bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Russia-We-Have, or the Russia-We-Want? Polarization in the Russia Field
Authors: McCourt David 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter tracks the formation of the “Russia-we-havers” and the “Russia-we-wanters.” For several years after the fall of the Berlin Wall, U.S. Russia strategy was largely consensual and bipartisan; both countries were viewed through a lens of opportunity and optimism. More recently and on distinct timelines, however, America’s approach polarized. In the case of Russia, the community split between two broad groups that respectively want the U.S. to deal with Russia “as it is” and “as it could be.” The chapter again opens with a deeper description of the Russia-we-havers and the Russia-we-wanters, before exploring the longer-term origins of both groups, which it traces to Cold War American divisions over how to portray and interact with the Soviet Union. The chapter then examines the combined effects of the rise of Putin and a U.S. administration distracted after 9/11 for the consolidation of each camp, notably after Putin’s return to power in 2012.
Engagement with Russia Is Personal
Authors: McCourt David 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The rise and fall of engagement with Russia is also a personal tale. A smaller community than the China field, Russia experts describe it as relatively collegial. Individuals hold views that reflect their lives and careers, what Russia is to them, how and when they first encountered Russia, views held as a matter of faith as much as intellectual conviction. Post–Cold War U.S.-Russia relations have offered no personal vindication to America’s Russia watchers. Where the China field saw paradigmatic turnover—a set of previous outsiders overturning the predominant framing—no similar insurgency took place on Russia. Nonetheless, analysis of the failed appointment to a key position on Russia of Matthew Rojansky highlights the stakes when engagement gets personal. Consideration of the travails of Trump’s top Russia hand, Fiona Hill, provides a counterpoint to Pottinger’s success with China.
Conclusion: After Engagement
Authors: McCourt David 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Engagement with China and Russia is dead. This concluding chapter recaps the book’s argument before assessing what it all means for U.S. foreign policy in a post-engagement world. The chapter assesses where U.S. China and Russia policy, and America’s China and Russia watchers, go from here. It notes modes of convergence and divergence, as U.S. China policy stalemates, and begins to look more like Russia policy, including the replacement of the Engagers and anti-Engagers with what looks more like a set of “China-we-havers” contesting the “China-we-want” consensus. Despite U.S. involvement in Ukraine, China remains capable of greater mobilization in national security discussions in Washington, suggesting a period of sustained tensions. Finally, a third section draws back from the specific cases under review to assess analytical and normative questions raised by the book’s focus on knowledge communities in the making of U.S. foreign policy. What is, and should be, such knowledge communities’ role in national security policy?
Current Status and Future Perspective of Onco-Hypertension
Authors: Azegami Tatsuhiko , Kaneko Hidehiro , Minegishi Shintaro , Suzuki Yuta , Morita Hiroyuki , Fujiu Katsuhito , Takeda Norihiko , Yokoo Takashi , Yano Yuichiro , Hayashi Kaori , Nishiyama Akira , Node Koichi 
Published: July 2024

Abstract

Background
Hypertension and cancer are both increasing with age. Recently, the new concept of “Onco-Hypertension” has been proposed to address the mutual risks posed by hypertension and cancer and to provide comprehensive care for patients with these two conditions in an aging society.

Methods
In this review, we provide an overview of the current status and future perspective of the “Onco-Hypertension,” including our research findings.

Results
Hypertension and cancer share common risk factors and may be interrelated in pathogenesis: Hypertension is involved in the development of certain cancers, and cancer survivors have a higher incidence of hypertension. With recent advances in cancer therapy, the number of cancer survivors has increased. Cancer survivors not only have a higher risk of incident hypertension but also an increased risk of future cardiovascular events, highlighting the growing importance of comprehensive care.

Conclusions
There exists a diverse array of epidemiological and pathophysiological relationships between hypertension and cancer. It is imperative to move the emerging scientific field of “Onco-Hypertension” forward through relentless research efforts.
A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Evaluating the Surgical Outcomes of Progressive Tension Suturing Compared to Drains in Abdominoplasty Surgery
Authors: Rao Gautham , Daneshi Kian , Ceccaroni Alessandra , Gentile Antonioenrico , El-Shazali Hafiz , Owens Niamh , Vyas Krishna , Khajuria Ankur 
Published: July 2024

Abstract

Closed suction drains are placed to prevent seroma formation after abdominoplasty, but evidence of their effectiveness is limited, and they may increase infection risk and patient discomfort. Previous meta-analyses comparing progressive tension suturing (PTS) to drainage (D) in abdominoplasty have been methodologically weak and small in sample size. In this study we aimed to conduct the first robust systematic review comparing PTS and D outcomes in abdominoplasty. The study was registered on PROSPERO (CRD42022346106). We searched MEDLINE, Embase, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Google Scholar, and Web of Science from September 19, 2022, to February 19, 2024. Data were pooled with a random effects Mantel–Haenszel model. Risk of bias was assessed with Cochrane's risk-of-bias tool and the ROBINS-I tool for randomized controlled trials and observational studies, respectively. The GRADE (Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation) system evaluated methodological quality. PTS significantly reduced postoperative seroma rates (relative risk [RR] 0.34; 95% CI 0.15-0.76; P = .001) and reoperation rates (RR = 0.56; 95% CI 0.03-9.77; P = .05) compared to drains, with no significant differences in hematomas, infections, or dehiscence. The review included 24 studies with 750 patients, including 2 randomized controlled trials, and was found to be methodologically superior by AMSTAR 2 criteria. Subgroup analysis indicated that combining liposuction with PTS significantly reduced seromas (RR 0.18; 95%CI 0.00-7.39; P &lt; .00001), infections (RR 0.16; 95% CI 0.03-0.86; P = .03), and dehiscence (RR 0.11; 95% CI 0.01-1.01; P = .05). This robust meta-analysis showed that PTS was more effective than drains in reducing seroma and reoperation rates, with no difference for hematomas or infections. Combining liposuction with PTS may be superior to placing drains. Larger, high-quality studies are needed to further assess the safety and efficacy of drainless abdominoplasty.

Level of Evidence: 1
Development and psychometric properties of the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy–Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma (FACT-CTCL) instrument
Authors: Raymundo Caroline , Cella David , Wagner Lynne I , Hippe Daniel S , Di Mengyang , Guitart Joan , Rosen Steven T , Querfeld Christiane , Shinohara Michi M 
Published: July 2024

Abstract

Background
Patients with mycosis fungoides (MF)/Sézary Syndrome (SS) can experience impacted health-related quality of life (HRQoL).

Objectives
To validate the CTCL-S, a novel subscale of the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy–General (FACT-G), in patients with MF/SS.

Methods
Qualitative interviews were conducted with expert clinicians and patients with MF/SS. Thematic analysis identified the most common concerns, and 19 items were selected. Patients with MF/SS were recruited from a single centre. FACT-G, CTCL-S (collectively ‘FACT-CTCL’), Skindex-29 and Visual Analogue Scale–Pruritis (VAS-itch) were administered. A subset repeated FACT-CTCL and VAS-itch after ≈2 weeks. Patient demographics and clinical characteristics were obtained via review of the electronic medical records. Psychometric properties were assessed. Internal consistency was estimated using Cronbach’s α. Convergent and discriminant validity were assessed by comparing CTCL-S with disease stage, age, VAS-itch, FACT-G and Skindex-29. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was used to preliminarily assess CTCL-S dimensionality. Test–retest repeatability was summarized using intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), within-subject standard deviation and within-subject coefficient of variation.

Results
Seventy-two patients completed the initial survey, and 35 repeated the FACT-CTCL and VAS-itch after ≈2 weeks. Two-thirds were men; most were White (78%). The majority (85%) had MF, 15% had SS and 75% early (stage IA–IIA) and 25% advanced (≥ stage IIB) disease. Preliminary EFA found a single predominant factor, supporting a hypothesis of unidimensionality of the CTCL-S. Internal consistency of the CTCL-S was high, with α = 0.95 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.93–0.96]. There was no significant change in CTCL-S average test–retest scores [ICC 0.93 (P = 0.63)]. CTCL-S was significantly lower in advanced vs. early-stage disease [median (interquartile range) 34 (26–48) vs. 59 (44–68), P &lt; 0.001] and strongly correlated with VAS-itch [Spearman’s r (rs) –0.70, 95% CI –0.81 to –0.55], FACT-G (rs 0.77, 95% CI 0.65–0.85) and Skindex-29 (rs –0.90, 95% CI –0.94 to –0.84), supporting convergent validity. CTCL-S scores had little correlation with age (rs 0.19, 95% CI –0.05 to 0.41, P = 0.12), supporting discriminant validity.

Conclusions
The FACT-CTCL is a disease-specific instrument for assessing HRQoL with high reproducibility and good performance in a cohort of patients with MF/SS.
Quantitative assessment of enlarged perivascular spaces via deep-learning in community-based older adults reveals independent associations with vascular neuropathologies, vascular risk factors and cognition
Authors: Javierre-Petit Carles , Kontzialis Marinos , Leurgans Sue E , Bennett David A , Schneider Julie A , Arfanakis Konstantinos 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Enlarged perivascular spaces (EPVS) are common in older adults, but their neuropathologic correlates are unclear mainly because most work to date has relied on visual rating scales and/or clinical cohorts. The present study first developed a deep-learning model for automatic segmentation, localization and quantification of EPVS in ex vivo brain MRI, and then used this model to investigate the neuropathologic, clinical and cognitive correlates of EPVS in 817 community-based older adults that underwent autopsy. The new method exhibited high sensitivity in detecting EPVS as small as 3 mm3, good segmentation accuracy and consistency. Most EPVS were located in the frontal lobe, but the highest density was observed in the basal ganglia. EPVS in the cerebrum and specifically in the frontal lobe were associated with infarcts independent of other neuropathologies, while temporal and occipital EPVS were associated with cerebral amyloid angiopathy. EPVS in most brain lobes were also associated with diabetes mellitus independently of neuropathologies, while basal ganglia EPVS were independently associated with hypertension, supporting the notion of independent pathways from diabetes and hypertension to EPVS. Finally, EPVS were associated with lower cognitive performance independently of neuropathologies and clinical variables, suggesting that EPVS represent additional abnormalities contributing to lower cognition.
Give-and-take of gustation: the interplay between gustatory neurons and taste buds
Authors: Landon Shannon M , Baker Kimberly , Macpherson Lindsey J 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Mammalian taste buds are highly regenerative and can restore themselves after normal wear and tear of the lingual epithelium or following physical and chemical insults, including burns, chemotherapy, and nerve injury. This is due to the continual proliferation, differentiation, and maturation of taste progenitor cells, which then must reconnect with peripheral gustatory neurons to relay taste signals to the brain. The turnover and re-establishment of peripheral taste synapses are vital to maintain this complex sensory system. Over the past several decades, the signal transduction and neurotransmitter release mechanisms within taste cells have been well delineated. However, the complex dynamics between synaptic partners in the tongue (taste cell and gustatory neuron) are only partially understood. In this review, we highlight recent findings that have improved our understanding of the mechanisms governing connectivity and signaling within the taste bud and the still-unresolved questions regarding the complex interactions between taste cells and gustatory neurons.
Visioning a two-level human–machine communication framework: initiating conversations between explainable AI and communication
Authors: Xu Kun , Shi Jingyuan 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Amid mounting interest in artificial intelligence (AI) technology, communication scholars have sought to understand humans’ perceptions of and attitudes toward AI’s predictions, recommendations, and decisions. Meanwhile, scholars in the nascent but growing field of explainable AI (XAI) have aimed to clarify AI’s operational mechanisms and make them interpretable, visible, and transparent. In this conceptual article, we suggest that a conversation between human–machine communication (HMC) and XAI is advantageous and necessary. Following the introduction of these two areas, we demonstrate how research on XAI can inform the HMC scholarship regarding the human-in-the-loop approach and the message production explainability. Next, we expound upon how communication scholars’ focuses on message sources, receivers, features, and effects can reciprocally benefit XAI research. At its core, this article proposes a two-level HMC framework and posits that bridging the two fields can guide future AI research and development.
The rise and future of CRISPR-based approaches for high-throughput genomics
Authors: Vercauteren Silke , Fiesack Simon , Maroc Laetitia , Verstraeten Natalie , Dewachter Liselot , Michiels Jan , Vonesch Sibylle C 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) has revolutionized the field of genome editing. To circumvent the permanent modifications made by traditional CRISPR techniques and facilitate the study of both essential and nonessential genes, CRISPR interference (CRISPRi) was developed. This gene-silencing technique employs a deactivated Cas effector protein and a guide RNA to block transcription initiation or elongation. Continuous improvements and a better understanding of the mechanism of CRISPRi have expanded its scope, facilitating genome-wide high-throughput screens to investigate the genetic basis of phenotypes. Additionally, emerging CRISPR-based alternatives have further expanded the possibilities for genetic screening. This review delves into the mechanism of CRISPRi, compares it with other high-throughput gene-perturbation techniques, and highlights its superior capacities for studying complex microbial traits. We also explore the evolution of CRISPRi, emphasizing enhancements that have increased its capabilities, including multiplexing, inducibility, titratability, predictable knockdown efficacy, and adaptability to nonmodel microorganisms. Beyond CRISPRi, we discuss CRISPR activation, RNA-targeting CRISPR systems, and single-nucleotide resolution perturbation techniques for their potential in genome-wide high-throughput screens in microorganisms. Collectively, this review gives a comprehensive overview of the general workflow of a genome-wide CRISPRi screen, with an extensive discussion of strengths and weaknesses, future directions, and potential alternatives.
DNA methylation near MAD1L1, KDM2B, and SOCS3 mediates the effect of socioeconomic status on elevated body mass index in African American adults
Authors: Glover LáShauntá , Lilly Adam G , Justice Anne E , Howard Annie Green , Staley Brooke S , Wang Yujie , Kamens Helen M , Ferrier Kendra , Bressler Jan , Loehr Laura , Raffield Laura M , Sims Mario , North Kari E , Fernández-Rhodes Lindsay 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Obesity and poverty disproportionally affect African American persons. Epigenetic mechanisms could partially explain the association between socioeconomic disadvantage and body mass index (BMI). We examined the extent to which epigenetic mechanisms mediate the effect of socioeconomic status (SES) on BMI. Using data from African American adults from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study (n = 2664, mean age = 57 years), education, income, and occupation were used to create a composite SES score at visit 1 (1987–1989). We conducted two methylation-wide association analyses to identify associations between SES (visit 1), BMI and cytosine-phosphate-guanine (CpG) sites measured at a subsequent visit (1990–1995). We then utilized structural equation modeling (SEM) to test whether identified sites mediated the association between earlier SES and BMI in sex-stratified models adjusted for demographic and risk factor covariates. Independent replication and meta-analyses were conducted using the Jackson Heart Study (JHS, n = 874, mean age 51 years, 2000–2004). Three CpG sites near MAD1L1, KDM2B, and SOCS3 (cg05095590, cg1370865, and cg18181703) were suggestively associated (P-value &lt; 1.3×10−5) in ARIC and at array-wide significance (P-value &lt; 1.3×10−7) in a combined meta-analysis of ARIC with JHS. SEM of these three sites revealed significant indirect effects in females (P-value &lt; 5.8×10−3), each mediating 7%–20% of the total effect of SES on BMI. Nominally significant indirect effects were observed for two sites near MAD1L1 and KDM2B in males (P-value &lt; 3.4×10−2), mediating −17 and −22% of the SES-BMI effect. These results provide further evidence that epigenetic modifications may be a potential pathway through which SES may “get under the skin” and contribute to downstream health disparities.
Functional OmpA of Salmonella Typhimurium Provides Protection From Lysosomal Degradation and Inhibits Autophagic Processes in Macrophages
Authors: Roy Chowdhury Atish , Hajra Dipasree , Mukherjee Debapriya , Nair Abhilash Vijay , Chakravortty Dipshikha 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Our previous study showed that OmpA-deficient Salmonella Typhimurium failed to retain LAMP-1 around the Salmonella-containing vacuoles (SCV), and escaped in to the host cell cytosol. Here we show that the cytosolic population of S. Typhimurium ΔompA sequestered autophagic markers, syntaxin17 and LC3B, in a sseL-dependent manner and initiated lysosomal fusion. Moreover, inhibition of autophagy using bafilomycinA1 restored its intracellular proliferation. Ectopic overexpression of OmpA in S. Typhimurium ΔsifA restored its vacuolar niche and increased its interaction with LAMP-1, suggesting a sifA-independent role of OmpA in maintaining an intact SCV. Mutations in the OmpA extracellular loops impaired the LAMP-1 recruitment to SCV and caused bacterial release into the cytosol of macrophages, but unlike S. Typhimurium ΔompA, they retained their outer membrane stability and did not activate the lysosomal degradation pathway, aiding in their intramacrophage survival. Finally, OmpA extracellular loop mutations protected cytosolic S. Typhimurium ΔsifA from lysosomal surveillance, revealing a unique OmpA-dependent strategy of S. Typhimurium for its intracellular survival.
Assessing how frailty and healthcare delays mediate the association between sexual and gender minority status and healthcare utilization in the All of Us Research Program
Authors: Wong Chelsea N , Smith Louisa H , Cavanaugh Robert , Kim Dae H , Streed Carl G , Kapadia Farzana , Olivieri-Mui Brianne 
Published: July 2024

Abstract

Objectives
To understand how frailty and healthcare delays differentially mediate the association between sexual and gender minority older adults (OSGM) status and healthcare utilization.

Materials and Methods
Data from the All of Us Research Program participants ≥50 years old were analyzed using marginal structural modelling to assess if frailty or healthcare delays mediated OSGM status and healthcare utilization. OSGM status, healthcare delays, and frailty were assessed using survey data. Electronic health record (EHR) data was used to measure the number of medical visits or mental health (MH) visit days, following 12 months from the calculated All of Us Frailty Index. Analyses adjusted for age, race and ethnicity, income, HIV, marital status ± general MH (only MH analyses).

Results
Compared to non-OSGM, OSGM adults have higher rates of medical visits (adjusted rate ratio [aRR]: 1.14; 95% CI: 1.03, 1.24) and MH visits (aRR: 1.85; 95% CI: 1.07, 2.91). Frailty mediated the association between OSGM status medical visits (Controlled direct effect [Rcde] aRR: 1.03, 95% CI [0.87, 1.22]), but not MH visits (Rcde aRR: 0.37 [95% CI: 0.06, 1.47]). Delays mediated the association between OSGM status and MH visit days (Rcde aRR: 2.27, 95% CI [1.15, 3.76]), but not medical visits (Rcde aRR: 1.06 [95% CI: 0.97, 1.17]).

Discussion
Frailty represents a need for medical care among OSGM adults, highlighting the importance of addressing it to improve health and healthcare utilization disparities. In contrast, healthcare delays are a barrier to MH care, underscoring the necessity of targeted strategies to ensure timely MH care for OSGM adults.
Civil Society and International Accountability
Authors: Chaikel Danya , Pillai Priya , Sachithanandan Pubudu 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The role of Civil Society Organizations (CSOs) in pursuing accountability for atrocity crimes through international law is more diverse than ever before, and the breadth of CSO activities and the modalities of their engagement with international justice institutions has been overlooked in the scholarship to date. This article explores various CSO approaches to advancing accountability, including at the International Court of Justice (ICJ), International Criminal Court (ICC), investigative mechanisms (for Syria, Myanmar, and Iraq), and selected United Nations treaty bodies and regional human rights courts. Civil society actors take on many roles, including as advocates, documenters, analysts, victims’ representatives, and international law experts. While often described as indispensable to international justice efforts, the relationship between civil society and formal justice mechanisms remains novel and can feel incongruous with traditional and ostensibly independent and impartial legal processes. This is evolving as CSOs enter traditional international justice spaces in diverse ways. This article provides a framework to understand the modalities of CSO engagement with international legal processes, as well as critical challenges.