bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
1 × 2 wideband patch‐dipole antenna array with slot coupler
Authors: Lian Ruina , Wang Zedong , Yin Yingzeng , Wu Jianjun , Tang Zhaoyang 
Published: April 2015

A 1 × 2 wideband patch‐dipole antenna array is proposed, which consists of a slot coupler, a cavity and two pairs of bow‐tie dipole antennas loaded with meandering loops. The slot coupler has two functions: one is to work as a divider and the other is to generate differential signals for bow‐tie dipole antennas. Each bow‐tie dipole antenna is conveniently and differentially fed by two parallel probes located symmetrically at both sides of the slot coupler. A prototype is fabricated and measured for verification. The experimental results show that the proposed antenna array achieves a bandwidth of 66.4% ranging from 1.59 to 3.17 GHz. Stable radiation patterns with low cross‐polarisation and a flat gain fluctuating in the range of 10.2 ± 1.5 dBi are found over the whole frequency band.
Twist spinning knotted trivalent graphs
Authors: Carter J. , Yang Seung 
Published: April 2015

In 1965, E. C. Zeeman proved that the

(
±
1
)

(\pm 1)

-twist spin of any knotted sphere in

(
n
−
1
)

(n-1)

-space is unknotted in the

n
n

-sphere. In 1991, Y. Marumoto and Y. Nakanishi gave an alternate proof of Zeeman’s theorem by using the moving picture method. In this paper, we define a knotted

2
2

-dimensional foam which is a generalization of a knotted sphere and prove that a

(
±
1
)

(\pm 1)

-twist spin of a knotted trivalent graph may be knotted. We then construct some families of knotted graphs for which the

(
±
1
)

(\pm 1)

-twist spins are always unknotted.
Prelude to the Storm
Authors: Engel Kathleen C. , McCoy Patricia A. 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
This chapter describes the events leading up to the subprime crisis. These include the bankruptcy of two large subprime lenders in December 2006: Ownit Mortgage Solutions in California, and Sebring Capital Partners LP in Texas; the collapse of the mortgage-backed securities market in spring 2007; the Federal Reserve's slow response to the volatile stock market; massive layoffs by Wall Street firms; the Fed and Bush administration's expansion of the federal role as financier of last resort; and continued decline of the US economy through the summer of 2008.
Meltdown
Authors: Engel Kathleen C. , McCoy Patricia A. 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
This chapter details events in 2008 as the subprime crisis unfolded. These include the placement of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac into conservatorship; the collapse of Lehman Brothers, which sent worldwide markets into a panic; enactment of the Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008 (EESA), which included the $700 billion Troubled Asset Relief Program (TARP) that allowed Treasury to buy toxic assets from banks; and efforts of world leaders to gird the world economy.
The Clinton Years
Authors: Engel Kathleen C. , McCoy Patricia A. 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the 1990s when subprime lending took off. While Bill Clinton was president, many of the same problems that led to the credit crisis in 2007 and 2008 came to light, including high default rates, consumer abuses, bank failures from subprime loans, and the wholesale failure of subprime lenders in 1998 and 1999 due to illiquidity. The chapter discusses the Clinton era policy on subprime loans. It begins by describing the complex landscape of mortgage regulation, which encompasses Congress, a mix of federal agencies, and, to a limited extent, the states.
Discovery of Hidden Crime
Authors: Kivivuori Janne 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
This book presents a history of the self-report crime survey as a method of criminological inquiry, describing how it was born within a distinct moral framework by pioneers out to show that crime was very prevalent and, therefore, normal. It recounts how, during the 1930s and 1940s, a handful of U.S. criminologists discovered the method of the self-report delinquency survey — a method used to ask people directly about their crimes. Previously, criminologists had to rely on official statistics produced by the police and other control authorities; their studies were therefore constrained by the ‘official control barrier’, which perpetuated the notion that crime was linked to the lowest social strata and/or to psychological abnormality. By confronting the domination of psychiatrists and psychologists in the study of crime, criminologists began to challenge the punitive attitudes of society; thus, exposing the so-called white collar offenders and alerting people to see crime as something that could also be found among the middle and upper classes. Expounding both the history of that discovery and its implications for criminological work, past and present, this book offers a perspective on how criminology has developed, and how it continues to advance amid the twin pressures of facts and policy goals.
Discovery of Hidden Crime
Authors: Kivivuori Janne 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
This chapter examines Texan sociologist Austin L. Porterfield's discovery of hidden crime, including the broad cultural contexts of discovery and its immediate foreground. It also looks at the self-report delinquency survey as a modern method of discovering hidden crime and how it takes into account factors that are both internal and external to science. The chapter first considers the use of moral statistics in the discovery of hidden crime and the problems associated with the so-called official control barrier. It then discusses Magnus Hirschfeld's concept called per scientiam ad justitiam (‘justice through science’), along with the white-collar offender as a prototype of the hidden criminal, the work of Sophia Moses Robison, Edwin H. Sutherland's experiments in the 1930s, and Porterfield's groundbreaking survey that elicited anonymous confessions from college students about their delinquent behaviour. Furthermore, it explores other views on the discovery of hidden crime, especially the law-abiding law-breaker and normalisation of sex, along with the findings of the Cambridge-Somerville Youth Study. Finally, it describes the Americanisation of the hidden crime survey during the 1950s.
He Who is Without Sin Among You Let Him Cast the First Stone
Authors: Kivivuori Janne 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the birth of the self-report delinquency research tradition in the Nordic countries and its rhetorical redescription of crime as prevalent and normal. It first considers the Nordics' ground-breaking effort, described as the ‘12-year hunt’ for the dark figure of crime, and their emerging research programme of self-reported delinquency within the context of criminal policy and criminal justice. It then examines the normality paradigm advocated by many Nordic criminologists, not only because of the hidden crime survey but also due to concepts derived from sociological theory, psychological theory, and religious influences. It also discusses later developments in Nordic hidden crime research and concludes by assessing the impact of the self-report delinquency survey on historical developments in the field.
Thermal-stress analysis and calculation of single and dual chip set double-sided circuit board based on three-dimensional finite element algorithm
Authors: Song Lan , Zhao Yang , Zhou Yaoming , Xiang Haifei 
Published: April 2015

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to analyze and figure out the temperature field and thermal stress field with the calculation model of thermal insulation material and composite material.

Design/methodology/approach
– The paper adopted the three-dimensional finite element algorithm.

Findings
– The simulated results showed great shearing strength between the chipset and the printed circuit board. The position of chip exerts great influence on the distribution of temperature field and thermal stress field of circuit board. The reasonable distribution of chip will effectively reduce the temperature extremum and stress extremum of circuit board.

Originality/value
– The paper analyzes and presents a discussion of the problems relating to the density of electronic packaging. The analysis process and the method of the paper provide essential help in resolving electronic device heat problems.
Investigation of chip formation and burr control in PCB fixture hole
Authors: Huang Lixin 
Published: April 2015

Purpose
– This paper aims to analyze their generation mechanism and factors influencing burr generation. The final goal is to use appropriate drill design and drilling process to control the generation of burrs.

Design/methodology/approach
– The mechanism of burr generation was studied through finite element method (FEM) simulation and drilling experiments. High-speed photography technology and scanning electron microscope (SEM) were used in this study.

Findings
– High-speed drilling burr is a printed circuit board (PCB) copper foil burr. Within a certain range, the feed speed and burr height is in positive correlation, and decrease in the feeding speed will favor the exit burr. Drill angle influences burr and chisel edge affect significantly, followed by the point angle, and helical angle has little effect. From the perspective of reducing the burr, a smaller chisel edge and smaller point angle should be chosen. Grinding chisel edge is another choice to decrease the burr but also ensures the blade strength.

Originality/value
– This paper investigates the mechanism of burr generation of PCB fixture hole drilling. The process of burr generation was captured by high-speed camera. The controlling methods of burr generation were illustrated at the end.
Six treatments of global ruling power/governance and prospects for the future: an overview*
Authors: Morgan Dennis R. 
Published: April 2015

Purpose
– The aim of this paper is to test and explore the hypothesis global ruling power, as well as review the six approaches featured in the special edition on global governance/ruling power.

Design/methodology/approach
– Anthropological and historical records are presented as support for the emergence of ruling power in society; moreover, evidence of global ruling governance/power is reviewed in the six papers featured in the special edition.

Findings
– Alternatives for global governance are reviewed in two papers, while four papers present evidence in support of the thesis of the emergence of a transnational ruling power/class.

Research limitations/implications
– Because global ruling power exists informally and surreptitiously, the exact mechanisms of control are difficult to delineate, especially due to the fact that the Powers that Be spend much effort to block research into this area; however, this special edition opens up a promising area for new research efforts into global ruling power and the potential for global democracy.

Practical implications
– Practical implications, although minimal in the short-term, increase as awareness grows, and policy alternatives are considered for the transition to a long-term, democratic global future.

Social implications
– Once social consciousness grows about the non-democratic, authoritarian nature of global ruling power/elite, the more the momentum will grow for reforms in the direction of global democracy – towards a more sustainable and equitable global system, politically, economically and ecologically.

Originality/value
– This paper represents a relatively new area for interdisciplinary research into global futures. Futurists, political scientists and sociologists should find it valuable.
Staying close to home: women’s life-choices and the superintendency
Authors: Sperandio Jill , Devdas Lavanya 
Published: April 2015

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to examine the importance of lifestyle factors including geographical relocation, accommodation for dual earner careers, and availability of family or non-family domestic help on the career choices of women assistant superintendents and superintendents in school districts in the USA. Women’s access to the superintendency continues to make slow progress, a trend traditionally attributed to gender bias. However, working women increasingly make career choices based on perceptions of lifestyle and domestic responsibilities that may self-limit their access to positions that would further their careers.

Design/methodology/approach
– The study is set in Pennsylvania, where women occupy 26 percent of superintendents’ positions. Women superintendents and assistant superintendents in 2011-2012 were surveyed regarding their perceptions of the compatibility of the requirements of the position of superintendent with their lifestyle priorities.

Findings
– The responses of 109 respondents suggest that the importance they attach to lifestyle factors limit the positions to which they apply. Most respondents would not consider family relocation or long commutes to access positions that would further their career goals. Consideration of partners/spouses work and career needs was rated as of high importance in making career decisions, and the respondents managed domestic household themselves with little expectation or recourse to extended family support or paid domestic help.

Originality/value
– The findings suggest that the current demands and characteristics of the superintendency are at odds with lifestyle preferences of women qualified to hold the position, further exacerbating the effects of gender bias that maintain the lack of gender balance in educational decision making at the local level in the USA.
Consumers’ intention to donate to two children’s charity brands: a comparison of Barnardo’s and BBC Children in Need
Authors: Michaelidou Nina , Micevski Milena , Siamagka Nikoletta Theofania 
Published: April 2015

Purpose– This paper aims to examine consumers’ non-profit brand image, brand typicality and past behaviour as determinants of intention to donate to two children charity brands.Design/methodology/approach– Data for this study were obtained from two separate studies via a questionnaire, both in the context of two children charities, one for Barnardo’s and the other for BBC Children in Need charity. A theoretical model is developed, tested and compared across the two charity brands.Findings– Findings highlight that different factors influence intentions to donate time and money according to the charity brand. Brand typicality is a key determinant of time donations, while the impact of non-profit brand image dimensions on time and money donations differs across the two charities. Past behaviour affects intentions to donate money in both charities but impacts time donations in only one of the two charities investigated.Research limitations/implications– The study examines specific dimensions of non-profit brand image across two different charity brands and offers theoretical insights about the value of brand image in a non-for profit context in shaping consumer outcomes (i.e. consumer intentions to donate).Originality/value– The study sheds further light into the notion of typicality put forward by Michel and Rieunier (2012) for two children’s charity brands that differ in terms of their strength and income levels and examined past behaviour as a determinant to donate to charity brands.
Contemporary evolution of an invasive plant is associated with climate but not with herbivory
Authors: Colomer‐Ventura Ferran , Martínez‐Vilalta Jordi , Zuccarini Paolo , Escolà Anna , Armengot Laura , Castells Eva 
Published: April 2015

Summary

Divergence in plant traits and trait plasticity after invasion has been proposed as mechanisms favouring invasion success. Current hypotheses predict a rapid evolution in response to changes in the abiotic conditions in the area of introduction or to differences in the herbivore consumption pressure caused by a decrease in the enemies associated with the area of origin [e.g. evolution of increased competitive ability (EICA) hypothesis]. The importance of these factors in determining plant geographical divergence has not been yet simultaneously evaluated.

Senecio pterophorus (Asteraceae) is a perennial shrub native to eastern South Africa and a recent invader in western South Africa (since ˜100 years ago), Australia (>70–100 years) and Europe (>30 years). These areas differ in their summer drought stress [measured as the ratio of summer precipitation to potential evapotranspiration (P/PET)] and their interactions with herbivores.

We performed a common garden experiment with S. pterophorus sampled throughout its entire known distributional area to determine (i) whether native and non‐native populations diverge in their traits, as well as the plasticity of these traits in response to water availability and (ii) whether climate and herbivory play a role in the genetic differentiation across regions.

Plants from the non‐native regions were smaller and had a lower reproductive output than plants from the indigenous area. No geographical differences in phenotypic plasticity were found in response to water availability. Herbivory was not related to the plant geographical divergence. In contrast, our results are consistent with the role of climate as a driver for postinvasive evolution, as suggested by adaptation of plants to a drought cline in the native range, the analogous change in plant traits in independently invaded regions and the convergence of vegetative traits between non‐native plants and native plants under similar drought conditions.

Native and non‐native populations of S. pterophorus differed in plant traits, but not in trait plasticity, in response to their local climatic conditions. Our results are contrary to the role of herbivory as a selective factor after invasion and highlight the importance of climate driving rapid evolution of exotic plants.
Birth date predicts alternative life‐history pathways in a fish with sequential reproductive tactics
Authors: Fagundes Teresa , Simões Mariana G. , Saraiva João L. , Ros Albert F. H. , Gonçalves David , Oliveira Rui F. 
Published: April 2015

Summary

In species with plastic expression of alternative reproductive tactics (ARTs), individuals of the same sex, usually males, can adopt different reproductive tactics depending on factors such as body size.

The ‘birth date hypothesis’ proposes that condition‐dependent expression of ARTs may ultimately depend on birth date, because individuals born at different times of the year may achieve different sizes and express different reproductive tactics accordingly. However, this has rarely been tested.

Here, we tested this hypothesis in a fish with ARTs, the peacock blenny (Salaria pavo). A long‐term (6 years) mark–recapture study demonstrated that ARTs in the peacock blenny were sequential and that males may follow at least two alternative life‐history pathways: a nest‐holder pathway, in which males express the nest‐holder tactic from their first breeding season onwards, and a parasitic pathway, where males reproduce on their first breeding season as sneaker males and subsequently as nest‐holders.

We have found evidence of a birth date effect on the expression of ARTs in the peacock blenny. Males following the nest‐holder pathway are born earlier and are larger at the first breeding season than males following the parasitic pathway, but they have similar growth curves.

The mechanisms underlying a birth date effect are far from clear and might be diverse. We have not found support for a mechanism of body size threshold triggering sexual maturation and subsequent ARTs. A mechanism of tactic determination that is strictly based on timing of first maturation is also unlikely.

A proxy of lifetime reproductive success shows crossing (body size associated) fitness curves for the two main life‐history pathways.
Peatland vascular plant functional types affect methane dynamics by altering microbial community structure
Authors: Robroek Bjorn J. M. , Jassey Vincent E. J. , Kox Martine A. R. , Berendsen Roeland L. , Mills Robert T. E. , Cécillon Lauric , Puissant Jérémy , Meima‐Franke Marion , Bakker Peter A. H. M. , Bodelier Paul L. E. 
Published: April 2015

Summary

Peatlands are natural sources of atmospheric methane (CH4), an important greenhouse gas. It is established that peatland methane dynamics are controlled by both biotic and abiotic conditions, yet the interactive effect of these drivers is less studied and consequently poorly understood.

Climate change affects the distribution of vascular plant functional types (PFTs) in peatlands. By removing specific PFTs, we assessed their effects on peat organic matter chemistry, microbial community composition and on potential methane production (PMP) and oxidation (PMO) in two microhabitats (lawns and hummocks).

Whilst PFT removal only marginally altered the peat organic matter chemistry, we observed considerable changes in microbial community structure. This resulted in altered PMP and PMO. PMP was slightly lower when graminoids were removed, whilst PMO was highest in the absence of both vascular PFTs (graminoids and ericoids), but only in the hummocks.

Path analyses demonstrate that different plant–soil interactions drive PMP and PMO in peatlands and that changes in biotic and abiotic factors can have auto‐amplifying effects on current CH4 dynamics.

Synthesis. Changing environmental conditions will, both directly and indirectly, affect peatland processes, causing unforeseen changes in CH4 dynamics. The resilience of peatland CH4 dynamics to environmental change therefore depends on the interaction between plant community composition and microbial communities.
Authoritarianism, socioethnic diversity and political participation across countries
Authors: Singh Shane P. , Dunn Kris 
Published: April 2015

AbstractIt is argued in this article that threatening stimuli affect political participation levels among non‐authoritarians more than among authoritarians. Focusing on socioethnic diversity, which is known to be particularly threatening to authoritarians and to relate negatively to political participation in the general public, analyses of individual‐ and macro‐level data from 53 countries is presented which supports this thesis. Participation levels among authoritarians are largely static, regardless of a country's level of socioethnic heterogeneity, while non‐authoritarians participate considerably less in countries with relatively high levels of socioethnic heterogeneity. This suggests that authoritarians participate to a proportionately greater degree in the most diverse countries.
Understanding the New Current Population Survey Health Insurance Questions
Authors: Pascale Joanne , Boudreaux Michel , King Ryan 
Published: April 2015

ObjectiveTo compare estimates of health coverage from the pre‐ and post‐ redesign of the Current Population Survey (CPS) Annual Social and Economic Supplement.Data Sources/Study SettingThe CPS 2013 Content Test.Study DesignA test of the old and new CPS in which the control panel was a subset of the CPS production cases interviewed by phone and the test panel was conducted in parallel (also by phone) with a sample that had already completed the final rotation of the CPS. Outcome variables tested include uninsured and coverage type by subgroup and calendar year versus point‐in‐time estimates.Data Collection/Extraction MethodsCensus Bureau telephone interviewers.Principal FindingsThe odds of having coverage in the past calendar year were higher under the new than the old CPS. Within the new CPS, calendar year estimates of coverage were higher than and distinct from point‐in‐time estimates. There were few statistically significant differences in coverage across demographic subgroups.ConclusionsThe new method reduced presumed underreporting of past year coverage, and the integrated point‐in‐time/calendar‐year series effectively generated distinct measures of each within the same questionnaire.