bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
TheArabidopsis thalianaHomolog of the Helicase RTEL1 Plays Multiple Roles in Preserving Genome Stability
Authors: Recker Julia , Knoll Alexander , Puchta Holger 
Published: December 2014

AbstractIn humans, mutations in the DNA helicase Regulator of Telomere Elongation Helicase1 (RTEL1) lead to Hoyeraal-Hreidarsson syndrome, a severe, multisystem disorder. Here, we demonstrate that the RTEL1 homolog in Arabidopsis thaliana plays multiple roles in preserving genome stability. RTEL1 suppresses homologous recombination in a pathway parallel to that of the DNA translocase FANCM. Cytological analyses of root meristems indicate that RTEL1 is involved in processing DNA replication intermediates independently from FANCM and the nuclease MUS81. Moreover, RTEL1 is involved in interstrand and intrastrand DNA cross-link repair independently from FANCM and (in intrastrand cross-link repair) parallel to MUS81. RTEL1 contributes to telomere homeostasis; the concurrent loss of RTEL1 and the telomerase TERT leads to rapid, severe telomere shortening, which occurs much more rapidly than it does in the single-mutant line tert, resulting in developmental arrest after four generations. The double mutant rtel1-1 recq4A-4 exhibits massive growth defects, indicating that this RecQ family helicase, which is also involved in the suppression of homologous recombination and the repair of DNA lesions, can partially replace RTEL1 in the processing of DNA intermediates. The requirement for RTEL1 in multiple pathways to preserve genome stability in plants can be explained by its putative role in the destabilization of DNA loop structures, such as D-loops and T-loops.
The Enhancement of Children versus Circumcision: A Case of Double Moral Standards?
Authors: Hainz Tobias 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThe application of enhancement technologies to children and non‐medical infant male circumcision are both topics that enjoy the continuous attention of bioethical research but are usually discussed in isolation from each other. Yet one can show that three major arguments used by opponents of the enhancement of children are also applicable to circumcision. These arguments are based on the insecurity of these procedures, the child's right to an open future, and human nature as a foundation of human dignity. People who reject the enhancement of children because of these arguments but accept circumcision hold mutually inconsistent moral convictions or apply double moral standards to these cases. This is particularly important when legislative systems treat the enhancement of children and circumcision in a considerably different manner, which is true for many contemporary legislative systems. At least three strategies can be adopted in order to avoid such inconsistencies, two of which, however, fail for various reasons. According to a third, more promising strategy, circumcision should be subsumed under human enhancement and treated like other enhancement technologies. This strategy justifies restrictions on, but not the prohibition of circumcision. Furthermore, proponents of circumcision should be prepared for future technologies that provide similar benefits as circumcision but are not as contentious as this intervention, so that, in the future, circumcision could become more and more unacceptable.
Liver enzymes and clustering cardiometabolic risk factors in European adolescents: the HELENA study
Authors: Labayen I. , Ruiz J. R. , Ortega F. B. , Davis C. L. , Rodríguez G. , González‐Gross M. , Breidenassel C. , Dallongeville J. , Marcos A. , Widhalm K. , Kafatos A. , Molnar D. , DeHenauw S. , Gottrand F. , Moreno L. A. 
Published: December 2014

SummaryObjectivesThis study aimed to explore the associations of liver biomarkers with cardiometabolic risk factors and their clustering, and to provide reference values (percentiles) and cut‐off points for liver biomarkers associated with high cardiometabolic risk in European adolescents.MethodsAlanine aminotransferase (ALT), gamma‐glutamyltransferase (GGT), aspartate aminotransferase to ALT ratio (AST/ALT), waist circumference, blood pressure, triglycerides, high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol and insulin were measured in 1084 adolescents. We computed a continuous cardiometabolic risk score and defined the high cardiometabolic risk.ResultsHigher ALT and GGT and lower AST/ALT were associated with adiposity and with the number of adverse cardiometabolic risk factors (Ps < 0.05). Higher GGT and lower AST/ALT were associated with higher cardiometabolic risk score (Ps < 0.001) in males and females, and ALT only in males (Ps < 0.001). Gender‐ and age‐specific percentiles for liver biomarkers were provided. Receiver operating characteristic analyses showed a significant discriminatory accuracy of AST/ALT in identifying the low/high cardiometabolic risk (Ps < 0.01) and thresholds were provided.ConclusionsHigher GGT and lower AST/ALT are associated with higher cardiometabolic risk factors and their clustering in male and female European adolescents, whereas the associations of ALT were gender dependent. Our results suggest the usefulness of AST/ALT as a screening test in the assessment of adolescents with high cardiometabolic risk and provide gender‐ and age‐specific thresholds that might be of clinical interest.
Inferring mindful cognitive‐processing of peer‐feedback via eye‐tracking: role of feedback‐characteristics, fixation‐durations and transitions
Authors: Bolzer M. , Strijbos J.W. , Fischer F. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractFeedback literature identifies mindful cognitive processing of (peer) feedback and (peer) feedback characteristics – as well as the presence of justifications for feedback – as important for its efficiency. However, mindful cognitive processing has yet to be operationalized and investigated. In this study, an operationalization of mindful cognitive processing is introduced, alongside an investigation to identify valid measures for it. In a between‐subjects design, peer feedback (PF) content [elaborated specific feedback with justifications (ESF + J) vs. elaborated specific feedback without justifications (ESF)] was varied. Students received a scenario containing an essay by a fictional student and fictional PF, followed by a text revision, distraction and PF recall task. Eye tracking was applied to measure (a) how written PF was (re‐) read (fixation durations) and (b) the number of transitions occurring between PF and essay text. Mindful cognitive processing was inferred from the relation between fixation durations on PF and number of transitions between essay text and PF with (a) text revision performance and (b) PF recall performance. When no justifications were provided, recipients invested more time in reading the PF and essay and increased the effort to relate the PF to essay text. Fixation durations and number of transitions proved to be valid measures to infer mindful cognitive processing.
Extinction of Aversive Classically Conditioned Human Sexual Response
Authors: Brom Mirte , Laan Ellen , Everaerd Walter , Spinhoven Philip , Both Stephanie 
Published: December 2014

Abstract

Introduction
Research has shown that acquired subjective likes and dislikes are quite resistant to extinction. Moreover, studies on female sexual response demonstrated that diminished genital arousal and positive affect toward erotic stimuli due to aversive classical conditioning did not extinguish during an extinction phase. Possible resistance to extinction of aversive conditioned sexual responses may have important clinical implications. However, resistance to extinction of aversive conditioned human sexual response has not been studied using extensive extinction trials.

Aim
This article aims to study resistance to extinction of aversive conditioned sexual responses in sexually functional men and women.

Methods
A differential conditioning experiment was conducted, with two erotic pictures as conditioned stimulus (CSs) and a painful stimulus as unconditioned stimuli (USs). Only one CS (the CS+) was followed by the US during the acquisition phase. Conditioned responses were assessed during the extinction phase.

Main Outcome Measure
Penile circumference and vaginal pulse amplitude were assessed, and ratings of affective value and subjective sexual arousal were obtained. Also, a stimulus response compatibility task was included to assess automatic approach and avoidance tendencies.

Results
Men and women rated the CS+ more negative as compared with the CS−. During the first trials of the extinction phase, vaginal pulse amplitude was lower in response to the CS+ than in response to the CS−, and on the first extinction trial women rated the CS+ as less sexually arousing. Intriguingly, men did not demonstrate attenuated genital and subjective sexual response.

Conclusions
Aversive conditioning, by means of painful stimuli, only affects sexual responses in women, whereas it does not in men. Although conditioned sexual likes and dislikes are relatively persistent, conditioned affect eventually does extinguish.
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale‐III profile in the early stages of Alzheimer's disease: performance in subtests sensitive to and resistant to normal decline with ageing
Authors: Matsuda Osamu , Saito Masahiko , Kato Mayumi , Azami Hiroki , Shido Emi 
Published: December 2014

AbstractAimThis study examined the significance of age‐related subtest scores from the Japanese version of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale‐III in patients in the early stages of Alzheimer's disease (AD).MethodsThe subjects of this study included 58 elderly Japanese persons classified into two groups: AD group (n = 29) and control group (n = 29). These groups did not differ in age, years of education, gender ratio, Hasegawa's Dementia Scale‐Revised score, or Full‐Scale IQ score. No subject scored below the cut‐off point on Hasegawa's Dementia Scale‐Revised, a frequently used dementia screen test in Japan.ResultsAt the index score level, General Ability Index scores were the only scores that differed significantly between the groups, with the AD group scoring significantly lower than the control group (P < 0.05, Hedges' g = 0.54). At the subtest level, information scores were the only scores that differed significantly between the groups, with the AD group significantly lower than the control group (P < 0.01, Hedges' g = 0.74).ConclusionThe General Ability Index is a composite score that deducts components of working memory and processing speed, which are sensitive to decline with normal ageing, from the Full‐Scale IQ. It also served as a subtest measuring crystallized intelligence, especially of acquired knowledge of general and factual information. Therefore, the results of this study seem to suggest that Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale‐III profile of very early AD may be characterized by weak performance on subtests normally resistant to decline with ageing.
A psychophysiological investigation of emotion regulation in chronic severe posttraumatic stress disorder
Authors: Woodward Steven H. , Shurick Ashley A. , Alvarez Jennifer , Kuo Janice , Nonyieva Yuliana , Blechert Jens , McRae Kateri , Gross James J. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThere have been few direct examinations of the volitional control of emotional responses to provocative stimuli in PTSD. To address this gap, an emotion regulation task was administered to 27 Operation Enduring Freedom/Operation Iraqi Freedom combat veterans and 23 healthy controls. Neutral and aversive photographs were presented to participants who did or did not employ emotion regulation strategies. Objective indices included corrugator electromyogram, the late positive potential, and the electrocardiogram. On uninstructed trials, participants with PTSD exhibited blunted cardiac reactivity rather than the exaggerated cardioacceleratory responses seen in trauma cue reactivity studies. On interleaved regulation trials, no measure evidenced group differences in voluntary emotion regulation. Persons with PTSD may not differ from normals in their capacity to voluntarily regulate normative emotional responses to provocative stimuli in the laboratory, though they may nevertheless respond differentially on uninstructed trials and endorse symptoms of dyscontrol pathognomonic of the disorder outside of the laboratory.
Coral reef response to Quaternary sea‐level and environmental changes: State of the science
Authors: Camoin Gilbert F. , Webster Jody M. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThere is considerable uncertainty about future sea‐level projections due to the current poor understanding of the vulnerability and sensitivity of ice sheets to global warming. Fossil coral reefs represent a unique archive of sea‐level and associated environmental changes that extend far beyond instrumental records. Here, recent advances in this field are summarized, focusing on periods of Earth history typified by rapid sea‐level rise and short‐term climate excursions. Sea‐level and reef response records from the Last Deglaciation, and periods characterized by higher sea‐level stands and short‐term and low‐magnitude sea‐level oscillations such as the Mid to Late Holocene and the Last Interglacial are synthesised. Special emphasis is given to understanding how coral reefs have responded to these changes in terms of reef development, architecture and composition. Finally, seven major challenges and future research directions are identified.
ON THE REFLEX NATURE OF APNŒA IN THE DUCK IN DIVING: I. THE REFLEX NATURE OF SUBMERSION APNŒA
Authors: Huxley Frances M. 
Published: December 2014

Mere submergence of a duck's head in water produces instantaneously, at whatever stage of respiration the act be performed, cessation of breathing, Such cessation is due to reflex action because—(1) It persists under light anæsthesia, where voluntary control is lost, and disappears like other reflexes in deep anæsthesia.(2) It occurs constantly and markedly in ducks which have been deprived of the cerebral hemispheres.Experiments on the normal duck showed that submersion of the end of the beak does not cause stoppage of breathing; that submersion of the nostrils causes but incomplete cessation; and that submersion of the entire head is required for its full production. Hence the receptors of the reflex are must be the sensory nerves which supply the mucous membrane and skin of these parts. The region of the glottis receives its sensory supply from branches of the glosso‐pharyngeal nerve, the mucous membrane of the nostrils from the trigeminal, and this also supplies the skin. It must be through these nerves that the impulse is carried to the respiratory centre to inhibit its rhythmical activity.So, when a duck's head is submerged, reflex action causes cessation of breathing; but, as will be shown in the next paper, when a duck submerges its own head, whether merely to secure something under the surface of the water or in the diving position, other reflexes appear which add to this and make the condition much more pronounced.
SOME POINTS CONCERNING THE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE SPLEEN
Authors: Tait John , Cashin Martin F. 
Published: December 2014

1. The spleen is divided into segmental zones or lobes, corresponding to the branches of the arteria lienalis which enter it. These zones are at once arterial and nervous units.2. The scheme of subdivision of the splenic nerve corresponds to these segmental zones, and stimulation of a branch of the nerve causes only a section of the spleen to contract. Central to the cæliac ganglion (e.g. in the splanchnic nerve or in the anterior spinal roots) there is no such segmental representation in the nerve branches proceeding to the spleen.3. The splenic vein is conspicuously larger than the splenic artery, that of the ox having five times the diameter of the artery. When a short section of the vein is electrically stimulated it contracts and remains in strong contraction for an hour or more, the outflow of blood being greatly impeded.4. When the spleen is perfused with Indian ink the particles may come to rest in four different situations: (1) in the ellipsoids ; (2) in the spleen phagocytes; (3) on the ordinary reticulum; (4) on the walls of the venous sinuses.5. In the living animal deposition in the ellipsoids is temporary. Within three hours after intravenous injection of the ink, phagocytes have begun to clear the particles from the spaces within the ellipsoids. Twenty‐four hours later the ellipsoids are free.6. The phagocytes of the pulp retain the particles for weeks on end. At first they clear the ink off the reticulum. After a month they are seen to have undergone a rearrangement, and some have migrated into the Malpighian corpuscles.7. The ellipsoids act as valves, readily allowing the blood to flow in the normal direction, i.e. from the interior to the exterior of the ellipsoid, but instantly closing against higher pressure applied to their exterior. The existence of these valves accounts for the difficulty of perfusing the spleen backwards, i.e. from vein to artery.8. Each ellipsoid is surrounded by a number of venous sinuses, which become dilated when the venous pressure is rased.
THE INFLUENCE OF HYPOPHYSECTOMY ON THE BLOOD SUGAR AND GLUCOSE TOLERANCE IN XENOPUS LÆVIS
Authors: Zwarenstein H. , Bosman L. P. 
Published: December 2014

1. Various agencies which affect colour change and pituitary action on melanophores have no effect on the fasting blood‐sugar level.2. Hypophysectomy, whether total or partial, has no effect on the fasting blood‐sugar level.3. Hypophysectomy leads to a considerable increase in the tolerance to glucose.The expenses for this research were defrayed by a grant from the Research Grant Board of the Union of South Africa. We beg to thank Mr. D. G.
Duncan for assistance in the blood‐sugar estimations.
THE OXYGEN CONSUMPTION OF RABBIT RED CELLS DURING LYSIS, WITH SOME OBSERVATIONS ON THE OXYGEN CONSUMPTION OF PLASMA
Authors: Ramsey Robert , Warren Charles O. 
Published: December 2014

1. When rabbit erythrocytes suspended in saline are hæmolysed the resulting consumption cannot be predicted with certainty. The usual response is a very small “burst” in oxygen consumption, but very large bursts are sometimes obtained.2. When the cells are permitted to stand some hours in saline a substance escapes from them which inhibits the bursts. In its absence the small burst is increased in magnitude, but never to that of the large ones.3. Numerous variables which do not determine the size of the burst are listed, and evidence is given which indicates that the burst is probably not related to the normal metabolism of the cells.4. The plasma of normal rabbits consumes a small amount of oxygen (about 1·7 mm.3/c.c./hr.). This is probably due to autoxidation of the lipoids and proteins present.5. The oxygen consumption of plasma is increased to show a burst when cells are hæmolysed in it or when non‐respiring hæmolysed cells are added. This burst is heat‐stable and only slightly cyanide‐sensitive. It is probably due to catalysis of lipoid and protein autoxidation by the pigments of the lysed cells.6. When rabbit blood‐cells are suspended in plasma the observed oxygen consumption is the sum of that due to the cells and that of the plasma.
MULTIPLE ACTIVITIES OF ANDROGENIC COMPOUNDS
Authors: Deanesly R. , Parkes A. S. 
Published: December 2014

1. Some multiple effects of male hormones are reviewed.2. Trans‐androstenediol, dehydro‐androsterone, androstenedione, and testosterone will cause development of the uterus of the immature rabbit similar to that caused by œstrone. The most active of these, trans‐androstenediol, is about 1/2000 as active as œstrone by this test.3. Trans‐androstenediol causes cornification of the vaginal epithelium of the ovariectomised rat; testosterone acetate and propionate have an effect similar to that of the free hormone, in causing mucification.4. In an orthodox test for œstrogenic activity on a group of 20 ovariectomised mice, trans‐androstenediol was found to be about 1/10,000 as active as œstrone.5. Trans‐androstenediol, testosterone, testosterone propionate, and androstanediol will not only prevent the development but also cause the disappearance of the characteristic X‐zone in the adrenal cortex of castrated mice, according to the time after castration at which the injections are made.6. Trans‐androstenediol, testosterone, trans‐dehydroandrosterone, and androstenedione, but not androstanediol in the dosage used, will feminise the plumage of the Sebright capon.We are much indebted to Dr K. Miescher and Messrs Ciba for their continued assistance in generously supplying the crystalline compounds used in the work described above.
BIOLOGICAL ASSAY AND STANDARDISATION OF MELANOPHORE EXPANDING PITUITARY HORMONE
Authors: Landgrebe F. W. , Waring H. 
Published: December 2014

1. Detailed instructions are given for assay of melanophore‐expanding hormone using Xenopus laevis as a test animal. 10 per cent. accuracy is quickly and easily obtained.2. The criterion of potency is the maximum melanophore index attained after injection of extracts into the dorsal lymph sacs of fully pale intact or hypophysectomised animals.3. Intact Xenopus kept on a white “background” for long periods sustain an actual loss of pigment and their sensitivity to pituitary extracts is increased.4. The first international standard posterior lobe powder contains 97 per cent. of the melanophore‐expanding activity of the new standard.5. We suggest that an international unit of melanophore activity be defined as that amount in 0·5 mgm. of the international standard powder.6. The ratio of melanophore‐expanding, pressor, and oxytocic activities is not the same in all posterior lobe powders.7. The maximum melanophore index evoked by injection of a posterior lobe extract is not influenced by the amounts of pressor and oxytocin normally present. So one substandard powder may be used for assay of all activities, provided a separate figure is assigned for the potency of each activity in terms of the corresponding activity of the international standard powder.Our best thanks are due to Dr. F. G. Young of the Medical Research Council for a generous supply of posterior lobe powder.We gratefully acknowledge an expenses grant to one of us (H. W.) from the Medical Research Council.