bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Wasatī and Salafī Approaches to the Religious Law of Muslim Minorities
Authors: Shavit Uriya 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThe article explores the evolution of competing approaches to the religious law of Muslim minorities (fiqh al-aqalliyyāt al-muslima): the wasatī and the salafī. Both approaches are grounded in a similar triumphalist and revivalist contextualization of Muslim presence in the West. The wasatī approach, led by al-Azhar graduates and Islamist activists, presents two objectives: making the lives of Muslim minorities easier in order to preserve their Islamic identity, and endorsing efforts to Islamize the West. To promote these objectives wasatīs emphasize a systematic search in all four religiolegal schools and beyond them and the liberal application of maslaha (public or individual interest). Some of the results achieved by this methodology demonstrate the potential of maslaha to revise any religious law relating to mu'āmalāt (social transactions). The stricter salafī approach associated with conservative elements in Saudi Arabia's religious establishment emphasizes the concept of al-walā' wa'l-barā' (loyalty and disavowal). Its juristic interpretations are based on opposition to perceived innovations, imitation of infidels and cooperation with them. I examine the two approaches through a systematic analysis of three issues that are central to the religious law of Muslim minorities: non-Muslim holidays, mortgages and service in non-Muslim militaries.
Sub-components of the Rule of Law: Reassessing the Relevance of Diminished Subtypes
Authors: Møller Jørgen , Skaaning Svend-Erik 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
The rule of law research agenda is in many ways still in its infancy. This is reflected, inter alia, in the fact that no attempt has been made to investigate the empirical relationship between sub-components of the rule law. In this article, we set out to make such an appraisal. We take our cue from a recent attempt to get at this relationship with a typology of ‘defective’ subtypes of the rule of law. Insofar as the underlying radial logic characterizes the relationship between constituent units of the rule of law, it would mean that countries tend to be situated in a range of so-called diminished subtypes, i.e., combinations defined by the presence of all attributes save one. The upshot of this is that we cannot simply aggregate the sub-component scores into composite indices. However, our analyses show that the scores on different rule of law attributes are highly correlated and that – if less fine-grained distinctions are used – cases tend to be characterized by either the presence of all attributes, by moderate scores on all attributes, or by severe shortcomings in every regard. These findings can be taken to support, first, that the value of constructing diminished subtypes of the rule of law is limited, and, second, that the creation of composite measures by aggregating across the rule of law subcomponents is not hampered by multidimensionality. At the end of the article, we use the extant literature on democratization and state formation to identify some potential reasons for the high co-variation between rule of law attributes.
Global Exposure and Openness: Comparative Analysis of Japan, South Korea and Taiwan
Authors: Tsai Ming-Chang , Iwai Noriko 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
This empirical study investigates the phenomenon of global mobility and networking at a quotidian level. A typology of global experience is constructed to characterize the qualitative distinctions among individuals’ involvement in global flows. Derived from our understanding of individual border-crossing mobility and transnational relationships, we propose a system of four contrasts: the “global exposed,” “global surfer,” “networked,” and the “local.” Using East Asian Social Survey data, our empirical study compares three Asian countries. It is found that Japan produces more global surfers while Taiwan and South Korea produce more of the global exposed. Locals, however, still account for a large share of the population in all three countries. This study further investigates global exposure as a class-stratified phenomenon by modeling it on various socio-economic variables as well as on speaking English as a form of cultural capital. A multinomial logistic regression analysis shows that the “global exposed” group represents a very select population with rich resources and capital. Despite this notable difference – or perhaps because of it – they, as well as the globally networked, are found to be more likely to accept the increase in foreign workers, imports, and foreign cultural artifacts than are locals and global surfers.
Comparing “Cosmopolitanism”: Taste, Nation and Global Culture in Finland and the UK
Authors: Wright David , Purhonen Semi , Heikkilä Riie 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
This paper adds a comparative perspective to the study of taste, cosmopolitanism and social organisation. Drawing on material provided by two similar projects in the UK and Finland it explores the relationships between national and cosmopolitan taste cultures. Whilst there have been some recent attempts to study taste in a comparative perspective, the weight of sociological inquiry into taste is focussed on specific national spaces, including the France of Bourdieu’s (1984) seminal contribution. This tendency persists even as the production and circulation of culture is increasingly accepted as global. Global culture is assumed to be the driver of cosmopolitan ways of being, but is also interpreted as a threat to distinct national cultures. Studies of taste provide an empirical setting where the lived experience of global culture and the ambiguities of cosmopolitanism can be observed. Based on interviews and focus group discussions from the UK and Finland, the paper broadly concurs with those critics who see cosmopolitanism in the context of the maintenance of privileged political or symbolic positions of classes/status groups.
Interdecadal Connection between Arctic Temperature and Summer Precipitation over the Yangtze River Valley in the CMIP5 Historical Simulations
Authors: Li Yuefeng , Leung L. Ruby , Xiao Ziniu , Wei Min , Li Qingquan 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThis study assesses the ability of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 5 (CMIP5) simulations in capturing the interdecadal precipitation enhancement over the Yangtze River valley (YRV) and investigates the contributions of Arctic temperature and mid- to high-latitude warming to the interdecadal variability of the East Asian summer monsoon rainfall. Six CMIP5 historical simulations including models from the Canadian Centre for Climate Modeling and Analysis (CCCma), the Beijing Climate Center, the Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, the Meteorological Research Institute, the Met Office Hadley Centre, and NCAR are used. The NCEP–NCAR reanalysis and observed precipitation are also used for comparison. Among the six CMIP5 simulations, only CCCma can approximately simulate the enhancement of interdecadal summer precipitation over the YRV in 1990–2005 relative to 1960–75; the various relationships between the summer precipitation and surface temperature (Ts), 850-hPa winds, and 500-hPa height field (H500); and the relationships between Ts and H500 determined using regression, correlation, and singular value decomposition (SVD) analyses. It is found that CCCma can reasonably simulate the interdecadal surface warming over the boreal mid- to high latitudes in winter, spring, and summer. The summer Baikal blocking anomaly is postulated to be the bridge that links the winter and spring surface warming over the mid- to high latitude and Arctic with the enhancement of summer precipitation over the YRV. Models that missed some or all of these relationships found in CCCma and the reanalysis failed to simulate the interdecadal enhancement of precipitation over the YRV. This points to the importance of Arctic and mid- to high-latitude processes on the interdecadal variability of the East Asian summer monsoon and the challenge for global climate models to correctly simulate the linkages.
Diagnostic Computation of Moisture Budgets in the ERA-Interim Reanalysis with Reference to Analysis of CMIP-Archived Atmospheric Model Data*
Authors: Seager Richard , Henderson Naomi 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThe diagnostic evaluation of moisture budgets in archived atmosphere model data is examined. Sources of error in diagnostic computation can arise from the use of numerical methods different from those used in the atmosphere model, the time and vertical resolution of the archived data, and data availability. These sources of error are assessed using the climatological moisture balance in the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts Interim Re-Analysis (ERA-Interim) that archives vertically integrated moisture fluxes and convergence. The largest single source of error arises from the diagnostic evaluation of divergence. The chosen second-order accurate centered finite difference scheme applied to the actual vertically integrated moisture fluxes leads to significant differences from the ERA-Interim reported moisture convergence. Using daily data, instead of 6-hourly data, leads to an underestimation of the patterns of moisture divergence and convergence by midlatitude transient eddies. A larger and more widespread error occurs when the vertical resolution of the model data is reduced to the 8 levels that is quite common for daily data archived for the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP). Dividing moisture divergence into components due to the divergent flow and advection requires bringing the divergence operator inside the vertical integral, which introduces a surface term for which a means of accurate evaluation is developed. The analysis of errors is extended to the case of the spring 1993 Mississippi valley floods, the causes of which are discussed. For future archiving of data (e.g., by CMIP), it is recommended that monthly means of time-step-resolution flow–humidity covariances be archived at high vertical resolution.
Examining Rapid Onset Drought Development Using the Thermal Infrared–Based Evaporative Stress Index
Authors: Otkin Jason A. , Anderson Martha C. , Hain Christopher , Mladenova Iliana E. , Basara Jeffrey B. , Svoboda Mark 
Published: May 2013

AbstractReliable indicators of rapid drought onset can help to improve the effectiveness of drought early warning systems. In this study, the evaporative stress index (ESI), which uses remotely sensed thermal infrared imagery to estimate evapotranspiration (ET), is compared to drought classifications in the U.S. Drought Monitor (USDM) and standard precipitation-based drought indicators for several cases of rapid drought development that have occurred across the United States in recent years. Analysis of meteorological time series from the North American Regional Reanalysis indicates that these events are typically characterized by warm air temperature and low cloud cover anomalies, often with high winds and dewpoint depressions that serve to hasten evaporative depletion of soil moisture reserves. Standardized change anomalies depicting the rate at which various multiweek ESI composites changed over different time intervals are computed to more easily identify areas experiencing rapid changes in ET. Overall, the results demonstrate that ESI change anomalies can provide early warning of incipient drought impacts on agricultural systems, as indicated in crop condition reports collected by the National Agricultural Statistics Service. In each case examined, large negative change anomalies indicative of rapidly drying conditions were either coincident with the introduction of drought in the USDM or lead the USDM drought depiction by several weeks, depending on which ESI composite and time-differencing interval was used. Incorporation of the ESI as a data layer used in the construction of the USDM may improve timely depictions of moisture conditions and vegetation stress associated with flash drought events.
A High-Volume Cryosampler and Sample Purification System for Bromine Isotope Studies of Methyl Bromide*
Authors: Thornton Brett F. , Horst Axel , Carrizo Daniel , Holmstrand Henry , Andersson Per , Crill Patrick M. , Gustafsson Örjan 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
A system was developed for collecting from the ambient atmosphere the methyl halides CH3Cl and CH3Br in quantities sufficient for chlorine and bromine isotope analysis. The construction and operation of the novel cryogenic collection system (cryosampler) and sample purification system developed for this task are described. This study demonstrates the capability of the cryosampler by quantifying the CH3Cl and CH3Br collected from atmospheric samples and the nonfractionating bromine isotope fingerprint of CH3Br from synthetic air samples of controlled composition. An optimized cryosampler operation time of 4 h at a flow rate of 15 L min−1 is applied to yield the nearly 40 ng required for subsequent δ81Br-CH3Br analyses. The sample purification system is designed around a packed column gas chromatography–quadropole–mass spectrometry (GCqMS) system with three additional cryotraps and backflushing capacity. The system's suitability was tested by observing both the mass recovery and the lack of Δ81Br isotope fractionation induced during sample purification under varying flow rates and loading scenarios. To demonstrate that the entire system samples and dependably delivers CH3Br to the isotope analysis system without inducing isotope fractionation, diluted synthetic air mixtures prepared from standard gases were processed through the entire system, yielding a Δ81Br-CH3Br of +0.03‰ ± 0.10‰ relative to their starting composition. Finally, the combined cryosampler–purification and analysis system was applied to demonstrate the first-ever δ81Br-CH3Br in the ambient atmosphere with two samples collected in the autumn of 2011, yielding −0.08‰ ± 0.43‰ and +1.75‰ ± 0.13‰ versus standard mean ocean bromide for samples collected at a suburban Stockholm, Sweden, site.
Correlation between rheological and dielectric percolation of conductive carbon black-filled ethylene acrylic elastomer
Authors: Sahoo Bibhu Prasad , Naskar Kinsuk , Tripathy Deba K 
Published: May 2013

Conductive rubber composites based on ethylene acrylic elastomer (AEM) and conductive carbon black (CCB) were prepared by a two-roll mixing mill. From the transmission electron microscope photomicrographs, the uniform distribution of CCB aggregates and the interconnected CCB aggregates in the AEM matrix were observed. The bound rubber content of unvulcanized rubber was found to increase significantly with increasing CCB content. The effect of CCB concentration on the dynamic viscoelastic properties of AEM matrix was determined using a Rubber Process Analyzer (RPA 2000) in terms of strain sweep and frequency sweep of both uncured and cured AEM/CCB systems. The storage modulus ( G′) increased with an increase in CCB loading. In the case of strain sweep, the G′ values decreased with strain amplitude for both the systems, but the G′ was more for cross-linked AEM/CCB systems. The strain dependency of G′ for CCB-filled AEM systems can be explained on the basis of the Payne effect. The complex viscosity ( η*) of these systems increased with CCB loading, and it decreased with strain amplitude, which is due to the shear thinning effect. The tan δ for unvulcanized and vulcanized systems increased with the strain; however, the value of tan δ was <1 throughout the experimental strain range, which explains the elastic nature of the cured systems. The G′ increased with angular frequency for both the systems and the tan δ became independent upon the angular frequency after 10 Hz. The alternating current conductivity ( σAC) increased with an increase in CCB loading at all frequencies and the system achieves the percolation at 20 phr CCB loading, which is in accordance with the rheological percolation. The direct current conductivity (σDC) also increased with an increase in CCB concentration.
Local hemodynamic disturbance accelerates early thrombosis of small-caliber expanded polytetrafluoroethylene grafts
Authors: Lu S , Sun X , Zhang P , Yang L , Gong F , Wang C 
Published: May 2013

Objective: Small-caliber expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE) grafts cannot be used widely in the clinical situation because of early thrombosis and occlusion. This unsolved and under-recognized problem warrants further investigation. Methods: Grafts of uncoated ePTFE (n = 6) and anti-CD34-coated ePTFE (n = 6) were implanted unilaterally into the carotid artery in 12 domestic pigs. Ultrasonography was used to test the proximal and distal anastomotic stoma morphology, diameters and blood velocities. A thrombosis instrument was used to examine the blood coagulation state. After seven days, the pigs were sacrificed and the implanted grafts were excised for general and histological analysis. Computational fluid dynamics was used to investigate the blood flow fields of the implanted grafts and to calculate parameters that might be indicative of thrombosis. Results: Thrombosis was detected in 10 of 12 (83.3%) implanted ePTFE grafts, 5 in uncoated grafts and 5 in anti-CD34-coated grafts. Endothelial cell coverage was observed in both uncoated and anti-CD34-coated grafts. No obvious abnormalities in anastomotic stoma or blood coagulation state were observed. Computer-based local hemodynamic simulation showed the low flexibility of synthetic ePTFE grafts caused obvious coarctation. Local wall pressure, velocity and wall shear stress were much higher than in the contralateral normal vessel. Conclusions: The patency of small-caliber ePTFE grafts for clinical use is impaired by early thrombosis due to mixed causes. Local hemodynamic disturbance was the most powerful predictor of early thrombosis. Decreasing local hemodynamic disturbance, improving the quality of anastomotic stoma, selecting reasonable anticoagulation strategies and promoting rapid endothelialization may increase the long-term patency of small-caliber vascular grafts.
Priorities for treatment, care and information if faced with serious illness: A comparative population-based survey in seven European countries
Authors: Higginson Irene J , Gomes Barbara , Calanzani Natalia , Gao Wei , Bausewein Claudia , Daveson Barbara A , Deliens Luc , Ferreira Pedro L , Toscani Franco , Gysels Marjolein , Ceulemans Lucas , Simon Steffen T , Cohen Joachim , Harding Richard ,   on behalf of Project PRISMA
Published: May 2013

Background: Health-care costs are growing, with little population-based data about people’s priorities for end-of-life care, to guide service development and aid discussions. Aim: We examined variations in people’s priorities for treatment, care and information across seven European countries. Design: Telephone survey of a random sample of households; we asked respondents their priorities if ‘faced with a serious illness, like cancer, with limited time to live’ and used multivariable logistic regressions to identify associated factors. Setting/participants: Members of the general public aged ≥16 years residing in England, Flanders, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Portugal and Spain. Results: In total, 9344 individuals were interviewed. Most people chose ‘improve quality of life for the time they had left’, ranging from 57% (95% confidence interval: 55%–60%, Italy) to 81% (95% confidence interval: 79%–83%, Spain). Only 2% (95% confidence interval: 1%–3%, England) to 6% (95% confidence interval: 4%–7%, Flanders) said extending life was most important, and 15% (95% confidence interval: 13%–17%, Spain) to 40% (95% confidence interval: 37%–43%, Italy) said quality and extension were equally important. Prioritising quality of life was associated with higher education in all countries (odds ratio = 1.3 (Flanders) to 7.9 (Italy)), experience of caregiving or bereavement (England, Germany, Portugal), prioritising pain/symptom control over having a positive attitude and preferring death in a hospice/palliative care unit. Those prioritising extending life had the highest home death preference of all groups. Health status did not affect priorities. Conclusions: Across all countries, extending life was prioritised by a minority, regardless of health status. Treatment and care needs to be reoriented with patient education and palliative care becoming mainstream for serious conditions such as cancer.
Impact of slice thickness on semi-automated measurements for volume and whole-tumor attenuation of colorectal hepatic metastases in multislice computed tomography
Authors: Rao Sheng-Xiang , Meng Tao , Zhang Li-Jun , Zeng Meng-Su 
Published: May 2013

Background Volumetric and whole-tumor attenuation assessment of tumor are of value in assessment of treatment. Purpose To assess the impact of slice thickness on semi-automatic analyses (volume, whole-tumor attenuation) for small colorectal hepatic metastases. Material and Methods Computed tomography (CT) data of patients with colorectal hepatic metastases at 1.5-, 3-, and 5-mm slice thickness were semi-automatically evaluated for volume and whole-tumor attenuation by two radiologists independently. Statistical analysis included paired samples t-test and concordance correlation coefficient (CCC) analysis according to the longest axial tumor diameter (10–20 mm, 20–30 mm, 30–40 mm). Results A total of 62 patients (32 men and 30 women) with 62 target tumors were included. The mean volume was significantly higher at 3- and 5-mm slice thicknesses in comparison with the reference (1.5 mm) for the target tumors between 10 mm and 20 mm ( P = 0.0295, CCC = 0.9394 for 3 mm; P = 0.0029, CCC = 0.5129 for 5 mm, respectively) and at 5 mm slice thickness for the target tumors between 20 mm and 30 mm ( P = 0.0071, CCC = 0.9102). For whole-tumor attenuation measurements, the significant difference was only seen at 5-mm slice thicknesses in comparison with the reference (1.5 mm) for the target tumors between 10 and 20 mm ( P = 0.0015, CCC = 0.9389). Conclusion Slice thickness of 1.5 mm might be suggested for semi-automated volumetric measurements, and slice thickness of no more than 3 mm for whole-tumor CT attenuation in hepatic metastasis between 10 mm and 20 mm.
A case of cluster headache treated with rotigotine: Clinical and neurophysiological correlates
Authors: Di Lorenzo Cherubino , Coppola Gianluca , Pierelli Francesco 
Published: May 2013

Background Chronic cluster headache (CCH) is characterized by recurrent bouts of facial pain lasting up to 180 minutes in the absence of a long remission period. Case We report the case of a 43-year-old male patient with treatment-resistant CCH, who improved with administration of transdermal rotigotine. We also evaluated the nociceptive blink reflex habituation that was reduced before the treatment (as is usual in CH patients) and normalized by transdermal rotigotine. Conclusions We suggest that rotigotine could represent a further therapeutic option in the treatment of drug-resistant CCH.