bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Along‐isopycnal variability of spice in the North Pacific
Authors: Klymak Jody M. , Crawford William , Alford Matthew H. , MacKinnon Jennifer A. , Pinkel Robert 
Published: February 2015

AbstractTwo hydrographic surveys in the Gulf of Alaska and the North Pacific subtropical gyre are presented. Both surveys are roughly perpendicular to lateral temperature gradients, and were collected in the summer when there was a shallow mixed layer and a seasonal thermocline. Isopycnal displacements and horizontal velocities are dominated by internal waves. Spice anomalies along isopycnals are examined to diagnose lateral stirring mechanisms. The spectra of spice anomaly gradients along near‐surface isopycnals roughly follow power laws of
(variance spectra power laws of
), and in most cases, the spectra become redder at depth. The near‐surface spectra are possibly consistent with the predictions of quasi‐geostrophic turbulence theory (when surface buoyancy effects are accounted for), but the spectra at depth are inconsistent with any quasi‐geostrophic theory. Probability distributions of spice gradients exhibit a large peak at low gradients and long tails for large gradients, symptomatic of fronts. Vertical coherence of the spice signal falls off with a decorrelation depth scale that has a maximum of about 80 m at 100 km wavelengths and depends on horizontal wavelength with a power law of approximately
. Lateral decorrelation length scales are 20–40 km, close to the baroclinic Rossby radius. Lateral stirring occurs over large scales, with average lateral displacements of about 200 km in the upper 75 m, decreasing to 100 km at greater depths. The depth variation of the statistics indicates that time history of tracer stirring on each isopycnal is important, or that there are unconsidered depth‐dependent stirring mechanisms.
Modeling the interaction between convection and nonthermal ion outflows
Authors: Varney R. H. , Wiltberger M. , Lotko W. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractInitial demonstrations of an ionosphere/polar wind model including a phenomenological treatment of transverse heating by wave particle interactions (WPIs) are presented. Tests with fixed WPI parameters in a designated heating region on the dayside with time‐varying convection show that the parameters of the resulting nonthermal ion outflow are strongly coupled to the convection. The hemispheric outflow rate is positively correlated with the convection speed with a time delay related to the travel time to the upper boundary. Increases in convection increase the thermal plasma access to the heating region, both by increasing the upflow associated with frictional heating and by increasing the horizontal transport. The average parallel velocities and energies of the escaping nonthermal ions are anticorrelated with the convection speed due to the finite dwell time in the heating region. The computationally efficient model can be readily coupled into global geospace modeling frameworks in the future.
Terrestrial environmental changes around the Gulf of Aden over the last 210 kyr deduced from the sediment n‐alkane record: Implications for the dispersal of Homo sapiens
Authors: Isaji Yuta , Kawahata Hodaka , Ohkouchi Naohiko , Murayama Masafumi , Tamaki Kensaku 
Published: February 2015

AbstractWe analyzed long‐chain (C25–C36) n‐alkanes and pollen grains in sediments from the Gulf of Aden covering the last 212 kyr to reconstruct the surrounding terrestrial environment, a critical region for the dispersal of Homo sapiens. Substantial increases in the flux of n‐alkanes during 200–185, 120–95, and 70–50 ka were interpreted to indicate enhanced vegetation biomass in the Arabian Peninsula and the northern part of the Horn of Africa or increase in lithogenic material inputs. Periods of enhanced n‐alkane flux occurred during or immediately after pluvial episodes, indicating that the increased precipitation may have induced substantially enhanced vegetation biomass, creating favorable conditions for Homo sapiens. Additionally, vegetation may have increased due to moderate precipitation unrecorded by speleothems or in accordance with the lowering of sea level, indicating that the dispersal might have been possible even after the shift to an arid environment indicated by the speleothems.
Comparing apples and oranges—the influence of food mechanical properties on ingestive bite sizes in lemurs
Authors: Hartstone‐Rose Adam , Parkinson Jennifer A. , Criste Taylor , Perry Jonathan M.G. 
Published: February 2015

ABSTRACTPreviously we found that Maximum Ingested Bite Size (Vb)—the largest piece of food that an animal will ingest whole without biting first—scales isometrically with body size in 17 species of strepsirrhines at the Duke Lemur Center (DLC). However, because this earlier study focused on only three food types (two with similar mechanical properties), it did not yield results that were easily applied to describing the broad diets of these taxa. Expressing Vb in terms of food mechanical properties allows us to compare data across food types, including foods of wild lemurs, to better understand dietary adaptations in lemurs. To this end, we quantified Vb in five species of lemurs at the DLC representing large and small frugivores and folivores using ten types of food that vary widely in stiffness and toughness to determine how these properties relate to bite sizes. We found that although most species take smaller bites of stiffer foods, this negative relationship was not statistically significant across the whole sample. However, there is a significant relationship between bite size and toughness. All three of the more frugivorous taxa in our sample take significantly smaller bites of tougher foods. However, the two more folivorous lemurs do not. They take small bites for all foods. This suggests that the species most adapted to the consumption of tough foods do not modulate their ingestive sizes to accommodate larger pieces of weak foods. Am J Phys Anthropol 157:513–518, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Skeletal evidence of tuberculosis in a modern identified human skeletal collection (Certosa cemetery, Bologna, Italy)
Authors: Mariotti Valentina , Zuppello Micol , Pedrosi Maria Elena , Bettuzzi Matteo , Brancaccio Rosa , Peccenini Eva , Morigi Maria Pia , Belcastro Maria Giovanna 
Published: February 2015

ABSTRACTThe diagnosis of tuberculosis (TB) in osteoarcheological series relies on the identification of osseous lesions caused by the disease. The study of identified skeletal collections provides the opportunity to investigate the distribution of skeletal lesions in relation to this disease. The aim of this study was to examine the skeletal evidence for TB in late adolescent and adult individuals from the identified human collection of the Certosa cemetery of Bologna (Italy, 19th–20th c.). The sample group consists of 244 individuals (138 males, 106 females) ranging from 17 to 88 years of age. The sample was divided into three groups on the basis of the recorded cause of death: TB (N = 64), pulmonary non‐TB (N = 29), and other diseases (N = 151). Skeletal lesions reported to be related to TB were analyzed. The vertebral lesions were classified into three types: enlarged foramina (EnF, vascular foramina with diameter of 3–5 mm), erosions (ER), and other foramina (OtF, cavities of various shapes > 3 mm). A CT scan analysis was also performed on vertebral bodies. Some lesions were seldom present in our sample (e.g., tuberculous arthritis). OtF (23.7%) and subperiosteal new bone formation on ribs (54.2%) are significantly more frequent in the TB group with respect to the other groups. The CT scan analysis showed that the vertebrae of individuals who have died of TB may have internal cavities in the absence of external lesions. These traits represent useful elements in the paleopathological diagnosis of TB. Am J Phys Anthropol 157:389–401, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Accentuated lines in the enamel of primary incisors from skeletal remains: A contribution to the explanation of early childhood mortality in a medieval population from Poland
Authors: Żądzińska Elżbieta , Lorkiewicz Wiesław , Kurek Marta , Borowska‐Strugińska Beata 
Published: February 2015

AbstractPhysiological disruptions resulting from an impoverished environment during the first years of life are of key importance for the health and biological status of individuals and populations. Studies of growth processes in archaeological populations point to the fact that the main causes of childhood mortality in the past are to be sought among extrinsic factors. Based on this assumption, one would expect random mortality of children, with the deceased individuals representing the entire subadult population. The purpose of this study is to explore whether differences in early childhood survival are reflected in differences in deciduous tooth enamel, which can provide an insight into the development of an individual during prenatal and perinatal ontogeny. Deciduous incisors were taken from 83 individuals aged 2.0–6.5 years from a medieval inhumation cemetery dated AD 1300–1600. Prenatal and postnatal enamel formation time, neonatal line width, and the number of accentuated lines were measured using an optical microscope. The significantly wider neonatal line and the higher frequency of accentuated lines in the enamel of the incisors of children who died at the age of 2–3 years suggest the occurrence of stronger or more frequent stress events in this group. These results indicate that in skeletal populations mortality was not exclusively determined by random external factors. Individuals predisposed by an unfavorable course of prenatal and perinatal growth were more likely to die in early childhood. Am J Phys Anthropol 157:402–410, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Selbstassoziation organischer Kationen über NCH⋅⋅⋅O‐Wasserstoffbrückenbindungen
Authors: Gamrad Waltraud , Dreier Angelika , Goddard Richard , Pörschke Klaus‐Richard 
Published: February 2015

AbstractDie Ionenpaarung gegensätzlich geladener Ionen ist ein Grundprinzip der Chemie. Dagegen ist die Assoziation gleich geladener Ionen, z. B. organischer Kationen zu Organopolykationen, experimentell kaum belegt. Bei Strukturuntersuchungen an 4‐Oxopiperidiniumsalzen [OC5H8NH2]X mit Anionen X− abnehmender Basizität wurde eine allmähliche Selbstassoziation der Kationen bis zur diskreten Paarbildung beobachtet. In kristallinem 4‐Oxopiperidinium[bis(trifluormethylsulfonyl)amid] sind die Kationen über NH⋅⋅⋅OC‐Wasserstoffbrücken zu Ketten verbunden, die von den Anionen flankiert werden. Dagegen liegen im Tetra(perfluor‐tert‐butoxy)aluminat Anionen und Kationen vollständig separiert vor. Die Kationen sind hier über NCH⋅⋅⋅OC‐Wasserstoffbrücken zu zentrosymmetrischen Paaren assoziiert. Die Verbindungen belegen erstmals strukturanalytisch die Selbstassoziation einfacher organischer Kationen basierend auf Wasserstoffbrücken und haben somit Modellcharakter für diesen Verbindungstyp.
Reversible photochemische Modifikationen an Metallacyclen aus Dicarbenen mit Cumarinsubstituenten
Authors: Han Ying‐Feng , Jin Guo‐Xin , Daniliuc Constantin G. , Hahn F. Ekkehardt 
Published: February 2015

AbstractMolekulare Rechtecke werden aus zwei Bis(NHC)‐Liganden, die jeweils zwei endständige Cumaringruppen tragen, sowie zwei Ag+‐, Au+‐ oder Cu+‐Ionen erhalten. Bei UV‐Bestrahlung (λ=365 nm) erfolgt eine photochemische Modifikation der zweikernigen Komplexe durch eine [2+2]‐Cycloaddition von zwei gegenüberliegenden Cumaringruppen unter Bildung eines makrocyclischen Tetra(NHC)‐Liganden. Die Photodimerisierung der Cumarinsubstituenten verläuft stereoselektiv und ergibt ausschließlich das syn‐Kopf‐Kopf‐Isomer. Eine nachfolgende Bestrahlung bei λ=254 nm initiiert die Photospaltung unter Rückbildung des zweikernigen Ausgangskomplexes mit vier Cumarinsubstituenten.
Cation–Cation Pairing by NCH⋅⋅⋅O Hydrogen Bonds
Authors: Gamrad Waltraud , Dreier Angelika , Goddard Richard , Pörschke Klaus‐Richard 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThe pairing of ions of opposite charge is a fundamental principle in chemistry, and is widely applied in synthesis and catalysis. In contrast, cation–cation association remains an elusive concept, lacking in supporting experimental evidence. While studying the structure and properties of 4‐oxopiperidinium salts [OC5H8NH2]X for a series of anions X− of decreasing basicity, we observed a gradual self‐association of the cations, concluding in the formation of an isolated dicationic pair. In 4‐oxopiperidinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)amide, the cations are linked by NH⋅⋅⋅OC hydrogen bonds to form chains, flanked by hydrogen bonds to the anions. In the tetra(perfluoro‐tert‐butoxy)aluminate salt, the anions are fully separated from the cations, and the cations associate pairwise by NCH⋅⋅⋅OC hydrogen bonds. The compounds represent the first genuine examples of self‐association of simple organic cations based merely on hydrogen bonding as evidenced by X‐ray structure analysis, and provide a paradigm for an extension of this class of compounds.
Reversible Photochemical Modifications in Dicarbene‐Derived Metallacycles with Coumarin Pendants
Authors: Han Ying‐Feng , Jin Guo‐Xin , Daniliuc Constantin G. , Hahn F. Ekkehardt 
Published: February 2015

AbstractMolecular rectangles were obtained from two bis(NHC) ligands, each featuring two terminal coumarin groups and two Ag+, Au+, or Cu+ ions. Upon UV irradiation (λ=365 nm), the dinuclear complexes undergo photochemical modification through a [2+2] cycloaddition reaction of two adjacent coumarin moieties to give a macrocyclic tetra(NHC) ligand. The photodimerization of the coumarin pendants proceeds stereoselectively to give the syn‐head‐head isomers in all cases. Subsequent irradiation at λ=254 nm initiates a photocleavage reaction with reconstitution of the initial dinuclear complexes with coumarin pendants.
Meso-Rex bypass for extrahepatic portal vein obstruction in children
Authors: Guérin F , Bidault V , Gonzales E , Franchi-Abella S , De Lambert G , Branchereau S 
Published: February 2015

Abstract

Background
Meso-Rex bypass (MRB) and portosystemic surgical shunt (PSS) are both used to treat extrahepatic portal vein obstruction (EHPVO) in children. The aim of this study was to analyse the outcome of MRB and PSS to select patients who could benefit from a prophylactic MRB.

Methods
This single-centre retrospective study of children who underwent either MRB or PSS for EHPVO was conducted between 1996 and 2010. Details of patient demographics and preoperative evaluation were collected. Success rates, defined as shunt patency after a minimum of 6 months and clearance of varices or symptoms, were compared. Determinants of outcomes were explored.

Results
Sixty-nine patients underwent a MRB or PSS. Median (interquartile range, i.q.r.) age at surgery was 6·6 (4·0–10·6) years. Twenty-four patients (35 per cent) had had a neonatal umbilical catheter (NUC) placed previously and 47 (68 per cent) had experienced an upper gastrointestinal bleed. Imaging assessment of the intrahepatic left portal vein was considered favourable in 40 patients. Of 43 MRBs attempted, 11 failed during surgery and four patients had persistent thrombosis after a median of 55 (i.q.r. 18–107) months. The success rate of MRB was 60 per cent (26 of 43) compared with 100 per cent (26 of 26) for PSS (P &lt; 0·001). It was lower among patients in whom a NUC had been used (2 of 10 versus 24 of 33; P = 0·004), for procedures undertaken early in the series (6 of 16 versus 20 of 27; P = 0·020) and when the imaging pattern was unfavourable (0 of 5 versus 26 of 38; P = 0·006). On multivariable analysis, only a previous history of NUC predicted failure (P = 0·016).

Conclusion
Prophylactic MRB seems a good treatment option for EHPVO in children, but should be done only by an experienced team in patients with favourable imaging and without a previous history of NUC.
Presented in part to the 43rd Annual Meeting of the American Pediatric Surgical Association, San Antonio, Texas, USA, May 2012
Vitamin D enhances the efficacy of photodynamic therapy in a murine model of breast cancer
Authors: Rollakanti Kishore R. , Anand Sanjay , Maytin Edward V. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractCutaneous metastasis occurs more frequently in breast cancer than in any other malignancy in women, causing significant morbidity. Photodynamic therapy (PDT), which combines a porphyrin‐based photosensitizer and activation by light, can be employed for breast cancer (especially cutaneous metastases) but tumor control after PDT has not surpassed traditional treatments methods such as surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy up to now. Here, we report that breast cancer nodules in mice can be effectively treated by preconditioning the tumors with 1α, 25‐dihydroxyvitamin D3 (calcitriol; Vit D) prior to administering 5‐aminolevulinate (ALA)‐based PDT. Breast carcinoma tumors (MDA‐MB‐231 cells implanted subcutaneously in nude mice) received systemic Vit D (1 μg/kg) for 3 days prior to receiving ALA. The addition of Vit D increased intratumoral accumulation of protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) by 3.3 ± 0.5‐fold, relative to mice receiving ALA alone. Bioluminescence imaging in vivo and immunohistochemical staining confirmed that tumor‐specific cell death after ALA‐PDT was markedly enhanced (36.8 ± 7.4‐fold increase in TUNEL‐positive nuclei; radiance decreased to 14% of control) in Vit D pretreated tumors as compared to vehicle‐pretreated tumors. Vit D stimulated proliferation (10.7 ± 2.8‐fold) and differentiation (9.62 ± 1.7‐fold) in tumor cells, underlying an augmented cellular sensitivity to ALA‐PDT. The observed enhancement of tumor responses to ALA‐PDT after low, nontoxic doses of Vit D supports a new combination approach that deserves consideration in the clinical setting, and offers potential for improved remission of cutaneous breast cancer metastases.
Living with terrorism or withdrawing in terror: Perceived control and consumer avoidance
Authors: Herzenstein Michal , Horsky Sharon , Posavac Steven S. 
Published: February 2015

ABSTRACTTerror attacks targeting civilians are becoming more frequent and affecting more places around the globe. Given the increasing intensity of terrorism and the threat of terrorism, consumer behavioral manifestations may occur. We conducted three studies with diverse methodologies and populations to explore how concerns with terrorism affect individuals' behavior. Two studies were conducted in Israel, a Western country that in the last decade experienced frequent terror attacks targeted at civilians. Results show that concerns with frequent terrorism increase people's desire for control and may lead to avoidant behaviors. The extent of the avoidance response depends on consumers' perceptions of whether they have some control over the odds of becoming a casualty should a terror attack occur. When individuals perceive their control to be low (but not high), they exhibit more avoidant behavior, changing their preferences and consumptions. We further find that individuals' general desire for control increases when they are primed with terrorist activities compared with general mortality. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Minireview: A Comeback of Hg‐Derivatives in Protein Crystallography with Cys‐Modification
Authors: Chan Hsiu‐Chien , Ko Tzu‐Ping , Huang Chun‐Hsiang , Guo Rey‐Ting 
Published: February 2015

AbstractWhile a majority of protein crystal structures are solved by using molecular replacement (MR), it is limited by the available homologous models with sufficient sequence identity. Another popular method is multi‐wavelength anomalous diffraction (MAD) that uses Se‐Met and synchrotron radiations. However, proteins containing Se‐Met are sometimes difficult to obtain and/or crystallize. Consequently, other heavy‐atom derivatives are still used in crystal structure determination, while single isomorphous replacement (SIR) and single wavelength anomalous diffraction (SAD) are more popular than conventional multiple isomorphous replacement (MIR). Here, some recent cases of structure determination in which Hg serves as the only heavy‐atom type are discussed. For Hg‐derivatives, data collection does not need absorption spectrum scanning and it can be carried out using an in‐house X‐ray source. Derivatization with Hg can start directly by soaking the native crystals in Hg‐containing solutions, or use a specific mutant in the active site of an enzyme if it lacks intrinsic free cysteine residues. The rapid advance of bioinformatics and protein engineering has made this strategy of cysteine‐dependent Hg‐phasing by MIR, SIR and SAD an effective method of choice besides MR and MAD for crystal structure determination.
Discovery of a Small‐Molecule pBcl‐2 Inhibitor that Overcomes pBcl‐2‐Mediated Resistance to Apoptosis
Authors: Song Ting , Yu Xiaoyan , Liu Yubo , Li Xiangqian , Chai Gaobo , Zhang Zhichao 
Published: February 2015

AbstractAlthough the role of Bcl‐2 phosphorylation is still under debate, it has been identified in a resistance mechanism to BH3 mimetics, for example ABT‐737 and S1. We identified an S1 analogue, S1‐16, as a small‐molecule inhibitor of pBcl‐2. S1‐16 efficiently kills EEE‐Bcl‐2 (a T69E, S70E, and S87E mutant mimicking phosphorylation)‐expressing HL‐60 cells and high endogenously expressing pBcl‐2 cells, by disrupting EEE‐Bcl‐2 or native pBcl‐2 interactions with Bax and Bak, followed by apoptosis. In vitro binding assays showed that S1‐16 binds to the BH3 binding groove of EEE‐Bcl‐2 (Kd=0.38 μM by ITC; IC50=0.16 μM by ELISA), as well as nonphosphorylated Bcl‐2 (npBcl‐2; Kd=0.38 μM; IC50=0.12 μM). However, ABT‐737 and S1 had much weaker affinities to EEE‐Bcl‐2 (IC50=1.43 and >10 μM, respectively), compared with npBcl‐2 (IC50=0.011 and 0.74 μM, respectively). The allosteric effect on BH3 binding groove by Bcl‐2 phosphorylation in the loop region was illustrated for the first time.
Simultaneous Use of in Silico Design and a Correlated Mutation Network as a Tool To Efficiently Guide Enzyme Engineering
Authors: Nobili Alberto , Tao Yifeng , Pavlidis Ioannis V. , van den Bergh Tom , Joosten Henk‐Jan , Tan Tianwei , Bornscheuer Uwe T. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractIn order to improve the efficiency of directed evolution experiments, in silico multiple‐substrate clustering was combined with an analysis of the variability of natural enzymes within a protein superfamily. This was applied to a Pseudomonas fluorescens esterase (PFE I) targeting the enantioselective hydrolysis of 3‐phenylbutyric acid esters. Data reported in the literature for nine substrates were used for the clustering meta‐analysis of the docking conformations in wild‐type PFE I, and this highlighted a tryptophan residue (W28) as an interesting target. Exploration of the most frequently, naturally occurring amino acids at this position suggested that the reduced flexibility observed in the case of the W28F variant leads to enhancement of the enantioselectivity. This mutant was subsequently combined with mutations identified in a library based on analysis of a correlated mutation network. By interrogation of <80 variants a mutant with 15‐fold improved enantioselectivity was found.
Behavior of stem cells under outer‐space microgravity and ground‐based microgravity simulation
Authors: Zhang Cui , Li Liang , Chen Jianling , Wang Jinfu 
Published: February 2015

AbstractWith rapid development of space engineering, research on life sciences in space is being conducted extensively, especially cellular and molecular studies on space medicine. Stem cells, undifferentiated cells that can differentiate into specialized cells, are considered a key resource for regenerative medicine. Research on stem cells under conditions of microgravity during a space flight or a ground‐based simulation has generated several excellent findings. To help readers understand the effects of outer space and ground‐based simulation conditions on stem cells, we reviewed recent studies on the effects of microgravity (as an obvious environmental factor in space) on morphology, proliferation, migration, and differentiation of stem cells.