bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Forest Rights and the Forest Rights Act
Authors: Khanna Shomona 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The enactment of the Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006 (the FRA) advances international best practice in forest conservation, recognising that indigenous and local forest dwelling communities play a vital role in forest ecosystems, and their active involvement in forest governance is integral to climate change mitigation. It recognises the land rights of indigenous peoples and other local communities who depend on forest resources for their livelihoods and food security. The FRA necessarily sets about re-calibrating the forest law architecture and forest bureaucracy. While the FRA has been in force for more than sixteen years, it continues to be a site of fierce contestation. This chapter analyses these contestations from a legal perspective.
Air Quality Regulation
Authors: Ghosh Shibani 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter unpacks the key components of air quality regulation in India. It provides an overview of the regulatory and institutional framework that governs some of the major sources of air pollution in the country, focusing primarily on national laws and policies. It identifies four main challenges in regulating air quality: weaknesses in regulatory design; capacity and capability constraints in regulatory institutions; flawed policy-making; and the inadequacy of hard regulation in delivering cleaner air. The chapter concludes by suggesting certain pathways for reform: through legal amendments, institutional strengthening, and development of technical capacity for sound policy-making.
Climate Change
Authors: Dubash Navroz Kersi , Pillai Aditya Valiathan , Sridhar Anirudh 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Transforming towards a low-carbon, climate-resilient society will require reimagining existing governance arrangements. This chapter documents how India’s policies, institutions, and legal structures have changed in response to climate change. These developments have been opportunistic in character, with policy changes preceding institutional development. Policies are many and widespread, therefore, but lack strategic coherence. A more deliberate approach would bring with it enhanced governance requirements, including new structures for coordination, deliberation, and strategy-setting. This chapter pays attention to the prospects for climate law in India in this context, discussing different approaches to constructing firmer legal foundations for climate action.
The security of politicians: towards a research agenda
Authors: Matthews Neil , Haughey Sean 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Members of Parliament (MPs) are increasingly experimenting with a variety of measures to protect their personal security. This trend is particularly evident at the local level, with MPs adjusting their constituency service on security grounds in ways that likely affect how they interact with constituents. Despite potentially significant representative implications, these enhanced security measures have yet to be problematized in detail. This article calls for a new research agenda to address this deficit. Exploring some of the anecdotal evidence, we highlight potential trade-offs arising from a more securitized constituency service experience, noting, in particular, costs pertaining to (1) accessibility, (2) symbolism, and (3) resources. We conclude by sketching out the broad parameters of a multi-method, multi-level, and multi-disciplinary research agenda on the security of politicians.
Jim Crow and Black Economic Progress after Slavery
Authors: Althoff Lukas , Reichardt Hugo 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This article studies the long-run effects of slavery and restrictive Jim Crow institutions on Black Americans’ economic outcomes. We track individual-level census records of each Black family from 1850 to 1940 and extend our analysis to neighborhood-level outcomes in 2000 and surname-based outcomes in 2023. We show that Black families whose ancestors were enslaved until the Civil War have considerably lower education, income, and wealth than Black families whose ancestors were free before the Civil War. The disparities between the two groups have persisted substantially because most families enslaved until the Civil War lived in states with strict Jim Crow regimes after slavery ended. In a regression discontinuity design based on ancestors’ enslavement locations, we show that Jim Crow institutions sharply reduced Black families’ economic progress in the long run.
Religious rebound, political backlash, and the youngest cohort: understanding religious change in Turkey
Authors: Atac Ibrahim Enes , Adler Jr Gary J 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
We distinguish two streams of theory that dominate explanations of religious change: cohort-based cumulative decline theory, which emphasizes small and ongoing declines in individual religiosity accruing across generations; and political backlash theory, which emphasizes period- and identity-based changes due to the politicized meaning of religion. Notably, Muslim countries have largely been excluded from a recent wave of quantitative research on individual-level religious change, implicitly continuing an assumption that Islamic societies require different theoretical concepts. We deploy both theories to examine religious identity and behavior over multiple decades in Turkey, a Muslim-majority country with recent social conflict over religion. Utilizing age-period-cohort interaction models, our results suggest minimal evidence for a cohort-based process in Turkey, in contrast to that observed in Western countries. Rather, a political transformation—the politicization of religion through the rise of Turkey’s AKP (Justice and Development Party) and President Erdogan—is most salient to Turkish religious change. We introduce two concepts to backlash theory—identity updating and performance signaling—to show how different dimensions of individual religiosity respond to different politicized contexts. These findings extend our understanding of religious change beyond the Western context, with further implications for theorizing political backlash and cohort-based processes.
Understanding Species Boundaries that Arise from Complex Histories: Gene Flow Across the Speciation Continuum in the Spotted Whiptail Lizards
Authors: Barley Anthony J , Nieto-Montes de Oca Adrián , Manríquez-Morán Norma L , Thomson Robert C 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
—Gene flow between diverging lineages challenges the resolution of species boundaries and the understanding of evolutionary history in recent radiations. Here, we integrate phylogenetic and coalescent tools to resolve reticulate patterns of diversification and use a perspective focused on evolutionary mechanisms to distinguish interspecific and intraspecific taxonomic variation. We use this approach to resolve the systematics for one of the most intensively studied but difficult to understand groups of reptiles: the spotted whiptail lizards of the genus Aspidoscelis (A. gularis complex). Whiptails contain the largest number of unisexual species known within any vertebrate group and the spotted whiptail complex has played a key role in the generation of this diversity through hybrid speciation. Understanding lineage boundaries and the evolutionary history of divergence and reticulation within this group is therefore key to understanding the generation of unisexual diversity in whiptails. Despite this importance, long-standing confusion about their systematics has impeded understanding of which gonochoristic species have contributed to the formation of unisexual lineages. Using reduced representation genomic data, we resolve patterns of divergence and gene flow within the spotted whiptails and clarify patterns of hybrid speciation. We find evidence that biogeographically structured ecological and environmental variation has been important in morphological and genetic diversification, as well as the maintenance of species boundaries in this system. Our study elucidates how gene flow among lineages and the continuous nature of speciation can bias the practice of species delimitation and lead taxonomists operating under different frameworks to different conclusions (here we propose that a 2 species arrangement best reflects our current understanding). In doing so, this study provides conceptual and methodological insights into approaches to resolving diversification patterns and species boundaries in rapid radiations with complex histories, as well as long-standing taxonomic challenges in the field of systematic biology.
Method for Testing Etiologic Heterogeneity Among Noncompeting Diagnoses, Applied to Impact of Perinatal Exposures on Autism and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Authors: Kalkbrenner Amy E. , Zheng Cheng , Yu Justin , Jenson Tara E. , Kuhlwein Thomas , Ladd-Acosta Christine , Grove Jakob , Schendel Diana 
Published: July 2024

Background:
Testing etiologic heterogeneity, whether a disorder subtype is more or less impacted by a risk factor, is important for understanding causal pathways and optimizing statistical power. The study of mental health disorders especially benefits from strategic subcategorization because these disorders are heterogeneous and frequently co-occur. Existing methods to quantify etiologic heterogeneity are not appropriate for noncompeting events in an open cohort of variable-length follow-up. Thus, we developed a new method.

Methods:
We estimated risks from urban residence, maternal smoking during pregnancy, and parental psychiatric history, with subtypes defined by the presence or absence of a codiagnosis: autism alone, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) alone, and joint diagnoses of autism + ADHD. To calculate the risk of a single diagnosis (e.g., autism alone), we subtracted the risk for autism + ADHD from the risk for autism overall. We tested the equivalency of average risk ratios over time, using a Wald-type test and bootstrapped standard errors.

Results:
Urban residence was most strongly linked with autism + ADHD and least with ADHD only; maternal smoking was associated with ADHD only but not autism only; and parental psychiatric history exhibited similar associations with all subgroups.

Conclusion:
Our method allowed the calculation of appropriate P values to test the strength of association, informing etiologic heterogeneity wherein two of these three risk factors exhibited different impacts across diagnostic subtypes. The method used all available data, avoided neurodevelopmental outcome misclassification, exhibited robust statistical precision, and is applicable to similar heterogeneous complex conditions using common diagnostic data with variable follow-up.
Estimating the Effect of Bariatric Surgery on Cardiovascular Events Using Observational Data?
Authors: Madenci Arin L. , Kurgansky Katherine E. , Dickerman Barbra A. , Gerlovin Hanna , Wanis Kerollos Nashat , Smith Ann D. , Trinquart Ludovic , Gagnon David R. , Cho Kelly , Gaziano J. Michael , Casas Juan P. , Robins James M. , Hernán Miguel A. 
Published: July 2024

Background:
Observational studies have reported strongly protective effects of bariatric surgery on cardiovascular disease, but with oversimplified definitions of the intervention, eligibility criteria, and follow-up, which deviate from those in a randomized trial. We describe an attempt to estimate the effect of bariatric surgery on cardiovascular disease without introducing these sources of bias, which may not be entirely possible with existing observational data.

Methods:
We propose two target trials among persons with diabetes: (1) bariatric operation (vs. no operation) among individuals who have undergone preoperative preparation (lifestyle modifications and screening) and (2) preoperative preparation and a bariatric operation (vs. neither preoperative nor operative component). We emulated both target trials using observational data of US veterans.

Results:
Comparing bariatric surgery with no surgery (target trial #1; 8,087 individuals), the 7-year cardiovascular risk was 18.0% (95% CI = 6.9, 32.7) in the surgery group and 18.9% (95% CI = 17.7, 20.1) in the no-surgery group (risk difference −0.9, 95% CI = −12.0, 14.0). Comparing preoperative components plus surgery vs. neither (target trial #2; 10,065 individuals), the 7-year cardiovascular risk was 17.4% (95% CI = 13.6, 22.0) in the surgery group and 18.8% (95% CI = 17.8, 19.9) in the no-surgery group (risk difference −1.4, 95% CI = −5.1, 3.2). Body mass index and hemoglobin A1c were reduced with bariatric interventions in both emulations.

Conclusions:
Within limitations of available observational data, our estimates do not provide evidence that bariatric surgery reduces cardiovascular disease and support equipoise for a randomized trial of bariatric surgery for cardiovascular disease prevention.
Coadministration of Voriconazole and Rifabutin Can Increase the Risk of Adverse Drug Reactions in Patients with Multiple Infections
Authors: Kim Yoonjin , Bae Sungyeun , Huh Ki Young , Joo Jong Sun , Lee Jikyo , Song Sang Hoon , Yu Kyung-Sang , Jang In-Jin , Oh Jaeseong 
Published: July 2024

Background:
Coinfection of tuberculosis or nontuberculous mycobacteria and Aspergillus presents a challenge in medication selection because of the pharmacokinetic interactions between rifampin and voriconazole. Some researchers have suggested the use of rifabutin as an alternative to rifampin because of its lower hepatic cytochrome P450 enzyme induction potency despite its contraindication to drug labels. This study presents clinical cases of voriconazole and rifabutin coadministration and their potential risks.

Methods:
This retrospective study was conducted using clinical data from patients who met the following criteria: (1) admitted to Seoul National University Hospital between July 2014 and August 2023 and (2) concurrently administered rifabutin and voriconazole for more than 5 days.

Results:
Among the 6 patients analyzed, 4 experienced adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Three patients experienced visual and auditory hallucinations, lower extremity numbness, or delirious behavior. Two patients had prolonged the time from the start of the Q wave to the end of the T wave intervals, and 1 had elevated aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase levels. In addition, 2 patients experienced severe nausea, poor oral intake, and weight loss. Despite receiving 1.81-fold the recommended voriconazole dosage, a therapeutic concentration (1.0–5.5 mg/L) was not achieved because of cytochrome P450 induction by rifabutin. However, during septic shock, the voriconazole concentration increased by 13.7- to 36-fold.

Conclusions:
Concurrent use of rifabutin and voriconazole was associated with ADRs, including the time from the start of the Q wave to the end of the T wave prolongation, hallucinations, and severe nausea. Moreover, initially, there was a significant decrease in voriconazole concentrations; however, these concentrations substantially increased during septic shock. Therefore, it is essential to monitor drug concentrations and ADRs during concurrent use of voriconazole and rifabutin.
Modeling Fallout from Nuclear Weapon Detonations: Efficient Activity and Dose Calculation of Radionuclides and Their Progeny
Authors: van Dijk Arjan , de Bode Michiel , Kloosterman Astrid , van der Linden Marte , Tomas Jasper M. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to present a practical method for quick determination of potential radiological doses and contaminations by fallout from nuclear detonations, or other releases, that includes the contributions from all nuclides. We precalculate individual (total) activities of all radionuclides from any initial cocktail and all their ingrowing progeny at a set of pinpoints in time with a logarithmic time-spacing. This is combined with the set of dose conversion factors (DCC) for any exposure pathway to obtain a time-dependent cocktail for the whole release as if it is one substance. An atmospheric dispersion model then provides the thinning coefficient of the released material to give local concentrations and dose rates. Progeny ingrowth is illustrated for pure 238U and for a nuclear reactor that has been shut down. Efficient dose assessment is demonstrated for fallout from nuclear detonations and compared with the traditional approach of preselecting nuclides for specific endpoints and periods-of-interest. The compound cocktail DCC reduces the assessment of contaminations and potential dose-effects from fallout after a nuclear detonation to (the atmospheric dispersion of) only one tracer substance, representing any cocktail of nuclides and their progeny. This removes the need to follow all separate nuclides or an endpoint-specific preselection of “most important nuclides.” As the cocktail DCCs can be precalculated and the atmospheric dispersion of only one tracer substance has to be modelled, our method is fast. The model for calculating cocktail DCCs is freely available, easily coupled to any regular atmospheric dispersion model, and therefore ready for operational use by others.
Risk of Traumatic Brain Injury in Deployment and Nondeployment Settings Among Members of the Millennium Cohort Study
Authors: Jannace Kalyn C. , Pompeii Lisa , Gimeno Ruiz de Porras David , Perkison William Brett , Yamal Jose-Miguel , Trone Daniel W. , Rull Rudolph P. 
Published: July 2024

Objective:
To describe and quantify the prevalence and risk of deployment and nondeployment service-related traumatic brain injury (TBI) among participants of the Millennium Cohort Study.

Setting:
Survey data.

Participants:
28 759 Millennium Cohort Study participants who were active duty, Reserves, or National Guard at the time of the survey.

Design:
Cross-sectional secondary data analysis.

Main Measures:
Estimates of prevalence and rates of TBI were calculated. Multivariable Poisson regression estimated rate ratios of TBI overall and stratified by deployment and nondeployment settings.

Results:
The rate of TBI over the 362 535 person-years (PY) was 2.95 p/100 PY. the nondeployment rate was 2.15 p/100 PY, with a significantly higher rate (11.38 p/100 PY) in deployment settings. Bullets/blasts were the most common TBI mechanisms in deployed settings, while sports/physical training and military training were common in nondeployed settings.

Conclusions:
The risk of TBI as well as its mechanism varies by deployment and nondeployment, suggesting that targeted prevention strategies are needed to reduce the risk for TBI among military personnel based on their deployment status.
Lymphaticovenous and Lymph Node–to-Vein Anastomosis to Improve Milroy Disease–Related Chylothorax and Lymphedema
Authors: Alshomer Feras , Cho Jeongmok , Noh Hyungjoo , Pak Changsik John , Suh Hyunsuk Peter , Hong Joon Pio 
Published: July 2024

Background:
Primary lymphedema is characterized by lymphatic dysplasia in which one variant is Milroy disease. The association with congenital chylothorax is even rarer, with poor outcome. This is the first report to use peripheral lymphovenous anastomosis (LVA) and lymph node–to-vein anastomosis (LNVA) for the management of such condition.

Methods:
A retrospective chart review of patients with Milroy disease with complication of chylothorax between 2019 until 2023 was performed. Clinical assessment and radiologic investigations were reviewed.

Results:
Six patients with a mean age of 12 ± 3.9 years and disease duration of 10.5 ± 2.8 years were reviewed. Three had International Society of Lymphology stage 3 disease, and the others had stage 2 (late) disease. All had bilateral lower extremity lymphedema and chylothorax with history of chest tube drainage. After LVA and LNVA, significant reduction in extremity volume (P = 0.028) along with nearly complete resolution of chylothorax were noted during the long-term follow-up (32 ± 17.9 months).

Conclusions:
Milroy disease complicated with chylothorax remains challenging. This is the first report using peripheral bypass (LVA and LNVA), which resulted in improvement of both lower extremity lymphedema and chylothorax. The utility of this approach represents a promising modality in the management of this devastating condition.

CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE:
Therapeutic, IV.
Elevated stress-responsive biomarkers are associated with HIV acquisition in young women in rural South Africa
Authors: Stoner Marie C.D. , Kelly Nicole K. , Gomez-Olive F. Xavier , Mall Sumaya , Wagner Danielle , Aiello Allison E. , Bhushan Nivedita , Kahn Kathleen , Pettifor Audrey E. 
Published: July 2024

Objective:
Biological markers of stress have been associated with HIV progression and pathogenesis but not with HIV incidence. We sought to determine if elevated stress-responsive biomarkers would be associated with incident HIV among adolescent girls and young women (AGYW).

Design:
We conducted a case-cohort study within the HIV Prevention Trials Network (HPTN) 068 study among 949 AGYW in South Africa. Cases were AGYW who tested HIV-positive during the eight-year follow-up. Unmatched controls were randomly selected from the HIV-negative population at enrollment.

Methods:
Dried blood spots from cases and controls were tested from enrollment (2011–2012) for C-reactive protein (CRP), herpes simplex virus type-1 (HSV-1) antibody titers, and cytomegalovirus (CMV) antibody titers. Cox proportional hazards models estimated the association between each biomarker and time to incident HIV.

Results:
Compared to AGYW with the lowest CRP levels, those with medium and high CRP levels had a higher hazard ratio (HR) of incident HIV [HR: 1.45, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.95, 2.21; HR: 1.50, 95% CI: 0.98, 2.30, respectively], although not statistically significant. The relative hazard of incident HIV was also higher among AGYW who were CMV seropositive vs. seronegative (low antibodies HR: 2.18, 95% CI: 1.2, 3.87; medium HR: 2.25, 95% CI: 1.28, 3.95; high HR: 1.78, 95% CI: 0.99, 3.21). Those with the highest HSV-1 antibody levels experienced an increased hazard of HIV compared to those who were HSV-1 seronegative (HR: 1.58, 95% CI: 1.03, 2.44).

Conclusions:
Biological stress may increase AGYW's susceptibility to HIV acquisition through changes in immune function, viral infection, and increased biological vulnerability to disease.