bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Health for all children?
Authors: Hall David M.
              B. , Elliman David 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
Chapter 1 summarizes the evolution of the concepts underpinning preventive child health programmes, describes the origins and definitions of the terms ‘child health surveillance’ and ‘child health promotion’ and related definitions, comments on the importance of children’s health in the context of the family and the benefits of family-centred health care, and examines the issues of inequalities, poverty, deprivation, and social exclusion, as well as the concepts of social capital, needs assessment, statutory duties in respect of child health and care, user and carer involvement, and explains the Framework for Assessment of Children in Need.
Secondary prevention: early detection and the role of screening
Authors: Hall David M.
              B. , Elliman David 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
Chapter 6 asks whether early detection matters, suggests how early detection can be achieved, considers the role of professional help in the early detection of problems, introduces the topic of screening, comments on the need for professional sensitivity, defines screening, sets out the criteria for screening programmes and screening tests, describes and explains recent changes in attitudes to screening, and explains how existing potential screening programmes have been evaluated.
Screening for vision defects
Authors: Hall David M.
              B. , Elliman David 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
Chapter 12 describes defects likely to cause disabling impairment of vision, defines the terms used to describe the common disorders such as squint, refractive error, and amblyopia, reviews the tests and procedures used for assessing vision in pre-school and school-age children, sets out the arguments for screening, gives a brief account of colour vision defects and vision problems associated with ‘dyslexia’, and makes recommendations for screening and early detection.
Identifying children with developmental and behavioural problems
Authors: Hall David M.
              B. , Elliman David 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
Chapter 13 deals with the definition of disablement and the epidemiology of disabling conditions, the importance of identifying, detecting, and caring for children with disabling conditions, the distinction (for convenience only) between two categories of disabling condition—low-prevalence high-severity disorders, and high-prevalence low-severity problems, the ways in which disabling conditions are identified, screening for autism, the place of developmental screening, the early identification of speech and language impairments and how they may be managed, motor disorders and specific learning disabilities, psychological, behavioural, and emotional disorders and service provision for them, and the vital importance of collaboration between health, social services, and education in the planning of early identification activities.
Field tests of fitness
Authors: Tomkinson Grant
                R. , Olds Timothy
                S. 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
Chapter 9 focuses on field tests which are commonly used to estimate aerobic and anaerobic fitness in children and adolescents. The discussion will be limited to field tests requiring maximal effort, such as distance running tests of aerobic fitness and jumping and sprint running tests of anaerobic fitness (see Chapters 5 and 8 for an analysis of laboratory assessment of these variables). There will also be a discussion of secular changes in aerobic and anaerobic performance.
Developmental biodynamics: the development of coordination in children
Authors: Watkins James 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
Human movement is brought about by the musculoskeletal system under the control of the nervous system. By coordinated activity between the various muscle groups, forces generated by the muscles are transmitted by the bones and joints to enable the individual to maintain an upright or partially upright posture and bring about voluntary controlled movements. Biomechanics of human movement is the study of the relationship between the external forces (due to body weight and physical contact with the external environment) and internal forces (active forces generated by muscles and passive forces exerted on other structures) that act on the body and the eff ect of these forces on the movement of the body. This chapter specifically addresses developmental biomechanics as it relates to the development of coordination in children.
Physical activity, physical fitness, and health: current concepts
Authors: Cumming Sean , Riddoch Chris 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
Despite the widespread acceptance that physical activity is generally beneficial for children’s health and improvements in the quantity and quality of evidence supporting this position, our understanding remains limited. Methodological and conceptual discrepancies still exist, including a lack of clear consensus in how to define and assess physical activity in children, a limited consideration of concurrent factors such as growth and maturation, and a general failure to address the potential interactions of biological, psychological, and social variables. As such, Chapter 24 attemps to distil the available information with a view to establishing absolute recommendations for activity and/or fitness levels that are optimal for health in children.
Physical activity, physical fitness, and cardiovascular health
Authors: Twisk Jos , Ferreira Isabel 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
The incidence of morbidity and mortality related to CVD is rather low in a paediatric population. Studies investigating the relationship between physical activity, physical fitness, and cardiovascular health in children and adolescents are therefore mostly limited to CVD risk factors as outcome measures. For this reason, this chapter will focus on the association of physical activity and physical fitness with CVD risk factors in children and adolescents. These risk factors can be divided into the so-called traditional CVD risk factors; that is, lipoproteins [total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, triglycerides (TG)], blood pressure, body fatness, and diabetes, and ‘new’ CVD risk factors; that is, other lipoproteins [lipoprotein(a) (Lp(a)), apolipoprotein (apo)B, and apoA-1], coagulation and inflammation markers [fibrinogen, C-reactive protein (CRP)], homocysteine, and heart rate variability.
Exercise, physical activity, and eating and weight disorders
Authors: Hills Andrew
                P. , Byrne Nuala
                M. , Wood Rachel
                E. 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
Consistent with trends in adults, the weight-control practices of children and adolescents appear to reflect a heightened concern with body image.7,16–20 The potential long-term consequences of inappropriate weight-control practices in young people are serious and include disordered eating practices,21–23 growth retardation, delayed menarche, amenorrhoea, osteoporosis, and psychological disturbances.12,24–26 The commonly employed weight-control practices, dietary modification, and exercise are pervasive,8 and not limited to the female population. As medical practitioners are widely consulted and held in high esteem by the general public, they are in a good position to identify potential problems in children and adolescents in their care.11 The aim of this chapter is to provide an overview of the range of factors contributing to inappropriate eating and activity behaviours, particularly in children and adolescents.
Exercise capacity and training in cerebral palsy and other neuromuscular diseases
Authors: Dallmeijer Annet , Schnyder Jost 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
Chapter 35 gives an understanding of the role of exercise in the functional assessment and clinical management of children with neuromuscular diseases, especially for children with CP and PMD. Current knowledge about exercise capacity and training possibilities with respect to the different fitness components (aerobic power, anaerobic power, muscular strength) will be described as well as the level of physical activity and training recommendations. Practical advice and suggestions are given on how to build up and execute an adapted programme for physical activity, sports, and exercise. Data will be summarized to recognize the possibilities as well as the limits of exercise, and also to permit a regular evaluation and a constant adaptation of a physical activity programme.
Upper extremity and trunk injuries
Authors: Cil Akin , Micheli Lyle
                J. , Kocher Mininder
                S. 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
Injuries to the trunk and upper extremity in child and adolescent athletes are increasingly being seen with expanded participation and higher competitive levels of youth sports. Injury patterns are unique to the growing musculoskeletal system and specific to the demands of the involved sport. Recognition of injury patterns with early activity modification and the initiation of efficacious treatment can prevent deformity/disability and return the youth athlete to sport. This chapter reviews the diagnosis and management of common upper extremity and trunk injuries in the paediatric athlete.
Injuries to the head and cervical spine
Authors: Cantu Robert
                C. , Cantu Robert
                V. 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
Chapter 48 discusses the differential diagnosis of the most common athletic head injuries, including cerebral concussion, intracranial hemorrhage, second impact syndrome or malignant brain oedema syndrome, post-concussion syndrome, , along with management guidelines for athletic head injuries, including immediate treatment, definitive treatment, what tests to order, when to refer, when to operate, and when to return to competition. Management and return to play guidelines are presented for athletic spine and spinal cord injuries, including spine fractures and spinal cord concussion/contusion and hemorrhage. Also covered are the diagnosis and management of stingers which may involve injury to the brachial plexus or cervical nerve root, vascular injuries of the neck involving either the carotid or vertebral artery, and special concerns regarding the Down’s Syndrome patient and atlantoaxial (C1–2) subluxation.
Basic Sciences for Ophthalmology
Authors: Bye Louise , Modi Neil , Stanford Miles 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
Part of the Oxford Specialty Training series, Basic Sciences for Ophthalmology is an indispensable and fully comprehensive resource, and the only one that candidates will need to pass the FRCOphth Part 1 exam. Directly linked to the Royal College's exam, presented in a full colour, highly illustrated, and easy-to-read format, making the basic science behind ophthalmology more approachable and accessible to improve understanding.
Ocular physiology
Authors: Bye Louise A. 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
This chapter discusses ocular physiology, including tear production and lacrimal drainage, aqueous production and drainage, cornea and sclera, lens, vitreous, retinal physiology, phototransduction, retinal pigment epithelium, uveal tract, blood-ocular barrier, accommodation, the pupil, visual acuity and contrast sensitivity, light detection and dark adaptation, colour vision, electrophysiology of the visual system, visual fields, eye movements and stereopsis, visual perception, and visual pathways (magnocellular and parvocellular pathways).
Lasers and instrument technology
Authors: Bye Louise A. 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
This chapter explores lasers and instrument technology in ophthalmology, including the effect of lasers on the eye, therapeutic and diagnostic lasers in ophthalmology, laser safety, and the optics of ophthalmic instruments (direct ophthalmoscope, indirect ophthalmoscope, retinoscope, compound microscope, slit lamp and fundoscopy, applanation tonometer, pachymeter, investigation of corneal curvature).
Phenomenology of Tics and Sensory Urges: The Self Under Siege
Authors: Leckman James F. , Bloch Michael H. , Sukhodolsky Denis G. , Scahill Lawrence , King Robert A. 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
The origin of tics may be related to a heightened and selective sensitivity to cues from within the body or from the outside world, possibly as a result of reduced ability to suppress irrelevant information in sensory, motor, and cognitive domains. The temporal pattern of tics, which are known to occur in bouts and wax and wane in severity, and their long-term outcome might represent important clues to the neurobiology of tics. Moreover, the role played by the environmental context in modulating tic expression may be key to refining and developing novel behavioral interventions. The association of tics with comorbid behavioral problems has a very strong impact on social, emotional, and academic outcomes in adulthood. This chapter will introduce the reader to the wide phenomenological spectrum of Tourette syndrome and other tic disorders. The key phenomenological features of Tourette syndrome and related disorders represent crucial educational objectives for clinicians, teachers, parents, and peers and may lead to better clinical, social, and academic outcomes.
Clinical Rating Instruments in Tourette Syndrome
Authors: Cavanna Andrea E. , Piedad John C. Pansaon 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
The complex motor and behavioral phenotype of Tourette syndrome presents a unique challenge to measurement and clinical observations. This chapter offers a systematic overview of the different clinician-, informant-, and self-report rating instruments for tics and associated phenomena that are available for use in clinical practice and/or research settings. Each of the scales available to measure tics has strengths and limitations; among the latter, the difficulty of capturing all the different dimensions of tic symptoms, such as frequency, intensity, interference, and impairment, is one of the most common and is an object of future research. Moreover, the visible and audible nature of core Tourette syndrome symptoms allows direct observation of these symptoms using specific video protocols. A wide range of psychometrically validated clinician- and self-rated measures for obsessive-compulsive behavior, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, and depressive and anxiety symptoms are also available for use in clinical practice and/or research settings. The use of behavioral measures with adequate psychometric indices is recommended. Clinicians and researchers ideally should combine information from professionals and patients (as well as informants if possible) to ensure that the information gathered is comprehensive and accurate.
Peri-ictal Dysphoria and the Other Pleomorphic Manifestations of Depression in Epilepsy
Authors: Kanner Andres M. 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
William Gowers was one of the pioneers in the field of epilepsy to describe the close relation between this condition and psychiatric comorbidities. Paradoxically, his writings are very sparse on the relation between epilepsy and depression, the most frequent psychiatric comorbidity in patients with epilepsy (PWE), which has been confirmed by multiple investigators in the last 50 years. This close relation is manifest at multiple levels: there is a high comorbidity of the two conditions, their bidirectional relation has been confirmed in several population-based epidemiologic studies, and common pathogenic mechanisms may be operant in both conditions. At a clinical level, the peri-ictal symptoms of depression and in particular, the postictal depressive symptoms are an expression of their complex relation. These data are reviewed in this chapter.
Psychosis and Epilepsy
Authors: Flügel Dominique 
Published: September 2013

AbstractPsychosis in epilepsy may occur in different forms, ranging from brief episodes with a clear temporal relationship to seizures (ictal or postictal psychosis) to symptoms or signs apparently independent of seizures, often manifesting decades after the onset of epilepsy (interictal psychosis). In some patients postictal psychosis develops into interictal psychosis over time. Psychosis may also be observed after epilepsy surgery despite excellent seizure control. The features of psychosis in epilepsy closely resemble those seen in schizophrenia. The prevalence of psychosis is higher in patients with epilepsy compared to the general population; it is less clear whether the prevalence of epilepsy is increased in patients with schizophrenia. Subtle structural brain anomalies have been found in both disorders, and it remains uncertain by what mechanisms schizophrenia and psychosis of epilepsy are related. In terms of treatment, the control of underlying seizure activity is most important in ictal psychosis, for instance psychosis occurring in the context of non-convulsive status epilepticus. Postictal psychosis is usually brief and self-limiting. Treatment is therefore rarely problematic. Short-acting benzodiazepines and neuroleptic drugs are recommended. The treatment of more prolonged interictal psychoses can be challenging and there are no universally accepted neuroleptic treatment regimes.
Unexpectedly broad target recognition of the CRISPR-mediated virus defence system in the archaeon Sulfolobus solfataricus
Authors: Manica Andrea , Zebec Ziga , Steinkellner Julia , Schleper Christa 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
The hyperthermophilic archaeon Sulfolobus solfataricus carries an extensive array of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) systems able to mediate DNA degradation of invading genetic elements when complementarity to the small CRISPR-derived (cr)RNAs is given. Studying virus defence in vivo with recombinant viral variants, we demonstrate here that an unexpectedly high number of mutations are tolerated between the CRISPR-derived guide RNAs (crRNAs) and their target sequences (protospacer). Up to 15 mismatches in the crRNA still led to ∼50% of DNA degradation, when these mutations were outside the ‘seed’ region. More than 15 mutations were necessary to fully abolished interference. Different from other CRISPR systems investigated in vivo, mutations outside the protospacer region indicated no need for a protospacer adjacent motif sequence to confer DNA interference. However, complementarity of only 3 nucleotides between the repeat-derived 5′ handle of the crRNA and nucleotides adjacent to the protospacer enabled self-recognition, i.e. protection of the host locus. Our findings show commonalities and differences among the various CRISPR-mediated defence systems and suggest that they should not merely be perceived as a ‘first-barrier-defence system’ but may be considered to have a broader mechanism that allows host cells to cope with viruses keeping them at reduced levels.
Improving comprehension in adolescents with severe receptive language impairments: a randomized control trial of intervention for coordinating conjunctions
Authors: Ebbels Susan H. , Marić Nataša , Murphy Aoife , Turner Gail 
Published: September 2013

AbstractBackgroundLittle evidence exists for the effectiveness of therapy for children with receptive language difficulties, particularly those whose difficulties are severe and persistent.AimsTo establish the effectiveness of explicit speech and language therapy with visual support for secondary school‐aged children with language impairments focusing on comprehension of coordinating conjunctions in a randomized control trial with an assessor blind to group status.Methods & ProceduresFourteen participants (aged 11;3–16;1) with severe RELI (mean standard scores: CELF4 ELS = 48, CELF4 RLS = 53 and TROG‐2 = 57), but higher non‐verbal (Matrices = 83) and visual perceptual skills (Test of Visual Perceptual Skills (TVPS) = 86) were randomly assigned to two groups: therapy versus waiting controls. In Phase 1, the therapy group received eight 30‐min individual sessions of explicit teaching with visual support (Shape Coding) with their usual SLT. In Phase 2, the waiting controls received the same therapy. The participants’ comprehension was tested pre‐, post‐Phase 1 and post‐Phase 2 therapy on (1) a specific test of the targeted conjunctions, (2) the TROG‐2 and (3) a test of passives.Outcomes & ResultsAfter Phase 1, the therapy group showed significantly more progress than the waiting controls on the targeted conjunctions (d = 1.6) and overall TROG‐2 standard score (d = 1.4). The two groups did not differ on the passives test. After Phase 2, the waiting controls made similar progress to those in the original therapy group, who maintained their previous progress. Neither group showed progress on passives. When the two groups were combined, significant progress was found on the specific conjunctions (d = 1.3) and TROG‐2 raw (d = 1.1) and standard scores (d = 0.9). Correlations showed no measures taken (including Matrices and TVPS) correlated significantly with progress on the targeted conjunctions or the TROG‐2.Conclusions & ImplicationsFour hours of Shape Coding therapy led to significant gains on comprehension of coordinating conjunctions which were maintained after 4 months. Given the significant progress at a group level and the lack of reliable predictors of progress, this approach could be offered to other children with similar difficulties to the participants. However, the intervention was delivered one‐to‐one by speech and language therapists, thus the effectiveness of this therapy method with other methods of delivery remains to be evaluated.
The Case for Anthocyanin Consumption to Promote Human Health: A Review
Authors: Pojer Elisa , Mattivi Fulvio , Johnson Dan , Stockley Creina S. 
Published: September 2013

AbstractAnthocyanins belong to the flavonoid group of polyphenolic compounds, which are responsible for the red and blue colors of plant organs such as fruits, flowers, and leaves. Due to their frequent presence in plants, particularly berry fruits, vegetables, and grapes, they are key components of the human diet. Interest in anthocyanins has increased widely during the past decade. Numerous studies have suggested that anthocyanins have a wide range of health‐promoting properties. These compounds are therefore considered to be a functional food factor, which may have important implications in the prevention of chronic diseases. The aim of this body of work is to investigate and review the current literature on anthocyanins, and particularly their pharmacokinetics and any health‐promoting properties, in order to summarize existing knowledge and highlight any aspects that require further study and analysis.
Faith, Folie à Famille, and Mummification: A Brief Review of the Literature and a Rare Case Report
Authors: Catanesi Roberto , Punzi Giovanna , Rodriguez William C. , Solarino Biagio , Di Vella Giancarlo 
Published: September 2013

AbstractFolie à deuxis a rare clinical syndrome characterized by the transference of delusional ideas from one person to one or more other people in close association with the primary affected patient. Mummification indicates the preservation of the corpse of a person for a variable period of time. A brief review of the literature in this field is presented, and an exceptional case is described, characterized by the association of both these rare phenomena. The case is an example offolie à fammillewhich developed out of a condition of extreme religiousness and seclusion of an entire family. The shared psychosis led to the horrible death of some of the family members, while the last surviving member of the family lived for more than a year and a half with their mummified remains. TheJudge commissioned a forensic psychiatry assessment to verify the survivor's ability to bear witness. The development of the psychiatric syndrome and its consequences are extensively discussed.