bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Immunomodulatory Glycan Lacto-N-Fucopentaose III Requires Clathrin-Mediated Endocytosis To Induce Alternative Activation of Antigen-Presenting Cells
Authors: Srivastava Leena , Tundup Smanla , Choi Beak-San , Norberg Thomas , Harn Donald 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACTThe mechanism of alternative activation of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) is largely unknown. Lacto-N-fucopentaose III (LNFPIII) is a biologically conserved pentasaccharide that contains the Lewisxtrisaccharide. LNFPIII conjugates and schistosome egg antigens, which contain the Lewisxtrisaccharide, drive alternative activation of APCs and induce anti-inflammatory responsesin vivo, preventing inflammation-based diseases, including psoriasis, transplant organ rejection, and metabolic disease. In this study, we show that LNFPIII conjugates and schistosome egg antigens interact with APCs via a receptor-mediated process, requiring internalization of these molecules through a clathrin/dynamin-dependent but caveolus-independent endocytic pathway. Using inhibitors/small interfering RNA (siRNA) against dynamin and clathrin, we show for the first time that endocytosis of Lewisx-containing glycans is required to drive alternative maturation of antigen-presenting cells and Th2 immune responses. We identified mouse SIGNR-1 as a cell surface receptor for LNFPIII conjugates. Elimination of SIGNR-1 showed no effect on uptake of LNFPIII conjugates, suggesting that other receptors bind to and facilitate uptake of LNFPIII conjugates. We demonstrate that disruption of actin filaments partially prevented the entry of LNFPIII conjugates into APCs and that LNFPIII colocalizes with both early and late endosomal markers and follows the classical endosomal pathway leading to lysosome maturation. The results of this study show that the ability of LNFPIII to induce alternative activation utilizes a receptor-mediated process that requires a dynamin-dependent endocytosis. Thus, key steps have been defined in the previously unknown mechanism of alternative activation that ultimately leads to induction of anti-inflammatory responses.
Invasion of Oral and Aortic Tissues by Oral Spirochete Treponema denticola in ApoE
−/−
Mice Causally Links Periodontal Disease and Atherosclerosis
Authors: Chukkapalli Sasanka S. , Rivera Mercedes F. , Velsko Irina M. , Lee Ju-Youn , Chen Hao , Zheng Donghang , Bhattacharyya Indraneel , Gangula Pandu R. , Lucas Alexandra R. , Kesavalu Lakshmyya 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACT

Treponema denticola
is a predominantly subgingival oral spirochete closely associated with periodontal disease and has been detected in atherosclerosis. This study was designed to evaluate causative links between periodontal disease induced by chronic oral
T. denticola
infection and atherosclerosis in hyperlipidemic ApoE
−/−
mice. ApoE
−/−
mice (
n
= 24) were orally infected with
T. denticola
ATCC 35404 and were euthanized after 12 and 24 weeks.
T. denticola
genomic DNA was detected in oral plaque samples, indicating colonization of the oral cavity. Infection elicited significantly (
P
= 0.0172) higher IgG antibody levels and enhanced intrabony defects than sham infection.
T. denticola
-infected mice had higher levels of horizontal alveolar bone resorption than sham-infected mice and an associated significant increase in aortic plaque area (
P
≤ 0.05). Increased atherosclerotic plaque correlated with reduced serum nitric oxide (NO) levels and increased serum-oxidized low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels compared to those of sham-infected mice.
T. denticola
infection altered the expression of genes known to be involved in atherosclerotic development, including the leukocyte/endothelial cell adhesion gene (
Thbs4
), the connective tissue growth factor gene (
Ctgf
), and the selectin-E gene (
Sele
). Fluorescent
in situ
hybridization (FISH) revealed
T. denticola
clusters in both gingival and aortic tissue of infected mice. This is the first study examining the potential causative role of chronic
T. denticola
periodontal infection and vascular atherosclerosis
in vivo
in hyperlipidemic ApoE
−/−
mice.
T. denticola
is closely associated with periodontal disease and the rapid progression of atheroma in ApoE
−/−
mice. These studies confirm a causal link for active oral
T. denticola
infection with both atheroma and periodontal disease.
Socioeconomic position across life and body composition in early old age: findings from a British birth cohort study
Authors: Bann David , Cooper Rachel , Wills Andrew K , Adams Judith , Kuh Diana ,   on behalf of the NSHD scientific and data collection team
Published: February 2014

BackgroundPrevious studies have reported associations between lower lifetime socioeconomic position (SEP) and higher body mass index in adulthood, but few have examined associations with direct measures of fat and lean mass which are likely to have independent roles in health and physical functioning.MethodsWe examined associations of SEP across life with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry measures of fat and lean mass at 60–64 years using data from a total of 1558 men and women participating in the Medical Research Council (MRC) National Survey of Health and Development. We also examined whether associations of childhood SEP with fat and lean mass were explained by preadulthood weight gain (birth weight, 0–7 and 7–20 years) and adult SEP.ResultsLower SEP across life was associated with higher fat mass and higher android to gynoid fat mass ratio. For example, the mean difference in fat mass index comparing the lowest with the highest paternal occupational class at 4 years (slope index of inequality) was 1.04 kg/m1.2in men (95% CI 0.09 to 1.99) and 2.61 in women (1.34 to 3.89), equivalent to a 8.6% and 16.1% difference, respectively. After adjustment for fat mass, lower SEP across life was associated with lower lean mass in women, while only contemporaneous household income was associated in men. Associations between childhood SEP and outcomes were partly explained by preadulthood weight gain and adult SEP.ConclusionsThis study identified lifetime socioeconomic patterning of fat and lean mass in early old age. This is likely to have important implications and may partly explain socioeconomic inequalities in health and physical functioning.
Comprehensive formal verification of an OS microkernel
Authors: Klein Gerwin , Andronick June , Elphinstone Kevin , Murray Toby , Sewell Thomas , Kolanski Rafal , Heiser Gernot 
Published: February 2014

We present an in-depth coverage of the comprehensive machine-checked formal verification of seL4, a general-purpose operating system microkernel.
We discuss the kernel design we used to make its verification tractable. We then describe the functional correctness proof of the kernel's C implementation and we cover further steps that transform this result into a comprehensive formal verification of the kernel: a formally verified IPC fastpath, a proof that the binary code of the kernel correctly implements the C semantics, a proof of correct access-control enforcement, a proof of information-flow noninterference, a sound worst-case execution time analysis of the binary, and an automatic initialiser for user-level systems that connects kernel-level access-control enforcement with reasoning about system behaviour. We summarise these results and show how they integrate to form a coherent overall analysis, backed by machine-checked, end-to-end theorems.
The seL4 microkernel is currently not just the only general-purpose operating system kernel that is fully formally verified to this degree. It is also the only example of formal proof of this scale that is kept current as the requirements, design and implementation of the system evolve over almost a decade. We report on our experience in maintaining this evolving formally verified code base.
Depression as a Risk Factor for Poor Prognosis Among Patients With Acute Coronary Syndrome: Systematic Review and Recommendations
Authors: Lichtman Judith H. , Froelicher Erika S. , Blumenthal James A. , Carney Robert M. , Doering Lynn V. , Frasure-Smith Nancy , Freedland Kenneth E. , Jaffe Allan S. , Leifheit-Limson Erica C. , Sheps David S. , Vaccarino Viola , Wulsin Lawson 
Published: February 2014

Background—
Although prospective studies, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses have documented an association between depression and increased morbidity and mortality in a variety of cardiac populations, depression has not yet achieved formal recognition as a risk factor for poor prognosis in patients with acute coronary syndrome by the American Heart Association and other health organizations. The purpose of this scientific statement is to review available evidence and recommend whether depression should be elevated to the status of a risk factor for patients with acute coronary syndrome.

Methods and Results—
Writing group members were approved by the American Heart Association’s Scientific Statement and Manuscript Oversight Committees. A systematic literature review on depression and adverse medical outcomes after acute coronary syndrome was conducted that included all-cause mortality, cardiac mortality, and composite outcomes for mortality and nonfatal events. The review assessed the strength, consistency, independence, and generalizability of the published studies. A total of 53 individual studies (32 reported on associations with all-cause mortality, 12 on cardiac mortality, and 22 on composite outcomes) and 4 meta-analyses met inclusion criteria. There was heterogeneity across studies in terms of the demographic composition of study samples, definition and measurement of depression, length of follow-up, and covariates included in the multivariable models. Despite limitations in some individual studies, our review identified generally consistent associations between depression and adverse outcomes.

Conclusions—
Despite the heterogeneity of published studies included in this review, the preponderance of evidence supports the recommendation that the American Heart Association should elevate depression to the status of a risk factor for adverse medical outcomes in patients with acute coronary syndrome.
Muʿtazilī Theology in Levi ben Yefet’s Kitāb al-Niʿma
Authors: Madelung Wilferd 
Published: February 2014

‭The Kitāb al-Niʿma of Levi ben Yefet (late 10th to early 11th c.) is the earliest known Karaite compendium of Muʿtazilī thought. It was written at the request of his father Yefet ben Eli as a defense of Judaism on the basis of Muʿtazilī rational theology. Yefet ben Eli, a prominent Karaite legal scholar, disapproved of Muʿtazilī theology and in his Commentary on Daniel polemically denounced Islam in general and the Fāṭimid caliphate in particular. In adopting Muʿtazilī rational theology, Levi ben Yefet implicitly recognized Muḥammad as a friend of God endowed with prophethood, in rank below Moses, the prophet of Israel. He also adopted the Shīʿī concept of hereditary imāma, applying it to the Jewish belief in the hereditary kingship among the descendants of David. His views were in concord with the majority of Jews under Fāṭimid rule who strongly supported the Fāṭimid regime against Sunnī polemic and military attack. Levi ben Yefet’s Muslim teacher may have been the Imāmī Shīʿī scholar Abū l-Fatḥ al-Karājikī (d. 449/1067).‬
Ibn Kammūna’s and Ibn al-ʿIbrī’s Responses to Fakhr al-Dīn al-Rāzī’s Proofs of Muḥammad’s Prophethood
Authors: Roggema Barbara 
Published: February 2014

‭Two non-Muslim intellectuals who were active in Iraq in the seventh/thirteenth century, the Syrian-Orthodox Christian Abū l-Faraj ibn al-ʿIbrī, better known as Barhebraeus (d. 685/1286) and the Jewish philosopher Saʿd ibn Manṣūr ibn Kammūna (d. 683/1284), were almost exact contemporaries. They enjoyed the heyday of their careers in the period following the Mongol conquest when the Mongols had not yet converted to Islam. This article explores some of the similarities in scholarly interests and activities of the two thinkers and takes into account the possibility that they knew each other’s work. Both scholars wrote apologetic works partly devoted to disproving the Muslim claim that Islam superseded all earlier religions. In their responses to the Islamic proofs of Muhammad’s prophethood, they focused on the work of Fakhr al-Dīn al-Rāzī, in particular, and there are clear similarities in the argumentation of the two thinkers against al-Rāzī’s arguments, which are pointed out in this article, leading to the question of a possible dependency of the one work on the other.‬
Christian Engagement with Islamic kalām in Late 14th-Century Egypt: The Case of al-Ḥāwī by al-Makīn Jirjis Ibn al-ʿAmīd ‘the Younger’
Authors: Swanson Mark N. 
Published: February 2014

‭Towards the end of the 14th century ce, a Coptic government-bureaucrat-turned-monk called al-Makīn Jirjis ibn al-ʿAmīd produced a theological/ecclesiastical encyclopedia known sometimes as Mukhtaṣar al-bayān fī taḥqīq al-īmān, and sometimes as al-Ḥāwī al-mustafād min badīhat al-ijtihād, or simply as al-Ḥāwī. Book I, Chapter 1, Part 3 of this work is an essay on al-qaḍāʾ wa-l-qadar, which is described in the present essay. In making his case for humanity’s capacity for freely willed action, Ibn al-ʿAmīd presents arguments from the Old Testament and the New; a story from the Kitāb al-Siyāsa fī tadbīr al-riʾāsa (better known as Sirr al-asrār or Secretum secretorum), purportedly a book written by Aristotle for Alexander the Great (which is interesting as a witness to the use of Alexander-material by the Copts); and a typology in which the Muslim mutakallimūn Abū Isḥāq al-Isfarāʾīnī, al-Bāqillānī, al-Ashʿarī, Abū l-Ḥusayn al-Baṣrī, and the Muʿtazila in general serve as convenient labels for the positions described—and which turns out to be an epitome of a passage from masʾala 22 of Fakhr al-Dīn al-Rāzī’s Kitāb al-Arbaʿīn. While the reproduction of al-Rāzī’s typology hardly amounts to a serious engagement with him or with the list of thinkers just mentioned, it is perhaps not insignificant that, in a time of sharp inter-communal tensions, Ibn al-ʿAmīd should claim the Muʿtazila as allies in his discourse on human freedom.‬
Describing the Shape of Raindrop Size Distributions Using Uncorrelated Raindrop Mass Spectrum Parameters
Authors: Williams Christopher R. , Bringi V. N. , Carey Lawrence D. , Chandrasekar V. , Gatlin Patrick N. , Haddad Ziad S. , Meneghini Robert , Joseph Munchak S. , Nesbitt Stephen W. , Petersen Walter A. , Tanelli Simone , Tokay Ali , Wilson Anna , Wolff David B. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractRainfall retrieval algorithms often assume a gamma-shaped raindrop size distribution (DSD) with three mathematical parameters Nw, Dm, and μ. If only two independent measurements are available, as with the dual-frequency precipitation radar on the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission core satellite, then retrieval algorithms are underconstrained and require assumptions about DSD parameters. To reduce the number of free parameters, algorithms can assume that μ is either a constant or a function of Dm. Previous studies have suggested μ–Λ constraints [where Λ = (4 + μ)/Dm], but controversies exist over whether μ–Λ constraints result from physical processes or mathematical artifacts due to high correlations between gamma DSD parameters. This study avoids mathematical artifacts by developing joint probability distribution functions (joint PDFs) of statistically independent DSD attributes derived from the raindrop mass spectrum. These joint PDFs are then mapped into gamma-shaped DSD parameter joint PDFs that can be used in probabilistic rainfall retrieval algorithms as proposed for the GPM satellite program. Surface disdrometer data show a high correlation coefficient between the mass spectrum mean diameter Dm and mass spectrum standard deviation σm. To remove correlations between DSD attributes, a normalized mass spectrum standard deviation is constructed to be statistically independent of Dm, with representing the most likely value and std representing its dispersion. Joint PDFs of Dm and μ are created from Dm and . A simple algorithm shows that rain-rate estimates had smaller biases when assuming the DSD breadth of than when assuming a constant μ.
The cultural brokerage work of occupational therapists in providing culturally sensitive care
Authors: Lindsay Sally , Tétrault Sylvie , Desmaris Chantal , King Gillian A. , Piérart Gènevive 
Published: February 2014

Background. The important place of culture within occupational therapy is widely recognized, and there is increasing emphasis on addressing the diversity of clients. Purpose. This study explores how occupational therapists perform cultural brokerage when providing culturally sensitive care to immigrant families. Method. A descriptive qualitative methodology was used for this study. A purposive sample of 17 occupational therapists from two Canadian paediatric rehabilitation centres were interviewed. Findings. Participants encountered several cultural and structural constraints in providing culturally sensitive care. To overcome these constraints, clinicians used four strategies: (a) translating between health systems for clients, (b) bridging different meanings of occupational therapy to make it relevant for clients, (c) establishing long-term relationships by building trust and rapport, and (d) working with clients’ relational networks to help them navigate the health system. Implications. Occupational therapists should advocate for both the individual needs of immigrant families and for institutional level resources to better meet the needs of diverse clients.
Ophthalmoplegic migraine: From questions to answers
Authors: Ambrosetto Paolo , Nicolini Francesca , Zoli Matteo , Cirillo Luigi , Feraco Paola , Bacci Antonella 
Published: February 2014

Introduction The International Classification of Headache Disorders classifies ophthalmoplegic migraine (OM) under “cranial neuralgias and central causes of facial pain.” OM is diagnosed when all the following criteria are satisfied: At least two attacks fulfilling criterion B. Migraine-like headache accompanied or followed within four days of its onset by paresis of one or more of the III, IV and/or VI cranial nerves. Parasellar orbital fissure and posterior fossa lesions ruled out by appropriate investigations. In children the syndrome is rare and magnetic resonance (MR) shows strongly enhancing thickened nerve at the root entry zone (REZ). Method The authors review the literature focusing on pathogenesis theories. Results The authors suggest that ischemic reversible breakdown of the blood-nerve barrier is the most probable cause of OM and to include MR findings in the hallmarks of the disease. Conclusion OM is the same disease in adulthood and childhood, even if in adults the MR imaging findings are negative. In the authors’ opinion, OM should be classified as migraine.
Subclinical cerebellar dysfunction in patients with migraine: Evidence from eyeblink conditioning
Authors: Gerwig Marcus , Rauschen Lisa , Gaul Charly , Katsarava Zaza , Timmann Dagmar 
Published: February 2014

Background Clinical findings suggest cerebellar dysfunction in patients with migraine. Eyeblink classical conditioning (EBCC) is a simple form of associative learning which depends on the integrity of the cerebellum. The aim of this study was to assess whether EBCC is disturbed in patients with migraine. Methods A delay conditioning paradigm was used in the headache-free interval in 32 female patients with migraine, in 24 of them without (MwoA) and eight with aura (MwA), and in 32 age-matched female controls. As primary outcome measure acquisition and as secondary outcome measures timing and extinction of conditioned eyeblink responses (CR) were assessed. Results CR acquisition was significantly reduced in all migraine patients (mean total CR incidence 35.2 ± 22.1%) compared to controls (54.7 ± 21.3%; p < 0.001; Bonferroni-corrected p level < 0.025) and in MwA patients (19.9 ± 20.2%) compared to matched controls (58.2 ± 27.0%; p = 0.006) but not in MwoA patients (40.3 ± 20.6%) compared to matched controls (53.6 ± 19.7%; p = 0.028; Bonferroni-corrected p level < 0.0166). Decrease of CR incidences in MwA patients was not significantly different compared to MwoA patients ( p = 0.021; Bonferroni-corrected p level < 0.0166). CR timing and extinction was not affected in migraine patients. Conclusions Reduced acquisition of CRs in the cohort of female patients studied here supports findings of a cerebellar dysfunction in migraine.
Higher Incidence of Bone Stress Injuries With Increasing Female Athlete Triad–Related Risk Factors
Authors: Barrack Michelle T. , Gibbs Jenna C. , De Souza Mary Jane , Williams Nancy I. , Nichols Jeanne F. , Rauh Mitchell J. , Nattiv Aurelia 
Published: February 2014

Background: Identifying the risk factors associated with a bone stress injury (BSI), including stress reactions and stress fractures, may aid in targeting those at increased risk and in formulating prevention guidelines for exercising girls and women. Purpose: To evaluate the effect of single or combined risk factors as defined by the female athlete triad—a syndrome involving 3 interrelated spectrums consisting of energy availability, menstrual function, and bone mass—with the incidence of BSIs in a multicenter prospective sample of 4 cohorts of physically active girls and women. Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: At baseline, participants’ (N = 259; mean age, 18.1 ± 0.3 years) anthropometric characteristics, eating attitudes and behaviors, menstrual function, sports participation or exercise activity, and pathological weight control behaviors were assessed. Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) measured the bone mass of the whole body, total hip, femoral neck, lumbar spine, and body composition. Participants were followed prospectively for the occurrence of injuries; those injuries confirmed by a physician were recorded. Results: Twenty-eight participants (10.8%) incurred a BSI. Forty-six percent of those who had ≥12 h/wk of purposeful exercise, a bone mineral density (BMD) Z score <–1.0, and who exhibited 3 to 4 of the following: BMI <21.0 kg/m2, oligo- or amenorrhea, elevated dietary restraint, and/or participation in a leanness sport exercise/activity at baseline, incurred a BSI during the prospective study period. Single factors significantly ( P < .05) associated with the development of a BSI included ≥12 h/wk of purposeful exercise (14.7%), BMI <21.0 kg/m2 (15.3%), and low bone mass (BMD Z score <–1.0; 21.0%). The strongest 2- and 3-variable combined risk factors were low BMD ( Z score <–1.0) + ≥12 h/wk of exercise, with 29.7% incurring a BSI (odds ratio [OR], 5.1; 95% CI, 2.2-12.1), and ≥12 h/wk of exercise + leanness sport/activity + dietary restraint, with 46.2% incurring a BSI (OR, 8.7; 95% CI, 2.7-28.3). Conclusion: In the sample, which included female adolescents and young adults participating in competitive or recreational exercise activities, the risk of BSIs increased from approximately 15% to 20% for significant single risk factors to 30% to 50% for significant combined female athlete triad–related risk factor variables. These data support the notion that the cumulative risk for BSIs increases as the number of Triad-related risk factors accumulates.