bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prevention and Control of Rabies in an Age of Global Travel: A Review of Travel‐ and Trade‐Associated Rabies Events –UnitedStates, 1986–2012
Authors: Lankau E. W. , Cohen N. J. , Jentes E. S. , Adams L. E. , Bell T. R. , Blanton J. D. , Buttke D. , Galland G. G. , Maxted A. M. , Tack D. M. , Waterman S. H. , Rupprecht C. E. , Marano N. 
Published: July 2013

SummaryRabies prevention and control efforts have been successful in reducing or eliminating virus circulation regionally through vaccination of specific reservoir populations. A notable example of this success is the elimination of canine rabies virus variant from theUnitedStates and many other countries. However, increased international travel and trade can pose risks for rapid, long‐distance movements of ill or infected persons or animals. Such travel and trade can result in human exposures to rabies virus during travel or transit and could contribute to the re‐introduction of canine rabies variant or transmission of other viral variants among animal host populations. We present a review of travel‐ and trade‐associated rabies events that highlight international public health obligations and collaborative opportunities for rabies prevention and control in an age of global travel. Rabies is a fatal disease that warrants proactive coordination among international public health and travel industry partners (such as travel agents, tour companies and airlines) to protect human lives and to prevent the movement of viral variants among host populations.
High Efficiency Minichannel and Mini-Impingement Cooling Systems for Hybrid Electric Vehicle Electronics
Authors: Ekkad Srinath V. , Parida Pritish , Ngo Khai 
Published: July 2013

Over the years, electronic equipment, especially semiconductor based devices, have found their applications in almost all fields of research. The demand for more power and performance from such electronic equipment has constantly been growing resulting in an increased amount of heat dissipation from these devices. While conventional cooling solutions have performed the task of heat removal, no straightforward extension has been possible for significantly high heat fluxes dissipated by smaller and more efficient electronic devices. Thermal management of high-density power control unit for hybrid electric vehicle is one such challenging application. Over the last few years, the performance of this power control unit has been improved and size has been reduced to attain higher efficiency and performance causing the heat dissipation as well as heat density to increase significantly. Efforts are constantly being made to reduce the PCU size even further and also to reduce the manufacturing costs. As a consequence, heat density will go up (∼200–250 W/cm2) and thus, a better high performance cooler/heat exchanger is required which can operate under the existing cooling system design (pressure drop limitation) and at the same time, maintain active devices temperature within optimum range (<120–125°C) for higher reliability.
The focus of this paper is to discuss the development of various cooling options for high heat flux dissipating devices with severe size constraints. A parametric and optimization study on the selected designs was performed. Finally, the optimized cooler/heat exchanger was tested under actual running conditions. The methodology was to explore various high performance cooling options such as impinging jets, pin fins, and ribbed mini-channels and to arrive at new promising, conceptual designs. These new designs were then compared against similar conventional designs both numerically and experimentally. Additionally, conjugate heat transfer simulations were performed on partial packaging model to compare the various designs. Experiments were also performed to validate the simulation models and characterize the meshing parameters to perform cost and time effective calculations/simulations.
Development of a Microchannel Heat Exchanger for Aerospace Applications
Authors: Strumpf Hal , Mirza Zia 
Published: July 2013

Honeywell Aerospace has been developing microchannel heat exchangers for aerospace use. These heat exchangers offer significant reduction in volume and some reduction in weight compared to state-of-the-art aerospace heat exchangers constructed using offset plate and fin interupted surfaces.
A microchannel heat exchanger was designed based on the requirements and available envelope for an aerospce liquid-to-air heat exchanger presently in service. The new micochannel heat exchanger was fabricated and a full testing campaign was undertaken to validate the design approach and generate appropriate adjustment factors for pressure drop and heat transfer. Based on this correlated model, the heat exchanger was re-sized for the required conditions. This updated design shows a significant reduction in size compared to the existing heat exchanger. In addition, Honeywell now has a validated approach enabling accurate design and optimization of microchannel heat exchangers for diverse problem conditions.
Experimental Investigation of the Electrokinetic Flow in Microchannels With Internal Electrodes
Authors: Gizewski Carsten , Ehrhard Peter 
Published: July 2013

In microfluidic devices, electrokinetic phenomena can be engaged to manipulate liquids, particles, or cells. In general, electrokinetic phenomena are related to the existence of electrical double layers (EDL), which are present e.g. where solid walls are in contact with electrolytes. Due to surface charges of the solid, ions of opposite charge are attracted and lead to a thin electrically non-neutral zone — the EDL. The application of an electrical field, consequently, leads to forces onto the fluid inside the EDL, capable of driving a flow within the microchannel. This particular flow is termed electroosmotic. If further the electrodes are placed inside the microchannel, due to small distances, strong inhomogeneous electrical fields can be induced, which in turn cause complex flow fields. This is true despite low applied electrode potentials of a few Volts. Numerical simulations of various authors have shown the potential for pumping and mixing of such complex flows in microchannels with internal electrodes.
We focus on the electroosmotic flow within rectangular microchannels of 100 × 200 μm cross section. In each microchannel eight pairs of electrodes are placed onto the top and bottom glass covers, whereas the spatial offset of the electrodes is chosen differently in each of the microchannels. Due to the limited optical access through the glass covers, only the two velocity components which are tangential to the glass cover (i.e. the x– and y–components) are accessible by means of the micro–particle–image velocimetry (μPIV). The expected electroosmotic flow, however, features vortices which cannot be recognized within this x–y velocity plane. Therefore, a number of two–dimensional, two–component velocity fields is measured at different heights of the microchannel. From an integration of the continuity equation, subsequently, the third velocity component in the z–direction, which is normal to the glass cover, can be determined at reasonable accuracy. A further difficulty arises from the fact that the microparticles, used for μPIV, are not electrically neutral. Hence, in addition to drag forces from the electroosmotic flow, they experience electrophoretic forces. Hence, the particle movement appears to be a superposition of electroosmotic and electrophoretic effects.
Evaluation of Lattice Boltzmann Method for Reaction-Diffusion Process in a Porous SOFC Anode Microstructure
Authors: Paradis Hedvig , Sundén Bengt 
Published: July 2013

In the microscale structure of a porous electrode, the transport processes are among the least understood areas of SOFC. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the Lattice Boltzmann Method (LBM) for a porous microscopic media and investigate mass transfer processes with electrochemical reactions by LBM at a mesoscopic and microscopic level. Part of the anode structure of an SOFC for two components is evaluated qualitatively for two different geometry configurations of the porous media. The reaction-diffusion equation has been implemented in the particle distribution function used in LBM. The LBM code in this study is written in the programs MATLAB and Palabos.
It has here been shown that LBM can be effectively used at a mesoscopic level ranging down to a microscopic level and proven to effectively take care of the interaction between the particles and the walls of the porous media. LBM can also handle the implementation of reaction rates where these can be locally specified or as a general source term. It is concluded that LBM can be valuable for evaluating the risk of local harming spots within the porous structure to reduce these interaction sites. In future studies, the information gained from the microscale modeling can be coupled to a macroscale CFD model and help in development of a smooth structure for interaction of the reforming reaction and the electrochemical reaction rates. This can in turn improve the cell performance.
Experimental Study on the Effect of Synthetic Jets on Flow Boiling Heat Transfer in Microchannels
Authors: Fang Ruixian , Khan Jamil 
Published: July 2013

Two-phase flow instabilities in micro-channel exhibit pressure and temperature fluctuations with different frequencies and amplitudes. An active way to suppress the dynamic instabilities in the boiling micro-channels is to introduce synthetic jets into the channel fluid. Thus the bubbles can be condensed before they clog the channel and expand upstream causing flow reversal.
The present work experimentally investigated the effect of synthetic jets on the suppression of flow boiling instabilities exhibited in a micro-channel heat sink. The heat sink is consisted of five parallel rectangular microchannels measured 500 μm wide, 500 μm deep each. An array of synthetic jets was placed right above the micro-channels with each channel corresponds to 8 jet orifices. The strength and frequency of the jets are controlled by changing the driving voltage and frequency of the piezoelectric driven synthetic jet actuator. Tests were performed with synthetic jets operating at 80 Hz and 150 Hz respectively. It is found that the bubbles were effectively condensed inside the jet cavity. The boiling flow reversals were notably delayed by the synthetic jets. Meanwhile, the pressure fluctuation amplitudes were substantially reduced. Test results were analyzed and discussed in detail.
On the Kinetics of Formation of Hollow Poly(Lactic Acid) Microcapsules Fabricated From Microbubble Templates
Authors: Molino Jay J. , Daiguji Hirofumi , Takemura Fumio 
Published: July 2013

Biodegradable hollow poly-lactic acid (PLA) microcapsules were synthesized by directly adsorbing the polymer to N2 (air) microbubbles using the bubble template method. In this method microbubbles nucleate inside droplets, made of a solution of PLA in dichloromethane, as a result of solvent diffusion into a continuous phase of either water or a PVA aqueous solution. Subsequently PLA adsorbs to the microbubble surface, covers it and then the microbubble covered with PLA is spontaneously released from the drople’s interior yielding to hollow PLA microcapsules. For special fabrication conditions, it was found that the final capsules were uniform in size. It was found that the high uniformity is directly correlated to the type of release. This was classified into either single or multiple bubble release. When the predominant type of release is single bubble release, the resultant microcapsules were uniform. In this study we also aim to elucidate the conditions required to attain single bubble release. It is believed that this type of release is attained when the energy barrier at the liquid-liquid interface is lowered, thus microcapsules can be smoothly released. From experiments, it was understood that the use of PVA, a low molecular weight PLA and an initially low PLA concentration is the requirement in order to attain single bubble release. Furthermore, based on rheological and the surface tension measurements at the liquid-liquid interface and inner flow circulation inside the droplet we proposed two plausible mechanisms for single bubble release: (a) mechanism based on the repulsive force between two adjacent microbubbles and (b) mechanism based on the imbalance of interfacial tensions around a bubble.
SEM images revealed that microcapsules obtained from ‘multiple bubble’ type can display a non-spherical cores. In addition, these capsules can have briged shells or bridged cores (share cores). Microcapsule bridging can happen inside the droplet (when cores are shared) or outside (when only the shell is bridged). Increasing the initial concentration of PLA or using a PLA of high molecular weight yields to this phenomenon. The zeta potential of these capsules at pH = 7.0 was above 20mV, and thus the colloidal suspension of microcapsules in water was stable.
Numerical Simulations of Hydrodynamics and Heat Transfer in Wavy Falling Liquid Films on Vertical and Inclined Walls
Authors: Yu Hongyi , Gambaryan-Roisman Tatiana , Stephan Peter 
Published: July 2013

The flow of thin falling liquid films is unstable to long-wave disturbances. The flow instability leads to development of waves at the liquid-gas interface. The wave patterns depend on the properties of the liquid, the Reynolds number, the plate inclination angle, and the distance from the film inlet. The effect of the waves on heat and mass transfer in falling liquid films is a subject of ongoing scientific discussion.
In this work numerical investigation of the wave dynamics has been performed using a modified Volume of Fluid (VOF) method for tracking the free surface. The surface tension is described using the Continuum Surface Force (CSF) model. At low disturbance frequency solitary waves of large amplitude are developed, which are preceded by low-amplitude capillary waves. At high disturbance frequency low amplitude sinusoidal waves are developed. The wave parameters (peak height, length, propagation speed) are computed from the simulation results and compared with available experimental correlations in a wide range of parameters. The effects of the disturbance frequency and the plane inclination angle on the wave dynamics have been studied. The interaction of waves initiated by simultaneous disturbances of two different frequencies has been investigated.
The heat transfer in the wavy film has been simulated for constant wall temperature boundary condition. The effect of the Prandtl number and the disturbance frequency on the local and global heat transfer parameters has been investigated. It has been shown that the influence of waves on heat transfer is significant for large Prandtl numbers in a specific range of disturbance frequencies.
Maintenance of the Stratospheric Structure in an Idealized General Circulation Model
Authors: Jucker M. , Fueglistaler S. , Vallis G. K. 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
This work explores the maintenance of the stratospheric structure in a primitive equation model that is forced by a Newtonian cooling with a prescribed radiative equilibrium temperature field. Models such as this are well suited to analyze and address questions regarding the nature of wave propagation and troposphere–stratosphere interactions. The focus lies on the lower to midstratosphere and the mean annual cycle, with its large interhemispheric variations in the radiative background state and forcing, is taken as a benchmark to be simulated with reasonable verisimilitude. A reasonably realistic basic stratospheric temperature structure is a necessary first step in understanding stratospheric dynamics.
It is first shown that using a realistic radiative background temperature field based on radiative transfer calculations substantially improves the basic structure of the model stratosphere compared to previously used setups. Then, the physical processes that are needed to maintain the seasonal cycle of temperature in the lower stratosphere are explored. It is found that an improved stratosphere and seasonally varying topographically forced stationary waves are, in themselves, insufficient to produce a seasonal cycle of sufficient amplitude in the tropics, even if the topographic forcing is large. Upwelling associated with baroclinic wave activity is an important influence on the tropical lower stratosphere and the seasonal variation of tropospheric baroclinic activity contributes significantly to the seasonal cycle of the lower tropical stratosphere. Given a reasonably realistic basic stratospheric structure and a seasonal cycle in both stationary wave activity and tropospheric baroclinic instability, it is possible to obtain a seasonal cycle in the lower stratosphere of amplitude comparable to the observations.
The Genesis of African Easterly Waves by Upstream Development
Authors: Diaz Michael , Aiyyer Anantha 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
A genesis mechanism for African easterly waves (AEWs) is proposed. In the same manner that new troughs and ridges in the midlatitudes form downstream of existing ones through a mechanism known as downstream development, it is proposed that new AEWs can be generated upstream of existing AEWs. A local eddy kinetic energy budget of the AEW that ultimately became Hurricane Alberto (2000) demonstrates that upstream development explains its genesis more convincingly than previous theories of AEW genesis. The energetics and ageostrophic secondary circulation of a composite AEW are consistent with a new AEW forming as a result of this mechanism. Some strengths and weaknesses of upstream development as a paradigm for AEW genesis are discussed with respect to other potential mechanisms.
Genesis of Hurricane Julia (2010) within an African Easterly Wave: Low-Level Vortices and Upper-Level Warming
Authors: Cecelski Stefan F. , Zhang Da-Lin 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
While a robust theoretical framework for tropical cyclogenesis (TCG) within African easterly waves (AEWs) has recently been developed, little work explores the development of low-level meso-β-scale vortices (LLVs) and a meso-α-scale surface low in relation to deep convection and upper-tropospheric warming. In this study, the development of an LLV into Hurricane Julia (2010) is shown through a high-resolution model simulation with the finest grid size of 1 km. The results presented expand upon the connections between LLVs and the AEW presented in previous studies while demonstrating the importance of upper-tropospheric warming for TCG.
It is found that the significant intensification phase of Hurricane Julia is triggered by the pronounced upper-tropospheric warming associated with organized deep convection. The warming is able to intensify and expand during TCG owing to formation of a storm-scale outflow beyond the Rossby radius of deformation. Results confirm previous ideas by demonstrating that the intersection of the AEW's trough axis and critical latitude is a preferred location for TCG, while supplementing such work by illustrating the importance of upper-tropospheric warming and meso-α-scale surface pressure falls during TCG. It is shown that the meso-β-scale surface low enhances boundary layer convergence and aids in the bottom-up vorticity development of the meso-β-scale LLV. The upper-level warming is attributed to heating within convective bursts at earlier TCG stages while compensating subsidence warming becomes more prevalent once a mesoscale convective system develops.
On the Origin and Impact of a Polygonal Eyewall in the Rapid Intensification of Hurricane Wilma (2005)
Authors: Menelaou Konstantinos , Yau M. K. , Martinez Yosvany 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
An analysis of a high-resolution dataset from a realistic simulation of Hurricane Wilma (2005) was performed to understand the mechanism for the formation of a prominent polygonal eyewall and mesovortices during the rapid intensifying stage of the hurricane. The impact of these asymmetries on the intensity change of the hurricane vortex was assessed using the empirical normal mode (ENM) method and Eliassen–Palm (EP) flux calculations.
The results indicated that the eyewall of Wilma exhibited an early azimuthal wavenumber-4 (m = 4) asymmetry followed by a transition to lower-wavenumber asymmetries. The simulated reflectivity and the spatial structure of potential vorticity (PV) anomalies strongly suggest that barotropic instability is the most likely driving mechanism for these asymmetries. From the ENM analysis, it was found that the dominant modes for m = 4 and m = 3 asymmetries are vortex Rossby waves (VRWs) that possess characteristics of unstable modes, supporting the importance of barotropic instability. The EP flux calculations associated with these modes indicate that the VRWs act to decelerate the flow at the initial radius of maximum wind while they act to accelerate the flow radially inside and outside of this location, suggesting that VRWs may provide a positive impact to the intensification of the vortex.
The present results complement previous findings of theoretical and highly idealized numerical studies that a polygonal eyewall and mesovortices are the result of barotropic instability, thereby furnishing a bridge between idealized studies and observations. The work also provides new insight on the role of asymmetries and VRWs in the intensification of hurricanes.
Oscillatory Climate Modes in the Indian Monsoon, North Atlantic, and Tropical Pacific
Authors: Feliks Yizhak , Groth Andreas , Robertson Andrew W. , Ghil Michael 
Published: July 2013

This paper explores the three-way interactions between the Indian monsoon, the North Atlantic, and the tropical Pacific. Four climate records were analyzed: the monsoon rainfall in two Indian regions, the Southern Oscillation index for the tropical Pacific, and the NAO index for the North Atlantic. The individual records exhibit highly significant oscillatory modes with spectral peaks at 7–8 yr and in the quasi-biennial and quasi-quadrennial bands.The interactions between the three regions were investigated in the light of the synchronization theory of chaotic oscillators. The theory was applied here by combining multichannel singular-spectrum analysis (M-SSA) with a recently introduced varimax rotation of the M-SSA eigenvectors.A key result is that the 7–8-yr and 2.7-yr oscillatory modes in all three regions are synchronized, at least in part. The energy-ratio analysis, as well as time-lag results, suggests that the NAO plays a leading role in the 7–8-yr mode. It was found therewith that the South Asian monsoon is not slaved to forcing from the equatorial Pacific, although it does interact strongly with it. The time-lag analysis pinpointed this to be the case in particular for the quasi-biennial oscillatory modes.Overall, these results confirm that the approach of synchronized oscillators, combined with varimax-rotated M-SSA, is a powerful tool in studying teleconnections between regional climate modes and that it helps identify the mechanisms that operate in various frequency bands. This approach should be readily applicable to ocean modes of variability and to the problems of air–sea interaction as well.