bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Variations in the cochlear implant experience in children with enlarged vestibular aqueduct
Authors: Pritchett Cedric , Zwolan Teresa , Huq Farhan , Phillips Amanda , Parmar Hemant , Ibrahim Mohannad , Thorne Marc , Telian Steven 
Published: February 2015

Objectives/HypothesisTo describe the clinical experience and characterize the outcomes of cochlear implantation (CI) in children with isolated enlarged vestibular aqueduct (IEVA) as compared to children with enlarged vestibular aqueduct (EVA) associated with other bony labyrinth abnormalities.Study DesignSingle, tertiary care, institutional retrospective review over 2 decades.MethodsThe clinical course and outcomes of 55 children with EVA undergoing CI between 1991 and 2013 were reviewed. Test measures included open and closed set speech perception tests, and various speech and language measures.ResultsIn 18 children (32.7%), IEVA was the only defect present. In 33 children (60%), EVA occurred concomitantly with incomplete partition type 2 (IP 2) bilaterally, and three children with incomplete partition type 1 bilaterally. Ninety‐two percent (51 of 55) occurred bilaterally and had matching bony defects. Mean age of CI was 73.4 months. A statistically significant defect‐related and linguistic‐status pattern was noted, impacting the timing of implantation: IEVA = 112.8 months, IP 2 = 58.4 months (P < .001), prelingual deafness = 53.8 months, postlingual deafness = 110.8 months (P < .001). Controlling for implant age and hearing loss severity, IEVA children demonstrated superior performance on speech perception tests (8.2 to 20.3 point differences), though statistical significance was inconsistent (P = .01–.40. Performance was also superior in speech and language tests, though statistical significance was never reached (2.9–13.9 point differences; P = .14–.69).ConclusionsChildren with hearing loss secondary to EVA respond meaningfully to cochlear implantation. However, the severity of temporal bone anomalies in these children has clinical relevance.Level of Evidence4 Laryngoscope, 125:2169–2174, 2015
GTM‐Based QSAR Models and Their Applicability Domains
Authors: Gaspar H. A. , Baskin I. I. , Marcou G. , Horvath D. , Varnek A. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractIn this paper we demonstrate that Generative Topographic Mapping (GTM), a machine learning method traditionally used for data visualisation, can be efficiently applied to QSAR modelling using probability distribution functions (PDF) computed in the latent 2‐dimensional space. Several different scenarios of the activity assessment were considered: (i) the “activity landscape” approach based on direct use of PDF, (ii) QSAR models involving GTM‐generated on descriptors derived from PDF, and, (iii) the k‐Nearest Neighbours approach in 2D latent space. Benchmarking calculations were performed on five different datasets: stability constants of metal cations Ca2+, Gd3+ and Lu3+ complexes with organic ligands in water, aqueous solubility and activity of thrombin inhibitors. It has been shown that the performance of GTM‐based regression models is similar to that obtained with some popular machine‐learning methods (random forest, k‐NN, M5P regression tree and PLS) and ISIDA fragment descriptors. By comparing GTM activity landscapes built both on predicted and experimental activities, we may visually assess the model’s performance and identify the areas in the chemical space corresponding to reliable predictions. The applicability domain used in this work is based on data likelihood. Its application has significantly improved the model performances for 4 out of 5 datasets.
Interleukin‐32β ameliorates metabolic disorder and liver damage in mice fed high‐fat diet
Authors: Lee Dong Hun , Hong Ji Eun , Yun Hyung‐Mun , Hwang Chul Ju , Park Ju Ho , Han Sang Bae , Yoon Do Young , Song Min Jong , Hong Jin Tae 
Published: February 2015

ObjectiveChronic excessive food intake leads to energy imbalance, resulting in hepatic steatosis and inflammation. Interleukin‐32 (IL‐32) is known to be a pro‐inflammatory cytokine associated with chronic inflammation and cancer. Therefore, the relationship between IL‐32 and chronic excessive food intake‐induced liver disease was investigated.MethodsMale IL‐32β transgenic and wild‐type mice were fed a high‐fat diet (HFD) for 15 weeks. They were compared with wild‐type mice on a standard chow diet. Daily food intake, body and liver weight, serum biochemistry, histopathological analysis of the liver, and hepatic immune response were determined.ResultsIL‐32β mice on HFD showed lower lipid accumulation, reduced infiltration of immune cells, and lower production of pro‐inflammatory cytokines in the liver. The expression of the peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor γ (PPARγ) was downregulated and the adenosine 50‐monophosphate (AMP)‐activated protein kinase (AMPK) was activated in the liver of IL‐32β mice compared to wild‐type mice. Furthermore, IL‐32β over‐expression activated the AMPK pathway and IL‐32β downregulation inactivated the AMPK pathway in HepG2 cells under high‐glucose conditions.ConclusionsThese data suggest that IL‐32β modulates lipid accumulation through inhibition of PPARγ expression and AMPK activation.
Changes in insulin‐like growth factor‐I and ‐II associated with fat but not lean mass in early old age
Authors: Bann David , Holly Jeff M.P. , Lashen Hany , Hardy Rebecca , Adams Judith , Kuh Diana , Ong Ken K. , Ben‐Shlomo Yoav 
Published: February 2015

ObjectiveTo test the hypothesis that insulin‐like growth factors‐I and II (IGF‐I and II) decline during late midlife and that greater declines are related to higher fat mass and lower lean mass.MethodsA total of 1,542 men and women in a British birth cohort study had IGF‐I and II measured by immunoassay of blood samples at age 53 and/or 60‐64 years. Fat mass, android:gynoid fat ratio, and appendicular lean mass were measured at 60‐64 years using dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry (DXA). Associations between changes in IGF‐I or II and body composition outcomes were examined using conditional change linear regression models.ResultsMean IGF‐I and IGF‐II concentrations were lower at 60‐64 than at 53 years, by 12.8% for IGF‐I and by 12.5% for IGF‐II. Larger declines in either IGF‐I or II were associated with higher fat mass at 60‐64 years. Although higher IGF‐I at 53 years was associated with higher lean mass, there was little evidence linking changes in IGF‐I or II to lean mass.ConclusionsThe findings suggest that IGF‐I and II concentrations decline with age, and greater declines are associated with higher fat mass levels. These results provide some evidence for the suggested roles of IGF‐I and II in regulating fat mass but not lean mass in older age.
Cardiovascular, metabolic, and coronary dysfunction in high‐Fat‐Fed obesity‐resistant/prone rats
Authors: Dake Brian L. , Oltman Christine L. 
Published: February 2015

ObjectiveObesity is a global epidemic leading to several comorbidities including diabetes and cardiovascular disease. The hypothesis that the genetic background of the obesity‐prone rat (OP) predisposes to physiologic, metabolic, and microvascular dysfunction which is exacerbated by a diet high in saturated fats was tested.MethodsMale OP and obesity‐resistant (OR) rats were fed either a diet containing 10% (chow) or 45% kcal fat (HF) for 42 weeks.ResultsWeight of OP rats was greater than OR rats by 8 weeks on both diets. Blood pressure was increased in OP rats on chow and further augmented by HF diet compared to OR rats on similar diets. In contrast to weight and blood pressure, glucose clearance was similar in OR and OP rats on chow and impaired in both models on HF diet. Relaxation to acetylcholine was attenuated in OP rats compared to OR rats by 8 weeks and remained reduced throughout the study. A longer period of time was required to observe vascular dysfunction in HF‐fed OR rats.ConclusionsWhen compared to OR rats, OP rats are prone to develop not only greater obesity but also hypertension and vascular dysfunction on a normal diet which is further augmented with HF diet.
Risk and injury severity of obese child passengers in motor vehicle crashes
Authors: Kim Jong‐Eun , Hsieh Min‐Heng , Shum Phillip C. , Tubbs R. Shane , Allison David B. 
Published: February 2015

ObjectiveTo investigate the risk and injury severity on the regional body (head, neck, and chest) of obese children in frontal motor vehicle crashes (MVCs).MethodsNo physical surrogates (i.e., crash dummies) for obese children were available, and experiments on pediatric cadavers were generally not feasible. Therefore, computational models of obese children using medical imaging processing and state‐of‐the‐art modeling techniques were developed. A hybrid modeling technique was used to integrate the finite element model for torso fat layer into the standard multibody model to represent various levels of obese children for 3‐ and 6‐year‐old age groups. The models were used to investigate injury severity under various crash scenarios through model simulations.ResultsThe head injury criterion and chest acceleration were observed to increase as body mass index (BMI) increased. Meanwhile, no such correlations were found between BMI and neck injury and chest deformation. Forward head and torso excursions were observed to increase as obesity increased, owing to the momentum effect of greater body mass.ConclusionsObese children appeared to have greater risks for head and chest injuries than do their non‐obese counterparts in frontal MVCs, owing to higher head and chest accelerations induced by greater body excursion.
Blunted suppression of acyl‐ghrelin in response to fructose ingestion in obese adolescents: The role of insulin resistance
Authors: Van Name Michelle , Giannini Cosimo , Santoro Nicola , Jastreboff Ania M. , Kubat Jessica , Li Fangyong , Kursawe Romy , Savoye Mary , Duran Elvira , Dziura James , Sinha Rajita , Sherwin Robert S. , Cline Gary , Caprio Sonia 
Published: February 2015

ObjectiveFructose consumption has risen alongside obesity and diabetes. Gut hormones involved in hunger and satiety (ghrelin and PYY) may respond differently to fructose compared with glucose ingestion. This study evaluated the effects of glucose and fructose ingestion on ghrelin and PYY in lean and obese adolescents with differing insulin sensitivity.MethodsAdolescents were divided into lean (n = 14), obese insulin sensitive (n = 12) (OIS), and obese insulin resistant (n = 15) (OIR). In a double‐blind, cross‐over design, subjects drank 75 g of glucose or fructose in random order, serum was obtained every 10 minutes for 60 minutes.ResultsBaseline acyl‐ghrelin was highest in lean and lowest in OIR (P = 0.02). After glucose ingestion, acyl‐ghrelin decreased similarly in lean and OIS but was lower in OIR (vs. lean, P = 0.03). Suppression differences were more pronounced after fructose (lean vs. OIS, P = 0.008, lean vs. OIR, P < 0.001). OIS became significantly hungrier after fructose (P = 0.015). PYY was not significantly different at baseline, varied minimally after glucose, and rose after fructose.ConclusionsCompared with lean, OIS adolescents have impaired acyl‐ghrelin responses to fructose but not glucose, whereas OIR adolescents have blunted responses to both. Diminished suppression of acyl‐ghrelin in childhood obesity, particularly if accompanied by insulin resistance, may promote hunger and overeating.
Restructuring Sharing Time for English Learners and Their Parents
Authors: Protacio Maria Selena , Edwards Patricia A. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractIn this article, the authors discuss how sharing time, a staple classroom practice in primary grade classrooms, was modified to increase involvement among parents ofELLs. The authors discuss the benefits of modifying sharing time to focus on specific cultural artifacts fromELLs’ native culture. This modification allowed for meaningful conversations and planning to occur betweenELLs and their parents. The sharing time presentation also increased the interest and knowledge of theELLs and their classmates about their native culture.
Inquiry as ESL
Authors: Moses Lindsey , Busetti‐Frevert Rachel , Pritchard Rachael 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThis article includes discussion about a formative study in which inquiry was used as ESL instruction for second‐grade emerging bilinguals. Drawing on the literature and research surrounding English learners, comprehension, informational text and inquiry, the teachers and researcher integrated comprehension strategy instruction with inquiry and research skills as an instructional approach to support the development of informational reading, writing, listening and speaking in English. The five most frequently used and instructionally essential strategies identified for facilitating the research projects during the study are reported. Each strategy and anchor lesson is explained along with the teachers’ narrative account of how they continued facilitating inquiry throughout the week with teaching tips they developed throughout the unit of inquiry. The classroom teachers share challenges, successes and reasons for using inquiry with accompanying photos of student work.
Comparison of stormwater biofiltration systems in Southeast Australia and Southern California
Authors: Ambrose Richard F. , Winfrey Brandon K. 
Published: February 2015

Stormwater biofilters (also called rain gardens, bioretention systems, and bioswales) are used to manage stormwater runoff in urbanized environments. Some benefits of biofilters include flood prevention, stormwater runoff water quality improvement, and wildlife habitat. This technology has been implemented on a larger scale in southeast Australia, but cities and counties in southern California just beginning to construct biofilter systems to manage stormwater runoff. Biofilters tend to be larger in southern California than in southeast Australia. Differences in rainfall patterns likely affect biofilter function. Southern California has much longer periods between rain events than southeast Australia, providing challenges to establishing and maintaining vegetation in biofilters. The use of biofilters for restoring predevelopment flow regimes has been studied in a peri‐urban watershed in southeast Australia, but flow regime restoration is not likely in highly urbanized locations in both Australia and southern California. However, stormwater runoff treatment and harvesting in decentralized biofilters could substantially reduce storm flows and improve water quality in receiving waters while improving urban water supply and extending the life of existing stormwater management infrastructure. WIREs Water 2015, 2:131–146. doi: 10.1002/wat2.1064This article is categorized under:

Water and Life > Conservation, Management, and Awareness
Engineering Water > Sustainable Engineering of Water
Customs, habits, and traditions: the role of nonscientific factors in the development of ecological assessment methods
Authors: Kelly Martyn G. , Schneider Susanne C. , King Lydia 
Published: February 2015

A large number of new ecological assessment tools have been developed in Europe in response to the obligations imposed on Member States by the Water Framework Directive. These have been extensively evaluated and compared to ensure consistent application of this legislation across the European Union. In this essay, we suggest that part of the variation between national approaches reflects differences in the customs, habits, and traditions of the Member States. Using phytobenthos (benthic algae) as an example, we show how the initial selection of a method may, itself, generate an infrastructure that makes it harder for an organization to change to an alternative method in the future. Differences in academic tradition around Europe, exemplified by the strong tradition of teaching systematic biology in central Europe, can lead to differences in the types of method that are adopted that cannot be explained wholly by their effectiveness as measures of ecological status. This focus on national differences in assessment, however, needs to be set in context in a wider debate about the effectiveness of water management regimes, if the objectives of the Water Framework Directive are to be achieved. WIREs Water 2015, 2:159–165. doi: 10.1002/wat2.1068This article is categorized under:

Water and Life > Conservation, Management, and Awareness
Human Water > Water Governance
Structural and Magnetic Characterization of Single‐phase Sponge‐like Bulk α′′‐Fe16N2
Authors: Widenmeyer Marc , Shlyk Larysa , Senyshyn Anatoliy , Mönig Reiner , Niewa Rainer 
Published: February 2015

Abstract Improvements of the two‐step reaction sequence starting from γ‐Fe2O3 enabled us to synthesize α′′‐Fe16N2 in single phase according to the applied diffraction methods. Simultaneous Rietveld refinements were carried out on powder X‐ray and neutron diffraction data. Scanning electron microscopy images of the in situ formed α‐Fe and α′′‐Fe16N2 indicate the formation of pores during reduction and ammonolysis reaction, respectively, resulting in a sponge‐like morphology of the α′′‐Fe16N2 particles and simultaneously a large surface area facilitating a complete reaction at comparably low temperatures of 125 °C. The large surface area is susceptible to the sorption of impurities and indeed chemical analysis reveals significant oxygen and hydrogen contamination of the sample. From EDX measurements in combination with the results of chemical analysis a sorption of humidity to the surface seems to be more likely to explain this contamination than an incorporation of oxygen into the bulk of the sample. Magnetization measurements on the bulk sample of α′′‐Fe16N2 did not reveal any indication for the presence of a proposed giant magnetic effect.
Bayesian Assessment of Genetic Risk in Families with a Balanced Translocation
Authors: VanDerwerken Douglas 
Published: February 2015

AbstractAn important problem from the field of genetics involves the calculation of a personalized risk estimate on behalf of a heterozygous carrier of a balanced translocation. Though phenotypically normal, the carrier may be at increased risk of having a child who is mentally and physically abnormal due to an unbalanced translocation of chromosomal segments. An accurate estimate of the probability of this event is understandably desirable. Unfortunately, translocations are almost always family‐specific so there is very little data that are perfectly relevant and one has to rely heavily on general risk figures derived from studies of families with similar translocations. This makes the problem particularly well suited to Bayesian analysis, which coherently combines family‐specific data and a priori knowledge. However, much of the genetics counseling literature recommends an either/or approach: if the family is large enough, use family data; else, use pooled population data. In this article, we describe how uncertainty can be significantly reduced by incorporating all available information in the context of deriving a risk estimate for a hypothetical familial translocation.
Assessment of Fetal Nasal Bone Length and Nasofrontal Angle in the Second Trimester in Normal Indian Pregnancies
Authors: Kashikar Shivali V. , Lakhkar Bhushan N. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThe authors aimed to establish the reference ranges of fetal nasal bone length (NBL) in the second trimester and evaluate the relationship between fetal NBL and biparietal diameter (BPD) at 17–22 weeks of gestation in the Indian population. The authors also determined the normal ranges of the fetal nasofrontal angle (NFA). Ultrasound examination was done in 486 singleton pregnancies at 17–22 weeks of gestation. The fetal NBL was measured in millimeters in a strict sagittal view of the fetal head. The NFA was also measured in this mid-sagittal profile. The authors present the normal range of fetal NBL. Mean NBL was found to increase linearly with advancing gestation and BPD. The NBL appears to be marginally longer in Indian fetuses than other Asian fetuses. The minimum, maximum, and mean NFA values were 112, 142, and 130 degrees. The authors present the normal range of NBL in the second trimester in the Indian population and identify its linear relationship with gestational age. The normal range varies among races and so a relative percentile is a more reliable screening criterion than an absolute value. The authors present the normal ranges of fetal NFA from 18 to 21 weeks.
Signaling via the transcriptionally regulated activin receptor 2B is a novel mediator of neuronal cell death during chicken ciliary ganglion development
Authors: Koszinowski S. , Buss K. , Kaehlcke K. , Krieglstein K. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThe TGF‐β ligand superfamily members activin A and BMP control important aspects of embryonic neuronal development and differentiation. Both are known to bind to activin receptor subtypes IIA (ActRIIA) and IIB, while in the avian ciliary ganglion (CG), so far only ActRIIA‐expression has been described. We show that the expression of ACVR2B, coding for the ActRIIB, is tightly regulated during CG development and the knockdown of ACVR2B expression leads to a deregulation in the execution of neuronal apoptosis and therefore affects ontogenetic programmed cell death in vivo. While the differentiation of choroid neurons was impeded in the knockdown, pointing toward a reduction in activin A‐mediated neural differentiation signaling, naturally occurring neuronal cell death in the CG was not prevented by follistatin treatment. Systemic injections of the BMP antagonist noggin, on the other hand, reduced the number of apoptotic neurons to a similar extent as ACVR2B knockdown. We therefore propose a novel pathway in the regulation of CG neuron ontogenetic programmed cell death, which could be mediated by BMP and signals via the ActRIIB.
Aberrant brain activation of error processing among adults with attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder
Authors: Chen Chiao‐Yun , Yen Ju‐Yu , Yen Cheng‐Fang , Chen Cheng‐Sheng , Liu Gin‐Chung , Liang Chih‐Yuan , Ko Chih‐Hung 
Published: February 2015

AbstractIndividuals with adult attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have a deficit in their cognitive control. The aim of this study was to reveal the brain correlates of the deficits in response inhibition or error processing in adult ADHD. A total of 29 adults with ADHD and 25 control individuals were recruited. They completed an event‐related‐design Go/No‐go task under functional magnetic resonance imaging scanning. Both the ADHD group and the control group exhibited activation of the frontostriatal network when processing response inhibition. They also exhibited activation of the frontoinsula cortex and anterior cingulate in error processing. Adults with ADHD have a lower brain activation of error processing over the right inferior frontal lobe adjacent to the insula than control individuals. The altered frontoinsula cortex activation may represent the mechanism of error processing deficit among adults with ADHD.
‘They are not the ponies they ought to have been’: revisiting Cecil Meares’ purchase of Siberian ponies for Captain Scott's British Antarctic (Terra Nova) Expedition (1910–1913)
Authors: May Karen , Lewis George 
Published: February 2015

ABSTRACTCaptain Robert Falcon Scott has been attacked in recent decades because hisTerra Novaexpedition (1910–1913) had to rely on substandard Siberian ponies. Certain commentators have argued that this was Scott's fault, but the available evidence indicates that blame should rest with the buyer Cecil Meares. Additionally, archive evidence indicates that Scott specifically requested Captain Lawrence Oates to travel to Siberia to assist Meares in 1910, and that Oates refused Scott's request.