bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Same Same But Different: Dialects and Trade
Authors: Lameli Alfred , Südekum Jens , Nitsch Volker , Wolf Nikolaus 
Published: March 2014

Abstract
Language is a strong and robust determinant of international trade patterns: Countries sharing a common language trade significantly more with each other than countries using different languages, holding other factors constant. In this article we present the first analysis of the effect of language on trade in an intra-national context. Analyzing unique data for a single-language country, Germany, we find that similarities in the local dialect have a significantly positive impact on regional trade. We interpret this finding as evidence for the trade-promoting effect of culture, because linguistic similarities likely reflect cultural ties across regions, rather than lower costs of communication or similar institutions.
Much Ado about Nothing? The Role of Primary School Catchment Areas For Ethnic School Segregation: Evidence From a Policy Reform
Authors: Makles Anna , Schneider Kerstin 
Published: March 2014

AbstractBy the 2008/09 school year the federal state of North Rhine-Westphalia (Germany) abolished binding school catchment areas in all municipalities. The reform has been controversial and it was feared that school choice would increase ethnic segregation. Using data on all primary schools we contribute to this debate by analyzing ethnic segregation before and after the reform. We discuss drawbacks of commonly used segregation indices and their interpretation as well as causality issues. Although there is an increase in segregation over the time period studied, our results show that segregation has not been affected by the policy reform.
Prevalence and effects of caregiving on children
Authors: Nagl‐Cupal Martin , Daniel Maria , Koller Martina Maria , Mayer Hanna 
Published: March 2014

AbstractAimThis paper reports the prevalence and its related sociodemographic factors of informal caregiving by underage children in Austria. The quantity and intensity of caregiving activities, the motivation for and effects of caregiving and how this differs from non‐caregiving children were investigated.BackgroundYoung carers are a worldwide phenomenon. Due to methodological and sampling problems, little quantitative data are available.DesignCross‐sectional, descriptive study.MethodsBased on a random selection of 85 schools and 474 classes, a total of 7403 children aged 10–14 years completed a self‐reporting questionnaire that asked for children's help in their families. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyse the data.ResultsIn the sample, 4·5% caregiving children were identified. The average age of young carers was 12·5 years. Most young carers were female (69·8% vs. 52·7% in the non‐young carers group). Young carers assumed more responsibilities (household tasks, general care and sibling care) than their peers. They showed a higher level of physical (e.g. headache 38·2% vs. 24·4%) and mental (e.g. to worry about 68·1% vs. 41·8%) adverse effects than non‐young carers. Extrapolation suggests a rate of 3·5% young carers in underage children of 5–18 years in Austria.ConclusionData on national level are essential preconditions to initiate support for young carers. Nurses can promote children's health and well‐being through prevention of an inappropriate caregiving role.
Efficacy of antifungal PACT in an in vitro model of onychomycosis
Authors: Mehra T. , Schaller M. , Walker B. , Braunsdorf C. , Mailänder‐Sanchez D. , Schynowski F. , Hahn R. , Röcken M. , Köberle M. , Borelli C. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractBackgroundThe difficulty of antifungal substances to penetrate keratin and slow nail growth limit the efficacy of topical therapy in onychomycosis. One promising alternative is photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy, or PACT: an irradiated photosensitizer creates singlet oxygen molecules which destroy pathogens without damaging human cells.ObjectiveAs PACT has demonstrated strong antifungal capabilities, we wanted to investigate its efficacy in an in vitro model of onychomycosis.MethodsPACT was tested in a microdilution assay, in an in vitro onychomycosis model as well as in a patient.ResultsPACT inhibited fungal growth in the microdilution assay with no colonies of T. rubrum detectable. Fungal growth was also inhibited in an onychomycosis model, after 30 min of LED irradiation. Subsequently, a patient with distolateral onychomycosis was treated on three consecutive days and showed significant and durable improvement of nail morphology 6 months after.ConclusionPACT appears to be an effective treatment of onychomycosis in vitro. The promising results need to be validated by clinical trials.
Dermatoscopy of flat pigmented facial lesions
Authors: Tschandl P. , Rosendahl C. , Kittler H. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractBackgroundThe diagnosis of flat pigmented lesions on the face is challenging because of the morphologic overlap of biologically different lesions and the unknown significance of dermatoscopic patterns.ObjectiveTo better characterize dermatoscopic patterns of various types of flat pigmented facial lesions and to analyse their significance by calculating their relative risks and diagnostic values.MethodsWe prospectively analysed dermatoscopic images of 240 flat pigmented facial skin lesions collected consecutively from 195 patients (41.5% females, mean age: 61 ± 14 years) between 2007 and March 2012 in a primary skin cancer practice situated in Queensland, Australia.ResultsHistopathologically 114 (47.5%) lesions were malignant (24 lentigo maligna, 21 basal cell carcinomas and 69 pigmented actinic keratoses). Compared with all other patterns the positive predictive value for lentigo maligna was highest for a pattern of circles (31.3%, 95% CI: 11.1–58.6%). A pattern of clods was associated with basal cell carcinoma. If grey structures were present the relative risk for malignancy was 2.2 (95%CI: 1.4–3.4). The best clues to differentiate pigmented actinic keratosis from other lesions were the presence of scale (positive predictive value: 72.2%, specificity: 94.2%), white circles (positive predictive value: 68.8%, specificity: 94.2%) and a sharply demarcated border (positive predictive value: 44.2%, specificity: 86.0%).ConclusionsIn flat lesions a pattern of circles bears the highest risk for facial melanoma but other patterns do not exclude it. Scale, white circles and a sharply demarcated border are clues to pigmented actinic keratoses. The presence of grey colour is a clue to malignancy regardless of pattern.
Insecticidal activity of Brassica juncea seed meal to the fungus gnat Bradysia impatiens Johannsen (Diptera:Sciaridae)
Authors: Main M. , McCaffrey J. P. , Morra M. J. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractFungus gnats (Bradysia impatiens) can be a serious pest especially to plants grown in confined areas, and although various methods of control are available, safer and more effective control measures are desirable. Mustard seed meal, a by‐product remaining after oil removal for use as a biodiesel feedstock, contains compounds called glucosinolates that hydrolyse to insecticidal 2‐propenyl isothiocyanate. Our objective was to produce a dose‐response curve for making recommendations of Brassica juncea seed meal applications that will result in fungus gnat larvae control. Twenty colony‐raised fungus gnat larvae were added to 20 g (226 per cm3) of potting media, and adult emergence monitored during 2 weeks using yellow sticky cards. Treatments included without meal, detoxified meal and 19 doses ranging from 0.05 to 3.0 g seed meal. A logistic model was used to predict an LC50 of 0.18 and an LC90 of 0.38 g seed meal for the 20‐g pot. The amounts of seed meal required to produce the observed LC50 and LC90 were predicted to produce 0.08 and 0.17 μmol 2‐propenyl isothiocyanate per cm3 potting medium, respectively. B. juncea seed meal has potential utility for the control of B. impatiens, thus warranting additional studies to determine the seed meal's chronic impact on fungus gnats, phytotoxicity and plant fertility benefits.
The Role of Sales in NPD: An Investigation of the U.S. Health‐Care Industry
Authors: Malshe Avinash , Biemans Wim 
Published: March 2014

The new product development (NPD) literature emphasizes that the success of new products strongly depends on a firm's capability to understand customer needs and translate them into new products. Because of their close relationships with customers, salespeople are in the ideal position to connect the firm's NPD efforts to its customers. The extant literature on the role of sales in NPD focuses on either sales’ contribution to generating new product ideas or the adoption of new products by salespeople, while a systematic study of sales’ contribution during all NPD stages is lacking. In addition, the role of sales is typically studied in isolation, while in practice, the role of sales depends on the relationship between sales and marketing.This article addresses these gaps in the literature by reporting on an empirical investigation of the role of sales during the entire NPD process in the U.S. health‐care industry, taking into account the complexities of the sales‐marketing dynamic. The article is based on interviews with 21 sales and 15 marketing informants from the U.S. health‐care industry, both pharmaceutical firms (selling drugs to physicians) and device manufacturing firms.Our findings highlight how salespeople are distant from NPD process during the discovery stage. Salespeople are focused on selling to customers, and marketing keeps sales distant from the NPD process. During the development stage, sales is still only indirectly involved in NPD through its relationship with marketing. During commercialization, however, marketing takes the driver's seat and strongly involves sales in the various (pre)launch activities. But while salespeople are mostly indirectly involved in NPD, sales managers have a closer relationship with sales and are more directly involved. The findings also show how the involvement of sales is influenced by characteristics of the health‐care industry. Thus, this article contributes to our understanding of the role of sales in NPD by integrating theoretical perspectives from the sales‐marketing interface literature into the NPD literature.
Comparison of plasma vitamin A and E, copper and zinc levels in free‐ranging and captive greater flamingos (Phoenicopterus roseus) and their relation to pododermatitis
Authors: Wyss F. , Wolf P. , Wenker C. , Hoby S. , Schumacher V. , Béchet A. , Robert N. , Liesegang A. 
Published: March 2014

SummaryPododermatitis is a worldwide problem in captive flamingos. Studies in domestic poultry showed that nutrition is a possible influencing factor for pododermatitis. Vitamin A and E, copper and zinc levels were analysed in two different diets (diet 1 = in‐house mix and diet 2 = commercial diet) and in plasma of captive greater flamingos fed these diets and compared to those of free‐ranging greater flamingos. Results were analysed with respect to type and severity of foot lesions of the individuals from the different groups. Juvenile and subadult/adult captive flamingos on diet 1 showed various types and severities of foot lesions, whereas no foot lesions were found at the time of blood sampling in juvenile captive flamingos on diet 2. Juvenile captive flamingos on diet 1 had significantly lower plasma zinc levels than juvenile captive flamingos on diet 2 and juvenile free‐ranging flamingos; data were also lower than reference ranges for flamingos, poultry and cranes. There were no significant differences in plasma vitamin A, vitamin E, copper or zinc levels between animals with different types of foot lesions or with different severity scores. Shortly after the change to diet 2 (fed to juvenile captive flamingos that did not show any foot lesion), the flooring of the outdoor water pools was covered with fine granular sand. Because both factors (nutrition and flooring) were changed during the same evaluation period, it cannot be concluded which factor contributed in what extent to the reduction of foot lesions. While it is assumed that low plasma zinc levels identified in the group of juvenile captive flamingos on diet 1 were not directly responsible for foot lesions observed in these animals, they may have played a role in altering the skin integrity of the feet and predisposing them to pododermatitis.
Evolutionary history and underlying adaptation of alpine plants on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau
Authors: LIU Jian‐Quan , DUAN Yuan‐Wen , HAO Gang , GE Xue‐Jun , SUN Hang 
Published: March 2014

AbstractAs the highest and largest plateau in the world, the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau, with its numerous endemic species, is one of the important alpine biodiversity hotspots. Only recently have the evolutionary histories and underlying adaptations of these alpine plants become clear, through research mostly based on testable experiments and analyses. In this issue, we collected a total of 13 papers related to such aims. In addition, we selected a few published papers to highlight the major findings in the recent past. We also outlined the outlook and direction of future research.
Sexual Behavior and Symptoms among Reproductive Age Chinese Women in Hong Kong
Authors: Lo Sue Seen-Tsing , Kok Wai-Ming 
Published: March 2014

Abstract

Introduction
As sexual medicine evolves, much advancement has been achieved in understanding male sexuality and treating male sexual dysfunction. Less is known about female sexual pattern, the prevalence of sexual problems, and their correlation with confounding factors.

Aim
To enhance our understanding of female sexuality and the risk factors that contributed to sexual problems in reproductive age women.

Method
A cross-sectional survey was conducted in family planning and prepregnancy checkup clinics from December 2007 to December 2009, with 2,146 sexually active Chinese women aged 21 to 40 years completed the entire questionnaire.

Main Outcome Measures
Prevalence of sexual symptoms, coital frequency, and other sexual behavior–related activities were measured.

Results
Overall, 59.0% of respondents had at least one sexual problem. In this sample, 31.8% of respondents reported no desire; 31.7% had arousal problems; 40% had anorgasmia, and 33.8% experienced coital pain for at least 3 months within the past 1 year. Chi-square test showed significant correlation among the four types of sexual problems(P &lt; 0.001). Univariate regression model showed that all sexual symptoms were significantly correlated with unidirectional coitus initiation, low coital frequency, and low foreplay enjoyment. Loglinear model revealed that desire, arousal, and orgasmic problems were correlated with low foreplay enjoyment. Arousal problem was correlated with high acceptance toward pornography and history of medical disease. Coital pain was correlated with secondary education and planning to have more children. Both unidirectional coitus initiation and low coital frequency were major contributors to all four sexual symptoms.

Conclusions
Sexual problem is a prevalent health issue among reproductive age women. A number of risk factors are identified, which provide useful direction to the design of counseling and education materials that might help to enhance sexual performance in women.
Long‐term demographic and reproductive trends in Ciona intestinalis sp. A
Authors: Caputi Luigi , Crocetta Fabio , Toscano Francesco , Sordino Paolo , Cirino Paola 
Published: March 2014

AbstractCiona intestinalis sp. A (Tunicata, Ascidiacea) is a marine invertebrate with a widespread distribution and high invasive potential, yet little is known about its ecology. Here, the macrodynamics of demographic and reproductive trends were first determined using archive data covering 2002–2012. Species abundance in the central Tyrrhenian Sea (Campania, Italy ‐ NW Mediterranean) displayed Poisson distribution across 2002–2008, massive die‐off in 2009/2010 and population recovery in 2011/2012. We defined the seasonal ranges of sea surface temperature in which sampling size, animal size and reproductive status reached their highest values. In 2003/2004, self and non‐self fertilization appeared to follow reverse trends across the year. The long‐term recording run here on Ciona intestinalis sp. A provides novel insights into its population biology and ecology, and represents a valuable tool for sampling management and research planning.
A critical analysis on the response of macroinvertebrate communities along disturbance gradients: description of MEDOCC (MEDiterranean OCCidental) index
Authors: Pinedo Susana , Jordana Esther , Ballesteros Enric 
Published: March 2014

AbstractMacroinvertebrate communities inhabiting shallow sandy bottoms from Catalonia and Balearic Islands coastal waters (Western Mediterranean) were used to develop the Mediterranean Occidental (MEDOCC) index, a new methodology to assess the ecological status (ES) according to Water Framework Directive (WFD) requirements. The dominance pattern of four ecological groups (EG; sensitive, indifferent, tolerant and opportunistic organisms) was studied along a disturbance gradient. Sensitive taxa were present in disturbed situations and tolerant species were related to opportunistic taxa. The thresholds between ES were scaled according to the shifts in the dominance pattern of the EGs. The distribution of the EGs along the gradient of disturbance may vary depending on the studied communities, thus influencing the boundaries defining the ES. With the development of the MEDOCC index it is shown that analysing the response of the communities to the increasing gradient of disturbance is critical to enable an accurate proposal for boundary setting to be made, and to improve the applicability of the indices. AMBI (AZTI Marine Biotic Index), Bentix (Biotic Index), and MEDOCC indices were applied to the dataset to compare the ES obtained.
Yield and catch changes in a Mediterranean small tuna trap: a warming change effect?
Authors: Cattaneo‐Vietti Riccardo , Cappanera Valentina , Castellano Michela , Povero Paolo 
Published: March 2014

AbstractSince the 17th century, the Tonnarella of Camogli, a small tuna trap, has been used to catch pelagic fish along the western coast of the Portofino Promontory (Ligurian Sea, Northwestern Mediterranean). The availability of long‐term datasets on fish yields (1950–1974 and 1996–2011), with information related to the seawater temperatures and the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), has allowed us to study the qualitative and quantitative changes in fish yields in the last decade and the possible relationships with the seasonal anomalies of temperature that have occurred in the Ligurian Sea. In 1950–1974, yields remained relatively constant over time (average of 35.6 ± 8.7 t·year−1). From 1996 through 2011, yields were high (42.9 ± 15.9 t·year−1) but inconsistent with strong annual variability in catches. The primary catches are Seriola dumerili, Auxis rochei, Trachurus spp. and Sarda sarda. Changes in species composition have occurred as well: S. dumerili, Sardinella sp. and Belone belone have appeared recently. Moreover, a significant decrease in the boreal scombroid (Scomber scombrus) and an increase of warm‐temperate carangids and other typically Southern Mediterranean species such as Coryphaena hippurus and Sphyraena viridensis, appear to be linked to the warming of the surface water layer, particularly evident in the Ligurian Sea, for the last 10 years. The analysis of this kind of trend may be a powerful tool for assessing structural changes of the pelagic fish community in the Ligurian Sea (Northwestern Mediterranean).
Diabetic gastrointestinal motility disorders and the role of enteric nervous system: Current status and future directions
Authors: Yarandi S. S. , Srinivasan S. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractBackgroundGastrointestinal manifestations of diabetes are common and a source of significant discomfort and disability. Diabetes affects almost every part of gastrointestinal tract from the esophagus to the rectum and causes a variety of symptoms including heartburn, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea and constipation. Understanding the underlying mechanisms of diabetic gastroenteropathy is important to guide development of therapies for this common problem. Over recent years, the data regarding the pathophysiology of diabetic gastroenteropathy is expanding. In addition to autonomic neuropathy causing gastrointestinal disturbances the role of enteric nervous system is becoming more evident.PurposeIn this review, we summarize the reported alterations in enteric nervous system including enteric neurons, interstitial cells of Cajal and neurotransmission in diabetic animal models and patients. We also review the possible underlying mechanisms of these alterations, with focus on oxidative stress, growth factors and diabetes induced changes in gastrointestinal smooth muscle. Finally, we will discuss recent advances and potential areas for future research related to diabetes and the ENS such as gut microbiota, micro‐RNAs and changes in the microvasculature and endothelial dysfunction.
Plant diversity and overyielding: insights from belowground facilitation of intercropping in agriculture
Authors: Li Long , Tilman David , Lambers Hans , Zhang Fu‐Suo 
Published: March 2014

SummaryDespite increasing evidence that plant diversity in experimental systems may enhance ecosystem productivity, the mechanisms causing this overyielding remain debated. Here, we review studies of overyielding observed in agricultural intercropping systems, and show that a potentially important mechanism underlying such facilitation is the ability of some crop species to chemically mobilize otherwise‐unavailable forms of one or more limiting soil nutrients such as phosphorus (P) and micronutrients (iron (Fe), zinc (Zn) and manganese (Mn)). Phosphorus‐mobilizing crop species improve P nutrition for themselves and neighboring non‐P‐mobilizing species by releasing acid phosphatases, protons and/or carboxylates into the rhizosphere which increases the concentration of soluble inorganic P in soil. Similarly, on calcareous soils with a very low availability of Fe and Zn, Fe‐ and Zn‐mobilizing species, such as graminaceous monocotyledonous and cluster‐rooted species, benefit themselves, and also reduce Fe or Zn deficiency in neighboring species, by releasing chelating substances. Based on this review, we hypothesize that mobilization‐based facilitative interactions may be an unsuspected, but potentially important mechanism enhancing productivity in both natural ecosystems and biodiversity experiments. We discuss cases in which nutrient mobilization might be occurring in natural ecosystems, and suggest that the nutrient mobilization hypothesis merits formal testing in natural ecosystems.