bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
NMR Assignments of [6-R-nido-5,6-C2B8H10]- Anions (where R = H, Me, and n-C6H13). An Irreversible 5 → 6 Alkyl Migration via a B9 Vertex-Swing Mechanism
Authors: Janoušek Zbyněk , Kaszynski Piotr , Kennedy John D. , Štíbr Bohumil 
Published: July 2002

Deprotonation by "proton sponge" (PS = 1,8-dimethylaminonaphthalene) of the parent dicarbaborane nido-5,6-C2B8H12 (1) and its 6-R-substituted derivatives (where R = Me and n-C6H13) leads to the anions [nido-5,6-C2B8H11]- [1]- and [6-R-nido-5,6-C2B8H10]- [6-R-1]-, respectively. In contrast, the deprotonation of the 5-substituted isomers, 5-R-nido-5,6-C2B8H11 (5-R-1), results in irreversible conversion into the 6-substituted anions [6-R-1]-, from which the neutral compounds 6-R-1 can be obtained via reprotonation. This 5 → 6 alkyl migration can be explained by the B9 vertex-swing mechanism previously proposed for the interenantiomeric fluxionality of [1]-, but now with the product dictated by the higher thermodynamic stabilities of the 6-substituted derivatives. The work has also resulted in complete assignments of 11B and 1H NMR spectra of the [nido-5,6-C2B8H11]- anion and of 11B NMR spectra of the [6-R-nido-5,6-C2B8H10]- anions.
The pathological status of exercise dependence
Authors: Bamber Diane , Cockerill Ian M , Carroll Douglas 
Published: July 2002

Objectives—This study was concerned with the concept of exercise dependence. Levels of psychological morbidity, personality profiles, and exercise beliefs were compared among subjects screened for exercise dependence and eating disorders.Method—Adult female exercisers were allocated on the basis of questionnaire screening to one of the following groups: primary exercise dependence (n = 43); secondary exercise dependence, where there was the coincidence of exercise dependence and an eating disorder (n = 27); eating disorder (n =14); control, where there was no evidence of either exercise dependence or eating disorder (n = 110). Questionnaire assessment was undertaken of psychological morbidity, self esteem, weight and body shape dissatisfaction, personality, and exercise beliefs.Results—Aside from a higher incidence of reported menstrual abnormalities, the primary exercise dependence group was largely indistinguishable from the controls. In stark contrast, the secondary exercise dependence group reported higher levels of psychological morbidity, neuroticism, dispositional addictiveness, and impulsiveness, lower self esteem, greater concern with body shape and weight, as well as with the social, psychological, and aesthetic costs of not exercising than the controls, but differed little from the eating disorder group.Conclusions—In the absence of an eating disorder, women identified as being exercise dependent do not exhibit the sorts of personality characteristics and levels of psychological distress that warrant the construction of primary exercise dependence as a widespread pathology.
Randomised, controlled walking trials in postmenopausal women: the minimum dose to improve aerobic fitness?
Authors: Asikainen T-M , Miilunpalo S , Oja P , Rinne M , Pasanen M , Uusi-Rasi K , Vuori I 
Published: July 2002

Background:The American College of Sports Medicine recommends 20–60 minutes of aerobic exercise three to five days a week at an intensity of 40/50–85% of maximal aerobic power (Vo2max) reserve, expending a total of 700–2000 kcal (2.93–8.36 MJ) a week to improve aerobic power and body composition.Objective:To ascertain the minimum effective dose of exercise.Methods:Voluntary, healthy, non-obese, sedentary, postmenopausal women (n = 121), 48–63 years of age, were randomised to four low dose walking groups or a control group; 116 subjects completed the study. The exercise groups walked five days a week for 24 weeks with the following intensity (% of Vo2max) and energy expenditure (kcal/week): group W1, 55%/1500 kcal; group W2, 45%/1500 kcal; group W3, 55%/1000 kcal; group W4, 45%/1000 kcal. Vo2maxwas measured in a direct maximal treadmill test. Submaximal aerobic fitness was estimated as heart rates at submaximal work levels corresponding to 65% and 75% of the baseline Vo2max. The body mass index (BMI) was calculated and percentage of body fat (F%) estimated from skinfolds.Results:The net change (the differences between changes in each exercise group and the control group) in Vo2maxwas 2.9 ml/min/kg (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.5 to 4.2) in group W1, 2.6 ml/min/kg (95% CI 1.3 to 4.0) in group W2, 2.4 ml/min/kg (95% CI 0.9 to 3.8) in group W3, and 2.2 ml/min/kg (95% CI 0.8 to 3.5) in group W4. The heart rates in standard submaximal work decreased 4 to 8 beats/min in all the groups. There was no change in BMI, but the F% decreased by about 1% unit in all the groups.Conclusions:Walking (for 24 weeks) at moderate intensity 45% to 55% of Vo2max, with a total weekly energy expenditure of 1000–1500 kcal, improves Vo2maxand body composition of previously sedentary, non-obese, postmenopausal women. This dose of exercise apparently approaches the minimum effective dose.
Evidence based medicine in clinical practice: how to advise patients on the influence of age on the outcome of surgical anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a review of the literature
Authors: Sloane P A , Brazier H , Murphy A W , Collins T 
Published: July 2002

Objective:To determine, using a literature search, whether patient age influences the outcome of surgical reconstruction of a torn anterior cruciate ligament.Methods:Medline (1966 to present) was searched using the PubMed interface, Embase (1974 to present) using the Datastar system, and the Cochrane Library at the Update Software web site. Papers retrieved from the three databases were independently assessed by two reviewers using preliminary inclusion criteria. Reference lists of papers satisfying the preliminary criteria were then scanned and appropriate papers reviewed. Any new papers in turn had their reference lists scanned, this process continuing until no new papers were identified. Final inclusion criteria were then applied to all papers satisfying the preliminary inclusion criteria.Results:The initial search identified 661 papers. Exclusion of duplicates produced 536 unique papers. Medline contained 445, Embase 185, and the Cochrane Library 31. Of the 536, 523 were assessed by abstract and 12 by full text; one paper was not retrieved. Application of the preliminary inclusion criteria produced 33 papers. Their reference lists contained 950 references. Scanning of these added six new papers to the dataset. These six had their reference lists assessed; no new papers were identified. Four of the 39 papers in the completed dataset satisfied the final inclusion criteria. There was wide variation in the total number of subjects in the four studies, ranging from 22 to 203 patients. The total number of different outcome measures was 17; only one measure was used by all four studies. None of the objective outcome measures showed any significant difference between age groups, and the subjective measures, which did show differences, were contradictory. A total of 108 interlibrary loans were requested, by a full time researcher, at a total cost of IR£432.00 over a 10 week period.Conclusions:When advising patients on the outcome of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction, age should not be considered in isolation. In the absence of relevant guidelines, meta-analyses, or systematic reviews, the application of evidence based medicine to clinical practice has significant resource implications.
Daily concentrations of air pollution and plasma fibrinogen in London
Authors: Pekkanen J , Brunner E J , Anderson H R , Tiittanen P , Atkinson R W 
Published: July 2002

OBJECTIVESThe reason for the association between air pollution and risk of cardiovascular diseases is unknown. The hypothesis was examined that daily concentrations of air pollution are associated with daily concentrations of fibrinogen, a risk factor for cardiovascular disease.METHODSData on concentrations of plasma fibrinogen for 4982 male and 2223 female office workers, collected in a cross sectional survey in London between September 1991 and May 1993, were combined with data on concentrations of air pollution during the day of blood sampling and during the 3 preceding days.RESULTSAfter adjustment for weather and other confounding factors, an increase in the 24 hour mean NO2during the previous day from the 10th to the 90th percentile (61.7 μg/m3) was associated with a 1.5% (95% confidence interval (95% CI) 0.4% to 2.5%) higher fibrinogen concentration. The respective increase for CO (1.6 mg/m3) was 1.5% (95% CI 0.5%, 2.5%). These associations tended to be stronger in the warm season (April to September). Significant associations were found for black smoke and particulate matter of diameter 10 μm (PM10) only in the warm season. No association with fibrinogen was found for SO2or ozone.CONCLUSIONSThe short term association between air pollution, possibly from traffic, and risk of cardiovascular events may be at least partly mediated through increased concentrations of plasma fibrinogen, possibly due to an inflammatory reaction caused by air pollution.
Impairment of colour vision in workers exposed to organic solvents
Authors: Semple S , Dick F , Osborne A , Cherrie J W , Soutar A , Seaton A , Haites N 
Published: July 2002

OBJECTIVESTo investigate loss of colour vision related to exposure to solvents and the role of three enzyme polymorphisms in modifying the risk in exposed workers.METHODSA sample was studied of 68 male dockyard workers and 42 male community controls with and without neuropsychological symptoms from a previous cross sectional study. Indices of cumulative and intensity based exposure to solvents were calculated for all subjects. Alcohol, drug, and smoking histories were obtained. Colour vision was tested by Lanthony D15d colour vision test. Genotype of glutathione S-transferase M1 and T1 and N-acetyltransferase 2 polymorphisms were determined.RESULTSThe relation between impairment of colour vision and exposure to solvents was investigated with multiple regression techniques. Increasing annual exposure to solvents was significantly associated with reduced colour vision (p=0.029). Impairment of colour vision was not associated with neuropsychological symptoms as measured by the Q16 solvent symptom questionnaire. No significant association was found between acquired impairment of colour vision and genetic polymorphisms when GSTM1, GSTT1 or NAT2 phenotypes were included in the analyses.CONCLUSIONSExposure to mixed solvents is associated with impairment in colour vision, the risk increases with increasing exposure. The risk of impairment of colour vision was not altered in this study by the presence of different GSTM1, GSTT1 or NAT2 polymorphisms.
Exposure to benzene in urban workers: environmental and biological monitoring of traffic police in Rome
Authors: Crebelli R , Tomei F , Zijno A , Ghittori S , Imbriani M , Gamberale D , Martini A , Carere A 
Published: July 2002

OBJECTIVESTo evaluate the contribution of traffic fumes to exposure to benzene in urban workers, an investigation on personal exposure to benzene in traffic police from the city of Rome was carried out.METHODSThe study was performed from December 1998 to June 1999. Diffusive Radiello personal samplers were used to measure external exposures to benzene and alkyl benzenes during the workshift in 139 policemen who controlled medium to high traffic areas and in 63 office police. Moreover, as biomarkers of internal exposure to benzene, blood benzene, and urinary trans, trans-muconic and S-phenyl mercapturic acids were measured at the beginning and at the end of the workshift in 124 traffic police and 58 office police.RESULTSTime weighted average (TWA) exposure to benzene was consistently higher among traffic police than among indoor workers (geometric mean 6.8 and 3.5 μg/m3, respectively). Among the traffic police, the distribution of individual exposures was highly asymmetric, skewed toward higher values. Mean ambient benzene concentrations measured by municipal air monitoring stations during workshifts of traffic police were generally higher (geometric mean 12.6 μg/m3) and did not correlat with personal exposure values. In particular, no association was found between highest personal exposure scores and environmental benzene concentrations. Among the exposure biomarkers investigated, only blood benzene correlated slightly with on-shift exposure to benzene, but significant increases in both urinary trans, trans-muconic and S-phenylmercapturic acids were found in active smokers compared with non-smokers, irrespective of their job.CONCLUSIONThe exposure to traffic fumes during working activities in medium to high traffic areas in Rome may give a relatively greater contribution to personal exposure to benzene than indoor sources present in confined environments. Smoking significantly contributed to internal exposure to benzene in both indoor and outdoor workers.
Syncope after effort
Authors: Lowe Martin D , Petch Michael C 
Published: July 2002

Summary
A 29-year-old man developed recurrent syncope following exertion. Cardiac investigations revealed no evidence of structural heart disease, but during exercise testing, in the recovery phase, he sustained a bradycardia and then asystole for a prolonged period. Before cardiac massage could be instituted a tonic-clonic fit occurred, and this initiated a return to sinus rhythm. His symptoms were abolished following the implantation of a dual-chamber pacemaker.
Alcoholic liver disease
Authors: Walsh Kevin , Alexander Graeme 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Alcohol is a major cause of liver cirrhosis in the Western world and accounts for the majority of cases of liver cirrhosis seen in district general hospitals in the UK. The three most widely recognised forms of alcoholic liver disease are alcoholic fatty liver (steatosis), acute alcoholic hepatitis, and alcoholic cirrhosis. The exact pathogenesis of alcoholic liver injury is still not clear but immune mediated and free radical hepatic injury are thought to be important. There is increasing interest in genetic factors predisposing to hepatic injury in susceptible individuals. Diagnosis is based on accurate history, raised serum markers such as γ-glutamyltransferase, mean corpuscular volume, and IgA and liver histology when obtainable. Abstinence is the most important aspect of treatment. Newer drugs such as acamprosate and naltrexone are used to reduce alcohol craving. Vitamin supplements and nutrition are vital while corticosteroids have a role in acute alcoholic hepatitis where there is no evidence of gastrointestinal haemorrhage or sepsis. Liver transplantation has excellent results in abstinent patients with end stage liver disease but there are concerns about recidivism after transplant.
Referral for autopsies: analysis of 651 consecutive deaths in one general practice
Authors: Khunti Kamlesh 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Autopsies represent a key instrument in educating doctors and may aid quality assurance for primary and secondary care. This study shows that only a few patients have an autopsy, of which the majority are carried out at the request of the coroner for medicolegal reasons. Better education and communication between general practitioners, hospital clinicians, pathologists, and coroners may increase the rate of autopsies.
Single photon emission computed tomography in tuberculous meningitis
Authors: Misra U K , Kalita J , Das B K 
Published: July 2002

Abstract

Introduction
Data on single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) in tuberculous meningitis are lacking and prompted this study. SPECT findings in tuberculous meningitis are reported and correlated with clinical and radiological findings.

Patients and Methods
Seventeen patients with tuberculous meningitis that was diagnosed on clinical, radiological, and laboratory criteria have been included. Their age ranged between 5 and 62 years and four of them were female. Computed tomography and/or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and SPECT using99mTc-ethylene cystine dimer were performed in all the patients. On the basis of Barthel index (BI) score the patients’ outcome was defined as complete (BI = 20), partial (BI = 19–12), and poor recovery (BI&lt;12).

Result
Eleven patients were in stage III and three each in stage II and stage I tuberculous meningitis. Two patients had hemiplegia and five quadriplegia. Computed tomography was abnormal in 11 out of 16 patients and revealed hydrocephalus in nine, basal exudates, infarction in subcortical white matter and basal ganglia in six patients each, frontal cortical infarction in one, and granulomata in three patients. Cranial MRI was carried out in four patients and revealed multiple granulomata, hydrocephalus, and brainstem infarction in two patients each. SPECT studies were abnormal in all except two patients and revealed hypoperfusion of the basal ganglia in 14, cortical hypoperfusion in 10, and midbrain hypoperfusion in one patient. At the three month follow up four patients had died, five had poor, three partial, and five complete recovery. The SPECT studies were more frequently abnormal compared with computed tomography but did not correlate with stage of meningitis or outcome.

Conclusion
In tuberculous meningitis subcortical and cortical hypoperfusion is common but it does not correlate with stage of meningitis or three month outcome.
An unusual case of pyrexia of unknown origin with cervical lymphadenopathy
Authors: Wurm P , Townson G , Lauder I , Wicks A C 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Kikuchi’s disease is usually a self limiting illness characterised by pyrexia, neutropenia, and cervical lymphadenopathy particularly in young women of Asian descent. This often leads to an initial misdiagnosis of lymphoma. A case of a young Asian woman who presented with pyrexia of unknown origin is described.
Disseminated fungal infection complicated with pulmonary haemorrhage in a case of acute myeloid leukaemia
Authors: Thulkar S , Sharma S , Das P K , Kumar L 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Pulmonary haemorrhage is a common necropsy finding in acute leukaemia, however, it is rarely diagnosed during life. A man with acute myeloid leukaemia is reported who presented with disseminated fungal infection, anaemia, thrombocytopenia, and subconjuctival and petechial haemorrhages. During the course of the patient’s illness, the chest infection was complicated with bilateral pulmonary haemorrhage. The diagnosis of pulmonary haemorrhage was based on characteristic clinical and radiological findings. The patient improved on treatment.
Obstetric difficulties due to Graves' disease
Authors: Bhattacharyya A , Wright J D , Vice P A 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
A 14 year old girl was referred to the paediatricians with symptoms of hyperthyroidism. She had a smooth diffuse goitre with dysthyroid eye disease (proptosis, lid lag, and lid retraction). Hyperthyroidism was confirmed biochemically (protein bound iodine 18.8, normal 5–8 μg). She was treated with carbimazole, 30 mg/day. Poor compliance resulted in inpatient care for treatment with carbimazole followed by subtotal thyroidectomy, two years later. Two years later she presented with a self limited episode of hyperthyroidism. Aged 22 years she was referred with eight weeks amenorrhoea when pregnancy was confirmed and terminated. She was floridly hyperthyroid (free thyroxine 36.6, normal 10–23 pmol/l, free triiodothyronine 14, normal 3–9 pmol/l; thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) undetectable, normal 0.5–5 mU/l). She was treated with carbimazole for nine months with apparently good clinical response.
Extended Matching Questions for the MRCS
Authors: London N J M 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Extended matching questions now form roughly one third of the new MRCS examination. This revision book follows the STEP course closely with each chapter representing one of the 10 modules. The first five chapters deal with core modules and the last five with system modules. The authors have recently passed the MRCS examination and have based the questions in this book on the format and content of questions that they and their peers have recently met in the examination. Although the authors have undoubtedly collected together an excellent selection of extended matching questions, the real strength of the book lies in the answer sections. These sections clearly explain the rationale behind the correct answer and, importantly, discuss other relevant issues. The detailed discussion in the answers sections makes this book particularly useful for revision and many of the answers contain useful line drawings and tables.
SCENOGRAM —

S

CENE ANALYSIS USING

C

OMPOSIT

E

N

EURAL

O

SCILLATORY-BASED ELASTIC

GRA

PH

M

ODEL
Authors: LEE RAYMOND S. T. , LIU JAMES N. K. 
Published: July 2002

Scene analysis is so far one of the most important topics in machine vision. In this paper, we present an integrated scene analysis model, namely SCENOGRAM (Scene analysis using CompositENeural Oscillatory-based elastic GRAph Model). Basically the proposed scene analyzer is based on the integration of the composite neural oscillatory model with our elastic graph dynamic link model. The system involves: (1) multifrequency bands feature extraction scheme using Gabor filters, (2) automatic figure-ground object segmentation using a composite neural oscillatory model, and (3) object matching using an elastic graph dynamic link model. From the implementation point of view, we introduce an intelligent agent based scene analysis and object identification solution using the SCENOGRAM technology. From the experimental point of view, a scene gallery of over 6000 color scene images is used for automatic scene segmentation testing and object identification test. An overall correct invariant facial recognition rate of over 87% is attained. It is anticipated that the implementation of the SCENOGRAM can provide an invariant and higher-order intelligent object (pattern) encoding, searching and identification solution for future intelligent e-Business.