bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The cerebellum in Parkinson’s disease
Authors: Wu Tao , Hallett Mark 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Parkinson’s disease is a chronic progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by resting tremor, slowness of movements, rigidity, gait disturbance and postural instability. Most investigations on Parkinson’s disease focused on the basal ganglia, whereas the cerebellum has often been overlooked. However, increasing evidence suggests that the cerebellum may have certain roles in the pathophysiology of Parkinson’s disease. Anatomical studies identified reciprocal connections between the basal ganglia and cerebellum. There are Parkinson’s disease–related pathological changes in the cerebellum. Functional or morphological modulations in the cerebellum were detected related to akinesia/rigidity, tremor, gait disturbance, dyskinesia and some non-motor symptoms. It is likely that the major roles of the cerebellum in Parkinson’s disease include pathological and compensatory effects. Pathological changes in the cerebellum might be induced by dopaminergic degeneration, abnormal drives from the basal ganglia and dopaminergic treatment, and may account for some clinical symptoms in Parkinson’s disease. The compensatory effect may help maintain better motor and non-motor functions. The cerebellum is also a potential target for some parkinsonian symptoms. Our knowledge about the roles of the cerebellum in Parkinson’s disease remains limited, and further attention to the cerebellum is warranted.
Probing the nature of compact ultrasteep spectrum radio sources with the e-EVN and e-MERLIN
Authors: Argo M. K. , Paragi Z. , Röttgering H. , Klöckner H.-R. , Miley G. , Mahmud M. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
We present first results from electronic Multi-Element Remotely Linked Interferometer Network and electronic European VLBI Network observations of a small sample of ultrasteep spectrum radio sources, defined as those sources with a spectral index α &lt; −1.4 between 74 and 325 MHz, which are unresolved on arcsecond scales. Such sources are currently poorly understood and a number of theories as to their origin have been proposed in the literature. The new observations described here have resulted in the first detection of two of these sources at milliarcsecond scales and show that a significant fraction of ultrasteep spectrum sources may have compact structures which can only be studied at the high resolution available with very long baseline interferometry (VLBI).
Procedural And Substantive Practical Rationality
Authors: Hooker Brad , Streumer Bart 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article explains the distinction between procedural and substantive practical rationality. According to proceduralism, an agent is open to rational criticism for lacking a desire only if she fails to have a desire that she can rationally reach from her beliefs and other desires, whereas according to substantivism, an agent is open to such criticism not only if her desires fail procedurally, but also if they fail substantively—where, for example, an agent who lacks the desire to take curative medicine might be substantively irrational in virtue of this lack, and yet be procedurally rational because she cannot rationally reach this desire from her beliefs and other desires. This article discusses the proceduralist views of Hume, Brandt, and Williams, before turning to substantivist arguments. It concludes by noting the advantages of following Scanlon in being a proceduralist about practical rationality but a substantivist about practical reasons.
Memory and Learning in Intellectual Disabilities
Authors: Vicari Stefano 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis chapter reviews the neuropsychological literature and recent experimental studies on long-term memory and learning development in intellectual disabilities (ID), particularly in genetic syndromes. The main goal is to report specific profiles of memory capacities (with some components more preserved and others more impaired) in people with ID of different etiologies but similar severity. Consistently with a neuropsychological approach, distinct memory profiles in ID and, more specifically, in genetic syndromes can be traced to the characteristics of their brain development and architecture. Therefore, the possible correlation between memory profiles and brain development will also be presented and discussed.
The Reception of Hugo Riemann's Music Theory
Authors: Holtmeier Ludwig 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article traces the reception of Hugo Riemann's ideas and examines their gradual transformations in the hands of his contemporaries and successors. By placing Riemann's legacy in a wider context of music-theoretical traditions, the article demonstrates that, divergent to the common belief, there existed a middle ground between Viennese scale-degree theory and Riemannian function theory, voice-leading approaches and Klang-based approaches. In this article, theorists such as Georg Capellen, Rudolf Louis, and Johannes Schreyer are discussed and seen as the missing links between the two great musical-theoretical centres of Vienna and Leipzig.
From Matrix to Map
Authors: Gollin Edward 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article examines the changing meaning of the Tonnetz in Riemann's writings over the course of his career. It examines how Riemann came to reconcile the literal-acoustical and the spatial-metaphorical views of the Tonnetz—how the Tonnetz as a literal matrix to represent and calculate relative frequencies of the tones in just intonation evolved in his later writings into traversable landscape of tones. This article begins by examining the table from Arthur von Oettingen's Harmoniesystem in dualer Entwickelung, which provided not only the graphic model for the table of relations in Riemann's dissertation but also shaped its underlying acoustical conception. The article then examines how two developments in the following decades were significant for Riemann's conceptual reformation of the Tonnetz. The transition from a literal to a metaphorical understanding of the Tonnetz did not simply mirror Riemann's shift from an acoustical to a psychological view of the foundation of harmony, but rather made possible the transition, providing Riemann a mechanism to mediate between the phenomenal world of musical practice and the unbounded noumenal realm of musical meanings.
Chromaticism and the Question of Tonality
Authors: Kopp David 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article examines the role of key and function as a component of Riemann's relational harmonic system. It is argued in this article that while the neo-Riemannian abstraction of Riemann's Harmonieschritte offer certain insights into the nature of chromatic relations in the nineteenth-century music, it has also resulted in a view of harmonic relations uncomfortably divorced and separated from the tonal and functional contexts in which they were conceived. In addition to examining the role of key and function as component of Riemann's relational harmonic system, and chromaticism, the article also suggests how neo-Riemannian analysis can benefit by reconnecting Riemannian harmonic relations to the functional tonal contexts in which they arose, illustrating the recovered and renewed nineteenth-century perspective with analyses of music by Beethoven, Schubert, and Wolf.
Riemannian Analytical Values, Paleo- and Neo-
Authors: Rings Steven 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article considers Riemann's analysis of Schubert's triadic but highly chromatic Gb-major Impromptu. This article compares Riemann's own analysis of the work with neo-Riemannian view inspired by the writings of Richard Cohn, assessing the differences in analytical methodology and technology, and locating those differences with the divergent ideologies of the two approaches. In this article, the central focus is not on the analytical technologies, but rather on the assumptions and values that underlie the distinct analytical perspectives. It focuses on the analytical values, with a focus on the methodological and ethical contrasts between these two approaches. The article ends by considering the ways in which a technical rapprochement between the theories might open ethical horizons and provide new ways to value music through Riemann-inspired analytical activity.
Aquinas and Jewish and Islamic Authors
Authors: Burrell David B. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe works of Plato and of Aristotle were made available to the Islamic people by virtue of Syriac translators from Greek into Arabic. Aristotle's Metaphysic offered the paradigm for carrying out philosophy to al-Farabi's successor, Avicenna (980–1037). His al-Shifa adapted the cosmological scheme of al-Farabi, whereby the planetary spheres transmit the primary causal influence of the One successively to the earth. Moses Maimonides (113–-1204) lived all of his life in the Islamicate, which is the linguistic and cultural world of Islam, coming eventually to serve as court physician for Saladin in Foster, the modern Cairo. He composed works of philosophy in Judaeo Arabic, the most significant of which is the Guide of the Perplexed, addressed to his student, Joseph. It was quickly translated into Hebrew, coming to Aquinas's attention in Latin translation. Avicenna had tried to reconcile Qur'anic assertions about creation with a pre-existent (and eternal) matter because he could see no other place to locate the possibility that what came to be would come to be. Aquinas was able to offer a coherent characterization of the act of creation without pretending to have described it. Existence (esse), understood as actuality, becomes the vehicle for articulating God's transcendence, as well as what links created things with their creator.
The Relation of Reason to Faith
Authors: Niederbacher Bruno 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe article explains how Aquinas conceived the relation between reason and faith. In Aquinas's view the object of faith is God as the first truth and the last end of human longing. The object of faith is related to both, intellect (truth) and rational appetite (last end). Aquinas argued that only those truths belong to the object of faith, which is believed on God's authority. Aquinas called such truths credibles. Aquinas explored the kind of the act involved by doing two things. Firstly, he tried to situate the kind of assent involved in the act of faith by comparing it to other acts of assent to propositions. Second, Aquinas distinguished three aspects of the one interior act of faith with the aid of the traditional formula to believe that God (credere Deum), to believe God (credere Deo), to believe in God (credere in Deum). Aquinas defined the virtue of faith as ‘a habit of the mind whereby eternal life is begun in human beings, making the intellect assent to what is not apparent’. Aquinas claimed that sacred doctrine is a science (scientia). Thus, he thought that the content of faith can fulfill the highest rationality conditions as Aristotle developed them in the Posterior Analytics. The first and most obvious aspect of reason in Aquinas's account of faith is that one believes on the basis of divine testimony
The Saving Work of Christ
Authors: Van Nieuwenhove Rik 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe article outlines Aquinas's soteriology by examining the many themes that include the saving significance of the passion of Christ, the body of Christ, and the role of the Eucharist. Aquinas could argue that every aspect of Christ's life, death, and resurrection has a sacramental meaning and power. Aquinas pointed out that there are two major differences between punishment and making satisfaction. The first difference is that punishment is inflicted upon the sinner against his will, while making satisfaction is something human beings freely undertake to restore a broken relationship with somebody. The second major difference between punishment and making satisfaction is that one person can make satisfaction for another if the two are united in charity. Aquinas argued that Christ's saving activity benefits all the faithful. He argued that in the divine self-gift that is the life and death of Christ the divine mercy and justice are in perfect harmony with one another. The key presupposition governing Aquinas's soteriology is the intimate union between Christ and his faithful. Aquinas pointed out that Christ, was both priest and offering. A priest is a mediator between God and the people, somebody who bestows divine things upon the people. Christ freely offers himself to suffer on the behalf of human beings.
Romanticism
Authors: Packer Barbara L. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article explains the concept of Romanticism relating it with Transcendentalism and Puritanism. Romanticism influenced future Transcendentalists at different times. During the first period, which extended from around 1810 to the end of the 1820s, the Transcendentalists read Romantic authors with uncritical delight. The exclusion of women from higher studies made Transcendentalist women especially fond of Romantic writings as the intellectual fearlessness of the Romantic writers appealed to their hidden sense of defiance. Transcendentalists such as Alcott, Emerson, Fuller, and Peabody were prominent lovers of Romantic literature. Wordsworth was one such writer who was widely read in that sense. Romanticism had different levels of influence on Transcendentalism. Though the works of the Transcendentalists and Romanticists differed at some level, all their footprints mingled at another level. The article also explains the differences that had occurred among the Transcendentalists over the period of time.
Lectures and the Lyceum Movement
Authors: Ljungquist Kent P. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article is about lectures and the lyceum movement. The lecture form has a long history that antedated the advent of a coherent network of public speaking. In its initial phase, the lyceum movement stressed the importance of mutual instruction and random lectures. Many early lecturers were local residents, commonly clergymen or lawyers, speaking before audiences in their own towns or villages. The article states that although New England remained a stronghold of the lyceum movement, settlers moved into Ohio, the old Western Reserve, where expanding literacy rates supported both the extension of the public lecture and new periodicals such as the Western Messenger, admired by many Transcendentalists. Theodore Parker and Emerson were much in favor of the lecture form. Emerson even noted that the “orator is the most American of Americans”.
Conversations
Authors: Baker Noelle A. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The article explains how Transcendentalists utilized the form of conversation to propagate their ideology. For Transcendentalists, conversation channeled inspiration and embodied a “free” or fluid power more commonly associated with Jesus of Nazareth, magnetism, and electricity. The article states that Transcendentalists repeatedly attempted to recreate the vitality of the concept of conversation, which assumed both print and oral forms: “parlor conversations” and advertised public classes. Margaret Fuller and Alcott conducted the most sustained and ambitious of these. They published transcriptions of such events and privately circulated bundled extracts of selected letters, verse, and journals. The article also states that the role played by female scrubs and scholars was crucial to the development of conversation as a Transcendentalist genre, for a woman-centered tradition of rhetorical practices informed its methods, goals, and influence.
Transcendentalist Periodicals
Authors: Richardson Todd H. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article talks about Transcendentalist periodicals and the kind of policy they followed. Periodicals are social texts involving complex relationships among writers, readers, editors, publishers, and distributors. But Transcendentalist periodicals were far more this; they often served refreshingly open discussion environments in which the conflicting beliefs of the movement and the movement's conflicting beliefs of itself took their shape. The article states that the periodicals were wonderfully dialogic and possessed an open-ended conversational quality, but for a unifying editorial mission. The periodicals also revealed a great deal about the character of the movement, as first and foremost, Transcendentalism was a movement that continued with vitality, not just in legacy of individual luminaries, though the periodicals actualized that vitality in an incredible diversity of voices, personalities, and ideals through a complex textual space in which they found expression, conflict, harmony, and power.
Nature Writing
Authors: Gura Philip F. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article focuses on the idea of nature writing as adapted by the Transcendentalists. Henry David Thoreau is considered as the exponent of nature writing in American Transcendentalism. This article traces what nature writing is, what constitutes Transcendentalist nature writing, and why one author can be more successful at it than another. For more than a century some literary critics have bravely, if not fully convincingly, addressed these issues. One of the first twentieth-century commentators to do so, Philip Marshal Hicks, offered, in 1924, a very strict definition of the genre of nature writing. This article refers to the works of Thoreau and Emerson in relation to the genre of nature writing. Thoreau's occasion was the publication of a series of scientific reports issued by the state of Massachusetts, but he opened this essay with a moving meditation on the restorative powers of nature rather than with a mention of the reports' practical value.
Architecture
Authors: Maynard W. Barksdale 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
As the title suggests, this article takes on the architectural significances of the Transcendentalist movement. The Transcendentalists had considered several different aspects for constructing a shelter. Thoreau's Transcendentalist house at Walden was not merely physical but intellectual as well and, as the article states, it must be understood in the context of contemporary architectural thought. This period also witnessed new publications called “villa books”, which were different from the old architectural “pattern book”. Pattern books were aimed primarily at carpenters and offered only a dry text while villa books, with a rich store of pictures and prose, evoked a bright new lifestyle, intending to establish proper “taste” among the middle class. Through that, the readers were told, in a quasi-religious language, that the way they embellished their homes spoke volumes about their moral proclivities and had a potentially powerful impact on their families and communities.
The Life and Legacy of “Civil Disobedience”
Authors: Johnson Linck 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
“Civil Disobedience”, an essay by Henry Thoreau that was first published as “Resistance to Civil Government” in 1849, was one of only two written works on the topic of civil disobedience by an American before 1900. Thoreau had been strongly influenced by the antislavery activists and it was them who developed and widely applied the concept of civil disobedience during the decades leading up to the Civil War. The article clarifies that although the prominence of Thoreau's essay had led many to assume that he was the father of civil disobedience, that form of dissent was deeply rooted in Protestant tradition and the ethos of Transcendentalism. The article also sheds light on the involvement of Mohandas Gandhi, who supported “Civil Disobedience.” His frequent references to the essay gave rise to the widespread belief that it inspired the nonviolent political movements Gandhi led in South Africa and later in India.
Nature Writing and Environmental Activism
Authors: Burkholder Robert E. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
As the title suggests, the article is concerned with the concept of nature writing and environmental activism and the involvement of the Transcendentalists in it. It states that beyond the obvious significance and continuing influence of Thoreau, the role of other Transcendentalists on the development of nature writing was less clear. However they revered nature in ways their New England ancestors did not because nature was no longer the daily obstacle it had once been. Moreover, for the Transcendentalists, nature was “evidence and analogue of man's relation to God.” Apart from the works of Thoreau, the article examines the content of some of the works of Margaret Fuller such as “Summer on the Lakes” which was a combination of travel writing, landscape description, and advocacy for Native Americans. The article states that though the Transcendentalists were humanists and social and religious reformers, the human themes in their writings found way into nature writing.
Economic Effects of Migration: Receiving States
Authors: Orrenius Pia M. , Zavodny Madeline 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article reviews recent empirical research on the economic effects of immigration. After summarizing the labor market literature, it provides a survey of research on the effects of immigration on prices, economic growth and efficiency, and government revenue and expenditures. Immigration lowers prices, raises the level of economic activity, and in this way boosts the income of natives. Research indicates that high-skilled immigration is particularly economically advantageous, because it increases innovation and entrepreneurship, which can boost productivity and long-term economic growth. Low-skilled immigration offers fewer economic advantages, primarily because of its sizable negative fiscal impact.
Migration and Culture
Authors: Werbner Pnina 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article begins by suggesting three ways of approaching transnational migrant “culture” that evade the charge of essentialism. It then explores comparatively a range of ethnographic examples of immigrant cultural celebrations, starting with an analysis of homemaking and translocated migrant domestic rituals, from seasonal holidays to weddings, sacrifices, and offerings. Collective public festivals, street processions, and carnivals that inscribe immigrants' presence on their new places of settlement are discussed next. Finally, the article explores the aesthetic products of diaspora, both imported and created, and considers scholarly debates on cultural hybridity and hyphenated, multiple, and situated cultural identities.