bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluating Pre‐ and Post‐Fire Peak Discharge Predictions across Western U.S. Watersheds
Authors: Kinoshita Alicia M. , Hogue Terri S. , Napper Carolyn 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThis study reviews five models commonly used in post‐fire hydrologic assessments: the Rowe Countryman and Storey (RCS), United States Geological Survey (USGS) Linear Regression Equations,USDAWindows Technical Release 55 (USDA TR‐55), Wildcat5, and U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) Hydrologic Modeling System (HEC‐HMS). The models are applied to eight diverse basins in the western United States (U.S.) (Arizona, California, Colorado, Montana, and Washington) affected by wildfires and assessed by input parameters, calibration methods, model constraints, and performance. No one model is versatile enough for application to all study sites. Results show inconsistency between model predictions for events across the sites and less confidence with larger return periods (25‐ and 50‐year events) and post‐fire predictions. TheRCSmethod performs well, but application is limited to southern California. TheUSGSlinear regression model has wider regional application, but performance is less reliable at the large recurrence intervals and post‐fire predictions are reliant on a subjective modifier. Of the three curve number‐based models, Wildcat5 performs best overall without calibration, whereas the calibratedTR‐55 andHEC‐HMSmodels show significant improvement in pre‐fire predictions. Results from our study provide information and guidance to ultimately improve model selection for post‐fire prediction and encourage uniform parameter acquisition and calibration across the western U.S.
Sugars as complementary alternative food for the establishment of Nesidiocoris tenuis in greenhouse tomato
Authors: Urbaneja‐Bernat P. , Mollá O. , Alonso M. , Bolkcmans K. , Urbaneja A. , Tena A. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractNesidiocoris tenuis (Reuter) (Hemiptera: Miridae) is an omnivorous generalist predator which is augmentatively released and conserved for control of whiteflies (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) and Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) in tomato crops. Eggs of Ephestia kuehniella Zeller (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) are often provided as factitious prey to improve the establishment of N. tenuis after its release. We first tested different amounts of E. kuehniella eggs per plant to optimize N. tenuis establishment and then investigated whether the amount of eggs that optimized N. tenuis establishment might be reduced by adding sugars (hydrocapsules filled with 0.5 m sucrose) under walk‐in cage and commercial greenhouse conditions. These experiments demonstrated that the addition of sugar to the diet of N. tenuis could half the amount of E. kuehniella eggs required to establish N. tenuis. Under greenhouse conditions, the progeny of N. tenuis per plant did not differ significantly between E. kuehniella alone or the half amount of E. kuehniella plus hydrocapsules. These results demonstrated that the sugar could partially substitute for E. kuehniella eggs improve establishment of N. tenuis and suggest that natural sugars such as nectar and honeydew might also beneficial.
Association between indices of clinically‐defined periodontitis and self‐reported history of systemic medical conditions
Authors: Chrysanthakopoulos Nikolaos A. , Chrysanthakopoulos Panagiotis A. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractAimThe aim of the current research was to investigate whether possible associations exist between indices of clinically‐defined periodontitis and several systemic medical conditions in outpatients referred to a special hospital clinic.MethodsThe study sample consisted of 3360 outpatients aged 45–65 years. Data were collected by means of an oral clinical examination and a self‐administered questionnaire. Statistical analysis of the questionnaire items was done with Fisher's exact test and the logistic regression model to assess possible associations between systemic medical conditions as independent variables, and the relative frequency of periodontal pockets ≥5 mm and clinical attachment loss (CAL) of ≥6 mm as dependent variables.ResultsThe depth of periodontal pockets was significantly associated with male sex, the presence of vascular disease, hypertension, stroke, heart attack, diabetes mellitus, other endocrine diseases, thyroid disease, respiratory allergies, and rheumatoid arthritis. CAL was significantly associated with the mentioned conditions, and also infective endocarditis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, but not other endocrine and thyroid disease.ConclusionsThe findings confirm the results from previous investigations in which a number of systemic medical conditions were significantly associated with probing pocket depth and/or CAL.
Peltate glandular trichomes of Colquhounia seguinii harbor new defensive clerodane diterpenoids
Authors: Li Chun‐Huan , Liu Yan , Hua Juan , Luo Shi‐Hong , Li Sheng‐Hong 
Published: July 2014

AbstractGlandular trichomes produce a wide variety of secondary metabolites that are considered as major defensive chemicals against herbivore attack. The morphology and secondary metabolites of the peltate glandular trichomes of a lianoid Labiatae, Colquhounia seguinii Vaniot, were investigated. Three new clerodane diterpenoids, seguiniilactones A‐C (1–3), were identified through precise trichome collection with laser microdissection, metabolic analysis with ultra performance liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometer, target compound isolation with classical phytochemical techniques, structure elucidation with spectroscopic methods. All compounds showed significant antifeedant activity against a generalist plant‐feeding insect Spodoptera exigua. Seguiniilactone A (1) was approximately 17‐fold more potent than the commercial neem oil. α‐Substituted α,β‐unsaturated γ‐lactone functionality was found to be crucial for strong antifeedant activity of this class of compounds. Quantitative results indicated that the levels of these compounds in the peltate glandular trichomes and leaves were sufficiently high to deter the feeding by generalist insects. Moderate antifungal activity was observed for seguiniilactone C (3) against six predominant fungal species isolated from the diseased leaves of C. seguinii, while seguiniilactones A and B were generally inactive. These findings suggested that seguiniilactones A–C might be specialized secondary metabolites in peltate glandular trichomes for the plant defense against insect herbivores and pathogens.
Failure of heterogeneous amyloid‐enhancing factor in geriatric squirrel monkeys (Saimiri boliviensis)
Authors: Murakami Tomoaki , Ibi Kanata , Kuraishi Takeshi , Hattori Shosaku , Kai Chieko , Ishiguro Naotaka , Yanai Tokuma 
Published: July 2014

AbstractBackgroundCross‐species transmission of AA amyloidosis between primates and other animals has not been previously reported.MethodsEight geriatric squirrel monkeys were intravenously administered chimpanzee, bovine, or chicken amyloid fibrils and simultaneously received inflammatory stimulation.ResultsAA amyloid deposition was not detected in any of the monkeys histopathologically or immunohistochemically.ConclusionsThese results suggest that heterogeneous AA amyloidosis may not be easily transmitted into primates.
Everyday Morality
Authors: Eberhardt Nancy 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThis essay explores the nexus betweenBuddhist discourse, moral reasoning, and aspects of indigenous ethnopsychology in aShan community in northernThailand. I suggest that these three strands of thought are routinely braided together in intricate ways and, furthermore, that some version of this conceptual arrangement is necessary in order for any moral thinking to take place. That is, all moral thought entails some conception of the way the world is structured (a conception that may or may not be based on religion) and some ethnotheory of human nature, both of which are culturally mediated. Finally, I discuss the implications of this view for our understanding of human agency and autonomy.
Reason and Emotion in the Ethics of Self‐Restraint
Authors: Morris Daniel A. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractIn this essay I argue that Reinhold Niebuhr's ethics of self‐restraint, though promising, is based on an incomplete and imprecise moral psychology. Although Niebuhr claims that reason cannot provide a sufficient grounding to motivate self‐restraint, he does not disclose which human capacity might serve this purpose. I suggest that we can address this oversight by strengthening Niebuhr's tentative embrace of David Hume, and by developing a concept of the emotions in order to explain how human beings can cultivate a stable inclination to self‐restraint. This project is informed by and in the service of feminist critiques of Niebuhr and social concerns.
Stout, Rawls, and the Idea of Public Reason
Authors: Ryan Phil 
Published: July 2014

AbstractJeffrey Stout claims that John Rawls's idea of public reason (IPR) has contributed to a Christian backlash against liberalism. This essay argues that those whom Stout calls “antiliberal traditionalists” have misunderstood Rawls in important ways, and goes on to consider Stout's own critiques of the IPR. While Rawls's idea is often interpreted as a blanket prohibition on religious reasoning outside church and home, the essay will show that the very viability of the IPR depends upon a rich culture of deliberation in which all forms of reasoning can be put forth for consideration. This clarification addresses the perception that the IPR imposes an “asymmetrical burden” upon believers. In fact, the essay suggests that there are good reasons why believers, qua believers, might endorse the IPR.
Melatonin receptor‐mediated protection against myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury: role of SIRT1
Authors: Yu Liming , Sun Yang , Cheng Liang , Jin Zhenxiao , Yang Yang , Zhai Mengen , Pei Haifeng , Wang Xiaowu , Zhang Haifeng , Meng Qiang , Zhang Yu , Yu Shiqiang , Duan Weixun 
Published: July 2014

AbstractMelatonin confers cardioprotective effect against myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (MI/R) injury by reducing oxidative stress. Activation of silent information regulator 1 (SIRT1) signaling also reduces MI/R injury. We hypothesize that melatonin may protect against MI/R injury by activating SIRT1 signaling. This study investigated the protective effect of melatonin treatment on MI/R heart and elucidated its potential mechanisms. Rats were exposed to melatonin treatment in the presence or the absence of the melatonin receptor antagonist luzindole or SIRT1 inhibitor EX527 and then subjected to MI/R operation. Melatonin conferred a cardioprotective effect by improving postischemic cardiac function, decreasing infarct size, reducing apoptotic index, diminishing serum creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase release, upregulating SIRT1, Bcl‐2 expression and downregulating Bax, caspase‐3 and cleaved caspase‐3 expression. Melatonin treatment also resulted in reduced myocardium superoxide generation, gp91phox expression, malondialdehyde level, and increased myocardium superoxide dismutase (SOD) level, which indicate that the MI/R‐induced oxidative stress was significantly attenuated. However, these protective effects were blocked by EX527 or luzindole, indicating that SIRT1 signaling and melatonin receptor may be specifically involved in these effects. In summary, our results demonstrate that melatonin treatment attenuates MI/R injury by reducing oxidative stress damage via activation of SIRT1 signaling in a receptor‐dependent manner.
Compromised Endothelium‐Dependent Hyperpolarization‐Mediated Dilations can be Rescued by NS309 in Obese Zucker Rats
Authors: Tajbakhsh Negara , Sokoya Elke M. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractObjectiveNO and a non‐NO/prostacyclin EDH mechanism are major contributors of vascular tone and cerebral blood flow. However, the effect of metabolic syndrome on EDH‐mediated responses in cerebral vessels remains unknown and may offer another avenue for therapeutic targeting. The purpose of this study was to investigate EDH‐dependent responses in cerebral arteries during metabolic syndrome.MethodsEDH‐dependent dilations were assessed in MCAs isolated from nondiabetic obese and lean Zucker rats in the presence and absence of NS309, an activator of SKCa and IKCa channels. IKCa channel expression and activity were assessed by western blotting and pressure myography, respectively.ResultsEDH‐mediated dilations were significantly attenuated in the obese compared to the lean Zucker rat MCA. Luminal delivery of 1 μM NS309 enhanced EDH‐mediated responses in lean and obese Zucker cerebral vessels. Both dose‐dependent dilations to luminal NS309 and IKCa protein expression in pooled cerebral arteries were comparable between the two groups.ConclusionsOur results suggest that pharmacological targeting of IKCa channels can rescue EDH‐mediated dilations in obese Zucker rat MCAs. Compromised EDH‐mediated dilations in obesity are not due to impaired IKCa channel expression or activity.
Resting complexes of the persistent yeast 20S RNA Narnavirus consist solely of the 20S RNA viral genome and its RNA polymerase p91
Authors: Vega Lorena , Sevillano Laura , Esteban Rosa , Fujimura Tsutomu 
Published: July 2014

SummaryThe positive strand 20S RNA narnavirus persistently infects Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The 20S RNA genome has a single gene that encodes the RNA‐dependent RNA polymerase (p91). 20S RNA forms ribonucleoprotein resting complexes (RNPs) with p91 and resides in the cytoplasm. Here we found no host proteins stoichiometrically associated with the RNP by pull‐down experiments. Furthermore, 20S RNA, when expressed from a vector in Escherichia coli, formed RNPs with p91 in the absence of yeast proteins. This interaction required the 3′ cis signal for complex formation. Moreover, when 23S RNA, the genome of another narnavirus, was expressed in E. coli, it also formed RNPs with its RNA polymerase p104. Finally, when both RNAs were expressed in the same E. coli cell, they formed RNPs only with their cognate RNA polymerases. These results altogether indicate that narnaviruses RNPs consist of only the viral genomes and their cognate RNA polymerases. Because the copy number of the RNPs can be induced almost equivalent to those of rRNAs in some yeast strains, the absence of host proteins may alleviate the burden on the host by not sequestering proteins into the RNPs. It may also contribute to the persistent infection of narnaviruses by decreasing their visibility.
Elicitin‐like proteins Oli‐D1 and Oli‐D2 from Pythium oligandrum trigger hypersensitive response in Nicotiana benthamiana and induce resistance against Botrytis cinerea in tomato
Authors: Ouyang Zhigang , Li Xiaohui , Huang Lei , Hong Yongbo , Zhang Yafen , Zhang Huijuan , Li Dayong , Song Fengming 
Published: July 2014

SummaryThe biocontrol agent Pythium oligandrum and its elicitin‐like proteins oligandrins have been shown to induce disease resistance in a range of plants. In the present study, the ability of two oligandrins, Oli‐D1 and Oli‐D2, to induce an immune response and the possible molecular mechanism regulating the defence responses in Nicotiana benthamiana and tomato were investigated. Infiltration of recombinant Oli‐D1 and Oli‐D2 proteins induced a typical immune response in N. benthamiana including the induction of a hypersensitive response (HR), accumulation of reactive oxygen species and production of autofluorescence. Agrobacterium‐mediated transient expression assays revealed that full‐length Oli‐D1 and Oli‐D2 were required for full HR‐inducing activity in N. benthamiana, and virus‐induced gene silencing‐mediated knockdown of some of the signalling regulatory genes demonstrated that NbSGT1 and NbNPR1 were required for Oli‐D1 and Oli‐D2 to induce HR in N. benthamiana. Subcellular localization analyses indicated that both Oli‐D1 and Oli‐D2 were targeted to the plasma membrane of N. benthamiana. When infiltrated or transiently expressed in leaves, Oli‐D1 and Oli‐D2 induced resistance against Botrytis cinerea in tomato and activated the expression of a set of genes involved in the jasmonic acid/ethylene (JA/ET)‐mediated signalling pathway. Our results demonstrate that Oli‐D1 and Oli‐D2 are effective elicitors capable of inducing immune responses in plants, probably through the JA/ET‐mediated signalling pathway, and that both Oli‐D1 and Oli‐D2 have potential for the development of bioactive formulae for crop disease control in practice.
The role of adipokines in periodontal infection and healing
Authors: Deschner J. , Eick S. , Damanaki A. , Nokhbehsaim M. 
Published: July 2014

SummaryPeriodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the periodontium, which is caused by pathogenic bacteria in combination with other risk factors. The bacteria induce an immunoinflammatory host response, which can lead to irreversible matrix degradation and bone resorption. Periodontitis can be successfully treated. To achieve regenerative periodontal healing, bioactive molecules, such as enamel matrix derivative (EMD), are applied during periodontal surgery. Recently, it has been shown that obesity is associated with periodontitis and compromised healing after periodontal therapy. The mechanisms underlying these associations are not well understood so far, but adipokines may be a pathomechanistic link. Adipokines are bioactive molecules that are secreted by the adipose tissue, and that regulate insulin sensitivity and energy expenditure, but also inflammatory and healing processes. It has also been demonstrated that visfatin and leptin increase the synthesis of proinflammatory and proteolytic molecules, whereas adiponectin downregulates the production of such mediators in periodontal cells. In addition, visfatin and leptin counteract the beneficial effects of EMD, whereas adiponectin enhances the actions of EMD on periodontal cells. Since visfatin and leptin levels are increased and adiponectin levels are reduced in obesity, these adipokines could be a pathomechanistic link whereby obesity and obesity‐related diseases enhance the risk for periodontitis and compromised periodontal healing. Recent studies have also revealed that adipokines, such as visfatin, leptin and adiponectin, are produced in periodontal cells and regulated by periodontopathogenic bacteria. Therefore, adipokines may also represent a mechanism whereby periodontal infections can impact on systemic diseases.
Altered lignin biosynthesis using biotechnology to improve lignocellulosic biofuel feedstocks
Authors: Poovaiah Charleson R. , Nageswara‐Rao Madhugiri , Soneji Jaya R. , Baxter Holly L. , Stewart Charles N. 
Published: July 2014

SummaryLignocellulosic feedstocks can be converted to biofuels, which can conceivably replace a large fraction of fossil fuels currently used for transformation. However, lignin, a prominent constituent of secondary cell walls, is an impediment to the conversion of cell walls to fuel: the recalcitrance problem. Biomass pretreatment for removing lignin is the most expensive step in the production of lignocellulosic biofuels. Even though we have learned a great deal about the biosynthesis of lignin, we do not fully understand its role in plant biology, which is needed for the rational design of engineered cell walls for lignocellulosic feedstocks. This review will recapitulate our knowledge of lignin biosynthesis and discuss how lignin has been modified and the consequences for the host plant.
Photooxidation of Tryptophan Leading to 2‐Aminoacetophenone – A Possible Reason for the Untypical Aging Off‐flavor in Wine
Authors: Horlacher Nora , Schwack Wolfgang 
Published: July 2014

Abstract2‐Aminoacetophenone (AAP) was recognized as the key compound for the so‐called untypical aging off‐flavor (UTA) in Vitis vinifera wines. In this study, it was shown that AAP can be formed by photooxidation of free and protein‐bound tryptophan (TRP) in combination with a subsequent storage in model wine. Solutions of TRP and lysozyme were exposed to artificial sunlight both in the presence and in the absence of the photosensitizer riboflavin. Aliquots of the irradiation batches were stored in model wine solutions containing tartaric acid, sulfite and ethanol in different combinations. AAP formation could be identified from both free and bound (lysozyme) TRP, while free TRP resulted in higher yields. The presence of riboflavin during irradiation generally favored the AAP formation. AAP formation increased with increasing irradiation times, but AAP was not detectable, if TRP was directly incubated in model wine. Not only the irradiation time but also the storage time of model wines favored the formation of AAP. Concerning the model wine composition, it became evident that the presence of tartaric acid resulted in the highest AAP formation during storage.
Americans Fill Out President Obama's Census Form: What is His Race?*
Authors: Citrin Jack , Levy Morris , Houweling Robert P. Van 
Published: July 2014

ObjectiveWe use nationally representative survey experiments to assess public opinion about how President Obama should have identified himself racially on the 2010 Census.MethodsRespondents were randomly assigned to three conditions—a control, a treatment that described the president's biracial ancestry, and a treatment that combined the biracial ancestry information with a statement that Obama had in fact classified himself as black only. All respondents were then asked how they felt Obama should have filled out his Census form.ResultsA clear majority of Americans in all experimental conditions said that Obama should have identified himself as both black and white.ConclusionThere appears to be suggesting robust acceptance of official multiracial identification despite the cultural and legal legacy of the “one drop of blood” rule in official U.S. race categorization. A subsequent survey experiment found that a convenience sample of Americans support multiracial identification for mixed‐race individuals generally and not only for the president.
Mitochondrial flashes: new insights into mitochondrial ROS signalling and beyond
Authors: Hou Tingting , Wang Xianhua , Ma Qi , Cheng Heping 
Published: July 2014

AbstractRespiratory mitochondria undergo stochastic, intermittent bursts of superoxide production accompanied by transient depolarization of the mitochondrial membrane potential and reversible opening of the membrane permeability transition pore. These discrete events were named ‘superoxide flashes’ for the reactive oxygen species (ROS) signal involved, and ‘mitochondrial flashes’ (mitoflashes) for the entirety of the multifaceted and intertwined mitochondrial processes. In contrast to the flashless basal ROS production of ‘homeostatic ROS’ for redox regulation, bursting ROS production during mitoflashes may provide ‘signalling ROS’ at the organelle level, fulfilling distinctly different cell functions. Mounting evidence indicates that mitoflash frequency is richly regulated over a broad range, and represents a novel, universal, and ‘digital’ readout of mitochondrial functional status and of the mitochondrial stress response. An emerging view is that mitoflashes participate in vital processes including metabolism, cell differentiation, the stress response and ageing. These recent advances shed new light on the role of mitochondrial functional dynamics in health and disease.