bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development and characterization of EST‐SSR markers in Ostryopsis (Betulaceae)
Authors: Liu Bing‐Bing , Tian Bin , Ma Hui , Lu Zhi‐Qiang , Qiu Qiang , Mao Kang‐Shan , Liu Jian‐Quan 
Published: February 2014

• Premise of the study: A set of expressed sequence tag (EST) microsatellite markers were developed and characterized using next‐generation sequencing technology for the Chinese genus Ostryopsis (Betulaceae).• Methods and Results: A total of 38 high‐quality simple sequence repeat (SSR) primers were identified, of which 15 could be successfully amplified. Subsequently, we selected 80 individuals to represent the three species of the genus to evaluate the efficacy of these markers for examining genetic diversity of each species in the future. We found that the number of alleles per locus ranged from one to nine, with an average of 3.8. The expected heterozygosity and observed heterozygosity per locus varied from 0 to 0.829 and from 0 to 1, respectively, with their respective mean values as 0.483 and 0.416.• Conclusions: These EST‐SSR markers will be useful for evaluating the range‐wide genetic diversity of each species and examining genetic divergence and gene flow between the three species.
Development of microsatellite loci in Scrophularia incisa (Scrophulariaceae) and cross‐amplification in congeneric species
Authors: Wang Rui‐Hong , Chen Chuan , Ma Qing , Li Pan , Fu Cheng‐Xin 
Published: February 2014

• Premise of the study: To elucidate the population genetics and phylogeography of Scrophularia incisa, microsatellite primers were developed. We also applied these microsatellite markers to its closely related species S. dentata and S. kiriloviana.• Methods and Results: Using the compound microsatellite marker technique, 12 microsatellite primers were identified in S. incisa. The number of alleles ranged from 14 to 26 when assessed in 78 individuals from four populations. With high cross‐species transferability, these primers also amplified in S. dentata and S. kiriloviana.• Conclusions: These results indicate that these microsatellite markers are adequate for detecting and characterizing population genetic structure in the Chinese species of sect. Tomiophyllum at fine and range‐wide geographical scales.
The Origins of the Narrative Structures in the Chansons de Geste : Methodological Notes on Joël Grisward’s comparativism
Authors: Ghidoni Andrea 
Published: February 2014

La recherche par Joël Grisward sur les chansons de geste a introduit un élément important dans l'étude de la formation des légendes héroïques médiévales, à savoir l’élément folklorique ; ses études décrivent la réactivation du système trifonctionnel indo-européenne – selon les théories de Georges Dumézil – que Grisward tente d’extrapoler à partir de la structure narrative. Il est nécessaire de comprendre le modèle sous-jacent de l’œuvre de Grisward, puis de réfléchir sur sa méthode. La présente révision du modèle de Grisward utilise deux outils conceptuels et épistémologiques venus d’autres domaines : le premier est emprunté aux notes inédites sur les légendes germaniques rédigés par Saussure ; le second est le concept de catégorie polythétique formulée par Rodney Needham dans un contexte anthropologique, sur le modèle de réflexions similaires dans le domaine des sciences naturelles.
Glycoengineering of Therapeutic Antibodies Enhances Monocyte/Macrophage-Mediated Phagocytosis and Cytotoxicity
Authors: Herter Sylvia , Birk Martina C. , Klein Christian , Gerdes Christian , Umana Pablo , Bacac Marina 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
Therapeutic Abs possess several clinically relevant mechanisms of action including perturbation of tumor cell signaling, activation of complement-dependent cytotoxicity, Ab-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), Ab-dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP), and induction of adaptive immunity. In view of the important role of phagocytic lineage cells in the mechanism of action of therapeutic Abs, we analyzed FcγR receptor-dependent effector functions of monocytes and macrophages triggered by glycoengineered (GE) Abs (having enhanced FcγRIIIa [CD16a] binding affinity) versus their wild-type (WT) counterparts under different experimental conditions. We first defined the precise FcγR repertoire on classical and nonclassical intermediate monocytes—M1 and M2c macrophage populations. We further show that WT and GE Abs display comparable binding and induce similar effector functions (ADCC and ADCP) in the absence of nonspecific, endogenous IgGs. However, in the presence of these IgGs (i.e., in a situation that more closely mimics physiologic conditions), GE Abs display significantly superior binding and promote stronger monocyte and macrophage activity. These data show that in addition to enhancing CD16a-dependent NK cell cytotoxicity, glycoengineering also enhances monocyte and macrophage phagocytic and cytotoxic activities through enhanced binding to CD16a under conditions that more closely resemble the physiologic setting.
A Heterobivalent Ligand Inhibits Mast Cell Degranulation via Selective Inhibition of Allergen–IgE Interactions In Vivo
Authors: Handlogten Michael W. , Serezani Ana P. , Sinn Anthony L. , Pollok Karen E. , Kaplan Mark H. , Bilgicer Basar 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
Current treatments for allergies include epinephrine and antihistamines, which treat the symptoms after an allergic response has taken place; steroids, which result in local and systemic immune suppression; and IgE-depleting therapies, which can be used only for a narrow range of clinical IgE titers. The limitations of current treatments motivated the design of a heterobivalent inhibitor (HBI) of IgE-mediated allergic responses that selectively inhibits allergen–IgE interactions, thereby preventing IgE clustering and mast cell degranulation. The HBI was designed to simultaneously target the allergen binding site and the adjacent conserved nucleotide binding site (NBS) found on the Fab of IgE Abs. The bivalent targeting was accomplished by linking a hapten to an NBS ligand with an ethylene glycol linker. The hapten moiety of HBI enables selective targeting of a specific IgE, whereas the NBS ligand enhances avidity for the IgE. Simultaneous bivalent binding to both sites provided HBI with 120-fold enhancement in avidity for the target IgE compared with the monovalent hapten. The increased avidity for IgE made HBI a potent inhibitor of mast cell degranulation in the rat basophilic leukemia mast cell model, in the passive cutaneous anaphylaxis mouse model of allergy, and in mice sensitized to the model allergen. In addition, HBI did not have any observable systemic toxic effects even at elevated doses. Taken together, these results establish the HBI design as a broadly applicable platform with therapeutic potential for the targeted and selective inhibition of IgE-mediated allergic responses, including food, environmental, and drug allergies.
CD4+ T Cells Contain Early Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis (TB) Dissemination and Rapid TB Progression and Sustain Multieffector Functions of CD8+ T and CD3− Lymphocytes: Mechanisms of CD4+ T Cell Immunity
Authors: Yao Shuyu , Huang Dan , Chen Crystal Y. , Halliday Lisa , Wang Richard C. , Chen Zheng W. 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
The possibility that CD4+ T cells can act as “innate-like” cells to contain very early Mycobacterium tuberculosis dissemination and function as master helpers to sustain multiple effector functions of CD8+ T cells and CD3− lymphocytes during development of adaptive immunity against primary tuberculosis (TB) has not been demonstrated. We showed that pulmonary M. tuberculosis infection of CD4-depleted macaques surprisingly led to very early extrapulmonary M. tuberculosis dissemination, whereas CD4 deficiency clearly resulted in rapid TB progression. CD4 depletion during M. tuberculosis infection revealed the ability of CD8+ T cells to compensate and rapidly differentiate to Th17-like/Th1-like and cytotoxic-like effectors, but these effector functions were subsequently unsustainable due to CD4 deficiency. Whereas CD3− non–T lymphocytes in the presence of CD4+ T cells developed predominant Th22-like and NK-like (perforin production) responses to M. tuberculosis infection, CD4 depletion abrogated these Th22-/NK-like effector functions and favored IL-17 production by CD3− lymphocytes. CD4-depleted macaques exhibited no or few pulmonary T effector cells constitutively producing IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-17, IL-22, and perforin at the endpoint of more severe TB, but they presented pulmonary IL-4+ T effectors. TB granulomas in CD4-depleted macaques contained fewer IL-22+ and perforin+ cells despite the presence of IL-17+ and IL-4+ cells. These results implicate a previously unknown innate-like ability of CD4+ T cells to contain extrapulmonary M. tuberculosis dissemination at very early stage. Data also suggest that CD4+ T cells are required to sustain multiple effector functions of CD8+ T cells and CD3− lymphocytes and to prevent rapid TB progression during M. tuberculosis infection of nonhuman primates.
Cutting Edge: Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Licenses Macrophages To Produce Mature IL-1β in Response to TLR4 Stimulation through a Caspase-8– and TRIF-Dependent Pathway
Authors: Shenderov Kevin , Riteau Nicolas , Yip Ronald , Mayer-Barber Katrin D. , Oland Sandy , Hieny Sara , Fitzgerald Pat , Oberst Andrew , Dillon Christopher P. , Green Douglas R. , Cerundolo Vincenzo , Sher Alan 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
The accumulation of improperly folded proteins within the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) generates perturbations known as ER stress that engage the unfolded protein response. ER stress is involved in many inflammatory pathologies that are also associated with the production of the proinflammatory cytokine IL-1β. In this study, we demonstrate that macrophages undergoing ER stress are able to drive the production and processing of pro–IL-1β in response to LPS stimulation in vitro. Interestingly, the classical NLRP3 inflammasome is dispensable, because maturation of pro–IL-1β occurs normally in the absence of the adaptor protein ASC. In contrast, processing of pro–IL-1β is fully dependent on caspase-8. Intriguingly, we found that neither the unfolded protein response transcription factors XBP1 and CHOP nor the TLR4 adaptor molecule MyD88 is necessary for caspase-8 activation. Instead, both caspase activation and IL-1β production require the alternative TLR4 adaptor TRIF. This pathway may contribute to IL-1–driven tissue pathology in certain disease settings.
Oral health: How much do you know? – A study on knowledge, attitude and practices of patients visiting a North Indian dental school
Authors: Singh Agiapal , Gambhir Ramandeep Singh , Singh Simarpreet , Kapoor Vinod , Singh Jagjit 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACT
Objective: This study was carried out to assess the knowledge, attitude and behavior among patients visiting the out-patient department (OPD) of Gian Sagar Dental College and Hospital, Rajpura. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 642 subjects who visited the OPD of Gian Sagar Dental College and Hospital. A self-constructed questionnaire was given to each of the participant. Responses from the subjects were calculated in terms of numbers and percentages. Result: Three hundred six (48%) of the subjects had never visited a dentist before. 304 (47%) of the subjects still prefer other cleaning aids over toothbrush. 207 (32%) subjects were of the view that dental health has no effect on general health, whereas 219 (34%) subjects were of the opinion that tooth loss is a natural sequel of the aging process. Conclusion: There is a dearth of knowledge and careless attitude among people in regard to dental health. People need to be motivated and their concepts regarding the importance of dental health should be made clear through various campaigns and personal counseling.
Heterozygous Ile453Val codon mutation in exon 7, homozygous single nucleotide polymorphisms in intron 2 and 5 of cathepsin C are associated with Haim-Munk syndrome
Authors: Aswath Nalini , Swamikannu Bhuminathan , Ramakrishnan Sankar Narayanan , Shanmugam Rajendran , Thomas Jayakar , Ramanathan Arvind 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACT
Objective: In the present study, we have investigated the genetic status of CTSC gene in a HMS subject, who along with her parents belonged to non-Jewish South Indian Dravidian community. Materials and Methods: Genomic deoxyribonucleic acid isolated from the peripheral blood of the subject was amplified with CTSC exon specific primers and were analyzed by direct sequencing. Results: Sequencing analysis identified Ile453Val mutation within exon 7 of CTSC gene in heterozygous condition, and two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within intron 2 and 5 in homozygous condition. Conclusion: The present study has identified for the first time the association of Ile453Val mutation within exon 7 and the two SNPs in a subject with HMS.
Effect of photo-activated disinfection on bond strength of three different root canal sealers
Authors: Ok Evren , Ertas Huseyin , Saygili Gokhan , Gok Tuba 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACT
Introduction: The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the bond strength of Photo-Activated Disinfection (PAD) system to dentin with different root canal sealers by using a push-out test design. Materials and Methods: A total of 30 extracted mandibular premolar teeth with single and straight roots were used. The crowns were removed and the root canals were prepared by using ProTaper rotary files. The smear layer was removed and the roots were randomly divided into two groups (n = 15) according to the use of PAD system as the final disinfecting agent. Each group was then divided into 6 (n = 5) subgroups and obturated with gutta-percha and 3 different root canal sealers. The groups were Group 1: Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) + ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)-AH Plus sealer; Group 2: NaOCl + EDTA + PAD-AH Plus; Group 3: NaOCl + EDTA-Sealapex; Group 4: NaOCl + EDTA + PAD-Sealapex; Group 5: NaOCl + EDTA-mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA)-Fiallapex; and Group 6: NaOCl + EDTA + PAD-MTA-Fillapex. 1-mm thickness horizontal sections (n: 5 × 4 = 20) were sliced for the push-out bond strength measurement. Results: Group 3 and 4 showed significantly lower bond strengths compared with all the other groups (P < 0.05). No statistically significant difference was found among Groups 1, 2 and 5, but there was statistically significant difference between Group 5 and 6 (P < 0.05). Conclusion: This in vitro study indicated that the PAD system adversely affected the bond strength of the MTA Fillapex root canal sealer.
Computer-designed selective laser sintering surgical guide and immediate loading dental implants with definitive prosthesis in edentulous patient: A preliminary method
Authors: Di Giacomo Giovanni , Silva Jorge , Martines Rodrigo , Ajzen Sergio 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACT
Objective: The aim of this study was to analyze a preliminary method of immediately loading dental implants and a definitive prosthesis based on the computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing systems, after 2 years of clinical follow-up. Materials and Methods: The study comprised one patient in good general health with edentulous maxilla. Cone beam computer tomography (CBCT) was performed using a radiographic template. The surgical plan was made using the digital imaging and communications in medicine protocol with ImplantViewer (version 1.9, Anne Solutions, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil), the surgical planning software. These data were used to produce a selective laser sintering surgical template. A maxilla prototype was used to guide the prosthesis technician in producing the prosthesis. Eight dental implants and a definitive prosthesis were installed on the same day. A post-operative CBCT image was fused with the image of the surgical planning to calculate the deviation between the planned and the placed implants positions. Patient was followed for 2 years. Results: On average, the match between the planned and placed angular deviation was within 6.0 ± 3.4° and the difference in coronal deviation was 0.7 ± 0.3 mm. At the end of the follow-up, neither the implant nor the prosthesis was lost. Conclusions: Considering the limited samples number, it was possible to install the dental implants and a definitive prosthesis on the same day with success.
Esthetic dental anomalies as motive for bullying in schoolchildren
Authors: Scheffel Débora Lopes Salles , Jeremias Fabiano , Fragelli Camila Maria Bullio , dos Santos-Pinto Lourdes Aparecida Martins , Hebling Josimeri , de Oliveira Osmir Batista 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACTFacial esthetics, including oral esthetics, can severely affect children's quality-of-life, causing physical, social and psychological impairment. Children and adolescents with esthetic-related dental malformations are potential targets for bullies. This study was aimed to present and discuss patients who suffered from bullying at school and family environment due to esthetic-related teeth anomalies. Providing an adequate esthetic dental treatment is an important step in their rehabilitation when the lack of esthetic is the main source of bullying. After dental treatment, we noted significant improvement in self-esteem, self-confidence, socialization and academic performance of all patients and improvement in parental satisfaction regarding the appearance of their children. It is imperative that both family and school care providers be constantly alert about bullying in order to prevent or interrupt aggressive and discriminatory practices against children and adolescents. Clearly, dental anomalies may be a motive for bullying.
Simplicity of Partial Skew Group Rings of Abelian Groups
Authors: Gonçalves Daniel 
Published: February 2014

AbstractLet A be a ring with local units, E a set of local units for A, G an abelian group, and α a partial action of G by ideals of A that contain local units. We show that A*αG is simple if and only if A is G-simple and the center of the corner eδ0(A*αGe)eδ0 is a field for all e ∊ E. We apply the result to characterize simplicity of partial skew group rings in two cases, namely for partial skew group rings arising from partial actions by clopen subsets of a compact set and partial actions on the set level.
Stability-Indicating Methods for the Determination of Erdosteine in the Presence of its Acid Degradation Products
Authors: Moustafa Nadia M , Badawey Amr M , Lamie Nesrine T , Abd El-Aleem Abd El-Aziz B 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
Four accurate, sensitive, and reproducible stability-indicating methods for the determination of erdosteine in the presence of its acid degradation products are presented. The first method involves processing the spectra by using a first-derivative method at 229 nm in a concentration range of 10–70 μg/mL. The mean percentage recovery was 100.43 ± 0.977. The second method is based on ratio-spectra first derivative spectrophotometry at 227.4 and 255 nm over a concentration range of 10–70 μg/mL. The mean percentage recovery was 99.65 ± 1.122% and 100.02 ± 1.306% at 227.4 and 255 nm, respectively. The third method utilizes quantitative densitometric evaluation of the TLC of erdosteine in the presence of its acid degradation products, and uses methanol–chloroform–ammonia (7 + 3 + 0.01, v/v/v) asthe mobile phase. TLC chromatograms were scanned at235 nm. This method analyzes erdosteine in a concentration range of 2.4–5.6 μg/spot, with a mean percentage recovery of 100.03 ± 1.015%. The fourth method is HPLC for the simultaneousdetermination of erdosteine in the presence of its acid degradation products. The mobile phase consists of water–methanol (65 + 35, v/v). The standard curve of erdosteine showed good linearity overa concentration range of 10–80 μg/mL,with a mean percentage recovery of 99.90 ± 1.207%. These methods were successfully applied to the determination of erdosteine in bulk powder, laboratory-prepared mixtures containing different percentages of the degradation products, and pharmaceutical dosage forms. The validity of results was assessed by applying the standard addition technique. The results obtained agreed statistically with those obtained by a reported method, showing no significant differences with respect to accuracy and precision.
Different Techniques for the Determination of Tofisopam
Authors: Ramadan Nesrin K , Mohamed Afaf O , Fouad Roaida M , Moustafa Azza A 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
Five simple and sensitive methods were developed for the determination of tofisopam (TF). The first four are stability-indicating depending on the determination of TF in the presence of its degradation product, while the fifth depended on thedetermination of TF via its degradation product. Method A was based on first and second derivativespectrophotometry, 1D and 2D, measuring the amplitude at 298 and 332 nm in the case of 1D and at 312 and 344 nm inthe case of 2D. Method B depended on measuring the peak amplitude of the first derivative of the ratio spectra 1DD at 336 nm.Method C was based on difference spectrophotometry by measuring ΔA at 366 nm. Method D was a TLC method using silica gel 60 F254 plates, the optimized mobile phase ethyl acetate–methanol–ammonium hydroxide 10% (8.5 + 1.0 + 0.5, v/v/v), and quantification by densitometric scanning at 315 nm. In method E, spectrofluorometry was applied for the determination ofTF via its degradation product; maximum emissionwas 383 nm when excitation was 295 nm. Linearitieswere obtained in the concentration range 2–20 μg/mL for methods A, B, and C and 2–20 μg/band and 0.2–1.6 μg/mL for D and E, respectively. In method A, themean recoveries were 99.45 ± 0.287 and 100.28 ± 0.277% at 298 and 332 nm, respectively, in the case of 1D and 99.40 ± 0.245% and 99.50 ± 0.292% at 312 and 344 nm, respectively in the case of 2D. The mean recovery was 100.03 ± 0.523% at 366 nm in method B. Method C showed mean recoveryof 100.20 ± 0.642%. Recoveries for methodsDand E were 98.98 ± 0.721 and 100.25 ± 0.282%, respectively. The degradation product was obtained in acidic stress condition, separated, and identified by IR and mass spectral analysis, from which the degradation product was confirmed and the degradation pathway was suggested. Thefirst four methods were specific for TF in the presence of different concentrations of its degradation product. The five proposed methods were successfully applied for the determination of TF inNodeprine tablets. Statistical comparison among theresults obtained by these methods and that obtained by the official method for the determination of the drug was made, and no significant differences were found.
Novel Cd(II) Ion Imprinted Polymer Coated on Multiwall Carbon Nanotubes as a Highly Selective Sorbent for Cadmium Determination in Food Samples
Authors: Aboufazeli Forouzan , Zhad Hamid Reza Lotfi Zadeh , Sadeghi Omid , Karimi Mohammad , Najafi Ezzatollah 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
The application of a novel Cd(II) ion imprinted polymer coated on multiwall carbon nanotubes was investigated for preconcentration and determination of low levels of Cd ions. This novel sorbentwas characterized by scanning electron microscopy, thermal gravimetric/differential thermal analysis, elemental analysis, and FTIR spectrometry. Effects of various factors, such as pH of the sample solution, eluent (type, concentration, and volume), and flow rates of the sample and eluent, were evaluated in this study. To investigate the selectivity of the sorbent toward Cd(II) ions, the effects of a variety of ions on preconcentration and recovery of Cd(II) ions were investigated. TheLOD was 1.3 ng/mL; the recovery and RSD of the method were 96.4% and below 3.1%, respectively. Validation of the method was performed by analyzing some standard reference materials with certified Cd(II) concentrations. Finally, the sorbent was applied for separation and determination of Cd(II)ions in food samples.