bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gene flow maintains genetic diversity and colonization potential in recently range‐expanded populations of anOriental bird, theLight‐ventedBulbul (Pycnonotus sinensis,Aves:Pycnonotidae)
Authors: Song Gang , Yu Lijiang , Gao Bin , Zhang Ruiying , Qu Yanhua , Lambert David Martin , Li Shouhsien , Zhou Tianlin , Lei Fumin 
Published: March 2013

AbstractAimTwo alternative genetic patterns are typical in recently established populations. One is reduced genetic diversity but significant population structuring compared with original populations. The other is the persistence of genetic polymorphisms and the lack of differentiation in frontier populations. This study aims to test for these patterns by examining population genetics of the Light‐vented Bulbul (Pycnonotus sinensis), an Oriental bird that has been undergoing rapid range expansion.LocationEastern China.MethodsMolecular analyses were conducted on mitochondrialDNAand microsatellite datasets from 256 individuals. Intraspecific phylogeny was reconstructed by Bayesian inference and network analysis. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) and Bayesian clustering were applied to determine population structure. Genetic diversity was tested to determine whether there were significant differences between frontier and source populations. Population expansions were tested in mtDNAand microsatellites. Gene flow and recent migrants were estimated by Bayesian methods.ResultsBoth high‐ and low‐nucleotide diversities were recorded in frontier populations, and differences in genetic diversity between frontier and source populations were not statistically significant. Population differentiation was recorded in some source but not in frontier populations. Population size expansion was detected both in frontier and in source populations, and for the whole dataset, commencing before the Last Glacial Maximum.Main conclusionsGenetic diversity can be maintained in expanding populations of the Light‐vented Bulbul, and genetic differentiation can be avoided, where substantial genetic exchanges are occurring. This study also discusses the potential effects of evolutionary properties such as historical population growth on recently recorded range expansion.
Replantation of avulsed primary incisors: a critical review of a controversial treatment
Authors: Holan Gideon 
Published: March 2013

AbstractCompared with the abundant literature on the replantation of avulsed permanent teeth, the literature on replantation of avulsed primary teeth is significantly more limited. A search of PubMed, using the terms: primary teeth, primary incisors, avulsion, exarticulation, replantation and reposition, and search in the reference list of the relevant articles, revealed 16 case reports of replantation of 31 primary incisors in 24 children. This article is a critical review of the arguments against replantation that have been presented in textbooks, review articles, and clinical guidelines.
The evolution of parental care in insects: the roles of ecology, life history and the social environment
Authors: WONG JANINE W. Y. , MEUNIER JOËL , KÖLLIKER MATHIAS 
Published: March 2013

Abstract

Parental care increases the fitness of offspring at a cost to the parents in terms of residual reproductive success. This trade‐off may be affected by ecology, life history and the social environment, which raises the question as to how these factors contribute to the evolution of parental care. Here, previous hypotheses concerning the evolution of parental care in insects are summarized and discussed and the underlying empirical evidence is reviewed.
Ecological factors such as harsh environments, ephemeral food sources or predation pressure are broadly accepted as evolutionary drivers of parental care. The most consistent evidence supports a role for natural enemies such as predators, microbes and cannibalistic conspecifics. Also, the importance of ecological factors may interact with the life history (parity) of a species, either as a pre‐adaptation facilitating the evolution of parental care or as a consequence of enhanced parental investment under parental care. Yet, only limited experimental research has been carried out to test the combined influence of ecology and life history in the evolution of parental care.
Several forms of care can mediate the transition from solitary to family living, which entails the emergence of a novel – social – environment that generates new selection pressures from interactions within and between families. In this context, we review examples of studies on communal breeding, brood parasitism, parent–offspring conflict and co‐adaptation, and discuss how these social interactions may in turn be influenced by ecological factors such as food availability or population density.
Insects are uniquely suitable for experimental and comparative research on the complex interplay between ecology, life history, and the social environment.
Specialist pollinating seed predator exhibits oviposition strategy consistent with optimal oviposition theory
Authors: CASTILLO DEAN M. , KULA ABIGAIL A. R. , FENSTER KATHRYN A. D. , FENSTER CHARLES B. , DUDASH MICHELE R. 
Published: March 2013

Abstract

The outcome of mutualistic interactions depends on the costs and benefits for each of the partners, which have been shown to be both context‐ and species‐dependent. This phenomenon is seen in the interactions between plants in the genus Silene and moths in the genus Hadena.
In this study, the interaction between native North American species Silene stellata and Hadena ectypa is examined to understand the factors that influence female H. ectypa oviposition decisions, a behaviour that influences both herbivore and plant fitness.
While most studies focus on oviposition preference between different host plant species, here it is shown that for a specialist pollinating seed predator, oviposition preference occurs within a host species (and even within a plant) based upon individual flower age and pollination status.
Female H. ectypa preferentially visited and oviposited on young flowers and flowers that were unpollinated. Larvae also preferred to feed on young fruits.
Female H. ectypa oviposition choice was consistent with optimal oviposition theory, as oviposition preference was correlated with larval feeding preference and not just adult visitation preference.
The effect of multi‐species host density on superparasitism and sex ratio in a gregarious parasitoid
Authors: KRAFT THOMAS S. , VAN NOUHUYS SASKYA 
Published: March 2013

AbstractThe ecological factors that influence key life‐history traits such as brood size and sex ratio are enormously important to the survival and population dynamics of insect species.The effects of host density on life‐history characteristics of a parasitoid,Pteromalus apum, were examined in a field experiment conducted in the Åland Islands, Finland. This gregarious parasitoid preys on two co‐occurring butterfly species,Melitaea cinxiaandMelitaea athalia. The abundances of both butterfly species contribute to host density for the parasitoid.The goals of the study were to: (i) test sex allocation theory in a field setting by evaluating how host density and species affect parasitoid brood size and sex ratio; and (ii) understand how parasitoid foraging behaviour and co‐occurrence of multiple host species relate to life‐history traits of the parasitoid.Local host density and species were experimentally manipulated and natural parasitism was then allowed to occur. Larger brood sizes were found at low host density due to higher rates of superparasitism. Further, parasitoid brood size and sex ratio (proportion male progeny) were positively related, with a much stronger effect at low host density.These results illustrate that host density affects life‐history and population‐level traits of parasitoids. The fact that low host density was associated with high superparasitism (larger brood size) supports predictions based on the ‘apparent commensal’ indirect interaction between the host species. This work highlights the value of research that integrates interactions between species with the study of foraging behaviour and life‐history traits.
Neural processing of high and low spatial frequency information in faces changes across development: qualitative changes in face processing during adolescence
Authors: Peters Judith C. , Vlamings Petra , Kemner Chantal 
Published: March 2013

AbstractFace perception in adults depends on skilled processing of interattribute distances (‘configural’ processing), which is disrupted for faces presented in inverted orientation (face inversion effect or FIE). Children are not proficient in configural processing, and this might relate to an underlying immaturity to use facial information in low spatial frequency (SF) ranges, which capture the coarse information needed for configural processing. We hypothesized that during adolescence a shift from use of high to low SF information takes place. Therefore, we studied the influence of SF content on neural face processing in groups of children (9–10 years), adolescents (14–15 years) and young adults (21–29 years) by measuring event‐related potentials (ERPs) to upright and inverted faces which varied in SF content. Results revealed that children show a neural FIE in early processing stages (i.e. P1; generated in early visual areas), suggesting a superficial, global facial analysis. In contrast, ERPs of adults revealed an FIE at later processing stages (i.e. N170; generated in face‐selective, higher visual areas). Interestingly, adolescents showed FIEs in both processing stages, suggesting a hybrid developmental stage. Furthermore, adolescents and adults showed FIEs for stimuli containing low SF information, whereas such effects were driven by both low and high SF information in children. These results indicate that face processing has a protracted maturational course into adolescence, and is dependent on changes in SF processing. During adolescence, sensitivity to configural cues is developed, which aids the fast and holistic processing that is so special for faces.
A global quantitative synthesis of local and landscape effects on wild bee pollinators in agroecosystems
Authors: Kennedy Christina M. , Lonsdorf Eric , Neel Maile C. , Williams Neal M. , Ricketts Taylor H. , Winfree Rachael , Bommarco Riccardo , Brittain Claire , Burley Alana L. , Cariveau Daniel , Carvalheiro Luísa G. , Chacoff Natacha P. , Cunningham Saul A. , Danforth Bryan N. , Dudenhöffer Jan‐Hendrik , Elle Elizabeth , Gaines Hannah R. , Garibaldi Lucas A. , Gratton Claudio , Holzschuh Andrea , Isaacs Rufus , Javorek Steven K. , Jha Shalene , Klein Alexandra M. , Krewenka Kristin , Mandelik Yael , Mayfield Margaret M. , Morandin Lora , Neame Lisa A. , Otieno Mark , Park Mia , Potts Simon G. , Rundlöf Maj , Saez Agustin , Steffan‐Dewenter Ingolf , Taki Hisatomo , Viana Blandina Felipe , Westphal Catrin , Wilson Julianna K. , Greenleaf Sarah S. , Kremen Claire 
Published: March 2013

AbstractBees provide essential pollination services that are potentially affected both by local farm management and the surrounding landscape. To better understand these different factors, we modelled the relative effects of landscape composition (nesting and floral resources within foraging distances), landscape configuration (patch shape, interpatch connectivity and habitat aggregation) and farm management (organic vs. conventional and local‐scale field diversity), and their interactions, on wild bee abundance and richness for 39 crop systems globally. Bee abundance and richness were higher in diversified and organic fields and in landscapes comprising more high‐quality habitats; bee richness on conventional fields with low diversity benefited most from high‐quality surrounding land cover. Landscape configuration effects were weak. Bee responses varied slightly by biome. Our synthesis reveals that pollinator persistence will depend on both the maintenance of high‐quality habitats around farms and on local management practices that may offset impacts of intensive monoculture agriculture.
Thermotolerance adaptation to human‐modified habitats occurs in the native range of the invasive ant Wasmannia auropunctata before long‐distance dispersal
Authors: Foucaud Julien , Rey Olivier , Robert Stéphanie , Crespin Laurent , Orivel Jérôme , Facon Benoit , Loiseau Anne , Jourdan Hervé , Kenne Martin , Masse Paul Serge Mbenoun , Tindo Maurice , Vonshak Merav , Estoup Arnaud 
Published: March 2013

AbstractKey evolutionary events associated with invasion success are traditionally thought to occur in the introduced, rather than the native range of species. In the invasive ant Wasmannia auropunctata, however, a shift in reproductive system has been demonstrated within the native range, from the sexual non‐dominant populations of natural habitats to the clonal dominant populations of human‐modified habitats. Because abiotic conditions of human‐ modified habitats are hotter and dryer, we performed lab experiments on workers from a set of native and introduced populations, to investigate whether these ecological and genetic transitions were accompanied by a change in thermotolerance and whether such changes occurred before establishment in the introduced range. Thermotolerance levels were higher in native populations from human‐modified habitats than in native populations from natural habitats, but were similar in native and introduced populations from human‐modified habitats. Differences in thermotolerance could not be accounted for by differences in body size. A scenario based on local adaptation in the native range before introduction in remote areas represents the most parsimonious hypothesis to account for the observed phenotypic pattern. These findings highlight the importance of human land use in explaining major contemporary evolutionary changes.
Equine grass sickness in Scotland: A case–control study of signalment‐ and meteorology‐related risk factors
Authors: Wylie C. E. , Shaw D. J. , Fordyce F. M. , Lilly A. , McGorum B. C. 
Published: March 2013

SummaryReasons for performing studyEquine grass sickness (EGS) remains a frequently fatal disease of equids in Britain. Since previous investigations of signalment‐ and meteorology‐related risk factors for EGS have yielded some conflicting data, further investigation is warranted.ObjectivesTo identify signalment‐ and meteorology‐related risk factors for EGS in Scotland.Study designRetrospective time‐matched case–control study.MethodsThis study was undertaken using data for 455 EGS cases and 910 time‐matched controls that were referred to the Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, and average UK Meteorological Office weather station meteorological values from the month of admission of the animal, from the 3, 6 and 12 months prior to admission, and for the entire 1990–2006 period.Results and conclusionSignalment‐related risk factors associated with an increased risk of EGS were native Scottish pure breeds compared with crossbreeds (odds ratio [OR] = 3.56, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.43–5.43) and animals living on premises located further north within the study region (OR = 1.08, 95% CI 1.06–1.10). There was a decreased risk of EGS in animals aged 11–20 years compared with animals 2–10 years (OR = 0.32, 95% CI 0.22–0.45), non‐native Scottish pure breeds compared with crossbreeds (OR = 0.71, 95% CI 0.54–0.94), and stallions compared with mares (OR = 0.43, 95% CI 0.22–0.86). Meteorology‐related risk factors associated with an increased risk of EGS were (if Ordnance Survey northing is excluded) more sun hours (OR>1.43) and more frost days (OR>1.13), while there was a decreased risk of EGS with higher average maximum temperature (OR<0.83).Potential relevanceThe signalment‐related risk factors will help owners identify high‐risk animals, thereby allowing them to prioritise management strategies. The identification of meteorological risk factors may assist studies on the aetiology of EGS.
Profiling the careers ofThoroughbred horses racing inHongKong between 2000 and 2010
Authors: Velie B. D. , Stewart B. D. , Lam K. , Wade C. M. , Hamilton N. A. 
Published: March 2013

SummaryReasons for performing studyResearch inThoroughbred racehorses is often specific to horses from a given racing population or region. In order to investigate trends in racehorse careers across populations accurately, population‐specific benchmarks for performance outcomes must be established.ObjectivesTo provide summary statistics for performance outcomes forThoroughbreds racing inHongKong between 2000 and 2010 and to document and provide evidence on the current differences in racing careers across sexes and regions of origin for horses racing inHongKong.Study designPerformance data on the population of Thoroughbreds racing in Hong Kong between 3 September 2000 and 12 March 2011 (n = 4950) were acquired and used to describe and compare the careers of Thoroughbred racehorses in Hong Kong.MethodsCareer length, number of career starts and number of spells from racing per year were evaluated.Kaplan–Meier survival curves, stratified by sex, age group, country of origin and region of origin were produced for career length. ACox's proportional hazards model was fitted to assess factors influencing the risk of retirement from racing inHongKong.ResultsLog‐rank tests for equality of career length survivor functions showed significant differences (P<0.001) across sexes, age groups, countries of origin and regions of origin. An increased age at first start inHongKong tended to increase the hazard rate for retirement from racing inHongKong, whereas greater earnings per race and originating fromEurope tended to reduce the hazard rate for racing retirement.Conclusions and potential relevanceDifferences in career outcomes within a racing population appear to be influenced partly by the region from which a horse originates, with specific effects on each performance outcome also varying between regions. Future research should take into account these potential differences when comparing results across populations.TheSummary is available inChinese – seeSupporting information.
The proto‐oncogeneERGis a target of microRNAmiR‐145in prostate cancer
Authors: Hart Martin , Wach Sven , Nolte Elke , Szczyrba Jaroslaw , Menon Roopika , Taubert Helge , Hartmann Arndt , Stoehr Robert , Wieland Wolf , Grässer Friedrich A. , Wullich Bernd 
Published: March 2013

Prostate cancer is a leading cause of cancer mortality in men. One of the distinct characteristics of prostate cancer is over‐expression of theERGproto‐oncogene. TheTMPRSS2–ERGgene fusion, the most common gene fusion, is found in approximately 50% of prostate cancer cases. We show that certain microRNAs are extensively deregulated in prostate cancer cell lines and primary clinical cancer samples. MicroRNAs are capable of modulating post‐transcriptional gene expression via inhibition of protein synthesis. Independent target prediction methods have indicated that the 3′ untranslated region of theERGmRNAis a potential target ofmiR‐145.miR‐145is consistently down‐regulated in prostate cancer. Here we show that theERG3′ untranslated region is a regulative target ofmiR‐145 in vitro. Ectopic expression ofmiR‐145led to a reduction in expression of theERGprotein. We analyzed 26 prostate cancer samples and corresponding normal tissue.ERGprotein expression was found to be elevated in the tumor samples, together with increased expression of severalERGisoforms. We identifiedERGproteins of 35 and 24 kDa, which may represent unknownERGsplice variants. Analyses ofmiR‐145andERGmRNAexpression revealed a general down‐regulation ofmiR‐145irrespective of the presence or absence of translocations involvingERG. This observation indicates that down‐regulation ofmiR‐145may contribute to the increased expression of mostERGsplice variants sharing themiR‐145target sequence in their 3′ untranslated region.
High‐temperature low‐cycle fatigue behaviour of a cast Al–12Si–CuNiMg alloy
Authors: Zhang Qing , Zuo Zhengxing , Liu Jinxiang 
Published: March 2013

ABSTRACTThe low‐cycle fatigue behaviour of a cast Al–12Si–CuNiMg alloy, with a high content of Si, is investigated at 200, 350 and 400 °C. The fatigue test results show that the alloy exhibits symmetrical hysteresis loops, moderate cyclic softening and higher fatigue resistance at higher temperature. The fracture surface analysis reveals that more tear ridges are formed at higher temperature, which strongly affect the fatigue resistance. Furthermore, evaluation of the material fatigue resistance using an energy‐based Halford–Marrow model indicates that the material's ability to absorb and dissipate plastic strain energy is enhanced as temperature increases.
Impacts of climate change on avian populations
Authors: Jenouvrier Stephanie 
Published: March 2013

AbstractThis review focuses on the impacts of climate change on population dynamics. I introduce theMUP(Measuring, Understanding, and Predicting) approach, which provides a general framework where an enhanced understanding of climate‐population processes, along with improved long‐term data, are merged into coherent projections of future population responses to climate change. This approach can be applied to any species, but this review illustrates its benefit using birds as examples.Birds are one of the best‐studied groups and a large number of studies have detected climate impacts on vital rates (i.e., life history traits, such as survival, maturation, or breeding, affecting changes in population size and composition) and population abundance. These studies reveal multifaceted effects of climate with direct, indirect, time‐lagged, and nonlinear effects. However, few studies integrate these effects into a climate‐dependent population model to understand the respective role of climate variables and their components (mean state, variability, extreme) on population dynamics. To quantify how populations cope with climate change impacts, I introduce a new universal variable: the ‘population robustness to climate change.’ The comparison of such robustness, along with prospective and retrospective analysis may help to identify the major climate threats and characteristics of threatened avian species.Finally, studies projecting avian population responses to future climate change predicted byIPCC‐class climate models are rare. Population projections hinge on selecting a multiclimate model ensemble at the appropriate temporal and spatial scales and integrating both radiative forcing and internal variability in climate with fully specified uncertainties in both demographic and climate processes.