bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Investigation on formaldehyde release from preservatives in cosmetics
Authors: Lv C. , Hou J. , Xie W. , Cheng H. 
Published: February 2015

SynopsisObjectiveTo understand formaldehyde residue in cosmetics, an investigation on formaldehyde release from eight preservatives (methenamine – MA, paraformaldehyde – PF, poly(p‐toluenesulfonamide‐co‐formaldehyde) ‐PTSAF, quaternium‐15 – QU, imidazolidinyl urea – IU, diazolidinyl urea – DU, dimethyloldimethyl hydantoin – DMDM and bronopol – BP) under various conditions was performed.MethodsThe concentration of released formaldehyde was determined by high‐performance liquid chromatography with photodiode array detection after derivatization with 2,4‐dinitrophenylhydrazine.ResultsThe amounts of formaldehyde release were in the order of PF > DU > DMDM ≈ QU ≈ IU > MA > BP > PTSAF. The releasing amounts of formaldehyde were the highest in the presence of aqueous matrices for the releasers except QU and IU, and the releasing effect was also relative to pH. More formaldehyde was released with longer storage time and higher temperature. Furthermore, all preservatives in cosmetic matrices released fewer amounts of formaldehyde than in pure aqueous or organic matrices, and the formaldehyde‐releasing amounts were also cosmetic specific.ConclusionFormaldehyde release was dependent on the matrix, pH, time and mainly temperature, and the releasing effect was also cosmetic specific.
Disaster nursing skills, knowledge and attitudes required in earthquake relief: Implications for nursing education
Authors: Yan Y.E. , Turale S. , Stone T. , Petrini M. 
Published: February 2015

BackgroundGlobally, nurses becoming more aware of getting better prepared for disaster relief, but in China, disaster nursing knowledge, courses and research are still limited.IntroductionChina has long been prone to disasters, but disaster nursing education and training is in its infancy.AimThis study explored the skills, knowledge and attitudes required by registered nurses from across China who worked in the aftermath of three large earthquakes to try to determine future disaster nursing education requirements.MethodThe Questionnaire of Nurses' Disaster Nursing Skills at Earthquake Sites, assessing nursing skills, knowledge and attitudes, was distributed to 139 registered nurses in 38 hospitals in 13 provinces across China who had worked in one or more earthquake disaster zones. Descriptive statistics were used for quantitative data, and content analysis for qualitative data.ResultsEighty‐nine questionnaires were returned, a response rate of 68.3%. No respondent had ever received specific disaster nursing training prior to their post‐earthquake nursing. Skills most often used by respondents were haemostasis bandaging, fixation, manual handling, observation and monitoring, debridement and dressing, and mass casualty transportation. Respondents identified that the most important groups of skills required were cardiopulmonary resuscitation; haemostasis, bandaging, fixation, and manual handling; and emergency management. They emphasized the need for psychological care of victims as well as that of fellow health workers.ConclusionNo respondent had ever received disaster nursing training prior to engagement at the earthquake disaster sites. All believed that there were important gaps in their knowledge and skills, and supported disaster nursing courses in the future.Implications for nursing and health policyChina urgently needs to develop disaster nursing courses, with the support of nurse leaders, educationalists and government, to implement training using an all hazards approach in accordance with international best practice and trainees' background clinical experience and knowledge.
Industrial Relations and Labour Law
Authors: Davies Paul , Freedland Mark 
Published: February 2015

AbstractIn this article, it is argued that Bill McCarthy's work in the field of industrial relations brought him into a profound engagement with labour law, despite his initial commitment to the credo of ‘collective laissez‐faire’ with its assertion of a minimal role for labour law in that field. His approach to the post‐1970 developments in labour law was an essentially pragmatic and empirical one, but he maintained the ideals of social justice and collective solidarity and continued to suggest ways in which labour law could best be harnessed to the service of those ideals.
Trade union organisation
Authors: Undy Roger 
Published: February 2015

AbstractUnion organisation was studied by Lord (Bill) McCarthy throughout his academic career. It also figured large in his political engagement with national policy making under both Labour and Conservative Governments. From 1968 onwards he was particularly interested in conducting research into, and producing related publications and unpublished papers on, the efficacy of various models of union structure and union government. The following article therefore focuses on these two critically important aspects of union organisation. It also assesses the different roles Bill played in his attempts to influence the reform of union organisation between 1968 and 1979, a relatively, and at least initially, benign political period and his attempts to protect union organisation in the more hostile political and economic climate of 1979 to 1996. It is also argued that Bill, following his appointment as Labour's front bench spokesman in the House of Lords in 1980, now occupied his niche role.
Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic relationship of marbofloxacin against Aeromonas hydrophila in Chinese soft‐shelled turtles (Trionyx sinensis)
Authors: Shan Q. , Zheng G. , Liu S. , Bai Y. , Li L. , Yin Y. , Ma L. , Zhu X. 
Published: February 2015

The single‐dose disposition kinetics of the antibiotic marbofloxacin were determined in Chinese soft‐shelled turtles (n = 10) after oral and intramuscular (i.m.) dose of 10 mg/kg bodyweight. The in vitro and ex vivo activities of marbofloxacin in serum against a pathogenic strain of Aeromonas hydrophila were determined. A concentration‐dependent antimicrobial activity of marbofloxacin was confirmed for levels lower than 4 × MIC. For in vivo PK data, values of AUC: minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) ratio for serum were 1166.6 and 782.4 h, respectively, after i.m. and oral dosing of marbofloxacin against a pathogenic strain of A. hydrophila (MIC = 0.05 μg/mL). The ex vivo growth inhibition data after oral dosing were fitted to the inhibitory sigmoid Emax equation to provide the values of AUC/MIC required to produce bacteriostasis, bactericidal activity and elimination of bacteria. The respective values were 23.79, 36.35 and 126.46 h. It is proposed that these findings might be used with MIC50 or MIC90 data to provide a rational approach to the design of dosage schedules, which optimize efficacy in respect of bacteriological as well as clinical cures.
Sensitization of enteric neurons to morphine by HIV‐1 Tat protein
Authors: Fitting S. , Ngwainmbi J. , Kang M. , Khan F. A. , Stevens D. L. , Dewey W. L. , Knapp P. E. , Hauser K. F. , Akbarali H. I. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractBackgroundGastrointestinal (GI) dysfunction is a major cause of morbidity in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). HIV‐1‐induced neuropathogenesis is significantly enhanced by opiate abuse, which increases proinflammatory chemokine/cytokine release, the production of reactive species, glial reactivity, and neuronal injury in the central nervous system. Despite marked interactions in the gut, little is known about the effects of HIV‐1 in combination with opiate use on the enteric nervous system.MethodsTo explore HIV‐opiate interactions in myenteric neurons, the effects of Tat ± morphine (0.03, 0.3, and 3 μM) were examined in isolated neurons from doxycycline‐ (DOX‐) inducible HIV‐1 Tat1‐86 transgenic mice or following in vitro Tat 100 nM exposure (>6 h).Key ResultsCurrent clamp recordings demonstrated increased neuronal excitability in neurons of inducible Tat(+) mice (Tat+/DOX) compared to control Tat−/DOX mice. In neurons from Tat+/DOX, but not from Tat−/DOX mice, 0.03 μM morphine significantly reduced neuronal excitability, fast transient and late long‐lasting sodium currents. There was a significant leftward shift in V0.5 of inactivation following exposure to 0.03 μM morphine, with a 50% decrease in availability of sodium channels at −100 mV. Similar effects were noted with in vitro Tat exposure in the presence of 0.3 μM morphine. Additionally, GI motility was significantly more sensitive to morphine in Tat(+) mice than Tat(−) mice.Conclusions & InferencesOverall, these data suggest that the sensitivity of enteric neurons to morphine is enhanced in the presence of Tat. Opiates and HIV‐1 may uniquely interact to exacerbate the deleterious effects of HIV‐1‐infection and opiate exposure on GI function.
Cerebral responses to puncturing at different acupoints for treating meal‐related functional dyspepsia
Authors: Zeng F. , Lan L. , Tang Y. , Liu M. , Liu X. , Song W. , Li Y. , Qin W. , Sun J. , Yu S. , Gao X. , Tian J. , Liang F. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractBackgroundTo investigate the similarities and differences in cerebral responses to puncturing at different acupoints for treating meal‐related functional dyspepsia (FD).MethodsTwenty right‐handed FD patients were enrolled and randomized divided into two groups. Each patient received 20 sessions’ electro‐acupuncture treatment. The acupoints used in Group A were four acupoints on the Stomach Meridian, and the acupoints used in Group B were four acupoints on the Gallbladder Meridian. PET‐CT scans were performed before and after acupuncture treatment to record the changes of cerebral glycometabolism.Key ResultsAfter treatment, the dyspepsia symptoms and the quality of life (QOL) of the patients in each group were significantly improved (p < 0.05) and there was insignificant difference in efficacy between the two groups (p > 0.05). In Group A, deactivation in brainstem, bilateral anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and cerebellum, left superior medial frontal gyrus, orbital frontal cortex (OFC), and thalamus, etc., and activation in bilateral middle cingulate cortex (MCC), precuneus and lingual gyrus, etc. were observed. In Group B, deactivation in brainstem, bilateral thalamus, putamen, ACC, postterior cingulate cortex, hippocampus and cerebellum, etc., and activation in bilateral MCC, precuneus, left OFC, etc. were observed (p < 0.05, Family‐wise error corrected).Conclusions & InferencesDifferent acupoints have similar clinical efficacy but relatively different cerebral responses. The influence on the sensory transduction regions (brainstem and thalamus) and visceral modulation regions might be the common mechanism of different acupoints treating for FD, and the modulation on some emotion/cognition‐related areas (e.g., prefrontal cortex) is the potential difference between the different acupoints.
Reduced muscarinic parotid secretion is underlain by impaired NO signaling in diabetic rabbits
Authors: Roganović J , Djukić LJ , Kršljak E , Tanić N , Stojić D 
Published: February 2015

ObjectivesThe influence of experimental diabetes (alloxan, 100 mg kg−1) was studied on rabbit parotid gland function.Material and MethodsCarbachol‐induced parotid secretion in vivo, and in vitro quantification of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) mRNA expression, by real‐time RT‐PCR, and activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) in commercial colorimetric assays were measured in parotid glands of non‐diabetic and diabetic rabbits.ResultsCarbachol‐induced dose‐dependent increase in parotid secretion significantly reduced in diabetic rabbits. Functional studies in the presence of muscarinic receptor and nitric oxide synthase (NOS) antagonists revealed that in M3 receptor‐mediated carbachol secretion, nitric oxide, deriving mainly from neuronal NOS (nNOS) in control, and iNOS in diabetic rabbits, was involved. Also, upregulation of iNOS mRNA expression and enhanced SOD activity and TAC were detected in diabetic glands.ConclusionsOur data suggest that decreased M3 receptor‐mediated parotid secretion in diabetic rabbits appears to be due to alterations in NO signaling, mainly due to iNOS induction, accompanied by elevated antioxidant response.
Impact of hepatic arterial hemodynamics in predicting early hepatic arterial thrombosis in pediatric recipients younger than three yr after living donor liver transplantation
Authors: Gu Lihong , Fang Hua , Li Fenghua , Zhang Shijun , Shen Conghuan , Han Longzhi 
Published: February 2015

AbstractWe used Doppler US to evaluate the changes in hepatic arterial hemodynamics that occur following LDLT in pediatric recipients, with a view to assessing the utility of these parameters in predicting early HAT. A retrospective review of 144 pediatric recipients (73 males, 71 females) who underwent routine Doppler US in the first week after LDLT was undertaken, and changes in hepatic arterial hemodynamics were assessed. The HARI and HAPSV were compared in patients with early HAT (defined as occurring in the first postoperative week) and a control group, and the utility of these parameters in predicting early HAT after LDLT was determined. A total of 11 pediatric recipients experienced early HAT, being diagnosed on average four and a half days after LDLT. HARI and HAPSV values were significantly different between the early HAT group and controls. HARI values <0.6 on the day before the onset of early HAT were able to predict HAT development with a sensitivity of 81.8% and specificity of 95.2%. This provides evidence for routine Doppler US examination in these patients and supports consideration of more intensive anticoagulation in these high‐risk patients.
Bees, birds and yellow flowers: pollinator‐dependent convergent evolution of UV patterns
Authors: Papiorek S. , Junker R. R. , Alves‐dos‐Santos I. , Melo G. A. R. , Amaral‐Neto L. P. , Sazima M. , Wolowski M. , Freitas L. , Lunau K. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractColour is one of the most obvious advertisements of flowers, and occurs in a huge diversity among the angiosperms. Flower colour is responsible for attraction from a distance, whereas contrasting colour patterns within flowers aid orientation of flower visitors after approaching the flowers. Due to the striking differences in colour vision systems and neural processing across animal taxa, flower colours evoke specific behavioural responses by different flower visitors. We tested whether and how yellow flowers differ in their spectral reflectance depending on the main pollinator. We focused on bees and birds and examined whether the presence or absence of the widespread UV reflectance pattern of yellow flowers predicts the main pollinator. Most bee‐pollinated flowers displayed a pattern with UV‐absorbing centres and UV‐reflecting peripheries, whereas the majority of bird‐pollinated flowers are entirely UV‐ absorbing. In choice experiments we found that bees did not show consistent preferences for any colour or pattern types. However, all tested bee species made their first antennal contact preferably at the UV‐absorbing area of the artificial flower, irrespective of its spatial position within the flower. The appearance of UV patterns within flowers is the main difference in spectral reflectance between yellow bee‐ and bird‐pollinated flowers, and affects the foraging behaviour of flower visitors. The results support the hypothesis that flower colours and the visual capabilities of their efficient pollinators are adapted to each other.
Alterations in host DNA methylation in response to constitutive expression of Hop stunt viroid RNA in Nicotiana benthamiana plants
Authors: Castellano M. , Martinez G. , Pallás V. , Gómez G. 
Published: February 2015

Increasing evidence points to the epigenetic regulation of transcriptional activity as a general mechanism controlling host response to pathogen infection. Recent results revealed that cucumber plants infected with Hop stunt viroid (HSVd) showed alterations in the DNA methylation pattern of usually silenced rRNA genes that are consequently transcriptionally reactivated during infection. These results indicated that, at least in cucumber, HSVd pathogenesis could be associated with disruptions in the transcriptional mechanisms regulated by epigenetic modifications of host DNA. To determine if this disorder in host regulatory activity could be a common phenomenon that occurs in other viroid–host combinations, here, the transcriptional activity in transgenic Nicotiana benthamiana constitutively expressing HSVd (HSVd/Nb) was analysed. It was observed that the HSVd RNA accumulation in N. benthamiana mimics the alteration induced by viroid infection in cucumber, promoting the accumulation of ribosomal‐derived small RNAs (rb‐sRNAs). Bisulphite sequencing demonstrated that this phenomenon was linked to a loss of symmetric cytosine methylation and correlated with an increasing accumulation of rRNA precursors in HSVd/Nb plants. The data supports the hypothesis that the interference of this pathogenic long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) in epigenetic mechanisms (associated to rDNA methylation) controlling plant gene expression is not restricted to a specific host. Thus, this phenomenon may be more general and able to occur in other viroid–plant interactions.
Immigration and Swiss‐EU Free Movement of Persons: Question of a Safeguard Clause
Authors: Ambühl Michael , Zürcher Sibylle 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThe issue of migration is a current topic in different European countries. In this paper, we concentrate on the case of Switzerland. After the adoption of the Mass Immigration Initiative on 9 February 2014, Switzerland is faced with a challenging task. It needs to implement the constitutional mandate to manage migration autonomously, although Switzerland has a bilateral free movement of persons agreement with the EU. We present an approach to a solution for discussion. The basic idea is to maintain the principle of freedom of movement without fixed quotas or national priority but with a safeguard clause for (statistically) exceptional situations. An exceptional situation occurs if serious social, economic or political difficulties arise. As an objective method to determine serious difficulties, we choose an excessive percentage in net migration, defined on the basis of the situation in the EU/EFTA. If the net migration in Switzerland is getting excessive, the safeguard clause could be called. In addition, we take other factors into account such as the amount of the EU/EFTA foreigners and the labor market.
Immigration and Integration Policy in Switzerland, 1848 to 2014
Authors: Ruedin Didier , Alberti Camilla , D'Amato Gianni 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThe regulation of immigration and how immigrants are treated once they settle in a country are fundamental aspects of national policy. Existing descriptions of the developments of immigration and integration policy have either provided a limited snapshot, or relied on the author's subjective assessment of how policies developed over time. In this research note, we provide a systematic and truly historical assessment of immigration and integration policy in Switzerland: between the foundation of modern Switzerland in 1848 and 2014. The most recent MIPEX questionnaire was used to provide a systematic and multidimensional portrait of how immigration and integration policy has evolved in Switzerland. Using these data, we identify three distinctive periods (expansive, restricting, expanding), and argue that the changes in policies reflect the fact that immigrants are increasingly accepted as a permanent feature of Swiss society.
The Outcry of the Periphery? An Analysis of Ticino's No to Immigration
Authors: Mazzoleni Oscar , Pilotti Andrea 
Published: February 2015

AbstractWhen the popular initiative “against mass immigration” was accepted by the Swiss people and cantons on 9 February 2014, Ticino had by far the highest approval rate. The Italian‐speaking canton thus once more confirmed its singular position, assumed since the 1990s, on popular votes regarding immigration and foreign policy. This seems to be indicative of wider crises and changes in both the economic and political spheres that have favoured the emergence of a political opposition between centre and periphery. The results of a survey among 1400 citizens of Ticino after the vote of 9 February confirm this. In essence, on top of the question of immigration, the vote was influenced by a fearful perception of Ticino as a “double periphery” vis‐à‐vis both Berne and Lombardy.
Switzerland – Really Europe's Heart of Darkness?
Authors: Manatschal Anita 
Published: February 2015

AbstractImmigration is a prominent and contested global topic of contemporary politics. Several recent popular votes targeting migration such as the minaret initiative, the automatic deportation initiative, and most recently the vote on “mass immigration”, evoke however the impression that Switzerland sets particularly harsh standards in migration policy. Based on historical evidence on Swiss migration policy making and comparative analyses on current cantonal integration policy outputs, I argue that ‐ while far from being a new phenomenon ‐ immigrant scepticism has become a more relevant factor of Swiss migration policy making than ever. Yet, immigration and immigrant scepticism do not only challenge direct democratic Switzerland, but all destination countries of immigration.
The RING finger E3 ligase STRF1 is involved in membrane trafficking and modulates salt‐stress response in Arabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Tian Miaomiao , Lou Lijuan , Liu Lijing , Yu Feifei , Zhao Qingzhen , Zhang Huawei , Wu Yaorong , Tang Sanyuan , Xia Ran , Zhu Baoge , Serino Giovanna , Xie Qi 
Published: February 2015

SummarySalt stress is a detrimental factor for plant growth and development. The response to salt stress has been shown to involve components in the intracellular trafficking system, as well as components of the ubiquitin‐proteasome system (UPS). In this article, we have identified in Arabidopsis thaliana a little reported ubiquitin ligase involved in salt‐stress response, which we named STRF1 (Salt Tolerance RING Finger 1). STRF1 is a member of RING‐H2 finger proteins and we demonstrate that it has ubiquitin ligase activity in vitro. We also show that STRF1 localizes mainly at the plasma membrane and at the intracellular endosomes. strf1‐1 loss‐of‐function mutant seedlings exhibit accelerated endocytosis in roots, and have altered expression of several genes involved in the membrane trafficking system. Moreover, protein trafficking inhibitor, brefeldin A (BFA), treatment has increased BFA bodies in strf1‐1 mutant. This mutant also showed increased tolerance to salt, ionic and osmotic stresses, reduced accumulation of reactive oxygen species during salt stress, and increased expression of AtRbohD, which encodes a nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase involved in H2O2 production. We conclude that STRF1 is a membrane trafficking‐related ubiquitin ligase, which helps the plant to respond to salt stress by monitoring intracellular membrane trafficking and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production.