bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Soil water redistribution processes around a tree on a hillslope: the effect of stemflow on the drying process
Authors: Liang Wei‐Li , Kosugi Ken'ichirou , Mizuyama Takahisa 
Published: December 2014

AbstractAlthough many studies have investigated the ecological or hydrological influences of stemflow on soil water dynamics in the wetting process, the process by which stemflow affects soil water redistribution in the drying process has rarely been discussed. To address how soil water depletion occurs around a tree and the effects of stemflow on soil water depletion, we used a 2‐year data set of soil water content to compare soil water depletion in the drying process before (SF period) and after (no‐SF period) the interception of stemflow around a tree on a hillslope. The results revealed a dramatic soil water depletion at locations in the downslope area near to the tree, which was attributed to stemflow and root‐induced pathways. The effect of stemflow on soil water depletion was significant in the short period (0.5 h) after the end of rainfall events, which increased the initial soil water content at the start of drying. The effect of root‐induced pathways enhanced drainage during the drying process and resulted in irregular vertical distributions of changes in soil water content. Although soil water depletion at locations near to a tree would be expected to be greater than in locations farther away, due to root uptake in the drying process, most soil water depletion in the vicinity of a tree occurred in the SF period rather than the no‐SF period. This was mainly attributed to greater instantaneous soil water depletion due to rainwater drainage rather than evapotranspiration, which occurred in the short period between rainfall events. This study furthers our understanding of the separate involvement of stemflow and root channels in the drying process in a warm temperate climate. We also suggest that the double‐funnelling effect of a tree is valid not only for the wetting process but also for the drying process and can result in dramatic variations in soil water dynamics within the stemflow‐influenced and root‐influenced areas of a forested stand. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Polyphenolic profile in cider and antioxidant power
Authors: Zuriarrain Andoni , Zuriarrain Juan , Puertas Ana Isabel , Dueñas María Teresa , Ostra Miren , Berregi Iñaki 
Published: December 2014

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe aim of this work was to find the effect of polyphenolic compounds in Basque ciders on the following parameters: antioxidant activity, browning, protein‐precipitating capacity, turbidity and reduction potential. These five parameters are highly important, as they affect the taste, the visual aspect and the preservation of cider, and are mainly related to polyphenolic compounds.RESULTSProcyanidin B1 and procyanidin B2 showed a significant positive effect on antioxidant activity. p‐Coumaric acid, (−)‐epicatechin and hyperin had a significant positive effect on protein‐precipitating capacity. Tyrosol had a significant negative effect on reduction potential.CONCLUSIONProcyanidin B1 and procyanidin B2 are the most powerful antioxidants in Basque cider, while p‐coumaric acid, (−)‐epicatechin and hyperin are those with greatest capacity to precipitate proteins. Ciders with higher tyrosol concentration will have less reduction potential and higher antioxidant reservoir. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Novel formulations and modes of delivery of levodopa
Authors: Poewe Werner , Antonini Angelo 
Published: December 2014

ABSTRACTEver since its early clinical use in the 1960s, levodopa has remained the gold standard of symptomatic efficacy in the drug treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD). Motor response fluctuations and drug‐induced dyskinesias seriously compromise the unparalleled symptomatic efficacy ofl‐dopa during long‐term treatment. Discontinuous drug delivery resulting from the short half‐life ofl‐dopa and erratic gastrointestinal absorption plays a major role in the pathophysiology of these motor complications. Several approaches to improve the pharmacokinetics and ways of administration ofl‐dopa are in different stages of clinical development and include novel formulations as well as nonoral routes of drug delivery. IPX066 is a novel extended‐releasel‐dopa capsule that has successfully completed phase III clinical trials while thel‐dopa prodrug XP21279 and a gastric retention formulation (“accordion pill”) are in earlier phases of clinical development. Novel enzyme inhibitors enhancingl‐dopa efficacy and half‐life are also still being developed, including a novel catechol‐O‐methyltransferase inhibitor with once‐daily pharmacokinetics, and there are studies testing the effects of increasing the dose of amino acid decarboxylase inhibitors given concomitantly withl‐dopa. Intrajejunal infusion of a gel formulation ofl‐dopa/carbidopa is in clinical use in Europe, and its efficacy to smooth out motor fluctuations has recently been shown in a randomized, controlled trial. Subcutaneous and intrapulmonal delivery routes ofl‐dopa have reached phase III of clinical development. After more than 50 years of clinical use,l‐dopa not only remains the gold standard of symptomatic efficacy, but it also remains a drug in active clinical development. © 2014 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
The utility of ultrasound for the detection of fetal limb abnormalities – a 20‐year single‐center experience
Authors: Dicke Jeffrey M. , Piper Samantha L. , Goldfarb Charles A. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractObjectiveThe standard obstetric ultrasound examination includes documentation of arms and legs. The purpose of this study is to review the efficacy of ultrasound for the detection of limb anomalies, the type and incidence of associated malformations and pregnancy outcomes.MethodAll cases of polydactyly (POD), abnormal hand position (AHP), limb reduction defects (LRD) and arthrogryposis (ART) scanned in our Unit between 1990 and 2010 were identified. Cases were categorized as isolated (ISO) or non‐isolated (NISO). The accuracy of prenatal diagnosis, type and incidence of associated malformations and aneuploidy and pregnancy outcomes were determined.ResultsMost cases were NISO. The sensitivity of ultrasound was 19.1% for POD, 76.0% for AHP, 76.0% for LRD involving the long bones and 81.3% for ART. Cardiothoracic and facial defects were the most common accompanying malformations. The risk for aneuploidy ranged from 3.6% for POD to 47.2% for AHP. The live birth rate ranged from 85.5% for POD to 24.5% for AHP.ConclusionWhile imaging of the arms and legs allows detection of most cases of AHP, LRD involving the limbs and ART, a probable minimum of 20% to 25% of cases will escape prenatal diagnosis. Identification of these defects should prompt an extended anatomic survey and consideration of invasive testing for aneuploidy. © 2014 The Authors. Prenatal Diagnosis published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
The Bobath Concept in Walking Activity in Chronic Stroke Measured Through the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health
Authors: Benito García Miguel , Atín Arratibel María Ángeles , Terradillos Azpiroz Maria Estíbaliz 
Published: December 2014

AbstractPurposeThe aim of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of a rehabilitation programme based on the Bobath concept in order to improve walking activity in patients with chronic stroke and to show the usefulness of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) as a tool for gathering functioning information.MethodsThis study is a repeated measures study. The setting of this study is an outpatient neurological rehabilitation centre based on a multidisciplinary approach. Twenty‐four participants suffering from chronic stroke (>1 year and a half and <5 years post‐stroke) and mean age of 65.58 (standard deviation 10.73) were the participants of the study. Multidisciplinary approach based on the Bobath concept principles with three weekly individual physiotherapy sessions of 45 min each over a 6‐month period was the intervention for this study. The measures used were Modified Emory Functional Ambulation Profile, 10‐m walk test, 6‐min walk test, muscle strength testing and subsequent codification of these results into ICF qualifiers.ResultsThe results of the study showed significant improvement in activities of walking long distances, on different surfaces and around obstacles. There was no significant improvement in the activity of walking short distances or for muscle power functions.ConclusionA rehabilitation programme based on the Bobath Concept improved walking activities in people with chronic stroke. For this intervention, the use of the ICF qualifiers was sensitive in perceiving post‐treatment changes. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Quantum electrodynamics effects in atoms and molecules
Authors: Salam A. 
Published: December 2014

Quantum electrodynamics (QED) is the fundamental theory describing the interaction of electrons and photons. Its characteristic feature is that both radiation and matter are treated quantum mechanically. For almost all atomic and molecular systems, which contain bound electrons moving at velocities considerably less than that of light, a non‐relativistic formulation ofQEDis appropriate. Termed molecularQED, its Hamiltonian operator can be constructed by starting from the classical Lagrangian function for the interaction of a charged particle with a radiation field on applying the variational calculus and carrying out the canonical quantization procedure. It is shown how the minimal‐coupling Lagrangian can be transformed to the chemically advantageous multipolar Hamiltonian in which matter couples to radiation directly through molecular multipole moments, with the ensuing interaction strictly causal. Applications include evaluation of transition rates for one‐ and two‐photon absorption, spontaneous and stimulated emission, and signal intensities for second‐ and third‐harmonic generation. Fundamental intermolecular interactions examined include resonance energy transfer, the van der Waals dispersion potential, and the change in energy shift of the pair induced by intense external radiation. The non‐relativistic contribution to the Lamb shift is also extracted. It is shown how a number of the above mentioned processes may be attributed to fluctuations of the vacuum electromagnetic field, which possesses zero‐point energy, a signatureQEDeffect that has widespread implications for the structural and dynamical properties of atoms and molecules.WIREs Comput Mol Sci2015, 5:178–201. doi: 10.1002/wcms.1211This article is categorized under:Electronic Structure Theory > Ab Initio Electronic Structure MethodsTheoretical and Physical Chemistry > Spectroscopy
Lipidomic analysis of cerebrospinal fluid by mass spectrometry–based methods
Authors: Colsch Benoit , Seyer Alexandre , Boudah Samia , Junot Christophe 
Published: December 2014

AbstractLipids are natural substances found in all living organisms. Essential to the integrity of cell membranes, they also have many biological functions linked to energy storage and cell signaling, and are involved in a large number of heterogeneous diseases such as cancer, diabetes, neurological disorders, and inherited metabolic diseases. Lipids are challenging to analyze because of their huge structural diversity and numerous species. Up to now, lipid analysis has been achieved by targeted approaches focusing on selected families and relying on extraction protocols and chromatographic methods coupled to various detectors including mass spectrometry. Thanks to the technological improvements achieved in the fields of chromatography, high‐resolution mass spectrometry and bioinformatics, it is possible to perform global lipidomic analyses enabling the concomitant detection, identification and relative quantification of many lipid species belonging to different families. The aim of this review is to focus on mass spectrometry–based methods to perform lipid and lipidomic analyses and on their application to the analysis of cerebrospinal fluid.
The impact of selective logging and clearcutting on forest structure, tree diversity and above‐ground biomass of African tropical forests
Authors: Cazzolla Gatti Roberto , Castaldi Simona , Lindsell Jeremy A. , Coomes David A. , Marchetti Marco , Maesano Mauro , Di Paola Arianna , Paparella Francesco , Valentini Riccardo 
Published: December 2014

AbstractTropical deforestation is well known to have serious negative consequences for biodiversity, terrestrial carbon sinks and the balance of atmospheric greenhouse gases. By contrast, selective logging of tropical forests is often regarded as having a lesser impact on the ecosystem particularly in long terms, even though there have been few critical evaluations of the practice, particularly in Africa. We compared field data from 511 plots in the tropical forest of Sierra Leone, Ghana, Cameroon and Gabon. These plots were subject to different forest management practices: no recent logging (primary forests), selective logging (up to 30 years old) and re‐grown secondary forests post clear‐cutting (at least 20 years ago). Our findings suggest that the vertical structure and plant richness of the selectively logged and secondary forests change in different amplitude from those of primary forests, but stem density and the prevalence of vine and weed species differ greatly. We show that the effects of selective logging are greater than those expected simply from the removal of commercial species, and can persist for decades. Selective logging, unless it is practiced at very low harvest intensities, can significantly reduce the biomass of a tropical forest for many decades, seriously diminishing aboveground carbon storage capacity, and create opportunities for weeds and vines to spread and slow down the ecological succession.
National Trends in Ambulatory Surgery for Upper Extremity Fractures: A 10-Year Analysis of the US National Survey of Ambulatory Surgery
Authors: Patel Amar A. , Buller Leonard T. , Fleming Megan E. , Chen David L. , Owens Patrick W. , Askari Morad 
Published: December 2014

Background Upper extremity fractures are increasing in frequency and have profound socioeconomic implications. The purpose of this study was to assess trends in ambulatory upper extremity fracture fixation in the USA from 1996 to 2006 using data from the National Survey of Ambulatory Surgery (NSAS). Methods The NSAS was used to identify cases of closed forearm, carpal, metacarpal, and phalanx fractures treated with open or closed reduction with internal fixation in 1996 and 2006. Data were analyzed for trends in fracture location, age, gender, facility type, payor status, and anesthesia type. US census data were used to obtain national population estimates. Results Over the 10-year study period, there was a 54.4 % increase in the population-adjusted rate of upper extremity fractures treated with internal fixation (34.6 to 53.4 per 100,000 capita). There was a 173 % increase in the age-adjusted rate of patients over 55 years treated with internal fixation. There was a 505 % increase in the number of cases performed at freestanding surgical centers compared to hospital-based facilities. Though the majority of cases involved general anesthesia, regional anesthesia (16.6 versus 20.6 %) and monitored anesthesia care (7.1 versus 11.8 %) increased in frequency. Private insurance groups funded the majority of surgeries in both study years. Conclusion The volume of ambulatory surgery for upper extremity fractures has increased dramatically from 1996 to 2006. Operative treatment of upper extremity fractures has increased markedly. Our analysis provides valuable information for providers and policy-makers for allocating the appropriate resources to help sustain this volume.
FINDS OF THE GEOMETRIC PERIOD IN THE MYCENAEAN CEMETERY AT AGIOS VASILEIOS, CHALANDRITSA, ACHAEA
Authors: Aktypi Konstantina 
Published: December 2014

This paper presents evidence for the later (mostly Geometric) use of the Μycenaean cemetery at Agios Vasileios, Chalandritsa, at the eastern side of the Pharai plain, 20 km south-east of Patras. This evidence comprises surface material and a burial in the dromos of Tomb 17 (with a preliminary analysis of the human skeletal remains), plus finds from the tomb chamber, and finds from the chamber of Tomb 24.
Analytical modeling and analysis of the clearance induced orientation error of the RAF translational parallel manipulator
Authors: Chouaibi Y. , Chebbi A. H. , Affi Z. , Romdhane L. 
Published: December 2014

SUMMARYThis paper deals with the analytical modeling and the analysis of the orientation error of the RAF translator due to the clearances in the joints. This model presents the orientation error as a function of the nominal pose, the external load applied to the platform, the manipulator structural parameters, and the joints clearances. Based on this model, an algorithm is developed in order to map the pose error within a desired workspace of the manipulator. It is shown that the orientation error variation depends essentially on the parallelogram configuration of the passive legs out of its plane. The orientation error magnitude is mainly caused by the parallelogram revolute joints radial clearances. Moreover, the orientation error around the z-axis presents some discontinuities due to the contact mode change of the parallelogram revolute joints.
Afromontane small mammals do not follow the hump-shaped rule: altitudinal variation in the Soutpansberg Mountains, South Africa
Authors: Taylor Peter John , Munyai Aubrey , Gaigher Ian , Baxter Rod 
Published: December 2014

Abstract:Altitudinal transects of biodiversity are important to understanding macro-ecological patterns. Hump-shaped altitudinal profiles in species richness are a common pattern in terrestrial small-mammal communities studied previously mostly in New World mountain ranges. Based on capture–mark–recapture live-trapping conducted over four seasons (four nights per session) along an altitudinal transect from 1000 to 1747 m asl on the southern slopes of the Soutpansberg Mountains of northern South Africa, we recorded 12 species of small mammal, including nine rodents, two shrews and one elephant shrew (sengi). Three species of rodent and the sengi dominated the communities whilst six species were recorded with three or fewer captures. Although we found no effect of season, we found a significant linear increase in terrestrial small-mammal richness (but not Simpson's diversity, D) with altitude in the Soutpansberg Mountains located just north of the Tropic of Capricorn in South Africa. This trend could best be explained by an increase in the proportion of rocky cover and a change in vegetation from savanna to grassland. Peak densities of three common rodent species and one common insectivore varied from 10 ha−1 (Elephantulus myurus) to 54 ha−1 (Micaelamys namaquensis) and density showed no significant variation with season. However, density either declined (Aethomys ineptus) or increased (Rhabdomys dilectus and Elephantulus myurus) significantly with altitude; this variation was best explained by the proportion of rocky cover. Seasonal variation had a significant effect on body mass of two rodent species. A review of small-mammal studies from major mountain ranges in Africa and Madagascar found that the hump-shaped pattern is not common. Declines in richness with increasing altitude as well as cases of no significant altitudinal change were the most common patterns noted. Tropical African mountains (including the Soutpansberg with 27 species) have far higher small-mammal diversity than temperate African mountains.
On the basis-conjugating automorphism groups of free groups and free metabelian groups
Authors: SATOH TAKAO 
Published: December 2014

AbstractIn this paper we study the images of the Johnson homomorphisms of the basis-conjugating automorphism groups of free groups and free metabelian groups. In particular, we show that the Johnson image is contained in a certain proper Lie subalgebra$\mathfrak{p}$Mnof the derivation algebra of the Chen Lie algebra. Furthermore, we completely determine the Johnson images, and give the abelianisation of$\mathfrak{p}$Mnas a Lie algebra by using Morita's trace maps.
Microbial diversity and hydrocarbon depletion in low and high diesel-polluted soil samples from Keller Peninsula, South Shetland Islands
Authors: Cury Juliano C. , Jurelevicius Diogo A. , Villela Helena D.M. , Jesus Hugo E. , Peixoto Raquel S. , Schaefer Carlos E.G.R. , Bícego Marcia C. , Seldin Lucy , Rosado Alexandre S. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThe bioremediation of Antarctic soils is a challenge due to the harsh conditions found in this environment. To characterize better the effect of total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) concentrations on bacterial, archaeal and microeukaryotic communities in low (LC) and high (HC) hydrocarbon-contaminated soil samples from the Maritime Antarctic clone libraries (small-subunit rRNA genes) were constructed. The results showed that a high concentration of hydrocarbons resulted in a decrease in bacterial and eukaryotic diversity; however, no effect of the TPH concentration was observed for the archaeal community. The HC soil samples demonstrated a high relative abundance of bacterial operational taxonomic units (OTUs) affiliated with unclassified group TM7 and eukaryotic OTUs affiliated with unclassified fungi from Pezizomycotina subphyla. Chemical analyses of the LC and HC soil samples revealed the presence of negligible amounts of nitrogen, thereby justifying the use of biostimulation to remediate these Antarctic soils. Microcosm experiments showed that the application of fertilizers led to an increase of up to 27.8% in the TPH degradation values. The data presented here constitute the first step towards developing the best method to deploy bioremediation in Antarctic soils and provide information to indicate an appropriate action plan for immediate use in the case of new accidents.
BMI and all-cause mortality among middle-aged and older adults in Taiwan: a population-based cohort study
Authors: Chung Wei-Sheng , Ho Feng-Ming , Cheng Nan-Cheng , Lee Meng-Chih , Yeh Chih-Jung 
Published: December 2014

AbstractObjectiveThe present study investigates the relationship between BMI and all-cause mortality among middle-aged and older adults with or without pre-existing diseases.DesignA population-based cohort study.SettingThe Taiwan Longitudinal Study on Aging is a nationwide prospective cohort study comprising a representative random sample of middle-aged and older adults. The study period was 1996–2007.SubjectsWe followed 4145 middle-aged and older adults, totalling 42 353 person-years.ResultsOverweight and mildly obese participants showed a 16 % and 30 % decrease in the risk of death, respectively, compared with those of normal weight after adjusting for potential covariates (e.g. demographic characteristics, health behaviour, co-morbidities and physical function). Underweight adults showed a 1·36-fold increased adjusted hazard ratio of death compared with normal-weight adults. Adults with a BMI of 27·0–28·0 kg/m2 showed a significantly lower adjusted hazard ratio of all-cause mortality rate compared with adults who had normal BMI values when they had coexisting hypertension or diabetes (adjusted hazard ratio=0·50; 95 % CI 0·30, 0·81 for hypertension and adjusted hazard ratio=0·41; 95 % CI 0·18, 0·89 for diabetes).ConclusionsThe study demonstrates that underweight people have a higher risk of death, and overweight and mildly obese people have a lower risk of death, compared with people of normal weight among middle-aged and older adults. An optimal BMI may be based on the individual, who exhibits pre-existing diseases or not.