bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Relevant Anatomic Landmarks and Measurements for Biceps Tenodesis
Authors: LaFrance Russell , Madsen Wes , Yaseen Zaneb , Giordano Brian , Maloney Michael , Voloshin Ilya 
Published: April 2013

Background: Biceps tenodesis around the pectoralis major insertion may alter resting tension on the biceps, leading to unfavorable clinical outcomes. Hypothesis: The anatomic relationship between the musculotendinous junction (MTJ) of the biceps and the pectoralis major tendon will provide guidelines for anatomic location to perform biceps tenodesis with the goal of re-establishing biceps tension. Study Design: Descriptive laboratory study. Methods: Cadaveric dissections were performed that reflected the pectoralis major tendon and exposed the long head of the biceps tendon (LHBT). Calipers were used to measure the longitudinal width of the pectoralis major tendon at the humerus, 2 cm away from the humerus, and at its proximal expansion on the humerus. The distance from the proximal extent of the pectoralis major tendon footprint to the beginning of the MTJ of the biceps and the length of the MTJ of the biceps were recorded. The location of the distal end of the MTJ of the biceps relevant to the inferior border of the pectoralis major tendon was calculated. Results: The average longitudinal width of the pectoralis major tendon at its humeral insertion was 76.8 mm, the width 2 cm away from the humerus averaged 37.3 mm, and the proximal expansion averaged 13.3 mm. The MTJ of the biceps began an average of 32.4 mm distal from the proximal aspect of the pectoralis major footprint and extended for an average of 78.1 mm. The MTJ of the LHBT was calculated to extend 3.3 cm distal to the inferior border of the pectoralis major footprint. Conclusion: The MTJ of the biceps begins further proximal than may be appreciated intraoperatively. Knowledge of the anatomic relationships between the LHBT, its MTJ, and the pectoralis major tendon provides helpful guidelines for the biceps tenodesis site. The final resting spot of the most distal aspect of the MTJ of the LHBT after tenodesis should be approximately 3 cm distal to the inferior edge of the pectoralis major tendon footprint on the humerus.
Prevalence of Increased Alpha Angles as a Measure of Cam-Type Femoroacetabular Impingement in Youth Ice Hockey Players
Authors: Philippon Marc J. , Ho Charles P. , Briggs Karen K. , Stull Justin , LaPrade Robert F. 
Published: April 2013

Background: It has been reported that relative to other sports participants, ice hockey players suffer from cam-type femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) in higher numbers. α angles have been reported to increase with the likelihood of symptomatic FAI. It is unclear how prevalent increased α angles, commonly associated with cam FAI, are in asymptomatic young ice hockey players. Hypothesis: There would be a higher prevalence of α angles associated with cam FAI in youth ice hockey players than in a non–hockey-playing (skier) youth control group. Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: A total of 61 asymptomatic youth ice hockey players (aged 10-18 years) and 27 youth skiers (controls) (aged 10-18 years) underwent a clinical hip examination consisting of the flexion/abduction/external rotation (FABER) distance test, impingement testing, and measurement of hip internal rotation. The hip α angle was measured by magnetic resonance imaging, and labral tears and articular cartilage lesions were documented. Hockey players were grouped according to their USA Hockey classification as peewees (ages 10-12 years), bantams (ages 13-15 years), and midgets (ages 16-19 years). Results: Overall, ice hockey players had significantly higher α angles than did the control group, and hockey players had a significant correlation between increased age and increased α angles, while the control group did not. In the ice hockey group, 75% had an α angle of ≥55°, while in the skier group, 42% had an α angle of ≥55° ( P < .006). Hockey players were 4.5 times more likely to have an α angle commonly associated with cam impingement than skiers. Midget players had the highest risk of increased α angles. Conclusion: Even at young ages, ice hockey players have a greater prevalence of α angles associated with cam FAI than do skier-matched controls. Properties inherent to ice hockey likely enhance the development of a bony overgrowth on the femoral neck, leading to cam FAI.
A Prospective Randomized Controlled Trial of Plantar Versus Dorsal Incisions for Operative Treatment of Primary Morton’s Neuroma
Authors: Åkermark Christian , Crone Hans , Skoog Anne , Weidenhielm Lars 
Published: April 2013

Background: There are a great number of studies on the outcome of surgery for Morton’s neuroma. However, there is a lack of controlled trials to determine the outcome in general and for the 2 most used surgical approaches. This prospective and randomized trial studied the outcome and adverse events of resected primary Morton’s neuromas, comparing plantar and dorsal incisions. Methods: Seventy-six patients were randomized to treatment with either a plantar or a dorsal incision by 2 senior surgeons. Questionnaires were evaluated and physical examinations performed at baseline and at 3 and 12 months postoperatively by the treating surgeon and at a mean of 34 months (range, 28-42 months) by an independent surgeon. The follow-up rate was 93%. Results: Histological examination of specimens verified resection of nerves in all cases except 1, which was in the dorsal group (artery). The main outcome variable, pain at daily activities, was significantly reduced by 96% (plantar) and 97% (dorsal) and restrictions in daily activities were reduced by 77% (plantar) and 67% (dorsal) at the final follow-up. Scar tenderness was noted by 3% (plantar) and 0% (dorsal) at the final evaluation. Clinically good results with surgery were noted in 87% (plantar) and 83% (dorsal) of cases. There were 5 complications in the plantar group and 6 in the dorsal group, with a difference in type of complications. Conclusions: This study demonstrated 87% (plantar) and 83% (dorsal) clinically good outcomes and no significant differences between the procedures in regard to pain, restrictions in daily activities, and scar tenderness. However, there was a difference between the groups in the type of complications. Level of Evidence: Level I, prospective randomized trial.
Protamine Overdose and Its Impact on Coagulation, Bleeding, and Transfusions After Cardiopulmonary Bypass
Authors: Koster Andreas , Börgermann Jochen , Gummert Jan , Rudloff Markus , Zittermann Armin , Schirmer Uwe 
Published: April 2013

Background: We assessed the effects of protamine overdosing on thrombelastometry, bleeding, and transfusions in patients after cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). Methods: In group 1 (n = 15), representing the clinical standard, the protamine dose was based on the initial heparin dose, and group 2 (n = 15) received protamine based on the heparin concentration measured after CPB. Primary end points were thromboelastometric parameters. Secondary end points were perioperative blood loss and utilization of blood products. Results: During CPB, heparin concentrations decreased by 40%, resulting in overdosing of protamine in group 1. Thromboelastometry revealed longer clotting time (CT) in group 1 ( P values < .05). Four patients in group 1 but none in group 2 had excessive prolonged CT values (>360 seconds) and concomitant microvascular bleeding, requiring substantial replacement of coagulation factors. Conclusions: Heparin dose-based protamine management leads to protamine overdosing with inhibition of the coagulation process. Protamine management guided by heparin concentration avoids these complications.
Identification of a calmodulin-binding domain in Sema4D that regulates its exodomain shedding in platelets
Authors: Mou Peipei , Zeng Zhao , Li Qiang , Liu Xiaohui , Xin Xiaoran , Wannemacher Kenneth M. , Ruan Changgeng , Li Renhao , Brass Lawrence F. , Zhu Li 
Published: April 2013

Key PointsThis study identifies a calmodulin-binding sequence in Sema4D and shows that calmodulin binds to Sema4D in resting platelets. Dissociation of the Sema4D:calmodulin complex is sufficient to trigger Sema4D cleavage and shedding of the extracellular domain.
In vitro anticancer screening of 24 locally used Nigerian medicinal plants
Authors: Fadeyi Saudat Adamson , Fadeyi Olugbeminiyi O , Adejumo Adedeji A , Okoro Cosmas , Myles Elbert Lewis 
Published: April 2013

AbstractBackgroundPlants that are used as traditional medicine represent a relevant pool for selecting plant candidates that may have anticancer properties. In this study, the ethnomedicinal approach was used to select several medicinal plants native to Nigeria, on the basis of their local or traditional uses. The collected plants were then evaluated for cytoxicity.MethodsThe antitumor activity of methanolic extracts obtained from 24 of the selected plants, were evaluatedin vitroon five human cancer cell lines.ResultsResults obtained from the plants screened indicate that 18 plant extracts of folk medicine exhibited promising cytotoxic activity against human carcinoma cell lines.Erythrophleum suaveolens(Guill. & Perr.) Brenan was found to demonstrate potent anti-cancer activity in this study exhibiting IC50= 0.2-1.3 μg/ml.ConclusionsBased on the significantly potent activity of some plants extracts reported here, further studies aimed at mechanism elucidation and bio-guided isolation of active anticancer compounds is currently underway.
Antireflective silicon nanostructures with hydrophobicity by metal-assisted chemical etching for solar cell applications
Authors: Yeo ChanIl , Kim Joon Beom , Song Young Min , Lee Yong Tak 
Published: April 2013

Abstract
We present broadband antireflective silicon (Si) nanostructures with hydrophobicity using a spin-coated Ag ink and by subsequent metal-assisted chemical etching (MaCE). Improved understanding of MaCE, by conducting parametric studies on optical properties, reveals a design guideline to achieve considerably low solar-weighted reflectance (SWR) in the desired wavelength ranges. The resulting Si nanostructures show extremely low SWR (1.96%) and angle-dependent SWR (<4.0% in the range of 0° to 60°) compared to that of bulk Si (SWR, 35.91%; angle-dependent SWR, 37.11%) in the wavelength range of 300 to 1,100 nm. Relatively large contact angle (approximately 102°) provides a self-cleaning capability on the solar cell surface.
WordBricks: a virtual language lab inspired by Scratch environment and dependency grammars
Authors: Mozgovoy Maxim , Efimov Roman 
Published: April 2013

AbstractThis paper explains design decisions forming a foundation of WordBricks — an intelligent computer-assisted language learning environment, recently initiated at our institution. WordBricks is intended to serve as a “virtual language lab” that supports open experiments with natural language constructions. Being based on dependency grammars, this instrument illustrates the use of modern natural language processing technologies in language learning. The latest prototypes of WordBricks also show how dependency-styled constructions can be represented in a more natural sequential form that facilitates easier user interaction.
Information theoretical methods for complex network structure reconstruction
Authors: Hernández-Lemus Enrique , Siqueiros-García Jesús M 
Published: April 2013

Abstract

Purpose
Complex networks seem to be ubiquitous objects in contemporary research, both in the natural and social sciences. An important area of research regarding the applicability and modeling of graph- theoretical-oriented approaches to complex systems, is the probabilistic inference of such networks. There exist different methods and algorithms designed for this purpose, most of them are inspired in statistical mechanics and rely on information theoretical grounds. An important shortcoming for most of these methods, when it comes to disentangle the actual structure of complex networks, is that they fail to distinguish between direct and indirect interactions. Here, we suggest a method to discover and assess for such indirect interactions within the framework of information theory.

Methods
Information-theoretical measures (in particular, Mutual Information) are applied for the probabilistic inference of complex networks. Data Processing Inequality is used to find and assess for direct and indirect interactions impact in complex networks.

Results
We outline the mathematical basis of information-theoretical assessment of complex network structure and discuss some examples of application in the fields of biological systems and social networks.

Conclusions
Information theory provides to the field of complex networks analysis with effective means for structural assessment with a computational burden low enough to be useful in both, Biological and Social network analysis.
Über Eskalation
Authors: Hübner Dietmar 
Published: April 2013

Abstract
Escalation is commonly understood as the constant aggravation of mutual sanctions between two conflicting parties. While escalations have been intensively explored within the empirical sciences, philosophy and ethics have scarcely touched upon the issue up to now. This paper tries to fill this gap by analysing the normative structure that underlies escalations and determines their psychosocial dynamics. The experience of injustice suffered by the opponent and a resulting desire to perform unjust acts of one’s own are highlighted as the essential ingredients of escalations. Against this background, the remarkable stability of escalating conflicts as well as certain paradoxical phenomena in escalating behaviour can both be satisfactorily reconstructed. Additionally, familiar aspects in the realisation of escalations can be better understood and new options for terminating escalations may be developed.
Briefe über Philosophie weltweit. Brief aus Irland
Authors: Vendrell Ferran Íngrid , Wille Katrin , Jansen Julia 
Published: April 2013

Abstract
In this letter from Ireland I give a brief introduction into the history of academic philosophy in Ireland and a schematic overview of the current philosophical landscape. I point out some advantages and some disadvantages of practicing philosophy in Ireland against Germany and put those into a general historical and cultural context. Finally, I provide key information for anybody interested in finding out more about philosophy in Ireland.
Expansion of the Homeostasis Model Assessment of β-Cell Function and Insulin Resistance to Enable Clinical Trial Outcome Modeling Through the Interactive Adjustment of Physiology and Treatment Effects: iHOMA2
Authors: Hill Nathan R. , Levy Jonathan C. , Matthews David R. 
Published: April 2013

OBJECTIVE
To describe and make available an interactive, 24-variable homeostasis model assessment (iHOMA2) that extends the HOMA2 model, enabling the modeling of physiology and treatment effects, to present equations of the HOMA2 and iHOMA2 models, and to exemplify iHOMA2 in two widely differing scenarios: changes in insulin sensitivity with thiazolidinediones and changes in renal threshold with sodium glucose transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibition.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
iHOMA2 enables a user of the available software to examine and modify the mathematical functions describing the organs and tissues involved in the glucose and hormonal compartments. We exemplify this with SGLT2 inhibition modeling (by changing the renal threshold parameters) using published data of renal effect, showing that the modeled effect is concordant with the effects on fasting glucose from independent data.

RESULTS
iHOMA2 modeling of thiazolidinediones effect suggested that changes in insulin sensitivity in the fasting state are predominantly hepatic. SGLT2 inhibition modeled by iHOMA2 resulted in a decrease in mean glucose of 1.1 mmol/L. Observed data showed a decrease in glucose of 0.9 mmol/L. There was no significant difference between the model and the independent data. Manipulation of iHOMA2's renal excretion threshold variable suggested that a decrease of 17% was required to obtain a 0.9 mmol/L decrease in mean glucose.

CONCLUSIONS
iHOMA2 is an extended mathematical model for the assessment of insulin resistance and β-cell function. The model can be used to evaluate therapeutic agents and predict effects on fasting glucose and insulin and on β-cell function and insulin sensitivity.
Clinical Profile of Long-Term Survivors and Nonsurvivors With Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Mohan Viswanathan , Shanthi Rani Coimbatore Subramanian , Amutha Anandakumar , Dhulipala Sravan , Anjana Ranjit Mohan , Parathasarathy Balasubramanian , Unnikrishnan Ranjit 
Published: April 2013

OBJECTIVE
To compare clinical profile of long-term survivors and nonsurvivors with type 2 diabetes (T2DM).

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
After conducting a retrospective survey of &gt;200,000 case records, we identified T2DM survivors (&gt;40 years of duration) and age at diagnosis and sex-matched T2DM nonsurvivors. Prevalence of complications and causes of death were analyzed. Retinopathy was diagnosed by retinal photography. Microalbuminuria and macroalbuminuria, peripheral vascular disease based on ankle-brachial index &lt;0.9, coronary artery disease based on history of myocardial infarction or coronary revascularization, and neuropathy based on vibration perception threshold &gt;20 V were compared in both groups.

RESULTS
The mean duration of diabetes of survivors (n = 238) was 43.7 ± 3.9 years, and that of the nonsurvivors (n = 307), at time of death, was 22.4 ± 11.0 years (P &lt; 0.001). Nonsurvivors had significantly higher systolic and diastolic blood pressures, plasma glucose, HbA1c, serum cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and triglycerides and lower HDL cholesterol compared with long-term survivors (P &lt; 0.001 for all parameters except systolic blood pressure, which was P = 0.027). Myocardial infarction (46.4%) and renal failure (16.6%) were the most common causes of death. Prevalence of most complications was higher among survivors because of longer duration and older age, as follows, for survivors versus nonsurvivors: retinopathy, 76 vs. 62%; microalbuminuria, 39.1 vs. 27.3%; macroalbuminuria, 8.4 vs. 23.7%; neuropathy, 86.5 vs. 63.5%; peripheral vascular disease, 23.1 vs. 11.4%; and coronary artery disease, 44.5 vs. 40.7%.

CONCLUSIONS
Long-term survivors with T2DM had better glycemic and blood pressure control and more favorable lipid profiles.
Effects of Intraduodenal Glutamine on Incretin Hormone and Insulin Release, the Glycemic Response to an Intraduodenal Glucose Infusion, and Antropyloroduodenal Motility in Health and Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Chang Jessica , Wu Tongzhi , Greenfield Jerry R. , Samocha-Bonet Dorit , Horowitz Michael , Rayner Christopher K. 
Published: April 2013

OBJECTIVE
Glutamine reduces postprandial glycemia when given before oral glucose. We evaluated whether this is mediated by stimulation of insulin and/or slowing of gastric emptying.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Ten healthy subjects were studied during intraduodenal (ID) infusion of glutamine (7.5 or 15 g) or saline over 30 min, followed by glucose (75 g over 100 min), while recording antropyloroduodenal pressures. Ten patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) were also studied with 15 g glutamine or saline.

RESULTS
ID glutamine stimulated glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1; healthy: P &lt; 0.05; T2DM: P &lt; 0.05), glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP; P = 0.098; P &lt; 0.05), glucagon (P &lt; 0.01; P &lt; 0.001), insulin (P = 0.05; P &lt; 0.01), and phasic pyloric pressures (P &lt; 0.05; P &lt; 0.05), but did not lower blood glucose (P = 0.077; P = 0.5).

CONCLUSIONS
Glutamine does not lower glycemia after ID glucose, despite stimulating GLP-1, GIP, and insulin, probably due to increased glucagon. Its capacity for pyloric stimulation suggests that delayed gastric emptying is a major mechanism for lowering glycemia when glutamine is given before oral glucose.
N-Terminal Probrain Natriuretic Peptide Is a Stronger Predictor of Cardiovascular Mortality Than C-Reactive Protein and Albumin Excretion Rate in Elderly Patients With Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Bruno Graziella , Landi Andrea , Barutta Federica , Ghezzo Giuseppe , Baldin Claudio , Spadafora Laura , Schimmenti Andrea , Prinzis Tania , Cavallo Perin Paolo , Gruden Gabriella 
Published: April 2013

OBJECTIVE
To study whether N-terminal probrain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) is a short-term independent predictor of both all-cause and cardiovascular (CV) mortality in type 2 diabetic patients and to establish whether albuminuria and C-reactive protein (CRP) affect this relationship.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
The prospective study included 1,825 type 2 diabetic patients from the population-based cohort of the Casale Monferrato study. CV risk factors, preexisting CVD, and NT-proBNP levels were evaluated at baseline. All-cause and CV mortality were assessed 5.5 years after baseline examination. Multivariate Cox proportional hazards modeling was used to estimate mortality hazard ratios (HRs).

RESULTS
During the follow-up period, 390 people died (175 for CVD) out of 9,101 person-years of observations. A significantly increased mortality risk by quartiles of NT-proBNP was observed (test for trend, P &lt; 0.001). NT-proBN P values &gt;91 pg/mL conferred HRs of 2.05 (95% CI 1.47–2.86) for all-cause and 4.47 (2.38–8.39) for CV mortality, independently of CV risk factors, including CRP and albumin excretion rate (AER). The association was also significant for modest rises in NT-proBNP levels and in patients without microalbuminuria and CVD at baseline (upper quartiles HRs 3.82 [95% CI 1.24–13.75]) and 3.14 [1.00–9.94]). Albuminuria and NT-proBNP had an additive effect on mortality, though the association was stronger for NT-proBNP.

CONCLUSIONS
NT-proBNP is a strong independent predictor of short-term CV mortality risk in elderly people with type 2 diabetes, including those without preexisting CVD. This association is evident even in people with slightly increased values, is not modified by CRP, and is additive to that provided by AER.
Numerical approach to the Caputo derivative of the unknown function
Authors: Zeng Fanhai , Li Changpin 
Published: April 2013

Abstract
If a function can be explicitly expressed, then one can easily compute its Caputo derivative by the known methods. If a function cannot be explicitly expressed but it satisfies a differential equation, how to seek Caputo derivative of such a function has not yet been investigated. In this paper, we propose a numerical algorithm for computing the Caputo derivative of a function defined by a classical (integer-order) differential equation. By the properties of Caputo derivative derived in this paper, we can change the original typical differential system into an equivalent Caputo-type differential system. Numerical examples are given to support the derived numerical method.