bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Culture Supernatants of Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium adolescentis Repress Ileal Ulcer Formation in Rats Treated with a Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drug by Suppressing Unbalanced Growth of Aerobic Bacteria and Lipid Peroxidation
Authors: Kinouchi Takemi , Kataoka Keiko , Bing Shan Ruo , Nakayama Haruyuki , Uejima Motoo , Shimono Kazuyuki , Kuwahara Tomomi , Akimoto Shigeru , Hiraoka Isao , Ohnishi Yoshinari 
Published: November 2013

AbstractA nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug, 5‐bromo‐2‐(4‐fluorophenyl)‐3‐(4‐methylsulfonylphenyl) thiophene (BFMeT), induced ileal ulcers in rats after oral administration, while no ulcers were observed after subcutaneous injection. The ileal ulcer formation in BFMeT‐treated rats was examined to correlate the administration of cultures of Lactobacillus acidophilus or Bifidobacterium adolescentis with intestinal bacteria in the ileal contents and lipid peroxidation of the small intestinal mucosa. Ileal ulcers were observed in more than 85% of the rats treated with BFMeT at a dose of 1,000 mg/kg when they were given tap water as drinking water. The incidence of ulcer formation was repressed by giving culture supernatants of L. acidophilus or B. adolescentis as drinking water, but not by giving the cell suspension as drinking water. Gram staining of the ileal contents of normal rats revealed that 97% of the stained bacteria were Gram‐positive rods and only 1.5% were Gram‐negative rods. The percentage of Gram‐negative rods 72 hr after BFMeT administration was 49.8% and increased over 30‐fold in BFMeT‐treated rats. However, the percentage of Gram‐negative rods was 9.7% or 16%, respectively, in rats taking culture supernatants of L. acidophilus or B. adolescentis. In addition, thiobarbituric acid‐reactive substances in the ileal mucosa increased significantly in the rats given tap water for 72 hr after BFMeT treatment, but not in rats given the culture supernatants of L. acidophilus or B. adolescentis. Since BFMeT induced an unbalanced intestinal microflora, the effect of antibiotic treatment on ulcer formation in rats was examined. The magnitude of the ulcer formation in the antibiotic‐treated rats was, in decreasing order, metronidazole >none > kanamycin > a mixture (bacitracin, neomycin and streptomycin). These results suggest that the intestinal microflora plays an important role in ulcer formation and that a metabolite(s) of L. acidophilus and B. adolescentis inhibits ileal ulcer formation by repressing changes in the intestinal microflora and lipid peroxidation in BFMeT‐treated rats.
Immunomodulatory Effects of Oat β‐Glucan Administered Intragastrically or Parenterally on Mice Infected with Eimeria vermiformis
Authors: Yuri Cheol‐heui , Estrada Alberto , Van Kessel Andrew , Gajadhar Alvin , Redmond Mark , Laarveld Bernard 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe immunostimulatory effect of intragastrically or parenterally administered β‐(1→3; 1→4) glucan, extracted from oats (OβG), on disease resistance to Eimeria vermiformis was studied in C57BL/6 mice. Multiple administrations of OβG by intragastric or subcutaneous routes reduced fecal oocyst shedding compared to the non‐treated control group. The administration of OβG by subcutaneous route resulted in higher levels of total serum immunoglobulins and antigen (sporozoite and merozoite)‐specific immunoglobulins as compared with the non‐treated group. To evaluate the effect of a single subcutaneous dose, groups of mice were treated with OβG 2 days before E. vermiformis infection, at the time of infection and at 2 or 6 days after infection. From day 11 post‐infection the oocyst discharge was significantly diminished (P< 0.05‐0.01) in the OβG‐treated groups, except in those treated 6 days after infection, as compared to the non‐treated control group. The proliferative responses to E. vermiformis sporozoite antigen of lymphocytes isolated from the spleen were significantly increased (P < 0.05) when OβG was administered 2 days before or at the time of E. vermiformis infection. Lymphocyte proliferative responses to merozoite antigen were not influenced by treatment. In conclusion, OβG appeared to up‐regulate immune mechanisms and provide enhanced resistance against eimerian coccidiosis in mice.
Transient Dissociation between Infectious HIV‐1 Titer and Viral RNA during the Early Phase of AZT Treatment
Authors: Zöllner Bernhard , Stellbrink Hans‐Jürgen , Feucht Heinz‐hubert , Schröter Matthias , Baumgartner Eva‐maria , Laufs Rainer 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe short‐term kinetics of infectious HIV titers, HIV copy numbers and p24‐antigen during the first 28 days of AZT monotherapy were evaluated. In three of four patients, infectious HIV was culturable and infectious titers rose 2‐ and 4‐fold compared to baseline values. This increase was neither associated with mutations conferring resistance to AZT nor a switch from NSI to SI phenotypes. Two patients showed an increase of plasma infectivity associated with a reduction of HIV copies and p24‐antigen. We conclude that transient dissociations of plasma infectivity and HIV copy numbers occur during early AZT monotherapy.
Molecular Composition of the 16S Toxin Produced by a Clostridium botulinum Type D Strain, 1873
Authors: Nakajima Hiroshi , Inoue Kaoru , Ikeda Tetsuya , Fujinaga Yukako , Sunagawa Hiroyuki , Takeshi Kouichi , Ohyama Tohru , Watanabe Toshihiro , Inoue Katsuhiro , Oguma Keiji 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe 16S toxin was purified from a Clostridium botulinum type D strain 1873 (D‐1873). Furthermore, the entire nucleotide sequences of the genes coding for the 16S toxin were determined. It became clear that the purified D‐1873 16S toxin consists of neurotoxin, nontoxic nonhemagglutinin (NTNH), and hemagglutinin (HA), and that HA consists of four subcomponents, HA1, HA2, HA3a, and HA3b, the same as type D strain CB16 (D‐CB16) 16S toxin. The nucleotide sequences of the nontoxic components of these two strains were also found to be identical except for several bases. However, the culture supernatant and the purified 16S toxin of D‐1873 showed little HA activity, unlike D‐CB16, though the fractions successively eluted after the D‐1873 16S toxin peak from an SP‐Toyopearl 650S column showed a low level of HA activity. The main difference between D‐1873 and D‐CB16 HA molecules was the mobility of the HA1 on sodium dodecyl sulfate‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS‐PAGE). Therefore it was presumed that the loss of HA activity of D‐1873 16S toxin might be caused by the differences of processing HA after the translation.
Expression Analysis of the Autolysin Gene (atl) of Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: Oshida Tadahiro , Takano Mayumi , Sugai Motoyuki , Suginaka Hidekazu , Matsushita Tadahiro 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe bifunctional autolysin gene (atl) of Staphylococcus aureus was transcribed into a 4.1‐kb transcript. The transcription initiation site was located at an adenine residue 33‐nt upstream from the putative atl start codon. Analysis using a promoter‐reporter plasmid showed that promoter activity increased during the exponential growth phase. The Tn551 insertion site of the autolysis‐deficient mutant S. aureus RUSAL2 was located in the putative catalytic region of the glucosaminidase domain.
Detection and Long‐Term Existence of Shiga Toxin (Stx)‐Producing Escherichia coli in Sheep
Authors: Asakura Hiroshi , Makino Sou‐ichi , Shirahata Toshikazu , Tsukamoto Teizo , Kurazono Hisao , Ikeda Tetsuya , Takeshi Kouichi 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe isolation and characterization of Shiga‐like toxin (Stx)‐producing Escherichia coli (STEC) from sheep are described. The distribution of stx genes in E. coli isolates was detected by PCR. When brain heart infusion (BHI) broth and novobiocin supplemented m‐EC broth (N‐mEC) were used as enrichment culture for the isolation of STEC, N‐mEC, compared to BHI, showed clearly lower efficiency. Finally, 5 STEC isolates from 4 sheep were isolated and characterized by biochemical and genetical analysis. All of them were confirmed by ELISA and Vero cell cytotoxicity assay for the production of Stx. Moreover, some strains carried hemolysin and eaeA genes and harbored large plasmids. Based on their plasmid profiles, antibiotic patterns and PCR‐based DNA fingerprinting analysis using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), all isolates were different from each other. Three of the isolates were identified to belong to serogroups O2, O153 and O165, respectively, and the STEC strains belonging to these serogroups had been isolated from STEC outbreaks in humans. Four months after the first isolation in July 1997, STEC from sheep #1 was isolated again. A new isolate, HI‐11, was identified as STEC O2: Hnt. Simultaneously, 2 STEC, which were genetically and phenotypically different from each other, were isolated from the same sheep at intervals of 4 months. These results demonstrate that sheep may be an important animal for studying human STEC infections, and that further epidemiological surveys on STEC are necessary.
Attachment of Nontypable Haemophilus influenzae to Human Pharyngeal Epithelial Cells Mediated by a Ganglioside Receptor
Authors: Kawakami Kenji , Ahmed Kamruddin , Utsunomiya Yoshiaki , Rikitomi Naoto , Hori Akihiro , Oishi Kazunori , Nagatake Tsuyoshi 
Published: November 2013

AbstractNontypable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHI) is one of the major pathogens of human respiratory infections and has the ability to attach to pharyngeal epithelial cells. We characterized the epithelial cell receptor to which NTHI bind. Neuraminidase pretreatment of pharyngeal epithelial cells resulted in a significant decrease in NTHI attachment, suggesting sialic acid as an important component of the receptor. The attachment was not decreased in NTHI pretreated with 1,000 μg/ml of fucose, N‐acetyl‐neuraminic acid, N‐acetyl‐glucosamine, N‐acetyl‐galactosamine, acetyl‐salicylic acid and colominic acid. Only treatment with gangliosides D1a, D1b and D2 at a concentration of 12.5 μg/ml significantly decreased the attachment. On the other hand, treatment with gangliosides M1, M2, M3, D3, T1b and asialoganglioside M1 did not decrease the attachment of NTHI. Only ganglioside D2 inhibited the attachment significantly at a concentration of 12.5 ng/ml. Other isolates of NTHI showed a decrease in attachment after treatment with ganglioside D2. Treatment of cells with anti‐human GD2 monoclonal antibody also decreased the attachment of NTHI in a dose‐dependent manner. This study indicates that sialic acid glycoconjugate, GD2, is one of the receptors of NTHI on human pharyngeal epithelial cells.
Genomic Analysis of the Viral Population in Genital Secretions Early after Infection of Simian Immunodeficiency Viruses in Macaque Monkeys
Authors: Enose Yoshimi , Ibuki Kentaro , Shimada Toshihide , Ui Masahiro , Hayami Masanori 
Published: November 2013

AbstractTo clarify the change in the viral population during passage from the vaginal cavity to blood circulation and vice versa, we examined the viral clones detected in cells in vaginal washes (VWCs) early after inoculation and after systemic infection with polyclonal SIV. In two intravaginally inoculated monkeys, the viral clones found in VWCs at 18 days p.i. were shown to be some of those contained in the inoculum, whereas the viral population in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) was a monotype. This gradual decrease of viral clones suggested the possible existence of two barriers, one at the genital tract and the other between the genital tract and the blood. Later, at one month p.i., the viral clones in VWCs became rather restricted, whereas those in PBMCs diverged from a single clone to several clones. This suggested that different mechanisms affect the viral populations in PBMCs and VWCs. In order to examine how the viral population was affected by passage from the blood to the vaginal cavity, a monkey was intravenously inoculated and the viral clones in VWCs were analyzed at 14 days p.i., at a time of the heterogeneous population in PBMCs. The viral population in VWCs was found to be a single clone and this clone was a minor type in PBMCs, suggesting that the major clone in PBMCs was not always secreted to the vaginal cavity.
Induced Expression and Localization to Nuclear‐Inclusion Bodies of hsp70 in Varicella‐Zoster Virus‐Infected Human Diploid Fibroblasts
Authors: Ohgitani Eriko , Kobayashi Kappei , Takeshita Kazushige , Imanishi Jiro 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe expression and subcellular localization of cellular heat‐shock protein hsp70 were examined in varicella‐zoster virus (VZV)‐infected human diploid fibroblasts. Infection with VZV elevated the steady‐state levels of hsp70 mRNA by 24 hr post‐infection (hpi). Western blotting analysis revealed an increase in accumulation of hsp70 from 24 hpi. Subcellular localization of the hsp70 in VZV‐infected cells was examined by indirect immunofluorescence. In most VZV‐infected cells, hsp70 was localized to inclusion bodies induced in the cell nucleus by infection with VZV. In some cells, however, the remaining parts of the cell nucleus and the cytoplasm were also stained with anti‐hsp70 antibody. These results indicate that infection with VZV induces the expression of hsp70 and its localization to VZV‐specific inclusion bodies, which suggests the involvement of hsp70 in molecular events within inclusion bodies.
The Matrix Gene Expression of Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis (SSPE) Virus (Osaka‐1 Strain): A Comparison of Two Sibling Viruses Isolated from Different Lobes of an SSPE Brain
Authors: Ayata Minoru , Hayashi Kaoru , Seto Toshiyuki , Murata Ryosuke , Ogura Hisashi 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe Fr/V and Oc/V sibling viruses of the Osaka‐1 strain of the subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) virus were defective in cell‐free virus production. By radioimmunoprecipitation assay, the matrix (M) protein was not detected in cells persistently infected with the Osaka‐1 strain. This undetectable expression was consistent with the selective reduction of antibody response to the M protein in the patient from whom the Osaka‐1 strain was isolated. The sequence of the M gene, however, predicted that the protein could be synthesized because the translational start and stop codons for the protein were not altered. Northern blot hybridization demonstrated the selective defect of the monocistronic mRNAs for the M protein and the phosphoprotein (P) together with the dominant presence of the P‐M bicistronic mRNA. This absence of the M mRNA was further confirmed by primer extension analysis. Therefore, the undetectable expression of the M protein in the infected cells was proved to be caused by a transcriptional defect. The two sibling viruses, isolated from remote portions of an SSPE brain, were indistinguishable in their viral characters, including the M gene sequences, which indicates the possibility of clonal expansion of the strain in the brain.
Intranasal Immunization with Yersinia enterocolitica O:8 Cellular Extract Protects against Local Challenge Infection
Authors: Genaro María Silvia Di , Escudero María Esther , Muñoz Estela , Aguilera Claudia , Scardapane Luis , De Guzmán Ana María Stefanini 
Published: November 2013

AbstractYersinia enterocolitica is enteropathogenic for humans and rodents. Immune protection from oral and respiratory pathogens may be most effectively elicited following intranasal (i.n.) vaccination. An experimental murine intranasal challenge model was used to evaluate the immunogenicity of a Y. enterocolitica O:8 cellular extract (CE) in mucosa. This antigenic preparation has demonstrated to induce protection by subcutaneous immunization. Mice were immunized intranasally with two doses of CE. Immunized and nonimmunized animals were challenged with 5×106 colony‐forming units (CFU) by nasal infection. Antibodies in serum and bronchoalveolar lavage (b.a.l.) fluid were assessed before and 48 hr after challenge. The CFU were determined by analysis of lung homogenate samples. The CE immunization induced significant b.a.l.‐specific IgA and IgG, and serum‐specific IgG, IgA and IgM. Histopathological studies 24 and 48 hr postchallenge demonstrated that immunization protected against progressive lesions resulting from Y. enterocolitica invasion of the pulmonary mucosa. The CFU in the lungs showed that CE immunization led to significant clearance as compared to the bacterial level in nonimmunized controls. From the results obtained, it can be concluded that CE can induce local and systemic immunity and protect against nasal infection.
Cytotoxicity of Vibrio vulnificus Cytolysin on Rat Peritoneal Mast Cells
Authors: Kim Jong‐suk , Chae Mee‐ree , Chang Keun , Park Kwang‐hyun , Rho Hye‐won , Park Byung‐hyun , Park Jin‐woo , Kim Hyung‐rho 
Published: November 2013

AbstractHistamine has been thought to be a permeability enhancing factor in Vibrio vulnificus infection. The injection of living bacteria or purified V. vulnificus cytolysin (VVC) can cause lethality in mice by inducing hemoconcentration and increased vascular permeability. In the present study, we tried to identify whether histamine release causes the increased vascular permeability that is responsible for the lethal effect of VVC. Treatment of rat peritoneal mast cells with high concentrations of VVC caused the release of whole cellular histamine and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). At concentrations less than 10 HU/ml, histamine and LDH were not released whereas preloaded 2‐deoxy‐d‐glucose was rapidly effluxed with the concomitant decrease in cellular ATP. VVC‐treated mast cells were refractory to the stimulation of histamine secretion by Compound 48/80 but remained fully responsive to Ca2+ plus GTP‐γ‐S. These results indicate that histamine can be released from mast cells only when the concentration of VVC is high enough to cause the lysis of cells. At low concentrations, VVC does not induce the release of stored histamine from damaged cells. The intravenous injection of 80 HU purified VVC to rats, which can produce the calculated blood concentration of about 3 HU/ml, caused a marked increase in pulmonary vascular permeability, hemoconcentration and death. However, no increase in blood histamine level was detected. This level of VVC in rat blood was enough to cause severe hemoconcentration and lethality but might not be enough to cause cytolysis of the mast cells and resulting histamine release.
Relationship between O‐Serogroup and Presence of Pathogenic Factor Genes in Escherichia coli
Authors: Sunabe Tsuyoshi , Honma Yasuko 
Published: November 2013

AbstractA total of 383 isolates of serogroup‐based enteropathogenic and enteroinvasive Escherichia coli (310 strains of EPEC and 73 strains of EIEC) were examined for the presence of corresponding pathogenic genes. The serogroup‐based EPEC consisted of 232 strains isolated from diarrhea patients and of 78 strains from healthy carriers. The gene encoding intimin, eaeA, was detected in 42 of the 232 EPEC strains from patients (18.1%) and 9 of the 78 strains from carriers (11.5%). The difference was not significant. The bfp gene on the EAF plasmid was detected in 7 of the 42 eaeA‐positive EPEC strains from patients but was not detected in the 9 strains from carriers. In serogroup‐based EIEC, a chromosomal ipaH gene encoding one of the invasive plasmid antigens was detected in 4 of the 60 strains from patients (6%) but not in the 13 strains from carriers. The 4 ipaH‐positive strains possessed the invasive plasmid. These results suggested that the serogroup‐based diagnosis of EPEC and EIEC is not sufficient for identifying strains carrying the eaeA or ipaH gene.
New Monoclonal Antibodies against a Recombinant Second Envelope Protein of Hepatitis C Virus
Authors: Inudoh Michiharu , Kato Nobuyuki , Tanaka Yuetsu 
Published: November 2013

AbstractTo study the immunological features of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) envelope protein (E2 protein), new specific monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) were generated. WKA/H rats were immunized with syngeneic cells infected with a vaccinia virus expressing the E2 protein and with soluble E2 protein obtained from Chinese hamster ovary cells with a plasmid‐based expression system. By screening hybridoma cells obtained from spleen cells of the immunized rats, three specific mAbs were obtained. One mAb was reactive to a peptide corresponding to the hypervariable region 1 (HVR1) in E2 protein, while the others reacted to regions outside HVR1. The significance of these antibodies for the diagnosis of HCV infection as well as for analysis of the structure of the HCV E2 protein will be discussed.
Anti‐Cord Factor (Trehalose 6,6′‐Dimycolate) IgG Antibody in Tuberculosis Patients Recognizes Mycolic Acid Subclasses
Authors: Pan Jiongwei , Fujiwara Nagatoshi , Oka Shiro , Maekura Ryoji , Ogura Takeshi , Yano Ikuya 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe detection of anti‐cord factor (trehalose 6,6′‐dimycolate) IgG antibody in active (smear‐and/or culture‐positive) and inactive (smear‐ and culture‐negative) tuberculosis patients is a useful serodiagnostic tool that can be used for early clinical diagnosis of the disease. We estimated the titers of anticord factor IgG antibody in the sera of tuberculosis patients, and compared them with those of Mycobacterium avium‐infected patients. Most of the serum samples obtained from the tuberculosis patients were highly reactive against M. tuberculosis (MTB) cord factor isolated from M. tuberculosis H37Rv, a human‐type mycobacterial strain, whereas they were less reactive against M. avium (MAC) cord factor. Similarly, most of the serum samples of the MAC‐infected patients were highly reactive against MAC cord factor and less reactive against MTB cord factor. These results suggest that anti‐cord factor IgG antibody recognizes the mycolic acid subclasses as an epitope which comprises cord factor, since MTB and MAC cord factor differ in mycolic acid subclasses and molecular species composition. To clarify the exact antigenic epitope in cord factor and to find out a more sensitive and specific diagnostic test antigen, we examined the reactivity of patients' sera to glycolipids containing trehalose (cord factor and sulfolipid) obtained from various mycobacterial species. Furthermore, the reactivity of human antisera to various mycolic acid subclasses (α‐, methoxy and keto mycolic acids) of MTB cord factor was compared. We found that anti‐cord factor IgG antibody in the sera of human tuberculosis patients most strikingly recognized methoxy mycolic acid in the cord factor of M. tuberculosis, whereas it recognized α‐ and keto mycolic acids weakly. Pre‐absorption studies of antibody with MTB cord factor or methoxy mycolic acid methyl ester showed that anti‐cord factor antibody was absorbed partially, but consistently. This is the first report describing that the specific subclass of mycolic acid from mycobacteria is antigenic in the humoral immune system of human tuberculosis infection.
Nucleotide Sequence of the 5′Nontranslated and Virion Polypeptides Regions of Coxsackievirus B6
Authors: Kato Sakura , Tsutsumi Reiko , Sato Shigehiro 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe nucleotide sequence of coxsackievirus B6 (CVB6) has been determined, and the nucleotides encoding the 5′ nontranslated region (5′ NTR) and virion polypeptides (VP4, 2, 3 and 1) were compared with other serotype CVBs. An Unweighted Pair‐Group Method Analysis (UPGMA) of phylogenetic trees indicated that the 5′ NTR of CVB6 locates on an independent branch from the other CVBs. The tree based on the amino acid sequences showed that CVB6 has close correlation with CVB4 in the VP4 and VP2 regions, with CVB1 and CVB5 in the VP3 region, and with CVB5 in the VP1 region. Amino acid sequences of variable regions within the VP2, VP3, and VP1 of CVB6 were unique among CVBs. Thus, by comparison of the nucleotide and amino acid sequences of these variable regions, CVB6 can be easily distinguished from other serotypes. In addition, serine, instead of glycine, was found to locate at the amino‐terminus of the VP1 region of CVB6, indicating that CVB6 has a unique cleavage site (i.e., glutamine/serine instead of glutamine/glycine) for proteinase 3C of Picornaviridae.