bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Treatment Benefit and Treatment Harm Rate to Characterize Heterogeneity in Treatment Effect
Authors: Shen Changyu , Jeong Jaesik , Li Xiaochun , Chen Peng‐Sheng , Buxton Alfred 
Published: July 2013

SummaryIt is well recognized that the conventional summary of treatment effect by averaging across individual patients has its limitation in ignoring the heterogeneous responses to the treatment in the target population. However, there are few alternative metrics in the literature that are designed to capture such heterogeneity. We propose the concept of treatment benefit rate (TBR) and treatment harm rate (THR) that characterize both the overall treatment effect and the magnitude of heterogeneity. We discuss a method to estimate TBR and THR that easily incorporates a sensitivity analysis scheme, and illustrate the idea through analysis of a randomized trial that evaluates the implantable cardioverter‐defibrillator (ICD) in reducing mortality. A simulation study is presented to assess the performance of the proposed method.
Dynamic Pseudo-Observations: A Robust Approach to Dynamic Prediction in Competing Risks
Authors: Nicolaie M. A. , van Houwelingen J. C. , de Witte T. M. , Putter H. 
Published: July 2013

Summary
In this article, we propose a new approach to the problem of dynamic prediction of survival data in the presence of competing risks as an extension of the landmark model for ordinary survival data. The key feature of our method is the introduction of dynamic pseudo-observations constructed from the prediction probabilities at different landmark prediction times. They specifically address the issue of estimating covariate effects directly on the cumulative incidence scale in competing risks. A flexible generalized linear model based on these dynamic pseudo-observations and a generalized estimation equations approach to estimate the baseline and covariate effects will result in the desired dynamic predictions and robust standard errors. Our approach has a number of attractive features. It focuses directly on the prediction probabilities of interest, avoiding in this way complex modeling of cause-specific hazards or subdistribution hazards. As a result, it is robust against departures from these omnibus models. From a computational point of view an advantage of our approach is that it can be fitted with existing statistical software and that a variety of link functions and regression models can be considered, once the dynamic pseudo-observations have been estimated. We illustrate our approach on a real data set of chronic myeloid leukemia patients after bone marrow transplantation.
‘Jumping to conclusions’ in first‐episode psychosis: A longitudinal study
Authors: Dudley Robert , Daley Kate , Nicholson Marsha , Shaftoe Debra , Spencer Helen , Cavanagh Kate , Freeston Mark 
Published: July 2013

ObjectivesPeople with psychotic symptoms are reported to have a characteristic reasoning style in which they jump to conclusions. To date, little research has been conducted to investigate if this style changes over time and is associated with improvements or worsening of symptoms. This study considered these questions.MethodsThirty‐one service users were recruited from a first‐episode service and completed measures of reasoning, psychotic, and non‐psychotic symptomatology at two time points over 2 years.ResultsOver time, people with psychosis generally became less hasty in their decision‐making. Those who became less hasty in their reasoning were less symptomatic. For those who remained very hasty in their reasoning, this was associated with a worsening specifically of the delusional beliefs.ConclusionsThis work supports the notion that there is a critical time in the first few years of psychosis during which symptoms and reasoning can change. However, where reasoning style does not change, this may be associated with greater difficulties associated with delusional beliefs.Practitioner points

Reasoning biases are common in people with psychosis.

The persistence of hasty reasoning may be a marker for poor outcome.

Reasoning biases can be addressed by specific treatments.

The results are based on a small sample of clinical participants.

This study did not consider if treatments for reasoning would have improved outcome of people with psychosis.

This study may have benefitted from comparison with a control group of people without psychosis.
Recent advances in understanding the molecular pathogenesis of myelodysplastic syndromes
Authors: Kulasekararaj Austin G. , Mohamedali Azim M. , Mufti Ghulam J. 
Published: July 2013

SummaryThe advent of novel genomic sequencing technologies has aided the identification of somatically acquired genetic abnormalities up to 80% of myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) patients. Novel recurrent genetic mutations in pathways such as RNA splicing, DNA methylation and histone modification and cohesion complexes, underscore the molecular heterogeneity seen in this clinically varied disease. Functional studies to establish a causative link between genomic aberrations and MDS biogenesis are still in their infancy. The deluge of this molecular information, once validated on a larger cohort, will be incorporated into prognostic systems and clinical practise, and also hopefully aid in MDS therapeutics, especially in guiding targeted therapy.
Long‐term outcomes in healthy adults after radiofrequency ablation of T1a renal tumours
Authors: Ma Yunbo , Bedir Selahattin , Cadeddu Jeffrey A. , Gahan Jeffrey C. 
Published: July 2013

Objective
To report the long‐term oncological and renal function outcomes in healthy adults treated with radiofrequency ablation (RFA) for small renal masses.
Materials and Methods
We retrospectively analysed the medical records of otherwise healthy patients (those with American Society of Anesthesiologists symptom score 1 or 2) with clinical T1a renal tumours who underwent RFA at our institution between March 2001 and July 2012.
Radiographic follow‐up with contrast imaging was performed at 6 weeks, 6 months, 1 year and annually thereafter.
Local recurrence was defined as any new enhancing lesion (>10 HU) after the initial negative post‐treatment computed tomography results.
The estimated glomerular filtration rates (eGFRs) before and after RFA were calculated using the Cockgroft–Gault equation.
Results
We performed RFA on 58 renal tumours in 52 patients. The mean tumour size was 2.2 cm with a median (interquartile range) follow‐up of 60 (48–90) months.
Three (5.1%) of the treated masses had tumour recurrence after initial RFA. The 5‐ and 10‐year recurrence‐free survival rate was 94.2%. There were no recurrences after 3 years. Three (5.1%) patients died during the follow‐up, which gave 5‐ and 10‐year overall survival rates of 95.7% and 91.1%. No patient developed metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and none died from RCC.
Paired analysis showed that the eGFR values at a median follow‐up of 40 months did not differ significantly from those before RFA.
Conclusion
With long‐term follow‐up, RFA provides durable oncological and functional outcomes for selected T1a renal tumours in otherwise healthy patients.
Predictors of survival in patients with disease recurrence after radical nephroureterectomy
Authors: Kluth Luis A. , Xylinas Evanguelos , Kent Matthew , Hagiwara Masayuki , Kikuchi Eiji , Ikeda Masaomi , Matsumoto Kazumasa , Dalpiaz Orietta , Zigeuner Richard , Aziz Atiqullah , Fritsche Hans‐Martin , Deliere Amanda , Raman Jay D. , Bensalah Karim , Al‐Matar Bikheet , Gakis Georgios , Novara Giacomo , Klatte Tobias , Remzi Mesut , Comploj Evi , Pycha Armin , Rouprêt Morgan , Tagawa Scott T. , Chun Felix K.‐H. , Scherr Douglas S. , Vickers Andrew J. , Shariat Shahrokh F. 
Published: July 2013

Objectives
To evaluate the prognostic value of the Bajorin criteria in a multi‐institutional cohort of patients with disease recurrence after radical nephroureterectomy (RNU) for upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC).
To investigate whether clinical, pathological and/or biological factors at time of disease recurrence are also associated with cancer‐specific outcomes in these patients.
Patients and Methods
We identified 242 patients with disease recurrence after RNU for UTUC from 11 centres.
With regard to the Bajorin criteria, patients were categorized into three groups based on two risk factors: Karnofsky performance status <80% and the presence of visceral metastasis.
Assessed variables included pathological characteristics, time to disease recurrence, age‐adjusted Charlson comorbidity index (ACCI), American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score, and laboratory tests at time of disease recurrence.
Results
Overall, 185 patients died from their disease; the median survival was 9 months. The survival rates at 1 year were 53, 33, and 39% for patients with no (n = 18), one (n = 109) and two (n = 115) risk factors, respectively, with no significant difference between the groups.
In univariable analyses, higher pT‐stage, tumour necrosis, non‐administered salvage chemotherapy, higher ACCI score, higher ASA score, lower albumin level and higher white blood cell count were significantly associated with a shorter time to cancer‐specific mortality.
Conclusions
We confirmed the poor yet variable outcomes of patients with disease recurrence after RNU.
While the Bajorin criteria seem to have limited prognostic value in this specific cohort, we found several other clinical variables to be associated with worse cancer‐specific mortality.
If validated, these factors should be taken into consideration for clinical trial design.
Focal cryoablation: a treatment option for unilateral low‐risk prostate cancer
Authors: Durand Matthieu , Barret Eric , Galiano Marc , Rozet François , Sanchez‐Salas Rafael , Ahallal Youness , Macek Petr , Gaya Jose‐Maria , Cerruti Jennifer , Devilliers Hervé , Loeffler Joyce , Amiel Jean , Vallancien Guy , Cathelineau Xavier 
Published: July 2013

Objectives
To assess oncological (biochemical and histological recurrence) and functional (urinary and potency) outcomes in patients with unilateral low‐risk organ‐confined prostate cancer (PCa) treated with focal cryoablation (FC).
Patients and Methods
From January 2009 to March 2012, patients with localized PCa who refused active surveillance were assigned to a FC protocol.
This was a prospective, single‐arm cohort study. Inclusion criteria were: unilateral disease, clinical stage T1c to T2a, prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) concentration <10 ng/mL, low volume index lesion and Gleason score ≤6 (3+3). Hemi‐ablation was carried out using the PreciseTM cryoablation system (Galil Medical, Inc., Arden Hills, MN, USA).
Oncological (PSA values) and functional (International Prostate Symptom Score and International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF)‐5 score) outcomes were analysed at 3‐, 6‐ and 12‐month follow‐up.
The primary endpoint for oncological efficacy, no cancer in ipsilateral side, was based on the 12‐month mandatory biopsy.
Results
A total of 48 consecutive patients with a mean age of 67 years were included. The median (interquartile range) follow‐up was 13.2 (7.4–26.5) months.
Follow‐up prostate biopsies were negative for the treated lobe in 86% of patients.
The mean PSA concentration dropped significantly at 3 months (by 55%) but did not correlate well with positive biopsy results.
Urinary symptoms were unchanged. A slight decrease in the IIEF‐5 score was present at 3 months, but did not differ significantly from baseline at 6‐month follow‐up.
There were 15% grade 1 and 4% grade 2 complications (Clavien classification).
Conclusions
Focal cryoablation is a low‐morbidity option in selected patients with low‐risk PCa.
We showed PSA concentration to be an unreliable marker for monitoring FC and recommend a protocol of mandatory biopsies for follow‐up.
A multicentre randomized controlled trial is necessary to confirm the low‐morbidity and the biopsy‐proven PCa cure rates.
The Role of CD133+ Cells in a Recurrent Embryonal Tumor with Abundant Neuropil and True Rosettes (ETANTR)
Authors: Hervey‐Jumper Shawn L. , Altshuler David B. , Wang Anthony C. , He Xiaobing , Maher Cormac O. , Robertson Patricia L. , Garton Hugh J L. , Fan Xing , Muraszko Karin M. , Camelo‐Piragua Sandra 
Published: July 2013

AbstractEmbryonal tumor with abundant neuropil and true rosettes (ETANTR) is a recently described embryonal neoplasm of the central nervous system, consisting of a well‐circumscribed embryonal tumor of infancy with mixed features of ependymoblastoma (multilayer ependymoblastic rosettes and pseudorosettes) and neuroblastoma (neuroblastic rosettes) in the presence of neuropil‐like islands. We present the case of a young child with a very aggressive tumor that rapidly recurred after gross total resection, chemotherapy and radiation. Prominent vascular sclerosis and circumscribed tumor led to the diagnosis of malignant astroblastoma; however, rapid recurrence and progression of this large tumor after gross total resection prompted review of the original pathology. ETANTR is histologically distinct with focal glial fibrillary acid protein (GFAP) and synaptophysin expression in the presence of neuronal and ependymoblastic rosettes with focal neuropil islands. These architectural features, combined with unique chromosome 19q13.42 amplification, confirmed the diagnosis. In this report, we describe tumor stem cell (TSC) marker CD133, CD15 and nestin alterations in ETANTR before and after chemotherapy. We found that TSC marker CD133 was richly expressed after chemotherapy in recurrent ETANTR, while CD15 is depleted compared with that expressed in the original tumor, suggesting that CD133+ cells likely survived initial treatment, further contributing to formation of the recurrent tumor.
Social systems and life‐history characteristics of mongooses
Authors: Schneider Tilman C. , Kappeler Peter M. 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACTThe diversity of extant carnivores provides valuable opportunities for comparative research to illuminate general patterns of mammalian social evolution. Recent field studies on mongooses (Herpestidae), in particular, have generated detailed behavioural and demographic data allowing tests of assumptions and predictions of theories of social evolution. The first studies of the social systems of their closest relatives, theMalagasyEupleridae, also have been initiated. The literature on mongooses was last reviewed over 25 years ago. In this review, we summarise the current state of knowledge on the social organisation, mating systems and social structure (especially competition and cooperation) of the two mongoose families. Our second aim is to evaluate the contributions of these studies to a better understanding of mammalian social evolution in general. Based on published reports or anecdotal information, we can classify 16 of the 34 species ofHerpestidae as solitary and nine as group‐living; there are insufficient data available for the remainder. There is a strong phylogenetic signal of sociality with permanent complex groups being limited to the generaCrossarchus,Helogale, Liberiictis, Mungos, andSuricata. Our review also indicates that studies of solitary and social mongooses have been conducted within different theoretical frameworks: whereas solitary species and transitions to gregariousness have been mainly investigated in relation to ecological determinants, the study of social patterns of highly social mongooses has instead been based on reproductive skew theory. In some group‐living species, group size and composition were found to determine reproductive competition and cooperative breeding through group augmentation. Infanticide risk and inbreeding avoidance connect social organisation and social structure with reproductive tactics and life histories, but their specific impact on mongoose sociality is still difficult to evaluate. However, the level of reproductive skew in social mongooses is not only determined by the costs and benefits of suppressing each other's breeding attempts, but also influenced by resource abundance. Thus, dispersal, as a consequence of eviction, is also linked to the costs of co‐breeding in the context of food competition. By linking these facts, we show that the socio‐ecological model and reproductive skew theory share some determinants of social patterns. We also conclude that due to their long bio‐geographical isolation and divergent selection pressures, future studies of the social systems of theEupleridae will be of great value for the elucidation of general patterns in carnivore social evolution.
The application of species criteria in avian taxonomy and its implications for the debate over species concepts
Authors: Sangster George 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACTThe debate over species concepts has produced a huge body of literature on how species can, may or should be delimited. By contrast, very few studies have documented how species taxa are delimited in practice. The aims of the present study were to (i) quantify the use of species criteria in taxonomy, (ii) discuss its implications for the debate over species concepts and (iii) assess recent claims about the impact of different species concepts on taxonomic stability and the ‘nature’ of species. The application of six species criteria was examined in taxonomic studies of birds published between 1950 and 2009. Three types of taxonomic studies were included: descriptions of new species (N = 329), proposals to change the taxonomic rank of species and subspecies (N = 808) and the taxonomic recommendations of the American Ornithologists' Union Committee on Classification and Nomenclature (N = 176). In all three datasets, diagnosability was the most frequently applied criterion, followed by reproductive isolation and degree of difference. This result is inconsistent with the popular notion that the Biological Species Concept is the dominant species concept in avian taxonomy. Since the 1950s, avian species‐level taxonomy has become increasingly pluralistic and eclectic. This suggests that taxonomists consider different criteria as complementary rather than as rival approaches to species delimitation. Application of diagnosability more frequently led to the elevation of subspecies to species rank than application of reproductive isolation, although the difference was small. Hypotheses based on diagnosability and reproductive isolation were equally likely to be accepted in a mainstream checklist. These findings contradict recent claims that application of the Phylogenetic Species Concept causes instability and that broader application of the Biological Species Concept can stabilise taxonomy. The criteria diagnosability and monophyly, which are commonly associated with Phylogenetic Species Concepts, were used throughout the study period. Finally, no support was found for the idea that Phylogenetic Species Concepts have caused a change in the ‘nature’ of species taxa. This study demonstrates that there is a discrepancy between widely held perceptions of how species are delimited and the way species are actually delimited by taxonomists. Theoretically oriented debates over species concepts thus may benefit from empirical data on taxonomic practice.
Supervised Evolution: Research Concerning the Number of Evolutions that Occur Under Certain Constraints
Authors: Jäntschi Lorentz , Bolboacă Sorana D. 
Published: July 2013

It is known that evolution may lead to a new species while adaptation may lead to a new variety. In this manuscript, we present an analysis of the number of evolutions (defined by improvement of the score associated with an objective function of a genetic algorithm) in an experiment supervised by a genetic algorithm, experiment conducted on octan‐1‐ol/H20 partition coefficient of polychlorinated biphenyls. The numbers of evolutions resulted from 9 implemented evolution strategies were investigated. Evolutions arisen from the first 20 000 generations coming from 46 independent runs were recorded. A distribution analysis has been conducted for each evolution strategy. Without exception, the Weibull distribution fits well with the number of evolutions at a significance level of 5% for any evolution strategy. Furthermore, the Weibull distribution could not be rejected when different merged samples were investigated.
Stress‐Induced Elevation of Oxytocin in Maltreated Children: Evolution, Neurodevelopment, and Social Behavior
Authors: Seltzer Leslie J. , Ziegler Toni , Connolly Michael J. , Prososki Ashley R. , Pollak Seth D. 
Published: July 2013

Child maltreatment often has a negative impact on the development of social behavior and health. The biobehavioral mechanisms through which these adverse outcomes emerge, however, are not clear. To better understand the ways in which early life adversity affects subsequent social behavior, changes in the neuropeptide oxytocin (OT) in children (n = 73) aged 8.1–11.5 years following a laboratory stressor were examined. Girls with histories of physical abuse have higher levels of urinary OT and lower levels of salivary cortisol following the stressor when compared to controls. Abused and control boys, however, do not differ in their hormonal responses. These data suggest that early adversity may disrupt the development of the stress regulation system in girls by middle childhood.
American and Chinese Children's Evaluations of Personal Domain Events and Resistance to Parental Authority
Authors: Smetana Judith G. , Wong Mun , Ball Courtney , Yau Jenny 
Published: July 2013

A total of 267 five‐, seven‐, and ten‐year‐olds (M = 7.62), 147 in Hong Kong and 120 in the United States, evaluated hypothetical personal (and moral) events described as either essential or peripheral to actors' identity. Except for young Chinese in the peripheral condition, straightforward personal events were overwhelmingly evaluated as acceptable based on personal justifications. Children primarily endorsed compliance, but attributed negative emotions to actors when mothers forbade personal choices, especially when described as essential to identity. Conventional justifications declined among Chinese children and pragmatic justifications for these judgments increased with age for all children, as did judgments that personal events were up to the child. Rules were seen as more legitimate and events were seen as more up to mothers to decide for moral than personal events.
Mapping of TLR5 and TLR7 in central and distal human airways and identification of reduced TLR expression in severe asthma
Authors: Shikhagaie M. M. , Andersson C. K. , Mori M. , Kortekaas Krohn I. , Bergqvist A. , Dahl R. , Ekblad E. , Hoffmann H. J. , Bjermer L. , Erjefält J. S. 
Published: July 2013

SummaryBackgroundThe toll‐like receptors, TLR5 and TLR7, have recently been proposed in asthma immunopathogenesis. While supporting data come from animal or in vitro studies, little is known about TLR5 and TLR7 expression in human asthmatic airways.MethodsAdvanced immunohistochemical mapping of TLR5 and TLR7 was performed on bronchial and transbronchial biopsies from healthy individuals and patients with moderate and severe asthma.ResultsTLR5 was identified in multiple structural cells; bronchial epithelium, alveolar type II pneumocytes, plasma cells, macrophages and neutrophils. Contrary to bronchial TLR5, which had a basolateral expression, alveolar TLR5 had polarized apical localization. Patients with severe asthma had decreased total and epithelial TLR5 expression compared to controls and moderate asthmatics (P < 0.001). TLR7 expression was found in several structural cells and asthma‐related immune cells. Whereas TLR7 expression was decreased in severe asthmatics (P < 0.001), nerve‐associated TLR7 increased (P = 0.035). Within the asthma groups, both TLR5 and TLR7 expression correlated with multiple lung function parameters.ConclusionsOur results reveal broad expression patterns of TLR5 and TLR7 in the lung and that the expression is decreased in severe asthma. Hence, severe asthmatics may suffer from insufficient TLR signalling during viral or bacterial infections leading to poor and impaired defence mechanisms.