bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Polyphenols, flavonoids and (-)-epigallocatechin gallate in tea leaves and in their infusions under various conditions
Authors: AlHafez Maysoon , Kheder Fadi , AlJoubbeh Malak 
Published: October 2014

Purpose– The purpose of this paper was to determine total polyphenols (TP), total flavonoids (TF) and (-)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) in five commercial tea extracts and in their infusions at various temperatures (95-60°C) and brewing times (5-30 min).Design/methodology/approach– TP was determined by the Folin–Ciocalteu method, TF by the aluminium chloride colorimetric method and EGCG by HPLC method.Findings– The results showed that White tea – Silver needle had the highest content of TP and EGCG when extracted, but its infusions had very poor concentrations of these compounds. Green tea infusion was better source of TP and EGCG than white or black tea, although its extract did not contain a very high amount of TP compared to the latter two types. Black tea extract had a relatively high content of TP and TF in its extract. Its infusions as well contained higher concentrations of TP than white tea, but lower concentrations of EGCG than all studied teas.Originality/value– Increasing infusion time and temperature does not necessarily increase the concentration, according to the results. To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first report on comparing these types of tea, especially the white tea, with other well-known teas under various infusion conditions. The extraction of the white tea leaves was also not found in previous works.
Have universities lost sight of their purpose? The Princeton-Fung Global Forum – Paris, April 2014: a review
Authors: P. Abeles Tom 
Published: October 2014

Purpose
– The purpose of this review is to challenge the view that universities, particularly medallion institutions, have the prerogative to repurpose or interpret funds received without accepting responsibility to provide value.

Design/methodology/approach
– This is a review article discussing issues raised in the 2014 Global Forum in Paris.

Findings
– Citing this “Forum” and the open literature, it is evident that as more money is made available through new donors, maintaining oversight on how such funds are used can become problematic. Rather, it is suggested that donors become more involved and responsible rather than participating passively and accepting the “wisdom” of the recipients.

Social implications
– The world is becoming more dynamic, implying that ideas and funds committed in the beginning need careful and ongoing assessment. Many new donors lack the experience of older organizations, both funders and funded, and may have a proclivity to default to decisions of others. “There be Dragons Here”.

Originality/value
– Recipients of funds, particularly the institutions of higher education have a tendency to see the world through the eyes of their expertise. In the past, most parties have deferred to such “authority” which is proving to be more tenuous in an evolving and changing global world. Care needs to be exercised using criteria that needs to be dynamic and one that is still evolving.
Crisis perception in financial media discourse:a concrete application using the Minskian/mainstream opposition
Authors: Pilkington Marc , Sinapi Christine 
Published: October 2014

Purpose– The purpose of this article is to highlight the need for renewed collaborative efforts between linguists and economists to develop a multidisciplinary approach to discourse studies to single out, in the case at hand, how financial media discourse might reflect either a prevailing mainstream or a Minskian conceptual apparatus in financial crisis related papers.Design/methodology/approach– The paper conducts exploratory research by focusing on semantic analysis, so as to indicate how the latter might possibly indicate a shift in the prevailing framework in contemporary financial media discourse. After a clear exposition of a theoretical dichotomy between the Minskian and mainstream approaches, it relies on Tropes software to conduct applied discourse analysis and discover evidence for the aforementioned shift. It exploits a set of three crisis-related articles from the Financial Times written by Martin Wolf. The selected corpora consist of opinion articles, a genre believed to be both emblematic of financial media discourse and subject to the influence of underlying theoretical frameworks.Findings– The paper has identified a convincing Minskian vs mainstream dichotomy that may be substantiated by a set of disciplinary criteria. It argues that these criteria can be further used in applied discourse analysis. It demonstrates the relevance of our methodology from the exploratory test conducted. Eventually, these exploratory results, although they remain embryonic, suggest that a shift in the conceptual frameworks underlying the media discourses has taken place, from the Mainstream in fair weather conditions to (possibly) a more Minskian framework in times of crisis and financial instability.Research limitations/implications– The sample size is extremely restricted (albeit acceptable in an exploratory research context); these limitations are inherent in exploratory research and do not preclude the validity of the broader interdisciplinary research agenda. In our proposed theoretical dichotomy, the mainstream approach is subject to caution insofar as no single and consensual definition of the latter exists to date in the literature.Social implications– This article has highlighted the need for further multidisciplinary collaborative research endeavors (in particular, linguistics and economics). It has also touched the issue of crisis prevention and early warning systems, which may include financial press monitoring.Originality/value– There exists a powerful media sphere within which financial discourse may exert an influence on decision-makers through the influence of underlying theoretical frameworks, eventually shaping real economic outcomes. The research program initiated, by combining the insights of economics and linguistics; therefore, aims to uncover the modus operandi of financial media discourse.
Metaphors as research tools in economics
Authors: Hardt Lukasz 
Published: October 2014

Purpose– The aim of this paper is to show that metaphors play an important role in the making of economics.Design/methodology/approach– The paper’s discussion is situated within the framework of methodology of economics. It refers to recent studies on the role of metaphors in economics, as well as to the rhetoric – realism controversy (e.g. D. McCloskey versus U. Mäki).Findings– The principal results of the paper are: the demonstration of the importance of metaphors in economics; and the claim that metaphors are not only used for rhetorical purposes but also serve as research tools indispensable in explaining economic phenomena. They are also essential in economic modeling.Research limitations/implications– The claim that economic models function as networks of metaphors needs further in-depth study, in particular drawing on insights from cognitive linguistics, where we find many interesting research projects currently underway, would be desirable.Originality/value– The article contributes to the rhetoric – realism debate in economics. It adds some arguments to the literature claiming that rhetoric can be compatible with realism.
First steps into the metaphoric wilderness of macroeconomics
Authors: Starr-Glass David 
Published: October 2014

Purpose
– The purpose of this article is to analyze the decline of two central metaphors of macroeconomics, economics and markets, and suggests ways in which metaphoric vigor can be initiated to promote economic reflection, inter-disciplinary collaboration, and more productive engagement with the broader society. Economics and markets can be described as dead metaphors which have ceased to provide any metaphoric advantage or potential but which nevertheless remain central to economic discourse. At a time when economics is coming under societal scrutiny and being asked to explain its assumptions, predictive ability and social impact, the perceived distance and sterility of economic language presents a significant problem.

Design/methodology/approach
– The central approach is an analysis of the ways in which metaphor come into being, provide regenerative insights and communicate open and creative discourse. Metaphor theory is introduced, as are theoretical considerations on the decline of conceptual metaphor through over familiarization.

Findings
– Metaphor in economics is underexplored and this article suggests that a more engaged and creative approach will provide benefit within the discipline and will be necessary to sustain the ongoing discourse with those outside the field.

Originality/value
– This article provides new insight into the problems associated with the failure to recognize and to resuscitate metaphor in macroeconomics. It provides original perspectives on the problem, and presents novel suggestions for reducing the communication difficulties that metaphor failure has produced, particularly in communicating economic perspectives with the broader society.
Polyesteramide resin from PET waste and fatty amide
Authors: P. More Aarti , Abhimanyu Kute Ravindra , T. Mhaske Shashank 
Published: October 2014

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is synthesis of polyesteramide resin from jatropha oil and monomer from recycling of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) to get the excellent benefit of individual structure. Along with the synthesis of polyesteramide resin, this research work will also help in recycling of PET waste and help for the conversion of monomer obtained from recycling of PET to value-added application.

Design/methodology/approach
– Polyesteramide resin was synthesized by conventional method, i.e. by converting jatropha oil to corresponding fatty amide, i.e. hydroxyl ethyl jatropha oil fatty acid amide (HEJA), and treating it with dicarboxylic acid, i.e. sebacic acid but bis(2-hydroxyethyl) terepthalamide (BHETA) is added, i.e. monomer of PET, and then resin synthesis is carried out. Synthesized resin is cured with isocyanate and used for coating application. Coating is characterized for physical, mechanical, thermal and anticorrosive properties.

Findings
– Coating shows excellent balance of flexibility and hardness due to structural difference in BHETA and HEJA. Aromatic structure of BHETA was helpful for increasing hardness and for retardation of degradation, and at the same time, aliphatic structure of HEJA was helpful for increasing flexibility of the coating. Amide linkage present in both help for better adhesion of coating to metal surface, which also helps to improve the mechanical properties and anticorrosive properties.

Practical implications
– This method is the practical solution for synthesis of polyesteramide resin and then coating from PET waste and jatropha oil. Hence the method developed is simple and it helps for recycling of PET waste and conversion of recycled product to value-added material.

Originality/value
– To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first study which use jatropha oil (fatty amide of jatropha oil) and PET waste (monomer of PET waste) simultaneously for the synthesis of polyesteramide resin and then coating.
Effect of polyvinylpyrrolidone – polyethylene glycol blends on the corrosion inhibition of aluminium in HCl solution
Authors: Umoren S.A. , Eduok U.M. , Solomon M.M. 
Published: October 2014

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effect of polyethylene glycol (PEG), polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and blended formulations on the corrosion inhibition of aluminium in HCl solutions at 30-60°C and to study the mechanism of action.Design/methodology/approach– The inhibitive effect of the homopolymers and polymer blend was assessed using weight loss and hydrogen evolution methods at 30 and 60°C. The morphology of the corroding aluminium surface without and with the additives was visualized using atomic force microscopy. The trend of inhibition efficiency with temperature was used to propose the mechanism of inhibition and type of adsorption.Findings– Results obtained show that inhibition efficiency (η%) increases with increase in concentration of the polymers but decreases with increase in temperature. The inhibition efficiency of the homopolymers and their blends decreased with rise in temperature. Inhibition efficiency was found to be synergistically enhanced on blending the two homopolymers with highest inhibition efficiency obtained for (PEG:PVP) blending ratio of 1:3. The phenomenon of physical adsorption is proposed from the trend of inhibition efficiency with temperature.Research limitations/implications– The mechanistic aspect of the corrosion inhibition can be better understood using electrochemical studies such as potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy.Originality/value– Studies involving the use of polymer blends/mixtures as corrosion inhibitor for metals in corrosive environments are scarce. The results suggest that the mixture could find practical application in corrosion control in aqueous acidic environment. The data obtained would form part of database on the use of polymer–polymer mixtures to control acid-induced corrosion of metal.
Elevated plasma homocysteine level is possibly associated with skin sclerosis in a series of Japanese patients with systemic sclerosis
Authors: Motegi Sei‐ichiro , Toki Sayaka , Yamada Kazuya , Uchiyama Akihiko , Ishikawa Osamu 
Published: October 2014

AbstractHomocysteine is a sulfhydryl‐containing amino acid that is derived from dietary methionine, and there has been increasing evidence that elevated plasma homocysteine levels are associated with increased risk of cardiovascular diseases, including carotid, coronary and peripheral arterial disease (PAD). The association of plasma homocysteine levels with peripheral vascular involvements, such as Raynaud phenomenon (RP), digital ulcers (DU) in systemic sclerosis (SSc) patients has not been well studied. The objective of this study was to examine plasma homocysteine levels and their clinical associations in patients with SSc. Plasma homocysteine levels in 151 Japanese patients with SSc and 20 healthy controls were examined. No significant differences were observed in plasma homocysteine levels between SSc patients and healthy individuals. Demographic and clinical features of the SSc patients revealed that severe skin sclerosis, anti‐topoisomerase I antibody positivity, complications of DU, acro‐osteolysis (AO) and interstitial lung disease (ILD) were significantly more prevalent among the patients with elevated plasma homocysteine levels. The plasma homocysteine levels were positively correlated with modified Rodnan total skin score. The plasma homocysteine levels in the SSc patients with DU, AO and ILD were significantly higher than those in the SSc without DU, AO and ILD, respectively. Plasma homocysteine levels did not correlate with either the mean or max intima‐media thickness (IMT) or plaque score, suggesting that plasma homocysteine levels might not be associated with carotid artery atherosclerosis in SSc patients. The measurement of plasma homocysteine levels in SSc patients might be useful for the risk stratifications of severe skin sclerosis, DU and AO.
Pollination partners of Mucuna macrocarpa (Fabaceae) at the northern limit of its range
Authors: Kobayashi Shun , Denda Tetsuo , Mashiba Shigehiko , Iwamoto Toshitaka , Doi Teruo , Izawa Masako 
Published: October 2014

AbstractMucuna macrocarpa is a plant found in tropical and subtropical regions that requires an “explosive opening.” Explosive opening is the process that exposes the stamen and pistil from the opening of the carina. This process is needed for cross pollination; however, the plant cannot open itself and opening by an animal is needed. The most common opener of Mucuna flowers is several nectar‐eating bats (e.g., Syconycteris), but the flying fox, Pteropus dasymallus, is the only opener of M. macrocarpa on the subtropical island of Okinawajima. Here, we present the explosive openers and possible pollinators in the northernmost and temperate Kamae region, Kyushu, Japan, where nectar‐eating bats are absent. The Japanese macaque, Macaca fuscata, and the Japanese marten, Martes melampus, were the explosive openers observed during our survey in Kamae. Martens opened flowers using their snout in a manner similar to that of the flying fox, whereas macaques opened flowers using their hands. This is the first time that an animal has been observed opening these flowers with its hands rather than snout. In total, 97% (n = 283) of explosively opened flowers were opened by macaques, and the macaque largely contributed to the overall flower opening. Because many pollen grains become attached to the explosive openers, they are considered to be primary pollinators. Furthermore, two bee species, Apis cerana japonica and Bombus ardens ardens, also visited opened flowers and collected pollen, and they were possibly secondary pollinators.
Preparation and evaluation of low‐calorie functional ice cream containing inulin, lactulose and Bifidobacterium lactis
Authors: Hashemi Majid , Gheisari Hamid Reza , Shekarforoush Shahram 
Published: October 2014

This study was aimed to investigate the effects of replacing 5% fat and sugar by inulin and lactulose, respectively, on the survival of Bifidobacterium lactis and physicochemical and sensorial characteristics of the ice cream. Total solids, pH, melting rate and sensory scores of low‐fat and/or low‐sugar ice cream samples did not differ significantly from the control. Overrun and hardness of low‐fat samples were significantly higher than that of the control group (P < 0.01). The viable counts of B. lactis in the low‐sugar synbiotic ice creams were significantly lower than that of other groups at the end of 90‐day storage (P < 0.01).
Review article: Maxillofacial emergencies: Maxillofacial trauma
Authors: DeAngelis Adrian F , Barrowman Roland A , Harrod Richard , Nastri Alf L 
Published: October 2014

AbstractFractures of the facial skeleton are a common reason for patients to present to EDs and general medical practice in Australia. Trauma to the maxillofacial region can lead to airway obstruction, intracranial injuries, loss of vision or long term cosmetic and functional deficits. This article focuses on the emergency assessment, triage and non‐specialist management of traumatic injuries of the orbit and facial skeleton.
Hepatoprotective and antineoplastic properties of Protaetia brevitarsis larvae
Authors: Lee Ji‐Eun , Jo Da‐Eun , Lee An‐Jung , Park Hye‐Kyung , Youn Kumju , Yun Eun‐Young , Hwang Jae‐Sam , Jun Mira , Kang Byoung Heon 
Published: October 2014

AbstractProtaetia brevitarsis larvae have been used as a traditional medicine to treat various liver diseases. Freeze‐dried powder and solvent partitioned fractions of Protaetia brevitarsis larvae, in this study, were examined for hepatoprotective and antitumor activities in vivo and in vitro. Oral administration of the powder reduced signs of acute and chronic liver injuries in diethylnitrosamine‐induced hepatotoxic mouse model. Various cancer cell types, but not normal primary hepatocytes, were killed by the hexane, ethyl acetate and butanol fractions, which were partitioned from larval extracts. Apoptosis and autophagy were primarily induced in cancer cells by hexane and ethyl acetate fractions, respectively, and can be the cytotoxic mechanisms of the fractions. Further analyses of the insect fractions could lead to identification of novel bioactive substances that can be exploited as therapeutics for various human liver diseases.
Temporal Sodium Release Related to Gel Microstructural Properties—Implications for Sodium Reduction
Authors: Kuo Wan‐Yuan , Lee Youngsoo 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThe microstructure of food can be engineered to enhance sodium release during mastication, which may be used as a strategy to reduce sodium content in foods. This study aimed to relate sodium release to microstructural properties of solid lipoproteic colloid (SLC) foods. The SLC gels with 1.5% (w/w) NaCl were prepared by homogenization of whey protein isolate and anhydrous milk fat, followed by heat‐induced gelation. The gels varied in protein content (8% or 16%), fat content (0%, 11%, 22%, or 33%), and homogenization pressures (14 or 55 MPa). The maximum rate of sodium release during the initial gel compression increased with increasing gel porosity and pore size. This was due to more releasable serum in the gels with larger pore volume and larger pores. The maximum concentration of sodium at the end of sodium release increased with reduced size of the fat particles in the gels. The smaller fat particles were dispersed more uniformly and interrupted the protein network more, and facilitated the gel breakdown. The above findings suggested that, during the breakdown of the SLC gels, the major mechanisms of sodium release are via serum release followed by sodium diffusion, which are governed by the gel porosity and the particle size of fat, respectively. This study demonstrated the dependence of temporal sodium release properties on the microstructural properties of an SLC food system. The findings from this study could lay the foundation for further investigation of the dependence of saltiness perception on SLC microstructure, which can provide insight for sodium reduction in SLC products.
The development and characterization of a 57K single nucleotide polymorphism array for rainbow trout
Authors: Palti Y. , Gao G. , Liu S. , Kent M. P. , Lien S. , Miller M. R. , Rexroad C. E. , Moen T. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractIn this study, we describe the development and characterization of the first high‐density single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyping array for rainbow trout. The SNP array is publically available from a commercial vendor (Affymetrix). The SNP genotyping quality was high, and validation rate was close to 90%. This is comparable to other farm animals and is much higher than previous smaller scale SNP validation studies in rainbow trout. High quality and integrity of the genotypes are evident from sample reproducibility and from nearly 100% agreement in genotyping results from other methods. The array is very useful for rainbow trout aquaculture populations with more than 40 900 polymorphic markers per population. For wild populations that were confounded by a smaller sample size, the number of polymorphic markers was between 10 577 and 24 330. Comparison between genotypes from individual populations suggests good potential for identifying candidate markers for populations' traceability. Linkage analysis and mapping of the SNPs to the reference genome assembly provide strong evidence for a wide distribution throughout the genome with good representation in all 29 chromosomes. A total of 68% of the genome scaffolds and contigs were anchored through linkage analysis using the SNP array genotypes, including ~20% of the genome assembly that has not been previously anchored to chromosomes.