bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
EPSAS and the Unification of Public Sector Accounting Across Europe
Authors: Mussari Riccardo 
Published: October 2014

AbstractIn March 2013, the EC started a project aimed at harmonizing accrual-based public sector accounting systems through a set of harmonized accrual-based public sector accounting standards. The entire project is based on the assumption that the “superiority of the accruals principle, whether for macro or micro fiscal monitoring, is indisputable” (
One-step processes for in situ transesterification to biodiesel and lutein extraction from microalgae Phaeodactylum using instant controlled pressure drop (DIC)
Authors: Kamal Ibtisam , Besombes Colette , Allaf Karim 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
A one-step biodiesel fabrication in situ transesterification (ISTE) process and a value adding to residual material through lutein extraction were defined in the case of microalgae Phaeodactylum. This work aims at intensifying these two processes, thus reducing energy consumption and manufacturing cost, using the well-known instant controlled pressure drop (DIC) as a thermomechanical pretreatment. A two factor central composite design (12 samples) was used to optimize DIC processing parameters, which were the saturated steam pressure and heating time. The responses (dependent variables) were defined from the lipid extraction, the ISTE and the lutein extraction. Lipids and biodiesel, the mono-alkyl fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) were isolated and analyzed using an Iatroscan Thin-layer chromatography (TLC)-flame ionization detector (FID) instrument. Lutein extraction utilized an alcoholic mixture. The isolated lutein was identified by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The overall results confirmed the importance of these DIC parameters and that the saturated steam pressure was the most significant parameter. Under optimized conditions, it led to an increase of about 27% in total lipids and more than 75% in FAMEs yield, as well as twice more lutein extractability, both compared with the untreated raw material.
Synergetic Effects of Pulsed Electric Field and Ozone Treatments on the Degradation of High Molecular Weight Chitosan
Authors: Dan Guo , Zhang Zhi Hong , Zeng Xin An , Han Zhong , Luo Wen Bo , Tang Chao , Quek Siew Young 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
A synergetic method integrating both pulsed electric field (PEF) and ozone treatment was developed as a novel approach to investigate the degradation of high molecular weight chitosan (M
w=4.5×105 Da). A device integrating both components was designed and assembled for the experiments. Results showed that the highest degradation percentage of chitosan was achieved with PEF/ozone co-treatment generated at experimental conditions of 1.2 L/min of ozone flow rate, 100 mL/min of 0.6% (w/v) chitosan solution flow rate, and 26.7 kV/cm of PEF intensity. The degradation percentage after 60 min PEF treatment was 24.89%, whereas it was improved to 94.89% by ozone treatment for 60 min. Combining the two treatments resulted in enhanced degradation percentage of 99.56%, with low molecular weights sample (M
w<2,500 Da) obtained. FTIR analysis demonstrated that the amide structure of the degradation products was minimally affected by the co-treatment. XRD pattern indicated that the crystallinity of the degradation products decreased. In addition, it could complete dissolve in water after 60 min PEF/ozone co-treatment. These results demonstrated the synergetic PEF/ozone co-treatment as an effective method for degradation of high molecular weight chitosan.
Evaluation of a novel skin tone meter and the correlation between Fitzpatrick skin type and skin color
Authors: Ash Caerwyn , Town Godfrey , Bjerring Peter , Webster Samuel 
Published: October 2014

AbstractBackground and objective:To evaluate a novel skin tone meter (STM) to categorize skin tones into one of the six categories of the Fitzpatrick skin type (FST) classification system, thus optimizing safety in light-based dermatological procedures. This numerical classification method measures several components; principally the reaction of human skin to ultraviolet (UV) light exposure, which is used to help predict skin response in laser and intense pulsed light (IPL) treatments.Materials and methods:Two-hundred twenty volunteers of varying ethnic origin, age and gender were enrolled in a preliminary study. The subjects’ Fitzpatrick skin type was ascertained by a standardized questionnaire that determined their reaction to significant sunlight exposure. A calibrated prototype STM device (consisting of an optical head at 460 nm, detector, microprocessor, and a liquid crystal display) was used to measure the subjects’ inner arm skin; which typically has little UV exposure and minimal hair, and compared the obtained value with measurements taken from a skin color chart and digital photographs. To evaluate device performance (within subject) across different skin states, a section of skin from the inner arm of a sub-group of eight volunteers was marked into test areas using a template. The skin in each area was then prepared (Results:There was a consistent trend between the STM prototype and the assessed skin tone derived from a proprietary skin color chart against the measurement on skin across a range of skin conditions.Conclusion:The presented preliminary study demonstrated the subjective nature of the FST classification system and the weakness of skin tone self-assessment by an individual, as judged by expert assessors. The FST classification requires an objective measurement to replace the textual description for each skin tone. It may significantly decrease the risk of potential side effects through overtreatment, and extend treatment to a wider patient population with light-based dermatological procedures.
Thermal, mechanical and tribological properties of polyamide 6 matrix composites containing different carbon nanofillers
Authors: Khun Nay Win , Feng Cheng Henry Kuo , Li Lin , Liu Erjia 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
Polyamide 6 (PA6) matrix composites were prepared by incorporating multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) or by co-incorporating MWCNTs and carbon black (CB) of different contents. The thermal, mechanical and tribological properties of the composites were investigated using thermogravimetric analysis, nano-indentation, ball-on-disc micro-tribological test and micro-scratch test. It was found that a proper carbon filler content in the composites promoted the thermal stability of the composites, but an excessive loading of carbon fillers degraded the thermal stability of the composites. Although the hardness of the composites decreased with increased carbon filler content, the composites filled with mixed MWCNTs and CB had a higher load bearing capacity than the ones without CB. The tribological results indicated that the increased carbon filler content apparently lowered the friction coefficient of the composites due to the lubricating effect of the carbon fillers. It was also observed that the friction coefficients of the PA6-MWCNT-CB composites were consistently higher than those of the PA6-MWCNT composites due to the lower wear resistance of the PA6-MWCNT-CB composites. The scratch resistance of the composites decreased with increased carbon filler content due to the reduced cohesive strength of the composites.
Mechanical properties of PVDF-coated fabric under tensile tests
Authors: Ambroziak Andrzej 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
This article describes the laboratory tests necessary to identify the mechanical properties of the polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF)-coated fabrics named Precontraint 1202S and Precontraint 1302S. First, a short survey of the literature concerning the description of coated woven fabrics is presented. Second, the material parameters for PVDF-coated fabrics are specified on the basis of biaxial tensile tests. A comparison of the 1:1 biaxial and the uniaxial tensile tests results is also given. Additionally, biaxial cyclic tests were performed to observe the change of immediate mechanical properties under cyclic load. The article is aimed as an introduction to a comprehensive investigation of the mechanical properties of coated fabrics.
NMDA receptor activity determines neuronal fate: location or number?
Authors: Zhou Xianju , Chen Zhouyou , Yun Wenwei , Wang Hongbing 
Published: October 2014

AbstractIt is widely believed that the proper activation of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors (NMDARs) promotes neuronal survival, whereas an excessive activation of NMDARs leads to neuronal damage. NMDARs are found at both synaptic and extrasynaptic sites. One current prevailing theory proposes the dichotomy of NMDAR activity. The role of the two population receptors is mutual antagonism. The activation of synaptic NMDARs, such as synaptic activity at physiological levels, promotes neuronal survival. However, the activation of extrasynaptic NMDARs occurring during stroke, brain injury, and chronic neurological diseases contributes to neuronal death. Thus, the location of NMDARs determines the neuronal fate. However, the theory is greatly challenged. Several studies suggested that synaptic NMDARs are involved in neuronal death. Recently, our work further showed that the coactivation of synaptic and extrasynaptic NMDARs contributes to neuronal death under neuronal insults. Therefore, we propose that the magnitude and duration of NMDAR activation determines the neuronal fate. More interestingly, there appears to be some subtle differences in the affinity between synaptic and extrasynaptic NMDARs, shedding light on the development of selective drugs to block extrasynaptic NMDARs.
Robust methods to detect disease-genotype association in genetic association studies: calculate p-values using exact conditional enumeration instead of simulated permutations or asymptotic approximations
Authors: Langaas Mette , Bakke Øyvind 
Published: October 2014

AbstractIn genetic association studies, detecting disease-genotype association is a primary goal. We study seven robust test statistics for such association when the underlying genetic model is unknown, for data on disease status (case or control) and genotype (three genotypes of a biallelic genetic marker). In such studies,
Die Richtlinie über Wohnimmobilienkreditverträge für Verbraucher
Authors: Schürnbrand Jan 
Published: October 2014

Zusammenfassung
Grundpfandrechtlich gesicherte Darlehensverträge weisen rechtstatsächlich gewichtige Besonderheiten auf und sind daher vom Anwendungsbereich der allgemeinen Verbraucherkreditrichtlinie ausgenommen. Zur Schließung der dadurch verbliebenen Lücke wurde am 4. 2. 2014 die Richtlinie über Wohnimmobilienkreditverträge verabschiedet. Der folgende Beitrag analysiert Hintergrund und Inhalt dieses Rechtsakts, der im Vergleich zur Verbraucherkreditrichtlinie bemerkenswerte Kontinuitäten wie Diskontinuitäten aufweist.
Das Verbot von Eigengeschäften für Banken – eine rechtsvergleichende Analyse
Authors: Kumpan Christoph 
Published: October 2014

Zusammenfassung
Der Beitrag unterzieht die neuen Regelungen im KWG über das Verbot von Eigengeschäften und von Kredit- und Garantiegeschäften mit Hedgefonds einer kritischen Analyse. Dabei werden die neuen Abschirmungsbestimmungen im Vereinigten Königreich und die US-amerikanische Volcker Rule mit den sie konkretisierenden Ausführungsbestimmungen, die vor kurzem veröffentlicht wurden, sowie der entsprechende Vorschlag der Europäischen Kommission rechtsvergleichend in den Blick genommen. Die Ausführungen zeigen, dass die Argumente für die Abtrennung des Eigengeschäfts bzw. für ein Verbot von Eigengeschäften nicht ausreichen. Sieht man aber dennoch ein Verbot bzw. eine Abtrennung von Eigengeschäften als notwendig an, so ist die gegenwärtige Regelung in Deutschland unbefriedigend. Zum einen sind die US-amerikanischen und englischen Regelungen von ihrer generellen Konzeption her überzeugender. Zum anderen ergeben sich bei den neuen deutschen Regelungen – ebenso wie auch bei den neuen US-amerikanischen Vorschriften – erhebliche Abgrenzungsschwierigkeiten und Unklarheiten.
5 Jahre Zahlungsdiensteaufsichtsgesetz – Reform der Zahlungsdiensterichtlinie
Authors: Terlau Matthias 
Published: October 2014

Zusammenfassung
Der nachfolgende Beitrag befasst sich aus Anlass des fünfjährigen Bestehens des ZAG und vor dem Hintergrund der gegenwärtigen europäischen Reformbestrebungen mit dessen Anwendungsbereich. Dabei steht im Fokus die Reichweite der beiden Ausnahmebestimmungen des Handelsvertreters und des beschränkten Netzes.
The Use of Sequential Extraction for Assessing Environmental Risks of Waste Incineration Bottom Ash/Wykorzystanie Ekstrakcji Sekwencyjnej Do Oceny Zagrożeń Dla Środowiska Powodowanych Przez Żużle I Popioły Z
Authors: Wielgosiński Grzegorz , Wasiak Dorota , Zawadzka Alicja 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
Thermal treatment of waste is one of the ways of their processing. It is commonly used in most developed countries of the European Union. Major by-products of the combustion processes are slag and bottom ash. In the majority of EU countries bottom ash and slag are used as a priming for road construction. In Poland slag and bottom ash from incineration process are stabilized with the addition of cement and some polymers and are landfilled as wastes. In accordance to Polish law, depending on the leaching of heavy metals from fly ash and slag after thermal treatment of waste can be regarded as both hazardous and non-hazardous wastes. At present work sequential extraction methods described in the literature: Tessier’s method, van Herck’s method and BCR method were compared experimentally with the results of using Swiss standard TVA.SA.1991 and European standard EN 12457 and total concentration of metals in sample analyzed after complete digestion of sample. The study sample was bottom ash from the medical waste incineration plant.
Influence of Microwave Pre-Treatment on the Digestion and Higienisation of Waste Activated Sludge/Wpływ Dezintegracji Mikrofalowej Na Proces Fermentacji Oraz Higienizacji Nadmiernych Osadów Ściekowych
Authors: Bohdziewicz Jolanta , Kuglarz Mariusz , Grűbel Klaudiusz 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
The article presents the results of determining the most appropriate conditions of microwave sludge pre-treatment (500-1200 W), prior to its anaerobic digestion in a continuous mode. The assessment of the pre-treatment conditions (microwave power, sludge temperature after pre-treatment) was based on: the release of organic (COD, protein) and inorganic (NH4
+, PO4
3-) substances into liquid, the quantity of methane produced, sludge higienisation and the susceptibility of the pre-treated sludge to dewatering. The power of the microwaves applied did not play significant role on the pre-treatment effectiveness. Taking into account the fact that sludge pre-treatment by microwave irradiation requires the delivery of energy, the pre-treatment by microwaves of higher power (1200 W) and resulting in sludge temperature of 70°C was recommended for further experiments. Sludge pre-treatment by means of microwave irradiation as a pre-treatment step influenced the effectiveness of the subsequent anaerobic digestion, conducted in continuous conditions, in a positive way. The largest amount of biogas was obtained for HRT in the range of 15-20 days. As compared to the sludge which did not undergo pre-treatment, daily biogas production and biogas yield increased by 18-41% and 13-35% respectively. The combination of microwave pre-treatment and mesophilic anaerobic digestion ensured the elimination of pathogens (Salmonella spp., Escherichia coli).
The Impact of Combustion Technology of Sewage Sludge on Mobility of Heavy Metals in Sewage Sludge Ash/Wpływ Technologii Spalania Komunalnych Osadów Ściekowych Na Mobilność Metali Ciężkich Z Popiołów
Authors: Latosińska Jolanta , Gawdzik Jarosław 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
Sewage sludge ashes from grate furnace and fluidized bed furnace were used in this research. This research was carried out to investigate the impact of combustion technology on sewage sludge speciation of heavy metals from sewage sludge ash. This was achieved by conducting a sequential chemical extraction procedure Community Bureau Reference (BCR). This study indicated that heavy metals in sewage sludge ash were dominant in immobile fractions. Moreover, it was stated that the combustion technology of sewage sludge did not have a significant influence on the mobility of heavy metals in ashes
Quantity and Quality of Organic Matter in Soil after Application of Various Organic Materials/Ilość I Jakość Materii Organicznej W Glebie Po Aplikacji Różnych Materiałów Organicznych
Authors: Gondek Krzysztof , Mierzwa Monika 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
Organic carbon concentrations in soil, irrespective of the year of research increased significantly after application of organic materials for the soil fertilization in comparison with the soil from the NPK mineral treatment. The content of low molecular humus compounds extracted from soil using H2SO4 solution was small, regardless of the applied fertilization or year of research. However, after the third year of research a significant increase in this humus fraction content was noted in soil of all treatments where fertilization was applied. After the third year of research, carbon content in alkaline extract rose significantly in soil of all treatments where fertilization with organic materials was applied, in comparison with the soil from mineral NPK treatment. The content of humic acid carbon in soil was lower than fulvic acid carbon, which resulted in lower than one values of Cha : Cfa ratio. However, obtained results point to marked increase in both humus fractions in results of residual effect of applied fertilization. Residual effect of applied fertilization apparently increased the value of absorbance coefficient A4/6, which points to a decreased degree of condensation of humic acid molecule and greater aliphatisation.
Effect of Manganese Nutrition on Content of Nutrient and Yield of Lettuce (Lactuca Sativa L.) in Hydroponic/Wpływ Żywienia Manganem Na Zawartość Składników I Plonowanie Sałaty (Lactuca Sativa L.) W Hydroponice
Authors: Kleiber Tomasz 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
The aim of conducted studies was estimation of increase manganese nutrition on content of nutrient and yielding of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) in hydroponic cultivation. Plants were grown in rockwool using closed system fertigation with recirculation of nutrient solution. In experiment were used nutrient solution with following nutrient contents [mg·dm-3]: N-NH4 < 10, N-NO3 150, P-PO4 50, K 150, Ca 150, Mg 50, Fe 3.00, Zn 0.44, Cu 0.03, B 0.011, pH 5.50, EC 1.8 mS·cm-1. It was studied the following manganese concentrations in nutrient solution (in [mg・dm-3]): 0.5, 4.8, 9.6, 19.2 (described as Mn-I, Mn-II, Mn-III and Mn-IV). It was found a significant influence of increasing manganese concentration applied in fertigation on the content of: N, K (for Mn-IV); P, Fe, Cu (for Mn-III and Mn-IV); Mg, Zn (for Mn-II to Mn-IV) in aboveground parts of lettuce. It was no differences in case of calcium and sodium content. Increasing concentration of manganese used to fertigation significantly influenced the content of Mn in plants. Manganese also affected on the SPAD measurement (decreasing at Mn-IV) and yielding of the plants (decreasing for Mn-II to Mn-IV comparing with Mn-I).
Inconsistencies of the Evaluation of Home Advantage in Sports Competitions Under the Three Points Per Victory System
Authors: García Miguel Saavedra , Aguilar Óscar Gutiérrez , Fernández Romero Juan J. 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
A recent letter sent to the Journal of Human Kinetics’ editor (Gómez & Pollard, 2014) warned about a supposed methodology error in the calculation of home advantage in football leagues used in Saavedra et al. (2013) and took the liberty of modifying the research’s data. The aim of this letter is to demonstrate that the evaluation system of the home advantage proposed by Pollard (1986) contains serious inconsistencies when applied to competitions which give three points for a win and one point for a draw, as it is the case of the UEFA football leagues in the 21th century
The Backstroke Swimming Start: State of the Art
Authors: de Jesus Karla , de Jesus Kelly , Fernandes Ricardo J. , Vilas-Boas João Paulo , Sanders Ross 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
As sprint swimming events can be decided by margins as small as .01 s, thus, an effective start is essential. This study reviews and discusses the ‘state of the art’ literature regarding backstroke start biomechanics from 23 documents. These included two swimming specific publications, eight peer-reviewed journal articles, three from the Biomechanics and Medicine in Swimming Congress series, eight from the International Society of Biomechanics in Sports Conference Proceedings, one from a Biomechanics Congress and one academic (PhD) thesis. The studies had diverse aims, including swimmers’ proficiency levels and data collection settings. There was no single consensus for defining phase descriptions; and kinematics, kinetics and EMG approaches were implemented in laboratory settings. However, researchers face great challenges in improving methods of quantifying valid, reliable and accurate data between laboratory and competition conditions. For example, starting time was defined from the starting signal to distances as disparate as ~5 m to 22.86 m in several studies. Due to recent rule changes, some of the research outcomes now refer to obsolete backstroke start techniques, and only a few studies considered the actual international rules. This literature review indicated that further research is required, in both laboratory and competition settings focusing on the combined influences of the current rules and block configuration on backstroke starting performances
Shoulder Rotator Muscle Dynamometry Characteristics: Side Asymmetry and Correlations with Ball-Throwing Speed in Adolescent Handball Players
Authors: Pontaga Inese , Zidens Janis 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
The aim of the investigation was to: 1) compare shoulder external/internal rotator muscles’ peak torques and average power values and their ratios in the dominant and non-dominant arm; 2) determine correlations between shoulder rotator muscles’ peak torques, average power and ball-throwing speed in handball players. Fourteen 14 to 15- year-old male athletes with injury-free shoulders participated in the study (body height: 176 ± 7 cm, body mass 63 ± 9 kg). The tests were carried out by an isokinetic dynamometer system in the shoulder internal and external rotation movements at angular velocities of 60°/s, 90°/s and 240°/s during concentric contractions. The eccentric external- concentric internal rotator muscle contractions were performed at the velocity of 90°/s. The player threw a ball at maximal speed keeping both feet on the floor. The speed was recorded with reflected light rays. Training in handball does not cause significant side asymmetry in shoulder external/internal rotator muscle peak torques or the average power ratio. Positive correlations between isokinetic characteristics of the shoulder internal and external rotator muscles and ball-throwing speed were determined. The power produced by internal rotator muscles during concentric contractions after eccentric contractions of external rotator muscles was significantly greater in the dominant than in the non-dominant arm. Thus, it may be concluded that the shoulder eccentric external/concentric internal rotator muscle power ratio is significantly greater than this ratio in the concentric contractions of these muscles