bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Does Philosophy Need to Know Its History?
Authors: Geuss Raymond 
Published: July 2024

AbstractThe point of doing the history of philosophy is to confront that which is completely foreign to us and seems unassimilable, in the hope of thereby getting some distance from our own form of life, and of learning to treat what is alien on its own terms. This is more difficult to do than might first seem to be the case, because of our almost irresistable tendency to assimilate that which is radically different to that which seems familiar to us. In history, one of the major forms this takes is anachronism. How can one avoid making them-then too much like us-now? The motivation for doing the history of philosophy is, therefore, basically ethical and political. In a society characterised by the division of labour, it is perfectly permissible for individual philosophers to pursue different goals, and deploy different parts of the huge corpus of knowledge which we have at our disposal. There is no need for each individual philosopher to integrate the study of the history of philosophy into each of their individual projects. The essay leaves it to the judgment of the reader to decide to what extent the active, sympathetic engagement with the alien is an ethical and political goal which is desirable — perhaps even so desirable as to count as a demand. In any case, this is a demand on the institution, not on individuals. Even if one thought that it was highly advisable that the history of philosophy form an integral part of the discipline of philosophy, it is hard to see this as a “necessity”.
Nonpositively Curved Surfaces are Loewner
Authors: Katz Mikhail G. , Sabourau Stéphane 
Published: July 2024

AbstractWe show that every closed nonpositively curved surface satisfies Loewner’s systolic inequality. The proof relies on a combination of the Gauss–Bonnet formula with an averaging argument using the invariance of the Liouville measure under the geodesic flow. This enables us to find a disk with large total curvature around its center yielding a large area.
Octonionic Calabi–Yau Theorem
Authors: Alesker Semyon , Gordon Peter V. 
Published: July 2024

AbstractOn a certain class of 16-dimensional manifolds a new class of Riemannian metrics, called octonionic Kähler, is introduced and studied. It is an octonionic analogue of Kähler metrics on complex manifolds and of HKT-metrics of hypercomplex manifolds. Then for this class of metrics an octonionic version of the Monge–Ampère equation is introduced and solved under appropriate assumptions. The latter result is an octonionic version of the Calabi–Yau theorem from Kähler geometry.
Progress on mechanical and tribological characterization of 2D materials by AFM force spectroscopy
Authors: Wu Shuai , Gu Jie , Li Ruiteng , Tang Yuening , Gao Lingxiao , An Cuihua , Deng Qibo , Zhao Libin , Hu Ning 
Published: July 2024

AbstractTwo-dimensional (2D) materials are potential candidates for electronic devices due to their unique structures and exceptional physical properties, making them a focal point in nanotechnology research. Accurate assessment of the mechanical and tribological properties of 2D materials is imperative to fully exploit their potential across diverse applications. However, their nanoscale thickness and planar nature pose significant challenges in testing and characterizing their mechanical properties. Among the in situ characterization techniques, atomic force microscopy (AFM) has gained widespread applications in exploring the mechanical behaviour of nanomaterials, because of the easy measurement capability of nano force and displacement from the AFM tips. Specifically, AFM-based force spectroscopy is a common approach for studying the mechanical and tribological properties of 2D materials. This review comprehensively details the methods based on normal force spectroscopy, which are utilized to test and characterize the elastic and fracture properties, adhesion, and fatigue of 2D materials. Additionally, the methods using lateral force spectroscopy can characterize the interfacial properties of 2D materials, including surface friction of 2D materials, shear behaviour of interlayers as well as nanoflake-substrate interfaces. The influence of various factors, such as testing methods, external environments, and the properties of test samples, on the measured mechanical properties is also addressed. In the end, the current challenges and issues in AFM-based measurements of mechanical and tribological properties of 2D materials are discussed, which identifies the trend in the combination of multiple methods concerning the future development of the in situ testing techniques.
Foodborne Helminthiasis
Authors: Ortiz Javier Benito , Uys Matthys , Seguino Alessandro , Thomas Lian F. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Purpose of Review
This review focuses on key foodborne helminths: providing an overview of their lifecycles and major transmission routes to humans, their geographical distribution, clinical manifestations, human health burden and control aspects.

Recent Findings
Many foodborne helminths appear to be increasing in geographical distribution, driven by climatic and demographic changes; predominately increases in global humidity and temperature, favouring environmental survival and changes in human consumption practices, exposing many more people to high-risk foodstuffs. Although current estimates of human health burden indicate the need for us to focus on these diseases it is acknowledged that poor diagnostic performance and inefficient surveillance leads to an underestimate of burden and for some highly neglected helminths no burden estimates have been performed. It is acknowledged that intervention strategies should consider the full value chain and involve multiple stakeholders following a ‘One Health’ approach.

Summary
As well as improving burden estimates, key research needs for foodborne helminths include the need for improved diagnostic tools and better integration of the social sciences to ensure the development of contextually relevant and socially acceptable control strategies.
Model selection for network data based on spectral information
Authors: Peña Hidalgo Jairo Iván , Stewart Jonathan R. 
Published: July 2024

AbstractIn this work, we explore the extent to which the spectrum of the graph Laplacian can characterize the probability distribution of random graphs for the purpose of model evaluation and model selection for network data applications. Network data, often represented as a graph, consist of a set of pairwise observations between elements of a population of interests. The statistical network analysis literature has developed many different classes of network data models, with notable model classes including stochastic block models, latent node position models, and exponential families of random graph models. We develop a novel methodology which exploits the information contained in the spectrum of the graph Laplacian to predict the data-generating model from a set of candidate models. Through simulation studies, we explore the extent to which network data models can be differentiated by the spectrum of the graph Laplacian. We demonstrate the potential of our method through two applications to well-studied network data sets and validate our findings against existing analyses in the statistical network analysis literature.
Atomistic Simulations of the Shock and Spall Behavior of the Refractory High-Entropy Alloy HfNbTaTiZr
Authors: Thürmer Daniel , Deluigi Orlando R. , Urbassek Herbert M. , Bringa Eduardo M. , Merkert Nina 
Published: July 2024

AbstractUsing molecular dynamics simulation, we study the effect of a shock wave on the refractory high-entropy alloy HfNbTaTiZr. A single-crystalline sample, shocked along the [001] direction, is considered. The initial compression leads to only weak dislocation activity and a bcc $$\rightarrow$$
→
hcp transformation in some regions of the sample. After the shock wave is reflected from the free back surface of the sample, hcp transforms back to bcc, and twins are formed in the bcc phase. The sample spalls under the high tensile pressures developing after wave reflection. In this stage, we observe dislocation activity from the twin boundaries and inside the nanograins generated by twinning. Under the large tensile stresses, some fcc phase appears together with disordered amorphous regions where voids nucleate and lead to spall. The fracture surfaces follow the twin boundaries set up in the compression phase. The spall strength is similar to the one found in simulations of other bcc metals at similar strain rates. Similar simulations for the equiatomic HfNbTaZr HEA show the same qualitative behavior, with twins and reduced dislocation activity, but without phase transformations.
Evaluation of Vertical Patterns in Chlorophyll‐A Derived From a Data Assimilating Model of Satellite‐Based Ocean Color
Authors: Arteaga Lionel A. , Rousseaux Cecile S. 
Published: July 2024

AbstractSatellite‐based sensors of ocean color have become the primary tool to infer changes in surface chlorophyll, while BGC‐Argo floats are now filling the information gap at depth. Here we use BGC‐Argo data to assess depth‐resolved information on chlorophyll‐a derived from an ocean biogeochemical model constrained by the assimilation of surface ocean color remote sensing. The data‐assimilating model replicates well the general seasonality and meridional gradients in surface and depth‐resolved chlorophyll‐a inferred from the float array in the Southern Ocean. On average, the model tends to overestimate float‐based chlorophyll, particularly at times and locations of high productivity such as the beginning of the spring bloom, subtropical deep chlorophyll maxima, and non‐iron limited regions of the Southern Ocean. The highest model RMSE in the upper 50 m with respect to the float array is of 0.6 mg Chl m−3, which should allow the detection of seasonal changes in float‐based biomass (varying between 0.01 and >1 mg Chl m−3) but might hinder the identification of subtle changes in chlorophyll at narrow local scales. Both model and float profiling data show good agreement with in situ data from station ALOHA, with model estimates showing a slight accuracy edge in inferring depth‐resolved observations. Uncertainties in float bio‐optical estimates impede their use as a reliable benchmark for validation, but the general qualitative agreement between model and float data provides confidence in the ability of model to replicate biogeochemical features below the surface, where data is not directly constrained by the assimilation of satellite ocean color.
Changes in Oceanic Radiocarbon and CFCs Since the 1990s
Authors: Lester J. G. , Graven H. D. , Khatiwala S. , McNichol A. P. 
Published: July 2024

AbstractAnthropogenic perturbations from fossil fuel burning, nuclear bomb testing, and chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) use have created useful transient tracers of ocean circulation. The atmospheric 14C/C ratio (∆14C) peaked in the early 1960s and has decreased now to pre‐industrial levels, while atmospheric CFC‐11 and CFC‐12 concentrations peaked in the early 1990s and early 2000s, respectively, and have now decreased by 10%–20%. We present the first analysis of a decade of new observations (2007 to 2018–2019) and give a comprehensive overview of the changes in ocean ∆14C and CFC concentration since the WOCE surveys in the 1990s. Surface ocean ∆14C decreased at a nearly constant rate from the 1990–2010s (20‰/decade). In most of the surface ocean ∆14C is higher than in atmospheric CO2 while in the interior ocean, only a few places are found to have increases in ∆14C, indicating that globally, oceanic bomb 14C uptake has stopped and reversed. Decreases in surface ocean CFC‐11 started between the 1990 and 2000s, and CFC‐12 between the 2000–2010s. Strong coherence in model biases of decadal changes in all tracers in the Southern Ocean suggest ventilation of Antarctic Intermediate Water was enhanced from the 1990 to the 2000s, whereas ventilation of Subantarctic Mode Water was enhanced from the 2000 to the 2010s. The decrease in surface tracers globally between the 2000 and 2010s is consistently stronger in observations than in models, indicating a reduction in vertical transport and mixing due to stratification.
Spatial and Temporal Variability of Turbulent Mixing in the Deep Northwestern Pacific
Authors: Song Qifan , Zhou Chun , Xiao Xin , Xun Hao , Tian Zichen , Yang Qingxuan , Zhao Wei , Tian Jiwei 
Published: July 2024

AbstractSmall‐scale turbulent mixing supplies potential energy for the upwelling of deep waters in the abyssal ocean, a key component of the global overturning circulation. This process is particularly significant in critical regions such as the Northwestern Pacific where the upwelling structure of deep waters remains poorly understood due to limited knowledge of deep ocean mixing. Here, we investigate the full‐depth spatiotemporal variability of turbulent mixing in the deep Northwestern Pacific based on hydrographic data collected over repeated surveys. Nineteen‐year‐average diapycnal diffusivity of 1.42 × 10−4 m2 s−1 is reveled in the deep Philippine Sea, indicating significantly stronger mixing compared to the stratified ocean interior. Spatially, turbulent mixing strengthens toward the bottom and intensifies westward from the open Pacific to the Philippine Sea due to rough topography. At certain mixing hotspots, enhanced mixing can penetrate up to 2,500 m above the bottom, suggesting a substantial potential for upwelling. Below 2,000 m, turbulent mixing exhibits pronounced seasonal variation that deep mixing is more intense in summer (winter) than in winter (summer) in the West Caroline Basin (the Parece Vela Basin). This spatially varying seasonality may be attributed to the inhomogeneous internal tidal energy dissipation in the Northwestern Pacific. Our study will serve to clarify the modulation of turbulent mixing to deep‐water mass transformation and circulation in the Northwestern Pacific.
The Role of the Toroidal Vortex in Cumulus Clouds' Entrainment and Mixing
Authors: Eytan Eshkol , Arieli Yael , Khain Alexander , Altaratz Orit , Pinsky Mark , Gavze Ehud , Koren Ilan 
Published: July 2024

AbstractShallow convective clouds play a crucial role in Earth's energy budget, as they modulate the radiative transfer in the atmosphere and participate in the vertical transport of aerosols, energy, and humidity. The parameterizations representing these complex, vital players in weather and climate models are mostly based on a description of steady‐state plumes and are a source of major uncertainty. Recently, several studies have shown that buoyant thermals are inherent in atmospheric convection and contain a toroidal (ring) vortex. This work studies those vortices in growing shallow cumulus (Cu) clouds using high‐resolution (10 m) Large Eddy Simulations that resolve these vortices in much detail. Recent analysis of such data showed that small‐scale turbulent diffusion is unable to explain the large diluted portion of the cloud. Here we advocate for the important role of the Cu toroidal vortex (TV) in cloud dilution and present the complex dynamics and structure of a Cu TV. Nevertheless, since the vortex dominates the cloud's dilution, simplicity emerges when considering the cloud's lateral mass flux profile. The cloud mixing is quantified using direct flux calculations and Eulerian tracers. In addition, Lagrangian tracers are used to identify the origin of the entrained air and its thermodynamic properties. It shows that most of the air entrained by the vortex is not recycled by the vortex, yet is significantly more humid than the environment. We suggest that the development of new models describing thermals, together with their toroidal vortices, might improve cloud parameterizations in weather and climate models.
Next Generation Public Supply Water Withdrawal Estimation for the Conterminous United States Using Machine Learning and Operational Frameworks
Authors: Alzraiee Ayman , Niswonger Richard , Luukkonen Carol , Larsen Josh , Martin Donald , Herbert Deidre , Buchwald Cheryl , Dieter Cheryl , Miller Lisa , Stewart Jana , Houston Natalie , Paulinski Scott , Valseth Kristen 
Published: July 2024

AbstractEstimation of human water withdrawals is more important now than ever due to uncertain water supplies, population growth, and climate change. Fourteen percent of the total water withdrawal in the United States is used for public supply, typically including deliveries to domestic, commercial, and occasionally including industrial, irrigation, and thermoelectric water withdrawal. Stewards of water resources in the USA require estimates of water withdrawals to manage and plan for future demands and sustainable water supplies. This study compiled the most comprehensive conterminous United States water withdrawal data set to date and developed a machine learning framework for estimating public supply withdrawals and associated uncertainty for the period 2000–2020. The modeling approach provides service area resolution estimates to allow for annual and monthly water withdrawal estimation while incorporating a complex array of driving factors that include hydroclimatic, demographic, socioeconomic, geographic, and land use factors. Model results reveal highly variable and lognormally distributed per‐capita water withdrawal, spanning from 30 to 650 gallons per capita per day (GPCD), across community, regional, and national scales, with pronounced seasonal variations. Analysis of estimated withdrawal trends indicates that the national annual average withdrawal experienced a decline at a rate of 0.58 GPCD/year during the period from 2000 to 2020. Model interpretation reveals a complex interplay between public supply withdrawal and key predictors, including population size, warm‐season precipitation, counts of large buildings and houses, and areas of urban and commercial land use. The developed models can forecast future public supply driven by various climate, demographic, and socioeconomic scenarios.
Elevated serum kynurenic acid in individuals with first-episode psychosis and insufficient response to antipsychotics
Authors: Hatzimanolis Alex , Foteli Stefania , Xenaki Lida-Alkisti , Selakovic Mirjana , Dimitrakopoulos Stefanos , Vlachos Ilias , Kosteletos Ioannis , Soldatos Rigas-Filippos , Gazouli Maria , Chatzipanagiotou Stylianos , Stefanis Nikos 
Published: July 2024

AbstractThe tryptophan-metabolizing kynurenine pathway (KP) can be activated by enhanced inflammatory responses and has been implicated in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. However, there is little evidence for KP dysregulation in the early course of psychotic illness. We aimed to investigate the potential immune-mediated hyperactivity of KP in individuals with first-episode psychosis (FEP) and the relationship with symptom severity and treatment response outcomes. Serum immunoassays were performed to measure peripheral levels of inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-10, TNF-a), KP rate-limiting enzymes (IDO/TDO), and kynurenic acid (KYNA) metabolite in 104 antipsychotic-naïve patients with FEP and 80 healthy controls (HC). The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) and the Global Assessment of Functioning Scale (GAF) were administered to assess psychopathology and functioning status at admission and following 4-week treatment with antipsychotics. Cytokine and KP components levels were substantially increased in FEP patients compared to HC, before and after antipsychotic treatment. A significant positive correlation between pro-inflammatory IL-1β and KYNA levels was observed among FEP patients, but not in HC. Importantly, within-patient analysis revealed that those with higher baseline KYNA experienced more severe negative symptoms and poorer clinical improvement at follow-up. These findings suggest that KP is upregulated in early psychosis, likely through the induction of IL-1β-dependent pathways, and raised peripheral KYNA might represent a promising indicator of non-response to antipsychotic medication in patients with FEP.
A benchmark JWST near-infrared spectrum for the exoplanet WASP-39 b
Authors: Carter A. L. , May E. M. , Espinoza N. , Welbanks L. , Ahrer E. , Alderson L. , Brahm R. , Feinstein A. D. , Grant D. , Line M. , Morello G. , O’Steen R. , Radica M. , Rustamkulov Z. , Stevenson K. B. , Turner J. D. , Alam M. K. , Anderson D. R. , Batalha N. M. , Battley M. P. , Bayliss D. , Bean J. L. , Benneke B. , Berta-Thompson Z. K. , Brande J. , Bryant E. M. , Burleigh M. R. , Coulombe L. , Crossfield I. J. M. , Damiano M. , Désert J.-M. , Flagg L. , Gill S. , Inglis J. , Kirk J. , Knutson H. , Kreidberg L. , López Morales M. , Mansfield M. , Moran S. E. , Murray C. A. , Nixon M. C. , Petit dit de la Roche D. J. M. , Rackham B. V. , Schlawin E. , Sing D. K. , Wakeford H. R. , Wallack N. L. , Wheatley P. J. , Zieba S. , Aggarwal K. , Barstow J. K. , Bell T. J. , Blecic J. , Caceres C. , Crouzet N. , Cubillos P. E. , Daylan T. , de Val-Borro M. , Decin L. , Fortney J. J. , Gibson N. P. , Heng K. , Hu R. , Kempton E. M.-R. , Lagage P. , Lothringer J. D. , Lustig-Yaeger J. , Mancini L. , Mayne N. J. , Mayorga L. C. , Molaverdikhani K. , Nasedkin E. , Ohno K. , Parmentier V. , Powell D. , Redfield S. , Roy P. , Taylor J. , Zhang X. 
Published: July 2024

AbstractObserving exoplanets through transmission spectroscopy supplies detailed information about their atmospheric composition, physics and chemistry. Before the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), these observations were limited to a narrow wavelength range across the near-ultraviolet to near-infrared, alongside broadband photometry at longer wavelengths. To understand more complex properties of exoplanet atmospheres, improved wavelength coverage and resolution are necessary to robustly quantify the influence of a broader range of absorbing molecular species. Here we present a combined analysis of JWST transmission spectroscopy across four different instrumental modes spanning 0.5–5.2 μm using Early Release Science observations of the Saturn-mass exoplanet WASP-39 b. Our uniform analysis constrains the orbital and stellar parameters within subpercentage precision, including matching the precision obtained by the most precise asteroseismology measurements of stellar density to date, and it further confirms the presence of Na, K, H2O, CO, CO2 and SO2 as atmospheric absorbers. Through this process, we have improved the agreement between the transmission spectra of all modes, except for the NIRSpec PRISM, which is affected by partial saturation of the detector. This work provides strong evidence that uniform light curve analysis is an important aspect to ensuring reliability when comparing the high-precision transmission spectra provided by JWST.