bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Post-depositional history of the Miocene Gorgoglione Formation (southern Apennines, Italy): inferences from mineralogical and structural analyses
Authors: Cavalcante Francesco , Prosser Giacomo , Agosta Fabrizio , Belviso Claudia , Corrado Giuseppe 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
The Gorgoglione Formation represents the infill of a thrust-top basin, which records the tectonic evolution of the southern Apennines (Italy) since Upper Miocene times. The Upper Miocene basin was divided into two main sub-basins, showing both about NNW-SSW elongation. During ongoing contractional deformation, the Gorgoglione basin was incorporated into the allochthonous units of the Apennine fold-and-thrust belt, as outlined by the emplacement of thrust sheets of internal provenance (Sicilide Unit) and by the development of two main generations of tight to open folds. In this work, the modalities of deformation associated to the incorporation of the Gorgoglione Formation into the fold-and-thrust belt has been documented by means of mineralogical and structural analyses. Mineralogical data show that, in the northeastern sub-basin of the Gorgoglione Formation, the illite content and the order of illite/smectite mixed layer increase near the contact with the overlaying Sicilide Unit. These data are hence used to estimate the relative tectonic load produced by thrusting of the aforementioned tectonic unit. Structural data are consistent with tight, NNW-trending, meso-scale folds particularly frequent in the upper pelitic/arenaceous portion of the Gorgoglione Formation. Within these folded pelitic levels, a well-developed axial-plane foliation, and an ordered I/S (R1 and R3) with higher illite content, is documented. Instead, other folds developed far away from the Sicilide klippen show an incipient axial-plane foliation and a random I/S (R0) with lower illite amount is found in pelites. The data suggest that the eastern sub-basin of the Gorgoglione Formation underwent variable tectonic load, increasing from E to W, as well as deformation produced by thrusting of Sicilide sheet. The mineralogical data also indicate that illitization process is favoured for the high availability of potassium due to the dissolution of k-feldspar. High potassium availability affects the samples subjected to the highest diagenetic degree, characterized by kaolinite illitization process.
Evidence for transform motion along the South Balearic margin and implications for the kinematics of opening of the Algerian basin
Authors: Driussi Olivier , Briais Anne , Maillard Agnès 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Two major types of kinematic models have been proposed to explain the opening of the western Mediterranean basins (Liguro-Provençal and Algerian basins, and Valencia trough). In one type of models, all continental blocks bounding the basins drift to the southeast, driven by the rollback of the Tethys subduction slab. In the other type of models, the Alboran domain drifts to the southwest, implying a westward rollback of the broken subducting slab and a NE-SW opening of the Algerian basin. In most models, however, the structure of the Balearic promontory was not taken into account, despite its key location at the boundary of the three major basins. We used the interpretation of a large seismic database coupled to gravity and magnetic anomaly analyses to characterize the nature and structure of the South Balearic margin. The constraints brought by the new analyses allow us to suggest a new scenario for the opening of the Algerian basin.
Seismic profiles show that the South Balearic margin is composed of four segments with different morphologies and crustal structures. Two segments, the Mazarron and the Emile Baudot escarpments, are characterized by steep scarps and sharp crustal thinning. Two other segments, the South Ibiza and South Menorca margins, have a smoother bathymetry and crustal thinning. We interpret the former in terms of transform margins, and the latter as divergent margins. The distribution of faults on the passive margin segments suggests that they have recorded at least two phases of deformation. A first phase of opening, probably in a NW-SE direction, affected the south Balearic margin, and possibly created some oceanic floor. The existence of the transform margin segments and the prominent NW-SE orientation of the magnetic lineations in the eastern Algerian basin suggest that most of this basin opened in a NE-SW direction, in different oceanic corridors. The two eastern corridors formed by the southwestward drift of the Kabylies. The western corridor, bounded by the transform segments of the South Balearic margin and the Algerian margin, results from the southwestward drift of the Alboran domain, as suggested by previous studies.
Natural Glyphosate Tolerance in Sweetvetch Hedysarum boreale
Authors: Peel Michael D. , Ransom Corey V. , Mott Ivan W. , Waldron Blair L. 
Published: July 2015

ABSTRACTSweetvetch (Hedysarum boreale Nutt.) is purported to tolerate glyphosate [N‐(phosphonomethyl) glycine]. Eight rates of glyphosate were tested for their effect on biomass (BM) and survival of seedlings and mature plants. Rates were 0, 210, 420, 841, 1681, 3363, 6725, and 13,450 g a.e. ha–1. Tall fescue (Festuca arundinaceae Schreb.) was included as a susceptible check. Doses required to cause 50% reduction (GR50) in sweetvetch seedling BM was 5025 and 1636 g a.e. ha–1 at first and second harvests, respectively. Tall fescue seedling BM GR50 values were 373 and 512 g a.e. ha–1 at first and second harvests, respectively. Seedling mortality in sweetvetch was not sufficient to estimate an LD50; however, in tall fescue the seedling LD50 was 987 g a.e. ha–1. Four weeks after spring field treatments, sweetvetch and tall fescue BM GR50 values were 3467 and 549 g a.e. ha–1, respectively. Thirteen months later BM GR50 estimates were 11,595 and 886 g a.e. ha–1 for sweetvetch and tall fescue, respectively. Fall‐applied glyphosate did not reduce BM in the sweetvetch sufficient to estimate a GR50. Tall fescue estimated BM GR50 was 413 g a.e. ha–1. At the three lowest treatments BM of sweetvetch mature plants was unaffected. Survival of mature sweetvetch plants was ≥70% precluding estimates of LD50 values. The LD50's for tall fescue spring and fall treatments was 751 and 541 g a.e. ha–1, respectively. Based BM GR15 values sweetvetch will withstand a glyphosate rate of 670 g a.e. ha–1 with no mortality or negative effect on subsequent harvests.
Quantitative Trait Loci Analysis of White Mold Avoidance in Pinto Bean
Authors: Hoyos‐Villegas Valerio , Mkwaila Wezi , Cregan Perry B. , Kelly James D. 
Published: July 2015

ABSTRACTWhite mold is a major disease of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) grown in temperate production areas. The objective of this study was to use single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers from the BARCBean6K_3 BeadChip to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with traits related to white mold resistance in common bean. A recombinant inbred line (RIL) population from a cross of disease‐tolerant pinto line AN‐37 and disease‐susceptible line P02630 was evaluated in Michigan for 4 yr under white mold pressure. Traits evaluated included disease incidence, the numbers of days to flower and to maturity, canopy height, lodging, seed yield, and 100‐seed weight. A linkage map of the RIL population spanning 1499 cM was constructed using 447 SNP markers. The map covered all 11 bean chromosomes with an average distance of 3.6 cM between markers. A total of 13 QTL for agronomic and disease traits were consistently identified in different years. A major QTL WM3.1AN associated with white mold avoidance was validated on chromosome Pv03. The QTL is associated with disease avoidance traits such as canopy porosity, plant height, stay green stem trait, and maturity. Quantitative trait loci for maturity and canopy height also mapped to the same genomic region on Pv03. Finding strong associations between maturity, lodging, canopy height, and disease incidence offers alternative strategies to improve levels of white mold avoidance over greenhouse screening. The validation of the WM3.1AN, AP630 QTL for white mold avoidance should provide bean breeders with the opportunity to introgress avoidance traits into their germplasm.
Detecting Meniscal Tears in Primary Care: Reproducibility and Accuracy of 2 Weight-Bearing Tests and 1 Non–Weight-Bearing Test
Authors: Snoeker Barbara A.M. , Lindeboom Robert , Zwinderman Aeilko H. , Vincken Patrice W.J. , Jansen Joris A. , Lucas Cees 
Published: July 2015

Study Design Diagnostic accuracy study using a cross-sectional design. Objectives To determine the interexaminer reliability and the diagnostic accuracy in primary care of 1 existing weight-bearing meniscal test, the Thessaly test, 1 new weight-bearing test, the deep squat test, and 1 non-weight-bearing test, the joint-line tenderness test. Background Meniscal tears are difficult to detect in primary care. Although valuable in secondary care, weight-bearing physical examination tests require validation in primary care in unselected patients. Methods Between October 2009 and December 2013, 121 patients (age range, 18–65 years) seen in primary care and suspected of having internal derangement of the knee of less than 6 months in duration were included in the study. Diagnostic accuracy of the 3 meniscal tests was determined based on assessment with magnetic resonance imaging. The meniscal tests were performed by 3 trained physical therapists, who were not informed about the patient history and magnetic resonance imaging results. Each test was performed independently by 2 of the 3 trained physical therapists in alternating pairs. Results The Thessaly test and the deep squat test had a moderate level of interexaminer reliability, with kappas of 0.54 and 0.46, respectively. The joint-line tenderness test had poor interexaminer reliability and was therefore not assessed for diagnostic accuracy. The following results are reported separately for both examiners. The Thessaly test had a sensitivity of 66.7% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 53.0%, 78.0%) and 51.2% (95% CI: 36.8%, 65.4%), a specificity of 37.9% (95% CI: 27.2%, 50.0%) and 43.5% (95% CI: 30.2%, 57.8%), a positive likelihood ratio of 1.07 (95% CI: 0.82, 1.41) and 0.91 (95% CI: 0.62, 1.33), and a negative likelihood ratio of 0.88 (95% CI: 0.54, 1.45) and 1.12 (95% CI: 0.72, 1.76). Similarly, the deep squat test had a sensitivity of 74.5% (95% CI: 61.1%, 84.5%) and 76.7% (95% CI: 62.3%, 86.9%), a specificity of 42.4% (95% CI: 31.2%, 54.4%) and 36.2% (95% CI: 24.0%, 50.5%), a positive likelihood ratio of 1.29 (95% CI: 0.97, 1.68) and 1.20 (95% CI: 0.92, 1.58), and a negative likelihood ratio of 0.60 (95% CI: 0.35, 1.04) and 0.64 (95% CI: 0.33, 1.25). Conclusion Although the Thessaly and deep squat tests have a moderate level of reliability, neither test is sufficiently accurate to help in the diagnosis of meniscal tears in primary care. Future research should focus on other relevant patient variables instead of on physical examination tests in the detection of meniscal tears. Level of Evidence Diagnosis, level 3b. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2015;45(9):693–702. Epub 10 Jul 2015. doi:10.2519/jospt.2015.5712
Ultrasound Imaging in Postpartum Women With Diastasis Recti: Intrarater Between-Session Reliability
Authors: Keshwani Nadia , McLean Linda 
Published: July 2015

Study Design Clinimetrics. Objectives To investigate the intrarater between-session reliability of inter-rectus distance (IRD) measurement using ultrasound imaging in postpartum women with diastasis recti. Background Diastasis recti, a separation of the rectus abdominis muscles at the linea alba, occurs as a result of pregnancy and is characterized by increased IRD. The measurement of IRD in this population is of interest to determine changes in diastasis recti severity over time, or in response to treatment. Ultrasound imaging has been proposed as a useful tool to measure IRD in women with diastasis recti; however, the consistency of IRD measurement in this population using ultrasound imaging has, to our knowledge, never been investigated. Methods Ultrasound imaging was used to measure IRD in 20 women with diastasis recti on 2 different occasions. On each testing occasion, images were acquired at 4 locations along the linea alba while participants remained relaxed and while they performed a head lift to activate the rectus abdominis muscles. Reliability statistics included intraclass correlation coefficients, Bland-Altman analyses, minimum clinically important difference, and standard error of the measurement. Results Between-session reliability of IRD measurement was high, particularly when measuring IRD at or above the umbilicus, as indicated by intraclass correlation coefficients greater than 0.90 and low standard error of the measurement and minimum clinically important difference values (below 0.17 cm and 0.46 cm, respectively). Reliability coefficients were poorer when measuring IRD below the umbilicus. Conclusion When performed by an experienced investigator, ultrasound imaging is a reliable tool by which to measure IRD in postpartum women who have diastasis recti. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2015;45(9):713–718. Epub 10 Jul 2015. doi:10.2519/jospt.2015.5879
Friction stir spot welding of aluminum alloys: A recent review
Authors: Ojo Olatunji Oladimeji , Taban Emel , Kaluc Erdinc 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
The application prospect of aluminum alloys in aerospace, high speed train manufacturing, shipbuilding and automotive industries is increasing and friction stir spot welding (FSSW) is adjudged to be a non-fusion and suitable joining technology for it. Conversely, friction stir spot welding has challenging attributes such as objectionable FSSW tool pin performance and short life span in mass production stage, creation of crack initiation sites like hook defect, material flow voids and probe hole, as well as restrictions on thickness of materials that can be welded. These challenges have caused a lot of tool profile innovative modifications and technological advancement in friction stir spot welding of aluminum alloys. Nevertheless, some of these vital issues are still unresolved and this notion makes FSSW an evolving solid state joining technology. A succinct view of literature on FSSW of aluminum alloys reveals that most researchers have limited their research to the characterization of microstructure and mechanical properties of aluminum welds; thus leaving a blatant research gap in post-weld tool examinations. Tool wear mechanism and void formation mechanism in FSSW processes as well as characterization of friction stir spot welded aluminum alloys are research areas that need critical examinations. Nevertheless, this publication combines the innovative and recently developed friction stir spot welding technologies of aluminum alloys and assesses their generalized process parameters; it also covers microstructural and mechanical properties of aluminum alloys available in literature. This report classifies FSSW of aluminum alloys based on three criteria namely, probe amendment, shoulder adjustment and complexity of tool movement.
Impact behavior of multi-layer carbon skin composite sandwich panels with 3D spacer fabric
Authors: Kuş Abdil 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
For this study, the strengths against impact effects of multi-layer composite sandwich panels reinforced by additional lamination structures using 3D spacer fabric have been investigated. To determine the impact strengths of the produced sandwich panels, falling weight tests with a constant impact energy of 15 J were performed on all of the samples, and the loads and absorbed energy were monitored as a function of time. In addition, the damage mechanisms occurring in the structure during impact were examined. Overall, according to the analysis of the damaged surface, the different impacts created a regional penetration area. Furthermore, no deviation in the breakdown of the surface texture was observed in the regions outside of the penetration area.
Effect of sintering temperature on transverse rupture strength of hot pressed Cu-TiC composites
Authors: Islak Serkan 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
In this study, effect of sintering temperature on transverse rupture strength (TRS) of Cu-TiC composites produced using hot pressing (HP) technique has been studied. Copper matrix composites reinforced with 10 wt.-% TiC particles were produced under a pressure of 50 MPa, at 600, 700 and 800 °C, and for a sintering time of 4 minutes, respectively. The TRS of the composites were determined using three-point bending test. SEM was used to analyze the fractured surfaces of composites. SEM results showed that with increasing sintering temperature, pores and gaps in the fractured surfaces decreased. The ultimate transverse rupture strength of Cu-TiC composites was found to increase with increasing sintering temperature.
Evaluation of double channel GMAW fillet welds of low carbon steel using solid wire
Authors: Mert Tolga , Gultekin Nurullah , Karaaslan Ahmet 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
S235JR low carbon steel material with web and flange thicknesses of 8 mm was welded by conventional GMAW and double channel shielding gas method to form double fillet T-joints. The differences between these two methods were characterized by measurements of mean welding parameters, Vickers hardness profiles, molten and HAZ areas of the joints and thermal camera temperature measurements. According to the results, lower mean arc voltage along with lower heat input was obtained using double channel shielding gas method. Vickers hardness values were higher using conventional GMAW. Moreover, mean filler metal molten area values were higher using double channel shielding gas method, which depicted that this method increased productivity. Smaller HAZ area values acquired with double channel shielding gas method is an indication of more intense heat input.
Friction behavior of granite powder added brake pads
Authors: Sugozu Ilker , Can İbrahim , Oner Cengiz , Bagirov Hanlar 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Brake linings used in automotive disks are usually composed of various components. The expected properties of a brake lining are the standard values of wear resistance, friction coefficient and the economical manufacturing. Brake lining extremely warms up during braking due to friction. The braking performance of braking lining can change or the braking lining undergoes mechanical deformation due to excessive temperature. In this study, the effect of granite powder in the brake friction material on various aspects of friction characteristics were investigated. Three friction material specimens were produced based on an experimental formulation, and they contained 2, 6 and 10 % granite powder, respectively, with fixed composition of the other ingredients. Tribological properties of the friction materials were obtained using a brake dynamometer. Results showed that the friction materials containing 2 and 6 % granite powder had improved friction stability and fade resistance.
Machining of an involute worm gear drive using the surface definition procedure
Authors: Savas Vedat , Ozay Cetin , Yapici Abdulkerim 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
There is a need for special machines and methods for machining of an involute worm gear drive. Due to these necessities, the machines for involute profile machining are limited and the production costs are also excessive. There are general approaches applicable for various types of gearwheel machining. As known, involute worm gears are generally machined in two ways, namely by the rolling method and by form milling. The rolling method is the most widely used one. In this study, the aim is to develop a novel machining method for involute worm gear drive production, which can be more often used in industrial production. Furthermore, this method should reduce machining costs andsimplify the manufacturing process for involute gear drives. Thus, theoretical calculations for the involute form of worm gear drive have been done and an analytical model has been set up using Matlab M file. Machining coordinates of involute worm gear have been created and transformed to G codes. So, the involute curve has been formed. Accuracy of those derived machining codes has been tested by using a CNC Simulator program. Finally, an involute worm gear drive has been machined in a CNC lathe (with two axes) machine using grooving tool and the newly designed special tool holder.
On the wear of TiB
x
/TiSi
y
C
z
coatings deposited on 316L steel
Authors: Twardowska Agnieszka , Morgiel Jerzy , Rajchel Boguslaw 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Bilayer TiB
x
/TiSi
y
C
z
coatings were formed on AISI 316L steel substrates by dual beam ion beam assisted deposition from TiB
x
and TiSi
y
C
z
targets. Coated and uncoated substrates were subjected to nanoindentation, scratch and friction-wear tests. Scratch and ball-on-disc tests were conducted in non-lubricated sliding, using a diamond pin and 100Cr6 steel ball, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy were used to examine the surfaces of coated samples, before and after tests. To investigate wear mechanisms in the coating–substrate systems, thin foils were prepared from worn areas for transmission electron microscopy observations. TiB
x
/TiSi
y
C
z
coatings proved to be well adherent to steel substrates. The main wear mechanism was of abrasive type. Intensive plastic deformation of steel substrate under critical loads was revealed.
The effects of external compressive stress on the kinetics of low temperature bainitic transformation and microstructure in a superbainite steel
Authors: Zhou Mingxing , Xu Guang , Zhang Yulong , Xue Zhengliang 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
The effects of external compressive stress below the yield strength of austenite on the kinetics of low temperature bainitic transformation and microstructure in a superbainite steel were studied through dilatometry, scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction analysis simultaneously. The results show that even under a relatively low isothermal temperature of 300°C, compressive stress less than yield stress can clearly accelerate bainitic transformation because of the increase in total driving force for bainitic transformation and anisotropic transformation strain. Bainite ferrite becomes longer, the orientations of bainite sheaves become more uniform and the transformation strain becomes anisotropic under external compressive stress because of variants selection. The amount of bainite increases while the amount of martensite decreases with the application of external stress.