bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Application of active spaceborne remote sensing for understanding biases between passive cloud water path retrievals
Authors: Lebsock Matthew , Su Hui 
Published: June 2014

AbstractBias between the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer–EOS (AMSR‐E) version 2 and the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) collection 5.1 cloud liquid water path (Wc) products are explored with the aid of coincident active observations from the CloudSat radar and the CALIPSO lidar. In terms of detection, the active observations provide precise separation of cloudy from clear sky and precipitating from nonprecipitating clouds. In addition, they offer a unique quantification of precipitation water path (Wp) in warm clouds. They also provide an independent quantification of Wc that is based on an accurate surface reference technique, which is an independent arbiter between the two passive approaches. The results herein establish the potential for CloudSat and CALIPSO to provide an independent assessment of bias between the conventional passive remote sensing methods from reflected solar and emitted microwave radiation. After applying a common data filter to the observations to account for sampling biases, AMSR‐E is biased high relative to MODIS in the global mean by 26.4 gm−2. The RMS difference in the regional patterns is 32.4 gm−2, which highlights a large geographical dependence in the bias which is related to the tropical transitions from stratocumulus to cumulus cloud regimes. The contributions of four potential sources for this bias are investigated by exploiting the active observations: (1) bias in MODIS related to solar zenith angle dependence accounts for −2.3 gm−2, (2) bias in MODIS due to undersampling of cloud edges accounts for 4.2 gm−2, (3) a wind speed and water vapor‐dependent “clear‐sky biase” in the AMSR‐E retrieval accounts for 6.3 gm−2, and (4) evidence suggests that much of the remaining 18 gm−2 bias is related to the assumed partitioning of the observed emission signal between cloud and precipitation water in the AMSR‐E retrieval. This is most evident through the correlations between the regional mean patterns of Wp and the Wc bias within the latitudes of 30°N and 30°S, suggesting that the assumption of a regionally invariant cloud/precipitation partitioning in the AMSR‐E algorithm is the likely causal factor.
The double tropopause and its dynamical relationship to the tropopause inversion layer in storm track regions
Authors: Peevey T. R. , Gille J. C. , Homeyer C. R. , Manney G. L. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractUsing High Resolution Dynamic Limb Sounder observations and ERA‐Interim reanalysis this study demonstrates that the warm conveyor belt (WCB) is a mechanism responsible for the relationship between the double tropopause (DT) and the tropopause inversion layer (TIL), a relationship recently suggested in the literature based on idealized model simulations of baroclinic disturbances. Using these data sets, spatial and temporal characteristics of the DT‐TIL relationship are examined over a 3 year period, 2005–2008. In the extratropics, results from satellite data show that as the TIL increases in strength, so does the frequency of the DT, regardless of season or hemisphere. The inverse relationship is found in the tropics. Using only DT profiles, zonal composites of wind, relative vorticity, and temperature from reanalysis data show that as the TIL increases in strength, the upper tropospheric circulation switches from cyclonic to anticyclonic, and the upward vertical motion increases. This result suggests the WCB as a mechanism since it is on the anticyclonic side of the jet and is characterized by the movement of tropical air poleward and upward from the surface. To verify this relationship, the vertical and horizontal development of a synoptic‐scale baroclinic system is analyzed over a 4 day period. Results show the equatorward extension of the polar tropopause, and thus the formation of the DT, due to the strengthening of the TIL in the region of vertical motion associated with the WCB. Moreover, this result suggests that air movement within the DT could originate from high latitudes when associated with a baroclinic disturbance.
Eine Stickstoff‐dotierte Kohlenstoffmatrix mit eingeschlossenen MnxOy/NC‐ und CoxOy/NC‐Nanopartikeln für leistungsfähige bifunktionale Sauerstoffelektroden
Authors: Masa Justus , Xia Wei , Sinev Ilya , Zhao Anqi , Sun Zhenyu , Grützke Stefanie , Weide Philipp , Muhler Martin , Schuhmann Wolfgang 
Published: June 2014

AbstractDie reversible Umwandlung von Wasser in H2 und O2 sowie die Rekombination von H2 und O2 zu H2O unter Gewinnung von Energie ist die Basis für einen vollständig nachhaltigen Zyklus der Energiekonversion und ‐speicherung. Die Realisierung dieses Ziels wird jedoch von der Nichtverfügbarkeit effizienter Katalysatoren für die Wasserspaltung und Sauerstoffreduktion behindert. Wir berichten über hochaktive bifunktionale Katalysatoren für Sauerstoffelektroden, die aus Mn3O4‐ und Co3O4‐Nanopartikeln, eingeschlossen in N‐dotierten Kohlenstoff, bestehen und durch selektive Pyrolyse und nachfolgende milde Kalzinierung von Mn‐ oder Co‐N4‐macrocyclischen Komplexen erhalten wurden. Eine sehr starke Wechselwirkung zwischen den Metallzentren und Stickstoff‐haltigen Resten wurde beobachtet, was auf eine M‐Nx‐Koordination schließen lässt. Die Katalysatoren zeigen eine deutlich verringerte reversible Überspannung in KOH (0.1 M) gegenüber der von RuO2, IrO2, Pt, NiO, Mn3O4 und Co3O4. Damit gehören sie zu den besten Nichtedelmetall‐Katalysatoren für reversible Sauerstoffelektroden.
Copper‐Based Ternary and Quaternary Semiconductor Nanoplates: Templated Synthesis, Characterization, and Photoelectrochemical Properties
Authors: Wu Xue‐Jun , Huang Xiao , Qi Xiaoying , Li Hai , Li Bing , Zhang Hua 
Published: June 2014

AbstractTwo‐dimensional (2D) copper‐based ternary and quaternary semiconductors are promising building blocks for the construction of efficient solution‐processed photovoltaic devices at low cost. However, the facile synthesis of such 2D nanoplates with well‐defined shape and uniform size remains a challenge. Reported herein is a universal template‐mediated method for preparing copper‐based ternary and quaternary chalcogenide nanoplates, that is, CuInS2, CuInxGa1−xS2, and Cu2ZnSnS4, by using a pre‐synthesized CuS nanoplate as the starting template. The various synthesized nanoplates are monophasic with uniform thickness and lateral size. As a proof of concept, the Cu2ZnSnS4 nanoplates were immobilized on a Mo/glass substrate and used as semiconductor photoelectrode, thus showing stable photoelectrochemical response. The method is general and provides future opportunities for fabrication of cost‐effective photovoltaic devices based on 2D semiconductors.
Lithiation of a Silyl Ether: Formation of an ortho‐Fries Hydroxyketone
Authors: Lo Hong‐Jay , Lin Chin‐Yin , Tseng Mei‐Chun , Chein Rong‐Jie 
Published: June 2014

AbstractA hydroxy‐directed alkylation of an N,N‐diethylarylamide using CIPE‐assisted α‐silyl carbanions (CIPE=complex‐induced proximity effect) has been developed using a simple reagent combination of LDA (lithium diisopropylamide) and chlorosilane. A study of the mechanism, and the application of the procedure to an anionic Snieckus–Fries rearrangement for a highly efficient synthesis of the potent phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase (PI3K) inhibitor LY294002, are reported.
The Ketene‐Surrogate Coupling: Catalytic Conversion of Aryl Iodides into Aryl Ketenes through Ynol Ethers
Authors: Zhang Wenhan , Ready Joseph M. 
Published: June 2014

Abstracttert‐Butoxyacetylene is shown to undergo Sonogashira coupling with aryl iodides to yield aryl‐substituted tert‐butyl ynol ethers. These intermediates participate in a [1,5]‐hydride shift, which results in the extrusion of isobutylene and the generation of aryl ketenes. The ketenes are trapped in situ with multiple nucleophiles or undergo electrocyclic ring closure to yield hydroxynaphthalenes and quinolines.
Selective Targeting of Tumor and Stromal Cells By a Nanocarrier System Displaying Lipidated Cathepsin B Inhibitor
Authors: Mikhaylov G. , Klimpel D. , Schaschke N. , Mikac U. , Vizovisek M. , Fonovic M. , Turk V. , Turk Boris , Vasiljeva Olga 
Published: June 2014

AbstractCathepsin B (CtsB) is a lysosomal cysteine proteinase that is specifically translocated to the extracellular milieu during cancer progression. The development of a lipidated CtsB inhibitor incorporated into the envelope of a liposomal nanocarrier (LNC‐NS‐629) is described. Ex vivo and in vivo studies confirmed selective targeting and internalization of LNC‐NS‐629 by tumor and stromal cells, thus validating CtsB targeting as a highly promising approach to cancer diagnosis and treatment.
Research on the tribological performance of Cr2O3 filled with bronze‐based PTFE composites
Authors: Ye Sujuan , Zeng Xingrong , Tan Feng , Fan Qing 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTEnhancement of the wear resistance of bronze‐filled polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) composites has been achieved using various fillers, for example, chromic oxide (Cr2O3), molybdenum disulfide (MoS2), graphite, and nanometer aluminum oxide (n‐Al2O3), in the present study. The wear resistance was evaluated by a block‐on‐ring wear tester, and the effects of fillers on the wear resistance as well as the mechanism were investigated. The wear rate for the composite where the recipe containing 59% PTFE + 40% bronze + 1% Cr2O3 was 0.5 × 10−5 mm−3/N m and for the composite in the recipe containing 60% PTFE + 40% bronze was 4.2 × 10−5 mm−3/N m, which meant that that Cr2O3 increased the wear resistance by approximately 10 times. The differential scanning calorimetry measure analysis showed that Cr2O3 had a positive effect on the crystallization of PTFE; the crystallinity of PTFE composites increased from 45% to 52%, which exhibited improved wear resistance. Wear testing and scanning electron microscope analysis had shown that Cr2O3 had a positive effect on the formation of transfer film and keeping it stable to exhibit improved wear resistance. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy results also showed that Cr2O3 was effective in tribochemical reactions during sliding against stainless ring; these maybe responsible for forming transfer film and lowering wear rate of composite. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 41117.
Cloning, expression, and characterization of a novel alkali‐tolerant xylanase from alkaliphilic Bacillus sp. SN5
Authors: Bai Wenqin , Xue Yanfen , Zhou Cheng , Ma Yanhe 
Published: June 2014

AbstractA xylanase gene (xyn11A) was cloned from the genomic library of alkalophilic Bacillus sp. SN5. It encoded a polypeptide of 366 amino acids, consisting of a family 11 glycoside hydrolase, a short linker region, and a family 36 carbohydrate‐binding module (CBM). The intact xylanase Xyn11A and the CBM‐linker‐truncated Xyn11A‐LC were expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3). Both purified recombinant proteins exhibited the highest activity at 55 °C. The optimal pH for Xyn11A activity was 7.5, whereas Xyn11A‐LC showed a broad pH profile (>80% activity at pH 5.5–8.5) with optimal activity at pH 5.5 and 7.5–8.0. They had high alkali tolerance, retaining over 80% residual activity after preincubation at pH 8.5–11.0 at 37 °C for 1 H. Xyn11A‐LC showed better thermal stability, lower affinity, and lower catalytic activity to insoluble xylan than Xyn11A, whereas its specific activity for soluble beechwood xylan (4,511.9 U/mg) was greater than that of Xyn11A (3,136.4 U/mg). These results implied that the CBM of Xyn11A could change the enzymatic properties and play a role in degrading insoluble xylan. Xyn11A‐LC is a family 11 alkali‐tolerant cellulase‐free xylanase with high specific activity, which qualifies it as a potential candidate for industrial applications, especially in the paper industry.
Bacterial XylRs and synthetic promoters function as genetically encoded xylose biosensors in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Teo Wei Suong , Chang Matthew Wook 
Published: June 2014

AbstractLignocellulosic biomass is a sustainable and abundant starting material for biofuel production. However, lignocellulosic hydrolysates contain not only glucose, but also other sugars including xylose which cannot be metabolized by the industrial workhorse Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Hence, engineering of xylose assimilating S. cerevisiae has been much studied, including strain optimization strategies. In this work, we constructed genetically encoded xylose biosensors that can control protein expression upon detection of xylose sugars. These were constructed with the constitutive expression of heterologous XylR repressors, which function as protein sensors, and cloning of synthetic promoters with XylR operator sites. Three XylR variants and the corresponding synthetic promoters were used: XylR from Tetragenococcus halophile, Clostridium difficile, and Lactobacillus pentosus. To optimize the biosensor, two promoters with different strengths were used to express the XylR proteins. The ability of XylR to repress yEGFP expression from the synthetic promoters was demonstrated. Furthermore, xylose sugars added exogenously to the cells were shown to regulate gene expression. We envision that the xylose biosensors can be used as a tool to engineer and optimize yeast that efficiently utilizes xylose as carbon source for growth and biofuel production.
Thrombectomy using suction filtration and veno‐venous bypass: Single center experience with a novel device
Authors: Donaldson Cameron W. , Baker Joshua N. , Narayan Rajeev L. , Provias Tim S. , Rassi Andrew N. , Giri Jay S. , Sakhuja Rahul , Weinberg Ido , Jaff Michael R. , Rosenfield Kenneth 
Published: June 2014

ObjectivesTo describe the first single center experience with a novel aspiration thrombectomy device.BackgroundThe appearance of inferior vena cava or right‐sided intracardiac thrombus may prompt consideration of percutaneous thrombectomy as a method to prevent new or worsening pulmonary embolism (PE). The AngioVac is a novel thrombectomy device composed of a cannula and extracorporeal circuit with filter for pump‐assisted removal of intravascular debris which is coupled with a reinfusion catheter for return of blood to the patient. The device has been approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration since 2009. This report represents the first significant case series describing its use, feasibility and outcomes in evacuating large caval thrombi or intracardiac masses in PE.MethodsThis is a retrospective analysis of patient and case characteristics and in‐hospital clinical outcomes of AngioVac thrombectomy in 14 consecutive patients treated between April 2010 and July 2013 at our institution.ResultsFourteen consecutive patients (mean age 50, 64% female) underwent 15 AngioVac procedures over 40 months. Indications included intracardiac mass (73%), acute PE (33%), and caval thrombus (73%). Four patients (27%) were in shock at the start of the procedure. Peri‐procedure mortality was 0% and in‐hospital mortality was 13% at a mean follow‐up of 23 days. There were no pulmonary hemorrhages, strokes or myocardial infarctions. Though 73% had a post procedural drop in hematocrit, only two bleeding events were related to access site and required a transfusion.ConclusionsAngioVac thrombectomy is feasible in critically ill patients with acute DVT or PE and large caval thrombi or intracardiac masses. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Alkylbenzene Analysis in Pyrolysis Oils from Biomass and Coal by Comprehensive Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Rathsack Philipp , Reichel Denise , Krzack Steffen , Otto Matthias 
Published: June 2014

AbstractElf Einsatzstoffe entlang der Inkohlungsreihe wurden in einem Festbettreaktor pyrolysiert und die Ausbeuten der gasförmigen, flüssigen und festen Produkte bestimmt. Die gewonnenen Pyrolyseöle wurden hinsichtlich der Alkylbenzole mit komprehensiver Gaschromatographie‐Massenspektrometrie qualitativ untersucht. In allen Proben, von Biomasse bis Anthrazit, konnten leichte Alkylbenzole nachgewiesen werden. In kohlestämmigen Pyrolyseölen konnten darüber hinaus langkettig substituierte n‐Alkylbenzole gefunden und eine deutlich erhöhte Anzahl an Isomeren bei gegebener Summenformel nachgewiesen werden.
Fine needle aspiration of breast masses in pregnant and lactating women: Experience with 28 cases emphasizing Thinprep findings
Authors: Heymann Jonas J. , Halligan Allison M. , Hoda Syed A. , Facey Kirk E. , Hoda Rana S. 
Published: June 2014

BackgroundFine needle aspiration (FNA) of breast masses in pregnant or lactating women is an uncommon procedure, and cytological interpretation is considered problematic due to atypia inherent to secretory change in glandular epithelia. Previous descriptions of “lactating adenoma” (LAd), the most common tumor in this population, have been on direct smears (DS), while ThinPrep (TP, Hologic, Boxborough, MA) findings therein remain largely uncharacterized.MethodsFNA cases from breast masses in pregnant or lactating women (2005–2012), processed as TP and/or DS were retrospectively reviewed.Results28 cases from as many patients (mean age 36 years), at 23 weeks of pregnancy to 10 months postpartum, were reviewed. Size of mass ranged from 1.0 to 4.5 cm. Corresponding histopathology was available in 21/28 cases. TP was available in 24/28 cases. Relative to DS, in TP, LAd showed “lacy” fragments, tissue paper‐like texture, and globular clumps of “milky” background material, with embedded singly dispersed “bare” epithelial cell nuclei containing cherry‐red macronucleoli. Architecture appeared disrupted in TP with isolated cells, smaller cell clusters, and lobules in LAd. Cellular morphology was better preserved in TP. Cytological features of carcinoma on TP were similar to DS. There were no false‐positive cases. In this series, LAd was the most common diagnosis for breast masses in pregnant and lactating women (78.5%) and demonstrated background, architectural, and cellular alterations on TP.ConclusionIn this setting, malignancy is an important consideration (encountered in 3/28, 11% of cases, including one false‐negative angiosarcoma case). Diagn. Cytopathol. 2015;43:188–194. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Involvement of Nitric Oxide and ATP‐Sensitive Potassium Channels in the Peripheral Antinoceptive Action of a Tramadol–Dexketoprofen Combination in the Formalin Test
Authors: Isiordia‐Espinoza Mario A. , Pozos‐Guillén Amaury , Pérez‐Urizar José , Chavarría‐Bolaños Daniel 
Published: June 2014

Abstract

Preclinical Research

Systemic coadministration of tramadol and dexketoprofen can produce antinociceptive synergism in animals. There has been only limited evaluation of this drug combination in the peripheral nervous system in terms of the antinociceptive interaction and its mechanisms. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the peripheral antinociceptive interaction between tramadol and dexketoprofen in the formalin test and the involvement of the nitric oxide (NO)–cyclic guanosine monophosphate pathway and ATP‐sensitive K+ channels. Different doses of tramadol or dexketoprofen were administered locally to the formalin‐injured mouse paw and the antinociceptive effect evaluated. ED50 values were calculated for both drugs alone and in combination. Coadministration of tramadol and dexketoprofen produced an antinociceptive synergistic interaction during the second phase of the formalin test. Pretreatment with NO antagonists, including l‐NG‐nitroarginine methyl ester and 1H‐[1,2,4]‐oxadiazolo‐[4,3‐a]‐quinoxalin‐1‐one, or the ATP‐sensitive K+ channel antagonist glibenclamide reversed the antinociceptive synergistic effect of the tramadol–dexketoprofen combination, suggesting that NO and ATP‐sensitive K+ channels were involved.
Biological Evaluation and SAR Analysis of O‐Methylated Analogs of Quercetin as Inhibitors of Cancer Cell Proliferation
Authors: Shi Zhi‐Hao , Li Nian‐Guang , Tang Yu‐Ping , Shi Qian‐Ping , Tang Hao , Li Wei , Zhang Xu , Fu Hai‐An , Duan Jin‐Ao 
Published: June 2014

Abstract

Preclinical Research

Using a high‐throughout screening approach, the anticancer activities of 16 O‐methylated (OMe) analogs of quercetin were assessed. The structure–activity relationships showed that OMe moieties at the 4′ and/or 7 positions were important for maintaining inhibitory activities against the 16 cancer cell lines. Furthermore, when the OH groups at the 3′ and 4′ positions were both replaced by OMe moieties, anticancer activity was enhanced.
The plasticity of development: How knowledge of epigenetics may advance understanding of eating disorders
Authors: Strober Michael , Peris Tara , Steiger Howard 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTObjectiveTo depict the processes through which animals and human beings engage their environment in continuously evolving states of conflict and cooperation.MethodDescriptive literature review.ResultsLife history outcomes are more relative than they are absolute. Genetic variations play a crucial role, but heavily influencing behavioral outcomes, psychopathology included, are external cues that epigenetically remodel DNA along experience‐dependent signaling pathways. The result is phenotypes that either optimize adjustment, or constrain it.DiscussionKnowledge of epigenetic mechanisms may help shed new light on the origin of maturational phenotypes underlying eating disorders and why adjusting treatments to these realities warrants our attention. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Int J Eat Disord 2014; 47:696–704)
Unique influence of stimulus duration and stimulation site (glabrous vs. hairy skin) on the thermal grill‐induced percept
Authors: Hunter J. , Dranga R. , van Wyk M. , Dostrovsky J.O. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractBackgroundThe application to the skin of spatially interlaced innocuous warm (40 °C) and cool (20 °C) thermodes (termed a thermal grill – TG) can produce an unusual thermal percept, but the mechanisms remain unclear.MethodsWe compared the percept quality and intensity over a 120‐s period evoked by each of three configurations of a 6‐bar thermal stimulator (6TS): all 40 °C(WARM); all 20 °C(COOL); alternating bars 40/20 °C (TG) at two body sites (forearm and palm).ResultsBoth unpleasantness and pain were significantly greater for the TG‐induced (vs. either COOL‐ or WARM‐induced) percept. Unpleasantness ratings were significantly higher than pain intensity ratings. Several emotional qualitative descriptors were unique to the TG‐induced percept. TG palmar (vs. forearm) stimulation produced a more intense percept and was perceived as painful in more subjects. Temporal profiles of intensities of TG‐induced percepts differed from those induced by the COOL or WARM thermodes alone. For both unpleasantness and pain, the site differences in the temporal profile were also unique for TG versus the COOL‐ or WARM‐evoked percepts. Qualitative characteristics of the TG‐induced percept varied over time and between subjects.ConclusionsThe TG percept intensity and temporal profile were different from those evoked by either of its component parts. The perceived quality is person‐specific. These differences suggest that the classic ‘TG illusion’ results from complex central integration of several types of peripheral afferent inputs activated by the TG. Differing body site‐related roles of thermosensory afferents in discrimination versus temperature homeostasis may explain site‐related variations in the percept.