bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tetrahydrocannabinolic acid reduces nausea‐induced conditioned gaping in rats and vomiting in Suncus murinus
Authors: Rock E M , Kopstick R L , Limebeer C L , Parker L A 
Published: August 2013

Background and PurposeWe evaluated the anti‐emetic and anti‐nausea properties of the acid precursor of Δ9‐tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (THCA), and determined its mechanism of action in these animal models.Experimental ApproachWe investigated the effect of THCA on lithium chloride‐ (LiCl) induced conditioned gaping (nausea‐induced behaviour) to a flavour, and context (a model of anticipatory nausea) in rats, and on LiCl‐induced vomiting in Suncus murinus. Furthermore, we investigated THCA's ability to induce hypothermia and suppress locomotion [rodent tasks to assess cannabinoid1 (CB1) receptor agonist‐like activity], and measured plasma and brain THCA and THC levels. We also determined whether THCA's effect could be blocked by pretreatment with SR141716 (SR, a CB1 receptor antagonist).Key ResultsIn rats, THCA (0.05 and/or 0.5 mg·kg−1) suppressed LiCl‐induced conditioned gaping to a flavour and context; the latter effect blocked by the CB1 receptor antagonist, SR, but not by the 5‐hydroxytryptamine‐1A receptor antagonist, WAY100635. In S. murinus, THCA (0.05 and 0.5 mg·kg−1) reduced LiCl‐induced vomiting, an effect that was reversed with SR. A comparatively low dose of THC (0.05 mg·kg−1) did not suppress conditioned gaping to a LiCl‐paired flavour or context. THCA did not induce hypothermia or reduce locomotion, indicating non‐CB1 agonist‐like effects. THCA, but not THC was detected in plasma samples.Conclusions and ImplicationsTHCA potently reduced conditioned gaping in rats and vomiting in S. murinus, effects that were blocked by SR. These data suggest that THCA may be a more potent alternative to THC in the treatment of nausea and vomiting.
Real‐time characterization of cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1) allosteric modulators reveals novel mechanism of action
Authors: Cawston Erin E , Redmond William J , Breen Courtney M , Grimsey Natasha L , Connor Mark , Glass Michelle 
Published: August 2013

Background and PurposeThe cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1) has an allosteric binding site. The drugs ORG27569 {5‐chloro‐3‐ethyl‐N‐[2‐[4‐(1‐piperidinyl)phenyl]ethyl]‐1H‐indole‐2‐carboxamide} and PSNCBAM‐1 {1‐(4‐chlorophenyl)‐3‐[3‐(6‐pyrrolidin‐1‐ylpyridin‐2‐yl)phenyl]urea} have been extensively characterized with regard to their effects on signalling of the orthosteric ligand CP55,940 {(−)‐cis‐3‐[2‐hydroxy‐4‐(1,1‐dimethylheptyl)phenyl]‐trans‐4‐(3‐hydroxypropyl)cyclohexanol}, and studies have suggested that these allosteric modulators increase binding affinity but act as non‐competitive antagonists in functional assays. To gain a deeper understanding of allosteric modulation of CB1, we examined real‐time signalling and trafficking responses of the receptor in the presence of allosteric modulators.Experimental ApproachStudies of CB1 signalling were carried out in HEK 293 and AtT20 cells expressing haemagglutinin‐tagged human and rat CB1. We measured real‐time accumulation of cAMP, activation and desensitization of potassium channel‐mediated cellular hyperpolarization and CB1 internalization.Key ResultsORG27569 and PSNCBAM‐1 produce a complex, concentration and time‐dependent modulation of agonist‐mediated regulation of cAMP levels, as well as an increased rate of desensitization of CB1‐mediated cellular hyperpolarization and a decrease in agonist‐induced receptor internalization.Conclusions and ImplicationsContrary to previous studies characterizing allosteric modulators at CB1, this study suggests that the mechanism of action is not non‐competitive antagonism of signalling, but rather that enhanced binding results in an increased rate of receptor desensitization and reduced internalization, which results in time‐dependent modulation of cAMP signalling. The observed effect of the allosteric modulators is therefore dependent on the time frame over which the signalling response occurs. This finding may have important consequences for the potential therapeutic application of these compounds.
Endothelin‐1 and endothelin‐2 initiate and maintain contractile responses by different mechanisms in rat mesenteric and cerebral arteries
Authors: Compeer M G , Janssen G M J , De Mey J G R 
Published: August 2013

Background and PurposeEndothelin (ET)‐1 and ET‐2 cause potent long‐lasting vasoconstrictions by tight binding to smooth muscle ETA receptors. We tested the hypotheses that different mechanisms mediate initiation and maintenance of arterial contractile responses to ET‐1 and ET‐2 and that this differs among vascular beds.Experimental ApproachSegments of rat mesenteric resistance artery (MRA) and basilar artery (BA) were studied in wire myographs with and without functional antagonists.Key ResultsSensitivity and maximum of MRA contractile responses to ET‐1 were not, or only moderately, reduced by stimulation of soluble GC, AC or K+‐channels and by an inhibitor of receptor‐operated ion channels. However, each of these reduced maintenance of ET‐1 effects and relaxed ET‐1‐induced contractions in MRA. A calcium channel antagonist did not alter sensitivity, maximum and maintenance of ET‐1 effects, but relaxed ET‐1‐induced contractions in MRA. A PLC inhibitor prevented contractile responses to ET‐1 and ET‐2 in MRA and BA, and relaxed ET‐1‐ and ET‐2‐induced responses in MRA and ET‐1 effects in BA. A Rho‐kinase inhibitor did not modify sensitivity, maximum and maintenance of responses to both peptides in both arteries but relaxed ET‐2, but not ET‐1, effects in MRA and ET‐1 effects in BA.Conclusions and ImplicationsPLC played a key role in arterial contractile responses to ETs, but ET‐1 and ET‐2 initiated and maintained vasoconstriction through different mechanisms, and these differed between MRA and BA. Selective functional antagonism may be considered for agonist‐ and vascular bed selective pharmacotherapy of ET‐related diseases.
Penta‐O‐galloyl‐β‐D‐glucose ameliorates inflammation by inhibiting MyD88/NF‐κB and MyD88/MAPK signalling pathways
Authors: Jang Se‐Eun , Hyam Supriya R , Jeong Jin‐Ju , Han Myung Joo , Kim Dong‐Hyun 
Published: August 2013

Background and PurposeThe gallnut of Rhus chinensis MILL and its main constituent penta‐O‐galloyl‐β‐D‐glucose (PGG) inhibited NF‐κB activation in LPS‐stimulated peritoneal and colonic macrophages. Here we have investigated PGG mechanisms underlying anti‐inflammatory effects of PGG in vitro and in vivo.Experimental ApproachMale C57BL/6 mice (18–22 g, 6 weeks old) were used to prepare peritoneal and colonic macrophages and for the induction of colitis by intrarectal administration of 2,3,4‐trinitrobenzene sulphonic acid (TNBS). A range of inflammatory markers and transcription factors were evaluated by elisa, immunoblotting, flow cytometry and confocal microscopy.Key ResultsExpression of Toll‐like receptor (TLR)‐4 or Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) binding to TLR‐4 in LPS‐stimulated peritoneal macrophages was not affected by PGG. However PGG inhibited binding of an anti‐MyD88 antibody to peritoneal macrophages, but did not reduce binding of anti–IL‐1 receptor‐associated kinase (IRAK1) and IRAK4 antibodies to the macrophages with or without transfection with MyD88 siRNA. PGG potently reduced the activation of IRAK1, NF‐κB, and MAPKs in LPS‐ or pepetidoglycan‐stimulated peritoneal and colonic macrophages. PGG suppressed IL‐1β, TNF‐α and IL‐6 in LPS‐stimulated peritoneal macrophages, while increasing expression of the anti‐inflammatorycytokine IL‐10. Oral administration of PGG inhibited colon shortening and myeloperoxidase activity in mice with TNBS‐induced colitis, along with reducing NF‐κB activation and IL‐1β, TNF‐α, and IL‐6 levels, whereas it increased IL‐10.Conclusions and ImplicationsPGG reduced activation of NF‐κB and MAPK signalling pathways by directly interacting with the MyD88 adaptor protein. PGG may ameliorate inflammatory diseases such as colitis.
Retraction techniques in laparoscopic colorectal surgery: a literature‐based review
Authors: Ladwa N. , Sajid M. S. , Pankhania N. K. , Sains P. , Baig M. K. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractAimTo systematically review the published literature and describe the various techniques of bowel and mesentery retraction available for use in laparoscopic colorectal resection.MethodA comprehensive search of the literature was undertaken using MESH terms ‘retraction’, ‘laparoscopic’ and ‘colorectal’. All articles describing methods of retraction in laparoscopic colorectal surgery were included.ResultsTwelve methods of retraction in laparoscopic colorectal surgery were described. Five case‐based series and three case studies were reported on 108 patients. Techniques were classified into those offering retraction of the small or large bowel or according to the mode of retraction.ConclusionMany retraction methods are available to the surgeon varying in cost, invasiveness and complexity. Adequate retraction remains a challenge for optimal exposure and dissection during laparoscopic colorectal surgery.
Early postoperative complications after stapled vs handsewn restorative proctocolectomy with ileal pouch‐anal anastomosis in 148 patients with familial adenomatous polyposis coli: a matched‐pair analysis
Authors: Ganschow P. , Warth R. , Hinz U. , Büchler M. W. , Kadmon M. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractAimRestorative proctocolectomy with ileal pouch‐anal anastomosis for patients with familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) and ulcerative colitis (UC) has been modified from a transanal hand‐suture after mucosectomy to a stapled ileal pouch‐anal anastomosis (IPAA) without mucosectomy. Better functional results favour stapled anastomosis; however, stapled anastomosis results in higher rates of adenomas in persisting anorectal mucosa. The purpose of this study was to compare the two techniques of pouch‐anal anastomosis with respect to early postoperative complications in a collective of FAP patients.MethodThe study was performed as a matched‐pair analysis. Data were obtained from a prospectively collected database.ResultsThe overall rate of postoperative complications was higher after stapled IPAA (31% stapled vs 23% handsewn), with anastomotic stricture occurring in 24.3% (stapled) and 16.2% (handsewn) (P = 0.22). Any leakage or pelvic abscess formation after stapled anastomosis occurred within 30 days in almost all patients, whereas these were mainly diagnosed between 30 days and 6 months after handsewn IPAA. A laparoscopic approach was used in 56.7% of patients in the stapled group but in only two patients in the handsewn group. Intra‐operative blood loss was significantly higher in the handsewn group (mean ± SD: 699 ± 511 ml vs 369 ± 343 ml; P < 0.0001), as was the volume of blood transfused (mean ± SD: 205 ± 365 ml vs 8 ± 49 ml; P < 0.0001). Function did not differ between the groups.ConclusionThere was a nonstatistically significant tendency towards a higher rate of early postoperative complications after stapled IPAA. The timing of anastomotic leakage and abscess formation differed between the groups.
Immune regulation of bone loss by Th17 cells in oestrogen‐deficient osteoporosis
Authors: Zhao Renqing 
Published: August 2013

AbstractBackgroundThe role of T helper (Th) 17 cells in autoimmune diseases has been extensively studied recently, but its function in oestrogen‐deficient osteoporosis remains undefined. This review aimed to explore the role of Th17 cells in regulating bone loss induced by oestrogen deficiency.Materials and methodsWe searched PubMed, Embase, Google Scholar and Biosis up to 1 February 2013 for immune regulation of oestrogen‐deficient osteoporosis by Th17 cells. Terms relevant to immunity, oestrogen deficiency, osteoporosis and Th17 cells were used for database searching. Seventy‐five papers met the predetermined searching criteria.ResultsStudies indicate Th17 lineage to be a potent osteoclastogenic mediator in oestrogen‐deficient osteoporosis. Oestrogen deficiency promotes osteoclastogenesis by up‐regulating Th17 cell populations in bone marrow and IL‐17 levels in peripheral blood. Meanwhile, transcription factors involved in Th17 cell differentiation, such as RORγt and RORα, are highly expressed in ovariectomized animals. Treatment with IL‐17 significantly promotes production of RANKL, TNF and IL‐6 as well as TRAP+ cells in culture; blocking IL‐17 pathway significantly reduces abundance of Th17 cells and effectively prevents bone loss in ovariectomized mice.ConclusionsThe main body of literatures suggests Th17 to be a critical modulator in the pathogenesis of oestrogen‐deficient osteoporosis, which supports the notion that oestrogen‐deficient osteoporosis is a complex interplay between oestrogen, osteoclastogenic cytokines and osteoclasts. In addition, therapeutic strategies targeting IL‐17 networks may be clinically useful in treatment for postmenopausal osteoporosis.
Surgical management and long‐term seizure outcome after epilepsy surgery for different types of epilepsy associated with cerebral cavernous malformations
Authors: von der Brelie Christian , Malter Michael P. , Niehusmann Pitt , Elger Christian E. , von Lehe Marec , Schramm Johannes 
Published: August 2013

SummaryPurposePrecise outcome data about the surgical therapy of cerebral cavernous malformation (CCM)–associated epilepsy is scarce regarding different epilepsy types, surgical approach, and outcome. Long‐term outcome in patients with CCM‐associated epilepsy is analyzed in a large single‐center series.MethodsSeizure outcome data >24 months was available in 118 patients. The influence of different parameters of preoperative workup and surgical technique was analyzed with regard to seizure outcome.Key FindingsThe study cohort comprised 76 patients with drug‐resistant epilepsy (DRE), 20 patients with chronic epilepsy that did not meet the definition of DRE, as well as 22 patients with sporadic seizures. Temporal localization of CCMs predisposed to develop DRE. Detailed epileptologic workup was performed in 85 patients; invasive monitoring was done in 23 (37%) of 76 DRE cases. In 84% of DRE cases more extensive resections were performed. Mean follow‐up varied between 107 and 137 months for the three groups. Seizure freedom in DRE was 88%, in chronic epilepsy 80%, and in sporadic seizures was 91%. Longer symptom duration was associated with worse seizure outcome. Outcome of patients who underwent invasive monitoring was not worse. The outcome in CCM‐associated DRE can be good if more extensive resections are used and if noninvasive and/or invasive presurgical epileptologic workup is used whenever indicated. DRE was considerably more frequent in the temporal lobe, suggesting that temporal localization predisposes development of DRE. Seizure freedom rates were stable over a long period.SignificanceSurgical therapy of CCM‐associated seizures and epilepsy can be successful if different surgical techniques according to presurgical evaluation are realized. To prevent clinical worsening into DRE, surgical intervention in CCM‐associated epilepsy may be considered early.
Competing influence of vacancies and interstitial atoms on temperature dependence of creep under irradiation
Authors: Selyshchev P. , Sugakov V. 
Published: August 2013

ABSTRACTIn the framework of the Orowan model, a theoretical approach is developed to explain the appearance of a break (local minimum and maximum) on a curve of creep rate dependence on temperature of materials under irradiation. The break is explained by competition of radiation and thermal defect fluxes to dislocations. At some temperature, the fluxes of interstitial atoms and vacancies become equal and compensate each other. Thus, the dislocations do not climb. Climb–glide mechanism does not contribute to the creep and the creep decreases. It is shown that the presence of sinks with different preference coefficients is necessary for the appearance of the break. Theoretical and experimental results are in good agreement.
Coralline algal structure is more sensitive to rate, rather than the magnitude, of ocean acidification
Authors: Kamenos Nicholas A. , Burdett Heidi L. , Aloisio Elena , Findlay Helen S. , Martin Sophie , Longbone Charlotte , Dunn Jonathan , Widdicombe Stephen , Calosi Piero 
Published: August 2013

AbstractMarine pCO2 enrichment via ocean acidification (OA), upwelling and release from carbon capture and storage (CCS) facilities is projected to have devastating impacts on marine biomineralisers and the services they provide. However, empirical studies using stable endpoint pCO2 concentrations find species exhibit variable biological and geochemical responses rather than the expected negative patterns. In addition, the carbonate chemistry of many marine systems is now being observed to be more variable than previously thought. To underpin more robust projections of future OA impacts on marine biomineralisers and their role in ecosystem service provision, we investigate coralline algal responses to realistically variable scenarios of marine pCO2 enrichment. Coralline algae are important in ecosystem function; providing habitats and nursery areas, hosting high biodiversity, stabilizing reef structures and contributing to the carbon cycle. Red coralline marine algae were exposed for 80 days to one of three pH treatments: (i) current pH (control); (ii) low pH (7.7) representing OA change; and (iii) an abrupt drop to low pH (7.7) representing the higher rates of pH change observed at natural vent systems, in areas of upwelling and during CCS releases. We demonstrate that red coralline algae respond differently to the rate and the magnitude of pH change induced by pCO2 enrichment. At low pH, coralline algae survived by increasing their calcification rates. However, when the change to low pH occurred at a fast rate we detected, using Raman spectroscopy, weaknesses in the calcite skeleton, with evidence of dissolution and molecular positional disorder. This suggests that, while coralline algae will continue to calcify, they may be structurally weakened, putting at risk the ecosystem services they provide. Notwithstanding evolutionary adaptation, the ability of coralline algae to cope with OA may thus be determined primarily by the rate, rather than magnitude, at which pCO2 enrichment occurs.
Relationship between Geriatric Nutritional Risk Index and total lymphocyte count and mortality of hemodialysis patients
Authors: Jung Yeon Soon , You Gain , Shin Ho Sik , Rim Hark 
Published: August 2013

AbstractWe examined the relationships between Geriatric Nutritional Risk Index (GNRI), total lymphocyte count (TLC), and mortality in hemodialysis (HD) patients. We examined GNRI and TLC in 120 maintenance HD patients and followed these patients for 120 months. Predictors of all‐cause death were examined using life table analysis and the Cox proportional hazards model. TLC marginally correlated with GNRI (r = 0.176; p = 0.090) and significantly with phosphorus levels (r = 0.206; p = 0.026). Life table analysis revealed that subjects with a GNRI < 90 (n = 19) had lower survival rates than did those with a GNRI ≥ 90 (n = 101; Wilcoxon's test, p = 0.048), but subjects with a TLC < 1500/mm3 (n = 76) had similar survival rates compared with subjects with a TLC ≥ 1500/mm3 (n = 44; Wilcoxon's test, p = 0.500). Multivariate Cox proportional hazards analyses demonstrated that GNRI is a significant predictor of mortality (hazard ratio 9.315, 95% confidence interval 1.161–74.753, p = 0.036), after adjusting for age, sex, presence of type 2 diabetes mellitus, Kt/V, normalized protein catabolic rate, hematocrit, phosphorus, systolic blood pressure and TLC. Our findings suggest the TLC may be used as a simple nutritional tool, but may not be a predictor of mortality in HD patients. These findings require confirmation by further studies.
Hybrid Atlantics: Future Directions for the History of the Atlantic World
Authors: Cañizares‐Esguerra Jorge , Breen Benjamin 
Published: August 2013

AbstractFundamental features of the early modern Atlantic – like the slave trade, the rise of experimental science and long‐distance commerce, and the proliferation of religious confessions – were transnational in character. This essay surveys recent work in the field, emphasizing emerging scholarship on the hybrid nature of the Atlantic world. Yet for hybridity to work as a useful analytical category, we need to do away with the narrative of “Northwestern Europeanization” as the normative model. We explore how ecology and place, science and medicine, and diasporic or extra‐national groups like smugglers, Jews, and slaves helped create an Atlantic that was defined more by its cross‐cultural encounters, local contexts, and mixed identities than by the power of European states.
Historiographic Foodways: A Survey of Food and Drink Histories in Australia
Authors: Luckins Tanja 
Published: August 2013

AbstractThis essay is a survey of the field of food and drink history in Australia since the 1970s. It discusses the range of research and picks out key historiographic aspects: the search for an Australian cuisine; regional food cultures; connection between sources and historical interpretation; and the interdisciplinarity of food and drink history. It suggests that as food and drink histories have broadened beyond a search for culinary traditions and a gastronomic sensibility, so our understanding of food and drink in Australian history has deepened. It also argues that food and drink history is more than textual knowledge in books and articles: television programs and exhibitions held in museums and libraries, for example, have enhanced our understanding of food and drink histories.
Learning for lower energy consumption
Authors: Isaksson Charlotta 
Published: August 2013

AbstractEnergy‐efficient technologies are not just objects that might enable households to carry out more sustainable practices; they are tools, and using them effectively requires certain skills and knowledge. Households' difficulties in handling home heating and hot water technologies in particular have been highlighted as an obstacle to meeting energy conservation objectives. This has given rise to calls for improved support based on how the households define their activities and handle these technologies. By deploying a socio‐cultural theory of learning and using in‐depth interviews with households that have recently purchased renewable heating systems, this paper examines various situations in which people have learnt to use the technologies, and it discusses lessons learnt that may be useful for developing support. The results demonstrate three common learning approaches and identify situations where the learning process runs smoothly and where it does not. The conclusions suggest strategies for helping households overcome the resistance embedded in the interaction with the technologies, and they highlight the importance, when developing support, of starting with what creates meaning in various situations.