bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Seed morphology and physical dormancy of several North AmericanRhusspecies (Anacardiaceae)
Authors: Li Xiaojie , Baskin Jerry M. , Baskin Carol C. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractSeed (= seed plus endocarp) morphology and physical dormancy were studied in seven North AmericanRhusspecies:R.copallina,R.glabra,R.typhina,R.aromatica(var.aromatica),R.microphylla,R.trilobata, andR.virens(var.virens). Seeds ofRhus glabraandR.typhina, of subgenusRhus, were gray, approx. 3 mm long, 2 mm wide, and weighed approx. 7 mg, whereas those ofR.aromatica,R.trilobata, andR.virens, of subgenusLobadium, were brown, >4 mm long, approx. 4 mm wide, and weighed approx. 14.5 mg (R.trilobata) to approx. 23 mg (R.aromaticaandR.virens). Dormancy in all seeds was due to a water-impermeable endocarp, but depth of dormancy varied greatly among species and seedlots. After 4 weeks, 29–34% of the seeds from all five seedlots ofR.trilobata,R.microphylla, andR.virensincubated on moist substrate had imbibed, compared to 0–14% of the seeds of all 16 seedlots ofR.aromatica,R.copallina,R.glabra, andR.typhina. After 1 yr, imbibition among seedlots ofR.aromaticavaried from 28 ± 2% to 69 ± 5%, whereas 93 ±2% to 100 ± 0% of the seeds from all seedlots ofR.microphylla,R.trilobata, andR.virensdid so. Neither dry laboratory storage for up to 4 yr (even 29 yr inR.aromatica) nor dry heating at 100oC or at 120oC effectively broke dormancy in any of the species tested (R.aromatica,R.glabra,R.trilobata,R.virens). Immersion in boiling water was the best method to render seeds ofR.glabraandR.typhinapermeable, yet it was ineffective for those ofR.aromatica,R.trilobata, andR.virens. In contrast, a 1 h-soaking in concentrated H2SO4led to complete loss of endocarp impermeability in the latter three species, but mostly was ineffective inR.glabraandR.typhina. Thus, there seems to be a tendency for seeds of subgenusRhusto respond well to boiling in water, but not to soaking in H2SO4, whereas the opposite is true for those of subgenusLobadium.
Cerebral Mechanisms in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Authors: Goldar Juan Carlos , Rojas Dario , Outes Mariano 
Published: April 2015

AbstractBrain lesions cause different level change in cerebral function. They may conflict with the existing antagonistic mechanisms between the dorsal and ventral brain. At a clinical level, a dorsal brain lesion may constitute praxis disorders, while a ventral lesion may represent preventive inhibition. Further instinctive symptoms originate in the cingulate gyrus and its connections with the thalamic peduncle. This area may be an importan obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) pathway, that is utilized therapeutically during neurosurgical interventions in OCD.
The Importance of Aesthetics in Body Dysmorphic Disorder
Authors: Veale David M. , Lambrou Christina 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACTIt is hypothesized that body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) patients are firstly more “aesthetical,” an attribute much like being musical, which varies between different individuals. This results in a greater emotional response to more attractive individuals and placing greater value on the importance of appearance in their identity compared with healthy individuals. Some BDD patients may have greater aesthetic perceptual skills. This is manifested in their education or training in art and design. Secondly, BDD patients may have higher aesthetic standards than the rest of the population. Their failure to achieve an unrealistic aesthetic standard is at the core of BDD, leading to severe distress and handicap.
A Fossil Fuel-Funded Climate Disaster Response Fund under the Warsaw International Mechanism for Loss and Damage Associated with Climate Change Impacts
Authors: Lyster Rosemary 
Published: April 2015

AbstractThree sets of social institutions deal with catastrophic risk: government regulation through rule making, the market, and civil liability. Climate disasters expose the limitations of all of these social institutions and often result in extensive uncompensated losses, particularly in developing countries. The author proposes the establishment of a fossil fuel-funded Climate Disaster Response Fund to compensate victims for the ‘residual’ risk of climate disasters in developing countries that are particularly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change. This Fund, established under the UNFCCC’s Warsaw International Mechanism for Loss and Damage Associated with Climate Change Impacts, would comprise levies placed on the world’s top 200 fossil fuel companies. This proposal is modelled on various domestic and international funds which have been established to overcome the difficulties posed by tort law and which require companies to pay for the hazardous consequences of their activities and products. Precedents include funds to compensate for the damage caused by toxic chemicals, oil pollution spills, asbestos and nuclear accidents.
Single-cell genomics-based analysis of virus–host interactions in marine surface bacterioplankton
Authors: Labonté Jessica M , Swan Brandon K , Poulos Bonnie , Luo Haiwei , Koren Sergey , Hallam Steven J , Sullivan Matthew B , Woyke Tanja , Eric Wommack K , Stepanauskas Ramunas 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
Viral infections dynamically alter the composition and metabolic potential of marine microbial communities and the evolutionary trajectories of host populations with resulting feedback on biogeochemical cycles. It is quite possible that all microbial populations in the ocean are impacted by viral infections. Our knowledge of virus–host relationships, however, has been limited to a minute fraction of cultivated host groups. Here, we utilized single-cell sequencing to obtain genomic blueprints of viruses inside or attached to individual bacterial and archaeal cells captured in their native environment, circumventing the need for host and virus cultivation. A combination of comparative genomics, metagenomic fragment recruitment, sequence anomalies and irregularities in sequence coverage depth and genome recovery were utilized to detect viruses and to decipher modes of virus–host interactions. Members of all three tailed phage families were identified in 20 out of 58 phylogenetically and geographically diverse single amplified genomes (SAGs) of marine bacteria and archaea. At least four phage–host interactions had the characteristics of late lytic infections, all of which were found in metabolically active cells. One virus had genetic potential for lysogeny. Our findings include first known viruses of Thaumarchaeota, Marinimicrobia, Verrucomicrobia and Gammaproteobacteria clusters SAR86 and SAR92. Viruses were also found in SAGs of Alphaproteobacteria and Bacteroidetes. A high fragment recruitment of viral metagenomic reads confirmed that most of the SAG-associated viruses are abundant in the ocean. Our study demonstrates that single-cell genomics, in conjunction with sequence-based computational tools, enable in situ, cultivation-independent insights into host–virus interactions in complex microbial communities.
Genetic variation at MECOM, TERT, JAK2 and HBS1L-MYB predisposes to myeloproliferative neoplasms
Authors: Tapper William , Jones Amy V. , Kralovics Robert , Harutyunyan Ashot S. , Zoi Katerina , Leung William , Godfrey Anna L. , Guglielmelli Paola , Callaway Alison , Ward Daniel , Aranaz Paula , White Helen E. , Waghorn Katherine , Lin Feng , Chase Andrew , Joanna Baxter E. , Maclean Cathy , Nangalia Jyoti , Chen Edwin , Evans Paul , Short Michael , Jack Andrew , Wallis Louise , Oscier David , Duncombe Andrew S. , Schuh Anna , Mead Adam J. , Griffiths Michael , Ewing Joanne , Gale Rosemary E. , Schnittger Susanne , Haferlach Torsten , Stegelmann Frank , Döhner Konstanze , Grallert Harald , Strauch Konstantin , Tanaka Toshiko , Bandinelli Stefania , Giannopoulos Andreas , Pieri Lisa , Mannarelli Carmela , Gisslinger Heinz , Barosi Giovanni , Cazzola Mario , Reiter Andreas , Harrison Claire , Campbell Peter , Green Anthony R. , Vannucchi Alessandro , Cross Nicholas C.P. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractClonal proliferation in myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN) is driven by somatic mutations inJAK2,CALRorMPL, but the contribution of inherited factors is poorly characterized. Using a three-stage genome-wide association study of 3,437 MPN cases and 10,083 controls, we identify two SNPs with genome-wide significance inJAK2V617F-negative MPN: rs12339666 (JAK2;meta-analysisP=1.27 × 10−10) and rs2201862 (MECOM; meta-analysisP=1.96 × 10−9). Two additional SNPs, rs2736100 (TERT) and rs9376092 (HBS1L/MYB), achieve genome-wide significance when includingJAK2V617F-positive cases. rs9376092 has a stronger effect inJAK2V617F-negative cases withCALRand/orMPLmutations (Breslow–DayP=4.5 × 10−7), whereas inJAK2V617F-positive cases rs9376092 associates with essential thrombocythemia (ET) rather than polycythemia vera (allelicχ2P=7.3 × 10−7). ReducedMYBexpression, previously linked to development of an ET-like disease in model systems, associates with rs9376092 in normal myeloid cells. These findings demonstrate that multiple germline variants predispose to MPN and link constitutional differences inMYBexpression to disease phenotype.
Comprehensive identification of arginine methylation in primary T cells reveals regulatory roles in cell signalling
Authors: Geoghegan Vincent , Guo Ailan , Trudgian David , Thomas Benjamin , Acuto Oreste 
Published: April 2015

AbstractThe impact of protein arginine methylation on the regulation of immune functions is virtually unknown. Here, we apply a novel method—isomethionine methyl-SILAC—coupled with antibody-mediated arginine-methylated peptide enrichment to identify methylated peptides in human T cells by mass spectrometry. This approach allowed the identification of 2,502 arginine methylation sites from 1,257 tissue-specific and housekeeping proteins. We find that components of T cell antigen receptor signal machinery and several key transcription factors that regulate T cell fate determination are methylated on arginine. Moreover, we demonstrate changes in arginine methylation stoichiometry during cellular stimulation in a subset of proteins critical to T cell differentiation. Our data suggest that protein arginine methyltransferases exert key regulatory roles in T cell activation and differentiation, opening a new field of investigation in T cell biology.
Controlling band alignments by artificial interface dipoles at perovskite heterointerfaces
Authors: Yajima Takeaki , Hikita Yasuyuki , Minohara Makoto , Bell Christopher , Mundy Julia A. , Kourkoutis Lena F. , Muller David A. , Kumigashira Hiroshi , Oshima Masaharu , Hwang Harold Y. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractThe concept ‘the interface is the device’ is embodied in a wide variety of interfacial electronic phenomena and associated applications in oxide materials, ranging from catalysts and clean energy systems to emerging multifunctional devices. Many device properties are defined by the band alignment, which is often influenced by interface dipoles. On the other hand, the ability to purposefully create and control interface dipoles is a relatively unexplored degree of freedom for perovskite oxides, which should be particularly effective for such ionic materials. Here we demonstrate tuning the band alignment in perovskite metal-semiconductor heterojunctions over a broad range of 1.7 eV. This is achieved by the insertion of positive or negative charges at the interface, and the resultant dipole formed by the induced screening charge. This approach can be broadly used in applications where decoupling the band alignment from the constituent work functions and electron affinities can enhance device functionality.
D-cycloserine to enhance extinction of cue-elicited craving for alcohol: a translational approach
Authors: MacKillop J , Few L R , Stojek M K , Murphy C M , Malutinok S F , Johnson F T , Hofmann S G , McGeary J E , Swift R M , Monti P M 
Published: April 2015

AbstractCue-elicited craving for alcohol is well established but extinction-based treatment to extinguish this response has generated only modest positive outcomes in clinical trials. Basic and clinical research suggests that D-cycloserine (DCS) enhances extinction to fear cues under certain conditions. However, it remains unclear whether DCS would also accelerate extinction of cue-elicited craving for alcohol. The goal of the current study was to examine whether, compared with placebo (PBO), DCS enhanced extinction of cue-elicited craving among treatment-seeking individuals with alcohol use disorders (AUDs). Participants were administered DCS (50 mg) or PBO 1 h before an alcohol extinction paradigm in a simulated bar environment on two occasions. The extinction procedures occurred 1 week apart and were fully integrated into outpatient treatment. Subjective craving for alcohol was the primary variable of interest. Follow-up cue reactivity sessions were conducted 1 week and 3 weeks later to ascertain persisting DCS effects. Drinking outcomes and tolerability were also examined. DCS was associated with augmented reductions in alcohol craving to alcohol cues during the first extinction session and these effects persisted through all subsequent sessions, suggesting facilitation of extinction. Participants in the DCS condition reported significant short-term reductions in drinking, although these did not persist to follow-up, and found the medication highly tolerable. These findings provide evidence that DCS enhances extinction of cue-elicited craving for alcohol in individuals with AUDs in the context of outpatient treatment. The potential clinical utility of DCS is discussed, including methodological considerations and context-dependent learning.
Effect of neighborhood stigma on economic transactions
Authors: Besbris Max , Faber Jacob William , Rich Peter , Sharkey Patrick 
Published: April 2015

Significance
Although previously theorized, virtually no rigorous empirical evidence has demonstrated an impact of neighborhood stigma on individual outcomes. To test for the effects of neighborhood stigma on economic transactions, an experimental audit of an online classified market was conducted in 2013–2014. In this market, advertisements were placed for used iPhones in which the neighborhood of the seller was randomly manipulated. Advertisements identifying the seller as a resident of a disadvantaged neighborhood received significantly fewer responses than advertisements identifying the seller as a resident of an advantaged neighborhood. The results provide strong evidence for an effect of neighborhood stigma on economic transactions, suggesting that individuals carry the stigma of their neighborhood with them as they take part in economic exchanges.
FtsZ filament capping by MciZ, a developmental regulator of bacterial division
Authors: Bisson-Filho Alexandre W. , Discola Karen F. , Castellen Patrícia , Blasios Valdir , Martins Alexandre , Sforça Maurício L. , Garcia Wanius , Zeri Ana Carolina M. , Erickson Harold P. , Dessen Andréa , Gueiros-Filho Frederico J. 
Published: April 2015

Significance
Division of bacteria is executed by a contractile ring whose cytoskeletal framework is FtsZ (filamentation temperature-sensitive Z), a protein evolutionarily related to eukaryotic tubulin. The FtsZ ring is made of filaments of head-to-tail FtsZ subunits but its architecture and the rules governing its assembly are still poorly known. Here we show that MciZ, an inhibitor of FtsZ ring formation, functions by capping the minus end of FtsZ filaments. Capping by MciZ makes FtsZ filaments shorter than normal, likely by blocking filament annealing; this represents fundamental information to understand how FtsZ filaments grow and shrink, and attain their normal size. The powerful inhibition of Z-ring assembly by MciZ also suggests that an FtsZ ring cannot form from filaments smaller than a certain size.
Balance between cell−substrate adhesion and myosin contraction determines the frequency of motility initiation in fish keratocytes
Authors: Barnhart Erin , Lee Kun-Chun , Allen Greg M. , Theriot Julie A. , Mogilner Alex 
Published: April 2015

Significance
Symmetry breaking and motility initiation are required for many physiological and pathological processes, but the mechanical mechanisms that drive symmetry breaking are not well understood. Fish keratocytes break symmetry spontaneously, in the absence of external cues, with myosin-driven actin flow preceding rear retraction. Here we combine experimental manipulations and mathematical modeling to show that the critical event for symmetry breaking is a flow-dependent, nonlinear switch in adhesion strength. Moreover, our results suggest that mechanical feedback among actin network flow, myosin, and adhesion is sufficient to amplify stochastic fluctuations in actin flow and trigger symmetry breaking. Our mechanical model for symmetry breaking in the relatively simple keratocyte provides a framework for understanding motility initiation in more complex cell types.
Octopamine mediates starvation-induced hyperactivity in adult
Drosophila
Authors: Yang Zhe , Yu Yue , Zhang Vivian , Tian Yinjun , Qi Wei , Wang Liming 
Published: April 2015

Significance
The central nervous system monitors reduction in metabolic state and promotes feeding and foraging in response. While feeding behavior has been extensively studied, the regulation of foraging behavior remains largely unknown. In this study, we show that starvation-induced hyperactivity in adult fruit flies resembled foraging activity. We also found that octopamine, the insect counterpart of vertebrate norepinephrine, was crucial for starvation-induced foraging. We further showed that octopamine was not required for starvation-induced changes in feeding, suggesting independent regulations of energy intake behaviors upon starvation. Taken together, our results establish a quantitative foraging assay and a highly conserved neural substrate that regulates foraging, offering an entry point to further dissect the neural circuitry of this important behavior.
NADPH oxidase DUOX1 promotes long-term persistence of oxidative stress after an exposure to irradiation
Authors: Ameziane-El-Hassani Rabii , Talbot Monique , de Souza Dos Santos Maria Carolina , Al Ghuzlan Abir , Hartl Dana , Bidart Jean-Michel , De Deken Xavier , Miot Françoise , Diallo Ibrahima , de Vathaire Florent , Schlumberger Martin , Dupuy Corinne 
Published: April 2015

Significance
Increasing evidence supports the role of chronic oxidative stress in late radiation-induced effects, including malignancy and genetic instability. To date, elevated levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been considered a cause of persistent instability, but until now the mechanism(s) underlying the perpetuation of ROS generation in irradiated cells and their progeny was undetermined. Cells can produce ROS through activation and/or induction of NADPH oxidases. The present investigation identifies the DUOX1-based NADPH oxidase as a ROS-generating system induced after irradiation, causing delayed DNA breakage. Overexpression of DUOX1 in radio-induced thyroid tumors suggests that DUOX1 may contribute to a chronic oxidative stress promoting genomic instability and tumorigenesis.
Stoichiometric control of DNA-grafted colloid self-assembly
Authors: Vo Thi , Venkatasubramanian Venkat , Kumar Sanat , Srinivasan Babji , Pal Suchetan , Zhang Yugang , Gang Oleg 
Published: April 2015

Significance
Recently, there has been an increased interest in understanding the self-assembly of DNA-grafted colloids into different morphologies. Conventional approaches assume that the critical design parameters are the size and number of DNA grafts on each particle. Stoichiometry is viewed as a secondary variable and its exact role in this context is unresolved. In contrast with these expectations, our experiments show that the equilibrium lattice structure can be tuned through variations in the imposed stoichiometry. These findings are captured through simple extensions of the complementary contact model. Stoichiometry is thus shown to be a powerful handle to control these self-assembled structures.
Cell-autonomous activation of Hedgehog signaling inhibits brown adipose tissue development
Authors: Nosavanh LaGina , Yu Da-Hai , Jaehnig Eric J. , Tong Qiang , Shen Lanlan , Chen Miao-Hsueh 
Published: April 2015

Significance
The function of brown adipose tissue (BAT), which converts chemical energy into heat, has been widely characterized, but how BAT forms and what signaling molecules regulate its formation are largely unknown. In this paper, we report that Hedgehog (Hh) signaling inhibits the formation of BAT during development. Activation of Hh signaling, specifically in the BAT of mice during development, resulted in the loss of interscapular BAT due to the impairment of brown-preadipocyte differentiation. Remarkably, the majority of the BAT cells in the neck were replaced by skeletal muscle-like cells in embryos with elevated Hh activity. These findings indicate that Hh is an essential regulator of BAT development and that developing BAT depots respond differentially to Hh signaling.
Edaravone alleviates Alzheimer’s disease-type pathologies and cognitive deficits
Authors: Jiao Shu-Sheng , Yao Xiu-Qing , Liu Yu-Hui , Wang Qing-Hua , Zeng Fan , Lu Jian-Jun , Liu Jia , Zhu Chi , Shen Lin-Lin , Liu Cheng-Hui , Wang Ye-Ran , Zeng Gui-Hua , Parikh Ankit , Chen Jia , Liang Chun-Rong , Xiang Yang , Bu Xian-Le , Deng Juan , Li Jing , Xu Juan , Zeng Yue-Qin , Xu Xiang , Xu Hai-Wei , Zhong Jin-Hua , Zhou Hua-Dong , Zhou Xin-Fu , Wang Yan-Jiang 
Published: April 2015

SignificanceAlzheimer’s disease (AD) is a devastating disease that results in the progressive cognitive deficits of elderly and has become one of major social and economic burdens worldwide. There is no effective drug or therapy to prevent or halt the progressive cognitive dysfunctions due to the complex mechanisms such as accumulation of amyloid-β (Aβ), increase in oxidative stress, and formation of neurofibrillary tangle that drive the development of the disease. We found here that Edaravone, a drug that has been used for ischemic stroke, is able to prevent and treat AD by targeting multiple pathways of AD pathogenesis and rescuing the cognitive deficits of a mouse model of AD. Our study suggests Edaravone is a promising drug candidate for AD.
Panoramic view of a superfamily of phosphatases through substrate profiling
Authors: Huang Hua , Pandya Chetanya , Liu Chunliang , Al-Obaidi Nawar F. , Wang Min , Zheng Li , Toews Keating Sarah , Aono Miyuki , Love James D. , Evans Brandon , Seidel Ronald D. , Hillerich Brandan S. , Garforth Scott J. , Almo Steven C. , Mariano Patrick S. , Dunaway-Mariano Debra , Allen Karen N. , Farelli Jeremiah D. 
Published: April 2015

Significance
Here, we examine the activity profile of the haloalkanoic acid dehalogenase (HAD) superfamily by screening a customized library against >200 enzymes from a broad sampling of the superfamily. From this dataset, we can infer the function of nearly 35% of the superfamily. Overall, the superfamily was found to show high substrate ambiguity, with 75% of the superfamily utilizing greater than five substrates. In addition, the HAD members with the least amount of structural accessorization of the Rossmann fold were found to be the most specific, suggesting that elaboration of the core domain may have led to increased substrate range of the superfamily.