bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Transition patterns across an evergreen–deciduous broad‐leaved forest ecotone: the effect of topographies
Authors: Song Kun , Kohyama Takashi S. , Da Liang Jun 
Published: January 2014

AbstractQuestionTopography has distinct effects on local‐scale vegetation distribution by creating heterogeneous habitats. In ecotones, which are sensitive to environmental variation, this effect on vegetation differentiation may be magnified at a regional scale. Here, we evaluate vegetation transition patterns across an evergreen–deciduous broad‐leaved forest ecotone (EDF ecotone) in eastern China, to investigate whether the transition pattern differs between two topographic positions with different habitats, and identify underlying environmental mechanisms driving variation in species‐ and trait‐based community structure.LocationAnhui Province, China.MethodsAcross an EDF ecotone, community data were collected in 47 20 × 20‐m plots situated on upper and lower hill slopes. Trait‐based community structure was constructed based on seven functional traits and weighted by species abundance. Environmental variables were grouped into three categories: thermal conditions, water availability and edaphic variables. Trends in species richness and dominance along latitude were evaluated for both evergreen broad‐leaved species (EBT) and deciduous broad‐leaved species (DBT). Variation partitioning analysis was used to distinguish the roles of the three environmental variables in determining transition patterns within the two topographies.ResultsFor both EBT and DBT, species richness showed similar transition patterns along the latitudinal gradient on both the upper and the lower slope. However, species dominance changed more abruptly on the upper than on the lower slope. Compared with edaphic variables, both thermal conditions and water availability had a larger impact on transitions across the EDF ecotone, but their relative roles differed between the upper and the lower slopes. Thermal conditions primarily explained the variation in species‐ and trait‐based community structure on the upper slope, while water availability primarily explained variation on the lower slope.ConclusionsOur results suggest different roles of thermal conditions and water availability in determining transition patterns between the two topographies. Evergreen Castanopsis trees, having less cold tolerance, make transitions on the upper slope more sensitive to thermal conditions. Cyclobalanopsis trees, which prefer wet habitats, make the transition on the lower slope more sensitive to water availability. Based on the present findings, we predict that the EDF ecotone will become narrower and there will be a sharper boundary between the evergreen and deciduous broad‐leaved forests of eastern China under warmer and drier climate conditions.
A Stock Flow Consistent Analysis of a Schumpeterian Innovation Economy
Authors: Caiani Alessandro , Godin Antoine , Lucarelli Stefano 
Published: January 2014

AbstractSchumpeter argued that boom and bust cycles are inherent to the rise of innovation and constitute an unavoidable consequence of the way the capitalist system reacts to the emergence of a wave of innovations. This contribution aims to describe Schumpeterian economic development in a ‘monetary theory of production’ framework, emphasizing the crucial role played by credit creation, conceived as ‘the monetary complement’ of innovation. By adopting a stock flow consistent analytical approach, we analyze both the structural change process triggered in the real economy by the emergence of innovation, and the monetary dynamics arising during the various stages of the development process.
Biochemical effects of salinity on oxygen isotope fractionation during cellulose synthesis
Authors: Ellsworth Patricia V. , Sternberg Leonel S. L. 
Published: January 2014

Summary

The current isotope tree ring model assumes that 42% of the sucrose oxygen exchanges with stem water during cellulose synthesis and that the oxygen isotope biochemical fractionation is c. 27‰. However, previous studies have indicated that this model can overestimate the cellulose oxygen isotope ratio of plants under salinity or water stress. Saline stress increases soluble carbohydrates and osmolytes, which can alter exchange and biochemical fractionation during cellulose synthesis.

To test the effect of salinity as well as the synthesis of osmolytes on exchange and biochemical fractionation, we grew wild‐type and a transgenic mannitol synthesizer Arabidopsis thaliana hydroponically with fresh and saline water. We then measured the oxygen isotope ratios of leaf water, stem water and stem cellulose to determine the effects on exchange and biochemical fractionation.

Biochemical fractionation did not change, but oxygen isotope exchange was twice as high for plants grown in saline water relative to freshwater‐treated plants (0.64 and 0.3, respectively). Mannitol (osmolyte) synthesis did not affect exchange or biochemical fractionation regardless of salinity.

Increases in salinity increased oxygen isotope exchange during cellulose synthesis, which may explain the overestimation of cellulose δ18O values under saline conditions.
Assessment of Atrioventricular Conduction Following Cryoablation of Atrioventricular Nodal Reentrant Tachycardia in Children
Authors: KIPLAPINAR NESLIHAN , ERGUL YAKUP , AKDENIZ CELAL , SAYGI MURAT , OZYILMAZ ISA , GUL ENES E. , TUZCU VOLKAN 
Published: January 2014

BackgroundEarly‐onset transient atrioventricular block (AVB) is a rare occurrence following cryoablation of atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT), despite lack of any AVB at the end of the procedure. The purpose of this prospective study was to assess AVB shortly after successful cryoablation of AVNRT in children.MethodsA 6‐mm‐tip cryocatheter was used in 39 procedures. An 8‐mm‐tip catheter was used in 11 procedures. Twelve‐lead electrocardiograms (ECGs) and 24‐hour ambulatory ECGs were performed 24 hours prior to the procedure and immediately following the procedure. All procedures were done using the EnSite system (St. Jude Medical, St. Paul, MN, USA) without fluoroscopy.ResultsAlthough nine (18%) patients developed variable degrees of transient AVB during the procedure, all of them had normal atrioventricular (AV) conduction at the end of the procedure and did not require any intervention. Four of these patients had variable degrees of transient AVB following the procedure despite having normal AV conduction at the end of the procedure. One developed Mobitz type I AVB, which lasted for 11.5 hours, and the other three experienced 2:1 AVB, which lasted for 2, 8, and 24 hours, respectively. All patients had complete resolution of the AVB, which was also documented with the 24‐hour ambulatory ECGs after the procedure.ConclusionEarly transient AVB can develop following AVNRT cryoablation even if AV conduction is normal at the end of the procedure. Despite the transient AVB in the initial 24 hours after the procedure in some cases, there is no evidence for ongoing AV nodal dysfunction.
Hunger and thirst numeric rating scales are not valid estimates for gastric content volumes: a prospective investigation in healthy children
Authors: Buehrer Sabin , Hanke Ursula , Klaghofer Richard , Fruehauf Melanie , Weiss Markus , Schmitz Achim 
Published: January 2014

AbstractAimA rating scale for thirst and hunger was evaluated as a noninvasive, simple and commonly available tool to estimate preanesthetic gastric volume, a surrogate parameter for the risk of perioperative pulmonary aspiration, in healthy volunteer school age children.MethodNumeric scales with scores from 0 to 10 combined with smileys to rate thirst and hunger were analyzed and compared with residual gastric volumes as measured by magnetic resonance imaging and fasting times in three settings: before and for 2 h after drinking clear fluid (group A, 7 ml/kg), before and for 4 vs 6 h after a light breakfast followed by clear fluid (7 ml/kg) after 2 vs 4 h (crossover, group B), and before and for 1 h after drinking clear fluid (crossover, group C, 7 vs 3 ml/kg).ResultsIn 30 children aged 6.4–12.8 (median 9.8) years, participating on 1–5 (median two) study days, 496 sets of scores and gastric volumes were determined. Large inter‐ and intra‐individual variations were seen at baseline and in response to fluid and food intake. Significant correlations were found between hunger and thirst ratings in all groups, with children generally being more hungry than thirsty. Correlations between scores and duration of fasting or gastric residual volumes were poor to moderate. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis revealed that thirst and hunger rating scales cannot predict gastric content.ConclusionHunger and thirst scores vary considerably inter‐ and intra‐individually and cannot predict gastric volume, nor do they correlate with fasting times in school age children.
Accuracy of manual palpation vs ultrasound for identifying the L3–L4 intervertebral space level in children
Authors: Hayes Jason , Borges Bruno , Armstrong Derek , Srinivasan Ilavajady 
Published: January 2014

SummaryBackgroundInsertion of needles into the spinal or epidural space is an important component of modern anesthetic practice. Needles are usually inserted at or below the L3–L4 intervertebral space to minimize the risk of spinal cord injury. Manual palpation is the most common method for identifying intervertebral spaces. However, anesthesiologists are increasingly using ultrasonography to guide the placement of regional, including neuraxial, anesthetic, and analgesic blocks. We undertook an observational study to compare the accuracy of manual palpation and ultrasound for determining the L3–L4 intervertebral space level.MethodsThirty children 0–12 years of age undergoing lumbar puncture were enrolled. For each subject, an anesthesiologist, using the landmark palpation method, determined the point on a radio‐opaque ruler that corresponded to the L3–L4 intervertebral space. A different anesthesiologist using the ultrasound method repeated this measurement. Fluoroscopy was then used to confirm the accuracy of each technique. The proportion of inaccurate measurements and the effects of anesthesiologists’ experience, patient age, and size on the accuracy of each technique were compared.ResultsThirty‐seven percent of measurements by the landmark palpation method were inaccurate by ≥1 levels cephalad to the L3–L4 intervertebral space. However, less experienced anesthesiologists (residents and fellows) made a disproportionate number of inaccurate measurements compared to consultants. Twenty‐three percent of measurements by the ultrasound method were inaccurate by ≥1 cephalad levels. The BMI‐for‐age percentile/weight‐for‐length percentile was higher in patients in whom either technique was inaccurate.ConclusionThis observational study found no difference in the accuracy of landmark palpation, when performed by a consultant anesthesiologist, and ultrasound for determining the L3–L4 intervertebral space in children.
Clarifying Criminological and Social Psychological Theory: A Second Look at the Relationship between Injustice and General Strain Theory
Authors: Scheuerman Heather L. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractResearch in social psychology and criminology reveals a great deal of overlap when explaining the relationship between injustice and criminal or deviant behavior. The organizational justice literature examines how the major forms of justice (distributive, procedural, and interactional) combine and interact to influence criminal or deviant behaviors in the workplace. While general strain theory (GST) recognizes that injustice is an aspect of strain that fosters criminal coping in multiple contexts, it does not detail the additive and interactive effects that these types of injustice may have on crime. Nevertheless, GST can provide a useful theoretical lens for understanding how injustice facilitates criminal behavior. This article provides an overview of major findings regarding the relationship between injustice and crime according to a GST framework, concluding with a discussion of new directions for future research.
The Great Divide: Black Fraternal Ideals and Reality
Authors: Parks Gregory S. , Hughey Matthew W. , Cohen Rodney T. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractBlack Greek‐letter fraternities (herein after “BGLFs”) are unique and complex organizations with a rich history. Holding the ideals of high academic achievement, developing and sustaining fictive‐kinship ties, maintaining strong racial and gender identity, implementing a racial uplift agenda, and demonstrating a commitment to the perpetuity of their organizations together define BGLF members. Drawing upon the growing corpus of Black fraternity scholarship, this article first investigates the extent to which Black fraternities have remained faithful to these founding ideals. Second, it explores the ways in which Black fraternities articulate fidelity to these founding precepts. Third, it assesses the degree to which Black fraternities are currently consistent with these foundational ideals. And fourth, it examines the future of Black, collegiate‐based fraternalism in specific to contemporary challenges to BGLF's function and even existence, especially in regard to hazing. Broader implications, specifically in the legal realm, are discussed.
The Consequences of Interpersonal Rewards
Authors: Harkness Sarah 
Published: January 2014

AbstractMany interpersonal processes impact social inequality, with social status and rewards playing a key role in its creation and form. In everyday interaction, people are defined not only by their categorical and/or achieved statuses, such as their gender and educational backgrounds, but also by their awards and possessions. These distinctions work together to create an understanding of who people are, what kinds of behaviors can be expected of them, how valuable their contributions should be, and the like. These expectations undergird individuals' shared and accepted social reality, with many using status and reward distinctions as shorthand for assessments of competence and worth. Questions therefore arise as to how individuals are affected by the configuration of valuable resources in their environment, namely how rewards are normatively distributed between and within social groups. Can rewards create new status groups? Can the perpetuation of inequalities based on status distinctions be impeded through the use of reward‐based interventions? I discuss the extant literature related to these topics and call for future research to more fully explore how rewards are implicated in processes of social inequality.
Total protein measurement in canine cerebrospinal fluid: agreement between a turbidimetric assay and 2 dye‐binding methods and determination of reference intervals using an indirect a posteriori method
Authors: Riond B. , Steffen F. , Schmied O. , Hofmann‐Lehmann R. , Lutz H. 
Published: January 2014

BackgroundIn veterinary clinical laboratories, qualitative tests for total protein measurement in canine cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) have been replaced by quantitative methods, which can be divided into dye‐binding assays and turbidimetric methods. There is a lack of validation data and reference intervals (RIs) for these assays.ObjectivesThe aim of the present study was to assess agreement between the turbidimetric benzethonium chloride method and 2 dye‐binding methods (Pyrogallol Red‐Molybdate method [PRM], Coomassie Brilliant Blue [CBB] technique) for measurement of total protein concentration in canineCSF. Furthermore,RIs were determined for all 3 methods using an indirect a posteriori method.MethodsFor assay comparison, a total of 118 canineCSFspecimens were analyzed. ForRIs calculation, clinical records of 401 canine patients with normalCSFanalysis were studied and classified according to their final diagnosis in pathologic and nonpathologic values.ResultsThe turbidimetric assay showed excellent agreement with thePRMassay (mean bias 0.003 g/L [−0.26–0.27]). TheCBBmethod generally showed higher total protein values than the turbidimetric assay and thePRMassay (mean bias −0.14 g/L for turbidimetric andPRMassay). From 90 of 401 canine patients, nonparametric reference intervals (2.5%, 97.5% quantile) were calculated (turbidimetric assay andPRMmethod: 0.08–0.35 g/L (90%CI: 0.07–0.08/0.33–0.39);CBBmethod: 0.17–0.55g/L (90%CI: 0.16–0.18/0.52–0.61). Total protein concentration in canineCSFspecimens remained stable for up to 6 months of storage at −80°C.ConclusionsDue to variations among methods,RIs for total protein concentration in canineCSFhave to be calculated for each method. The a posteriori method ofRIscalculation described here should encourage other veterinary laboratories to establishRIsthat are laboratory‐specific.
New Chemical Scaffolds for Human African Trypanosomiasis Lead Discovery from a Screen of Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor Drugs
Authors: Behera Ranjan , Thomas Sarah M. , Mensa-Wilmot Kojo 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACT

Human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) is caused by the protozoan
Trypanosoma brucei
. New drugs are needed to treat HAT because of undesirable side effects and difficulties in the administration of the antiquated drugs that are currently used. In human proliferative diseases, protein tyrosine kinase (PTK) inhibitors (PTKIs) have been developed into drugs (e.g., lapatinib and erlotinib) by optimization of a 4-anilinoquinazoline scaffold. Two sets of facts raise a possibility that drugs targeted against human PTKs could be “hits” for antitrypanosomal lead discoveries. First, trypanosome protein kinases bind some drugs, namely, lapatinib, CI-1033, and AEE788. Second, the pan-PTK inhibitor tyrphostin A47 blocks the endocytosis of transferrin and inhibits trypanosome replication. Following up on these concepts, we performed a focused screen of various PTKI drugs as possible antitrypanosomal hits. Lapatinib, CI-1033, erlotinib, axitinib, sunitinib, PKI-166, and AEE788 inhibited the replication of bloodstream
T. brucei
, with a 50% growth inhibitory concentration (GI
50
) between 1.3 μM and 2.5 μM. Imatinib had no effect (i.e., GI
50
> 10 μM). To discover leads among the drugs, a mouse model of HAT was used in a proof-of-concept study. Orally administered lapatinib reduced parasitemia, extended the survival of all treated mice, and cured the trypanosomal infection in 25% of the mice. CI-1033 and AEE788 reduced parasitemia and extended the survival of the infected mice. On the strength of these data and noting their oral bioavailabilities, we propose that the 4-anilinoquinazoline and pyrrolopyrimidine scaffolds of lapatinib, CI-1033, and AEE788 are worth optimizing against
T. brucei
in medicinal chemistry campaigns (i.e., scaffold repurposing) to discover new drugs against HAT.
Sensitive Deep-Sequencing-Based HIV-1 Genotyping Assay To Simultaneously Determine Susceptibility to Protease, Reverse Transcriptase, Integrase, and Maturation Inhibitors, as Well as HIV-1 Coreceptor Tropism
Authors: Gibson Richard M. , Meyer Ashley M. , Winner Dane , Archer John , Feyertag Felix , Ruiz-Mateos Ezequiel , Leal Manuel , Robertson David L. , Schmotzer Christine L. , Quiñones-Mateu Miguel E. 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACTWith 29 individual antiretroviral drugs available from six classes that are approved for the treatment of HIV-1 infection, a combination of different phenotypic and genotypic tests is currently needed to monitor HIV-infected individuals. In this study, we developed a novel HIV-1 genotypic assay based on deep sequencing (DeepGen HIV) to simultaneously assess HIV-1 susceptibilities to all drugs targeting the three viral enzymes and to predict HIV-1 coreceptor tropism. Patient-derivedgag-p2/NCp7/p1/p6/pol-PR/RT/IN- andenv-C2V3 PCR products were sequenced using the Ion Torrent Personal Genome Machine. Reads spanning the 3′ end of the Gag, protease (PR), reverse transcriptase (RT), integrase (IN), and V3 regions were extracted, truncated, translated, and assembled for genotype and HIV-1 coreceptor tropism determination. DeepGen HIV consistently detected both minority drug-resistant viruses and non-R5 HIV-1 variants from clinical specimens with viral loads of ≥1,000 copies/ml and from B and non-B subtypes. Additional mutations associated with resistance to PR, RT, and IN inhibitors, previously undetected by standard (Sanger) population sequencing, were reliably identified at frequencies as low as 1%. DeepGen HIV results correlated with phenotypic (original Trofile, 92%; enhanced-sensitivity Trofile assay [ESTA], 80%; TROCAI, 81%; and VeriTrop, 80%) and genotypic (population sequencing/Geno2Pheno with a 10% false-positive rate [FPR], 84%) HIV-1 tropism test results. DeepGen HIV (83%) and Trofile (85%) showed similar concordances with the clinical response following an 8-day course of maraviroc monotherapy (MCT). In summary, this novel all-inclusive HIV-1 genotypic and coreceptor tropism assay, based on deep sequencing of the PR, RT, IN, and V3 regions, permits simultaneous multiplex detection of low-level drug-resistant and/or non-R5 viruses in up to 96 clinical samples. This comprehensive test, the first of its class, will be instrumental in the development of new antiretroviral drugs and, more importantly, will aid in the treatment and management of HIV-infected individuals.
Population-based cohort study of warfarin-treated patients with atrial fibrillation: incidence of cardiovascular and bleeding outcomes
Authors: Gallagher Arlene M , van Staa Tjeerd P , Murray-Thomas Tarita , Schoof Nils , Clemens Andreas , Ackermann Diana , Bartels Dorothee B 
Published: January 2014

ObjectivesAtrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common cardiac rhythm disorder with a significant health burden. The aim of this study was to characterise patients with recently diagnosed AF and to estimate the rates of comorbidities and outcome events requiring hospitalisation in routine clinical practice.DesignPharmacoepidemiological cohort study using observational data.Methods/settingThis study included 16 513 patients with a first diagnosis of AF between 1 January 2005 and 28 February 2010 (newly diagnosed patients) using data from the UK Clinical Practice Research Datalink (CPRD) linked to Hospital Episode Statistics (HES) and the Office for National Statistics mortality data. Exposure was stratified by vitamin K antagonist (VKA) exposure (non-use, current, recent and past exposure) based on prescriptions and/or international normalised ratio measurements, and followed for outcome events of interest based on diagnosis codes in the databases, that is, vascular outcomes, bleeding events and others. The main focus of the study was on outcome events requiring hospitalisation using the HES data.ResultsThe incidence of vascular outcome hospitalisations (myocardial infarction (MI), stroke or systemic arterial peripheral embolism) was 3.8 (95% CI 3.5 to 4.0)/100 patient-years. The incidence of stroke was 0.9 (0.8 to 1.1) during current VKA exposure, 2.2 (1.6 to 2.9) for recent, 2.4 (1.9 to 2.9) for past and 3.4 (3.1 to 3.7) during non-use. MI incidence was 0.7 (0.6 to 0.9) for current VKA exposure, 0.7 (0.4 to 1.2) for recent, 1.1 (0.8 to 1.5) for past and 1.9 (1.7 to 2.1) during non-use. The incidence of bleeding event hospitalisations was 3.8 (3.4 to 4.2) for current VKA exposure, 4.5 (3.7 to 5.5) for recent, 2.7 (2.2 to 3.3) for past and 2.9 (2.6 to 3.2) during non-use; 38% of intracranial bleeds and 6% of gastrointestinal bleeds were fatal.ConclusionsThis population-based study from recent years provides a comprehensive characterisation of newly diagnosed patients with AF and incidence estimates of common outcomes with a focus on hospitalised events stratified by VKA exposure. This study will help to place future data on new oral anticoagulants into perspective.