bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and Photopolymerization of Thiol‐Modified Triazine‐Based Monomers and Oligomers for the Use in Thiol‐Ene‐Based Dental Composites
Authors: Reinelt Sebastian , Tabatabai Monir , Moszner Norbert , Fischer Urs Karl , Utterodt Andreas , Ritter Helmut 
Published: June 2014

Thiol‐ene photopolymerizations combine the unique features of step‐growth reactions and photoinitiated polymerizations, so that they experience a growing interest for applications such as coatings or dental restoratives. Most studies have making use of a relatively flexible ester and the hydrolytically labile derivative pentaerythritoltetra(3‐mercaptopropionate) (PETMP) as the thiol component in common. In this study, the performance of hydrolytically stable 1,3,5‐tris(3‐mercaptopropyl)‐1,3,5‐triazine‐2,4,6‐trione (4a), 1,3,5‐tris(2‐methyl‐3‐mercapto‐propyl)‐1,3,5‐triazine‐2,4,6‐trione (4b), and oligomers thereof in thiol‐ene photopolymerizations is investigated. The oligomers are prepared via thiol‐Michael or thiol‐isocyanate additions by using 4a and suitable diacrylates or diisocyanates containing a rigid core structure. Compared with PETMP, the thiol derivative 4a shows better flexural strength and modulus of elasticity in thiol‐ene photopolymerizations with 1,3,5‐triallyl‐1,3,5‐triazine‐2,4,6‐trione (TATATO) as the‐ene derivative. This phenomenon becomes especially evident after storage in water at 37 °C for 24 h. Furthermore, the performance regarding the flexural strength, the Young's modulus of elasticity, the polymerization shrinkage stress of 4a, and the polyadducts thereof in dental filling composites is evaluated and discussed.
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Laser‐fired contact for n‐type crystalline Si solar cells
Authors: He Jianbo , Hegedus Steven , Das Ujjwal , Shu Zhan , Bennett Murray , Zhang Lei , Birkmire Robert 
Published: June 2014

AbstractLaser‐fired contacts to n‐type crystalline silicon were developed by investigating novel metal stacks containing Antimony (Sb). Lasing conditions and the structure of metals stacks were optimized for lowest contact resistance and minimum surface damage. Specific contact resistance for firing different metal stacks through either silicon nitride or p‐type amorphous silicon was determined using two different models and test structures. Specific contact resistance values of 2–7 mΩcm2 have been achieved. Recombination loss due to laser damage was consistent with an extracted local surface recombination velocity of ~20 000 cm/s, which is similar to values for laser‐fired base contact for p‐type crystalline silicon. Interdigitated back contact silicon heterojunction cells were fabricated with laser‐fired base contact and proof‐of‐concept efficiencies of 16.9% were achieved. This localized base contact technique will enable low cost back contact patterning and innovative designs for n‐type crystalline solar cell. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Promoting effect of thiophenols on the ring‐opening polymerization of 1,3‐benzoxazine
Authors: William Kawaguchi Asei , Sudo Atsushi , Endo Takeshi 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTThiophenol and p‐nitrothiophenol were evaluated as promoters for the ring opening polymerization of benzoxazine. The ring‐opening polymerization of p‐cresol type monofunctional N‐phenyl benzoxazine 1a with 10 mol % of thiophenols proceeded at 150 °C, leading to the high conversion of 1a more than 95% within 5 h, whereas the polymerization of 1a without thiophenols did not proceed under the same conditions. The promotion effect of the thiophenols on curing of bisphenol‐A type N‐phenyl benzoxazine 1b was also investigated. In the differential scanning calorimetric (DSC) analysis of the polymerization of 1b at 150 °C without using any promoters, an exothermic peak attributable to the ring‐opening reaction of benzoxazine was observed after 8 h. In contrast, in the DSC analysis of the polymerization of 1b with addition 20 mol % of p‐nitrothiophenol, an exothermic peak was observed within 2 h, to clarify the significant promoting effect of p‐nitrothiophenol. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2014, 52, 2523–2527
Microstructure of metallocene isotactic propylene‐co‐1‐pentene‐co‐1‐hexene terpolymers
Authors: García‐Peñas Alberto , Gómez‐Elvira José M. , Pérez Ernesto , Cerrada María L. 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTThis study aims at characterizing in depth the microstructure of propylene‐co‐1‐pentene‐co‐1‐hexene terpolymers, which have been recently reported to develop the isotactic polypropylene δ trigonal polymorph when the total comonomer content is high enough. Such a specific crystalline form had been only reported so far in the analogous copolymers containing either 1‐pentene or 1‐hexene. A comparative 13C NMR study in solution of the aforementioned terpolymers and copolymers allows asserting the random insertion of both comonomers during chain growth under the polymerization conditions used. The reaction parameters, mainly catalyst and temperature, have been chosen for the purpose of assuring relatively high molar mass polymers. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2014, 52, 2537–2547
Bond behaviour of normal‐ and high‐strength recycled aggregate concrete
Authors: Prince M. John Robert , Singh Bhupinder 
Published: June 2014

AbstractThe effect of concrete grade on the bond between 12 mm diameter deformed steel bars and recycled aggregate concrete (RAC) has been investigated with the help of 45 pullout tests with concentric rebar placement for coarse recycled concrete aggregate (RCA) replacement levels of 25, 50, 75 and 100%. For all the three concrete grades, the measured bond‐slip relationships indicate similar mechanisms of bond resistance in the RAC and the natural aggregate (NA) concrete. The most accurate and least conservative predictions of the measured bond strengths were obtained from the local bond‐slip model in the fib Model Code for Concrete Structures 2010. Bond strength normalized to fc(3/4) resulted in an improved match with test data and increased with an increase in the RCA replacement levels and decreased with an increase in compressive strength. An attempt to explain this behaviour has been sought in terms of brittleness index, an analogous parameter from rock mechanics. An empirical bond stress versus slip relationship has been proposed for the 12 mm diameter bar and it is conservatively suggested that similar anchorage lengths for this bar in all three concrete grades can be adopted for the RAC and the NA concretes.
Does prenatal exposure to vitamin D-fortified margarine and milk alter birth weight? A societal experiment
Authors: Jensen Camilla B. , Berentzen Tina L. , Gamborg Michael , Sørensen Thorkild I. A. , Heitmann Berit L. 
Published: June 2014

The present study examined whether exposure to vitamin D from fortified margarine and milk during prenatal life influenced mean birth weight and the risk of high or low birth weight. The study was based on the Danish vitamin D fortification programme, which was a societal intervention with mandatory fortification of margarine during 1961–1985 and voluntary fortification of low-fat milk between 1972 and 1976. The influence of prenatal vitamin D exposure on birth weight was investigated among 51 883 Danish children, by comparing birth weight among individuals born during 2 years before or after the initiation and termination of vitamin D fortification programmes. In total, four sets of analyses were performed. Information on birth weight was available in the Copenhagen School Health Record Register for all school children in Copenhagen. The mean birth weight was lower among the exposed than non-exposed children during all study periods (milk initiation − 20·3 (95 % CI − 39·2, − 1·4) g; milk termination − 25·9 (95 % CI − 46·0, − 5·7) g; margarine termination − 45·7 (95 % CI − 66·6, − 24·8) g), except during the period around the initiation of margarine fortification, where exposed children were heavier than non-exposed children (margarine initiation 27·4 (95 % CI 10·8, 44·0) g). No differences in the odds of high (>4000 g) or low ( < 2500 g) birth weight were observed between the children exposed and non-exposed to vitamin D fortification prenatally. Prenatal exposure to vitamin D from fortified margarine and milk altered birth weight, but the effect was small and inconsistent, reaching the conclusion that vitamin D fortification seems to be clinically irrelevant in relation to fetal growth.
The quality of the interparental relationship does not moderate the etiology of child conduct problems
Authors: Burt S. A. , Wildey M. N. , Klump K. L. 
Published: June 2014

BackgroundAlthough there is a clear phenotypic relationship between the quality of the interparental or marital relationship and child conduct problems (CP), the etiology of this association is as yet unclear. One possibility is that this association takes the form of a genotype–environment interaction (G × E), whereby the quality of the interparental relationship acts to moderate the etiology of child CP. The current study sought to evaluate this possibility.MethodWe examined multiple measures and informant reports of the quality of the interparental relationship in a sample of more than 700 child twin families from the Michigan State University Twin Registry (MSUTR). Analyses consisted of a series of latent G × E models.ResultsThe ‘no moderation’ model provided the best fit to the data in nearly all cases, findings that collectively provide strong evidence against the possibility that the etiology of CP is moderated by the quality of the interparental relationship.ConclusionsOur findings suggest that, contrary to implicit (and sometimes explicit) assumptions in the field, it is not the case that every environmental risk (or protective) factor exacerbates (or suppresses) genetic influences on CP. Future research should seek to delineate the specific environmental experiences that do serve as etiologic moderators of CP, and to clarify how this G × E interplay might change over the course of development.
PDK1 regulates B cell differentiation and homeostasis
Authors: Baracho Gisele V. , Cato Matthew H. , Zhu Zilu , Jaren Olav R. , Hobeika Elias , Reth Michael , Rickert Robert C. 
Published: June 2014

Significance
Phosphatidyl inositol-3 kinase (PI3K) activity is central to B lymphocyte survival, growth, and differentiation. Recent clinical studies also indicate that inhibiting the activity of the PI3Kδ isoform will be effective in treating human B cell malignancies. Here we focus on the B cell-specific role of the Ser/Thr kinase phosphoinositide-dependent kinase 1 (PDK1), a pivotal downstream effector of PI3K signaling that is required for the activation of most members of the AGC kinase family (e.g., Akt, S6K, RSK, PKC). Using conditional gene-targeting approaches, we show that the B cell receptor and a subset of cytokine receptors require PDK1 for B cell generation in the bone marrow as well as for mature B cell survival and activation.
Hydroclimate of the western Indo-Pacific Warm Pool during the past 24,000 years
Authors: Niedermeyer Eva M. , Sessions Alex L. , Feakins Sarah J. , Mohtadi Mahyar 
Published: June 2014

Significance
The Indo-Pacific Warm Pool (IPWP) is the largest source of atmospheric water vapor, and region of highest rainfall, on Earth. At irregular intervals, this high-rainfall regime weakens, causing severe droughts with massive consequences for the local population. Research into the underlying mechanisms is limited by the temporal coverage of climate data. We produced a record of rainfall over the western IPWP covering the past 24,000 years. Our data indicate that topography and coastline position govern regional IPWP hydrology on glacial−interglacial timescales. During the Holocene, western IPWP rainfall is linked to that of East Africa through a precipitation dipole. Fluctuations of this dipole identified in our study serve as an impetus for future studies to advance our understanding of IPWP dynamics.
The civilizing process in London’s Old Bailey
Authors: Klingenstein Sara , Hitchcock Tim , DeDeo Simon 
Published: June 2014

SignificanceOne of the characteristics of the modern era is the emergence of new bureaucratic and social mechanisms for the management and control of violence. Our analysis of 150 y of spoken word testimony in the English criminal justice system provides new insight into this critical process. We show how, beginning around the 1800s, trials for violent and nonviolent offenses become increasingly distinct. Driven by a shifting set of underlying signals, this long-term shift in the underlying norms of the system involves both changes in bureaucratic practice and in civil society as a whole.
Context effects produced by question orders reveal quantum nature of human judgments
Authors: Wang Zheng , Solloway Tyler , Shiffrin Richard M. , Busemeyer Jerome R. 
Published: June 2014

SignificanceIn recent years, quantum probability theory has been used to explain a range of seemingly irrational human decision-making behaviors. The quantum models generally outperform traditional models in fitting human data, but both modeling approaches require optimizing parameter values. However, quantum theory makes a universal, nonparametric prediction for differing outcomes when two successive questions (e.g., attitude judgments) are asked in different orders. Quite remarkably, this prediction was strongly upheld in 70 national surveys carried out over the last decade (and in two laboratory experiments) and is not one derivable by any known cognitive constraints. The findings lend strong support to the idea that human decision making may be based on quantum probability.
Invisible RNA state dynamically couples distant motifs
Authors: Lee Janghyun , Dethoff Elizabeth A. , Al-Hashimi Hashim M. 
Published: June 2014

Significance
We recently showed, using NMR relaxation dispersion, that the HIV-1 transactivation response element (TAR) RNA forms a transient state (lifetime ∼45 μs and population ∼13%) through localized changes in base pairing within the apical loop. Here, we report a second transient TAR state that has longer lifetime (∼2 ms) and smaller population (∼0.4%) that simultaneously remodels the bulge and apical loop, which are separated by four Watson–Crick base pairs. This is accomplished by a global change in the register of bulge residues, which pair up with residues in the upper stem, causing reshuffling of base pairs that propagates to the apical loop and creation of three noncanonical base pairs. Thus, transient states provide a mechanism for dynamically coupling distant RNA motifs.
Identification of the n-1 fatty acid as an antibacterial constituent from the edible freshwater cyanobacteriumNostoc verrucosum
Authors: Oku Naoya , Yonejima Kohsuke , Sugawa Takao , Igarashi Yasuhiro 
Published: June 2014

AbstractThe cyanobacterium Nostoc verrucosum occurs in cool, clear streams and its gelatinous colonies, called “ashitsuki,” have been eaten in ancient Japan. Its ethanolic extract was found to inhibit the growth of Gram-positive bacteria and activity-guided fractionation yielded an unusual n-1 fatty acid, (9Z,12Z)-9,12,15-hexadecatrienoic acid (1), as one of the active principles. It inhibited the growth of Staphylococcus aureus at MIC 64 μg/mL.
Unstable mutant lysozymes are degraded through the interaction with calnexin homolog Cne1p in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Azakami Hiroyuki , Uehara Masayoshi , Matsuo Ryohei , Tsurunaga Yuta , Yamashita Yuichiro , Usui Masakatsu , Kato Akio 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Cne1p is a yeast homolog of calnexin, which is a constituent of endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-associated protein quality control system in mammals. Cne1p may be involved in the degradation of misfolded lysozymes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. To test this, c-Myc-tagged lysozymes were expressed in CNE1-deficient S. cerevisiae. The expression and secretion of an unstable lysozyme mutant G49N/D66H were enhanced and its intracellular localization was changed in the CNE1-deficient strain. Furthermore, when Cne1p was co-expressed with unstable lysozyme mutants (G49N/D66H, G49N/C76A, and K13D/G49N), its affinity to the misfolded mutant proteins was revealed by co-immunoprecipitation. The interaction with Cne1p was abrogated by the addition of tunicamycin, an inhibitor of N-glycosylation, indicating that N-linked carbohydrates might be necessary for protein binding to Cne1p. These results suggest that in yeasts, Cne1p interacts with misfolded lysozyme proteins possibly causing their retention in the ER and subsequent elimination via ER-associated degradation.
Identity
Authors: Smith Stuart Tyson 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Issues of identity have never been far away from archaeology. Ethnic and racial categories, sex and gender (conflated early on), age, status, and other axes of differentiation have been core concepts underpinning archaeological interpretation since the days of early antiquarianism. Recent approaches emphasize identity as multi-scalar, multidimensional, situational, and overlapping, constructed and negotiated by individuals in specific social contexts. Theoretical approaches revolve around structure/agency debates, with a practice approach providing an effective tool to examine identity in the past. Studies of various dimensions of identity have moved beyond the essentialist models that characterized older research, particularly with ethnicity and race. Gender research embraces not only feminist but also masculinist and queer approaches. Areas of identity taken for granted, including age, sexuality, and religion, have now become a locus of archaeological investigation. The post-processual and postcolonial calls for a return to essentialism to empower subaltern groups have met with some success but also created ethical dilemmas.
Numerical and Arithmetic Abilities in Non-primate Species
Authors: Agrillo Christian 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
In the last decade, several studies have suggested that dozens of animal species are capable of processing numerical information. Animals as diverse as mammals, birds, amphibians, fish, and even some invertebrates have been successfully investigated through extensive training and the observation of spontaneous behaviour, providing evidence that numerical abilities are not limited to primates. The study of non-primate species represents a useful tool to broaden our comprehension of the uniqueness of our cognitive abilities, particularly with regard to the evolutionary roots of the mathematical mind. In this chapter, I will summarize the current state of our understanding of non-primate numerical abilities in the comparative literature, focusing on three main topics: the relationship between discrete (numerical) and continuous quantity, the debate surrounding the existence of a precise subitizing-like process, and the ontogeny of numerical abilities.
Violence against Catholics in East Asia
Authors: Rausch Franklin 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
This article examines anti-Catholic violence in Japan, China, and Korea from the 1600s to the early 1900s. It shows that the governments of each of these three countries chose to use violence against Catholics when the threat posed by Catholicism outweighed the benefits the religion offered. While each state chose violence, the shape of that violence and its intensity differed based on the particular historical contexts of Japan, China, and Korea. Foreign pressure in the form of imperialism ended such state-directed violence in all three of these countries by the last quarter of the nineteenth century. However, in China and Korea, anti-Catholic violence broke out at the popular level as a reaction to the increasing power of the foreign-backed Catholic communities. In contrast, the development of a strong, Western-style state dedicated to protecting religious freedom prevented this same phenomenon from occurring in Japan. This paper thus shows that while there were certain similarities in anti-Catholic violence in these three countries, there were also significant differences.
A Legal Approach to Questions About Religious Diversity
Authors: Walker Nathan C. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Academic legal research and the associated method of legal analysis can significantly enhance the study of religion. Scholars of American religions cite legal cases but often do not apply the necessary legal methods to ground their claims. For instance, in approaching questions about religious diversity, scholars may inadvertently work from an inaccurate legal definition of religion. In US constitutional law, the legal definition of the term religion has meant different things at different points in history and it remains highly contested. These contradictory definitions reflect society’s struggle with religious diversity, defining who is and who is not protected by American law. This chapter summarizes the evolving legal definitions of religion, surveys some central legal questions regarding American religions, and introduces a five-step legal methodology for scholars of religion to apply to questions of religious diversity. The purpose is to enable scholars of religion to demonstrate a sophisticated level of legal literacy and thus to more effectively assist the courts in achieving religious literacy.
The impact of telecommunication revenue on economic growth: evidence from Ghana
Authors: Atsu Francis , Agyei Charles , Phanuel Darbi William , Adjei-Mensah Sussana 
Published: June 2014

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to investigate the long-run impact of telecommunications revenue and telecommunications investment on economic growth of Ghana for the time horizon 1976-2007.

Design/methodology/approach
– The paper uses the Augmented Dickey Fuller and Phillips Perron unit root test to explore the stationarity property of the variables and the Engle-Granger residual-based test of cointegration to model an appropriate restricted error correction model.

Findings
– The outcome of the analysis produced mixed results. Telecommunications revenue does not contribute significantly whilst telecommunications investment does.

Practical implications
– Policy makers will have to deal with a conundrum; while designing targeted policies that will attract more telecommunication investment in order to maximize the corresponding revenues and the economic growth it brings in its wake, they must at the same time find ways and resources to grow the economy to a point or threshold where revenue from telecommunications can have the much needed impact on their economies.

Originality/value
– The study is one of the first that has investigated the line of causality between telecommunication revenue and economic growth unlike previous research that mainly focused on the impact of telecommunication infrastructure on economic development.
The impact of the Greek crisis on the consumers’ behaviour: some initial evidences?
Authors: Duquenne Marie-Noelle , Vlontzos George 
Published: June 2014

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to examine the changes on food consumption patterns of households, due to the ongoing economic crisis in Greece.

Design/methodology/approach
– A sample survey among a random sample of 932 households living in the region of Thessaly, central Greece, was carried out, with the consuming behaviour to be focused on 20 basic food products. An exploratory factor analysis, followed by a hierarchical classification of the households, was implemented.

Findings
– Six patterns of food consumption's behaviour have been detected, revealing that most of the households have modified their eating habits, by reducing the quantities consumed and/or looking for less expensive brands. Only 15 per cent of the households do not seem to be affected by the crisis and the austerity policy. The spatial dimension of the research signify that low-income households in urban areas, where the majority of the population lives, are deeply affected by the crisis, with these percentages to be even higher at semi-urban and rural areas.

Originality/value
– This is the first attempt of assessment of the impact of the economic crisis in Greece on food consumption pattern, verifying its significant negative impact on an inelastic need, such food consumption is.