bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ELASTOMERIC COMPOSITES BASED ON NANOSPHERICAL PARTICLES AND CARBON NANOTUBES: A COMPARATIVE STUDY
Authors: Bokobza Liliane 
Published: August 2013

ABSTRACT
The reinforcement of elastomeric materials by addition of mineral fillers represents one of the most important aspects in the field of rubber science and technology. The improvement in mechanical properties arises from hydrodynamic effects depending mainly on the amount of filler and the aspect ratio of the particles and also on polymer–filler interactions depending on the surface characteristics of the filler particles and the chemical nature of the polymer. The past few years have seen the extensive use of nanometer-scale particles of different morphologies on account of the small size of the filler and the corresponding increase in the surface area that allow a considerable increase in mechanical properties even at very low filler loading. Among these nanoparticles, spherical particles (such as silica or titania) generated in situ by the sol-gel process and carbon nanotubes are typical examples of materials used as a nanosize reinforcing additive. Specific features of filled elastomers are discussed through the existing literature and through results of the author's research based on poly(dimethylsiloxane) filled with spherical silica or titania particles and on styrene–butadiene rubber filled with multiwall carbon nanotubes. The reinforcing ability of each type of filler is discussed in terms of morphology, state of dispersion (investigated by transmission electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, small-angle neutron scattering), and mechanical and electrical properties. In addition, the use of molecular spectroscopies provides valuable information on the polymer–filler interface. Spherical silica and titania spherical particles are shown to exhibit two distinct morphologies, two different polymer–filler interfaces that influence the mechanical properties of the resulting materials. The superiority of carbon nanotubes over carbon black for mechanical reinforcement and electrical conduction is mainly attributed to their large aspect ratio rather than to strong polymer–filler interactions. The use of hybrid fillers (carbon nanotubes in addition to carbon black or silica, for example) has been shown to give promising results by promoting an enhancement of mechanical and electrical properties with regard to each single filler.
ELASTOMER COMPOSITES BASED ON CARBON NANOTUBES AND IONIC LIQUID
Authors: Subramaniam Kalaivani , Das Amit , Stöckelhuber Klaus Werner , Heinrich Gert 
Published: August 2013

ABSTRACTCarbon nanotubes (CNTs) are known for excellent electrical conductivity and high elastic modulus. But difficulties arise in realizing their potential in matrices due to their existence in the form of aggregates or agglomerates. A simplified mixing technique using ionic liquid (IL) was developed to improve the dispersion of CNTs in elastomers. At first, CNTs were modified using an IL, 1-butyl-3-methyl-imidazolium-bis-(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)-imide in a mortar and pestle, and later, the modified tubes were incorporated into elastomers using a two-roll mill. The effect of modified tubes and IL on polar polychloroprene and nonpolar solution styrene butadiene rubber is studied. Enhanced dispersion and networking of CNTs can be achieved using this technique, based on which highly conducting composites were developed. Moreover, the composites with modified CNTs exhibited higher mechanical properties (tensile modulus, hardness) and thermal stability than the composites with unmodified CNTs. ILs are also found to have multifunctional roles (as antioxidants, as coupling agents) in the composites. The applications of composites with a particular focus on actuators and sensors are also discussed.
MOLECULAR MODELING OF THERMAL AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF ELASTOMERS: A REVIEW
Authors: Jha Kshitij C. , Tsige Mesfin 
Published: August 2013

ABSTRACT
Elastomers have varied applications from adhesives, sealants, encapsulants, and coatings to specialty usage in electronics, aviation, optical, and communications industries due to their high structural stability. In addition, more and more biological applications of elastomeric compounds are gaining ground, particularly in mimetic architecture. Modeling and simulation provide tools by which the interactions leading to various structure–property relationships can be explored at the micro level. An understanding of these processes could cut down on the extensive and expensive trial-and-error experiments as well as provide a benchmark for material design. This review article explores the work done by different groups, especially at the molecular level, to model the properties of both thermoplastic and thermoset elastomers. Each presents its own challenges and solutions: from microphase separation to network building and force field parameterization. The results of these modeling efforts along with the challenges are presented in this review work.
Doer and Deed: Responses to Acampora and Anderson
Authors: Pippin Robert 
Published: August 2013

ABSTRACT
Under the press of questions and comments by Christa Davis Acampora and R. Lanier Anderson, I attempt here to clarify the understanding of human agency that I attribute to Nietzsche in my book, Nietzsche, Psychology, and First Philosophy. A central issue concerns what Nietzsche means in Genealogy I:13, in his famous “lightning-flash” metaphor. I argue that the task posed to us by this passage is to understand it in a way that is consistent with Nietzsche's genealogies and critiques, all of which involve psychological explanations, and so suggest a psychological model of motivated agency, consistent with what appears to be GM I:13's denial of the basic presupposition of the notion of agency: a distinction between the doer, as instigator of the bodily movement, and the deed. Against objections, I defend the claim that Nietzsche proposes an “expressivist” account that preserves the notion of agency.
Valuation and the Will to Power: Nietzsche's Ethics with Ontology
Authors: Rydenfelt Henrik 
Published: August 2013

ABSTRACT
Nietzsche's texts invite perplexing questions about the justification and objectivity of his ethical views. According to the interpretation suggested here, Nietzsche does not advance a substantive (first-order) normative ethics, but proposes, based on his ontological idea of will to power, an instrumentalist theory of (second-order) value. He is not a realist about value—according to him, nothing is intrinsically valuable. However, things, actions, beliefs, and values can be evaluated with reference to their capacities in serving our fundamental quest for power. The central advantage of this interpretation against competing readings is that it attempts to make sense of how an “objective” (r)evaluation fits together with antirealism or nihilism about value, including how the “ethics” of will to power is to be understood alongside the metaphysical and ethical doctrine of eternal recurrence.
Orchestral Metaphysics: The Birth of Tragedy between Drama, Opera, and Philosophy
Authors: Mulhall Stephen 
Published: August 2013

ABSTRACT
This article argues that Nietzsche's Birth of Tragedy is an attempt to forge a mode of discourse that draws equally upon the resources of tragic drama, opera, and philosophy, and thereby attempts to disclose their internal relatedness, in order both to exemplify and to enable the attainment of a nonelitist species of perfectionism—one that has both an individual and a cultural dimension (with the latter finding expression in a willingness to question and reconfigure existing boundaries between the moral, the political, and the aesthetic domains, among others). The article thereby contributes to an interpretative tradition initiated in recent work by James Conant and Stanley Cavell, by extending its range of textual application.
Nietzsche and Lamarckism
Authors: Schacht Richard 
Published: August 2013

ABSTRACT
Nietzsche considered it to be important for philosophers to be scientifically informed in their philosophical thinking. I suggest that this conviction led him to embrace a biological idea that seemed at the time to be scientifically sound but subsequently turned out not to be. (He then compounded the problem by making much of what he took to be its social and political implications.) I refer to the now-discredited (Lamarckian) idea that it is possible for characteristics acquired by individual creatures of some type (through intensive application, however prompted) to be biologically transmitted in some degree to their progeny. I make my case for this reading of him by drawing attention to a variety of texts that would seem to commit him to this idea, and I consider how we might best deal with and even benefit interpretively from recognizing this to have been an instance of his having gone astray.
One Hundred Twenty-Two Years Later: Reassessing the Nietzsche-Darwin Relationship
Authors: Johnson Dirk R. 
Published: August 2013

ABSTRACT
Nietzsche's perspective on Darwin and Darwinism has received increased scrutiny in recent years, a reflection of the fact that scholars have sensed that the Nietzsche-Darwin connection has not been adequately assessed and that their relationship might be more significant than has been previously assumed. Renewed interest in Nietzsche's alleged naturalism has also focused attention on that scientific paradigm, which best reflects the triumph of the naturalist perspective in the modern era, namely Darwinism. But while numerous studies have pointed to the overlap and shared concerns of both thinkers, no one has systematically interpreted Nietzsche's reception of Darwin as a fundamental antagonism, one that had emerged from an initial sympathy to the Darwinian approach in the early years and ended in a foundational critique. By examining Nietzsche in this way, one can appreciate Nietzsche's critique of Darwinism as one significant component of his larger assault on contemporary culture and decadence, which became his central concern in his final works.
Darwin and Nietzsche: Selection, Evolution, and Morality
Authors: Wilson Catherine 
Published: August 2013

ABSTRACT
This article discusses Nietzsche's interpretation of Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection and the basis for his rejection of the major elements of Darwin's overall scheme on observational grounds. Nietzsche's further opposition to the attempt of Darwin and many of his followers to reconcile the “struggle for existence” with Christian ethics is the subject of the second half of the essay.
Stealing Is Not Gross: Language Distinguishes Visceral Disgust From Moral Violations
Authors: Herz Rachel S. , Hinds Alden 
Published: August 2013

Abstract
The similarity between moral and visceral disgust is a current topic of debate. One method of investigating this issue has been to examine the use of language. Prior work has shown that the words disgust and anger are often used interchangeably to describe offense toward immoral behavior involving harm (autonomy violations), whereas "grossed out" is reserved for viscerally repulsive stimuli. Based on these findings we developed a questionnaire and tested 126 undergraduates for how they used the words disgusted, angry, grossed out, and morally right or morally wrong to rate various responses toward ethics of autonomy social situations. We found that grossed out was least endorsed for these transgressions and that ratings on this measure did not correspond to ratings of moral wrongness. Moreover, individual differences in visceral disgust sensitivity had no association with participants’ evaluations or use of any of the descriptors. By contrast, ratings for angry and disgusted were equivalently and highly endorsed for autonomy violations, and the ratings given with these descriptors also corresponded to the ratings given for moral wrongness. These findings add to growing evidence that moral disgust is not visceral (gross) but rather appears to be representative of anger even though autonomy violations are often labeled as "disgusting."
Nostalgia: Retreat or Support in Difficult Times?
Authors: Batcho Krystine Irene 
Published: August 2013

Abstract
The relationship between nostalgia and coping during difficult times was explored in 2 empirical studies. In the first, 80 undergraduates, 60 women and 20 men, completed the Nostalgia Inventory, a measure of nostalgia proneness, the COPE Inventory, a dispositional measure of strategies for coping with stressful events, and the Childhood Survey, a survey of impressions of childhood experiences. Nostalgia proneness correlated with use of adaptive coping, including emotional social support, expressing emotions, turning to religion, and suppressing competing activities, and did not correlate with escapist or avoidance strategies, including denial, behavioral disengagement, and substance abuse. Nostalgia proneness was related positively to favorable emotional and behavioral childhood experiences and did not correlate with adverse experiences. Favorable impressions of childhood correlated positively with adaptive coping strategies and inversely with dysfunctional ones, whereas unfavorable childhood experiences correlated positively with dysfunctional coping. Regression analyses suggested that the relationship between nostalgia proneness and certain coping strategies may be mediated in part by childhood experiences. In a second study, 100 undergraduates, 86 women and 14 men, completed the Nostalgia Inventory, recalled autobiographical memories that illustrated how childhood is either special or similar to their present life, and rated their likely use of strategies in dealing with 2 hypothetical problems. Nostalgia proneness correlated with emotional and instrumental social coping and with the goal-directed strategies of planning, taking action, and positive reframing. Further research is recommended to explore the role of childhood memories in coping and to identify mechanisms that mediate the relationship between nostalgia and coping.
Bio-écologie des diatomées épilithiques de la rivière Mfoundi (Yaoundé, Cameroun) : diversité, distribution spatiale et influence des pollutions organiques
Authors: Menye Daniel Ébang , Zébazé Togouet Serge Hubert , Menbohan Samuel Foto , Kemka Norbert , Nola Moïse , Boutin Claude , Nguetsop Victor François , Djaouda Moussa , Njiné Thomas 
Published: August 2013

Sont considérés dans cette étude, l’impact des rejets polluants d’origines urbaine et industrielle sur la qualité des eaux du Mfoundi, l’abondance, la richesse spécifique et la structure des communautés diatomiques qui peuplent ce cours d’eau. Le calcul du pourcentage de taxons tolérants à la pollution organique a permis d’évaluer la réponse de ces algues à l’enrichissement du milieu en matières organiques. Les analyses physico-chimiques des eaux mettent en évidence l’existence d’un gradient de pollution croissant de l’amont à l’aval de la rivière. Le cours supérieur présente des eaux turbides avec des teneurs élevées de matières en suspension. Les cours moyen et inférieur sont fortement contaminés par les matières organiques qu’apportent les eaux usées domestiques et les effluents industriels qu’ils reçoivent. Au total, 237 taxons de diatomées épilithiques, majoritairement cosmopolites, appartenant à 39 genres répartis dans 25 familles, ont été inventoriés. Le développement dans le cours supérieur du Mfoundi de taxons tels que Gomphonema parvulum (Kützing) Kützing et variétés, Gomphonema gracile Ehrenberg et Navicula radiosa Kützing, est associé essentiellement à la turbidité des eaux de ce tronçon. La distribution de Nitzschia palea (Kützing) W. Smith, Navicula geoppertiana (Bleisch) Grunow, Navicula mutica Kützing et Pinnularia subcapitata Gregory dans les cours moyen et inférieur est étroitement liée à la charge organique et la forte minéralisation des eaux. N. palea est l’espèce la plus abondante dans les stations Mf5 (66 %) et Mf6 (53 %), indiquant une importante pollution organique de ces sites sous l’effet des rejets des industries brassicoles et vinicoles opérant dans leur voisinage. La variation spatiale de la diversité spécifique n’a pas souligné toute l’ampleur de l’altération de la qualité des eaux; toutefois, l’analyse du pourcentage de taxons polluo-tolérants révèle que les apports graduels en nutriments et en matières organiques dans les cours moyen et inférieur contribuent à l’eutrophisation progressive de ces secteurs. Il est montré que les diatomées épilithiques sont sensibles à la variation de la qualité de l’eau du Mfoundi, et peuvent être utilisées comme bioindicateurs de l’état de santé des cours d’eau urbains du Cameroun.
Étude expérimentale de l’évolution en microcosme du chrome (VI) dans l’eau de mer et de ses effets sur la macrofaune et les bactéries indigènes de la Lagune de Bizerte (Tunisie)
Authors: Ben Khelil Meriem , Ben Said Olfa , Nefzi Rachid , Ben Abdelmalek Jamel , Aïss Patricia 
Published: August 2013

La présente étude vise à comparer au laboratoire l’impact biologique du chrome hexavalent (Cr (VI)) présent dans le ciment non déchromé, et celui du chrome présent dans le ciment déchromé en considérant deux échelons trophiques de la lagune de Bizerte : les bactéries indigènes et la macrofaune représentée par la palourde Ruditapes decussatus.
Dans deux types de microcosmes, l’un contenant de l’eau de mer seulement et l’autre contenant de l’eau de mer et du sédiment, la palourde européenne Ruditapes decussatus a été introduite à raison de 20 individus par aquarium. Quatre types d’aquarium ont été mis en place : un témoin (T), un aquarium contaminé par du ciment non déchromé (0,16 mg•L-1 de Cr (VI)), un contaminé par du ciment déchromé (0,05 mg•L-1 de Cr (VI)) et un contaminé par le dichromate de potassium (0,16 mg•L-1 de Cr (VI)). Deux replicats ont été réalisés pour chaque type de microcosme.
La concentration du Cr (VI) dans l’eau a été mesurée par un dosage colorimétrique au début et après 96 heures d’expérimentation. La quantification des bactéries hétérotrophes a été évaluée par la méthode du Nombre le Plus Probable.
Environ 80 % de la quantité du Cr (VI) présente dans le milieu ont été piégés dans les sédiments. Les ciments déchromés et non déchromés ont provoqué 100 % de mortalité chez les palourdes au bout de trois jours. Cependant, il n’a été observé que 40 % de mortalité dans le microcosme contaminé par le K2Cr2O7. Une diminution de la charge bactérienne totale a été observée au niveau des sédiments pour tous les traitements.
On peut dire que la présence du sédiment a entraîné la diminution de la teneur du Cr (VI) dans l’eau et que malgré le déchromage du ciment, les deux types de ciment présentent un effet négatif sur les palourdes et les bactéries indigènes qui est plus marqué pour le ciment non déchromé.
Production et transport des sédiments en suspension dans l’oued Sikkak (Tafna – nord-ouest Algérie)
Authors: Bouanani Abderrazak , Baba-Hamed Kamila , Fandi Wassila 
Published: August 2013

L’envasement et le transport solide constituent, par leur importance, un problème majeur en Algérie (dégradation des sols agricoles, alluvionnement des retenues). Les études d’aménagement hydrotechnique butent très souvent sur le problème du manque ou du nombre réduit de données relatives au transport solide. De nombreux chercheurs ont travaillé pour pallier ce problème en mettant au point des modèles spécifiques aux bassins étudiés. Ces derniers servent à combler les lacunes des mesures et à étendre la série existante en fonction du débit liquide souvent mesuré. Cette étude porte sur la quantification du transport solide et du taux d’érosion ainsi que sur la détermination des périodes d’érosion actives et la recherche d’un modèle reliant les débits solides aux débits liquides au niveau de l’oued Sikkak. Sous-bassin de la rivière Tafna, le bassin versant du Sikkak est situé dans le nord-ouest algérien et couvre une surface de 218 km2 où est érigé un barrage d’une capacité de 30 Hm3. Les résultats d’analyse graphique des valeurs instantanées des débits solides en suspension dans l’oued Sikkak à la station d’Aïn Youcef et leurs relations avec les débits liquides (campagnes de prélèvement de 1972 à 1990), ont permis de montrer l’existence de deux périodes d’érosion active. Le flux de matières solides en suspension dans le cours d’eau est très variable d’une année à une autre et la dégradation spécifique moyenne annuelle est estimée à 170 t•km‑2•an‑1 variant de 4 à 745 t•km‑2•an‑1. Ces taux de dégradation restent très modérés par rapport à ceux publiés pour d’autres bassins de l’Algérie et du Maghreb, mais très proches de ceux trouvés pour quelques sous-bassins de la Tafna.
Robust Results From Climate Model Simulations of Geoengineering
Authors: Kravitz Ben , Robock Alan , Irvine Peter 
Published: August 2013

AbstractSolar geoengineering has been proposed as a temporary means of alleviating some of the consequences of anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions. Single‐model studies characterizing the resulting climate effects often used different greenhouse gas concentration profiles and different amounts of geoengineering, making intercomparison difficult. The Geoengineering Model Intercomparison Project (GeoMIP) created a framework of four core simulations, designed to reveal robust features and key uncertainties of climate model responses to geoengineering (B. Kravitz et al., The Geoengineering Model Intercomparison Project (GeoMIP), Atmospheric Science Letters, 12(2), 162–167, doi:10.1002/asl.316, 2011). These experiments simulate solar geoengineering via uniform solar reduction or creation of stratospheric sulfate aerosol layers using state‐of‐the‐art climate models.
Metal‐Free Direct CH Perfluoroalkylation of Arenes and Heteroarenes Using a Photoredox Organocatalyst
Authors: Cui Lei , Matusaki Yoko , Tada Norihiro , Miura Tsuyoshi , Uno Bunji , Itoh Akichika 
Published: August 2013

AbstractWe report the visible‐light‐induced trifluoromethylation of arenes and heteroarenes using sodium trifluoromethanesulfinate catalyzed by anthraquinone‐2‐carboxylic acid. This reaction is a metal‐free trifluoromethylation of arenes and heteroarenes catalyzed by a photoredox organocatalyst. Perfluoroalkylated arenes were also produced using sodium perfluoroalkylsulfinates.magnified image
Magnetically Separable CuFe2O4 Nanoparticles Catalyzed Ligand‐Free CS Coupling in Water: Access to (E)‐ and (Z)‐Styrenyl‐, Heteroaryl and Sterically Hindered Aryl Sulfides
Authors: Kundu Debasish , Chatterjee Tanmay , Ranu Brindaban C. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractAn efficient coupling of styrenyl, heteroaryl and sterically hindered aryl halides with aryl‐ and heteroarylthiols catalyzed by the bimetallic Cu and Fe nanomaterial, CuFe2O4, in water in the presence of tetrabutylammonium bromide and potassium phosphate (K3PO4) has been achieved without using any ligand. A series of unsymmetrical functionalized (E)‐ and (Z)‐styrenyl aryl, heteroaryl heteroaryl and sterically hindered aryl aryl sulfides has been obtained by this procedure. The compounds are obtained in high yields and excellent stereoselectivity has been observed for styrenyl sulfides. The catalyst can be easily separated by an external magnet and recycled for ten times without any appreciable loss of activity. This procedure provides an easy access to useful and challenging biologically active organosulfides which are difficult to achieve by other methods.magnified image