bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effective strategic programming for Java developers
Authors: Balland Emilie , Moreau Pierre‐Etienne , Reilles Antoine 
Published: October 2012

SUMMARYIn object programming languages, the Visitor design pattern allows separation of algorithms and data structures. When applying this pattern to tree‐like structures, programmers are always confronted with the difficulty of making their code evolve. One reason is that the code implementing the algorithm is interwound with the code implementing the traversal inside the visitor. When implementing algorithms such as data analyses or transformations, encoding the traversal directly into the algorithm turns out to be cumbersome as this type of algorithm only focuses on a small part of the data‐structure model (e.g., program optimization). Unfortunately, typed programming languages like Java do not offer simple solutions for expressing generic traversals. Rewrite‐based languages like ELAN or Stratego have introduced the notion of strategies to express both generic traversal and rule application control in a declarative way. Starting from this approach, our goal was to make the notion of strategic programming available in a widely used language such as Java and thus to offer generic traversals in typed Java structures. In this paper, we present the strategy language SL that provides programming support for strategies in Java. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modern Family: Adoption and Foster Care in Children's Literature
Authors: Meese Ruth Lyn 
Published: October 2012

AbstractTeachers often have no preparation for handling the questions and conversations that arise in the classroom when discussing literature having adoption or foster care themes. Instead of relying on personal experiences or stereotypes portrayed through the media, teachers are advised to understand the developmental tasks of children from families formed through adoption or foster care. In addition, teachers can use sensitive classroom language and safe options for enrichment or extension assignments whenever using children's literature about adoption or foster care. Finally, teachers must also be prepared to interpret for children the historical context of adoption and foster care in the literature under study. Guidelines are offered to help teachers select and discuss literature about this type of diverse modern family structure.
Shared secrets versus secrets kept private are linked to better adolescent adjustment
Authors: Frijns Tom , Finkenauer Catrin , Keijsers Loes 
Published: October 2012

ABSTRACTIt is a household notion that secrecy is bad while sharing is good. But what about shared secrets? The present research adopts a functional analysis of sharing secrets, arguing that it should negate harmful consequences generally associated with secrecy and serves important interpersonal functions in adolescence. A survey study among 790 Dutch adolescents showed that, in line with hypotheses, shared secrets (1) were kept by more adolescents than private secrets, (2) were not linked to maladjustment and (3) were linked to higher interpersonal functioning. Whereas private secrecy was associated with increased delinquency, physical complaints, depressive mood, loneliness, and with lower quality relationships, shared secrecy was associated only with more interpersonal competence. Moreover, sharing a secret was specifically linked to a higher quality relationship with the confidant, and sharing with parents was linked with less delinquency, whereas sharing with a best friend was linked with less loneliness and more interpersonal competence.
Children and Young People's Experience of the Natural World: Teachers' Perceptions and Observations
Authors: Fägerstam Emilia 
Published: October 2012

AbstractThis study explores the observations and perceptions of environmental education centre officers and teachers regarding children's experiences with nature. The study also explores the officers' and teachers' perceptions of the potential of using nature experiences in environmental education. A thematic analysis of data from interviews with 13 officers and 8 high school teachers in Sydney, Australia, revealed a widely held perception that children and young people have limited experience with natural settings in nature reserves and national parks. The interviewees suggested that although their students were interested in learning in natural settings, many were uncomfortable, afraid, and only had a vicarious understanding of Australian ecology, flora and fauna. The participants' view of the potential of nature experiences was twofold: nature experiences were fundamental for developing a connection with nature and establishing environmental concern, and experiences in nature facilitated ecological knowledge, which was considered to be a component of understanding and developing place identity in the Australian environment.
Howling About Trophic Cascades
Authors: Kowalewski David 
Published: October 2012

AbstractFollowing evolutionary theory and an agriculture model, ecosystem research has stressed bottom-up dynamics, implying that top wild predators are epiphenomenal effects of more basic causes. As such, they are assumed expendable. A more modern co-evolutionary and wilderness approach — trophic cascades — instead suggests that top predators, whose effects flow down to fundamental biological processes, are co-equal causes of ecosystem health. Their survival, then, should be supported. This article, based on extensive research including the author's participation in a major field project, provides informational resources for teaching trophic cascades, using wolves as a case study. As charismatic, iconic, thriving but still endangered, well-studied, and terrestrial carnivores, wolves are ideal for enlightening students about what otherwise might be dry abstractions about crucial ecosystem processes. The article ends with student exercises and broader lessons for environmental education.
The Panglima Laot of Aceh: a case study in large-scale community-based marine management after the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami
Authors: Wilson Crispen , Linkie Matthew 
Published: October 2012

AbstractDespite dating back over 400 years the relevance of traditional fisheries management in Aceh, Indonesia, still remains high. Aceh was, however, greatly affected by the December 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami that claimed an estimated 167,000 lives, including 14,000 fishermen and 59 of the 193 traditional marine leaders (Panglima Laot). This tragic loss of life was accompanied by a substantial loss of local knowledge, such as the locations of hazardous fishing grounds. In this study we describe an innovative project that sought to rebuild a post-tsunami fisheries sector by re-engaging and empowering the Panglima Laot. During April–June 2008 GPS (global positioning system) sounding devices were installed on 53 local fishing boats and hazardous fishing areas mapped based on local knowledge, and shared amongst fishermen. During July–December 2008 nearly five million GPS data points were collected, from which detailed bathymetric maps were produced and shared between fishermen and Aceh government officials. Significant project outputs included a map of fishing areas over 20,000 km2, which included three new seamounts, one of which expanded Aceh's provincial boundary by > 1.3 million ha, and a Panglima Laot decree that reduced fishing in hazardous areas of high coral density by 23.3%. Our findings have wide applicability. Locally, the introduction of GPS technology and sharing of traditional knowledge resulted in fishermen developing and implementing their own management strategies and demonstrating their ability to stay out of restricted areas. Provincially, this project provided a framework through which government agencies and academic institutions could effectively engage with local customary leaders and their fishing communities.
Reproductive disorders in relation toNeospora caninum, Brucellaspp. and bovine viral diarrhoea virus serostatus in breeding and dairy farms of central and southern Ethiopia
Authors: ASMARE K. , REGASSA F. , ROBERTSON L. J. , MARTIN A. D. , SKJERVE E. 
Published: October 2012

SUMMARYAbortion and stillbirth are important reproductive disorders in the dairy industry and are often caused by infectious agents. This study investigated whether bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV),Brucellaspp.,and Neospora caninumare associated with abortion and/or stillbirth in dairy cattle in Ethiopia. Dairy cattle from 99 farms were categorized as cases (n = 134) or controls (n = 268) according to reproductive data. Blood samples were screened for antibodies for these infectious agents. The overall proportion of cattle that were seropositive for BVDV,Brucellaspp., andN. caninumwas 11·7%, 3·2%, and 17·2%, respectively. Seropositivity for BVDV andBrucellaspp. was similar for cases and controls, but significantly more cases were seropositive forN. caninum(29·8%) than controls (10·8%). This is the first report demonstratingN. caninumis common in dairy cattle in Ethiopia, and is probably a greater impediment to reproductive success in Ethiopian dairy farms than either BVDV orBrucellaspp.
Mass-Gathering Medicine: Creation of an Online Event and Patient Registry
Authors: Lund Adam , Turris Sheila A. , Amiri Neda , Lewis Kerrie , Carson Michael 
Published: October 2012

AbstractIntroduction/ProblemA review of the mass-gathering medicine literature confirms that the research community currently lacks a standardized approach to data collection and reporting in relation to large-scale community events. This lack of consistency, particularly with regard to event characteristics, patient characteristics, acuity determination, and reporting of illness and injury rates makes comparisons between and across events difficult. In addition, a lack of access to good data across events makes planning medical support on-site, for transport, and at receiving hospitals, challenging. This report describes the development of an Internet-hosted, secure registry for event and patient data in relation to mass gatherings.MethodsDescriptive; development and pilot testing of a Web-based event and patient registry.ResultsSeveral iterations of the registry have resulted in a cross-event platform for standardized data collection at a variety of events. Registry and reporting field descriptions, successes, and challenges are discussed based on pilot testing and early implementation over two years of event enrollment.ConclusionThe Mass-Gathering Medicine Event and Patient Registry provides an effective tool for recording and reporting both event and patient-related variables in the context of mass-gathering events. Standardizing data collection will serve researchers and policy makers well. The structure of the database permits numerous queries to be written to generate standardized reports of similar and dissimilar events, which supports hypothesis generation and the development of theoretical foundations in mass-gathering medicine.LundA,TurrisSA,AmiriN,LewisK,CarsonM.Mass-gathering medicine: creation of an online event and patient registry.Prehosp Disaster Med.2012;27(6):1-11.
Problems of the commons: group behavior, cooperation and sanctioning in a two-harbor experiment
Authors: Zhosan Dmytro , Gardner Roy 
Published: October 2012

AbstractThis paper analyzes individual and group behavior in an experimental commons. Different factors that can help avoid the tragedy of the commons are studied in four experimental settings: separation of a larger commons into smaller commons (two harbors), knowledge/experience available to appropriators, communication within appropriator groups and the possibility of formal and informal sanctioning of group members. Subject populations include undergraduate students as well as professionals working in the Maine lobster and groundfish industries. This design enables a behavioral comparison between students and professionals, as well as a comparison between professionals in these two mutually exclusive fisheries. Results show that group size, communication, geographic separation and subjects' ability to solve the coordination game caused by this separation all contribute to appropriation efficiency on the commons.
A review on the spontaneous formation of the building blocks of life and the generation of a set of hypotheses governing universal abiogenesis
Authors: Palmer B. S. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractThere have been a number of hypotheses regarding abiogenesis, the ‘Metabolism First’ model and the ‘RNA World Hypothesis’ are two such examples. All theories on abiogenesis make a set of unstated assumptions with regard to the elemental make up of life or only apply the theory to a primitive earth model. This paper reviews current knowledge from the myriad of observations from a variety of scientific disciplines and applies generally understood thermodynamic reasoning to explain the formation of molecules known to be used by life. These arguments are used in this paper to construct a set of new hypotheses which govern universal abiogenesis. The intention of this paper is to show by the application of our known laws of science that life is the end sequence of events of the fundamental forces which affect the entire universe. From these events a new hypotheses on abiogenesis can be formulated. The hypotheses proposed by this paper are incorporated in many of the current theories of abiogenesis, either assumed or accepted but very rarely stated or explained. The proposed set of five hypotheses are: (1) any celestial mass that has a body of liquid water and therefore has access to energy will form at least the building blocks of life, if not life itself. (2) The major component of any life form anywhere in the universe will be H2O. (3) Any organism, anywhere in the universe, will be carbon-based. (4) All life in the universe will be composed of nucleic acid based molecules as its code for life. (5) The cell is the universal unit of life. Throughout this paper the background to the formulation of these hypotheses is discussed, as is the explanation of why these hypotheses are universal and not limited to an application of a primitive earth model. This set of hypotheses is also testable as any investigation of a celestial body which contains liquid water (e.g. Europa) will quickly provide evidence to prove or refute the proposed theory.
Defining Emissions Entitlements in the Constitution of the EU Emissions Trading System
Authors: Manea Sabina 
Published: October 2012

AbstractThe European Union Emissions Trading System (EU ETS) is the largest mandatory programme of its kind. The entitlements in emissions allowances (emissions entitlements) combine public and private law characteristics: allowances are tradable, commercially valuable regulatory instruments. This dual nature reveals a new interdependency between public and private law mechanisms in the context of climate change policy. This article argues that achieving the requisite level of emissions reductions is contingent on the viability of the emissions market, and that both are dependent on the definition of emissions entitlements. This view is supported by a case study which identifies the practical and serious consequences of the absence of a legal concept of emissions entitlements. The United States (US) Acid Rain Program offers useful lessons on the treatment of emissions entitlements. They can be further defined by analogy with similar rights regimes. Their nature is highly relevant to the emissions market, particularly to the commercial contracts that constitute it.
Charge sensing in a Si/SiGe quantum dot with a radio frequency superconducting single-electron transistor
Authors: Yuan Mingyun , Yang Zhen , Savage D. E. , Lagally M. G. , Eriksson M. A. , Rimberg A. J. 
Published: October 2012

We report the operation of a radio frequency superconducting single-electron transistor (rf-SSET) as a charge sensor for single and double Si/SiGe quantum dots (QDs). Real-time electron tunneling events are observed from the reflected signal of the rf-SSET with a charge sensitivity of 4×10−6 e/Hz, which demonstrates a fast charge detection time of a few tens of microseconds. Measurements of the reflected power are used to map out the stability diagram of the double quantum dot.
Understanding of the chopping frequency effect on IPCE measurements for dye-sensitized solar cells: from the viewpoint of electron transport and extinction spectrum
Authors: Xue Guogang , Yu Xirui , Yu Tao , Bao Chunxiong , Zhang Jiyuan , Guan Jie , Huang Huan , Tang Zekun , Zou Zhigang 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
The incident monochromatic photon to electron conversion efficiency (IPCE) is an essential characterization method for the photoelectrical performance of solar cells. An IPCE measurement apparatus involving alternating current (ac) and direct current (dc) methods was set up. A chopping frequency effect on IPCE measurements was found for dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs), that is, with the increase in chopping frequency, the IPCE spectrum decreased significantly, and the different bands of the IPCE spectrum declined to different degrees. The chopping frequency effect was studied in detail by measuring the short-circuit current waveform, the extinction spectrum of the dye-coated TiO2 photoelectrode film and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The mechanism of the chopping frequency effect was investigated from the electron transport and extinction spectrum. The electron transport properties of the TiO2 photoelectrode film determined the slow response of DSSCs. From the extinction spectrum, the transport distance of electrons in the TiO2 film varied under the illumination of different monochromatic light. For DSSCs, the ac method was remarkably influenced by the trap states of electrons and the optical penetration depth, while the dc method was a steady-state measurement avoiding the impact of these two factors. Thus, the dc method is more suitable than the ac method for IPCE measurements of DSSCs.
Numerical simulation of current evolution in the Compact Toroidal Hybrid
Authors: Schlutt M.G. , Hegna C.C. , Sovinec C.R. , Knowlton S.F. , Hebert J.D. 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
Nonlinear magnetohydrodynamic computation is applied to study magnetic topology evolution for current-driven discharges in the Compact Toroidal Hybrid (CTH). In these simulations, ohmic currents are driven with a constant applied loop voltage in zero-beta plasmas. These driven currents initially are aligned with the vacuum flux surfaces. The rotational transform increases with rising plasma current, exhibiting a broad profile during the current rise. Island structures appear as low-order rational surfaces come into resonance. Because CTH is a five field period device, island structures have a toroidal periodicity of n = 5. There is special significance when the rotational transform exceeds 1/2. At this point m/n = 10/5 island chains appear that subsequently evolve to m/n = 2/1 islands through a coalescence process. With more driven current, a region of magnetic stochasticity grows that ultimately destroys flux surfaces. UW-CPTC Report 12-5.
Making public management work in the global economy: lessons from Europe and North America
Authors: Roberge Ian , Jesuit David K. 
Published: October 2012

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to present the main themes in this special issue focusing on the impact of transformations in the global economy on public management.Design/methodology/approachThis paper takes the from of a presentation of articles in this special issue.FindingsThe paper finds that focusing on examples form Europe and North America, public management adaptability varies across states and regions. Capacity is identified as an important indicator of adaptability.Originality/valueThe paper introduces an issue that highlights concrete examples of adaptability in public management. It opens the door to further research tracing linkages between changes in the global environment and the practice of public management.
Estimating the effect of racino restaurant sales on slot wagering volume
Authors: Kalargyrou Valentini , Singh A.K. , Lucas Anthony F. 
Published: October 2012

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to estimate the effects of onsite restaurant business volume on slot machine gaming volume at a Midwestern racino property. The results provide management with critical estimates for use in determining the overall value of the restaurant space. Additionally, operators are able to examine whether it makes sense to operate restaurants at a loss, based on the notion that the dining outlets are contributing to gaming volumes.Design/methodology/approachTime series multiple regression analysis is used to analyze daily performance data, providing an estimate of the change in the dollar amount of slot wagers resulting from a one‐unit increase in the dollar value of restaurant sales.FindingsThe theoretical model advanced herein explained 81 percent of the variation in the aggregate, daily dollar value of slot wagers. A one‐dollar increase in the variable representing overall restaurant sales produced a $91 increase in slot wagers (or $7.44 in slot win).Research limitations/implicationsRegression analysis does not prove cause and effect. The result was produced from a single data set. Operators are encouraged to examine their own data via the method and model advanced herein.Practical implicationsThe results provide management an opportunity to examine whether the slot win associated with the restaurant operations exceeds the operating losses incurred by the restaurants, and, if so, by how much.Originality/valueThis is the first study to examine empirically the relationship between restaurant and gaming business volumes at a racino. Specifically, no published study includes statistically derived estimates of the impact of changes in on‐site restaurant volume on a racino's slot wagering volume.
Chinese employees' interpersonal conflict management strategies
Authors: Nguyen Hannah‐Hanh D. , Yang Jie 
Published: October 2012

PurposeThe main research purposes of this paper are to: conceptualize Chinese conflict management behaviors as contingent on the hierarchical relations of conflict parties in an organizational context; and investigate individual characteristics as moderators in this contingency framework.Design/methodology/approachThis emic study consisted of two steps: using nine subject matter experts to develop conflict scenarios and conflict management strategies, and using this instrument to collect data from 704 actual employees across China. Multinomial logistic analysis was used to analyze respondents' choice of strategies.FindingsThe findings supported the hypotheses. Chinese role‐playing a supervisor in a conflict with their subordinate tended to use direct, assertive strategies to resolve the conflict, but the results depended on age, education, gender, region and work experience. As a subordinate in a conflict with their supervisor, Chinese chose indirect, harmony‐preserving strategies, particularly when they were older and more interaction adept. In a conflict with a peer, respondents used a broader spectrum of conflict management strategies, depending on their individual characteristics. No “best practices” were found or universal strategies adopted.Research limitations/implicationsThe limitations include the lack of random sampling and a scenario‐based method. The emic evidence for a contingency perspective of conflict resolution framework was provided. The conflict scenarios may be used in organizational training of conflict management.Originality/valueConflict scenarios and management strategies developed by local subject matter experts were used to evaluate Chinese workers' choices of conflict management strategies. The findings call for the re‐conceptualization of conflict management strategies as a contingent and culture‐specific construct.