bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Area‐selective microwrinkle formation on poly(dimethylsiloxane) by treatment with strong acid
Authors: Watanabe Masashi , Hashimoto Ryoma 
Published: September 2014

ABSTRACTMicrowrinkles were formed by treating poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) surfaces with a mixture of concentrated sulfuric acid and nitric acid at 80 °C followed by a water rinsing step. The acid treatment oxidized the treated area, which also swelled owing to absorption of water during the rinsing step. This absorption of water induced a compressive stress on the PDMS surface that caused the formation of wrinkles. The appearance of wrinkles was controlled by the time interval between the end of the acid treatment and the beginning of the water rinsing step. Wrinkles were formed when the time interval was shorter than 5 s, as water was absorbed by the hygroscopic acid molecules within the treated surface. For longer time intervals of 300 s, this phenomenon was not observed. Based on these findings, a procedure for forming wrinkles in specific areas was developed by hydrating the chosen areas with wet filter paper cut into specific shapes after the acid treatment. The formation of wrinkles was confined to the area under the piece of paper. The orientation and alignment of the wrinkles at the boundaries were also characterized. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2015, 53, 167–174
Flexural behaviour of recycled aggregate concrete graded slabs
Authors: Xiao Jianzhuang , Sun Chang , Jiang Xinghan 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThis paper proposes a new concept for “recycled aggregate concrete graded slabs”, which can be achieved through graded distribution for the mechanical properties of the recycled aggregate concrete (RAC). In this study, one four‐point bending test was used to investigate six RAC graded slabs and three homogeneous slabs with RAC. The major parameters considered were the layers with different recycled coarse aggregates (RCAs) replacement percentages (0, 50 and 100%), the grading pattern (different casting methods) and the reinforcement ratio. It has been concluded that RAC graded slabs have similar flexural behaviour to that of homogeneous slabs with RAC. The reinforcement ratio, the layers with different RCA replacement percentages and the grading pattern can influence the flexural behaviour of RAC graded slabs. Furthermore, the effects of the three factors on both the flexural capacity and the deflection of the RAC graded slabs were studied with finite element method (FEM) simulation using ABAQUS software. Both the experiments and the FEM analysis indicate that the flexural behaviour of RAC slabs can be improved by using this suitable grading method.
Eigenvalue sensitivity, singular values and discrete frequency selection mechanism in noise amplifiers: the case of flow induced by radial wall injection
Authors: Cerqueira Stéphane , Sipp Denis 
Published: September 2014

AbstractWe have performed linearized direct numerical simulations (DNS) of flow induced by radial wall injection forced by white-noise Gaussian forcings. We have shown that the frequency spectrum of the flow exhibits low-frequency discrete peaks in the case of a spatial structure of the forcing that is large scale. On the other hand, we observed that the spectrum becomes smooth (with no discrete peaks) if the spatial structure of the forcing is of a smaller extent. We have then tried to analyse these results in the light of global stability analyses. We have first computed the eigenvalue spectrum of the Jacobian and shown that the computed eigenvalues in the frequency range of interest were strongly damped and extremely sensitive to numerical discretization choices if large domains in the axial direction were considered. If shorter domains are used, then the eigenvalues are more robust but still extremely sensitive to the location of the upstream and downstream boundaries. Analysis of the$\def \xmlpi #1{}\def \mathsfbi #1{\boldsymbol {\mathsf {#1}}}\let \le =\leqslant \let \leq =\leqslant \let \ge =\geqslant \let \geq =\geqslant \def \Pr {\mathit {Pr}}\def \Fr {\mathit {Fr}}\def \Rey {\mathit {Re}}\epsilon $-pseudo-spectrum showed that eigenvalues located in a region displaying ‘background’ values of$ \epsilon $below$10^{-12}$were extremely sensitive and confirmed that all values in this region of the spectrum were actually quasi-eigenvalues. The eigenvalues are therefore ill-behaved and cannot be invoked to explain the observed discrete frequency selection mechanism. We have then performed a singular value decomposition of the global resolvent matrix to compute the leading optimal gains, optimal forcings and optimal responses, which are robust quantities, insensitive to numerical discretization details. We showed that the frequency response of the flow with the large-scale forcing can accurately be reproduced by an approximation based on the leading optimal gain/forcing/response. Analysis of this approximation showed that it is the projection coefficient of the forcing onto the leading optimal forcing that is responsible for the discrete frequency selection mechanism in the case of the large-scale forcing. From a more physical point of view, such a discrete behaviour stems from the streamwise oscillations of the leading optimal forcings, whose wavelengths vary with frequency, in combination with finite extent forcings (which start or end at locations where the leading optimal forcings are strong). Experimental results in the literature are finally discussed in light of these findings.
Practical approach to determine apparent digestibility of canine diets
Authors: Hagen-Plantinga Esther A. , Bosch Guido , Hendriks Wouter H. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractA practical approach to determine apparent faecal digestibility using privately owned dogs may be a useful tool in evaluating differences in nutrient digestibility between dogs with various life stages. The aim was to develop a simple method that would suit such studies using the whitening agent titanium oxide (TiO2) as an indigestible marker. Forty privately owned, healthy male and female dogs of various breeds were included. Selection was based on an owner questionnaire. Means with their standard errors age and body weight (BW) of the dogs were 6·2 (0·6) years (range 1·0–13·0 years) and 22·3 (2·5) kg (range 5·0–43·2 kg), respectively. Owners were provided a commercial dry extruded diet supplemented with a commercially available TiO2 containing kibble (final dietary TiO2 content: 0·77 g/kg). Dogs were fed the diet for seven consecutive days at 480 kJ × BW0·75. On day 7, owners were asked to collect all faeces during 24 h and store faeces at −20°C. Faecal samples were analysed for DM, ash, N, crude fat (CF), crude fibre and Ti and gross energy (GE) and organic matter were calculated. Means with their standard errors apparent faecal digestibility of GE, DM, organic matter, N, CF and crude fibre was 83·7 (0·71), 77·4 (0·79), 83·0 (0·61), 77·7 (0·81), 94·3 (0·51) and 30·3 (4·85), respectively. No significant differences were observed in nutrient digestibility due to weight, age, sex or neuter status. The digestibility assay using a practical approach described here may be a promising tool to determine digestibility of dietary nutrients under free-living conditions. Owner compliance, however, is a potentially limiting factor.
Comparison of Prediction Models for Use of Medical Resources at Urban Auto-racing Events
Authors: Nable Jose V. , Margolis Asa M. , Lawner Benjamin J. , Hirshon Jon Mark , Perricone Alexander J. , Galvagno Samuel M. , Lee Debra , Millin Michael G. , Bissell Richard A. , Alcorta Richard L. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractIntroductionPredicting the number of patient encounters and transports during mass gatherings can be challenging. The nature of these events necessitates that proper resources are available to meet the needs that arise. Several prediction models to assist event planners in forecasting medical utilization have been proposed in the literature.Hypothesis/ProblemThe objective of this study was to determine the accuracy of the Arbon and Hartman models in predicting the number of patient encounters and transportations from the Baltimore Grand Prix (BGP), held in 2011 and 2012. It was hypothesized that the Arbon method, which utilizes regression model-derived equations to estimate, would be more accurate than the Hartman model, which categorizes events into only three discreet severity types.MethodsThis retrospective analysis of the BGP utilized data collected from an electronic patient tracker system. The actual number of patients evaluated and transported at the BGP was tabulated and compared to the numbers predicted by the two studied models. Several environmental features including weather, crowd attendance, and presence of alcohol were used in the Arbon and Hartman models.ResultsApproximately 130,000 spectators attended the first event, and approximately 131,000 attended the second. The number of patient encounters per day ranged from 19 to 57 in 2011, and the number of transports from the scene ranged from two to nine. In 2012, the number of patients ranged from 19 to 44 per day, and the number of transports to emergency departments ranged from four to nine. With the exception of one day in 2011, the Arbon model overpredicted the number of encounters. For both events, the Hartman model overpredicted the number of patient encounters. In regard to hospital transports, the Arbon model underpredicted the actual numbers whereas the Hartman model both overpredicted and underpredicted the number of transports from both events, varying by day.ConclusionsThese findings call attention to the need for the development of a versatile and accurate model that can more accurately predict the number of patient encounters and transports associated with mass-gathering events so that medical needs can be anticipated and sufficient resources can be provided.NableJV,MargolisAM,LawnerBJ,HirshonJM,PerriconeAJ,GalvagnoSM,LeeD,MillinMG,BissellRA,AlcortaRL.Comparison of prediction models for use of medical resources at urban auto-racing events.Prehosp Disaster Med.2014;29(6):1-6.
High Dynamic Range Electron Imaging: The New Standard
Authors: Evans Keith , Beanland Richard 
Published: September 2014

AbstractTransmission electron microscopes regularly produce data which has a dynamic range that exceeds the capabilities of the recording media used, particularly in diffraction patterns. Hardware solutions such as readable phosphor imaging plates have existed since the 1990s, but in recent years the advent of robust CCD digital cameras capable of capturing high intensities in a transmission electron microscope has made image acquisition fast and straightforward. However, all CCD cameras have a saturation limit, making imaging of low intensities difficult when an image is dominated by strong features. Here we present a simple and effective tool to overcome this limitation through acquisition of multiple images and software processing to produce high dynamic range electron images.
60 GHz duplexer design using dual‐mode SIW filters with single‐sided transmission zeros
Authors: Wang Desong , Chin Kuo‐Sheng , Che Wenquan , Chang Chih‐Chun , Wu Yafen 
Published: September 2014

A novel topology for designing 60 GHz duplexers is presented. Both the receiver (Rx) and transmitter (Tx) filters of the duplexer, which were constructed using dual‐mode substrate‐integrated waveguide (SIW) cavities, can exhibit a single‐sided transmission zero. The transmission zeros were arranged to achieve high channel isolation and frequency selectivity. The results confirm that the fabricated duplexer can achieve an Rx/Tx isolation higher than 30 dB.
Caenorhabditis elegans
RSD-2 and RSD-6 promote germ cell immortality by maintaining small interfering RNA populations
Authors: Sakaguchi Aisa , Sarkies Peter , Simon Matt , Doebley Anna-Lisa , Goldstein Leonard D. , Hedges Ashley , Ikegami Kohta , Alvares Stacy M. , Yang Liwei , LaRocque Jeannine R. , Hall Julie , Miska Eric A. , Ahmed Shawn 
Published: September 2014

Significance
Here, we establish a role for small RNAs in promoting transgenerational fertility via an endogenous temperature-sensitive silencing process that is promoted by the RNAi spreading defective (RSD)-2 and RSD-6 proteins, which have been implicated in RNA interference in response to exogenous double-stranded RNA triggers. This process could be broadly relevant to transgenerational maintenance of heterochromatin and is plausibly relevant to regulation of aging of somatic cells as they proliferate.
Communicating the dynamic complexities of climate and ecology: species invasion and resource changes.
Authors: Thompson J. P. , Ziska L. H. 
Published: September 2014

Abstract

As the population reaches beyond 7 billion, the impact of human activities on the global environment will begin to alter substantially the complex biological systems necessary to support life. Of particular concern are anthropogenic changes in atmospheric composition that are altering the climatic processes associated with precipitation, temperature and weather disruptions. However, such direct disturbances can also distress ecosystem function indirectly by facilitating the spread and establishment of non-indigenous (invasive) species. Such species, in turn, can overwhelm biological stability by impacting native diversity negatively or, from a human perspective, by reducing resource availability (e.g. agriculture). As a consequence, system resources, from forests to streams to crops, can become increasingly transient, even as population pressure creates additional needs for such resources. Although these pressures are increasingly recognized, knowledge to address the basic and applied needs related to maintaining ecosystem resources is lacking, in part because of communication disparities between scientists and policy makers. Here, the science underlying climate change and invasive species is examined, in broad terms, and the difficulties in eliciting both the attention and means needed to sustain ecosystem services over time are outlined. Overall, societal awareness of the scientific issues will be necessary to provide the global solutions essential to address the dynamic challenges of a changing climate, invasive species and human resource needs.
Invasive species of China and their responses to climate change.
Authors: Li Bo Li Bo , Wei ShuJuan Wei ShuJuan , Li Hui Li Hui , Yang Qiang Yang Qiang , Lu Meng Lu Meng 
Published: September 2014

Abstract

China is a rapidly developing country with the largest share of the world's population. The extent of human activity, combined with diverse climates and landscapes, may allow for greater risk of biological invasions. To date, at least 529 invasive species have been identified, including 270 species of higher plants, 198 species of animals and 61 species of microbes, resulting in an estimated annual economic loss of US$18.9 billion. Evidence to date suggests that different components of climate change (i.e. temperature, altered precipitation, extreme weather events and rising CO2 concentration) have already influenced the biology of invasive species in China. The influence of climate change may increase the negative economic or environmental consequences of some invasives; however, others may become disadvantaged. Although we are still at the earliest stages of understanding the consequences of climate change on invasive species biology, China is one of the countries that may be affected most dramatically by invasive species. Overall, understanding the interactions between climate change and invasive species biology is an important scientific challenge, but one in which Chinese scientists can make significant contributions. The inclusion of the invasive species issue in some of China's ongoing projects on global change could begin to address critical research needs in this area.
Identifying invasive species in real time: early detection and distribution mapping system (EDDMapS) and other mapping tools.
Authors: Wallace R. D. , Bargeron C. T. 
Published: September 2014

Abstract

Historically, the documentation of native and non-native species distributions was limited to herbarium records, textbooks and field guides. Distribution maps were updated infrequently and the resulting information was often inaccessible. Recently, as public awareness of invasive species has increased, professional and citizen science-based monitoring and management programmes have grown, leading to the collection of large amounts of data across disparate databases. The central focus of the Early Detection and Distribution Mapping System (EDDMapS) is to foster the collection, amalgamation and sharing of these data to show a more complete map of the threat of invasive species and how this issue impacts the nation as a whole. Incorporating data from a variety of sources can raise issues with standardization, privacy and ownership, but these issues can be resolved with proper planning and policies regarding data sharing. With the advancement of technology and interest in its utilization for scientific research and public outreach, tracking invasive species is easier, and results can be accessed and distributed to both researchers and the general public. Smartphones have increased the accessibility of information, and as applications have become more central to smartphone use, invasive species programmes have secured funding for application development for the identification, reporting and management of target invasive species. This has increased the reporting of invasive species by citizen scientists and the general public, and has encouraged timely reporting, verification and management by Early Detection and Rapid Response programmes. Training citizen scientists and establishing data collection standards can encourage data collection, which can aid researchers in modelling invasive species range changes in response to a variety of factors, including climate change. As funding and public awareness increase the utilization of technology for invasive species documentation, more and better tools will be developed for invasive species management.
The biogeography of invasive plants - projecting range shifts with climate change.
Authors: Bradley B. A. 
Published: September 2014

Abstract

Correlative models between species occurrences and climate (here referred to as 'habitat suitability models') have become increasingly popular for forecasting risk from invasive plants under current and future climate scenarios. These models have the potential to inform management and monitoring efforts by prioritizing landscapes considered at highest risk under a changing climate. However, a wide range of choices regarding climatic predictor variables, model ling approaches and even distributional data sets influences the resulting projections. The effects of these choices are seldom defined explicitly, which reduces their utility for scientists and managers alike. This chapter reviews common practices of habitat suitability modelling as they apply to invasive plants. The chapter also reviews major findings of recent projections of range shifts in invasive plants. In both cases, the aim is to explore how different choices of predictors, models and input data can influence conclusions in a habitat suitability modelling framework and develop recommendations for best practices.
Identifying climate change as a factor in the establishment and persistence of invasive weeds in agricultural crops.
Authors: DiTommaso A. , Zhong Qin Zhong Qin , Clements D. R. 
Published: September 2014

Abstract

Climate change may lead to extensive shifts in invasive weed distributions by impacting their colonization and persistence in new habitats. These alterations will require an enhanced capacity to predict the future range of these species and the implementation of effective management strategies. This is particularly critical for agroecosystems where climate-induced changes in the composition and impact of weedy species are likely to add great uncertainty to the biodiversity, stability and productivity of these systems. In recent years, various modelling approaches have been employed to examine the current and potential distributions of invasive weeds at a range of scales in response to projected climate change. This chapter details the efforts under way to map the distributions of invasive weed species based on climate change projections for the USA. The chapter also identifies specific agricultural systems that are most vulnerable to invasion in a changing climate. It concludes with a brief discussion of the un certain ties, future directions and challenges of current modelling approaches and provides suggestions for improvement. Although bioclimatic envelope modelling has provided a useful approach for projecting potential weed species distribution changes resulting from climatic change (see Chapter 15), there is a need to incorporate more details of weed physiology and genetics, as well as habitat complexity, in these models. Given rapidly increasing anthropogenic impacts, land-use changes and climate variability, such refinements to the modelling approach could be critical to managing plant invasions under climate change.
Addressing Adolescent Substance Use: Teaching Screening, Brief Intervention, and Referral to Treatment (SBIRT) and Motivational Interviewing (MI) to Residents
Authors: Whittle Amy E. , Buckelew Sara M. , Satterfield Jason M. , Lum Paula J. , O'Sullivan Patricia 
Published: September 2014

Background The American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Substance Use recommends screening, brief intervention, and referral to treatment (SBIRT) at every adolescent preventive and all appropriate urgent visits. We designed an SBIRT curriculum as part of the adolescent block of a pediatric residency that combined online modules with an in-person workshop, faculty feedback on resident interactions with patients, and resident self-reflection on their motivational interviewing (MI) skills. Methods To evaluate the curriculum, we measured resident satisfaction and self-reported confidence in using SBIRT and MI with teens using a retrospective pre/post questionnaire. We used qualitative analysis to evaluate the written comments from faculty observations of patient-trainee interactions and comments from resident self-reflection(s) on patient interactions. Results Thirty-two residents completed the curriculum. Residents reported high satisfaction with the training. Comparing retrospective pre/post scores on the survey of resident self-reported confidence, measures increased significantly in all domains, including for both alcohol and other drug use. Regarding self-reported MI, skillfulness also increased significantly. Analysis of specific faculty feedback to residents revealed subthemes such as normalizing confidentiality and focusing more on the patient's perspectives on substance use. Resident reflections on their own abilities with SBIRT/MI focused on using the ruler tool and on adapting the MI style of shared decision-making. Conclusions A curriculum that combines online training, small-group practice, clinical observations, and self-reflection is valued by residents and can increase resident self-reported confidence in using SBIRT and MI in adolescent encounters. Future studies should examine to what extent confidence predicts performance using standardized measures of MI skillfulness in patient encounters.