bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Plasma‐assisted molecular beam epitaxy of strain‐compensated a‐plane InGaN/AlGaN superlattices
Authors: Enck Ryan W. , Woodward N. , Gallinat C. , Metcalfe G. , Sampath A. V. , Shen H. , Wraback M. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractStrain‐compensated InGaN/AlGaN structures can enable the growth of thick layers of InGaN epitaxial films far beyond the critical thickness for InGaN grown pseudomorphically to GaN. In this paper, we demonstrate the epitaxial growth of high‐quality strain‐compensated a‐plane In0.12Ga0.88N/Al0.19Ga0.81N superlattices up to 5 times thicker than the critical thickness on free‐standing a‐plane GaN substrates by plasma‐assisted molecular beam epitaxy (PA‐MBE). The superlattices consist of 50 to 200 periods of 10 nm thick In0.12Ga0.88N and 6 nm thick Al0.19Ga0.81N layers. The structures are characterized using a double crystal X‐ray diffractometer, asymmetric reciprocal space mapping, and atomic force microscopy. We use X‐ray diffraction to determine the strain, composition, degree of relaxation, and superlattice period of our samples. The structural characteristics of periodic structures containing from 50 to 200 periods are compared to single layer, uncompensated In0.12Ga0.88N films. A 100 period structure exhibited only 15% relaxation compared to 69% relaxation for the bulk In0.12Ga0.88N film grown with the same total InGaN thickness but without strain‐compensating layers. (© 2015 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Encouraging Greater Student Inquiry Engagement in Science Through Motivational Support by Online Scientist‐Mentors
Authors: SCOGIN STEPHEN C. , STUESSY CAROL L. 
Published: January 2015

ABSTRACTNext Generation Science Standards (NGSS) call for integrating knowledge and practice in learning experiences in K‐12 science education. PlantingScience (PS), an ideal curriculum for use as an NGSS model, is a computer‐mediated collaborative learning environment intertwining scientific inquiry, classroom instruction, and online mentoring from scientists. With implementation in hundreds of classrooms across the United States, science teachers have noted PS as successful in motivating their students to engage in classroom inquiry investigations. To investigate the role of the online scientist‐mentors in motivating students in the PS learning environment, we used self‐determination theory (SDT) to guide a multiple case study of 10 student inquiry teams engaged in PS in a rural public school in a large Southwestern U.S. state. We used online dialogues between scientist‐mentors and their assigned student inquiry teams to answer research questions about the motivational support provided by scientist‐mentors and the association between this support and students' engagement in scientific inquiry. Analyses revealed a general relationship between scientist‐mentor motivational support and student inquiry engagement. Differences were observed in the specific ways in which scientists supported autonomy, competence, and relatedness. Student inquiry engagement corresponded to high support in relatedness, whereas correspondence with autonomy support was low.
An approach of security testing for third‐party component based on state mutation
Authors: Chen Jinfu , Chen Jiamei , Huang Rubing , Guo Yuchi , Zhan Yongzhao 
Published: January 2015

ABSTRACTIt is essential to study an effective approach of security testing for third‐party component. In this paper, to effectively trigger implicit vulnerabilities of third‐party components, an approach of security testing for third‐party component is proposed based on state mutation. To start with, executable method sequences of components are transformed into extended finite state machine. Then, according to characteristics of condition conflict and behavior conflict, two test case generation algorithms are addressed, that is, Operations Conflict Sequences Generation Algorithm and Conditions Conflict Sequences Generation Algorithm, which are designed to generate inaccessible sequences of behavior and condition conflicts. These conflict sequences are run. Furthermore, the security detecting algorithms are addressed to detect implicit vulnerabilities of third‐party components, and then, testing report of component security is obtained. In the end, some experiments are conducted on the basis of the proposed approach, and the experimental results show that the proposed approach can effectively detect security exceptions of third‐party components. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Surgical Management of Traumatic Penile Amputation: A Case Report and Review of the World Literature
Authors: Raheem Omer A. , Mirheydar Hossein S. , Patel Nishant D. , Patel Sunil H. , Suliman Ahmed , Buckley Jill C. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract

Introduction
There is paucity of case reports that describe the successful reimplantation of a penis after amputation. We sought to report on self-inflicted penile amputation and comment on its surgical management and review current literature.

Aim
To report on self-inflicted penile amputation and comment on its surgical management and review current literature.

Methods
A 19-year-old male with no prior medical history presented to our university-affiliated trauma center following sustaining a self-inflicted amputation of shaft penis secondary to severe methamphetamine-induced psychosis. He immediately underwent extensive reconstructive reimplantation of the penis performed jointly by plastics and urology teams reattaching all visible neurovascular bundles, urethra, and corporal and fascial layers. The patient was discharged with a suprapubic tube in place and a Foley catheter in place with well-healing tissue.

Main Outcome Measures
To review the current published literature and case reports on the management of penile amputation with particular emphasis its etiology, surgical repairs, potential complications and functional outcomes.

Results
We report herein a case of a traumatic penile amputation and successful outcome of microscopic reimplantation and review of the published literature with particular comments on surgical managements.

Conclusion
We review the literature and case reports on penile amputation and its etiology, surgical management, variables effecting outcomes, and its complications.
The evolutionary diagnosis of mental disorder
Authors: Troisi Alfonso 
Published: January 2015

Medicalization of human behavioral diversity is a recurrent theme in the history of psychiatry, and the problem of defining what is a genuine mental disorder is an unresolved question since the origins of clinical psychopathology. Darwinian psychiatry can formulate a definition of mental disorder that is value free and based on factual criteria. From an evolutionary perspective, genuine mental disorders are maladaptive conditions. The ultimate function of an adaptation is gene propagation via maximization of survival and reproduction. It follows that a distressing and/or disabling psychological or behavioral syndrome is a psychiatric disorder only if it impacts negatively on the individual's inclusive fitness. However, in many cases, an evolutionary definition of disorder cannot be reconciled with current social values. Thus, clinicians adopting the evolutionary approach should conform to the prevailing trend of contemporary medicine and accept that their task is to be healers of the distressed, not watchdogs of biological adaptation. These pragmatic considerations do not minimize the scientific validity of the Darwinian definition of mental disorders. Probably, its major contribution to psychiatric theory is the elimination of the necessity to find a brain lesion or dysfunctional mechanism to validate the distinction between disorders and non‐disorders. WIREs Cogn Sci 2015, 6:323–331. doi: 10.1002/wcs.1339This article is categorized under:

Neuroscience > Clinical Neuroscience
Ligand‐Directed Assembly of Manganese and Zinc Complexes: Syntheses, Crystal Structures, and Bioactivities
Authors: Wang Cui‐Juan , Mao Kai‐Li , Qiu Guang‐Mei , Huang Shuai , Shan Lian‐Hai , Zhou Xian‐Li , Zhang Zhi‐Bin , Wang Yao‐Yu 
Published: January 2015

AbstractThree coordination networks with the 1, 2,4‐triazole linking units 3‐(4′‐imidazole phenyl)‐5‐(pyrid‐2′′‐yl)‐1, 2,4‐triazole (HIppyt) and 3‐(pyrazin‐2′‐yl)‐5‐(4′‐(pyrid‐4′′‐yl)‐phenyl)‐1, 2,4‐triazole (Hpypypt), respectively, were synthesized and structurally characterized. The structures of [Mn(Ippyt)2·2H2O] (1) and [Zn(Ippyt)2·2H2O] (2) were found to be similar despite the presence of different metal ions. When Ippyt was replaced by pypypt to react with Zn(OAc)2·2H2O, the 2D coordination polymer, {[Zn(pypypt)2]·2DMF}n (3) formed. The adjacent zinc(II) atoms with similar octahedral coordination environment are interlinked by four separate pypypt ligands to construct a 2D network structure. The biological activities of 1 and 3 were studied. The results indicate that 1 and 3 exhibit certain antimicrobial activities. Furthermore, solid‐state properties of thermal stability and photoluminescence properties at room temperature for these crystalline materials were also investigated.
Synthesis, Crystal Structure, and Properties of Mn(PO3F)(H2O)2
Authors: Weil Matthias , Baran Enrique J. , Kremer Reinhard K. , Libowitzky Eugen 
Published: January 2015

AbstractSingle crystals of manganese(II) fluorophosphate dihydrate, Mn(PO3F)(H2O)2, were grown in a metathesis reaction from aqueous solutions of MnCl2 and (NH4)2(PO3F). The crystal structure [P$\bar{1}$, Z = 2, a = 5.5280(7), b = 5.6357(7), c = 8.2570(10) Å, α = 81.279(2), β = 75.156(2), γ = 71.722(2)°, 1345 structure factors, 86 parameter, R[F2 > 2σ(F2)] = 0.0322, wR(F2 all) = 0.0771] consists of [MnO4(H2O)2] octahedra that share a common edge to form isolated double octahedra of the type [Mn2O2/2O4/1(H2O)4/1]. Each double octahedron is bridged by the oxygen atoms of six (PO3F) tetrahedra to six neighboring double octahedra into a layered arrangement parallel to (001). Adjacent layers are held together through weak O–H···O hydrogen bonds, and no significant hydrogen bonding interactions of the type O–H···F are observed. Vibrational spectra are discussed in terms of a site‐symmetry approximation for the (PO3F)2– anion. The thermal decomposition of Mn(PO3F)(H2O)2 starts above 130 °C. In a multi‐stage mechanism the end‐product Mn2P2O7 is formed at temperatures above 500 °C. Magnetic measurements suggest an antiferromagnetic ordering of Mn(PO3F)(H2O)2 at 3.4 K.
Role of Gadoxetic Acid‐Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging in the Preoperative Evaluation of Small Hepatic Lesions in Patients with Colorectal Cancer
Authors: Cho Jai Young , Lee Yoon Jin , Han Ho‐Seong , Yoon Yoo‐Seok , Kim Jihoon , Choi YoungRok , Shin Hong Kyung , Lee Woohyung 
Published: January 2015

AbstractBackgroundThe initial abdominal computed tomography (CT) scans of patients with colorectal cancer (CRC) sometimes reveal equivocal hepatic lesions. In this study, we evaluated the outcomes of equivocal hepatic lesions found by abdominal CT and the diagnostic accuracy of subsequent liver magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).MethodsWe evaluated data of patients who underwent CRC resection between January 1, 2009 and December 31, 2009. Equivocal hepatic lesions of <1 cm in size on preoperative staging CT scans were included in this study. Gadoxetic acid‐enhanced liver MRI was subsequently performed in all patients. Hepatic lesions that grew during the follow‐up period (≥3 years) were considered potential metastases.ResultsOverall, 121 equivocal hepatic lesions were detected on preoperative staging CT in 65 out of 494 patients (13.2 %) who underwent colorectal surgery. Based on subsequent MRI, 11 lesions were classified as definitive metastatic lesions and 100 were classified as definitive benign lesions, including simple cysts or hemangiomas. Findings in the other 10 lesions were still inconclusive even after examining CT and MRI. Of the 11 lesions that were classified as metastatic by MRI and were resected, 10 were pathologically confirmed as metastases and one lesion was a pathologically benign nodule. All 100 benign lesions were stable on follow‐up imaging and were classified as benign. Of the 10 equivocal lesions, 6 increased in size during the follow up, suggesting they were early metastases, while 4 were stable. The sensitivity and specificity for detecting liver metastases by gadoxetic acid‐enhanced MRI of small equivocal hepatic lesions found by CT were 100 % (16/16) and 95.2 % (100/105), respectively, if MRI was equivocal or indicated definite metastasis. The negative predictive value was 100 % (100/100).ConclusionGadoxetic acid‐enhanced MRI is a useful diagnostic tool for assessing equivocal hepatic lesions on preoperative CT of CRC patients that allows increased diagnostic accuracy and detection of additional colorectal liver metastasis lesions.
International note: Teen users' problematic online behavior: Using panel data from South Korea
Authors: Kim Jung Eun , Kim Jinhee 
Published: January 2015

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this study was to identify factors of teen users' problematic online behaviors using data from the Korea Youth Panel Survey (KYPS) collected over a four‐year period. Problematic online behaviors included unauthorized ID use, disguising one's age or gender while chatting online, and cursing/insulting someone in a chat room or on a bulletin board. Results from the panel data analyses showed that many adolescents explored and discontinued engaging in online delinquency as they got older. Respondents' offline behaviors and self‐control were significantly associated with problematic online behaviors, supporting the importance of internal traits. Peer effects were consistently more important than parental effects on teen's online delinquency. Increases in time spent using a computer also contributed to the likelihood of problematic online behaviors.
Validation of an Analytical Method for the Determination of the Activity of Protease in Animal Feed Additives and in Animal Feedingstuffs
Authors: Dillon G.P. , Filer K. , Moran C.A. 
Published: January 2015

SummaryThe nutrient availability in animal feeds can be improved by including exogenous enzymes to the feed, either by helping breakdown anti-nutritional factors or by increasing digestibility of complex ingredients thereby releasing more nutrients for utilisation. This process can improve the efficiency of meat and egg production, increase animal health, decrease feeding costs and reduce nutrients in animal waste. Proteases are protein-digesting enzymes that are used in animal nutrition to break down storage proteins in various plant materials and proteinaceous anti-nutrients in vegetable proteins. The analysis of exogenous proteases in feed additives and after they have been added to feed has proven technically challenging. Accordingly, the purpose of this work was to validate a method for the determination of the activity of protease in animal feed additives and supplemented animal feed. The approach used for the assay was to adapt an assay based on the hydrolysis of haemoglobin. The method validations examined a range of parameters including; linearity & range; uncertainty, sensitivity, accuracy and studies designed to highlight any possible matrix effects on various types of supplemented feed. The assay method described herein is convenient and inexpensive and could be applied to the analysis of proteases in animal feeds during quality control and in investigating fraudulent adulteration of feed to ensure the authenticity and traceability of the product.
Unsteady Flow between Two Orthogonally Moving Porous Disks
Authors: Ghaffar M. , Ali K. , Yasmin A. , Ashraf M. 
Published: January 2015

ABSTRACTThe unsteady laminar incompressible flow of a fluid between two orthogonally moving porous coaxial disks is considered numerically. A transformation is used to reduce the governing partial differential equations (PDEs) to a set of nonlinear coupled ordinary differential equations. The effects of physical parameters of interest such as the wall expansion ratio and the permeability Reynolds number on the velocity are discussed in detail.
Solution for a Crack Embedded in Multiply Confocally Elliptical Layers in Antiplane Elasticity
Authors: Chen Y.-Z. 
Published: January 2015

ABSTRACTThis paper provides a general solution for a crack embedded in multiply confocally elliptical layers in antiplane elasticity. In the problem, the elastic medium is composed of an inclusion, many confocally elliptical layers and the infinite matrix with different elastic properties. In addition, the remote loading is applied at infinity. The complex variable method and the conformal mapping technique are used. On the mapping plane, the complex potentials for the inclusion and many layers are assumed in a particular form with two undetermined coefficients. The continuity conditions for the displacement and traction along the interface between two adjacent layers are formulated and studied. By enforcing those conditions along the interface, the exact relation between two sets of two undetermined coefficients in the complex potentials forj-th layer andj+ 1-th layer can be evaluated. From the traction free condition along the crack faces, the correct form of the complex potential for the cracked inclusion is obtained. Finally, many numerical results are provided.
Cross-sectional survey of antibiotic resistance in Escherichia coli isolated from diseased farm livestock in England and Wales
Authors: CHENEY T. E. A. , SMITH R. P. , HUTCHINSON J. P. , BRUNTON L. A. , PRITCHARD G. , TEALE C. J. 
Published: January 2015

SUMMARYBetween 2005 and 2007, E. coli obtained from clinical diagnostic submissions from cattle, goats, pigs and sheep to government laboratories in England and Wales were tested for sensitivity to 16 antimicrobials. Resistance was most commonly observed against ampicillin, streptomycin, sulphonamides and tetracyclines. Resistance levels varied significantly between species, with isolates from cattle frequently showing the highest levels. Verocytotoxigenic E. coli (VTEC) expressed less resistance than non-VTEC. Only 19·3% of non-VTEC and 43·5% of VTEC were susceptible to all antimicrobials, while 47·1% and 30·4%, respectively, were resistant to ⩾5 antimicrobials. The resistance phenotype SSuT was commonly observed, and isolates resistant to third-generation cephalosporins were also identified. We recommend judicious antimicrobial usage in the livestock industry in order to preserve efficacy.
A rare complication of radiofrequency ablation: skin burn
Authors: Ertuğrul İlker , Karagöz Tevfik , Aykan Hayrettin H. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractRadiofrequency ablation is the first-line treatment for arrhythmias with high success and low complication rates. Skin burns have been reported rarely after electrophysiological procedures, especially procedures in which higher-power energy is used and multiple ablations are performed. Here, we report a case of skin burn that developed after radiofrequency ablation for ventricular tachycardia originating from the right ventricular outflow tract.
Winds of metal-poor OB stars: Updates from HST-COS UV spectroscopy
Authors: García M. , Herrero A. , Najarro F. , Lennon D. J. , Urbaneja M. A. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractIn the race to break the SMC frontier and reach metallicity conditions closer to the First Stars the information from UV spectroscopy is usually overlooked. New HST-COS observations of OB stars in the metal-poor galaxy IC1613, with oxygen content ~1/10 solar, have proved the important role of UV spectroscopy to characterize blue massive stars and their winds. The terminal velocities (υ∞) and abundances derived from the dataset have shed new light on the problem of metal-poor massive stars with strong winds. Furthermore, our results question the υ∞-υesc and υ∞-Z scaling relations whose use in optical-only studies may introduce large uncertainties in the derived mass loss rates and wind-momenta. Finally, our results indicate that the detailed abundance pattern of each star may have a non-negligible impact on its wind properties, and scaling these as a function of one single metallicity parameter is probably too coarse an approximation. Considering, for instance, that the [α/Fe] ratio evolves with the star formation history of each galaxy, we may be in need of updating all our wind recipes.
New prescriptions of turbulent transport from local numerical simulations
Authors: Prat V. , Lignières F. , Lesur G. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractMassive stars often experience fast rotation, which is known to induce turbulent mixing with a strong impact on the evolution of these stars. Local direct numerical simulations of turbulent transport in stellar radiative zones are a promising way to constrain phenomenological transport models currently used in many stellar evolution codes. We present here the results of such simulations of stably-stratified sheared turbulence taking notably into account the effects of thermal diffusion and chemical stratification. We also discuss the impact of theses results on stellar evolution theory.
Rotational velocities of single and binary O-type stars in the Tarantula Nebula
Authors: Ramírez-Agudelo O. H. , Sana H. , de Koter A. , Simón-Díaz S. , de Mink S. E. , Tramper F. , Dufton P. L. , Evans C. J. , Gräfener G. , Herrero A. , Langer N. , Lennon D. J. , Maíz Apellániz J. , Markova N. , Najarro F. , Puls J. , Taylor W.D. , Vink J.S. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractRotation is a key parameter in the evolution of massive stars, affecting their evolution, chemical yields, ionizing photon budget, and final fate. We determined the projected rotational velocity, υe sin i, of ~330 O-type objects, i.e. ~210 spectroscopic single stars and ~110 primaries in binary systems, in the Tarantula nebula or 30 Doradus (30 Dor) region. The observations were taken using VLT/FLAMES and constitute the largest homogeneous dataset of multi-epoch spectroscopy of O-type stars currently available. The most distinctive feature of the υe sin i distributions of the presumed-single stars and primaries in 30 Dor is a low-velocity peak at around 100 km s−1. Stellar winds are not expected to have spun-down the bulk of the stars significantly since their arrival on the main sequence and therefore the peak in the single star sample is likely to represent the outcome of the formation process. Whereas the spin distribution of presumed-single stars shows a well developed tail of stars rotating more rapidly than 300 km s−1, the sample of primaries does not feature such a high-velocity tail. The tail of the presumed-single star distribution is attributed for the most part – and could potentially be completely due – to spun-up binary products that appear as single stars or that have merged. This would be consistent with the lack of such post-interaction products in the binary sample, that is expected to be dominated by pre-interaction systems. The peak in this distribution is broader and is shifted toward somewhat higher spin rates compared to the distribution of presumed-single stars. Systems displaying large radial velocity variations, typical for short period systems, appear mostly responsible for these differences.
Luminous Infrared Sources in the Local Group: Identifying the Missing Links in Massive Star Evolution
Authors: Britavskiy N. , Bonanos A. Z. , Mehner A. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractWe present the first systematic survey of dusty massive stars (RSGs, LBVs, sgB[e]) in nearby galaxies, with the goal of understanding their importance in massive star evolution. Using the fact that these stars are bright in mid-infrared colors due to dust, we provide a technique for selecting and identifying dusty evolved stars based on the results of Bonanos et al. (2009, 2010), Britavskiy et al. (2014), and archival Spitzer/IRAC photometry. We present the results of our spectroscopic follow-up of luminous infrared sources in the Local Group dwarf irregular galaxies: Pegasus, Phoenix, Sextans A and WLM. The survey aims to complete the census of dusty massive stars in the Local Group.