bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The 2011 M = 9.0 Tohoku oki earthquake more than doubled the probability of large shocks beneath Tokyo
Authors: Toda Shinji , Stein Ross S. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThe Kanto seismic corridor surrounding Tokyo has hosted four to five M ≥ 7 earthquakes in the past 400 years. Immediately after the Tohoku earthquake, the seismicity rate in the corridor jumped 10‐fold, while the rate of normal focal mechanisms dropped in half. The seismicity rate decayed for 6–12 months, after which it steadied at three times the pre‐Tohoku rate. The seismicity rate jump and decay to a new rate, as well as the focal mechanism change, can be explained by the static stress imparted by the Tohoku rupture and postseismic creep to Kanto faults. We therefore fit the seismicity observations to a rate/state Coulomb model, which we use to forecast the time‐dependent probability of large earthquakes in the Kanto seismic corridor. We estimate a 17% probability of a M ≥ 7.0 shock over the 5 year prospective period 11 March 2013 to 10 March 2018, two‐and‐a‐half times the probability had the Tohoku earthquake not struck.
The role of hydrous phases in the formation of trench parallel anisotropy: Evidence from Rayleigh waves in Cascadia
Authors: Wagner Lara S. , Fouch Matthew J. , James David E. , Long Maureen D. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThe cause of seismic anisotropy exhibiting trench parallel fast directions in subduction systems has been the subject of significant recent research. We provide new constraints on the contributions of hydrous phases to seismic anisotropy from an unusually well‐localized region of trench parallel fast directions in Rayleigh wave phase velocities near the Cascade arc at 45 to 66 s periods. We constrain the location of the anisotropic material to within or directly above the oceanic plate, using the depth sensitivity of Rayleigh waves as a function of frequency and the accurate slab imaging available for Cascadia from scattered wave studies. We infer that the likely source of trench‐parallel anisotropy is either a thin layer of sheared hydrous material directly above the slab or hydrated outer rise faults in the upper part of the subducting plate. Similar contributions to trench parallel anisotropy from hydrous phases are likely stronger in other subduction zones.
Validation of predicted meteorological drought in California using analogous orbital geometries
Authors: Ejeta Messele Zewdie 
Published: May 2013

AbstractRecent studies have uncovered the predictability of hydrological conditions on Earth, based on an analysis of long‐term precipitation data in California and analogous orbital forcings during different years that are separated by Saros cycles. With similar orbital geometries of the Earth and Moon, water years 1976 and 1994, which are one and two Saros cycles apart from water year 2012, respectively, were both Critically Dry years in California, according to the California Department of Water Resources’ water year type classification. Further analysis of precipitation data at a cross section of gauging stations across the U.S. during water years 1976 and 1994 reinforces the previously observed association between analogous orbital forcings and hydrological conditions on earth. The current work is a validation of predicted meteorological drought in California during water year 2012 using: (1) real‐time precipitation data collected from a cross section of gauging stations across California, and (2) estimated full natural flows of eight major rivers in California. The data for these years were analyzed and found to have a high level of correlation. The results of the current work provide a significant mark in the validation exercises of the recent novel finding of the predictability of earth's meteorological and hydrological variability. Continued studies and mapping of observed hydrological conditions globally in the coming years using this approach will be highly valuable for sustainable water resources engineering and various other applications. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Implementation of an automatic calibration procedure for HYDROTEL based on prior OAT sensitivity and complementary identifiability analysis
Authors: Bouda Médard , Rousseau Alain N. , Gumiere Silvio J. , Gagnon Patrick , Konan Brou , Moussa Roger 
Published: May 2013

AbstractEfficiency of hydrological models mostly depends on the quality of the calibration performed prior to use. In this paper, an automatic calibration framework for the distributed hydrological model HYDROTEL is proposed. The calibration procedure was performed for three watersheds characterized with different hydroclimatological conditions: the Sassandra located in Ivory Coast, Africa, and the Montmorency and Beaurivage watersheds located in Quebec (Canada). Results of one‐a‐time (OAT) sensitivity analysis showed that the order of the most sensitive parameters differs for each watershed. Thus, the sensitivity depends on the hydroclimatic and physiographic characteristics of the watersheds. Co‐linearity indices showed that all model parameters were identifiable, that is, none of the studied parameters could be explained by a combination of the other parameters. Following these findings, an automatic calibration was run. Results indicated there was good agreement between simulated and measured streamflows at the outlet of each watershed; Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) ranging between 0.77 and 0.92 and R2 ranging from 0.87 to 0.97. When comparing NSE and R2 values obtained using a process‐oriented, multiple‐objective, manual calibration strategy, a slight increase in model efficiency was reached with the automatic calibration procedure (4.15% for NSE and 2.95% for R2) improving predictions of peak flows for the Montmorency and Beaurivage watersheds (temperate climate conditions) and flows beyond the rainfall season in the Sassandra watershed. The proposed automatic calibration procedure introduced in this paper may be applied to other distributed hydrological model. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Designing Assessments: A Multiliteracies Approach
Authors: Jacobs Gloria E. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractAssessment, as defined by policy mandates such as No Child Left Behind and Race to the Top, is a well‒established concept within education. However, assessing multiliteracies presents new challenges because multiliteracies is about ways of knowing and being in the world rather than mastery of a particular set of cognitive skills. In this article, the author reviews three approaches to multimodal assessment. The author argues that although there are differences between the assessment approaches, the core of a multiliteracies assessment is teacher observation of student engagement, a practice in which good teachers already engage. The shift inherent in a multiliteracies assessment is that a pedagogy of multiliteracies raises a different set of questions about texts and text use, which lead to a new way of envisioning assessment.
Disciplinary Literacy : What You Want to Know About It
Authors: Fang Zhihui , Coatoam Suzanne 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThe recent call for a disciplinary perspective on literacy instruction in the content areas has generated considerable interest among literacy educators. This column addresses some of the questions that have been raised about disciplinary literacy. These questions concern the definition and assessment of disciplinary literacy, as well as the timing, teacher capacity, evidence base, and target audience for disciplinary literacy instruction.
Learning to Talk Like the Test: Guiding Speakers of African American Vernacular English
Authors: Fisher Douglas , Lapp Diane 
Published: May 2013

AbstractIn this article, we focus on instructional support for 91 students who speak African American Vernacular English and who are at high risk for not passing the required state exams. We profile the instruction that was provided and the results from that instruction, providing examples of how students’ language was scaffolded such that they could code switch between test language (standard academic English) and the languages of their homes.
Evaluation of simultaneous reduction of Fe(II)EDTA‐NO and Fe(III)EDTA by a bacterial pure culture
Authors: Dong Xiyang , Zhang Yu , Zhou Jiti , Li Hongyang , Wang Xiaojun , Chen Mingxiang 
Published: May 2013

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe integrated approach of using metal chelate (e.g. Fe(II)EDTA) absorption combined with microbial reduction for nitric oxide (NO) removal has been a frequent topic of much recent study. The present study was undertaken to evaluate simultaneous Fe(II)EDTA‐NO and Fe(III)EDTA with Paracoccus denitrificans as a model microorganism.RESULTSThe experimental results suggested that Fe(III)EDTA reduction was severely inhibited by Fe(II)EDTA‐NO while the addition of Fe(III)EDTA could have a positive effect on the reduction of Fe(II)EDTA‐NO. Riboflavin, AQDS and vitamin B12 at 0.1 mmol L−1 did not have significant effects on simultaneous reduction of Fe(II)EDTA‐NO and Fe(III)EDTA. Addition of sulfide not only could directly react with Fe(II)EDTA‐NO and Fe(III)EDTA but also might play multiple roles in biological Fe(II)EDTA‐NO reduction and Fe(III)EDTA reduction. The respiratory inhibitor CuCl2 inhibited Fe(II)EDTA‐NO reduction as well as Fe(III)EDTA reduction while NaN3 and rotenone showed no measurable effects.CONCLUSIONSThe present study showed that Fe(II)EDTA‐NO reduction and Fe(III)EDTA reduction reacted upon each other. The roles of sulfide were divided in terms of biological and chemical interactions during the simultaneous reduction. CuCl2 could inhibit the simultaneous reduction rates. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry
Kinetics of the liquid phase selective hydrogenation of 2,3‐butanedione over new composite supported Pd catalysts
Authors: Carrara Nicolás , Badano Juan , Bertero Nicolás , Torres Gerardo , Betti Carolina , Martínez‐Bovier Luciana , Quiroga Mónica , Vera Carlos 
Published: May 2013

AbstractBACKGROUNDHeterogeneous hydrogenation catalysts for fine chemical synthesis are a convenient alternative to homogeneous catalysts because of the ease of separation and reuse. In order to be good catalysts they must have high activity and selectivity and good mechanical properties. Appropriate kinetic models should also be available for reactor design.Novel composite supported Pd catalysts were synthesized and tested in the liquid‐phase selective hydrogenation of 2,3‐butanedione to 3‐hydroxy‐2‐butanone (acetoin). The composite support comprised a mixture of an organic polymer and γ‐Al2O3. The support and the Pd catalyst were further characterized by XRD, SEM, EMPA and XPS spectroscopy. Catalytic tests at various conditions were performed in order to elucidate the kinetics of the system.RESULTSThe composite had better mechanical properties (resistance to radial and axial compression) in comparison with other commercial supports. Good activity and high selectivity to acetoin, a product of partial hydrogenation, were obtained at different reaction conditions. A Langmuir–Hinshelwood chemical rate expression useful for reactor design was regressed from the kinetic data.CONCLUSIONSThe experimental results could be explained by a Horiuti–Polanyi mechanism in which the addition of an H atom to the carbonyl group in the adsorbed state is the rate limiting step. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry
Absence of post‐lesion reactive gliosis in elasmobranchs and turtles and its bearing on the evolution of astroglia
Authors: Kálmán M. , Somiya Hiro , Lazarevic Lidia , Milosevic Ivan , Ari Csilla , Majorossy K. 
Published: May 2013

ABSTRACTIn the mature mammalian and avian central nervous systems, neuronal destructions are followed by reactive gliosis, but data on other vertebrates are rather controversial. Mammals and birds belong to different amniote groups (Synapsida and Diapsida, respectively), but exhibit common general features in their glial architecture, mainly the predominance of astrocytes. Two vertebrate groups seem to be in special positions of glial evolution: turtles (Testudiniformes) and skates and rays (Batoidea). The purely ependymoglial system of turtles seems to be the simplest one among the extant amniotes. In skates and rays, true astrocytes are preponderant glial elements, in contrast to the other “anamniotes” (and even to reptiles). We investigated stab wounds by the immunohistochemical detection of GFAP in turtles (Trachemys—formerly Pseudemys—scripta elegans), a skate (Raja clavata) and rays (Dasyatis akajei and Torpedo marmorata). Sharks (Scyliorhinus canicula) as ependymoglia‐predominated chondrichthyans, and—for positive controls—rats were also studied. In the elasmobranchs, other astroglial markers: glutamine synthetase and S100 protein were also applied. Neither turtles nor elasmobranchs presented considerable astroglial reactions. Critically surveying the former reports on different vertebrates, these results complete the picture that typical post‐lesion reactive gliosis is confined to mammals and birds. Analysis of the astroglial systems from phylogenetic perspective suggests that the capability of forming glial demarcation and scar formation evolved independently in mammals and birds. Predominance of astrocytes is a necessary condition but not sufficient for reactive gliosis. The intense glial reactivity of mammals and birds may be attributed to their complex cerebralization. J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 320B: 351–367, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Tropical cyclone cloud‐top height and vertical temperature structure detection using GPS radio occultation measurements
Authors: Biondi Riccardo , Ho Shu‐Peng , Randel William , Syndergaard Stig , Neubert Torsten 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThe accurate determination of tropical cyclone (TC) cloud‐top height and its vertical thermal structure using the GPS radio occultation (RO) technique is demonstrated in this study. Cloud‐top heights are determined by using the bending angle anomaly and the temperature anomaly profiles during the TC events, and the results are compared to near‐coincident cloud‐top heights determined by Cloud‐Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP) measurements. Based on 34 closely located RO‐CALIOP pairs during 2006 to 2009, TC cloud‐top heights from RO are highly correlated with CALIOP (r = 0.84), with a mean RO‐CALIOP cloud‐top height difference of approximately 500 m and a root‐mean‐square difference near 1 km. GPS RO data also allow analysis of the TC thermal structure, showing warm anomalies in the middle troposphere and cold anomalies in the upper levels, with a strong inversion near cloud top. We further investigate the thermal structure of the TCs from collocated radiosondes, and identify 246 RO‐radiosonde pairs from 2001 to 2009. Radiosonde data confirm the thermal structure identified in GPS RO, with a strong inversion near the inferred cloud top. The mean difference between RO‐derived inversion heights and those from radiosonde temperature profiles is approximately 500 m. Results show that, while cloud‐top height detected from nadir‐viewing satellites can be easily biased by a few kilometers, the biases of RO‐derived cloud‐top height are within ~500 m.
Statistical estimations of the number of future ozone exceedances due to climate change in Europe
Authors: Varotsos K. V. , Tombrou M. , Giannakopoulos C. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractA statistical model to examine the potential impact of increasing future temperatures due to climate change on ozone exceedances (days with daily maximum 8 h average ≥ 60 ppb) is developed for Europe. We employ gridded observed daily maximum temperatures and hourly ozone observations from nonurban stations across Europe, together with daily maximum temperatures for 2021–2050 and 2071–2100 from three regional climate models, based on the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Special Reports on Emissions Scenarios A1B scenario. A rotated principal components analysis is applied to the ozone stations yielding five principal components, which divide the study domain in five subregions. The historical ozone‐temperature relationship is examined and then used to provide estimates of future ozone exceedance days under current emissions and under the assumption that this relationship will retain its main characteristics. Results suggest that increases in the upper temperature percentiles lead to statistically significant increases (95% statistical significance level) of the ozone exceedances for both future periods. The greatest average increases depending on the particular regional climate model range from 5 to 12 extra ozone days/yr for 2021–2050 and from 16 to 25 for 2071–2100, in southeast Europe. The lowest average increases range from 0 to 2 extra ozone days/yr for 2021–2050 and from 2 to 4 for 2071–2100 and are seen in northwest Europe. The simulations with the dynamical Goddard Institute of Space Studies/GEOS‐CHEM climate chemistry modeling system shows decreases instead of increases in eastern Europe, higher increases in northwest Europe, whereas for the other subregions similar results to the statistical model are obtained.
Improved MRI quantification of spinal cord atrophy in multiple sclerosis
Authors: Kearney Hugh , Yiannakas Marios C. , Abdel‐Aziz Khaled , Wheeler‐Kingshott Claudia A.M. , Altmann Daniel R. , Ciccarelli Olga , Miller David H. 
Published: May 2013

PurposeTo identify an improved method for measuring spinal cord cross‐sectional area (CSA) using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in multiple sclerosis (MS).Materials and MethodsMRI was performed on 15 controls and 15 MS patients and repeated in nine controls and nine patients after 6 months. At this timepoint, an additional scan was acquired to evaluate scan–rescan reproducibility. Two sequences were acquired in the cervical cord: 3D phase sensitive inversion recovery (PSIR) and 3D magnetization prepared rapid acquisition T1‐weighted gradient echo. CSA was outlined at C2–C3 using two methods: a semiautomated edge detection method and active surface model (ASM). We evaluated reproducibility for all combinations of sequences and analysis methods using coefficient of variation (COV) and intraclass correlation coefficient and performed sample size calculations for clinical trials to reduce longitudinal cord atrophy.ResultsPSIR/ASM combination provided the lowest values of COV for intrarater, interrater, scan–rescan reproducibility (0.002%, 0.03%, and 0.1% respectively). At 6‐month follow‐up no significant changes were seen in CSA of controls, and a trend towards significance was observed in patients.ConclusionPSIR/ASM proved more reproducible than established methods of evaluating CSA in MS and also provides the lowest number of subjects per arm for 6‐month and 1‐year clinical trials.J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2014;39:617–623. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effects of extrusion, infrared and microwave processing on Maillard reaction products and phenolic compounds in soybean
Authors: Žilić Slađana , Mogol Burçe Ataç , Akıllıoğlu Gül , Serpen Arda , Delić Nenad , Gökmen Vural 
Published: May 2013

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe Maillard reaction indicators furosine, hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), acrylamide and color were determined to evaluate heat effects induced during extrusion, infrared and microwave heating of soybean. In addition, the present paper aimed to study changes in the phenolic compounds, as well as in the overall antioxidant properties of different soybean products in relation to heating at 45–140 °C during the processes.RESULTSSoybean proteins were highly sensible to Maillard reaction and furosine was rapidly formed under slight heating conditions during extrusion and infrared heating. Microwave heating at lower temperatures for a longer time yielded lower acrylamide levels in the final soybean products, as a result of its partial degradation. However, during infrared heating, acrylamide formation greatly increased with decreasing moisture content. After a short time of extrusion and infrared heating at 140 °C and microwave heating at 135 °C for 5 min, concentrations of HMF increased to 11.34, 26.21 and 34.97 µg g−1, respectively.CONCLUSIONThe heating conditions caused formation of acrylamide, HMF and furosine in high concentration. The results indicate that the complex structure of soybeans provides protection of phenolic compounds from thermal degradation, and that Maillard reaction products improved the antioxidant properties of heat‐treated soybean. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry
Nodal status of central lymph nodes as a negative prognostic factor for papillary thyroid carcinoma
Authors: Lee Yoon Se , Lim Yun‐Sung , Lee Jin‐Choon , Wang Soo‐Geun , Kim In‐Ju , Son Seok‐Man , Shin Dong Hoon , Lee Byung‐Joo 
Published: May 2013

AbstractBackgroundThe status of metastatic lymph nodes, including the size and extracapsular spread (ECS), in papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) has not been well established. This study evaluated the correlation between the specific status of central lymph node metastases (CLNM) and negative prognostic factors.MethodsWe reviewed 243 patients who underwent total thyroidectomy and neck dissection. The CLNM slides were reviewed and the relationship between the CLNM status and risk factors was analyzed.ResultsCLNM were found in 111 patients. ECS (+) was related to a large tumor, high number of CLNM, and large node (P < 0.05). Tumor size and number of CLNM were related to the ECS rate (OR = 3.861 and 2.491, respectively; P < 0.01) in a multivariate analysis. Large nodes (≥6 mm) were related to large tumor size, extrathyroidal extension, number of CLNM, and lateral cervical lymph node metastasis (LNM). Tumor size and LNM (OR = 4.519 and 7.811, respectively; P < 0.05) were related to large nodes in a multivariate analysis.ConclusionsECS was related to node size, tumor size, and number of CLNM. Node size was related to tumor size and LNM. Thus, specific nodal status is a possible prognostic factor for PTC. J. Surg. Oncol. 2013;107:777–782. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Ultrasensitive Detection of Proteins on Western Blots with Semiconducting Polymer Dots
Authors: Ye Fangmao , Smith Polina B. , Wu Changfeng , Chiu Daniel T. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractUltrasensitive fluorescence imaging of proteins on western blots using a bright, compact, and orange‐emitting semiconducting polymer dot (CN‐PPV) is demonstrated. A detection limit at the single‐picogram level in dot blots is achieved; with conventional western blotting, 50 pg of transferrin and trypsin inhibitor after sodium dodecyl sulfate‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and transfer onto a polyvinylidene fluoride membrane are detected. This method does not require any additional equipment or time compared with the conventional procedure with traditional fluorescent probes.magnified image