bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Is DL‐Fenfluramine a Potentially Helpful Drug Therapy in Overweight Adolescent Subjects?
Authors: Pedrinolu Filippo , Cuvuliere Humberto , Lima Nicoluu , Medeiros‐Neto Geraldo 
Published: September 2012

AbstractWe have studied the therapeutic effects of two different doses (30 mg and 60 mg, twice daily) of DL‐fen‐fluramine (DL‐F) in, respectively, prepuberal (11–13 years old) and adolescent subjects (14–17 years old). Sixty‐eight obese subjects were recruited for this study (22 boys, 36 girls, aged 10–17 years old) with body mass index ranging from 24.5 to 44.0 kg/m2, absolute weight ranging from 37.0 to 119.5 kg and % over IBW ranging from 122% to 260%. Results were compared to a placebo treated group of obese adolescent patients (n=17), 6 boys and 11 girls, aged 10–17 years old, BMI ranging from 26–44 kg/m2, absolute weight 53.1 to 96.5 kg, and with 129% to 253% over IBW. In the DL‐F‐treated subjects most patients (n=41) had a continuous weight loss during 12 months but 27 individuals were unable to lose any additional weight after the initial 6 months of the trial. Taken together 65% of all patients lost weight during DL‐F treatment (12 months) whereas only 17.4% of the placebo group lost a significant (>10% BMI) amount of excess weight. Also the placebo group had a higher withdrawal rate (57%) as compared with the DL‐F‐treated group (24%). There was a significant (p<0.05) decrease of the mean & SD of the BMI (at 6 and 12 months of therapy). No significant change of the BMI was observed for control group. Minor adverse side effects consisted of a brief period of drowsiness and dry mouth. Our findings indicated that the continuous administration of DL‐Fenfluramine might help obese adolescent subjects adhere to a diet and to maintain the weight loss achieved without major or harmful adverse effects.
Do Obese Eat Faster Than Lean Subjects? Food Intake Studies in Pima Indian Men
Authors: Rising Russell , Larson D. Enette , Ravussin Eric 
Published: September 2012

AbstractFood intake rate has previously been derived from observation of eating behavior in laboratory settings or in public eating establishments. Although it has been suggested that obese individuals eat faster than lean individuals, observations of such an “obese eating style” have yielded mixed results. In the present study, the relationship between ad‐libitum food intake rate and obesity was evaluated over 4 days on a metabolic ward in 28 healthy Pima Indian men (Mean ± SD; 29 ± 7 y, 100.4 ± 27.1 kg, 33 ± 10% body fat) using an automated food selection system containing a large variety of foods.Total energy intake averaged 18829 ± 3299 kJ/d consisting of 47 ± 4,40 ± 3, and 13 ± 1 percent of carbohydrate, fat and protein, respectively. The average meal duration was 25 ± 7 min. Food intake rate was 68 ± 21 g/min while carbohydrate, fat and protein intake rates were 23 ± 6, 9 ± 3 and 6 ± 2 g/min, respectively. Food intake rate correlated negatively with %body fat (1=0.61, P<0.01). Similar relationships were found between the intake rates of carbohydrate, fat and protein and body fatness. Only prospective studies will indicate whether a slow food intake rate may contribute to the etiology of obesity by possibly reducing satiety.
Plasticity of Brain α‐Adrenoceptors During the Development of Diet‐Induced Obesity in the Rat
Authors: Levin Barry E. , Hamm Michael W. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractMale Sprague‐Dawley rats, which are prone to develop diet‐induced obesity (DIO) on a high energy (HE) diet can be separated from rats which are diet‐resistant (DR) by several prospective tests. Using such tests, chow‐fed DR‐prone rats have higher binding of 3H paraminoclonidine (PAC) to brain α2‐adrenoceptors than do DIO‐prone rats. These differences disappear after 3 months on a HE diet. To study the predictive value of these tests and possible associated changes in presynaptic membrane composition, brain α1‐(1nM 3H prazosin) and α2‐adrenoceptor (1nM 3H PAC) binding and synaptosomal fatty acid composition were assessed in 3‐month‐old male rats separated by weight gain into DR and DIO groups after 1 month on a HE diet. DIO had comparable total caloric intake but gained 30% and 43% more weight and were hyperinsulinemic compared to DR and chow‐fed rats, respectively. After 1 month on a HE diet, DR rats still had 15%‐53% higher 3H PAC binding than DIO and/or chow‐fed rats in 14 of 16 brain areas assessed. A phenotype effect was present primarily in the amygdala where DR rats had higher 3H PAC binding than DIO rats. A diet effect was seen in some hypothalamic nuclei where both DR and DIO rats had higher 3H PAC binding than chow‐fed rats. Conversely, DIO rats had 14%–21% higher 3H prazosin binding than DR rats in 3 brain areas. Changes in brain synaptosomal membranes' fatty acids reflected both phenotype and diet effects. Thus, while diet composition affects presynaptic membrane composition and α2‐adrenoceptor binding in both DR and DIO rats, the predominance of plasticity of these parameters is limited to the brains of DR rats. This suggests that such plasticity may be an important determinant of the ability to resist the development of diet‐induced obesity on a HE diet.
Development and Validation of Computed Tomography Derived Anthropometric Regression Equations for Estimating Abdominal Adipose Tissue Distribution
Authors: Kekes‐Szabo Tamas , Hunter Gary R. , Nyikos Ildiko , Nicholson Christal , Snyder Scott , Berland Lincoln 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThe purpose of this study was twofold: (1) to develop multiple regression equations for predicting computed tomography (CT) derived intra‐abdominal (IAF), subcutaneous (SCF), and total (TOTF= IAF+SCF) abdominal adipose tissue areas from anthropometric measures in adult white males with a large range of age (18–71 years) and percent body fat (2.0–40.6); and (2) to validate the new and existing equations that used similar Hounsfield Units (HU) for determining IAF for estimating these fat depots. One hundred fifty‐one white male subjects had IAF, SCF, and TOTF determined by a single CT scan, skinfold and circumference measures taken and body density determined. Linear intra‐correlations and factor analysis procedures were used to identify variables for inclusion in stepwise multiple regression solutions. IAF was estimated from age, waist circumference, the sum of mid‐thigh and lower thigh circumferences, and vertical abdominal skinfold. SCF was estimated from age, umbilicus circumference, chest and suprailiac skinfolds. TOTF was estimated from age, body mass index (BMI), chest skinfold, and umbilicus circumference. R2 for IAF, SCF, and TOTF was .73, .77, and .86 respectively. The existing and the new equations were validated on an independent sub‐sample of 51 subjects. The only existing equation that met validation criteria had a validation R2 = .67 for IAF. All three new equations met validation criteria with R 2 validations of .75, .79, and .85 for IAF, SCF, and TOTF respectively. It is concluded that the new equations might be used as an inexpensive estimation of IAF, SCF, and TOTF in adult white males varying greatly in age and percent body fat.
LY226936 Administered Orally and Centrally to Obese Zucker Rats Suppresses Food Intake and Body Weight Gain
Authors: Shaw Walter N. , Clemens James A. , Parietta Jill A. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractLY226936, methylcarbamothoic acid‐S‐(4,5‐dihydro‐2‐thiazolyl) ester, is a new compound that, when administered to obese Zucker rats, caused reduced food intake. LY226936 reduced the food consumption after a single oral dose of 50 and 100 mg/kg. On chronic oral administration to meal‐fed obese (5 to 35 mg/kg. once daily) and to fed obese and lean (15 mg/kg. twice daily) Zucker rats, LY226936 reduced food intake and body weight gain for periods ranging from 40 to 48 days. The effect on both parameters was statistically significant. There is no evidence in our studies that tolerance to the actions of LY226936 developed. LY226936 decreased the consumption of both high carbohydrate and high fat diets. Food consumption of meal‐fed obese Zucker rats was reduced significantly each time a single dose of 10 ugm LY226936 per rat was infused intracerebroventricularly. None of the receptors studied (mu and kappa opioid, CCK, serotonin, neuropeptide Y, galinin, N‐methyl‐D‐aspartic acid) appeared to bind LY226936 and therefore, appear not to be involved in the depression of food intake by the obese Zucker rat.
Antiobesity and Antidiabetic β‐agonists: Lessons Learned and Questions to be Answered
Authors: Yen Terence T. 
Published: September 2012

SummaryIn several species of obese animals, a group of phenethanolamine β‐agonists stimulates lipolysis and thermogenesis, resulting in the loss of body fat and weight. Brown adipose tissue is considered to be the major target tissue for the antiobesity activity of these compounds. Independent of this antiobesity activity, some of these compounds are also antidiabetic and increase muscle mass.Based on the pharmacological profile of these com‐pounds, a npeceptor was proposed and character‐ized in mouse, rat, and humans. The 133‐receptor in brown adipose tissue has been suggested to mediate the antiobesity activity of these 13‐agonists. Whether this receptor is responsible for the antidiabetic activ‐ity and whether there is a linkage between the antiobesity/antidiabetic activity and the nutrient par‐titioning activity is not clear.Clinical trials with these mixed 13‐agonists showed marginal antiobesity effects when caloric intake of subjects was restricted. Insulin sensitivity was also improved in some of the trials designed to test the antidiabetic activity of these compounds. Side effects included tachycardia and tremor. To eliminate these side effects, a second generation of compounds was selected for its agonist activity on rat D3‐receptors. Clinical trials with these compounds have shown lit‐tle increase of energy expenditure even at high doses.Successful development of an antiohesity and antidi‐abetic drug from this class of compounds will require the elucidation of the physiological role of the human 133‐receptor and the regulatory mecha‐nism between fuel efficiency and feeding behavior.
The Relationship Between Daytime and Nighttime Food Intake in an Obese Night‐Eater
Authors: Aronoff Nancy J. , Geliebter Allan , Hashim Saini A. , Zaimmit Gary K. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractSome obese individuals consume food during awakenings from nighttime sleep. Three studies were conducted on a 28‐year‐old morbidly obese male with chronic sleeping complaints and insignificant weight loss, despite self‐reported daily caloric restriction: I. For 3 mo, the subject recorded food intake for 24‐h periods. Mean daytime intake was 1286 kcal ± 386 (SD), and mean nighttime intake was 1036 kcal ± 487 (SD). Caloric values of daytime and nighttime intake were negatively correlated, r = −0.22, df= 82, p<.05. II. Seven consecutive 24‐h food intake recordings were obtained with an automated formula dispenser when the subject was an inpatient on a metabolic ward and received ad libitum formula as his sole food source. Mean daytime intake was 1245 ± 662 (SD), and mean nighttime intake was 231 ± 236 (SD). There was a non‐significant negative correlation between daytime and nighttime intake, r = ‐0.32, df = 5, NS. III. The subject underwent polysomnographic studies on 2 non‐consecutive nights, following the administration of either a low (600 kcal) or high (1800 kcal) daytime caloric condition. The subject, upon awakening from nighttime sleep, could eat from a platter of sandwich quarters placed at his bedside. The addition of 1200 kcal to daytime intake decreased nighttime intake by 654 kcal, or by 55% of the additional calories delivered during the day. The three studies (I, II, and III) show that daytime food intake can be negatively correlated with nighttime intake, and that daytime intake can influence nighttime intake in a documented obese night‐eater.
Major Gene Influence on the Propensity to Store Fat in Trunk Versus Extremity Depots: Evidence From the Québec Family Study
Authors: Borecki Ingrid B. , Rice Treva , Pérusse Louis , Bouchard Claude , Rao D.C. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractRegional fat distribution is related to higher risks of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, independent of general obesity. In particular, a centralized pattern of fat deposition, characterized by greater abdominal stores relative to extremity stores, is associated with a higher propensity to metabolic complications. Motivated by these considerations, we have initiated a systematic investigation of several measures of regional fat distribution aimed at the identification of possible major gene effects. Two measures approximate the size of subcutaneous fat stores: the sum of six skinfold thicknesses (SF6 = abdominal + suprailiac + subscapular + calf + triceps‐+ biceps), and the sum of three trunk skinfold thicknesses (TSF3 = abdominal + suprailiac + subscapular). Both of these phenotypes are highly correlated with total fat mass, 0. 83 and 0.78 for SF6 and TSF3, respectively. The trunk to extremity ratio [TER = TSF3 / (calf + triceps + biceps)] is perhaps the most important of these phenotypes insofar as it is an index of centralized obesity; it is modestly correlated with fat mass (r = 0.18). Each of these phenotypes was adjusted for total fat mass by regression prior to analysis so that we could examine genetic effects on these measures of regional fat distribution without the confounding influence of the determinants of fat mass itself. Segregation analysis of SF6 and TSF3 controlled for total fat mass suggests the presence of a major effect underlying the observed phenotypic distribution; however, tests on the transmission probabilities did not substantiate the segregation of a Mendelian gene. Despite the sexual dimorphism in the expression of the TER, the distribution of age‐, generation‐, sex‐, and fat mass‐adjusted TER was not significantly heterogeneous comparing males to females. Consistent evidence of a recessive major gene determinant was obtained, accounting for 37% of the phenotypic variance with the frequency of the gene leading to high values of the TER being 0.35. This finding suggests that further studies to investigate the role of specific candidate genes are warranted.
The Relationship Between Weight and Psychological Functioning Among Adolescent Girls
Authors: Friedman Michael A. , Wilfley Denise E. , Pike Kathleen M. , Striegel‐Moore Ruth H. , Rodin Judith 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThis study investigated whether Body Mass Index (BMI) was associated with various aspects of psychological functioning in a sample of largely Caucasian adolescent girls. Three hundred sixty‐five adolescent girls ranging from ages 14 through 19 were assessed for general psychological functioning utilizing the Symptom Checklist‐90‐Revised (SCL‐90‐R), and functioning specific to eating, shape and weight utilizing the Eating Disorders Inventory (EDI). Excess weight was associated with higher scores on the Bulimia, Body Dissatisfaction and Drive for Thinness subscales of the EDI. Excess weight was not, however, associated with general psychopathology or any of the subscales of the SCL‐90‐R. The results suggest that excess weight may carry risk for pathology specifically related to eating, shape and weight in adolescent girls, but not for general forms of psychopathology.
Obesity Level and Attrition: Support for Patient‐Treatment Matching in Obesity Treatment
Authors: Clark Matthew M. , Guise Barrie J. , Niaura Raymond S. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractObesity treatment studies report attrition rates front 20% to 45%. To reduce attrition, researchers have proposed matching patients to treatment based upon level of obesity. The current study attempted to validate the commonly held assumption that a mismatch between obesity level and treatment will promote attrition. The level of obesity and attrition rates of 39 adults who enrolled in a 12‐session behavior therapy program were examined. As obesity level increased, so did attrition. Sixty‐nine percent of subjects with mild obesity, 43% of subjects with moderate obesity and 0% of subjects with severe obesity completed treatment.
Human Body Composition and the Epidemiology of Chronic Disease
Authors: Baumgartner Richard N. , Heymsfield Steven B. , Roche Alex F. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractObesity and body fat distribution (FD) are established risk factors for chronic diseases. The body mass index (BMI) and the waist/hip circumference ratio (WHR) are used conventionally as indices of obesity and FD in epidemiological studies. Although some general limitations of these indices are recognized, others that affect their use in relative risks for disease are not well recognized. These include effects of sex, ethnicity, and especially age on the relationships between these indices and body composition, which can result in substantial misclassification of obesity and FD. There is considerable variability in body composition for any BMI, and some individuals with low BMIs have as much fat as those with high BMIs. This results in poor sensitivity for classifying levels of body fatness (e.g., too many “false negatives,” or overweight individuals classified as not overweight), and relative risks are attenuated across all categories of BMI. A more serious problem, however, is that at different ages the same levels of BMI correspond to different amounts of fat and fat‐free mass. Data from the Rosetta Study and the New Mexico Aging Process Study show that older adults have, on average, more fat than younger adults at any BMI, due to the loss of muscle mass with age. As a result, the sensitivity of BMI cutpoints with respect to body fatness decreases with age, and the use of a fixed cutpoint for all ages results in “differential mis‐classification bias.” Taken together, these issues sug‐ gest that the increases with age in the prevalences of overweight and obesity, and in the risks for chronic diseases, may be mis‐estimated using BMI. Similar issues may affect the use of WHR for estimating prevalences and associated risks of FD. New field methods for estimating body composition are available that can be applied in large, epidemiologic follow‐up studies of chronic diseases. These methods will allow epidemiologists to consider, for example, whether it is increased fat, or the replacement of fat‐free mass with fat, with age that is associated with risk for chronic disease.
The Association of Body Weight, Dietary Intake, and Energy Expenditure with Dietary Restraint and Disinhibition
Authors: Lawson Olga J. , Williamson Donald A. , Champagne Catherine M. , DeLany James P. , Brooks Ellen R. , Howat Paula M. , Wozniak Patricia J. , Bray George A. , Ryan Donna H. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractLAWSON, OLGA J, DONALD A WILLIAMSON, CATHERINE M CHAMPAGNE, JAMES P DELANY, ELLEN R BROOKS, PAULA M HOWAT, PATRICIA J WOZNIAK, GEORGE A BRAY AND DONNA H RYAN. The association of body weight, dietary intake, and energy expenditure with dietary restraint and disinhibition. Obes Res. 1995;3:153–161.The hypotheses that dieting and/or overeating are associated with adiposity, eating disturbances, and lowered energy expenditure were tested in this study. A sample of 44 premenopausal women scoring high and low on measures of dietary restraint and disinhibition of dietary control, as measured by the Three Factor Eating Questionnaire, was studied. A 2 × 2 factorial design was employed (High/Low Restraint x High/Low Disinhibition). Dependent variables were: body composition, dietary intake, activity, resting metabolic rate, and thermic effect of food. Unrestrained overeaters (Low Restraint/High Disinhibition group) were very obese. High Dietary Restraint was associated with intent to diet and controlled eating. High scores on the Disinhibition Scale were associated with episodic overeating. Groups did not differ in resting metabolic rate (controlled for fat‐free mass). Lower thermic effect of food was found to be associated with the obesity found in High Disinhibition subjects. Thus, Dietary Restraint was not associated with significant adverse effects upon physical or psychological health. High Disinhibition, however, was associated with adiposity and significant disturbances of eating.
Body Mass Index and Coronary Artery Disease in African‐Americans
Authors: Adams‐Campbell Lucile L. , Periston Reginald L. , Kim Kyung Sook , Mensah Ernest 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThere are limited data available concerning the influence of obesity, a major cardiovascular disease risk factor, in relationship to coronary artery disease (CAD). This is of considerable importance to African‐Americans since African‐Americans have one of the world's highest CAD mortality rates coupled with the fact that obesity is extremely prevalent in this population. The present study assessed the relationship between body mass index and CAD in African‐Americans undergoing coronary angiography. Eight hundred sixty‐six available cardiac catheterization reports between the years 1983 through 1990 were retrospectively reviewed at Howard University Hospital in Washington, D.C. CAD was prevalent in 59.6% and 41.2%, males and females, respectively. Among the males overweight and obesity were found in 22.4% and 20.9%, respectively, compared to 39.6% and 30.6% for females. An upside‐down U‐shaped relationship between BMI and CAD was found. The interpretation of this finding is that being overweight is associated with increased risk of CAD compared to the lean and obese.
DNA Polymorphisms in the α2‐ and β2 Adrenoceptor Genes and Regional Fat Distribution in Humans: Association and Linkage Studies
Authors: Oppert Jean‐Michel , Tourville Julie , Chagnon Monique , Mauriége Pascale , Dionne France T. , Pérusse Louis , Bouchard Claude 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThe aim of this study was to investigate the relationships between DNA restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLP) in the α2‐ and β2‐adrenoceptor genes and body fat distribution in humans. Skinfold thickness measurements and genetic analyses (Southern blot) were performed on 280 individuals (142 parents and 138 offsprings) from the Québec Family Study. Using the association study design in unrelated adults, women but not men carrying the 6.3‐kb allele of an α2A‐adrenoceptor/DraI RFLP had a significantly higher trunk to extremity skinfold ratio (= sum of subscapular + suprailiac + abdominal skinfolddsum of biceps + triceps + medial calf skinfolds) compared to women without the allele (1.44 ± 0.52 vs. 1.12 ± 0.33; p<0.005 after adjustment for age, p<0.002 after adjustment for age and body mass index or for age and subcutaneous fat). Using the sib‐pair linkage procedure, a significant inverse relationship was found between the proportion of alleles identical by descent shared by sibs at the α2A RFLP marker locus and the squared differences of thetrunk to extremity skinfold ratio (p = 0.02 after adjustment for age or for age and body mass index or for age and subcutaneous fat). For a β‐adrenoceptor/ BanI RFLP, no significant association or linkage was found between fat distribution indicators and the marker. These results suggest that α2A‐adrenoceptor gene variability detected with DraI is associated with a relative subcutaneous fat pattern favoring accumulation of truncal‐abdominal fat in women, and that the α2A‐adrenoceptogr ene, or a locus in close proximity, may be linked to body fat distribution in humans independently of the overall level of fatness.