bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Inequality and immigration
Authors: Dustmann Christian , Kastis Yannis , Preston Ian 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This article investigates the relationship between immigration and inequality in the UK over the past 40 years. This is a period when the share of foreign-born in the UK population increased from 5.3% in 1975 to 13.4% in 2015. We evaluate the impact immigration had on wage inequality in the UK through two channels: the first is the effect on the earnings distribution of natives and the second is the effect on the composition of the wage-earning population. We find both effects to be very small. We decompose wage inequality into inequality within the immigrant and native groups and inequality between the two groups. We find inequality among immigrants to be consistently higher than inequality among natives. We also examine the impact of immigration on the fiscal budget, and the potentially unequal impact of the ensuing tax implications on natives. In the UK, where immigrants are net fiscal contributors, this is not a factor that aggravates economic inequality. Even though the impact of immigration is found to be small, the way it is perceived across different population groups in the UK varies; a fact mostly attributed to racial and cultural concerns rather than perceived economic competition.
Political equality: what is it and why does it matter?
Authors: Beramendi Pablo , Besley Timothy , Levi Margaret 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Political inequality is a distinctive type of inequality, which cannot be reduced to economic or power inequalities. The article frames political equality as trying to achieve ‘equal consideration’ among members of a polity, arguing that assessing whether this is achieved requires looking at process as well as outcomes. The analysis focuses on two core dimensions that can be studied empirically: patterns of political participation and political representation. Studying these reinforces the idea that, even in advanced democracies, politics is an elite activity concentrated among the educated and those with material and ideological resources. The article discusses the consequences of political inequality framed as equal consideration and a range of reforms that have been proposed to reduce it.
‘[…] no society can genuinely humanize its institutions save as it becomes a community of equals.’ (Laski 1928, p. 31)
Health inequalities
Authors: Case Anne , Kraftman Lucy 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
There are marked differences in life expectancy between regions of England, between countries in the UK, and between the UK and other wealthy countries. In England, there are large differences in mortality rates between less and more educated adults, and between less and more deprived places. Austerity measures enacted after the financial crisis of 2008 not only harmed many people directly and unequally, through reductions in public services, but may also have played a role in the anaemic reduction in mortality rates observed for adults after 2010. Prescriptions on policy to improve the health of those left behind will need to wait for more and better data. It is not possible to understand the upstream mechanisms responsible for health outcomes using geographic indices of multiple deprivation. The most promising approach to improving population health is to continue to focus on the health and well-being of children.
Monopsony in local labour markets
Authors: Manning Alan , Petrongolo Barbara 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
We investigate employer monopsony power in local labour markets in the UK. We propose a model in which market power stems from idiosyncratic worker preferences over non-wage attributes of jobs, including the commuting distance. This set-up delivers point-specific, overlapping local labour markets. The resulting concentration index reflects the intensity of commuting flows between local areas, and is lower than the conventional index based on self-contained, non-overlapping areas because commuting across local areas expand workers’ outside options. We estimate that employment concentration in local labour markets was slightly falling over the past 2 decades. The model-based concentration index is negatively correlated to local wages and performs better than other purely local concentration measures. However, in quantitative terms, the observed fall in concentration can predict only a negligible increase in wages.
Attitudes to inequalities
Authors: Benson Rebecca , Duffy Bobby , Hesketh Rachel , Hewlett Kirstie 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Public beliefs that society is unequal, and critically that this inequality is unfair, can have important social and political implications. Despite this, there is still a lack of research into how people perceive inequalities, with existing work largely focused on economic inequality. Through a review of existing literature and public opinion data, and analysis of new survey data collected in Britain, we seek to deepen understanding of how citizens feel about different social inequalities, what they perceive to be their causes, and preferences for policies to address them. We find that while people are generally uncomfortable with inequalities, it does not follow that they automatically endorse government intervention to remedy them. We also find evidence of different inequality worldviews in the population, with Individualists emphasizing the importance of personal effort and hard work, and Structuralists focusing on the role of social structures or institutions in generating unequal outcomes.
Early childhood inequalities: the rocky path from observation to action
Authors: von Stumm Sophie 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The article on early childhood inequalities by Cattan and colleagues identifies a broad range of socio- and geo-demographic correlates of children’s cognitive and social–emotional development in early life through analyses of three UK population cohort studies. The findings suggest that early life inequalities are driven by a complex nexus of multiple, often inter-correlated factors that each have a small independent effect size. In this commentary, I discuss three key implications for research and practice that follow from the work of Cattan et al.: (1) the urgent need for a theoretical framework to identify and test the mechanisms that drive early life inequalities; (2) the persistent obstacles to ameliorating early childhood inequality; and (3) the immense value of population cohort studies for understanding socio-historical trends and developing evidence-based policies.
Competition and industrial policy in the 21st century
Authors: Tirole Jean 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Large fixed costs and (direct and indirect) network externalities generate barriers to entry and high markups for winners in the digital industry. The potential for high prices, low innovation and abuses of dominant position as well as the contribution to rising inequality raise the question of how countries should regulate the industry. The tech giants’ dominance does not confront us with an unpalatable choice between laissez-faire and populist interventions. The commentary explains economic stakes, considers desirable adaptations of regulation in the digital age and draws some conclusions for policy reform.
A task-based approach to inequality
Authors: Acemoglu Daron , Restrepo Pascual 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This article reviews recent work on how automation and task displacement have contributed to labour share declines and inequality in the US labour market. We summarize the basic building blocks of a task-based framework in which a set of tasks is allocated between capital, skilled labour and unskilled labour. Automation, which corresponds to the use of new technologies expanding the set of tasks that can be performed by capital, always reduces the labour share in value added and may depress overall wages and employment. The negative effects of automation on labour share and its potentially adverse consequences for labour demand can be counterbalanced by the creation of new labour-intensive tasks, which can reinstate labour into the production process. We also show that when automation displaces unskilled labour from the tasks in which they used to specialize (which has been its modal impact so far), it increases the demand for skills and inequality. New tasks may or may not limit the increase in the demand for skills depending on whether they are mostly targeted at skilled workers. We then provide a range of evidence supporting the basic predictions and implications of this framework. Most importantly, the decline in the share of labour in national income and the increase in the demand for skills appear to be related to an acceleration in the pace of automation and a deceleration in technological changes complementing humans during the last 30 years. We end with a discussion of the potential bias towards automation in the development and adoption of digital technologies, and how this will affect the nature of work in the face of recent advances in artificial intelligence.
Gender, immigration, and ethnicity
Authors: Nandi Alita , Platt Lucinda 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
We complement analyses of both gender and ethnic inequality by examining cleavages among women of different ethnic and migrant groups, with a particular focus on labour force participation. Such differences can be shown to be shaped by gender attitudes and norms, which are relatively slow changing, transmitted intergenerationally, and socially embedded. We also examine the benefits of taking a household and individual income perspective on economic inequalities, extending existing analysis of earnings and employment. This facilitates the investigation of the economic position of women both in and out of the labour market, and how their income relates to the resources of other family members. By these means we can shed light on the ways in which gendered processes that are common across ethnic groups can nevertheless result in differentiated outcomes that may persist across generations. This can enhance our understanding of persistence and change in gendered inequalities more widely.
Algorithm to produce a density field with given two-, three-, and four-point correlation functions
Authors: Slepian Zachary 
Published: July 2024

ABSTRACT
Here we show how to produce a three-dimensional density field with a given set of higher order correlation functions. Our algorithm enables producing any desired two-, three-, and four-point functions, including odd parity for the last ones. We note that this algorithm produces the desired correlations around a set of ‘primary’ points, matched to how the spherical-harmonic-based algorithms ENCORE and CADENZA measure them. These ‘primary points’ must be used as those around which the correlation functions are measured. We also generalize the algorithm to (i) N-point correlations with $N\ \gt\ 4$, (ii) dimensions other than three, and (iii) beyond scalar quantities. This algorithm should find use in verifying analysis pipelines for higher order statistics in upcoming galaxy redshift surveys, such as Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI), Euclid, Roman, and Spherex, as well as intensity mapping. In particular, it may be helpful in searches for parity violation in the four-point correlation function of these samples, for which producing initial conditions for N-body simulations is both costly and highly model dependent at present, and so alternative methods, such as that developed here, are desirable.
Assessment of indoor radon concentration in the dwellings of the industrial areas of Kannur District, Kerala
Authors: Prakash Vamanan , Neeraja Nagathil , Mahamood Keereerakath Nadira 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
All organisms on the earth-crest are exposed to natural background radiation since the evolution of the earth, as many environmental matrices such as soil, air, water bodies, vegetation, etc., act as the sources of natural radioactivity. The present study deals with the evaluation of indoor concentration of 222Rn (radon) in different dwellings with various construction materials used for the roof and floor in the industrial sites of Kannur district, Kerala. A pinhole-based dosemeter coupled with LR-115 Solid State Nuclear Track Detector and Direct Radon Progeny Sensor (DRPS) were respectively used for the measurement of indoor radon concentration and equilibrium equivalent concentration of radon. The indoor radon concentrations were found to vary from 102.30 Bqm−3 to 184.75 Bqm−3 and the values were within the recommended limits provided by International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP). The annual effective doses and excess lifetime cancer risks were observed in the range of 2.58–4.66 mSvy−1 and 7.68 × 10−3–15.60 × 10−3, respectively, and both exceed the world average values recommended by United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR) 2000. The study shows that, the houses with marble floors and concrete roofs have comparatively higher values of radon concentration, which indicates the significant contribution of construction materials to the enhanced radiation levels inside the dwellings.
Measurement of indoor radioactivity and dose derived from 222Rn, 220Rn and EECs by using SSNTD based technique
Authors: Ahamad Taufiq , Nautiyal Om Prakash , Joshi Manish , Singh Prakhar , Sajwan Rohit Singh , Rana Anand Singh , Bourai Abhay Anand 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Alpha flux radiated from 222Rn, 220Rn and progeny is the primary contributor of natural radioactivity to the inhabitants in the ambient atmosphere. The annual indoor 222Rn and 220Rn concentrations were found to be 85 ± 43 and 84 ± 36 Bq m−3, respectively. The estimated annual indoor 222Rn and 220Rn concentration is below to reference value of 100 Bq m−3 suggested by WHO. The calculated annual inhalation dose due to exposure to the alpha flux of 222Rn, 220Rn and their progeny is well below the recommended reference level given by UNSCEAR and ICRP. The data were further checked for normalisation and found that 222Rn and Effective Equilibrium Radon Concentration (EERC) data are not normally distributed.
Assessment of radiation dose due to 238U, 226Ra, 222Rn and 210Po in groundwater of Kodagu district, India
Authors: Namitha Shivachara Nandish , Shankarappa Kempalingappa Lavanya Bevinathalapura , Hidayath Mohamed , Sumanth Mavinkere Shivanand , Pruthvi Rani Kirugunda Siddaraju , Chandrashekara Mallupura Shrirangaiah 
Published: July 2024

AbstractNatural radionuclides are universally spread and can be found in varying levels in rock, soil and water depending on the geology. A potential health threat may be caused by them to humans on consumption of water, food and inhalation of air due to the presence of radionuclides. In the present study, an attempt has been made to study the distribution of 238U, 226Ra, 222Rn and 210Po in groundwater samples of Kodagu district, India. The activity concentrations of 238U, 226Ra, 222Rn and 210Po were found to vary from 0.44 to 8.81 μg L−1, 0.71 to 7.66 mBq L−1, 1.54 to 9.61 Bq L−1 and 0.47 to 4.35 mBq L−1, respectively. The associated dose due to radiation was assessed and was observed to be below the recommended standards. The total effective dose to the population was calculated and was found to be less than the recommended WHO standard of 100 mSv.
Studies on uranium concentration in groundwater samples and its associated health hazards to the residents of surrounding regions of Manchanabele reservoir, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
Authors: Deepika Donakuppe N , Ambika Madalakote R , Naregundi Karunakara , Kumara Sudeep , Kumar Kanishettyhalli Nagaraja V , Nagaiah Ningaiah 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Uranium occurs naturally in groundwater and surface water. Being a radioactive element, high uranium concentration can cause impact on human health. The health effects associated with consumption of uranium through water includes increased cancer risk and kidney toxicity. In view of this, an attempt was made in the present study to establish the level of radiological and chemical toxicity of uranium. Radiological toxicity was evaluated in terms of lifetime cancer risk and chemical toxicity through hazard quotient. For the said purpose, groundwater samples from the selected villages of the surrounding region of the Manchanabele reservoir, southwest of Bengaluru, were collected. The collected groundwater samples were analysed for Uranium mass concentration using Light emitting diode (LED) fluorimeter and is found to range from 0.88 to 581.47 ppb with a GM of 20.82 ppb. The result reveals that ~ 66% of the samples show concentration of uranium within the safe limit of 30 ppb as set by the World Health Organisation. The radiological risk estimated in terms of lifetime cancer risk is in the range of 0.0028 × 10−3 to 1.85 × 10−3 with a GM of 0.066 × 10−3. The chemical toxicity risk measured as lifetime annual daily dose is found to range from 0.03 to 21.65 μg per kg per d with a GM of 0.77 μg per kg per d.
Dose and transfer factor ofn 40K in medicinal plants
Authors: Kulal Chandrashekara , Surathkal Gunakara , Mallaiah Somashekarappa H 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The presence of naturally occurring radionuclides is common in all living and non-living frameworks, which are part of our environment. The activity concentration of 40K radionuclide was estimated using gamma spectrometry in some medicinal plants and transfer factors (TF), and Average Annual Committed Effective Dose (AACED) was evaluated. The standard methods were followed in the process of sample collection and processing. The mean activity concentrations of 40K were 223 and 1330 Bq kg−1 in soil and medicinal plants, respectively. The mean TF and AACED were found to be 6.5 and 8.2 μ Sv y−1, respectively. Higher activity concentration was observed in some medicinal plants due to the selective and preferential uptake of this radionuclide depending on their medicinal utility. The study may help to form the database and safety regulations connected with 40K activity in medicinal plants.
Radon levels in Bengaluru during monsoon season
Authors: Kachintaya Charan Kumar , Nagaraja Kamsali 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
A study on the dynamics of Radon and meteorological parameters was conducted in Bengaluru (12056′44'' N, 77030′25″ E, 840 m AMSL) during monsoon of 2014. All measured parameters exhibited a clear diurnal pattern, except for pressure, and are attributed to morning temperature inversion and afternoon enhanced vertical mixing. Concentration of Radon is higher during north eastern monsoon compared with south western monsoon and is due to the presence of continental air mass from north east of India. Monthly average Radon activity has exhibited a positive link with long wave radiation while displaying a negative correlation with ambient temperature, accumulated rainfall and soil temperature. During the study, ambient gamma dose rate of 190.8 nSv hour−1, shortwave radiation of 184.4 Wm−2, longwave radiation of −40.4 Wm−2, soil temperature (at 10 cm) of 26.3°C, humidity of 62.9%, pressure of 918.1 mbar and radon activity of 8.4 ± 0.5 Bq m−3 were recorded.
Greece: Greek tax treatment of foreign private foundations
Authors: Agianni Vasiliki , Belouli Elina , Filippou Elina , Paraskeva Anna 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The concept of foreign foundations pursuing statutory purposes other than charitable purposes does not exist in Greek civil law and is also not expressly recognized in Greek inheritance and gift tax law. On the other hand, from a Greek income tax point of view, Article 2 of the Greek Income Tax Code, applicable as of 1 January 2014, explicitly includes foundations of any type within the definition of legal entities. Moreover, in July 2017, the Greek Ministry of Finance issued Guidelines regulating the Greek tax treatment of foreign foundations of a non-charitable nature, which until then was entirely a matter of interpretation due to the lack of relevant legal provisions. This has resulted in trusts and foreign private foundations now being accorded similar tax treatment under the relevant Guidelines.
The antioxidant protective effect of resveratrol on long-term exposure to acrylamide-induced skeletal toxicity in female mice
Authors: Zhang Haonan , Liu Yi , Wen Yinxian , Wang Hui , Chen Liaobin 
Published: July 2024

Abstract

Background
Acrylamide (AA) is a toxic substance formed when cooking starch-based foods at high temperatures. Studies have shown that AA can cause neurotoxicity, reproductive toxicity and so on. However, there remains limited understanding of the potential skeletal toxicity of AA.

Objective
The aim of this study was to investigate the potential skeletal toxicity of AA, as well as the potential bone protective effects of Resveratrol (RVT).

Methods
Based on the daily intake of adult women, adult female mice was treated with AA at 0, 0.01, 0.1, 1 mg/kg/d or AA/RVT (1 mg/kg/d AA +10 mg/kg/d RVT) for 8 weeks, and skeletal toxicity were evaluated by RT-qPCR and histopathological techniques.

Results
The results found that exposure to AA (0.1 or 1 mg/kg/d) after 8 weeks, osteogenesis exhibited pathological damage characteristics such as inhibition of growth plate function, and reduction of fibrous tissue, and cartilage exhibited pathological damage characteristics such as irregular cell morphology and arrangement, and damage to the tidal line. The results of cellular functional gene testing showed a decrease in the expression of functional genes in osteoblasts and chondrocytes. Meanwhile, after further co-treatment with AA (1 mg/kg/d) and resveratrol (RVT) (10 mg/kg/d), we found that RVT restored AA-induced damage to osteogenesis and cartilage, and reduced the high apoptosis and oxidative stress levels in osteogenesis/cartilage after AA exposure.

Conclusion
In summary, this study confirmed the skeletal toxicity of AA on female adult mice, and further clarified the antioxidant protective effect of RVT on this toxicity.
Majority of the Highly Variable NLRs in Maize Share Genomic Location and Contain Additional Target-Binding Domains
Authors: Prigozhin Daniil M. , Sutherland Chandler A. , Rangavajjhala Sanjay , Krasileva Ksenia V. 
Published: July 2024

Nucleotide-binding, leucine-rich repeat (LRR) proteins (NLRs) are a major class of immune receptors in plants. NLRs include both conserved and rapidly evolving members; however, their evolutionary trajectory in crops remains understudied. Availability of crop pan-genomes enables analysis of the recent events in the evolution of this highly complex gene family within domesticated species. Here, we investigated the NLR complement of 26 nested association mapping (NAM) founder lines of maize. We found that maize has just four main subfamilies containing rapidly evolving highly variable NLR (hvNLR) receptors. Curiously, three of these phylogenetically distinct hvNLR lineages are located in adjacent clusters on chromosome 10. Members of the same hvNLR clade show variable expression and methylation across lines and tissues, which is consistent with their rapid evolution. By combining sequence diversity analysis and AlphaFold2 computational structure prediction, we predicted ligand-binding sites in the hvNLRs. We also observed novel insertion domains in the LRR regions of two hvNLR subfamilies that likely contribute to target recognition. To make this analysis accessible, we created NLRCladeFinder, a Google Colaboratory notebook, that accepts any newly identified NLR sequence, places it in the evolutionary context of the maize pan-NLRome, and provides an updated clade alignment, phylogenetic tree, and sequence diversity information for the gene of interest. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY 4.0 International license .