bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Use of electroconvulsive therapy in older Chinese psychiatric patients
Authors: Zhang Xin‐Qiao , Wang Zhi‐Min , Pan Yan‐Li , Chiu Helen F. K. , Ng Chee H. , Ungvari Gabor S. , Lai Kelly Y. C. , Cao Xiao‐Lan , Li Yan , Zhong Bao‐Liang , Xiang Yu‐Tao 
Published: November 2014

ObjectiveLittle is known about the use of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) in older Chinese psychiatric patients. This study examined the frequency of ECT and the demographic and clinical correlates in older psychiatric patients hospitalized in a large psychiatric institution in Beijing, China.MethodsThis was a retrospective chart review of 2339 inpatients aged 60 years and older treated over a period of 8 years (2007–2013) in a university‐affiliated psychiatric institution in Beijing. Sociodemographic and clinical data were collected from the electronic chart management system for discharged patients.ResultsThe rate of ECT use was 28.1% in the whole sample; 37.9% in those with bipolar disorders, 43.6% in major depression, 21.2% in schizophrenia, and 10.7% in other diagnoses. ECT (“ECT group”) was associated with 60–65‐year age group, high risk for suicide and low risk for falls at the time of admission, use of mood stabilizers and antidepressants, lack of health insurance, and having major medical conditions and diagnosis of major depression. The above significant correlates explained 24.9% of the variance of ECT use (p < 0.001).ConclusionsIn a major psychiatric hospital in China, the use of ECT was common among older patients. ECT use in older patients treated in other clinical settings warrants further investigations. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Structural connectivity abnormality in children with acute mild traumatic brain injury using graph theoretical analysis
Authors: Yuan Weihong , Wade Shari L. , Babcock Lynn 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThe traumatic biomechanical forces associated with mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) typically impart diffuse, as opposed to focal, brain injury potentially disrupting the structural connectivity between neural networks. Graph theoretical analysis using diffusion tensor imaging was used to assess injury‐related differences in structural connectivity between 23 children (age 11–16 years) with mTBI and 20 age‐matched children with isolated orthopedic injuries (OI) scanned within 96 h postinjury. The distribution of hub regions and the associations between alterations in regional network measures and symptom burden, as assessed by the postconcussion symptom scale score (PCSS), were also examined. In comparison to the OI group, the mTBI group was found to have significantly higher small‐worldness (P < 0.0001), higher normalized clustering coefficients (P < 0.0001), higher normalized characteristic path length (P = 0.007), higher modularity (P = 0.0005), and lower global efficiency (P < 0.0001). A series of hub regions in the mTBI group were found to have significant alterations in regional network measures including nodal degree, nodal clustering coefficient, and nodal between‐ness centrality. Correlation analysis showed that PCSS total score acquired at the time of imaging was significantly associated with the nodal degree of two hubs, the superior frontal gyrus at orbital section and the middle frontal gyrus. These findings provide new evidence of acute white matter alteration at both global and regional network level following mTBI in children furthering our understanding of underlying mechanisms of acute neurological insult associated with mTBI. Hum Brain Mapp 36:779–792, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Tendon to bone tunnel healing—A study on the time‐dependent changes in biomechanics, bone remodeling, and histology in a rat model
Authors: Hjorthaug Geir Aasmund , Madsen Jan Erik , Nordsletten Lars , Reinholt Finn P. , Steen Harald , Dimmen Sigbjorn 
Published: November 2014

ABSTRACTTendons and ligaments attach to bone through a transitional connective tissue with complex biomechanical properties. This unique tissue is not regenerated during healing, and surgical reattachment therefore often fails. The present study was designed to evaluate tendon healing in a bone tunnel and to evaluate the utilized rat model. Wistar rats (n = 61) were operated with the Achilles tendon through a bone tunnel in the distal tibia. Healing was evaluated at 2, 3, 4, and 12 weeks by biomechanical testing, bone mineral density and histology. After 2 weeks median (interquartile range) pull‐out force was 2.2 N (1.9). The pull‐out force increased chronologically, by 12 weeks fivefold to 11.2 N (11.4). Energy absorption, stiffness, and bone mineral density increased similarly. The histological analyses showed inflammation at early stages with increasing callus by time. Our data showed a slow healing response the first 4 weeks followed by an accelerated healing period, favoring that most of the gain in mechanical strength occurred later than 4 weeks postoperatively. These findings support the concern of a vulnerable tendon bone tunnel interface in the early stages of healing. © 2014 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 33:216–223, 2015.
Laser Welding of an Innovative Indicator Light
Authors: Wenzlau Carsten 
Published: November 2014

AbstractAn innovation for door handles in the vehicle industry has been created by Magna Mirrors: An LED indicator light has been fitted into a door handle as a design element. LEDs are used in many lighting areas nowadays. The technology allows flat designs and therefore also the use of new design elements. The tight sealing of joins is however a prerequisite for the use of such components.
Additive Manufacturing of Micro‐sized Parts
Authors: Niesler Fabian , Hermatschweiler Martin 
Published: November 2014

AbstractAdditive Manufacturing (AM) or 3D printing defines a family of technologies for making objects of almost any shape from virtual 3D model data through additive processes in which successive layers of material are laid down. Laser‐based AM processes like laser‐sintering, selective laser‐melting or stereolithography, differ in the materials that can be used as well as the smallest features that can be achieved in the final parts. Driven by the trend of miniaturization, common high‐resolution AM technologies like stereolithography reach their limitations, when the typical layer thickness in the range of 50 to 150 μm does not suffice to meet application demands. This is where the innovative technique of 3D laser lithography provides a significant advantage. The process of two‐photon polymerization enables the fabrication of high‐resolution 3D micro‐objects with heights from a few hundred nanometers up to several millimeters and layer thicknesses well below 1 μm.
A Novel Q‐switched CO2 Laser and its Applications
Authors: Staupendahl Gisbert 
Published: November 2014

AbstractFor the efficient treatment of a broad variety of materials, pulsed CO2 laser radiation is well‐suited. But nevertheless, CO2 lasers are well established in industrial processes, a significant disadvantage of all previously basicavailable commercial systems, which are suitable for material processing, is their restricted pulsability. This is not caused by the amplification properties of the active medium, but by the wavelength of about 10 μm. In this region the spectrum of optical materials, which can be used for modulation, especially Q‐switching, is rather limited. In principle for acousto‐optic modulation only Ge and for electro‐optic modulation only CdTe are suitable materials. But both semiconductors are relatively power‐sensitive and therefore Q‐switching of conventional CO2 lasers is typically limited to less than 100 W of average power. This problem can be solved by the new resonator concept described below [1]. The aim is the optimum transformation of the potentially available power (cw up to the kW range) into average power of the pulsed radiation.
Dual optimization method of radiofrequency and quasistatic field simulations for reduction of eddy currents generated on 7T radiofrequency coil shielding
Authors: Zhao Yujuan , Zhao Tiejun , Raval Shailesh B. , Krishnamurthy Narayanan , Zheng Hai , Harris Chad T. , Handler William B. , Chronik Blaine A. , Ibrahim Tamer S. 
Published: November 2014

PurposeTo optimize the design of radiofrequency (RF) shielding of transmit coils at 7T and reduce eddy currents generated on the RF shielding when imaging with rapid gradient waveforms.MethodsOne set of a four‐element, 2 × 2 Tic‐Tac‐Toe head coil structure was selected and constructed to study eddy currents on the RF coil shielding. The generated eddy currents were quantitatively studied in the time and frequency domains. The RF characteristics were studied using the finite difference time domain method. Five different kinds of RF shielding were tested on a 7T MRI scanner with phantoms and in vivo human subjects.ResultsThe eddy current simulation method was verified by the measurement results. Eddy currents induced by solid/intact and simple‐structured slotted RF shielding significantly distorted the gradient fields. Echo‐planar images,
maps, and S matrix measurements verified that the proposed slot pattern suppressed the eddy currents while maintaining the RF characteristics of the transmit coil.ConclusionThe presented dual‐optimization method could be used to design RF shielding and reduce the gradient field‐induced eddy currents while maintaining the RF characteristics of the transmit coil. Magn Reson Med 74:1461–1469, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Topologische Isolatoren
Authors: Gehring Pascal , Burghard Marko 
Published: November 2014

AbstractTopologische Isolatoren besitzen ein elektrisch isolierendes Inneres und zugleich sehr gut leitfähige Oberflächen. Verantwortlich dafür sind Eigenschaften, die sich mit Hilfe der Topologie beschreiben lassen. Besonderheiten ihrer Oberflächenzustände sind die Unempfindlichkeit der Leitfähigkeit gegenüber Defekten sowie die Verknüpfung der Bewegungs‐ und Spinrichtung der Ladungsträger. Mittlerweile sind topologische Isolatoren aus unterschiedlichen Kristallklassen gut dokumentiert. Auch in der Natur kommen sie vor. In der Grundlagenforschung liefern sie wertvolle Impulse zur Entdeckung neuer Quasiteilchen und Quantenphänomene. Jüngste Fortschritte beim Wachstum wohlgeordneter dünner Schichten eröffnen Anwendungsperspektiven in der Informationstechnologie und Spintronik.
Das Elektron auf der Waage
Authors: Köhler Florian , Sturm Sven , Quint Wolfgang , Blaum Klaus 
Published: November 2014

AbstractAnfang 2014 gelang es uns, die Elektronenmasse über eine indirekte Methode mit bislang höchster Präzision zu ermitteln. Hierzu verwendeten wir ein Penning‐Fallen‐Experiment. Bei früheren Messungen an freien Elektronen hatten relativistische Effekte einen schwer abschätzbaren Einfluss auf die ermittelte Masse. Deshalb nutzten wir ein System mit einem Elektron, das in einem wasserstoffähnlichen Kohlenstoffion gebunden ist. Da dieses erheblich schwerer als ein freies Elektron ist, sind relativistische Effekte wesentlich kleiner. Um die Elektronenmasse zu bestimmen, maßen wir an dem Ion das Verhältnis der Larmor‐ zur Zyklotron‐Frequenz. Dieser Ansatz stützt sich auf quantenelektrodynamische (QED) Berechnungen des g‐Faktors des gebundenen Elektrons. Die Genauigkeit der so ermittelten Elektronenmasse übertrifft die Genauigkeit des derzeitigen CODATA‐Wert um einen Faktor 13. Der präzisere Wert wird eine bedeutende Rolle bei den genauesten Tests der QED und der Bestimmung der Feinstrukturkonstanten α spielen.
Schritt, Trab und Galopp
Authors: Mathelitsch Leopold , Thaller Sigrid 
Published: November 2014

AbstractAbhängig von der Disziplin werden im Reitsport alle drei Hauptgangarten eines Pferdes – Schritt, Trab, Galopp – sportlich umgesetzt. Jede dieser Gangarten ist in einem bestimmten Geschwindigkeitsbereich energetisch am günstigsten. Beim Trab fungieren die Beine wie inverse Pendel, während auf den Galopp das mechanische Modell eines Springstocks besser passt. Beim Springreiten wirken enorme Kräfte beim Aufkommen nach dem Hindernis auf die Vorderbeine. Bei einem 600 kg schweren Pferd wurden bis zu 24000 N gemessen.
Einzelnes Photon schaltet optischen Transistor
Authors: Baur Simon 
Published: November 2014

AbstractDurchdringen sich zwei Lichtstrahlen, so beeinflussen diese sich gegenseitige normalerweise nicht. Dennoch ist es kürzlich sowohl unserer Gruppe am Max‐Planck‐Institut für Quantenoptik in Garching als auch einer Gruppe in Stuttgart gelungen, einen Lichtstrahl mit nur einem einzigen Photon zu schalten. Damit wurde das optische Analogon eines Transistors realisiert.
Kühlschränke und Kettenreaktionen
Authors: Loos Andreas 
Published: November 2014

AbstractVon den Physikern, die tatkräftig den Bau der Atombombe gefördert haben, ist er nicht der bekannteste – aber vielleicht der schillerndste. Google liefert 214000 Treffer mit seinem Namen, und auf vielen der Seiten finden sich Irrtümer und Fehler. “Ein ungarischer Physiker, vor allem dafür bekannt, Albert Einstein dazu gebracht zu haben, Präsident Roosevelt vor der Atombombe gewarnt zu haben”, kann man zum Beispiel lesen.
Climate change in Argentina: trends, projections, impacts and adaptation
Authors: Barros Vicente Ricardo , Boninsegna José Armando , Camilloni Inés Angela , Chidiak Martina , Magrín Graciela Odilia , Rusticucci Matilde 
Published: November 2014

In most of Argentina, the warming since 1901 was a little lower than the global average, although with strong trends in temperature extremes and in heat waves during the most recent decades. There was a remarkable increase in precipitation over most of subtropical Argentina, especially since 1960. This has favored agriculture yields and the extension of crop lands into semiarid regions, but this increase also came with more frequent heavy rainfalls and consequent flooding of rural and urban areas. Since the early 1970s, the main rivers of the Plata Basin have increased their mean flows, but this was attributable not only to increased precipitation, but also to land use changes. In contrast, over the Andes Mountains, reduced rainfall and increased temperature has led to glaciers receding and reduced river flows. Climate projections for the first half of this century maintain observed trends and raise additional concerns that in most cases can be dealt with timely adaptation policies. However, by the end of this century, under an extreme emissions scenario, the projected warming reaches 3.5°C in the north of the country with respect to present‐day conditions. There is insufficient knowledge to assume that this warming would not create severe damages to the people and the economy of Argentina. Because of the damages and casualties that heat waves and extreme precipitation events are already producing, the first and most urgent adaptation required is to reinforce early warning systems and contingency planning to cope with climatic extremes and their consequences on health. WIREs Clim Change 2015, 6:151–169. doi: 10.1002/wcc.316This article is categorized under:

Trans‐Disciplinary Perspectives > National Reviews
Attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder, multimodal treatment, and longitudinal outcome: evidence, paradox, and challenge
Authors: Hinshaw Stephen P. , Arnold L. Eugene ,   For the MTA Cooperative Group
Published: November 2014

Given major increases in the diagnosis of attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and in rates of medication for this condition, we carefully examine evidence for effects of single versus multimodal (i.e., combined medication and psychosocial/behavioral) interventions for ADHD. Our primary data source is the Multimodal Treatment Study of Children with ADHD (MTA), a 14‐month, randomized clinical trial in which intensive behavioral, medication, and multimodal treatment arms were contrasted with one another and with community intervention (treatment‐as‐usual), regarding outcome domains of ADHD symptoms, comorbidities, and core functional impairments. Although initial reports emphasized the superiority of well‐monitored medication for symptomatic improvement, reanalyses and reappraisals have highlighted (1) the superiority of combination treatment for composite outcomes and for domains of functional impairment (e.g., academic achievement, social skills, parenting practices); (2) the importance of considering moderator and mediator processes underlying differential patterns of outcome, including comorbid subgroups and improvements in family discipline style during the intervention period; (3) the emergence of side effects (e.g., mild growth suppression) in youth treated with long‐term medication; and (4) the diminution of medication's initial superiority once the randomly assigned treatment phase turned into naturalistic follow‐up. The key paradox is that while ADHD clearly responds to medication and behavioral treatment in the short term, evidence for long‐term effectiveness remains elusive. We close with discussion of future directions and a call for greater understanding of relevant developmental processes in the attempt to promote optimal, generalized, and lasting treatments for this important and impairing neurodevelopmental disorder. WIREs Cogn Sci 2015, 6:39–52. doi: 10.1002/wcs.1324This article is categorized under:

Psychology > Attention
Learning in Third Spaces: Community Art Studio as Storefront University Classroom
Authors: Timm-Bottos Janis , Reilly Rosemary C. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThird spaces are in‐between places where teacher–student scripts intersect, creating the potential for authentic interaction and a shift in what counts as knowledge. This paper describes a unique community–university initiative: a third space storefront classroom for postsecondary students in professional education programs, which also functions as a community art studio for the surrounding neighborhood. This approach to professional education requires an innovative combination of theory, methods, and materials as enacted by the professionals involved and performed by the students. This storefront classroom utilizes collaborative and inclusive instructional practices that promote human and community development. It facilitates the use of innovative instructional strategies including art making and participatory dialogue to create a liminal learning space that reconfigures professional education. In researching the effectiveness of this storefront classroom, we share the voices of students who have participated in this third space as part of their coursework to underscore these principles and practices.
Mosaike bei monogenen Erkrankungen
Authors: Kurth Ingo , Grimm Tiemo 
Published: November 2014

ZusammenfassungMosaike sind durch das parallele Vorliegen von Zellen des Organismus mit unterschiedlichen Genotypen gekennzeichnet. Mutationen können dabei sowohl in den Keimzellen ( Keimbahnmutationen) als auch in den Körperzellen ( somatische Mutation) entstehen. Für monogene Erkrankungen, bei denen die Mutation bei den Eltern nicht nachzuweisen ist, besteht die Möglichkeit eines elterlichen Keimzellmosaiks mit einem Wiederholungsrisiko für weitere Nachkommen. Ein gut untersuchtes Beispiel ist die Duchenne-Muskeldystrophie. Zudem konnten in den letzten Jahren die Ursachen syndromaler Erkrankungen, die auf ein somatisches Mosaik mit einer dominant wirkenden Mutation zurückzuführen sind, aufgeklärt werden. Beispiele sind das Proteus-Syndrom oder Erkrankungen aus dem Formenkreis der Hirnentwicklungsstörungen. Die Diagnostik dieser sporadischen Erkrankungen ist insbesondere durch den Einsatz von Next-Generation-Sequencing-Technologien möglich geworden. Es ist davon auszugehen, dass die Mosaikdiagnostik deshalb auch außerhalb der Tumorgenetik weiter an Bedeutung zunehmen wird. Möglicherweise spielen Mosaike auch bei häufigeren Erkrankungen eine größere Rolle, als bislang angenommen.
A correlation analysis method for analyzing tribological states using acoustic emission, frictional coefficient, and contact resistance signals
Authors: Tian Pengyi , Tian Yu , Shan Lei , Meng Yonggang , Zhang Xiangjun 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
A multi-physical signal correlation analysis method is proposed to identify the different tribological properties of materials. The acoustic emission (AE), contact resistance, and frictional force behaviors during dry sliding between four metals, 45# carbon steel, YG12 carbide, 2A12 aluminum alloy, and H62 brass, have been studied. Both positive and negative correlations between the root mean square of the amplified AE (AE RMS) signal and the frictional coefficient have been found in the experiments. In addition, the AE RMS signal and the contact resistance changed with changing sliding speed and normal load in different ways. The different correlation behaviors have been attributed to diverse tribological states under different experimental conditions due to different material characteristics. The correlation analysis provides a new method of quantitatively identifying the tribological states and the AE sources during frictional interaction. The observed anomalous correlations between the AE signal and frictional coefficient should be properly considered according to the different material properties during industrial friction condition monitoring using AE technology.
Sinanthropusin Britain: human origins and international science, 1920–1939
Authors: MANIAS CHRIS 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThe Peking Man fossils discovered at Zhoukoudian in north-east China in the 1920s and 1930s were some of the most extensive palaeoanthropological finds of the twentieth century. This article examines their publicization and discussion in Britain, where they were engaged with by some of the world's leading authorities in human evolution, and a media and public highly interested in human-origins research. This international link – simultaneously promoted by scientists in China and in Britain itself – reflected wider debates on international networks; the role of science in the modern world; and changing definitions of race, progress and human nature. This article illustrates how human-origins research was an important means of binding these areas together and presenting scientific work as simultaneously authoritative and credible, but also evoking mystery and adventurousness. Examining this illustrates important features of contemporary views of both science and human development, showing not only the complexities of contemporary regard for the international and public dynamics of scientific research, but wider concerns over human nature, which oscillated between optimistic notions of unity and progress and pessimistic ones of essential differences and misdirected development.