bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Linkage Disequilibrium and Inversion-Typing of the Drosophila melanogaster Genome Reference Panel
Authors: Houle David , Márquez Eladio J 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
We calculated the linkage disequilibrium between all pairs of variants in the Drosophila Genome Reference Panel with minor allele count ≥5. We used r2 ≥ 0.5 as the cutoff for a highly correlated SNP. We make available the list of all highly correlated SNPs for use in association studies. Seventy-six percent of variant SNPs are highly correlated with at least one other SNP, and the mean number of highly correlated SNPs per variant over the whole genome is 83.9. Disequilibrium between distant SNPs is also common when minor allele frequency (MAF) is low: 37% of SNPs with MAF &lt; 0.1 are highly correlated with SNPs more than 100 kb distant. Although SNPs within regions with polymorphic inversions are highly correlated with somewhat larger numbers of SNPs, and these correlated SNPs are on average farther away, the probability that a SNP in such regions is highly correlated with at least one other SNP is very similar to SNPs outside inversions. Previous karyotyping of the DGRP lines has been inconsistent, and we used LD and genotype to investigate these discrepancies. When previous studies agreed on inversion karyotype, our analysis was almost perfectly concordant with those assignments. In discordant cases, and for inversion heterozygotes, our results suggest errors in two previous analyses or discordance between genotype and karyotype. Heterozygosities of chromosome arms are, in many cases, surprisingly highly correlated, suggesting strong epsistatic selection during the inbreeding and maintenance of the DGRP lines.
Change in Sleep Duration and Type 2 Diabetes: The Whitehall II Study
Authors: Ferrie Jane E. , Kivimäki Mika , Akbaraly Tasnime N. , Tabak Adam , Abell Jessica , Davey Smith George , Virtanen Marianna , Kumari Meena , Shipley Martin J. 
Published: June 2015

OBJECTIVE
Evidence suggests that short and long sleep durations are associated with a higher risk of type 2 diabetes. Using successive data waves spanning &gt;20 years, we examined whether a change in sleep duration is associated with incident diabetes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Sleep duration was reported at the beginning and end of four 5-year cycles: 1985–1988 to 1991–1994 (n = 5,613), 1991–1994 to 1997–1999 (n = 4,193), 1997–1999 to 2002–2004 (n = 3,840), and 2002–2004 to 2007–2009 (n = 4,195). At each cycle, change in sleep duration was calculated for participants without diabetes. Incident diabetes at the end of the subsequent 5-year period was defined using 1) fasting glucose, 2) 75-g oral glucose tolerance test, and 3) glycated hemoglobin, in conjunction with diabetes medication and self-reported doctor diagnosis.

RESULTS
Compared with the reference group of persistent 7-h sleepers, an increase of ≥2 h sleep per night was associated with a higher risk of incident diabetes (odds ratio 1.65 [95% CI 1.15, 2.37]) in analyses adjusted for age, sex, employment grade, and ethnic group. This association was partially attenuated by adjustment for BMI and change in weight (1.50 [1.04, 2.16]). An increased risk of incident diabetes was also seen in persistent short sleepers (average ≤5.5 h/night; 1.35 [1.04, 1.76]), but this evidence weakened on adjustment for BMI and change in weight (1.25 [0.96, 1.63]).

CONCLUSIONS
This study suggests that individuals whose sleep duration increases are at an increased risk of type 2 diabetes. Greater weight and weight gain in this group partly explain the association.
Blurring the boundaries between frame-based and frameless stereotaxy: feasibility study for brain biopsies performed with the use of a head-mounted robot
Authors: Grimm Florian , Naros Georgios , Gutenberg Angelika , Keric Naureen , Giese Alf , Gharabaghi Alireza 
Published: June 2015

OBJECT
Frame-based stereotactic interventions are considered the gold standard for brain biopsies, but they have limitations with regard to flexibility and patient comfort because of the bulky head ring attached to the patient. Frameless image guidance systems that use scalp fiducial markers offer more flexibility and patient comfort but provide less stability and accuracy during drilling and biopsy needle positioning. Head-mounted robot-guided biopsies could provide the advantages of these 2 techniques without the downsides. The goal of this study was to evaluate the feasibility and safety of a robotic guidance device, affixed to the patient’s skull through a small mounting platform, for use in brain biopsy procedures.

METHODS
This was a retrospective study of 37 consecutive patients who presented with supratentorial lesions and underwent brain biopsy procedures in which a surgical guidance robot was used to determine clinical outcomes and technical procedural operability.

RESULTS
The portable head-mounted device was well tolerated by the patients and enabled stable drilling and needle positioning during surgery. Flexible adjustments of predefined paths and selection of new trajectories were successfully performed intraoperatively without the need for manual settings and fixations. The patients experienced no permanent deficits or infections after surgery.

CONCLUSIONS
The head-mounted robot-guided approach presented here combines the stability of a bone-mounted set-up with the flexibility and tolerability of frameless systems. By reducing human interference (i.e., manual parameter settings, calibrations, and adjustments), this technology might be particularly useful in neurosurgical interventions that necessitate multiple trajectories.
Tenofovir-Based Antiretroviral Therapy in HBV–HIV Coinfection: Results from the TREAT Asia HIV Observational Database
Authors: Boettiger David C , Kerr Stephen , Ditangco Rossana , Chaiwarith Romanee , Li Patrick CK , Merati Tuti Parwati , Pham Thuy Thi Thanh , Kiertiburanakul Sasisopin , Kumarasamy Nagalingeswaran , Vonthanak Saphonn , Lee Christopher KC , Kinh Nguyen Van , Pujari Sanjay , Wong Wing Wai , Kamarulzaman Adeeba , Zhang Fujie , Yunihastuti Evy , Choi Jun Yong , Oka Shinichi , Ng Oon Tek , Kantipong Pacharee , Mustafa Mahiran , Ratanasuwan Winai , Durier Nicolas , Law Matthew ,   the TREAT Asia HIV Observational Database
Published: June 2015

Background The World Health Organization recommends HBV–HIV-coinfected individuals start antiretroviral therapy containing tenofovir. Here we describe first-line tenofovir use and treatment outcomes in coinfected patients in Asia. Methods HBV surface antigen positive patients enrolled in the TREAT Asia HIV Observational Database who started first-line antiretroviral therapy were included. Logistic regression adjusted for period of treatment initiation was used to determine factors associated with tenofovir use. Generalized estimating equations were used to evaluate factors associated with alanine transaminase levels and CD4+ T-cell count on treatment. Results There were 548 eligible patients, of whom 149 (27.2%) started tenofovir. Patients treated in high/high-middle income countries (odds ratio 4.4 versus low/low-middle, 95% CI 2.6, 7.4; P<0.001) and those with elevated baseline alanine transaminase (odds ratio 4.2 versus normal, 95% CI 2.4, 7.2; P<0.001) were more likely to receive tenofovir. Hepatitis C antibody positive patients (odds ratio 0.4 versus negative, 95% CI 0.2, 0.8; P=0.008) were less likely. In those starting antiretroviral therapy with elevated alanine transaminase, mean reduction after tenofovir initiation was 11.2 IU/l (95% CI 0.9, 21.6; P=0.034) lower compared with those using a non-tenofovir-based regimen although this did not significantly increase the chance of alanine transaminase normalization. Tenofovir use was not associated with a superior CD4+ T-cell response. Conclusions HBV–HIV-coinfected patients in Asia are most likely to receive tenofovir if they are treated in a high/high-middle income country, have elevated alanine transaminase levels and are hepatitis C antibody negative. Compared to other antiretroviral therapies, tenofovir-based regimens more effectively reduce liver inflammation in HBV–HIV-coinfection but do not result in superior CD4+ T-cell recovery.
Contrer ou promouvoir l’ethnicisation par les statistiques ?
Authors: Moulier-Boutang Yann , Selim Monique 
Published: June 2015

Depuis une vingtaine d’années, les statistiques dites « ethniques » font l’objet en France d’un débat récurrent. Si elles aident à faire apparaître des contradictions et des inégalités centrales dans la société, elles sont une arme à double tranchant dans la mesure où elles entraînent également un effet de stigmatisation par l’assignation à une appartenance supposée communautaire non nécessairement revendiquée subjectivement. C’est peut-être en observant ce que se fait et se dit hors de France qu’on pourra mieux mesurer les effets comparés de ce dispositif profondément ambivalent.
Humanités numériques
Authors: Citton Yves 
Published: June 2015

Cet article essaie de distinguer trois strates au sein de ce qu’il est convenu d’appeler « humanités numériques » ( hum num ) ou « humanités digitales ». Les hum num 1.0 font le travail concret de numérisation, balisage, reformatage, design d’interfaces en reprenant le plus souvent des corpus déjà identifiés et circonscrits. Les hum num 2.0 tirent de ce travail de numérisation l’opportunité de constituer de nouveaux corpus et d’expérimenter de nouvelles procédures et de nouvelles formes de collaboration, qui débordent et érodent les frontières entre les disciplines, comme entre l’université et ses dehors. Les hum num 3.0 essaient de comprendre comment les pratiques et savoirs constitués depuis des siècles autour des humanités peuvent nous aider à comprendre et à nous repérer dans les façons dont le numérique informe de plus en plus profondément nos modes de subjectivation.
La classe préparatoire intégrée de l’ÉNA mise au défi de compenser les inégalités des chances devant le concours externe
Authors: Edel Frédéric 
Published: June 2015

Résumé	Réservée à des candidats de conditions sociales modestes, la classe préparatoire intégrée de l’ÉNA est un dispositif qui participe à la lutte contre les inégalités sociales de chances d’accès à la haute fonction publique. S’appuyant sur une comparaison entre le profil de ses étudiants avec celui des autres centres de préparation ainsi que celui des élèves admis au concours externe de l’ÉNA, cette recherche tente de mesurer la réalité de ces inégalités, expose les moyens que cette préparation met en place pour tenter de les compenser et, pour finir, dresse un bilan. Si, comme on a pu le dire, la CPI de l’ÉNA consiste à « donner plus à ceux qui ont moins », cet article apporte une réponse à la question de savoir en quoi ses bénéficiaires ont « moins » et en quoi le dispositif qui leur est réservé leur octroie « plus » pour espérer réussir le concours externe.
Améliorer la gestion externalisée des systèmes d’information publics
Authors: Christophle Paul 
Published: June 2015

Résumé	La place de l’informatique dans le fonctionnement du service public, tant dans sa gestion interne que dans ses relations avec les usagers, devient de plus en plus centrale. L’externalisation forte de ce service est justifiée par plusieurs facteurs qui ne sont pas tous légitimes, et aboutit à une gestion souvent difficile des systèmes et à une maîtrise des coûts discutables. Ces constatations doivent encourager les inflexions qui ont pour objectif d’améliorer la gestion de cette externalisation.
A Concise and Practical Framework for the Development and Usability Evaluation of Patient Information Websites
Authors: Knijnenburg S.L. , Kremer L.C. , Jaspers M.W.M. , Peute L.W. 
Published: June 2015

SummaryBackground: The Website Developmental Model for the Healthcare Consumer (WDMHC) is an extensive and successfully evaluated framework that incorporates user-centered design principles. However, due to its extensiveness its application is limited. In the current study we apply a subset of the WDMHC framework in a case study concerning the development and evaluation of a website aimed at childhood cancer survivors (CCS).Objective: To assess whether the implementation of a limited subset of the WDMHC-framework is sufficient to deliver a high-quality website with few usability problems, aimed at a specific patient population.Methods: The website was developed using a six-step approach divided into three phases derived from the WDMHC: 1) information needs analysis, mock-up creation and focus group discussion; 2) website prototype development; and 3) heuristic evaluation (HE) and think aloud analysis (TA). The HE was performed by three double experts (knowledgeable both in usability engineering and childhood cancer survivorship), who assessed the site using the Nielsen heuristics. Eight end-users were invited to complete three scenarios covering all functionality of the website by TA.Results: The HE and TA were performed concurrently on the website prototype. The HE resulted in 29 unique usability issues; the end-users performing the TA encountered eleven unique problems. Four issues specifically revealed by HE concerned cosmetic design flaws, whereas two problems revealed by TA were related to website content.Conclusion: Based on the subset of the WDMHC framework we were able to deliver a website that closely matched the expectancy of the end-users and resulted in relatively few usability problems during end-user testing. With the successful application of this subset of the WDMHC, we provide developers with a clear and easily applicable framework for the development of healthcare web-sites with high usability aimed at specific medical populations.Citation: Peute LW; Knijnenburg SL; Kremer LC; Jaspers MWM. A concise and practical framework for the development and usability evaluation of patient information websites. Appl Clin Inf 2015; 6: 383–399http://dx.doi.org/10.4338/ACI-11-RA-0109
Beginselen van goed toezicht: het onafhankelijkheidsbeginsel
Authors: Aelen Margot 
Published: June 2015

Beginselen van goed toezicht: het onafhankelijkheidsbeginsel
De aanleiding van dit themanummer van het Tijdschrift voor Toezicht – de ontwikkelingen inzake de Nederlandse Zorgautoriteit (NZa) – legt maar weer eens bloot hoe sterk de behoefte is aan beginselen van goed toezicht. De hervorming van de NZa staat echter niet op zichzelf. Het is slechts een van de veel bediscussieerde toezichthouders waarbij door schade en schande wordt geleerd en waarbij wordt gezocht naar een optimale institutionele en materiële vormgeving van het toezicht. In deze bijdrage wordt ingegaan op een aantal fundamentele beginselen die ten grondslag moeten liggen bij een dergelijke vormgeving. In het bijzonder wordt ingegaan op de onafhankelijkheid van toezichthouders. De NZa-casus en de lessen die hiervan kunnen worden geleerd, staan centraal.
Ahenobarbus, L. Domitius (cos. 54
bce
)
Authors: Carlsen Jesper 
Published: June 2015

Abstract

L. Domitius Ahenobarbus (c. 99–48
bce
) belonged to a distinguished and influential Roman noble family. He was the sixth consul (54
bce
) in five generations. For fifteen years he was among the most prominent opponents of Julius Caesar. He was killed in the battle of Pharsalos in 48
bce
.
Ithaca
Authors: Kelder Jorrit M. 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
Ithaca (also Ithaki) is an island in the Ionian Sea. It is traditionally considered as the home of the Homeric hero Odysseus, although some scholars suggest that Homer's Ithaca should be identified with Leukas or (parts of) Kephallenia. Archaeology indicates that the earliest human activity on Ithaca dates back to the Palaeolithic era, while the island flourished in the Mycenaean era.
Osteology
Authors: Barbiera Irene 
Published: June 2015

AbstractOsteology – from the Greekostéon, meaning bone – is the study of human and faunal bones. A branch of anatomy, it is relevant both to forensic anthropology and also, to a greater extent, to disciplines dealing with animal and human history, including zooarchaeology, paleontology, physical anthropology, paleopathology, and archaeology.Bones preserve a range of information: they can tell us a past individual's size, gender, age, and nutritional status, and, because they grow and change during life, they retain traces of various impacts such as illness or activity. They are a kind of bibliography of the deceased and are an invaluable tool for understanding the past. The wide range of methods employed in the field of osteology, and the many questions that can be answered through the analysis of bones, have evolved over the past century.
Honey, Greco‐Roman
Authors: Francis Jane E. 
Published: June 2015

Abstract

Honey was the main sweetener of antiquity, produced in the Greco‐Roman period through beekeeping. It was a valuable commodity used in ritual activities, medicinal treatments, and as a preservative, but was also a major ingredient in many recipes and was added to wine to make
mulsum
. Ancient authors like Varro, Pliny, Columella, and Palladius wrote extensively about the qualities of honeys from different regions; that from Mount Hymettus in Attica was the most highly praised.
Ophites
Authors: Rasimus Tuomas 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
Certain church fathers gave the name “Ophites” to a gnostic Christian group that supposedly worshiped the serpent and advocated a mythology that reinterpreted the events of Genesis 1–3 by assigning a positive role to the serpent and a demonic character to the creator. The Nag Hammadi findings have confirmed some aspects of the mythology, but a close reading of the texts reveals that it was not the serpent itself that was praised, but only its advice to Adam and Eve, which it was able to offer after it had been temporarily possessed by a higher power. Another central feature of the mythology is the doctrine of the seven evil archons (led by Yaldabaoth) whose animal shapes stand in stark contrast to the anthropomorphism of the true, androgynous God, after whose image the archons created humanity. Such Ophite retellings of Genesis form an integral part of a wider, “classic gnostic” mythology, which also includes but is not identical to Sethianism.
Knossos, Greek and Roman
Authors: Antoniadis Vyron 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
Knossos survived the collapse of Aegean civilizations towards the end of the Bronze Age and prospered in the Early Iron Age (eleventh to seventh centuries BCE) by developing strong cultural and commercial links with the Aegean, Cyprus and the Near East. After a decline during the Archaic period (sixth century BCE), Knossos acquired substantial power in the Classical and Hellenistic period (fifth to first centuries BCE) and the city expanded considerably. A few decades after the Roman conquest in 67 BCE Knossos became a Roman colony and continued to be, at least for the first and second centuries CE, one of the most prosperous cities of the island.
Kastrokephala in Crete
Authors: Antoniadis Vyron 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
Kastrokephala in Crete is a fortified site located on a hill above Heraklion bay. From around 1200 to 1150/1130 BCE a small community lived on this hill, protected by a thick wall and high precipices. Archaeological evidence suggests that in this settlement Mycenaean immigrants coexisted with the native population.
Water
Authors: Keenan‐Jones Duncan 
Published: June 2015

AbstractWater's cyclical movement shaped the environment and interacted with human societies in profound ways. Ancient reliance on water for the production of food and fuel meant that too little water could be devastating, as could too much. Hence, human modification of the hydraulic cycle was widespread. As well as for drinking and irrigation, humans intercepted, impounded, or redirected water for the purposes of display, bathing, hygiene, drainage, war, and water power. Water restricted terrestrial movement but enabled navigation, and served important religious and social functions.
Priests and priestesses, ancient Near East
Authors: Taggar‐Cohen Ada 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
In the ancient Near East (Mesopotamia, North Syria, Hatti, and ancient Israel) the terms “priest” and “priestess” referred to individuals as well as groups of male and female professionals whose tasks were to mediate between the world of the gods and that of humans. The priesthood took care of the gods’ needs and ensured their satisfaction, so that in return the gods would guarantee the well‐being and prosperity of humanity. Priests and priestesses were part of the state institutions and the royal economy. They cared for the houses of the gods, celebrated their festivals, and performed the prescribed cult rituals.
Among the issues discussed here are the rulers as priests, the various titles of the priests, their distinction from other cult personnel, their tasks and social standing, priesthood in ancient Israel, the tradition of “sacred marriage,” the debate over cult prostitution, and the iconography of priesthood.
Taxation, Greco‐RomanEgypt
Authors: Langellotti Micaela 
Published: June 2015

Abstract

Taxation in Greco‐Roman Egypt was carried out through a complex system of different fiscal practices, first established in the Ptolemaic period (third century BCE) with the introduction of money taxes and banks. Several changes were made to this taxation system over the centuries, notably in the Roman period (first and second century CE), when a new annual poll tax called
laographia
was imposed on the male adult population and a system of tax collection relying on liturgies was introduced.
Puberty
Authors: Hubbard Thomas K. 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
Ancient sources are fairly uniform in placing the first signs of puberty around age 14. Defining characteristics of pubertal development are menarche in females, the ability to produce semen in males, swelling of breasts and growth of the genitals, secondary hair in the pubic area, armpits, and on the chin and body for males, and changes in voice. Puberty was considered a time of vulnerability to psychic disorders in females, and a time when the young of both sexes needed to be guarded from acquiring bad sexual habits; this did not, however, entail complete abstinence from sexual activity.
Abortion
Authors: Hubbard Thomas K. 
Published: June 2015

Abstract

While abortion was not subject to explicit legal regulation in Greece and Rome until the third century
ce
, it was the object of considerable ethical problematization by Greek and Roman authorities. Abortions were most commonly induced through herbal concoctions taken either orally or as vaginal suppositories; most of these were toxic to the mother as well as the fetus, and were thus dangerous. The Hippocratic Oath was generally considered to ban advice on abortion, and most medical writers are reluctant to recommend it except in cases where the mother's life or health are at risk. Some philosophical texts suggest it was permissible only before the fetus assumed human form and sensation (i.e. about forty days after conception). Abortion was banned in all cases in the Persian Empire, perhaps reflected in the sacred laws of some Greek cities in the east. Hellenistic Jewish and Christian writers condemn abortion strongly.
Al‐Hīra
Authors: Toral‐Niehoff Isabel 
Published: June 2015

Abstract

Al‐Hīra is the name of the capital of the Arab principality of the Lakhmids or Naṣrids (ca. 300 until 602
ce
). Situated at the west bank of the Middle Euphrates, at the fringes of the desert, the city was located in the Roman‐Sasanian frontier zone, and also lay in close proximity to the Arab tribes of the peninsula. Here Christian‐Aramaic, Arabic‐Bedouin, Jewish, and Persian influences interacted and produced a peculiar, multicultural urban symbiosis that drew on neighboring civilizations. Via commerce, missionaries, and the visits of itinerant poets who frequented the kingly court, it is likely that reports about the Iranized and Christianized Arabs of al‐Hīra would have affected the earliest community of Muhammad.