bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Illustrated Atrocity: The Stigmatisation of Non-Muslims through Images in the Ottoman Empire during the Balkan Wars
Authors: Çetinkaya Y. Doğan 
Published: December 2014

Illustrated Atrocity: The Stigmatisation of Non-Muslims through Images in the Ottoman Empire during the Balkan Wars This article shows that native non-Muslims in the Ottoman Empire were seen as «internal» enemies in the course of the Second Constitutional Period after the Young Turk revolution in 1908. It is argued that the Balkan Wars were a watershed in the creation of native non-Muslims as «others». The influx of Muslims from the Balkans and Crete populated the Ottoman Empire with people who were full of resentment against the Ottoman Empire's native Christians, whose co-religionists had expelled them from their homeland. Their accounts of immigration and sufferings deeply influenced Muslim public opinion. This is demonstrated by referring to the spreading of sentiments of Muslims through various print media such as periodicals, pamphlets, leaflets, flyers and, above all, illustrations showing how Muslims suffered in the hands of Greeks and Bulgarians in the lost lands.
Economic Nationalism, Confiscation, and Genocide: A Comparison of the Ottoman and Russian Empires during World War I
Authors: Üngör Uğur Ümit , Lohr Eric 
Published: December 2014

Economic Nationalism, Confiscation, and Genocide: A Comparisation of the Ottoman and Russian Empires during World War I This article analyses the development of the Ottoman and Russian governments’ economic persecution of the Armenians and Jews during World War I. It will chart how this policy moved from boycott to discrimination, into confiscation and outright plunder, resulting in economic ruination for the victims. It identifies the main currents and developments of this ruthless policy and how it affected Armenian and Jewish communities. So far there exists no comparative treatment of the expropriation of Ottoman Armenians and Russian Jews during World War I. This article aims to fill that gap by looking at the confiscation process through a combination of approaches, focussing on the development of the legal process, explaining the ideology of economic nationalism, and concretely demonstrating the policy on the ground.
La philosophie et les transformations de l’identité francophone au Québec. Fernand Dumont et les possibilités du nationalisme
Authors: Melançon Jérôme 
Published: December 2014

Résumé Cet article reprend le développement de la philosophie francophone au Canada en relation à une double crise identitaire (sociale et philosophique). Il adopte la figure de Fernand Dumont comme exemple d’un penseur ayant posé un diagnostic et proposé une réponse. Les philosophies thomistes de Hertel ou De Koninck recherchèrent respectivement un nationalisme culturel ou religieux. Les philosophes de la génération suivante, comme Dumont, critiquèrent ces deux positions pour développer une conception culturelle de l’identité collective, tout en appelant un nationalisme politique qui sera le fait des élites politiques de leur génération et des philosophes de la génération suivante. En contournant le thomisme et en se donnant la tâche de définir une identité québécoise, Dumont et ses contemporains permirent à la philosophie, par le biais de nouvelles traditions, de reprendre sa place au cœur des débats sociaux.
Dynamiques concurrentielles et collaboratives entre des écoles secondaires de langue française en Ontario
Authors: Bélanger Nathalie , Audet Alexandre , Plante Jonathan 
Published: December 2014

RésuméLe but de cet article est de mieux comprendre et comparer les dynamiques concurrentielles et collaboratives entre des écoles secondaires de langue française, lesquelles cherchent à recruter des élèves. Les écoles sont situées dans deux contextes urbains en Ontario. Une telle étude n’a jamais été menée auparavant dans le contexte de ces écoles. Les données proviennent d’entretiens avec cinq directions d’école, des réponses de 89 parents d’élèves à un questionnaire administré en ligne, de l’analyse de sites internet des écoles et de politiques locales en matière de zone de fréquentation et d’admission. La théorie sous-jacente à l’analyse renvoie aux politiques éducatives et au marché scolaire. Les résultats montrent que les parents considèrent parfois deux, trois voire quatre écoles de l’entourage avant d’arrêter leur choix, mais cette tendance est davantage présente à Ottawa où un plus grand nombre d’écoles de langue française est accessible à une distance plus rapprochée qu’à Toronto. La moitié des parents ont répondu avoir trouvé de l’information sur les écoles grâce à des visites de l’établissement et des conversations avec leur entourage. Parmi les programmes jugés attrayants par les parents, le Baccalauréat international (BI) dont plusieurs administrations scolaires cherchent l’accréditation, arrive en tête, mais n’est pas sans poser de question pour les élèves n’y ayant pas accès. Le discours des directions d’école montre l’importance de la mise en valeur de leur établissement, et leurs relations avec les écoles du voisinage se déclinent en termes de collaboration et de compétition, bien que celles d’Ottawa semblent davantage dans un rapport de collaboration. On y retrouve des écoles avoisinantes qui sont amenées à définir leur spécificité et à véhiculer un message bien adapté à la clientèle ciblée, alors qu’à Toronto, les écoles, parfois récemment ouvertes, rivalisent dans leur offre de programme pour attirer des élèves. La concurrence est ainsi plus accrue entre les écoles de la région torontoise où le bassin de population étudiante francophone ou francophile est plus restreint mais tout de même en hausse dans certains secteurs de la Ville où de nouvelles constructions d’écoles sont exigées. Nous concluons à une interdépendance compétitive entre les écoles.
Inégalités dans la distribution de la richesse non monétaire au Togo : une application de la décomposition de Gini en valeur de Shapley
Authors: Noglo Yawo Agbényégan 
Published: December 2014

Cet article a pour objet de mesurer et d’analyser les inégalités dans la distribution de la richesse non monétaire au Togo. L’étude s’appuie sur les enquêtes QUIBB 2006 et l’indicateur composite de bien-être est l’indicateur non monétaire utilisé. La décomposition de l’indice de Gini en valeur de Shapley montre que l’inégalité intragroupes est la plus importante et appelle, en priorité, des politiques de réduction des inégalités.
La crise économique actuelle et les migrations internationales
Authors: Fromentin Vincent 
Published: December 2014

Le but de cet article est d’étudier l’impact de la crise économique actuelle sur les flux migratoires entre 2000 et 2010. L’étude économétrique basée sur des tests de non-causalité sur panels hétérogènes démontre que la crise économique affecte les migrations, plus particulièrement dans les pays d’immigration récente, tels que l’Espagne, l’Irlande ou l’Italie. Dans ces pays, les migrations semblent être tributaires des fluctuations et des aléas économiques, à l’instar des pays d’immigration traditionnelle au cours du 20 ème siècle. En définitive, la relation n’est pas universelle et constante dans le temps, en raison d’une hétérogénéité relativement forte des pays.
UN NUOVO DUVALIUS DEI MONTI MARTANI (UMBRIA) (Coleoptera, Carabidae)
Authors: Magrini P. , DeGiovanni A. 
Published: December 2014

Viene descritto <em>Duvalius consortii</em> n. sp. del Monte Martano in Umbria: anoftalmo, con habitus molto specializzato e quindi insolito per un endogeo. In base alla struttura dell’organo genitale maschile la nuova specie risulta non inquadrabile in nessuno dei gruppi di specie già noti (Magrini 1997, 1998). La forma dell’edeago, corto, tozzo e uncinato inferiormente all’apice è ben diversa da quella di tutti i <em>Duvalius</em> noti, mentre la lamella copulatrice si discosta nettamente da quella delle specie dell’Italia centro-meridionale, ricordando solo vagamente la forma di quella di alcuni gruppi alpini,<br />come <em>Duvalius boldorii</em> Jeannel, 1926, ma riteniamo che si tratti sicuramente solo di una convergenza evolutiva. Per questo taxon viene pertanto considerata una nuova linea filetica nella quale istituiamo un “<em>gruppo</em> <em>consortii</em>”.
Calculating energy needs in critically ill patients: Sense or nonsense?
Authors: Spapen Herbert D. , De Waele Elisabeth , De Waele Elisabeth , Mattens Sabrina , Diltoer Marc , Van Gorp Viola , Honoré Patrick M. 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
High energy deficits due to underfeeding are frequently observed during critical illness and are associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Adequate determination of energy requirements is imperative for optimizing nutrition. For this goal, indirect calorimetry is considered to be the gold standard but it is expensive, time-consuming, and not readily available in many hospitals. As an alternative, most ICU physicians use bedside formulas to predict calorie needs. Some equations are obtained during resting metabolism in healthy humans and “corrected” by adding stress or injury factors. Others are derived from regression analysis in patients whereby various static and dynamic variables are identified and eventually adjusted for type of patient and/or disease. Few studies have evaluated the accuracy of predictive equations in critically ill patients. The largest prospective study to date identified the Penn State equation, including a modified version for obesity, as being the most accurate. Whether the systematic use of (a) particular formula(s) for estimating calorie needs may influence morbidity or outcome in ICU patients remains to be determined.
Experimental models of acute respiratory distress syndrome
Authors: Yilmaz Sipahi Emine 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a major cause of morbidity, death and cost in intensive care units. ARDS was first described in 1967, and the new definition was determined as the Berlin definition in 2011 in Berlin. ARDS is a syndrome of inflammation and increased permeability of the blood-gas barrier. Despite intensive research, treatments remain limited and supportive therapies represent the mainstay of the treatment of ARDS. This inability of therapeutic modalities largely depends on the complex pathogenesis of this syndrome with multiple overlapping signaling pathways activated depending on the type of lung injury. Today, this syndrome is still associated with a high morbidity and mortality. Animal models provide us a bridge between bench and bedside. Numerous different models have been developed in order to establish the properties of ARDS, but, to date, no single animal model that mimics all of the characteristics of ARDS in humans has been developed, and most of the existing animal models are relevant only for limited aspects of human ARDS. Furthermore, each animal model has unique features that affect responses to treatment. Therefore, when choosing an animal model of ARDS, to take into account the key feature of ARDS as a working hypothesis to be tested and then create the most appropriate model to exhibit those features is important. The goal of this review is to summarize the properties of the most commonly used experimental animal models of ARDS after mentioning briefly the causes and pathophysiology.
A clinical, electrocardiography and echocardiography study of atrial fibrillation in a tertiary care teaching hospital
Authors: Gollahalli Changrashekar Vivek , Gadwalkar Srikant R. , Basavareddy Asha , Basavareddy Rakesh 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
Background and Objective: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common sustained arrhythmia. It is marked by disorganized, rapid and irregular atrial contraction. The aim of our study is to determine various clinical presentations in patients with AF and to assess the underlying heart disease in patients with AF using electrocardiography (ECG) and echocardiography. Subjects and Methods: This study was undertaken at the Vijayanagara Institute of Medical Sciences, Bellary. It was a prospective, observational study conducted from December 2010 to June 2012. Detailed history was taken from the patients and they were examined according to the prepared proforma. Results: The age of the patients varied from 30 to 85 years. In the present study, the male to female ratio was almost equal, with 24 (48%) male and 26 (52%) female cases. Dyspnea was the most common symptom, followed by palpitations. The pulse deficit varied from 10 to 26 per minute. Rheumatic valvular heart disease was the most common etiology of AF observed in the present study. Mitral stenosis was the most common valvular lesion observed in patients with rheumatic heart disease. Congestive cardiac failure was the most common complication observed, followed by embolic phenomenon. Left ventricular enlargement was seen in 18 cases on chest X-ray. Left atrial enlargement was seen in 33 cases, where 24 cases were of chronic valvular rheumatic heart disease on 2D echocardiography. Conclusion: AF was the most commonly seen rheumatic heart disease, followed by ischemic heart disease. Dyspnea was the most common presenting complaint and congestive cardiac failure was the most common complication.
Flame Retardants for Textiles
Authors: Calamari Timothy A. , Harper Robert J. , by Staff Updated 
Published: December 2014

AbstractFlame resistance and fire resistance are often used in the same context as the terms flameproof and fireproof. A textile that is flame or fire resistant does not continue to burn or glow after the source of ignition is removed although there is some change in physical and chemical characteristics. Several theories have been postulated to explain the various types of flame retardants for cotton. These theories include coating, gas, thermal, and dehydration or chemical. Durability of a flame retardant on a textile is an important consideration since many retardants will not be effective after laundering. Types of retardants are divided into categories as follows: brominated, chlorinated, phosphorus‐ containing, nitrogen‐containing, and inorganic. This article gives information on retardants for cellulosics (cotton), wool, thermoplastic fibers including woven and nonwoven materials, and blends. Applications are discussed as well as incorporating the retardant in the fiber. Upholstery and furnishings, protective clothing, combinations that give flame retardant capability as well as durable press performance are detailed.
Development and characterization of flax fiber reinforced biocomposite using flaxseed oil‐based bio‐resin
Authors: Rana Anup , Evitts Richard W. 
Published: December 2014

ABSTRACTIn this study, acrylated epoxidized flaxseed oil (AEFO) resin is synthesized from flaxseed oil, and flax fiber reinforced AEFO biocomposites is produced via a vacuum‐assisted resin transfer molding technique. Different amounts of flax fiber and styrene are added to the resin to improve its mechanical and physical properties. Both flax fiber and styrene improve the mechanical properties of these biocomposites, but the flexural strength decreases with an increase in styrene content. The mass increase during water absorption testing is less than 1.5% (w/w) for all of the AEFO‐based biocomposites. The density of the AEFO resin is 1.166 g/cm3, which increases to 1.191 g/cm3 when reinforced with 10% (w/w) flax fiber. The flax fiber reinforced AEFO‐based biocomposites have a maximum tensile strength of 31.4 ± 1.2 MPa and Young's modulus of 520 ± 31 MPa. These biocomposites also have a maximum flexural strength of 64.5 ± 2.3 MPa and a flexural modulus of 2.98 ± 0.12 GPa. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41807.
The mechanical and tribological properties of nitric acid‐treated carbon fiber‐reinforced polyoxymethylene composites
Authors: Zhang Yuanyuan , Zhu Shiwei , Liu Yuan , Yang Bin , Wang Xinling 
Published: December 2014

ABSTRACTThe carbon fibers have been exposed to nitric acid oxidation treatments and introduced into polyoxymethylene composites (POM/CF). The nitric acid treatment increases the number of the flaws, roughness of the surface, and disorder of carbon atoms on fiber, as well as introduces reactive functional groups, which could lead to a better mechanical bonding between fiber and the matrix. It is shown that the impact strength and fiber‐matrix adhesion in composites (POM/mCF) are superior to those for POM/CF composites. Simultaneously, the addition of mCF improves flexural strength and modulus relative to virgin POM significantly. Average friction coefficient values of POM/CF composites are lower than that of POM/mCF composites. As the percentage of fiber increases, the trend of wear ratio of the composites goes down initially and bumps up afterwards. The results indicate that the proper contents of CF and mCF in composites range from 5 wt % to 20 wt %. Scanning electron microscopy of worn surface morphology has revealed that the main wear mechanism of the composites were adhesive wear and ploughing wear. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41812.
Effect of synthesis temperature on characteristics of PNIPAM/alginate IPN hydrogel beads
Authors: Ochi Masanori , Ida Junichi , Matsuyama Tatsushi , Yamamoto Hideo 
Published: December 2014

ABSTRACTPoly(N‐isopropylacrylamide)/alginate interpenetrating polymer network hydrogel beads (IPN beads) were prepared via modified inverse emulsion polymerization, and the effect of the synthesis temperature on the characteristics of the IPN beads was investigated. Varying the synthesis temperature from 10 to 40°C led to slight differences in the FTIR and elemental analysis results, whereas significant differences in optical color, thermoresponsive behavior, and release properties of vitamin B12 were observed. The IPN beads prepared at low temperature were transparent and exhibited a large and drastic thermoresponsive volume change. On the other hand, the IPN beads prepared at high temperature were opaque and exhibited a small and gradual thermoresponsive volume change. In addition, the diffusion coefficient in the IPN beads prepared at 10°C decreased with increasing solution temperature, whereas the diffusion coefficient in IPN beads prepared at 40°C increased with increasing solution temperature. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41814.
Antimicrobial N‐halamine coatings synthesized via vapor‐phase assisted polymerization
Authors: Xi Guanghui , Xiu Yanlei , Wang Lu , Liu Xiangdong 
Published: December 2014

ABSTRACTAn N‐halamine monomer, 3‐allyl‐5,5‐dimethylhydantoin (ADMH), was synthesized by a Gabriel reaction of 5,5‐dimethylhydantoin and 3‐bromopropene. Antimicrobial coatings of poly[1‐(4,4‐dimethyl‐2,5‐dioxoimidazolidin‐1‐methyl)ethylene] were prepared on plasma‐treated PET fabrics via a vapor‐phase assisted polymerization (VAP) process using gasified ADMH as monomer. The coatings endow the PET fabrics with an antimicrobial efficiency greater than 80% for both Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus after chlorination of the N‐halamine polymer with dilute bleach solution. The obtained antimicrobial effect has remarkable durability that can bear over 30 times of stringent laundering tests. Compared with other antimicrobial finishing methods, the VAP methodology offers great advantages in needless of organic solvents and small consumption of monomer. It has potential applications in a wide variety of fields such as hygienic clothing, underwear, socks, and medical textiles. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41824.
Rapid formation of flexible silk fibroin gel‐like films
Authors: Bie Shiyu , Ming Jinfa , Zhou Yan , Zhong Tianyi , Zhang Feng , Zuo Baoqi 
Published: December 2014

ABSTRACTFlexible silk fibroin gel‐like films with microporous morphology were prepared from B. mori silk fibroin fibers directly solubilized in formic acid/CaCl2 solvent. These films were characterized by several analysis techniques to determine the structure and properties of films. The pore size of gel‐like films can be adjusted through SF concentration and Ca ions concentration. The controllable pore size in gel‐like films was grew from 3–5 μm to 100 μm under the increase of fibroin concentration from 1.0 wt % to 8.0 wt %. At the same time, the water content of silk fibroin gel‐like film decreased from 83.5 ± 3.4% to 68.2 ± 2.6%. With increasing Ca ions contents from 2.0 wt % to 10.0 wt % in dissolution process, the pore size and water content of silk fibroin gel‐like films grew larger, especially its water content values reached 86.2 ± 4.0% at 10.0 wt % Ca ions concentration. At wet condition, the gel‐like film with β‐sheet structure showed higher breaking stress (4.26 ± 0.31 MPa) and elongation (45.45 ± 15.79%) at 8.0 wt % concentration. With the preparation method, the membrane is hydrophilic and the pore size is adjustable, which contributes to high toughness and favorable cell growth environment, suggesting that these silk fibroin gel‐like films can be a potential candidate scaffold for biomedical applications, such as wound dressing, facial mask, contact lenses, etc. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41842.
Reasons to apply operability analysis in the design of integrated biorefineries
Authors: Svensson Elin , Eriksson Karin , Wik Torsten 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThe implementation of a biorefinery concept through the integration of new biomass conversion processes with existing industrial plants offers a potential for high overall biomass‐to‐product efficiencies and cost‐effective production. To reach this potential, a high degree of process integration is essential. This implies that there will be strong interconnections between the different processing units in the original plant and the new biorefinery process, and thereby a risk of operability difficulties. Consequently, there is a need to consider operational objectives, together with economic and environmental ones in biorefinery integration design problems. This paper focuses on the operability of an industrial plant that is retrofitted with a new biorefinery process. The existing industrial plant is considered to be an energy‐intensive, mature, commodity‐producing plant and retrofit of this plant is necessary for enabling efficient integration and synergy effects of co‐locating the biorefinery process with the existing process, instead of building a stand‐alone greenfield plant. A wide range of operability issues associated with the integration of the biorefinery is considered, including flexibility, controllability, and reliability. The main issues that affect the operability when integrating a new biorefinery process to an existing industrial plant are investigated. Core operability issues to consider in the design and evaluation of future biorefinery concepts are highlighted and opportunities for further research and methodology development activities are identified. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd