bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rapid Induction of High-Level Carbapenem Resistance in Heteroresistant KPC-Producing Klebsiella pneumoniae
Authors: Adams-Sapper Sheila , Nolen Shantell , Donzelli Grace Fox , Lal Mallika , Chen Kunihiko , Justo da Silva Livia Helena , Moreira Beatriz M. , Riley Lee W. 
Published: March 2015

ABSTRACT

Enterobacteriaceae
strains producing the
Klebsiella pneumoniae
carbapenemase (KPC) have disseminated worldwide, causing an urgent threat to public health. KPC-producing strains often exhibit low-level carbapenem resistance, which may be missed by automated clinical detection systems. In this study, eight
Klebsiella pneumoniae
strains with heterogeneous resistance to imipenem were used to elucidate the factors leading from imipenem susceptibility to high-level resistance as defined by clinical laboratory testing standards. Time-kill analysis with an inoculum as low as 3 × 10
6
CFU/ml and concentrations of imipenem 8- and 16-fold higher than the MIC resulted in the initial killing of 99.9% of the population. However, full recovery of the population occurred by 20 h of incubation in the same drug concentrations. Population profiles showed that recovery was mediated by a heteroresistant subpopulation at a frequency of 2 × 10
−7
to 3 × 10
−6
. Samples selected 2 h after exposure to imipenem were as susceptible as the unexposed parental strain and produced the major outer membrane porin OmpK36. However, between 4 to 8 h after exposure, OmpK36 became absent, and the imipenem MIC increased at least 32-fold. Individual colonies isolated from cultures after 20 h of exposure revealed both susceptible and resistant subpopulations. Once induced, however, the high-level imipenem resistance was maintained, and OmpK36 remained unexpressed even without continued carbapenem exposure. This study demonstrates the essential coordination between
bla
KPC
and
ompK36
expression mediating high-level imipenem resistance from a population of bacteria that initially exhibits a carbapenem-susceptibility phenotype.
Inducible Expression of a Resistance-Nodulation-Division-Type Efflux Pump in Staphylococcus aureus Provides Resistance to Linoleic and Arachidonic Acids
Authors: Alnaseri Heba , Arsic Benjamin , Schneider James E. T. , Kaiser Julienne C. , Scinocca Zachariah C. , Heinrichs David E. , McGavin Martin J. 
Published: March 2015

ABSTRACT

Although
Staphylococcus aureus
is exposed to antimicrobial fatty acids on the skin, in nasal secretions, and in abscesses, a specific mechanism of inducible resistance to this important facet of innate immunity has not been identified. Here, we have sequenced the genome of
S. aureus
USA300 variants selected for their ability to grow at an elevated concentration of linoleic acid. The fatty acid-resistant clone FAR7 had a single nucleotide polymorphism resulting in an H
121
Y substitution in an uncharacterized transcriptional regulator belonging to the AcrR family, which was divergently transcribed from a gene encoding a member of the resistance-nodulation-division superfamily of multidrug efflux pumps. We named these genes
farR
and
farE
, for
r
egulator and
e
ffector of
f
atty
a
cid
r
esistance, respectively. Several lines of evidence indicated that FarE promotes efflux of antimicrobial fatty acids and is regulated by FarR. First, expression of
farE
was strongly induced by arachidonic and linoleic acids in an
farR
-dependent manner. Second, an H
121
Y substitution in FarR resulted in increased expression of
farE
and was alone sufficient to promote increased resistance of
S. aureus
to linoleic acid. Third, inactivation of
farE
resulted in a significant reduction in the inducible resistance of
S. aureus
to the bactericidal activity of 100 μM linoleic acid, increased accumulation of [
14
C]linoleic acid by growing cells, and severely impaired growth in the presence of nonbactericidal concentrations of linoleic acid. Cumulatively, these findings represent the first description of a specific mechanism of inducible resistance to antimicrobial fatty acids in a Gram-positive pathogen.

IMPORTANCE
Staphylococcus aureus
colonizes approximately 25% of humans and is a leading cause of human infectious morbidity and mortality. To persist on human hosts,
S. aureus
must have intrinsic defense mechanisms to cope with antimicrobial fatty acids, which comprise an important component of human innate defense mechanisms. We have identified a novel pair of genes,
farR
and
farE
, that constitute a dedicated regulator and effector of
S. aureus
resistance to linoleic and arachidonic acids, which are major fatty acids in human membrane phospholipid. Expression of
farE
, which encodes an efflux pump, is induced in an
farR
-dependent mechanism, in response to these antimicrobial fatty acids that would be encountered in a tissue abscess.
Trends in mortality following mechanical thrombectomy for the treatment of acute ischemic stroke in the USA
Authors: Villwock Mark R , Padalino David J , Deshaies Eric M 
Published: March 2015

Background and purposeMechanical thrombectomy (MT) for the treatment of acute ischemic stroke has been growing in popularity while the therapeutic benefit of MT has been increasingly debated. Our objective was to examine national trends in mortality following MT.MethodsWe analyzed the National Inpatient Sample (2012) and the Nationwide Inpatient Sample (2008–2011) for patients with a primary diagnosis of acute ischemic stroke that received MT. Temporal trends in mortality were examined using Spearman's rank correlation. To account for confounding factors, mortality was further analyzed in binary logistic regression.ResultsHospitals performing MT comprised 8% of all hospitals treating ischemic stroke. The percentage of stroke cases treated with MT increased from 0.6% of cases in 2008 to 1.1% in 2012, totaling 16 307 MT cases in a 5 year period. Inhospital mortality decreased over the study period from 25.4% in 2008 to 16.1% in 2012 (r=−0.081, p<0.001). This finding was supported by regression analysis as each incremental year reduced the odds of mortality by 20% (OR=0.832, p<0.001). Administration of recombinant tissue plasminogen activator was associated with a decrease in the odds of mortality (OR=0.805, p<0.001).ConclusionsUtilization of MT represents a small percentage of stroke cases, although the trend is increasing. Mortality following MT has been showing a steady decline over the past 5 years. This may be a result of a learning curve, improved patient selection, and/or device improvements. Randomized trials remain essential to evaluate the potential benefit of endovascular devices and identify the most appropriate patients.
Magnetic susceptibility and facies relationship in Bajocian–Bathonian carbonates from the Azé caves, southeastern Paris Basin, France
Authors: Dechamps S. , Da Silva A. C. , Boulvain F. 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
This study focuses on three Bajocian and Bathonian carbonate sections from the southeastern part of the Paris Basin (Mâconnais area, in the east of France). The main goals of the study are to propose a palaeoenvironmental model, to get insight into vertical and lateral facies evolution, to improve correlations and to better understand the origin of the magnetic susceptibility (MS) signal in these deposits. The sedimentological setting corresponds to a ramp, with two types of geometries: (1) a homoclinal carbonate ramp with oolitic shoals; and (2) a multiple-slopes carbonate ramp with reef complexes. The MS signal appears to be influenced by facies and ramp geometry. The evolution of MS seems to be mainly related to changes in carbonate productivity and water agitation: oolitic facies and reef complexes, with high carbonate production show the lowest signal, while storm deposits are characterized by higher values.
In addition, the MS signal from proximal tempestites have higher values than distal ones.
MS appears to be a useful complementary proxy for palaeoenvironmental interpretations, correlations and
sequential stratigraphy. The facies evolution, supported by MS curves, shows at least nine successive
depositional sequences, which were inserted into the regional sequential canvas.
The Fate of Repository Gases (FORGE) project
Authors: Shaw R. P. 
Published: March 2015

Abstract

Understanding the behaviour of gases in the context of radioactive waste disposal is a fundamental requirement and was the focus of the FORGE (
F
ate
O
f
R
epository
G
as
E
s) project. Of particular importance is the long-term performance of the bentonite buffers and the cement-based backfill materials that may be used to encapsulate and surround the waste in a repository for the geological disposal of radioactive waste and plastic clays, indurated mudrocks, and the crystalline formations that may be the host rocks of a repository. FORGE did not study salt host rocks or salt based backfill materials. FORGE has provided new insights into the processes and mechanisms governing gas generation and migration, with the aim of reducing uncertainty relating to the quantitative treatment of gas in performance assessment. This has been achieved by the acquisition of new experimental data coupled with modelling through a series of laboratory and field-scale experiments (performed at a number of underground research laboratories throughout Europe), and modelling. New methods were developed for upscaling from laboratory to field conditions, allowing the optimization of disposal concepts through detailed scenario analysis. Understanding a repository system to an adequate level of detail is required to demonstrate confidence in the assessment of site performance, recognizing that a robust treatment of uncertainty is desirable throughout this process.
Visualizing Block IO Workloads
Authors: Rodeh Ohad , Helman Haim , Chambliss David 
Published: March 2015

Massive block IO systems are the workhorses powering many of today’s largest applications. Databases, health care systems, and virtual machine images are examples for block storage applications. The massive scale of these workloads, and the complexity of the underlying storage systems, makes it difficult to pinpoint problems when they occur. This work attempts to shed light on workload patterns through visualization, aiding our intuition.
We describe our experience in the last 3 years of analyzing and visualizing customer traces from XIV, an IBM enterprise block storage system. We also present results from applying the same visualization technology to Linux filesystems.
We show how visualization aids our understanding of workloads and how it assists in resolving customer performance problems.
The arbitrariness of reviews, and advice for school administrators
Authors: Langford John , Guzdial Mark 
Published: March 2015

The
Communications
Web site, http://cacm.acm.org, features more than a dozen bloggers in the BLOG@CACM community. In each issue of
Communications
, we'll publish selected posts or excerpts.

twitter

Follow us on Twitter at http://twitter.com/blogCACM

http://cacm.acm.org/blogs/blog-cacm
John Langford examines the results of the NIPS experiment, while Mark Guzdial considers the role of class size in teaching computer science.
Convolution engine
Authors: Qadeer Wajahat , Hameed Rehan , Shacham Ofer , Venkatesan Preethi , Kozyrakis Christos , Horowitz Mark 
Published: March 2015

General-purpose processors, while tremendously versatile, pay a huge cost for their flexibility by wasting over 99% of the energy in programmability overheads. We observe that reducing this waste requires tuning data storage and compute structures and their connectivity to the data-flow and data-locality patterns in the algorithms. Hence, by backing off from full programmability and instead targeting key data-flow patterns used in a domain, we can create efficient engines that can be programmed and reused across a wide range of applications within that domain.
We present the Convolution Engine (CE)---a programmable processor specialized for the convolution-like data-flow prevalent in computational photography, computer vision, and video processing. The CE achieves energy efficiency by capturing data-reuse patterns, eliminating data transfer overheads, and enabling a large number of operations per memory access. We demonstrate that the CE is within a factor of 2--3× of the energy and area efficiency of custom units optimized for a single kernel. The CE improves energy and area efficiency by 8--15× over data-parallel Single Instruction Multiple Data (SIMD) engines for most image processing applications.<!-- END_PAGE_1 -->
Ada Implementation of Transaction Level Modeling Transport Channel
Authors: Mahani Negin 
Published: March 2015

Transaction level modeling1 as a new step toward system level modeling is the desired level for hardware descriptors now a days. In the previous researches we have developed TLM-FIFO and TLM-Request-Response channels -two basic cannels of TLM- and some primary master-slave architectures using those implemented channels in Ada programming language for getting some simulation time results.
In this research we have developed TLM-Transport channel specification and body in Ada programming language. As before we have done some simulation tests in Gnat compiler and made some comparisons to its equivalent SystemC TLM model. Several experiments have been conducted to compare the efficiency of SystemAda versus SystemC TLM in two different platforms. Experimental results show that there is no and in the worst case not much simulation time overhead when using SystemAda as compared to SystemC TLM.
FDA Approval: Belinostat for the Treatment of Patients with Relapsed or Refractory Peripheral T-cell Lymphoma
Authors: Lee Hyon-Zu , Kwitkowski Virginia E. , Del Valle Pedro L. , Ricci M. Stacey , Saber Haleh , Habtemariam Bahru A. , Bullock Julie , Bloomquist Erik , Li Shen Yuan , Chen Xiao-Hong , Brown Janice , Mehrotra Nitin , Dorff Sarah , Charlab Rosane , Kane Robert C. , Kaminskas Edvardas , Justice Robert , Farrell Ann T. , Pazdur Richard 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
On July 3, 2014, the FDA granted accelerated approval for belinostat (Beleodaq; Spectrum Pharmaceuticals, Inc.), a histone deacetylase inhibitor, for the treatment of patients with relapsed or refractory peripheral T-cell lymphoma (PTCL). A single-arm, open-label, multicenter, international trial in the indicated patient population was submitted in support of the application. Belinostat was administered intravenously at a dose of 1000 mg/m2 over 30 minutes once daily on days 1 to 5 of a 21-day cycle. The primary efficacy endpoint was overall response rate (ORR) based on central radiology readings by an independent review committee. The ORR was 25.8% [95% confidence interval (CI), 18.3–34.6] in 120 patients that had confirmed diagnoses of PTCL by the Central Pathology Review Group. The complete and partial response rates were 10.8% (95% CI, 5.9–17.8) and 15.0% (95% CI, 9.1–22.7), respectively. The median duration of response, the key secondary efficacy endpoint, was 8.4 months (95% CI, 4.5–29.4). The most common adverse reactions (&gt;25%) were nausea, fatigue, pyrexia, anemia, and vomiting. Grade 3/4 toxicities (≥5.0%) included anemia, thrombocytopenia, dyspnea, neutropenia, fatigue, and pneumonia. Belinostat is the third drug to receive accelerated approval for the treatment of relapsed or refractory PTCL. Clin Cancer Res; 21(12); 2666–70. ©2015 AACR.
Designing Musical Instruments for the Browser
Authors: Roberts Charles , Wakefield Graham , Wright Matthew , Kuchera-Morin JoAnn 
Published: March 2015

Native Web technologies provide great potential for musical expression. We introduce two JavaScript libraries towards this end: Gibberish.js, providing heavily optimized audio DSP, and Interface.js, a GUI toolkit that works with mouse, touch, and motion events. Together they provide a complete system for defining musical instruments that can be used in both desktop and mobile Web browsers. Interface.js also enables control of remote synthesis applications via a server application that translates the socket protocol used by Web interfaces into both MIDI and OSC messages. We have incorporated these libraries into the creative coding environment Gibber, where we provide mapping abstractions that enable users to create digital musical instruments in as little as a single line of code. They can then be published to a central database, enabling new instruments to be created, distributed, and run entirely in the browser.
A new species of Emerita (Decapoda, Anomura, Hippidae) from Taiwan, with a key to species of the genus
Authors: Hsueh Pan-Wen 
Published: March 2015

A new species,Emeritataiwanensissp. nov., is described from Taiwan and represents the first record of the genus from East Asia. The species differs from its congeners by having (1) a long and sharply triangular median frontal lobe, which is approximately equal in length to the lateral lobes, (2) the highest ratio of the maximum length of the merus of the 3rdmaxilliped to that same segment’s maximum width, (3) a narrow and elongate P1 dactylus, combined with a ratio of the P1 dactylus length to its maximum width of approx. 2.78, (4) 1-3 spines present on the inner margin of the P1 dactylus, and (5) a peculiar colour pattern on the dorsum of the carapace. A comparison of the morphological characters of the present species with those of its congeners with a similar, elongate P1 dactylus is presented in the form of a table.
Characterizing Arctic Spring Onset
Authors: He Jia , Black Robert X. 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
The high-latitude atmosphere experiences a rapid state transition during Arctic spring onset (ASO) with distinct warming in surface 2-m air temperature (T2m) occurring over broad geographical regions. Three methods are tested to optimally isolate this transition: The first two, the time derivative and the radius of curvature (RoC) methods, identify periods of large T2m acceleration. The third technique, the two-phase linear regression model, identifies a transition from an approximately steady winter state to a warming spring state. Although all three methods are largely successful in isolating the state transition associated with ASO, the RoC method is most effective in capturing the most rapid temperature increases and is adopted to define ASO in the study.
Statistical analyses indicate that the annual ASO timing is roughly bimodal with strong interannual variability but no significant long-term trends. Composite time evolution analyses of ASO uncover a critical warming region over northern Siberia common to most events. Several subcategories of ASO events are identified in which distinct warming signatures are also observed in the Greenland–North American, East Asian, and Alaskan sectors. The characteristic synoptic structures associated with these events are isolated via a parallel composite analysis of sea level pressure. These analyses provide initial evidence that, during ASO, the synoptic evolutions of semipermanent surface pressure systems (oceanic lows and continental highs) provide favorable conditions for rapid regional advective and diabatic warming in the lower troposphere.
A Validation of Passive Microwave Rain-Rate Retrievals from the Chinese FengYun-3B Satellite
Authors: Xu Bin , Xie Pingping , Xu Ming , Jiang Lipeng , Shi Chunxiang , You Ran 
Published: March 2015

AbstractLevel 2 rain-rate retrievals from the Microwave Radiation Imager (MWRI) on board the Chinese FengYun (FY)-3B satellite are verified using minute rainfall measurements from a dense automatic weather station (AWS) network over eastern China for the warm seasons (May–September) of 2012 and 2013. First, analyses of minute rainfall are constructed on a 0.05° latitude–longitude grid box through interpolation of quality-controlled gauge reports. Ground truth for the FY-3B rain-rate retrievals is defined as the 5-min mean rate centering at the satellite observation time and over the 0.05° latitude–longitude grid boxes falling into the target field-of-view (FOV) coverage determined with parallax correction. Parallax displacement is about the same as the height of cloud or half of the FY-3B FOV size. Parallax correction is crucial to ensure accurate evaluation and applications of the level 2 precipitation retrievals from FY-3B and other satellites, including the Global Precipitation Mission (GPM) core satellite, and should be implemented before the level 2 retrievals may be used as inputs to the level 3 integrated satellite precipitation analyses. FY-3B level 2 retrievals present good skills in detecting raining pixels and quantifying rain rate as retrievals from other PMW sensors. However, they tend to miss rainfall from warm and low clouds of small scales and underestimate (overestimate) heavy (light) precipitation. In particular, the limited maximum rain rate yields significant underestimation for many heavy rainfall events. Maximum rainfall detected by the FY-3B retrievals for the afternoon orbits is shifted by about 7–8 km toward the leeward direction, most likely caused by the displacement between the heavy rainfall and tallest cloud top.
Measuring the Implementation and Effects of a Coordinated Care Model Featuring Diabetes Self-management Education Within Four Patient-Centered Medical Homes
Authors: Sepers Charles E. , Fawcett Stephen B. , Lipman Ruth , Schultz Jerry , Colie-Akers Vicki , Perez Alexandra 
Published: March 2015

Purpose The purpose of this study is to measure the implementation and effects of a multisite coordinated care approach that delivered diabetes self-management education (DSME) and diabetes self-management support (DSMS) for disadvantaged patients within 4 patient-centered medical homes (PCMH). Methods A total of 173 patients (69.9% African American, 26.0% Caucasian, and 4.1% other) experienced elements of the intervention, which featured DSME and coordinated care. Key informant interviews with PCMH site staff were used to capture, code, and characterize activities related to implementation and sustainability of the intervention. Outcome measures collected at baseline and at 6 months included clinical health indicators, A1C, body mass index (BMI), blood pressure, and lipids, as well as the AADE7 Behaviors. Results A statistically significant decrease occurred in A1C and BMI within 6 months for participants within 1 PCMH. This improvement among clinical health outcomes was associated with the frequency of services provided (eg, DSME, patient support). Conclusion Integrating and delivering DSME and DSMS within coordinated care settings have the potential to improve PCMH practice and associated clinical health outcomes for populations experiencing health disparities.