bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Acquired pharmaco‐dynamic opioid tolerance: a concept analysis
Authors: Middleton Carolyn , Harden Jane 
Published: April 2013

AbstractAimTo report an analysis of the concept of acquired pharmaco‐dynamic opioid tolerance.BackgroundAcquired pharmaco‐dynamic opioid tolerance is a complex and poorly understood phenomenon associated with strong opioid therapy for managing pain. Critical review of the concept provides greater clarification of the attributes, assisting healthcare professionals in addressing pain and functional management of patients, particularly those with non‐malignant pain.DesignConcept analysis.Data sourcesA systematic literature search was undertaken using electronic data bases: CINAHL, British Nursing Index, EMBase, Medline, Pubmed and AMED. All literature reviewed was in English and published between 1976 and 2012. The key search terms were ‘chronic non‐malignant pain’, ‘strong opioid therapy’ and ‘development of acquired pharmaco‐dynamic opioid tolerance’; all possible variant terms were also searched.MethodThe Walker and Avant approach was used to guide the concept analysis.ResultsThe concept analysis revealed four empirical referents: plasticity, drug administration, reduced analgesic efficacy and increased drug dosing. Tachyphylexia was identified as a borderline case, opioid induced hyperalgesia as a related case and pseudo‐tolerance as a contrary case. The antecedent is administration of an opioid analgesic drug and the consequences, increasing opioid drug dose to maintain analgesic effect.ConclusionUntangling the antecedents, empirical referents and consequences of tolerance help healthcare professionals understand its complexities. Improved knowledge may ultimately influence patient outcomes through the construction of better monitoring systems. This concept analysis may also provide insights for policy change and give empirical direction for future research.
Assessment of Executive Functions in Prader–Willi Syndrome and Relationship with Intellectual Level
Authors: Chevalère J. , Postal V. , Jauregui J. , Copet P. , Laurier V. , Thuilleaux D. 
Published: April 2013

IntroductionThe aim of the present study was to determine whether individuals with Prader–Willi syndrome (PWS) have impaired global executive functioning and whether this deficit is linked with intellectual disability. Another objective focussed on the variability in performance of intellectual quotient (IQ) and executive functions (EF) depending on the genotypic subtype. A final objective investigated whether the relationships between IQ and EF are different according to the genotypic subtype.MethodTwenty individuals with PWS and mild‐to‐moderate IQ (standard scores between 55 and 90, age range 19 and 49 years old, SD = 28.1) were administered an ecological battery of executive functioning (behavioural assessment of dysexecutive syndrome, BADS, adapted from Wilson et al. (1996) Behavioural Assessment of the Dysexecutive Syndrome. Thames Valley Test Company: Bury St Edmunds, UK.). The BADS contains six tests evaluating EF. The sample comprised 14 deletion subtype and six maternal uniparental disomy (m‐UPD) subtype.ResultsBehavioural assessment of dysexecutive syndrome scores were below the level of the standardized healthy populations of the battery and equivalent to those of the neuropathological standardized population. Most scores on EF tasks were relatively highly correlated with Full Scale and Verbal IQs but were not significant or moderately correlated with Performance IQ. Lastly, underlying differences were found in scores on two EF tasks (the Rule Shift Card and the Zoo Map subtests) between the deletion and m‐UPD subtypes.DiscussionThese data suggest a deficit of executive functioning in PWS that is linked more with verbal skills than performance skills. They also suggest that the impact on executive functioning may differ according to the genotype.
Rapid lizard radiation lacking niche conservatism: ecological diversification within a complex landscape
Authors: Ahmadzadeh Faraham , Flecks Morris , Carretero Miguel A. , Böhme Wolfgang , Ilgaz Cetin , Engler Jan O. , James Harris D. , Üzüm Nazan , Rödder Dennis 
Published: April 2013

AbstractAimDiversification and rapid radiation are well documented in lacertid lizards. Niche conservation is frequently observed among related taxa, whereby niches will not change much during speciation events. Here, we investigate the relationship between environmental niche divergence and phylogenetic relatedness in a widespread group of green lizards, theLacerta trilineatagroup.LocationEastern Mediterranean, Anatolia and adjacent regions.MethodsA dated phylogeny based on three mitochondrial genes was contextualized using species distribution models of all genetically identified lineages in theLacerta trilineatagroup. Based on this analysis, ancestral climatic niche occupancy was reconstructed using niche occupancy profiles. Niche divergence among lineages was quantified by computing multivariate niche overlaps.ResultsAll taxa are associated with humid areas, but there is extensive variation in their climatic niche breadths and positions, which accord with the main phylogenetic split in the group. Our results suggest divergent niche evolution within subclades and convergent evolution among clades, which implies only a limited degree of niche conservatism regarding annual variations in temperature and precipitation. In contrast, niche axes – mainly reflecting precipitation patterns of the coldest quarter – show a greater difference among clades than within clades, and therefore a higher degree of niche conservatism.Main conclusionsBased on estimated divergence times between taxa and geological events in Anatolia, our results can be explained by fragmentation of the range of a hypothetical ancestral species, resulting in different adaptations of subclades either to humid continental climates or to more Mediterranean climates. Our study highlights deviations from classical niche conservatism theory due to significant niche shifts among sister taxa.
Disparity in embrasure fill and papilla height between tooth‐ and implant‐borne fixed restorations in the anterior maxilla: a cross‐sectional study
Authors: Cosyn Jan , Raes Magalie , Packet Mathieu , Cleymaet Roberto , De Bruyn Hugo 
Published: April 2013

AbstractPurposeThe objective of the present study was to compare inter‐proximal fill and papilla height between different embrasures.Material & MethodsOne hundred and fifty non‐smoking consecutive patients (mean age 54, range 32–73; 63 males and 87 females) without periodontal disease were selected in a multidisciplinary practice during regular supportive care. All had been treated for multiple tooth loss in the anterior maxilla at least 1 year earlier by means of a fixed restoration on teeth (n = 50) or implants (n = 100) using straightforward procedures (without hard and/or soft tissue augmentation). Embrasure fill was assessed by means of Jemt's papilla index and papilla height was registered following local anaesthesia by means of bone sounding by one clinician.ResultsTooth‐pontic and tooth‐implant embrasures demonstrated comparable inter‐proximal fill and papilla height (≥58% Jemt's score 3; mean papilla height ≥4.1 mm). Between missing teeth, embrasure fill and papilla height were lower regardless of the embrasure type. The implant‐implant and implant‐pontic embrasure demonstrated comparable outcome (≤42% Jemt's score 3; mean papilla height ≤ 3.3 mm; p ≥ 0.416), which was significantly poorer when compared to the pontic‐pontic embrasure (82% Jemt's score 3; mean papilla height 3.7 mm; p ≤ 0.019). Overall, papilla index and papilla height demonstrated a weak correlation (Spearman's correlation coefficient: 0.198; p = 0.002).ConclusionsThe re‐establishment of a papilla is difficult when there is no tooth involved. In that scenario a short papilla should be expected and implant‐borne restorations demonstrate the poorest outcome. Moreover, an implant with a pontic may not perform better than adjacent implants.
Serum arylhydrocarbon receptor transactivating activity is elevated in type 2 diabetic patients with diabetic nephropathy
Authors: Kim Jin Taek , Kim Sang Soo , Jun Dae Won , Hwang Young Hwan , Park Wook‐Ha , Pak Youngmi Kim , Lee Hong Kyu 
Published: April 2013

AbstractAims/IntroductionEvidence is emerging that exposure to persistent organic pollutants (POPs) is a risk factor for obesity‐related diseases and for diabetes mellitus (DM). We found that POPs could be measured by a cell‐based arylhydrocarbon receptor (AhR)‐dependent reporter assay. We tested if serum AhR transactivating (AHRT) activities are a risk factor for diabetic nephropathy in people with type 2 diabetes.Materials and MethodsWe enrolled diabetic patients with normoalbuminuria (n = 36), microalbuminuria (n = 29), macroalbuminuria (n = 8) and end‐stage renal disease (n = 31). Sera were tested for their AHRT activities, which were standardized by an AhR ligand, 2,3,7,8‐tetrachlorodibenzo‐p‐dioxin (TCDD) and expressed as TCDD equivalents (TCDDeq pmol/L).ResultsMean serum AHRT activities were higher in patients with microalbuminuria (40.1 ± 7.1 pmol/L), macroalbuminuria (37.4 ± 5.5 pmol/L) and end‐stage renal disease (59.1 ± 20.0 pmol/L) than in subjects with normoalbuminuria (12.7 ± 5.4 pmol/L; P < 0.05 for all comparisons). Serum AhR ligands showed a correlation with estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR; r = −0.663, P < 0.001), serum creatinine level (r = 0.635, P < 0.001), systolic blood pressure (r = 0.223, P = 0.026), glycated hemoglobim (r = 0.339, P < 0.001) and diabetic duration (r = 0.394, P < 0.001). In a multiple regression analysis, diabetic nephropathy was found to be an independent risk factor for higher AHRT activity after controlling for the confounding factors.ConclusionsThe present findings suggest serum AHRT activity, thus serum AhR ligands, is a risk factor for diabetic nephropathy. Further studies are required to clarify if an accumulation of POPs in the body is causally related to diabetic nephropathy.
Novel systemically active galanin receptor 2 ligands in depression‐like behavior
Authors: Saar Indrek , Lahe Jaanus , Langel Kent , Runesson Johan , Webling Kristin , Järv Jaak , Rytkönen Jussi , Närvänen Ale , Bartfai Tamas , Kurrikoff Kaido , Langel Ülo 
Published: April 2013

AbstractNeuropeptide galanin and its three G‐protein coupled receptors, galanin receptor type 1–galanin receptor type 3 (GalR1–GalR3), are involved in the regulation of numerous physiological and disease processes, and thus represent tremendous potential in neuroscience research and novel drug lead development. One of the areas where galanin is involved is depression. Previous studies have suggested that activation of GalR2 leads to attenuation of depression‐like behavior. Unfortunately, lack of in vivo usable subtype specific ligands hinders testing the role of galanin in depression mechanisms. In this article, we utilize an approach of increasing in vivo usability of peptide‐based ligands, acting upon CNS. Thus, we have synthesized a series of novel systemically active galanin analogs, with modest preferential binding toward GalR2. We have shown that specific chemical modifications to the galanin backbone increase brain levels upon i.v. injection of the peptides. Several of the new peptides, similar to a common clinically used antidepressant medication imipramine, exerted antidepressant‐like effect in forced swim test, a mouse model of depression, at a surprisingly low dose range (< 0.5 mg/kg). We chose one of the peptides, J18, for more thorough study, and showed its efficacy also in another mouse depression model (tail suspension test), and demonstrated that its antidepressant‐like effect upon i.v. administration can be blocked by i.c.v. galanin receptor antagonist M35. The effect of the J18 was also abolished in GalR2KO animals. All this suggests that systemically administered peptide analog J18 exerts its biological effect through activation of GalR2 in the brain. The novel galanin analogs represent potential drug leads and a novel pharmaceutical intervention for depression.
image
We utilize several chemical modifications to increase in vivo usability of peptide‐based ligands, acting upon CNS. Accordingly, we introduce a series of novel systemically active galanin analogues, with modest preferential binding towards GalR2, and demonstrate their ability to attenuate depression‐like behavior via brain GalR2 in different mouse models of depression.
Environmental stress, ageing and glial cell senescence: a novel mechanistic link to Parkinson's disease?
Authors: Chinta S. J. , Lieu C. A. , DeMaria M. , Laberge R.‐M. , Campisi J. , Andersen J. K. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractExposure to environmental toxins is associated with a variety of age‐related diseases including cancer and neurodegeneration. For example, in Parkinson's disease (PD), chronic environmental exposure to certain toxins has been linked to the age‐related development of neuropathology. Neuronal damage is believed to involve the induction of neuroinflammatory events as a consequence of glial cell activation. Cellular senescence is a potent anti‐cancer mechanism that occurs in a number of proliferative cell types and causes the arrest of proliferation of cells at risk of malignant transformation following exposure to potentially oncogenic stimuli. With age, senescent cells accumulate and express a senescence‐associated secretory phenotype (SASP; that is the robust secretion of many inflammatory cytokines, growth factors and proteases). Whereas cell senescence in peripheral tissues has been causally linked to a number of age‐related pathologies, little is known about the induction of cellular senescence and the SASP in the brain. On the basis of recently reported findings, we propose that environmental stressors associated with PD may act in part by eliciting senescence and the SASP within non neuronal glial cells in the ageing brain, thus contributing to the characteristic decline in neuronal integrity that occurs in this disorder.
Reliability, Asymmetry, and Age Influence on Dynamic Cerebral Autoregulation Measured by Spontaneous Fluctuations of Blood Pressure and Cerebral Blood Flow Velocities in Healthy Individuals
Authors: Ortega‐Gutierrez Santiago , Petersen Nils , Masurkar Arjun , Reccius Andres , Huang Amy , Li Min , Choi Jae H. , Marshall Randolph S. 
Published: April 2013

ABSTRACTBACKGROUNDCerebral autoregulation (CA) enables the brain to maintain stable cerebral blood flow (CBF). CA can be assessed noninvasively by determining correlations between CBF velocity (CBFV) and spontaneous changes in blood pressure. Postrecording signal analysis methods have included both frequency‐ and time‐domain methods. However, the test‐retest reliability, cross‐validation, and determination of normal values have not been adequately established.METHODSIn 53 healthy volunteers, a transfer function analysis was applied to calculate phase shift (PS) and gain in the low frequency range (.06‐.12 Hz) where CA is most apparent. Correlation analysis was used to derive mean velocity index (Mx). Intraclass correlation and bivariate correlation coefficients were applied to assess asymmetry, cross‐validity, and test‐retest results: The bihemispheric average PS, gain, and Mx means were 45.99+/−14.24°, .62+/−.38 cm/second/mmHg, and .41+/−.13, respectively. Gain exhibited a difference by age (P = .03). PS, gain, and Mx values showed excellent interhemispheric correlation (r > .8; P < .001). PS and gain showed good reliability (R ICC = .632, L ICC = .576; P < .001). PS and Mx showed fair correlation (r = −.37; P < .001).CONCLUSIONSCA parameters obtained by time‐ and frequency‐domain methods correlate well, and show good interhemispheric and test‐retest reliability. Group means from healthy controls may provide adequate norms for determining abnormal CA in cerebrovascular patients.
Unusual phenolic compounds contribute to ecophysiological performance in the purple‐colored green alga Zygogonium ericetorum (Zygnematophyceae, Streptophyta) from a high‐alpine habitat
Authors: Aigner Siegfried , Remias Daniel , Karsten Ulf , Holzinger Andreas 
Published: April 2013

The filamentous green alga Zygogonium ericetorum (Zygnematophyceae, Streptophyta) was collected in a high‐alpine rivulet in Tyrol, Austria. Two different morphotypes of this alga were found: a purple morph with a visible purple vacuolar content and a green morph lacking this coloration. These morphotypes were compared with respect to their secondary metabolites, ultrastructure, and ecophysiological properties. Colorimetric tests with aqueous extracts of the purple morph indicated the presence of soluble compounds such as phenolics and hydrolyzable tannins. High‐performance liquid chromatography‐screening showed that Z. ericetorum contained several large phenolic peaks with absorption maxima at ~280 nm and sometimes with minor maxima at ~380 nm. Such compounds are uncommon for freshwater green microalgae, and could contribute to protect the organism against increased UV and visible (VIS) irradiation. The purple Z. ericetorum contained larger amounts (per dry weight) of the putative phenolic substances than the green morph; exposure to irradiation may be a key factor for accumulation of these phenolic compounds. Transmission electron microscopy of the purple morph showed massive vacuolization with homogenous medium electron‐dense content in the cell periphery, which possibly contains the secondary compounds. In contrast, the green morph had smaller, electron‐translucent vacuoles. The ecophysiological data on photosynthesis and desiccation tolerance indicated that increasing photon fluence densities led to much higher relative electron transport rates (rETR) in the purple than in the green morph. These data suggest that the secondary metabolites in the purple morph are important for light acclimation in high‐alpine habitats. However, the green morph recovered better after 4 d of rehydration following desiccation stress.
Phylogenetics and biogeography of Theaceae based on sequences of plastid genes
Authors: LI Mi‐Mi , LI Jian‐Hua , DEL TREDICI Peter , CORAJOD Jeffrey , FU Cheng‐Xin 
Published: April 2013

AbstractDespite several morphological and molecular analyses of Theaceae, several outstanding issues remain in the phylogenetics and biogeography of the family including the disputed relationships among the tribes Gordonieae, Stewartieae, and Theeae, the controversial taxonomic status of Hartia and Stewartia, and the unclear biogeographic history of Gordonieae and Stewartieae. In this study we gathered DNA sequences of multiple plastid genes from 27 species of Theaceae representing all genera except Laplacea, conducted phylogenetic analyses using parsimony, likelihood, and Bayesian methods, and estimated divergence times within a Bayesian framework with fossil calibrations and molecular data. Our data provided further support for the three tribes in the family and for the sister‐group relationship of Theeae to Stewartieae plus Gordonieae. Within Gordonieae, our study for the first time offered strong molecular support for the sister relationship of Franklinia and Schima. Within Stewartieae, our data supported the paraphyly of Stewartia including Hartia. Within Stewartia, our data for the first time suggested that North American (NA) species Stewartia ovata was more closely related to eastern Asian (EA) species than to the other NA species Stewartia malacodendron. Biogeographic analyses indicated that disjunct endemic species of Gordonieae might have originated from NA and those of Stewartieae from EA. Divergence times of the EA‐NA disjunct pairs identified in this study (Franklinia and Schima in Gordonieae and S. ovata (NA) and Asian species of Stewartia) were estimated to be in the Mid‐Miocene. Population exchanges in Gordonieae and Stewartieae may have occurred over the Bering land bridge prior to the Mid‐Miocene.
Codon usage and coevolution of the large and small subunits of ribulose‐1,5‐bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase
Authors: PEI Zhi‐Yong , MU Guang‐Li , PAN Jin , ZHANG Da‐Ming 
Published: April 2013

AbstractAs the most abundant protein on Earth, ribulose‐1,5‐bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RuBisCO) is the key enzyme in carbon fixation of photosynthesis in all green plants. It is hexadecimal polymer, consisting of two kinds of subunits, large and small ones, which are encoded by different genomes. The large subunit (LSU) is encoded by the chloroplast genome; the small one by the nuclear genome. The function of RuBisCO relies on the two subunits, and only when they are combined to be hexadecimal, can it carry out its whole function. However, how the LSU and small subunits evolved, and if they coevolved, has remained mysterious. In this study, based on data in 21 species, phylogenies were analyzed on two subunits, respectively, and a mirror tree was reconstructed to reveal phylogenetic similarity. Furthermore, a comparative analysis method, using the codon usage bias and correlation calculation for RuBisCO subunits, was carried out. The relative synonymous codon usage (RSCU) values of LSU and small subunits were calculated. Finally, a novel parameter, RSCU distances‐based correlation (RDC), for evaluating molecular coevolution was proposed based on Pearson's correlation coefficient between RSCU value matrices of two subunits. The results show that the topological similarity of the mirror tree gave positive evidence of coevolution between subunits. Similarly, the RDC was high, at 0.558, revealing that the RuBisCO subunits coevolved to an extent. The results confirmed that coevolution happened between the two subunits of RuBisCO, although they were encoded by different genomes. This study added new evidence that functional constraint plays an important role in the evolution of the two subunits.
The antimicrobial effects of helium and helium–air plasma on Staphylococcus aureus and Clostridium difficile
Authors: Galvin S. , Cahill O. , O'Connor N. , Cafolla A.A. , Daniels S. , Humphreys H. 
Published: April 2013

Abstract
Healthcare-associated infections (HCAI) affect 5–10% of acute hospital admissions. Environmental decontamination is an important component of all strategies to prevent HCAI as many bacterial causes survive and persist in the environment, which serve as ongoing reservoirs of infection. Current approaches such as cleaning with detergents and the use of chemical disinfectant are suboptimal. We assessed the efficacy of helium and helium–air plasma in killing Staphylococcus aureus and Clostridium difficile on a glass surface and studied the impact on bacterial cells using atomic force microscopy (AFM). Both plasma types exhibited bactericidal effects on Staph. aureus (log3·6 – &gt;log7), with increased activity against methicillin-resistant strains, but had a negligible effect on Cl. difficile spores (&lt;1log). AFM demonstrated cell surface disruption. The addition of air increased the microbicidal activity of the plasma and decreased the exposure time required for an equivalent log reduction. Further evaluation of cold plasma systems is warranted with, for example, different bacteria and on surfaces more reminiscent of the health care environment as this approach has potential as an effective decontaminant.

Significance and Impact of the Study
Many bacterial causes of healthcare infection can survive in the inanimate environment for lengthy periods and be transmitted to patients. Furthermore, current methods of environmental decontamination such as detergents, chemical disinfectants or gaseous fumigation are suboptimal for a variety of reasons. We assessed the efficacy of helium and helium–air plasma as a decontaminant and demonstrated a significant reduction in bacterial counts of Staphylococcus aureus on a glass surface. Atomic force microscopy morphologically confirmed the impact on bacterial cells. This approach warrants further study as an alternative to current options for hospital hygiene.