bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Relative Expression Levels of the HLA Class-I Proteins in Normal and HIV-Infected Cells
Authors: Apps Richard , Meng Zhaojing , Del Prete Gregory Q. , Lifson Jeffrey D. , Zhou Ming , Carrington Mary 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
The expression level of HLA class-I proteins is known to influence pathological outcomes: pathogens downregulate HLA to evade host immune responses, host inflammatory reactions upregulate HLA, and differences among people with regard to the steady-state expression levels of HLA associate with disease susceptibility. Yet precise quantification of relative expression levels of the various HLA loci is difficult because of the tremendous polymorphism of HLA. We report relative expression levels of HLA-A, HLA-B, HLA-C, and HLA-E proteins for the specific haplotype A*02:01, B*44:02, C*05:01, which were characterized using two independent methods based on flow cytometry and mass spectrometry. PBLs from normal donors showed that HLA-A and HLA-B proteins are expressed at similar levels, which are 13–18 times higher than HLA-C by flow cytometry and 4–5 times higher than HLA-C by mass spectrometry; these differences may reflect variation in the conformation or location of proteins detected. HLA-E was detected at a level 25 times lower than that of HLA-C by mass spectrometry. Primary CD4+ T cells infected with HIV in vitro were also studied because HIV downregulates selective HLA types. HLA-A and HLA-B were reduced on HIV-infected cells by a magnitude that varied between cells in an infected culture. Averaging all infected cells from an individual showed HLA-A to be 1–3 times higher and HLA-B to be 2–5 times higher than HLA-C by flow cytometry. These results quantify substantial differences in expression levels of the proteins from different HLA loci, which are very likely physiologically significant on both uninfected and HIV-infected cells.
Error Analysis for a Non-Monotone FEM for a Singularly Perturbed Problem with Two Small Parameters
Authors: Chen Yanping , Leng Haitao , Liu Li-Bin 
Published: March 2015

AbstractIn this paper, we consider a singularly perturbed convection-diffusion problem. The problem involves two small parameters that gives rise to two boundary layers at two endpoints of the domain. For this problem, a non-monotone finite element methods is used. A priori error bound in the maximum norm is obtained. Based on the a priori error bound, we show that there exists Bakhvalov-type mesh that gives optimal error bound of (N−2) which is robust with respect to the two perturbation parameters. Numerical results are given that confirm the theoretical result.
A Comparison and Unification of Ellipsoidal Statistical and Shakhov BGK Models
Authors: Chen Songze , Xu Kun , Cai Qingdong 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThe Ellipsoidal Statistical model (ES-model) and the Shakhov model (Smodel) were constructed to correct the Prandtl number of the original BGK model through the modification of stress and heat flux. With the introduction of a new parameter to combine the ES-model and S-model, a generalized kinetic model can be developed. This new model can give the correct Navier-Stokes equations in the continuum flow regime. Through the adjustment of the new parameter, it provides abundant dynamic effect beyond the ES-model and S-model. Changing the free parameter, the physical performance of the new model has been tested numerically. The unified gas kinetic scheme (UGKS) is employed for the study of the new model. In transition flow regime, many physical problems, i.e., the shock structure and micro-flows, have been studied using the generalized model. With a careful choice of the free parameter, good results can be achieved for most test cases. Due to the property of the Boltzmann collision integral, the new parameter in the generalized kinetic model cannot be fully determined. It depends on the specific problem. Generally speaking, the Smodel predicts more accurate numerical solutions in most test cases presented in this paper than the ES-model, while ES-model performs better in the cases where the flow is mostly driven by temperature gradient, such as a channel flow with large boundary temperature variation at high Knudsen number.
Overheidssteun voor religie: antiperfectionisme of perfectionisme?
Authors: Franken Leni 
Published: March 2015

Overheidssteun voor religie: antiperfectionisme of perfectionisme?
I will argue that it is possible to give a neutral or antiperfectionist legitimation for state support for religion, which I consider a perfectionist good that is not in the common interest. I will argue that state support for perfectionist goods (and thus also for religion) can, in some circumstances and under certain conditions, be allowed as a second-best option in order to guarantee an adequate range of valuable options to choose among - and this range of options is a necessary condition for autonomy. Subsequently, I will argue that the bottom line - which is also the limit - for support is a sufficient range of valuable options. Furthermore, I will argue that state support for religion is only allowed if there is a democratic consensus about the value of that particular perfectionist good. Finally, I will claim that state support for religion is only allowed under certain conditions.
Social Media-Innovation: The Case of Indigenous Tweets
Authors: Ní Bhroin Niamh 
Published: March 2015

Twitter presents new opportunities for individual communication. Consequently, it may be a relevant arena in which to address the social need of minority language maintenance. The Indigenous Tweets website presents a directory of minority language users on Twitter (www.indigenoustweets.com). It aims to create new opportunities to use these languages, thus to address a social need through media innovation. In this article, I draw on a theoretical framework from Media Innovation- and Social Innovation Studies, to delineate the concept of Social Media-Innovation. I propose three distinguishing attributes. Firstly, users of these innovations must consider them relevant to address identified social needs. Secondly, the communication capabilities they present must support addressing these needs. Thirdly, they should facilitate mediated interaction that enhances society’s capacity to act. Having delineated the concept I explore how its attributes are manifest in practice with reference to the case of Indigenous Tweets. I find that the relevance of Indigenous Tweets is negotiated with regard to culturally specific needs in different social contexts. The development and use of its communication capabilities are supported by incremental experimentation and learning. Furthermore, while it facilitates mediated interactions that are designed to enhance society’s capacity to act, these occur in a hybrid media context and are influenced by the range of agents involved. This article makes two important contributions to the field of Media Innovations Studies. It delineates the concept of Social Media-Innovation according to three central attributes. It also analyses how these are manifest in practice with reference to the case of Indigenous Tweets.
Stratégies d’implantation des produits équitables en GMS
Authors: de Ferran Florence , Labbé-Pinlon Blandine , Lombart Cindy , Louis Didier 
Published: March 2015

L’objectif de cette recherche est d’identifier la (ou les) logique(s) d’implantation des différentes catégories de produits équitables en GMS qui favoriserai(en)t l’accessibilité en magasin à ces produits, aux consommateurs déjà sensibilisés au commerce équitable mais qui n’en achètent pas ou seulement occasionnellement : implantations dans un élément dédié, dans leur catégorie de produits d’appartenance, ou simultanément dans ces deux espaces ? L’expérimentation menée au sein d’un magasin laboratoire sur deux catégories de produits (café et jus de fruits) souligne tout d’abord la supériorité de la double implantation des produits équitables, puis de l’implantation simple dans un élément dédié, pour rendre ces produits plus accessibles et plus faciles à acheter, ainsi que pour déclencher leurs achats. Elle montre également que l’implantation simple des produits équitables dans leurs catégories d’appartenance est l’alternative la moins performante, particulièrement pour les produits équitables dont l’offre est réduite.
La transmission de remèdes de grand-mères de mère en fille : une extension temporelle de soi
Authors: Kessous Aurélie , Chalamon Isabelle 
Published: March 2015

Cet article s’intéresse à une pratique peu étudiée en marketing, tant du point de vue du consommateur que de celui des marques, et qui suscite un réel engouement chez les individus d’âge avancé : la transmission de remèdes de grand-mères de mère en fille. A partir d’une double étude qualitative par entretiens (menée auprès de 20 mères âgées de 60 à 81 ans et de 20 filles âgées de 27 à 47 ans), nous présentons la nature des remèdes de grand-mères transmis de mère en fille, leurs modalités de transmission ainsi que l’intérêt de leur utilisation. Nous précisons ensuite les bénéfices que les mères âgées associent à leur transmission. Nous soulignons enfin les principaux avantages que les entreprises peuvent retirer d’un positionnement fondé sur ce créneau.
Displacement as a Narrative in J.M. Coetzee’s Post-Apartheid Novels
Authors: Logan Chantal 
Published: March 2015

Depuis Disgrace (1999) et jusqu’à The Childhood of Jesus (2013), J.M. Coetzee présente toute une série de personnages d’origine européenne qui cherchent leur place dans la nouvelle société post-apartheid. Cet article analyse l’expérience du déracinement lié à la perte de pouvoir qu’ils éprouvent. Il étudie trois parcours : celui de David Lurie dans Disgrace, celui d’Elizabeth dans Elizabeth Costello et celui de Simón dans The Childhood of Jesus. La situation de ces personnages est une métaphore du paradoxe vécu par les anciens colons dont l’identité était définie par la distance qu’ils gardaient avec les habitants des terres sur lesquelles ils étaient venus s’établir. L’ère post-apartheid, en les obligeant à partager le même territoire, apparaît comme une remise en cause de leur identité distincte et de l’espace littéraire qu’ils occupaient. L’étude de ces personnages qui s’éloignent de plus en plus de l’espace sud-africain finit par amener la question de savoir si le roman The Childhood of Jesus ne serait pas l’expression de l’échec de la communauté lorsqu’elle cherche à trouver sa place hors du pays natal. Une telle interrogation amène à se demander si le déracinement lui-même n’apporterait pas une raison d’être transitoire à un écrivain auto-exilé, en quête d’un nouvel espace littéraire.
Unstable Orders : Dislocation as Metaphor and Allegory of Post-apartheid Transition in Ivan Vladislavić’s The Restless Supermarket
Authors: Ngara Kudzayi 
Published: March 2015

Le roman de Ivan Vladislavić The Restless Supermarket a pour cadre Johannesbourg, une ville qui subit aujourd’hui de profondes transformations sociales et politiques. En premier lieu, cet article évalue comment le personnage principal, Aubrey Tearle, homme aux vues rétrogrades et conservatrices, négocie la transition politique, en se concentrant sur les rapports qu’il entretient avec l’infrastructure sociale et physique dynamique de la ville, et les stratégies qu’il déploie pour se chercher une identité dans un contexte de fluidité. Dans ces circonstances, les notions de définition de soi sont d’abord examinées en interrogeant comment Johannesbourg, et le quartier de Hillbrow en particulier, en tant que zones urbaines en voie de démocratisation, se définissent de manière opposée aux idées que Tearle se fait de l’ordre et des conve-nances en ayant recours au bizarre ou à l’incongru. En second lieu, je propose que l’invention, par Tearle, d’une ville imaginaire comme Alibia constitue une métaphore et une allégorie de l’ordre linguistique qui se délite rapidement au fur et à mesure que la ville se transforme. Cette fantaisie utopique est conçue pour contrecarrer l’impression de descente vers un chaos dystopique que l’émergence d’une ville post-apartheid représente pour lui. Mais Tearle comprend bientôt que, même dans ce monde allégorique, il est en définitive incapable d’imposer l’ordre qu’il souhaite ; il lui faut plutôt apprendre à découvrir comment entretenir des liens nouveaux avec la ville comme espace que l’on habite.
« Simple as the Black Letters on this White Page » : Nadine Gordimer’s Grey Politics in No Time Like the Present
Authors: Davies Dominic 
Published: March 2015

Le dernier roman de Nadine Gordimer, No Time Like the Present (2012), a pour thème central le conflit entre la poursuite de l’engagement politique, d’une part, et la lassitude ou la désillusion qu’engendre la politique, d’autre part, conflit qui caractérise de manière notoire le champ socio-politique de l’Afrique du Sud post-apartheid. En comparant le dernier roman de Nadine Gordimer à son premier, The Lying Days (1953), et en s’appuyant sur l’ouvrage de Fredric Jameson concernant l’allégorie nationale, cet article montre comment No Time Like the Present décrit et critique sur le mode autoréflexif les relations changeantes entre littérature et politique dans un contexte sud-africain. Le paysage politique complexe de l’après-apartheid, qui n’est plus scindé entre blanc et noir – entre pro- et anti-apartheid – est reconfiguré de manière formelle à travers une ambivalence narrative qui déconstruit également les barrières séparant la vie publique de la vie privée. Le roman exploite jusqu’au maximum les limites des contraintes allégoriques qu’impose le contexte politique afin de révéler que plus rien n’est aussi « simple que les lettres noires sur la page blanche ». Il en résulte une ambivalence formelle qui exprime l’absence d’une orientation politique post-apartheid claire – une situation difficile que je désigne comme la « zone grise » du roman.
La diffusion de la présence économique chinoise dans la Caraïbe insulaire : modalités et enjeux pratiques et théoriques
Authors: Cruse Romain 
Published: March 2015

Une présence économique accrue de la Chine dans la région Caraïbe se manifeste depuis la fin des années 1990 par une augmentation notable des échanges commerciaux bilatéraux, ainsi que par une forte croissance des investissements directs à l’étranger (IDE) de la Chine vers la Caraïbe. L’augmentation de ces flux s’accompagne d’un resserrement des relations diplomatiques et d’aides diverses de la part de la Chine. Les dirigeants des économies naufragées de la région accueillent, pour l’instant, avec enthousiasme ce nouveau partenaire. L’objet de cet article est de montrer les modalités de cette présence accrue dans la région, de démêler l’enchevêtrement d’acteurs impliqués, et d’interroger les intérêts précis visés par la Chine dans cette région. Ceci nous permet de mettre en question la durabilité et l’adaptabilité du modèle centre / périphérie et les enseignements qu’on peut en tirer pour la Caraïbe.
Scoring Large‐Scale Affinity Purification Mass Spectrometry Datasets with MiST
Authors: Verschueren Erik , Von Dollen John , Cimermancic Peter , Gulbahce Natali , Sali Andrej , Krogan Nevan J. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractHigh‐throughput Affinity Purification Mass Spectrometry (AP‐MS) experiments can identify a large number of protein interactions, but only a fraction of these interactions are biologically relevant. Here, we describe a comprehensive computational strategy to process raw AP‐MS data, perform quality controls, and prioritize biologically relevant bait‐prey pairs in a set of replicated AP‐MS experiments with Mass spectrometry interaction STatistics (MiST). The MiST score is a linear combination of prey quantity (abundance), abundance invariability across repeated experiments (reproducibility), and prey uniqueness relative to other baits (specificity). We describe how to run the full MiST analysis pipeline in an R environment and discuss a number of configurable options that allow the lay user to convert any large‐scale AP‐MS data into an interpretable, biologically relevant protein‐protein interaction network. © 2015 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Bounce‐ and MLT‐averaged diffusion coefficients in a physics‐based magnetic field geometry obtained from RAM‐SCB for the 17 March 2013 storm
Authors: Zhao Lei , Yu Yiqun , Delzanno Gian Luca , Jordanova Vania K. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractLocal acceleration via whistler wave and particle interaction plays a significant role in particle dynamics in the radiation belt. In this work we explore gyroresonant wave‐particle interaction and quasi‐linear diffusion in different magnetic field configurations related to the 17 March 2013 storm. We consider the Earth's magnetic dipole field as a reference and compare the results against nondipole field configurations corresponding to quiet and stormy conditions. The latter are obtained with the ring current‐atmosphere interactions model with a self‐consistent magnetic field (RAM‐SCB), a code that models the Earth's ring current and provides a realistic modeling of the Earth's magnetic field. By applying quasi‐linear theory, the bounce‐ and Magnetic Local Time (MLT)‐averaged electron pitch angle, mixed‐term, and energy diffusion coefficients are calculated for each magnetic field configuration. For radiation belt (∼1 MeV) and ring current (∼100 keV) electrons, it is shown that at some MLTs the bounce‐averaged diffusion coefficients become rather insensitive to the details of the magnetic field configuration, while at other MLTs storm conditions can expand the range of equatorial pitch angles where gyroresonant diffusion occurs and significantly enhance the diffusion rates. When MLT average is performed at drift shell L=4.25 (a good approximation to drift average), the diffusion coefficients become quite independent of the magnetic field configuration for relativistic electrons, while the opposite is true for lower energy electrons. These results suggest that, at least for the 17 March 2013 storm and for L≲4.25, the commonly adopted dipole approximation of the Earth's magnetic field can be safely used for radiation belt electrons, while a realistic modeling of the magnetic field configuration is necessary to describe adequately the diffusion rates of ring current electrons.
Seismic anisotropy of the upper crust around Mount Fuji, Japan
Authors: Araragi Kohtaro R. , Savage Martha K. , Ohminato Takao , Aoki Yosuke 
Published: March 2015

AbstractWe measure shear wave splitting and estimate stresses of Mount Fuji, Japan, to interpret anisotropic structure and its implication for geologic processes using local crustal earthquake seismograms from 2009 to 2012. The measured fast polarizations have preferred orientations at each station with mean values of delay times <0.15 s. We infer that the anisotropic structure is located at shallow depths (<4 km) from a lack of focal depth dependence of delay times. The fast polarization directions for stations within approximately 15 km of the summit of Mount Fuji show a radial pattern pointing toward the summit, while stations far from the summit exhibit fast polarization directions approximately parallel to the NW‐SE compressional regional stress field. We infer that the symmetrical seismic anisotropic structure around the summit and the fast directions parallel to the regional compression observed at distant stations from the summit reflect interactions of the gravitational stresses and regional tectonics. Assuming stress control only, the spatial pattern of anisotropy can be fit by the interaction of gravitational with regional stresses if the regional maximum horizontal stress is 1.02 times lithostatic pressure (51.9 MPa at a depth of 2.0 km). If structural anisotropy also contributes to the radial pattern, then the regional maximum horizontal stress magnitude is not constrained.
The use of discharge perturbations to understand in situ vegetation resistance in wetlands
Authors: Lal A. M. Wasantha , Moustafa M. Zaki , Wilcox Walter M. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThe ability to better quantify resistance to water flow exerted by vegetation is receiving increased attention due to ongoing worldwide efforts to restore natural vegetation communities in the wetlands and use of vegetation for environmental benefits in streams and wetlands. In south Florida, vegetation resistance affects discharge through shallow wetlands of the Everglades and projects under way in the system to restore remaining natural systems. A more detailed knowledge of the flow dynamics in these wetlands is required to improve modeling of these systems that supports restoration and management efforts. The goal of this investigation is to understand the flow dynamics and the vegetation resistance within a 3 km by 7 km area in the Everglades referred to as STA‐3/4 Cell 3A. Methods are developed to demonstrate the use of analytical solutions of partial differential equations (PDEs) and inverse methods to obtain bulk and spatially varying resistance parameters. To achieve this goal, a field test was conducted using sinusoidal discharge disturbances capable of creating water waves in the storm water treatment area (STAs). The discharges, wave speeds, and the wave attenuation rates from the test are used to develop graphical and empirical functions expressing discharge in terms of water depth and energy slope. The empirical functions developed are power law type, and different functions are developed for different depths. The results show that the Manning's equation is not applicable for wetlands with thick emergent vegetation, as well as the difficulty of applying a single power law‐type expression for vegetation resistance over a wide range of depths and energy slopes without errors. This is partly due to the existence of multiple flow regimes and different power exponents over depth and energy slopes in these regimes. Results show that the flow regime at low depths is similar to porous media flow, and the flow regime at higher depths is more turbulent.
Hydrological connectivity in river deltas: The first‐order importance of channel‐island exchange
Authors: Hiatt Matthew , Passalacqua Paola 
Published: March 2015

AbstractDeltaic systems are composed of distributary channels and interdistributary islands. While previous work has focused either on the channels or on the islands, here we study the hydrological exchange between channels and islands and point at its important role in delta morphology and ecology. We focus our analysis on Wax Lake Delta in coastal Louisiana (USA) and characterize the surface water component of hydrological connectivity through measurements of water discharge and hydraulic tracer propagation. We find that deltaic islands are zones of significant water flux as 23–54% of the incoming distributary channel flux enters the islands. A calculation of the travel times through a channel‐island complex shows travel times through the islands to be at least 3 times their channel counterparts. A dye release experiment also indicates that travel times in islands are much longer that those within channels as dye remained in the island for the 3.8 day duration of the experiment. Additionally, islands are more sensitive than channels to environmental forces such as tides, which cause flow reversal and thus can increase travel times through the islands. Our work defines the “hydrological network” of a river delta to include not only the distributary channel network but also the interdistributary islands, quantifies the implications of channel‐island hydrological connectivity to travel times through the system, and discusses the relevance of our findings to channel mouth dynamics at the delta front and the potential for denitrification in coastal systems.