bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Possible recurrence of keratocyst in nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome: A review of literature
Authors: Tarakji Bassel , Baroudi Kusai , Hanouneh Salah , Azzeghaiby Saleh Naser , Nassani Mohammad Zakaria 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACTThis review will highlight some current areas of difficulty or controversy in diagnosis and treatment of nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome (NBCCS). The odontogenic keratocyst (OKC) has significant growth capacity and recurrence potential and is occasionally indicative of the NBCCS. The objective of this study is to clarify the causes of the recurrence of OKC in NBCCS. A literature search was conducted using Medline, accessed via the National Library of Medicine PubMed interface, searching for articles relating to the cause of recurrence of keratocyst in NBCCS written in English. This study has described the previous and the current outcomes of the treatment of OKC (recurrent cause). A protocol was then agreed to search for the possible causes of keratocyst recurrence in NBCCS. The general treatment of other manifestation of NBCCS has excluded from this study. Studies describing cohort, case series and miscellaneous clinical reports were retrieved and evaluated from 2010 to 2012.
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid in endodontics
Authors: Mohammadi Zahed , Shalavi Sousan , Jafarzadeh Hamid 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACTEthylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) is a chelating agent can bind to metals via four carboxylate and two amine groups. It is a polyamino carboxylic acid and a colorless, water-soluble solid, which is widely used to dissolve lime scale. It is produced as several salts, notably disodium EDTA and calcium disodium EDTA. EDTA reacts with the calcium ions in dentine and forms soluble calcium chelates. A review of the literature and a discussion of the different indications and considerations for its usage are presented.
“Save oure tonges difference”:
Authors: Gaston Kara 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
This article considers the relationship between translation and historical alterity in Troilus and Criseyde. Chaucer opens Book II of Troilus by admitting that the customs of the poem's ancient lovers might seem strange: culture, like language, changes over the centuries. This passage probably derives from Dante's Convivio, which argues that 1,000 years of linguistic change would render the vernacular of one's own city strange and foreign. In order to understand how such alterity can emerge in a translation like Troilus, this article considers Convivio's statements in the context of fourteenth-century Italian vernacular translations that emulate the syntax and lexicon of Latin source texts. These translations expand the expressive range of the vernacular, allowing linguistic change to be glimpsed as it happens. Similarly, in Troilus Chaucer exploits the transformative potential of translation, using close translation to create effects of linguistic—and hence historical—difference within his own lexicon.
Chaucerian Echoes in the Debate betweene Pride and Lowlines
Authors: Ransom Daniel J. 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
Brief remarks by Frederick Furnivall (1868), Eleanor Hammond (1908), Caroline Spurgeon (1925), and Jackson Campbell Boswell and Sylvia Wallace Holton (2004), indicate that the sixteenth-century poem entitled the Debate betweene Pride and Lowlines shows in its character descriptions the influence of Chaucer. But, apart from one particular case, no details of the matter have been brought to light. Examination of the poem reveals that such influence is definite, though not pervasive, and that Chaucer's effect on the Debate is rather more various than previous comments suggest. Beyond reminiscences of the General Prologue, one finds several echoes of language and motifs drawn from other parts of the Canterbury Tales, from Troilus and Criseyde, and from the dream visions.
Functional Connections of Cortical Areas
Authors: Sherman S. Murray , Guillery R. W. 
Published: January 2014

Two leading authorities on thalamocortical connections consider how the neural circuits of the brain relate to our actions and perceptions.
In this book, two leading authorities on the thalamus and its relationship to cortex build on their earlier findings to arrive at new ways of thinking about how the brain relates to the world, to cognition, and behavior. Based on foundations established earlier in their book Exploring the Thalamus and Its Role in Cortical Function, the authors consider the implications of these ground rules for thalamic inputs, thalamocortical connections, and cortical outputs.
The authors argue that functional and structural analyses of pathways connecting thalamus and cortex point beyond these to lower centers and through them to the body and the world. Each cortical area depends on the messages linking it to body and world. These messages relate to the way we act and think; each cortical area receives thalamic inputs and has outputs to motor centers. Sherman and Guillery go on to discuss such topics as the role of branching axons that carry motor instructions as well as copies of these motor instructions for relay to cortex under the control of the thalamic gate. This gate allows the thalamus to control the passage of information on the basis of which cortex relates to the rest of the nervous system.
Selbständiges Beweisverfahren (§ 485 Abs. 2 ZPO) – Mittel der Streitschlichtung und Schaffung eines Hemmungstatbestands
Authors: Fellner Christoph 
Published: January 2014

Das selbständige Beweisverfahren gem. § 485 Abs. 2 ZPO, das nur vorprozessual durchgeführt wird, bietet den Verfahrensbeteiligten verschiedene Vorteile: Zunächst kann es ein Mittel der Streitschlichtung sein, wenn der Streitpunkt durch ein Sachverständigengutachten geklärt werden kann und die Verfahrensbeteiligten bereit sind, das Ergebnis des Sachverständigengutachtens zu akzeptieren. Unter diesen Umständen bietet das selbständige Beweisverfahren gem. § 485 Abs. 2 ZPO eine schnelle und relativ kostengünstige Streiterledigung durch einen Vergleich (vgl. § 492 Abs. 3 ZPO). Ein weiterer Grund für die Einleitung eines selbständigen Beweisverfahrens kann die Schaffung eines Hemmungstatbestands sein, wenn der Antragsteller noch nicht klagen will (vgl. § 204 Abs. 1 Nr. 7 BGB).Der folgende Beitrag erläutert anhand von Beispielen die praxisrelevanten Gesichtspunkte des Verfahrens und geht auf die aktuelle Rechtsprechung (so BGH v. 24.9.2013 - VI ZB 12/13, MDR 2013, 1342 f. zum rechtlichen Interesse an einem selbständigen Beweisverfahren in Arzthaftungssachen) ein.
Calcite saturation, foraminiferal test mass, and Mg/Ca‐based temperatures dissolution corrected using XDX—A 150 ka record from the western Indian Ocean
Authors: Johnstone Heather J. H. , Kiefer Thorsten , Elderfield Henry , Schulz Michael 
Published: January 2014

AbstractA record of deep‐sea calcite saturation
, derived from X‐ray computed tomography‐based foraminifer dissolution index, XDX, was constructed for the past 150 ka for a core from the deep (4157 m) tropical western Indian Ocean. G. sacculifer and N. dutertrei recorded a similar dissolution history, consistent with the process of calcite compensation. Peaks in calcite saturation (∼15 µmol/kg higher than the present‐day value) occurred during deglaciations and early in MIS 3. Dissolution maxima coincided with transitions to colder stages. The mass record of G. sacculifer better indicated preservation than did that of N. dutertrei or G. ruber. Dissolution‐corrected Mg/Ca‐derived SST records, like other SST records from marginal Indian Ocean sites, showed coolest temperatures of the last 150 ka in early MIS 3, when mixed layer temperatures were ∼4°C lower than present SST. Temperatures recorded by N. dutertrei showed the thermocline to be ∼4°C colder in MIS 3 compared to the Holocene (8 ka B.P.).
Crustal thickness and Moho character of the fast‐spreading East Pacific Rise from 9°42′N to 9°57′N from poststack‐migrated 3‐D MCS data
Authors: Aghaei Omid , Nedimović Mladen R. , Carton Helene , Carbotte Suzanne M. , Canales J. Pablo , Mutter John C. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractWe computed crustal thickness (5740 ± 270 m) and mapped Moho reflection character using 3‐D seismic data covering 658 km2 of the fast‐spreading East Pacific Rise (EPR) from 9°42′N to 9°57′N. Moho reflections are imaged within ∼87% of the study area. Average crustal thickness varies little between large sections of the study area suggesting regionally uniform crustal production in the last ∼180 Ka. However, individual crustal thickness measurements differ by as much as 1.75 km indicating that the mantle melt delivery has not been uniform. Third‐order, but not fourth‐order ridge discontinuities are associated with changes in the Moho reflection character and/or near‐axis crustal thickness. This suggests that the third‐order segmentation is governed by melt distribution processes within the uppermost mantle while the fourth‐order ridge segmentation arises from midcrustal to upper‐crustal processes. In this light, we assign fourth‐order ridge discontinuity status to the debated ridge segment boundary at ∼9°45′N and third‐order status at ∼9°51.5′N to the ridge segment boundary previously interpreted as a fourth‐order discontinuity. Our seismic results also suggest that the mechanism of lower‐crustal accretion varies along the investigated section of the EPR but that the volume of melt delivered to the crust is mostly uniform. More efficient mantle melt extraction is inferred within the southern half of our survey area with greater proportion of the lower crust accreted from the axial magma lens than that for the northern half. This south‐to‐north variation in the crustal accretion style may be caused by interaction between the melt sources for the ridge and the Lamont seamounts.
Observed influence of liquid cloud microphysical properties on ultraviolet surface radiation
Authors: Mateos D. , Pace G. , Meloni D. , Bilbao J. , di Sarra A. , de Miguel A. , Casasanta G. , Min Q. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractMeasurements of different UV quantities (UV index, ozone photolysis rates, global and diffuse irradiances, and actinic flux spectra) and cloud properties were collected during a field campaign carried out in Southern Italy in May–June 2010. Independent measurements of cloud liquid water path and optical depth allowed retrieving the cloud effective radius. The cloud modification factor (CMF) is used to investigate the influence of liquid cloud properties on the UV radiation under overcast conditions. CMF was also simulated using a 1‐D radiative transfer model. Experimental and simulated CMF values for UV index (under overcast conditions) show a normalized root‐mean‐square error around 11%. Clouds with small effective radius determine a higher UV radiation attenuation than clouds formed by large particles. The CMFs for the UV index and the global spectral irradiance show a very weak dependence on the solar zenith angle (SZA), while the CMFs for actinic flux (both integrated and spectral) and diffuse spectral irradiance show a variation with SZA. The irradiance is more effectively attenuated at low SZA, while the actinic flux at high SZA. These effects are due to the different weight given to the direct and the diffuse components.
Effectiveness and Safety of Infliximab in Rheumatoid Arthritis: Analysis From a Canadian Multicenter Prospective Observational Registry
Authors: Thorne Carter , Bensen William G. , Choquette Denis , Chow Andrew , Khraishi Majed , Atkins Christopher J. , Kelsall John T. , Lehman Allen J. , Shawi May , Khalil Hayssam , Nantel Francois , Rampakakis Emmanouil , Sampalis John S. , Otawa Susan 
Published: January 2014

ObjectiveTo describe the profile of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients treated with infliximab in Canadian routine care and to assess the real‐world effectiveness and safety of infliximab.MethodsBiologics‐naive RA patients from the Biologic Treatment Registry Across Canada were stratified based on their enrollment year. Effectiveness was assessed with the changes in clinical/laboratory parameters and patient‐reported outcomes and the achievement of minimal disease activity and remission. Safety was assessed with the incidence of treatment‐emergent adverse events (AEs).ResultsAmong 628 patients, 45.9%, 34.6%, and 19.6% were enrolled between 2002–2005, 2005–2008, and 2008–2011, respectively. Patients recruited in more recent years had significantly lower Disease Activity Score with a 28‐joint count using the C‐reactive protein level (DAS28‐CRP), Simplified Disease Activity Index (SDAI), Clinical Disease Activity Index (CDAI), swollen joint count in 28 joints, tender joint count in 28 joints, physician's global assessment of disease activity, patient's global assessment of disease activity, Health Assessment Questionnaire disability index, pain, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and CRP level (P < 0.01 for all). Patient management also changed with a trend to initiate infliximab after failure of fewer disease‐modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs). Six‐month treatment with infliximab resulted in statistically significant and clinically important improvements in all disease parameters examined, which were sustained over 36 months. The cumulative probability of achieving remission by 36 months, as defined by the DAS28, SDAI, and CDAI, was 56.2 (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 47.8–64.8), 31.0 (95% CI 23.8–39.8), and 36.2 (95% CI 28.5–45.3), respectively, which was significantly greater in patients with lower baseline disease activity. The profile and incidence of AEs were comparable to data previously reported for tumor necrosis factor α inhibitors.ConclusionRA patient characteristics at infliximab initiation changed over time toward lower disease activity. Furthermore, a trend to treat patients with fewer DMARDs before initiation of infliximab was observed. However, treatment with infliximab was effective in significantly reducing disease activity independent of the treatment initiation year.
Pyridine‐N‐Oxide 2‐Carboxylic Acid: An Acceptor Group for Organic Sensitizers with Enhanced Anchoring Stability in Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells
Authors: Cecconi Bianca , Mordini Alessandro , Reginato Gianna , Zani Lorenzo , Taddei Maurizio , Fabrizi de Biani Fabrizia , Angelis Filippo De , Marotta Gabriele , Salvatori Paolo , Calamante Massimo 
Published: January 2014

AbstractA D‐π‐A organic dye carrying a pyridine‐N‐oxide 2‐carboxylic acid anchoring group (BC1) was synthesized together with two analogs lacking the N‐oxide (BC2) or the carboxylic acid moiety (BC3). The distribution and energy of their molecular orbitals was determined, and modelling of their spectroscopic properties was performed through a TD‐DFT computational study. The photo‐ and electrochemical properties of the dyes were assessed together with their desorption kinetics from nanocrystalline TiO2. In solution, the absorption spectra of dyes BC1 and BC3 were red‐shifted compared with BC2, with the maximum absorption wavelength influenced by the dye protonation level. The 2‐substituted carbonitrile dye BC3 was not adsorbed on the titania surface. On the other hand, the pseudo‐first order desorption rate constants of BC1 and BC2 suggest that BC1 was removed from TiO2 more slowly than BC2 a reference cyanoacrylate dye, demonstrating that simultaneous use of the N‐oxide and the carboxylic acid anchoring functions enhanced the stability of the dye/semiconductor assembly. When used as a photosensitizer for dye‐sensitized solar cells, the photovoltaic performance of BC1 was better than BC2, which corresponds to approx. 66 % of that recorded with the reference dye.
Hydrogenative Dearomatization of Pyridine and an Asymmetric Aza‐Friedel–Crafts Alkylation Sequence
Authors: Wang Shuo‐Guo , You Shu‐Li 
Published: January 2014

AbstractHighly efficient synthesis of enantiomerically enriched substituted piperidines has been realized via chiral phosphoric acid catalyzed cascade hydrogenative dearomatization of substituted pyridines and aza‐Friedel‐Crafts reaction in good to excellent yields and enantioselectivity.
Adsorption behavior of cocamidopropyl betaine under conditions of high temperature and high salinity
Authors: Dai Caili , Zhao Jianhui , Yan Lipeng , Zhao Mingwei 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACTThe adsorption behavior of cocamidopropyl betaine (CAB) in aqueous solutions and on sandstone surfaces was studied under the conditions of high temperature and high salinity. In aqueous solutions, as temperature increased from 25 to 90°C and salinity increased from 0 to 115,200 ppm, surface tension and the critical micelle concentration (cmc) of CAB both decreased. In the solid/liquid system, when the CAB concentration of salt solutions reached 0.30 wt %, the static saturation adsorption amount on the surface of clean sands was 14.77 mg g−1 at 90°C. Because of its noticeable saturation adsorption capacity, the adsorption of CAB on the solid/liquid interface agreed with multilayer adsorption. Also, the adsorption amount on the surface of oil sands was greater than on clean sands. Besides, the dynamic saturation adsorption amount and retention amount of 0.07 wt % CAB solution were less than the static adsorption amount. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40424.
Jamming rheology of model cementitious suspensions composed of comb‐polymer stabilized magnesium oxide particles
Authors: Murray Lisa R. , Erk Kendra A. 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACTThe colloidal microstructure of concentrated suspensions containing anionic comb‐polymer‐stabilized magnesium oxide (MgO) particles in water was analyzed by shear rheometry for indications of changes in particle microstructure based on particle size and comb‐polymer usage. As the suspensions were sheared at different rates, jamming in the sheared MgO suspensions was observed as shear stress overshoots. The shear‐induced evolution of the suspension's microstructure was strongly related to the perceived interactions between neighboring MgO particles in the suspension. In the jammed state, interactions are believed to be enhanced by the formation of entanglements between opposing comb‐polymer side‐chains. Steric repulsion between side‐chains was lessened for large particles on account of their diameters, which further enabled side‐chain entanglement during close particle contact under shear. Suspensions with relatively wide particle size distributions (0.5–400 μm) were theorized to form hydrocluster aggregates, while suspensions with narrower particle size distributions (0.5–40 μm) most likely resulted in networked microstructures under the influence of the chain entanglements from the adsorbed comb‐polymer. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci.2014,131, 40429.
CTLA‐4Ig–Induced T Cell Anergy Promotes Wnt‐10b Production and Bone Formation in a Mouse Model
Authors: Roser‐Page Susanne , Vikulina Tatyana , Zayzafoon Majd , Weitzmann M. Neale 
Published: January 2014

ObjectiveRheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an inflammatory autoimmune disease characterized by severe joint erosion and systemic osteoporosis. Chronic T cell activation is a hallmark of RA, and agents that target the CD28 receptor on T cells, which is required for T cell activation, are being increasingly used as therapies for RA and other inflammatory diseases. Lymphocytes play complex roles in the regulation of the skeleton, and although activated T cells and B cells secrete cytokines that promote skeletal decline, under physiologic conditions lymphocytes also have key protective roles in the stabilization of skeletal mass. Consequently, disruption of T cell costimulation may have unforeseen consequences for physiologic bone turnover. This study was undertaken to investigate the impact of pharmacologic CD28 T cell costimulation blockade on physiologic bone turnover and structure.MethodsC57BL6 mice were treated with CTLA‐4Ig, a pharmacologic CD28 antagonist or with irrelevant control antibody (Ig), and serum biochemical markers of bone turnover were quantified by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. Bone mineral density and indices of bone structure were further measured by dual x‐ray absorptiometry and micro–computed tomography, respectively, and static and dynamic indices of bone formation were quantified using bone histomorphometry.ResultsPharmacologic disruption of CD28 T cell costimulation in mice significantly increased bone mass and enhanced indices of bone structure, a consequence of enhanced bone formation, concurrent with enhanced secretion of the bone anabolic factor Wnt‐10b by T cells.ConclusionInhibition of CD28 costimulation by CTLA‐4Ig promotes T cell Wnt‐10b production and bone formation and may represent a novel anabolic strategy for increasing bone mass in osteoporotic conditions.
Hand and Foot Surgery Rates in Rheumatoid Arthritis Have Declined From 1986 to 2011, but Large‐Joint Replacement Rates Remain Unchanged: Results From Two UK Inception Cohorts
Authors: Nikiphorou Elena , Carpenter Lewis , Morris Stephen , MacGregor Alex J. , Dixey Josh , Kiely Patrick , James David W. , Walsh David A. , Norton Sam , Young Adam 
Published: January 2014

ObjectiveTo assess whether there have been any secular changes in orthopedic interventions in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) since 1986, as examined in 2 early rheumatoid arthritis (RA) inception cohorts with up to 25 years of followup.MethodsThe study examined orthopedic data from the UK Early RA Study (1986–1999, 9 centers; n = 1,465) and the UK Early RA Network (2002–2012, 23 centers; n = 1,236) with linkage to national data sets (Hospital Episode Statistics, National Joint Registry, and Office of National Statistics). Clinical and laboratory measures and hand and foot radiographs were standardized and obtained yearly in both cohorts. The use of disease‐modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs), corticosteroids, and biologic therapies reflected the contemporary conventional practices and guidelines of the time frames examined. Recruitment years were grouped into 6 periods, and interventions were classified into major, intermediate, and minor categories.ResultsA total of 1,602 orthopedic surgical procedures were performed in 770 patients (29%) over a maximum of 25 years of followup. The 25‐year cumulative incidence rate of major interventions was 21.7% (range 19.4–24.0%), and that of intermediate interventions was 21.5% (range 17.8–25.5%). There was a decline in the 10‐year cumulative incidence of intermediate surgeries over time (P < 0.001), but not of major/minor surgery. This decline coincided with a gradual shift from sequential monotherapy to combination DMARD therapies and biologic agents in recent recruitment periods.ConclusionOrthopedic surgery is an important and common outcome in RA. Only the rates of hand/foot surgery showed a consistent decline from 1986 to 2011. Possible explanations include differences in the pathophysiologic processes affecting the joints, variations in the responses to therapy between large‐joint and small‐joint destructive processes, and changes in service provision and thresholds for surgery over time.