bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mount Logan ice core record of tropical and solar influences on Aleutian Low variability: 500–1998 A.D.
Authors: Osterberg Erich C. , Mayewski Paul A. , Fisher David A. , Kreutz Karl J. , Maasch Kirk A. , Sneed Sharon B. , Kelsey Eric 
Published: September 2014

AbstractContinuous, high‐resolution paleoclimate records from the North Pacific region spanning the past 1500 years are rare; and the behavior of the Aleutian Low (ALow) pressure center, the dominant climatological feature in the Gulf of Alaska, remains poorly constrained. Here we present a continuous, 1500 year long, calibrated proxy record for the strength of the wintertime (December–March) ALow from the Mount Logan summit (PR Col; 5200 m asl) ice core soluble sodium time series. We show that ice core sodium concentrations are statistically correlated with North Pacific sea level pressure and zonal wind speed. Our ALow proxy record reveals a weak ALow from circa 900–1300 A.D. and 1575–1675 A.D., and a comparatively stronger ALow from circa 500–900 A.D., 1300–1575 A.D., and 1675 A.D. to present. The Mount Logan ALow proxy record shows strong similarities with tropical paleoclimate proxy records sensitive to the El Niño–Southern Oscillation and is consistent with the hypothesis that the Medieval Climate Anomaly was characterized by more persistent La Niña‐like conditions while the Little Ice Age was characterized by at least two intervals of more persistent El Niño‐like conditions. The Mount Logan ALow proxy record is significantly (p < 0.05) correlated and coherent with solar irradiance proxy records over various time scales, with stronger solar irradiance generally associated with a weaker ALow and La Niña‐like tropical conditions. However, a step‐like increase in ALow strength during the Dalton solar minimum circa 1820 is associated with enhanced Walker circulation. Furthermore, rising CO2 forcing or internal variability may be masking the twentieth century rise in solar irradiance.
Simulating Pliocene warmth and a permanent El Niño‐like state: The role of cloud albedo
Authors: Burls N. J. , Fedorov A. V. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractAvailable evidence suggests that during the early Pliocene (4–5 Ma) the mean east‐west sea surface temperature (SST) gradient in the equatorial Pacific Ocean was significantly smaller than today, possibly reaching only 1–2°C. The meridional SST gradients were also substantially weaker, implying an expanded ocean warm pool in low latitudes. Subsequent global cooling led to the establishment of the stronger, modern temperature gradients. Given our understanding of the physical processes that maintain the present‐day cold tongue in the east, warm pool in the west and hence sharp temperature contrasts, determining the key factors that maintained early Pliocene climate still presents a challenge for climate theories and models. This study demonstrates how different cloud properties could provide a solution. We show that a reduction in the meridional gradient in cloud albedo can sustain reduced meridional and zonal SST gradients, an expanded warm pool and warmer thermal stratification in the ocean, and weaker Hadley and Walker circulations in the atmosphere. Having conducted a range of hypothetical modified cloud albedo experiments, we arrive at our Pliocene simulation, which shows good agreement with proxy SST data from major equatorial and coastal upwelling regions, the tropical warm pool, middle and high latitudes, and available subsurface temperature data. As suggested by the observations, the simulated Pliocene‐like climate sustains a robust El Niño‐Southern Oscillation despite the reduced mean east‐west SST gradient. Our results demonstrate that cloud albedo changes may be a critical element of Pliocene climate and that simulating the meridional SST gradient correctly is central to replicating the geographical patterns of Pliocene warmth.
Statistical comparison of seasonal variations in the GUMICS‐4 global MHD model ionosphere and measurements
Authors: Juusola L. , Facskó G. , Honkonen I. , Janhunen P. , Vanhamäki H. , Kauristie K. , Laitinen T. V. , Milan S. E. , Palmroth M. , Tanskanen E. I. , Viljanen A. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractUnderstanding the capability of a simulation to reproduce observed features is a requirement for its use in operational space weather forecasting. We compare statistically ionospheric seasonal variations in the Grand Unified Magnetosphere‐Ionosphere Coupling Simulation (GUMICS‐4) global magnetohydrodynamic model with measurements. The GUMICS‐4 data consist of a set of runs that was fed with real solar wind measurements and cover the period of 1 year. Ionospheric convection measurements are from the Super Dual Auroral Radar Network (SuperDARN) radars, and electric currents are derived from the magnetic field measured by the CHAMP satellite. Auroral electrojet indices are used to examine the disturbance magnetic field on ground. The signatures of electrodynamic coupling between the magnetosphere and ionosphere extend to lower latitudes in GUMICS‐4 than in observations, and key features of the auroral ovals—the Region 2 field‐aligned currents, electrojets, Harang discontinuity, and ring of enhanced conductivity—are not properly reproduced. The ground magnetic field is even at best about 5 times weaker than measurements, which can be a problem for forecasting geomagnetically induced currents. According to the measurements, the ionospheric electrostatic potential does not change significantly from winter to summer but field‐aligned currents enhance, whereas in GUMICS‐4, the electrostatic potential weakens from winter to summer but field‐aligned currents do not change. This could be a consequence of the missing Region 2 currents: the Region 1 current has to close with itself across the polar cap, which makes it sensitive to solar UV conductivity. Precipitation energy and conductance peak amplitudes in GUMICS‐4 agree with observations.
CalcDeltaB: An efficient postprocessing tool to calculate ground‐level magnetic perturbations from global magnetosphere simulations
Authors: Rastätter Lutz , Tóth Gábor , Kuznetsova Maria M. , Pulkkinen Antti A. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractGround magnetic field variations can induce electric currents on long conductor systems such as high‐voltage power transmission systems. The extra electric currents can interfere with normal operation of these conductor systems; and thus, there is a great need for better specification and prediction of the field perturbations. In this publication we present CalcDeltaB, an efficient postprocessing tool to calculate magnetic perturbations ΔB at any position on the ground from snapshots of the current systems that are being produced by first‐principle models of the global magnetosphere‐ionosphere system. This tool was developed during the recent “dB/dt” modeling challenge at the Community Coordinated Modeling Center that compared magnetic perturbations and their derivative with observational results. The calculation tool is separate from each of the magnetosphere models and ensures that the ΔB computation method is uniformly applied, and that validation studies using ΔB compare the performance of the models rather than the combination of each model and a built‐in ΔB computation tool that may exist. Using the tool, magnetic perturbations on the ground are calculated from currents in the magnetosphere, from field‐aligned currents between magnetosphere and ionosphere, and the Hall and Pedersen currents in the ionosphere. The results of the new postprocessing tool are compared with ΔB calculations within the Space Weather Modeling Framework model and are in excellent agreement. We find that a radial resolution of 1/30RE is fine enough to represent the contribution to ΔB from the region of field‐aligned currents.
Separation of Peptide Diastereomers
Authors: Scriba Gerhard K.E. 
Published: September 2014

Diastereomeric peptides, isomers in which one or more of the chiral centers have been converted to the opposite configuration (R or S,DorL), often possess different biological activities and/or conformational properties. Therefore, the separation and determination of diastereomeric peptides is important in life sciences and particularly significant to the pharmaceutical industry for quality control of peptide synthesis and stability as well as for regulatory requirements. Diastereomers differ in their physicochemical properties that can be utilized for their determination by numerous techniques. In contrast to many other methods such as optical rotation, circular dichroism, differential scanning calorimetry, or infrared (IR) spectroscopy, separation techniques such as chromatography or capillary electrophoresis (CE) allow the sensitive and simultaneous identification and quantification of peptide diastereomers.This chapter covers analytical‐scale separation of peptide diastereomers by chromatographic methods, including paper chromatography (PC), thin‐layer chromatography (TLC), gas chromatography (GC), high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and CE. HPLC is currently the predominantly used method for peptide diastereomer separations. However, owing to the high resolving power, particularly for polar compounds, CE has been applied to the separation of diastereomeric peptides in recent years. The chapter focuses on methods employing achiral stationary phases or buffers without chiral additives for the separations, although some examples of such separations, i.e. the use of chiral columns or chiral mobile phase additives, are mentioned. Moreover, only diasteromeric peptides containing natural amino acids will be discussed.
Chemometrics Applied toNMRAnalysis
Authors: Rusilowicz Martin , O'Keefe Simon , Wilson Julie , Charlton Adrian 
Published: September 2014

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy provides information about the physical and chemical properties of atoms within a sample and has become an essential tool in metabolomics. Although less sensitive than mass spectrometry, NMR spectroscopy is highly reproducible and gives wider coverage in comparison to other techniques used for the analysis of complex mixtures, providing information about all metabolites with concentrations above the limit of detection. Recent advances in technology, advances in methodology, and increased computer power have increased the need to develop mathematical and statistical methods to analyze and interpret the complex datasets acquired. This has resulted in developments in the field of chemical informatics known aschemometrics. In contrast to targeted analyses, chemometric approaches do not initially attempt to identify particular metabolites. Instead, statistical techniques and pattern recognition methods are used to identify spectral features that show consistent trends or provide discrimination between classes. These features can provide a fingerprint for a metabolic state to be used, for example, for disease diagnostics, and individual features of interest can then be related to specific compounds and metabolic pathways using database searches.NMR‐based chemometric methods are now used in a wide range of applications including clinical diagnostics, food science and traceability, monitoring genetic modification, predicting the side effects of pharmaceuticals and their environmental effects, and process control.
The effectiveness of insurer‐supported safety and health engineering controls in reducing workers' compensation claims and costs
Authors: Wurzelbacher Steven J. , Bertke Stephen J. , Lampl Michael P. , Bushnell P. Timothy , Meyers Alysha R. , Robins David C. , Al‐Tarawneh Ibraheem S. 
Published: September 2014

BackgroundThis study evaluated the effectiveness of a program in which a workers' compensation (WC) insurer provided matching funds to insured employers to implement safety/health engineering controls.MethodsPre‐ and post‐intervention WC metrics were compiled for the employees designated as affected by the interventions within 468 employers for interventions occurring from 2003 to 2009. Poisson, two‐part, and linear regression models with repeated measures were used to evaluate differences in pre‐ and post‐data, controlling for time trends independent of the interventions.ResultsFor affected employees, total WC claim frequency rates (both medical‐only and lost‐time claims) decreased 66%, lost‐time WC claim frequency rates decreased 78%, WC paid cost per employee decreased 81%, and WC geometric mean paid claim cost decreased 30% post‐intervention. Reductions varied by employer size, specific industry, and intervention type.ConclusionsThe insurer‐supported safety/health engineering control program was effective in reducing WC claims and costs for affected employees. Am. J. Ind. Med. 57:1398–1412, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Melt rheological properties of PBT/SEBS and reactively compatibilized PBT/SEBS/SEBS‐g‐MA polymer blends
Authors: Sharma Rajul , Maiti Saurindra Nath 
Published: September 2014

ABSTRACTMelt rheological properties of PBT/SEBS and PBT/SEBS/SEBS‐g‐MA blends at SEBS volume fraction (Φd) = 0.00–0.38 were studied at 240°C, 250°C and 260°C using a capillary rheometer. The compatibilizer SEBS‐g‐MA addition resulted in significant reduction in the dynamic interfacial tension which in turn led to increased phase adhesion. The power law exponent n decreased with increasing Φd and increasing temperature for both the compatiblized and uncompatiblized blends. The consistency index of PBT/SEBS increased with increasing Φd but were smaller than those of PBT/SEBS/SEBS‐g‐MA blends. Melt elasticity such as die swell and first normal stress difference increased with Φd. Variations of first normal stress coefficient function (ψ1), recoverable shear strain (γR), relaxation time (λ), and shear compliance (Jc) values versus shear rate were analyzed. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41402.
Simultaneous enhancements in the mechanical, thermal, and electrical performances of glass‐fiber‐reinforced cyanate ester/epoxy composites with plasma‐functionalized carbon nanotubes at different temperatures
Authors: Li Jingwen , Wu Zhixiong , Huang Chuanjun , Tu Youping , Li Laifeng 
Published: September 2014

ABSTRACTWoven glass‐fiber‐reinforced cyanate ester/epoxy composites modified with plasma‐functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were prepared. The mechanical, thermal, and electrical properties of the composites were investigated at different temperatures. The results show that the interlaminar shear strength, thermal conductivity, and electrical conductivity of the composites at room temperature and the cryogenic temperatures were enhanced simultaneously by the incorporation of MWCNTs, whereas the nonconductive behavior of the composites as electrical insulating materials was not changed. Meanwhile, the reinforcing mechanism was also examined on the basis of the microstructure of the composites. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41418.
Head and Cervical Spine Posture in Behaving Rats: Implications for Modeling Human Conditions Involving the Head and Cervical Spine
Authors: GRIFFIN C. , CHOONG W. Y. , TEH W. , BUXTON A. J. , BOLTON P. S. 
Published: September 2014

ABSTRACTThe aim of this study was to define the temporal and spatial (postural) characteristics of the head and cervical vertebral column (spine) of behaving rats in order to better understand their suitability as a model to study human conditions involving the head and neck. Time spent in each of four behavioral postures was determined from video tape recordings of rats (n = 10) in the absence and presence of an intruder rat. Plain film radiographic examination of a subset of these rats (n = 5) in each of these postures allowed measurement of head and cervical vertebral column positions adopted by the rats. When single they were quadruped or crouched most (∼80%) of the time and bipedal either supported or free standing for only ∼10% of the time. The introduction of an intruder significantly (P < 0.0001) reduced the proportion of time rats spent quadruped (median, from 71% to 47%) and bipedal free standing (median, from 2.9% to 0.4%). The cervical spine was orientated (median, 25–75 percentile) near vertical (18.8°, 4.2°–30.9°) when quadruped, crouched (15.4°, 7.6°–69.3°) and bipedal supported (10.5°, 4.8°–22.6°) but tended to be less vertical oriented when bipedal free standing (25.9°, 7.7°–39.3°). The range of head positions relative to the cervical spine was largest when crouched (73.4°) and smallest when erect free standing (17.7°). This study indicates that, like humans, rats have near vertical orientated cervical vertebral columns but, in contrast to humans, they displace their head in space by movements at both the cervico‐thoracic junction and the cranio‐cervical regions. Anat Rec, 298:455–462, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Altered White Matter Integrity in the Corpus Callosum in Fibromyalgia Patients Identified by Tract‐Based Spatial Statistical Analysis
Authors: Kim Dajung J. , Lim Manyoel , Kim June Sic , Son Kyeong Min , Kim Hyun Ah , Chung Chun Kee 
Published: September 2014

ObjectiveAlthough recent imaging studies of fibromyalgia (FM) have converged on a dysfunction of central pain processing as the primary pathophysiologic cause of the disorder, microstructural changes of the white matter (WM) suggestive of abnormalities in the anatomic connectivity of the brain have not been extensively examined. The aim of this study was to investigate WM integrity and its possible relationship to pain symptoms in women with FM.MethodsNineteen FM patients and 21 age‐, sex‐, and education‐matched healthy control subjects were included in the study and underwent diffusion‐weighted imaging. Group differences in WM integrity, which were assessed via fractional anisotropy (FA), was investigated by applying tract‐based spatial statistics.ResultsAs compared with the healthy control group, the FM group showed a single cluster with lower FA in the left body of the corpus callosum, which was found to be connected to the bilateral sensorimotor cortices (P < 0.05, corrected for multiple comparisons). Furthermore, FA values in the cluster were negatively associated with sensory pain, as measured by the Short‐Form McGill Pain Questionnaire, as well as with the relative magnitude of sensory pain versus affective pain (calculated by dividing the sensory score by the affective score).ConclusionFindings of the current study demonstrated that patients with FM had disrupted WM microstructure in the body of the corpus callosum, which was associated with clinical pain intensity. Our results suggest that abnormal interhemispheric transfer might contribute to the heightened pain perception. Our findings further strengthen the hypothesis of centrally augmented pain processing in patients with FM.
Tailored Synthesis of Various Nanomaterials by Using a Graphene‐Oxide‐Based Gel as a Nanoreactor and Nanohybrid‐Catalyzed CC Bond Formation
Authors: Biswas Abhijit , Banerjee Arindam 
Published: September 2014

AbstractNew graphene oxide (GO)‐based hydrogels that contain vitamin B2/B12 and vitamin C (ascorbic acid) have been synthesized in water (at neutral pH value). These gel‐based soft materials have been used to synthesize various metal nanoparticles, including Au, Ag, and Pd nanoparticles, as well as nanoparticle‐containing reduced graphene oxide (RGO)‐based nanohybrid systems. This result indicates that GO‐based gels can be used as versatile reactors for the synthesis of different nanomaterials and hybrid systems on the nanoscale. Moreover, the RGO‐based nanohybrid hydrogel with Pd nanoparticles was used as an efficient catalyst for CC bond‐formation reactions with good yields and showed high recyclability in Suzuki–Miyaura coupling reactions.
Impact of faecal occult blood test screening on emergency admissions and short-term outcomes for colorectal cancer
Authors: Libby G , Brewster D H , Steele R J C 
Published: September 2014

Abstract

Background
Small studies have examined the effect of faecal occult blood test (FOBT) screening on the proportion of hospital admissions for colorectal cancer (CRC) classed as an emergency. This study aimed to examine this and short-term outcomes in persons invited for screening compared with a control group not invited.

Methods
The invited group comprised all individuals invited between 1 April 2000 and 31 July 2007 in the Scottish arm of the UK demonstration pilot of FOBT, and subsequently diagnosed with CRC aged 50–72 years between 1 May 2000 and 31 July 2009. The controls comprised all remaining individuals in Scotland not invited for FOBT but diagnosed with CRC aged 50–72 years in the same period.

Results
There were 2981 people diagnosed with CRC in the group invited for screening (58·3 per cent participated) and 9842 in the control group. Multivariable regression adjusted for sex, age, deprivation, co-morbidities, tumour site and Dukes' stage showed no difference between the groups for emergency admissions (odds ratio (OR) 0·89, 95 per cent confidence interval (c.i.) 0·77 to 1·02; P = 0·084) or length of hospital stay (LOS) (β coefficient −1·02 (95 per cent c.i. –1·05 to 1·01) days; P = 0·226). Comparing participants with controls, there were fewer emergency admissions (OR 0·59, 0·49 to 0·71; P &lt; 0·001) and shorter LOS (β coefficient −1·06 (−1·10 to −1·02) days; P = 0·001). Short-term mortality was lower in the screened than the non-screened population (1·1 versus 2·8 per cent; P = 0·001).

Conclusion
People who participated in FOBT screening had fewer emergency admissions and a shorter LOS. Deprivation was associated negatively with participation, but the impact of FOBT participation on emergency admissions was independent of deprivation level. The reduction in LOS has potential to reduce financial costs.
The Placement of Children Following Non‐Accidental Head Injuries: Are They Protected From Further Harm?
Authors: Stephens Amanda , Oates Kim 
Published: September 2014

Key Practitioner Messages:

Most children with non‐accidental head injury are removed from their parents in New South Wales, Australia.
Despite high rates of removal, re‐notification to the statutory authority, including for risk of physical harm, remains high.
Further research is needed on how placement might affect ongoing involvement of non‐accidental head injury victims with the statutory authority.