bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ground–atmosphere interaction modelling for long-term prediction of soil moisture and temperature
Authors: Rajeev Pathmanathan , Chan Derek , Kodikara Jayantha 
Published: August 2012

Land surface and subsurface variables, such as soil moisture–suction and temperature, are among the most important components to study the behaviour of expansive soil, geothermal energy, and climate change. A more accurate and long-term series of soil moisture and temperature prediction, due to ground–atmosphere interaction, is very important for real-time drought monitoring for understanding and improving the behaviour of soil, buried structures, and climate prediction. In this study, ground–atmosphere interaction is numerically modelled using Vadose/W software for two instrumented sites in Melbourne, Australia. Soil moisture and temperature down to 2 m depth were monitored over 2 years at discrete locations and the meteorological variables including air temperature, air humidity, wind speed, precipitation, and solar radiation were measured from a weather station installed at the sites. Further, laboratory and field tests were performed to establish initial conditions and soil characteristics such as the soil-water characteristic curve (SWCC ), hydraulic conductivity, and thermal conductivity functions. The numerical model results were calibrated with the field data, indicating good agreement between numerical and field results. The calibrated numerical model was used to compute the long-term moisture and temperature variations into the immediate future using the past 20 years of weather data in Melbourne.
53BP1 Is a Haploinsufficient Tumor Suppressor and Protects Cells from Radiation Response in Glioma
Authors: Squatrito Massimo , Vanoli Fabio , Schultz Nikolaus , Jasin Maria , Holland Eric C. 
Published: August 2012

Abstract
The DNA damage response (DDR) plays a crucial role in tumor development in different tissues. Here, we show that p53-binding protein 1 (53BP1), a key element of the DDR, is heterozygously lost in approximately 20% of human glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) specimens, primarily of the Proneural subtype, and low 53BP1 expression levels are associated with worse prognosis. We present evidence that 53BP1 behaves as haploinsufficient tumor suppressor in a mouse model of platelet-derived growth factor–induced gliomagenesis. We also show that very low level of 53BP1 as found in 53BP1 null gliomas or robust 53BP1 gene silencing in glioma cell lines (but not 53BP1 heterozygous tumors or partial gene knockdown) sensitizes glioma cells to ionizing radiation (IR), both in vitro and in vivo. We further show the 53BP1 gene silencing induces defects in the nonhomologous end-joining (NHEJ) DNA repair pathway. These deficiencies lead to a failure to fully repair the damaged DNA upon exposure of glioma cells to IR with a consequent prolonged cell-cycle arrest and increased apoptosis. Our data suggest that either 53BP1 or other NHEJ components may be critical molecules to be pharmacologically targeted in GBM in combination with standard therapies. Cancer Res; 72(20); 5250–60. ©2012 AACR.
Inhibition of Stathmin1 Accelerates the Metastatic Process
Authors: Williams Karin , Ghosh Ritwik , Giridhar Premkumar Vummidi , Gu Guangyu , Case Thomas , Belcher Scott M. , Kasper Susan 
Published: August 2012

Abstract
The oncoprotein stathmin 1 (STMN1) is upregulated in most, if not all, cancers of epithelial cell origin; therefore STMN1 is considered a target for cancer therapy. However, its role during metastasis has not been investigated. Here, we report for the first time that STMN1 strongly inhibits metastatic behavior in both normal epithelial and cancerous epithelial cells. Initially, loss-of-STMN1 compromises cell–cell adhesion. This is followed by epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), increased cell migration, and metastasis via cooperative activation of p38 and through TGF-β–independent and -dependent mechanisms. In contrast, expressing STMN1 restores cell–cell adhesion and reverses the metastatic cascade. Primary prostate epithelial cell cultures from benign to undifferentiated adenocarcinoma (UA) clinical biopsies show that EMT-like cells arise while the cancer is still organ-confined and that their emergence is tumor-stage specific. Furthermore, primary EMT-like cells exhibit metastatic behavior both in vitro and in vivo as compared with their non-EMT counterpart. These observations predict that using STMN1 as a generic therapeutic target might accelerate metastasis. Instead, there may be a tumor stage-specific window-of-opportunity in which conserving STMN1 expression is required to inhibit emergence of metastatic disease. Cancer Res; 72(20); 5407–17. ©2012 AACR.
Predictors of Recurrent Stroke in Patients With Symptomatic Intracranial Arterial Stenosis
Authors: Jung Jin-Man , Kang Dong-Wha , Yu Kyung-Ho , Koo Ja-seong , Lee Ju-Hun , Park Jong-Moo , Hong Keun-Sik , Cho Yong-Jin , Kim Jong S. , Kwon Sun U. 
Published: August 2012

Background and Purpose—
Our goal was to investigate whether initial ischemic lesion pattern can predict stroke recurrence in patients with symptomatic intracranial arterial stenosis.

Methods—
Of the Trial of Cilostazol in Symptomatic Intracranial Arterial Stenosis (TOSS)-2 trial participants, we included patients who underwent diffusion-weighted imaging and fluid attenuation inversion recovery imaging at baseline with a follow-up fluid attenuation inversion recovery imaging at 7 months. Based on the diffusion-weighted imaging findings, we classified the initial ischemic lesion patterns according to location (subcortical versus cortical versus subcorticocortical) and multiplicity (single versus multiple). We also evaluated the occurrence of new ischemic lesions on follow-up fluid attenuation inversion recovery as well as clinical stroke in the symptomatic intracranial arterial stenosis territory.

Results—

Of 353 patients included in this study, 44 (12.5%) and 13 (3.7%) patients had new ischemic lesions and clinical recurrent stroke in the initial symptomatic intracranial arterial stenosis territory, respectively. On multivariable analysis, the initial lesion patterns of subcorticocortical and multiple lesions were independent predictors of new ischemic lesions in the symptomatic intracranial arterial stenosis territory (OR, 3.01; 95% CI, 1.33–7.01;
P
=0.03; OR, 2.81; 95% CI, 1.34–5.9;
P
=0.006). These patterns also predicted clinical recurrent stroke.

Conclusion—
Subcorticocortical lesions and multiple lesions are radiological predictors of recurrent ischemic stroke in symptomatic patients with intracranial arterial stenosis.

Clinical Trial Registration—

URL:
www.clinicaltrials.gov
. Unique identifier: NCT00130039.
A Joint Model to Identify and Align Bilingual Named Entities
Authors: Chen Yufeng , Zong Chengqing , Su Keh-Yih 
Published: August 2012

In this article, an integrated model is derived that jointly identifies and aligns bilingual named entities (NEs) between Chinese and English. The model is motivated by the following observations: (1) whether an NE is translated semantically or phonetically depends greatly on its entity type, (2) entities within an aligned pair should share the same type, and (3) the initially detected NEs can act as anchors and provide further information while selecting NE candidates. Based on these observations, this article proposes a translation mode ratio feature (defined as the proportion of NE internal tokens that are semantically translated), enforces an entity type consistency constraint, and utilizes additional new NE likelihoods (based on the initially detected NE anchors). Experiments show that this novel method significantly outperforms the baseline. The type-insensitive F-score of identified NE pairs increases from 78.4% to 88.0% (12.2% relative improvement) in our Chinese–English NE alignment task, and the type-sensitive F-score increases from 68.4% to 83.0% (21.3% relative improvement). Furthermore, the proposed model demonstrates its robustness when it is tested across different domains. Finally, when semi-supervised learning is conducted to train the adopted English NE recognition model, the proposed model also significantly boosts the English NE recognition type-sensitive F-score.
Automatically Assessing Machine Summary Content Without a Gold Standard
Authors: Louis Annie , Nenkova Ani 
Published: August 2012

The most widely adopted approaches for evaluation of summary content follow some protocol for comparing a summary with gold-standard human summaries, which are traditionally called model summaries. This evaluation paradigm falls short when human summaries are not available and becomes less accurate when only a single model is available. We propose three novel evaluation techniques. Two of them are model-free and do not rely on a gold standard for the assessment. The third technique improves standard automatic evaluations by expanding the set of available model summaries with chosen system summaries. We show that quantifying the similarity between the source text and its summary with appropriately chosen measures produces summary scores which replicate human assessments accurately. We also explore ways of increasing evaluation quality when only one human model summary is available as a gold standard. We introduce pseudomodels, which are system summaries deemed to contain good content according to automatic evaluation. Combining the pseudomodels with the single human model to form the gold-standard leads to higher correlations with human judgments compared to using only the one available model. Finally, we explore the feasibility of another measure—similarity between a system summary and the pool of all other system summaries for the same input. This method of comparison with the consensus of systems produces impressively accurate rankings of system summaries, achieving correlation with human rankings above 0.9.
Principles and Prescriptions for Improved Experimentation in Precipitation Augmentation Research
Authors: Flueck John A. 
Published: August 2012

Abstract
Proper field experimentation in precipitation augmentation, or virtually any other topic, is not an easy task. Some general research considerations, i.e., the objectives of research, the quest for believability, and the two principal types of field studies, are discussed. The anatomy and stages of life of an experiment are presented, and the three levels or classes of an experiment (i.e., preliminary, exploratory, and confirmatory) are depicted. A number of prescriptions for improved experimentation are offered in regard to conceptual models, treatment design, treatment selection and allocation, treatment effect models, and analyses for treatment effects. Lastly, a few comments are appended on the role of statisticians in quality field research efforts.
When the well's dry, we know the worth of water. Ben Franklin, 1758 Poor Richard's Almanack
Summer Cumulus Cloud Lifetime—Importance to Static Mode Seeding
Authors: Isaac George A. 
Published: August 2012

Abstract
Any observing program studying summer cumulus clouds should attempt to measure cloud lifetime. This parameter is important for determining whether a cloud will last long enough for precipitation to form by either natural or artificially stimulated mechanisms. When reporting cloud lifetime, the definition used and the method of calculation should be clearly specified. In North America, after a summer cumulus cloud has been identified and selected, lifetimes, at temperatures below –5°C, of approximately 10 to 12 min are being reported. This lifetime must be considered marginal for static mode seeding to produce precipitation by artificial ice nucleants.
A Review of Dynamic-Mode Seeding of Summer Cumuli
Authors: Orville Harold D. 
Published: August 2012

Abstract
This paper reviews the field experiments and theoretical studies relating to the ice-phase seeding of summer convective clouds for the purpose of affecting their dynamic evolution and precipitation production. The review reports on studies of both tropical and extratropical clouds, citing the physical evidence for microphysical and dynamic changes and reviewing the numerical modeling efforts in support of the field experiments. The statistical evidence is also reviewed. A critique and discussion of the results is given, and many questions related to these dynamic-mode seeding hypotheses are posed. Strategies for attacking the many unsolved problems are presented briefly.
Modification of Mesoscale Convective Weather Systems
Authors: Fritsch J. Michael 
Published: August 2012

Abstract
Modification of mesoscale convective weather systems through ice-phase seeding is briefly reviewed. a simple mathematical framework for estimating the likely mesoscale response to convective cloud modification is presented, and previous mesoscale modification hypotheses are discussed in the context of this mathematical framework. Some basic differences between cloud-scale and mesoscale modification hypotheses are also discussed. Numerical model experiments to test the mesoscale sensitivity of convective weather systems are reviewed, and several focal points for identifying mesoscale modification potential are presented.
Adaptive Beamforming Technique for Accurate Vertical Wind Measurements with Multichannel MST Radar
Authors: Nishimura Koji , Nakamura Takuji , Sato Toru , Sato Kaoru 
Published: August 2012

Abstract
Aspect-sensitive backscattering of the atmosphere causes a small error in an effective line-of-sight direction in vertical beam observations leading to a serious degradation of vertical wind estimates due to contamination by horizontal wind components. An adaptive beamforming technique for a multichannel mesosphere–stratosphere–troposphere (MST) radar is presented, which makes it possible to measure the vertical wind velocity with higher accuracy by adaptively generating a countersteered reception beam against an off-vertically shifted echo pattern. The technique employs the norm-constrained direction-constrained minimization of power (NC-DCMP) algorithm, which provides not only robustness but also higher accuracy than the basic direction-constrained minimization of power algorithm in realistic conditions. Although the technique decreases the signal-to-noise ratio, the ratio is controlled and bound at a specified level by the norm constraint. In the case that a decrease of −3 dB is acceptable in a vertical beam observation, for which usually a much higher signal-to-noise ratio is obtained than for oblique beams, the maximum contamination is suppressed to even for the most imbalanced aspect sensitivity.
Treatment Outcome of Additional Dextran to Corticosteroid Therapy on Sudden Deafness
Authors: Wang Chi‐Te , Chou Hsu‐Wen , Fang Kai‐Min , Lai Mei‐Shu , Cheng Po‐Wen 
Published: August 2012

ObjectiveThis study aimed to investigate whether adding low‐molecular‐weight dextran to oral steroids in patients with idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss resulted in better hearing outcomes than those in patients receiving oral corticosteroids alone.Study DesignHistorical cohort study.SettingTertiary teaching hospital.Subjects and MethodsThe authors reviewed the clinical records of 166 patients with idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss. Therapeutic effectiveness was measured by the gain of pure‐tone averages and 4 categories of hearing outcome (complete recovery, marked recovery, mild improvement, or no improvement). To manage potential confounding factors associated with treatment allocation, the authors matched the subjects from each group according to the propensity score (ie, the predicted probability that they would receive a specific treatment).ResultsThe authors identified 50 pairs of propensity score–matched subjects (n = 100) without significant difference of all clinical factors (P >. 05). Subsequent analyses demonstrated that the average hearing gain in subjects receiving additional dextran to oral steroid was 31.7 ± 21.5 dB, which did not differ from 33.0 ± 21.8 dB in subjects receiving steroids alone (P =. 76). Difference of hearing outcomes between the 2 groups was also nonsignificant (P =. 92).ConclusionMatching propensity scores successfully balanced the heterogeneity between the dextran and steroid groups. Analytical results demonstrated that adding low‐molecular‐weight dextran to oral corticosteroids was not associated with greater hearing gain or better hearing outcome in idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss.
Effect of coal to liquid fuel on combustion and emission in a heavy-duty diesel engine
Authors: Zhang Guiyang , Qiao Xinqi , Miao Xuelong , Hong Jianhai , Zheng Jinbao 
Published: August 2012

Coal to liquid fuel has the potential to substitute the petroleum fuels due to the huge reserves of coal in the earth, the development of direct coal liquefaction technology and the application of carbon dioxide capture and storage technology. The effect of coal to liquid fuel on the combustion and emission has been investigated experimentally in a heavy-duty diesel engine. The experimental results showed that compared to diesel, the coal to liquid fuel had obviously longer ignition delay but slightly later CA50, and the higher premixed combustion ratio and maximum rate of heat release; it had the benefit in soot reduction but slightly higher HC, CO and NO x emissions. The brake specific fuel consumption of coal to liquid fuel was slightly higher than that of diesel, while the brake fuel conversion efficiency of coal to liquid fuel was slightly lower than that of diesel. Furthermore, the trade-off of NO x–soot emissions in diesel engines has been improved by coal to liquid fuel, due to the predominant evaporation rate, virtually free from sulfur and aromatics, and the longer ignition delay.
Evaluation of the protection conferred by a naturally attenuated Neospora caninum isolate against congenital and cerebral neosporosis in mice
Authors: Rojo-Montejo Silvia , Collantes-Fernández Esther , López-Pérez Inmaculada , Risco-Castillo Verónica , Prenafeta Antoni , Ortega-Mora Luis Miguel 
Published: August 2012

Abstract
The parasite Neospora caninum is an important abortifacient agent in cattle worldwide. At present, the development of an effective and safe vaccine against bovine neosporosis is of great relevance. Recently, a new isolate of N. caninum (Nc-Spain 1 H) which was obtained from the brain of an asymptomatic congenitally infected calf, exhibited non-virulent behaviour in mouse and bovine infection models. The aim of this study was to determine the safety and efficacy of Nc-Spain 1 H when used as a vaccinal isolate in well-established BALB/c models of congenital and cerebral neosporosis. Mice were subcutaneously immunised twice at 3-week intervals and were challenged with 2 × 106 tachyzoites of the virulent Nc-Liv isolate. After immunisation with live Nc-Spain 1 H tachyzoites, no parasitic DNA was detected in the dams’ brains before challenge and microsatellite analysis performed in PCR-positive mice showed that the profiles corresponded to the challenge isolate Nc-Liv, indicating the Nc-Spain 1 H isolate to be a safe vaccine candidate. The efficacy of the live vaccine was evaluated in the first experiment after the immunisation of mice with 5 × 105 live Nc-Spain 1 H tachyzoites. This immunisation protocol significantly reduced the neonatal mortality to 2.4%, reduced the vertical transmission from 89.1% to 2.3% and completely limited the cerebral infection. These results were associated with a Th1-type immune response. In the second experiment, the effect of various immunising doses was established using ten-fold dilutions of the tachyzoites (from 5 × 105 to 5 × 10). In all the cases, congenital protection rates above 60% were observed, and the mice that were immunised with the lowest dose (5 × 10) presented the highest protection rate (86%). Moreover, low immunising doses of Nc-Spain 1 H induced an IgG2a response, and high parasitic doses induced an IgG1 response. These results evidence the safety and the efficient protection that was conferred by Nc-Spain 1 H against congenital neosporosis, even when the mice were immunised with low parasitic doses.
Screening of selective histone deacetylase inhibitors by proteochemometric modeling
Authors: Wu Dingfeng , Huang Qi , Zhang Yida , Zhang Qingchen , Liu Qi , Gao Jun , Cao Zhiwei , Zhu Ruixin 
Published: August 2012

Abstract

Background
Histone deacetylase (HDAC) is a novel target for the treatment of cancer and it can be classified into three classes, i.e., classes I, II, and IV. The inhibitors selectively targeting individual HDAC have been proved to be the better candidate antitumor drugs. To screen selective HDAC inhibitors, several proteochemometric (PCM) models based on different combinations of three kinds of protein descriptors, two kinds of ligand descriptors and multiplication cross-terms were constructed in our study.

Results
The results show that structure similarity descriptors are better than sequence similarity descriptors and geometry descriptors in the leftacterization of HDACs. Furthermore, the predictive ability was not improved by introducing the cross-terms in our models. Finally, a best PCM model based on protein structure similarity descriptors and 32-dimensional general descriptors was derived (R2 = 0.9897, Qtest
2 = 0.7542), which shows a powerful ability to screen selective HDAC inhibitors.

Conclusions
Our best model not only predict the activities of inhibitors for each HDAC isoform, but also screen and distinguish class-selective inhibitors and even more isoform-selective inhibitors, thus it provides a potential way to discover or design novel candidate antitumor drugs with reduced side effect.
Inhibition of osteoclastogenesis by RNA interference targeting RANK
Authors: Ma Ruofan , Xu Jie , Dong Bin , Kauther Max Daniel , Jäger Marcus , Wedemeyer Christian 
Published: August 2012

Abstract

Background
Osteoclasts and osteoblasts regulate bone resorption and formation to allow bone remodeling and homeostasis. The balance between bone resorption and formation is disturbed by abnormal recruitment of osteoclasts. Osteoclast differentiation is dependent on the receptor activator of nuclear factor NF-kappa B (RANK) ligand (RANKL) as well as the macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF). The RANKL/RANK system and RANK signaling induce osteoclast formation mediated by various cytokines. The RANK/RANKL pathway has been primarily implicated in metabolic, degenerative and neoplastic bone disorders or osteolysis. The central role of RANK/RANKL interaction in osteoclastogenesis makes RANK an attractive target for potential therapies in treatment of osteolysis. The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of inhibition of RANK expression in mouse bone marrow macrophages on osteoclast differentiation and bone resorption.

Methods
Three pairs of short hairpin RNAs (shRNA) targeting RANK were designed and synthesized. The optimal shRNA was selected among three pairs of shRNAs by RANK expression analyzed by Western blot and Real-time PCR. We investigated suppression of osteoclastogenesis of mouse bone marrow macrophages (BMMs) using the optimal shRNA by targeting RANK.

Results
Among the three shRANKs examined, shRANK-3 significantly suppressed [88.3%] the RANK expression (p < 0.01). shRANK-3 also brought about a marked inhibition of osteoclast formation and bone resorption as demonstrated by tartrate–resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining and osteoclast resorption assay. The results of our study show that retrovirus-mediated shRANK-3 suppresses osteoclast differentiation and osteolysis of BMMs.

Conclusions
These findings suggest that retrovirus-mediated shRNA targeting RANK inhibits osteoclast differentiation and osteolysis. It may appear an attractive target for preventing osteolysis in humans with a potential clinical application.