bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nutrient leaching from clay soil monoliths with variable past manure inputs
Authors: Ulén Barbro , Eriksson Ann Kristin , Etana Ararso 
Published: August 2013

AbstractOverall, arable soils in Sweden are currently generally close to phosphorus (P) balance, but excessive P accumulation has occurred on animal fur farms, i.e., those rearing mink (Mustela vison) and foxes (Alopex lagopus and Vulpes vulpes). Manure P from these farms has sometimes regarded as sparingly soluble. Laboratory lysimeter topsoil trials with simulated rain demonstrated that potential leaching of P in dissolved reactive form (DRP) can be very high, even for heavy clay (50%–65%) soils. The Swedish/Norwegian soil test P‐AL (soil P extracted with acid NH4 lactate, AL) proved useful as a potential indicator of DRP leaching risk (regression coefficient [R<?h.3>2] = 0.89) from fur farms. The upper 5‐cm soil layer, with 190% higher (median) soil P status than the 5–20 cm layer, was the major source of potential DRP leaching through soil columns at the site, despite having been under grass or green fallow for the past 8 y. In percolate from topsoil lysimeters, DRP concentration increased by 0.29 mg L–1 after the long‐term manure application but only by 0.14 mg L–1 after the single slurry application when compared to no addition of slurry. Therefore, the build‐up to a high soil P status due to the long‐term application of mink manure was more important than a single application of pig slurry at a rate corresponding to 22 kg P ha–1 with respect to soil leachate DRP losses in this lysimeter study. The study stresses the importance of precision farming, in which the amount of slurry‐P applied is based on testing the already existing soil P content.
Effects of tail‐clipping on survivorship and growth of larval salamanders
Authors: Polich Rebecca L. , Searcy Christopher A. , Shaffer H. Bradley 
Published: August 2013

ABSTRACTTissue samples used for genetic analyses are increasingly necessary for proper management of rare or endangered species, yet growing evidence suggests that traditional methods used to sample or mark amphibians have detrimental fitness effects. We used a semi‐natural mesocosm experiment to determine the effect of larval tail‐clipping on growth and survival of the endangered California tiger salamander. Even with relatively extreme levels of tail loss, we found no effect on survival, mass, or snout‐vent length. We recommend larval tail‐clipping as a low‐impact method for collecting tissue samples from pond‐breeding amphibians. © 2013 The Wildlife Society.
EFFECT OF RAINFALL INTENSITY, SLOPE, LAND USE AND ANTECEDENT SOIL MOISTURE ON SOIL EROSION IN AN ARID ENVIRONMENT
Authors: Ziadat F. M. , Taimeh A. Y. 
Published: August 2013

ABSTRACTMost climate change scenarios predict a significant increase in the frequency of high intensity rainfall events especially in the dry areas, which will increase runoff and soil erosion. Understanding the factors that control soil erosion is crucial to recommending appropriate measures to protect soils and reduce their vulnerability. The objective of this research was to investigate the effect of rainfall intensity, slope, land use and antecedent soil moisture on soil erosion and runoff. Twelve sites from Al‐Muwaqqar watershed, Jordan, were selected to represent six slope angles: 1, 2, 3, 5, 7 and 9%. Two sites, one cultivated with barley and one as rangeland, were selected within each slope. Erosion was measured under three rainfall intensities: 3, 5 and 10 mm h−1; and three different antecedent soil moisture contents: dry, wet and very wet; using a rotating disk rainfall simulator. Regression equations indicated that rainfall intensity was the most important factor affecting soil erosion and that erosion could occur at a relatively small intensity on wet soils as a result of subsequent rainfall events. Soil erosion on cultivated land was primarily affected by moisture content, while on uncultivated land, it was mostly affected by slope steepness. Rainfall intensity, slope and antecedent moisture explained 84–89 and 59–66% of the variation in runoff and soil loss, respectively. The results indicated the significant influence of cultivating the land on soil erosion. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
LAND SENSITIVITY TO DESERTIFICATION IN THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC: AN ADAPTATION OF THE ESA METHODOLOGY
Authors: Izzo M. , Araujo N. , Aucelli P. P. C. , Maratea A. , Sánchez A. 
Published: August 2013

ABSTRACTMany elements determine land sensitivity to desertification, whose analysis requires multifactorial approaches to be used. The environmental sensitive areas methodology is a well‐known approach to estimate sensitivity to desertification that accounts for multiple interacting driving forces, conceived and validated in a Mediterranean environment. We show that the environmental sensitive areas methodology can be used, with minor modifications, in a tropical context, where it allows the discrimination among environments with different degree of susceptibility to degradation and resilience. The results obtained for the Dominican Republic show that 48·4% of its territory is critically sensitive to desertification, and 16·4% of it is highly critically sensitive to desertification, mostly because of intense and inadequate land use practices. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
LONG‐TERM LAND USE INFLUENCES SOIL MICROBIAL BIOMASS P AND S, PHOSPHATASE AND ARYLSULFATASE ACTIVITIES, AND S MINERALIZATION IN A BRAZILIAN OXISOL
Authors: Balota Elcio L. , Yada Ines F. , Amaral Higo , Nakatani Andre S. , Dick Richard P. , Coyne Mark S. 
Published: August 2013

ABSTRACTLand use choices differentially affect soil physical and biological properties. Tillage choices in particular affect soil erosion, the retention of soil organic matter, and the biological activity that organic matter supports. The present study evaluated the consequences of different cropping and tillage systems (undisturbed forest, coffee plantation, conventional, and no‐tillage row cropping) for soil microbial indicators and sulfur mineralization after 24 years of cropping on an Oxisol (Typic Haplorthox) in an experimental area at Londrina, Brazil. Soil samples were taken at 0–5, 5–10, and 10–20 cm depths and evaluated for microbial biomass P and S, S mineralization, and phosphatase and arylsulfatase activities. Land use affected microbial biomass P and S, and enzyme activity at all depths studied. The cultivated sites had lower values of microbial activity than the undisturbed forested site. Although the coffee site was not tilled and had high organic carbon content, there was low microbial activity, probably due to higher soil acidity and Al content. The estimates of pool stock for microbial P and annual P flux through the soil microbial biomass suggest that these pools are large enough to significantly affect plant nutrient availability. The greater microbial biomass and activity under forested and no‐tillage sites may be attributed, at least partially, to higher organic matter content. The soil microbial variables examined proved to be strong indicators of soil sustainability. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The cyclophosphamide equivalent dose as an approach for quantifying alkylating agent exposure: A report from the childhood cancer survivor study
Authors: Green Daniel M. , Nolan Vikki G. , Goodman Pamela J. , Whitton John A. , Srivastava DeoKumar , Leisenring Wendy M. , Neglia Joseph P. , Sklar Charles A. , Kaste Sue C. , Hudson Melissa M. , Diller Lisa R. , Stovall Marilyn , Donaldson Sarah S. , Robison Leslie L. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractBackgroundEstimation of the risk of adverse long‐term outcomes such as second malignant neoplasms and infertility often requires reproducible quantification of exposures. The method for quantification should be easily utilized and valid across different study populations. The widely used Alkylating Agent Dose (AAD) score is derived from the drug dose distribution of the study population and thus cannot be used for comparisons across populations as each will have a unique distribution of drug doses.MethodsWe compared the performance of the Cyclophosphamide Equivalent Dose (CED), a unit for quantifying alkylating agent exposure independent of study population, to the AAD. Comparisons included associations from three Childhood Cancer Survivor Study (CCSS) outcome analyses, receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curves and goodness of fit based on the Akaike's Information Criterion (AIC).ResultsThe CED and AAD performed essentially identically in analyses of risk for pregnancy among the partners of male CCSS participants, risk for adverse dental outcomes among all CCSS participants and risk for premature menopause among female CCSS participants, based on similar associations, lack of statistically significant differences between the areas under the ROC curves and similar model fit values for the AIC between models including the two measures of exposure.ConclusionThe CED is easily calculated, facilitating its use for patient counseling. It is independent of the drug dose distribution of a particular patient population, a characteristic that will allow direct comparisons of outcomes among epidemiological cohorts. We recommend the use of the CED in future research assessing cumulative alkylating agent exposure. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2014;61:53–67. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Detection of genetic abnormalities by using CVS and FISH prior to fetal reduction in sonographically normal appearing fetuses
Authors: Rosner Mara , Pergament Eugene , Andriole Stephanie , Gebb Juliana , Dar Pe'er , Evans Mark I. 
Published: August 2013

ABSTRACTObjectiveTo examine the ability of chorionic villus sampling (CVS) and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) to detect aneuploidy before first trimester fetal reduction (FR) in sonographically normal‐appearing fetuses.MethodsA retrospective review of 470 patients referred to our unit for FR from January 2007–March 2011. Prenatal diagnosis was offered to all. FR was performed after next‐day FISH results. Abnormalities were categorized by ultrasound, FISH, and/or karyotype. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of pre‐FR FISH were calculated.ResultsFour hundred thirty‐two of 470 patients seen were first trimester. 24/432 (5.2%) were excluded for abnormal ultrasound findings, including nuchal translucency (NT) > 3.0 mm, and 360 (88.2%) underwent CVS before FR. Ten fetuses were then excluded for euploid sex mosaicism. 10/350 (2.9%) patients with normal ultrasounds had abnormal FISH confirmed by karyotype. 9/350 (2.6%) patients with normal FISH had an abnormal karyotype necessitating follow up amniocentesis in which the clinically relevant discordancy was confirmed in one case (1/350, 0.3%). Pre‐FR FISH had a 90% sensitivity, 99.4% specificity, 83.3% positive predictive value, and 99.7% negative predictive value.Conclusions3.1% of patients with normal‐appearing fetuses prior to first trimester FR had a fetus with an abnormal karyotype of which FISH detected 90%. CVS with FISH prior to FR adds significant information that can guide reduction decisions. © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Investigation of luminescent properties of ZnO nanoparticles for their use as a down‐shifting layer on solar cells
Authors: Apostoluk Aleksandra , Zhu Yao , Canut Bruno , Masenelli Bruno , Delaunay Jean‐Jacques , Znajdek Katarzyna , Sibiński Maciej 
Published: August 2013

AbstractCommercially available solar cells (e.g. CdS/CdTe, CIGS, c‐Si) have a spectrally narrow absorption band when compared to the solar emission spectrum. The UV‐wavelength response of a solar cell (SC) can be improved by the application of a luminescent down‐shifting layer (LDSL) on the SC front side, permitting the conversion of short‐wavelength photons to the longer wavelength photons better matching the SC’s absorption spectrum. The ideal down‐shifting material must possess a large Stokes shift and have a high luminescence quantum yield. We propose the use of the LDSL containing ZnO nanoparticles of less than 5 nm in diameter able to absorb UV light (λ < 400 nm), where the solar cell spectral response (SR) is low, and re‐emitting at longer wavelengths (λ > 425 nm), where the typical SC’s SR increases. ZnO nanoparticles were synthesized by a low energy cluster beam deposition (LECBD) technique and their luminescent properties were studied as a function of the oxygen partial pressure (OPP) applied during the deposition process. The stoichiometry and crystallinity of ZnO nanoparticles can be controlled via the adjustment of the OPP. It was also observed that there exists an optimal value of the oxygen pressure introduced during the LECBD process, which permits to obtain the highest visible photoluminescence emission, necessary for an efficient down‐shifting. The yield of the down‐shifting in ZnO nanoparticle layer was determined varying the excitation wavelength using the photoluminescence excitation technique.
Atmosphere–sea ice interaction in early summer in the Antarctic: evaluation and challenges of a regional atmospheric model
Authors: Valkonen T. , Vihma T. , Johansson M. M. , Launiainen J. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractAntarctic sea ice areas have only been the main focus for a few studies combining observations and three‐dimensional atmospheric model experiments. This study presents simulations over the Weddell Sea in early summer, applying the polar‐optimized version of the Weather Research and Forecasting model (Polar WRF). The results are compared against observations from the drifting experiment Ice Station Polarstern, which took place on 28 November 2004–2 January 2005. The Polar WRF model showed good skill in simulating synoptic‐scale variations. The diurnal cycles of surface variables were reproduced, but the amplitude was overestimated for most of the variables and the simulations were characterized by a cold temperature bias at night. The major challenges related to the modelling of the atmosphere over Antarctic sea ice were found to be associated with clouds, atmospheric boundary‐layer processes and processes in the sea ice and snow layer. Temporal variations in the errors in cloud cover generated large errors in long‐wave radiation fluxes. In the boundary layer, the overestimated downward sensible heat flux was partly compensated for by the underestimated downward long‐wave radiation at the surface. The underestimated downward long‐wave flux started to dominate as the stability increased and generated the cold temperature bias at the surface. Problems with the surface energy balance, as found in this study, could be reduced by applying more advanced schemes for snow and ice thermodynamics.
Accuracy of a freehand sculpting tool for unicondylar knee replacement
Authors: Smith Julie R. , Riches Philip E. , Rowe Philip J. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractBackgroundUnicondylar knee replacement is technically challenging and malalignment of the implant components is one of the factors that results in high failure rates. Surgical robotics with navigation is emerging as a potential solution to improve the accuracy of implant placement.MethodsThe accuracy of performing unicondylar knee replacement using a freehand sculpting, semi‐active robotic tool was investigated using 20 synthetic femurs and tibia. Resultant femoral and tibial implant placement was compared to the planned implant position.ResultsThe maximum rotational error was 3.2o and RMS angular error was 1.46o across all orientations, for both the tibia and femoral implants. The maximum translational error was 1.18 mm and the RMS translational error across all directions was 0.61 mm.ConclusionsThe freehand sculpting tool produced accurate implant placement with small errors comparable to those reported by other robotic‐assistive devices on the market for unicondylar knee replacement. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Research skills and STEM undergraduate research students' aspirations for research careers: Mediating effects of research self‐efficacy
Authors: Adedokun Omolola A. , Bessenbacher Ann B. , Parker Loran C. , Kirkham Lisa L. , Burgess Wilella D. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractPositive student outcomes of undergraduate research experiences (UREs) have been well documented, however, many studies have neglected the logical relationship among outcomes, the processes through which they are achieved, and the contextual and participant factors at play in UREs. This study uses structural equation modeling to explore these issues in a URE program. The study tested a hypothesized model of the mediating effect of participant research self‐efficacy on the relationship between their research skills and desire to persist in science. Results indicate that research skills and research self‐efficacy predict student aspirations for research careers, and that the effects of research skills are partially mediated through self‐efficacy beliefs. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 50: 940–951, 2013
The Ainsa Fold and thrust oblique zone of the central Pyrenees: Kinematics of a curved contractional system from paleomagnetic and structural data
Authors: Muñoz Josep‐Anton , Beamud Elisabet , Fernández Oscar , Arbués Pau , Dinarès‐Turell Jaume , Poblet Josep 
Published: August 2013

AbstractIntegration of structural, stratigraphic, and paleomagnetic data from the N–S trending structures of the Ainsa Oblique Zone reveals the kinematics of the major thrust salient in the central Pyrenees. These structures experienced clockwise vertical axis rotations that vary from 70° in the east (Mediano anticline) to 55° in the west (Boltaña anticline). Clockwise vertical axis rotations of 60° to 45° occurred from early Lutetian to late Bartonian when the folds and thrusts of the Ainsa Oblique Zone developed. This vertical axis rotation stage resulted from a difference of about 50 km in the amount of displacement on the Gavarnie thrust and an accompanying change in structural style at crustal scale from the central to the western Pyrenees, related to the NE–SW trending pinch out of Triassic evaporites at its basal detachment. A second rotation event of at least 10° took place since Priabonian, as a result of a greater displacement of the Serres Marginals thrust sheet with respect to the Gavarnie thrust sheet above the Upper Eocene‐Oligocene salts. The deduced kinematics demonstrates that the orogenic curvature of the central Pyrenees is a progressive curvature resulting from divergent thrust transport direction. Layer parallel shortening mesostructures and kilometer‐scale folds also developed by a progressive curvature related to divergent shortening directions during vertical axis rotation. Rotation space problems were solved by along‐strike extension which triggered the formation of transverse extensional faults and diapirs at the outer arcs of structural bends.
Dating brittle tectonic movements with cleft monazite: Fluid‐rock interaction and formation of REE minerals
Authors: Berger A. , Gnos E. , Janots E. , Whitehouse M. , Soom M. , Frei R. , Waight T. E. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractTwo millimeter‐sized hydrothermal monazites from an open fissure (cleft) that developed late during a dextral transpressional deformation event in the Aar Massif, Switzerland, have been investigated using electron microprobe and ion probe. The monazites are characterized by high Th/U ratios typical of other hydrothermal monazites. Deformation events in the area have been subdivided into three phases: (D1) main thrusting including formation of a new schistosity, (D2) dextral transpression, and (D3) local crenulation including development of a new schistosity. The two younger deformational structures are related to a subvertically oriented intermediate stress axis, which is characteristic for strike slip deformation. The inferred stress environment is consistent with observed kinematics and the opening of such clefts. Therefore, the investigated monazite‐bearing cleft formed at the end of D2 and/or D3, and during dextral movements along NNW dipping planes. Interaction of cleft‐filling hydrothermal fluid with wall rock results in rare earth element (REE) mineral formation and alteration of the wall rock. The main newly formed REE minerals are Y‐Si, Y‐Nb‐Ti minerals, and monazite. Despite these mineralogical changes, the bulk chemistry of the system remains constant and thus these mineralogical changes require redistribution of elements via a fluid over short distances (centimeter). Low‐grade alteration enables local redistribution of REE, related to the stability of the accessory phases. This allows high precision isotope dating of cleft monazite. 232Th/208Pb ages are not affected by excess Pb and yield growth domain ages between 8.03 ± 0.22 and 6.25 ± 0.60 Ma. Monazite crystallization in brittle structures is coeval or younger than 8 Ma zircon fission track data and hence occurred below 280°C.
Yarning Circles In The Literacy Classroom
Authors: Mills Kathy A. , Sunderland Naomi , Davis‐Warra John 
Published: August 2013

AbstractThis article explains how the speaking and listening practice of yarning circles can be used in the literacy classroom. The article opens with an account of a live enactment of yarning circles with elementary students in a mainstream classroom in Australia. It explains the purpose and origin of yarning circles in Indigenous communities, and provides steps for establishing and implementing the practice in classrooms.
Fetal right ventricular contraction and relaxation times at 11–13 weeks' gestation on speckle tracking imaging
Authors: Persico N. , Fabietti I. , Baffero G. M. , Fedele L. , Nicolaides K. H. 
Published: August 2013

ABSTRACTObjectiveTo examine the contraction time and relaxation time of the right ventricle at 11–13 weeks' gestation in trisomy 21 and euploid fetuses by speckle tracking ultrasound imaging.MethodsMeasurement of fetal nuchal translucency (NT) thickness, Doppler assessment for tricuspid regurgitation and reversed A‐wave in the ductus venosus (DV) and fetal echocardiography were performed immediately before chorionic villus sampling for fetal karyotyping at 11–13 weeks' gestation. Digital videoclips of the four‐chamber view of the fetal heart were recorded and analyzed offline using speckle tracking imaging software. The contraction time, which is the time between the highest and lowest peaks in the right ventricular area, and relaxation time, which is the time between the lowest and the subsequent highest area peak, were measured and expressed as a percentage of the duration of the cardiac cycle. Values in trisomy 21 and euploid fetuses were compared.ResultsMean contraction time and relaxation time in 119 euploid fetuses were 52.1% (95% CI, 51.6–52.8%) and 47.8% (95% CI, 47.2–48.4%), respectively. In 21 trisomy 21 fetuses, mean contraction time was significantly higher (57.0% (95% CI, 55.2–58.9%); P < 0.01) and relaxation time lower (42.9% (95% CI, 41.1–44.8%); P < 0.01) than in euploid fetuses. Multiple regression analysis showed that significant contributions to contraction time and relaxation time were provided by fetal karyotype, NT and tricuspid regurgitation, but not by reversed A‐wave in the DV or the presence of a cardiac defect.ConclusionIn first‐trimester fetuses with trisomy 21 and in euploid fetuses with increased NT and tricuspid regurgitation there is evidence of increased right ventricular contraction time and shortening of the relaxation time. Copyright © 2013 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd