bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Large-Scale Hydrogen Jet Flame Radiant Fraction Measurements and Modeling
Authors: Ekoto Isaac W. , Houf William G. , Ruggles Adam J. , Creitz Leonard W. , Li Jimmy X. 
Published: July 2013

Analytic methods used to establish thermal radiation hazard safety boundaries from ignited hydrogen plumes are based on models previously developed for hydrocarbon jet fires. Radiative heat flux measurements of small- and medium-scale hydrogen jet flames (i.e., visible flame lengths < 10 m) compare favorably to theoretical calculations provided corrections are applied to correct for the product species thermal emittance and the optical flame thickness. Recently, Air Products and Chemicals Inc. commissioned flame radiation measurements from two larger-scale hydrogen jet flames to determine the applicability of current modeling approaches to these larger flames. The horizontally orientated releases were from 20.9 and 50.8 mm ID pipes with a nominal 60 barg source pressure and respective mass flow rates of 1.0 and 7.4 kg/s. Care was taken to ensure no particles were entrained into the flame, either from the internal piping or from the ground below. Radiometers were used to measure radiative heat fluxes at discrete points along the jet flame radial axis.
The estimated radiant fraction, defined as the radiative energy escaping relative to chemical energy released, exceeded correlation predictions for both flames. To determine why the deviation existed, an analysis of the data and experimental conditions was performed by Sandia National Laboratories’ Hydrogen Safety, Codes and Standards program. Since the releases were choked at the exit, a pseudo source nozzle model was needed to compute flame lengths and residence times, and the results were found to be sensitive to the formulation used. Furthermore, it was thought that ground surface reflection from the concrete pad and steel plates may have contributed to the increased recorded heat flux values. To quantify this impact, a weighted multi source flame radiation model was modified to include the influence of planar surface radiation. Model results were compared to lab-scale flames with a steel plate located close to and parallel with the release path. Relative to the flame without a plate, recorded heat flux values were found to increase by up to 50% for certain configurations, and the modified radiation model predicted these heat fluxes to within 10% provided a realistic steel reflectance value (0.8) was used. When the plate was heavily and uniformly oxidized, however, the reflectance was sharply attenuated. Model results that used the surface reflectance correction for the larger-scale flames produced good agreement with the heat flux data from the smaller of the two flames if an estimated reflectance of 0.5 was used, but was unable to fully explain the under predicted heat flux values for the larger flame.
Useful Trends for Predicting Corrosion Growth
Authors: Kariyawasam Shahani , Wang Hong 
Published: July 2013

The objective of an effective corrosion management program is to identify and mitigate corrosion anomalies before they reach critical limit states. Often as there are many anomalies on pipelines an optimized program will mitigate the few corrosion anomalies that may grow to a critical size within the next inspection interval, without excavating many of the anomalies that will not grow to a critical size. This optimization of the inspection interval and the selection of anomalies to mitigate depend on understanding of corrosion growth. Prediction of corrosion growth is challenging because growth with time is non linear and highly location specific. These characteristics make simplistic approaches such as using maximum growth rates for all defects impractical. Therefore it is important to understand the salient aspects of corrosion growth so that appropriate decisions on excavation and re-inspection can be made without compromising safety or undertaking undue amounts of mitigative activities.
In the pipeline industry corrosion growth between two in line inspections (ILIs) has been measured by comparing one ILI run to the next. However many types of ILI comparison methodologies have been used in the past. Within the last decade or two comparison techniques have evolved from box matching of defect samples to signal matching of the total defect populations. Multiple comparison analyses have been performed on the TransCanada system to establish corrosion growth rates. Comparison of the results from these various analyses gives insight into the accuracy and uncertainty of each type of estimate.
In an effective integrity management process the best available corrosion growth data should be used. To do so it is important to understand the conservatism and the uncertainty involved in each type of estimate. When using a run-comparison to predict future growth it is assumed that the growth within the last ILI interval will continue (with associated uncertainty) during the next inspection interval. The validity of these assumptions is examined in this study.
In the context of this paper these assumptions are validated for external corrosion on onshore pipelines. Characteristics of internal and offshore corrosion are very different in space and time variation.
Correlations of external corrosion growth in onshore pipelines with defect size and location are also examined. Learning from multiple corrosion growth studies gives insight into the actual corrosion rate variation along a pipeline as well as general growth characteristics. Different types of corrosion growth modeling for use in probabilistic or deterministic integrity management programs are also discussed.
Southern Pipelines Strategic Plan Management Tools
Authors: Boszczowski Eduardo Bomfim , Silva Gabriel José de Castro Santos , da Cruz Kleber Vinicius 
Published: July 2013

The Petrobras Transporte SA Strategic Plan (SP) is an instrument that contains the strategic positioning of the company and aims at guiding the management and action plan in the achievement of the corporate goals. Apart from that, the SP explains the portfolio of investment projects by segment and business area.
Every year since 2009, the Terminals and Pipelines Board of Directors have allocated the strategic objectives under their responsibility in order to ensure the alignment of the strategic planning with the operational activities of the company. For this end the strategic objectives are distributed between the Pipeline Executive Management and the Marine Terminals Executive Management. This division allows for the assignment of responsibilities in a structured way throughout the organization, this way setting up the Tactical Plan of the Business Units.
To achieve the goals, the evolution of the Tactical Plan of the Pipelines Executive Management is monitored through regular meetings with the Regional Managements as well as through diversions, potential difficulties and corrective and preventive actions. Besides regular meetings, several instruments have been implemented for effective monitoring of the Tactical Plan, e.g. a web based platform for sharing information, video conferences, performance indicators and other tools that enable the management of the actions.
This paper aims to describe best practices applied to the purposes and goals of the Pipeline Tactical Plan under the management of the Southern Pipelines Management, describing their Benefits to the company in a long-term horizon under conditions of uncertainty of the international energy market.
Extension of Current Defect Assessment Methods for Gouge and Corrosion Defects in X80 Grade Pipeline
Authors: Malatesta Giuliano , Meleddu Andrea , Owen Robert , Zarea Mures 
Published: July 2013

The increasing demand for natural gas affects the type of transportation, both from the strategic and the economic point of view. Long-distance pipelines are a safe and economic way to transport the gas from production sites to end users. Hence, pipes producers need to supply the market executing projects where high strength material is involved, to reduce the steel use.
Among high strength steel grade pipes (X80 - X100 - X120), the X80 grade is already in use for a number of gas pipelines in the world since many years.
There is a need to evaluate the suitability of extending the current Fitness For Purpose methods to X80 grade steel linepipe, since the existing guidance was developed and validated mainly on test data coming from steel pipes of grade lower than X80. Hence they could not be directly applied to X80 grade pipes, but should be experimentally verified, otherwise their straightforward extrapolation would be questionable.
EPRG recognized the need to cover this gap and launched a specific project, aimed at verifying the applicability of the presently available criteria to X80 grade, with particular focus on corrosion and gouge types of defects, longitudinally oriented.
The project includes the collection and review of available tests data and FFP criteria, and the identification of the most promising among those collected. Four hydraulic full scale burst tests on X80 representative pipes (helically and longitudinally welded) containing simulated corrosion and gouge defects have been carried out to experimentally verify the applicability of the criteria to the X80 grade pipes.
The selected criteria for the corrosion (DNV RP-F101) and for the gouge (Battelle NG-18) defects revealed to be suitable for X80 grade pipes too, as demonstrated by the accuracy in predicting the failure pressure of the experimental tests and of the literature database. The criteria showed to be even more accurate for X80 grade than they were for lower grades.
Finally, it is worth mentioning that the selected criteria did not need any correction factor for obtaining the best prediction. Such a result is a demonstration of the sound theory behind the criteria.
Multi Tiered Approach to Slope Movement Management: Case Study
Authors: Sen Millan , Richmond John , Dinovitzer Aaron , Fredj Abdelfettah 
Published: July 2013

A major slope in southern Manitoba is currently experiencing deep seated movements of approximately 60mm per year. This 20m high × 70m long slope contains a pipeline right of way with five large diameter crude oil lines that were constructed from 1950–1998. It is estimated that the slope has moved over 3 meters since the pipeline installations. Management of the effects of this slope movement on the pipelines has involved cross-functional strategies that include geotechnical, integrity, and stress evaluations.
The slope is assessed annually by a geotechnical engineer, and the most likely cause for the slope movements has been determined. Slope monitoring equipment has been installed at key locations and is monitored at frequent intervals. A toe berm has been installed to prevent lower slope failure at the creek bed that is located at the slope toe.
A finite element stress analysis, which considers the interaction between the soil movement and pipeline, has been generated. This stress analysis evaluated the pipeline stresses due to the slope movements to date, and also due to a possible sudden mass movement. The results are backed up by a bending strain analysis based on inertial in-line inspection data was conducted for several of the lines.
This paper presents an overview of the engineering assessment considering structural, material, geotechnical and operational concerns involved in developing an integrity management action plan.
Achieving Maximum Crack Remediation Effect From Optimized Hydrotesting
Authors: Chen Weixing , Kang Yongwang , Eadie Reg , Kania Richard , Van Boven Greg , Worthingham Robert 
Published: July 2013

Hydrostatic testing is a key method for managing SCC in oil and gas pipelines. Benefits are achieved by eliminating defects above a critical size for the hydrotest pressure and hence achieving a post-test period without operating failure. Other benefits are related to temporary growth retardation after hydrotest because of crack tip blunting. Conversely, benefits of such a test could be offset by stable flaw growth in the previously dormant population and growth of cracks during hydrostatic loading. Although this type of growth behaviour has been previously analyzed, it was only assessed from tests in air, which neglects the effects of corrosive environments.
Recent research has shown that crack growth can occur during hydrotests at much smaller crack dimensions than those originally analyzed. The adverse effect of hydrotesting is negligible if it initiates crack growth only on large-size cracks that are near the final stage of pipeline life. However, benefits of hydrotest would become uncertain if hydrostatic loading induces crack growth when crack dimensions are relatively small. This reduction in pipeline remaining lifetime by hydrostatic testing can be significant considering the fact that several hydrotests may be performed in the lifetime of a pipeline. Although hydrotests would usually re-condition the crack tip so that a lower crack growth rate can be expected for a limited time, it is questionable whether the reduced growth rate would compensate for the loss of life because of the crack growth during hydrotesting. Therefore, the overall benefits of hydrotesting must be evaluated from the viewpoint of life extension and pipeline safety.
Effects of hydrostatic tests in this investigation were analyzed based on two competing morphological conditions at the crack tip before, during and after hydrostatic testing, that is, crack tip blunting and crack tip sharpening. Crack tip sharpening is related to the hydrogen effects and mechanisms of cyclic loading, while the crack tip blunting is attributed to low temperature creep of the pipeline steels. From the investigation, strategies aimed at achieving maximum crack remediation are proposed.
Tensile Strain Capacity of Spiral Pipes
Authors: Liu Ming , Wang Yong-Yi , Collins Laurie 
Published: July 2013

Pipelines may experience high longitudinal strains from seismic events, frost heave, thaw settlement, unstable slopes, and mine subsidence, etc.. Those strains could be well beyond the elastic limit of the materials and the strain based design (SBD) criteria must be used. Most work on the SBD in recent years has been focused on the straight long seam pipes. The application of the SBD principles to the spiral pipes has not been examined.
Spiral-welded pipes are widely used for long-distance transmission pipelines. These pipes have a demonstrated history of satisfactory service. However, the performance of the spiral pipes under large longitudinal strains is not well understood.
The focus of this paper is the tensile strain capacity of spiral pipes. The crack driving forces of flaws in spiral welds under longitudinal tension strains were analyzed for X80 pipes. Unlike the girth weld flaws which see primarily mode-I crack driving forces, the spiral weld flaws see mode-I and mode III mixed crack driving forces. The mode-I and mode-III driving force components vary with the spiral angles and pressure conditions. It is found that the application of the internal pressure can greatly increase the mode-I component and the total crack driving forces.
A Rational Methodology for Detailed Pipeline Transient Hydraulic Analysis
Authors: Rodriguez Gabriela , Pavel Bogdan 
Published: July 2013

Pressure waves in pipelines develop any time there is a change in fluid velocity. If the change in velocity is large enough, the magnitude of a travelling pressure wave can exceed the Maximum Operating Pressure (MOP) of the piping. It is a violation of the Canadian and US regulations for petroleum pipelines (Canada – CSA Z662 4.18 and United States – ASME B31.4) to operate a pipeline at pressures in excess of 110% MOP even for short periods of time. In order to meet standards and regulations, transient analyses are undertaken to verify whether the pipeline MOP profile is susceptible to overpressures and to recommend solutions for such cases.
This paper presents the results of a working group on developing a standard for the suite of transient scenarios and methodology to be used for detailed transient hydraulic analysis. The work consisted of reviewing and analyzing historical transient studies and, abnormal operating conditions / overpressure events recorded by Control Centre; as well as, incorporating new learning from operational lines.
Methodology standardization focused on four areas: selection of inputs, model scope and criticality of pipeline sections, pipeline initial state, and worst-case upset scenarios. As a result, this paper describes the most prudent approach for each area or step of a pipeline transient analysis; including the evaluation of mitigation options if required. Finally, the use of this methodology is illustrated on a crude oil pipeline.
Assessment of Recent Experimental Data on Collapse Capacity of UOE Pipeline
Authors: Marley Erica , Aamlid Olav , Collberg Leif 
Published: July 2013

Recent developments in the offshore industry are resulting in an increasing demand for deep water pipelines. At greater water depths, the external pressure will be the governing parameter for wall thickness design, and the failure mode is collapse.
DNV’s reliability based standard, DNV-OS-F101, uses the collapse capacity model and corresponding safety factors calibrated in the SUPERB Joint Industry Project, finalized in the mid 1990’s. Since then, a vast amount of research on collapse capacity of deep water pipelines is performed, indicating that it is time to re-visit the design equation and safety factors currently in use.
This paper firstly summarizes the relevant collapse pressure equations for pipeline design. Secondly, the major points related to collapse capacity in SUPERB and DNV-OS-F101 are presented. Furthermore, results from an assessment of newer collapse tests of pipelines are described. Focus is on larger (UOE) pipes with D/t ratios less than 25, corresponding to water depths beyond 1000 m. The test results are compared to the outcome of earlier experimental projects. A difference between older and more recent tests is observed, with the newer having a considerably higher collapse capacity. Finally, a calibration of safety factors is performed, compared to existing factors and discussed.
Current State of Satellite-Based Right of Way Encroachment Monitoring for Mechanical Damage Prevention
Authors: Nickle Randy , Pevarski Rick , Piazza Mark , Rizkalla Moness , Graham Richard , Adlakha Paul 
Published: July 2013

The past decade has seen the continued development and the implementation of satellite-based Right of Way (RoW) encroachment monitoring as an element of the pipeline industry’s toolbox for proactive prevention of mechanical damage.
This paper presents a brief overview of the underlying technology, the current applied capabilities and an illustration of where the technology fits within the industry’s toolbox. The early results of two ongoing studies concerning the implementation of satellite-based RoW encroachment monitoring are discussed. Both studies, sponsored by VUPS and PRCI-Alliance Pipeline respectively, were intended to further advance the technology and its delivery to the industry.
The VUPS-sponsored project demonstrated the feasibility of integrating satellite-based monitoring within the operations of a utility “one call” to deliver the technology’s benefits to several pipeline operators within the project’s area of interest. The PRCI-Alliance Pipeline sponsored study investigated the potential higher resolution detection capabilities of a virtual constellation of satellites.
Together the two studies demonstrate the applicability of the technology for Encroachment Monitoring and the means to deliver its benefits to the pipeline industry.
Paperless Track Inspection Record Keeping and Compliance
Authors: Price Tom , Blair Rick , Roney Michael , Graves Dave , Sharma Shriram , Ozkaya Armagon , Dick Matthew 
Published: July 2013

Traditionally railway track inspections have been recorded on paper. As technology advances, so does the ability to record track inspections utilizing a paperless system. A paperless system allows for many advantages including rapid report generation and oversight to ensure compliance.
This paper briefly reviews the development and use of the Digital Track Notebook paperless track inspection record keeping system. Detailed in the paper is how the system complies with CFR 213.241 Electronic Record Keeping on items such as amending and data retention. Additionally this paper discusses how the system ensures regulatory compliance with Federal Railroad Administration and Transport Canada rules concerning inspection frequency and modes. Lastly, the paper discusses the deployment of the system in Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR).
Duty Cycle and Transport Phenomenon Analysis of Battery Storage System for Hybrid Locomotive Application
Authors: Subhedar Sarang , Majumdar Pradip , Kilaparti Rao , Schroeder David 
Published: July 2013

The interest for developing hybrid electric locomotives consisting of diesel engine, regenerative braking and battery storage is growing due to increased demand and cost of diesel oil, uncertainty in the steady supply of oil, and increased standards for reduced emissions. Electrical energy is lost from electric locomotives in the form of heat during dynamic braking. Routing this energy using a regenerative braking system into battery stacks can improve the overall efficiency as it can be used later to provide traction force during acceleration.
Objective of this study is to perform a feasibility analysis of modes of regenerating the energy developed in the braking and storing the energy in an electric battery storage system for use in railroad locomotive applications. Various road locomotive duty cycles, charge and discharge rates, and environmental conditions have been considered as this is expected to substantially influence the optimal performance and safety of the battery as well as the potential fuel savings that could be realized using a hybrid design. A computational algorithm is developed to determine the amount of energy that can be obtained from regenerative breaking during the run of locomotive and can be stored back into the stack of battery, which can be coupled with diesel engine to save additional consumption of fuel. A combined electrochemical and thermal simulation analysis of several battery configurations using multiphysics simulation code has also been performed in order to understand the thermal management and cooling requirements of the batteries subject to the charging and discharging requirements of a locomotive engine. Such an analysis assists in addressing the key issue of operating the battery at an maximum efficiency level while dissipating any excessive heat generated during the operation, and maintaining the battery at a desired temperature range using a cooling scheme.