bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Role of International Tribunals: Law-Making or Creative Interpretation?
Authors: Quiroga Cecilia Medina 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
This article examines the law-making and legal interpretation roles of international human rights tribunals. It identifies the factors that could potential influence the interpretation of human rights norms and describes the relevant practices of the Human Rights Committee and the Inter-American Court. It argues that the function of judicial or quasi-judicial bodies is to interpret and to apply the law to a set of factual circumstances that constitute the situation or case under examination.
Universality and the Growth of Regional Systems
Authors: Heyns Christof , Killander Magnus 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
This article focuses on the regional human rights systems. It suggests that the emergence of these systems constitutes an important dimension of broader participation in the international human rights project because they provide platforms where people from all parts of the world can potentially make their voices heard in the global human rights discourse. It compares the regional human rights systems of Europe, the Americas and Africa and considers other smaller initiatives such as the Arab League and the Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC).
Interpretation of Human Rights Treaties
Authors: Fitzmaurice Malgosia 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
This article examines the systems of interpretation of several international human rights treaties by their respective human rights tribunals. It describes some approaches to the classification of human rights treaties and discusses the relevant provisions of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties of 1969 (VCLT). It also reviews the jurisprudence of human rights tribunals on main human rights issues and analyses the provisions of human rights conventions relating to interpretation.
Transnational Litigation: Jurisdiction and Immunities
Authors: Keitner Chimène I. 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
This article examines the issues of jurisdiction and immunities in transnational human rights litigation. It discusses the bases of asserting jurisdiction and highlights the problem in achieving consensus about the rules governing foreign official immunity. It analyses several relevant court cases including claims against foreign states, against current or former foreign officials and against non-state actors. This article argues that the horizontal enforcement of human rights norms by national courts carries the potential for both salutary and disruptive effects. It explains that while it can provide an avenue for victims of human rights abuses to obtain redress for their injuries, it can also interfere with the conduct of foreign relations with states that do not recognize the validity of national proceedings.
The Use of International Force to Prevent or Halt Atrocities: From Humanitarian Intervention to the Responsibility to Protect
Authors: Thakur Ramesh 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
This article examines the history of the use of international force for preventing atrocities and human rights abuses. It analyses the concept of humanitarian intervention in the context of the historical origins of sovereignty and the reasons behind the shift to the use of the term responsibility to protect (R2P). It evaluates the progress of R2P from its unanimous endorsement in 2005 to its implementation in Libya in 2011. This article also discusses the role of United Nations Security Council (UNSC) in implementing R2P and the General Assembly in refining the concept and building political understanding and support for the norm.
Trade Law and Investment Law
Authors: Joseph Sarah 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
This article examines the relationship among trade, investment and human rights laws. It analyses the relevant legal relationships as reflected in the salient case law and the synergies between the works of the United Nations, the World Trade Organization (WTO) and the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). It also considers the impact of WTO rules on specific economic, social and cultural rights, the benefits of free trade and investment for civil and political rights and the human rights protections for traders and investors.
Creating and Applying Human Rights Indicators
Authors: López-Bermúdez Francisco 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
This article focuses on the history of the creation and application of human rights indicators within the United Nations. It describes the economic, statistical, social, and development regimes created influential actors which have significantly influenced the narrative of human rights indicators and describes the works of human rights bodies concerned with economic, social and cultural rights (ESC rights). It also discusses the Office of the High Commissioner of Human Rights� (OHCHR) development of the so-called illustrative indicators and some theoretical and practical proposals for the application of human rights indicators.
Compliance
Authors: Gori Gisella 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
This article examines the compliance of States with international human rights law. It explains the distinction between judicial and non-judicial compliance mechanisms, focusing on the United Nations (UN) in the context of non-judicial mechanisms and the Council of Europe and the Organization of American States (OAS) in the context of judicial mechanisms. It highlights the central role of the principle of subsidiarity in all international mechanisms for human rights protection and explains that this principle provides a conceptual tool for understanding the relation between the role of states in human rights protection and the role of the international human rights protection mechanisms that states create at the global and regional levels.
Effect of rotational disruption on the size–frequency distribution of the Main Belt asteroid population
Authors: Jacobson Seth A. , Marzari Francesco , Rossi Alessandro , Scheeres Daniel J. , Davis Donald R. 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
The size distribution of small asteroids in the Main Belt is assumed to be determined by an equilibrium between the creation of new bodies out of the impact debris of larger asteroids and the destruction of small asteroids by collisions with smaller projectiles. However, for a diameter less than 6 km, we find that YORP-induced rotational disruption significantly contributes to the erosion even exceeding the effects of collisional fragmentation. Including this additional grinding mechanism in a collision evolution model for the asteroid belt, we generate size–frequency distributions from either an accretional or an ‘Asteroids were born big’ initial size–frequency distribution that are consistent with observations reported in Gladman et al. Rotational disruption is a new mechanism that must be included in all future collisional evolution models of asteroids.
Constructing module maps for integrated analysis of heterogeneous biological networks
Authors: Amar David , Shamir Ron 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
Improved methods for integrated analysis of heterogeneous large-scale omic data are direly needed. Here, we take a network-based approach to this challenge. Given two networks, representing different types of gene interactions, we construct a map of linked modules, where modules are genes strongly connected in the first network and links represent strong inter-module connections in the second. We develop novel algorithms that considerably outperform prior art on simulated and real data from three distinct domains. First, by analyzing protein–protein interactions and negative genetic interactions in yeast, we discover epistatic relations among protein complexes. Second, we analyze protein–protein interactions and DNA damage-specific positive genetic interactions in yeast and reveal functional rewiring among protein complexes, suggesting novel mechanisms of DNA damage response. Finally, using transcriptomes of non–small-cell lung cancer patients, we analyze networks of global co-expression and disease-dependent differential co-expression and identify a sharp drop in correlation between two modules of immune activation processes, with possible microRNA control. Our study demonstrates that module maps are a powerful tool for deeper analysis of heterogeneous high-throughput omic data.
Dissecting the function of the adult β-globin downstream promoter region using an artificial zinc finger DNA-binding domain
Authors: Barrow Joeva J. , Li Ying , Hossain Mir , Huang Suming , Bungert Jörg 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
Developmental stage-specific expression of the β-type globin genes is regulated by many cis- and trans-acting components. The adult β-globin gene contains an E-box located 60 bp downstream of the transcription start site that has been shown to bind transcription factor upstream stimulatory factor (USF) and to contribute to efficient in vitro transcription. We expressed an artificial zinc finger DNA-binding domain (ZF-DBD) targeting this site (+60 ZF-DBD) in murine erythroleukemia cells. Expression of the +60 ZF-DBD reduced the recruitment and elongation of RNA polymerase II (Pol II) at the adult β-globin gene and at the same time increased the binding of Pol II at locus control region (LCR) element HS2, suggesting that Pol II is transferred from the LCR to the globin gene promoters. Expression of the +60 ZF-DBD also reduced the frequency of interactions between the LCR and the adult β-globin promoter. ChIP-exonuclease-sequencing revealed that the +60ZF-DBD was targeted to the adult β-globin downstream promoter and that the binding of the ZF-DBD caused alterations in the association of USF2 containing protein complexes. The data demonstrate that targeting a ZF-DBD to the adult β-globin downstream promoter region interferes with the LCR-mediated recruitment and activity of Pol II.
Beauty and Divinity
Authors: Sherry Patrick 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
Beauty is probably the least considered of God’s attributes nowadays. After looking at the Biblical, Platonic, and Patristic roots of the topic, the chapter discusses briefly a few modern writers who have treated divine beauty, especially Jonathan Edwards, Hans Urs von Balthasar, and Simone Weil, and then some non-Christian sources. Next it considers first the world’s beauty, regarded as brought about through Creation (including works of art as inspired by God’s spirit), and secondly the beauty ascribed to God Himself. It reviews the grounds for such an ascription, including mystical experience and natural theology. It concludes by suggesting ways in which a recovery of the concept of beauty in theology might benefit the Church more widely, especially by fostering joy in worship.
The Religious Sublime
Authors: Mishra Vijay 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
The religious sublime is a key concept in our understanding of the relationship between humans and God. Historically the sublime had a deep connection with religion but it underwent considerable refinement after Kant and Hegel’s reflections on the sublime. The chapter examines the humanist tradition of the sublime beyond Edmund Burke and the Romantics and analyzes how the sublime may be viewed through both aesthetic and religious lenses. The argument that the sublime is linked to reason and makes sense only in the context of a theistic mysticism is critiqued to show that as a category of the mind it is not exclusive to monotheistic religions alone. By examining a classic Hindu text it attempts to give it a different order of epistemological legitimacy.
Narrative Ways of Being Religious
Authors: Jasper David 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
The story is fundamental in human life. As plot, narrative may embrace that which is finally mysterious, such as we find within the biblical narratives of Genesis and in the “counter-coherences” perceived by the narratologist Mieke Bal. This mystery of the biblical narratives is recognized in the rabbinical form of interpretation known as midrash and in the parables of the New Testament, relating to modern literature in writers like Kafka and Borges. The nineteenth-century novel is born from biblical narrative so that even within fiction narrative remains a way of being religious. The twentieth century saw the advent of “narrative theology” and the collapse of narrative form in postmodernism. Yet the story remains in our story-shaped world, drawing us back in fiction to the Bible and to the Gospel narratives.
Dramatic Ways of Being Religious
Authors: Bouchard Larry D. 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
The history of drama and performance often overlaps with histories of religious practice, belief, experience, and thought. This chapter surveys such histories and gives consideration to religious stories and themes, ritual structures, dramatic forms (including “metatheater,” “epic theatre,” verse drama, naturalism, and avant-garde theater), and to theories of religion and performance. The discussion is framed by the question, “Is drama inherently a way of being religious?” That is, does theatrical drama—by virtue of being a hybrid of narrative, dialogue, and embodied performance before live audiences—inherently create possibilities for religious, social, and ethical meanings and relations? The question’s value lies in its power to catalyze discoveries, not in any definitive answer. The chapter concludes with recent theological and ethical views of how drama can open questions of self-transcendence and otherness.
Visual Arts as Ways of Being Religious
Authors: Apostolos-Cappadona Diane 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
Every world religion has an attitude(s) toward the visual arts that can be categorized as being either iconic, aniconic, iconoclastic, or variations thereof. This chapter considers the multiple relationships between religion and the visual arts on the principle that the artist provides meaning and value though image and symbol. The art-historical distinctions between iconography and iconology provide the focus for a discussion of the interdisciplinary methods for interpreting symbolism in religious art. Following an analysis of the traditional concerns related to religion and the visual arts, this chapter gives attention to the contemporary challenges to religious images and symbols by globalization and religious pluralism.
Film and Video as Ways of Being Religious
Authors: Johnston Robert K. 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
This chapter traces the development of religion and film studies, tracking its growth from early biblically-themed shorts prior to World War I to today’s expansive theological/religious conversation with world cinema and Hollywood blockbusters. Historically, such studies centered in Christianity. Theological strategies through the decades have included “avoidance,” “caution,” “dialogue,” “appropriation,” and “divine encounter,” significant scholarship from each being noted. Today, religion and film studies are burgeoning in popularity for several reasons: (1) movies provide people their common myths and stories in our image-based culture; (2) viewer-oriented criticism has uncovered profound experiences of transcendence at the deepest recesses of the human spirit; while (3) theology and film criticism has provided focus on the work of the Holy Spirit outside the believing community and its Scripture. New developments in the field include the discussion of world cinema and other religious traditions, and a stronger focus upon music and image, not just word.
Judaism and Literature
Authors: Stavans Ilan 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
The written word is central to Judaism, a prophetic religion in which the divine word is delivered to humankind in the Hebrew Bible (known as Torah). Text not only enables the divine word to be delivered in the Torah, but also serves as the medium through which the entire legalistic system on which Judaism is based is established. In addition, the written word serves as the depository of collective memory that comes in the form of storytelling. In biblical Judaism, this storytelling acquires two presentations: Torah She’Beal Peh, the oral law or tradition, and Torah She’Bemichtav, the written law or tradition. This article examines the role of literature—and text—in Judaism from the Hebrew Bible to the present. It considers how the idea of literature for Jews has evolved over time and how technology has made the written word ubiquitous. It also discusses changes in readership and how Jewish literature has become global through translation. Finally, it looks at the transition between the written word and the graphic image as literary agents.
Judaism—Visual Art and Architecture
Authors: van Voolen Edward 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
The existence of Jewish art has long been denied by scholars. Indeed, Jewish art appears to be in conflict with the second of the Biblical ten commandments: “you shall not make for yourself a sculptured image… ” Literally interpreted, the verse prohibits visual arts among Jews and seems to reflect a Jewish aversion to images. This article examines art in Judaism and Jewish attitudes to art. It first considers evidence of art in Judaism, such as how Jews regard liturgical books and objects or how they decorate their sanctuaries. It then discusses Jewish art in modernity, focusing on Jewish artists such as Moritz Daniel Oppenheim, Jozef Israëls, Camille Pissarro, Max Liebermann, Mauricy Gottlieb, Marc Chagall, El Lissitzky, Issachar Ryback, Ossip Zadkine, and Jacques Lipchitz. It also looks at contemporary Jewish art as reflected in the architecture of museums, memorials, and synagogues.
Christianity and Visual Art
Authors: Howes Graham 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
This chapter focuses less on the relationship of artists to Christian religious institutions, and more on how an artist’s Christian identity, ideas, and personal beliefs are themselves instrumental in shaping, even determining, artistic self-expression. An identifiable art-historical trajectory is followed, incorporating relevant and revealing case studies, including Fra Angelico, El Greco, Rembrandt, Holman Hunt, Van Gogh, Gauguin, Matisse, and Rouault. The twentieth century—with two World Wars, the Holocaust, the Cold War, globalization, secularization, mass communication, and modernity itself—profoundly transformed both the “traditional” relationship of art to Christianity (and vice versa) and that of Christian faith to artistic practice. In our own “post-modern” era, most artists and their publics are increasingly aware of two major cultural phenomena. One is the paradox of a highly visual culture in which Christian imagery is now, at best, intermittently visible. The other is a marked, perhaps inexorable, mutation away from religion and toward spirituality.
Islam and Literature
Authors: Khalidi Tarif 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
This chapter attempts a historical sketch of the relationship between the Qur’an and rhetoric, arising from the Qur’an’s repeated reference to its own surpassing and inimitable eloquence, (Bayan) and thus, its divine origin. The Qur’an’s hostility to poets and poetry was eventually mitigated through early literary theories which found their fullest expression in Adab, Islamic literary humanism. Adab theories helped to define and refine the question of the Qur’an’s inimitability (i`jaz) through a close examination of the canons of eloquence. In more modern times the question of Qur’an and literature has assumed a new urgency, largely because a literary approach to the Qur’an has morphed into a theological re-examination of basic Qur’anic tenets. Such issues as the narratives in the Qur’an and how they are to be understood today as well as the nature of revelation itself are examples of this transformation of understanding of the sacred text.
Islam and Visual Art
Authors: Graves Margaret S. 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
The label “Islamic art” has at times served to conflate and confuse religious and non-religious impulses within popular understandings of the art of the lands that are now or have historically been majority Muslim. A selection of the manifold visual expressions that relate directly to the practices of faith and religious identity in Islam are here explored, using premodern examples to explore three different themes. The first of these presents the structural form and decoration of some of the earliest mosques and other major religious structures of the Islamic world. The second section considers the role of ornament, including calligraphic practices, in the elaboration and diversification of a religious visual identity, while the third examines the most widely misunderstood aspect of Islamic art—the purported universal aniconism of Muslim cultures—through the small extant corpus of book paintings of religious figures, particularly the Prophet Muhammad.
Hinduism—Aesthetics, Drama, and Poetics
Authors: Visuvalingam Sunthar 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
Distinguishing between “religious” and “secular” in terms of activity (worship), setting (temple), content (deities), intent (edification) is problematic in Hinduism, whose aesthetics often hovers ambiguously between transcendent values and worldly pursuits, while sometimes claiming to constitute a third and distinct domain. Sacred and profane are often superposed, such that the artistry may consist in playing upon the opposed registers, holding them together even while keeping them apart, or refusing to recognize the very distinction. This is best illustrated by the deployment of “humor” around the clown of the Sanskrit drama, whose obvious purpose is vulgar entertainment though his stereotyped role and characterization is intelligible only in terms of a “religious” function. Six fundamentally different approaches to the “sacred” are distinguished: sacrifice (Veda), renunciation, secularization (kingship), possession, devotion (bhakti), and transgression (tantra). This chapter extends the vantage point of Abhinavagupta’s poetics of rasa to the art of storytelling, riddling, and joking.
Hinduism—Visual Art and Architecture
Authors: Frazier Jessica 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
Hindu culture possesses unique ways of seeing and shaping religious art; this chapter explores the “keys” that are needed to interpret some of its characteristic art-forms. The visual arts, like music, provide a universal language that unites the immensely diverse regions of South Asia. Hindu art, in particular, reflects the belief in a polycentric and pervasive divinity that becomes visible in the plastic arts. Rooted in medieval traditions of aesthetic philosophy and ritual divinization, Hindu Art pervades the daily experience of the community, encountered in elaborate ornamental styles, spirits and gods crowding the temple-towers, ritually consecrated sacred architecture, statues and posters that are “alive” with the god’s presence, and evocative films that help the viewer to stay receptive to the effect of these intense art forms.