bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Spatial Geochemistry: A Characterisation of Heterogeneity in Reference Materials
Authors: Bédard L. Paul , Néron Alexandre 
Published: October 2013

Geochemical reference materials (RMs) for microbeam techniques are typically characterised by averages and dispersion statistics (e.g., standard deviation, variance) that are calculated for a number of measurements (beam shots). It is proposed that the mapping of RMs will add spatial information that better characterises the grouping and magnitudes of the heterogeneities and provides the information necessary to define a minimum analytical mass. A simple mathematical solution is proposed, which can be easily computed and understood. The analogous notions to sill and range from geostatistics are applied to the minimum analytical mass versus the relative standard deviation. To assess grouping and magnitudes of the heterogeneities, a ‘proximity number’ is computed for each average value ± ‘n’ standard deviations (magnitude). Different chemical anomalies have been simulated to demonstrate the behaviour of the proximity number. To further test the proposed spatial geochemistry concept, sulfide‐ and oxide‐bearing RMs have been selected because many are crippled with nugget effect. They have been mapped with a micro‐XRF apparatus, and results are presented for CHR‐Bkg, CHR‐Pt+, MASS‐1, MASS‐3, WMS‐1 and WMS‐1a. MASS‐1 and MASS‐3 are the most suitable RMs for microbeam techniques. Spatial geochemistry offers a new approach to better characterise reference materials.
Water Vapor‐Enhanced Diffusion in Alumina
Authors: Angle Jesse P. , Morgan Peter E. D. , Mecartney Martha L. 
Published: October 2013

Experimental results indicate effective faster diffusion of oxygen in polycrystalline alumina when exposed to water vapor at high temperatures. α‐Al2O3 containing Ni metal particles was exposed to dry air or humid environments at 1300°C for up to 20 h. Oxidation of Ni in α‐Al2O3 to form NiAl2O4 was used to determine oxygen diffusion depth from the surface. The apparent kinetic rate constant for oxygen diffusion in the presence of water vapor was 79% higher compared with that in a dry atmosphere at 1300°C (1.4 × 10−13 m2/s for 0.2 atm versus 7.9 × 10−14 m2/s for dry air). (OH)− ions are smaller and more polarizable than O2−, which would be expected to lead to faster diffusion. This effect may impact sintering, creep, corrosion, oxidation, and the performance of thermal barrier coatings (TBC).
The Role of Innocent Guilt in Post‐Conflict Work
Authors: Christensen Anne‐Marie Søndergaard 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThe phenomenon of ‘innocent guilt’ regards cases where people feel guilty without being responsible for the wrongdoing or suffering at which the guilt is directed. The aim of this article is to develop a consistent account of innocent guilt and show how it may arise in the aftermath of conflicts. In order to do this, innocent guilt is contrasted with guilt and collective guilt, and the account is substantiated by drawing on the writings of Ludwig Wittgenstein and Emmanuel Levinas, who both consider the phenomenon of innocent guilt a necessary element in the fundamental structure of the ethical subject. These thinkers, furthermore, show a connection between guilt and possible victims of wrongdoing, rather than between guilt and personal acts of wrongdoing. Innocent guilt may thus appear in the aftermath of conflicts as an ethical and emotional response to the fact of finding oneself in a post‐conflict situation still marked by suffering. It thus reveals a fundamental need to contribute to the relieving of such suffering.
The significance of past interdrainage connectivity for studies of diversity, distribution and movement of freshwater‐limited taxa within a catchment
Authors: Carrea Cecilia , Anderson Leigh V. , Craw Dave , Waters Jonathan M. , Burridge Christopher P. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractAimHistorical connectivity between drainages may represent an underappreciated contributor to the biodiversity within a catchment. First, we tested whether an isolated population of freshwater‐limited galaxiids represents a contribution by past interdrainage connectivity to this system's biodiversity, rather than reflecting intracatchment dispersal or speciation. Second, we sought to distinguish between possible geomorphic processes that could have allowed any past connectivity.LocationThe Clutha and adjacent Southland region drainages on the South Island of New Zealand.MethodsWe estimated the phylogeographical relationships among 466 cytochrome b sequences from ‘roundhead’ Galaxias populations throughout the Southland region and the Clutha drainage, using three different methods. Subsequently, possible geomorphic mechanisms of interdrainage connectivity were examined concurrently with genetic population divergence time estimates obtained by coalescent analysis.ResultsAll samples obtained in the lower Clutha system were genetically attributable to G. gollumoides and reflected at least a third, independent colonization event from Southland involving this species, rather than intradrainage dispersal or speciation by pre‐existing Clutha populations. Geomorphological inferences and divergence time estimates of less than 7 ka are consistent with headwater connections across low divides between the lower Clutha and the Catlins region of Southland, rather than anastomosing of main channels during low sea stands.Main conclusionsThe observation of at least three interdrainage connectivity events influencing the diversity and distribution of G. gollumoides lineages within the Clutha system highlights the potential significance of these processes as contributors to the magnitude and distribution of biodiversity within catchments.
The Effect of Low‐Dose Carvedilol, Nebivolol, and Metoprolol on Central Arterial Pressure and Its Determinants: A Randomized Clinical Trial
Authors: Studinger Péter , Tabák Ádám G. , Chen Chen‐Huan , Salvi Paolo , Othmane Taha E.H. , Torzsa Péter , Kapocsi Judit , Fekete Bertalan C. , Tislér András 
Published: October 2013

In this prospective, open‐label, randomized, controlled clinical trial the effects of low‐dose carvedilol, nebivolol, and metoprolol on central arterial pressure and augmentation index (AIx) and its heart rate–corrected value (AIx@75) were assessed. The authors randomized 75 hypertensive patients (18–70 years) to carvedilol 12.5/25 mg, metoprolol 50/100 mg, or nebivolol 2.5/5 mg daily and followed them up for 3 months. Central arterial pressure and AIx were measured with applanation tonometry at baseline and at the end of follow‐up. Analyses were restricted to 60 completers. Central systolic pressure decreased equally in all 3 treatment arms. AIx remained unchanged, while AIx@75 decreased significantly by 5.4%±2.5% in the nebivolol group. According to general linear models, individual change in heart rate was a strong predictor of change in AIx in the carvedilol group (r2=0.23, P=.03) although no similar association was found in the nebivolol group (r2=0.09). The impact of β‐blockers with vasodilator effects on pressure augmentation seems to be different with nebivolol having the largest potential of decreasing AIx@75. While AIx changes associated with carvedilol treatment are strongly driven by heart rate changes, those associated with nebivolol treatment seem to be the result of other mechanisms.
Cancer research by means of tissue engineering – is there a rationale?
Authors: Horch Raymund E. , Boos Anja M. , Quan Yuan , Bleiziffer Oliver , Detsch Rainer , Boccaccini Aldo R. , Alexiou Christoph , Sun Jiaming , Beier Justus P. , Arkudas Andreas 
Published: October 2013

AbstractTissue engineering (TE) has evoked new hopes for the cure of organ failure and tissue loss by creating functional substitutes in the laboratory. Besides various innovations in the context of Regenerative Medicine (RM), TE also provided new technology platforms to study mechanisms of angiogenesis and tumour cell growth as well as potentially tumour cell spreading in cancer research. Recent advances in stem cell technology – including embryonic and adult stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells – clearly show the need to better understand all relevant mechanisms to control cell growth when such techniques will be administered to patients. Such TE‐Cancer research models allow us to investigate the interactions that occur when replicating physiological and pathological conditions during the initial phases of replication, morphogenesis, differentiation and growth under variable given conditions. Tissue microenvironment has been extensively studied in many areas of TE and it plays a crucial role in cell signalling and regulation of normal and malignant cell functions. This article is intended to give an overview on some of the most recent developments and possible applications of TE and RM methods with regard to the improvement of cancer research with TE platforms. The synthesis of TE with innovative methods of molecular biology and stem‐cell technology may help investigate and potentially modulate principal phenomena of tumour growth and spreading, as well as tumour‐related angiogenesis. In the future, these models have the potential to investigate the optimal materials, culture conditions and material structure to propagate tumour growth.
Treatment of periodontitis improves the atherosclerotic profile: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Teeuw Wijnand J. , Slot Dagmar E. , Susanto Hendri , Gerdes Victor E. A. , Abbas Frank , D'Aiuto Francesco , Kastelein John J. P. , Loos Bruno G. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractAimSystematic review and meta‐analyses to study the robustness of observations that treatment of periodontitis improves the atherosclerotic profile.Material and MethodsLiterature was searched in Medline‐PubMed, Cochrane CENTRAL and EMBASE, based on controlled periodontal intervention trials, including also a non‐intervention group. Data were extracted and meta‐analyses were performed.ResultsFrom 3928 screened studies, 25 trials met the eligibility criteria. These trials enrolled 1748 periodontitis patients. Seven trials enrolled periodontitis patients that were otherwise healthy, 18 trials recruited periodontal patients with various co‐morbidities, such as CVD or diabetes. None of the trials used hard clinical endpoints of CVD. However, improvement of endothelial function has been consistently reported. Meta‐analyses demonstrated significant weighted mean difference (WMD) for hsCRP (−0.50 mg/l, 95% CI:−0.78; −0.22), IL‐6 (−0.48 ng/l, 95% CI: −0.90; −0.06), TNF‐α (−0.75 pg/ml, 95% CI: −1.34; −0.17), fibrinogen (−0.47 g/l, 95% CI: −0.76; −0.17), total cholesterol (−0.11 mmol/l, 95% CI: −0.21; −0.01) and HDL‐C (0.04 mmol/l, 95% CI: 0.03; 0.06) favouring periodontal intervention. Importantly, periodontitis patients with co‐morbidity benefitted most from periodontal therapy; significant WMD were observed for levels of hsCRP (−0.71 mg/l, 95% CI: −1.05; −0.36), IL‐6 (−0.87 ng/l, 95% CI: −0.97; −0.78), triglycerides (−0.24 mmol/l, 95% CI: −0.26; −0.22), total cholesterol (−0.15 mmol/l, 95% CI: −0.29; −0.01), HDL‐C (0.05 mmol/l, 95% CI: 0.03; 0.06) and HbA1c (−0.43%, 95% CI: −0.60; −0.25).ConclusionsThis systematic review and meta‐analyses demonstrate that periodontal treatment improves endothelial function and reduces biomarkers of atherosclerotic disease, especially in those already suffering from CVD and/or diabetes.
Practitioner Review: Evidence‐based practice guidelines on alcohol and drug misuse among adolescents: a systematic review
Authors: Bekkering G.E. , Aertgeerts B. , Asueta‐Lorente J.‐F. , Autrique M. , Goossens M. , Smets K. , van Bussel J.C.H. , Vanderplasschen W. , Van Royen P. , Hannes K. 
Published: October 2013

BackgroundContext‐specific evidence‐based guidelines on how to prevent and treat substance misuse among adolescents are currently lacking in many countries. Due to the time consuming nature of de novo guideline development, the ADAPTE collaboration introduced a methodology to adapt existing guidelines to a local context. An important step in this method is a systematic review to identify relevant high‐quality evidence‐based guidelines. This study describes the results of this step for the development of guidelines on adolescent alcohol and drug misuse in Belgium.MethodsRigorous systematic review methodology was used. This included searches of electronic databases (Medline, Embase, Cinahl, PsychInfo, and ERIC in June 2011), websites of relevant organizations, and reference lists of key publications. Experts in the field were also contacted. Included were Dutch, English, French, or German evidence‐based practice guidelines from 2006 or later on the prevention, screening, assessment, or treatment of alcohol or illicit drug misuse in persons aged 12–18 years. Two independent reviewers assessed the quality of the guidelines using the AGREE II (Appraisal of Guidelines for Research and Evaluation) instrument.ScopeThis overview provides a framework of current knowledge in adolescent alcohol and drug misuse prevention and treatment.ResultsThis systematic review identified 32 relevant evidence‐based guidelines on substance misuse among adolescents. Nine guidelines were judged to be of high quality; of which four had recommendations specifically on adolescents: one on school‐based prevention, one on substance misuse prevention in vulnerable young people and two on alcohol misuse with specific sections for the adolescent population. There were few commonalities as guidelines focused on different target groups, professional disciplines and type and level of substance misuse. Evidence to support the recommendations was sparse, and many recommendations were based on expert consensus or on studies among adults. Also, the link between evidence and recommendations was often unclear.ConclusionsThere are a substantial number of guidelines addressing substance misuse in adolescents. However, only four high‐quality guidelines included recommendations specific for adolescents. The current level of evidence that underpins the recommendations in these high‐quality guidelines is low.
A randomized clinical trial of Cogmed Working Memory Training in school‐age children with ADHD: a replication in a diverse sample using a control condition
Authors: Chacko A. , Bedard A.C. , Marks D.J. , Feirsen N. , Uderman J.Z. , Chimiklis A. , Rajwan E. , Cornwell M. , Anderson L. , Zwilling A. , Ramon M. 
Published: October 2013

BackgroundCogmed Working Memory Training (CWMT) has received considerable attention as a promising intervention for the treatment of Attention‐Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in children. At the same time, methodological weaknesses in previous clinical trials call into question reported efficacy of CWMT. In particular, lack of equivalence in key aspects of CWMT (i.e., contingent reinforcement, time‐on‐task with computer training, parent–child interactions, supportive coaching) between CWMT and placebo versions of CWMT used in previous trials may account for the beneficial outcomes favoring CWMT.MethodsEighty‐five 7‐ to 11‐year old school‐age children with ADHD (66 male; 78%) were randomized to either standard CWMT (CWMT Active) or a well‐controlled CWMT placebo condition (CWMT Placebo) and evaluated before and 3 weeks after treatment. Dependent measures included parent and teacher ratings of ADHD symptoms; objective measures of attention, activity level, and impulsivity; and psychometric indices of working memory and academic achievement (Clinical trial title: Combined cognitive remediation and behavioral intervention for the treatment of Attention‐Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder; http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01137318).ResultsCWMT Active participants demonstrated significantly greater improvements in verbal and nonverbal working memory storage, but evidenced no discernible gains in working memory storage plus processing/manipulation. In addition, no treatment group differences were observed for any other outcome measures.ConclusionsWhen a more rigorous comparison condition is utilized, CWMT demonstrates effects on certain aspects of working memory in children with ADHD; however, CWMT does not appear to foster treatment generalization to other domains of functioning. As such, CWMT should not be considered a viable treatment for children with ADHD.
Affective neural response to restricted interests in autism spectrum disorders
Authors: Cascio Carissa J. , Foss‐Feig Jennifer H. , Heacock Jessica , Schauder Kimberly B. , Loring Whitney A. , Rogers Baxter P. , Pryweller Jennifer R. , Newsom Cassandra R. , Cockhren Jurnell , Cao Aize , Bolton Scott 
Published: October 2013

BackgroundRestricted interests are a class of repetitive behavior in autism spectrum disorders (ASD) whose intensity and narrow focus often contribute to significant interference with daily functioning. While numerous neuroimaging studies have investigated executive circuits as putative neural substrates of repetitive behavior, recent work implicates affective neural circuits in restricted interests. We sought to explore the role of affective neural circuits and determine how restricted interests are distinguished from hobbies or interests in typical development.MethodsWe compared a group of children with ASD to a typically developing (TD) group of children with strong interests or hobbies, employing parent report, an operant behavioral task, and functional imaging with personalized stimuli based on individual interests.ResultsWhile performance on the operant task was similar between the two groups, parent report of intensity and interference of interests was significantly higher in the ASD group. Both the ASD and TD groups showed increased BOLD response in widespread affective neural regions to the pictures of their own interest. When viewing pictures of other children's interests, the TD group showed a similar pattern, whereas BOLD response in the ASD group was much more limited. Increased BOLD response in the insula and anterior cingulate cortex distinguished the ASD from the TD group, and parent report of the intensity and interference with daily life of the child's restricted interest predicted insula response.ConclusionsWhile affective neural network response and operant behavior are comparable in typical and restricted interests, the narrowness of focus that clinically distinguishes restricted interests in ASD is reflected in more interference in daily life and aberrantly enhanced insula and anterior cingulate response to individuals’ own interests in the ASD group. These results further support the involvement of affective neural networks in repetitive behaviors in ASD.
Development of the ‘Extreme Demand Avoidance Questionnaire’ (EDA‐Q): preliminary observations on a trait measure for Pathological Demand Avoidance
Authors: O'Nions Elizabeth , Christie Phil , Gould Judith , Viding Essi , Happé Francesca 
Published: October 2013

BackgroundPathological Demand Avoidance (PDA) is a term increasingly used in the United Kingdom to describe children who obsessively resist everyday demands, going to extreme lengths to avoid these. There is debate about its relationship with both autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and oppositional defiant disorder (ODD). Unlike ASD, children with PDA are said to use socially manipulative avoidance strategies; and unlike ODD, they resort to extreme, embarrassing or age‐inappropriate behaviour. To date, there has been little research into PDA, and it remains contentious. Currently, there are no questionnaire instruments available to aid consistency in description. This study reports the development and preliminary validation of the ‘Extreme Demand Avoidance Questionnaire’ (EDA‐Q), designed to quantify PDA traits based on parent‐reported information.MethodsThe validation study involved data from 326 parents of children aged 5‐17 allocated to six groups based on information reported by parents about received diagnoses and behavioural difficulties: (a) typically developing children (N = 102), (b) children with ASD without disruptive behaviour (N = 36), (c) children with ASD with disruptive behaviour (N = 48), (d) children for whom PDA was suspected by parents (irrespective of other diagnoses) (N = 67), (e) children who had, according to parents, been identified as having PDA by a health professional, irrespective of other diagnoses (N = 50), and (6) disruptive behaviour or behavioural problems without suspected/identified ASD or PDA (N = 23).ResultsAlthough the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) did not differentiate PDA from those with ASD plus disruptive behaviour; score on the EDA‐Q was significantly higher in PDA than all comparison groups. ROC analysis indicated good sensitivity (.80) and specificity (.85). Across all case groups, females scored higher than males on the EDA‐Q. Separate cut‐off scores were identified for older and younger age‐groups.ConclusionsOur findings highlight the potential utility of the EDA‐Q to assist the identification of this unusual profile for future research.
Subungual squamous cell carcinoma and exostosis in third toe – case report and literature review
Authors: Valero J. , Gallart J. , Gonzalez D. , Deus J. , Lahoz M. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractBackgroundSquamous cell carcinoma (SCC) in the ungual apparatus is a rare neoplasia. Although it is the most prevalent malignant tumour in this region, its diagnosis is often delayed because it is likened to benign or infectious processes.ObjectivesPresent a case of SCC with subungual location in a toe, and carry out a review of the literature in relation to the most important aspects of subungual SCC in toes.MethodsWe describe the case of a white woman aged 72, with SCC located in the pulp and in the distal area of the nail bed of the third toe, associated with subungual exostosis. The literature on SCC in the subungual area of toes, in all its forms under clinical or histopathological presentation, is reviewed by means of a search involving Medline, PubMed, and Google Academic, from January 1994 to December 2011.ResultsOnly 36 cases of subungual SCC in toes were reported in the 18 years that were reviewed. The average age of cases reviewed was 58.92, and the male‐to‐female ratio was 2 : 1. The most affected toe is the hallux, in 69.4% of cases. In 50% of cases, aetiology is unknown or indeterminate; in 22.3% of cases, aetiology is metastatic; and in 19.5% of cases, it is associated with human papillomavirus (HPV). In 58.2% of cases, partial or total resection of the distal phalanx was carried out, of the entire toe, or of the osseous ray of the foot.ConclusionsChronic tissue irritation caused by microtrauma associated with subungual exostosis is the most probable aetiology of the case presented.