bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Beyond parallel programming with domain specific languages
Authors: Olukotun Kunle 
Published: December 2014

Today, almost all computer architectures are parallel and heterogeneous; a combination of multiple CPUs, GPUs and specialized processors. This creates a challenging problem for application developers who want to develop high performance programs without the effort required to use low-level, architecture specific parallel programming models (e.g. OpenMP for CMPs, CUDA for GPUs, MPI for clusters). Domain-specific languages (DSLs) are a promising solution to this problem because they can provide an avenue for high-level application-specific abstractions with implicit parallelism to be mapped directly to low level architecture-specific programming models; providing both high programmer productivity and high execution performance.
In this talk I will describe an approach to building high performance DSLs, which is based on DSL embedding in a general purpose programming language, metaprogramming and a DSL infrastructure called Delite. I will describe how we transform DSL programs into efficient first-order low-level code using domain specific optimization, parallelism and locality optimization with parallel patterns, and architecture-specific code generation. All optimizations and transformations are implemented in Delite: an extensible DSL compiler infrastucture that significantly reduces the effort required to develop new DSLs. Delite DSLs for machine learning, data querying, graph analysis, and scientific computing all achieve performance competitive with manually parallelized C++ code.
AADL and model-based engineering
Authors: Feiler Peter H. 
Published: December 2014

Mission and safety critical software-reliant systems, aka. Cyber-physical systems, face the increasing challenges of exponential increase in verification related software rework cost. Industry studies show that 70% of defects are introduced in requirements and architecture design, while 80% are discovered post-unit test. The Architecture Analysis & Design Language (AADL) standard was targeted to address these issues through virtual system integration to analytically discover these system level issues regarding operational system properties early in the life cycle.
After a summary of the challenges, the presentation highlights the expressive, analytical, and auto-generation capabilities of the AADL core language as well as several of its standardized extensions. The presentation then illustrates the importance of the analytical virtual system integration capabilities on several realistic industrial examples. In this context we discuss the benefit of well-defined semantics of nominal and fault behavior, timing, semantics of the model in AADL over other MBD notations.
The presentation concludes by outlining a four part improvement strategy: architecture-led requirement specification to improve the quality of requirements, architecture refinement and incremental virtual system integration to discover issues early, compositional verification through static analysis to address scalability, and incremental verification and testing throughout the life cycle as assurance evidence.
Hybrid annex
Authors: Ahmad Ehsan , Larson Brian R. , Barrett Stephen C. , Zhan Naijun , Dong Yunwei 
Published: December 2014

Correct design, and system-level dependability prediction of highly-integrated systems demand the collocation of requirements and architectural artifacts within an integrated development environment. Hybrid systems, having dependencies and extensive interactions between their control portion and their environment, further intensify this need.
AADL is a model-based engineering language for the architectural design and analysis of embedded control systems. Core AADL has been extended with a mechanism for discrete behavioral modeling and analysis of control systems, but not for the continuous behavior of the physical environment. In this paper, we introduce a lightweight language extension to AADL called the Hybrid Annex for continuous-time modeling, fulfilling the need for integrated modeling of the computing system along with its physical environment in their respective domains. The Isolette system described in the FAA Requirement Engineering Management Handbook is used to illustrate continuous behavior modeling with the proposed Hybrid Annex.
Leveraging Ada 2012 and SPARK 2014 for assessing generated code from AADL models
Authors: Hugues Jérôme , Garion Christophe 
Published: December 2014

Modeling of Distributed Real-time Embedded systems using Architecture Description Language provides the foundations for various levels of analysis: scheduling, reliability, consistency, etc.; but also allows for automatic code generation. A challenge is to demonstrate that generated code matches quality required for safety-critical systems. In the scope of the AADL, the Ocarina toolchain proposes code generation towards the Ada Ravenscar profile with restrictions for High-Integrity. It has been extensively used in the space domain as part of the TASTE project within the European Space Agency.
In this paper, we illustrate how the combined use of Ada 2012 and SPARK 2014 significantly increases code quality and exhibits absence of run-time errors at both run-time and generated code levels.
Safe parallel programming in ada with language extensions
Authors: Taft S. Tucker , Moore Brad , Pinho Luís Miguel , Michell Stephen 
Published: December 2014

The increased presence of parallel computing platforms brings concerns to the general purpose domain that were previously prevalent only in the specific niche of high-performance computing. As parallel programming technologies become more prevalent in the form of new emerging programming languages and extensions of existing languages, additional safety concerns arise as part of the paradigm shift from sequential to parallel behaviour.
In this paper, we propose various syntax extensions to the Ada language, which provide mechanisms whereby the compiler is given the necessary semantic information to enable the implicit and explicit parallelization of code. The model is based on earlier work, which separates parallelism specification from concurrency implementation, but proposes an updated syntax with additional mechanisms to facilitate the development of safer parallel programs.
UML with meaning
Authors: Seidewitz Ed 
Published: December 2014

To most in the software community, "modeling" is drawing pictures, something much different than "coding". While programming languages must be specified precisely enough to be executable, this has not necessarily been the case for modeling languages. Indeed, the well-known Unified Modeling Language (UML) has for years had a specification that is far from precise.
However, precise models are quite common in other engineering disciplines, and there has been a minority even in software engineering that have created models that are precise enough to be, themselves, executable. Over the last decade, the UML community has more generally come to realize the benefits of having at least a subset of UML specified with precise execution semantics. While not all models need to be executable, executable models can support early testing and analysis of the design of critical software systems, as well as supporting simulation for communities using UML for modeling beyond just software (such as SysML for systems engineering).
As a result, there has been a great deal of work in recent years toward the standardization of precise, executable semantics for UML models - the "meaning" behind the pictures: Foundational UML (fUML), the Action Language for fUML (Alf) and the recently completed Precise Semantics for UML Composite Structures. These new specifications provide the promise of widespread support for executable modeling across the many UML tools now on the market.
A review of the orientalis group of the Otostigmus subgenus Otostigmus Porat, 1876 (Chilopoda: Scolopendromorpha: Scolopendridae)
Authors: LEWIS JOHN G. E. 
Published: December 2014

The Otostigmus subgenus Otostigmus, which currently comprises 58 species, was subdivided by Lewis (2010a) into nine species groups based on Attems’ (1930a) monograph. The orientalis group comprising 19 species and two subspecies is the subject of this paper. In most cases, the type material is redescribed and variation discussed.The following species are valid: O. ateles Chamberlin, 1920, O. australianus Attems, 1930, O. brevidentatus Verhoeff, 1937, O. foveolatus Verhoeff, 1937, O. kashmiranus Lewis, 1992, O. metallicus Haase, 1887, O. multidens multidens Haase, 1887, O. oatesi Kraepelin, 1903, O. orientalis Porat, 1876, O. ruficeps Pocock, 1890, and O. striolatus Verhoeff, 1937. O. seychellarum Attems, 1900, is reinstated as a valid species and O. niasensis Silvestri, 1895, and O. sucki Kraepelin, 1903 which may be O. metallicus are regarded as valid pro tem. O. greggi Chamberlin, 1944, is a junior subjective synonym of O. astenus (Kohlrausch, 1881), and O. loriae Silvestri, 1895, and O. multidens carens Attems, 1938, junior subjective synonyms of O. multidens. O. loriae nordicus Schileyko, 1995, becomes O. multidens nordicus comb. nov. O. nemorensis Silvestri, 1895, O. poonamae Khanna & Tripathi, 1986, and O. telus Chamberlin, 1939, are nomina dubia. A key to the species is provided.
Evaluating the Influence of Plant-Specific Physiological Parameterizations on the Partitioning of Land Surface Energy Fluxes
Authors: Sulis Mauro , Langensiepen Matthias , Shrestha Prabhakar , Schickling Anke , Simmer Clemens , Kollet Stefan J. 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
Plant physiological properties have a significant influence on the partitioning of radiative forcing, the spatial and temporal variability of soil water and soil temperature dynamics, and the rate of carbon fixation. Because of the direct impact on latent heat fluxes, these properties may also influence weather-generating processes, such as the evolution of the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL). In this work, crop-specific physiological characteristics, retrieved from detailed field measurements, are included in the biophysical parameterization of the Terrestrial Systems Modeling Platform (TerrSysMP). The physiological parameters for two typical European midlatitudinal crops (sugar beet and winter wheat) are validated using eddy covariance fluxes over multiple years from three measurement sites located in the North Rhine–Westphalia region of Germany. Comparison with observations and a simulation utilizing the generic crop type shows clear improvements when using the crop-specific physiological characteristics of the plant. In particular, the increase of latent heat fluxes in conjunction with decreased sensible heat fluxes as simulated by the two crops leads to an improved quantification of the diurnal energy partitioning. An independent analysis carried out using estimates of gross primary production reveals that the better agreement between observed and simulated latent heat adopting the plant-specific physiological properties largely stems from an improved simulation of the photosynthesis process. Finally, to evaluate the effects of the crop-specific parameterizations on the ABL dynamics, a series of semi-idealized land–atmosphere coupled simulations is performed by hypothesizing three cropland configurations. These numerical experiments reveal different heat and moisture budgets of the ABL using the crop-specific physiological properties, which clearly impacts the evolution of the boundary layer.
Novel Radiographic Measurement Algorithm Demonstrating a Link between Obesity and Lateral Skull Base Attenuation
Authors: Stevens Shawn M. , Lambert Paul R. , Rizk Habib , McIlwain Wesley R. , Nguyen Shaun A. , Meyer Ted A. 
Published: December 2014

Objectives(1) To describe a validated algorithm for measuring tegmen thickness on computed tomography scans. (2) To compare the tegmen thickness in 3 groups: patients with spontaneous cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leaks, obese controls, and nonobese controls.Study DesignRetrospective review.SettingPatients with spontaneous CSF otorrhea often have highly attenuated tegmen plates. This is associated with obesity and/or idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH). No evidence exists, however, that objectively links obesity and/or IIH with skull base attenuation.Subjects and MethodsThis was a retrospective review from 2004 to the present. Patients with spontaneous CSF otorrhea and matched obese (body mass index [BMI] >30 kg/m2) and nonobese (BMI <30 kg/m2) controls were selected. Tegmen thickness was measured radiographically. Interrater validity was assessed.ResultsNinety‐eight patients were measured: 37 in the CSF group (BMI, 36.6 kg/m2), 30 in the obese group (BMI, 34.6 kg/m2), and 31 in the nonobese group (BMI, 24.2 kg/m2). The CSF group had a significantly thinner tegmen compared to both the obese control (P <. 01) and nonobese control (P =. 0004) groups. Obese controls had a thinner tegmen than nonobese controls (P <. 00001). A significant inverse correlation was detected between skull base thickness and BMI. Signs/symptoms of IIH were most commonly found in the CSF group. Good to very good strength of agreement was detected for measures between raters.ConclusionThis is the first study to (1) quantify lateral skull base thickness and (2) significantly correlate obesity with lateral skull base attenuation. Patients who are obese with spontaneous CSF leaks have greater attenuation of their skull base than matched obese controls. This finding supports theories that an additional process, possibly congenital, has a pathoetiological role in skull base dehiscence.
Novel Porous Oral Patches for Patients with Mild Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Mouth Breathing
Authors: Huang Tsung‐Wei , Young Tai‐Horng 
Published: December 2014

ObjectivesHabitual open‐mouth breathing (OMB) during sleep can cause snoring and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). This study used a porous oral patch (POP) to treat patients with mild OSA and OMB during sleep. The subjective and objective outcomes were evaluated.Study DesignProspective study.SettingTertiary referral center.Subjects and MethodsPatients with ≥5 events hourly but <15 hourly on the apnea‐hypopnea index (AHI) were enrolled. All patients slept with their mouths closed by using the POP, which is a porous skin pad consisting of 3 layers: silicone sheet, polyurethane foam, and polyurethane film. Before treatment and during treatment, subjective outcomes were assessed using the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) and visual analog scale (VAS) of snoring. Objective outcomes were assessed using polysomnography and cephalometry.ResultsThirty patients were enrolled in this study. All patients slept with their mouths closed while using a POP. The ESS and VAS of snoring scores were 8.1 ± 1.5 and 7.5 ± 2.0 before the POP, respectively, in contrast to 5.2 ± 1.6 and 2.4 ± 1.4 while using a POP, respectively (P <. 05). The median AHI score was significantly decreased by using a POP from 12.0 per hour before treatment to 7.8 per hour during treatment (P <. 01). The snoring intensity and median snoring index were 49.1 ± 10.8 dB and 146.7 per hour before the POP, respectively, which decreased to 41.1 ± 7.8 dB and 40.0 per hour while using a POP, respectively (P <. 01). Cephalometry revealed that the retropalatal space and retrolingual space were 7.4 ± 1.6 mm and 6.8 ± 2.5 mm before the POP, respectively, compared with 8.6 ± 1.2 mm and 10.2 ± 1.8 mm during treatment, respectively (P <. 01).ConclusionThe POP is a useful device to treat patients with mild OSA and habitual OMB.
Effects of Different Isokinetic Training Programs on Hamstring/Quadriceps Ratio and Proprioception in Patients with Patellofemoral Pain
Authors: Güney Hande , Yüksel İnci , Kaya Defne , Doral Mahmut Nedim 
Published: December 2014

Objectives: To determine the effects of different isokinetic training programs; eccentric training, concentric training and combined (concentric-eccentric) training on quadriceps and hamstring muscle strength functional ratio (H/Qfunc ) and knee proprioception in Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome (PFPS) patients. Methods: Thirty patients with unilateral PFPS were randomly assigned to 3 groups: concentric (CON, n=10) (31.23±3.12 years), eccentric (ECC, n=10) (33.73±2.21 years) and combined (combined, n=10) (30.41±4.35 years). In accordance with the progression principle, the training program was divided into 3 mesoscycles, and the sets and angular speeds were increased in each mesocycle. All groups were treated for 8 weeks. To determine H/Qfunc, eccentric quadriceps and concentric hamstring peak torques were evaluated at 60°/sec with Biodex System 3 (Biodex® Corp., Shirley, NY, USA). 20° and 60° of knee flexion target angles were used to evaluate the knee proprioception. Peak torques and proprioception were evaluated before and 8-week after training. Repeated measure of ANOVA was used for the analysis. Results: There was a significant difference in H/Qfunc between groups at 60°/sec (F= 9.048, p<0.001). The mean improvement difference in ECC and CON-ECC groups were better than CON group. Proprioception improvement was found significant after 8-weeks training for both on 20° (F=150.879 p<0.001) and 60° (F=247.561, p<0.001) of knee flexion. The mean improvement was similar for 20° (F=1.964, p=0.132) and 60° (F=0.493, p=0.711) of knee flexion between the groups. Conclusion: Isokinetic training with the emphasis on eccentric training of quadriceps muscle had a significant effect in H/Qfunc in PFPS patients. This is mostly based on the improvement in quadriceps eccentric peak torque and the improvement in balance between hamstring and quadriceps muscles. Eccentric and combined (concentric-eccentric) training is more appropriate model for strengthening compared to only concentric training.
Effects of Dynamic Extension Exercise and Mulligan Stretching on Hamstring Flexibility
Authors: Tomruk Murat , Tomruk Melda Soysal , Gelecek Nihal 
Published: December 2014

Objectives: By the increase in physically inactive and sedentary lifestyles habits, hamstring tightness has currently become a more common situation. The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of dynamic extension exercise and Mulligan stretching applications on hamstring flexibility in people with hamstring tightness. Methods: This study involved 12 young adults and 24 knees (4 females, 8 males) with bilateral hamstring tightness (active knee extension test angle < 25 degrees). Mean age and mean Body Mass Index (BMI) of the participants were 22.75±2.73 years and 21.52±2.51 kg/m2, respectively. Before the first measurements, all participants were separated into a Dynamic Extension Exercise Group (DEEG, n = 7) and Mulligan Stretching group (MSG, n = 5) according to the simple random table. DEEG received terminal extension exercises consisting of three sets of 10 repetitions, with 30 seconds of rest between each set, performed at predetermined 10 repetition maximum for each subject. MSG received traction straight leg raise technique and bent-leg-raise technique of Mulligan for 1 set each session applied by the physiotherapist. Applications were done 3 sessions a week for 4 weeks. Hamstring flexibility was measured with Active Knee Extension Test (AKET) and Sit and Reach Test (SRT). All measurements were performed four times: before treatment (BT), immediately after 1st session and 24th hour, and after 4-week treatment period (AT). Results: There were no significant differences between the two groups in the baseline demographic characteristics, BMI, and AKET and SRT results (p>0.05). While MSG group experienced a significant increase in the AKET and SRT at measurements of 1st session, 24th hour and AT (p<0.05), there were no significant alterations in values of AKET and SRT in DEEG (p>0.05). Conclusion: The results of our study showed that applying Mulligan stretching three sessions per week for 4 weeks can increase active knee extension angle in people with hamstring tightness. Applying Mulligan stretching instead of dynamic extension exercises can be more effective on hamstring flexibility. However, further data and studies are needed to determine long-term outcomes.
Investigation of Cervical Fleksor and Extensor Muscle Activation During Isometric Neck Extension Applied by Therraband
Authors: Önal Sercan , Can Filiz , Yakut Yavuz , Baltacı Gül 
Published: December 2014

Objectives: Therrabands are commonly used for resistive exercises, streching and stabilization exercises and also isometric exercises. However, principles of practice of therrabands are mostly focused on exercise variety. Likewise it is only given point to exercise variety during therrabands’ usage at cervical region. Nevertheless, for effective usage of therrabands and for proper assessment of effectiveness response, it is necessary to know the amount of resistance being given or muscle activation response against the resistance given. The aim of this study was to compare activations of cervical flexor and extensor muscles during isometric extension exercise against the resistance of therraband in healthy individuals. Methods: 14 healthy subjects (8 female,6 male)aged between 19-32 have been included in the study. Subjects with neck problems, systemic diseases, history of trauma or operation were excluded. Neck isometric exercises with therraband was 2 sets with 2 minutes’ intervals and EMG records have been taken during exercises. After preparation of the skin, surface electrodes placed on the motor points of sternocleidomastoideus(SCM) and erector spinae(ES) muscles. After taking the average of 3 measures, the first 10 seconds of muscular activations were recorded. The average of integrated EMG(iEMG) values of each records was used for statistical data. Independent T test and Mann Whitney U test were used for the analysis of findings. Results: There was no significant difference between the right ES and left ES’s mean iEMG during isometric neck extension against therraband (p=0.06). Although there was no difference between right SCM and right ES muscles action potentials(t=-0.895; p=0.379), there was a significant difference between left SCM and left ES muscles’ action potentials (z= -2.435; p=0.01). When all the right and left SCM and ES muscle activations were compared, a significant difference was detected in favour of ES muscles ( t= -2.133; p= 0.03). Conclusion: The results show that the neck extensors may be affected by the arm muscles during isometric exercise with therraband and the arm muscle activation can interfere EMG activity of neck muscles because of holding therraband. Higher SCM muscle activation in the right side might be related to dominancy. Consequently, this study has shown that the other muscle groups can be affected from self isometric neck exercises with therraband; thus therraband exercise done by a mechanism are more convenient for the neck isometrics.