bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Remotely triggered nonvolcanic tremor in Sumbawa, Indonesia
Authors: Fuchs F. , Lupi M. , Miller S. A. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractWe present, for the first time, evidence for triggered tremor beneath the island of Sumbawa, Indonesia. We show triggered tremor in response to three teleseismic earthquakes: the Mw9.0 2011 Tohoku earthquake and two oceanic strike‐slip earthquakes (Mw 8.6 and Mw8.2) offshore of Sumatra in 2012. We constrain an apparent triggering threshold of 1 mm/s ground velocity that corresponds to about 8 kPa dynamic stress. Peak tremor amplitudes of about 180 nm/s are observed, and scale with the ground velocity induced by the remote earthquakes. Triggered tremor responds to 45–65 s period surface waves and predominantly correlates with Rayleigh waves, even though the 2012 oceanic events have stronger Love wave amplitudes. We could not locate the tremor because of minimal station coverage, but data indicate several potential source volumes including the Flores Thrust, the Java subduction zone, or Tambora volcano.
Spatially mapped reductions in the length of the Arctic sea ice season
Authors: Parkinson Claire L. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractSatellite data are used to determine the number of days having sea ice coverage in each year 1979–2013 and to map the trends in these ice‐season lengths. Over the majority of the Arctic seasonal sea ice zone, the ice season shortened at an average rate of at least 5 days/decade between 1979 and 2013, and in a small area in the northeastern Barents Sea the rate of shortening reached over 65 days/decade. The only substantial non‐coastal area with lengthening sea ice seasons is the Bering Sea, where the ice season lengthened by 5–15 days/decade. Over the Arctic as a whole, the area with ice seasons shortened by at least 5 days/decade is 12.4 × 106 km2, while the area with ice seasons lengthened by at least 5 days/decade is only 1.1 × 106 km2. The contrast is even greater, percentage‐wise, for higher rates.
A novel technique to construct the global distribution of whistler mode chorus wave intensity using low‐altitude POES electron data
Authors: Ni Binbin , Li Wen , Thorne Richard M. , Bortnik Jacob , Green Janet C. , Kletzing Craig A. , Kurth William S. , Hospodarsky George B. , de Soria‐Santacruz Pich Maria 
Published: June 2014

AbstractAlthough magnetospheric chorus plays a significant role in the acceleration and loss of radiation belt electrons, its global evolution during any specific time period cannot be directly obtained by spacecraft measurements. Using the low‐altitude NOAA Polar‐orbiting Operational Environmental Satellite (POES) electron data, we develop a novel physics‐based methodology to infer the chorus wave intensity and construct its global distribution with a time resolution of less than an hour. We describe in detail how to apply the technique to satellite data by performing two representative analyses, i.e., (i) for one specific time point to visualize the estimation procedure and (ii) for a particular time period to validate the method and construct an illustrative global chorus wave model. We demonstrate that the spatiotemporal evolution of chorus intensity in the equatorial magnetosphere can be reasonably estimated from electron flux measurements made by multiple low‐altitude POES satellites with a broad coverage of L shell and magnetic local time. Such a data‐based, dynamic model of chorus waves can provide near‐real‐time wave information on a global scale for any time period where POES electron data are available. A combination of the chorus wave spatiotemporal distribution acquired using this methodology and the direct spaceborne wave measurements can be used to evaluate the quantitative scattering caused by resonant wave‐particle interactions and thus model radiation belt electron variability.
Post‐Learning Verbal Information Changes Visual and Motor Memory for Hand‐Manipulative Tasks
Authors: Huff Markus , Maurer Annika E. 
Published: June 2014

SummaryMany instructions of a motor task include visual and verbal information. However, verbal information presented after a visual event has been shown to influence memory. This study examined whether this effect applies for hand‐manipulative motor tasks such as knot tying. Eighty‐six naive participants learned to tie the archaic bowline. Subsequently, half of the participants received misleading verbal information about the cowboy bowline, which differs from the originally instructed archaic bowline in one central detail: At a certain point, the rope crosses from left to right instead of from right to left. The remaining half of the participants received no misinformation. Dependent variables measured visual and motor memory for the knot. Results showed that misleading verbal information influenced visual and motor memory for knot‐tying tasks. More specifically, the misleading information changed memory at exactly this point to which it referred. This study suggests new avenues for our understanding and design of learning environments. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and properties of a polymerizable quaternary ammonium salt
Authors: Zhou Wei , Ma Ke‐Qiang , Tang Li‐Hui , Li Fang , Huang Li , Chen Ji‐Hua 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTNovel polymerizable monomer N,N‐dimethyl‐2‐[(2‐methylacryloyl)oxy] ethanaminium 5‐carboxy‐2,4‐bis benzoate (DMAEMA‐PMDPM salt) was synthesized by acid‐alkali neutralizing reaction and was proved to be successful by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The antibacterial activity and cytotoxicity of monomer were assessed by determination of the minimal inhibitory concentration and minimal bactericidal concentration, time–kill study and methyltetrazolium test assay. Polymerizable efficiency was determined by measurement of degree of conversion. The results indicated that DMAEMA‐PMDPM salt which is a kind of liquid polymerizable has some antimicrobial activity and similar cytotoxicity to common dental resin monomers. The new monomer also has a high polymerizable ability. Therefore it might have a great potential to prepare antimicrobial coatings on denture base and soft lining materials, as well as some biomedical applications. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 41002.
Effect of freeze‐thaw pretreatment on thermal drying process and physicochemical properties of chitosan
Authors: Zhang Wei , Xia Wenshui 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTThe effect of freeze‐thaw pretreatment on the thermal drying process and physicochemical properties of chitosan was investigated in this study. Results showed that the freeze‐thaw treatment changed the form of chitosan paste and reduced 75.6–77.7% of the water content. The freeze‐thaw treatment decreased the drying time of chitosan from 16–19 h to 2.75–4 h and the dried product was loosely packed powder. After freeze‐thaw treatment, the molecular weight of chitosan was unchanged during the thermal drying. The heat‐induced browning effect of chitosan during drying was greatly alleviated by the pretreatment. Furthermore, the pretreatment increased the 1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical‐scavenging activity of dried product by 40.4–59.8%. The molecular weight, color, and DPPH radical‐scavenging activity of the pretreated dried chitosan product were close to those of freeze‐dried product. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 41017.
Fabrication of biocompatible monolithic microchannels with high pressure‐resistance using direct polymerization of PEG‐modified PMMA
Authors: De Marco Carmela , Credi Caterina , Briatico‐Vangosa Francesco , Bianchi Elena , Ciftlik Ata Tuna , Gijs Martin , Dubini Gabriele , Levi Marinella , Turri Stefano 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTWithstanding high pressures in polymeric microchannels is an important requirement for many biological applications. Here, a simple direct polymerization through a polyester photomask is applied to obtain monolithic polyethylene glycol (PEG)‐modified poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) (PEGMA) microchannels, showing the ability to withstand pressure up to 12 MPa in burst pressure tests. The ability of withstanding high pressures is observed to increase with increasing ratio between the thickness of the cover polymer layer forming the microchannel lid and the width of the microchannel. A simplified finite element modeling model of the burst pressure test is set up to interpret the experimental findings. The outcomes of the modeling activity, along with direct scanning electron microscopy observation of the fracture surfaces, confirm the effectiveness of the polymerization method for the production of monolithic PEGMA microchannels. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 41031.
Developmental Anatomy in the Zonular Connection with Lens Capsule in Macaque Eye
Authors: Hiraoka Mari , Kuroda Teiko , Inoue Kenichi , Senoo Haruki , Takada Masahiko 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTMorphological analyses of zonule conjugated with lens capsule were performed on the developmental change in eyes from the age of fetus to 7 years old of the rhesus macaques (Macaca fuscata). The zonule was filamentous network in late fetus. After birth, the zonular microfibrils originated from the nonpigmented epithelium of the ciliary process. On the extending path toward the lens capsule through the chamber, microfibril assembled with neighbor fibril and also cohered with one another forming bundle. With growth, these bundles bifurcated into anterior and posterior groups on the equatorial region of capsule. The developmental distribution of bundles in the capsule was characteristic on anterior group, that is, bifurcation into radial and circumferential extension. On the other hand, the posterior bundle undivided but radially extended within short distance from the equator. In the process of fixating with capsule, bundles untangled into fibrils and penetrated circumferentially into the superficial layer and radially into deep apical layer of the capsule. Zonule was composed fibrillin 1 microfibrils and on the extending path toward the lens capsule through the chamber, microfibril self‐assembled with neighbored fibril in composition of fascicle and also cohered with one another forming bundle. Each bundle had alternating pale and dense horizontal bands in the intracapsular extension and the stripe pattern changed in flaccid or extensive tension of zonule between capsule and process. Zonular fibril intermingled with collagen fibril of capsule with interlacing molecule of laminin. At the base of ciliary muscle, elastin‐positive connective tissue intercalated circumferentially between ciliary processes. The developmental changes of the intralamellar distribution and extension of zonule with striped pattern informed the functional role upon the elasticity in coordination with the lens capsule micromolecules. Anat Rec, 296:726–735, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Hyperostosis in Three Fish Species Collected From the Sea of Oman
Authors: Jawad Laith A. 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTHyperostotic conditions are described in three teleost fishes. Pomadasys stridens, (Haemulidae; 326 mm TL, 314 mm SL), Drepane longimana (Drepanidae; 450 mm, TL, 440 mm SL), and Platax teira (Ephippidae) captured off the coast of Muscat City. There are regions of hyperostosis in four bones in P. stridens, three in D. longimana and seven in P. teira. Size, shape, position, and species‐specific characteristics showed wide variation in these three species. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Continuously Growing Central Nervous System of the Nile Crocodile (Crocodylus niloticus)
Authors: Ngwenya Ayanda , Patzke Nina , Spocter Muhammad A. , Kruger Jean‐Leigh , Dell Leigh‐Anne , Chawana Richard , Mazengenya Pedzisai , Billings Brendon K. , Olaleye Olatunbosun , Herculano‐Houzel Suzana , Manger Paul R. 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTIt is a central assumption that larger bodies require larger brains, across species but also possibly within species with continuous growth throughout the lifetime, such as the crocodile. The current study investigates the relationships between body growth (length and mass) and the rates of growth of various subdivisions of the central nervous system (CNS) (brain, spinal cord, eyes) in Nile crocodiles weighing between 90 g and 90 kg. Although the brain appears to grow in two phases in relation to body mass, initially very rapidly then very slowly, it turns out that brain mass increases continuously as a power function of body mass with a small exponent of 0.256, such that a 10‐fold increase in body mass is accompanied by a 1.8‐fold in brain mass. Eye volume increases slowly with increasing body mass, as a power function of the latter with an exponent of 0.37. The spinal cord, however, grows more rapidly in mass, accompanying body mass raised to an exponent of 0.54, and increasing in length as predicted, with body mass raised to an exponent of 0.32 (close to the predicted 1/3). While supporting the expectation formulated by Jerison that larger bodies require larger brains to operate them, our findings show that: (1) the rate of increase in brain size is very small compared to body growth; and (2) different parts of the CNS grow at different rates accompanying continuous body growth, with a faster increase in spinal cord mass and eye volume, than in brain mass. Anat Rec, 296:1489–1500, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Lumbar Vertebral Body Bone Microstructural Scaling in Small to Medium‐Sized Strepsirhines
Authors: Fajardo Roberto J. , Desilva Jeremy M. , Manoharan Rajaram K. , Schmitz James E. , Maclatchy Laura M. , Bouxsein Mary L. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractBone mass, architecture, and tissue mineral density contribute to bone strength. As body mass (BM) increases any one or combination of these properties could change to maintain structural integrity. To better understand the structural origins of vertebral fragility and gain insight into the mechanisms that govern bone adaptation, we conducted an integrative analysis of bone mass and microarchitecture in the last lumbar vertebral body from nine strepsirhine species, ranging in size from 42 g (Microcebus rufus) to 2,440 g (Eulemur macaco). Bone mass and architecture were assessed via µCT for the whole body and spherical volumes of interest (VOI). Allometric equations were estimated and compared with predictions for geometric scaling, assuming axial compression as the dominant loading regime. Bone mass, microarchitectural, and vertebral body geometric variables predominantly scaled isometrically. Among structural variables, the degree of anisotropy (Tb.DA) was the only parameter independent of BM and other trabecular architectural variables. Tb.DA was related to positional behavior. Orthograde primates had higher average Tb.DA (1.60) and more craniocaudally oriented trabeculae while lorisines had the lowest Tb.DA (1.25), as well as variably oriented trabeculae. Finally, lorisines had the highest ratio of trabecular bone volume to cortical shell volume (∼3x) and while there appears to be flexibility in this ratio, the total bone volume (trabecular + cortical) scales isometrically (BM1.23, r2 = 0.93) and appears tightly constrained. The common pattern of isometry in our measurements leaves open the question of how vertebral bodies in strepsirhine species compensate for increased BM. Anat Rec, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Temporal Profile of Nerve Growth Factor Expression in the Partial Central Nervous System of the Yangtze Alligator Alligator sinensis (Reptilia,Crocodylia) During Early Postnatal Growth
Authors: Zheng Lanrong , Chen Fangfang , Wang Renping , Zhou Yongkang , Wu Xiaobing 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTExpression of nerve growth factor (NGF) in structures of the partial central nervous system of the Yangtze alligator, Alligator sinensis (Reptilia, Crocodylia) was examined during early postnatal growth using immunohistochemistry and Western blot assays. In animals 0–2 years of age NGF‐positive cells in the cerebral cortex increased gradually in number and size, and were predominantly distributed in the molecular layer. NGF‐positive cells in the midbrain showed similar increases but with predominant distribution in the ependymal layer. NGF‐positive cells increased in the cerebellum between 0 and 1 years of age, with increased NGF expression being seen during the first 2 years of life mostly in the ependymal layer. NGF‐positive cells were mainly found in the gray matter of the spinal cord with decreasing cell numbers, NGF expression levels being seen from 0 to 2 years and small processes without synaptic connection from 1 to 2 years. These results suggest that NGF is involved in the early postnatal growth of several structures of Yangtze alligator partial central nervous system, suggesting a possible role of NGF in the Yangtze alligator partial central nervous system. Anat Rec, 296:840–845, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Growth‐Inhibitory Activity of Melatonin on Murine Foregastric Carcinoma Cells In Vitro and the Underlying Molecular Mechanism
Authors: Xu Li , Liu Hui , Zhang Hui , Wang Ri‐Xiong , Song Jun , Zhou Rui‐Xiang 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTMelatonin (MLT) is an indolic hormone produced mainly by the pineal gland. Recent human and animal studies have shown that MLT exerts obvious oncostatic activity both in vitro and in vivo. The purpose of this study was to investigate the antiproliferative effect of MLT on the murine foregastric carcinoma (MFC) cell and to determine the underlying molecular mechanism. Cell viability was determined using the Cell Counting Kit‐8 (CCK‐8) and the results revealed that MLT exhibited a dose‐ and time‐dependent inhibitory effect on MFC cell growth. Our studies also demonstrated upregulation of p21 and Bax and downregulation of Bcl‐2 at both the mRNA and the protein levels in response to MLT treatment of MFC cells. These changes in the expression of these molecules were consistent with the results of the CCK‐8. Furthermore, the mRNA and protein expression of membranous MLT receptors was also upregulated. Taken together, these results confirm the oncostatic effect of MLT in MFC cells and the expression of membranous MLT receptors is a potential approach to tumor cells in gastric cancer therapeutic treatment. Anat Rec, 296:914–920, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Postcranial Pneumaticity and Bone Structure in Two Clades of Neognath Birds
Authors: Gutzwiller Sarah C. , Su Anne , O'Connor Patrick M. 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTMost living birds exhibit some degree of postcranial skeletal pneumaticity, aeration of the postcranial skeleton by pulmonary air sacs and/or directly from the lungs. The extent of pneumaticity varies greatly, ranging from taxa that are completely apneumatic to those with air filling most of the postcranial skeleton. This study examined the influence of skeletal pneumatization on bone structural parameters in a sample of two size‐ and foraging‐style diverse (e.g., subsurface diving vs. soaring specialists) clades of neognath birds (charadriiforms and pelecaniforms). Cortical bone thickness and trabecular bone volume fraction were assessed in one cervical and one thoracic vertebra in each of three pelecaniform and four charadriiform species. Results for pelecaniforms indicate that specialized subsurface dive foragers (e.g., the apneumatic anhinga) have thicker cortical bone and a higher trabecular bone volume fraction than their non‐diving clademates. Conversely, the large‐bodied, extremely pneumatic brown pelican (Pelecanus occidentalis) exhibits thinner cortical bone and a lower trabecular bone volume fraction. Such patterns in bone structural parameters are here interpreted to pertain to decreased buoyancy in birds specialized in subsurface dive foraging and decreased skeletal density (at the whole bone level) in birds of larger body size. The potential to differentially pneumatize the postcranial skeleton and alter bone structure may have played a role in relaxing constraints on body size evolution and/or habitat exploitation during the course of avian evolution. Notably, similar patterns were not observed within the equally diverse charadriiforms, suggesting that the relationship between pneumaticity and bone structure is variable among different clades of neognath birds. Anat Rec, 296:867–876, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Virtual Reconstruction of Very Large Skull Defects Featuring Partly and Completely Missing Midsagittal Planes
Authors: Senck Sascha , Coquerelle Michael , Weber Gerhard W. , Benazzi Stefano 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTDespite the development of computer‐based methods, cranial reconstruction of very large skull defects remains a challenge particularly if the damage affects the midsagittal region hampering the usage of mirror imaging techniques. This pilot study aims to deliver a new method that goes beyond mirror imaging, giving the possibility to reconstruct crania characterized by large missing areas, which might be useful in the fields of paleoanthropology, bioarcheology, and forensics. We test the accuracy of digital reconstructions in cases where two‐thirds or more of a human cranium were missing. A three‐dimensional (3D) virtual model of a human cranium was virtually damaged twice to compare two destruction‐reconstruction scenarios. In the first case, a small fraction of the midsagittal region was still preserved, allowing the application of mirror imaging techniques. In the second case, the damage affected the complete midsagittal region, which demands a new approach to estimate the position of the midsagittal plane. Reconstructions were carried out using CT scans from a sample of modern humans (12 males and 13 females), to which 3D digital modeling techniques and geometric morphometric methods were applied. As expected, the second simulation showed a larger variability than the first one, which underlines the fact that the individual midsagittal plane is of course preferable in order to minimize the reconstruction error. However, in both simulations the Procrustes mean shape was an effective reference for the reconstruction of the entire cranium, producing models that showed a remarkably low error of about 3 mm, given the extent of missing data. Anat Rec, 296:745–758, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.