bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
‘Silent Citizenship Educators’ in Dutch Catholic Schools: Exploring Teachers’ Moral Beliefs About Citizenship in Relation to Their Conduct of Citizenship Education
Authors: Willems Frank , Denessen Eddie , Hermans Chris , Vermeer Paul 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
In this article we adopt a virtue ethical approach to study teachers’ moral beliefs about citizenship and their relation to two kinds of teacher behaviour in citizenship education: (1) teachers’ modelling behaviour, and (2) the way they arrange moral classroom discussions. We believe that a virtue ethical approach would appeal especially to religious schools, which is why we conducted our study in Catholic primary schools. Two hunderd and three teachers at 20 Catholic schools were involved. Teachers’ beliefs and behaviours were defined and operationalised from a community-centred perspective, because we expected that perspective to fit the context of a Catholic school. We found that these teachers indeed hold community-centred views on citizenship, the more so if they frequently attend church. Another important finding is that teachers do not necessarily show and share their beliefs about citizenship with their students. From a virtue ethical point of view, however, they should not be afraid to do so. As moral educators, especially in a religious school, teachers are allowed, even obliged, to name, explain and defend their beliefs and values.
Individuals in Advisory Proceedings Before the International Court of Justice: Equality of the Parties and the Court’s Discretionary Authority
Authors: De Brabandere Eric 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
The recent IFAD Advisory Opinion of the ICJ has resuscitated the long-standing question of the access of individuals to the Court in advisory proceedings when the Court is acting as a ‘review’ body for judgements rendered by administrative tribunals of international organizations. Under such circumstance, the ICJ is confronted with the existence of an actual underlying dispute between two parties, although only one of the parties to the original dispute may appear before the Court, thus creating an obvious inequality before the Court. This article examines the review procedure before the ICJ, and the position of the individuals before the ICJ in such proceedings. In particular, this article discusses the different inequalities resulting from such procedures, and how the ICJ has remedied these in order not to use its discretion to not reply to the request for an advisory opinion.
LA TRADIZIONE DEL MEZZO E LA NUOVA TEORIA DELLA LUCE DI LEONHARD EULER
Authors: GIUDICE FRANCO 
Published: November 2012

Abstracttitle SUMMARY /title The object of this study is Leonhard Euler's physical optics as it is formulated in Nova theoria lucis et colorum (1746). The focus is on this particular work by Euler for two reasons: 1) Nova theoria represents undoubtedly the most comprehensive and systematic medium theory of the 18th century; 2) it contains the basic principles of Euler's conception of the nature of light, which he later mantained. The works of the most important advocates of this tradition (Huygens, Malebranche and Johann II Bernoulli) are here analysed, to give a historical frame to Euler's role in the medium tradition. Though these authors try elaborate a theory of light alternative to the emission theory, they never realize the contrast between the medium and the emission traditions. From this perspective, Nova theoria is a real transition point: Euler is fully aware of the antithesis between the two traditions; he compares them, he refutes the arguments in favour of emission theory and formulates an alternative one, that will substantially be the first and the most significant antagonist of emission model. The essay examines also the central questions of Euler's theory of light, i. e. how pulses are generated and propagated, the nature of the rays of light and the relations among pulse distance, frequency, and velocity.
INDAGINE SUI GRANDI GLOBI A STAMPA DI VINCENZO CORONELLI
Authors: SCIANNA NICOLANGELO 
Published: November 2012

Abstracttitle SUMMARY /title In the second part of this study of the 3 foot globes we analysed the celestial globes. We directly examined 31 globes, the answers to 9 questionnaires and the two editions of the Libro dei Globi. We found out that four cartouches, used as the means of comparison, present some variations according to the editions which proved to be five for the convex globe and two for the concave one. The research allowed us to discover a previously unknown type of celestial globe. We attributed it to the first Venetian edition. There are only two examples of this type: one at the Centro Studi Ricerche Ligabue in Venezia and the other at the Harry Humanities Research Center, University of Texas at Austin.
QUANTIFYING SUNSHINE: KNUT ANGSTROM AND THE STANDARDISATION OF PYRHELIOMETRY1
Authors: WIDMALM SVEN 
Published: November 2012

Abstracttitle SUMMARY /title The paper describes and analyses the work of Knut Angstrom, physics professor at Uppsala University from 1896 to 1910. Angstrom's research focussed mainly on radiation measurement. His magnum opus was the so-called electric compensating pyrheliometer, a device for measuring the heat content of radiation, for instance to study the energy distribution in spectra. The instrument was launched as a finished product around 1900, rapidly enjoying a widespread use, and thus elevating the Uppsala department to the status of standards institution, i.e. an institution setting and upholding technical norms in a well defined scientific area. This status was acknowledged in 1905, when the International Union for Co-Operation in Solar Research assigned the Uppsala department the task of controlling standardisation in this area of solar research. The paper analyses Angstrom's technoscientific style in its institutional setting, showing in particular how it facilitated the creation of a scientific community of solar researchers, with Uppsala as its administrative centre.
SELEZIONE, STORIA DI UNA PAROLA E DI UN CONCETTO
Authors: OMODEO PIETRO 
Published: November 2012

Abstracttitle SUMMARY /title From the world of breeders, Darwin drew the term selection, a neologism introduced by Youatt to indicate the choice of the stallion (according to the market demands). He promptly adopted it already in the Sketch and considered its potential significance when applied to the idea that species vary through the generations. Consequently, he suggested that in nature something similar may happen in relation to the struggle for life that originates from environmental variations (and somehow parallels the variations of market demands). Darwin attempted different ways to document how this process takes place in nature, always distinguishing as two phases the struggle of life and the consequent differential mortality and fecundity that characterize the breeders of the successive generation. This conclusion, which is at the very basis of Darwin's evolutionary theory, was presented in alternative solutions to make it acceptable to the most skeptical readers. Alfred Wallace apparently solved the problem of the origin of species more directly, starting from Malthus and his conception that death chooses the weakest. He does not use the word "selection" until reading Darwin's works. However, his conception is that different rates of reproduction and death are the cause of evolutionary changes.
NOVA MEDIA
Authors: CONTARDI S. , CASATI S. 
Published: November 2012

Abstracttitle SUMMARY /title The digital edition of the renowned and rare RACCOLTA and Nuova raccolta d'opuscoli scientifici e filologici, is an important step in the Digital Library project, recently initiated by the Institute and Museum of the History of Science in Florence. The periodical edited by Angelo Calogera can now be consulted at the Institute's web site.
NICOLAUS STENO'S NEW MYOLOGY (1667): RATHER THAN MUSCLE, THE MOTOR FIBRE SHOULD BE CALLED ANIMAL'S ORGAN OF MOVEMENT*
Authors: KARDEL TROELS 
Published: November 2012

Abstracttitle ABSTRACT /title Muscular movement is the result of fibre shortening. How did this basic insight arise? Based on several of his observations, Nicolaus Steno in 1664 and 1667 proposed that muscles shorten when fibres shorten, and that skeletal musdes consist of uniform motor fibres layered as pennate structures. The basis for a new myology was provided in a geometrical model of the movement of the muscles. But fibre shortening was incompatible with the dominant ancient theory of contraction by inflation that was favoured by Descartes and by Steno's contemporaries William Croone, Thomas Willis, John Mayow, and Giovanni Borelli due to their adherence to the Aristotelian axiom: "Anything which moves is moved by something else". The inflation theory blindfolded researchers well into the eighteenth century for skeletal and heart muscles. When the shortening of motor fibres was eventually visualised by microscopy, this inflation theory was no longer tenable. Steno's structural daim on skeletal muscles was also rejected by Borelli and by later commentators. Pennate musdes were only rarely displayed until 1981 when macro-anatomical studies showed the morphology of most skeletal musdes to be similar to that described by Steno. Steno's proposals on muscles have since become a commonplace in computer models applied in the study of human and animal motion.
ENGLISCHE UHREN FÜR GROSSHERZOG COSIMO III. UND DIE ANKUNFT VON IGNAZIO HUGFORD AM HOFE IN FLORENZ'
Authors: BOHR MICHAEL 
Published: November 2012

Abstract<title> RIASSUNTO </title>Durante il suo soggiorno in Inghilterra, nell'anno 1669, il Granprincipe Cosimo, in seguito Granduca Cosimo III di Toscana, sviluppava un crescente interesse per le arti e le scienze britanniche. A Londra conobbe il mercante d'arte Francesco Terriesi che alcuni anni dopo nominò «Residente fiorentino» presso la corte inglese. Al suo ritorno a Firenze, Cosimo mantenne una fitta corrispondenza con il Terriesi, il quale acquistò per il Granduca strumenti scientifici quali bussole, telescopii ed astrolabii oltre a oggetti d'arte inglesi come quadri, tappeti, mobili ed orologi.In questi anni in Inghilterra furono fatti grandi progressi nello sviluppo e nel perfezionamento di strumenti per misurare il tempo. Le ordinazioni di orologi e pendole da parte di Cosimo confermano questi progressi: le ultime innovazioni sono puntualmente descritte infatti nella corrispondenza intercorsa tra il Francesco Terriesi al Granduca. Queste lettere costituiscono una valida documentazione per datare molte nuove invenzioni e per conoscere i nomi degli artefici.Nella seconda parte dell'articolo, l'autore pubblica quelle lettere di Cosimo e del Terriesi, che riguardano l'assunzione dell'orologiaio inglese Ignazio Hugford nelle botteghe granducali fiorentine. Tali lettere permettono di chiarire alcuni punti oscuri della biografia dell'Hugford, oltre fornire nuove informazioni sulla regolamentazione delle attività artistiche nella «Galleria dei Lavori» di Firenze.
NATURAL PHILOSOPHERS, MATHEMATICAL PRACTITIONERS AND TIMBER IN LATER 17TH CENTURY ENGLAND
Authors: TURNER ANTHONY J. 
Published: November 2012

Abstract<title> RIASSUNTO </title>Matematici e filosofi naturali diedero contributi importanti, alla fine del XVII secolo, allo studio e al perfezionamento delle tecniche di sfruttamento delle foreste. L'articolo esamina alcune delle tecniche usate in quel periodo e alcune innovazioni, in relazione alla concezione baconiana di studio della natura messa in atto da filosofi naturali come John Evelyn, Robert Plot e Nehemiah Grew. Di quest'ultimo, in appendice viene presentata una lettera inedita su questo argomento.
CHERCHEUR, OBSERVATEUR ET MONDE SAVANT AU XVIIIe SICLE: LA RECHERCHE SCIENTIFIQUE DANS L'IMAGINAIRE DE CHARLES BONNET (1720-1793) *
Authors: BUSCAGLIA MARINO L. , RATCLIFF MARC J. 
Published: November 2012

Abstracttitle SUMMARY /title This article analyses the history of the term chercheur from the seventeenth century until the beginning of the twentieth century, focusing, in particular, on the work of the naturalist and philosopher Charles Bonnet (1720-1793) and on research traditions related to the life sciences. Although the term was initially used in a pejorative sense, to describe an English Puritanical sect, it came to assume its modern meaning through a series of transformations.
GALILEO FERRARIS (1847-1897) TRA SCIENZA E TECNOLOGIA
Authors: ROSSI ARCANGELO 
Published: November 2012

Abstracttitle SUMMARY /title Galileo Ferraris (1847-1897), the most eminent Italian electrician in the last quarter of the XIX Century, is wrongly considered a pure technician who invented a new kind of electric induction motor. Instead, in introducing the new device, he also contributed, as a valuable mathematical physicist, to the deepening of Maxwell's electromagnetic theory itself, and, if ever, he did not draw all consequences of his invention from a practical point of view. Here are well exemplified the main characteristics of the beginning of Italian politechnical culture at the end of the XIX Century, which was also characterized by G. Ferrari's deep engagement in innovative teaching of electrical science and technology.
The Conscious and the Unconscious in History:Lévi-Strauss, Collingwood, Bally, Barthes
Authors: Botz-Bornstein Thorsten 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
Claude Lévi-Strauss holds that history and anthropology differ in their choice of complementary perspectives: history organizes its data in relation to conscious expressions of social life, while anthropology proceeds by examining its unconscious foundations. For R. G. Collingwood historical science discovers not only pure facts but considers a whole series of thoughts constituting historical life. Also Lévi-Strauss sees this: “To understand history it is necessary to know not only how things are, but how they have come to be.” However, Lévi-Strauss does not perceive the double-sense of history, which can first be a record of historical “conscious” facts and second, a chain of unconscious or half-conscious acts.
Like Lévi-Strauss, Charles Bally has derived the main theses of his theory from Saussure. However, contrary to Lévi-Strauss, Bally does not find structures at the inside of the phenomena but at their outside: “Our attention is drawn to the expressive side and not to the interior side of the facts of language.” Bally calls those structures not “history” but “style.”
In Roland Barthes’s attempt to establish a structuralist system of fashion we can find a definition of style very similar to Bally’s. In the end, however, none of these thinkers addresses the fact that unconscious relations within historical life are constantly interlocked with conscious elements.
The Power of (Hebrew) Language: Grammar, Cabbalah, Magic and the Emerging Protestant Identity
Authors: Thon Johannes 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
The concept of the power of language is a modern one in linguistic studies. But ancient Biblical and cognate traditions show similar insights reflecting the speaking of men as real acts. The reception and interpretation of this idea is often connected with magical traditions and in many cases authors had to face charges of dealing in magic. The Hebrew language in particular has been associated with power as well as with magic, and the Christian Hebraists thus showed a very ambivalent attitude to their fascinating subject.
The cetoniine fauna of the Upper Guinean forests and savannas of Ghana (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Cetoniinae)
Authors: Mudge Alan D. , Orozco Jesús , Keith Philips T. , Antoine Philippe 
Published: November 2012

The cetoniine fauna of Ghana (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Cetoniinae, excluding the tribes Valgini and Trichiini) is presented based on results from the Ghana Insect Project (GIP). Data from 1,571 specimens including the species and number found at each of 16 collecting sites, collecting methods, months collected, ‘common’ species and habitat associations are presented. The fauna now consists of 109 species in 51 genera. Previously known distributions and specimen label data are given for 31 species (including Genuchina, a subtribe of Cremastocheilini) recorded from Ghana for the first time.Comparisons with the works of Endrödi (1973, 1976) and Joly (2001) are made and several misidentifications are annotated and corrected. GIP results suggest moist evergreen/semi-deciduous forest and Guinea savanna/semi-deciduous forest are species-rich habitats. Faunal lists for four protected areas (Ankasa Resource Reserve, Atewa Range Forest Reserve, Bia National Park and Mole National Park) sampled by both the GIP and Joly (2001, 2011) are presented.PAST (Hammer et al., 2001) was used to estimate GIP inventory completeness through individual rarefaction. EstimateS (Colwell, 2009) was used to estimate total species richness using several classic nonparametric species richness estimators. Based on a data matrix of species abundances from each of the 16 GIP sites, the Chao 2 estimator stabilizes at ca. 113 taxa, and the jackknife 2 estimator at ca. 130 taxa. Richness estimates based on a broader, incidence-based matrix from all three sources GIP, Endrödi (1973, 1976) and Joly (2001, 2011) were: Chao 2 = 153, jackknife 1 = 157, jackknife 2 = 173. Additional sampling in under-sampled habitats such as wet and moist evergreen forest and Guinea savanna, and during the dry and early wet seasons should yield additional species.
Human temporal coordination of visual and auditory events in virtual reality
Authors: Kitazaki Michiteru 
Published: November 2012

Since the speed of sound is much slower than light, we sometimes hear a sound later than an accompanying light event (e.g., thunder and lightning at a far distance). However, Sugita and Suzuki (2003) reported that our brain coordinates a sound and its accompanying light to be perceived simultaneously within 20 m distance. Thus, the light accompanied with physically delayed sound is perceived simultaneously with the sound in near field. We aimed to test if this sound–light coordination occurs in a virtual-reality environment and investigate effects of binocular disparity and motion parallax. Six naive participants observed visual stimuli on a 120-inch screen in a darkroom and heard auditory stimuli from a headphone. A ball was presented in a textured corridor and its distance from the participant was varied from 3–20 m. The ball changed to be in red before or after a short (10 ms) white noise (time difference: −120, −60, −30, 0, +30, +60, +120 ms), and participants judged temporal order of the color-change and the sound. We varied visual depth cues (binocular disparity and motion parallax) in the virtual-reality environment, and measured the physical delay at which visual and auditory events were perceived simultaneously. In terms of the results, we did not find sound–light coordination without binocular disparity or motion parallax, but found it with both cues. These results suggest that binocular disparity and motion parallax are effective for sound–light coordination in virtual-reality environment, and richness of depth cues are important for the coordination.
Perceptual calibration to delayed auditory feedback of self-body movement
Authors: Toida Koichi , Ueno Kanako , Shimada Sotaro 
Published: November 2012

Temporal contingency between self-body movement and its auditory feedback is crucial to perceive external auditory events. The present study examined whether delay detection of self-generated sound is modulated by short-term exposure of delayed auditory feedback. A total of 36 healthy students participated in Experiment 1 (, age 21.4 ± 1.3 years, mean ± SD) and 2 (, age 20.8 ± 1.4 years). In both experiments, the subject pressed a button with their right index finger and judged whether the auditory feedback (full-range pulsed sound) delivered through a headphone was delayed or not, compared to the sensation of the finger movement. Auditory feedback delay was inserted by using a sound effector device (SPX2000, YAMAHA, Japan). The durations of auditory feedback delay were ranged from 118 to 352 ms at 33.3 ms intervals in Experiment 1, and from 19 to 253 ms in Experiment 2. To calculate the point of subjective equality (PSE), where the delay detection rate was 50%, we have fitted a logistic function to the delay detection probability curve for each subject. The results showed that PSEs were 209.0 and 137.5 ms in Experiment 1 and 2, respectively, which were significantly different (, ). This indicates that PSE was modulated by the range of the delay used in the experiment; PSE became longer as the delay lengthened. We suppose that the perceptual delay in auditory feedback of self-body movement is automatically calibrated to the frequently exposed duration between self-body movement and the auditory feedback.
Using audiovisual feedback during speaking
Authors: Chesters Jennifer , Möttönen Riikka 
Published: November 2012

The sensory systems have an important role in speech production. Monitoring sensory consequences of articulatory movements supports fluent speaking. It is well known that delayed auditory feedback disrupts fluency of speech. Also, there is some evidence that immediate visual feedback, i.e., seeing one’s own articulatory movements in a mirror, decreases the disruptive effect of delayed auditory feedback (Jones and Striemer, 2007). It is unknown whether delayed visual feedback affects fluency of speech. Here, we aimed to investigate the effects of delayed auditory, visual and audiovisual feedback on speech fluency. 20 native English speakers (with no history of speech and language problems) participated in the experiment. Participants received delayed (200 ms) or immediate auditory feedback, whilst repeating sentences. Moreover, they received either no visual feedback, immediate visual feedback or delayed visual feedback (200, 400, 600 ms). Under delayed auditory feedback, the duration of sentences was longer and number of speech errors was greater than under immediate auditory feedback, confirming that delayed auditory feedback disrupts speech. Immediate visual feedback had no effect on speech fluency. Importantly, fluency of speech was most disrupted when both auditory and visual feedback was delayed, suggesting that delayed visual feedback strengthened the disruptive effect of delayed auditory feedback. However, delayed visual feedback combined with immediate auditory feedback had no effect on speech fluency. Our findings demonstrate that although visual feedback is not available during speaking in every-day life, it can be integrated with auditory feedback and influence fluency of speech.
The influence of time prediction on modality expectancy
Authors: Mühlberg Stefanie , Ruzzoli Manuela , Soto-Faraco Salvador 
Published: November 2012

Predicting an upcoming event in time or modality leads to expectancy-based benefits for the predicted time point or modality and to costs for the unpredicted ones. Yet, it is not clear how expectancy to an event in time interacts with expectancy of a particular modality. In our study, participants had to perform a discrimination task (single or double pulse) on visual or tactile targets. An auditory cue (75% of validity) was used to increase expectancy in one or the other modality. We also manipulated the time point (1 or 3 s after the cue) in which the stimulus appeared in a probabilistic way. We found that increasing the temporal expectation reduced the reaction time of valid targets in both, vision and touch, but when the target was presented in the unexpected modality (invalid cue) time predictability induced a cost in reaction time. Therefore the benefit of time expectancy is converted into a cost if the stimulus is presented in the unattended modality, suggesting cross-modal competition in the temporal domain.