bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Trends in just war thinking during the US presidential debates 2000–12: genocide prevention and the renewed salience of last resort
Authors: BRUNSTETTER DANIEL R. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractIn this article, I explore the place of the just war tradition in US foreign policy by examining the use of just war language in the presidential debates in 2000 (Bush-Gore), 2004 (Bush-Kerry), 2008 (McCain-Obama), and 2012 (Obama-Romney). While critics focus on the use and abuse of just war language as rhetorical gloss to persuade the public an upcoming conflict is morally legitimate while serving the national interest, the debates showcase just war principles as part of a language of critical engagement. Each debate cycle allowed for critical reflection on the foreign policy decisions and just war philosophy of the incumbent president. During the time period I examine, the process of critical engagement identified two moral shortcomings of the past – the failure to act to stop the genocide in Rwanda and the premature use of force in Iraq. These perceived failures catalysed convergence, across party lines, on the way some jus ad bellum principles were understood: Just cause as including the moral obligation to intervene in some way to stop genocide and the renewed salience of the principle of last resort. There remained, however, stark differences in the way legitimate authority was understood.
Necessity and non-combatant immunity
Authors: LAZAR SETH 
Published: April 2013

AbstractThe principle of non-combatant immunity protects non-combatants against intentional attacks in war. It is the most widely endorsed and deeply held moral constraint on the conduct of war. And yet it is difficult to justify. Recent developments in just war theory have undermined the canonical argument in its favour – Michael Walzer's, inJust and Unjust Wars. Some now deny that non-combatant immunity has principled foundations, arguing instead that it is entirely explained by a different principle: that of necessity. In war, as in ordinary life, harms to others can be justified only if they are necessary. Attacking non-combatants, the argument goes, is never necessary, so never justified. Although often repeated, this argument has never been explored in depth. In this article, I evaluate the necessity-based argument for non-combatant immunity, drawing together theoretical analysis and empirical research on anti-civilian tactics in interstate warfare, counterinsurgency, and terrorism.
Representing Green Radicalism: the limits of state-based representation in global climate governance
Authors: STEVENSON HAYLEY 
Published: April 2013

AbstractIn recent years, the post-neoliberal bloc of Latin America countries, ALBA, has fashioned a role for itself in international climate change negotiations as representing the voice of ‘the people’. In this article I draw on innovative theorising of representation to critically examine this claim. I argue that although ALBA has sought to construct a constituency based on the malleable notion of ‘the people’, its function is better understood as ‘discursive representation’, and specifically as representation of Green Radical discourses. Such forms of representation are potentially important in global governance given the challenges of capturing the interests of all affected parties. I critically evaluate this case of discursive representation in terms of its rhetorical efficacy; accountability; consistency; and legitimacy. Although certain favourable elements emerge from this evaluation, this case also points to the hazards of transmitting a public discourse through a state-based representative in multilateral settings.
An improved structural model for cellulose II
Authors: Kaduk James A. , Blanton Thomas N. 
Published: April 2013

A sample of cellulose II, prepared by deacetylation of cellulose acetate, has permitted more precise determination of the unit-cell parameters by the Rietveld method. Cellulose II is monoclinic, with space group P21c-axis unique (or P1121) (No. 4) and refined unit-cell parameters a = 8.076(13), b = 9.144(10), c = 10.386(20) Å, γ = 117.00(8)°, and V = 683.5(18) Å3. A density functional geometry optimization using these fixed unit-cell parameters has resulted in an improved structural model for cellulose II. A powder pattern calculated from this new model has been submitted to the ICDD for inclusion in future releases of the Powder Diffraction File.
Sustainability and the measurement of wealth: further reflections
Authors: Arrow Kenneth J. , Dasgupta Partha , Goulder Lawrence H. , Mumford Kevin J. , Oleson Kirsten 
Published: April 2013

AbstractThe June 2012 issue of Environment and Development Economics published a symposium with considerable focus on our paper, ‘Sustainability and the measurement of wealth’. The Symposium also contained five articles in which other researchers offered valuable comments on our paper. The present note replies to those comments. It clarifies important issues and reveals how important questions relating to sustainability analysis can be fruitfully addressed within our framework. These include questions about the treatment of time, the use of shadow prices and the treatment of transnational externalities. This note also offers new theoretical results that help substantiate our earlier empirical finding that the value of human health is something very different from the value of the consumption permitted by health and survival.
Three-Dimensional Imaging and Electrophysiology of Live Aplysia
Neurons during Volume Pertubation: Confocal Light and High-Voltage
Electron Microscopy
Authors: Fejtl Michael , Szarowski Donald H. , Decker Diane , Buttle Karolyn , Carpenter David O. , Turner James N. 
Published: April 2013

We have used confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM),
high-voltage electron microscopy (HVEM), and intracellular
recording techniques to study volume changes in cultured
Aplysia pacemaker neurons. Hyper- and hypo-tonic
artificial sea water (ASW) decreased the pacemaker frequency
and led to depolarization and hyperpolarization, respectively.
However, when negative or positive current was injected into
neurons in normal ASW, the frequency decreased with
hyperpolarization but increased with depolarization. This suggests
that the membrane potential is not the only factor underlying
the reduction of the pacemaker activity.Changes in cell volume were monitored with a CLSM and paralleled
progressive changes in osmolarity. The neurons swelled and shrank
nonuniformly, and, although an optical section through the middle
of the cell was monitored every 4 s for as long as 14 min, a
regulatory volume decrease or increase was never observed,
indicating an osmometer-like behavior. The time course of shrinkage
was faster than swelling after returning to control ASW after
a hypotonic shock, reflecting a possible mechanical stress on
the cytoskeleton.Thick sections observed in the HVEM confirmed that membrane
infoldings were present in our cultured Aplysia neurons.
We hypothesize that a change in length of the latter in shrunken
and swollen neurons could provide an explanation on the
ultrastructural level for the increase and decrease in membrane
surface area observed by CLSM. We conclude that by combining
a confocal microscope with an electrophysiological set-up,
three-dimensional morphology and physiological properties can
be studied in living cells in real-time. This approach provides
the means to correlate cell volume-related alterations and physiology.
Fluorescence Microscopy and Fluorescence Probes
Authors: Pawley James B. 
Published: April 2013

Fluorescence Microscopy and Fluorescence Probes, edited by
Jan Slavik, 1996. Plenum Press, New York and London. 306 pages. (hardback,
$95)This volume is a compilation of abstracts of papers presented at the
Fluorescence Microscopy and Fluorescence Probes Conference held in Prague
in June 1995. This conference was one of the first tangible results of the
end of the Cold War in the field of microscopy. As such, it attracted a
great many of those who constitute the vanguard of progress in the field
of fluorescence microscopy, on both sides of the old East-West divide.
About one-third of the 127 contributors were from the West.
Microscopy and Microanalysis '98, Atlanta, Georgia
Authors: Alexander Kathi , Jerome Jay 
Published: April 2013

Joint meeting of the Microscopy Society of America (56th) and the
Microbeam Analysis Society (32nd).An exciting and diverse set of meeting activities has been arranged for
the upcoming gathering of microscopists and micro-analysts in Atlanta,
Georgia in July. The meeting should prove to have something for everybody.
The core of the Microscopy and Microanalysis '98 meeting consists of
state-of-the-art symposia in the areas of Advances in Instrumentation and
Techniques and in Applications of Microscopy and Microanalysis in the areas
of biological sciences and physical sciences. Invited speakers include
world-renown researchers from 14 different countries. Of special interest
are symposia celebrating 30 Years of Energy Dispersive Spectrometry in
Microanalysis (specially sponsored by MAS), 30 Years of Atom Probe Field
Ion Microscopy, and a pre-meeting workshop and meeting symposia on that
topic have also been scheduled this year.
A quality review of the occurrence of a non-fatal venous air embolism event following CT contrast enhanced administration for the purpose of radiation therapy planning
Authors: Bayliss Y. , Balogh A. , Burrowes P. , Brunet G. , Jensen K. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractBackgroundThe incidence of venous air embolism (VAE) during and following diagnostic and interventional radiographic procedures utilizing contrast media has been well documented in the literature. However to date a case report of a venous air embolism occurring within an outpatient healthcare facility during a contrast enhanced computer tomography radiation therapy planning procedure remains under reported.PurposeHealthcare professionals must remain alerted to the fact that iatrogenic VAE may occur unexpectedly during and following diagnostic and interventional radiographic procedures utilizing the injection of contrast media. The action by all healthcare professionals to implement rapid and clear acute care guidelines will increase the probability of the patient recovering from the event.Materials and methodsA review of the aetiology and associated pathophysiology of VAE is provided. This is followed by a detailed case report of the occurrence of a non-fatal VAE event (patient consent was obtained and the consent form template was reviewed by a Research Ethics Board).ConclusionWe conclude with a discussion of quality assurance recommendations that should be considered for implementation in an outpatient facility setting that is performing contrast enhanced computer tomography diagnostic, interventional or radiation therapy planning radiographic procedures.
Calculation of planning margins for different verification techniques in radical prostate radiotherapy
Authors: Gleeson Ian 
Published: April 2013

AbstractPurposeTo calculate and compare planning target volume (PTV) margins for an offline 3 mm tolerance, daily bony anatomy verification, tattoo alignment and online prostate marker matching with those currently used at our institution.MethodsSeventy patients had offline bony anatomy megavoltage verification. 23 different patients underwent fiducial marker matching using daily online kilovoltage verification. Systematic and random errors were measured in the right–left (RL), superior–inferior (SI) and anterior–posterior (AP) directions. Geometric uncertainties from literature were used to help calculate the margins.ResultsPTV margins (mm) were 7 RL, 12 SI and AP (3 mm tolerance offline bony), 6 RL, 11 SI and AP (daily online bony), 8 RL, 12 SI and AP (tattoo alignment) and 5 RL, 8 SI and 6 AP (online daily prostate marker correction).ConclusionsOur current margins for conformal radiotherapy patients are too small for phase 2 in the SI and AP directions. Implementing online daily bony anatomy matching would not reduce the PTV margin significantly. Online daily marker correction showed current PTV71 Gy margins as excessive by (mm) 5 RL, 2 SI and 4 anterior.
A 2-bit, 3.1 GS/s, band-pass DSM receiver for active antenna systems
Authors: Karthaus Udo , Ahles Stephan , Elmaghraby Ahmed , Wagner Horst 
Published: April 2013

This paper presents a radio frequency (RF) continuous-time band-pass delta sigma modulator (CT BP DSM) receiver realized in a 180 nm SiGe BiCMOS technology. It also provides an introduction to active antenna systems (AAS) for cellular infrastructure base stations, which is the target application for this RF integrated circuit (IC). The internal quantizer and feedback digital to analog converter (DAC) resolution of the CT BP DSM is 2 bit. Without applying DAC linearization techniques such as trimming or dynamic element matching being utilized, measured performance parameters include an SNR and SNDR in 35 MHz bandwidth of 56.7 and 53.7 dB, respectively. IIP3 and noise figure are −6.6 dBm and 10 dB, respectively. No image reception is noticeable within a measurement dynamic range of 83 dB. When driven by single-carrier and three-carrier W-CDMA signals, adjacent channel leakage ratio (ACLR) is −62.6 and −52.1 dB, respectively, making the design also suitable as a modulator for a class-S power amplifier.
Study of the noise processes in microwave oscillators based on passive optical resonators
Authors: Saleh Khaldoun , Merrer Pierre-Henri , Ali-Slimane Amel , Llopis Olivier , Cibiel Gilles 
Published: April 2013

Two types of optoelectronic oscillators delivering high spectral purity microwave signals are presented in this paper. These oscillators use the Pound–Drever–Hall laser stabilization technique to lock the laser carrier onto two different types of passive optical resonators featuring high-quality factors: a fiber ring resonator (FRR) and a whispering gallery mode monocrystalline disk-shaped micro-resonator. The different noise processes occurring inside these oscillators are discussed. Particular attention is given to the conversion of the laser's amplitude and frequency noise into RF phase noise via the laser stabilization loop and the resonator, and via the photodetector nonlinearity as well. A modeling approach using CAD software is also proposed to qualitatively evaluate laser noise conversion through the optical resonator. Moreover, different contributions of nonlinear optical scattering noise are discussed, mainly in the case of the FRR-based oscillator. When controlling these nonlinear optical effects in the case of the FRR, low-phase noise operation of the oscillator has been achieved, with a −40 dBc/Hz noise level at 10 Hz offset frequency from a 10.2 GHz RF carrier.
A 24 GHz wideband monostatic FMCW radar system based on a single-channel SiGe bipolar transceiver chip
Authors: Bredendiek Christian , Pohl Nils , Jaeschke Timo , Thomas Sven , Aufinger Klaus , Bilgic Attila 
Published: April 2013

In this paper a monostatic frequency-modulated continuous-wave (FMCW) radar system around a center frequency of 24 GHz with a wide tuning range of 8 GHz (≈33%) is presented. It is based on a fully integrated single-channel SiGe transceiver chip. The chip architecture consists of a fundamental VCO, a receive mixer, a divider chain, and coupling/matching networks. All circuits, except for the divider, are designed with the extensive use of on-chip monolithic integrated spiral inductors. The chip is fabricated in a SiGe bipolar production technology which offers an fT of 170 GHz and fmax of 250 GHz. The phase noise at 1 MHz offset is better than −100 dBc/Hz over the full-tuning range of 8 GHz and a phase noise of better than −111 dBc/Hz is achieved at 27 GHz. The peak output power of the chip is −1 dBm while the receive mixer offers a 1 dBm input referred compression point to keep it from being saturated. The chip has a power consumption of 245 mW and uses an area of 1.51 mm2. The FMCW radar system achieves a power consumption below 1.6 W. Owing to the high stability of the sensor, high accuracy mesaurements with a range error <±250 µm were achieved. The standard deviation between repeated measurements of the same target is 0.6 µm and the spatial resolution is 28 mm.
βTrCP interacts with the ubiquitin-dependent endocytosis motif of the GH receptor in an unconventional manner
Authors: da Silva Almeida Ana C. , Hocking Henry G. , Boelens Rolf , Strous Ger J. , van Rossum Agnes G. S. H. 
Published: April 2013

GH (growth hormone) binding to the GHR (GH receptor) triggers essential signalling pathways that promote growth and metabolic regulation. The sensitivity of the cells to GH is mainly controlled by the endocytosis of the receptor via βTrCP (β-transducin repeat-containing protein). In the present study, we show that βTrCP interacts directly via its WD40 domain with the UbE (ubiquitin-dependent endocytosis) motif in GHR, promoting GHR ubiquitination in vitro. NMR experiments demonstrated that the UbE motif is essentially unstructured, and, together with functional mapping of the UbE and βTrCP WD40 residues necessary for binding, led to a unique interaction model of βTrCP with GHR–UbE. This interaction is different from the conventional βTrCP–substrate interactions described to date. This interaction therefore represents a promising specific target to develop drugs that inhibit GHR endocytosis and increase GH sensitivity in cachexia patients.
Soluble IL7Rα potentiates IL-7 bioactivity and promotes autoimmunity
Authors: Lundström Wangko , Highfill Steven , Walsh Scott T. R. , Beq Stephanie , Morse Elizabeth , Kockum Ingrid , Alfredsson Lars , Olsson Tomas , Hillert Jan , Mackall Crystal L. 
Published: April 2013

SignificanceMany genes have been shown to influence the risk of developing multiple sclerosis (MS); however, the biological processes responsible are not clear. We found that a genetic polymorphism associated with increased MS risk is responsible for potentiating the effects of a cytokine named interleukin (IL)-7 by securing its availability and bioactivity over time. This effect was mediated by an isoform of the IL-7 receptor that circulates at high levels in blood. IL-7 is an important factor for T-cell maturation and proliferation, and, hence, its association to MS, which is an autoimmune disease, is not surprising.
Use of a Computer Decision Support System and Antimicrobial Therapy Appropriateness
Authors: Filice Gregory A. , Drekonja Dimitri M. , Thurn Joseph R. , Rector Thomas S. , Hamann Galen M. , Masoud Bobbie T. , Leuck Anne-Marie , Nordgaard Curtis L. , Eilertson Meredith K. , Johnson James R. 
Published: April 2013

Objective.To determine whether antimicrobial (AM) courses ordered with an antimicrobial computer decision support system (CDSS) were more likely to be appropriate than courses ordered without the CDSS.Design.Retrospective cohort study. Blinded expert reviewers judged whether AM courses were appropriate, considering drug selection, route, dose, and duration.Setting.A 279-bed university-affiliated Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) hospital.Patients.A 500-patient random sample of inpatients who received a therapeutic AM course between October 2007 and September 2008.Intervention.An optional CDSS, available at the point of order entry in the VA computerized patient record system.Results.CDSS courses were significantly more likely to be appropriate (111/254, 44%) compared with non-CDSS courses (81/246, 33%, P = .013). Courses were more likely to be appropriate when the initial provider diagnosis of the condition being treated was correct (168/273, 62%) than when it was incorrect, uncertain, or a sign or symptom rather than a disease (24/227, 11%, P< .001). In multivariable analysis, CDSS-ordered courses were more likely to be appropriate than non-CDSS-ordered courses (odds ratio [OR], 1.83; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.13–2.98). Courses were also more likely to be judged appropriate when the initial provider diagnosis of the condition being treated was correct than when it was incorrect, uncertain, or a sign or symptom rather than a disease (OR, 3.56; 95% CI, 1.4-9.0).Conclusions.Use of the CDSS was associated with more appropriate AM use. To achieve greater improvements, strategies are needed to improve provider diagnoses of syndromes that are infectious or possibly infectious.
Effect of an Annular Closure Device (Barricaid) on Same-Level Recurrent Disk Herniation and Disk Height Loss After Primary Lumbar Discectomy
Authors: Parker Scott L. , Grahovac Gordan , Vukas Duje , Vilendecic Milorad , Ledic Darko , McGirt Matthew J. , Carragee Eugene J. 
Published: April 2013

Study Design:
A prospective cohort study.

Objective:
To evaluate whether an annular closure device could be implanted safely to reduce same-level recurrent disk herniation, or attenuate disk height loss and improve the outcome after lumbar discectomy.

Summary of Background Data:
Same-level recurrent disk herniation, disk height loss, and progressive degeneration are common complications and sequelae after lumbar discectomy. Techniques to reduce these consequences may improve outcomes.

Methods:
Forty-six consecutive patients undergoing lumbar discectomy for single-level herniated disk at 2 institutions were followed prospectively with clinical and radiographic evaluations at 6 weeks and 3, 6, 12, and 24 months (control cohort). A second consecutive cohort of 30 patients undergoing 31 lumbar discectomies with implantation of an annular closure device was followed similarly. Incidence of recurrent disk herniation, disk height loss, the leg and back pain visual analog scale (VAS), and the Oswestry Disability Index were assessed at each follow-up.

Results:
Cohorts were well matched at baseline. By 2 years of follow-up, symptomatic recurrent same-level disk herniation occurred in 3 (6.5%) patients in the control cohort versus 0 (0%) patients in the annular repair cohort (P=0.27). A trend of greater preservation of disk height was observed in the annular repair versus the control cohort 3 months (7.9 vs. 7.27 mm, P=0.08), 6 months (7.81 vs. 7.18 mm, P=0.09), and 12 months (7.63 vs. 6.9 mm, P=0.06) postoperatively. The annular closure cohort reported less leg pain (VAS-LP: 5 vs. 16, P<0.01), back pain (VAS-BP: 13 vs. 22, P<0.05), and disability (Oswestry Disability Index: 16 vs. 22, P<0.05) 1 year postoperatively.

Conclusions:
Implantation of a novel annular repair device was associated with greater maintenance of disk height and improved 1-year leg pain, back pain, and low-back disability. Recurrent disk herniation did not occur in any patient after annular repair. Closure of annular defect after lumbar discectomy may help preserve the physiological disk function and prevent long-term disk height loss and associated back and leg pain.
Can robots help to feed the world?
Authors: Bogue Robert 
Published: April 2013

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine the potential of robots to contribute to producing food for the growing global population.Design/methodology/approachFollowing an introduction which provides an historical background to agricultural production and strategies, this paper considers today's use of robots in traditional agricultural practices. It then introduces precision farming (PF) concepts and discuses the potential role of robots in PF and cites a number of recent research activities. Finally, conclusions are drawn.FindingsThis paper shows that robots have so far played a minor role in traditional agriculture but new families of small, intelligent and autonomous robots could conduct a range of PF tasks. These would boost productivity and also yield economic and environmental benefits and contribute to more sustainable food production practices.Originality/valueThis paper puts forward the case for the use of small, intelligent robots in PF and argues that they could contribute significantly to global food production.