bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
El arco por esquina y rincón en los tratados y manuscritos de cantería del renacimiento hispánico
Authors: García Baño Ricardo , Calvo López José 
Published: June 2015

Los arcos en esquina y rincón son un tipo arquitectónico y constructivo peculiar del Renacimiento Español. El artículo presenta una visión transversal de las estrategias propuestas por los tratados y manuscritos para afrontar la apertura de arcos en el encuentro de dos muros, la diversidad de tipologías empleadas y el análisis de sus aspectos geométricos. Se han realizado modelos tridimensionales de piezas significativas que permiten estudiar con detalle las trazas, los procesos de generación de las superficies de intradós, de las juntas entre las dovelas y el planteamiento de cara a la labra. Todo esto muestra el conocimiento geométrico empírico de los maestros de cantería, su capacidad para resolver complejos problemas de estereotomía y la diversidad de los modelos concebidos con la idea común de materializarse en piezas planteadas para su percepción oblicua.
Trasladar desplegables de tijeras (Pérez-Piñero) a contornos libres, ¿ejemplo de competencia gráfica de último nivel formativo?
Authors: González Meca Sandra , Carrasco Hortal José 
Published: June 2015

A través de un caso de estudio pre-doctoral sobre planteamientos morfológicos del arquitecto Pérez-Piñero, se pretende iniciar la edición de una serie de trabajos-muestra acerca de cuáles son las destrezas gráficas del estudiante que llega a un Máster y pretende iniciar un Doctorado. Gracias a la colaboración con Félix Candela, Pérez-Piñero diseñó y realizó el proyecto de la vidriera hipercúbica desplegable para el Museo Dalí (Figueres, Girona, 1971) en el cual las láminas de vidrio colaboran en la rigidización de la malla de barras cuyo planteamiento ya se encontraba en la primera patente que realizó para el Teatro Ambulante (Concurso de Londres, 1961).<br />Este artículo muestra la raíz morfogeométrica de ambos proyectos y ensaya cómo alcanzar contornos libres desde recursos puramente paramétricos, referenciando los resultados tanto a los estudios predoctorales de Sandra González (2014) como a un PFC presentado en la Escuela de Alicante (René Ploch, 2014) en línea con investigaciones recientes en el MIT (Rosenberg 2009).
Problem gambling—a Lacanian Real
Authors: Borch Anita 
Published: June 2015

Borch, A. (2015). Problem gambling—a Lacanian Real. The International Journal Of Alcohol And Drug Research, 4(1), 71-76. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.7895/ijadr.v4i1.197The concept of addiction has been criticized for being mainly based on self-reporting in therapeutic and research settings, and that it is functional for people in these settings to report that they are addicted—driven by forces beyond their capacity to control. In this paper, I take this criticism seriously into account and argue that problem gambling belongs to the Lacanian Real, in short, referring to those parts of our existence that might be sensed and even acknowledged, but that never can be wholly grasped. Based on qualitative research of households with reported gambling problems, I argue that neither problem gamblers nor their spouses seem to know why the person gambles and why he or she keeps on gambling even though s/he knows it is damaging. The unknown and incomprehensible aspects of problem gambling (the Real) tend, as part of the gambler’s process of ‘recovering,’ to be repressed and replaced with the concept of addiction. This repression mechanism is observed in other contexts as well, not least in scientific milieux studying gambling, and reflects interests and power in society. Exploring the addiction concept from a critical point of view is necessary to sort truth from myth and make scientific enhancements.
Models of addiction and types of interventions: An integrative look
Authors: Simon Roland , West Robert 
Published: June 2015

Simon, R., & West, R. (2015). Models of addiction and types of interventions: An integrative look. The International Journal Of Alcohol And Drug Research, 4(1), 13-20. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.7895/ijadr.v4i1.198Background: Use of psychoactive substances and problem gambling create serious harm to individuals who engage in these practices and to society as a whole (World Health Organization, 2002). The European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA) regularly monitors drug-related problems and interventions, as well as the efficiency of interventions. The scope and methodology of monitoring, however, depends on the conceptualization of “addiction.”Methods: The relevant literature was screened for models and theories relating to “addiction,” resulting in a systematic overview of the concepts and related approaches (EMCDDA, 2013). Using this as a background, different approaches for interventions and their theoretical bases are discussed.Results: Models of addiction follow two approaches. Most of these focus on the individual addict, involving constructs such as emotions, drive states, habits, choice, and goal-oriented processes, or else taking a more integrative or change-oriented view. Others are population-based models, including social network, economic, communication, and organizational system models.While substance- and non-substance-related addictions differ in a number of respects, they share key elements: a repeated powerful motivation to engage in a particular behavior, acquired through enacting the behavior, despite the experience or risk of significant harm. Nine different types of intervention to combat addiction found in the literature involve attempts to change one or more of three factors that interact to underpin behavior: capability, opportunity, and motivation (the “COM-B” model). The models of addiction reviewed may serve as a basis for such interventions.
The risks of cannabis and other illicit drugs: Views among French and Finnish addiction treatment providers
Authors: Simmat-Durand Laurence , Koski-Jännes Anja 
Published: June 2015

Simmat-Durand, L., & Koski-Jännes, A. (2015). The risks of cannabis and other illicit drugs: Views among French and Finnish addiction treatment providers. The International Journal Of Alcohol And Drug Research, 4(1), 61-69. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.7895/ijadr.v4i1.201Aims: This study explores the effect of cultural context and group-level factors on the views held by treatment professionals in France and Finland about addiction and the dangers of illicit drugs.Design: Cross-cultural survey.Setting: Similar questionnaires were mailed to professionals working in specialized addiction treatment units in both countries.Participants: In Finland, 520 treatment providers working personally with clients responded, and 472 responded in France. The samples differed in several ways. Most notably, the medical profession was more dominant in France, while social work and counselling dominated in Finland.Measures: In addition to demographics, the questions covered different addictions, and included questions on the levels of danger of heroin, amphetamines and cannabis for individuals and the society.Findings: Consistent cultural differences appeared in the views of Finnish and French professionals regarding the addictiveness of illicit drugs and their level of danger to society. These differences remained significant after controlling for professions and other background variables.Conclusions: Cultural context, local prevalence of high-risk behaviors, familiarity with the substance, country of residence, and level of education appeared as major modifiers of risk perceptions.
The brain craving for gambling? Neurosciences and addiction concept in clinical practice
Authors: Helén Ilpo , Toivio Joonas 
Published: June 2015

Helén, I., & Toivio, J. (2015). The brain craving for gambling? Neurosciences and addiction concept in clinical practice. The International Journal Of Alcohol And Drug Research, 4(1), 45-51. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.7895/ijadr.v4i1.202Aims: Paper discusses the impact of the neuroscientific concept of addiction and expectations related to neurosciences in a clinical setting for treatment of addiction disorders.Design: A case study based on qualitative analysis of scientific publications, research plans, presentations, and interviews of Finnish experts in gambling addictions.Setting: The case studied is a joint project for experimentation of medication (naltrexone) in treatment of gambling addiction by National Institute of Health and Welfare (THL) and Gambling Clinic, a center specialized in counseling for gambling addicts in Helsinki.Results: Although Finnish experts think that deep down all addictions share the same neural mechanisms, they consider gambling addiction a complex phenomenon. Clinical experiments seem to have two parallel objectives: neurophysiological malfunctions of the brain and the addict as the person. Two epistemologies and two concepts of addiction are working side by side in the clinical reasoning of the Finnish experts: the neurobiological one for framing the ‘addicted brain’, and the one derived from cognitive behavioral therapy for the addict.Conclusions: The role of the neurobiological concept of gambling addiction is to back up the therapeutic promise of the experimental project. In a reciprocal manner, the expectation to extend treatment options by the project findings justifies the neuroscientific approach.
A multiproxy analysis of sedimentary organic carbon in the Changjiang Estuary and adjacent shelf
Authors: Yao Peng , Yu Zhigang , Bianchi Thomas S. , Guo Zhigang , Zhao Meixun , Knappy Chris S. , Keely Brendan J. , Zhao Bin , Zhang Tingting , Pan Huihui , Wang Jinpeng , Li Dong 
Published: June 2015

AbstractSurface sediments from the Changjiang Estuary and adjacent shelf were analyzed using a variety of bulk and molecular techniques, including grain size composition, sediment surface area (SSA), elemental composition (C, N), stable carbon isotopic composition (δ13C), n‐alkanes, lignin phenols, and glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraether lipids to obtain a more comprehensive understanding of the sources and fate of sedimentary organic carbon (SOC) in this dynamic region. Bulk N/C ratios of 0.09 to 0.15, δ13C of −24.4‰ to −21.1‰, branched/isoprenoid tetraether index of 0 to 0.74, n‐alkane content of 0.02 to 0.37 mg g−1 organic carbon (OC), and lignin content (Λ8) of 0.10 to 1.46 mg/100 mg OC and other related molecular indices in these samples indicate a mixed source of marine, soil, and terrestrial plant‐derived OC in the study area. A three‐end‐member mixing model using principal component analysis (PCA) factors as source markers and based on Monte Carlo (MC) simulation was constructed to estimate the relative contributions of OC from different sources. Compared with traditional mixing models, commonly based on a few variables, this newly developed PCA‐MC model supported bulk and biomarker data and yielded a higher‐resolution OC inputs to different subregions of this system. In particular, the results showed that the average contributions of marine, soil, and terrestrial OC in the study area were 35.3%, 47.0%, and 17.6%, and the highest contribution from each OC source was mainly observed in the shelf, inner estuary, and coastal region, respectively.
Seasonal variation in the quality of dissolved and particulate organic matter exchanged between a salt marsh and its adjacent estuary
Authors: Osburn Christopher L. , Mikan Molly P. , Etheridge J. Randall , Burchell Michael R. , Birgand François 
Published: June 2015

AbstractFluorescence was used to examine the quality of dissolved and particulate organic matter (DOM and POM) exchanging between a tidal creek in a created salt marsh and its adjacent estuary in eastern North Carolina, USA. Samples from the creek were collected hourly over four tidal cycles in May, July, August, and October 2011. Absorbance and fluorescence of chromophoric DOM (CDOM) and of base‐extracted POM (BEPOM) served as the tracers for organic matter quality while dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and base‐extracted particulate organic carbon (BEPOC) were used to compute fluxes. Fluorescence was modeled using parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC) and principle components analysis (PCA) of the PARAFAC results. Of nine PARAFAC components (C) modeled, C3 represented recalcitrant DOM and C4 represented fresher soil‐derived source DOM. Component 1 represented detrital POM, and C6 represented planktonic POM. Based on mass balance, recalcitrant DOC export was 86 g C m−2 yr−1 and labile DOC export was 49 g C m−2 yr−1; no planktonic DOC was exported. The marsh also exported 41 g C m−2 yr−1 of detrital terrestrial POC, which likely originated from lands adjacent to the North River estuary. Planktonic POC export from the marsh was 6 g C m−2 yr−1. Assuming the exported organic matter was oxidized to CO2 and scaled up to global salt marsh area, respiration of salt marsh DOC and POC transported to estuaries could amount to a global CO2 flux of 11 Tg C yr−1, roughly 4% of the recently estimated CO2 release for marshes and estuaries globally.
Substantial contribution of anthropogenic air pollution to catastrophic floods in Southwest China
Authors: Fan Jiwen , Rosenfeld Daniel , Yang Yan , Zhao Chun , Leung L. Ruby , Li Zhanqing 
Published: June 2015

AbstractExtreme weather events have become more frequent and are likely linked to increases in greenhouse gases and aerosols, which alter the Earth's radiative balance and cloud processes. On 8–9 July 2013, a catastrophic flood devastated the mountainous area to the northwest of the Sichuan Basin. Atmospheric simulations at a convection‐permitting scale with aerosols and chemistry included show that heavy air pollution trapped in the basin significantly enhances the rainfall intensity over the mountainous areas through “aerosol‐enhanced conditional instability.” That is, aerosols suppress convection by absorbing solar radiation and increasing atmospheric stability in the basin during daytime. This allows excess moist air to be transported to the mountainous areas and orographically lifted, generating strong convection and extremely heavy precipitation at night. We show that reducing pollution in the Sichuan Basin can effectively mitigate floods. It is suggested that coupling aerosol with meteorology can be crucial to improve weather forecast in polluted regions.
The annual cycle of snowfall at Summit, Greenland
Authors: Castellani Benjamin B. , Shupe Matthew D. , Hudak David R. , Sheppard Brian E. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractWhile snow accumulation over central Greenland has been extensively studied, interannual variability of snowfall in the region is not well understood due to a dearth of observations. The Integrated Characterization of Energy, Clouds, Atmospheric state and Precipitation at Summit (ICECAPS) project at Summit, Greenland, offers a unique, ground‐based opportunity to study precipitation in central Greenland where the surface mass balance is positive. Combining data from a Precipitation Occurrence Sensor System (POSS), Millimeter‐wavelength Cloud Radar (MMCR), and snow stake field, the annual cycle of precipitation at Summit is examined. Average daily snowfall is higher by a factor of 3 from June to October compared to November to May, while surface height change is only higher by 15% during the same timeframes. This reduced variability in surface height is explained by the seasonally varying nature of latent heat flux, compaction, and wind contributions. The ICECAPS remote sensors and stake field measurements do not agree as far as total annual water equivalent. This discrepancy is likely due to a low bias in the POSS and MMCR snowfall retrievals for Summit. To further examine the seasonal cycle, snowfall measurements by the POSS were linked to local meteorological parameters, including wind direction, liquid water path (LWP), 2 m temperature, and precipitable water vapor. An observed wind direction and moisture dependence are consistent with snowfall being linked to pulses of moist air that originate over nearby, ice‐free ocean, a resource that becomes more readily available in summertime as the winter sea ice retreats. LWP is shown to have little relationship to snowfall, indicating that ice‐phase precipitation processes are quite important for snowfall at Summit.
Temperature sensitivity of organic carbon mineralization in contrasting lake sediments
Authors: Gudasz Cristian , Sobek Sebastian , Bastviken David , Koehler Birgit , Tranvik Lars J. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractTemperature alone explains a great amount of variation in sediment organic carbon (OC) mineralization. Studies on decomposition of soil OC suggest that (1) temperature sensitivity differs between the fast and slowly decomposition OC and (2) over time, decreasing soil respiration is coupled with increase in temperature sensitivity. In lakes, autochthonous and allochthonous OC sources are generally regarded as fast and slowly decomposing OC, respectively. Lake sediments with different contributions of allochthonous and autochthonous components, however, showed similar temperature sensitivity in short‐term incubation experiments. Whether the mineralization of OC in lake sediments dominated by allochthonous or autochthonous OC has different temperature sensitivity in the longer term has not been addressed. We incubated sediments from two boreal lakes that had contrasting OC origin (allochthonous versus autochthonous), and OC characteristics (C/N ratios of 21 and 10) at 1, 3, 5, 8, 13, and 21°C for five months. Compared to soil and litter mineralization, sediment OC mineralization rates were low in spite of low apparent activation energy (Ea). The fraction of the total OC pool that was lost during five months varied between 0.4 and 14.8%. We estimate that the sediment OC pool not becoming long‐term preserved was degraded with average apparent turnover times between 3 and 32 years. While OC mineralization was strongly dependent on temperature as well as on OC composition and origin, temperature sensitivity was similar across lakes and over time. We suggest that the temperature sensitivity of OC mineralization in lake sediments is similar across systems within the relevant seasonal scales of OC supply and degradation.
Mixture Method
Authors: Peterson Arthur V. , Kronmal Richard A. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractThe mixture method is one of several fundamental tools used in constructing efficient exact algorithms for generating repeated realizations of random variables on a computer. Its key feature is that it generates with high probability a realization from a simple distribution that is close to the desired one.The mixture method is applicable and useful for both continuous and discrete (probability) distributions. Similar to other tools (e.g., acceptance–rejection method and inverse‐distribution method), it may be used alone or in combination with other tools. Similar to almost all methods currently used for generating random variables, it is designed to use uniform random numbers, which are available and efficiently generated on most computers.
Normality Tests: Comparisons
Authors: Koning Alex J. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractFor testing normality with unknown parameters and , extensive simulation studies have shown the superiority of the Shapiro–Wilk test and variants. The Shapiro–Francia test is a simplified version of the Shapiro–Wilk test, which uses the squared normal probability plot correlation as a test statistic. The Cramér–von Mises and Anderson–Darling tests with plug‐in estimators for and perform slightly worse than the Shapiro–Wilk test.
Hidden Markov Models
Authors: Rydén Tobias 
Published: June 2015

AbstractThe distribution or dynamics of a stochastic process is often influenced by another, not fully observable process. For example, a financial time series depends on the hidden state of the market, the distribution of nucleotides depends on whether the DNA sequence considered is an intron or an exon. In many cases, this hidden process is taken to be a Markov chain and then the complete model is referred to as ahidden Markov model. We review the probabilistic modeling of such processes and the resulting statistical procedures.
Branching Processes
Authors: Jagers Peter 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
Branching processes are stochastic population models based on explicit descriptions of individual life and reproduction. The basic assumption is that individuals live and multiply independently. This can, however, be relaxed. Individuals may be of various types and have varying life spans. In the simple branching processes, there is only one type of individual and life span is deterministic (1 year or season) or exponentially distributed, yielding Markov processes, and as simple special cases, birth‐and‐death processes. However, more general, branching processes allow complex reproduction patterns and arbitrary life distributions. Recent advances yield results where individual reproduction may be influenced by population size.
Propensity Score
Authors: Rosenbaum Paul R. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractThe propensity score is the conditional probability of exposure to treatment rather than control given observed covariates, or more generally, the conditional probability of selection into a group given observed covariates. It is used in an effort to adjust for nonrandom treatment assignment or nonrandom selection. Matching or stratifying on the scalar propensity score tends to balance the many observed covariates used to construct the score. If it suffices to adjust for the observed covariates, then it also suffices to adjust for the propensity score.
Administrative Databases
Authors: Roos Leslie L. , Nickel Nathan C. , Romano Patrick S. , Fergusson Patricia 
Published: June 2015

AbstractAdministrative databases are often used to manage systems or to investigate research questions. The data may be derived from population registries, vital statistics or other records of life events, or from information on services. Questions that may be addressed by administrative datasets include the determinants of variation in utilization, costs, and outcomes of different services. Factors associated with individuals, types of organization, or geography may all be studied. Strengths and weaknesses of this approach are reviewed, and several new directions identified.
Incubation Period of Infectious Diseases
Authors: Brookmeyer Ron 
Published: June 2015

AbstractThe incubation period of an infectious disease is the time interval between the exposure to a disease‐causing infectious agent and the onset of symptomatic (clinical) disease. The incubation period of a disease can be very variable among individuals and a single number, such as the mean or median incubation period, does not reveal the significant heterogeneity in incubation periods in a population. Estimating the distribution of incubation periods is important for a multitude of reasons including modeling the current and future scope of epidemics and evaluating disease control strategies. Important statistical issues arise in estimating incubation period distributions because of incomplete data and selection biases in epidemiological studies. Statistical methods for censored and truncated data are important for addressing those issues in the analyses of incubation periods. Syntheses of data from multiple studies of incubation periods can help overcome the limitations of any single study.
Epidemic Curve
Authors: Rosenberg Philip S. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractAn epidemic curve is a plot of time trends in the occurrence of a disease or any other health‐related event for a defined population and time period. The event rate that is plotted may measure the number of cases per unit time, or it may express the numbers of events relative to the number in the study population (incidence rates). In infectious disease epidemiology, the epidemic curve is used to document the scope and duration of an epidemic, to help determine the source of the infection and the modes of transmission or exposure, and to glean information about the incubation period of the disease. In other settings, including behavioral and chronic disease epidemiology, epidemic curves are used to document the scope of public health problems.