bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Escherichia coliSequence Type 131 Is a Dominant, Antimicrobial-Resistant Clonal Group Associated with Healthcare and Elderly Hosts
Authors: Banerjee Ritu , Johnston Brian , Lohse Christine , Porter Stephen B. , Clabots Connie , Johnson James R. 
Published: February 2013

Objective.To determine prevalence, predictors, and outcomes of infection due toEscherichia colisequence type ST131.Design.Retrospective cohort.Setting.All healthcare settings in Olmsted County, Minnesota (eg, community hospital, tertiary care center, long-term care facilities, and ambulatory clinics).Patients.Ambulatory and hospitalized children and adults with extraintestinalE. coliisolates.Methods.We analyzed 299 consecutive, nonduplicate extraintestinalE. coliisolates submitted to Olmsted County laboratories in February and March 2011. ST131 was identified using single-nucleotide polymorphism polymerase chain reaction and further evaluated through pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Associated clinical data were abstracted through medical record review.Results.Most isolates were from urine specimens (90%), outpatients (68%), and community-associated infections (61%). ST131 accounted for 27% of isolates overall and for a larger proportion of those isolates resistant to fluoroquinolones (81%), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (42%), gentamicin (79%), and ceftriaxone (50%). The prevalence of ST131 increased with age (accounting for 5% of isolates from those 11–20 years of age, 26% of isolates from those 51–60 years of age, and 50% of isolates from those 91–100 years of age). ST131 accounted for a greater proportion of healthcare-associated isolates (49%) than community-associated isolates (15%) and for fully 76% ofE. coliisolates from long-term care facility (LTCF) residents. Multivariable predictors of ST131 carriage included older age, LTCF residence, previous urinary tract infection, high-complexity infection, and previous use of fluoroquinolones, macrolides, and extended-spectrum cephalosporins. With multivariable adjustment, ST131-associated infection outcomes included receipt of more than 1 antibiotic (odds ratio [OR], 2.54 [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.25–5.17]) and persistent or recurrent symptoms (OR, 2.53 [95% CI, 1.08–5.96]). Two globally predominant ST131 pulsotypes accounted for 45% of STB 1 isolates.Conclusions.ST131isa dominant, antimicrobial-resistant clonal group associated with healthcare settings, elderly hosts, and persistent or recurrent symptoms.
He II optical depth and ultraviolet escape fraction of galaxies
Authors: Khaire Vikram , Srianand Raghunathan 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
We study the effect that H i ionizing photons escaping from high-redshift (high-z) galaxies have on the He ii ionizing ultraviolet background (UVB) radiation. While these photons do not directly interact with He ii ions, we show that they play an important role, through radiative transport, in modifying the shape of the He ii ionizing part of the UVB spectrum. Within the observed range of UV escape from galaxies, we show that the rapid increase in the He ii Lyα effective optical depth at z ∼ 2.7 can naturally be explained by radiative transport effects. Therefore, the relationship between a well-measured He ii Lyα effective optical depth and the redshift in the post-He ii reionization era can be used to place additional constraints on the redshift evolution of UV escape from high-z galaxies. Our study also suggests that the escape fraction of H i ionizing photons from galaxies has an important role in the fluctuations of the He ii ionizing UVB.
Introduction
Authors: Mele Alfred R. , Rawling Piers 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article examines the nature of rationality. The domain of rationality is customarily divided into the theoretical and the practical. Whereas theoretical or epistemic rationality is concerned with what it is rational to believe, and sometimes with rational degrees of belief, practical rationality is concerned with what it is rational to do, or intend or desire to do. This article raises some of the main issues relevant to philosophical discussion of the nature of rationality. Discussions of the nature of practical rationality and reason concern norms of choice, and it seems that if such norms are not arbitrary, arguments over what those norms are must ultimately be a theoretical matter. Furthermore, this article explores rationality's role in and relation to other domains of inquiry: psychology, gender, personhood, language, science, economics, law, and evolution.
Behavioral Genetics, Genomics, Intelligence, and Mental Retardation
Authors: Iarocci Grace , Petrill Stephen A. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis chapter provides an overview of the current evidence on the behavioral genetic etiology of mental retardation. It begins with a history of the two-group approach and the need to differentiate between organic and nonpathological forms of mental retardation. Then, it presents evidence that genetic and environmental factors that contribute to variation in IQ in the general population may also lead to low IQ in persons with familial mental retardation. The chapter continues with a review of the new behavioral genetic work to identify DNA markers for intelligence. It outlines methodological challenges, with particular emphasis on how these issues pertain to the search for an etiological link between familial mental retardation and normal variation in general cognitive ability. It concludes with a discussion of familial mental retardation within the broader scope of the reciprocal relation between genetic and environmental influences.
Language Development in Fragile X Syndrome: Syndrome-specific Features, Within-syndrome Variation, and Contributing Factors
Authors: Abbeduto Leonard , McDuffie Andrea , Brady Nancy , Kover Sara T. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis chapter reviews what is known about the language problems of individuals with fragile X syndrome (FXS). The chapter is organized into four major sections. The first section provides a comprehensive characterization of the language problems typically associated with FXS, describing the extent and profile of delays and impairments and, where possible, the syndrome-specific features of the linguistic profile. The second section describes within-syndrome variation in the linguistic profile, emphasizing the relationship between language and gender and autism status. The third section considers the genetic and environmental factors that lead to the syndrome-specific features of, and within-syndrome variation in, the linguistic phenotype of FXS. The final section identifies important gaps in our knowledge of the language problems of FXS and suggests some directions for future research.
Emotional Development in Children with Developmental Disabilities
Authors: Kasari Connie L. , Jahromi Laudan B. , Gulsrud Amanda C. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractResearch into the emotional development of children with developmental disabilities has dramatically increased over the past decade. Studies investigating the development of children with an autism spectrum disorder (ASD) account for the largest increase in the field, but progress has also been made in better understanding emotional development in children with Down syndrome (DS). This chapter reviews the evidence on emotional strengths and weaknesses in children with autism, DS, and other developmental disorders. It identifies continuing gaps in our knowledge of emotional development and suggests some promising lines of research for the future.
Child Eliciting Effects in Families of Children with Intellectual Disability: Proximal and Distal Perspectives
Authors: Fidler Deborah J. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis chapter describes two potential frameworks for examining child effects in families of children with intellectual disability. The first framework is an etiology-specific framework, which is rooted in Hodapp's (1997) notion of direct and indirect effects in families of children with intellectual disability (ID) of different etiologies. This approach offers a proximal account of how a specific child factor—child diagnosis—can be linked to patterns of parent and family functioning. The second framework places the child effects phenomenon within a bio-anthropological paradigm. This paradigm offers a more distal account of child eliciting factors in children with disabilities, and takes into account evolutionary influences on parent-child relationships.
Harmonic Dualism as Historical and Structural Imperative
Authors: Klumpenhouwer Henry 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article aims to provide more sympathetic readings and accounts of harmonic dualism. It makes two claims in particular: first, that the traditional attacks on harmonic dualism that focus on putative structural contradictions in the system are entirely unjustified; and second, that harmonic dualism is a good, legitimate, and useful perspective which can generate enlightening accounts of tonal pieces of music. The argument in this article is part of a broader methodological challenge that questions the means of determining the “correctness” of a music theory. The defense of dualism presented in this article is highly conscious of the modalities of Anglo-American music-theoretical discourse and makes the renewed case for dualism in the context of current argumentative strategies; in the sense, by rehabilitating Riemann's dualism, the article is also holding up the mirror to contemporary music-theoretical practices. There are three parts in this article: the first section focuses on the characteristics of the dualist theory of harmony; the second section defends the first claim presented above (that the traditional attacks on harmonic dualism that focus on putative structural contradictions in the system are entirely unjustified); and the last section defend by way of analysis the second claim—that harmonic dualism is a good, legitimate, and useful perspective which can generate enlightening accounts of tonal pieces of music.
Tonal Pitch Space and the (neo-)RiemannianTonnetz
Authors: Cohn Richard 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article reexamines the Tonnetz as an analytical apparatus. Drawing on Fred Lerdahl's Tonal Pitch Space, which is critical of the homology of tone, chord, and key space posited by the Riemannian Tonnentz, the article proposes a hybrid spatial model that draws on both the Riemannian tradition and Lerdahl's hierarchical model. The pragmatic solution presented in this article allows for communication, reinterpretation, and relocation between tempered and unbounded spaces of tones, key spaces, and diatonic spaces or regions of triads, through the graphic metaphors of the Tonnetz and its allied spatial models. Apart from providing a pragmatic solution, the article also illustrates the hybrid model in analyses of Schumann, Wagner, and Chopin, with the view of suggesting further explorations and applications of these analytical tools.
Three Short Essays on Neo-Riemannian Theory
Authors: Harrison Daniel 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article presents a three-section discussion, exploring the specific interrelated themes and questions central to the transformational and neo-Riemannian enterprise. The first section discusses the natures of musical objects and relations within the transformational worldview. It asks what happens when tones and chords are imagines not as objects but as transformations. The second section delves further into the object/transformation dichotomy. It explores the structural and functional differences among dissonant and consonant trichords in a particular nonatonic cycle. It also explores how the voice-leading functional and set-theoretical implications of the cycle might be engaged by a transformational perspective as a means to impart “sensuous distinctions”. The last section examines the analytical implications of the first two sections, by examining Vaughan Williams's neo-modal triadic Fantasia on a Theme by Thomas Tallis.
Augustine to Aquinas (Latin-Christian Authors)
Authors: Fidora Alexander 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThomas Aquinas integrated the newly translated philosophical source that is Greek, Arabic, and Jewish authors into a unique synthesis with his own Christian tradition efficiently. The most prominent and certainly one of the most influential, among Aquinas's Latin-Christian authors of reference was Augustine of Hippo (354–430). The North African bishop had a significant influence on intellectual discussion at the end of the twelfth and during the thirteenth centuries. Aquinas follows Augustine in theological matters such as Trinitarian theology, and the questions of divine providence and grace. Aquinas accepted Augustine's doctrines on causality and exemplarism but he clearly rejected some of his metaphysical teachings, and a series of claims concerning theory of knowledge and psychology, namely the role of the ‘seminal reasons’ and of divine illumination. Aquinas placed the issue in the larger setting of different philosophical options, such as Augustine vs. Aristotle, Arabic philosophy vs. the ‘genuine’ peripatetic tradition, and Platonism vs. Aristotelianism. Aquinas's second commentary (Paris 1259) is dedicated to the short tract De hebdomadibus, in which Boethius set out to analyze the goodness of substances. Boethius coined some very influential ontological key notions, in particular the distinction between id quod est and esse. Aquinas paid a good deal of attention to this distinction, interpreting Boethius's id quod est as ens, which is one who participates in the act of being (actus essendi), whereas being itself (ipsum esse) is defined as that which does not participate in anything else.
Aquinas, Plato, and Neoplatonism
Authors: Hankey Wayne J. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractPlato, and a wide variety of ancient, Arabic, and medieval Platonisms had a significant influence on Aquinas. The Corpus, with its quasi-Apostolic origin for Aquinas, was his most authoritative and influential source of Neoplatonism. His most influential early sources of Platonism came from Aristotle and Augustine, that is besides the Dionysian Corpus and the Liber. Aquinas greatly acknowledged the Neoplatonic, and the Peripatetic, commentaries and paraphrases he gradually acquired, because they enabled getting to the Hellenic sources. A great part of Aquinas's last writing was devoted to explicating Aristotle's works including the Liber de causis, which was attributed to him. Aquinas wished to understand the philosophical schools such as their characters, the differences between and within them, their memberships, influences, histories, and the extent to which they are complementary. Aquinas gave an extended treatment of the history of philosophy, including lists of differences and agreements between Plato and Aristotle, beginning with ‘the opinions of the ancients and of Plato’ in his On Separate Substances. When Aquinas treated Aristotle in On Separate Substances, he did not leave his Neoplatonic framework behind. There is much more in On Separate Substances concerning the numbers, including an elaborate reasoning that saves the verbally opposed positions of both Proclus and Dionysius.
God's Omnipotence
Authors: Leftow Brian 
Published: February 2013

AbstractAquinas argued that God's power is infinite because God needs no help from anything else to produce his effects, the number of his effects is unlimited, and its intensity is unlimited. Aquinas believed that God necessarily wills himself to be, be good, be happy, and so cannot produce the contrary volitions. Aquinas's line of thought generates a subordinate metaphysical account of why God can produce only noncontradictory states of affairs. It is a fact about causation, Aquinas thought, that every agent produces effects that are somehow like itself. Aquinas's claim that if God willed to do evil, he would succeed as he has the power but it is impossible that he will to do evil, so impossible that he can do evil. Aquinas argued that the rational agents act ultimately to be happy (a standard Aristotelian thesis). Every evil action falls short of attaining that, given the universe we live in (with Hell), or suitably strong natural-law assumptions and claims about rational nature. God cannot fail to attain the end for which he acts, which implies that God cannot fail to be happy, or to possess himself. He cannot because he is perfectly knowledgeable and knows what will make him happy, perfectly rational, and omnipotent. God's omnipotence is part of the reason he cannot sin.
The Theological Virtues
Authors: Wawrykow Joseph P. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractAquinas focused on the moral and intellectual virtues to display the theological virtues in their distinctiveness in his analysis of the theological virtues covering faith, hope, and charity. The designation of certain virtues as ‘theological’ suggests their connection to God in such a way that the theological virtues are infused by God, they direct a person to God as beatifying end and they become known by God's revelation in scripture. The theological virtues are not acquired but are given by God. The theological virtues enhance human capacity and elevate the person to the supernatural order and making their possessor capable of the acts that bring that person to the end to which grace and these virtues direct him. Each of these virtues in its particular manner relates the person to the God. Aquinas considered the theological virtues in the order of generation in his Summa theologiae. Aquinas thought there are three aspects of the internal act of faith. He adopted a formulation that nuances the relation of the person to God by faith, which includes credere Deo, credere Deum, credere in Deum. Human beings are involved in God's revealing and the process of articulation. The truths needed for salvation are revealed in Scripture, and God reveals these truths to the human authors of Scripture and does so in such a way that they cannot be mistaken.
The Intellectual Virtues
Authors: Hoffmann Tobias 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe article explores Aquinas's account of the individual intellectual virtues, with special focus on prudence. Aquinas argued that the intellectual virtues (apart from prudence) are virtues only in a qualified sense but he considers them superior to the moral virtues. Aquinas examines the virtues in detail in his Secunda Secundae. The only intellectual virtue that receives extensive treatment in the Secunda Secundae is prudence, a cardinal virtue as the four cardinal virtues, together with the three theological virtues of faith, hope, and charity, constitute the major organizing principle of the Secunda Secundae. Aristotle mentioned that wisdom concerns knowledge of the highest causes and the ability to judge and order subordinate things by these standards. Wisdom as an intellectual virtue concerns God, as he is knowable by natural human reason, that is, as he is investigated in the science of metaphysics. According to Aquinas, the domain of a specific science is defined by its ‘subject’, which is confined to a single genus. The intellectual virtue of art refers to what the medieval called the mechanical arts and it is distinct from the so-called liberal arts. For Aquinas, the liberal arts are speculative habits such as the theoretical sciences and they merely have a resemblance to the mechanical arts in that they involve such activities as counting and measuring. Art as an intellectual virtue is the knowledge or the professional competence of a craftsman.
Providence and the Problem of Evil
Authors: Stump Eleonore 
Published: February 2013

AbstractAquinas argued that a human being's life is divided into two unequal portions, one very small portion before death and another, infinitely enduring, after death. Aquinas held that the state of a person at the end of the smaller portion of his life determines his state in the infinitely extended portion of his life after death. Aquinas's views of the best thing and the worst thing for human beings mark out a scale of value on which human suffering and the benefits that might be thought to redeem it can be measured. Aquinas himself thinks that acceptance of the view that there is an afterlife and that true happiness consists in union with God in that afterlife is essential to his theodicy. It is also important to recognize that the best thing, the upper limit of Aquinas's scale of value for human lives, comes in degrees. Aquinas argued that human beings differ greatly in what constitutes for them the peak human condition of union with God. Aquinas took the justification and sanctification of postlapsarian human beings to be the means by which a person becomes healed of the disease in the will. Justification occurs when a human person recognizes and rejects the moral evil in him and yearns for the goodness of God.
The Trinity
Authors: Emery Gilles 
Published: February 2013

AbstractAquinas argued that Christian faith is Trinitarian in nature. Aquinas ruled out the possibility of natural reason attaining to knowledge of the Trinity and refused to consider God's personal plurality as the fruit of an essential fecundity of the divine being. He drew a clear distinction between the knowledge of the divine essence and knowledge of personal plurality in God. Aquinas supplied several syntheses of the Trinitarian doctrine and the principal elements of his Trinitarian doctrine are presented here as well in his biblical commentaries. The Summa theologiae offers his most complete synthesis. Aquinas's speculative Trinitarian theology focuses chiefly on two doctrinal pillars that include the conception of the divine person as a subsistent relation, as well as the doctrine of the Word and Love. Aquinas conceived of the divine person as a ‘subsistent relation’. Aquinas held that two bases can cause a real relation that includes quantity and action-passion. Aquinas recognized two kinds of immanent procession in an intellectual nature, that of the intellect and that of the will. Aquinas showed that the procession of Love is distinguished from the Word's generation in the real order, because generation takes place through the mode of a similitude, while the procession of Love takes place through the dynamic mode of a principle of impulsion toward the being that is loved.
Sacraments
Authors: Holtz Dominic 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe article discusses Aquinas's view on sacraments. Aquinas understood worship and not simply the internal love shown in mind and will of rational creature to its Creator but also the use of material objects, words, and bodily gestures, to be a natural obligation of all human beings. Aquinas is rightly credited with asserting that the sacraments are better understood as signs than as causes, and that even as causes, they have their effect by means of their signifying. The purpose of the analysis of the sacraments is meant to do justice to the fullness of the sacramental teaching that Aquinas inherited from the early centuries of the Church. Aquinas was not unaware that one might imagine both different matter and different form, particularly different words, to enact the sacraments. Aquinas was willing to admit a range of signification in certain respects. Aquinas rejected any radical departure from the matter or the ritual forms accepted by the Church. Aquinas recognized that objects and ritual actions are ambiguous as signs. They generally require words to locate the meaning that they have here and now. The sacraments are signs of supernatural effects, of the various participations in the healing of sin and more importantly of the perfection, the completion of the human person through a sharing in the life of the Incarnate Word, Jesus Christ.