bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of Two Beam Fatigue Tests
Authors: Pramesti F. P. , Molenaar A. A. A. , van de Ven M. F. C. , Qiu J. , Woldekidan M. F. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
The objective of this study is to compare the fatigue behavior in two beam fatigue tests: the Four Point Bending Test (FPBT) and the Beam on Elastic Foundation (BOEF) test. It is believed that the BOEF test simulates the fatigue behavior of asphalt mixtures in a more realistic way. The beam specimens used for both the FPBT and BOEF tests are made of gravel asphalt concrete (GAC). Finite element simulations of the BOEF test are carried out to understand better the behavior of the GAC beam. The results show that in the BOEF tests, cracks will develop from the middle bottom of beam while the FPBTs at low temperature show no crack. This finding further supports the idea that improved fatigue tests are needed which better represent the cracking behavior of asphalt pavements. However, the BOEF test also shows the development of an accumulated strain along with the cyclic strain. This shows that further investigation is needed to determine the cause of fatigue cracks; are they due to the cyclic strain or due to the accumulated strain? Another important finding is that at a temperature of 5°C and a frequency of 8 Hz, the fatigue life obtained with the BOEF test is 20 times higher (on average) than FPBT fatigue life.
Preparation and Electrical Properties of Piezoelectric-Embedded Asphalt Mixture
Authors: Tang Ning , Wu Shaopeng , Pang Ling , Zhou Jing , Tu Liangliang 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
The properties of a piezoelectric generator-embedded asphalt mixture are investigated by means of parameters including size, effectiveness, and production of energy. The optimum size and the composition of the piezoelectric materials are first studied using a finite element method, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectrometer, and mechanical testing. The piezoelectric elements were embedded in the asphalt mixture with different mix proportions. The compatibility and piezoelectric properties of such a piezoelectric generator-embedded mixture are investigated and discussed. The results show that PMnS–PZN–PZT ceramic rings doped with 0.45 wt. % Fe2O3 (OD = 18 mm, ID = 10 mm, 4 mm by 8 pieces) are better suited than others. The AC-10 asphalt mixture containing piezoelectric generator maintain both good pavement properties and remarkable micropower electrical energy.
Refractometric Measurements at the Bitumen–Aggregate Interface
Authors: van Lent D. Q. , Molenaar A. A. A. , Picken S. J. , van de Ven M. F. C. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
In this paper, refractometry is used for characterization of the adhesion between bitumen and aggregates. The main purpose of this paper is to find whether preferential adsorption occurs and can be demonstrated in pure and undiluted road-construction bitumen. For this, bitumens from different crudes with different penetration grades and six bitumens with different penetration grades from the same crude are examined in a refractometer. The measurements give indices of refraction of the different bitumens at the bitumen–aggregate interface. In this paper, it is concluded that the indices of refraction are strongly related to the penetration of the bitumens. Clear preferential adsorption was not found from the refractometric measurements at this stage. It is suggested that a change in the composition of the bulk of the bitumen results in a similar change in composition at the aggregate surface.
Are Cleft Palate Fistulae a Cause of Dental Decay?
Authors: Richards Helen , Van Bommel Annelotte , Clark Victoria , Richard Bruce 
Published: July 2014

Aim To investigate a possible correlation between fistula and dental decay in children at 5 years of age from a single-surgeon series of cleft palate repairs. Methods Retrospective review of data over a 9-year period between 2003 and 2011 of cleft palate repairs performed by the senior author at Birmingham Children's Hospital, U.K. Data collected on age, sex, age at repair, presence of fistula, and number of decayed, missing, or filled primary teeth (i.e., decayed, missing, and filled teeth score) at age 5 years. Results The overall fistula rate for this patient population was 24.1%. Fistulae were more common in the more severe forms of cleft type, as was frequency of dental decay. Comparison of fistula versus nonfistula groups showed a higher rate of dental decay (40%) in the fistula group, compared with only 20% in the nonfistula group ( P = .036). Conclusion A positive association was established between dental decay and the presence of a fistula. Although not proven as causative, possible reasons for this include nasal mucus retaining sugary food in the mouth and an overall prolonged food-clearance time. The known association between severity of cleft and an increased likelihood of a fistula and severity of cleft and increased dental decay were again demonstrated but were not found to be the exclusive explanation for the new finding of an association between fistulae and higher dental decay rates.
International Confederation for Cleft Lip and Palate and Related Craniofacial Anomalies Task Force Report: Palatoplasty in the Speaking Individual with Unrepaired Cleft Palate
Authors: Sommerlad Brian C. 
Published: July 2014

Introduction The benefits or otherwise of late palate repair in older children or adults are uncertain. The outcomes, particularly without appropriate speech therapy, are often disappointing. The issue is of special importance in the poorer countries where these patients are most commonly seen and where limited capacity and facilities may have to be rationed. Method A task force was set up to report back to the International Congress in Orlando in May 2013. The chairman and some members were nominated by the organizers and further members were added during the discussion process. Some of the members had considerable experience of late palate repair. The task force compiled a report after 9 months of e-mail correspondence. The report includes reports of some previously unpublished studies. A summary of the report was presented at Cleft 2013 in Orlando. Conclusions There was a general consensus that late palate repair is of benefit for many patients and that, even if normal speech is not attained, outcomes are positive. Outcomes depend on the age of the patient (the younger the better), on the skill of the surgeon and, ideally, on the availability of appropriate speech therapy. A protocol for a prospective international multicenter study is proposed.
Tetrastichus howardi(Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) in Different Densities and Periods of Parasitism onDiatraea saccharalis(Lepidoptera: Crambidae) Caterpillars
Authors: Costa Daniele Perassa , Pereira Fabricio Fagundes , Kassab Samir Oliveira , Rossoni Camila , Pastori Patrik Luiz , Zanuncio José Cola 
Published: July 2014

AbstractIt is important to determine the suitability of parasitoid density and the parasitism period to obtain the desired number and quality of parasitoid offspring. The aim of this study was to establish the parasitism, emergence, number of progeny, duration of the life cycle (egg to adult), and sex ratio of Tetrastichus howardi (Olliff) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) with two parasitoid densities and eight parasitism periods on third-instar Diatraea saccharalis (F.) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) caterpillars. Each caterpillar of this host was exposed to one or three T. howardi females for different periods of time (0.016, 0.5, 1, 12, 24, 48, 72, and 96 h) in plastic glass (100 ml). The parasitized hosts were transferred to glass tubes (8.5 cm in height by 2.5 cm in diameter) with an artificial diet and were placed in a climatic chamber at 25 ± 2°C, 70 ± 10% relative humidity, and a photoperiod of 14:10 (L:D) h until the emergence of adult parasitoids. T. howardi parasitized and developed in D. saccharalis caterpillars at all the female densities and parasitism periods tested. The emergence and progeny of T. howardi increased with the length of the parasitism period. The shortest life cycle (egg to adult) of T. howardi was 17.00 d at a density of 3:1 and 12 h of parasitism. The parasitism, emergence, and number of T. howardi progeny were highest at a density of 3:1 and at 96 h of parasitism on D. saccharalis third instars.
Developmental paleobiology of the vertebrate skeleton
Authors: Rücklin Martin , Donoghue Philip C. J. , Cunningham John A. , Marone Federica , Stampanoni Marco 
Published: July 2014

Studies of the development of organisms can reveal crucial information on homology of structures. Developmental data are not peculiar to living organisms, and they are routinely preserved in the mineralized tissues that comprise the vertebrate skeleton, allowing us to obtain direct insight into the developmental evolution of this most formative of vertebrate innovations. The pattern of developmental processes is recorded in fossils as successive stages inferred from the gross morphology of multiple specimens and, more reliably and routinely, through the ontogenetic stages of development seen in the skeletal histology of individuals. Traditional techniques are destructive and restricted to a 2-D plane with the third dimension inferred. Effective non-invasive methods of visualizing paleohistology to reconstruct developmental stages of the skeleton are necessary.In a brief survey of paleohistological techniques we discuss the pros and cons of these methods. The use of tomographic methods to reconstruct development of organs is exemplified by the study of the placoderm dentition. Testing evidence for the presence of teeth in placoderms, the first jawed vertebrates, we compare the methods that have been used. These include inferring development from morphology, and using serial sectioning, microCT or synchrotron X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM), to reconstruct growth stages and directions of growth. The ensuing developmental interpretations are biased by the methods and degree of inference. The most direct and reliable method is using SRXTM data to trace sclerochronology. The resulting developmental data can be used to resolve homology and test hypotheses on the origin of evolutionary novelties.
Determination of Aldehydes in Wet Deposition
Authors: Czaplicka Marianna , Jaworek Katarzyna , Wochnik Agnieszka 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
The paper presents two sample preparation procedures for the determination of aldehydes in wet deposition. In both cases the 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine derivatization and solid phase extraction were applied. The derivatization in method A was applied before the extraction, the extraction in method B was carried out with simultaneous derivatisation. Accuracy of both methods was evaluated on the basis of the analysis of aqueous solutions of selected carbonyl compounds. Both methods were characterized by good recovery, however, due to the precision of the method expressed as RSD for testing of environmental samples the method B was used.
The analysis of environmental samples showed significant differences in the concentrations of aldehydes in wet deposition, depending on the location of the sampling point. In the case of samples taken from agricultural areas the predominant aldehydes were formaldehyde and acetaldehyde. Formaldehyde was from 31% to 47% of the determined compounds. While in samples collected near a traffic source, in the deposition acrolein was determined at the levels from 62% to 64% of the identified compounds.
Monitoring of Trichloroethene and Tetrachloroethene Content in Soil-Water Environment in Third Phase of Ecological Audit of Land
Authors: Pusz Agnieszka , Kulig Andrzej 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Trichloroethene (TCE) and tetrachloroethene (PCE) are chemical compounds which pose a serious threat for human health. Their specific properties make it possible that these substances may linger in soil and water for many years. These are the reasons why wells with water designed for drinking purposes have been subject of monitoring since 2006. This paper presents the results of monitoring research conducted in the soil-water environment within the framework in third phase of an ecological audit of land. The ecological audit of land made it possible to identify the cause and degree of the degradation, and helped formulate rationale for remedy decisions pertaining to the land (remediation/reclamation). The objective of the paper was to determine the pollution status of the soil-water environment and, subsequently, monitor (in years 2008-2010) the contents of the hazardous substances, namely trichloroethene and tetrachloroethene, within the area of the potential impact of metallurgical plant located in borders of the Main Underground Water Reservoir Wierzbica-Ostrowiec (GZWP 420) in in voivodeship Świętokrzyskie.
The Effect of Solvent, Hydrogen Peroxide and Dioxide Titanium on Degradation of PCBs, Using Microwave Radiation in Order to Reduce Occupational Exposure
Authors: Tajik Reza , Mohabadi Hasan Asilian , Khavanin Ali , Jafari Ahmad Jonidi , Eshrati Babak 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are one group of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) that are of international concern because of global distribution, persistence, and toxicity. Removal of these compounds from the environment remains a very difficult challenge because the compounds are highly hydrophobic and have very low solubility in water. A 900 W domestic microwave oven, pyrex vessel reactor, pyrex tube connector and condensing system were used in this experiment. Radiation was discontinuous and ray powers were 540, 720 and 900 W. The PCBS were analyzed by GC-ECD. The application of microwave radiation and H2O2/TiO2 agents for the degradation of polychlorinated biphenyl contaminated oil was explored in this study. PCB – contaminated oil was treated in a pyrex reactor by microwave irradiation at 2450 MHz with the addition of H2O2/TiO2. A novel grain TiO2 (GT01) was used. The determination of PCB residues in oil by gas chromatography (GC) revealed that rates of PCB decomposition were highly dependent on microwave power, exposure time, ratio to solvent with transformer oil in 3:1, the optimal amount of GT01 (0.2 g) and 0.116 mol of H2O2 were used in the study. It was suggested that microwave irradiation with the assistance of H2O2/TiO2 might be a potential technology for the degradation of PCB – contaminated oil. The experiments show that MW irradiation, H2O2 oxidant and TiO2 catalyst lead to a degradation efficiency of PCBs only in the presence of ethanol. The results showed that the addition of ethanol significantly enhanced degradation efficiency of PCBs.
Influence of Initial Alkalinity of Lignocellulosic Waste on Their Enzymatic Degradation
Authors: Wołczyński Marcin , Janosz-Rajczyk Marta 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
The presented results of research on the effectiveness of enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulosic waste, depending on their initial depolymerisation in alkaline medium were considered in the context of the possibility of their further use in the fermentation media focused on the recovery of energy in the form of molecular hydrogen. The aim of this study was to determine the appropriate dose and concentration of a chemical reagent, whose efficiency would be high enough to cause decomposition of the complex, but without an excessive production of by-products which could adversely affect the progress and effectiveness of the enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation. The effect of treatment on physical-chemical changes of homogenates’ properties such as pH, COD, the concentration of monosaccharide and total sugars and the concentration of total suspended solids and volatile suspended solids was determined. The enzymatic decomposition of lignocellulosic complex was repeatedly more efficient if the sample homogenates were subjected to an initial exposure to NaOH. The degree of conversion of complex sugars into simple sugars during enzymatic hydrolysis of homogenates pre-alkalized to pH 11.5 and 12.0 was 83.3 and 84.2% respectively, which should be sufficient for efficient hydrogen fermentation process.
Nitrogen in the Process of Waste Activated Sludge Anaerobic Digestion
Authors: Suschka Jan , Grübel Klaudiusz 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Primary or secondary sewage sludge in medium and large WWTP are most often processed by anaerobic digestion, as a method of conditioning, sludge quantity minimization and biogas production. With the aim to achieve the best results of sludge processing several modifications of technologies were suggested, investigated and introduced in the full technical scale. Various sludge pretreatment technologies before anaerobic treatment have been widely investigated and partially introduced. Obviously, there are always some limitations and some negative side effects. Selected aspects have been presented and discussed. The problem of nitrogen has been highlighted on the basis of the carried out investigations. The single and two step - mesophilic and thermophilic - anaerobic waste activated sludge digestion processes, preceded by preliminary hydrolysis were investigated. The aim of lab-scale experiments was pre-treatment of the sludge by means of low intensive alkaline and hydrodynamic disintegration. Depending on the pretreatment technologies and the digestion temperature large ammonia concentrations, up to 1800 mg NH4/dm3 have been measured. Return of the sludge liquor to the main sewage treatment line means additional nitrogen removal costs. Possible solutions are discussed.
Ajdukiewicz przeciw reizmowi
Authors: Grygianiec Mariusz 
Published: July 2014

StreszczenieW niniejszym tekście zamierzałem, po pierwsze, przypomnieć zarzuty wobec reizmu skonstruowane przez Kazimierza Ajdukiewicza, po drugie przytoczyć niektóre odpowiedzi na owe zarzuty, sformułowane zarówno przez Tadeusza Kotarbińskiego, jak i przez Czesława Lejewskiego, po trzecie wskazać, które z odpowiedzi Lejewskiego usuwają czeic zarzutów Ajdukiewicza, po czwar-te - wykazać, dlaczego pozostałe odpowiedzi na niektóre zarzuty Ajdukiewicza nie są przekonujące. Ogólnym celem tej pracy jest uzasadnienie daleko posuniętego sceptycyzmu wobec reizmu semantycznego. Staram się uzasadnić przekonanie, iż jedynym rozsądnym rozwiązaniem dla reisty jest rezygnacja z semantycznej czeici jego doktryny. W pracy zachowuję neutralnosc wobec ontologii reizmu, choć moje predylekcje metafizyczne rozmijają się całkowicie z reistycznym obrazem świata.
Ajdukiewicz: granice racjonalizmu
Authors: Jedynak Anna 
Published: July 2014

StreszczenieAjdukiewicz opowiadał się za szerokim racjonalizmem. Jako dwa podstawo-we kryteria racjonalności przekonań wymieniał ich komunikowalnosc i inter-subiektywną sprawdzalność. Jednak czasem zdaje się on akceptować pewne szczególne kroki poznawcze, nieracjonalne w powyższym sensie. 1) Neopozy-tywistyczną eliminację metafizyki uważał za zbyt radykalną. 2) Nauki empi-ryczne wspierają się na bezpośrednim doświadczeniu, które jest, jego zdaniem, subiektywne i niepowtarzalne. 3) W aksjologii przypisywał poznawczą rolę uczuciom. 4) W póznych pogłdach uznał, że mowa nie jest wyczerpujacym środkiem komunikacji myśli. We wszystkich tych punktach warunkiem pod-jęcia racjonalnej działalności poznawczej okazuje się uprzednie ustępstwo na rzecz zaakceptowania kroków irracjonalnych, jednak w granicach kontrolowa-nych przez rozum.
Holistyczna teoria znaczenia Kazimierza Ajdukiewicza. Próba krytycznej analizy
Authors: Maciaszek Janusz 
Published: July 2014

StreszczenieDyrektywalna teoria znaczenia powstała w okresie, gdy Kazimierz Ajdukie-wicz pozostawał pod wpływem radykalnego konwencjonalizmu. Pogłdy te spowodowały odrzucenie korespondencyjnej teorii prawdy i próbę zbudowania holistycznej i nieodniesieniowej teorii znaczenia. Motywem napisania mojego artykułu było przekonanie, że teoria znaczenia Ajdukiewicza może zostać - po odpowiednich modyfikacjach - zastosowana do języka naturalnego. W tym celu analizuję konsekwencje wybranych aspektów teorii dyrektywalnej i pró-buję wskazać, w jaki sposób teoria ta powinna bye zmodyfikowana, aby mogła pełnić funkcję teorii znaczenia j?zyka naturalnego. Podstawową wadą teorii dyrektywalnej, która uniemożliwia pełnienie tej funkcji, jest brak rekurencyj-ności, co sprawia, że nie wyjaśnia ona, w jaki sposób znaczenie zdania jest wyznaczone przez znaczenia występujacych w nim slów. Konieczne jest zatem uzupełnienie teorii Ajdukiewicza o komponent rekurencyjny. Kolejna wada tej teorii wiąze się z budową macierzy języka, do której Ajdukiewicz wprowadza dane doświadczenia jako komponent pozajęzykowy. Wada ta może bye łatwo usunięta przez odwołanie się do holistycznego aspektu teorii. Również podana przez Ajdukiewicza definicja związku znaczeniowego powoduje niepoządane konsekwencje, dotyczace znaczen wyrażeń w językach otwartych.
O semantycznej i formalnej teorii poznania. Ajdukiewicz – Suszko – Woleński
Authors: Olech Adam 
Published: July 2014

StreszczenieMetaepistemologiczny projekt Kazimierza Ajdukiewicza zwany „semantycz-n4 teorią poznania” postuluje, aby podchodzić do poznania od strony języka. Projekt ten zarazem uzasadnia ów analityczny postulat, wykazując, ze jeśli poznanie ma bye określone co do treści, to do poznania tak właśnie powinno się podchodzić. Podejście to pojmuje poznanie jako twór, na który składają się językowe znaczenia wyrażeń. Takie pojmowanie poznania posiada tę zaletę iż pozwala wykorzystać w epistemologii rezultaty uzyskane w metamatema-tyce do rozwiązywania pewnych tradycyjnych sporów epistemologicznych. Projekt formalnej teorii poznania przedstawił Roman Suszko. Inspiracją tego projektu była semantyczna teoria poznania Kazimierza Ajdukiewicza, której Roman Suszko nadal postać sformalizowaną. Kontynuatorem formalnoepiste-mologicznych badah Suszki jest Jan Wolehski. Pytanie, które autor artykułu stawia i na które udziela odpowiedzi, brzmi: jakie warunki winny bye spenio-ne, aby można było przejsc od klasycznej (subiektywnej) teorii poznania do teorii poznania rozumianej semantycznie, a w szczególności do jej sformalizo-wanej postaci, i aby zarazem wyniki uzyskane na gruncie semantycznej teorii poznania były równoważne wynikom uzyskanym na gruncie teorii poznania pojmowanej klasycznie?
Logiczne podstawy nauczania, czyli rozważania o kulturze logicznej i podstawach rzetelnego myślenia
Authors: Ossowska Katarzyna 
Published: July 2014

StreszczenieW artykule przedstawiam dydaktyczny dorobek Kazimierza Ajdukiewicza. Jego koncepcja nauczania może stanowić pryzmat oceny wspólcześnie funk-cjonujacych wzorców wychowawczo-dydaktycznych. Środowisko filozoficzne, w którym wzrastały idee Ajdukiewicza, miało istotny wpływ na jego nauczy-cielską postawę. Zwłaszcza autorytet, jakim był dla swych uczniów Kazimierz Twardowski, założyciel szkoły lwowsko-warszawskiej, ukształtował ją w sposób zasadniczy. Dlatego jednym z ważniejszych punktów podjętych w artykule rozważań jest pytanie o aktualnosc metod i idealów dydaktycznych, charakte-rystycznych dla całej Szkoły.
Płaszczyzny sporu o realizm: Kazimierz Ajdukiewicz i Michael Dummett
Authors: Szubka Tadeusz 
Published: July 2014

StreszczenieW swoich pracach Kazimierz Ajdukiewicz niejednokrotnie podejmował zagad-nienia oplatające się wokól tego, co przyjęło się w literaturze określać mianem sporu o realizm. W standardowy sposób zwięźle opisywał uczestników tego sporu. Jego program epistemologii semantycznej sprawił, że stał się on prekur-sorem wyodrębnienia semantycznej płaszczyzny sporu o realizm i przypisania centralnej roli w tym sporze zasadzie dwuwartościowości, wyprzedzając pod tym wzgłdem brytyjskiego filozofa Michaela Dummetta o ponad dwadzieścia piex lat. Należy jednak pamiętać, że Ajdukiewicza i Dummetta wiele laczyło w metodologii prowadzenia sporu, natomiast wiele dzieliło, jeśli idzie o jego rozwiązanie. Pierwszy bronił realizmu, a drugi skłaniał się w strong antyreali-zmu semantycznego, który można interpretować jako formę idealizmu trans-cendentalnego.