bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Literature of the Second Temple Period
Authors: Collins John J. 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
Strictly speaking, the Second Temple period extends from the construction of the temple at the end of the sixth century bce to its destruction by the Romans in 70 ce. Some scholars would now argue that the entire biblical corpus belongs in this period. Even if one accepts the more traditional dating of biblical sources, the final edition of the Torah must be placed after the Exile. This article deals with this literature. The literature may be divided into three categories, based on provenance more than on literary genre, although each category has its own characteristics. These are the Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha; the Dead Sea scrolls; and the literature of the Greek-speaking diaspora. The first and third categories were preserved by Christians, the second was only recently recovered from the caves by the Dead Sea.
Classical Rabbinic Literature
Authors: Hezser Catherine 
Published: December 2012

AbstractClassical rabbinic literature comprises all those ancient Jewish literary compilations which transmit the traditions of tannaitic (70–200 ce) and amoraic (third-to fifth-century ce) rabbis in Palestine and Babylonia: the Mishnah, the Tosefta, the Palestinian and the Babylonian Talmud, and various midrashim. Accordingly, rabbinic literature must be seen as a collective rather than an authorial literature, transmitting a wide variety of partly divergent and contradictory views and teachings rather than providing a linear systematic outline of a particular individual's point of view. The critical study of rabbinic literature began in the nineteenth century with the so-called Wissenschaft des Judentums (Science of Judaism), whose representatives began to apply to rabbinic texts historical and philological methods which were also used in other fields of the humanities. The application of methods and theories from related fields such as literary theory allows one to see the texts from a new perspective.
Medieval Jewry In Christendom
Authors: Ben-Shalom Ram 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
This article begins in the early Middle Ages, and specifically addresses questions concerning the economic and political situation of Jewry in Western Europe. The period of the high Middle Ages follows, with a focus on developments in community life and the character of Jewish society. The discussion considers the Jewish foundation myths that were born in the twelfth century in an attempt to explain and interpret the social and cultural changes of the time. It examines the nature of the interaction and the form of discourse that characterized the medieval relations between a Christian majority and a Jewish minority culture. It also describes the legal status of the Jews in Western Europe and the Byzantine Empire. The article also discusses Jewish life in Spain, since, for a significant segment of the period under study, Spain was under Muslim rule.
Rabbinic Literature in the Middle Ages 1000–1492
Authors: Ta-Shma Israel 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
This article deals with rabbinic literature, considering what rabbis wrote in the context of performing their rabbinic functions: halachic literature in all its aspects — talmudic commentary, books of legal decisions, responsa, halachic monographs, works on prayer and liturgy, the holidays, and customs. The corpus of medieval rabbinic texts, which is today witnessing a renaissance, constitutes the basis of what is called mishpat ivri (Jewish law). It is possible to describe this literature according to four different categories: geography, chronology, content, and literary genre. The description here is related to content and literary genre, while taking note of geographical and chronological divisions. The books were mostly from European countries — Germany, France, Spain, Italy, and Provence. Rabbinic literature began to be produced in all the European regions more or less at the beginning of the eleventh century.
Settlement and State in Eretz Israel
Authors: Troen Ilan 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
While Zionist ideology has long been part of the rubric of Jewish history, the study of its realization through the social, cultural, and political history of the Yishuv and Israel has been relatively neglected. The Jews of Eretz Israel (‘the Land of Israel’) numbered less than half of 1% of world Jewry at the beginning of the twentieth century. Israel now accounts for about 40% and is approaching parity with the United States. Israeli history and society has only recently become a discrete topic or field of study within the humanities and social sciences, and included in university curricula, even in Israel. Change began in Israel in the early 1990s, when various collections of courses under the title of ‘Israel Studies’ were organized as a modest subset within the BA degree.
The Hebrew Language
Authors: Halevi (Kirtchuk) Pablo-Isaac 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
This article discusses the revival of Hebrew, linguistic characterization, typology, the study of Hebrew, the Muslim world in the first centuries of the Hegira, Hebrew among the Karaites, and the role of Hebrew in the modern era. The term ‘Hebrew’ designates a language which has been the Jewish people's linguistic vehicle of cult, culture, and communication. Hebrew ceased to be spoken in the third century ce and persisted only in a written form. From the third century onwards Hebrew continued to be used for juridical, intellectual, philosophical, poetic, and liturgical purposes but not for daily oral communication. In Muslim Spain, written Hebrew acquired some new characteristics: it is Medieval Hebrew (MdH). At the turn of the twentieth century it became anew the mother tongue of an ever-increasing population.
Modern Hebrew Literature
Authors: Abramson Glenda 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
The assumption that Israeli Hebrew literature has a unique and transformative significance in Israeli culture is argued sociologically, historically, theoretically, and aesthetically. It was only in the eighteenth century, with the Hebrew Enlightenment, the Haskalah, that secular Hebrew literature was able to develop. Before then, Jewish intellectual activity had been confined almost exclusively to religious writings. This literature grew in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries mainly in the areas of Jewish settlement in Eastern Europe. Today, there are over 3 million Hebrew-speakers in Israel alone. A flourishing literature is being written there in Hebrew, composed of fiction, poetry, and drama. The growth of the Hebrew language has contributed to the viability, and therefore to the adoption, of new literary genres. Modern Hebrew literature has established a clear national identity, responsive at last to its own territorial conditions, expressed in a literary language which is finally also a vernacular.
Yiddish Studies
Authors: Kuznitz Cecile E. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThis article describes the roots of Yiddish studies and its changing geography, Yiddish's role as a post-vernacular language, Yiddish studies as a post-ideological field, the continued ideological conflict over Yiddish's post-vernacular status, and trends in Yiddish publishing. The notion of including Yiddish studies as a distinct discipline within the wider field of Jewish studies would have been virtually inconceivable before the First World War. By the end of the Second World War, the Holocaust had devastated the Jewish communities whose language, history, and culture Yiddish studies sought to explore. A half-century after the catastrophe, Yiddish scholarship is only beginning to wrestle with its full impact. Today the field of Yiddish studies is vibrant, albeit in a form much different from that envisioned by its pioneers at the start of the previous century.
Judaeo-Spanish Studies
Authors: Schwarzwald Ora (Rodrigue) 
Published: December 2012

AbstractJudaeo-Spanish (JS) is the language used by Jews originating from Spain. It flourished in the Ottoman Empire immediately after the expulsion from Spain and continued its existence there. Some of the expelled Jews settled in North Africa and used the JS variety known as Hakitía. In the beginning of the twenty first century, JS is in the process of becoming an endangered language for lack of new native speakers. In spite of the decreasing number of speakers, interest increases in the JS language and literature from an academic and folkloristic perspective. This article discusses several of the controversial issues: the names of the language; the history of JS; orthography and spelling; literary genres; JS dialects; JS learning and activities today; and perspectives for further research.
Judaeo-Arabic and Judaeo-Persian
Authors: Khan Geoffrey 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
The term ‘Judaeo-Arabic’ refers to a type of Arabic that was used by Jews and was distinct in some way from other types of Arabic. The Arabic language was used by Jews in Arabia before the rise of Islam. From the point of view of linguistic form, the following characteristic features of written Judaeo-Arabic can be identified: it is written in Hebrew script; it exhibits deviations from Classical Arabic; and it contains Hebrew and Aramaic elements. ‘Judaeo-Persian’ refers to Persian used by Jews. Like Judaeo-Arabic, Judaeo-Persian is not a uniform linguistic entity. The term is used to refer to both a written and a spoken form of language. The geographical area in which it was used extended beyond the boundaries of Iran and included Afghanistan, part of the Caucasus, and much of Central Asia. Judaeo-Persian in its written form is represented in Hebrew script.
Other Diaspora Jewish Literatures Since 1492
Authors: Stavans Ilan 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
Since their expulsion from the Iberian Peninsula in 1492, the dissemination of the Jews in Europe, northern Africa, Asia, the Middle East, and the Americas has resulted not only in the production of a literature in modern Jewish languages and dialects such as Yiddish, Hebrew, Ladino, Judaeo-Italian, and Judaeo-Arabic, but also in a Jewish literature delivered in virtually every major Western tongue. These literatures in non-Jewish languages obviously fit into their respective national canons: Jewish-Portuguese authors are part of Portuguese letters, Jewish-Polish authors part of Polish letters, and so on. Five centuries after the expulsion from Spain in 1492, and more than 200 years after the Haskalah, an abundance of fiction and poetry by Jews in non-Jewish languages around the globe is produced regularly. And a solid body of literary criticism that attempts to examine its ambivalence at the national and international levels goes hand in hand with it.
Halacha and Law
Authors: Jackson B. S. , Lifshitz B. , Gray Alyssa M. , Sinclair Daniel B. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThe academic study of ‘halacha’, like its traditional study in the yeshiva, is far broader than the study of ‘Jewish law’. The halacha, in both its scope and concerns, goes well beyond the scope and concerns of that section of it which has counterparts in secular, Western legal systems. For the purposes of this article, ‘Jewish law’ is that latter subsection of the halacha, a subsection moreover which has attracted the particular attentions of scholars trained in secular jurisprudence. This article surveys trends in the field, in relation to both halacha and Jewish Law, in terms of the fourfold division — historical, dogmatic, comparative, and philosophical.
Bible Interpretation
Authors: Fishbane Michael 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
Classical and traditional Jewish culture is fundamentally a text culture — formed, informed, and reformed by Scripture (the Hebrew Bible) and its interpretation. This Scripture has always served as the Centre or source of all legal and intellectual meaning or purpose. Disagreement and contestation arise over the source and status of its ongoing interpretations, which are variously asserted to be divine or human. The nexus between Scripture and its exegetical traditions is therefore crucial, and the claim by different groups to be the proper bearers of Scripture and its interpretation becomes the claim to be the true heirs of ancient Israel and the embodiments of its divine destiny. The normative patterns of Judaism are inseparable from this phenomenon, and it is equally evident in its schismatic and sectarian offshoots.
Jewish Liturgy and Jewish Scholarship: Method and Cosmology
Authors: Hoffman Lawrence A. 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
The state of Jewish liturgy as a modern discipline has received treatment in many quarters. This article describes liturgical study in Judaism. It examines how Jewish liturgy is a discipline on its own. It now turns out that if it is a discipline, it is a very postmodern one, in the sense that it asks how Jews construct the meaning of their lives. New paradigms do not necessarily displace old ones; they build on them. The scientific rigour of the philologists is as important as ever; the reconstruction of piyyutim and rites serves as raw. With the abandoning of the model by which only origins matter, and with the understanding that every communal ritualizing deserves attention for what it says about Jewish identity, liturgy is becoming a ‘post-discipline’ with enormous potential.
Jewish and Israeli Film Studies
Authors: Zimerman Moshe 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
Despite the problems inherent in defining the scope of creations associated with Israeli cinema, it is relatively easy to define the cinema's boundaries and to delineate the writers of essays, books, and anthologies who deal with it. This is not the case when attempting to define Jewish cinema or deciding what constitutes writing about Jewish cinema. This article discusses this issue extensively, along with some of the side issues that derive from it. Before that, however, this article reviews the history of writing on Israeli cinema, since this sheds much light on the difficulties involved in reviewing writing on Jewish cinema.
Modern Jewish Society and Sociology
Authors: Goldberg Harvey E. 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
The social-scientific study of Judaism is a modern phenomenon just as are the social sciences themselves. Several themes run through various efforts to study Jews and Judaism in social-scientific terms. First is the need to understand the socio-political and ideological backgrounds to making Jews the object of scientific study. Another question is whether the impetus to a study of the Jews comes from a particular interest in their situation and development. Related to both of these issues is the question whether those undertaking the research are Jews or Gentiles. Another significant dividing line is the sociology of modern communities in the diaspora in contrast to the sociology of Israeli society that took shape at the time the state was established. A related topic that is worth tracing is the degree to which historians or other scholars of Jews and Judaism have adopted social-scientific modes of thought into their writings.
Introduction
Authors: Rumsey Nichola , Harcourt Diana 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
Interest in the applied and academic study of the psychology of appearance has increased rapidly in recent years, and bookshelves have started to fill with a growing number of texts on the subject. However, whereas previous texts tend to take a pathologizing stance with a focus on body dissatisfaction and associated problems, this book offers a more balanced approach, by including research which focuses on psychosocial factors and processes contributing to resilience to appearance concern, by exploring the potential to use people's motivation to enhance appearance as a mechanism to improve health, and by examining the factors that influence positive adjustment to an unusual appearance. It also includes the full spectrum of appearance-related issues rather than focusing solely on ‘body image’ and its concomitant emphasis on issues relating to weight and shape; it includes disfigurement in this spectrum, rather than treating research and practice on visible difference as a sphere of activity entirely separately from the more ‘mainstream’ area of body image. An overview of the five sections of the book is presented.
Setting The Scene: Overview
Authors: Rumsey Nichola , Harcourt Diana 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
This article provides an overview of Section I of this book. It introduces readers to a range of contexts, perspectives, and influences contributing to the psychology of appearance. It offers insights from a variety of professional backgrounds, including social, clinical, and health psychology, surgery, and sociology. The influence of the private sector is highlighted in relation to messages promulgated by the media, the marketing of new technologies, and in conditions attached to health insurance. Within the public sector, health policies and the prioritization of resources both regionally and nationally limit the current provision of care for those distressed by their appearance. The relative sophistication of the challenges in the UK and the US is brought into sharp relief, however, by a consideration of the issues faced by those working in resource-poor countries.
Cross-Cultural Differences
Authors: Falvey Hannah 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
This article helps the reader gain a broad understanding of culture and cross-cultural psychology as it relates to the field of appearance. It argues that the deeper meanings of practices relating to body decoration, modification, adornment, and grooming can only be fully understood from within the cultural context in which they occur. It considers the neglected topic of variation in appearance values and practices in different societies, and the extent to which particular cultural norms are adopted by subgroups within the population. It discusses the increasing homogeneity in ideals and aspirations across cultures and the increasingly prevalent view that bodies are malleable, rather than the less permeable result of genetic inheritance. The development and proliferation of new technologies for altering appearance and increased access to globalized media are reducing the influence of culture, eroding traditional appearance practices, and narrowing the acceptable range of diversity in appearance.
Challenges in Healthcare Provision in the United Kingdom
Authors: Hansen Esther L. E. , Butler Peter E. M. 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
This article discusses how appearance concerns are managed within healthcare services in the UK. It first examines how individuals with appearance concerns access help in the community. It then considers the way in which appearance concerns are treated by medical professionals. This is followed by a consideration of how psychological services can attempt to help individuals manage their appearance concerns. It also discusses the opportunities available for individuals with appearance concerns when these are managed jointly. It concludes by inviting readers to consider the importance of interventions beyond those offered to patients by reflecting how engagement in the wider societal context might be achieved, as this often maintains the high level of appearance concerns and investment in appearance amongst people seeking appearance altering surgery.
Challenges in Healthcare Provision in Resource-Poor Countries
Authors: Potokar Tom , Price Patricia 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
This article focuses on the challenges inherent in providing healthcare for patients with disfiguring or appearance-related conditions in resource-poor countries across the world. Clinical and research work presented here predominantly related to burns, trauma, and wound healing, so many of the examples come from that area — but the challenges discussed can be extrapolated to cover the provision of care for people with other appearance-related conditions. The article highlights the relative neglect in countries in which rates of injury are high and where need, particularly for physical and psychological rehabilitation, massively outstrips provision. Local priorities are usually to reduce mortality rates rather than to improve the quality of life of survivors of disease and trauma. Distances to healthcare facilities are often considerable, and once patients are physically healed, they return to communities with no facility for follow-up or ongoing psychosocial support.
Biomedical Technologies and Appearance
Authors: Kent Julie 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
This article explores the social aspects of two technologies which alter appearance. The first is breast implants, the second ‘living skin’. It discusses the social shaping of the technology, the ways in which risks associated with them are constructed as technical issues, the socio-political implications of the technologies, and finally the ethical issues. In so doing, the goal is to highlight how embodied experiences of appearance and appearance alteration are constituted at the interface of complex socioeconomic relations.
Researching Appearance: Models, Theories, and Frameworks
Authors: Thompson Andrew R. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThis article highlights the complexities inherent in researching appearance. It considers several key constructs and theoretical approaches derived from evolutionary, psychological, and sociocultural perspectives which have been proposed to explain how we make judgements concerning appearance both in relation to ourselves and to others. In order to maximize the potential contribution to knowledge, the article advocates a pluralist approach to theorizing. It concludes by offering a broad biopsychosocial framework developed from the research of a large collaboration of UK-based researchers and practitioners.
Who is Affected by Appearance Concerns, in What Way, and Why?: Overview
Authors: Harcourt Diana , Rumsey Nichola 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
This article provides an overview of Section II of this book. A recent online questionnaire study of more than 800 young people from the UK, aged 11–18 years, showed that 34% of boys and 49% of girls had been on a diet to change their body shape and more than 50% of 1200 girls and young women aged 16–21 years report that they would consider undergoing cosmetic surgery to change their appearance. Whilst these figures suggest that dissatisfaction is endemic, a sizeable proportion of respondents nevertheless reported being satisfied with and, in many instances, proud of the way they look. This section examines a wealth of factors that play a part in determining this variation in levels of appearance-related satisfaction and adjustment.
Appearance in Childhood and Adolescence
Authors: Smolak Linda 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThis article describes the development of appearance preferences during childhood and adolescence; identifies influences on the development of these preferences; considers the effects of these preferences on self-development and social interactions; and discusses techniques that children and adolescents use to achieve an appearance that is consistent with their preferences. While there are numerous components of appearance, the research concerning children and adolescents has focused primarily on facial attractiveness and body shape, particularly weight and shape.