bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ultrasound in Infertility
Authors: Nagori CB 
Published: March 2015

ABSTRACT
Evaluation of the complete cycle instead of only pre hCG scan is an essential for follicular monitoring. Using color Doppler in this assessment is mandatory because it allows to assess the functional status of follicle and endometrium. 3D ultrasound is useful for volume measurements, and 3D PD for assessment of global vascularity.
Baseline scan is done to predict the ovarian reserve and response and decide the stimulation protocols for ARTs. Uterus is assessed for receptivity. But baseline scan also diagnoses PCOS. This is by counting antral follicles, stromal flows and stromal and ovarian volume. Ultrasound features of ovary on baseline scan can also be correlated closely with the baseline hormonal status of ovaries—LH, FSH and Androgen. Ultrasound is a key tool to decide follicular maturity and endometrial receptivity and to decide the time of hCG and time of IUI. Doppler plays a major role in correct decision making and 3D and 3D power Doppler add to the details and also improves the success rates of different ARTs. Luteal phase also can be better explained by the use of Doppler. Ultrasound to hormonal correlation in both preovulatory and luteal phase helps plan the ART for positivity.

How to cite this article
Panchal S, Nagori CB. Ultrasound in Infertility. Donald School J Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2015;9(1):100-110.
Urrets-Zavalia Syndrome after Descemet Membrane Endothelial Keratoplasty
Authors: Holtmann Christoph , Spaniol Kristina , Geerling Gerd 
Published: March 2015

Purpose To report a case of Urrets-Zavalia syndrome (UZS) after Descemet membrane endothelial keratoplasty (DMEK). Methods A 74-year-old woman with Fuchs endothelial dystrophy and inconspicuous ocular history developed UZS after DMEK surgery. The intraoperative and postoperative course is presented. Results After uneventful DMEK surgery, intraocular pressure was elevated up to 40 mm Hg on the first postoperative day. A small bleed from the peripheral wide-open iridectomy in the 12 o'clock position in the otherwise deep anterior chamber was observed. On the sixth postoperative day, a 4-mm-wide pupil, nonreactive to light, was noted. One year after surgery, the fixed medium mydriasis (4 mm) persisted and best-corrected vision was 0.1 logMAR. No pupillary reaction was noted after application of 0.2% or 2% pilocarpine. Conclusions Filling the anterior chamber with air to secure fixation of a grafted Descemet membrane carries the risk of early acute postoperative ocular hypertension. This can lead to iris sphincter defects resulting in a fixed dilated pupil after DMEK surgery. Large patent iridectomy in the 12 o'clock position is insufficient to prevent this. Patients undergoing DMEK surgery should be informed about this potential complication.
Regenerating Gene 1B Silencing Inhibits Colon Cancer Cell HCT116 Proliferation and Invasion
Authors: Liu Zhirong , Zhang Yuehong , Xie Jun , Li Caiping , Wang Xiaoxia , Shen Jinyan , Zhang Yiqiang , Wang Shiyu , Cheng Niuliang 
Published: March 2015

Background The human regenerating gene 1B ( REG1B) is found to be frequently up-regulated in many types of human tumors. It is unclear whether REG1B expression may have therapeutic value in colorectal carcinoma. Additionally, how REG1B is associated with the clinical features of colorectal carcinoma is not known. To investigate the relationship between REG1B and colorectal cancer, we analyzed REG1B expression in clinical specimens and cell lines and the effect of down-regulation of REG1B by short hairpin RNA (shRNA) in HCT116 cells. Methods Paraffin-embedded specimens from 30 pairs of colorectal cancer tissues and adjacent colon tissues were used to investigate the expression of REG1B by immunohistochemistry. We also examined whether REG1B itself may be related to cell proliferation, cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, migration and invasion in colon cancer HCT116 cells. Results Our results showed that REG1B was highly expressed in colorectal carcinoma and was significantly associated with cell differentiation status. The results also illustrated that REG1B silencing with shRNA inhibited cell proliferation, migration and invasion but did not induce apoptosis. Furthermore, down-regulation of REG1B induces G1-phase cell cycle arrest in colon cancer cells. Conclusions Knockdown of REG1B can inhibit cell proliferation, migration and invasion. It may act by a mechanism regulating cell cycle progression. Thus, REG1B may be a novel candidate therapeutic target for colorectal cancer.
Correct Positioning of Central Venous Catheters using a New Electric Method
Authors: Konings Maurits K. , van Schelven Leonard J. , Meijer Ronald C. , Westra Albert H. , Snijder Roland A. , van Boxtel Anton J. 
Published: March 2015

Purpose In order to find the correct final position of the tip of a central venous catheter, we have developed a new electric method (the Proximity of Cardiac Motion (PCM) method), designed to work in tandem with the existing ECG-based method. Methods A small, patient-safe, high-frequency current is fed through the catheter (via the saline-filled lumen of the catheter, or a stylet). Simultaneously, the resulting voltage is measured by two electrodes on the frontal thoracic skin. The catheter tip hence functions as a current source inside the vasculature. The cardiac motion produces a variation in the amplitude of the measured voltage in the rhythm of the cardiac cycle, and the strength of this oscillatory variation is proportional to the strength of the incident current field on the heart, which is a rapidly decaying function of the distance between the catheter tip and the cavoatrial junction (CAJ). Hence the strength of this oscillatory variation is a strong indicator for the proximity of the catheter tip with respect to the CAJ. Results The new method has been tested in an animal model, yielding an average final position of the catheter tip of 2.1 cm above the CAJ, with a maximum deviation of 0.5 cm. Conclusions We conclude that the new PCM method can be combined with the existing ECG method, and may potentially have significant added value when the ECG method cannot be applied, for example, in patients with atrial fibrillation or a pacemaker.
Congenital Anomalies of Superior Vena Cava and their Implications in Central Venous Catheterization
Authors: Rossi Umberto G. , Rigamonti Paolo , Torcia Pierluca , Mauri Giovanni , Brunini Francesca , Rossi Michele , Gallieni Maurizio , Cariati Maurizio 
Published: March 2015

Congenital anomalies of superior vena cava (SVC) are generally discovered incidentally during central venous catheter (CVC) insertion, pacemaker electrode placement, and cardiopulmonary bypass surgery. Persistent left SVC (PLSVC) is a rare (0.3%) anomaly in healthy subjects, usually asymptomatic, but when present and undiagnosed, it may be associated with difficulties and complications of CVC placement. In individuals with congenital heart anomalies, its prevalence may be up to 10 times higher than in the general population. In this perspective, awareness of the importance of the incidental finding of PLSV during CVC placement is crucial. To improve knowledge of this rare but potentially dangerous condition, we describe the embryological origin of SVC, its normal anatomy, and possible congenital anomalies of the venous system and of the heart, including the presence of a right to left cardiac shunt. Diagnosis of PLSVC as well as the clinical complications and technical impact of SVC congenital anomalies for CVC placement are emphasized.
Identification of Hepatocellular Carcinoma-associated Hub Genes and Pathways by Integrated Microarray Analysis
Authors: Liu Fangfeng , Li Hongguang , Chang Hong , Wang Jianlu , Lu Jun 
Published: March 2015

Aims and Background Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a dismal malignancy associated with multiple molecular changes. The purpose of this study was to identify the differentially expressed genes and analyze the biological processes related to HCC. Methods and Study Design Datasets of HCC were obtained from the NCBI Gene Expression Omnibus. Integrated analysis of differentially expressed genes was performed using the INMEX program. Then Gene Ontology enrichment analyses and pathway analysis were performed based on the Gene Ontology website and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes. A protein-protein interaction network was constructed using the Cytoscape software; the netwerk served to find hub genes for HCC. Real-time RT-PCR was used to validate the microarray data for hub genes. Results We identified 273 genes that were differentially expressed in HCC. Gene Ontology enrichment analyses revealed response to cadmium ion, cellular response to cadmium ion, and cellular response to zinc ion for these genes. Pathway analysis showed that significant pathways included fatty acid metabolism, butanoate metabolism, and PPAR signaling pathway. The protein-protein interaction network indicated that CDH1, ECHS1, ACAA1, MT2A, and MYC were important genes which participated in many interactions. Experimental validation of the role of four upregulated genes ( ECHS1, ACAA1, MT2A and MYC) in the progression of HCC was carried out. Conclusions Our study displayed genes that were consistently differentially expressed in HCC. The biological pathways and protein-protein interaction networks associated with those genes were also identified. We predicted that CDH1, ECHS1, ACAA1, MT2A, and MYC might be target genes for diagnosing HCC.
Metastatic Tumor Volume and Extranodal Tumor Extension: Clinical Significance in Patients With Stage II Breast Cancer
Authors: Drinka Eva , Allen Pamela , McBride Andrew , Buchholz Thomas , Sahin Aysegul 
Published: March 2015

Context
Lymph node status and the number of lymph node (LN) positive for cancer cells are the most important prognostic factors in breast cancer. Extranodal tumor extension (ENTE) has been used as a histopathologic feature to classify patients into high risk versus low risk for local recurrence. However, in the current era of early detection and systemic therapy, the prognostic significance of ENTE is not as well defined in patients with 1 to 3 LNs positive for cancer.

Objective
To determine whether the amount of tumor burden in an axillary dissection or the presence of ENTE provides any additional information regarding patient outcome in patents with 1 to 3 positive LN results.

Design
Clinical and pathologic factors were identified for 456 patients with breast cancer at the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, who had pT1 tumors and 1 to 3 LNs positive for cancer and were treated by mastectomy, with or without postmastectomy radiotherapy, between 1978 and 2007.

Results
Of the 456 patients, 257 (56.4%), 141 (31.6%), and 58 (12.7%) patients had 1, 2, or 3 positive LN results, respectively. Extranodal tumor extension was present in 99 patients (21.7%) and was absent in the remaining 357 cases (78.3%). Seventy-six patients (16.7%) received radiation therapy. Patients had both worse overall survival time and disease-free survival when ENTE was present, regardless of the amount, as long as the treatment era was not included in the multivariate analysis (pre-2000 versus post-2000). However, ENTE was no longer significant on multivariate analysis when the year of treatment was taken into account.

Conclusions
The number of positive LNs remains an important predictor of survival in patients with 1 to 3 positive LN results, but the prognostic significance of ENTE in this cohort of patients has diminished over time.
Erratum to: Cloning and expression of a hypothetical Loosenin from Neurospora crassa
Authors: Campos-Oliver Aranzazu , Quiroz-Castañeda Rosa Estela , Ortiz-Suri Ernesto , Folch-Mallol Jorge Luis 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
Loosenin is a protein recently described which presents amorphogenic activity on cellulose. It was isolated from the Basidiomycete Bjerkandera adusta and it enhances sugar release from cellulosic fibers treated previously with it and then subjected to cellulase treatment. It can also bind to other polysaccharides like chitin and xylans but presents no hydrolytic activity itself. Blast analysis using the loosenin amino acid sequence retrieved a sequence from the Neurospora crassa genome that showed 59% similarity. In this work, we cloned, expressed and partially characterized a putative loosenin from N. crassa, since these proteins have a potential for pretreatment of lignocellulosic materials.
Tourism at Risk: A Review of Risk and Perceived Risk in Tourism
Authors: Yang Elaine Chiao Ling , Nair Vikneswaran 
Published: March 2015

AbstractSince the 9/11 attack in 2001, a number of major tragedies, including the SARS outbreak, the Bali bombings, and the Asian tsunami, have swept the tourism industry across the globe. The impact of these crises was unprecedented and thus, it raises the necessity to review the existing risk literature in tourism. This paper reviews the multi-dimensional concept of risk in tourism by analyzing 46 selected articles following the guidelines of content analysis. The findings are categorized into four broad meaning themes: (1) the concept of risk, safety and security; (2) the research trend of risk in tourism; (3) the definitions and antecedents of perceived risk; and (4) risk as a positive element. Based on the analysis, a framework is proposed for future research. The originality of this study lies in its attempt to conceptualize a comprehensive framework of risk perception in tourism as the existing literature tends to be empirically skewed, resulting in theoretical frameworks underused or applied in a fragmented way.
A full‐wave model for a binary gas thermosphere: Effects of thermal conductivity and viscosity
Authors: Hickey M. P. , Walterscheid R. L. , Schubert G. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThe thermosphere is diffusively separated and behaves as a multiconstituent gas wherein individual species in static equilibrium are each stratified according to their individual scale heights. Gravity waves propagating in the thermosphere cause individual gases to oscillate with different amplitudes and phases. We use a two‐gas (N2 and O) full‐wave model to examine the roles of thermal conductivity, viscosity, and mutual diffusion on the wave‐induced characteristics of both gases. In the lower thermosphere, where the gases are relatively tightly coupled, the major gas (N2) controls the minor gas (O) response. At higher altitudes, the gases become thermally and inertially decoupled, and the wave in each constituent propagates and dissipates consistent with a dispersion relation and vertical scale determined from the constituent scale height. The effects of coupling and diffusion on the relative phases and amplitudes of the fluctuations in each gas are significantly altered by viscosity and thermal conductivity.
Magnetic phase structure of Saturn's 10.7 h oscillations
Authors: Yates J. N. , Southwood D. J. , Dougherty M. K. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractA source of Saturn's magnetic 10.7 h period oscillations has yet to be identified. The oscillations are known to consist of signals with slightly different periods from separate northern and southern sources. Here we present a novel way of examining observations, focusing on signal phase. We show that although the signals are highly periodic they are usually not sinusoidal and that there are differences in both phase structure and polarization between the outer magnetosphere (on the nightside) and the inner dipolar region. Paying particular attention to the deep midtail passes of 2006, the contrasting behavior between the inner and outer regions is clear with approximate sinusoidal behavior in the dipolar region and a pulse‐like signal once per cycle in the tail. The latter structure seems to indicate that tail magnetic stress is released impulsively once per cycle in the tail. After equinox, in 2010–2011, we find a different picture in the premidnight sector. The predetermined northern and southern frequencies are closer together and apparently show sudden shifts. Our signal reconstruction approach finds instances where it is likely that the narrow band filtering is not able to track completely the basic north and south periods as we find phase jumps indicating unpredicted beats.
BARREL observations of an ICME‐shock impact with the magnetosphere and the resultant radiation belt electron loss
Authors: Halford A. J. , McGregor S. L. , Murphy K. R. , Millan R. M. , Hudson M. K. , Woodger L. A. , Cattel C. A. , Breneman A. W. , Mann I. R. , Kurth W. S. , Hospodarsky G. B. , Gkioulidou M. , Fennell J. F. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThe Balloon Array for Radiation belt Relativistic Electron Losses (BARREL) mission of opportunity working in tandem with the Van Allen Probes was designed to study the loss of radiation belt electrons to the ionosphere and upper atmosphere. BARREL is also sensitive to X‐rays from other sources. During the second BARREL campaign, the Sun produced an X‐class flare followed by a solar energetic particle event (SEP) associated with the same active region. Two days later on 9 January 2014, the shock generated by the coronal mass ejection (CME) originating from the active region hits the Earth while BARREL was in a close conjunction with the Van Allen Probes. Time History Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms (THEMIS) satellite observed the impact of the interplanetary CME (ICME) shock near the magnetopause, and the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites (GOES) were on either side of the BARREL/Van Allen Probe array. The solar interplanetary magnetic field was not ideally oriented to cause a significant geomagnetic storm, but compression from the shock impact led to the loss of radiation belt electrons. We propose that an azimuthal electric field impulse generated by magnetopause compression caused inward electron transport and minimal loss. This process also drove chorus waves, which were responsible for most of the precipitation observed outside the plasmapause. Observations of hiss inside the plasmapause explain the absence of loss at this location. ULF waves were found to be correlated with the structure of the precipitation. We demonstrate how BARREL can monitor precipitation following an ICME‐shock impact at Earth in a cradle‐to‐grave view; from flare, to SEP, to electron precipitation.
Strengthening Kuroshio observed at its origin during November 2010 to October 2012
Authors: Chen Zhaohui , Wu Lixin , Qiu Bo , Li Lei , Hu Dunxin , Liu Chengyan , Jia Fan , Liang Xi 
Published: March 2015

AbstractDirect measurements of Kuroshio at its origin (18°N, east of the Luzon Island) are conducted from November 2010 to October 2012. It is found that the depth‐averaged Kuroshio between 200 and 700 m has increased over 15 cm s−1 during the 2 year observational period and it is accompanied by the pronounced southward shift of the North Equatorial Current (NEC) bifurcation. Further analysis indicates that the Kuroshio's strengthening is confined to the upstream segment east of the Luzon Island while the Kuroshio decreased as it passed the Luzon Strait due to a dipole‐like sea surface height (SSH) trend between 15°N and 23°N. It is demonstrated that the 2 year strengthening of the Kuroshio, as well as the dipole‐like SSH trend can be adequately reproduced by a 1.5 layer nonlinear reduced gravity model, suggesting an important role of upper ocean response to low‐frequency wind forcing in the western Pacific. Salinity at 500 m depth is also found to increase during the concurrent 2 years. This subthermocline salinity increase is a combined outcome of vertical (basin‐scale isopycnal surface movement) and horizontal advections (i.e., strengthened Kuroshio) due to changes in the large‐scale wind‐driven ocean circulation.
Stroke etiology is associated with outcome in posterior circulation stroke
Authors: Chung Chih‐Ping , Yong Chin‐Sern , Chang Feng‐Chi , Sheng Wen‐Yung , Huang Hui‐Chi , Tsai Jui‐Yao , Hsu Hung‐Yi , Hu Han‐Hwa 
Published: March 2015

AbstractObjectiveStroke research and clinical trials have focused mainly on anterior circulation stroke (ACS). Since clinical characteristics, mechanisms, and outcomes of posterior circulation stroke (PCS) have been reported different from ACS, more PCS studies are required, particularly researching the etiologies, to help establish an optimal management strategy.MethodsThe present study analyzed patients of PCS who were consecutively admitted and registered in Taipei Veterans General Hospital Stroke Registry between 1 January 2012 to 28 February 2014. We demonstrated the distribution of etiologies, compared the clinical characteristics/outcomes among different etiology groups, and used univariate/multivariate analyses to identify the predictors for poor functional outcome (modified Rankin Scale ≥5) at discharge and 3 month.ResultsAbout 286 patients of PCS were included for analyses. Basilar artery atheromatous branch occlusive disease (BABO, 28.0%) and large artery dissection (25.9%) were the two most common etiologies, followed by large artery atherosclerotic stenosis/occlusion (LAA, 20.6%), cardioembolism (CE, 18.5%) and small vessel disease (7.0%). Age, vascular risk factors, infarct locations and patterns, and outcomes were different among these five etiology groups. Multivariate analyses showed that age >70 y/o (discharge/3 month, OR, 95% CI: 3.05, 1.23–7.56/8.39, 2.32–30.33), admission NIH Stroke Scale >9 (19.50, 8.69–43.75/13.45, 5.59–32.39), and etiology (LAA versus BABO: 5.00, 1.58–15.83/4.00, 1.19–13.4; CE versus BABO: 3.36, 1.02–11.09/4.66, 1.40–15.46) were independently associated with poor functional outcome.InterpretationThe etiologies of PCS are heterogeneous and shown to be associated with functional outcomes. Our results have shed lights on future pathophysiological research and designs of clinical trials for PCS.
Great Expectations: Perceptual Challenges of Visual Surveillance in Lifeguarding
Authors: Lanagan‐Leitzel Lyndsey K. , Skow Emily , Moore Cathleen M. 
Published: March 2015

SummaryThe presence of lifeguards on beaches and at pools has the potential to prevent many drowning incidents. This article examines the visual components of the lifeguard's job, discussing some of the major challenges they face during surveillance. These include optical challenges (turbidity and turbulence of the water, light refraction, and glare), scene challenges (elevated set size affecting clutter and perceptual ‘blindnesses’), stimulus challenges (searching for multiple targets that are complex, dynamic, ill‐defined, and rare), and attentional challenges, including but not limited to vigilance issues. The differences between basic laboratory research and the lifeguarding task are explored, with recommendations for future study. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.