In situ sediment treatment using activated carbon: A demonstrated sediment cleanup technology
Authors: Patmont Clayton R , Ghosh Upal , LaRosa Paul , Menzie Charles A , Luthy Richard G , Greenberg Marc S , Cornelissen Gerard , Eek Espen , Collins John , Hull John , Hjartland Tore , Glaza Edward , Bleiler John , Quadrini James 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
This paper reviews general approaches for applying activated carbon (AC) amendments as an in situ sediment treatment remedy. In situ sediment treatment involves targeted placement of amendments using installation options that fall into two general approaches: 1) directly applying a thin layer of amendments (which potentially incorporates weighting or binding materials) to surface sediment, with or without initial mixing; and 2) incorporating amendments into a premixed, blended cover material of clean sand or sediment, which is also applied to the sediment surface. Over the past decade, pilot- or full-scale field sediment treatment projects using AC—globally recognized as one of the most effective sorbents for organic contaminants—were completed or were underway at more than 25 field sites in the United States, Norway, and the Netherlands. Collectively, these field projects (along with numerous laboratory experiments) have demonstrated the efficacy of AC for in situ treatment in a range of contaminated sediment conditions. Results from experimental studies and field applications indicate that in situ sequestration and immobilization treatment of hydrophobic organic compounds using either installation approach can reduce porewater concentrations and biouptake significantly, often becoming more effective over time due to progressive mass transfer. Certain conditions, such as use in unstable sediment environments, should be taken into account to maximize AC effectiveness over long time periods. In situ treatment is generally less disruptive and less expensive than traditional sediment cleanup technologies such as dredging or isolation capping. Proper site-specific balancing of the potential benefits, risks, ecological effects, and costs of in situ treatment technologies (in this case, AC) relative to other sediment cleanup technologies is important to successful full-scale field application. Extensive experimental studies and field trials have shown that when applied correctly, in situ treatment via contaminant sequestration and immobilization using a sorbent material such as AC has progressed from an innovative sediment remediation approach to a proven, reliable technology. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2015; 11:195–207. © 2014 The Authors. Published 2014 SETAC.
Key Points
More than 25 field-scale pilot or full-scale sediment treatment projects performed over the past decade, along with numerous laboratory experiments, have proven the efficacy of in situ sediment treatment using AC to reduce the bioavailability of a number of hydrophobic organic compounds. Controlled (accurate and spatially uniform) placement of AC has been demonstrated using a variety of conventional construction equipment and delivery techniques, and in a wide range of aquatic, including wetland, environments. In situ sediment treatment using AC has progressed from an innovative remediation approach to a proven, reliable technology that is ready for full-scale application at a wide range of sites.