bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dynamic investigation of defects induced by short, high current pulses of high energy lithium ions
Authors: Guo Hua , Persaud Arun , Lidia Steve , Minor Andrew M. , Hosemann P. , Seidl Peter A. , Schenkel Thomas 
Published: September 2014

ABSTRACTWe employ intense and short pulses of energetic lithium (Li+) ions to investigate the relaxation dynamics of radiation induced defects in single crystal silicon samples. Ions both create damage and track damage evolution simultaneously at short time scales when we use the channeling effect as a diagnostic tool. Ion pulses, ∼20 to 600 ns long and with peak currents of up to ∼1 A are formed in an induction type linear accelerator, the Neutralized Drift Compression eXperiment at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. By rotating silicon (<100>) membranes of different thicknesses and changing the incident ion energy, the fraction of channeled ions in the transmitted beam could be varied. In preliminary experiments we find that the Li ion intensity is not high enough to generate overlapping cascades (in time and space) that would be necessary to measure a change in the shape of the current waveform of the transmitted ion beam. We discuss the concept of pump-probe type experiments with short ion beam pulses to access defect dynamics in materials and outline a path to increasing damage rates with heavier ions and by the application of longitudinal and lateral pulse compression techniques.
The Importance of Pre-Job Shock Modeling as a Risk Mitigation Tool in TCP Operations
Authors: Gilliat Jim , Bale Derek , Satti Rajani , Li Crystal , Howard Jesse 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
Large-diameter, long-interval tubing-conveyed perforation (TCP) operations are an important part of modern deepwater completion designs. Perforation jobs typically place a large dynamic load on the downhole equipment. Predicting the magnitude and transient behavior of such loads is a critical step in developing completion designs that avoid damage or destruction to tool strings and production equipment. Consequently, numerical modeling for accurate prediction of pre-job perforating designs is critical to mitigating risk for completing complex wells in a cost-effective manner.
The paper presents numerical simulations that are conducted using a dynamic perforation modeling tool. The modeling software is an engineering and scientific tool that simulates the dynamic response of a cased or uncased wellbore, its contents, and the porous rock formation to the energy released by gas-generating and stored pressure sources. In particular, the model can be applied to predict the shock loads generated during TCP operations. This paper presents successful predictions of pressure transients for deepwater well completions in West Africa and the Philippines. The results from both examples demonstrate how simulations are used to mitigate risk and design successful completion strings. In addition, some recent improvements to the modeling platform are presented, including a more efficient pressure solver, the implementation of a new tool-string friction model, and a new interface to the simulation output data. Finally, the paper ends with the next steps in the development of shock modeling capabilities of the software.
Drilling Optimization: Utilizing Lifetime Prediction to Improve Drilling Performance and Reduce Downtime
Authors: Carter-Journet K.. , Kale A.. , Falgout T.. , Heuermann-Kuehn L.. 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
The capability to optimize drilling performance by predicting the life of drilling components is integral to preventing costly downhole tool failures and ensuring success of any drilling operation. Drilling tools are subject to various parameters such as vibration, temperature, revolutions per minute (RPM) and torque. These parameters can greatly fatigue even the most robust tool depending on the where and how the tool is operated. As a result, there is a need to predict time to failure of components operating in a downhole drilling environment. Analyzing operational data, inclusive of the parameters above, prior to or during maintenance actions and before starting drilling jobs, provides unique insight into how to improve the drilling performance of tools and to reduce downtime. Life prediction provides a cutting-edge way to identify precursors to costly failures in the field and enables proactive guidance during maintenance periods for parts which may otherwise have been disregarded strictly on maintenance procedures. Statistical models that relate operating environment to the component life and are derived from failure data of fielded components, introduce a new way to optimize the efficiency of drilling tools. Utilizing lifetime prediction to optimize drilling performance is a groundbreaking methodology developed to determine life of components operating in benign and harsh drilling environments by incorporating statistical aspects such as those caused because of variation in operating stress and maintenance upgrades. Since the algorithm utilizes field data, the need for costly laboratory experiments are also eliminated. Each model developed is unique to the specified part and can be calibrated for the best fit. In this methodology, a Bayesian-based model selection technique is developed that incorporates operating environment variables after each successful drilling run to dynamically select a model that gives the best survival probability for that component. Dynamic model selection ensures maximum utilization of a component, while avoiding failure to improve the overall reliability of the tool while in the field. The paper describes the methodology used to estimate the life of components in drilling systems by employing operational data, drilling dynamics and historical information.
Enhanced 1D Prediction of the Mud Weight Window for a Subsalt Well, Deepwater GOM
Authors: Shen Xinpu , Williams Ken , Standifird William 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
Because of the complex distribution of stress directions around a salt body, accurate prediction of the mud-weight window (MWW) for subsalt wells has presented a challenge within the industry for many years. This paper presents a method for the enhanced 1D prediction of the MWW for subsalt wells in the Viosca Knoll area in deepwater Gulf of Mexico (GOM). An initial stress solution is obtained using a 3D finite-element method (FEM). The stress solution is then used as input data to the 1D prediction tool. The field-scale model used in the calculation is a cubic block with a true vertical depth (TVD) of about 9000 m, a width of 7500 m, and a length of 7500 m. Along the wellbore trajectory, the salt body is 6000 m thick and 5500 m wide. Based on seismic sectional data, an anticlinal structure is constructed accordingly at its bottom surface. The 3D porous elastoplastic FEM calculation was performed first with the field-scale model. The effective stress ratio was provided for the 1D prediction of MWW along the given wellbore trajectory. The finite-element model simulates the geometry of the salt body in detail. Comparisons are made between the results obtained with the enhanced 1D method, the conventional 1D method, and a finite-element method. Solutions obtained with the conventional 1D method missed the abnormality of stress distribution at the salt base and have smaller MWW values, as compared to the other solutions. The solution for MWW obtained with the enhanced 1D method is near the value obtained with the finite-element method, but at only 10% of the time cost. The FEM enhanced 1D method proposed has proven to be the most cost efficient method for predicting MWW for subsalt wells. This work presents an example of a best practice.
Integration, Commissioning & Testing on MWCC's First Modular Capture Vessel - Expanded System Progress
Authors: Massey Marty 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
This presentation will provide an overview of the system integration test (SIT) conducted on one of Marine Well Containment Company's (MWCC) modular capture vessels (MCVs), the EAGLE TEXAS, during Summer 2014. The MCVs are an integral part of MWCC's containment system and the company's mission to remain continuously ready to respond to a deepwater well control incident. Conducting initial integration, commissioning and a SIT will help to ensure that the MCVs successfully perform as designed prior to ever being needed to respond to an incident and will also demonstrate MWCC's readiness to industry and regulators. Successful completion of the SIT will be a significant milestone in the delivery of MWCC's expanded system. Resulting outcomes and insights from the SIT will be shared during this presentation.
With a containment system in place, maintained in a state of readiness, MWCC is building on its current capabilities with the construction of an expanded system; enhancements include the ability to cap and flow a well in greater water depths and increased containment capacity. Additionally, the system includes use of specially converted Aframax tankers – MCVs – designed to improve response and containment efforts, including decreasing congestion at the incident site; providing increased liquid storage capacity; and the ability to process, store and offload the liquids to shuttle tankers.
MWCC selected Kiewit Offshore Services in Ingleside, TX as its shore base provider to house, maintain and test equipment that will outfit its MCVs. Kiewit is completing the initial integration and commissioning work on the MCVs, will support MWCC during the SIT, and would outfit the MCVs prior to deployment during a response. In September 2013, the EAGLE TEXAS arrived to Ingleside where it began module lift work and initial integration. The EAGLE LOUISIANA arrived at Ingleside in Spring 2014 for initial integration and commissioning work.
Completion of the initial integration, commissioning and SIT on the EAGLE TEXAS will signify an important step in MWCC's progress toward delivery of the expanded system in 2014. This achievement not only underscores industry's readiness, but it exemplifies MWCC's commitment to continue advancing technologies to keep pace with its members' evolving needs.
Time-Controlled Interventionless Barrier System for Effective Offshore Gas Lift Completion
Authors: Xu Zhiyue , Richard B. M. , Kritzler James H. 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
Multiple gas lift valves are usually installed in a well to ensure optimal production as the well's pressures, fluid type, and productivity change. In many gas lift systems, dummy valves are loaded in side-pocket mandrels (SPM) to isolate the annulus from tubing where pressurization is required to test the pressure integrity of tubing or annulus, or to set a hydraulic packer. If the well then requires gas lift to unload the completion fluid or to assist the well to flow, wireline intervention is necessary to change out the dummy valves with the live gas lift string. This process can be time-consuming and can pose risks to existing infrastructures. Production is also delayed while a new live valve unit is installed. In addition, slickline crews are a finite resource and sometimes cannot be scheduled on a gas lift valve change-out project for many weeks. This situation results in un-optimized platform production. Estimates state that one month waiting on a change out for 1 × 20 well platform can result in as much as 100,000 bbl in lost production. This paper presents a time-controlled interventionless barrier system with disintegrable nanostructured composite material technology. The barrier is installed in the well to function as a "smart" dummy valve during completion operations and then convert from a dummy valve to a live valve through in-situ disintegration of the nanostructured composite barrier in brine during cleanup process. This approach eliminates multiple slickline trips or well intervention to replace dummy valves with live valves and significantly increases completion operation efficiency of offshore wells. The nanostructured composite barrier is high strength, chemically resistant to drilling mud, slightly reactive with fresh water, and disintegrates within 12 to 50 hours in salt water. The nanostructured material, the barrier system design, the lab test data, and a successful case study will be presented.
First Dynamic Kill Drilling Application for Angola's Deep Water
Authors: Viera F.. , Liconga N.. , Santos C.. , Sarpy J.. , Dove R.. , Bonfim O.. , Navarro R.. , Jones R.. 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
As deepwater exploration and development move toward deeper water depths and reservoirs, conventional riserless drilling techniques, such as seawater sweeps, no longer provide the required equivalent density from the formation integrity test (FIT) to set the surface casing at the required depth. During the planning phase of a 26-in. hole using 20-in. casing for a well in offshore Angola, expected shallow hazards such as faults, shallow gas, saltwater influxes, and shallow sands, were identified as the key concerns before reaching the section total depth (TD). To mitigate these shallow hazard risks, the dynamic kill drilling (DKD) technique was used.
DKD is widely used in the Gulf of Mexico and recently its use has expanded to other regions in China and Mexico. The most significant challenge for its first application in deepwater Angola was the DKD fluid volume availability, as well as the logistics involved. Drilling practices and parameters that posed a challenge with regards to control included rate of penetration (ROP), flow rates, rotation (rev/min), and reaming.
The DKD 16.3-lbm/gal fluid was mixed in the Luanda liquid mud plant (LMP) 2. Approximately 10,000 bbl were mixed and then taken to the rig for storage until req uired for the 26-in. hole section. The process continued until 30,000 bbl were created and sent offshore. The 26-in. interval was successfully drilled in 30 hours. Mud density was 10.7 lbm/gal, which was achieved by combining a total of 5, 544 bbl of 16.3-lbm/gal DKD fluid mixed with 14, 335 bbl of seawater. The mix-on-the-fly (MOTF) unit was rigged up on top of the pits. A line was attached from the pits holding the 16.3-lbm/gal DKD fluid and another line was attached to the pit with the seawater. The two liquid streams were blended to achieve the required mud weight. The 16.3-lbm/gal DKD fluid was reduced to form pad mud with a density of 11.5 lbm/gal, which was pumped and placed in the openhole section until the 20-in. casing was run and cemented.
A total of 19, 879 bbl of fluid was pumped downhole without any drilling or formation issues to conclude the first DKD application in Angola's deep water.
A Method for Buckling Analysis of a Riserless Drillstring
Authors: Li Ke , Collins Tony 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
The increasing demand for exploration of deepwater reservoirs poses significant challenges for operators, well planners, and drilling engineers. As a recently developed deepwater drilling technology, riserless drilling offers numerous advantages over traditional riser-based drilling. However, riserless drilling is accompanied by substantial operational challenges, one of which is buckling of drillstrings. Buckling failure occurs when the drillstring misses an existing wellhead or experiences excessive torque and drag inside the near–surface section of a well. Buckling could also take place when a pilot well is being drilled and the weight-on-bit (WOB) limit is exceeded. In the absence of constraint from a riser, this buckling can give rise to catastrophic failure. Deep water allows for enough of the bottomhole assembly (BHA) to be exposed to reach the critical load for buckling. Classical buckling models cannot be applied to this situation because the force varies along the length of the assembly. To determine the operational limits and eliminate the risk of buckling-induced failures, a method for buckling analysis of a riserless drillstring has been developed. It is based on the finite element method, and the drillstring is modeled with a number of beams. The method can be utilized to predict the bending moment distribution along the drillstring, which can then be used to determine the critical buckling conditions. A case study is considered on a field failure, where a threaded connection on a riserless drilling BHA failed due to excessive bending. The predicted location of failure agrees with the field observation. The results can readily be extended to other BHAs.
The Principle of Target Influx Selection and the Optimization Process of Variable-ICD Completion Design for Heterogeneous Reservoirs
Authors: Fu Xuan , Li Gensheng , Huang Zhongwei , Chi Huanpeng 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
ICD completion has been rapidly developed due to its effective mitigation of unwanted water breakthrough in horizontal wells. It prolongs the no-water production time by introducing an extra pressure drop in high inflow rate zones. With respect to the horizontal well, equally distributed influx is generally regarded as the ideal influx to achieve the longest no-water production period. Howeverin some cases, like producing with fixed bottom-hole pressure (BHP), this may not always correct. When designing the ICD completion, the target inflow profile should be carefully selected. The horizontal well needs to be selectively completed with variable ICDs to minimize the reduction of well productivity.
In this paper, a reservoir-wellbore coupling model will be given for influx computation, in which the ICD pressure drop is considered. Then we will propose the selection principle of the target inflow profile for ICD optimization on the constraints of BHP limits, required daily production and no-water production periods. The cumulative production at the time of water breakthrough is selected as the evaluation criteria. The flowchart of the ICD optimization process for the heterogeneous reservoir will be illustrated; and a synthetic case study will be carried out with a comparison of open-hole completion, constant ICD completion and optimal ICD completion. Results indicate that the effect of the water control of ICD completion can be maximized with a reasonable selection of the target inflow profile.
Maximizing the Production Potential of Multi-Stacked Heterogeneous Compartmentalized Oil Reservoirs by Cost Effective Intelligent Reservoir Management and Monitoring - A Case Study
Authors: Ahmed Sheraz , Shahrukh Muhammad , Hakim Bilal Abdul 
Published: September 2014

AbstractIntelligent Reservoir Management and Monitoring has played a key role in the pursuit of improving the hydrocarbon recovery and reducing the development expenditure in the challenging multi-stacked compartmentalized fields which have proved to be perplexing in a number of ways which include preventing or delaying water breakthrough, extenuating wellbore instability, sand production etc.Reservoir-management and monitoring options have been greatly improved in recent decade by smart completions comprising of downhole monitoring and control equipments like permanent down-hole gauges to have "eyes" into the reservoir and to monitor performance for each zone; dynamic active flow control valves, which aid in equalization of the reservoir inflow into the wellbore; and the SCADA system which enables the real time monitoring and control of the downhole and surface equipment remotely from the control room.Proper application of this methodology can be one of the most lucrative ventures that an operator undertakes, by delaying water breakthrough problem to recover additional monthly cumulative production than a conventional production method in such reservoirs. This method also results in avoiding the heavy intervention expenses, extending economic life of the field, improving reservoir management, zonal isolation, allowing real time well testing, fewer wells and less operating expenditures.This paper discusses real field design methodology and outcomes of different wells that resulted in restoring the production by greater than 1000 B/D, minimizing the OPEX by eliminating huge cost oriented interventions of $10 MM (per intervention), saving Millions of Dollar investments as CAPEX via IWC re-completion with multi-lateral technology and an augment of EUR of about 2 MMSTB per well. The paper also enlightens a comprehensive logic guideline towards the tool box of the technology, including the applied workflow, procedures and standards with the field examples and desired results.
Stability Analysis of Casings During Plastic Deformation
Authors: Morita Nobuo , Shiozawa Sogo 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
Multi-finger caliper logs obtained from the wells in the Gulf of Mexico and in the North Sea showed significant casing deformations, while they were still usable without losing integrity. The reason was that most of these casings were uniformly deformed without rupture or without kinks. The magnitude of elongation and compression of these casings were 3 to 5% while the strains at the yield strength were 0.3-0.5%. These observations indicate that casing design should include the steel properties beyond the yield strength while the API casing designcriterion is strictly based on the steel properties up to the yield strength.
Extension and compression casing tests were conducted from H-40 to V-150 casings up to failure by using a 5000 kN loading machine. For compression tests, some casings were cemented within a larger pipe to prevent the lateral buckling simulating the in-situ confinement condition. The tests gave the following results:
Under extension tests, the casings were uniformly deformed after exceeding the yield strength. The uniform deformation continued while the casing were stretched by 4 to 25% until non-uniform deformation was induced. The strain up to the peak strength was as large as 25% for H-40 casings while it was as small as 4% for P-110 and higher grade of casings. For compression tests, uniform compression continued exceeding the yield point. The uniform deformation continued up to the peak strength which varied from 3% to 12% from V-150 to H-40 casings. Both the cemented casings and short casings induced axisymmetric wrinkles (local buckling) after uniform deformation. The higher grade casings did not significantly increase the maximum strength after yielding while lower grade casings increased the strength while being stretched or compressed uniformly after yielding.
The analyses show that the casing failure observed in the fields can be explained from the casing failure tests beyond the yield points. The casings are uniformly deformed until the maximum load so that they are usable up to the maximum strength without significant distortion. In the past, casing failures were tried to be mitigated by increasing the casing grade, however, increasing the grade sometimes deteriorated the casing problems since a higher grade casing could not tolerate the significant stretch or compression once they exceeded the yield stress. Selecting a proper grade and thickness of casings is the key for mitigating casing failure where the data of casing deformation beyond the yield strength are essential information for casing designing using geomechanical models. This paper analyzed the casing deformation data of several North Sea chalk reservoirs and Gulf of Mexico sandstone reservoirs provided by oil companies and determined the usable limit of casing deformation based on the laboratory and field measurements.
Advanced Model for the Prediction of Tubular Shear Mechanics
Authors: Evangelatos Georgios I. , Pollock Tim , Payne Michael L. 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
Blow out preventer (BOP) manufacturers have conducted research and development for many years on how shear rams can shear drillpipe, casing and other tubulars passing through the BOP as a well is drilled. In this paper, a significant volume of data on the ability to successfully shear tubular goods is examined. Next, the commonly used and deterministically-based predictive equations for tubular shearing are re-examined and a probabilistic predictive model calibrated on a large test dataset is presented.