bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
From walls to homes: Child care reform and deinstitutionalisation in Ghana
Authors: Frimpong‐Manso Kwabena 
Published: December 2013

In 2006, the Ghanaian government, in partnership with the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), began to reform the child welfare system. The main aim of this reform was to provide a sustainable and culturally appropriate system of care for children without parental care by shifting from an institutional‐based model to a family and community‐based one. Drawing on existing peer‐reviewed and grey literature, this article provides an overview of the major components of the reform, including reintegration with the extended family, foster care and adoption. In addition, the article discusses the prospects and challenges involved in achieving the reform's intended component.Key Practitioner Message: ● Use community development techniques to raise the resources needed to provide family support services for vulnerable families; ● Social work practitioners partner with non‐governmental organisations to train community members as para‐social workers; ● Social workers, especially in developing countries, understand the challenges they face when embarking on deinstitutionalisation.
Differential transcription profiles in Aedes aegypti detoxification genes after temephos selection
Authors: Saavedra‐Rodriguez K. , Strode C. , Flores A. E. , Garcia‐Luna S. , Reyes‐Solis G. , Ranson H. , Hemingway J. , Black W. C. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractThe mosquito Aedes aegypti is the main vector of Dengue and Yellow Fever flaviviruses. The organophosphate insecticide temephos is a larvicide that is used globally to control Ae. aegypti populations; many of which have in turn evolved resistance. Target site alteration in the acetylcholine esterase of this species has not being identified. Instead, we tracked changes in transcription of metabolic detoxification genes using the Ae. aegypti ‘Detox Chip’ microarray during five generations of temephos selection. We selected for temephos resistance in three replicates in each of six collections, five from Mexico, and one from Peru. The response to selection was tracked in terms of lethal concentrations. Uniform upregulation was seen in the epsilon class glutathione‐S‐transferase (eGST) genes in strains from Mexico prior to laboratory selection, while eGSTs in the Iquitos Peru strain became upregulated after five generations of temephos selection. While expression of many carboxyl/cholinesterase esterase (CCE) genes increased with selection, no single esterase was consistently upregulated and this same pattern was noted in the cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (CYP) genes and in other genes involved in reduction or oxidation of xenobiotics. Bioassays using glutathione‐S‐transferase (GST), CCE and CYP inhibitors suggest that various CCEs instead of GSTs are the main metabolic mechanism conferring resistance to temephos. We show that temephos‐selected strains show no cross resistance to permethrin and that genes associated with temephos selection are largely independent of those selected with permethrin in a previous study.
Non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma in a 7‐year‐old obese boy: coincidence or comorbidity?
Authors: Nobili V. , Alisi A. , Grimaldi C. , Liccardo D. , Francalanci P. , Monti L. , Castellano A. , de Ville de Goyet J. 
Published: December 2013

SummaryBackgroundHepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) may develop from non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) either in the presence or in the absence of established cirrhosis. Non‐cirrhotic patients with NAFLD‐related HCC are usually adult, male and obese. However, this association has not been reported yet in younger age groups. Objectives In the present study, the clinical case of a 7‐yaer‐old obese boy with steatosis and HCC is presented.MethodsA 7‐year‐old boy, with no evidence of chronic liver disease, was admitted for assessment of a liver mass. Preliminary assessment was suggestive of a combined and severe liver steatosis together with a malignant disease.ResultsA biopsy confirmed the suspected diagnosis of HCC; interestingly, the non‐neoplastic liver was surrounded and characterized by the presence of steatosis and ballooning, and being absent of lobular inflammation and fibrosis. Chemotherapy and diet changes were conducted successfully with ultrasound characteristics suggesting improvements on both aspects: conventional liver mass resection could take place.ConclusionsThis case report suggests that HCC might develop in paediatric age patients with obesity‐related NAFLD, even in the absence of fibrosis.
Resilience to discrimination stress across ethnic identity stages of development
Authors: Romero Andrea J. , Edwards Lisa M. , Fryberg Stephanie A. , Orduña Michele 
Published: December 2013

AbstractEthnic identity development may increase resilience to discrimination and prejudice, which are often common and stressful for ethnic minority adolescents. Based on ethnic identity development theory and resilience theory, we hypothesize that under high discrimination stress, ethnic affirmation and ethnic identity stage will have protective moderating effects on self‐esteem and depressive symptoms. A cross‐sectional self‐report study with 125 ethnic minority adolescents (13–18 years) found that ethnic affirmation (p < .05) had protective effects on depressive symptoms (p < .05) and protective‐enhancing effects on self‐esteem at high levels of discrimination stress. Achieved ethnic identity stage (p < .05) had protective‐stabilizing effects on self‐esteem at high discrimination stress. Our findings demonstrate that the protective elements of ethnic identity are feeling positive about one's ethnic group, having learned about one's history, and having resolved conflicts about one's ethnic group.
Expert knowledge elicitation using computer simulation: the organization of frail elderly case management as an illustration
Authors: Chiêm Jean‐Christophe , Van Durme Thérèse , Vandendorpe Florence , Schmitz Olivier , Speybroeck Niko , Cès Sophie , Macq Jean 
Published: December 2013

AbstractBackgroundVarious elderly case management projects have been implemented in Belgium. This type of long‐term health care intervention involves contextual factors and human interactions. These underlying complex mechanisms can be usefully informed with field experts' knowledge, which are hard to make explicit. However, computer simulation has been suggested as one possible method of overcoming the difficulty of articulating such elicited qualitative views.MethodsA simulation model of case management was designed using an agent‐based methodology, based on the initial qualitative research material. Variables and rules of interaction were formulated into a simple conceptual framework. This model has been implemented and was used as a support for a structured discussion with experts in case management.ResultsThe rigorous formulation provided by the agent‐based methodology clarified the descriptions of the interventions and the problems encountered regarding:
the diverse network topologies of health care actors in the project;
the adaptation time required by the intervention;
the communication between the health care actors;
the institutional context;
the organization of the care; and
the role of the case manager and his or hers personal ability to interpret the informal demands of the frail older person.
ConclusionThe simulation model should be seen primarily as a tool for thinking and learning. A number of insights were gained as part of a valuable cognitive process. Computer simulation supporting field experts' elicitation can lead to better‐informed decisions in the organization of complex health care interventions.
Pre‐ and post‐zygotic reproductive isolation between co‐occurringMussaenda pubescensvar.albaandM. shikokiana(Rubiaceae)
Authors: Chen Shi , Luo Zhonglai , Zhang Dianxiang 
Published: December 2013

AbstractReproductive isolation is a fundamental requirement for speciation and includes several sequential stages. Few studies have determined the relative contributions of pre‐ and post‐zygotic reproductive isolation in plants, especially between relative species with clear differentiation in flower form. To investigate the mechanisms responsible for reproductive isolation in sympatricMussaenda pubescensvar.alba and Mussaenda shikokiana(Rubiaceae) in Guangxi Province, China, we made observations of flowering phenology, patterns of insect visitation, and conducted pollination experiments, including artificial hybridization. The two species had overlapping flowering times and were pollinated by overlapping pollinators; however, their relative importance differed significantly withM. pubescensvisited more commonly by bees andM. shikokianamore frequently by butterflies. Using vegetative and floral characters and molecular evidence based on nuclear ribosomal internal and external transcribed spacer regions we detected seven naturally occurring hybrids among a sample of approximately 125 individuals. Hybrids were characterized by morphologies that most closely resembled their maternal parents based on chloroplast evidence. Studies of artificially synthesized and natural hybrids demonstrated that hybrid seed had very low germination rates and naturally occurring hybrids exhibited pollen sterility. Post‐zygotic reproductive isolating mechanisms play a primary role in limiting gene exchange between co‐occurring species and maintaining species integrity in areas of sympatry.
STOCHASTIC LOCAL INTENSITY LOSS MODELS WITH INTERACTING PARTICLE SYSTEMS
Authors: Alfonsi Aurélien , Labart Céline , Lelong Jérôme 
Published: December 2013

AbstractIt is well known from the work of Schönbucher that the marginal laws of a loss process can be matched by a unit increasing time inhomogeneous Markov process, whose deterministic jump intensity is called local intensity. The stochastic local intensity (SLI) models such as the one proposed by Arnsdorf and Halperin allow to get a stochastic jump intensity while keeping the same marginal laws. These models involve a nonlinear stochastic differential equation (SDE) with jumps. The first contribution of this paper is to prove the existence and uniqueness of such processes. This is made by means of an interacting particle system, whose convergence rate toward the nonlinear SDE is analyzed. Second, this approach provides a powerful way to compute pathwise expectations with the SLI model: we show that the computational cost is roughly the same as a crude Monte Carlo algorithm for standard SDEs.
Functional characterization of the mutations in Pepper mild mottle virus overcoming tomato tm‐1‐mediated resistance
Authors: Mizumoto Hiroyuki , Morikawa Yukino , Ishibashi Kazuhiro , Kimura Kentaro , Matsumoto Kohei , Tokunaga Masayuki , Kiba Akinori , Ishikawa Masayuki , Okuno Tetsuro , Hikichi Yasufumi 
Published: December 2013

SummaryIn tomato plants, Pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV) cannot replicate because the tm‐1 protein inhibits RNA replication. The resistance of tomato plants to PMMoV remains durable both in the field and under laboratory conditions. In this study, we constructed several mutant PMMoVs and analysed their abilities to replicate in tomato protoplasts and plants. We found that two mutants, PMMoV‐899R,F976Y and PMMoV‐899R,F976Y,D1098N, were able to replicate in tomato protoplasts, but only PMMoV‐899R,F976Y,D1098N was able to multiply in tomato plants. Further analysis showed that the D1098N mutation of the replication proteins weakened the inhibitory effect of the tm‐1 protein and enhanced the replication efficiency of PMMoV‐899R,F976Y,D1098N. We also observed that the infectivity of the viruses decreased in the order wild‐type PMMoV > PMMoV‐899R,F976Y > PMMoV‐899R,F976Y,D1098N in original host plants, pepper and tobacco plants. On the contrary, the single mutation D1098N abolished PMMoV replication in tobacco protoplasts. On the basis of these observations, it is likely that the deleterious side‐effects of mutations in replication proteins prevent the emergence of PMMoV mutants that can overcome tm‐1‐mediated resistance.
Chronic pulmonary aspergillosis
Authors: Schweer K. E. , Bangard C. , Hekmat K. , Cornely O. A. 
Published: December 2013

SummaryChronic pulmonary aspergillosis (CPA) is a group of consuming diseases usually presenting with prolonged and relapsing cough, dyspnoea and weight loss. Acute symptoms such as haemoptysis and bronchial or pulmonary haemorrhage may occasionally occur. CPA affects patients with underlying pulmonary conditions, for example, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or mycobacteriosis or common immunosuppressive conditions such as diabetes. Precise epidemiology is unknown, and while prevalence is considered low the chronic and relapsing nature of the disease challenges the treating physician. Diagnostics largely rely on serologic Aspergillus precipitins and findings on thoracic computed tomography. The latter are manifold comprising cavity formation, pleural involvement and sometimes aspergilloma. Other markers for aspergillosis are less helpful, in part due to the non‐ or semi‐invasive nature of these forms of Aspergillus infection. Various antifungals were shown to be effective in CPA treatment. Azoles are the most frequently applied antifungals in the outpatient setting, but are now compromised by findings of Aspergillus resistance. Long‐term prognosis is not fully elucidated and may be driven by the underlying morbidities. Prospective registry‐type studies may be suitable to systematically broaden our CPA knowledge base. This article gives an overview of the available literature and proposes a clinical working algorithm for CPA management.
Pacing and Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator Lead Perforation As Assessed by Multiplanar Reformatted ECG‐Gated Cardiac Computed Tomography and Clinical Correlates
Authors: PANG BENJAMIN J. , LUI ELAINE H. , JOSHI SUBODH B. , TACEY MARK A. , ALISON JEFF , SENEVIRATNE SUJITH K. , CAMERON JAMES D. , MOND HARRY G. 
Published: December 2013

IntroductionWe aimed to assess the utility of cardiac computed tomography (CT) in the evaluation of right atrial (RA) and right ventricular (RV) pacemaker and implantable cardiac defibrillator lead perforation.MethodsImages from a 320‐slice electrocardiogram‐gated cardiac CT scanner were retrospectively independently analyzed by two reviewers for lead position, pericardial effusion, and perforation. Perforation results were correlated with pacing sensing, impedance, and threshold measurements.ResultsA total of 52 patients had RV leads and 35 had RA leads. Five of 17 RV apical, one of 35 RV nonapical, and none of the 35 RA leads perforated through the myocardium on CT imaging criteria. Two “clinically” perforated leads (that had protruded 5 mm and 15 mm from the outer edge of the myocardium) had pericardial effusions and changes in pacing parameters, and required RV lead repositioning. In contrast, there were four apparent “radiologic” perforations (that had protruded only an average 1.5 ± 0.5 mm from the outer edge of the myocardium) that did not require repositioning. These had the radiologic appearance of perforation on cardiac CT; however, they were not associated with pericardial effusions or significant changes in RV pacing lead sensing, impedance, and threshold measurements.ConclusionsCardiac CT scanning with multiplanar reformatting is useful for documenting lead position and assessing for possible cardiac perforation. The clinical significance and natural history of leads with only the appearance of perforation on cardiac CT is uncertain.
Protection from Outpatient Sudden Cardiac Death following ICD Removal Using a Wearable Cardioverter Defibrillator
Authors: TANAWUTTIWAT TANYANAN , GARISTO JUAN D. , SALOW ARTURO , GLAD JOANN M. , SZYMKIEWICZ STEVE , SALTZMAN HEATH E. , KUTALEK STEVEN P. , CARRILLO ROGER G. 
Published: December 2013

BackgroundAn implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) is effective in preventing sudden cardiac death (SCD). Once an ICD is removed and reimplantation is not feasible, a wearable cardioverter defibrillator (WCD) may be an alternative option. We determined the effectiveness of WCD for SCD prevention in patients who were discharged after ICD removal.MethodsA retrospective study was conducted on all WCD (LifeVest, ZOLL, Pittsburgh, PA, USA) patients who underwent ICD removal due to cardiac device infections (CDIs) at two referral centers between January 1, 2005 and December 31, 2009. Clinical characteristics, device information, and WCD data were analyzed. Sudden cardiac arrest was defined as all sustained ventricular tachycardia (VT) and ventricular fibrillation occurring within a single 24‐hour period.ResultsNinety‐seven patients (mean age 62.8 ± 13.3, male 80.4%) were included in the study. The median duration of antibiotic use was 14.7 days (interquartile range [IQR] 10–30). The median daily WCD use was 20 hours/day and the median length of use was 21 days (IQR 5–47). A total of three patients were shocked by WCD. Two patients had four episodes of sustained VT, successfully terminated by the WCD. A third patient experienced two inappropriate treatments due to oversensitivity of the signal artifact. Three patients experienced sudden death outside the hospital while not wearing the device. Five patients died while hospitalized.ConclusionWCD can prevent SCD, until ICD reimplantation is feasible in patients who underwent device removals for CDI. However, patient compliance is essential for the effective use of this device.
Antibiotic exposure in the first two years of life and development of asthma and other allergic diseases by 7.5 yr: A dose‐dependent relationship
Authors: Hoskin‐Parr Lauren , Teyhan Alison , Blocker Ariel , Henderson A. J. W. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractBackgroundAntibiotic use in infancy disrupts gut microflora during a critical period for immune system development. It is hypothesized that this could predispose to the development of allergic diseases. We investigated the associations of antibiotic use in the first 2 yr of life with the development of asthma, eczema or hay fever by age 7.5 yr in a longitudinal birth cohort.MethodsSubjects were 4952 children from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC). Child antibiotic use and asthma, eczema and hay fever symptoms were maternally reported. Atopy was assessed by skin prick tests at age 7.5 yr. The total number of antibiotic courses was considered as the main exposure. Data were analysed using multivariate logistic regression.ResultsChildren reported to have taken antibiotics during infancy (0–2 yr) were more likely to have asthma at 7.5 yr (OR 1.75, 95% CI 1.40–2.17), and the odds (OR, [95% CI]) increased with greater numbers of courses: once 1.11 [0.84–1.48]; twice 1.50 [1.14–1.98]; three times 1.79 [1.34–2.40]; four times or more 2.82 [2.19–3.63]. Increased antibiotic use was also associated with higher odds of eczema and hay fever but not atopy. The effect appeared to be associated with cumulative rather than a critical period of exposure during the first 2 yr.ConclusionsA robust and dose‐dependent association was found between antibiotic use in the first 2 yr of life and asthma at age 7.5 yr but did not appear to be mediated through an association with atopy.
Conceptual Ethics II
Authors: Burgess Alexis , Plunkett David 
Published: December 2013

AbstractWhich concepts should we use to think and talk about the world, and to do all of the other things that mental and linguistic representation facilitates? This is the guiding question of the field that we call ‘conceptual ethics’. Conceptual ethics is not often discussed as its own systematic branch of normative theory. A case can nevertheless be made that the field is already quite active, with contributions coming in from areas as diverse as fundamental metaphysics and social/political philosophy. In this pair of papers, we try to unify the field, reflecting on its basic nature, structure, and methodology.
Philosophy of Stem Cell Biology – an Introduction
Authors: Fagan Melinda Bonnie 
Published: December 2013

AbstractThis review surveys three central issues in philosophy of stem cell biology: the nature of stem cells, stem cell experiments, and explanations of stem cell capacities. First, I argue that the fundamental question ‘what is a stem cell?’ has no single substantive answer. Instead, the core idea is explicated via an abstract model, which accounts for many features of stem cell experiments. The second part of this essay examines several of these features: uncertainty, model organisms, and manipulability. The results shed light on the form of our emerging knowledge of stem cells: mechanistic explanations. The third part of the essay sketches some key features of these explanations, which are constructed by a collaborative experimenting community.
Justice and Taxation
Authors: Halliday Daniel 
Published: December 2013

AbstractThis article provides a survey of various topics in which questions about taxation feature alongside questions about justice. It seeks to argue mainly that taxation is a rather fragmentary domain of inquiry about which it is hard to envisage the development of views about what justice requires with respect to tax policy in general. Guided by this idea, the article attempts to highlight some aspects of taxation whose connection with justice has been under‐explored by philosophers, as well as to acquaint the reader with a sense of the more thoroughly researched areas.
One‐Component Thioxanthone Acetic Acid Derivative Photoinitiator for Free Radical Polymerization
Authors: Esen Duygu S. , Temel Gokhan , Balta Demet K. , Allonas Xavier , Arsu Nergis 
Published: December 2013

AbstractAcetic acid–based thioxanthone (TXCH2COOH) was synthesized and characterized and used as a photoinitiator for free radical photopolymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) in the absence and presence of a tertiary amine (MDEA) in different solvents. Different absorption properties were observed depending on the solvent. Fluorescence and phosphorescence experiments were also carried out successfully. The fluorescence quantum yield was found to be 0.09 and the phosphorescence lifetime was calculated as 138 ms at 77 K. The photoinitiator undergoes efficient intersystem crossing into the triplet state and the lowest triplet state possesses π–π* configuration. Laser flash photolysis experiments show that transient absorption of TXCH2COOH is similar to the parent thioxanthone and the triplet lifetime was calculated as 2.3 μs at 630 nm.
Low‐frequency heart rate variability is related to the breath‐to‐breath variability in the respiratory pattern
Authors: Beda Alessandro , Simpson David M. , Carvalho Nadja C. , Carvalho Alysson Roncally S. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractChanges in heart rate variability (HRV) at “respiratory” frequencies (0.15–0.5 Hz) may result from changes in respiration rather than autonomic control. We now investigate if the differences in HRV power in the low‐frequency (LF) band (0.05–0.15 Hz, HRVLF) can also be predicted by respiration variability, quantified by the fraction of tidal volume power in the LF (VLF,n). Three experimental protocols were considered: paced breathing, mental effort tasks, and a repeated attentional task. Significant intra‐ and interindividual correlations were found between changes in HRVLF and VLF,n despite all subjects having a respiratory frequency above the LF band. Respiratory parameters (respiratory period, tidal volume, and VLF,n) could predict up to 79% of HRVLF differences in some cases. This suggests that respiratory variability is another mechanism of HRVLF generation, which should be always monitored, assessed, and considered in the interpretation of HRV changes.