bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Direct and indirect chemical defences against insects in a multitrophic framework
Authors: GOLS RIETA 
Published: March 2014

AbstractPlant secondary metabolites play an important role in mediating interactions with insect herbivores and their natural enemies. Metabolites stored in plant tissues are usually investigated in relation to herbivore behaviour and performance (direct defence), whereas volatile metabolites are often studied in relation to natural enemy attraction (indirect defence). However, so‐called direct and indirect defences may also affect the behaviour and performance of the herbivore's natural enemies and the natural enemy's prey or hosts, respectively. This suggests that the distinction between these defence strategies may not be as black and white as is often portrayed in the literature. The ecological costs associated with direct and indirect chemical defence are often poorly understood. Chemical defence traits are often studied in two‐species interactions in highly simplified experiments. However, in nature, plants and insects are often engaged in mutualistic interactions with microbes that may also affect plant secondary chemistry. Moreover, plants are challenged by threats above‐ and belowground and herbivory may have consequences for plant–insect multitrophic interactions in the alternative compartment mediated by changes in plant secondary chemistry. These additional associations further increase the complexity of interaction networks. Consequently, the effect of a putative defence trait may be under‐ or overestimated when other interactions are not considered.
Transnational governance and the re‐centered state: Sustainability or legality?
Authors: Bartley Tim 
Published: March 2014

AbstractAfter two decades in which transnational governance of production processes has typically meant voluntary subscription to privately developed standards, some transnational rulemaking projects are promoting mandatory compliance with law. The emerging timber legality regime is one example of this, and scholars' efforts to theorize this regime have produced provocative new analyses of interactions between public and private standards. Recent analyses, including those in this issue, predict that the new legality regime will bolster voluntary initiatives that certify sustainable forests. Based on research in Indonesia and China, I argue that this prediction is questionable and that the rise of the timber legality regime could constrict, rather than expand the space for global private authority. Further, I argue that it would not be entirely a bad thing if the legality regime overtook sustainability certification. Behind these specific arguments are general perspectives on how domestic circumstances shape transnational business governance and on the role of states in pluralistic fields of governance – both issues that are obscured by more architectural approaches.
DoesCalifornia needDelaware? ExplainingIndonesian,Chinese, andUnitedStates support for legality compliance of internationally traded products
Authors: Cashore Benjamin , Stone Michael W. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThe purpose of this paper is to shed light on the emergence and institutionalization of a unique form of transnational business governance (TBG): legality verification (LV) systems, which track products along global supply chains. Instead of imposing wide ranging global standards commonly applied through “gold standard” certification systems,LVhelps domestic governments enforce their own laws. Three processes help explain whyIndonesia (as a producer),China (as a manufacturer) and theUnitedStates (as a consumer) moved, in the 2000s, from lukewarm interest or opposition to formalized support: how triggers enabled by economic interdependence are pulled; how ceding of instrument/process state sovereignty may reinforce substantive sovereignty; and historical institutional processes that shift organizational interests and problem definitions. Looking backward, the empirical results are consistent with a “Delaware effect” in which economic globalization is asserted to lead to a “ratcheting down” of environmental and social standards. Looking forward, we theorize about, and identify the conditions through which, widespread coalitions in support of theinstitutionofLV, may pave the way for a “ratcheting up” process that is consistent with, but nuances,Vogel's “California effect.”
Interdependence and Contagion in Global Asset Markets
Authors: Beirne John , Gieck Jana 
Published: March 2014

AbstractWe assess interdependence and contagion across three asset classes (bonds, stocks, and currencies) for over 60 economies over the period 1998–2011. Using a global VAR, we test for changes in the transmission mechanism—both within and cross‐market changes—during periods of global financial turbulence. Contagion effects within‐market are notable in Latin American and Emerging Asian equities. In addition, in times of financial crisis, we find that US equity shocks lead to risk aversion by investors in equities and currencies globally and in some emerging market bonds. Euro area shocks are significant mainly within the bond market.
Dashed Hopes, Dashed Selves? A Sociometer Perspective on Self‐esteem Change Across the Transition to Secondary School
Authors: Poorthuis Astrid M. G. , Thomaes Sander , van Aken Marcel A. G. , Denissen Jaap J. A. , Orobio de Castro Bram 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThe transition from primary to secondary school challenges children's psychological well‐being. A cross‐transitional longitudinal study (N = 306; mean age = 12.2 years) examined why some children's self‐esteem decreases across the transition whereas other children's self‐esteem does not. Children's expected social acceptance in secondary school was measured before the transition; their actually perceived social acceptance was measured after the transition. Self‐esteem and Big Five personality traits were measured both pre‐ and posttransition. Self‐esteem changed as a function of the discrepancy between children's expected and actually perceived social acceptance. Furthermore, neuroticism magnified self‐esteem decreases when children's ‘hopes were dashed'—when they experienced disappointing levels of social acceptance. These findings provide longitudinal support for sociometer theory across the critical transition to secondary school.
Membrane attack complex generation increases as a function of time in stored blood
Authors: Hu X. , Patel R. P. , Weinberg J. A. , Marques M. B. , Ramos T. N. , Barnum S. R. 
Published: March 2014

SUMMARYObjectiveTo determine if the complement system, a potent mediator of inflammation, contributes to haemolysis during red blood cell (RBC) storage.BackgroundRBCs in storage undergo structural and biochemical changes that may result in adverse patient outcomes post‐transfusion. Complement activation on leukodepletion and during storage may contribute to the RBC storage lesion.Methods/MaterialsWe performed a cross‐sectional analysis of aliquots of leukoreduced RBC units, stored for 1–6 weeks, for the levels of C3a, C5a, Bb, iC3b, C4d and C5b‐9 [membrane attack complex (MAC)] by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).ResultsWe observed that only MAC levels significantly increased in RBC units as a function of storage time. We also observed that the level of C5b‐9 bound to RBCs increased as a function of storage time.ConclusionMAC levels increased over time, suggesting that MAC is the primary complement‐mediated contributor to changes in stored RBCs. Inhibition of the terminal complement pathway may stabilise RBC functionality and extend shelf life.
Antibody against immunoglobulin E contained in blood components as causative factor for anaphylactic transfusion reactions
Authors: Abe Takaaki , Shimada Eiko , Takanashi Minoko , Takamura Takeshi , Motoji Kyosuke , Okazaki Hitoshi , Satake Masahiro , Tadokoro Kenji 
Published: March 2014

BackgroundDetermining the mechanism underlying the development of transfusion reactions is important in transfusion therapy. Two bags of fresh‐frozen plasma obtained from a donor (index donor) were implicated in two cases of anaphylactic transfusion reactions.Study Design and MethodsThe serum prepared from the index donor plasma transfused into the second patient (Patient 2) was evaluated using cord blood–derived mast cells (CBMCs) incubated with Patient 2 plasma. The component in the serum required for the degranulation was determined and quantified by chromatography in combination with degranulation assay, Western blot analysis, and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. The component in the plasma required for CBMC sensitization was determined using human immunoglobulin (Ig)E or normal plasma in place of Patient 2 plasma in the assay. Sera collected from the index donor between 2001 and 2008 were examined for the CBMC degranulation factor.ResultsThe donor serum activated CBMCs incubated with Patient 2 plasma. The IgG fraction of the donor serum induced degranulation of CBMCs sensitized with IgE or plasma containing a normal IgE concentration. The IgG anti‐IgE at a concentration higher than 2200 ng/mL, which showed CBMC degranulation activity, was detected in the donor sera for at least 7 years.ConclusionTransfusion of a high concentration of the anti‐IgE in the donor plasma was suggested to induce mast cell degranulation in the patients leading to the development of anaphylactic transfusion reactions. Antibodies existing in not only the patient circulation but also the transfused blood might cause transfusion‐induced anaphylaxis.
Transfusion of older stored blood worsens outcomes in canines depending on the presence and severity of pneumonia
Authors: Wang Dong , Cortés‐Puch Irene , Sun Junfeng , Solomon Steven B. , Kanias Tamir , Remy Kenneth E. , Feng Jing , Alimchandani Meghna , Quezado Martha , Helms Christine , Perlegas Andreas , Gladwin Mark T. , Kim‐Shapiro Daniel B. , Klein Harvey G. , Natanson Charles 
Published: March 2014

BackgroundIn experimental pneumonia we found that transfused older blood increased mortality and lung injury that was associated with increased in vivo hemolysis and elevated plasma cell‐free hemoglobin (CFH), non–transferrin‐bound iron (NTBI), and plasma labile iron (PLI) levels. In this study, we additionally analyze identically treated animals that received lower or higher bacterial doses.Study Design and MethodsTwo‐year‐old purpose‐bred beagles (n = 48) challenged intrabronchially with Staphylococcus aureus (0 [n = 8], 1.0 × 109 [n = 8], 1.25 × 109 [n = 24], and ≥1.5 × 109 [n = 8] colony‐forming units/kg) were exchange transfused with either 7‐ or 42‐day‐old canine universal donor blood (80 mL/kg in four divided doses).ResultsThe greater increases in CFH with older blood over days after exchange proved relatively independent of bacterial dose. The lesser increases in CFH observed with fresher blood were bacterial dose dependent potentially related to bacterial hemolysins. Without bacterial challenge, levels of CFH, NTBI, and PLI were significantly higher with older versus fresher blood transfusion but there was no significant measurable injury. With higher‐dose bacterial challenge, the elevated NTBI and PLI levels declined more rapidly and to a greater extent after transfusion with older versus fresher blood, and older blood was associated with significantly worse shock, lung injury, and mortality.ConclusionThe augmented in vivo hemolysis of transfused older red blood cells (RBCs) appears to result in excess plasma CFH and iron release, which requires the presence of established infection to worsen outcome. These data suggest that transfused older RBCs increase the risks from infection in septic subjects.
Prophylactic erythropoietin exacerbates ventilation‐induced lung inflammation and injury in preterm lambs
Authors: Polglase Graeme R. , Barton Samantha K. , Melville Jacqueline M. , Zahra Valerie , Wallace Megan J. , Siew Melissa L. , Tolcos Mary , Moss Timothy J. M. 
Published: March 2014

Key points
Erythropoietin (EPO) has been suggested as a potential treatment for bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) in preterm infants.
Ventilation‐induced lung injury (VILI) is a major cause of BPD in preterm neonates. We investigated whether early high‐dose EPO (i.v. 5000 IU kg−1) administration can reduce lung inflammation and injury resultant from VILI in ventilated preterm lambs.
Early high‐dose EPO administration increased mRNA expression of early markers of lung inflammation and injury and systemic injury controls.
Early high‐dose EPO worsened histological assessment of inflammation, airway wall thickness, haemorrhage and total injury compared to controls.
Early high‐dose EPO may increase the incidence and severity of respiratory disease in ventilated, preterm neonates.
AbstractVentilation‐induced lung injury (VILI) of preterm neonates probably contributes to the pathogenesis of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). Erythropoietin (EPO) has been suggested as a therapy for BPD. The aim of this study was to determine whether prophylactic administration of EPO reduces VILI in preterm newborn lambs. Lambs at 126 days of gestation (term is 147 days) were delivered and ventilated with a high tidal volume strategy for 15 min to cause lung injury, then received gentle ventilation until 2 h of age. Lambs were randomized to receive intravenous EPO (5000 IU kg−1: Vent+EPO; n = 6) or phosphate‐buffered saline (Vent; n = 7) soon after birth: unventilated controls (UVC; n = 8) did not receive ventilation or any treatment. Physiological parameters were recorded throughout the experimental procedure. Samples of lung were collected for histological and molecular assessment of inflammation and injury. Samples of liver were collected to assess the systemic acute phase response. Vent+EPO lambs received higher , and oxygenation during the first 10 min than Vent lambs. There were no differences in physiological indices beyond this time. Total lung injury score, airway wall thickness, inflammation and haemorrhage were higher in Vent+EPO lambs than in Vent lambs. Lung inflammation and early markers of lung and systemic injury were elevated in ventilated lambs relative to unventilated lambs; EPO administration further increased lung inflammation and markers of lung and systemic injury. Prophylactic EPO exacerbates VILI, which may increase the incidence and severity of long‐term respiratory disease. More studies are required before EPO can be used for lung protection in preterm infants.
Subcellular distribution of glycogen and decreased tetanic Ca2+ in fatigued single intact mouse muscle fibres
Authors: Nielsen Joachim , Cheng Arthur J. , Ørtenblad Niels , Westerblad Håkan 
Published: March 2014

Key points
Muscle glycogen (the storage form of glucose) is consumed during muscle work and the depletion of glycogen is thought to be a main contributor to muscle fatigue.
In this study, we used a novel approach to first measure fatigue‐induced reductions in force and tetanic Ca2+ in isolated single mouse muscle fibres following repeated contractions and subsequently quantify the subcellular distribution of glycogen in the same fibre. Using this approach, we investigated whether the decreased tetanic Ca2+ induced by repeated contractions was associated with glycogen depletion in certain subcellular regions.
The results show a positive correlation between depletion of glycogen located within the myofibrils and low tetanic Ca2+ after repetitive stimulation.
We conclude that subcellular glycogen depletion has a central role in the decrease in tetanic Ca2+ that occurs during repetitive contractions.
AbstractIn skeletal muscle fibres, glycogen has been shown to be stored at different subcellular locations: (i) between the myofibrils (intermyofibrillar); (ii) within the myofibrils (intramyofibrillar); and (iii) subsarcolemmal. Of these, intramyofibrillar glycogen has been implied as a critical regulator of sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ release. The aim of the present study was to test directly how the decrease in cytoplasmic free Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i) during repeated tetanic contractions relates to the subcellular glycogen distribution. Single fibres of mouse flexor digitorum brevis muscles were fatigued with 70 Hz, 350 ms tetani given at 2 s (high‐intensity fatigue, HIF) or 10 s (low‐intensity fatigue, LIF) intervals, while force and [Ca2+]i were measured. Stimulation continued until force decreased to 30% of its initial value. Fibres were then prepared for analyses of subcellular glycogen distribution by transmission electron microscopy. At fatigue, tetanic [Ca2+]i was reduced to 70 ± 4% and 54 ± 4% of the initial in HIF (P < 0.01, n = 9) and LIF (P < 0.01, n = 5) fibres, respectively. At fatigue, the mean inter‐ and intramyofibrillar glycogen content was 60–75% lower than in rested control fibres (P < 0.05), whereas subsarcolemmal glycogen was similar to control. Individual fibres showed a good correlation between the fatigue‐induced decrease in tetanic [Ca2+]i and the reduction in intermyofibrillar (P = 0.051) and intramyofibrillar (P = 0.0008) glycogen. In conclusion, the fatigue‐induced decrease in tetanic [Ca2+]i, and hence force, is accompanied by major reductions in inter‐ and intramyofibrillar glycogen. The stronger correlation between decreased tetanic [Ca2+]i and reduced intramyofibrillar glycogen implies that sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ release critically depends on energy supply from the intramyofibrillar glycogen pool.
Signal to noise ratio comparisons for ultrasound attenuation slope estimation algorithms
Authors: Omari Eenas A. , Varghese Tomy 
Published: March 2014

Purpose:Attenuation imaging has a promising role in the detection of tissue abnormalities. The authors have previously compared three different frequency domain ultrasound attenuation estimation methods, for accuracy and bias. The mean estimated attenuation value in a region of interest has been the determining factor of how well a method performs; however, the noise level has not been quantified for attenuation estimated using different methods.Methods:The authors compare three different frequency domain ultrasound attenuation estimation methods [the reference phantom method (RPM), the centroid downshift method (CEN), and the hybrid method (HYB)] using the signal to noise ratio (SNR) metric. Both simulated and experimental tissue‐mimicking phantoms are used in the performance comparison study, evaluating the impact of the variation in acoustical properties.Results:For attenuation estimation in a tissue‐mimicking phantom with a known attenuation coefficient of 0.5 dB/cm/MHz, all the three methods estimated the attenuation coefficient to be ≈ 0.49 dB/cm/MHz for a transmit center frequency of 6 MHz, however, the signal to noise ratio obtained was found to be 8.5, 5.7, and 2.2 for the HYB, RPM, and CEN methods, respectively. These results demonstrate the need for the SNR metric in the comparison of different algorithms and to evaluate the impact of varying different ultrasound system and tissue parameters.Conclusions:In this paper, the authors demonstrate that although the estimated mean attenuation value with a region of interest may be closely estimated using different methods, the signal to noise ratio obtained of the estimates can vary significantly. The centroid downshift method presented with the lowest signal‐to‐noise ratio of the methods compared. The hybrid method was the least susceptible to changes in the acoustical properties and provided unbiased attenuation coefficient estimates with the highest signal‐to‐noise ratios.
Multi‐institutional dosimetric and geometric commissioning of image‐guided small animal irradiators
Authors: Lindsay P. E. , Granton P. V. , Gasparini A. , Jelveh S. , Clarkson R. , van Hoof S. , Hermans J. , Kaas J. , Wittkamper F. , Sonke J.‐J. , Verhaegen F. , Jaffray D. A. 
Published: March 2014

Purpose:To compare the dosimetric and geometric properties of a commercial x‐ray based image‐guided small animal irradiation system, installed at three institutions and to establish a complete and broadly accessible commissioning procedure.Methods:The system consists of a 225 kVp x‐ray tube with fixed field size collimators ranging from 1 to 44 mm equivalent diameter. The x‐ray tube is mounted opposite a flat‐panel imaging detector, on a C‐arm gantry with 360° coplanar rotation. Each institution performed a full commissioning of their system, including half‐value layer, absolute dosimetry, relative dosimetry (profiles, percent depth dose, and relative output factors), and characterization of the system geometry and mechanical flex of the x‐ray tube and detector. Dosimetric measurements were made using Farmer‐type ionization chambers, small volume air and liquid ionization chambers, and radiochromic film. The results between the three institutions were compared.Results:At 225 kVp, with 0.3 mm Cu added filtration, the first half value layer ranged from 0.9 to 1.0 mm Cu. The dose‐rate in‐air for a 40 × 40 mm2 field size, at a source‐to‐axis distance of 30 cm, ranged from 3.5 to 3.9 Gy/min between the three institutions. For field sizes between 2.5 mm diameter and 40 × 40 mm2, the differences between percent depth dose curves up to depths of 3.5 cm were between 1% and 4% on average, with the maximum difference being 7%. The profiles agreed very well for fields >5 mm diameter. The relative output factors differed by up to 6% for fields larger than 10 mm diameter, but differed by up to 49% for fields ≤5 mm diameter. The mechanical characteristics of the system (source‐to‐axis and source‐to‐detector distances) were consistent between all three institutions. There were substantial differences in the flex of each system.Conclusions:With the exception of the half‐value layer, and mechanical properties, there were significant differences between the dosimetric and geometric properties of the three systems. This underscores the need for careful commissioning of each individual system for use in radiobiological experiments.
In Vitro
and
In Vivo
Studies of the Biological Activity of Novel Arylimidamides against Trypanosoma cruzi
Authors: De Araújo J. S. , Da Silva C. F. , Batista D. G. J. , Da Silva P. B. , Meuser M. B. , Aiub C. A. F. , da Silva M. F. V. , Araújo-Lima C. F. , Banerjee M. , Farahat A. A. , Stephens C. E. , Kumar A. , Boykin D. W. , Soeiro M. N. C. 
Published: March 2014

ABSTRACT

Fifteen novel arylimidamides (AIAs) (6 bis-amidino and 9 mono-amidino analogues) were assayed against
Trypanosoma cruzi
in vitro
and
in vivo
. All the bis-AIAs were more effective than the mono-AIAs, and two analogues, DB1967 and DB1989, were further evaluated
in vivo
. Although both of them reduced parasitemia, protection against mortality was not achieved. Our results show that the number of amidino-terminal units affects the efficacy of arylimidamides against
T. cruzi
.