bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Intrarenal Formation of Angiotensin II in the Rat: Interference by Saralasin and SQ 20881
Authors: Zschiedrich H. , Hofbauer K. G. , Hackenthal E. , Baron G. D. , Gross F. 
Published: August 2015

1. Isolated rat kidneys were perfused with a medium free of components of the renin-angiotensin system.
2. Angiotensin II, angiotensin I, tetradecapeptide renin substrate or rat plasma renin substrate added to the medium caused a dose-dependent increase of renal vascular resistance.
3. The vasoconstrictor effect of angiotensin II was inhibited by 1-Sar-8-Ala-angiotensin II (Saralasin). The inhibition was dose-dependent, being complete at the highest doses applied. In this dose range, Saralasin increased renal vascular resistance. Saralasin also inhibited vasoconstriction induced by tetradecapeptide renin substrate.
4. The vasoconstrictor effect of angiotensin I was suppressed by SQ 20881, up to a maximum of 87% depending on the dose. Similarly the increase in renal vascular resistance induced by a purified preparation of rat plasma renin substrate was inhibited by 55%; no effect on the action of tetradecapeptide renin substrate was observed.
5. The data suggest that, within the kidney, angiotensin I is converted into angiotensin II to the extent of about 1.25%. Since no angiotensin I is formed from synthetic renin substrate, the vasoconstrictor effect of the tetradecapeptide may be either due to a direct interaction with the angiotensin II receptor or the consequence of the intrarenal formation of angiotensin II. In contrast, the results with rat plasma renin substrate suggest that angiotensin I is formed from ‘natural’ substrate and is subsequently converted into angiotensin II.
Impaired Hepatic Release of Triglycerides: A Possible Cause of Acute Alcoholic Fatty Liver in The Rhesus Monkey
Authors: Nair C. R. , Nirankari O. P. , Chhuttani P. N. , Datta D. V. 
Published: August 2015

1. The mechanism of development of acute alcoholic fatty liver in the Rhesus monkey was investigated by studying the effect of Triton WR-1339 on plasma triglycerides.
2. After ethanol infusion, the rise in plasma triglyceride produced by Triton was greatly reduced and there was an accumulation of triglyceride in the liver.
3. Thus findings suggest that acute alcoholic fatty liver in Rhesus monkeys is probably due to a defect in the release of triglyceride from the liver.
The Renin-Angiotensin System in Acute Renal Failure of Rats
Authors: Rauh W. , Oster P. , Dietz R. , Gross F. 
Published: August 2015

1. Acute renal failure was produced in rats by intramuscular injection of glycerol. Subsequently, changes in the concentrations of renin and of angiotensin II in plasma and the renin content of the kidneys were followed.
2. At 4 and 8 h after glycerol administration, plasma renin and angiotensin II had increased two-to three-fold; they remained elevated for 48 h and then returned towards normal. At 7 days, the values were still slightly raised.
3. At 4 and 8 h after glycerol injection, kidney renin had decreased but it had increased after 24 and 48 h.
4. Passive immunization with angiotensin II antibodies, given at the time of glycerol injection and 2 and 4 h afterwards, prevented the development of acute renal failure. When angiotensin II antiserum was administered later (8, 10 and 12 h after glycerol) it had no effect.
5. Stimulation of the renin-angiotensin system may be involved in the pathogenesis of the early phase of acute renal failure.
Effect of Salmon Calcitonin on Cardiac Output, Oxygen Transport and Bone Turnover in Patients with Paget's Disease
Authors: Crosbie W. A. , Mohamedally S. M. , Woodhouse N. J. Y. 
Published: August 2015

1. Twelve patients with symptomatic Paget's disease were studied before starting treatment with salmon calcitonin (12.5 μg) subcutaneously twice daily. Eleven of them were studied again after 3 months on this therapy.
2. Although pretreatment values for urinary total hydroxyproline excretion and cardiac output were considerably increased in some patients, there was no correlation between these two variables in the group as a whole.
3. Treatment resulted in a striking reduction in disease activity; the mean urinary hydroxyproline decreased 67%.
4. There was, however, no significant fall in cardiac output or change in oxygen transport during treatment.
5. Of the eight patients with bone pain who received treatment, five claimed complete pain relief.
The Vasomotor Centre and its Afferent Pathways
Authors: Joy M. D. 
Published: August 2015

1. Experiments were carried out on two groups of anaesthetized greyhounds. The response of the first group to infusions of angiotensin II into a vertebral artery for 5 min and to bilateral occlusion of the common carotid arteries for 2 min was studied before and after bilateral ablation of the areas postrema. The response of the second group to infusions of angiotensin and to carotid occlusion was studied before and after mid-collicular transection of the midbrain.
2. Bilateral ablation of the areas postrema abolished the response to angiotensin infused into a vertebral artery at the dose used but did not significantly alter the response to carotid occlusion. Transection of the midbrain did not abolish the response to either procedure.
3. It is concluded that the structures involved in the cardiovascular response to carotid occlusion are anatomically distinct from the area postrema and that neither response requires the integrity of connections above the pons.
4. An attempt has been made to construct a schematic diagram of the vasomotor centre.
Postural Changes of Plasma Renin Activity after Renal Transplantation
Authors: Salvetti A. , Arzilli F. , Sassano P. , Gazzetti P. , Rindi P. 
Published: August 2015

1. Postural changes of plasma renin activity (PRA) before and after the administration of a beta-blocking agent (oxprenolol) were studied in nine patients with renal homotransplantation and in ten normal subjects.
2. In normal subjects PRA always increased during upright posture without any correlation with postural changes in mean arterial pressure. Oxprenolol reduced the postural increase of PRA.
3. A postural increase of PRA could be detected as early as 20–25 days after renal transplantation, and appeared with increasing frequency as time elapsed.
4. There was a significant inverse correlation (r−0.794,P <0.001) between the postural changes of PRA and those of mean arterial pressure.
5. These results suggest that in patients with renal homotransplantation the postural increase of PRA can only partly be due to circulating catecholamines or the sympathetic nervous system and may be explained by inverse changes in the mean arterial pressure.
Effect of a Competitive Angiotensin Antagonist on the Renal Haemodynamic Changes Induced by Inhibition of Prostaglandin Synthesis in Rats
Authors: Mimran A. , Casellas D. , Dupont M. , Barjon P. 
Published: August 2015

1. Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis by indomethacin induced an increase in blood pressure which did not occur when rats were bilaterally nephrectomized.
2. The blood pressure effect was related to the state of sodium balance and thus to the activity of the renin-angiotensin system.
3. Indomethacin induced a decrease in renal blood flow.
4. Angiotensin receptor blockade with Sar1-Ala8-angiotensin II blunted the blood pressure effect and prevented the renal haemodynamic changes induced by indomethacin.
The Rate of Isometric Inspiratory Pressure Development as a Measure of Responsiveness to Carbon Dioxide in Man
Authors: Matthews A. W. , Howell J. B. L. 
Published: August 2015

1. A technique has been developed for assessing CO2 responsiveness by measuring the maximum rate of isometric inspiratory pressure change at the mouth [(dP/dt)max.].
2. By use of a rebreathing technique, the (dP/dt)max. response to CO2 was shown to correlate well with the ventilatory response in thirty-two normal subjects.
3. The addition of an external flow resistance sufficient to reduce the ventilatory response by a mean of 33.4% produced no significant mean change in the (dP/dt)max. response in thirty subjects.
4. In six patients recovering from bronchial asthma, reduction of airways obstruction led to a mean increase in the ventilatory response of 109% without any significant mean change in the (dP/dt)max. response.
5. An increase in lung volume did not reduce the (dP/dt)max. response in five normal subjects.
6. At very high lung volumes, six normal subjects were able to develop a higher (dP/dt)max. during voluntary inspiratory efforts than has been recorded during spontaneous breathing response to CO2.
7. It is believed that (dP/dt)max. represents the initial rate of development of force by the inspiratory muscles before this can be modified by mechanical loading, proprioceptive feedback mechanisms or conscious response and can therefore be used to study changes in the motor output of the respiratory centre in response to ventilatory stimuli independently of pulmonary mechanics.
Inhibition of Renin Secretion in the Isolated Rat Kidney by Antidiuretic Hormone
Authors: Vandongen R. 
Published: August 2015

1. The effect of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) on isoprenaline-stimulated renin secretion was examined in the isolated rat kidney perfused with modified Krebs-Ringer saline.
2. Intrarenal infusion of ADH effectively prevented stimulation of renin secretion by isoprenaline whilst increasing renal perfusion pressure.
3. The exclusion of calcium ions from the perfusion medium abolished the vasoconstrictor effect of ADH and attenuated the inhibitory effect of ADH on isoprenaline-stimulated renin secretion. However, significant suppression of renin secretion was still apparent compared with experiments where isoprenaline was infused alone.
4. These observations indicate that ADH inhibits renin secretion and that this is effected by a direct action on the kidney. Although this may be partly mediated by the rise in renal perfusion pressure, an additional direct effect of ADH on the renin-producing cell, which is dependent on the availability of calcium ions, is proposed.
Total Body Potassium in Children, with Particular Reference to Coeliac Disease
Authors: Boddy K. , King Priscilla C. , Carswell F. 
Published: August 2015

1. Total body potassium was measured, by whole-body counting, in children with coeliac disease and in children not having this disease, matched as closely as possible with respect to sex, height, weight and age.
2. The measured total body potassium in children with coeliac disease was not significantly different from that in the matched children.
3. The problems associated with such measurements, particularly those of interpretation, are considered.
Analytical Subcellular Fractionation of Human Granulocytes with Reference to the Localization of Vitamin B12-Binding Proteins
Authors: Kane S. P. , Peters T. J. 
Published: August 2015

1. A granulocyte-rich fraction was isolated from blood of a patient with chronic granulocytic leukaemia and from blood of a normal subject and the cells were disrupted in isotonic sucrose. The nuclei were removed by low-speed centrifugation and the post-nuclear supernatant was fractionated by centrifugation on sucrose density gradients.
2. The subcellular organelles in the gradients were detected with marker enzymes by the use of highly sensitive assay techniques. Similar results were obtained with granulocytes from both subjects.
3. Unsaturated vitamin B12-binding proteins were almost exclusively localized to the specific granules. Chromatographic analysis of these proteins showed them to have approximately equal proportions of transcobalamins I and III. Vitamin B12 assayed microbiologically could not be detected in the specific granule fractions.
Airway Function in Healthy Subjects and Patients with Left Heart Disease
Authors: Collins J. V. , Clark T. J. H. , Brown D. J. 
Published: August 2015

1. In forty non-smoking healthy subjects and seventy-two patients with left heart diseases measurements were made of the volume expired in the first second of a forced expiration (FEV1) and the total volume expired in a forced expiration (FVC) before and after inhalation of salbutamol. Before and after salbutamol the healthy subjects and patients also inhaled maximally an inspirate, the first part of which contained 133Xe and, during controlled expiration, the radioactivity of the expirate was measured and plotted against its volume. The resulting curves were divided into phases of different slope by eye, the point at which phase 3 changed to phase 4 being nominated the closing volume.
2. In forty non-smoking healthy subjects inhalation of salbutamol was followed by significant increase in FEV1 but FVC and closing volume did not change.
3. Change in posture from seated erect to supine in thirty of these healthy subjects was accompanied by significant reduction in FEV1 and FVC and as closing volume was not significantly different in the two positions the ratio closing volume/vital capacity was increased with recumbency.
4. In seventy-two patients with left heart diseases without a history of cough or wheeze, FEV1, FVC, closing volume and the ratio closing volume/vital capacity were significantly different from values in the healthy subjects. There was no significant difference between non-smokers and ex-smokers amongst the patients.
5. Significant increase in FEV1, FVC and reduction in closing volume and the ratio closing volume/vital capacity followed inhalation of salbutamol in patients with heart diseases but the values remained significantly different from those recorded in the healthy subjects.
6. In twenty patients with heart diseases, FEV1 and FVC were reduced by change in posture from seated erect to supine but the ratio closing volume/vital capacity and the regression with age of this ratio were not significantly changed by change in position.
7. In patients with heart diseases the ratio closing volume/vital capacity was significantly correlated with severity of breathlessness and length of symptom-history but not with left ventricular end-diastolic or pulmonary vein wedge pressures.
Leg Blood Flow and Muscle Metabolism in Occlusive Arterial Disease of the Leg before and after Reconstructive Surgery
Authors: Pernow B. , Saltin B. , Wahren J. , Cronestrand R. , Ekeström S. 
Published: August 2015

1. Leg blood flow, uptake of oxygen and glucose and release of lactate by the leg and changes in intramuscular concentrations of metabolites were studied at rest and during exercise of increasing work loads in thirteen patients with occlusive disease of the iliac or superficial femoral arteries.
2. Leg blood flow (dye-dilution technique) and oxygen uptake during exercise were low and levelled with increasing work load. Considerable increases were noted in muscle lactate concentration and in the net release of lactate from the exercising leg. Muscle content (needle-biopsy technique) of ATP and creatine phosphate decreased during exercise, with an almost complete depletion of creatine phosphate in three patients. The decrease in muscle glycogen during work did not differ significantly from that of control subjects.
3. Repeated exercise after reconstructive surgery showed a considerable improvement in physical working capacity. Leg blood flow and oxygen uptake during exercise were significantly higher than before surgery and increased linearly in relation to work intensity. The decrease in creatine phosphate and lactate concentration of the thigh muscle during exercise was less pronounced and the release of lactate was lower than before vascular reconstruction.
4. It is suggested that the onset of the severe muscle symptoms during exercise in patients with occlusive arterial disease of the leg may be related to a low concentration of ATP and creatine phosphate in the affected muscles.
Anaerobic Glycolysis in Normal Human Erythrocytes Incubated in Vitro with Sodium Salicylate
Authors: Worathumrong N. , Grimes A. J. 
Published: August 2015

1. Some effects of sodium salicylate upon anaerobic glycolysis have been studied in normal human erythrocytes incubated for up to 6 h at 37°C in autologous sera.
2. Both glucose consumption and lactate production were stimulated by concentrations of salicylate up to 60 mmol/l but at the highest concentration used (90 mmol/l) an initial stimulus was followed by inhibition of glycolysis.
3. Losses occurred of adenosine 5′-triphosphate (ATP), adenosine 5′-diphosphate (ADP) and adenosine 5′-phosphate (AMP) at higher concentrations of salicylate and there was a concomitant increase of inorganic phosphate.
4. Other phosphate esters underwent concentration changes at higher concentrations of salicylate that reflected inadequate concentrations of ATP for glycolysis.
5. The rates of sodium efflux from, and potassium influx into, erythrocytes were unaffected by the presence of salicylate at concentrations sufficient to stimulate glycolysis.
The Release of Renal Prostaglandins during Saline Infusion in Normal and Hypertensive Subjects
Authors: Papanicolaou N. , Safar M. , Hornych A. , Fontaliran F. , Weiss Y. , Bariety J. , Milliez P. 
Published: August 2015

1. Renal venous prostaglandin concentrations (PGA, PGE and PGF) were determined, together with renal plasma flow, urinary output and blood pressure changes, before and after infusion of sodium chloride solution (saline) in four normotensive and three hypertensive subjects.
2. No changes in blood pressure and in glomerular filtration rate were observed.
3. Saline infusion induced a significant increase in renal venous PGA and PGE, and also in total and non-cortical renal plasma flow and urinary output. There was an insignificant increase in renal venous PGF.
4. These findings show that prostaglandin release after saline infusion is associated with changes in renal blood flow and suggest that the natriuretic and diuretic effect of saline could be the result of prostaglandin release.
The Effect of Frusemide on Water and Electrolyte Absorption from the Human Jejunum
Authors: MacKenzie J. F. , Cochran K. M. , Russell R. I. 
Published: August 2015

1. Frusemide, in a dose of 120 nmol (40 mg) administered intravenously, significantly reduced the absorption of water and electrolytes from the human jejunum, a double-lumen perfusion system with proximal occluding balloons being used. Net secretion of water and electrolytes occurred in some subjects.
2. No significant change in water and electrolyte absorption was observed with 60 nmol (20 mg) of frusemide.
3. These findings may explain the diarrhoea which may be induced by frusemide in some patients.
Effect of Liver Failure on the Cerebral Circulatory and Metabolic Responses to Hypoxia in the Goat
Authors: Stanley N. N. , Cherniack N. S. 
Published: August 2015

1. Six unanaesthetized goats were used to evaluate the effect of liver failure on the hypoxic responsiveness of cerebral blood flow. The animals breathed air and several different hypoxic gas mixtures enriched with sufficient CO2 to maintain an isocapnic state. The cerebral metabolic rate for O2 (CMRo2) was also measured in four of these goats.
2. In baseline studies there was a linear relationship between cerebral blood flow and arterial O2 saturation (Sa,o2) measured at different levels of isocapnic hypoxia. The slopes of the cerebral blood flow/Sa,o2 response lines were used to quantify the response of cerebral blood flow to hypoxia. In the healthy goat, CMRo2 was not depressed by hypoxia until the O2 tension (Po2) in arterial and cerebral venous blood had fallen below critical threshold values of approximately 3·2 and 2·2 kPa (24 and 16 mmHg) respectively.
3. Liver failure was accompanied by a fall in cerebral blood flow and CMRo2. There was also a depression in the response of cerebral blood flow to hypoxia and a disproportionate reduction of cerebral O2 delivery in hypoxia. CMRo2 was further reduced at arterial and cerebral venous Po2 values, which were much higher than the critical threshold values for producing hypoxic CMRo2 depression in health.
4. It is concluded that the brain becomes more vulnerable to the adverse effects of hypoxia during liver failure. This may be of practical importance in the management of patients with arterial hypoxaemia or other complications (e.g. anaemia or shock), which may reduce cerebral oxygen delivery.
Evidence for Both Luminal and Systemic Factors in the Control of Rat Intestinal Epithelial Replacement
Authors: Clarke R. M. 
Published: August 2015

1. Isolation of a self-emptying sac of rat small intestine in vivo halved the cell production rate in the crypts of Lieberkühn as measured by colchicine blockade.
2. Starvation for 48 h of rats with isolated intestinal sacs caused a further halving of cell production rate in the sac.
3. Infusion of distilled water into isolated intestinal sacs for 72 h caused a similar degree of stimulation of cell production in sacs in fed and starved rats, suggesting that the fall in cell production rate on starving a rat bearing an isolated sac is not due to the non-availability of the substances required for cell synthesis.
4. The possible contribution of innervation of the gut, and of systemic hormonal influences, on intestinal epithelial replacement is discussed.
A Simple Method of Measuring Breath Hydrogen in Carbohydrate Malabsorption by End-Expiratory Sampling
Authors: Metz G. , Gassull M. A. , Leeds A. R. , Blendis L. M. , Jenkins D. J. A. 
Published: August 2015

1. A simple method is described for measuring the hydrogen concentration in alveolar air by end-expiratory sampling, by using a modified Haldane—Priestley tube and gas chromatography. Hydrogen was generated in vivo by ingestion of the non-absorbable sugar lactulose.
2. Alveolar hydrogen concentration showed a highly significant correlation with hydrogen production measured either by a rebreathing technique or by a total collection procedure.
3. The coefficient of variation of the end-expiratory method, assessed by comparing sixty-one paired results, was 11·6%. The coefficient of variation in ten measurements in one subject at 1 min intervals was 17·6%.
The Intracellular pH of Human Leucocytes in Response to Acid—Base Changes in Vitro
Authors: Levin G. E. , Collinson P. , Baron D. N. 
Published: August 2015

1. Viable human leucocytes were isolated from venous blood and suspended in artificial media. Intracellular pH measurements were made by the dimethyloxazolidinedione technique in conditions simulating ‘respiratory’ or ‘metabolic’ acid-base disturbances.
2. Normal intracellular pH was 7·11 ± 0·02 (mean ± 2 sd) at an extracellular Pco2 of 5·8 kPa and a bicarbonate concentration of 25 mmol/l.
3. ‘Respiratory’ and ‘metabolic’ acidosis caused little change in pH1 although increases in Pco2 led to relatively greater falls in pH1 than did reduction in external bicarbonate concentration.
4. ‘Respiratory’ and ‘metabolic’ alkalosis caused similar and relatively greater increases in the pH1 when compared with the response to an external acidosis.
Analytical Subcellular Fractionation Studies on Rat Liver and on Isolated Jejunal Enterocytes with Special Reference to the Separation of Lysosomes, Peroxisomes and Mitochondria
Authors: Peters T. J. , Shio H. 
Published: August 2015

1. Enterocytes were isolated from rat jejunum and characterized morphologically.
2. Attempts to separate the enterocyte subcellular organelles, characterized by their marker enzymes, with isopycnic centrifugation were unsuccessful but good separation of peroxisomes, lysosomes and mitochondria was achieved by sedimentation through a shallow sucrose density gradient with a superimposed inverse gradient of low-molecular-weight dextran.
3. The properties and enzyme activities of the principal subcellular organelles in rat liver cells and enterocytes were compared.