bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Environmental Factors in Stress Corrosion Cracking and Anodic Polarization of Zirconium in Methanol-HCl Solutions
Authors: PALIT G. C. , ELAYAPERUMAL K. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The effects of the environmental factors, aqueous HCl, anhydrous HCl, and water, on stress corrosion cracking (SCC) and anodic polarization of annealed zirconium in methanol-HCl solutions have been studied and the corresponding correlations are brought out. The occurrence of minimum time to failure by SCC, corresponding to maximum susceptibility, at a concentration of 0.4 Vol% aqueous HCl has been shown to be due to the coexistence of active and passive states. The activating and passivating species are Cl− ion and water, respectively.
Effect of Ultrasonic Waves on the Pitting Potentials of 18-8 Stainless Steel in Sodium Chloride Solution
Authors: NAKAYAMA T. , SASA K. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Critical pitting potential and protection potentials were measured potentiodynamically in 0.1N NaCl solution vibrated by a 200 kHz ultrasonic wave. The critical pitting potential was more noble in this environment than in a hydrostatic solution. This fact was confirmed potentiostatically. In hydrostatic solution, the protection potential seems to decrease with the increase of the level of pit propagation. When the electrodes are radiated by ultrasonic wave, the protection potential can be defined as 120 mV (SCE) and is independent of the degree of pit propagation.
Pitting of High Purity Zinc and Pitting Potential Significance
Authors: ALVAREZ M. G. , GALVELE J. R. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The passivity breakdown of high purity zinc in aqueous solutions containing different aggressive anions (Cl−, I−, SO4=, and NO3−) was studied. A critical evaluation of different methods for measuring the breakdown potential was made. Reproducible passivity breakdown potential measurements were given only by those methods producing mechanical disruption of the passive film. The passivity breakdown potential of high purity zinc was found to be independent of the nature of the anions tested, except for nitrates, and very close to the equilibrium potential of the reaction Zn = Zn2+ + 2e. The passivity breakdown potential in all the cases studied was found to be equal to the corrosion potential of zinc in the acid solution formed inside the pits. It is concluded that the pitting potential is the minimum potential at which an acidified solution can be produced and maintained in contact with the dissolving metal.
Corrosion Products of Iron Dissolution—Dependence on Anions in Solution
Authors: ALEXANDER BEVERLY J. , FOLEY R. T. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This paper deals with the identification of certain species produced during the corrosion of iron in oxygen-containing and oxygen-free solutions. Iron was allowed to corrode in acid solutions of constant pH of NaBr, NaCl, Nal, NaNO3, Na2HPO4, Na2SO4, and NaClO4. These reactions were conducted in (1) air-saturated solutions, (2) solutions purged with N2, and (3) a closed argon-purged system. The reactions were carried out in a special optical cell in an Hitachi EPS-3T spectrophotometer and measurements were made over the ultra-violet and visible regions. The results obtained in the air-saturated solutions indicated that although many of the spectra exhibited common features the spectra were unique for each individual solution. Thus the species arising in the dissolution process were dependent on the anion in solution.
Strain Enhanced Corrosion in the Iron-Caustic System
Authors: DIEGLE RONALD B. , VERMILYEA DAVID A. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Straining electrode experiments were performed to investigate the nature of strain enhanced corrosion of iron in caustic electrolyte. The strain enhanced corrosion rate was generally linearly dependent on applied strain rate, and its potential dependence paralleled that of steady-state polarization behavior on non-straining electrodes. Data was presented as ratios, in which is the corrosion rate in cm/s and is the corresponding strain rate. This ratio, which was shown in a previously published theory to be numerically equal to the crack advance per film rupture event during film rupture SCC, depended on electrochemical variables such as electrolyte concentration and temperature in a manner similar to the kinetics of caustic cracking. Conditions which are known to be marginal in producing caustic cracking resulted in values for of about 10−7 cm, in excellent agreement with a previously developed theory. It was concluded that strain enhanced corrosion in this system results from repetitive film rupture and repair during straining.
Residual Stresses in Bent Tubes for Nuclear Steam Generators
Authors: BERGE Ph. , BUI H. D. , DONATI J. R. , VILLARD D. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Residual stresses in Inconel 600 tubes for PWR steam generators were measured using the strain gauge technique, and the results were checked by a stress corrosion test in boiling MgCl2 performed on stainless steel tubes manufactured according to the same process as the Inconel 600 tubes. It was shown that very high tensile stresses, equal to or even exceeding the yield stress, could exist as a result of the straightening, bending or roll expanding operations. The efficiency of possible stress relieving treatments was also investigated.
Oxalate Coating of Nickel Alloys
Authors: MORRIS P. E. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Rapid-scan potentiodynamic polarization techniques were utilized to solve problems encountered in a commercial oxalate coating process for nickel alloy tube and wire products. The electrochemical data provided an explanation for the observed inconsistent coating performance in terms of alloy type and environment parameters. Based on the electrochemical study, the mill operating procedures were modified to yield consistently satisfactory alloy coatings.
Relationship Between Acid Intergranular Corrosion and Caustic Stress Corrosion Cracking of Alloy 600
Authors: THEUS G. J. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Modified Streicher and 288 C (550 F) electrochemical caustic stress corrosion tests were performed on Alloy 600 to determine the relationship between acid intergranular attack susceptibility and caustic stress corrosion cracking (SCC) susceptibility. Mill annealed and solution annealed materials with and without a subsequent 621 C (1150 F) heat treatment (simulated stress relief) were evaluated. Susceptibility to attack in the Streicher test was greatest for material that had received a 621 C (1150 F) heat treatment, whereas this heat treatment caused the same material to be least susceptible to cracking in the electrochemical tests. The conclusions drawn from these results are: (1) stress relieving Alloy 600 does improve its resistance to caustic SCC, and (2) resistance of Alloy 600 to acid intergranular attack does not imply resistance of Alloy 600 to caustic SCC. Therefore, the results demonstrate the need for selecting corrosion qualification tests which are relevant to service conditions.
Practical Experiences with Linear Polarization Measurements
Authors: HAUSLER R. H. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The linear polarization technique in principle is a convenient and rapid way for determining corrosion rates. In practice, one finds that it is often applied under conditions alien to the assumptions on the basis of which it was derived. This paper will present a series of comparative observations between linear polarization, resistance probe, and weight loss measurements in different systems. The systems studied were: (1) Hydrochloric acid containing acetylenic inhibitors, (2) a two phase system containing hydrocarbon and water saturated with H2S, and (3) tap water containing various inhibitors. An equation will be derived showing the effect of ohmic resistance due to corrosion product buildup. The effect of polarization on the properties of a corrosion product layer will be discussed qualitatively.
Rust Prevention Control by Changing Sulfide Type
Authors: SHIMADA HARUO , SAKAKIBARA YOSHIAKI , OKADA HIDEYA 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The first stage of rust formation process is the dissolution of α(Mn,Fe)S into dew water at the steel surface. Therefore, rust prevention can be expected by changing the sulfides in steel from the water soluble type, α(Mn,Fe)S, to the water insoluble type. This paper deals with the rust prevention control process. The dissolution tendency of various sulfides into water has been examined by using the electrolytically extracted sulfides from steel, and then the difference of rust resistance of steel sheets due to the change of sulfides type has been studied with acceleration tests in the humid atmosphere. The obtained results revealed that the most appropriate rust prevention can be achieved by fixing all the sulfur in steel as the water insoluble sulfides, (Ce,Mn)(O,S).
Stress Corrosion Crack Growth in Austenitic Stainless Steel
Authors: SPEIDEL MARKUS O. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Stress corrosion crack velocity and stress corrosion threshold stress intensity have been measured for Type 304L austenitic stainless steel in water with 42% MgCl2 at 130 C. The stress corrosion crack velocity vs stress intensity curve has a shape similar to the one for other austenitic steels and many other metallic and nonmetallic materials. The threshold stress intensity (KISCC is 8 ± 1 MN·m−3/2, and the plateau crack velocity is 3 to 6 × 10−8 m/s. Linear elastic fracture mechanics techniques can be applied to SCC testing of soft and tough materials, provided the KISCC is low enough, and crack branching can be avoided. Criteria for the formation of single, branched, and circular stress corrosion cracks are indicated.
Further Observations on Sensitization of Chemically Stabilized Stainless Steels
Authors: SAMANS CARL H. , KINOSHITA KAZUHISA , MATSUSHIMA IWAO 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The solubility product for niobium and carbon in a Type 347 steel is Niobium additions to an 18Cr:8Ni type matrix reduce carbon solubility to such an extent that any “solution treatment” below at least 1150 C causes stabilization. Consequently, no Cr2 3C6 precipitates at lower temperatures to sensitize the structure. Further observations on Type 321 suggest that two types of TiC precipitate from solid solution in an 18:8 type matrix. The size of the TiC nucleus decreases with the precipitating temperature. Above 1050 to 1100 C the initial TiC is probably incoherent, large enough to be stable and resistant to ferric sulfate-sulfuric acid solution. Below 1050 to 1100 C the initial TiC, known as “dot TiC” or “TiC on dislocations”, is probably coherent, not large enough to be stable without further growth, and not resistant to ferric sulfate-sulfuric acid solution. During holding at temperatures below 1050 to 1100 C, stabilization occurs as the TiC on dislocations agglomerates to larger, incoherent particles. The time required increases as the temperature decreases down to the minimum TiC nucleation temperature near 610 C. Cold work makes it easier for the coherent particles to become incoherent, in effect facilitating approach to equilibrium carbon solubility at any temperature. Once chromium carbide forms, dissolved titanium eventually reacts with it, forming TiC and releasing chromium to desensitize the structure. This reaction can occur, given sufficient time for titanium diffusion, at any temperature at which chromium carbide nucleates. It is much more rapid than back diffusion of chromium from the matrix.
The New Fe-Cr-Mo Ferritic Stainless Steels
Authors: STEIGERWALD R. F. , BOND A. P. , DUNDAS H. J. , LIZLOVS E. A. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The new Fe-Cr-Mo ferritic stainless steels are reviewed with an emphasis on corrosion behavior. The properties of commercial steels are outlined showing how these alloys can be divided into general purpose (18Cr-2Mo), moderately severe service (26Cr-1Mo), and premium service (29Cr-4Mo) materials. The stress corrosion cracking (SCC), intergranular corrosion, pitting, crevice corrosion, and general corrosion of the Fe-Cr-Mo ferritic stainless steels in general is discussed. The influence of nickel on the corrosion resistance and toughness of ferritic stainless steels is considered.
Potassium Oxalate Inhibits Corrosion of Mild Steel by Ferric Ion
Authors: SUBRAHMANYAM D. V. , HOEY G. R. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Potassium oxalate inhibits the corrosion of AISI 1010 steel in 2.5 pH H2SO4 solutions with and without Fe3+ ion at inhibitor efficiencies up to 98%. Ferric ion exerts a synergistic influence with oxalate ion. The minimum oxalate concentration required is directly proportional to the ferric ion concentration in solution. Inhibition is caused by 30.5 to 116.8 μ thick ferrous oxalate film, i.e., β-FeC2O4·2H2O, identified by X-ray diffraction analysis. Based on potential-time and current density-time curves, a three-stage mechanism for inhibition is postulated. Possible applications of this inhibitor in the mineral industry are suggested.
Stress Corrosion Cracking and Corrosion Fatigue in Cr-Mo Low Alloy Steel
Authors: AIYAMA SIGEKI , SHOJI TETSUO , TAKAHASHI HIDEAKI , SUZUKI MASAHIKO 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Corrosion fatigue crack propagation tests were performed below and above KISCC in AISI 4145 steel heat treated to 1230 MN/m2 and 0.1 N H2SO4 system with particular reference to effects of frequency and stress intensity parameters. The crack growth results above KISCC could not be described by simple linear summation hypothesis, and this fact suggested the importance of the synergestic effect term in crack growth rate. This synergestic effect denoted hereafter as the dynamic SCC rate was strongly influenced by frequency and showed the maximum at a particular frequency. This frequency effect on the dynamic SCC rate suggested that crack growth enhancement under cyclic loading would be induced by dissolution mechanism in spite of the fact that the material had high sensitivity to hydrogen stress cracking under constant load.
Contribution to the Interpretation of Current Maxima in the Passivity Range of Austenitic Stainless Steels
Authors: CIGADA A. , RE G. , SINIGAGLIA D. , BORILE F. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Passive current density maxima have been observed by various workers during the anodic polarization of different stainless steels in sulfuric acid solutions and have been explained by many theories. This paper describes the precorrosion time and some other pretreatments of the sample surface which change drastically the anodic polarization curve of AISI Type 304 stainless steel in 2N H2SO4, lowering the critical current density and causing two passive maxima. Our results are used in a critical analysis of the conclusions of other authors. The passive current density maxima are attributed to the oxidation of hydrogen formed during precorrosion and absorbed into the alloy and of ions present in the solution and coming from the alloy dissolution.
Atmospheric Corrosion in Marine Environments
Authors: LEGAULT R. A. , PEARSON V. P. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
It has been demonstrated that the natural atmospheric corrosion behavior of low alloy steels in marine environments can be accurately described by an equation of the form: ΔW = KtN. With this relationship, reliable predictions of long term weight losses can be made from as few as two sets of determinations obtained in relatively short exposures. The reliability of this relationship has also been established for galvanized and aluminized steels.
The Relationship Between Repassivation Behavior and Pitting Corrosion for Ti and Ti6AI4V
Authors: RAETZER-SCHEIBE H. -J. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The characteristic pitting potentials of Ti and Ti6AI4V were determined by measurement of potentiodynamic current-potential curves in solutions of 1N NaCl, 1N Nal, and 1N NaBr. Under the same conditions current-time curves were measured for various potentials after generation of a new metallic surface. By means of these curves, one can study the repassivation behavior of materials. The comparison between the potential of pit repassivation and the repassivation/nonrepassivation potential shows a relatively good correlation. The determination of the critical repassivation potentials enables us to predict the pitting corrosion behavior.
Influence of Density and Distribution of Intergranular Sulfides on the Sulfide Stress Cracking Properties of High Strength Steels
Authors: JOSHI A. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The common occurrence of sulfide stress cracking failures of many steels in the intergranular mode suggests a need for a better understanding of the grain boundaries, particularly the boundary chemistry. The boundary chemistry of selected high strength steels is correlated to the minimum stress at failure in hydrogen sulfide solutions at room temperature. The technique of Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) in a scanning Auger microprobe was employed to study grain boùndary composition and distribution of second phases at fresh fracture surfaces. The results indicate that S and Mn, precipitated in the form of a thin film of (Fe, Mn)S or P present at grain boundaries degrade the SSC properties of the material.
Microstructure and Chemical Composition of Natural Scale Layers
Authors: FEIGENBAUM C. , GAL-OR L , YAHALOM J. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Basic physico-chemical data required to understand the mechanism of corrosion protection by natural scale layers in water pipes were investigated. These included the morphology, distribution of constituent elements, and crystalline phase composition of 15 natural scale layers, formed in potable water supply mains carrying water of various chemical compositions. Using scanning electron microscopy, the morphological studies reveal the following structure: the outer zone (adjacent to the scale/water interface) is relatively compact and consists of contiguous crystals, while the inner zone is considerably more porous. This morphological heterogeneity is explained by differences in crystallographic and chemical composition of the two zones. Crystalline phase analysis of the scales was performed by the Debye-Scherrer method on powdered samples. It was found that calcite-CaCO3, which favors a compact arrangement, appears in the outer zone, while the inner zone is comprised of geothite [α FeO(OH)], siderite (FeCO3), and magnetite (Fe3O4), that favor both needle-like and granular porous structures. Independent microanalysis studies showed the occurrence of a steep gradient in Fe and Ca concentrations inside the bulk of the scale. The location of this gradient in terms of scale depth varies from scale to scale and plays a significant role in corrosion protection. The Fe/Ca ratio as determined by overall chemical analysis varied over the range 0.2 &lt; /Fe/Ca &lt; 182.
Chelate Inhibitors for Zinc and Galvanized Products
Authors: LEROY RODNEY L. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
White rust corrosion of zinc and galvanized products remains a serious commercial problem, in spite of almost 50 years of development of inorganic passivation techniques. Furthermore, such inhibitors compound the already difficult task of paint application to these materials. In a novel approach, the concept of surface chealtion has been taken as a starting point for the development of organic inhibitors for zinc which will act as monolayers strongly bonded to the metal substrate. Possible chelating groups were screened, resulting in identification of two particularly effective materials: (1) 2,5-dimercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole, and (2) the esters of thioglycolic acid.
Caustic Stress Corrosion Cracking Studies at 288 C (550 F) Using the Straining Electrode Technique — Comparison of Alloy 600, Alloy 800, and Type 304 Stainless Steel
Authors: CELS J. R. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Constant pull rate tests were conducted on tensile specimens of Inconel Alloy 600, Incoloy Alloy 800, and Type 304 stainless steel in deaerated 10% NaOH solution at 288 C (550 F) with a cover gas of 5% H2 in N2. The pull rate used for most experiments was 3.3 x 10−6 cm/s, which corresponds to an initial strain rate of 3 x 10−6 s−1. The electrical potential of the specimens was controlled by a potentiostat using a nickel wire as a hydrogen reference electrode. Under open circuit conditions, Type 304 stainless steel specimens cracked rapidly, but Alloys 600 and 800 specimens exhibited only ductile fracture. However, cracks readily formed in Alloy 800 specimens at potentials in the +50 to +300 mV range and in Alloy 600 specimens at potentials in the +150 to +250 mV range. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) photographs of some of the cracked specimen surfaces showed the transition from ductile to brittle fracture as a consequence of changes in the specimen's electrical potential. Longitudinal metallographic cross sections also revealed the grain structure and the mode of cracking. They showed that the cracks were intergranular in Alloy 600 and Type 304 stainless steel specimens, and were transgranular in Alloy 800 specimens.
Evaluation of Liquid-Metal-Embrittlement by the Quasistatic Crack Propagation Technique
Authors: MAI Y. W. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This paper describes a simple quasi-static crack propagation technique which is conveniently used for the evaluation of fracture resistances of metals as embrittled by liquid-metals. Examples given are cast iron, zinc alloy, and alpha-brass immersed in a 0.1 molar mercurous nitrate solution. The advantages and disadvantages of the quasi-static graphical analysis are also discussed.
A Laser Interferometric Study of Corrosion of Coated and Uncoated Metals I. — Technique Standardization with the Zn/ZnSO4/Zn System
Authors: O'BRIEN R. N. , KOLNY H. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
A laser interferometric method of detecting holidays in and evaluating the corrosion protection of epoxy primer or other coatings was tested in the well known system Zn/ZnSO4/Zn. An electrochemical potential in the general range of corrosion couple values was applied, first to uncoated electrodes, then to coated anodes with measured, prepared holidays. The method is shown to give easily interpretable, visually obvious qualitative results. General methods of calculating good relative values and less accurate true values of corrosion currents are evolved.
Low Temperature Sensitization of Welded Type 304 Stainless Steel
Authors: POVICH M. J. , RAO P. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
It has been shown that the sensitization of Type 304 stainless steel occurs at temperatures well below the normal isothermal temperature range for sensitization. A prerequisite for this low temperature sensitization (LTS) is the presence of chromium carbide nuclei along grain boundaries. This paper shows that the thermal exposure during welding can nucleate the grain boundary carbides necessary for subsequent LTS. Quantitative transmission electron microscopy studies show that no new carbides nucleate during an LTS heat treatment at 400 C. However, carbides that were nucleated at the time of welding grow during the LTS heat treatment. These findings are consistent with the proposed nucleation and growth LTS model. Using an accelerated test for intergranular stress corrosion cracking (IGSCC) in high temperature, high purity, 8 ppm oxygen water, it has been found that the rate of LTS in a Type 304 stainless steel weld heat affected zone obeys an Arrhenius temperature dependence which predicts that LTS enhanced susceptibility to IGSCC may occur in less than 10 years at 300 C. Similar IGSCC tests in water containing reduced dissolved oxygen indicate that reducing the oxygen level to 0.2 ppm would greatly reduce the probability of IGSCC, even in low temperature sensitized Type 304 stainless steel. The value of LTS as an improved screening test for the presence of carbides and for the qualification of mill annealed stainless steel is noted.