bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Randomized clinical trial of the effect of gum chewing on postoperative ileus and inflammation in colorectal surgery
Authors: van den Heijkant T C , Costes L M M , van der Lee D G C , Aerts B , Osinga-de Jong M , Rutten H R M , Hulsewé K W E , de Jonge W J , Buurman W A , Luyer M D P 
Published: December 2014

Abstract

Background
Postoperative ileus (POI) is a common complication following colorectal surgery that delays recovery and increases length of hospital stay. Gum chewing may reduce POI and therefore enhance recovery after surgery. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of gum chewing on POI, length of hospital stay and inflammatory parameters.

Methods
Patients undergoing elective colorectal surgery in one of two centres were randomized to either chewing gum or a dermal patch (control). Chewing gum was started before surgery and stopped when oral intake was resumed. Primary endpoints were POI and length of stay. Secondary endpoints were systemic and local inflammation, and surgical complications. Gastric emptying was measured by ultrasonography. Soluble tumour necrosis factor receptor 1 (TNFRSF1A) and interleukin (IL) 8 levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

Results
Between May 2009 and September 2012, 120 patients were randomized to chewing gum (58) or dermal patch (control group; 62). Mean(s.d.) length of hospital stay was shorter in the chewing gum group than in controls, but this difference was not significant: 9·5(4·9) versus 14·0(14·5) days respectively. Some 14 (27 per cent) of 52 analysed patients allocated to chewing gum developed POI compared with 29 (48 per cent) of 60 patients in the control group (P = 0·020). More patients in the chewing gum group first defaecated within 4 days of surgery (85 versus 57 per cent; P = 0·006) and passed first flatus within 48 h (65 versus 50 per cent; P = 0·044). The decrease in antral area measured by ultrasonography following a standard meal was significantly greater among patients who chewed gum: median 25 (range –36 to 54) per cent compared with 10 (range –152 to 54) per cent in controls (P = 0·004). Levels of IL-8 (133 versus 288 pg/ml; P = 0·045) and TNFRSF1A (0·74 versus 0·92 ng/ml; P = 0·043) were lower among patients in the chewing gum group. Fewer patients in this group developed a grade IIIb complication (2 of 58 versus 10 of 62; P = 0·031).

Conclusion
Gum chewing is a safe and simple treatment to reduce POI, and is associated with a reduction in systemic inflammatory markers and complications. Registration number: NTR2867 (http://www.trialregister.nl).
Heat Transfer Phenomena of Power Law Fluids in Double‐Pass Heat Exchangers with Isoflux Conditions
Authors: Ho Chii‐Dong , Lin Gwo‐Geng , Chew Thiam Leng , Lan Wei‐Hao , Lin Cheng‐Yi 
Published: December 2014

AbstractA new design of conjugated heat transfer in double‐pass parallel‐plate laminar countercurrent operations of power law fluids under wall isoflux was investigated experimentally and theoretically. The analytical solutions were obtained with a superposition model by introducing an eigenfunction expansion in terms of a power series for the homogeneous part and an asymptotic solution for the inhomogeneous part. The influence of the power law index on the average Nusselt numbers with the various design and operating parameters is also delineated. The theoretical predictions of the experimental results are represented graphically. The heat transfer performance was considerably improved when compared with a single‐pass parallel‐plate heat exchanger (without inserting a solid separator sheet). Suitable adjustments of the solid separator sheet position can effectively enhance the heat transfer efficiencies for such a recycling double‐pass device, as compared with the efficiencies of single‐ and double‐pass devices.
Highly Efficient and Chemoselective Zinc‐Catalyzed Hydrosilylation of Esters under Mild Conditions
Authors: Kovalenko Oleksandr O. , Adolfsson Hans 
Published: December 2014

AbstractA mild and highly efficient catalytic hydrosilylation protocol for room‐temperature ester reductions has been developed using diethylzinc as the catalyst. The methodology is operationally simple, displays high functional group tolerance and provides for a facile access to a broad range of different alcohols in excellent yields.
Innovatives Inline‐Rheometer zur Bestimmung des Stärkeabbaus im Extruder
Authors: Hochstein Bernhard , Kizilbay Zeynep , Horvat Mario , Schuchmann Heike P. , Willenbacher Norbert 
Published: December 2014

AbstractIn der Lebensmitteltechnik werden Cerealien oft durch Extrusion von Stärkeschmelzen hergestellt. Zur Charakterisierung der rheologischen Eigenschaften der Stärkeschmelze im Prozess wurde ein neues Inline‐Rheometer entwickelt, das eine im Betrieb verstellbare Messgeometrie besitzt und dessen einstellbarer Druckverlust Rückwirkungen des Rheometers auf die Beanspruchung der Stärke im Extruder auszuschließen vermag. Mithilfe dieses Inline‐Rheometers konnte gezeigt werden, dass aus der inline ermittelten Viskositätsfunktion Rückschlüsse auf die Molmassenverteilung der Stärke möglich sind.
Leadership and motivation in the African Diaspora: The United States and Canada
Authors: Galperin Bella L. , Lituchy Terri R. , Acquaah Moses , Bewaji Tolulope , Ford David 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThis study examines the similarities and differences in the perceptions of effective leadership and motivation among the African Diaspora in the United States and Canada (LEAD). Ten focus groups with a total of 56 participants were conducted in the US and Canada. Using NVivo, results show both similarities and differences in these perceptions. The African Diaspora in both countries described an effective leader as one who is wise and knowledgeable. The African Diaspora in the US also focused on charisma and humility, while those in Canada stressed motivation and inspiration. Moreover, the US participants stated that support and nonmonetary rewards were the major motivators for leaders, whereas Canadian participants indicated task completion and monetary rewards as major motivators. Future directions and practical implications are discussed. Copyright © 2014 ASAC. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Operability Improvement of Joystick Mouse by Using a Microcomputer
Authors: Gushiken Sho , Kamisato Shihoko , Noguchi Kentaro , Satake Takahiko , Yamada Chikatoshi 
Published: December 2014

SUMMARYIn recent years, welfare equipment has been developed to support disabled children. We are developing a joystick mouse to enable computer operation by disabled children. In this study, we develop such a joystick mouse using a microcontroller. In addition we intend to improve the operability of the equipment by ensuring software‐like assistance. We believe that the equipment can respond flexibly to differences in disabilities among disabled children by providing software‐like assistance. The result of experiments confirm that the proposed method is effective in improving operability.
An advanced signal processing technique for deriving grain size information of bedload transport from impact plate vibration measurements
Authors: Barrière Julien , Krein Andreas , Oth Adrien , Schenkluhn Reimar 
Published: December 2014

AbstractA reliable characterization of bedload transport is required to gauge the engineering and theoretical issues related to the dynamics of sediments transport in rivers. However, while significant advances have been made in the development of monitoring techniques, robust quantitative predictive relationships have proven difficult to derive. In this article, we develop a dedicated signal processing technique aimed at improving the usage of impact plate measurements for material transport characterization. Our set‐up consists of a piezoelectric hydrophone mounted on the bottom side of a stainless steel plate, thus acting as a ‘sediment vibration sensor’. While the classical analysis with such systems is usually limited to rather simple procedures, such as impact counting, a large amount of useful information is contained in the actual waveform of the impact signal, which conveys the force and the contact time that the bedload imposes on the plate. An advanced signal processing technique called ‘first arrival atomic decomposition’ is used to improve the characterization of bedload transport by analysing the amplitude and frequency attributes of each single impact. This new processing approach proves to be well suited for bedload transport monitoring using plate systems and allows us to establish a relationship between the median grain size (D50) and the impact signal properties. This link is first observed and validated with controlled flume experiments and then applied to continuous impact records in a small gravel‐bed river during a flood event. The estimated D50 offers a novel possibility to observe the time‐varying grain size distribution of bedload transport. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Influence of glacier advance on the development of the multipart Riffeltal rock glacier, Central Austrian Alps
Authors: Dusik Jana‐Marie , Leopold Matthias , Heckmann Tobias , Haas Florian , Hilger Ludwig , Morche David , Neugirg Fabian , Becht Michael 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThe multipart Riffeltal rock glacier, located in a tributary valley of the Kaunertal, Tyrol, Austria is investigated to enlarge the knowledge about spatial and temporal development of rock glaciers in and at the margins of pro‐glacial areas and to get a better understanding of glacier–rock glacier interactions. The subject of interest consists of a complex system of two adjacent rock glacier tongues and various superposed lobes with differing ages, origin and root zones, and therefore diverse development.To determine the reasons for their diverging development, the internal structure and permafrost occurrence on and in the surrounding area of the rock glacier were studied by application of geomorphological mapping, geophysical methods and measurement of the basal temperature of the winter snow cover (BTS). Permafrost modelling was performed on the basis of BTS data and land surface parameters derived from a high resolution airborne laser scanning (ALS) digital elevation model (DEM). Additionally, the ALS data were used to measure vertical and horizontal changes of the rock glacier surface between 2006 and 2012. Glacier–rock glacier interactions during and since the Little Ice Age (LIA) are evident for the development of the studied rock glacier. A geomorphic map gives important information about the connection between glacial advance or retreat and permafrost or ground ice occurrence. The combination of all information helps in the analysis of diverse kinematic action of neighbouring rock glacier tongues. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Long‐term variability of proglacial groundwater‐fed hydrological systems in an area of glacier retreat, Skeiðarársandur, Iceland
Authors: Levy Amir , Robinson Zoe , Krause Stefan , Waller Richard , Weatherill John 
Published: December 2014

AbstractProglacial groundwater‐fed features, such as seeps, substantially impact proglacial geomorphology, hydrology, and ecology. However, there is a paucity of research on the impacts of climate change and glacier retreat on the extent of these important features. This paper aims to investigate the impact of glacier retreat on proglacial groundwater levels and on the extent of groundwater‐fed seeps. Research has taken place in western Skeiðarársandur, the large proglacial outwash plain of Skeiðarárjökull, a retreating temperate glacier in southeast Iceland. Changes in the extent of proglacial groundwater seeps were mapped using historical aerial photographs from 1986, 1997, and 2012. Proglacial groundwater levels were monitored in shallow boreholes between 2000 and 2012. The western margin of Skeiðarárjökull has retreated approximately 1 km beyond its position in 1986. However, this retreat was punctuated by short periods of readvance. The geomorphology and groundwater systems at the site were substantially impacted by the November 1996 jökulhlaup, whose deposits altered approximately 18% of the area of groundwater seeps. The surface areas of groundwater seeps and lakes in the study area have declined by ~97% between 1986 and 2012. Most of the decline took place after 1997, when the mean annual rate of retreat increased three‐fold. Groundwater levels also declined substantially between 2000 and 2012, although this trend varies spatially. The paper provides a conceptual model of the controls on proglacial shallow groundwater systems. Direct impacts of glacier retreat are suggested as the main cause for the declines in proglacial groundwater levels and in the extent of groundwater seeps. These declines are expected to adversely impact sandur ecology. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A lattice Boltzmann model for simulation of compressible flows
Authors: Li Kai , Zhong Chengwen 
Published: December 2014

SummaryThis paper presents a new model of lattice Boltzmann method for full compressible flows. On the basis of multi‐speed model, an extra potential energy distribution function is introduced to recover the full compressible Navier–Stokes equations with a flexible specific‐heat ratio and Prandtl number. The Chapman–Enskog expansion of the kinetic equations is performed, and the two‐dimension‐seventeen‐velocity density equilibrium distribution functions are obtained. The governing equations are discretized using the third order monotone upwind scheme for scalar conservation laws finite volume scheme. The van Albada limiter is used to avoid spurious oscillations. In order to verify the accuracy of this double‐distribution‐function model, the Riemann problems, Couette flows, and flows around a NACA0012 airfoil are simulated. It is found that the proposed lattice Boltzmann model is suitable for compressible flows, even for strong shock wave problem, which has an extremely large pressure ratio, 100,000. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Numerical study of PPE source term errors in the incompressible SPH models
Authors: Gui Qinqin , Dong Ping , Shao Songdong 
Published: December 2014

AbstractIn a recent work by Gui et al. , an incompressible SPH model was presented that employs a mixed pressure Poisson equation (PPE) source term combining both the density‐invariant and velocity divergence‐free formulations. The present work intends to apply the model to a wider range of fluid impact situations in order to quantify the numerical errors associated with different formulations of the PPE source term in incompressible SPH (ISPH) models. The good agreement achieved between the model predictions and the documented data is taken as a further demonstration that the mixed source term formulation can accurately predict the fluid impact pressures and forces, both in the magnitude and in the spatial and temporal patterns. Furthermore, an in‐depth numerical analysis using either the pure density‐invariant or velocity divergence‐free formulation has revealed that the pure density‐invariant formulation can lead to relatively large divergence errors while the velocity divergence‐free formulation may cause relatively large density errors. As compared with these two approaches, the mixed source term formulation performs much better having the minimum total errors in all test cases. Although some recent studies found that the weakly compressible SPH models perform somewhat better than the incompressible SPH models in certain fluid impact problems, we have shown that this could be largely caused by the particular formulation of PPE source term in the previous ISPH models and a better formulation of the source term can significantly improve the accuracy of ISPH models. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An Early‐Exercise‐Probability Perspective of American Put Options in the Low‐Interest‐Rate Era
Authors: Miao Daniel Wei‐Chung , Lee Yung‐Hsin , Chao Wan‐Ling 
Published: December 2014

AbstractOne consequence of near zero global interest rates is that American put options are unlikely to be exercised early, making them almost indistinguishable from their European counterparts. This study examines the dependence of the early exercise probability (EEP) on the dividend yield to interest rate ratio and other parameters. A numerical procedure for accurate calculation of the EEP along with an easy‐to‐check condition for almost‐never‐early‐exercise (ANEE) are developed. An examination of 100 CBOE actively traded American put options on dividend‐paying stocks from September 1, 2011 through August 31, 2013 shows that most of them satisfy the ANEE condition under today's low interest rates. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 35:1154–1172, 2015
Sex differences in normal age trajectories of functional brain networks
Authors: Scheinost Dustin , Finn Emily S. , Tokoglu Fuyuze , Shen Xilin , Papademetris Xenophon , Hampson Michelle , Constable R. Todd 
Published: December 2014

AbstractResting‐state functional magnetic resonance image (rs‐fMRI) is increasingly used to study functional brain networks. Nevertheless, variability in these networks due to factors such as sex and aging is not fully understood. This study explored sex differences in normal age trajectories of resting‐state networks (RSNs) using a novel voxel‐wise measure of functional connectivity, the intrinsic connectivity distribution (ICD). Males and females showed differential patterns of changing connectivity in large‐scale RSNs during normal aging from early adulthood to late middle‐age. In some networks, such as the default‐mode network, males and females both showed decreases in connectivity with age, albeit at different rates. In other networks, such as the fronto‐parietal network, males and females showed divergent connectivity trajectories with age. Main effects of sex and age were found in many of the same regions showing sex‐related differences in aging. Finally, these sex differences in aging trajectories were robust to choice of preprocessing strategy, such as global signal regression. Our findings resolve some discrepancies in the literature, especially with respect to the trajectory of connectivity in the default mode, which can be explained by our observed interactions between sex and aging. Overall, results indicate that RSNs show different aging trajectories for males and females. Characterizing effects of sex and age on RSNs are critical first steps in understanding the functional organization of the human brain. Hum Brain Mapp 36:1524–1535, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Pretreatment maximum standardized uptake value of 18F‐fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography as a predictor of distant metastasis in adenoid cystic carcinoma of the head and neck
Authors: Kim Donghyun , Kim Wontaek , Lee Joohye , Ki Yongkan , Lee Byungjoo , Cho Kyusup , Kim Seongjang , Nam Jiho , Lee Jinchoon , Kim Dongwon 
Published: December 2014

ABSTRACTBackgroundThe purpose of this study was to determine whether the maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax) of the primary tumor on pretreatment 18F‐fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (18F‐FDG PET) has prognostic significance in patients with adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) of the head and neck.MethodsA retrospective review was carried out on 34 patients with ACC of the head and neck who underwent pretreatment 18F‐FDG PET imaging from June 2005 through July 2009. All patients underwent surgery with curative intent, and 26 of them received adjuvant radiotherapy (RT).ResultsWhen subjects were stratified into 2 groups according to a cutoff value for SUVmax of 4.15, the risk of distant metastasis was significantly high in patients with high SUVmax (p = .014). Multivariate analysis showed that high SUVmax and histologic grade 3 were independent poor prognostic factors for distant metastasis‐free and disease‐free survival.ConclusionPretreatment SUVmax of the primary tumor is an independent prognostic factor in patients with ACC of the head and neck. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 38: 755–761, 2016
Acoustic parameters of speech: Lack of correlation with perceptual and questionnaire‐based speech evaluation in patients with oral and oropharyngeal cancer treated with primary surgery
Authors: Dwivedi Raghav C. , St.Rose Suzanne , Chisholm Edward J. , Clarke Peter M. , Kerawala Cyrus J. , Nutting Christopher M. , Rhys‐Evans Peter H. , Kazi Rehan , Harrington Kevin J. 
Published: December 2014

ABSTRACTBackgroundAcoustic evaluation of speech is the least explored method of speech evaluation in patients with oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancer. The purpose of this study was to explore acoustic parameters of speech and their correlation with questionnaire evaluation and perceptual evaluation in patients with oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancer.MethodsOne hundred seventeen subjects (65 consecutive patients with oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancer and 52 controls) participated in this study. Formant frequencies (by Linear Predictive Coding), Speech Handicap Index, and London Speech Evaluation scale were used for acoustic evaluation, questionnaire evaluation, and perceptual evaluation, respectively.ResultsMen showed significant elevation in second formant (F2) values for patients with oral cavity cancer and those who underwent surgery alone. Female patients with early T classification cancers and those who underwent surgery and chemoradiation showed significant reduction in the mean F2 values. Importantly, however, acoustic evaluation parameters did not correlate with either perceptual evaluation or questionnaire evaluation parameters, although there was moderate correlation between questionnaire evaluation and perceptual evaluation speech parameters.ConclusionAcoustic evaluation modalities have no clear role in the management of patients with oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancer. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 38: 670–676, 2016
The structure and ultrastructure of the egg capsule of Brachyptera risi (Plecoptera, Nemouroidea, Taeniopterygidae) with some remarks concerning choriogenesis
Authors: Michalik Anna , Rościszewska Elżbieta , Miliša Marko 
Published: December 2014

ABSTRACTThe organization of the egg capsule of the euholognathan stonefly, which represents the family Taeniopterygidae (Nemuroidea) was investigated using light and electron microscopy techniques. The presence of a complex, multilayered egg capsule, composed of a vitelline envelope, multilayered chorion, and extrachorion is described. The morphology of the eggshell of Brachyptera risi was compared with that of euholognthan and systellognathan egg coverings and the ground plan of the egg capsule in Plecoptera was discussed. Microsc. Res. Tech. 78:180–186, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.