bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Graphene electrodes for voltammetric measurements in biological fluids
Authors: Peplowski Andrzej , Janczak Daniel , Wróblewski Grzegorz , Słoma Marcin , Górski Łukasz , Malinowska Elżbieta , Pałko Tadeusz , Jakubowska Małgorzata 
Published: July 2015

Purpose– The aim of this paper was to verify applicability of graphene-based sensors for voltammetric and amperometric measurements of low-concentration compounds in biological fluids.Design/methodology/approach– Using the screen printing method, electrochemical sensors were manufactured on polymethylmetacrylate foil using a paste consisting of organic solvents and graphene nanopetals. As the model of a biological fluid tear film was chosen, the compound chosen as the analyte was H2O2, which is produced in oxidation of biological compounds. Tear film analog was prepared, in which, the measurements were carried out in a wide range of concentrations to determine the oxidation potential of H2O2through square-wave voltammetry. The second series of amperometric measurements was carried out for concentrations between 0 and 30 μM/L, which is the lower range of physiological glucose concentration in tear films.Findings– The sensors presented linearity for concentrations from 0 to 3.5 per cent. Mean linear correlation coefficient between the peak current and the concentration for the examined sensors was 0.9764. Mean sensitivity was 434.4 mA·M−1·L−1.Research limitations/implications– Results indicate a need for optimization of the sensors ' performance. Main parameters to be improved are surface area of electrodes and purity of the graphene layer, as well as uniformity of the manufacturing process to improve accuracy and repeatability of measurements.Practical implications– Technology and materials used present an opportunity for creating low-cost, miniaturized and biocompatible sensors to be used in medical monitoring.Originality/value– Printed electronics technology described was not investigated previously in the field of biological sensors and could contribute to the solving of vital medicine problems.
Copper deposition on screen printed electrical paths for solar cell application
Authors: Drabczyk Kazimierz , Socha Robert P. , Skwarek Agata 
Published: July 2015

Purpose
– The aim of this paper is to present results of investigations carried out on the front electrode of solar cells. Nowadays, most worldwide solar cell production is dominated by monocrystalline and polycrystalline silicon as a base material. In such cells, the electrical carriers are collected by the system of metallic paths fabricated on a silicon surface. One possible way to increase cell efficiency and reduce the production costs of solar modules is to replace the expensive silver by cheaper copper in front metallic electrodes.

Design/methodology/approach
– The paper presents results of investigations performed on the front electrode of the solar cell. The investigations were focused on the modification of typical screen printing fabrication of the thin electrical finger paths of the front solar cell electrode. The resulting contacts were characterized morphologically (the dimensions and geometry of the front contacts) by scanning electron microscopy. The composition of finger path covered with copper was analyzed using energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy techniques.

Findings
– In this work, the front electrodes were screen printed with the use of conventional silver-paste on a p-type Cz–Si-textured wafer with a n+ emitter and with an antireflection coating. After that, the fired front electrode was electroless coated with copper. The electroless copper deposition was performed in two stages. First, the surface of the photovoltaic cell was dipped in an aqueous solution of CuSO4 and then dried in air at room temperature. When the surface dried, the cell was immersed in hydrogen fluoride solution (5 per cent) for 1 s followed by rinsing in deionization water.

Originality/value
– The experiments confirmed the potential application of copper as an additional layer of the solar cell front metal electrode. On the one hand, this process is very simple and, on the other, the authors demonstrate a problem with the mechanical stability of the covered paths leading to electrode delamination.
Carbon nanomaterials dedicated to heating systems
Authors: Wroblewski Grzegorz , Kielbasinski Konrad , Swatowska Barbara , Jaglarz Janusz , Marszalek Konstanty , Stapinski Tomasz , Jakubowska Malgorzata 
Published: July 2015

Purpose
– The paper aims to present the research results related to transparent heating elements made from carbon nanomaterials. Heating elements were fabricated only with cost-effective techniques with the aim to be easily implemented in large area applications. Presented materials and methods are an interesting alternative to vacuum deposition of transparent resistive layers and etching of low-resistive patterns. Fabricated heating elements were designed to be used as de-icing structures in roof-top windows.

Design/methodology/approach
– The paper presents the research results related to transparent heating elements made from carbon nanomaterials. Heating elements were fabricated only with cost-effective techniques with the aim to be easily implemented in large area applications. Presented materials and methods are an interesting alternative to vacuum deposition of transparent resistive layers and etching of low-resistive patterns. Fabricated heating elements were designed to be used as de-icing structures in roof-top windows.

Findings
– The sheet resistance of obtained layers was between 9 and 11 kΩ/□; however, double-walled carbon nanotubes showed significantly higher optical transmission (around 70 per cent) than graphene nanoplatelets (around 55 per cent for visible and near infrared range). The amount of polymer resin had the influence on the paints stability, electrical properties and coatings adhesion.

Originality/value
– Results show a novel method of fabrication of a large area and transparent heating elements with tunable resistance done through the change of spray coating paint composition.
Modeling creep in a variable thickness rotating FGM disc under varying thermal gradient
Authors: Garg Manish , Salaria B S , Gupta V K 
Published: July 2015

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to investigate steady state creep behavior of a functionally graded rotating disc under varying thermal gradient (TG).Design/methodology/approach– The steady state creep in a rotating FGM disc with linearly varying thickness has been investigated by using von-Mises yield criterion. The disc under investigation is assumed to be made of FGM containing non-linear distribution of silicon carbide particle (SiCp) in a matrix of pure aluminum along the radial distance. The creep behavior of the FGM composite disc is described by threshold stress-based law. The stresses and strain rates in the FGM disc have been estimated for different kinds of TG.Findings– The results indicate that when the FGM disc is subjected to a radial TG, with temperature increasing with increasing radius, the radial stress in the disc increases over the entire disc but the tangential and effective stresses increase near the inner radius and decrease toward the outer radius. The imposition of such a radial TG in the FGM disc leads to significant reduction in the radial and tangential strain rates. With the increase in magnitude of TG in the FGM disc, the inhomogeneity in creep stresses increases but the inhomogeneity in strain rates decreases significantly, thereby reducing the chances of distortion in the FGM disc.Originality/value– The creep strain rates in rotating FGM disc could be significantly reduced when the disc is subjected to a radial TG, with temperature increasing with increasing radius.
CFD investigation of inlet pressure effects on the energy separation in a vortex tube with convergent nozzles
Authors: Pourmahmoud Nader , Rashidzadeh Masoud , Hassanzadeh Amir 
Published: July 2015

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effect of convergent nozzles on the thermal separation inside a vortex tube, using a three-dimensional (3D) computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model as predicting tool.

Design/methodology/approach
– The 3D finite volume formulation with the standard k-ε turbulence model has been used to carry out all the computations. Six different nozzles for convergence angle have been utilized β=0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10°. All other geometrical parameters were considered fixed at the experimental condition, i.e. main tube and chamber sizes and 294.2 K of gas temperature at inlets.

Findings
– The numerical results present that there is an optimum convergence angle for obtaining the highest efficiency and β=2° is the optimal candidate under the simulations. It can be pointed that, some numerical data are validated by the available experimental results which show good agreement.

Practical implications
– It is a useful and simple design of nozzle injectors to achieve the maximum cooling capacity.

Originality/value
– In the work with assuming the advantages of using convergent nozzles on the energy separation and their considerable role on the creation of maximum cooling capacity of machine, the shape of nozzles was concentrated. This research believes that choosing an appropriate convergence angle is one of the important physical parameters. So far, an effective investigation toward the optimization of convergent nozzles has not been done but the importance of this subject can be regarded as an interesting research theme; so that the machine would operate in the way that the maximum cooling effect or the maximum refrigeration capacity is provided.
Some modifications for ES-FEM and its application for vehicle design
Authors: Huang Guanxin , Wang Hu , Li Guangyao 
Published: July 2015

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to enhance the feasibility of the edge-based smoothed triangular (EST) element, some modifications are made in this study.

Design/methodology/approach
– First, an efficient strategy based on graph theory is proposed to construct the edge system. Second, the stress is smoothed in global coordinate system based on edge instead of strain, which makes the theory of EST more rigorous and can be easily extended to the situation of multi elements sharing the same edge. Third, the singular degree of freedoms (DOFs) of the nodes linked by edges are restrained in edge local coordinate system, which makes the global stiffness matrix non-singular and can be decomposed successfully.

Findings
– First, an efficient edge constructing strategy can make EST element more standout. Second, some modifications should be made to EST element to extend it to the situation with multi elements sharing the same edge, so that EST element can deal with the geometrical models with this kind of features. Third, the way to restrain the singular DOFs of EST element must be different from normal isoparametric triangle element, because the stiffness matrix of the smoothing domain is not computed in local coordinate system.

Originality/value
– The modified EST element performs stably in engineering analysis including large scale problems and the situation with multi elements sharing the same edge, and the efficiency of edge system constructing is no longer the bottleneck.
A simplified and efficient hybrid finite element model (HYMOD) for non-linear 3D simulation of RC structures
Authors: Markou George , Papadrakakis Manolis 
Published: July 2015

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to present a simplified hybrid modeling (HYMOD) approach which overcomes limitations regarding computational cost and permits the simulation and prediction of the nonlinear inelastic behavior of full-scale RC structures.Design/methodology/approach– The proposed HYMOD formulation was integrated in a research software ReConAn FEA and was numerically studied through the use of different numerical implementations. Then the method was used to model a full-scale two-storey RC building, in an attempt to demonstrate its numerical robustness and efficiency.Findings– The numerical results performed demonstrate the advantages of the proposed hybrid numerical simulation for the prediction of the nonlinear ultimate limit state response of RC structures.Originality/value– A new numerical modeling method based on finite element method is proposed for simulating accurately and with computational efficiency, the mechanical behavior of RC structures. Currently 3D detailed methods are used to model single structural members or small parts of RC structures. The proposed method overcomes the above constraints.
Supplier integration in the assortment management of builders’ merchants
Authors: Ellström Daniel 
Published: July 2015

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to explore supplier integration in the assortment management of builders’ merchants (BMs) by identifying potential factors enabling supplier integration and potential factors mediating the success of supplier integration.Design/methodology/approach– A qualitative case study method was used, in which interviews and participative observations were conducted with a timber supplier and BMs in the UK.Findings– The likelihood that a supplier and a retailer will implement supplier integration is positively affected by the retailer’s format as a large chain with several product categories represented in its stores and the retailer’s trust in the supplier. Effectiveness and efficiency of supplier integration is mediated by the number of different retail formats represented by the retailers, the ability of the supplier to determine cost drivers in its operations and a homogeneous market, meaning that local circumstances have limited effect on demand.Research limitations/implications– The findings are exploratory and further testing of the propositions, using a wider empirical sample, is required. The paper extends theories relating to resource complementarity and suggests that a resource complementarity framework can be applied in relationships other than alliances.Practical implications– This paper suggests when incorporation of supplier resources is possible to implement and when it is likely to succeed.Originality/value– This paper uses a contingency perspective to explore supplier integration and targets individual buyer-supplier relationships. It uses a dyadic perspective and considers how supplier integration affects the dyad, rather than only the buyer.
‘Eco’ For Whom? Envisioning Eco‐urbanism in the Sino‐Singapore Tianjin Eco‐city, China
Authors: Caprotti Federico , Springer Cecilia , Harmer Nichola 
Published: July 2015

AbstractEco‐cities have attracted international attention from governments, corporations, academics and other actors seeking to use sustainable urban planning to reduce urban environmental impacts. China has devoted significant political will and economic resources to the development of new‐build eco‐city projects, reflecting the Chinese government's goals to build a ‘harmonious society' in which environmental sustainability and social stability are mutually reinforcing. We critically analyse the case of the Sino‐Singapore Tianjin eco‐city to demonstrate that the eco‐city's ecologically modernizing visions of eco‐urbanism construct a protective environment for its residents that constrains broader consideration of social sustainability. Through analysis of the marketing and presentation of specific domestic and other spaces of the eco‐city, we examine the application of ecologically modernizing construction and technology to the design of the city. We argue that the eco‐city is discursively constructed as ecologically beneficial for its inhabitants rather than for the broader socio‐environmental landscape. Our analysis of residential spaces in Tianjin eco‐city introduces the question of what ‘eco’ means when considering the construction of eco‐urban environments for the city's residents.
Evolution of occlusal shape of the first and second upper molars of Middle–Late Pleistocene collared lemmings (Dicrostonyx, Arvicolinae, Rodentia) in northeast European Russia
Authors: Ponomarev Dmitry , Puzachenko Andrey 
Published: July 2015

An approach combining traditional morphotypical methods, multivariate analysis and informational‐statistical methods was used to study evolutionary changes in the occlusal shape of the first and second upper molars of Recent and Middle–Late Pleistocene Dicrostonyx (32 samples) from localities in northeast European Russia (northeastern Russian Plain, the Timan Ridge and the northern part of the Urals). The evolutionary history is described in terms of morphological evolutionary levels of teeth suggested by Smirnov et al. (1997, Materialy Po Istorii I Sovremennomu Sostojaniju Fauny Severa Zapadnoj Sibiri: Sbornik Nauchnyh Trudov, Chelyabinsk, slightly modified). Based on 14C‐dated samples, levels of molar evolution did not always successively replace each other in time, but rather there were often synchronous populations at any given level. This finding supports the notion of a mosaic pattern of morphotypical diversity and relatively independent, parallel evolution of lemming teeth amongst different populations. Six relatively distinct stages in the evolutionary history of Dicrostonyx from the Pechora (Dnieper) to Recent time have been described, but estimations of their relative ages are often debatable. The rates of change in the M1 and M2 morphotypes and morphological diversity in collared lemmings varied over the entire time interval. The fastest replacement of morphotypes and the highest level of morphological diversity in the study area occurred approximately during the Lateglacial (16–10 cal. ka BP). In the present study, we suggest a new version of evolutionary history of collared lemmings in northeast European Russia, taking into consideration the morphological variability of molars, radiocarbon dates and geological data. Our results provide a more detailed pattern of species evolution in the studied region and specific ages of some localities.
Regeneration or replacement? A case report and review of literature
Authors: Farhad Ali Reza , Shokraneh Ali , Shekarchizade Neda 
Published: July 2015

AbstractEndodontic treatment of immature necrotic teeth is a real challenge. Recently, a biologically based treatment strategy, referred to as regeneration, has been introduced. Tissue regeneration requires the presence of stems cells, a scaffold, and growth factors. Endodontic regeneration may improve the prognosis of immature necrotic teeth by re‐establishing the functional pulpal tissue and further development of the root. However, the tissue formed in the pulpal space may not be original pulp tissue, and in some cases, it may result in uncontrolled calcification of the pulp. This study reports a case of successful endodontic regeneration and compares this process with the normal development of the contralateral tooth. Finally, it discusses the nature of the tissue formed during endodontic regeneration.
Why are Aedes mosquitoes rare colonisers of Nepenthes pitcher plants?
Authors: CHOU LEE YIUNG , WILSON ROBYN F. , DYKES GARY A. , CLARKE CHARLES M. 
Published: July 2015

1. Nepenthes pitcher plants produce fluid‐containing animal traps that are colonised
by a variety of specialised arthropods, especially dipterans. However, container‐breeding vector mosquitoes, such as Aedes albopictus Skuse have rarely been recorded from pitchers. Increasing overlap in the geographical ranges of Nepenthes and Ae. albopictus in urban parts of Southeast Asia owing to urbanisation highlights a growing need to investigate the potential role of pitchers as larval habitats for vector mosquitoes.2. The ability of Ae. albopictus larvae to survive in three common lowland Nepenthes in Peninsular Malaysia that are most likely to co‐occur with Ae. albopictus [viz., Nepenthes ampullaria Jack, Nepenthes gracilis Korth., and Nepenthes mirabilis (Lour.) Druce] was investigated.3. The larval survival rates of Ae. albopictus in pitcher fluids of the three Nepenthes species were determined, then the effects of low pH, larvicidal agents (such as microbes, predators, and chemical compounds) through manipulative experiments were investigated.4. It was found that pitchers represent a hostile environment to Ae. albopictus, but that the principal cause of larval mortality varies among Nepenthes species (i.e. low fluid pH in N. gracilis, predation by Toxorhynchites acaudatus Leicester larvae in N. ampullaria, and microbial activity in N. mirabilis). It was concluded that Nepenthes pitchers are generally not suitable larval habitats for Ae. albopictus. However, the pitcher environment of N. ampullaria is worthy of further study, as pitchers that lack predators are nevertheless rarely colonised by Ae. albopictus, indicating that other aspects of the host pitcher environment inhibit oviposition or larval survivorship.
Environmental conditions and physiological state influence estuarine movements of homing sockeye salmon
Authors: Drenner S. Matthew , Hinch Scott G. , Martins Eduardo G. , Furey Nathan B. , Clark Timothy D. , Cooke Steven J. , Patterson David A. , Robichaud David , Welch David W. , Farrell Anthony P. , Thomson Richard E. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractThe reproductive migration of anadromous salmonids through estuarine waters is one of the most challenging stages of their life cycle, yet little is known about the environmental and physiological conditions that influence migratory behaviour. We captured, sampled tissues, tagged and released 365 sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) homing through inner coastal waters towards the Fraser River, British Columbia, Canada. Biotelemetry was used to assess the behaviour of individual sockeye salmon approaching estuarine waters and at river entry, which were related to both fish physiological condition at release and to prevailing environmental conditions. Sockeye salmon tended to stay close to the shore, migrated during the day, and movements were related to tide. Sockeye salmon migration rate was linked to wind‐induced currents, salinity and an individual's physiological state, but these factors were specific to location and stock. We propose that wind‐induced currents exposed sockeye salmon entering the estuary to stronger olfactory cues associated with Fraser River water, which in turn resulted in faster migration rates presumably due to either an increased ability for olfactory navigation and/or advanced reproductive schedule through a neuroendocrine response to olfactory cues. However, once the migration had progressed further into more concentrated freshwater of the river plume, sockeye salmon presumably used wind‐induced currents to aid in movements towards the river, which may be associated with energy conservation. Results from this study improve our biological understanding of the movements of Fraser River sockeye salmon and are also broadly relevant to other anadromous salmonids homing in marine environments.