bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Three Types of Indian Ocean Dipoles
Authors: Guo Feiyan , Liu Qinyu , Sun S. , Yang Jianling 
Published: February 2015

AbstractUsing observational data and phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) model outputs [the preindustrial (PI) control run of the Community Climate System Model, version 4 (CCSM4) and historical simulations of 17 CMIP5 models], Indian Ocean dipoles (IODs) with a peak in fall are categorized into three types. The first type is closely related to the development phase of El Niño/La Niña. The second type evolves from the basinwide warming (cooling) in the tropical Indian Ocean (IO), usually occurring in the year following El Niño (La Niña). The third type is independent of El Niño and La Niña. The dominant trigger condition for the first (third) type of IOD is the anomalous Walker circulation (anomalous cross-equatorial flow); the anomalous zonal sea surface temperature (SST) gradient in the tropical IO is the trigger condition for the second type. The occurrence of anomalous ocean Rossby waves during the forming stage of IO basinwide mode and their effect on SST in the southwestern IO during winter and spring are critical for early development of the second type of IOD. Although most models simulate a stronger El Niño–Southern Oscillation and IOD compared to the observations, this does not influence the phase-locking and classification of the IOD peaking in the fall.
Prospects for Advancing Drought Understanding, Monitoring, and Prediction
Authors: Wood Eric F. , Schubert Siegfried D. , Wood Andrew W. , Peters-Lidard Christa D. , Mo Kingtse C. , Mariotti Annarita , Pulwarty Roger S. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThis paper summarizes and synthesizes the research carried out under the NOAA Drought Task Force (DTF) and submitted in this special collection. The DTF is organized and supported by NOAA’s Climate Program Office with the National Integrated Drought Information System (NIDIS) and involves scientists from across NOAA, academia, and other agencies. The synthesis includes an assessment of successes and remaining challenges in monitoring and prediction capabilities, as well as a perspective of the current understanding of North American drought and key research gaps. Results from the DTF papers indicate that key successes for drought monitoring include the application of modern land surface hydrological models that can be used for objective drought analysis, including extended retrospective forcing datasets to support hydrologic reanalyses, and the expansion of near-real-time satellite-based monitoring and analyses, particularly those describing vegetation and evapotranspiration. In the area of drought prediction, successes highlighted in the papers include the development of the North American Multimodel Ensemble (NMME) suite of seasonal model forecasts, an established basis for the importance of La Niña in drought events over the southern Great Plains, and an appreciation of the role of internal atmospheric variability related to drought events. Despite such progress, there are still important limitations in our ability to predict various aspects of drought, including onset, duration, severity, and recovery. Critical challenges include (i) the development of objective, science-based integration approaches for merging multiple information sources; (ii) long, consistent hydrometeorological records to better characterize drought; and (iii) extending skillful precipitation forecasts beyond a 1-month lead time.
A Bayesian Optimization Approach to Multimodel Ensemble Kalman Filter with a Low-Order Model
Authors: Otsuka Shigenori , Miyoshi Takemasa 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
Multimodel ensemble data assimilation may account for uncertainties of numerical models due to different dynamical cores and physics parameterizations. In the previous studies, the ensemble sizes for each model are prescribed subjectively, for example, uniformly distributed to each model. In this study, a Bayesian filter approach to a multimodel ensemble Kalman filter is adopted to objectively estimate the optimal combination of ensemble sizes for each model. An effective inflation method to make the discrete Bayesian filter work without converging to a single imperfect model was developed.
As a first step, the proposed approach was tested with the 40-variable Lorenz-96 model. Different values of the model parameter F are used to mimic the multimodel ensemble. The true F is first chosen to be , and the observations are generated by adding independent Gaussian noise to the true time series. When the multimodel ensemble consists of , 7, 8, 9, and 10, the Bayesian filter finds the true model and converges to quickly. When , 7, 9, and 10, the closest two models, and F = 9, are selected. When the true F has a periodic variation about with a time scale much longer than the observation frequency, the proposed system follows the temporal change, and the error becomes less than that of the time-invariant optimal combination. Sensitivities to several parameters in the proposed system were also investigated, and the system was found to show improvements in a wide range of parameters.
Sharpening our critical edge: Occupational therapy in the context of marginalized populations
Authors: Gerlach Alison J. 
Published: February 2015

Background. An emerging and important area of occupational therapy practice involves engaging with various individuals and population groups who live in marginalizing conditions that result in health inequities. Purpose. This paper calls for more critical and intersectional analyses of occupational therapy in the context of marginalized populations. Key Issues. Intersectionality has the potential to reveal important and complex interactions among social systems that create and sustain marginalization and to inform more nuanced, contextualized, and socially responsive forms of occupational therapy. Central to this process is the co-construction of knowledge with people who experience marginalization. Engaging in this work requires occupational therapists to undertake ongoing critical reflexivity to attend to our sociohistorical positioning of power and privilege in relation to marginalized populations. Implications. Complicating our discourse on marginalized populations is imperative to enacting our critical potential in working toward social justice and health equity.
The Program and Treatment Effect of Summer Jobs on Girls’ Post-Schooling Incomes
Authors: Alam Moudud , Carling Kenneth , Nääs Ola 
Published: February 2015

Background: Public programs offering summer jobs to smooth the transition from school to work is commonplace. However, the empirical support for summer jobs is limited. This article exploits the availability of registered individual information and random allocation to summer jobs to provide empirical evidence on this issue. Objectives: To identify the effect of summer job programs on the post-schooling incomes of the intended participants. Also to identify the effect of sophomore girls’ high school work experience on their post-schooling incomes. Research Design: In this article, 1,447 sophomore girls from 1997 to 2003 are followed 5–12 years after graduation. They all applied to Falun municipality’s (Sweden) summer job program, and about 25% of them were randomly allotted a job. The random allocation to a summer job is used to identify the causal effect of sophomore girls’ high school income on their post-schooling incomes. Subjects: All the 1,447 sophomore girls who applied to Falun municipality’s summer job program during 1997–2003. Measures: Annual post-schooling income is used as an outcome measure. The work experience of girls in high school is also measured in terms of total income while in high school. Results: The program led to a substantially larger accumulation of income during high school as well as 19% higher post-schooling incomes. The high school income led to a post-schooling income elasticity of 0.37 which is, however, potentially heterogeneous with regard to academic ability. Conclusions: Both the program effect and the causal effect of high school income on post-schooling incomes were substantial and statistically significant.
Eccentric Graft Positioning Within the Femoral Tunnel Aperture in Anatomic Double-Bundle Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction Using the Transportal and Outside-In Techniques
Authors: Lee Byung Hoon , Bansal Samarjit , Park Sin Hyung , Wang Joon Ho 
Published: February 2015

Background: Ellipticity of the femoral tunnel aperture, which is considered to better restore the native anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) footprint after ACL reconstruction, is different according to the femoral tunneling technique used. How much of the femoral tunnel aperture is filled with graft in different tunneling techniques has yet to be evaluated. Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the graft filling area and graft position within the femoral tunnel aperture in ACL reconstruction using the transportal (TP) and outside-in (OI) techniques. Study Design: Randomized controlled trial; Level of evidence, 1. Methods: A total of 70 patients were randomized to undergo double-bundle ACL reconstruction using either the TP (n = 35) or OI (n = 35) technique. The aperture filling was evaluated by calculating the ratio of the cross-sectional area of the graft to that of the femoral tunnel, and the graft center position within the tunnel was assessed using immediate postoperative magnetic resonance imaging. Results: The cross-sectional area of the femoral anteromedial (AM) tunnel aperture in the TP group (605.5 ± 112.7 mm2) was larger than that in the OI group (537.9 ± 126.8 mm2). The cross-sectional area of the femoral posterolateral (PL) tunnel aperture in the TP group (369.9 ± 88.3 mm2) did not differ significantly from that of the OI group (387.9 ± 87.0 mm2). The grafts filled only 52.0% of the AM tunnel and 55.3% of the PL tunnel in the TP group, compared with 54.9% of the AM tunnel and 54.4% of the PL tunnel in the OI group, but there was no statistically significant difference ( P > .05). The AM graft center was positioned 1.7 ± 0.6 mm from the center of the tunnel aperture in the TP group and 1.6 ± 0.5 mm in the OI group, and the PL graft center was positioned 1.4 ± 0.4 mm from the center in the TP group and 1.3 ± 0.4 mm in the OI group, with no significant intergroup differences ( P = .406 and P = .629, respectively). In the OI group, the PL graft center was positioned more perpendicular to the Blumensaat line in relation to the tunnel aperture center (−10.8° ± 7.6°) compared with the TP group (−4.0° ± 11.8°) ( P = .04). Conclusion: The grafts did not fill the tunnel aperture area in either group, and the centers of the grafts differed slightly from the centers of the tunnel apertures. The finding of eccentric graft positioning in the tunnel with condensation in a particular direction in each technique might suggest the necessity of an underreamed femoral tunnel for graft. In addition, it may be useful to standardize the starting position of the femoral tunnel according to anatomic landmarks.
Towards a competency assessment tool for nurses in ethics meetings
Authors: Cusveller Bart , Schep-Akkerman Annemiek 
Published: February 2015

Background: Nurses require specific knowledge, skills and attitudes to participate competently in various forms of ethics meetings. The literature does not state the contents of the knowledge, skills and attitudes nurses need for ethics meetings. Without such a competency profile, it cannot be assessed in how far nurses actually possess these qualities for ethics meetings. Objective: Corroborating an existing profile of the requisite knowledge, skills and attitudes in the form of a questionnaire contributes to the development of a tool to determine the competence nurses need for ethics meetings. Question: In how far can this profile be confirmed by a quantitative follow-up in a random sample? Design: A questionnaire was developed to determine in how far nurses with prior involvement in ethics meetings recognise the earlier competency profile as important and comprehensive. Participants: It was made available to subscribers of the digital newsletter of three widely read nursing journals in the Netherlands. Data collection and analysis took place in the spring of 2013. Ethical considerations: Care was taken to state explicitly in the questionnaire that participation in the survey was completely voluntary and anonymous. Findings: To a high degree, nurses with involvement in ethics meetings recognise the knowledge, skills and attitudes from the earlier interviews when presented as a survey. Discussion: Although the sample was small, the respondents and the results reflect known characteristics of nurses serving on ethics meeting. Conclusion: This may be helpful to recruit and prepare nurses for professional ethics in nursing care, and to develop a tool to assess to what extent nurses actually possess competence for ethics meetings.
Survival Prediction in Ambulatory Patients With Stage III/IV Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Using the Palliative Performance Scale, ECOG, and Lung Cancer Symptom Scale
Authors: O’Mahony Sean , Nathan Susan , Mohajer Roozbeh , Bonomi Philip , Batus Marta , Fidler Mary Jo , Wells Kalani , Kern Naomi , Sims Shannon , Amin Darpan 
Published: February 2015

Objectives: Patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) have a life expectancy of less than 1 year. Therefore, it is important to maximize their quality of life and find a tool that can more accurately predict survival. Materials: The Palliative Performance Scale (PPS) is used to predict survival for patients with advanced disease based on functional dimensions. The value of the PPS in ambulatory patients with cancer has not been examined to date. The Lung Cancer Symptom Scale (LCSS) measures six major symptoms and their effect on symptomatic distress and activity. We evaluated 62 patients with stage III or IV NSCLC and Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) Scale Score ≥1 at baseline in a thoracic oncology clinic. In all, 62 patients had LCSS and PPS evaluated at baseline and 54 patients had 4-week follow-up using LCSS, PPS, and ECOG. Results: Fifty-four patients completed baseline and follow-up. Mean age was 63.7 years. Sixty-three percent were receiving chemotherapy at evaluation. Seventeen patients died. Mean baseline measures were LCSS 6.18 (1-14); PPS 66.6 (40-90); and ECOG 1.82 (1-4). Censored survival times were calculated from enrollment of the first patient for 380 days. A proportional hazardous model was computed for survival status. Hazard ratios for death were 1.25 ( P = .013) for LCSS, 2.12 ( P = .027) for ECOG, and 1.02 for PPS ( P = .49). Conclusions: The LCSS predicted prognosis best in this study. The PPS did not accurately predict prognosis in our patient population.
Superiority of zinc complex of acetylsalicylic acid to acetylsalicylic acid in preventing postischemic myocardial dysfunction
Authors: Korkmaz Sevil , Atmanli Ayhan , Li Shiliang , Radovits Tamás , Hegedűs Peter , Barnucz Enikő , Hirschberg Kristóf , Loganathan Sivakkanan , Yoshikawa Yutaka , Yasui Hiroyuki , Karck Matthias , Szabó Gábor 
Published: February 2015

The pathophysiology of ischemic myocardial injury involves cellular events, reactive oxygen species, and an inflammatory reaction cascade. The zinc complex of acetylsalicylic acid (Zn(ASA)2) has been found to possess higher anti-inflammatory and lower ulcerogenic activities than acetylsalicylic acid (ASA). Herein, we studied the effects of both ASA and Zn(ASA)2 against acute myocardial ischemia. Rats were pretreated with ASA (75 mg/kg) or Zn(ASA)2 (100 mg/kg) orally for five consecutive days. Isoproterenol (85 mg/kg, subcutaneously [s.c.]) was applied to produce myocardial infarction. After 17–22 h, animals were anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital (60 mg/kg, intraperitoneally [i.p.]) and both electrical and mechanical parameters of cardiac function were evaluated in vivo. Myocardial histological and gene expression analyses were performed. In isoproterenol-treated rats, Zn(ASA)2 treatment normalized significantly impaired left-ventricular contractility index ( Emax 2.6 ± 0.7 mmHg/µL vs. 4.6 ± 0.5 mmHg/µL, P < 0.05), increased stroke volume (30 ± 3 µL vs. 50 ± 6 µL, P < 0.05), decreased systemic vascular resistance (7.2 ± 0.7 mmHg/min/mL vs. 4.2 ± 0.5 mmHg/min/mL, P < 0.05) and reduced inflammatory infiltrate into the myocardial tissues. ECG revealed a restoration of elevated ST-segment (0.21 ± 0.03 mV vs. 0.09 ± 0.02 mV, P < 0.05) and prolonged QT-interval (79.2 ± 3.2 ms vs. 69.5 ± 2.5 ms, P < 0.05) by Zn(ASA)2. ASA treatment did not result in an improvement of these parameters. Additionally, Zn(ASA)2 significantly increased the mRNA-expression of superoxide dismutase 1 (+73 ± 15%), glutathione peroxidase 4 (+44 ± 12%), and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 (+102 ± 22%). In conclusion, our data demonstrate that oral administration of zinc and ASA in the form of bis(aspirinato)zinc(II) complex is superior to ASA in preventing electrical, mechanical, and histological changes after acute myocardial ischemia. The induction of antioxidant enzymes and the anti-inflammatory cytokine TGF-β1 may play a pivotal role in the mechanism of action of Zn(ASA)2.
A systematic review of the management of acute pyogenic flexor tenosynovitis
Authors: Giladi A. M. , Malay S. , Chung K. C. 
Published: February 2015

Pyogenic flexor tenosynovitis (PFT) is an aggressive closed-space infection that can result in severe morbidity. Although surgical treatment of pyogenic flexor tenosynovitis has been widely described, the role of antibiotic therapy is inadequately understood. We conducted a literature review of studies reporting on acute pyogenic flexor tenosynovitis management. A total of 28 case series articles were obtained, all of which used surgical intervention with varied use of antibiotics. Inconsistencies among the studies limited summative statistical analysis. Our results showed that use of antibiotics as a component of therapy resulted in improved range of motion outcomes (54% excellent vs. 14% excellent), as did using catheter irrigation rather than open washout (71% excellent vs. 26% excellent). These studies showed benefits of early treatment of pyogenic flexor tenosynovitis and of systemic antibiotic use. As broad-spectrum antibiotics have changed the management of other infectious conditions, we must more closely evaluate consistent antibiotic use in pyogenic flexor tenosynovitis management. Level of Evidence: Therapeutic, Level III
Osteochondral Allograft Transplantation for Knee Lesions after Failure of Cartilage Repair Surgery
Authors: Gracitelli Guilherme C. , Meric Gokhan , Pulido Pamela A. , McCauley Julie C. , Bugbee William D. 
Published: February 2015

Objective: The objective of this study was to assess the outcome of osteochondral allograft (OCA) transplantation as a salvage procedure after various cartilage repair surgeries. Design: One hundred sixty-four knees in 163 patients (mean age = 32.6 years; range = 11-59 years; 55% males) were treated with OCA transplantation after subchondral marrow stimulation (SMS), osteochondral autograft transplantation (OAT), and autologous chondrocyte implantation (ACI). The majority of previous procedures were isolated SMS in 145 knees (88.4%). Mean allograft size was 8.5 ± 7.9 cm2. The most common location was in femoral condyle. The number and type of reoperations on the operative knee were assessed. Failure of the OCA transplantation was defined as any reoperation resulting in removal of the allograft. Functional outcomes were evaluated. Results: Sixty-eight knees had reoperations after OCA transplantation. Thirty-one knees (18.9%) were classified as allograft failures. The median time to failure was 2.6 ± 6.8 years (range = 0.7-23.4 years). Survivorship of the graft was 82% at 10 years and 74.9% at 15 years. Patients whose grafts were still in situ had a mean of 8.5 ± 5.6 years of follow-up. Scores on all functional outcomes scales improved significantly from preoperatively to latest follow-up. Eighty-nine percent of OCA transplantation patients reported being “extremely satisfied” or “satisfied.” Conclusion: Despite the high reoperation rate, OCA transplantation is a successful salvage surgical treatment after cartilage repair procedures. This cohort showed improved survivorship and functional outcomes of OCA transplantation after SMS, ACI, and OAT.
In Vivo Toxicity of Local Anesthetics and Corticosteroids on Chondrocyte and Synoviocyte Viability and Metabolism
Authors: Sherman Seth L. , James Christopher , Stoker Aaron M. , Cook Cristi R. , Khazai Ravand S. , Flood David L. , Cook James L. 
Published: February 2015

Objective: Intra-articular injection of local anesthetic and/or corticosteroid is an adjunct treatment for arthritic and inflammatory orthopedic conditions. Despite potential benefits, there is growing concern that these medications may cause significant morbidity, including potential toxicity to intra-articular chondrocytes and synoviocytes. Design: Twenty dogs underwent intra-articular injection of the shoulder joint using ultrasound guidance, with the following injectates ( n = 5 each): negative control (saline), methylprednisolone/1.0% lidocaine, triamcinolone/1.0% lidocaine, and triamcinolone/0.0625% bupivacaine. The dogs were euthanized 24 hours postinjection for reasons unrelated to this study. Synovium/cartilage explants were harvested under sterile conditions and assessed immediately or cultured for 7 days. Synoviocyte and chondrocyte viability was determined on day 1 and day 7 using Calcien AM and Sytox Blue live/dead fluorescent stains, and cell metabolism determined on day 2 using the alamar blue additive test. Results were compared statistically. Results: On day 1 synovium exposed to 1%L/M demonstrated a significant decrease in cell metabolism ( P = 0.0107) and subjective synoviocyte viability scores ( P = 0.013) compared with the negative control. Cartilage exposed to 1%L/M demonstrated decreased chondrocyte viability and cell metabolism versus all other groups, although not significantly. After 7 days of culture, cartilage viable cell density in the 1%L/M group was significantly ( P ≤ 0.001) lower than the negative control. Subjective synoviocyte viability scores was significantly lower in the 1%L/M ( P = 0.013), 1%L/T ( P ≤ 0.001), and 0.0625%B/T groups ( P = 0.006) compared with the negative control. Conclusions: This study suggests potential negative effects of combination local anesthetic/corticosteroid on intra-articular cell viability and cell metabolism. Further study is needed before determining definitive clinical recommendations.