bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Performance of Robust Regression Methods in Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction Calibration
Authors: Orenti Annalisa , Marubini Ettore 
Published: September 2014

The ordinary least squares (OLS) method is routinely used to estimate the unknown concentration of nucleic acids in a given solution by means of calibration. However, when outliers are present it could appear sensible to resort to robust regression methods. We analyzed data from an External Quality Control program concerning quantitative real-time PCR and we found that 24 laboratories out of 40 presented outliers, which occurred most frequently at the lowest concentrations. In this article we investigated and compared the performance of the OLS method, the least absolute deviation (LAD) method, and the biweight MM-estimator in real-time PCR calibration via a Monte Carlo simulation. Outliers were introduced by replacement contamination. When contamination was absent the coverages of OLS and MM-estimator intervals were acceptable and their widths small, whereas LAD intervals had acceptable coverages at the expense of higher widths. In the presence of contamination we observed a trade-off between width and coverage: the OLS performance got worse, the MM-estimator intervals widths remained short (but this was associated with a reduction in coverages), while LAD intervals widths were constantly larger with acceptable coverages at the nominal level.
Physical context for theoretical approaches to sediment transport magnitude‐frequency analysis in alluvial channels
Authors: Sholtes Joel , Werbylo Kevin , Bledsoe Brian 
Published: September 2014

AbstractTheoretical approaches to magnitude‐frequency analysis (MFA) of sediment transport in channels couple continuous flow probability density functions (PDFs) with power law flow‐sediment transport relations (rating curves) to produce closed‐form equations relating MFA metrics such as the effective discharge, Qeff, and fraction of sediment transported by discharges greater than Qeff, f+, to statistical moments of the flow PDF and rating curve parameters. These approaches have proven useful in understanding the theoretical drivers behind the magnitude and frequency of sediment transport. However, some of their basic assumptions and findings may not apply to natural rivers and streams with more complex flow‐sediment transport relationships or management and design scenarios, which have finite time horizons. We use simple numerical experiments to test the validity of theoretical MFA approaches in predicting the magnitude and frequency of sediment transport. Median values of Qeff and f+ generated from repeated, synthetic, finite flow series diverge from those produced with theoretical approaches using the same underlying flow PDF. The closed‐form relation for f+ is a monotonically increasing function of flow variance. However, using finite flow series, we find that f+ increases with flow variance to a threshold that increases with flow record length. By introducing a sediment entrainment threshold, we present a physical mechanism for the observed diverging relationship between Qeff and flow variance in fine and coarse‐bed channels. Our work shows that through complex and threshold‐driven relationships sediment transport mode, channel morphology, flow variance, and flow record length all interact to influence estimates of what flow frequencies are most responsible for transporting sediment in alluvial channels.
Evolving many‐objective water management to exploit exascale computing
Authors: Reed Patrick M. , Hadka David 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThis study contributes one of the largest parallel scalability experiments ever attempted within the water resources literature to date, encompassing 2000 years of computational time. A severely challenging multiobjective benchmark problem focusing on urban water portfolio planning under uncertainty in the Lower Rio Grande Valley (LRGV) is used to demonstrate that a multimaster variant of the Borg multiobjective evolutionary algorithm (MOEA) can be used efficiently on more than 524,288 compute cores. The scalability of the multimaster Borg MOEA enables users to compress up to 20 years of computational work into 20 min of actual wall‐clock time. Beyond these temporal efficiency gains, metric‐based statistical assessments of solution quality show that the multimaster Borg MOEA dramatically enhances the effectiveness and reliability of the algorithm's autoadaptive search features. Theoretical algorithmic analysis shows that the multimaster Borg MOEA could maintain high levels of parallel scalability on future exascale computing platforms (i.e., millions of compute cores). These results mark a fundamental expansion of the scope, computational demands, and difficulties that can be addressed in multiobjective water resources applications.
Phenotypic variation of transitional forager‐farmers in theSonoranDesert
Authors: Byrd Rachael M. 
Published: September 2014

ABSTRACTThis study examines phenotypic variation and biological distances estimated using morphological traits from three Early Agricultural period (EAP) (2100 BC–AD 50) site‐complexes in the Sonoran Desert of southern Arizona and northern Sonora. The hypothesis tested is that EAP forager‐farmers were phenotypically homogenous as suggested by patterns in material culture and works to refine inferences regarding gene flow and biological affinity during subsistence transitions. Seven measurements from 62 EAP male and female crania were collected and used to calculate phenotypic variances, biological distances, andvalues with RMET 5.0 software. Analyses were applied to both pooled site‐complex samples and to males and females separately. Results show differential variation between site‐complex population samples, multiple significant biological distances, and significantvalues for the EAP regional sample that indicate widespread phenotypic heterogeneity rather than homogeneity. Significantly lower than expected variance in the Cienega Creek male sample is inferred to suggest a small closely related population present during the Cienega phase. Greater than expected male variation is attributed to higher frequencies of gene flow in the La Playa and Santa Cruz River site‐complex samples. These EAP males are inferred to be more mobile across the Sonoran Desert landscape and representative of multiple biological affinities compared with females. This study provides evidence supporting the canalization of phenotypic variation when associated with human populations becoming increasingly sedentary due to transitioning subsistence practices. Am J Phys Anthropol 155:579–590, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Traumatic vertebral artery dissection and cerebral infarction following head and neck injury with a lucid interval
Authors: Tabuchi Sadaharu , Nakayasu Hiroyuki 
Published: September 2014

CasesTwo patients with cerebral infarction following head and neck injury who showed a lucid interval are presented.OutcomeA 70‐year‐old male showed infarctions in the cerebellum bilaterally and the right hypothalamus on the sixth day after an injury with no fracture of the cervical spine, and bilateral dissection of the vertebral arteries was diagnosed. A 74‐year‐old male showed infarctions in the territory of the right posterior cerebral artery and posterior inferior cerebellar artery 2 days after injury with fractures of the cervical spine (C2 and C3) and was diagnosed as having artery‐to‐artery embolism based on dissection of the right vertebral artery.ConclusionHead and neck injury is a very common presentation in the emergency department. Three‐dimensional computed tomography angiography is an effective screening imaging method for vertebral artery dissection that should be carried out on arrival in every patient with fracture of the cervical spine, and even considered in doubtful cases with no fracture.
CFD simulation and comparison of industrial crystallizers
Authors: Rane Chinmay V. , Ganguli Arijit A. , Kalekudithi Ekambara , Patil Raosaheb N. , Joshi Jyeshtharaj B. , Ramkrishna Doraiswami 
Published: September 2014

AbstractSimulation of flow patterns in eleven industrial crystallizers (standard Messo, Cerny direct contact, Swenson draft tube baffled, Swenson walker, Swenson evaporative, Oslo cooling, Oslo Krystal, APV Kestner, Batch Vacuum, stirred tank with disc turbine, and stirred tank with pitched blade impeller) have been carried out using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). Population balance modelling (PBM) is coupled with CFD to obtain better results. In all the cases, the crystallizer volume was 100 liter and the power consumption per unit volume was 1 kW/m3. The simulation results have been presented in terms of mean velocity components, turbulent kinetic energy and dissipation rate. On the basis of the flow patterns, these eleven crystallizers have been compared for crystal size distribution (CSD). It was found that Swenson Evaporative, Krystal and Batch Vacuum provide relatively low CSD.
Influence of a perpendicular liquid flow on a cleaning process using 20 kHz ultrasound: Characterization of the agitation at vicinity of the surface opposite to the transducer
Authors: Mazue Gérald , Viennet Rémy , Hihn Jean‐Yves , Bonnet Dimitri , Barthes Magali , Bailly Yannick , Albaïna Ignaki 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThis work is part of a project consisting of the development of an automatic cleaning station for the immersed part of boats. This self‐service station combines ultrasound for washing with a specific water treatment. Since, in this case, displacement of the transducers plus suction of the dirt removed induce circulation, we need to measure the ultrasound activity which reaches the surface despite the disruptions. The goal of this work is to quantify this ultrasound activity. For this purpose, a specific lab‐scale equipment was designed and built. Two methods were implemented for quantification of the ultrasound activity: Particle Image Velocimetry and electrochemical mass transfer measurements. From electrochemical measurements, a parietal velocity was calculated and found to be consistent with velocities obtained from both flow rate and PIV measurements in silent conditions. Moreover, it was found that, even in the presence of a liquid flow perpendicular to the main direction of propagation of ultrasound, contribution of ultrasound to the agitation on the opposite wall remained noticeable. Nevertheless, results showed that the main activity was concentrated in the area close to the transducer. Thus, to maximize the cleaning process, small distances must be maintained between the cleaning tool and the boat hull.
Crystal growth of sapphire for substrates for high‐brightness, light emitting diodes
Authors: Bruni Frank J. 
Published: September 2014

Sapphire has emerged as the preferred substrate for high‐brightness, light emitting diodes (HB‐LEDs) made with a GaN epilayer. While the growth of most crystalline materials for electronic and laser applications normally converges onto a single, preferred method—Czochralski growth for silicon, lithium niobate and YAG (yttrium aluminum garnet), vertical gradient freeze (VGF) and Liquid Encapsulated Czochralski (LEC) for GaAs crystals (depending upon current density and device application), vapor transport for SiC, for example—a wide range of processes are employed for sapphire growth. These include Czochralski, Kyropoulos, EFG (Edge‐defined, Film‐fed Growth), Bagdasarov, classical Bridgman and several variants of Bridgman such as HEM (Heat Exchanger Method) and CHES (Controlled Heat Extraction System).This variety of approaches to grow crystals of what is basically the same material reflects a balance between acceptable defect levels, the costs of downstream fabrication steps such as wire sawing, and the wafer diameters demanded by the market. Each process has advantages and disadvantages. The Kyropoulos method, for example, probably yields crystals with the lowest defect levels, while EFG eliminates the wire sawing stage of wafer fabrication which is a major cost factor. Large sapphire crystals grown by HEM are frequently oxygen deficient, and a‐axis Czochralski crystals have higher dislocation densities than Kyropoulos boules.Facet formation on the c‐plane is an important criterion in selecting the growth methodology for sapphire. However, we will show that melt grown sapphire crystals have a curved interface that passes through other facet planes, and this can impact the growth process.In this paper we will summarize the various crystal growth methods currently employed to grow sapphire, discuss the strengths and weaknesses of each approach and also discuss the often overlooked thermodynamic aspects of this high‐temperature crystal growth process. We will attempt to show the long‐term trends in the evolution of the various growth processes and predict the ultimate winner of the contest to supply substrates.
Linking bioregulatory systems: Reciprocal autonomic activation predicts sleep over 1 year in middle childhood
Authors: Erath Stephen , El‐Sheikh Mona 
Published: September 2014

ABSTRACTThis study examined reactivity to social‐evaluative stress in the parasympathetic (PNS) and sympathetic (SNS) branches of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) as prospective predictors of sleep in middle childhood. Participants included 339 children (M age = 9 years and 5 months at T1; 54% female; 64% European American, 36% African American). Sleep efficiency, sleep minutes, and variability in sleep onset time were assessed with actigraphy for seven consecutive nights at T1 and 1 year later at T2. Respiratory sinus arrhythmia reactivity (RSAR) and skin conductance level reactivity (SCLR) were assessed in response to a developmentally salient social‐evaluative stress task at T1. Controlling for demographic variables and the respective sleep parameter at T1, the interaction between RSAR and SCLR predicted T2 sleep efficiency and sleep minutes. Consistent with the hypothesized role of reciprocal sympathetic activation (higher SCLR) and parasympathetic withdrawal (higher RSAR), higher RSAR predicted higher sleep efficiency and sleep minutes among children with higher SCLR but not lower SCLR. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 57: 17–24, 2015.
Demographic variation in the U.K. serotine bat: filling gaps in knowledge for management
Authors: Chauvenet Alienor L. M. , Hutson Anthony M. , Smith Graham C. , Aegerter James N. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractSpecies of conservation concern, or those in conflict with man, are most efficiently managed with an understanding of their population dynamics. European bats exemplify the need for successful and cost‐effective management for both reasons, often simultaneously. Across Europe, bats are protected, and the concept of Favourable Conservation Status (FCS) is used as a key tool for the assessment and licensing of disruptive actions to populations. However, for efficient decision‐making, this assessment requires knowledge on the demographic rates and long‐term dynamics of populations. We used capture–mark–recapture to describe demographic rates for the Serotine bat (Eptesicus serotinus) at two sites in England and investigate the transition rates between three stages: juveniles, immatures, and breeders. We then use these rates in an individual‐based population dynamics model to investigate the expected trajectories for both populations. Our results demonstrate for the first time the presence and scale of temporal variation in this species' demography. We describe the lengthy prereproductive period (3.5 years) that female Serotines experience. Finally, we show how site‐specific variation in demographic rates can produce divergent population trajectories. Effective management of European bat populations can be achieved through the understanding of life histories, and local demographic rates and population dynamics, in order to anticipate the presence of source and sink sites in the landscape. Using the Serotine bat in England, we show that these can be obtained from rigorous and systematic studies of long‐term demographic datasets.
Synthesis of Co/Ni Unitary‐ or Binary‐Doped CeO2 Mesoporous Nanospheres and Their Catalytic Performance for CO Oxidation
Authors: Liu Xiufang , Han Lu , Liu Wei , Yang Yanzhao 
Published: September 2014

AbstractIn this paper, pure ceria, ceria doped with transition metal ions (Co2+, Ni2+), and Co/Ni binary‐doped ceria mesoporous notched hollow nanospheres were prepared from a one‐step solvothermal synthesis. By introducing metal ions, the composition can be freely manipulated. The morphologies and crystalline structures of the products were characterized in detail by XRD, TEM, SEM, and HRTEM. The surface compositions of the as‐prepared ceria samples were detected by Raman spectroscopy, energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectrometry (EDS), and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The surface areas and pore‐size distributions of the as‐obtained doped ceria mesoporous nanospheres were investigated by N2 adsorption–desorption measurements. Temperature‐programmed reduction measurements under H2 (H2‐TPR) showed the better reduction behavior of the doped ceria samples. Preliminary CO catalytic oxidation experiments indicated that the doped ceria samples showed strikingly higher catalytic activity, owing to the intrinsic surface defects of the samples. In addition, the as‐obtained ceria nanospheres can be used as excellent supports for gold nanoparticles to remove CO by catalytic oxidation; therefore, they demonstrate a promising potential in environmental remediation. This one‐step synthesis is a versatile approach and it could be extended to other binary or ternary metal oxide systems.
Six‐Membered Ring Formation from Lewis Acid Promoted Reactions of 2‐Substituted 2‐Alkenyl Amides and Esters of Ethenetricarboxylate
Authors: Yamazaki Shoko , Ueda Kohta , Fukushima Yugo , Ogawa Akiya , Kakiuchi Kiyomi 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThe Lewis acid promoted reactions of 2‐substituted 2‐propenyl amides and the 2‐methylbuta‐2,3‐dienyl ester of ethenetricarboxylate have been examined. The reactions of 2‐substituted 2‐propenyl amides with AlCl3 gave 2‐oxo‐5,6‐dehydropiperidines as the major products. The reaction of 2‐methylbuta‐2,3‐dienyl ester with Lewis acids such as AlCl3 and SnCl4 gave 2‐oxo‐3,6‐dihydropyran as the major product. The preference for six‐ over five‐membered‐ring formation was observed.
Downstream effects of stream flow diversion on channel characteristics and riparian vegetation in the Colorado Rocky Mountains, USA
Authors: Caskey Simeon T. , Blaschak Tyanna S. , Wohl Ellen , Schnackenberg Elizabeth , Merritt David M. , Dwire Kathleen A. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractFlow diversions are widespread and numerous throughout the semi‐arid mountains of the western United States. Diversions vary greatly in their structure and ability to divert water, but can alter the magnitude and duration of base and peak flows, depending upon their size and management. Channel geometry and riparian plant communities have adapted to unique hydrologic and geomorphic conditions existing in the areas subject to fluvial processes. We use geomorphic and vegetation data from low‐gradient (≤3%) streams in the Rocky Mountains of north‐central Colorado to assess potential effects of diversion. Data were collected at 37 reaches, including 16 paired upstream and downstream reaches and five unpaired reaches. Channel geometry data were derived from surveys of bankfull channel dimensions and substrate. Vegetation was sampled using a line‐point intercept method along transects oriented perpendicular to the channel, with a total of 100 sampling points per reach. Elevation above and distance from the channel were measured at each vegetation sampling point to analyze differences in lateral and vertical zonation of plant communities between upstream and downstream reaches.Geomorphic data were analyzed using mixed effects models. Bankfull width, depth, and cross‐sectional area decreased downstream from diversions. Vegetation data were analyzed using biological diversity metrics, richness, evenness and diversity, as well as multivariate community analysis. Evenness increased downstream from diversions, through reduced frequency of wetland indicator species and increased frequency of upland indicator species. Probability of occurrence for upland species downstream of a diversion increases at a greater rate beginning around 0·5 m above active channel. The results suggest that channel morphology and riparian plant communities along low‐gradient reaches in montane environments in the Colorado Rocky Mountains are impacted by diversion‐induced flow alteration, with the net effect of simplifying and narrowing the channel and homogenizing and terrestrializing riparian plant communities. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Seasonal and year-to-year variation of mercury concentration in perch (Perca fluviatilis) in boreal lakes
Authors: Braaten Hans Fredrik Veiteberg , Fjeld Eirik , Rognerud Sigurd , Lund Espen , Larssen Thorjørn 
Published: September 2014

Abstract

The authors examined the seasonal and year-to-year variations of mercury (Hg) concentrations in populations of perch (Perca fluviatilis) from 2 boreal freshwater lakes in southeast Norway. Fish Hg concentrations were determined seasonally (spring, summer, and autumn) over 3 yr (2010, 2011, and 2012) to test the hypothesis that there are substantial changes in fish Hg concentrations during the year (seasonal variation) as well as annually. Concentrations were significantly (p &lt; 0.0001) different in the 2 study lakes, with mean seasonal concentrations varying from 0.24 mg/kg to 0.36 mg/kg and from 0.29 mg/kg to 0.37 mg/kg, respectively. The Hg concentrations of both perch populations showed significant year-to-year (p &lt; 0.0001) and seasonal variation (p &lt; 0.01). The changing fish Hg concentrations were 25% and 28% (2010–2011) and 17% and 0% (2011–2012) in the 2 lakes over the 3 yr, respectively. The results demonstrate how the significant year-to-year increase is, among other variables, related to changes in trophic position, shown through stable nitrogen (δ15N) isotope data. The seasonal variation is related to summer growth dilution. The results highlight the clear need for yearly studies of fish Hg concentrations, rather than the 3-yr cycle suggested by current European policy through the Water Framework Directive. The lack of yearly sampling may result in erroneous conclusions regarding fish Hg concentration time trends. Environ Toxicol Chem 2014;33:2661–2670. © 2014 SETAC
A necklace model for vesicles simulations in 2D
Authors: Ismail Mourad , Lefebvre‐Lepot Aline 
Published: September 2014

SUMMARYThe aim of this paper is to propose a new numerical model to simulate 2D vesicles interacting with a Newtonian fluid. The inextensible membrane is modeled by a chain of circular rigid particles, which are maintained in cohesion by using two different types of forces. First, a spring force is imposed between neighboring particles in the chain. Second, in order to model the bending of the membrane, each triplet of successive particles is submitted to an angular force.Numerical simulations of vesicles in shear flow have been run using FEM and the FreeFem++ software. Exploring different ratios of inner and outer viscosities, we recover the well‐known ‘tank‐treading’ and ‘tumbling’ motions predicted by a theory and experiments. Moreover, for the first time, 2D simulations of the ‘vacillating‐breathing’ regime without special ingredient such as thermal fluctuations are recovered. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.