bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Human Relations Area Files
Authors: White Jill 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThe Human Relations Area Files (HRAF) comprise a searchable database of ethnographic materials, exhaustively coded and indexed to enable systematic cross‐cultural research. The HRAF allows researchers to test psychological and developmental hypotheses cross‐culturally by easily retrieving correlational data about behavioral items in 400 cultures. For example, John and Beatrice Whiting hypothesized that harsh male initiation ceremonies could be explained by the presence of strong Oedipal attachments that could be measured objectively by the presence of exclusive mother‐child sleeping, long postpartum sex taboos, and harsh initiations into manhood. To test the hypothesis, the Whitings chose a sample of 56 societies. A panel of separate judges rated the societies for each element by reading the ethnographic material supplied by the HRAF. The hypothesis was supported; in the 20 societies where both mother‐child sleeping and long post‐partum sex taboos occurred, 14 had exceptionally harsh male initiation ceremonies. In the six societies that did not, there was a compensating cultural alternative, the “couvade” (cultural practice in which the father goes to bed as if he had borne the child).
Human Rights
Authors: Woolf Linda M. , Hulsizer Michael R. 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
Human rights are the inherent and fundamental rights, freedoms, and protections to which all people are entitled regardless of gender, ethnicity, national origin, race, religion, or other classification. These rights are universal, inalienable, and indivisible. As such, all members of the human family innately possess these rights, these rights cannot be given or taken away, and all rights are equally important, interdependent, and interrelated. Human rights include civil and political rights, as well as social, economic, and cultural rights.
Identity
Authors: Bishop Charla McKinzie 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
Identity involves an understanding of oneself and one's role(s) in society. Research has highlighted several specific identity domains, such as ethnicity, gender, and social roles. However, in general terms identity is the collective perspective of the self across several domains. Eriksonian theory suggests that adolescence is the developmental period when most exploration of identity takes place, while other theories and studies suggest developmental, gender, ethnic, and racial variations in the pursuit of understanding self.
Indigenous Healing Systems
Authors: Tanaka‐Matsumi Junko 
Published: October 2013

AbstractHistorically, it has been reported that people across cultures resort to sleep, rest, and social isolation as natural ways of mobilizing their own internal healing power to restore health and balance. For those individuals who cannot cope with distress on their own and have exhausted their own resources, cultures have developed indigenous systems of healing. Cultures abound in indigenous ways of explaining the nature of human suffering and have developed methods aimed at alleviating distress by sanctioned healers in the community. Healing as a concept refers to “the aggregate of techniques used to make human beings whole again by counteracting distress in the body, mind, and spirit”.
Indigenous Personalities
Authors: Misra Girishwar 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThe challenge of understanding the nature of self and others has long occupied the attention of psychologists as well as lay people. Both deploy “personality” as an integrated whole of attributes to explain the causes of behaviors. Indigenous personality concerns itself with the behavior and the related body of knowledge that derives its theories from the people of a particular culture. Hippocrates described personality typologies based on the four fluids: blood, yellow bile, phlegm, and black bile. Similarly,ayurvedicmedicine proposed three metabolic types:vata(wind),pitta(bile), andkaph(phlegm). Cultures have evolved many ways to appraise personality in their efforts to make sense of life (e.g., analyzing blood type, reading horoscopes, and techniques of fortune telling). Psychological scholars have considered personality critical to the understanding of holism, motivation, and individual differences in behavior.
Individualist/Collectivist‐Success Motivation
Authors: Miller Richard L. 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
Individualist‐success motivation is a form of achievement motivation that directs one's attitudes and actions toward the attainment of personal goals and self‐fulfillment. As such, it stands in contrast to collectivist‐success motivation which encourages individuals to connect with others so that their contributions are seen as beneficial to the members of a particular group or society in general. Individualism promotes belief in one's unique identity and as a result individualists are more likely to claim the right to express themselves, make personal choices, and strive for self‐actualization than are collectivists. Collectivists are more likely to see themselves as an inseparable part of a cohesive ingroup and therefore expect and are expected to accord priority to the views, needs, and goals of the group rather than “stand out” as individuals.
Ingroup Relations
Authors: Wu Kuang‐ming 
Published: October 2013

Abstract

Ingroups are groups to which a person belongs. The term
ingroup
is often compared with the other term
outgroup
. Outgroups are groups to which a person does not belong. In psychology, there are several scholars contributing to the concept of, and research on, ingroup relations. First, created the terms ingroup and outgroup in his theory of ethnocentrism to refer to social groups to which an individual did or did not belong respectively. The ingroup includes small close groups (e.g., family), community groups, and large social categories (e.g., nationality, religion). Members of an ingroup may be emotionally involved in the identity of the ingroup. For example, Chinese people tend to have strong connection to their family members. People may have different affectivity toward members inside or outside the group and this affectivity may result in loyalty and preference for the ingroup. Ingroup favoritism at its best provides a positive sense of belonging and affiliation among members, and may create negative impacts on members’ interactions such as competition.
Ingroup
Authors: Miller Richard L. 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
Groups, by their very definition, have boundaries that distinguish between members and nonmembers. For some groups, these boundaries are formal and clearly defined, with access to the group available to “members only” based on specific criteria. In such cases the boundary may be defined by symbols, such as badges, membership cards, or passwords. In other cases the boundaries are not nearly as well‐defined. Either way, it is a universal principle that groups tend to maintain their boundaries by developing a clear distinction between the “we” who are members of the ingroup and the “they” who are outside it. Thus, the ingroup becomes any group with which the individual identifies and belongs. In contrast, individuals tend to regard outgroups with suspicion and hostility. In fact, a common way of maintaining ingroup solidarity and cohesion is through conflict with an outgroup.
Integral Psychotherapy
Authors: Tuli Kailish 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
Integral psychotherapy is a combination of therapeutic processes at the level of body, mind, soul, and spirit. Psychotherapy has many schools of thought, starting with Sigmund Freud, who developed psychoanalysis. Psychoanalysis was the first comprehensive approach to treating mental disorders and was a new approach, showing that there can be therapy without medicines. The new “talking therapy” became a craze and people in many parts of the world, particularly in Europe and the United States, became adherents. Many new centers and associations of psychoanalysis bloomed in various locations in the early decades of the twentieth century.
Intercultural Adaptation
Authors: Chao Ruth Chu‐Lien , Oko‐Riebau Marta 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
Intercultural adaptation refers to the process of people moving from one culture to another. After migrating to a new culture or country, people bring their existing thoughts, values, feelings, behaviors, and beliefs with them, but they also have to adjust to the new rules, societal norms, customs, and language. In this cross‐cultural adjustment process people attempt to integrate their heritage into their new society in order to adjust and align to the new standards. People embracing both their original cultural background and their new culture and values become multicultural. In order to better understand the concept of intercultural adaptation, it is necessary to understand the definition of adaptation. The term “adaptation” originates from biological sciences and means a level of fitness between person and environment. In a more general sense, the term adaptation can be used in regard to psychological and sociocultural phenomena. Psychological adaptation takes place when individuals make emotional changes to cope with stress until equilibrium is reached. To psychologically adapt, individuals can either make the appropriate behavioral changes to meet the expectations of a new environment, or choose to tolerate ambiguous situations.
Intercultural Adjustment
Authors: Abi‐Hashem Naji , Brown Jonathan R. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThe terms “intercultural adjustment,” “cultural adaptation,” and “acculturation” have often been used interchangeably in the literature. However, in a more precise way, intercultural adjustment is the outcome of a long process of modification, revision, and acclimatization individuals or groups go through when they move into new cultures. The concept of acculturation refers to adopting and incorporating several psychosocial properties of the host culture without losing all one's traditional background, cultural identity, and social values.
Intercultural Communication
Authors: Abi‐Hashem Naji , Peterson Christa E. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractIntercultural communication is an exchange of information between two or more people of different ethnic groups, races, cultures, or nationalities. According to Ting‐Toomey and, this process involves learning the proper knowledge, skills, and attitudes to navigate cultural differences with sensitivity, creativity, and flexibility – and most importantly to avoid prejudging others who are socially or ethnically different.
Interdependent Self‐Construal
Authors: Dean Kristy K. 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
Self‐construal refers to how a person conceptualizes the relationship between the self and others. A self‐view that emphasizes one's close relationships (e.g., “I'm Michelle's best friend,” “I'm an older sister”) and important group memberships (e.g., “I'm Mexican‐American,” “I'm on the volleyball team”) is said to constitute an interdependent self‐construal. By constructing an identity based largely on one's varied social roles, interdependent self‐construals encourage perceiving the self as fundamentally similar and connected to others and flexible across situations. In other words, thinking of the self as part of a larger “we” instead of “me” characterizes interdependent self‐construals. When construing the self as interdependent, interactions with people in the social world involve a desire to maintain social harmony, which often requires regulating the self in keeping with social norms and expectations. It is important to note that although there are striking similarities between the concepts of collectivism and interdependent self‐construal, interdependent self‐construal is employed to describe the psychological experiences of individuals, whereas the dimension of collectivism is used in reference to cultures more generally.
Jilek‐Aall, Louise
Authors: Draguns Juris G. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractLouise Jilek‐Aall was born on April 21, 1931 in Oslo, Norway. She studied philosophy at the University of Oslo and pursued medical studies at the University of Tubingen and University of Saarland in Germany and at the University of Zurich in Switzerland, where she defended her dissertation on epilepsy in East Africa under Professor Manfred Bleuler and received the degree of Doctor of Medicine. She holds diplomas in tropical medicine from the Swiss Institute of Tropical Medicine in Basle and in psychiatry from McGill University in Montreal, and a Master of Arts degree in anthropology from the University of British Columbia in Vancouver.
Jung, Carl Gustav
Authors: Brucato Gary , Hogan John D. 
Published: October 2013

Abstract

Once regarded by Sigmund Freud as his heir apparent, Carl Jung developed his own form of analytical psychology, introducing many spiritual and mystical elements which were anathema to Freud. To explore the universal nature of his concepts, Jung traveled the globe, visiting diverse cultures. He lived among the Pueblo Indians of New Mexico and Arizona in 1924, and the people of Mt. Elgon in Kenya in 1926. He also visited Egypt and India, among other places. Jung interpreted the religious symbols or
mandalas
of Buddhism and Hinduism as representations of the unconscious self, reflecting the complex path toward inner development and growth, which he termed
individuation
. This growth involves a strong unconscious drive toward one's most complete and unique self, and requires a lifelong process of identifying and uniting one's unconscious elements. Jung viewed the internal, spiritual focus of Eastern faiths as neglected in a Western society preoccupied with logic and technology, but did note some exceptions, such as occultism, Gnosticism, and Christian mysticism.
Kim, Uichol
Authors: Keith Kenneth D. 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
Uichol Kim is the IFP Distinguished Professor in the College of Business Administration at Inha University in Korea. He is a graduate of Queen's University in Canada, where he completed the Ph.D. in social and cross‐cultural psychology in 1988. Before joining the faculty at Inha he taught at the University of Hawaíi at Manoa from1988 to 1994 and Chung‐Ang University (Korea) from 1995 to 2005. Kim has also been a visiting professor at the University of Bergen (Norway), the University of Konstanz (Germany), the Nordic Institute for Asian Studies (Denmark), Stanford University (United States), the University of Stockholm (Sweden), the Warsaw School of Advanced Social Psychology (Poland), the University of Tokyo (Japan), and the University of Tromsø (Norway).
Leadership
Authors: Allen Joseph A. , Bertolini Anthony , Luteran Steffanie 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
In the storied history of leadership research, no single universally accepted definition of leadership has emerged. Instead, there are two themes consistent across definitions: 1) leaders have influence over others; and 2) leaders use their influence to direct behavior toward certain objectives. Cross‐cultural psychologists continue to research and test the various theories of leadership and the degree to which they apply in a cross‐cultural context. Further, researchers continue to investigate the extent to which certain leadership styles are culturally linked. This entry discusses several leadership theories studied by cross‐cultural psychologists (i.e., consideration and initiating structure, transactional and transformational leadership, leader‐member exchange theory, and charismatic leadership) as well as identifying some current trends in leadership that are receiving increased attention (e.g., women in leadership, e‐leadership, and servant leadership).
Leung, Kwok
Authors: Bond Michael Harris 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
Kwok Leung is a survivor of the educational filter that once existed in Hong Kong. Entering the Chinese University of Hong Kong in 1977, he was one of only 2% of his age cohort then gaining access to the local tertiary system. Like many students at the time, he was in the science stream and majored in biology. In 1979, Leung took a social psychology course and was hooked for life. His group project on group attributions was submitted for publication the next year, during which he worked closely with his supervisor studying distributive justice in American and Chinese cultures. This series of empirical studies became part of the core research in the then‐nascent subdiscipline of cross‐cultural social psychology, and led to his subsequent work on procedural justice with Allan Lind at the University of Illinois.
Lexicon
Authors: Weigold Arne , Weigold Ingrid K. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThe lexicon is the total number of morphemes (smallest unit that has meaning in a language) that exist either within a given language or in a person's knowledge. The latter is also referred to as the mental lexicon. Although sometimes treated as synonymous with vocabulary, the lexicon is smaller than the total number of words present (in a language) or known (by an individual). For example, “dis,” “establish,” and “ment” are three morphemes in the English language, yet their various combinations result in four vocabulary words: “establish,” “establishment,” “disestablish,” and “disestablishment.” Broadly defined, the lexicon also contains information about the appropriate ways in which morphemes can be combined to form words or word combinations in a particular language. For example, the morphemes “dis” and “ment” cannot be combined by themselves to create a meaningful word in English.
Locus of Control
Authors: Inoue Noriyuki 
Published: October 2013

Abstract

Locus of control is the internal sense that individuals have regarding the extent to which they are capable of making their own choices and viewing the consequences as stemming from those choices. The term
locus
derives from the Latin referring to location or place. If individuals believe that they are in control of their lives, then the locus lies internally. If individuals believe that fate, other people, environment, or higher authority control their lives, the locus of control lies externally. Individuals who possess a high internal locus of control believe they can control events in their lives – that they are in the “driver's seat.” The concept of locus of control was originally developed by Julian Rotter in the 1950s and became a popular explanatory construct in the areas of personality psychology and motivation.
Lopez, Steven Regesser
Authors: Fuentes Milton A. , Pastor Silvia C. 
Published: October 2013

Abstract

Steven Regesser Lopez was born on December 14, 1953 in Tucson, Arizona, a city approximately 90 miles north of the Mexican border. Lopez has noted that ethnicity was not significant to him as he was growing up; however, when he entered Claremont Men's College in 1971 the civil rights movement and ethnic pride were salient themes which provoked him to seriously explore his ethnic background. In his junior year of college he designed an independent studies program, which involved taking courses in Mexican literature, Mexican history, and Anthropology, interviewing family members about his family history, and spending a summer in Mexico. When considering his academic major, Lopez selected psychology because he believed it would allow him to pursue his interests in ethnicity and culture. Later Lopez realized that he was personally “looking to psychology to shed further light on the meaning of culture and ethnicity”. His undergraduate efforts resulted in a senior research thesis that examined clinical stereotypes of Mexican Americans and was published in the first edition of
Chicano Psychology
.
Maslow, Abraham H
Authors: Hogan John D. , Brucato Gary 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
Abraham H. Maslow was a principal founder of the American School of Humanistic Psychology. His publication describing a theory of motivation with its depiction of a hierarchy of needs became one of his most widelycited contributions and is known in many areas outside of psychology. Although the influence of the humanistic school has waned somewhat in recent years, Maslow's influence is still felt in the contemporary positive psychology movement.
Mate Selection
Authors: Tidwell Natasha D. , Eastwick Paul W. 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
Human mate selection refers to the process by which an individual chooses a sexual partner. Historically, scholars have used this term to refer to the study of factors (e.g., traits) that make a mate desirable as a long‐term romantic partner, but mate selection can also refer to the decision processes involved in brief sexual relationships. In humans, the traits and behaviors that affect mate selection vary throughout the world; although much of our understanding of mate selection comes from research in Western cultures, comparisons across cultures and the search for universal patterns have become more prevalent. This entry reviews research on cultural variability in how men and women approach mate selection with a particular focus on two popular theoretical frameworks: sexual strategies theory and social role theory.
Matsumoto, David
Authors: Keith Kenneth D. 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
David Matsumoto, born in Hawaíi in 1959, is professor of psychology and founder and director of the Culture and Emotion Research Laboratory at San Francisco State University. He is also director of Humintell, an organization that conducts research and training in recognition of microexpressions and subtle expressions as indicators of emotion, as well as cross‐cultural adaptation. A leader in contemporary cross‐cultural psychology, Matsumoto earned the B.A. degree in psychology and Japanese language at the University of Michigan, and the M.A. and Ph.D. degrees at the University of California, Berkeley, in psychology. His experience also includes visiting faculty appointments at the University of Bath (U.K.) and the University of Tokyo (Japan).
McClelland, David C
Authors: Keith Kenneth D. 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
American social psychologist David C. McClelland was born in Mt. Vernon, New York in 1917. After completing the B.A. at Wesleyan University (1938) and M.A. (1939) at the University of Missouri, he earned the Ph.D. in experimental psychology from Yale University in 1941 and then returned to Wesleyan as a member of the psychology faculty. A Quaker who objected to military service as a matter of principle, during World War II McClelland served for a time with the American Friends Service Committee. He continued at Wesleyan until 1956, when he joined the psychology faculty at Harvard University. He remained at Harvard until his retirement in 1986, when he was named professor emeritus. Following his retirement he was named distinguished research professor at Boston University.
Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Beins Bernard C. 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
Meta‐analysis is a statistical procedure that investigators use to integrate research findings across multiple independent studies related to a specific topic. The result of the analysis is a determination of effect sizes associated with target constructs. Although there can be controversies regarding specific aspects of the meta‐analytic approach, research has indicated that such analysis has strengths that traditional, qualitative reviews of the literature do not have.
Mishra, Ramesh C
Authors: Abi‐Hashem Naji , Driscoll Elizabeth G. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractAn Indian‐born scholar who has made significant contributions to the field of cross‐cultural psychology both in India and abroad, Ramesh C. Mishra (b. 1952) is a professor of psychology at Banaras Hindu University in Varanasi, India. He holds a D. Phil. degree from Allahabad University in Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, India. Mishra has been a post‐doctoral research fellow, a Shastri research fellow, and a visiting professor, all at Queen's University in Canada. He also served as a visiting professor at the University of Geneva and at the Jean Piaget Archives in Switzerland.