bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Deep Blue Emitter with a Combination of Hybridized Local and Charge Transfer Excited State and Aggregation‐Induced Emission Features for Efficient Non‐Doped OLED
Authors: Itsoponpan Teerapat , Wongkaew Praweena , Prakanpo Nipanan , Sukthawee Trirath , Suyoadsuk Taweesak , Promarak Vinich 
Published: August 2024

AbstractHerein, a deep blue emitter (PI‐TPB‐CN) with a synergistic effect of hybridized local and charge transfer excited state (HLCT) and aggregation‐induced emission (AIE) properties is successfully designed and synthesized to improve the performance of deep blue organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs). It is constructed using a 1,2,4,5‐tetraphenylbenzene (TPB) as an π‐conjugated AIE core being asymmetrically functionalized with a phenanthro[9,10‐d]imidazole (PI) as a weak donor (D) and a benzonitrile (CN) as an acceptor (A), thereby formulating D‐π‐A type fluorophore. Its HLCT and AIE properties verified by theoretical calculations, solvatochromic effects, and transient photoluminescence decay experiments, bring about a strong blue emission (452 nm) with a high photoluminescence quantum yield of 74 % in the thin film. PI‐TPB‐CN is successfully employed as a blue emitter in OLEDs. Non‐doped OLED with the structure of ITO/HAT‐CN (6 nm)/NPB (30 nm)/TCTA (10 nm)/PI‐TPB‐CN (30 nm)/TPBi (40 nm)/LiF (1 nm)/Al (100 nm) demonstrates excellent electroluminescence (EL) performance with blue emission (451 nm) and maximum external quantum efficiency (EQEmax) of 7.38 %. The device with a thinner layer of PI‐TPB‐CN (20 nm) and TPBi (30 nm) exhibits a deeper blue emission (444 nm) with CIE coordinates of (0.156, 0.096), a low turn‐on voltage of 3.0 V, and EQEmax of 6.45 %.
Photothermal Assisted Biomass Oxidation for Pairing Carbon Dioxide Electroreduction with Low Cell Potential
Authors: Chen Houjun , Peng Rongcheng , Hu Ting , Tang Naizhuo , Wang Yahan , Zhang Yan , Ni Wenpeng , Zhang Shiguo 
Published: August 2024

AbstractIntegrating anodic biomass valorization with carbon dioxide electroreduction (CO2RR) can produce value‐added chemicals on both the cathode and anode; however, anodic oxidation still suffers from high overpotential. Herein, a photothermal‐assisted method was developed to reduce the potential of 5‐hydroxymethyl furfural (HMF) electrooxidation. Capitalizing on the copious oxygen vacancies, defective Co3O4 (D‐Co3O4) exhibited a stronger photothermal effect, delivering a local temperature of 175.47 °C under near infrared light illumination. The photothermal assistance decreased the oxidation potential of HMF from 1.7 V over pristine Co3O4 to 1.37 V over D‐Co3O4 to achieve a target current density of 30 mA cm−2, with 2,5‐furandicarboxylic acid as the primary product. Mechanistic analysis disclosed that the photothermal effect did not change the HMF oxidation route but greatly enhanced the adsorption capacity of HMF. Meanwhile, faster electron transfer for direct HMF oxidation and the surface conversion to cobalt (oxy)hydroxide, which contributed to indirect HMF oxidation, was observed. Thus, rapid HMF conversion was realized, as evidenced by in situ surface‐enhanced infrared spectroscopy. Upon coupling cathodic CO2RR with an atomically dispersed Ni−N/C catalyst, the Faradaic efficiencies of CO (cathode) and 2,5‐furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA, anode) exceeded 90.0 % under a low cell potential of 1.77 V.
Optimizing Hard Carbon Anodes from Agricultural Biomass for Superior Lithium and Sodium Ion Battery Performance
Authors: Naik Pooja B. , Reddy Naveen S , Nataraj S. K. , Maiti Uday N. , Beere Hemanth K , Yadav Prahlad , Jung Hyun Y. , Ghosh Debasis 
Published: August 2024

AbstractBiomass‐derived carbon materials are gaining attention for their environmental and economic advantages in waste resource recovery, particularly for their potential as high‐energy materials for alkali metal ion storage. However, ensuring the reliability of secondary battery anodes remains a significant hurdle. Here, we report Areca Catechu sheath‐inner part derived carbon (referred to as ASIC) as a high‐performance anode for both rechargeable Li‐ion (LIBs) and Na‐ion batteries (SIBs). We explore the microstructure and electrochemical performance of ASIC materials synthesized at various pyrolysis temperatures ranging from 700 to 1400 °C. ASIC‐9, pyrolyzed at 900 °C, exhibits multilayer stacked sheets with the highest specific surface area, and the least lateral size and stacking height. ASIC‐14, pyrolyzed at 1400 °C, demonstrates the most ordered carbon structure with the least defect concentration and the highest stacking height and an increased lateral size. ASIC‐9 achieves the highest capacities (676 mAh/g at 0.134 C) and rate performance (94 mAh/g at 13.4 C) for hosting Li+ ions, while ASIC‐14 exhibits superior electrochemical performance for hosting Na+ ions, maintaining a high specific capacity after 300 cycles with over 99.5 % Coulombic efficiency. This comprehensive understanding of structure‐property relationships paves the way for the practical utilization of biomass‐derived carbon in various battery applications.
Influence of Complex Multiphasic Flow on the Thiuram Electrosynthesis in a Microchannel Reactor
Authors: Zheng Siyuan , Wang Kai 
Published: August 2024

AbstractAs an important sustainable method for chemical synthesis, organic electrosynthesis experienced a renaissance in recent years for its excellent atom economy. Although microchannel reactors have been proposed to advanced electrosynthesis devices to obtain low energy cost and high reaction performance, the complex multiphasic flow in the electrochemical microchannels are very less reported and the effects of flow condition on the electrosynthesis reaction are less reported. Taking the electrosynthesis of tetraethyl thiuram disulfide (TETD) as a typical case, we developed a visualized electrochemical microchannel reactor equipped with fluorine‐doped tin oxide (FTO) loaded glass electrode to investigate the gas‐liquid‐liquid triple phase flow pattern and the main factors influenced the response current at certain applied cell voltage. The gas‐liquid‐liquid hybrid flow with low gas hold‐up and high liquid flow rate was found crucial for preventing coverage of TETD on the electrode, which provided 23.1 % low current attenuation ratio at 3.0 V cell voltage. The research not only exhibited the complex evolution mechanism of the response current, but also showed the importance of flow condition control for balancing the work efficiency and energy consumption of electrosynthesis process.
A novel unified interference management scheme for multicellular MIMO communication with instantaneous relay
Authors: Menon U Vivek , Selvaprabhu Poongundran 
Published: August 2024

SummaryIn the world of emerging wireless networks, interference poses a significant challenge to reliable wireless communication. Additionally, these networks are prone to path loss and blockages, which can be addressed by utilizing the advanced technology of multihop communication with instantaneous relay (IR). However, scenarios involving IR‐assisted networks are considered instances of multihop communications that face potential obstacles caused by interference. As a result, multiple interference management approaches exist to tackle this interference issue, among which aligned interference neutralization (AIN) is a state‐of‐the‐art technology that seamlessly unifies two established interference management strategies: interference alignment (IA) and interference neutralization (IN). Therefore, this paper presents a novel tristaged AIN scheme to mitigate interference in a multicellular multiple‐input multiple‐output (MIMO) interference multiple access channel (IMAC). In the proposed scheme, the initial stage‐1 involves transmitting message signals from individual transmitters or users to the IR and the receiving base stations (BSs). In stage‐2, the IR neutralizes half of the interference signals by performing IN. Finally, in stage‐3, IA is carried out at the receiver BS terminals, aligning the remaining interference signals equally within the available dimensions. Based on this proposed approach, we determined that for an IR‐aided multicellular MIMO IMAC, the achievable degree of freedom (DoF) is 2N. The proposed approach's robustness and effectiveness have been analyzed through extensive simulations, and these simulation results indicated that the proposed approach outperforms other benchmark interference management techniques in terms of DoF and sum rate, thereby improving user performance.
Trading off nature for nature‐based solutions: The bioeconomics of forest management for wildlife, timber, and carbon
Authors: Ury Jonah , Kotchen Matthew J. , Schmitz Oswald J. 
Published: August 2024

AbstractNature‐based solutions are attracting interest for their potential to enlist ecological processes as cost‐effective and safe ways to capture and store carbon in forest ecosystems. Such solutions often need to be implemented in landscapes in which there are longer established values for other ecosystem services including wildlife and timber production. Here we develop an integrative model that illustrates the inherent trade‐offs that will arise among the competing values for landscape space and how to resolve them. The analysis characterizes boreal forest ecosystem dynamics involving interactions among the main trophic compartments of an intact boreal ecosystem, aka “nature.” The model accounts for carbon accumulation via biomass growth of forest trees (timber), carbon loss due to controls from moose herbivory that varies with moose population density (hunting), and soil carbon inputs and release, which together determine the carbon sink strength of the ecosystem. We link the ecological dynamics with an economic analysis by assigning a price to carbon stored within the intact boreal forest ecosystem. We then weigh these carbon impacts against the economic benefits of timber production and hunting across a range of moose population densities. Combined, this carbon‐bioeconomic program calculates the total ecosystem benefit of a modeled boreal forest system, providing a framework for examining how different forest harvest and moose densities influence the achievement of carbon storage targets, under different levels of carbon pricing. The analysis shows that promoting nature‐based solutions merely for carbon storage may result in loss of a key part of “nature” via loss of the trophic structure and key functional controls in the ecosystem.
The frequency and chemical phenotype of neighboring plants determine the effects of intraspecific plant diversity
Authors: Glassmire Andrea E. , Hauri Kayleigh C. , Turner Daniel B. , Zehr Luke N. , Sugimoto Koichi , Howe Gregg A. , Wetzel William C. 
Published: August 2024

AbstractAssociational effects, whereby plants influence the biotic interactions of their neighbors, are an important component of plant–insect interactions. Plant chemistry has been hypothesized to mediate these interactions. The role of chemistry in associational effects, however, has been unclear in part because the diversity of plant chemistry makes it difficult to tease apart the importance and roles of particular classes of compounds. We examined the chemical ecology of associational effects using backcross‐bred plants of the Solanum pennellii introgression lines. We used eight genotypes from the introgression line system to establish 14 unique neighborhood treatments that maximized differences in acyl sugars, proteinase inhibitor, and terpene chemical diversity. We found that the chemical traits of the neighboring plant, rather than simply the number of introgression lines within a neighborhood, influenced insect abundance on focal plants. Furthermore, within‐chemical class diversity had contrasting effects on herbivore and predator abundances, and depended on the frequency of neighboring plant chemotypes. Notably, we found insect mobility—flying versus crawling—played a key role in insect response to phytochemistry. We highlight that the frequency and chemical phenotype of plant neighbors underlie associational effects and suggest this may be an important mechanism in maintaining intraspecific phytochemical variation within plant populations.
Selective Oxidation of Glycerol to Glycolic and Oxalic Acids for Direct Glycerol Fuel Cell
Authors: Othman Putera Nik Aiman , Karim Nabila A. , Rusydi Febdian 
Published: August 2024

ABSTRACTThe direct glycerol fuel cell (DGFC) is a promising application, although the catalyst has limits and could be improved. This study used density functional theory (DFT) calculations to elucidate how the addition of silver (Ag) to a palladium (Pd) catalyst can change the mechanism of the glycerol oxidation reaction (GEOR). It was discovered that the glycerol easily oxidized at the primary carbon at the start of the reaction. Glyceraldehyde and glyceric acid are produced as intermediary products due to primary carbon oxidation using Pd3–Ag1 (111). The addition of Ag aided C–C cleavage during the reaction, converting glyceric acid to glycolic acid rather than tartronic acid. The selectivity of high‐value molecules such as glycolic and oxalic acid was more likely to increase due to the early C–C splitting. At the end of the possible chemical pathways, oxalic acid or formic acid can be generated with the nine electrons that can be transferred. This work's catalyst model and mechanism can be employed with a new alloy catalyst combination and modification or tested with a different type of alcohol or polyol as fuel. DFT analysis of the mechanism allows for more flexible improvement and design in the search for novel and better catalysts.
Conscience, Disobedience, and Standard of Care
Authors: Latham Stephen R. 
Published: August 2024

AbstractIn the article “Principled Conscientious Provision: Referral Symmetry and Its Implications for Protecting Secular Conscience,” Abram L. Brummett, Tanner Hafen, and Mark C. Navin reject what they call the “referral asymmetry” in U.S. conscientious objection law in medicine, which recognizes rights of conscientiously objecting physicians to withhold referrals for medical interventions but does not (yet) recognize rights of physicians to make referrals for medical interventions to which they are morally committed but to which their health care institutions are morally opposed. This commentary concentrates on a second asymmetry, namely, the relationship of a health care provider's referral or nonreferral to the medical standard of care. The commentary argues that this second asymmetry seems to require action more appropriately recognized as civil disobedience than conscientious provision of referral.
Gender and Sport
Authors: Murray Thomas H. 
Published: August 2024

AbstractSport faces many challenges in creating fair, interesting, and meaningful competitions that highlight and reward the qualities widely valued in sport, such as natural talents, dedication, and competitive savvy. The Paralympic Games illuminate both the challenge and a thoughtful way of responding by organizing events that group athletes with comparable levels of impairment so that raw physical discrepancies don't overwhelm differences in talent or dedication. It may be helpful to reflect on how gender is used in decisions about who competes against whom. Gender has long served as a rough proxy for differences in size and strength. For sports where size and strength matter, those are the dimensions along which competitors should be matched, not their gender identity. In that sense, gender is incidental to fair competition in sport. Because playing sports is good for people in so many ways, we should provide abundant opportunities that are widely available and enjoyable for all people.
Hypofractionated radiation therapy alone for human papillomavirus‐related oropharyngeal cancer
Authors: Chen Allen M. , Harris Jeremy P. , Tjoa Tjoson , Haidar Yarah , Armstrong William B. 
Published: August 2024

AbstractPurposeTo report a single‐institutional experience with hypofractionated radiation therapy alone for human papillomavirus (HPV)‐positive oropharyngeal cancer.Methods and materialsA total of 101 consecutive patients were treated by radiation therapy alone using a regimen of 66 Gy in 30 fractions (60 patients) or 70 Gy in 33 fractions (41 patients) for newly diagnosed p16‐positive squamous cell carcinoma of the oropharynx. Sixty‐seven patients (67%) were never smokers.ResultsThe 3‐year actuarial rates of overall survival, local‐regional control, and progression‐free survival were 94%, 93%, and 89%, respectively. Among never‐smokers, the 3‐year rates of overall survival and local–regional control were 98% and 100%, respectively. The grade 3+ acute toxicity rate was 21%, with the most commonly observed side effects related to mucositis.ConclusionHypofractionated radiation alone resulted in excellent outcomes for patients with HPV‐positive oropharyngeal cancer. A prospective clinical trial investigating this modality in the setting of de‐escalation is currently underway.
Effects of straw application on soil hydrothermal conditions and crop yield in a maize and wheat rotation system
Authors: Du Mingcheng , Zhang Jianyun , Chen Qiuwen , Lin Yuqing , Yan Hanlu , Liu Cuishan , Wang Zhenlong , Wang Guoqing 
Published: August 2024

AbstractThe addition of crop straw is considered an important measure for sustainable agricultural production. Crop straw when incorporated into the soil affects crop growth and development by changing the hydrothermal conditions of the soil. However, quantitative studies that inform on the mechanisms by which added straw or straw biochar (SSB) affects hydrothermal response of soil and thereby crop productivity in lime concretion black soil (LCBS) are lacking. Moreover, the sustained effects during continuous cropping are less well understood. The impact of SSB on soil properties and crop yields in a typical LCBS area was systematically investigated through field experiments with maize and wheat rotations. Four treatments were set: straw (S), fertilizer (F), straw with fertilizer (SF) and straw biochar with fertilizer (BF). The results indicated that soil water‐holding capacity and rainfall storage efficiency were improved in BF and SF treatments. Compared with the F treatment, the soil water storage increased by 80%–98% and the response time of soil water to rainfall was advanced by approximately 4 h in the other three treatments during the maize season. BF and SF treatments only increased soil water storage by 6.8% due to the lack of rainfall during the wheat season. Soil inorganic nitrogen and available phosphorus were significantly increased in SF treatment by 101.1% and 32.9% compared with BF treatment in the wheat season. Considering crop plant height, leaf area index and yield, SF and BF treatments were beneficial to crop growth and improved water use efficiency. They did not increase maize yield significantly, with a maximum increase of 2.1% in BF treatment compared with F treatment. But, SF treatment significantly increased wheat yield by 11.8% and BF treatment increased wheat yield by 6.7%. Overall, this study illustrated the positive effects of SSB additions on the production of LCBS from multiple perspectives. This will provide reference for improving the soil hydrothermal conditions of LCBS and ensure food security.
Study of the effect of local forcing on the fractal behaviour of shallow groundwater levels in a riparian aquifer
Authors: Habib Abrar , Paschalis Athanasios , Onof Christian , Bloomfield John P. , Sorensen James P. R. , Butler Adrian P. 
Published: August 2024

AbstractWith the help of a physically based recharge‐groundwater flow model and robust detrended fluctuation analysis (r‐DFAn), the effect of local (catchment‐scale) forcing on groundwater levels' scaling behaviour in a riparian aquifer in Wallingford, UK, is investigated. The local forcings investigated in this study include the rainfall's temporal scaling behaviour (which is simulated by changing rainfall's intermittency parameter in a β‐lognormal multiplicative random cascade model), the aquifer's physical parameters (saturated hydraulic conductivity, specific yield, the empirical coefficients of the water retention curve and the river stage's scaling behaviour). Groundwater level's scaling behaviour was found to be most sensitive to rainfall's fractal behaviour. Additionally, there is preliminary evidence suggesting that changes to the rainfall's local scaling behaviour (i.e., change to the series' scaling that induces crossovers) affects the groundwater's and the recharge's local scaling behaviour.
Dynamic response of groundwater to rainfall events and sea tides in coral island
Authors: Yao Dongxu , Yang Lihu , Song Xianfang 
Published: August 2024

AbstractRainfall and sea tides significantly affect the coastal groundwater. The effect of rainfall events and sea tides on groundwater is not fully understood. In this study, groundwater level and electrical conductivity (EC) were simultaneously measured in three monitoring wells to evaluate the behaviour of freshwater in the uplifted atoll island of Zhaoshu, China. We used the water level sensor monitoring the position and variability of freshwater in the island. In the monitoring period, 86 rainfall events (cumulative rainfall above 1 mm) were identified. The fresh groundwater periodically fluctuates with phase lags every 1–2 h following sea tides. The intermittent rainfall increases the volume of fresh groundwater, while groundwater fluctuation is controlled by tides. Multiple regression analysis and cross‐correlation analysis were used to analyse the response relationship of groundwater to rainfall and tides. Variation in the groundwater level lags the EC as the temporal fluctuation of the sea tides. Only in case of severe rainstorm (cumulative precipitation of an event above 300 mm), the contribution of rainfall on groundwater level fluctuation is greater than that of sea tide. Four response modes (RRR, RFF, RFR, RRF) decomposition of groundwater have been defined according to the tidal stage and threshold (70.3–301.1 mm) of rainfall. The tidal‐induced groundwater effect (TGE) is stronger than the rainfall‐induced groundwater effect (RGE) but it is the opposite in the third and fourth modes. These results and mechanisms could be applied to other atoll islands, for our understanding of rainfall infiltration processes with tidal effect, and could be instrumental in estimating groundwater resources.
A proposal for an academy to deliver capacity building in agricultural water management with particular reference to irrigation
Authors: Lankford Bruce , Mabhaudhi Tafadzwanashe 
Published: August 2024

AbstractThe paper proposes a capacity‐building programme (CBP) on water for food/agricultural water management in sub‐Saharan Africa contained within an academy on the water–energy–food (WEF) nexus. The paper is informed by a study funded by the International Water Management Institute and supported by the Water Research Commission of South Africa. It also reports on a stakeholder consultation workshop on 26 April 2023 in Pretoria, South Africa. It identifies key components of capacity‐building design and delivery, including six teaching and learning pathways. These are managed ad hoc self‐directed learning; continuing professional development; short‐course training; vocational college training; part‐time online postgraduate training; and full‐time in‐person postgraduate training. The accompanying budget analysis is speculative based on the size of the student cohorts per year for each of the six CBP pathways. The total budget of the academy is estimated at approximately US$60 million for a 10‐year programme training 2,800 individuals. This works out at an average per‐student cost of US$21,600. One question, debated at the stakeholder workshop but unresolved, was the emphasis on irrigation versus the agricultural water management continuum including rainfed agriculture.