bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Novel Ion‐to‐Electron Transduction Principle for Solid‐Contact ISEs
Authors: Hupa Elisa , Vanamo Ulriika , Bobacka Johan 
Published: January 2015

AbstractSolid‐contact ion‐selective electrodes (SC‐ISEs) are traditionally employed as potentiometric sensors, where the ion activity is related to the zero‐current potential of the sensor versus the reference electrode. In this communication, an alternative ion‐to‐electron transduction principle for SC‐ISEs is introduced. The suggested signal transduction principle resembles “constant‐potential coulometry” utilizing the redox capacitance of the internal solid contact in order to convert changes in ion concentration (activity) into electrical current and charge. This short communication provides proof‐of‐concept for the suggested signal transduction method for SC‐ISEs utilizing poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiphene) (PEDOT) as the solid contact that was coated with a cation‐sensitive polymeric membrane.
Tests and model calibration of high‐strength steel tubular beam‐to‐column and column‐base composite joints for moment‐resisting structures
Authors: Pucinotti Raffaele , Tondini Nicola , Zanon Gabriele , Bursi Oreste S. 
Published: January 2015

SummaryPerformance‐based engineering (PBE) methodologies allow for the design of more reliable earthquake‐resistant structures. Nonetheless, to implement PBE techniques, accurate finite element models of critical components are needed. With these objectives in mind, initially, we describe an experimental study on the seismic behaviour of both beam‐to‐column (BTC) and column‐base (CB) joints made of high‐strength steel S590 circular columns filled with concrete. These joints belonged to moment‐resisting frames (MRFs) that constituted the lateral‐force‐resisting system of an office building. BTC joints were conceived as rigid and of partial strength, whereas CB joints were designed as rigid and of full strength. Tests on a BTC joint composed of an S275 steel composite beam and high‐strength steel concrete‐filled tubes were carried out. Moreover, two seismic CB joints were tested with stiffeners welded to the base plate and anchor bolts embedded in the concrete foundation as well as where part of a column was embedded in the foundation with no stiffeners. A test programme was carried out with the aim of characterising these joints under monotonic, cyclic and random loads. Experimental results are presented by means of both force–interstory drift ratio and moment–rotation relationships. The outcomes demonstrated the adequacy of these joints to be used for MRFs of medium ductility class located in zones of moderate seismic hazard. Then, a numerical calibration of the whole joint subassemblies was successfully accomplished. Finally, non‐linear time‐history analyses performed on 2D MRFs provided useful information on the seismic behaviour of relevant MRFs. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A distributed parameter model of a frame pin‐supported wall structure
Authors: Pan Peng , Wu Shoujun , Nie Xin 
Published: January 2015

SummaryMany reinforced‐concrete frames collapse via a soft‐story mechanism during severe earthquakes. Such collapses are mainly attributed to concentrated deformation in a soft story. Deformation control is thus important in preventing collapse. The frame pin‐supported wall structure is a type of rocking structure that releases constraints at the bottom of the wall. Previous research has obtained good results for the deformation control of this type of structure. However, the interior forces and strength demands of the pin‐supported wall have not been systematically explored. In this paper, a distributed parameter model is developed to investigate the strength demand of the wall in a frame pin‐supported wall structure. In the model, the pin‐supported wall is simplified as a bending beam and the frame is simplified as a shear beam. The two beams are joined by distributed shear connectors, so that the shear force can be transferred at any location on the interface. The model can be solved using differential equations based on equilibrium and compatibility. The accuracy of the model is verified using SAP2000 (Computers and Structures Inc., Berkeley, CA, USA). Displacement distribution of the structure and distributions of the moment and shear force within the pin‐supported wall are obtained for two typical external force profiles. It is found that the pin‐supported wall can effectively reduce the drift concentration factor. Distributions of the displacement, moment, and shear force are closely correlated with the relative stiffness of the wall and frame. Finally, recommendations on the stiffness and strength of a pin‐supported wall are made. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An effective approach for modeling fluid flow in heterogeneous media using numerical manifold method
Authors: Hu Mengsu , Wang Yuan , Rutqvist Jonny 
Published: January 2015

AbstractA major challenge of modeling fluid flow in heterogeneous media is to model the material interfaces, which may be arbitrarily oriented or intersected with Dirichlet, Neumann, or other boundaries, making it difficult to mesh and accurately satisfy the boundary constraints. In order to solve these problems, we derived a new continuous approach in the numerical manifold method (NMM). NMM is an ideal method to handle boundaries, considering its flexibility and efficiency with fixed mathematical mesh and its integration precision. With the two‐cover‐meshing system, we construct physical covers containing gradient jump terms defined as extended degrees of freedom to realize the refraction law across material interfaces. In the global equilibrium equations, the jump terms are naturally considered with the energy‐work seepage model. In this approach, high accuracy is expected from the newly constructed jump function together with simplex integration. Moreover, high mesh efficiency is realized by fixed triangular mathematical mesh with algorithms fully considering interfaces intersecting with Dirichlet, Neumann, or other boundaries and simplex integration on elements in arbitrary shapes. The new approach was coded into our NMM fluid flow model. We calculated examples involving fluid flow through a domain including (1) a single interface, (2) an idealized fault represented by multiple material interfaces, (3) intersected interfaces, and (4) an octagonal inclusion. We compared the simulated results to analytical solutions or results with denser mesh to test precision and efficiency and thereby proved that the new approach is accurate, efficient, and flexible, especially when considering intense geometric change or intersections. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Agency, communion and entitlement
Authors: Żemojtel‐Piotrowska Magdalena A. , Piotrowski Jarosław P. , Clinton Amanda 
Published: January 2015

AbstractIn this study, the relationship between agency, communion, and the active, passive, and revenge forms of entitlement is examined. Results indicate that active entitlement was positively related to agency, negatively to communion (Study 1), and unrelated to unmitigated agency and communion (Study 2). Passive entitlement was positively related to communion (in regular and unmitigated forms) and negatively related to agency (in both forms). Revenge entitlement was positively related to agency (unmitigated and regular), and negatively related to both regular and unmitigated communal orientations. Detected relationships were independent from self‐esteem (Study 1). The findings are discussed in relation to distinctions between narcissistic and healthy entitlement, and within the context of the three‐dimensional model of entitlement.
Social Capital and Pastoral Institutions in Conflict Management: Evidence from Eastern Ethiopia
Authors: Mohammed Ahmed , Beyene Fekadu 
Published: January 2015

AbstractThis paper examines the role of customary pastoral institutions in managing conflicts. It indicates thatintra‐ethnic conflicts can be managed customarily because of shared norms attributed to the social proximity and cultural homogeneity, whereas managing inter‐ethnic conflicts goes beyond the capacity of elders' council exercising customary law. The introduction of ethnic‐based federalism and historical political relations between different ethnic groups has weakened customary institutions in managing inter‐ethnic conflict. Using elders as community representatives in the formal system has negatively affected them because of community mistrust where they believe that ‘state elders’ are loyal to the state than to the community. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Application of self‐organising maps towards segmentation of soybean samples by determination of inorganic compounds content
Authors: Cremasco Hágata , Borsato Dionísio , Angilelli Karina Gomes , Galão Olívio Fernandes , Bona Evandro , Valle Marcos Eduardo 
Published: January 2015

AbstractBACKGROUNDIn this study, 20 samples of soybean, both transgenic and conventional cultivars, which were planted in two different regions, Londrina and Ponta Grossa, both located at Paraná, Brazil, were analysed. In order to verify whether the inorganic compound levels in soybeans varied with the region of planting, K, P, Ca, Mg, S, Zn, Mn, Fe, Cu and B contents were analysed by an artificial neural network self‐organising map.RESULTSIt was observed that with a topology 10 × 10, 8000 epochs, initial learning rate of 0.1 and initial neighbourhood ratio of 4.5, the network was able to differentiate samples according to region of origin. Among all of the variables analysed by the artificial neural network, the elements Zn, Ca and Mn were those which most contributed to the classification of the samples.CONCLUSIONThe results indicated that samples planted in these two regions differ in their mineral content; however, conventional and transgenic samples grown in the same region show no difference in mineral contents in the grain. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry
Influence of age on resection of colorectal liver metastases
Authors: Schmidt Thomas , Strowitzki Moritz J. , Reissfelder Christoph , Rahbari Nuh N. , Nienhueser Henrik , Bruckner Thomas , Rahäuser Christoph , Keppler Ulrich , Schneider Martin , Büchler Markus W. , Ulrich Alexis 
Published: January 2015

Background and ObjectivesOnly limited data exist investigating the outcome of patients older than 75 years after resection of colorectal liver metastases (CLM). Therefore, the present study aims to evaluate clinical and oncological outcome of elderly patients.MethodsA cohort of 405 patients was divided into three age‐groups: (1) <65 years; (2) 65–75 years; and (3) >75 years of age. Patients' data were prospectively collected and retrospectively analyzed. We performed survival analysis and added age‐correction. Univariate and multivariate analysis was performed to determine independent prognostic risk factors.ResultsThe 5‐year survival rate of the >75 years age‐group was distinctly decreased, compared to the other age‐groups. After age‐correction, the 5‐year survival rates and the survival curves increased to the greatest extent in patients older than 75 years. The MSKCC score proved to be a sufficient independent prognostic factor in the total patient cohort, patients <65 years and patients 65–75 years. In patients older than 75 years, only localization of the primary tumors was a significant prognostic factor for overall survival.ConclusionsPatients' age is no reason to deny surgical treatment of CLM. Prognostic factors, such as MSKCC score, are not sufficient predictors of survival in patients older than 75 years. J. Surg. Oncol. 2015 111:729–739. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Prognostic value of lymph node density in high‐grade salivary gland cancers
Authors: Hong Hye Ran , Roh Jong‐Lyel , Cho Kyung‐Ja , Choi Seung‐Ho , Nam Soon Yuhl , Kim Sang Yoon 
Published: January 2015

BackgroundTo investigate the role of lymph node density (LND) as an independent prognostic factor in high‐grade salivary gland cancers.MethodsAll 87 patients with high‐grade salivary gland cancers underwent curative surgery combined with neck dissection and most of them received postoperative radiotherapy or chemoradiotherapy. LND was calculated as the ratio of positive lymph nodes to total lymph nodes harvested. Clinicopathologic variables associated with cancer‐specific survival (CSS) and overall survival (OS) were identified by univariate and multivariate analyses using the Cox‐proportional hazards model.ResultsSalivary duct carcinoma was the most common tumor (54%), followed by carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma (22%), and others. The 5‐year CSS and OS were 50.9% and 49.6%, respectively, during a median follow‐up of 61 months. In univariate analysis, tumor site, pathologic nodal stage, overall tumor‐node‐metastasis (TNM) stage, primary tumor size >3 cm, lymphovascular invasion, perineural invasion, extranodal extension, number of metastatic lymph nodes, and LND >4.0 were significant prognostic factors for CSS and OS (P < 0.05 each). Tumor site, perineural invasion, and LND were independent prognostic factors for both CSS and OS in multivariate analysis (P < 0.01).ConclusionOur findings support the prognostic value of LND for high‐grade salivary gland cancers. J. Surg. Oncol. 2015 111:784–789. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Kinetic Study of Di‐Tert‐Butyl Peroxide: Thermal Decomposition and Product Reaction Pathways
Authors: Sebbar Nadia , Bozzelli Joseph W. , Bockhorn Henning 
Published: January 2015

ABSTRACTThe major reaction path for oxidation of di‐tert‐butyl peroxide (DTBP) is generally considered to occur via fission of the weak peroxide ROOR bond at temperatures above 393 K. The initial stable intermediates in the thermal decomposition or combustion of DTBP are acetone and ethane, and the overall reaction is accompanied by an important heat release which when mixed with air (oxygen) may exceed the self‐ignition temperatures. A kinetic study on plausible DTBP reaction paths was initiated in this work, and a detailed study of the thermochemistry of new intermediates, transition state structures, and products is reported. The density functional theory (DFT; B3LYP/6‐311g(d,p)), which is practical for large compounds along with the composite ab initio G3MP2B3 and G3 calculations, (when possible), are used. Computational chemistry results from DFT and ab initio calculations are coupled with isodesmic reaction analysis which, as demonstrated in previous studies, results in good accuracy. Over 10 unimolecular decomposition pathways are identified and reported.
Reactivity of Dinuclear Copper(II) Complexes with N‐Salicylidene Glycine Schiff Bases as Carboxylesterase Models
Authors: Xu Bin , Jiang Weidong , Liu Fuan , Yu Yongde , Dong Juan 
Published: January 2015

ABSTRACTTwo phenoxo‐bridged dinuclear copper(II) complexes (Cu2L12, Cu2L22) with N‐salicylidene glycine Schiff bases were prepared and evaluated their performance for catalyzing the hydrolysis of p‐nitrophenyl picolinate (PNPP). The observations reveal that the as‐prepared dinuclear copper(II) complexes exhibited better activity by two to three orders of magnitude rate enhancement in comparison with the autohydrolysis rate of PNPP. Chloro‐containing Cu2L22 aroused approximately three times kinetic advantage over chloro‐free Cu2L12 at pH 7.0, which is probably contributed to the electron‐withdrawing inductive effect of the 5′‐chloride group. Moreover, it was found that the pH‐responded kinetic behavior displayed an enzyme‐like property for the PNPP hydrolysis by the two complexes.
Runoff and Inter‐Rill Erosion Affected by Wildfire and Pre‐Fire Ploughing in Eucalypt Plantations of North‐Central Portugal
Authors: Malvar Maruxa C. , Prats Sergio A. , Keizer J. Jacob 
Published: January 2015

AbstractIncreases in post‐fire runoff and erosion have been reported worldwide, but little is known about the combined effect of wildfires and pre‐existent ploughing operations. A previous study using simulated rainfall found a similar runoff for an unploughed and a pre‐fire ploughed site, but clearly showed lower erosion for the pre‐fire ploughed site. This study measured post‐fire runoff and erosion at the same two sites, with the same experimental design, but under natural rainfall conditions. Four micro‐plots were installed on each of two eucalypt stands, one of which was rip‐ploughed 20 years before the fire. The rainfall amount was 35% lower during the first post‐fire year than during the second, but the runoff coefficient was approximately 20% for both years and sites. The sediment losses were significantly higher on the unploughed than on the pre‐fire ploughed site during the first year (378 vs. 112 g m−2 y−1) and especially during the second year (552 vs. 67 g m−2 y−1). Half of the eroded sediments consisted of organic matter. On the unploughed site, both the natural and the extreme‐intensity simulated rainfall produced specific sediment losses of 0·35 gm−2 mm−1 rain, whereas the high‐intensity simulated rainfall produced approximately half (0·16 g m−2 mm−1 rain). At the pre‐fire ploughed site, the natural, high, and extreme‐intensity simulated rainfall produced similarly low‐specific sediment losses (0·07 g m−2 mm−1 rain). These low rates and the absence of differences between methodologies and simulated intensities suggested a depletion of soil stocks 20 years after the rip‐ploughing. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Management of composition cathodic products in the electrolysis of molybdenum‐, tungsten‐ and carbon‐ bearing halogenide‐oxide and oxide melts
Authors: Malyshev V. V. , Soloviev V. V. , Chernenko L. A. , Rozhko V. N. 
Published: January 2015

It is shown that the cathode products of electrolysis of melts based on a eutectic mixture of sodium chloride and lithium fluoride as well as melts based on sodium tungstate in which dissolved oxides of molybdenum (VI) or tungsten (VI), molybdate, tungstate and lithium or sodium carbonates are molybdenum, tungsten, their bronzes and carbides, carbon.It is established that the phase composition of electrolysis products is determined by the concentration of carbonate in the melt.Particular conditions of plating coating of molybdenum and tungsten carbides on carbon, nickel and copper materials are determined.Molybdenum carbide coatings of electrolyte Na2WO4–Li2MoO4–Li2CO3 are deposited at equality (within 2.5 mol%) of concentrations molybdate and lithium carbonate. However, their concentrations should not exceed 10 mol%. At lower concentrations of molybdate in the precipitate are detected carbon, molybdenum, molybdenum carbide, and at high concentrations – molybdenum oxides. At lower concentrations of carbonate in the sediment dominates molybdenum and at large concentrations mainly free carbon is released. More affordable industrial reagent‐source of molybdenum is its oxide.
Microstructural changes in white matter associated with freezing of gait in Parkinson's disease
Authors: Vercruysse Sarah , Leunissen Inge , Vervoort Griet , Vandenberghe Wim , Swinnen Stephan , Nieuwboer Alice 
Published: January 2015

AbstractIn Parkinson's disease (PD), freezing of gait (FOG) is associated with widespread functional and structural gray matter changes throughout the brain. Previous study of freezing‐related white matter changes was restricted to brainstem and cerebellar locomotor tracts. This study was undertaken to determine the spatial distribution of white matter damage associated with FOG by combining whole brain and striatofrontal seed‐based diffusion tensor imaging. Diffusion‐weighted images were collected in 26 PD patients and 16 age‐matched controls. Parkinson's disease groups with (n = 11) and without freezing of gait (n = 15) were matched for age and disease severity. We applied tract‐based spatial statistics to compare fractional anisotropy and mean diffusivity of white matter structure across the whole brain between groups. Probabilistic tractography was used to evaluate fractional anisotropy and mean diffusivity of key subcortico‐cortical tracts. Tract‐based spatial statistics revealed decreased fractional anisotropy in PD with FOG in bilateral cerebellar and superior longitudinal fascicle clusters. Increased mean diffusivity values were apparent in the right internal capsule, superior frontal cortex, anterior corona radiata, the left anterior thalamic radiation, and cerebellum. Tractography showed consistent white matter alterations in striatofrontal tracts through the putamen, caudate, pallidum, subthalamic nucleus, and in connections of the cerebellar peduncle with subthalamic nucleus and pedunculopontine nucleus bilaterally. We conclude that FOG is associated with diffuse white matter damage involving major cortico‐cortical, corticofugal motor, and several striatofrontal tracts in addition to previously described cerebello‐pontine connectivity changes. These distributed white matter abnormalities may contribute to the motor and non‐motor correlates of FOG. © 2015 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
Freezing of gait in Parkinson's disease is related to impaired motor switching during stepping
Authors: Smulders Katrijn , Esselink Rianne A. , Bloem Bastiaan R. , Cools Roshan 
Published: January 2015

AbstractBackgroundParkinson's disease (PD) has been associated with set switching difficulty in both the motor and the cognitive domain. However, the contribution of these set switching deficits to the primary motor symptoms of the disease is unclear. We investigated whether set switching deficits contribute to gait and stepping problems in PD. By contrasting motor and cognitive set switching within the same paradigm, we investigated the nature of set switching deficits associated with freezing of gait (FOG).MethodsWe integrated step initiation with set switching within one task and compared patients with and without FOG with healthy subjects. Motor set switching was defined as a change in stepping direction from one trial to the next. Cognitive set switching was defined as a change in task rule (ie, respond according to the shape or color of the presented stimulus).ResultsWe found delayed motor switching in PD patients with FOG. We did not observe impaired cognitive switching.ConclusionsThese findings suggest that motor set switching deficits, commonly reported in tasks using verbal or tapping responses, extend to stepping and can contribute to the occurrence of freezing episodes during gait initiation. © 2015 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
Time‐dependent scattering of generalized plane waves by a wedge
Authors: Komech A.I. , Merzon A.E. , Méndez J.E. De la Paz 
Published: January 2015

We obtain explicit formulas for the scattering of plane waves with arbitrary profile by a wedge under Dirichlet, Neumann and Dirichlet‐Neumann boundary conditions. The diffracted wave is given by a convolution of the profile function with a suitable kernel corresponding to the boundary conditions. We prove the existence and uniqueness of solutions in appropriate classes of distributions and establish the Sommerfeld type representation for the diffracted wave.As an application, we establish (i) stability of long‐time asymptotic local perturbations of the profile functions and (ii) the limiting amplitude principle in the case of a harmonic incident wave. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.