bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Modeling the splitting of thin silicon films from porosified crystalline silicon upon high temperature annealing in hydrogen
Authors: Ghannam Moustafa Y. , Raheem Yaser Abdul , Alomar Abdul Azeez , Poortmans Jef 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThe role of hydrogen in promoting thin film splitting from crystalline silicon wafers with pores or trenches during high temperature annealing is investigated. During the treatment, trenches are transformed into spherical voids that may laterally channel and split off the substrate. It is shown that the conditions necessary for hydrogen to contribute to the establishment of high stress levels around transformed voids or of pressure inside the voids are usually not satisfied. Hence promoting void coalescence by substantial void volume growth resulting from stress enhanced vacancy diffusion and/or exfoliation of separated voids are unlikely to occur. Also, there are no experimental evidence that confirms the role of hydrogen in triggering premature void collapse by Griffith fracture at relatively lower stress levels in conjunction with reduced surface energy. Therefore, it is concluded that splitting occurs during high temperature annealing only when neighboring voids are close enough to systematically coalesce. In that case, hydrogen may react at high temperature with the internal silicon surface of the voids (walls) and contribute to breaking the thin straps separating the voids which promotes channelling and film splitting (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Formation of shallow front emitters for solar cells by rapid thermal processing
Authors: Normann Hans B. , Svensson Bengt G. , Monakhov Edouard 
Published: September 2012

AbstractIn this work we report on formation of shallow front emitters by phosphorus in‐diffusion during rapid thermal processing (RTP). Both Filmtronics P509 diffusant and concentrated phosphoric acid were deposited on 1 Ωcm p‐type mono crystalline silicon samples. Diffused shallow emitters were realized by annealing at 900 °C and 950 °C in the range of 10 – 40 s using an Annealsys AS‐Micro furnace. The chemical concentration versus depth profiles of phosphorus were measured by secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) and the sheet resistance was measured by four‐point probing. It is found that emitters with depths in the range 100 – 275 nm and the maximum doping concentrations in the range 2 × 1020 – 1 × 1021 cm–3 can be formed after RTP.By varying the RTP‐conditions, a sheet resistance of 314 – 40 Ω/sq for diffusant‐treated samples and of 175 – 40 Ω/sq for phosphoric acid treated samples are obtained. The P509 diffusant and concentrated phosphoric acid gave similar emitter profiles. High solubility of phosphorus in silicon at elevated temperatures ensured a low sheet resistance even for short annealing times. It is shown that phosphorus in‐diffusion during RTP is a viable method in formation of shallow front emitters for solar cells. In particular, the highest phosphorus peak concentration and the shallowest diffusion profile were achieved by in‐diffusion from dehydrated phosphoric acid (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Mechanical stress in silicon oxides grown on hydrogen implanted Si
Authors: Alexandrova Sashka , Szekeres Anna , Valcheva Evgenia 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThe work presents results on stress characterization of 10 nm silicon oxides thermally grown on Si hydrogenated at different conditions, namely RF plasma at different substrate temperatures and hydrogen plasma immersion implantation (PIII) at energy 2 keV and different fluences. From electroreflectance technique (ER) and spectral ellipsometry (SE) spectra the characteristic energy bands of direct electron transitions in Si are elaborated. The stress in dependence of hydrogenation conditions is considered and related to the shifts of the direct energy gaps. The stress values are evaluated from the Raman shifts around 520 cm‐1 gained by micro‐Raman spectroscopy (RS). The correlated data from the ER, SE and RS allow hydrogenation conditions using shallow implantation of H+ ions to be defined at which low strain and defect density level can be grown (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Human‐centric visual monitoring of multi‐clients system behavior and BiT for trust computing
Authors: Song Eun‐Ha , Yang Su‐Hyun , Jeong Young‐Sik 
Published: September 2012

ABSTRACTThis paper proposes the trusted platform board monitoring (TPBM) system that enabled effectively detecting and managing abnormal phenomenon based on the trusted platform board not only for security but also for multiple clients connected on the web. In other words, TPBM strengthens weak points of the existing security and provides the function to monitor with human‐centric method not only system resources and process status for remote multi‐client systems that are operated based on hardware security but also behavior of multiple clients in the cloud computing environment. In addition, measuring instruction level behavior is potentially a more effective protection than a pure software approach. From program's run‐time behavior, system state safety can also be analyzed. However, dynamic characteristic of program trace also introduces challenges on what to measure and how to measure. To solve such problems, branch instruction trace (BiT) profiling tool is introduced to measure processor's instruction level run‐time behavior. However, the BiT has provided only the text results of logical error information but not the visual monitoring function by tracing abnormal branch at the level of instruction. In order to resolve this problem, this paper includes the human‐centric visual monitoring function for information on abnormal branch trace to TPBM. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Psychiatric disorders in low birthweight young adults. Prevalence and association with assessments at 11 years
Authors: Elgen I.B. , Holsten F. , Odberg M.D. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractObjectiveTo compare mental health of 136 young adults without neurosensory handicaps born with low birthweight (LBW, birthweight less than 2000 g) with 132 adults with normal birthweight (NBW).MethodA cohort of moderate LBW and NBW young adults were assessed with the Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI) at 19 years and the Children Assessment Schedule (CAS) at 11 years of age.ResultsAt 19 years of age, 44 out of 136 (32%) LBW young adults were diagnosed with a psychiatric disorder compared to 10% NBW (OR: 2.8; 95% CI: 1.1, 4.5, P = 0.02). Among the LBW young adults, affective-, anxiety-, ADHD- and antisocial personality disorders were most common, and nine subjects (20%) had more than one diagnosis. Of 97 LBW subjects examined both at 11 and 19 years of age, 54 (56%) were mentally healthy though out adolescence. This was half as many as for controls (OR: 0.6; 95% CI: 0.3 to 0.9).ConclusionModerate LBW was associated with an increased risk of psychiatric disorders in young adulthood. Only half of LBW young adults stayed healthy throughout adolescence.
The influence of impaired processing speed on cognition in first-episode antipsychotic-naïve schizophrenic patients
Authors: Andersen R. , Fagerlund B. , Rasmussen H. , Ebdrup B.H. , Aggernaes B. , Gade A. , Oranje B. , Glenthoj B. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractBackground:Impaired cognition is a prominent feature of schizophrenia. To what extent the heterogeneous cognitive impairments can be accounted for by considering only a single underlying impairment or a small number of core impairments remains elusive. This study examined whether cognitive impairments in antipsychotic-naïve, first-episode schizophrenia patients may be determined by a relative slower speed of information processing.Method:Forty-eight antipsychotic-naïve patients with first-episode schizophrenia and 48 matched healthy controls were administered a comprehensive battery of neuropsychological tests to assess domains of cognitive impairments in schizophrenia. Composite scores were calculated, grouping tests into cognitive domains.Results:There were significant differences between patients and healthy controls on global cognition and all cognitive domains, including verbal intelligence, processing speed, sustained attention, working memory, reasoning and problem solving, verbal learning and memory, visual learning and memory, and reaction time. All these significant differences, except for verbal intelligence and global cognition, disappeared when processing speed was included as a covariate.Conclusion:At the first stage of illness, antipsychotic-naïve patients with schizophrenia display moderate/severe impairments in all the cognitive domains assessed. The results support the contention of a global cognitive dysfunction in schizophrenia that to some extent may be determined by impaired processing speed.
BODY HEIGHT AND SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS OF FEMALES AT DIFFERENT LIFE STAGES
Authors: WRONKA IWONA 
Published: September 2012

SummaryAdult height reflects long-term nutritional status and exposure to infectious diseases, both of which are influenced by socioeconomic factors. Very little research has been done on these inequalities from a longitudinal perspective. This paper explores the links between body height at different life stages and socioeconomic characteristics. Data were obtained from 1008 Polish schoolgirls aged 16–18 years for whom earlier data on height were available. The height of each subject was measured. Socioeconomic status and age at menarche were assessed based on information received from the surveyed girls. Girls' heights in early life were ascertained from medical records. All girls were measured by trained school nurses at 7, 9 and 14 years of age. Socioeconomic status was found to be related to body height, but not to the rate of height gain during childhood and adolescence. Girls of a higher socioeconomic status were taller than girls of a lower socioeconomic status. On dividing the research material into homogeneous groups by maturity status, the same relationship was observed. No significant relationships were found between socioeconomic status and rate of height gain between ages 7 and 16, 17, 18 years. The findings suggest that socioeconomic variation in height is the result of living conditions during the first years of life.
Endoscopic, endonasal, trans-sphenoidal hypophysectomy: retrospective analysis of 171 procedures
Authors: Kumar S , Darr A , Hobbs C G , Carlin W V 
Published: September 2012

AbstractIntroduction:Endoscopic, transnasal management of pituitary gland neoplasms is a widely accepted alternative to the traditional microscopic approach. This study aimed to determine outcomes and complication rates for the largest UK series of endoscopic, trans-sphenoidal hypophysectomies reported to date.Methods:We performed a retrospective analysis of 136 primary resections and 35 revision cases performed at a tertiary referral centre.Results and analysis:Total tumour resection was confirmed in over 85 per cent of primary and revision cases, with biochemical remission in 60 per cent. The incidence of complications such as epistaxis, sphenoid sinus problems, endocrine insufficiency, visual disturbance, post-operative haemorrhage, cranial nerve injury and mortality was significantly lower, compared with similar series using the microscopic approach.Conclusion:Despite its steep ‘learning curve’, our series demonstrates that the endoscopic approach not only allows superior anatomical visualisation and therefore facilitates full oncological resection of tumours, but also reduces the incidence of peri-operative complications.
Comparison of peritonsillar infiltration of tramadol and lidocaine for the relief of post-tonsillectomy pain
Authors: Heiba M H , Atef A , Mosleh M , Mohamed R , El-Hamamsy M 
Published: September 2012

AbstractBackground:Several studies have reported the use of peritonsillar infiltrations of local anaesthetics and/or locally active analgesic drugs for the relief of post-tonsillectomy pain, with variable results in terms of quality and duration of analgesia. We aimed to compare the effects of peritonsillar infiltration of lidocaine versus tramadol versus placebo on post-tonsillectomy pain.Methods:Sixty patients over the age of 10 years undergoing bilateral elective tonsillectomy under general anaesthesia were randomised into three groups. The first group received peritonsillar infiltration of tramadol, the second 2 per cent lidocaine and the third normal saline. In all groups, peritonsillar infiltration was carried out after tonsillectomy but prior to tracheal extubation. Post-operative comparisons were made to assess the quality of pain control and the patients' analgesic requirements.Results:Peritonsillar infiltration of tramadol provided an analgesic effect comparable to that of lidocaine in the first 6 hours post-operation, as reflected by visual analogue scale pain scores and opioid requirements, which were lower compared with the placebo group.Conclusion:Peritonsillar infiltration of tramadol provided pain control in the first 6 hours post-tonsillectomy which was comparable to that of lidocaine.
Morphological assessment of the luminal surface of olfactory epithelium in mice deficient in tissue plasminogen activator following bulbectomy
Authors: Makino N , Ookawara S , Madoiwa S , Ohta Y , Ishikawa T , Katoh K , Takigami S , Kanazawa T , Matsuo O , Ichikawa M , Mimuro J , Sakata Y , Ichimura K 
Published: September 2012

AbstractObjective:This study aimed to investigate the function of tissue plasminogen activator in the olfactory epithelium of mice following neural injury.Method:Transmission electron microscopy was used to study the changes in the morphology of the olfactory epithelium 1–7 days after surgical ablation of the olfactory bulb (bulbectomy).Results:Prior to bulbectomy, a uniformly fine material was observed within some regions of the olfactory epithelium of mice deficient in tissue plasminogen activator. At 2–3 days after bulbectomy, there were degenerative changes in the olfactory epithelium. At 5–7 days after bulbectomy, we noted drastic differences in olfactory epithelium morphology between mice deficient in tissue plasminogen activator and wild-type mice (comparisons were made using findings from a previous study). The microvilli seemed to be normal and olfactory vesicles and receptor neuron dendrites were largely intact in the olfactory epithelium of mice deficient in tissue plasminogen activator.Conclusion:The tissue plasminogen activator plasmin system may inhibit the regeneration of the olfactory epithelium in the early stages following neural injury.
Global model of lower band and upper band chorus from multiple satellite observations
Authors: Meredith Nigel P. , Horne Richard B. , Sicard‐Piet Angélica , Boscher Daniel , Yearby Keith H. , Li Wen , Thorne Richard M. 
Published: September 2012

Gyroresonant wave particle interactions with whistler mode chorus play a fundamental role in the dynamics of the Earth's radiation belts and inner magnetosphere, affecting both the acceleration and loss of radiation belt electrons. Knowledge of the variability of chorus wave power as a function of both spatial location and geomagnetic activity, required for the computation of pitch angle and energy diffusion rates, is thus a critical input for global radiation belt models. Here we present a global model of lower band (0.1fce < f < 0.5fce) and upper band (0.5fce < f < fce) chorus, where fce is the local electron gyrofrequency, using data from five satellites, extending the coverage and improving the statistics of existing models. From the plasmapause out to L* = 10 the chorus emissions are found to be largely substorm dependent with the largest intensities being seen during active conditions. Equatorial lower band chorus is strongest during active conditions with peak intensities of the order 2000 pT2 in the region 4 < L* < 9 between 2300 and 1200 MLT. Equatorial upper band chorus is both weaker and less extensive with peak intensities of the order a few hundred pT2 during active conditions between 2300 and 1100 MLT from L* = 3 to L* = 7. Moving away from the equator midlatitude chorus is strongest in the lower band during active conditions with peak intensities of the order 2000 pT2 in the region 4 < L* < 9 but is restricted to the dayside between 0700 and 1400 MLT.
Eruption forerunners from multiparameter monitoring and application for eruptions time predictability (Piton de la Fournaise)
Authors: Schmid A. , Grasso J. R. , Clarke D. , Ferrazzini V. , Bachèlery P. , Staudacher T. 
Published: September 2012

Volcanic eruptions impact on societal risk, and volcanic hazard assessment is a necessary ingredient for decision‐makers. However, the prediction of volcanic eruptions remains challenging due to the complexity and the non‐linearity of volcanic processes. Identified forerunners such as increasing seismicity or deformation of the volcanic edifice prior to eruption are not deterministic. In this study, we use statistical methods to identify and discriminate precursory patterns to eruptions, on three sets of observables of Piton de la Fournaise volcano. We analyzed the short‐term (i.e. the inter‐eruptive period) time series of the seismicity rate, the deformation and the seismic velocity changes (deduced from seismic noise cross‐correlations) over the period 1999–2006, with two main goals. First, we characterize the average pre‐eruptive time patterns before 22 eruptions using superposed epoch analysis for the three observables. Using daily rate values, we resolve (1) a velocity change within 100–50 days from the eruptions onsets, then a plateau value up to eruption onset; (2) a power law increase in seismicity rate from noise level 15–10 days before eruption time; (3) an increase of displacement rate on the eruption day. These results support a three step mechanism leading to magma transfers toward the surface. Second we use pattern recognition techniques and the formalization of error diagrams to quantify the predictive power of each forerunner either as used independently or as combined to each other. We show that when seismicity rate alone performs the best prediction in the failure to predict versus alarm duration space, the combination of the displacement and seismicity data reduces the false alarm rate. We further propose a tool which explores the prediction results in order to optimize prediction strategy for decision‐makers, as a function of the risk value.
Space‐time clustering of seismicity in California and the distance dependence of earthquake triggering
Authors: Shearer P. M. 
Published: September 2012

Using two recent high‐resolution earthquake catalogs, I examine clustering in California seismicity by plotting the average rate of earthquakes as a function of both space and time from target events ofM2 to 5. Comparisons between pre‐ and post‐target event activity can be used to resolve earthquake‐to‐earthquake triggering associated with target events of different magnitudes. The results are more complicated than predicted by computer simulations of earthquake triggering that begin with background events occurring at random times. In particular, at least some of the temporal clustering of seismicity at short scales (0.1 to 5 km) does not appear to be caused by local earthquake triggering, but instead reflects an underlying physical process that temporarily increases the seismicity rate, such as is often hypothesized to drive earthquake swarms. Earthquake triggering forM < 4.5 earthquakes is only resolvable in average seismicity rates at times less than about one day and to distances of less than about 10 km, and its linear density decreases as r−1.5 to r−2.5, significantly steeper than some previous studies have found.
Interocean exchanges and the spreading of Antarctic Intermediate Water south of Africa
Authors: Rusciano Emanuela , Speich Sabrina , Ollitrault Michel 
Published: September 2012

Argo hydrographic profiles collected from 2004 to 2011 in the southeast Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean are used in combination with hydrographic transects to describe the characteristics of Antarctic Intermediate Water (AAIW) in the region. Making use of the recently developed ANDRO velocity data set, we estimate the evolution of the dynamical properties of different AAIW varieties along their pathways within the isoneutral layer (27.1 < γn < 27.6). Three different regional varieties of intermediate water converge in the southeast Atlantic: Atlantic AAIW (A‐AAIW, characterized by S ≤ 34.2), Indian AAIW (I‐AAIW, S ≥ 34.3), and a previously unknown variety that we named Indo‐Atlantic intermediate water (IA‐AAIW, 34.2 < S < 34.3). South of Africa, the I‐AAIW flowing within the Agulhas Current separates into two branches. One branch retroflects following the Agulhas Return Current (13.4 Sv) and proceeds back to the Indian Ocean. The other one separates from the Agulhas Current, and flows into the southeast Atlantic via the Cape Basin within mesoscale eddies (13.5 Sv). A‐AAIW enters the domain between the Subtropical Front and the Subantarctic Front (36 Sv). Part of this water (28 Sv) flows eastward into the Indian Ocean, while 10 Sv are injected into the Cape Basin and mix with I‐AAIW giving rise to the new IA‐AAIW variety. The latter separates into two branches, both transporting 7.4 Sv. One flows northwestward and subducts along the Northern Subtropical Front, while the other moves eastward to contribute a sizable volume of fresh and oxygenated water to the Indian Ocean.
Atmospheric gravity wave effects on polar mesospheric clouds: A comparison of numerical simulations from CARMA 2D with AIM observations
Authors: Chandran A. , Rusch D. W. , Thomas G. E. , Palo S. E. , Baumgarten G. , Jensen E. J. , Merkel A. W. 
Published: September 2012

The effects of atmospheric gravity waves (AGWs) on Polar Mesospheric Cloud (PMC) evolution and brightness are studied using a two dimensional version of the Community Aerosol and Radiation Model for Atmospheres (CARMA 2D). The primary objectives for doing CARMA modeling of AGW effects on PMCs are to address the question of whether AGWs can account for the rapid, orbit by orbit changes in cloud structure and brightness seen in overlapping regions from images of the Cloud Imaging and Particle Size (CIPS) experiment on board the Aeronomy of Ice in the Mesosphere (AIM) spacecraft. We present comparisons of PMC brightness changes between our numerical simulations and observations from the CIPS experiment. Previous modeling studies have indicated a much longer life‐time for PMC than the 90 min between CIPS orbits. We present CARMA 2D results showing dependence of ice particle growth and PMC brightness on AGW perturbation of background temperatures and water vapor concentrations. The model shows differences in brightness of PMCs due to differences in number of large ice particles depending on the scale and periods of the AGWs and also indicates that overall cloud brightness is a function of the wave period. While the maximum rate of change in PMC brightness from the model is still almost a factor of two less than the CIPS observed maximum rate of change in brightness, our study indicates that the variation in PMC brightness is in part due to the upward transport of water vapor into water depleted region by AGWs and the growth of ice particles from sub visual to visual and to larger sizes than they normally would have without AGWs. The presence of short period AGW cause periodic oscillations in cloud brightness about the no‐AGW brightness while long‐period AGW can temporarily increase the brightness of PMCs compared to the PMC brightness under no‐AGW case. However, both the short‐period and long‐period AGW ultimately reduce the domain averaged PMC brightness in the long‐term. This agrees with CIPS observations of generally dimmer PMCs in regions of high AGW activity. The seasonal variation in PMC albedos and the day to day variations seen in CIPS can be reproduced using a spectrum of short and long period AGW.