bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Transport cost in location practice and economic geography: traditional theories, some new dimensions and policy implications
Authors: Christofakis Manolis 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
This paper outlines the main theoretical approaches to the role of transport in spatial organization and investigates possible new extensions at a theoretical and practical level, focusing on the analysis of transport cost. Beginning from the traditional theories of spatial distribution and the location of economic activities under transport cost, the analysis focuses on the related approaches of the new economic geography, which are based on the assumptions of the known “iceberg cost”. After that, through the presentation of indicative empirical studies, the paper attempts to clarify new issues that should be taken into account in the relevant theoretical considerations as well as in the political practice. Thus, factors such as the change of production structure in the modern economies with the production of more quality products, lower mass, and higher relative value and intangible goods, in combination with the improved transport technology, have contributed to a continuous reduction of the transport cost of raw materials and productive goods over the years. These developments along with the growing importance of cost of moving people should be taken into account in the new theoretical interrogations and the political practice of regional and urban development
Ranking Asia-Pacific cities: Economic performance of multinational corporations and the regional urban hierarchy
Authors: Csomós György , Derudder Ben 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
Over the past decade the world economy has undergone significant changes with an impact not only on national economies but also on the key cities from which that world economy is largely being controlled. In this study, we use Forbes’ ‘Global 2000’ data on the headquarter location and size of the world’s leading multinational corporations in order to examine the shifting relative position of leading Asia-Pacific cities as command and control centres in this increasingly important part of the world economy. Comparing cities’ positions in 2006 and 2011, we present that Tokyo, which assumed a leading role in the region for decades, has seen a major decline in its command and control function, while Beijing now represents almost as much as command and control as the Japanese capital. Beijing’s fast growth in command and control is also found for Chinese cities, albeit that Beijing clearly dominates the other Chinese cities. In addition, we present that shifting patterns of command and control also hinge on the sectors dominating the Forbes 2000 ranking.
The concept of geo-demographic situation and geo-demographic typology of the subjects of the Russian Federation
Authors: Fedorov Gennady 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
The article presents the results of research on typologisation of Russian regions according the geo-demographic situation. The typologisation of regions is performed on the basis of statistics for 2011-2012. The regions are described through demographic, economic, social, settlement, ecological, and ethno-demographic categories, the most common of which according to the authors point of view are the typological features of the geo-demographic situation. The subjects of the Russian Federation provided the research material to apply 15 typological traits and identify three types of geo-demographic situation, 9 subtypes of the first level, sub-types of the second level and a model subtype of the third level. The study shows that various types and subtypes of regions require different approaches in demographic, economic, social, equity, ethnic, environmental, and population distribution regional policies towards relevant entities of the Russian Federation.
Integrated planning of the development of a city in terms of the diurnal activity of its residents
Authors: Mierzejewska Lidia , Parysek Jerzy J. 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
The change in Poland’s systemic conditions and its membership of the European Union make it necessary to take a new look at the organisation, structure and operation of the Polish planning system. In place of two, not always well coordinated, types of planning: socio-economic, now called strategic, and physical, integrated planning is proposed which seeks to combine those two categories into a single stream and treat the objects of planning as a functional whole. This type of approach is recommended by international organisations of urban planners (the New Athens Charter) and academic planners. Integrated planning of urban development is also written in the Leipzig Charter on Sustainable European Cities, an EU urban policy document. However, each planning procedure requires the adoption of certain initial assumptions on which to base the conception of an integrated plan of the socio-economic and spatial development of a city that would accommodate its natural, social and economic spheres. The special character of a city as a living environment (a large population number, high population density, many social structures, etc.) demands giving the assumptions an anthropocentric orientation, i.e. with human beings as the addressees of the planned measures. This means that human needs should figure most prominently in the formulation of the assumptions of urban development. And since man’s diurnal activity is one of the best indicators of articulated needs, an analysis of this activity can provide a basis for the formulation of development assumptions. In this paper we present a general model of integrated planning of the development of a city formulated primarily in terms of the diurnal activity of its residents, but also employing other factors.
The spatial production of a border-crossing civil society in Görlitz and Zgorzelec. A German point of view
Authors: Teufel Nicolai 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
After decades of uncertainty and continuous change to the border regime since the split-up of Görlitz into a German part west of the river Neisse, and a Polish part called Zgorzelec after the Second World War, both towns established the self-designated European City Görlitz-Zgorzelec in 1998. Although journalists and politicians maintain that Görlitz and Zgorzelec are a case model for European integration, there are obvious differences between the visions connected to the project ‘European City’ and the everyday life. Following the key research question, whether the ‘European City Görlitz-Zgorzelec’, in its attempts to develop a border-crossing civil society, is also constructed from below by citizens on both sides of the border, my contribution to the field of border studies uses a qualitative micro-level approach to these processes in the fields of culture, leisure and education. For that aim, an ethnographically inspired socio-geographical research design has been linked to Henri Lefebvre’s theoretical framework of the double triad of spatial production developed in The Production of Space (1991). From the perspective of actors in civil society in both towns, who are active in constructing, shifting and deconstructing borders, the article aims to illuminate both territorial and social bordering processes. Borderwork is embedded in and connected to transformation and peripheralisation processes, as well as to the discourses on and the funding instruments of European Integration in the context of the complex history of the Polish-German border.
Geriatric Oncology
Authors: Hughes Helen , Swaminathan Vikram , Pellegrini Alice , Audisio Riccardo 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
Cancer incidence increases with age. With an ageing population, the burden of cancer in older people is set to increase significantly in the coming decades. This is a heterogeneous group with wide variations in health and functional status separate from chronological age. Data suggest that historically this patient cohort have poorer outcomes and have been under-represented in clinical cancer trials. There is an emerging body of evidence to help guide treatment; however, ongoing research is needed to develop comprehensive evidence-based guidelines and identify treatment regimens, which are suitable for frailer patients. In this article, we review the current field of geriatric oncology. We highlight that age is not a contradiction to cancer treatment but geriatric assessment is needed to identify which treatment a patient may tolerate and benefit from.
Relationships between selected tree characteristics and the properties of juvenile wood in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.)
Authors: Tomczak Arkadiusz 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine relationships between selected properties of juvenile wood and characteristics of the stem and crown of Scots pine. Analyses were conducted in northern Poland on eight mature pine monocultures. Nine trees were selected in each experimental site and their stems were divided into five sections. The centers of the sections were established at a height of 1.3 m from the tree base and at points corresponding to 20, 40, 60 and 80% tree height. Samples were taken from these locations, and these samples were prepared for analyses of basic density, compressive strength along the grain and static bending, as well as the modulus of elasticity during bending. The mean height of the investigated group of trees was 26.0 m with an average diameter breast high of 33.6 cm. The mean crown depth was 7.8 m and crown diameter was 3.6 m, and the mean basic density (Qu) of juvenile pine wood was 416 kg/m3. The average compressive strength along the grain (CS) was determined to be 22.3 MPa, while static bending strength (BS) was 45.8 MPa. The recorded modulus of elasticity (MOE) was 4726 MPa.
Both in general terms and when dividing stems into sections, the wood properties correlated with tree characteristics to various degrees. All indexes were negative indicating that trees of greater dimensions produce juvenile wood of inferior quality. Properties of juvenile wood formed during various periods of tree life were mostly related to diameter breast high and crown depth. They were also correlated with tree height, but only to a limited extent. In contrast, properties of wood from the middle stem sections were significantly correlated with crown diameter.
Initial water repellency affected organic matter depletion rates of manure amended soils in Sri Lanka
Authors: Leelamanie D.A.L. 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
The wetting rate of soil is a measure of water repellency, which is a property of soils that prevents water from wetting or penetrating into dry soil. The objective of the present research was to examine the initial water repellency of organic manure amended soil, and its relation to the soil organic matter (SOM) depletion rates in the laboratory. Soil collected from the Wilpita natural forest, Sri Lanka, was mixed with organic manure to prepare soil samples with 0, 5, 10, 25, and 50% organic manure contents. Locally available cattle manure (CM), goat manure (GM), and Casuarina equisetifolia leaves (CE) were used as the organic manure amendments. Organic matter content of soils was measured in 1, 3, 7, 14, and 30 days intervals under the laboratory conditions with 74±5% relative humidity at 28±1°C. Initial water repellency of soil samples was measured as the wetting rates using the water drop penetration time (WDPT) test. Initial water repellency increased with increasing SOM content showing higher increasing rate for hydrophobic CE amended samples compared with those amended with CM and GM. The relation between water repellency and SOM content was considered to be governed by the original hydrophobicities of added manures. The SOM contents of all the soil samples decreased with the time to reach almost steady level at about 30 d. The initial SOM depletion rates were negatively related with the initial water repellency. However, all the CE amended samples initially showed prominent low SOM depletion rates, which were not significantly differed with the amended manure content or the difference in initial water repellency. It is explicable that the original hydrophobicity of the manure as well has a potentially important effect on initiation of SOM decomposition. In contrast, the overall SOM depletion rate can be attributed to the initial water repellency of the manure amended sample, however, not to the original hydrophobicity of the amended manure. Hydrophobic protection may prevent rapid microbial decomposition of SOM and it is conceivable that hydrophobic substances in appropriate composition may reduce organic matter mineralization in soil. These results suggest the contribution of hydrophobic organic substances in bioresistance of SOM and their long-term accumulation in soils
La sculpture figurative du cloître Saint-Avit-Sénieur
Authors: Gardelles Jacques 
Published: November 2014

Der figürliche Bauschmuck des Kreuzgangs von Saint- Avit-Sénieur (Dordogne).
Die Grabungen in den zerstörten Gebäuden der Priorei von Saint -Avit-Sénieur haben eine grössere Anzahl von behausnen Fragmenten zutage gebracht. Viele sind Stücke von Kämpfern oder Kapitellen, aber darunter befinden sich auch vier grosze Quader von ungefähr 0,70 m Höhe ; auf jeder ihrer langen Seiten heben sich in einem Palmetten- oder Faltbandrahmen verschiedene Figuren ab : Tierkreiszeichen, die von Sitzfiguren gehalten werden, Greise und Reiter der Apokalypse. Andere vereinzelte Elemente, die manchmal in einem schönen Stil, der an das Bogenfeld von Moissac erinnert, ausgeführt sind, zeigen, dass es noch andere ähnliche Blöcke gab. Das ikonographische Programm ist überraschend in einem Kreuzgang, ebenso unerwartet ist die Form der Pfeiler, die aus zwei übereinandergesetzten Blöcken bestanden und somit zwei Figurenreihen in rechteckigen Nischen bildeten.
Les vitraux du chœur de Saint-Séverin
Authors: Reynaud Nicole 
Published: November 2014

Les vitraux du chœur de Saint- Séverin.
Certains vitraux de l'église Saint-Séverin à Paris sont les seuls témoins subsistants en place de l'art du vitrail parisien du troisième quart du XVe siècle, et grâce à l'étude de leur carton, peuvent servir de documents pour la connaissance de la peinture parisienne, presque entièrement disparue. Une verrière à trois lancettes représentant le Saint Sauveur entre la Vierge et saint Jean Évangéliste peut ainsi être attribuée au Maître de Coetivy, peintre de la famille royale et des hauts fonctionnaires, vers 1460-1470. Elle a été réutilisée légèrement décentrée, dans la nouvelle architecture de l'abside reconstruite tout à la fin du XVe siècle. La rareté du sujet du Saint Sauveur permet d'attribuer la commande du vitrail à Guillaume Brinon, membre d'une des plus puissantes familles de la magistrature parisienne, dont le testament de 1476 rappelle qu'il avait fondé une chapellenie au titre du Saint Sauveur accompagnée d'une verrière. La beauté du vitrail et l'importance de la commande témoignent de la qualité du peintre cartonnier.
Le château de Loches
Authors: Héliot Pierre , Deyres Marcel 
Published: November 2014

Loches Castle.
Loches Castle, which came into the hands of the counts of Anjou toward the year 900, remained a formidable fortress until the beginning of the thirteenth century, when it was recaptured for the French crown. From this period, the folio wing vestiges remain :
1) a part of the original knoll (motte féodale), dating no earlier than the eleventh century and situated against the east wall of the keep ;
2) the present keep, constructed ca. 1100 after the abandonment of a first project from which many clearly visible traces remain ;
3) the porch tower of the collegiate church of Notre-Dame ;
4) some vestiges of a rampart built against the southern angles of the keep and extending toward the west and east ;
5) some vestiges of a dependancy of the ancient domicilium, which must have occupied, for the most part, the location of the présent royal dwelling ;
6) a rampart overlooking the present ditch, quoined with full towers.
The sieges of Richard the Lionhearted in 1194 and Philippe-Auguste in 1205 demonstrated the weaknesses of a fortress that was outmoded and whose apparent strength was mostly due to its position on a steep promontory. It is for this reason that the citadel was reinforced on the south side by the widening and deepening of the moat and the construction over three or four decades of the three spurred towers and a cylindrical tower to the east of the keep, as well as the lower parts of the lodge at the entrance.
Despite these modernizations, Loches ceased to play an important military role before 1200.
Under the Valois, principally under Charles VII and Louis XII, Loches was a royal residence. Charles VII established his household in an elegant fourteenth-century manor situated at the far end of the promontory (the present Charles VII residence). Louis XII built on the wing that bears his name, and Louis XI, who spent little time at Loches, saw to the construction of the great cylindrical tower at the south-west angle of the citadel.
During the Wars of Religion, Loches castle was reduced to the unobtrusive role of a food and munitions depot.
Les verriers de Lorraine à la fin du Moyen Age et au temps de la Renaissance (1431-1552). Approche documentaire
Authors: Hérold Michel 
Published: November 2014

Les verriers de Lorraine à la fin du Moyen Age et au temps de la Renaissance (1431-1552). Approche documentaire.
L'exploitation systématique des textes où apparaissent les verriers peut contribuer au progrès de notre connaissance du vitrail ancien.
Les archives lorraines des XVe et XVIe siècles ont livré des documents en assez grand nombre, mais de valeur fort inégale. Les textes découverts nous montrent un milieu relativement fermé, où les verriers d'origine locale sont très largement majoritaires et décrivent des activités exemptes de tout règlement corporatif. Il est dans l'ensemble fort difficile d'apprécier les capacités et les qualités de chacun : par exemple aucune hiérarchie de salaire ne distingue le verrier estimé du simple poseur de losanges. Certains verriers bénéficient cependant d'une situation particulière, ayant été affranchis par le duc. Tous cependant restent des artisans ; contrairement aux peintres, aucun d'eux n'est anobli, ou ne bénéficie d'une charge à la cour ducale.
Les occupations des verriers sont très diverses. Fabrication et restauration de verrières blanches à losanges tiennent une place toujours importante, parfois essentielle ; bien souvent les verriers apparaissent comme de véritables factotums chargés aussi bien de modestes travaux de vitrerie et de peintures que de l'exécution de verrières de couleur.
Très importante jusqu'au milieu du XVIe siècle, l'activité créatrice des verriers se ralentit sérieusement dans les décennies qui suivent, pour disparaître presque complètement avec la guerre de Trente Ans ; elle renaît seulement au XIXe siècle.
Le statut de l'image dans l'iconographie chrétienne après le concile de Trente
Authors: Vieillard-Baron Jean-Louis 
Published: November 2014

Le statut théologique de l’image pieuse dans les premières années du dix-septième siècle est déterminé par le dernier article du concile de Trente sur l’usage des saintes images et l’utilité du culte des saints. Le succès de la Compagnie de Jésus et la création de l’Oratoire permettent une « pensée figurative » chez les peintres ; la représentation l’emporte sur la théorie. Les images saintes ne sont pas des icônes mais seulement des intermédiaires entre les croyants et Dieu. On observe une tendance théologique des peintres sur la Pénitence ou sur les Sacrements. La différence entre la peinture qui glorifie Dieu (les décors plafonnants de la Rome baroque) et la peinture dévotionnelle (souvent à usage privé) s’accentue. Les premiers tableaux religieux de Poussin sont significatifs de l’importance de ce que Saint François de Sales a nommé « la vie dévote ». C’est l’invasion mystique qui explique la prolifération des tableaux religieux.
Identités hétéronormées à l'école : catégorisations contraintes et jeux interstitiels
Authors: Mercader Patricia , Carbonne Natacha 
Published: November 2014

Cet article est fondé sur une recherche portant sur mixité au quotidien et violence de genre dans les collèges et lycées. La méthode inclut une lecture pluridisciplinaire de deux matériaux : des interviews approfondies avec 39 chefs d’établissement, des observations prolongées (900 heures) dans cinq établissements. Comme la plupart des recherches actuelles sur ce thème, celle-ci fait apparaître que les élèves se socialisent mutuellement dans un système de contrôle réciproque très contraignant, qui construit activement une hiérarchie entre les sexes sur le mode de l’hétéronormativité. Néanmoins, elle met aussi en évidence la possibilité de jouer dans les interstices des clivages catégoriels imposés, notamment aux filles. Pour ce faire, les adolescents doivent louvoyer entre d’un côté la pression uniformisante qui pèse particulièrement (mais pas uniquement) sur les femmes (« toutes les mêmes ») et de l’autre le clivage, notamment le clivage des femmes, qui leur interdit à elles de se vivre comme sujets, et à eux de les reconnaître comme sujets.
Insultes en tous genres : construction identitaire et socialisation des adolescents à l'école
Authors: Durif-Varembont Jean-Pierre , Weber Rebecca 
Published: November 2014

Cet article s’appuie sur une recherche de terrain menée sur les pratiques genrées entre pairs, y compris de violence, et les enjeux socio-éducatifs de la mixité en milieu scolaire. Des entretiens semi-directifs avec des chefs d’établissement ainsi qu’une année d’observation ethnographique dans cinq établissements représentatifs nous ont fait repérer comment le sexuel fait constamment irruption, le plus souvent sous la forme d’insultes et d’un langage ordurier que les adultes ont du mal à comprendre alors qu’il est banalisé par les élèves. Cette langue adolescente véhicule des stéréotypes de genre extrêmement marqués. Aussi, nous proposons d’analyser l’usage de ce langage et du recours aux stéréotypes dans une double fonction : une fonction de socialisation et d’intégration à travers les normes du groupe des pairs, mais aussi une fonction psychique de défense contre l’angoisse et d’étayage identitaire.
Colonoscopic diagnosis of rectal perforation by foreign body
Authors: Kshirsagar Ashok Y. , Nangare N. R. , Vekariya Mayank A. , Pednekar Akshay S. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractA foreign body in the rectum is not as common as other parts of the body and presents a dilemma for management. Variety of foreign bodies have been found into the rectum such as turnip, stick, tumbler, paper pot, screw driver, live shell, glass bottle, vibrator, door handle, electric bulb, candles, and fruits. Some are introduced for diagnostic or therapeutic purpose like thermometer, enema tubes, disposable enema tips, irrigation catheters. Emergency department procedures include rectal examination, proctoscopy, and abdominal radiography. Although foreign bodies can be removed in the emergency department in about two out of three cases, some still require a laparotomy and a diverting colostomy to remove the object or to treat bowel perforation.
Malignant duodeno-colic fistula
Authors: Misra Debasis , Pati Girish Kumar , Misra Bijay , Singh Ayaskanta , Kar Sanjib , Panigrahi Manas Kumar , Singh Shivaram Prasad , Agrawal Omprakash , Meher Chudamani 
Published: November 2014

AbstractColo-duodenal fistula is a rare complication of gastro-intestinal malignancy and inflammatory bowel disease. The fistula often results in diarrhea and vomiting with dramatic weight loss. Vomiting may be feculent or truly fecal associated with foul smelling eructation. We present an unusual case of colonic carcinoma, where a 61-year-old female patient presented with pain abdomen and vomiting secondary to a malignant colo-duodenal fistula near the hepatic flexure. Ultrasonography showed a mass in the hepatic flexure area, and invasive adenocarcinoma was confirmed on histology from biopsy obtained during colonoscopy. Coloduodenal fistulae from colonic primaries are rare, but early diagnosis may allow curative surgery.