bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Auxin influences symptom expression and phytoplasma colonisation in periwinkle infected with periwinkle leaf yellowing phytoplasma
Authors: Tai C.‐F. , Lin C.‐P. , Sung Y.‐C. , Chen J.‐C. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractAuxin imbalance was suggested as a key factor in phytoplasma symptom development. Furthermore, remission of the symptoms of phytoplasma‐infected shoots can be promoted by culturing them in vitro in high‐auxin‐containing media. Therefore, effect of spraying 1‐naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) on infected periwinkle (Catharanthus roseus) with periwinkle leaf yellowing (PLY) phytoplasma was examined. 1‐Naphthaleneacetic acid stimulated symptom development in phytoplasma‐inoculated shoots. Accelerated symptom development was associated with early accumulation of phytoplasmas. Two PATHOGENESIS‐RELATED (PR) genes, CrPR1a and CrPR1b, were induced by PLY phytoplasma infection, and the induction was suppressed by NAA. Therefore, the accelerated symptom development may be due to the suppression effect of NAA on PR‐related defence. However, while NAA promoted symptom development on shoots inoculated with phytoplasma, more non‐symptomatic shoots containing no phytoplasma were observed, suggesting that NAA prevents phytoplasma colonisation in non‐symptomatic shoots. The expression of two genes encoding jasmonic acid (JA) biosynthesis key enzymes, lipoxygenase and allene oxide cyclase, was downregulated in non‐symptomatic shoots of infected plants, and remained downregulated after auxin treatment. Therefore, the auxin‐promoted resistance should be JA independent. Because auxin may promote symptom development of PLY phytoplasma‐infected periwinkles, it may not link to plant resistance to phytoplasma infection.
Characterisation of Pseudomonas chlororaphis subsp. aurantiaca strain Pa40 with the ability to control wheat sharp eyespot disease
Authors: Jiao Z. , Wu N. , Hale L. , Wu W. , Wu D. , Guo Y. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThis study details the isolation and characterisation of Pseudomonas chlororaphis subsp. aurantiaca strain Pa40, and is the first to examine P. chlororaphis for use in suppression of wheat sharp eyespot on wheat. Pa40 was isolated during an investigation aimed to identify biocontrol agents for Rhizoctonia cerealis. Over 500 bacterial strains were isolated from the rhizosphere of infected wheat and screened for in vitro antibiosis towards R. cerealis and ability to provide biocontrol in planta. Twenty‐six isolates showed highly antagonistic activity towards R. cerealis, in which Pseudomonas spp. and Bacillus spp. were predominant members of the antagonistic community. Strain Pa40 exhibited clear and consistent suppression of wheat sharp eyespot disease in a greenhouse study and suppression was comparable to that of chemical treatment with validamycin A. Pa40 was identified as P. chlororaphis subsp. aurantiaca by the Biolog identification system combined with 16S rDNA, atpD, carA and recA sequence analysis and biochemical and physiological characteristics. To determine broad‐spectrum applicability and the specific mechanisms involved in Pa40's pathogen suppression this strain was tested for antibiosis towards various phytopathogens and assayed for many biocontrol activities and plant‐beneficial traits. Strain Pa40 inhibited the growth of 10 of 13 phytopathogenic fungal strains and six of eight phytopathogenic bacteria tested. This original work characterises HCN, protease and siderophore production in P. chlororaphis. Each of these characteristics likely contributed to Pa40's biocontrol capabilities as well as stimulation of the hypersensitive response in tobacco and the presence of genes involved in the biosynthesis of phenazine, 2‐hydroxylated phenazine and pyrrolnitrin.
Fertile transgenic Lotus corniculatus resistant to the non‐selective herbicide phosphinothricin
Authors: Nikolić R. , Zdravković‐Korać S. , Ninković S. , Dragićević M. , Miljuš‐Đukić J. , Banović B. , Bohanec B. , Savić J. , Mitić N. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractResistance to the non‐selective herbicide dl‐phosphinothricin (PPT) was introduced into commercial Lotus corniculatus cv. Bokor by co‐cultivation of cotyledons with Agrobacterium tumefaciens AGL1 harbouring the binary vector pDM805 which contains the bialaphos resistance gene (bar) from Streptomyces hygroscopicus encoding phosphinothricin acetyltransferase (PAT) and the uidA gene encoding β‐glucuronidase. The half‐cotyledon explants were precultured on regeneration Murashige and Skoog's (MS) medium supplemented with 6‐benzyladenine (BA) and 1‐naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) at 0.5 mg L−1 each, 3 days prior to infection. Upon co‐cultivation, the explants were cultured on PPT‐free regeneration medium for 10 days, and then subcultured on regeneration/selection media with increasing PPT concentrations (5–7 mg L−1) for about 18 weeks. Out of 480 initially co‐cultivated explants, 272 regenerated shoots survived the entire PPT selection procedure. Resistant shoots were grown further, multiplied by tillering that was additionally promoted by PPT and rooted on hormone‐free MS medium containing 5 mg L−1 PPT. Established shoot cultures, continuously maintained on the same medium, have preserved PPT resistance up to now (more than 2 years). Transformed plants assessed in vitro and in a greenhouse were tolerant to the herbicide PPT at 300 mg L−1 equivalent to more than twofold the recommended field dosage for weed eradication. Applied PPT treatment did not affect the activities of glutamine synthetase (GS; EC 6.3.1.2) and NADH‐dependent glutamate dehydrogenase (NADH‐GDH; EC 1.4.1.2) in transformed plants. However, PPT did increase the mobility of glutamine synthetase isoforms GS1 and GS2 as well as the inhibition of an additional high mobility GS (hmGS) activity. In untransformed plants, PPT treatment reduced total GS activity by 4.4‐fold while contrary the activity of NADH‐GDH was increased by ninefold. All transformed herbicide‐resistant plants were phenotypically normal and exhibited genomic stability, as were the untransformed plants analysed by flow cytometry. Under greenhouse conditions, they grew to maturity, flowered and set seeds. Stable integration and expression of the bar gene in T0 and T1 plants were confirmed by Southern and Western blot analysis, while integration of the reporter uidA gene did not occur. The bar gene was inherited in a Mendelian fashion by the progeny, as detected by PPT resistance. The production of PPT‐resistant plants may have significant practical applications in weed control in fields of L. corniculatus.
How does investor relations disclosure affect analysts' forecasts?
Authors: Chang Millicent , Hooi Liyin , Wee Marvin 
Published: October 2013

AbstractWe study the relationship between investor relations disclosure and analyst forecast properties in Australian firms, a setting dominated by small firms with limited analyst coverage and requiring continuous disclosure of price sensitive information. We find increasing disclosure in the time period investigated is associated with greater accuracy in firms disclosing fewer items. Disclosure was unrelated to forecast dispersion, possibly due to the low analyst following. In periods of uncertainty, the investor relations awards effectively discriminated quality from quantity of disclosure. These findings highlight the importance of active communication with analysts, particularly in firms providing less disclosure and during periods of uncertainty.
Cyclic Changes and Relationship between Peripheral and Endometrial NK Cells from Women with Repeated Failure after Artificial Insemination by Donor Sperm
Authors: Zhang Yang , Kwak‐Kim Joanne , Huang Donghui , Hu Lian , Liao Aihua 
Published: October 2013

ProblemCyclic changes of peripheral natural killer (pNK) cells and/or endometrial NK (eNK) cells during menstrual cycle remain controversial, and their relationship remains uncertain.Method of studyPeripheral blood and endometrial biopsies were simultaneously obtained from women (n = 23) undergoing artificial insemination with donor sperm (AID) for at least three cycles at both proliferative (days 9–11) and secretory phases (days 20–23) of menstrual cycle. The percentages of CD3− CD56+, CD3− CD56dim CD16+, CD3− CD56bright CD16− pNK, and eNK cell subsets within lymphocytes were determined by three‐color flow cytometry. The correlation between the percentages of pNK and eNK cells was further analyzed by Spearman's test.ResultsThe percentages of CD3− CD56+, CD3− CD56dim CD16+, and CD3− CD56bright CD16− pNK cells were not statistically different between the proliferative and secretory phases (P > 0.05, respectively). However, the percentages of CD3− CD56+ and CD3− CD56bright CD16− eNK cells were significantly decreased at the secretory phase, compared with those in the proliferative phase (P < 0.05, respectively). No correlation between the percentages of all pNK cell parameters and those of CD3− CD56bright CD16− eNK cells (the major subset of NK cells in uterus) was found in the same women throughout the menstrual cycle (P > 0.05).ConclusionWe found a menstrual‐cycle‐dependent change in the percentage of eNK cells in women undergoing AID treatment, but not pNK cells. Moreover, the percentage of pNK cells may not reflect that of eNK cells during menstrual cycle.
Review article: the assessment and management of chronic severe gastrointestinal dysmotility in adults
Authors: Paine P. , McLaughlin J. , Lal S. 
Published: October 2013

SummaryBackgroundThe characterisation and management of chronic severe gastrointestinal (GI) dysmotility are challenging. It may cause intestinal failure requiring home parenteral nutrition (HPN).AimsTo review the presentation, aetiology, characterisation, management and outcome of chronic severe GI dysmotility, and to suggest a pragmatic management algorithm.MethodsPubMed search was performed up to December 2012 using appropriate search terms, restricted to human articles and reviewed for relevance. Segmental dysmotility, acute ileus, functional syndromes and non‐English articles were excluded. Evidence and recommendations were evaluated using theGRADEsystem.ResultsIn total, 721 relevant articles were reviewed. A coherent and definitive picture is hampered by overlapping classification systems using multi‐modal characterisation methods, subject to pitfalls and some requiring further validation. The literature is confined to case series with no randomised trials. Fewer than 20% undergo full thickness jejunal biopsy, which are otherwise labelled idiopathic. However, in studies with up to 80% biopsy rates, neuromuscular abnormalities may be found in 90%. Between 14% and 50% will requireHPN, comprising 8–14% of allHPNpatients, of which 2/3 are primary/idiopathic and 1/3 secondary, with scleroderma being the leading secondary cause. Ten‐year mortality ranges from 13% to 35% and is worst in elderly scleroderma patients. Management includes limited treatments for secondary causes, prokinetics, symptom palliation, psychological support, nutrition, hydration and judicious surgery.ConclusionsSevere dysmotility often remains idiopathic. It is rarely possible to alter disease trajectory; consequently, prognosis may be poor. Multi‐disciplinary teams in a specialist setting can improve outcomes. Graded recommendations are enumerated and a pragmatic algorithm is suggested.
Usage patterns of ‘over‐the‐counter’ vs. prescription‐strength nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs in France
Authors: Duong Mai , Salvo Francesco , Pariente Antoine , Abouelfath Abdelilah , Lassalle Regis , Droz Cecile , Blin Patrick , Moore Nicholas 
Published: October 2013

AimsMost risks of nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are pharmacological, dose and duration dependent. Usage patterns of prescription‐only (POM) or ‘over‐the‐counter (OTC)’ NSAIDs may influence risks, but are not commonly described.MethodsThe Echantillon Généraliste de Bénéficiaires database, the permanent 1/97 representative sample from the French national healthcare insurance systems, was queried over 2009–2010 to identify usage patterns, concomitant chronic diseases and cardiovascular medication in OTC and POM NSAID users.ResultsOver 2 years, 229 477 of 526 108 patients had at least one NSAID dispensation; 44 484 patients (19%) were dispensed only OTC NSAIDs (93% ibuprofen) and 121 208 (53%) only POM NSAIDs. The OTC users were younger (39.9 vs. 47.4 years old) and more often female (57 vs. 53%); 69% of OTC users and 49% of POM users had only one dispensation. A mean of 14.6 defined daily doses (DDD) were dispensed over 2 years for OTC vs. 53 for POM; 93% OTC vs. 60% POM patients bought ≤ 30 DDD over 2 years, and 1.5 vs. 12% bought ≥ 90 DDD. Chronic comorbidities were found in 19% of OTC users vs. 28% of POM users; 24 vs. 37% had at least one dispensation of a cardiovascular drug over the 2 years.ConclusionsMost of the use of NSAIDs appears to be short term, especially for OTC‐type NSAIDs, such as ibuprofen. The validity of risk estimates for NSAIDs extrapolated from clinical trials or from observational studies not including OTC‐type usage may need to be revised.
TRPA1: A Transducer and Amplifier of Pain and Inflammation
Authors: Koivisto Ari , Chapman Hugh , Jalava Niina , Korjamo Timo , Saarnilehto Marja , Lindstedt Ken , Pertovaara Antti 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThe transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) ion channel on peripheral terminals of nociceptive primary afferent nerve fibres contributes to the transduction of noxious stimuli to electrical signals, while on central endings in the spinal dorsal horn, it amplifies transmission to spinal interneurons and projection neurons. The centrally propagating nociceptive signal that is induced and amplified by TRPA1 not only elicits pain sensation but also contributes to peripheral neurogenic inflammation through a peripheral axon reflex or a centrally mediated back propagating dorsal root reflex that releases vasoactive agents from sensory neurons in the periphery. Endogenous TRPA1 agonists that are generated under various pathophysiological conditions both in the periphery and in the spinal cord have TRPA1‐mediated pro‐nociceptive and pro‐inflammatory effects. Among endogenous TRPA1 agonists that have been shown to play a role in the pathogenesis of pain and inflammatory conditions are, for example, methylglyoxal, 4‐hydroxynonenal, 12‐lipoxygenase‐derived hepoxilin A3, 5,6‐epoxyeicosatrienoic acid and reactive oxygen species, while mustard oil and cinnamaldehyde are most commonly used exogenous TRPA1 agonists in experimental studies. Among selective TRPA1 antagonists are HC‐030031, A‐967079, AP‐14 and Chembridge‐5861528. Recent evidence indicates that TRPA1 plays a role also in transition of acute to chronic pain. Due to its location on a subpopulation of pain‐mediating primary afferent nerve fibres, blocking the TRPA1 channel is expected to have antinociceptive, antiallodynic and anti‐inflammatory effects.
Neural correlates of rapid antidepressant response to ketamine in bipolar disorder
Authors: Nugent Allison C , Diazgranados Nancy , Carlson Paul J , Ibrahim Lobna , Luckenbaugh David A , Brutsche Nancy , Herscovitch Peter , Drevets Wayne C , Zarate Carlos A 
Published: October 2013

ObjectivesKetamine, an N‐methyl d‐aspartate (NMDA) antagonist, has rapid antidepressant effects in depressed subjects with bipolar disorder (BD). Evidence supports a role for the glutamatergic system in the pathophysiology of BD. This double‐blind, randomized, cross‐over study sought to determine cerebral metabolic correlates of antidepressant response to ketamine.MethodsTwenty‐one subjects with BD currently in a depressed state underwent [18F]‐fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography (PET) imaging after receiving a placebo infusion as well as after receiving a ketamine infusion. Metabolism was compared between ketamine and placebo infusions, and correlated with clinical response. Regional metabolic rate of glucose (rMRGlu) in regions of interest (ROIs) and Montgomery–Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) scores were the main outcome measures.ResultsThe study found that change in metabolism between sessions was significantly correlated with percentage change in MADRS scores in the right ventral striatum; subjects who showed the greatest improvement had the largest metabolic increase after ketamine infusion compared to placebo. In a voxel‐wise analysis, subjects with BD had significantly lower glucose metabolism in the left hippocampus following the ketamine infusion than following the placebo infusion. In addition, metabolism in the subgenual anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) following the placebo infusion was positively correlated with percentage improvement in MADRS score following the ketamine infusion.ConclusionsTaken together, the results suggest that higher activity in the subgenual ACC may predict antidepressant response to ketamine. Ketamine administration altered glucose metabolism in areas known to be involved in mood disorders; these alterations may partially underlie ketamine's mechanism of action.
Characterization of a novel multifunctional resveratrol derivative for the treatment of atrial fibrillation
Authors: Baczko Istvan , Liknes David , Yang Wei , Hamming Kevin C , Searle Gavin , Jaeger Kristian , Husti Zoltan , Juhasz Viktor , Klausz Gergely , Pap Robert , Saghy Laszlo , Varro Andras , Dolinsky Vernon , Wang Shaohua , Rauniyar Vivek , Hall Dennis , Dyck Jason RB , Light Peter E 
Published: October 2013

Background and PurposeAtrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common cardiac arrhythmia and is associated with an increased risk for stroke, heart failure and cardiovascular‐related mortality. Candidate targets for anti‐AF drugs include a potassium channel Kv1.5, and the ionic currents IKACh and late INa, along with increased oxidative stress and activation of NFAT‐mediated gene transcription. As pharmacological management of AF is currently suboptimal, we have designed and characterized a multifunctional small molecule, compound 1 (C1), to target these ion channels and pathways.Experimental ApproachWe made whole‐cell patch‐clamp recordings of recombinant ion channels, human atrial IKur, rat atrial IKACh, cellular recordings of contractility and calcium transient measurements in tsA201 cells, human atrial samples and rat myocytes. We also used a model of inducible AF in dogs.Key ResultsC1 inhibited human peak and late Kv1.5 currents, frequency‐dependently, with IC50 of 0.36 and 0.11 μmol·L−1 respectively. C1 inhibited IKACh (IC50 of 1.9 μmol·L−1) and the Nav1.5 sodium channel current (IC50s of 3 and 1 μmol·L−1 for peak and late components respectively). C1 (1 μmol·L−1) significantly delayed contractile and calcium dysfunction in rat ventricular myocytes treated with 3 nmol·L−1 sea anemone toxin (ATX‐II). C1 weakly inhibited the hERG channel and maintained antioxidant and NFAT‐inhibitory properties comparable to the parent molecule, resveratrol. In a model of inducible AF in conscious dogs, C1 (1 mg·kg−1) reduced the average and total AF duration.Conclusion and ImplicationsC1 behaved as a promising multifunctional small molecule targeting a number of key pathways involved in AF.
Parsing the players: 2‐arachidonoylglycerol synthesis and degradation in the CNS
Authors: Murataeva N , Straiker A , Mackie K 
Published: October 2013

The endogenous cannabinoid signalling system, composed of endogenous cannabinoids, cannabinoid receptors and the enzymes that synthesize and degrade the endogenous cannabinoids, is much more complex than initially conceptualized. 2‐Arachidonoylglycerol (2‐AG) is the most abundant endocannabinoid and plays a major role in CNS development and synaptic plasticity. Over the past decade, many key players in 2‐AG synthesis and degradation have been identified and characterized. Most 2‐AG is synthesized from membrane phospholipids via sequential activation of a phospholipase Cβ and a diacylglycerol lipase, although other pathways may contribute in specialized settings. 2‐AG breakdown is more complicated with at least eight different enzymes participating. These enzymes can either degrade 2‐AG into its components, arachidonic acid and glycerol, or transform 2‐AG into highly bioactive signal molecules. The implications of the precise temporal and spatial control of the expression and function of these pleiotropic metabolizing enzymes have only recently come to be appreciated. In this review, we will focus on the primary organization of the synthetic and degradative pathways of 2‐AG and then discuss more recent findings and their implications, with an eye towards the biological and therapeutic implications of manipulating 2‐AG synthesis and metabolism.Linked ArticlesThis article is part of a themed section on Cannabinoids 2013. To view the other articles in this section visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2014.171.issue‐6
Transient receptor potential (TRP) channels: a clinical perspective
Authors: Kaneko Yosuke , Szallasi Arpad 
Published: October 2013

Transient receptor potential (TRP) channels are important mediators of sensory signals with marked effects on cellular functions and signalling pathways. Indeed, mutations in genes encoding TRP channels are the cause of several inherited diseases in humans (the so‐called ‘TRP channelopathies’) that affect the cardiovascular, renal, skeletal and nervous systems. TRP channels are also promising targets for drug discovery. The initial focus of research was on TRP channels that are expressed on nociceptive neurons. Indeed, a number of potent, small‐molecule TRPV1, TRPV3 and TRPA1 antagonists have already entered clinical trials as novel analgesic agents. There has been a recent upsurge in the amount of work that expands TRP channel drug discovery efforts into new disease areas such as asthma, cancer, anxiety, cardiac hypertrophy, as well as obesity and metabolic disorders. A better understanding of TRP channel functions in health and disease should lead to the discovery of first‐in‐class drugs for these intractable diseases. With this review, we hope to capture the current state of this rapidly expanding and changing field.Linked ArticlesThis article is part of a themed section on the pharmacology of TRP channels. To view the other articles in this section visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2014.171.issue‐10
Podoplanin is expressed at the invasive front of esophageal squamous cell carcinomas and is involved in collective cell invasion
Authors: Nakashima Yuichiro , Yoshinaga Keiji , Kitao Hiroyuki , Ando Koji , Kimura Yasue , Saeki Hiroshi , Oki Eiji , Morita Masaru , Kakeji Yoshihiro , Hirahashi Minako , Oda Yoshinao , Maehara Yoshihiko 
Published: October 2013

The expression of podoplanin is reportedly involved in collective cell invasion, which is independent from the epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT). We focused on the expression of podoplanin in esophageal squamous cell carcinomas (ESCC) and investigated the correlation of podoplanin and EMT‐related markers, and evaluated its prognostic significance. Five ESCC cell lines were subjected to western blot analysis for podoplanin and EMT markers. The effects of podoplanin on EMT and carcinoma invasion were evaluated with wound healing assays, invasion assays and 3‐D culture. Transfection of ectopic podoplanin into a podoplanin‐negative ESCC cell line (TE‐15) induced cell migration and invasive activity (P < 0.001 and P < 0.05, respectively) without downregulation of E‐cadherin. In contrast, transfection of si‐podoplanin RNA into a podoplanin‐positive ESCC cell line (TE‐13) reduced cell migration and invasive activity (P < 0.05). We reviewed 101 patients who had undergone esophagectomy for ESCC. Podoplanin expression was observed in 58 patients (57.4%), and positive expression was positively correlated with expression of E‐cadherin (P < 0.01), deeper wall invasion (P < 0.01), venous invasion (P < 0.05) and poorer prognosis (P < 0.01). Multivariate Cox analysis revealed that expression of podoplanin was a significant and independent unfavorable predictor of survival (P < 0.05). These data suggest that podoplanin is significantly associated with and likely contributes to ESCC invasion in the absence of EMT.