bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
How to Cope With Sand Production without Any Additional Sensor When Using the Right Multiphase Technology
Authors: Bifout Samia , Pinguet Bruno , Rojas Christophe 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
The multiphase metering business is shifting over the last years from "conventional" 3-Phase metering (i.e. only Water, Oil, and Gas measurement) to most complex combination of 4 phases.
With the wells ageing, the reservoir strength is becoming weaker and the production of sand starts. This sand production is happening at the time of the well life where usually large completion upgrade and/or large CAPEX are necessary to maintain production, and need to be balance with economics. This is a generic concern in brown fields; where in some areas up to 25%-50% of the wells, for a given field, are having sand production issues.
Few ways are used to mitigate the sand production ranging from shutting the sandy wells to sand extraction and monitoring. The former is leading to a drastic loss of oil production, when the latter requires accurate equipment to detect the lowest possible sand production.
In Asia, the problem is usually becoming more complex due to the large presence of gas field and therefore little amount of liquid is produced which can lead to a quicker erosion and pipe integrity issues. It is not acceptable in such schemes to have either inconsistent data between different equipment (permanent installations and periodic checks) or let undetected sand production.
The main objective is to investigate in detail the response of the most common acoustic sand detector and Multiphase Flow Meter (MPFM) with capability to measure 4th phase from production and to highlight the best solution for the oil company. This field study is based on measurement made in control conditions to get the lowest level of sand detection, and then in a second step a measurement of the sand velocity and erosion. Beyond the exercise of measuring sand, it is flow assurance, pipe integrity, and reservoir management that are addressed.
What most complex conditions to operate a multiphase flow meter that in 4th phases and high accuracy is compulsory? This paper will describe in detail the field operation, and the innovative and advanced data processing of a top-of-the-class multiphase meter to answer this challenge. This step forward in the production monitoring is instrumental in solving the measurement issues that plague solid production.
The innovative work presented in this paper creates the foundation for future work in sand monitoring. We believe that this study is a cornerstone to state the robustness of current specific design, and opens opportunity to future development for mature field and wells with early sand production.
Integration of Materials Selection, Corrosion Control and Asset Monitoring to Improve the Safety of Sour Gas Operations
Authors: Kapusta Sergio 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
The technical and mechanical integrity of sour gas production assets (wells, facilities, pipelines) is the key to achieving operational success, as well as ensuring safety and minimising harm to the environment. Asset integrity does not occur by chance, but rests on a foundation of proper design, materials selection, operational integrity, monitoring, personnel training and robust management. All these factors are interconnected and should work together to achieve excellence in asset integrity and process safety. This interconnection is particularly important in sour gas operations, as the threats to integrity and the hazards are potentially severe. In previous presentations (see ADIPEC 2013) we introduced several concepts that described the activities and management systems that lead to excellence in asset integrity, in particular the roles of technology, work processes and personnel training, and the "101 Elements" that constitute the basis of asset integrity. In this paper we build on the concept of safety barriers and safety critical elements, with a focus on some of the front-end barriers that, if properly implemented and maintained, will serve to improve the safety of sour gas operations: materials selection, corrosion control, and inspection, and how they are connected to the earlier concepts.
Successful History of Cementing and Zonal Isolation in Thailand's High Temperature Offshore Wells
Authors: Brandl A. , Valentino V. , Fauchille G. , Thein A. , Stanley R. , Rivera N. N. , Siritheerasas K. 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
The Gulf of Thailand is characterized by shallow-water depth wells with bottomhole static temperature ranging from 240 to more than 420°F. These wells are drilled to an average of 12,000 ft MD and 9,000 ft TVD with a fast paced-batch drilling strategy. Most cement jobs are done offline, and on the surface section can be as frequent as 6 jobs per day. With multiple rigs, operators can require more than 100 cementing operations per month and cement volumes as high as 18,000 bbl. This efficient operations environment creates a demand for a logistically and operationally simple cement system that can be applied in all well sections and across the full range of expected temperatures. An advanced, lightweight seawater-based cementing concept was tested for this application. This new cementing system uses a single blend with only 3 to 4 primary liquid additives (including a stable, high-temperature, multi-functional polymer) to adjust all primary cement jobs for the entire wellbore. A sophisticated lab testing program was conducted for the innovative cementing concept according to the required demands on cement slurry design given the harsh wellbore conditions in the Gulf of Thailand. Tests revealed that the developed cementing systems meet all well requirements despite low densities of 13.3 to 14.0 ppg with high water content. This advanced cementing system was introduced in 2011 and has gradually been used on all wells since then – to date more than 500 wells in the Gulf of Thailand. In addition to improving logistics, use of the system has enhanced cement bond quality in production tubing cementing jobs. This improvement also reduced pay at risk due to insufficient cement isolation. This is evident in the whole range of well temperatures.
Theories of Arps' Decline Curve Exponent and Loss Ratio, for Saturated Reservoirs
Authors: Mosobalaje Olatunde O. , Tiab Djebbar , Lu Jing 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
Rate decline curve analysis is an essential tool in predicting reservoir performance and in estimating reservoir properties. In its most basic form, decline curve analysis is to a large extent based on Arps' empirical models that have little theoretical basis. The use of historical production data to predict future performance is the focus of the empirical approach of decline analysis while the theoretical approach focuses on the derivation of relationships between the empirical model parameters and reservoir rock/fluid properties; thereby establishing a theoretical basis for the empirical models. Such relationships are useful in formulating techniques for reservoir properties estimation using production data.
Many previous attempts at establishing relationships between the empirical parameters and the rock/fluid properties have been concerned primarily with the exponential decline of single phase oil reservoirs. A previous attempt to establish the theories of hyperbolic decline of saturated reservoirs (multiphase) have yielded an expression relating the Arps' decline exponent, b, to rock/fluid properties. However, the values of exponent computed from the expression are not constant through time, whereas, the empirically-determined exponent b is a constant value.
This work utilizes basic concepts of compressibility and mobility to justify the dynamic behaviour of the values obtained from the existing theoretical expression of the previous theory; to prove that the expression, though rigorously derived, is not the theoretical equivalence of the empirical Arps' b-exponent; and finally, to properly to offer a new logical perspective to the previous theory relating b-exponent to rock and fluid property. Ultimately, this work presents, for the first time, a new consistent theoretical expression for the Arps' exponent, b. The derivation of the new expression is still founded on the concept of Loss Ratio, as in previous attempts; however, this latest attempt utilizes the cumulative derivative of the Loss Ratio, instead of the instantaneous derivative implied in the previous attempt.
The new expression derived in this work have been applied to a number of saturated reservoir models and found to yield values of b-exponent that are constant through time and are equivalent to the empirically-determined b-exponent.
The Horizon Program: Keeping Career Paths on Track
Authors: COCONNIER Jennifer 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
The Horizon Program is designed to ensure that all those identified at early to mid career as having potential to become leaders within their technical discipline are kept on track to reach their full potential.

Application
Individual Career Paths are mapped out to ensure that individuals are fully exposed and challenged to demonstrate their abilities. Thay are monitored by HR and coached by their executive manager. Commitment is given by the management to keep the career path on track; commitment is also given by the Horizon Program member. The program may span over three or more position changes.

Results
Joined up supervision between HR and Management enable the organization to grow the specialists, experts and leaders that the company and the industry requires.

Significance
This is a powerful retention tool. Program members have a clear view of how their company sees them developing and appreciate the investment given. The company in turn benefits from managing the balance between Technical expertise and Leadership within the National workforces worldwide. This program aims to ensure that diversity is catered for. It is a successful tool to improve levels of diversity at the top of the organisation by keeping Horizon Program members on track to reach their full potential.
Moving an Economically Marginal Project into a Major Project through Integrating Subsurface Uncertainty and Surface Design
Authors: Kawar Ra'ed , Ferrero Maria Boya , Al Wahabi Nasr , Koksaloglu Bengisu , Khabouri Khalid 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
The X field is located in The Sultanate of Oman. It consists of stacked fractured carbonate reservoirs with Natih and Shuaiba Formations. Historically the field has been studied and stalled over the years (1999, 2005 and 2008). Making an integrated development plan for the X field is considered as challenging for the following reasons:
1) we are dealing with three different reservoirs at the same location; 2) the field has sparse datasets for the different reservoirs; 3) fractures properties differ within reservoirs; 4) the three reservoirs contain different hydrocarbon types; 5) The development is targeting relatively short transition zone hydrocarbon columns; 6) fluid contacts are highly variable and non flat; 7) the oil in the shallow reservoir is biodegraded and the gs oil contact does not match the oil the bubble point pressure; 8) the field is producing at high H2S level.
As a consequence of the above the field development is confronted with a wide range of uncertainties in the production forecasts (between low and high cases). Surface design having to accommodate such large ranges in the production forecast translates into a project that is economically unattractive.
To unlock the X field resource volume, a two-fold strategy was adopted: Big Loop and Decision Driven Modelling, andConcept engineering designing the cost while maintaining the project key value drivers.
The Big Loop methodology enabler can be defined as the process of describing reservoirs conceptually to explore through modelling the uncertainties impacting major decisions. It results in exploring the subsurface unknowns in the decision space without anchoring to a base case. The Big Loop has resulted in the identification of the most relevant uncertainties in X field which led to drilling five appraisal wells and four well interference campaigns in 2012-2013. The appraisal results have proven GOGD as the most favourable recovery mechanism for the two deeper reservoirs; for the shallower reservoir uncertainty remains too large and the recommendation for an early production system in combination of a surveillance plan is proposed.
Optimisation of the compressor size has been key to unlock the economic feasibility of this development. It has lead to the definition of the maximum affordable capacity and the operating envelope for production phasing.
In conclusion the integration with surface design has driven the cost, and the Big Loop methodology has enabled the identification of appraisal needs and the optimum development mechanism. The combination of surface design for the three reservoirs and subsurface uncertainty screening has resulted in an economically feasible and robust project.
Integrated PVT Modeling for Gas Condensate Systems
Authors: Cornelisse P. M. 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
On the basis of PVT data from 10 well/reservoirs, fluid models were developed for subsurface and surface requirements. The present paper described a methodology that can be used to maximize consistency between the data used for subsurface as well as surface network modeling. The models were developed to honor all of the experimental data, even though in some cases inconsistencies between the different experimental data sets were found. The workflow is not preliminary aimed at the best match between model and experiment of a single sample but getting the most representative model for the reservoir fluid based on all knowledge. The basis of the model is a PR78 with constant Peneloux volume shift.
The paper describes the workflow for low CGR gas condensate systems from low permeability formations and focuses on three different steps tackling the impact of sampling and experimental issues. It is shown that for this example system many bottom hole samples, both open and cased hole samples, have some external contamination in the C34-C36 range that artificially increases the dew point and liquid drop out at pressures above 2500 psia, while having little to no effect on the overall CGR. Some separator sample sets seem to be depleted in the C5-C10 range compared to all bottom hole samples. It is likely that incomplete equilibration in the separator in combination with some water washing is the reason for this behavior. This observation is supported by the fact that this issue becomes more pronounced for leaner fluids. The issue has a quite strong effect on the CGR (~30%). So the most representative compositions were obtained from cased hole and open hole fluids, corrected for contamination and draw down effects.
In the modeling part of the workflow several steps can be identified: 1) Generation of a 1st model used for QC of data and definition of the parameter ranges (22 comp), 2) Create a model as above but doing a compositional correction for contamination or other compositional irregularities like H2S content, specific contaminants, effects of depletion/enrichment due to 2 phase sampling (22 comp), 3) Create a unified model (32 comp). The model is derived from model 2 but includes BTEX and is mapped onto a single ABC set of pseudo components that are the same for all reservoirs/wells. 4) As 3, but with S-components included. 5) Create the compositional 10 component lumped reservoir model (6 light end + 4 C7+ components).
The models generated show good agreement to the data and are believed to be the most realistic estimate of the fluid behavior of the reservoir fluids. On top of that we can swap from one model to another using a simple lumping/delumping scheme.
Modeling and Avoidance of Heave-Induced Resonances in Offshore Drilling
Authors: Aarsnes Ulf Jakob , Gleditsch Martin S. , Aamo Ole Morten , Pavlov Alexey 
Published: December 2014

Summary
The problem of heave-induced-pressure fluctuation during drilling is considered. The surge/swab pressures created by the vertical motion of the pipe can excite resonances that may amplify the magnitude of pressure oscillations by a factor of 10. The locations of the resonant frequencies depend on the topside-choke opening and can hence be avoided. By use of a model of the full coupled dynamics, it is shown that the elastic pipe and the mud-in-pipe can also exhibit resonant behavior significantly affecting the downhole pressure. Techniques to avoid resonances are discussed.
Arnoldo Cantani: Pioneer of Modern Diabetes Treatment
Authors: Allen Frederick M 
Published: December 2014

Three men are commonly considered the outstanding pioneers in modern treatment of diabetes: Bouchardat (1806-1886) in France, Cantani (1837-1893) in Italy, and Naunyn (1839-1925) in Germany. Of the three, Cantani was foremost in his insistence that stopping glycosuria was the major method of controlling the disease.
All three men lived at a time when, after centuries of dense ignorance, there occurred an explosive outburst of scientific achievement and enthusiasm which is reminiscent of the similar excitement arising from the primitive beginnings of an atomic technology in our own time. As background for their researches in diabetes these three pioneers had Rollo's “animal food” empiricism; the physiological revelations of Claude Bernard; the discovery of enzymes and also of internal secretions; the foundation of physiological chemistry by Liebig; Pasteur's incredible bacteriology; the new microscopic anatomy opened up by the Schleiden- Schwann cell theory and followed by Virchow's cellular pathology; many metabolic studies capped by the investigation of respiratory metabolism by Pettenkofer and Voit; and—by no means unimportant in themselves— the developmentof methods of sugar analysis both by copper reduction and by polarimetry.
Exhaustion of Insulogenic Reserve in Maturity-onset Diabetic Patients During Prolonged and Continuous Hyperglycemic Stress
Authors: Seltzer Holbrooke S , Harris Virginia L 
Published: December 2014

Solutions of 15 per cent glucose were administered by continuous intravenous infusion for five to seven days to six normal subjects, seven tolbutamide-responsive adult diabetics, and six tolbutamide-nonresponsive adult diabetics. Blood glucose concentration, plasma insulin activity, and net assimilation of carbohydrate were determined daily. An “insulogenic index,” relating level of circulating insulin activity to magnitude of glycemic stimulus, enabled comparison of the insulin-secreting capacity of respective groups.
In nondiabetic subjects, mean daily blood glucose levels remained normal, and carbohydrate loads averaging 717 gm. per day were wholly retained. In both diabetic groups, increasing blood glucose and glycosuria permitted net glucose uptakes of only 88 per cent in tolbutamide-responders and 56 per cent in tolbutamide-nonresponders.
Plasma insulin activity increased significantly in all groups. In both normal subjects and tolbutamide-responsive diabetics, enhanced levels appeared on the first day, were sustained at high titers each day thereafter, and exhibited mean maximal value on the last day of infusion. Conversely, in tolbutamide-nonresponsive diabetics, average maximal insulin activity was achieved on the second day, whereafter it declined progressively and sometimes disappeared completely.
Compared to an insulogenic index of 100 per cent to represent the greatest secretory response of normal subjects, the corresponding maximal index was 49 per cent for tolbutamide-responders and 17 per cent for tolbutamide-nonresponders. On the last day of infusion, capacity for sustained insulin release was reflected by insulogenic indexes of 55 per cent, 32 per cent and 0.1 per cent in the respective groups.
The data indicate that unremitting hyperglycemia tends to exhaust insulogenic reserve in adult-onset diabetics, and that betacytotropic collapse occurs most rapidly in patients with severest clinical intolerance to carbohydrate. This demonstration strengthens the view that maturity-onset diabetes and growth-onset diabetes represent different stages of the same disease. The findings suggest that the fundamental lesion in hereditary human diabetes is either primary beta cell deficiency or impaired responsiveness of peripheral tissues to the action of insulin—or, quite possibly, a combination of both.
Glucose Tolerance in Women Receiving an Ovulatory Suppressant
Authors: Gershberg Herbert , Javier Zenaida , Hulse Mildred 
Published: December 2014

A high percentage of women receiving 5 mg. of norethynodrel with mestranol in cyclic fashion for contraception have decreased glucose tolerance. Ten per cent have elevated fasting levels, 20 per cent have elevated one-hour levels and 46 per cent have elevated two-hour levels (greater than our normal mean + 2 standard deviations of 105, 156 and 113 mg./100 ml., respectively). The incidence of abnormal glucose tolerance is greater in women with a family history of diabetes than in those without a history.
It seems reasonable to associate the change in glucose tolerance with the [pseudo-pregnancy] produced by the drug. Many women who have decreased glucose tolerance during natural pregnancy later become permanently diabetic. If this is true of those women with decreased glucose during drug treatment, then this response may identify the prediabetic.
The Effect of a Benzothiadiazine, Diazoxide, on Carbohydrate Metabolism
Authors: Tabachnick I I A , Gulbenkian A , Seidman F 
Published: December 2014

After the oral, intraperitoneal, or intravenous administration of an antihypertensive, antidiuretic benzothiadiazine, diazoxide, to dogs, rabbits, mice, and rats, rapid hyperglycemia is promptly elicited, but of short duration, and reversible. The hyperglycemia is accompanied by increased hepatic glycogenolysis, serum lactate and pyruvate, and blood urea nitrogen (BUN). The hyperglycemia is obtained in depancreatized dogs, alloxanized mice, propylthiouracil treated mice, and nephrectomized mice, suggesting that the pancreas, thyroid and kidneys are not the primary locus of action of diazoxide.
Modification of diazoxide hyperglycemia by hypophysectomy suggests that the pituitary plays a role in the hyperglycemic phenomenon. However, this view must be tempered by the realization that hypophysectomy causes partial inanition, perhaps sufficient to prevent hyperglycemia.
The partial suppression of diazoxide hyperglycemia by adrenalectomy and BW 61–43 (isopropyl methoxamine), a specific inhibitor of the metabolic effects of epinephrine, suggests that the metabolic effects of diazoxide are mediated, at least in part, by adrenergic hormones. Preliminary experiments wherein diazoxide hyperglycemia was markedly attenuated in adrenalectomized mice treated with a ganglionic blocking agent, chlorisondamine, tend to support this concept. However, some doubt is cast upon this concept since reserpine treated mice respond to diazoxide and differences were observed in the hyperglycemic responses to epinephrine and diazoxide in hypophysectomized mice.
Further work is underway to elucidate the mechanism(s) and locus of action of the metabolic effects of diazoxide.