bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gas Effect in ESP System Stage by Stage Analysis
Authors: Oliva G. B. , Galvão H. L. , dos Santos D. P. , Maitelli A. L. , Costa R. O. , Maitelli C. W. 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
One of the main problems regarding the use of artificial lift method by Electric Submersible Pump (ESP) systems is the presence of gas in the pump. This paper presents and describes an analysis of ESP systems using a stage by stage calculation to determine intake and discharge pressures to adjust total dynamic head (TDH) for each stage of the pump.
The modeling was designed acknowledging free gas in the pump and iterative calculations are applied to recalculate, for each stage, fluid characteristics and physical properties, such as viscosity, density, formation volume factor, surface tension, solubility ratio, oil-gas ratio (OGR), and other flow characteristics along the tubing, like temperature and pressure. Developed modeling validation was achieved by comparisons in two scenarios. In the first one, fixed values of intake pressure and changeable values of GOR were used to assess gas effect. In the tests for the second scenario, fixed values of OGR and changeable values of intake pressure were used.
Necessary research was done through a developed computational tool used to size ESP components. The results were different from those obtained with usual calculations and it may be implied that the developed modeling is more accurate to determine parameters related to this artificial method. Also, the results were more consistent and closer to the actual behavior of multiphase flow phenomena within the tubing because each stage has its characteristics individually evaluated. These observations may have effect on the number of pump stages and influence in choosing the adequate equipment of the system.
Development of Affordable High-Temperature Downhole Sensors
Authors: Muñoz Heber , Bruni Marcelo , Mazzola Ricardo , Colla Miguel , Mosquera Manuel Tapia , Teves Ricardo , Oyarzun Raul 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
Conventional technology on downhole sensors allowed the development of standard equipment capable to work in wells up to 150°C and some cases 175°C permanently. If higher temperature is required, existing technology offers sensors that can operate up to 260°C without electronics downhole. Such sensors use separate encased multicore cables. But cost and deployment are limitations making instrumentation not feasible for high WC wells. Thus, confining these products to specific application such SAGD.
Using Defense and Aerospace technology, an affordable downhole sensor was developed for Panamerican Energy to withstand 225°C permanently and have excursions on 250°C. This sensor does not require an additional cable. Communication is achieved by over imposing the digital signal in the existing power cable, reducing cost and installation complexity. This paper shows the development of the product, specifications, and lab tests, field examples that helped to maximize production and protect the artificial lift equipment.
Implementation of the Technique Auto Gas Lift in Field Corvina Block Z-1, Peru Offshore
Authors: Matos Yrael , Saire Jorge , Vargas Claudia 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
The Corvina field is located to the north-west of Peru, in Tumbes Basin, Block Z1 (Offshore Perú), Figure 1. The reservoir, Zorritos Oil is defined as an anticlinal structure of fine- to medium-grained sandstone. The Field begins its exploitation in 2007 by 21XD well completion and it was not until late 2010 when the commerciality of the field was declared. The wells produced by natural flow of non-selective completions. The dominant reservoir mechanism drive is solution gas, with an initial pressure of 3300 psi, bubble pressure of 2850 psi and an estimated current static pressure of 2450 psi. To date 13 wells have been drilled between delineation and development wells, two wells have dual completion to meet functions as a producer and injector, an injector and the remaining wells are producers.
Production behavior of the field, production logging (PLT / MPLT) in existing wells and electrical logging in new wells confirm the formation of a secondary gas cap of higher pressure at the top of the reservoir, due to the effect of being the reservoir below the bubble pressure and gas injection through injection wells in these sands, this began from late 2011. The production behavior of wells shows a low lift efficiency of oil along tubing, due producing in conjunction with high volumes of gas and back-pressure on wellhead.
The workover campaign in 2012 was performed in order to select gas and oil producing sands, and install an “Auto Gas Lift” (AGL) installation, in the gas cap by including in the mechanical completion conventional gas Lift equipment, this permitted optimizing the production of gas and increased oil production.
For design of an installation, a commercial software was used to calculate the size of the injection port, so that allow the passage of required gas volume according to the well flow dynamics derived from nodal analysis.
The application of the technique of AGL in Corvina has been successful, achieving an increase in production wells, noting that one of them was up to 300 BOPD. These results have allowed expanding this technique to other fields of block Z-1, with positive results.
Alternatives to Avoid High Human Efforts in Progressing Cavity Pump Operations
Authors: Magnoni Pablo J , Pich Pablo J 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
Alternatives to Avoid High Human Efforts in Progressive Cavity Pump Operations
The next opportunities for improvement were identified for operations of Progressive Cavity Pump (PCP) systems, which have caused lost time, injury to people, and damage to equipment:
Make-up and disassembling of PCP bottom hole assemblies at field or workshop, where mostly is absolutely necessary to use hand tools, and those activities require a high human effort. Besides, the personnel use extension tubes (snipes) connected to the pipe wrenches, although that is not technically and safety recommended. Installation and removal of surface equipment, even inside of well location. This operation is commonly performed using rig's auxiliary lifting mechanism (winch), and the loads are driven manually with a rope. In those cases, people have to do high efforts and loss control of the load movement.
Hydraulic tools can be used for both situations, but these are not always available, are expensive, require skilled labor, are not manually transportable, and in some situations there is not enough space for their operation (cranes).
The objective of this study is to find practical and inexpensive alternatives to perform the above operations in reliable and safe way, using tools that can be operated and transported by only one person. The following aspects were considered:
Argentina PCP Experience, in field and workshop operations. Incident Investigations. Mechanical Analysis of forces and displacements involved. International standards. Ergonomic studies.
The goals were achieved through the implementation of the following alternatives:
Use of hand wrenches (friction or chain style), combined with torque multiplier and torque wrenches, detecting that also applies to reciprocating rod pump assemblies. Use of the rig's lifting mechanisms, main (traveling hoist) and secondary (winch), combined with a mobile sheave mounted on the equipment to transport, and using a fixed point available on location as retention line.
We expect with development and communication of this work, contribute to the reduction of incidents that can damage people and equipment, as well as improving the operations efficiency.
Chloramine: An Effective Biocide for Produced Waters
Authors: Boal Andrew K. , Mowery Charles 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
Produced waters containing high levels of oxidant demanding chemicals such as ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, and iron are often thought to be difficult to disinfect using oxidizing biocides such as hypochlorite. It is the goal of this paper to present evidence that chloramines generated in situ through the reaction of native ammonia present in produced water with hypochlorite added as a disinfectant can effectively control microbial populations in produced water. Testing was accomplished by treating produced waters being held in retention ponds with a hypochlorite-based disinfectant solution produced at the pond location using a mobile on-site generation (OSG) system. OSG in this treatment scenario involves the electrolysis of sodium chloride brines to yield a hypochlorite-based oxidizing biocide solution. This solution is then injected into the produced water at a rate to ensure that the Oxidation-Reduction Potential (ORP) of the treated water is ~450 mV. Samples of both the raw and treated water were analyzed for both chemical composition as well as microbial populations. Raw water in this study was found to consistently have relatively high ammonia content in the range of 58 to 120 mg/L along with an ORP in the range of −228 to 190 mV. Populations of Acid Producing Bacteria (APB) and Sulfate Reducing Bacteria (SRB) were found to be 1010 and 1011 MPN/mL, respectively. On site analysis of the treated water fond that the ORP after oxidant injection was between 464-543 mV, a value consistent with the presence of chloramines and not free chlorine. Populations of APBs and SRBs in the treated water were found to be 1 and 10 MPN/mL, respectively, representing a 10 log reduction in the resident bacteria population of these waters. Overall, this data clearly demonstrates that chloramines generated in situ through the treatment of high ammonia waters with OSG produced hypochlorite can effectively control the populations of key microbes in produced waters. Effectively controlling microbial populations using in situ generated chloramines offers the ability to achieve required disinfection of produced waters with hypochlorite based biocides without meeting the total chlorine demand of the water being treated.
Design and Installation of a Water Management Infrastructure for Newfield Exploration Company's Cana Woodford Shale Play
Authors: Tipton D. Steven 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
Water is the most common and heavily used fluid in the petroleum industry. It is produced along with oil and gas from nearly every well. Fresh water is used as a base fluid in production, drilling and completion operations. Produced water is primarily handled in three ways: as a base fluid in hydraulic fracturing, for pressure maintenance in secondary or tertiary recovery projects, or for disposal into salt-water injection wells.
Hydraulic fracturing uses more water than any other process in the drilling and completion of unconventional wells. An easy way to think of the need for water is: No water, No fracturing, No oil or gas resource play. This paper's focus is on how Newfield Exploration Company approached the design and installation of an infrastructure system for the procurement, transportation, storage, reuse and disposal of water for hydraulic fracturing and associated operations in its Cana Woodford Shale Play.
Newfield's Cana Woodford Shale Play covers over 275,000 net acres in central Oklahoma running from Elmore City in the southeast to Watonga in the northwest. When Newfield started on its new venture in the Cana Woodford, the existing infrastructure in the area was not capable of supporting its planned drilling and completion program nor the resulting production and water disposal requirements. To accommodate the exploratory drilling and completion plan, Newfield would install discrete water management systems for each well, which would include (1) sourcing water, (2) constructing frac pits, (3) transporting water to the storage pits in sufficient quantity, and (4) transferring water from the storage pits to well location to support the completions.
These one-well water management systems were a necessity for the exploratory drilling program; however, as Newfield shifted to infill drilling and field development, it sought to install a more efficient, fully integrated water management infrastructure that would reduce trucking, make more efficient use of storage space for water, provide broader access to geographically dispersed water resources, and allow for the recycling of produced water as a hydraulic fracturing fluid.
Newfield forged new relationships with landowners as a part of establishing operations in the region. Landowner agreements were required to construct pads, obtain right-of-ways to lay water transport pipelines, and build frac pits and other facilities. Several landowners were instrumental in helping our water management team identify water sources in the Cana Woodford play especially in light of the ongoing drought in Oklahoma.
Improving Flotation Methods to Treat EOR Polymer Rich Produced Water
Authors: Richerand Frank , Peymani Yoosef 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
Flotation units, which operate with the assistance of gas in the flotation process, have been widely used for the treatment of produced water both onshore and offshore. Differing technologies are applied to Flotation units for a specific application. The advantages and disadvantages of each arrangement plus the requirements of the process determine the choice of gas floatation mechanism. These methods can be divided in two major categories: Induced Gas Floatation (IGF), Dissolved Gas Floatation (DGF). A close comparison of IGF and DGF is studied in this paper to identify the main criteria affecting the performance and functionality of floatation units and their accessories in different environments. Additionally, this paper will describe the effects and benefits of using both IGF and DGF at the same time. The authors will verify their hypothesis through three years of laboratory and field study.
Flora of springs in the Polish Tatra Mountains – habitat and phytosociological characteristics of crenophiles
Authors: Smieja Agata 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
The flora of 179 springs in Tatra National Park was studied between 2003-2006. These springs represent complete diversity in the region with respect to altitude (from 900 to 1960 m a.s.l.), kind of bedrock (on siliceous and carbonate bedrock) and spring discharge (from 0.1 to >3500 l/s), and they also represent various ecomorphological types (mainly rheo- and helocrenes). In the springs, 239 plant taxa were recorded (60 mosses, 51 liverworts and 128 taxa of vascular plants). Among these species, 13 taxa (Arabis soyeri subsp. subcoriacea, Bryum schleicheri, Cardamine amara, Dichodontium palustre, Epilobium alsinifolium, E. anagallidifolium, Heliosperma quadridentatum, Palustriella commutata, Philonotis calcarea, P. seriata, Rhizomnium magnifolium, Scapania paludosa, S. uliginosa) had an ecological optimum in crenic habitats (crenophiles). Ecological and phytosociological characteristics of these species, as well as their distribution in the investigated springs, were shown.
Asian Sand Dust Increases MUC8 and MUC5B Expressions via TLR4-Dependent ERK2 and p38 MAPK in Human Airway Epithelial Cells
Authors: Choi Yoon Seok , Bae Chang Hoon , Song Si-Youn , Kim Yong-Dae 
Published: May 2015

Background Asian sand dust (ASD) is a natural phenomenon and originates from the deserts of China and is known to contain various chemical and biomolecular components that enhance airway inflammation. The overproduction of airway mucins is an important pathologic finding in inflammatory airway diseases. However, the mechanism of ASD on mucin production of airway epithelial cells has not been elucidated. Objective To investigate the effect and signaling pathway of ASD on mucin expressions in human airway epithelial cells. Methods In the NCI-H292 cells and the primary cultures of human nasal epithelial cells, the effect and signaling pathway of ASD on MUC8 and MUC5B expressions were investigated using reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), real-time PCR, enzyme immunoassay, and immunoblot analysis with several specific inhibitors and small interfering RNA (siRNA). Results ASD increased MUC8 and MUC5B expressions and activated the phosphorylations of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). U0126 (ERK1/2 MAPK inhibitor) and SB203580 (p38 MAPK inhibitor) inhibited ASD-induced MUC8 and MUC5B expressions. In addition, knockdowns of ERK2 and p38 MAPK by siRNA blocked ASD-induced MUC8 and MUC5B mRNA expressions. Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) mRNA expression was increased after treatment with ASD. Knockdown of TLR4 by siRNA blocked ASD-induced MUC8 and MUC5B mRNA expressions. Furthermore, the phosphorylations of ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK were blocked by knockdown of TLR4. Conclusions These results show that ASD induces MUC8 and MUC5B expressions via TLR4-dependent ERK2 and p38 MAPK signaling pathway in human airway epithelial cells.
The Use of Image-Guidance during Transsphenoidal Pituitary Surgery in the United States
Authors: Chung Thomas K. , Riley Kristen O. , Woodworth Bradford A. 
Published: May 2015

Background Intraoperative image guidance is a useful modality for transsphenoidal pituitary surgery. However, the outcomes associated with this technology have not been systematically evaluated. Objective The purpose of the study was to quantify complication rates with and without the use of image guidance during transsphenoidal pituitary surgery using a nationwide database with broadly applicable results. Methods A retrospective analysis of the Nationwide Inpatient Sample was performed from 2007 to 2011. Transsphenoidal pituitary resections for adenomas were identified by International Classification of Diseases-9th Revision, Clinical Modification code. The effect of image guidance on cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak complications and cost-benefit was analyzed. Results A total of 48,848 transsphenoidal pituitary resections were identified, of which 77.5% were partial resections and 22.5% were complete. Pathologic indications included benign (89.3%), malignant primary (0.6%), and malignant secondary (0.4%). Complications included same-stay death (0.4%), CSF leak (8.8%), postoperative CSF rhinorrhea (1.9%), diabetes insipidus (12.4%), and meningitis (0.4%). Image guidance was employed in 7% (n = 3401) of all cases. When analyzed by modality, computed tomography (CT)-assisted procedures had lower CSF rhinorrhea rates (1.1%) compared with cases with no image guidance (1.9%), whereas magnetic resonance (MR)-assisted procedures had the highest rates (2.7%, χ2 p < 0.001). Rates of CSF leak demonstrated a similar pattern (CT 6.4%, no image guidance 8.9%, MR 9.2%, χ2 p < 0.001). CT-assisted surgery had significantly shorter length of stay (2.9 days) versus no image guidance (3.7 days, p < 0.001), lower total charges ($47,589 versus $62,629, p < 0.001), and lower total cost ($16,748 versus $20,530, p < 0.001). Conclusions CT-assisted surgery is associated with a lower rate of CSF leak, shorter length of stay, and lower cost compared with patients without image guidance. Further studies that control for severity and extent of disease are warranted to confirm this finding.
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Predicts Chronic Rhinosinusitis without Nasal Polyps: A Population-Based Study
Authors: Chien Chen-Yu , Tai Shu-Yu , Wang Ling-Feng , Lee Charles Tzu-Chi 
Published: May 2015

Background Few studies have investigated the relationship between chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and chronic rhinosinusitis without nasal polyps (CRSsNP) outcomes. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between COPD and the risk of CRSsNP in a large national sample. Methods Patients 15 years or older with a new primary diagnosis of COPD (International Classification of Diseases, Ninth edition [ICD-9], 491, 492, 494, and 496) between 2000 and 2007 were identified from the National Health Insurance Research Database of Taiwan. The patients were compared with sex-, age-, residence-, and insurance premium–matched controls, and both groups were followed up until the end of 2008 for instances of CRSsNP, defined as ICD-9 codes CRS (473, 473.0, 473.1, 473.2, 473.3, 473.8, and 473.9), excluding NP (471, 471.0, 471.1, 471.8, and 471.9). Competing risk-adjusted Cox regression analyses were applied after adjusting for sex, age, residence, insurance premium, steroid use (topical or systemic), hyperlipidemia, diabetes, hypertension, coronary artery disease, hospital admission days, and mortality. Results We included 34,029 cases and 34,029 matched controls in this study. Among the 68,058 subjects, 569 developed CRSsNP during a mean (standard deviation [SD]) follow-up period of 5.0 years (SD 2.2 years). COPD was an independent predictor of CRSsNP in the fully adjusted model (hazard ratio = 3.24; 95% CI = 2.65-3.96; p < 0.01). Conclusion COPD was associated with an increased risk of CRSsNP in this study population, independent of a number of potential confounding factors.
Sur la place du singulier dans la connaissance
Authors: Bouleau Nicolas 
Published: May 2015

RÉSUMÉ Alors que les épistémologues du xx e siècle se sont posé sous diverses formes la question de savoir si une théorie résiste à l’épreuve des faits ou doit être abandonnée pour une autre, nous nous trouvons de plus en plus, sans doute à cause de l’informatique, dans la situation inverse, où nous disposons d’un grand nombre de données mais manquons d’une théorie pour les comprendre. C’est ce nouveau travail interprétatif que nous étudions ici et dont nous soulignons l’importance pour la prise en compte des éventualités et des menaces. Il s’agit d’une nouvelle forme de travail scientifique qui s’écarte du sillage positiviste fondé sur la découverte de lois.
De la Catastrophe considérée comme un des Beaux-Arts
Authors: Ferrier Michaël 
Published: May 2015

RÉSUMÉ Le thème de la catastrophe est aujourd’hui omniprésent, que ce soit dans les domaines économique, politique, écologique ou technologique, ou dans les pratiques artistiques. L’usage généralisé du mot, son caractère protéiforme et la confusion de plus en plus grande qui le caractérise invitent à s’interroger sur ce qui est en jeu dans son extension actuelle. À partir d’exemples concrets puisés dans l’art japonais, notamment certaines œuvres issues du tout récent désastre de Fukushima, on questionnera cette notion en la mettant en relation avec l’apparition de « nouveaux régimes de la catastrophe » (les « catastrophes furtives ») et ce qu’on pourrait nommer une « fuite de la représentation », faisant du geste artistique à l’époque de Fukushima l’expérience d’une négativité incommensurable autant que le lieu possible d’une libération.
Loin du front, la folie ? Les civils internés à l’asile durant la Grande guerre
Authors: Tison Stéphane 
Published: May 2015

Angoisses pour le sort des proches, deuils de guerre, crainte des combats : la Grande Guerre, par sa durée et l’implication de l’ensemble de la population française a suscité bien des troubles psychiques chez les civils. Toutefois, les aliénistes sont restés silencieux sur ces phénomènes. La plupart pensent comme leurs prédécesseurs du siècle précédent, que la guerre a tendance à suspendre les maladies mentales et que ces troubles s’inscrivent dans la biologie et l’hérédité. L’étude des statistiques réalisées par les directeurs d’asile montre une baisse de la population asilaire due à la réduction des séjours et à l’expérimentation de services ouverts. La guerre ne bouleverse pas la pensée médicale pour les civils mais diffuse progressivement la conception de l’assistance pour les « petits mentaux », en médicalisant angoisses et troubles mineurs qui n’étaient pas pris en compte avant guerre.