bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Antithrombotic Therapy for Prevention of Various Thrombotic Diseases
Authors: Goto Shinya , Tomita Aiko 
Published: November 2013

Abstract

Clinical Development Phases I‐III Regulatory, Quality, Manufacturing

The majority of sudden onset serious diseases, such as acute myocardial infarction, ischemic stroke, and pulmonary embolism, are thrombotic diseases. Antithrombotic therapy in general has a potential to reduce the risk of thrombotic diseases, though it increases the risk of serious bleeding events. Of the various antithrombotic agents currently available, the antiplatelet agent aspirin and the anticoagulant agent warfarin have the most robust clinical evidence. Aspirin reduces the risk of cardiovascular (CV) death, recurrence of myocardial infarction and ischemic stroke by up to 25%. Aspirin is an established standard of care for patients at risk of atherothrombotic events including myocardial infarction and ischemic stroke. In addition to aspirin, there is clinical evidence for antiplatelet drugs targeting platelet P2Y12 ADP receptors as represented by clopidogrel. Those agents are commonly used in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and those patients undergo coronary intervention in addition to aspirin. Several newer‐generation anti‐P2Y12 agents were developed mostly for the prevention of CV events in patients with ACS. After 50 years of clinical experience with anticoagulant drugs, warfarin became the standard of care in various disease states, including following heart valve replacement, venous thrombosis, stroke prevention in patients with atrial fibrillation, etc. New‐generation oral anticoagulants are now available for limited indications. Those new agents are specific inhibitors of thrombin or Xa. Compared with warfarin targeting PT‐INR 2–3, those new‐generation direct oral anticoagulants are shown not to be inferior to warfarin for reduction of stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation. Efficacy and safety of those agents are being tested in clinical trials for various disease states, but not established yet. Each drug has specific characteristics suitable for specific disease states. It is fortunate for both physicians and patients to have a variety of drug choice. More clinical evidence is required for selection of suitable patients for new‐generation antithrombotic agents.
Quantum‐Dot‐Sensitized Nitrogen‐Doped ZnO for Efficient Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting
Authors: Chen Chih Kai , Shen Yen‐Ping , Chen Hao Ming , Chen Chih‐Jung , Chan Ting‐Shan , Lee Jyh‐Fu , Liu Ru‐Shi 
Published: November 2013

AbstractFossil fuels have been used for several decades and have resulted in increased greenhouse gases and pollutants. Currently, clean and renewable energy is in demand. Hydrogen appears to be a good candidate for clean energy because the only product of its reaction with oxygen is water. Water splitting by solar energy is a potential method for the generation of hydrogen in future applications. This study investigates the use of a CdTe quantum‐dot‐sensitized ZnO:N nanowire arrays for water splitting. The proposed method resulted in considerably enhanced photocurrent and stability. The electronic structures of the ZnO:N materials are also determined by O K‐edge X‐ray absorption spectroscopy. The incorporation of nitrogen into the ZnO nanostructure is determined by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Zn K‐edge X‐ray absorption spectroscopy; the nitrogen incorporation changes the electronic state and, thus, increases the water‐splitting performance.
Diastereo‐ and Enantioselective Michael Addition of 3‐Substituted Oxindoles to Trifluoromethyl‐Substituted Nitro Olefins Catalyzed by a Cinchona‐Alkaloid‐Derived Squaramide
Authors: Zhao Mei‐Xin , Ji Fei‐Hu , Zhao Xiao‐Li , Han Ze‐Zheng , Shi Min 
Published: November 2013

AbstractHighly efficient diastereo‐ and enantioselective Michael addition reactions between 3‐substituted oxindoles and trifluoromethylated nitro olefins catalyzed by a quinine‐derived squaramide have been investigated. The corresponding adducts, each bearing a chiral tertiary carbon center attached to a trifluoromethyl group and adjacent to a quaternary stereocenter at the C3 position of the oxindole, were obtained in good to excellent yields (up to 99 %) and with high diastereoselectivities (up to >20:1 dr) and excellent enantioselectivities (up to 99 % ee).
A Review of Graphene‐Based Electrochemical Microsupercapacitors
Authors: Xiong Guoping , Meng Chuizhou , Reifenberger Ronald G. , Irazoqui Pedro P. , Fisher Timothy S. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe rapid development of miniaturized electronic devices has led to a growing need for rechargeable micropower sources with high performance. Among different sources, electrochemical microcapacitors or microsupercapacitors provide higher power density than their counterparts and are gaining increased interest from the research and engineering communities. To date, little work has appeared on the integration of microsupercapacitors onto a chip or flexible substrates. This review provides an overview of research on microsupercapacitors, with particular emphasis on state‐of‐the‐art graphene‐based electrodes and solid‐state devices on both flexible and rigid substrates. The advantages, disadvantages, and performance of graphene‐based microsupercapacitors are summarized and new trends in materials, fabrication and packaging are identified.
On the accuracy of a nonlinear finite volume method for the solution of diffusion problems using different interpolations strategies
Authors: Queiroz L.E.S. , Souza M.R.A. , Contreras F.R.L. , Lyra P.R.M. , de Carvalho D.K.E. 
Published: November 2013

SUMMARYIn this paper, we consider a nonlinear finite volume method to solve the steady‐state diffusion equation in nonhomogeneous and non‐isotropic media. The method is nonlinear even if the original problem is linear. In its original form, the scheme is monotone, because the coefficient matrix is monotone under certain assumptions and, as a consequence, whenever the analytic operator demands, it preserves the positivity of numerical solutions. On the other hand, the scheme is unable to reproduce piecewise linear solutions exactly. In order to recover this interesting feature, we use two different interpolation strategies. In this case, even though we are unable to prove monotonicity, we show some numerical evidences that the combined method has an improved behavior, producing second order accurate solutions, even for nonhomogeneous and strongly anisotropic media. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Establishing robust cognitive dimensions for characterization and differentiation of patients with Alzheimer's disease, mild cognitive impairment, frontotemporal dementia and depression
Authors: Beck Irene R. , Schmid Nicole S. , Berres Manfred , Monsch Andreas U. 
Published: November 2013

ObjectiveThe diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and dementia requires detailed neuropsychological examinations. These examinations typically yield a large number of outcome variables, which may complicate the interpretation and communication of results. The purposes of this study were the following: (i) to reduce a large data set of interrelated neuropsychological variables to a smaller number of cognitive dimensions; (ii) to create a common metric for these dimensions (z‐scores); and (iii) to study the ability of the cognitive dimensions to distinguish between groups of patients with different types of cognitive impairment.MethodsWe tested 1646 patients with different forms of dementia or with a major depression with a standard (n = 632) or, if cognitively less affected, a challenging neuropsychological battery (n = 1014). To identify the underlying cognitive dimensions of the two test batteries, maximum likelihood factor analyses with a promax rotation were conducted. To interpret the sum scores of the factors as standard scores, we divided them by the standard deviation of a cognitively healthy sample (n = 1145).ResultsThe factor analyses yielded seven factors for each test battery. The cognitive dimensions in both test batteries distinguished patients with different forms of dementia (MCI, Alzheimer's dementia or frontotemporal dementia) and patients with major depression. Furthermore, patients with stable MCI could be separated from patients with progressing MCI. Discriminant analyses with an independent new sample of patients (n = 306) revealed that the new dimension scores distinguished new samples of patients with MCI from patients with Alzheimer's dementia with high accuracy.ConclusionThese findings suggest that these cognitive dimensions may benefit neuropsychological diagnostics. © 2013 The Authors International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Recognition memory and theta–gamma interactions in the hippocampus
Authors: Trimper John B. , Stefanescu Roxana A. , Manns Joseph R. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractNeuronal oscillations and cross‐frequency interactions in the rat hippocampus relate in important ways to memory processes and serve as a model for studying oscillatory activity in cognition more broadly. We report here that hippocampal synchrony (CA3–CA1 coherence) increased markedly in the low gamma range as rats were exploring novel objects, particularly those for which the rat subsequently showed good memory. The gamma synchrony varied across phases of the theta rhythm such that coherence was highest at the falling slope and trough of the theta wave. Further, the shape of the theta wave was more asymmetric and elongated at the falling slope during exploration of objects for which the rat subsequently showed good memory as compared with objects for which the rat subsequently showed poor memory. The results showed a strong association between event‐related gamma synchrony in rat hippocampus and memory encoding for novel objects. In addition, a novel potential mechanism of cross‐frequency interactions was observed whereby dynamic alterations in the shape of theta wave related to memory in correspondence with the strength of gamma synchrony. These findings add to our understanding of how theta and gamma oscillations interact in the hippocampus in the service of memory. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Cytotoxicity and ROS production of manufactured silver nanoparticles of different sizes in hepatoma and leukemia cells
Authors: Avalos Alicia , Haza Ana Isabel , Mateo Diego , Morales Paloma 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTSilver nanoparticles (AgNPs), which have well‐known antimicrobial properties, are extensively used in various medical and general applications. In spite of the widespread use of AgNPs, relatively few studies have been undertaken to determine the cytotoxic effects of AgNPs. The aim of this study was investigate how AgNPs of different sizes (4.7 and 42 nm) interact with two different tumoral human cell lines (hepatoma [HepG2] and leukemia [HL‐60]). In addition, glutathione depletion, inhibition of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation were used to evaluate feasible mechanisms by which AgNPs exerted its toxicity. AgNPs of 4.7 nm and 42 nm exhibited a dramatic difference in cytotoxicity. Small AgNPs were much more cytotoxic than large AgNPs. A difference in the cellular response to AgNPs was found. HepG2 cells showed a higher sensitivity to the AgNPs than HL‐60. However, the cytotoxicity induced by AgNPs was efficiently prevented by NAC treatment, which suggests that oxidative stress is primarily responsible for the cytotoxicity of AgNPs. Furthermore, cellular antioxidant status was disturbed: AgNPs exposure caused ROS production, glutathione depletion and slight, but not statistically significant inactivation of SOD. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Physico‐chemical characterization of humic‐metal‐phosphate complexes and their potential application to the manufacture of new types of phosphate‐based fertilizers
Authors: Urrutia Oscar , Erro Javier , Guardado Inaki , San Francisco Sara , Mandado Marcos , Baigorri Roberto , Claude Yvin Jean , Ma Garcia‐Mina José 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe aim of this review is to describe the main physicochemical characteristics of diverse types of humic‐metal‐phosphate acid complexes. The effects of these complexes on phosphorus (P) fixation in soils with different pH values and physicochemical features and on plant phosphorus uptake are also discussed. Humic‐metal‐phosphate complexes have apparent stability constants in the same range as those of metal‐humic complexes, in solutions with diverse pH and ionic‐strength values. Likewise, the molecular‐size distribution of humic‐metal‐phosphate complexes as a function of pH is similar to that of potassium or sodium humates and metal‐humic complexes. Humic‐metal‐phosphate complexes are able to decrease phosphate fixation in soils and increase plant growth and phosphate uptake. Phosphorus fertilizers containing humic‐metal‐phosphate complexes proved to be efficient to improve plant growth and P uptake with respect to conventional fertilizers such as single superphosphate. The values of parameters related to plant phosphorus‐utilization efficiency (PUt E) suggest that the regulation of root acquisition of phosphate from these complexes could involve the interregulation of a system for the optimization of metabolic P utilization in the shoot and another system involving stress responses of roots under phosphorus deficiency.
The effect of cooking on the phytochemical content of vegetables
Authors: Palermo Mariantonella , Pellegrini Nicoletta , Fogliano Vincenzo 
Published: November 2013

AbstractCooking induces many chemical and physical modifications in foods; among these the phytochemical content can change. Many authors have studied variations in vegetable nutrients after cooking, and great variability in the data has been reported. In this review more than 100 articles from indexed scientific journals were considered in order to assess the effect of cooking on different phytochemical classes. Changes in phytochemicals upon cooking may result from two opposite phenomena: (1) thermal degradation, which reduces their concentration, and (2) a matrix softening effect, which increases the extractability of phytochemicals, resulting in a higher concentration with respect to the raw material. The final effect of cooking on phytochemical concentration depends on the processing parameters, the structure of food matrix, and the chemical nature of the specific compound. Looking at the different cooking procedures it can be concluded that steaming will ensure better preservation/extraction yield of phenols and glucosinolates than do other cooking methods: steamed tissues are not in direct contact with the cooking material (water or oil) so leaching of soluble compounds into water is minimised and, at the same time, thermal degradation is limited. Carotenoids showed a different behaviour; a positive effect on extraction and the solubilisation of carotenes were reported after severe processing. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry
Grape seed extract and resveratrol prevent 4‐nitroquinoline 1‐oxide induced oral tumorigenesis in mice by modulating AMPK activation and associated biological responses
Authors: Shrotriya Sangeeta , Tyagi Alpna , Deep Gagan , Orlicky David J. , Wisell Joshua , Wang Xiao‐Jing , Sclafani Robert A. , Agarwal Rajesh , Agarwal Chapla 
Published: November 2013

AbstractPreventive measures against oral carcinogenesis are urgently warranted to lower the high morbidity and mortality associated with this malignancy worldwide. Here, we investigated the chemopreventive efficacy of grape seed extract (GSE) and resveratrol (Res) in 4‐nitroquinoline‐1‐oxide (4NQO)‐induced tongue tumorigenesis in C57BL/6 mice. Following 8 weeks of 4NQO exposure (100 µg/ml in drinking water), mice were fed with either control AIN‐76A diet or diet containing 0.2% GSE (w/w) or 0.25% Res (w/w) for 8 subsequent weeks, while continued on 4NQO. Upon termination of the study at 16 weeks, tongue tissues were histologically evaluated for hyperplasia, dysplasia, and papillary lesions, and then analyzed for molecular targets by immunohistochemistry. GSE and Res feeding for 8 weeks, moderately decreased the incidence, but significantly prevented the multiplicity and severity of 4NQO‐induced preneoplastic and neoplastic lesions, without any apparent toxicity. In tongue tissues, both 4NQO + GSE and 4NQO + Res treatment correlated with a decreased proliferation (BrdU labeling index) but increased apoptotic death (TUNEL‐positive cells) as compared to the 4NQO group. Furthermore, tongue tissues from both the 4NQO + GSE and 4NQO + Res groups showed an increase in activated metabolic regulator phospho‐AMPK (Thr172) and decreased autophagy flux marker p62. Together, these findings suggest that GSE and Res could effectively prevent 4NQO‐induced oral tumorigenesis through modulating AMPK activation, and thereby, inhibiting proliferation and inducing apoptosis and autophagy, as mechanisms of their efficacy. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Turning Over Patient Turnover: An Ethnographic Study of Admissions, Discharges, and Transfers
Authors: Jennings Bonnie Mowinski , Sandelowski Margarete , Higgins Melinda K. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe impact on nursing work of patient turnover (admissions, discharges, and transfers) became evident in an ethnographic study of turbulence. The patient turnover data were generated from extensive observations, 21 formal interviews, and a year of admission and discharge records on one medical and one surgical unit. Timing of turnover events on the two units differed, but on both units admissions typically interrupted workflow more than did discharges, clustered admissions were more disruptive than staggered admissions, and patient turnover during change of shift was more disruptive than during medication administration. Understanding the complexity of patient turnover will elucidate the work involved and improve the evidence base for nurse staffing, a key determinant of quality and safety of care. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Res Nurs Health 36: 554–556, 2013
A conceptual approach to the masking effect of measures of disproportionality
Authors: Maignen Francois , Hauben Manfred , Hung Eric , Holle Lionel Van , Dogne Jean‐Michel 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTBackgroundMasking is a statistical issue by which true signals of disproportionate reporting are hidden by the presence of other products in the database. Masking is currently not perfectly understood. There is no algorithm to identify the potential masking drugs to remove them for subsequent analyses of disproportionality.ObjectiveThe primary objective of our study is to develop a mathematical framework for assessing the extent and impact of the masking effect of measures of disproportionality.MethodWe have developed a masking ratio that quantifies the masking effect of a given product. We have conducted a simulation study to validate our algorithm.ResultsThe masking ratio is a measure of the strength of the masking effect whether the analysis is performed at the report or event level, and the manner in which reports are allocated to cells in the contingency table significantly impact the masking mechanisms. The reports containing both the product of interest and the masking product need to be handled appropriately. The proposed algorithm can use simplified masking provided that underlying assumptions (in particular the size of the database) are verified. For any event, the strongest masking effect is associated with the drug with the highest number of records (reports excluding the product of interest).ConclusionOur study provides significant insights with practical implications for real‐world pharmacovigilance that are supported by both real and simulated data. The public health impact of masking is still unknown. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cyclopolymerization of α,ω‐heterodifunctional monomers containing styrene and maleimide moieties
Authors: Zou Lei , Liu Jian'an , Zhang Ke , Chen Yongming , Xi Fu 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTA series of α,ω‐heterodifunctional monomers with styrene (St) and maleimide moieties bridged by a varied length of oligo‐ethylene glycol (OEG) linkers were synthesized. Cyclopolymerizations of these monomers through reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer‐mediated alternating radical copolymerization between intramolecular St and maleimide moieties were investigated. For the monomers with three or more ethylene glycol (EG) units, their cyclopolymerizations can be realized properly in low monomer feeding concentrations, affording well‐defined cyclopolymers with crown ether encircled in their main chains. Importantly, the cyclopolymerizations of monomers with six or seven EG units in the presence of KPF6 could be enhanced by the supramolecular effects between the OEG linkers and the potassium metal ion. Thus, the monomer feeding concentration could be largely improved, which may benefit preparation of the cyclopolymers with high degrees of copolymerization. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2014, 52, 330–338
Inflation and integrable one‐field cosmologies embedded in rheonomic supergravity
Authors: Fré P. , Sorin A.S. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractIn this paper we show that the new approach to the embedding of the inflationary potentials into supergravity, presented in a quite recent paper [11] of Ferrara, Kallosh, Linde and Porrati can be formulated within the framework of standard matter coupled supergravity, without the use of the new minimal auxiliary set and of conformal compensators. The only condition is the existence of a translational Peccei Quinn isometry of the scalar Kähler manifold. We suggest that this embedding strategy based on a nilpotent gauging amounts to a profound Copernican Revolution. The properties of the inflaton potential are encoded in the geometry of some homogeneous one‐dimensional Kähler manifolds that now should be regarded as the primary object, possibly providing a link with microscopic physics. We present a simple and elegant formula for the curvature of the Kähler manifold in terms of the potential. Most relevant consequence of the new strategy is that all the integrable potentials quite recently classified in a paper [7] that we have coauthored, are automatically embedded into supergravity and their associated Kähler manifolds demand urgent study. In particular one integrable potential that provides the best fit to PLANCK data seems to have inspiring geometrical properties deserving further study.