bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Analysis of the Steps in Single‐Molecule Photobleaching Traces by Using the Hidden Markov Model and Maximum‐Likelihood Clustering
Authors: Yuan Jinghe , He Kangmin , Cheng Ming , Yu Jianqiang , Fang Xiaohong 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThe step analysis of single‐molecule photobleaching data offers a new approach for studying protein stoichiometry under physiological conditions. As such, it is important to develop suitable algorithms that can accurately extract the step events from the noisy single‐molecule data. Herein, we report a HMM method that combines maximum‐likelihood clustering for initializing the emission‐probability distribution of the HMMs with an extended silhouette clustering criterion for estimating the state number of single molecules. In this way, the limitations of standard HMM in terms of processing typical single‐molecule data with a short sequence are overcome. By using this method, the number and time points of the step events are automatically determined, without the introduction of any subjectivity. Simulation experiments on the experimental photobleaching data indicate that our method is very effective and robust in the analysis of single‐molecule fluorescence photobleaching curves if the signal/noise ratio is larger than 2:1. This method was employed for processing photobleaching data that were obtained from single‐molecule fluorescence imaging of transforming growth factor typeII receptors on a cell surface. This method is also expected to be applicable to the analysis of other stepwise events.
Modern Synthetic Tools Toward the Preparation of Sophisticated Phthalocyanine‐Based Photoactive Systems
Authors: Ragoussi Maria‐Eleni , Torres Tomás 
Published: July 2014

AbstractPhthalocyanines are ideal components in a variety of electronic applications due to their extraordinary photophysical characteristics combined with their synthetic versatility and robustness. They have attracted substantial attention in recent decades and are now established building blocks of sophisticated molecular materials. Synthetically, a great deal of this progress is attributed to the use of modern synthetic tools, which gave rise to phthalocyanine‐based systems that could not have been envisaged in the past. In particular, Pd‐catalyzed cross‐coupling reactions, together with other transition‐metal‐catalyzed procedures, “click” chemistry, and ruthenium metathesis have been employed extensively en route to an abundant range of elaborate phthalocyanine mono‐ and multicomponent photoactive architectures. Herein, we describe the synthesis of a selection of key examples that are representative in certain optoelectronic applications.
Enhanced production of d‐lactic acid by Sporolactobacillus sp.Y2–8 mutant generated by atmospheric and room temperature plasma
Authors: Sun Jiaduo , Wang Yan , Wu Bin , Bai Zhongzhong , He Bingfang 
Published: July 2014

AbstractTo improve the production of d‐lactic acid, atmospheric and room temperature plasma (ARTP) was used to generate mutations in Sporolactobacillus sp. Y2–8. An efficient mutant YBS1–5 was rapidly isolated by implanting ARTP twice with a 100 W radio‐frequency power input, 10 standard liters per minute of the helium flow, and a 2 mm treatment distance. Significant improvement of d‐lactic acid productivity (1.39 g L−1 H−1) by YBS1–5 was achieved, and it was 41.84% higher than the productivity (0.98 g L−1 H−1) of Y2–8. Moreover, the dry cell weight of YBS1–5 was 16.7% higher than that of Y2–8. Metabolic activities of concerned substrates related with key enzymes of d‐lactic acid fermentation were analyzed by Biolog approach. Results showed that the activities of the key enzymes glucokinase and d‐lactate dehydrogenase in mutant YBS1–5 were increased by approximately 45% and 66%, respectively, in comparison with those of the strain Y2–8. Fed‐batch fermentation further improved the productivity; 127 g L−1 d‐lactic acid in 74 H by YBS1–5 with higher productivity (1.72 g L−1 H−1) was achieved. The subculture experiments indicated that YBS1–5 was genetically stable after eight generations.
Synthetisch gebundene offenporige Zwischenschichten zur gezielten Temperierung von Straßen im Winter
Authors: Schacht Andreas , Munk Maximilian , Busen Christian , Oeser Markus 
Published: July 2014

AbstractVerkehr ist ein wesentlicher Bestandteil einer modernen Gesellschaft. Der Transport von Waren auf der Straße stellt den mit Abstand größten Teil der Verkehrsleistung dar, sodass dieser jederzeit durch geeignete Verfahren, auch unter ungünstigen Wetterverhältnissen in den Wintermonaten, aufrecht zu erhalten ist. Eine Möglichkeit ist die Temperierung von Asphaltbefestigungen mithilfe eines Fluids, wodurch den maßgebenden Unfallursachen im Winter, wie beispielsweise Glätte durch Regen/Schnee/Eis, die einen erheblichen volkswirtschaftlichen Schaden durch Verkehrsbehinderung verursachen, entgegengewirkt wird.Die gezielte Temperierung der Asphaltbefestigung in den Wintermonaten ist keine neue Erfindung. Derzeit wird die Temperierung üblicherweise mittels eines in die Asphaltbefestigung eingebauten Rohrregisters, welches von einem Fluid durchflossen wird, ermöglicht. Doch haben Rohrsysteme im Asphalt Nachteile in der Verarbeitung und in ihrer wirtschaftlichen Bereitstellung. Daher wurde in den vorliegenden Untersuchungen der Einsatz einer offenporigen Asphaltzwischenschicht, die ähnlich dem o. g. Konzept von einem Fluid zwecks Temperierung durchflossen wird, grundlegend betrachtet. Hierbei wurde insbesondere der Einsatz synthetisch gebundener Zwischenschichten untersucht. Gegenstand der Untersuchungen sind neben der bautechnischen Umsetzbarkeit derartiger Zwischenschichten auch Aspekte hinsichtlich der Dauerhaftigkeit, des Verformungsverhaltens, der Wasserdurchlässigkeit und der thermischen Wirksamkeit des Konzeptes.Application of porous interlayer for targeted road temperature controlTraffic is an essential component of modern society. The transportation of goods on roads represents by far the biggest part of the traffic capacity; as a result, this must always be maintained through appropriate procedures, also under unfavourable weather conditions in the winter season. One possible way is the temperature control of the surface with a kind of liquid. With this method, the decisive accident causes in winter, such as slipperiness through rain, snow and ice, which result in great economic damage through hindering the transport, can be counteracted. The conception of temperature control on asphalt road is not brand‐new. At the moment, the temperature control is typically achieved by installing tubes assembly, in which a kind of liquid flows. However, the tube system has disadvantages in fabrication and the economical provision. Therefore in this research the concept of porous asphalt interlayer was considered, which is similar to the above method flow through with a liquid. Apart from the porous asphalt interlayer, further applications with polyurethane binding interlayer were investigated. Objects of the investigation were the construction practicability of this porous interlayer and the aspects of durability, deformation behavior, water permeability and the thermal effectiveness of this concept.
Entwicklung verschleißarmer Fahrbahnübergänge
Authors: Lachinger Stefan , Spielhofer Roland , Strauss Alfred , Zimmermann Thomas , Kleiser Michael 
Published: July 2014

AbstractDurch ihre Position im Bauwerk werden Fahrbahnübergangskonstruktionen an Brücken hochdynamisch belastet. Zudem treten in den letzten Jahren aufgrund der Altersstruktur vermehrt Sanierungen in den Vordergrund. Ziel des Forschungsprojektes EVAF – Entwicklung verschleißarmer Fahrbahnübergänge – ist es, ausgehend von einer Analyse der Einwirkungen und der daraus resultierenden Schäden, Lösungsansätze für robuste, wartungsarme bzw. mit geringem Aufwand instand zu setzende Technologien für Fahrbahnübergangskonstruktionen zu finden. Das Projekt wird in einer Auftragnehmergemeinschaft von der MAGEBA GmbH, der Universität für Bodenkultur (BOKU) und vom Austrian Institute of Technology (AIT) durchgeführt.In einem ersten Beitrag wurden die Ergebnisse der Schadenserhebung und Sensitivitätsanalysen an Fahrbahnübergangskonstruktionen (FÜK) gezeigt. Dieser Beitrag stellt die Ergebnisse der mobilen Datenerfassung von FÜK sowie der Analyse dynamischer Einwirkungen durch Fahrbahnunebenheiten vor.Development of low‐wear road expansion joints – Research project EVAF – Mobile collection of data – Analysis of dynamic impactsRoad expansion joints are dynamically high loaded structural elements due to their exposed position. Repair and maintenance actions on road expansion joints have become more and more important over the last years. Goal of the research project EVAF – Development of low‐wear road expansion joints – is, based on analysis of the impact and resulting damages, the development of solutions for robust and low‐maintenance road expansion joints. The project is carried out in collaboration between the industrial partner Mageba and the research partners AIT (Austrian Institute of Technology) and the University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences in Vienna.A first publication about the project in this journal showed the results of damage evaluation and sensitivity analysis. This publication presents the results from the mobile collection of data and the numerical evaluation of the dynamic impact on road expansion joints.
Gebäudehüllen – Wie weiter?
Authors: Sobek Werner 
Published: July 2014

AbstractDas Bauwesen trägt einen wesentlichen Anteil am aktuellen Ressourcenverbrauch und den daraus resultierenden Umweltfolgen. In den vergangenen Jahren gab es zwar wichtige Schritte hin zu mehr Energieeffizienz in der Gebäudehülle – die bislang für die energetische Sanierung verwendeten Maßnahmen sind aber viel zu ressourcen‐ und kostenintensiv, als dass sie in der erforderlichen Zeit tatsächlich durchgeführt werden könnten. Neben der Suche nach alternativen Lösungen muss auch eine Änderung der Bezugsgröße in Angriff genommen werden – es muss nicht nur der Energieverbrauch pro Quadratmeter, sondern auch (und v. a.) der pro Kopf betrachtet und bewertet werden. Dieser Paradigmenwechsel ist eine wichtige Ergänzung der technischen Entwicklungen, die im Bereich der Gebäudehüllen zu verzeichnen sind. Diverse Neuerungen zeigen, wie sich unsere Gebäudehüllen entwickeln können, um künftigen Anforderungen an Komfort, Effizienz und Ressourceneinsparung gerecht zu werden.
Elastische Lagerung von Gebäuden zum Schutz vor Einwirkungen aus Schienenverkehr
Authors: Appel Silke , Biskup Michael 
Published: July 2014

AbstractIn Berlin‐Grunewald, auf dem Gelände des ehemaligen Güterbahnhofs, erfolgte die Planung und Errichtung einer Vielzahl hochwertiger drei‐ bzw. viergeschossiger Ein‐ und Mehrfamilienhäuser. Die Neubauten weisen hierbei teilweise sehr geringe Abstände zu den noch in Betrieb befindlichen Gleisanlagen nördlich des Baugrundstückes auf. Im Zuge von messtechnischen und rechnerischen Untersuchungen wurden für eine Reihe der von privaten Investoren geplanten Gebäude die infolge des Schienenverkehrs zu erwartenden Schwingungsimmissionen und sekundären Luftschalleinträge prognostiziert. Anhand von numerischen Simulationen erfolgte die Dimensionierung von Schwingungsminderungsmaßnahmen in Form konstruktiver Aussteifungen bzw. elastischer Lagerungen der Bauwerke. Für die effektive Dimensionierung einer elastischen Gebäudelagerung müssen Parameter wie die Nachgiebigkeit des anstehenden Untergrundes, das Schwingungsverhalten des Bauwerkes sowie die elastischen Eigenschaften der verwendeten Materialien Berücksichtigung finden. Durchgeführte Schwingungsmessungen in zwei der errichteten Einfamilienhäuser gaben Aufschluss über den Erfolg der getroffenen Maßnahmen. So konnte nachgewiesen werden, dass mithilfe einer detailliert geplanten elastischen Gebäudelagerung die Schwingungs‐ und folgend auch die sekundären Luftschallimmissionen um mehr als 12 dB reduziert werden konnten.Elastic bedding of buildings for protection against emissions from railroad trafficIn Berlin‐Grunewald, on the area of a former freight depot, a large number of premium three‐floor or four‐floor houses or apartment buildings was planned and erected.Some of the new buildings are very close to the railroad line which is located to the north of the building site. For a number of buildings, measurements and calculative analyses were carried out in order to predict the impact of vibrations and secondary airborne sound due to railway traffic. By means of numeric simulations, vibration isolation measures were dimensioned in the form of structural reinforcements or elastic bedding of the construction. For an effective design of elastic bedding measures, parameters to be considered are e. g. the soil resilience, the construction's vibrational behavior, and the elastic properties of the materials. Vibration measurements in two of the one‐family buildings could be used in order to quantify the success of measures. Thus, evidence was provided that with the detailed planning of elastic beddings, the vibration immission as well as the secondary airborne sound could be reduced by more than 12 dB.
Erfolgreicher Einsatz von pultrudierten GFK‐Profilen in Architektur und Ingenieurbau auf Grundlage der ersten Allgemeinen Bauaufsichtlichen Zulassung
Authors: Oppe Matthias , Trumpf Heiko 
Published: July 2014

AbstractDie Firma Fiberline Composites A/S hat im Dezember 2011 die Allgemeine Bauaufsichtliche Zulassung Z‐10.9‐299 für pultrudierte glasfaserverstärkte Kunststoffprofile (GFK‐Profile) vom Deutschen Institut für Bautechnik in Berlin erlangt. Weitreichende theoretische Untersuchungen und umfangreiche Versuchsreihen bilden die Grundlage dieser Zulassung. Architekten und Ingenieure können nun direkt eine breite Palette an GFK‐Konstruktionsprofilen im Hoch‐ und Ingenieurbau einsetzen. Experimentelle Untersuchungen und eine gutachterliche Stellungnahme bzw. Zustimmung im Einzelfall (ZiE) sowie eine projektbezogene Fremdüberwachung sind nicht mehr erforderlich. Bestandteil der Allgemeinen Bauaufsichtlichen Zulassung ist neben umfangreichen Angaben zu den Materialkennwerten ein umfassendes Bemessungskonzept mit normativem Charakter. In den vergangenen Jahren wurden bereits diverse Projekte auf Grundlage dieser Allgemeinen Bauaufsichtlichen Zulassung erfolgreich umgesetzt. Im Fokus dieses Beitrags stehen die Vorstellung des Bemessungskonzeptes auf der Grundlage dieser Allgemeinen Bauaufsichtlichen Zulassung, erweiterte Berechnungsansätze und die Vorstellung bereits in Deutschland umgesetzter ausgewählter Projekte.Successful implementation of pultruded (GFRP) profiles in architecture and civil engineering based on the first official general technical approvalPultruded Glass Fibre Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) profiles developed by the firm Fiberline Composites A/S were granted a general technical approval (no. Z‐10.9‐299) by the German Institute for Building Technology in Berlin in December 2011. This approval is based on extensive theoretical analysis as well as a series of rigorous experiments. Architects and engineers are now able to implement a wide variety of GFRP profiles within the construction and civil engineering fields without the need for elaborate experimental investigations or experts' appraisals, or requiring explicit individual approvals or external monitoring of projects. The technical approval is subject not only to extensive information of material characteristics and properties, but also to a comprehensive design concept based on relevant codes and standards. Several diverse projects have been successfully completed in recent years due to the issuing of the general technical approval. This article focuses on the underlying design concept developed based on this technical approval, extended design checks as well as showcases of some selected national projects realized in Germany.
Diethyl Tartrate Linked Chiral Macrocyclic Manganese(III)–Salen Complex for Enantioselective Epoxidation of Olefins and Oxidative Kinetic Resolution of Racemic Secondary Alcohols
Authors: Maity Nabin Ch. , Kumar Bera Prasanta , Saravanan S. , Abdi Sayed H. R. , Kureshy Rukhsana I. , Khan Noor‐ul H. , Bajaj Hari C. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractA diethyl tartrate linked chiral macrocyclic manganese(III)–salen (salen=N,N′‐ethylenebis(salicylimine)) complex has been used for the enantioselective epoxidation of nonfunctionalized alkenes, namely, indene and chromenes, as well as oxidative kinetic resolution of racemic alcohols. For the epoxidation reaction, a 2.5 mol % catalyst loading in the presence of pyridine N‐oxide as an axial ligand and urea–H2O2 adduct as an oxidant gave respective epoxides in high yield (>97 %) and enantiomeric excess (ee, up to 92 %). The same catalyst at a loading of 1.5 mol % has provided enantioenriched (ee up to 97 %) secondary alcohols through oxidative kinetic resolution of racemic alcohols. The catalyst can be recovered and reused up to four times with no loss in performance.
Links between sediment structures and ecological processes in the hyporheic zone: ground‐penetrating radar as a non‐invasive tool to detect subsurface biologically active zones
Authors: Mermillod‐Blondin Florian , Winiarski Thierry , Foulquier Arnaud , Perrissin Anne , Marmonier Pierre 
Published: July 2014

AbstractAt the scale of geomorphological units (riffles, pools, and gravel bars), the contribution of the hyporheic zone to the functioning of streams and rivers depends on the hydrological exchanges between surface water and groundwater. These exchanges are largely controlled by sediment structure and texture, which are difficult to assess with classical methods (shovelling and freeze coring). We aimed to evaluate the ability of a non‐destructive method, ground‐penetrating radar (GPR), to detect sediment structures associated with subsurface biologically active zones in a gravel‐bed river. After GPR data acquisition and processing, a three‐dimensional reconstruction of a gravel bar permitted the identification of two sediment facies: a cobble/gravel lithofacies denoted as ‘coarse’ and a sand/gravel lithofacies denoted as ‘fine’. We installed piezometers along two longitudinal profiles (each corresponding to a lithofacies identified by GPR) and monitored hydraulic head and temperature for 20 days. Water and sediments were sampled along the two profiles to measure water physicochemistry, sediment characteristics, bacterial abundance and activity, and interstitial invertebrate assemblages. These measurements confirmed that the two profiles were characterized by distinct hydrological flow rates and associated biological activities. Rapid water transport in the coarse profile fuelled the hyporheic zone with organic matter, whereas water and organic matter supplies were lower in the fine profile. Consequently, the higher supply of organic matter in the coarse profile was associated with higher microbial activities and invertebrate density and diversity. Therefore, GPR could be an efficient tool to detect the sediment features playing a key role in hyporheic zone functioning. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Role of Residual Charges in the Interaction between NpO2+ and Th4+ Cations: Spectrophotometric and Computational Studies
Authors: Verma Parveen Kumar , Pathak Priyanath , Bhattacharyya Arunasis , Prabhu Dattaprasad Ravaji , Ghanty Tapan Kumar , Mohapatra Prasanta Kumar 
Published: July 2014

AbstractSpectrophotometric investigations have been carried out in order to understand the interaction of NpO2+ (8.5 × 10–5 M) with Th4+ under varying conditions of nitric acid (1–6 M HNO3), thorium concentrations (up to 0.86 M), and temperature (293–343 K). These studies show the appearance of the signature peak of NpIV (ca. 964 nm) in addition to those responsible for the NpO2+ species (980 nm) and the NpO2+–Th4+ complex (ca. 994 nm). The intensity of the NpIV peak increases with increasing temperature, while that of the NpV peak decreases. The Th interaction is noticed at higher ThIV concentrations, which explains the reason for neglecting the NpV–NpIV interactions. The variation of the stability constant data with temperature suggests both exothermic (at low acidity) and endothermic nature of interactions. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations have shown that the NpO2+–Th4+ interaction is stronger than that of the NpO2+–UO22+ one, which has been attributed to high positive charge on the Th4+ ions.
The Side Chain Makes the Difference: Investigation of the 2D Self‐Assembly of 1,3,5‐Tris[4‐(4‐pyridinyl)phenyl]benzene Derivatives by Scanning Tunneling Microscopy
Authors: Trawny Daniel , Vandromme Lucie , Rabe Jürgen P. , Reissig Hans‐Ulrich 
Published: July 2014

AbstractFlexible and straightforward syntheses of a series of D3h‐ or C3h‐symmetrical star‐shaped compounds with pyridine end groups are reported. In all cases, the acid‐mediated cyclocondensations of the corresponding aryl methyl ketone provided the central benzene ring. For the preceding preparation of the functionalized compound arms, Suzuki couplings were applied. The crucial introduction of the pyridine C‐2 and C‐6 substituents occurred by Fe(acac)3‐catalyzed alkylations (acac = acetylacetonate). The preparation of the C3‐symmetrical compound involved an alternating sequence of halogenations and coupling reactions. The self‐assembly behavior of the four resulting star‐shaped compounds at the interface between 1‐phenyloctane and the basal plane of highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) was studied by scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM). We found self‐assembled monolayers with structures strongly dependent on the substitution patterns of the investigated compounds. The reduction of the symmetry from a D3h‐ to a C3h‐symmetrical compound led to an entirely different self‐assembly behavior with the change from a hexagonal to a lamellar arrangement.
Dealing with transgene flow of crop protection traits from crops to their relatives
Authors: Gressel Jonathan 
Published: July 2014

AbstractGenes regularly move within species, to/from crops, as well as to their con‐ specific progenitors, feral and weedy forms (‘vertical’ gene flow). Genes occasionally move to/from crops and their distantly related, hardly sexually interbreeding relatives, within a genus or among closely related genera (diagonal gene flow). Regulators have singled out transgene flow as an issue, yet non‐transgenic herbicide resistance traits pose equal problems, which cannot be mitigated. The risks are quite different from genes flowing to natural (wild) ecosystems versus ruderal and agroecosystems. Transgenic herbicide resistance poses a major risk if introgressed into weedy relatives; disease and insect resistance less so. Technologies have been proposed to contain genes within crops (chloroplast transformation, male sterility) that imperfectly prevent gene flow by pollen to the wild. Containment does not prevent related weeds from pollinating crops. Repeated backcrossing with weeds as pollen parents results in gene establishment in the weeds. Transgenic mitigation relies on coupling crop protection traits in a tandem construct with traits that lower the fitness of the related weeds. Mitigation traits can be morphological (dwarfing, no seed shatter) or chemical (sensitivity to a chemical used later in a rotation). Tandem mitigation traits are genetically linked and will move together. Mitigation traits can also be spread by inserting them in multicopy transposons which disperse faster than the crop protection genes in related weeds. Thus, there are gene flow risks mainly to weeds from some crop protection traits; risks that can and should be dealt with. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry