bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Influence of wearing a scuba diving mouthpiece on the stomatognathic system – considerations for mouthpiece design
Authors: Hirose Toshiaki , Ono Takahiro , Maeda Yoshinobu 
Published: October 2015

AbstractAlthough diver's mouth syndrome (DMS) has long been recognized by scuba divers, little attention has been paid to the influence of wearing a scuba diving mouthpiece on the stomatognathic system. In this review, DMS‐related stomatognathic events (DMS‐SE) while wearing a mouthpiece, the relationship between components of the mouthpiece and those events, and design considerations to reduce the risk of those events are discussed based on evidence from 32 articles concerning scuba diving mouthpieces. Forward movement of the mandible, loss of molar occlusal support, and continuous jaw clenching while wearing a mouthpiece are considered to be pathogenic for DMS‐SE. Several experimental studies have suggested a relationship between incidence of those events and the design of mouthpiece components such as the connector, labial flange, platform, and occlusal rug, and the possibility of reducing risk of those events through design customization of these components. Improvement of the shape of commercially available mouthpieces and creation of custom‐made mouthpieces may thus contribute to the prevention and treatment of DMS‐SE and the provision of a comfortable diving environment.
Adolescents with or at ultra‐high risk for bipolar disorder exhibit erythrocyte docosahexaenoic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid deficits: a candidate prodromal risk biomarker
Authors: McNamara Robert K. , Jandacek Ronald , Tso Patrick , Blom Thomas J. , Welge Jeffrey A. , Strawn Jeffrey R. , Adler Caleb M. , Strakowski Stephen M. , DelBello Melissa P. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractAimMood disorders are associated with low levels of the long‐chain omega‐3 (LCn‐3) fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). This study investigated LCn‐3 fatty acid biostatus in youth with or at varying risk for developing mania to assess its utility as a prodromal risk biomarker.MethodErythrocyte fatty acid composition was determined in healthy adolescents (n = 28, HC), asymptomatic adolescents with a biological parent with bipolar I disorder (n = 30; ‘high risk’, HR), adolescents with a biological parent with bipolar I disorder and major depressive disorder, or depressive disorder not otherwise specified (n = 36; ‘ultra‐high risk’, UHR), and first‐episode adolescent bipolar manic patients (n = 35, BP).ResultsGroup differences were observed for DHA (P ≤ 0.0001) and EPA (P = 0.03). Compared with HC, erythrocyte EPA + DHA (‘omega‐3 index’) was significantly lower in BP (−24%, P ≤ 0.0001) and UHR (−19%, P = 0.0006) groups, and there was a trend in the HR group (−11%, P = 0.06). Compared with HC (61%), a greater percentage of HR (77%, P = 0.02), UHR (80%, P = 0.005) and BP (97%, P = 0.001) subjects exhibited EPA + DHA levels of ≤4.0%. Among all subjects (n = 130), EPA + DHA was inversely correlated with manic (r = −0.29, P = 0.0008) and depressive (r = −0.28, P = 0.003) symptom severity. The AA/EPA + DHA ratio was significantly greater in BP (+22%, P = 0.0002) and UHR (+16%, P = 0.001) groups.ConclusionsLow EPA + DHA levels coincide with the initial onset of mania, and increasing risk for developing bipolar disorder is associated with graded erythrocyte EPA + DHA deficits. Low erythrocyte EPA + DHA biostatus may represent a promising prodromal risk biomarker warranting additional evaluation in future prospective studies.
Early exposure to parental bipolar disorder and risk of mood disorder: the Flourish Canadian prospective offspring cohort study
Authors: Goodday Sarah , Levy Adrian , Flowerdew Gordon , Horrocks Julie , Grof Paul , Ellenbogen Mark , Duffy Anne 
Published: October 2015

AbstractAimExposure to postnatal parental depression is associated with offspring mood disorder later in life; however, little is known about exposure to parental bipolar disorder (BD) and subsequent risk of psychopathology. The aim of this study was to determine the association between the duration, severity and timing of exposure to parental BD in early childhood and subsequent risk of mood disorder.Methods189 offspring of a parent with BD completed annual assessments following Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders (KSADS) format semistructured interviews as part of an ongoing 16‐year prospective cohort study. Clinical data from the affected parents were collected over the first decade of their offspring's life using SADS‐L format semistructured interviews and coded using the Affective Morbidity Index (AMI).ResultsA longer duration of exposure to parental BD was associated with a 1.5‐fold risk of any psychopathology (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.0–2.3) and a 2.5‐fold increased risk of substance use disorders (95% CI: 1.2–5.3). Exposure during the first 2 years of life was significantly associated with the risk of mood disorder (hazard ratio (HR): 1.1, 95% CI: 1.0–1.2), whereas exposure later in childhood was not.ConclusionsThe duration of exposure to active parental BD in childhood is an important risk factor for the subsequent development of mood and non‐mood psychopathology risk in offspring. These findings emphasize the importance of effective treatment of parents with BD to help both themselves and their children, especially early in development.
The Genetic Absence Epilepsy Rats from Strasbourg model of absence epilepsy exhibits alterations in fear conditioning and latent inhibition consistent with psychiatric comorbidities in humans
Authors: Marks Wendie N. , Cavanagh Mary E. , Greba Quentin , Cain Stuart M. , Snutch Terrance P. , Howland John G. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractBehavioural, neurological, and genetic similarities exist in epilepsies, their psychiatric comorbidities, and various psychiatric illnesses, suggesting common aetiological factors. Rodent models of epilepsy are used to characterize the comorbid symptoms apparent in epilepsy and their neurobiological mechanisms. The present study was designed to assess Pavlovian fear conditioning and latent inhibition in a polygenetic rat model of absence epilepsy, i.e. Genetic Absence Epilepsy Rats from Strasbourg (GAERS) and the non‐epileptic control (NEC) strain. Electrophysiological recordings confirmed the presence of spike‐wave discharges in young adult GAERS but not NEC rats. A series of behavioural tests designed to assess anxiety‐like behaviour (elevated plus maze, open field, acoustic startle response) and cognition (Pavlovian conditioning and latent inhibition) was subsequently conducted on male and female offspring. Results showed that GAERS exhibited significantly higher anxiety‐like behaviour, a characteristic reported previously. In addition, using two protocols that differed in shock intensity, we found that both sexes of GAERS displayed exaggerated cued and contextual Pavlovian fear conditioning and impaired fear extinction. Fear reinstatement to the conditioned stimuli following unsignalled footshocks did not differ between the strains. Male GAERS also showed impaired latent inhibition in a paradigm using Pavlovian fear conditioning, suggesting that they may have altered attention, particularly related to previously irrelevant stimuli in the environment. Neither the female GAERS nor NEC rats showed evidence of latent inhibition in our paradigm. Together, the results suggest that GAERS may be a particularly useful model for assessing therapeutics designed to improve the emotional and cognitive disturbances associated with absence epilepsy.
Circadian PER2::LUC rhythms in the olfactory bulb of freely moving mice depend on the suprachiasmatic nucleus but not on behaviour rhythms
Authors: Ono Daisuke , Honma Sato , Honma Ken‐ichi 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThe temporal order of physiology and behaviour in mammals is regulated by the coordination of the master circadian clock in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) and peripheral clocks in various tissues outside the SCN. Because the circadian oscillator(s) in the olfactory bulb (OB) is regarded as SCN independent, we examined the relationship between the SCN master clock and the circadian clock in the OB. We also examined the role of vasoactive intestinal peptide receptor 2 in the circadian organization of the OB. We continuously monitored the circadian rhythms of a clock gene product PER2 in the SCN and OB of freely moving mice by means of a bioluminescence reporter and an optical fibre implanted in the brain. Robust circadian rhythms were detected in the OB and SCN for up to 19 days. Bilateral SCN lesions abolished the circadian behaviour rhythms and disorganized the PER2 rhythms in the OB. The PER2 rhythms in the OB showed more than one oscillatory component of a similar circadian period, suggesting internal desynchronization of constituent oscillators. By contrast, significant circadian PER2 rhythms were detected in the vasoactive intestinal peptide receptor 2‐deficient mice, despite the substantial deterioration or abolition of circadian behavioural rhythms. These findings indicate that the circadian clock in the OB of freely moving mice depends on the SCN master clock but not on the circadian behavioural rhythms. The circadian PER2::LUC rhythm in the cultured OB was as robust as that in the cultured SCN but reset by slice preparation, suggesting that culturing of the slice reinforces the circadian rhythm.
Global assessment of the severity of epilepsy (GASE) Scale in children: Validity, reliability, responsiveness
Authors: Chan Cindy Jauhrur , Zou Guangyong , Wiebe Samuel , Speechley Kathy Nixon 
Published: October 2015

SummaryObjectiveThe Global Assessment of Severity of Epilepsy (GASE) Scale is a single‐item, 7‐point global rating scale designed for neurologist‐report of overall severity of epilepsy in children. Building on previous preliminary evidence of its validity and reliability for research and clinical use, this study evaluated the GASE Scale's construct validity, reliability, and responsiveness to changes in severity of epilepsy.MethodsData used for the study arose from the Health‐Related Quality of Life in Children with Epilepsy Study (HERQULES), a 2‐year multicenter prospective cohort study (n = 374) with observations taken at baseline, and 6, 12, and 24 months after diagnosis. Construct validity and reliability were quantified using Spearman's correlation and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Responsiveness was assessed using both distribution‐based and anchor‐based indices.ResultsThe GASE Scale was at least moderately correlated (r ≥ 0.30) with several key clinical aspects and most strongly correlated with frequency and intensity of seizures and interference of epilepsy or drugs with daily activities (r > 0.30). Total variation in GASE Scale scores explained by seven core clinical aspects of epilepsy increased over time (R2 = 28% at baseline to R2 = 70% at 24 months). The GASE Scale had modest test–retest reliability (ICC range: 0.52–0.64) and was responsive to changes in clinical criteria (standardized response mean range: 0.49–0.68; probability of change range: 0.69–0.75; Guyatt's responsiveness statistic range: 0.56–0.84). The GASE Scale showed potential to discriminate “stable” and “changed” patients according to select criteria and to a composite score (area under the receiver operating characteristic [ROC] curve range: 0.50–0.67).SignificanceResults offer additional evidence in support of the GASE Scale's validity, reliability, as well as responsiveness to changes in severity of epilepsy in children. We conclude that the GASE Scale is a potentially useful tool for assessing the severity of epilepsy in both clinical and research settings.
Warming accelerates termination of a phytoplankton spring bloom by fungal parasites
Authors: Frenken Thijs , Velthuis Mandy , de Senerpont Domis Lisette N. , Stephan Susanne , Aben Ralf , Kosten Sarian , van Donk Ellen , Van de Waal Dedmer B. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractClimate change is expected to favour infectious diseases across ecosystems worldwide. In freshwater and marine environments, parasites play a crucial role in controlling plankton population dynamics. Infection of phytoplankton populations will cause a transfer of carbon and nutrients into parasites, which may change the type of food available for higher trophic levels. Some phytoplankton species are inedible to zooplankton, and the termination of their population by parasites may liberate otherwise unavailable carbon and nutrients. Phytoplankton spring blooms often consist of large diatoms inedible for zooplankton, but the zoospores of their fungal parasites may serve as a food source for this higher trophic level. Here, we investigated the impact of warming on the fungal infection of a natural phytoplankton spring bloom and followed the response of a zooplankton community. Experiments were performed in ca. 1000 L indoor mesocosms exposed to a controlled seasonal temperature cycle and a warm (+4 °C) treatment in the period from March to June 2014. The spring bloom was dominated by the diatom Synedra. At the peak of infection over 40% of the Synedra population was infected by a fungal parasite (i.e. a chytrid) in both treatments. Warming did not affect the onset of the Synedra bloom, but accelerated its termination. Peak population density of Synedra tended to be lower in the warm treatments. Furthermore, Synedra carbon: phosphorus stoichiometry increased during the bloom, particularly in the control treatments. This indicates enhanced phosphorus limitation in the control treatments, which may have constrained chytrid development. Timing of the rotifer Keratella advanced in the warm treatments and closely followed chytrid infections. The chytrids' zoospores may thus have served as an alternative food source to Keratella. Our study thus emphasizes the importance of incorporating not only nutrient limitation and grazing, but also parasitism in understanding the response of plankton communities towards global warming.
Age But Not Sex Is Associated With Efficacy and Adverse Events Following Administration of Intravenous Migraine Medication: An Analysis of a Clinical Trial Database
Authors: Friedman Benjamin W. , Cisewski David H. , Holden Lynne , Bijur Polly E. , Gallagher E. John 
Published: October 2015

BackgroundMigraine prevalence is associated with both sex and age. Differences in efficacy of parenteral migraine medication administration based on the sex and age of the patient have not been explored in the published literature.ObjectiveThe objective was to determine whether sex and age are associated with short‐term headache relief, sustained headache freedom, or adverse medication effects in data collected during 3 emergency department (ED)‐based acute migraine comparative efficacy trials.MethodsData were combined from 3 studies in which patients who presented to an ED with acute migraine were randomized to one of the following intravenous medication regimens: (1) metoclopramide combined with diphenhydramine; (2) metoclopramide combined with diphenhydramine and dexamethasone; (3) metoclopramide alone; (4) ketorolac; or (5) valproate. In each of these studies, (1) short‐term efficacy (patient description of the headache as “mild” or “none” 1 hour after medication administration); (2) sustained efficacy (patient description of the headache as “none” within 2 hours of medication administration and no headache recurrence for 24 hours post ED discharge); and (3) the frequency of any adverse medication effects within 24 hours of medication administration was determined. For each of the medication regimens studied, efficacy and adverse event rates were compared between men vs women and the older vs the younger half of patients. Multivariate logistic regression models were constructed in which sex and age were maintained in the model as well as variables representing each of the medication regimens patients received.ResultsA total of 884 patients were included in this analysis (140 men and 744 women). The median age was 35 years. After controlling for age and medication received, female sex was not associated with short‐term efficacy (OR 0.98 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.66, 1.46]), sustained efficacy (OR 0.72 [95%CI: 0.45, 1.15]), or adverse events (OR 1.14 [95%CI: 0.77, 1.71]). Age >36 years, however, was associated with short‐term efficacy (OR 0.66 [95%CI: 0.49, 0.88]), sustained efficacy (OR 0.50 [95%CI: 0.34, 0.73]), and adverse events (OR 1.36 [95%CI: 1.02, 1.82]).ConclusionSex was not associated with response to parenteral acute migraine medication. Age was associated with both efficacy and adverse events.
Protecting liver sinusoidal endothelial cells suppresses apoptosis in acute liver damage
Authors: Tanoi Tomohito , Tamura Takafumi , Sano Naoki , Nakayama Ken , Fukunaga Kiyoshi , Zheng Yun‐Wen , Akhter Afsana , Sakurai Yu , Hayashi Yasuhiro , Harashima Hideyoshi , Ohkohchi Nobuhiro 
Published: October 2015

AimApoptosis is associated with various types of hepatic disorders. We have developed a novel cell‐transfer drug delivery system (DDS) using a multifunctional envelope‐type nano device that targets liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs). The purpose of this study was to determine the efficacy of the novel DDS containing siRNA at suppressing apoptosis in LSECs.MethodsBax siRNA was transfected into a sinusoidal endothelial cell line (M1) to suppress apoptosis induced by an anti‐Fas antibody and staurosporine. C57BL/6J mice were divided into three groups: (i) a control group, only intravenous saline; (ii) a nonselective group, injections of siRNA sealed in the nonselective DDS; and (iii) an LSEC‐transfer efficient group, injections of siRNA sealed in an LSEC‐transfer efficient DDS. Hepatic cell apoptosis was induced by an anti‐Fas antibody.ResultsBax siRNA had an anti‐apoptotic effect on M1 cells. Serum alanine aminotransferase was reduced in the LSEC‐transfer efficient group, as were cleaved caspase‐3 and the number of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling positive hepatocytes. Silver impregnation staining indicated that the sinusoidal space was maintained in the LSEC‐transfer efficient group but not in the other groups. Electron microscopy showed that the LSECs were slightly impaired, although the sinusoidal structure was maintained in the LSEC‐transfer efficient group.ConclusionHepatocyte apoptosis was reduced by the efficient suppression of LSEC apoptosis with a novel DDS. Protecting the sinusoidal structure by suppressing LSEC damage will be an effective treatment for acute liver failure.
Medieval History from the Margins
Authors: Lee Rosemary 
Published: October 2015

AbstractAround 1000 CE, minorities like Jews, heretics, and Muslims, the physically and mentally ill, and gay men began experiencing increased persecution in medieval Europe. This pedagogy‐focused article on a thematic medieval history course surveys major works on persecution, sexual identity, gender identity, religious violence, and deviance. A brief discussion on implementing the course at two colleges will reveal how instructors can adapt a course on persecution and medieval interfaith relations to diverse learners and institutional climates.
Teaching and Learning Guide: Outsiders in Medieval Europe
Authors: Lee Rosemary 
Published: October 2015

AbstractReligious persecution is synonymous with the popular image of the Middle Ages. “Outsiders in Medieval Europe” is a pedagogy‐focused article on a medieval history course for undergraduates that studies persecution. The course, which explores marginalized peoples and groups in the Middle Ages, focuses on medieval interfaith relations and the history of sexuality. Students will study medieval anti‐Semitism and medieval Jews, explore Christian interactions with Islam before and after the crusades, and examine John Boswell's argument about Christian attitudes towards homosexuality. Students will conclude the course by studying female mysticism and attitudes towards illness. The article includes a sample syllabus.
Effects of overweight and obesity on motor and mental development in infants and toddlers
Authors: Cataldo R. , Huang J. , Calixte R. , Wong A. T. , Bianchi‐Hayes J. , Pati S. 
Published: October 2015

SummaryBackgroundA consequence of childhood obesity may be poor developmental outcomes.ObjectivesThis study aimed to examine the relationship between weight and developmental delays in young children.MethodsWe conducted a secondary analysis of the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study Birth Cohort data. Logistic regression models quantified the association between different weight statuses (normal weight <85th, overweight ≥90th, obese ≥95th percentile for weight) and delays in motor and mental development.ResultsChildren classified as overweight in both waves had higher percentages of delays in wave 2 (motor [7.5 vs. 6.2–6.4%], mental [8.6 vs. 5.9–6.7%]), as well as wave 1 and/or wave 2 (motor [14.8 vs. 10.9–13.0%], mental [11.9 vs. 9.0–10.1%]), compared with other children. This association was also found in children who were obese at both time points in wave 2 (motor delay [8.9 vs. 4.9–7.3%], mental delay [10.3 vs. 6.0–7.2%]), as well as wave 1 and/or wave 2 (motor delay [14.5 vs. 10.9–12.9%], mental delay [14.1 vs. 9.4–10.1%]). In the adjusted models, children classified as always obese were more likely to have a mental delay in wave 2 (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.89, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.21–2.95) as well as wave 1 and/or wave 2 (aOR 1.56, 95% CI: 1.08–2.26). These children were also more likely to have motor delay (aOR 1.47, 95% CI: 1.02–2.13) in wave 1 and/or wave 2.ConclusionOverweight children are more likely than their normal‐weight peers to have motor and mental developmental delays. Preventing obesity during infancy may facilitate reducing developmental delays in young children.
The fear of failure: Youth employment problems in China
Authors: SCHUCHER Günter 
Published: October 2015

AbstractMedia reports about the employment situation of China's youth have been somewhat contradictory. Low unemployment rates coexist with heightened concern over this issue among China's leadership and population. The author addresses that contradiction by investigating the employment situation of young people in China and demonstrating that they complain about inadequate employment rather than about unemployment per se. In particular, tertiary education graduates, who represent approximately half of all the young people entering the Chinese labour market every year, are concerned about unsatisfying job opportunities, lower‐than‐expected starting salaries, and declining chances for upward mobility.
Parental effects and the evolution of phenotypic memory
Authors: Kuijper B. , Johnstone R. A. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractDespite growing evidence for nongenetic inheritance, the ecological conditions that favour the evolution of heritable parental or grandparental effects remain poorly understood. Here, we systematically explore the evolution of parental effects in a patch‐structured population with locally changing environments. When selection favours the production of a mix of offspring types, this mix differs according to the parental phenotype, implying that parental effects are favoured over selection for bet‐hedging in which the mixture of offspring phenotypes produced does not depend on the parental phenotype. Positive parental effects (generating a positive correlation between parental and offspring phenotype) are favoured in relatively stable habitats and when different types of local environment are roughly equally abundant, and can give rise to long‐term parental inheritance of phenotypes. By contrast, unstable habitats can favour negative parental effects (generating a negative correlation between parental and offspring phenotype), and under these circumstances, even slight asymmetries in the abundance of local environmental states select for marked asymmetries in transmission fidelity.