bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The NSs Protein of Tomato spotted wilt virus Is Required for Persistent Infection and Transmission by Frankliniella occidentalis
Authors: Margaria P. , Bosco L. , Vallino M. , Ciuffo M. , Mautino G. C. , Tavella L. , Turina M. 
Published: March 2014

ABSTRACT

Tomato spotted wilt virus
(TSWV) is the type member of tospoviruses (genus
Tospovirus
), plant-infecting viruses that cause severe damage to ornamental and vegetable crops. Tospoviruses are transmitted by thrips in the circulative propagative mode. We generated a collection of NSs-defective TSWV isolates and showed that TSWV coding for truncated NSs protein could not be transmitted by
Frankliniella occidentalis
. Quantitative reverse transcription (RT)-PCR and immunostaining of individual insects detected the mutant virus in second-instar larvae and adult insects, demonstrating that insects could acquire and accumulate the NSs-defective virus. Nevertheless, adults carried a significantly lower viral load, resulting in the absence of transmission. Genome sequencing and analyses of reassortant isolates showed genetic evidence of the association between the loss of competence in transmission and the mutation in the NSs coding sequence. Our findings offer new insight into the TSWV-thrips interaction and
Tospovirus
pathogenesis and highlight, for the first time in the
Bunyaviridae
family, a major role for the S segment, and specifically for the NSs protein, in virulence and efficient infection in insect vector individuals.

IMPORTANCE
Our work is the first to show a role for the NSs protein in virus accumulation in the insect vector in the
Bunyaviridae
family: demonstration was obtained for the system TSWV-
F. occidentalis
, arguably one of the most damaging combination for vegetable crops. Genetic evidence of the involvement of the NSs protein in vector transmission was provided with multiple approaches.
THE PREVENTIVE EFFECT OF THE NORDIC HAMSTRING EXERCISE ON HAMSTRING INJURIES IN AMATEUR SOCCER PLAYERS: A RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL
Authors: van der Horst N , Wouter Smits D , Petersen J , Goedhart E , Backx F 
Published: March 2014

BackgroundHamstring injuries are the most common muscle injuries in male amateur soccer. Eccentric strength of the hamstrings is recognized as an important modifiable risk factor, leading to the development of preventive exercises such as the Nordic Hamstring Exercise.ObjectiveThis study aims to investigate the preventive effect of the Nordic Hamstring Exercise on the incidence and severity of hamstring injuries in male amateur soccer players.DesignCluster-randomized controlled trial with soccer teams as the unit of cluster.SettingDutch first class amateur field soccer.ParticipantsMale amateur soccer players (mean age 24.5 years, SD 3.8 years) from 40 teams were allocated to intervention (n=309 players) or control group (n=310 players).Risk factor assessmentThe intervention group was instructed to perform 25 sessions of the Nordic Hamstring Exercise within a period of 13 weeks during the first months of 2013. Both the intervention group and control group performed regular soccer training and were followed for hamstring injury incidence and severity during the calendar year 2013. At baseline, personal characteristics (e.g. age, injury history, field position) were gathered from all participants via questionnaire.Main outcome measurementsPrimary outcomes are initial and recurrent hamstring injury incidence (number of hamstring injuries) and injury severity (number of days injured).ResultsInterim analysis after intervention (2 months follow-up) show a total of 2 hamstring injuries in intervention group vs 12 hamstring injuries in control group (χ2=7.5, P<.05). Regarding injury severity, no difference was found between intervention and control group (t=0.3, P=.77).ConclusionsPreliminary analyses during the summer break show substantial hamstring injury incidence reduction by incorporating the Nordic Hamstring Exercise in regular training. With a total follow-up of 9 months, final analyses (survival analyses including the number of injuries per 1000 playing hours) will be performed in January 2014.
ACTIVATION PATTERN OF M.GLUTEUS MEDIUS IN PRE-PUBESCENT FEMALE AND MALE ATHLETES DURING DROP-JUMP AND CUTTING MANEUVERS
Authors: Sædís Jónsdóttir U , Árnason Á , Briem K , Sveinsson T 
Published: March 2014

BackgroundOne of many risk factors for ACL injury may involve neuromuscular activation patterns of muscles in the lower extremities. These have been studied for some muscles in pre- and post-pubescent female and male athletes. Although m.gluteus medius (GM) activity may be important during dynamic activities, its activation patterns have not been extensively studied.ObjectiveTo identify gender differences in neuromuscular activation of GM in young athletes.DesignCross-sectional controlled laboratory trial.SettingMeasurements took place in the Research Centre of Movement Science at the University of Iceland.Participants11–12 years old football and handball players were recruited from local sports clubs, 9 boys and 36 girls.Risk factor assessmentSurface electrodes were used to collect EMG activity from GM during two dynamic tasks (drop-jumps (DJ) and cutting maneuvers (CM)), before and after a fatigue protocol.Main outcome measurementsTiming of peak muscle activation and activation levels at initial contact (IC), normalized to peak activation, were analyzed pre- and post-fatigue between genders for each task.ResultsGirls demonstrated greater activation at IC than boys (P=.02) and peak activation occurred earlier in girls than boys (P<.01) during the DJ. Moreover, GM activation levels at IC were overall significantly greater after a fatigue protocol than before (P<.01) and peaked earlier (P<.01). During CM the only significant finding was a main effect of fatigue for activation levels at IC (P<.01).ConclusionsGender differences in activation patterns of GM were identified during DJ in young athletes. This may, in part, reflect different kinematic strategies during this dynamic task or gender biased training. As girls go into puberty earlier than boys, this may have influenced movement patterns of some of the female participants. Further investigation into GM activation in relation to lower extremity kinematics within the context of injury prevention is warranted.
RECOGNITION OF CARDIOGENIC COLLAPSE ON THE FIELD OF PLAY: BOWING, KNEELING AND PROSTRATION
Authors: Baltsezak S 
Published: March 2014

BackgroundSudden cardiac death/arrest (SCD/SCA) on the field of play remains one of the most tragic and challenging events for a team physician. Even with robust regular preparticipation cardiac screening we cannot prevent all cases of SCA/SCD. Ability to recognise imminent cardiac arrest occurring on the field of play remains an important step in managing this condition without delay.ObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to more closely characterise the presentation of cardiogenic collapse on the field of play.MethodsYou Tube was searched for video clips clearly depicting sequence of athlete's collapse of cardiac origin. A pattern of collapse was subsequently analysed.Results13 cases were available for public viewing on You Tube and demonstrated final position of collapse. 12 collapses had full video footage of athlete's fall. All athletes were men. 84.6% (11) cases were from football (soccer). 15.4% (2) of cases were from martial arts. In 10 out of 12 cardiac event cases (83.3%) bowing and/or kneeling were followed by decubitus position. 58.3% (7) of cases demonstrated bowing at the beginning of collapse. 58.3% (7) cases had kneeling as an element of collapse. 61.5% (8 out of 13 cases) of casualties adopted position of ‘prostration’ as final stage of collapse.ConclusionWhen on the field of play, in the absence of head injury, athletes displaying bowing and/or kneeling positions followed by collapse may experience a life threatening cardiac event. Final position of 'prostration' was adopted in over half of cardiogenic collapses. Sports physician attending such casualties should bear this in mind and target his/her initial and subsequent assessment and treatment accordingly. A defibrillator should be taken to the player when attending such casualties.
IMPACT OF INJURY PATTERN DURING TRAINING ON ULTRAMARATHON PERFORMANCE
Authors: Khodaee M , Spittler J , Hill JC , Hoffman MD 
Published: March 2014

BackgroundLittle is known about the effect of injuries during training on ultramarathon performance.ObjectiveDetermine effects of injuries during training on race performance.DesignObservational study using a self-administered pre-race survey. Finish times were obtained from race results posted online.SettingThe 2013 Leadville Trail 100 (LT100) and Western States Endurance Run (WSER).ParticipantsParticipants of LT100 and WSER 161 km ultramarathons.Risk factor assessmentAge, gender, educational level, prior completion of a 161 km ultramarathon, shoe type, self-report of foot strike pattern, and injuries or illnesses interfering with training in the past year were considered.Main outcome measurementsThe primary outcome measure was whether sustaining an injury or illness resulting in missed training days affected successful completion of an ultramarathon.ResultsOut of 1206 LT100 and 408 WSER entrants, 893 and 368 completed the pre-race survey (73.9% and 90.1%, respectively). Most participants were male (82%) with average age of 41 years. 52.3% of LT100 and 72.3% of WSER starters finished the races under the 30 hour cutoff time. Among respondents, 40% had masters or higher degrees and 45% reported using dietary supplements on a regular basis. Respondents reported 1432 (multiple answers per runner) injury episodes causing less than a week of missed training and 641 injury episodes causing a week or longer of missed training in the past year. Pain in Achilles (n=196), lower iliotibial band (n=164), upper hamstring (n=115), and groin pain (n=106) were the most common reported issues interfering with training. Only 45 (2.8%) of respondents reported sustaining a stress fracture during training in the past year. Of these, 27 (60%) involved the metatarsals and 10 (22%) involved the tibia. Using a binary logistic regression model, sustaining an injury during the training, age, gender, educational level, prior completion of a 161 km ultramarathon, shoe type, and self-report of foot strike pattern did not affect finish status (P>.05).ConclusionsMany ultramarathon runners sustain injuries and illnesses interfering with training schedule, but this does not seem to be a predictor of successfully completing the race.
THE EFFECTS OF SPORTS-RELATED INJURIES ON QUALITY OF LIFE AND ATHLETIC PERFORMANCE WITHIN THE KOREAN LADIES PROFESSIONAL GOLF PLAYERS
Authors: Kim LN , Woo JH , Yng HS 
Published: March 2014

ObjectiveTo evaluate the effects of sports-related injuries of Korea ladies professional golf players on their quality of life and athletic performance.DesignCross-sectional study. Statistical analysis (student T-test) was conducted to examine whether there were any differences according to existence or non-existence of injuries.SettingThe survey was conducted.Participants100 Korea ladies professional golf players.InterventionThe survey was conducted among them to investigate the existence or non-existence of injuries.Main outcome measurementSF-36 questionnair was conducted to evaluate the quality of life; prize money rankings were investigated to evaluate athletic performance.ResultsAmong the subjects, 55 players were found to have past and present experiences of injuries. The results of SF-36 analysis on the quality of life showed that physical score was 52.9±5.4; mental score was 46.7±9.6. In order to examine the effects of injuries on the players' quality of life and athletic performance, the subjects were divided into the injury group of those who experienced injuries and the group of those who did not experience injuries. According to the existence or non-existence of injuries; there were significant differences in the physical score of SF-36(non-injury group: 54.0±4.8, injury group: 51.6±5.8, P=.029), in the mental score of SF-36 (non-injury group: 49±7.7, injury group: 43.8±10.6, P=.005), and also in the prize money rankings (P=.042).ConclusionsThe research results showed that athletes were higher in the average reference value of physical score, an indicator of the quality of life; they were however lower in mental score than those of reference of ordinary people. In addition, injuries influenced negatively the physical and mental quality of life; therefore, in order to heighten the degree of satisfaction concerning the quality of life of individual players and to enhance their athletic performance, prevention and management of injury considered very import.
UNILATERAL LOWER LIMBS STRENGTH TRAINING WITH THERA-BAND®ELASTIC RESISTANCE BANDS IMPROVES FUNCTIONAL ABILITY AND BALANCE OF THE UNTRAINED CONTRALATERAL LIMB
Authors: Kordosi S , Beneka A , Malliou P , Rokka S , Gioftsidou A , Tokmakidis S 
Published: March 2014

BackgroundCross-education (CE) is being studied for several decades and refers to the power transfer and proprioception in untrained limb after training of the homologous contralateral limb.ObjectiveTo examine whether unilateral strengthening of lower limbs with Thera-Band®elastic resistance bands is beneficial also for the untrained contralateral limb in functional ability and balance.DesignA double blinding randomized prospective study.SettingThe study was conducted in the Department of P.E and Sports, Democritus University of Thrace, Greece.Participants15 healthy physically active students (at least three training per week) were randomly selected to participate.InterventionsThe participants performed strength training with progressive overload for lower limbs, for 4 weeks, with frequency 3 times per week (12 sessions), duration of 30 minutes with 10 min warm up, 20 min strengthening exercises with Bands (Thera-Band®) of quadriceps, hamstrings and gastrocnemius muscles. The exercises were executed at stations from supine, lateral and sitting position (4 sets of 10 reps with 15 sec break between sets).Main outcome measurementsA. Balance performance (total stability index as dependent variable of the Biodex Stability test) and b. functional ability (Single leg triple jump hop for distance with distance as dependent variable) at 3 times, before exercise period (pre), at the end (post) and 2 weeks after (retention). The hypothesis was formulated before data collection.ResultsOne way repeated measures Anova revealed improvement for both limbs: a. Stability indextrainedpre 5.87±1.15, post 3.44±1.11, retention 3.61±1.12untrainedpre 5.90±1.82, post 3.61±1.61, retention 3.20±1.71 b. Triple jumptrainedpre 3.70±.89, post 4.06±.91, retention 4.01±.88,untrainedpre 3.78±.83, post 4.09±.85, retention 4.12±.71.ConclusionsUnilateral strength training with Thera-Band® elastic resistance bands at lower limbs is effective in improving functional ability and balance of untrained limb.
EVALUATION OF A PROSPECTIVE COHORT STUDY DESIGN OF TRAINING LOAD RISK FACTORS FOR INJURY IN ELITE JUNIOR AUSTRALIAN FOOTBALLERS
Authors: Lathlean T , Stevenson M , Gastin P , Finch C 
Published: March 2014

BackgroundResearch focused on elite senior Australian Football (AF) competition, during the in-season, has found training load (a measurement of both training intensity and duration) and factors such as cumulative load, monotony and strain to be associated with injury risk. Little is known about whether player training loads in elite junior footballers during a pre-season also predispose players to the risk of injury.ObjectiveTo explore pre-season training load risk factors for injury in elite junior Australian football players.DesignAn Australian Football prospective cohort study is currently underway to assess risk factors for injury over the course of the 2014 elite junior, Victorian state league competition (TAC Cup) season. Training load risk factors of weekly cumulative load, monotony and strain will be assessed over the course of the general and specific conditioning phases of the pre-season period of the 2014 TAC Cup season.SettingElite junior AF.ParticipantsPlayers, conditioning and medical staff involved with the Victorian elite junior competition (TAC Cup). Up to 480 participants, across 12 clubs, will be involved in this cohort study.InterventionsNot applicable.Main outcome measurementsNumber of new injuries across 40 weeks of training and 17 matches (rated as per 1000 training and playing hours), number of training sessions missed per injury and injury site, cause and mechanism.ResultsSpecific training load risk factors (cumulative training load, monotony and strain) will be identified over the course of the TAC Cup season as to their association with the number of new injuries and missed training sessions.ConclusionsThis study aims to inform the pre-season conditioning of under-18 elite athletes in terms of both player load management and awareness of factors that could optimise player recovery, with the ultimate goal of resulting in fewer new injuries.
SEGMENTAL SPINE MOBILITY IN MEMBERS OF POLISH WOMEN'S VOLLEYBALL NATIONAL TEAM
Authors: Lewandowski J , Ogurkowska M 
Published: March 2014

BackgroundAccurate knowledge of the body build of top sports level volleyball player's is an important information as it is the basis for designation of model body build parameters, body proportions, and build type for a given playing position.ObjectiveThe main objectives of this study are to define angle values of physiological curvature and segmental spine mobility of the women's volleyball national team members.DesignIn order to obtain a complete picture of the female players' profile, to-date studies would need to be extended by knowledge on spondylometric characteristics of women playing volleyball professionally.SettingStudies of somatic and spondylometric characteristics were performed using the tensometric electrogoniometry system. Percentile ranks of somatic and spondylometric characteristics of the female player subject were devised.ParticipantsThe material includes 12 female players of Polish women's volleyball national team aged 20–27. The control group comprised female players from clubs competing in the Polish Women's Volleyball League.Main outcome measurementsAlthough volleyball is considered a no-contact sports discipline, the player's body – including the spine – is exposed to loads related to performing various elements of the game. In particular, major loads with vertical direction are related to the player's jumping to attack or block, and may be the cause of deformations. Spondylometric characteristics of the female player subjects are slightly different from those of athletes in other sports disciplines where jumping ability is the leading feature.ResultsIn the elite of Polish female volleyball players lumbar lordosis is dominant (33% above normal values), then cervical lordosis, while thoracic kyphosis is significantly flattened. Range of segmental spine mobility in most cases is lower than the adopted normal values. Significant forward flexion movement limitation in the thoracic section was observed. No functional symmetrisation of the subjects was observed.
GLENOHUMERAL INTERNAL ROTATION DEFICIT (GIRD) – DOES IT REALLY EXISTS IN HANDBALL PLAYERS?
Authors: Lubiatowski M , Grygorowicz M , Kaczmarek P , Cisowski P , Dzianach M , Dudzinski W , Romanowski L 
Published: March 2014

BackgroundGIRD is a condition resulting in the loss of internal rotation of the glenohumeral joint as compared to the contralateral side. Mechanism of GIRD is caused by repetitive throwing such as a handball throw. Difference between total shoulders range of motion (ROM) more than 25° is considered as GIRD positive sign.ObjectiveTo compare glenohumeral rotation motion between dominant and non-dominant shoulder in handball players.DesignCross sectional study.SettingElite handball division players.ParticipantsThe pilot studies included 48 professional handball players of average age 24.0±4.5 years, height 187.1±5.9 cm, weight 91.0±11.6 kg.InterventionsAll handball players were tested for internal (IR) and external (ER) glenohumeral rotation range of motion. Mean values, minimum, maximum and standard deviation were calculated. Differences between the dominant (D) and non-dominant (ND) shoulder were determined. T-Test for two independent samples was used to analyze differences between D and ND shoulder. Statistical significance was set at P<.05.Main OutcomesROM.ResultsWe obtained:for ER_D 60.63°±13.23° and for ED_ND 58.65°±13.98°, respectively; for IR_D: 92.60°±6.92° and for IR_ND 88.96°±6.99°. Total ROM values were 153.23°±17.79° for D and 147.60°±18.76° for ND shoulder. Differences between D and ND shoulders was statistically significant only for IR: 3.65°±4.34°; P=.0118. For ER: 1.98°±4.92° and Total ROM: 5.63°±7.76° there was no significant differences (P>.05).ConclusionsHowever there are some cases with glenohumeral internal rotation deficit there is more evidence that such a deficit does not exists in handball players. To verify this results further study with grater sample size should be conducted in comparison to other professional overhead athletes.
THE UEFA INJURY STUDY: 11-YEAR DATA CONCERNING 346 MCL INJURIES IN PROFESSIONAL FOOTBALL
Authors: Lundblad M , Waldén M , Magnusson H , Hägglund M , Karlsson J , Ekstrand J 
Published: March 2014

BackgroundMedial collateral ligament (MCL) injury of the knee is scarcely investigated in football.ObjectiveTo investigate the rate and circumstances of MCL injuries and their development over the past decade.DesignProspective cohort study, in which 27 professional football teams were followed between 2001/02 and 2011/12. Individual player exposure and time loss injuries were recorded.SettingHighest leagues in Europe.Participants1 743 male professional players.Risk factor assessmentSeasonal trend, expressed as the average annual percentage of change, was analysed using linear regression with log-transformed injury rates as the dependent variable. A 2-year moving average approach, by summarising two consecutive seasons, was also used to smooth out large seasonal variations. Injury circumstances such as player contact and foul play was also studied.Main outcome measurementsInjury rate was defined as the number of injuries per 1000 player hours.Results346 MCL injuries occurred during the study period, being the most common knee injury constituting 4% of all injuries. The MCL injury rate was 0.33 per 1000 hours, and a time trend analysis indicated a significant average annual decrease of approximately seven per-cent over the study period (P=.023). Almost 70% of all MCL injuries were contact-related, and no difference in lay-off times between contact (median=16, Q1=8, Q3=29) and non-contact (median=16, Q1=7, Q3=30) injuries was detected (P=.741). A higher percentage of foul play injuries were found in MCL contact injuries compared with other contact injuries during match play (24% vs. 18%, P=.015).ConclusionMCL injury is still the most frequent knee injury in professional football, but the rate has decreased significantly during the 11-year study period. MCL injuries are commonly caused by contact situations and foul play.