bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Phenotypic and genotypic risk factors for invasive melanoma by sex and body site
Authors: Olsen Catherine M , Pandeya Nirmala , Neale Rachel E , Law Matthew H , Whiteman David C 
Published: July 2024

Abstract

Background
Cutaneous melanoma incidence varies consistently across body sites between men and women, but the underlying causes of these differences remain unclear. To date, no prospective studies have examined risk factors for melanoma separately for men and women according to body site.

Objectives
We aimed to examine the association between identified constitutional, genetic and environmental risk factors for invasive melanoma of different body sites among men and women.

Methods
We compared the association between constitutional, genetic and environmental risk factors for invasive melanoma on different body sites separately for men and women in a population-based prospective cohort study of 17 774 men and 21 070 women aged between 40 and 69 years who were residents of Queensland, Australia at baseline in 2011. Participants were followed until December 2021. We examined risk factors including hair colour, tanning ability, naevus density and proxies for high cumulative sun exposure, all self-reported at baseline. We also examined polygenic risk score (PRS) derived from summary statistics from a melanoma genome-wide association study meta-analysis.

Results
During a median 10.4 years of follow-up, 455 men and 331 women developed an incident invasive melanoma; the mean age at diagnosis was lower in women than in men (62.6 vs. 65.0 years). The most common body site was the trunk in men (45.1%), and the upper (36.8%) and lower limbs (27.4%) in women. High naevus density and proxy measures of high cumulative sun exposure were similarly associated with melanoma at all sites in men and women. In both sexes, high genetic risk was associated with melanoma on all body sites except the head and neck. We observed differences between men and women in the association between PRS and melanoma of the trunk [highest vs. lowest tertile of PRS: hazard ratio (HR) 2.78, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.64–4.69 for men; HR 1.55, 95% CI 0.63–3.80 for women] and nonsignificant but large differences for the lower limbs (HR 5.25, 95% CI 1.80–15.27 for men; HR 1.75, 95% CI 0.88–3.47 for women).

Conclusions
While there are a number of potential explanations for these findings, this raises the possibility that genetic factors other than those related to pigmentation and naevus phenotypes may play a role in the predilection for melanoma to arise on different sites in men and women.
Hepatitis C Virus Reinfection Among Men Who Have Sex With Men With HIV in New York City
Authors: Fierer Daniel S , Carollo Jesse R , Rodriguez-Caprio Gabriela , Radix Asa , Vail Rona , Chavez Robert , Bungay Krisczar J , Dillon Stephen M ,   for the New York Acute Hepatitis C Surveillance Network, Akil Bisher , Bailey Juan , Bellman Paul , Bowers Daniel , Burger Susanne , Cantor Aviva , Chasan Rachel , Chow Rita , Cohen Robert , Dalton Patrick , Dellosso John , Donlon Eileen , Farrow Terry , Fefer Jose , Gaisa Michael , Guadron Rodolfo , Haber Stuart , Hefron Susan , Higgins Lawrence , Hitzeman Lawrence , Hsu Ricky , Inada Victor , Jacob Sneha , Johnson Livette , Johnston Barbara , Kaminsky Donald , Klein Oscar , Kwong Jeffrey , Lares-Guia Jose , Leach Eric , Levine Randy , Linetskaya Irina , Litvinova Larisa , Malhotra Amisha , Mandell William , Markowitz Martin , Mayer Gal , Meraz Eddie , Mortensen Erik , Olivieri Joseph , Paolino Charles , Photangtham Punyadech , Psevdos George , Rapaport Steven , Ray Roona , Rodriguez-Caprio Gabriela , Shay William , Somasundaram Nirupama , Sorra Lembitu , Tran Richie , Urbina Antonio , Wallach Francis , Wang Wen , Weiss Susan , Wiener Melissa 
Published: July 2024

Abstract

Background
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) reinfection rates are substantially higher than primary infection rates among men who have sex with men (MSM) with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in European cohorts. The behaviors mediating this high rate of transmission among MSM are poorly characterized.

Methods
We performed a prospective cohort study in New York City (NYC) of MSM with HIV who cleared HCV to determine the incidence of and risk factors for HCV reinfection. We assessed the risk behaviors for primary HCV in NYC: receipt of semen in the rectum, and sexualized methamphetamine use, along with route of use. Multivariable analysis was performed with Andersen-Gill extension of the Cox proportional hazards model.

Results
From 2000 through 2018, among 304 MSM with HIV who cleared HCV, 42 reinfections occurred over 898 person-years, for an incidence rate of 4.7 per 100 person-years. Assessing 1245 postclearance visits, only receipt of semen into the rectum was associated with reinfection (hazard ratio, 9.7 [95% confidence interval: 3.3–28.3], P &lt; .001); methamphetamine use was not.

Conclusions
The high HCV reinfection rate over almost 2 decades demonstrates that sexual transmission of HCV is not inefficient or unusual and that direct-acting antiviral treatment is not sufficient for HCV elimination among MSM in NYC. The contrasts between both the rates of and risk factors for primary and HCV reinfection suggest that HCV prevalence is highly heterogenous among sexual networks and that sexualized methamphetamine use, rather than mediating transmission, is instead a surrogate marker for the highest HCV prevalence networks. As neither condoms nor treatment have been successful strategies for HCV prevention in NYC, novel interventions are needed to stem this sexually transmitted HCV epidemic.
Isolation, identification, and biological characterization of bacterial endophytes isolated from Gunnera perpensa L
Authors: Mahlangu Siphiwe Godfrey , Zulu Nodumo , Serepa-Dlamini Mahloro Hope , Tai Siew Leng 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
In the present study, eleven endophytic bacterial strains, Herbaspirillum sp. (GP-SGM1, GP-SGM2, GP-SGM3, and GP-SGM11), Pseudomonas sp. (GP-SGM4, GP-SGM5), Novosphingobium sp. GP-SGM6, Chryseobacterium sp. GP-SGM7, Labedella sp. GP-SGM8, Brevibacterium sp. GP-SGM9, and Pseudomonas sp. GP-SGM10, were isolated from the rhizomes of Gunnera perpensa L. The growth kinetics, assessed through maximum growth rates (μmax) and optical density (OD) values, revealed that GP-SGM7 exhibited highest μmax values of 0.33 ± 0.01 hours (h)−1 with an OD of 4.20 ± 0.04. In contrast, GP-SGM11 exhibited the lowest μmax of 0.12 ± 0.05 h−1 and the smallest OD of 1.50 ± 0.00. In addition, the endophyte crude extracts were tested for antibacterial activity against five pathogenic strains using the disk diffusion method, with GP-SGM7 crude extracts exhibiting promising antibacterial activity against Klebsiella pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus. Antioxidant activity was determined by DPPH (2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) and FRAP (ferric reducing antioxidant power) assays. The crude extracts of GP-SGM1, GP-SGM7, GP-SGM9, and GP-SGM10 were the most effective at scavenging DPPH radicals, with GP-SGM7 also exhibiting a high FRAP value of 0.54 ± 0.01. These findings emphasize the therapeutic potential of endophytic bacteria from G. perpensa L. in addressing skin-related issues, including bacterial infections and free radicals.
Application of High-Dimensional Propensity Score Methods to the National Health and Aging Trends Study
Authors: Hamedani Ali G , Pham Nguyen Thanh Phuong , Willis Allison W , Tazare John R 
Published: July 2024

Abstract

Background
High-dimensional propensity scoring (HDPS) is a method for empirically identifying potential confounders within large healthcare databases such as administrative claims data. However, this method has not yet been applied to large national health surveys such as the National Health and Aging Trends Study (NHATS), an ongoing nationally representative survey of older adults in the United States and important resource in gerontology research.

Methods
In this Research Practice article, we present an overview of HDPS and describe the specific data transformation steps and analytic considerations needed to apply it to national health surveys. We applied HDPS within NHATS to investigate the association between self-reported visual difficulty and incident dementia, comparing HDPS to conventional confounder selection methods.

Results
Among 7 207 dementia-free NHATS Wave 1 respondents, 528 (7.3%) had self-reported visual difficulty. In an unadjusted discrete time proportional hazards model accounting for the complex survey design of NHATS, self-reported visual difficulty was strongly associated with incident dementia (odds ratio [OR] 2.34, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.95–2.81). After adjustment for standard investigator-selected covariates via inverse probability weighting, the magnitude of this association decreased, but evidence of an association remained (OR 1.44, 95% CI: 1.11–1.85). Adding 75 HDPS-prioritized variables to the investigator-selected propensity score model resulted in further attenuation of the association between visual impairment and dementia (OR 0.94, 95% CI: 0.70–1.23).

Conclusions
HDPS can be successfully applied to national health surveys such as NHATS and may improve confounder adjustment. We hope developing this framework will encourage future consideration of HDPS in this setting.
Lensing bias on cosmological parameters from bright standard sirens
Authors: Canevarolo Sofia , Chisari Nora Elisa 
Published: July 2024

ABSTRACT
Next-generation gravitational wave (GW) observatories are expected to measure GW signals with unprecedented sensitivity, opening new, independent avenues to learn about our Universe. The distance–redshift relation is a fulcrum for cosmology and can be tested with GWs emitted by merging binaries of compact objects, called standard sirens, thanks to the fact that they provide the absolute distance from the source. On the other hand, fluctuations of the intervening matter density field induce modifications on the measurement of luminosity distance compared to that of a homogeneous universe. Assuming that the redshift information is obtained through the detection of an electromagnetic counterpart, we investigate the impact that lensing of GWs might have in the inference of cosmological parameters. We treat lensing as a systematic error and check for residual bias on the values of the cosmological parameters. We do so by means of mock catalogues of bright siren events in different scenarios relevant to the Einstein Telescope. For our fiducial scenario, the lensing bias can be comparable to or greater than the expected statistical uncertainty of the cosmological parameters, although non-negligible fluctuations in the bias values are observed for different realizations of the mock catalogue. We also discuss some mitigation strategies that can be adopted in the data analysis. Overall, our work highlights the need to model lensing effects when using standard sirens as probes of the distance–redshift relation.
Measuring eccentricity and gas-induced perturbation from gravitational waves of LISA massive black hole binaries
Authors: Garg Mudit , Derdzinski Andrea , Tiwari Shubhanshu , Gair Jonathan , Mayer Lucio 
Published: July 2024

ABSTRACT
We assess the possibility of detecting both eccentricity and gas effects (migration and accretion) in the gravitational wave (GW) signal from LISA massive black hole binaries at redshift $z=1$. Gas induces a phase correction to the GW signal with an effective amplitude ($C_{\rm g}$) and a semimajor axis dependence (assumed to follow a power-law with slope $n_{\rm g}$). We use a complete model of the LISA response and employ a gas-corrected post-Newtonian inspiral-only waveform model TaylorF2Ecc. By using the Fisher formalism and Bayesian inference, we constrain $C_{\rm g}$ together with the initial eccentricity $e_0$, the total redshifted mass $M_z$, the primary-to-secondary mass ratio q, the dimensionless spins $\chi _{1,2}$ of both component BHs, and the time of coalescence $t_c$. We find that simultaneously constraining $C_{\rm g}$ and $e_0$ leads to worse constraints on both parameters with respect to when considered individually. For a standard thin viscous accretion disc around $M_z=10^5~{\rm M}_{\odot }$, $q=8$, $\chi _{1,2}=0.9$, and $t_c=4$ years MBHB, we can confidently measure (with a relative error of $\lt 50$ per cent) an Eddington ratio ${\rm f}_{\rm Edd}\sim 0.1$ for a circular binary and ${\rm f}_{\rm Edd}\sim 1$ for an eccentric system assuming $\mathcal {O}(10)$ stronger gas torque near-merger than at the currently explored much-wider binary separations. The minimum measurable eccentricity is $e_0\gtrsim 10^{-2.75}$ in vacuum and $e_0\gtrsim 10^{-2}$ in gas. A weak environmental perturbation (${\rm f}_{\rm Edd}\lesssim 1$) to a circular binary can be mimicked by an orbital eccentricity during inspiral, implying that an electromagnetic counterpart would be required to confirm the presence of an accretion disc.
Biomimetic materials research, from interest-driven to society-serving: an interview with Shu-Hong Yu
Authors: Zhao Weijie 
Published: July 2024

ABSTRACT
In August 2016, Shu-Hong Yu's group at the University of Science and Technology of China published an article in Science, reporting the first artificial nacre material obtained by imitating the growth process of natural nacre. The artificial nacre has a chemical composition and microstructure highly similar to that of natural nacre, and therefore is both strong and tough. Over the past two decades, Yu's team has been focusing on the field of biomimetic materials. In addition to shells and pearls, their mimetic targets also include wood, animal bone, fish scale, bamboo joint, lotus root silk and others. Their biomimetic materials have excellent mechanical properties and good application prospects in many fields. In this interview with NSR, Yu introduced many of his interesting works. His research was initially driven by interest and curiosity, but in recent years, he also hopes to shoulder more social responsibility as a scientist and benefit society with his research outputs.
Lung cancer risk associated with occupations in women: a pooling study
Authors: Torres-Cadavid E , Pérez-Ríos M , Candal-Pedreira C , Guerra-Tort C , Rey-Brandariz J , Provencio-Pulla M , Kelsey K , Ruano-Ravina A 
Published: July 2024

Abstract

Background
Occupation is an important risk factor for lung cancer. This knowledge is mainly based on studies conducted on men, with the results being generalized to women.

Aims
We aimed to identify the relationship between different occupations and lung cancer in women.

Methods
Pooling study in which data were pooled from six case–control studies conducted at 13 Spanish hospitals and 1 hospital in Portugal. Each woman’s longest held job was coded as per the ISCO-08. Results were adjusted for age, smoking, and exposure to residential radon.

Results
The study population comprised 1262 women: 618 cases and 644 controls. The reference group were white-collar workers. The adjusted multivariate analysis showed a higher risk of developing lung cancer among teaching professionals (odds ratio [OR]: 4.36; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.73–11.02), cooks (OR: 3.59; 95% CI 1.52–8.48), domestic cleaners and helpers (OR: 2.98; 95% CI 1.54–5.78), homemakers (OR: 2.30; 95% CI 1.26–4.21) and crop farmers, livestock farmers and gardeners (OR: 2.06, 95% CI: 1.11–3.81). For adenocarcinoma, the highest risk was observed in teaching professionals, and for small-cell carcinoma, the highest risk was observed in cooks. Higher risks were observed for small-cell carcinoma compared to other histological types.

Conclusions
Some occupations may be associated with an increased risk of lung cancer in women and this risk could vary by histologic subtype; however, further research is needed to confirm these associations. In any case, protection measures must be implemented in the workplace aimed at reducing the risk of lung cancer among women workers, and more studies exclusively focused on women are warranted.
Introduction
Authors: Mishra Atul 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter begins by introducing and defining the book’s subject matter, namely the post-partition lives of India and Pakistan as sovereign states. It draws attention to the frequent occurrence of the notion of sovereignty in the bilateral discourse and explores the meanings the two states associate with the notion, linking the two to the imperative of examining their entangled statehoods. It shows how partition produced this entanglement and inaugurated three problematics—of anxiety over national identity, state–minority relations, and territorial contestation and covetousness over Kashmir—which form the principal sites of the enactment of sovereign statehood. The book’s argument is then summarized.
From Politicization to Internationalization
Authors: Mishra Atul 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter provides a two-part historical backdrop to partition and the emergence of India and Pakistan as sovereign states. The first part shows the linkage between the European, especially colonial liberal, discourse on sovereignty and the trajectory of Muslim politics in late colonial South Asia. The second part examines the nature of partition. It contests the notion that partition was inevitable, foregrounding the circumstances under which it was agreed upon as a solution not to the ideological conflict between two nationalisms but to a deadlock in high-political negotiations that threatened to cause a regional civil war. It draws attention to the ambiguity accompanying the ‘Pakistan’ demand and the features of partition violence that erupted in the second half of 1946 and continued well after the independence of India and Pakistan. The chapter concludes by analysing the mutual dissatisfaction and resentment that marked the process of separation.
Publishing, Copyright, Legislation, and Litigation
Authors: Sanjek Rick 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Publishing rights were granted under copyright law but had to be enforced by litigation and strengthened on an ongoing basis by further legislation. The “bundle of rights” granted under the Copyright Acts of 1909 and 1976 included performing rights, or the right for compensation from the public performance of musical works; mechanical rights, or the rights to reproduce copies of musical works for sale; synchronization rights, or the right to fix musical works in tandem with visual images; and the right to print copies of musical works, the oldest and original source of music publishing revenue. Also covered are the publisher/songwriter relationship; the publishers owned by the Big Six record labels and leading independents; the major acquisitions of the decade; further pertinent legislation; piracy, plagiarism, and parallel import forms of infringement; major infringement cases from the time period. I conclude with a history of music sampling and major sampling litigation.
The Creators of Music: Getting Paid
Authors: Sanjek Rick 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The creators of the music that generated the money that flowed through the music business were divided into two separate categories. Songwriters, composers, and lyricists wrote the songs that were then performed by musicians and vocalists, whether live or recorded. Even though the writers and performers might be the same person(s), the revenue streams were separate and governed by different laws and agreements. This chapter also outlines development of the live performance industry that became the major source of artist revenue; the history of the booking agencies that arranged concert tours and the promoters who financed them; the infrastructure and logistics of concert touring; Live Aid, Farm Aid, and other artist-organized charity events; the RIAA and its million-selling album certifications; the evolution of the Recording Academy and its Grammy Awards; and the development of both the artist and songwriter Halls of Fame to honor their most respected and accomplished predecessors.
The Consumer: From Whom and How the Money Flows
Authors: Sanjek Rick 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Without consumers spending money on music, there is no music business. By 1985, the Sony Walkman and MTV had extended personal access to music beyond the car radio and home stereo. Music was also omnipresent as background in restaurants, stores, and businesses of all kind. Then the ensuing decade through 1995 experienced growth for all things related to music, especially in consumer spending, which is examined in detail. Concert ticket average rose from under $20 to over $30.This chapter also traces the electronic ticketing industry from its inception through the ascendency of Ticketmaster; the transformation of the secondary ticketing market from street corner scalping to internet-based legitimacy; radio format demographics; the rise of MTV to cultural icon; the emergence of rap and grunge as the voice of teenage angst; the political battle over explicit lyrics, free speech, and parental advisory stickers; and the development of the MP3 digital file.
From Big Six to Big Four
Authors: Sanjek Rick 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The Big Six became the Big Five in 1999 when MCA and PolyGram merged into the Universal Music Group (UMG), becoming the new number one label group to be led by former Warner Music Group (WMG) head Doug Morris for the entire time period. Alain Levy was at PolyGram from 1996–99 and then at EMI from 2004–6. Ten others and one duo also occupied the top label group positions. In 2004 former UMG corporate executive Edgar Bronfman Jr. acquired WMG after the AOL–Time Warner merger collapsed. Also in 2004 Sony and BMG formed a joint venture to lower costs and reduced the Big Five to the Big Four. The majors established distribution subsidiaries to capture a share of the thriving independent market. Revenue peaked in 1999 at $14.6 billion but slid to $11.8 billion in 2006, affected by illegal file-sharing but cushioned by $1.8 billion in new digital revenue.
The Creators’ Side of the Money Equation
Authors: Sanjek Rick 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
At best, 20 percent of consumer and licensee spending on recorded music reached the artists after recoupable costs were recovered from otherwise payable royalties. The downturn in record sales that began in 2000 affected even the best sellers. The top-ten albums of 1996 sold 39.2 million units, grew to 60.5 million in 2000, but fell to only 23 million in 2006. Artists fared better in live performances. Pollstar-tracked major concert box-office receipts grew from $1.05 billion in 1996 to $3.6 billion in 2006. In 2000 Clear Channel Communications acquired the SFX Entertainment roll-up of radio stations and concert promoters in an over-$4 billion stock deal, but then spun out the concert division in 2005 into Live Nation. Also covered are Live Nation’s concert-promotion competition led by AEG; the leading booking agencies; the top-grossing tours; the growth of outdoor multi-artist festivals; and the outreach, unrest, and diversity at the Recording Academy.
The Game of Musical Thrones: Riding the Digital Wave
Authors: Sanjek Rick 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
In 2007 Terra Firma Capital Partnership bought EMI for $4.89 billion with financing from CitiGroup. CitiGroup foreclosed on Terra Firma in 2011, and then sold it to Universal for $2.1 billion. Len Blavatnik’s Access Industries acquired Warner for $3.3 billion. Stephen Cooper replaced Lyor Cohen. Doug Morris moved to Sony from Universal, where international head Lucian Grainge replaced him. Morris retired in 2017 after successively chairing all three major label groups. Sony veteran Rob Stringer replaced him. Universal was still at number one in 2019 with a 30 percent global market share at $6.4 billion; number two Sony under Stringer earned $4.17 billion for 19.8 percent; number three Warner under Cooper collected $3.92 billion for 18.2 percent. Independents took in $7 billion for 32 percent. Cohen resurfaced as YouTube’s global head of music. Universal and Warner planned IPOs. Universal sold a 10 percent interest to Chinese media giant TenCent.