bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Advances in the understanding of acute graft‐versus‐host disease
Authors: Morris Edward S. , Hill Geoffrey R. 
Published: October 2015

SummaryAllogeneic stem cell transplantation (SCT) remains the definitive immunotherapy for malignancy. However, morbidity and mortality due to graft‐vs.‐host disease (GVHD) remains the major barrier to its advancement. Emerging experimental data highlights the immuno‐modulatory roles of diverse cell populations in GVHD, including regulatory T cells, natural killer (NK) cells, NK T cells, γδ T cells, and antigen presenting cells (APC). Knowledge of the pathophysiology of GVHD has driven the investigation of new rational strategies to both prevent severe GVHD and treat steroid‐refractory GVHD. Novel cytokine inhibitors, immune‐suppressant agents known to preserve or even promote regulatory T‐cell function and the depletion of specific alloreactive T‐cell sub‐populations all promise significant advances in the near future. As our knowledge and therapeutic options expand, the ability to limit GVHD whilst preserving anti‐microbial and tumour responses becomes a realistic prospect.
Oestrogen receptor‐β CA repeat polymorphism is associated with incidence of colorectal cancer among females
Authors: Honma Naoko , Arai Tomio , Takubo Kaiyo , Younes Mamoun , Tanaka Noriko , Mieno Makiko Naka , Tamura Kohei , Ikeda Shinobu , Sawabe Motoji , Muramatsu Masaaki 
Published: October 2015

Honma N, Arai T, Takubo K, Younes M, Tanaka N, Mieno M N, Tamura K, Ikeda S, Sawabe M & Muramatsu M  (2011) Histopathology59, 216–224Oestrogen receptor‐β CA repeat polymorphism is associated with incidence of colorectal cancer among femalesAims:  Increasing evidence suggests an association between oestrogens and colorectal cancer. Oestrogen receptor beta, ER‐β, putatively plays a pathobiological role in colorectal cancer as colorectal epithelial cells frequently express ER‐β. The aim was to elucidate the association of the dinucleotide (CA) repeat polymorphism of the ER‐β gene (ESR2) with colorectal cancer.Methods and results:  Deoxyribonucleic acids extracted from the renal cortex of 1488 Japanese autopsies with complete clinical/pathological data were studied. CA repeat polymorphism was determined by polymerase chain reaction using fluorescein‐labelled primers. Patients were divided into three genotype groups according to the number of CA repeats of each allele (S < 22, L ≥ 22); SS (with two S alleles), SL (with one each S and L allele) and LL (with two L alleles). The presence/absence of colorectal cancers was determined by examining the clinical records and autopsy material. The incidence of colorectal cancer was significantly different according to the ESR2 CA repeat genotype only among females (SS, 37/202 = 18.3%; SL, 19/332 = 5.7%; LL, 5/155 = 3.2%, P < 0.0001). Immunohistochemically, cancers in females with the SS genotype, but not the SL genotype, frequently expressed the C‐terminus portion of ER‐β1 (wild‐type ER‐β).Conclusions:  A role for ESR2 CA repeat polymorphism in the pathogenesis of colorectal cancer among females is suggested.
CD34 and microtubule‐associated protein 2 expression in dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumours with an emphasis on dual expression in non‐specific types
Authors: Sung Chang Ohk , Suh Yeon‐Lim , Hong Seung‐Chyul 
Published: October 2015

Sung C O, Suh Y‐L & Hong S‐C  (2011) Histopathology59, 308–317CD34 and microtubule‐associated protein 2 expression in dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumours with an emphasis on dual expression in non‐specific typesAims:  Three histological variants of dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumour (DNT) have been described, namely, simple, complex and non‐specific. However, the concept of non‐specific variants of DNT remains controversial, because they cannot be accurately distinguished by histological findings alone from ordinary gliomas. The aim was to characterize further the non‐specific histological forms of DNT.Methods and results:  Forty‐one DNTs classified as three histological forms were investigated with CD34 and microtubule‐associated protein 2 (MAP2) immunohistochemistry. CD34 immunoreactivity was more frequently observed in non‐specific DNT types (16/18 cases; 88.9%) than in classic types (6/23 cases; 26.1%) (P < 0.001). Peritumoral CD34 expression of non‐neoplastic cells was significantly associated with CD34‐positive tumours (20/22 cases; 90.9%) than with CD34‐negative tumours (3/19 cases; 15.8%) (P < 0.001). MAP2 positivity in oligodendroglia‐like cells or glial elements was significantly different between classic types and non‐specific types (P = 0.025). CD34 and MAP2 immunoreactivities were significantly more frequent in non‐specific types (83.3%) than in simple (10%) and complex forms (30.8%) (P < 0.001).Conclusions:  Non‐specific DNTs are glioneuronal tumours that have a heterogeneous population of cells with more immature neuronal and glial phenotypes. Furthermore, with regard to practical implications, combined analysis of CD34 and MAP2 is useful in distinguishing DNTs from particularly diagnostically challenging mimics.
Ultrasound Doppler based in‐line viscosity and solid fat profile measurement of fat blends
Authors: Wassell Paul , Wiklund Johan , Stading Mats , Bonwick Graham , Smith Christopher , Almiron‐Roig Eva , Young Niall W. G. 
Published: October 2015

SummaryThis study reports the use of upgraded ultrasonic velocity profiling with pressure difference methodology; extended from previous work demonstrating true in‐line rheological and solid fat content (SFC) characterisation of complex opaque fat blends, subjected to scaled dynamic processing conditions. The experimental results have successfully confirmed previous non‐invasive, in‐line measurements for instantaneous velocity and rheological profiling of complex opaque fat blends [International Journal of Food Science and Technology43 (2008) 2083]. A method for in‐line measurements under dynamic processing conditions to obtain the SFC of a fat blend was developed and successfully tested for a 30% palm stearin and 70% rapeseed oil system over a temperature range of 10–40 °C. These measurements correlated well with standard SFC values from pulsed‐nuclear magnetic resonance (p‐NMR) measurements deviating not more than +/– 2% SFC points from the standard p‐NMR values.
Distribution of degradative enzymatic activities in the mesocarp of two melon groups
Authors: Chisari Marco , Barbagallo Riccardo N. , Spagna Giovanni , Artés Francisco 
Published: October 2015

SummaryThe differences in polyphenol oxidase, peroxidase, pectin methylesterase and polygalacturonase activities as well as the main physical and chemical attributes of nine different slice portions (from the inner to the outer end and from the blossom to the stem end) of two groups of melon (Cucumis melo var. cantalupensis‘Galia’ cv. and inodorus‘Piel de sapo’ cv.) at commercial maturity were studied. Moving from the inner to the outer end of the pulp, physico‐chemical properties, such as pH, total soluble solids and phenolics increased whereas titratable acidity, firmness and Chroma decreased in both types, reflecting different degrees of maturity within the same fruit. As for physico‐chemical attributes, the enzymatic activities responsible for browning and softening phenomena showed an increasing trend moving from the inner to the outer end of mesocarp in both cv., except for polygalacturonase in cantalupensis type.
The cooking qualities of microwave oven cooked instant noodles
Authors: Cho Seung Yong , Lee Jin Won , Rhee Chul 
Published: October 2015

SummaryDeep‐fried instant noodles were cooked in a microwave oven at 557 W (medium power) and 657 W (full power). The microwave cooking times were determined based on textural parameters and the qualities of microwave oven cooked noodles at medium power and full power were compared with those of products cooked using a conventional gas stove for 9.1 min (CON). Heating in the microwave increased the temperature of the noodle block faster than the cooking water, led to an increased degree of gelatinisation of instant noodles, and reduced the cooking times to 8.5 min (medium power) and to 7.5 min (full power). Cooking in the medium power microwave resulted in high water absorption and weak hardness values. Cooking in the full power microwave resulted in higher hardness and tensile strength than the medium power microwave and sensory evaluated organoleptic scores were comparable to the CON, despite having a significantly higher rancidity.
Immunomodulatory properties of the milk whey products obtained by enzymatic and microbial hydrolysis
Authors: Huang Shang‐Min , Chen Kun‐Nan , Chen Yen‐Po , Hong Wei‐Sheng , Chen Ming‐Ju 
Published: October 2015

SummaryThe objective of this study was to investigate the in vitro immunomodulatory effect of milk whey through enzymatic hydrolysis, microbial fermentation and two‐stage hydrolytic reactions (enzymatic and microbial reactions) by analysing cytokine profiles. Results indicated that the milk whey sample fermented by Lactobacillus kefiranofaciens M1 and two‐stage hydrolytic reactions (hydrolysed by Alcalase and then fermented by L. kefiranofaciens M1) could significantly induce the production of tumour necrosis factor (TNF)‐α and IL‐12 compared with the milk whey control and enzymatic treatments. Further characterisation of the immunomodulatory factor by membrane filtration and mutanolysin hydrolysation, the stimulatory activity for IL‐12 and TNF‐α production was found to be reduced and to be correlated positively with the cell wall components in L. kefiranofaciens M1. In addition, Th2‐polarised splenocytes revealed that L. kefiranofaciens M1 had both IL‐12 inducing and IL‐4 repressing activities. These results suggested that L. kefiranofaciens M1 could direct the Th1/Th2 balance toward Th1.
Social factors in clinical complexity: reflections from a paediatric unit
Authors: Sarkar Shruti , Sarkar Dipankar 
Published: October 2015

AbstractMedical text books have taught us evaluation and diagnosis of disease based on patients' symptoms, signs and relevant investigations and treatment is then implemented according to the clinical condition and current best available evidence. There are objective scoring scales to assess the severity of the condition, progress and eventual outcome. These scales rarely if ever consider the impact of social factors on the course of treatment and eventual clinical outcome. But in a country like India with diverse cultural backgrounds and deep social structures social, cultural and economic factors have great ramifications on the clinical course, treatment and ultimate outcome. Diverse beliefs, faiths, social norms and cultural practices not only have a direct effect on a person's daily life but indirectly also effect educational, professional and health care access. The effects of these factors on families and their way of deciding on their child's management in complex systems show multifaceted dynamic interactions leading to at times unexpected outcomes.
Evidence for the presence of white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) and monodon baculovirus (MBV) in wild Penaeus monodon (Fabricius) broodstock, in the southeast coast of India
Authors: Remany M C , Daly C , Nagaraj S , Panda A K , Jaideep K , Samraj Y C T 
Published: October 2015

AbstractA survey on the presence of the viruses of two economically significant diseases, white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) and monodon baculovirus (MBV) in wild‐collected Penaeus monodon broodstock, was conducted during different seasons of the year in two major coastal areas of southeast India. The broodstock were collected along the coast of Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh during summer, premonsoon, monsoon and post‐monsoon seasons for three consecutive years. A total of 7905 samples were collected and subjected to MBV screening, and 6709 samples that were screened as MBV negative were diagnosed for WSSV. MBV was detected using rapid malachite green staining and WSSV by nested polymerase chain reaction. Prevalence data of the viruses were analysed using the EpiCalc 2000 program at 95% confidence interval. Samples collected from the Andhra Pradesh coast displayed a slightly higher prevalence of WSSV and MBV infection than those collected from Tamil Nadu, although this difference was not statistically significant (P > 005). In addition, it was found that the prevalence of both WSSV and MBV infections fluctuated according to season. Data on prevalence of these viruses in broodstock would be useful to develop strategies for shrimp health management along the southeast coast of India.
Herpes simplex virus and human papillomavirus genital infections: new and investigational therapeutic options
Authors: Viera Martha H. , Amini Sadegh , Huo Ran , Konda Sailesh , Block Samantha , Berman Brian 
Published: October 2015

AbstractHuman papillomavirus and Herpes simplex virus are the most common genital viral infections encountered in clinical practice worldwide. We reviewed the literature focusing on new and experimental treatment modalities for both conditions, based on to the evidence‐based data available. The modalities evaluated include topical agents such as immune response modifiers (imiquimod, resiquimod, and interferon), antivirals (penciclovir, cidofovir, and foscarnet), sinecatechins, microbiocidals (SPL7013 gel, and PRO 2000 gel), along with experimental (oligodeoxynucleotides), immunoprophylactic, and immunotherapeutic vaccines.
Arthroscopic shaver with refinement for axillary osmidrosis
Authors: Chern Erick , Yau Diana , Chuang Fu‐Chen , Wu Wei‐Ming 
Published: October 2015

AbstractBackground  Minimal invasive treatment with liposuction‐curettage for axillary osmidrosis has lead to clinical improvement with lower risk of complications. The incidence of skin necrosis and hematoma in the literature is very limited. Recently, arthroscopic shaver has been used for the treatment of osmidrosis with better efficacy, but associated with variable degrees of complications.Objective  To evaluate clinical effect and complication from arthroscopic shaver with preservation of fibrovascular cords. To our knowledge this modification has not been previously described.Method  Thirty patients were recruited during a 1‐year‐period for the treatment of axillary malodor. Incision was made for the arthroscopic shaver and subcutaneous fibrovascular cords were carefully preserved. We evaluated the clinical efficacy (excellent, good, fair, and poor), complications, and subsequent recurrences.Results  Among patients receiving the arthroscopic shaving for axillary osmidrosis, 93% of the patients had achieved excellent to good results, 7% with fair result and none had poor clinical efficacy. None of the patient had any skin necrosis or recurrences during clinical follow up.Conclusion  Arthroscopic shaving for axillary osmidrosis has been associated with variable complication rates. Our experience has indicated that preservation of fibrovascular cords protected epidermis from necrosis and such refinement will allow for more optimal clinical result and lower complications.
Prognostic factors in the elderly: a profile and outcomes study of a community palliative care service
Authors: Chapman M. , Le B. , Gorelik A. , Schwarz J. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractOur ageing population creates challenges for palliative care, including accuracy of prognostication. This study highlights this by profiling the outcomes of an Australian, community‐based palliative service over 6 months with collection of epidemiological, comorbidity and physical function data. Most patients had cancer, comorbidities and died during the study. Low scores on the Australian‐modified Karnofsky Performance Scale and the presence of congestive cardiac failure were predictive of shorter survival.
Measuring Vertical Specialization: The Case of China
Authors: Dean Judith M. , Fung K. C. , Wang Zhi 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThe explosive growth of Chinese trade may be due to international production fragmentation, but few have assessed these phenomena together, in part, because it is difficult to measure the vertical specialization (VS) of China's trade. Unique features of China's processing trade cause both identification of imported inputs and their allocation across sectors to vary by trade regime. This paper estimates the VS of Chinese merchandise exports, addressing these two challenges. A new method to identify Chinese imported inputs is developed, and used to calculate VS by sector and destination. VS estimates based on the official Chinese input–output table are contrasted with those based on a split table, capturing processing and normal exports separately. Last, the paper tests whether Chinese “export sophistication” can be explained by VS.
Welfare Effects of Tariff Reduction Formulas
Authors: Jørgensen Jan Guldager , Schröder Philipp J.H. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractWorld Trade Organization (WTO) negotiations rely on tariff reduction formulas. Formula approaches are of increasing importance in trade talks, because of the large number of countries involved, the wider dispersion in initial tariffs (e.g. tariff peaks), and gaps between bound and applied tariff rates. This paper presents a two country intra‐industry trade model with heterogeneous firms subject to high and low tariffs. We examine the welfare effects of applying three different tariff reduction formulas discussed in the literature that were used and proposed in previous and current General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)/WTO negotiations (1) a proportional cut, (2) the Swiss formula and (3) a tiered formula. No single formula dominates for all conditions. The ranking of the three tools depends on the degree of product differentiation in the industry and the achieved reduction in the average tariff.
Sectoral Capital–Labor Ratios and Total Factor Productivity: Evidence from Asia
Authors: Kakkar Vikas , Yan Isabel K.M. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThis paper examines the relationship between sectoral capital–labor ratios and total factor productivity (TFP) for six Asian economies in the context of the Balassa–Samuelson model. A strong prediction of the model is that the capital–labor ratios in both the traded‐ and nontraded‐goods sectors depend on the TFP in the traded‐goods sector. Both single‐equation and panel cointegration tests support this implication of the model.
Software Provision and the Impact of Market Integration
Authors: Iwasa Kazumichi , Kikuchi Toru 
Published: October 2015

AbstractBoth deeper market integration and advances in digital technology have driven particularly large decreases in the costs of intermarket software provision. This study first explains the mechanism of how trade costs influence the software provision decisions of software firms. Then the transformation of production/trade patterns is investigated given gradually decreasing trade costs for software products. It is shown that if two incompatible types of hardware exist, deeper market integration may reduce the variety of hardware technologies. It is also shown that, if the variety of hardware technologies is reduced by deeper integration, some consumers are made worse off.
Social Preferences, Sorting, and Competition*
Authors: von Siemens Ferdinand A. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractIn this paper, I investigate how an increase in competition for workers influences the impact of social preferences on labor‐market outcomes. By sorting themselves into firms with homogeneous work forces, workers can ensure that they suffer less from social comparisons. Competition promotes choice and thus facilitates sorting. However, competition also boosts rent differences in the labor market, because firms cannot curb internal inequity among its employees without losing workers to competitors. To reduce their exposure to social comparisons, workers might engage in inefficient sorting into unemployment. Consequently, social preferences can have strong effects (i.e., unemployment) in a competitive labor market, whereas they only have a slight impact on labor‐market outcomes in a monopsony.
Labour Supply, Life Satisfaction, and the (Dis)Utility of Work*
Authors: Rätzel Steffen 
Published: October 2015

AbstractIn economic theory, it is typically assumed that there is a “disutility of labour”. However, empirical research on subjective well‐being has consistently shown that unemployed people are less happy than employed people, even after taking income differences into account. In this paper, we attempt to reconcile both findings. We show that happiness and work hours exhibit an inverse U‐shaped relation – working longer raises the level of happiness, as long as the total working time is not too long. Hence, working can be beneficial for happiness and, at the same time, it can exert a disutility at the margin.
Optimal Taxation of Bequests in a Model with Initial Wealth*
Authors: Brunner Johann K. , Pech Susanne 
Published: October 2015

AbstractWe formulate an optimal‐taxation model where parents leave bequests to their descendants for altruistic reasons. In contrast to the standard model, individuals differ not only in earning abilities, but also in initial (inherited) wealth. In this model, a redistributive motive for an inheritance tax – which is equivalent to a uniform tax on all expenditures – arises, given that initial wealth increases with earning abilities. The introduction of the inheritance tax either increases intertemporal social welfare or has an ambiguous effect, depending on whether the external effect related to altruism is accounted for in the social objective.
Teaching for Racial Justice: A Participative Approach
Authors: Reddie Anthony G. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThis article outlines an ongoing method the author developed for seeking to enable predominantly White students in theological education (those training for authorized public ordained ministry) to engage with the central tenets of racial justice. The quest for racial justice has been an important part of the mission of the major church denominations in the United Kingdom over the past twenty years, as they have declared that “Racism is a sin.” Ordained ministers are now charged with the task of seeking to lead church congregations into faithful, anti‐racist forms of practice – namely, the quest for racial justice. This paper outlines the working method the author has developed in order to conscientize ministers in training for this significant task.
INTERPRETATION AND THE ORIGIN OF LIFE
Authors: Southgate Christopher , Robinson Andrew 
Published: October 2015

Abstract.We offer a general definition of interpretation based on a naturalized teleology. The definition tests and extends the biosemiotic paradigm by seeking to provide a philosophically robust resource for investigating the possible role of semiosis (processes of representation and interpretation) in biological systems. We show that our definition provides a way of understanding various possible kinds of misinterpretation, illustrate the definition using examples at the cellular and subcellular level, and test the definition by applying it to a potential counterexample. We explain how we propose to use the definition as a way of asking new questions about what distinguishes life from non‐life and of formulating testable hypotheses within the field of origin‐of‐life research. If the definition leads to fruitful new empirical approaches to the scientific problem of the origin of life, it will help to establish biosemiotics as a legitimate philosophical approach in theoretical biology and will thereby support a theological appropriation of the biosemiotic perspective as the basis of a new theology of nature.