bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Recognition in Treaties, Jurisprudence, and Practice
Authors: Kilibarda Pavle 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Although practice on recognition is abundant, it is opaque and incoherent, making it difficult to ascertain the actual views of States regarding the legal value of their own acts. The only treaty to deal with recognition in general is the Montevideo Convention, however its provisions in this regard are unclear and its status as reflecting customary law doubtful. International case law on recognition is scarce and ambiguous, while domestic jurisprudence may be found in many countries and therefore exhibits a remarkable degree of variety between constitutivist and declaratist views depending on the position of the State, or even the presiding judges, in question. Chapter 7 attempts to present a sample of the most significant international and domestic practice to determine whether any rule linking effectivity and opposability may be found in general international law, as required by the prevailing declaratist doctrine.
Concluding Remarks
Authors: Kilibarda Pavle 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The final chapter recalls the debate between constitutivist and declaratist scholarship on recognition and once again argues that the contemporary tendency towards declaratist views reflects dogma with little support in positive law. The relationship between legal, de jure statehood and material, de facto statehood is not based on effectivity but will have to be ascertained on a case-by-case basis by analysing the legal norms applicable to a given situation. This does not mean that the existence of legal statehood depends exclusively on recognition, as it may also be based on UN membership or the possession of a recognised right to external self-determination. However, if this is not the case, then recognition may indeed be required for a new State to enjoy the relevant rights vis-à-vis others. Chapter 13 summarises the main findings of the book and briefly reflects on the politics of recognition.
Coping with the Tyrant’s FactionCivil-War Amnesties and Christian Discourses in the Fourth Century ad
Authors: Leppin Hartmut 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The fourth century was a century of civil wars that took an extremely high toll in blood and partly crippled the defense of the frontiers. Civil war can also be considered the most extreme form of disintegration: the army, which embodied the empire and—if one considers the elevation of emperors—the Roman people, turned on itself. This disintegration entailed an enormous loss of resources, since an emperor had only a part of the Roman army at his disposal, which was already difficult to replenish.
The Challenge of Religious Violence
Authors: Hahn Johannes 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
For centuries, the phenomenon of religious violence was virtually unknown to the Roman empire: Roman officials understood the “persecution” and condemnation of Christians as necessary for maintaining law and order. They would have been at a loss if they had had to document cases of religious violence in their districts, just as members of the imperial consilium would also have been puzzled by such reports. Historians today—in contrast to early Christians—find it equally difficult to detect religious violence under the Principate. One might cite an incident in Lydian Kolyda, memorialized in an inscription in the second century. According to the brief report, a mob gathered during a festival in honor of Mes Motylleites, advanced with clubs and swords on a temple building identified as a basilica, attacked the temple slaves, and smashed the cult images. A striking case of religious violence in Roman Asian Minor, it seems. But the background of this event, the goals, and even the identity of the assailants are completely unknown: the dedicator of the expiatory inscription saw no reason to record them.
Racial Identity, Gender Identity, Social Justice, and Assessment
Authors: Sayegh Philip , Ramos Kenedy , Holman Alea , White Lee Xzania 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter provides a summary of important issues regarding racial identity, gender identity, and social justice in psychological assessment. First, a relatively brief overview of psychological assessment’s racist, prejudiced, and oppressive history, which is ongoing, is presented, followed by attempts to move the practice toward equity. The significance of assessing clients’ racial and gender identity in addition to their intersecting identities with racially and ethnically minoritized populations is then discussed, and a forensic assessment case study is presented that demonstrates how an assessor critically focused on race, intersectionality, and justice in this context. Next, a discussion of the common strengths (and importance of assessing these strengths) in racially minoritized communities is provided, with a targeted focus on racial socialization in families. A case study that highlights how an assessor integrated a client’s racial identity and trauma history throughout the process of assessment and case conceptualization is then presented. In conclusion, steps that assessors can take to strive to minimize bias and prejudice and maximize social justice advocacy in practice are recommended.
Endocrine Disruption After Brain Injury
Authors: Kalimon Olivia J. , Sullivan Patrick G. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
For a long time, most brain trauma research has focused on the male population because of their higher rate of brain injury. However, this disparity in research between the sexes has created gaps in knowledge about the pathophysiology of disease in females and has contributed to the misdiagnosis of disease in women and likely the failure of therapeutics in clinical trials. Steps are being taken to mitigate this disparity, but there are many mechanisms of injury that still require characterization and identification in females; one of those mechanisms is mitochondrial dysfunction. Mitochondria are crucial for the maintenance of normal brain function and have been shown to drive secondary injury pathways following traumatic and ischemic brain injuries. Of the little literature available, studies have found mitochondria from females are more resilient to brain injury compared to that of males. Female sex hormones, like estrogen and progesterone, modulate mitochondrial function under non-pathological conditions, but there is still much to learn about this process under pathological conditions, like after brain injury. Historically, estrogen has been thought to be neuroprotective against stroke. Preclinical studies have shown that estrogen can minimize infarct volume following experimental ischemic stroke through mitochondrial-specific mechanisms. The field of traumatic brain injury knows even less about sex differences in mitochondrial dysfunction and how hormones may influence these processes. This chapter will discuss the interplay between mitochondrial function and sex hormone regulation after brain injury and their implications in personalized medicine and clinical trial development.
Monopsony, Sticky Workers, and Bargaining Power
Authors: Schwab Stewart J. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter describes the new monopsony and its implications for employment law. A monopsonistic labour market inefficiently employs too few workers and pays them below their marginal product. Traditionally, monopsony is a single isolated employer, but this does not describe modern, urban labour markets. Labour economists have recently shown that many employers face upward-sloping supply curves even when surrounded by competing employers because job search and mobility is costly. An upward-sloping supply curve, rather than single employer, is monopsony’s essence. ‘Sticky workers’ is a better moniker than ‘monopsony’ of this common problem. Some policies (eg licensing requirements, noncompete agreements, and training-repayment agreements) exacerbate the sticky-worker problem. Other policies (eg minimum wage laws, antitrust law, and government job centres) combat worker stickiness. But just as unequal bargaining power can be overused, monopsony power (even in its modern form of upward-sloping supply curves and sticky workers) does not justify all employment regulation.
A Rose by Any Other Name
Authors: Arthurs Harry W. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter reviews the troubled histories of labour and employment law, reviews the forces that have destabilized them, and identifies the most promising—albeit non-legal—strategies for developing the new field of ‘work law’. The old regimes of labour and employment law are faltering under pressure of neoliberalism, new technologies, new legal strategies, globalization, and other hostile developments. A new regime of ‘work law’ is struggling to be born. But work law, too, is likely to falter unless it is achieved and supported by a new constellation of social forces powerful enough to secure justice not just for ‘workers’, but for a broad array of subaltern communities.
Good Faith Obligations in Employment Law
Authors: Banks Kevin 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter surveys key factors that constrain and enable the development of good faith obligations in employment law—ideologies of legal systems, legal techniques of implementation, functional equivalents to good faith obligations, and legal structures pre-empting the application of good faith norms—illustrating how and why employment good faith obligations are closely shaped by the contours of national political economies and legal landscapes. The chapter next lays out a basic framework for further theorization of the role and purposes of good faith obligations in employment law, briefly outlining three strands of scholarship: discerning customs of good faith and their implications; theorizing roles of public law norms; and theorizing implications of contract law’s purposes. The chapter concludes with potential implications for the basic character of employment contracts and observations on the breadth and depth of unexplored questions that remain.
Non-Compete Covenants
Authors: Dau-Schmidt Kenneth G. , Barton Jozie M. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines the problems posed by non-compete covenants in developed countries. It discusses the recent theory and empirical evidence on employer labour market power and how non-competes increase labour market frictions and the power of employers to set wages. It also summarizes the common law and civil code law on non-competes and recent efforts to amend those doctrines to minimize spurious non-competes that serve only to decrease employee wages. Finally, it discusses recent efforts, especially in the US, to enforce the antitrust and competition laws against non-competes and increase competition in labour markets.
Freedom of Association
Authors: Bogg Alan 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter considers the development of freedom of association as both labour and human right, tracing its origins as a statutory labour right into a constitutionalized human right. It considers different elements of this constitutionalization discourse: the right to disassociate, the ‘personal scope’ of freedom of association, the development of ‘derivative’ rights such as collective bargaining and the right to strike, and general considerations of constitutional legitimacy and ‘deference’. As legislatures and executives have become increasingly hostile to organized labour, trade unions and workers have turned to constitutional litigation strategies to defend their occupational interests. The distrust of courts, so characteristic of pluralist labour law systems, has given way to a new constitutional balance. While this new constitutional context has brought losses as well as gains for workers, the chapter identifies a vital yet subsidiary role for courts in upholding the values of legality and constitutional equality.
Equal Pay
Authors: Tokoro Hiroyo 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses the current Japanese approach to addressing issues related to equal pay for equal work between men and women, and the country’s legal framework for eliminating the gender pay gap. Japan’s unique cultural ethos plays a prominent role in any discussion about workplace gender inequities. This chapter will describe this ethos and other major factors that contribute to the gender pay gap and examine the practical problems related to the application of existing Japanese gender equality law. Finally, with reference to relevant Canadian legal measures, the chapter will propose new Japanese legislative mechanisms to address sex-based workplace discrimination.
The Development of the Law of Work in China
Authors: Yan Tian 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines the external impetus of the evolution of the law of work in China, and attempts to understand it as the product of political, economic, and social factors. The chapter discusses legal developments before the introduction of the Labour Law in 1995, providing a comprehensive background for understanding the current law of work in China, and briefly describes more recent developments. The chapter is divided into five sections in historical order. According to this chapter, the similarities between the labour laws of China and other countries today may be superficial. Chinese labour law has its own deep social origins and internal logics that are yet to be researched.
The Notion of Weaponizing Trade and the Example of Moscow’s Threat to Food Security in 2023
Authors: Evenett Simon J. , Muendler Marc-Andreas 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The intensification of geopolitical rivalry has raised the frequency of references to weaponizing trade, arguably a form of economic statecraft. This chapter parses the concept of weaponizing international trade in goods, services, technology, and data and highlights, at least as far as the economic literature is concerned, the paucity of theoretical analysis of what appears to be a growing practice in foreign economic policy. A case study of Russia’s capacity to manipulate the world wheat market, which threatens food security in importing nations, highlights the different means by which trade can be weaponized, calling for comprehensive assessments of the options available to governments. In turn, this insight raises important questions as to how best to theorize about government decisions to weaponize trade and how to assess such attempts. We identify avenues for future research.
Social Cognition Is Grounded in Physical Reality
Authors: Cecutti Lorenzo , Lee Spike W. S. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Mind and body form an inseparable system. A full analysis of social cognition cannot afford to ignore bodily processes. Highlighting this theme, our chapter leverages the broad perspective of grounded cognition to shed light on social cognitive processes. We outline the intellectual background of this perspective. We review six relevant key theories: conceptual metaphors, perceptual symbol systems, situated action, facial and proprioceptive feedback, somatic marker hypothesis, and grounded procedures. We delve into illustrative findings pertaining to priming and accessibility, social perception and behavior, evaluative and cognitive processes, and mood and emotion. We extend the focus of grounded cognition from the physical body (“embodied cognition”) to the physical environment and tools (“distributed cognition”). We conclude that a fully contextualized model of social cognition requires careful delineation of the cognitive loops among mind, body, and the social and physical realities in which they operate.
Fluency in Social Cognition
Authors: Claypool Heather M. , Garcia-Marques Teresa , Silva Rita R. , Mackie Diane M. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter reviews the social cognitive literature on fluency, which is a subjective metacognitive experience of felt ease during cognitive processes. The chapter summarizes the myriad ways fluency can be instantiated and notes its close connections with feelings of positivity and familiarity. It also summarizes the literature showing fluency’s impact on social judgments of others and the self, noting that fluency generally makes such judgments more favorable, and articulates moderators of this effect. Finally, it addresses fluency as a determinant of information processing, highlighting that fluency tends to elicit nonanalytic, superficial, automatic, or System 1 processing, whereas disfluency appears to motivate more analytic, deep, controlled, or System 2 processing. Overall, this chapter makes clear that fluency impacts a multitude of content areas of interest to social cognition researchers.
Social Cognition and the Reduction of Intergroup Bias
Authors: Hildebrand Laura K. , Monteith Margo J. , Noland Elisabeth S. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of social cognitive bias-reduction strategies. These strategies are organized around three broad categories. The strategies in the first category, which includes personalization- and recategorization-based strategies, reduce bias by changing group-based mental representation. The second category, which includes counterstereotyping and evaluative conditioning, “trains away bias” by changing the traits and affect that are automatically activated by target group members. The final category, which includes the self-regulation of prejudice model and the prejudice habit-breaking intervention, considers how one can exert control over bias to override automatically activated, biased responses with controlled, nonbiased responses. This chapter concludes by discussing the need to complement social cognitive bias-reduction strategies with other approaches to tackle contemporary issues (e.g., individual- versus systemic-level bias) involving prejudice, stereotyping, and discrimination.
Accuracy in Impression Formation
Authors: Schwartzman Emily , Rule Nicholas O. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
When and how do people form accurate initial impressions of others? This chapter begins by reviewing evidence of accuracy in categorizations of both obvious group memberships (e.g. age, race, gender) and perceptually ambiguous group memberships (e.g. sexual orientation, political affiliation). It then discusses accurate perceptions of personality traits across modalities (ranging from static images, to thin slices, to naturalistic social interaction) before shifting to related dimensions (i.e. dark traits, mental health, and well-being). The chapter also explores the mechanisms and moderators that facilitate accurate social perceptions, focusing on the realistic accuracy model and the roles of emotion, motivation, and neural mechanisms. Finally, it discusses the downstream social consequences of accurate (and inaccurate) first impressions.
Happiness Shapes and Is Shaped by Social Cognition and Social Connection
Authors: Okabe-Miyamoto Karynna , Lyubomirsky Sonja 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Accumulating evidence demonstrates the vital role that social cognition plays in the bidirectional relationship between happiness and social connection. Social cognitions help to shape and maintain people’s social worlds. In turn, happiness has been shown to impact the ways in which people think about their social worlds—for example, via attentional biases, recall differences, and construal tendencies—which impacts subsequent social behaviors. Accordingly, understanding the ways in which happiness and social cognition interact and successfully influence social behavior is crucial for developing ways that people can better connect and avoid loneliness. This chapter discusses relevant research on attention, construal, attributions, memory, self-esteem, emotion regulation, rumination, and gratitude. Finally, building on growing research on well-being-increasing interventions, it argues that future work can leverage current understanding of how unhealthy social cognitions can be repaired, thereby creating effective interventions that target specific social cognitions, with the aim of improving relationships and enhancing well-being.
Language, Communication, and Social Cognition
Authors: Bryant Gregory A. , Dale Rick 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Human communication comprises many multifaceted abilities, most integrated through social cognitive systems and often manifesting in conversational interaction. This chapter draws connections between fundamental concepts in psycholinguistics, pragmatics, cultural evolution, and social cognition, addressing relationships between these domains of empirical and theoretical work. Language is a fundamental component of interpersonal communication and must interface with several related, highly interactive systems for the purpose of navigating complex social environments. The chapter describes research investigating how many nonlinguistic, social phenomena can affect language processing, revealing its deep social communicative functions. New sophisticated computational tools incorporating massive amounts of multimodal data are beginning to be harnessed in the context of interdisciplinary theoretical approaches, making big empirical questions tractable concerning the relationships between language, communication, and social cognition.
Social Judgment and Decision-Making
Authors: Grant Marrissa Danielle , Flores Alexandra , J. Pedersen Eric , Van Boven Leaf 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter reviews the development of the field of judgment and decision-making (JDM), paralleling its emergence with the growing field of evolutionary psychology. JDM work has historically focused on a narrow range of research topics with restricted theoretical models and few applications to daily social life. This chapter argues for enriching the field by incorporating principles aimed at developing a holistic theory of social JDM that complements current research designed to refute rational blank-slate theories. Evolutionary psychology, which posits that human psychological processes are adapted to ancestral environments by natural selection, can provide a framework through which to accomplish this, and social cognition can inspire fruitful domains to focus research. This review summarizes the major themes of JDM, outlines a path forward for social JDM with natural selection as a unifying theory and attentional processes as a foundation for theoretical development, and issues a call to emphasize ecological design.
Methods for Advancing an Open, Replicable, and Inclusive Science of Social Cognition
Authors: Ledgerwood Alison , da Silva Frost Aline , Kadirvel Sanjana , Maitner Angela T. , Wang Y. Andre , Maddox Keith B. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter offers a toolkit of concrete methods and practices that researchers can use to advance open, replicable, and inclusive science. Part One describes how to calibrate confidence in a significant finding to the strength of evidence provided by that finding (e.g. understanding positive predictive value, assessing statistical power, creating effective preregistrations). Part Two describes how to calibrate the scope of a study’s conclusions to the participants and stimuli sampled for that study (e.g. reporting more complete sample characteristics, writing constraints on generality statements, forming effective cross-cultural collaborations). Part Three discusses the importance of approaching the science of social cognition from a range of vantage points and offers recommendations for improving diversity and inclusion in the field (e.g. building diverse and inclusive research teams, understanding positionality). Part Four offers strategies for researchers in different career stages to help change the field’s incentive structures to better support all of these practices.