bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Iterative Synthesis of Nucleoside Oligophosphates with Phosphoramidites
Authors: Cremosnik Gregor S. , Hofer Alexandre , Jessen Henning J. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractP‐Amidites can be used in iterative couplings to selectively give mixed PIII–PV anhydrides. These intermediates can be oxidized followed by a rapid removal of the two terminal fluorenylmethyl groups. An iterative synthesis (coupling, oxidation, deprotection) of nucleoside oligophosphates can be carried out in solution and on a solid support. The coupling rates and yields are high, the procedures convenient (non‐dry reagents and solvents, ambient conditions, unprotected nucleotides), and the purification is very simple. The method works with all canonical nucleosides and holds promise for significant simplification of the usually cumbersome process of P‐anhydride bond construction.
Relationship between branch length and the compatibilizing effect of polypropylene‐g‐polystyrene graft copolymer on polypropylene/polystyrene blends
Authors: Wang Lu , Tan Haiying , Gong Jiang , Tang Tao 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTThree polypropylene‐g‐polystyrene (PP‐g‐PS) graft copolymers with the same branch density but different branch lengths were evaluated as compatibilizing agents for PP/PS blends. The morphological and rheological results revealed that the addition of PP‐g‐PS graft copolymers significantly reduced the PS particle size and enhanced the interfacial adhesion between PP and PS phases. Furthermore, it is verified that the branch length of PP‐g‐PS graft copolymer had opposite effects on its compatibilizing effect: on one hand, increasing the branch length could improve the compatibilizing effect of graft copolymer on PP/PS blends, demonstrated by the reduction of PS particle size and the enhancement of interfacial adhesion; on the other hand, increasing the branch length would increase the melt viscosity of PP‐g‐PS graft copolymer, which prevented it from migrating effectively to the interface of blend components. Additionally, the crystallization and melting behaviors of PP and PP/PS blends were compared. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40126.
The abundance of common bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) in the former special marine reserve of the Cres‐Lošinj Archipelago, Croatia
Authors: Pleslić Grgur , Rako Gospić Nikolina , Mackelworth Peter , Wiemann Annika , Holcer Draško , Fortuna Caterina 
Published: November 2013

Abstract

There is a resident common bottlenose dolphin population inhabiting the Kvarnerić area of the northern Adriatic Sea, Croatia. The observed decline in population size between 1995 and 2003 led to the declaration of a part of the Kvarnerić as the Cres‐Lošinj Special Marine Reserve (CLSMR) in 2006. Protection lasted 3 years, before lapsing.
A boat based photo‐identification study was conducted between 2004 and 2011 with the aim to estimate the number of bottlenose dolphins inhabiting the CLSMR area, investigate the factors influencing their habitat use and explore the possibility that this area is representative of the population for the whole Kvarnerić.
Standard mark–recapture methods and the Mth estimator of Chao for closed populations were applied. The lowest value was estimated in 2008 (N = 112; 95% CI = 94–150) and the highest in 2006 (N = 310; 95% CI = 265–392). The statistically significant inter‐annual variability is likely to reflect natural and anthropogenic driven shifts in habitat use rather than real changes in population size.
The average monthly sighting rate was lower in the tourist season (Jun–Aug) than in the pre‐ and post tourist‐season, suggesting that developed nautical tourism may influence shifts in habitat use. Other potential causes are distribution of prey and fishing effort.
Inclusion of data from the rest of the Kvarnerić for the years of 2005 and 2011 did not reveal a significant increase in estimated abundance (2005: z = −0.413, P = 0.3398; 2011: z = −1.749, P = 0.0401). This indicates that the CLSMR area is representative of the whole Kvarnerić.
The number of bottlenose dolphins using the CLSMR area seems to have increased compared with the previous study (1995–2003). This could be due to a shift in habitat use or an increase in population size. However, yearly variations indicate processes causing displacements within the dolphin population home range. Conservation measures aiming at reducing the displacements are proposed. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modeling the interactions between car and bicycle in heterogeneous traffic
Authors: Luo Yongji , Jia Bin , Liu Jun , Lam William H. K. , Li Xingang , Gao Ziyou 
Published: November 2013

SummaryIn this paper, a new cellular automata model is proposed to simulate the car and bicycle heterogeneous traffic on urban road. To capture the complex interactions between these two types of vehicles, a novel occupancy rule is adopted in the proposed model to consider the variable lateral distances of mixed vehicular traffic. Based on massive simulations, microscopic fundamental diagrams under different bicycle densities are devised. With these, the bicycle's spilling behavior is then investigated and discussed. In order to reflect the interference of a bicycle on a car, the interference transformation from friction state to block state is modeled explicitly. Finally, different simulation results under different occupancy rules indicate that the constant and fixed occupancy rule adopted in the previous studies might lead to overestimation of car flux in the heterogeneous traffic flows with different bicycle densities. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Computational approaches to analyse and predict small molecule transport and distribution at cellular and subcellular levels
Authors: Min Kyoung Ah , Zhang Xinyuan , Yu Jing‐yu , Rosania Gus R. 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTQuantitative structure–activity relationship (QSAR) studies and mechanistic mathematical modeling approaches have been independently employed for analysing and predicting the transport and distribution of small molecule chemical agents in living organisms. Both of these computational approaches have been useful for interpreting experiments measuring the transport properties of small molecule chemical agents, in vitro and in vivo. Nevertheless, mechanistic cell‐based pharmacokinetic models have been especially useful to guide the design of experiments probing the molecular pathways underlying small molecule transport phenomena. Unlike QSAR models, mechanistic models can be integrated from microscopic to macroscopic levels, to analyse the spatiotemporal dynamics of small molecule chemical agents from intracellular organelles to whole organs, well beyond the experiments and training data sets upon which the models are based. Based on differential equations, mechanistic models can also be integrated with other differential equations‐based systems biology models of biochemical networks or signaling pathways. Although the origin and evolution of mathematical modeling approaches aimed at predicting drug transport and distribution has occurred independently from systems biology, we propose that the incorporation of mechanistic cell‐based computational models of drug transport and distribution into a systems biology modeling framework is a logical next step for the advancement of systems pharmacology research. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Tetrasomy 13q32.2qter due to an apparent inverted duplicated neocentric marker chromosome in an infant with hemangiomas, failure to thrive, laryngomalacia, and tethered cord
Authors: Liu Jinglan , Jethva Reena , Del Vecchio Michael T. , Hauptman John E. , Pascasio Judy M. , de Chadarévian Jean‐Pierre 
Published: November 2013

BACKGROUNDApproximately 100 small supernumerary marker chromosomes (sSMCs) with a non–α‐satellite neocentromere structure have been reported in the literature. Of the few derived from chromosome 13, five have consisted of inverted duplicated segment 13q32qter.CASE REPORTWe herein describe the sixth case, characterized by genome wide SNP array, conventional cytogenetics and FISH studies. The de novo occurrence of the marker, the poor prognosis and the presence of hemangiomas are consistent with previous cases.CONCLUSIONWe hereby expand the clinical spectrum of this rare cytogenetic disorder and suggest a possible mechanism for the pathogenesis of associated congenital vascular malformations. Birth Defects Research (Part A), 97:812–815, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
From flavors and pharmaceuticals to advanced biofuels: Production of isoprenoids in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Tippmann Stefan , Chen Yun , Siewers Verena , Nielsen Jens 
Published: November 2013

AbstractIsoprenoids denote the largest group of chemicals in the plant kingdom and are employed for a wide range of applications in the food and pharmaceutical industry. In recent years, isoprenoids have additionally been recognized as suitable replacements for petroleum‐derived fuels and could thus promote the transition towards a more sustainable society. To realize the biofuel potential of isoprenoids, a very efficient production system is required. While complex chemical structures as well as the low abundance in nature demonstrate the shortcomings of chemical synthesis and plant extraction, isoprenoids can be produced by genetically engineered microorganisms from renewable carbon sources. In this article, we summarize the development of isoprenoid applications from flavors and pharmaceuticals to advanced biofuels and review the strategies to design microbial cell factories, focusing on Saccharomyces cerevisiae for the production of these compounds. While the high complexity of biosynthetic pathways and the toxicity of certain isoprenoids still denote challenges that need to be addressed, metabolic engineering has enabled large‐scale production of several terpenoids and thus, the utilization of these compounds is likely to expand in the future.
mGlu3 receptor blockade inhibits proliferation and promotes astrocytic phenotype in glioma stem cells
Authors: Zhou Kun , Song Yechun , Zhou Wei , Zhang Chunqing , Shu Haifeng , Yang Hui , Wang Bin 
Published: November 2013

AbstractWe have characterised, using both in vivo and in vitro methods, the effects of the metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 3 (mGlu3) antagonist (LY341495) and agonist (LY379268) on the proliferation and differentiation of glioma stem cells (GSC). For in vitro studies, a CCK‐8 assay was used to determine the cell proliferation, flow cytometry was performed to determine cell cycle phases, and immunohistochemistry and laser confocal microscopy were employed to detect CD133 expression. For in vivo studies, GSCs were injected into nude mice treated with either LY379268 or LY341495 and the growth of the tumours was measured after 3 weeks. When compared with controls, the proliferation rates and proportion of cells in S phase within the LY341495 treated group decreased in a time‐dependent manner. In the presence of differentiation medium containing LY341495, GSC differentiation was diverted into an astrocyte rather than neuronal phenotype. The growth rate and volume of tumours injected into nude mice was reduced in LY341495 treated mice compared with controls. Thus pharmacological blockade of mGlu3 receptor signalling pathway significantly inhibits the growth and proliferation of GSCs both in vitro and in vivo while promoting differentiation to astrocytes. These results further implicate mGlu3 in the biology of glioma and as a target for continued research.
Consideration of dual characters of exosomes in the tumour immune response
Authors: Bai Jun , Xie Xin , Lei Yun , An Gaili , He Li , Chen Ruping 
Published: November 2013

AbstractEfforts to get a strong and sustained anti‐tumour immune response induced by a tumour specific antigen have failed, but sipuleucel‐T has been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). We noticed that exosomes secreted by tumour cells or immune cells may be crucially involved in the tumour immune response, whereas others have had inconsistent findings on exosome involvement. Based on immune network theory, we summarise research advances of exosomes and speculate that in the tumour immune response exosomes follow the immune response curve hypothesis. Exosomes activate simultabeously both immune activation and immune tolerance, but at different intensities. To obtain a desired anti‐immune response, the initial point of immunity should be determined to achieve the strongest anti‐tumour response, and repeated in vitro to extend and enhance this response. As a result, our hypothesis proposes that studies should now be directed at determining the exact time of exosome activity in maintaining a viable anti‐tumour immune response in vivo.
DNA topoisomerase II‐dependent control of the cell cycle progression in root meristems of Allium cepa
Authors: Żabka Aneta , Polit Justyna Teresa , Bernasińska Joanna , Maszewski Janusz 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe catalytic ability of DNA topoisomerases (Topo) to generate short‐term DNA breaks allow these enzymes to play crucial functions in managing DNA topology during S‐phase replication, transcription, and chromatin‐remodelling processes required to achieve commitment for the onset and transition through mitosis. Our experiments on root meristem cells of onion (Allium cepa) were designed to gain insight into the contribution of Topo II to plant‐specific progression throughout interphase and mitosis. Irrespective of the position of the cell in interphase, the immunofluorescence of Topo II revealed similar nuclear labelling pattern with well defined signals dispersed in the nucleoplasm and the cortical zone of the nucleolus. Only weak labelling was detected in metaphase and anaphase chromosomes. Experiments with two potent anti‐Topo II agents, doxorubicin (DOX, an anthracycline) and a bisdioxopiperazine derivative, ICRF‐193, suggest that the inhibition‐mediated increase in Topo II immunofluorescence may represent a compensatory mechanism, by which an up‐regulated expression of the enzyme tends to counteract the drug‐induced loss of indispensable catalytic and relaxation functions. γ‐H2AX immunolabelling seems to indicate that both DOX‐ and ICRF‐193‐induced alterations in cell cycle progression reflect primarily the activity of the G2/M DNA damage checkpoint. Our findings provide evidence for the plant‐specific cell cycle control mechanism induced by Topo II inhibitors under DNA stress conditions.
Evaluation of mitochondrial divisions in mouse with type‐2 diabetes and effect of glucose‐oxidase on mouse islet cells RIN‐m5F
Authors: Gao Yu , Li Fan , Zhang Anping , Wang Li , Tong Weidong , Liu Baohua 
Published: November 2013

AbstractTo elucidate the relationship between dynamic variations of insular β cell mitochondria and type‐2 diabetes by using a mouse model, the dynamic variation (fusion or fission) of insular β cell mitochondria present in two groups of Wistar mice with type‐2 diabetes (high fat feeding and streptozotocin (STZ) adding with low dose and high frequency, high fat feeding and STZ adding with high dose and low frequency), and normal Wistar mouse were systematically compared. By analysing the insulin secretion level and other related indexes, the molecular mechanism of the fusion or fission phenomenon of insular β cell mitochondria in two different models (high fat feeding and STZ adding with low dose and high frequency, high fat feeding and STZ adding with high dose and low frequency) of mice with type‐2 diabetes were initially elucidated. The phenomenon of mitochondrial fusion and fission was clearly seen. In initially determining the relationship between the change of insular β cell mitochondrial structure and its cell apoptosis generated by some factors such as treatment by glucose‐oxidase (GO), the effect of GO on the mouse islet cells RIN‐m5F including the effects on cell growth, reactive oxygen species (ROS), cell cycle, cell apoptosis of RIN‐m5F were systematically examined. GO showed some influence on the mouse islet cells RIN‐m5F cell activity, ROS and apoptosis, but its effect on the cell cycle was not significant.
Online Sample Concentration in Partial‐Filling Chiral Electrokinetic Chromatography – Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Wuethrich Alain , Haddad Paul R. , Quirino Joselito P. 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTThe concentration sensitivity of a racemic drug (chlorpheniramine maleate) in chiral capillary electrophoresis with electrospray ionization – mass spectrometric detection was improved ~500‐fold via stacking. Enantiomeric separation was achieved through the use of a neutral chiral pseudostationary phase (2‐hydroxpropyl‐β‐cyclodextrin), untreated fused‐silica capillaries, and the application of a partial‐filling technique to prevent the pseudostationary phase from entering the detector. A concentration factor of 50 resulted from field‐enhanced sample injection (FESI). However, the higher concentration factor was achieved by combining FESI with micelle‐to‐solvent stacking (MSS) to increase sample load and focus the analyte band. MSS was achieved by injection of an ammonium lauryl sulfate micellar plug prior to sample injection. The sample diluent was a 20‐fold dilution of the background electrolyte (50 mM ammonium acetate, pH 3.5) with 60% acetonitrile. This methodology provided a limit of detection (LOD) of as low as 5 ng/ml of the racemate. Chirality 26:734–738, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
MorphoNeuroNet: An automated method for dense neurite network analysis
Authors: Pani Giuseppe , De Vos Winnok H. , Samari Nada , de Saint‐Georges Louis , Baatout Sarah , Van Oostveldt Patrick , Benotmane Mohammed Abderrafi 
Published: November 2013

AbstractHigh content cell‐based screens are rapidly gaining popularity in the context of neuronal regeneration studies. To analyze neuronal morphology, automatic image analysis pipelines have been conceived, which accurately quantify the shape changes of neurons in cell cultures with non‐dense neurite networks. However, most existing methods show poor performance for well‐connected and differentiated neuronal networks, which may serve as valuable models for inter alia synaptogenesis. Here, we present a fully automated method for quantifying the morphology of neurons and the density of neurite networks, in dense neuronal cultures, which are grown for more than 10 days. MorphoNeuroNet, written as a script for ImageJ, Java based freeware, automatically determines various morphological parameters of the soma and the neurites (size, shape, starting points, and fractional occupation). The image analysis pipeline consists of a multi‐tier approach in which the somas are segmented by adaptive region growing using nuclei as seeds, and the neurites are delineated by a combination of various intensity and edge detection algorithms. Quantitative comparison showed a superior performance of MorphoNeuroNet to existing analysis tools, especially for revealing subtle changes in thin neurites, which have weak fluorescence intensity compared to the rest of the network. The proposed method will help determining the effects of compounds on cultures with dense neurite networks, thereby boosting physiological relevance of cell‐based assays in the context of neuronal diseases. © 2013 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
On the security of a proxy signature scheme in the standard model
Authors: Yuan Yumin 
Published: November 2013

SummaryProxy signature allows an original signer to delegate her signing capability to a proxy signer. Recently, to provide lower communication cost and stronger security, Zhang and Yu proposed a short proxy signature scheme in the standard model. They claimed that their scheme simultaneously achieves several merits including strong unforgeability, shorter signature length, and lower computational cost. However, we show that Zhang and Yu's scheme is not as secure as they claimed, because anyone can obtain the actual signing key of proxy signer from three valid proxy signatures. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A blueprint for research on Shankopathies: A view from research on autism spectrum disorder
Authors: Carbonetto Salvatore 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTAutism spectrum disorders (ASD) are associated with mutations in a host of genes including a number that function in synaptic transmission. Phelan McDermid syndrome involves mutations in SHANK3 which encodes a protein that forms a scaffold for glutamate receptors at the synapse. SHANK3 is one of the genes that underpins the synaptic hypothesis for ASD. We discuss this hypothesis with a view to the broader context of ASD and with special emphasis on highly penetrant genetic disorders including Shankopathies. We propose a blueprint for near and longer‐term goals for fundamental and translational research on Shankopathies. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 74: 85–112, 2014
Eucalypts face increasing climate stress
Authors: Butt Nathalie , Pollock Laura J. , McAlpine Clive A. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractGlobal climate change is already impacting species and ecosystems across the planet. Trees, although long‐lived, are sensitive to changes in climate, including climate extremes. Shifts in tree species' distributions will influence biodiversity and ecosystem function at scales ranging from local to landscape; dry and hot regions will be especially vulnerable. The Australian continent has been especially susceptible to climate change with extreme heat waves, droughts, and flooding in recent years, and this climate trajectory is expected to continue. We sought to understand how climate change may impact Australian ecosystems by modeling distributional changes in eucalypt species, which dominate or codominate most forested ecosystems across Australia. We modeled a representative sample of Eucalyptus and Corymbia species (n = 108, or 14% of all species) using newly available Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) scenarios developed for the 5th Assessment Report of the IPCC, and bioclimatic and substrate predictor variables. We compared current, 2025, 2055, and 2085 distributions. Overall, Eucalyptus and Corymbia species in the central desert and open woodland regions will be the most affected, losing 20% of their climate space under the mid‐range climate scenario and twice that under the extreme scenario. The least affected species, in eastern Australia, are likely to lose 10% of their climate space under the mid‐range climate scenario and twice that under the extreme scenario. Range shifts will be lateral as well as polewards, and these east–west transitions will be more significant, reflecting the strong influence of precipitation rather than temperature changes in subtropical and midlatitudes. These net losses, and the direction of shifts and contractions in range, suggest that many species in the eastern and southern seaboards will be pushed toward the continental limit and that large tracts of currently treed landscapes, especially in the continental interior, will change dramatically in terms of species composition and ecosystem structure.