bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cloning, expression and biochemical characterization of the cholesterol oxidase CgChoA from Chryseobacterium gleum
Authors: Reiss Renate , Faccio Greta , Thöny-Meyer Linda , Richter Michael 
Published: May 2014

AbstractBackgroundCholesterol oxidases are important enzymes for applications such as the analysis of cholesterol in clinical samples, the synthesis of steroid derived drugs, and are considered as potential antibacterial drug targets.ResultsThe genechoAencoding a cholesterol oxidase fromChryseobacterium gleumDSM 16776 was cloned into the pQE-30 expression vector and heterologously expressed inEscherichia coliJM109 co-transformed with pRARE2. The N-terminally His-tagged cholesterol oxidase (CgChoA) was assigned to be a monomer in solution by size exclusion chromatography, showed a temperature optimum of 35°C, and a pH optimum at 6.75 using 0.011 M MOPS buffer under the tested conditions. The purified protein showed a maximum activity of 15.5 U/mg. CgChoA showed a Michaelis-Menten like kinetic behavior only when the substrate was dissolved in water and taurocholate (apparentKm = 0.5 mM). In addition, the conversion of cholesterol by CgChoA was studiedviabiocatalytic batches at analytical scale, and cholest-4-en-3-one was confirmed as product by HPLC-MS.ConclusionCgChoA is a true cholesterol oxidase which activity ranges among the high performing described cholesterol oxidases from other organisms. Thus, the enzyme broadens the available toolbox of cholesterol oxidases for e.g. synthetic and biosensing applications.
Topographical control of cell-cell interaction in C6 glioma by nanodot arrays
Authors: Lee Chia-Hui , Cheng Ya-Wen , Huang G Steven 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
Nanotopography modulates the physiological behavior of cells and cell-cell interactions, but the manner of communication remains unclear. Cell networking (syncytium) of astroglia provides the optimal microenvironment for communication of the nervous system. C6 glioma cells were seeded on nanodot arrays with dot diameters ranging from 10 to 200 nm. Cell viability, morphology, cytoskeleton, and adhesion showed optimal cell growth on 50-nm nanodots if sufficient incubation was allowed. In particular, the astrocytic syncytium level maximized at 50 nm. The gap junction protein Cx43 showed size-dependent and time-dependent transport from the nucleus to the cell membrane. The transport efficiency was greatly enhanced by incubation on 50-nm nanodots. In summary, nanotopography is capable of modulating cell behavior and influencing the cell-cell interactions of astrocytes. By fine-tuning the nanoenvironment, it may be possible to regulate cell-cell communications and optimize the biocompatibility of neural implants.
Acid Mediates a Prolonged Antinociception via Substance P Signaling in Acid-Induced Chronic Widespread Pain
Authors: Chen Wei-Nan , Chen Chih-Cheng 
Published: May 2014

Background: Substance P is an important neuropeptide released from nociceptors to mediate pain signals. We recently revealed antinociceptive signaling by substance P in acid-sensing ion channel 3 (ASIC3)-expressing muscle nociceptors in a mouse model of acid-induced chronic widespread pain. However, methods to specifically trigger the substance P antinociception were still lacking. Results: Here we show that acid could induce antinociceptive signaling via substance P release in muscle. We prevented the intramuscular acid-induced hyperalgesia by pharmacological inhibition of ASIC3 and transient receptor potential V1 (TRPV1). The antinociceptive effect of non-ASIC3, non-TRPV1 acid signaling lasted for 2 days. The non-ASIC3, non-TRPV1 acid antinociception was largely abolished in mice lacking substance P. Moreover, pretreatment with substance P in muscle mimicked the acid antinociceptive effect and prevented the hyperalgesia induced by next-day acid injection. Conclusions: Acid could mediate a prolonged antinociceptive signaling via the release of substance P from muscle afferent neurons in a non-ASIC3, non-TRPV1 manner.
Direct comparison of site-specific and basin-scale denudation rate estimation by in situ cosmogenic nuclides: an example from the Abukuma Mountains, Japan
Authors: Nakamura Atsunori , Yokoyama Yusuke , Shiroya Kazuyo , Miyairi Yosuke , Matsuzaki Hiroyuki 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
Accurate determination of denudation rates is important in understanding Earth surface system dynamics. In situ produced cosmogenic nuclides, such as 10Be and 26Al, provide a valuable insight but are not entirely free from complications. In this study, denudation rates are determined for the Abukuma Mountains, Japan, using both site-specific and basin-scale methods. Considered with density measured in the field, distinct and systematic differences between the two methods are identified. Site-specific rates calculated from depth profiles of cosmogenic nuclides (10Be and 26Al) at topographic highs indicate a rate of 67 to 85 mm/kyr, whereas basin-scale averaged denudation rates derived from the concentration of cosmogenic nuclides in fluvial sediments show 114 to 180 mm/kyr. This is the first comparison of these two commonly used methods in the same region in Japan, where the entire study area is characterized by well-developed saprolite. These results indicate that differential denudation rates between topographic highs and valleys reflect increasing local topographic relief of the study area. Comparison between rates derived from depth profiles and those applicable to the entire basin is important for understanding landscape development.
Resequencing the susceptibility gene, ITGAM, identifies two functionally deleterious rare variants in systemic lupus erythematosus cases
Authors: Roberts Amy L , Thomas Ellen RA , Bhosle Shriram , Game Laurence , Obraztsova Olga , Aitman Timothy J , Vyse Timothy J , Rhodes Benjamin 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
Introduction
The majority of the genetic variance of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) remains unexplained by the common disease-common variant hypothesis. Rare variants, which are not detectable by genome-wide association studies because of their low frequencies, are predicted to explain part of this ”missing heritability.” However, recent studies identifying rare variants within known disease-susceptibility loci have failed to show genetic associations because of their extremely low frequencies, leading to the questioning of the contribution of rare variants to disease susceptibility. A common (minor allele frequency = 17.4% in cases) nonsynonymous coding variant rs1143679 (R77H) in ITGAM (CD11b), which forms half of the heterodimeric integrin receptor, complement receptor 3 (CR3), is robustly associated with SLE and has been shown to impair CR3-mediated phagocytosis.

Methods
We resequenced ITGAM in 73 SLE cases and identified two previously unidentified, case-specific nonsynonymous variants, F941V and G1145S. Both variants were genotyped in 2,107 and 949 additional SLE cases, respectively, to estimate their frequencies in a disease population. An in vitro model was used to assess the impact of F941V and G1145S, together with two nonsynonymous ITGAM polymorphisms, A858V (rs1143683) and M441T (rs11861251), on CR3-mediated phagocytosis. A paired two-tailed t test was used to compare the phagocytic capabilities of each variant with that of wild-type CR3.

Results
Both rare variants, F941V and G1145S, significantly impair CR3-mediated phagocytosis in an in vitro model (61% reduction, P = 0.006; 26% reduction, P = 0.0232). However, neither of the common variants, M441T and A858V, had an effect on phagocytosis. Neither rare variant was observed again in the genotyping of additional SLE cases, suggesting that their frequencies are extremely low.

Conclusions
Our results add further evidence to the functional importance of ITGAM in SLE pathogenesis through impaired phagocytosis. Additionally, this study provides a new example of the identification of rare variants in common-allele-associated loci, which, because of their extremely low frequencies, are not statistically associated. However, the demonstration of their functional effects adds support to their contribution to disease risk, and questions the current notion of dismissing the contribution of very rare variants on purely statistical analyses.
Is pentobarbital safe and efficacious in the treatment of super-refractory status epilepticus: a cohort study
Authors: Pugin Deborah , Foreman Brandon , De Marchis Gian Marco , Fernandez Andres , Schmidt J Michael , Czeisler Barry M , Mayer Stephan A , Agarwal Sachin , Lesch Christine , Lantigua Hector , Claassen Jan 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
Introduction
Seizures refractory to third-line therapy are also labeled super-refractory status epilepticus (SRSE). These seizures are extremely difficult to control and associated with poor outcome. We aimed to characterize efficacy and side-effects of continuous infusions of pentobarbital (cIV-PTB) treating SRSE.

Methods
We retrospectively reviewed continuous electroencephalography (cEEG) reports for all adults with RSE treated with cIV-PTB between May 1997 and April 2010 at our institution. Patients with post-anoxic SE and those receiving cIV-PTB for reasons other than RSE were excluded. We collected baseline information, cEEG findings, side-effects and functional outcome at discharge and one year.

Results
Thirty one SRSE patients treated with cIV-PTB for RSE were identified. Mean age was 48 years old (interquartile range (IQR) 28,63), 26% (N = 8) had a history of epilepsy. Median SE duration was 6.5 days (IQR 4,11) and the mean duration of cIV-PTB was 6 days (IQR 3,14). 74% (N = 23) presented with convulsive SE. Underlying etiology was acute symptomatic seizures in 52% (N = 16; 12/16 with encephalitis), remote 30% (N = 10), and unknown 16% (N = 5). cIV-PTB controlled seizures in 90% (N = 28) of patients but seizures recurred in 48% (N = 15) while weaning cIV-PTB, despite the fact that suppression-burst was attained in 90% (N = 28) of patients and persisted >72 hours in 56% (N = 17). Weaning was successful after adding phenobarbital in 80% (12/15 of the patients with withdrawal seizures). Complications during or after cIV-PTB included pneumonia (32%, N = 10), hypotension requiring pressors (29%, N = 9), urinary tract infection (13%, N = 4), and one patient each with propylene glycol toxicity and cardiac arrest. One-third (35%, N = 11) had no identified new complication after starting cIV-PTB. At one year after discharge, 74% (N = 23) were dead or in a state of unresponsive wakefulness, 16% (N = 5) severely disabled, and 10% (N = 3) had no or minimal disability. Death or unresponsive wakefulness was associated with catastrophic etiology (p = 0.03), but none of the other collected variables.

Conclusions
cIV-PTB effectively aborts SRSE and complications are infrequent; outcome in this highly refractory cohort of patients with devastating underlying etiologies remains poor. Phenobarbital may be particularly helpful when weaning cIV-PTB.
Kinetics of Hydrogen Abstraction Reactions from Fluoromethanes and Fluoroethanes
Authors: Matsugi Akira , Shiina Hiroumi 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
Hydrogen abstraction reactions from hydrofluorocarbons are important reaction steps in both atmospheric and combustion chemistry. In this study, kinetics of the H-abstraction reactions from methane, ethane, fluoromethanes, and fluoroethanes by H, O, and OH radicals are investigated using the CBS-QB3//ωB97X-D quantum chemical method and transition state theory, and the site-specific reactivity of the fluoroalkanes systematically examined. The calculated rate constants for these reactions are found to accurately reproduce available experimental data for a wide temperature range, with only minor differences between experimental and theoretical barrier heights. Analysis of site-specific reactivity indicates that fluorine substitution at the β-carbon site of the fluoroalkanes systematically increases the barrier heights of H-abstraction, and the substitution effect at the α-carbon site can be interpreted by electron-withdrawing and steric effects. Fluorine substitution also decreases the pre-exponential factor for the H-abstraction reactions by O and OH radicals due to steric and electrostatic interactions between these radicals and the F atoms.
Does Social Proximity Enhance Business Partnerships? Theory and Evidence from Ethnicity's Role in U.S. Venture Capital
Authors: Hegde Deepak , Tumlinson Justin 
Published: May 2014

We develop a formal model to understand the selection and influence effects of social proximity (homophily) between business partners. Consistent with the model's predictions, we find that U.S. venture capitalists (VCs) are more likely to select start-ups with coethnic executives for investment, particularly when the probability of the start-up's success appears low. Ethnic proximity between VCs and the start-ups they invest in is positively related to performance, measured by the probability of the companies' successful exit through acquisitions and initial public offerings (IPOs) and net income after IPO. Two-stage regression estimates suggest that these positive performance outcomes are largely due to influence, that is, superior communication and coordination between coethnic VCs and start-up executives after the investment. To the extent that VCs expect to work better with coethnic start-ups, they invest in coethnic ventures that are of lower observable quality than noncoethnic ventures. This paper was accepted by Lee Fleming, entrepreneurship and innovation.
Appointment Scheduling with Limited Distributional Information
Authors: Mak Ho-Yin , Rong Ying , Zhang Jiawei 
Published: May 2014

In this paper, we develop distribution-free models that solve the appointment sequencing and scheduling problem by assuming only moments information of job durations. We show that our min–max appointment scheduling models, which minimize the worst-case expected waiting and overtime costs out of all probability distributions with the given marginal moments, can be exactly formulated as tractable conic programs. These formulations are obtained by exploiting hidden convexity of the problem. In the special case where only the first two marginal moments are given, the problem can be reformulated as a second-order cone program. Based on the structural properties of this formulation, under a mild condition, we derive the optimal time allowances in closed form and prove that it is optimal to sequence jobs in increasing order of job duration variance. We also prove similar results regarding the optimal time allowances and sequence for the case where only means and supports of job durations are known. This paper was accepted by Dimitris Bertsimas, optimization.
Protocol for the United Kingdom Rotator Cuff Study (UKUFF)
Authors: Carr A. J. , Rees J. L. , Ramsay C. R. , Fitzpatrick R. , Gray A. , Moser J. , Dawson J. , Bruhn H. , Cooper C. D. , Beard D. J. , Campbell M. K. 
Published: May 2014

This protocol describes a pragmatic multicentre randomised controlled trial (RCT) to assess the clinical and cost effectiveness of arthroscopic and open surgery in the management of rotator cuff tears. This trial began in 2007 and was modified in 2010, with the removal of a non-operative arm due to high rates of early crossover to surgery. Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2014;3:155–60.
Children’s drawing and telling of the multiple facets of the Greek financial crisis
Authors: Christopoulou Martha 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
This art-based case study illustrates how primary-age children engaged in a drawing-telling project in order to represent their understandings of the Greek financial crisis. Living in a country where, for the past five years, the topic of financial crisis has vastly permeated television and print media discourse, social networks discussions and adult talk, has raised considerable interest about how primary-age students understand, view and identify this crisis. The children who participated in the research were asked to communicate their understandings of the financial crisis and its effects on Greek society through verbal and visual texts. Descriptions of selected ‘drawing and telling’ accounts show how these children not only depicted but also manipulated concepts and issues interrelated with the financial crisis as they created and recreated images, texts, ideas and feelings. The findings illustrate these children’s understanding, worries and fears and suggest that art education can be a space for healing and recovery from the adversities caused by the financial crisis and a place for fostering resilience.
Reformation und politisch-gesellschaftliche Emanzipation
Authors: Oberdorfer Bernd 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
The relevance of the reformation for the development of modern liberty rights is much debated. Although the Protestant Reformers fought for the »Freedom of a Christian« against religious patronization, they were not tolerant in a modern sense of the term. However, the Reformation released long-term impulses which contributed to the origin and formation of a modern civil society, e. g. the respect for the autonomy of the individual over against the church, the passion for education, the emphasis on the »universal priesthood of all believers«, and the appreciation of civil professions. Long historical learning processes were necessary, though, until the Protestant churches acknowledged and adopted modern liberty rights, a participatory democracy and a pluralistic society as genuine forms of expression of a Protestant ethos.
Von der Integration zur gesellschaftlichen Inklusion von Menschen mit Behinderungen – realistisches Ziel oder Utopie?
Authors: Wienberg Günther 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
For approximately four decades now, the social dealings of Central Europe with persons who exhibit long lasting/permanent psychological disturbances, mental-, physical-, or multiple disabilities, have followed the paradigm of integration, which promises conditions of living which are »as normal as possible « and »in the immediate vicinity« of persons without disabilities. To date, this paradigm has not been completely implemented. Nevertheless, with the »Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities «, which is also in effect in Germany since 2009, a new paradigm was placed on the socio-political agenda. This contribution sketches the development, beginning after the Second World War, of the care system for persons with disabilities, describes the basis of the inclusion paradigm and names the connected societal challenges.
The In Pari Delicto Defense for Auditors in Professional Negligence Cases: Imputation of Managers’ Unlawful Acts to the Client Firm
Authors: Blythe Stephen E. 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
The Enron scandal, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and the 2008 financial crisis have resulted in new laws and regulations regarding auditor liability and an evolution of some of the old ones. One of the older laws is the in pari delicto defense: in a lawsuit brought by a corporation alleging that its auditor was negligent in failing to detect a manager’s fraud, the auditor may be able to use that defense if the manager’s fraud is imputable to the company. Since a bankruptcy trustee or a receiver steps into the shoes of the bankrupt company it represents, a similar defense (the Wagoner Rule) may also be applicable if a trustee or a receiver files a negligence lawsuit against the company’s auditor. However, in pari delicto is inapplicable when: (1) the wrongful acts of the manager are so adverse to the corporate client that the manager is deemed to have totally abandoned the corporation for its, or a third party’s, sole benefit (unless the manager is also the sole shareholder, or the company has incurred a short-term benefit because of the fraud); (2) the corporate client had at least one innocent manager or shareholder who could have prevented or stopped the fraud if he had known about it; (3) the auditor does not deal with the corporate client in good faith and engages in unlawful conduct; or (4) the plaintiffs are totally innocent shareholders (but in this case, the in pari delicto defense is still applicable with respect to culpable shareholders). The State of New York has been on the cutting edge in the evolution of the in pari delicto defense, and this defense is strongest there. Other states recognizing the defense include New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and (in dicta) Delaware (only if the company has engaged in actual wrongdoing). Finally, these are examples of recent evolution of in pari delicto: (a) the Sarbanes-Oxley Act’s prohibition of management from interfering with or deceiving the auditor; such statutory violations of management could be used by the auditor at trial in proving the applicability of the in pari delicto defense and (b) the new constraints on off-balance sheet leases, expected to be released shortly by the Financial Accounting Standards Board, may decrease management’s ability to deceive the auditor in the first place.
An Analysis of Systemic Risk in the Insurance Sector – Evidence from Asia-Pacific Region
Authors: Kanno Masayasu 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
This study contributes to the assessment of systemic risk for the insurance sector. We conducted two types of model approaches and scrutinized each insurer’s marginal systemic risk contribution to the entire Asia-Pacific insurance sector during the global financial crisis and thereafter. We applied the hypothetical distress insurance premium as a systemic risk measure by considering the “policyholder protection scheme” of each country and then incorporating the dynamic conditional correlation as the time-dependent, heterogeneous correlation parameter in the premium. Ping An Insurance (Group) Co. of China was only group in the Asia-Pacific region to be selected as a Globally Systemically Important Insurer (G-SII) in July 2013. Ping An Insurance was ranked first based on the marginal contribution of each insurer during the global financial crisis, and thereafter it was also ranked first based on recent data; therefore, we validated the G-SII’s selection. We propose these model approaches to be used in a mutually complementary manner as selection approaches for G-SIIs and risk management tools for insurers.
Dezentrale Automatisierung der Verteilnetze
Authors: Hübner Christian , Diedrich Christian , Jumar Ulrich 
Published: May 2014

Zusammenfassung
Der Aufbau aktiver Verteilnetze erfordert ein dezentrales
Automatisierungskonzept, das auf bewährte Technologien und Standards
aus der Industrieautomation zurückgreift und eine flexible
Erweiterbarkeit der Netzautomatisierungsfunktionen erlaubt. Dies kann
durch Kombination der IEC-Normen 61131-3 und 61850 erfüllt werden, die
eine durchgängig standard-basierte Umsetzung der
Verteilnetzautomatisierung ermöglichen.
Gekoppelte Simulation komplexer Energiesysteme mittels MOSAIK und FMI
Authors: Rohjans Sebastian , Widl Edmund , Müller Wolfgang , Schütte Steffen , Lehnhoff Sebastian 
Published: May 2014

Zusammenfassung
In diesem Beitrag wird das Thema Simulation für zukünftige
Energiesysteme behandelt. Es wird beschrieben, welche komplexen
Anforderungen an Simulationen gestellt werden und wie diese mit dem
Werkzeug mosaik durch eine Integration des Functional Mock-up
Interface (FMI) adressiert werden. An einem realistischen Szenario
wird gezeigt, wie heterogene Modelle unkompliziert gekoppelt werden
können.
Lesen, Surfen, Chatten, Sliden
Authors: Büsch Andreas 
Published: May 2014

Zusammenfassung:
Medienkompetenz ist ein häufig gebrauchter Begriff, dessen inhaltliche Bestimmung jedoch häufig schillernd bleibt und leider oft auf ein rein technisches Verständnis verkürzt wird. Der Versuch einer differenzierten inhaltlichen Bestimmung von sieben Teilkompetenzen ist die Voraussetzung für eine altersdifferenzierte Darstellung der spezifischen Herausforderungen für eine medienbezogene Bildung in den einzelnen Altersstufen. Schließlich ist zu fragen, was für eine Absicherung einer entsprechenden Medienbildung zu tun ist.