bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
‘Just be Brave’ – The Experiences of Young Witnesses in Criminal Proceedings in Northern Ireland
Authors: Hayes David , Bunting Lisa 
Published: February 2013

The last three decades have witnessed considerable interest in the position of children and young people acting as witnesses in criminal cases and on how best to facilitate them to give their best evidence and minimise the trauma involved. This paper presents the findings of a small‐scale study in Northern Ireland examining the experiences of young witnesses pre‐trial, during the trial and post‐trial. Interviews were carried out with 37 young witnesses and 33 parents, and a questionnaire was completed by 16 volunteers and practitioners working in a local young witness support scheme. The findings indicate that the prospect and actuality of giving evidence in a criminal trial are anxiety‐provoking and stressful for the majority of young witnesses. Particular issues identified are delay, both in terms of cases coming to court and in waiting times at court, the availability of pre‐trial preparation and support, facilities at court buildings and the treatment of young people during cross‐examination by defence lawyers. The paper concludes that there is a continuing need to strive for improvement, and that this necessarily involves reviewing the experiences of young witnesses and seeking their views on measures designed to enable them to give their best evidence. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.‘A small‐scale study in Northern Ireland examining the experiences of young witnesses pre‐trial, during the trial and post‐trial’Key Practitioner Messages

Acting as a witness is a stressful experience for children and, for some, distress can persist post‐trial regardless of the trial outcome.
Delay, both in cases coming to court and waiting times at court, is a significant issue which exacerbates the stress experienced by young witnesses.
Pre‐trial support is highly valued but referrals to witness support schemes need to be made in a timely manner to ensure that young witnesses are appropriately assessed and supported.‘A significant issue which exacerbates the stress experienced by young witnesses’
A Preliminary Test of a Social Information Processing Model of Parenting Risk in Adolescent Males at Risk for Later Physical Child Abuse in Adulthood
Authors: Azar Sandra T. , Okado Yuko , Stevenson Michael T. , Robinson Lara R. 
Published: February 2013

Social information processing (SIP) theory has been useful in understanding male aggression both generally and within intimate relationships. This study examined a SIP model of parenting risk in adolescent males (N = 77) who are not yet parents but have characteristics found in adult men who have physically abused children. Three SIP factors were predicted to play a role in the use of punishment: rigid and inappropriate child expectations (schema), problem‐solving abilities and attributions of negative child intent. The adolescents in this study exhibited SIP difficulties at levels similar to those found in maltreating mothers and mothers at risk for perpetrating child maltreatment. As predicted, those who had more unrealistic expectations gave significantly more irrelevant solutions to child‐rearing problems, made more negative intent attributions and assigned higher levels of punishment when presented with aversive child behaviour scenarios. Testing of the full model using structural equation modeling revealed, as predicted, significant direct paths between two SIP elements (problem‐solving and attributions) and punishment levels assigned to children. An indirect path between expectations and punishment through attributions was also found. History of abuse did not add to the model in this at‐risk sample. Implications of findings for prevention and future directions are discussed. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.‘Three SIP factors were predicted to play a role in the use of punishment’‘Significant direct paths between two SIP elements and punishment levels assigned to children’Key Practitioner Message
The SIP model argues that caregivers who have unrealistic expectations of children show poorer problem‐solving in child‐rearing situations, and make more negative intent attributions to children's behaviour are at greater risk for inadequate and inappropriate parenting, including child maltreatment.
CuO Quantum‐Dot‐Sensitized Mesoporous ZnO for Visible‐Light Photocatalysis
Authors: Liu Yunxin , Shi Jianxin , Peng Qing , Li Yadong 
Published: February 2013

AbstractHow to extend ultraviolet photocatalysts to the visible‐light region is a key challenge for solar‐driven photocatalysis. Herein, we show that ultraviolet ZnO photocatalysts can present high visible‐light photocatalytic activity when combined with CuO quantum dots (QDs; <3 nm). Theoretical analysis demonstrates that the quantum size effect plays a key role in the photoactivity of the CuO/ZnO composite. For CuO QDs smaller than 3 nm, the separated charges could transfer from CuO QDs to the conduction bands of ZnO due to quantum splitting of the CuO energy level and phonon compensation for the difference in the conduction band minimum of CuO and ZnO; however, this process would not occur with the disappearance of the quantum size effect. Further structural analysis demonstrates that interfacial charge separation and transfer between ZnO and CuO dominate the photocatalytic processes instead of a single CuO or ZnO surface. Compared with ZnOnoble metal structures (e.g., ZnOAg or ZnOAu), these ZnOCuO QD composites present wider absorption bands, higher visible photocatalytic efficiencies, and lower costs.
Chiral M3L2 Self‐Assembled Capsules through Metal Coordination of Enantiopure Ligating Benzocyclotrimers: NMR Spectroscopic and ESI Mass Spectrometric Investigation
Authors: Tartaggia Stefano , De Lucchi Ottorino , Gambaro Andrea , Zangrando Roberta , Fabris Fabrizio , Scarso Alessandro 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe synthesis of enantiopure (+)‐benzotricamphor syn‐5, an important chiral C3‐symmetric rigid building block for supramolecular applications, was studied in detail to reduce the number of steps and to increase the diastereoselectivity and overall yield. The new synthetic procedure allowed larger amounts of syn‐5 to be obtained and used for the preparation of new derivatives, such as the corresponding tris‐trifluoromethanesulfonate syn‐12, which was efficiently transformed into (+)‐benzotribornenetrinitrile syn‐1 and (+)‐benzotribornenetris(ethynyl‐4‐pyridine) syn‐2. The previously reported (+)‐benzotricamphortrioxime syn‐6 was transformed into tris‐nitrile syn‐3 by Beckman reaction. Compounds syn‐1–3 were employed as multidentate ligands for silver(I) and platinum(II) centres in apolar solvents. The linear coordination geometry of AgI and square‐planar geometry of cis‐chelated PtII in combination with the chiral tripodal ligands syn‐1–3 led to the formation of chiral enantiopure capsules with M3L2 stoichiometry, as confirmed by 2D NMR NOESY and DOSY experiments as well as ESI mass spectrometry.
Nucleation and Growth of Chrysotile Nanotubes in H2SiO3/MgCl2/NaOH Medium at 90 to 300 °C
Authors: Lafay Romain , Montes‐Hernandez German , Janots Emilie , Chiriac Rodica , Findling Nathaniel , Toche François 
Published: February 2013

AbstractHerein, we report new insights into the nucleation and growth processes of chrysotile nanotubes by using batch and semi‐continuous experiments. For the synthesis of this highly carcinogenic material, the influences of temperature (90, 200, and 300 °C), Si/Mg molar ratio, and reaction time were investigated. From the semi‐continuous experiments (i.e., sampling of the reacting suspension over time) and solid‐state characterization of the collected samples by XRPD, TGA, FTIR spectroscopy, and FESEM, three main reaction steps were identified for chrysotile nucleation and growth at 300 °C: 1) formation of the proto‐serpentine precursor within the first 2 h of the reaction, accompanied by the formation of brucite and residual silica gel; 2) spontaneous nucleation and growth of chrysotile between about 3 and 8 h reaction time, through a progressive dissolution of the proto‐serpentine, brucite, and residual silica gel; and 3) Ostwald ripening growth of chrysotile from 8 to 30 h reaction time, as attested to by BET and FESEM measurements. Complementary results from batch experiments confirmed a significant influence of the reaction temperature on the kinetics of chrysotile formation. However, FESEM observations revealed some formation of chrysotile nanotubes at low temperatures (90 °C) after 14 days of reaction. Finally, doubling the Si/Mg molar ratio promoted the precipitation of pure smectite (stevensite‐type) under the same P (8.2 MPa)/T (300 °C)/pH (13.5) conditions.
Multifunctional Co3S4/Graphene Composites for Lithium Ion Batteries and Oxygen Reduction Reaction
Authors: Mahmood Nasir , Zhang Chenzhen , Jiang Jie , Liu Fei , Hou Yanglong 
Published: February 2013

AbstractCobalt sulfide is a good candidate for both lithium ion batteries (LIBs) and cathodic oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), but low conductivity, poor cyclability, capacity fading, and structural changes hinder its applications. The incorporation of graphene into Co3S4 makes it a promising electrode by providing better electrochemical coupling, enhanced conductivity, fast mobility of ions and electrons, and a stabilized structure due to its elastic nature. With the objective of achieving high‐performance composites, herein we report a facile hydrothermal process for growing Co3S4 nanotubes (NTs) on graphene (G) sheets. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) verified that graphene dramatically increases the conductivity of the composites to almost twice that of pristine Co3S4. Electrochemical measurements indicated that the as‐synthesized Co3S4/G composites exhibit good cyclic stability and a high discharge capacity of 720 mA h g−1 up to 100 cycles with 99.9 % coulombic efficiency. Furthermore, the composites react with dissolved oxygen in the ORR by four‐ and two‐electron mechanisms in both acidic and basic media with an onset potential close to that of commercial Pt/C. The stability of the composites is much higher than that of Pt/C, and exhibit high methanol tolerance. Thus, these properties endorse Co3S4/G composites as auspicious candidates for both LIBs and ORR.
A Soluble Phosphorus‐Centered Keggin Polyoxoniobate with Bicapping Vanadyl Groups
Authors: Son Jung‐Ho , Ohlin C. André , Johnson Rene L. , Yu Ping , Casey William H. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractA water‐soluble tetramethylammonium (TMA) salt of a novel Keggin‐type polyoxoniobate has been isolated as TMA9[PV2Nb12O42]⋅19H2O (1). This species contains a central phosphorus site and two capping vanadyl sites. Previously only a single example of a phosphorus‐containing polyoxoniobate, [(PO2)3PNb9O34]15−, was known, which is a lacunary Keggin ion decorated with three PO2 units. However, that cluster was isolated as an insoluble structure consisting of chains linked by sodium counterions. In contrast, the [PV2Nb12O42]9− cluster in 1 is stable over a wide pH range, as evident by 31P and 51V NMR, UV/Vis spectroscopy, and ESI‐MS spectrometry. The ease of substitution of phosphate into the central tetrahedral position suggests that other oxoanions can be similarly substituted, promising a richer set of structures in this class.
Simultaneous Voltammetric Determination of Captopril and Hydrochlorothiazide on a Graphene/Ferrocene Composite Carbon Paste Electrode
Authors: Gholivand Mohammad Bagher , Khodadadian Mehdi 
Published: February 2013

AbstractIn this work, a voltammetric method has been developed for the simultaneous determination of captopril (CPT) and hydrochlorothiazide (HCT) in pharmaceutical combinations and clinical samples using a graphene/ferrocene composite carbon paste (GR/Fc/CP) electrode. The electrochemical behaviors of CPT and HCT were individually and simultaneously investigated at the surface of the GR/Fc/CP electrode. In differential pulse voltammetric (DPV) mode and under optimized experimental conditions, CPT and HCT gave linear responses over the concentration ranges 1.0–430 µM and 0.5–390 µM (r2>0.99), respectively. The prepared electrode could be used for simultaneous determination of CPT and HCT in some real samples.
Statistical Optimization of Process Variables for Methane Conversion over Zn‐Mo/H‐ZSM‐5 Catalysts in the Presence of Methanol
Authors: Majhi Sachchit , Mohanty Pravakar , Dalai Ajay K. , Pant Kamal K. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe direct conversion of methane to higher hydrocarbons is considered as one of the most promising methods to produce liquid fuels. Different percentages of Zn loaded on zeolitic 5 % Mo/H‐ZSM‐5 catalysts were prepared by using a conventional impregnation method; these catalysts were used to convert methane into a range of liquid hydrocarbon fuels in the presence of methanol. The catalysts were characterized by using Brunauer–Emmett–Teller surface area, temperature‐programmed reduction, temperature‐programmed desorption, SEM‐energy dispersive X‐ray, and XRD analysis. Response surface methodology was used to optimize the process variables for the conversion of methane into liquid hydrocarbon fuels. The catalytic activity tests were carried out in a fixed‐bed microreactor and methanol was used as a co‐reactant to activate the methane molecules. Central composite experimental design was used to study the effects of each variable on methane conversion. Analysis of variance indicated a high coefficient of determination value (R2=0.96), and a satisfactory prediction for a second‐order regression model was developed. The optimum methane conversion (30.7 %) was obtained with flow rates of 1500 and 1.25 mL h−1 for methane and methanol, respectively, over a 3 % Zn‐Mo/H‐ZSM‐5 catalyst. The major reaction products were ethane, ethylene, C4+ aliphatic hydrocarbons, and aromatic hydrocarbons. Kinetic studies were also performed for methane conversion using a power law model; the activation energy for the reaction was 61.6 kJ mol−1.
Prediction of silicate melt viscosity from electrical conductivity: A model and its geophysical implications
Authors: Pommier Anne , Evans Rob L. , Key Kerry , Tyburczy James A. , Mackwell Stephen , Elsenbeck Jimmy 
Published: February 2013

AbstractOur knowledge of magma dynamics would be improved if geophysical data could be used to infer rheological constraints in melt‐bearing zones. Geophysical images of the Earth's interior provide frozen snapshots of a dynamical system. However, knowledge of a rheological parameter such as viscosity would constrain the time‐dependent dynamics of melt bearing zones. We propose a model that relates melt viscosity to electrical conductivity for naturally occurring melt compositions (including H2O) and temperature. Based on laboratory measurements of melt conductivity and viscosity, our model provides a rheological dimension to the interpretation of electromagnetic anomalies caused by melt and partially molten rocks (melt fraction ~ >0.7).
Termination of a 6 year ridge‐spreading event observed using a seafloor seismic network on the Endeavour Segment, Juan de Fuca Ridge
Authors: Weekly Robert T. , Wilcock William S. D. , Hooft Emilie E. E. , Toomey Douglas R. , McGill Paul R. , Stakes Debra S. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractWe present automatically determined epicenters and magnitudes for 36,523 earthquakes recorded along the Endeavour segment between August 2003 and October 2006 using a local ocean‐bottom seismometer (OBS) network. The catalog is dominated by two swarm sequences in January and February 2005 in the vicinity of the Endeavour overlapping spreading center, which included earthquakes in West Valley, the northern portion of the Endeavour segment, southwest Endeavour Valley, and the Endeavour vent fields. These swarms are attributed to volcanism including a dike intrusion on the northern Endeavour in February 2005 and smaller diking events on the propagating tip of the West Valley segment in both swarms. The dike on the northern Endeavour propagated to the south, which is inconsistent with magma sourced from the axial magma chamber beneath the elevated central portion of the segment. Following the swarms, seismic activity on the Endeavour segment decreased on average to ~15% of pre‐swarm values and almost ceased at the segment ends. We infer that a 6 year non‐eruptive event that started with a swarm in 1999 and finished with the 2005 swarms ruptured the entire segment and relieved plate‐spreading stresses. The inferred coupling between the 1999 and 2005 events, the observation of extensive precursory activity prior to the 2005 swarms, and the interaction between seismically active regions during the swarms is consistent with static triggering with delays influenced by viscoelastic relaxation, hydraulic diffusion, and magma withdrawal and replenishment.
New insights into the 2012 Emilia (Italy) seismic sequence through advanced numerical modeling of ground deformation InSAR measurements
Authors: Tizzani P. , Castaldo R. , Solaro G. , Pepe S. , Bonano M. , Casu F. , Manunta M. , Manzo M. , Pepe A. , Samsonov S. , Lanari R. , Sansosti E. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractWe provide new insights into the two main seismic events that occurred in 2012 in the Emilia region, Italy. We extend the results from previous studies based on analytical inversion modeling of GPS and RADARSAT‐1 InSAR measurements by exploiting RADARSAT‐2 data. Moreover, we benefit from the available large amount of geological and geophysical information through finite element method (FEM) modeling implemented in a structural‐mechanical context to investigate the impact of known buried structures on the modulation of the ground deformation field. We find that the displacement pattern associated with the 20 May event is consistent with the activation of a single fault segment of the inner Ferrara thrust, in good agreement with the analytical solution. In contrast, the interpretation of the 29 May episode requires the activation of three different fault segments and a block roto‐translation of the Mirandola anticline. The proposed FEM‐based methodology is applicable to other seismic areas where the complexity of buried structures is known and plays a fundamental role in the modulation of the associated surface deformation pattern.
Orbital radar, imagery, and atmospheric modeling reveal an aeolian origin for Abalos Mensa, Mars
Authors: Brothers T. C. , Holt J. W. , Spiga A. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractIcy deposits surrounding Planum Boreum, Mars, contain crucial information for deciphering paleoclimate and past geologic processes at the martian north pole. One such deposit, Abalos Mensa, is an enigmatic wedge of material located near the ~ 1 km high Rupes Tenuis. Its unique location and lobate morphology have fostered formation hypotheses that assume either fluvial or aeolian erosion of a once‐larger ice deposit. The aeolian scenario posed previously requires impact shielding of ancient basal unit material to provide an erosional remnant which seeds later deposition, while the fluvial hypotheses invoke cryovolcanism beneath the younger north polar layered deposits (NPLD) and associated outflow to erode the adjacent chasmata. Here we combine newly available radar sounding data, high‐resolution imagery, digital elevation models, and atmospheric modeling to examine internal structure and infer both the mechanisms for, and timing of, Abalos Mensa formation. From this integrative approach, we conclude that Abalos Mensa formed as a distinct feature via atmospheric deposition following erosion of Rupes Tenuis and grew concurrently with the rest of Planum Boreum as the NPLD accumulated. The required processes are consistent with those observed today: no exotic phenomena (cryovolcanism, fluvial activity, or impact shielding) appear necessary to explain the formation of Abalos Mensa.
FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS AND TREATMENT OF PROBLEM BEHAVIOR IN EARLY EDUCATION CLASSROOMS
Authors: Greer Brian D. , Neidert Pamela L. , Dozier Claudia L. , Payne Steven W. , Zonneveld Kimberley L. M. , Harper Amy M. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractWe conducted functional analyses (FA) with 4 typically developing preschool children during ongoing classroom activities and evaluated treatments that were based on FA results. Results of each child's FA suggested social‐positive reinforcement functions, and differential reinforcement of alternative behavior plus time‐out was effective in decreasing problem behavior and increasing appropriate behavior. We discuss the utility of classroom‐based FAs and potential compromises to experimental control.
U6 promoter‐enhanced GlnUAG suppressor tRNA has higher suppression efficacy and can be stably expressed in 293 cells
Authors: Koukuntla Ramesh , Ramsey William J. , Young Won‐Bin , Link Charles J. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractBackgroundAlmost one‐third of all human genetic diseases are the result of nonsense mutations that can result in truncated proteins. Nonsense suppressor tRNAs (NSTs) were proposed as valuable tools for gene therapy of genetic diseases caused by premature termination codons (PTCs). Although various strategies have been adapted aiming to increase NST expression and efficacy, low suppression efficacies of NSTs and toxicity associated with stable expression of suppressor tRNAs have hampered the development of NST‐mediated gene therapy.MethodsWe have employed the U6 promoter to enhance Gln‐Amber suppressor tRNA (GlnUAG) expression and to increase PTC suppression in mammalian cells. In an attempt to study the toxic effects of NSTs, a stable 293 cell line constitutively expressing a U6 promoter‐enhanced GlnUAG tRNA was established. To examine whether any proteomic changes occurred in cells that constitutively express suppressor tRNA, whole cell proteins from cells with and without any suppressor tRNA expression were analyzed.ResultsThe data obtained suggest that U6 promoter‐enhanced GlnUAG tRNAs have higher suppression efficacies than multimers of the same suppressor tRNA without a U6 promoter. Proteomic analysis of cells constitutively expressing the GlnUAG suppressor tRNA indicates that stable expression of NSTs may not lead to significant read through of normal cellular proteins.ConclusionsBecause most tRNAs have cell‐specific differential expression, this technique will enable the expression of different kinds of suppressor tRNAs in various cell types at high, functionally relevant levels. The techniques developed in the present study may contribute to the further development of suppressor tRNA‐mediated gene therapy. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.