bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A novel γ-lactone derivative from the twigs of Turraea pubescens
Authors: Chang Yao-Wen , Yuan Chun-Mao , Zhang Jing , Zhang Yu , Hua Hui-Ming , Di Ying-Tong , Hao Xiao-Jiang 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
A novel γ-lactone derivative, turranin G (1), and five known compounds were isolated from the twigs of Turraea pubescens. The structures of 1–6 were determined by means of spectroscopic analysis. The biogenetic pathway of compound 1 was proposed. Compound 2 exhibited inhibitory activity against lipopolysaccharide-induced nitric oxide in RAW264.7 cells with an IC50 value of 18.8 μm.
Reactive Parricide
Authors: Tanay E 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
This paper describes a variety of homicide characterized by an element of reality in resorting to the killing of a parent. It deals with families marked by the presence of what I call catastrophic conflict. This term denotes a conflict which exceeds the adaptive capacity of an individual and can be resolved only by structural changes: a change in the structure of reality (divorce, truancy, homicide) or a change in the structure of the subject (psychosis or suicide). The reactive parricide is a last-resort effort to protect the psychic integrity of the perpetrator threatened with psychic disintegration due to catastrophic conflict. Killing of the parent responsible for catastrophic conflict leads to resolution of this tragic dilemma.
Two Anaphylactic Deaths After Chemonucleolysis
Authors: DiMaio VJM 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Prior to the early 1960s, treatment of low back pain ascribed to discogenic disease was a choice between a conservative, nonsurgical regime of rest, physiotherapy, and supportive measures, or laminectomy. In 1963, Smith began to inject the drug chymopapain into lumbar disks in patients with low back pain and sciatica [1]. This procedure is now called chemonucleolysis. The purpose of such injections is to depolymerize the cementing protein of the chondromucoprotein complex, reducing the molecular size and viscosity of the nucleus pulposus, thus chemically decompressing the disk space [2]. Anaphylaxis after the injection of chymopapain has been reported [3–6]. The two cases herein reported, however, are the only known deaths due to anaphylaxis.
Mass Spectrometry as an Aid in the Detection and Identification of Piperidyl Benzilates and Related Glycolates
Authors: Petersen BA , Vouros P , Parker JM , Karger BL 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
In 1958, Abood and co-workers [1] synthesized a series of compounds with the general structure indicated by Compound I (Fig. 1), using the piperidine ring of atropine and replacing the tropic acid side chain with substituted glycolic acids. In recent years, considerable attention has been given to this series of compounds because of their potent anticholinergic and central nervous system (CNS) activity [2–6]. In man, they exhibit powerful, psychotomimetic, and antidepressant symptoms, and, in doses of 1 to 25 mg, produce long-lasting hallucinogenic effects similar in action to lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD). These compounds are also quite toxic and in larger doses can lead to death through respiratory failure.
Elemental Analysis by Energy Dispersive X-Ray: A Significant Factor in the Forensic Analysis of Glass
Authors: Reeve V , Mathiesen J , Fong W 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Comparison of glass particles by the forensic scientist is routinely accomplished by measuring some physical properties. Direct comparison of densities ϱ and refractive indexes (ͻC, ͻD, and ͻF being the refractive indexes determined at 6563, 5893, and 4861 nm, respectively) are the most widely used physical measurements because of convenience, reproducibility, sensitivity, and applicability to small sample size. Traditionally, if the physical comparison showed significant difference, it was concluded that the two glass samples could not have had a common origin. Conversely, when the specimens were not distinguishable the forensic scientist reported these samples as possibly having the same origin. Generally he did this without giving consideration to another variable-elemental composition of the samples.
Preparing Samples for the Recording of Infrared Spectra from Synthetic Fibers
Authors: Grieve MC , Kearns JA 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Infrared spectroscopy is widely used in forensic science laboratories to identify and compare synthetic textile fibers. It is particularly useful for differentiating between various types of acrylic or polyester and polyester/polyether fibers where copolymerization or the introduction of new polymer types has been used to modify physical properties or improve dyeing characteristics.
Forensic Archaeology
Authors: Morse D , Crusoe D , Smith HG 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Physical anthropology has long been a necessary part of criminal investigation. Archaeology, which is another branch of anthropology, has rarely, if ever, been used even when the investigations involved a buried body. The purpose of this presentation is to demonstrate the value of using modern archaeological techniques as an aid in investigations made necessary by the search for or the discovery of burials, either skeletonized or partly decomposed.
An Experimental Study of Powder Tattooing of the Skin
Authors: DiMaio VJM , Petty CS , Stone IC 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Determination of the distance from muzzle to victim from the appearance of a gunshot wound in the skin is often of great importance. Such information may be necessary to confirm or disprove an account of the circumstances surrounding a death due to firearms. Contact wounds generally can be recognized by the presence of soot and powder in and around the wound as well as searing of the skin from the flame. When the contact wound overlays bone, tearing of the skin or muzzle imprints may be present. Intermediate range gunshot wounds are characterized by powder tattooing (stippling) of the skin around the wound of entrance. Soot may or may not be present. While soot can usually be wiped away, powder tattooing cannot. When the muzzle-to-target distance increases so that powder tattooing no longer occurs, the gunshot wound is called a distant wound and range determinations can no longer be made.
Sudden Death While Attempting to Conceal Illegal Drugs: Laryngeal Obstruction by a Package of Heroin
Authors: Simson LR 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Laryngeal obstruction by an aspirated foreign body is not an uncommon cause of sudden death. Accidentally aspirated objects usually are such items as food, chewing gum, and ballons. The following case is unusual in that the victim was attempting to conceal a bulk quantity of narcotics when the fatal aspiration occurred.
Drug Detection in Cases of “Driving Under the Influence”
Authors: Garriott JC , Latman N 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
The role of ethyl alcohol as a significant factor in traffic arrests and accidents has been established through numerous studies [1], while that of other drugs and their incidence in the driving population is less clear. Several studies have, however, demonstrated a high incidence of drugs in “intoxicated drivers” by questioning or urine analysis [2–4]. Finkle et al [3] reported 21% of arrested, drinking drivers indicated on routine questioning some kind of concurrent drug use.
A Review of “Scientists in the Legal System”
Authors: Schroeder O 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
The editor of this compact volume seeks to relate scientists to the legal process in a meaningful manner—as essential contributors not as tolerated meddlers. He succeeds. By a judicious selection of authors who are practicing lawyers or practicing scientists, the editor has illuminated the traditional use of science by the law to prove facts. He has, in addition, emphasized the progressive utilization of science by the administration of justice to achieve a life of quality both for the individual and for society.
Antemortem Conversion of Codeine to Morphine in Man
Authors: Nakamura GR , Griesemer EC , Noguchi TT 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
In the routine screening of postmortem specimens in this laboratory, whenever codeine is detected, morphine is almost always found concurrently. Adler [1] and Mannering et al [2] demonstrated that, in man, codeine is demethylated to morphine, and that as much as 17.2% of codeine appears as bound and unbound morphine in urine.
The Collection and Determination of Ethylene Glycol Dinitrate, Nitroglycerine, and Trinitrotoluene Explosive Vapors
Authors: Chrostowski JE , Holmes RN , Rehn BW 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
The identification of an explosive during a bomb scene investigation is a difficult and tedious task. The debris obtained from a bomb scene is usually first examined by microscopic means [1], with the hope of detecting some unconsumed explosive. Particles of suspected explosives are analyzed by using color spot tests or by solvent extraction procedures, with subsequent concentration and verification by thin-layer chromatography (TLC) or infrared spectroscopy (IR). This technique is time consuming if large quantities of debris are to be examined. One approach by which analysis time may be reduced is to scan samples from a bomb scene with a commercially available explosive detector such as a special purpose automated gas chromatograph vapor trace analyzer (VTA) [2]. Samples on which a positive response is obtained are retained for further analysis. A positive response on the VTA is an indication that an explosive vapor of commercial nitroglycerine dynamite has been detected. These selected samples should be further analyzed to confirm the presence of other related explosives [2]. Methods for analyzing explosive vapors by methods other than the VTA have also appeared in the literature [3,4].
A New Trace Ferrous Metal Detection Reagent
Authors: Goldman GL , Thornton JI 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Since the early 1970s there has been substantial use of the 8-hydroxyquinoline test for determining whether a person has handled a weapon [1]. This test, now generally referred to as the TMDT test [2], involves spraying the hands of a person suspected of handling a weapon with a 0.2% solution of 8-hydroxyquinoline in isopropanol and observing the sprayed area with ultraviolet light. If a person has handled a weapon to the extent that oxidized ferrous ion is transferred to the hands, a dark area is noted in those areas of contact. Often a pattern of the object handled will be apparent. A positive reaction must be recorded by photography, however, and attendant complications exist in the ultraviolet fluorescent photography which must be employed [3].
A National Assessment of Propoxyphene in Postmortem Medicolegal Investigation, 1972–1975
Authors: Finkle BS , McCloskey KL , Kiplinger GF , Bennett IF 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Propoxyphene in its various proprietary forms is among the most commonly prescribed drugs in the United States. As an analgesic which physicians find useful to bridge the gap between aspirin and the narcotics, propoxyphene has reached general application unparalleled by any other “pain-killer.” It is inevitable for any drug with such widespread usage that if it has any toxicity at all, in whatever form or circumstance, it will eventually come to the attention of forensic pathologists and toxicologists. So it has been with propoxyphene in the 1970s through a series of papers in the scientific literature [1–8] suggesting that propoxyphene was increasingly implicated in medicolegal investigations of drug-related deaths. Many groups of cases have been reported by toxicologists in particular areas such as Dallas [3], North Carolina [5], Southern California [1], and the San Francisco Bay area [6], but generally in terms of the analytical toxicology findings alone, and usually as a “snapshot” of an incidence at one point in time.
Old Ethics for New Sciences—What Confronts Justice
Authors: Schroeder OC 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
The primary question confronting humanity in 1976 is: What is justice? What is most important to understand is that justice must contain and control all aspects of human society, including ethics and science. Ethics and science do not contain and control justice, because justice is ultimately the process by which human beings try to adjust, to accommodate, and to harmonize the relationships between and among themselves: relationships including politics, economics, race, sex, religion, and certainly morals, ethics, and science. Justice, in short, dominates any issue which confronts humanity or creates human conflicts.
Genetic Markers in Human Semen: A Review
Authors: Blake ET , Sensabaugh GF 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
The utilization of genetic typing in the analysis of body fluids and secretions is an important objective in forensic science; however, before this can be done several questions must be answered. It must be known what genetic markers are present in the fluid of interest and what kinds of nongenetic variability enter into the phenotypic expression of these markers. The stability of the markers must be known, and procedural problems specific to the analysis of a particular fluid must be recognized. It is only after these questions are satisfactorily answered that protocols of analysis which are relatively reliable can be developed.
Studies of the Spatial Distribution of Firearms Discharge Residues
Authors: Seamster A , Mead T , Gislason J , Jackson K , Ruddy F , Pate BD 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
The technique of determining the circumstances of the discharge of a firearm through measurement of the inorganic residue from combustion of the primer has been substantially detailed [1–23]. The principal components of this residue are usually lead (Pb), antimony (Sb), and barium (Ba); the latter two elements may be determined, in the trace quantities encountered, by neutron activation analysis [5,9–11]; all three may be determined by atomic absorption spectrometry [12,13,21,22].
Identification of IBM Keypunch Machines by Their Printed Products
Authors: Curvey CE , Eaton CE 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
A little over a year ago, the Document Division of the United States Army Criminal Investigation Laboratory received a referral requesting the examination of 44 keypunch cards to determine the machine responsible for their preparation. Supplies were being diverted, and the shortages were covered by the preparation of fraudulent keypunch cards. The contributor of the case also submitted known standards from the 15 keypunch machines most likely to have been responsible for the preparation of the fraudulent cards. The questioned cards were approximately 7 ⅜ in. wide by 3 ¼ in. high (187 by 83 mm), contained a series of punched holes, and bore printed characters consisting of a series of dots along the top of the cards (see sample, Fig. 1). Our first impression was FIG. 1—A sample card from an IBM keypunch machine. that this would be another tedious, complex, time-consuming examination; however, as work progressed on the examination, the case became extremely interesting and very rewarding from a document examiner's viewpoint.
Forensic Odontology in Missing Persons Cases
Authors: Krauss TC 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Forensic odontology has been concerned historically with identification of unknown human remains. Unfortunately, many times this work, which requires accurately gathering and evaluating all available information, is conducted under the pressures of urgency. Such pressure may be avoided by early cooperation between the missing persons investigator and a forensic odontologist to provide an accurate dental antemortem record available for immediate use as a source of suitable information for police circulars. Through the use of a professionally developed forensic dental interview of all individuals familiar with a missing person, a trained police investigator can assemble much of the lay information available. The forensic dental interview presented has been used in this manner.
A Review of “Forensic Psychiatry—A Practical Guide for Lawyers and Psychiatrists”
Authors: Drucker F 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
This monograph is intended to be a practical guide for attorneys and psychiatrists working together in areas of mutual concern. Unfortunately, it fails to achieve its goal. Though written by an excellent teacher, Dr. Sadoff's book is unevenly organized and presented. It apparently is a collection of papers, some of which have been rewritten, and of other writings compiled into a single volume. It tends to ramble somewhat with the insertion of anecdotal cases rather than development of theses in firm fashion. This manner of presentation is not unlike Dr. Sadoff's lecture technique [1]. Dr. Sadoff seems to shift back and forth between presentations intended for psychiatrists and those intended for attorneys. Further, he shifts in presentation from first person to third person. His attention seems directed more toward criminal matters, with insufficient attention to the psychiatrist's involvement in matters of civil forensic psychiatric practice, such as personal injury litigation, workers' compensation matters, and other torts. Only passing mention is given to the important area of brain syndrome producing disability or impaired responsibility, an issue of important consideration in evaluation of a person who has sustained head injury, been exposed to toxic chemicals, or otherwise possibly brain-damaged.
A Review of “Forensic Psychology: A Guide for Lawyers and the Mental Health Professions”
Authors: White ER 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Dr. Robert Gordon, the author, is the son of an attorney and acquired postdoctoral degrees in psychology before becoming interested in forensic psychology. He subsequently earned the Juris Doctor degree and became a member of the Texas Bar. Presently, he participates actively in many aspects of psychology and law.
A Systematic Approach to the Forensic Examination of Flash Powders
Authors: Meyers RE 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Flash powders are classified as detonating pyrotechnic mixtures that deflagrate when unconfined and detonate when confined, emitting an intense light under both conditions. Their legitimate uses include commercial fireworks and military ordnance and simulators. The relative ease of acquiring the chemicals needed to manufacture flash powder has made these mixtures attractive to the amateur bomber. Approximately 15% of the several hundred bomb cases processed annually by this laboratory involve the use of flash powder mixtures.
Propellant Identification by Particle Size Measurement
Authors: Zack PJ , House JE 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
The identification of propellants in evidential materials or from ammunition samples is of considerable interest in forensic investigations. Recently the thermal decomposition of nitrocellulose small arms propellants was studied in an effort to provide a method of identifying different samples [1,2]. In these studies it was established that differences in thermal characteristics do not provide reliable methods for differentiation between propellants.
Electrophoresis of Esterase D in Fresh Blood and in Bloodstains on Cellulose Acetate
Authors: Grunbaum BW , Harmor GC , Del Re B , Zajac PL 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Esterase D (EsD) was first phenotyped by Hopkinson et al [1] using starch gel electrophoresis. Three phenotypes were described: 1-1, 1-2, and 2-2. Bender and Frank [2] detected a new EsD phenotype, which they named 3-1. Typing of EsD in bloodstains with starch gel has been reported by Parkin and Adams [3]. Esterase D isoenzymes have also been separated by electrophoresis with polyacrylamide gel, agarose gel, and cellulose acetate by Köster et al [4]. They observed poor results with cellulose acetate and discontinued its use. Since the results with phenotyping EsD on cellulose acetate in our laboratory are unambiguous, fast, reproducible, and economical, it is obvious that good results depend on the technology employed.
Factors Affecting the Use of Lactate Dehydrogenase as a Means of Bloodstain Differentiation
Authors: Stombaugh PM , Kearney JJ 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), a ubiquitous enzyme present in human tissues and body fluids, catalyzes the reversible oxidation of lactate to pyruvate. Electrophoretically, LDH can be separated into five distinct isozyme fractions commonly designated as LDH-1, LDH-2, LDH-3, LDH-4, and LDH-5 [1].
Isolation and Characterization of a Semen-Specific Protein from Human Seminal Plasma: A Potential New Marker for Semen Identification
Authors: Sensabaugh GF 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
The identification of semen is of paramount importance in the investigation of rape and other crimes involving sexual assault. The most commonly used procedures for semen identification center on the detection of sperm or the detection of prostatic acid phosphatase activity; methods involving the detection of spermine, choline, or semen antigens are less commonly employed. Unfortunately, none of these procedures is without one or more significant problems. For example, sperm will not be found in the semen of vasectomized or aspermic males; moreover, sperm are mechanically labile and their unequivocal identification in suspected semen stains is often difficult. Also, sperm are cleared from the vagina fairly rapidly and hence may not be found in postcoital vaginal washings. Thus the failure to detect sperm in suspect material by no means counterindicates semen. In the case of the acid phosphatase test, the problems are different. Acid phosphatase is not at all unique to semen or prostatic tissue; this enzyme activity is ubiquitous in nature. Moreover, there is evidence that prostatic acid phosphatase and the acid phosphatase found in normal vaginal secretions are genetically identical and that both are genetically identical to lysosomal acid phosphatase found in most tissues; therefore, the genetic basis of specificity of the acid phosphatase test is in question. The quantitative test can only be based on the extraordinarily high level of acid phosphatase activity in semen; the low levels of activity often found in postcoital vaginal washings are thus equivocal with respect to the question of semen detection. The other tests for semen identification are similarly suspect in reference to their specificity.
Four Deaths Resulting from Abuse of Nitrous Oxide
Authors: DiMaio VJM , Garriott JC 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Nitrous oxide is a weak anesthetic gas, used alone for dental work and as an adjunct to more potent anesthetics in major surgical procedures. It is the only inorganic gas that is practical for clinical anesthesia. Like all the anesthetic drugs, nitrous oxide has been subject to abuse. Unlike the other anesthetic agents, where the abuse is almost exclusively by medical personnel, nitrous oxide has been abused by the general public.
Reconstruction of Mutilated Victims for Identification
Authors: Drake W , Lukash L 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Death by violent means, rendering a victim mutilated beyond recognition, presents the medical examiner and the police department with a problem of legal identification. This paper outlines the reconstruction of victims mutilated beyond recognition, by intent or accident, when the remains are not skeletal. This type of reconstruction and restoration requires an excellent knowledge of skull anatomy and some of the talent of a sculptor.
Feasibility of Gunshot Residue Detection Via Its Organic Constituents. Part II: A Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Method
Authors: Mach MH , Pallos A , Jones PF 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
This is the second in a series of publications to examine the feasibility of tests for gunshot residue based on volatile or volatilizable organic constituents (VOC), either present in the original smokeless powder formulation or produced during firing.