bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Addressing sample identification errors in a multispecialty tertiary care hospital in Bangalore
Authors: Sindhulina C. , Joseph N. J. 
Published: March 2014

Background and ObjectivesErrors in sample identification contribute to patient mismanagement and erroneous administration of blood and blood products. This report describes the rate of sample identification errors over 2 years in a multispecialty hospital in India and possible measures to decrease these errors.Materials and MethodsVarious measures were taken to reduce the risk of identification errors during sample collection, laboratory processing and administration of blood. The bedside blood grouping method by the slide agglutination technique was also introduced along with other measures in December 2011 as a risk mitigation step to prevent an ABO incompatible transfusion, as well as to provide a method of surveillance for possible errors during transfusion.ResultsThe rate of sample identification errors was 48 and 45 per 1 000 000 among the total tests billed in 2011 and 2012, respectively. In the blood bank alone, the sample identification error rate was 0·96 in 2011 and 0·46 in 2012 per 1000 bags of blood and blood components issued after the various steps to prevent such errors in the blood bank were introduced. 81% of these errors (26 out of 32) have been reported in the inpatient setting. 15·6% (5 out of 32) were repeat errors made by the same technicians.ConclusionsAmong the various measures used to reduce sample identification errors, bedside blood grouping allows prevention of ABO incompatible transfusions when performed by trained technicians and may also be used as a method of active surveillance for sample identification errors in hospitals.
Emergence of G186D Mutation in the Presence of R292K Mutation in an Immunocompromised Child Infected with Influenza A/H3N2 Virus, Treated with Oseltamivir
Authors: Lee Hong Kai , Tang Julian Wei-Tze , Loh Tze Ping , Kong Debra Han-Lin , Lau Yew-Weng , Yap Hui Kim , Koay Evelyn Siew-Chuan 
Published: March 2014

ABSTRACT
An immunocompromised child with influenza A/H3N2 virus infection, treated with oseltamivir from day 1, had nasal swabs taken on days 1, 4, 7, and 10 of the illness. Pyrosequencing showed increasing proportions of viruses with R292K (neuraminidase gene) and G186D (hemagglutinin gene) mutations, resulting in a viral load rebound by day 10.
Virulence-Associated Genome Mutations of Murine Rotavirus Identified by Alternating Serial Passages in Mice and Cell Cultures
Authors: Tsugawa Takeshi , Tatsumi Masatoshi , Tsutsumi Hiroyuki 
Published: March 2014

ABSTRACTAlthough significant clinical efficacy and safety of rotavirus vaccines were recently revealed in many countries, the mechanism of their attenuation is not well understood. We passaged serially a cell culture-adapted murine rotavirus EB strain in mouse pups or in cell cultures alternately and repeatedly and fully sequenced all 11 genes of 21 virus samples passaged in mice or in cell cultures. Sequence analysis revealed that mouse-passaged viruses that regained virulence almost consistently acquired four kinds of amino acid (aa) substitutions in VP4 and substitution in aa 37 (Val to Ala) in NSP4. In addition, they gained and invariably conserved the 3′ consensus sequence in NSP1. The molecular changes occurred along with the acquisition of virulence during passages in mice and then disappeared following passages in cell cultures. Intraperitoneal injection of recombinant NSP4 proteins confirmed the aa 37 site as important for its diarrheagenic activity in mice. These genome changes are likely to be correlated with rotavirus virulence.IMPORTANCESerial passage of a virulent wild-type virusin vitrooften results in loss of virulence of the virus in an original animal host, while serial passage of a cell culture-adapted avirulent virusin vivooften gains virulence in an animal host. Actually, live attenuated virus vaccines were originally produced by serial passage in cell cultures. Although clinical efficacy and safety of rotavirus vaccines were recently revealed, the mechanism of their attenuation is not well understood. We passaged serially a murine rotavirus by alternating switch of host (mice or cell cultures) repeatedly and sequenced the eleven genes of the passaged viruses to identify mutations associated with the emergence or disappearance of virulence. Sequence analysis revealed that changes in three genes (VP4, NSP1, and NSP4) were associated with virulence in mice. Intraperitoneal injection of recombinant NSP4 proteins confirmed its diarrheagenic activity in mice. These genome changes are likely to be correlated with rotavirus virulence.
Nuclear-Cytoplasmic Partitioning of Cucumber Mosaic Virus Protein 2b Determines the Balance between Its Roles as a Virulence Determinant and an RNA-Silencing Suppressor
Authors: Du Zhiyou , Chen Aizhong , Chen Wenhu , Liao Qiansheng , Zhang Hengmu , Bao Yiming , Roossinck Marilyn J. , Carr John P. 
Published: March 2014

ABSTRACTTheCucumber Mosaic Virus(CMV) 2b protein is an RNA-silencing suppressor that plays roles in CMV accumulation and virulence. The 2b proteins of subgroup IA CMV strains partition between the nucleus and cytoplasm, but the biological significance of this is uncertain. We fused an additional nuclear localization signal (NLS) to the 2b protein of subgroup IA strain Fny-CMV to create 2b-NLS and tested its effects on subcellular distribution, silencing, and virulence. The additional NLS enhanced 2b protein nuclear and nucleolar accumulation, but nuclear and nucleolar enrichment correlated with markedly diminished silencing suppressor activity in patch assays and abolished 2b protein-mediated disruption of microRNA activity in transgenicArabidopsis. Nucleus/nucleolus-localized 2b protein possesses at least some ability to inhibit antiviral silencing, but this was not sufficient to prevent recovery from disease in younger, developing leaves inArabidopsis. However, enhanced nuclear and nucleolar accumulation of 2b increased virulence and accelerated symptom appearance in older leaves. Experiments withArabidopsislines carrying mutantDicer-likealleles demonstrated that compromised suppressor activity explained the diminished ability of 2b-NLS to enhance virus accumulation. Remarkably, the increased virulence that 2b-NLS engendered was unrelated to effects on microRNA- or short interfering RNA-regulated host functions. Thus, although nucleus- and nucleolus-localized 2b protein is less efficient at silencing suppression than cytoplasm-localized 2b, it enhances CMV virulence. We propose that partitioning of the 2b protein between the cytoplasmic and nuclear/nucleolar compartments allows CMV to regulate the balance between virus accumulation and damage to the host, presumably to maximize the benefit for the virus.IMPORTANCEIn this work, the main finding is that nucleus/nucleolus-localized 2b protein is strongly associated with CMV virulence, which is independent of its effect on small RNA pathways. Moreover, this work supports the contention that the silencing suppressor activity of CMV 2b protein is predominantly exerted by that portion of the 2b protein residing in the cytoplasm. Thus, we propose that partitioning of the 2b protein between the cytoplasmic and nuclear/nucleolar compartments allows CMV to regulate the balance between virus accumulation and damage to the host, presumably to maximize the benefit for the virus.
Question design in nurse-led and GP-led telephone triage for same-day appointment requests: a comparative investigation
Authors: Murdoch Jamie , Barnes Rebecca , Pooler Jillian , Lattimer Val , Fletcher Emily , Campbell John L 
Published: March 2014

ObjectiveTo compare doctors’ and nurses’ communication with patients in primary care telephone triage consultations.DesignQualitative comparative study of content and form of questions in 51 telephone triage encounters between practitioners (general practitioners (GPs)=29; nurses=22) and patients requesting a same-day appointment in primary care. Audio-recordings of nurse-led calls were synchronised with video recordings of nurse's use of computer decision support software (CDSS) during triage.Setting2 GP practices in Devon and Warwickshire, UK.Participants4 GPs and 29 patients; and 4 nurses and 22 patients requesting a same-day face-to-face appointment with a GP.Main outcome measureForm and content of practitioner-initiated questions and patient responses during clinical assessment.ResultsA total of 484 question–response sequences were coded (160 GP; 324 N). Despite average call lengths being similar (GP=4 min, 37 s, (SD=1 min, 26 s); N=4 min, 39 s, (SD=2 min, 22 s)), GPs and nurses differed in the average number (GP=5.51, (SD=4.66); N=14.72, (SD=6.42)), content and form of questions asked. A higher frequency of questioning in nurse-led triage was found to be due to nurses’ use of CDSS to guide telephone triage. 89% of nurse questions were oriented to asking patients about their reported symptoms or to wider-information gathering, compared to 54% of GP questions. 43% of GP questions involved eliciting patient concerns or expectations, and obtaining details of medical history, compared to 11% of nurse questions. Nurses using CDSS frequently delivered questions designed as declarative statements requesting confirmation and which typically preferred a ‘no problem’ response. In contrast, GPs asked a higher proportion of interrogative questions designed to request information.ConclusionsNurses and GPs emphasise different aspects of the clinical assessment process during telephone triage. These different styles of triage have implications for the type of information available following nurse-led or doctor-led triage, and for how patients experience triage.
How can the criminal law support the provision of quality in healthcare?
Authors: Yeung Karen , Horder Jeremy 
Published: March 2014

BackgroundThe egregious failings in patient safety at Mid Staffordshire NHS Foundation Trust between 2005 and 2009 identified by Sir Robert Francis QC in his public inquiry prompted him to recommend the introduction of a new criminal offence into English law in circumstances where a patient dies or is seriously harmed by a breach of fundamental standards. The authors evaluate whether, from the perspective of fairness and justice, a new criminal offence in this context is necessary and desirable.MethodsThe authors considered the basic principles and functions of the criminal law and compared them with the principles and functions of the civil law. They then identify two primary tasks for the criminal law to perform in healthcare settings: (a) to establish primary duties to patients consisting of appropriately graded offences targeted at conduct that harms patients or unjustifiably poses risks to patients, and (b) to establish secondary duties to patients, consisting of offences aimed at punishing and deterring instances in which healthcare management and workers undermine the goals of regulation by lying or giving misleading information to regulatory officials or by obstructing their work. The authors focus on the first of these functions, identifying the scope of existing regulatory schemes that may give rise to criminal liability in English law when applied to healthcare contexts to identify whether a new criminal offence is needed.ResultsA gap in the existing regime of criminal liability is identified, and it is this gap which a new criminal offence seeks to fill. The authors suggest how such an offence should be structured, drawing primarily upon foundational principles of criminal liability. It is suggested that a new general offence of wilfully neglecting or ill-treating a patient that can be committed by any healthcare organisation or worker (appropriately defined) is warranted.ConclusionsThe criminal law has an important role to play in the healthcare context. Its central function is not primarily to deter and coerce people into complying with standards of behaviour deemed desirable. Rather, its central function lies in its symbolic and expressive significance, publicly proclaiming that the highly culpable mistreatment of others is wrongful and worthy of public censure and sanction.
Self-sealing experiments and gas injection tests in a backfilled microtunnel of the Mont Terri URL
Authors: Lanyon G. W. , Marschall P. , Trick T. , De La Vaissière R. , Shao H. , Leung H. 
Published: March 2014

Abstract
This paper describes a large-scale experiment on gas transport and hydromechanical processes around underground structures as part of a long-term geoscientific research programme at the Mont Terri Underground Rock Laboratory in the Jura Mountains of Switzerland. A horizontal microtunnel with a diameter of 1 m and a length of 13 m was drilled in an overconsolidated claystone formation. After installing monitoring instruments in the open tunnel, the end of the tunnel was backfilled with sand (test section) and a large hydraulic packer was emplaced in the seal section. The packer was inflated and subsequently the test interval was saturated with a synthetic pore-water. Following saturation an extended programme of hydraulic testing was performed over a two year period. A series of gas injection tests was then performed over a period of approximately 1.5 years. Following this first series of gas injections, a long post-gas hydraulic test has been initiated. The paper presents data and interpretation of the gas injections and subsequent hydraulic testing. The ability of the excavation damage zone to transport gas at pressures below fracturing is demonstrated. The post-gas hydraulic performance is considered and related to the self-sealing of the damage zone observed during saturation and hydraulic testing.
Experimental study on diffusion of tritiated water and anions under variable water-saturation and clay mineral content: comparison with the Callovo-Oxfordian claystones
Authors: Savoye S. , Imbert C. , Fayette A. , Coelho D. 
Published: March 2014

Abstract

The diffusion of tritiated water and anionic species was studied through unsaturated compacted materials with variable clay content. These materials were designed to be analogous to the Callovo-Oxfordian claystone, a potential host-rock for disposal of high-level radioactive wastes. The diffusion parameters under such conditions were determined using modified through-diffusion cells in which the suction is generated by the process of osmosis. This device leads to saturation degree values ranging from about 70 to 100%. The results show that the diffusion through the unsaturated samples is clearly slower than that in the fully saturated samples, with steady-state fluxes decreasing by a factor up to 10 for tritiated water and up to 16 for anionic species. This tritiated water diffusivity (
D

e

/
D
0
) decrease is similar to that obtained in the Callovo-Oxfordian claystone samples, whereas it is lower than that obtained in claystone samples for anionic species. This difference can be accounted for by the distinct hydro-mechanic behaviour of these materials, the pore-volume of which depends on their rigidity and clay content when hydrating. Finally, these diffusive behaviours have been modelled by means of an excluded-volume expansion of Archie's second law, taking into account a critical water saturation below which no tracer can diffuse.
Sox2 Is Required to Maintain Cancer Stem Cells in a Mouse Model of High-Grade Oligodendroglioma
Authors: Favaro Rebecca , Appolloni Irene , Pellegatta Serena , Sanga Alexandra Badiola , Pagella Pierfrancesco , Gambini Eleonora , Pisati Federica , Ottolenghi Sergio , Foti Maria , Finocchiaro Gaetano , Malatesta Paolo , Nicolis Silvia K. 
Published: March 2014

Abstract
The stem cell–determining transcription factor Sox2 is required for the maintenance of normal neural stem cells. In this study, we investigated the requirement for Sox2 in neural cancer stem-like cells using a conditional genetic deletion mutant in a mouse model of platelet-derived growth factor–induced malignant oligodendroglioma. Transplanting wild-type oligodendroglioma cells into the brain generated lethal tumors, but mice transplanted with Sox2-deleted cells remained free of tumors. Loss of the tumor-initiating ability of Sox2-deleted cells was reversed by lentiviral-mediated expression of Sox2. In cell culture, Sox2-deleted tumor cells were highly sensitive to differentiation stimuli, displaying impaired proliferation, increased cell death, and aberrant differentiation. Gene expression analysis revealed an early transcriptional response to Sox2 loss. The observed requirement of oligodendroglioma stem cells for Sox2 suggested its relevance as a target for therapy. In support of this possibility, an immunotherapeutic approach based on immunization of mice with SOX2 peptides delayed tumor development and prolonged survival. Taken together, our results showed that Sox2 is essential for tumor initiation by mouse oligodendroglioma cells, and they illustrated a Sox2-directed strategy of immunotherapy to eradicate tumor-initiating cells. Cancer Res; 74(6); 1833–44. ©2014 AACR.
“In My Mother's House”: A Glimpse of Baptist Women in Ministry on its Twenty-Fifth Anniversary
Authors: Flowers Elizabeth 
Published: March 2014

During the early years of the Southern Baptist controversy, a national organization for women ministers was founded that would come to be called Baptist Women in Ministry (BWIM). In 2008, the organization observed its twenty-fifth anniversary by hosting a dinner and celebration. The focus of this article is on the BWIM and its role within the Southern Baptist controversy and its struggles during the early years after the formation of the Cooperative Baptist Fellowship. The article traces BWIM's journey through the lean years of the 1990s when the budget allowed for little more than a newsletter and an annual worship service to the floundering years of the early twenty-first century, when BWIM had meager monetary resources and a skeletal structure. By 2003, a vote was taken to see if anyone was even interested in keeping the organization running. The result was a surprising and resounding yes. The article concludes with a recounting of the anniversary celebration. By its twenty-fifth year, BWIM had a new generation of leaders—young female seminarians and pastors who had picked up the dream, revived BWIM, and breathed new life into the organization. At the 2008 Cooperative Baptist Fellowship assembly, the energy of BWIM and its women was palpable—and quite different from previous assemblies. The organization's “This Is What a Preacher Looks Like” T-shirts were everywhere and sold quickly. Women participated equally in the assembly worship—preaching, serving communion, commissioning missionaries, and reading from scripture. BWIM's sessions were standing room only.
Adherence to antiemetic guidelines and control of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) in a large hospital
Authors: Caracuel Fatima , Muñoz Nuria , Baños Ursula , Ramirez Gabriel 
Published: March 2014

Purpose: The aim of the study was to determine the antiemetic prescription adherence both to the protocol of our hospital and to international recommendations, as well as to analyze the relationship between this adherence and the incidence of nausea and vomiting (NV) and between the adherence and patients' individual risk. Methods: This is a four-month observational study which included antiemetic prescriptions for adult cancer patients. Prescriptions were considered adherent or not to hospital protocol and also to international guidelines. Patients were given a form to record the NV they suffered and this was to be returned at their next appointment. Results: A total of 102 prescriptions were analyzed. Taking into account the hospital protocol, 59% and 54% were correct (acute and delayed phase, respectively). Of those considered outside the protocol, 24% and 13% did follow international guidelines. In the delayed phase, complete response was achieved in 76% and 72% of the patients, with compliant and non-compliant prescriptions, respectively (82% and 90% in the acute phase). Adherence to the hospital protocol was higher in patients under 50 years old ( p = 0.015) and in those without previous experience of NV ( p = 0.010). Adherence to international guidelines was higher in female patients ( p = 0.023). Conclusion: Our study confirms low adherence with both local and international recommendations for antiemetic prescriptions. However, we could not prove that adherence involves a CINV reduction. Adherence did not seem to be influenced by the doctor's perception of the patient's risk of emesis.
Visible and invisible countries: News flow theory revised
Authors: Segev Elad 
Published: March 2014

In this paper the validity and limits of the news flow theory are examined, utilizing a large digital corpus of 35 popular news sites in 10 different languages over a three-year period. Three key variables were identified: GDP, foreign population and conflict intensity, collectively accounting for more than 70% of the variance of country prominence in the news. After offering a robust model, over-represented and under-represented countries are listed and divided based on their different characteristics and news trends. Findings show that conflicts tend to be visible only if they are in the Middle East. Over-represented regional centers in West Europe and Asia overshadow the under-represented regional peripheries in East Europe and the Middle East. Finally, the US and Africa serve as a global center and a periphery respectively. The implications of these findings are discussed in order to invite scholars to further expand the theory and the explanatory model accordingly.
The Dark Philosopher and the postmodern turn: Heraclitus in the poetry of Seferis, Elytis and Fostieris
Authors: Loulakaki-Moore Irene 
Published: March 2014

Σάρμα εἰκῇ κεχυμένων ὁ κάλλιστος κόσμος. The fairest order in the world is a heap of random sweepings. Heraclitus D.124This article examines the ways in which the perennial philosophy of Heraclitus becomes a site where the battle between modernist and postmodernist poetics unfolds. Seferis and Elytis exploit the Heraclitean doctrines of change, unity of opposites and the all-permeating logos in a manner that allows them to conceptualize and present what Lyotard calls the ‘modernist sublime’. Fostieris mobilizes the very same doctrines within his poetry, flouting the logical law of contradiction as Heraclitus did. By using and abusing the very concepts he challenges, Fostieris interrogates the modernist quest for master narratives and universal consensus, bringing forward the illusory character of such endeavours.