bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A facile strategy to fabricate microencapsulated expandable graphite as a flame‐retardant for rigid polyurethane foams
Authors: Zhang Xiao‐Liang , Duan Hong‐Ji , Yan Ding‐Xiang , Kang Li‐Quan , Zhang Wei‐Qin , Tang Jian‐Hua , Li Zhong‐Ming 
Published: May 2015

ABSTRACTA facile strategy is reported for one‐step preparation of reactive microencapsulated expandable graphite (EG) for flame‐retardant rigid polyurethane foams (RPUF), which is based onin situemulsion polymerization and the use of poly(glycidyl methacrylate) (PGMA) as reactive polymer shell. FTIR and SEM observations well demonstrate the formation of PGMA microencapsulated EG (EG@PGMA) particles. The encapsulation of PGMA shell significantly improves the expandability of EG particles from 42 to 70 mL g−1. RPUF/EG@PGMA composite with only 10 wt % EG@PGMA loading reaches the UL‐94 V‐0 rating. The limiting oxygen indexes increase remarkably from 21.0 to 27.5 vol %. Additionally, the improved chemical and physical interaction enhance the interfacial bonding between EG and matrix, thus resulting in improved mechanical properties of RPUF/EG@PGMA. These attractive features suggest that the strategy proposed here can serve as a promising means to prepare highly efficient, reactive microencapsulated EG and corresponding good flame‐retarding RPUF with high mechanical properties. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci.2015,132, 42364.
Dual‐stimuli‐responsive polymer‐coated mesoporous silica nanoparticles used for controlled drug delivery
Authors: Yang Mei‐Yan , Tan Lei , Wu Hai‐Xia , Liu Chuan‐Jun , Zhuo Ren‐Xi 
Published: May 2015

ABSTRACTIn this article, a temperature‐ and pH‐responsive delivery system based on block‐copolymer‐capped mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) is presented. A poly[2‐(diethylamino)ethyl methacrylate)] (PDEAEMA)‐b‐poly(N‐isopropyl acrylamide) (PNIPAM) shell on MSNs was obtained through the surface‐initiated atom transfer radical polymerization. The block copolymer PDEAEMA‐b‐PNIPAM showed both temperature‐ and pH‐responsive properties. The release of the loaded model molecules from PDEAEMA‐b‐PNIPAM‐coated MSNs could be controlled by changes in the temperature or pH value of the medium. The as‐desired drug‐delivery carrier may be applied to biological systems in the future. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42395.
Altering the Position of Phenyl Substitution to Adjust Film Morphology and Memory Device Performance
Authors: Zhou Qianhao , Bo Rongcheng , He Jinghui , Zhuang Hao , Li Hua , Li Najun , Chen Dongyun , Xu Qingfeng , Lu Jianmei 
Published: May 2015

AbstractIn this study, two structural isomers α‐PBT and β‐PBT, which only differ in the phenyl substituent position on the quinoline chromophore, have been designed and successfully synthesized. The influences of substituent position on the film morphology and the storage performance of the devices were investigated. Both molecules employed in the memory devices exhibited same nonvolatile binary (write‐once‐read‐many‐times; WORM) characteristics, but the switch threshold voltage (Vth) of the β‐PBT‐based device was clearly lower than that of the α‐PBT‐based device. Simulation results demonstrate that the variation of the phenyl substituent position led to different intermolecular stacking styles and thus to varied grain sizes for each film morphology. This work illustrates that altering the phenyl substituent position on the molecular backbone could improve the quality of the film morphology and reduce power consumption, which is good for the rational design of future advanced organic memory devices (OMDs).
A Nanoscale Multiresponsive Luminescent Sensor Based on a Terbium(III) Metal–Organic Framework
Authors: Dang Song , Wang Ting , Yi Feiyan , Liu Qinghui , Yang Weiting , Sun Zhong‐Ming 
Published: May 2015

AbstractA nanoscale terbium‐containing metal–organic framework (nTbL), with a layer‐like structure and [H2NMe2]+ cations located in the framework channels, was synthesized under hydrothermal conditions. The structure of the as‐prepared sample was systematically confirmed by powder XRD and elemental analysis; the morphology was characterized by field‐emission SEM and TEM. The photoluminescence studies revealed that rod‐like nTbL exhibited bright‐green emission, corresponding to 5D4→7FJ (J=6–3) transitions of the Tb3+ ion under excitation. Further sensing measurements revealed that as‐prepared nTbL could be utilized as a multiresponsive luminescent sensor, which showed significant and exclusive detection ability for Fe3+ ions and phenylmethanol. These results highlight the practical applications of lanthanide‐containing metal–organic frameworks as fluorescent probes.
Optimal Robust Control for Rigid Serial Manipulators: A Fuzzy Approach
Authors: Zhen Shengchao , Huang Kang , Sun Hao , Zhao Han , Chen Ye‐Hwa 
Published: May 2015

AbstractWe first investigate the fundamental properties of rigid serial manipulators as related to the control design. Then, a new optimal robust control is proposed for serial‐link mechanical manipulators with fuzzy uncertainty. Fuzzy set theory is used to describe the uncertainty. The desirable system performance is deterministic (assuring the bottom line) and also fuzzy (enhancing the cost consideration). The proposed control is deterministic and is not the usual if‐then rules‐based control. The resulting controlled system is uniformly bounded and uniformly ultimately bounded proved via the Lyapunov minimax approach. A performance index (the combined cost, which includes average fuzzy system performance and control effort) is proposed based on the fuzzy information. The optimal design problem associated with the control can then be solved by minimizing the performance index. The resulting control design is systematic and is able to guarantee the deterministic performance as well as minimizing the cost. In the end, a cylindrical robot manipulator is chosen for demonstration.
Modification of pro‐inflammatory signaling by dietary components: The plasma membrane as a target
Authors: Ciesielska Anna , Kwiatkowska Katarzyna 
Published: May 2015

You are what you eat – this well‐known phrase properly describes the phenomenon of the effects of diet on acute and chronic inflammation. Several lipids and lipophilic compounds that are delivered with food or are produced in situ in pathological conditions exert immunomodulatory activity due to their interactions with the plasma membrane. This group of compounds includes cholesterol and its oxidized derivatives, fatty acids, α‐tocopherol, and polyphenols. Despite their structural heterogeneity, all these compounds ultimately induce changes in plasma membrane architecture and fluidity. By doing this, they modulate the dynamics of plasma membrane receptors, such as TLR4. This receptor is activated by lipopolysaccharide, triggering acute inflammation during bacterial infection, which often leads to sepsis and is linked with diverse chronic inflammatory diseases. In this review, we discuss how the impact on plasma membrane properties contributes to the immunomodulatory activity of dietary compounds, pointing to the therapeutic potential of some of them.Also watch the Video Abstract.
Scoring system to distinguish uncomplicated from complicated acute appendicitis
Authors: Atema J J , van Rossem C C , Leeuwenburgh M M , Stoker J , Boermeester M A 
Published: May 2015

Abstract

Background
Non-operative management may be an alternative for uncomplicated appendicitis, but preoperative distinction between uncomplicated and complicated disease is challenging. This study aimed to develop a scoring system based on clinical and imaging features to distinguish uncomplicated from complicated appendicitis.

Methods
Patients with suspected acute appendicitis based on clinical evaluation and imaging were selected from two prospective multicentre diagnostic accuracy studies (OPTIMA and OPTIMAP). Features associated with complicated appendicitis were included in multivariable logistic regression analyses. Separate models were developed for CT and ultrasound imaging, internally validated and transformed into scoring systems.

Results
A total of 395 patients with suspected acute appendicitis based on clinical evaluation and imaging were identified, of whom 110 (27·8 per cent) had complicated appendicitis, 239 (60·5 per cent) had uncomplicated appendicitis and 46 (11·6 per cent) had an alternative disease. CT was positive for appendicitis in 284 patients, and ultrasound imaging in 312. Based on clinical and CT features, a model was created including age, body temperature, duration of symptoms, white blood cell count, C-reactive protein level, and presence of extraluminal free air, periappendiceal fluid and appendicolith. A scoring system was constructed, with a maximum possible score of 22 points. Of the 284 patients, 150 had a score of 6 points or less, of whom eight (5·3 per cent) had complicated appendicitis, giving a negative predictive value (NPV) of 94·7 per cent. The model based on ultrasound imaging included the same predictors except for extraluminal free air. The ultrasound score (maximum 19 points) was calculated for 312 patients; 105 had a score of 5 or less, of whom three (2·9 per cent) had complicated appendicitis, giving a NPV of 97·1 per cent.

Conclusion
With use of novel scoring systems combining clinical and imaging features, 95 per cent of the patients deemed to have uncomplicated appendicitis were correctly identified as such. The score can aid in selection for non-operative management in clinical trials.
Vitamin K1 distribution following intravenous vitamin K1–fat emulsion administration in rats
Authors: Xiao Xue , Mi Yan‐Ni , Wang Fa , Zhang Bing‐Hua , Cao Lei , Cao Yong‐Xiao 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThis study investigated vitamin K1 (VK1) distribution following intravenous vitamin K1–fat emulsion (VK1–FE) administration and compared it with that after VK1 injection. Rats were intravenously injected with VK1–FE or VK1. The organ and tissue VK1 concentrations were determined using high‐performance liquid chromatography method at 0.5, 2 and 4 h to determine distribution, equilibrium and elimination phases, respectively. In the VK1–FE group, the plasma, heart and spleen VK1 concentrations decreased over time. However, other organs like liver, lung, kidney, muscle and testis, reached peak VK1 concentrations at 2 h. In the VK1 injection group, the liver VK1 concentrations were significantly higher than those in other organs at the three time points. However, VK1 concentrations in the other organs peaked at 2 h. In addition, in VK1–FE group, the heart, spleen and lung VK1 concentrations were significantly higher than those in the VK1 injection group at the three time points, and the liver VK1 concentration was significantly higher than that in the VK1 injection group at 4 h. The VK1 amount was greatest in the liver compared with the other organs. Thus, the liver is the primary organ for VK1 distribution. The distribution of VK1 is more rapid when injected as VK1–FE than as VK1. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Surfactant‐Exfoliated Highly Dispersive Pd‐Supported Graphene Oxide Nanocomposite as a Catalyst for Aerobic Aqueous Oxidations of Alcohols
Authors: Rostamnia Sadegh , Doustkhah Esmail , Karimi Ziba , Amini Soraya , Luque Rafael 
Published: May 2015

AbstractA pluronic P123 surfactant was employed in the exfoliation and stabilization of Pd0‐supported graphene oxide (PdNPs–GO; NPs=nanoparticles) nanosheets in aqueous solution during the oxidation of benzylic and aliphatic alcohols under aerobic conditions at 80 °C. Surfactants prevented the aggregation of PdNPs–GO sheets at 80 °C under aqueous conditions and PdNPs–GO/P123 adducts acted as a highly dispersive homogeneous‐like catalyst. The catalytic performance of the nanocomposite material was remarkably improved, being highly stable and reusable in the aerobic oxidation of alcohols for at least nine runs.
So‐Called “Metal‐Free” Oxygen Reduction at Graphene Nanoribbons is in fact Metal Driven
Authors: Wang Lu , Wong Colin Hong An , Kherzi Bahareh , Webster Richard D. , Pumera Martin 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThe oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is of key importance in the field of electrochemical energy production. Remarkable catalytic properties of “metal‐free” graphene nanoribbons towards the ORR were suggested in previous reports. Herein, we show that the electrocatalytic properties of an undoped supposedly “metal‐free” graphene nanoribbon towards the ORR is actually caused by metallic impurities within the graphene nanoribbons.
Asymmetric Aldol Reaction of Chloral Catalyzed by Diarylprolinol
Authors: Hayashi Yujiro , Watanabe Shoya , Yasui Yusuke , Umemiya Shigenobu 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThe asymmetric cross‐aldol reaction of chloral hydrate with aldehyde pronucleophiles catalyzed by a trifluoromethyl‐substituted diarylprolinol was accomplished to afford γ‐trichloro‐β‐hydroxy aldehydes in good yields with excellent enantioselectivities. The resulting aldehyde products were converted into chiral α‐azido, α‐(4‐methyl)phenoxy, and α‐fluoro esters without a loss in the diastereo‐ or enantioselectivities.
Upconverting‐Nanoparticle‐Assisted Photochemistry Induced by Low‐Intensity Near‐Infrared Light: How Low Can We Go?
Authors: Chen Zhijun , Sun Wen , Butt Hans‐Jürgen , Wu Si 
Published: May 2015

AbstractUpconverting nanoparticles (UCNPs) convert near‐infrared (NIR) light into UV or visible light that can trigger photoreactions of photosensitive compounds. In this paper, we demonstrate how to reduce the intensity of NIR light for UCNP‐assisted photochemistry. We synthesized two types of UCNPs with different emission bands and five photosensitive compounds with different absorption bands. A λ=974 nm laser was used to induce photoreactions in all of the investigated photosensitive compounds in the presence of the UCNPs. The excitation thresholds of the photoreactions induced by λ=974 nm light were measured. The lowest threshold was 0.5 W cm−2, which is lower than the maximum permissible exposure of skin (0.726 W cm−2). We demonstrate that low‐intensity NIR light can induce photoreactions after passing through a piece of tissue without damaging the tissue. Our results indicate that the threshold for UCNP‐ assisted photochemistry can be reduced by using highly photosensitive compounds that absorb upconverted visible light. Low excitation intensity in UCNP‐assisted photochemistry is important for biomedical applications because it minimizes the overheating problems of NIR light and causes less photodamage to biomaterials.
Reversed Electron Apportionment in Mesolytic Cleavage: The Reduction of Benzyl Halides by SmI2
Authors: Yitzhaki Offir , Hoz Shmaryahu 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThe paradigm that the cleavage of the radical anion of benzyl halides occurs in such a way that the negative charge ends up on the departing halide leaving behind a benzyl radical is well rooted in chemistry. By studying the kinetics of the reaction of substituted benzylbromides and chlorides with SmI2 in THF it was found that substrates para‐substituted with electron‐withdrawing groups (CN and CO2Me), which are capable of forming hydrogen bonds with a proton donor and coordinating to samarium cation, react in a reversed electron apportionment mode. Namely, the halide departs as a radical. This conclusion is based on the found convex Hammett plots, element effects, proton donor effects, and the effect of tosylate (OTs) as a leaving group. The latter does not tend to tolerate radical character on the oxygen atom. In the presence of a proton donor, the tolyl derivatives were the sole product, whereas in its absence, the coupling dimer was obtained by a SN2 reaction of the benzyl anion on the neutral substrate. The data also suggest that for the para‐CN and CO2Me derivatives in the presence of a proton donor, the first electron transfer is coupled with the proton transfer.
Catalyst‐Controlled Regiodivergent CH Borylation of Multifunctionalized Heteroarenes by Using Iridium Complexes
Authors: Sasaki Ikuo , Taguchi Jumpei , Hiraki Shotaro , Ito Hajime , Ishiyama Tatsuo 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThe regiodivergent CH borylation of 2,5‐disubstituted heteroarenes with bis(pinacolato)diboron was achieved by using iridium catalysts formed in situ from [Ir(OMe)(cod)]2/dtbpy (cod=1,5‐cyclooctadiene, dtbpy: 4,4′‐di‐tert‐butyl‐2,2′‐bipyridine) or [Ir(OMe)(cod)]2/2 AsPh3. When [Ir(OMe)(cod)]2/dtbpy was used as the catalyst, borylation at the 4‐position proceeded selectively to afford 4‐borylated products in high yields (dtbpy system A). The regioselectivity changed when the [Ir(OMe)(cod)]2/2 AsPh3 catalyst was used; 3‐borylated products were obtained in high yields with high regioselectivity (AsPh3 system B). The regioselectivity of borylation was easily controlled by changing the ligands. This reaction was used in the syntheses of two different bioactive compound analogues by using the same starting material.
Exploring the Effect of Surface Functionality on the Self‐Assembly of Polyoxopalladate Macroions
Authors: Haso Fadi , Yang Peng , Gao Yunyi , Yin Panchao , Li Hui , Li Tao , Kortz Ulrich , Liu Tianbo 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThe solution behavior of the two polyoxo‐13‐palladates(II) ([PdII13AsV8O34(OH)6]8− and [PdII13(AsVPh)8O32]6−) was studied in detail. We discovered that the countercation‐mediated attraction is the driving force for their self‐assembly into larger architectures. However, the presence of phenyl groups in the periphery of [PdII13(AsVPh)8O32]6− results in an enhanced attraction among these polyanions through hydrophobic interactions, which leads to completely different trends of assembly size for these two very similar clusters when decreasing solvent polarity. An increase of assembly size with increasing solvent polarity was observed for [PdII13(AsVPh)8O32]6−, whereas for [PdII13As V8O34(OH)6]8− it was the opposite, due to the absence of hydrophobic interactions.
Monodisperse Sandwich‐Like Coupled Quasi‐Graphene Sheets Encapsulating Ni2P Nanoparticles for Enhanced Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Feng Yangyang , Zhang Huijuan , Mu Yanping , Li Wenxiang , Sun Junliang , Wu Kai , Wang Yu 
Published: May 2015

AbstractIn this report, sandwiched Ni2P nanoparticles encapsulated by graphene sheets are first synthesized by directly encapsulating functional units in graphene sheets instead of fabricating separate graphene sheets and then immobilizing the functional components onto the generated surfaces. In this strategy, we use low‐cost, sustainable and environmentally friendly glucose as a carbon source and NiNH4PO4⋅H2O nanosheets as sacrificial templates. This unique structure obtained here cannot only prevent the nanoparticles from aggregation or loss but also enhance the electronic conductivity compared to the independent nanoparticles. Furthermore, the novel sandwich‐like Ni2P/C can be applied in plenty of fields, especially in electrical energy storage. In this paper, a series of electrochemical tests of the sandwich‐like Ni2P/C are carried out, which demonstrate the excellent cyclic stability and rate capacity for lithium‐ion batteries.
Asymmetric Catalysis with Silicon‐Based Cuprates: Enantio‐ and Regioselective Allylic Substitution of Linear Precursors
Authors: Hensel Alexander , Oestreich Martin 
Published: May 2015

AbstractAn enantio‐ and regioselective allylic silylation of linear allylic phosphates that makes use of catalytically generated cuprate‐type silicon nucleophiles is reported. The method relies on soft bis(triorganosilyl) zincs as silicon pronucleophiles that are prepared in situ from the corresponding hard lithium reagents by transmetalation with ZnCl2. With a preformed chiral N‐heterocyclic carbene–copper(I) complex as catalyst, exceedingly high enantiomeric excesses are achieved. The new method is superior to existing ones using a silicon–boron reagent as the source of the silicon nucleophile.
Development of a Validated LC Method for Separation of Process‐Related Impurities Including the R‐enantiomer of S‐Pramipexole on Polysaccharide Chiral Stationary Phases
Authors: Ramisetti Nageswara Rao , Kuntamukkala Ramakrishna , Arnipalli Manikanta Swamy 
Published: May 2015

AbstractDespite the availability of a few methods for individual separation of S‐pramipexole from its process‐related impurities, no common liquid chromatography (LC) method is reported so far in the literature. The present article describes the development of a single‐run LC method for simultaneous determination of S‐pramipexole and its enantiomeric and process‐related impurities on a Chiralpak AD‐H (150 x 4.6 mm, 5μm) column using n‐hexane/ethanol/n‐butylamine (75:25:0.1 v/v/v) as a mobile phase in an isocratic mode of elution at a flow rate of 1.2 ml/min at 30°C. The chromatographic eluents were monitored at a wavelength of 260 nm using a photodiode array detector. Excellent enantioseparation with good resolutions (Rs ≥ 2.88) and peak shapes (As ≤ 1.21) for all analytes was achieved. The proposed method was validated according to International Conference Harmonization (ICH) guidelines in terms of accuracy, precision, sensitivity, and linearity. Limits of quantification of impurities (0.25–0.55 μg/ml) indicate the highest sensitivity achievable by the proposed method. The method has an advantage of selectivity and suitability for routine determination of not only chiral impurity but also all possible related substances in active pharmaceutical ingredients of S‐pramipexole. Chirality 27:430–435, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Wiederaufbau und schleichender Niedergang
Authors: Gill Manfred , Mustroph Heinz 
Published: May 2015

AbstractMit großem Aufbauwillen und mit Druck und Hilfe der sowjetischen Generaldirektion wurde das Werk wieder aufgebaut. Für eine kurze Zeit wurde bei einzelnen Filmsorten noch einmal eine Spitzenposition erreicht. Aber die Einbindung in die sozialistische Planwirtschaft der DDR und in den Wirtschaftsblock RGW mit der einseitigen Orientierung auf den Ostmarkt führten zu einer kontinuierlich abnehmenden Wettbewerbsfähigkeit mit den führenden Rohfilmproduzenten und den Verlust von Absatzmärkten. Die Abkehr vom technologisch überholten Agfa‐ORWO‐System und der Wechsel zum Kodak‐System konnte nicht vollzogen werden. Nach der friedlichen Revolution von 1989 gelang der Übergang von der Planwirtschaft zur Marktwirtschaft nicht, zudem bewirkte der rasante Siegeszug der digitalen Fotografie den schnellen Untergang der analogen Mehrschichtenfarbfotografie. Beschleunigt durch die geänderten gesellschaftspolitischen und ökonomischen Verhältnisse ging die traditionsreiche Agfa/ORWO Filmfabrik Wolfen 1994 als erster der großen Rohfilmproduzenten in die Liquidation.
Effective Use of Alkoxysilanes with Different Hydrolysis Rates for Particle Size Control of Aqueous Colloidal Mesostructured and Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles by the Seed‐Growth Method
Authors: Yamada Hironori , Urata Chihiro , Yamamoto Eisuke , Higashitamori Sayuri , Yamauchi Yusuke , Kuroda Kazuyuki 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThe particle sizes of mesoporous silica nanoparticles most greatly affect their properties, including cellular uptake, cytotoxicity, and dispersity. The growth of colloidal mesostructured silica nanoparticles (CMSS) with particle sizes less than 100 nm was controlled by a modified seed‐growth method by using alkoxysilanes (Si(OR)4, R: Me, Et, Pr, and Bu) with different hydrolysis rates as additives. It was confirmed that the approximate matching of the hydrolysis rates of the added silanes with the consumption rates, determined by the total outer surface area of the seeds, is most important. CMSS with narrow particle‐size distributions (e.g., 60 or 80 nm in size) were successfully prepared. Si(OPr)4 was the most suitable additive, though Si(OEt)4 was also useful for controlled growth. Si(OBu)4 was usable but needed varied conditions for controlled growth. The mesostructures and the high dispersity of nanoparticles were retained, even after removal of the surfactants of the CMSS by dialysis. These findings should contribute to the more precise control of particle sizes of mesoporous silica nanoparticles and to the deeper understanding of their properties.