bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Creatio ex nihilo and the Divine Ideas in Aquinas: How fair is Bulgakov's critique?
Authors: Hughes John 
Published: March 2013

AbstractIn this article I engage with Sergei Bulgakov's “sophiological” critique of Aquinas's account of creatio ex nihilo and the divine ideas. Bulgakov claims that Aquinas's account is insufficiently Trinitarian, too influenced by pagan philosophy, and as such separates the divine will and intellect in such a way as to introduce arbitrariness and instrumentality into the relationship between the divine ideas and creation. I argue that it is inaccurate to characterise Aquinas's account of creation and the divine ideas as pagan or non‐Trinitarian; instead, following Augustine, Aquinas understands the divine ideas as essential to a thoroughly Trinitarian understanding of creation which is necessary to avoid reducing creation to impersonal necessary emanation on the one hand, or an arbitrary act of will on the other. However, I concede that, at times, Aquinas's account of the ideas of things which are never created may have opened the door to later more voluntarist and possibilist views.
Creation Ex Nihilo as Mixed Metaphor
Authors: Tanner Kathryn 
Published: March 2013

AbstractThis article makes the following three programmatic points. First, an understanding of divine transcendence, prominent in Christian theology's apophatic strain, developed in tandem, both historically and logically, with ideas about creation that eventuated in a creation ex nihilo viewpoint. Such an account of divine transcendence, second, fosters an account of creation (and a general understanding of the God/world relationship) that typically mixes both natural and personalistic images and categories. The loss of such an account of transcendence since the early modern period, I suggest thirdly and in conclusion, is therefore responsible in great part for the dualistic, mutually exclusive alternation between a deistic, interventionist God and pan(en)theism so common in modern Christian thought.
“Love is also a lover of life”: creatio ex nihilo and creaturely goodness
Authors: Webster John 
Published: March 2013

AbstractChristian teaching about creation out of nothing appears to evacuate creatures of intrinsic worth. A theological‐spiritual response to this anxiety outlines the elements of the doctrine: (1) understanding creation requires the direction of intelligence by divine instruction; (2) God alone is cause of being to other beings, by his power, will and goodness; (3) the act of creation is ineffable, instantaneous, without movement, supereminent, and without material cause; (4) created things have being by divine gift; (5) the relation of creator and creatures is mixed, the creator not being constituted by creatures. Does this entail a metaphysics of creaturely privation in which creatures are permanently indigent? The creator is benevolent and, with no self‐interest, gives life, and so moves creatures to activity that the non‐reciprocal character of the creator‐creature relation is not malign but the principle of creaturely perfection.
disciplining bodies, disciplining objects: Museum Guards and the Museu Etnológico Português (1893–1929)
Authors: Lillios Katina T. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractThis article takes a microhistorical approach to the creation of a national museum by exploring the everyday practices of museum guards in the early history of the Museu Etnológico Português, now known as the Museu Nacional de Arqueologia, in Lisbon, Portugal. Using documentary sources such as letters, museum regulations, and notes, I explore the agency of the museum's first guards by identifying the ways they both enacted the prescribed behaviors of the museum and also challenged and transgressed these ideals, thereby shaping the cultural space of the museum. I suggest that guards, in the early years of the museum, functioned primarily as agents for marking social boundaries and as sites where transformations in the Portuguese social order were contested and, only secondarily, as individuals charged with protecting the security of objects. [Portugal, museum guards, microhistory, agency, national museums]
Intravenous ghrelin accelerates postoperative gastric emptying and time to first bowel movement in humans
Authors: Falkén Y. , Webb D.‐L. , Abraham‐Nordling M. , Kressner U. , Hellström P. M. , Näslund E. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractBackgroundGhrelin has been shown to stimulate gastric emptying in healthy humans and patients with delayed gastric emptying. The aim of this study is to assess the effect of ghrelin on gastric emptying on day 2 after open colorectal surgery.MethodsTwenty‐four patients (mean age 69.2 ± 1.4, BMI 25.8 ± 0.8 kg m−2) were randomized to saline or ghrelin infusion (15 pmol kg−1 min−1) during 3 h before and on day 2 after open colorectal surgery. Of these, 20 were assessed both before and after surgery. At start of infusion, a liquid meal (480 kcal, 200 mL) was administered together with 1.5 g acetaminophen. Plasma was obtained at regular intervals together with visual analogue scales for hunger, satiety and nausea. Acetaminophen was analyzed as a marker of gastric emptying. Plasma glucose, insulin, acyl‐ghrelin, glucagon‐like peptide‐1 (GLP‐1), glucose‐dependent insulinoptrophic peptide (GIP), pancreatic polypeptide and peptide YY (PYY) were analyzed.Key ResultsGastric emptying was faster during ghrelin infusion compared to saline before and after surgery (P < 0.02). In addition, plasma glucose was increased (P < 0.05). With ghrelin infusion, plasma insulin was unchanged except for lower values postoperatively (P < 0.05). Ghrelin did not alter plasma concentrations of gut peptides. After surgery, ghrelin shortened the time to first bowel movement compared to saline (2.1 ± 0.3 vs 3.5 ± 0.4 days, P = 0.02).Conclusions & InferencesA 3‐h ghrelin infusion increased the gastric emptying rate and hastened the time to first bowel movement after surgery. Ghrelin/ghrelin receptor agonists have a therapeutic potential in postoperative ileus; Karolinska Clinical Trial Registry nr CT20110084.
Maternal adiposity as an independent risk factor for pre‐eclampsia: a meta‐analysis of prospective cohort studies
Authors: Wang Z. , Wang P. , Liu H. , He X. , Zhang J. , Yan H. , Xu D. , Wang B. 
Published: March 2013

SummaryStudies investigating the association between maternal adiposity and risk of pre‐eclampsia showed contradictory results. Therefore, we performed a meta‐analysis of prospective cohort studies to estimate the effect of maternal adiposity on pre‐eclampsia. We reviewed 1,286 abstracts and finally included 29 prospective cohort studies with 1,980,761 participants and 67,075 pre‐eclampsia events. We pooled data with a random‐effects model, and obtained risk estimates for five predetermined bodyweight groups: low, normal‐weight (reference), overweight, obese and severely obese. In the cohort studies that unadjusted for pre‐eclampsia risk factors, the pooled unadjusted relative risks (RR) with 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) for pre‐eclampsia of overweight, obese and severely obese women were 1.58 (95% CI 1.44–1.72, P < 0.001), 2.68 (95% CI 2.39–3.01, P < 0.001) and 3.12 (95% CI 2.24–4.36, P < 0.001), respectively. In those cohorts that adjusted for pre‐eclampsia risk factors, the pooled unadjusted RRs for pre‐eclampsia of overweight, obese and severely obese women were 1.70 (95% CI 1.60–1.81, P < 0.001), 2.93 (95% CI 2.58–3.33, P < 0.001) and 4.14 (95% CI 3.61–4.75, P < 0.001), respectively. Sensitivity analysis showed maternal adiposity was associated with increased risk of pre‐eclampsia in both nulliparous and multiparas women. In conclusion, overweight or obese pregnant women have a substantially increased risk of pre‐eclampsia, and maternal adiposity is an independent risk factor of pre‐eclampsia.
Modelling the impact of spherical aberration on accommodation
Authors: Thibos Larry N , Bradley Arthur , López‐Gil Norberto 
Published: March 2013

AbstractPurposeTo understand how primary and secondary spherical aberrations affect focusing of the retinal image and the measurement of refractive state in the accommodating eye.MethodsA computational eye model was constructed from published anatomical dimensions of the eye's refractive elements for a range of accommodative states. Two strategies for controlling accommodation were implemented, one in which paraxial rays are always perfectly focused and the other in which paraxial accommodative lag grew larger as target vergence increased. Multiple configurations of the model were achieved by selecting various combinations of pupil size and aberration structure. Refractive state was defined as optimum target vergence for maximizing retinal image quality according to several scalar metrics.ResultsWhen accommodation optimally focuses paraxial rays, retinal image quality is sub‐optimal for metrics of image quality sensitive to non‐paraxial rays. This loss of image quality can be recovered by optimizing target vergence computationally, which indicates the presence of real accommodative error according to the non‐paraxial metric even though the eye is accurately focused paraxially. However, such errors are spurious if non‐paraxial refractive state is misinterpreted as paraxial refractive state. Accommodative errors may indicate lag or lead, but in general the slope of the stimulus‐response function is less than 1 for non‐paraxial measures of image quality. These results depend strongly on pupil size and its variation due to accommodative miosis.Conclusionsspurious accommodative errors can appear when the eye focuses the retinal image optimally according to one metric of image quality (e.g. paraxial) while ocular refractive state is measured by another (e.g. non‐paraxial). Spurious errors are small compared to real accommodative lag for small, photopic pupils but can be of the same order of magnitude as real lag for large, mesopic pupils.
Effects of drought on mesophyll conductance and photosynthetic limitations at different tree canopy layers
Authors: CANO F. JAVIER , SÁNCHEZ‐GÓMEZ DAVID , RODRÍGUEZ‐CALCERRADA JESÚS , WARREN CHARLES R. , GIL LUIS , ARANDA ISMAEL 
Published: March 2013

AbstractIn recent years, many studies have focused on the limiting role of mesophyll conductance (gm) to photosynthesis (An) under water stress, but no studies have examined the effect of drought on gm through the forest canopy. We investigated limitations to An on leaves at different heights in a mixed adult stand of sessile oak (Quercus petraea) and beech (Fagus sylvatica) trees during a moderately dry summer. Moderate drought decreased An of top and lowest beech canopy leaves much more than in leaves located in the mid canopy; whereas in oak, An of the lower canopy was decreased more than in sunlit leaves. The decrease of An was probably not due to leaf‐level biochemistry given that VCmax was generally unaffected by drought. The reduction in An was instead associated with reduction in stomatal and mesophyll conductances. Drought‐induced increases in stomatal limitations were largest in leaves from the top canopy, whereas drought‐induced increases in mesophyll limitations were largest in leaves from the lowest canopy. Sensitivity analysis highlighted the need to decompose the canopy into different leaf layers and to incorporate the limitation imposed by gm when assessing the impact of drought on the gas exchange of tree canopies.
Outcome of heart transplantation in pediatric cancer survivors
Authors: Shah Nishant , Aggarwal Sanjeev , L'Ecuyer Thomas 
Published: March 2013

AbstractThe aim of this study is to evaluate the outcome of heart transplantation in children surviving malignancies. Pediatric heart transplant recipients were identified using the UNOS database. Follow‐up data including survival and rate of malignancy were analyzed. A total of 7169 children received heart transplants between 1987 and 2011. Of these, 107 (1.5%) survived previous malignancy treatment (group I) and 7062 (98.5%) did not have prior malignancy (group II). Survival after transplant was 92.5%, 90.6%, 80.3%, and 65% at three months, one, five, and 10 yr in group I, similar to the rate in group II (90.1%, 84.4%, 73.8%, and 57.7%). Survival after transplantation was similar between group I and children who underwent OHT secondary to cardiomyopathy in group II. The rate of post‐OHT malignancy in group I was higher than that in group II (14/107(13%) vs. 386/7062 (5.4%), p = 0.001). Children who developed malignancy in group I had similar survival as children who developed malignancy in group II. Post‐transplant survival is similar in children with and without pretransplant malignancy in spite of higher rate of malignancy in children with pretransplant malignancy. OHT appears to be a reasonable treatment option in children who develop end‐stage heart disease after malignancy treatment.
Impact on life after a major bus crash – a qualitative study of survivors' experiences
Authors: Doohan Isabelle , Saveman Britt‐Inger 
Published: March 2013

BackgroundCrashes occur regularly throughout the world and can result in multiple fatalities and many injuries. Research into how survivors experience a crash is very limited.AimTo describe and analyse the nonphysical consequences of a multifatality bus crash in Sweden and the subsequent effect on the surviving passengers' lives.MethodThe participants were all (n = 56) of the survivors of a major bus crash. The passengers were interviewed approximately one month after the bus crash. The interviews were analysed using a qualitative content analysis.ResultsPrior to the arrival of rescue personnel at the crash site, helpfulness emerged among the passengers. Further, the crash generated an impact on the surviving passengers' lives from a short‐term perspective. The passengers displayed a diverse need for crisis support; informal support from family and friends was essential for the early healing process. Sleep difficulties and a change in travel routines were the most common consequences. Lastly, passengers sought closure in order to move on with their lives.ConclusionThe passengers' reactions to and behaviour following a crash offer an insight into the, relatively unexplored, interaction between people experiencing a major road traffic crash. It is necessary to have a flexible crisis support system, and the vital role of family support ought to be upgraded.
Geomorphic expression of the southern Central Andes forebulge (37°S, Argentina)
Authors: Nivière Bertrand , Messager Grégoire , Carretier Sébastien , Lacan Pierre 
Published: March 2013

AbstractWe present a geomorphologic analysis of an east‐west transect located east of the southern Andes of Argentina (~37°S). We observe a succession of zones that underwent erosion and deposition during the Pleistocene. If the proximal Andean foothills are incised, a proximal depozone receives sediments feeding the megafan of the Rio Colorado on the Chadileuvú plain. More distally, the abandoned palaeo‐valleys and bending of the valley floors reflect a localized uplift. Further to the east, another depozone corresponds to the Pampa Deprimida lowland. This pattern is consistent with the presence of a classical flexural geometry of the lithosphere. The distal uplift of the foreland corresponds in terms of location, length (150 km) and amplitude (240 m) to the Andean forebulge modelled by a geophysical approach. In this study, we identify the morphological imprint of this bulge and show its effect on the fluvial activity.
Modelling population dynamics of Sinapis arvensis in organically grown spring wheat production systems
Authors: Kolb L N , Gallandt E R 
Published: March 2013

SummaryAlthough we know that alterations in crop density, crop spatial pattern and inclusion of more selective weed control can improve weed suppression for organic growers, it is unknown whether these result in changes to the weed seedbank that increase cropping system profitability over time. Data collected from field trials conducted in 2009 and 2010 in Maine, USA, comparing regional grower practices (Standard) with management that aimed to (i) facilitate better physical weed control through the use of wide row spacing and inter‐row cultivation (Wide) or (ii) enhance crop–weed competition through increased seeding rate and narrow inter‐row spacing (Narrow HD), were used to construct a matrix population model with an economic sub‐model. Using field measurements of grain yield and weed survival and fecundity, we investigated the lasting implications of employing alternative organic spring wheat (Triticum aestivum) production practices on Sinapis arvensis population dynamics. In most scenarios, the model indicated that regional production practices were not sufficient to prevent an increase in the weed seedbank, even with excellent weed control. The two alternative methods, on the other hand, were able to limit weed population growth when initial densities were low or cultivation efficacy was >80%. Due to higher seed costs in the Narrow HD system, net returns were still lower after 10 years of simulation in this system compared with wide rows with cultivation, despite a lower weed seedbank.
Detection of mitochondrial depolarization/recovery during ischaemia–reperfusion using spectral properties of confocally recorded TMRM fluorescence
Authors: Venable Paul W. , Taylor Tyson G. , Sciuto Katie J. , Zhao Jerry , Shibayama Junko , Warren Mark , Spitzer Kenneth W. , Zaitsev Alexey V. 
Published: March 2013

Key points
Mitochondrial inner membrane potential (ΔΨm) collapse during myocardial ischaemia is one of the key events determining the physiological consequences of ischaemic attack in terms of post‐ischaemic arrhythmias and cell survival.
Timing and pattern of ΔΨm collapse during ischaemia remain controversial, in part due to difficulties in interpreting the fluorescence of potentiometric cationic probes commonly used for assessment of ΔΨm in cellular and multicellular experimental models.
This manuscript presents a new method for monitoring ΔΨm in whole hearts based on the regular arrangement of mitochondria in cardiac myocytes, thus permitting detection of ΔΨm collapse using spectral analysis of fluorescence.
The proposed method will help to ascertain the role of mitochondrial function in acute cardiovascular conditions, such as acute myocardial infarction or sudden cardiac arrest.
Abstract  Timing and pattern of mitochondrial potential (ΔΨm) depolarization during no‐flow ischaemia–reperfusion (I–R) remain controversial, at least in part due to difficulties in interpreting the changes in the fluorescence of ΔΨm‐sensitive dyes such as TMRM. The objective of this study was to develop a new approach for interpreting confocal TMRM signals during I–R based on spatial periodicity of mitochondrial packaging in ventricular cardiomyocytes. TMRM fluorescence (FTMRM) was recorded from Langendorff‐perfused rabbit hearts immobilized with blebbistatin using either a confocal microscope or an optical mapping system. The hearts were studied under normal conditions, during mitochondrial uncoupling using the protonophore FCCP, and during I–R. Confocal images of FTMRM were subjected to spatial Fourier transform which revealed distinct peaks at a spatial frequency of ∼2 μm−1. The area under the peak (MPA) progressively decreased upon application of increasing concentrations of FCCP (0.3–20 μm), becoming undetectable at 5–20 μm FCCP. During ischaemia, a dramatic decrease in MPA, reaching the low/undetectable level comparable to that induced by 5–20 μm FCCP, was observed between 27 and 69 min of ischaemia. Upon reperfusion, a heterogeneous MPA recovery was observed, but not a de novo MPA decrease. Both confocal and wide‐field imaging registered a consistent decrease in spatially averaged FTMRM in the presence of 5 μm FCCP, but no consistent change in this parameter during I–R. We conclude that MPA derived from confocal images provides a sensitive and specific indicator of significant mitochondrial depolarization or recovery during I–R. In contrast, spatially averaged FTMRM is not a reliable indicator of ΔΨm changes during I–R.
In vivo cholinergic modulation of the cellular properties of medial entorhinal cortex neurons
Authors: Tsuno Yusuke , Schultheiss Nathan W. , Hasselmo Michael E. 
Published: March 2013

Key points
Medial entorhinal cortex neurons show special intrinsic properties in vitro, which might be important for contributing to functional cell properties, such as grid cell firing.
Both intrinsic properties in slices of medial entorhinal cortex and grid cell activity in vivo are affected by cholinergic activation, but the relationships between these effects are unknown.
Using intracellular recording, we show that intrinsic properties including sag amplitude, sag time constant and resonance frequency are affected by cholinergic activation in vivo, and these results are consistent with in vitro studies.
Furthermore, we show that the relationship between firing frequency and input current is also changed by cholinergic activation in our in vivo recordings.
These results suggest the importance of cholinergic influences on the intrinsic properties of medial entorhinal neurons, and help us understand how this influence contributes to mechanisms of spatial memory and the cause of memory impairment.
Abstract  Extensive in vitro data and modeling studies suggest that intrinsic properties of medial entorhinal cortex (MEC) neurons contribute to the spiking behaviour of functional cell types of MEC neurons, such as grid cells, recorded in behaving animals. It remains unclear, however, how intrinsic properties of MEC neurons influence cellular dynamics in intact networks in vivo. In order to begin to bridge the gap between electrophysiological data sets from brain slices and behaving animals, in the present study we performed intracellular recordings using sharp electrodes in urethane‐anaesthetized rats to elucidate the cellular dynamics of MEC neurons in vivo. We focused on the h‐current‐dependent sag potential during hyperpolarizing current steps, subthreshold resonance in response to oscillatory frequency sweeps (chirp stimuli), persistent spiking in response to brief depolarizing inputs and the relationship between firing frequency and input (f–I curve), each of which is sensitive to cholinergic modulation in vitro. Consistent with data from in vitro studies, cholinergic activation by systemic application of the acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, physostigmine, resulted in decreased sag amplitude, increased sag time constant and a decrease of the peak resonance frequency. The f–I curve was also modulated by physostigmine in many neurons, but persistent spiking was not observed in any of our recordings, even when picrotoxin, a GABAA blocker, was included in the internal solution of the recording pipette to reduce possible effects of network inhibition. These results suggest that intrinsic oscillatory and rate‐coding mechanisms, but not intrinsic bistability, are significantly modulated by acetylcholine in the intact entorhinal network.