bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of extreme floods on trout populations and fish communities in a Catskill Mountain river
Authors: George S. D. , Baldigo B. P. , Smith A. J. , Robinson G. R. 
Published: April 2015

Summary

Extreme hydrologic events are becoming more common with changing climate. Although the impacts of winter and spring floods on lotic ecosystems have been well studied, the effects of summer floods are less well known.

The Upper Esopus Creek Basin in the Catskill Mountains, NY, experienced severe flooding from Tropical Storm Irene on 28 August 2011, and peak discharges exceeded the 0.01 annual exceedance probability (>100 year flood) in some reaches. Three years of fish community data from pre‐flood surveys at nine sites were compared to data from 2 years of post‐flood surveys to evaluate changes in fish communities and populations of brown trout (Salmo trutta) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss).

Basinwide, fish assemblages were not strongly impacted and appeared highly resilient to the effects of the flood. Total density and biomass of fish communities were greater at most sites 10–11 months after the flood than 1 month prior to the flood while richness and diversity were generally unchanged. Community composition did not differ significantly between years or between the pre‐ and post‐flood periods.

Although the density of mature brown trout was low at most sites (mean density = 146 fish ha−1), young‐of‐the‐year brown trout reached their highest density (mean = 2312 fish ha−1) during 2012. In contrast, rainbow trout densities declined substantially during the 5‐year study and the 2012 year class was small (mean density = 222 fish ha−1).

Late summer floods may be less damaging to stream fish communities than winter or spring floods as spawning activity is negligible and early life stages of many species are generally larger and less susceptible to displacement and mortality. Additionally, post‐flood conditions may be advantageous for brown trout recruitment.
Growth of modern branched columnar stromatolites in Lake Joyce, Antarctica
Authors: Mackey T. J. , Sumner D. Y. , Hawes I. , Jungblut A. D. , Andersen D. T. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractModern decimeter‐scale columnar stromatolites from Lake Joyce, Antarctica, show a change in branching pattern during a period of lake level rise. Branching patterns correspond to a change in cyanobacterial community composition as preserved in authigenic calcite crystals. The transition in stromatolite morphology is preserved by mineralized layers that contain microfossils and cylindrical molds of cyanobacterial filaments. The molds are composed of two populations with different diameters. Large diameter molds (>2.8 μm) are abundant in calcite forming the oldest stromatolite layers, but are absent from younger layers. In contrast, <2.3 μm diameter molds are common in all stromatolites layers. Loss of large diameter molds corresponds to the transition from smooth‐sided stromatolitic columns to branched and irregular columns. Mold diameters are similar to trichome diameters of the four most abundant living cyanobacteria morphotypes in Lake Joyce: Phormidium autumnale morphotypes have trichome diameters >3.5 μm, whereas Leptolyngbya antarctica, L. fragilis, and Pseudanabaena frigida morphotypes have diameters <2.3 μm. P. autumnale morphotypes were only common in mats at <12 m depth. Mats containing abundant P. autumnale morphotypes were smooth, whereas mats with few P. autumnale morphotypes contained small peaks and protruding bundles of filaments, suggesting that the absence of P. autumnale morphotypes allowed small‐scale topography to develop on mats. Comparisons of living filaments and mold diameters suggest that P. autumnale morphotypes were present early in stromatolite growth, but disappeared from the community through time. We hypothesize that the mat‐smoothing behavior of P. autumnale morphotypes inhibited nucleation of stromatolite branches. When P. autumnale morphotypes were excluded from the community, potentially reflecting a rise in lake level, short‐wavelength roughness provided nuclei for stromatolite branches. This growth history provides a conceptual model for initiation of branched stromatolite growth resulting from a change in microbial community composition.
Helicobacter pylori Infection in Early Childhood and Growth at School Age
Authors: Muhsen Khitam , Goren Sophy , Cohen Dani 
Published: April 2015

BackgroundThere are conflicting results regarding the role of H. pylori in children's growth. We examined differences in growth indices at school age according to H. pylori infection acquisition in preschool age.Materials and MethodsA prospective study was undertaken between 2004 and 2009, in which of healthy children (N = 139, ages 3–5 years at baseline) were tested for the presence of H. pylori antigen in their stool using enzyme‐linked immunoassay and followed‐up till age 6–9 years (median follow‐up time 45 months). Height, weight, and hemoglobin levels were measured, and socioeconomic data were obtained. Z scores of height for age, weight for age, and body mass index for age at baseline and follow‐up were calculated using the 2000 Center for Disease Control and Prevention growth reference curves. Growth velocity (cm/month) between preschool and school age was compared between H. pylori‐infected and uninfected children using mixed models.ResultsFifty‐three percent of the children were H. pylori positive at baseline, and all except one child tested positive at follow‐up. The adjusted mean Z score of height for age at follow‐up was significantly lower among H. pylori‐infected children than uninfected ones: 0.15 (95% confidence intervals (CIs) 0.02, 0.29) and 0.45 (95% CI 0.29, 0.60), respectively (p = .002). Growth velocity was slower in the former group −0.0264 cm/month (95% CI −0.047, −0.005) (p = .014), after adjusting for baseline height and age. H. pylori infection was not associated with body weight.ConclusionsHelicobacter pylori infection acquired in early childhood may have long‐term adverse influence on linear growth at school age.
Effect of maintaining apical patency on endodontic pain in posterior teeth with pulp necrosis and apical periodontitis: a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Arora M. , Sangwan P. , Tewari S. , Duhan J. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractAimTo evaluate the association between apical patency and post‐operative pain in posterior teeth with pulp necrosis and apical periodontitis.MethodologySixty‐eight patients requiring primary root canal treatment in mandibular first molars with necrotic pulps and apical periodontitis were included. The patients were randomly allocated to one of two groups: patency (n = 34) and nonpatency (n = 34). After administering local anaesthesia, root canal preparation was completed using ProTaper rotary instruments. A size 10 K‐file was used as a patency file and carried 1 mm beyond the working length (WL) between each instrument change in the patency group, while it was carried up to WL in the nonpatency group. Patients were asked to record their pain experience on a pain chart daily for 7 days. Three patients (two in the patency group, one in the nonpatency group) did not return with completed pain charts on the subsequent visit, resulting in a total of 65 patients for the final analysis (patency, n = 32; nonpatency, n = 33). Data was analysed using Chi Square test, t‐test, Mann–Whitney test and Wilcoxon Signed Ranks test.ResultsOverall, 43% of the patients experienced post‐operative pain. The patency group had less incidence of pain (34%) as compared to the nonpatency group (52%), but the difference was not significant (P = 0.163).ConclusionMaintenance of apical patency during chemomechanical preparation had no significant influence on post‐operative pain in posterior teeth with necrotic pulps and apical periodontitis.
HES6 promotes prostate cancer aggressiveness independently of Notch signalling
Authors: Carvalho Filipe L. F. , Marchionni Luigi , Gupta Anuj , Kummangal Basheer A. , Schaeffer Edward M. , Ross Ashley E. , Berman David M. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractNotch signalling is implicated in the pathogenesis of a variety of cancers, but its role in prostate cancer is poorly understood. However, selected Notch pathway members are overrepresented in high‐grade prostate cancers. We comprehensively profiled Notch pathway components in prostate cells and found prostate cancer‐specific up‐regulation ofNOTCH3andHES6. Their expression was particularly high in androgen responsive lines. Up‐ and down‐regulating Notch in these cells modulated expression of canonical Notch targets,HES1 andHEY1, which could also be induced by androgen. Surprisingly, androgen treatment also suppressed Notch receptor expression, suggesting that androgens can activate Notch target genes in a receptor‐independent manner. Using a Notch‐sensitiveRecombination signal binding protein for immunoglobulin kappa J region (RBPJ)reporter assay, we found that basal levels of Notch signalling were significantly lower in prostate cancer cells compared to benign cells. Accordingly pharmacological Notch pathway blockade did not inhibit cancer cell growth or viability. In contrast to canonical Notch targets,HES6, aHESfamily member known to antagonize Notch signalling, was not regulated by Notch signalling, but relied instead on androgen levels, both in cultured cells and in human cancer tissues. When engineered into prostate cancer cells, reduced levels ofHES6 resulted in reduced cancer cell invasion and clonogenic growth. By molecular profiling, we identified potential roles forHES6 in regulating hedgehog signalling, apoptosis and cell migration. Our results did not reveal any cell‐autonomous roles for canonical Notch signalling in prostate cancer. However, the results do implicateHES6 as a promoter of prostate cancer progression.
Money Makes theEUGo Round: The Objective Foundations of Conflict in theCouncil ofMinisters
Authors: Bailer Stefanie , Mattila Mikko , Schneider Gerald 
Published: April 2015

AbstractMany examinations of the dimensions of conflict in theEuropeanUnionCouncil ofMinisters focus on the ideological roots of contestation in theEU. This article examines the extent to which structural attributes of theMember States explain the conflict within theCouncil ofMinisters in general as well as in selected policy domains (agriculture, fisheries, environment, economic affairs). Drawing on the political economy literature of legislative decision‐making, a multilevel analysis shows that country‐level redistributive interests shape the interactions considerably and in some of the policy domains that are examined in more detail. The impact of ideological variables like the left‐right positioning of theMember State governments remains inconsistent and marginal in this analysis.
Revisiting Fisher: range size drives the correlation between variability and abundance of British bird eggs
Authors: Lapiedra O. , Price T. D. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractWe evaluate the correlation between intraspecific variation in egg size and population size in breeding British birds. Using information on abundance, range occupancy, migration status and phylogenetic relationships among species, we show that a wider geographical distribution rather than larger population size per se best predicts egg size variability. A similar result applies to wing length variability. Results from a phylogenetic path analysis suggest that geographical variation is the most parsimonious causal explanation for high intraspecific variation in common species.
Expression of hepatic cytochrome P450 in a mouse model of ulcerative colitis changes with pathological conditions
Authors: Kusunoki Yoshiki , Ikarashi Nobutomo , Matsuda Shogo , Matsukawa Yoshimi , Kitaoka Satoshi , Kon Risako , Tajima Masataka , Wakui Nobuyuki , Ochiai Wataru , Machida Yoshiaki , Sugiyama Kiyoshi 
Published: April 2015

AbstractBackground and AimThe expression levels of cytochrome P450 (CYP) in the liver were analyzed over time in dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)‐induced ulcerative colitis mouse model, from the initial active stage to the remission stage, to investigate the relationship between the changes in pathological conditions and CYP expression levels.MethodsDSS solution was given to mice for 10 days, after which water without DSS was provided for 40 days. Pathological conditions and CYP expression levels were examined over time. The mechanism for variation in CYP expression was also analyzed.ResultsThe mRNA expression levels of CYP (CYP3A11, CYP1A2, CYP2C29, CYP2D9, and CYP2E1) decreased as pathological conditions worsened and reached their lowest levels on day 10 of DSS treatment. Pathological conditions improved following the discontinuation of DSS, and CYP expression levels normalized by day 50. Blood lipopolysaccharide levels, the hepatic expression of inflammatory cytokines, and the nuclear translocation of pregnane X receptor and constitutive androstane receptor in the liver exhibited patterns similar to the observed variations in CYP expression levels.ConclusionThe capacity for metabolizing drugs that are substrates of CYP decreases during the active stage of ulcerative colitis but subsequently improves during the remission stage. This decrease in CYP expression was likely caused by the observed reduction in the levels of nuclearly localized pregnane X receptor and constitutive androstane receptor, and the increase in the production of inflammatory cytokines triggered by lipopolysaccharides.
Clinical outcomes of cryptogenic compared with non‐cryptogenic cirrhosis: A retrospective cohort study
Authors: Mohammed Omar Kadhim , Mahadeva Sanjiv 
Published: April 2015

AbstractBackground and AimThe consequences of the association between the metabolic syndrome and cryptogenic cirrhosis are uncertain. We aimed to compare the differences in clinical outcomes between cryptogenic and non‐cryptogenic cirrhosis.MethodsA retrospective cohort study was conducted in a large, single academic center, over a 5‐year duration.ResultsComplete data were available in 301 patients with cirrhosis (cryptogenic n = 94, non‐cryptogenic n = 207). Compared with non‐cryptogenic cirrhosis, patients with cryptogenic cirrhosis were older (mean age 66.4 ± 12.5 vs 60.7 ± 11.3 years, P < 0.0001), had more females (43.6% vs 26.6%, P = 0.003), had less disease severity (Child–Pugh C 8.5% vs 15.9%, P = 0.042), and had a higher prevalence of the metabolic syndrome (83% vs 51.2%, P < 0.0001). During the 5‐year period, adults with cryptogenic Child–Pugh A cirrhosis had a longer total hospital admission duration compared with non‐cryptogenic cirrhosis (median 7.0 vs 3.0 days, P = 0.035), but this was less evident in patients with more advanced disease. This difference was due to a longer duration of hospitalization for non‐liver‐related morbidity (median 14.0 days vs 8.0 days, P = 0.04), rather than liver‐related morbidity (median 10.5 days vs 8.0 days, P = 0.34), in patients with cryptogenic compared with non‐cryptogenic cirrhosis. Kaplan–Meier survival analysis showed no significant differences in survival between both types of cirrhosis for all grades of severity.ConclusionsCryptogenic cirrhosis is associated with a longer duration of hospitalization compared with non‐cryptogenic cirrhosis at an early stage of the disease. This difference is due to a greater burden of non‐liver‐related complications in the former.
Concomitant and hybrid therapy for Helicobacter pylori infection: A randomized clinical trial
Authors: Heo Jun , Jeon Seong Woo , Jung Jin Tae , Kwon Joong Goo , Lee Dong Wook , Kim Hyun Soo , Yang Chang Hun , Park Jeong Bae , Park Kyung Sik , Cho Kwang Bum , Lee Si Hyung , Jang Byung Ik ,   Daegu‐Gyeongbuk Gastrointestinal Study Group
Published: April 2015

AbstractBackground and AimsThis study aimed to validate the equivalence of first‐line concomitant and hybrid regimens for Helicobacter pylori infection in an era of increasing antibiotic resistance. The study also aimed to assess regimen compliance.MethodsH. pylori‐infected patients from six hospitals in Korea were randomly assigned to either concomitant or hybrid regimens. The concomitant regimen consisted of 20 mg of esomeprazole, 1 g of amoxicillin, 500 mg of clarithromycin, and 500 mg metronidazole, twice daily for 10 days. The hybrid regimen consisted of a 5‐day dual therapy (20 mg of esomeprazole and 1 g of amoxicillin, twice daily) followed by a 5‐day quadruple therapy (20 mg of esomeprazole, 1 g of amoxicillin, 500 mg of clarithromycin, and 500 mg of metronidazole, twice daily).ResultsEradication rates for concomitant and hybrid therapy were 78.6% (187/238) and 78.8% (190/241) in the intention‐to‐treat analysis, and 89.8% (176/196) and 89.6% (181/202) in the per protocol analysis. For both analyses, 95% confidence intervals fell within the ± 8% equivalence margin. Adherence was better in the hybrid group (95.0%) than in the concomitant group (90.1%), a difference that was borderline significant (P = 0.051). Adverse event rates were higher in the concomitant group than in the hybrid group for nausea (15.8% vs 8.8%; P = 0.028) and regurgitation (17.6% vs 10.7%; P = 0.040).ConclusionAs compared with concomitant therapy, hybrid therapy offered similar efficacy, better compliance, and fewer adverse events. Hybrid therapy could be a reasonable first‐line treatment option for H. pylori in areas with high antibiotics resistance.
Sequential or concomitant therapy for eradication of Helicobacter pylori infection: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Kim Joon Sung , Park Sung Min , Kim Byung‐Wook 
Published: April 2015

AbstractBackground and AimEradication of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection with triple therapy (TT) has declined in many countries prompting the search for alternative regimens. Sequential therapy (ST) and concomitant therapy (CT) have been suggested as first‐line regimens in areas of high clarithromycin resistance. We performed a meta‐analysis to compare the eradication rates of CT with ST for H. pylori.MethodsA comprehensive literature search for studies comparing the efficacy of CT with ST was performed. Dichotomous data were pooled to obtain the odds ratio (OR) of the eradication rate with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). The eradication rates were considered both on an intention‐to‐treat (ITT) and on a per‐protocol (PP) bases.ResultsA total of 7 studies provided data on 2412 adult patients. Pooled estimates of the studies revealed no significant differences between CT and ST. The pooled OR was 1.116 (95% CI: 0.795–1.567, P = 0.526) for ITT analysis and 1.153 (95% CI: 0.793–1.677, P = 0.455) for PP analysis. There was no difference in the rate of adverse events (OR: 1.229, 95% CI: 0.971–1.556, P = 0.086) and compliance (OR: 0.945, 95% CI: 0.722–1.237, P = 0.681) between the two regimens. Subgroup analysis was performed to compare CT of 10 days and 5 days with ST of 10 days. The pooled OR was 1.518 for CT of 10days and 0.636 for CT of 5 days.ConclusionsCT regimens did not achieve higher eradication rates compared with the ST regimen. The adverse events and adherence to medications were not different between the two regimens.
Mice lacking glutamate carboxypeptidase II develop normally, but are less susceptible to traumatic brain injury
Authors: Gao Yang , Xu Siyi , Cui Zhenwen , Zhang Mingkun , Lin Yingying , Cai Lei , Wang Zhugang , Luo Xingguang , Zheng Yan , Wang Yong , Luo Qizhong , Jiang Jiyao , Neale Joseph H. , Zhong Chunlong 
Published: April 2015

AbstractGlutamate carboxypeptidase II (GCPII) is a transmembrane zinc metallopeptidase found mainly in the nervous system, prostate and small intestine. In the nervous system, glia‐bound GCPII mediates the hydrolysis of the neurotransmitter N‐acetylaspartylglutamate (NAAG) into glutamate and N‐acetylaspartate. Inhibition of GCPII has been shown to attenuate excitotoxicity associated with enhanced glutamate transmission under pathological conditions. However, different strains of mice lacking the GCPII gene are reported to exhibit striking phenotypic differences. In this study, a GCPII gene knockout (KO) strategy involved removing exons 3–5 of GCPII. This generated a new GCPII KO mice line with no overt differences in standard neurological behavior compared to their wild‐type (WT) littermates. However, GCPII KO mice were significantly less susceptible to moderate traumatic brain injury (TBI). GCPII gene KO significantly lessened neuronal degeneration and astrocyte damage in the CA2 and CA3 regions of the hippocampus 24 h after moderate TBI. In addition, GCPII gene KO reduced TBI‐induced deficits in long‐term spatial learning/memory tested in the Morris water maze and motor balance tested via beam walking. Knockout of the GCPII gene is not embryonic lethal and affords histopathological protection with improved long‐term behavioral outcomes after TBI, a result that further validates GCPII as a target for drug development consistent with results from studies using GCPII peptidase inhibitors.
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The peptide neurotransmitter N‐acetylaspartylglutamate (NAAG) suppresses glutamate transmission through selective activation of pre‐synaptic Group II metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 3 (mGluR3) after traumatic brain injury (TBI). However, synaptically released NAAG is hydrolyzed to form N‐acetylaspartate and glutamate mainly by Glutamate carboxypeptidase II (GCPII), losing neuroprotective effect. In this study, we found that knock out of the GCPII gene is not embryonic lethal and affords histopathological protection with improved long‐term behavioral outcomes after TBI.
Hypophosphatemia is Associated with the Serial Administration of Triple‐Dose Gadolinium to Patients for Brain MRI
Authors: Wolansky Leo J. , Cadavid Diego , Punia Vineet , Kim Soyeon , Cheriyan Jojy , Haghighi Mershad , Cook Stuart D. 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACTBACKGROUND AND PURPOSEThe purpose of this study is to report a metabolic abnormality associated with frequent, triple‐dose Gadolinium (TdGd) use in MS patients during BECOME trial.METHODSPotential clinical adverse events and lab abnormalities were monitored at each monthly MRI visit. Hypophosphatemia was defined as phosphate <2.5 mg/dL. Statistical analysis included McNemar's test for pairwise comparisons across visits and generalized estimating equations (GEE) to fit models over time.RESULTSEight hundred seventy seven phosphate values were analyzed from the first 12 months. Compared with 4% of subjects at screening, an average of 15.1% (95% confidence interval (CI): 11.4%‐19.7%) of patients had hypophosphatemia at visits from months 1 to 12, during which subjects received serial TdGd. Forty four of seventy five (59%) patients developed hypophosphatemia at least once. We also found a significant increasing trend in hypophosphatemia by visit when treatment groups were evaluated together or separately (p < .001). There was a statistically significant decrease in frequency to 9.8% (95% CI: 4.6‐19.8%) by month 24 (p = .005) coinciding with a period of less frequent gadolinium administration.CONCLUSIONSSerial TdGd in MS patients, unrelated to immunomodulatory treatment, was associated with increased frequency of hypophosphatemia that progressed with cumulative triple‐dose and markedly decreased in second year, with less frequent triple‐dose administration.