bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Intensified Impact of East Indian Ocean SST Anomaly on Tropical Cyclone Genesis Frequency over the Western North Pacific
Authors: Zhan Ruifen , Wang Yuqing , Tao Li 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
A recent finding is the significant impact of the sea surface temperature anomaly (SSTA) over the east Indian Ocean (EIO) on the genesis frequency of tropical cyclones (TCs) over the western North Pacific (WNP). In this study it is shown that such an impact is significant only after the late 1970s. The results based on both data analysis and numerical model experiments demonstrate that prior to the late 1970s the EIO SSTA is positively correlated with the equatorial central Pacific SSTA and the latter produces an opposite atmospheric circulation response over the WNP to the former. As a result, the impact of the EIO SSTA on the TC genesis over the WNP is largely suppressed by the latter. After the late 1970s, the area coverage of the EIO SSTA is expanding. This considerably enhances the large-scale circulation response over the WNP to the EIO SSTA and significantly intensifies the impact of the EIO SSTA on TC genesis frequency over the WNP. The results from this study have great implications for seasonal prediction of TC activity over the WNP.
Estimating the Sensitivity of the Atmospheric Teleconnection Patterns to SST Anomalies Using a Linear Statistical Method
Authors: Li Wei , Forest Chris E. 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
The Pacific–North American (PNA) pattern and the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) are known to contain a tropical sea surface temperature (SST)-forced component. This study examines the sensitivity of the wintertime NAO and PNA to patterns of tropical SST anomalies using a linear statistical–dynamic method. The NAO index is sensitive to SST anomalies over the tropical Indian Ocean, the central Pacific Ocean, and the Caribbean Sea, and the PNA index is sensitive to SST anomalies over the tropical Pacific and Indian Oceans. The NAO and PNA patterns can be reproduced well by combining the linear operator with the consistent SST anomaly over the Indian Ocean and the Niño-4 regions, respectively, suggesting that these are the most efficient ocean basins that force the teleconnection patterns. During the period of 1950–2000, the NAO time series reconstructed by using SST anomalies over the Indian Ocean + Niño-4 region + Caribbean Sea or the Indian Ocean + Niño-4 region is significantly correlated with the observation. Using a cross-spectral analysis, the NAO index is coherent with the SST forcing over the Indian Ocean at a significant 3-yr period and a less significant 10-yr period, with the Indian Ocean SST leading by about a quarter phase. Unsurprisingly, the PNA index is most coherent with the Niño-4 SST at 4–5-yr periods. When compared with the observation, the NAO variability from the linear reconstruction is better reproduced than that of the coupled model, which is better than the Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project (AMIP) run, while the PNA variability from the AMIP simulations is better than that of the reconstruction, which is better than the coupled model run.
Latent Heating Contribution from Precipitation Systems with Different Sizes, Depths, and Intensities in the Tropics
Authors: Liu Chuntao , Shige Shoichi , Takayabu Yukari N. , Zipser Edward 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
Latent heating (LH) from precipitation systems with different sizes, depths, and convective intensities is quantified with 15 years of LH retrievals from version 7 Precipitation Radar (PR) products of the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM). Organized precipitation systems, such as mesoscale convective systems (MCSs; precipitation area &gt; 2000 km2), contribute to 88% of the LH above 7 km over tropical land and 95% over tropical oceans. LH over tropical land is mainly from convective precipitation, and has one vertical mode with a peak from 4 to 7 km. There are two vertical modes of LH over tropical oceans. The shallow mode from about 1 to 4 km results from small, shallow, and weak precipitation systems, and partially from congestus clouds with radar echo top between 5 and 8 km. The deep mode from 5 to 9 km is mainly from stratiform precipitation in MCSs.
MCSs of different regions and seasons have different LH vertical structure mainly due to the different proportion of stratiform precipitation. MCSs over ocean have a larger fraction of stratiform precipitation and a top-heavy LH structure. MCSs over land have a higher percentage of convective versus stratiform precipitation, which results in a relatively lower-level peak in LH compared to MCSs over the ocean. MCSs during monsoons have properties of LH in between those typical land and oceanic MCSs.
Consistent with the diurnal variation of precipitation, tropical land has a stronger LH diurnal variation than tropical oceans with peak LH in the late afternoon. Over tropical oceans in the early morning, the shallow mode of LH peaks slightly earlier than the deep mode. There are almost no diurnal changes of MCSs LH over oceans. However, the small convective systems over land contribute a significant amount of LH at all vertical levels in the afternoon, when the contribution of MCSs is small.
Investigation of the Diurnal Variation of Marine Boundary Layer Cloud Microphysical Properties at the Azores
Authors: Dong Xiquan , Xi Baike , Wu Peng 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
A new method has been developed to retrieve the nighttime marine boundary layer (MBL) cloud microphysical properties, which provides a complete 19-month dataset to investigate the diurnal variation of MBL cloud microphysical properties at the Azores. Compared to the corresponding daytime results presented in the authors' previous study over the Azores region, all nighttime monthly means of cloud liquid water path (LWP) exceed their daytime counterparts with an annual-mean LWP of 140 g m−2, which is ~30.9 g m−2 larger than daytime. Because the MBL clouds are primarily driven by convective instabilities caused by cloud-top longwave (LW) radiative cooling, more MBL clouds are well mixed and coupled with the surface during the night; thus, its cloud layer is deeper and its LWP is higher. During the day, the cloud layer is warmed by the absorption of solar radiation and partially offsets the cloud-top LW cooling, which makes the cloud layer thinner with less LWP. The seasonal and diurnal variations of cloud LWC and optical depth basically follow the variation of LWP. There are, however, no significant day–night differences and diurnal variations in cloud-droplet effective radius (re), number concentration (Nd), and corresponding surface measured cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) number concentration (NCCN) (at supersaturation S = 0.2%). Surface NCCN increases from around sunrise (0300–0600 LT) to late afternoon, which strongly correlates with surface wind speed (r = 0.76) from 0300 to 1900 LT. The trend in hourly-mean Nd is consistent with NCCN variation from 0000 to 0900 LT but not for afternoon and evening with an averaged ratio (Nd/NCCN) of 0.35 during the entire study period.
Differences between the Surface Precipitation Estimates from the TRMM Precipitation Radar and Passive Microwave Radiometer Version 7 Products
Authors: Liu Chuntao , Zipser Edward 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
With 15 yr of the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) observations, the passive microwave radiometers [TRMM Microwave Imager (TMI)] and the precipitation radar (PR) report a close geographical distribution of annual precipitation between 36°S and 36°N. However, large discrepancies between PR and TMI precipitation retrievals are also found over several specific regions, such as central Africa, the Amazon, the tropical east Pacific, and north Indian Ocean. To understand these discrepancies, the PR near-surface and the TMI surface precipitation retrievals are compared at both pixel and precipitation system levels using collocated pixels and a precipitation feature database from 1998 to 2012. Over land, the TMI overestimates precipitation in deep and intense convective systems, but misses significant amounts of warm rainfall in shallow systems. Over the ocean, because of the partial beam filling of large footprints of the lower-frequency sensors, the TMI reports a larger precipitation area than the PR and underestimates the precipitation rate in the convective precipitation region. The TMI tends to overestimate precipitation compared to the PR in a large proportion of shallow systems over the tropical east Pacific and trade wind regions with large-scale descent. The PR tends to overestimate precipitation compared to the TMI in a large proportion of shallow systems over rainy oceans, such as the west Pacific and the Atlantic ITCZ. All these findings imply that there are still large uncertainties in the precipitation climatology over some regions. Further ground validation campaigns are still needed, especially over the ocean.
Scale Model Evaluation and Optimization of Sodar Acoustic Baffles
Authors: Chabbey Adrien , Bradley Stuart , Porté-Agel Fernando 
Published: October 2014

AbstractA 21:1 scaled sodar, operating at 40 kHz, has been built and tested in the laboratory. Sodars, which use sound scattered by turbulence to profile the lowest few hundred meters of the atmosphere, need good acoustic shielding to diminish annoyance and to reduce unwanted reflections from nearby objects. Design of the acoustic shielding is generally inhibited by the difficulty of testing on full-scale systems and uncertainty as to accuracy of models. In contrast, the scale model approach described allows for “bench testing” of many designs under controlled conditions, and efficient comparison with models. Measured beam patterns from the scale model were compared with those from a numerical model based on the Kirchhoff integral theorem. Satisfactory agreement has allowed using the numerical model to optimize the acoustic shield design, both for the gross acoustic baffle geometry and for the geometry of rim modulations known as thnadners. Optimization was performed in the specific case of a scaled model of a commercial phased array sodar.
Dissipation Rate Estimates from Microstructure and Finescale Internal Wave Observations along the A25 Greenland–Portugal OVIDE Line
Authors: Ferron Bruno , Kokoszka Florian , Mercier Herlé , Lherminier Pascale 
Published: October 2014

AbstractA total of 96 finestructure and 30 microstructure full-depth vertical profiles were collected along the A25 Greenland–Portugal Observatoire de la Variabilité Interannuelle et Décennale en Atlantique Nord (OVIDE) hydrographic line in 2008. The microstructure of the horizontal velocity was used to calculate turbulent kinetic energy dissipation rates εvmp, where vmp refers to the vertical microstructure profiler. The lowest dissipation values (εvmp < 0.5 × 10−10 W kg−1) are found below 2000 m in the Iberian Abyssal Plain and in the center of the Irminger basin; the largest values (>5 × 10−10 W kg−1) are found in the main thermocline, around the Reykjanes Ridge, and in a 1000-m-thick layer above the bottom near 48°N. The finestructure of density was used to estimate isopycnal strain and that of the lowered acoustic Doppler current profiler to estimate the vertical shear of horizontal velocities. Strain and shear were used to estimate dissipation rates εG03 (Gregg et al.) associated with the internal wave field. The shear-to-strain ratio correction term of the finescale parameterization εG03 brings the fine- and microscale estimates of the dissipation rate into better agreement as Polzin et al. found. The latitude/buoyancy frequency term slightly improves the parameterization for weakly stratified waters. Correction term εG03 is consistent with εvmp within a factor of 4.5 over 95% of the profiles. This good consistency suggests that most of the turbulent activity recorded in this dataset is due to the internal wave field. The canonical globally averaged diffusivity value of order 10−4 m2 s−1 needed to maintain the global abyssal stratification (Munk) is only reached on the flank of the Reykjanes Ridge and in the region around 48°N.
The Airborne Cloud–Aerosol Transport System: Overview and Description of the Instrument and Retrieval Algorithms
Authors: Yorks John E. , McGill Matthew J. , Scott V. Stanley , Wake Shane W. , Kupchock Andrew , Hlavka Dennis L. , Hart William D. , Selmer Patrick A. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThe Airborne Cloud–Aerosol Transport System (ACATS) is a Doppler wind lidar system that has recently been developed for atmospheric science capabilities at the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC). ACATS is also a high-spectral-resolution lidar (HSRL), uniquely capable of directly resolving backscatter and extinction properties of a particle from a high-altitude aircraft. Thus, ACATS simultaneously measures optical properties and motion of cloud and aerosol layers. ACATS has flown on the NASA ER-2 during test flights over California in June 2012 and science flights during the Wallops Airborne Vegetation Experiment (WAVE) in September 2012. This paper provides an overview of the ACATS method and instrument design, describes the ACATS HSRL retrieval algorithms for cloud and aerosol properties, and demonstrates the data products that will be derived from the ACATS data using initial results from the WAVE project. The HSRL retrieval algorithms developed for ACATS have direct application to future spaceborne missions, such as the Cloud–Aerosol Transport System (CATS) to be installed on the International Space Station (ISS). Furthermore, the direct extinction and particle wind velocity retrieved from the ACATS data can be used for science applications such as dust or smoke transport and convective outflow in anvil cirrus clouds.
Multiscale Structure and Evolution of Hurricane Earl (2010) during Rapid Intensification
Authors: Rogers Robert F. , Reasor Paul D. , Zhang Jun A. 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
The structure and evolution of Hurricane Earl (2010) during its rapid intensification as sampled by aircraft is studied here. Rapid intensification occurs in two stages. During the early stage, covering ~24 h, Earl was a tropical storm experiencing moderate northeasterly shear with an asymmetric distribution of convection, and the symmetric structure was shallow, broad, and diffuse. The upper-level circulation center was significantly displaced from the lower-level circulation at the beginning of this stage. Deep, vigorous convection—termed convective bursts—was located on the east side of the storm and appeared to play a role in positioning the upper-level cyclonic circulation center above the low-level center. By the end of this stage the vortex was aligned and extended over a deep layer, and rapid intensification began. During the late stage, rapid intensification continued as Earl intensified ~20 m s−1 during the next 24 h. The vortex remained aligned in the presence of weaker vertical shear, although azimuthal asymmetries persisted that were characteristic of vortices in shear. Convective bursts concentrated near the radius of maximum winds, with the majority located inside the radius of maximum winds. Each of the two stages described here raises questions about the role of convective- and vortex-scale processes in rapid intensification. During the early stage, the focus is on the role of convective bursts and their associated mesoscale convective system on vortex alignment and the onset of rapid intensification. During the late stage, the focus is on the processes that explain the observed radial distribution of convective bursts that peak inside the radius of maximum winds.
Mobile Observations of a Quasi-Frontal Transient Moisture Boundary in the Deep South
Authors: White Loren D. 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
A protocol for the collection and analysis of high-resolution (≤300 m) temperature and humidity data along a transect using an unmodified passenger vehicle is described. A case is investigated of a weak dissipating cold front that became disconnected from its upper-tropospheric support and interacted with a developing Gulf of Mexico return flow. The changing relationships between the thermal and moisture gradients are described through cross-section analyses of the mobile, surface synoptic, and radiosonde data, extending from Texas to Alabama. The mobile transect data facilitated description of subsynoptic-scale airmass transition zones in the vicinity of the frontal remnant, as well as other variations within air masses. Similarities and differences are noted relative to previous studies of cold fronts, drylines, and coastal fronts.
Surface Wind Nowcasting in the Penghu Islands Based on Classified Typhoon Tracks and the Effects of the Central Mountain Range of Taiwan
Authors: Wei Chih-Chiang 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
The purposes of this study were to forecast the hourly typhoon wind velocity over the Penghu Islands, and to discuss the effects of the terrain of the Central Mountain Range (CMR) of Taiwan over the Penghu Islands based on typhoon tracks. On average, a destructive typhoon hits the Penghu Islands every 15–20 yr. As a typhoon approaches the Penghu Islands, its track and intensity are influenced by the CMR topography. Therefore, CMR complicates the wind forecast of the Penghu Islands. Six main typhoon tracks (classes I–VI) are classified based on typhoon directions, as follows: (I) the direction of direct westward movement across the CMR of Taiwan, (II) the direction of northward movement along the eastern coast of Taiwan, (III) the direction of northward movement traveling through Taiwan Strait, (IV) the direction of westward movement traveling through Luzon Strait, (V) the direction of westward movement traveling through the southern East China Sea (near northern Taiwan), and (VI) the irregular track direction. The adaptive network-based fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) and multilayer perceptron neural network (MLPNN) were used as the forecasting technique for predicting the wind velocity. A total of 49 typhoons from 2000 to 2012 were analyzed. Results showed that the ANFIS models provided high-reliability predictions for wind velocity, and the ANFIS achieved more favorable performance than did the MLPNN. In addition, a detailed discussion on the interaction of the CMR with the Penghu Islands based on various track directions is provided. For class I, the CMR is observed to have significantly influenced variations in wind speed when typhoons approached the Penghu Islands. In addition, the winds on the Penghu Islands were observed to have been influenced by the distance from the typhoon center to the Penghu Islands for all classes except class II.
A new iteration scheme for a hybrid pair of generalized nonexpansive mappings
Authors: Uddin Izhar , Abdou Afrah AN , Imdad Mohammad 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
In this paper, we construct an iteration scheme involving a hybrid pair of nonexpansive mappings and utilize the same to prove some convergence theorems. In the process, we remove a restricted condition (called end-point condition) in Sokhuma and Kaewkhao’s results (Fixed Point Theory Appl. 2010:618767, 2010). Thus, our results generalized and improved several results contained in Sokhuma and Kaewkhao (Fixed Point Theory Appl. 2010:618767, 2010), Akkasriworn et al. (Int. J. Math. Anal. 6(19):923-932, 2012), Uddin et al. (Bull. Malays. Math. Soc., accepted) and Sokhuma (J. Math. Anal. 4(2):23-31, 2013).

MSC:47H10, 54H25.
Iron deficiency responses in rice roots
Authors: Kobayashi Takanori , Nakanishi Itai Reiko , Nishizawa Naoko K. 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
Iron (Fe) is an essential element for most living organisms. To acquire sparingly soluble Fe from the rhizosphere, rice roots rely on two Fe acquisition pathways. The first of these pathways involves Fe(III) chelators specific to graminaceous plants, the mugineic acid family phytosiderophores, and the second involves absorption of Fe2+. Key components in this response include enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of deoxymugineic acid (OsNAS1, OsNAS2, OsNAAT1, and OsDMAS1), the deoxymugineic acid efflux transporter (TOM1), the Fe(III)-deoxymugineic acid transporter (OsYSL15), and Fe2+ transporters (OsIRT1, OsIRT2, and OsNRAMP1). In whole roots, these proteins are expressed in a coordinated manner with strong transcriptional induction in response to Fe deficiency. Radial transport of Fe to xylem and phloem is also mediated by the mugineic acid family phytosiderophores, as well as other chelators and their transporters, including Fe(II)-nicotianamine transporter (OsYSL2), phenolics efflux transporters (PEZ1 and PEZ2), and citrate efflux transporter (OsFRDL1). Among these, OsYSL2 is strongly induced under conditions of Fe deficiency. Both transcriptional induction and potential feedback repression mediate the expressional regulation of the genes involved in Fe uptake and translocation in response to Fe deficiency. The transcription factors IDEF1, IDEF2, and OsIRO2 are responsible for transcriptional induction, whereas the ubiquitin ligases OsHRZ1 and OsHRZ2, as well as the transcription factors OsIRO3 and OsbHLH133, are thought to mediate negative regulation. Furthermore, IDEF1 and OsHRZs bind Fe and other metals, and are therefore candidate Fe sensors. The interacting functions of these regulators are thought to fine tune the expression of proteins involved in Fe uptake and translocation.
Management of pulmonary vasodilator therapy in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension during critical illness
Authors: Muzevich Katie M , Chohan Hadi , Grinnan Daniel C 
Published: October 2014

AbstractPulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is commonly treated with pulmonary arteriolar vasodilator therapy. When a patient on PAH medication is admitted to intensive care, determining how to manage their medication during the critical illness is often complicated. There may be considerations related to the inability to take medication by mouth, related to acute renal failure or acute liver injury, related to altered mental status or delirium, or related to hypotension and bacteremia. Decisions of how to manage these medications can have a major impact on the patient’s clinical course. Presently, provider experience is the major tool in navigating the decisions regarding these medications. In this review, we offer our recommendations of how to manage PAH patients with critical illness who are on PAH medications. These recommendations include how to deliver medications via feeding tubes, how to dose medications in the setting of acute renal failure or acute liver failure, and how to manage medications during hypotension or when a tunneled catheter needs to be removed.
Hyperoxemia – too much of a good thing?
Authors: Gershengorn Hayley 
Published: October 2014

AbstractWhile avoiding hypoxemia has long been a goal of critical care practitioners, less attention has been paid to the potential for excessive oxygenation. Interest has mounted recently in understanding the clinical effects of hyperoxemia during critical illness, in particular its impact following cardiac arrest. In this issue of Critical Care, Dell’Anna and colleagues review available animal and human data evaluating the impact of hyperoxemia after cardiac arrest. They conclude that while hyperoxemia during cardiopulmonary resuscitation is probably desirable, it should probably be avoided during post-resuscitation care. These conclusions are in line with two broader themes in contemporary critical care: that less may be more; and that it is time to look beyond simply preventing short-term mortality towards longer-term outcomes.