bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Band gap and broken chirality in single‐layer and bilayer graphene
Authors: Varlet Anastasia , Liu Ming‐Hao , Bischoff Dominik , Simonet Pauline , Taniguchi Takashi , Watanabe Kenji , Richter Klaus , Ihn Thomas , Ensslin Klaus 
Published: September 2015

magnified imageChirality is one of the key features governing the electronic properties of single‐ and bilayer graphene: the basics of this concept and its consequences on transport are presented in this review. By breaking the inversion symmetry, a band gap can be opened in the band structures of both systems at the K‐point. This leads to interesting consequences for the pseu‐dospin and, therefore, for the chirality. These consequences can be accessed by investigating the evolution of the Berry phase in such systems. Experimental observations of Fabry–Pérot interference in a dual‐gated bilayer graphene device are finally presented and are used to illustrate the role played by the band gap on the evolution of the pseudospin. The presented results can be attributed to the breaking of the chirality in the energy range close to the gap. (© 2015 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH &Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Aerodynamic and aeroacoustic performance of airfoils with morphing structures
Authors: Ai Qing , Azarpeyvand Mahdi , Lachenal Xavier , Weaver Paul M. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractAerodynamic and aeroacoustic performance of airfoils fitted with morphing trailing edges are investigated using a coupled structure/fluid/noise model. The control of the flow over the surface of an airfoil using shape optimization techniques can significantly improve the load distribution along the chord and span lengths whilst minimising noise generation. In this study, a NACA 63‐418 airfoil is fitted with a morphing flap and various morphing profiles are considered with two features that distinguish them from conventional flaps: they are conformal and do not rely on conventional internal mechanisms. A novel design of a morphing flap using a zero Poisson's ratio honeycomb core with tailored bending stiffness is developed and investigated using the finite element model. Whilst tailoring the bending stiffness along the chord of the flap yields large flap deflections, it also enables profile tailoring of the deformed structure which is shown to significantly affect airfoil noise generation. The aeroacoustic behaviour of the airfoil is studied using a semi‐empirical airfoil noise prediction model. Results show that the morphing flap can effectively reduce the airfoil trailing edge noise over a wide range of flow speeds and angles of attack. It is also shown that appropriate morphing profile tailoring improves the effect of morphing trailing edge on the aerodynamic and aeroacoustic performance of the airfoil. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Carbon Centered Trigonal Prismatic Tungsten Clusters [W6CCl18]n– (n = 1, 2) containing Copper(I) and Copper(II)
Authors: Mos Agnieszka , Ströbele Markus , Meyer H.‐Jürgen 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThe solid state reaction of WCl6 with copper powder and a reactive source of carbon leads to a new trigonal prismatic carbon‐centered tungsten cluster containing copper ions. Cu[W6CCl18] dissolves in organic solvents (dimethylsulfoxide, acetone), resulting in two air stable products Cu(C2H6OS)6[W6CCl18] and Cu(C2H6OS)4[W6CCl18]2. Both of them contain carbon‐centered trigonal prismatic tungsten clusters [W6CCl18]n– (n = 1, 2) and Jahn‐Teller distorted octahedral copper(II) ions. Crystal structures of all compounds were investigated by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. The presence of carbon as an interstitial atom in the cluster is confirmed by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.
A Composition-Based View of Firm Growth
Authors: Luo Yadong , Child John 
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACTThis article presents a composition-based view (CBV), which explicates the growth of enterprises that compete and develop without the benefit of resource advantages, core technology, or market power. The CBV emphasizes how ordinary firms with ordinary resources may generate extraordinary results through their creative use of open resources and unique integrating capabilities, resulting in an enhanced speed and a price-value ratio that are well suited to large numbers of mass market consumers. In addition to defining the CBV, this article explains the key elements of composition-based strategy and the distinctive processes of composition. Although CBV logic can apply to any firm endeavoring to catch up with better endowed competitors, it aligns well with the case of emerging economy enterprises (EEEs), and Chinese ones in particular. Nonetheless, the advantages of adopting composition-based strategy are temporary in nature and will decline over time, especially after the firm passes the imitative or catch-up stage. We also propose an agenda for future research.
DEFOLIATION ENHANCES GREEN FORAGE PERFORMANCE BUT INHIBITS GRAIN YIELD IN BARLEY (HORDEUM VULGARE L.)
Authors: CHEN XIAODONG , ZHAO BIN , CHEN LIANG , WANG RUI , JI CHANGHAO 
Published: September 2015

SUMMARYTo evaluate the effects of defoliation on green forage performance and grain yield (GY) variation in barley, five barley genotypes were imposed on three levels of defoliation treatments over two consecutive growing seasons in this study. The results indicated that green forage yields were significantly improved by repeated defoliation. The traits of green forage quality, including the ratio of dry weight to fresh weight, crude ash and calcium content were improved, while crude protein and crude fat were reduced, and crude fiber and phosphorus contents appeared not to be influenced by repeated defoliation. Plant height (PH), GY and other yield components, grain number per spike and thousand kernel weight, were significantly reduced by defoliation over the two growing seasons, while internode length below spike was less affected. Reduction in spike length and the number of spikes per plant were identified in only one year. Correlation analysis revealed that only PH exhibited a positive correlation with GY. Effects of genotype, interaction between genotype and defoliation, and environments on changes of forage yield and quality and GY were also discussed. Our current work provides a feasible approach to select elite barley cultivars with optimal defoliation treatments for both forage and grain uses in barley breeding programme.
The ecosystem service of sense of place: benefits for human well-being and biodiversity conservation
Authors: HAUSMANN ANNA , SLOTOW ROB , BURNS JONATHAN K. , DI MININ ENRICO 
Published: September 2015

SUMMARYAssessing the cultural benefits provided by non-market ecosystem services can contribute previously unknown information to supplement conservation decision-making. The concept of sense of place embeds all dimensions of peoples’ perceptions and interpretations of the environment, such as attachment, identity or symbolic meaning, and has the potential to link social and ecological issues. This review contains: (1) an evaluation of the importance of sense of place as an ecosystem service; and (2) comprehensive discussion as to how incorporating sense of place in an evaluation can uncover potential benefits for both biodiversity conservation and human well-being. Sense of place provides physical and psychological benefits to people, and has neglected economic value. The biodiversity-related experiences are essential components of the service that need to be further explored. A conceptual framework was used to explore how the existing knowledge on sense of place derived from other fields can be used to inform conservation decision-making, but further research is needed to fill existing gaps in knowledge. This review contributes to a better understanding of the role biodiversity plays in human well-being, and should inform the Intergovernmental Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES).
Basic reproduction number of coxsackievirus type A6 and A16 and enterovirus 71: estimates from outbreaks of hand, foot and mouth disease in Singapore, a tropical city-state
Authors: LIM C. T. K. , JIANG L. , MA S. , JAMES L. , ANG L. W. 
Published: September 2015

SUMMARYCoxsackievirus A6 (CV-A6), coxsackievirus A16 (CV-A16) and enterovirus 71 (EV-A71) were the major enteroviruses causing nationwide hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) epidemics in Singapore in the last decade. We estimated the basic reproduction number (R0) of these enteroviruses to obtain a better understanding of their transmission dynamics. We merged records of cases from HFMD outbreaks reported between 2007 and 2012 with laboratory results from virological surveillance.R0was estimated based on the cumulative number of reported cases in the initial growth phase of each outbreak associated with the particular enterovirus type. A total of 33 HFMD outbreaks were selected based on the inclusion criteria specified for our study, of which five were associated with CV-A6, 13 with CV-A16, and 15 with EV-A71. The medianR0was estimated to be 5·04 [interquartile range (IQR) 3·57–5·16] for CV-A6, 2·42 (IQR 1·85–3·36) for CV-A16, and 3·50 (IQR 2·36–4·53) for EV-A71.R0was not significantly associated with number of infected children (P= 0·86), number of exposed children (P= 0·94), and duration of the outbreak (P= 0·05). These enterovirus-specificR0estimates will be helpful in providing insights into the potential growth of future HFMD epidemics and outbreaks for timely implementation of disease control measures, together with disease dynamics such as severity of the cases.
Diagnosing the completion of a sound change: Phonetic and phonological evidence for /ʃ/ in Buenos Aires Spanish
Authors: Rohena-Madrazo Marcos 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThis paper presents a sociolinguistic analysis of the variable devoicing of /ʒ/ in Buenos Aires Spanish, a phenomenon previously characterized as a change in progress. A novel method is implemented to determine the completion of the devoicing change by comparing the voicing levels of /ʒ/ to the inherent voicing variability of /s/, as well as by comparing the allophonic patterns of /ʒ/ to those of /s/. If the voicing levels of /ʒ/ are not significantly different from those of /s/ and the /ʒ/ no longer exhibits positional affrication, then the speaker's underlying postalveolar fricative is /ʃ/: they are a “devoicer.” The results suggest that, although older speakers, of both middle and upper classes, exhibit variation in the distribution of “voicers,” most younger speakers are devoicers, indicating that the /ʒ/ devoicing change is nearing conclusion. As a result, the underlying fricative for the majority of Buenos Aires Spanish speakers may very well be /ʃ/.
Calculating correct compilers
Authors: BAHR PATRICK , HUTTON GRAHAM 
Published: September 2015

AbstractIn this article, we present a new approach to the problem of calculating compilers. In particular, we develop a simple but general technique that allows us to derive correct compilers from high-level semantics by systematic calculation, with all details of the implementation of the compilers falling naturally out of the calculation process. Our approach is based upon the use of standard equational reasoning techniques, and has been applied to calculate compilers for a wide range of language features and their combination, including arithmetic expressions, exceptions, state, various forms of lambda calculi, bounded and unbounded loops, non-determinism and interrupts. All the calculations in the article have been formalised using the Coq proof assistant, which serves as a convenient interactive tool for developing and verifying the calculations.
On the Number ofBh-Sets
Authors: DELLAMONICA DOMINGOS , KOHAYAKAWA YOSHIHARU , LEE SANG JUNE , RÖDL VOJTĚCH , SAMOTIJ WOJCIECH 
Published: September 2015

A setAof positive integers is aBh-setif all the sums of the forma1+ . . . +ah, witha1,. . .,ah∈Aanda1⩽ . . . ⩽ah, are distinct. We provide asymptotic bounds for the number ofBh-sets of a given cardinality contained in the interval [n] = {1,. . .,n}. As a consequence of our results, we address a problem of Cameron and Erdős (1990) in the context ofBh-sets. We also use these results to estimate the maximum size of aBh-sets contained in a typical (random) subset of [n] with a given cardinality.
Development and persistence of depressive symptoms in adolescents with CHD
Authors: Luyckx Koen , Rassart Jessica , Goossens Eva , Apers Silke , Oris Leen , Moons Philip 
Published: September 2015

AbstractPatients with CHD are vulnerable to psychiatric disorders. The present study compared baseline depressive symptoms between adolescents with CHD and community adolescents, and also assessed the development and persistence of depressive symptoms in patients. We examined the implications of persistent depressive symptoms towards quality of life and patient-reported health. In total, 296 adolescents with CHD participated in a four-wave longitudinal study, with 9-month intervals, and completed measures of depressive symptoms – Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) – at time points one to four and of quality of life – linear analogue scale (LAS) – and patient-reported health – LAS and Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory – at T (time) 4. Information about diagnosis, disease complexity, and previous heart surgery was collected from medical records. At T1, 278 patients were matched 1:1 with community adolescents, based on sex and age. The findings of this study indicate that patients scored significantly lower on depressive symptoms compared with community adolescents. Depressive symptoms in the total patient sample were stable over time and were unrelated to disease complexity. Based on conventional cut-off scores of the CES-D, substantial individual differences existed in the extent to which depressive symptoms persisted over time: 12.2% of the patients reported elevated depressive symptoms at minimally three out of the four time points. Especially physical functioning, cardiac symptoms, and patient-reported health at T4 were predicted by persistent depressive symptoms, even when controlling for the level of depressive symptoms at T4. Our findings indicate that those involved in the care of adolescents with CHD should remain vigilant to persistent depressive symptoms and arrange timely referral to mental healthcare services.
Feasibility and safety of cardiopulmonary exercise testing in children with pulmonary hypertension
Authors: Abumehdi Mohammad R. , Wardle Andrew J. , Nazzal Rewa , Charalampopoulos Athanasios , Schulze-Neick Ingram , Derrick Graham , Moledina Shahin , Giardini Alessandro 
Published: September 2015

AbstractBackgroundCardiopulmonary exercise testing helps prognosticate and guide treatment in adults with pulmonary hypertension. Concerns regarding its feasibility and safety limit its use in children with pulmonary hypertension. We aimed to assess the feasibility and safety of cardiopulmonary exercise testing in a large paediatric pulmonary hypertension cohort.MethodsWe reviewed all consecutive cardiopulmonary exercise tests performed between March, 2004 and November, 2013. The exclusion criteria were as follows: height <120 cm, World Health Organization class IV, history of exercise-induced syncope, or significant ischaemia/arrhythmias. Significant events recorded were as follows: patient-reported symptoms, arrhythmias, electrocardiogram abnormalities, and abnormal responses of arterial O2 saturation.ResultsA total of 98 children underwent 167 cardiopulmonary exercise tests. The median age was 14 years (inter-quartile range 10–15 years). Peak oxygen uptake was 20.4±7.3 ml/kg/minute, corresponding to 51.8±18.3% of the predicted value. Peak respiratory quotient was 1.08±0.16. All the tests except two were maximal, being terminated prematurely for clinical reasons. Baseline Oxygen saturation was 93.3±8.8% and was 81.2±19.5% at peak exercise. A drop in arterial O2 saturation >20% was observed in 23.5% of the patients. Moreover, five patients (3.0%) experienced dizziness, one requiring termination of cardiopulmonary exercise testing; five children (3.0%) experienced chest pain, with early cardiopulmonary exercise test termination in one patient. No significant arrhythmias or electrocardiogram changes were observed.ConclusionExercise testing in non-severely symptomatic children with pulmonary hypertension is safe and practical, and can be performed in a large number of children with pulmonary hypertension in a controlled environment with an experienced team. Side-effects were not serious and were resolved promptly with test termination.
United States – Tax treatment for “Foreign Sales Corporations” Recourse to Arbitration by the United States under Article 22.6 of the DSU and Article 4.11 of the SCM Agreement (WT/DS108/ARB) A Comment
Authors: Howse Robert , Neven Damien J. 
Published: September 2015

Some of the legal analysis in this study derives from joint work between Robert Howse and Susan Esserman on this ruling, “Trade disputes quire fairer arbitration,” FT.com, Sep 12, 2002This chapter discusses the decision by the arbitrator on suspension of concessions (“retaliation”) in the dispute between the US and the EU regarding the tax treatment of offshore corporate income under US legislation. By way of background, the first part of the chapter (section 2) describes the operation of the US scheme, including as revised after the first round of WTO rulings.
Psychometric evaluation of a Czech version of the Family Inventory of Needs
Authors: Bužgová Radka , Kozáková Radka 
Published: September 2015

AbstractObjective:Identification of areas that family members consider important and in which they need help and support is one of the main goals of palliative care. Our research aimed to assess the psychometric properties of a Czech version of the Family Inventory of Needs (FIN).Method:The group comprised 272 family members of terminally ill cancer patients at the University Hospital in Ostrava. Reliability was assessed by internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha), test–retest reliability, and correlation of both scales and items within the scales (item–total correlation). To verify construct validity, exploratory factor analysis and principal component analysis with a varimax rotation were utilized.Results:Using exploratory factor analysis, the following four factors (domains) were extracted: basic information, information on treatment and care, support, and comfort of the patient. Cronbach's α for the entire questionnaire was 0.924 on the importance scale and 0.912 for the satisfaction scale; for all domains, a value of α greater than 0.7 was ascertained. Test–retest reliability was also higher than 0.7 for all domains. On the satisfaction scale, a moderate correlation was confirmed between unmet needs in the domains basic information, support, and comfort of the patient, and the total score, and in selected quality-of-life domains.Significance of results:The results of tests on the psychometric properties of the FIN questionnaire demonstrated at least satisfactory validity and reliability, and confirmed that it can be employed to assess the needs of palliative care patients in the Czech Republic.
Initiating pain and palliative care outpatient services for the suburban underserved in Montgomery County, Maryland: Lessons learned at the NIH Clinical Center and MobileMed
Authors: Aggarwal Sunil K. , Ghosh Amrita , Cheng M. Jennifer , Luton Kathleen , Lowet Peter F. , Berger Ann 
Published: September 2015

AbstractObjective:With the ongoing expansion of palliative care services throughout the United States, meeting the needs of socioeconomically marginalized populations, as in all domains of healthcare, continues to be a challenge. Our specific aim here was to help meet some of these needs through expanding delivery of pain and palliative care services by establishing a new clinic for underserved patients and collecting descriptive data about its operation.Method:In November of 2014, the National Institutes of Health Clinical Center's Pain and Palliative Care Service (PPCS) launched a bimonthly offsite pain and palliative care outpatient clinic in collaboration with Mobile Medical Care Inc. (MobileMed), a private not-for-profit primary care provider in Montgomery County, Maryland, serving underserved area residents since 1968. Staffed by NIH hospice and palliative medicine clinical fellows and faculty, the clinic provides specialty pain and palliative care consultation services to patients referred by their primary care healthcare providers. A patient log was maintained, charts reviewed, and referring providers surveyed on their satisfaction with the service.Results:The clinic had 27 patient encounters with 10 patients (6 males, 4 females, aged 23–67) during its first 7 months of operation. The reason for referral for all but one patient was chronic pain of multiple etiologies. Patients had numerous psychosocial stressors and comorbidities. All primary care providers who returned surveys (n = 4) rated their level of satisfaction with the consultation service as “very satisfied” or “extremely satisfied.”Significance of Results:This brief descriptive report outlines the steps taken and logistical issues addressed to launch and continue the clinic, the characteristics of patients treated, and the results of quality-improvement projects. Lessons learned are highlighted and future directions suggested for the clinic and others that may come along like it.
Breadth of tuning in taste afferent neurons varies with stimulus strength
Authors: Wu An , Dvoryanchikov Gennady , Pereira Elizabeth , Chaudhari Nirupa , Roper Stephen D. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractGustatory stimuli are detected by taste buds and transmitted to the hindbrain via sensory afferent neurons. Whether each taste quality (sweet, bitter and so on) is encoded by separate neurons (‘labelled lines’) remains controversial. We used mice expressing GCaMP3 in geniculate ganglion sensory neurons to investigate taste-evoked activity. Using confocal calcium imaging, we recorded responses to oral stimulation with prototypic taste stimuli. Up to 69% of neurons respond to multiple tastants. Moreover, neurons tuned to a single taste quality at low concentration become more broadly tuned when stimuli are presented at higher concentration. Responses to sucrose and monosodium glutamate are most related. Although mice prefer dilute NaCl solutions and avoid concentrated NaCl, we found no evidence for two separate populations of sensory neurons that encode this distinction. Altogether, our data suggest that taste is encoded by activity in patterns of peripheral sensory neurons and challenge the notion of strict labelled line coding.
Genetic mapping uncovers cis-regulatory landscape of RNA editing
Authors: Ramaswami Gokul , Deng Patricia , Zhang Rui , Anna Carbone Mary , Mackay Trudy F. C. , Billy Li Jin 
Published: September 2015

AbstractAdenosine-to-inosine (A-to-I) RNA editing, catalysed by ADAR enzymes conserved in metazoans, plays an important role in neurological functions. Although the fine-tuning mechanism provided by A-to-I RNA editing is important, the underlying rules governing ADAR substrate recognition are not well understood. We apply a quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping approach to identify genetic variants associated with variability in RNA editing. With very accurate measurement of RNA editing levels at 789 sites in 131 Drosophila melanogaster strains, here we identify 545 editing QTLs (edQTLs) associated with differences in RNA editing. We demonstrate that many edQTLs can act through changes in the local secondary structure for edited dsRNAs. Furthermore, we find that edQTLs located outside of the edited dsRNA duplex are enriched in secondary structure, suggesting that distal dsRNA structure beyond the editing site duplex affects RNA editing efficiency. Our work will facilitate the understanding of the cis-regulatory code of RNA editing.