bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Protected Polymorphisms and Evolutionary Stability of Patch-Selection Strategies in Stochastic Environments
Authors: Evans Steven N. , Hening Alexandru , Schreiber Sebastian J. 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTWe consider a population living in a patchy environment that varies stochastically in space and time. The population is composed of two morphs (that is, individuals of the same species with different genotypes). In terms of survival and reproductive success, the associated phenotypes differ only in their habitat selection strategies. We compute invasion rates corresponding to the rates at which the abundance of an initially rare morph increases in the presence of the other morph established at equilibrium. If both morphs have positive invasion rates when rare, then there is an equilibrium distribution such that the two morphs coexist; that is, there is a protected polymorphism for habitat selection. Alternatively, if one morph has a negative invasion rate when rare, then it is asymptotically displaced by the other morph under all initial conditions where both morphs are present. We refine the characterization of an evolutionary stable strategy for habitat selection from [Schreiber, 2012] in a mathematically rigorous manner. We provide a necessary and sufficient condition for the existence of an ESS that uses all patches and determine when using a single patch is an ESS. We also provide an explicit formula for the ESS when there are two habitat types. We show that adding environmental stochasticity results in an ESS that, when compared to the ESS for the corresponding model without stochasticity, spends less time in patches with larger carrying capacities and possibly makes use of sink patches, thereby practicing a spatial form of bet hedging.
Boundary practices at incident sites
Authors: Kvarnlöf Linda , Johansson Roine 
Published: April 2014

Purpose
– Incident sites can be described as the joint work site of the emergency services, where one of their challenges is to interact with the public. The purpose of this paper is to study how this interaction is structured by the emergency personnel's jurisdictional claims.

Design/methodology/approach
– This paper rests upon qualitative method and in-depth interviews. In total, 28 people have been interviewed, out of which 13 are emergency personnel and 15 are unaffiliated volunteers. The interview material has been analysed qualitatively and thematically by the authors.

Findings
– The findings show that the interaction between emergency personnel and unaffiliated volunteers can be described in terms of three different boundary practices: cordoning off, division of labour and conversation, varying in degrees of inclusion and exclusion. The result shows that the emergency personnel's relationship to volunteers is ambivalent, as they are both seen as an uncertain element at the incident site in need of control and as a valuable source of information.

Originality/value
– While most other studies have been focusing on the interaction between emergency organizations, the authors have investigated the interaction between emergency organizations and a group previously unstudied: unaffiliated volunteers. While sociologists in the field of boundary work normally describe boundary practices in terms of negotiation, sympathizing with the concept of negotiated order, the results point to the fact that boundaries are not necessarily a subject for negotiation.
Managing boundaries at the accident scene – a qualitative study of collaboration exercises
Authors: Andersson Annika , D. Carlstrom Eric , Ahgren Bengt , M. Berlin Johan 
Published: April 2014

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to identify what is practiced during collaboration exercises and possible facilitators for inter-organisational collaboration.Design/methodology/approach– Interviews with 23 participants from four collaboration exercises in Sweden were carried out during autumn 2011. Interview data were subjected to qualitative content analysis.Findings– Findings indicate that the exercises tend to focus on intra-organisational routines and skills, rather than developing collaboration capacities. What the participants practiced depended on roles and order of arrival at the exercise. Exercises contributed to practicing leadership roles, which was considered essential since crises are unpredictable and require inter-organisational decision making.Originality/value– The results of this study indicate that the ability to identify boundary objects, such as injured/patients, was found to be important in order for collaboration to occur. Furthermore, lessons learned from exercises could benefit from inter-organisational evaluation. By introducing and reinforcing certain elements and distinct aims of the exercise, the proactive function of collaboration exercises can be clarified.
The Cumbria spree killing – how mobility affects the policing of critical incidents
Authors: Kirby Stuart , Graham Jerry , Green Michelle 
Published: April 2014

Purpose– Spree killing impacts significantly on emergency services and is becoming more prevalent across the world. The purpose of this paper is to explore the Cumbrian spree killing, which resulted in the fatal shooting of 12 people with a further 11 wounded. This study highlights why these events are so difficult to manage in an attempt to assist policy makers and practitioners deal with them more effectively.Design/methodology/approach– A qualitative methodology was used, examining open source information and internal police documentation. This was supported by semi-structured interviews with command staff (three), and questionnaires involving a representative group of police staff (11), who were all deployed on the incident.Findings– This case study mirrored the characteristics of many other spree killings. The sophistication of the killer, together with the speed of mobility, significantly increases the challenges posed to the police, specifically in terms of: deployment, decision making, interoperability and managing the media. Further, it questions the effectiveness of normal command and control management approaches that are typically used in these situations.Practical implications– Spree killing (active shooter) events are increasing across the globe. This study highlights the critical challenges to be dealt with. It argues a more innovative inter-agency paradigm is needed to deal with crimes in action.Originality/value– There are few academic papers in relation to spree killing. This paper analyses the factors that impact upon the effectiveness of the police response.
Impact of start-up support through guided preparation
Authors: (Wie) Yusuf Juita-Elena 
Published: April 2014

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to examine if and how entrepreneurial assistance programs, through guided preparation, affect start-up success.Design/methodology/approach–This study uses Heckman's two-stage sample selection model to predict the effect of contact and interactions with entrepreneurial support programs on start-up outcomes while taking into account the entrepreneur's self-selection into obtaining support from these programs.Findings– The results indicate that, after controlling for individual characteristics, activities undertaken during the start-up process, organizational characteristics and external factors, guided preparation contributes to a greater likelihood of achieving positive start-up outcome. This finding holds even after controlling for the entrepreneur's self-selection into contacting and using outside assistance.Research limitations/implications– Results suggest that self-selection bias remains a concern when studying the impact of assistance programs on start-up outcomes. Future research should make sure to address self-selection in their analysis.Practical implications– The study's results have implications for the design of start-up programs. It highlights the importance of delivery structures that are fluid, flexible, interactive, experiential, and tailored to the individual entrepreneur's needs.Originality/value– This study focusses on assistance programs broadly defined (includes many different types of programs) and provides an empirical analysis that addresses self-selection.
Contingency factors on university spin-off formation: an empirical study in Germany
Authors: Lautenschläger Arndt , Haase Heiko , Kratzer Jan 
Published: April 2014

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to investigate contingency factors on the emergence of university spin-off firms. The institutional and organisational factors the paper explores comprise the transfer potential of the university, the strategy and characteristics of the University Technology Transfer Organisations and specific support for spin-off formation.Design/methodology/approach– Based on a unique data set, this cross-sectional study analyses the population of 54 higher education institutions in Germany. At this, 31.4 per cent of the German universities with technology transfer activities participated in this study.Findings– The research identifies a high degree of heterogeneity in the qualification of University Technology Transfer Offices (UTTO) staff and the existence of an entrepreneurship support programme as important antecedents of spin-off formation. In addition, the results reveal that pursuing different or multiple transfer strategies will not be detrimental to the establishment of spin-offs.Practical implications– It seems that there is still a lack of consensus with respect to the importance of spin-offs as an effective channel to transform research results into economic value. Furthermore, universities aiming at the promotion of spin-offs need appropriate regulations which do not jeopardise the usage of research outcomes for entrepreneurial purposes.Originality/value– This study contributes to enhance the knowledge on what promotes and inhibits the formation of university spin-off firms, as it first analyses a considerable population of UTTOs in Germany and explicitly considers underexplored and new contingency factors.
Facilitating the formalisation of entrepreneurs in the informal economy
Authors: Williams Colin , J. Nadin Sara 
Published: April 2014

Purpose– Although it has been recognised that many entrepreneurs operate in the informal economy, little is so far known about their reasons for doing so. The purpose of this paper is to begin to unravel entrepreneurs’ rationales for trading in the informal economy in order to consider what policy measures need to be adopted to facilitate their formalisation.Design/methodology/approach– To do this, the results of an empirical survey are reported conducted in Ukraine during 2006/2007 with 331 individuals who had started-up or owned/managed an enterprise.Findings– Revealing that the rationales for entrepreneurs operating in the informal economy markedly differ according to whether they are wholly or partially informal entrepreneurs operating temporarily or permanently in the informal economy, the result is a call for a move beyond a “one-size-fits-all” policy approach and towards a variegated public policy approach whereby policy measures are tailored to tackling the different types of informal entrepreneurship, each of which operate informally for varying reasons.Research limitations/implications– No evidence yet exists of whether the rationales for engaging in each type of informal entrepreneurship, and the consequent policy measures that need to be used to formalise each type, are more widely valid. Further research to evaluate this is required.Originality/value– This is the first paper to start to move beyond a “one size fits all” policy approach when considering how to facilitate the formalisation of entrepreneurs in the informal economy.
Entrepreneurship and the consequences of healthcare policy
Authors: Salvino Robert , Tasto Michael , Randolph Gregory 
Published: April 2014

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to examine the long-run impact of federal government healthcare subsidies on the level of entrepreneurship as measured by self-employment.

Design/methodology/approach
– Using annual healthcare and employment data from 1948 through 1999, the paper empirically examines the relationship between the growth in employer-provided healthcare and the rate of self-employment as a share of the non-agriculture, civilian labor force.

Findings
– The regression results imply that there is a consistent effect that has appeared over time – where federal healthcare subsidies have disproportionately benefitted larger firms, contributing to the decline in the rate of self-employment, within-firm innovation, and factor mobility over time.

Research limitations/implications
– The research in this study is limited by the examination of self-employment only and a constant institutional structure across all states, only varying across time for the entire USA. In addition, an empirical study looking at how the value of healthcare benefits have changed over time – vs the sole question in this study that depends upon whether or not an individual is covered or not would be very useful in determining the true effect on an entrepreneur.

Social implications
– Reducing or removing the layers of healthcare subsidies would bring about an increase in the transparency of the wage-productivity relationship and a more efficient allocation of labor and entrepreneurial ability across firm sizes.

Originality/value
– This paper presents empirical evidence supporting specific improvements to national healthcare policy at a time when such policy is undergoing significant change with consequences for entrepreneurial decision making.
State income tax reciprocity agreements and small businesses
Authors: Bruce Don , C. Rork Jon , Wagner Gary 
Published: April 2014

Purpose
– Small businesses play a vital role in job creation and economic growth, and previous studies have noted that higher state tax rates may reduce entrepreneurial activity, growth, and hiring. The paper aims to discuss this issue.

Design/methodology/approach
– In this paper, the authors use a 1989-2005 panel of state-level data to explore the effects of state income tax reciprocity agreements on several measures of small business activity. Since a reciprocity agreement exempts non-resident income from a state's personal income tax base, it has the potential to reduce barriers to entrepreneurial activity and lower tax compliance costs.

Findings
– The results indicate that reciprocity agreements appear to have reduced the tax-rate sensitivity of entrepreneurial activity, which may lead to more small business and entrepreneurial activity in states with more active agreements, other factors constant. This suggests that personal income tax reciprocity agreements may be a credible policy tool to expand small business activity.

Originality/value
– In this study, the paper sets out to determine if small business and entrepreneurial activity is greater in states that have reciprocity agreements and if such activity is dependent on the number of active agreements in place. Given recent nationwide efforts to ease compliance costs for business through other initiatives such as the Telecommuter Tax Fairness Act and the Streamlined Sales Tax Agreement, this study is the first to quantify how decreasing tax compliance and eliminating barriers to labor mobility affects small business activity. The results therefore have the potential to help shape debates in many states today.
SEC suffers three recent losses despite increased focus on trial readiness
Authors: Bettigole Bruce , Kelly Katherine , Kruly Charlie 
Published: April 2014

Purpose
– To contrast SEC Chair Mary Jo White's enforcement rhetoric with the results of recent SEC enforcement actions.

Design/methodology/approach
– Discusses a speech in which White explained the benefits she believes result from taking cases to trial. Proceeds to review three recent cases in which the Commission has lost after a jury trial or summary judgment motion.

Findings
– Based on three recent SEC losses, White may be correct in her prediction that trials promote “public accountability for both defendants and the government.”

Practical implications
– Some defendants in SEC enforcement actions may ultimately prevail if they refuse to settle with the Commission.

Originality/value
– This article analyzes the early results of the SEC's newly-announced enforcement policies.
SEC intensifies scrutiny of fee-based accounts and reverse churning
Authors: A. Nathan Daniel , A. Navarro Lauren 
Published: April 2014

Purpose
– To explain the SEC's focus on the appropriate use of fee-based accounts and disciplinary efforts to identify and prevent “reverse churning.”

Design/methodology/approach
– Describes the quantitative analytics used in the SEC's Risk Analysis Examinations (RAEs) to identify reverse churning and other problematic behaviors, explains why the inappropriate use of fee-based or “wrap fee” accounts and “double charging” can be unfair to investment clients, summarizes prior NASD and FINRA guidance and enforcement regarding fee-based account supervision, and recommends account monitoring actions that firms should take to ferret out reverse churning.

Findings
– The SEC's continuing interest in reverse churning and double-charging, and its use of new examination and investigation tools, together suggest that the future will see more investigations and enforcement actions against firms who place clients in a fee-based or “wrap-fee” account without having adequate supervisory procedures to determine and monitor whether such accounts are appropriate for those clients.

Practical implications
– Monitoring accounts to ferret out reverse churning has proven difficult for firms in the past, since spotting inactivity might be more challenging than detecting excessive trades (known as “churning”). However, it seems that the SEC and its staff are enhancing their ability to identify and address these violations.

Originality/value
– Practical advice from experienced financial services lawyers.
CFTC overhauls customer protection requirements
Authors: M. Brown Robert 
Published: April 2014

Purpose
– The purpose of the paper is to summarize the Commodity Futures Trading Commission's (CFTC) recent overhaul of its customer protection rules, which regulate how futures commission merchants (FCMs) and derivatives clearing organizations (DCOs) handle customer funds.

Design/methodology/approach
– The paper summarizes the most significant aspects of the CFTC's October 30, 2013 customer protection rulemaking, explains FCM and DCO obligations under the new regulatory regime, and sets forth a compliance timeline.

Findings
– The CFTC's recent overhaul of its customer protection rules impose significant new requirements on FCMs and DCOs in their handling of customer funds.

Practical implications
– All FCMs and DCOs that handle customer funds should review these new rules and begin putting into place policies and procedures to ensure their compliance as each new requirement comes into effect.

Originality/value
– The CFTC's overhaul of its customer protection regime is new and significant. FCMs and DCOs need to understand their new obligations under the rules. As these new rules are the CFTC's regulatory response to the events that led to the insolvencies of MF Global and Peregrine Financial Group, these developments also should be of interest to futures and swaps market participants generally.
Organisation of compliance across financial institutions
Authors: Prorokowski Lukasz , Prorokowski Hubert 
Published: April 2014

Purpose
– Compliance is defined as conforming to a rule, such as a policy framework, standard or law. Regulatory compliance encompasses all processes that require an entity to be aware of and conform to relevant regulations. As a result, organisation of compliance function remains complex due to the overwhelming set of compliance requirements that exert pressure on various business segments. This report aims to investigate how banks and financial services firms are responding to the regulatory-driven changes to the current compliance landscape, with particular attention paid to nascent challenges and structural changes affecting the organisation of compliance.

Design/methodology/approach
– The current research project is based on in-depth, semi-structured interviews with five universal banks and three financial services firms to pursue the best practices of adapting to the accelerating change in the regulatory-driven compliance landscape.

Findings
– In the aftermath of the global financial crisis, banks and financial institutions across the globe have been required to adapt to numerous regulatory reforms that are exerting increased pressure on compliance functions. Amid recent events of multi-million fines to banks that displayed flawed surveillance systems and control failings, the changing regulatory landscape has shown that the relationship with the regulators and compliance with the new regulatory frameworks is a difficult process even for the tier-1 global banks.

Originality/value
– Embarking on a peer review of the structures, roles, strategies and responsibilities of different compliance functions across banks and financial services institutions, this paper provides advice to financial institutions on ways of dealing with the complex emerging issues to ensure that the regulatory and compliance arrangements do not turn detrimental. At this point, the paper recognizes that the precise design of a compliance function will vary across individual banks and financial services firms. Nonetheless, this paper addresses the root issues and characteristics that are commonly shared despite the differences in organisations of compliance.
Architectural choices in LOCKSS networks
Authors: Stuart Holmes Rosenthal David 
Published: April 2014

Purpose
– The LOCKSS digital preservation technology collects, preserves and disseminates content in peer-to-peer networks. Many such networks are in use. The Global LOCKSS Network (GLN) is an open network with many nodes in which libraries preserve academic journals and books that they purchase. The CLOCKSS network is a closed network, managed by a non-profit consortium of publishers and libraries to form a dark archive of e-journal content. There are also many Private LOCKSS Networks (PLNs) preserving various genres of content. Each of these networks is configured to meet the specific requirements of its community and the content it preserves. This paper seeks to address these issues.

Design/methodology/approach
– This paper describes these architectural choices and discusses a development that could enable other configurations.

Findings
– Third-party rights databases would allow hosted LOCKSS networks.

Practical implications
– Hosted LOCKSS networks would be cheaper.

Originality/value
– Reducing cost of digital preservation is important in a time of strained library budgets.