bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mechanical and Sensory Evaluation of Noodles Incorporated with Betel Leaf Extract
Authors: Nouri Leila , Nafchi Abdorreza Mohammadi , Karim A. A. 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
Noodles promote health as a source of essential nutrients and fiber. This study evaluated the effects of incorporating various levels of betel leaf extract on the quality and sensory acceptability of Hokkien noodles. Hokkien noodles incorporated with betel leaf extract (0, 5, 10, 15, and 20% based on flour weight) were prepared from wheat flour with a moisture content of 14%. The hardness, elongation, adhesiveness, color, and sensory evaluation of the noodles were then determined. Results clearly show that the incorporation of betel leaf extract at various levels led to the structural modification of the noodles and to a soft product compare to the control. However, the product scores in all sensory attributes were higher than the control scores. The sample was incorporated 15% betel leaf extract had the best acceptance quality wherein the beneficial effects of betel leaf polyphenols can be utilized.
Effect of Drum Drying on Physico-chemical Characteristics of Dragon Fruit Peel (Hylocereus polyrhizus)
Authors: Chia S.L. , Chong G.H. 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
Dragon fruit (Hylocereus polyrhizus) peel is high in antioxidants and fiber; however, it is discarded during processing. In this study, changes in physico-chemical properties of dragon fruit peel after drum drying were determined. Ground dragon fruit peel was drum dried at 1 rpm with 2 bar steam pressure, then analyzed for physical, chemical and functional properties. The betacyanin content was twofold higher in drum-dried powder (41.55 mg/g dm) than in a fresh sample (80.21 mg/g dm), yet up to 98.62% of the total phenolic content was retained with a 3.328 mg trolox/g dm reduction in the radical scavenging activity. The density of the powder was 0.1315 g/mL with 51.44% soluble in water. The functional properties determined included water holding capacity (2.523 g water/g sample), oil holding capacity (3.565 g oil/g sample) and swelling capacity (6.233 mL/g). The results of this study indicate that drum-dried dragon fruit peel can be considered to contain potentially functional ingredients.
Influence of Blanching Pretreatment on the Drying Characteristics of Cherry Tomato and Mathematical Modeling
Authors: Cheng Li-Shuang , Fang Sheng , Ruan Mao-Lin 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
The hot air drying with blanching pretreatment may provide a practical method for the production of dried cherry tomatoes. The influences of drying temperature (50°C, 60°C, 70°C and 80°C) and blanching on the drying kinetics of cherry tomatoes were studied. Nine mathematical models were evaluated and the determination of coefficient (R
2), chi-square (χ
2) and root mean square errors (RMSE) were compared. The Logarithmic model gave best results with R
2 of 0.9992 and 0.9995 for fresh and blanched cherry tomatoes, respectively. The values of effective moisture diffusivity coefficient D
eff varied in the range of 1.7281 × 10−9 to 4.6306 × 10−9 m2 s−1 for the fresh cherry tomatoes, while 2.1034 × 10−9 to 6.6487 × 10−9 m2 s−1 for the blanched samples. The values of activation energy were 31.99 and 36.21 kJ mol−1 for the raw and blanched cherry tomatoes, respectively. Furthermore, the effect of temperature and blanching on color change of cherry tomatoes was measured.
Conditioning on Post-treatment Variables
Authors: Pearl Judea 
Published: February 2015

AbstractIn this issue of the Causal, Casual, and Curious column, I compare several ways of extracting information from post-treatment variables and call attention to some peculiar relationships among them. In particular, I contrast do-calculus conditioning with counterfactual conditioning and discuss their interpretations and scopes of applications. These relationships have come up in conversations with readers, students and curious colleagues, so I will present them in a question–answers format.
Is Manipur a linguistic area?
Authors: Chelliah Shobhana L. 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
We expect linguistic areas in geographically delimited regions because, as has been seen universally, languages tend to influence each other when in contact. In linguistic areas we expect to see shared distinctive traits between some of the languages in the area. This paper reflects on why it is that Manipur (Northeast India), which hosts within its 22,347 square kilometers approximately 29 languages, does not exhibit a greater sharing of linguistic traits. This article discusses some distinctive key features between four representative languages of Manipur: Lamkang, Meitei, Tangkhul, and Thadou. Cross-language influence is limited due to dissimilar religious and socio-economic factors.
A Matlab-based Monte Carlo algorithm for transport of gamma-rays in matter
Authors: Sharifzadeh Mohsen , Afarideh Hosein , Khalafi Hosein , Gholipour Reza 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
Transport of gamma photons in many fields such as radiation detection, dosimetry, and treatment planning is used. The transport of 1 MeV and 5 MeV photons in a water phantom was simulated by using the Monte Carlo algorithm in Matlab work space. The result of KERMA calculation showed good agreement with Arqueros and Montesinos [American Journal of Physics 71 (2003), no. 1, 38–45], and MCNP4C. The proposed algorithm has ability to read out from different cross section libraries. As the future work, it also can be extend for the electron and visible photon transport.
Folate receptor: a potential target in ovarian cancer
Authors: Bartouskova Marie , Melichar Bohuslav , Mohelnikova-Duchonova Beatrice 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
Ovarian cancer is the most frequent cause of gynecological cancer-related death. Unfortunately, many patients are diagnosed at an advanced stage and have a poor prognosis. The standard treatment for advanced disease involves maximal cytoreductive surgery and chemotherapy based on platinum compounds and taxanes. Patients presenting at an advanced stage have a higher risk of recurrence. The development of drug resistance currently represents a major obstacle in the systematic treatment and, therefore, the discovery of new anticancer agents and approaches should improve the poor prognosis of these patients. Folate receptor α is overexpressed in epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC), but has limited expression in nonmalignant human tissues. The degree of folate receptor expression corresponds with the stage and grade of the disease. Because of this, folate receptor α seems to be a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of ovarian cancer. Currently, several approaches have been studied to target this protein in ovarian cancer treatment. This review summarizes current knowledge about the potential usage of folate receptors as prognostic and predictive biomarkers as well as their role in the management and targeted therapy of ovarian cancer.
Some Investigations Performed for the Bridge Over Jiu at Aninoasa
Authors: Răcănel Ionuţ Radu , Daraban Marian , Stănescu Răzvan 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
The carrying structure of the bridge over the Jiu River at Aninoasa consists in two parallel concrete arches with variable height of the cross section, sustaining a concrete deck through vertical concrete hangers. In the time period passed since the bridge was erected, some structural elements shown damages. In order to establish the technical state of the bridge, a technical appraisement was performed and according to this, the most exposed elements to the risk of failure are the hangers.
The purpose of this paper is to present briefly both, the method used to test the actual bridge carrying capacity in situ and the finite element model developed for the static and dynamic analysis of the structure.
In order to estimate the state of the structural elements, two ways were followed. In the first stage, a test project was carried out and in the second stage, a complete 3D finite element model was developed to analyze the bridge structure.
The test project has foreseen the loading of the bridge by heavy unloaded trucks, disposed in some positions on the deck and the measurements of the deck and arches displacements. The positions of the trucks were established in order to obtain the maximum values both for arches transverse displacements and vertical displacements of the deck. Using electro-resistive transducers the hangers elongations and strains values on their cross section were also measured. These measured values were compared with those obtained from the numerical calculations performed by using the complete finite element model. By means of the finite element model, also the response of the structure following the dynamic action of vehicles was investigated.
Microfibre Reinforced Hot Mix Asphalt
Authors: Zak Josef , Vavricka Jiri 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
Cracks are common disturbances in pavement structure. The ability of hot mix asphalt to withstand tensile stresses is limited. This paper presents influence of different microfiber reinforcement types ITERFIBRA to hot mix asphalt behaviour in its chosen properties. Bulk density of hot mix asphalt, stiffness , resistance to the permanent deformation and resistance to the crack propagation are taken into consideration.
The Analysis of Low Noise Protection Barriers Influence on Tram Traffic Noise Levels
Authors: Ahac Maja , Lakušić Stjepan , Ahac Saša , Dragčević Vesna 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
The paper describes the analysis of tram traffic noise situation in residential areas in the vicinity of Drzic Avenue, one of the major routes between the northern and southern part of the Croatian capital city Zagreb, and the effect of low barriers placed by the tracks on tram noise mitigation. In order to evaluate the effect of planned protection measure, noise models were produced and verified with short-term field measurements. Calculations were conducted by means of noise prediction software, using European interim noise prediction method and 3D model of analyzed area. Finally, the results of noise calculations for existing tram traffic situation and planned measure of protection are presented on noise maps.
The Quality of Mixing in Mixers with Bars and Radial and Longitudinal Scrapers
Authors: Andrievschi Serghei , Lungu Valeriu , Carcea Ala , Lozan Alexandru 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
The process of division - combining of streams in mixers with bars and radial and longitudinal scrapers was studied. The number of unique streams that are formed after passing each row of longitudinal bars and the total amount of them were determined. This is demonstrated by migration of the particles along the mixer from left to right and vice versa, from the center of the drum towards the periphery and vice versa. In the process of mixing the particles in the center gain normal distribution and the ones on the side - sectioned normal distribution. The sum of normal distribution with the sectioned normal distribution leads to an equable distribution along the drum and transverse planes and to a homogeneous mixing of the components. The quality of mixing had been investigated and an optimal mixing regime for the mixer with radial and longitudinal bars and scrapers was proposed.
Performance-Based Asphalt Mix and Pavement Design
Authors: Blab Ronald 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
Prediction and optimization of in-service performance of road pavements during their live time is one of the main objectives of pavement research these days. For flexible pavements the key performance characteristics are fatigue and low-temperature, as well as permanent deformation behavior at elevated temperatures. The problem facing pavement designers is the need to fully characterize the complex thermo-rheological properties of hot mix asphalt (HMA) over a wide temperature range on the one hand, while on the other also providing a realistic simulation of the traffic- and climate-induced stresses to which pavements are exposed over their design lives of 20 to 30 years. Where heavily trafficked roads are concerned, there is therefore an urgent need for more comprehensive test methods combined with better numerical forecast procedures to improve the economics and extend the service lives of flexible pavements under repair and maintenance programs.
This papers therefore focus on performance-based test methods on the basis of existing European standards that address effective mechanical characteristics of bituminous materials and which may be introduced into national requirements within the framework of European HMA specifications. These test methods comprise low temperature tests, i.e. the tensile stress restrained specimen test or the uniaxial tensile strength test, stiffness and fatigue tests, i.e. the four point bending beam test or the uniaxial tension compression test, as well as methods to determine permanent deformation behavior by means of dynamic triaxial tests.
These tests are used for the performance-based mix design and subsequently implemented in numerical pavement models for a reliable prediction of in-service performance, which, in combination with performance-based tests, enables a simulation of load-induced stresses and mechanogenic effects on the road structure and thus improved forecasts of the in-service performance of flexible pavements over their entire service lives.
Sustainable Urban Transport Planning
Authors: Boitor Melania R. , Antov Dago , Iliescu Mihai , Antso Imre , Mäe Roland 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
Environmental protection has become a common issue in every area, but extremely important for the domains which deal with intensive energy consumption as it is the case of the transportation. Achieving the sustainable cities on the other hand, is also focused on the protection of the environment in order to provide a higher quality of life for the population. Therefore it is considered that by improving the urban transportation planning additional benefits could be provided for both the environment and the sustainable development of the cities. One possibility is to supplement the traditionally land-use plans with the transportrelated zones analysis, where the city is divided in public transport, pedestrian and caroriented zones. Analyzing the transport-related zones of a city is important as it provides additional information in the assessment of the development trend. The process of zoning was conducted for the city of Cluj-Napoca, Romania. In this paper, the outcome of the zoning was analyzed for a more comprehensive review of the urban transport in order to attain a sustainable-oriented approach of the urban area development.
Steel-Concrete Viaducts in the Orastie-Sibiu Highway: a Eurocode Compliant Project
Authors: Giordano Aldo , Răcănel Ionuţ Radu , Voiro Giovanni 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
This paper is intended to show the design of two composite bridges along the Orastie- Sibiu motorway, from the basic concepts, applied without the need for a clause-by- clause checking of codes and standards, to the construction methods.
The bridges are seismically isolated in the longitudinal direction, while transversally the seismic action is distributed among the piers.
Calculations have been carried out through state of the art procedures, taking into account form effect of the cross section. For this reason, different FE models have been set up to study different aspects of the behavior, with increasing degrees of approximation. For example, “beam” elements have been utilised to investigate global effects both in the linear and non linear range, while more accuate 2D and 3D elements have been used for refined cases such as stress checks and local buckling analyses.
The present paper goes into detail in particular for what concerns some of the most interesting parts of the design process for the specific case. Namely, time dependent properties of the materials have been considered, and extensive “staged construction” analyses have been carried out to ensure safety in each phase of the complex life of the bridges, while at the same time guaranteeing significant cost savings.
The Reflective Cracking in Flexible Pavements
Authors: Pais Jorge 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
Reflective cracking is a major concern for engineers facing the problem of road maintenance and rehabilitation. The problem appears due to the presence of cracks in the old pavement layers that propagate into the pavement overlay layer when traffic load passes over the cracks and due to the temperature variation. The stress concentration in the overlay just above the existing cracks is responsible for the appearance and crack propagation throughout the overlay. The analysis of the reflective cracking phenomenon is usually made by numerical modeling simulating the presence of cracks in the existing pavement and the stress concentration in the crack tip is assessed to predict either the cracking propagation rate or the expected fatigue life of the overlay. Numerical modeling to study reflective cracking is made by simulating one crack in the existing pavement and the loading is usually applied considering the shear mode of crack opening. Sometimes the simulation considers the mode I of crack opening, mainly when temperature effects are predominant.
New And Existing Bridge Constructions - Increase of Fatigue Strength of Welded Joints by High Frequency Mechanical Impact Treatment
Authors: Ummenhofer Thomas , Weidner Philipp , Zinke Tim 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
Numerous studies at KIT prove that high frequency mechanical impact (HFMI) treatment is an efficient method for increasing the fatigue strength of welded steel structures. Within different research projects it was found that HFMI-methods can be used successfully for new and existing structures in order to extend the fatigue life. This paper gives an overview of the current status of existing steel bridges in Germany regarding aspects like bridge age distributions and traffic loads. Based on that overview welded joints susceptible to fatigue failure are identified. Using component-like small scale specimens, HFMI-methods were investigated within the objective of implementing an effective application for new and existing structures. Applying the fatigue test data observed, existing design proposals are evaluated and design recommendations for HFMI-treated joints are given. As a result of the research work, a transfer into practice has been realized and different applications are illustrated using the example of bridge constructions made of steel.
The Influence of Visibility Conditions in Horizontal Road Curves on the Efficiency of Noise Protection Barriers
Authors: Džambas Tamara , Ahac Saša , Dragčević Vesna 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
Ensuring sufficient visibility on planned roads by sight distance testing is an integral part of every project, but problems with visibility can emerge when noise barriers are erected on existing roads. Namely, in order to provide sufficient noise protection, high noise barriers are often placed at minimum distance from the carriageway edge, and additional visibility testing in most cases is not carried out.
Research described in this paper consists of stopping sight distance tests conducted by means of specialized road design software MX Road, and noise barrier optimization conducted by means of specialized noise prediction software LimA using static noise calculation method RLS 90. The aim of this research is to establish whether the required stopping sight distance on road sections where minimum design parameters are applied can be achieved if the noise barrier is placed at minimum distance from the carriageway edge, and to establish whether the optimized dimensions of planned noise protection barrier will change if the barrier is placed on larger distance from the noise source, which is, in this case, the existing road.
On the rigorous ergodic theorem for a class of nonlinear Klein–Gordon wave propagations
Authors: Botelho Luiz C. L. 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
We present a complete study of the ergodic theorem for the problem of nonlinear Klein–Gordon classical wave propagations through cylindrical measures, rigorous mathematical path integrals and the well-known Ruelle–Amrein–Georgescu–Enss (RAGE) theorem on the characterization of the continuous spectrum of self-adjoint operators.
Crystal structure analyses of two TMA silicates with ordered defects: RUB-20, a layered zeolite precursor, and RUB-22, a microporous framework silicate
Authors: Marler Bernd , Gies Hermann 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
Synthesis experiments in the simple system TMAOH/SiO2/H2O led at 160°C to the crystallization of two new tetramethylammonium (TMA) silicates, RUB-20 and RUB-22. The common feature of the two silicates is the presence of ordered defects within the silicate network, necessary to compensate the charge of the occluded TMA cation. RUB-20, [(CH3)4N]1.7[Si18O35(OH)4], is a layered material with a0 = 10.493(2) Å, b0 = 13.988(2) Å, c0 = 7.411(1) Å, β = 97.80(2)° and space group P21/m. It consists of ferrierite type (fer) silicate layers which possess a significant amount of defects. These defects apply only to one particular Si–O–Si bridge which is hydrolyzed to about 50% to form two additional Si–OH/Si–O- groups which point to the interlayer region of the structure. These silanol groups together with the regular terminal silanol groups of neighbouring fer layers form a system of hydrogen bonds which binds the layers together. In addition, weak ionic bonds exist between the negatively charged silicate layers and the intercalated TMA cations. RUB-22 is a zeolite-like silicate possessing a microporous framework with double-cages, housing the TMA cations. The Rietveld structure analysis revealed a pseudo monoclinic unit cell with a0 = 13.6626(2) Å, b0 = 13.2400(2) Å, c0 = 12.3009(2) Å, α = 90.003(3)°, β = 112.700(1)°, γ = 90.005(3) and space group

C

1
¯

.

$C\bar 1.$

RUB-22, [(CH3)4N]4[Si32O60(OH)12], possesses an interrupted silica framework of the same topology as RUB-10, [(CH3)4N]4[Si32B4O72] (zeolite framework type RUT), however, with the difference that defects replace the [BO4]-tetrahedra. The defects can be regarded as “hydroxyl nests” surrounding a vacancy □(OH-Si)3(-O-Si) instead of B(-O-Si)4 groups. Heating the as made materials at 600°C led in the case of RUB-20 to a highly disordered zeolite of the CDO type and in the case of RUB-22 to a distorted and defective RUT-type material.
A mixed-ligand dihydrobis(2-mercapto-4-methylthiazolyl)borate) bismuth complex: [Bi(btMe)(phen)Cl2]
Authors: Imran Muhammad , Neumann Beate , Mitzel Norbert W. 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
[Bi(btMe)(phen)Cl2] (btMe = dihydrobis(2-mercapto-4-methylthiazolyl)borate), a mixed-ligand bismuth complex, was prepared from BiCl3, phenanthroline and Na(btMe) and characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy as well as single-crystal X-ray diffraction. It possesses a BiS2N2Cl2 core with distorted octahedral environment constituted by two sulfur atoms of the dipodal boron-centered soft ligand (btMe)–, two nitrogen atoms of the phenanthroline ligand and two chloro ligands.
Influence of Ni–Cu–P Deposits on the Surface Characteristics of Anodized Al, Al2014 and Al7075
Authors: Badawy Waheed A. , Fadl-Allah Sahar A. , Fathi Ahlam M. 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
Nickel-copper-phosphorous layers were electro-less deposited on the
surface of anodized aluminum and aluminum alloys. The electrochemical
behavior of the improved surface was investigated in 0.5 M
Na2SO4. The corrosion resistance of the modified alloy's
surface is ten folds that measured on the anodized materials. The
surface morphology was examined by scanning electron microscopy, SCE,
and the deposit composition was subjected to x-ray energy dispersive
analysis, EDAX. The experimental impedance data were fitted to
theoretical data according to a proposed equivalent circuit model. The
results show that the Ni–Cu–P layer was
deposited homogeneously on the anodized Al surface but on the
anodized-alloy surface the layer had a defective nature.