bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assessing knowledge skills in the NHS: a training needs analysis approach
Authors: Hamilton Seona 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThis feature discusses the use of a training needs analysis exercise carried out by library staff at the NHS Greater Glasgow & Clyde (NHSGGC) Library Network to support the development of a fit for purpose programme of information skills training. A survey was designed based on a well‐known information skills competency framework and used to gain an understanding of the knowledge skills needed by staff and how library training could best support these. The survey received a good response rate and led to the successful writing of a training plan for the Library Network for the delivery of information skills training.H.S.
The status of health librarianship and libraries in the Republic of Ireland (SHELLI): a mixed methods review to inform future strategy and sustainability
Authors: Harrison Janet , Creaser Claire , Greenwood Helen 
Published: May 2013

AbstractBackgroundThis paper summarises the main points of a review of the Status of Health Librarianship & Libraries in Ireland (SHELLI). The review was commissioned to gain a broad understanding of what was happening in practice in Ireland; acquire knowledge about international best practice, and to inform strategic plans to develop and sustain health libraries and librarianship in Ireland.MethodsA Mixed Methods approach was used: a literature review; an online survey distributed to health librarians; Semi structured interviews with key stakeholders; a focus group drawing participants from the survey. All evidence was triangulated.ResultsNew roles for health librarians needed development and the changing educational needs of health librarians warranted attention. Increased collaboration across institutional boundaries needed more consideration, especially in relation to access to e‐resources. Marketing of library services was crucial. Irish health library standards, needed to be updated and enforced and a proper evidence base established. The literature provided a number of examples of potentially useful initiatives.ConclusionsA strategic plan of action was drawn up in three areas: (i) to identify champions and promote visibility of health service libraries, (ii) to establish a body of evidence and (iii) to support service development and staff mentoring.
Exploring the Rural‐Agrarian Linkages of Human Trafficking: A Study of the Indian Punjab
Authors: Kumar Suneel 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThis article explores the rural‐agrarian linkages of human trafficking in the Indian Punjab. The study argues that ongoing agrarian crises, high risk‐taking ability of some agrarian castes and low level of education in rural areas are fuelling the illicit business of human trafficking of Punjabis to foreign green pastures. Rural‐agrarian communities are the main victims of the traffickers' exploitation.The study has wider policy implications as it suggests policy‐makers should formulate a comprehensive policy framework for rural areas of Punjab to ensure the “3P” paradigm – prevention, protection and prosecution – of human trafficking.
Serious statin‐associated myotoxicity and rhabdomyolysis in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders: a case series
Authors: Gabb G. M. , Vitry A. , Limaye V. , Alhami G. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractBackgroundStatins are associated with skeletal muscle adverse effects. These are generally considered mild and reversible, with more severe toxicity occurring rarely. There is little known regarding statin myotoxicity in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians who are at high cardiovascular risk and likely to receive statins.AimsTo describe features of serious statin‐associated myotoxicity (SSAM) occurring in Indigenous Australians and increase awareness of this condition.MethodsObservational case series of SSAM in Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islanders. Cases were identified from personal clinical experience, referrals, reports to the Therapeutic Goods Administration, medical literature, an Internet search and reports from a histopathology laboratory. Information was collected onto a standardised data collection form.ResultsFifteen cases of serious myotoxicity in Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islanders exposed to statins were identified from 2006 to 2012. The mean age was 55 (range 35–69). Painless weakness was the most common presentation. Interacting drugs were involved in seven cases. Biopsies were done in eight cases, three showed inflammatory polymyositis and five necrotising myositis. Three patients died and two had permanent severe disability. Resolution of symptoms after statin cessation was variable.ConclusionsSSAM has occurred in the Indigenous Australian population with some fatalities. Awareness of the potential for SSAM is essential for early recognition and effective management to reduce probability of avoidable catastrophic harm. Safe, as well as effective use of medication, is essential for optimum health outcomes. Effective pharmacovigilance and therapeutic risk management are important for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians.
KinaseAKTcontrols innate immune cell development and function
Authors: Zhang Yan , Wang Xiao , Yang Hui , Liu Huanrong , Lu Yun , Han Limei , Liu Guangwei 
Published: May 2013

SummaryThe critical roles of kinaseAKTin tumour cell proliferation, apoptosis and protein synthesis have been widely recognized. ButAKTalso plays an important role in immune modulation. Recent studies have confirmed that kinaseAKTcan regulate the development and functions of innate immune cells (neutrophil, macrophage and dendritic cell). Studies have shown that different isoforms of kinaseAKThave different effects in regulating immunity‐related diseases, mainly through the mammalian target of rapamycin‐dependent or ‐independent pathways. The purpose of this review is to illustrate the immune modulating effects of kinaseAKTon innate immune cell development, survival and function.
Characterization of Solid‐State Reaction of Barium Carbonate and Titanium Dioxide by Spatially Resolved Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy
Authors: Matsumoto Hiroaki , Kakibayashi Hiroshi , Taniguchi Yoshihumi , Cheng I‐Kuan , Lee Ting‐Tai , Hu Ching‐Li , Lee Chun‐Te , Fujimoto Masayuki 
Published: May 2013

A mixture of ultrafine submicrometer‐sized BaCO3 powder and TiO2 (rutile) powder was calcined in air at 700°C, 800°C, and 900°C, and then quenched to liquid nitrogen temperature in each case. The cross‐sectional quenched specimens were characterized by spatially resolved electron energy‐loss spectroscopy (SR‐EELS). The energy‐loss near‐edge structures (ELNES) were sequentially extracted at 1.3 to 5.3 nm in width from SR‐EELS image obtained from the rectangularly cut SR‐EELS slit aperture put on the synthesized BaTiO3 layer and TiO2 rutile powder. The ELNES of Ti‐L2,3 edges and Ba‐M4,5 edges clearly show fine structure changes from the surface of BaTiO3 layer to the TiO2 bulk region reflected from crystallinity of synthesized BaTiO3, lattice distortion of TiO2 caused by Ba diffusion, and lattice misfit between BaTiO3 and TiO2 without formation of Ba2TiO4 and other titanate phases.
Orderly‐Layered Tetravalent Manganese‐Doped Strontium Aluminate Sr4Al14O25:Mn4+: An Efficient Red Phosphor for Warm White Light Emitting Diodes
Authors: Peng Mingying , Yin Xuewen , Tanner Peter A. , Liang Chuqi , Li Pengfei , Zhang Qinyuan , Qiu Jianrong 
Published: May 2013

Searching for an efficient non rare earth‐based oxide red phosphor, particularly excitable by light in the wavelength from 380 to 480 nm and unexcitable by green light, is essential for the development of warm white light emitting diodes (WLEDs). Here, we report a promising and orderly‐layered candidate: Sr4Al14O25:Mn4+ with CIE color coordinates (0.722, 0.278). It has higher luminescence efficiency particularly upon blue excitation and is much cheaper than the commercial red phosphor 3.5MgO·0.5MgF2·GeO2:Mn4+ (MMG:Mn4+). In sharp contrast to Eu2+‐doped (oxy)nitrides, the phosphor can be synthesized by a standard solid‐state reaction at 1200°C in air. The effects of flux boron content, environment, and preparation temperature, sintering dwelling time as well as Mn concentration have been systematically investigated for establishing the optimal synthesis conditions. The low temperature emission spectra reveal that there are at least three types of Mn4+ ions in Sr4Al14O25:Mn4+ due to the substitution for the distorted octahedral Al3+ sites. The AlO6 layers where Mn4+ prefers to reside are well separated from one another by AlO4 tetrahedra in one dimension parallel to axis a. This scenario can efficiently isolate Mn4+ ions from local perturbations, thereby enabling the high efficiency of luminescence. The energy transfer rates and mechanism are discussed.
Deducing the Fatigue Crack Growth Rates of Natural Flaws in Silicon Nitride Ceramics: Role of R‐Curves
Authors: Härtelt Martin , Fünfschilling Stefan , Schwind Thomas , Riesch‐Oppermann Heinz , Fett Theo , Kruzic Jamie J. 
Published: May 2013

Fatigue failure is a concern when high‐strength, high‐toughness silicon nitride ceramics are used in mechanical components and the growth of natural flaws will determine the usable upper bound strength. In this study a fracture resistance curve (R‐curve) model is incorporated into an established method for deducing natural flaw growth rates from a combination of strength and fatigue life data for smooth specimens. Experimental data for a commercial silicon nitride, SL200, were examined. When compared with results deduced using a constant fracture toughness model, the new method gives more physically realistic growth rate results. Specifically, by incorporating the R‐curve the deduced fatigue threshold is equal to the reported intrinsic toughness for crack propagation of 2.2 MPa√m, whereas the constant fracture toughness model gives a physically unrealistic threshold value. Furthermore, much better agreement is achieved with the growth rates measured using macroscopic compact‐tension specimens. Overall, it is concluded that the R‐curve effect should not be ignored when deducing the fatigue crack growth rates of natural flaws in high‐toughness silicon nitride ceramics.
The effects of risk on initial trust formation
Authors: Johansen Svein Tvedt , Selart Marcus , Grønhaug Kjell 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThis paper seeks to expand our understanding of initial trust by looking at how variation in risk influences the nature of trust and the process of initial trust formation. Four hypotheses were tested in two experiments involving participants with and without work experience. A first hypothesis suggested a positive relationship between a general propensity to trust and initial trust; a second hypothesis, a negative relationship between risk and initial trust; whereas a third hypothesis posited that risk would increase the importance participants place on benevolence and integrity. A fourth hypothesis suggested that risk would have a positive and moderating influence on the effect of out‐of‐role behavior when presented after role‐conformant in‐role behavior. Findings are presented and discussed and practical implications suggested.
Deciding on suitability for treatment
Authors: Lesser Harry 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThis paper considers a particular argument from statistics, which concerns a treatment that is self‐administered: it is argued that, since whenever the treatment is undertaken by people over 60, they fail to do it properly and incur grave infections; it should be withheld from this age group. Various objections to the argument, that the sample was too small, that poor training may be the explanation and that there are great variations in the capacities of the elderly, are considered. The conclusion is that it can be just and right to use evidence of this sort, but not in cases such as this, when it would be practicable and more reliable to ‘screen’ patients individually. A further conclusion is that, especially but not only in matters involving training and education, (1) the situation may change and (2) the facts may admit of more than one explanation.
Illness perception, time perception and phenomenology – an extended response to Borrett
Authors: Gergel Tania L. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractBorrett joins other phenomenologists in using phenomenological ideas on temporality to explain how illness affects the individual's experience of time. Unlike others, he attempts to synthesize this use of phenomenology with a biomedical understanding of the relation between time and illness. My paper expands on Borrett's ideas by reviewing current medical scholarship on time and illness perception, including Heidegger's ideas on temporality. The first section considers questions and suggestions emerging from contemporary medicine. After a short review of theories of time perception, I describe and critique how Borrett and others use phenomenological temporality in a medical context. My conclusion suggests how Heideggerian temporality might help with the questions and recommendations emerging within diverse medical fields.
Mental disorders are not brain disorders
Authors: Banner Natalie F. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractAs advances in neuroscience and genetics reveal complex associations between brain structures, functions and symptoms of mental disorders, there have been calls for psychiatric classifications to be reconfigured, to conceptualize mental disorders as disorders of the brain. In this paper, I argue that this view is mistaken, and that the level at which we identify mental disorders is, and should be, the person, not the brain. This is not to deny physicalism or argue that the mental realm is somehow distinct from the physical, but rather to suggest the things that are going ‘wrong’ in mental disorder are picked out at the person‐level: they are characterized by breaches in epistemic, rational, evaluative, emotional, social and moral norms. However, as our scientific understanding of the brain becomes advanced, what makes an identified neurobiological difference in brain structure or functioning indicative of pathology is its association with these behaviours at the person‐level. Instead of collapsing psychiatry into biomedicine, biomedicine may benefit from drawing closer to the expertise of psychiatry, as it is able to accommodate social, psychological and biological explanations while focusing on the person, within their environment.
Complications in right‐sided paraaortic lymphadenectomy: ventral tributaries of the inferior vena cava
Authors: Turyna Radovan , Kachlik David , Kucera Eduard , Kujal Petr , Feyereisl Jaroslav , Baca Vaclav 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to describe the distribution and structure of ventral tributaries leading into the inferior vena cava where right‐sided paraaortic lymphadenectomy is performed. The study examined 21 retroperitoneal specimens by graphic reconstruction, statistical evaluation, and histological examination of ventral tributaries (VTs). Seventy VTs were identified. The average number per specimen was 3.33. There were 20, 40, and 40% of VTs found in Levels I, II, and III, respectively. During the preparation, we observed an unusual arrangement of the IVC wall, into which VTs were led through a preformed sleeve‐like channel and anchored near the lumen. This finding is a key mechanism that explains the ease with which VTs are extracted during surgery. Knowledge of the distribution and histological structure of VTs allows proper orientation of the retroperitoneal area of the front wall of inferior vena cava, which is essential for uncomplicated right‐sided paraaortic lymphadenectomy. The histological structure of the VT ostium within the wall of the inferior vena cava explains why injury is easy during the procedure.
Effective three‐dimensional evaluation analysis of upper airway form during oral appliance therapy in patients with obstructive sleep apnoea
Authors: Furuhashi A. , Yamada S. , Shiomi T. , Sasanabe R. , Aoki Y. , Yamada Y. , Kazaoka Y. 
Published: May 2013

SummaryThe oral appliance (OA) is considered to be an effective treatment modality for obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA). Upper airway enlargement during OA therapy is critical, and lateral cephalometry has been used for the two‐dimensional evaluation of upper airway form during this therapy. However, this method cannot provide an accurate three‐dimensional (3D) view of upper airway form. To confirm the effects of OA on the upper airway in patients with OSAS, we performed CT in the presence and absence of OA in 15 Japanese patients (12 males, 3 females) who responded to OA therapy. CT in the presence and absence of OA was consecutively performed for each patient, and upper airway cross‐sectional area in six arbitrary planes parallel to the palatal plane was measured. Next, 3D image reconstruction was performed; morphological changes in upper airway form were evaluated, and upper airway volume at three levels from the palatal plane to the deepest point of the epiglottis was measured. The cross‐sectional area of two planes in the posterior soft palate region significantly increased in the presence of OA compared with that in the absence of OA. In the presence of OA, upper airway cross‐sectional area and volume significantly increased in the posterior soft palate region compared with those in the posterior tongue region. 3D CT image reconstruction accurately confirmed morphological changes in the upper airway during OA therapy. Continued use of this 3D evaluation is expected to improve the results of OA therapy in the future.
Income Taxes, Subsidies to Education, and Investments in Human Capital
Authors: MENDOLICCHIO CONCETTA , PAOLINI DIMITRI , PIETRA TITO 
Published: May 2013

AbstractWe study a two‐sector economy with investments in human and physical capital and imperfect labor markets. Investments are irreversible and noncontractible, due to random matching between firms and workers. Income is allocated according to the Nash bargaining mechanism. At equilibrium, given the distribution of the agents across sectors, there is underinvestment in both human and physical capital, due to the holdup problem generated by bargaining and noncontractibility. Self‐selection of the agents into the two sectors typically induces too many workers to invest in high skills. Compared to the constrained efficient allocation, at each equilibrium, there are too many people investing too little effort in the high‐skill sector. We also study the effects of several tax policies on total expected surplus.
Content of plasmatic glycerol and activity of hepatic glycerol kinase in broiler chickens fed diets containing different sources and concentrations of glycerine
Authors: Bernardino V. M. P. , Rodrigues P. B. , de Paula Naves L. , Rosa P. V. , Zangerônimo M. G. , Gomide E. M. , Saldanha M. M. , Alvarenga R. R. 
Published: May 2013

SummaryThe objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of three sources of glycerine (crude glycerine from soya bean oil – CGSO, mixed crude glycerine from frying oil and lard – MCG, and a semipurified glycerine from soya bean oil – SPGSO) in four concentrations in the diet (17.5, 35.0, 52.5 and 70.0 g of each type of glycerine per kg of feed) on the levels of plasmatic glycerol and the activity of the hepatic enzyme glycerol kinase in broilers of 22–35 days old (experiment I) and 33–42 days old (experiment II). The highest (p < 0.05) plasmatic glycerol level was detected in broilers fed diet containing CGSO. Independent of the source, increasing the concentration of glycerine led to a linear increase (p < 0.05) in the plasmatic glycerol concentration. In experiment I, all the diets containing glycerine resulted in increased concentrations of plasmatic glycerol, in relation to the control diet without glycerine. However, in experiment II, only the diet containing 17.5 g of CGSO per kg of feed and the diets formulated with any of the three types of glycerine in the inclusion concentrations of 35, 52.5 and 70 g/kg of feed resulted in higher plasmatic glycerol levels than those observed in the control broilers. The source of glycerine influenced the glycerol kinase activity only in experiment II, where the use of CGSO in the diet increased the enzyme activity. For both experiments, the glycerol kinase activity increased with the inclusion of glycerine in the diet. In conclusion, based on the absence of saturation of the glycerol kinase activity for the three glycerine sources and for both rearing periods evaluated, the broilers can metabolize the glycerol (at the level of the phosphorylation of the glycerol to glycerol‐3‐phosphate in the liver) present in the glycerine when the diet is supplemented with up to 70 g of glycerine per kg of feed.
Serum autoantibodies positivity prevalence in patients with chronic HCV and impact on pegylated interferon and ribavirin treatment response
Authors: Khairy Marwa , El‐Raziky Maissa , El‐Akel Wafaa , Abdelbary Mohamed S. , Khatab Hany , El‐Kholy Badawy , Esmat Gamal , Mabrouk Mahassen 
Published: May 2013

AbstractBackground & AimsPrevalence of serum autoantibodies in chronic hepatitis C (HCV) patients is higher than that in the general population. Interferon may induce autoimmune manifestations in patients treated with peg‐interferon and ribavirin. Effect of autoantibody seropositivity and treatment response are limited and controversial.To detect the prevalence of serum autoantibodies in patients with chronic HCV and impact on histopathology and treatment response.MethodsRetrospective study including 3673 Egyptian chronic HCV naïve patients enrolled in the Egyptian national programme for HCV treatment with pegylated interferon and ribavirin in the years 2007–2010. Antinuclear antibody (ANA) was determined by ELISA considered positive with a titre ≥1:40 by indirect immunofluorescence. ANA‐positive patients pre treatment workup including serum aminotransferases, thyroid profile and liver biopsy, follow‐up during treatment and sustained virological response (SVR) were assessed compared to ANA‐negative patients.ResultsSerum ANA was positive in 1.6% of the studied patients. There were no statistically significant differences concerning the demographic, biochemical and histopathological data in ANA positive and negative patients. SVR was comparable between ANA‐positive and ANA‐negative patients (67.8% and 61.3% respectively). Follow‐up treatment; ANA‐positive patients' did not experience statistically significant haematological complications, flare‐up of serum transaminases, thyroid dysfunction. No systemic autoimmune disorders developed during follow‐up.ConclusionsANA positivity is not a factor in chronic HCV disease progression and does not affect the treatment response. Pegylated interferon and ribavirin therapy is safe and effective in autoantibodies‐positive chronic HCV patients with no need for further follow‐up or worry during the treatment in absence of systemic autoimmune disorders.