bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Trends in Emergency Department Visits for Unsupervised Pediatric Medication Exposures, 2004–2013
Authors: Lovegrove Maribeth C. , Weidle Nina J. , Budnitz Daniel S. 
Published: September 2015

BACKGROUND:
After reports of increasing emergency department (ED) visits for unsupervised pediatric medication exposures in the 2000s, renewed efforts to improve safety packaging and education were initiated. National data on current trends can help further target interventions.

METHODS:
We used nationally representative data from the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System–Cooperative Adverse Drug Event Surveillance project (2004–2013) to assess trends in ED visits for unsupervised medication exposures in children aged &lt;6 years. For 2010 through 2013, the dosage form and prescription status of implicated medications were identified.

RESULTS:
Based on 13 268 cases, there were an estimated 640 161 ED visits (95% confidence interval: 512 885 to 767 436) for unsupervised medication exposures from 2004 through 2013. From 2004 through 2010, ED visits for unsupervised exposures increased by an average of 5.7% annually, peaking at 75 842. After 2010, this trend reversed, and visits decreased by an average of 6.7% annually to 59 092 in 2013. From 2010 through 2013, 91.0% of unsupervised exposure visits involved 1 medication, most commonly an oral prescription solid (45.9%), oral over-the-counter (OTC) solid (22.3%), or oral OTC liquid (12.4%). More than 260 different prescription solids were implicated; opioids (13.8%) and benzodiazepines (12.7%) were the most common classes. Four medications were implicated in 91.2% of OTC liquid exposure visits: acetaminophen (32.9%), cough and cold remedies (27.5%), ibuprofen (15.7%), and diphenhydramine (15.6%).

CONCLUSIONS:
Targeting prevention efforts based on harm frequency and intervention feasibility can lead to continued reductions in ED visits for pediatric medication exposures.
Ascetismo y espiritualidad en la anorexia nerviosa: Un análisis psicosocial histórico
Authors: Behar Rosa ,   Departamento de Psiquiatría, Universidad de Valparaíso, Chile., Arancibia Marcelo ,   Escuela de Medicina, Universidad de Valparaíso, Chile.
Published: September 2015

Resumen	Introducción. El ascetismo se relaciona profundamente con la espiritualidad y las prácticas de ayuno que han sido observadas en la anorexia nerviosa (AN) a lo largo de la historia.	Objetivo. Se realiza un análisis psicosocial de la espiritualidad y el ascetismo en el contexto histórico de la AN, desde la Edad Media hasta el siglo XXI, comparando la anorexia santa con la anorexia contemporánea. Se describen casos ilustrativos ad hoc.	Método. Se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica de la evidencia sobre el ascetismo y la espiritualidad en la AN y su desarrollo histórico mediante las bases de datos Medline/PubMed y textos de consulta especializados.	Resultados. Desde una perspectiva histórica, el ascetismo de las santas medievales (anorexia santa) y de las anoréxicas modernas, exhiben rasgos comunes, aunque orientados a distintas metas: espiritualidad versus apariencia mundana, respectivamente. El puritanismo contemporáneo y la AN comparten rasgos distintivos de la ética protestante, principalmente autodisciplina, autocontrol, abnegación, racionalidad, eficiencia y obtención de logros. El ascetismo se relaciona significativamente con sentimientos rabiosos, rasgos de inmadurez y conductas purgativas.	Discusión y conclusión. Muchas mujeres místicas medievales mostraron características similares con la AN actual, sin embargo, mientras el ascetismo en las santas se orientaba al logro del encuentro divino, la motivación por adelgazar en las jóvenes anoréxicas contemporáneas se relaciona más bien con ideales estéticos socioculturales. La ocurrencia atemporal de la esencia patogénica del síndrome anoréxico sugiere que factores como edad, personalidad y/o entorno psicosocial lo modelan patoplásticamente.
The relation between circadian asynchrony, functional redundancy, and trophic performance in tropical ant communities
Authors: Houadria Mickal , Blüthgen Nico , Salas‐Lopez Alex , Schmitt Mona‐Isabel , Arndt Johanna , Schneider Eric , Orivel Jérôme , Menzel Florian 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThe diversity–stability relationship has been under intense scrutiny for the past decades, and temporal asynchrony is recognized as an important aspect of ecosystem stability. In contrast to relatively well‐studied interannual and seasonal asynchrony, few studies investigate the role of circadian cycles for ecosystem stability. Here, we studied multifunctional redundancy of diurnal and nocturnal ant communities in four tropical rain forest sites. We analyzed how it was influenced by species richness, functional performance, and circadian asynchrony. In two neotropical sites, species richness and functional redundancy were lower at night. In contrast, these parameters did not differ in the two paleotropical sites we studied. Circadian asynchrony between species was pronounced in the neotropical sites, and increased circadian functional redundancy. In general, species richness positively affected functional redundancy, but the effect size depended on the temporal and spatial breadth of the species with highest functional performance. Our analysis shows that high levels of trophic performance were only reached through the presence of such high‐performing species, but not by even contributions of multiple, less‐efficient species. Thus, these species can increase current functional performance, but reduce overall functional redundancy. Our study highlights that diurnal and nocturnal ecosystem properties of the very same habitat can markedly differ in terms of species richness and functional redundancy. Consequently, like the need to study multiple ecosystem functions, multiple periods of the circadian cycle need to be assessed in order to fully understand the diversity–stability relationship in an ecosystem.
Density‐dependent productivity in a colonial vulture at two spatial scales
Authors: Fernández‐Bellon Darío , Cortés‐Avizanda Ainara , Arenas Rafael , Donázar José Antonio 
Published: September 2015

AbstractUnderstanding how density dependence modifies demographic parameters in long‐lived vertebrates is a challenge for ecologists. Two alternative hypotheses have been used to explain the mechanisms behind density‐dependent effects on breeding output: habitat heterogeneity and individual adjustment (also known as interference competition). A number of studies have highlighted the importance of habitat heterogeneity in density dependence in territorial species, but less information exists on demographic processes in colonial species. For these, we expect density‐dependent mechanisms to operate at two spatial scales: colony and breeding unit. In this study, we used long‐term data from a recovering population of Cinereous Vultures (Aegypius monachus) in southern Spain. We analyzed a long‐term data set with information on 2162 breeding attempts at four colonies over a nine‐year period (2002–2010) to evaluate environmental and population parameters influencing breeding output. Our results suggest that breeding productivity is subject to density‐dependent processes at the colony and the nest site scale and is best explained by interference competition. Factors intrinsic to each colony, as well as environmental constraints linked to physiography and human presence, also play a role in regulatory processes. We detected the existence of a trade‐off between the disadvantages of nesting too close to conspecifics and the benefits of coloniality. These could be mediated by the agonistic interactions between breeding pairs and the benefits derived from social sharing of information by breeding individuals. We propose that this trade‐off may play a role in defining colony structure and may hold true for other colonial breeding bird species. Our findings also have important management implications for the conservation of this threatened species.
Influence of second-order bracket-archwire misalignments on loads generated during third-order archwire rotation in orthodontic treatment
Authors: Romanyk Dan L. , George Andrew , Li Yin , Heo Giseon , Carey Jason P. , Major Paul W. 
Published: September 2015

Abstract

Objective:
To investigate the influence of a rotational second-order bracket-archwire misalignment on the loads generated during third-order torque procedures. Specifically, torque in the second- and third-order directions was considered.

Materials and Methods:
An orthodontic torque simulator (OTS) was used to simulate the third-order torque between Damon Q brackets and 0.019 × 0.025-inch stainless steel archwires. Second-order misalignments were introduced in 0.5° increments from a neutral position, 0.0°, up to 3.0° of misalignment. A sample size of 30 brackets was used for each misalignment. The archwire was then rotated in the OTS from its neutral position up to 30° in 3° increments and then unloaded in the same increments. At each position, all forces and torques were recorded. Repeated-measures analysis of variance was used to determine if the second-order misalignments significantly affected torque values in the second- and third-order directions.

Results:
From statistical analysis of the experimental data, it was found that the only statistically significant differences in third-order torque between a misaligned state and the neutral position occurred for 2.5° and 3.0° of misalignment, with mean differences of 2.54 Nmm and 2.33 Nmm, respectively. In addition, in pairwise comparisons of second-order torque for each misalignment increment, statistical differences were observed in all comparisons except for 0.0° vs 0.5° and 1.5° vs 2.0°.

Conclusion:
The introduction of a second-order misalignment during third-order torque simulation resulted in statistically significant differences in both second- and third-order torque response; however, the former is arguably clinically insignificant.
Frequency and Sensitivity Pattern of Neisseria gonorrhoae Isolated from Women at a Tertiary Care Hospital in Dhaka City
Authors: Nusrat Fatema , Islam K.M. Shahidul , Shamsuzzaman S.M. , Yusuf Md. Abdullah , Farzana Aleya , Afrin Samia 
Published: September 2015

Background: Antibiotic sensitivity pattern of Neisseria gonorrhoae is changing frequently. Objective: The purpose of the present study was to see the antibiotic sensitivity pattern of Neisseria gonorrhoae isolated from women presented with cervicitis.Methodology: This cross sectional study.carried out in the Department of Microbiology at Dhaka Medical College, Dhaka from July 2011 to December 2012 for a period of one and half year. All the women presented with or without the clinical features of cervicitis at child bearing age (15 to 49 yrs) with or without pregnancy were enrolled as study population. Endocervical swabs were collected for Gram staining, culture, biochemical test from clinically diagnosed patients of cervicitis for presumptive identification of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. The isolates with presumptive identification were confirmed by rapid carbohydrate utilization test (RCUT), which differentiates N.gonorrhoeae from other Neisseria. Antimicrobial susceptibility test was done according CLSI guideline. Result: A total 245 females were recruited of which N. gonorrhoeae were detected from 39(15.9%) cases. Among 39 positive cases of gonococcal cervicitis, 19 (48.71%) were detected in the age group of 21-30 years. 56.41% were sensitive and 30.76% were resistant to ceftriaxone. Similarly 51.28% were sensitive and 23.07% were resistant to cefuroxime; 23.07% sensitive, 30.76% moderately sensitive and 46.15% resistant to ciprofloxacin. Conclusion: Gonococcal cervicitis is found in a high frequency rate with a reduced sensitivity to antibiotics especially ciprofloxacin, second and third generation cephalosporins.Bangladesh J Infect Dis 2014;1(1):3-7
Pharmacognostical and phytochemical analysis of Lepidium sativum L. seeds
Authors: Ahmad Rizwan , Mujeeb Mohd , Anwar Firoz , Husain Asif , Ahmad Aftab , Sharma Saurabh 
Published: September 2015

Objective of the present study was to carry out the physicochemical and phytochemicals standardization of Lepidium sativum L seeds to establish the standard pharmacognostical parameters of this valuable medicinal plant. Many standardization parameters of Lepidium sativum were analyzed. Standard method was adopted for the preliminary phytochemicals screening. Analysis of pesticides residues, aflatoxin & heavy metals were also performed. The sections of seeds were prepared for quantitative microscopic parameters. The air dried powdered plant material was subjected for determination of physicochemical standardizations like ash value, Extractive value and fluorescence nature of the powder drug using light of short and long wavelength of 254nm and 366nm respectively. Phytochemical screening was performed for the identification of phytoconstituents in the plant which was helpful in the development of analytical profile. The morphological and microscopic examinations of drug were revealed the presence of endosperm cell which are polygonal in shape and contain alerone grains and oil droplet, cell of testa, yellow colouring matter and starch grains. Preliminary phytochemical screening showed the presence of carbohydrates, phenolic compounds, flavonoids, alkaloids, proteins, saponins and lipids in the drug extract and flourescence nature of drug was confirmed by fluorescence analysis in different solvent. Concentrations of heavy metals,ash value and extractive value were determined and found within acceptable Pharmacopoeial limits. Pesticides residues and aflatoxins were also determined but not detected in the tested samples. The physicochemical and phytochemical standards which are outcome of this research may be utilized as substantial data for identification and standardization of L. sativum seed.Ahmad et al., International Current Pharmaceutical Journal, September 2015, 4(10): 442-446
The FOUR LIPS and MYB88 transcription factor genes are widely expressed in Arabidopsis thaliana during development
Authors: Lei Qin , Lee EunKyoung , Keerthisinghe Sandra , Lai Lien , Li Meng , Lucas Jessica R. , Wen Xiaohong , Ren Xiaolin , Sack Fred D. 
Published: September 2015

PREMISE OF THE STUDY:The FOUR LIPS (FLP) and MYB88 transcription factors, which are closely related in structure and function, control the development of stomata, as well as entry into megasporogenesis in Arabidopsis thaliana. However, other locations where these transcription factors are expressed are poorly described. Documenting additional locations where these genes are expressed might define new functions for these genes.METHODS:Expression patterns were examined throughout vegetative and reproductive development. The expression from two transcriptional‐reporter fusions were visualized with either β‐glucuronidase (GUS) or green fluorescence protein (GFP).KEY RESULTS:Both flp and myb88 genes were expressed in many, previously unreported locations, consistent with the possibility of additional functions for FLP and MYB88. Moreover, expression domains especially of FLP display sharp cutoffs or boundaries.CONCLUSIONS:In addition to stomatal and reproductive development, FLP and MYB88, which are R2R3 MYB transcription factor genes, are expressed in many locations in cells, tissues, and organs.
Phylogeography of cliff‐dwelling relicts with a highly narrow and disjunct distribution in the western Mediterranean
Authors: Silva Jose L. , Lim So‐Yeon , Kim Seung‐Chul , Mejías José A. 
Published: September 2015

PREMISE OF THE STUDY:The high biodiversity in the Baetic‐Rifan hotspot of Mediterranean region is shaped by complex geological and climatic histories and has been a subject of recent intensive studies. However, very little is known about phylogenetic and biogeographic history of three rare and critically endangered cliff‐dwelling species of Sonchus in section Pustulati in this region.METHODS:We investigated the genetic variation and phylogenetic relationships of populations based on nuclear (ITS/ETS) and plastid (3′trnL–ndhJ/psaI–accD) DNA sequences, and amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs). We performed a Bayesian relaxed molecular clock analysis with ITS data to estimate divergence times for major lineages.KEY RESULTS:ITS/ETS and AFLP phylogenies showed high concordance and contrasted with cpDNA data. The divergence between S. masguindalii and S. fragilis was dated at 5.48 Ma, between S. fragilis and S. pustulatus at 3.89 Ma, and between the Baetic and Rifan S. pustulatus at 1.18 Ma. Within each distribution area, AFLP data showed a relatively high genetic structuring and moderate genetic diversity, the latter being impoverished in the Baetic populations.CONCLUSIONS:Our results further confirm the hybrid origin of S. pustulatus, a critically endangered species. The origin and diversification of lineages appear to have occurred on the temporary land bridge that joined Iberian and North Africa during the Messinian Salinity Crisis (5.96–5.33 Ma) and the subsequent Zanclean flood that progressively refilled the Mediterranean Basin (5.33–3.60 Ma). The only Baetic populations of S. pustulatus most likely originated from the Rifan ones.
Barrancaceae: A new green algal lineage with structural and behavioral adaptations to a fluctuating environment
Authors: Caisová Lenka , Reyes Carolina Pérez , Álamo Virginia Cruz , Quintana Antera Martel , Surek Barbara , Melkonian Michael 
Published: September 2015

PREMISE OF THE STUDY:To enhance our knowledge of the diversity of microalgae, a phycological survey of the Canary Islands (Spain) was undertaken. Here we report the discovery of a (semi)terrestrial green filamentous alga isolated from a steep volcanic canyon on La Palma. This alga is continually exposed to changing weather conditions (floods vs. droughts) and thus provides a good opportunity to investigate possible adaptations to a semiterrestrial habitat with large fluctuations of environmental parameters.METHODS:We used axenic cultures, simulated flood and drought stresses and studied their effect on the life history of the alga using light, confocal laser scanning and scanning electron microscopy including fluorescent staining. Furthermore, phylogenetic analyses using rDNA sequence comparisons were performed.KEY RESULTS:Three specific life‐history traits that likely represent adaptations to the fluctuating environment of the canyon were observed: (1) fragmentation through “filament splitting”, a unique branching mechanism not reported before in algae and initiated by formation of oblique cross walls, (2) aplanospore formation, and (3) reproduction by multiflagellate zoospores with 4–24 flagella arranged in groups of four. Phylogenetic analyses identified the alga as Barranca multiflagellata gen. et sp. nov. (Barrancaceae fam. nov., Chaetophorales, Chlorophyceae). Moreover, the Chaetophoraceae Greville, 1824 was emended and a new family, Uronemataceae (fam. nov.) erected.CONCLUSIONS:The discovery of Barrancaceae fam. nov. highlights the importance of investigating nonconventional habitats to explore microalgal diversity. The reproductive versatility demonstrated by Barranca suggests adaptation to a semiterrestrial habitat with large fluctuations in water availability.
Two alleles of the AtCesA3 gene in Arabidopsis thaliana display intragenic complementation
Authors: Pysh Leonard D. 
Published: September 2015

PREMISE OF THE STUDY:Cellulose is the most abundant biomolecule on the planet, yet the mechanism by which it is synthesized by higher plants remains largely unknown. In Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh, synthesis of cellulose in the primary cell wall requires three different cellulose synthase genes (AtCesA1, AtCesA3, and AtCesA6‐related genes [AtCesA2, AtCesA5, and AtCesA6]). The multiple response expansion1 (mre1) mutant contains a hypomorphic AtCesA3 allele that results in significantly shorter, expanded roots. Crosses between mre1 and another allele of AtCesA3 (constitutive expression of VSP1, cev1) yielded an F1 with roots considerably longer and thinner than either parent, suggesting intragenic complementation. The F2 generation resulting from self‐crossing these F1 showed three different root phenotypes: roots like mre1, roots like cev1, and roots like the F1.METHODS:The segregation patterns of the three root phenotypes in multiple F2 and F3 generations were determined. Multiple characteristics of the roots and shoots were analyzed both qualitatively and quantitatively at different developmental stages, both on plates and on soil.KEY RESULTS:The trans‐heterozygous plants differed significantly from the parental mre1 and cev1 lines.CONCLUSIONS:The two alleles display intragenic complementation. A classic genetic interpretation of these results would suggest that cellulose synthesis requires homo‐multimerization of cellulose synthase monomers.
Les statistiques « ethniques » outillent des politiques de quotas plutôt que la connaissance des discriminations : l’exemple canadien
Authors: Jugnot Stéphane 
Published: September 2015

Plusieurs controverses sur la mise en place de statistiques « ethniques » se sont succédé en France au cours des 25 dernières années. Aujourd’hui, les demandeurs de telles statistiques s’appuient principalement sur l’argument de la connaissance. C’est une façon de contourner le débat des politiques publiques car les statistiques « ethniques » sont davantage un outil nécessaire à la mise en place de certaines formes de politiques de discriminations positives qu’un outil scientifique. L’exemple canadien permet de l’illustrer. Le recensement y collecte une information sur l’origine ancestrale depuis plus d’un siècle. Avec l’émergence du fait « canadien », cette question a progressivement perdu de son intérêt tandis que les questions liées aux origines se sont multipliées pour répondre aux besoins spécifiques de différentes politiques publiques : question linguistique, repérage des autochtones, promotion des « minorités visibles ». D’un recensement à l’autre, les variations de questionnement perturbent les analyses en évolution.
Compete vs. Protect, Idealism vs. Pragmatism
Authors: San-Julián-Arrupe Javier 
Published: September 2015

La crise agraire des décennies 1870 et 1880 ont frappé un secteur primaire espagnol incapable de soutenir la concurrence internationale sur les marchés agricoles. La récession, vite devenue générale, a déclenché plusieurs controverses parmi les économistes et d’autres intellectuels espagnols quant à ses causes et effets potentiels, quant aux mesures qu’il fallait adopter afin d’y faire face, mais aussi quant à la validité des principes libéraux radicaux qui avaient jusqu’alors inspiré la politique économique et dominé le panorama de la pensée économique espagnole. La crise est devenue un sujet de discussion majeur, préoccupant fortement l’opinion publique. Des discussions se sont tenues dans une grande diversité d’institutions : journaux, associations économiques et intellectuelles, conférences publiques, Parlement, etc. À travers l’analyse de plusieurs de ces débats, cet article cherche à montrer comment le déclin économique de la fin du xix e siècle n’a pas seulement été un objet de préoccupation pour les économistes contemporains, mais a aussi été un vecteur fondamental de changement des politiques et des idées économiques en Espagne. Il a été un facteur déterminant dans l’apparition d’un nouveau positionnement de la politique économique, ayant contribué à remplacer les politiques de libre-échange en vigueur depuis 1868 par des politiques protectionnistes ; il a aussi permis d’expliquer la décadence du libéralisme doctrinaire et le surgissement d’un libéralisme pragmatique alternatif, qui acceptait une certaine intervention gouvernementale au nom de la protection des intérêts nationaux. Classification jel : A14, B10, F13