery
Authors: Gomes Ana Maria da Silva 
Published: October 2015

Resumo. Objetivos: Descrever a implantação de práticas de redução de danos numa Organização militar e suas implicações na produção do cuidado de saúde nessa Instituição. Método: A abordagem metodológica é a de uma pesquisa qualitativa. O local de estudo foi uma Unidade Hospitalar Militar localizada na região Sul Fluminense do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Resultados: A dificuldade da manutenção da abstinência por longos períodos é uma das causas de abandono do tratamento, referida por usuários de drogas em tratamento em uma Instituição militar. Conclusão: A pesquisa demonstrou que a hegemonia de modelos focados unicamente na manutenção da abstinência, ainda é uma realidade na assistência á militares usuários de drogas, devido à necessidade da preservação da carreira militar.
Mesoscale field‐aligned irregularity structures (FAIs) of airglow associated with medium‐scale traveling ionospheric disturbances (MSTIDs)
Authors: Sun Longchang , Xu Jiyao , Wang Wenbin , Yue Xinan , Yuan Wei , Ning Baiqi , Zhang Donghe , de Meneses F. C. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractIn this paper, we report the evolution (generation, amplification, and dissipation) of optically observed mesoscale field‐aligned irregularity structures (FAIs) (~150 km) associated with a medium‐scale traveling ionospheric disturbance (MSTID) event. There have not been observations of mesoscale FAIs of airglow before. The mesoscale FAIs were generated in an airglow‐depleted front of southwestward propagating MSTIDs that were simultaneously observed by an all‐sky imager, a GPS monitor, and a digisonde around Xinglong (40.4°N, 30.5° magnetic latitude), China, on 17/18 February 2012. A normalized cross‐correlation method has been used to obtain the velocities of mesoscale FAIs and MSTIDs. The mesoscale FAIs had an obvious northwestward relative velocity to main‐body MSTIDs (about 87.0 m/s on average). The direction of this relative velocity was roughly parallel to the depleted fronts. Furthermore, the evolution of the mesoscale FAIs was mostly controlled by the intensity of the depleted fronts. Occurred in a highly elevated ionosphere that had a total electron content depletion associated with large negative airglow perturbations (−25%), the mesoscale FAIs grew rapidly when they experienced southeastward wind, which had a speed of about 100 m/s and were measured by a Fabry‐Perot interferometer. A northeastward polarization electric field within a depleted airglow front can play a controlling role in the development of the mesoscale FAIs. The electric field can significantly elevate the ionosphere and move the mesoscale FAIs northwestward by the E × B drift. The processes for the generation and development of the polarization electric field and the mesoscale FAIs, however, need further study.
Terrestrial pyrogenic carbon export to fluvial ecosystems: Lessons learned from the White Nile watershed of East Africa
Authors: Güereña David T. , Lehmann Johannes , Walter Todd , Enders Akio , Neufeldt Henry , Odiwour Holiance , Biwott Henry , Recha John , Shepherd Keith , Barrios Edmundo , Wurster Chris 
Published: October 2015

AbstractPyrogenic carbon (PyC) is important because of its role in the global organic C (OC) cycle and in modifying soil properties. However, our understanding of PyC movement from terrestrial to fluvial ecosystems is not robust. This study examined (i) whether erosion or subsurface transport was more important for PyC export from headwaters, (ii) whether PyC was exported preferentially to total OC (TOC), and (iii) whether the movement of PyC from terrestrial to aquatic ecosystems provides an explanation for the coupling of PyC and non‐PyC observed in rivers at a global scale. In the Guineo‐Congolian highland forest region of western Kenya, duplicate catchments with sizes of 1–12 ha were equipped with stream gauges in primary forest and adjacent mixed agricultural landscapes that were cleared by fire 10, 16, or 62 years before. Stream water samples were taken weekly throughout 1 year and compared with runoff to assess PyC movement. Additional stream samples were taken from all major tributaries of the White Nile watershed of Lake Victoria. PyC was not found to be preferentially eroded relative to TOC or non‐PyC, as topsoil (0–0.15 m) PyC concentrations (6.3 ± 0.3% of TOC; means and standard errors) were greater than runoff sediment (1.9 ± 0.4%) and dissolved PyC concentrations (2.0 ± 0.4%, n = 252). In addition, PyC proportions in eroded sediment were lower than and uncorrelated (r2 = 0.04; P = 0.14) with topsoil PyC. An enrichment of PyC was found with depth in the soil, from 6.3 ± 0.3% of TOC in the topsoil (0–0.15 m) to 12.3 ± 0.3% of TOC at 1–2 m. Base flow PyC proportions of TOC correlated well with subsoil PyC (r2 = 0.57; P < 0.05) but not with topsoil PyC (r2 = 0.18; P > 0.05). Similar PyC proportions were found in the studied headwater streams (2.7 ± 0.2%), their downstream inflow into Lake Victoria (3.7%), the other nine major rivers into Lake Victoria (4.9 ± 0.8%), and its outflow into the White Nile (1.1%). A strong positive correlation between dissolved PyC and non‐PyC (r2 = 0.91; P < 0.0001) in the headwater streams reflect relationships previously seen for a range of globally important rivers, and contrasts with a negative relationship for suspended sediments (r2 = −0.5; P < 0.0001). The estimated PyC export from the Lake Victoria watershed of 11 Gg yr−1 may therefore originate to a large extent from subsoil pathways in dissolved form that appeared to be an important source of PyC in aquatic environments and may explain the coupling of PyC and non‐PyC at a global scale.
Regional sea level change in response to ice mass loss in Greenland, the West Antarctic and Alaska
Authors: Brunnabend S.‐E. , Schröter J. , Rietbroek R. , Kusche J. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractBesides the warming of the ocean, sea level is mainly rising due to land ice mass loss of the major ice sheets in Greenland, the West Antarctic, and the Alaskan Glaciers. However, it is not clear yet how these land ice mass losses influence regional sea level. Here, we use the global Finite Element Sea‐ice Ocean Model (FESOM) to simulate sea surface height (SSH) changes caused by these ice mass losses and combine it with the passive ocean response to varying surface loading using the sea level equation. We prescribe rates of fresh water inflow, not only around Greenland, but also around the West Antarctic Ice Sheet and the mountain glaciers in Alaska with approximately present‐day amplitudes of 200, 100, and 50 Gt/yr, respectively. Perturbations in sea level and in freshwater distribution with respect to a reference simulation are computed for each source separately and in their combination. The ocean mass change shows an almost globally uniform behavior. In the North Atlantic and Arctic Ocean, mass is redistributed toward coastal regions. Steric sea level change varies locally in the order of several centimeters on advective timescales of decades. Steric effects to local sea level differ significantly in different coastal locations, e.g., at North American coastal regions the steric effects may have the same order of magnitude as the mass driven effect, whereas at the European coast, steric effects remain small during the simulation period.
Increase in HFC‐134a emissions in response to the success of the Montreal Protocol
Authors: Fortems‐Cheiney A. , Saunois M. , Pison I. , Chevallier F. , Bousquet P. , Cressot C. , Montzka S. A. , Fraser P. J. , Vollmer M. K. , Simmonds P. G. , Young D. , O'Doherty S. , Weiss R. F. , Artuso F. , Barletta B. , Blake D. R. , Li S. , Lunder C. , Miller B. R. , Park S. , Prinn R. , Saito T. , Steele L. P. , Yokouchi Y. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThe 1,1,1,2‐tetrafluoroethane (HFC‐134a), an important alternative to CFC‐12 in accordance with the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer, is a high global warming potential greenhouse gas. Here we evaluate variations in global and regional HFC‐134a emissions and emission trends, from 1995 to 2010, at a relatively high spatial and temporal (3.75° in longitude × 2.5° in latitude and 8 day) resolution, using surface HFC‐134a measurements. Our results show a progressive increase of global HFC‐134a emissions from 19 ± 2 Gg/yr in 1995 to 167 ± 5 Gg/yr in 2010, with both a slowdown in developed countries and a 20%/yr increase in China since 2005. A seasonal cycle is also seen since 2002, which becomes enhanced over time, with larger values during the boreal summer.
Metabolic profiling of a novel antithrombotic compound, S002‐333 and enantiomers: metabolic stability, species comparison and in vitro–in vivo extrapolation
Authors: Saxena Amrita , Valicherla Guru R. , Jain Girish K. , Bhatta Rabi S. , Saxena Anil K. , Gayen Jiaur R. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractObjectiveThe aim of this research work was to characterize the metabolism of S002‐333, (2‐(4'‐methoxy‐benzenesulfonyl)‐2,3,4,9‐tetrahydro‐1H‐pyrido (3,4‐b) indole‐3‐carboxylic acid amide) and its enantiomers, S004‐1032 (R‐form) and S007‐1558 (S‐form) in pooled human liver microsomes (PHLM) and pooled liver microsomes (LM) of rat (RLM), rabbit (RABLM), dog (DLM) and monkey (MLM). Another objective of this study was to identify suitable surrogate species to humans for further development of lead candidates.MethodIn vitro metabolic stability and metabolite identification of S002‐333 and enantiomers were carried out in PHLM and LM of various species. The prediction of surrogate species and in vitro in vivo extrapolation were performed based upon the calculated in vitro intrinsic clearance (CLint).Results/ConclusionThe in vitro CLint values for S002‐333, S004‐1032 and S007‐1558 were 0.027 ± 0.005, 0.025 ± 0.004 and 0.036 ± 0.005 ml/min/mg, respectively, in PHLM, indicating that S007‐1558 was the most metabolically unstable of the three. The LM of other species showed similar results. A common surrogate species to humans for S002‐333 and enantiomers was predicted as rabbit where the extrapolated hepatic clearance (CLH) did not show a significant difference to the in vivo CLH values. However, none of the species closely mimic humans with respect to the proportion of major metabolites (M‐1–M‐4) formed in vitro. Likewise, the CLH values were also predicted in humans for S002‐333 and enantiomers using various mathematical models. During analysis, there was no chiral inversion evident among the individual isomers throughout in vitro and in vivo experiments. In conclusion, the in vitro results indicate a prominent role of phase I metabolism in the degradation of S002‐333 and enantiomers and predict rabbit as an alternative species to conduct further safety and efficacy studies. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Phenolic compounds: Strong inhibitors derived from lignocellulosic hydrolysate for 2,3‐butanediol production by Enterobacter aerogenes
Authors: Lee Sang Jun , Lee Ju Hun , Yang Xiaoguang , Kim Sung Bong , Lee Ja Hyun , Yoo Hah Young , Park Chulhwan , Kim Seung Wook 
Published: October 2015

AbstractLignocellulosic biomass are attractive feedstocks for 2,3‐butanediol production due to their abundant supply and low price. During the hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass, various byproducts are formed and their effects on 2,3‐butanediol production were not sufficiently studied compared to ethanol production. Therefore, the effects of compounds derived from lignocellulosic biomass (weak acids, furan derivatives and phenolics) on the cell growth, the 2,3‐butanediol production and the enzymes activity involved in 2,3‐butanediol production were evaluated using Enterobacter aerogenes ATCC 29007. The phenolic compounds showed the most toxic effects on cell growth, 2,3‐butanediol production and enzyme activity, followed by furan derivatives and weak acids. The significant effects were not observed in the presence of acetic acid and formic acid. Also, feasibility of 2,3‐butanediol production from lignocellulosic biomass was evaluated using Miscanthus as a feedstock. In the fermentation of Miscanthus hydrolysate, 11.00 g/L of 2,3‐butanediol was obtained from 34.62 g/L of reducing sugar. However, 2,3‐butanediol was not produced when the concentration of total phenolic compounds in the hydrolysate increased to more than 1.5 g/L. The present study provides useful information to develop strategies for biological production of 2,3‐butanediol and to establish biorefinery for biochemicals from lignocellulosic biomass.
Understanding β‐mannanase from Streptomyces sp. CS147 and its potential application in lignocellulose based biorefining
Authors: Yoo Hah Y. , Pradeep G. C. , Lee Soo K. , Park Don H. , Cho Seung S. , Choi Yun H. , Yoo Jin C. , Kim Seung W. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractHydrolytic enzymes such as cellulase and hemicellulase have been attracted in lignocellulose based biorefinery. Especially, mannanase has been a growing interest in industrial applications due to its importance in the bioconversion. In this study, an extracellular endo‐β‐1,4‐D‐mannanase was produced by Streptomyces sp. CS147 (Mn147) and purified 8.5‐fold with a 43.4% yield using Sephadex G‐50 column. The characterization of Mn147 was performed, and the results were as follows: molecular weight of ∼25 kDa with an optimum temperature of 50°C and pH of 11.0. The effect of metal ions and various reagents on Mn147 was strongly activated by Ca+2 but inhibited by Mg+2 , Fe+2 , hydrogen peroxide, EDTA and EGTA. Km and Vmax values of Mn147 were 0.13 mg/mL and 294 μmol/min mg, respectively, when different concentrations (3.1 to 50 mg/mL) of locust bean gum galactomannan were used as substrate. In enzymatic hydrolysis of heterogeneous substrate (spent coffee grounds), Mn147 shows a similar conversion compared to commercial enzymes. In addition, lignocellulosic biomass can be hydrolyzed to oligosaccharides (reducing sugars), which can be further utilized for the production of biomaterials. These results showed that Mn147 is attractive in quest of potential bioindustrial applications.
Improved growth and ethanol fermentation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in the presence of acetic acid by overexpression of SET5 and PPR1
Authors: Zhang Ming‐Ming , Zhao Xin‐Qing , Cheng Cheng , Bai Feng‐Wu 
Published: October 2015

AbstractTo better understand the contribution of zinc‐finger proteins to environmental stress tolerance, particularly inhibition from acetic acid, which is a potent inhibitor for cellulosic ethanol production by microbial fermentations, SET5 and PPR1 were overexpressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae BY4741. With 5 g/L acetic acid addition, engineered strains BY4741/SET5 and BY4741/PPR1 showed improved growth and enhanced ethanol fermentation performance compared to that with the control strain. Similar results were also observed in ethanol production using corn stover hydrolysate. Further studies indicated that SET5 and PPR1 overexpression in S. cerevisiae significantly improved activities of antioxidant enzymes and ATP generation in the presence of acetic acid, and consequently decreased intracellular accumulation of reactive oxygen species (50.9 and 45.7%, respectively). These results revealed the novel functions of SET5 and PPR1 for the improvement of yeast acetic acid tolerance, and also implicated the involvement of these proteins in oxidative stress defense and energy metabolism in S. cerevisiae. This work also demonstrated that overexpression of SET5 and PPR1 would be a feasible strategy to increase cellulosic ethanol production efficiency.
Genome‐scale metabolic model of Pichia pastoris with native and humanized glycosylation of recombinant proteins
Authors: Irani Zahra Azimzadeh , Kerkhoven Eduard J. , Shojaosadati Seyed Abbas , Nielsen Jens 
Published: October 2015

ABSTRACTPichia pastoris is used for commercial production of human therapeutic proteins, and genome‐scale models of P. pastoris metabolism have been generated in the past to study the metabolism and associated protein production by this yeast. A major challenge with clinical usage of recombinant proteins produced by P. pastoris is the difference in N‐glycosylation of proteins produced by humans and this yeast. However, through metabolic engineering, a P. pastoris strain capable of producing humanized N‐glycosylated proteins was constructed. The current genome‐scale models of P. pastoris do not address native nor humanized N‐glycosylation, and we therefore developed ihGlycopastoris, an extension to the iLC915 model with both native and humanized N‐glycosylation for recombinant protein production, but also an estimation of N‐glycosylation of P. pastoris native proteins. This new model gives a better prediction of protein yield, demonstrates the effect of the different types of N‐glycosylation of protein yield, and can be used to predict potential targets for strain improvement. The model represents a step towards a more complete description of protein production in P. pastoris, which is required for using these models to understand and optimize protein production processes. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2016;113: 961–969. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Simultaneous detection of fluquinconazole and flusilazole in lettuce using gas chromatography with a nitrogen phosphorus detector: decline patterns at two different locations
Authors: Im So Jeong , Rahman Md Musfiqur , Abd El‐Aty A. M. , Kim Sung‐Woo , Kabir Humayun , Farha Waziha , Lieu Truong , Lee Young‐Jun , Jung Da‐I. , Choi Jeong‐Heui , Shin Ho‐Chul , Im Geon‐Jae , Hong Su‐Myeong , Shim Jae‐Han 
Published: October 2015

AbstractMethod validations in addition to decline patterns of fluquinconazole and flusilazole in lettuce grown under greenhouse conditions at two different locations were investigated. Following the application of fluquinconazole and flusilazole at a dose rate of 20 mL/20 L water, lettuce samples were collected randomly for up to 7 days post‐application, and simultaneously extracted with acetone, purified through solid‐phase extraction, analyzed via gas chromatography with a nitrogen phosphorus detector, and confirmed through gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. The linearity was excellent, with determination coefficients (R2) between 0.9999 and 1.0. The method was validated in triplicate at two different spiking levels (0.2 and 1.0 mg/kg) with satisfactory recoveries between 75.7 and 97.9% and relative standard deviations of <9. The limit of quantification was 0.01 mg/kg. Both analytes declined very quickly, as can be seen from the short half‐life time of <4 days. Statistical analysis revealed significant differences between residues at different days of sampling, except at 7 days post‐application (triple application). At that point, the decline patterns of fluquinconazole and flusilazole were independent of application rate, location, temperature and humidity. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cell‐Free Protein Synthesis: Pros and Cons of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Systems
Authors: Zemella Anne , Thoring Lena , Hoffmeister Christian , Kubick Stefan 
Published: October 2015

AbstractFrom its start as a small‐scale in vitro system to study fundamental translation processes, cell‐free protein synthesis quickly rose to become a potent platform for the high‐yield production of proteins. In contrast to classical in vivo protein expression, cell‐free systems do not need time‐consuming cloning steps, and the open nature provides easy manipulation of reaction conditions as well as high‐throughput potential. Especially for the synthesis of difficult to express proteins, such as toxic and transmembrane proteins, cell‐free systems are of enormous interest. The modification of the genetic code to incorporate non‐canonical amino acids into the target protein in particular provides enormous potential in biotechnology and pharmaceutical research and is in the focus of many cell‐free projects. Many sophisticated cell‐free systems for manifold applications have been established. This review describes the recent advances in cell‐free protein synthesis and details the expanding applications in this field.
Substrate Hunting for the Myxobacterial CYP260A1 Revealed New 1α‐Hydroxylated Products from C‐19 Steroids
Authors: Khatri Yogan , Ringle. Michael , Lisurek Michael , von Kries Jens Peter , Zapp Josef , Bernhardt Rita 
Published: October 2015

AbstractCytochromes P450 catalyze a variety of synthetically useful reactions. However, it is difficult to determine their physiological or artificial functions when a plethora of orphan P450 systems are present in a genome. CYP260A1 from Sorangium cellulosum So ce56 is a new member among the 21 available P450s in the strain. To identify putative substrates for CYP260A1 we used high‐throughput screening of a compound library (ca. 17 000 ligands). Structural analogues of the type I hits were searched for biotechnologically relevant compounds, and this led us to select C‐19 steroids as potential substrates. We identified efficient surrogate redox partners for CYP260A1, and an Escherichia coli‐based whole‐cell biocatalyst system was developed to convert testosterone, androstenedione, and their derivatives methyltestosterone and 11‐oxoandrostenedione. A detailed 1H and 13C NMR characterization of the product(s) from C‐19 steroids revealed that CYP260A1 is the very first 1α‐steroid hydroxylase.
Identifying the Minimal Enzymes Required for Biosynthesis of Epoxyketone Proteasome Inhibitors
Authors: Liu Joyce , Zhu Xuejun , Zhang Wenjun 
Published: October 2015

AbstractEpoxyketone proteasome inhibitors have attracted much interest due to their potential as anticancer drugs. Although the biosynthetic gene clusters for several peptidyl epoxyketone natural products have recently been identified, the enzymatic logic involved in the formation of the terminal epoxyketone pharmacophore has been relatively unexplored. Here, we report the identification of the minimal set of enzymes from the eponemycin gene cluster necessary for the biosynthesis of novel metabolites containing a terminal epoxyketone pharmacophore in Escherichia coli, a versatile and fast‐growing heterologous host. This set of enzymes includes a non‐ribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS), a polyketide synthase (PKS), and an acyl‐CoA dehydrogenase (ACAD) homologue. In addition to the in vivo functional reconstitution of these enzymes in E. coli, in vitro studies of the eponemycin NRPS and 13C‐labeled precursor feeding experiments were performed to advance the mechanistic understanding of terminal epoxyketone formation.
General Polyethyleneimine‐Mediated Synthesis of Ultrathin Hexagonal Co3O4 Nanosheets with Reactive Facets for Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Wang Bin , Lu Xiao‐Ying , Tang Yuanyuan , Ben Weiwei 
Published: October 2015

AbstractUltrathin hexagonal Co3O4 nanosheets with exposed reactive facets and porous architectures are synthesized by using a polyethyleneimine (PEI)‐mediated hydrothermal strategy. Characterization of the material indicates typical Co3O4 nanosheets of hexagonal shape that are approximately 100 nm in side length and 15 nm thick. PEI plays crucial roles in the synthesis of hexagonal Co3O4. The effects of the reaction conditions on the precursor morphologies and dimensions are investigated to understand the various roles of PEI. Electrochemical tests reveal the superior performance of ultrathin hexagonal Co3O4 nanosheets, including a remarkable specific capacity (e.g. 1007 mAh g−1 at 100 mA g−1 and 858 mAh g−1 at 500 mA g−1), excellent cyclability (e.g. capacity retention: 96–99 %), and a high rate capability. The improved performance is attributed to the combined effects from the high percentage reactive facets as well as the ultrathin and porous structures. This synthesis strategy can be extended to fabricate other anode materials for lithium‐ion batteries.