bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Skinner and the Rise of Behavior Modification and Behavior Therapy
Authors: Labrador Francisco Javier 
Published: April 2014

Skinner is, without a doubt, one of the most predominant figures in the development of Behavior Modification and Behavior Therapy. Skinners' work is essential to the development of Behavior Modification and Behavior Therapy. Beginning with the social need for efficient psychotherapy, and after having generated a solid theoretical body of behavioral laws, Skinner indicated and also developed the appropriate path towards efficient interventions for unadaptive behavior. He developed a new theory regarding abnormal behavior (psychopathology), as well as a procedural model for evaluation (diagnosis) and intervention: “The functional analysis of behavior”. His applications for this kind of work are pioneering and at the same time, he is the agglutinant figure of what we today call “Behavior Modification and/or Therapy”.It is remarkable that a scientist could change the theories and practices of a discipline as radically as Skinner and his work did. His work, however, still has its limitations. The best way to acknowledge and pay tribute to Skinners' work is to overcome these limitations.
The prevalence and trends in overweight and obesity in Irish adults between 1990 and 2011
Authors: Boylan Elaine A , McNulty Breige A , Walton Janette , Flynn Albert , Nugent Anne P , Gibney Michael J 
Published: April 2014

AbstractObjectiveObesity is a serious public health issue, the prevalence of which is increasing globally. The present study aimed to investigate trends in overweight and obesity in Irish adults between 1990 and 2011.DesignAnthropometric data from three Irish national food consumption surveys were used to calculate trends in BMI, waist circumference and waist:hip ratio.SettingThree cross-sectional food consumption surveys: the Irish National Nutrition Survey (1990), the North/South Ireland Food Consumption Survey (2001) and the National Adult Nutrition Survey (2011).SubjectsA collective sample of free-living Irish adults (n3125), aged 18–64 years.ResultsThere were significant increases in mean weight, height and BMI from 1990 to 2011. Significant increments were also reported in waist and hip circumferences and waist:hip ratio between 2001 and 2011, with concurrent increases in the proportion of individuals at risk of developing CVD, particularly females aged 18–35 years. In 2011, 23·4 % of the Irish population was classified as obese; with the mean BMI increasing by 1·1 kg/m2between 1990 and 2001 and by 0·6 kg/m2between 2001 and 2011.ConclusionsThe present paper characterises obesity levels in Irish adults from 1990 to 2011. Absolute levels of overweight and obesity have increased between these time points. Of concern is the increase in the proportion of young women classified as at risk of CVD, using waist circumference and waist:hip ratio. Effective prevention strategies are needed to avoid further increases.
MARCH5-mediated quality control on acetylated Mfn1 facilitates mitochondrial homeostasis and cell survival
Authors: Park Y-Y , Nguyen O T K , Kang H , Cho H 
Published: April 2014

AbstractMitochondrial dynamics and quality control have a central role in the maintenance of cellular integrity. Mitochondrial ubiquitin ligase membrane-associated RING-CH (MARCH5) regulates mitochondrial dynamics. Here, we show that mitochondrial adaptation to stress is driven by MARCH5-dependent quality control on acetylated Mfn1. Under mitochondrial stress conditions, levels of Mfn1 were elevated twofold and depletion of Mfn1 sensitized these cells to apoptotic death. Interestingly, overexpression of Mfn1 also promoted cell death in these cells, indicating that a fine tuning of Mfn1 levels is necessary for cell survival. MARCH5 binds Mfn1 and the MARCH5-dependent Mfn1 ubiquitylation was significantly elevated under mitochondrial stress conditions along with an increase in acetylated Mfn1. The acetylation-deficient K491R mutant of Mfn1 showed weak interaction with MARCH5 as well as reduced ubiquitylation. Neither was observed in the acetylation mimetic K491Q mutant. In addition, MARCH5-knockout mouse embryonic fibroblast and MARCH5H43W-expressing HeLa cells lacking ubiquitin ligase activity experienced rapid cell death upon mitochondrial stress. Taken together, a fine balance of Mfn1 levels is maintained by MARCH5-mediated quality control on acetylated Mfn1, which is crucial for cell survival under mitochondria stress conditions.
Impact of fire on active layer and permafrost microbial communities and metagenomes in an upland Alaskan boreal forest
Authors: Taş Neslihan , Prestat Emmanuel , McFarland Jack W , Wickland Kimberley P , Knight Rob , Berhe Asmeret Asefaw , Jorgenson Torre , Waldrop Mark P , Jansson Janet K 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
Permafrost soils are large reservoirs of potentially labile carbon (C). Understanding the dynamics of C release from these soils requires us to account for the impact of wildfires, which are increasing in frequency as the climate changes. Boreal wildfires contribute to global emission of greenhouse gases (GHG—CO2, CH4 and N2O) and indirectly result in the thawing of near-surface permafrost. In this study, we aimed to define the impact of fire on soil microbial communities and metabolic potential for GHG fluxes in samples collected up to 1 m depth from an upland black spruce forest near Nome Creek, Alaska. We measured geochemistry, GHG fluxes, potential soil enzyme activities and microbial community structure via 16SrRNA gene and metagenome sequencing. We found that soil moisture, C content and the potential for respiration were reduced by fire, as were microbial community diversity and metabolic potential. There were shifts in dominance of several microbial community members, including a higher abundance of candidate phylum AD3 after fire. The metagenome data showed that fire had a pervasive impact on genes involved in carbohydrate metabolism, methanogenesis and the nitrogen cycle. Although fire resulted in an immediate release of CO2 from surface soils, our results suggest that the potential for emission of GHG was ultimately reduced at all soil depths over the longer term. Because of the size of the permafrost C reservoir, these results are crucial for understanding whether fire produces a positive or negative feedback loop contributing to the global C cycle.
Retinal metabolism in humans induces the formation of an unprecedented lipofuscin fluorophore ‘pdA2E’
Authors: Wu Yalin , Jin Qiuxia , Yao Ke , Zhao Junli , Chen Jingmeng , Wu Xiaodan , Gan Lishe , Li Jie , Song Xiaohui , Liu Xin , Cai Xianhui 
Published: April 2014

Toxic lipofuscin in the RPE (retinal pigment epithelium) is implicated in blindness in AMD (age-related macular degeneration) or recessive Stargardt's disease patients. In the present study, we identified a novel fluorescent lipofuscin component in human and bovine RPEs. Using 1D and 2D NMR and MS, we confirmed the structure of this pigment and called it pdA2E. It exhibits absorbance maxima at 492 and 342 nm, and is susceptible to photocatalytic isomerization and oxidation. This fluorophore was also detected in the eyecup extracts of Abca4−/−Rdh8−/− (Abca4 encodes ATP-binding cassette transporter 4 and Rdh8 encodes retinol dehydrogenase 8) mice, an AMD/recessive Stargardt's disease model. Excess amassing of pdA2E within RPE cells caused significant cell viability loss and membrane damage. The formation of pdA2E occurred when atRAL (all-trans-retinal) reacted with excess ethanolamine in the absence of acetic acid, and the process is likely to involve the participation of three atRAL molecules. Our findings suggest that endogenous pdA2E may serve as a sensitizer for yielding singlet oxygen and a singlet oxygen quencher, as well as a by-product of retinal metabolism, and its complete characterization facilitates the understanding of biosynthetic pathways by which adverse RPE lipofuscin constituents form.
The glycation site specificity of human serum transferrin is a determinant for transferrin's functional impairment under elevated glycaemic conditions
Authors: Silva André M. N. , Sousa Paulo R. H. , Coimbra João T. S. , Brás Natércia F. , Vitorino Rui , Fernandes Pedro A. , Ramos Maria J. , Rangel Maria , Domingues Pedro 
Published: April 2014

The mechanisms involving iron toxicity in diabetes mellitus are not completely understood. However, the spontaneous reaction of reducing sugars with protein amino groups, known as glycation, has been shown to compromise the action of Tf (transferrin), the systemic iron transporter. In order to understand the structural alterations that impair its function, Tf was glycated in vitro and the modification sites were determined by MS. Iron binding to glycated Tf was assessed and a computational approach was conducted to study how glycation influences the iron-binding capacity of this protein. Glycated Tf samples were found to bind iron less avidly than non-modified Tf and MS results revealed 12 glycation sites, allowing the establishment of Lys534 and Lys206 as the most vulnerable residues to this modification. Their increased susceptibility to glycation was found to relate to their low side-chain pKa values. Lys534 and Lys206 participate in hydrogen bonding crucial for iron stabilization in the C- and N-lobes of the protein respectively, and their modification is bound to influence iron binding. Furthermore, the orientation of the glucose residues at these sites blocks the entrance to the iron-binding pocket. Molecular dynamics simulations also suggested that additional loss of iron binding capacity may result from the stereochemical effects induced by the glycation of lysine residues that prevent the conformational changes (from open to closed Tf forms) required for metal binding. Altogether, the results indicate that Tf is particularly vulnerable to glycation and that this modification targets spots that are particularly relevant to its function.
Renormalization of myoglobin–ligand binding energetics by quantum many-body effects
Authors: Weber Cédric , Cole Daniel J. , O’Regan David D. , Payne Mike C. 
Published: April 2014

Significance
Heme-based metalloproteins play a central role in respiration by transporting and storing oxygen, a function that is inhibited by carbon monoxide. Density-functional theory has been unable to provide a complete description of the binding of these ligands to heme's central iron atom, predicting an unrealistically high relative affinity for carbon monoxide. Here, we solve this problem using dynamical mean-field theory in combination with linear-scaling density-functional theory, thus allowing for a simultaneous description of crucial quantum entanglement and protein discrimination effects in the ground-state of the oxygen-heme complex. By simulating the binding process within a 1,000-atom quantum-mechanical model of the myoglobin metalloprotein, we obtain a significantly improved description of its spectroscopic and energetic observables.
Fusion of an intact secretory protein permits a misfolded protein to exit from the endoplasmic reticulum in yeast
Authors: Suyama Kengo , Hori Mizue , Gomi Katsuya , Shintani Takahiro 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
Upon exit from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), the nascent polypeptides of secretory proteins undergo sorting events. If properly folded, they are directly or indirectly recognized by the coat proteins of budding vesicles for forward transport, while unfolded or misfolded proteins are retained in the ER by a quality control mechanism. To gain insight into the interplay between ER export and ER quality control, we fused a secretory protein invertase to the C-terminus of mutated carboxypeptidase Y (CPY*), a model ER-associated degradation (ERAD) substrate in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. This substrate, designated CPY*-Inv, was largely exported from the ER, although it was fully recognized by the ERAD-related lectin, Yos9, and hence degraded by the ERAD when it remained in the ER. CPY*-Inv relied primarily on the p24 complex, a putative ER export receptor for invertase, for escape from ERAD, suggesting that the ERAD and the ER export of soluble secretory proteins are competitive.
Initiation of protein association in tofu formation by metal ions
Authors: Arii Yasuhiro , Takenaka Yasuyuki 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
Magnesium and calcium ions are important factors in making tofu. However, the molecular role of these ions remains unclear in tofu formation. We have previously shown that magnesium chloride concentration-dependent produced silken tofu-like (SP) and regular tofu-like (RP) precipitates, but was an inconsequential factor for the retention of tofu. We investigated in this present study, the effect of various metal chlorides on the metal chloride concentration-dependent changes in tofu formation. These changes occurred in a similar manner to that of the magnesium ion, in which SP formation was followed by RP formation. It is interesting that the midpoint concentration for the formation of SP and RP represented a good correlation with the stability constant of EDTA. This correlation demonstrated the possibility that metal ions would interact with the carboxyl groups of soy proteins. We consider from these results that metal ions were the initiators of protein association in tofu formation.
Exploration of polar lipid accumulation profiles in Euglena gracilis using LipidBlast, an MS/MS spectral library constructed in silico
Authors: Ogawa Takumi , Furuhashi Takeshi , Okazawa Atsushi , Nakai Rai , Nakazawa Masami , Kind Tobias , Fiehn Oliver , Kanaya Shigehiko , Arita Masanori , Ohta Daisaku 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
A rapid protocol for polar lipid profiling was applied to Euglena gracilis lipid metabolism by LipidBlast, an MS/MS spectral similarity search tool. The similarity search results suggested anoxia-induced polar lipid metabolism in Euglena characterized by the accumulation of differential lipid classes, carbon chain lengths, and unsaturated bond numbers. The informatics-supported MS spectral search provides an alternative option for global lipid profiling studies.
The Jim Crow Craze in London's Press and Streets, 1836–39
Authors: Scriven Tom 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
In 1836, American actor Thomas D. Rice first arrived in Great Britain to tour the creation that had made him famous in the USA, Jim Crow. This blackface depiction of a raggedy, runaway slave, with his infectious songs, eccentric dancing and demotic appeal soon took London by storm. The Jim Crow craze lasted for three years, with Rice finding fame, fortune and success and his imitators becoming ubiquitous in the capital's theatres and on its streets. Although the act and its character have been acknowledged as a precursor to the evolution of British minstrelsy and blackface traditions throughout the Victorian period, the craze itself has not been substantially studied in its British context. This essay will look beyond Rice's act and the performance of Jim Crow in the theatres to look instead at Jim Crow's appropriation in print satire and street performance. It will argue that these requisitions of Jim Crow illustrate how Georgian traditions of carnival and grotesque humour were redeveloped for the early Victorian context. In print, Jim Crow was widely utilized in caustic bodily humour that attacked insincere politicians. On the streets, this same humour was seen as obscene and was repressed and contained, paving the way for the respectable, mainstream Victorian blackface act. However, integral to both appropriations of Jim Crow was the figure of the black buffoon, and the act rapidly provided an archetype for the belittling and persecution of London's black population.
Effect of speed on local dynamic stability of locomotion under different task constraints in running
Authors: Mehdizadeh Sina , Arshi Ahmed Reza , Davids Keith 
Published: April 2014

AbstractA number of studies have investigated effects of speed on local dynamic stability of walking, although this relationship has been rarely investigated under changing task constraints, such as during forward and backward running. To rectify this gap in the literature, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of running speed on local dynamic stability of forward and backward running on a treadmill. Fifteen healthy male participants took part in this study. Participants ran in forward and backward directions at speeds of 80%, 100% and 120% of their preferred running speed. The three‐dimensional motion of a C7 marker was recorded using a motion capture system. Local dynamic stability of the marker was quantified using short‐ and long‐term largest finite‐time Lyapunov exponents (LyE). Results showed that short‐term largest finite‐time LyE values increased with participant speed meaning that local dynamic stability decreased with increasing speed. Long‐term largest finite‐time LyEs, however, remained unaffected as speed increased. Results of this study indicated that, as in walking, slow running is more stable than fast running. These findings improve understanding of how stability is regulated when constraints on the speed of movements is altered. Implications for the design of rehabilitation or sport practice programmes suggest how task constraints could be manipulated to facilitate adaptations in locomotion stability during athletic training.
Two Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases, MPK3 and MPK6, Are Required for Funicular Guidance of Pollen Tubes in Arabidopsis
Authors: Guan Yuefeng , Lu Jianping , Xu Juan , McClure Bruce , Zhang Shuqun 
Published: April 2014

AbstractDouble fertilization in flowering plants requires the delivery of two immotile sperm cells to the female gametes by a pollen tube, which perceives guidance cues, modifies its tip growth direction, and eventually enters the micropyle of the ovule. In spite of the recent progress, so far, little is known about the signaling events in pollen tubes in response to the guidance cues. Here, we show that MPK3 and MPK6, two Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) mitogen-activated protein kinases, mediate the guidance response in pollen tubes. Genetic analysis revealed that mpk3 mpk6 double mutant pollen has reduced transmission. However, direct observation of mpk3 mpk6 mutant pollen phenotype was hampered by the embryo lethality of double homozygous mpk3 –/– mpk6 –/– plants. Utilizing a fluorescent reporter-tagged complementation method, we showed that the mpk3 mpk6 mutant pollen had normal pollen tube growth but impaired pollen tube guidance. In vivo pollination assays revealed that the mpk3 mpk6 mutant pollen tubes were defective in the funicular guidance phase. By contrast, semi-in vitro guidance assay showed that the micropylar guidance of the double mutant pollen tube was normal. Our results provide direct evidence to support that the funicular guidance phase of the pollen tube requires an in vivo signaling mechanism distinct from the micropyle guidance. Moreover, our finding opened up the possibility that the MPK3/MPK6 signaling pathway may link common signaling networks in plant stress response and pollen-pistil interaction.
Human‐induced biotic invasions and changes in plankton interaction networks
Authors: Kratina Pavel , Mac Nally Ralph , Kimmerer Wim J. , Thomson James R. , Winder Monika 
Published: April 2014

Summary

Pervasive and accelerating changes to ecosystems due to human activities remain major sources of uncertainty in predicting the structure and dynamics of ecological communities. Understanding which biotic interactions within natural multitrophic communities are weakened or augmented by invasions of non‐native species in the context of other environmental pressures is needed for effective management.

We used multivariate autoregressive models with detailed time‐series data from largely freshwater and brackish regions of the upper San Francisco Estuary to assess the topology, direction and strength of trophic interactions following major invasions and establishment of non‐native zooplankton in the early 1990s. We simultaneously compared the effects of fish and clam predation, environmental temperature and salinity intrusion using time‐series data from >60 monitoring locations spanning more than three decades.

We found changes in the networks of biotic interactions in both regions after the major zooplankton invasions. Our results imply an increased pressure on native herbivores; intensified negative interactions between herbivores and omnivores; and stronger bottom‐up influence of juvenile copepods but weaker influence of phytoplankton as a resource for higher trophic levels following the invasions. We identified salinity intrusion as a primary pressure but showed relatively stronger importance of biotic interactions for understanding the dynamics of entire communities.

Synthesis and applications. Our findings highlight the dynamic nature of biotic interactions and provide evidence of how simultaneous invasions of exotic species may alter interaction networks in diverse natural ecosystems over large spatial and temporal scales. Efforts to restore declining fish stocks may be in vain without fully considering the trophic dynamics that limit the flow of energy to target populations. Focusing on multitrophic interactions that may be threatened by invasions rather than a limited focus on responses of individual species or diversity is likely to yield more effective management strategies.
Development of microsatellite markers for Aquilegia buergeriana var. oxysepala (Ranunculaceae), a vulnerable Japanese herb
Authors: Itagaki Tomoyuki , Kimura Megumi K. , Lian Chunlan , Sakai Satoki 
Published: April 2014

AbstractAquilegia buergeriana var. oxysepala is a vulnerable herb, for which 20 microsatellite markers were developed. The applicability of these markers was confirmed by genotyping of 66 individuals collected from four natural populations in Japan. Of the 20 loci, 15 showed polymorphism. For the 15 polymorphic markers, the number of alleles per locus ranged from 2 to 12, and the expected and observed heterozygosities ranged from 0.13 to 0.77 and 0.02 to 0.65, respectively. The markers described here are sufficiently polymorphic and informative to investigate the genetic diversity and population genetic structure of A. buergeriana var. oxysepala.
Aoria rufotestacea Faimaire (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) long been confused as Bromius obscurus (Linnaeus) in Korea
Authors: An Seunglak , Hong Chang‐Ki , Kim Seulki , Lee Seongkyun , Cho Soowon 
Published: April 2014

AbstractWestern grape rootworm, Bromius obscurus (Linnaeus) is a well‐known pest of grape vines in Europe and North America. We found that all the Korean specimens that have long been known as B. obscurus turned out to be Aoria rufotestacea Faimaire, showing with only about 83% sequence similarity in COI barcodes. The small puncture patterned specimens of A. rufotestacea were initially confused with A. scutellaris Pic, but confirmed to be A. rufotestacea with genitalic characteristics as well as 100% matched COI barcode sequence. Here we describe and compare the morphologically confusing species, B. obscurus and A. rufotestacea, with description of scutellaris‐like wing variation, in detail with adult images and COI sequences.
The Pleasures of Austerity
Authors: BERRY HELEN 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThis article challenges the paradigm of untrammelled consumer pleasures in the Georgian era by exploring the various motivations for disengagement from the dominant social codes of polite consumption. It examines the use of the terms ‘austere’ and ‘austerity’ in Georgian print culture, and the censure that resulted from being thus described. The religious and philosophical underpinnings of austerity as a stand against dominant modes of Anglicanism are considered, concluding with a case study of the fashionable physician George Cheyne, whose struggle to control his own obesity led to the formulation of a medical and dietary solution to over‐consumption.