bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Why self‐critical patients present with more severe eating disorder pathology: The mediating role of shame
Authors: Kelly Allison C. , Carter Jacqueline C. 
Published: October 2012

ObjectivesGilbert (Compassion: Conceptualisations, Research, and Use in Psychotherapy. London: Routledge, 2005) theorized that self‐critical individuals have more severe psychopathology due in part to their elevated feelings of shame. We sought to test this model in a sample of eating disorder sufferers.MethodSeventy‐four patients admitted to a specialized day or inpatient eating disorders treatment programme completed the Forms of Self‐Criticism and Self‐Reassurance Scale, Rosenberg Self‐Esteem Inventory, Experience of Shame Scale, Beck Depression Inventory, Positive and Negative Affect Schedule, and Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire.ResultsWe tested our mediational model with Preacher and Hayes' (Behavior Research Methods,40, 879, 2008) bootstrapping approach entering self‐criticism as a predictor, self‐esteem as a covariate, and shame, negative affect, positive affect, and depressive symptoms as simultaneous mediators. Applying a 95% confidence interval, the total indirect effect of self‐criticism on eating disorder pathology was significantly different from zero suggesting that its influence occurred through the proposed set of mediators. Specific indirect effects revealed that shame was the only mediator to contribute significantly to the model.ConclusionsResults support the theory that among eating disorder patients, higher self‐criticism is associated with elevated eating disorder pathology through feelings of shame. Interventions that target the shame of self‐critical patients might therefore facilitate their recovery.Practitioner PointsAssessing and intervening with the feelings of shame experienced by high self‐critical patients might be particularly important in helping them overcome their eating disorder.Working with patients to understand and alter the links between their self‐criticism, shame, and eating disorder behaviours might be a fruitful therapeutic avenue.Case conceptualizations in the eating disorders and perhaps other forms of psychopathology might benefit from integrating theoretical models that integrate a focus on self‐criticism and shame.LimitationsThis is a cross‐sectional study, meaning that we cannot make conclusions about the directionality of the relationships observed. It will be important to examine the temporal relationships between self‐criticism, shame, and eating disorder symptoms in future research.We rely on correlational data and so can only make predictive inferences based on our results. An experimental study in which self‐criticism and/or shame are manipulated will be an important next step to allow for causal inferences.
The inhibitor of volume‐regulated anion channels DCPIB activates TREK potassium channels in cultured astrocytes
Authors: Minieri L , Pivonkova H , Caprini M , Harantova L , Anderova M , Ferroni S 
Published: October 2012

Background and PurposeThe ethacrynic acid derivative, 4‐(2‐butyl‐6,7‐dichlor‐2‐cyclopentylindan‐1‐on‐5‐yl) oxobutyric acid (DCPIB) is considered to be a specific and potent inhibitor of volume‐regulated anion channels (VRACs). In the CNS, DCPIB was shown to be neuroprotective through mechanisms principally associated to its action on VRACs. We hypothesized that DCPIB could also regulate the activity of other astroglial channels involved in cell volume homeostasis.Experimental ApproachExperiments were performed in rat cortical astrocytes in primary culture and in hippocampal astrocytes in situ. The effect of DCPIB was evaluated by patch‐clamp electrophysiology and immunocytochemical techniques. Results were verified by comparative analysis with recombinant channels expressed in COS‐7 cells.Key ResultsIn cultured astrocytes, DCPIB promoted the activation of a K+ conductance mediated by two‐pore‐domain K+ (K2P) channels. The DCPIB effect occluded that of arachidonic acid, which activates K2P channels K2P 2.1 (TREK‐1) and K2P 10.1 (TREK‐2) in cultured astrocytes. Immunocytochemical analysis suggests that cultured astrocytes express K2P 2.1 and K2P 10.1 proteins. Moreover, DCPIB opened recombinant K2P 2.1 and K2P 10.1 expressed in heterologous system. In brain slices, DCPIB did not augment the large background K+ conductance in hippocampal astrocytes, but caused an increment in basal K+ current of neurons.Conclusion and ImplicationsOur results indicate that the neuroprotective effect of DCPIB could be due, at least in part, to activation of TREK channels. DCPIB could be used as template to build new pharmacological tools able to increase background K+ conductance in astroglia and neuronal cells.
Pharmacological modulation of the endocannabinoid signalling alters binge‐type eating behaviour in female rats
Authors: Scherma M , Fattore L , Satta V , Businco F , Pigliacampo B , Goldberg SR , Dessi C , Fratta W , Fadda P 
Published: October 2012

Background and PurposeBinge eating disorder (BED) is characterized by excessive food intake during short periods of time. Recent evidence suggests that alterations in the endocannabinoid signalling could be involved in the pathophysiology of BED. In this study, we investigated whether pharmacological manipulation of endocannabinoid transmission may be effective in modulating the aberrant eating behaviour present in a validated rat model of BED.Experimental ApproachBinge‐type eating was induced in female rats by providing limited access to an optional source of dietary fat (margarine). Rats were divided into three groups, all with ad libitum access to chow and water: control (C), with no access to margarine; low restriction (LR), with 2 h margarine access 7 days a week; high restriction (HR), with 2 h margarine access 3 days a week.Key ResultsCompared with the LR group, the HR group consumed more margarine and this was accompanied by an increase in body weight. The cannabinoid CB1/CB2 receptor agonist Δ9‐tetrahydrocannabinol significantly increased margarine intake selectively in LR rats, while the fatty acid amide hydrolase inhibitor URB597 showed no effect. The CB1 receptor inverse agonist/antagonist rimonabant dose‐dependently reduced margarine intake in HR rats. Notably, in HR rats, chronic treatment with a low dose of rimonabant induced a selective long‐lasting reduction in margarine intake that did not develop tolerance, and a significant and persistent reduction in body weight.Conclusions and ImplicationsChronic pharmacological blockade of CB1 receptors reduces binge eating behaviour in female rats and may prove effective in treating BED, with an associated significant reduction in body weight.Linked ArticlesThis article is part of a themed section on Cannabinoids. To view the other articles in this section visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2013.169.issue‐4 & http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2012.167.issue‐8
Determinants involved in subtype‐specific functions of rat trace amine‐associated receptors 1 and 4
Authors: Stäubert C , Bohnekamp J , Schöneberg T 
Published: October 2012

AimsThe trace amine‐associated receptor (Taar) family displays high species‐ and subtype‐specific pharmacology. Several trace amines such as β‐phenylethylamine (β‐PEA), p‐tyramine and tryptamine are agonists at TA1 but poorly activate rat and mouse Taar4.Principal ResultsUsing rat TA1 and Taar4 chimera, we identified determinants in transmembrane helices 3 and 6, which, when replaced by the corresponding portion of rat TA1, can rescue cell surface expression of rat Taar4. When expressed at the cell surface, rat Taar4 pharmacology was very similar to that of TA1 and coupled to the Gαs‐protein/AC pathway. Our data suggest that binding pockets of Taar for surrogate agonists overlap between paralogs.ConclusionsThis implicates that the repertoire of Taar ensures functional redundancy, tissue‐ and cell‐specific expression and/or different downstream signalling rather than different agonist specificity.
Effectiveness of school‐based dental sealant programs among children from low‐income backgrounds in France: a pragmatic randomized clinical trial
Authors: Muller‐Bolla Michèle , Lupi‐Pégurier Laurence , Bardakjian Hrant , Velly Ana M. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractObjectivesA split‐mouth randomized clinical trial was carried out to assess the effectiveness of a school‐based dental sealant (SBDS) program for French children from low‐income backgrounds. The secondary objectives were to determine the effectiveness of the program according to the baseline individual caries risk (ICR) and to assess the sealant retention.MethodsThe study included 276 pupils from Nice. The sealing was performed in the first or second grades. The permanent first molars were randomized into two groups: one received resin‐based sealant and the other no treatment. Active caries on permanent and temporary teeth, visible plaque, Streptococcus mutans (SM) and Lactobacillus counts were recorded at baseline to assess ICR. An intent‐to‐treat analysis was performed based on the occurrence of new caries at 1 year of follow‐up (study outcome). Univariate and multivariable conditional tooth‐matched logistic regression analyses (Proc phreg; SAS) were used to assess the effectiveness of the SBDS program.ResultsAt 1 year of follow‐up, 253 children (421 pairs) remained in the analysis. In the adjusted analysis, first permanent molars that received sealants were less at risk of developing new caries at 1 year of follow‐up compared with those from the control group (OR = 0.26, 95% CI: 0.14–0.49). Independently of the treatment, SM count, and all other covariates, only the variable ‘active caries at baseline’ remained related to new caries on first molars at 1 year (OR = 3.11, 95% CI: 1.27–7.62). The effect of the sealants was significant only when the analyses included subjects with active caries (OR = 0.25; 95% CI: 0.12–0.50) or with a high SM count (>105, OR = 0.20; 95% CI: 0.10–0.41) at baseline. At the 1‐year follow‐up, total retention was recorded in 52.7% (n = 222) of the treated teeth.ConclusionThe 1‐year effectiveness of the SBDS program was demonstrated in low socio‐economic areas. Selection of schoolchildren according to individual caries risk factors should be considered in a SBDS program.
The clinical significance of intrapulmonary vascular dilations in liver transplant candidates
Authors: Agarwal P. D. , Hughes P. J. , Runo J. R. , Ibrisim D. , Lucey M. R. , Said A. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractIntrapulmonary vascular dilations (IPVD) are common in patients with cirrhosis, but the majority do not have hepatopulmonary syndrome (HPS). The clinical significance of IPVD is unknown. Our aim was to determine the clinical impact due to the entire spectrum of IPVD in liver transplant (LT) candidates. A total of 122 evaluees for LT underwent contrast transthoracic echocardiography (cTTE). The degree of shunting was graded 1–3 (severe). HPS was defined as PaO2 < 70 mmHg in the presence of IPVD and exclusion of other causes of hypoxemia. IPVD were detected in 57/122 (47%), and of these HPS was found in 5. IPVD were associated with higher Alveolar‐arterial (A‐a) gradients, with the highest occurring in patients with HPS (IPVD vs. no IPVD: p = 0.003; HPS vs. no IPVD: p = 0.004). All patients with HPS had grade 3 shunting, and had significantly widened A‐a gradient and lower PaO2 compared with grade 1 or 2 IPVDs. Presence of IPVD did not affect survival measured from evaluation or after LT. Other clinical outcomes were also similar among patients with and without IPVD. IPVD are common among LT candidates. HPS is unlikely in presence of only mild to moderate shunting. Clinical outcomes are similar among patients with and without IPVD.
Banting Memorial Lecture 2012 Reversing the twin cycles of Type 2 diabetes
Authors: Taylor R. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractIt has become widely accepted that Type 2 diabetes is inevitably life‐long, with irreversible and progressive beta cell damage. However, the restoration of normal glucose metabolism within days after bariatric surgery in the majority of people with Type 2 diabetes disproves this concept. There is now no doubt that this reversal of diabetes depends upon the sudden and profound decrease in food intake, and does not relate to any direct surgical effect. The Counterpoint study demonstrated that normal glucose levels and normal beta cell function could be restored by a very low calorie diet alone. Novel magnetic resonance methods were applied to measure intra‐organ fat. The results showed two different time courses: a) resolution of hepatic insulin sensitivity within days along with a rapid fall in liver fat and normalisation of fasting glucose levels; and b) return of normal beta cell insulin secretion over weeks in step with a fall in pancreas fat. Now that it has been possible to observe the pathophysiological events during reversal of Type 2 diabetes, the reverse time course of events which determine the onset of the condition can be identified. The twin cycle hypothesis postulates that chronic calorie excess leads to accumulation of liver fat with eventual spill over into the pancreas. These self‐reinforcing cycles between liver and pancreas eventually cause metabolic inhibition of insulin secretion after meals and onset of hyperglycaemia. It is now clear that Type 2 diabetes is a reversible condition of intra‐organ fat excess to which some people are more susceptible than others.
Effects of floral and extrafloral resource diversity on the fitness of an omnivorous bug, Orius insidiosus
Authors: Pumariño Lorena , Alomar Oscar , Lundgren Jonathan G. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractHabitat manipulation and increasing biodiversity are important approaches that enhance biological control of pests, but it is important to evaluate the relative benefits of specific plant species when designing conservation programs. Orius insidiosus Say (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) is an important predator of thrips and aphids that also feeds on plants. It is the target of conservation biological control programs. Despite O. insidiosus' relevance, little is known about the effects of plant subsidies on predator performance or nutritional status. Here, we examined the influence of restricting the pollen and nectar resources of five plant species (alyssum, buckwheat, phacelia, fava bean, and chamomile), and how increasing plant diversity affects O. insidiosus fecundity, survival, and nutritional status. Plant species varied in their suitability for O. insidiosus, which was driven in part by the availability of the pollen or nectar resources. Offering plants as a mixture did not improve fecundity; however, the plant least preferred for oviposition under no‐choice tests (fava bean) became the preferred egg‐laying site when the plants were offered in combination. We conclude that the benefits obtained by O. insidiosus vary among plant species, and that increasing plant diversity can have unpredicted, positive effects on insect fitness.
Characterisation of Predator‐Directed Displays in Tephritid Flies
Authors: Rao Dinesh , Díaz‐Fleischer Francisco 
Published: October 2012

AbstractFlies of the family Tephritidae are known to perform a display in front of their salticid spider predators. This display involves extending the wings while the fly moves from side to side. The wings of many of fly species are banded, and in some species, these bands are thought to deter their predators by mimicking the leg patterns of salticids. However, as this display is also seen in non‐mimicking flies, there is some uncertainty over the functional significance of these displays. In this study, we explored the efficacy of displays by the lightly banded but non‐mimicking Mexican fruit fly (Anastrepha ludens) in deterring attacks by the salticidsParaphidippus aurantiusandPhidippus bidentatus. We tested the effect of band visibility and the fly's physiological condition on the production of these displays and the probability of attack by salticids. We filmed the interactions of flies and spiders and analysed fly displays in the presence of the salticid. We show that the fly's display deters salticids and promotes the fly's chances of survival and that the presence or absence of bands does not alter the possibility of attack. Flies fed on different quality diets showed similar rates of display. Our results suggest that tephritid flies deter attacks because of their display and not their appearance.
Influence of nanoencapsulation on the sensory properties of cosmetic formulations containing lipoic acid
Authors: Külkamp‐Guerreiro I. C. , Berlitz S. J. , Contri R. V. , Alves L. R. , Henrique E. G. , Barreiros V. R. M. , Guterres S. S. 
Published: October 2012

SynopsisSensory analysis has become a valuable tool in qualifying consumer perception regarding cosmetic products. This study aims to explore the application of discriminative and affective consumers sensory analysis in evaluating the influence of nanoencapsulation on the sensory properties and rheological characteristics of a cosmetic formulation containing lipoic acid. The nanocapsules were prepared by the pre‐formed polymer precipitation method. Semisolid formulations were prepared using a silicone emulsion system, and these pseudoplastic fluids were characterized using rheological methods. The panellists (n = 88) analysed the formulations with and without nanoencapsulated lipoic acid as paired comparisons within the discriminative and affective sensory analysis. In these measurements, spreadability, stickiness, oiliness and sulphur odour were evaluated. The panellists had no previous training in conducting these measurements. It was shown that nanotechnology can change some sensory characteristics of the formulations. The spreadability, stickiness and oiliness are the attributes for which the panellists noted differences with statistical significance. The spreadability difference could be due to the results found in the rheological profiles and consistency indexes between formulations. In the discriminative analysis, the panellists could not detect any noticeable differences in the sulphur odour or residual properties between samples, attributes that would influence whether consumers adhered to the selected treatment. Considering affective analysis, the consumers communicated that the formulation containing the nanoencapsulated lipoic acid, which presented less consistency, was preferred based on the reduction in immediate stickiness and residual sulphur odour. The free lipoic acid formulation was preferred in terms of residual oiliness and spreadability.
Amino acid composition, including key derivatives of eccrine sweat: potential biomarkers of certain atopic skin conditions
Authors: Mark Harker , Harding Clive R. 
Published: October 2012

SynopsisThe free amino acid (AA) composition of eccrine sweat is different from other biological fluids, for reasons which are not properly understood. We undertook the detailed analysis of the AA composition of freshly isolated pure human eccrine sweat, including some of the key derivatives of AA metabolism, to better understand the key biological mechanisms governing its composition. Eccrine sweat was collected from the axillae of 12 healthy subjects immediately upon formation. Free AA analysis was performed using an automatic AA analyser after ninhydrin derivatization. Pyrrolidine‐5‐carboxylic acid (PCA) and urocanic acid (UCA) levels were determined using GC/MS. The free AA composition of sweat was dominated by the presence of serine accounting for just over one‐fifth of the total free AA composition. Glycine was the next most abundant followed by PCA, alanine, citrulline and threonine, respectively. The data obtained indicate that the AA content of sweat bears a remarkable similarity to the AA composition of the epidermal protein profilaggrin. This protein is the key source of free AAs and their derivatives that form a major part of the natural moisturizing factor (NMF) within the stratum corneum (SC) and plays a major role in maintaining the barrier integrity of human skin. As perturbations in the production of NMF can lead to abnormal barrier function and can arise as a consequence of filaggrin genotype, we propose the quantification of AAs in sweat may serve as a non‐invasive diagnostic biomarker for certain atopic skin conditions, that is, atopic dermatitis (AD).
Pathways to heroin dependence: time to re‐appraise self‐medication
Authors: Darke Shane 
Published: October 2012

AbstractThe self‐medication hypothesis emphasizes the role of distressing affect as the primary motivator for the compulsive use that leads to substance dependence. The model also postulates that there will be psychopharmacological specificity between symptom presentation and the primary drug of dependence. In this review, the self‐medication hypothesis is examined in relation to the development and chronicity of heroin dependence. It is argued that if self‐medication has a role in engendering and extending substance dependence, it should be apparent in the use of a drug that carries such overwhelming personal risk. The psychopathology seen among adult users is certainly consistent with the model. More importantly, however, are the extraordinarily high levels of childhood trauma and psychopathology that occur typically well before the initiation of heroin use. In contrast, the postulate of drug specificity appears less supported by the polydrug use patterns typical of heroin users, and does not appear to be a necessary corollary of the model.
Meta‐analysis of naltrexone and acamprosate for treating alcohol use disorders: when are these medications most helpful?
Authors: Maisel Natalya C. , Blodgett Janet C. , Wilbourne Paula L. , Humphreys Keith , Finney John W. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractAimsAlthough debates over the efficacy of oral naltrexone and acamprosate in treating alcohol use disorders tend to focus on their global efficacy relative to placebo or their efficacy relative to each other, the underlying reality may be more nuanced. This meta‐analysis examined when naltrexone and acamprosate are most helpful by testing: (i) the relative efficacy of each medication given its presumed mechanism of action (reducing heavy drinking versus fostering abstinence) and (ii) whether different ways of implementing each medication (required abstinence before treatment, detoxification before treatment, goal of treatment, length of treatment, dosage) moderate its effects.MethodsA systematic literature search identified 64 randomized, placebo‐controlled, English‐language clinical trials completed between 1970 and 2009 focused on acamprosate or naltrexone.ResultsAcamprosate had a significantly larger effect size than naltrexone on the maintenance of abstinence, and naltrexone had a larger effect size than acamprosate on the reduction of heavy drinking and craving. For naltrexone, requiring abstinence before the trial was associated with larger effect sizes for abstinence maintenance and reduced heavy drinking compared with placebo. For acamprosate, detoxification before medication administration was associated with better abstinence outcomes compared with placebo.ConclusionsIn treatment for alcohol use disorders, acamprosate has been found to be slightly more efficacious in promoting abstinence and naltrexone slightly more efficacious in reducing heavy drinking and craving. Detoxification before treatment or a longer period of required abstinence before treatment is associated with larger medication effects for acamprosate and naltrexone respectively.