bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
SOCIOECONOMIC DIFFERENCES IN CHILD MORTALITY IN CENTRAL POLAND AT THE END OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY
Authors: DROZD-LIPIŃSKA ALICJA , KLUGIER EWA , KAMIŃSKA-CZAKŁOSZ MAŁGORZATA 
Published: September 2014

SummaryAnalyses of historical or modern populations indicate a strong relationship between mortality level and standard of living, measured, among other factors, by degree of urbanization. The aim of this study was to assess mortality rates in children of up to 5 years of age in two populations living under different conditions in central modern Poland at the end of the 19th century: the rural parish of Kowal, under Russian partition, and Toruń, an industrial and urbanized centre under Prussian partition. Data on births and deaths were taken from birth certificate registries and from the Prussian statistics yearbooks for 1876–1894. Death rates of children aged 0–5 years were calculated, and also for annual age ranges. The urban population had lower birth rates (37.19‰), natural increase rates (8.0‰), population dynamics rates (1.26‰), which provide information about the relation between two components of a natural increase, i.e. births and deaths, and an over-mortality of boys in relation to girls. In the rural population these values were all higher: 53.67‰, 18.11‰ and 1.59‰ respectively. No impact was found of social stratification on child mortality in the wide age group of 0–5 years. However, for subsequent one-year age groups significant relationships between mortality level and size and industrialization level of the population centres were noted. The living conditions of infants in Toruń, although being in a better position as an area annexed by Prussia, were markedly worse than those of rural Kowal Parish. In the urban centre infant mortality was slightly over 269 for 1000 live born, and in Kowal Parish it was 163 for 1000 live born. The high infant mortality was balanced in Toruń by the higher mortality levels of children aged 2–5 years compared with Kowal Parish. Natural selection in the city had the greatest impact on infants, who did not have the protective influence of breast-feeding because women had to return to work shortly after giving birth. The lower infant mortality of mothers in the countryside due to longer breast-feeding led to larger family sizes. In 1871–1890 in the villages the number of children per women was about 7.42, whereas in Toruń it ranged from 4.4 to 5.2. The probability of death among children who survived the first year of life was higher in the countryside than the town. In the rural parish, perhaps because of cultural factors such as breast-feeding or working practices making full-time baby-sitting possible, children who did not reach the age of 1 year were not subjected to such intensive natural selection. Overall, differences in child mortality in the two centres in 19th central Poland resulted from ecological and cultural conditions, rather than from social and economical reasons (living under different partitions).
SURVIVAL OF CENTENARIANS IN JAPAN
Authors: MUROTANI KENTA , ZHOU BIN , KANEDA HIDEAKI , NAKATANI EIJI , KOJIMA SHINSUKE , NAGAI YOJI , FUKUSHIMA MASANORI 
Published: September 2014

SummaryThe objective of the study was to explore the survival trends of centenarians in Japan. A cohort of centenarians born between 1881 and 1900 was analysed based on national census data, and the average life expectancy at 100 years of age, risk of death and maximum age were estimated. An analysis of covariance and a Cox regression analysis were performed to explore the factors associated with life expectancy and risk of death. The death rates in centenarians tended to decrease with birth year, and the average life expectancy from the age of 100 slightly increased at a rate of 0.013 years (95% CI: 0.007–0.019) by birth year in men and 0.026 in women. Women had a longer life expectancy than men, with a difference of 0.174 years (95% CI: 0.071–0.277) at birth year 1881 and increasing by 0.013 years per year thereafter. The risk of death in both sexes decreased significantly by birth year over the course of the period analysed, and the risk of death in men was 1.16 (95% CI: 1.14–1.19) times that of women. In women, death rates at every age significantly decreased with birth year over the course of the period analysed until age 104. However, this trend did not hold true for ages 105 and older. The average life expectancy of centenarians at the age of 100 in Japan increased by birth year in the 1881–1900 birth cohort. In addition, Japanese centenarians had the lowest death rates among several countries.
III. The English Revolution and Locke's ‘Two Treatises of Government’
Authors: Laslett Peter 
Published: September 2014

John Locke received the following letter from the Hague on 31 January 1689, whilst he was waiting in Rotterdam for a ship to take him home, now that his exile in Holland could come to an end after the Revolution:I have been very ill this fortnight. The beginning was what is called the disease of one's country, impatience to be there, but it ended yesterday with violence, as all great things do but kings. Ours went out like a farthing candle, and has given us by this Convention an occasion not only of mending the Government but of melting it down and making all new, which makes me wish you were there to give them a right scheme of government, having been infected by that great man Lord Shaftesbury.
Testing Theories of American Politics: Elites, Interest Groups, and Average Citizens
Authors: Gilens Martin , Page Benjamin I. 
Published: September 2014

Each of four theoretical traditions in the study of American politics—which can be characterized as theories of Majoritarian Electoral Democracy, Economic-Elite Domination, and two types of interest-group pluralism, Majoritarian Pluralism and Biased Pluralism—offers different predictions about which sets of actors have how much influence over public policy: average citizens; economic elites; and organized interest groups, mass-based or business-oriented.A great deal of empirical research speaks to the policy influence of one or another set of actors, but until recently it has not been possible to test these contrasting theoretical predictions against each other within a single statistical model. We report on an effort to do so, using a unique data set that includes measures of the key variables for 1,779 policy issues.Multivariate analysis indicates that economic elites and organized groups representing business interests have substantial independent impacts on U.S. government policy, while average citizens and mass-based interest groups have little or no independent influence. The results provide substantial support for theories of Economic-Elite Domination and for theories of Biased Pluralism, but not for theories of Majoritarian Electoral Democracy or Majoritarian Pluralism.
Role for MMP-9 in stress-induced downregulation of nectin-3 in hippocampal CA1 and associated behavioural alterations
Authors: van der Kooij Michael A. , Fantin Martina , Rejmak Emilia , Grosse Jocelyn , Zanoletti Olivia , Fournier Celine , Ganguly Krishnendu , Kalita Katarzyna , Kaczmarek Leszek , Sandi Carmen 
Published: September 2014

AbstractChronic stress is a risk factor for the development of psychopathologies characterized by cognitive dysfunction and deregulated social behaviours. Emerging evidence suggests a role for cell adhesion molecules, including nectin-3, in the mechanisms that underlie the behavioural effects of stress. We tested the hypothesis that proteolytic processing of nectins by matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), an enzyme family that degrades numerous substrates, including cell adhesion molecules, is involved in hippocampal effects induced by chronic restraint stress. A reduction in nectin-3 in the perisynaptic CA1, but not in the CA3, compartment is observed following chronic stress and is implicated in the effects of stress in social exploration, social recognition and a CA1-dependent cognitive task. Increased MMP-9-related gelatinase activity, involving N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor, is specifically found in the CA1 and involved in nectin-3 cleavage and chronic stress-induced social and cognitive alterations. Thus, MMP-9 proteolytic processing emerges as an important mediator of stress effects in brain function and behaviour.
A Macroscopic Reaction: Direct Covalent Bond Formation between Materials Using a Suzuki-Miyaura Cross-Coupling Reaction
Authors: Sekine Tomoko , Kakuta Takahiro , Nakamura Takashi , Kobayashi Yuichiro , Takashima Yoshinori , Harada Akira 
Published: September 2014

AbstractCross-coupling reactions are important to form C–C covalent bonds using metal catalysts. Although many different cross-coupling reactions have been developed and applied to synthesize complex molecules or polymers (macromolecules), if cross-coupling reactions are realized in the macroscopic real world, the scope of materials should be dramatically broadened. Here, Suzuki-Miyaura coupling reactions are realized between macroscopic objects. When acrylamide gel modified with an iodophenyl group (I-gel) reacts with a gel possessing a phenylboronic group (PB-gel) using a palladium catalyst, the gels bond to form a single object. This concept can also be adapted for bonding between soft and hard materials. I-gel or PB-gel selectively bonds to the glass substrates whose surfaces are modified with an electrophile or nucleophile, respectively.
Plasticity of the actin cytoskeleton in response to extracellular matrix nanostructure and dimensionality
Authors: Starke Josefine , Wehrle-Haller Bernhard , Friedl Peter 
Published: September 2014

Mobile cells discriminate and adapt to mechanosensory input from extracellular matrix (ECM) topographies to undergo actin-based polarization, shape change and migration. We tested ‘cell-intrinsic’ and adaptive components of actin-based cell migration in response to widely used in vitro collagen-based substrates, including a continuous 2D surface, discontinuous fibril-based surfaces (2.5D) and fibril-based 3D geometries. Migrating B16F1 mouse melanoma cells expressing GFP–actin developed striking diversity and adaptation of cytoskeletal organization and migration efficacy in response to collagen organization. 2D geometry enabled keratinocyte-like cell spreading and lamellipod-driven motility, with barrier-free movement averaging the directional vectors from one or several leading edges. 3D fibrillar collagen imposed spindle-shaped polarity with a single cylindrical actin-rich leading edge and terminal filopod-like protrusions generating a single force vector. As a mixed phenotype, 2.5D environments prompted a broad but fractalized leading lamella, with multiple terminal filopod-like protrusions engaged with collagen fibrils to generate an average directional vector from multiple, often divergent, interactions. The migratory population reached &gt;90% of the cells with high speeds for 2D, but only 10–30% of the cells and a 3-fold lower speed range for 2.5D and 3D substrates, suggesting substrate continuity as a major determinant of efficient induction and maintenance of migration. These findings implicate substrate geometry as an important input for plasticity and adaptation of the actin cytoskeleton to cope with varying ECM topography and highlight striking preference of moving cells for 2D continuous-shaped over more complex-shaped discontinuous 2.5 and 3D substrate geometries.
Experimental circular phased array for generating OAM radio beams
Authors: Bai Q. , Tennant A. , Allen B. 
Published: September 2014

A circular phased array antenna that can generate orbital angular momentum (OAM) radio beams in the 10 GHz band is described. The antenna consists of eight inset‐fed patch elements and a microstrip corporate feeding network. A full‐wave electromagnetic simulator is used to aid the antenna design and theoretical simulations are confirmed by measurements.
The equality case of the Penrose inequality for asymptotically flat graphs
Authors: Huang Lan-Hsuan , Wu Damin 
Published: September 2014

We prove the equality case of the Penrose inequality in all dimensions for asymptotically flat hypersurfaces. It was recently proven by G. Lam that the Penrose inequality holds for asymptotically flat graphical hypersurfaces in Euclidean space with non-negative scalar curvature and with a minimal boundary. Our main theorem states that if the equality holds, then the hypersurface is a Schwarzschild solution. As part of our proof, we show that asymptotically flat graphical hypersurfaces with a minimal boundary and non-negative scalar curvature must be mean convex, using the argument that we developed in our paper, Hypersurfaces with non-negative scalar curvature (J. Differential Geom., vol. 95 (2013), pp. 249–278). This enables us to obtain the ellipticity for the linearized scalar curvature operator and to establish the strong maximum principles for the scalar curvature equation.
Syntactic Reconstruction and Proto-Germanic
Authors: Walkden George 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
This book investigates methods, possibilities, and limitations in the reconstruction of syntax in a framework which holds that the object of enquiry is knowledge of language and which acknowledges that the transmission of that knowledge is discontinuous. The main objections to syntactic reconstruction raised in the literature are assessed, and it is argued that the reconstruction of syntax is qualitatively different from lexical-phonological reconstruction due to the so-called ‘correspondence problem’ it is also suggested that other objections to syntactic reconstruction based on assumed lack of parallel between syntax and phonology, such as the supposed absence of directional tendencies and inability to identify contact influence, are either illusory or reduce to the correspondence problem. It is argued that the approach taken in current Minimalist theories of syntactic variation, in which all such variation is attributed to the properties of lexical items, sheds light on the problem of syntactic reconstruction by enabling a clear comparison between syntactic and phonological variation, and opens the door for syntactic reconstruction as lexical reconstruction. Practical solutions for circumventing the correspondence problem are also discussed, in particular the use of both distributional properties of lexical items and the phonological forms of such items in order to establish cognacy. The bulk of the book is devoted to case studies from the early Germanic languages intended to illustrate this methodology, dealing with verb position in main clauses, the syntax of the wh-system, and the (non-)occurrence of null pronominal subjects and objects.
Introduction
Authors: Walkden George 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
This chapter outlines the aims of the book in more detail. It presents the approach to history that will be taken, as well as details of the syntactic theory adopted, and some discussion of the five main languages investigated: Gothic, Old Norse, Old English, Old High German, and Old Saxon. The chapter argues for a constructivist approach to history, and couples this with a syntactic framework of the kind developed in recent Minimalist theorizing. The texts and corpora that are used as empirical basis for the individual case studies are also discussed.
A methodology for syntactic reconstruction
Authors: Walkden George 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
This chapter lays out a framework for the reconstruction of syntax. Section 2.2 is dedicated to the question of syntactic variation: it defends an implementation of Principles & Parameters theory against the criticisms of Newmeyer (2004). Section 2.3 addresses the question of syntactic change, arguing that it is desirable to reduce ‘language’ to individual grammars as assumed within the generative tradition, and that the task of diachronic linguistics then becomes to investigate the historical relationships between these grammars, mediated by transmission and acquisition. In section 2.4 an attempt is made to draw parallels between lexical-phonological and syntactic reconstruction, and, where these fail, to work around them as far as possible.
The wh-system of early Germanic
Authors: Walkden George 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
This chapter capitalizes on the intuition that syntactic reconstruction is lexical reconstruction in order to reconstruct aspects of the early Germanic wh-system. This chapter gives an overview and analysis of constituent order in the wh-system. The following sections are devoted to more detailed examinations of individual wh-elements. Section 4.3 analyses attested cases of underspecification of reflexes of *hwat in the early Germanic languages; section 4.4 discusses the forms *hwaþeraz/*hweþeraz and their reflexes. A theme of this chapter is that comparative work on the grammars of living languages can inform work on historically attested languages and on reconstruction.
Philosophical Reflections on Expressive Music Performance
Authors: Doğantan-Dack Mine 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThis chapter aims to initiate a tradition of philosophizing about expressive music performance, and to draw attention to the immense complexity of the phenomenon. After revisiting Carl Seashore’s definition of performance and teasing apart some of its conceptual and methodological aspects, the chapter discusses some of the epistemological premises that have pervaded psychological research on expressive performance. It then explores the connection between performance expression and emotional expression in an attempt to identify potential universals of expressive music performance. It is argued that the meanings emanating from the sounds of a performance are the reflection of non-sonic factors, of historical–cultural contingencies, and of complex social dynamics that have not been targeted by the mainstream of expressive performance research. Drawing examples from both western and non-western cultural contexts, the chapter argues for the inclusion of philosophical enquiry within the field, so that expressive music performance may be more fully understood.
Heuristics for Expressive Performance
Authors: Leech-Wilkinson Daniel , Prior Helen M. 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
This chapter discusses concepts and terms that professional musicians find useful in preparing for and talking and thinking about expressive performance. An example is “shape,” which, as recent research has shown, is immensely flexible and useful for sharing ideas about how to generate expressive performance without having to specify exactly which sounds might be required. The word is used between musical performers with a high level of mutual understanding, as a way of communicating expressive features that are actually very difficult to articulate in more detail. Further examples of heuristics for musical expression are drawn from a recent interview study of professional musicians, and their implications are discussed. It is argued that this kind of terminology, easily dismissed as superficial or vague, is in fact precisely targeted to the nature of the task and is highly effective in use by musicians.
Commercial Sound Recordings and Trends in Expressive Music Performance
Authors: Fabian Dorottya 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
Sound recordings provide crucial evidence of stylistic changes in music performance, highlighting the strong impact of time and place (i.e. history and culture) on what is regarded as an expressive performance at any given time. This chapter summarizes some of these stylistic differences as pertaining to eighteenth-century baroque and nineteenth-century romantic music—first, by briefly reviewing a broad cross-section of both empirical and historical sources, and secondly, by providing analytical snapshots of commercially recorded performances in tandem with contemporaneous written documents and listeners’ perceptions of technical details and aesthetic effect. It highlights the need for closer collaboration between cognitive music psychologists and historical musicologists to create more sophisticated models and a deeper understanding of the relationship between expressive performance and taste. It also questions the usefulness of linking expressiveness primarily to compositional (and score-based) structures, and argues for more nuanced approaches that engage more with individual difference.
Expressiveness in Historical Perspective
Authors: Milsom David , Da Costa Neal Peres 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
This chapter examines the philosophical and aesthetic underpinnings of nineteenth-century performance, as suggested in contemporary written literature and heard on early recordings, and summarizes them as an almost universal understanding of music in terms of its linguistic and declamatory properties, giving rise to flexibility in the meaning of music notation and basic musical parameters, and being used to justify specific expressive practices. The chapter summarizes the main tenets of such thought as a context for understanding the nature of expressive practices in violin and piano playing, including portamento, vibrato, dislocation, and arpeggiation. The authors discuss their experiences of producing “stylistically reconstructive” recordings, highlighting the challenges and potential for musical expressiveness. The results suggest that any research into cognitive/psychological music performance, particularly of the romantic repertoire, must widen its parameters beyond the modern aesthetics of expressivity, and focus more on the singing and rhetorical devices examined in this chapter.
Temporal Variation in Singing as Interplay between Speech and Music in Estonian Songs
Authors: Lippus Pärtel , Ross Jaan 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
Acoustic syllable durations were measured in Estonian utterances performed in parallel as recited and sung. A systematic effect of phonological syllable length was found irrespective of the group of participants (contemporary or historic). This effect of syllable length was modified by the mode of performance: it was present considerably less in music than in speech. In music, the effect of syllable length was in turn modified by song: it was present in two of the three songs, but absent in one song. The above results suggest that the correspondence between linguistic duration and musical rhythm in a quantity language such as Estonian is loosely defined. The nature of the correspondence between linguistic quantity and musical rhythm may be considered to a certain extent analogous to the tone–tune relationship in tonal languages.
Expressiveness in the Performance of Bedzan Pygmies’ Vocal Polyphonies
Authors: Marandola Fabrice 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
Every performance of the vocal polyphonies of the Bedzan Pygmies demonstrates a subtle balance between the numerous variations performed by each individual singer and the necessity for the choir as a whole to preserve the identity of the piece. The variability of both scale and motivic systems is characteristic of these polyphonies, whose study requires the use of specific methods. This chapter describes how the combination of multitrack recordings, graphic transcriptions, and experiments leads to determination of the nature of the musical system. Based on a limited number of rules, this musical system involves a set of constraints that provide balance and ensure its sustainability, while creating a network of possibilities related to expressiveness at the collective level (scale system, motivic system, identity of the pieces), and at the individual level (intonation of the degrees, choice of the motives, constant interaction).