bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prospective evaluation of the Amplicor HPV test for predicting progression of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia 2
Authors: Nogawa Takayoshi , Hiura Masamichi , Tanaka Hideyuki , Saito Toshiaki , Furuta Reiko , Watanabe Kayoko , Kita Tsunekazu , Yamamoto Kaichiro , Mikami Mikio , Takizawa Ken ,   (Japan Gynecologic Oncology Group)
Published: July 2013

AbstractAimThe aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical performance of the Amplicor HPV test, which detects 13 high‐risk human papillomaviruses (HR‐HPV), and to determine the association between consistent HR‐HPV infection and progression of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) 2 to CIN3.Material and MethodsThis multi‐institutional prospective study enrolled 122 women diagnosed with CIN2 by central pathological review. Subjects were tested at study entry and every 6 months over a 24‐month period by cytology, Amplicor HPV test and colposcopy. Central pathological review was performed at the end of the study or if CIN progression was suspected.ResultsNinety‐three of the 122 participants completed all tests in the study and were included in the analysis. HR‐HPV was detected in 87/93 (93.5%) participants at study entry. Twenty‐four of the 87 HR‐HPV‐positive participants progressed to ≥CIN3, compared with none of the six participants who were HR‐HPV‐negative at study entry. The positive predictive value, negative predictive value, sensitivity and specificity of the Amplicor HPV test at study entry for predicting ≥CIN3 progression were 27.6%, 100%, 100% and 8.7%, respectively. Sixty‐two participants were HR‐HPV‐positive from study entry through to study completion, 24 of whom progressed to ≥CIN3. None of 31 participants without continuous HR‐HPV detection progressed to ≥CIN3. For continuous HR‐HPV detection, the positive predictive value, negative predictive value, sensitivity and specificity of the Amplicor HPV test were 38.7%, 100%, 100% and 44.9%, respectively.ConclusionsAll participants who progressed to ≥CIN3 were continuously HR‐HPV‐positive. The Amplicor HPV test thus demonstrated a good performance for predicting CIN3 progression.
Insights on Tax Evasion Using a Monetary Circuit Model
Authors: Di Lorenzo Paolo 
Published: July 2013

AbstractThe paper analyses the impact of tax evasion on government budgets, using a monetary circuit model. It is possible to show that, under specific parameter values, evading taxes on profit becomes an attractive proposition when government policies tax capital and employment in different ways and on different timescales. Without adequate tax enforcement, government is reduced to acting as a financial backer for companies. Furthermore, a lower tax rate on labour income enabling money to flow from households to companies through private consumption reduces incentives for tax evasion. These results hold true even if the government decides to implement a balanced budget fiscal policy.
One ring to rule them all? Genome sequencing provides new insights into the ‘master circle’ model of plant mitochondrial DNA structure
Authors: Sloan Daniel B. 
Published: July 2013

Summary
The in vivo molecular structure of plant mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) has been a long‐standing source of intrigue and controversy. Recent deep sequencing analyses of mitochondrial genomes from numerous plant species have provided the opportunity to revisit this decades‐old question from a novel perspective. Whole‐genome sequencing approaches have yielded new lines of evidence that the ‘master circle’ is not the predominant form of plant mtDNA and have revealed striking structural variation both within and among species. Here, I review these recent studies, including the discovery that at least two independent angiosperm lineages have evolved multichromosomal mitochondrial genome structures. These findings raise fascinating questions regarding the mechanisms of plant mtDNA replication and inheritance.
Effect of phosphorus availability on the selection of species with different ploidy levels and genome sizes in a long‐term grassland fertilization experiment
Authors: Šmarda Petr , Hejcman Michal , Březinová Alexandra , Horová Lucie , Steigerová Helena , Zedek František , Bureš Petr , Hejcmanová Pavla , Schellberg Jürgen 
Published: July 2013

Summary

Polyploidy and increased genome size are hypothesized to increase organismal nutrient demands, namely of phosphorus (P), which is an essential and abundant component of nucleic acids. Therefore, polyploids and plants with larger genomes are expected to be selectively disadvantaged in P‐limited environments. However, this hypothesis has yet to be experimentally tested.

We measured the somatic DNA content and ploidy level in 74 vascular plant species in a long‐term fertilization experiment. The differences between the fertilizer treatments regarding the DNA content and ploidy level of the established species were tested using phylogeny‐based statistics.

The percentage and biomass of polyploid species clearly increased with soil P in particular fertilizer treatments, and a similar but weaker trend was observed for the DNA content. These increases were associated with the dominance of competitive life strategy (particularly advantageous in the P‐treated plots) in polyploids and the enhanced competitive ability of dominant polyploid grasses at high soil P concentrations, indicating their increased P limitation.

Our results verify the hypothesized effect of P availability on the selection of polyploids and plants with increased genome sizes, although the relative contribution of increased P demands vs increased competitiveness as causes of the observed pattern requires further evaluation.
From Bells to Cannon – The Beginnings of Archaeological Chemistry in the Eighteenth Century
Authors: Pollard A.M. 
Published: July 2013

SummaryThis paper attempts to track the history of the chemical analysis of archaeological copper alloys back beyond the accepted origins of archaeometallurgy, and even before the pioneering work of Martin Heinrich Klaproth, as identified by Earle Cayley. It would appear that the chemical analysis of copper metal was developed in Revolutionary France around 1790 to enable the estimation of the amount of tin in the alloy as a response to the need to convert church bells into cannon. What is perhaps remarkable to our eyes, however, is that this group of scientists (including Mongez, Darcet and Dizé), who were the leading chemists of their day, were also interested in the analysis of archaeological metals. This is further evidence for the blossoming of the age of scientific enlightenment, when, shortly after the development of gravimetric methods of analysis, the entire contents of the ‘cabinets of curiosities’ were the subject of scientific study by the leading savants of the day.
Protoporphyrin IX–β‐Cyclodextrin Bimodal Conjugate: Nanosized Drug Transporter and Potent Phototoxin
Authors: Aggelidou Chrysie , Theodossiou Theodossis A. , Yannakopoulou Konstantina 
Published: July 2013

AbstractTopical or systemic administration of 5‐aminolevulinic acid (ALA) and its esters results in increased production and accumulation of protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) in cancerous lesions allowing effective application of photodynamic therapy (PDT). The large concentrations of exogenous ALA practically required to bypass the negative feedback control exerted by heme on enzymatic ALA synthesis and the strong dimerization propensity of ALA are shortcomings of the otherwise attractive PpIX biosynthesis. To circumvent these limitations and possibly enhance the phototoxicity of PpIX by adjuvant chemotherapy, covalent bonding of PpIX with a drug carrier, β‐cyclodextrin (βCD) was implemented. The resulting PpIX + βCD product had both carboxylic termini of PpIX connected to the CD. PpIX + βCD was water soluble, was found to preferentially localize in mitochondria rather than in lysosomes both in MCF7 and DU145 cell lines while its phototoxiciy was comparable to that of PpIX. Moreover, PpIX + βCD effectively solubilized the breast cancer drug tamoxifen metabolite N‐desmethyltamoxifen (NDMTAM) in water. The PpIX + βCD/NDMTAM complex was readily internalized by both cell lines employed. Furthermore, the multimodal action of PpIX + βCD was demonstrated in MCF7 cells: while it retains the phototoxic profile of PpIX and its fluorescence for imaging purposes, PpIX + βCD can efficiently transport tamoxifen citrate intracellularly and confer cell death through a synergy of photo‐ and chemotoxicity.
Photoprotective effects of inclusion complexes of fullerenes with polyvinylpyrrolidone
Authors: Murakami Mio , Hyodo Sayuri , Fujikawa Yuuki , Fujimoto Takahiro , Maeda Kazuhisa 
Published: July 2013

SummaryBackgroundThe outermost surface of the body is covered by the stratum corneum, which is critical for proper skin barrier function. We investigated photoprotective effects of inclusion complexes of fullerenes with polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP/fullerenes).MethodsTo examine the cytoprotective activity of PVP/fullerenes against ultraviolet B (UVB) irradiation, we placed a dish with or without PVP/fullerenes on top of dishes containing cultured keratinocytes with or without PVP/fullerenes. Next, we examined the effects of PVP/fullerenes on the ratio of cells with cornified envelopes and transglutaminase‐1 expression by real‐time polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry. Finally, we examined the barrier recovery effect of PVP/fullerenes solution by measuring transepidermal water loss after tape stripping in humans.ResultsUVB irradiation at 40 mJ/cm2 markedly induced inhibition of keratinocyte proliferation. The inhibition of keratinocyte proliferation was restored only when PVP/fullerenes were present before UVB irradiation in the lower dish with the cells. UVB irradiation decreased the ratio of cells with cornified envelopes and transglutaminase‐1 expression; however, the application of PVP/fullerenes reversed this phenomenon. PVP/fullerenes solution significantly promoted the recovery of transepidermal water loss on the second and third days after tape stripping.ConclusionPVP/fullerenes can be used in cosmetics, especially in those intended to protect photo damage and ameliorate skin barrier perturbations.
Collagen hydrolysate intake improves the loss of epidermal barrier function and skin elasticity induced by UVB irradiation in hairless mice
Authors: Oba Chisato , Ohara Hiroki , Morifuji Masashi , Ito Kyoko , Ichikawa Satomi , Kawahata Keiko , Koga Jinichiro 
Published: July 2013

SummaryBackgroundUltraviolet B (UVB) irradiation induces serious damage to the skin. Collagen hydrolysate and collagen‐derived peptides have effects on skin function in vivo and in vitro. However, few studies have investigated changes in the epidermal barrier or dermal elasticity caused by UVB. Here, we investigated the loss of epidermal barrier function and skin elasticity induced by UVB irradiation in hairless mice fed collagen hydrolysate.MethodsMice were orally administered collagen hydrolysate, in a single dose (20 mJ/cm2) or repeated doses (10–30 mJ/cm2, 3 times/week for 6 weeks), and the dorsal skin was exposed to UVB. Skin measurements and histological and analytical studies were performed.ResultsIn control mice, a single UVB irradiation induced epidermal barrier dysfunction including an increase in transepidermal water loss (TEWL), epidermal hyperplasia, and a decrease in stratum corneum water content. Administration of collagen hydrolysate significantly decreased TEWL and epidermal thickness and increased stratum corneum water content. Repeated UVB irradiation decreased skin elasticity and dermal hyaluronic acid (HA) content in control mice, whereas collagen hydrolysate significantly suppressed both the increase in TEWL and the decrease in stratum corneum water content and improved skin elasticity and dermal HA content.ConclusionsCollagen hydrolysate administration affects epidermal barrier function and dermal skin elasticity.
Epitope Specificity of Cross‐Clade Neutralizing Sera from Chinese HIV‐1‐Positive Individuals
Authors: Song H. , Chu Y. , Zhang H. , Wang X. , Zhang T. , Qiu M. , Wu H. , Wu Z. 
Published: June 2013

AbstractInduction of broadly neutralizing antibody is considered important for an effective HIV‐1 vaccine. Identification and characterization of broadly neutralizing antibodies in HIV‐1‐infected patients will facilitate our understanding of the immune correlates to protection and the design of an effective prophylactic vaccine. A number of studies to probe the specificity of antibodies in broadly neutralizing sera in the United States and Europe have been reported. However, little is known about and would be interesting to investigate the immunological characteristics of HIV‐1‐positive sera in China where non‐clade B viruses are prevalent and the circulating viral subtypes are distinct and more complex than both the United States and Europe. Here, we screened 80 Chinese HIV‐1‐positive sera against a minipanel of pseudoviruses representing various circulating HIV‐1 subtypes in China and identified 8 cross‐clade neutralizing sera (CNsera). Immunological characterization of the sera showed that gp120‐targeting antibodies with multiple epitope specificities contributed to the cross‐clade neutralizing activity of these CNsera. V3‐directed antibodies were prevalent in these CNsera, but did not mainly contribute to their neutralization breath and potency while CD4bs‐specific, 2F5‐ and 4E10‐like antibodies were rarely detected. 2G12‐like neutralizing antibodies were more frequently detected in HIV‐1 patients from China where recombinant subtype viruses are prevalent than in United States and Europe. One broadly neutralizing serum (Serum 45) was identified to contain antibodies with unknown epitope specificities that were sensitive to terminal glycan modifications on virus Env and insensitive to N160K mutagenesis, and correlated with the cross‐clade neutralization activity of Serum 45.
Challenging The Tritope Model of T cell Receptor Structure–Function Relationships with Classical Data on ‘Super’ and ‘Allo‐MHC’ Antigens
Authors: Cohn M. 
Published: June 2013

AbstractThe response of the immune system to allo‐MHC‐encoded antigens and Mls ‘superantigens’ has been experimentally analysed in detail, but the data have not been coupled to a theoretical framework. It should therefore be instructive to see how well the newly proposed Tritope Model of TCR structure–function relationships deals with the signalling interactions between the TCR and the above antigens. We will pay heed to William Bateson's admonition, ‘treasure the exceptions’, by showing how a meaningful theory interrogates the data with the same validity that the data interrogate the theory. The concordances, as well as the contradictions, with the Tritope Model are a test of its heuristic value.
Detrital zircon geochronology of Palaeozoic Novaya Zemlya – a key to understanding the basement of the Barents Shelf
Authors: Lorenz Henning , Gee David G. , Korago Evgeny , Kovaleva Galina , McClelland William C. , Gilotti Jane A. , Frei Dirk 
Published: June 2013

AbstractThe Novaya Zemlya fold‐and‐thrust‐belt is the northern continuation of the late Palaeozoic Uralide Orogen. Little is known about its deeper structure and the basement history of the adjacent Barents and Kara shelves. Based on geological evidence and detrital zircon analysis of 28 samples from the northeastern and stratigraphically deepest part of the archipelago, we demonstrate that Cambro‐Ordovician turbidite‐dominated deposition was almost exclusively sourced from rocks consolidated during the Timanian orogeny (Timanian basement). A profound change in provenance occurred near the end of the Ordovician. Over 90% of the zircons from Silurian and about 80% from Devonian strata have ages characteristic of the Sveconorwegian Orogen, implying uplift of these rocks in the vicinity of Novaya Zemlya. The presence of Sveconorwegian and Grenvillian rocks in the high Arctic suggests revision of recent reconstructions of the Rodinia supercontinent, its break‐up and subsequent Caledonian orogeny.
Factors predisposing to wrong blood in tube incidents: a year's experience in the North East of England
Authors: Varey A. , Tinegate H. , Robertson J. , Watson D. , Iqbal A. 
Published: June 2013

SummaryIntroductionWrong blood in tube (WBIT) describes a transfusion sample collected from one patient but labelled with the identification details of a different patient.These incidents have the potential to result in catastrophic harm to patients. In 2011, the Serious Hazards of Transfusion (SHOT) organisation received 469 reports of WBIT across the UK.What this study addsThis was a prospective study of WBIT which collected information not only on the frequency of WBIT but also risk factors.MethodAll hospitals in the North East region of England submitted details of known WBITs during a 12‐month period starting from July 2011, including the time of day and location where samples were taken, the job title and competency of the sample taker, and how the WBIT was identified. Where possible, the sampler was interviewed to determine reasons for the WBIT.RESULTSThere were 48 WBITs, giving a corrected incidence of 1 : 2717 repeat transfusion samples. Doctors were responsible for 24 of 45 WBITs where the identity of the sampler was known. The rate as a proportion of samples was highest in medicine and paediatric specialties. The commonest risk factor for WBIT was labelling away from the bedside (44%).ConclusionsThese findings support, and add to, the data collected by SHOT. If our figures are representative of the whole of the UK, then over 1160 WBITs will occur each year, justifying SHOT's concerns that WBITs are under reported. Interventions are needed to ensure labelling of transfusion samples is always carried out at the patient's side.
The effects, safety and acceptability of compact, pre‐filled, autodisable injection devices when delivered by lay health workers
Authors: Glenton Claire , Khanna Rajesh , Morgan Chris , Nilsen Elin Strømme 
Published: June 2013

AbstractObjectivesTo systematically assess (i) the effects and safety and (ii) the acceptability of using lay health workers (LHWs) to deliver vaccines and medicines to mothers and children through compact pre‐filled autodisable devices (CPADs).MethodsWe searched electronic databases and grey literature. For the systematic review of effects and safety, we sought randomised and non‐randomised controlled trials, controlled before–after studies and interrupted time series studies. For the systematic review of acceptability, we sought qualitative studies. Two researchers independently carried out data extraction, study quality assessment and thematic analysis of the qualitative data.ResultsNo studies met our criteria for the review exploring the effects and safety of using LHWs to deliver CPADs. For the acceptability review, six qualitative studies assessed the acceptability of using LHWs to deliver hepatitis B vaccine, tetanus toxoid vaccine, gentamicin or oxytocin using Uniject™ devices. All studies took place in low‐ or middle‐income countries and explored the perceptions of community members, LHWs, supervisors, health professionals or programme managers. Most of the studies were of low quality. Recipients generally accepted the intervention. Most health professionals were confident that LHWs could deliver the intervention with sufficient training and supervision, but some had problems delivering supervision. The LHWs perceived Uniject™ as effective and important and were motivated by positive responses from the community. However, some LHWs feared the consequences if harm should come to recipients.ConclusionsEvidence of the effects and safety of using CPADs delivered by LHWs is lacking. Evidence regarding acceptability suggests that this intervention may be acceptable although LHWs may feel vulnerable to blame.
Oxytocin projections to the nucleus of the solitary tract contribute to the increased meal‐related satiety responses in primary adrenal insufficiency
Authors: Uchoa Ernane Torres , Zahm Daniel S. , de Carvalho Borges Beatriz , Rorato Rodrigo , Antunes‐Rodrigues Jose , Elias Lucila L. K. 
Published: June 2013

New findings
What is the central question of this study?Adrenalectomy‐induced hypophagia is related to enhanced activation of satiety responses in the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) and is reversed by oxytocin receptor antagonist. The potential role of hypothalamic oxytocin projections to the NTS in the satiety‐related responses following adrenalectomy has not been reported.
What is the main finding and its importance?Our study shows that adrenalectomy increases oxytocin projections to the NTS, and oxytocin receptor antagonist reverses the increased activation of NTS neurons induced by feeding after adrenalectomy. These data indicate that oxytocin pathways to the NTS contribute to higher satiety‐related responses, indicating that oxytocin is a mediator of hypophagia following adrenalectomy through its stimulatory effects on the NTS.
Anorexia is a common clinical manifestation of primary adrenal gland failure. Adrenalectomy (ADX)‐induced hypophagia is reversed by oxytocin (OT) receptor antagonist and is associated with increased activation of satiety‐related responses in the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS). This study evaluated OT projections from the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN) to the NTS after ADX and the effect of pretreatment with intracerebroventricular injection of an OT receptor antagonist ([d(CH2)5,Tyr(Me)2,Orn8]‐vasotocin; OVT) on the activation of NTS neurons induced by feeding in adrenalectomized rats. Adrenalectomized animals showed higher OT labelling in the NTS than the sham and the ADX with corticosterone replacement (ADX + B) groups. Adrenalectomized animals exhibited co‐localization of the anterograde tracer Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin and OT in axons in the NTS as well as OT fibres apposing NTS neurons activated by refeeding. After vehicle pretreatment, compared with fasting, refeeding increased the numbers of Fos‐ and Fos + TH‐immunoreactive neurons in the NTS in sham, ADX and ADX + B groups, with a higher number of these immunolabelled neurons in adrenalectomized animals. Compared with fasting conditions, refeeding also increased the activation of NTS neurons in OVT‐pretreated sham, ADX and ADX + B groups, but there was no difference among the three experimental groups. These data demonstrate that OT is upregulated in projections to the NTS following ADX and that OT receptor antagonist reverses the greater activation of NTS neurons induced by feeding after ADX. The data indicate that OT pathways to the NTS contribute to higher satiety‐related responses and, thus, to reduce meal size in primary adrenal insufficiency.