bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Microfluidic Device: A Miniaturized Platform for Chemical Reactions
Authors: Tu Qin , Pang Long , Zhang Yanrong , Yuan Maoseng , Wang Jianchun , Wang Dongen , Liu Wenming , Wang Jinyi 
Published: March 2013

AbstractMicrofluidic devices, as a new miniaturized platform stemming from the field of micro‐electromechanical systems, have been used in many disciplines. In the field of chemical reactions, microfluidic device‐based microreactors have shown great promise in building new chemical technologies and processes with increased speed and reliability and reduced sample consumption and cost. This technology has also become a new and effective tool for precise, high‐throughput, and automatic analysis of chemical synthesis processes. Compared with conventional chemical laboratory batch methodologies, microfluidic reactors have a number of features, such as high mixing efficiency, short reaction time, high heat‐transfer coefficient, small reactant volume, controllable residence time, and high surface‐to‐volume ratio, among others. Combined with recent advances in microfluidic devices for chemical reactions, this review aims to give an overview of the features and applications of microfluidic devices in the field of chemical synthesis. It also aims to stimulate the development of microfluidic device applications in the field of chemical reactions.
Risk Factors, Therapeutic Approaches, and In‐Hospital Outcomes in Mexicans With ST‐Elevation Acute Myocardial Infarction: The RENASICA II Multicenter Registry
Authors: Juárez‐Herrera Úrsulo , Jerjes‐Sánchez Carlos ,   and The RENASICA II Investigators
Published: March 2013

AbstractBackgroundIschemic heart disease is a growing health problem in Latin America. We aimed to analyze risk factors, acute management, and short‐term outcome of Mexicans with ST‐elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI).HypothesisModifiable risk factors are associated with the occurrence of STEMI in Mexicans, and potentially preventable acute complications are responsible for most short‐term deaths.MethodsAmong 8600 patients enrolled in Registro Nacional de los Síndromes Coronarios Agudos II (RENASICA II) with a suspected acute coronary syndrome, we analyzed 4555 patients (56%; age 21–100 y) with confirmed STEMI who presented within 24 hours from symptoms' onset.ResultsSmoking (66%), hypertension (50%), and diabetes (43%) were the main risk factors. Most patients (74%) presented with Killip class I (class IV in 4%). Anterior‐located STEMI occurred in 56% of cases, and posterior‐inferior in 40% of cases. Significant Q waves were present in 43%, right bundle branch block in 7%, left bundle branch block in 5%, first‐degree atrioventricular block in 2%, and high‐degree atrioventricular block in 2%. A total of 1685 (37%) patients received fibrinolytic therapy (streptokinase, 82%; alteplase, 17%; tenecteplase, 1%), with 31% of patients receiving therapy in <2 hours, 36% in 2–4 hours, 19% in 4–6 hours, and 15% in >6 hours. Thirty percent of patients received either percutaneous coronary intervention or coronary artery bypass grafting during hospitalization. Major adverse cardiovascular events were recurrent ischemia (12%), reinfarction (4%), cardiogenic shock (4%), and stroke (1%). The main predictors of 30‐day mortality (10%) in multivariate analysis were age ≥65 years (odds ratio [OR]: 2.47, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.94‐3.13), Killip class IV (OR: 10.60, 95% CI: 6.09‐18.40), and cardiogenic shock (OR: 18.76, 95% CI: 10.60‐33.20).ConclusionsLargely modifiable risk factors and preventable short‐term complications are responsible for most STEMI cases and outcomes in this Mexican population.
Efficiency of Pleurotus florida Laccase on Decolorization and Detoxification of the Reactive Dye Remazol Brilliant Blue R (RBBR) under Optimized Conditions
Authors: Sathishkumar Palanivel , Balan Kannan , Palvannan Thayumanavan , Kamala‐Kannan Seralathan , Oh Byung‐Taek , Rodríguez‐Couto Susana 
Published: March 2013

AbstractLaccase from the white‐rot fungus Pleurotus florida, produced under solid‐state fermentation conditions, was used for the decolorization of reactive dye Remazol Brilliant Blue R (RBBR). RBBR was decolorized up to 46% by P. florida laccase alone in 10 min. In the presence of N‐hydroxybenzotriazole (HBT), the rate of decolorization was enhanced 1.56‐fold. Central composite design of response surface methodology with four variables namely, dye, enzyme, redox mediator concentrations, and time at five levels was applied to optimize the RBBR decolorization. The predicted optimum level of variables for maximum RBBR decolorization (87%) was found to be 52.90 mg L−1 (RBBR), 1.87 U mL−1 (laccase), 0.85 mM (HBT), and 7.17 min (time), respectively. The validation results showed that the experimental value of RBBR decolorization (82%) was close to the predicted one. The disappearance of C–N and C–X groups, and a small shift in N–H groups in Fourier‐transform infra red (FTIR) spectroscopy confirms the degradation of RBBR chromophore by laccase enzyme. The phytotoxicity of RBBR was considerably reduced after the treatment with laccase. RBBR decolorization kinetics; Km and Vmax were calculated to be 145.82 mg L−1 and 24.86 mg L−1 min, respectively.
uCyt+/ImmunoCyt and cytology in the detection of urothelial carcinoma
Authors: Comploj Evi , Mian Christine , Ambrosini‐Spaltro Andrea , Dechet Christopher , Palermo Salvatore , Trenti Emanuela , Lodde Michele , Horninger Wolfgang , Pycha Armin 
Published: March 2013

BACKGROUNDThe aim of the current study was to report the results of 7422 uCyt+/ImmunoCyt and cytology analyses that were performed over the course of 9 years at the study institution for the evaluation and follow‐up of patients with urothelial carcinoma.METHODSBetween January 2002 and March 2011, 2217 patients with a mean age of 69.5 years (range, 15 years‐99 years) were enrolled in the current study. All patients seen for the follow‐up of bladder and/or upper tract urothelial cancer as well as those with a history that was suspicious for bladder cancer were recruited. In all patients, a voided urinary cytology and uCyt+/ImmunoCyt test was performed. Patients underwent routine cystoscopy as well as cystoscopy when cytology and/or the uCyt+/ImmunoCyt test yielded positive results. Lesions that were detected cystoscopically were biopsied and removed transurethrally. A total of 7422 uCyt+/ImmunoCyt and cytology analyses were performed.RESULTSOf the 7422 uCyt+/ImmunoCyt tests and cytologies that were performed, 7075 (95.3%) were considered adequate. A total of 578 patients (with 1156 analyses) underwent biopsy and 728 (63%) samples had a histologically proven urothelial carcinoma. Overall sensitivity was 34.5% for cytology, 68.1% for uCyt+/ImmunoCyt, and 72.8% for the 2 tests combined. Overall specificity was 97.9% for cytology, 72.3% for uCyt+/ImmunoCyt, and 71.9% for the 2 tests combined. Cytology and the uCyt+/ImmunoCyt test together had an overall sensitivity of 72.8%, with 59% for grade 1, 77% for grade 2, and 90% for grade 3 tumors (according to the 1973 World Health Organization grading classification system).CONCLUSIONSOn the basis of their 9‐year experience, the authors confirm the value of uCyt+/ImmunoCyt and cytology analyses in the follow‐up of patients with non–muscle‐invasive urothelial cancer. This could potentially reduce the number and cost of routine cystoscopic examinations in patients who are followed for bladder carcinoma. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2013;121:392–397. © 2013 American Cancer Society.
Semantic interpretation of color differences and color‐rendering indices
Authors: Bodrogi Peter , Brückner Stefan , Krause Nathalie , Khanh Tran Quoc 
Published: March 2013

AbstractA series of visual experiments were carried out to rate the similarity of color appearance of two color stimuli on categorical and continuous semantic rating scales. Pairs of color stimuli included two copies of the same colored real or artificial object illuminated by a test light source and a reference light source. A formula was developed to predict a category of color similarity (e.g., “moderate” or “good”) from an instrumentally measured color difference. Given a numeric value of a color difference between the two members of a pair of colors, for example, 2.07, the formula is able to predict a category of color similarity, for example, “good.” Because color‐rendering indices are based on color differences, the formula could be applied to interpret the values of the new color‐rendering index (n‐CRI or CRI2012) in terms of such semantic categories. This semantic interpretation enables nonexpert users of light sources to understand the color‐rendering properties of light sources and the differences on the numeric scale of the color‐rendering index in terms of regular language. For example, a numeric value of 87 can be interpreted as “good.”  © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 39, 252–262, 2014; Published online 14 March 2013 in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/col.21798
Unbiased Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting in Z‐Scheme Device Using W/Mo‐Doped BiVO4 and ZnxCd1−xSe
Authors: Park Hyun S. , Lee Heung Chan , Leonard Kevin C. , Liu Guanjie , Bard Allen J. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractPhotoelectrochemical water splitting to generate H2 and O2 using only photon energy (with no added electrical energy) has been demonstrated with dual n‐type‐semiconductor (or Z‐scheme) systems. Here we investigated two different Z‐scheme systems; one is comprised of two cells with the same metal‐oxide semiconductor (W‐ and Mo‐doped bismuth vanadate), that is, Pt‐W/Mo‐BiVO4, and the other is comprised of the metal oxide and a chalcogenide semiconductor, that is, Pt‐W/Mo‐BiVO4 and Zn0.2Cd0.8Se. The redox couples utilized in these Z‐scheme configurations were I−/IO3− or S2−/Sn2−, respectively. An electrochemical analysis of the system in terms of cell components is shown to illustrate the behavior of the complete photoelectrochemical Z‐scheme water‐splitting system. H2 gas from the unbiased photolysis of water was detected using gas chromatography–mass spectroscopy and using a membrane‐electrode assembly. The electrode configuration to achieve the maximum conversion efficiency from solar energy to chemical energy with the given materials and the Z‐scheme is discussed. Here, the possibilities and challenges of Z‐scheme unbiased photoelectrochemical water‐splitting devices and the materials to achieve practical solar‐fuel generation are discussed.
Panchromatic Quantum‐Dot‐Sensitized Solar Cells Based on a Parallel Tandem Structure
Authors: Zhou Na , Yang Yueyong , Huang Xiaoming , Wu Huijue , Luo Yanhong , Li Dongmei , Meng Qingbo 
Published: March 2013

AbstractA tandem‐structure sensitized solar cell, comprising different inorganic semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) as sensitizers in two different compartments, has been designed for the first time with the aim of extending the light‐absorption range of current technologies. In this system, the CdS/CdSe co‐sensitized quantum‐dot solar cell (QDSC) is in the upper part, whereas the PbS/CdS co‐sensitized QDSC is in the lower part; these are connected in parallel with each other. In the middle of the tandem solar cell, a Cu2S mesh counter electrode is employed. By optimizing the electrode thickness and QD‐deposition time, short‐circuit photocurrent density values of as high as 25.12 mA cm−2 have been achieved; this value is nearly equal to the sum of the two constituent QD‐sensitized devices and gives rise to a solar power‐conversion efficiency of 5.06 %.
Ecological response and hydrological mechanism of desert riparian forest in inland river, northwest of China
Authors: Li Weihong , Zhou Honghua , Fu Aihong , Chen Yapeng 
Published: March 2013

ABSTRACTThe interactive relationships of ecological and hydrological processes on individual plant growth and development as well as community succession have been a main focus of research in plant ecohydrology. In this paper, we firstly explore the spatial difference of the desert riparian ecosystems as distance to the river in the arid inland Tarim River Basin and then investigate the response of vegetation communities to emergent ecological water conveyances. Results showed that the decreasing groundwater table is the main driving force for vegetation degradation. Herbs exhibit degradation when the groundwater table is 4–6 m below the surface, whereas trees do not exhibit degradation until the groundwater table exceeds 6 m from the soil surface, in the lower reaches of the Tarim River. In addition, the structure of the plant community is controlled by the depth of the groundwater table. The mixed trees/shrubs/herbs structure is distributed in areas where the groundwater table is between 2 and 4 m in depth, the trees/shrubs structure is distributed in areas where the groundwater depth is 4–8 m and the simple structure of degraded Populus euphratica/Tamarix chinensis dominates the areas where the groundwater depth is >8 m. After ecological water conveyance, the Phraginites communis leaf weight, length and width decrease with the increasing distance from the river channel. The length of current‐year twigs and average number of leaves of P. euphratica are significantly greater in the upstream section of the lower reach than in the downstream section of the lower reach. We concluded that the ecologically suitable groundwater depth for P. euphratica and T. chinensis is 2–4 m and the critical groundwater depth for drought stress is about 9 m. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Self‐Assembly of Arylboronate Esters with Pyridyl Side Chains
Authors: Sheepwash Erin , Zhou Kai , Scopelliti Rosario , Severin Kay 
Published: March 2013

AbstractBoronate esters that contain N‐donor groups are self‐complementary structures, which can assemble by means of dative boron–nitrogen bonds to form macrocycles or polymers. Herein, we describe the synthesis of dioxaborinanes and benzodioxaboroles containing pyridyl side chains. In the solid state, the dioxaborinanes were found to exist predominantly as monomers. Upon crystallization, aggregation into one‐dimensional polymers was observed, but only for boronate esters that contained electron‐withdrawing groups. The more Lewis acidic benzodioxaboroles, on the other hand, were found to form macrocycles both in solution and in the solid state.
Synthesis of Cyclic γ‐Amino Acids for Foldamers and Peptide Nanotubes
Authors: Rodríguez‐Vázquez Nuria , Salzinger Stephan , Silva Luis F. , Amorín Manuel , Granja Juan R. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractCyclic γ‐amino acids are molecular building blocks of great interest in peptide and foldamer chemistry, as they allow the preparation of new structures that are not found in Nature. In this paper, we describe the synthesis of cyclic γ‐amino acids that have a cis relationship between the amino and the carboxylic acid groups. This arrangement, in most cases, induces the resulting peptides to adopt a flat conformation, which makes them appropriate for the design of foldamers that adopt β‐sheet‐type structures.
Highly Fluorescent, π‐Extended Indenopyrido[2,1‐a]isoindolone Derivatives Prepared by a Palladium‐Catalysed Cascade Reaction
Authors: el abidine Chamas Zein , Marchi Enrico , Modelli Alberto , Fort Yves , Ceroni Paola , Mamane Victor 
Published: March 2013

AbstractA new family of heterocyclic pentacyclic compounds have been prepared by a cascade reaction involving 2,5‐dihalopyridines and (2‐formylphenyl)boronic acids. Most of the compounds exhibit high quantum yields of fluorescence in dichloromethane. In some cases, small changes in the substitution pattern caused fluorescence quenching. To rationalize this effect, a detailed photophysical study combined with electrochemical and computational studies was performed on four representative derivatives. It appears that the fluorescence quenching is caused by a thermally activated non‐radiative deactivation process that can be prevented in a rigid matrix such as ethanol at 77 K or a PMMA polymer.
Synthesis of Chiral Allylic Thioesters: Enantio‐ and Regioselective Iridium‐Catalyzed Allylations of KSAc
Authors: Gao Ning , Zhao Xiaoming 
Published: March 2013

AbstractChiral allylic thioesters were synthesized through a direct iridium‐catalyzed asymmetric allylation of KSAc in the presence of KOAc. This strategy provided branched allylic thioesters in good yields with the high levels of enantioselectivity.
Cucurbit[7]uril Host–Guest Complexes with Biguanidinium Cations in Aqueous Solution
Authors: MacGillivray Brendan C. , Macartney Donal H. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractThe host–guest complexations of a series of biguanidinium cations (metformin and phenformin) and bis(biguanidinium) dications (chlorhexidine and alexidine) by the host molecule cucurbit[7]uril (CB[7]) in aqueous solution have been investigated by 1H NMR spectroscopy and ESI mass spectrometry. Metformin forms both 1:2 and 1:1 host–guest complexes, whereas phenformin forms only a 1:1 complex. The two bis(biguanidinium) dications both form sequential 1:1, 2:1 and 3:1 host–guest complexes, however, the mechanism is different in each case. With chlorhexidine, the first CB[7] binds to the central hexamethylene chain, followed by sequential complexation of the terminal 4‐chlorophenyl groups. With alexidine, the two terminal 2‐ethylhexyl groups are bound first, with the third CB[7] adding only with a concomitant relocation of one CB[7] to the central hexamethylene binding site. The stability constants of the various host–guest complexes were determined by 1H NMR titrations and competitive binding experiments, as well as by the application of a statistical binding model.
β‐Cyclodextrin–Glycerol Dimers: Synthesis and NMR Conformational Analysis
Authors: Legros Vanessa , Vanhaverbeke Cécile , Souard Florence , Len Christophe , Désiré Jérôme 
Published: March 2013

AbstractThe synthesis of new β‐cyclodextrin dimers linked through their primary faces by different glycerol‐like moieties by click chemistry is described. The unusual behaviour of these cyclodextrin–glycerol dimers in aqueous solution has been studied by NMR spectroscopy. We show that, depending on the length of the linking arm between the two cyclodextrins, the dimers could adopt very different conformations in water: symmetrical or pseudo[1]rotaxane‐like structures through one D‐glucopyranose unit tumbling in one β‐cyclodextrin.
Capping α‐Cyclodextrin with Cyclotriveratrylene by Triple Disulfide‐Bridge Formation
Authors: Brégier Frédérique , Lavalle Juliette , Chambron Jean‐Claude 
Published: March 2013

AbstractDisulfide‐bond formation is an expeditious coupling reaction to make macropolycyclic symmetrical receptors. It is used here for the preparation of unsymmetrical cavitands based on α‐cyclodextrin (α‐CDX) and cyclotriveratrylene (CTV) analogues. Accordingly, diastereomeric hemicryptophanes 2a and 2b were obtained in 11 % isolated yield by the iodine oxidation of a 1:1 mixture of racemic cyclotrithiophenolene (3) and the C3‐symmetric trithiol derivative of permethylated α‐cyclodextrin (PM α‐CDX) 4. Remarkably, the target hemicryptophanes were obtained in a 5:3 diastereomeric ratio. The reaction produced mainly (34 %) a singly disulfide‐bridged PM α‐CDX dimer 7, however no traces of triply disulfide‐bridged head‐to‐head PM α‐CDX dimer were detected. In addition, the formation of the known S‐cryptophane‐0.0.0 was observed.
Brønsted Acid Catalyzed Intramolecular Hydroarylation for the Synthesis of Cycloalkenyl Selenides and Tellurides
Authors: Eom Dahan , Park Sangjune , Park Youngchul , Lee Kooyeon , Hong Gilbert , Lee Phil Ho 
Published: March 2013

AbstractTrifluoromethanesulfonic acid catalyzed intramolecular hydroarylation of alkynyl selenides and tellurides is developed for the preparation of cycloalkenyl selenide and telluride derivatives through a selective 6‐ and 7‐endo mode. The cycloalkenyl selenides and tellurides can be easily converted into a wide range of other valuable functionalities, including cyclic olefins, allylic alcohols, enynes, 1,3‐dienes, and α,β‐unsaturated aldehydes.
Low Temperature Electrode Materials Synthesized by Citrate Precursor Method for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells
Authors: Nath M. A. , Hameed A. S. , Chockalingam R. , Basu S. , Ganguli A. K. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractHomogeneous nanocrystalline NiO–Ce0.9Ln0.1O2–δ (Ln = La, Sm, Gd, and Pr) composite anode and nanocrystalline Ce0.9Gd0.1O2–δ electrolyte material have been successfully synthesized by citrate precursor method. LSCF has been synthesized by conventional solid state method and used as cathode material in our studies. The synthesized powders have been characterized by powder X‐ray diffraction, microscopy, and surface area studies. The average crystallite size of the anode materials has been found to be in the range of 5–15 nm by HRTEM. Highly dense electrolyte and porous electrode materials have been observed by FESEM and confirmed by BET surface area studies. Three cells have been fabricated successfully. Based on the performance of the three cells containing three different anode materials we have achieved better electrochemical characteristics in Ni–GDC with maximum power density of 302 mW cm–2 and open circuit voltage of 1.012 V at 500 °C. The difference in the performance of the cells containing Ni–GDC as compared to Ni–LDC and Ni–SDC anode is due to changes in the microstructure and crystallite size of anode which affects the electrochemical performance of the cells. The performances of all the cells containing nanocomposite powders are suitable anode materials for low temperature SOFCs.
New potential carbon emission reduction enterprises in China: deep geological storage of CO2 emitted through industrial usage of coal in China
Authors: Zeng Rongshu , Vincent Ceri Jayne , Tian Xingyou , Stephenson Mike H , Wang Shu , Xu Wendong 
Published: March 2013

AbstractDeep geological storage of carbon dioxide (CO2) could offer an essential solution to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions from the continued use of fossil fuels. Currently, CO2 capture is both costly and energy intensive; it represents about 60% of the cost of the total carbon capture and storage (CCS) chain which is causing a bottleneck in advancement of CCS in China. This paper proposes capturing CO2 from coal chemical plants where the CO2 is high purity and relatively cheap to collect, thus offering an early opportunity for industrial‐scale full‐chain CCS implementation. The total amount of high concentration CO2 that will be emitted (or is being emitted) by the coal chemical factories approved by the National Development and Reform Commission described in this paper is 42 million tonnes. If all eight projects could utilize CCS, it would be of great significance for mitigating greenhouse gas emissions in China. Basins which may provide storage sites for captured CO2 in North China are characterized by large sedimentary thicknesses and several sets of reservoir‐caprock strata. Some oil fields are nearing depletion and a sub‐set of these are potentially suitable for CO2 enhanced oil recovery (EOR) and CCS demonstration but all these still require detailed geological characterization. The short distance between the high concentration CO2 sources and potential storage sites should reduce transport costs and complications. The authors believe these high purity sources coupled with EOR or aquifer storage could offer China an opportunity to lead development in this globally beneficial CCS option. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd