bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE EFFECT OF U.S. TRADE DEFICIT ANNOUNCEMENTS ON THE STOCK PRICES OF U.S. AND JAPANESE AUTOMAKERS
Authors: Sun Qian , Tong Wilson H.S. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThe existing literature on the trade news effect on asset prices generally looks at exchange rates and stock market indexes. We focus on individual stocks: the U.S. and Japanese “Big Three” automobile stocks. We examine Japanese automobile American Depositary Receipts (ADRs), not the stocks per se, to avoid the time lag problem. First, we find deficit news shocks, especially the positive shocks, have a negative effect on the Japanese automobile ADRs. Second, we find only weak evidence that the news effect is different under different economic conditions. Third, trade news is found to be a competitive shock to the automakers in the sense of Karolyi and Stulz (1996). Last, statistically generated U.S.–Japan bilateral trade deficit news and bilateral auto trade deficit news have no effect on the automobile stock in general.
DIVERGENT EXPECTATIONS AND THE ASIAN FINANCIAL CRISIS OF 1997
Authors: Pan Ming‐Shiun , Chan Kam C. , Wright David J. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractAn important question concerning integration of global financial markets is whether local investors in an equity market react differently from international investors, particularly during periods of financial crisis. Considering local investors are closer to information, they might turn pessimistic before foreign investors before a crisis. We examine whether local investors in each of the six Asian stock markets—Indonesia, Korea, Malaysia, the Philippines, Taiwan, and Thailand—reacted differently from international investors during the 1997 Asian financial crisis. Our empirical results indicate that, in general, closed‐end country fund share prices (mainly driven by foreign investors) Granger‐cause the respective net asset values (NAVs, mainly driven by local investors). Moreover, this one‐way Granger‐causality effect from share prices to NAVs becomes much stronger during the crisis period after controlling for U.S. stock returns. Our results suggest international investors turned pessimistic before local investors.JEL classification: G15
INDIVIDUAL, INSTITUTIONAL, AND SPECIALIST TRADE PATTERNS BEFORE AND AFTER DISCLOSURE
Authors: Welker Michael , Sparks H. Charles 
Published: August 2014

AbstractWe examine the trade response of individuals, institutional traders, and specialists to disclosures. We investigate reactions to good versus bad news and mandatory versus discretionary announcements. We find that individuals and institutions both have heightened trade activity before disclosures. Institutional trade runs counter to the price reaction to upcoming discretionary disclosures. Institutions' post‐announcement trade is consistent with the direction of the price reaction to the announcement, whereas individuals' post‐announcement trade runs counter to the price reaction. Although specialists face increased trade pressure both before and after announcements, strong directional imbalances in specialist trade are not observed.JEL classification: G14
IS NOISE TRADER RISK PRICED?
Authors: Sias Richard W. , Starks Laura T. , Tiniç Seha M. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractWe examine the hypothesis that closed‐end fund shareholders garner greater returns than holders of the underlying assets as compensation for bearing “noise trader risk.” We demonstrate that the returns on fund shares are more volatile and exhibit greater mean reversion than the returns on the underlying assets, consistent with the hypothesis that noise traders play a more active role in closed‐end fund shares than do the underlying assets. Inconsistent with the De Long et al. (1990) noise trader model, however, we find that after accounting for fund expenses, fund shareholders do not earn returns greater than holders of the underlying assets.JEL classification: G12
THE ROBUSTNESS OF ABNORMAL RETURNS FROM THE EARNINGS YIELD CONTRARIAN INVESTMENT STRATEGY
Authors: Badrinath S. G. , Kini Omesh 
Published: August 2014

AbstractWe examine the sensitivity of the abnormal profitability of the earnings' yield (E/P)‐based contrarian investment strategy to the following two risk measurement issues: (a) return‐measurement interval over which systematic risk is estimated and (b) time variation in systematic risk. We conduct our analysis using the capital asset pricing model to parameterize risk. We find that the estimates of systematic risk of E/P‐ranked portfolios are not sensitive to the return‐measurement interval. Consequently the abnormal profits to the E/P‐based contrarian investment strategy observed in prior studies are not artifacts of the return‐measurement interval. Furthermore, although both the raw and abnormal returns to E/P‐ranked portfolios exhibit mean reversion, time variation in systematic risk ensuing from this mean‐reverting behavior does not substantially affect abnormal profits to E/P‐ranked portfolios.JEL classification: G11, G12, G14
Palaeotropical origins, boreotropical distribution and increased rates of diversification in a clade of edible ectomycorrhizal mushrooms (Amanita section Caesareae)
Authors: Sánchez‐Ramírez Santiago , Tulloss Rodham E. , Amalfi Mario , Moncalvo Jean‐Marc 
Published: August 2014

AbstractAimThe geographical distributions of most fungal species are still poorly known; consequently, their origins and historical distributions remain largely understudied. High levels of cryptic diversity, scarce fossil records and poorly sampled regions can explain some of these shortcomings. We extensively sampled an iconic group of edible ectomycorrhizal (EM) fungi, Amanita caesarea and its allies, in order to infer evolutionary patterns on a global scale.LocationWorldwide.MethodsDNA sequences from three nuclear genes were derived for 120 collections. Divergence times were estimated using fossil calibrations within the Agaricomycetes, followed by more inclusive (A. sect. Caesareae + outgroup) root‐recalibrated estimations. Ultrametric trees from beast were used in ancestral‐area reconstructions and to infer geodispersal models. They were further used in diversification‐rate analyses using maximum‐likelihood and Bayesian methods.ResultsMolecular dating and ancestral‐area reconstruction indicated a Palaeotropical origin of A. sect. Caesareae between the Palaeocene and Eocene. Dispersal events to temperate regions in Mediterranean Europe, eastern Australia and North and Central America, occurred mostly during the late Miocene and Pliocene. A boreotropical model was supported as the most likely mode of geodispersal. Diversification rates were significantly higher in the New World than in the Old World.Main conclusionsWe present evidence that this group of edible EM mushrooms was ancestrally Palaeotropical from around the Eocene to the late Miocene, reaching temperate insular and continental areas during the late Miocene and Pliocene. The mode of dispersal is largely consistent with Wolfe's boreotropical hypothesis. We also found that the overall diversification rate has been rather constant, but has increased relatively recently in the New World, possibly as a result of the well‐documented Plio‐Pleistocene climatic fluctuations.
Ethnicity and self‐reported experiences of stigma in adults with intellectual disability in Cape Town, South Africa
Authors: Ali A. , Kock E. , Molteno C. , Mfiki N. , King M. , Strydom A. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractBackgroundStudies have shown that individuals with intellectual disability (ID) are aware of stigma and are able to describe experiences of being treated negatively. However, there have been no cross‐cultural studies examining whether self‐reported experiences of stigma vary between ethnic groups.MethodParticipants with mild and moderate ID were recruited from a number of different settings in Cape Town, South Africa. Self‐reported experiences of stigma in three ethnic groups were measured using the South African version of the Perceived Stigma of Intellectual Disability tool, developed by the authors. One‐way anova was used to test whether there were differences in the total stigma score between the ethnic groups. Regression analysis was performed to identify factors associated with stigma.ResultsA total of 191 participants agreed to take part; 53 were Black, 70 were of mixed ethnicity and 68 were Caucasian. There were no differences in the levels of stigma reported by the three groups but the Black African ethnic group were more likely to report being physically attacked and being stared at, but were also more likely to report that they thought they were ‘the same as other people’. There was an interaction effect between ethnicity and level of ID, with participants with mild ID from the Black African group reporting higher levels of stigma compared with those with moderate ID. Younger age was the only factor that was associated with stigma but there was a trend towards ethnicity, additional disability and socio‐economic status being related to stigma.ConclusionInterventions should target the Black African community in South Africa and should include the reduction of both public stigma and self‐reported stigma.
Use of independent component analysis to improve signal‐to‐noise ratio in multi‐probe fluorescence microscopy
Authors: DAO L. , LUCOTTE B. , GLANCY B. , CHANG L.‐C. , HSU L.‐Y. , BALABAN R.S. 
Published: August 2014

SummaryIn conventional multi‐probe fluorescence microscopy, narrow bandwidth filters on detectors are used to avoid bleed‐through artefacts between probes. The limited bandwidth reduces the signal‐to‐noise ratio of the detection, often severely compromising one or more channels. Herein, we describe a process of using independent component analysis to discriminate the position of different probes using only a dichroic mirror to differentiate the signals directed to the detectors. Independent component analysis was particularly effective in samples where the spatial overlap between the probes is minimal, a very common case in cellular microscopy. This imaging scheme collects nearly all of the emitted light, significantly improving the image signal‐to‐noise ratio. In this study, we focused on the detection of two fluorescence probes used in vivo, NAD(P)H and ANEPPS. The optimal dichroic mirror cutoff frequency was determined with simulations using the probes spectral emissions. A quality factor, defined as the cross‐channel contrast‐to‐noise ratio, was optimized to maximize signals while maintaining spatial discrimination between the probes after independent component analysis post‐processing. Simulations indicate that a ∼3 fold increase in signal‐to‐noise ratio using the independent component analysis approach can be achieved over the conventional narrow‐band filtering approach without loss of spatial discrimination. We confirmed this predicted performance from experimental imaging of NAD(P)H and ANEPPS in mouse skeletal muscle, in vivo. For many multi‐probe studies, the increased sensitivity of this ‘full bandwidth’ approach will lead to improved image quality and/or reduced excitation power requirements.
Fetal cardiac function measured by myocardial performance index of small‐for‐gestational age fetuses
Authors: Chawengsettakul Suphang , Russameecharoen Kusol , Wanitpongpan Prapat 
Published: August 2014

AbstractAimThe aim of this study was to demonstrate the changes of right and left myocardial performance indices (MPI) in small‐for‐gestational age (SGA) fetuses during 28–40 weeks of gestation.Material and MethodsSingleton pregnant women during 28–40 weeks of gestation were enrolled. Estimated fetal weight was used to classify the subjects into appropriate‐for‐gestational age (AGA) and SGA groups. The Doppler indices of umbilical and middle cerebral arteries, including amniotic fluid index, were used to distinguish constitutional SGA (both normal Doppler indices and amniotic fluid index) from intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) fetuses (abnormal Doppler indices and/or oligohydramnios). MPI was obtained and compared between the groups. Inter‐ and intra‐observer variations were also assessed.ResultsFifty women had AGA fetuses whereas another 50 cases had SGA fetuses (41 constitutional SGA and nine IUGR). Right MPI in AGA fetuses was constant whereas left MPI was slightly increased. The MPI of SGA fetuses were significantly greater than those of AGA fetuses starting from 30 weeks gestation until delivery (P < 0.01 and <0.05 in right and left side, respectively). Subgroup analysis demonstrated right and left MPI of IUGR fetuses increased with advancing gestation and were significantly greater than those of constitutional SGA and AGA fetuses, which appeared to be similar. The reproducibility of the test was high.ConclusionsIn SGA fetuses, the MPI of right and left ventricles was significantly increased with advancing gestation compared to AGA cases.
Identification of a Novel 1033‐Nucleotide Deletion Polymorphism in the Prophage Region of ‘Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus’: Potential Applications for Bacterial Epidemiology
Authors: Wang Xuefeng , Su Huanan , Huang Li , Deng Xiaoling , Chen Jianchi , Zhou Changyong , Li Zhongan 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThe prophage/phage region in the genome of ‘Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus’, an alpha‐proteobacterium associated with citrus Huanglongbing, included many valuable loci for genetic diversity studies. Previously, a mosaic genomic region (CLIBASIA_05640 to CLIBASIA_05650) was characterized, and this revealed inter‐ and intracontinental variations of ‘Ca. L. asiaticus’. In this study, 267 ‘Ca. L. asiaticus’ isolates collected from eight provinces in China were analysed with a primer set flanking the same mosaic region plus downstream sequence. While most amplicon sizes ranged from 1400 to 2000 bp, an amplicon of 550 bp (S550) was found in 14 samples collected from south‐western China. Sequence analyses showed that S550 was the result of a 1033 bp deletion which included the previously known mosaic region. The genetic nature of the deletion event remains unknown. The regional restriction of S550 suggests that the ‘Ca. L. asiaticus’ population from south‐western China is different from those in eastern China. The small and easy‐to‐detect S550 amplicon could serve as a molecular marker for ‘Ca. L. asiaticus’ epidemiology.
Analysis of Special Education Policy in Turkey and United States: Improving Turkey's Policy for Students with Intellectual Disability
Authors: Meral Bekir Fatih , Turnbull H. Rutherford 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThe authors compare the special education law of Turkey with comparable law of the United States. The basis of the comparison is the legal framework represented by the six principles of the special education law of the United States, the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act. Within each principle, the special implications for students with intellectual disability are noted. Suggestions for improving Turkey's special education law are made. These relate principally to the principles of zero reject and issues related to discipline; appropriate education, and issues concerning related services and supplementary aids and services; least restrictive environment as related specifically to students with intellectual disability; procedural due process and issues related to notice from schools to parents and dispute resolution; and parent participation. By contrast, there seems to be no reason for Turkey to modify its law with respect to the principles related to nondiscriminatory evaluation. The analysis suggests that Turkey's special education law, being largely comparable with the United States' but still appropriate for Turkey as a homogeneous, single‐language, Muslim country, may be appealing to countries that are similar to it and that, like Turkey, aspire for modernism in education.
Applicability and accuracy improvement of transient elastography using the M and XL probes by experienced operators
Authors: Carrión J. A. , Puigvehí M. , Coll S. , Garcia‐Retortillo M. , Cañete N. , Fernández R. , Márquez C. , Giménez M. D. , Garcia M. , Bory F. , Solà R. 
Published: August 2014

SummaryTransient elastography (TE) is the reference method to obtain liver stiffness measurements (LSM), but no results are obtained in 3.1% and unreliable in 15.8%. We assessed the applicability and diagnostic accuracy of TE re‐evaluation using M and XL probes. From March 2011 to April 2012 868 LSM were performed with the M probe by trained operators (50–500 studies) (LSM1). Measurements were categorized as inadequate (no values or ratio <60% and/or IQR/LSM >30%) or adequate. Inadequate LSM1 were re‐evaluated by experienced operators (>500 explorations) (LSM2) and inadequate LSM2 using XL probe (LSMXL). Inadequate LSM1 were obtained in 187 (21.5%) patients, IQR/LSM >30% in 97 (51%), ratio <60% in 24 (13%) and TE failed to obtain a measurement in 67 (36%). LSM2 achieved adequate registers in 123 (70%) of 175 registers previously considered as inadequate. Independent variables (OR, 95%CI) related to inadequate LSM1 were body mass index (1.11, 1.04–1.18), abdominal circumference (1.03, 1.01–1.06) and age (1.03, 1.01–1.04) and to inadequate LSM2 were skin‐capsule distance (1.21, 1.09–1.34) and abdominal circumference (1.05, 1.01–1.10). The diagnostic accuracy (AUROC) to identify significant fibrosis improved from 0.89 (LSM1) to 0.91 (LSM2) (P = 0.046) in 334 patients with liver biopsy or clinically significant portal hypertension. A third evaluation (LSMXL) obtained adequate registers in 41 (93%) of 44 patients with inadequate LSM2. Operator experience increases the applicability and diagnostic accuracy of TE. The XL probe may be recommended for patients with inadequate values obtained by experienced operators using the M probe. http://clinicaltrials.gov (NCT01900808).
Detection of human papillomavirus in the oral cavities of persons with Fanconi anemia
Authors: Winer RL , Huang CE , Cherne S , Stern JE , Butsch Kovacic MS , Mehta PA , Sauter SL , Galloway DA , Katzenellenbogen RA 
Published: August 2014

ObjectiveWe conducted a cross‐sectional study to describe the prevalence and correlates of type‐specific human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA in the oral cavities of persons with Fanconi anemia.Materials and MethodsOral swabs were collected from 67 participants with Fanconi anemia and tested for 27 HPV genotypes using polymerase chain reaction‐based methods.ResultsParticipants were a mean of 18.6 (standard deviation, 10.0) years of age (range 4–47 years). The prevalence of oral HPV infection was 7.5%, and the prevalence of high‐risk HPV infection was 6.0%. HPV type 16 was not detected in any samples. Prevalence was higher in adults than in children (13.3% vs 2.7% in those ≥18 vs <18 years of age). Among adults, prevalence was higher in males than in females (25.0% vs 9.1%, respectively).ConclusionsPrevalence of oral HPV infection in persons with Fanconi anemia was comparable to estimates from other studies in the general population. However, in contrast to previous studies, we did not identify HPV type 16 (the type found in most HPV‐related head and neck cancers) in any participants.
Application of clinical techniques relevant for glaucoma assessment by optometrists: concordance with guidelines
Authors: Jamous Khalid F. , Kalloniatis Michael , Hayen Andrew , Mitchell Paul , Stapleton Fiona J. , Zangerl Barbara 
Published: August 2014

AbstractPurposeGuidelines for the screening, prognosis, diagnosis, management and prevention of glaucoma were released by the Australian National Health and Medical Research Council in 2010. Comparable guidance has been made available by respective bodies in the USA and UK at a similar time. Key to successful translation of guidelines into clinical practice includes clinicians having the necessary skills to perform required tests. Optometrists in Australia and New Zealand were invited to participate in an online survey exploring these aspects. The results provide insights for improving glaucoma diagnosis and management by optometric primary eye care practitioners.MethodsAn online questionnaire was developed to investigate glaucoma assessment of optometrists as a function of demographic details, educational background and experience. Key points to ascertain compliance with current guidelines were the availability of equipment, procedural confidence in techniques, and preferences in visual field tests. Chi square statistics was employed to support similarity to national averages and highlight differences between the two countries. Multivariate linear regression analysis identified variables significantly associated with individual tests being available to optometrists and their confidence in applying them.ResultsThirteen per cent of all Australian and 36% of the New Zealand optometrists responded to the survey in 2013, which reflected the demographics/geography of the practising populations. Techniques considered essential or preferred for glaucoma assessment were widely available in both countries with the exception of gonioscopy and pachymetry. After correcting for availability, regression models highlighted therapeutic endorsement and knowledge of glaucoma guidelines as the main variables to maintain high diagnostic confidence. Correlations to number of years in optometric practice mirrored a changed emphasis in teaching and technology over the past 10–15 years.ConclusionsAustralian and New Zealand optometrists were well equipped to perform glaucoma assessments with the possible exception of gonioscopy. Advanced imaging modalities were not yet fully integrated into optometric practice, although optical coherence tomography has shown use by 23–32% of optometrists. A marked increase in use, availability and procedural confidence of gonioscopy and other techniques with therapeutically endorsed optometrists demonstrates the advantage and importance of additional training.
Cognitive speed of processing training in older adults with visual impairments
Authors: Elliott Amanda F. , O'Connor Melissa L. , Edwards Jerri D. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractPurposeTo examine whether older adults with vision impairment differentially benefit from cognitive speed of processing training (SPT) relative to healthy older adults.MethodsSecondary data analyses were conducted from a randomised trial on the effects of SPT among older adults. The effects of vision impairment as indicated by (1) near visual acuity, (2) contrast sensitivity, (3) self‐reported cataracts and (4) self‐reported other eye conditions (e.g., glaucoma, macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, optic neuritis, and retinopathy) among participants randomised to either SPT or a social‐ and computer‐contact control group was assessed. The primary outcome was Useful Field of View Test (UFOV) performance.ResultsMixed repeated‐measures ancovas demonstrated that those randomized to SPT experienced greater baseline to post‐test improvements in UFOV performance relative to controls (p's < 0.001), regardless of impairments in near visual acuity, contrast sensitivity or presence of cataracts. Those with other eye conditions significantly benefitted from training (p = 0.044), but to a lesser degree than those without such conditions. Covariates included age and baseline measures of balance and depressive symptoms, which were significantly correlated with baseline UFOV performance.ConclusionsAmong a community‐based sample of older adults with and without visual impairment and eye disease, the SPT intervention was effective in enhancing participants' UFOV performance. The analyses presented here indicate the potential for SPT to enhance UFOV performance among a community‐based sample of older adults with visual impairment and potentially for some with self‐reported eye disease; further research to explore this area is warranted, particularly to determine the effects of eye diseases on SPT benefits.