bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prostamide F2α receptor antagonism combined with inhibition of FAAH may block the pro‐inflammatory mediators formed following selective FAAH inhibition
Authors: Ligresti Alessia , Martos Jose , Wang Jenny , Guida Francesca , Allarà Marco , Palmieri Vittoria , Luongo Livio , Woodward David , Di Marzo Vincenzo 
Published: October 2013

Background and PurposeProstamides are lipid mediators formed by COX‐2‐catalysed oxidation of the endocannabinoid anandamide and eliciting effects often opposed to those caused by anandamide. Prostamides may be formed when hydrolysis of anandamide by fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) is physiologically, pathologically or pharmacologically decreased. Thus, therapeutic benefits of FAAH inhibitors might be attenuated by concomitant production of prostamide F2α. This loss of benefit might be minimized by compounds designed to selectively antagonize prostamide receptors and also inhibiting FAAH.Experimental ApproachInhibition of FAAH by a series of selective antagonists of prostamide receptors, including AGN 204396, AGN 211335 and AGN 211336, was assessed using rat, mouse and human FAAH in vitro, together with affinity for human recombinant CB1 and CB2 receptors. Effects in vivo were measured in a model of formalin‐induced inflammatory pain in mice.Key ResultsThe prostamide F2α receptor antagonists were active against mouse and rat FAAH in the low μM range and behaved as non‐competitive and plasma membrane‐permeant inhibitors. AGN 211335, the most potent inhibitor of rat FAAH (IC50 = 1.2 μM), raised exogenous anandamide levels in intact cells and also bound to cannabinoid CB1 receptors. Both AGN 211335 and AGN 211336 (0.25–1 mg·kg−1, i.p.) inhibited the formalin‐induced nociceptive response in mice.Conclusions and ImplicationsSynthetic compounds with indirect agonist activity at cannabinoid receptors and antagonist activity at prostamide receptors can be developed. Such compounds could be used as alternatives to selective FAAH inhibitors to prevent the possibility of prostamide F2α‐induced inflammation and pain.Linked ArticlesThis article is part of a themed section on Cannabinoids 2013. To view the other articles in this section visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2014.171.issue‐6
The role of midkine in skeletal remodelling
Authors: Liedert A , Schinke T , Ignatius A , Amling M 
Published: October 2013

Bone tissue is subjected to continuous remodelling, replacing old or damaged bone throughout life. In bone remodelling, the coordinated activities of bone‐forming osteoblasts and bone‐resorbing osteoclasts ensure the maintenance of bone mass and strength. In early life, the balance of these cellular activities is tightly regulated by various factors, including systemic hormones, the mechanical environment and locally released growth factors. Age‐related changes in the activity of these factors in bone remodelling can result in diseases with low bone mass, such as osteoporosis. Osteoporosis is a systemic and age‐related skeletal disease characterized by low bone mass and structural degeneration of bone tissue, predisposing the patient to an increased fracture risk. The growth factor midkine (Mdk) plays a key role in bone remodelling and it is expressed during bone formation and fracture repair. Using a mouse deficient in Mdk, our group have identified this protein as a negative regulator of bone formation and mechanically induced bone remodelling. Thus, specific Mdk antagonists might represent a therapeutic option for diseases characterized by low bone mass, such as osteoporosis.Linked ArticlesThis article is part of a themed section on Midkine. To view the other articles in this section visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2014.171.issue‐4
Stabilizing Mutualisms Threatened by Exploiters: New Insights from Ant–Plant Research
Authors: Orona‐Tamayo Domancar , Heil Martin 
Published: October 2013

AbstractMutualisms are commonly threatened by parasites and cheaters: species that exploit the host‐derived resources without providing an adequate service. Here, we summarize mechanisms for the stabilization of obligate defensive ant–plant mutualisms, a typical element of tropical lowland forests. Host plants exert partner choice and can sanction non‐defending ants by shedding the domatia that serve as nesting space or ceasing the production of ant rewards. Hosts can also restrict the exploitation of the ant rewards by means of specific biochemical traits that decrease their quality for non‐adapted generalist exploiters and, thus, convert them into exclusive rewards. Reward provisioning can even shift the competitive balance between mutualists and exploiters in favor of the mutualists. In turn, plant‐ants show adaptations in their colony structure and changes in their digestive capacities that enhance their efficiency in the use of the host‐derived resources. Founding queens use plant odors for host choice behavior, and ants not supplied with adequate amounts of EFN decrease their defensive service and thereby exert partner sanctions. Theoretical models and empirical research into mutualisms usually focus on actions that are taken by the host. Using ant‐plants as model systems, we are now discovering the importance of contributions that come from the symbiont. This discovery indicates the potential for multiple reciprocal interactions between phenotypically plastic hosts and symbionts, which contribute significantly to what is still considered a miracle: the stability of mutualisms in the presence of exploiters.
Inequalities of dental prosthesis use under universal healthcare insurance
Authors: Matsuyama Yusuke , Aida Jun , Takeuchi Kenji , Tsakos Georgios , Watt Richard G. , Kondo Katsunori , Osaka Ken 
Published: October 2013

AbstractBackgroundSocial inequalities in oral health exist in various countries. In Japan, a country with universal healthcare insurance policy, people can receive medical and dental care and pay only 10–30% of the total cost of treatment. Additionally, very poor Japanese can receive care without any charge, by the benefit of public assistance. These policies are considered to affect oral health inequalities.ObjectivesThis study examined the association between using a dental prosthesis and household income among older Japanese people.MethodsSelf‐administered questionnaires were mailed to subjects as part of the Japan Gerontological Evaluation Study (JAGES) project in 2010. Of the 8576 people aged 65 years or more living in Iwanuma, Japan, 5058 responded. We used 4001 respondents with no missing values. We stratified into two groups by having 20 teeth or not. Then, cross‐tabulation, univariate logistic regression, and multivariate logistic regression were conducted for these two groups. The covariates are sex, age, education, and size of household.ResultsOf the all respondents included in the analyses, poorer respondents tended to have lower proportions with 20 or more teeth, and 54.6% respondents used dental prostheses. In the respondents with 19 or fewer teeth, higher‐income group tended to show significantly higher dental prosthesis use. But the poorest income group showed high prevalence of dental prosthesis use as same as highest income group. Multiple logistic regression among respondents with 19 or fewer teeth showed that after adjustment for sex, age, education, and size of household, compared with the respondents with annual incomes of US$ <5000, those with incomes of US$5000–9999 and US$10 000–14 999 had significantly lower odds ratios for using a dental prosthesis (OR = 0.48 [95% CI = 0.28–0.83], 0.56 [95% CI = 0.33–0.95], respectively). The other respondents did not show significant differences.ConclusionsAlthough universal healthcare insurance covered dental prostheses, a social gradient in dental prosthesis use was still observed. Low‐income respondents tended to not use dental prosthesis, but the poorest respondents showed dental prosthesis utilization as high as the highest income group.
Phaeochromocytoma crisis
Authors: Whitelaw B. C. , Prague J. K. , Mustafa O. G. , Schulte K.‐M. , Hopkins P. A. , Gilbert J. A. , McGregor A. M. , Aylwin S. J. B. 
Published: October 2013

SummaryPhaeochromocytoma crisis is an endocrine emergency associated with significant mortality. There is little published guidance on the management of phaeochromocytoma crisis. This clinical practice update summarizes the relevant published literature, including a detailed review of cases published in the past 5 years, and a proposed classification system. We review the recommended management of phaeochromocytoma crisis including the use of alpha‐blockade, which is strongly associated with survival of a crisis. Mechanical circulatory supportive therapy (including intra‐aortic balloon pump or extra‐corporeal membrane oxygenation) is strongly recommended for patients with sustained hypotension. Surgical intervention should be deferred until medical stabilization is achieved.
Mandibular bone loss in ewe induced by hypothalamic–pituitary disconnection
Authors: Oheim Ralf , Beil F. Timo , Krause Matthias , Bindl Ronny , Ignatius Anita , Pogoda Pia 
Published: October 2013

AbstractPurposeIt is supposed that the demographic change will lead to an increase in patients with impaired alveolar bone conditions. Large animal models are of particular interest in this context as they are suitable for developing and testing new dental implants. Recently, we demonstrated that surgical hypothalamo–pituitary disconnection (HPD) causes a pronounced low‐turnover situation leading to cortical and trabecular bone loss in sheep. In this study, we aimed to investigate the influence of the HPD procedure on the alveolar bone.MethodsTen adult Merino ewes were randomly assigned to two groups: Control and HPD. After 6 months, we analysed the cortical and trabecular bone of all mandibles by histomorphometry and high‐resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography (HR‐pQCT).ResultsHPD ewes showed a significant decrease in cortical thickness by ~20%, a significant increase in cortical porosity by ~20% and a significant decrease in bone volume by ~30% in comparison with Control ewes.ConclusionOur results underline the importance of central regulatory mechanisms of bone turnover. However, further studies are needed to understand these central regulatory elements of bone turnover in detail and to judge the value of the HPD sheep for dental research.
Allergic contact dermatitis in Danish children referred for patch testing – a nationwide multicentre study
Authors: Simonsen Anne Birgitte , Deleuran Mette , Mortz Charlotte Gotthard , Johansen Jeanne Duus , Sommerlund Mette 
Published: October 2013

SummaryBackgroundAlthough contact allergy among children was previously considered to be rare, data from the past decade have shown that it is common among children and that the prevalence may be increasing.ObjectivesTo describe the demographics of all children referred for patch testing in Denmark during 2003–2011, to examine the frequency and relevance of positive patch test reactions, and to assess the most common allergens.MethodsA retrospective analysis of the patch test data from the Danish National Database of Contact Allergy was performed.ResultsOf 2594 children and adolescents aged 1–17 years, 25.1% had one or more positive patch test reactions. The associated relevance was 66.4%. The most common sensitizers were metals, fragrances, and hair dyes. The frequency of positive patch test reactions and allergic contact dermatitis was significantly higher among girls.ConclusionsAllergic contact dermatitis in children is a significant clinical problem. Contact allergy should always be considered when children with recalcitrant eczema are encountered, and special attention should be paid to girls. Patch testing is important, and children may be tested with the same patch test concentrations as adults.
Restorative proctocolectomy for ulcerative colitis: development and validation of a new scoring system for pouch dysfunction and quality of life
Authors: Brandsborg S. , Nicholls R. J. , Mortensen L. S. , Laurberg S. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractAimThe purpose of this study was to develop and validate a pouch dysfunction score that could identify the aspects of function which have the greatest impact on quality of life as perceived by the patient.MethodAll (n = 1757) patients having restorative proctocolectomy in Denmark between 1980 and 2010 were identified. Of these, 1229 were available for study and were sent a questionnaire on bowel function and quality of life (QoL) designed specifically for this study. Function was correlated with QoL in a multivariate model using ordinal logistic regression with QoL as a dependent variable. The pouch dysfunction score was developed from a randomly selected half of the study population and the validity was tested on the other half.Results1047 (85%) patients returned the questionnaire. On multivariate analysis, the symptom domains of ‘incomplete emptying’, ‘severity of urgency’, ‘number of bowel movements/24 h’, ‘major incontinence’ and ‘use of anti‐diarrhoeal medication’ were associated with reduced QoL. The score was divided into three categories including ‘none’, ‘minor’ and ‘some/major’ pouch dysfunction. The corresponding coefficients gave the score a range from 0 to 7.5. There was a highly significant difference (P < 0.001) in score between the categories. The area under the receiver operating curve was 0.81.ConclusionUrgency, incomplete emptying, number of bowel movements/24 h, major incontinence and use of anti‐diarrhoeal medication have a major impact on QoL. There was a high accuracy for the score, demonstrating its potential clinical usefulness in relating symptoms to QoL.
Current concepts and systematic review of vascularized composite allotransplantation of the abdominal wall
Authors: Berli Jens U. , Broyles Justin M. , Lough Denver , Shridharani Sachin M. , Rochlin Danielle , Cooney Damon S. , Lee W. P. Andrew , Brandacher Gerald , Sacks Justin M. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractIntroductionAbdominal wall vascularized composite allotransplantation (AW‐VCA) is a rarely utilized technique for large composite abdominal wall defects. The goal of this article is to systematically review the literature and current concepts of AW‐VCA, outline the challenges ahead, and provide an outlook for the future.MethodsSystematic review of the literature was performed using MEDLINE, EMBASE, and PubMed to identify relevant articles discussing results of AW‐VCA. Cadaver and animal studies were excluded from the systematic review, but selectively included in the discussion.ResultsThe resultant five papers report their results on AW‐VCA(Transplantation, 85, 2008, 1607; Am J Transplant, 7, 2007, 1304; Transplant Proc, 41, 2009, 521; Transplant Proc, 36, 2004, 1561; Lancet, 361, 2003, 2173). These papers represent the result of two study groups in which a total of 18 AW‐VCA were performed in 17 patients. Two different operative approaches were used. Overall flap/graft survival was 88%. No mortality related to the transplant was reported. One cadaver study and two animal models were identified and separately presented (Transplant Proc, 43, 2011, 1701; Transplantation, 90, 2010, 1590; Journal of Surgical Research, 162, 2010, 314).ConclusionLiterature review reports AW‐VCA is technically feasible with low morbidity and mortality. Functional outcomes are not reported and minimally considered. With advancements in vascularized composite allotransplantation research and decreasing toxicity of immunosuppression therapies and immunomodulatory regimens, AW‐VCA can be applied in circumstances beyond conjunction with visceral transplantation.
Chronic kidney disease and diabetes in the National Health Service: a cross‐sectional survey of the UK National Diabetes Audit
Authors: Hill C. J. , Cardwell C. R. , Patterson C. C. , Maxwell A. P. , Magee G. M. , Young R. J. , Matthews B. , O'Donoghue D. J. , Fogarty D. G. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractAimsWe investigated the prevalence of chronic kidney disease and attainment of therapeutic targets for HbA1c and blood pressure in a large UK‐based diabetes population.MethodsThe UK National Diabetes Audit provided data from 1 January 2007 to 31 March 2008. Inclusion criteria were a documented urinary albumin:creatinine ratio and serum creatinine. Patients were stratified according to chronic kidney disease stage and albuminuria status. Chronic kidney disease was defined as an estimated glomerular filtration rate < 60 ml min−1 1.73 m−2, albuminuria or both. The proportions of patients achieving nationally defined glycaemic and systolic blood pressure targets were determined.ResultsThe cohort comprised 1 423 669 patients, of whom 868 616 (61%) met inclusion criteria. Of the patients analysed, 92.2% had Type 2 diabetes. A higher proportion of people with Type 2 diabetes (42.3%) had renal dysfunction compared with those with Type 1 diabetes (32.4%). Achievement of systolic blood pressure and HbA1c targets was poor. Among people with Type 1 diabetes, 67.8% failed to achieve an HbA1c < 58 mmol/mol (7.5%). Of all people with diabetes, 37.8% failed to achieve a systolic blood pressure < 140 mmHg. Blood pressure control was poor in advanced chronic kidney disease. For example, mean (standard deviation) systolic blood pressure rose from 128.6 (15.4) mmHg among people with Type 1 diabetes and normal renal function to 141.0 (23.6) mmHg in those with chronic kidney disease stage 5 and macroalbuminuria.ConclusionsThe high prevalence of chronic kidney disease and poor attainment of treatment targets highlights a large subset of the diabetes population at increased risk of cardiovascular mortality or progressive kidney disease.
Bond strength of mineral trioxide aggregate to root dentin after exposure to different irrigation solutions
Authors: Nagas Emre , Cehreli Zafer C. , Uyanik Mehmet Ozgur , Durmaz Veli , Vallittu Pekka K. , Lassila Lippo V.J. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractAimThe aim of the study was to evaluate the regional push‐out bond strength of mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) after exposure to sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), ethylenediaminetetraacetic (EDTA), and peracetic acid (PAA) irrigation solutions.Materials and Methods1‐mm‐thick longitudinal slabs of root dentin were obtained from freshly extracted human canine teeth (n = 80). Simulated root perforation defects, 1 mm in diameter, were prepared in the coronal, middle, and apical thirds of radicular dentin. Mineral trioxide aggregate was placed into the cavities, and the specimens were stored for 1 week at 37°C. Thereafter, the specimens were randomly divided into four groups (n = 20) according to the irrigation solution applied over the repair sites: Group 1–10 ml of 5.25% NaOCl for 10 min; Group 2–10 ml of 5.25% NaOCl for 10 min, followed by 5 ml 17% EDTA for 5 min; Group 3–10 ml of 5.25% NaOCl for 10 min, followed by application of 5 ml 1% PAA for 5 min; and Group 4–no irrigation. Push‐out test was performed at a crosshead speed of 1 mm/min. Debonding values were compared statistically using two‐way analysis of variance and Tukey tests (P < 0.05).ResultsThe push‐out bond strength of MTA was not affected by the type of irrigation solution or location of the perforation defects (both P < 0.05). Stereomicroscopic inspection of the samples showed that the bond failure was predominantly adhesive.ConclusionExposure of repaired root perforations to 5.25% NaOCl, 17% EDTA, or 1% PAA does not alter the dislocation resistance of MTA at different locations of root dentin.
Competitor avoidance drives within‐host feeding site selection in a passively dispersed herbivore
Authors: GÓMEZ SARA , GONDA‐KING LIAHNA , ORIANS COLIN M. , PREISSER EVAN L. 
Published: October 2013

Evolutionary theory predicts that ovipositing females that can actively disperse should select hosts that increase offspring performance. However, for organisms that are exclusively passively dispersed, feeding site selection is possible only at the within‐host level. This is particularly important for their offspring, which have strong temporal and spatial dispersal constraints within a host. Such constraints are probably magnified by tissue quality heterogeneity caused by competing herbivores.
We investigated within‐host feeding site selection of passively dispersed neonates of a sessile herbivore, the hemlock woolly adelgid (Adelges tsugae Annand), when it shares its eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis Carrière) host with another sessile herbivore, the elongate hemlock scale (Fiorinia externa Ferris). Within‐host feeding site selection was studied (a) at the shoot level (with or without F. externa) using choice tests, and (b) at the needle level by scoring insect presence in field surveys.
Adelges tsugae avoided F. externa‐colonised foliage in both the choice tests and field surveys. As A. tsugae has no efficient predators or parasitoids in the study area, we conclude that our results are due to the presence of the competing herbivore.
Although A. tsugae cannot actively disperse among hosts, we showed that within‐host feeding site selection is an important mechanism to minimise the co‐occurrence with a competing herbivore that has known negative impacts on A. tsugae population densities. Studying within‐host feeding site selection in a multiple‐species context could assist in understanding and predicting the impact of destructive pests such as A. tsugae and the interactions with their novel hosts.
Genetic persistence of an initially introduced brown trout (Salmo truttaL.) population despite restocking of foreign conspecifics
Authors: Thaulow Jens , Borgstrøm Reidar , Heun Manfred 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThe persistence of the initial genetic structure despite later stocking with foreign conspecifics is influenced by several factors, leading to different levels of introgression. Stream spawning has been assumed to be the prevailing recruitment strategy of brown trout (Salmo truttaL.). However, in lakes with limited stream spawning habitat, but still with high natural recruitment, lake spawning has been proposed. Using fourteen microsatellites, we assessed the genetic structure in a small allopatric brown trout population in theLakeSkavatn, located on theHardangervidda mountain plateau,Norway. A total of 265 brown trout were obtained from the lake itself, the outlet stream, two tributaries, a littoral sample from a presumed lake spawning site, a suggested stocking source, and a lake sample from 1967, representing the initial lake population. The sixSkavatn samples were best represented by three genetic components, showing a shift from the initial population, but with no genetic signal from the suggested stocking source. The littoral sample had the largest similarity to the initial lake population, possibly indicating the importance of lake spawning in a system where streams offer unpredictable spawning and rearing conditions. Due to large annual variations in recruitment contributions from the different spawning and rearing locations, the genetic structure of the lake population probably vary over time.