bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Spatial social polarisation: using the Index of Concentration at the Extremes jointly for income and race/ethnicity to analyse risk of hypertension
Authors: Feldman Justin M , Waterman Pamela D , Coull Brent A , Krieger Nancy 
Published: July 2015

BackgroundGrowing spatial social and economic polarisation may be an important societal determinant of health, but only a few studies have used the recently developed Index of Concentration at the Extremes (ICE) to analyse the impact of joint concentrations of privilege and privation on health outcomes. We explore use of the ICE to investigate risk of hypertension in an urban, multiracial/ethnic, and predominantly working-class study population of US adults.MethodsWe generated novel ICE measures at the census tract level that jointly assess extreme concentrations of both income and racial/ethnic composition. We then linked the ICE measures to data from two observational, cross-sectional studies conducted in the Boston metropolitan area (2003–2004; 2008–2010; N=2145).ResultsThe ICE measure for extreme concentrations of white compared with black residents was independently associated with lower odds of hypertension (OR=0.76; 95% CI 0.62 to 0.93), controlling for race/ethnicity, age, gender, smoking, body mass index, household income, education and self-reported exposure to racial discrimination. Even stronger associations were observed for the ICE measures that compared concentrations of high-income white residents versus low-income residents of colour (OR=0.61; 95% CI 0.40 to 0.96) and high-income white versus low-income black residents (OR=0.48; 95% CI 0.29 to 0.81).ConclusionsResults suggest public health studies should explore the joint impact of racial/ethnic and economic spatial polarisation on population health.
Experimental petrology of monotonous intermediate magmas
Authors: Caricchi Luca , Blundy Jon 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Large-volume, high-crystallinity, chemically homogeneous ignimbrites, dubbed ‘monotonous intermediates’, provide a unique opportunity to investigate the evolution of crustal magmatic reservoirs. We present the results of hydrothermal experiments on a dacite from Fish Canyon Tuff (FCT) in Colorado (USA), a classic example of a monotonous intermediate deposit, in order to characterize the variations in chemical and physical properties of hydrous dacite magmas as a function of temperature. The experiments (200 MPa, 720–1100°C) span the inferred pre-eruptive conditions of FCT magmas, and are shown to provide the best match to the chemical and physical properties of the erupted magmas at 790±10°C under conditions at or close to water-saturation. The results show the important effect of water content in controlling the chemical and physical evolution of magma, and the contrasted behaviour of water-saturated v. water-undersaturated magmas. In both cases, however, there is a broad interval of temperature (200°C) over which crystal fraction changes little. By recasting this behaviour in terms of enthalpy, rather than temperature, as the independent variable we show that this interval corresponds to a minimum in the change in crystallinity per unit of energy added or subtracted from the system, such that small perturbations to the heat content of the system (e.g. by cooling or new magma injections) results in very little change in magma properties. The crystal content in this interval is 55–65 wt%, which is close to the phenocryst content (40–55 wt%) of monotonous intermediates. We propose that crystal-rich magmas tend to settle in this ‘petrological trap’, changing little in physical and chemical properties over time as the system grows. Petrological trapping enables very large volumes of intermediate magma to accumulate in the shallow crust until such time as the net buoyancy force of these crystal-rich magma is sufficient to overcome the strength of the roof rocks, leading to a potentially very large eruption.
Salmonella-Based Therapy Targeting Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase Coupled with Enzymatic Depletion of Tumor Hyaluronan Induces Complete Regression of Aggressive Pancreatic Tumors
Authors: Manuel Edwin R. , Chen Jeremy , D'Apuzzo Massimo , Lampa Melanie G. , Kaltcheva Teodora I. , Thompson Curtis B. , Ludwig Thomas , Chung Vincent , Diamond Don J. 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Bacterial-based therapies are emerging as effective cancer treatments and hold promise for refractory neoplasms, such as pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), which has not shown significant improvement in therapy for more than 25 years. Using a novel combination of shIDO-ST, a Salmonella-based therapy targeting the immunosuppressive molecule indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), with an enzyme, PEGPH20, which depletes extracellular matrix hyaluronan, we observed extended survival with frequent total regression of autochthonous and orthotopic PDAC tumors. This observation was associated with migration and accumulation of activated polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) from spleens into tumors, which was not seen using a scrambled control (shScr-ST). Purified splenic PMNs from PEGPH20/shIDO-ST-treated mice exhibited significant IDO knockdown and were able to kill tumor targets ex vivo through mechanisms involving FasL and serine proteases. In addition, CD8+ T cells were observed to contribute to late control of pancreatic tumors. Collectively, our data demonstrate that entry of shIDO-ST and PMNs into otherwise impermeable desmoplastic tumors is facilitated by PEGPH20-mediated HA removal, further highlighting an important component of effective treatment for PDAC. Cancer Immunol Res; 3(9); 1096–107. ©2015 AACR.
Cardiomyocyte A Disintegrin And Metalloproteinase 17 (ADAM17) Is Essential in Post–Myocardial Infarction Repair by Regulating Angiogenesis
Authors: Fan Dong , Takawale Abhijit , Shen Mengcheng , Wang Wang , Wang Xiuhua , Basu Ratnadeep , Oudit Gavin Y. , Kassiri Zamaneh 
Published: July 2015

Background—
A disintegrin and metalloproteinase 17 (ADAM17) is a membrane-bound enzyme that mediates shedding of many membrane-bound molecules, thereby regulating multiple cellular responses. We investigated the role of cardiomyocyte ADAM17 in myocardial infarction (MI).

Methods and Results—

Cardiomyocyte-specific ADAM17 knockdown mice (ADAM17
flox/flox
/α-MHC-Cre; f/f/Cre) and parallel controls (ADAM17
flox/flox
; f/f) were subjected to MI by ligation of the left anterior descending artery. Post MI, f/f/Cre mice showed compromised survival, higher rates of cardiac rupture, more severe left ventricular dilation, and suppressed ejection fraction compared with parallel f/f-MI mice. Ex vivo ischemic injury (isolated hearts) resulted in comparable recovery in both genotypes. Myocardial vascular density (fluorescent-labeled lectin perfusion and CD31 immunofluorescence staining) was significantly lower in the infarct areas of f/f/Cre-MI compared with f/f-MI mice. Activation of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2), its mRNA, and total protein levels were reduced in infarcted myocardium in ADAM17 knockdown mice. Transcriptional regulation of VEGFR2 by ADAM17 was confirmed in cocultured cardiomyocyte–fibroblast as ischemia-induced VEGFR2 expression was blocked by ADAM17-siRNA. Meanwhile, ADAM17-siRNA did not alter VEGF
A
bioavailability in the conditioned media. ADAM17 knockdown mice (f/f/Cre-MI) exhibited reduced nuclear factor-κB activation (DNA binding) in the infarcted myocardium, which could underlie the suppressed VEGFR2 expression in these hearts. Post MI, inflammatory response was not altered by ADAM17 downregulation.

Conclusions—
This study highlights the key role of cardiomyocyte ADAM17 in post-MI recovery by regulating VEGFR2 transcription and angiogenesis, thereby limiting left ventricular dilation and dysfunction. Therefore, ADAM17 upregulation, within the physiological range, could provide protective effects in ischemic cardiomyopathy.
Risk of Incident Coronary Heart Disease Events in Men Compared to Women by Menopause Type and Race
Authors: Kim Catherine , Cushman Mary , Khodneva Yulia , Lisabeth Lynda D. , Judd Suzanne , Kleindorfer Dawn O. , Howard Virginia J. , Safford Monika M. 
Published: July 2015

Background

We examined whether type of menopause affects sex differences in coronary heart disease (
CHD
) events and whether the impact is similar in blacks and whites.

Methods and Results

Participants were enrolled in the Reasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke (
REGARDS
) cohort between 2003 and 2007 without
CHD
at baseline (n=23 086). Cox regression models were used to calculate the hazard of incident nonfatal
CHD
(definite or probable myocardial infarction) and acute
CHD
death, adjusting for age, age at last menstrual period <45 years, region, education level, income, diabetes, smoking, systolic blood pressure, lipid levels, albumin‐creatinine ratio, physical activity, C‐reactive protein, body mass index, waist circumference, and medication use. White women in natural menopause (hazard ratio [
HR
], 0.45; 95% confidence interval [
CI],
0.31, 0.66) and surgical menopause (
HR,
0.65; 95%
CI,
0.42, 0.99) had a reduced hazard of nonfatal events, compared to white men. Black women in natural menopause (
HR,
0.69; 95%
CI,
0.47, 1.03), but not surgical menopause (
HR,
0.81; 95%
CI,
0.51, 1.29), had a marginally reduced hazard of nonfatal events, compared to black men. Women had lower risk of acute
CHD
death than men regardless of their menopause type and race.

Conclusions

Sex differences in the risk of incident
CHD
events were larger among whites than blacks and varied by type of menopause. Women consistently had a lower risk of incident
CHD
death than men, but the magnitude of sex differences was greater in whites than blacks for nonfatal events, regardless of menopause type.
Dense Network Observations of the Twin Cities Canopy-Layer Urban Heat Island
Authors: Smoliak Brian V. , Snyder Peter K. , Twine Tracy E. , Mykleby Phillip M. , Hertel William F. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractData from a dense urban meteorological network (UMN) are analyzed, revealing the spatial heterogeneity and temporal variability of the Twin Cities (Minneapolis–St. Paul, Minnesota) canopy-layer urban heat island (UHI). Data from individual sensors represent surface air temperature (SAT) across a variety of local climate zones within a 5000-km2 area and span the 3-yr period from 1 August 2011 to 1 August 2014. Irregularly spaced data are interpolated to a uniform 1 km × 1 km grid using two statistical methods: 1) kriging and 2) cokriging with impervious surface area data. The cokriged SAT field exhibits lower bias and lower RMSE than does the kriged SAT field when evaluated against an independent set of observations. Maps, time series, and statistics that are based on the cokriged field are presented to describe the spatial structure and magnitude of the Twin Cities metropolitan area (TCMA) UHI on hourly, daily, and seasonal time scales. The average diurnal variation of the TCMA UHI exhibits distinct seasonal modulation wherein the daily maximum occurs by night during summer and by day during winter. Daily variations in the UHI magnitude are linked to changes in weather patterns. Seasonal variations in the UHI magnitude are discussed in terms of land–atmosphere interactions. To the extent that they more fully resolve the spatial structure of the UHI, dense UMNs are advantageous relative to limited collections of existing urban meteorological observations. Dense UMNs are thus capable of providing valuable information for UHI monitoring and for implementing and evaluating UHI mitigation efforts.
Lagrangian Droplet Dynamics in the Subsiding Shell of a Cloud Using Direct Numerical Simulations
Authors: Perrin Vincent E. , Jonker Harmen J. J. 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
This study investigates the droplet dynamics at the lateral cloud–environment interface in shallow cumulus clouds. A mixing layer is used to study a small part of the cloud edge using direct numerical simulation combined with a Lagrangian particle tracking and collision algorithm. The effect of evaporation, gravity, coalescence, and the initial droplet size distribution on the intensity of the mixing layer and the evolution of the droplet size distribution is studied. Mixing of the droplets with environmental air induces evaporative cooling, which results in a very characteristic subsiding shell. As a consequence, stronger horizontal velocity gradients are found in the mixing layer, which induces more mixing and evaporation. A broadening of the droplet size distribution is observed as a result of evaporation and coalescence. Gravity acting on the droplets allows droplets in cloudy filaments detrained from the cloud to sediment and remain longer in the unsaturated environment. While this effect of gravity did not have a significant impact in this case on the mean evolution of the mixing layer, it does contribute to the broadening of the droplet size distribution and thereby significantly increases the collision rate. Although more but smaller droplets result in more evaporative cooling, more droplets also increase small-scale fluctuations and the production of turbulent dissipation. For the smallest droplets considered with a radius of 10 μm, the authors found that, although a more pronounced buoyancy dip was present, the increase in dissipation rate actually led to a decrease in the turbulent intensity of the mixing layer. Extrapolation of the results to realistic clouds is discussed.
Assessment of the Upper-Ocean Observing System in the Equatorial Pacific: The Role of Argo in Resolving Intraseasonal to Interannual Variability
Authors: Gasparin Florent , Roemmich Dean , Gilson John , Cornuelle Bruce 
Published: July 2015

AbstractUsing more than 10 years of Argo temperature and salinity profiles (2004–14), a new optimal interpolation (OI) of the upper ocean in the equatorial Pacific is presented. Following Roemmich and Gilson’s procedures, which were formulated for describing monthly large-scale anomalies, here every 5 days anomaly fields are constructed with improvements in the OI spatial covariance function and by including the time domain. The comparison of Argo maps with independent observations, from the TAO/TRITON array, and with satellite sea surface height (SSH), demonstrates that Argo is able to represent around 70%–80% of the variance at intraseasonal time scales (periods of 20–100 days) and more than 90% of the variance for the seasonal-to-longer-term variability. The RMS difference between Argo and TAO/TRITON temperatures is lower than 1°C and is around 1.5 cm when the Argo steric height is compared to SSH. This study also assesses the efficacy of different observing system components and combinations, such as SSH, TAO/TRITON, and Argo, for estimating subsurface temperature. Salinity investigations demonstrate its critical importance for density near the surface in the western Pacific. Objective error estimates from the OI are used to evaluate different sampling strategies, such as the recent deployment of 41 Argo floats along the Pacific equator. Argo’s high spatial resolution compared with that of the moored array makes it better suited for studying spatial patterns of variability and propagation on intraseasonal and longer periods, but it is less well suited for studying variability on periods shorter than 20 days at point locations. This work is a step toward better utilization of existing datasets, including Argo, and toward redesigning the Tropical Pacific Observing System.
Improving Precipitation Forecasts by Generating Ensembles through Postprocessing
Authors: Shrestha Durga Lal , Robertson David E. , Bennett James C. , Wang Q. J. 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
This paper evaluates a postprocessing method for deterministic quantitative precipitation forecasts (raw QPFs) from a numerical weather prediction model. The postprocessing aims to produce calibrated QPF ensembles that are bias free, more accurate than raw QPFs, and reliable for use in streamflow forecasting applications. The method combines a simplified version of the Bayesian joint probability (BJP) modeling approach and the Schaake shuffle. The BJP modeling approach relates raw QPFs and observed precipitation by modeling their joint distribution. It corrects biases in the raw QPFs and generates ensemble forecasts that reflect the uncertainty in the raw QPFs. The BJP modeling approach is applied to each lead time and each forecast location separately. The Schaake shuffle is then employed to produce calibrated QPFs with appropriate space–time correlations by linking ensemble members generated by the BJP modeling approach.
Calibrated QPFs are produced for 10 Australian catchments that cover a wide range of climatic conditions and hydrological characteristics. The calibrated QPFs are bias free, contain smaller forecast errors than that of the raw QPFs, reliably quantify the forecast uncertainty at a range of lead times, and successfully discriminate common and rare events of precipitation occurrences at shorter lead times. The postprocessing method is able to instill realistic within-catchment spatial variability in the QPFs, which is crucial for accurate and reliable streamflow forecasting.
Exploring the Defensive Actions of Drug Sellers in Open-air Markets
Authors: Piza Eric L. , Sytsma Victoria A. 
Published: July 2015

Objectives: The current study contributes to the literature through a systematic social observation of the defensive actions of drug sellers within open-air retail markets. The study expands upon previous literature by incorporating a novel data collection and coding method. Methods: Video footage of narcotics transactions was extracted from the closed-circuit television (CCTV) system of the Newark, NJ Police Department. Researchers transcribed and coded the footage to measure the frequency of defensive actions incorporated by drug sellers. Fisher’s exact tests measured whether the frequency of each defensive action significantly differed across geographic setting or time of day. Results: The frequency of many defensive actions was significantly related to geographic setting and time of day. The strongest relationship was observed between the use of stash spots and setting. Overall, the findings suggest that drug sellers adopt tenets of Opportunity Theory to protect themselves from law enforcement, specifically by acting as guardians and place managers on their own behalf. Conclusions: This study extends prior techniques and provides an additional case study on the use of CCTV footage in the study of street-level crime. This methodology can be used in concert with more traditional ethnographic techniques in the study of the drug trade and in crime-and-place research in general.
Urgent transcatheter arterial embolization for the treatment of ruptured renal angiomyolipoma with spontaneous hemorrhage
Authors: Duan Xu-Hua , Zhang Meng-Fan , Ren Jian-Zhuang , Han Xin-Wei , Chen Peng-Fei , Zhang Kai , Jia Zi-Ling 
Published: July 2015

Background The rich neovascularization of renal angiomyolipoma (AML) has a tendency for spontaneous rupture with subsequent hemorrhage. Nephrectomy or nephron-sparing surgery has rarely been used as a primary treatment in urgent situations. Purpose To evaluate the safety and long-term outcomes for patients treated by urgent transcatheter arterial embolization (TAE) for spontaneous ruptured renal AML with severe hemorrhage. Material and Methods A retrospective evaluation was performed of 25 renal AML cases with spontaneous hemorrhage confirmed by imaging. Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) particles and coils of multiple sizes were used to embolize the spontaneous renal AML ruptures. Results The technical success rate of TAE was 96% (24/25). One week post-TAE, 1 patient with recurrent hemorrhage underwent emergency nephrectomy. Minor complications affected 16 patients with post-embolization syndrome; 15 patients resolved using conservative measures and one patient received nephrectomy post TAE 1 week later. All patients were followed up for 24–72 months (median, 50.2 months). Surgical treatment was avoided for 92% (23/25) of patients, and the re-embolization rate was 0% at 2 years post TAE. In the 23 patients without surgical treatment, the mean maximum diameter of renal AML was reduced from 12.4 ± 5.5 cm to 6.3 ± 2.5 cm and no hemorrhage occurred during follow-up. Conclusion Urgent TAE is a technically feasible and minimally invasive procedure for controlling severe hemorrhage and preservation of renal function following spontaneous ruptured renal AML.
Utilization of the Swedish version of the Assessment of Communication and Interaction Skills
Authors: Kjellberg Anette , Haglund Lena 
Published: July 2015

Introduction The Assessment of Communication and Interaction Skills, which is based on the Model of Human Occupation, is used when observing a client’s skills to communicate and interact with others while performing an occupation. The utility and psychometric status of an assessment is critical for treatment planning in occupational therapy. The aim of the current study was to examine the utility of the Swedish version of the Assessment of Communication and Interaction Skills from the perspective of occupational therapists working in the field of mental health, considering its clinical relevance and potential for implementation. Method Eight occupational therapists performed 116 assessments. Most of the 58 clients had affective or anxiety disorders. Descriptive and qualitative analysis were performed. Results In 76% of the assessments, the occupational therapists perceived that they had obtained a deeper knowledge of the client’s communication and interaction skills. This supports the clinical relevance of the assessment. Concerning the implementation potential and time required for using the assessment, all occupational therapists considered it reasonable. Conclusion The Swedish version of the Assessment of Communication and Interaction Skills is appropriate to use in the field of mental health for supporting occupational therapists in the treatment planning process.
Changing everyday activities and technology use in mild cognitive impairment
Authors: Hedman Annicka , Nygård Louise , Malinowsky Camilla , Almkvist Ove , Kottorp Anders 
Published: July 2015

Introduction Knowledge of the conditions under which older adults facing cognitive decline engage in everyday activities is of major importance for occupational therapists in designing supportive interventions. This study aimed to investigate perceived activity involvement over time and its longitudinal relationship to perceived ability to use everyday technology in older adults with mild cognitive impairment. Method Thirty-seven older adults with mild cognitive impairment at inclusion were assessed over 4 years. Overall and item-specific activity involvement were analyzed using mixed-linear-effect modeling and differential item functioning. Furthermore, overall activity involvement and ability in everyday technology use were correlated. Results Overall activity involvement decreased significantly over time. When adjusting for declining ability in the sample, actual differential item functioning indicated descending involvement in seven of 15 activities, while eight activities were stable. All leisure activities descended. The positive correlations between activity involvement and ability in everyday technology use became stronger over time. Conclusion Variations across activities and time-points suggest that occupational therapists should repeatedly monitor the increasingly associated aspects of activity involvement and ability to use everyday technology in persons with cognitive decline.