bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Interpersonal conflict – handling styles used in public and private sector organisations: A comparative study
Authors: Havenga Werner , Visagie Jan 
Published: August 2012

The objective of this study was to determine and compare by means of an empirical study whether there exists a significant difference in the handling of interpersonal conflict between two totally different organisations. The study made use of the Rahim Organisational Conflict Inventory – ROC-II instrument to determine the extent of usage of five conflict handling styles by employees of an agricultural company and a local authority. Results indicated that a significant difference exists in usage of the various handling styles between respondents and their superiors as well as respondents and their peers. The obliging style and integrating styles were used the most and the dominating style was used the least in both organisations. Significant differences were also recorded with regard to sex, age and qualifications and the usage of different conflict handling styles. These results have definite implications for managing conflict in organisations.

Opsomming
Die doelwit van hierdie studie was om d.m.v ’n empiriese studie vas te stel en te vergelyk of daar ’n betekenisvolle verskil is in die hantering van interpersoonlike konflik tussen twee verskillende organisasies. Die studie het gebruik gemaak van die Rahim Organizational Conflict Inventory – ROC II instrument om vas te stel watter mate die vyf konflikhantering-style binne ’n landboumaatskappy en ’n plaaslike owerheid, gebruik word. Resultate het gewys dat daar ’n betekenisvolle verskil is in hanteringstyle tussen respondente en hul hoofde sowel as respondente en hul gelykes. Die toegewende- en integrerende styl was die meeste gebruik en die dominerende styl die minste in beide organisasies. Betekenisvolle verskille is ook aangeteken met betrekking tot geslag, ouderdom en kwalifikasies en die gebruik van die verskillende konflikhantering-style. Hierdie resultate hou noemenswaardige implikasies in vir die bestuur van konflik in organisasies.
Leader and team behaviour during organisational change: A systems psychodynamic stance
Authors: Cilliers Frans 
Published: August 2012

The aim of this research was to explore the dynamic nature of leader and team behaviour during organizational change, using five different organisational constellations or neurotic personality styles, namely the paranoid, schizoid, depressive, compulsive and histrionic styles. Qualitative research was conducted, comprising of two focus groups with eight psychologists consulting regularly to organisational change. The data was content analysed and interpreted from the systems psychodynamic stance. Each style’s leader and team behavioural manifestations are discussed. The findings and recommendations can be used by consulting psychologists towards understanding and implementing organisational change dynamics.

Opsomming
Die doel van hierdie navorsing was om die dinamiese aard van leier- en spangedrag tydens organisasieverandering te eksploreer, deur gebruik te maak van vyf verskillende organisasie konstelasies of neurotiese persoonlikheids style, naamlik die paranoide, skisoide, depressiewe, kompulsiewe en histrioniese style. Kwalitatiewe navorsing is uitgevoer, bestaande uit twee fokusgroepe met agt sielkundiges wat gereeld konsulteer in die veld van organisasieverandering. Die data is aan inhoudsanalise onderwerp en geinterpreteer vanuit die sisteem-psigodinamiese benadering. Elke styl se leier en span gedrag word bespreek. Die bevindinge en aanbevelings kan gebruik word deur sielkundiges in konsultasies ten einde organisasieveranderingsdinamika te verstaan en te implementeer.
The factor structure of six salutogenic constructs
Authors: Breed Marita , Cilliers Frans , Visser Deléne 
Published: August 2012

The aim of this research was to investigate the factor structure of six salutogenic constructs, namely sense of coherence, hardiness, learned resourcefulness, potency, internal locus of control and self-efficacy. Measurement with a sample of 935 part-time students did not fit the conceptualisation of salutogenesis. A different factor structure for Whites versus Others occurred. For Whites, all six constructs more or less contributed towards the general salutogenic factor and for Others all but learned resourcefulness contributed. For Whites, salutogenesis consisted of two clear dimensions (a global positive orientation; specific behavioural skills) and for Others one dimension (an optimistic life view). Confirmatory factor analysis performed on the data for both groups, indicated a weak fit. It was recommended that salutogenesis be further explored within an overall personality theory.

Opsomming
Die doel van hierdie navorsing was om die faktorstruktuur van ses salutogeniese konstrukte te ondersoek, naamlik sin vir koherensie, gehardheid, aangeleerde vindingrykheid, potensie, interne lokus van beheer en selfgenoegsaamheid. Meting met ‘n steekproef van 935 deeltydse studente het nie ‘n passing getoon met die konseptualisering van salutogenese nie. ‘n Eiesoortige faktorstruktuur vir Wit studente versus Ander studente het voorgekom. Vir Wittes, het al ses die konstrukte meer of minder bygedra tot die algemene salutugeniese faktor en vir Andere het almal behalwe aangeleerde vindingrykheid bygedra. Vir Wittes bestaan salutogenese uit twee duidelike dimensies (‘n globale positiewe lewensorientasie; spesifieke gedrags vaardighede) en vir Andere uit een dimensie (‘n optimistiese lewensbeskouing). Bevestigende faktor ontleding uitgevoer op die data van beide groepe, het ‘n swak passing getoon. Daar is aanbeveel dat salutogenese verder ondersoek word binne ‘n oorkoepelende persoonlikheidsteorie.
The job demand-control model of job strain across gender
Authors: De Bruin Gideon P , Taylor Nicola 
Published: August 2012

This study investigated (a) the structural and measurement equivalence of measures of the job demand-control (JDC) model of job strain for men and women (as operationalised by the Sources of Work Stress Inventory), (b) whether a common or separate regression equations should be used for men and women in the JDC model, and (c) the strain and buffer hypotheses associated with the JDC model. These objectives were pursued by means of factor analysis, item response theory analysis, and moderated hierarchical multiple regression analysis. The results show that the use of a common regression equation might give biased results. The results also provided stronger support for the strain hypothesis than for the buffer hypothesis.

Opsomming
Hierdie studie het ondersoek ingestel na (a) die strukturele en metingsekwivalensie van metings van die werkseisekontrole (WEK) model van werkspanning vir mans en vroue (soos geoperasionaliseer deur die Bronne van Werkstresinventaris), (b) die wenslikheid van ’n gemeenskaplike teenoor afsonderlike regressievergelykings vir mans en vroue, en (c) die spanning en buffer hipoteses wat met die WEK model geassossiëer word. Hierdie doelstellings is ondersoek aan die hand van faktorontleding, item responsteorie-ontleding en gemodereerde hiërargiese meervoudige regressie-ontleding. Die resultate wys dat die gebruik van ’n gemeenskaplike regressievergelyking sydige resultate mag oplewer. Die resultate toon verder sterker ondersteuning vir die spanning hipotese as vir die buffer hipotese.
Towards living with meaning and purpose: Spiritual perspectives of people at work
Authors: Mohan Dushiela L , Uys Koos 
Published: August 2012

It seems that many people who are seeking meaning and purpose in their lives, are exploring spirituality as a way of providing greater levels of understanding of their life journeys. The focus of this research was to ascertain the meaning and purpose that spirituality gives to peoples’ lives. This study was based on interviews conducted with ten professionals at middle and senior management levels, in a South African Financial Services company. A thematic analysis approach was used within the qualitative research paradigm. Respondents indicated through various themes, that having a spiritual perspective in life, helps them create meaning and purpose in their lives.

Opsomming
Dit wil voorkom of baie mense wat na sin en betekenis in hulle lewens soek, die moontlikhede van spiritualiteit verken as ’n wyse om hoër vlakke van insig in hul lewensreise te bewerkstellig. Die fokus van hierdie navorsing was om vas te stel watter sin en betekenis spiritualiteit aan mense se lewens gee. Hierdie studie is gebaseer op tien onderhoude wat met professionele persone op middel en senior bestuursvlakke in ’n Suid-Afrikaanse dienstemaatskappy gevoer is. ’n Tematiese ontledingsbenadering binne die kwalitatiewe navorsingsparadigma is gebruik. Respondente het aan die hand van ’n verskeidenheid temas aangedui dat ’n spirituele lewensperspektief tot sin en betekenis in hul lewens bydra.
Die Evaluering Van ‘N Eentalige Toelatingstoets Wat Vir Toelating Tot Hoër Onderwys In ’N Veeltalige Konteks Gebruik Word
Authors: Koch Elize 
Published: August 2012

The evaluation of monolingual admissions test used for admission to higher education in a plurilingual context. This study aims to critically evaluate the practice to use monolingual admissions tests across diverse language groups. The specific aim of the study was, accordingly, to evaluate the bias, across language groups, of a reading comprehension test used for admission to higher education. The subsequent aim was to decide about
the scalar equivalence of the test across three language groups, namely Afrikaans and English students and students who are first language speakers of an African language. Item bias and structural differences between the English first and English second language groups were found, while structural differences continued to be found after deleting the DIF items from the test. Implications for fair admissions testing in the South African context are discussed.

Opsomming:
Hierdie stukkie het dit ten doel om die praktyk om eentalige toelatingstoetse oor taalgroepe heen te gebruik, krities te evalueer. Die oogmerk van die studie was gevolglik om ’n toets van leesbegrip wat vir toelating tot universiteit gebruik word en wat slegs in Engels beskikbaar is, te evalueer vir sydigheid. Die uiteindelike oogmerk was om oor die skaalekwivalensie van die toets ten opsigte van drie taalgroepe te besluit, naamlik Afrikaanse en Engelse studente en studente met ’n Afrika taal as eerste taal. Item sydigheid en strukturele verskille tussen Engels eerstetaal sprekers en Engels tweedetaal sprekers is gevind, terwyl strukturele verskille na die verwydering van die DIF items voorgeduur het. Implikasies vir billike toelatingstoetsing in Suid-Afrika word bespreek.
The genetic improvement of grapevine cultivars and wine yeast strains: Novel approaches to the ancient art of winemaking
Authors: Pretorius I. S. 
Published: August 2012

The widening gap between wine production and wine consumption, the shift of consumer preferences away from basic commodity wine to top quality wine, and the gruelling competition brought about by economic globalisation call for a total revolution in the magical world of wine. In the process of transforming the wine industry from a production-driven industry to a market-orientated enterprise, there is an increasing dependence on, amongst others, biotechnological innovation to launch the wine industry with a quantum leap across the formidable market challenges of the 21st century. Market-orientated designer grape cultivars and wine yeast strains are currently being genetically programmed with surgical precision for the cost-competitive production of high quality grapes and wine with relatively minimal resource inputs and a low environmental impact. With regard to Grapevine Biotechnology, this entails the establishment of stress tolerant and disease resistant varieties of Vitis vinifera with increased productivity, efficiency, sustainability and environmental friendliness, especially regarding improved pest and disease control, water use efficiency and grape quality. With regard to Wine Yeast Biotechnology, the emphasis is on the development of Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains with improved fermentation, processing and biopreservation abilities, and capacities for an increase in the wholesomeness and sensory quality of wine. The successful commercialisation of transgenic grape cultivars and wine yeasts depends on a number of scientific, technical, safety, ethical, legal, economic and marketing factors, and it therefore will be unwise to entertain high expectations in the short term. However, in the light of the phenomenal potential advantages of tailor-made grape varieties and yeast strains, it would be equally self-destructive in the long term if this strategically important “life insurance policy” is not taken out by the wine industry. This overview highlights the most important examples of the way in which V. vinifera grape varieties and S. cerevisiae wine yeast strains are currently being designed with surgical precision on the basis of market demand for the cost-effective, sustainable and environmentally friendly production of healthy, top quality grapes and wine.
Quality improvement in higher education: a critical review, with reference to South Africa
Authors: Pretorius R. W. 
Published: August 2012

In view of the controversy which characterises systems for quality assurance in higher education worldwide, this article provides a critical review of the theory and practice of quality in the higher education sector. The state of affairs in South Africa is also reviewed, with the focus on the new system for quality assurance which is currently being implemented. Despite good intentions, however, the new system in South Africa tends to be over-burocratic, with limited potential for deepseated change and quality improvement as a result of the focus on accountability rather than on continuous improvement. Real improvement is an internally driven process, which cannot be achieved through burocratic measurement and control. In line with what has been experienced internationally, this article argues that a more flexible approach to the meaning of quality in the context of higher educaction is required in South Africa. Apart from defining and assuring quality, this approach should also be directed at its improvement. However, the point of departure has to be quality improvement, and not quality assurance and control.
The cardiovascular system, as understood in antiquity
Authors: Cilliers Louise , Retief François 
Published: August 2012

Cardiovascular concepts in antiquity were primitive up to the early 5th century BC, when Greek philosopher-physicians like Empedocles and Diogenes divorced human physiology from its previous magico-religious base in order to find answers in the natural sciences. The heart was not initially seen as central to the cardiovascular system – blood (containing life-giving pneuma) moved through the body in blood vessels (phlebes) by way of a spontaneous “ebb and flow” motion. Their perceived anatomical vascular models were quite fanciful, but nevertheless accepted by the Hippocratic doctors, who, except for a single work, The heart (containing a useful description of the heart), added little of significance to the subject. Based on animal dissections, post-Hippocratic authors like Diocles and Praxagoras first distinguished between arteries and veins, confirmed that the heart had two main chambers (ventricles) and extended the theory that “innate heat” in the left ventricle produced pneuma which filled the arteries; only veins contained blood, produced in the right ventricle. Basing their theories on human dissections the Alexandrians, Herophilus and Erasistratus (3rd century BC) produced the first accurate descriptions of the heart and major components of the vascular system. Erasistratus even postulated minute (normally non-functional) peripheral arterio-venous anastomoses. The heart’s pump function was only partially understood – diastole was seen as the active phase of the cardiac cycle (sucking blood into the heart), and the pulse as inherent contraction of the arterial wall. After Herophilus and Erasistratus human dissection ceased, putting an end to further significant developments in unravelling the cardiovascular system. In the 2nd century AD, Celsus consolidated known knowledge, even adding minor contributions (e.g. a description of the coronary vessels) based on his own animal dissections. He mainly confirmed the Alexandrians’ findings and contemporary views on cardiac function, including inherent arterial pulsation, “ebb and flow” blood movement in veins, and the existence of pneuma. He claimed that arteries contained blood, not pneuma. These views, as well an erroneous personal contribution (that there were minute pores in the heart’s interventricular septum), remained medical dogma throughout the Middle Ages up to the Renaissance.
Mapping and Comparing Mobilisation Strategies Throughout Europe: Towards Making Lifelong Learning a Reality
Authors: Broek Simon , Buiskool Bert-Jan 
Published: August 2012

Making lifelong learning a reality has been a recurring theme within European policy making. Increasing participation of adults can help overcome various Europe-wide challenges, amongst others, skills redundancy, the high number of low-skilled workers in Europe, the high level of early school leaving, and literacy and numeracy difficulties. In order to surmount these challenges governments need to take action to improve their adult learning systems. Throughout Europe a wide variety of mobilisation instruments is deployed aiming at increasing and widening participation of adults (and specific target groups) in learning. However, less is known about which instrument is most effective in addressing specific target groups and learning barriers. The key question to be answered in this article is what kind of practices work for what kind of adults and under which conditions. Subsequently, this article addresses the various mobilisation strategies and how they relate to different work domains in the adult learning sector and identifies the stimulating conditions for implementing adult learning measures to increase and widen participation. This contextualising of practices could help policy makers, project developers, evaluators and researchers to better structure the intervention logic of policy measures. This article is based on a Europe-wide study of the European Commission examining the impact of ongoing reforms in the adult learning sector in Europe.
Adult Education in Malta: Challenges and Prospects
Authors: Mayo Peter 
Published: August 2012

Lifelong learning has long been a topic of discussion in Malta but, as this article shows, barriers to participation continue to exist. This article outlines the historical and economic changes that have led Malta to its present situation where adult education largely focuses on employment skills. Although available through a variety of channels, challenges still need to be met to ensure the participation of groups such as women, older people and immigrants. This article advocates a national strategy for adult education within which a balance is struck between learning for employment and learning as a public good.
Short‐ and long‐term sunlight radiation and stroke incidence
Authors: Kent Shia T. , McClure Leslie A. , Judd Suzanne E. , Howard Virginia J. , Crosson William L. , Al‐Hamdan Mohammad Z. , Wadley Virginia G. , Peace Fredrick , Kabagambe Edmond K. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractObjective:Examine whether long‐ and short‐term sunlight radiation is related to stroke incidence.Methods:Fifteen‐year residential histories merged with satellite, ground monitor, and model reanalysis data were used to determine sunlight radiation (insolation) and temperature exposure for a cohort of 16,606 stroke and coronary artery disease‐free black and white participants aged ≥45 years from the 48 contiguous United States. Fifteen‐, 10‐, 5‐, 2‐, and 1‐year exposures were used to predict stroke incidence during follow‐up in Cox proportional hazard models. Potential confounders and mediators were included during model building.Results:Shorter exposure periods exhibited similar, but slightly stronger relationships than longer exposure periods. After adjustment for other covariates, the previous year's monthly average insolation exposure below the median gave a hazard ratio (HR) of 1.61 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.15–2.26), and the previous year's highest compared to the second highest quartile of monthly average maximum temperature exposure gave an HR of 1.92 (95%, 1.27–2.92).Interpretation:These results indicate a relationship between lower levels of sunlight radiation and higher stroke incidence. The biological pathway of this relationship is not clear. Future research will show whether this finding stands, the pathway for this relationship, and whether it is due to short‐ or long‐term exposures. ANN NEUROL 2013
25‐Hydroxyvitamin D and symptomatic ischemic stroke: An Original Study and Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Brøndum‐Jacobsen Peter , Nordestgaard Børge G. , Schnohr Peter , Benn Marianne 
Published: August 2012

AbstractObjective:We tested the hypothesis that low plasma concentrations of 25‐hydroxyvitamin D are associated with increased risk of symptomatic ischemic stroke in the general population.Methods:We measured plasma 25‐hydroxyvitamin D in 10,170 individuals from the general population, the Copenhagen City Heart Study. During 21 years of follow‐up, 1,256 and 164 persons developed ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke, respectively. In a meta‐analysis of ischemic stroke, we included 10 studies, 58,384 participants, and 2,644 events.Results:Stepwise decreasing plasma 25‐hydroxyvitamin D concentrations were associated with stepwise increasing risk of ischemic stroke both as a function of seasonally adjusted percentile categories and as a function of clinical categories of 25‐hydroxyvitamin D (p for trend ≤ 2 × 10−3). In a Cox regression model comparing individuals with plasma 25‐hydroxyvitamin D concentrations between the 1st and 4th percentiles to individuals with 25‐hydroxyvitamin D concentrations between the 50th and 100th percentiles, multivariate adjusted hazard ratio of ischemic stroke was 1.82 (95% confidence interval, 1.41–2.34). Comparing individuals with clinical categories of severe vitamin D deficiency (<25.0nmol/l [<10.0ng/ml]) to individuals with optimal vitamin D status (≥75.0nmol/l [≥30.0ng/ml]), the multivariate adjusted hazard ratio of ischemic stroke was 1.36 (1.09–1.70). 25‐Hydroxyvitamin D concentrations were not associated with risk of hemorrhagic stroke. In a meta‐analysis comparing lowest versus highest quartile of 25‐hydroxyvitamin D concentrations, the multivariate adjusted odds ratio of ischemic stroke was 1.54 (1.43–1.65) with a corresponding hazard ratio of 1.46 (1.35–1.58) in prospective general population studies.Interpretation:In this large population‐based prospective study, we observed stepwise increasing risk of symptomatic ischemic stroke with decreasing plasma 25‐hydroxyvitamin D concentrations. This finding was substantiated in a meta‐analysis. ANN NEUROL 2013.