bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Equilibrium Inclinations of Straight Boreholes
Authors: Perneder Luc , Detournay Emmanuel 
Published: March 2013

Summary
This paper describes a directional drilling model for calculating the equilibrium inclination of straight boreholes, considering a bottomhole assembly (BHA) with a “push-the-bit” rotary steerable system (RSS). The model yields closed-form expressions for the magnitude and orientation of the RSS pad force, which is required to maintain the inclination of the borehole. The explicit dependence of the RSS force on the positions of the stabilizers and the RSS, on the mechanical properties of the BHA, on the characteristics of the bit, and on the weight on bit enables the identification of particular cases of practical significance.
Wide‐Scale Population Sampling Identifies Three Phylogeographic Races of Basin Wildrye and Low‐Level Genetic Admixture with Creeping Wildrye
Authors: Culumber C. Mae , Larson Steven R. , Jones Thomas A. , Jensen Kevin B. 
Published: March 2013

ABSTRACTBasin wildrye [Leymus cinereus (Scribn. & Merr.) Á. Löve] and creeping wildrye [Leymus triticoides (Buckley) Pilg.] are outcrossing perennial grasses native to western North America. These divergent species are generally adapted to different habitats but can form fertile hybrids. Cultivars of both species are used in agriculture and conservation, but little is known about genetic diversity and gene flow among these species. Therefore, multilocus amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) genotypes and chloroplast DNA sequences were evaluated from 536 L. cinereus and 43 L. triticoides plants from 224 locations of western United States and Canada. Bayesian‐cluster analysis detected three L. cinereus races corresponding to the Columbia, Rocky Mountain, and Great Basin regions. Possible admixture between species was detected in specific areas, but only 2.2% of the plants showed more than 10% introgression. The Columbia and Great Basin races were predominantly octoploid whereas most of the Rocky Mountain accessions were tetraploid. Approximately 36 and 7% of the AFLP variation was apportioned among species and races, respectively, but no discrete marker differences were detected among these groups. Although species can be distinguished using a relatively small set of AFLP markers showing divergent allele frequencies, at least 30 markers were needed to classify plants by race. Approximately 8 and 11% of the chloroplast DNA sequence variation was apportioned among species and races, but these markers were not practically useful for species or race identification.
Sugarcane Leaf Photosynthesis and Growth Characters during Development of Water‐Deficit Stress
Authors: Zhao Duli , Glaz Barry , Comstock Jack C. 
Published: March 2013

ABSTRACTYield and profitability of sugarcane (a complex hybrid of Saccharum spp.) grown on sand soils are much lower than on organic soils in Florida owing to biotic and abiotic stresses. A greenhouse study was conducted using a sand soil to identify effects of water deficit stress (WS) during sugarcane early growth on leaf photosynthetic components, plant growth, and dry matter accumulation. Treatments included two sugarcane genotypes (CP 01‐2390 and CP 80‐1743) and two water regimes (well watered [WW] and WS). All plants were well watered before initiating WS. Water was withheld from the WS pots when plants reached seven to eight leaves on the primary stem. During the WS treatment, plant growth and leaf photosynthetic components were measured. Final green leaf area (GLA) and shoot biomass were determined at the end of the experiment. Water stress depressed leaf relative chlorophyll level (SPAD), stomatal conductance (gs), leaf net photosynthetic rate (Pn), transpiration rate (Tr), transpiration use efficiency (TUE) of photosynthesis, and GLA, resulting in reduced shoot biomass. CP 01‐2390 was superior to CP 80‐1743 in most measured physiological and growth traits under the WW and WS conditions, suggesting that selection of genotypes with tolerance to WS while improving irrigation management will improve sugarcane yields on sand soils. Physiological and growth traits, such as SPAD, gs, Pn, Tr, TUE, GLA, tillering, and stalk length, may be useful for early detection of WS and for evaluation of sugarcane genotypes in the stress tolerance.
Review of current evidence on the impact of pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls and selected metals on attention deficit / hyperactivity disorder in children
Authors: Polańska Kinga , Jurewicz Joanna , Hanke Wojciech 
Published: March 2013

AbstractThe aim of this review was to investigate the association between attention deficit / hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) or ADHD-related symptoms and industrial chemicals, such as organophosphates and organochlorine pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), lead, mercury and manganese. Medline, PubMed and EBSCO searches were performed to identify the studies that analyzed the association of prenatal and postnatal child exposure to such toxicants and ADHD or ADHD-related symptoms. The review is restricted to human studies published in English in peer-reviewed journals since 2000. Most of the presented studies focused on pesticides, PCB and lead. The impact of mercury and manganese was investigated less frequently. The findings indicate that children’s exposure to organophosphate pesticides may cause symptoms consistent with pervasive developmental disorder, ADHD or attention problems. Exposures to organochlorine pesticides and PCBs were associated with ADHD-like behaviors such as alertness, quality of alert response, and cost of attention. The studies provided evidence that blood lead level below 10 μg/dl was associated with ADHD or ADHD-related symptoms. Information on the association between exposure to mercury and neurotoxicity is limited, and requires further confirmation in future research. Two studies indicated that exposure to manganese is related to ADHD; such exposure and its impact on children neurodevelopment need to be further investigated. Future studies should use a prospective design with multiple biological samples collected over time for better assessment of exposure and its critical windows. Additionally, inclusion of potential confounding factors and co-exposures is crucial.
Microorganisms in metalworking fluids: Current issues in research and management
Authors: Trafny Elżbieta 
Published: March 2013

AbstractThe microbial contamination of water miscible metalworking fluids (MWFs) is a serious problem in metal industry. A good maintenance of MWF re-circulation systems can extend the lifetime of coolants and ensure the quality of the tools produced. In MWFs, as in the other water-based environments, microorganisms usually live in the form of biofilms, the communities of bacteria and fungi attached to the surface of sumps, metal parts and also to each other. Biofilms exhibit very high resistance to biocides. The effect of biocides that are used as additives to MWFs to control the growth of the bacterial and fungal microbiomes (microorganisms characteristic to the individual coolant system) have become the subject of research only in recent years. There are also only sparse reports on the impact of biocides on microorganisms growing in biofilms in MWF installations. Fast growing mycobacteria are important members of these biofilm communities. Their presence has recently been linked with the occurrence of cases of hypersensitivity pneumonitis, a serious respiratory disorder in the metal industry employees. The new, relatively fast and inexpensive techniques to assess the species diversity within MWF microbiomes and their population size should be developed in order to control the microorganisms’ proliferation in MWFs and to diminish the occupational exposure to harmful bioaerosols in metal industry.
Visual outcomes for surgical treatment of large and giant carotid ophthalmic segment aneurysms: a case series utilizing retrograde suction decompression (the “Dallas technique”)
Authors: Mattingly Thomas , Kole Max K. , Nicolle David , Boulton Mel , Pelz David , Lownie Stephen P. 
Published: March 2013

ObjectThe authors report their results in a series of large or giant carotid ophthalmic segment aneurysms clipped using retrograde suction decompression.MethodsA retrospective review of clinical data and treatment summaries was performed for 18 patients with large or giant carotid artery ophthalmic segment aneurysms managed operatively via retrograde suction decompression. Visual outcomes, Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) scores, and operative complications were determined. Postoperative angiography was assessed.ResultsDuring a 17-year period, 18 patients underwent surgery performed using retrograde suction decompression. The mean aneurysm size was 26 mm. Three patients presented with subarachnoid hemorrhage. Fourteen of 18 patients presented with visual symptoms. Eleven (79%) of these 14 patients experienced visual improvement and the remaining 3 (21%) experienced worsened vision after surgery. Of 3 patients without visual symptoms and a complete visual examination before and after surgery, 1 had visual worsening postoperatively. One aneurysm required trapping and bypass, and all others could be clipped. Postoperative angiography demonstrated complete occlusion in 9 of 17 clipped aneurysms and neck remnants in the other 8 clipped aneurysms. One (5.5%) of 18 patients experienced a stroke. Eighteen patients had a GOS score of 5 (good outcome), and 1 patient had a GOS score of 4 (moderately disabled). There were no deaths. There was no morbidity related to the second incision or decompression procedure. Prolonged improvement did occur, and even in some cases of visual worsening in 1 eye, the overall vision did improve enough to allow driving.ConclusionsRetrograde suction decompression greatly facilitates surgical clipping for large and giant aneurysms of the ophthalmic segment. Visual preservation and improvement occur in the majority of these cases and is an important outcome measure. Developing endovascular technology must show equivalence or superiority to surgery for this specific outcome.
Radiographic evaluation of postoperative bone regrowth after microscopic bilateral decompression via a unilateral approach for degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis
Authors: Dohzono Sho , Matsumura Akira , Terai Hidetomi , Toyoda Hiromitsu , Suzuki Akinobu , Nakamura Hiroaki 
Published: March 2013

Object
Minimally invasive decompressive surgery using a microscope or endoscope has been widely performed for the treatment of lumbar spinal canal stenosis (LSS). In this study the authors aimed to assess outcomes following microscopic bilateral decompression via a unilateral approach (MBDU) in terms of postoperative bone regrowth and preservation of the facet joints in patients with degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis (DS) as compared with those in patients with LSS.

Methods
In the period from May 1998 to February 2007 at the authors' institution, 85 patients underwent MBDU at L4–5. Clinical outcome was evaluated before surgery and at the final follow-up using the Japanese Orthopaedic Association (JOA) score for low-back pain. The following radiographic parameters were assessed at the L4–5 segment before surgery and at the final follow-up: 1) percentage slip on standing lateral radiographs, 2) percentage slip on dynamic radiographs, 3) disc arc on dynamic radiographs, and 4) percentage of facet joint preservation on CT. Bone regrowth on the ventral and dorsal sides of the facet joint on CT were assessed at the final follow-up.

Results
The cases of 47 patients (23 with DS at L-4 and 24 with LSS at L4–5 without instability) who had a follow-up of at least 2 years were retrospectively reviewed. The improvement ratio in the JOA score, that is, the percentage improvement as indicated by the difference between preoperative and postoperative JOA scores, was not significantly different between patients with DS and LSS. The percentage slip had progressed at the latest follow-up in both groups (1.4% and 1.1%, respectively), and there was no significant difference between the 2 groups. The percentage of facet joint preservation in the DS and LSS groups was 72.8% and 83.4%, respectively, on the approach side and 95.5% and 96.5% on the contralateral side. Facet joint preservation was significantly less on the approach side than on the contralateral side in both groups. The average amount of bone regrowth on the dorsal and ventral sides of the facet joint was 3.4 and 0.9 mm, respectively, in the DS group and 2.0 and 1.0 mm in the LSS group. The difference between the 2 groups was not significant. Facet joint preservation and bone regrowth were not correlated with clinical outcomes.

Conclusions
Microscopic bilateral decompression via a unilateral approach can prevent postoperative spinal instability because of good preservation of the posterior elements including the facet joints, which is thought to be the main reason for the relatively small amount of bone regrowth after surgery.
Characterization of microsatellites for the endangered Ruta oreojasme (Rutaceae) and cross‐amplification in related species
Authors: Meloni Marilena , Reid Andrea , Conti Elena 
Published: March 2013

• Premise of the study: Ruta oreojasme is an endangered species endemic to Gran Canaria (Canary Islands, Spain), where it occurs in small populations with disjunct distribution. Nothing is known about the genetic structure of these populations.• Methods and Results: Using a microsatellite‐enriched library method, 10 microsatellite markers have been developed from R. oreojasme, all of which showed polymorphism. The transferability of the 10 markers was tested in two other Canarian endemic species, R. microcarpa and R. pinnata, as well as in the widespread species R. montana.• Conclusions: Our results demonstrate the value of these newly developed microsatellite markers to investigate the genetic structure in R. oreojasme and show their potential applicability for population genetic studies in other Ruta species.
Citrus (Rutaceae) SNP markers based on Competitive Allele‐Specific PCR; transferability across the Aurantioideae subfamily
Authors: Garcia‐Lor Andres , Ancillo Gema , Navarro Luis , Ollitrault Patrick 
Published: March 2013

• Premise of the study: Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers based on Competitive Allele‐Specific PCR (KASPar) were developed from sequences of three Citrus species. Their transferability was tested in 63 Citrus genotypes and 19 relative genera of the subfamily Aurantioideae to estimate the potential of SNP markers, selected from a limited intrageneric discovery panel, for ongoing broader diversity analysis at the intra‐ and intergeneric levels and systematic germplasm bank characterization.• Methods and Results: Forty‐two SNP markers were developed using KASPar technology. Forty‐one were successfully genotyped in all of the Citrus germplasm, where intra‐ and interspecific polymorphisms were observed. The transferability and diversity decreased with increasing taxonomic distance.• Conclusions: SNP markers based on the KASPar method developed from sequence data of a limited intrageneric discovery panel provide a valuable molecular resource for genetic diversity analysis of germplasm within a genus and should be useful for germplasm fingerprinting at a much broader diversity level.
Macular and Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer Thickness in Unilateral Anisometropic or Strabismic Amblyopia
Authors: Andalib Dima , Javadzadeh Alireza , Nabai Reza , Amizadeh Yashar 
Published: March 2013

Purpose:
To compare the macular and nerve fiber layer thicknesses as measured by optical coherence tomography (OCT) in amblyopic and fellow eyes.

Methods:
Fifty patients with monocular strabismic (n = 25) or anisometropic (n = 25) amblyopia (best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) ranging from 20/40 to 20/400) were included in a prospective cross-sectional descriptive study. A refractive error more than 5 diopters in either eye or an axial length difference between the eyes of more than 1 mm was excluded in the anisometropic group. In all cases, the thickness of the macular area and the peripapillary nerve fiber layer were measured by OCT in both amblyopic and fellow eyes and compared with each other.

Results:

The mean age of patients was 10 ± 3.1 years (range: 6 to 18 years) in the anisometropic group and 8.9 ± 3.7 years (range: 6 to 18 years) in the strabismic group. In the anisometropic group, the mean macular thickness was significantly increased in the amblyopic eyes (222.6 ± 47.8 μm) versus the fellow eyes (205.6 ± 33.3 μm) (
P
= .002), although there was no significant difference observed when comparing with the prepapillary nerve fiber layer (
P
= .55). There was no significant correlation of above-mentioned matters in the strabismic group (
P
= .07 and .52).

Conclusion:
A thicker macula was found in anisometropic amblyopic eyes, but the increase of macular thickness in strabismic amblyopic eyes was not significant. Retinal involvement was not observed in the peripapillary nerve fiber layer of amblyopic eyes.

[J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 2013;50(4):218–221.]
LOSS OF NUTRIENTS IN A HIGH YIELDING COCONUT PLANTATION THROUGH REMOVAL OF PLANT MATERIALS FROM THE FIELD
Authors: SOMASIRI L. L. W. , WIJEBANDARA D. M. D. I. , PANDITHARATHNE B. D. P , SABARATHNAM S. , KURUNDUKUMBARA C. P. A. 
Published: March 2013

High yielding coconut palms absorb large quantities of nutrients from the soil. A high proportion of these nutrients are removed from the field along with the harvest and other plant components. The objective of this study was to determine the rate of macro and micro nutrient removal from the field by Typica x Typica coconut palms, yielding an average of 17,380 nuts per ha. per year, in order to assess the adequacy of the current fertilizer recommendations, to prevent a serious depletion of the nutrient reserves in the soil.Harvested nuts, fallen fronds and inflorescence parts were collected for a two-year period from September 1998 to August 2000 from 10 palms located in a "Madampe series" soil at Bandirippuwa Estate. Their nutrient content was determined by chemical analysis of samples collected from harvested nuts, fallen fronds and fallen inflorescence parts. The reserves of plant nutrients in the soil were determined by chemical analysis of representative soil samples taken from the manure circle and the centre of squares at 0-15 cm and 15-100 cm depths.The amounts of macronutrients lost through the removal of plant components from the site were 116.79 kg N, 14.02 kg P, 245.43 kg K, 40.47 kg Ca, and 33.66 kg Mg per ha. per year. In addition, removal of Na was also observed at the rate of 55.79 kg/ha. Inputs at the recommended rate (4.5 kg of Adult Palm Mixture (APM) and 1.5 kg of dolomite per palm per year) supplied 87.21 kg N, 17.07 kg P, 188.90 kg K, 104.80 kg Ca and 28.59 kg Mg per ha per year (no sodium containing fertilizers were used). The difference between the removal and input should be supplied from reserves of nutrients in the soil. The study showed that except for exchangeable potassium (363 kg/ha), the other macronutrients were present in reasonably high quantities in the experimental site. As the potassium reserves in the soil are low and fertilizer inputs supply only about 77% of the requirement of high yielding coconut (17,380 nuts per ha. per year), soil potassium will deplete rapidly at the current production level. Hence, the depletion should be compensated for either by increasing the 12 quantity of chemical fertilizer or recycling organic products of the palm itself or both. The amounts of micronutrients lost were 1.14 kg Fe, 0.63 kg Mn, 0.13 kg Cu, 0.44 kg Zn and 0.26 kg B per ha. per year. The soil reserve of available iron in the site was so high that a significant depletion of Fe would take more than 300 years. However Mn, Cu and Zn depletion may need attention since reserves in the soil were not very high compared to the rate of removal.
Arctic entomology in the 21st century
Authors: Høye Toke T. , Sikes Derek S. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractResearch interest in the Arctic is accelerating because of observed and anticipated dramatic climate change and its impacts on societies and ecosystems. Arthropods form a major part of the terrestrial species diversity in the Arctic, and are particularly sensitive to changes in the abiotic environment. Hence, increased research activity on Arctic arthropods would help towards conservation of Arctic biodiversity as well as in understanding the role of Arctic arthropods in ecosystem functioning. In this introduction to the special issue on Arctic entomology in the 21st century, we identify trophic interactions, biodiversity assessments, and taxonomic revisions as three important research fields in Arctic entomology. We also point to ways in which Arctic entomology could take advantage of recent developments in other research fields and we place the contributions to the special issue in a broader context. Arthropods form ideal model organisms in global change studies and there is a particular need for entomological studies from the dramatically changing Arctic. It is our hope that the papers within this special issue will be a valuable source of inspiration and may stimulate novel insights and achievements in Arctic entomology during the 21st century.
Young Lives Lost as B Cells Falter: What We Are Learning About Antibody Responses in Malaria
Authors: Portugal Silvia , Pierce Susan K. , Crompton Peter D. 
Published: March 2013

Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum malaria remains a major public health threat for which there is no licensed vaccine. Abs play a key role in malaria immunity, but Ab-mediated protection is only acquired after years of repeated infections, leaving children in endemic areas vulnerable to severe malaria and death. Many P. falciparum Ags are extraordinarily diverse and clonally variant, which likely contribute to the inefficient acquisition of protective Abs. However, mounting evidence suggests that there is more to the story and that infection-induced dysregulation of B cell function also plays a role. We herein review progress toward understanding the B cell biology of P. falciparum infection, focusing on what has been learned from population-based studies in malaria-endemic areas. We suggest ways in which advances in immunology and genomics-based technology can further improve our understanding of the B cell response in malaria and perhaps illuminate new pathways to the development of effective vaccines.
DC feedback for wide band frequency fixed current source
Authors: Al-Rawi Aoday H. , Ibrahim W. M. A. , Mirza Eraj Humayun 
Published: March 2013

Abstract
Alternating current sources are mainly used in bioelectrical impedance devices. Nowadays 50 – 100 kHz bioelectrical impedance devices are commonly used for body composition analysis. High frequency bioelectrical impedance analysis devices are mostly used in bioimpedance tomography and blood analysis. High speed op-amps and voltage comparators are used in this circuit. Direct current feedback is used to prevent delay. An N-Channel J-FET transistor was used to establish the voltage controlled gain amplifier (VCG). A sine wave signal has been applied as input voltage. The value of this signal should be constant in 170 mV rms to keep the output current in about 1 mA rms. Four frequencies; 100 kHz, 1 MHz, 2 MHz and 3.2 MHz were applied to the circuit and the current was measured for different load resistances. The results showed that the current was stable for changes in the resistor load, bouncing around an average point as a result of bouncing DC feedback.