bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Family Control, Regulatory Environment, and the Growth of Entrepreneurial Firms: International Evidence
Authors: Chen Qiu , Hou Wenxuan , Li Wanli , Wilson Craig , Wu Zhenyu 
Published: March 2014

AbstractManuscript TypeEmpiricalResearch IssueWe investigate the joint effects of family control and the regulatory environment on entrepreneurial growth through the lens of socio‐emotional wealth (SEW) theory.Research FindingsTaking into consideration both economic and non‐economic goals of entrepreneurial firms, measured by sales growth and employment growth respectively, we find that, compared to their non‐family‐controlled counterparts, family‐controlled firms tend to have lower sales growth rates, but higher employment growth rates. Furthermore, less favorable regulatory environments reduce both sales and workforce growth rates to a greater extent for family‐controlled firms than for non‐family‐controlled firms.Theoretical/Academic ImplicationsWe add to the corporate governance and family business management literature by documenting that the regulatory environment moderates the corporate governance effect of family control on the economic and non‐economic goals of family‐controlled firms. The findings also contribute to the family business management literature by enriching and providing strong evidence in favor of the SEW theory through our exploration of the moderating role that macro‐governance plays in the family control‐SEW relation. This research also makes contributions to the entrepreneurship literature, laying a foundation for future empirical studies on entrepreneurial growth by separating its economic from its non‐economic dimensions.Practitioner/Policy ImplicationsOur findings provide practical implications for both policy makers and entrepreneurs. They not only help entrepreneurs better understand growth strategies in various macro‐governance settings, but also provide governments and policymakers with potential policy implications to encourage entrepreneurial and economic growth. Policies that improve the macro‐governance environment can help family firms to prosper by contributing to their economic and non‐economic growth, both of which are important for economic development.
Computer‐aided classification of breast masses in mammogram images based on spherical wavelet transform and support vector machines
Authors: Görgel Pelin , Sertbas Ahmet , Uçan Osman Nuri 
Published: March 2014

AbstractBreast cancer can be effectively detected and diagnosed using the technology of digital mammography. However, although this technology has been rapidly developing recently, suspicious regions cannot be detected in some cases by radiologists, because of the noise or inappropriate mammogram contrast. This study presents a classification of segmented region of interests (ROIs) as either benign or malignant to serve as a second eye of the radiologists. Our study consists of three steps. In the first step, spherical wavelet transform (SWT) is applied to the original ROIs. In the second step, shape, boundary and grey level based features of wavelet (detail) and scaling (approximation) coefficients are extracted. Finally, in the third step, malignant/benign classification of the masses is implemented by giving the feature matrices to a support vector machine system. The proposed system achieves 91.4% and 90.1% classification accuracy using the dataset acquired from the hospital of Istanbul University in Turkey and the free Mammographic Image Analysis Society, respectively. Furthermore, discrete wavelet transform, which produces 83.3% classification accuracy, is applied to the coefficients to make a comparison with the SWT method.
Biomass changes and trophic amplification of plankton in a warmer ocean
Authors: Chust Guillem , Allen J. Icarus , Bopp Laurent , Schrum Corinna , Holt Jason , Tsiaras Kostas , Zavatarelli Marco , Chifflet Marina , Cannaby Heather , Dadou Isabelle , Daewel Ute , Wakelin Sarah L. , Machu Eric , Pushpadas Dhanya , Butenschon Momme , Artioli Yuri , Petihakis George , Smith Chris , Garçon Veronique , Goubanova Katerina , Le Vu Briac , Fach Bettina A. , Salihoglu Baris , Clementi Emanuela , Irigoien Xabier 
Published: March 2014

AbstractOcean warming can modify the ecophysiology and distribution of marine organisms, and relationships between species, with nonlinear interactions between ecosystem components potentially resulting in trophic amplification. Trophic amplification (or attenuation) describe the propagation of a hydroclimatic signal up the food web, causing magnification (or depression) of biomass values along one or more trophic pathways. We have employed 3‐D coupled physical‐biogeochemical models to explore ecosystem responses to climate change with a focus on trophic amplification. The response of phytoplankton and zooplankton to global climate‐change projections, carried out with the IPSL Earth System Model by the end of the century, is analysed at global and regional basis, including European seas (NE Atlantic, Barents Sea, Baltic Sea, Black Sea, Bay of Biscay, Adriatic Sea, Aegean Sea) and the Eastern Boundary Upwelling System (Benguela). Results indicate that globally and in Atlantic Margin and North Sea, increased ocean stratification causes primary production and zooplankton biomass to decrease in response to a warming climate, whilst in the Barents, Baltic and Black Seas, primary production and zooplankton biomass increase. Projected warming characterized by an increase in sea surface temperature of 2.29 ± 0.05 °C leads to a reduction in zooplankton and phytoplankton biomasses of 11% and 6%, respectively. This suggests negative amplification of climate driven modifications of trophic level biomass through bottom‐up control, leading to a reduced capacity of oceans to regulate climate through the biological carbon pump. Simulations suggest negative amplification is the dominant response across 47% of the ocean surface and prevails in the tropical oceans; whilst positive trophic amplification prevails in the Arctic and Antarctic oceans. Trophic attenuation is projected in temperate seas. Uncertainties in ocean plankton projections, associated to the use of single global and regional models, imply the need for caution when extending these considerations into higher trophic levels.
Impacts of differing community composition on flowering phenology throughout warm temperate, cool temperate and xeric environments
Authors: Park Isaac W. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractAimsFlowering phenology is well documented to restrict the distribution of many plant species. However, community‐level shifts in flowering time may occur either through exclusion of species with unsuitably early or late flowering for local conditions (composition‐derived phenological shifts) or through intraspecific phenological responses to climate variations over space. Although these mechanisms have quite different ecological implications, the relative contribution of composition‐derived phenological shifts remains largely unknown. Therefore, determining the magnitude of composition‐derived phenological variation is crucial for understanding the relationship between phenology and community assemblage over space, and for predicting the impacts of future climate change. This study will evaluate the contributions of compositional differences to spatial variation in community‐level flowering times throughout the early, mid and late portions of the growing season and across a variety of temperate environments.LocationContinental United States.MethodsThis study develops novel herbarium‐based methods to separate intraspecific phenological variations over space from changes in flowering time derived from differences in community composition.ResultsAlthough typically smaller than intraspecific variations, composition‐derived shifts in flowering time explained up to 49.3% of overall phenological variation. Composition‐derived changes in flowering time among late‐flowering species also explained the greatest proportion of overall variation and were the most responsive to differing climate conditions. Xeric regions also exhibited composition‐derived phenological shifts that were stronger and more closely tied to climate conditions (R2 up to 0.553) than other regions.Main conclusionsThese results indicate that interspecific differences in flowering time play a significant role in determining the composition of the plant community over space. However, the impact of flowering phenology on community assemblage varies considerably among seasons and climate regions, and appears to be strongest among xeric regions and among late‐flowering species.
Study on Water‐Rock Interactions of Trace Elements in Groundwater with Leaching Experiments
Authors: Yu Z. , Zhang L. , Jiang P. , Papelis C. , Li Y. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractMeasurements of trace elements leached from host rocks can indicate the source of flowing groundwater and provide the host rock's fingerprint information that may be useful in understanding the mixing patterns of different groundwaters and flowpaths. In this study, the leaching characteristics of three widely‐distributed aquifer host rocks in Southern Nevada were investigated through leaching experiments of 13 trace elements under different experimental conditions (leaching time, pH, grain size, and rock mineralogy). The fraction of leached trace elements from different aquifer host rocks was calculated for examining the water‐rock interaction in different conditions. The effect of host rock mineralogy on leachate composition was examined, which could provide useful information about groundwater source. Solute speciation and saturation indices were simulated using geochemical modeling to further explore the redistribution and leaching process of trace elements.
Gluten‐free spaghetti made with chickpea, unripe plantain and maize flours: functional and chemical properties and starch digestibility
Authors: Flores‐Silva Pamela C. , Berrios Jose De J. , Pan James , Osorio‐Díaz Perla , Bello‐Pérez Luis A. 
Published: March 2014

SummaryThe development of gluten‐free spaghetti with a low amount of glycaemic carbohydrate was investigated. The goal of this study was to determine the chemical composition, cooking quality and starch digestibility of gluten‐free spaghetti elaborated with mixtures of chickpea, unripe plantain and maize flours. The gluten‐free spaghetti presented a higher protein, fat and ash content than the control semolina spaghetti. The solid loss among all the gluten‐free spaghetti was in the range of 10.04–10.91% and not significantly different from each other. These values were almost at the limit of acceptability to be considered as good cooking quality. Total starch in the gluten‐free spaghetti was lower than the control spaghetti. The lower available starch (AS) and higher resistant starch contents in the gluten‐free spaghetti were associated with their lower rate of hydrolysis and predicted glycaemic index. There is a potential for developing gluten‐free spaghetti with reduced amount of glycaemic carbohydrates from unconventional food ingredients such as chickpea, unripe plantain and maize flours.
Acceptability of different caries management methods for primary molars in a RCT
Authors: Santamaria Ruth M. , Innes Nicola P.T. , Machiulskiene Vita , Evans Dafydd J.P. , Alkilzy Mohammad , Splieth Christian H. 
Published: March 2014

BackgroundMore conservative techniques for managing dental caries including ‘partial’ and ‘no caries removal’ have been increasingly of interest.AimTo compare children's behaviour and pain perception, also technique acceptability (parents and dentists), when approximal dentinal lesions (ICDAS 3–5) in primary molars (3–8‐year‐olds) were managed with three treatment strategies; conventional restorations (CR), hall technique (HT), and non‐restorative caries treatment (NRCT).DesignSecondary care‐based, three‐arm parallel‐group, randomised controlled trial, with 169 participants treated by 12 dentists. Outcome measures: child's pain perception (Visual Analogue Scale of Faces); behaviour (Frankl scale); and parents' and dentists' treatment opinions (5‐point Likert scales).ResultsChildren showed more negative behaviour in the CR group (37%) compared to NRCT (21%) and HT (13%) (P = 0.047, CI = 0.41 to 0.52). Pain intensity was rated ‘very low’ or ‘low’ in 88% NRCT, 81% HT, and 72% CR (P = 0.11, CI = 0.10 to 0.12). NRCT and HT were ‘very easy’ or ‘easy’ to perform for >77% of dentists, compared to 50% in CR group (P < 0.000). There were no statistically significant differences in parents' rating of their child's level of comfort (P = 0.46, CI = 0.45 to 0.48).ConclusionsDentists reported more negative behaviour in CR group. For all techniques, children's pain perception and dentist/parent acceptability were similar.
School bus routing—a column generation approach
Authors: Kinable J. , Spieksma F.C.R. , Vanden Berghe G. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThe School Bus Routing Problem (SBRP), a generalization of the well‐known Vehicle Routing Problem, involves the routing, planning, and scheduling of public school bus transportation. The problem can be divided into several subproblems, including bus stop selection, assigning students to buses, and determining the bus routes. This work presents an exact branch‐and‐price framework for the SBRP, with a strong emphasis on efficiency issues inherently related to column generation (CG). Experiments are conducted on a set of 128 SBRP instances. Many of these instances are solved optimally; for the remaining instances, strong lower bounds have been derived. Furthermore, better integer solutions were found for a number of instances reported in the literature. Both lower bounds computed on the optimum solution and stabilization added to the CG procedure significantly improved computation times.
Photoluminescence Properties of Color‐Tunable Ca3La6(SiO4)6: Ce3+, Tb3+ Phosphors
Authors: Lin Hsin‐Cheng , Yang Che‐Yuan , Das Subrata , Lu Chung‐Hsin 
Published: March 2014

A series of newly developed color‐tunable Ca3La6(SiO4)6: Ce3+, Tb3+ phosphors were successfully prepared in this study. The crystal structures of the prepared phosphors were revealed to be hexagonal with space group P63/m, and the lattice parameters were evaluated via utilizing the Rietveld refinement method. Upon excitation at 288 nm, the emission spectra of Ce3+and Tb3+ ions co‐doped Ca3La6(SiO4)6 phosphors included a blue emission band and several emission lines. The blue emission band with a peak at 420 nm originated in the f–d transitions of Ce3+ ions, and the emission lines in the range of 450–650 nm were assigned to the 5D4 → 7FJ (J = 6, 5, 4, 3) transitions of Tb3+ ions. Increasing the doping content of Tb3+ ions considerably strengthened Tb3+ emission and reduced Ce3+ emission owing to the energy transfer from Ce3+ to Tb3+ ions. The mechanism of the energy transfer was confirmed to be a dipole–dipole interaction. The effective energy transfer from Ce3+ to Tb3+ ions caused a color shift from purplish‐blue to yellowish‐green. Color‐tunable Ca3La6(SiO4)6: Ce3+, Tb3+ phosphors have the potential to be utilized in light‐emitting diodes with proper modulation of the amount of Tb3+ ions.
Selfing, adaptation and background selection in finite populations
Authors: Kamran‐Disfani A. , Agrawal A. F. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractClassic deterministic genetic models of the evolution of selfing predict species should be either completely outcrossing or completely selfing. However, even species considered high selfers outcross to a small degree (e.g. Arabidopsis thaliana and Caenorhabditis elegans). This discrepancy between theory and data may exist because the classic models ignore the effects of drift interacting with selection, that is, Hill–Robertson effects. High selfing rates make the effective rate of recombination near zero, which is expected to cause the build‐up of negative disequilibria in finite populations. Despite the transmission advantage associated with complete selfing, low levels of outcrossing may be favoured because of the benefits of increasing the effective rate of recombination to dissipate negative disequilibria. Using multilocus simulations, we confirm that selfing reduces effective population size through background selection and causes negative disequilibria between selected sites. Consequently, the rate of adaptation is substantially reduced in strong selfers. When selfing rate is allowed to evolve, populations evolve to be either strong outcrossers or strong selfers, depending on the parameter values. Amongst selfers, low, but nonzero, levels of outcrossing can be maintained by selection even when all mutations are deleterious; more outcrossing is maintained with higher rates of deleterious mutation. The addition of beneficial mutations can (i) lead to a quantitative increase in the degree of outcrossing amongst stronger selfers but (ii) may cause outcrossing species to evolve into stronger selfers.
Sensory Evaluation of Impact of Wine Matrix on Red Wine Finish: A Preliminary Study
Authors: Baker Allison K. , Ross Carolyn F. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThis study examined the effect of wine finish, the lingering flavor after ingestion or expectoration of wine on acceptance of red wine as evaluated by an expert sensory panel. Specifically, influence of the wine matrix components on acceptance of wine finish was determined using dealcoholized Syrah adjusted to two ethanol and tannin concentrations, with added flavor compounds. High ethanol concentrations resulted in a longer duration of finish for bell pepper, coconut and floral notes. For wines spiked with floral and bell pepper flavor compounds, this longer finish was more acceptable compared to their low ethanol counterparts. Increased tannin resulted in a longer duration of finish for bell pepper only while the acceptability was significantly decreased for high tannin treatments spiked with all three of the flavors as compared with their low tannin counterparts. This new knowledge in the understudied area of wine finish provides winemakers with information about the importance of finish on wine acceptance and the influence of the wine matrix on finish.Practical ApplicationsWine finish, an understudied yet critical component of wine quality, was evaluated in Syrah. Varying the ethanol content extended the finish of all three flavor compounds tested. For floral and bell pepper flavor, this longer finish was related to increased acceptance. The results of this study provide wine makers with important information to further understand how their processing steps to adjust tannin and ethanol may affect the finish and ultimately the perceived quality of their wines.
Fission‐fusion dynamics of Guiana dolphin (Sotalia guianensis) groups at Pipa Bay, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
Authors: Lunardi Diana G. , Ferreira Renata G. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractFission‐fusion dynamics seem to reflect individual decisions as well as temporal and spatial variations in the organization of groups of the same species. To understand the group dynamics of the Guiana dolphin, Sotalia guianensis, at Pipa Bay, Brazil, we investigated the three dimensions of a fission‐fusion social system: (1) variation in spatial cohesion, (2) variation in party size, and (3) variation in party composition. Sampling took place from December 2007 to February 2009 over 176 d and we analyzed the behavioral patterns of 658 groups. Within subgroups, animals remained cohesive, particularly in groups of adults and calves. Greater cohesion was also observed during resting and fission‐fusion rates were higher during milling and feeding. Groups composed of adults and juveniles showed a higher dynamics index (group size variation as a function of time) than groups composed only of adults and the fission‐fusion rate was higher during dry periods. Guiana dolphin groups frequently changed their group size and composition every 20 min on average. Taking these factors into consideration, we suggest that the Guiana dolphin demonstrates fission‐fusion dynamics, a pattern of behavior similar to what has been observed in other coastal odontocete species, such as Tursiops spp. and Lagenorhynchus obscurus.
Improvement of enteral nutrition in intensive care unit patients by a nurse‐driven feeding protocol
Authors: Friesecke Sigrun , Schwabe Anna , Stecher Stephanie‐Susanne , Abel Peter 
Published: March 2014

ABSTRACTAims and objectivesTo examine whether early enteral nutrition (EN) of critically ill patients could be improved by a nurse‐driven implementation of an existing feeding protocol.DesignBefore and after design.MethodsResponsibility for starting and timely escalating EN – subject to physician's ordering before – was assigned to the intensive care unit (ICU) nursing staff. A short written instruction was extracted from the comprehensive standard operating procedure (SOP) for nutrition. The nursing team was trained to use this instruction; after completing the training they managed early EN autonomously.Time to start of enteral feeding and applied quantity in the first 5 ICU days were recorded prospectively for the patients treated during the following 6 months. The data were compared to a retrospectively analysed cohort from 6 months before, which was fed according to the SOP‐based prescription of the physician on duty.ResultsA total of 101 and 97 patients were included, respectively, before and after the intervention. Following intervention, enteral feeding started significantly earlier (28 ± 20 h versus 47 ± 34 h, p < 0·001), within 24 h in 64% versus 25% (p < 0·0001); and for each of the first 5 days, the proportion of patients meeting their nutritional goal was significantly higher.ConclusionsAssigning the responsibility for implementation of an existing SOP to the nursing team led to earlier start of enteral feeding and more frequent achievement of caloric targets in ICU patients.Relevance to clinical practiceAdherence to guidelines regarding early start and timely escalation of EN can be improved if ICU nursing staff is responsible for translating it into action with the help of a written algorithm.
Overexpression of S‐adenosyl‐l‐methionine synthetase increased tomato tolerance to alkali stress through polyamine metabolism
Authors: Gong Biao , Li Xiu , VandenLangenberg Kyle M. , Wen Dan , Sun Shasha , Wei Min , Li Yan , Yang Fengjuan , Shi Qinghua , Wang Xiufeng 
Published: March 2014

SummaryS‐adenosyl‐l‐methionine (SAM) synthetase is the key enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of SAM, which serves as a common precursor for polyamines (PAs) and ethylene. A SAM synthetase cDNA (SlSAMS1) was introduced into the tomato genome using the Agrobacterium tumefaciens transformation method. Transgenic plants overexpressing SlSAMS1 exhibited a significant increase in tolerance to alkali stress and maintained nutrient balance, higher photosynthetic capacity and lower oxidative stress compared with WT lines. Both in vivo and in vitro experiments indicated that the function of SlSAMS1 mainly depended on the accumulation of Spd and Spm in the transgenic lines. A grafting experiment showed that rootstocks from SlSAMS1‐overexpressing plants provided a stronger root system, increased PAs accumulation, essential elements absorption, and decreased Na+ absorption in the scions under alkali stress. As a result, fruit set and yield were significantly enhanced. To our knowledge, this is the first report to provide evidence that SlSAMS1 positively regulates tomato tolerance to alkali stress and plays a major role in modulating polyamine metabolism, resulting in maintainability of nutrient and ROS balance.