bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Resource partitioning by insectivorous bats in Jamaica
Authors: Emrich Matthew A. , Clare Elizabeth L. , Symondson William O. C. , Koenig Susan E. , Fenton Melville Brock 
Published: September 2013

AbstractIn this investigation, we use variation in wing morphology, echolocation behaviour, patterns of habitat use and molecular diet analysis to demonstrate that six species of sympatric insectivorous bats in Jamaica show significant differences that could explain resource partitioning among the species. High‐intensity echolocating species that used shorter, broadband signals and had shorter, broader wings (Pteronotus macleayii, Pteronotus quadridens, Mormoops blainvillii) foraged most in edge habitats, but differed in timing of peak activity. P. macleayii and M. blainvillii differed in diet, but low sample size precluded diet analysis for P. quadridens. High‐intensity echolocating species that used longer, more narrowband signals and had longer, narrower wings (Molossus molossus, Tadarida brasiliensis) foraged most in open areas and differed in diet from the other species. Two disparate species were most active in clutter (dense vegetation). Pteronotus parnellii used high‐duty‐cycle echolocation apparently specialized for detecting fluttering targets in clutter. Macrotus waterhousii used low‐intensity, broadband echolocation calls and presumably uses prey‐generated sounds when foraging. These two species also differed in diet. Our data show that differences in morphology and echolocation behaviour coincide with differences in habitat use and diet, resulting in minimal overlap in resource use among species.
Birth seasonality in schizophrenia: Effects of gender and income status
Authors: Cheng Chin , Loh El‐Wui , Lin Ching‐Heng , Chan Chin‐Hong , Lan Tsuo‐Hung 
Published: September 2013

AimsThe aim of this study was to examine the correlations of birth seasonality in schizophrenia, considering influences of gender and income status.MethodsThe sample consisted of 1 000 000 people in the general population randomly selected from the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database. Data for the birth‐year period 1950–1989 were extracted for analysis (n = 631 911; 306 194 male, 325 717 female). Subjects with schizophrenia (2796 male, 2251 female) were compared with the general population. Subgroups divided by birth‐year periods (10‐year interval), gender, and income status (low, medium, high) were analyzed using both the Walter and Elwood seasonality and chi‐squared tests.ResultsThe winter/spring birth excess in schizophrenia was 5.3% when compared with the general population. There was a statistically significant excess in winter/spring births than summer/autumn births inschizophrenia patients (relative risk [RR], 1.12; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.06–1.18). This winter/spring birth excess in schizophrenia was observed only in female subjects (RR, 1.20; 95%CI: 1.10–1.30), not in male subjects (RR, 1.03; 95%CI: 0.98–1.14), in all subgroups of income status, but was most pronounced in the low income subgroup (RR, 1.20, 1.09, 1.13; 95% CI: 1.05‐1.37, 1.01–1.17, 1.02–1.25 for low, medium, and high income status, respectively).ConclusionA gender difference with female predominance of the effect of birth seasonality in schizophrenia, and a more pronounced effect in low income status were noted.
Temperature control can abolish anesthesia‐induced tau hyperphosphorylation and partly reverse anesthesia‐induced cognitive impairment in old mice
Authors: Xiao Haibing , Run Xiaoqin , Cao Xu , Su Ying , Sun Zhou , Tian Cheng , Sun Shenggang , Liang Zhihou 
Published: September 2013

AimsAnesthesia is related to cognitive impairment and the risk for Alzheimer's disease. Hypothermia during anesthesia can lead to abnormal hyperphosphorylation of tau, which has been speculated to be involved in anesthesia‐induced cognitive impairment. The aim of this study was to investigate whether maintenance of the tau phosphorylation level by body temperature control during anesthesia could reverse the cognitive dysfunction in C57BL/6 mice.MethodsEighteen‐month‐old mice were repeatedly anesthetized during a 2‐week period with or without maintenance of body temperature, control mice were treated with normal saline instead of anesthetics. Tau phosphorylation level in mice brain was detected on western blot, and cognitive performance was measured using the Morris water maze (MWM).ResultsAfter anesthesia‐induced hypothermia in old mice, tau was hyperphosphorylated and the cognitive performance, measured on MWM, was impaired. When body temperature was controlled during anesthesia, however, the tau hyperphosphorylation was completely avoided, and there was partial recovery in cognitive impairment measured on the MWM.ConclusionHyperphosphorylation of tau in the brain after anesthesia is an important event, and it might be, although not solely, responsible for postoperative cognitive decline.
Challenges Faced by Public Health Nursing Leaders in Hyperturbulent Times
Authors: Reyes David J. , Bekemeier Betty , Issel L. Michele 
Published: September 2013

AbstractObjectiveThis study discusses the challenges and characteristics of effective public health nursing leaders in local health departments and barriers to effective leadership during the hyperturbulent conditions of 2008–2010.Design and SampleParticipants were drawn from a purposive sample of seven directors of nursing (DON) in six countyLHDs in two states for this qualitative study using inductive methods.MeasuresSemistructured telephone interviews were conducted, using open‐ended questions. Data analysis consisted of coding, pattern identification, and theme development, assisted by the use ofATLAS.ti™. Credibility was achieved through intercoder agreement and resonance of the findings with participants.ResultsTwo underlying challenges emerged: leadership dissonance and leading through ambiguity. Three key effective leadership attributes identified were as follows: collaborative change management, life‐long learning, and being visionary.DONs identified extrinsic and intrinsic barriers to leadership effectiveness and leading change in public health systems andPHNpractice.ConclusionResults suggest ways to supportPHNleaders in order to overcome barriers to effective leadership such as defined leadership competencies, continuing education, and mentorship opportunities.
Effects of 24‐epibrassinolide on plant growth, osmotic regulation and ion homeostasis of salt‐stressed canola
Authors: Liu J. , Gao H. , Wang X. , Zheng Q. , Wang C. , Wang X. , Wang Q. 
Published: September 2013

AbstractThis study evaluated effects of foliar spraying 24‐epibrassinoide (24‐EBL) on the growth of salt‐stressed canola. Seedlings at the four‐leaf stage were treated with 150 mm NaCl and different concentrations of 24‐EBL (10−6, 10−8, 10−10, 10−12 m) for 15 days. A concentration of 10−10 m 24‐EBL was chosen as optimal and used in a subsequent experiment on plant biomass and leaf water potential parameters. The results showed that 24‐EBL mainly promoted shoot growth of salt‐stressed plants and also ameliorated leaf water status. Foliar spraying of salt‐stressed canola with 24‐EBL increased osmotic adjustment ability in all organs, especially in younger leaves and roots. This was mainly due to an increase of free amino acid content in upper leaves, soluble sugars in middle leaves, organic acids and proline in lower leaves, all of these compounds in roots, as well as essential inorganic ions. Na+ and Cl− sharply increased in different organs under salt stress, and 24‐EBL reduced their accumulation. 24‐EBL improved the uptake of K+, Ca2+, Mg2+ and NO3− in roots, which were mainly transported to upper leaves, while NO3− was mainly transported to middle leaves. Thus, 24‐EBL improvements in ion homeostasis of K+/Na+, Ca2+/Na+, Mg2+/Na+ and NO3−/Cl−, especially in younger leaves and roots, could be explained. As most important parts, younger leaves and roots were the main organs protected by 24‐EBL via improvement in osmotic adjustment ability and ion homeostasis. Further, physiological status of growth of salt‐stressed canola was ameliorated after 24‐EBL treatment.
The Challenges of Alleviating Poverty through Ecological Restoration: Insights from South Africa's “Working for Water” Program
Authors: McConnachie Matthew M. , Cowling Richard M. , Shackleton Charlie M. , Knight Andrew T. 
Published: September 2013

AbstractPublic works programs have been posited as win–win solutions for achieving societal goals for ecological restoration and poverty alleviation. However, little is documented regarding the challenges of implementing such projects. A commonly cited example is South Africa's invasive alien plant control program “Working for Water” (WfW), which aims to create employment via restoring landscapes invaded with alien plants. Recent studies have raised questions over the effectiveness of this program in achieving both its restoration and poverty alleviation goals. This is the first study that we are aware of that synthesizes the knowledge of managers on both the poverty alleviation and environmental outcomes of a public works project. Herein, we sought to understand the challenges and constraints faced by 23 WfW managers in fulfilling the program's environmental and poverty alleviation objectives. We found that the challenges most frequently cited by managers related to the capacity and competence of managers and teams, followed by challenges relating to planning and coordination, specifically the challenges of being flexible and adaptive when constrained by operating procedures. In addition, the current focus on maximizing short‐term employment was perceived by some as limiting the efficiency and long‐term effectiveness of the WfW program in achieving its environmental and social goals. We suggest that improving the conditions and duration of employment could improve the effectiveness of invasive alien plant control and ecological outcomes. We also suggest that WfW measure the impacts of their interventions through an adaptive management approach so that it can learn and adapt to the challenges it faces.
Spinoza on Causation and Power
Authors: di Poppa Francesca 
Published: September 2013

AbstractThe purpose of this paper is to argue that, for Spinoza, causation is a more fundamental relation than conceptual connection, and that, in fact, it explains conceptual connection. I will firstly offer a criticism of Michael Della Rocca's 2008 claims that, for Spinoza, causal relations are identical to relations of conceptual dependence and that existence is identical to conceivability. Secondly, I will argue that, for Spinoza, causation is more fundamental than conceptual dependence, offering textual evidence from both Treatise on the Emendation of the Intellect and Ethics. In particular, I will offer an interpretation of the attributes as first and foremost causal activities, or powers: this interpretation has the advantage to clarify the role of 1D6 as a “genetic definition.”
Conceptualizing, Capturing, and Modeling Change: Challenges for Psychology
Authors: Jones Constance , Peskin Harvey 
Published: September 2013

AbstractA primary goal of scientists, be they psychologists or physicists, is the detection of cause‐and‐effect relationships. In whatever field of study, the impact of the independent variable upon the dependent variable is assessed either indirectly through presumed change (comparing groups cross‐sectionally) or directly through observed change (comparing a single entity or groups of entities longitudinally). Researchers' conceptualization of change varies quite dramatically, even within the field of psychology, with attendant variation in research designs and statistics commonly employed. We discuss the array of options available to conceptualize, capture, and model change, including their strengths and weaknesses, using examples from our own research in personality lifespan development, along with others' related research.
Health Message Framing: Moderators, Mediators, and Mysteries
Authors: Updegraff John A. , Rothman Alexander J. 
Published: September 2013

AbstractHealth message framing is an important aspect of health communication. Over the past 20 years, researchers have sought to identify the contexts in which gain‐framed and loss‐framed health messages are most likely to motivate healthy behavior. Two major approaches have emerged: One approach focusing on matching the frame of the message to how people perceive the risks and uncertainties of the advocated health behavior and the other approach focusing on matching the frame of the message to the motivational orientation of the recipient. In this review, we describe these two major approaches to health message framing, identify the most likely psychological mediators that explain why these approaches motivate behavior, suggest a way to integrate these two approaches, and outline several key future directions for both basic and applied research in health message framing.
Molecular phylogeny of telenomine egg parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae s.l.: Telenominae): evolution of host shifts and implications for classification
Authors: TAEKUL CHARUWAT , VALERIO ALEJANDRO A. , AUSTIN ANDREW D. , KLOMPEN HANS , JOHNSON NORMAN F. 
Published: September 2013

AbstractParasitoid wasps of the subfamily Telenominae (Hymenoptera: Platygastroidea, Platygastridae) develop as immatures within the eggs of other insects (Lepidoptera, Hemiptera, Diptera and Neuroptera). Rearing records indicate that individual species are restricted to attack hosts within only one of these four main groups. We conducted a phylogenetic analysis of the group using sequence data from multiple genes (18S, 28S, COI, EF‐1α) to assess the pattern of shifts among host groups and to test the monophyly of and relationships among genera and species‐groups. Telenominae sensu Masner—that is, including only the nominate tribe Telenomini—is not monophyletic. Representatives of the Psix group of genera (Psix Kozlov & Lê and Paratelenomus Dodd) form a monophyletic group that is sister to Gryon Haliday (Scelioninae: Gryonini) and are excluded from the subfamily. The remaining telenomines are monophyletic. The genus Phanuromyia Dodd and the crassiclava group of Telenomus Haliday, both recorded as parasitoids of planthopper eggs (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha, Fulgoroidea), form a monophyletic group that is sister to all other telenomines exclusive of the Psix group. Twenty‐nine species of the crassiclava and aradi groups of Telenomus are transferred to Phanuromyia as new combinations. Basal elements of the remaining species are all in groups reared from the eggs of true bugs (Heteroptera), primarily the stink bugs (Pentatomoidea) and seed bugs (Lygaeoidea). A shift to parasitism of lepidopteran eggs evolved within a single clade, occurring either one or two times. From this clade a small group of species, the Telenomus tabanivorus group, subsequently shifted to parasitism of egg masses of true flies (Tabanidae and Stratiomyiidae). Aholcus Kieffer and Platytelenomus Dodd both belong to the clade of lepidopteran parasitoids and are considered as junior synonyms of Telenomus (new synonymy for Aholcus). The monophyletic status of the two core genera, Telenomus and Trissolcus could not be resolved using these data. The phylogenetic pattern of host shifts suggests comparisons among taxa that may be fruitful in elucidating mechanisms by which parasitoids locate their hosts, the proximate factors that determine the host range, and the changes in these factors that influence host changes.
Feline cutaneous mycobacteriosis: a review of clinical, pathological and molecular characterization of one case of Mycobacterium microti skin infection and nine cases of feline leprosy syndrome from France and New Caledonia
Authors: Laprie Caroline , Duboy Julie , Malik Richard , Fyfe Janet 
Published: September 2013

BackgroundTen cats with skin lesions characteristic of cutaneous mycobacteriosis were included in this retrospective clinical, pathological and molecular study.Hypothesis/ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to identify the causative agent and to compare the clinicopathological features of these cases with those of previous studies.MethodsCats were from the south east of France (eight cases), central France (one case) and New Caledonia (South Pacific; one case). Criteria for inclusion were histological evidence of granulomatous dermatitis and/or panniculitis, with acid‐fast bacilli within macrophages or extracellularly in regions of tissue necrosis. PCR targeting the 16S–23S internal transcribed spacer region and sequence analysis were performed using DNA extracted from formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded tissues from all cases.ResultsAll cats were presented with a history of alopecic to ulcerated nodules. Most cases had limited disease, with one to few nodules, while others (three cats) showed a more aggressive clinical course. Lesions from eight cats yielded a sequence consistent with Mycobacterium lepraemurium, while Mycobacterium microti was identified postmortem from the cutaneous lesion in the cat originating from central France and euthanized for its debilitating condition. No PCR product could be amplified from the remaining specimen.Conclusions and clinical importanceBased on this geographically restricted case series, feline leprosy in southern France is most likely to be caused by M. lepraemurium and presents as a generally self‐limiting disease. Molecular testing is essential to assess zoonotic potential, because M. microti‐induced cutaneous mycobacteriosis can resemble feline leprosy syndrome.
A comprehensive ovine model of blood transfusion
Authors: Simonova G. , Tung J. P. , Fraser J. F. , Do H. L. , Staib A. , Chew M. S. , Dunster K. R. , Glenister K. M. , Jackson D. E. , Fung Y. L. 
Published: September 2013

BackgroundThe growing awareness of transfusion‐associated morbidity and mortality necessitates investigations into the underlying mechanisms. Small animals have been the dominant transfusion model but have associated limitations. This study aimed to develop a comprehensive large animal (ovine) model of transfusion encompassing: blood collection, processing and storage, compatibility testing right through to post‐transfusion outcomes.Materials and methodsTwo units of blood were collected from each of 12 adult male Merino sheep and processed into 24 ovine‐packed red blood cell (PRBC) units. Baseline haematological parameters of ovine blood and PRBC cells were analysed. Biochemical changes in ovine PRBCs were characterized during the 42‐day storage period. Immunological compatibility of the blood was confirmed with sera from potential recipient sheep, using a saline and albumin agglutination cross‐match. Following confirmation of compatibility, each recipient sheep (n = 12) was transfused with two units of ovine PRBC.ResultsProcedures for collecting, processing, cross‐matching and transfusing ovine blood were established. Although ovine red blood cells are smaller and higher in number, their mean cell haemoglobin concentration is similar to human red blood cells. Ovine PRBC showed improved storage properties in saline–adenine–glucose–mannitol (SAG‐M) compared with previous human PRBC studies. Seventy‐six compatibility tests were performed and 17·1% were incompatible. Only cross‐match compatible ovine PRBC were transfused and no adverse reactions were observed.ConclusionThese findings demonstrate the utility of the ovine model for future blood transfusion studies and highlight the importance of compatibility testing in animal models involving homologous transfusions.
Pattern of care of blood donors with early‐uncomplicated hereditary haemochromatosis in a Swiss blood donation centre
Authors: Stefashyna O. , Stern M. , Infanti L. , Holbro A. , Tichelli A. , Buser A. , O'Meara A. 
Published: September 2013

Background and ObjectivesWe describe the recognition and pattern of care of voluntary blood donors with early‐uncomplicated genetic haemochromatosis in our blood donation centre.Materials and MethodsAsymptomatic volunteers with suspicion of hereditary haemochromatosis (HH) due to an elevated ferritin level on routine screening were referred for further investigation. Alternatively, we accepted subjects with prediagnosed HH on referral. In the case of early‐uncomplicated genetic haemochromatosis, either standard whole blood donation (WBD) or double‐erythrocytapheresis (DEC) was offered.ResultsA median of six procedures was needed to achieve a ferritin value below 100 ng/ml in the WBD group and of four in the DEC group (P = 0·5). The rate of donation side‐effects was higher in the DEC group, while the costs it generated were equivalent to WBD.ConclusionCompared with WBD, DEC had no beneficial effect on treatment number, length of treatment, side‐effects or treatment budget in early‐uncomplicated HH. Integrating donors with uncomplicated genetic haemochromatosis to blood donation programmes can supplement blood stores and provide the donors with a cost‐effective and altruistic purpose of treatment.
Genome Sequence Analysis Indicates that the Model Eukaryote Nematostella vectensis Harbors Bacterial Consorts
Authors: Artamonova Irena I. , Mushegian Arcady R. 
Published: August 2013

ABSTRACT

Analysis of the genome sequence of the starlet sea anemone,
Nematostella vectensis
, reveals many genes whose products are phylogenetically closer to proteins encoded by bacteria or bacteriophages than to any metazoan homologs. One explanation for such sequence affinities could be that these genes have been horizontally transferred from bacteria to the
Nematostella
lineage. We show, however, that bacterium-like and phage-like genes sequenced by the
N. vectensis
genome project tend to cluster on separate scaffolds, which typically do not include eukaryotic genes and differ from the latter in their GC contents. Moreover, most of the bacterium-like genes in
N. vectensis
either lack introns or the introns annotated in such genes are false predictions that, when translated, often restore the missing portions of their predicted protein products. In a freshwater cnidarian,
Hydra
, for which a proteobacterial endosymbiont is known, these gene features have been used to delineate the DNA of that endosymbiont sampled by the genome sequencing project. We predict that a large fraction of bacterium-like genes identified in the
N. vectensis
genome similarly are drawn from the contemporary bacterial consorts of the starlet sea anemone. These uncharacterized bacteria associated with
N. vectensis
are a proteobacterium and a representative of the phylum
Bacteroidetes
, each represented in the database by an apparently random sample of informational and operational genes. A substantial portion of a putative bacteriophage genome was also detected, which would be especially unlikely to have been transferred to a eukaryote.