bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Different Polymerizing Characteristics of Ar/He Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Jets at Room Temperature
Authors: Zheng Xu , Chen Guangliang , Zhang Zhaoxia , Lv Guohua , Beem Jennifer , Massey Sylvain , Tatoulian Michael 
Published: February 2013

AbstractIn this paper, the different discharge and polymerizing characteristics of Ar and He atmospheric pressure plasma jets (APPJs) were studied. The as‐deposited polymer of acrylic acid (PAA) on silk fibroin film (SFF) by APPJs with Ar/O2 and He/O2 gases is investigated with AFM, FESEM and XPS. Optical emission spectroscopy (OES) measurements indicated that various reactive radicals, such as OH and O as well as some acrylic acid (AA) particles existed in the plasma jets. AFM images showed that the He/O2 plasma‐deposited films had the most homogeneous characteristics and good water resistance properties. The cross‐sections of silicon substrates obtained by FESEM showed that the deposition rates of PAA were 50 nm · min−1 and 15 nm · min−1 for Ar/O2 and He/O2 plasmas, respectively. Also, according to XPS analysis, He/O2 plasma created a higher concentration of carboxyl groups on the deposited film than when Ar/O2 plasma was used. magnified image
How Persistent is Demographic Variation between Ethnic Groups? The Case of Household Size in England and Wales
Authors: Catney Gemma , Simpson Ludi 
Published: February 2013

ABSTRACTDemographic characteristics vary between ethnic groups, as a function of cultural preferences and norms, consequences of immigration, compositional differences in age structure, and discriminatory practices. The differences are of policy relevance, but one should not expect a single pattern of convergence, persistence, or divergence. This paper's key distinction between child and adult contributions to household size allows an explanatory account that recognises both fertility and traditional preferences for extended family households. Aggregating small area populations allows the statistical analysis of a demographic indicator across ethnic groups in relation to both area composition and time. Convergence over time of the number of children per household is interpreted as a fall from high fertility immediately after immigration. Stable high numbers of adults per household among Indian, Pakistani and Bangladeshi groups suggest continued demand for larger houses. These two patterns for England and Wales from 1991 to 2001 are confirmed with survey data for 2010. There is relatively little relationship between household size and local co‐ethnic concentrations. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Thermoelectric properties of Ce‐doped n‐type CexBi2 − xTe2.7Se0.3 nanocomposites
Authors: Wu Fang , Song Hongzhang , Jia Jianfeng , Gao Feng , Zhang Yingjiu , Hu Xing 
Published: February 2013

AbstractCe‐doped CexBi2 − xTe2.7Se0.3 (x = 0–0.3) nanopowders were synthesized by the hydrothermal method and the obtained nanopowders were hot‐pressed into bulk at 673 K under a pressure of 60 MPa in vacuum. The results show that Ce doping has significant effects on the morphologies of the nanopowders. With increasing Ce doping amount the morphology of the nanopowder changes from nanosheets to nanorods. The thermoelectric (TE) properties measurements show that Ce doping can increase the electrical conductivity greatly, but has little effect on improving Seebeck coefficient and thermal conductivity. There is an optimum value of Ce doping amount. The Ce0.2Bi1.8Se0.3Te2.7 sample shows a highest figure of merit of 0.85 at 413 K as compared to other samples prepared in same conditions.
Degradation behavior of hydrogenated amorphous/microcrystalline silicon tandem solar cells
Authors: Wang Z. , Zhu H. , Gao J. , Guan F. , Ni J. , Wang Y. , Yin J. , Lan L. , Bai Y. , Pan Q. , Ma Y. , Sun X. , Wan M. , Huang Y. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe degradation behaviors of hydrogenated amorphous/microcrystalline silicon (a‐Si:H/µc‐Si:H) tandem solar cells are systematically investigated. It is found that the degradation of the tandem solar cells takes place not only under the light soaking but also after dark storage. The degradation in the efficiency of tandem solar cells is mainly due to a reduction of fill factor (FF) in our study. Different from light‐induced degradation (LID) behaviors for the tandem solar cells, the degradation behaviors under dark storage, i.e., the dark degradation could be mainly caused by the cracks or voids formed in the bottom µc‐Si:H cell. These defects could lead to an oxidization of internal silicon surfaces by the oxygen atoms. The stabilities of the top a‐Si:H cells and the ZnO:B electrodes are also investigated. Furthermore, adjusting the crystallinity of intrinsic µc‐Si:H material and inserting an intermediate light reflective (ILR) layer between the top cell and bottom cell can improve the performances of the novel structure tandem solar cells. A gain of 0.7% in efficiency is achieved, and meanwhile no dark degradation is observed for the novel tandem solar cells.
High‐power MEMS switch enabled by carbon‐nanotube contact and shape‐memory‐alloy actuator
Authors: Dahmardeh Masoud , Mohamed Ali Mohamed Sultan , Saleh Tanveer , Hian Tee Min , Moghaddam Mehran Vahdani , Nojeh Alireza , Takahata Kenichi 
Published: February 2013

AbstractA forest of vertically aligned carbon nanotubes (CNTs) is integrated as an electrical contact material with a high‐power, normally‐open switch based on micro‐electro‐mechanical systems (MEMS) technology. A shape‐memory‐alloy (SMA) cantilever is thermally actuated to enable switching between the movable CNT forest and the copper electrode formed on the SMA. The out‐of‐plane SMA actuator provides high forces to enable distributed contacts with the CNT forest, achieving low contact resistances and high ON/OFF resistance ratios. The ON state of the switch shows contact resistances as low as 35 Ω with a dependence on the operating current. The device operation is performed with over 5‐W input powers. Long‐term operation with more than 1 × 106 switching cycles is demonstrated. The results indicate that a combination of the CNT‐based contact and the SMA actuator may be a promising path to realizing reliable MEMS contact switches for high‐power applications.
Anomalous behavior of the spin gap of a spin‐1/2 two‐leg antiferromagnetic ladder with Ising‐like rung interactions
Authors: Tonegawa Takashi , Okamoto Kiyomi , Furuya Shunsuke C. , Sakai Tôru 
Published: February 2013

AbstractUsing mainly numerical methods, we investigate the width of the spin gap of a spin‐1/2 two‐leg ladder described by ${\cal H} = J_{{\rm l}} \sum\nolimits_{j = 1}^{N/2} {} [{\bf S}_{j,a} \cdot {\bf S}_{j + 1,a} + {\bf S}_{j,b} \cdot {\bf S}_{j + 1,b} ] + J_{{\rm r}} \sum\nolimits_{j = 1}^{N/2} {} [\lambda (S_{j,a}^{x} S_{j,b}^{x} + S_{j,a}^{y} S_{j,b}^{y} ) + S_{j,a}^{z} S_{j,b}^{z} ]$, where $S_{j,a(b)}^{\alpha } $ denotes the α‐component of the spin‐1/2 operator at the j‐th site of the a (b) chain. We mainly focus on the $J_{{\rm r}}$ ≫ $J_{{\rm l}} > 0$ and $|\lambda |\ll 1$ case. The width of the spin gap between the M = 0 and 1 subspaces (M is the total magnetization) as a function of λ anomalously increases near λ = 0; for instance, for $- 0.1 $ ≲ $\lambda$ ≲ $0.1$ when Jl/Jr = 0.1. The gap formation mechanism is thought to be different for the λ < 0 and λ > 0 cases. Since, in usual cases, the width of the gap becomes zero or small at the point where the gap formation mechanism changes, the above gap‐increasing phenomenon in the present case is anomalous. We explain the origin of this anomalous phenomenon by use of the degenerate perturbation theory. We also draw the ground‐state phase diagram.
Pairing by Kondo interaction and magnetic phases in the Anderson–Kondo lattice model: Statistically consistent renormalized mean‐field theory
Authors: Howczak O. , Kaczmarczyk J. , Spałek J. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractWe start from the Anderson–Kondo lattice model derived by us earlier, in which both the Kondo interaction and the residual hybridization processes have been included in a systematic manner. In the present work we discuss a fairly complete phase diagram including magnetic, pure superconducting (SC), and coexistent antiferromagnetic (AF)–SC phases. Both intra‐ and interatomic hybridization cases have been considered, separately. The Kondo insulating state with completely compensated magnetic moments has been obtained as a reference state, from which either AF or SC or mixed AF + SC phases evolve when the metallic state becomes stable. The SC pairing is induced mainly by the Kondo interaction. The method of approach we use is the so‐called statistically consistent renormalized mean‐field theory (SC‐RMFT), encompassing essential corrections to the standard Gutzwiller‐ansatz approach.
Microwave spectroscopy on heavy‐fermion systems: Probing the dynamics of charges and magnetic moments
Authors: Scheffler Marc , Schlegel Katrin , Clauss Conrad , Hafner Daniel , Fella Christian , Dressel Martin , Jourdan Martin , Sichelschmidt Jörg , Krellner Cornelius , Geibel Christoph , Steglich Frank 
Published: February 2013

AbstractInvestigating solids with light gives direct access to charge dynamics, electronic and magnetic excitations. For heavy fermions, one has to adjust the frequency of the probing light to the small characteristic energy scales, leading to spectroscopy with microwaves. We review general concepts of the frequency‐dependent conductivity of heavy fermions, including the slow Drude relaxation and the transition to a superconducting state, which we also demonstrate with experimental data taken on UPd2Al3. We discuss the optical response of a Fermi liquid and how it might be observed in heavy fermions. Microwave studies with focus on quantum criticality in heavy fermions concern the charge response, but also the magnetic moments can be addressed via electron spin resonance (ESR). We discuss the case of YbRh2Si2, the open questions concerning ESR of heavy fermions, and how these might be addressed in the future. This includes an overview of the presently available experimental techniques for microwave studies on heavy fermions, with a focus on broadband studies using the Corbino approach and on planar superconducting resonators.
Liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization quadrupole time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry for the analysis of sulfaquinoxaline byproducts formed in water upon solar light irradiation
Authors: Le Fur C. , Legeret B. , de Sainte Claire P. , Wong‐Wah‐Chung P. , Sarakha M. 
Published: February 2013

RATIONALESulfonamides such as sulfaquinoxaline (SQX) are among the most important antibiotic families due to their extensive use in veterinary medicine. The prediction of their fate under solar irradiation through the identification of the generated metabolites is required. However, unambiguous structural characterizations often remain a challenge particularly when several isomers could match with the same MS2 data.METHODSLiquid chromatography/electrospray ionization quadrupole time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (LC/ESI‐Q‐TOFMS) in the positive ion mode, leading to the formation of the protonated forms of the studied compounds, [M + H+] ions, was employed. Collision‐induced dissociation tandem mass spectrometry (CID‐MS/MS) of the protonated molecules was carried out, and the effect of the collision energy as well as the elemental compositions of the product ions were used to propose chemical structures. Validation of the hypothesized structures was performed by the calculation of key fragmentation pathway energies using density functional theory (DFT) calculations (B3LYP/6‐31 G (d,p)).RESULTSThe photoproducts were identified as 2‐aminoquinoxaline, SQX isomers, 2‐(N‐parabenzoquinoneimine)quinoxaline and isomers resulting from SO2 extrusion. The direct fragmentations of [SQX + H]+ and its protonated isomers mostly occurred through the loss of 2‐aminoquinoxaline and/or the 4‐sulfoaniline radical ion, while their rearrangements involved the migration of H and/or O atoms. For the desulfonated byproducts in their protonated forms, the main neutral losses were of the quinoxaline radical, aminoquinoxaline and NH3. The fragmentation of the protonated 2‐aminoquinoxaline mainly involved the elimination of NH3 and HCN.CONCLUSIONSLC/ESI‐Q‐TOFMS and DFT calculations have been shown to be useful and complementary methods for the identification of unknown isomeric compounds and the elucidation of fragmentation patterns, in the case of the sulfaquinoxaline veterinary antibiotic. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
User‐centric secure integration of personal RFID tags and sensor networks
Authors: Najera Pablo , Roman Rodrigo , Lopez Javier 
Published: February 2013

ABSTRACTA personal network (PN) should enable the collaboration of user's devices and services in a flexible, self‐organizing, and friendly manner. For such purpose, the PN must securely accommodate heterogeneous technologies with uneven computational and communication resources. In particular, personal radio frequency identification (RFID) tags can enable seamless recognition of user's context, provide user authentication, and enable novel services enhancing the quality and quantity of data handled by the PN. However, the highly constrained features of common RFID tags and their passive role in the network highlights the need of an adequate secure communication model with personal tags, which enables their participation as a member of the PN. In this paper, we present our concept of PN, with special emphasis on the role of RFID and sensor networks, and define a secure architecture for PNs including methods for the secure access to context‐aware technologies from both local PN members and the Internet of Things. The PN architecture is designed to support differentiated security mechanisms to maximize the level of security for each type of personal device. Furthermore, we analyze which security solutions available in the literature can be adapted for our architecture, as well as the challenges and security mechanisms still necessary in the secure integration of personal tags. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mapping the Biological Oxidative Damage of Engineered Nanomaterials
Authors: Hsieh Shu‐Feng , Bello Dhimiter , Schmidt Daniel F. , Pal Anoop K. , Stella Aaron , Isaacs Jacqueline A. , Rogers Eugene J. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractNovel engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) are being introduced into the market rapidly with little understanding of their potential toxicity. Each ENM is a complex combination of diverse sizes, surface chemistries, crystallinity, and metal impurities. Variability in physicochemical properties is poorly understood but is critically important in revealing adverse effects of ENMs. A need also exists for discovering broad relationships between variations in these physicochemical parameters and toxicological endpoints of interest. Biological oxidative damage (BOD) has been recognized as a key mechanism of nanotoxicity. An assortment of 138 ENMs representing major classes are evaluated for BOD elicited (net decrease in the antioxidant capacity of ENM‐exposed human blood serum, as compare to unexposed serum) using the ‘Ferric Reducing Ability of Serum’ (FRAS) assay. This robust and high‐throughput approach has the ability to determine the co‐effects which multiple physicochemical characteristics impart on oxidative potential, and subsequently to identify and quantify the influence of individual factors. FRAS BOD approach demonstrated the potential for preliminary evaluation of potential toxicity of ENMs, mapping the within‐ and between‐class variability of ENMs, ranking the potential toxicity by material class, and prioritizing the ENMs for further toxicity evaluation and risk assessment.
Highly Flexible and Transparent Multilayer MoS2 Transistors with Graphene Electrodes
Authors: Yoon Jongwon , Park Woojin , Bae Ga‐Yeong , Kim Yonghun , Jang Hun Soo , Hyun Yujun , Lim Sung Kwan , Kahng Yung Ho , Hong Woong‐Ki , Lee Byoung Hun , Ko Heung Cho 
Published: February 2013

AbstractA highly flexible and transparent transistor is developed based on an exfoliated MoS2 channel and CVD‐grown graphene source/drain electrodes. Introducing the 2D nanomaterials provides a high mechanical flexibility, optical transmittance (∼74%), and current on/off ratio (>104) with an average field effect mobility of ∼4.7 cm2 V−1 s−1, all of which cannot be achieved by other transistors consisting of a MoS2 active channel/metal electrodes or graphene channel/graphene electrodes. In particular, a low Schottky barrier (∼22 meV) forms at the MoS2/graphene interface, which is comparable to the MoS2/metal interface. The high stability in electronic performance of the devices upon bending up to ±2.2 mm in compressive and tensile modes, and the ability to recover electrical properties after degradation upon annealing, reveal the efficacy of using 2D materials for creating highly flexible and transparent devices.
Uphill Teeming Utilizing TurboSwirl to Control Flow Pattern in Mold
Authors: Tan Zhe , Ersson Mikael , Lidegran Peter , Jönsson Pär G. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe flow pattern has widely been recognized to have an impact on the exogenous non‐metallic inclusion generation in the gating system and mold flux entrapment in the mold in the uphill teeming process. The possible solutions of the flow pattern control are required to be reliable and practical in order to improve the yield and the ingot quality in the steel production. In this work, a mathematical model of a new novel swirling flow generation component, TurboSwirl, was studied to investigate the flow pattern of steel in the gating system and molds based on the authors' previous study. The same calculation method and boundary conditions were adopted. The results show that a much calmer initial filling condition with less fluctuations is achieved in the mold with a swirling flow by using the TurboSwirl compared to previous studies. In addition, the initial position of the mold powder bags can further be lowered in the mold due to a decreased hump height. Moreover, the difference between the hump height and the surface height in the present model has a maximum value of 83 mm, which gives a lower risk of mold flux entrapment. Furthermore, the maximum wall shear stress value can generally be lowered with less fluctuations after the first hump formation in the mold at 2.5 s from the teeming start. In conclusion, the initial filling conditions can be substantially improved by the use of TurboSwirl flow pattern control.
Intensive training program for ultrasound diagnosis of adnexal masses: protocol and preliminary results
Authors: Alcázar J. L. , Díaz L. , Flórez P. , Guerriero S. , Jurado M. 
Published: February 2013

ABSTRACTObjectiveTo assess the feasibility of a specific training program for ultrasound diagnosis of adnexal masses.MethodsA 2‐month intensive training program was developed. The program protocol consisted of a 1‐day intensive theoretical course focused on clinical and sonographic issues related to adnexal masses and ovarian cancer, followed by a 4‐week real‐time ultrasound training program in a tertiary center (25–30 adnexal masses evaluated per month) and a final 4‐week period for offline assessment of three‐dimensional (3D) volumes from adnexal masses. In this final period, each trainee evaluated five sets of 100 3D volumes. 3D volumes contained gray‐scale and power Doppler information, and the trainee was provided with clinical data for each case (patient age, menopausal status and reported symptoms). 3D volumes were obtained from surgically removed masses that had undergone histological diagnosis or from masses that had been followed up until resolution. After assessment of each set, the trainee's diagnostic performance was calculated (sensitivity and specificity) and each incorrectly classified mass was evaluated with the trainer. The objective was to achieve a sensitivity of > 95% and a specificity of > 90%. Learning curve cumulative summation (LC‐CUSUM) graphs were plotted to assess the learning curve for the trainees.ResultsOne trainer and two trainees with little experience in gynecological ultrasound (one gynecologist and one radiologist) participated in this study. LC‐CUSUM graphs showed that competence was achieved after 170 or 185 examinations. The objectives for diagnostic performance were achieved after assessment of the second set of 3D volumes (200 cases) for each trainee.ConclusionsThe proposed training program appears to be feasible. High diagnostic performance can be achieved after analysis of 200 cases and maintained thereafter. Copyright © 2013 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Cloning and characterization of a novel NAD+‐dependent glyceraldehyde‐3‐phosphate dehydrogenase gene from Candida glycerinogenes and use of its promoter
Authors: Zhang Cheng , Zhuge Bin , Zhan Xiaobei , Fang Huiying , Zong Hong , Zhuge Jian 
Published: February 2013

AbstractA 3950 bp genomic fragment from Candida glycerinogenes, WL2002‐5, containing the CgGAP gene encoding a glyceraldehyde‐3‐phosphate dehydrogenase homologous to GAP genes in other yeasts using degenerate primers, was cloned and characterized with inverse PCR. Sequence analysis revealed a 1164 bp open reading frame encoding a putative peptide of 387 deduced amino acids, with a molecular mass of 36 kDa. The CgGAP protein consisted of an N‐terminal NAD+‐binding domain and a central catalytic domain. Six stress‐response elements were found in the upstream region of the CgGAP gene. The influence of CgGAP on glycolysis was investigated. Functional analysis revealed that Saccharomyces cerevisiae transformed with CgGAP was restored to the wild‐type phenotype when cultured in high‐osmolarity medium, suggesting that it is a functional GAP protein. Promoter studies in S. cerevisiae using the green fluorescent protein (gfp) gene as a reporter showed that the GAP promoter (PCgGAP) is constitutively expressed in S. cerevisiae cells grown on glucose. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Inertial waves in a differentially rotating spherical shell
Authors: Baruteau C. , Rieutord M. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractWe investigate the properties of small-amplitude inertial waves propagating in a differentially rotating incompressible fluid contained in a spherical shell. For cylindrical and shellular rotation profiles and in the inviscid limit, inertial waves obey a second-order partial differential equation of mixed type. Two kinds of inertial modes therefore exist, depending on whether the hyperbolic domain where characteristics propagate covers the whole shell or not. The occurrence of these two kinds of inertial modes is examined, and we show that the range of frequencies at which inertial waves may propagate is broader than with solid-body rotation. Using high-resolution calculations based on a spectral method, we show that, as with solid-body rotation, singular modes with thin shear layers following short-period attractors still exist with differential rotation. They exist even in the case of a full sphere. In the limit of vanishing viscosities, the width of the shear layers seems to weakly depend on the global background shear, showing a scaling in${E}^{1/ 3} $with the Ekman number$E$, as in the solid-body rotation case. There also exist modes with thin detached layers of width scaling with${E}^{1/ 2} $as Ekman boundary layers. The behaviour of inertial waves with a corotation resonance within the shell is also considered. For cylindrical rotation, waves get dramatically absorbed at corotation. In contrast, for shellular rotation, waves may cross a critical layer without visible absorption, and such modes can be unstable for small enough Ekman numbers.