bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Simple Method for Solving Three-Dimensional Inverse Problems of Turbomachine Flow and the Annular Constraint Condition
Authors: Xiao-lu Zhao , Chun-lin Sun , Chung-Hua Wu 
Published: April 2015

In ASME paper 50-A-79, it was suggested that the three-dimensional inverse (design) problem of turbomachine flow may be solved approximately by a Taylor series expansion in the circumferential direction based on the known flow variation over an S2 stream surface in the mid-channel of the blade passage. This idea has been realized recently.
A new coordinate transformation has been developed. The coordinate surfaces are coincident with the S2 stream surfaces. This transformation leads to a new method to calculate the aerodynamic equations of 3-D flow. By the use of this transformation, a high order expansion is realized to determine the shape of the blade surfaces from the fluid state on the S2m stream surface directly.
Computation in this manner soon leads to the discovery that theoretically the distribution of flow parameter (usually vθr) on S2m prescribed by the designer should satisfy a constraint condition, which guarantees that the S1 stream surfaces along the hub and shroud obtained from circumferential extension of the S2m surface are surfaces of revolution. An approximate method is suggested to meet this condition.
Gas Turbine Blade Materials’ Corrosion in the Effluent From a Pressurized Fluidized Bed Combustor
Authors: McCarron R. L. , Brobst R. P. 
Published: April 2015

Two nominally 200-hour tests were conducted in the General Electric Company’s Pressurized Fluidized Bed (PFB) Coal Combustion facility in Malta, NY. The purpose of the tests was to evaluate the influence of bed operating temperature and dolomite composition on the degradation of gas turbine vane and blade base alloys and protective coating/cladding systems in the effluent from a PFB. Operating conditions were as follows: 1) 1710°-1770°F (932°C-966°C) bed temperature and Pfizer dolomite (0.1 wt% sodium plus potassium), and 2) 1630°-1690°F (888°-921°C) bed temperature and Tymochtee dolomite (0.9 wt% sodium plus potassium). Brookville seam coal with 4.5 wt% sulfur, 0.3 wt% alkali, and 0.17 wt% chlorine was used in both tests.
Bare nickel and cobalt-base vane and blade alloys were susceptible to hot corrosion over the entire temperature range investigated, 1100°-1600°F (593°-871°C). CoCrAlY and FeCrAlY overlay coatings showed good corrosion resistance at temperatures above 1450°F, but were susceptible to pitting attack at lower temperatures. A platinum-aluminide diffusion coating showed excellent corrosion resistance at all temperatures.
Development of Diagnostic Model for Marine Gas Turbines
Authors: MacGillivray P. J. , MacIsaac B. D. , Saravanamuttoo H. I. H. 
Published: April 2015

A suite of thermodynamic models of the gas turbines on the DDH 280 class destroyers has been developed for onboard diagnostic purposes. The models are based on a fundamental description of the engine components and allow the Engineering Officer to simulate a variety of faults as a means of duplicating observed measurements.
Evaluation of the concept required a ruggedized computer capable of withstanding twelve months in the machinery room of a ship. This development presented problems of its own which will be discussed in the context of the current evaluation program.
FCCU Power Recovery With Gas Turbine Systems
Authors: Fink A. H. 
Published: April 2015

This paper pertains specifically to refinery fluid catalytic cracking and associated power-recovery concepts. The several systems described go beyond basic onsite FCC practices previously used. However, no special technical development or prototypes would be required to engineer practical and successful installations. All component equipment and apparatus reflect current state-of-the-art, requiring only explicit economic justification.
The individual systems, as presented, are solely conceptual, but sufficient detail is provided to confirm their technical feasibility. Application economics will depend on geographic location, site conditions and the specific process installation.
Results From High Temperature Turbine Test on the HPT of the AGTJ-100A
Authors: Arai Masashi , Teshima Kiyomi , Aoki Sunao , Yamao Hiroyuki 
Published: April 2015

An experimental investigation was conducted through the use of a High Temperature Turbine Developing Unit (HTDU) having the same two stage turbine as the high pressure turbine (HPT) of the AGTJ-100A, to ascertain the aerodynamic performance, cooling characteristics and mechanical reliability. The test was performed in three phases, and the maximum turbine inlet temperature was about 1,573 K. The test results showed that turbine efficiency was 90.2 %, the level of metal temperature for nozzles and blades was as expected, and there was little trouble with the hot parts.
This paper will present these test results.
Calculation of Horseshoe Vortex Flow Without Numerical Mixing
Authors: Moore Joan G. , Moore John 
Published: April 2015

The usefulness of three-dimensional flow calculations has frequently been obscured by the numerical mixing present in the calculation methods. This paper describes a new method of forming the finite difference momentum equations. The new method results in well posed equations which introduce no numerical mixing. It may be used with orthogonal or non-orthogonal grids and with uniform or highly non-uniform grid spacing.
The method is demonstrated by comparing it with upwind differencing on the calculation of a simple example. It is then used in an elliptic pressure-correction calculation procedure to calculate a leading edge horseshoe vortex about a Rankine half body. The results compare well with the experimental data presented in a companion paper.
Closed Cycle Cogeneration for the Future
Authors: Crim Winfred M. , Fraize Willard E. , Malone George A. , Kinney Carey 
Published: April 2015

While present energy needs can be met with available supplies of fossil fuels, the need to plan for the eventual elimination of dependence on premium fuels in utility and industrial applications remains urgent. Along with continuing awareness of the need for non-petroleum-based power and heat production is the renewed interest in cogeneration systems, for reasons of both energy conservation and the economies possible in meeting industrial/commercial process and space heat needs. One of the most promising power conversion technologies for these needs is the closed cycle gas turbine (CCGT) configured for power and heat production. The CCGT offers the ability to operate with a wide range of fuel types and qualities and to provide congenerated heat and power over a wide range of power-to-heat ratios. Additionally, the CCGT has the unique advantage of operating over a wide capacity range at no significant compromise in efficiency.
Closed cycle gas turbines have been in commercial use, principally in Europe, for over four decades. That experience base, combined with emerging awareness of potential CCGT applications, could lead to the operation of coal-fired CCGT cogeneration systems in the U.S. within the next decade.
This paper discusses the multi-fuel capability of the CCGT and compares its performance as a flexible cogeneration system with that of a more conventional steam turbine system.
New Diagram and Equation for Thermodynamic Calculations for Gas Turbines
Authors: Herrmann B. 
Published: April 2015

On basis of ISO-Standard 2314, the German Standard Organisation (DIN) has prepared the German Standard DIN 4341, which deals with acceptance tests for gas turbines. Sample calculations have been included.
In connection with the development of the sample calculations a new diagram for thermodynamic properties of air and products of combustion was developed on basis of
-humid air as per ISO standard 2314
-standard gaseous fuel
-standard liquid fuel
This diagram allows exact calculation of performance data.
Further, a simplified but relatively acurate formula is presented for calculating the turbine inlet temperature on basis of
-compressor pressure ratio
-exhaust gas temperature
-thermal efficiency
Development and limitation of this formula is presented.
Experience With in 939 as a Hot Corrosion Resistant Turbine Vane Material
Authors: Schneider Klaus , Bauer Roland , Staubli Marc , Grünling Hermann W. 
Published: April 2015

For stationary gas turbine vanes IN 939 was evaluated very thoroughly in Europe as a promising hot corrosion resistant nickel base alloy.
This paper shows examples of properties and behavior of IN 939 from literature and from actual application in stationary gas turbines.
After long-term operation in stationary gas turbines vanes are analysed to show the type of oxide scale formation, the hot corrosion attack and phase stability. The alloy IN 939 exhibited excellent hot corrosion resistance under severe environmental conditions comparable to that of commercial hot corrosion protective coatings.
Phases are described developed after casting and during heat treatment and sensitivity towards M-phase formation is briefly discussed. Creep and fatique data of IN 939 are compared with IN 738 LC as well as the hot corrosion behavior.
Turbotest: A Computer Program for Rig Test Analysis of Arbitrary Gas Turbine Engines
Authors: Palmer J. R. , Gu Yong-Gen 
Published: April 2015

This paper presents a computer model called ‘TURBOTEST’ which is applicable both to analysis of gas turbine engine rig tests and to simulation of engine steady-state performance. As with the earlier ‘TURBOFLEXI’ model a wide range of gas turbine engines can be simulated, using any kind of hydrocarbon fuel, and allowing for chemical dissociation of the gas, and for the effect of air humidity.
In addition, however, for the particular requirements of rig test analysis, the following new features have been developed and incorporate:-
(a) It can carry out rig test analysis for a wide range of gas turbine engines if all the necessary test data are presented.
(b) If the test data is incomplete, a computer simulation of the engine can be used to complete the analysis.
(c) Performance deterioration of engine components can be detected by comparing the results of a test analysis and of a parallel simulation using stored characteristics of engine components in the “as new” condition.
The program has been tested on simulated test data generated by engine models such as a turbojet and a turbofan. The results show it has close and repeatable agreement with design values. Further tests of the model have been carried out by applying it to the actual engine rig test data.
Simpson Paper Co.: First 35MW IM5000 in Cogeneration Plant
Authors: Moeller D. J. , Kolp D. A. 
Published: April 2015

In order to reverse the rising cost of energy, in 1983 Simpson Paper Company installed a 35MW IM5000 gas turbine generating unit exhausting into a supplementary fired, three-pressure (HP, IP, LP) boiler at its Shasta Pulp & Paper Mill in Anderson/Redding, California. This first U.S.-based IM5000 was chosen for Simpson’s cogeneration plant because the steam-producing capability of its exhaust gas most nearly matches the mill’s steam load and because of the relatively high proportion of energy output which is converted to electrical power versus exhaust gas energy for steam production. By operating at a compression ratio of 30:1 and a base load firing temperature of 2100 F. (1149 C.), the plant achieves a simple-cycle efficiency in excess of 36%, including the burden of water injection for emissions control.
In addition to the IM5000 gas turbine and the heat recovery boiler, the plant utilizes the following features which enable it to meet the special requirements of the Shasta Mill: (1) evaporative cooler - to reduce inlet temperature and increase power as much as 20% in the hot, dry Shasta Mill environment, (2) exhaust gas damper and duct burner - to match steam production to mill demand, (3) high pressure design of the IP and LP drums - to enable these drums to be bottled when HP steam demand is high and LP and IP demand is low, and (4) water injection system - to meet stringent federal and northern California NOx standards.
Based on 1983 fuel and power costs, Simpson Paper Company expects a simple payback of approximately three years on the $18.5 million investment in its cogeneration plant. The plant began continuous round-the-clock operation on May 22, 1983.
An Advanced Facility for the Analysis of Gas Turbine Exhausts
Authors: Pearce R. E. , Wood R. D. 
Published: April 2015

The requirement for an advanced gas analysis facility arose because improved combustors were needed for high technology gas turbine engines, as well as due to increased awareness of environmental pollution. To meet these needs, a system was specifically designed for use on a stationary gas turbine.
The system is fully mobile and controlled semi-automatically and requires only semi-skilled personnel to operate it. Features not available on standard commercial equipment were introduced, particularly the incorporation of a computer controlled logging system which provides processed results on-line.
All the design criteria were met and the system has been used with success on a variety of engine and rig projects. This paper describes the design and use of this facility as well as the use of the data logging system. Finally the benefits derived from the system are presented.
Phylogenomic Identification of Regulatory Sequences in Bacteria: an Analysis of Statistical Power and an Application to Borrelia burgdorferi
Sensu Lato
Authors: Martin Che I. , Sukarna Tika Y. , Akther Saymon , Ramrattan Girish , Pagan Pedro , Di Lia , Mongodin Emmanuel F. , Fraser Claire M. , Schutzer Steven E. , Luft Benjamin J. , Casjens Sherwood R. , Qiu Wei-Gang 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACT

Phylogenomic footprinting is an approach for
ab initio
identification of genome-wide regulatory elements in bacterial species based on sequence conservation. The statistical power of the phylogenomic approach depends on the degree of sequence conservation, the length of regulatory elements, and the level of phylogenetic divergence among genomes. Building on an earlier model, we propose a binomial model that uses synonymous tree lengths as neutral expectations for determining the statistical significance of conserved intergenic spacer (IGS) sequences. Simulations show that the binomial model is robust to variations in the value of evolutionary parameters, including base frequencies and the transition-to-transversion ratio. We used the model to search for regulatory sequences in the Lyme disease species group (
Borrelia burgdorferi
sensu lato
) using 23 genomes. The model indicates that the currently available set of
Borrelia
genomes would not yield regulatory sequences shorter than five bases, suggesting that genome sequences of additional
B. burgdorferi sensu lato
species are needed. Nevertheless, we show that previously known regulatory elements are indeed strongly conserved in sequence or structure across these
Borrelia
species. Further, we predict with sufficient confidence two new RpoS binding sites, 39 promoters, 19 transcription terminators, 28 noncoding RNAs, and four sets of coregulated genes. These putative
cis
- and
trans
-regulatory elements suggest novel,
Borrelia
-specific mechanisms regulating the transition between the tick and host environments, a key adaptation and virulence mechanism of
B. burgdorferi
. Alignments of IGS sequences are available on BorreliaBase.org, an online database of orthologous open reading frame (ORF) and IGS sequences in
Borrelia
.

IMPORTANCE
While bacterial genomes contain mostly protein-coding genes, they also house DNA sequences regulating the expression of these genes. Gene regulatory sequences tend to be conserved during evolution. By sequencing and comparing related genomes, one can therefore identify regulatory sequences in bacteria based on sequence conservation. Here, we describe a statistical framework by which one may determine how many genomes need to be sequenced and at what level of evolutionary relatedness in order to achieve a high level of statistical significance. We applied the framework to
Borrelia burgdorferi
, the Lyme disease agent, and identified a large number of candidate regulatory sequences, many of which are known to be involved in regulating the phase transition between the tick vector and mammalian hosts.
Characterization and Detection of a Widely Distributed Gene Cluster That Predicts Anaerobic Choline Utilization by Human Gut Bacteria
Authors: Martínez-del Campo Ana , Bodea Smaranda , Hamer Hilary A. , Marks Jonathan A. , Haiser Henry J. , Turnbaugh Peter J. , Balskus Emily P. 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACT

Elucidation of the molecular mechanisms underlying the human gut microbiota's effects on health and disease has been complicated by difficulties in linking metabolic functions associated with the gut community as a whole to individual microorganisms and activities. Anaerobic microbial choline metabolism, a disease-associated metabolic pathway, exemplifies this challenge, as the specific human gut microorganisms responsible for this transformation have not yet been clearly identified. In this study, we established the link between a bacterial gene cluster, the choline utilization (
cut
) cluster, and anaerobic choline metabolism in human gut isolates by combining transcriptional, biochemical, bioinformatic, and cultivation-based approaches. Quantitative reverse transcription-PCR analysis and
in vitro
biochemical characterization of two
cut
gene products linked the entire cluster to growth on choline and supported a model for this pathway. Analyses of sequenced bacterial genomes revealed that the
cut
cluster is present in many human gut bacteria, is predictive of choline utilization in sequenced isolates, and is widely but discontinuously distributed across multiple bacterial phyla. Given that bacterial phylogeny is a poor marker for choline utilization, we were prompted to develop a degenerate PCR-based method for detecting the key functional gene choline TMA-lyase (
cutC
) in genomic and metagenomic DNA. Using this tool, we found that new choline-metabolizing gut isolates universally possessed
cutC
. We also demonstrated that this gene is widespread in stool metagenomic data sets. Overall, this work represents a crucial step toward understanding anaerobic choline metabolism in the human gut microbiota and underscores the importance of examining this microbial community from a function-oriented perspective.

IMPORTANCE
Anaerobic choline utilization is a bacterial metabolic activity that occurs in the human gut and is linked to multiple diseases. While bacterial genes responsible for choline fermentation (the
cut
gene cluster) have been recently identified, there has been no characterization of these genes in human gut isolates and microbial communities. In this work, we use multiple approaches to demonstrate that the pathway encoded by the
cut
genes is present and functional in a diverse range of human gut bacteria and is also widespread in stool metagenomes. We also developed a PCR-based strategy to detect a key functional gene (
cutC
) involved in this pathway and applied it to characterize newly isolated choline-utilizing strains. Both our analyses of the
cut
gene cluster and this molecular tool will aid efforts to further understand the role of choline metabolism in the human gut microbiota and its link to disease.
Antidoping programme and biological monitoring before and during the 2014 FIFA World Cup Brazil
Authors: Baume Norbert , Jan Nicolas , Emery Caroline , Mandanis Béatrice , Schweizer Carine , Giraud Sylvain , Leuenberger Nicolas , Marclay François , Nicoli Raul , Perrenoud Laurent , Robinson Neil , Dvorak Jiri , Saugy Martial 
Published: April 2015

BackgroundThe FIFA has implemented an important antidoping programme for the 2014 FIFA World Cup.AimTo perform the analyses before and during the World Cup with biological monitoring of blood and urine samples.MethodsAll qualified players from the 32 teams participating in the World Cup were tested out-of-competition. During the World Cup, 2–8 players per match were tested. Over 1000 samples were collected in total and analysed in the WADA accredited Laboratory of Lausanne.ResultsThe quality of the analyses was at the required level as described in the WADA technical documents. The urinary steroid profiles of the players were stable and consistent with previously published papers on football players. During the competition, amphetamine was detected in a sample collected on a player who had a therapeutic use exemption for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. The blood passport data showed no significant difference in haemoglobin values between out-of-competition and postmatch samples.ConclusionsLogistical issues linked to biological samples collection, and the overseas shipment during the World Cup did not impair the quality of the analyses, especially when used as the biological passport of football players.
Estimating the change in life expectancy after a diagnosis of cancer among the Australian population
Authors: Baade Peter D , Youlden Danny R , Andersson Therese M-L , Youl Philippa H , Kimlin Michael G , Aitken Joanne F , Biggar Robert J 
Published: April 2015

ObjectivesCommunication of relevant prognostic information is critical in helping patients understand the implications of their cancer diagnosis. We describe measures of prognosis to help communicate relevant prognostic information to improve patients’ understanding of the implications of their cancer diagnosis.SettingAustralia-wide population-based cancer registry cohort.Participants870 878 patients aged 15–89 years diagnosed with invasive cancer between 1990 and 2007, with mortality follow-up information to December 2010.Primary and secondary outcome measuresFlexible parametric models were used to estimate loss of life expectancy (LOLE), remaining life expectancy (RLE) and 10-year cumulative probability of cancer-specific death (1-relative survival).ResultsOn average, Australians diagnosed with cancer at age 40 years faced losing an average of 11.2 years of life (95% CI 11.1 to 11.4) due to their cancer, while those diagnosed at 80 years faced losing less, an average of 3.9 years (3.9 to 4.0) because of higher competing mortality risks. In contrast, younger people had lower estimated cumulative probabilities of cancer-specific death within 10 years (40 years: 21.5%, 21.4% to 22.1%) compared with older people (80 years: 55.4%, 55.0% to 55.9%). The patterns for individual cancers varied widely, both by cancer type and by age within cancer type.ConclusionsThe LOLE and RLE measures provide complementary messages to standard relative survival estimates (expressed here in terms of cumulative probability of cancer-specific death). Importantly, relative survival per se underplays the greater absolute impact that a cancer diagnosis has at a younger age on LOLE. When presented in isolation for all cancers, it may provide a misleading impression of future mortality burden of cancer overall, and furthermore, it will obscure patterns of mortality by type and by age data within type. Alternative measures of LOLE, therefore, provide important communication about mortality risk to patients with cancer worldwide and should be incorporated into standard reporting and dissemination strategies.