bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Natural selection and the maximization of fitness
Authors: Birch Jonathan 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACTThe notion that natural selection is a process of fitness maximization gets a bad press in population genetics, yet in other areas of biology the view that organisms behave as if attempting to maximize their fitness remains widespread. Here I critically appraise the prospects for reconciliation. I first distinguish four varieties of fitness maximization. I then examine two recent developments that may appear to vindicate at least one of these varieties. The first is the ‘new’ interpretation of Fisher's fundamental theorem of natural selection, on which the theorem is exactly true for any evolving population that satisfies some minimal assumptions. The second is the Formal Darwinism project, which forges links between gene frequency change and optimal strategy choice. In both cases, I argue that the results fail to establish a biologically significant maximization principle. I conclude that it may be a mistake to look for universal maximization principles justified by theory alone. A more promising approach may be to find maximization principles that apply conditionally and to show that the conditions were satisfied in the evolution of particular traits.
Genetic analysis of choroideremia families in the Australian population
Authors: McLaren Terri L , De Roach John N , Montgomery Hannah , Hoffmann Ling , Kap Caitlyn , Lamey Tina M 
Published: April 2015

AbstractBackgroundChoroideremia is an X‐linked inherited chorioretinal disease known to be caused by mutations in the CHM gene. In this study, Australian families clinically diagnosed with choroideremia were genetically analysed for mutations in the CHM gene.DesignThe Australian Inherited Retinal Disease Register and DNA Bank (AIRDR) was investigated to identify a cohort of choroideremia‐affected families for genetic analysis.ParticipantsParticipants were sourced from the AIRDR. Thirty‐two participants (15 affected, 10 carriers, 7 unaffected) sourced from 11 unrelated families having at least one member clinically diagnosed with choroideremia were included in the study.MethodsWe performed sequence analysis of the CHM gene on the DNA of nine probands. We received the direct sequencing results of two probands by other means. Targeted analysis was subsequently performed for all 32 participants to confirm the direct sequencing results in the 11 probands and to establish the presence or absence of the implicated mutation in the remaining 21 affected, carrier or unaffected family members.Main Outcome MeasuresGenetic characterisation of 11 choroideremia families in the Australian population.ResultsA CHM mutation was detected in all 11 families. Each family had a different mutation. Mutations segregated within each family according to disease status. Five mutations were novel and six have been previously reported.ConclusionsSix previously reported and five novel CHM mutations were detected in 11 Australian families clinically diagnosed with choroideremia. We anticipate that this work will facilitate access for AIRDR participants and their progeny to CHM gene therapy trials.
Immediate implant placement with simultaneous guided bone regeneration in the esthetic zone: 10‐year clinical and radiographic outcomes
Authors: Kuchler Ulrike , Chappuis Vivianne , Gruber Reinhard , Lang Niklaus P. , Salvi Giovanni E. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractAimTo associate the dimension of the facial bone wall with clinical, radiological, and patient‐centered outcomes at least 10 years after immediate implant placement with simultaneous guided bone regeneration in a retrospective study.Material and methodsPrimary endpoint was the distance from the implant shoulder (IS) to the first bone‐to‐implant contact (IS‐BIC10y). Secondary endpoints included the facial bone thickness (BT10y) 2, 4, and 6 mm apical to the IS, and the implant position. At baseline, the horizontal defect width (HDWBL) from the implant surface to the alveolar wall was recorded. At recall, distance from the IS to the mucosal margin (IS‐MM10y), degree of soft tissue coverage of the mesial and distal aspects of the implants (PISm10y, PISd10y; Papilla Index), pocket probing depth (PPD10y), and patient‐centered outcomes were determined. Width of the keratinized mucosa (KM), Full‐Mouth Plaque and Bleeding Score (FMPS, FMBS) were available for both time points.ResultsOf the 20 patients who underwent immediate implant placement with simultaneous guided bone regeneration and transmucosal healing, nine males and eight females with a median age of 62 years (42 min, 84 max) were followed up for a median period of 10.5 y (min 10.1 max 11.5). The 10‐year implant survival rate was 100%. Multivariate regression analysis revealed a correlation of the IS‐BIC10y, controlled for age and gender, with four parameters: HDWBL (P = 0.03), KMBL‐10 (P = 0.02), BT10 4 mm (P = 0.01), and BT10 6 mm (P = 0.01).ConclusionWithin the conditions of the present study, the horizontal defect width was the main indicator for the vertical dimension of the facial bone. The facial bone dimension was further associated with a reduction in the width of the keratinized mucosa and the dimension of the buccal bone.
Distraction of clinicians by smartphones in hospitals: a concept analysis
Authors: McBride Deborah L. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractAimTo report an analysis of the concept of distraction of clinicians by smartphones and other mobile devices in hospitals.BackgroundIn the healthcare literature, the concept of distraction of clinicians by smartphones and other mobile devices in hospitals has no consistent definition.DesignConcept analysis.Data sourcesJournal articles published from 2003–2014.MethodsRodgers’ Evolutionary Concept Analysis Method was used to analyse the concept of distraction of clinicians by smartphones and other mobile devices in hospitals.ResultsThis analysis led to a definition of distraction of clinicians by smartphones as the interruption of a hospital clinician's primary task by the internally or externally initiated use of their smartphone or other mobile device. There are six attributes of distraction by smartphones and other mobile devices in hospitals. These attributes are: (1) an experience by a clinician; (2) an intrusion into a primary clinical task; (3) discontinuity of the clinical task; (4) externally or internally initiated; (5) situated in a healthcare setting; and (6) mediated by a smartphone or other mobile device.ConclusionUse of the definition and the defining attributes of distraction of clinicians by smartphones will increase the validity and reliability of future studies. It will be extended to form a classification system of distractions within a framework of clinical practice, which will be used to unify and standardize future research studies.
Trajectories of post‐traumatic stress disorder symptoms among youth exposed to both natural and technological disasters
Authors: Osofsky Joy D. , Osofsky Howard J. , Weems Carl F. , King Lucy S. , Hansel Tonya C. 
Published: April 2015

BackgroundTheorists and researchers have demonstrated multiple trajectories of symptoms following disasters (Ecology and Society, 13, 2008, 9), highlighting the importance of obtaining more knowledge about exposed youth who demonstrate resilience as well as those who suffer chronic difficulties. This paper examines trajectories of post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms following exposure to hurricanes and the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill to increase understanding of resilience and chronic reactions to both natural and technological disasters.MethodsA multiwave longitudinal design was used to follow N = 4,619 youth who were evaluated for PTSD symptoms, hurricane exposure, and oil spill exposure/stress at four time points over a period of 4 years. Trajectories were identified with cluster analyses and multilevel modeling.ResultsIndividual trajectories were statistically identified consistent with theory. The largest group exhibited stable‐low symptoms (52%), a second group showed steep declines following initial symptoms (21%), a third group exhibited increasing symptoms (18%), and a fourth group showed stable‐high symptoms (9%). Both hurricane exposure and oil spill stress predicted trajectories and overall levels of PTSD symptoms.ConclusionsResults identified an effect of oil spill stress and hurricane exposure on symptom levels and trajectories of exposed youth. Results provide prospective data to support theories of multiple symptom trajectories following disasters and reinforce the importance of research that utilizes a developmental perspective to consider the long‐term effects of disasters in youth. Findings highlight the importance of identifying symptoms and predictors of resilience as well as factors that contribute to resilience.
Are clinician ratings useful in evaluating outcomes in Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services (CAMHS)? A study of a continuous series of 1446 cases from an inner city CAMHS
Authors: Fuggle Peter 
Published: April 2015

AbstractRationale, aims and objectivesRoutine outcome evaluation in Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services is an essential part of effective service delivery but it has been hard for services to obtain client‐rated outcomes on more than 50% of cases. Clinician‐rated outcomes are examined whether this would provide a valid and reliable way of contributing to addressing this difficulty.MethodThis paper will evaluate the pragmatic utility, reliability and validity of a method of measuring clinical outcomes using clinician ratings using an adapted form of the Clinical Global Impressions scale with additional items based on the Every Child Matters framework on a continuous case series of 1446 cases.ResultsA rating of clinical outcome was obtained on 93% of cases. Approximately 55% of cases were rated as improved and about 30% as showing no change with about 5% reported as being worse. Test‐retest reliability was acceptable (Pearson r = 0.94; P < 0.001) and criterion validity, comparing clinician and parent ratings, showed a significant correlation of 0.42 on severity of problem (Kendall's tau; t = 2.321, P = 0.02) and 0.36 on the degree of improvement (t = 2.637, P = 0.008). Rates of clinical improvement in studies of usual care suggested similar rates to those reported in this study.ConclusionsClinician ratings were obtained for a high proportion of cases and the burden on clinicians was extremely low with negative outcomes similar to known rates of usual care. This high coverage may add value to the evaluation of service outcomes.
Global Substance Flow Analysis of Gallium, Germanium, and Indium: Quantification of Extraction, Uses, and Dissipative Losses within their Anthropogenic Cycles
Authors: Licht Christina , Peiró Laura Talens , Villalba Gara 
Published: April 2015

SummaryThis study provides a global substance flow analysis for gallium (Ga), germanium (Ge), and indium (In) for 2011, quantifying the amount of metal lost during extraction, beneficiation/smelting/refining, manufacturing of intermediate products, and the amount embodied in end‐use products. Thus far, studies illustrating their cradle to end‐use life cycle on a global scale are either missing or outdated, and thus opportunities to increase their supply remain unknown and/or not quantified. The results illustrate the losses and inefficiencies stages, thereby identifying potential additional supply by process improvement, recovery, and recycling. Results show that there are significant opportunities to meet future demand of Ga and Ge by concentrating recovery efforts in the extraction and beneficiation/smelting/refining stages. Further, 1.4% Ga, 0.7% Ge, and 54% In of the theoretical available amount in the attractor ores are extracted to meet the primary refined demand in 2011. Of the 9,065 tonnes (t) of Ga embodied in the Bayer liquor (from aluminum production), only 263 t are refined. This is owing to low capacities of Ga refining, combined with a refining efficiency of 60%. Ge presents a similar case for the same reasons, in which only 43 t of Ge of the 7,636 t of Ge available from zinc leach residue are refined. Meeting future In demand, on the other hand, will require greater efforts in increasing end‐of‐life recycling. Process efficiencies for Ga (46%), Ge (56%), and In (78%) demonstrate further potential. We quantify the flows into use by distinguishing among dissipative and nondissipative end uses, as well as the recyclable fraction for each metal for 2011.
Phosphoinositide and Erk signaling pathways mediate activity‐driven rodent olfactory sensory neuronal survival and stress mitigation
Authors: Kim So Yeun , Mammen Alex , Yoo Seung‐Jun , Cho Bongki , Kim Eun‐Kyoung , Park Jong‐In , Moon Cheil , Ronnett Gabriele V. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractOlfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) are the initial site for olfactory signal transduction. Therefore, their survival is essential to olfactory function. In the current study, we demonstrated that while odorant stimulation promoted rodent OSN survival, it induced generation of reactive oxygen species in a dose‐ and time‐dependent manner as well as loss of membrane potential and fragmentation of mitochondria. The MEK‐Erk pathway played a critical role in mediating these events, as its inhibition decreased odorant stimulation‐dependent OSN survival and exacerbated intracellular stress measured by reactive oxygen species generation and heat‐shock protein 70 expression. The phosphoinositide pathway, rather than the cyclic AMP pathway, mediated the odorant‐induced activation of the MEK‐Erk pathway. These findings provide important insights into the mechanisms of activity‐driven OSN survival, the role of the phosphoinositide pathway in odorant signaling, and demonstrate that odorant detection and odorant stimulation‐mediated survival proceed via independent signaling pathways. This mechanism, which permits independent regulation of odorant detection from survival signaling, may be advantageous if not diminished by repeated or prolonged odor exposure.imageWe investigated the role of odorant stimulation in generating cellular stress and the molecular mechanisms mitigating such stress and promoting neuronal survival. Odorant stimulation promoted olfactory sensory neuron (OSN) survival and also induced intracellular oxidative stress, which was exacerbated when MEK/Erks pathway was inhibited. Sensory stimulation simultaneously activated at least two parallel pathways, the AC/cAMP cascade responsible for odorant detection, and phosphoinositide hydrolysis to promote odorant stimulation‐dependent neuronal survival odorants may activate parallel signaling cascades to mediate sensory detection and sensory stimulation‐dependent survival. AC, adenylyl cyclase; cAMP, cyclic adenosine monophosphate; Erk, extracellular signal‐regulated kinase; MEK, MAPK/ERK kinase.
Diversity in primary palate ontogeny of amniotes revealed with 3D imaging
Authors: Abramyan John , Thivichon‐Prince Beatrice , Richman Joy Marion 
Published: April 2015

AbstractThe amniote primary palate encompasses the upper lip and the nasal cavities. During embryonic development, the primary palate forms from the fusion of the maxillary, medial nasal and lateral nasal prominences. In mammals, as the primary palate fuses, the nasal and oral cavities become completely separated. Subsequently, the tissue demarcating the future internal nares (choanae) thins and becomes the bucconasal membrane, which eventually ruptures and allows for the essential connection of the oral and nasal cavities to form. In reptiles (including birds), the other major amniote group, primary palate ontogeny is poorly studied with respect to prominence fusion, especially the formation of a bucconasal membrane. Using 3D optical projection tomography, we found that the prominences that initiate primary palate formation are similar between mammals and crocodilians but distinct from turtles and lizards, which are in turn similar to each other. Chickens are distinct from all non‐avian lineages and instead resemble human embryos in this aspect. The majority of reptiles maintain a communication between the oral and nasal cavities via the choanae during primary palate formation. However, crocodiles appear to have a transient separation between the oral and nasal cavities. Furthermore, the three lizard species examined here, exhibit temporary closure of their external nares via fusion of the lateral nasal prominences with the frontonasal mass, subsequently reopening them just before hatching. The mechanism of the persistent choanal opening was examined in chicken embryos. The mesenchyme posterior/dorsal to the choana had a significant decline in proliferation index, whereas the mesenchyme of the facial processes remained high. This differential proliferation allows the choana to form a channel between the oral and nasal cavities as the facial prominences grow and fuse around it. Our data show that primary palate ontogeny has been modified extensively to support the array of morphological diversity that has evolved among amniotes.
The impact of a hospital‐based educational video on maternal perceptions and planned practices of infant safe sleep
Authors: Canter Jennifer , Rao Vinod , Patrick Patricia A. , Alpan Gad , Altman Robin L. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractPurposeTo evaluate whether an educational video would impact infant sleep practices among new mothers.Design and MethodsSurvey responses of new mothers who did (n = 43) versus did not (n = 49) watch the educational video were compared to identify differences in observed and planned infant sleep practices.ResultsMothers who watched the video were more likely to observe safe sleep practices while in the hospital (67.4% vs. 46.9%, p < .05). They were also less likely to plan for (unsafe) side positioning (23.9% vs. 7.1%, p < .05).Practice ImplicationsGiven the potentially fatal consequence of unsafe sleep, a brief video provided by nursing staff can be a prudent component of new parent education.
A meta‐analytic assessment of the risk of chronic kidney disease in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection
Authors: Park H. , Adeyemi A. , Henry L. , Stepanova M. , Younossi Z. 
Published: April 2015

SummaryEpidemiological studies have reported conflicting results regarding hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and the risk of chronic kidney disease (CKD). We systematically reviewed the literature to determine the risk of developing CKD in HCV‐infected individuals compared to uninfected individuals. MEDLINE and PUBMED were searched to identify observational studies that had reported an association between HCV and CKD or end‐stage renal disease (ESRD) through January 2015. Quantitative estimates [hazard ratio (HR) or odds ratio (OR)] and their 95% confidence intervals (CI) were extracted from each study. A random‐effects meta‐analysis was performed. Fourteen studies evaluating the risk of developing CKD/ESRD in HCV‐infected individuals (n = 336 227) compared to uninfected controls (n = 2 665 631) were identified‐ nine cohort studies and five cross‐sectional studies. The summary estimate indicated that individuals with HCV had a 23% greater risk of presenting with CKD compared to uninfected individuals (risk ratio = 1.23; 95% CI: 1.12–1.34). Results were similar by study type, for cohorts (HR = 1.26; 95% CI: 1.12–1.40) and cross‐sectional studies (OR = 1.21; 95% CI: 1.09–1.32). Country‐stratified analysis demonstrated a significantly increased risk between HCV and CKD in the Taiwanese subgroup (risk ratio = 1.28; 95% CI: 1.12–1.34) and the US subgroup (risk ratio = 1.17; 95% CI: 1.01–1.32). Egger regression revealed no evidence of publication bias. HCV infection is associated with a greater risk of developing and progression of CKD compared to uninfected controls.
Genomic variation across landscapes: insights and applications
Authors: Bragg Jason G. , Supple Megan A. , Andrew Rose L. , Borevitz Justin O. 
Published: April 2015

SummaryThe distribution of genomic variation across landscapes can provide insights into the complex interactions between the environment and the genome that influence the distribution of species, and mediate phenotypic adaptation to local conditions. High throughput sequencing technologies now offer unprecedented power to explore these interactions, allowing powerful inferences about historical processes of colonization, gene flow and divergence, as well as the identification of loci that mediate local adaptation. These ‘landscape genomic’ approaches have been validated in model species and are now being applied to nonmodel organisms, including foundation species that have substantial effects on ecosystem processes. Here we review the growing field of landscape genomics from a very broad perspective. In particular, we describe the inferential power that is gained by taking a genome‐wide view of genetic variation, strategies for study design to best capture adaptive variation, and how to apply this information to practical challenges, such as restoration.

Contents

Summary
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I.
Introduction
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II.
Definitions
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III.
Model species for landscape genomics
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IV.
What new insights does genomics provide?
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V.
How can we best unlock the potential of genomics on landscapes?
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VI.
Prospects and conclusions
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Acknowledgements
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References
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Moisture rivals temperature in limiting photosynthesis by trees establishing beyond their cold‐edge range limit under ambient and warmed conditions
Authors: Moyes Andrew B. , Germino Matthew J. , Kueppers Lara M. 
Published: April 2015

Summary

Climate change is altering plant species distributions globally, and warming is expected to promote uphill shifts in mountain trees. However, at many cold‐edge range limits, such as alpine treelines in the western United States, tree establishment may be colimited by low temperature and low moisture, making recruitment patterns with warming difficult to predict.

We measured response functions linking carbon (C) assimilation and temperature‐ and moisture‐related microclimatic factors for limber pine (Pinus flexilis) seedlings growing in a heating × watering experiment within and above the alpine treeline. We then extrapolated these response functions using observed microclimate conditions to estimate the net effects of warming and associated soil drying on C assimilation across an entire growing season.

Moisture and temperature limitations were each estimated to reduce potential growing season C gain from a theoretical upper limit by 15–30% (c. 50% combined). Warming above current treeline conditions provided relatively little benefit to modeled net assimilation, whereas assimilation was sensitive to either wetter or drier conditions.

Summer precipitation may be at least as important as temperature in constraining C gain by establishing subalpine trees at and above current alpine treelines as seasonally dry subalpine and alpine ecosystems continue to warm.