bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Landscape effects in the intertidal around the coastline of Great Britain
Authors: Johnson Mark P. , Maggs Christine A. , Allcock A. Louise , Blight Andrew J. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractAimWe tested whether the size of habitat patches along the coastline of Great Britain influences molluscan species richness.LocationCoastline of Great Britain.MethodsIntertidal mollusc data were compiled from the National Biodiversity Network to derive a matrix of species presence/absence in 10 km × 10 km squares (hectads). Major groupings within the coastal fauna were identified using clustering based on Simpson's dissimilarity index. Contiguous hectads assigned to the same cluster were considered as patches. Potential island biogeographical effects were investigated using regressions of species density against patch size.Results598 hectads were clustered into 15 groups, with the three largest groups (94% of hectads) having broad associations consistent with hectad dominance by rocky shore habitat, sheltered sediment or sediment on exposed coasts. For all three main groups, there were fewer species in larger patches than would be expected from a random sampling of hectads. Species densities (species hectad−1) increased with patch size in rocky shore‐dominated habitat. There was no support for a similar effect in sedimentary habitats, with higher than expected species richness in isolated hectads of sheltered habitat.Main conclusionsThe increases in mollusc species density with patch size in rocky shore‐dominated habitat are consistent with island biogeographical processes. The absence of similar effects in sedimentary habitats may reflect more overlap between the species of intertidal and subtidal in these habitats. Subtidal habitat may therefore act to change the hostility of the matrix between intertidal patches of sedimentary habitat, diluting any island effects. As landscape effects may change species richness at the scale examined, concerns that increased building of artificial habitats will change the local patterns of species richness may be justified for rocky habitats.
Evaluation of trichodynia (hair pain) during chemotherapy or tamoxifen treatment in breast cancer patients
Authors: Kanti V. , Nuwayhid R. , Lindner J. , Hillmann K. , Bangemann N. , Kleine‐Tebbe A. , Blume‐Peytavi U. , Garcia Bartels N. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractIntroductionIn women receiving antineoplastic therapy, hair loss is often accompanied by distressing hair or scalp sensations, such as hair pain (trichodynia) and pruritus. A scientific approach to objectively evaluate the course and characteristics of these unpleasant sensations is of great importance for the establishment of treatment strategies.MethodsAn observational cohort study was conducted in 34 female breast cancer patients, postoperatively undergoing chemotherapy (group C, n = 17) or endocrine therapy with tamoxifen (group T, n = 17). For 28 weeks after therapy initiation, patients experiencing hair pain and/or scalp pruritus were required to complete a specially developed diary, based on a modification of pain questionnaires. Sensations were journalized in terms of time of onset, duration, intensity on a numeric rating scale, dependence on touching the scalp or hair and character of the sensation, chosen from given descriptors or using own words.ResultsIn group C, all patients who completed the questionnaire experienced hair and scalp sensations: 87% both trichodynia and pruritus, 13% trichodynia only. Reported intensities ranged between 1 and 10. In group T, 31% of participants reported hair and scalp sensations: 12% both trichodynia and pruritus, 12% pruritus only, 7% trichodynia only. Intensities were rated between 1 and 5. No sensations were reported after week 11 in either group.ConclusionsHair and scalp sensations in group C were significantly more common, lasted longer, and were of greater intensity and more differentiated qualities than in group T. The occurrence of trichodynia in chemotherapy patients corresponded with the onset and duration of hair loss, thus suggesting a possible correlation.
Fascial bundles of the infraspinatus fascia: anatomy, function, and clinical considerations
Authors: Moccia David , Nackashi Andrew A. , Schilling Rebecca , Ward Peter J. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThe infraspinatus fascia is a tough sheet of connective tissue that covers the infraspinatus fossa of the scapula and the muscle within. Muscle fibers originate from the fossa and fascia and then travel laterally to insert on the greater tubercle of the humerus. Frequently the infraspinatus fascia is quickly removed to appreciate the underlying muscle, but the fascia is an interesting and complex structure in its own right. Despite having a characteristic set of fascial bundles, no contemporary anatomy texts or atlases describe the fascia in detail. The infraspinatus fascia was dissected in detail in 11 shoulders, to characterize the fascial bundles and connections that contribute to it. Thereafter, 70 shoulders were dissected to tabulate the variability of the fascial bundles and connections. Six characteristic features of the infraspinatus fascia were noted: a medial band, an inferior‐lateral band, and superior‐lateral band of fascia, insertion of the posterior deltoid into the infraspinatus fascia, a transverse connection from the posterior deltoid muscle to the infraspinatus fascia, and a retinacular sheet deep to the deltoid and superficial to the infraspinatus and teres minor muscles. Although other structures of the shoulder are more frequently injured, the infraspinatus fascia is involved in compartment syndromes and the fascial bundles of this structure are certain to impact the biomechanical function of the muscles of the posterior shoulder.
Biosimilars in immune‐mediated inflammatory diseases: initial lessons from the first approved biosimilar anti‐tumour necrosis factor monoclonal antibody
Authors: Isaacs J. D. , Cutolo M. , Keystone E. C. , Park W. , Braun J. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThe introduction of targeted biological therapies has revolutionised the management of immune‐mediated inflammatory diseases (IMIDs) such as rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, psoriasis and inflammatory bowel disease. Following treatment with these therapies, many patients experience significant improvements in different aspects of their disease, including symptoms, work productivity and other outcomes relevant for individuals and society. However, due to the complexity of biological drug development and manufacturing processes, the costs of these therapies are relatively high. Indeed, the financial burden on healthcare systems due to biological therapies is considerable and lack of patient access to effective treatment remains a concern in many parts of the world. As many reference biological therapies have now reached or are near to patent expiry, a number of ‘biosimilar’ drugs have been developed for use in various clinical settings, and some of these drugs are already in use in several countries. While the potential pharmacoeconomic benefits of cost‐effective biosimilars seem clear, several issues have been raised regarding, for example, the definition of biosimilarity and the validity of indication extrapolation, as well as the ‘switchability’ and relative immunogenicity of biosimilars and their reference drugs. In this review, these issues will be discussed with reference to CT‐P13, a biosimilar of the anti‐tumour necrosis factor monoclonal antibody infliximab, which is approved in Europe and elsewhere for the treatment of various IMIDs. Other important issues, including those related to data collection during nonclinical and clinical development of biosimilars, are also discussed.
3D evaluation of maxillary arches in unilateral cleft lip and palate patients treated with nasoalveolar moulding vs. Hotz′s plate
Authors: Cerón‐Zapata A. M. , López‐Palacio A. M. , Rodriguez‐Ardila M. J. , Berrio‐Gutiérrez L. M. , De Menezes M. , Sforza C. 
Published: September 2015

SummaryTo compare the three‐dimensional changes occurring in the maxillary arch during the use of modified pre‐surgical nasoalveolar moulding (PNAM) and Hotz′s plate. A clinical trial including 32 children with unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP), 16 treated with Hotz′s plate and 16 with PNAM, was performed. Impressions of the maxillary arches were taken: A. prior to pre‐surgical orthopaedics, B. before cheiloplasty and C. after cheiloplasty. Models were digitised using a stereophotogrammetric instrument, and geodesic distances were calculated: anterior, canine and posterior widths of the arch, and lengths and cleft depths of the larger and shorter segments. The time and treatment effects were assessed by two‐factor anova. A significant effect of treatment was found for cleft depth at the larger segment: children treated with Hotz′s plate had significantly deeper cleft than children treated with PNAM. All distances significantly changed during time: the anterior and canine widths decreased, while the posterior width, the lengths and depths of the cleft segments increased. Significant treatment per time interactions was found. The anterior and canine widths reduced more with PNAM between time points A and B while Hotz's treatment was more effective between B and C. The shorter segment depth increased more between B and C with PNAM, and between A and B with Hotz's plate. During pre‐surgical orthopaedics, therapy with PNAM obtained the best results in reducing the width at the anterior segment of the cleft. This treatment gave a lower increase in cleft depth than treatment with Hotz′s plate.
Cognitive, Noncognitive, and Family Background Contributions to College Attainment: A Behavioral Genetic Perspective
Authors: McGue Matt , Rustichini Aldo , Iacono William G. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThere is considerable evidence that college attainment is associated with family background and cognitive and noncognitive skills. Behavioral genetic methods are used to determine whether the family background effect is mediated through cognitive and noncognitive skill development. We analyze data from two longitudinal behavioral genetic studies: the Minnesota Twin Family Study, consisting of 1,382 pairs of like‐sex twins and their parents, and the Sibling Interaction and Behavior Study, consisting of 409 adoptive and 208 nonadoptive families with two offspring and their rearing parents. Cognitive ability, noncognitive skills, and family background are all associated with offspring college attainment. Biometric analysis shows that the intergenerational transmission of college attainment owes to both genetic and shared environmental factors. The shared environmental influence was not due to highly educated parents fostering noncognitive skill development in their children, and there was limited evidence that they foster cognitive skill development. The environmental transmission of educational attainment does not appear to be a consequence of highly educated parents fostering cognitive and noncognitive skill development. Alternative mechanisms are needed to explain the strong shared environmental influence on college attainment. Possibilities include academic expectations, social network effects, and the economic benefits of having wealthy parents.
Model‐Reference Health Monitoring of Hysteretic Building Structure Using Acceleration Measurement with Test Validation
Authors: Shan Jiazeng , Shi Weixing , Lu Xilin 
Published: September 2015

AbstractA model‐reference health monitoring algorithm with two damage sensitive features is presented in this study, utilizing structural acceleration measurements from earthquake‐damaged building structure. A virtual linear healthy model, representing linear behavior of the instrumented structure, is used to generate real‐time reference response signals for health monitoring during a disastrous earthquake. The tracking error of acceleration and a relevant statistical factor are first proposed for identifying damage occurrence and location at story level. The severity of the hysteretic damage is estimated numerically using a model‐based prediction curve in an equivalent stiffness reduction manner with the implementation of robust Kalman filtering. The performance of damage detection and evaluation in the presented algorithm are illustrated by numerical simulation of structural models with different hysteretic characteristics, and further validated by experimental investigation employing a base‐isolated three‐story structure and real‐world case study of a seven‐story frame structure. The influence of measurement noise and uncertain stiffness in linear healthy model is also discussed through a parametric study.
Characterisation and Expression Analysis of MrLip1, a Class 3 Family Lipase of Malassezia restricta
Authors: Park Minji , Jung Won Hee , Han Song Hee , Lee Young Hoon , Lee Yang Won 
Published: September 2015

SummaryThe genus Malassezia is associated with a wide range of skin diseases and is the predominant fungal genus isolated from human skin. Of the 14 Malassezia species identified, M. restricta is the most abundant fungal species found from both healthy and diseased skin. Emerging evidences have suggested that extracellular lipases of Malassezia play a critical role in its survival on the host skin surface. This study aimed to characterise the lipase 1 homologue (MrLip1) in M. restricta and to analyse its expression under different environmental conditions. The full sequence of the gene encoding MrLip1 was determined by rapid amplification of cDNA ends, and it was then heterologously expressed in Pichia pastoris. MrLip1 protein was successfully purified and used for lipase assay and specific antibody generation for use in expression analysis. The optimum pH and temperature for the activity of purified MrLip1 were pH 5.0 and 34 °C respectively. Furthermore, the expression of MrLip1 peaked at a similar pH and temperature, suggesting that the optimal conditions for MrLip1 protein activity and expression are similar to that found on the human skin surface. This study provides data to improve our understanding of the role and characteristics of lipase 1 in M. restricta.
The prevalence of pain at home and its consequences in children following two types of short stay surgery: a multicenter observational cohort study
Authors: Williams Glyn , Bell Graham , Buys Justin , Moriarty Tony , Patel Anil , Sunderland Robin , Shepherd Liz , Brooks Peter , Polhill Sara 
Published: September 2015

SummaryBackgroundThe potential for pain at home in children following day case surgery has long been recognized. Pain has also been associated with behavioral disturbances and sleep disruption in children following surgery and may also impact negatively on recovery, parental and patient satisfaction, family life, healthcare use, and have an economic cost.AimTo investigate the prevalence of pain at home, and its consequences, in children following two types of short stay surgery across eight pediatric centers in the UK in an observational cohort study. Reporting of the study was done in adherence with STROBE guidelines.MethodTwo hundred and forty‐one children undergoing either Tonsillectomy with or without Adenoidectomy (T's ± A's) or Orchidopexy surgery (either by Open or Laparoscopic) were recruited. Data collection was via three structured telephone interviews [Day (D) 2, 7 and 14] conducted from a clinical research facility. The normal clinical practices of the centers involved in the study were not altered in any way. Outcomes studied were (i) Pain incidence and severity; (ii) Associated consequences—incidence of psychological disturbances, unplanned use of healthcare services, and social/economic cost to families; and (iii) Comparative pain and associated outcomes for two types of surgery (T's ± A's vs Orchidopexy).ResultsThe incidence of pain following both operative models was high though it differed between the two groups. In the T's ± A's group, the incidence of pain was high throughout the study period (D2 90.1%, D3‐7 88.1%, D8‐14 61.8%). The Orchidopexy group demonstrated a similar pattern, though with decreased rates (D2 70.4%, D3‐7 34.7%, D8‐14 17.1%). Both groups showed similar patterns for the rates of behavioral disturbances (T's & A's: D2 76%, D3‐7 73%, D8‐14 30% and Orchidopexy: D2 37%, D3‐7 20%, D8‐14 10%). Seventy percent of the families reported unplanned healthcare use with pain the primary reason in 79% of these.ConclusionsThe prevalence of pain at home, and its potential associated consequences, is high following short stay surgery in children in the UK. In both groups, high incidences were seen for longer periods than is commonly perceived. These findings were consistent between the centers involved suggesting that this is a significant national healthcare issue with potential short‐ and long‐term consequences for the child, their family, and health services.
Indigenous microbiota and Leishmaniasis
Authors: Lopes M. E. M. , Carneiro M. B. H. , dos Santos L. M. , Vieira L. Q. 
Published: September 2015

SummaryAnimals are colonized by their indigenous microbiota from the early days of life. The estimated number of associated bacterial cells in humans is around of 1014 per individual, most of them in the gut. Several studies have investigated the microbiota–host relationship, and the use of germfree animals has been an important tool in these studies. These animals, when infected with a pathogen, have shown to be sometimes more resistant and other times more susceptible than conventional animals. Leishmaniasis is a worldwide public health problem and presents a spectrum of clinical manifestations. However, very few studies have addressed the role of the indigenous microbiota on the outcome of this disease. In this review, we will highlight and discuss the data available on the ways by which the microbiota can influence the outcome of the disease in murine experimental models of cutaneous infection with Leishmania.
Phenotypic Correlations of Testes Size with Semen Traits and the Productive Traits of Young Boars
Authors: Jacyno E , Kawęcka M , Pietruszka A , Sosnowska A 
Published: September 2015

ContentsThe aim of this study was to investigate whether there is a relationship of young boar testes size with semen traits and with productive traits. The dimensions (length, width and volume) of each testis and semen traits (semen volume, percentage of sperm with progressive motility, sperm concentration, total number of sperm in semen, percentage of sperm with normal acrosome, percentage of sperm with major and minor morphological defects, osmotic resistance test value and activity of aspartate aminotransferase in seminal plasma) were determined on 120 young boars aged 6 months. At 180 day of age, the boars backfat thickness and leanness (by ultrasonic apparatus) and body weight were also measured. The average daily gain was determined in the period from 70 to 180 days of age of the boars. The results showed that the sperm concentration, total number of sperm in semen and percentage of progressive motile sperm were a significantly positively correlated with width and volume of the left (p ≤ 0.01) and right testis (p ≤ 0.05) and with total volume of both testes (p ≤ 0.01). But the highest values of correlation coefficients were found between the width of the left testis and sperm concentration, total number of sperm in semen and percentage of progressive motile sperm. A correlations of dimensions (length and width) and volume of testes with other semen traits were very low and statistically non‐significant. The volume of testes (left and right testis and total testes) was significantly positively correlated with body weight at 180 days of age and daily gain (p ≤ 0.01), but lower correlation coefficient was between left testis and daily gain (p ≤ 0.05), whereas correlations were low and non‐significant with leanness and backfat thickness.
Immanuel Kant and Endogenous Growth Theory
Authors: Fagan Gabriel , Gaspar Vitor , McAdam Peter 
Published: September 2015

AbstractDespite the modern origins of endogenous growth theory, we argue that the ‘Idea for a Universal History with a Cosmopolitan Aim’ written by Immanuel Kant in 1784 provides an early and coherent example of such a theory. Kant's endogenous growth mechanism is driven by the inherent rivalry that exists between agents which increases effort and strengthens the accumulation of knowledge, which in turn is carried through generations. In an exercise in ‘rational reconstruction’, we present a mathematical model of Kant's mechanism. We use the model to contribute to the contemporary policy debate as to whether ‘keeping up with the Joneses’ leads to excessive effort.
Epidemiology of Salmonella on the Paws and in the Faeces of Free‐Ranging Raccoons (Procyon Lotor) in Southern Ontario, Canada
Authors: Bondo K. J. , Pearl D. L. , Janecko N. , Boerlin P. , Reid‐Smith R. J. , Parmley J. , Jardine C. M. 
Published: September 2015

SummaryRaccoons are common in urban and rural environments and can carry a wide range of bacteria, including Salmonella, that can negatively affect human and livestock health. Although previous studies have reported that raccoons shed a variety of Salmonella serovars in their faeces, it is unknown whether Salmonella is carried on raccoon paws. Our objective was to compare the prevalence of Salmonella on the paws and in the faeces of raccoons in south‐western Ontario. Raccoons were sampled in a repeat cross‐sectional study on five swine farms and five conservation areas from May to October 2012. A total of 416 paired faecal and paw samples were collected from 285 individual raccoons. Salmonella was detected in 18% (75/416; 95% CI, 14–22%) and 27% (111/416; 95% CI, 22–31%) of paw and faecal samples, respectively. Salmonella was detected only on paws in 8% (35/416; 95% CI, 5.9–11.5%), only in faeces in 17% (71/416; 95% CI, 13.6–21.0%) and on both paws and in faeces in 10% (40/416; 95% CI, 7.0–12.9%) of raccoon captures. Multilevel logistic regression models were used to examine associations between the presence of Salmonella and age (adult, juvenile), sex (male, female), location type (swine farm, conservation area), sample type (faeces, paw) and season (May–July and August–October). Random intercepts were included to account for clustering by individual animal and location. Significant differences, that varied by sample type and season, were noted in the prevalence of Salmonella carriage between sexes. Raccoons can carry Salmonella serovars known to infect humans and livestock on their paws and/or in their faeces and therefore have the potential to mechanically and biologically disseminate Salmonella among livestock facilities and human recreational areas.
Critical Biot Number of a Periodic Array of Rectangular Fins
Authors: Fyrillas Marios M. , Leontiou Theodoros 
Published: September 2015

We consider the heat transfer problem associated with a periodic array of rectangular fins subjected to convection heat transfer with a uniform heat transfer coefficient. Our analysis differs from the classical approach as (i) we consider two-dimensional (2D) heat conduction and (ii) the wall, to which the fins are attached, is included in the analysis. The problem is modeled as a 2D channel whose upper surface is flat and isothermal, while the lower surface has a periodic array of rectangular extensions/fins which are subjected to heat convection. The Biot number (Bi=h t/k) characterizing the heat transfer process is defined with respect to the thickness of the fins (t). Numerical results suggest that the fins would enhance the heat transfer rate only if the Biot number is less than a critical value which is independent of the thickness of the wall, the length of the fins, and the period; the critical Biot number is approximately equal to 1.64. The optimum fins are infinitely thin and long, and densely packed, i.e., hairlike.