bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Data TransfersWithin Europe: Contractual Data Protection Clauses in Practice
Authors: Drechsler Christian 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
Other than in case of data transfers from Europe to countries without an adequate level of data protection, there is no set of standard contractual clauses - similar to the EU Model Clauses - for data transfers within countries with an adequate level data protection. In practice, this lack of such standard agreements sometimes raises questions and it (seemingly) also leaves more room to achieve compliance than in case of data transfers to countries without an adequate level of data protection. This article discusses and analyzes these questions and this “room”, with a focus on the practical implications of the use of “boilerplate” data protection clauses, i.e. generic contractual data protection clauses that are directly incorporated into commercial agreements.
Anti-Spam Legislation: A Comparative View
Authors: Beardwood John , Stern Gabriel M. A. 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
Unsolicited electronic communication (i.e. “spam”) is a very real problem, causing harms which range from lost productivity to threats to the security of the receiving machine. This paper contrasts the anti-spam legislation in Canada to that in the United States, and in one representative European jurisdiction (i.e. the United Kingdom), in order to highlight the differences in approach regarding the types of email communications targeted by the legislation, the level of consent required from the receiver, and the type and severity of penalties levied.
Implications of Enercon India v. Aloys Wobben for Technology Theft in India?
Authors: Bäumer Ulrich , Nargolkar Adheesh 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
On 2December 2010, in the case Enercon India v. Aloys Wobben the Intellectual Property Appellate Board (“IPAB”) at Chennai invalidated 12 of AloysWobben’s patents in India. The case received a lot of criticism in Germany and the IPAB was soon accused of bias and “technology theft”. The case, which is set in the energy sector but could very well be placed in the technology sector, deals with extremely interesting questions regarding intellectual property law and how a foreign company can operate and exit a joint venture with an Indian partner. At the heart of the matter are questions regarding Indian patent law, Indian civil procedure law and how a German company should act as a joint venture partner in India (and what it should not do). This article will initially analyze the decision of the IPAB and why the parties ended up in the legal dispute before the IPAB. Itwill then go on to examinewhether in fact there was a bias involved and will close with a general remark on joint ventures between German and Indian (technology) firms.
BeschrUnkung der AbzugsfUhigkeit von Aufwendungen fTr ein hUusliches Arbeitszimmer durch das StVndG 2007
Authors: Leisner-Egensperger Anna 
Published: November 2014

AbstractDie Verfasserin sieht die Neufassung des § 4 Abs. 5 Nr. 6bEStG insoweit als verfassungswidrig an, als keine beschrjnkte Abzugsfjhigkeit von Aufwendungen für ein häusliches Arbeitszimmer auch bei Fehlen eines anderen Arbeitsplatzes besteht.
Ertragsbesteuerung der Berufsverbände
Authors: Alvermann Jörg 
Published: November 2014

AbstractZu den faszinierenden Leistungen von Michael Streck gehört es, neben seiner beeindruckenden steuerjuristischen und steueranwaltlichen Tätigkeit zugleich in einer Vielzahl von berufsständischen Organisationen prägend zu wirken - was liegt also näher, als zu seinem 65. Geburtstag Steuerrecht und Verbandstftigkeit zu verbinden. Nachfolgend daher ein gberblick zu verschiedenen - dem Jubilar bestens vertrauten - ertragsteuerlichen Beratungsfeldern des Berufsverbandes.
Aufgabe der Maßgeblichkeit bei Umwandlungsvorgängen
Authors: Trossen Nils 
Published: November 2014

AbstractDer Gesetzentwurf des SEStBeglG sieht bei Umwandlungsvorgängen grundsätzlich den Ansatz des gemeinen Werts der Wirtschaftsgüter in der Schlussbilanz vor. Die bisher von der Finanzverwaltung vertretene Bindung der Umwandlungsvorgänge an die Maßgeblichkeit der Handelsbilanz wird aufgegeben. Der Ansatz des Buchwerts kommt nur auf Antrag in Betracht, soweit das Besteuerungsrecht der Bundesrepublik Deutschland sichergestellt ist. Auch wenn um verschiedene andere Neuregelungen des SEStBeglG derzeit noch gerungen wird, erscheint doch die Aufgabe der Maßgeblichkeit schon jetzt als gesichert. Der folgende Aufsatz stellt die gesetzlichen Neuregelungen dar. Zudem beschäftigt er sich mit den Folgen, die die Gesetzesänderungen für die Gestaltungspraxis haben und versucht erste Hinweise zu geben, welche steuerlichen Vorteile eine Umwandlung unter Geltung des neuen Rechts bietet.
Zwischen Budget und Haftung – Faktische Rationalisierungsentscheidungen auf dem Rücken der Ärzte
Authors: Herzog Horst 
Published: November 2014

Der Vertragsarzt arbeitet in einem Spannungsfeld zwischen ärztlicher Behandlung und Hilfeleistung nach ärztlichem Wissen und Gewissen einerseits und den rechtlichen Grenzen für seine Tätigkeit andererseits, die in verschiedenen Rechtsgebieten, im Bürgerlichen Recht, im Sozialrecht (gesetzliche Krankenversicherung), im Berufsrecht und im Strafrecht angelegt sind. Diese Rechtssysteme sind häufig nicht kompatibel.Von besonderer Bedeutung ist die Problematik Budget und Haftung. Trotz der Restriktionen im Recht der sozialen Krankenversicherung (SGB V), bleibt es bei einer unbegrenzten Haftung für den Vertragsarzt. Zu befürchten sind allerdings negative Auswirkungen in Richtung auf eine Nivellierung ärztlicher Leistungen und die Hinwendung zu einer Defensivmedizin.Eine relative Entspannung des Konflikts ergibt sich möglicherweise durch den Wechsel vom bisherigen Sachleistungssystem zu einem Kostenerstattungssystem mit sozialverträglicher Selbstbeteiligung und Härtefallregelung.
Rechtssprache im Mehrwertsteuerrecht – Erwiderung zu W. Christian Lohse, Europäische Rechtsbegriffe und nationale Begriffspolitik im Mehrwertsteuerrecht, UR 2005, 655 –
Authors: Hidien Jürgen W. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractIn seiner grundsätzlich positiven Replik auf meine Ausführungen (Hidien, Europäische Rechtsbegriffe und nationale Begriffspolitik im Mehrwertsteuerrecht, StuW 2005, 265) ergänzte und vertiefte W. Christian Lohse kürzlich an dieser Stelle (UR 2005, 655) das Titelthema um zwei wesentliche Gesichtspunkte: die von ihm so bezeichneten und zu Recht kritisierten „Mehrdeutschigkeiten“ des deutschsprachigen Mehrwertsteuerrechts (unten I.) sowie seine zunehmende „Anglo-Infizierung“ (unten II.). Die Vermeidung solcher im schlimmsten Fall rechtsfolgerelevanten, rechtssprachlichen Missgriffe obliegt zuvorderst den Mehrwertsteuer- Gesetzgebern als Erstinterpreten des Harmonisierungsgebots (Art. 93 EG). Rechtssprachliche Mängel zeitigen darüber hinaus in zwei weiteren, wenig beachteten Konstellationen nachteilige Rechtswirkungen: im leichtfertigen Gebrauch von Fiktionen (unten III.) sowie in Fällen internationaler Doppelbesteuerung (unten IV.). Das durch die europäische Sprachenvielfalt verschärfte Problem einer verbindlichen Sprechweise des europäischen Mehrwertsteuerrechts kann angesichts der Rechtsquellenlage nicht überschätzt werden: Es bestehen neben den 25 nationalen Gesetzen nebst Verordnungen mehr als 30 europäische Gesetze (meist Richtlinien, aber auch Verordnungen) sowie mehr als 300 Rechtserkenntnisse des EuGH. Es fehlt aber im Wesentlichen eine deutschsprachige, klassische Kommentierung der 6. EG-Richtlinie.
A superposed epoch analysis of the regions 1 and 2 Birkeland currents observed by AMPERE during substorms
Authors: Coxon J. C. , Milan S. E. , Clausen L. B. N. , Anderson B. J. , Korth H. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractWe perform a superposed epoch analysis of the evolution of the Birkeland currents (field‐aligned currents) observed by the Active Magnetosphere and Planetary Electrodynamics Response Experiment (AMPERE) during substorms. The study is composed of 2900 substorms provided by the SuperMAG experiment. We find that the current ovals expand and contract over the course of a substorm cycle and that currents increase in magnitude approaching substorm onset and are further enhanced in the expansion phase. Subsequently, we categorize the substorms by their onset latitude, a proxy for the amount of open magnetic flux in the magnetosphere, and find that Birkeland currents are significantly higher throughout the epoch for low‐latitude substorms. Our results agree with previous studies which indicate that substorms are more intense and close more open magnetic flux when the amount of open flux is larger at onset. We place these findings in the context of previous work linking dayside and nightside reconnection rate to Birkeland current strengths and locations.
MODIS Collection 6 aerosol products: Comparison between Aqua's e‐Deep Blue, Dark Target, and “merged” data sets, and usage recommendations
Authors: Sayer A. M. , Munchak L. A. , Hsu N. C. , Levy R. C. , Bettenhausen C. , Jeong M.‐J. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThe Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Atmospheres data product suite includes three algorithms applied to retrieve midvisible aerosol optical depth (AOD): the Enhanced Deep Blue (DB) and Dark Target (DT) algorithms over land, and a DT over‐water algorithm. All three have been refined in the recent “Collection 6” (C6) MODIS reprocessing. In particular, DB has been expanded to cover vegetated land surfaces as well as brighter desert/urban areas. Additionally, a new “merged” data set which draws from all three algorithms is included in the C6 products. This study is intended to act as a point of reference for new and experienced MODIS data users with which to understand the global and regional characteristics of the C6 DB, DT, and merged data sets, based on MODIS Aqua data. This includes validation against Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) observations at 111 sites, focused toward regional and categorical (surface/aerosol type) analysis. Neither algorithm consistently outperforms the other, although in many cases the retrieved AOD and the level of its agreement with AERONET are very similar. In many regions the DB, DT, and merged data sets are all suitable for quantitative applications, bearing in mind that they cannot be considered independent, while in other cases one algorithm does consistently outperform the other. Usage recommendations and caveats are thus somewhat complicated and regionally dependent.
Effect of the Tiger Stripes on the water vapor distribution in Enceladus' exosphere
Authors: Tenishev Valeriy , Öztürk Doğa Can Su , Combi Michael R. , Rubin Martin , Waite Jack Hunter , Perry Mark 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThe jet activity emanating from Enceladus' exosphere south pole region observed by Cassini is a subject of intensive study. The in situ and remote sensing observations performed since 2005 triggered an active modeling campaign. Such modeling is essential for better understanding of the measurements performed by individual instruments as well as to link them for a more complete picture of the volatile and ice grain distribution in Enceladus' exosphere. This paper is focused on the investigation of the effect that diffuse gas sources along the Tiger Stripes have on distribution of the water vapor in Enceladus' exosphere using the updated version of our multiplume model. We have found that accounting for the gas production by Tiger Stripes is critical for interpretation of the Cassini data. According to our calculations, sources along the Tiger Stripes (apart from those originally identified by Spitale and Porco ()) must contribute about 23–32% to the total plume source rate, which varies in the range of (6.4–29) ×1027 s−1. The effect of the previously unidentified source suggested in the paper is found to be critical for explaining the Ultraviolet Imaging Spectrograph 2007 and 2010 observations in the whole range of the elapsed times.
Robust adaptive estimation of nonlinear system with time‐varying parameters
Authors: Na Jing , Yang Juan , Ren Xuemei , Guo Yu 
Published: November 2014

SummaryThe vast majority of available parameter estimation methods assume that the parameters to be estimated are constant or slowly time‐varying and mainly depend on a predictor or observer design so that a large adaptive gain must be used to achieve fast adaptation; this may result in high‐frequency oscillations when the system subjects to a large source of uncertainties or disturbances. This paper is concerned with adaptive online estimation of time‐varying parameters for two kinds of linearly parameterized nonlinear systems. By dividing the time into small intervals, the time‐varying parameters are approximated in terms of polynomials with unknown coefficients. Then a novel adaptive law design methodology is developed to estimate those constant coefficients, for which the parameter estimation error information is explicitly derived and used to drive the adaptations. To guarantee the continuity of the parameter estimation for all time, a parameter resetting scheme is introduced at the beginning of each interval. Finite‐time estimation convergence and the robustness against disturbances are all proved. Extensive simulation examples are provided to demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed algorithms for estimating time‐varying parameters. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The relationship between facial shape asymmetry and attractiveness in Mexican students
Authors: Farrera Arodi , Villanueva María , Quinto‐Sánchez Mirsha , González‐José Rolando 
Published: November 2014

ObjectivesIt has been postulated that symmetric faces are considered more attractive than asymmetric ones because symmetry may signal high quality due to developmental stability. However, other studies showed that both symmetric and slightly asymmetric faces are considered attractive. Here we aim to explore this discrepancy, beginning with the analysis of the normal prevalence of facial symmetry in a population as a necessary first step prior to any attractiveness assessment.MethodsWe collected facial landmarks from two‐dimensional digital images of a sample of Mexican individuals (280 females and 285 males aged 18–68 years) that were analyzed using geometric morphometric methods. Then, we chose a subsample of 100 photographs (50 females and 50 males aged 18–27 years) selected to represent a broad range of asymmetrical variation, in order to evaluate attractiveness using a sex‐opposite test. Finally, we analyzed the linear correlation between attractiveness and asymmetry.ResultsWe found that every evaluated subject presents some degree of facial asymmetry, and that both fluctuating asymmetry and directional asymmetry were significant (P < 0.0001) components of total facial asymmetry. Fluctuating asymmetry was slightly associated with age (r = 0.0858,P = 0.0414) and there were no differences between geographical regions (P = 0.413). Attractiveness was not correlated to levels of asymmetry in either sex (males:P = 0.0973; femalesP = 0.7415).ConclusionsAsymmetry was a prevalent feature in the present sample, and preferences for symmetric faces were not operating in the studied population. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 27:387–396, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Porous Liquids: A Promising Class of Media for Gas Separation
Authors: Zhang Jinshui , Chai Song‐Hai , Qiao Zhen‐An , Mahurin Shannon M. , Chen Jihua , Fang Youxing , Wan Shun , Nelson Kimberly , Zhang Pengfei , Dai Sheng 
Published: November 2014

AbstractA porous liquid containing empty cavities has been successfully fabricated by surface engineering of hollow structures with suitable corona and canopy species. By taking advantage of the liquid‐like polymeric matrices as a separation medium and the empty cavities as gas transport pathway, this unique porous liquid can function as a promising candidate for gas separation. Moreover, such a facile synthetic strategy can be further extended to the fabrication of other types of nanostructure‐based porous liquid, opening up new opportunities for preparation of porous liquids with attractive properties for specific tasks.
W2466.48 Opens a Gate for a Continuous Intrinsic Water Pathway during Activation of the Adenosine A2A Receptor
Authors: Yuan Shuguang , Hu Zhenquan , Filipek Slawomir , Vogel Horst 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThe question how G‐protein‐coupled receptors transduce an extracellular signal by a sequence of transmembrane conformational transitions into an intracellular response remains to be solved at molecular detail. Herein, we use molecular dynamics simulations to reveal distinct conformational transitions of the adenosine A2A receptor, and we found that the conserved W2466.48 residue in transmembrane helix TM6 performs a key rotamer toggle switch. Agonist binding induces the sidechain of W2466.48 to fluctuate between two distinct conformations enabling the diffusion of water molecules from the bulk into the center of the receptor. After passing the W2466.48 gate, the internal water molecules induce another conserved residue, Y2887.53, to switch to a distinct rotamer conformation establishing a continuous transmembrane water pathway. Further, structural changes of TM6 and TM7 induce local structural changes of the adjacent lipid bilayer.
A General One‐Pot Strategy for the Synthesis of High‐Performance Transparent‐Conducting‐Oxide Nanocrystal Inks for All‐Solution‐Processed Devices
Authors: Song Jizhong , Kulinich Sergei A. , Li Jianhai , Liu Yanli , Zeng Haibo 
Published: November 2014

AbstractFor all‐solution‐processed (ASP) devices, transparent conducting oxide (TCO) nanocrystal (NC) inks are anticipated as the next‐generation electrodes to replace both those synthesized by sputtering techniques and those consisting of rare metals, but a universal and one‐pot method to prepare these inks is still lacking. A universal one‐pot strategy is now described; through simply heating a mixture of metal–organic precursors a wide range of TCO NC inks, which can be assembled into high‐performance electrodes for use in ASP optoelectronics, were synthesized. This method can be used for various oxide NC inks with yields as high as 10 g. The formed NCs are of high crystallinity, uniform morphology, monodispersity, and high ink stability and feature effective doping. Therefore, the inks can be readily assembled into films with a surface roughness of 1.6 nm. Typically, a sheet resistance of 110 Ω sq−1 can be achieved with a transmittance of 88 %, which is the best performance for TCO NC ink‐based electrodes described to date. These electrodes can thus drive a polymer light‐emitting diode (PLED) with a luminance of 2200 cd m−2 at 100 mA cm−2.
The Arteries of Brain Base in Species of the Cervid Family
Authors: Kiełtyka‐Kurc Agata , Frąckowiak Hieronim , Brudnicki Witold 
Published: November 2014

ABSTRACTThe aim of the article was to describe the pattern of main arteries at the encephalon base, their connections, and varieties. This study included 106 specimens of the head and cerebral arteries of the following eight species of the cervid family: reindeer, chital, Eld's deer, wapiti, sika deer, fallow deer, Pere David's deer or milu, and Reeve's or Chinese muntjac. The arteries of the animals under study were filled with acetone‐dissolved stained vinyl superchloride or stained latex LBS3060. The analysis of the specimens revealed that the vascular system of the species of the studied cervid family was similar to the system described in other ruminant species. A branch diverging from the condylar artery to the rostral epidural rete mirabile is present in all studied cervids, but it can be found also in giraffe and eland. The pattern of the arterial vascularization of the encephalon base, which we observed in our analysis, confirms the morphological similarity between those animals and the correct placement of the cervid family in species taxonomy. Anat Rec, 298:735–740, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Regional Quantitative Histological Variations in Human Oral Mucosa
Authors: Ciano Joseph , Beatty Brian Lee 
Published: November 2014

ABSTRACTOral mucosa demonstrates regional variations that reflect contact with food during mastication. Though known qualitatively, our aim was to quantitatively assess regions to establish a measurable baseline from which one could compare in pathological and comparative studies, in which the abrasiveness of diets may differ. We assessed variations in the epithelial–connective tissue junction (rete ridges counts), collagen organization within the lamina propria, and elastin composition of the lamina propria of 15 regions of the labial (buccal) gingiva, lingual gingiva, vestibule, and palate. All characteristics varied more between regions within the same individual than between individuals. Lingual gingiva had high rete ridges counts, high level of collagen organization, and moderate elastin composition compared to other regions. The labial gingiva had few rete ridges, high collagen organization, and low elastin. The vestibule had the fewest average of rete ridges, least organized collagen, and high elastin. The hard palate had the highest average of rete ridges, high collagen organization, and the lowest elastin content. The soft palate conversely had the smallest average of rete ridges, moderate collagen organization, and the highest elastin composition. Our results indicate that comparison of these quantitative histological differences is warranted only for collagen organization and elastin composition. Differences in rete ridges counts were not statistically significant. Most histological characteristics observed were not significantly different between dentulous and edentulous cadavers, and the group containing all individuals. An exception was the level of collagen fiber organization within the lamina propria, which was higher in most regions when teeth were present. Anat Rec, 298:562–578, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Engineering Organic Macrocycles and Cages: Versatile Bonding Approaches
Authors: Huang Sheng‐Li , Jin Guo‐Xin , Luo He‐Kuan , Hor T. S. Andy 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThe emergence of supramolecular chemistry has led to the discovery of a rising number of macrocycles and cages with a range of functionalities. Most of these supramolecular aggregates are metal coordination networks, whereas pure organic assemblies are less developed. Organic macrocycles and cages have the advantages of chemical robustness, processability in organic solvents, and suitability for pilot‐scale applications. They are constructed primarily from covalent bonds, with irreversible and reversible bond types. We herein highlight the use of different versatile bonding approaches in engineering these soft materials, as well as their emerging applications, such as gas storage, thin films, liquid crystals, and catalysis.
Neuro‐Predictive Control of an Infrared Dryer with a Feedforward‐Feedback Approach
Authors: Mohammadzaheri Morteza , Chen Lei , Mirsepahi Ali , Ghanbari Mehdi , Tafreshi Reza 
Published: November 2014

AbstractIn this research, a hybrid control system is proposed to address the temperature control of an infrared dryer. The control system includes a feedback‐predictive controller and a neural network steady state control law. The feedback‐predictive controller outputs the amplified value of the predicted error as the transient control command. The predictive model was employed to suppress the undesirable effect of the dead‐time of the system. A multilayer perceptron was designed and tested based on a control equilibrium point and steady state control to be used as a feedforward controller. The stability of the control system in a continuous domain was proved with no limit on the amplification gain of the predictive‐feedback controller. In other words, there is no concern about losing stability with accelerating convergence towards the reference. The entire control system was constructed in Simulink and compiled to a C code and applied on the experimental setup. Experimental results are outstanding in comparison with the results of an interactively tuned IMC‐based PID controller.