bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Neurobiology meets genomic science: The promise of human-induced pluripotent stem cells
Authors: Stevens Hanna E. , Mariani Jessica , Coppola Gianfilippo , Vaccarino Flora M. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractThe recent introduction of the induced pluripotent stem cell technology has made possible the derivation of neuronal cells from somatic cells obtained from human individuals. This in turn has opened new areas of investigation that can potentially bridge the gap between neuroscience and psychopathology. For the first time we can study the cell biology and genetics of neurons derived from any individual. Furthermore, by recapitulating in vitro the developmental steps whereby stem cells give rise to neuronal cells, we can now hope to understand factors that control typical and atypical development. We can begin to explore how human genes and their variants are transcribed into messenger RNAs within developing neurons and how these gene transcripts control the biology of developing cells. Thus, human-induced pluripotent stem cells have the potential to uncover not only what aspects of development are uniquely human but also variations in the series of events necessary for normal human brain development that predispose to psychopathology.
Ultrastructural and Biochemical Alterations in Rats Exposed to Crude Extract of Carex baccans and Potentilla fulgens
Authors: Roy Bishnupada , Giri Bikash Ranjan , Chetia Mitali , Swargiary Ananta 
Published: October 2012

AbstractThe use of plants as a source of medicine is an important component of the health care system in rural India. Carex baccans (Cyperaceae) and Potentilla fulgens (Rosaceae) have been known since ancient times in northeast India for their antitumor, antidiabetic, and antihelmintic properties. The present study was designed to determine the subacute toxicity profile of the root tuber extract of C. baccans and root-peel extract of P. fulgens in Wistar rats. The subacute oral toxicity was conducted using sublethal doses of 40, 50, 100, 150, 200, and 400 mgkg−1 body weights. Surface topographical and ultrastructural observations of liver and intestinal microvilli showed remarkable deformation and disruption, accompanied by quantitative changes in the liver enzymes, i.e., aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase in comparison to those of the control group. Apoptotic cell death was observed in the liver cells of rats exposed to both of the plant extracts. A significant increase in splenic lymphocyte count was also observed in rats exposed to the highest concentration of both extracts. The results showed that consumption of the plant extracts at higher doses may cause toxicological effect if treatment continues for a long time.
A three‐dimensional seismic wave speed model in southwestern Japan from combined use of waveform modeling and travel‐time tomography
Authors: Hayashida Takumi , Tajima Fumiko , Nakajima Junichi , Mori Jim 
Published: October 2012

Recent three‐dimensional (3‐D) travel‐time tomographic models of southwestern (SW) Japan image the subducting Philippine Sea plate (PHSP) and low velocity anomalies with long‐wavelength spatial resolution. However, the agreement between the synthetics calculated with the existing 3‐D model and data is not satisfactory forsP and S waves in the higher frequency range (≥0.2 Hz). The unsatisfactory agreement can be attributed to the parameters of the initial wave speed model for the tomographic inversion, as well as the difficulty in detecting S‐wave travel times accurately. In order to improve the wave speed model, we first constructed a 3‐D reference model by forward modeling using waveform data from an intraslab earthquake and then performed repeated travel‐time inversions using the 3‐D reference model as the initial model. The newly derived high‐resolution model 3DM_SWJ can produce synthetics that are substantially in better agreement with the data than previous models. The distribution of highP‐wave toS‐wave speed ratios (VP/VS) calculated from model 3DM_SWJ shows short‐wavelength heterogeneities that could have been formed in relation to the subduction of the Philippine Sea Plate beneath the Eurasian plate. This combined use of forward waveform modeling for slab and crust configuration and repeated tomographic inversion of travel‐times provides a better 3‐D structural model of seismic properties for understanding tectonic features related to the subduction process, in addition to better estimating ground motions.
Rapid Nipah virus entry into the central nervous system of hamsters via the olfactory route
Authors: Munster Vincent J. , Prescott Joseph B. , Bushmaker Trenton , Long Dan , Rosenke Rebecca , Thomas Tina , Scott Dana , Fischer Elizabeth R. , Feldmann Heinz , de Wit Emmie 
Published: October 2012

AbstractEncephalitis is a hallmark of Nipah virus (NiV) infection in humans. The exact route of entry of NiV into the central nervous system (CNS) is unknown. Here, we performed a spatio-temporal analysis of NiV entry into the CNS of hamsters. NiV initially predominantly targeted the olfactory epithelium in the nasal turbinates. From there, NiV infected neurons were visible extending through the cribriform plate into the olfactory bulb, providing direct evidence of rapid CNS entry. Subsequently, NiV disseminated to the olfactory tubercle and throughout the ventral cortex. Transmission electron microscopy on brain tissue showed extravasation of plasma cells, neuronal degeneration and nucleocapsid inclusions in affected tissue and axons, providing further evidence for axonal transport of NiV. NiV entry into the CNS coincided with the occurrence of respiratory disease, suggesting that the initial entry of NiV into the CNS occurs simultaneously with, rather than as a result of, systemic virus replication.
Fish Community Response to Habitat Alteration: Impacts of Sand Dredging in the Kansas River
Authors: Fischer Jason , Paukert Craig , Daniels Melinda 
Published: October 2012

AbstractInstream dredging, a common practice in rivers worldwide, can affect fish and fish habitat. We investigated the magnitude of these alterations and their influence on the fish community of the Kansas River, a large sand‐bed river. Fishes were collected monthly from June 2010 to June 2011 in Edwardsville and Lawrence, Kansas, from 12 reaches of three types: 3 actively dredged, 2 historically dredged (i.e., not been dredged for at least 1 month before sampling), and 7 nondredged control reaches. The reaches, each 1 km long, were sampled with bottom trawls, seines, and electrofishing. Water depths and velocities at all 12 reaches were measured with an acoustic doppler current profiler and interpolated in ArcGIS. Actively dredged reaches had proportionally more deepwater habitat (>3 m) and low velocity (<0.15 m/s) near the riverbed than control reaches. However, the mean proportion of shallow‐water habitat (<0.5 m), high velocities near the riverbed (>0.30 m/s), low‐velocity habitat (<0.25 m/s), and high‐velocity habitat (>0.75 m/s) were similar among all reach types. A canonical correspondence analysis was used to characterize relationships among habitat variables, the three reach types, and CPUE. Mean velocity and depth explained a significant amount of variation in species CPUE; however, reach type was not a significant factor for any of the gear types for any season. Our results show that dredging in Great Plains rivers can increase depths, but alterations to fish community structure was not evident, probably because many of these fishes are adapted to a range of habitat conditions and are highly mobile.
Landscape Genetics Reveals Population Subdivision in Bering Sea and Aleutian Islands Pacific Cod
Authors: Spies Ingrid 
Published: October 2012

AbstractLandscape genetics of Pacific cod Gadus macrocephalus within the Bering Sea and Aleutian Islands (BSAI) management area of Alaska was examined in samples from nine spawning locations, including one temporal replicate sample, using 17 microsatellite DNA markers. This study examined fine‐scale population structure of Pacific cod in the BSAI with the goal of identifying breaks in genetic continuity associated with physical barriers to migration and larval transport. Samples were taken from spawning fish collected from the western Aleutian Islands east to Unimak Pass and as far north as the Pribilof Islands. Overall, this work confirms previous studies, which found that genetic differentiation between samples is proportional to the distance between them, and also resolves population structure on a scale not previously possible. Results indicate that dispersal is not continuous at a fine scale and several distinct genetic groups were identified that correspond to differences in the physical environment of the BSAI. The data provide evidence for limited connectivity among spawning groups; in particular, there is evidence that a barrier exists between the Aleutian Islands and the eastern Bering Sea. In addition, analysis of molecular variance and Monmonier algorithm results suggest that, within the Bering Sea, the Unimak Pass and Pribilof Islands spawning groups may be distinct from each other, and the Wombling analysis indicates that samples west of Amchitka Pass in the western Aleutians may be distinct from those in the eastern Aleutians.
Migratory Variation in Mackenzie River System Broad Whitefish: Insights from Otolith Strontium Distributions
Authors: Harris L. N. , Loewen T. N. , Reist J. D. , Halden N. M. , Babaluk J. A. , Tallman R. F. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractThere is growing recognition of the global importance of preserving biodiversity. While many organisms show immense variation in intraspecific biodiversity, for example in life history variation and migratory strategies among conspecific populations, accurate descriptions of such variation are lacking for the majority of contemporary species. One such example is the broad whitefishCoregonus nasusof the lower Mackenzie River system in Canada's Northwest Territories, where anadromous, lacustrine, and putative riverine populations are thought to exist. In this study we resolve migratory variation exhibited by lower Mackenzie River broad whitefish by employing otolith microchemistry and find that (1) anadromous, lacustrine, and riverine populations exist in this system, (2) a high degree of variability exists within anadromous broad whitefish (e.g., varying degrees of marine and estuarine use), and (3) lacustrine populations are not composed solely of resident fish as anadromous broad whitefish occasionally migrate to, and stay in, lacustrine habitat. Overall, our results are consistent with the suggestion that there may be a higher level of migratory complexity in this system than previously reported and these results will be important in guiding the conservation of intraspecific biodiversity in Mackenzie River system broad whitefish.
Detection of Threatened Delta Smelt in the Gut Contents of the Invasive Mississippi Silverside in the San Francisco Estuary Using TaqMan Assays
Authors: Baerwald Melinda R. , Schreier Brian M. , Schumer Gregg , May Bernie 
Published: October 2012

AbstractIn the San Francisco Estuary, predation of the threatened delta smelt Hypomesus transpacificus by the invasive Mississippi silverside Menidia audens has been hypothesized but unconfirmed in the wild due to difficulties in reliably identifying egg or larval fish remains in gut contents. This study describes the use of TaqMan assays to examine the gut contents of wild Mississippi silversides for the presence of delta smelt DNA. The species‐specific delta smelt assay was found to be highly sensitive and, in feeding trial experiments, capable of detecting delta smelt DNA in Mississippi silverside gut contents up to 36 h postingestion for some individuals. A substantial percentage (41%) of the 37 Mississippi silversides caught in the wild with midchannel trawling were positive for delta smelt DNA in their gut contents. Conversely, none of the 614 Mississippi silversides caught in the wild in nearshore beach seining contained delta smelt DNA in their gut contents.
Myxobolus neurotropus Infecting Rainbow Trout in Alaska, a New Geographic Record
Authors: Bentz Collette R. , Hogge Carla I. , Meyers Theodore R. , Ferguson Jayde A. 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
The Alaska Department of Fish and Game fish pathology laboratory received a rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss from the Alaska Peninsula that was suspected of having whirling disease based on the display of aberrant swimming behavior and a deformed spine. We tested for Myxobolus cerebralis using standard pepsin–trypsin digest and molecular procedures, which yielded negative results. However, many oval shaped myxospores were observed in brain smears and were confirmed to be those of the morphologically similar M. neurotropus based on a diagnostic assay using PCR. The known geographic distribution of this parasite includes Idaho, Washington, Utah, Oregon, California, and now, Alaska. Whether this species is an emerging parasite is not known because it was only described a few years ago. Given the severe infection found in this rainbow trout, perhaps the considerable displacement of neurological tissues and subsequent pressure on peripheral nerves could have contributed to the spinal curvature and accompanied abnormal swimming. Conversely, the M. neurotropus infection may have been incidental and the spinal deformity may have actually been due to one of several nonspecific developmental or congenital causes. Further studies on geographic distribution and impact on host fitness will probably determine the importance of this species to fish health.
Received March 1, 2012; accepted June 15, 2012
Eight weeks of dynamic stretching during warm‐ups improves jump power but not repeated or single sprint performance
Authors: Turki‐Belkhiria Lamia , Chaouachi Anis , Turki Olfa , Chtourou Hamdi , Chtara Moktar , Chamari Karim , Amri Mohamed , Behm David G. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractThere is abundant research involving the acute effects of stretching on subsequent performance; however, there is little information on dynamic stretch training programmes on range of motion (ROM), power and speed measures. It was the objective of this research to examine the training consequences of active dynamic stretching (ADS) and static dynamic stretching (SDS). A repeated measures design compared the effects of 8 weeks of warm‐ups incorporating two dynamic stretch modalities: ADS and SDS on squat jump (SJ), countermovement jump (CMJ), 20‐m sprint performances and repeated sprint ability (RSA) and hip ROM in 37 male soccer players. SJ height (SDS: 4.6%; ADS: 5.3%; p <0.05), CMJ height (SDS: 5.3%; ADS: 3.4%; p<0.05), CMJ force (SDS: 7.2%; ADS: 12.7%; p<0.001) and CMJ peak power (SDS: 3.9%; ADS: 3.3%; p<0.05) increased significantly after SDS and ADS training compared to the control group (no significant change). Sprint performance and RSA were not affected by either of the dynamic stretch training regimens. The SDS and ADS training programmes elicited similar improvements in flexibility (SDS: 57.6%; ADS: 45.1%; p<0.01) compared to the non‐significant changes in the control group. The inclusion of ADS and SDS within the regular warm‐up of an 8‐week training programme can improve not only flexibility but also jump power measures as well.
The influence of in‐game emotions on basketball performance
Authors: Uphill Mark , Groom Ryan , Jones Marc 
Published: October 2012

AbstractThis study examined the influence of emotions on performance in basketball. Six female basketball players were videotaped in six games. Frequency of performance behaviours was recorded minute‐by‐minute and indices of successful (SGI) and unsuccessful (UGI) game involvement derived for each player. Post‐game, players reported the intensity of experienced emotions (anger, anxiety, embarrassment, excitement and happiness), and the time of the eliciting incident. The only emotion revealed as a significant predictor of SGI was happiness; both anger and embarrassment were significant predictors of increased UGI. Consideration of individual player analyses suggests that there is variation in the magnitude of the influence of emotions on performance and the extent to which this influence was helpful or harmful to performance. The study provides evidence that emotions are associated with changes in game behaviours in competition. Implications for further research examining the emotion–performance relationship are discussed.
Experimentally testing the accuracy of an extinction estimator: Solow's optimal linear estimation model
Authors: Clements Christopher F. , Worsfold Nicholas T. , Warren Philip H. , Collen Ben , Clark Nick , Blackburn Tim M. , Petchey Owen L. 
Published: October 2012

Summary

Mathematical methods for inferring time to extinction have been widely applied but poorly tested. Optimal linear estimation (also called the ‘Weibull’ or ‘Weibull extreme value’ model) infers time to extinction from a temporal distribution of species sightings. Previous studies have suggested optimal linear estimation provides accurate estimates of extinction time for some species; however, an in‐depth test of the technique is lacking.

The use of data from wild populations to gauge the error associated with estimations is often limited by very approximate estimates of the actual extinction date and poor sighting records. Microcosms provide a system in which the accuracy of estimations can be tested against known extinction dates, whilst incorporating a variety of extinction rates created by changing environmental conditions, species identity and species richness.

We present the first use of experimental microcosm data to exhaustively test the accuracy of one sighting‐based method of inferring time of extinction under a range of search efforts, search regimes, sighting frequencies and extinction rates.

Our results show that the accuracy of optimal linear estimation can be affected by both observer‐controlled parameters, such as change in search effort, and inherent features of the system, such as species identity. Whilst optimal linear estimation provides generally accurate and precise estimates, the technique is susceptible to both overestimation and underestimation of extinction date.

Microcosm experiments provide a framework within which the accuracy of extinction predictors can be clearly gauged. Variables such as search effort, search regularity and species identity can significantly affect the accuracy of estimates and should be taken into account when testing extinction predictors in the future.
Diet and phylogeny shape the gut microbiota of Antarctic seals: a comparison of wild and captive animals
Authors: Nelson Tiffanie M. , Rogers Tracey L. , Carlini Alejandro R. , Brown Mark V. 
Published: October 2012

SummaryThe gut microbiota of mammals underpins the metabolic capacity and health of the host. Our understanding of what influences the composition of this community has been limited primarily to evidence from captive and terrestrial mammals. Therefore, the gut microbiota of southern elephant seals, Mirounga leonina, and leopard seals, Hydrurga leptonyx, inhabiting Antarctica were compared with captive leopard seals. Each seal exhibited a gut microbiota dominated by four phyla: Firmicutes (41.5 ± 4.0%), Fusobacteria (25.6 ± 3.9%), Proteobacteria (17.0 ± 3.2%) and Bacteroidetes (14.1 ± 1.7%). Species, age, sex and captivity were strong drivers of the composition of the gut microbiota, which can be attributed to differences in diet, gut length and physiology and social interactions. Differences in particular prey items consumed by seal species could contribute to the observed differences in the gut microbiota. The longer gut of the southern elephant seal provides a habitat reduced in available oxygen and more suitable to members of the phyla Bacteroidetes compared with other hosts. Among wild seals, 16 ‘core’ bacterial community members were present in the gut of at least 50% of individuals. As identified between southern elephant seal mother–pup pairs, ‘core’ members are passed on via vertical transmission from a young age and persist through to adulthood. Our study suggests that these hosts have co‐evolved with their gut microbiota and core members may provide some benefit to the host, such as developing the immune system. Further evidence of their strong evolutionary history is provided with the presence of 18 shared ‘core’ members in the gut microbiota of related seals living in the Arctic. The influence of diet and other factors, particularly in captivity, influences the composition of the community considerably. This study suggests that the gut microbiota has co‐evolved with wild mammals as is evident in the shared presence of ‘core’ members.
Long‐term monitoring of the human intestinal microbiota composition
Authors: Rajilić‐Stojanović Mirjana , Heilig Hans G. H. J. , Tims Sebastian , Zoetendal Erwin G. , de Vos Willem M. 
Published: October 2012

SummaryThe microbiota that colonizes the human intestinal tract is complex and its structure is specific for each of us. In this study we expand the knowledge about the stability of the subject‐specific microbiota and show that this ecosystem is stable in short‐term intervals (< 1 year) but also during long periods of time (> 10 years). The faecal microbiota composition of five unrelated and healthy subjects was analysed using a comprehensive and highly reproducible phylogenetic microarray, the HITChip. The results show that the use of antibiotics, application of specific dietary regimes and distant travelling have limited impact on the microbiota composition. Several anaerobic genera, including Bifidobacterium and a number of genera within the Bacteroidetes and the Firmicutes phylum, exhibit significantly higher similarity than the total microbiota. Although the gut microbiota contains subject‐specific species, the presence of which is preserved throughout the years, their relative abundance changes considerably. Consequently, the recently proposed enterotype status appears to be a varying characteristic of the microbiota. Our data show that the intestinal microbiota contains a core community of permanent colonizers, and that environmentally introduced changes of the microbiota throughout adulthood are primarily affecting the abundance but not the presence of specific microbial species.
Is poor access to dental care why people outside capital cities have poor oral health?
Authors: Crocombe LA , Stewart JF , Brennan DS , Slade GD , Spencer AJ 
Published: October 2012

AbstractBackground : Why oral health status outside capital cities is poorer than that in capital cities has not been satisfactorily explained. The aim of this study was to determine if the reason was poorer access to dental care.Methods : Data were obtained from the Australian National Survey of Adult Oral Health (2004–06). Oral health status was measured by DMFT Index, and numbers of decayed, missing and filled teeth. A two‐step analysis was undertaken: comparing the dependent variables by location, socio‐demographic confounders and preventive dental behaviours, and then including six access to dental care variables.Results : Of the 14 123 people interviewed, 5505 were examined, and 4170 completed the questionnaire. With socio‐economic parameters in the first regression model, non‐capital city people had higher DMFT (regression coefficient = 1.15, p < 0.01), more decayed (0.42, p < 0.01) and missing teeth (0.85, p < 0.01), but not filled teeth (−0.11, p = 0.71), than capital city based people. In the second step analysis, non‐capital city people still had a greater DMFT (1.01, p < 0.01), more decayed (0.27, p = 0.03) and missing teeth (0.74, p < 0.01), but not filled teeth (0.00, p = 0.99) than capital city based people.Conclusions : Access to dental care was not the only reason why people outside capital cities have poorer oral health than people living in capital cities.