bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Microemulsion of erythromycine for transdermal drug delivery
Authors: Seo Hyo Won , Kim Gyeong Hae , Kim Da Yeon , Yoon So Mi , Kwon Jin Seon , Kang Won Seok , Lee Bong , Kim Jae Ho , Min Byoung Hyun , Kim Moon Suk 
Published: October 2012

AbstractThe aim of this work was to prepare an erythromycin (EM) microemulsion (EM‐ microemulsion) for transdermal EM delivery using isotropic mixtures of oil and aqueous phases. The prepared EM‐microemulsion is a white dispersion, with a suitable viscosity for transdermal delivery. In stability experiments, the EM‐microemulsion showed no marked change in appearance for up to 3 weeks at 25°C. In accelerated stability experiments at 37 and 60°C, however, precipitated crystalline EM particles were observed in the EM‐microemulsion. Diffusion of EM into the skin exhibited a first order release profile. Fluorescein (FL)‐microemulsion penetrated to the dermis layer of skin. In conclusion, we confirmed that EM‐microemulsion could serve as an excellent transdermal carrier of EM. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Historical Aspects of Inner Ear Anatomy and Biology That Underlie the Design of Hearing and Balance Prosthetic Devices
Authors: Van De Water Thomas R. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractThis review presents some of the major historical events that advanced the body of knowledge of the anatomy of the inner ear and its sensory receptors as well as the biology of these receptors that underlies the sensory functions of hearing and balance. This knowledge base of the inner ear's structure/function has been an essential factor for the design and construction of prosthetic devices to aid patients with deficits in their senses of hearing and balance. Prosthetic devices are now available for severely hearing impaired and deaf patients to restore hearing and are known as cochlear implants and auditory brain stem implants. A prosthetic device for patients with balance disorders is being perfected and is in an animal model testing phase with another prosthetic device for controlling intractable dizziness in Meniere's patients currently being evaluated in clinical testing. None of this would have been possible without the pioneering studies and discoveries of the investigators mentioned in this review and with the work of many other talented investigators to numerous to be covered in this review. Anat Rec, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Biorecognition on Graphene: Physical, Covalent, and Affinity Immobilization Methods Exhibiting Dramatic Differences
Authors: Loo Adeline Huiling , Bonanni Alessandra , Pumera Martin 
Published: October 2012

AbstractThe preparation of biorecognition layers on the surface of a sensing platform is a very crucial step for the development of sensitive and selective biosensors. Different protocols have been used thus far for the immobilization of biomolecules onto various electrode surfaces. In this work, we investigate how the protocol followed for the immobilization of a DNA aptamer affects the performance of the fabricated thrombin aptasensor. Specifically, the differences in selectivity and optimum amount of immobilized aptamer of the fabricated aptasensors adopting either physical, covalent, or affinity immobilization were compared. It was discovered that while all three methods of immobilization uniformly show a similar optimum amount of immobilized aptamer, physical, and covalent immobilization methods exhibit higher selectivity than affinity immobilization. Hence, it is believed that our findings are very important in order to optimize and improve the performance of graphene‐based aptasensors.
Synthesis and Photocatalytic Activity of Poly(triazine imide)
Authors: Ham Yeilin , Maeda Kazuhiko , Cha Dongkyu , Takanabe Kazuhiro , Domen Kazunari 
Published: October 2012

AbstractPoly(triazine imide) was synthesized with incorporation of Li+ and Cl− ions (PTI/Li+Cl−) to form a carbon nitride derivative. The synthesis of this material by the temperature‐induced condensation of dicyandiamide was examined both in a eutectic mixture of LiCl–KCl and without KCl. On the basis of X‐ray diffraction measurements of the synthesized materials, we suggest that a stoichiometric amount of LiCl is necessary to obtain the PTI/Li+Cl− phase without requiring the presence of KCl at 873 K. PTI/Li+Cl− with modification by either Pt or CoOx as cocatalyst photocatalytically produced H2 or O2, respectively, from water. The production of H2 or O2 from water indicates that the valence and conduction bands of PTI/Li+Cl− were properly located to achieve overall water splitting. The treatment of PTI/Li+Cl− with [Pt(NH3)4]2+ cations enabled the deposition of Pt through ion exchange, demonstrating photocatalytic activity for H2 evolution, while treatment with [PtCl6]2− anions resulted in no Pt deposition. This was most likely because of the preferential exchange between Li+ ions and [Pt(NH3)4]2+ cations.
Can a Single Molecule of Water be Completely Isolated Within the Subnano‐Space Inside the Fullerene C60Cage? A Quantum Chemical Prospective
Authors: Varadwaj Arpita , Varadwaj Pradeep R. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractBased on an experimental observation, it has been controversially suggested in a study (Kurotobi et al.,Science2011,33, 613) that a single molecule of water can completely be localized within the subnano‐space inside the fullerene C60cage and, that neither the H atoms nor the O lone‐pairs are linked, either via hydrogen bonding or through dative bonding, with the interior C‐framework of the C60cage. To resolve the controversy, electronic structure calculations were performed by using the density functional theory, together with the quantum theory of atoms in molecules, the natural population and bond orbital analyses, and the results were analyzed by using varieties of recommended diagnostics often used to interpret noncovalent interactions. The present results reveal that the mechanically entrapped H2O molecule is not electronically innocent of the presence of the cage; each H atom of H2O is weakly OH⋅⋅⋅C60bonded, whereas the O lone‐pairs are O⋅⋅⋅C60bonded regardless of the conformations investigated. Exploration of various featured properties suggests that H2O@C60may be regarded as a unique system composed of both inter‐ and intramolecular interactions.
A Fast‐Initiating Ionically Tagged Ruthenium Complex: A Robust Supported Pre‐catalyst for Batch‐Process and Continuous‐Flow Olefin Metathesis
Authors: Borré Etienne , Rouen Mathieu , Laurent Isabelle , Magrez Magaly , Caijo Fréderic , Crévisy Christophe , Solodenko Wladimir , Toupet Loic , Frankfurter René , Vogt Carla , Kirschning Andreas , Mauduit Marc 
Published: October 2012

AbstractIn this study, a new pyridinium‐tagged Ru complex was designed and anchored onto sulfonated silica, thereby forming a robust and highly active supported olefin‐metathesis pre‐catalyst for applications under batch and continuous‐flow conditions. The involvement of an oxazine–benzylidene ligand allowed the reactivity of the formed Ru pre‐catalyst to be efficiently controlled through both steric and electronic activation. The oxazine scaffold facilitated the introduction of the pyridinium tag, thereby affording the corresponding cationic pre‐catalyst in good yield. Excellent activities in ring‐closing (RCM), cross (CM), and enyne metathesis were observed with only 0.5 mol % loading of the pre‐catalyst. When this powerful pre‐catalyst was immobilized onto a silica‐based cationic‐exchange resin, a versatile catalytically active material for batch reactions was generated that also served as fixed‐bed material for flow reactors. This system could be reused at 1 mol % loading to afford metathesis products in high purity with very low ruthenium contamination under batch conditions (below 5 ppm). Scavenging procedures for both batch and flow processes were conducted, which led to a lowering of the ruthenium content to as little as one tenth of the original values.
Heat Flow on Alexandrov Spaces
Authors: Gigli Nicola , Kuwada Kazumasa , Ohta Shin‐ichi 
Published: October 2012

AbstractWe prove that on compact Alexandrov spaces with curvature bounded below the gradient flow of the Dirichlet energy in the \documentclass{article} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{amsmath, amssymb} \pagestyle{empty} \begin{document} \begin{align*}L^2\end{align*} \end{document}‐space produces the same evolution as the gradient flow of the relative entropy in the \documentclass{article} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{amsmath, amssymb} \pagestyle{empty} \begin{document} \begin{align*}L^2\end{align*} \end{document}‐Wasserstein space. This means that the heat flow is well‐defined by either one of the two gradient flows. Combining properties of these flows, we are able to deduce the Lipschitz continuity of the heat kernel as well as Bakry‐Émery gradient estimates and the \documentclass{article} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{amsmath, amssymb} \pagestyle{empty} \begin{document} \begin{align*}\Gamma_2\end{align*} \end{document}‐condition. Our identification is established by purely metric means, unlike preceding results relying on PDE techniques. Our approach generalizes to the case of heat flow with drift. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Parallel Interactions at Large Horizontal Displacement in Pyridine–Pyridine and Benzene–Pyridine Dimers
Authors: Ninković Dragan B. , Andrić Jelena M. , Zarić Snežana D. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractA study of crystal structures from the Cambridge Structural Database (CSD) and DFT calculations reveals that parallel pyridine–pyridine and benzene–pyridine interactions at large horizontal displacements (offsets) can be important, similar to parallel benzene–benzene interactions. In the crystal structures from the CSD preferred parallel pyridine–pyridine interactions were observed at a large horizontal displacement (4.0–6.0 Å) and not at an offset of 1.5 Å with the lowest calculated energy. The calculated interaction energies for pyridine–pyridine and benzene–pyridine dimers at a large offset (4.5 Å) are about 2.2 and 2.1 kcal mol−1, respectively. Substantial attraction at large offset values is a consequence of the balance between repulsion and dispersion. That is, dispersion at large offsets is reduced, however, repulsion is also reduced at large offsets, resulting in attractive interactions.
Acceleration of Disproportionation of Aromatic Alcohols through Self‐Emulsification of Reactants in Water
Authors: Zhang Binbin , Song Jinliang , Liu Huizhen , Han Buxing , Jiang Tao , Fan Honglei , Zhang Zhaofu , Wu Tianbin 
Published: October 2012

AbstractExploration of new and effective routes to conduct organic reactions in water using the special properties of water/organics is of great importance. In this work, we performed the disproportionation of various aromatic alcohols in water and in different organic solvents. It was demonstrated that the disproportionation reactions of the alcohols were accelerated more effectively in water than organic‐solvent‐based or solvent‐free reactions. A series of control experiments were conducted to study the mechanism of the accelerated reaction rate in water. It was shown that the reactants could emulsify the reactant/water systems at the reaction conditions owing to their amphiphilic nature. The regularly orientated reactant molecules at the water/reactant droplet interface improved the contact probability of the reactive groups and the Pd nanocatalysts, which is one of the main reasons for the enhanced reaction rate in water. Controlling the self‐emulsification of amphiphilic reactant/water systems has great application potential for optimizing the rate and/or selectivity of many organic reactions.
Differential expression of CD90 and CD14 stem cell markers in malignant breast cancer cell lines
Authors: Lobba A. R. M. , Forni M. F. , Carreira A. C. O , Sogayar M. C. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractThe recently emerged concept of cancer stem cell (CSC) has led to a new hypothesis on the basis for tumor progression. Basically, the CSC theory hypothesizes the presence of a hierarchically organized and relatively rare cell population, which is responsible for tumor initiation, self‐renewal, and maintenance, in addition to accumulation of mutation and resistance to chemotherapy. CSCs have recently been described in breast cancer. Different genetic markers have been used to isolate breast CSCs, none of which have been correlated with the tumorigenicity or metastatic potential of the cells, limiting their precise characterization and clinical application in the development of therapeutic protocols. Here, we sought for subpopulations of CSCs by analyzing 10 judiciously chosen stem cell markers in a normal breast cell line (MCF10‐A) and in four human breast cancer cell lines (MCF‐7, MDA‐MB‐231, MDA‐MB‐435, and Hs578‐T) displaying different degrees of metastatic and invasiveness potential. We were able to identify two markers, which are differentially expressed in nontumorigenic versus tumor cells. The CD90 marker was highly expressed in the malignant cell lines. Interestingly, the CD14 molecule displayed higher expression levels in the nontumorigenic cell line. Therefore, we demonstrated that these two markers, which are more commonly used to isolate and characterize stem cells, are differentially expressed in breast tumor cells, when compared with nontumorigenic breast cells. © 2012 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
Microevolution of symbiotic Bradyrhizobium populations associated with soybeans in east North America
Authors: Tang Jie , Bromfield E. S. P. , Rodrigue N. , Cloutier S. , Tambong J. T. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractMicroevolution and origins of Bradyrhizobium populations associated with soybeans at two field sites (A and B, 280 km apart in Canada) with contrasting histories of inoculation was investigated using probabilistic analyses of six core (housekeeping) gene sequences. These analyses supported division of 220 isolates in five lineages corresponding either to B. japonicum groups 1 and 1a or to one of three novel lineages within the genus Bradyrhizobium. None of the isolates from site A and about 20% from site B (the only site with a recent inoculation history) were attributed to inoculation sources. The data suggest that most isolates were of indigenous origin based on sequence analysis of 148 isolates of soybean‐nodulating bacteria from native legumes (Amphicarpaea bracteata and Desmodium canadense). Isolates from D. canadense clustered with B. japonicum group 1, whereas those from A. bracteata were placed in two novel lineages encountered at soybean field sites. One of these novel lineages predominated at soybean sites and exhibited a significant clonal expansion likely reflecting selection by the plant host. Homologous recombination events detected in the 35 sequence types from soybean sites had an effect on genetic diversification that was approximately equal to mutation. Interlineage transfer of core genes was infrequent and mostly attributable to gyrB that had a history of frequent recombination. Symbiotic gene sequences (nodC and nifH) of isolates from soybean sites and native legumes clustered in two lineages corresponding to B. japonicum and B. elkani with the inheritance of these genes appearing predominantly by vertical transmission. The data suggest that soybean‐nodulating bacteria associated with native legumes represent a novel source of ecologically adapted bacteria for soybean inoculation.
A three‐dimensional multifunctional compound‐eye endoscopic system with extended depth of field
Authors: Kagawa Keiichiro , Yamada Kenji , Tanaka Eiji , Tanida Jun 
Published: October 2012

AbstractA focusing‐free and multispectral three‐dimensional endoscope based on a compact compound‐eye camera is proposed. A prototype TOMBO endoscope with 3 ×2 aspherical lenses using a wavefront coding technique and a 640 ×480‐pixel color imager demonstrates extended depth of field and registration of multispectral images based on an estimated depth map. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn, 95(11): 14–27, 2012; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/ecj.11431
Analysis of possible introduction of PV systems considering output power fluctuations and battery technology, employing an optimal power generation mix model
Authors: Komiyama Ryoichi , Shibata Saeko , Nakamura Yosuke , Fujii Yasumasa 
Published: October 2012

AbstractThis paper presents an evaluation of the impact of extensive introduction of photovoltaic (PV) systems and stationary battery technology into the optimal power generation mix in the Kanto and Kinki regions. The introduction of solar PV systems is expected to be extensively deployed in the Japanese household sector and utility companies in order to address the concerns of energy security and climate change. Considering this expected large‐scale deployment of PV systems in electric power systems, it is necessary to investigate the optimal power generation mix which is technologically capable of controlling and accommodating the intermittent output‐power fluctuations inherent in PV systems. Against this background, we develop both a solar photovoltaic power generation model and an optimal power generation mix model, including stationary battery technology, which can be used to explicitly analyze the impact of PV output fluctuations at a detailed time interval resolution such as 10 minutes for 365 consecutive days. Simulation results reveal that PV introduction does not necessarily increase battery technology due to the cost competitiveness of thermal power plants in the load‐following requirement caused by PV systems. Additionally, on the basis of sensitivity analysis on PV system cost, dramatic cost reduction proves to be indispensable for PV to supply bulk electricity similarly to thermal and nuclear power plants. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 182(2): 9–19, 2013; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.22329
3‐(2‐Pyridyl)‐5‐(2‐thienyl)pyrazole and Complexes of Its Anion with Lithium, Magnesium, Calcium, and Zinc Ions
Authors: Kloubert Tobias , Müller Christoph , Krieck Sven , Schlotthauer Tina , Görls Helmar , Westerhausen Matthias 
Published: October 2012

Abstract5‐(2‐Furanyl)‐3‐(2‐pyridyl)pyrazole (1) and 3‐(2‐pyridyl)‐5‐(2‐thienyl)pyrazole (2) oligomerize through hydrogen bridges in the solid state to yield tetramers and dimers, respectively. The pyrazole units are very acidic and, therefore, deprotonation of 2 with the organometallic reagents LiN(SiMe3)2, PhLi, ZnMe2, and ZnEt2 allows the synthesis of (tetrahydrofuran)lithium 3‐(2‐pyridyl)‐5‐(2‐thienyl)pyrazolate (3a), bis[methylzinc 3‐(2‐pyridyl)‐5‐(2‐thienyl)pyrazolate] (4a), and bis[ethylzinc 3‐(2‐pyridyl)‐5‐(2‐thienyl)pyrazolate] (4b). Recrystallization of 3a in the presence of 1,4‐dioxane yields catena‐[(1,4‐dioxane)lithium 3‐(2‐pyridyl)‐5‐(2‐thienyl)pyrazolate] (3b). Magnesiation of 2 yields different products depending on the organometallic magnesium reagent applied. The use of butylmagnesium chloride gives tris(tetrahydrofuran)magnesium chloride 3‐(2‐pyridyl)‐5‐(2‐thienyl)pyrazolate (5). Employment of the diphenylmagnesium–1,4‐dioxane complex leads to the formation of bis(tetrahydrofuran)magnesium bis[3‐(2‐pyridyl)‐5‐(2‐thienyl)pyrazolate] (6), whereas the more aggressive diethylmagnesium–1,4‐dioxane complex also metalated the thienyl substituent to yield bis[bis(tetrahydrofuran)magnesium 3‐(2‐pyridyl)‐5‐(2‐thienyl‐5‐ide)pyrazolate] (7). A trinuclear calcium complex, tris(tetrahydrofuran)tricalcium μ3‐hydroxide iodide tetrakis[3‐(2‐pyridyl)‐5‐(2‐thienyl)pyrazolate] (8), is isolated after calciation of 2 and inadvertent hydrolysis during recrystallization.
Complexation of Paraquat and Diazapyrenium Derivatives with Dipyrido[30]crown‐10
Authors: Li Shijun , Weng Guan‐Huan , Zheng Bo , Yan Xuzhou , Wu Jing , Lin Wei , Chen Huan‐Xin , Zhang Xi‐Chang 
Published: October 2012

AbstractA new pyridine‐containing crown ether, dipyrido[30]crown‐10 (DP30C10), has been synthesized and has been shown to form [2]pseudorotaxanes spontaneously with paraquat derivatives in solution, as demonstrated by proton NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry, and in the solid state, as proved by single‐crystal X‐ray analysis. The complexation between DP30C10 and N,N′‐dimethyl‐2,7‐diazapyrenium bis(hexafluorophosphate) was also investigated, and was found to have an association constant of 8.2 × 103 M–1 in acetonitrile. Based on this recognition motif, a dual‐action acid/base and base/acid‐controllable molecular switch was demonstrated.
Design and Synthesis of Janus‐Type Chiral Dendritic Diphosphanes and Their Applications in Asymmetric Hydrogenation
Authors: Liu Ji , Feng Yu , Ma Baode , He Yan‐Mei , Fan Qing‐Hua 
Published: October 2012

AbstractA series of chiral diphosphane‐functionalized Janus dendrimers (up to 16 BINAP units) have been readily synthesized by using liquid‐phase organic synthesis with the third‐generation Fréchet‐type poly(aryl ether) dendron as the soluble support. The resulting dendritic ligands were purified by simple solvent precipitation without the need for chromatographic separation at the end of reaction. Complete functionalization of the dendrimers with BINAP moieties was confirmed by 1H NMR, MALDI‐TOF mass spectroscopy, and elemental analyses. Their ruthenium complexes were applied to the asymmetric hydrogenation of 2‐arylacrylic acids. It was found that only slightly lower enantioselectivities were achieved than the corresponding small‐molecular Ru catalyst. Interestingly, a clear increase in activity of the dendritic catalysts was observed on going to the higher generations. In addition, the third‐generation catalyst could be recycled without significant loss of catalytic activity or enantioselectivity before the fifth catalytic run.
Dynamic changes in myelin aberrations and oligodendrocyte generation in chronic amyloidosis in mice and men
Authors: Behrendt Gwendolyn , Baer Kristin , Buffo Annalisa , Curtis Maurice A. , Faull Richard L. , Rees Mark I. , Götz Magdalena , Dimou Leda 
Published: October 2012

AbstractMyelin loss is frequently observed in human Alzheimer's disease (AD) and may constitute to AD‐related cognitive decline. A potential source to repair myelin defects are the oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) present in an adult brain. However, until now, little is known about the reaction of these cells toward amyloid plaque deposition neither in human AD patients nor in the appropriate mouse models. Therefore, we analyzed cells of the oligodendrocyte lineage in a mouse model with chronic plaque deposition (APPPS1 mice) and samples from human patients. In APPPS1 mice defects in myelin integrity and myelin amount were prevalent at 6 months of age but normalized to control levels in 9‐month‐old mice. Concomitantly, we observed an increase in the proliferation and differentiation of OPCs in the APPPS1 mice at this specific time window (6–8 months) implying that improvements in myelin aberrations may result from repair mechanisms mediated by OPCs. However, while we observed a higher number of cells of the oligodendrocyte lineage (Olig2+ cells) in APPPS1 mice, OLIG2+ cells were decreased in number in postmortem human AD cortex. Our data demonstrate that oligodendrocyte progenitors specifically react to amyloid plaque deposition in an AD‐related mouse model as well as in human AD pathology, although with distinct outcomes. Strikingly, possible repair mechanisms from newly generated oligodendrocytes are evident in APPPS1 mice, whereas a similar reaction of oligodendrocyte progenitors seems to be strongly limited in final stages of human AD pathology. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.