bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Determination of Characteristic Shear Rate of a Liquid Bolus through the Pharynx during Swallowing
Authors: Zhu J.F. , Mizunuma H. , Michiwaki Y. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractA method for determining the characteristic shear rates of fluids in the pharynx is advanced here using videofluorography on three healthy subjects. Bolus velocity (V) was measured for five Newtonian fluids (using different concentrations of glucose syrup), with viscosities in the range of 0.0089–0.657 Pa·s, and was expressed as a function of viscosity (η). Shear thinning liquid food (with four different thickener concentrations) was also used where the apparent viscosities were adjusted to match the Newtonian fluid viscosities in the shear rate range of 10–1,000/s. The Newtonian and shear thinning liquid bolus velocities were both assumed to follow the same function V = F(η), which gave the shear thinning liquid characteristic viscosities ηc [=F−1(V)]. Substituting ηc into the rheological model gave , the characteristic shear rate dominating bolus flow at the pharynx. values of 120 and 990/s were found at the meso‐ and hypopharynx, respectively, and these were approximately independent of ηc (and thickener concentration). V was found to be a function of both the characteristic viscosity and the differences between the individuals tested.Practical ApplicationsThe viscosity of liquid foods (e.g., in care homes) can be increased using a thickener, suppressing the effects of swallowing disorders. Thickened liquid food shows viscous shear thinning behavior, and the apparent viscosity depends on shear rate. When the viscosity of the food is adjusted for a patient with a swallowing disorder, the viscosity should be measured at the shear rate that dominates the liquid bolus flow at the pharynx. The measured viscosity is expected to correlate well with the bolus flow characteristics. The new experimental methodology proposed herein can be used to determine the characteristic shear rate at the pharynx.
Overexpression of Laccaria bicolor aquaporin JQ585595 alters root water transport properties in ectomycorrhizal white spruce (Picea glauca) seedlings
Authors: Xu Hao , Kemppainen Minna , El Kayal Walid , Lee Seong Hee , Pardo Alejandro G. , Cooke Janice E. K. , Zwiazek Janusz J. 
Published: October 2014

Summary

The contribution of hyphae to water transport in ectomycorrhizal (ECM) white spruce (Picea glauca) seedlings was examined by altering expression of a major water‐transporting aquaporin in Laccaria bicolor.

Picea glauca was inoculated with wild‐type (WT), mock transgenic or L. bicolor aquaporin JQ585595‐overexpressing (OE) strains and exposed to root temperatures ranging from 5 to 20°C to examine the root water transport properties, physiological responses and plasma membrane intrinsic protein (PIP) expression in colonized plants.

Mycorrhization increased shoot water potential, transpiration, net photosynthetic rates, root hydraulic conductivity and root cortical cell hydraulic conductivity in seedlings. At 20°C, OE plants had higher root hydraulic conductivity compared with WT plants and the increases were accompanied by higher expression of P. glauca PIP GQ03401_M18.1 in roots. In contrast to WT L. bicolor, the effects of OE fungi on root and root cortical cell hydraulic conductivities were abolished at 10 and 5°C in the absence of major changes in the examined transcript levels of P. glauca root PIPs.

The results provide evidence for the importance of fungal aquaporins in root water transport of mycorrhizal plants. They also demonstrate links between hyphal water transport, root aquaporin expression and root water transport in ECM plants.
GLYCINE‐RICH RNA‐BINDING PROTEIN1 interacts with RECEPTOR‐LIKE CYTOPLASMIC PROTEIN KINASE1 and suppresses cell death and defense responses in pepper (Capsicum annuum)
Authors: Kim Dae Sung , Kim Nak Hyun , Hwang Byung Kook 
Published: October 2014

Summary

Plants use a variety of innate immune regulators to trigger cell death and defense responses against pathogen attack.

We identified pepper (Capsicum annuum) GLYCINE‐RICH RNA‐BINDING PROTEIN1 (CaGRP1) as a RECEPTOR‐LIKE CYTOPLASMIC PROTEIN KINASE1 (CaPIK1)‐interacting partner, based on bimolecular fluorescence complementation and coimmunoprecipitation analyses as well as gene silencing and transient expression analysis.

CaGRP1 contains an N‐terminal RNA recognition motif and a glycine‐rich region at the C‐terminus. The CaGRP1 protein had DNA‐ and RNA‐binding activity in vitro. CaGRP1 interacted with CaPIK1 in planta. CaGRP1 and CaGRP1–CaPIK1 complexes were localized to the nucleus in plant cells. CaPIK1 phosphorylated CaGRP1 in vitro and in planta. Transient coexpression of CaGRP1 with CaPIK1 suppressed the CaPIK1‐triggered cell death response, accompanied by a reduced CaPIK1‐triggered reactive oxygen species (ROS) burst. The RNA recognition motif region of CaGRP1 was responsible for the nuclear localization of CaGRP1 as well as the suppression of the CaPIK1‐triggered cell death response. CaGRP1 silencing in pepper conferred enhanced resistance to Xanthomonas campestris pv vesicatoria (Xcv) infection; however, CaPIK1‐silenced plants were more susceptible to Xcv.

CaGRP1 interacts with CaPIK1 and negatively regulates CaPIK1‐triggered cell death and defense responses by suppressing ROS accumulation.
Floridoside and isofloridoside are synthesized by trehalose 6‐phosphate synthase‐like enzymes in the red alga Galdieria sulphuraria
Authors: Pade Nadin , Linka Nicole , Ruth Wolfgang , Weber Andreas P. M. , Hagemann Martin 
Published: October 2014

Summary

Compatible solutes are small molecules that are involved in acclimation to various abiotic stresses, especially high salinity. Among the red algae, the main photosynthetic products floridoside and isofloridoside (galactosylglycerols) are known also to contribute to the osmotic acclimation of cells. However, the genes encoding (iso)floridoside biosynthetic enzymes are still unknown.

To identify candidate genes, we examined the genome of the floridoside‐ and isofloridoside‐accumulating extremophilic red alga Galdieria sulphuraria belonging to the Cyanidiales. We hypothesized that two candidate genes, Gasu_10960 and Gasu_26940, code for enzymes involved in floridoside and isofloridoside biosynthesis. These proteins comprise a sugar phosphate synthase and a sugar phosphate phosphatase domain. To verify their biochemical activity, both genes were in vitro translated into the entire proteins.

The protein translation mixture containing Gasu_10960 synthesized small amounts of isofloridoside, whereas the Gasu_26940 translation mix also produced small amounts of floridoside. Moreover, the expression of Gasu_10960 in a salt‐sensitive mutant of the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 resulted in increased salt tolerance as a consequence of the presence of isofloridoside in the complemented cells.

Thus, our experiments suggest that the Gasu_26940 and Gasu_10960 genes of G. sulphuraria encode the enzymatically active floridoside and isofloridoside phosphate synthase/phosphatase fusion proteins, respectively, crucial for salt acclimation.
Arithmetic and algebraic problem solving and resource allocation: The distinct impact of fluid and numerical intelligence
Authors: Dix Annika , van der Meer Elke 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThis study investigates cognitive resource allocation dependent on fluid and numerical intelligence in arithmetic/algebraic tasks varying in difficulty. Sixty‐six 11th grade students participated in a mathematical verification paradigm, while pupil dilation as a measure of resource allocation was collected. Students with high fluid intelligence solved the tasks faster and more accurately than those with average fluid intelligence, as did students with high compared to average numerical intelligence. However, fluid intelligence sped up response times only in students with average but not high numerical intelligence. Further, high fluid but not numerical intelligence led to greater task‐related pupil dilation. We assume that fluid intelligence serves as a domain‐general resource that helps to tackle problems for which domain‐specific knowledge (numerical intelligence) is missing. The allocation of this resource can be measured by pupil dilation.
Effect of a Single Dose of Cadmium on Pregnant Wistar Rats and their Offspring
Authors: Díaz M del C , González NV , Gómez S , Quiroga MA , Najle R , Barbeito CG 
Published: October 2014

ContentsCadmium (Cd) is a well‐known toxicant targeting many organs, among them placenta. This heavy metal also has embryonary and foetal toxicity. This study was undertaken to analyse the effect of a single Cd dose administered at 4, 7, 10 or 15 days of gestation on the offspring of pregnant rats sacrificed at 20 days of gestation. Cadmium chloride was administered subcutaneously at 10 mg/kg body weight to Wistar pregnant dams; control animals received a proportionate volume of sterile normal saline by the same route. Maternal uteri, livers, kidneys and lungs, and foetuses were examined at necropsy. Samples of maternal organs and whole foetuses were collected for histopathologic examination, determination of Cd levels and staining by the Alizarin red S technique. Results revealed a clear embryotoxic and a teratogenic effect of this heavy metal, the former as a significant increase in the number of resorptions, and the latter as significant decrease of the gestational sac weight, and the size and weight of foetuses of Cd‐treated dams as well as induced malformations in skull bones, vertebrae and thoracic, and pelvian limbs. The deleterious effects found were similar to those previously reported for other animal models suggesting a high conservation of the pathogenic mechanisms of Cd. Additionally, many of the addressed aspects showed a slight dependence on the time of administration of the toxic that might be due to the accumulation of the metal in different organs, as we were able to demonstrate by the analysis of its concentration.
Race, Religion, or Ethnicity?: Situating Jews in the American Scene
Authors: Glauz‐Todrank Annalise E. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractFor Jewish Americans and the scholars who study them, religion, race, and ethnicity make up fundamental components of American social location. In other words, they are immediately relevant to how Americans conceptualize their own identities and the identities of others, as well as to the distribution of social, political, and economic resources. In this article, I argue that scholarship on Jewish American identity is typically both attentive to and itself deeply shaped by the myths that comprise dominant American conceptions of identity, such as those that inform and construct the social categories religion, race, and ethnicity. I examine, in each of three sections, scholarship that analyzes Jewish identification in terms of religion, ethnicity, and race, respectively, highlighting how the studies engageAmericansocial categories as the framework for studyingJewishAmerican identification. The texts that use religion as the center of their analysis tend either to focus exclusively on Jewish Americans or to situate them in relation to the expectation of assimilation to (Christian) American social norms. Ethnicity‐oriented scholarship, in contrast, often examines Jewish Americans as one among many ethnic groups, focusing initially on post‐Civil Rights era multiculturalism and, in later work that accounts for race theory, on identity performance and representation. I argue that the turn to, or neglect of, race in contemporary studies reveals the varying levels of scholarly commitment to thinking through power, privilege, and the role of ‘whiteness’ in Jewish American experiences and in their relations with other groups.
Sudden Stops and Current Account Reversals: Potential Macroeconomic Consequences for South Africa
Authors: Smit Ben , Grobler Christelle , Nel Carmen 
Published: October 2014

AbstractSouth Africa is one of the emerging market countries that have received a relatively large amount of foreign capital since the mid‐2000s. In South Africa's case, these inflows were partly used to build the country's foreign exchange reserves, but more particularly to finance continued large current account deficits. During the course of the past two years, however, adverse domestic political developments, combined with the potential negative impacts of the unwinding of quantitative easing policies and the normalising of monetary policy in the United States on emerging markets in general, has raised the spectre of a sharp slowdown in foreign capital flows to South Africa and an associated reversal of the current deficit. This paper explores the potential impact of such a development on macroeconomic conditions in South Africa. The analysis consists of macroeconometric model‐based alternative scenarios backed up by both the international evidence on the impact of such events and South Africa's own history.
Against Global Parliament
Authors: Kuyper Jonathan W. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractExperimentation is often thought to be a key quality of any legitimate democratic system. Employing global parliamentary proposals as a heuristic, this article suggests that top‐down models for global democratization – proffered by liberal cosmopolitans and world government scholars – may create path‐dependencies which foreclose options for experimenting with alternative institutional designs in the future. Drawing upon historical institutionalism, the structure, sequence, and setting of top‐down proposals are outlined to show how experimentation with other forms of democracy may be constrained in problematic ways. Following this assessment, the article suggests that striving for democratic values under a pluralist arrangement of global governance may facilitate incremental institutional development and promote experimentation over time.
Why has demand for platelet components increased? A review
Authors: Estcourt L. J. 
Published: October 2014

SUMMARYPlatelet transfusions are used in clinical practice to prevent and treat haemorrhage in thrombocytopenic patients or patients with severe platelet dysfunction. In the UK, and abroad there has been a recent rise in platelet component demand. The three largest patient groups that use platelet components are patients with haematological malignancies (up to 67%), patients receiving cardiac surgery (up to 10%) and patients receiving intensive care (up to 8%). This review has explored some of the factors that may explain this recent trend within these three main groups. These factors include a rise in the general population, an ageing population, an increase in the incidence and prevalence of haematological malignancies, and changes in the management of patients with haematological malignancies. However, the only data available that can be correlated directly with national component data are the size of the total population. There is no evidence to support the premise that use of platelet components in patients receiving cardiac surgery or intensive care treatment is rising over and above the general rise in the population, but the data are sparse.
Accuracy of cerebrospinal leucocyte count, protein and culture for the diagnosis of acute bacterial meningitis: a comparative study using Bayesian latent class analysis
Authors: Manning Laurens , Laman Moses , Mare Trevor , Hwaiwhanje Ilomo , Siba Peter , Davis Timothy M. E. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractObjectiveTo examine the utility of laboratory methods other than bacterial culture in diagnosing acute bacterial meningitis (ABM).MethodsBayesian latent class analysis was used to estimate diagnostic precision of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) culture, leucocyte counts and protein concentrations for ABM in Melanesian children.ResultsWith a cut‐off of ≥20 leucocytes/mm3, the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC ROC) was >97.5% for leucocyte counts. A lower (93%) AUC ROC was observed for CSF protein concentrations ≥1 g/l. CSF culture had poor sensitivity and high specificity.ConclusionLeucocyte counts provide sufficient diagnostic precision to aid clinical decision‐making in ABM.
Safety study of capsular tension ring use in canine phacoemulsification andIOLimplantation
Authors: Wilkie David A. , Stone Hoy Sarah , Gemensky‐Metzler Anne , Colitz Carmen M. H. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate and compare surgical outcome and complications in canine eyes with stable, cataractous lenses undergoing routine phacoemulsification and intraocular lens (IOL) implantation with or without implantation of a capsular tension ring device (CTR).ProceduresDogs undergoing routine bilateral phacoemulsification andIOLimplantation had one eye randomly chosen to have aCTR(47 eyes) inserted while the contralateral eye served as a control (47 eyes). TheCTRwas placed in the capsular bag following phacoemulsification and immediately prior toIOLimplantation. All eyes received acrylic foldableIOLs. Patients were evaluated intra‐ and postoperatively, and complications were compared between eyes with and without aCTR.ResultsThere were no intra‐operative complications associated with implantation of theCTR. Postoperatively, the overall incidences of glaucoma (6%), intraocular hemorrhage (4%), and retinal detachment (2%) were equal between control andCTReyes at the time of last follow‐up. There was no significant difference in overall incidence of immediate postoperative uveitis (35% vs. 38%) or fibrin (19% vs. 15%) between control andCTReyes. Follow‐up time ranged from 2 weeks to 21 months.ConclusionIn canine eyes with stable cataractous lenses undergoing routine phacoemulsification andIOLimplantation placement of aCTRdoes not increase the risk of intra‐ or postoperative complications.
Draft Genome Sequences of
Campylobacterales
(
Epsilonproteobacteria
) Obtained from Methanogenic Oil Sands Tailings Pond Metagenomes
Authors: Tan BoonFei , Foght Julia 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACT

Draft genome sequences of two
Campylobacterales
(
Sulfurospirillum
sp. strain SCADC and
Sulfuricurvum
sp. strain MLSB [Mildred Lake Settling Basin]) were obtained by taxonomic binning of metagenomes originating from an oil sands tailings pond. Both genomes contain
soxABXYZ
genes involved in sulfur oxidation, highlighting their potential roles in sulfur cycling in oil sands tailings ponds.
Complete Genome Sequence of
N
-Acylhomoserine Lactone-Producing
Pseudomonas
sp. Strain StFLB209, Isolated from Potato Phyllosphere
Authors: Morohoshi Tomohiro , Kato Taro , Someya Nobutaka , Ikeda Tsukasa 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACT

Pseudomonas
sp. strain StFLB209 is isolated from the potato leaf and produces
N
-acylhomoserine lactone quorum-sensing signal compounds. Here, we present the 6,332,373-bp complete genome sequence of StFLB209, with a G+C content of 60.7%, which carries 5,598 protein-coding genes, 6 rRNA operons, and 69 tRNA genes.
Draft Genome Sequence of Raoultella planticola, Isolated from River Water
Authors: Jothikumar Narayanan , Kahler Amy , Strockbine Nancy , Gladney Lori , Hill Vincent R. 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACT

We isolated
Raoultella planticola
from a river water sample, which was phenotypically indistinguishable from
Escherichia coli
on MI agar. The genome sequence of
R. planticola
was determined to gain information about its metabolic functions contributing to its false positive appearance of
E. coli
on MI agar. We report the first whole genome sequence of
Raoultella planticola
.
Impact of clinical decision support preventing the use of QT-prolonging medications for patients at risk for torsade de pointes
Authors: Sorita Atsushi , Bos J Martijn , Morlan Bruce W , Tarrell Robert F , Ackerman Michael J , Caraballo Pedro J 
Published: October 2014

AbstractWe developed and implemented a ‘CPOE-QT Alert’ system, that is, clinical decision support integrated in the computerized physician order entry system (CPOE), in 2011. The system identifies any attempts to order medications with risk of torsade de pointes (TdP) for patients with a history of significant QT prolongation (QTc ≥500 ms) and alerts the provider entering the order. We assessed its impact by comparing orders and subsequent medication administration before and after activation of the system. We found a significant decrease in the proportion of completed order per ordering attempt after system activation (94% (1293/1379) vs 77% (1888/2453), difference 16.8%; p&lt;0.001). This resulted in a 13.9% reduction in the administration of those medications to patients. A significant decrease was observed across all provider types, educational levels, and specialties. The CPOE-QT Alert system successfully reduced exposure to QT-prolonging medications in high risk patients.
Factors affecting the health-related quality of life of patients with cervical dystonia and impact of treatment with abobotulinumtoxinA (Dysport): results from a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study
Authors: Mordin Margaret , Masaquel Catherine , Abbott Chandra , Copley-Merriman Catherine 
Published: October 2014

ObjectiveTo describe the health-related quality of life (HRQOL) burden of cervical dystonia (CD) and report on the HRQOL and patient perception of treatment benefits of abobotulinumtoxinA (Dysport).DesignThe safety and efficacy of a single injection of abobotulinumtoxinA for CD treatment were evaluated in a previously reported international, multicenter, double-blind, randomised trial. HRQOL measures were assessed in the trial and have not been previously reported.SettingMovement disorder clinics in the USA and Russia.ParticipantsPatients had to have a diagnosis of CD with symptoms for at least 18 months, as well as a total Toronto Western Spasmodic Torticollis Rating Scale (TWSTRS) score of at least 30; a Severity domain score of at least 15; and a Disability domain score of at least 3. Key exclusion criteria included treatment with botulinum toxin type A (BoNT-A) or botulinum toxin type B (BoNT-B) within 16 weeks of enrolment.InterventionsPatients were randomised to receive either 500 U abobotulinumtoxinA (n=55) or placebo (n=61).Primary and secondary outcome measuresEfficacy assessments included TWSTRS total (primary end point) and subscale scores at weeks 0, 4, 8, 12; a pain visual analogue scale at weeks 0 and 4; and HRQOL assessed by the SF-36 Health Survey (SF-36; secondary end point) at weeks 0 and 8.ResultsPatients with CD reported significantly greater impairment for all SF-36 domains relative to US norms. Patients treated with abobotulinumtoxinA reported significantly greater improvements in Physical Functioning, Role Physical, Bodily Pain, General Health and Role Emotional domains than placebo patients (p≤0.03 for all). The TWSTRS was significantly correlated with Physical Functioning, Role Physical and Bodily Pain scores, for those on active treatment.ConclusionsCD has a marked impact on HRQOL. Treatment with a single abobotulinumtoxinA injection results in significant improvement in patients’ HRQOL.Trial registration numberThe trial is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov, numbersNCT00257660andNCT00288509.