bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Phosphorus and nitrogen losses in relation to forest, pasture and row-crop land use and precipitation distribution in the midwest usa
Authors: Udawatta Ranjith P. , Henderson Gray S. , Jones John R. , Hammer David 
Published: September 2012

Little information is available comparing the influence of land use and precipitation on the control of phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N) losses from agricultural watersheds in claypan soils. Eight watersheds with varying proportions of row-crop, pasture, forest, and grass filter strip condition were examined for three consecutive years to evaluate effects of land use and precipitation on P and N losses from row-cropped watersheds. Total P (TP) and total N (TN) losses were inversely related to the percentage of forest and pasture cover. Forest (n=2), pasture (n=3), row-crop (n=2), and row-crop grass filter strip (n=1) land use types had mean annual TP losses of 0.43, 0.90, 3.82 and 1.30 kg•ha-1•yr-1, respectively and mean annual TN losses of 2.02, 4.34, 29.25 and 12.31 kg•ha-1•yr-1, respectively. During the 3-year study, the respective land use types lost 0.36, 0.64, 13.99 and 7.26 kg NO3-N•ha-1•yr-1. Runoff events on row-cropped watersheds resulted in significantly greater TP, TN, and NO3-N losses than those from pastured and forested watersheds. Stream nitrate-N concentrations averaged 0.39, 0.50, and 2.56 mg•L-1 for forest, pasture, and row-crop land use types, respectively. During the study, 136% of the long-term average precipitation in 1998 caused significant nutrient losses in all watershed categories and the variability within a land use type was larger than in years with below long-term rainfall. The study results emphasize the incorporation of perennial vegetation such as vegetative buffers, grass/conservation reserve program areas, and grass filter strips or other perennial vegetation as a long-term option for effective control of nutrient losses in runoff from agricultural watersheds.
Structural Changes in the Subcutaneous Compartment in Morbid Obesity
Authors: Janigan David T. , Durning Robert , Perey Bernard , MacDonald Alan S. , Klussen Gerald 
Published: September 2012

AbstractMost of the excess fat that accumulates in the morbidly obese is accommodated in the subcutaneous compartment (SCC), specifically in the adipose tissue lobules of the panniculus adiposus which enlarge and expand the SCC. However, the fibroelastic septa that are attached to the skin on one side of the SCC and to the deep fascia on the other invest each lobule and thereby offer resistance to the enlarging lobules. We report observations made during pathologic examinations of the abdominal wall SCC that were surgically excised by abdominal dermo‐panniculectomy from 48 morbidly obese subjects afler gastroplasty and weight loss. Lobules were large but varied notably upwards in size and, to some extent, shape. Simultaneously upon incision of the SCC, the lobules bulged above and the septa retracted below the same cut surfaces. Light microscopy revealed disruptions of septal elastic fibers, calcification of septa and septal arteries and necrosis of adipocytes, all sparsely distributed. Certain questions and facts emerge from these observations. Are the variations in lobule sizes normal, or do they reflect uneven fat deposition or mobilization during weight gain or loss respectively? Is there any correlation between lobule and adipocyte sizes? The tightly coupled phenomena of lobule‐bulging and septal‐retraction indicate that the lobules and septa are subjected to compressional and tensile stresses respectively in the intact, non‐incised SCC. The histologic changes might be consequences of these stresses. Studies of the variations in body fat distribution and in adipocyte size have contributed to an understanding of obesity pathogenesis. The relevance of the present fmdings is unknown at this time, but these appear to have potential implications for studies of the morphogenesis of obesity. Confirmation of these fmdings, particularly the lobule variations, is required so that these can be compared with those in never‐obese subjects and in morbidly obese subjects without prior weight loss.
Obesity in Families of Extremely Obese Women
Authors: Reed Danielle R. , Bradley Elizabeth C. , Price R. Arlen 
Published: September 2012

AbstractIn order to assess the prevalence of obesity in families of extremely obese individuals, we conducted a mail survey of a national obesity organization. Thirty‐nine percent (N=981) of the questionnaires were completed and returned. Respondents were excluded from further analysis if they were adopted, male, their gender could not be determined, provided incomplete information about their parents or their own height and weight, or were less than 22 or greater than 63 years of age. The analyses included 729 probands and their families. Both the prevalence and the extent of obesity were high in the families members. The average family members' body mass index (BMI=kg/m2 was 30, and 78% of the families studied had at least one other obese (BM1>30 kg/m2) first‐degree relative (parent, sibling, or child). Although obesity was common in the families, survey respondents were generally the heaviest members of their families, having an average BMI of 47 kg/m2. Correlations among first‐ degree relatives were similar to those found for average weight groups, suggesting that obesity and BMI are similarly influenced by family genetic factors in this extremely obese population.
The Visceral Adiposity Syndrome in Japanese‐American Men
Authors: Fujimoto Wilfred Y. , Abbate Samuel L. , Kahn Steven E. , Hokansno John E. , Brunzell John D. 
Published: September 2012

Japanese‐Americans have an increased prevalence of non‐insulin‐dependent diabetes mellitus and coronary heart disease when compared to native Japanese. This increase has been associated with fasting hyperinsulinemia, hypertriglyceridemia, and low plasma levels of high‐density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship of both visceral adiposity and insulin resistance to this metabolic syndrome and to the presence of a predominance of small, dense low‐density lipoprotein (LDL) particles (LDL subclass phenotype B) that has been associated with increased atherogenic risk.Six Japanese‐American men with non‐insulin‐dependent diabetes, each receiving an oral sulfonylurea, were selected. One or 2 nondiabetic Japanese‐American men, matched by age and body mass index, were selected for each diabetic subject, giving a total of 9 nondiabetic men. Diabetic subjects had significantly higher fasting plasma glucose (p=0.0007) and lower insulin sensitivity (SI, p=0.018) using the minimal model technique than nondiabetic subjects matched for body mass index. Six men (2 with diabetes) had LDL phenotype A and 8 (4 with diabetes) had phenotype B. One nondiabetic subject had an intermediate low‐density lipoprotein pattern. Significantly greater amounts of intra‐abdominal fat (p=0.045) measured by computed tomography were found in the men with phenotype B while fasting insulin (p=0.070) and triglycerides (p=0.051) tended to be higher.Intra‐abdominal fat was significantly correlated with SI (r=‐0.559), plasma triglycerides (r=0.541), plasma free fatty acids (r=0.677), LDL density (relative flotation rate, r=‐0.803), and plasma HDL‐cholesterol (r=‐0.717). SI was significantly correlated only with plasma free fatty acids (r=‐0.546) and tended to be correlated with hepatic lipase activity (r=‐0.512, p=0.061).In conclusion, these observations indicate that in non‐obese Japanese‐American men, the metabolic features of the so‐called insulin resistance syndrome, including LDL phenotype B, are more strongly correlated with visceral adiposity than with SI. It may therefore be more appropriate to call this the visceral adiposity syndrome. Although questions concerning mechanisms still remain, we postulate that visceral adiposity plays a central role in the development of many of the metabolic abnormalities, including LDL subclass phenotype B, that occur in this metabolic syndrome.
Brain Serotonin, Carbohydrate‐Craving, Obesity and Depression
Authors: Wurtman Richard J. , Wurtman Judith J. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractSerotonin‐releasing brain neurons are unique in that the amount of neurotransmitter they release is normally controlled by food intake: Carbohydrate consumption‐acting via insulin secretion and the “plasma tryptophan ratio” ‐ increases serotonin release; protein intake lacks this effect. This ability of neurons to couple neuronal signaling properties to food consumption is a link in the feedback mechanism that normally keeps carbohydrate and protein intakes more or less constant. However, serotonin release is also involved in such functions as sleep onset, pain sensitivity, blood pressure regulation, and control of the mood. Hence many patients learn to overeat carbohydrates (particularly snack foods, like potato chips or pastries, which are rich in carbohydrates and fats) to make themselves feel better. This tendency to use certain foods as though they were drugs is a frequent cause of weight gain, an d can also be seen in patients who become fat when exposed to stress, or in women with premenstrual syndrome, or in patients with “winter depression,” or in people who are attempting to give up smoking. (Nicotine, like dietary carbohydrates, increases brain serotonin secretion; nicotine withdraw al has the opposite effect.) It also occurs in patients with normal‐weight bulimia. Dexfenfluramine constitutes a highly effective treatment for such patients. In addition to producing its general satiety‐promoting effect, it specifically reduces their overconsumption of carbohydrate‐rich (or carbohydrate‐and fat‐rich)foods.
β‐Agonists as Antiobesity, Antidiabetic and Nutrient Partitioning Agents
Authors: Yen Terence T. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractIn the past decade, the antiobesity, antidiabetic and nutrient partitioning activities of β‐agonists have been extensively studied. The data generated from these compounds in experimental and farm animals have convincingly proved that body fat content and body weight can be modified to some degree by a metabolic agent without decreasing food consumption. Marginal antiobesity and antidiabetic activities in humans have been demonstrated with a few mixed β‐agonists under certain conditions, but their utility is limited by side effects. The concept of a β3‐receptor rose from the study of these compounds and has been verified by the cloning and expression of this receptor from several species. Rat β3‐selective agonists have so far shown no antiobesity efficacy in humans. The resolution of several issues is critical for the discovery and development of efficacious antiobesity and antidiabetic agents with minimum side effects. Ultimately, the further investigation of these β‐agonists and β‐receptors should lead to a better understanding of the relationship between energy metabolism and feeding behavior.
Dietary and Environmental Correlates of Obesity in a Population Study in China
Authors: Popkin Barry M. , Paeratakul Sahasporn , Zhai Fengying , Ge Keyou 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThe patterns and correlates of obesity in China were studied in two panels of a nationwide longitudinal survey conducted in 1989 and 1991 (the China Health and Nutrition Survey). Among the Chinese adults, dietary energy and fat intakes were positively and significantly associated with the Body Mass Index (BMI). Household income and physical activity level were also significantly associated with BMI. Urban residence and higher in come were associated with lower energy intake, higher fat intake, and lower physical activity level compared to rural residence and other income categories. This paper documents an important emerging health problem: the increasing problem of obesity that has been observed in many lower‐income countries during the last several decades.
Relationship Between Muscle Sympathetic Nerve Activity and Plasma Leptin Concentration
Authors: Snitker Søren , Pratley Richard E. , Nicolson Margery , Tataranni P. Antonio , Ravussin Eric 
Published: September 2012

AbstractSNITKER, SØREN, RICHARD E PRATLEY, MARGERY NICOLSON, P ANTONIO TATARANNI, ERIC RAVUSSIN, Relationship between muscle sympathetic nerve activity and plasma leptin concentration.In humans, basal muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA), a direct measure of sympathetic nervous outflow, is correlated with percentage of body fat. The underlying physiological mechanism is unknown. On the basis of the observation that leptin increases sympathetic nervous outflow in the oblob mouse, we hypothesized that leptin, a hormone secreted by the adipose tissue, may act as a peripheral signal to increase sympathetic nervous outflow from the central nervous system. We therefore tested whether basal MSNA is correlated with plasma leptin concentration. Fasting plasma samples and recordings of basal MSNA in the peroneal nerve were obtained from 37 healthy, nondiabetic men (35 whites and 2 Mexican‐Americans; 29 ± 7 years, 86 ± 14 kg, 24 ± 10% body fat; mean ± SD) who were fed a weight‐maintenance diet on a metabolic ward. As expected, plasma leptin concentration (geometric mean, 6.4 ng/mL; 95% confidence interval, 4.6 ng/mL to 9.0 ng/mL) correlated with % body fat (r=0.93, p<0.001). Basal MSNA was 31.6 ± 10.0 bursts/min and correlated with % body fat (r=0.53, p<0.001) and with plasma leptin concentration (r=0.44, p<0.01). In conclusion, the results demonstrate a correlation between MSNA and plasma leptin concentration of a magnitude similar to that between MSNA and % body fat. Leptin may therefore be the peripheral signal explaining the correlation between MSNA and % body fat. A full understanding of the relationship between leptin and the activity of the sympathetic nervous system requires further studies, including the administration of leptin in humans.
Brain Serotonin Content: Physiological Regulation by Plasma Neutral Amino Acids
Authors: Fernstrom John D. , Wurtman Richard J. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractWhen plasma tryptophan is elevated by the injection of tryptophan or insulin, or by the consumption of carbohydrates, brain tryptophan and serotonin also rise; however, when even larger elevations of plasma tryptophan are produced by the ingestion of protein‐containing diets, brain tryptophan and serotonin do not change. The main determinant of brain tryptophan and serotonin concentrations does not appear to be plasma tryptophan alone, but the ratio of this amino acid to other plasma neutral amino acids (that is, tyrosine, phenylalanine, leucine, isoleucine, and valine) that compete with it for uptake into the brain.
The Impact of a Shipboard Weight Control Program
Authors: Dennis Karen E. , Pane Karen W. , Adams Brenda K. , Qi Bing Bing 
Published: September 2012

AbstractDENNIS, KAREN E., KAREN W. PANE, BRENDA K. ADAMS, AND BING BING QI. The impact of a shipboard weight control program. Obes Res. 1999;7:60–67.Objective: The specific aim was to determine whether a multifaceted approach to weight loss and physical readiness could be implemented onboard a deployed combatant ship of the U.S. Navy.Research Methods and Procedures: Thirty‐nine men (31±6 years old, mean±standard deviation) assigned to the USS ENTERPRISE (CVN 65) during a 6‐month Mediterranean deployment who had failed their previous Physical Readiness Test due to excessive body weight (108±11 kg overweight) were randomly assigned to nutrition, cognitivebehavioral obesity treatment plus exercise or to the Navy's usual treatment (control), which is exercise alone.Results: Outcomes for the treatment group were significantly better than the controls, with 8.6±5.0 vs. 5.0±4.1 kg weight loss, 8% vs. 5% reduction in original body weight, and body fat loss of 7% vs. 5%. Triglycerides declined significantly greater in the treatment group than the controls (145 mg/dL to 109 mg/dL vs. 146 mg/dL to 145 mg/dL, p<0.05), whereas depression and eating behaviors significantly improved among treated men. Problematic environmental factors were the limited variety of heart healthy foods in the galley, short meal breaks, and long mess hall lines that led to eating snacks from vending machines and frequent port calls.Discussion: Although greater weight loss than would be expected of a Navy usual care group diluted the treatment effect, the treated men still fared significantly better. The physical readiness implication of this research has the potential to impact Navy health promotion programs and policy, the health and well‐being of its personnel, and the Navy's ability to meet mission requirements.
Isoproterenol Decreases Leptin Expression in Adipose Tissue of Obese Humans
Authors: Ricci Matthew R. , Fried Susan K. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractRICCI, MATTHEW R. AND SUSAN K. FRIED. Isoproterenol decreases leptin expression in adipose tissue of obese humans. Obes Res.Objective: We investigated the effects of the non‐selective β‐adrenergic agonist, isoproterenol (Iso), on leptin expression in human adipose tissue.Research Methods and Procedures: Subcutaneous (SQ) and omental adipose (OM) tissue taken during surgery from 12 morbidly obese subjects (10 women and 2 men) were cultured for up to 24 hours with insulin (7 nM) and/or dexamethasone (25 nM), a synthetic glucocorticoid, in the presence or absence of isoproterenol (10 μM). Adipose tissue was also acutely incubated for 3 hours in media alone with or without isoproterenol. Leptin secretion and leptin mRNA abundance were measured.Results: Iso acutely decreased leptin release by −30% (vs. no hormone controls) in fragments of OM and SQ adipose tissue. In 24‐hour culture, addition of Iso (in the presence of insulin) resulted in lower leptin accumulation in the medium (−20–30%) and leptin mRNA levels (−40–50%) from both tissue depots. Culture with insulin and dexamethasone increased leptin expression vs. insulin alone. Addition of Iso with insulin and dexamethasone decreased media leptin (−40–60%) and leptin mRNA levels were lower (−65%) in Iso‐treated adipose tissue from both depots after 24 hours. Iso effects were not detectable after 5 hours of culture.Discussion: We conclude that stimulation of β‐adrenergic receptors may modulate leptin expression in human adipose tissue by two mechanisms: an acute effect on leptin release and a longer‐term antagonism of stimulatory effects of insulin and dexamethasone on leptin mRNA expression. These mechanisms may contribute to the decline in serum leptin that occurs during fasting.
Beneficial Effects of Pharmacotherapy on Weight Loss, Depressive Symptoms, and Eating Patterns in Obese Binge Eaters and Non‐Binge Eaters
Authors: Alger Sharon A. , Malone Margaret , Cerulli Jennifer , Fein Steven , Howard Lyn 
Published: September 2012

AbstractALGER, SHARON A., MARGARET MALONE, JENNIFER CERULLI, STEVEN FEIN, LYN HOWARD. Beneficial effects of pharmacotherapy on weight loss, depressive symptoms, and eating patterns in obese binge eaters and non‐binge eaters. Obes Res.Objective: The purpose of this study was to compare the impact of drug therapy on weight loss, Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) scores, and binge eating patterns (BES) between obese binge eaters and non‐binge eaters.Research Methods and Procedures: 22 severe binge eaters, 17 moderate binge eaters, and 16 non‐binge eaters received phentermine resin 15mg/day and dl‐fenfluramine 20mg three times daily over a 6 month period for weight loss. All data are reported as mean±S.Results: The percent weight loss compared to baseline within the 3 groups ranged from 8. 9% to 11. 3% at 3 months and 10. 6% to 14. 9% at 6 months. After 6 months, 73% of the severe binge eaters, 59% of moderate binge eaters and 69% of non‐binge eaters had experienced more than 10% weight loss. BDI scores were significantly higher in the severe group at baseline when compared to non‐binge eaters (p<0. 006). After 3 and 6 months BDI scores improved in all groups but remained significantly different between the severe and non‐binge eaters until the 6‐month assessment. BES scores declined in all groups over the 6‐month period. Echocardiograms were performed in 35 of 55 subjects following reports of a possible association between fenfluramine and valvular changes. Fifteen (43%) of subjects had no abnormal findings and 20 (57%) had evidence of valvular insufficiency occurring in one or more valves. Seven patients (20%) had significant valve damage according to the DHHS and FDA criteria.Conclusion: After 24 weeks of treatment severe binge eaters improved their eating pattern, depression scores, and achieved weight loss similar to non‐binge eaters. These data suggest that pharmacologic intervention for weight loss and subsequent weight maintenance can be as successful in binge eaters as non‐binge eaters. A relationship was seen between duration of drug treatment and valvular insufficiency in subjects treated for an average of 52 weeks. These findings validate the FDA requirement for studies of at least 1 year duration to evaluate both the safety and efficacy of pharmacologic treatment for obesity.
Sustainable nitrogen fertilisation in sweet pepper: assessing growth and fruit quality and the potential nitrate pollution from different organic manures
Authors: Gómez‐López María D , del Amor Francisco M 
Published: September 2012

AbstractBACKGROUND: The use of organic cultivation with manures does not avoid the risk of high nitrate concentrations if nutrient management is inefficient. So we studied the influence of three organic manures combined or not with additional chemical fertilisers on growth and yield of sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L.), and on the soil and plant N concentrations.RESULTS: After 3 years of organic cultivation, poultry manure caused the highest soil pollution. The evolution of nitrate and organic matter in soil showed a pattern close to that of plant growth. The addition of mineral fertiliser increased vegetative growth and yield, and a cumulative season effect was observed. In treatments with no additional mineral fertiliser N translocation from leaves to fruits happened. A cumulative effect of seasons on fruit quality and a reduction near to 30% was observed in the first fruit quality category after 3 years. The fruit vitamin C content was reduced by increasing N fertilisation.CONCLUSION: The effects of organic fertiliser on soil and plant growth and yield depended on the type of manure used, its rate, and consecutive crop seasons. Horse manure gave the best combination of agricultural and environmental characteristics and could be used without additional fertigation. © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Bridging the theory–practice gap in a nonprofit and philanthropic studies master's degree program
Authors: Donmoyer Robert , Libby Pat , McDonald Mary , Deitrick Laura 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThe gap between universities and the knowledge they generate and teach, on the one hand, and practitioners and the problems they confront, on the other, has been discussed by scholars in a number of applied fields. This article considers how those who design and run nonprofit academic programs might minimize the theory–practice gap problem. It presents a case study of one master of arts degree program focused on nonprofit leadership and management and discusses program development, the Nonprofit Academic Centers Council's curricular guidelines, applied learning, and practitioner instructors and quality instruction.