bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Quantitative and Qualitative Analyses of the Antibody Response of Adult Mice Tolerized with Deaggregated Bovine γ‐Globulin
Authors: Hosono Masamichi 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTMice were made tolerant to bovine γ‐globulin (BGG) by an intravenous injection of deaggregated soluble BGG (sBGG). Two weeks later, they were injected with immunogenic forms of BGG either into foot pads or intravenously. Time course of the number of antibody‐forming cells and the relative avidity of plaque‐forming antibodies in tolerized mice were compared with those of sublethally X‐irradiated mice and of normal immunized mice. The number of plaque‐forming cells (PFC) per popliteal lymph node of tolerant or X‐irradiated mice was shown to be smaller than in the controls. The growth rate of PFC in the nodes in the early logarithmic phase was almost the same between tolerized mice and normal mice, but X‐irradiation resulted in a reduction of the growth rate. Although X‐irradiation did not influence the average avidity of plaque‐forming antibodies, the induction of tolerance by sBGG slightly reduced the avidity in popliteal lymph nodes and conspicuously in spleens about three weeks after the challenge immunization, the relative avidity in the latter being as low as one tenth of the normal immunized mice. In popliteal lymph nodes of tolerized mice at day 9 after immunization, a reduction in the relative avidity of plaque‐forming antibodies was not observed, though the number of PFC was as small as one fifth of the controls. However, X‐irradiation of the hind limbs of tolerized mice prior to immunization caused a reduction in the avidity of plaque‐forming antibodies in the nodes. These results indicated that the precursors of high avidity antibody producers were liable to tolerance induction, and that cells in the recirculating pool were inactivated by the tolerogen more easily than those in such remote sites as the popliteal lymph nodes.
Enhancing Effect of Interferon Pretreatment on Interferon Production
Authors: Ito Fumiaki , Kobayashi Sigeyasu 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTPretreatment of mouse L cells with interferon (IF) preparations enhanced IF production in response to stimulation with polyinosinic‐polycytidylic acid (poly I·poly C). The enhancement of IF production by the pretreatment was maximal with 5 to 10 units/ml of IF. Pretreatment with approximately 1 unit/ml of IF caused no significant enhancement. The enhancement was observed with all IF preparations tested, crude or partially purified, prepared by induction with either poly I·poly C, Escherichia coli endotoxin or Newcastle disease virus. IFs harvested at different times after induction with high and low concentrations of poly I·poly C were equally effective. The enhancing (“priming”) activity exhibited “species specificity.” However, pretreatment with a high dose of human or rabbit IF, which showed an activity of about 10 units/ml even in the heterologous L cells, enhanced mouse IF production. Studies on physicochemical properties of the active factor indicated that the “priming” activity may be ascribable to IF molecules and not to any other factor in the IF preparations.
In Vitro Synthesis of Reovirus Genomic Segments
Authors: Watanabe Yasushi , Sakuma Sadatoshi , Shames Rose 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTUsing a method for labeling RNA with heavy nucleoside 5′‐triphosphates, it was observed that the large particulate fraction isolated from reovirus‐infected cells mediated iv vitro the synthesis of the three size classes of reovirus double‐stranded RNA segments by elongating and terminating minus strand RNA whose synthesis had been initiated in the infected cells. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that each segment of reovirus plus strand template has an individual initiation site for the synthesis of minus strand RNA.
Effects of Chemotherapeutics on Bacterial Ecology in the Water of Ponds and the Intestinal Tracts of Cultured Fish, Ayu (Plecoglossus altivelis)
Authors: Aoki Takashi 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTDrug‐resistant gram‐negative bacilli conferred with R factors were isolated with high frequencies from the intestinal tracts of ayu (Plecoglossus altivelis) cultured in ponds, in which chemotherapeutics had often been used, and with relatively low frequencies from ayu which received no administration of chemotherapeutics. Drug‐resistant bacteria were also isolated at low frequencies from the intestinal tracts of wild ayu in rivers, as well as from the water of ayu‐culturing ponds and some of them carried R factors. The drug‐resistant bacteria carrying R factors were Aeromonas liquefaciens, Citrobacter, Enterobacter cloacae, Escherichia coli, Hafnia and unidentified strains. All the R factors were classified as the Fi–(F) type, except the two R factors detected in an E. coli strain and in an unidentified strain.
Virucidal Effect of Sodium p‐Chloromercuribenzoate on Influenza Viruses Attributable to Inhibition of Virus Particle‐Associated RNA‐Dependent RNA Polymerase
Authors: Shinkai Kenkichi 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTSodium p‐chloromercuribenzoate (PCMB) caused a noticeable reduction of infectivity of prototype strains of type A and Lee strain of type B influenza viruses at concentrations of 100 and 200 μg/ml, respectively, after an incubation at 37 C for 60 min. The virucidal effect on A/AA/2/60 (H2N2) strain was dependent on the concentration of the drug and temperature as well as on the time of incubation. The reagent exerted this effect at a concentration which induced little change in the hemagglutinating and neuraminidase activities of the virus. PCMB inhibited by 50% the virus particle‐associated RNA polymerase activity of all prototype strains of type A influenza virus at about 2 μg/ml and that of Lee strain of type B influenza virus at 8.5 μg/ml. Other sulfhydryl reagent such as phenylmercuric nitrate also exhibited virucidal effect on A/AA/2/60 virus which paralleled their inhibition of the virus particle‐associated RNA polymerase activity. From these results it was considered likely that the virucidal action of PCMB on influenza viruses was attributable to inhibition of the virus particle‐associated RNA polymerase activity.
Complement Requirement of Neutralizing Antibodies in Different Classes of Immunoglobulin Appearing in Rabbits and Guinea Pigs after Primary and Booster Immunizations with Herpes Simplex Virus
Authors: Shinkai Kenkichi , Yoshino Kamesaburo 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTRabbits and guinea pigs were immunized with herpes simplex virus and bled periodically. The sera were fractionated into slow IgG, fast IgG and IgM by DEAE‐cellulose column chromatography, and complement‐requiring (CRN) and nonrequiring neutralizing (N) antibody activities were estimated. In early sera of rabbits, the two IgG and IgM fractions possessed about equal CRN activities, although some animals showed a slightly lower activity in fast IgG. In guinea pigs, the early CRN activity resided mainly in slow IgG (7 S γ2). The early IgG antibody of guinea pigs differed from that of rabbits in that it resembled IgM in resistances to heating at 70 C and to 2‐mercaptoethanol. The level of CRN IgM antibody in rabbits declined following a peak reached in 2 to 3 weeks, whereas such a decline was never observed in guinea pigs. N IgG antibody was developed a few weeks after the first immunization in rabbits and much retarded in guinea pigs. In both species, booster immunization quickly evoked N antibody in the two IgG fractions and also CRN IgM antibody, but in the case of rabbits the IgM antibody disappeared soon. It is concluded that IgG plays an important role in humoral immunity from the initial stage of the immunization course.
Studies on Gonococcal Infection
Authors: Ota Fusao , Morita Junji , Yoshida Nagayuki , Ashton Fraser , Diena Benito 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTMacrophages from mice were infected with Neisseria gonorrhoeae type 1 cells, and their ultrastructure was studied by electron microscopy. The macrophages showed various stages of engulfment and digestion of gonococci 2 hr after infection. Infected macrophages seemed to develop pseudopodia for phagocytosis, and could engulf more than 30 gonococcal cells. Some engulfed bacteria appeared morphologically intact, while others appeared lysed and some structures resembling the L form of N. gonorrhoeae were also seen. These observations suggest that gonococcal cells may be able to survive intracellularly with normal or altered forms of morphology, and that macrophages containing these bacteria may disseminate gonococcal infection in man.
An Amber Suppressor of Escherichia coli Strain KO1
Authors: Aoi Takeshi , Watanabe Itaru 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTThe suppression characteristics of Escherichia coli strain KO1 have been investigated. The growth patterns of nonsense mutants of RNA (GA and f2) and DNA (λ and T4) phages suggested that KO1 carried an amber, but not ochre or opal suppressors. The comparison of KO1 with previously identified amber suppressors indicated that KO1 differed from su1, su3 and su6 in its suppression pattern. KO1 and su2 shared some properties in common, for instance, their ability to suppress GA amber mutants with one exception (amN20) and the restriction of suppression capacity by the strr mutation. However, the suppression efficiency of KO1 (48%) was about three times that of su2 (18%). A possibility that KO1 contained a new amber suppressor is discussed.
Adjuvant Activity of Mycobacterial Fractions
Authors: Taniyama Tadayoshi , Azuma Ichiro , Yamamura Yuichi 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTA quantitative assay and characterization of oil‐attached cell wall of Mycobacterium bovis BCG (BCG‐CWS) which stimulates cell‐mediated immunity of spleen cells to alloantigens in mice were carried out by an in vitro cell‐mediated cytotoxicity test using 51Cr‐labeled target cells. C57BL/6J mice (H‐2b) were immunized intraperitoneally with mastocytoma cells (H‐2d) with or without oil‐attached BCG‐CWS. The cytotoxicity, comparable to that of spleen cells from mice immunized with mastocytoma cells (3 × 107), could be induced in spleens of mice immunized with a mixture of mastocytoma cells (104) and oil‐attached BCG‐CWS. The enhancing effect persisted for 55 days or more after the alloantigenic immunization. Oil‐attached BCG‐CWS enhanced cell‐mediated cytotoxicity of T cells in the spleen and the mesenteric lymph node, but not in the thymus. The cytotoxicity showed specificity toward the alloantigen used for immunization. In addition to BCG‐CWS, the cell walls of Nocardia rubra and Corynebacterium diphtheriae PW8 and the peptidoglycolipids of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Aoyama B were found to be potent stimulants of cell‐mediated cytotoxicity in mice. Oil‐attached BCG‐CWS did not enhance humoral response to mastocytoma cells but enhanced cell‐mediated cytotoxicity when viable mastocytoma cells were used as antigen. The above result was supported by the fact that anti‐hapten antibody response induced by viable trinitrophenyl (TNP)‐mastocytoma cells (104) plus oil‐attached BCG‐CWS did not increase to the maximum level as was observed in mice immunized with a larger number of mastocytoma cells (3 × 107) alone, while cell‐mediated cytotoxicity induced by the same treatment increased to the maximum level obtained by immunization with mastocytoma cells (3 × 107) alone.
Adjuvant Action of Capsular Polysaccharide of Klebsiella pneumoniae on Antibody Response
Authors: Nakashima Izumi , Kato Nobuo 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTA study was performed to clarify the roles of primary and secondary injections of antigen and adjuvant (capsular polysaccharide of Klebsiella pneumoniae, CPS‐K) in induction of antibody responses and in development of immunological memory in mice to bovine serum albumin (BSA). A primary injecion of BSA alone neither induced significant primary antibody response nor increased immunological memory for a secondary antibody response but, if primary injections of BSA and CPS‐K were performed simultaneously, high antibody responses were induced. Moreover, a prior injection of BSA alone or CPS‐K alone decreased the level of primary antibody response and the degree of increase in memory following the subsequent injection of BSA mixed with CPS‐K. In contrast, a secondary injection of BSA alone into mice once primed with a mixture of BSA and CPS‐K elicited very high secondary type antibody response and increased secondarily the memory for a tertiary antibody response. Injection of CPS‐K simultaneously with or shortly before or after the secondary injection of BSA did not increase the level of the secondary antibody response and the degree of the secondary increase in memory. Augmentation of the secondary antibody response was elicited by simultaneous injection of CPS‐K only when the secondary response was induced inadequately by a suboptimum or supraoptimum dose of antigen.
R Factor‐Mediated Resistance to Aminoglycoside Antibiotics in Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Authors: Sagai Hitoshi , Krcmery V. , Hasuda Katsumi , Iyobe Shizuko , Knothe H. , Mitsuhashi Susumu 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTConjugal transferability of drug resistance was examined, in eleven Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains which were isolated in Frankfurt. Four R factors were demonstrated from three strains using P. aeruginosa as recipients but they were nontransferable to Escherichia coli K12. Two R factors, i.e., Rms146 and Rms147, mediated resistances to tetracycline (TC), streptomycin (SM), sulfanilamide (SA), kanamycin (KM), lividomycin (LV), gentamicin C complex (GM) and 3′,4′‐dideoxykanamycin B (DKB). They mediated the formation of aminoglycoside‐inactivating enzymes, i.e., SM phosphotransferase, SM adenylyltransferase, KM and LV phosphotransferase 1, and GM and DKB 6′‐N‐acetyltransferase. TC resistance conferred by these R factors was due to impermeability of the drug. P. aeruginosa Ps 142 carried two kinds of R factor in one cell, Rms148 (SM) and Rms149 (SM·SA·GM·CPC) (CPC, carbenicillin). Rms148 (SM) was transferable at a high frequency of 10–1 and mediated the formation of SM phosphotransferase. Rms149 mediated the formation of drug‐inactivating enzymes, i.e., GM 3‐N‐acetyltransferase and β‐lactamase, but did not inactivate SM. SM resistance was probably due to impermeability of the drug.
Eliminatory Action of Glycine on Drug Resistance of Escherichia coli K12 Harboring an R Factor
Authors: Tomoeda Munemitsu , Inuzuka Manabu , Hayashi Masako 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTGlycine, known to inhibit the synthesis of a peptidoglycan component of the bacterial cell wall, was effective in eliminating drug resistance of Escherichia coli K12 JE2100 strain harboring the R100–1 factor, although in lower frequencies than that of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). The action of glycine was found to be less effective on the same R factor in JE177 strain, and not effective on the F factor in W6. Infection of R factors from R+ cells to R– cells was found to take place in the glycine broth as efficiently as in broth without glycine. This might result in lowering the apparent efficiency of the action of glycine on those plasmids. The segregation patterns of drug‐susceptible clones obtained by the glycine treatment were different from those obtained after the SDS treatment. These results coupled with other evidences suggest that the mode of action of glycine on R+ cells may be different from those of other curing agents and may involve mechanisms other than selection of R– or drug‐susceptible segregants that are present in R+ culture.
Epidemiological Survey of Streptococcus mutans among Japanese Children
Authors: Hamada Shigeyuki , Masuda Norio , Ooshima Takashi , Sobue Shizuo , Kotani Shozo 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTAn epidemiological investigation was carried out to identify and determine the serotypes of Streptococcus mutans from carious lesions of young Japanese children. For this purpose, a direct fluorescent antibody technique was mainly used. Fluorescein isothiocyanate‐conjugated antibodies were prepared for the five known serotypes of S. mutans. Cross reactions and nonspecific reactions were eliminated by adsorption, counterstaining, or DEAE‐cellulose column chromatography. Agar‐gel immunodiffusion was used to distinguish between serotypes a and d. The epidemiological survey suggested that serotype c strains were most prevalent in dental plaques of Japanese children. The d and e serotypes were rare and serotypes a and b were not detected. It was also noted that more than one serotype of S. mutans could be found in the same locus of a carious lesion and that there might be no relationship between the degree of caries and the causative serotype(s) of S. mutans.
In Vitro Studies on the Mechanism of Acquired Resistance to Tuberculous Infection
Authors: Muraoka Shizuko , Takeya Kenji , Nomoto Kikuo 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTThe relationship between lymphocytes and macrophages in cellular immunity against tuberculous infection was studied by means of an in vitro cell culture system without addition of streptomycin. The peritoneal macrophages were obtained from normal mice or mice immunized with heat‐killed tubercle bacilli in paraffin oil, boosted with live BCG and infected with H37Rv cells in vitro. The infected monolayers of macrophages were cultivated for 48 hr with immune lymphoid cells obtained from immunized mice. The intracellular growth of H37Rv cells 3,5 and 7 days after infection was examined by counting tubercle bacilli within infected macrophages under a microscope. 1) The increase of bacilli within macrophages derived from immunized mice was slightly smaller than that in normal macrophages. 2) The addition of immune lymph node cells to the macrophage monolayers resulted in a marked decrease in the number of bacilli within both normal and “immune” macrophages. Conversely, normal lymph node cells exhibited an enhancing effect on the intracellular bacillary growth. 3) Immune lymph node cells showed a higher capacity to cause macrophages to suppress intracellular growth of bacilli than that of splenic lymphoid cells or thymocytes after addition to macrophage monolayers. 4) The treatment of lymphoid cells with inhibitors of protein synthesis, cycloheximide or streptovitacin A, resulted in a remarkable reduction of the ability of sensitized lymphocytes to cause macrophages to suppress multiplication of intracellular bacilli.
Application of the Macrophage Migration Inhibition Test to Screen Patients with Early Cancer and Obtain Prognostic Determinations of Cancer Treatment
Authors: Akiyama Takehisa , Yamaura Noboru 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTA modified direct method of the macrophage migration inhibition test (MMIT) was attempted on a large number of patients with malignant or benign tumors. Results of the MMIT in almost all patients with benign tumors were negative except for those with hydatidiform moles, dermoid cysts and viral benign tumors such as verruca plana which were positive. The number of cases determined as false positives were exceptionally few. Conversely, about the half of the patients with malignant tumors were positive. The majority of negative cancer patients were confirmed pathologically to be advanced cases and, therefore, were postulated to have been immunologically unresponsive. The remaining false negative patients were diagnosed to be very early cases with their malignant foci too small to be effective antigenic stimuli. The MMIT was also performed postoperatively on some of the patients using autologous antigens, which had been preserved by freezing, for examination of changes in the per cent migration index. The results led the authors to conclude that postoperative repetitions of the test permitted them to tell that cancer cells had been completely eradicated or that a relapse might occur in the near future. Examinations of cross reactivity between tumor antigens revealed that such reactivity exists between cancer antigens and antigens originating in hydatidiform moles and that there is also a very strong cross reactivity between allogeneic cancer antigens regardless of differences in the organs of origin. This fact suggests that the present test is effective for the screening of preoperative patients with early cancer.
Microorganisms Responsible for Controlling the Populations of Escherichia coli and Enterococcus and the Consistency of Cecal Contents in the Chicken
Authors: Morishita Yoshiyuki , Mitsuoka Tomotari 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTA study was made to clarify what kinds of intestinal organisms might be responsible for controlling the populations of Escherichia coli and Streptococcus faecalis var. liquefaciens in the cecum and the consistency of the cecal contents of chickens. Germ‐free chickens were inoculated orally with various mixtures of bacterial cultures alone or in combination, different dilutions of the cecal contents of chickens, different dilutions of the cecal contents treated by heating or with chloroform, the supernatant of diluted cecal contents, and dilutions of human feces. Factors controlling the E. coli population, enterococcal population, and consistency of the cecal contents were shown to be independent of one another. The ecosystem controlling the E. coli or enterococcal population was more complex than that controlling the consistency of the cecal contents. The former was composed of anaerobic and facultatively anaerobic bacteria isolated and heat‐ or chloroform‐resistant organisms, and the latter of heat‐ or chloroform‐resistant organisms alone, which were inferred not to be prevailing in the cecal contents of chickens. Discussion is made on ecological systems controlling the intestinal flora.
Purification and Properties of Glucose‐6‐Phosphate Dehydrogenase from Bacillus subtilis Spores
Authors: Tanahashi Takako , Tochikubo Kunio , Hachisuka Yoetsu 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTGlucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase [d‐glucose‐6‐phosphate: NADP oxidoreductase, EC. 1. 1. 1. 49] obtained from spores of Bacillus subtilis PCI 219 strain was partially purified by filtration on Sephadex G‐200, ammonium sulfate fractionation and chromatography on DEAE‐Sephadex A‐25 (about 54‐fold). The optimum pH for stability of this enzyme was about 6.3 and the optimum pH for the reaction about 8.3. The apparent Km values of the enzyme were 5.7 × 10–4 M for glucose‐6‐phosphate and 2.4 × 10–4 M for nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP). The isoelectric point was about pH 3.9. The enzyme activity was unaffected by the addition of Mg++ or Ca++. The inactive glucoses‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase obtained from the spores heated at 85 C for 30 min was not reactivated by the addition of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, dipicolinic acid or some salts unlike inactive glucose dehydrogenase.
Persistent High Numbers of Clostridium perfringens in the Intestines of Japanese Aged Adults
Authors: Yamagishi Takayoshi , Serikawa Toshihiko , Morita Ryoko , Nakamura Shinichi , Nishida Shoki 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTTSN agar was applicable for enumeration of Clostridium perfringens in fecal samples of adults but not in those of infants. It was demonstrated using TSN agar that some healthy aged adults had persistently carried C. perfringens at levels ranging from 107 to 109, while some others ranged from 103 to 106 per ml volume of fecal sample although all of these adults had the same diets. In the test for agglutinability of isolates of C. perfringens collected from two elderly adults, a younger adult and a baby, it was demonstrated that most of the isolates obtained from an aged adult of high levels for 19 months belonged the same serotype, while rapid alteration of serotypes could be observed in three other persons with high or low levels. In spite of as many as 109 C. perfringens per ml of feces, no trace of α‐toxin could be detected in the fecal samples. In in vitro tests, fecal suspension suppressed the production of α‐toxin although it allowed the organism to grow sufficiently.