bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mixed Hemi-Micelle Solid-Phase Extraction Based on Modified Magnetic Nanoparticles for Extraction of Cadmium and Lead from Food and Water Samples
Authors: Farahani Malihe Davudabadi , Shemirani Farzaneh 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
A simple and rapid method for the separation and preconcentration of trace amounts of Cd(II) and Pb(II) in milk powder and water samples by magnetic SPE has been developed. The application of silica-coated magnetite nanoparticles (SCMNPs), modified with an anionic surfactant as an effective sorbent material for the microextraction and determination of trace amounts of Cd(II) and Pb(II) from food samples was investigated. The synthesized SCMNPs modified with sodium dodecyl sulfate have the ability to adsolubilize the metal ions after complexation with 1-(2-pyridylazo)-2-naphthol. These magnetic nanoparticles which are carrying the target metals can be easily separated from the aqueous solution by applying an external magnetic field, and the complexed metals can be desorbed using a proper eluent. The effect of pH, concentration of complexing agent, eluent, extraction time, capacity, and desorp tion conditions were investigated. Under the optimized conditions, preconcentration of a 50.0 mL sample solution permitted the LODs of 0.147 and 2.02 μg/L; and the RSDs (n = 7) for 0.05 μg/mL of Cd(II) and 0.2 μg/mL of Pb(II) were 2.96 and 1.3%, respectively. The maximum sorption capacity was 8.8 and 9.5 mg/g for Cd(II) and Pb(II), respectively.
A Rapid SPE-Based Analytical Method for UPLC/MS/MS Determination of Aminoglycoside Antibiotic Residues in Bovine Milk, Muscle, and Kidney
Authors: Young Michael S , van Tran Kim , Goh Evelyn , Shia Jeremy C 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
An SPE-based cleanup protocol was developed for ultra-performance LC (UPLC)/MS/MS determination of residues of the common aminoglycoside antibiotics streptomycin, dihydrostreptomycin, neomycin, and gentamicin in bovine milk, kidney, and muscle. Recoveries for all compounds except neomycin ranged from 80 to 104% for all matrixes studied; recoveries for neomycin ranged from 71 to 84%. Intraday and interday precision data were under 15% for all sample matrixes. Compared with other recently reported cleanup methods, less sample is required, the use of potentially dangerous reagents is minimized, and fewer manipulations are required by the analyst. A high throughput 96-well plate format was used for SPE cleanup and UPLC/MS analysis.
New Immunohistochemistry for B-Cell Lymphoma and Hodgkin Lymphoma
Authors: Zhang Xiaohong (Mary) , Aguilera Nadine 
Published: November 2014

ContextB-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma is a heterogeneous group of lymphoproliferative malignancies with different clinical behaviors and treatments. It is important to differentiate individual B-cell lymphoma to apply the best treatment and management. Morphology and immunohistochemistry are the primary tools used for diagnosing lymphoma. There is a characteristic pattern of expression with immunohistochemical antibodies in most well-defined B-cell lymphomas. Some cases of B-cell lymphoma, however, show unusual morphologic and immunophenotypic features. The new and sometimes more specific antibodies have been developed recently, which may further define those lymphomas. Only with use of the antibodies over time does their true nature and specificity become evident.ObjectivesTo present new antibodies for B-cell lymphoma that enhance the probability for diagnosis or can act as alternate markers in unusual cases, in which a B-cell lymphoma does not present with characteristic immunohistochemical staining, and to present prognostic markers that allow for better management of patients with specific B-cell lymphomas.Data SourcesData were obtained from literature review and figures from slides in personal practice.ConclusionsThe immunohistochemical antibodies presented in this article increase our ability to understand, diagnosis, and manage patients with B-cell lymphoma.
Repair of Iris Defects
Authors: Agarwal Tushar , Arora Tarun 
Published: November 2014

Purpose:
To demonstrate three techniques of repair of iris defects in cases with iridodialysis, post surgical coloboma and post-traumatic mydriasis.

Methods:
Video-based description of repair of three cases of iris defects, highlighting the technique and difficulties in performing surgery in these cases.

Results:
In the first case with post-traumatic subluxated cataract and iridodialysis, ICCE and iridodialysis repair was performed successfully. The second case had surgical coloboma and aphakia due to previous complicated cataract surgery. Repair of the coloboma and implantation of ACIOL was performed successfully. Third case presented with a post-traumatic cataract and sphincter tear associated with mydriasis. PCIOL implantation along with mydriasis repair was performed.

Conclusions:
With the help of these techniques, sutures can be used to repair iridodialysis, colobomatous defects, and mydriatic pupils. Results in these patients are very gratifying. Patients appreciate the reduction in light and glare sensitivity in the immediate post-operative period
On the bipolar origin of Heinrich events
Authors: Yang Xiao , Rial J. A. , Reischmann Elizabeth P. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractEvidence obtained from ice cores from Greenland and Antarctica indicates the presence of interactions between the polar climates, but, until recently, it has not been clear what the interactions are. Here we show that analysis under the previously established hypothesis of polar synchronization potentially connects the presence and possible energy source of the Heinrich (H) events and ice‐rafted debris (IRD) events. These events appear to be related to the dynamic linkage between the polar climates, as they are not revealed in analysis of the records from a single pole. The H events and IRDs discovered in the North Atlantic along with coeval Southern Ocean events appear to drive or be driven by bipolar climate oscillations.
Array analysis of electromagnetic radiation from radio transmitters for submarine communication
Authors: Füllekrug Martin , Mezentsev Andrew , Watson Robert , Gaffet Stéphane , Astin Ivan , Evans Adrian 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThe array analyses used for seismic and infrasound research are adapted and applied here to the electromagnetic radiation from radio transmitters for submarine communication. It is found that the array analysis enables a determination of the slowness and the arrival azimuth of the wave number vectors associated with the electromagnetic radiation. The array analysis is applied to measurements of ∼20–24 kHz radio waves from transmitters for submarine communication with an array of 10 radio receivers distributed over an area of ∼1 km ×1 km. The observed slowness of the observed wave number vectors range from ∼2.7 ns/m to ∼4.1 ns/m, and the deviations between the expected arrival azimuths and the observed arrival azimuths range from ∼−9.7° to ∼14.5°. The experimental results suggest that it is possible to determine the locations of radio sources from transient luminous events above thunderclouds with an array of radio receivers toward detailed investigations of the electromagnetic radiation from sprites.
A mechanism for lack of sea ice reversibility in the Southern Ocean
Authors: Ridley Jeff K. , Hewitt Helene T. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractWe find evidence that ocean processes during global warming may result in irreversible changes to the Antarctic sea ice, whereas the Arctic sea ice changes appear to be reversible. Increased forcing gives rise to strong heat uptake in the Southern Ocean, and existing pathways provide an increased transport of heat to the Weddell Sea. As atmospheric concentrations of CO2 are returned to preindustrial levels, the Antarctic ice extent at first recovers, but a rapid change in the position of the an ocean front in the South Atlantic maintains the heat transport into the Weddell Sea. A cooling surface initiates deep convection, accessing the stored heat, resulting in a substantial loss of sea ice, which has not recovered after a further 150 years at preindustrial CO2.
A new method to estimate annual solar wind parameters and contributions of different solar wind structures to geomagnetic activity
Authors: Holappa L. , Mursula K. , Asikainen T. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractIn this paper, we study two sets of local geomagnetic indices from 26 stations using the principal component and the independent component (IC) analysis methods. We demonstrate that the annually averaged indices can be accurately represented as linear combinations of two first components with weights systematically depending on latitude. We show that the annual contributions of coronal mass ejections (CMEs) and high‐speed streams (HSSs) to geomagnetic activity are highly correlated with the first and second IC. The first and second ICs are also found to be very highly correlated with the strength of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) and the solar wind speed, respectively, because solar wind speed is the most important parameter driving geomagnetic activity during HSSs while IMF strength dominates during CMEs. These results help in better understanding the long‐term driving of geomagnetic activity and in gaining information about the long‐term evolution of solar wind parameters and the different solar wind structures.
Regional impairments of cortical folding in premature infants
Authors: Engelhardt Erin , Inder Terrie E. , Alexopoulos Dimitrios , Dierker Donna L. , Hill Jason , Van Essen David , Neil Jeffrey J. 
Published: November 2014

ObjectiveThis study was undertaken to evaluate the influence of preterm birth and other factors on cerebral cortical maturation.MethodsWe have evaluated the effects of preterm birth on cortical folding by applying cortical cartography methods to a cohort of 52 preterm infants (<31 weeks gestation, mild or no injury on conventional magnetic resonance imaging) and 12 term‐born control infants. All infants were evaluated at term‐equivalent postmenstrual age.ResultsPreterm infants had lower values for the global measures of gyrification index (GI; 2.06 ± 0.07 vs 1.80 ± 0.12, p < 0.001; control vs preterm) and cortical surface area (CSA; 316 ± 24 cm2 vs 257 ± 40 cm2, p < 0.001). Regional analysis of sulcal depth and cortical shape showed the greatest impact of preterm birth on the insula, superior temporal sulcus, and ventral portions of the pre‐ and postcentral sulci in both hemispheres. Although CSA and GI are related, CSA was more sensitive to antenatal and postnatal factors than GI. Both measures were lower in preterm infants of lower birth weight standard deviation scores and smaller occipitofrontal circumference at time of scan, whereas CSA alone was lower in association with smaller occipitofrontal circumference at birth. CSA was also lower in infants with higher critical illness in the first 24 hours of life, exposure to postnatal steroids, and prolonged endotracheal intubation.InterpretationPreterm birth disrupts cortical development in a regionally specific fashion with abnormalities evident by term‐equivalent postmenstrual age. This disruption is influenced by both antenatal growth and postnatal course. ANN NEUROL 2015;77:154–162
Spannungsvermittelte Bildung chiraler, optisch aktiver Buta‐1,3‐diene
Authors: Chiu Melanie , Tchitchanov Boris H. , Zimmerli Daniel , Sanhueza Italo A. , Schoenebeck Franziska , Trapp Nils , Schweizer W. Bernd , Diederich François 
Published: November 2014

AbstractDie formalen [2+2]‐Cycloadditionen‐Retroelektrocyclisierungen (CA‐RE) zwischen Tetracyanoethylen (TCNE) und gespannten, elektronenreichen, dibenzoanellierten Cyclooctinen wurden untersucht. Die Auswirkung der Spannung auf die Reaktionskinetik wurde quantifiziert; dabei waren die Geschwindigkeiten der Cycloadditionen unter Verwendung gespannter, cyclischer Alkine bis 5500‐mal höher (298 K) als mit ungespannten Alkinen. Cyclobuten‐Intermediate sowie Buta‐1,3‐dien‐Produkte wurden isoliert und ihre Strukturen mittels Röntgenstrukturanalyse untersucht. Die Isolierung eines seltenen Beispiels für ein optisch aktives, konfigurationsstabiles Buta‐1,3‐dien wird beschrieben. Theoretische Studien des Enantiomerisierungsmechanismus der Buta‐1,3‐diene zeigten, dass die Inversion des Achtrings über einen Ring‐Flip des Boot‐Konformers stattfindet. In Übereinstimmung mit den berechneten Werten betrugen die experimentell gemessenen freien Aktivierungsenthalpien der Racemisierung bis zu 26 kcal mol−1.
The Synthesis of the Proportional‐Differential Regulators for the Systems with Fixed Ends of Trajectories Under Two‐Sided Constraints on Control Values
Authors: Murzabekov Z. N. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThe problem of optimal control for time‐varying linear systems with fixed ends of the trajectories is considered. A correspondent quadratic functional depends on the control, the state of the object and on its derivative. A constructive method of synthesis of the proportional‐differential type regulators is proposed based on the feedback principle taking into account the bilateral constraints on control values. The problem is solved with using of a special type Lagrange multipliers.
A stochastic model of consideration set sizes
Authors: Trinh Giang 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThis paper proposes a new model of consideration set sizes, which relies on a stochastic modelling approach to better understand data patterns. The paper combines the Poisson distribution with the lognormal distribution proposed by Hauser and Wernerfelt (1990) to create the Poisson lognormal (PLN) model of consideration set sizes. An advantage of PLN is that it allows variance within a given individual consumer. This is a crucial factor for brand managers who wish to choose a particular market to promote their brand, as a higher within‐individual variance suggests that there is more chance for a consumer to change their consideration set size, whereas a lower within‐individual variance indicates that a consumer tends to stick to his/her consideration set size. The paper then uses 10 datasets including service, durable and fast‐moving consumer goods across four countries to validate the new model and compare it with the lognormal model. The results show that PLN gives a good fit to these data. It outperforms the lognormal model. The average mean absolute percentage error of the PLN model is 12 per cent, whereas that of the lognormal model is 26 per cent. For managerial implications, the paper proposes a better tool to help brand managers analyse the nature and intensity of competition that is facing their brands. Also, relying on its stochastic element, the proposed model can help brand managers predict future brand consideration by their consumers, as well as evaluate any change in brand consideration, caused by marketing activity such as sales promotion and advertising. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Regioselective Direct Arylation of Fused 3‐Nitropyridines and Other Nitro‐Substituted Heteroarenes: The Multipurpose Nature of the Nitro Group as a Directing Group
Authors: Iaroshenko Viktor O. , Gevorgyan Ashot , Mkrtchyan Satenik , Grigoryan Tatevik , Movsisyan Ester , Villinger Alexander , Langer Peter 
Published: November 2014

AbstractWe report Pd‐ and Ni‐catalysed, guided and regioselective CH arylations of a series of fused 3‐nitropyridines. The method described here is a facile tool for the chemical functionalisation of drug‐like fused pyridines. The scope and limitations of the reaction, the chemical potential of the nitro group and a putative reaction mechanism are discussed.
Regioselective Hydroxylation in the Production of 25‐Hydroxyvitamin D by Coprinopsis cinerea Peroxygenase
Authors: Babot Esteban D. , del Río José C. , Kalum Lisbeth , Martínez Angel T. , Gutiérrez Ana 
Published: November 2014

AbstractMonohydroxylated metabolites of vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) and vitamin D2 (ergocalciferol), generically known as 25‐hydroxycalciferol, are better for several diseases, and other applications, than vitamin D (calciferol). This work describes a novel biotechnological approach for the preparation of 25‐hydroxycalciferols, starting from readily available cholecalciferol and ergocalciferol. This approach enables the regioselective (100 %) hydroxylation of these compounds (at the C‐25 position) under mild and environmentally friendly conditions by using a peroxidase from the fungus Coprinopsis cinerea (gene model CC1G_08427T0 from the sequenced genome), which catalyzes monooxygenation with H2O2 as the only co‐substrate (peroxygenase). Hydroxylation of cholecalciferol and ergocalciferol is a true peroxygenation, as demonstrated by incorporation of 18O from H218O2 into the products. The peroxygenase has additional advantages related to its recombinant nature, enabling enzyme engineering and low‐cost overexpression in an industrial host. Therefore, the peroxygenase is a promising biocatalyst for the production of vitamin D active metabolites.
Theoretical Study on the Relationship between Diradical Character and Second Hyperpolarizabilities of Four‐Membered‐Ring Diradicals Involving Heavy Main‐Group Elements
Authors: Matsui Hiroshi , Fukuda Kotaro , Takamuku Shota , Sekiguchi Akira , Nakano Masayoshi 
Published: November 2014

AbstractBy using spin‐unrestricted density functional theory methods, the relationship between the diradical character y and the second hyperpolarizability γ (the third‐order nonlinear optical (NLO) properties at the molecular scale) for four‐membered‐ring diradical compounds, that is, cyclobutane‐1,3‐diyl, Niecke‐type diradicals, and Bertrand‐type diradicals, were investigated by focusing on the substitution effects of heavy main‐group elements as well as of donor/acceptor groups on the y and γ values. It has been found that i) γ is enhanced in the intermediate y region for these four‐membered‐ring diradicals, ii) Niecke‐type diradicals with intermediate y values, which are realized by tuning the combination of the main‐group elements involved, exhibit larger γ values than Bertrand‐type diradicals, and iii) the y value and thus γ value can be controlled by modifying the both‐end donor/acceptor substituents attached to carbon atoms in Nicke‐type C2P2 diradicals. These results demonstrate that four‐membered‐ring diradicals involving heavy main‐group elements exhibit high controllability of the y and γ, which indicates the potential applications of four‐membered‐ring diradicals as a building block of highly efficient open‐shell NLO materials.
Tuning the Spin‐Crossover Behaviour of a Hydrogen‐Accepting Porous Coordination Polymer by Hydrogen‐Donating Guests
Authors: Li Jin‐Yan , Chen Yan‐Cong , Zhang Ze‐Min , Liu Wei , Ni Zhao‐Ping , Tong Ming‐Liang 
Published: November 2014

AbstractA Hoffman‐like coordination polymer with appreciable porosity and uncoordinated pyridyl groups, namely, [Fe(2,5‐bpp){Au(CN)2}2]⋅x Solv (2,5‐bpp=2,5‐bis(pyrid‐4‐yl)pyridine; Solv=solvent), was synthesised and characterised. A series of fascinating spin‐crossover behaviours with abrupt, stepwise and hysteretic features were obtained by exchange with a range of protic solvents (ethanol, n‐propanol, isopropyl alcohol, sec‐butanol and isobutanol). Guest–host hydrogen‐bonding interactions involving the H‐accepting site of the framework are primarily responsible for the pronounced cooperativity of these spin‐crossover behaviours. Meanwhile, the tunable critical temperatures over a range of about 130 K are presumably attributable to a certain degree of competition between internal pressure and local electronic influences of solvents.
Porous Carbon Anodes for a High Capacity Lithium‐Ion Battery Obtained by Incorporating Silica into Benzoxazine During Polymerization
Authors: Guo De‐Cai , Han Fei , Lu An‐Hui 
Published: November 2014

AbstractPorous carbon anodes with a controllable Vmes/Vmic ratio were synthesized through the self‐assembly of poly(benzoxazine‐co‐resol) and the simultaneous hydrolysis of tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) followed by carbonization and removal of silica. The Vmes/Vmic ratio of the carbon can be controlled in the range of approximately 1.3–32.6 through tuning the amount of TEOS. For lithium‐ion battery anodes, a correlation between the electrochemical performance and Vmes/Vmic ratio has been established. A high Vmes/Vmic ratio in porous carbons is favorable for enhancing the accessibility of Li ions to active sites provided by the micropores and for achieving good lithium storage performance. The obtained porous carbon exhibits a high reversible capacity of 660 mAh g−1 after 70 cycles at a current density of 100 mA g−1. Moreover, at a high current density of 3000 mA g−1, the capacity still remains at 215 mAh g−1, showing a fast charge‐discharge potential. This synthesis method relying on modified benzoxazine chemistry with the hydrolysis of TEOS may provide a new route for the development of mesoporous carbon‐based electrode materials.
Herstellung von Grundchemikalien auf Basis nachwachsender Rohstoffe als Alternative zur Petrochemie?
Authors: Wagemann Kurt 
Published: November 2014

AbstractDie derzeitige Entwicklung in den USA, geprägt durch billiges Schiefergas, hat starke Auswirkungen auf die Produktion von Basischemikalien. Der Beitrag geht der Frage nach, ob sich vor diesem Hintergrund der Anteil nachwachsender Rohstoffe für die Chemikalienproduktion steigern lässt oder ob sich die Zahl biobasierter Produkte und Verfahren eher verringern wird. Antworten liefert für einige ausgewählte Grundchemikalien der Vergleich von bestehenden Produktionsverfahren auf petrochemischer Basis mit Alternativen auf Basis nachwachsender oder anderer fossiler Rohstoffe (bspw. Methan und niedere Alkane).
Cytomorphological identification of advanced pulmonary adenocarcinoma harboring KRAS mutation in lymph node fine‐needle aspiration specimens: Comparative investigation of adenocarcinoma with KRAS and EGFR mutations
Authors: Song Dae Hyun , Lee Boram , Shin Yooju , Choi In Ho , Ha Sang Yun , Lee Jae Jun , Hong Min Eui , Choi Yoon‐La , Han Joungho , Um Sang‐Won 
Published: November 2014

BackgroundKirsten rat sarcoma 2 viral oncogene homolog (KRAS) mutation in pulmonary adenocarcinoma is clinically important due to its association with resistance to EGFR inhibitors and poor prognosis. To our knowledge, there has not been a comparative study focusing on cytological nuclear features of pulmonary adenocarcinoma harboring KRAS mutation (KRAS‐AD). Hence, we compared the cytomorphology of metastatic KRAS‐AD and EGFR‐positive adenocarcinoma (EGFR‐AD) in aspiration specimens from lymph nodes.MethodsForty lymph node aspiration specimens from forty KRAS‐AD patients were collected at Samsung Medical Center (Seoul, Korea) from 2009 to 2013. As a control group, 40 EBUS‐FNA lymph node specimens from 20 EGFR‐AD patients were collected. EGFR‐AD specimens were evaluated at Samsung Medical Center (Seoul, Korea) from 2012 to 2013. All 80 specimens were histologically confirmed to metastatic adenocarcinoma. Two pathologists performed a blinded review of all specimens.ResultsCompared with EGFR‐AD, KRAS‐AD exhibited more severe nuclear pleomorphism (P < 0.001), coarse chromatin (P = 0.001), cherry‐red nucleoli (P < 0.001) and naked tumor cells (P = 0.002) with necrotic (P < 0.001) and neutrophilic (P = 0.008) background.ConclusionsOur study provides the first demonstration of cytomorphologic differentiation between metastatic KRAS‐AD and metastatic EGFR‐AD in lymph node aspiration specimens. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2015;43:539–544. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.