bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pig Bone Derived Hierarchical Porous Carbon‐Supported Platinum Nanoparticles with Superior Electrocatalytic Activity Towards Oxygen Reduction Reaction
Authors: Liu Haijing , Cao Yinliang , Wang Feng , Zhang Weidong , Huang Yaqin 
Published: July 2014

AbstractHierarchical porous carbon (HPC) with nitrogen doped three dimension open macropore structure was prepared from pig bone, and applied for the support material for platinum nanoparticle (Pt NP) electrocatalyst. Compared with carbon black supported Pt NP electrocatalysts, the Pt/HPC exhibited larger electrochemical active surface area and enhanced catalytic properties for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in terms of on‐set potential, current density, mass activity and stability. The superior catalytic activity is mainly attributed to the high surface area, hierarchical porous structures and the nitrogen‐doped surface properties of the HPC, indicating it is a promising support material for the ORR electrocatalysts.
Teleconnection and climatic oscillation in aquifer water level in Kumamoto plain, Japan
Authors: Dong Linyao , Shimada Jun , Kagabu Makoto , Fu Congsheng 
Published: July 2014

AbstractRelative little is known about the interaction between climate change and groundwater. Analysis of aquifer response to climatic variability could improve the knowledge related to groundwater resource variations and therefore provides guidance on water resource management. In this work, seasonal and annual variations of groundwater levels in Kumamoto plain (Japan) and their possible interactions with climatic indices and El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) were analyzed statistically. Results show the following: (1) The water level in the recharge area mainly fluctuates at 1‐ and 2‐year periods, whereas the significant periodicity for water level oscillation in the coastal aquifer is 0.5 year. (2) The aquifer water levels are possibly influenced by variability in precipitation, air temperature, barometric pressure, humidity variances and ENSO. Relative high correlations and large proportions of similarities in wavelet power patterns were found between these variables and water levels. (3) Aquifer response to climatic variances was evaluated using cross wavelet transform and wavelet coherence. In recharging aquifers, the ENSO‐induced annual variations in precipitation, air temperature, humidity and barometric pressure affect aquifer water levels. The precipitation, air temperature and humidity respond to ENSO with a 4‐, 6‐ and 8‐month time lag, respectively, whereas the ENSO imparts weak influence on the barometric pressure. Significant biennial variation of water levels during 1991–1995 is caused primarily by precipitation and humidity variations. In the coastal aquifer, the 0.5‐year variability in ENSO is transferred by precipitation, barometric pressure and humidity to aquifer water levels, and the precipitation/humidity influence is more significant comparing with the barometric pressure. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dynamic contrast‐enhanced MRI of gastric cancer: Correlation of the perfusion parameters with pathological prognostic factors
Authors: Joo Ijin , Lee Jeong Min , Han Joon Koo , Yang Han‐Kwang , Lee Hyuk‐Joon , Choi Byung Ihn 
Published: July 2014

PurposeTo investigate the feasibility of dynamic, contrast‐enhanced, magnetic resonance imaging (DCE‐MRI) for perfusion quantification of gastric cancers, and to correlate the DCE‐MRI parameters with the pathological prognostic factors.Materials and MethodsThis prospective study was approved by our Institutional Review Board. Twenty‐seven patients with gastric cancers underwent DCE‐MRI using a free‐breathing, radial, gradient‐echo (GRE) sequence with k‐space weighted image contrast (KWIC) reconstruction on a 3T scanner. The DCE‐MRI parameters (volume transfer coefficient [Ktrans], reverse reflux rate constant [Kep], extracellular extravascular volume fraction [Ve], and initial area under the gadolinium concentration curve during the first 60 seconds [iAUC]) of gastric cancer and normal wall were measured and compared with each other using the Wilcoxon signed rank test. The relationship between the DCE‐MRI parameters of gastric cancer and the pathological prognostic factors were evaluated using the Mann–Whitney test or the Spearman rank correlation test.ResultsDCE‐MRIs were of diagnostic quality in 22 patients (81.5%). Ve and iAUC were significantly higher in gastric cancer than in normal gastric wall (P < 0.05). Ve showed significant positive correlation with T‐staging of gastric cancers (P < 0.05). Ktrans was significantly correlated with the grades of epidermal growth‐factor receptor expression (P < 0.05).ConclusionDCE‐MRI using a radial GRE with KWIC reconstruction is feasible for quantification of the perfusion dynamics of gastric cancers, and the DCE‐MRI parameters of gastric cancers may provide prognostic information. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2015;41:1608–1614. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Strategies for improved 3D small‐tip fast recovery imaging
Authors: Sun Hao , Fessler Jeffrey A. , Noll Douglas C. , Nielsen Jon‐Fredrik 
Published: July 2014

PurposeSmall‐tip fast recovery (STFR) imaging is a recently proposed steady‐state sequence that has similar image contrast as balanced steady‐state free precession but has the potential to simultaneously remove banding artifacts and transient fluctuation. STFR relies on a “tip‐up” radiofrequency (RF) pulse tailored to the accumulated phase during the free precession (data acquisition) interval, designed to bring spins back to the longitudinal axis, thereby preserving transverse magnetization as longitudinal magnetization for the next pulse repetition time. We recently proposed an RF‐spoiled STFR sequence suitable for thin slab imaging, however, in many applications, e.g., functional magnetic resonance imaging or isotropic‐resolution structural imaging, three‐dimensional (3D) steady‐state imaging is desirable. Unfortunately, 3D STFR imaging is challenging due to the need for 3D tailored RF pulses. Here, we propose new strategies for improved 3D STFR imaging, based on (i) unspoiled imaging, and (ii) joint design of nonslice‐selective tip‐down/tip‐up RF pulses.Theory and MethodsWe derive an analytic signal model for the proposed unspoiled STFR sequence, and propose two strategies for designing the 3D tailored tip‐down/tip‐up RF pulses. We validate the analytic results using phantom and in vivo imaging experiments.ResultsOur analytic model and imaging experiments demonstrate that the proposed unspoiled STFR sequence is less sensitive to tip‐up excitation error compared to the corresponding spoiled sequence, and may, therefore, be an attractive candidate for 3D imaging. The proposed “joint” RF pulse design method, in which we formulate the tip‐down/tip‐up RF pulse design task as a magnitude least squares problem, produces modest improvement over a simpler “Separate” design approach. Using the proposed unspoiled sequence and joint RF pulse design, we demonstrate proof‐of‐principle 3D STFR brain images with balanced steady‐state free precession‐like signal properties but with reduced banding.ConclusionUsing the proposed unspoiled sequence and joint RF pulse design, STFR brain images in a 3D region of interest with balanced steady‐state free precession‐like signal properties but with reduced banding can be obtained. Magn Reson Med 72:389–398, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Boveri at 100: Boveri, chromosomes and cancer
Authors: Heim Sverre 
Published: July 2014

AbstractMicroscopic studies of chromosomes in cells cultured from leukaemias and solid tumours have helped confirm the central tenet of Boveri's somatic mutation theory of cancer, namely that acquired chromosomal aberrations of susceptible target cells may cause their neoplastic transformation. Cancer cytogenetics – especially when used together with appropriate molecular genetic investigations of tumour parenchyma cells – offers diagnostic and prognostic information, insights into the clonal composition and evolution of neoplasms, and information about how the observed gains, losses and balanced relocations work pathogenetically. In the future, one may expect cancer cytogenetics to focus not only on how the various aberrations contribute to tumourigenesis, but also on why and how they occur, as well as on the biological meaning behind the polyclonality detected in several epithelial neoplasms. Finally, the study of different nuclear compartments during interphase may add to our understanding of how large‐scale numerical and structural karyotypic aberrations may disturb normal controls of cell division and death to induce neoplastic transformation. Copyright © 2014 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Experimental techniques and the underlying device physics
Authors: Tessler Nir 
Published: July 2014

ABSTRACTThis review, which has a very deep tutorial nature to it, aims to collect a range of experimental techniques that are relevant to charge transport and place them all under one device‐physics framework. The types of semiconductors in mind are low mobility ones with an emphasis toward organic semiconductors. As this contribution needs to have a finite length, there are many important methods or techniques not covered in this review. My hope is that by covering methods that are very different in nature, it would make it easier to extend the understanding or intuition collected through this review to methods/techniques not mentioned. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2014, 52, 1119–1152
Can a climate model reproduce extreme regional precipitation events over England and Wales?
Authors: Pearson K. J. , Shaffrey L. C. , Methven J. , Hodges K. I. 
Published: July 2014

The ability of the High‐Resolution Global Environmental Monitoring (HiGEM) climate model to represent high‐impact, regional precipitation events is investigated in two ways. The first focuses on a case study of extreme regional accumulation of precipitation during the passage of a summer extratropical cyclone across southern England on 20 July 2007 that resulted in a national flooding emergency. The climate model is compared with a global numerical weather prediction (NWP) model and higher‐resolution, nested limited‐area models. While the climate model does not simulate the timing and location of the cyclone and associated precipitation as accurately as the NWP simulations, the total accumulated precipitation in all models is similar to the rain‐gauge estimate across England and Wales. The regional accumulation over the event is insensitive to horizontal resolution for grid spacings ranging from 90–4 km.Secondly, the free‐running climate model reproduces the statistical distribution of daily precipitation accumulations observed in the England–Wales precipitation record. The model distribution diverges increasingly from the record for longer accumulation periods, with a consistent under‐representation of more intense multiday accumulations. This may indicate a lack of low‐frequency variability associated with weather regime persistence. Despite this, the overall seasonal and annual precipitation totals from the model are still comparable to those from ERA‐Interim.
Cost analysis of non-invasive fractional flow reserve derived from coronary computed tomographic angiography in Japan
Authors: Kimura Takeshi , Shiomi Hiroki , Kuribayashi Sachio , Isshiki Takaaki , Kanazawa Susumu , Ito Hiroshi , Ikeda Shunya , Forrest Ben , Zarins Christopher K. , Hlatky Mark A. , Norgaard Bjarne L. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) based on fractional flow reserve (FFRcath) measurement during invasive coronary angiography (CAG) results in improved patient outcome and reduced healthcare costs. FFR can now be computed non-invasively from standard coronary CT angiography (cCTA) scans (FFRCT). The purpose of this study is to determine the potential impact of non-invasive FFRCT on costs and clinical outcomes of patients with suspected coronary artery disease in Japan. Clinical data from 254 patients in the HeartFlowNXT trial, costs of goods and services in Japan, and clinical outcome data from the literature were used to estimate the costs and outcomes of 4 clinical pathways: (1) CAG-visual guided PCI, (2) CAG-FFRcath guided PCI, (3) cCTA followed by CAG-visual guided PCI, (4) cCTA-FFRCT guided PCI. The CAG-visual strategy demonstrated the highest projected cost ($10,360) and highest projected 1-year death/myocardial infarction rate (2.4 %). An assumed price for FFRCT of US $2,000 produced equivalent clinical outcomes (death/MI rate: 1.9 %) and healthcare costs ($7,222) for the cCTA-FFRCT strategy and the CAG-FFRcath guided PCI strategy. Use of the cCTA-FFRCT strategy to select patients for PCI would result in 32 % lower costs and 19 % fewer cardiac events at 1 year compared to the most commonly used CAG-visual strategy. Use of cCTA-FFRCT to select patients for CAG and PCI may reduce costs and improve clinical outcome in patients with suspected coronary artery disease in Japan.
Ship security challenges in high-risk areas: manageable or insurmountable?
Authors: Liwång Hans , Sörenson Karl , Österman Cecilia 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Piracy can lead to risks so high that they, according to the International Maritime Organization, are tolerable only if risk reduction is not practicable or is disproportionate to the benefits achieved. Therefore, there is a need for reducing ship security risks in relation to antagonistic threats such as piracy. The aim of this study is to identify challenges for ship operators when developing their ship security management. Furthermore, this study also investigates two central aspects in the analysis: understanding the threat and understanding how a security threat affects the crew and operation of the ship. It is clear from the analysis that the importance of subjective aspects beyond a ship operators’ direct control is high. This seems to be the fact for all aspects of the risk management process. The situation is also dynamic as the security risk, as well as the risk perception, can change dramatically even though there are no actual operational changes. As a result, the ship security management process is highly iterative and depends on situations on board as well as conditions out of the ship operator’s control. In order to make ship security manageable, the risk management has to put particular focus on methodological understanding, relevant system understanding and well-defined risk acceptance criteria as well as on including all levels of the organization in the risk reduction implementation and on a continuous monitoring.
The planar X-junction flow: stability analysis and control
Authors: Lashgari Iman , Tammisola Outi , Citro Vincenzo , Juniper Matthew P. , Brandt Luca 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThe bifurcations and control of the flow in a planar X-junction are studied via linear stability analysis and direct numerical simulations. This study reveals the instability mechanisms in a symmetric channel junction and shows how these can be stabilized or destabilized by boundary modification. We observe two bifurcations as the Reynolds number increases. They both scale with the inlet speed of the two side channels and are almost independent of the inlet speed of the main channel. Equivalently, both bifurcations appear when the recirculation zones reach a critical length. A two-dimensional stationary global mode becomes unstable first, changing the flow from a steady symmetric state to a steady asymmetric state via a pitchfork bifurcation. The core of this instability, whether defined by the structural sensitivity or by the disturbance energy production, is at the edges of the recirculation bubbles, which are located symmetrically along the walls of the downstream channel. The energy analysis shows that the first bifurcation is due to a lift-up mechanism. We develop an adjustable control strategy for the first bifurcation with distributed suction or blowing at the walls. The linearly optimal wall-normal velocity distribution is computed through a sensitivity analysis and is shown to delay the first bifurcation from $\def \xmlpi #1{}\def \mathsfbi #1{\boldsymbol {\mathsf {#1}}}\let \le =\leqslant \let \leq =\leqslant \let \ge =\geqslant \let \geq =\geqslant \def \Pr {\mathit {Pr}}\def \Fr {\mathit {Fr}}\def \Rey {\mathit {Re}}\mathit{Re}=82.5$ to $\mathit{Re}=150$. This stabilizing effect arises because blowing at the walls weakens the wall-normal gradient of the streamwise velocity around the recirculation zone and hinders the lift-up. At the second bifurcation, a three-dimensional stationary global mode with a spanwise wavenumber of order unity becomes unstable around the asymmetric steady state. Nonlinear three-dimensional simulations at the second bifurcation display transition to a nonlinear cycle involving growth of a three-dimensional steady structure, time-periodic secondary instability and nonlinear breakdown restoring a two-dimensional flow. Finally, we show that the sensitivity to wall suction at the second bifurcation is as large as it is at the first bifurcation, providing a possible mechanism for destabilization.
The State, Relational Governance, and Nomad Sedentarization: Land Reform in Inner Mongolia, 1900–1911
Authors: Wang Liping 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThis article is a study of the Inner Mongolian land reform undertaken by the Qing government in the last decade of its rule. Instead of portraying land reform as a state process of taming and transforming nomads, I examine the metamorphosis of the multi-ethnic governing relationships enabled by the reform. The frontier governance system on which I focus consisted of coalitions and conflicts among four key players: Mongol banners, neighboring Han Chinese provinces, the Court of Dependencies, and frontier military governors. By elucidating the changing relationships that bound these players together, I pinpoint the most significant agendas of land reform, how the Mongols' position vis-à-vis state agencies changed throughout the reform process, and to what extent these changes resulted in state centralization. My study illuminates a variety of topics, including nomad sedentarization, frontier politics, and modern state expansion.
Water fleas require microbiota for survival, growth and reproduction
Authors: Sison-Mangus Marilou P , Mushegian Alexandra A , Ebert Dieter 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Microbiota have diverse roles in the functioning of their hosts; experiments using model organisms have enabled investigations into these functions. In the model crustacean Daphnia, little knowledge exists about the effect of microbiota on host well being. We assessed the effect of microbiota on Daphnia magna by experimentally depriving animals of their microbiota and comparing their growth, survival and fecundity to that of their bacteria-bearing counterparts. We tested Daphnia coming from both lab-reared parthenogenetic eggs of a single genotype and from genetically diverse field-collected resting eggs. We showed that bacteria-free hosts are smaller, less fecund and have higher mortality than those with microbiota. We also manipulated the association by exposing bacteria-free Daphnia to a single bacterial strain of Aeromonas sp., and to laboratory environmental bacteria. These experiments further demonstrated that the Daphnia–microbiota system is amenable to manipulation under various experimental conditions. The results of this study have implications for studies of D. magna in ecotoxicology, ecology and environmental genomics.
Chemical and Structural Stability of Lithium-Ion Battery Electrode Materials under Electron Beam
Authors: Lin Feng , Markus Isaac M. , Doeff Marca M. , Xin Huolin L. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThe investigation of chemical and structural dynamics in battery materials is essential to elucidation of structure-property relationships for rational design of advanced battery materials. Spatially resolved techniques, such as scanning/transmission electron microscopy (S/TEM), are widely applied to address this challenge. However, battery materials are susceptible to electron beam damage, complicating the data interpretation. In this study, we demonstrate that, under electron beam irradiation, the surface and bulk of battery materials undergo chemical and structural evolution equivalent to that observed during charge-discharge cycling. In a lithiated NiO nanosheet, a Li2CO3-containing surface reaction layer (SRL) was gradually decomposed during electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) acquisition. For cycled LiNi0.4Mn0.4Co0.18Ti0.02O2 particles, repeated electron beam irradiation induced a phase transition from an "Equation missing" layered structure to an "Equation missing" rock-salt structure, which is attributed to the stoichiometric lithium and oxygen removal from "Equation missing"3a and 6c sites, respectively. Nevertheless, it is still feasible to preserve pristine chemical environments by minimizing electron beam damage, for example, using fast electron imaging and spectroscopy. Finally, the present study provides examples of electron beam damage on lithium-ion battery materials and suggests that special attention is necessary to prevent misinterpretation of experimental results.
The small GTPase Rap1 promotes cell movement rather than stabilizes adhesion in epithelial cells responding to insulin-like growth factor I
Authors: Guvakova Marina A. , Lee William S. Y. , Furstenau Dana K. , Prabakaran Indira , Li David C. , Hung Rupert , Kushnir Natasha 
Published: July 2014

The Ras-related GTPase Rap1 promotes cell adhesion and migration. Although the significance of Rap1 contribution to cell migration is increasingly being recognized, little is known about the biochemical mechanisms driving this process. In the present study, we discovered a previously unidentified regulatory role of insulin-like growth factor type I (IGF-I) receptor (IGF-IR) in CRK Src homology 3 (SH3)-binding guanine-nucleotide-releasing protein (C3G)–Rap1–fascin–actin axis promoting cell movement. We demonstrate that a burst of Rap1 activity, rather than presumed hyperactivation, is imperative for the onset of cell movement. We show that while autophosphorylated IGF-IR signals to C3G to activate Rap1, subsequent IGF-IR internalization promotes gradual inactivation of Rap1 by putative Rap1 GTPase-activating protein (GAP). Additionally, IGF-IR signalling recruits active Rap1 at sites of cell motile protrusions. C3G depletion prevents IGF-I-induced fascin accumulation at actin microspikes and blocks protrusions. In the absence of IGF-IR activity, the wild-type (WT) Rap1 and the constitutively active V12Rap1 mutant remain in cell–cell contacts. Forced inactivation of Rap1 signalling by overexpressing dominant negative N17Rap1, Rap1GAP or by silencing C3G has a detrimental effect on filamentous (F)-actin and cell adhesion irrespective of IGF-IR signalling. We conclude that the basal levels of Rap1 activity holds up cell adhesion, whereas sequential regulation of C3G and GAP by IGF-IR reverses the labile Rap1 function from supporting adhesion to promoting migration.