bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
De elemento léxico a marcador modal de mayor veracidad: Un cambio de verdad
Authors: Hernández José Esteban , Solís Beatriz 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
In the following study, we use a corpus-based approach to undertake a qualitative and quantitative analysis of the discursive uses of verdad and its reduced variants verdá and vedá. The latter differ slightly in function and semantic content from its full variant, which functions either as the subject or as the object of the noun phrase. We show that speakers from Lópezville, Texas use verdad as a marker that increases discursive coherence, and that in this border variety verdad has developed innovative uses to codify modal meaning. As a cohesive element that brackets utterances, verdad is mainly used to assure an interlocutor’s attention; and in its role as a modal element, verdad can further show the attitude of the speaker toward the propositional load. In short, verdad can be used to reiterate that which is affirmed in discourse, where it takes on an assertive function by adding greater certainty to the propositional load. The quantitative analysis showed that verdad increases in frequency of use in hypothetical discourse and with information of a subjective nature. Finally, we traced the way in which verdad evolves from a lexical to a fundamentally discursive-modal element.
“Como no me trago el humo...:” A Corpus-Based Approach to Aspectual Se
Authors: Rivas Javier 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
In Spanish, two-participant verbs of consumption (such as tragar ‘swallow’) may variably occur with the reflexive marker se. This paper provides a quantitative analysis of this variation in a corpus of spoken and written Peninsular Spanish in order to test the hypothesis that the construction with se correlates with High Transitivity (Hopper & Thompson 1980). We operationalize grammatical, semantic, and pragmatic characteristics that are associated with High Transitivity: definiteness and generalizability of the direct object, volitionality of the subject, polarity, tense and verb. Additionally, this study operationalizes person and text type in order to test the extent to which all of these characteristics correlate with the use of the reflexive clitic in Peninsular Spanish. The results show that the presence of se is primarily conditioned by the verb and that the other characteristics contribute to the use of the reflexive in varying degrees, depending on the verb.
The Genesis of Traditional New Mexican Spanish: The Emergence of a Unique Dialect in the Americas
Authors: Sanz Israel , Villa Daniel J. 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
The origin of New World Spanish (NWS) is often identified as an original leveled dialect that arose during the earliest moments of Spanish arrival and then spread throughout the Americas. One common denominator in the available accounts of dialect contact and koinéization in NWS is the fact that such studies usually attempt to encompass its evolution as a single process. Perhaps as a consequence of such analytical approaches, little or no reference is commonly made to the possibility that some areas may have followed highly idiosyncratic sociohistorical paths, causing explanatory difficulties for the single leveled dialect approach. In this article we offer an analysis of the genesis of Traditional New Mexican Spanish that suggests the possibility of a variety of NWS that arose independently of others.
Variation in L2 Spanish: The State of the Discipline
Authors: Geeslin Kimberly L. 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
The field of second language (L2) variation, focusing mostly on English and French, has existed for over 30 years, documenting the effects of linguistic context, social context and individual characteristics on learner language. Research on the L2 acquisition of variation in Spanish has experienced tremendous growth over the past decade and currently includes empirical studies of the acquisition of nearly a dozen variable structures based on data elicited using a variety of measures from a range of language learners. The current paper explores this research, noting where the greatest advances have been made and also where additional research would be beneficial. The paper covers a range of variable structures, including the copula contrast, mood selection, verbal subjects and objects, several markers of tense and aspect and several features of the L2 sound system. The acquisition of these structures is an essential component of gaining sociolinguistic competence in a L2.
Articulatory Phonology and the Task Dynamics Model
Authors: Parrell Benjamin 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
An overview of Articulatory Phonology and a computational model based on this framework are presented. In Articulatory Phonology the basic unit is the articulatory gesture, which both characterizes an articulatory event and functions as the element of phonological contrast. Syllables and larger utterances are hypothesized to be combinations of gestures, which may overlap in time. Gestures are modeled as damped mass-spring systems, each associated with an abstract planning clock that triggers their activation. Timing between gestures is modeled as coupling relationships between these clocks. The Task Dynamics Application (TaDA) is a computational implementation of the hypotheses of Articulatory Phonology, currently available for both English and Spanish and expandable to other languages. Operation of the model is demonstrated. Past uses of the model include predicting reaction time, testing hypotheses generated from examination of experimental articulatory data, and text-to-speech systems. Information is included on how to obtain both TaDA and the Spanish gestural dictionary module.
Cuantificación e intensificación: algunas notas sobre re e ité en el español del Cono Sur
Authors: Kornfeld Laura 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
It is the purpose of this paper to analyze the grammatical behavior of two elements of Southern Cone Spanish described in the relevant literature as affixes: re and ité. Both share a number of morphological, syntactic, and semantic properties. For instance, they may be combined with different categorial classes (adjectives, adverbs, prepositions, verbs, nouns, and sentences) and they receive a similar appreciative meaning (‘very’, ‘much’, ‘certainly’, ‘great’ or ‘true’, depending on the categorial combination). Besides, both are used in informal speech, in the Rio de la Plata Spanish, mainly among the young people (re), and in the Paraguaian Spanish in contact with Guarani (ité). The proposed analysis of these elements follows the lines of Distributed Morphology, intending to reduce both the number of lexical entries and the inventory of formal features in syntax. Additionally, we expect to make a contribution to the general discussion about the concepts of quantification and intensification.
The First Noun Principle and Non-Canonical Structures
Authors: Tight Daniel G. 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
This study investigated how L1 English adults interpret subject-verb-object (SVO), VSO, and VOS sentences in an L2. First- (n = 37), third- (n = 42), and fifthsemester (n = 28) Spanish learners heard 8 sentences of each type and indicated which noun was the subject. A repeated-measures ANOVA revealed significant effects (p < .01) for word order and learner level. Fifth-semester participants consistently responded most correctly, but all levels were more accurate (p < .01) with SVO than both VSO and VOS sentences. First-semester learners also scored higher (p < .01) with VSO than VOS structures. Results suggest early influence of the First Noun Principle, dependence on a verb-centric word-order strategy, and growing awareness of the Spanish object marker.
Explicit and Implicit Methods in Quantitative Analyses of Sociophonetic Variation
Authors: Mack Sara 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
This viewpoint paper provides an overview of explicit and implicit methods in sociophonetic perception studies, illustrates how they can be used to measure the relationship between social factors and phonetic variation, and demonstrates how they can prove useful complements to more traditional sociolinguistic methods. The first section addresses explicit measures and gives an example of an explicit measures task exploring the relationships between phonetic variation and perceptions of speaker sexual orientation, height, age, and social class in Puerto Rican Spanish. Results show that an explicit measures task can provide a window into fine-grained phonetic variation associated with social factors that is not available through traditional impressionistic methods. The second part of the paper provides an overview of implicit measures, including an example of the use of implicit measures in a response time task that quantitatively assesses the relationship between /s/ variation and perceptions of sexual orientation in Puerto Rican Spanish. The paper concludes with a summary of how the results gathered from these types of experiments can further our understanding of theoretical issues in Hispanic Linguistics.
Patterns of Prominence in Swedish Second Language (L2) Speakers and Native (L1) Speakers of Spanish: Spontaneous Dialogue versus Read Text
Authors: Aronsson Berit 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
This study aims to describe and analyze prosodic differences in prominence realization in both spontaneous and read speech produced by Swedish second language speakers (L2 speakers) in comparison with native speakers (L1 speakers) of Spanish. A further aim of the study is to provide concrete descriptions of the differences between L2 and L1 prominence realization that may serve as tools for language teachers. Phonetic, phonological and to some extent pragmatic aspects will be considered. Results show that the F0 (fundamental frequency) rises in prominent words are steeper and faster in native speech than in L2 speech. Results also show that stressed vowels have longer duration in prominent words in L2 than in L1 Spanish. The number of boundary rises used by both groups differed significantly according to task and group. Pragmatic aspects, such as the use of different intersubjectivity seeking strategies, might explain differences found exclusively in the spontaneous task.
Palatal East Meets Velar West: Dialect Contact and Phonological Accommodation in Judeo-Spanish
Authors: Romero Rey 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
A key phonological divergence between the varieties of Spanish in Latin America and Spain (labeled here as Western Spanish) and the Judeo-Spanish varieties spoken in the Ottoman Empire and Eastern Mediterranean is the preservation in the latter dialects of the Old Spanish palatals [ʃ], [ʒ], and [dʒ]. In Western Spanish, these palatals evolved into the velar [x]. Increased dialectal contact between these two communities, globalization, immigration, and socioeconomic incentives have resulted in the replacement of [ʃ], [ʒ], and [dʒ] with [x] among the Judeo-Spanish community in Istanbul. I demonstrate that accommodation to [x] can be best described as lexical borrowing, as it only occurs in those palatals that have a [x] equivalent in Western Spanish and in some lexical items more than others. I also analyze the language attitudes and modern sources of dialectal contact that motivate the accommodation to Western Spanish forms in the Judeo-Spanish community in Istanbul.
On the Locative Reading of Dimensional Adjectives and the Internal Syntax of Estar
Authors: Fábregas Antonio 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
In this article, we analyze a previously undescribed copulative construction with estar: one where the predicate, a dimensional adjective, denotes properties of the location occupied by the clause subject, as in La bandera está alta ‘The flag is placed in a high position.’ We show that this construction provides direct evidence for the analysis of estar as a morphophonological exponent that lexicalizes a copulative verb and a preposition, as proposed in Uriagereka (2001) and Gallego & Uriagereka (2009). We also show that the structure required to account for the locative reading of dimensional adjectives can be used to characterize the other readings where estar, as a copulative verb, is involved.
Contextual Variation in L2 Spanish: Voicing Assimilation in Advanced Learner Speech
Authors: Schmidt Lauren B. 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
The present study examines whether, and to what degree, regressive voicing assimilation of Spanish /s/ (as in rasgo/rasgo/ [ˈraz.ɣ̞ o]) occurs in the speech of advanced second language (L2) learners of Spanish. Acoustic analyses of L2 productions of /s/ in the voicing context (preceding a voiced consonant) and in the non-voicing context (preceding a voiceless consonant) elicited from a contextualized picture-description task revealed a contextual voicing effect in the speech of only a limited number of the advanced L2 speakers. The low occurrence of the assimilation process even amongst the advanced learners may be attributed in part to the variable nature of voicing in the input and to the complexity of the process (i.e. subject to different stylistic, linguistic, and social factors). The study also provides a phonetic description of the variants of L2 Spanish /s/ and finds that when voicing does occur, it is phonetically similar to native Spanish voicing in terms of the phonetic contexts in which voicing occurs, patterns of durational differences of /s/ according to voicing, and the variable nature of its occurrence.
The Emergence of Future Verbal Morphology in Spanish as a Foreign Language
Authors: Solon Megan , Kanwit Matthew 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
The present study adopts a concept-oriented approach to explore the early stages of acquisition of future-time reference in second language (L2) Spanish. Specifically, it investigates the lexical and grammatical forms employed to express future time and the sequence of emergence of future verbal morphology by beginning and intermediate adult Spanish as a foreign language learners.
The participants were 104 native English-speaking learners of Spanish from five levels of course enrollment. Participants completed an oral conversation task and a letter-writing task designed to elicit reference to future time. Contexts of future time were identified and coded for the verbal morphology employed. Additionally, data from speakers who employed either only morphological or only periphrastic future forms in addition to base or present indicative forms were examined more closely in terms of variables such as modality, temporal distance, clause type, (un)certainty of the event, and person and number, in order to investigate initial form-meaning mappings.
Results suggest that the periphrastic future appears before the morphological future and that, when it appears, future verbal morphology is used most often in written language and to refer to contexts at a temporal distance greater than one day. These cross-sectional data provide evidence as to the emergence of future-time reference in L2 Spanish, demonstrate differential patterns of use according to proficiency level, indicate modality-based variation, show differences rooted in lexical verb types, and, ultimately, add to our knowledge of early form-meaning mappings in the acquisition of Spanish as a L2.
La nueva frontera: Spanish-Speaking Populations in Central Washington
Authors: Villa Daniel J. , Lapidus Shin Naomi , Robles Nagata Eva 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
Washington State, demographically speaking, represents the northernmost boundary, la nueva frontera, of what might now be called the Spanish speaking West. Previously, Spanish speakers in the West were concentrated mostly in the Southwest. However, in recent years the Hispanic population of the U.S. has steadily grown, with the result that it forms the largest minority group in the nation, extending into areas that traditionally have not had significant Hispanic communities, including the Pacific Northwest. Little research to date has been carried out on the Spanish-speaking Hispanic populations in that region, particularly in interior Washington. This article seeks to begin to fill that research lacuna. Analyses of U.S. Census data, as well as sociolinguistic interviews with Washington Hispanics, indicate that what used to be the Spanish-speaking Southwest can now be subsumed under the broader ‘Spanish-speaking West,’ with Washington at its northernmost border.
Sp_ToBI and the Phonological Analysis of Spanish Intonation: A Critical Perspective
Authors: Face Timothy L. 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
A Spanish version of the Tones and Break Indices framework for the phonological analysis of intonation, Sp_ToBI, has existed, in one level of development or another, for over a decade. The early, preliminary system was incomplete, but since, the system has been revised and expanded to the point of being a fully developed analytical tool. With recent work, Sp_ToBI has come into its own and now has a significant place in research on Spanish intonational phonology, especially given the considerable amount of research that has applied it to a wide range of Spanish varieties. As a system that is explicitly designed to be pan-Spanish, such research is crucial. After outlining the development of Sp_ToBI, this paper considers both the benefits and the challenges of the pan-Spanish nature of Sp_ToBI. Additionally, the contributions that Sp_ToBI has made to the phonological analysis of Spanish intonation are considered, as are the general challenges it faces. The paper concludes with a look at the future of Sp_ToBI as a tool for intonational phonologists.
A Certain Future: Epistemicity, Prediction, and Assertion in Iberian Spanish Future Expression
Authors: Aaron Jessi E. 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
The choice of future construction in Romance languages with variable expression is complex, and several factors have been shown or hypothesized to influence this choice (e.g. Aaron 2006, 2010 and Poplack & Malvar 2007). One factor stands out time and time again, though scholars do not always associate it with the same form: certainty. Using corpus-based quantitative methods, the role of certainty in Iberian Spanish future form variation is examined. The semantics of futurity and epistemic modality are discussed, with particular reference to the Spanish synthetic, or morphological, future. Then, the onset of non-future-reference use of the Synthetic Future as an epistemic marker is described, and viewed in light of the role of epistemicity in the possible strengthening of the semantics of “certainty” with the Spanish Periphrastic Future. Finally, diachronic evidence from distributional patterns in grammatical person, verb class and clause type is presented, which suggests that speakers associate the periphrastic construction with “certainty” and, increasingly, the synthetic construction with “uncertainty.” It is suggested that functional competition with innovative forms can breathe new life into older forms, sparking further grammaticalization.
Structural ambiguity in the Georgian verbal noun
Authors: Ciaramella Eric 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
In this paper, we propose that the verbal noun in Georgian is structurally ambiguous, with a more verbal instantiation (V-VN) and a more nominal instantiation (N-VN). We argue for the ambiguity hypothesis on the basis of syntactic diagnostics that target how the two instantiations of the verbal noun crucially diverge from one another. After demonstrating that the ambiguity hypothesis is indeed motivated by the data, we propose that the distinction between V-VNs and N-VNs in Georgian helps us to distinguish between more proposition-like and more event-like readings of verbal noun phrases. We then argue from a theoretical standpoint that the N-VN is a lexically derived nominal, whereas the V-VN in its behavior approaches what might be called an “infinitive” in modern Georgian.
Two sets of Georgian person markers as the expression of the opposition active/inactive
Authors: Melikishvili† Irine 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
The marking of arguments is semantically oriented in Georgian. The basic concept of the argument marking is the activity hierarchy of the arguments. The opposition active/inactive underlies the distinction of the two patterns of Georgian person markers and governs all specific rules of the distribution of their allomorphs. Syntactic function plays almost no role in the morphological marking of arguments. Three TAM Series of Georgian verb system distinguish different types of argument marking. The problem of the diachronic relationship between the constructions of different Series is discussed in the paper from the viewpoint of the theory of markedness and the hierarchy of the parts of the clause.
The former and the future temple of YHW in Elephantine: a traditio-historical case study of ancient Near Eastern antiquarianism
Authors: Granerød Gard 
Published: March 2015

Die Elephantine Papyri spiegeln keine Kenntnis der Bibel. In diesem Artikel wird die These vertreten, das die Elephantine-Papyri von eine religiöse Tradition bezeugen, die in der Gemeinschaft von Elephantine am Ende des 5. Jh.s v. Chr. lebendig war: die Tradition über den früheren Tempel JHWHs in Elephantine, d. h. den Tempel, der zum Ende des 5. Jh.s v. Chr. zerstört worden war und den die Juden versuchten wieder aufzubauen. Die Papyri ermöglichen es uns, verschiedene Stadien der Überlieferung (The Elephantine papyri do not reflect knowledge of the Bible. Here, however, it is argued that the Elephantine papyri attest to a religious tradition that was alive within the Elephantine community at the end of the 5th c. BCE:Les papyri d’Eléphantine ne reflètent pas de connaissance de la Bible. Cet article émet la thèse que les papyri d’Eléphantine sont les témoins d’une tradition religieuse vivante dans la communauté d’Eléphantine à la fin du 5
Mark Edwards, John. and Judith Kovacs and Christopher Rowland. Revelation.
Authors: Tovey Derek 
Published: March 2015

Mark Edwards, John. Blackwell Bible Commentaries, Oxford, Blackwell, 2004, pp. xiv + 242, ISBN 0631229078.

Judith Kovacs and Christopher Rowland. Revelation. Blackwell Bible Commentaries, Oxford, Blackwell, 2004, pp. xvi + 315, ISBN 063123215X.
Risk and Protective Factors at Age 10: Psychological Adjustment in Children with a Cleft Lip and/or Palate
Authors: Feragen Kristin Billaud , Stock Nicola Marie 
Published: March 2015

Objective To explore psychological functioning in children with a cleft at age 10 from a broad perspective, including cognitive, emotional, behavioral, appearance-related, and social adjustment. High-risk groups were identified within each area of adjustment to investigate whether vulnerable children were found across domains or whether risk was limited to specific areas of adjustment. Methods Retrospective chart review from psychological assessments at age 10 (N – 845). The effects of gender, cleft visibility, and the presence of an additional condition were investigated. Results were compared with large national samples. Measures Personality Inventory for Children, Child Experience Questionnaire, Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire, Satisfaction With Appearance scale. Result The factor affecting psychological adjustment on most domains was the presence of an associated condition in addition to the cleft. As expected, no support was found for cleft visibility as a risk factor, while there were some gender differences related to emotional difficulties and attention. Correlation analyses of risk groups pointed to an association between social experiences and emotional adjustment and between social and behavioral adjustment; whereas, dissatisfaction with appearance was not related to any other domains of risk at age 10. Conclusions The results point to the importance of early screening and assessment of children born with a cleft to identify possible associated conditions and offer adapted and appropriate treatment and care. Future research should investigate how protective factors could counteract potential risk in children with a cleft.