bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Farm Size, Land Reallocation, and Labour Migration in Rural China
Authors: Yan Xiaohuan , Bauer Siegfried , Huo Xuexi 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTThis paper explores the factors that determine a farm household migration decision, particularly the influence of the current land tenure system in China. Land endowment per labour is used to measure farm size. Reallocation times and expectation of future land reallocation are used to measure the land reallocation situation. Data used in this study are from a farm household survey conducted in 2009 in 17 villages in Northeast Henan province. By using a Heckman two‐stage model, the empirical findings show that there are some differences in terms of the magnitude and direction of determinants significantly affecting the decision to migrate and its duration. China's land tenure arrangements are based on egalitarian land distribution and frequent reallocation stimulates rather than deters migration in the case of land rental market imperfections. However, it is the main reason for the unique temporary and individual migration patterns. With the development of land rental markets, the importance of land transferability becomes prominent. Policies aimed at improving land security and promoting land transfer will also benefit rural labour emigration. Other factors that also have significant influence on labour migration are household size, number of household dependents, household assets and whether a household has a land‐use contract. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Generalized (identity‐based) hash proof system and its applications
Authors: Chen Yu , Zhang Zongyang , Lin Dongdai , Cao Zhenfu 
Published: November 2013

AbstractIn this work, we generalize the paradigm of the hash proof system (HPS) proposed by Cramer and Shoup (EUROCRYPT 2002). In the center of our generalization, we lift a subset membership problem to a distribution‐distinguishing problem. Our generalized HPS clarifies and encompasses all the known public‐key encryption (PKE) schemes that essentially implement the idea of an HPS. Moreover, besides the existing smoothness property, we introduce an additional property named anonymity for HPS. As a natural application, we consider anonymity for PKE in the presence of key leakage and provide a generic construction of leakage‐resilient anonymous PKE from an anonymous HPS. We then extend our generalization to the identity‐based setting. Concretely, we generalize the paradigm of the identity‐based HPS (IB‐HPS) proposed by Boneh et al. (FOCS 2007) and Alwen et al. (EUROCRYPT 2010) and introduce anonymity for it. As an interesting application of the anonymous IB‐HPS, we consider security for PKE with keyword search (PEKS) in the presence of token leakage and provide a generic construction of leakage‐resilient secure PEKS from leakage‐resilient anonymous identity‐based encryption, which in turn is based on anonymous IB‐HPS. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The role of expectation in music: from the score to emotions and the brain
Authors: Tillmann B. , Poulin‐Charronnat B. , Bigand E. 
Published: November 2013

Like discourse, music is a dynamic process that occurs over time. Listeners usually expect some events or structures of events to occur in the prolongation of a given context. Part of the musical emotional experience would depend upon how composers (improvisers) fulfill these expectancies. Musical expectations are a core phenomenon of music cognition, and the present article provides an overview of its foundation in the score as well as in listeners' behavior and brain, and how it can be simulated by artificial neural networks. We highlight parallels to language processing and include the attentional and emotional dimensions of musical expectations. Studying musical expectations is thus valuable not only for our understanding of music perception and production but also for more general brain functioning. Some open and challenging issues are summarized in this article. WIREs Cogn Sci 2014, 5:105–113. doi: 10.1002/wcs.1262This article is categorized under:

Psychology > Perception and Psychophysics
Aging children of long‐lived parents experience slower cognitive decline
Authors: Dutta Ambarish , Henley William , Robine Jean‐Marie , Llewellyn David , Langa Kenneth M. , Wallace Robert B. , Melzer David 
Published: November 2013

AbstractBackgroundParental longevity confers lower risks for some age‐related diseases in offspring. We tested the association between parental longevity and late‐life cognitive decline or dementia.MethodsData were from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS), a US national sample. Biennial cognitive assessment (Telephone Interview of Cognitive Status–Modified [TICS‐m]) occurred for ages 64 years or older in 1996 through 2008 (maximum, 79 years), including physician‐diagnosed memory disorder. Offspring were categorized into parental longevity groups based on gender‐specific distributional cut points. Model covariates included race, respondents' education, and income status during childhood and adulthood.ResultsOffspring groups did not differ on TICS‐m scores at baseline. During follow‐up, offspring of two long‐lived parents experienced 40% slower rates of TICS‐m decline than those with no long‐lived parents (95% confidence interval, 12–72;P = .003; n = 4731). Increased parental longevity was also associated with lower risk of physician‐diagnosed memory disorder. Estimates did not change after controlling for environmental variables.ConclusionsParental longevity is associated inversely with cognitive decline and self‐reported diagnosed memory disorders in aging offspring. Parental longevity may be a valuable trait for identifying early biomarkers for resistance to cognitive decline in aging.
The effect of experience, ownership and focus on productive efficiency: A longitudinal study of U.S. hospitals
Authors: Ding David Xin 
Published: November 2013

AbstractFocusing on organizational learning research in healthcare settings, this paper studies how experience, ownership and focus affect productive efficiency in U.S. hospitals. Building on organizational learning theory, health economics and the focused factory concept, we propose that hospitals learn to improve productive efficiency and the relationship between productive efficiency and cumulative experience is curvilinear. We also hypothesize that clinical focus has a positive effect on productive efficiency and that nonprofit hospitals and proprietary hospitals trade off costs and quality differently. The proposed hypotheses are tested with yearly performance data for over 3700 major U.S. hospitals spanning from 1996 to 2010. We find strong support for the proposed hypotheses.
Is There Consensus Among Wine Quality Ratings of Prominent Critics? An Empirical Analysis of Red Bordeaux, 2004–2010
Authors: Ashton Robert H. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThis paper examines the level of consensus, or agreement, among the wine quality ratings of six prominent wine critics for seven consecutive vintages of red Bordeaux. Consensus, a critical component of expertise in wine evaluation, has important implications for consumers' reliance on critics' ratings in deciding which wines to purchase or consume. The principal analyses focus on a core set of wines in each year that were rated by all six critics. Additional analyses concern differences in agreement for classified growths vs. nonclassified growths and for critics of different nationalities (American, British, and French). The level of consensus among these prominent critics is contrasted with that among both wine professionals who are not prominent critics and professionals from several other fields. (JEL Classification: C93)
Hansteen's magnetometer and the origin of the magnetic crusade
Authors: ENEBAKK VIDAR 
Published: November 2013

AbstractIn the early nineteenth century, Norwegian mathematician and astronomer Christopher Hansteen (1784–1873) contributed significantly to international collaboration in the study of terrestrial magnetism. In particular, Hansteen was influential in the origin and orientation of the magnetic lobby in Britain, a campaign which resulted in a global network of fixed geomagnetic observatories. In retrospect, however, his contribution was diminished, because his four-pole theory inUntersuchungen der Magnetismus der Erde(1819) was ultimately refuted by Carl Friedrich Gauss inAllgemeine Theorie des Erdmagnetismus(1839). Yet Hansteen's main contribution was practical rather than theoretical. His major impact was related to the circulation of his instruments and techniques. From the mid-1820s, ‘Hansteen's magnetometer’ was distributed all over the British Isles and throughout the international scientific community devoted to studying terrestrial magnetism. Thus in the decades before the magnetic crusade, Hansteen had established an international system of observation, standardization and representation based on measurements with his small and portable magnetometers.
On the boredom of science: positional astronomy in the nineteenth century
Authors: DONNELLY KEVIN 
Published: November 2013

AbstractTo those not engaged in the practice of scientific research, or telling the story of this enterprise, the image of empirical observation may conjure up images of boredom more than anything else. Yet surprisingly, the profoundly uninteresting nature of research to many science workers and readers in history has received little attention. This paper seeks to examine one moment of encroaching boredom: nineteenth-century positional astronomy as practised at leading observatories. Though possibly a coincidence, this new form of astronomical observation arose only a few decades before the English term ‘boredom’, for which theOxford English Dictionaryhas no record prior to 1850. Through examining forms of observatory labour and publications, I offer in this paper an example of how boring work and reading helped shape a scientific discipline.
Palaeomagnetism and magnetic fabrics of the Late Palaeozoic volcanism in the Castejón-Laspaúles basin (Central Pyrenees). Implications for palaeoflow directions and basin configuration
Authors: IZQUIERDO-LLAVALL ESTHER , CASAS-SAINZ ANTONIO , OLIVA-URCIA BELÉN , SCHOLGER ROBERT 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe Castejón-Laspaúles basin is one of the South Pyrenean basins of Late Variscan age that were strongly inverted during the Alpine compression (Late Cretaceous–Tertiary). It is mainly composed by Stephanian pyroclastic and volcanic deposits that reach a maximum thickness of ~ 500 m, and are overlain by Permian and Triassic sedimentary units. A palaeomagnetic and magnetic fabrics (AMS) study was carried out in the Stephanian units, where the general absence of flow markers at the outcrop scale and the Alpine inversional structure prevent the straightforward reconstruction of the original volcanic and basinal configuration. Magnetic fabric data are not overprinted by Alpine internal deformation and can be interpreted in terms of primary volcanic and pyroclastic fabrics. The obtained directions coincide in the different sampled units, suggesting a constant source area during the development of the basin, and show the dominance of N–S-trending K1axes that are interpreted to be parallel to flow directions. Palaeomagnetic data indicate the presence of a pre-folding palaeomagnetic component that is rotated clockwise by an average of +37° (±32°) with regards to the Stephanian reference. This rotation probably took place during Alpine thrusting since it is also registered by the overlying Triassic deposits. The whole dataset is interpreted in terms of basin development under sinistral transtension with two main fault sets: deep-rooted E–W-striking faults, probably responsible for magmatic emissions, and shallow-rooted, listric faults of N–S orientation.
Understanding spatial and temporal patterns of human–elephant conflict in Assam, India
Authors: Wilson Scott , Davies Tammy E. , Hazarika Nandita , Zimmermann Alexandra 
Published: November 2013

AbstractLarge-scale forest encroachment in Assam, India, has led to increasing levels of human–elephant conflict. Conflict mitigation is a priority for the survival of Asian elephantsElephas maximusthroughout Asia. We analysed a 3-year dataset of elephant occurrence and related instances of human–elephant conflict, from two sites in Assam, and explored the relationships between the various effects of elephants on human communities and factors influencing the spatial and temporal occurrence of these effects (proximity to water, refuge areas and villages, and human and crop density). The landscapes at both study sites have been transformed by forest loss, with large areas converted to agriculture. Remaining forest patches, which are mostly small, disconnected and degraded, as well as tea plantations, provide refuge areas for elephants as they move through the region. We found that crop depredation and property damage caused by elephants showed well-defined seasonal trends. They also showed a clear diurnal pattern, mostly occurring between 18.00 and 22.00. Small communities within 700 m of a refuge were most affected. In the management of human–elephant conflict in Assam we need to consider the refuge patches used by elephants as they move through the region, the peripheries of which are likely to be conflict hotspots. Small villages on the edges of refuges should be a priority for conflict mitigation assistance, with strategies taking into account seasonal and diurnal variation in elephant behaviour, as well as the socio-economic and cultural composition of communities.
Blood parasites in noddies and boobies from Brazilian offshore islands – differences between species and influence of nesting habitat
Authors: QUILLFELDT PETRA , MARTÍNEZ JAVIER , BUGONI LEANDRO , MANCINI PATRÍCIA L. , MERINO SANTIAGO 
Published: November 2013

SUMMARYSeabirds are often free from blood parasites, and a recent review suggested that phylogenetic, ecological and life-history parameters can determine the prevalence of blood parasites in seabirds. However, there is a lack of data available from many seabird groups, and a larger database is needed to understand prevalence patterns of blood parasites. We used a molecular screening approach to detect parasites of the generaPlasmodium, Haemoproteus, LeucocytozoonandBabesiain five species of two genera of seabirds that breed on Atlantic Ocean islands off Brazil. The observed patterns differed between the two bird genera. Like other Laridae, brown noddy,Anous stolidusadults were infected withHaemoproteuswith low prevalence. Masked boobies,Sula dactylatraand brown boobies,Sula leucogasterwere infected withBabesia. Of the latter, mainly juveniles were infected. In all species, intensity of infection (i.e. number of infected erythrocytes) was so low that parasites remained undetected in blood smears. This may explain the absence of major effects on the body condition of birds, although infected juvenile masked boobies were lighter than juveniles that were not infected withBabesia.Two tree-nesting species; black noddy,Anous minutusand red-footed booby,Sula suladid not have blood parasites, suggesting that tree-nesting may reduce the exposure to arthropod vectors compared with ground nesting in these species.
The acquisition of newly emerging sociophonetic variation: /str-/ in American English
Authors: RUTTER BEN 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTEight children aged 4;1–8;1 and their primary caregivers participated in a study designed to evaluate their use of the onset cluster /str-/ in both read and conversational speech. The cluster is currently undergoing a reported sound change in many varieties of English, with the initial /s/ being retracted to [ʃ]. The study compared the initial fricative of the cluster in both the children and their mothers. Acoustic analysis was carried out in order to categorize tokens as either [s] or [ʃ] using spectral peak analysis. Results found that children as young as 5;1 were starting to exhibit the usage patterns of their mothers. The distribution of the novel variant suggests that the children may be learning this form via a process of lexical diffusion rather than by rule. Implications for the study of dialect acquisition and phonological acquisition in general are discussed.
Improved bench-top X-ray diffractometer for crystalline phase analysis of cement
Authors: Ohbuchi Atsushi , Konya Takayuki , Fujinawa Go 
Published: November 2013

A laboratory-scale X-ray diffractometer for obtaining high X-ray intensity data was developed. The apparatus, equipped with 600 W CuKα radiation with a Ni filter, incorporates technology that dramatically improves the quality of X-ray diffraction. The system comprises of a low-noise one-dimensional silicon strip detector, a variable slit, and a goniometer with a radius as small as 150 mm. A variable knife edge was used as a countermeasure for unwanted scattering, particularly in the low angle range. With this system, cement may be analyzed within 5 min. NIST 2686 standard reference material was analyzed using the newly developed diffractometer, and the quantitative analysis results for the major phases are in agreement with the certified values of the reference material.
Is the use of accurate psychiatric labels associated with intentions and beliefs about responses to mental illness in a friend? Findings from two national surveys of Australian youth
Authors: Yap M. B. H. , Reavley N. J , Jorm A. F. 
Published: November 2013

Aims.An inherent prerequisite to mental health first-aid (MHFA) is the ability to identify that there is a mental health problem, but little is known about the association between psychiatric labelling and MHFA. This study examined this association using data from two national surveys of Australian young people.Methods.This study involved a national telephonic survey of 3746 Australian youth aged 12–25 years in 2006, and a similar survey in 2011 with 3021 youth aged 15–25 years. In both surveys, respondents were presented with a vignette portraying depression, psychosis or social phobia in a young person. The 2011 survey also included depression with suicidal thoughts and post-traumatic stress disorder. Respondents were asked what they thought was wrong with the person, and reported on their first-aid intentions and beliefs, which were scored for quality of the responses.Results.Accurate labelling of the mental disorder was associated with more helpful first-aid intentions and beliefs across vignettes, except for the intention to listen non-judgementally in the psychosis vignette.Conclusions.Findings suggest that community education programmes that improve accurate psychiatric label use may have the potential to improve the first-aid responses young people provide to their peers, although caution is required in the case of psychosis.
Interaction with the Game and Motivation among Players of Massively Multiplayer Online Role-Playing Games
Authors: Fuster Héctor , Carbonell Xavier , Chamarro Andrés , Oberst Ursula 
Published: November 2013

AbstractKnowledge about users interacting with Massively Multiplayer Online Role-Playing Games (MMORPG) is fundamental in order to prevent their potential negative effects on behavior. For this reason, the present study analyzed the relationship between styles of play and motivations. An online questionnaire asking for socio-demographic details, playing style, characteristics of the game played and motivations for playing, was answered by 430 Spanish-speaking MMORPG players (45.1% males). The identified profile for players, far away from the stereotype of an adolescent, consisted in a person who mainly plays on PvP (Player versus Player) servers, choosing the type of game according to his experience. Regarding motivations, they were interested in relating with other players through the game (Socialization), in discovering the game’s possibilities and development of its adventures (Exploration), to a lesser extent in leadership and prestige (Achievement) and, lastly, identification with an avatar and escape from reality (Dissociation). Although part of the reason for playing was escapism and/or stress relief, the main motivation had a social nature. We conclude that MMORPG offer an attractive environment for a broad spectrum of people, and we have not been able to confirm the stereotype of a loner avoiding reality, taking refuge in games.
Rhizosphere microbiome assemblage is affected by plant development
Authors: Chaparro Jacqueline M , Badri Dayakar V , Vivanco Jorge M 
Published: November 2013

Abstract
There is a concerted understanding of the ability of root exudates to influence the structure of rhizosphere microbial communities. However, our knowledge of the connection between plant development, root exudation and microbiome assemblage is limited. Here, we analyzed the structure of the rhizospheric bacterial community associated with Arabidopsis at four time points corresponding to distinct stages of plant development: seedling, vegetative, bolting and flowering. Overall, there were no significant differences in bacterial community structure, but we observed that the microbial community at the seedling stage was distinct from the other developmental time points. At a closer level, phylum such as Acidobacteria, Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Cyanobacteria and specific genera within those phyla followed distinct patterns associated with plant development and root exudation. These results suggested that the plant can select a subset of microbes at different stages of development, presumably for specific functions. Accordingly, metatranscriptomics analysis of the rhizosphere microbiome revealed that 81 unique transcripts were significantly (P&lt;0.05) expressed at different stages of plant development. For instance, genes involved in streptomycin synthesis were significantly induced at bolting and flowering stages, presumably for disease suppression. We surmise that plants secrete blends of compounds and specific phytochemicals in the root exudates that are differentially produced at distinct stages of development to help orchestrate rhizosphere microbiome assemblage.
Single-cell genomics shedding light on marine Thaumarchaeota diversification
Authors: Luo Haiwei , Tolar Bradley B , Swan Brandon K , Zhang Chuanlun L , Stepanauskas Ramunas , Ann Moran Mary , Hollibaugh James T 
Published: November 2013

Abstract
Previous studies based on analysis of amoA, 16S ribosomal RNA or accA gene sequences have established that marine Thaumarchaeota fall into two phylogenetically distinct groups corresponding to shallow- and deep-water clades, but it is not clear how water depth interacts with other environmental factors, including light, temperature and location, to affect this pattern of diversification. Earlier studies focused on single-gene distributions were not able to link phylogenetic structure to other aspects of functional adaptation. Here, we analyzed the genome content of 46 uncultivated single Thaumarchaeota cells sampled from epi- and mesopelagic waters of subtropical, temperate and polar oceans. Phylogenomic analysis showed that populations diverged by depth, as expected, and that mesopelagic populations from different locations were well mixed. Functional analysis showed that some traits, including putative DNA photolyase and catalase genes that may be related to adaptive mechanisms to reduce light-induced damage, were found exclusively in members of the epipelagic clade. Our analysis of partial genomes has thus confirmed the depth differentiation of Thaumarchaeota populations observed previously, consistent with the distribution of putative mechanisms to reduce light-induced damage in shallow- and deep-water populations.