bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pontine reticulospinal projections in the neonatal mouse: Internal organization and axon trajectories
Authors: Sivertsen Magne S. , Perreault Marie‐Claude , Glover Joel C. 
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACTWe recently characterized physiologically a pontine reticulospinal (pRS) projection in the neonatal mouse that mediates synaptic effects on spinal motoneurons via parallel uncrossed and crossed pathways (Sivertsen et al. [2014] J Neurophysiol 112:1628–1643). Here we characterize the origins, anatomical organization, and supraspinal axon trajectories of these pathways via retrograde tracing from the high cervical spinal cord. The two pathways derive from segregated populations of ipsilaterally and contralaterally projecting pRS neurons with characteristic locations within the pontine reticular formation (PRF). We obtained estimates of relative neuron numbers by counting from sections, digitally generated neuron position maps, and 3D reconstructions. Ipsilateral pRS neurons outnumber contralateral pRS neurons by threefold and are distributed about equally in rostral and caudal regions of the PRF, whereas contralateral pRS neurons are concentrated in the rostral PRF. Ipsilateral pRS neuron somata are on average larger than contralateral. No pRS neurons are positive in transgenic mice that report the expression of GAD, suggesting that they are predominantly excitatory. Putative GABAergic interneurons are interspersed among the pRS neurons, however. Ipsilateral and contralateral pRS axons have distinctly different trajectories within the brainstem. Their initial spinal funicular trajectories also differ, with ipsilateral and contralateral pRS axons more highly concentrated medially and laterally, respectively. The larger size and greater number of ipsilateral vs. contralateral pRS neurons is compatible with our previous finding that the uncrossed projection transmits more reliably to spinal motoneurons. The information about supraspinal and initial spinal pRS axon trajectories should facilitate future physiological assessment of synaptic connections between pRS neurons and spinal neurons. J. Comp. Neurol. 524:1270–1291, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The dilemma of “indeterminate” interpretations of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors on fine needle aspiration
Authors: Ahmed Aadil , VandenBussche Christopher J. , Ali Syed Z. , Olson Matthew T. 
Published: September 2015

BackgroundIndeterminate (atypical/suspicious) fine needle aspiration (FNA) interpretation of Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumor (PanNET) can be frustrating for both pathologists and clinicians. Although published literature has often addressed the significance of indeterminate cytologic diagnoses in non‐neuroendocrine epithelial lesions, the significance of indeterminate FNA results for PanNET is less established.MethodsThe pathology records of The Johns Hopkins hospital were searched for histologic diagnoses of PanNET that had corresponding pre‐operative FNA results. Cytopathologic diagnoses were categorized according to the index of suspicion described in the report (atypical, suspicious for PanNET and PanNET). Additionally, the exact reasons for the indeterminate nature of the diagnoses—such as lack of adequate cytologic features, unusual findings, or lack of confirmatory immunocytochemistry (ICC) were investigated.ResultsOne hundred and twenty (120) cases of PanNET were identified. Of these, the FNA diagnoses were as follows: 78% (94/120) were PanNET, 9% (11/120) were suspicious for PanNET, 6% (7/120) were atypical, 4% (5/120) were benign, 2% (2/120) were non‐diagnostic and 1% (1/120) was called a mucinous neoplasm. Of the 94 cases that were definitively PanNET, 74 (78%) required ICC for the diagnosis. Of the 26 cases that were not diagnosed definitively as PanNET, 73% (19/26) were morphologically suggestive of PanNET but did not have sufficient material for confirmatory ICC.ConclusionsICC is commonly employed to confirm the cytologic suspicion for PanNET. The most common reasons for indeterminate diagnoses were a quantitative lack of lesional cells and lack of material for confirmatory ICC. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2016;44:10–13. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
L2Roe: a low dissipation version of Roe's approximate Riemann solver for low Mach numbers
Authors: Oßwald K. , Siegmund A. , Birken P. , Hannemann V. , Meister A. 
Published: September 2015

SummaryA modification of the Roe scheme called L2Roe for low dissipation low Mach Roe is presented. It reduces the dissipation of kinetic energy at the highest resolved wave numbers in a low Mach number test case of decaying isotropic turbulence. This is achieved by scaling the jumps in all discrete velocity components within the numerical flux function. An asymptotic analysis is used to show the correct pressure scaling at low Mach numbers and to identify the reduced numerical dissipation in that regime. Furthermore, the analysis allows a comparison with two other schemes that employ different scaling of discrete velocity jumps, namely, LMRoe and a method of Thornber et al. To this end, we present for the first time an asymptotic analysis of the last method. Numerical tests on cases ranging from low Mach number (M∞=0.001) to hypersonic (M∞=5) viscous flows are used to illustrate the differences between the methods and to show the correct behavior of L2Roe. No conflict is observed between the reduced numerical dissipation and the accuracy or stability of the scheme in any of the investigated test cases. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A mass‐conservative staggered immersed boundary model for solving the shallow water equations on complex geometries
Authors: Canestrelli Alberto , Spruyt Aukje , Jagers Bert , Slingerland Rudy , Borsboom Mart 
Published: September 2015

SummaryIn this work, an approach is proposed for solving the 3D shallow water equations with embedded boundaries that are not aligned with the underlying horizontal Cartesian grid. A hybrid cut‐cell/ghost‐cell method is used together with a direction‐splitting implicit solver: Ghost cells are used for the momentum equations in order to prescribe the correct boundary condition at the immersed boundary, while cut cells are used in the continuity equation in order to conserve mass. The resulting scheme is robust, does not suffer any time step limitation for small cut cells, and conserves fluid mass up to machine precision. Moreover, the solver displays a second‐order spatial accuracy, both globally and locally. Comparisons with analytical solutions and reference numerical solutions on curvilinear grids confirm the quality of the method. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Melt season hydrological characteristics of the Parlung No. 4 Glacier, in Gangrigabu Mountains, south‐east Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Li Shenghai , Yao Tandong , Yang Wei , Yu Wusheng , Zhu Meilin 
Published: September 2015

AbstractWith global warming, hazards relating to glacial melt, such as glacial lake outburst floods, are becoming progressively more serious. However, glacial melt processes and their hydrological consequences are very poorly understood. This study collected glacier discharge data from the terminus of the Parlung No. 4 Glacier throughout the melt season (May–October) during 2008, 2010, 2011 and 2012 to study its specific hydrological characteristics. Time series and multivariate regression analyses were employed to investigate the relationships between discharge and meteorological factors involved, as well as their correlation to discharge estimations. The 0‐ to 3‐day time series analysis showed that discharge rates were highly autocorrelated and that discharge was significantly positively correlated to air temperature, vapour pressure and daily incoming shortwave radiation as well as weakly positively correlated to precipitation. A multiple‐regression exponential model using the independent variables of the daily mean temperature and the vapour pressure exclusively was applied to simulate daily discharge in the basin with a high degree of accuracy. On average, July yielded the maximum monthly mean discharge, followed by August. Discharge in July and August accounted for 53% of the total discharge during the main melt season. The daily cycle of discharge changed as the melt season progressed, reflecting hydrological processes and characteristics of snow melt and glacier ice/snow melt, as well as their transitional periods. Subsequently, regular variations in the characteristics of the diurnal cycle of discharge, storage and delay were observed as the melt season progressed. In addition, the reasons behind the inter‐annual variation in the characteristics of discharge and glacier discharge from the Tibetan Plateau and its surrounding areas are compared and discussed. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Carotid artery diameter and wall stiffness in proteinuric renal disease without severely reduced kidney function
Authors: Iannuzzi MariaRosaria , D'Angelillo Antonio , Tortori Antonia , Pazzano Dario , De Serio Luca , Covetti Giuseppe , Bresciani Alessandro , Iannuzzi Arcangelo 
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACTPurposeTo evaluate the carotid artery diameter, and wall thickness and stiffness in patients with glomerulopathy and proteinuria without severely reduced kidney function.MethodsWe compared 30 control subjects to 30 patients with glomerular disease, proteinuria, and glomerular filtration rate > 30 ml/min/1.73 m2: membranous glomerulonephritis (n = 13), minimal change disease (n = 2), focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis (n = 3), IgA nephropathy (n = 5), lupus nephritis (n = 5), antiphospholipid antibody nephropathy (n = 1), cryoglobulinemic glomerulonephritis (n = 1). The laboratory evaluations included carotid artery diameter, intima‐media thickness, and stiffness measurements.ResultsCarotid cross‐sectional area of intima‐media complex was thicker in patients (18.6 ± 1.4 [x ± SEM]) than in controls (14.8 ± 0.6 mm2, p = 0.014), as was carotid artery wall stiffness (8.96 ± 0.86 versus 5.65 ± 0.38, [x ± SEM], p < 0.01). This difference remained significant after adjustment for age, sex, and metabolic cardiovascular risk factors: carotid stiffness was 9.19 ± 0.67 (99% confidence interval [CI] 7.40–10.98)] in patients and 4.80 ± 0.75 (99% CI 2.79–7.11) in controls; adjusted mean difference 4.40 (99% CI 1.46–7.34); p <0.001.ConclusionsThis study showed, for the first time, signs of altered structural and elastic properties of the arterial wall in patients with proteinuria and glomerular disease without severely reduced kidney function. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 44:175–181, 2016
Utility of ductus venosus blood flow in the study of cardiac function in fetuses with intracardiac echogenic focus
Authors: Avcı Muhittin Eftal , Yozgat Yılmaz , Şanlıkan Fatih , Yıldırım Gökhan , Polat İbrahim , Karaarslan Utku 
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACTPurposeThe purpose of this study was to investigate fetal ductus venosus (DV) wave velocities, DV velocity ratios, and DV diastolic time intervals to derive additional information on fetal cardiac function in the presence of an intracardiac echogenic focus (IEF).MethodsSeventy fetuses at 19–28 weeks of gestation with an IEF and 63 control fetuses were screened using two‐dimensional and power Doppler echocardiography. DV wave velocities, DV velocity ratios, and diastolic time intervals were measured. The aortic peak velocity, pulmonary artery peak velocity, left ventricular shortening fraction, and right ventricular shortening fraction, atrioventricular early‐diastolic filling velocity (E), atrial contraction velocity (A), and E/A ratio were also measured.ResultsThe study and control groups were similar in terms of maternal age, body mass index, and gestational age in weeks at the time of examination (p > 0.05). Significant between‐group differences were found in DV v‐descent (p = 0.03) and a‐wave velocities (p = 0.04).ConclusionsAlthough the presence of an IEF in the fetal heart does not influence conventional measurements (DV velocity ratios and DV diastolic time intervals), it is associated with changes in DV v‐descent and a‐wave velocities. These changes may be indirectly related to reduced end‐systolic relaxation and augmented atrial contraction in the fetal heart. We therefore suggest examination of DV flow velocities in fetuses with IEF. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 44:170–174, 2016
Production of the natural iron chelator deferriferrichrysin from Aspergillus oryzae and evaluation as a novel food‐grade antioxidant
Authors: Todokoro Takehiko , Fukuda Katsuharu , Matsumura Kengo , Irie Motoko , Hata Yoji 
Published: September 2015

AbstractBACKGROUNDDeferriferrichrysin (Dfcy) is a siderophore found in foods fermented by Aspergillus oryzae and is a promising candidate for an antioxidant food additive because of its high binding constant toward iron. However, the Dfcy concentration is typically low in foods and cultures.RESULTSWe optimised culture conditions to improve Dfcy production to 2800 mg L−1 from 22.5 mg L−1 under typical conditions. Then, we evaluated the potential of Dfcy as a food additive by measuring its safety, stability, and antioxidant activity. Dfcy was sufficiently stable that over 90% remained after pasteurisation at 63 °C for 30 min at pH 3–11, or after sterilisation at 120 °C for 4 min at pH 4–6. Dfcy showed high antioxidant activity in an oil‐in‐water model, where inhibition of lipid oxidation was measured by peroxide value (PV) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) assays. Dfcy decreased PV and TBARS by 83% and 75%, respectively. Antioxidant activity of Dfcy was equal to or higher than that of the synthetic chelator EDTA.CONCLUSIONOur study provides the first practical method for production of Dfcy. Dfcy can be a novel food‐grade antioxidant and the first natural alternative to the synthesised iron chelator EDTA. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry
Monitoring burrowing petrel populations: A sampling scheme for the management of an island keystone species
Authors: Buxton Rachel T. , Gormley Andrew M. , Jones Christopher J. , Lyver Philip O'B. 
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACTBurrow‐nesting petrels (order Procellariiformes) are keystone species in island ecosystems, where they modify habitat through guano deposition and burrow digging. Burrowing petrels are among the most threatened groups of birds, yet robust long‐term monitoring data remain scarce because of the financial and logistical constraints of working on offshore breeding islands, the variety of surveying strategies used, and the birds' below‐ground breeding behavior. We examined the sampling requirements of monitoring programs to detect changes in the number of breeding pairs of gray‐faced petrels (Pterodroma gouldi), a common species in northern New Zealand. We first examined the relationship between burrow entrance density and breeding pair density using 4 years of data from 3 large colonies. We then conducted a simulation‐based power analysis to assess the ability of different burrow‐occupancy sampling regimes to detect changes in breeding bird abundance. Power to detect change was influenced by population growth rates, initial bird density, inter‐annual variation in abundance, plot size, number of plots, intervals between surveys, time of year surveys are undertaken, and duration of the monitoring program. Our analyses suggest that, under the most suboptimal monitoring conditions, at least 45 randomly assigned 5‐m‐radius plots surveyed annually during the incubation period for ≥20 years will be required to detect a 1% annual change in breeding bird abundance. Because power will vary depending on project specifications, local conditions, and potential change, we created an online application with over 50,000 combinations of starting parameters (https://landcare.shinyapps.io/petrels). This allows managers to determine the power of different combinations of survey intensities while maintaining consistency and maximizing efficiency. © 2015 The Wildlife Society.
RAFT Synthesis in Water of Cationic Polyelectrolytes with Tunable UCST
Authors: Cao Xueteng , An Zesheng 
Published: September 2015

Cationic polyelectrolytes showing an upper critical solution temperature (UCST) are synthesized by reversible addition‐fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization in water at a temperature well above the UCST. The polymerization is well controlled by the RAFT process, with excellent pseudo‐first‐order kinetics. The cloud point is highly dependent on the polyelectrolyte concentration, molecular weight, and presence of added electrolyte. Alkylation of a neutral polymer is also conducted to obtain polyelectrolytes with different hydrophobic groups, which are shown to increase the cloud point.
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Robust and convenient analysis of protein thermal and chemical stability
Authors: Niklasson Markus , Andresen Cecilia , Helander Sara , Roth Marie G.L. , Zimdahl Kahlin Anna , Lindqvist Appell Malin , Mårtensson Lars‐Göran , Lundström Patrik 
Published: September 2015

AbstractWe present the software CDpal that is used to analyze thermal and chemical denaturation data to obtain information on protein stability. The software uses standard assumptions and equations applied to two‐state and various types of three‐state denaturation models in order to determine thermodynamic parameters. It can analyze denaturation monitored by both circular dichroism and fluorescence spectroscopy and is extremely flexible in terms of input format. Furthermore, it is intuitive and easy to use because of the graphical user interface and extensive documentation. As illustrated by the examples herein, CDpal should be a valuable tool for analysis of protein stability.
Structure of lpg0406, a carboxymuconolactone decarboxylase family protein possibly involved in antioxidative response from Legionella pneumophila
Authors: Chen Xiaofang , Hu Yanjin , Yang Bo , Gong Xiaojian , Zhang Nannan , Niu Liwen , Wu Yun , Ge Honghua 
Published: September 2015

AbstractLpg0406, a hypothetical protein from Legionella pneumophila, belongs to carboxymuconolactone decarboxylase (CMD) family. We determined the crystal structure of lpg0406 both in its apo and reduced form. The structures reveal that lpg0406 forms a hexamer and have disulfide exchange properties. The protein has an all‐helical fold with a conserved thioredoxin‐like active site CXXC motif and a proton relay system similar to that of alkylhydroperoxidase from Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MtAhpD), suggesting that lpg0406 might function as an enzyme with peroxidase activity and involved in antioxidant defense. A comparison of the size and the surface topology of the putative substrate‐binding region between lpg0406 and MtAhpD indicates that the two enzymes accommodate the different substrate preferences. The structural findings will enhance understanding of the CMD family protein structure and its various functions.
Achieving large acoustic and phonon band gaps in multilayered structures
Authors: Mangipudi K. R. , Jooss Ch. , Volkert C. A. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractBand gaps in the vibrational spectrum of periodic multilayer structures offer excellent opportunities to control acoustic waves and phonons. Engineering the characteristics of the band gaps requires a careful selection of layer materials and thicknesses. This paper aims to develop general guidelines for material and geometry selection to maximize band gaps in the elastic wave spectrum of binary multilayer structures. We calculate band gaps for a wide range of layer thickness fractions and material properties using an analytical solution for plane wave propagation normal to the layers. The behavior of the maximum band gap and the midgap frequency is captured into empirical relations which allow optimal layer materials and thicknesses to be selected. Their use is demonstrated with specific promising material systems for oxide‐based thermoelectric applications, which show the possibility of band gaps on the order of the midgap frequency.
Development of Ar‐BINMOL‐Derived Atropisomeric Ligands with Matched Axial and sp3 Central Chirality for Catalytic Asymmetric Transformations
Authors: Xu Zheng , Xu Li‐Wen 
Published: September 2015

AbstractRecently, academic chemists have renewed their interest in the development of 1,1′‐binaphthalene‐2,2′‐diol (BINOL)‐derived chiral ligands. Six years ago, a working hypothesis, that the chirality matching of hybrid chirality on a ligand could probably lead to high levels of stereoselective induction, prompted us to use the axial chirality of BINOL derivatives to generate new stereogenic centers within the same molecule with high stereoselectivity, obtaining as a result sterically favorable ligands for applications in asymmetric catalysis. This Personal Account describes our laboratory's efforts toward the development of a novel class of BINOL‐derived atropisomers bearing both axial and sp3 central chirality, the so‐called Ar‐BINMOLs, for asymmetric synthesis. Furthermore, on the basis of the successful application of Ar‐BINMOLs and their derivatives in asymmetric catalysis, the search for highly efficient and enantioselective processes also compelled us to give special attention to the BINOL‐derived multifunctional ligands with multiple stereogenic centers for use in catalytic asymmetric reactions.
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