bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Insights into the Oxidative Dehydrogenation of Amines with Nanoparticulate Iridium Oxide
Authors: Hammond Ceri , Schümperli Martin T. , Hermans Ive 
Published: August 2013

AbstractThe aerobic oxidation of amines offers a promising route towards many versatile chemical compounds. Within this contribution, we extend our previous investigations of iridium oxide‐catalyzed alcohol oxidation to amine substrates. In addition to demonstrating the versatility of this catalyst, particular attention is focused on the mechanisms of the reaction. Herein, we demonstrate that although amines are oxidized slower than the corresponding alcohols, the catalyst has a preference for amine substrates, and oxidizes various amines at turnover frequencies greater than other systems found in the open literature. Furthermore, the competition between double amine dehydrogenation, to yield the corresponding nitrile, and amine–imine coupling, to yield the corresponding coupled imine, has been found to arise from a competitive reaction pathway, and stems from an effect of substrate‐to‐metal ratio. Finally, the mechanism responsible for the formation of N‐benzylidene‐1‐phenylmethanamine was examined, and attributed to the coupling of free benzyl amine substrate and benzaldehyde, formed in situ through hydrolysis of the primary reaction product, benzyl imine.
Biomimetic Synthesis of Equisetin and (+)‐Fusarisetin A
Authors: Yin Jun , Kong Lili , Wang Cheng , Shi Yingbo , Cai Shujun , Gao Shuanhu 
Published: August 2013

Abstract(+)‐Fusarisetin A belongs to a group of acyl tetramic acid natural products that show potential anticancer activity. Equisetin, a biogenetically related acyl tetramic acid, contains the basic skeleton of (+)‐fusarisetin A. We proposed that equisetin and (+)‐fusarisetin A share a biosynthetic pathway that starts with naturally occurring (S)‐serine and an unsaturated fatty acid. In support of this hypothesis, we have demonstrated that a cyclization sequence involving an intramolecular Diels–Alder reaction followed by a Dieckmann cyclization of polyenoylamino acid yielded equisetin. The aerobic oxidation of equisetin, promoted by either MnIII/O2 or a reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced by visible‐light chemistry, gave peroxyfusarisetin, which could be easily reduced to (+)‐fusarisetin A. We report herein detailed information on the biogenetic synthesis of equisetin and (+)‐fusarisetin A.
Highly Photoluminescent Amino‐Functionalized Graphene Quantum Dots Used for Sensing Copper Ions
Authors: Sun Hanjun , Gao Nan , Wu Li , Ren Jinsong , Wei Weili , Qu Xiaogang 
Published: August 2013

AbstractHerein, we report a new kind of highly fluorescent probe for Cu2+ sensing generated by hydrothermal treatment of graphene quantum dots (GQDs). After hydrothermal treatment in ammonia, the greenish‐yellow fluorescent GQDs (gGQDs) with a low quantum yield (QY, 2.5 %) are converted to amino‐functionalized GQDs (afGQDs) with a high QY (16.4 %). Due to the fact that Cu2+ ions have a higher binding affinity and faster chelating kinetics with N and O on the surface of afGQDs than other transition‐metal ions, the selectivity of afGQDs for Cu2+ is much higher than that of gGQDs. Furthermore, afGQDs are biocompatible and eco‐friendly, and the afGQDs with a positive charge can be easily taken up by cells, which makes it possible to sense Cu2+ in living cells. The strategy presented here is simple in design, economical, and offers a “mix‐and‐detect” protocol without dye‐modified oligonucleotides or complex chemical modification.
The factor aliased effect number pattern and its application in experimental planning
Authors: Zhou Qi , Balakrishnan Narayanaswamy , Zhang Runchu 
Published: August 2013

AbstractOptimality criteria are usually used to choose fractional factorial designs in applications. Within an optimal design, the effects of factors assigned to different columns may be estimated with different precisions. Among factors to be investigated in an experiment, the user often has prior information on their relative importance. Thus, it is beneficial to assign most important factors to columns enabling most precise estimation. In this paper, we introduce a criterion to rank the columns of a regular design and use the criterion to GMC designs accordingly. We study the mathematical properties of the new ranking practice and provide concrete guidance on assigning factors in some GMC designs. The Canadian Journal of Statistics 41: 540–555; 2013 © 2013 Statistical Society of Canada
Cytological criteria of high‐grade epithelial atypia in the cyst fluid of pancreatic intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms
Authors: Pitman Martha B. , Centeno Barbara A. , Daglilar Ebubekir S. , Brugge William R. , Mino‐Kenudson Mari 
Published: August 2013

BACKGROUNDThe recognition of epithelial cells with high‐grade atypia (HGA) in the cyst fluid of an intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm (IPMN) identifies a cyst at high risk of invasive carcinoma. To the best of the authors' knowledge, the cytological features of HGA have not been systematically analyzed to define diagnostic criteria.METHODSCell groups from patients with histologically confirmed branch‐duct IPMNs were evaluated by 2 cytopathologists with expertise in pancreatic cytology. A consensus interpretation categorized the cell groups as having either low‐grade (LG) or high‐grade (HG) morphology. Characteristics regarding cell size and architecture, nuclear and cytoplasmic features, and background necrosis were analyzed. Performance characteristics were assessed using the Fisher exact test at 95% confidence intervals.RESULTSSixty cell groups yielded 27 LG and 25 HG morphological groups. No consensus was reached for 8 groups, which were excluded from statistical analysis. Five features that were found to be significantly different between the LG and HG groups included: 1) cell size <  a 12‐μm duodenal enterocyte for HG and size equal for LG; 2) an increased nuclear‐to‐cytoplasmic (N/C) ratio; 3) marked nuclear membrane abnormalities; 4) abnormal chromatin pattern; and 5) background necrosis. The 3 most accurate features for the identification of HGA were background necrosis (88%), abnormal chromatin pattern (84%), and an increased N/C ratio (82%).CONCLUSIONSIPMN cyst fluid at high‐risk of malignancy can be recognized most accurately by the presence of epithelial cells with HGA showing an increased N/C ratio, an abnormal chromatin pattern, and background necrosis. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2014;122:40–47. © 2013 American Cancer Society.
Connexin 35b expression in the spinal cord of Danio rerio embryos and larvae
Authors: Carlisle Tara C. , Ribera Angeles B. 
Published: August 2013

ABSTRACTElectrical synapses are expressed prominently in the developing and mature nervous systems. Unlike chemical synapses, little is known about the developmental role of electrical synapses, reflecting the limitations imposed by the lack of selective pharmacological blockers. At a molecular level, the building blocks of electrical synapses are connexin proteins. In this study, we report the expression pattern for neuronally expressed connexin 35b (cx35b), the zebrafish orthologue of mammalian connexin (Cx) 36. We find that cx35b is expressed at the time of neural induction, indicating a possible early role in neural progenitor cells. Additionally, cx35b localizes to the ventral spinal cord during embryonic and early larval stages. We detect cx35b mRNA in secondary motor neurons (SMNs) and interneurons. We identified the premotor circumferential descending (CiD) interneuron as one interneuron subtype expressing cx35b. In addition, cx35b is present in other ventral interneurons of unknown subtype(s). This early expression of cx35b in SMNs and CiDs suggests a possible role in motor network function during embryonic and larval stages. J. Comp. Neurol. 522:861–875, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Laminar and subcellular heterogeneity of GLAST and GLT‐1 immunoreactivity in the developing postnatal mouse hippocampus
Authors: Schreiner Alexandra E. , Durry Simone , Aida Tomomi , Stock Martin C. , Rüther Ulrich , Tanaka Kohichi , Rose Christine R. , Kafitz Karl W. 
Published: August 2013

ABSTRACTAstrocytes express two sodium‐coupled transporters, glutamate–aspartate transporter (GLAST) and glutamate transporter‐1 (GLT‐1), which are essential for the maintenance of low extracellular glutamate levels. We performed a comparative analysis of the laminar and subcellular expression profile of GLAST and GLT‐1 in the developing postnatal mouse hippocampus by using immunohistochemistry and western blotting and employing high‐resolution fluorescence microscopy. Astrocytes were identified by costaining with glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) or S100β. In CA1, the density of GFAP‐positive cells and GFAP expression rose during the first 2 weeks after birth, paralleled by a steady increase in GLAST immunoreactivity and protein content. Upregulation of GLT‐1 was completed only at postnatal days (P) P20–25 and was thus delayed by about 10 days. GLAST staining was highest along the stratum pyramidale and was especially prominent in astrocytes at P3–5. GLAST immunoreactivity indicated no preferential localization to a specific cellular compartment. GLT‐1 exhibited a laminar expression pattern from P10–15 on, with the highest immunoreactivity in the stratum lacunosum‐moleculare. At the cellular level, GLT‐1 immunoreactivity did not entirely cover astrocyte somata and exhibited clusters at processes. In neonatal and juvenile animals, discrete clusters of GLT‐1 were also detected at perivascular endfeet. From these results, we conclude there is a remarkable subcellular heterogeneity of GLAST and GLT‐1 expression in the developing hippocampus. The clustering of GLT‐1 at astrocyte endfeet indicates that it might serve a specialized functional role at the blood–brain barrier during formation of the hippocampal network. J. Comp. Neurol. 522:204–224, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Validity of the Instrument to Evaluate Social Network in the Ageing Population: The Collaborative Research on Ageing in Europe Social Network Index
Authors: Zawisza Katarzyna , Galas Aleksander , Tobiasz‐Adamczyk Beata , Chatterji Somnath , Haro Josep Maria , Miret Marta , Koskinen Seppo , Power Mick , Leonardi Matilde 
Published: August 2013

The aim of the study was to create a simplified, easy implementable multidimensional instrument to assess all relevant elements of the structure and function of social network within individuals across different European countries and to provide the tool for health professionals and policy makers.The analysis was based on the sample of 10 446 non‐institutionalized adult population from Finland, Poland and Spain. The Social Network Questionnaire Collaborative Research on Ageing in Europe Social Network Index (COURAGE‐SNI) was part of the COURAGE questionnaire. The indicators of the functioning of social network ties (close relations), frequency of direct contact and general support were evaluated. Functions were assess within the main structural components as spouse, parents, children, grandchildren, other relatives, friends, coworkers and neighbours.The exploratory factor analysis revealed five main latent components of social network with one component composed of hierarchical part. The confirmatory factor analysis provided an acceptable fit for the model. The generalize partial credit model was used to calculate factor scores for five components of the COURAGE‐SNI considering the social networks of ‘spouse/partner’, ‘parents’, ‘other family members’, ‘neighbours’ and ‘friends and co‐workers’. The scores for every component were recalculated so as to provide the social network saturation ranged from 0 (the lowest) to 100% (the highest possible). Finally, the COURAGE‐SNI score was obtained as the sum of weighted information calculated by the item response theory procedure for every aforementioned component.In summary, the COURAGE‐SNI showed good reliability and content validity and seems to be a promising tool for the assessment of the social network phenomenon across European countries. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.Key Practitioner MessageThe Courage‐SNI is a new tool to assess the construct of social network in population studies.The Courage‐SNI is an instrument useful to identify high risk groups or populations whose social network is poorer.
Shape‐ and Size‐Controlled Nanomaterials for Artificial Photosynthesis
Authors: Fukuzumi Shunichi , Yamada Yusuke 
Published: August 2013

AbstractNanomaterials with various shapes and sizes have been developed to mimic functions of photosynthesis in which solar energy conversion is achieved by using nanosized proteins with controlled shapes and sizes. Artificial photosynthesis consists of light‐harvesting and charge‐separation processes together with catalytic units of water oxidation and reduction. Nanosized mesoporous silica–alumina was utilized to encapsulate organic charge‐separation molecules inside the nanospace to elongate the lifetimes of the charge‐separated states, as observed in the photosynthetic reaction centers. Metal nanoparticles with controlled shapes and sizes have also been utilized as efficient catalysts for photocatalytic hydrogen evolution from water with reductants by using electron donor–acceptor organic molecules as photocatalysts. The control of the shape and size of metal nanoparticles plays a very important role in achieving high catalytic performance in catalytic hydrogen evolution in water reduction and also in catalytic oxygen evolution in water oxidation.
Castration‐induced upregulation of muscle ERα supports estrogen sensitivity of motoneuron dendrites in a sexually dimorphic neuromuscular system
Authors: Rudolph Lauren M. , Sengelaub Dale R. 
Published: August 2013

ABSTRACTThe spinal cord of rats contains the sexually dimorphic motoneurons of the spinal nucleus of the bulbocavernosus (SNB). In males, SNB dendrites fail to grow after castration, but androgen or estrogen treatment supports dendritic growth in castrated males. Estrogenic support of SNB dendrite growth is mediated by estrogen receptors (ER) in the target muscle. ERα expression in cells lacking a basal lamina (referred to as “extra‐muscle fiber cells”) of the SNB target musculature coincides with the period of estrogen‐dependent SNB dendrite growth. In the SNB target muscle, extra‐muscle fiber ERα expression declines with age and is typically absent after postnatal (P) day 21 (P21). Given that estradiol downregulates ERα in skeletal muscle, we tested the hypothesis that depleting gonadal hormones would prevent the postnatal decline in ERα expression in the SNB target musculature. We castrated male rats at P7 and assessed ERα immunolabeling at P21; ERα expression was significantly greater in castrated males compared with normal animals. Because ERα expression in SNB target muscles mediates estrogen‐dependent SNB dendrogenesis, we further hypothesized that the castration‐induced increase in muscle ERα would heighten the estrogen sensitivity of SNB dendrites. Male rats were castrated at P7 and treated with estradiol from P21 to P28; estradiol treatment in castrates resulted in dendritic hypertrophy in SNB motoneurons compared with normal males. We conclude that early castration results in an increase in ERα expression in the SNB target muscle, and this upregulation of ERα supports estrogen sensitivity of SNB dendrites, allowing for hypermasculinization of SNB dendritic arbors. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 73: 921–935, 2013
Adipose tissue derived stromal stem cell therapy in murine ConA‐derived hepatitis is dependent on myeloid‐lineage and CD4+T‐cell suppression
Authors: Higashimoto Mami , Sakai Yoshio , Takamura Masayuki , Usui Soichiro , Nasti Alessandro , Yoshida Keiko , Seki Akihiro , Komura Takuya , Honda Masao , Wada Takashi , Furuichi Kengo , Ochiya Takahiro , Kaneko Shuichi 
Published: August 2013

Mesenchymal stromal stem cells (MSCs) are an attractive therapeutic model for regenerative medicine due to their pluripotency. MSCs are used as a treatment for several inflammatory diseases, including hepatitis. However, the detailed immunopathological impact of MSC treatment on liver disease, particularly for adipose tissue derived stromal stem cells (ADSCs), has not been described. Here, we investigated the immuno‐modulatory effect of ADSCs on hepatitis using an acute ConA C57BL/6 murine hepatitis model. i.v. administration of ADSCs simultaneously or 3 h post injection prevented and treated ConA‐induced hepatitis. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed higher numbers of CD11b+, Gr‐1+, and F4/80+ cells in the liver of ConA‐induced hepatitis mice was ameliorated after the administration of ADSCs. Hepatic expression of genes affected by ADSC administration indicated tissue regeneration‐related biological processes, affecting myeloid‐lineage immune‐mediating Gr‐1+ and CD11b+ cells. Pathway analysis of the genes expressed in ADSC‐treated hepatic inflammatory cells revealed the possible involvement of T cells and macrophages. TNF‐α and IFN‐γ expression was downregulated in hepatic CD4+ T cells isolated from hepatitis livers co‐cultured with ADSCs. Thus, the immunosuppressive effect of ADSCs in a C57BL/6 murine ConA hepatitis model was dependent primarily on the suppression of myeloid‐lineage cells and, in part, of CD4+ T cells.
Dispersant and salinity effects on weathering and acute toxicity of South Louisiana crude oil
Authors: Kuhl Adam J. , Nyman J. Andrew , Kaller Michael D. , Green Christopher C. 
Published: August 2013

Abstract

Chemical dispersants are an important technology in the remediation of oil spills in the aquatic environment, facilitating degradation of crude oil and salinity is an important factor in dispersant effectiveness. The aim of the present study was to explore the role of salinity on the degradation chemistry of crude oil polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and acute toxicity of the water-accommodated fraction (WAF) of the dispersant COREXIT 9500A and chemically dispersed crude oil on a common estuarine fish. Laboratory microcosms were designed at salinities of 4 parts per thousand (ppt), 12 ppt, or 18 ppt and spiked with crude oil, COREXIT 9500A, or a combined exposure to crude oil and COREXIT and allowed to biodegrade for 1 wk, 4 wk, and 16 wk. The WAF was harvested for analytical PAH analysis and acute toxicity testing in juvenile Fundulus grandis. Compared with undispersed oil, COREXIT exponentially increased the PAH concentrations in the WAF for up to 16 wk; hopane-normalized concentrations indicated that biodegradation was slowed for the first 4 wk. Dispersed crude oil and COREXIT were acutely toxic following 1 wk of biodegradation with no correlation between PAH concentrations and crude oil WAF mortality. Both dispersant and dispersant oil mixtures remained toxic for at least 4 wk at the lowest salinity tested, suggesting increased sensitivity or reduced biodegradation of toxic components in low-saline environments. At the lowest salinity, oil dispersed with COREXIT was more toxic than either the COREXIT alone or oil alone, even after 16 wk of biodegradation. Environ Toxicol Chem 2013;32:2611–2620. © 2013 SETAC
Two new floral elements of steppe vegetation from the Pleistocene of Europe
Authors: Czaja Alexander 
Published: August 2013

AbstractTwo new species, Agrimonia repens L. and Onopordum davisii Rech., are reported from the Schöningen 13 II site (middle Pleistocene). Both are elements of halophilous steppes and are recorded for the first time for the Pleistocene of Europe. This is the first fossil record of both species, highlighting the relevance of this finding with respect to the species chorology. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Australia's unique influence on global sea level in 2010–2011
Authors: Fasullo John T. , Boening Carmen , Landerer Felix W. , Nerem R. Steven 
Published: August 2013

AbstractIn 2011, a significant drop in global sea level occurred that was unprecedented in the altimeter era and concurrent with an exceptionally strong La Niña. This analysis examines multiple data sets in exploring the physical basis for the drop's exceptional intensity and persistence. Australia's hydrologic surface mass anomaly is shown to have been a dominant contributor to the 2011 global total, and associated precipitation anomalies were among the highest on record. The persistence of Australia's mass anomaly is attributed to the continent's unique surface hydrology, which includes expansive arheic and endorheic basins that impede runoff to ocean. Based on Australia's key role, attribution of sea level variability is addressed. The modulating influences of the Indian Ocean Dipole and Southern Annular Mode on La Niña teleconnections are found to be key drivers of anomalous precipitation in the continent's interior and the associated surface mass and sea level responses.
Are recent Arctic ozone losses caused by increasing greenhouse gases?
Authors: Rieder Harald E. , Polvani Lorenzo M. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractIt has been suggested that the Arctic ozone losses observed in recent years might be a manifestation of climate change due to increasing greenhouse gases. We here offer evidence to the contrary, by focusing on the volume of polar stratospheric clouds (VPSC), a convenient proxy for polar ozone loss whose simplicity allows for easily reproducible results. First, we analyze the time series of VPSC in three reanalysis data sets and find no statistically significant trends in VPSC–nor changes in their probability density functions–over the period 1979–2011. Second, we analyze VPSC in a stratosphere‐resolving chemistry‐climate model forced uniquely with increasing greenhouse gases following the A1B scenario: here too, we find no significant changes in VPSC over the entire 21st century. Taken together, these results strongly suggest that the sporadic high ozone losses in recent years have not been caused by increasing greenhouse gases.
A new approach to retrieve cloud base height of marine boundary layer clouds
Authors: Li J. M. , Yi Y. H. , Stamnes K. , Ding X. D. , Wang T. H. , Jin H. C. , Wang S. S. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractA novel approach for estimating marine boundary layer cloud base height (CBH) is proposed based on calculated boundary layer lapse rates, collocated cloud top height (CTH), cloud top, and ocean surface temperatures from the A‐Train satellite constellation. The method takes advantage of the assumption that decreases of temperature within and below water clouds may follow the different constant apparent lapse rates in the same region, respectively. The CBHs derived from the new method compare well with the coincident CBH product from the active sensors of Cloud‐Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observation (CALIPSO) and CloudSat. The correlation coefficient, the mean difference, and the standard deviation are 0.79 (0.54), 0.02 km (0.03 km), and ±0.35 km (±0.54 km), respectively, when CTH is derived from CALIPSO data (or Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer retrieval). Besides the relatively small bias, the most important advantage of this method compared to previous CBH retrieval techniques is that it is independent of boundary layer cloud types, optical thickness, and illumination.