bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Syntheses, Structures, and Magnetic Properties of Cobalt(II) Complexes with Pyridyl‐substituted Nitroxide Radicals
Authors: Wang Xiaoling , Bao Xia , Wei Yijun , Wang Fengwu , Wen Guilin 
Published: November 2014

AbstractTwo cobalt(II) radical complexes: [Co(NIT4‐py)2(PNB)2] (1) and [Co(im4‐py)2(PMB)2(H2O)2] (2) [NIT4‐py = 2‐(4′‐pyridyl)‐4,4,5,5‐tetramethylimidazoline‐1‐oxyl 3‐oxide, im4‐py = 2‐(4′‐pyridyl)‐4,4,5,5‐tetramethylimidazole‐1‐oxyl, PNB = p‐nitrobenzoic anion, PMB = p‐methylbenzoic anion] were synthesized and characterized. X‐ray diffraction analysis shows that complex 1 is four coordinated with tetrahedral arrangement, where the CoII ion is located in the central site of the tetrahedron, two radicals and two PNB ligands are trans‐coordinated to the CoII ion. Complex 2 exhibits a six coordinated distorted octahedron, in which two im4‐py radicals, two PMB ligands, and two solvent molecules act as terminal ligands. The magnetic behaviors of complexes 1 and 2 were investigated. Complex 1 shows ferromagnetic interactions between the CoII ion and the NIT4‐py radical, whereas antiferromagnetic coupling dominates between the im4‐py radical and the CoII ion in complex 2. The magnetic properties can be explained by the structures and a magnetic exchange mechanism.
Nonlinear self-excited thermoacoustic oscillations of a ducted premixed flame: bifurcations and routes to chaos
Authors: Kashinath Karthik , Waugh Iain C. , Juniper Matthew P. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThermoacoustic systems can oscillate self-excitedly, and often non-periodically, owing to coupling between unsteady heat release and acoustic waves. We study a slot-stabilized two-dimensional premixed flame in a duct via numerical simulations of a $G$-equation flame coupled with duct acoustics. We examine the bifurcations and routes to chaos for three control parameters: (i) the flame position in the duct, (ii) the length of the duct and (iii) the mean flow velocity. We observe period-1, period-2, quasi-periodic and chaotic oscillations. For certain parameter ranges, more than one stable state exists, so mode switching is possible. At intermediate times, the system is attracted to and repelled from unstable states, which are also identified. Two routes to chaos are established for this system: the period-doubling route and the Ruelle–Takens–Newhouse route. These are corroborated by analyses of the power spectra of the acoustic velocity. Instantaneous flame images reveal that the wrinkles on the flame surface and pinch-off of flame pockets are regular for periodic oscillations, while they are irregular and have multiple time and length scales for quasi-periodic and aperiodic oscillations. This study complements recent experiments by providing a reduced-order model of a system with approximately 5000 degrees of freedom that captures much of the elaborate nonlinear behaviour of ducted premixed flames observed in the laboratory.
Bubble entrainment and liquid–bubble interaction under unsteady breaking waves
Authors: Derakhti Morteza , Kirby James T. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractLiquid–bubble interaction, especially in complex two-phase bubbly flow under breaking waves, is still poorly understood. In the present study, we perform a large-eddy simulation using a Navier–Stokes solver extended to incorporate entrained bubble populations, using an Eulerian–Eulerian formulation for a polydisperse bubble phase. The volume-of-fluid method is used for free-surface tracking. We consider an isolated unsteady deep water breaking event generated by a focused wavepacket. Bubble contributions to dissipation and momentum transfer between the water and air phases are considered. The model is shown to predict free-surface evolution, mean and turbulent velocities, and integral properties of the entrained dispersed bubbles fairly well. We investigate turbulence modulation by dispersed bubbles as well as shear- and bubble-induced dissipation, in both spilling and plunging breakers. We find that the total bubble-induced dissipation accounts for more than 50 % of the total dissipation in the breaking region. The average dissipation rate per unit length of breaking crest is usually written as $b{\it\rho}g^{-1}c_{b}^{5}$, where ${\it\rho}$ is the water density, $g$ is the gravitational acceleration and $c_{b}$ is the phase speed of the breaking wave. The breaking parameter, $b$, has been poorly constrained by experiments and field measurements. We examine the time-dependent evolution of $b$ for both constant-steepness and constant-amplitude wavepackets. A scaling law for the averaged breaking parameter is obtained. The exact two-phase transport equation for turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) is compared with the conventional single-phase transport equation, and it is found that the former overpredicts the total subgrid-scale dissipation and turbulence production by mean shear during active breaking. All of the simulations are also repeated without the inclusion of a dispersed bubble phase, and it is shown that the integrated TKE in the breaking region is damped by the dispersed bubbles by approximately 20 % for a large plunging breaker to 50 % for spilling breakers. In the plunging breakers, the TKE is damped slightly or even enhanced during the initial stage of active breaking.
Munich, Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, Clm 6298: a new witness of the biblical commentaries from the Canterbury School
Authors: Steinova Evina 
Published: November 2014

AbstractManuscript Munich, Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, Clm 6298 contains an as yet unexamined fragment of the second batch of the gospel glosses (EvII) from the biblical commentaries of the Canterbury School inserted as an addition in 3r of the manuscript. In this article, I describe this fragment, and I attempt to contextualize its insertion into the manuscript. It seems likely that the glosses were entered into the manuscript, together with some additional excerpts in the same folio, either in one of the centres in the Anglo-Saxon missionary area in Germany, where the manuscript originated, or at Freising, where the manuscript was kept at a later date.
Reading, writing and resurrection: Cynewulf's runes as a figure of the body
Authors: Clements Jill Hamilton 
Published: November 2014

AbstractCynewulf's runic signatures have long been understood as a playful means of preserving the poet's name, resembling Latin anagrams or the scrambled runes of Old English riddles. This essay re-evaluates the signatures' function, arguing that their form graphically enacts the concerns about the body, death and salvation that saturate each of Cynewulf's epilogues. When read through the lens of the common medieval grammatical analogy that equates the word's letters to the body and the word's meaning to the soul, the scattered letters of the signatures become a figure of Cynewulf's broken and sinful body; like the worm-eaten flesh described in the epilogue to Fates, Cynewulf's own name is reduced to its most elemental form. The reader's reassembly and comprehension of the dismembered signature as the name CYN(E)WULF thus create a simulacrum of the reconstituted body and its reunion with the soul at the resurrection, anticipating the salvation that Cynewulf asks his readers to help secure with their prayers.
Estimating seroprevalence of vaccine-preventable infections: is it worth standardizing the serological outcomes to adjust for different assays and laboratories?
Authors: KAFATOS G. , ANDREWS N. , McCONWAY K. J. , ANASTASSOPOULOU C. , BARBARA C. , DE ORY F. , JOHANSEN K. , MOSSONG J. , PROSENC K. , VRANCKX R. , NARDONE A. , PEBODY R. , FARRINGTON P. 
Published: November 2014

SUMMARYThe aim of the European Sero-Epidemiology Network 2 (ESEN2) project was to estimate age-specific seroprevalence for a number of vaccine-preventable diseases in Europe. To achieve this serosurveys were collected by 22 national laboratories. To adjust for a variety of laboratory methods and assays, all quantitative results were transformed to a reference laboratory's units and were then classified as positive or negative to obtain age-specific seroprevalence. The aim of this study was to assess the value of standardization by comparing the crude and standardized seroprevalence estimates. Seroprevalence was estimated for measles, mumps, rubella, diphtheria, varicella zoster and hepatitis A virus (HAV) and compared before and after serological results had been standardized. The results showed that if no such adjustment had taken place, seroprevalence would have differed by an average of 3·2% (95% bootstrap interval 2·9–3·6) although this percentage varied substantially by antigen. These differences were as high as 16% for some serosurveys (HAV) which means that standardization could have a considerable impact on seroprevalence estimates and should be considered when comparing serosurveys performed in different laboratories using different assay methods.
Sociolinguistic correlates of negative evaluation: Variable concord in Rio de Janeiro
Authors: Scherre Maria Marta Pereira , Naro Anthony Julius 
Published: November 2014

AbstractVariable agreement in Brazilian Portuguese is subject to social stigma. It was brought to the general public's attention in 2011 in a heated nationwide sociolinguistic debate triggered by TV Globo, the principal network. In order to isolate objective factors underlying this debate, we examine the variableeducationin a trend study of Rio de Janeiro speech. Relying on logistic modelrelative weightsand their correspondingranges, we usepolarizationto designate the magnitude of these ranges. Polarization of the education variable in 1980 was moderate, whereas in 2000, polarization becomes extreme in an increasingly uneven social distribution of standard marked forms. The increased effect of education is also reflected in a comparison with the statistical effect of mass media: in 1980, media contact had a stronger effect than education did, whereas in 2000, education exhibits a stronger effect. The results reveal objective correlates to speakers' subjective reactions, suggesting that public discussion of linguistic prejudice would be useful to the community, which can profit from results of sociolinguistic research in a humanistic and emancipatory way, as foreseen by Sankoff (1988a).
Socially-mediated syntactic alignment
Authors: Weatherholtz Kodi , Campbell-Kibler Kathryn , Jaeger T. Florian 
Published: November 2014

AbstractWhen we interact with one another, we tend to align our behaviors, including the way we talk. Psycholinguistic work has conceptualized alignment as the result of automatic cognitive mechanisms that operate to facilitate processing and communication. Sociolinguistic work has focused on the role of social identity and interactional strategy in explaining linguistic alignment. We draw on these two largely distinct traditions to investigate socially mediated syntactic alignment with the goal of understanding how social perception and cognition influence the mechanisms involved in alignment. A novel web-based paradigm was employed to collect speech data from a large socially heterogeneous sample. Participants listened to one of three speakers, each with a different accent, deliver an ideologically charged diatribe. Participants then completed a picture description task to assess the degree of syntactic alignment. Finally, participants completed a comprehensive social questionnaire designed to assess a wide range of social dimensions, which were tested as predictors of alignment. Our results suggest that syntactic alignment is to some extent automatic, but socially mediated. We found an overall alignment effect across social conditions and independent of social perceptions. However, the degree of alignment was influenced by a number of factors, including the perceived standardness of the passage speaker's accent, participants' perceived similarity to the speaker, and participants' preference for compromise as a conflict management style. These findings are discussed in terms of theories of linguistic alignment and speech production.
From interference to transfer in language contact: Variation in voice onset time
Authors: Newlin-Łukowicz Luiza 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThis study examines cross-generational differences in the realization of an English phonological contrast by bilingual Polish Americans in New York City. I analyze the production of voice onset time (VOT) in underlying stops, as intinandden, and stops derived from interdental fricatives, as in [t]in forthinand [d]en forthen, in an English-only reading task. Generation one exhibits VOT “interference” for both stop types, with a bias toward interference for voiced stops. Generation two “transfers” Polish-like VOTs to derived stops. I argue that the cross-generational progression from theglobaleffects of interference to thefocusedpresence of transfer is filtered through L1 markedness and reflects speakers' growing sensitivity to L2 phonology and social considerations. The observed asymmetries in the distribution of interference/transfer are unaccountable by existing models of L2 acquisition and motivate a view of L1/L2 phonetic categories as governed by a variable grammar with access to phonological and social information.
Expression of glucocorticoid inducible genes is associated with reductions in cornu ammonis and dentate gyrus volumes in patients with major depressive disorder
Authors: Frodl Thomas , Carballedo Angela , Frey Eva-Maria , O'Keane Veronica , Skokauskas Norbert , Morris Derrek , Gill Michael , Hughes Martina Mary , Harkin Andrew , Connor Thomas 
Published: November 2014

AbstractAlterations of the glucocorticoid system and of hippocampal volumes have consistently been reported in patients with major depressive disorders (MDD). The aim of the present study was to investigate whether the messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of glucocorticoid inducible genes is associated with changes in the cornu ammonis (CA) and dentate gyrus subfields. Forty-three patients with MDD and 43 healthy controls were recruited and investigated with high resolution magnetic resonance imaging. Hippocampal subfields were measured using freesurfer. Measurement of whole blood mRNA expression of glucocorticoid inducible genes serum and glucocorticoid-regulated kinase 1 (SGK1), FK506 binding protein 5 (FKBP5), and glucocorticoid induced leucine zipper (GILZ) was performed. Patients with MDD had significantly smaller volumes of CA1, CA2/3, CA4/DG, and subiculum compared to healthy controls. In the regression analysis, the factor diagnosis had a significant moderating effect on the association of SGK1 and hippocampal volumes. Patients with low expression of SGK1 had significantly smaller CA2/3 and CA4/DG volumes compared to patients with high expression of SGK1 mRNA and to healthy controls with low/high expression of SGK1, respectively. Therefore, a lack of mRNA expression of glucocorticoid inducible genes in patients with MDD that seems to correspond to a blunted cortisol response is associated with smaller hippocampal CA and dentate gyrus volumes. SGK1 seems to be particularly relevant for stress-related mental disorders.
Socially anxious mothers' narratives to their children and their relation to child representations and adjustment
Authors: Murray Lynne , Pella Jeff E. , De Pascalis Leonardo , Arteche Adriane , Pass Laura , Percy Ray , Creswell Catharine , Cooper Peter J. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractAnxious mothers' parenting, particularly transfer of threat information, has been considered important in their children's risk for social anxiety disorder (SAnxD), and maternal narratives concerning potential social threat could elucidate this contribution. Maternal narratives to their preschool 4- to 5-year-old children, via a picture book about starting school, were assessed in socially anxious (N= 73), and nonanxious (N= 63) mothers. Child representations of school were assessed via doll play (DP). After one school term, mothers (Child Behavior Checklist [CBCL]) and teachers (Teacher Report Form) reported on child internalizing problems, and child SAnxD was assessed via maternal interview. Relations between these variables, infant behavioral inhibition, and attachment, were examined. Socially anxious mothers showed more negative (higher threat attribution) and less supportive (lower encouragement) narratives than controls, and their children's DP representations SAnxD and CBCL scores were more adverse. High narrative threat predicted child SAnxD; lower encouragement predicted negative child CBCL scores and, particularly for behaviorally inhibited children, Teacher Report Form scores and DP representations. In securely attached children, CBCL scores and risk for SAnxD were affected by maternal anxiety and threat attributions, respectively. Low encouragement mediated the effects of maternal anxiety on child DP representations and CBCL scores. Maternal narratives are affected by social anxiety and contribute to adverse child outcome.
Inclusion flotation-driven channel segregation in solidifying steels
Authors: Li Dianzhong , Chen Xing-Qiu , Fu Paixian , Ma Xiaoping , Liu Hongwei , Chen Yun , Cao Yanfei , Luan Yikun , Li Yiyi 
Published: November 2014

AbstractChannel segregation, which is featured by the strip-like shape with compositional variation in cast materials due to density contrast-induced flow during solidification, frequently causes the severe destruction of homogeneity and some fatal damage. An investigation of its mechanism sheds light on the understanding and control of the channel segregation formation in solidifying metals, such as steels. Until now, it still remains controversial what composes the density contrasts and, to what extent, how it affects channel segregation. Here we discover a new force of inclusion flotation that drives the occurrence of channel segregation. It originates from oxide-based inclusions (Al2O3/MnS) and their sufficient volume fraction-driven flotation becomes stronger than the traditionally recognized inter-dendritic thermosolutal buoyancy, inducing the destabilization of the mushy zone and dominating the formation of channels. This study uncovers the mystery of oxygen in steels, extends the classical macro-segregation theory and highlights a significant technological breakthrough to control macrosegregation.
Direct observation of prefreezing at the interface melt–solid in polymer crystallization
Authors: Löhmann Ann-Kristin , Henze Thomas , Thurn-Albrecht Thomas 
Published: November 2014

Significance
The microscopic ordering process that a liquid undergoes during crystallization is often initiated at an interface to a solid. Different processes have been suggested by theory to occur at this interface. Of special interest is prefreezing—the formation of a thin crystalline layer at the interface already at temperatures above the melting temperature. Because of the difficult accessibility of the buried interface, experimental proof of crystallization by prefreezing has been elusive in molecular systems. We here present direct in situ observations of such a process in a polymeric model system. The results not only contribute to our fundamental understanding of crystallization but might also be useful for the preparation of well-ordered oriented thin films of crystalline organic materials.
Modeling local and cross-species neuron number variations in the cerebral cortex as arising from a common mechanism
Authors: Cahalane Diarmuid J. , Charvet Christine J. , Finlay Barbara L. 
Published: November 2014

Significance
Despite great diversity across mammals in the number of cortical neurons and the cognitive functions they support, the fundamental process which populates the cerebral cortex with neurons changes only subtly from the smallest rodents to the largest primates. Understanding how the dynamics of neurogenesis can vary will help unravel how the genome molds normal and disrupted cortical development. We gathered data on the growing and mature cortex to build a computational model of neurogenesis. The model recapitulates how dynamics, known to vary across species and across the cortex, sculpt the basic landscape of the embryonic cortex. Features of the cortex long thought to be the result of special selection are revealed as the necessary product of a conserved mechanism.
Whole-cell, multicolor superresolution imaging using volumetric multifocus microscopy
Authors: Hajj Bassam , Wisniewski Jan , El Beheiry Mohamed , Chen Jiji , Revyakin Andrey , Wu Carl , Dahan Maxime 
Published: November 2014

Significance
A major challenge in modern biological studies is in the determination of the 3D molecular architecture of cellular organelles. In recent years, much progress in nanoscale imaging has been made because of the advent of superresolution optical microscopy. However, many superresolution techniques are still limited to 2D acquisition. Here, we show a volumetric approach for superresolution imaging based on the simultaneous imaging of multiple sample planes using multifocal microscopy. The depth over which structures can be reconstructed reaches 4 µm, comparable with the thickness of many cellular organelles or even whole cells.
Recombinant HIV envelope trimer selects for quaternary-dependent antibodies targeting the trimer apex
Authors: Sok Devin , van Gils Marit J. , Pauthner Matthias , Julien Jean-Philippe , Saye-Francisco Karen L. , Hsueh Jessica , Briney Bryan , Lee Jeong Hyun , Le Khoa M. , Lee Peter S. , Hua Yuanzi , Seaman Michael S. , Moore John P. , Ward Andrew B. , Wilson Ian A. , Sanders Rogier W. , Burton Dennis R. 
Published: November 2014

Significance
Despite the high antigenic diversity of the HIV envelope trimer (Env), broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) have identified conserved regions that serve as targets for vaccine design. One of these regions is located at the apex of Env and is expressed fully only in the context of the correctly folded trimer. This work describes the isolation of bnAbs that target this region using a recombinant native-like Env trimer as an affinity reagent to sort specific antibody-producing cells. Characterization of these antibodies reveals a highly diverse antibody response against the trimer apex and provides molecular information that will be useful in the design of immunogens to elicit bnAbs to this region of Env.
Mitochondrial serine protease HTRA2 p.G399S in a kindred with essential tremor and Parkinson disease
Authors: Unal Gulsuner Hilal , Gulsuner Suleyman , Mercan Fatma Nazli , Onat Onur Emre , Walsh Tom , Shahin Hashem , Lee Ming K. , Dogu Okan , Kansu Tulay , Topaloglu Haluk , Elibol Bulent , Akbostanci Cenk , King Mary-Claire , Ozcelik Tayfun , Tekinay Ayse B. 
Published: November 2014

SignificanceEssential tremor is one of the most frequent movement disorders of humans, but its causes remain largely unknown. In a six-generation family with both essential tremor and Parkinson disease, we identified a rare missense mutation ofHTRA2as the causative allele. Family members homozygous for this allele were more severely affected than those heterozygous for this allele. The same mutation had been associated with Parkinson characteristics in mouse mutants and with Parkinson disease in some, but not all, epidemiologic studies. Our results suggest thatHTRA2may be responsible for essential tremor in some families and that homozygosity for damaging alleles ofHTRA2may be responsible for Parkinson disease.