bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Body mass, cardiovascular risk and metabolic characteristics of young persons presenting for mental healthcare in Sydney, Australia
Authors: Scott Elizabeth M , Hermens Daniel F , White Django , Naismith Sharon L , GeHue Jeanne , Whitwell Bradley G , Glozier Nick , Hickie Ian B 
Published: March 2015

ObjectivesTo determine the body mass, cardiovascular and metabolic characteristics of young people presenting for mental healthcare.DesignCross-sectional assessments of body mass, cardiovascular and metabolic risk factors.SettingTwo primary-care based sites in Sydney, Australia for young people in the early stages of mental disorders.ParticipantsA clinical sample of young people (12–30 years) with mental health problems.Outcome measuresDaily smoking rates, body mass index (BMI), blood glucose and lipids, blood pressure (BP) and pulse rate.ResultsOf 1005 young people who had their BMI determined (62% female; 19.0±3.5 years), three quarters (739/1005) also had BP recordings and one-third (298/1005) had blood sampling. Clinically, 775 were assigned to one of three diagnostic categories (anxious-depression: n=541; mania-fatigue, n=104; developmental-psychotic n=130). The profile of BMI categories approximated that of the comparable segments of the Australian population. Older age, lower levels of social functioning and higher systolic BP were all associated with high BMI. In a subset (n=129), current use of any psychotropic medication was associated (p<0.05) with increased BMI. Almost one-third of cases were current daily smokers (compared to population rate of 11%). Males had a higher proportion of raised glucose and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) compared to females (9.3% and 34.1% vs 2.1% and 5.9%, respectively). Overall, there was no relationship between BMI and fasting glucose but significant relationships with triglycerides and HDL were noted. Furthermore, there were no significant relationships between diagnostic subgroup and metabolic profiles.ConclusionsDaily smoking rates are increased among young people presenting for mental healthcare. However, these young people do not demonstrate adverse cardiometabolic profiles. The high levels of smoking, and association of BMI with adverse social circumstances, suggest that risk factors for chronic disease are already present and likely to be compounded by medication and social disadvantage.
Changes in HIV and syphilis prevalence among female sex workers from three serial cross-sectional surveys in Karnataka state, South India
Authors: Isac Shajy , Ramesh B M , Rajaram S , Washington Reynold , Bradley Janet E , Reza-Paul Sushena , Beattie Tara S , Alary Michel , Blanchard James F , Moses Stephen 
Published: March 2015

ObjectivesThis paper examined trends over time in condom use, and the prevalences of HIV and syphilis, among female sex workers (FSWs) in South India.DesignData from three rounds of cross-sectional surveys were analysed, with HIV and high-titre syphilis prevalence as outcome variables. Multivariable analysis was applied to examine changes in prevalence over time.SettingFive districts in Karnataka state, India.Participants7015 FSWs were interviewed over three rounds of surveys (round 1=2277; round 2=2387 and round 3=2351). Women who reported selling sex in exchange for money or gifts in the past month, and aged between 18 and 49 years, were included.InterventionsThe surveys were conducted to monitor a targeted HIV prevention programme during 2004–2012. The main interventions included peer-led community outreach, services for the treatment and prevention of sexually transmitted infections, and empowering FSWs through community mobilisation.ResultsHIV prevalence declined significantly from rounds 1 to 3, from 19.6% to 10.8% (adjusted OR (AOR)=0.48, p<0.001); high-titre syphilis prevalence declined from 5.9% to 2.4% (AOR=0.50, p<0.001). Reductions were observed in most substrata of FSWs, although reductions among new sex workers, and those soliciting clients using mobile phones or from home, were not statistically significant. Condom use ‘always’ with occasional clients increased from 73% to 91% (AOR=1.9, p<0.001), with repeat clients from 52% to 86% (AOR=5.0, p<0.001) and with regular partners from 12% to 30% (AOR=4.2, p<0.001). Increased condom use was associated with exposure to the programme. However, condom use with regular partners remained low.ConclusionsThe prevalences of HIV infection and high-titre syphilis among FSWs have steadily declined with increased condom use. Further reductions in prevalence will require intensification of prevention efforts for new FSWs and those soliciting clients using mobile phones or from home, as well as increasing condom use in the context of regular partnerships.
The Australian primary healthcare experiment: a national survey of Medicare Locals
Authors: Robinson Suzanne , Varhol Richard , Ramamurthy Vijaya , Denehy Melissa , Hendrie Delia , O'Leary Peter , Selvey Linda 
Published: March 2015

ObjectiveThe objectives of this study are to evaluate the development and implementation of Medicare Locals as new primary care organisations and consider the implications of these findings for the wider challenge of strengthening primary healthcare in Australia and internationally.DesignNational survey of Medicare Locals which involved the use of content analysis and a descriptive survey tool.Setting61 Medicare Locals in Australia.ParticipantsThe survey was distributed electronically to all 61 Medicare Local Chief Executive Officers (CEOs) between October and December 2013.Main outcome measuresThe research was interested in exploring the following areas; the form and function of Medicare Locals; the confidence and capacity of Medicare Locals to perform against their objectives around population planning and system integration; their ability to engage relevant stakeholder groups; and the barriers and facilitators to reform.ResultsA total of 43 (70%) of Medicare Locals completed the survey with representation from six of the eight Australian states and Territories. Results suggest differences in the form and function of the Medicare Local organisations and considerable diversity in the implementation of Medicare Local organisations across Australia. This diversity and lack of guidance from government impacted on the overall success of the reform. Other barriers to reform included difficulties in stakeholder relationships and limited incentives (financial and other) to drive and influence change.ConclusionsFindings from this study produce important insights for primary care reform in Australia; and internationally it adds to the growing body of knowledge around primary care reform.
Predicting risk of COPD in primary care: development and validation of a clinical risk score
Authors: Haroon Shamil , Adab Peymane , Riley Richard D , Marshall Tom , Lancashire Robert , Jordan Rachel E 
Published: March 2015

ObjectivesTo develop and validate a clinical risk score to identify patients at risk of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) using clinical factors routinely recorded in primary care.DesignCase–control study of patients containing one incident COPD case to two controls matched on age, sex and general practice. Candidate risk factors were included in a conditional logistic regression model to produce a clinical score. Accuracy of the score was estimated on a separate external validation sample derived from 20 purposively selected practices.SettingUK general practices enrolled in the Clinical Practice Research Datalink (1 January 2000 to 31 March 2006).ParticipantsDevelopment sample included 340 practices containing 15 159 newly diagnosed COPD cases and 28 296 controls (mean age 70 years, 52% male). Validation sample included 2259 cases and 4196 controls (mean age 70 years, 50% male).Main outcome measuresArea under the receiver operator characteristic curve (c statistic), sensitivity and specificity in the validation practices.ResultsThe model included four variables including smoking status, history of asthma, and lower respiratory tract infections and prescription of salbutamol in the previous 3 years. It had a high average c statistic of 0.85 (95% CI 0.83 to 0.86) and yielded a sensitivity of 63.2% (95% CI 63.1 to 63.3) and specificity 87.4% (95% CI 87.3 to 87.5).ConclusionsRisk factors associated with COPD and routinely recorded in primary care have been used to develop and externally validate a new COPD risk score. This could be used to target patients for case finding.
Guideline for the prevention of oral and oropharyngeal mucositis in children receiving treatment for cancer or undergoing haematopoietic stem cell transplantation
Authors: Sung Lillian , Robinson Paula , Treister Nathaniel , Baggott Tina , Gibson Paul , Tissing Wim , Wiernikowski John , Brinklow Jennifer , Dupuis L Lee 
Published: March 2015

PurposeTo develop an evidence-based clinical practice guideline for the prevention of oral mucositis in children (0–18 years) receiving treatment for cancer or undergoing haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT).MethodsThe Mucositis Prevention Guideline Development Group was interdisciplinary and included internationally recognised experts in paediatric mucositis. For the evidence review, we included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) conducted in either children or adults evaluating the following interventions selected according to prespecified criteria: cryotherapy, low level light therapy (LLLT) and keratinocyte growth factor (KGF). We also examined RCTs of any intervention conducted in children. For all systematic reviews, we synthesised the occurrence of severe oral mucositis. The Grades of Recommendation, Assessment, Development and Evaluation approach was used to describe quality of evidence and strength of recommendations.ResultsWe suggest cryotherapy or LLLT may be offered to cooperative children receiving chemotherapy or HSCT conditioning with regimens associated with a high rate of mucositis. We also suggest KGF may be offered to children receiving HSCT conditioning with regimens associated with a high rate of severe mucositis. However, KGF use merits caution as there is a lack of efficacy and toxicity data in children, and a lack of long-term follow-up data in paediatric cancers. No other interventions were recommended for oral mucositis prevention in children.ConclusionsAll three specific interventions evaluated in this clinical practice guideline were associated with a weak recommendation for use. There may be important organisational and cost barriers to the adoption of LLLT and KGF. Considerations for implementation and key research gaps are highlighted.
Incidence and risk factors for backpack palsy in young Korean soldiers
Authors: Kim Kyoung-Eun , Kim E-J 
Published: March 2015

ObjectivesBackpack palsy (BPP) is a common aetiology of brachial plexopathy in military hospitals. We aimed to determine the incidence and risk factors of BPP in young Korean soldiers.MethodsWe identified enlisted patients who were diagnosed with BPP from a review of the medical records of all the Korean military hospitals in 2011 and 2012 and investigated their clinical findings and medical study results. To identify risk factors of BPP, we also surveyed, by questionnaire, healthy recruits of a company in a training centre who had just finished night marches. We divided them according to whether they had paresthaesia and/or weakness in their arm(s) during marching and compared their characteristics.ResultsThe incidence of BPP in Korean soldiers was 29.7 per 100 000 person-years (95% CI 17.2 to 24.3). Body mass index (BMI) was significantly lower in patients with BPP than it was in healthy recruits. Among healthy recruits, those who had experienced paresthaesia and/or weakness during marching had a significantly lower BMI than did those who had not.ConclusionsWe report the incidence of BPP in young Korean soldiers. A low BMI was a risk factor for BPP. These results may be helpful in establishing a strategy for the prevention of BPP in the setting of military training.
Myocardial Hypertrophic Preconditioning Attenuates Cardiomyocyte Hypertrophy and Slows Progression to Heart Failure Through Upregulation of S100A8/A9
Authors: Wei Xuan , Wu Bing , Zhao Jing , Zeng Zhi , Xuan Wanling , Cao Shiping , Huang Xiaobo , Asakura Masanori , Xu Dingli , Bin Jianping , Kitakaze Masafumi , Liao Yulin 
Published: March 2015

Background—
Transient preceding brief ischemia provides potent cardioprotection against subsequent long ischemia, termed ischemic preconditioning. Here, we hypothesized that transient short-term hypertrophic stimulation would induce the expression of hypertrophy regression genes and render the heart resistant to subsequent hypertrophic stress, and slow the progression to heart failure, as well.

Methods and Results—
Cardiomyocyte hypertrophy was induced in mice by either transverse aortic constriction or an infusion of phenylephrine, and in neonatal rat ventricular cardiomyocytes by norepinephrine exposures. In the preconditioning groups, hypertrophic stimulation was provided for 1 to 7 days and then withdrawn for several days by either aortic debanding or discontinuing phenylephrine or norepinephrine treatment, followed by subsequent reexposure to the hypertrophic stimulus for the same period as in the control group. One or 6 weeks after transverse aortic constriction, the heart weight/body weight ratio was lower in the preconditioning group than in the control group, whereas the lung weight/body weight ratio was significantly decreased 6 weeks after transverse aortic constriction. Similar results were obtained in mice receiving phenylephrine infusion and neonatal rat ventricular cardiomyocytes stimulated with norepinephrine. Both mRNA and protein expression of S100A8 and S100A9 showed significant upregulation after the removal of hypertrophic stimulation and persisted for 6 weeks in response to reimposition of transverse aortic constriction. The treatment with recombinant S100A8/A9 inhibited norepinephrine-induced myocyte hypertrophy and reduced the expression of calcineurin and NFATc3, but the silencing of S100A8/A9 prevented such changes.

Conclusions—
Preconditioning with prohypertrophic factors exerts an antihypertrophic effect and slows the progression of heart failure, indicating the existence of the phenomenon for hypertrophic preconditioning.
Revisiting the Turbulent Prandtl Number in an Idealized Atmospheric Surface Layer
Authors: Li Dan , Katul Gabriel G. , Zilitinkevich Sergej S. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractCospectral budgets are used to link the kinetic and potential energy distributions of turbulent eddies, as measured by their spectra, to macroscopic relations between the turbulent Prandtl number (Prt) and atmospheric stability measures such as the stability parameter ζ, the gradient Richardson number Rg, or the flux Richardson number Rf in the atmospheric surface layer. The dependence of Prt on ζ, Rg, or Rf is shown to be primarily controlled by the ratio of Kolmogorov and Kolmogorov–Obukhov–Corrsin phenomenological constants and a constant associated with isotropization of turbulent flux production that can be independently determined using rapid distortion theory in homogeneous turbulence. Changes in scaling laws of the vertical velocity and air temperature spectra are also shown to affect the Prt–ζ (or Prt–Rg or Prt–Rf) relation. Results suggest that departure of Prt from unity under neutral conditions is induced by dissimilarity between momentum and heat in terms of Rotta constants, isotropization constants, and constants in the flux transfer terms. A maximum flux Richardson number Rfm predicted from the cospectral budgets method (=0.25) is in good agreement with values in the literature, suggesting that Rfm may be tied to the collapse of Kolmogorov spectra instead of laminarization of turbulent flows under stable stratification. The linkages between microscale energy distributions of turbulent eddies and macroscopic relations that are principally determined by dimensional considerations or similarity theories suggest that when these scalewise energy distributions of eddies experience a “transition” to other distributions (e.g., when Rf is increased over Rfm), dimensional considerations or similarity theories may fail to predict bulk flow properties.
Microphysical Properties of Convectively Generated Fall Streaks within the Stratiform Comma Head Region of Continental Winter Cyclones
Authors: Plummer David M. , McFarquhar Greg M. , Rauber Robert M. , Jewett Brian F. , Leon David C. 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
This paper presents analyses of the microphysical structure of comma head stratiform precipitation in 14 continental cyclones, focusing on fall streaks of hydrometeors produced by cloud-top convective generating cells. Data were obtained at temperatures between −4° and −45°C using in situ instrumentation and the W-band University of Wyoming Cloud Radar, all operated aboard the National Science Foundation/National Center for Atmospheric Research C-130. Analyses are presented first for a case study of one cyclone, followed by statistical analyses of the full dataset.
Using radar-based objective classifications, the statistical percentile number concentrations averaged 1.9 times larger within the fall streaks compared to the regions between them, and the corresponding ice water content and median mass diameter values averaged 2.2 and 1.1 times larger. Ice-phase conditions were predominant within the stratiform precipitation, with deposition and aggregation the primary ice growth mechanisms. No distinct vertical velocity signatures were associated with the fall streaks, and similar ice growth mechanisms were common within and between them.
Combined with observations of cloud-top generating cells in many of the same cyclones, these analyses provide a more complete description of the comma head microphysical structure and the physical processes producing precipitation. Whereas the generating cells are critical to nucleation and initial ice growth, the majority of ice growth (exceeding 90% of the median ice water contents in the case study) typically occurred below the generating-cell level, where enhanced moisture associated with synoptic-scale ascent was present.
Effect of garment properties on air gap thickness and the contact area distribution
Authors: Frackiewicz-Kaczmarek Joanna , Psikuta Agnes , Bueno Marie-Ange , Rossi René M 
Published: March 2015

The heat and mass transfer in clothing is affected by the distribution of the air gap thickness and the contact area and this, in turn, results from the interaction between the geometrically complex shape of the human body, garment design, and fabric mechanical properties. In this study, the distribution of the air gap thickness and the contact area in typical shirts and undershirts were investigated using the three-dimensional scanning technique in relation to the garment style and fit, fabric properties, and body regions. This study showed that at the upper trunk the air gap thickness was unaffected by both the garment style and the fit, whereas the shape of the contact area was changed only by the fit. At the lower body the air gap thickness and the contact area changed proportionally with the increase of the ease allowances in the garments. As expected, larger air gaps were formed in shirts but larger contact areas were observed in undershirts. Consequently, results indicated the possibility of modeling the size of air layers in clothing by proper selection of the fabric type and ease allowances in clothing for a given body shape.
Norske intensivavdelingers praksis rundt søvn og sedasjon
Authors: Dahl Aud Findal , Foss Helene , Fossum Mariann 
Published: March 2015

Aim To get an insight into 1) how Norwegian intensive care registered nurses (RNs) assess patients’ sleep and sedative needs, and 2) to survey factors of importance for critically ill patients in Norwegian intensive care units to promote sleep. Background Patients in intensive care units suffer from sleep disturbances. The lack of sleep may cause physical and psychological disturbances, increased morbidity and prolonged stay. The nurses evaluate patients’ sleep mainly based on their own perception. Method All nurse managers of the adult intensive care units in Norway were contacted to answer a survey. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics, and teaching and non-teaching hospitals were compared. Findings RNs were aware of sleep disturbances and used several strategies to promote sleep. The most commonly used interventions were to turn off lights, to shield the patient with curtains, to reduce noise from staff, to use a clock and to reduce nursing interventions during the nights. Nurses felt that they had a great influence on patients’ sleeping practices. Conclusion RNs reported to have an influence on sleep practice and to actively promote sleep in the intensive care unit. Sleep-assessment tools were not routinely used, but the use of sedation-assessment tools were common.
Dosimetric models of the eye and lens of the eye and their use in assessing dose coefficients for ocular exposures
Authors: Bolch W.E. , Dietze G. , Petoussi-Henss N. , Zankl M. 
Published: March 2015

Based upon recent epidemiological studies of ocular exposure, the Main Commission of the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) in ICRP Publication 118 states that the threshold dose for radiation-induced cataracts is now considered to be approximately 0.5 Gy for both acute and fractionated exposures. Consequently, a reduction was also recommended for the occupational annual equivalent dose to the lens of the eye from 150 mSv to 20 mSv, averaged over defined periods of 5 years. To support ocular dose assessment and optimisation, Committee 2 included Annex F within ICRP Publication 116 . Annex F provides dose coefficients – absorbed dose per particle fluence – for photon, electron, and neutron irradiation of the eye and lens of the eye using two dosimetric models. The first approach uses the reference adult male and female voxel phantoms of ICRP Publication 110. The second approach uses the stylised eye model of Behrens et al., which itself is based on ocular dimensional data given in Charles and Brown. This article will review the data and models of Annex F with particular emphasis on how these models treat tissue regions thought to be associated with stem cells at risk.
Seeding of Recipient‐Originated Epithelial Cells Attenuates Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition in Rat Tracheal Allotransplantation
Authors: Huang Xun , Yan Xiaolong , Zhang Zhipei , Li Xiaofei 
Published: March 2015

ObjectiveThe specific role and mechanism of epithelium in the progression of obliterative airway disease (OAD) after tracheal allotransplantation remain poorly understood. In this study, we used rat heterotopic tracheal transplantation to investigate the mechanism of epithelial cell seeding during the process of OAD.Study DesignProspective, basic science.SettingResearch laboratory.Subjects and MethodsIn total, 120 Sprague Dawley (SD) rats and 90 Wistar rats were used. Tracheas from SD rats were implanted into SD rats (syngeneic, n = 30) or Wistar rats (allogeneic, n = 30), and SD rat tracheas (seeded with Wistar rat–derived epithelial cells 6 days after transplantation) were transplanted into Wistar rats (seeded allogeneic, n = 30). Grafts were harvested at 7, 14, or 30 days after transplantation for histologic, quantitative reverse transcriptional polymerase chain reaction or Western blot analyses.ResultsSyngrafts retained normal histologic structures, while the corresponding allografts demonstrated less ciliated epithelia and more lumenal occlusion. Seeding of epithelial cells ameliorated the histologic changes, reduced the expression of epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT)–related transcriptional factors and mesenchymal markers, and dampened the expression of transforming growth factor β1 (TGF‐β1) and phosphorylation of smad3.ConclusionSeeding of recipient epithelial cells inhibits the progression of OAD by attenuating EMT via TGF‐β–Smad signaling in rat heterotopic tracheal allografts. Clinically, the injection of recipient‐originated epithelial cells might provide new insights into the treatment for OAD after tracheal allotransplantation.