bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Étude descriptive de l’évaluation de comorbidité psychiatrique en déficience intellectuelle adulte
Authors: Brisson Anick , Bolduc Michel , Jourdan-Ionescu Colette 
Published: January 2015

Cet article exploratoire discute de l’apport de l’examen cognitif dans l’évaluation de comorbidité psychiatrique en déficience intellectuelle (DI), comme le trouble déficit de l’attention/hyperactivité (TDA/H). Treize adultes (deux avec DI et TDA/H en comorbidité et onze avec DI sans TDA/H) de l’Institut universitaire en santé mentale de Québec sont évalués sur dix domaines cognitifs. Les résultats sont en partie déficitaires, avec une variabilité intra-sujet. Malgré la petite taille de l’échantillon, les difficultés cognitives des participants adultes avec DI et TDA/H ne semblent pas plus importantes que celles de participants sans TDA/H. En conclusion, l’évaluation cognitive d’adultes DI apparaît pertinente qualitativement, mais discutable quantitativement. Les limites de cette étude exploratoire et les directions futures sont également discutées.
Experimental investigation of the aggregation‐disaggregation of colliding volcanic ash particles in turbulent, low‐humidity suspensions
Authors: Del Bello Elisabetta , Taddeucci Jacopo , Scarlato Piergiorgio , Giacalone Emanuele , Cesaroni Claudio 
Published: January 2015

AbstractWe present the results of laboratory experiments on the aggregation and disaggregation of colliding volcanic ash particles. Ash particles of different composition and size <90 µm were held in turbulent suspension and filmed in high speed while colliding, aggregating, and disaggregating, forming a growing layer of electrostatically bound particles along a vertical plate. At room conditions and regardless of composition, 60–80% of the colliding particles smaller than 32 µm remained aggregated. In contrast, aggregation of particles larger than 63 µm was negligible, and, when a layer formed, periods when disaggregation (mainly by collisions or drag) exceeded aggregation occurred twice as frequently than for smaller particles. An empirical relationship linking the aggregation index, i.e., the effective fraction of aggregated particles surviving disaggregation, to the mean particle collision kinetic energy is provided. Our results have potential implications on the dynamics of volcanic plumes and ash mobility in the environment.
Stochastic modeling of decadal variability in ocean gyres
Authors: Kondrashov D. , Berloff P. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractDecadal large‐scale low‐frequency variability of the ocean circulation due to its nonlinear dynamics remains a big challenge for theoretical understanding and practical ocean modeling. This paper presents a novel fully data driven approach that addresses this challenge. Proposed is non‐Markovian low‐order methodology with stochastic closure and use of mode decomposition by multichannel Singular Spectrum Analysis. The multilayer stochastic linear model is obtained from the coarse‐grained eddy‐resolving ocean model solution, and with high accuracy it reproduces the main statistical properties of the decadal variability. The proposed methodology does not depend on the governing fluid dynamics equations and geometry of the problem, and it can be extended to other ocean models and ultimately to the real data.
Interplanetary magnetic field and solar cycle dependence of Northern Hemisphere F region joule heating
Authors: Bjoland L. M. , Chen X. , Jin Y. , Reimer A. S. , Skjæveland Å. , Wessel M. R. , Burchill J. K. , Clausen L. B. N. , Haaland S. E. , McWilliams K. A. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractJoule heating in the ionosphere takes place through collisions between ions and neutrals. Statistical maps of F region Joule heating in the Northern Hemisphere polar ionosphere are derived from satellite measurements of thermospheric wind and radar measurements of ionospheric ion convection. Persistent mesoscale heating is observed near postnoon and postmidnight magnetic local time and centered around 70° magnetic latitude in regions of strong relative ion and neutral drift. The magnitude of the Joule heating is found to be largest during solar maximum and for a southeast oriented interplanetary magnetic field. These conditions are consistent with stronger ion convection producing a larger relative flow between ions and neutrals. The global‐scale Joule heating maps quantify persistent (in location) regions of heating that may be used to provide a broader context compared to small‐scale studies of the coupling between the thermosphere and ionosphere.
Upper ocean flow statistics estimated from superresolved sea‐surface temperature images
Authors: Keating Shane R. , Smith K. Shafer 
Published: January 2015

AbstractOcean turbulence on scales of 10–50 km plays a key role in biogeochemical processes, frontal dynamics, and tracer transport in the upper ocean, but our understanding of these scales is limited because they are too small to be resolved using extant satellite altimetry products. By contrast, microwave imagery of the sea‐surface temperature field does resolve these scales and can be used to estimate the upper ocean flow field due to the strong correlation between the surface density field and the interior potential vorticity. However, because the surface density (or temperature) is a smoothed version of the geostrophic stream function, the resulting velocity field estimates are limited to scales of 100–300 km in the first few hundred meters of the water column. A method is proposed for generating superresolved sea‐surface temperature images using direct low‐resolution (microwave) temperature observations in combination with an empirical parameterization for the unresolved scales modeled on statistical information from high‐resolution (infrared) imagery. Because the method relies only on the statistics of the small‐scale field, it is insensitive to data outages due to cloud cover that affect infrared observations. The method enhances the effective resolution of the temperature images by exploiting the effect of spatial aliasing and generates an optimal estimate of the small‐scale temperature field using standard Bayesian inference. The technique is tested in quasigeostrophic simulations driven by realistic climatological shear and stratification profiles for three contrasting regions at high, middle, and low latitudes. The resulting superresolved sea‐surface temperature images are then used to estimate the three‐dimensional velocity field in the upper ocean on scales of 10–50 km.
Seasonal variation in the South China Sea deep circulation
Authors: Lan Jian , Wang Yu , Cui Fengjuan , Zhang Ningning 
Published: January 2015

AbstractThe previous studies show that the SCS deep circulation is featured by a basin‐scale cyclonic gyre. On the basis of the Hybrid Coordinate Ocean Model (HYCOM) and the Simple Ocean Data Assimilation (SODA), this study attempts to examine its seasonal variability and to investigate the driving mechanism. During summer season, the basin‐scale cyclonic gyre is dominant and strong, corresponding to higher value of the deepwater overflow transport. During winter season, the basin‐scale cyclonic gyre can hardly be identified, corresponding to lower value of the deepwater overflow transport. The control run and the SODA show the similar results. Two sensitivity experiments are designed to investigate what could be possible responsible for the seasonal variation in the SCS deep circulation. The results reveal that the deepwater overflow through the Luzon Strait contributes to the seasonal variability of the SCS deep circulation, and the seasonal variation of the surface forcings have less influence on that. The mechanism is related to the potential vorticity flux by the deepwater overflow.
An interdecadal regime shift in rainfall predictability related to the Ningaloo Niño in the late 1990s
Authors: Doi Takeshi , Behera Swadhin K. , Yamagata Toshio 
Published: January 2015

AbstractThe global warming and the Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation (IPO) started influencing the coastal ocean off Western Australia, leading to a dramatic change in the regional climate predictability. The warmer ocean started driving rainfall variability regionally there after the late 1990s. Because of this, rainfall predictability near the coastal region of Western Australia on a seasonal time scale was drastically enhanced in the late 1990s; it is significantly predictable 5 months ahead after the late 1990s. The high prediction skill of the rainfall in recent decades is very encouraging and would help to develop an early warning system of Ningaloo Niño/Niña events to mitigate possible societal as well as agricultural impacts in the granary of Western Australia.
Improving representation of convective transport for scale‐aware parameterization: 2. Analysis of cloud‐resolving model simulations
Authors: Liu Yi‐Chin , Fan Jiwen , Zhang Guang J. , Xu Kuan‐Man , Ghan Steven J. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractFollowing Part I, in which 3‐D cloud‐resolving model (CRM) simulations of a squall line and mesoscale convective complex in the midlatitude continental and the tropical regions are conducted and evaluated, we examine the scale dependence of eddy transport of water vapor, evaluate different eddy transport formulations, and improve the representation of convective transport across all scales by proposing a new formulation that more accurately represents the CRM‐calculated eddy flux. CRM results show that there are strong grid‐spacing dependencies of updraft and downdraft fractions regardless of altitudes, cloud life stage, and geographical location. As for the eddy transport of water vapor, updraft eddy flux is a major contributor to total eddy flux in the lower and middle troposphere. However, downdraft eddy transport can be as large as updraft eddy transport in the lower atmosphere especially at the mature stage of midlatitude continental convection. We show that the single‐updraft approach significantly underestimates updraft eddy transport of water vapor because it fails to account for the large internal variability of updrafts, while a single downdraft represents the downdraft eddy transport of water vapor well. We find that using as few as three updrafts can account for the internal variability of updrafts well. Based on the evaluation with the CRM simulated data, we recommend a simplified eddy transport formulation that considers three updrafts and one downdraft. Such formulation is similar to the conventional one but much more accurately represents CRM‐simulated eddy flux across all grid scales.
External influences on the Mertz Glacier Tongue (East Antarctica) in the decade leading up to its calving in 2010
Authors: Massom Robert A. , Giles A. Barry , Warner Roland C. , Fricker Helen A. , Legrésy Benoit , Hyland Glenn , Lescarmontier Lydie , Young Neal 
Published: January 2015

AbstractThe Mertz Glacier Tongue (MGT) in East Antarctica lost ~55% of its floating length in February 2010, when it calved large tabular iceberg C28 (78 × 35 km). We analyze the behavior of the MGT over the preceding 12 years using a variety of satellite data (synthetic aperture radar and Landsat imagery and Ice, Cloud, and land Elevation Satellite laser altimetry). Contact of its northwestern tip with the eastern flank of shoals from 2002/2003 caused eastward deflection of the ice flow by up to ~47°. This change contributed to opening of a major rift system ~80 km to the south, along which iceberg C28 eventually calved. Paradoxically, the seabed contact may have also held the glacier tongue in place to delay calving by ~8 years. Our study also reveals the effects of other, more localized external influences on the MGT prior to calving. These include an abrupt sideways displacement of the glacier tongue front by at least ~145 m following an apparent collision with iceberg C08 in early 2002 and calving of numerous small icebergs from the advancing northwestern front due to the “chiseling” action of small grounded icebergs and seabed contact, resulting in the loss of ~36 km2 of ice from 2001 to 2006. The example of the MGT confirms the need for accurate bathymetry in the vicinity of ice shelves and glacier tongues and suggests that the cumulative effect of external factors might be critical to understanding and modeling calving events and ice shelf stability, necessarily on a case‐specific basis.
Land carbon sequestration within the conterminous United States: Regional‐ and state‐level analyses
Authors: Lu Xiaoliang , Kicklighter David W. , Melillo Jerry M. , Reilly John M. , Xu Liyi 
Published: January 2015

AbstractA quantitative understanding of the rate at which land ecosystems are sequestering or losing carbon at national‐, regional‐, and state‐level scales is needed to develop policies to mitigate climate change. In this study, a new improved historical land use and land cover change data set is developed and combined with a process‐based ecosystem model to estimate carbon sources and sinks in land ecosystems of the conterminous United States for the contemporary period of 2001–2005 and over the last three centuries. We estimate that land ecosystems in the conterminous United States sequestered 323 Tg C yr−1 at the beginning of the 21st century with forests accounting for 97% of this sink. This land carbon sink varied substantially across the conterminous United States, with the largest sinks occurring in the Southeast. Land sinks are large enough to completely compensate fossil fuel emissions in Maine and Mississippi, but nationally, carbon sinks compensate for only 20% of U.S. fossil fuel emissions. We find that regions that are currently large carbon sinks (e.g., Southeast) tend to have been large carbon sources over the longer historical period. Both the land use history and fate of harvested products can be important in determining a region's overall impact on the atmospheric carbon budget. While there are numerous options for reducing fossil fuels (e.g., increase efficiency and displacement by renewable resources), new land management opportunities for sequestering carbon need to be explored. Opportunities include reforestation and managing forest age structure. These opportunities will vary from state to state and over time across the United States.
The Specified Chemistry Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model (SC‐WACCM)
Authors: Smith K. L. , Neely R. R. , Marsh D. R. , Polvani L. M. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractWe here present, document and validate a new atmospheric component of the Community Earth System Model (CESM1): the Specified Chemistry Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model (SC‐WACCM). As the name implies, SC‐WACCM is a middle atmosphere‐resolving model with prescribed, rather than interactive chemistry. Ozone concentrations are specified throughout the atmosphere, using zonal and monthly mean climatologies computed by a companion integration with the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model (WACCM). Above 65 km, in addition, the climatological chemical and shortwave heating, nitrogen oxide, atomic and molecular oxygen and carbon dioxide are also prescribed from the companion WACCM integration. We carefully compare the climatology and the climate variability of preindustrial integrations of SC‐WACCM and WACCM each coupled with active land, ocean and sea‐ice components. We note some differences in upper stratospheric and lower mesospheric temperature, just below the 65 km transition level, due to the diurnal ozone cycle that is not captured when monthly mean ozone is used. Nonetheless, we find that the climatology and variability of the stratosphere, the troposphere and surface climate are nearly identical in SC‐WACCM and WACCM. Notably, the frequency and amplitude of Northern Hemisphere stratospheric sudden warmings in the two integrations are not significantly different. Also, we compare WACCM and SC‐WACCM to CCSM4, the “low‐top” version of CESM1, and we find very significant differences in the stratospheric climatology and variability. The removal of the chemistry reduces the computational cost of SC‐WACCM to approximately one half of WACCM: in fact, SC‐WACCM is only 2.5 times more expensive than CCSM4 at the same horizontal resolution. This considerable reduction in computational cost makes the new SC‐WACCM component of CESM1 ideally suited for studies of stratosphere‐troposphere dynamical coupling and, more generally, the role of the stratosphere in the climate system.
Synthesis and Characterization of Fe3O4 @ Polyrhodanine Nanocomposite with Core–Shell Morphology
Authors: Rahmanzadeh Lida , Ghorbani Mohsen , Jahanshahi Mohsen 
Published: January 2015

ABSTRACTCore‐shell magnetic nanoparticles have received significant attention recently and are actively investigated owing to their large potential for a variety of applications. In this study, the synthesis and characterization properties of magnetite @ polyrhodanine (Fe3O4 @ PRh) core–shell nanoparticles have been investigated. To monitor the morphology, size, structure, thermal stability, and magnetic properties of nanoparticles, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X‐ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetic analysis, and vibrating sample magnetometer were carried out. The results indicate that a thin film of polyrhodanine was coated on the surface of Fe3O4 nanoparticles. The coated shell of polyrhodanine can protect the Fe3O4 cores from being oxidized. Also, the results presented the crystalline, small size, and high magnetization value for the core–shell structure.
Clotting Activity of Polyphosphate‐Functionalized Silica Nanoparticles
Authors: Kudela Damien , Smith Stephanie A. , May‐Masnou Anna , Braun Gary B. , Pallaoro Alessia , Nguyen Chi K. , Chuong Tracy T. , Nownes Sara , Allen Riley , Parker Nicholas R. , Rashidi Hooman H. , Morrissey James H. , Stucky Galen D. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractWe present a silica nanoparticle (SNP) functionalized with polyphosphate (polyP) that accelerates the natural clotting process of the body. SNPs initiate the contact pathway of the blood‐clotting system; short‐chain polyP accelerates the common pathway by the rapid formation of thrombin, which enhances the overall blood‐clotting system, both by accelerating fibrin generation and by facilitating the regulatory anticoagulation mechanisms essential for hemostasis. Analysis of the clotting properties of bare SNPs, bare polyP, and polyP‐functionalized SNPs in plasma demonstrated that the attachment of polyP to SNPs to form polyP‐SNPs creates a substantially enhanced synergistic effect that lowers clotting time and increases thrombin production at low concentrations. PolyP‐SNP even retains its clotting function at ambient temperature. The polyP‐SNP system has the potential to significantly improve trauma‐treatment protocols and outcomes in hospital and prehospital settings.
Application of the Tris(acetylacetonato)iron(III)/(II) Redox Couple in p‐Type Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells
Authors: Perera Ishanie Rangeeka , Daeneke Torben , Makuta Satoshi , Yu Ze , Tachibana Yasuhiro , Mishra Amaresh , Bäuerle Peter , Ohlin C. André , Bach Udo , Spiccia Leone 
Published: January 2015

AbstractAn electrolyte based on the tris(acetylacetonato)iron(III)/(II) redox couple ([Fe(acac)3]0/1−) was developed for p‐type dye‐sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). Introduction of a NiO blocking layer on the working electrode and the use of chenodeoxycholic acid in the electrolyte enhanced device performance by improving the photocurrent. Devices containing [Fe(acac)3]0/1− and a perylene–thiophene–triphenylamine sensitizer (PMI–6T–TPA) have the highest reported short‐circuit current (JSC=7.65 mA cm−2), and energy conversion efficiency (2.51 %) for p‐type DSSCs coupled with a fill factor of 0.51 and an open‐circuit voltage VOC=645 mV. Measurement of the kinetics of dye regeneration by the redox mediator revealed that the process is diffusion limited as the dye‐regeneration rate constant (1.7×108 M−1 s−1) is very close to the maximum theoretical rate constant of 3.3×108 M−1 s−1. Consequently, a very high dye‐regeneration yield (>99 %) could be calculated for these devices.
A General and Mild Catalytic α‐Alkylation of Unactivated Esters Using Alcohols
Authors: Guo Le , Ma Xiaochen , Fang Huaquan , Jia Xiangqing , Huang Zheng 
Published: January 2015

AbstractCatalytic α‐alkylation of esters with primary alcohols is a desirable process because it uses low‐toxicity agents and generates water as the by‐product. Reported herein is a NCP pincer/Ir catalyst which is highly efficient for α‐alkylation of a broad scope of unactivated esters under mild reaction conditions. For the first time, alcohols alkylate unactivated α‐substituted acyclic esters, lactones, and even methyl and ethyl acetates. This method can be applied to the synthesis of carboxylic acid derivatives with diverse structures and functional groups, some of which would be impossible to access by conventional enolate alkylations with alkyl halides.
Zethrene and Dibenzozethrene: Masked Biradical Molecules?
Authors: Hsieh Ya‐Chu , Fang Hau‐Yu , Chen Yi‐Ting , Yang Rong , Yang Chen‐I , Chou Pi‐Tai , Kuo Ming‐Yu , Wu Yao‐Ting 
Published: January 2015

AbstractThe syntheses, structures, and physical properties of dibenzozethrenes were explored. The results thus obtained were compared with those for zethrenes. Dibenzozethrenes were synthesized by the nickel‐catalyzed cyclodimerization of 9‐ethynyl‐1‐iodoanthracenes. The substituents in zethrene and dibenzozethrene twisted their backbones, and remarkably influenced their properties. Unlike closed‐shell disubstituted derivatives, the parent zethrene and dibenzozethrene are singlet open‐shell biradicals, which were studied by variable‐temperature 1H NMR, ESR, SQUID and computational methods. Since substituents were observed to affect significantly the biradical properties, the relevant mechanisms were analyzed. The nonlinear optical performance of each of these compounds depends on its π‐conjugation and biradical properties. Dibenzozethrenes have larger two‐photon absorption cross‐sections than zethrenes, as most strongly evidenced by the parent dibenzothrene [σmax=4323 GM at 530 nm].
Eine Enzymkaskade zur Synthese von ε‐Caprolacton und dessen Oligomeren
Authors: Schmidt Sandy , Scherkus Christian , Muschiol Jan , Menyes Ulf , Winkler Till , Hummel Werner , Gröger Harald , Liese Andreas , Herz Hans‐Georg , Bornscheuer Uwe T. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractIn industriellem Maßstab wird Poly‐ε‐caprolacton (PCL) gegenwärtig nur chemisch produziert, wobei mit Peressigsäure ein gefährliches Reagens als Oxidationsmittel genutzt wird. Baeyer‐Villiger‐Monooxygenasen (BVMOs) ermöglichen im Prinzip die enzymatische Synthese von ε‐Caprolacton (ε‐CL) direkt ausgehend von Cyclohexanon mit molekularem Sauerstoff, doch gegenwärtige Systeme leiden unter niedriger Produktivität sowie Substrat‐ und Produktinhibierung. Wir überwanden wesentliche Limitationen eines solchen biokatalytischen Wegs durch die Kombination einer Alkoholdehydrogenase mit einer BVMO für die effiziente Oxidation von Cyclohexanol zu ε‐CL. Entscheidend war die direkte Ringöffnungs‐Oligomerisierung des in situ gebildeten ε‐CL in wässriger Phase unter Nutzung der Lipase A aus Candida antarctica. So wurde das Problem der Produktinhibierung gelöst, und Oligo‐ε‐CL wurde mit >20 g L−1 ausgehend von 200 mM Cyclohexanol erhalten. Dieses Oligomer konnte chemisch leicht zu PCL polymerisiert werden.