bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tensile behavior of hybrid epoxy composite laminate containing carbon and basalt fibers
Authors: Subagia I.D.G. Ary , Kim Yonjig 
Published: August 2013

AbstractThis paper investigated the effect of the incorporation of basalt fibers on the tensile properties of carbon fiber-reinforced epoxy laminates manufactured by vacuum-assisted resin transfer molding. The purpose of this research was to design a carbon-basalt/epoxy hybrid composite material that is of low cost in production, is lightweight, and has good strength and stiffness. The tensile strength and stiffness of the hybrid laminates demonstrated a steady, linear decrease with an increase in basalt fiber content, but the fracture strain gradually increased together with the increase in the basalt layer content. In this study, the incorporation of basalt fibers into the carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) showed lower tensile strength than CFRP but has higher tensile strain. Furthermore, we found that the arrangement and enhancement of basalt fiber into the CFRP significantly influence the mechanical properties of interply hybrid composites.
Miniature Short Hairpin RNA Screens to Characterize Antiproliferative Drugs
Authors: Kittanakom Saranya , Arnoldo Anthony , Brown Kevin R , Wallace Iain , Kunavisarut Tada , Torti Dax , Heisler Lawrence E , Surendra Anuradha , Moffat Jason , Giaever Guri , Nislow Corey 
Published: August 2013

Abstract
The application of new proteomics and genomics technologies support a view in which few drugs act solely by inhibiting a single cellular target. Indeed, drug activity is modulated by complex, often incompletely understood cellular mechanisms. Therefore, efforts to decipher mode of action through genetic perturbation such as RNAi typically yields “hits” that fall into several categories. Of particular interest to the present study, we aimed to characterize secondary activities of drugs on cells. Inhibiting a known target can result in clinically relevant synthetic phenotypes. In one scenario, drug perturbation could, for example, improperly activate a protein that normally inhibits a particular kinase. In other cases, additional, lower affinity targets can be inhibited as in the example of inhibition of c-Kit observed in Bcr-Abl−positive cells treated with Gleevec. Drug transport and metabolism also play an important role in the way any chemicals act within the cells. Finally, RNAi per se can also affect cell fitness by more general off-target effects, e.g., via the modulation of apoptosis or DNA damage repair. Regardless of the root cause of these unwanted effects, understanding the scope of a drug’s activity and polypharmacology is essential for better understanding its mechanism(s) of action, and such information can guide development of improved therapies. We describe a rapid, cost-effective approach to characterize primary and secondary effects of small-molecules by using small-scale libraries of virally integrated short hairpin RNAs. We demonstrate this principle using a “minipool” composed of shRNAs that target the genes encoding the reported protein targets of approved drugs. Among the 28 known reported drug−target pairs, we successfully identify 40% of the targets described in the literature and uncover several unanticipated drug−target interactions based on drug-induced synthetic lethality. We provide a detailed protocol for performing such screens and for analyzing the data. This cost-effective approach to mammalian knockdown screens, combined with the increasing maturation of RNAi technology will expand the accessibility of similar approaches in academic settings.
FijiWings: An Open Source Toolkit for Semiautomated Morphometric Analysis of Insect Wings
Authors: Dobens Alexander C , Dobens Leonard L 
Published: August 2013

AbstractDevelopment requires coordination between cell proliferation and cell growth to pattern the proper size of tissues, organs, and whole organisms. The Drosophila wing has landmark features, such as the location of veins patterned by cell groups and trichome structures produced by individual cells, that are useful to examine the genetic contributions to both tissue and cell size. Wing size and trichome density have been measured manually, which is tedious and error prone, and although image processing and pattern-recognition software can quantify features in micrographs, this approach has not been applied to insect wings. Here we present FijiWings, a set of macros designed to perform semiautomated morphophometric analysis of a wing photomicrograph. FijiWings uses plug-ins installed in the Fiji version of ImageJ to detect and count trichomes and measure wing area either to calculate trichome density of a defined region selected by the user or generate a heat map of overall trichome densities. For high-throughput screens we have developed a macro that directs a trainable segmentation plug-in to detect wing vein locations either to measure trichome density in specific intervein regions or produce a heat map of relative intervein areas. We use wing GAL4 drivers and UAS-regulated transgenes to confirm the ability of these tools to detect changes in overall tissue growth and individual cell size. FijiWings is freely available and will be of interest to a broad community of fly geneticists studying both the effect of gene function on wing patterning and the evolution of wing morphology.
Evaluating Adaptive Divergence Between Migratory and Nonmigratory Ecotypes of a Salmonid Fish, Oncorhynchus mykiss
Authors: Hale Matthew C , Thrower Frank P , Berntson Ewann A , Miller Michael R , Nichols Krista M 
Published: August 2013

Abstract
Next-generation sequencing and the application of population genomic and association approaches have made it possible to detect selection and unravel the genetic basis to variable phenotypic traits. The use of these two approaches in parallel is especially attractive in nonmodel organisms that lack a sequenced and annotated genome, but only works well when population structure is not confounded with the phenotype of interest. Herein, we use population genomics in a nonmodel fish species, rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), to better understand adaptive divergence between migratory and nonmigratory ecotypes and to further our understanding about the genetic basis of migration. Restriction site-associated DNA (RAD) tag sequencing was used to identify single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in migrant and resident O. mykiss from two systems, one in Alaska and the other in Oregon. A total of 7920 and 6755 SNPs met filtering criteria in the Alaska and Oregon data sets, respectively. Population genetic tests determined that 1423 SNPs were candidates for selection when loci were compared between resident and migrant samples. Previous linkage mapping studies that used RAD DNA tag SNPs were available to determine the position of 1990 markers. Several significant SNPs are located in genome regions that contain quantitative trait loci for migratory-related traits, reinforcing the importance of these regions in the genetic basis of migration/residency. Annotation of genome regions linked to significant SNPs revealed genes involved in processes known to be important in migration (such as osmoregulatory function). This study adds to our growing knowledge on adaptive divergence between migratory and nonmigratory ecotypes of this species; across studies, this complex trait appears to be controlled by many loci of small effect, with some in common, but many loci not shared between populations studied.
Caenorhabditis elegansHistone Deacetylasehda-1Is Required for Morphogenesis of the Vulva and LIN-12/Notch-Mediated Specification of Uterine Cell Fates
Authors: Ranawade Ayush Vasant , Cumbo Philip , Gupta Bhagwati P 
Published: August 2013

AbstractChromatin modification genes play crucial roles in development and disease. In Caenorhabditis elegans, the class I histone deacetylase family member hda-1, a component of the nucleosome remodeling and deacetylation complex, has been shown to control cell proliferation. We recovered hda-1 in an RNA interference screen for genes involved in the morphogenesis of the egg-laying system. We found that hda-1 mutants have abnormal vulva morphology and vulval-uterine connections (i.e., no uterine-seam cell). We characterized the vulval defects by using cell fate-specific markers and found that hda-1 is necessary for the specification of all seven vulval cell types. The analysis of the vulval-uterine connection defect revealed that hda-1 is required for the differentiation of the gonadal anchor cell (AC), which in turn induces ventral uterine granddaughters to adopt π fates, leading to the formation of the uterine-seam cell. Consistent with these results, hda-1 is expressed in the vulva and AC. A search for hda-1 target genes revealed that fos-1 (fos proto-oncogene family) acts downstream of hda-1 in vulval cells, whereas egl-43 (evi1 proto-oncogene family) and nhr-67 (tailless homolog, NHR family) mediate hda-1 function in the AC. Furthermore, we showed that AC expression of hda-1 plays a crucial role in the regulation of the lin-12/Notch ligand lag-2 to specify π cell fates. These results demonstrate the pivotal role of hda-1 in the formation of the vulva and the vulval-uterine connection. Given that hda-1 homologs are conserved across the phyla, our findings are likely to provide a better understanding of HDAC1 function in development and disease.
Merely Comparative
Authors: Melas Natalie 
Published: August 2013

When one has so general and comprehensive an intention one can at first do nothing.—Erich AuerbachComparison was once supremely a matter of method. ernest renan in hispensées de 1848called comparison “the great instrument of criticism” (296). Echoing the sentiment some two decades later, Hutcheson Macaulay Posnett asserted that “we may callconsciouslycomparative thinking the great glory of our nineteenth century” (76). Comparison had been extensively deployed as an analytic tool before the nineteenth century—to produce, for instance, the massive taxonomies that lay the foundations for natural history and in the gathering of the concordances and chronologies of universal histories. What sharply distinguished the comparative method, what made it in effect a specific method, for nineteenth-century and early-twentieth-century scholars, by their own account, was the principle of development. This underlying temporal unity allowed for the most disparate entities to be set into meaningful relation. In words from an 1871 lecture by an early and enthusiastic proponent of comparative literature:[T]he method in which this study can be best pursued is that which is pursued in anatomy, in language, in mythology…, namely, the comparative. The literary productions of all ages and peoples can be classed, can be brought into comparison and contrast, can be taken out of their isolation as belonging to one nation, or one separate era, and be brought under divisions as the embodiment of the same aesthetic principles, the universal laws of mental, social and moral development (Shackford 42)
Whey Protein, but Not Soy Protein, Supplementation Alleviates Exerciseinduced Lipid Peroxidation in Female Endurance Athletes
Authors: Tara Myra K. , Park Jean Soon , Mathison Bridget D. , Kimble Lindsey L. , Chew Boon P. 
Published: August 2013

Purpose:
The objective of this study was to assess the protective effects of whey and soy protein supplementation
on inflammatory response, oxidative damage and body composition in active female endurance athletes.

Methods:
Healthy female endurance athletes (18-25 y; n = 18) running at least one hour per day, five days per week were
randomly assigned to consume 40 g whey or soy protein daily, in a 6-wk double-blind study. Blood samples were obtained
following completion of a one hour run at baseline and wk 6, and analyzed for inflammatory and oxidative biomarkers.
DXA scans were completed to determine body composition.

Results:
Whey protein intervention decreased (P> 0.05) plasma TBARS concentrations, indicating suppressed lipid peroxidation.
Supplementation with soy protein had no effect on markers of oxidative damage and inflammation, but decreased
(P> 0.05) reduced glutathione indicating a reduction in antioxidant activity. Protein supplementation had no significant
effect on body composition.

Conclusions:
Supplementation with whey protein decreased lipid peroxidation in in female endurance athletes suggesting
a potential antioxidative action, while soy protein did not improve biomarkers of oxidative damage and inflammation.
Smile esthetics from odontology students' perspectives
Authors: España Pilar , Tarazona Beatriz , Paredes Vanessa 
Published: August 2013

ABSTRACTObjectives:To analyze the perception of smile esthetics and its alterations in dental degree students; to determine whether there are differences in that perception among students in different study years on those courses and between genders; and to determine if the circumstance of having received prior orthodontic treatment could influence that perception.Material and Methods:Students (n = 192) in different study years of the dental degree course at the University of Valencia, Spain, analyzed two photographs of a patient in which, by means of computer software, midline diastema, upper and lower midlines, crown length of the maxillary right central incisor, occlusal cant, and “gummy” smile were altered. Students assessed the photographs on a scale from 1 to 10. Statistical analyses for assessing each group's level of perception were carried out.Results:After checking the validity of the study, it was observed that the students' ability to detect alterations in smile esthetics did not improve over their degree courses, given that the differences do not present a linear development. There were no differences between genders and between those who had or had not undergone an orthodontic treatment.Conclusions:There are no statistically significant differences between the results of students in different study years or between genders. The circumstance of having undergone prior orthodontic treatment is not a determining factor in the ability to perceive such anomalies.
Influence of cone-beam computed tomography image artifacts on the determination of dental arch measurements
Authors: Gamba Thiago O. , Oliveira Matheus L. , Flores Isadora L. , Cruz Adriana D. , Almeida Solange M. , Haiter-Neto Francisco , Lopes Sérgio L.P.C. 
Published: August 2013

ABSTRACT

Objective:
To compare dental plaster model (DPM) and cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) in the measurement of the dental arches, and investigate whether CBCT image artifacts compromise the reliability of such measurements.

Materials and Methods:
Twenty patients were divided into two groups based on the presence or absence of metallic restorations in the posterior teeth. Both dental arches of the patients were scanned with the CBCT unit i-CAT, and DPMs were obtained. Two examiners obtained eight arch measurements on the CBCT images and DPMs and repeated this procedure 15 days later. The arch measurements of each patient group were compared separately by the Wilcoxon rank sum (Mann-Whitney U) test, with a significance level of 5% (α  =  .05). Intraclass correlation measured the level of intraobserver agreement.

Results:
Patients with healthy teeth showed no significant difference between all DPM and CBCT arch measurements (P &gt; .05). Patients with metallic restoration showed significant difference between DPM and CBCT for the majority of the arch measurements (P &gt; .05). The two examiners showed excellent intraobserver agreement for both measuring methods with intraclass correlation coefficient higher than 0.95.

Conclusion:
CBCT provided the same accuracy as DPM in the measurement of the dental arches, and was negatively influenced by the presence of image artifacts.
Oxidative Stress and Response in Relation to Coronary Artery Disease in Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: Costacou Tina , Evans Rhobert W. , Schafer Gerald L. , Orchard Trevor J. 
Published: August 2013

OBJECTIVE
Although oxidative stress (OxS) is thought to contribute to atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease (CAD), little is known about the variability in an individual’s ability to respond to OxS. Therefore, we assessed potential indices of response to OxS and evaluated whether they modify the association between OxS and CAD.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
We evaluated plasma α- and γ-tocopherol per unit cholesterol (potential response markers); urinary 15-isoprostane F2t per milligram creatinine (isoprostane [IsoP], a potential stress marker); and the α-tocopherol-to-IsoP ratio (as a measure of response to stress), measured three times during 20 years of follow-up, in relation to CAD incidence in a cohort with childhood-onset type 1 diabetes (n = 658; mean age at baseline, 28 years; duration of diabetes, 19 years). Participants with three samples (blood and either 24-h or overnight urine) available before the onset of CAD or the end of follow-up (n = 356) were selected for study.

RESULTS
In multivariable mixed models, α-tocopherol over time was inversely associated with CAD (β = −0.27; P = 0.02), whereas a direct association was observed for IsoP (β = 0.0008; P = 0.06). Moreover, the α-tocopherol-to-IsoP ratio was strongly and inversely related to CAD incidence (β = −0.72; P = 0.003), whereas in a separate model including α-tocopherol and IsoP, both biomarkers maintained statistical significance. No association was observed for γ-tocopherol (β = −0.22; P = 0.54).

CONCLUSIONS
These data suggest that a greater potential capability (α-tocopherol) to respond to OxS (urinary IsoP) relates to CAD incidence.
Alterations to Bone Mineral Composition as an Early Indication of Osteomyelitis in the Diabetic Foot
Authors: Esmonde-White Karen A. , Esmonde-White Francis W.L. , Holmes Crystal M. , Morris Michael D. , Roessler Blake J. 
Published: August 2013

OBJECTIVE
Osteomyelitis in the diabetic foot is a major risk factor for amputation, but there is a limited understanding of early-stage infection, impeding limb-preserving diagnoses. We hypothesized that bone composition measurements provide insight into the early pathophysiology of diabetic osteomyelitis.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Compositional analysis by Raman spectroscopy was performed on bone specimens from patients with a clinical diagnosis of osteomyelitis in the foot requiring surgical intervention as either a biopsy (n = 6) or an amputation (n = 11).

RESULTS
An unexpected result was the discovery of pathological calcium phosphate minerals in addition to normal bone mineral. Dicalcium phosphate dihydrate, also called brushite, and uncarbonated apatite were found to be exclusively associated with infected bone.

CONCLUSIONS
Compositional measurements provided a unique insight into the pathophysiology of osteomyelitis in diabetic foot ulcers. At-patient identification of pathological minerals by Raman spectroscopy may serve as an early-stage diagnostic approach.
Standalone Balloon Dilation versus Sinus Surgery for Chronic Rhinosinusitis: A Prospective, Multicenter, Randomized, Controlled Trial
Authors: Cutler Jeffrey , Bikhazi Nadim , Light Joshua , Truitt Theodore , Schwartz Michael ,   the REMODEL Study Investigators, Armstrong Michael , Bikhazi Nadim , Chandler Stephen , Cutler Jeffrey , Ferouz-Colborn Aliya , Gould James , Light Joshua , Marvel Jeffrey , Schwartz Michael , Truitt Theodore 
Published: August 2013

Background A prospective randomized controlled study was conducted on patients with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) to test the hypotheses that symptom improvement after balloon dilation was noninferior to functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS) and balloon dilation was superior to FESS for postoperative debridements. Methods Adults with uncomplicated CRS of the maxillary sinuses with or without anterior ethmoid disease who met criteria for medically necessary FESS were randomized 1:1 to office balloon dilation or FESS and followed for 6 months. A minimum of 36 patients per arm were required to test the hypotheses with 90% power. Symptom improvement using the validated 20-item Sino-Nasal Outcome Test (SNOT-20) survey, debridements, recovery outcomes, complications, and revision surgeries were compared between groups. Results Ninety-two patients (50 balloon dilation; 42 FESS) were treated. Mean SNOT-20 improvement was 1.67 ± 1.10 and 1.60 ± 0.96 in the balloon and FESS arms, respectively. Both groups showed clinically meaningful and statistically significant (p < 0.0001) improvement and the balloon arm was noninferior (p < 0.001) to FESS. The mean number of postprocedure debridements per patient was 0.1 ± 0.6 in the balloon arm versus 1.2 ± 1.0 in the FESS arm, with the balloon group showing superiority (p < 0.0001). Occurrence of postoperative nasal bleeding (p = 0.011), duration of prescription pain medication use (p < 0.001), recovery time (p = 0.002), and short-term symptom improvement (p = 0.014) were all significantly better for balloon dilation versus FESS. No complications occurred in either group and one revision surgery was reported in each arm. Conclusion Balloon dilation is noninferior to FESS for symptom improvement and superior to FESS for postoperative debridements in patients with maxillary and anterior ethmoid disease. Balloon dilation is an effective treatment in patients with uncomplicated CRS who meet the criteria for medically necessary FESS.
L’enthymème entre la philosophie et le style dans la Rhétorique de Mixail Speranskij
Authors: Gorbounova Raïssa 
Published: August 2013

Энтимема между философией и стилем
в Риторике Михаила Сперанского

Отталкиваясь от учения Аристотеля об энтимеме, автор данной статьи пытается показать на примере Риторики М. Сперанского (1792), что интерес к энтимеме в России в конце XVIII-го века связан, с одной стороны, с распространением эмпиризма, а, с другой стороны, с поиском нового стиля русского языка.
La mort de Tolstoj « l’hérétique » dans la presse ecclésiastique russe
Authors: Niqueux Michel 
Published: August 2013

The Death of Tolstoj ‘the Heretic’ in the Russian Church Press

Review of the echoes of Tolstoj’s death in five religious magazines during the 1910-1912 period:
- Cerkovnye vedomosti, the official weekly magazine of the Holy synod, which does not mention Tolstoj’s death at all.
- Cerkovnyj vestnik, the weekly magazine of the Ecclesiastical Academy of St Petersburg, which recognizes the responsability of the Church in Tolstoj’s spiritual ‘erring’.
- Kolokol and Missionerskoe obozrenie (a daily paper and monthly magazine managed by V. M. Skorcov, the responsible with missions concerning sects to the General Prosecutor of the Holy Synod) for whom the ‘great writer’ is the ‘prophet of the Judeomasonic church’.
- Missionerskij sbornik (a magazine from Riazan), with doggerels, but also serious studies (11 issues of the magazine) of «L. Tolstoj and the Russian Intelligentsia in its Pursuit of Idols». The echoes of Tolstoj’s death reflect the wide range of church magazines: from extremely reactionary to moderately reformist.
The Great Writer of All Lands
Authors: Nickell William 
Published: August 2013

Un écrivain universel
La Russie face aux réactions internationales suscitées par la mort de Tolstoj

L’article est consacré à l’hommage international rendu à Tolstoj en tant que « second tsar ». Comment fut-il immortalisé dans ce rôle et comment cet intérêt étranger fut-il apprécié en Russie ? Les journaux russes comparaient les témoignages de vénération pour Tolstoj à travers le monde avec ce qui se passait en Russie, où les différentes cérémonies commémoratives furent sévèrement contrôlées et souvent interdites. Ces efforts pour limiter l’influence de Tolstoj ne firent qu’accroître sa renommée, et démontrer une fois de plus qu’il n’était pas simplement un adversaire politique dont on pouvait nier l’importance ou un hérétique que l’on pouvait neutraliser en l’excommuniant. C’était un humaniste très charismatique qui impressionnait le public non seulement par ses idées, mais également par sa personnalité. Sa mort a fait prendre conscience de son autorité et de ce que Solženicyn a appelé le «second gouvernement » de la Russie.