bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Muscle area estimation from cortical bone
Authors: Slizewski Astrid , Schönau Eckhard , Shaw Colin , Harvati Katerina 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTThis article investigates the relationship between the cortical bone of the radius and the muscle area of the forearm. The aim of this study was to develop a method for muscle area estimation from cortical bone area at 65% of radius length where the muscle area at the forearm is largest. Muscle area and cortical area were measured directly in vivo by peripheral Quantitative Computed Tomography (pQCT). We found significant correlations between muscle area and cortical area (r = 0.881) in the forearm that are in line with previous studies. We have set up a regression model by testing relevant parameters such as age, sex, forearm length, and stature that were all highly correlated to muscle area. The influence of age and sex on the proportion of muscle area to cortical area is strong and potentially related to the effects of testosterone and estrogen on the muscle‐bone‐unit. Muscle area estimation from cortical bone is possible with a Percent Standard Error of Estimate (%SEE) ranging from 12.03% to 14.83%, depending on the parameters available and the age and sex of the individual. Muscle area estimation from cortical bone can provide new information for the study of skeletal and/or fossil human remains. Anat Rec, 296:1695–1707, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Segmentation features and structural organization of the intrapulmonary artery of the yak
Authors: Zhou Jinxing , Yu Sijiu , He Junfeng , Cui Yan 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTThis study aims to systematically investigate intrapulmonary artery segmentation, blood vessel wall characteristics and structure organization, and the interrelation between intrapulmonary artery structure and plateau hypoxia adaptation in yak. The normal intrapulmonary artery structure of the yak had been studied using histological methods and transmission electron microscopy. The intrapulmonary artery of the yak was also examined using morphometric analysis and angiography. Results showed that the elastic intrapulmonary artery is divided into two types, namely, classical and transitional elastic segments. The muscular intrapulmonary artery is divided into three types, namely, transitional, classical muscular, and muscular arteriole segments. In the transitional elastic artery, elastic fibers and smooth muscles are linked through three models of ends, lateral branches, and branch tops. Two phenomena are possible for the transition from the elastic intrapulmonary artery to the muscular artery. One phenomenon postulates that a less elastic membrane is first increased and then suddenly decreased, and another supposes that the elastic membrane is gradually reduced and assembled in one to two layers before entering the transitional muscular artery. The smooth muscle of the intrapulmonary artery tunica media had more apophysis; it was physically connected with elastic membrane or fiber and composed of functionally resilient unit of the intrapulmonary arterial wall. Glycogenosomes increased in the muscular intrapulmonary artery smooth muscle cells. It exist one to two layers intact smooth muscle in intrapulmonary arteriole, the presence of intact smooth muscle in the intrapulmonary arteriole of the yak is a kind of structure adaptation to low‐oxygen environment. Anat Rec, 296:1775–1788, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Periodontal Tissue Engineering Strategies Based on Nonoral Stem Cells
Authors: Requicha João Filipe , Viegas Carlos Alberto , Muñoz Fernando , Reis Rui Luís , Gomes Manuela Estima 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTPeriodontal disease is an inflammatory disease which constitutes an important health problem in humans due to its enormous prevalence and life threatening implications on systemic health. Routine standard periodontal treatments include gingival flaps, root planning, application of growth/differentiation factors or filler materials and guided tissue regeneration. However, these treatments have come short on achieving regeneration ad integrum of the periodontium, mainly due to the presence of tissues from different embryonic origins and their complex interactions along the regenerative process. Tissue engineering (TE) aims to regenerate damaged tissue by providing the repair site with a suitable scaffold seeded with sufficient undifferentiated cells and, thus, constitutes a valuable alternative to current therapies for the treatment of periodontal defects. Stem cells from oral and dental origin are known to have potential to regenerate these tissues. Nevertheless, harvesting cells from these sites implies a significant local tissue morbidity and low cell yield, as compared to other anatomical sources of adult multipotent stem cells. This manuscript reviews studies describing the use of non‐oral stem cells in tissue engineering strategies, highlighting the importance and potential of these alternative stem cells sources in the development of advanced therapies for periodontal regeneration. Anat Rec, 297:6–15. 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Retinal Stem Cells and Regeneration of Vision System
Authors: Yip Henry K. 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTThe vertebrate retina is a well‐characterized model for studying neurogenesis. Retinal neurons and glia are generated in a conserved order from a pool of mutlipotent progenitor cells. During retinal development, retinal stem/progenitor cells (RPC) change their competency over time under the influence of intrinsic (such as transcriptional factors) and extrinsic factors (such as growth factors). In this review, we summarize the roles of these factors, together with the understanding of the signaling pathways that regulate eye development. The information about the interactions between intrinsic and extrinsic factors for retinal cell fate specification is useful to regenerate specific retinal neurons from RPCs. Recent studies have identified RPCs in the retina, which may have important implications in health and disease. Despite the recent advances in stem cell biology, our understanding of many aspects of RPCs in the eye remains limited. PRCs are present in the developing eye of all vertebrates and remain active in lower vertebrates throughout life. In mammals, however, PRCs are quiescent and exhibit very little activity and thus have low capacity for retinal regeneration. A number of different cellular sources of RPCs have been identified in the vertebrate retina. These include PRCs at the retinal margin, pigmented cells in the ciliary body, iris, and retinal pigment epithelium, and Müller cells within the retina. Because PRCs can be isolated and expanded from immature and mature eyes, it is possible now to study these cells in culture and after transplantation in the degenerated retinal tissue. We also examine current knowledge of intrinsic RPCs, and human embryonic stems and induced pluripotent stem cells as potential sources for cell transplant therapy to regenerate the diseased retina. Anat Rec, 297:137–160. 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Leptin Induces Terminal Differentiation of Rat Annulus Fibrosus Cells via Activation of MAPK Signaling
Authors: Ding Wei , Zhao Changqing , Cao Lei , Zhang Kai , Sun Wei , Xie Youzhuanu , Li Hua , Zhao Jie 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTBoth leptin and its receptor are expressed in rat annulus fibrosus (AF) cells. However, little is known about their role and mechanism during disc degeneration. The mitogen activating protein kinase (MAPK) pathway which mediates leptin‐induced terminal differentiation of rat AF cells was analyzed using PCR, Western‐blot and immunocytochemistry. It was found that leptin‐induced AF cells terminal differentiation, which may be attributed to upregulated p38 and ERK1/2 phosphorylation, however, JNK phosphorylation was not observed. Specific inhibitors of p38 or ERK1/2, but not JNK, could inhibit the stimulative activity of leptin on collagen X and MMP‐13 protein levels. This study, for the first time, shows that the MAPK pathway, especially p38 and ERK1/2 signaling, plays a distinct role in leptin‐induced AF cells terminal differentiation. Anat Rec, 296:1806–1812, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Functional Tissue Engineering of the Liver and Islets
Authors: Ohashi Kazuo , Okano Teruo 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTCell‐based therapies by using hepatocytes and islets have recently been evaluated as a new therapeutic modality for patients with many forms of liver diseases and insulin‐deficient diabetes mellitus. In most of the recently conducted clinical trials, cells have been delivered into liver vasculatures by infusing them through the portal circulation. More recently, tissue engineering–based approaches have spurred significant interests, using hepatocytes and islets in which small but functional new tissues would be created in vivo. Under circumstances in which a higher level of cell engraftment could be obtained, these approaches could provide therapeutic effects. Considerable efforts have been given to sustaining engineered tissues and maintaining their therapeutic effects. This review highlights several strategies that can achieve a higher level of cell survival for creating new functional liver and islet tissues. Anat Rec, 297:73–82. 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Tumor‐Specific Cytolysis Caused by an E1B55K‐Attenuated Adenovirus in Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma is Augmented by Cisplatin
Authors: Liu Ran‐Yi , Peng Ji‐Lin , Li Yong‐Qiang , Huang Bi‐Jun , Lin Huan‐Xin , Zhou Ling , Luo Hui‐Ling , Huang Wenlin 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTAn E1B55K‐attenuated adenovirus, dl1520, has been shown to replicate selectively in and lyse tumor cells. In this study, the antitumor activities of dl1520, alone or in combination with the chemotherapeutic agent cisplatin, were investigated in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) cells. The results demonstrated that dl1520 replicated in and destroyed NPC cells, and induced apoptosis in vitro. In a nude mouse xenograft model, dl1520 significantly inhibited the growth of NPC cell xenografts, and the viral replication was associated with tumor regression. Importantly, the antitumor activity of dl1520 was augmented by the addition of cisplatin both in vitro and in vivo, showing that dl1520 and cisplatin have a synergistic anti‐NPC effect. These data suggest that dl1520 exerts an efficient anti‐NPC activity through oncolysis and the induction of apoptosis, which is enhanced synergistically by cisplatin. These findings indicate that oncolytic viral therapeutics using the E1B55K‐attenuated adenovirus dl1520 could be promising in the comprehensive treatment of NPC, especially in combination with platinum‐based chemotherapy. Anat Rec, 296:1833–1841, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Characterization of Primary Cilia Distribution and Morphology During Lactation, Stasis, and Involution in the Bovine Mammary Gland
Authors: Millier Melanie J. , Singh Kuljeet , Poole C. Anthony 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTPrimary cilia are small, sensory organelles projecting from virtually all cells and are vital for cellular and tissue function. Their distribution in bovine mammary tissue has not previously been assessed, despite the potential for these organelles to provide specialized perceptive and regulatory functions to this acutely responsive and adaptive gland. The research objectives were to assess ciliary distribution and morphology during active lactation, milk stasis, and early involution using tissue samples obtained following the abrupt cessation of milk removal in nonpregnant, Friesian dairy cows at mid‐lactation. Routinely processed tissue sections were obtained at intervals from 6 to 192 hr after the last milking (N = 3 animals per group) and assigned to active lactation (6–12 hr), milk stasis (18–36 hr), and early involution (72–192 hr). Primary cilia were observed in luminal secretory epithelial cells (SECs), myoepithelial cells, and stromal cells following fluorescent immunohistochemistry and confocal microscopy. In SECs, some primary cilia appeared deflected against the apical cell membrane. The proportion of those deflected was greater during milk stasis than active lactation. Data show that primary cilia were suitably placed in three important cell types to potentially coordinate various forms of signal transduction relying on both mechanosensation and chemosensation, according to the physical and physiological state of the gland. Their cell‐type distribution and morphology provide new directions in the study of mammary regulation to enhance the understanding of how various mammary‐specific cellular responses may be initiated by biochemical or local biophysical factors. Anat Rec, 296:1943–1953, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Rib Cartilage Characterization in Patients Affected by Pectus Excavatum
Authors: Tocchioni Francesca , Ghionzoli Marco , Calosi Laura , Guasti Daniele , Romagnoli Paolo , Messineo Antonio 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACT Pectus excavatum (PE) is the most frequent anterior chest deformity which may be frequently associated with connective tissue disorders. We performed microscopic analyses to better understand cartilage behavior and obtain clues on its pathogenesis. In 37 PE patients, none with Marfan syndrome, we analyzed costal cartilage by light microscopy, immunohistochemistry and transmission electron microscopy. Control tissue specimens were harvested from four patients without any connective tissue disease. In both control and PE patients, chondrocytes were on the average <15 µm in diameter and occupied <10% of tissue volume; in most cases the extracellular matrix was stained by alcian blue, instead of safranin; no difference between PE and control samples was significant. All samples showed an uneven collagen type II immunolabeling both within the cells and pericellular matrix, and occasionally of the territorial matrix. In all cases numerous cells underwent apoptosis accompanied by matrix condensation as shown by electron microscopy. Our results suggest that matrix composition and the cell number and size of costal cartilage are dependent on the subject and not on the disease; the microscopic organization of cartilage is correlated with the stabilization of the defective shape rather than with the onset of the deformity. Anat Rec, 296:1813–1820, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
To Move or Not to Move: Cranial Joints in European Gekkotans and Lacertids, an Osteological and Histological Perspective
Authors: Mezzasalma Marcello , Maio Nicola , Guarino Fabio Maria 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTLepidosaurs are frequently described as having highly kinetic skulls, and different forms of cranial kinesis have been described as being characteristic of their radiation. The model of amphikinesis proposed by Frazzetta, J Morphol 1962; 111:287–319, which was long considered a synapomorphy of the large suborder Sauria, is now much debated given its uncertain distribution among the various lizard taxa and the lack of data about its morphological correlates. In this article, we analyze the anatomical correlates of different forms of cranial kinesis, with particular regard to the putative saurian amphikinesis, describing the possible diverse skull movements of several species of European gekkotans (Hemidactylus turcicus,Mediodactylus kotschyi, andTarentola mauritanica) and lacertids (Lacerta agilis,L. bilineata,Podarcis muralis,P. siculus, andTeira dugesii). Using serial and whole‐mount histology, we found clear differences between gekkotans and lacertids in the structure of several cranial joints underlining the existence of two degrees of intracranial mobility. The lacertid species possess the anatomical features for streptostyly (quadrate joints) and metakinesis (parietal‐supraoccipital and parabasisphenoid‐pterygoid joints) and lack the anatomical correlates for mesokinesis (mobility of frontal‐parietal and palatine‐pterygoid joints) and amphikinesis (coupled mesokinesis, metakinesis, and streptostyly). In contrast, geckos present all the anatomical correlates for amphikinesis as described by the traditional quadratic crank model. Finally, we present a comprehensive summary of the different forms of squamate cranial kinesis, advancing two alternative hypotheses about the evolutionary origin of amphikinesis. Anat Rec, 297:463–472, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Vomeronasal Complex of Nocturnal Strepsirhines and Implications for the Ancestral Condition in Primates
Authors: Garrett Eva C. , Dennis John C. , Bhatnagar Kunwar P. , Durham Emily L. , Burrows Anne M. , Bonar Christopher J. , Steckler Natalie K. , Morrison Edward E. , Smith Timothy D. 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTThis study investigates the vomeronasal organ in extant nocturnal strepsirhines as a model for ancestral primates. Cadaveric samples from 10 strepsirhine species, ranging from fetal to adult ages, were studied histologically. Dimensions of structures in the vomeronasal complex, such as the vomeronasal neuroepithelium (VNNE) and vomeronasal cartilage (VNC) were measured in serial sections and selected specimens were studied immunohistochemically to determine physiological aspects of the vomeronasal sensory neurons (VSNs). Osteological features corresponding to vomeronasal structures were studied histologically and related to 3‐D CT reconstructions. The VNC consistently rests in a depression on the palatal portion of the maxilla, which we refer to as the vomeronasal groove (VNG). Most age comparisons indicate that in adults VNNE is about twice the length compared with perinatal animals. In VNNE volume, adults are 2‐ to 3‐fold larger compared with perinatal specimens. Across ages, a strong linear relationship exists between VNNE dimensions and body length, mass, and midfacial length. Results indicate that the VNNE of nocturnal strepsirhines is neurogenic postnatally based on GAP43 expression. In addition, based on Olfactory Marker Protein expression, terminally differentiated VSNs are present in the VNNE. Therefore, nocturnal strepsirhines have basic similarities to rodents in growth and maturational characteristics of VSNs. These results indicate that a functional vomeronasal system is likely present in all nocturnal strepsirhines. Finally, given that osteological features such as the VNG are visible on midfacial bones, primate fossils can be assessed to determine whether primate ancestors possessed a vomeronasal complex morphologically similar to that of modern nocturnal strepsirhines. Anat Rec, 296:1881–1894, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Articular Cartilage Regeneration Using Cell Sheet Technology
Authors: Sato Masato , Yamato Masayuki , Hamahashi Kosuke , Okano Teruo , Mochida Joji 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTCartilage damage is typically treated by chondrocyte transplantation, mosaicplasty, or microfracture. Recent advances in tissue engineering have prompted research on techniques to repair articular cartilage damage using a variety of transplanted cells. We studied the repair and regeneration of cartilage damage using layered chondrocyte sheets prepared in a temperature‐responsive culture dish. We previously reported achieving robust tissue repair when covering only the surface layer of partial‐thickness defects with layered chondrocyte sheets in domestic rabbits. We also reported good Safranin O staining and integration with surrounding tissue in a minipig model of full‐thickness cartilaginous defects in the knee joint. We have continued our studies using human chondrocytes obtained from patients under IRB approval, and have confirmed the safety and efficacy of chondrocyte sheets, and have submitted a report to the Ministry of Health, Labour, and Welfare in Japan. In 2011, the Ministry gave us approval to perform a clinical study of joint repair using cell sheets. We have just started implanting cell sheets in patients at Tokai University Hospital. Anat Rec, 297:36–43. 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Cell Sheet‐Based Cardiac Tissue Engineering
Authors: Matsuura Katsuhisa , Masuda Shinako , Shimizu Tatsuya 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTTissue engineering is indispensable for the advancement of regenerative medicine and the development of tissue models. Cell sheet‐based method is one the promising strategies for cardiac tissue engineering. To date, cell sheet transplantation using wide variety of cells has been performed for the treatment of various heart diseases. These cell sheet transplantations have shown to ameliorate cardiac dysfunction and improve symptoms of heart failure. Recent progress of the technologies on the layering of cardiac cell sheets accompanied with vascularization and the large scale cultivation system of embryonic stem cell and induced pluripotent stem cell is about to turn the fabrication of thickened human cardiac tissue for transplant and tissue models into reality. Anat Rec, 297:65–72. 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Defective Bone Microstructure in Hydronephrotic Mice: A Histomorphometric Study in ICR/Mlac‐hydro Mice
Authors: Suntornsaratoon Panan , Wongdee Kannikar , Tiyasatkulkovit Wacharaporn , Ampawong Sumate , Krishnamra Nateetip , Kengkoom Kanchana , Charoenphandhu Narattaphol 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTChronic renal impairment can lead to bone deterioration and abnormal bone morphology, but whether hydronephrosis is associated with bone loss remains unclear. Herein, we aimed to use computer‐assisted bone histomorphometric technique to investigate microstructural bone changes in Imprinting Control Region (ICR) mice with a spontaneous mutation that was associated with bilateral nonobstructive hydronephrosis (ICR/Mlac‐hydro). The results showed that 8‐week‐old ICR/Mlac‐hydro mice manifested decreases in trabecular bone number and thickness, and an increased trabecular separation, thereby leading to a reduction in trabecular bone volume compared with the wild‐type mice. Furthermore, histomorphometric parameters related to both bone resorption and formation, that is, eroded surface, osteoclast surface, and osteoblast surface, were much lower in ICR/Mlac‐hydro mice than in the wild type. A decrease in moment of inertia was found in ICR/Mlac‐hydro mice, indicating a decrease in bone strength. In conclusion, ICR/Mlac‐hydro mice exhibited trabecular bone loss, presumably caused by marked decreases in both osteoblast and osteoclast activities, which together reflected abnormally low bone turnover. Thus, this mouse strain appeared to be a valuable model for studying the hydronephrosis‐associated bone disease. Anat Rec, 297:208–214, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.