bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Minority of One: Violet King's Entry to the Legal Profession
Authors: Bailie Rachel K. 
Published: December 2012

Violet King est née en 1929 à Calgary, en Alberta. Elle était la fille aînée de John King qui avait quitté l'Oklahoma pour le Canada en 1911 avec sa famille et un groupe d'immigrants noirs. En 1911 et 1912, en raison de l'intolérance du public et du gouvernement, le Canada limitait à moins de 2 000 le nombre total d'immigrants noirs dans les Prairies canadiennes. Lorsque Violet s'est inscrite à l'Université de l'Alberta à Edmonton en 1948, elle était la seule étudiante noire. Violet a assumé un rôle actif de leader à l'université et au conseil étudiant. Après avoir obtenu son diplôme en 1953, Violet est revenue à Calgary pour faire son stage de droit chez un éminent avocat de la ville. En 1954, elle fut la première avocate noire admise au barreau de l'Alberta et la première avocate noire au Canada. Elle s'est ensuite installée à Ottawa, en Ontario, pour travailler au ministère fédéral de la Citoyenneté. Elle est ensuite partie aux États-Unis pour travailler avec le YMCA (Young Men's Christian Association). En 1976, elle fut nommée directrice principale au Conseil national du groupe de développement organisationnel du YMCA, devenant ainsi la première femme occupant un poste de haute direction dans cet organisme national américain.
Superiority of a High Loading Dose of Cholecalciferol to Correct Hypovitaminosis D in Patients with Inflammatory/Autoimmune Rheumatic Diseases
Authors: SAINAGHI PIER PAOLO , BELLAN MATTIA , NERVIANI ALESSANDRA , SOLA DANIELE , MOLINARI ROSSELLA , CERUTTI CHIARA , PIRISI MARIO 
Published: December 2012

Objective.To compare 3 different cholecalciferol supplementation regimens in patients with rheumatic diseases.Methods.One hundred fifty-four patients who completed a 6-month course of cholecalciferol supplementation, of whom 111 had an autoimmune/inflammatory rheumatic disease (ARD) and 43 osteoarthritis (NARD), were retrospectively identified from a database of 872 consecutive adult patients who attended a tertiary level immuno-rheumatology clinic from 2007 to 2010. Patients with renal failure or primary hyperparathyroidism were excluded. Plasma 25-hydroxy vitamin D [25(OH)D] and parathyroid hormone (PTH) concentrations were evaluated at baseline and after completion of treatment with (i) a single oral dose of cholecalciferol 300,000 IU, followed by oral cholecalciferol 800–1000 IU daily for 6 months [high-dose loading treatment (HLT) group; n = 40]; (ii) a single oral dose of cholecalciferol 100,000 IU, followed by daily oral cholecalciferol as above [low-dose loading treatment (LLT) group; n = 30]; or (iii) daily oral cholecalciferol as above but without the loading dose [standard therapy (ST); n = 84].Results.The rates of serum 25(OH)D and PTH normalization (defined as values > 75 nmol/l and < 72.9 pg/ml, respectively) were as follows: HLT, 52.5% (95% CI 37.5–68.5) and 69.2% (95% CI 54.7–83.3); LLT, 36.7% (95% CI 19.7–54.3) and 53.8% (95% CI 36.2–71.8); ST, 31.0% (95% CI 21.1–40.9) and 35.0% (95% CI 14.1–55.9). All regimes increased 25(OH)D (p < 0.001) but only HLT reduced PTH (p < 0.01) in comparison to baseline. The ARD group had a similar 25(OH)D increase but a smaller PTH reduction than the NARD (p < 0.05).Conclusion.An HLT cholecalciferol regimen is needed to correct hypovitaminosis D of patients with rheumatic diseases, with superior 25(OH)D normalization and PTH suppression rates at 6 months.
Analysis of imidacloprid residues in fruits, vegetables, cereals, fruit juices, and baby foods, and daily intake estimation in and around Lucknow, India
Authors: Kapoor Upasana , Srivastava M.K. , Srivastava Ashutosh Kumar , Patel D.K. , Garg Veena , Srivastava L.P. 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
A total of 250 samples—including fruits, fruit juices, and baby foods (50 samples each), vegetables (70 samples), and cereals (30 samples)—were collected from Lucknow, India, and analyzed for the presence of imidacloprid residues. The QuEChERS (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe) method of extraction coupled with high-performance liquid chromatographic analysis were carried out, and imidacloprid residues were qualitatively confirmed by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. Imidacloprid was not detected in samples of fruit juices and baby foods. It was, however, detected in 38 samples of fruits, vegetables, and cereals, which is about 15.20% of the total samples. Of samples of fruits, 22% showed the presence of imidacloprid, and 2% of samples showed residues above the maximal residue limit. Although imidacloprid was detected in 24% of vegetable samples, only 5.71% showed the presence of imidacloprid above the maximal residue limit. However, 33% of cereal samples showed the presence of imidacloprid, and about 3% of samples were above the maximal residue limit. The calculated estimated daily intake ranged between 0.004 and 0.131 µg/kg body weight, and the hazard indices ranged from 0.007 to 0.218 for these food commodities. It is therefore indicated that lifetime consumption of vegetables, fruits, fruit juices, baby foods, wheat, rice, and pulses may not pose a health hazard for the population of Lucknow because the hazard indices for imidacloprid residues were below one. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2013;32:723–727. © 2012 SETAC
Oral exposure to industrial effluent with exceptionally high levels of drugs does not indicate acute toxic effects in rats
Authors: Rutgersson Carolin , Gunnarsson Lina , Fick Jerker , Kristiansson Erik , Larsson D.G. Joakim 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
The Patancheru area near Hyderabad in India is recognized as a key link in the global supply chain for many bulk drugs. A central treatment plant receives wastewater from approximately 90 different manufacturers, and the resulting complex effluent has contaminated surface, ground, and drinking water in the region. Ecotoxicological testing of the effluent has shown adverse effects for several organisms, including aquatic vertebrates, at high dilutions. In addition, a recent study of microbial communities in river sediment indicated that the contamination of antibiotic substances might contribute to the emergence and spread of antibiotic resistance genes. In an attempt to start investigating how exposure to effluent-contaminated water may directly affect humans and other terrestrial vertebrates, rats were tube-fed effluent. Several pharmaceuticals present in the effluent could be detected in rat blood serum at low concentrations. However, results from exploratory microarray and quantitative polymerase chain reaction assays indicated no marked effects on hepatic gene transcription after 5 d of exposure. Clinical analysis of blood serum constituents, used as biomarkers for human disease did not reveal any significant changes, nor was there an effect on weight gain. The authors could not find evidence for any acute toxicity in the rat; however, the authors cannot rule out that higher doses of effluent or a longer exposure time may still be associated with risks for terrestrial vertebrates. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2013;32:577–584. © 2012 SETAC
Kinetics and mechanism of certain benzoylation reactions under Vilsmeier–Haack conditions using benzamide and oxychloride in acetonitrile medium
Authors: Rajanna K. C. , Venkateswarlu M. , Satish Kumar M. , Umesh Kumar U. , Venkateshwarlu G. , Saiprakash P. K. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractVilsmeier–Haack (VH) benzoylation reactions with benzaldehydes and acetophenones in acetonitrile medium obeyed second‐order reaction kinetics. Under kinetic conditions, the reactions afforded benzoyl derivatives irrespective of the nature of oxychloride (POCl3 or SOCl2) used for the preparation of VH reagent along with benzamide. The present finding is advantageous to understand the nature of reactive species as well as the mechanism of benzoylation. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 45: 69–80, 2013
Explaining the Gender Wealth Gap
Authors: Ruel Erin , Hauser Robert M. 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
To assess and explain the United States’ gender wealth gap, we use the Wisconsin Longitudinal Study to examine wealth accumulated by a single cohort over 50 years by gender, by marital status, and limited to the respondents who are their family’s best financial reporters. We find large gender wealth gaps between currently married men and women, and between never-married men and women. The never-married accumulate less wealth than the currently married, and there is a marital disruption cost to wealth accumulation. The status-attainment model shows the most power in explaining gender wealth gaps between these groups explaining about one-third to one-half of the gap, followed by the human-capital explanation. In other words, a lifetime of lower earnings for women translates into greatly reduced wealth accumulation. After controlling for the full model, we find that a gender wealth gap remains between married men and women that we speculate may be related to gender differences in investment strategies and selection effects.
GENERALISATIONS OF INTEGRAL INEQUALITIES OF HERMITE–HADAMARD TYPE THROUGH CONVEXITY
Authors: MUDDASSAR MUHAMMAD , BHATTI MUHAMMAD IQBAL , IRSHAD WAJEEHA 
Published: December 2012

AbstractIn this paper, we establish various inequalities for some differentiable mappings that are linked with the illustrious Hermite–Hadamard integral inequality for mappings whose derivatives are $s$-$(\alpha , m)$-convex. The generalised integral inequalities contribute better estimates than some already presented. The inequalities are then applied to numerical integration and some special means.
Management of repeated trauma to bone-anchored hearing aids in a paediatric patient
Authors: Shamil E , Topsakal V , Grolman W 
Published: December 2012

AbstractObjective:To outline the management options and neurological complications associated with repeated traumatic falls that cause intrusion of bone-anchored hearing aid abutments.Case report:A three-year-old boy with coloboma, heart defects, atresia of nasal choanae, retarded growth, genital abnormalities, ear defects and deafness was fitted with a bone-anchored hearing aid for severe conductive hearing loss and congenital ear malformations. Six months later, a traumatic fall caused an intrusion injury which rendered the bone-anchored hearing aid abutment unusable. Without removing the original abutment, a second abutment was inserted on the same side to aid his hearing. Two years later, the child fell again and damaged his second bone-anchored hearing aid abutment. Having been offered a surgical option to repair the area, the parents opted to keep the abutments in situ.Conclusion:Direct trauma to the fixture of a bone-anchored hearing aid is a relatively common long-term complication in children which can disrupt osseointegration and disable the implant. For young children who are either prone to falling or have behavioural problems, a bone-anchored hearing aid Softband may be more appropriate to non-invasively aid hearing.
Thermodynamics of cercarial development and emergence in trematodes
Authors: MORLEY N. J. , LEWIS J. W. 
Published: December 2012

SUMMARYTemperature is an important factor influencing the biology of ectothermic organisms and is intrinsically linked to climate change. Trematodes are potentially susceptible to temperature changes and in order to develop predictive frameworks of their responses to climate change large-scale analyses are needed. The present study, using the Q10 value, analyses experimental data from the scientific literature on the effects of temperature on cercarial development and emergence across a wide range of temperature in low (⩽35°) and mid-latitude (36–60°) species. Temperature appears to have no significant effect on the rate of development of cercariae within molluscan hosts. Data on cercarial emergence, corrected to incorporate the minimum emergence temperature threshold (METT) and acclimation status, was found to be largely unaffected by temperature over optimum ranges of ≈20 °C (15–25 °C) for mid-latitude species and ≈25 °C (20–30 °C) for low-latitude species. In addition, a decline in emergence rates was shown at higher temperatures. These results are contrary to a previous study on the meta-analysis of cercarial emergence. Some evidence of strain-specific differences and thermostability over a wide temperature range for both cercarial development and emergence was apparent. The significance of these results in furthering our understanding of cercarial biology under natural conditions is discussed.
Interpretation of contrastive pitch accent in six- to eleven-year-old English-speaking children (and adults)
Authors: ITO KIWAKO , BIBYK SARAH A. , WAGNER LAURA , SPEER SHARI R. 
Published: December 2012

ABSTRACTBoth off-line and on-line comprehension studies suggest not only toddlers and preschoolers, but also older school-age children have trouble interpreting contrast-marking pitch prominence. To test whether children achieve adult-like proficiency in processing contrast-marking prosody during school years, an eye-tracking experiment examined the effect of accent on referential resolution in six- to eleven-year-old children and adults. In all age groups, a prominent accent facilitated the detection of a target in contrastive discourse sequences (pink cat→greencat), whereas it led to a garden path in non-contrastive sequences (pink rabbit→greenmonkey: the initial fixations were on rabbits). While the data indicate that children as young as age six immediately interpret contrastive accent, even the oldest child group showed delayed fixations compared to adults. We argue that the children's slower recovery from the garden path reflects the gradual development in cognitive flexibility that matures independently of general oculomotor control.
Methicillin-resistant staphylococci: implications for our food supply?
Authors: Doyle M. Ellin , Hartmann Faye A. , Lee Wong Amy C. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractFood-borne intoxication, caused by heat-stable enterotoxins produced byStaphylococcus aureus, causes over 240,000 cases of food-borne illness in the United States annually. Other staphylococci commonly associated with animals may also produce these enterotoxins. Foods may be contaminated by infected food handlers during slaughter and processing of livestock or by cross-contamination during food preparation.S. aureusalso causes a variety of mild to severe skin and soft tissue infections in humans and other animals. Antibiotic resistance is common in staphylococci. Hospital-associated (HA)S. aureusare resistant to numerous antibiotics, with methicillin-resistantS. aureus(MRSA) presenting significant challenges in health care facilities for over 40 years. During the mid-1990s new human MRSA strains developed outside of hospitals and were termed community-associated (CA). A few years later, MRSA was isolated from horses and methicillin resistance was detected inStaphylococcus intermedius/pseudintermediusfrom dogs and cats. In 2003, a livestock-associated (LA) MRSA strain was first detected in swine. These methicillin-resistant staphylococci pose additional food safety and occupational health concerns. MRSA has been detected in a small percentage of retail meat and raw milk samples indicating a potential risk for food-borne transmission of MRSA. Persons working with animals or handling meat products may be at increased risk for antibiotic-resistant infections. This review discusses the scope of the problem of methicillin-resistant staphylococci and some strategies for control of these bacteria and prevention of illness.
Distribution and compositional variations of plasma ions in Mercury's space environment: The first three Mercury years of MESSENGER observations
Authors: Raines Jim M. , Gershman Daniel J. , Zurbuchen Thomas H. , Sarantos Menelaos , Slavin James A. , Gilbert Jason A. , Korth Haje , Anderson Brian J. , Gloeckler George , Krimigis Stamatios M. , Baker Daniel N. , McNutt Ralph L. , Solomon Sean C. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractWe have analyzed measurements of planetary ions near Mercury made by the MErcury Surface, Space ENvironment, GEochemistry, and Ranging (MESSENGER) Fast Imaging Plasma Spectrometer (FIPS) over the first three Mercury years of orbital observations (25 March 2011 through 31 December 2011). We determined the composition and spatial distributions of the most abundant species in the regions sampled by the MESSENGER spacecraft during that period. In particular, we here focus on altitude dependence and relative abundances of species in a variety of spatial domains. We used observed density as a proxy for ambient plasma density, because of limitations to the FIPS field of view. We find that the average observed density is 3.9 × 10–2 cm–3 for He2+, 3.4 × 10–4 cm–3 for He+, 8.0 × 10–4 cm–3 for O+‐group ions, and 5.1 × 10–3 cm–3 for Na+‐group ions. Na+‐group ions are particularly enhanced over other planetary ions (He+ and O+ group) in the northern magnetospheric cusp (by a factor of ~2.0) and in the premidnight sector on the nightside (by a factor of ~1.6). Within 30° of the equator, the average densities of all planetary ions are depressed at the subsolar point relative to the dawn and dusk terminators. The effect is largest for Na+‐group ions, which are 49% lower in density at the subsolar point than at the terminators. This depression could be an effect of the FIPS energy threshold. The three planetary ion species considered show distinct dependences on altitude and local time. The Na+ group has the smallest e‐folding height at all dayside local times, whereas He+ has the largest. At the subsolar point, the e‐folding height for Na+‐group ions is 590 km, and that for the O+ group and He+ is 1100 km. On the nightside and within 750 km of the geographic equator, Na+‐group ions are enhanced in the premidnight sector. This enhancement is consistent with nonadiabatic motion and may be observational evidence that nonadiabatic effects are important in Mercury's magnetosphere.
Methanol oxidation by temperate soils and environmental determinants of associated methylotrophs
Authors: Stacheter Astrid , Noll Matthias , Lee Charles K , Selzer Mirjam , Glowik Beate , Ebertsch Linda , Mertel Ralf , Schulz Daria , Lampert Niclas , Drake Harold L , Kolb Steffen 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
The role of soil methylotrophs in methanol exchange with the atmosphere has been widely overlooked. Methanol can be derived from plant polymers and be consumed by soil microbial communities. In the current study, methanol-utilizing methylotrophs of 14 aerated soils were examined to resolve their comparative diversities and capacities to utilize ambient concentrations of methanol. Abundances of cultivable methylotrophs ranged from 106–108 gsoilDW−1. Methanol dissimilation was measured based on conversion of supplemented 14C-methanol, and occurred at concentrations down to 0.002 μmol methanol gsoilDW−1. Tested soils exhibited specific affinities to methanol (a0s=0.01 d−1) that were similar to those of other environments suggesting that methylotrophs with similar affinities were present. Two deep-branching alphaproteobacterial genotypes of mch responded to the addition of ambient concentrations of methanol (⩽0.6 μmol methanol gsoilDW−1) in one of these soils. Methylotroph community structures were assessed by amplicon pyrosequencing of genes of mono carbon metabolism (mxaF, mch and fae). Alphaproteobacteria-affiliated genotypes were predominant in all investigated soils, and the occurrence of novel genotypes indicated a hitherto unveiled diversity of methylotrophs. Correlations between vegetation type, soil pH and methylotroph community structure suggested that plant–methylotroph interactions were determinative for soil methylotrophs.
The role of specialisation in the promotion of young football talents: A person‐oriented study
Authors: Zibung Marc , Conzelmann Achim 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThis paper investigates the controversial question whether it is more effective to promote specialisation in a specific sport at the beginning of a career or whether to encourage a broad range of sports when promoting competitive sports talents in order for them to achieve a high level of performance in adulthood. The issue of promoting talents depends on human developmental processes and therefore raises developmental scientific questions. Based on recent, dynamic‐interactionist concepts of development, we assume a person‐oriented approach focussing on the person as a whole rather than individual features. Theoretical considerations lead to four interacting factors being summarised to form a subsystem: childhood training. The relative weights of these factors lead to patterns. By relating these to a performance criterion at the age of peak performance, particularly promising developmental patterns may be identified. One hundred fifty‐nine former Swiss football talents were retrospectively interviewed about their career and the data analysed using the LICUR method. Two early career patterns were identified as having a favourable influence on adult performance. Both are characterised by an above‐average amount of in‐club training. One pattern also exhibits an above‐average amount of informal football played outside the club, the other above‐average scores for activity in other sports. Hence, comprehensive training and practice inside and outside the club form the basis for subsequent football expertise.
Functional Genomics Reveals That a Compact Terpene Synthase Gene Family Can Account for Terpene Volatile Production in Apple
Authors: Nieuwenhuizen Niels J. , Green Sol A. , Chen Xiuyin , Bailleul Estelle J.D. , Matich Adam J. , Wang Mindy Y. , Atkinson Ross G. 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
Terpenes are specialized plant metabolites that act as attractants to pollinators and as defensive compounds against pathogens and herbivores, but they also play an important role in determining the quality of horticultural food products. We show that the genome of cultivated apple (Malus domestica) contains 55 putative terpene synthase (TPS) genes, of which only 10 are predicted to be functional. This low number of predicted functional TPS genes compared with other plant species was supported by the identification of only eight potentially functional TPS enzymes in apple ‘Royal Gala’ expressed sequence tag databases, including the previously characterized apple (E,E)-α-farnesene synthase. In planta functional characterization of these TPS enzymes showed that they could account for the majority of terpene volatiles produced in cv Royal Gala, including the sesquiterpenes germacrene-D and (E)-β-caryophyllene, the monoterpenes linalool and α-pinene, and the homoterpene (E)-4,8-dimethyl-1,3,7-nonatriene. Relative expression analysis of the TPS genes indicated that floral and vegetative tissues were the primary sites of terpene production in cv Royal Gala. However, production of cv Royal Gala floral-specific terpenes and TPS genes was observed in the fruit of some heritage apple cultivars. Our results suggest that the apple TPS gene family has been shaped by a combination of ancestral and more recent genome-wide duplication events. The relatively small number of functional enzymes suggests that the remaining terpenes produced in floral and vegetative and fruit tissues are maintained under a positive selective pressure, while the small number of terpenes found in the fruit of modern cultivars may be related to commercial breeding strategies.