bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Self‐Reported Substantial 1‐Year Weight Change Among Men and Women in the United States
Authors: Meltzer Arthur A. , Everhart James E. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractPopulation‐based data have not been readily available on relatively short‐term changes in weight. Therefore, we sought to determine the nature of self‐reported substantial (> 10%) weight change over one year in a representative sample of the US population which participated in the 1989 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS). Across all ages, a larger proportion of women than men reported both weight loss as well as weight gain of any amount (18.9% vs. 16.1% for weight loss and 20.0% vs. 16.1% for weight gain). In sex‐specific logistic regression analyses, significant risk factors common to both sexes for substantial weight loss included divorced/separated marital status, smoking, increased number of blood pressure checks, increased BMI (body mass index) and increased number of bed days. Black race reduced the risk of weight loss for both men and women. Sex‐specific risk factors for weight loss in men only were widowhood or never married marital status, while increasing age was a protective factor in women only. Concerning weight gain > 10% over the past year, increased number of blood pressure checks and having one or more diabetic parents were significant risk factors among both men and women; while never being married, increased age, BMI, and education exerted a protective effect in both sexes. For women only, risk factors for weight gain included black race, increased number of contacts with a health professional, and being unemployed. Intention to lose weight was associated with both weight gain and weight loss in both sexes, although it did not serve as a confounder in any of these relationships. A greater likelihood of substantial weight loss among women relative to men was diminished for persons with higher BMI, higher number of blood pressure checks, being widowed, divorced or separated, and intention to lose weight. A greater likelihood of substantial weight gain among women relative to men was diminished for persons with low BMI. The results of this cross‐sectional study of weight change, involving a one‐year follow‐up period, generally correspond with the results obtained by longitudinal studies involving a longer follow‐up.
A Review of Dietary and Environmental Correlates of Obesity with Emphasis on Developing Countries
Authors: Popkin Barry M. , Paeratakul Sahasporn , Zhai Fengying , Ge Keyou 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThe relationships between dietary and environmental factors and obesity are reviewed. Findings from selected population studies of diet and body weight are presented. In general, the results from population studies of diet and obesity have been inconsistent and marked with methodological weaknesses, especially the use of cross‐sectional study design. Apart from the diet, several social and economic factors appear to be important correlates of obesity in the population. However, most studies have focused on the socioeconomic status as abroad, composite measure. The relationships between income, education, occupation, place of residence, and obesity are reviewed here, with emphasis on the developing countries. In many developing countries, the changing dietary pattern, along with rising life expectancy and changing socioeconomic environment, has contributed to the increasing problems of obesity and other diet‐related chronic diseases that will have an enormous impact on the health and health care resource of these countries in the near future.
Prevention of Obesity in Middle‐Aged Monkeys: Food Intake During Body Weight Clamp
Authors: Hansen Barbara C. , Ortmeyer Heidi K. , Bodkin Noni L. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractPrevention of obesity and increase in longevity in obesity‐prone rodents can be achieved by long‐term moderate dietary restriction. In order to examine the likelihood that caloric restriction could have similar salutary effects in humans, rhesus monkeys, after reaching mature adult stature, were placed on a protocol to clamp or stabilize body weight by weekly caloric adjustment Further weight gain was prevented by this caloric titration procedure, and thus middle‐age onset obesity, which is very common in this species, was prevented. The present study analyzed daily food intake for six weight‐clamped monkeys and six ad libitum fed age‐matched animals over a 3‐ year period, ages 18.5 to 21.5 years. After approximately 9 years of caloric restriction the daily calorie load to maintain stable adult body weight proved to be 40% less than the amount ingested by ad libitum fed animals. Calories per kg body weight did not differ significantly between the groups although the ad libitum fed animals were significantly fatter than the weight‐clamped group. Prevention of obesity using this weight clamp protocol has also maintained lower insulin levels and higher glucose tolerance in the restricted animals.
Differential Impact of Obesity in Related Populations
Authors: Valdez Rodolfo , González‐Villalpando Clicerio , Mitchell Braxton D. , Haffner Steven M. , Stern Michael P. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractTo search for genetic and environmental determinants of obesity, we compared the prevalences and the impact of obesity in three populations from two cities: Mexican Amcricans (n=820) and non‐Hispanic whites (n=1112)from San Antonio, Texas, and Mexicans from Mexico City (n= 1878). In the age range examined, 35–64 years, only Mexican men and women showed a significant increase in the prevalence of obesity with age. On the other hand, genetic ancestry, especially in women, made significant differences in the rates of obesity. Mexican Americans showed relatively high, and non‐Hispanic whites low, rates of obesity. To discriminate between genetic and environmental influences mediating the impact of obesity on a set of hemodynamic and metabolic variables, we compared this impact between Mexican Americans and both non‐Hispanic whites (same macro‐environment, different gene pools), and Mexicans (same gene pool, different environments). We found that obesity always worsens the hemodynamic and metabolic profiles of individuals, but the magnitude of the effects may be variable. We showed that the levels of insulin concentrations for a given level of obesity were similar in Mexicans and Mexican Americans, suggesting that genetic influences predominate in determining insulin levels; the levels of triglycerides and HDL for a given level of obesity were similar in Mexican Americans and non‐Hispanic whites, suggesting predominant environmental influences on lipid levels. On the other hand, the levels of glucose and systolic blood pressure for a given level of obesity were usually different between Mexican Americans and either of the other two populations, suggesting that these levels may result from genotype‐by‐environment interactions.
Changing Diet and Exercise Behaviors in Individuals at Risk for Weight Gain
Authors: Wing Rena R. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractTo date, there have been very few studies on the primary prevention of obesity and/or weight gain. This paper identifies three time periods that might be appropriate for such efforts at weight gain prevention‐the 25 to 35 year age window, the perimeno pausal period, and the year following successful weight loss. Research is encouraged that compares these three time periods and various intervention strategies. Several different approaches to primary prevention are identified, including group treatment pro grams with weekly meetings vs. less intensive, community‐ based interventions; focusing on those who are currently at ideal body weight vs. including those who are over weight as well; and targeting weight gain prevention per se vs. attempting to produce modest weight losses and/or modify cardiovascular risk factors. This paper suggests that primary prevention efforts should include exercise, changes in quality and quantity of food consumed, behavior modification, and some degree of therapist contact, but the manner in which these changes should be implemented to produce long‐term habit change remains unclear.
Current Status of the Human Obesity Gene Map
Authors: Bouchard Claude , Pérusse Louis 
Published: September 2012

AbstractAn overview of the status of the human obesity gene map up to October 1995 is presented. The evidence is drawn from several lines of clinical and experimental research. First, 12 loci linked to Mendelian disorders exhibiting obesity as one clinical feature are reviewed. Second, six loci causing obesity in rodent models of the disease are considered. Third, eight chromosomal regions where quantitative trait loci, identified by crossbreeding experiments with informative strains of mice, are defined. Fourth, 10 candidate genes exhibiting a statistical association with BMI or body fat are introduced. Fifth, nine loci found to be linked to a relevant phenotype are listed and the four cases for which the evidence for linkage is strongest are emphasized. The latter are mapped to 2p25, 6p21.3, 7q33 and 20q12‐13.11. Finally, the studies that have concluded that there was no association or linkage with a marker or gene are also reviewed. It is recommended that a system be developed by the obesity research community to ensure that an accurate and easily accessible computerized version of the human obesity gene map becomes available in the near future.
Quantitation and Localization of Regional Body Fat Distribution ‐ A Comparison Between Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Somatometry
Authors: Sharma Ramesh C. , Kramsch Dieter M. , Lee Paul L. , Colletti Patrick , Jiao Qun 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThe emerging concept that various fat compartments are metabolically active and play separate and decisive roles in the pathogenesis of coronary atherosclerosis, hypertension, insulin resistance, diabetes and stroke, has given obesity research a new direction. Of particular interest is the relative amount of intra‐abdominal fat thought to be responsible for the metabolic complications. We studied the precise fat distribution and its correlations with the metabolic parameters in 44 non‐human primates (Macaca fascicularis). Intra‐abdominal, subcutaneous, and total abdominal fat (IAF, SAF, TAF) were assessed by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and somatometry. Quantitative computer analyses of abdominal MRI scans revealed predominant IAF distribution. Box plot analysis of IAF and SAF revealed wide diversity in the amounts of fat, especially in monkeys with body mass index (BMI) <30 kg/m2. Primates with similar BMI in each quartile revealed an extensive heterogeneity in IAF as well as SAF. Numerous significant correlations within site‐specific somatometric measurements as well as within the MRI determinants of abdominal fat were seen. However, only body weight correlated with IAF and skinfolds could predict SAF. After adjusting for body weight, partial correlation analysis showed a significant correlation (P<0.05) between total cholesterol and IAF. Conclusion: MRI revealed considerable heterogeneity of IAF, SAF and TAF in a cohort of primates believed to be homogeneous by somatometric definition. Male cynomolgus monkeys appear to be a valuable model for a systematic evaluation of fat. Individuals with identical body weight and height may show a diverse pattern of fat distribution.
Changes in Self‐Efficacy Following Obesity Treatment
Authors: Clark Matthew M. , Cargill Byron R. , Medeiros Meredith L. , Pera Vincent 
Published: September 2012

AbstractSelf‐efficacy is an important component in the treatment of obesity. However, there is limited research examining changes in self‐efficacy following obesity treatment. In this quasi‐experimental study, 26 obese subjects demonstrated significant improvement on the Weight Efficacy Life‐Style Questionnaire (WEL) following participation in a 26‐week multidisciplinary VLCD program. Subjects demonstrated significant improvement from pre‐ to post‐treatment on total WEL scores and on all five of the situational factors: Negative Emotions, Availability, Social Pressure, Physical Discomfort and Positive Activities. These results provide further construct validity for the WEL and offer guidelines for the amount of change that subjects may demonstrate on the WEL following obesity treatment.
Changes in Sleeping and Basal Energy Expenditure and Substrate Oxidation Induced by Short Term Thyroxin Administration in Man
Authors: Bracco David , Morin Odette , Liang Hong , Jéquier Eric , Burger Albert G. , Schutz Yves 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThe present study was designed to explore the thermogenic effect of thyroid hormone administration and the resulting changes in nitrogen homeostasis. Normal male volunteers (n=7) received thyroxin during 6 weeks. The first 3‐week period served to suppress endogenous thyroid secretion (180μg T4/day). This dose was doubled for the next 3 weeks. Sleeping energy expenditure (respiratory chamber) and BMR (hood) were measured by indirect calorimetry, under standardized conditions. Sleeping heart rate was continuously recorded and urine was collected during this 12‐hour period to assess nitrogen excretion. The changes in energy expenditure, heart rate and nitrogen balance were then related to the excess thyroxin administered.After 3 weeks of treatment, serum TSH level fell to 0.15 mU/L, indicating an almost complete inhibition of the pituitary‐thyroid axis. During this phase of treatment there was an increase in sleeping EE and sleeping heart rate, which increased further by doubling the T4 dose (ΔEE: +8.5 ± 2.3%, Δ heart rate +16.1 ± 2.2%). The T4 dose, which is currently used as a substitutive dose, lead to a borderline hyperthyroid state, with an increase in EE and heart rate. Exogenous T4 administration provoked a significant increase in urinary nitrogen excretion averaging 40%. It is concluded that T4 provokes an important stimulation of EE, which is mostly mediated by an excess protein oxidation.
Nutrition and Physical Activity Program to Attenuate Obesity and Promote Physical and Metabolic Fitness in Elementary School Children
Authors: Donnelly Joseph E. , Jacobsen Dennis J. , Whatley Janet E. , Hill James O. , Swift Larry L. , Cherrington Alan , Polk Brent , Tran Zung V. , Reed George 
Published: September 2012

AbstractObesity and low levels of physical and metabolic fitness are risk factors for cardiovascular disease and diabetes. The purpose of this investigation was to attenuate obesity and improve physical and metabolic fitness in elementary school children. Schools have the opportunity, mechanisms, and personnel in place to deliver nutrition education, fitness activities, and a school food service that is nutritious and healthy. Cohorts from grades 3 to 5 in two school districts in rural Nebraska (Intervention/Control) participated in a 2‐year study of physical activity and modified school lunch program. Data collection for aerobic capacity, body composition, blood chemistry, nutrition knowledge, energy intake, and physical activity was at the beginning and end of each year. Int received enhanced physical activity, grade specific nutrition education, and a lower fat and sodium school lunch program. Con continued with a regular school lunch and team sports activity program. At year 2, Int lunches had significantly less energy (9%), fat (25%), sodium (21%), and more fiber (17%). However, measures of 24‐hour energy intake for Int and Con showed significant differences for sodium only. Physical activity in the classroom was 6% greater for Int compared to Con (p < 0.05) but physical activity outside of school was −16 % less for Int compared to Con (p < 0.05). Body weight and body fat were not different between schools for normal weight or obese children. No differences were found for cholesterol, insulin, and glucose; however, HDL cholesterol was significantly greater and cholesterol/HDL was significantly less for Int compared to Con (p < 0.05). It appears that compensation in both energy intake and physical activity outside of school may be responsible for the lack of differences between Int and Con.
Neuropeptide Y Stimulates Feeding but Inhibits Sexual Behavior in Rats*
Authors: Clark John T. , Kalra Pushpa S. , Kalra Satya P. 
Published: September 2012

The effects of neuropeptide Y (NPY), a tyrosine‐rich peptide found in the rat brain, on feeding and sexual behavior were studied in male and female rats. Intraventricular (ivt) injections of NPY during the final hours of the light period induced feeding in a dose‐related manner. While the lowest dose tested (0.02 nM) was without effect, higher doses (0.12, 0.47, 2.3 nM) uniformly elicited feeding with a latency of about 15 min in male rats. With the most effective dose, 0.47 nM, the increased food intake was due to an increased local eating rate. In contrast, the pattern of feeding behavior after a related peptide, rat pancreatic polypeptide (rPP), was quite different and less impressive. During the first hour, only one ivt dose of rPP (0.45 nM) evoked an increase in food intake, due to an increased time spent eating. Further, the effects of NPY on food intake were greater during the nocturnal period. Interestingly, increased food intake in nocturnal tests (4 h) was due solely to augmented intake during the first 60 min after ivt administration.In mating tests, initiated 2 h after the onset of darkness and 10 min after ivt administration of peptide, all but the lowest dose of NPY (0.01 nM) drastically suppressed ejaculatory behavior. Most rats treated with higher doses of NPY (0.02, 0.12, or 0.47 nM) mounted and intromitted only a few times before the cessation of sexual activity, and elongated latencies to the initial mount and intromission were observed. In contrast to the dramatic NPY‐induced suppression of ejaculatory behavior, rPP (0.11 and 0.45 nM) was without effect on copulatory behavior. To substantiate further that the impairment of sexual behavior seen in NPY‐treated rats was not due to an attenuated sexual ability, an additional experiment was performed. Penile reflexes, including erection, were monitored 10 min after ivt injection of NPY (0.12 nM), rPP (0.11 nM), or saline. No effect of NPY or rPP was observed on the proportion of rats showing erection or latency to initial erection, or in the number of erections per test. In fact, a slight facilitation of penile dorsiflexion responses was seen after NPY. These findings suggest that NPY selectively depresses sexual motivation in the male rat.In ovariectomized female rats responding to estrogen plus progesterone with a good level of sexual receptivity (lordosis quotient > 70), ivt saline and 0.01 nM NPY were without effect on sexual behavior. However, higher doses of NPY (0.12 and 0.47 nM) promptly suppressed sexual behavior in tests initiated 10 min after treatment. A significant 50% decrement in receptivity and a virtual elimination of proceptive behavior were observed. Further, although a low level of mounting (one to five mounts in 15 min) was seen in both the saline (33% mounting) and the 0.01 nM NPY (38% mounting) treated groups, none was observed in animals treated with the higher NPY doses. These observations indicate that NPY may also suppress female sexual behavior.
Sagittal Diameter Minus Subcutaneous Thickness. An Easy‐to‐Obtain Parameter That Improves Visceral Fat Prediction
Authors: Armellini Fabio , Zamboni Mauro , Harris Tamara , Micciolo Rocco , Bosello Ottavio 
Published: September 2012

AbstractARMELLINI FABIO, MAURO ZAMBONI, TAMARA HARRIS, ROCCO MICCIOLO, OTTAVIO BOSELLO. Sagittal diameter minus subcutaneous thickness. An easy‐to‐obtain parameter that improves visceral fat prediction.Two groups of 99 and 98 women were studied to test if correcting sagittal diameter by subtracting the thickness of subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue improves its degree of association with visceral adipose tissue. The first group (age, 40 ± 14 years; body mass index [BMI], 36 ± 6 kg/m2) was used to calculate the predictive equations for visceral adipose tissue. The second group (age, 43 ± 14 years; BMI, 37 ± 6 kg/m2) was used for cross‐validation. Various anthropometric parameters were measured by ultrasound and computed tomography. Correlation coefficients with single‐slice visceral adipose tissue area, after sagittal diameter was corrected by subtracting subcutaneous thickness, rose from 0.63 to 0.72 in the first group and from 0.64 to 0.71 in the second group. The standard error of residuals of the regression formula for visceral adipose tissue area was 10% lower with modified sagittal diameter than with sagittal diameter alone. During cross‐validation, the standard error of differences was 5% lower with modified sagittal diameter. The visceral adipose tissue estimate was also less biased by the size of the area when sagittal diameter minus subcutaneous thickness was used. Results show that subtracting the thickness of abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue from sagittal diameter significantly improves the predictive power of sagittal diameter for visceral adipose tissue and could be a useful tool for epidemiological studies.
Resting Metabolic Rate in African‐American and Caucasian Girls
Authors: Yanovski Susan Zelitch , Reynolds James C. , Boyle Allison J. , Yanovskif Jack A. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractYANOVSKI, SUSAN ZELITCH, JAMES C REYNOLDS, ALLISON J BOYLE, JACK A YANOVSKI. Resting metabolic rate in African‐American and Caucasian girls.Recent studies have found a lower resting metabolic rate (RMR) in African‐American (AA) women with obesity as compared with Caucasian (C) women with obesity. It is unknown if this difference in RMR is seen in prepubertal girls or in those of average body weight. Therefore, we studied RMR in 21 AA and 24 C girls, ages 7–10, who were well matched for age, weight, body mass index (BMI), and pubertal status. All had BMI between 15% and 85% for age and race, based on data from the First National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Fat free mass (FFM) was measured by dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry. RMR was measured with a Deltatrac indirect calorimeter under controlled conditions after the subjects underwent an overnight fast. The slopes of the regression equations were similar for both groups (ρ=0.7). After adjustment for FEM, the AA girls had a significantly lower RMR than did the C girls (−92 ± 32 kcal/d, ρ=0.007 by analysis of covariance). This significance was maintained after exclusion of total body bone mineral content. These data suggest that normal‐weight prepubertal AA girls may have reduced resting energy expenditure compared with C girls.
Effects of Visceral Fat and Weight Loss on Lipoprotein(a) Concentration in Subjects with Obesity
Authors: Zamboni M. , Facchinetti R. , Armellini F. , Turcato E. , Andreis I.A. Bergamo , Bosello O. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractZAMBONI M, R FACCHINETTI, F ARMELLINI, E TURCATO, IA BERGAMO ANDREIS, O BOSELLO. Effects of visceral fat and weight loss on lipoprotein(a) concentration in subjects with obesity.We studied the relationships between regional body fat distribution and metabolic variables with lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] as well as the effects of weight loss on Lp(a) in 25 women and 9 men with obesity. Regional body fat distribution, as evaluated by the use of computed tomography; Lp(a); and fasting glucose, insulin, cholesterol, and triglycerides were analyzed before and after a very low‐energy diet. No significant correlations were found between visceral, subcutaneous, and total fat and Lp(a) or between metabolic variables and Lp(a). All anthropometric variables significantly decreased after a very low‐energy diet. Fasting glucose, insulin, triglycerides, and cholesterol significantly decreased after a very low‐energy diet. No significant changes in Lp(a) concentration after a very low‐energy diet were found. The correlation between the initial values of Lp(a) and changes of Lp(a) after a very low‐energy diet was slightly significant (ρ=0.33, p<0.06). In conclusion, our study shows that Lp(a) is not influenced by obesity, visceral fat, metabolic variables, or weight loss induced by a very low‐energy diet