Abstract B54: Low avidity tumor-specific CD8+ T cells are regulated by increased expression of proapoptotic proteins in tolerant mice.
Authors: Black Chelsea M. , Armstrong Todd D. , Jaffee Elizabeth M. 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
This study aimed to identify potential tolerance signals specific to lower avidity T cells. Cancer vaccines are currently being investigated as a way to activate antigen-specific anti-tumor T cell responses capable of eradicating developing tumors. It is now appreciated that a major barrier to cancer vaccines as therapy are the multiple signals originating from the tumor microenvironment that inhibit the activation of cancer-specific T cells. In addition, the most potent T cells specific for a tumor antigen are often subject to the most potent tolerance mechanisms leaving in place a range of lower avidity T cell sub-populations potentially available for activation. A number of co-regulatory signals play an important role in T cell activation, propagation, function, and/or survival in vivo. However, it is still not clear which mechanisms regulate specific T cell sub-populations within a given T cell repertoire specific for the same cancer antigen. We used the HER-2/neu (neu-N) transgenic mouse model of spontaneous mammary tumors in which vaccines targeted against the HER-2/neu protein induce T cell responses against the immunodominant epitope RNEU420-429 with a range of avidities. We created high and low avidity TCR transgenic mice from which isolated T cells can be tracked in the tolerized HER-2/neu mice in vivo. We first adoptively transferred T cells from the high and low avidity TCR transgenic mice into neu-N mice under different treatment conditions to evaluate the changes in the co-regulatory signaling pathways. Treatment groups included: tumor alone, tumor + a GM-CSF secreting whole cell vaccine, and tumor + vaccine + a T regulatory cell (Treg) depleting agent. The Treg depleting agent cyclophosphamide has been shown to suppress Tregs and allow activation and function of the high avidity T cells but not the low avidity T cells. This suggests that Tregs do not regulate lower avidity T cell populations. The low avidity T cells fail to reject tumor when compared with the high avidity T cells which reject tumor under conditions of vaccine + Treg depletion. We used microarrays to compare signal differences between the high and low avidity T cell populations under each condition, and several genes were identified that were upregulated in the low avidity T cells. Molecules within the survival signaling pathways that specifically demonstrated higher expression were CD24, FasL, and DR5. These molecules were confirmed to have increased protein expression in low avidity T cells when compared with high avidity T cells. Further functional analysis also demonstrated that T cells expressing CD24 and DR5 secrete lower levels of the effector cytokine IFNγ than T cells not expressing those molecules. This increase in proteins involved the cell death pathway correlates with our finding that lower avidity T cells have a shorter survival than higher avidity T cells in the tolerant mice under all treatment conditions. Currently pro-survival therapies are being conducted to determine if survival and function of the low avidity T cells can be altered through modulation of each upregulated pathway. These studies should identify novel combinatorial immune based therapies that engage multiple components of the T cell repertoire and enhance the overall anti-tumor activity of vaccines in vivo.
Citation Format: Chelsea M. Black, Todd D. Armstrong, Elizabeth M. Jaffee. Low avidity tumor-specific CD8+ T cells are regulated by increased expression of proapoptotic proteins in tolerant mice. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Tumor Immunology: Multidisciplinary Science Driving Basic and Clinical Advances; Dec 2-5, 2012; Miami, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(1 Suppl):Abstract nr B54.