bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Engineering Applications of Virtual Reality
Authors: Zhu Wenjuan , Peng Xiaobo , Leu Ming C. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThis chapter introduces the techniques involved in the design and development of virtual reality (VR) systems. It describes the main techniques and applications of the VR technology, including its hardware, software, and engineering applications. The chapter reviews various VR applications in engineering, including concept design, data visualization, virtual manufacturing, driving simulation, and construction engineering. Dani and Gadh presented an approach for creating shape designs in a VR environment called Conceptual VIRtual Design System (COVIRDS). This system uses VR technology to provide a 3D virtual environment in which the designer can create and modify 3D shapes with an interface based on bimodal voice and hand tracking. There are four areas of VR in manufacturing applications: process simulation, factory layout, assembly method prototyping, and part flow simulation. By immersing the user in the virtual environment (VE), VR reveals spatially complex structures in a way that makes them easy to understand and study.
Data Acquisition and Display Systems
Authors: Milliman Philip C. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractControl systems have become increasingly based on standard systems and interfaces; sensors themselves are often based on just smaller versions of the same operating system as large manufacturing systems. This chapter attempts to cover aspects of data acquisition and manipulation that may help the engineer better understand issues and give a foundation for using and even constructing tools. It covers the nature of data and the acquisition and conversion of data to usable units and includes some discussion of useful display techniques. The chapter also covers the coordination, storage,access, and manipulation of data. A discussion of pros and cons of different strategies should help the reader understand the trade‐offs in system selection and construction. A recent standard of use in manufacturing is the OPC (OLE for process control) standard, which provides for a standard way of communicating with process equipment.
Neural Networks in Feedback Control Systems
Authors: Vamvoudakis K. G. , Lewis F.L. , Ge Shuzhi Sam 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThis chapter shows how neural networks (NNs) fulfill the promise of providing model‐free learning controllers for a class of nonlinear systems in the sense that a structural or parameterized model of the system dynamics is not needed. It shows different methods of NN controller design that yield guaranteed performance for systems of different structure and complexity. The control structures discussed in the chapter are multiloop controllers with NNs in some of the loops and an outer tracking unity‐gain feedback loop. Throughout, there are repeatable design algorithms and guarantees of system performance including both small tracking errors and bounded NN weights. Recent results show that approximate dynamic programming (ADP) with critic and actor neural networks, allows the design of adaptive learning controllers that converge online to optimal control solutions, while also guaranteeing closed‐loop stability. ADP also offers design methods for differential games that can be implemented online in real time.
“Missing perikymata”—fact or fiction? A study on chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes verus) canines
Authors: Kierdorf Horst , Witzel Carsten , Kierdorf Uwe , Skinner Matthew M. , Skinner Mark F. 
Published: February 2015

ABSTRACTRecently, a lower than expected number of perikymata between repetitive furrow‐type hypoplastic defects has been reported in chimpanzee canines from the Fongoli site, Senegal (Skinner and Pruetz: Am J Phys Anthropol 149 (2012) 468–482). Based on an observation in a localized enamel fracture surface of a canine of a chimpanzee from the Taï Forest (Ivory Coast), these authors inferred that a nonemergence of striae of Retzius could be the cause for the “missing perikymata” phenomenon in the Fongoli chimpanzees. To check this inference, we analyzed the structure of outer enamel in three chimpanzee canines. The teeth were studied using light‐microscopic and scanning‐electron microscopic techniques. Our analysis of the specimen upon which Skinner and Pruetz (Am J Phys Anthropol 149 (2012) 468–482) had made their original observation does not support their hypothesis. We demonstrate that the enamel morphology described by them is not caused by a nonemergence of striae of Retzius but can be attributed to structural variations in outer enamel that result in a differential fracture behavior. Although rejecting the presumed existence of nonemergent striae of Retzius, our study provided evidence that, in furrow‐type hypoplastic defects, a pronounced tapering of Retzius increments can occur, with the striae of Retzius forming acute angles with the outer enamel surface. We suggest that in such cases the outcrop of some striae of Retzius is essentially unobservable at the enamel surface, causing too low perikymata counts. The pronounced tapering of Retzius increments in outer enamel presumably reflects a mild to moderate disturbance of the function of late secretory ameloblasts. Am J Phys Anthropol 157:276–283, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Spatial Configurations of Water Management at an Early Angkorian Capital – Combining GPR and TerraSAR‐X Data to Complement an Archaeological Map
Authors: Sonnemann Till Frieder 
Published: February 2015

AbstractHariharalaya was a medieval political centre of the eighth–ninth centuryce, located on the northern shore of Lake Tonle Sap in Cambodia. Mapped in detail in the 1990s by means of aerial photographs and ground surveys, more recently ground‐penetrating radar (GPR) and high‐resolution satellite synthetic aperture radar (SAR) were applied to further interpret this complex archaeological landscape. In combination with remote sensing imagery, the two radiofrequency‐based imaging techniques were used to complement the existing archaeological maps. The area housed an extensive low‐density urban complex of earthen mounds and ponds, approximately 5 × 5 km square and centring on the Bakong, an early Angkorian state temple, crossed and encircled by a mostly disconnected water‐management network of embankments and canals. Extensive GPR surveys, conducted predominantly on the existing small roads and paths criss‐crossing the landscape, appraise the visible archaeological features with subsurface information. The analysis verifies the existence of channels and embankments, complementing the information with depth and width. The identification of additional, now desiccated, canals and river channels assisted in connecting a number of already mapped archaeological features, and helped to distinguish possible later additions, thereby untangling the water‐management network. Spotlight TerrSAR‐X satellite data together with satellite images of the visual spectrum complemented the analysis, by providing information about water saturation in areas inaccessible to ground surveys, marking out palaeochannels and providing clues about the landscape before development took place. This three‐dimensional interpretation informs on the functioning of this particular early Angkorian hydraulic system, adding to the understanding of water management in medieval Southeast Asia. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Systematic review of preoperative, intraoperative and postoperative risk factors for colorectal anastomotic leaks
Authors: McDermott F D , Heeney A , Kelly M E , Steele R J , Carlson G L , Winter D C 
Published: February 2015

AbstractBackgroundAnastomotic leak (AL) represents a dreaded complication following colorectal surgery, with a prevalence of 1–19 per cent. There remains a lack of consensus regarding factors that may predispose to AL and the relative risks associated with them. The objective was to perform a systematic review of the literature, focusing on the role of preoperative, intraoperative and postoperative factors in the development of colorectal ALs.MethodsA systematic review was performed to identify adjustable and non-adjustable preoperative, intraoperative and postoperative factors in the pathogenesis of AL. Additionally, a severity grading system was proposed to guide treatment.ResultsOf 1707 papers screened, 451 fulfilled the criteria for inclusion in the review. Significant preoperative risk factors were: male sex, American Society of Anesthesiologists fitness grade above II, renal disease, co-morbidity and history of radiotherapy. Tumour-related factors were: distal site, size larger than 3 cm, advanced stage, emergency surgery and metastatic disease. Adjustable risk factors were: smoking, obesity, poor nutrition, alcohol excess, immunosuppressants and bevacizumab. Intraoperative risk factors were: blood loss/transfusion and duration of surgery more than 4 h. Stomas lessen the consequences but not the prevalence of AL. In the postoperative period, CT is the most commonly used imaging tool, with or without rectal contrast, and a C-reactive protein level exceeding 150 mg/l on day 3–5 is the most sensitive biochemical marker. A five-level classification system for AL severity and appropriate management is presented.ConclusionSpecific risk factors and their potential correction or indications for stoma were identified. An AL severity score is proposed to aid clinical decision-making.
Pancreatic cancer and FOLFIRINOX: a new era and new questions
Authors: Marsh Robert De W. , Talamonti Mark S. , Katz Matthew Harold , Herman Joseph M. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractFOLFIRINOX (FFX) was introduced to clinical practice in 2010 following publication of the PRODIGE 4/ACCORD 11 study, which compared this novel regimen to gemcitabine in metastatic pancreatic cancer. Median overall survival, progression‐free survival, and objective responses were all superior with FFX and there was improved time to definitive deterioration in quality of life. Despite initial concerns over toxicity, there has been rapid uptake of this regimen, both revolutionizing management and opening the door to innovative research. As experience with FFX has accrued, many questions have arisen including the management of toxicities, the impact of frequent modifications, the optimal number of cycles, integration with other regimens and modalities, interpretation of radiologic and serologic response, utility of molecular signatures, and potential benefit in unique clinical settings such as pre‐ and postsurgery. This review will closely examine these issues, not only to summarize current knowledge but also to fuel scientific debate.
Maxillary Midline diastema closure after replacement of primary teeth with implant prosthesis
Authors: Al‐Saqabi Farah Y. , Fenlon Michael R. , Bavisha Kalpesh A. 
Published: February 2015

Key Clinical MessageThis case shows an excellent esthetic treatment outcome using implant‐retained crowns replacing maxillary laterals and canines in hypodontia patient with unusual incidence of spontaneous diastema closure after the placement of implants. To our knowledge, this is the first case report showing maxillary midline diastema closure after implant placement.
ChemInform Abstract: Ca3ZnGeO2[Ge4O12]: A Ca—Zn Germanate Related to the Mineral Taikanite.
Authors: Redhammer Guenther J. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThe title compound is obtained as a by‐product upon sintering of phase‐pure synthetic pyroxene‐type CaCu0.95Zn0.05Ge2O6 (open Pt tube, 1283 K).
ChemInform Abstract: A Hard Oxide Semiconductor with a Direct and Narrow Bandgap and Switchable p—n Electrical Conduction.
Authors: Ovsyannikov Sergey V. , Karkin Alexander E. , Morozova Natalia V. , Shchennikov Vladimir V. , Bykova Elena , Abakumov Artem M. , Tsirlin Alexander A. , Glazyrin Konstantin V. , Dubrovinsky Leonid 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThe optical and electronic transport properties of two high‐pressure manganese oxide polymorphs, perovskite‐type ξ‐Mn2O3 and marokite‐type γ‐Mn3O4 are investigated by NIR, optical absorption, and Raman spectroscopy, and electrical resistivity measurements.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Spectroscopic Properties of RbLa1‐xEuxP4O12 Nanocrystals.
Authors: Marciniak L. , Stefanski M. , Tomala R. , Hreniak D. , Strek W. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractCubic (space group I$\bar 4$3d, Z = 12) and monoclinic (space group C12/c1, Z = 4) RbLa1‐xEuxP4O12 (x ≤ 0.2) nanocrystalline phosphors are prepared by the coprecipitation method from stoichiometric amounts of Rb2CO3, La2O3, Eu2O3, and (NH4)4P2O7 dissolved in nitric acid (90 °C, 2 d) followed by annealing at 300—1100 °C for 6 h in a muffle furnace.
ChemInform Abstract: A Combined Metal‐Halide/Metal Flux Synthetic Route Towards Type‐I Clathrates: Crystal Structures and Thermoelectric Properties of A8Al8Si38 (A: K, Rb, and Cs).
Authors: Baran Volodymyr , Senyshyn Anatoliy , Karttunen Antti J. , Fischer Andreas , Scherer Wolfgang , Raudaschl‐Sieber Gabriele , Faessler Thomas F. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractSingle‐phase samples of K8Al8Si38 (I), Rb8Al8Si38 (II), and Cs7.9Al7.9Si38.1 (III) clathrates are obtained by flux melting of Al/Si powder with an excess of Al and the respective alkali halide salt as the flux (alumina crucible in Nb ampoules, 1173 K, 1 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Fast Lithium Ion Conduction in Li2SnS3: Synthesis, Physicochemical Characterization, and Electronic Structure.
Authors: Brant Jacilynn A. , Massi Danielle M. , Holzwarth N. A. W. , MacNeil Joseph H. , Douvalis Alexios P. , Bakas Thomas , Martin Steve W. , Gross Michael D. , Aitken Jennifer A. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractPolycrystalline Li2SnS3 is prepared by solid state reaction of stoichiometric amounts of Li2S, Sn, and S (graphite crucible in evacuated silica tube, 750 °C, 96 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Unexpected Synergy Between Magnetic Iron Chains and Stacked B6 Rings in Nb6Fe1‐xIr6+xB8.
Authors: Mbarki Mohammed , Touzani Rachid St. , Fokwa Boniface P. T. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractHighly crystalline Nb6Fe1‐xIr6+xB8 (68% yield) is prepared from the elements in the molar ratio of Nb:Fe:Ir:B = 6:1:6:9 by rapid arc melting and quenching.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthetic, Structural, and Electrochemical Study of Monoclinic Na4Ti5O12 as a Sodium‐Ion Battery Anode Material.
Authors: Naeyaert Pierre J. P. , Avdeev Maxim , Sharma Neeraj , Yahia Hamdi Ben , Ling Chris D. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThe monoclinic phase of Na4Ti5O12 is obtained by loss of Na under atmospheric conditions from Na4.6Ti5O12 which itself is prepared by solid state reaction of TiO2 and Na16Ti10O26 in a molar ratio providing a 10% excess of Na (dry H2 gas; 900 °C, 1 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Polymorphic Graphene‐Like Cuprous Germanosulfides with a High Cu‐to‐Ge Ratio and Low Band Gap.
Authors: Lin Qipu , Zhang Zhenyu , Bu Xianhui , Feng Pingyun 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThe three new heterometallic Cu—Ge—S materials with a Cu/Ge ratio of 3 are based on honeycomb sheets intercalated with cationic amines.
ChemInform Abstract: Use of Copper(II)/Diamine Catalysts in the Desymmetrization of meso‐Diols and Asymmetric Henry Reactions: Comparison of (‐)‐Sparteine and (+)‐Sparteine Surrogates.
Authors: Canipa Steven J. , Stute Annika , O'Brien Peter 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThe preparation and synthetic application of novel copper(II)/(+)‐sparteine surrogates are described.
ChemInform Abstract: Organocatalytic Asymmetric [4 + 2] Formal Cycloadditions of Cyclohexenylidenemalononitriles and Enals to Construct Chiral Bicyclo[2.2.2]octanes.
Authors: Li Qing‐Zhu , Gu Jing , Chen Ying‐Chun 
Published: February 2015

AbstractA range of bridged bicyclo[2.2.2]octane derivatives are highly regio‐ and stereoselectively obtained by reaction of cyclohexenylidenemalononitriles with α,β‐unsaturated aldehydes in the presence of proline‐type chiral secondary amine catalysts.
ChemInform Abstract: Diiodoindium(III) Cation, InI2+, a Potent Yneophile. Generation and Application to Cationic Cyclization by Selective π‐Activation of CC.
Authors: Surendra Karavadhi , Corey E. J. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractRemoval of an iodide ion from InI3 by reactive Ag(I) produces the desired ligandless cation InI2+ as an effective agent in the title process.
ChemInform Abstract: Azide Based Routes to Tetrazolo and Oxadiazolo Derivatives of Pyrrolobenzodiazepines and Pyrrolobenzothiadiazepines.
Authors: Hemming Karl , Chambers Christopher S. , Hamasharif Muslih S. , Joao Heidi , Khan Musharraf N. , Patel Nilesh , Airley Rachel , Day Sharn 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThe synthesis of tetrazolo‐and oxadiazolo fused derivatives of benzodiazepines and benzothiadiazepines via 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition is reported.
ChemInform Abstract: Rhodium‐Catalyzed Carbonylative [3 + 2 + 1] Cycloaddition of Alkyne‐Tethered Alkylidenecyclopropanes to Phenols in the Presence of Carbon Monoxide.
Authors: Kim Seyun , Chung Young Keun 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThe title novel process allows the conversion of 1,6‐enynes into hetero‐ and carbo‐5,6‐bicyclic systems.
ChemInform Abstract: DBU‐Promoted Regioselective HBr‐Elimination of Vicinal Dibromides: Effects of the Adjacent Oxygen and/or Other Heterofunctional Groups.
Authors: Kutsumura Noriki , Toguchi Shohei , Iijima Masatoshi , Tanaka Osamu , Iwakura Izumi , Saito Takao 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThe HBr‐elimination of vicinal dibromides possessing an adjacent heteroatom is studied both experimentally and by theoretical calculations.
ChemInform Abstract: Enantioselective Carbocycle Formation Through Intramolecular Pd‐Catalyzed Allyl—Aryl Cross‐Coupling.
Authors: Schuster Christopher H. , Coombs John R. , Kasun Zachary A. , Morken James P. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThe title coupling reaction provides enantioenriched 5‐, 6‐ and 7‐membered carbocyclic products as single regioisomers.
ChemInform Abstract: Selective Hydrogen Peroxide Oxidation of Sulfides to Sulfoxides or Sulfones with MWW‐Type Titanosilicate Zeolite Catalyst under Organic Solvent‐Free Conditions.
Authors: Kon Yoshihiro , Yokoi Toshiyuki , Yoshioka Masato , Tanaka Shinji , Uesaka Yumiko , Mochizuki Takehisa , Sato Kazuhiko , Tatsumi Takashi 
Published: February 2015

AbstractAn MWW‐type titanosilicate zeolite catalyst with interlayer‐expanded structure exhibits the highest activity combined with good chemoselectivity.
ChemInform Abstract: Functionalized Olefin Cross‐Coupling to Construct Carbon—Carbon Bonds.
Authors: Lo Julian C. , Gui Jinghan , Yabe Yuki , Pan Chung‐Mao , Baran Phil S. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractA facile construction of various substrates (60 examples) which are previously difficult or impossible to access via an olefin cross‐coupling reaction is presented.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Catalyzed Chemoselective Allylic Substitution, Suzuki‐Miyaura Cross‐Coupling, and Allene Formation of Bifunctional 2‐B(pin)‐Substituted Allylic Acetate Derivatives.
Authors: Kim Byeong‐Seon , Hussain Mahmud M. , Hussain Nusrah , Walsh Patrick J. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThe allylic substitution of 2‐pinacolborane‐substituted allylic acetates (I) with nucleophiles (II) leads to boranes (III), which can be converted without isolation into ketones (IV) and trisubstituted alkenes (VI).
ChemInform Abstract: Development of a New Benzylating Reagent Spontaneously Releasing Benzyl Cation Equivalents at Room Temperature.
Authors: Yamada Kohei , Tsukada Yuichi , Karuo Yukiko , Kitamura Masanori , Kunishima Munetaka 
Published: February 2015

AbstractBenzyl cations are generated from the novel reagent (I) by solvation in a suitable solvent under non‐acidic conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: 2‐Pyridonate Tantalum Complexes for the Intermolecular Hydroaminoalkylation of Sterically Demanding Alkenes.
Authors: Chong Eugene , Brandt Jason W. , Schafer Laurel L. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThe tantalum complex TAP is found to be the optimal catalyst for the title reaction of unprotected secondary amine substrates with sterically demanding internal (E) and (Z) alkenes.
ChemInform Abstract: Highly Regioselective Nickel‐Catalyzed Cross‐Coupling of N‐Tosylaziridines and Alkylzinc Reagents.
Authors: Jensen Kim L. , Standley Eric A. , Jamison Timothy F. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractProcedures are evaluated which allow the reaction of aliphatic aziridine substrates with aliphatic organozinc reagents.
ChemInform Abstract: Enantioselective and Rapid Rh‐Catalyzed Arylation of N‐Tosyl‐ and N‐Nosylaldimines in Methanol.
Authors: Chen Chun‐Chih , Gopula Balraj , Syu Jin‐Fong , Pan Jhih‐Han , Kuo Ting‐Shen , Wu Ping‐Yu , Henschke Julian P. , Wu Hsyueh‐Liang 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThe method allows access to a broad spectrum of the required diarylmethylamine synthons with excellent enantioselectivities.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Functionalized Diaryldiazenes by Formal [3 + 3] Cyclizations of 1,3‐Bis(silyloxy)‐1,3‐butadienes with 2‐Aryldiazenyl‐3‐silyloxy‐2‐en‐1‐ones.
Authors: Langer Peter , et al. et al. 
Published: February 2015

Abstract43 Title compounds are prepared.
ChemInform Abstract: ′Interrupted′ Diazotization of 3‐Aminoindoles and 3‐Aminopyrroles.
Authors: Parrino Barbara , Spano Virginia , Carbone Anna , Montalbano Alessandra , Barraja Paola , Matyus Peter , Cirrincione Girolamo , Diana Patrizia 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThe interrupted diazotization of 3‐aminoindoles and 3‐aminopyrroles, achieved by quenching with cold water immediately after addition of nitrite, leads to diazonium species with nitrate as counter ion.
ChemInform Abstract: Silica Gel‐Promoted Convenient Synthesis of 2‐Bromo‐3‐hydroxybenzoate Derivatives.
Authors: Shinohara Hiroyuki , Sonoda Motohiro , Hayagane Naoya , Kita Shota , Tanimori Shinji , Ogawa Akiya 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThe product formation in the presence of FeCl3 is accompanied by generation of a regioisomer which can be troublesome to separate.
ChemInform Abstract: Carbonylative Stille Coupling Reactions of Benzyl Chlorides with Allyltributylstannane Catalyzed by Palladium Nanoparticles.
Authors: Sun Jian , Feng Xiujuan , Zhao Ziran , Yamamoto Yoshinori , Bao Ming 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThe Stille‐coupling reaction of benzyl chlorides with allylbutylstannane is performed by utilizing in situ generated palladium nanoparticles as catalyst under phosphine ligand‐free conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: Rhodium Catalyzed Three‐Component Reaction of Aldehyde, Boronic Acid, and Sulfonamides: A Facile One‐Pot Synthesis of Diarylmethylamines.
Authors: Satyanarayana Ponnam , Reddy Ganapam Manohar , Maheswaran Hariharasarma , Kantam Mannepalli Lakshmi 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThe use of bis(trifluoroacetoxy)iodobenzene as a catalyst component plays a key role in the chemoselective formation of amines instead of alcohols.
ChemInform Abstract: Silver‐Mediated Decarboxylative C—S Cross‐Coupling of Aliphatic Carboxylic Acids under Mild Conditions.
Authors: Wang Peng‐Fei , Wang Xiao‐Qing , Dai Jian‐Jun , Feng Yi‐Si , Xu Hua‐Jian 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThe title reaction uses K2S2O8 as oxidant and diaryl disulfides as sulfur source.
ChemInform Abstract: Mild Copper—TBAF‐Catalyzed N‐Arylation of Sulfoximines with Aryl Siloxanes.
Authors: Kim Jaeeun , Ok Jinpyo , Kim Sanghyuck , Choi Wonseok , Lee Phil Ho 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThe coupling of sulfoximes with arylsiloxanes in the presence of oxygen using a catalytic combination of CuI and Bu4F under mild reaction conditions is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: Gold(I)‐Catalyzed Furan‐yne Cyclizations Involving 1,2‐Rearrangement: Efficient Synthesis of Functionalized 1‐Naphthols and Its Application to the Synthesis of Wailupemycin G.
Authors: Chen Yifeng , Wang Lu , Sun Ning , Xie Xin , Zhou Xiaobo , Chen Haoyi , Li Yuxue , Liu Yuanhong 
Published: February 2015

AbstractA novel gold‐catalyzed reaction of furan‐ynes bearing a propargylic alcohol moiety leads to multisubstituted 1‐naphthols via a cyclization/1,2‐rearrangement cascade.