bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Higher Education Reforms in India
Authors: Sunder Shyam 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article takes a critical look at the higher education sector in India. It notes that even though the number of institutions and enrollment in higher education continue their rapid growth (in excess of population growth), the quality of this education outside of a handful of institutions is questionable. The number of such graduates remains small relative to the population and demands of India's economy. In general, graduate education continues to remain in an alarming state with respect to both quality and quantity. India's impressive economic performance has made the problem in higher education seem less urgent than it actually is. The article discusses several of the challenges facing higher education: the system's inability to attract the best of the best to lives of teaching and scholarship, the separation of education and research, and a short-term profit motive by private education providers, among others.
Political Economy of Infrastructure Spending in India
Authors: Khemani Stuti 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article attempts to understand a significant puzzle in the political economy of infrastructure spending in India: the coexistence of low public spending on infrastructure (as a proportion of the total budget) in Indian states, and low efforts to secure private participation for greater investments, despite large demand from citizens for infrastructure services. A broader attempt of the article is to identify the key political constraints to effective infrastructure policies. The argument is based on two separate assumptions—one, on the division of voters between organized interest groups that seek rents, and unorganized swing voters who seek general benefits from public goods; and two, on the degree to which different kinds of public spending programs can be used for rent-seeking versus vote-buying, with infrastructure projects more suited to the former and broader poverty alleviation programs to the latter.
Monetary Policy, Capital Flows, and the Exchange Rate
Authors: Sen Partha 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article notes that the use of monetary policy has been constrained by a loose fiscal policy and capital flows. The problem of capital flows is a self-inflicted pain. The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) could have kept a lid on capital flows, allowing only the most urgent inflows from a growth standpoint. This would have given India a competitive edge in manufacturing and would have allowed it to expand labor-intensive industry and help facilitate rapid reductions in poverty. However, the RBI has carried out sterilized intervention with large quasi-fiscal costs. The trade balance and, more often than not, the current account continue to be in deficit. A major cause of this is a misaligned exchange rate—the trigger of this being the capital account of the balance of payments. The article offers numerous research ideas, especially for growth theorists, on how to think about India's (non-labor-intensive) growth pattern vis-a-vis its current exchange rate policy.
The Convergence Debate and Econometric Approaches: Evidence from India
Authors: Das Samarjit 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article notes that the econometric literature on convergence has been critical of traditional growth regressions for studying economic convergence across countries and regions, based on the popular notions of β and ó convergences. This is because these methods fail to allow for unobserved (and persistent) differences across countries, and they are susceptible to measurement errors, endogeneity biases, and spatial autocorrelation. The article does two things: First, it investigates the convergence hypothesis among Indian states by using panel unit root tests that explicitly incorporate cross-sectional dependence (various socioeconomic variables in different regions in India are expected to be contemporaneously correlated). Second, two measures of well-being are used: per capita consumption—both rural and urban—and per capita state-level GDP (SGDP). Most of the studies on India are based on SGDP, which is a questionable indicator of welfare. The article also incorporates possible structural breaks that may occur and may lead to completely different outcomes of the convergence hypothesis test.
The Globalization Debate and India
Authors: Mitra Devashish , Ranjan Priya 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article argues that one of the key questions in the globalization debate in India is whether to allow unfettered movement of foreign capital or whether to make the rupee fully convertible on the capital account. The effects of financial flows can be considerable. Many innovations take place in the financial sector, but economists tend to overlook the downside risks of these innovations. Even though there is a broad consensus among economists on the benefits of trade liberalization, the jury is still out on the issue of free mobility of capital. On balance, the article comes out in favor of a gradual removal of restrictions on capital flows, evaluating the relative costs and benefits of capital account openness. With respect to trade liberalization, the article notes that free trade creates both winners and losers.
Development Patterns in China and India: Perspective with A Ces Production Function
Authors: Kan Kamhon , Wang Yong 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article builds on the voluminous India-China literature, which still lacks a theoretical framework to understand India's and China's growth patterns. This article builds a simple theoretical model to understand India's and China's different growth patterns. An interesting stylized fact motivates this exercise: from 1985 to 2004—compared with India—China has had considerably higher rates of physical capital formation; much higher ratios of measured physical to human capital; and a more physical capital friendly public policy. To explain these facts, the article uses a one-sector growth model with two accumulating factors (physical capital [K] and human capital [H]).
Dual-Process Theories of Deductive Reasoning: Facts and Fallacies
Authors: Evans Jonathan St. B. T. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe psychology of reasoning was dominated by the deduction paradigm from around 1960 to 2000, in which untrained participants are asked to assess the validity of logical arguments. As evidence of logical error and content-dependent thinking amassed, the paradigm has shifted recently with more emphasis on probabilistic and pragmatic processes. This chapter is focused particularly on the dual-process theories that arose from traditional studies of deductive reasoning but that now form part of a more general set of theories of higher cognition. It is argued that the “received” view of dual-process theory, which was established around 2000, actually incorporates a number of false beliefs and fallacies, which are discussed in this chapter. While dual-process theory rightly remains the focus of much current research, it is important to understand and avoid these fallacies.
Inference with Mental Models
Authors: Johnson-Laird P. N. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis chapter outlines the theory of mental models. The theory accounts for the deductive reasoning of individuals untrained in logic, and the chapter marshals corroboratory evidence. It goes on to describe how the theory applies to reasoning about probabilities based on the alternative possibilities in which an event occurs (“extensional” reasoning). It also outlines the theory's application to inductions, including those that depend on the intuitive system of reasoning (System 1) and those that depend on deliberation (System 2). Inductions include the automatic use of knowledge to modulate the interpretation of assertions. Models appear to underlie both the detection of inconsistencies among propositions and abductions that create explanations, including those that resolve inconsistencies. The model theory is supposed to apply to all thinking about propositions, and the chapter concludes with some of the main gaps in its account.
Similarity
Authors: Goldstone Robert L. , Son Ji Yun 
Published: February 2013

AbstractHumans and other animals perceive and act on the basis of similarities among things because similarities are usually informative. Similar things usually behave similarly, and because we can grasp these similarities, we can organize and predict the things in our world. Four major classes of models have been proposed for how humans assess similarities. In geometric models, entities are represented by their positions in a multidimensional space, and similarity is based on the proximity of entities in this space. In featural models, entities are described by their features, and the similarity of entities is an increasing function of their shared features and/or a decreasing function of their unique features. In alignment-based models, the similarity between two structured entities is calculated by placing the elements of their structures into correspondence. In transformational models, the similarity between two entities is conceptualized as the number of transformations required to transform one entity into the other. We discuss issues related to the flexibility and constraints of similarity, and how similarity grounds other cognitive processes.
Explanation and Abductive Inference
Authors: Lombrozo Tanya 
Published: February 2013

AbstractEveryday cognition reveals a sophisticated capacity to seek, generate, and evaluate explanations for the social and physical worlds around us. Why are we so driven to explain, and what accounts for our systematic explanatory preferences? This chapter reviews evidence from cognitive psychology and cognitive development concerning the structure and function of explanations, with a focus on the role of explanations in learning and inference. The findings highlight the value of understanding explanation and abductive inference both as phenomena in their own right and for the insights they provide concerning foundational aspects of human cognition, such as representation, learning, and inference.
Decision Making
Authors: LeBoeuf Robyn A. , Shafir Eldar 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis chapter reviews selected psychological research on human decision making. The classical, rational theory of choice holds that decisions reflect consistent, stable preferences, which are unaffected by logically immaterial changes in context, presentation, or description. In contrast, empirical research has found preferences to be sensitive to logically irrelevant changes in the context of decision, in how options are described, and in how preferences are elicited. Decisions are also swayed by affect and by decisional conflict and are often driven by the reasons that are most accessible at the moment of choice, leading to preference reversals when, for example, different reasons are made accessible. More broadly, decision makers tend to adopt a “local” perspective: They accept decisions as described and focus on the most salient attributes, even when a more “global” perspective, less influenced by local context and frame, might yield decisions that are less biased by temporary and irrelevant concerns. Future directions and implications for theory and practice are discussed.
Judgmental Heuristics: A Historical Overview
Authors: Griffin Dale W. , Gonzalez Richard , Koehler Derek J. , Gilovich Thomas 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe Heuristics and Biases approach to judgment under uncertainty began 40 years ago with the publication of a study of the statistical foibles on the part of research psychologists and statisticians (Tversky & Kahneman, 1971). Since then, this research program has substantially influenced the working assumptions of psychologists and economists about the role of normative models of probability judgment and decision making, while providing a new language of judgmental heuristics. We provide a historical overview of the Heuristics and Biases research program that describes its intellectual antecedents and the special role of the rational actor model in shaping its methods, and we review the program's evolution over the course of three waves of research and theory development.
Moral Judgment
Authors: Waldmann Michael R. , Nagel Jonas , Wiegmann Alex 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe past decade has seen a renewed interest in moral psychology. A unique feature of the present endeavor is its unprecedented interdisciplinarity. For the first time, cognitive, social, and developmental psychologists, neuroscientists, experimental philosophers, evolutionary biologists, and anthropologists collaborate to study the same or overlapping phenomena. This review focuses on moral judgments and is written from the perspective of cognitive psychologists interested in theories of the cognitive and affective processes underlying judgments in moral domains. The review will first present and discuss a variety of different theoretical and empirical approaches, including both behavioral and neuroscientific studies. We will then show how these theories can be applied to a selected number of specific research topics that have attracted particular interest in recent years, including the distinction between moral and conventional rules, moral dilemmas, the role of intention, and sacred/protected values. One overarching question we will address throughout the chapter is whether moral cognitions are distinct and special, or whether they can be subsumed under more domain-general mechanisms.
On the Distinction Between Rationality and Intelligence: Implications for Understanding Individual Differences in Reasoning
Authors: Stanovich Keith E. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractA concern for individual differences has been missing from the Great Rationality Debate in cognitive science—the debate about how much irrationality to attribute to human cognition. There are individual differences in rational thinking that are less than perfectly correlated with individual differences in intelligence because intelligence and rationality occupy different conceptual locations in models of cognition. A tripartite extension of currently popular dual-process theories is presented in this chapter that illustrates how intelligence and rationality are theoretically separate concepts. The chapter concludes by showing how this tripartite model of mind, taken in the context of studies of individual differences, can help to resolve the Great Rationality Debate.
Thinking in Business
Authors: Loewenstein Jeffrey 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThinking and reasoning enter into the practice of business in limitless ways. Basic and applied cognition researchers stand to gain by increasing their awareness of each other's work. To foster interaction, this chapter provides an introduction to applied cognitive research in the main areas of business academia, which collectively map out a large range of business practice: consumer behavior within marketing, organizational behavior within management, management science within operations, behavioral finance within finance, and behavioral accounting within accounting.
Learning to Think: Cognitive Mechanisms of Knowledge Transfer
Authors: Koedinger Kenneth R. , Roll Ido 
Published: February 2013

AbstractLearning to think is about transfer. The scope of transfer is essentially a knowledge representation question. Experiences during learning can lead to alternative latent representations of the acquired knowledge, not all of which are equally useful. Productive learning facilitates a general representation that yields accurate behavior in a large variety of new situations, thus enabling transfer. This chapter explores two hypotheses. First, learning to think happens in pieces and these pieces, or knowledge components, are the basis of a mechanistic explanation of transfer. This hypothesis yields an instructional engineering prescription: that scientific methods of cognitive task analysis can be used to discover these knowledge components, and the resulting cognitive models can be used to redesign instruction so as to foster better transfer. The second hypothesis is that symbolic languages act as agents of transfer by focusing learning on abstract knowledge components that can enhance thinking across a wide variety of situations. The language of algebra is a prime example and we use it to illustrate (1) that cognitive task analysis can reveal knowledge components hidden to educators; (2) that such components may be acquired, like first language grammar rules, implicitly through practice; (3) that these components may be “big ideas” not in their complexity but in terms of their usefulness as they produce transfer across contexts; and (4) that domain-specific knowledge analysis is critical to effective application of domain-general instructional strategies.
Girls Experiencing Gamelan Education and Cultural Politics in Bali
Authors: Downing Sonja Lynn 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article explores how the potentially conflicting ideologies of gender and childhood impact children’s gamelans (Indonesian percussion ensembles) in Bali. It focuses on three community-based performing arts organizations. The first is Sanggar Çudamani in Pengosekan village, just south of Ubud. Directed by I Dewa Putu Berata and his American wife Emiko Saraswati Susilo, this sanggar includes an internationally touring adult men’s gamelan, dance classes for children, and an intensive study program for foreigners. The second organization is Sanggar Maha Bajra Sandhi, directed by Professor Ida Wayan Oka Granoka, in Batukandik, outside Bali’s provincial capital of Denpasar. Since the late 1990s, this sanggar has engaged boys and girls in gamelan music, dance, and traditional Balinese vocal styles. The third is Sanggar Pulo Candani Wiswakarma in Batubulan, which has been active since about 2002. This sanggar is directed by I Ketut Pradnya, who hires music teachers from across Bali to teach their specialties to the mixed-gender children’s gamelan ensemble.
Musical Cultures of Girls in the Brazilian Amazon
Authors: Ilari Beatriz 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article examines the musical world of riverine girls living on the banks of the Quianduba river in the Lower Tocantins territory, state of Pará, Brazilian Amazon. Ethnographic methods and tools such as participant observation, field notes, and recordings of interviews and musical practices were used to document and capture meanings associated with musical practices of children and adults. Musical engagement enabled riverine girls to be seen and heard. Through music, they became more visible and had opportunities to “escape” the harsh realities of life. Despite their geographical isolation, the Quianduba river community has been influenced by media, new technologies, and Brazilian pop music, as evident in the lyrics and musical features of their songs.
The Musical Culture of African American Children in Tennessee
Authors: Moore Marvelene C. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article examines music-making by African American children. It focuses on two singing games played by children at Red Elementary School in Applesville, Tennessee, and another singing game from the author’s childhood. Games and songs serve as a homogenizing agent in stabilizing issues of race, poverty, and social injustice that concern African Americans within their communities. Further, the games contribute to the formation and maintenance of personal and group identity, survival, socialization, solidarity, cooperation, and strength within the group. The songs of African American children also reflect features of African American adult music.
Perspectives on the School Band from Hardcore American Band Kids
Authors: Abril Carlos R. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article examines the role played by adolescents in the American school band and highlights the meaning and value they derive from participation. The study is based on insights and personal narratives obtained from hardcore band kids. One interesting finding is that there are three major hierarchical strata in the band—hardcore members, the “middles,” and the “slackers”—with only the hardcores forming a true clique. The kids were passionate and sincere about the importance of music in general and band in particular. They characterized band as a social learning space where they could find identity, lose themselves in performing, and work with peers to meet goals more ambitious than they could ever accomplish individually.
The Nature of Music Nurturing in Japanese Preschools
Authors: Adachi Mayumi 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article examines the musical lives of Japanese preschool children, including the music they learn and the musical activities they are encouraged to participate in. The study is based on survey responses from 121 preschools in Japan. Although Japanese preschools offer a musically rich program of education, there appears to be a lack of structured instructions for creativity. Most preschool children are simply encouraged to listen to music, to reproduce songs from their memory, or to learn new song to add to their repertoire. The children’s only regular musical activity that involves a form of creative expression is free movement to music, which may be considered as a creative activity with greater attention to movement than to music.
Tinkering and Tethering in the Material Culture of Children’s MP3 Players
Authors: Bickford Tyler 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article examines the material culture of children, based on ethnographic research with schoolchildren at a small public and elementary and middle school in Heartsboro, Vermont. The study challenges the notion of children’s use of MP3 players that emphasize wireless connectivity, communication at a distance, and technological expertise. It shows that children have domesticated MP3 players within a material culture already characterized by playful physical interaction and portable objects such as toys, trading cards, and dolls that can be shared, manipulated, and held close. Children’s conceptions of sound, music, and circulation were also influenced by their emphasis and interest in the materiality of the devices.
Constructions and Negotiations of Identity in Children’s Music in Canada
Authors: Hoefnagels Anna , Walsh Kristin Harris 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article reviews research and the historical context for Anglo-Canadian children’s folk music, the development of the children’s folk “movement” in the 1970s, and the resultant Anglo-Canadian children’s musical canon. Specifically, it explores the relationship between musicians and the selection and contents of songs through the repertoire of two musical “acts”: the threesome known as Sharon, Lois, and Bram; and Raffi Cavoukian. The analysis and comparison of the music, performance practices, and songs of both acts show that despite their varied approaches, each drew upon folk and popular musical traditions, and created new songs in forming their repertoires. Both acts created music that empowered children as the keepers of the future through their use children’s artwork, children’s voices, and efforts to teach children how to care of themselves and the world around them.