bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The cosmopolitan elite in Germany: transnationalism and postmaterialism
Authors: HELBLING MARC , TENEY CÉLINE 
Published: March 2015

AbstractIn this article, we investigate cosmopolitan attitudes among the people often considered the most cosmopolitan – the elite. Studying the typical class of frequent travellers provides a particularly good opportunity to study the relationship between transnational activities and cosmopolitanism. We also comprehensively investigate the link between postmaterialist values and cosmopolitan attitudes. We test our arguments using an original dataset that includes a relatively large sample of the German positional top elite in the years 2011 and 2012. A comparison between these data and data from a general population survey shows that while transnational activities affect the attitudes of ordinary citizens, increased travelling does not make elites more cosmopolitan. We discuss several reasons why this might be the case. We also observe that postmaterialist values and the ideological environment of the elite play a key role. Finally, we tentatively suggest that cosmopolitan elites do not endanger national social cohesion, as some fear they might. We show that cosmopolitanism and localism are not mutually exclusive and that members of the German elite feel even more attached to their nation than ordinary Germans.
Peptidoglycan recognition protein–peptidoglycan complexes increase monocyte/macrophage activation and enhance the inflammatory response
Authors: De Marzi Mauricio C. , Todone Marcos , Ganem María B. , Wang Qian , Mariuzza Roy A. , Fernández Marisa M. , Malchiodi Emilio L. 
Published: March 2015

SummaryPeptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGRP) are pattern recognition receptors that can bind or hydrolyse peptidoglycan (PGN). Four human PGRP have been described: PGRP‐S, PGRP‐L, PGRP‐Iα and PGRP‐Iβ. Mammalian PGRP‐S has been implicated in intracellular destruction of bacteria by polymorphonuclear cells, PGRP‐Iα and PGRP‐Iβ have been found in keratinocytes and epithelial cells, and PGRP‐L is a serum protein that hydrolyses PGN. We have expressed recombinant human PGRP and observed that PGRP‐S and PGRP‐Iα exist as monomer and disulphide dimer proteins. The PGRP dimers maintain their biological functions. We detected the PGRP‐S dimer in human serum and polymorphonuclear cells, from where it is secreted after degranulation; these cells being a possible source of serum PGRP‐S. Recombinant PGRP do not act as bactericidal or bacteriostatic agents in the assayed conditions; however, PGRP‐S and PGRP‐Iα cause slight damage in the bacterial membrane. Monocytes/macrophages increase Staphylococcus aureus phagocytosis in the presence of PGRP‐S, PGRP‐Iα and PGRP‐Iβ. All PGRP bind to monocyte/macrophage membranes and are endocytosed by them. In addition, all PGRP protect cells from PGN‐induced apoptosis. PGRP increase THP‐1 cell proliferation and enhance activation by PGN. PGRP‐S–PGN complexes increase the membrane expression of CD14, CD80 and CD86, and enhance secretion of interleukin‐8, interleukin‐12 and tumour necrosis factor‐α, but reduce interleukin‐10, clearly inducing an inflammatory profile.
Standardization of Variables and Collinearity Diagnostic in Ridge Regression
Authors: García José , Salmerón Román , García Catalina , López Martín María del Mar 
Published: March 2015

SummaryRidge estimation (RE) is an alternative method to ordinary least squares when there exists a collinearity problem in a linear regression model. The variance inflator factor (VIF) is applied to test if the problem exists in the original model and is also necessary after applying the ridge estimate to check if the chosen value for parameterkhas mitigated the collinearity problem. This paper shows that the application of the original data when working with the ridge estimate leads to non‐monotone VIF values. García et al. (2014) showed some problems with the traditional VIF used in RE. We propose an augmented VIF, VIFR(j,k), associated with RE, which is obtained by standardizing the data before augmenting the model. The VIFR(j,k) will coincide with the VIF associated with the ordinary least squares estimator whenk= 0. The augmented VIF has the very desirable properties of being continuous, monotone in the ridge parameter and higher than one.
The politics of time: Conservatives differentially reference the past and liberals differentially reference the future
Authors: Robinson Michael D. , Cassidy Deirdre M. , Boyd Ryan L. , Fetterman Adam K. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractConservatives are thought to favor certainty and value tradition (suggesting a focus on the past), whereas liberals are thought to favor change (suggesting a focus on the future), even when it is associated with some degree of uncertainty. On this basis, two studies contrasted references to the past versus the future in language usage. Study 1 analyzed 600 texts from conservative and liberal websites. After adjusting for normative differences, a cross‐over interaction was obtained: Conservative posts referenced the past to a greater extent than the future and liberal posts referenced the future more than the past. A conceptually parallel cross‐over interaction was obtained in Study 2, which analyzed 145 State of the Union addresses. The temporal orientation of conservatives and liberals, then, appears qualitatively different.
Botulinum neurotoxin type A modulates vesicular release of glutamate from satellite glial cells
Authors: Silva Larissa Bittencourt da , Poulsen Jeppe Nørgaard , Arendt‐Nielsen Lars , Gazerani Parisa 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThis study investigated the presence of cell membrane docking proteins synaptosomal‐associated protein, 25 and 23 kD (SNAP‐25 and SNAP‐23) in satellite glial cells (SGCs) of rat trigeminal ganglion; whether cultured SGCs would release glutamate in a time‐ and calcium‐dependent manner following calcium‐ionophore ionomycin stimulation; and if botulinum neurotoxin type A (BoNTA), in a dose‐dependent manner, could block or decrease vesicular release of glutamate. SGCs were isolated from the trigeminal ganglia (TG) of adult Wistar rats and cultured for 7 days. The presence of SNAPs in TG sections and isolated SGCs were investigated using immunohistochemistry and immunocytochemistry, respectively. SGCs were stimulated with ionomycin (5 μM for 4, 8, 12 and 30 min.) to release glutamate. SGCs were then pre‐incubated with BoNTA (24 hrs with 0.1, 1, 10 and 100 pM) to investigate if BoNTA could potentially block ionomycin‐stimulated glutamate release. Glutamate concentrations were measured by ELISA. SNAP‐25 and SNAP‐23 were present in SGCs in TG sections and in cultured SGCs. Ionomycin significantly increased glutamate release from cultured SGCs 30 min. following the treatment (P < 0.001). BoNTA (100 pM) significantly decreased glutamate release (P < 0.01). Results from this study demonstrated that SGCs, when stimulated with ionomycin, released glutamate that was inhibited by BoNTA, possibly through cleavage of SNAP‐25 and/or SNAP‐23. These novel findings demonstrate the existence of vesicular glutamate release from SGCs, which could potentially play a role in the trigeminal sensory transmission. In addition, interaction of BoNTA with non‐neuronal cells at the level of TG suggests a potential analgesic mechanism of action of BoNTA.
Optimizing the Enzymatic Elimination of Clogging of a Microfiltration Membrane by Parellada Grape Cake
Authors: Pagán Jordi , Conde Josep , Echavarría Ana Paola , Ibarz Albert 
Published: March 2015

AbstractClogging of the filtration membranes is one of the main problems in the process of obtaining grape must for white wine; therefore, clogging must be reduced to the maximum. The aim of this work was to find the optimal values of the temperature, time and enzyme solution concentration variables to know the best conditions to reduce the clogging of Parellada var. grape pulp in microfilters by enzymatic hydrolysis. Moreover, a study of the effluents produced in this process was also carried out. The unclogging experiments carried out at different temperatures and times led to the activation energy value of 60.3 kJ/mol, and the optimum conditions obtained, those that produced the best filtration, were temperature of 51.8C, time of 35 min and enzyme solution concentration of 379.4 μL/L. Finally, the kinetic equations of the variation in the contents of the effluents generated in this process under the optimal conditions were also determined.Practical ApplicationsThis paper shows an application of a new original funnel reactor designed by the authors to remove the clogging by enzymatic digestion where the experimental parameters of the filtration process can be varied in order to achieve the optimal values of these parameters to improve the efficiency of the process. Using the values obtained for the process variables, a significant reduction of economic costs could be obtained compared with non‐optimized cake degradation, particularly which produced a decrease in the dose of the added enzyme, whose relationship with the amount of pulp in the filter will not change in the scaling up of the process.
Stability of Bioactive Compounds and Quality Parameters of Grugru Palm Powder (Acrocomia Aculeata) in Different Drying Conditions
Authors: Oliveira Dalany Menezes , Lima Cleidiane Gomes , Clemente Edmar , Afonso Marcos Rodrigues Amorim , Costa José Maria Correia Da 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThe objective of this paper was to study the stability of bioactive components of grugru palm powder. Fruits were selected, sanitized and pulped; subsequently, the pulp was crushed and submitted to the following four treatments: oven drying (T1: without maltodextrin; T2: with 8% of maltodextrin) and lyophilization (T3: without maltodextrin; T4: with 8% of maltodextrin). The powders of each treatment were packed in plastic, laminate or laminate and vacuum (LV). Analyses of the physicochemical and bioactive compounds were performed every 30 days during the 120 days of storage. An increase in moisture content and water activity was observed and fluctuations occurred in color saturation and in the values of phenolics and flavonoids. The β‐carotene contents decreased during the storage and their values were influenced by the dehydration method and the type of package. Thus, the optimal condition for preserving the grugru palm powder was lyophilization T3 in packaging LV.Practical ApplicationsAcrocomia aculeata is a highly productive palm tree that has great economic value. All parts of this plant can be utilized and its fruits in particular have an interesting nutritive potential. The mesocarp of the grugru palm fruit provides significant concentrations of β‐carotene, which is a natural antioxidant and pro‐vitamin A. Thus, this pulp can be included to enrich the feeding programs of the poor as a source of vitamin A. This work contributes to the study of the stability of bioactive compounds and of the quality parameters of dehydrated grugru palm pulp, with the aim of defining the best processing and conservation conditions for this raw material when used as a new ingredient in the different formulations of food products.
Outsourcing in the International Mutual Fund Industry: An Equilibrium View
Authors: CHUPRININ OLEG , MASSA MASSIMO , SCHUMACHER DAVID 
Published: March 2015

ABSTRACTWe study outsourcing relationships among international asset management firms. We find that, in companies that manage both outsourced and in‐house funds, in‐house funds outperform outsourced funds by 0.85% annually (57% of the expense ratio). We attribute this result to preferential treatment of in‐house funds via the preferential allocation of IPOs, trading opportunities, and cross‐trades, especially at times when in‐house funds face steep outflows and require liquidity. We explain preferential treatment with agency problems: it increases with the subcontractor's market power and the difficulty of monitoring the subcontractor, and decreases with the subcontractor's amount of parallel in‐house activity.
Comparisons of Reproducibility and Mean Values of Diffusion Tensor Imaging‐Derived Indices between Unipolar and Bipolar Diffusion Pulse Sequences
Authors: Miao Hsiao‐Chien , Wu Ming‐Ting , Kao E‐Fong , Chiu Yu‐Hsien , Chou Ming‐Chung 
Published: March 2015

ABSTRACTEddy current distortion is an important issue that may influence the quantitative measurements of diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). The corrections of eddy current artifacts could be performed using bipolar diffusion gradients or unipolar gradients with affine registration. Whether the diffusion pulse sequence affects the quantification of DTI indices and the technique that produces more reliable DTI indices in terms of reproducibility both remain unclear. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to compare the reproducibility and mean values of DTI‐derived indices between unipolar and bipolar diffusion pulse sequences based on actual human brain data. Five repeated datasets of unipolar and bipolar DTI were acquired from 10 healthy subjects at different echo times (TEs). The reproducibility and mean values of DTI indices were assessed by calculating the coefficient of variation and mean values of the 5 repeated measurements. The results revealed that the reproducibility and mean values of DTI indices were significantly affected by the pulse sequence. Unipolar DTI exhibited significantly higher reproducibility than bipolar DTI even at the same TE, and the mean values of DTI indices were significantly different between them. Therefore, we concluded that the reproducibility and mean values of DTI indices were significantly influenced by diffusion pulse sequences.
Assessment of the Internal Fit of Lithium Disilicate Crowns Using Micro‐CT
Authors: Alfaro David P. , Ruse N. Dorin , Carvalho Ricardo M. , Wyatt Chris C. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractPurposeThe aim of this study was to compare the internal fit of lithium disilicate crowns fabricated using digital technology with those fabricated by conventional means.Materials and MethodsForty‐five lithium disilicate crowns were fabricated: 15 using digital impression and computer‐aided design/computer‐aided machining technique (group 1), 15 from the same digital impressions, but using a conventional die and laboratory fabrication process (group 2), and 15 using a conventional poly (vinyl siloxane) (PVS) impression and laboratory fabrication process (group 3). Tooth #15 was prepared for all‐ceramic restoration on an ivorine typodont, which was digitized and a replica milled in zirconia to serve as master model. The master zirconia model was used for the impression procedures. Duplicate dies of the master zirconia die were made in polyurethane, enabling the internal fit of each crown to be evaluated using X‐ray microcomputed tomography. The total volume of the internal space between the crown and die, the mean and maximum thickness of this space, and the percentage of the space that was at or below 120 μm thickness was calculated for each group and statistically tested for significant difference using one‐way ANOVA, with post hoc Scheffé analysis.ResultsGroup 1 crowns resulted in a smaller volume of internal space (12.49 ± 1.50 mm3) compared to group 2 (15.40 ± 2.59 mm3) and to those of group 3 (18.01 ± 2.44 mm3). The mean thickness of the internal space for group 1 (0.16 ± 0.01 mm) and for group 2 (0.17 ± 0.03 mm) was significantly lower than that of group 3 (0.21 ± 0.03 mm). The average percentage of the internal space of a thickness of 120 μm and below was different between the three groups: 46.73 ± 5.66% for group 1, 37.08 ± 17.69% for group 2, and 22.89 ± 9.72% for group 3. Three‐dimensional renderings of the internal space were also created.ConclusionsThe results of this study suggested that pressed and milled IPS e. max crowns from LAVA COS digital impressions had a better internal fit to the prepared tooth than pressed IPS e.max crowns from PVS impressions in terms of total volume of internal space, average thickness of internal space, and percentage of internal space at or below 120 μm.
Protective effects of the angiotensin type 1 receptor antagonist losartan in infection‐induced and arthritis‐associated alveolar bone loss
Authors: Queiroz‐Junior C. M. , Silveira K. D. , de Oliveira C. R. , Moura A. P. , Madeira M. F. M. , Soriani F. M. , Ferreira A. J. , Fukada S. Y. , Teixeira M. M. , Souza D. G. , da Silva T. A. 
Published: March 2015

Background and ObjectiveThe angiotensin type 1 (AT1) receptor has been implicated in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bone disorders. This study aimed to investigate the effect of an AT1 receptor antagonist in infection‐induced and arthritis‐associated alveolar bone loss in mice.Material and MethodsMice were subjected to Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans oral infection or antigen‐induced arthritis and treated daily with 10 mg/kg of the prototype AT1 antagonist, losartan. Treatment was conducted for 30 d in the infectious condition and for 17 d and 11 d in the preventive or therapeutic regimens in the arthritic model, respectively. The mice were then killed, and the maxillae, serum and knee joints were collected for histomorphometric and immunoenzymatic assays. In vitro osteoclast assays were performed using RAW 264.7 cells stimulated with A. actinomycetemcomitans lipopolysacharide (LPS).ResultsArthritis and A. actinomycetemcomitans infection triggered significant alveolar bone loss in mice and increased the levels of myeloperoxidase and of TRAP+ osteoclasts in periodontal tissues. Losartan abolished such a phenotype, as well as the arthritis joint inflammation. Both arthritis and A. actinomycetemcomitans conditions were associated with the release of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF‐α), interferon‐gamma, interleukin‐17 and chemokine (C‐X‐C motif) ligand 1 and an increased RANKL/osteoprotegerin ratio in periodontal tissues, but such expression decreased after losartan treatment, except for TNF‐α. The therapeutic approach was as beneficial as the preventive one. In vitro, losartan prevented LPS‐induced osteoclast differentiation and activity.ConclusionThe blockade of AT1 receptor exerts anti‐inflammatory and anti‐osteoclastic effects, thus protecting periodontal tissues in distinct pathophysiological conditions of alveolar bone loss.
Pregnant Women's Preferences for Men's Faces Differ Significantly from Nonpregnant Women
Authors: Limoncin Erika , Ciocca Giacomo , Gravina Giovanni Luca , Carosa Eleonora , Mollaioli Daniele , Cellerino Alessandro , Mennucci Andrea , Di Sante Stefania , Lenzi Andrea , Jannini Emmanuele A. 
Published: March 2015

Abstract

Introduction
There is evidence that women's preferences for facial characteristics in men's faces change according to menstrual phase and sexual hormones. Literature indicates that the pregnancy is characterized by a specific sexual hormonal pattern with respect to all other physiological conditions concerning the sexual hormone status during the reproductive age, configuring this physiological condition as an excellent surrogate to study how the sexual hormones may affect many of the aspects concerning the sexual behavior.

Aim
The aim of this study was to investigate pregnancy as a model of hormonal influence on women's facial preferences in short-term and long-term relationships and compare the choices of pregnant women with those of nonpregnant women.

Main Outcome Measures
Measurement of women's preferences for synthetic men's faces, morphed from hyper-masculine to hypomasculine shape.

Materials and Methods
Forty-six women in the third trimester of pregnancy, and 70 nonpregnant women took part in the study. All women were shown a composite male face. The sexual dimorphism of the images was enhanced or reduced in a continuous fashion using an open-source morphing program that produced a sequence of 21 pictures of the same face warped from a feminized to a masculinized shape.

Results
Pregnant women's choices differed significantly from those of nonpregnant women. In fact, in the context of both a hypothetical short- (M = −0.4 ± 0.11) and long-term relationship (M = −0.4 ± 0.07) pregnant women showed a clear preference for a less masculine man's face than the other group (short-term: M = 0.15 ± 0.13; long-term: M = −0.06 ± 0.15; P &lt; 0.0001).

Conclusions
Women in the third trimester of pregnancy clearly prefer more feminine men's faces, distancing themselves from the choices of women in other physiological conditions concerning the sexual hormonal status during the reproductive age. However, other psychosocial variables may explain this interesting finding.
Global patterns of hepatocellular carcinoma management from diagnosis to death: the BRIDGE Study
Authors: Park Joong‐Won , Chen Minshan , Colombo Massimo , Roberts Lewis R. , Schwartz Myron , Chen Pei‐Jer , Kudo Masatoshi , Johnson Philip , Wagner Samuel , Orsini Lucinda S. , Sherman Morris 
Published: March 2015

AbstractBackground & AimsHepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the second most common cause of cancer deaths worldwide. The global HCC BRIDGE study was a multiregional, large‐scale, longitudinal cohort study undertaken to improve understanding of real‐life management of patients with HCC, from diagnosis to death.MethodsData were collected retrospectively from January 2005 to September 2012 by chart reviews of eligible patients newly diagnosed with HCC at participating institutions.ResultsForty‐two sites in 14 countries contributed final data for 18 031 patients. Asia accounted for 67% of patients, Europe for 20% and North America for 13%. As expected, the most common risk factor was hepatitis C virus in North America, Europe and Japan, and hepatitis B virus in China, South Korea and Taiwan. The most common Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer stage at diagnosis was C in North America, Europe, China and South Korea, and A in Taiwan and Japan. Across all stages, first HCC treatment was most frequently transarterial chemoembolization in North America, Europe, China and South Korea, percutaneous ethanol injection or radiofrequency ablation in Japan and resection in Taiwan. Survival from first HCC treatment varied significantly by region, with median overall survival not reached for Taiwan and 60, 33, 31, 24 and 23 months for Japan, North America, South Korea, Europe and China respectively (P < 0.0001).ConclusionsInitial results from the BRIDGE study confirm previously reported regional trends in patient demographic characteristics and HCC risk factors, document the heterogeneity of treatment approaches across regions/countries and underscore the need for earlier HCC diagnosis worldwide.