bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Can analyses of electronic patient records be independently and externally validated? The effect of statins on the mortality of patients with ischaemic heart disease: a cohort study with nested case–control analysis
Authors: Reeves David , Springate David A , Ashcroft Darren M , Ryan Ronan , Doran Tim , Morris Richard , Olier Ivan , Kontopantelis Evangelos 
Published: April 2014

ObjectiveTo conduct a fully independent and external validation of a research study based on one electronic health record database, using a different electronic database sampling the same population.DesignUsing the Clinical Practice Research Datalink (CPRD), we replicated a published investigation into the effects of statins in patients with ischaemic heart disease (IHD) by a different research team using QResearch. We replicated the original methods and analysed all-cause mortality using: (1) a cohort analysis and (2) a case-control analysis nested within the full cohort.SettingElectronic health record databases containing longitudinal patient consultation data from large numbers of general practices distributed throughout the UK.ParticipantsCPRD data for 34 925 patients with IHD from 224 general practices, compared to previously published results from QResearch for 13 029 patients from 89 general practices. The study period was from January 1996 to December 2003.ResultsWe successfully replicated the methods of the original study very closely. In a cohort analysis, risk of death was lower by 55% for patients on statins, compared with 53% for QResearch (adjusted HR 0.45, 95% CI 0.40 to 0.50; vs 0.47, 95% CI 0.41 to 0.53). In case-control analyses, patients on statins had a 31% lower odds of death, compared with 39% for QResearch (adjusted OR 0.69, 95% CI 0.63 to 0.75; vs OR 0.61, 95% CI 0.52 to 0.72). Results were also close for individual statins.ConclusionsDatabase differences in population characteristics and in data definitions, recording, quality and completeness had a minimal impact on key statistical outputs. The results uphold the validity of research using CPRD and QResearch by providing independent evidence that both datasets produce very similar estimates of treatment effect, leading to the same clinical and policy decisions. Together with other non-independent replication studies, there is a nascent body of evidence for wider validity.
Validity of the International Classification of Diseases, 10th revision discharge diagnosis codes for hyponatraemia in the Danish National Registry of Patients
Authors: Holland-Bill Louise , Christiansen Christian Fynbo , Ulrichsen Sinna Pilgaard , Ring Troels , Jørgensen Jens Otto Lunde , Sørensen Henrik Toft 
Published: April 2014

ObjectiveTo examine the validity of theInternational Classification of Diseases, 10th revision (ICD-10) codes for hyponatraemia in the nationwide population-based Danish National Registry of Patients (DNRP) among inpatients of all ages.DesignPopulation-based validation study.SettingAll somatic hospitals in the North and Central Denmark Regions from 2006 through 2011.Participants:Patients of all ages admitted to hospital (n=819 701 individual patients) during the study period. The patient could be included in the study more than once, and our study did not restrict to patients with serum sodium measurements (total of n=2 186 642 hospitalisations).Main outcome measureWe validated ICD-10 discharge diagnoses of hyponatraemia recorded in the DNRP, using serum sodium measurements obtained from the laboratory information systems (LABKA) research database as the gold standard. One sodium value <135 mmol/L measured at any time during hospitalisation confirmed the diagnosis. We estimated sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) for ICD-10 codes for hyponatraemia overall and for cut-off points for increasing hyponatraemia severity.ResultAn ICD-10 code for hyponatraemia was recorded in the DNRP in 5850 of the 2 186 642 hospitalisations identified. According to laboratory measurements, however, hyponatraemia was present in 306 418 (14%) hospitalisations. Sensitivity of hyponatraemia diagnoses was 1.8% (95% CI 1.7% to 1.8%). For sodium values <115 mmol/L, sensitivity was 34.3% (95% CI 32.6% to 35.9%). The overall PPV was 92.5% (95% CI 91.8% to 93.1%) and decreased with increasing hyponatraemia severity. Specificity and NPV were high for all cut-off points (≥99.8% and ≥86.2%, respectively). Patients with hyponatraemia without a corresponding ICD-10 discharge diagnosis were younger and had higher Charlson Comorbidity Index scores than patients with hyponatraemia with a hyponatraemia code in the DNRP.ConclusionsICD-10 codes for hyponatraemia in the DNRP have high specificity but very low sensitivity. Laboratory test results, not discharge diagnoses, should be used to ascertain hyponatraemia.
Outcomes of tailored angioplasty and/or stenting for symptomatic intracranial atherosclerosis: a prospective cohort study after SAMMPRIS
Authors: Miao Zhongrong , Song Ligang , Liebeskind David S , Liu Liping , Ma Ning , Wang Yilong , Mo Dapeng , Gao Feng , Zhao Xingquan , Dong Kehui , Zhang Dong , Gao Peiyi 
Published: April 2014

Background and purposeHigh periprocedural complication rate is a key limitation of endovascular treatment of intracranial atherosclerotic disease (ICAD), despite potential risk reduction of recurrent stroke. Taking lessons from the Stenting and Aggressive Medical Management for Preventing Recurrent Stroke in Intracranial Arterial Stenosis (SAMMPRIS) trial, targeting a selected patient population, we prospectively evaluated the feasibility and safety of tailored angioplasty and/or stenting for patients with ICAD.MethodsFrom November 2011 to October 2012, 158 patients with symptomatic ICAD caused by hypoperfusion combined with poor collateral flow were consecutively recruited into a prospective single center study. Patients were divided into three groups based on arterial access and lesion morphology: balloon mounted stent group (group BS) for smooth access and Mori A lesion, angioplasty plus self-expanding stent group (group AS) for tortuous access and Mori B or C lesion, and angioplasty group (group AG) for tortuous access and Mori A lesion. The primary endpoints were successful procedure rate and any vascular event within 30 days.ResultsOverall technical success rate was 96.3% (154/158). There were significant differences in the technical success rate: 89.7% (35/39) in group AG compared with 97.5% (79/81) in group BS and 100% (38/38) in group AS (p=0.042). The 30 day composite stroke, myocardial infarction, or death rate was 4.4% (7/158). Stroke within 30 days occurred in four patients in group BS and in three patients in group AS.ConclusionsIndividualized treatment of ICAD using tailored devices according to arterial access and lesion morphology was feasible and safe in symptomatic patients caused by hypoperfusion with poor collateral flow.
No Causal Association Identified for Human Papillomavirus Infections in Lung Cancer
Authors: Anantharaman Devasena , Gheit Tarik , Waterboer Tim , Halec Gordana , Carreira Christine , Abedi-Ardekani Behnoush , McKay-Chopin Sandrine , Zaridze David , Mukeria Anush , Szeszenia-Dabrowska Neonila , Lissowska Jolanta , Mates Dana , Janout Vladimir , Foretova Lenka , Bencko Vladimir , Rudnai Peter , Fabianova Eleonora , Tjønneland Anne , Travis Ruth C. , Boeing Heiner , Quirós J. Ramón , Johansson Mikael , Krogh Vittorio , Bueno-de-Mesquita H. Bas , Kotanidou Anastasia , Clavel-Chapelon Françoise , Weiderpass Elisabete , Johansson Mattias , Pawlita Michael , Scelo Ghislaine , Tommasino Massimo , Brennan Paul 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) infections have been implicated in lung carcinogenesis, but causal associations remain uncertain. We evaluated a potential causal role for HPV infections in lung cancer through an analysis involving serology, tumor DNA, RNA, and p16 protein expression. Association between type-specific HPV antibodies and risk of lung cancer was examined among 3,083 cases and 4,328 controls in two case–control studies (retrospective) and one nested case–control study (prospective design). Three hundred and thirty-four available tumors were subjected to pathologic evaluation and subsequent HPV genotyping following stringent conditions to detect all high-risk and two low-risk HPV types. All HPV DNA-positive tumors were further tested for the expression of p16 protein and type-specific HPV mRNA. On the basis of the consistency of the results, although HPV11 and HPV31 E6 antibodies were associated with lung cancer risk in the retrospective study, no association was observed in the prospective design. Presence of type-specific antibodies correlated poorly with the presence of the corresponding HPV DNA in the tumor. Although nearly 10% of the lung tumors were positive for any HPV DNA (7% for HPV16 DNA), none expressed the viral oncogenes. No association was observed between HPV antibodies or DNA and lung cancer survival. In conclusion, we found no supportive evidence for the hypothesized causal association between HPV infections and lung cancer. Cancer Res; 74(13); 3525–34. ©2014 AACR.
Genetic Variation in Prostate-Specific Antigen–Detected Prostate Cancer and the Effect of Control Selection on Genetic Association Studies
Authors: Knipe Duleeka W. , Evans David M. , Kemp John P. , Eeles Rosalind , Easton Douglas F. , Kote-Jarai Zsofia , Al Olama Ali Amin , Benlloch Sara , Donovan Jenny L. , Hamdy Freddie C. , Neal David E. , Davey Smith George , Lathrop Mark , Martin Richard M. 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
Background: Only a minority of the genetic components of prostate cancer risk have been explained. Some observed associations of SNPs with prostate cancer might arise from associations of these SNPs with circulating prostate-specific antigen (PSA) because PSA values are used to select controls.
Methods: We undertook a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of screen-detected prostate cancer (ProtecT: 1,146 cases and 1,804 controls); meta-analyzed the results with those from the previously published UK Genetic Prostate Cancer Study (1,854 cases and 1,437 controls); investigated associations of SNPs with prostate cancer using either “low” (PSA &lt; 0.5 ng/mL) or “high” (PSA ≥ 3 ng/mL, biopsy negative) PSA controls; and investigated associations of SNPs with PSA.
Results: The ProtecT GWAS confirmed previously reported associations of prostate cancer at three loci: 10q11.23, 17q24.3, and 19q13.33. The meta-analysis confirmed associations of prostate cancer with SNPs near four previously identified loci (8q24.21,10q11.23, 17q24.3, and 19q13.33). When comparing prostate cancer cases with low PSA controls, alleles at genetic markers rs1512268, rs445114, rs10788160, rs11199874, rs17632542, rs266849, and rs2735839 were associated with an increased risk of prostate cancer, but the effect-estimates were attenuated to the null when using high PSA controls (Pheterogeneity in effect-estimates &lt; 0.04). We found a novel inverse association of rs9311171-T with circulating PSA.
Conclusions: Differences in effect-estimates for prostate cancer observed when comparing low versus high PSA controls may be explained by associations of these SNPs with PSA.
Impact: These findings highlight the need for inferences from genetic studies of prostate cancer risk to carefully consider the influence of control selection criteria. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 23(7); 1356–65. ©2014 AACR.
Autocrine VEGF/VEGFR1 Signaling in a Subpopulation of Cells Associates with Aggressive Osteosarcoma
Authors: Ohba Tetsuro , Cates Justin M.M. , Cole Heather A. , Slosky David A. , Haro Hirotaka , Ando Takashi , Schwartz Herbert S. , Schoenecker Jonathan G. 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
Osteosarcoma is the most common primary bone malignancy and accounts for more than half of primary skeletal malignancies in children and young adults. Although vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression in osteosarcoma has been associated with poor outcome, its role in the pathogenesis of osteosarcoma remains controversial. Here, VEGF and VEGFR1 expression in both human and murine osteosarcoma cells associated with increasing malignant potential. Autocrine VEGF/VEGFR1 signaling resulted in constitutive activation of VEGFR1 in highly aggressive osteosarcoma cells. In addition, survival and proliferation of highly aggressive osteosarcoma cells was dependent on autocrine VEGF/R1 signaling in vitro. The effect of VEGFR1 expression on in vivo tumor growth and angiogenesis was evaluated by immunoselecting subpopulations of osteosarcoma cells that express high or low levels of VEGFR1. Cell enriched for high VEGFR1 expression showed increased VEGF production, tumor growth, tumor angiogenesis, and osteolysis in vivo. In addition, it was demonstrated that VEGF and VEGFR1 are coexpressed by a subset of tumor cells in human osteosarcoma, similar to what was observed in the murine osteosarcoma cells. These results suggest that autocrine VEGF/VEGFR1 signaling in a subpopulation of tumor cells plays a pivotal role in osteosarcoma progression.
Implications: Aggressive osteosarcoma phenotypes are mediated by autocrine VEGF/VEGFR1 signaling and improved stratification measures and novel anti-angiogenic strategies may benefit this specific tumor type. Mol Cancer Res; 12(8); 1100–11. ©2014 AACR.
Clinical Characteristics and Outcomes Associated With the Natural History of Early Repolarization in a Young, Biracial Cohort Followed to Middle Age
Authors: Ilkhanoff Leonard , Soliman Elsayed Z. , Prineas Ronald J. , Walsh Joseph A. , Ning Hongyan , Liu Kiang , Carr J. Jeffrey , Jacobs David R. , Lloyd-Jones Donald M. 
Published: April 2014

Background—
Early repolarization (ER), a common electrocardiographic phenotype, has been associated with increased mortality risk in middle-aged adults. Data are sparse on long-term follow-up and outcomes associated with ER in younger adults.

Methods and Results—

We prospectively examined 5039 participants (mean age, 25 years at baseline, 40% black) from the Coronary Artery Disease Risk in Adults (CARDIA) cohort for 23 years. Twelve-lead ECGs were recorded and analyzed at years 0, 7, and 20 and coded as definite or probable ER using a standardized algorithm. Cox regression was used, and models were adjusted for important baseline and clinical covariates. Kaplan–Meier curves were created for presence of ER and total mortality and cardiovascular mortality. Participants with ER were more likely to be black, male, smoke, have higher systolic blood pressure, lower heart rate and body mass index, higher exercise duration, and longer PR, QRS, and QT intervals. ER was associated with total mortality (hazard ratio, 1.77; confidence interval, 1.38–2.28;
P
<0.01) and cardiovascular mortality (hazard ratio, 1.59; confidence interval, 1.01–2.50;
P
=0.04) in unadjusted analyses, but adjustment for age, sex, and race attenuated associations almost completely. Sex-race stratified analyses showed no significant associations between ER and outcome for any of the subgroups except blacks.

Conclusions—
The presence of ER at any time point during 23 years of follow-up was not associated with adverse outcomes. Black race and male sex confound the unadjusted association of ER and outcomes, with no race–sex interactions noted. Additional studies are necessary to understand the factors associated with heightened risk of death in those who maintain ER into and beyond middle age.
The Therapeutic Dilemma of Cochlear Nerve Deficiency: Cochlear or Brainstem Implantation?
Authors: Colletti Liliana , Colletti Giacomo , Mandalà Marco , Colletti Vittorio 
Published: April 2014

ObjectiveTo compare the outcomes between 2 age‐matched cohorts of children with cochlear nerve deficiency: those receiving auditory brainstem implants (group A) or cochlear implants (group B).Study DesignRetrospective cohort study.SettingTertiary referral center.Subjects and MethodsSubjects were selected from a pool of 537 children fitted with cochlear implants (n = 443) or auditory brainstem implants (n = 94) over the past 14 years. Performance, examined with the Category of Auditory Performance scale, and complications were compared with a mean follow‐up of 5 years.ResultsAll children had bilateral profound sensorineural hearing loss and cochlear nerve deficiency. Magnetic resonance imaging documented an absent cochlear nerve (n = 12) and a small cochlear nerve (n = 8) in group A and an absent cochlear nerve (n = 11) and a small cochlear nerve (n = 9) in group B (P = 1.000). Children with cochlear implants had Category of Auditory Performance scores spanning from 0 to 3 levels of performance, and all required manual communication mode and visual supplementation. Children with auditory brainstem implants had Category of Auditory Performance scores spanning from 2 to 7, and most patients demonstrated behavioral responses irrespective of inner ear malformations and an absent cochlear nerve or small cochlear nerve (P <. 001).ConclusionsIn children with cochlear nerve deficiency, patients fitted with cochlear implants did not develop speech understanding and production. Those fitted with auditory brainstem implants had the opportunity to develop open‐set speech perception, acquiring verbal language competence using oral communication exclusively and participating in mainstream education. The overall complication rate of auditory brainstem implants was not greater than that of cochlear implants.
Optical properties of epitaxial BiFeO3 thin film grown on SrRuO3-buffered SrTiO3 substrate
Authors: Xu Ji-Ping , Zhang Rong-Jun , Chen Zhi-Hui , Wang Zi-Yi , Zhang Fan , Yu Xiang , Jiang An-Quan , Zheng Yu-Xiang , Wang Song-You , Chen Liang-Yao 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
The BiFeO3 (BFO) thin film was deposited by pulsed-laser deposition on SrRuO3 (SRO)-buffered (111) SrTiO3 (STO) substrate. X-ray diffraction pattern reveals a well-grown epitaxial BFO thin film. Atomic force microscopy study indicates that the BFO film is rather dense with a smooth surface. The ellipsometric spectra of the STO substrate, the SRO buffer layer, and the BFO thin film were measured, respectively, in the photon energy range 1.55 to 5.40 eV. Following the dielectric functions of STO and SRO, the ones of BFO described by the Lorentz model are received by fitting the spectra data to a five-medium optical model consisting of a semi-infinite STO substrate/SRO layer/BFO film/surface roughness/air ambient structure. The thickness and the optical constants of the BFO film are obtained. Then a direct bandgap is calculated at 2.68 eV, which is believed to be influenced by near-bandgap transitions. Compared to BFO films on other substrates, the dependence of the bandgap for the BFO thin film on in-plane compressive strain from epitaxial structure is received. Moreover, the bandgap and the transition revealed by the Lorentz model also provide a ground for the assessment of the bandgap for BFO single crystals.

PACS codes: 78.67.-n, 78.20.-e, 07.60.Fs
Does Italy represent an opportunity for temporary migrants from the eastern partnership countries?
Authors: Marchetti Sabrina , Piazzalunga Daniela , Venturini Alessandra 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
The paper reviews the dynamics and characteristics of immigrant inflows to Italy from the EU’s Eastern Partnership countries. In particular, it compares Ukrainian and Moldovan migrants, which are the most numerous nationalities. Even though both groups show a feminisation of flows, high participation in the labour market and strong involvement in the domestic and care sectors, our research highlights the existence of two different migration profiles. Migration from Ukraine, mostly mature women, is mainly temporary; on the contrary, Moldovans tend to be younger, with a higher share of male and family reunifications and tend to migrate permanently.

JEL codes

J15; J61
Synthesis and Antibacterial Activity of Silver Nanoparticles Capped with a Carboxylic Acid-terminated Generation 1 Oleodendrimer
Authors: Kalhapure Rahul S , Akamanchi Krishnacharya G , Mocktar Chunderika , Govender Thirumala 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
This study investigated the potential of a novel carboxylic acid-terminated generation 1 oleodendrimer (E1A) as a novel biocompatible capping agent for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (E1A@Ag). Synthesized E1A@Ag particles were spherical with an average size of 9 ± 3 nm and displayed antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli. The current study, therefore, establishes E1A as an effective biocompatible material for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles.
Cathode Composition Dependence of Battery Performance of Polyoxometalate (POM) Molecular Cluster Batteries
Authors: Wang Heng , Yamada Tetsuya , Hamanaka Shun , Yoshikawa Hirofumi , Awaga Kunio 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
We demonstrated that the performance of the polyoxometalate molecular cluster battery (POM-MCB) is significantly dependent on the weight ratio of POM in the cathodes; the discharge capacities per unit weight of POM decrease as the POM weight ratio increases. Operando XAFS and impedance measurements of the POM-MCBs with higher POM ratios revealed that a decrease in the number of POM reduction electrons due to higher resistance in the cathode causes smaller discharge capacities per unit weight of POM.
Charge–Discharge Behavior of Secondary Organic Radical Battery Using 2-Aryl Nitronyl Nitroxides as the Cathode Active Material
Authors: Koizumi Takuya , Ohfuji Haruki , Tanaka Sayuri , Shigematsu Satoshi , Akutagawa Nao , Satoh Masaharu , Miura Yozo 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
Charge–discharge study of secondary organic battery using 2-aryl nitronyl nitroxides (2-aryl-4,5-dihydro-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-3-oxido-3-imidazolio-1-oxyls) as the cathode active material was performed. The electrochemical study showed that the nitronyl nitroxides afford a stable cation on oxidation and an anion on reduction. The charge–discharge study revealed that the organic radical battery works with the capacity corresponding to the two-electron process.
Facile Fabrication of Photoanodes of Tungsten(VI) Oxide on Carbon Microfiber Felts for Efficient Water Oxidation under Visible Light
Authors: Homura Hiroya , Ohtani Bunsho , Abe Ryu 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
Efficient photoanodes of tungsten oxide (WO3) were fabricated on three-dimensional conductive carbon microfiber felts (CMFs). Monolayers of fine WO3 particles with a diameter of ca. 150 nm were successfully loaded on the surface of CMFs by simple impregnation of a mixed aqueous solution of ammonium metatungstate and poly(ethylene glycol) followed by calcination in air, affording higher photocurrent densities and IPCE values for water oxidation under visible light than those on a conventional porous WO3 electrode prepared on a conductive glass substrate.
Mechanism of Hydride Transfer Reaction from β-Substituted Carbanions to a Carbocation
Authors: Liu Fengrui , Yan Shengyi , Zhu Xiaoqing 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
Mechanism of hydride transfer reactions to form olefins is still a conundrum. Here, we propose an electron transfer (ET) followed by hydrogen atom transfer (HT) as the most likely mechanism for hydride transfer reactions from the hydride adducts of olefins (G-XH−) to a carbocation (T+) in acetonitrile. This is confirmed by the analysis of the energetics of each mechanistic step, estimated from ΔHH− (the hydride affinity) and redox potentials of the related species, and activation energetics calculated from rate constants of the hydride transfer from G-XH− to T+.