bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Multivariate Data Analysis of Plants
Authors: Dejaegher Bieke 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
When developing fingerprints of herbal samples, three steps should be considered, that is, the development, the validation, and the extraction of information from the multivariate fingerprint data.
After an introduction concerning the tendency to shifting toward using fingerprints to evaluate herbal samples in various contexts and a brief description of the three steps when developing fingerprints, the major part of this chapter focuses on the multivariate data analysis of herbal fingerprints. This chapter also deals with the preprocessing of the multivariate data, and unsupervised and supervised data analysis techniques are described in short
Finally, some case studies are presented, in which multivariate data analysis methods were applied to extract information on herbal samples from various types of fingerprints, such as spectroscopic, mass spectrometric, chromatographic fingerprints, and fingerprints developed using electrodriven techniques. Depending on the goal of the study, different multivariate data analysis methods were used.
In Silico‐Guided Strategies for the Discovery and Rationalization of Bioactive Natural Products
Authors: Pfisterer Petra H. , Schuster Daniela , Rollinger Judith M. , Stuppner Hermann 
Published: June 2014

AbstractThe identification of bioactive natural products is a multidisciplinary research field. One methodology used in this research environment is the application of computational (virtual) screening.In silicoscreening allows for focusing experimental efforts on promising plant material and constituents. Starting from the chemical structures of natural products in the form of 3D multiconformational databases, virtual screening methods predict potentially active compounds within the screened database. For this task docking, pharmacophore‐based screening, 2D similarity searches, quantitative structure–activity relationship (QSAR) modeling, and neural networks can be employed. A procedure for selecting the most promising virtual hits for further analyses is described. In addition, bioactivity profiling and activity rationalization strategies are shown. Finally, also the limits of the virtual approaches are discussed. This chapter gives an overview of virtual screening applications in the field of natural product research. In addition, selected examples and strategies are described in detail.
Innovative Strategies in the Search for Bioactive Plant Constituents
Authors: Queiroz Emerson F. , Wolfender Jean‐Luc 
Published: June 2014

AbstractHigher plants represent a rich source of new molecules with interesting pharmacological properties that could be used as lead compounds for the development of new drugs. During the past decade, the investigation of the secondary metabolites from plants has led to the introduction of several important new drugs, such as apomorphine (Apokyn®) for the treatment of Parkinson's disease, nitisinone (Orphadin®) for the treatment of hereditary tyrosinaemia type 1, and miglustat (Zavesca®) for the treatment of the Gaucher disease. Success in drug discovery research using plants is dependent on various issues, but plant selection remains key for all types of these studies. The choice of the appropriate plant material is usually based on information from traditional medicine, chemotaxonomic data, field observation, or random collection. Recently, other approaches have been used, such as reverse pharmacognosy induction of new compounds by stress induction or biotransformation. Extraction and enrichment procedures are also key to avoid chemical degradation and detect the active constituents among hundreds of nonactive constituents before submitting the sample for a first biological screening. New high throughput screening (HTS) strategies have been used to rapidly and efficiently evaluate the biological and chemical potentials of complex matrices, such as plant extracts. In this field, the creation of enriched extracts of natural product (NP) fraction libraries, notably using automatic procedures, opens new possibilities for the research of new lead compounds from higher plants. On the other hand, tremendous advances have been made in molecular biology, affording the development of more predictablein vitroandin vivobioassays. The combination of metabolite profiling and bioassays that can directly be performed on the fractions that are resolved by analytical high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) provides the possibility of distinguishing between already‐known bioactive compounds and new molecules directly isolated from crude plant extracts (dereplication). Thus, the tedious isolation of compounds of low interest can be avoided and a targeted isolation of new bioactive products or constituents presenting novel or unusual spectroscopic features can be undertaken. The applications, possibilities, and limitations of the latest technologies applied to the study of plant metabolites, as well as future developments expected in this field, are discussed.
High‐Throughput Screening of Plant Chemodiversity
Authors: David Bruno , Ausseil Frédéric 
Published: June 2014

AbstractIssues related to high throughput screening (HTS) of plant chemodiversity are presented. This technology initially used in the pharmaceutical drug discovery domain is based on the testing of large sets of substances on selected biological targets in a limited period of time. Interest in plant natural compounds, access to biodiversity, and procedures of sharing benefits with the source countries are discussed. Then, procedures to adapt the potency of HTS to the exploration of the quasi‐unlimited richness of plant are detailed considering the specificities of these particular samples. Target identification, assay development and automation, screening setup, and control and hit analysis are described. Examples of plant extract library building, screening systems, high throughput assay principles, fully automated protocols, screening result profiles, typical problems, and hit selection criteria are provided to highlight these concepts. Finally, importance of plant screening is discussed within academia and pharmaceutical laboratories, and new trends are introduced.
Childbearing in the United States
Authors: Goode Keisha , Rothman Barbara Katz 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Childbearing in the United States has experienced marked changes from colonial times to the present. Today, 99 percent of all US births occur in the hospital, which is in stark contrast to centuries of women birthing in the home. This entry includes a history and current state of childbearing in the United States. Particular attention is paid to midwifery, the medicalization of childbirth, and out‐of‐hospital birth today. Ideologies of patriarchy, technology, and capitalism, and their relationship to childbearing, are discussed.
Optical properties and energy transfer of Eu2+/Ce3+ co‐activated Na3Ca6(PO4)5 phosphor
Authors: Zhang Fen , Tang Wanjun 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTCe3+/Eu2+ co‐doped Na3Ca6(PO4)5 phosphors were prepared using a combustion‐assisted synthesis method. X‐Ray powder diffraction (XRD) analysis confirmed the formation of a Na3Ca6(PO4)5 crystal phase. Na3Ca6(PO4)5:Eu2+ phosphors have an efficient bluish‐green emission band that peaks at 489 nm, whereas Ce3+‐doped Na3Ca6(PO4)5 showed a bright emission band at 391 nm. Analysis of the experimental results suggests that enhancement of the Eu2+ emission intensity in co‐doped Na3Ca6(PO4)5:Eu2+,Ce3+ phosphors is due to a resonance‐type energy transfer from Ce3+ to Eu2+ ions, which is predominantly governed by an exchange interaction mechanism. These results indicate that Ce3+/Eu2+ co‐doped Na3Ca6(PO4)5 is potentially useful as a highly efficient, bluish‐green emitting, UV‐convertible phosphor for white‐light‐emitting diodes. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Design, synthesis and luminescence properties of Ba2YB2O6Cl‐ and Ba2YB2O6F‐based phosphors
Authors: Chen Wanping , Yang Xin , Liu Yan , Dai Xiaoyan 
Published: June 2014

AbstractUsing a high‐temperature solid‐state reaction, the chlorine in Ba2YB2O6Cl is gradually replaced by F, and a new compound with the nominal chemical formula Ba2YB2O6F and two phosphors doped with Ce3+ and Eu3+, respectively, are obtained. X‐Ray diffraction and photoluminescence spectroscopy are used to characterize the as‐synthesized samples. The as‐synthesized Ba2YB2O6Cl exhibits bright blue emission in the spectral range ~ 330–410 nm with a maximum around 363 nm under X‐ray or UV excitation. Ba2YB2O6F:0.01Ce3+ exhibits blue emission in the range ~ 340–570 nm with a maximum around 383 nm. Ba2YB2O6F:0.01Eu3+ exhibits a predominantly 5D0–7 F2 emission (~610 nm) and the relative intensities of the 5D0–7 F0,1,2 emissions are tunable under different wavelength UV excitation. The luminescence behaviors of the two phosphors are explained simply in terms of the host composition and site occupancy probability of Ce3+ and Eu3+, respectively. The results indicate that these phosphors have potential application as a blue phosphor or as a red phosphor. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Photostimulated luminescence properties of Eu2+‐doped barium aluminate phosphor
Authors: He Quanlong , Qiu Guangyu , Xu Xuhui , Qiu Jianbei , Yu Xue 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTAn intense green photostimulated luminescence in BaAl2O4:Eu2+ phosphor was prepared. The thermoluminescence results indicate that there are at least three types of traps (T1, T2, T3) with different trap depths in BaAl2O4:Eu2+ phosphor according to the bands located at 327, 361 and 555 K, respectively, which are closely associated with the phosphor's long persistent luminescence and photostimulated luminescence properties. In addition, as a novel optical read‐out form, a photostimulated persistent luminescence signal can be repeatedly obtained in BaAl2O4:Eu2+ phosphor. This shows that re‐trapping of the electron released from a deep trap plays an important role in photostimulated persistent luminescence. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Computational analysis of the effectiveness of blood flushing with saline injection from an intravascular diagnostic catheter
Authors: Ghata Narugopal , Aldredge Ralph C. , Bec Julien , Marcu Laura 
Published: June 2014

SUMMARYOptical techniques including fluorescence lifetime spectroscopy have demonstrated potential as a tool for study and diagnosis of arterial vessel pathologies. However, their application in the intravascular diagnostic procedures has been hampered by the presence of blood hemoglobin that affects the light delivery to and the collection from the vessel wall. We report a computational fluid dynamics model that allows for the optimization of blood flushing parameters in a manner that minimizes the amount of saline needed to clear the optical field of view and reduces any adverse effects caused by the external saline jet. A 3D turbulence (k − ω) model was employed for Eulerian–Eulerian two‐phase flow to simulate the flow inside and around a side‐viewing fiber‐optic catheter. Current analysis demonstrates the effects of various parameters including infusion and blood flow rates, vessel diameters, and pulsatile nature of blood flow on the flow structure around the catheter tip. The results from this study can be utilized in determining the optimal flushing rate for given vessel diameter, blood flow rate, and maximum wall shear stress that the vessel wall can sustain and subsequently in optimizing the design parameters of optical‐based intravascular catheters. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Impedance boundary conditions for general transient hemodynamics
Authors: Cousins Will , Gremaud Pierre A. 
Published: June 2014

SUMMARYWe discuss the implementation and calibration of a new generalized structured tree boundary condition for hemodynamics. The main idea is to approximate the impedance corresponding to the vessels downstream from a specific outlet. Unlike previous impedance conditions, the one considered here is applicable to general transient flows as opposed to periodic ones only. The physiological character of the approach significantly simplifies calibration. We also describe a novel way to incorporate autoregulation mechanisms in structured arterial trees at minimal computational cost. The strength of the approach is illustrated and validated on several examples through comparison with clinical data. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The magnitude of behavioral isolation is affected by characteristics of the mating community
Authors: Matute Daniel R. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractGene exchange between species occurs in areas of secondary contact, where two species have the opportunity to hybridize. If heterospecific males are more common than conspecific males, females will experience more encounters with males of other species. These encounters might increase the likelihood of heterospecific matings, and lead to the production of hybrid progeny. I studied the mating behavior of two pairs of sibling species endemic to Africa:Drosophila yakuba/Drosophila santomeaandDrosophila simulans/Drosophila sechellia.Drosophila yakubaandD. simulansare cosmopolitan species widely distributed in the African continent, whileD. santomeaandD. sechelliaare island endemics. These pairs of species hybridize in nature and have the potential to exchange genes in natural conditions. I used these two pairs ofDrosophilaspecies, and constructed mating communities of different size and different heterospecific:conspecific composition. I found that both the total number of potential mates and the relative frequency of conspecific versus heterospecific males affect female mating decisions in the cosmopolitan species but not in the island endemics. These results suggest that the population characteristics, in which mating occurs, may affect the magnitude of premating isolation. Community composition might thus facilitate, or impair, gene flow between species.
Diet alters delayed selfing, inbreeding depression, and reproductive senescence in a freshwater snail
Authors: Auld Josh R. , Henkel John F. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractReproductive success is a critical fitness attribute that is directly influenced by resource availability. Here, we investigate the effects of diet‐based resource availability on three interrelated aspects of reproductive success: a change in mating system based on mate availability, consequent inbreeding depression, and the deterioration of reproductive efficiency with age (senescence). We employed a factorial experimental design using 22 full‐sib families of the hermaphroditic freshwater snail Physa acuta to explore these interactions. Individual snails were reared in one of two mate‐availability treatments (isolated [selfing] or occasionally paired [outcrossing]) and one of two diet treatments (boiled lettuce or Spirulina, an algae that is rich in protein, vitamins, and minerals). Spirulina‐fed snails initiated reproduction at a 13% earlier age and 7% larger size than lettuce‐fed snails. Spirulina also resulted in a 30% reduction in the time delay before selfing. Compared to lettuce, a diet of Spirulina increased inbreeding depression by 52% for egg hatching rate and 64% for posthatching juvenile survival. Furthermore, Spirulina led to a 15‐fold increase in the rate of reproductive senescence compared with a diet of lettuce. These transgenerational, interactive effects of diet on inbreeding depression and reproductive senescence are discussed in the context of diet‐induced phenotypic plasticity.
Squalene oxidation products: Monitoring the formation, characterisation and pro‐oxidant activity
Authors: Naziri Eleni , Consonni Roberto , Tsimidou Maria Z. 
Published: June 2014

Squalene (SQ), a precursor of sterols and terpenoids is a functional lipid of high importance in the food and pharmaceutical sectors. SQ oxidation studies are rather limited compared with those for other olefins. The aim of the present study was to monitor the formation of SQ oxidation products under different conditions (temperature, air supply), to characterise the most abundant of them by spectroscopic techniques and then examine their pro‐oxidant activity in a model lipid substrate. Squalane (SQA), the saturated analogue of SQ, was used as a reference compound. FT‐MIR analysis indicated the presence of alcohols, epoxides, aldehydes, and ketones. GC‐MS was used to characterise SQ primary oxidation and scission products. The presence of epoxides was further confirmed by means of 1H NMR and 13C NMR spectroscopy. It could be argued that SQ stability is due to its stereochemistry and specifically to the presence of methyl groups next to the double bonds. The pro‐oxidant activity of SQ oxidation products was evident at 62 and 40°C and suppressed only in the presence of primary antioxidants, not of SQ. The present work adds to the characterisation of SQ oxidised products. To our knowledge their pro‐oxidant activity has never been examined before.Practical applications: Characterisation of squalene oxidation products and assessment of their activity as pro‐oxidants present both scientific interest regarding the kinetics and product identity as well as a practical impact in case this bioactive lipid is provided for consumption as a functional product. In the past, cholesterol oxidation products and more recently phytosterol ones attracted the interest of researchers, who studied the stability of the respective parent compounds for food safety reasons.Monitoring of the formation of SQ oxidation products under different conditions (temperature, air supply) and chemical characterisation of the most abundant of them by spectroscopic techniques. Examination of their pro‐oxidant activity in a model lipid substrate. Squalene may exert a weak antioxidant activity due to competitive oxidation phenomena with the lipid substrate while its oxidation products have a pro‐oxidant activity on purified olive oil model substrate that was suppressed only in the presence of primary antioxidants.
Gastrointestinal morphology, fatty acid profile, and production performance of broiler chickens fed camelina meal or fish oil
Authors: Aziza Abeer E. , Awadin Walaa F. , Quezada Nathalie , Cherian Gita 
Published: June 2014

Gastrointestinal morphology, fatty acid profile, and production performance of broiler chickens fed camelina meal (CAM) or fish oil were investigated. One hundred and twenty eight 1‐day‐old Cobb chicks were randomly assigned to one of four treatments. Each treatment was replicated four times with eight chicks (n = 8). The experimental diets were: corn–soybean meal‐based with 3.2% corn oil (control), control + 10% CAM, 10% camelina meal + 3.2% fish oil (CAM + FISH), and 3.2% fish oil (FISH). Villous height (VH) was lowest in the jejunum of FISH and CAM + FISH (p<0.04). Crypt depth (CD) was lowest in the jejunum of Control and CAM (p<0.002). Villous perimeter was higher in control and CAM when compared to CAM + FISH and FISH (p = 0.02). The VH:CD followed the order of control > CAM > CAM + FISH = FISH (p<0.0001). No difference was observed in villus width, surface area, and muscularis thickness. Total omega‐6 fatty acids were higher in the duodenum of control and CAM than FISH and CAM + FISH diets (p<0.0001). Long chain (>20‐C) omega‐3 fatty acids were higher in CAM + FISH and FISH (p<0.0001). No significant differences were detected in the total saturated and total monounsaturated fatty acid content in the duodenum (p>0.05). Weight gain varied significantly and was lowest for CAM + FISH and FISH diets at Day 21 and 42 (p = 0.01). There were no differences in feed intake between control and CAM diets. However, inclusion of fish oil reduced feed consumption (p = 0.019).Feeding camelina meal increased jejunal villus height, villus height: crypt depth and n‐3 fatty acid incorporation in the duodenum when compared to fish oil in broiler diets. Feeding fish oil led to reduction in 42 day body weight.
Influence of decanter working parameters on the extra virgin olive oil quality
Authors: Caponio Francesco , Summo Carmine , Paradiso Vito M. , Pasqualone Antonella 
Published: June 2014

An experimental investigation was carried out in order to get more information about the influence of decanter processing parameters on the quality of the extracted extra virgin olive oil. In particular, both two‐ and three‐phases decanter, set up at two different differential speeds between drum and cochlea (Dn16 and Dn11), were considered. The determinations of the free fatty acids, peroxide value, spectrophotometric constants, phenols, tocopherols, carotenoids, chlorophylls, and antioxidant activity were carried out on samples, as well as sensory and volatile compounds analyses. The obtained results showed that increasing the Dn, the oils obtained were more pungent and richer in aldehydes and antioxidant compounds; whereas the oils extracted at lower drum speeds were more bitter and showed higher peroxide and K270 values, as well as higher amounts of volatile compounds related to aldehydes oxidation. Moreover, the addition of water, made when working at three‐phases, decreased significantly the level of phenolic compounds, but allowed to retain more tocopherols and carotenoids. On the other hand, the extraction with the three‐phase decanter determined a more perceivable fruity note and higher levels of trans‐2‐hexenal, but only in the oils obtained at higher speeds. The oils obtained with the two‐phase decanter were more pungent and richer of volatiles related to this sensory note.Practical application: The results of this paper help to understand the influence of decanter processing parameters (differential speeds between drum and cochlea, working at two and three‐phases) on the quality of the extracted oil. Technical innovation in decanters would enable real‐time adjustments of working parameters in function of the different raw material characteristics.Extra virgin olive oil extraction carried out by two‐phase and three‐phase decanter, both working at two differential speeds between drum and cochlea. Effects on the chemical properties of the obtained oils.
Concentration and purification of polyunsaturated fatty acids from squid liver processing wastes
Authors: Latyshev Nikolay A. , Ermolenko Ekaterina V. , Kasyanov Sergey P. 
Published: June 2014

Eicosapentaenoic (EPA, 20:5 n‐3) and docosahexaenoic (DHA, 22:6 n‐3) acids were extracted from processing wastes of the liver of the squid Berryteuthis magister. The process included three steps: concentration of the total polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) with urea; separation of individual FA by iodolactonization method, and obtainment of highly purified EPA and DHA by preparative HPLC. Concentration of the acids with urea was carried out at a ratio of urea/FA 3:1 at temperatures of 0 and −20°C, this allowed us to raise the concentration of EPA and DHA from 7.8 and 6.5% to 32.5 and 32.0%, respectively. The iodolactonization reaction was used to obtain from the concentrate individual preparations with concentrations of 93.4% for EPA and 95.6% for DHA; the total yields of the original FA were 50.7 and 41.7%, respectively. Differences in the rates of formation of γ‐ and δ‐iodolactones made a sequential extraction possible, first of DHA from the total PUFA, then of EPA from the remaining acids. Purification of the obtained PUFA products to more than 99% purity was conducted by preparative HPLC.Practical applications: The proposed three‐step procedure for separating EPA and DHA is designed to produce n‐3 PUFA concentrates and highly purified EPA and DHA. The obtained products can be recommended for scientific experiments in vitro.The proposed three‐step procedure for separating EPA and DHA is designed to produce n‐3 PUFA concentrates and highly purified EPA and DHA.