bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Consumption in the United States
Authors: Stein Michael K. 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
Consumption in the United States refers to the material and symbolic importance of consuming goods and services for the economy and the identity of the United States. This contemporary meaning has two important features. The first is the central role that the consuming of goods, increasingly purchased with credit, plays in the American economy. The second feature is the ideology of consumerism and the cultivation of the consumer as a political, social, and economic category or subject. These two features have, significantly, developed in the postwar period and remain central to understandings of the American way of life today. The American dream reflects these features and projects a vision of the good life that is attainable by those who are willing to work hard in a land of opportunity. In addition, consumer choice is seen as an important dimension of personal freedom and political claims on the right and left of the political spectrum evoke consumer choice as an important value. Practices of consumption are therefore important sites for the production of social meaning and serve as markers of status and as venues for self‐creation.
Consumption and Identity
Authors: Munro Rolland 
Published: March 2015

Abstract

The subject of identity concerns the interpretation of our
relations
with each other and with the world. Critically, the topic revolves around ways in which significant others settle questions about who we are. Where we hang out, with whom we affiliate, what we do, and what we buy are all grist to the mill of others “placing” us within the widest possible range of membership categories. While, historically, the topic was oriented toward notions of unity and belonging, tying collectivities (or groups) to
place
, the contemporary turn is to deploy people's
consumption
to read off how we can be “figured” by others in our day‐to‐day conduct. Hence more modern meanings extend to cover a more individuating politics of identity that requires us to perform our relations in ways that make us “visible and available” to those with influence and power.
Coolhunting
Authors: Coulter Natalie 
Published: March 2015

Abstract

“Coolhunting” is a term coined within the circles of marketing which was brought to the attention of the public in 1997 by
New Yorker
journalist Malcolm Gladwell. Coolhunters are marketing professionals who “hunt” the streets to determine what is “cool” and then define it, interpret it, repackage it, and sell their knowledge of cool to corporations who try to leverage this knowledge in the marketplace. Coolhunting is different from traditional forms of market research, as its basis is to mine information only from those whom the coolhunter deems to be cool.
Debord, Guy
Authors: Redmon David 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
Situationist Internationale extended the French avant garde social movement by showing that the spectacle had replaced the commodity as the dominating mode of social life. Guy Debord (1931–94) was perhaps the foremost thinker in this group of French intellectuals. Dadaism, surrealism, and the writings of sociologist Henri Lefebvre all influenced Debord, although there is evidence of persistent tension between Lefebvre and Debord, who disagreed over the authorship of key concepts. Unlike Lefebvre, Debord barely graduated from high school, didn't finish college, never held a university teaching position, and lived as a writer and drifter for most of his life, roaming and wandering to and from various urban locations. Nevertheless, his work has been highly influential in academic circles, and innumerable sociologists have included citations of his manuscripts in their published work. Debord eventually settled down in a rural village, where he committed suicide at the age of 62.
Green Consumerism
Authors: Pape Madeleine , Bell Michael M. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractSocial scientists are engaged in debates over whether “green consumerism” offers a genuine pathway toward environmental sustainability, or whether instead it prevents widespread social and institutional change. This entry explores three broad positions assumed by social scientists within this debate: ecological modernization, demodernization, and political consumerism. Ecological modernization theory argues that consumer practices can evolve toward being aligned with environmental interests. Demodernists, on the other hand, call for consumerism to be abandoned as a means of achieving environmental sustainability. Somewhere in between these two positions, proponents of political consumerism see consumer practices as playing an important role within broader institutional and social change.
Experiential Consumption
Authors: Holbrook Morris B. , Hirschman Elizabeth C. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractDeparting from the once ubiquitous decision‐oriented view of consumer behavior, a perspective introduced in the early 1980s has focused on the nature of the consumption experience as embodying various aspects of fantasies, feelings, and fun. This viewpoint has called attention to the hedonic, aesthetic, and symbolic aspects of consumption while also encouraging the development of qualitative research methods suited to the investigation of these phenomena. More recently, practical applications have enriched managerial approaches to experiential marketing.
Farmers' Markets
Authors: Hinrichs Clare 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
The late twentieth and early twenty‐first centuries have witnessed the resurgence and reconstitution of farmers' markets as alternative spaces for food consumers who may feel disenchanted or disenfranchised by the increasingly globalized and industrialized food and agricultural system. Promoted by national policies, extension services, local governments, food writers, bloggers, planners, and activists, farmers' markets have burgeoned as favored venues where eaters can find fresh, local and sustainably produced fruits and vegetables, meats, cheeses, and specialty foods. Farmers' markets are presently crucial, if varied, settings for food politics. Dynamics of class and culture shape and reshape consumers' interests and experiences at farmers' markets. Farmers' markets are arenas where complex and contested ideals of “good food” become engaged and, through consumption practices and politics, link to other pressing social, economic, political, and environmental issues.
Finance/Financial Markets
Authors: Cetina Karin Knorr 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
Finance has evolved historically as a distinctive system of activities. If production, consumption, and distribution or exchange – the market interface between production and consumption – are three different spheres of economic activity, then finance is a fourth sphere. It fulfills a specialized function: that of supplying and controlling credit. In a capitalist economy, credit needs to be obtained before a production cycle can start; credit, Keynes argued, is prior to production. Only after production has been financed can it result in employment income, part of which could then be used to generate savings. Credit can be obtained through two channels: bank lending and financial markets. Manufacturing‐oriented economies – such as that of continental Europe, or more specifically Germany – historically developed a financial organization in which bank lending dominated. In Anglo‐Saxon countries such as the United States a different pattern emerged, one placing less emphasis on bank lending, while important credit channels were provided by money and securities markets.
Food
Authors: Williams Lauren T. , Germov John 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
While food may be defined in the biological sense as being safe or nutritious to consume, in any given culture all that is edible is not eaten. In considering food and food consumption beyond the biological perspective we are introduced to the social appetite – the social patterning of food production, distribution, preparation, and consumption. Examining the social appetite brings into focus the structure–agency debate in terms of the degree to which people's food choices are an outcome of their social environment versus personal choice. Food is a used as a marker of social identity, and food consumption patterns vary with gender, ethnicity, religion, and class. Food studies, the province of a broad range of disciplines, are increasingly exploring the complex question of why we eat the way we do.
Food Deserts
Authors: Rodney Alexandra 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
A “food desert” is a disadvantaged geographic area in which residents have restricted access to healthy, affordable, fresh food from a supermarket. Food deserts can be located in urban or rural areas. These communities may have little to no food access and be served only by fast food restaurants, gas stations or convenience stores in which prices are higher and fresh, nutritious food is scarce. Food deserts are an important food security issue because supermarkets generally offer lower prices and healthier choices. People who live in areas with supermarkets tend to purchase healthier foods. Compelling and unequivocal evidence shows food deserts exist in the United States and are commonly found in areas of economic deprivation and racial segregation.
Fordism/Post‐Fordism
Authors: Prechel Harland 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
This entry describes the central features of Fordism and post‐Fordism with special focus on consumerism. It summarizes how the organizational and political–legal arrangements during post‐Fordism made credit readily available, encouraged home ownership, and created opportunities for risk taking. The entry concludes by pointing out that the meltdown of financial markets in 2008 and the subsequent Great Recession raise important questions about the capacity of post‐Fordist consumer capitalism to sustain capitalist growth and development in the long term.
Free Trade Zones/Export Processing Zones
Authors: Henning Christoph 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThis entry describes the structure and background of export processing zones, also called free trade zones. These zones are oases of deregulation in an already deregulated global capitalism. They are meant to boost an export‐led growth in developing countries. However, there are also several concerns raised by unions, NGOs (nongovernmental organizations), and ethical consumer groups.
Consumption, Landscapes of
Authors: Michael Ryan J. 
Published: March 2015

George Ritzer has built upon his notion of cathedrals of consumption to describe what he terms “landscapes of consumption,” or “geographic areas that encompass two, or more, cathedrals of consumption.” This definition can be extended to define landscapes of consumption aslocales that encompass two or more cathedrals of consumption that allow, encourage, and even compel people to consume. The prototypical example of this would be the Las Vegas strip – an area where multiple cathedrals of consumption exist side by side in the same geographic setting and entice consumers not only through their individual appeal, but also through the techniques made possible by their synergistic proximity.
Globalization and Consumption
Authors: Chen Chih‐Chin , Ritzer George 
Published: March 2015

AbstractGlobalization has become an increasingly important academic concern. There are many academic definitions of globalization, but the one employed here defines it mainly as a process that involves “increasing liquidity and multi‐directional flows of objects, ideas, and people around the globe.” Beyond definitions, a wide range of images has been created to get a sense of this process, including a “global village” and the “global age.”
Hyperconsumption
Authors: Esposti Piergiorgio Degli 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
The term “hyperconsumption” is linked with the concept of a “new modernity,” which can be defined as a “civilization of desire,” according to Lipovetsky. Its birth can be dated from the second half of the twentieth century. The features of this concept are clearly identifiable in a capitalist matrix, that is, the incessant creation of new needs, aggressive forms of marketing, and an empowerment of demand. This leads to a new age characterized by the emergence of consumer capitalism as replacement for an economy based on production. While on the one hand this process of change has brought significant benefits such as increased possibilities for consumption, a new concept of space and time, and in general more opportunities for individuals to increase their social well‐being, on the other hand, the new era is characterized by new pathologies, such as a bulimic approach to consumption, uncontrollable forms of entropy, and a constant search for satisfaction that seems out of reach and elusive.
Economy, Informal
Authors: Medina Octavio 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
The informal economy is, broadly speaking, the fraction of the economy not overseen by or not complying with the rules set by the relevant regulatory authority, namely the state. However, the exact definition remains under debate, despite decades of research and academic argument. As Peattie says, “the informal sector is still too broad to be meaningful; at one end is a pool of surplus labor, at the other a skilled high‐income earning entrepreneur; at one end a proliferation of residual enterprises involutionary in nature, at the other end of the spectrum dynamic evolutionary enterprises.” Generally speaking, the size of the informal economy has been linked to issues such as taxes, regulation, and the size of labor supply, among others.
Lifestyle
Authors: Featherstone Mark 
Published: March 2015

Abstract

The idea of lifestyle or
Lebensstil
originates in the work of the Austrian psychoanalyst Alfred Adler who discussed the idea in his 1929 work,
Problems of Neurosis
, and then later in texts such as
Individual Psychology
. Following its appearance in Adler's work, where lifestyle refers to the idea of leading life in sympathy with a plan, principle, or ethic, the term gradually found its way into American and British popular vernacular, and is now understood to mean a person's general approach to life, especially through their consumption choices. This version of the idea of lifestyle has been developed and discussed by a range of thinkers including Max Weber, Theodor Adorno and Max Horkheimer, Pierre Bourdieu, and Anthony Giddens.
Marx, Karl
Authors: Beamish Rob 
Published: March 2015

Abstract

Born in Trier, Karl Marx (1818–83), grew up in an environment saturated with the spirit of the Enlightenment, the French Revolution, and a republican worldview. Beginning as a left‐Hegelian, Marx's editorship of the
Rheinische Zeitung
, Feuerbach's critique of religion, and his early exposure to political economy led him to develop his own materialist conception of history. The key, early developments were his critique of Hegel's
Philosophy of Right
, the draft manuscripts of 1844, and the 1845 draft manuscript
The German Ideology
. When Marx's ideas prevailed during two international conferences in 1847, he wrote the League of the Just's new manifesto – the
Manifesto of the Communist Party
. Marx struggled for almost 30 years with how to present his critique of political economy, ultimately beginning with commodity as the elementary form of capitalist production –
Das Kapital
's most important chapter. Despite conscious attempts to forge a single Marxist doctrine, the posthumous publication of his literary estate indicates the complexity of his ideas. Rather than being a Holy Scripture, Marx's work is best viewed as an unfinished, dynamic, unstable, dialectical whole that contains many strengths and insights but also some lacunae. The most glaring is the absence of a theory of consciousness formation.
Metrosexual
Authors: Halligan Benjamin 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
Metrosexuality is understood in terms of the normalization of more extensive regimes of male grooming, and a heightened awareness of presentation, among an urban stratum of white‐collar workers. Such presentational strategies would seem to be understood to enhance the potential for heterosexual sexual encounters. The culture of metrosexuality can be read in class terms, in respect to recent forms of bourgeois lifestyles, and as a mainstay of advertising campaigns that target males.
Obsolescence: Planned, Progressive, Stylistic
Authors: Brändle Gaspar 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
Never before have we lived in such a materialistic environment as we do today. Our daily life takes place in the context of an abundance of commodities whose duration is limited artificially. In a short time the objects will lose value and become functionally or symbolically useless, to make way for a new range of refurbished items ready to restart the vertiginous cycle of birth–use–obsolescence–waste.
Open Source and Consumption
Authors: Lin Yu‐Wei 
Published: March 2015

Abstract

This entry illuminates the common concepts and widely observed practices concerning open sourcing. Positioning “open source” as a common practice and a viable methodology for collaborative participatory co‐production in today's knowledge society, the entry explains how open source co‐production participatory methods, now also seen in culture, food, and beverage production and consumption, have evolved from the Free/Libre Open Source Software (
FLOSS
) movement; what motivates people to participate; and how such widely observed open source practices are embedded in different sectors and different societies. It is argued that open source practices resemble amateur do‐it‐yourself (
DIY
) maker practices and can be considered as a lifestyle choice.
Privacy
Authors: Marx Gary T. , Margulis Stephen T. 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
Privacy is a contentious, multidimensional concept. Its contours are fluid and often ill defined, contested, and negotiated, and these vary by the context and culture. There is little consensus on the framework within which to analyze it, on definitions within and across frameworks, on levels of analysis to which the concept is applicable (e.g., to transactions among individuals, the individual and the organization, or between organizations), and on how competing interests (e.g., transactional data involving buyers and sellers) and values in conflict (e.g., privacy versus freedom of expression) should be weighed or even measured.
Public Relations
Authors: Yamanoğlu Melike Aktaş 
Published: March 2015

AbstractPublic relations (PR) is one of the central activities of economic and cultural life in contemporary societies, along with other works in creative industries dealing with presentation and representation, and mediating between production and consumption. Public relations is practiced on behalf of individuals, formally or informally structured organizations, and groups by in‐house practitioners or consultants in order to promote particular discourses and interests. Public relations is an important force that structures society and culture. It is a form of “cultural intermediary” work that generates changes in publics' attitudes, values, and dispositions.
Recycling
Authors: Hadler Markus 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
Recycling can be characterized as an intended environmentally significant behavior – if done with the intention to influence the environment. But, even when conducted for other reasons, such as monetary reward, recycling is still environmentally significant because it influences the distribution and use of environmental goods. Recycling is carried out mostly in the private sphere, similar to behaviors such as buying and boycotting certain products or improving the energy efficiency of one's home. This private nature differentiates it from public environmental behaviors such as activism and protest, and less costly political behaviors such as signing a petition, contacting a politician, and donating money to environmental organizations.
Decluttering
Authors: Cherrier Hélne , Belk Russell 
Published: March 2015

AbstractDecluttering aims at clearing out the mess, disorder, and complications that often accompany material accumulation and also nonmaterial accumulation on computer hard drives and corporate records. Prior to decluttering, individuals may not realize that others judge their environment as cluttered or overcrowded. After initial decluttering, the space – physical and/or mental – has been transformed from disordered and messy to ordered and tidy and a plan is set in place to keep it so. As a social practice, decluttering is deeply rooted in the social, cultural, and symbolic presentation of how one's life and home should be. In popular culture, television shows such asHoardersand The Learning Channel's website “Hoarding: Buried Alive,” combined with numerous decluttering makeover shows, reiterate the social imperative to declutter.
Servicescapes
Authors: Joy Annamma 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThis entry explores the concept of servicescapes, a term encompassing the social atmospherics and environmental contexts within which economic transactions occur. The various elements of a given servicescape, from a store's exterior and interior design to its lighting, temperature, ambient sound, music, ease of access, and the approachability of its sales staff, can all determine a customer's choice, however subconscious, to linger and therefore be more likely to make a purchase, or to quickly leave, perhaps never to return. An effective servicescape, whether physical or online, can broadcast a store's intended demographic target, and prime anticipatory expectations, even before a consumer sets foot within the store itself or enters the virtual space. The aesthetics and design of servicescapes can have a strong impact on customer emotions, levels of satisfaction, and decision making. A servicescape's role in creating trust is both undeniable and crucial to building brand loyalty.
Starbuckization
Authors: Wong Newman Chun Wai 
Published: March 2015

Abstract

Starbuckization refers to the homogenized cultural force and phenomenon of Starbucks dominating other aspects of society. Starbucks was first founded as a coffee bean roaster and retailer in Seattle, Washington, in 1971, and has expanded across the United States and the globe. The four major components of Starbuckization, shared with
McDonaldization
, are efficiency, predictability, calculability, and control by nonhuman technology. Unlike
McDonald
's, Starbucks emphasizes its quality brand image, coffee culture, personal connection with customers, and social responsibility. Starbuckization has made the high coffee culture a way of life globally. When Starbucks enters foreign countries, glocalization and cultural heterogenization occur.
Stealth Marketing
Authors: Grazian David 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
Stealth marketing refers to the surreptitious promotion of consumer goods, services, and experiences to unwitting potential customers. Its antecedents date back to the 1920s, when public relations firms attempted to promote their clients through creative event planning and targeted editorial placement in the popular press. Today, stealth marketing refers to a number of clandestine promotional tactics, including product placement, viral or buzz marketing, and reality marketing.
Teens
Authors: Coulter Natalie 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
The concept of the teen as a stage in the life course largely developed in the postwar era. During this time advertisers, retailers, and media companies began to define a youth market as they capitalized on the affluence of middle‐class families who could defer their children from entering the workforce. Teen is different from adolescent, which marks a stage of psychosocial development; teen references a stage in the life course of participating in a youth culture with particular patterns of consumption and tastes. The meaning of the term teen has changed in the past 60 years. In today's globalized marketplace the term refers more to specific forms of consumerism than to a connectedness of a cohort of young people.