bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Sight, Sound, and Global Traffic of Blackness inBlood Diamond
Authors: Chrisman Laura 
Published: February 2014

Abstract:This article explores the representation of Africa in director Edward Zwick's 2006 filmBlood Diamond, examining in particular the ways in which the film's liberal-humanitarian orientation works to demonize black African communities, nationalisms, and governments while constituting a white and largely American subject as the center of ethical value. The article also examines the film's account of diamond consumption as a global phenomenon, and considers the ways in which sound and vision operate to devalue black diasporic as well as black continental African subjects.
Homophobic Africa? Toward A More Nuanced View
Authors: Awondo Patrick , Geschiere Peter , Reid Graeme 
Published: February 2014

Abstract:The recent emergence of homosexuality as a central issue in public debate in various parts of Africa has encouraged a stereotypical image of one homophobic Africa, often placed in opposition to a tolerant or depraved West. What is striking is that this image of Africa as homophobic is promoted by both traditionalists who insist that homosexuality is a Western intrusionand bythe Western media that focus on homophobic statements from African political and religious leaders. What both neglect, however, is the existence of internal debate and disagreements among Africans on the subject of homosexuality. In this article we try to counter this image of a homophobic Africa with a more nuanced discussion, including a comparison of different trajectories in the emergence of homosexuality as a public issue in four countries (Senegal, Cameroon, Uganda, and South Africa). The comparison highlights considerable variations in the ways in which the issue became politicized. There is a world of difference, for example, between the image of the homosexual asun Grand(a rich and powerful “Big Man”) who imposes anal penetration as a supreme form of subjection (as in Cameroon or Gabon, where homosexuality is associated with witchcraft and other occult forces; compare Achille Mbembe's visionary evocation of a “phallocracy”) and the often quite marginal persons who become victims of gay persecution in other contexts. More insight into the variations of what is loosely and inaccurately called “homophobia” can help connect international pressures for decriminalization and protection to local circumstances. Working through local activists is crucial for the effort to counter homophobia in Africa.
Are cryptic species a problem for parasitological biological tagging for stock identification of aquatic organisms?
Authors: BRAY RODNEY A. , CRIBB THOMAS H. 
Published: February 2014

SUMMARYThe effective use of biological tags in stock assessment relies on the reliable identification of the parasites concerned. This may be compromised if cryptic species are not recognized. Here we review what is known about cryptic species in aquatic hosts and its potential importance in this respect. Although strictly cryptic species may be considered as species which can be distinguished only by molecular data, we accept the far looser but more practical definition of species that cannot be readily distinguished morphologically. Cryptic species appear to have been identified most frequently as occurring in separate host species; this is heartening in that this has no significant impact on tagging studies. But cryptic species have occasionally been identified in single hosts sympatrically and are relatively common in geographically distinct populations of the same host species. Ignorance of both kinds of occurrences has the capacity to undermine the reliability of tagging analysis. We review in detail what is known of intra- and interspecific genetic variation over geographical ranges in the trematodes, based on recent molecular studies. Although the existence of cryptic species and evidence of intraspecific variability may appear daunting, we suspect that these complexities will add, and indeed have already added, to the sophistication of the information that can be derived from tagging studies.
Single, dual and multiple respiratory virus infections and risk of hospitalization and mortality
Authors: GOKA E. A. , VALLELY P. J. , MUTTON K. J. , KLAPPER P. E. 
Published: February 2014

SUMMARYRespiratory virus infections cause a significant number of hospitalization and deaths globally. This study investigated the association between single and multiple respiratory virus infections and risk of admission to a general ward, intensive care unit or death in patients aged 0–105 years (mean ± s.d. = 24·4 ± 24·1 years), from North West England, that were tested for respiratory virus infections between January 2007 and June 2012. The majority of infections were in children aged ⩽5 years. Dual or multiple infections occurred in 10·4% (1214/11 715) of patients, whereas single infection occurred in 89·6% (10 501/11 715). Rhinovirus was the most common co-infecting virus (occurring in 69·5%; 844/1214 of co-infections). In a multivariate logistic regression model, multiple infections were associated with an increased risk of admission to a general ward [odds ratio (OR) 1·43, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1·2–1·7,P < 0·0001]. On the other hand, patients with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and human parainfluenza virus types 1–3 (hPIV1–3), as a single infection, had a higher risk of being admitted to a general ward (OR 1·49, 95% CI 1·28–1·73,P < 0·0001 and OR 1·34, 95% CI 1·003–1·8,P = 0·05, respectively); admitted to an intensive-care unit or dying (OR 1·5, 95% CI 1·20–2·0,P = 0·001 and OR 1·60, 95% CI 1·02–2·40,P = 0·04, respectively). This result emphasizes the importance of RSV, hPIV and mixed infections and calls for research on vaccines, drugs and diagnostic tests targeting these respiratory viruses.
Immuno-Electron Microscopy of Primary Cell Cultures from Genetically Modified Animals in Liquid by Atmospheric Scanning Electron Microscopy
Authors: Kinoshita Takaaki , Mori Yosio , Hirano Kazumi , Sugimoto Shinya , Okuda Ken-ichi , Matsumoto Shunsuke , Namiki Takeshi , Ebihara Tatsuhiko , Kawata Masaaki , Nishiyama Hidetoshi , Sato Mari , Suga Mitsuo , Higashiyama Kenichi , Sonomoto Kenji , Mizunoe Yoshimitsu , Nishihara Shoko , Sato Chikara 
Published: February 2014

AbstractHigh-throughput immuno-electron microscopy is required to capture the protein–protein interactions realizing physiological functions. Atmospheric scanning electron microscopy (ASEM) allowsin situcorrelative light and electron microscopy of samples in liquid in an open atmospheric environment. Cells are cultured in a few milliliters of medium directly in the ASEM dish, which can be coated and transferred to an incubator as required. Here, cells were imaged by optical or fluorescence microscopy, and at high resolution by gold-labeled immuno-ASEM, sometimes with additional metal staining. Axonal partitioning of neurons was correlated with specific cytoskeletal structures, including microtubules, using primary-culture neurons from wild typeDrosophila, and the involvement of ankyrin in the formation of the intra-axonal segmentation boundary was studied using neurons from anankyrin-deficient mutant. Rubella virus replication producing anti-double-stranded RNA was captured at the host cell’s plasma membrane. Fas receptosome formation was associated with clathrin internalization near the surface of primitive endoderm cells. Positively charged Nanogold clearly revealed the cell outlines of primitive endoderm cells, and the cell division of lactic acid bacteria. Based on these experiments, ASEM promises to allow the study of protein interactions in various complexes in a natural environment of aqueous liquid in the near future.
Metastable Structures in Al Thin Films Before the Onset of Corrosion Pitting as Observed using Liquid Cell Transmission Electron Microscopy
Authors: Chee See Wee , Duquette David J. , Ross Frances M. , Hull Robert 
Published: February 2014

AbstractOne of the fundamental challenges in understanding the early stages of corrosion pitting in metals protected with an oxide film is that there are relatively few techniques that can probe microstructure with sufficient resolution while maintaining a wet environment. Here, we demonstrate that microstructural changes in Al thin films caused by aqueous NaCl solutions of varying chloride concentrations can be directly observed using a liquid flow cell enclosed within a transmission electron microscope (TEM) holder. In the absence of chloride, Al thin films did not exhibit significant corrosion when immersed in de-ionized water for 2 days. However, introducing 0.01 M NaCl solutions led to extensive random formation of blisters over the sample surface, while 0.1 M NaCl solutions formed anomalous structures that were larger than the typical grain size. Immersion in 1.0 M NaCl solutions led to fractal corrosion consistent with previously reported studies of Al thin films using optical microscopy. These results show the potential of in situ liquid cell electron microscopy for probing the processes that take place before the onset of pitting and for correlating pit locations with the underlying microstructure of the material.
InAlN/GaN HEMTs based L-band high-power packaged amplifiers
Authors: Jardel Olivier , Jacquet Jean-Claude , Baczkowski Lény , Carisetti Dominique , Lancereau Didier , Olivier Maxime , Aubry Raphaël , di Forte Poisson Marie-Antoinette , Dua Christian , Piotrowicz Stéphane , Delage Sylvain L. 
Published: February 2014

This paper presents power results of L-band packaged hybrid amplifiers using InAlN/GaN/SiC HEMT power dies. The high-power densities achieved both in pulsed and continuous wave (cw) modes confirm the interest of such technology for high-frequency, high-power, and high-temperature operation. We present here record RF power measurements for different versions of amplifiers. Up to 260 W, i.e. 3.6 W/mm, in pulsed (10 µs/10%) conditions, and 105 W, i.e. 2.9 W/mm, in cw conditions were achieved. Such results are made possible thanks to the impressive performances of InAlN/GaN transistors, even when operating at high temperatures. Unit cell transistors deliver output powers of 4.3 W/mm at Vds = 40 V in the cw mode of operation at the frequency of 2 GHz. The transistor process is described here, as well as the amplifiers design and measurements, with a particular focus to the thermal management aspects.
Evidence for external forcing of the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation since termination of the Little Ice Age
Authors: Knudsen Mads Faurschou , Jacobsen Bo Holm , Seidenkrantz Marit-Solveig , Olsen Jesper 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThe Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) represents a significant driver of Northern Hemisphere climate, but the forcing mechanisms pacing the AMO remain poorly understood. Here we use the available proxy records to investigate the influence of solar and volcanic forcing on the AMO over the last ~450 years. The evidence suggests that external forcing played a dominant role in pacing the AMO after termination of the Little Ice Age (LIA; ca. 1400–1800), with an instantaneous impact on mid-latitude sea-surface temperatures that spread across the North Atlantic over the ensuing ~5 years. In contrast, the role of external forcing was more ambiguous during the LIA. Our study further suggests that the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation is important for linking external forcing with North Atlantic sea-surface temperatures, a conjecture that reconciles two opposing theories concerning the origin of the AMO.
The modulation of grain boundary barrier in ZnMgO/ZnO heterostructure by surface polar liquid
Authors: Ji Xu , Zhu Yuan , Chen Mingming , Su Longxing , Chen Anqi , Gui Xuchun , Xiang Rong , Tang Zikang 
Published: February 2014

AbstractModulation of grain boundary barrier in ZnO layer by polar liquid, was investigated in ZnMgO/ZnO heterostructures grown by plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy. Traditionally, surface adsorbates can only affect the surface atoms or surface electronic states. However, it was found that the electronic conduction property of ZnO far from the surface could be tailored obviously by the polar liquid adsorbed on the ZnMgO surface. Physically, this phenomenon is supposed to be caused by the electrostatical couple between the liquid polarity and the grain boundary barrier in the ZnO layer through crystal polarization field.
Ser119 phosphorylation modulates the activity and conformation of PRRXL1, a homeodomain transcription factor
Authors: Soares-dos-Reis Ricardo , Pessoa Ana S. , Matos Mariana R. , Falcão Miguel , Mendes Vera M. , Manadas Bruno , Monteiro Filipe A. , Lima Deolinda , Reguenga Carlos 
Published: February 2014

PRRXL1 [paired related homeobox-like 1; also known as DRG11 (dorsal root ganglia 11)] is a paired-like homeodomain transcription factor expressed in DRG and dSC (dorsal spinal cord) nociceptive neurons. PRRXL1 is crucial for the establishment and maintenance of nociceptive circuitry, as Prrxl1−/− mice present neuronal loss, reduced pain sensitivity and failure to thrive. In the present study, we show that PRRXL1 is highly phosphorylated in vivo, and that its multiple band pattern on electrophoretic analysis is the result of different phosphorylation states. PRRXL1 phosphorylation appears to be differentially regulated along the dSC and DRG development and it is mapped to two functional domains. One region comprises amino acids 107–143, whereas the other one encompasses amino acids 227–263 and displays repressor activity. Using an immunoprecipitation–MS approach, two phosphorylation sites were identified, Ser119 and Ser238. Phosphorylation at Ser119 is shown to be determinant for PRRXL1 conformation and transcriptional activity. Ser119 phosphorylation is thus proposed as a mechanism for regulating PRRXL1 function and conformation during nociceptive system development.
Artificial magnetic conductor loaded long‐range passive RFID tag antenna mountable on metallic objects
Authors: Park In‐Yong , Kim Dongho 
Published: February 2014

A passive radio frequency identification (RFID) tag antenna providing a long recognition distance is proposed, which is mountable on various types of platforms including metallic and highly dielectric objects. To increase the reading distance, the antenna is installed in a recessed metallic cavity. To reduce further the height of the antenna, an artificial magnetic conductor is placed on the bottom face of the cavity. Consequently, the tag antenna not only can be miniaturised, but also can provide long reading distances on any type of platform objects. The measured maximum reading distance and the minimum sensitivity are 12.2 m and −17 dBm, under a reader transmitting 30 dBm with a 6 dBi antenna. Good agreement between the prediction and experimental results verifies that the approach is fairly effective and useful to substantially increase the reading distance.
A location optimization method for aircraft weakly-rigid structures
Authors: Wang Zhong-Qi , Yang Yuan , Kang Yong-Gang , Chang Zheng-Ping 
Published: February 2014

Since aircraft weakly-rigid structure has large size and weak stiffness, there has serious deformation during assembly process. The current deformation analysis theory of rigid assembly is not applicable. Based on the N-2-1 (N > 3) locating principle, this paper presents a methodology for weakly-rigid parts. An optimization algorithm combines finite element analysis and nonlinear programming methods to find the optimal number and position of the locating points in order to minimize the assembly deformation. An example application study is presented to demonstrate the optimization procedure and its effectiveness by using the software of ABAQUS.
Computer-Assisted Mandibular Reconstruction using a Patient-Specific Reconstruction Plate Fabricated with Computer-Aided Design and Manufacturing Techniques
Authors: Wilde Frank , Cornelius Carl-Peter , Schramm Alexander 
Published: February 2014

We investigated the workflow of computer-assisted mandibular reconstruction that was performed with a patient-specific mandibular reconstruction plate fabricated with computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) techniques and a fibula flap. We assessed the feasibility of this technique from virtual planning to the completion of surgery. Computed tomography (CT) scans of a cadaveric skull and fibula were obtained for the virtual simulation of mandibular resection and reconstruction using ProPlan CMF software (Materialise®/DePuy Synthes®). The virtual model of the reconstructed mandible provided the basis for the computer-aided design of a patient-specific reconstruction plate that was milled from titanium using a five-axis milling machine and CAM techniques. CAD/CAM techniques were used for producing resection guides for mandibular resection and cutting guides for harvesting a fibula flap. Mandibular reconstruction was simulated in a cadaveric wet laboratory. No problems were encountered during the procedure. The plate was fixed accurately to the residual bone without difficulty. The fibula segments were attached to the plate rapidly and reliably. The fusion of preoperative and postoperative CT datasets demonstrated high reconstruction precision. Computer-assisted mandibular reconstruction with CAD/CAM-fabricated patient-specific reconstruction plates appears to be a promising approach for mandibular reconstruction. Clinical trials are required to determine whether these promising results can be translated into successful practice and what further developments are needed.
Physical contact influences how much people pay at celebrity auctions
Authors: Newman George E. , Bloom Paul 
Published: February 2014

SignificanceContagion is a form of magical thinking in which people believe that a person's immaterial qualities or essence can be transferred to an object through physical contact. Our paper provides unique evidence for the influence of contagion beliefs in an actual market context. We analyze several high-profile celebrity auctions and demonstrate that the degree of perceived physical contact that a celebrity has with an item influences the amount of money that collectors are willing to pay for it at auction. This effect does not appear to be accounted for in preauction estimates. Therefore, our paper is unique in suggesting the existence of contagion effects outside of the laboratory using consequential purchase decisions.
Habenular kisspeptin modulates fear in the zebrafish
Authors: Ogawa Satoshi , Nathan Fatima M. , Parhar Ishwar S. 
Published: February 2014

Significance
Kisspeptin, a hypothalamic neuropeptide, plays a key role in vertebrate reproduction. In the zebrafish, kisspeptin and its receptor are predominantly expressed in the habenula, a highly evolutionarily conserved brain region mediating behavioral responses to stressful conditions. However, the physiological significance of kisspeptin expressed in the habenula remains unknown. Here we demonstrate a unique role for the kisspeptin system in inhibiting fear response in the zebrafish that extends beyond the control of reproduction.
Point-of-care diagnostics for noncommunicable diseases using synthetic urinary biomarkers and paper microfluidics
Authors: Warren Andrew D. , Kwong Gabriel A. , Wood David K. , Lin Kevin Y. , Bhatia Sangeeta N. 
Published: February 2014

Significance
Noncommunicable diseases, including cardiovascular disease and cancer, are growing worldwide but are challenging to diagnose because biomarkers that can accurately detect them in patients are lacking. Here, we designed nanoscale agents that are administered to reveal the presence of diseased tissues by producing a biomarker in the urine that can be detected using paper strips similar to a home pregnancy test. Using mouse models, we show that we can detect diseases as diverse as solid cancer and blood clots using only a single injection of our diagnostic followed by urine analysis on paper. This platform does not require expensive instruments, invasive procedures, or trained medical personnel, and may allow low-cost diagnosis of diseases at the point of care in resource-limited settings.
MURC/Cavin-4 facilitates recruitment of ERK to caveolae and concentric cardiac hypertrophy induced by α1-adrenergic receptors
Authors: Ogata Takehiro , Naito Daisuke , Nakanishi Naohiko , Hayashi Yukiko K. , Taniguchi Takuya , Miyagawa Kotaro , Hamaoka Tetsuro , Maruyama Naoki , Matoba Satoaki , Ikeda Koji , Yamada Hiroyuki , Oh Hidemasa , Ueyama Tomomi 
Published: February 2014

Significance
Caveolae are recognized as a platform for preassembled complexes of receptors, signal components, and their targets, facilitating efficient and specific cellular responses at the plasma membrane. ERK is activated at the plasma membrane and an important molecule that has been well studied for its integral role in signal transduction events during physiological adaptation and pathological manifestation. Here we show that although muscle-restricted coiled-coil protein (MURC)/Cavin-4, a muscle-specific caveola component, is dispensable for caveolar formation in cardiomyocytes, MURC/Cavin-4 serves as an ERK-recruiting protein in the caveolae within cardiomyocytes. The recruiting function of MURC/Cavin-4 is necessary to elicit efficient signaling of the α1-adrenergic receptor–ERK cascade in concentric cardiac hypertrophy. Our findings provide unique insight into the molecular mechanisms underlying caveola-mediated signaling in cardiac hypertrophy.
Pilus hijacking by a bacterial coaggregation factor critical for oral biofilm development
Authors: Reardon-Robinson Melissa E. , Wu Chenggang , Mishra Arunima , Chang Chungyu , Bier Naomi , Das Asis , Ton-That Hung 
Published: February 2014

SignificanceThe development of dental plaque biofilm requires specific and sequential molecular interactions between oral bacteria-colonizing host surfaces. Coaggregation between early colonizers is crucial to establish an environment suitable for late colonizers. Here, we describe that a surface protein in a Gram-positive bacterium that is not genetically linked to the fimbrial gene clusters hijacks a specific fimbrial polymerization apparatus to be displayed on the fimbrial tip. This tip-localized protein not only functions as the bona fide cell-to-cell adhesion factor for mediating coaggregation between the early colonizersActinomyces orisandStreptococcus oralisbut also serves as an initiator of fimbrial assembly.
Crystal structures of human soluble adenylyl cyclase reveal mechanisms of catalysis and of its activation through bicarbonate
Authors: Kleinboelting Silke , Diaz Ana , Moniot Sebastien , van den Heuvel Joop , Weyand Michael , Levin Lonny R. , Buck Jochen , Steegborn Clemens 
Published: February 2014

Significance
Soluble adenylyl cyclase (sAC) generates the ubiquitous signaling molecule cAMP in response to bicarbonate. In physiological systems, bicarbonate is in nearly instantaneous equilibrium with carbon dioxide and pH; therefore, sAC, and its evolutionarily related cyclases, serve as nature’s carbon dioxide/bicarbonate/pH sensors. In particular, bicarbonate regulation of mammalian sAC mediates numerous cellular processes, from sperm activation to pH homeostasis and mitochondrial ATP synthesis. We solved crystal structures of sAC’s catalytic domains in complex with substrate, products, and regulators. The structures reveal insights into sAC catalysis, how bicarbonate binds to and activates sAC, and how sAC can be inhibited by a drug. Our results reveal mechanisms that will facilitate the development of drugs targeting this signaling system.