bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Genetically synthesized supergain broadband wire-bundle antenna
Authors: Vovchuk Dmytro , Uziel Gilad , Machnev Andrey , Porins Jurgis , Bobrovs Vjaceslavs , Ginzburg Pavel 
Published: July 2024

AbstractHigh-gain antennas are essential hardware devices, powering numerous daily applications, including distant point-to-point communications, safety radars, and many others. While a common approach to elevate gain is to enlarge an antenna aperture, highly resonant subwavelength structures can potentially grant high gain performances. The Chu-Harrington limit is a standard criterion to assess electrically small structures and those surpassing it are called superdirective. Supergain is obtained in a case when internal losses are mitigated, and an antenna is matched to radiation, though typically in a very narrow frequency band. Here we develop a concept of a spectrally overlapping resonant cascading, where tailored multipole hierarchy grants both high gain and sufficient operational bandwidth. Our architecture is based on a near-field coupled wire bundle. Genetic optimization, constraining both gain and bandwidth, is applied on a 24-dimensional space and predicts 8.81 dBi realized gain within a half-wavelength in a cube volume. The experimental gain is 8.22 dBi with 13% fractional bandwidth. The developed approach can be applied across other frequency bands, where miniaturization of wireless devices is highly demanded.
A tunable multi-timescale Indium-Gallium-Zinc-Oxide thin-film transistor neuron towards hybrid solutions for spiking neuromorphic applications
Authors: Velazquez Lopez Mauricio , Linares-Barranco Bernabe , Lee Jua , Erfanijazi Hamidreza , Patino-Saucedo Alberto , Sifalakis Manolis , Catthoor Francky , Myny Kris 
Published: July 2024

AbstractSpiking neural network algorithms require fine-tuned neuromorphic hardware to increase their effectiveness. Such hardware, mainly digital, is typically built on mature silicon nodes. Future artificial intelligence applications will demand the execution of tasks with increasing complexity and over timescales spanning several decades. The multi-timescale requirements for certain tasks cannot be attained effectively enough through the existing silicon-based solutions. Indium-Gallium-Zinc-Oxide thin-film transistors can alleviate the timescale-related shortcomings of silicon platforms thanks to their bellow atto-ampere leakage currents. These small currents enable wide timescale ranges, far beyond what has been feasible through various emerging technologies. Here we have estimated and exploited these low leakage currents to create a multi-timescale neuron that integrates information spanning a range of 7 orders of magnitude and assessed its advantages in larger networks. The multi-timescale ability of this neuron can be utilized together with silicon to create hybrid spiking neural networks capable of effectively executing more complex tasks than their single-technology counterparts.
Promoting Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion for Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders in Speech-Language-Hearing Sciences
Authors: Huang Timothy , Du Yao , Sun Siena , Ito Nadhiya , Sun Lei , Yu Betty , Cheng Li-Rong Lilly , Chiou Hsinhuei Sheen 
Published: July 2024

Purpose:
The purpose of this viewpoint is to outline and describe the Asian Pacific Islander (API) Speech-Language-Hearing Caucus's initiatives to promote diversity, equity, and inclusion for Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders (AAPIs) in speech-language pathology and audiology. Specifically, we discuss the caucus's efforts through research and community advocacy. Through research, the Counter Story Project, led by Breslin et al. (2022), was a qualitative study that documented and analyzed systemic racism experienced by AAPI professionals. Thematic findings revealed microaggressions in professional settings and racial overgeneralizations on AAPIs' communication and cultural upbringing. Through community advocacy, the caucus provides a wide array of programs and events, including Anti-Racism Learning Community, API Speaker Series, Bilingual Assessment and Treatment Resources, Career Panel, API Caucus Research and Clinical Symposium, Graduate School Panel, API Scholarship, and API Mentorship Program.

Conclusion:
Through these initiatives, the caucus strives for recruitment and retention of AAPI audiologists and speech-language pathologists to achieve its long-term mission of providing accessible and quality speech, language, and hearing services to AAPI communities in the United States.
Unveiling anomalies: harnessing machine learning for detection and insights
Authors: Gupta Shubh , Kumar Sanoj , Singh Karan , Saini Deepika 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The rise of Internet of Things (IoT) devices has brought about an increase in security risks, emphasizing the need for effective anomaly detection systems. Previous research introduced a dynamic voting classifier to overcome overfitting or inaccurate accuracies caused by dataset imbalance. This article introduces a new method for IoT anomaly detection that employs a hybrid voting classifier, which combines several machine learning models. To solve the overfitting and class weight issues, an adaptive voting classifier is used that adjusts weights according to the highest preference for accuracy. The developing voting system increases the effectiveness of more accurate classifiers, enhancing the group’s overall capability. A proposed combined classifier combines Logistic Regression, AdaBoost, Gradient Boosting, and Multi-Layer Perceptron models using a soft voting method. To develop and assess this method, the CIC-IoT-2023 dataset is utilized, which contains 33 types of IoT attacks across 7 categories. This process includes thorough data preprocessing and feature selection from a pool of 42 available attributes. The performance of this approach is measured against individual classifiers across binary, 8-class, and 34-class classification tasks. The results highlight the effectiveness of the hybrid model. It achieves 98.95% accuracy, 76.72% recall, and 72.01% F1-score in the 34-class problem, surpassing the performance of all individual models. For the 8-class task, the hybrid classifier attains 99.39% accuracy, 90.89% recall, and an 83.01% F1-score. This demonstrates the high potential of the hybrid approach for IoT anomaly detection.
Creating an Insurgency
Authors: Drevon Jerome 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Chapter 2 provides a comprehensive analysis of the armed opposition’s emergence. It examines the role of Islamist groups under the Syrian Baathist regime until 2011, and how the regime’s repression led to the militarisation of the uprising and informed its early geography. The chapter then delves into the success of Ahrar al-Sham, which emerged as the most prominent group in the early stages of the conflict. What sets Ahrar al-Sham apart from other armed groups is its unique combination of several singular characteristics that allowed it to develop internal and external institutional foundations early on in the conflict without over-stretching. Meanwhile, Jabhat al-Nusra, which would become Ahrar al-Sham’s main contender for the leadership of the armed opposition later on, was much smaller initially and not as influential, despite its successful high-level attacks against regime targets.
Introduction
Authors: Pflücke Felix 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter briefly reviews the academic landscape in European consumer contract law and outlines that a study that measures levels and factors of e-commerce trader compliance still needs to be conducted. The chapter states why content analysis is the most suitable methodology to determine the levels of trader compliance in the empirical inquiry of the monograph. It enables the thorough evaluation of e-commerce traders’ websites against the European consumer contract rules, ensuring a comprehensive and nuanced assessment. It also explains further methodological choices made in the empirical investigation and outlines the limitations of the present study, especially concerning the dataset size.
Evidence-based Consumer Law and Policy
Authors: Pflücke Felix 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter depicts the transition towards an evidence-based approach in European consumer contract law. The chapter highlights that the European Union based early instruments on national practices rather than scientifically grounded evidence and theories. It demonstrates that the transition towards an evidence-based approach gained momentum with REFIT and the Better Regulation agenda, although several caveats remain. In particular, it can be argued on multiple occasions that the European Commission adopted legislation on policy-based evidence rather than evidence-based policy. After defining how good evidence should look, the chapter underscores that evidence should only inform the political discourse rather than dictate it.
Plant Thinkers of Twentieth-Century Bengal
Authors: Roy Sumana 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Plant Thinkers of Twentieth-Century Bengal takes an unexpected cast of writers and artists and, in studying their work as ‘plant thinkers’, looks at how their stories and songs, art and films, and, of course, the idiomatic affected Bengali life and thought. Forest and garden, grass and root, weeds and magical plants—supported by a foliage of thought that allowed them to see beyond the botanical, Rabindranath Tagore, Bibhutibhushan Bandyopadhyay, Jibanananda Das, Shakti Chattopadhyay, Satyajit Ray, and others derived their worldview, their poetics and politics, from the plant world. Jagadish Chandra Bose’s scientific experiments, his research and the philosophy that propelled it, religions and rituals that involved an affective relationship with the natural world, a subterranean invocation of plant philosophy in actions and words, in living and in creative practice, and the political possibilities beyond the nation state that such thinking generated give this book its sap and flow. What might we take from these plant thinkers to rehabilitate our consciousness today?
Jagadish Chandra Bose
Authors: Roy Sumana 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Beginning with Jagadish Chandra Bose’s biography, his family background and his initiation into the sciences, this chapter moves to his obsession with recording the language of response, whether it is with radio communication, or, later, in the plant sciences. To prove that plants were ‘living’ beings, Bose wanted to record the ‘handwriting’ of plants, what he called ‘torulipi’, the plant script. For this he designed and then created new and unexpected instruments, so that he could record the effect of external stimuli on plants. His intuitive observations about plant life, once mocked by the colonial science establishment, are now being proven by scientists.
Jibanananda Das
Authors: Roy Sumana 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Entering Jibanananda Das’s poetics through his life, particularly his life in Barisal, his parents, and his initiation through them into literature, this chapter studies the philosophy and composition of ‘Rupashi Bangla’, the Bengal that is history, mythology, personal history, dream, geography, botany, and astronomy brought together into a universe where even the tiniest drop of dew has an unexpected significance. Moving through Das’s favoured forms of plant life, the flowers and fruits, the trees, and, of course, grass—Das’s attachment to grass is revolutionary, anticipating Deleuze and Guattari’s rhizome—we encounter a cosmology that is Bengal but also more than Bengal. It is from the plant world that Das gets his unique understanding of time and history, and it is the impress of this that allows us to understand why he wants to return to Bengal over and over again, as plant, as tree, as grass.
Adaptive space search-based molecular evolution optimization algorithm
Authors: Wang Fei , Cheng Xianglong , Xia Xin , Zheng Chunhou , Su Yansen 
Published: July 2024

Abstract

Motivation
In the drug development process, a significant portion of the budget and research time are dedicated to the lead compound optimization procedure to identify potential drugs. This procedure focuses on enhancing the pharmacological and bioactive properties of compounds by optimizing their local substructures. However, due to the vast and discrete chemical structure space and the unpredictable element combinations within this space, the optimization process is inherently complex. Various structure enumeration-based combinatorial optimization methods have shown certain advantages. However, they still have limitations. Those methods fail to consider the differences between molecules and struggle to explore the unknown outer search space.

Results
In this study, we propose an adaptive space search-based molecular evolution optimization algorithm (ASSMOEA). It consists of three key modules: construction of molecule-specific search space, molecular evolutionary optimization, and adaptive expansion of molecule-specific search space. Specifically, we design a fragment similarity tree in a molecule-specific search space and apply a dynamic mutation strategy in this space to guide molecular optimization. Then, we utilize an encoder–encoder structure to adaptively expand the space. Those three modules are circled iteratively to optimize molecules. Our experiments demonstrate that ASSMOEA outperforms existing methods in terms of molecular optimization. It not only enhances the efficiency of the molecular optimization process but also exhibits a robust ability to search for correct solutions.

Availability and implementation
The code is freely available on the web at https://github.com/bbbbb-b/MEOAFST.
History of Zoning
Authors: Hirt Sonia , Zibanejadrad Beeson Sarah 
Published: July 2024

How long the history of zoning seems to us largely depends on how we define zoning. Any walled town in the ancient and medieval world that was protected for defensive purposes was, in a way, “zoned”: the walls divided insiders and their built structures from those on the outside. And if we would take zoning to be a system of regulations governing building practices (but not necessarily regulations that vary by district or zone), we too could point to ancient origins. Arguably, the first laws governing building practices in the world were those in the Code of Hammurabi (c. 1755–1750 bce). In the early twenty-first century, zoning is understood as a system of government regulations, most often practiced at the level of the community (e.g., city, town, village, or county) that divides the community’s entire territory into districts or “zones,” each with a specific set of rules outlining what can and what cannot be built in this zone. A contemporary example of a zoning district is a multi-family residential zoning district that allows particular housing types alongside essential civic, educational, and cultural institutions. Usually, the regulations pertain to land uses (or functions), as well as the size and height of built structures and the lot area covered by them. Additional regulations may cover site layout, parking, landscaping, streetscaping, and other related issues. So, if we would take the term “zoning” literally—as the division of a community into zones—one could say that zoning is a practice as old as city-building. But if we define zoning in a more contemporary way, as the division of a community into zones, with detailed regulations regarding land use, buildings’ characteristics, lot coverage, and relation to the street and other lots, this type of zoning has been on the rise since the 1870s, with the regulations becoming only more complex over time. Aside from the great variety of zoning and zoning-like regulations throughout history, there is also a great variation among countries. In most countries, zoning is a legal practice embedded in national legal regimes (the United States, where zoning is practiced primarily at the local level via powers granted by state governments, rather than the national government, is an exception here). These legal regimes are grossly different in different nations. Hence, there are very few sources that cover zoning’s history or the present state of zoning in a broad international context. Most of the literature covers a narrow historical period in one country or a small group. Often, the best resources on the evolution of zoning can be found in book-length manuscripts that discuss planning history more generally. In-depth explorations of particular aspects of zoning are typically found either in chapters of edited volumes or in articles in scholarly journals. There are also opportunities to learn about zoning practices in different contexts by reviewing actual zoning ordinances, court cases, or related documents, which are included in various archival collections, including online.
Incorporation of Trauma-Informed Care Into Entrustable Professional Activities for Medical Student Assessment
Authors: Millham Lucia R.I. , Potter Jennifer , Hirsh David A. , Trinh Nhi-Ha , Royce Celeste S. , Levy-Carrick Nomi C. , Rittenberg Eve 
Published: July 2024

Abstract

Problem
Trauma-informed care (TIC) provides a medical framework for addressing and mitigating the negative consequences of trauma. In response to student and faculty advocacy, medical schools are developing trauma-informed curricular content. However, medical education literature does not present a comprehensive assessment rubric to evaluate medical students’ acquisition of trauma-informed clinical skills.

Approach
A committee of medical students, trainees, and faculty developed a longitudinal TIC curricular theme at Harvard Medical School (HMS). Guided by the National Collaborative on Trauma-Informed Health Care Education and Research competencies, the committee created a set of medical student TIC competencies from July to December 2019. From November 2021 to November 2022, 3 committee subgroups generated new TIC descriptors for each HMS entrustable professional activity (EPA), then circulated these to other subgroups, external experts, and stakeholders for review and feedback. From April to June 2023, the committee iteratively reviewed the materials until reaching consensus for content and pedagogy. The committee integrated TIC content into HMS’s existing EPAs expected of students, provided anchoring descriptions of each level, and achieved consensus using a process of iterative review with TIC content experts.

Outcomes
The committee identified 10 TIC competencies and revised all 13 general HMS EPAs to include specific items based on these competencies. The committee incorporated at least 1 trauma-informed competency into each HMS EPA.

Next Steps
This novel set of HMS EPAs provides a framework for assessment of TIC clinical skills. Faculty will be trained to correctly and reliably incorporate TIC competencies into patient care and to use the TIC-inclusive EPAs for student assessment, ensuring that TIC is standard medical practice at HMS. This work may facilitate the adoption of trauma-inclusive EPAs by other institutions to educate the next generation of physicians to practice TIC and thus promote a more accessible, safe, and equitable health care system.
Application in Parallel to U.S. Residency Training Programs in Multiple Specialties: Trends and Differences by Applicant Educational Background, 2009–2021
Authors: Bunting Samuel R. , Woodruff James N. , Vidyasagar Nitin , Sheth Neeral K. , Spitz Deborah , Babcock Christine , Arora Vineet 
Published: July 2024

Abstract

Purpose
The medical education community is pursuing reforms addressing unsustainable growth in the number of residency applications per applicant and application costs. Little research has examined the prevalence or contributions of parallel applications (application to residency in multiple specialties) to this growth.

Method
A retrospective analysis of Electronic Residency Application Service data provided by the Association of American Medical Colleges was conducted. The percentage of applicants applying to ≥ 1 specialty, mean number of specialties applied, number of submitted applications, and percentage of applicants to each specialty who were parallel applying were determined. MD, DO, and international (U.S. international medical graduate [IMG] and IMG) applicants were included.

Results
The sample contained 586,246 applicant records from 459,704 unique applicants. The percentage of applicants who parallel applied decreased from 41.3% to 35.4% between 2009 and 2021. DO applicants were the only group for whom the percentage parallel applying increased (30.6% vs 32.1%). IMG (60.4% vs 49.1%) or USIMG applicants (69.6% vs 63.1%) were groups with the greatest percentage of applicants parallel applying each year (2009–2021). The mean number of specialties applied to when parallel applying also decreased from 2.96 in 2009 to 2.79 in 2021, overall. Between 2009 and 2021, mean number of applications increased for all applicant types among both single-specialty applicant and parallel-applying applicants. Among applicants who were single-specialty applying, mean number of applications grew from 38.6 in 2009 to 74.6 in 2021 and from 95.2 to 149.8 for parallel-applying applicants.

Conclusions
All applicant groups experienced decreases in percentages parallel applying except for DO applicants. Parallel application appears to be common and slowly declining, and does not appear to significantly contribute to increasing numbers of applications per candidate. Efforts to control the growth of applications per applicant should continue to focus on applicants’ numbers of applications submitted to each specialty.
The role of cardiorespiratory fitness and body composition in the association between physical activity and menopausal symptoms
Authors: Hyvärinen Matti , Karvanen Juha , Karppinen Jari E. , Karavirta Laura , Juppi Hanna-Kaarina , Tammelin Tuija H. , Kovanen Vuokko , Laukkanen Jari , Aukee Pauliina , Sipilä Sarianna , Rantalainen Timo , Laakkonen Eija K. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract

Objective
The aim of the study was to conduct exploratory analyses on the role of cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and body composition in the association between physical activity and menopausal symptoms.

Methods
This was a cross-sectional (N = 298) study of women aged 51–59 years including a subsample of 82 women followed for 4 years. The severity of menopausal symptoms was assessed with the Menopause Rating Scale in total symptoms as well as using the somato-vegetative, psychological, and urogenital subscales. Physical activity was assessed with accelerometers and self-reports, body composition with dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry, and CRF with a custom-made prediction model based on the six-minute walking distance and spiroergometry. The associations of interest were studied using unstandardized regression coefficients derived from multiple linear regression models with the severity of menopausal symptoms as the outcome.

Results
Higher total body and fat mass (kg) were associated with more severe total symptoms (B = 0.06 [95% CI, 0.01 to 0.12] and 0.07 [0.01 to 0.14], respectively) as well as somato-vegetative (0.03 [0.01 to 0.05]; 0.04 [0.01 to 0.06]) and psychological symptoms (0.03 [0.00 to 0.05]; 0.03 [0.00 to 0.06]) in cross-sectional design. Total and lean body mass interacted with physical activity in total and psychological symptoms with stronger indirect associations being observed in participants with lower total and lean body mass. CRF was not associated with menopausal symptoms and did not interact with physical activity.

Conclusions
Maintaining a healthy weight is associated with less severe menopausal symptoms in middle-aged women. The association between physical activity and the severity of menopausal symptoms varied based on the differences in total and lean body mass.