bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Accurate Geometric Well Placement of the First ERD Producer Well Drilled From the Artificial Island in UAE
Authors: Elgizawy M. , Grini M. , Al Junaibi H. , Rachi H. , Chandran K. , Adewumi F. , Day T. , Batu A. 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
Accurate wellbore geometric placement is fundamental to achieve the objective of maximizing hydrocarbon production and recovery. It is especially essential in real time to drill complex 3D well trajectories that penetrate multiple thin geological targets. Accurate placement is also critical to avoid catastrophic subsurface collision of nearby offset wells. This is critical in particular in this gigantic field with over 800 wells drilled by two different operators with several hundreds more wells to follow.
Almost all Bottom Hole Assemblies (BHA) run in this field include a Measurement-While-Drilling (MWD) survey tool to survey the wellbore while drilling. The MWD is a magnetic survey tool that is subject to errors that limit the magnetic survey accuracy. One of the main sources of error is the variation in the local magnetic field due to the crustal anomalies in this field. The magnetic surveys can provide an accurate geometric well placement by incorporating the knowledge of the local magnetic field disturbance to the main geomagnetic field model and by compensating for the drill-string magnetic interference.
The Geomagnetic Referencing Service (GRS) technique based on magnetic surveys was introduced in this field. This technique utilizes the local magnetic data that is measured over the field by acquiring a high-definition airborne gravity and magnetic survey. The accuracy of the geometric well trajectory of the first oil producer well is compared between the MWD, cased gyroscopic and GRS surveys and the advantage of the GRS is presented.
The benefits of applying GRS in real-time while drilling is paramount, where it provides an accurate well position in real time when corrections to the well trajectory are still possible. It prevents the costly sidetracks if the post drilling gyroscopic survey shows the well has missed its target. In most cases, GRS is an alternative to the gyroscopic surveys where it provides magnetic survey accuracy that is comparable to the casing gyroscopic survey tools. Hence, it saves the cost and risk of running gyroscopic survey tool as well as the cost of the extra rig time required to run a gyroscopic tool after drilling.
A Comprehensive Risk Management Review Related to the Application of Low Salinity EOR Process in Offshore Carbonates Reservoirs.
Authors: Al Busafi Badar S. , Draoui Elyes , Al-Hendi Ahmed 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
This paper sheds some light on the emerging EOR recovery mechanism related to modified ionic design of the injected water, sometimes referred to as low salinity or smart water EOR process. Many laboratory water-flooding experiments have been conducted with mixed outcomes on the benefit of the technology. Relative to the existing field applications in sandstones, this technology is less mature in carbonates. Many researchers support the theory that this process is very complex in carbonates and chemical reactions within productions time-scale are not well-understood. The literature lacks the connection between what researchers address in laboratory work and considerations for full-field applications. Therefore, this work aims to bridge some gaps between what is considered in experiments and what is relative to full-field applications.
The paper offers a comprehensive review of the risk management framework related to the application of Low Salinity EOR process in offshore carbonates reservoirs in the UAE. Some risks/opportunities related to subsurface, flow assurance, surface facilities and operations will be addressed. The work presents an example of a risk matrix and remedial actions that must be considered during the design phase. For example, the root causes of souring, scaling, anhydrite participation, nepthenate solid precipitation and divalent cation migration will be presented and their possible impact on flow assurance will be addressed during the application of the low salinity flooding on different types of carbonate rocks. Furthermore, uncertainties related to pore-volume contact to reach the threshold salinity, temperature/cooling impact and chemical modelling limitations are addressed and related to the quantifications of the technology benefits as the study evolves from lab work, field trials and eventually to full-field applications. With such visibility of the full spectrum of the technology impact, laboratory experiments can be tuned with the focus to minimize specific risks and maximize benefits to the addressed field.
3D Geomechanical Models Inverted From Pre-Stack Seismic Data
Authors: Azevedo Leonardo , Nunes Ruben , Pereira Maria João , Soares Amílcar , Guerreiro Luis , Caeiro Maria Helena 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
In order to optimize the development plans of complex, and unconventional, oil and gas reservoirs it is essential to achieve reliable 3D geomechanical models. These models need to comprise the description of the subsurface geology (e.g. lithologies and petro-elastic properties) and simultaneously the in-situ stress fields affecting the reservoir. Currently, the available geomechanical models are often too simplistic and built based exclusively on sparse well-log data. Therefore, they do not translate properly the complexities and heterogeneities of the subsurface geology for the entire reservoir area. We present herein a novel approach to model seismic-driven 3D geomechanical models based on geostatistical seismic AVO inversion. This novel iterative geostatistical inversion methodology allows retrieving density, P-wave and S-wave velocity models from where dynamic moduli properties can be calculated. The resulting models are then used to derive horizontal and vertical stress field models. It is important to highlight that the resulting seismic-driven 3D geomechanical models are simultaneously conditioned locally at the well locations by previously modeled 1D geomechanical models and by the available seismic reflection data for the rest of the reservoir area. The proposed workflow has been successfully tested on synthetic and real pre-stack seismic data. The synthetic example shows that the resulting high resolution inverse elastic models, as well as the dynamic moduli properties, match the real ones. The inverted petro-elastic models derived from the real pre-stack seismic data allowed a better characterization and management of the reservoir in study.
Failure of Internally Coated Fusion Bonded Epoxy in Water Injection Flowlines
Authors: Luqman Abdulla , Nour Maher M. 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
The failure of internally coated fusion bonded epoxy that occurred in ADCO's Water Injection Flowlines was investigated. These lines were made of Carbon Steel and were internally lined with Fusion Bonded Epoxy. There was a separation of the Positive Seal Coupling (PSC) accompanied by the detachment of the coating from the flowline. The PSC was inspected and sent for further investigation. Thermal expansion of stressed line, improper burial of line and the extensive de-bonding of the internal FBE coating were the possible causes for the PSC failure.
Later, another two lines, commissioned and constructed by the same contractor, failed. This time no PSC failure occurred, which left the disbondment of the internal FBE coating to blame and to be further investigated. Pipe samples, both used and unused, were sent to an independent laboratory for (1) visual examination, (2) coating thickness measurements, (3) holiday testing and (4) coating adhesion testing. The holiday test on the unused pipe samples was found to have some holidays. This suggested that the coating had peeled off at pinhole locations, where water permeation was able to occur and assist in the formation of corrosion products. This would easily cause this failure to occur.
Other possible causes may have been; incorrect surface profile of the metal surface, possible contamination products during the surface preparation or even the degradation of the coating itself. This investigation lead ADCO to change its practice with Water Injection Flowlines and adopt the use of bare Carbon Steel Pipes with 3mm Corrosion Allowance in addition to continuous injection of Corrosion Inhibitor.
This paper describes the different investigation techniques used and the methodologies of identifying the problem leading to future plan of action along with correction.
ICD Well History and Future Use in Giant Offshore Oilfield, Abu Dhabi
Authors: Edmonstone Graham , Kofoed Curtis , Jackson Alfred , Parihar Shardul , Alvarez Adriana , Mumtaz Saad , Abdouche Ghassan , Shuchart Chris , Mayer Christian , Troshko Andrey 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
As part of the Islands Project which involves the use of 4 artificial islands to drill & complete over 300 ERD wells in a giant offshore oilfield, several completion designs have been piloted to test & monitor their suitability for the brownfield development.
One well design incorporated the use of Inflow Control Devices (ICDs) & swell packers which was ZADCO's first use of such technology in a production well. The technology was installed in the pilot well to test in-flow control along a 10,000ft lateral & to manage future water production.
The Paper will cover:
The design of the well detailing the ICD configurations & swell packer arrangements providing 15 compartments along the reservoir section, The inflow performance recorded annually along the lateral showing differing results, The outcome of an extensive intervention program in 2013 utilising different logging tools to record internal & external data, live camera to view condition in low water cut well & venturi tool to recover downhole samples that concluded the mechanical failure of ICDs in the heel, The extensive post-failure investigation undertaken such as extensive review of installed ICD design, flow assurance, computational fluid dynamic (CFD) simulations, laboratory testing for different conditions & materials, comparison of modelled with actual data to determine failure mode & The way forward for future ICD installations with initial short term solution & plans for future long term design solutions to give a required 30 year life.
Enhanced Interpretation Of Salt-Related Structures In Abu Dhabi Using Improved Seismic Data Processing And Interpretation Techniques
Authors: Obaid Khalid , Neves Fernando , Mahgoub Mohamed , Taher Ahmed , Noufal Abdelwahab , Matarid Tarek , Inoue Hiroyuki 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
In recent years, advanced and integrated seismic processing and interpretation workflows have been adopted in ADNOC. The application of new processing routines to legacy seismic data has shown to be valuable in improving the quality of the seismic data. This improvement has had a positive impact on our understanding of complex geological settings, in particular in areas where salt movement has had an influence on the structural framework of the field.
In this paper, case studies are presented for salt-related structures in Abu Dhabi. Salt structures have been classified into three classes according to their complexity and each of these classes asks for a different type of seismic data volume and a different interpretation workflow. With the help of better reprocessed seismic data and seismic attribute analysis, complex structural uncertainties are better appraised, allowing less operational problems in wells due to drilling through faults and more optimal field development plans.
Flare Stacks Integrity Management: GASCO Approach
Authors: Al Awadhi Ibrahim , Chaudhary Sumit , Rahim Nasheed Ur 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
Guy wire supported flare stacks, Seven Numbers, in GASCO-Ruwais NGL plant are in service for more than three decades. The stacks and wire ropes sustaining them in position were mainly designed for a life of 20 years & subjected primarily to visual inspections (on-stream / during shutdown).
Consequently, stack structural integrity may be compromised causing costly downtime & possible fatal injuries which is more relevant in Ruwais area since continuing deterioration of aging wire rope / stack is a major problem in marine environments. Any flare related failure / unplanned downtime may disrupt operations, lower customer confidence & damage company's HSE reputation along with revenue reduction.
Accordingly, an online state of art integrity management approach has been adopted to mitigate threats to stack integrity since visual inspection only proves to be inadequate especially for assessing guy wire condition. Main elements of this online strategy are:
Guy wire tensioning/ flare stack verticality checks: Done annually & proactive recommendations issued. Electromagnetic inspection of guy wires (Remote operated Magnetic Flux Leakage): Detection of Loss of Metallic Cross Section / Local Faults caused by internal wear etc done & condition based proactive recommendations issued. Activity done every five under 5 year business plan. Optical imaging of flare stacks & thermal imaging of flare tip using remote operated unmanned aerial vehicle: Assess flare tip condition (esp hot spots) during operation by thermal imaging & evaluate coating damage / external corrosion (esp above flare stack platforms) by optical imaging.
Based on survey findings & past reports assessment, a flare stack refurbishment strategy is being proposed. Additionally, as per findings of finite element based stack design appraisal, corrective actions are executed to extend life of stacks by another 20 years.
Application of Vacuum Forces by Utilizing Reservoir or Available Inherent Energy of the Process Fluid to Maximize Production & Minimize Environmental Impact
Authors: Chockalingam Esakkimuthu , Baratam Gangadhar 
Published: December 2014

Abstract

Summary:
Vacuum is a negative pressure force generated due to space devoid of matter either partially (Partial vacuum) or entirely (absolute vacuum). Vacuum plays vital role in the research field of chemistry, biology and physics. It is also indispensible in many industrial applications. Generally Vacuum can be generated by equipment's called vacuum ejectors, displacement and kinetic pumps. Vacuum ejectors are special static equipment's can utilize the available energy in the oil and gas reservoir or process. In Some applications available pressure energy from reservoir fluids and compressor discharge pipeline are wasted through chokes and other pressure reduction devices (Recycle flow control or pressure let down controls) which can be exploited to generate vacuum forces by utilizing ejectors. Ejectors are simple and portable static equipment's works by venture principle. By using ejector to create vacuum forces, underutilized or inherent pressure forces generally wasted are used to boost or resume production by lowering well head flowing pressures. This technique avoids oil and gas flaring during well unloading & clean out operation, applied in the field of flare gas recovery, environment sensitive carbon foot print reduction as well. Utilizing Ejectors or Gas jet pumps are the promising technology to tap the hidden available energy in the field of oil and gas. This technology can be considered particularly in place of wellhead compression, Unloading well & Flow to clean operation using atmosphere flaring packages, addition of other equipment's which needs work done through environmentally damaging conventional energy sources. This technology is best suited and can be applied to boost production or recover oil and gas, prevent high sour gas flaring, remote applications of fields which are having multiple reservoirs with different pressure, flow and fluid profile. Economical, environment, convenience of remote handling are some of the advantages which makes them very attractive and are not fully exploited in oil and gas E&P business.
Challenges and Achievements in Safe Sampling and Accurate Analysis of Sour Gas
Authors: Veerakumar Ukkirapandian , Ali Jasim Josham , Abbas Ahmad 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
Sour gas contains hydrocarbons ranging from C1 up to C9+, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen sulfide etc and its composition depends on the source, operating conditions etc. A novel technique of sample collection with strict safety regulations and adequate protective equipments is implemented to avoid exposure to toxic H2S gas. Right configuration of sampling point connected to flare system with control valves and tools help us to extract a representative sample without any leak into atmosphere. An extended training in handling such toxic gas is provided to the staff performing sample collection and analysis. The conventional method for analysis of sour gas composition is GPA 2261 using gas chromatograph which is inadequate and the gas composition is incorrect due to fractionation or condensation of heavier fractions.
We have changed the configuration of the gas chromatograph adapted a modern technique of sample stabilization using a temperature controlled oven and enabled automatic injection of several samples through programmed sequential operation. The results show good repeatability and high sensitivity for heavier fractions and other components. The equipment is calibrated before testing the sample with a primary standard of known composition. The results of both detectors (TCD for inert and permanent gases and FID for hydrocarbons) are combined using i-pentane and n-pentane as bridge compounds and calculated the relative response factors for each component and the gas composition.
Applying the novel techniques of designing proper sample points, using right tools and modern instrumentation, we could ensure that the sample is homogeneous and representative of the bulk supply in plant. We could completely eliminate exposure to toxic H2S gas by using appropriate personnel protective equipments and avoid any leak in to atmosphere by connecting it to flare. Changes in the configuration of gas chromatograph, test conditions and parameters helped us to improve the accuracy and precision of measurement.
"ISO 50001-Energy Management Systems Accreditation, ADCO Safeguards the Environment with Efficient Energy Utilization"
Authors: Daoud Mohamed , Zamzam Montaser , Helmy Ayman , Rageh Adnan 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
Hydrocarbons will remain essential to global economic development and prosperity for decades to come. Meeting rising energy demand needs to be reconciled with the goals of energy security and environmental protection. Energy efficiency and conservation can make a major contribution to moving the world onto a more sustainable energy path. Most of the potential for saving energy lies with end users, however the oil and gas industry continues to invest heavily in further improving the energy efficiency of its own operations, reducing waste and helping final consumers to use less fuel. Major challenges remain, notably in countering the increased use of energy to exploit less accessible crude oil resources and to meet tougher fuel-quality standards. The oil and gas industry, as a stakeholder in the energy debate, will play its part in further promoting rational energy use all along the supply chain for the good of everyone.
Energy management system is important for any company's decision makers to have important information on how to identify trending in energy use for its operations. This helps major decision makers of a company to be able to generate sound conclusions and prepare for consequences.
This paper looks at the energy used by the oil and gas industry in general and focuses on ADCO journey in managing the energy within its operations and assets and its developed energy management system.
Multiphase Flow Performance of Inflow Control Devices – Characterizing Downhole Flow Behavior in Lab Experiments
Authors: Mayer C. S. , Spiecker P. M. , Shuchart C. E. , Burkey R. , Ufford A. , Brysch J. 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
In recent years, the industry has been pushing the application window for inflow control technology, e.g. inflow control devices (ICDs), to harsher environments, including low-permeability formation rock, high-rate stimulation, and stricter inflow conformance for improved reservoir management. These trends result in significantly increased pressure drops and flow velocities across the equipment leading to an increased failure risk due to mechanical limitations and higher erosion/corrosion potential, as recently observed in a Middle East application. To understand long-term reliability of the equipment, accurate predictions of ICD performance are crucial.
This paper presents the initial part of a comprehensive program to characterize the performance and operational envelope of commonly available ICDs. The focus of the current work is on two-phase (immiscible liquid) flow performance testing using water and three oil viscosities (2–60 cP at a test temperature of 200 °F) and on single-phase gas testing using nitrogen. As a test sample, a 6-5/8 inch liner is used with perforation diameters similar to commonly available ICD nozzle sizes. For the two-phase flow testing, data for five different water cuts and five pressure drops for all three viscosities will be presented, while for the single-phase gas testing, performance correlations for several upstream pressures and five different ratios of upstream to downstream pressure will be discussed. The detailed experimental setup and the testing methods will be outlined in order to highlight the necessary factors that need to be considered to approximate downhole flow behavior in a laboratory environment. Moreover, the results will help to establish standardized testing procedures for inflow control devices in order to provide operators reliable data mandatory for ICD completion design, long-term well performance and completion lifetime predictions.
Developing A Field with Asphaltenes Risks: From Diagnosis to Cure
Authors: Rondon-Gonzalez Marianna , Kane Moussa , Quintero Carlos , Passade-Boupat Nicolas , Zhou Honggang 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
We follow step-by-step the course of a new development, from a fluids and production chemistry perspective, focusing specifically on asphaltenes. Information and data from reservoir geochemistry, PVT, fluids characterization are combined to estimate and locate asphaltenes fouling risks all the way from downhole through the process and up to export.
The overall workflow (characterization techniques, risk assessment method, selection of mitigation or prevention measures) provides a framework for dealing with fields with asphaltenes issues.
The asphaltenes risk assessment is based on an in-house method, which we will describe. This method uses PVT properties of the live oil and an easy asphaltene characterization procedure ('ASCI rating'). Further investigation is limited only to fluids which present a real risk of precipitation.
By implementing the approach developed we were able to attain a balanced estimation of the risks (linked to the fluids themselves and their compatibility, but also to certain process choices) and to propose appropriate mitigation measures. Chemical treatment with asphaltenes inhibitors was suggested for this field. For selecting the chemical, a capillary blocking experiment was developed, a technique believed to be better suited than the conventional tube flocculation test. In those places where the specific process itself created an increased risk, a careful analysis of re-dissolution effects showed that the system was ‘self-healing’.