bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Laparoscopic versus open hepatic resection in patients ≥75 years old: A NSQIP analysis evaluating 2674 patients
Authors: Verhoeff Kevin , Glinka Juan , Quan Douglas , Skaro Anton , Tang Ephraim S. 
Published: August 2024

AbstractBackgroundPrevious studies report promising outcomes with minimally invasive (MIS) hepatectomy in elderly patients but remain limited by small size. This study aims to comparatively evaluate the demographics and outcomes of geriatric patients undergoing MIS and open hepatectomy.MethodThe 2016–2021 NSQIP database was evaluated comparing patients ≥75 undergoing MIS versus open hepatectomy. Patient selection and outcomes were compared using bivariate analysis with multivariable modeling (MVR) evaluating factors associated with serious complications and mortality. Propensity score matched (PSM) analysis further evaluated serious complications, mortality, length of stay (LOS), Clavien Dindo Classification (CDC), and Comprehensive Complication Index (CCI) for cohorts.ResultsWe evaluated 2674 patients with 681 (25.5%) receiving MIS hepatectomy. MIS approaches were used more for partial lobectomy (85.9% vs. 61.7%; p < 0.001), and required fewer biliary reconstructions (1.6% vs. 10.6%; p < 0.001). Patients were similar with regards to sex, body mass index, and other comorbidities. Unadjusted analysis demonstrated that MIS approaches had fewer serious complications (8.8% vs. 18.7%; p < 0.001). However, after controlling for cohort differences the MIS approach was not associated with reduced likelihood of serious complications (odds ratio [OR]: 0.77; p = 0.219) or mortality (OR: 1.19; p = 0.623). PSM analysis further supported no difference in serious complications (p = 0.403) or mortality (p = 0.446). However, following PSM a significant reduction in LOS (−1.99 days; p < 0.001), CDC (−0.26 points; p = 0.016) and CCI (−2.79 points; p = 0.022) was demonstrated with MIS approaches.ConclusionsThis is the largest study comparing MIS and open hepatectomy in elderly patients. Results temper previously reported outcomes but support reduced LOS and complications with MIS approaches.
Assessing self‐reported prolonged grief disorder with “clinical checks”: A proof of principle study
Authors: Shevlin Mark , Hyland Philip , Cloitre Marylène , Brewin Chris , Martsenkovskyi Dmytro , Ben‐Ezra Menachem , Bondjers Kristina , Karatzias Thanos , Duffy Michael , Redican Enya 
Published: August 2024

AbstractPsychological assessment is commonly conducted using either self‐report measures or clinical interviews; the former are quick and easy to administer, and the latter are more time‐consuming and require training. Self‐report measures have been criticized for producing higher estimates of symptom and disorder presence relative to clinical interviews, with the assumption being that self‐report measures are prone to Type 1 error. Here, we introduce the use of “clinical checks” within an existing self‐report measure. These are brief supplementary questions intended to clarify and confirm initial responses, similar to what occurs in a clinical interview. Clinical checks were developed for the items of the International Grief Questionnaire (IGQ), a self‐report measure of ICD‐11 prolonged grief disorder (PGD). Data were collected as part of a community survey of mental health in Ukraine. Individual symptom endorsements for the IGQ significantly decreased with the use of clinical checks, and the percentage of the sample that met the ICD‐11 diagnostic requirements for PGD fell from 13.6% to 10.2%, representing a 24.8% reduction in cases. The value and potential broader application of clinical checks are discussed.
Large Language Models in Otolaryngology Residency Admissions: A Random Sampling Analysis
Authors: Halagur Akash S. , Balakrishnan Karthik , Ayoub Noel 
Published: August 2024

ObjectivesTo investigate potential demographic bias in artificial intelligence (AI)‐based simulations of otolaryngology, residency selection committee (RSC) members tasked with selecting one applicant among candidates with varied racial, gender, and sexual orientations.MethodsThis study employed random sampling of simulated RSC member decisions using a novel Application Programming Interface (API) to virtually connect to OpenAI's Generative Pre‐Trained Transformers (GPT‐4 and GPT‐4o). Simulated RSC members with diverse demographics were tasked with ranking to match 1 applicant among 10 with varied racial, gender, and sexual orientations. All applicants had identical qualifications; only demographics of the applicants and RSC members were varied for each simulation. Each RSC simulation ran 1000 times. Chi‐square tests analyzed differences across categorical variables. GPT‐4o simulations additionally requested a rationale for each decision.ResultsSimulated RSCs consistently showed racial, gender, and sexual orientation bias. Most applicant pairwise comparisons showed statistical significance (p < 0.05). White and Black RSCs exhibited greatest preference for applicants sharing their own demographic characteristics, favoring White and Black female applicants, respectively, over others (all pairwise p < 0.001). Asian male applicants consistently received lowest selection rates. Male RSCs favored White male and female applicants, while female RSCs preferred LGBTQIA+, White and Black female applicants (all p < 0.05). High socioeconomic status (SES) RSCs favored White female and LGBTQIA+ applicants, while low SES RSCs favored Black female and LGBTQIA+ applicants over others (all p < 0.001). Results from the newest iteration of the LLM, ChatGPT‐4o, indicated evolved selection preferences favoring Black female and LGBTQIA+ applicants across all RSCs, with the rationale of prioritizing inclusivity given in >95% of such decisions.ConclusionUtilizing publicly available LLMs to aid in otolaryngology residency selection may introduce significant racial, gender, and sexual orientation bias. Potential for significant and evolving LLM bias should be appreciated and minimized to promote a diverse and representative field of future otolaryngologists in alignment with current workforce data.Level of EvidenceN/A Laryngoscope, 2024
Soil redistribution rates along the forested and cultivated steep hillslope in the mid‐Himalayas using fallout—137Cs and RUSLE model
Authors: David Raj Anu , Kumar Suresh , Sooryamol K. R. , Kalambukattu Justin George , Kumara Sudeep 
Published: August 2024

AbstractSoil erosion emerged as a significant land degradation concern, causing serious threat to soil ecosystem services in the Himalayan region. The complex topography of the region poses limitations to the measurement of soil redistribution (erosion, transport, and deposition) rate, necessitated for the effective soil conservation planning. The study investigated soil redistribution processes over a typical complex hillslope of the mid‐Himalayan region using the fallout radionuclide (FRN)—137Cs method and Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) model. It involved a comparison of 137Cs measured soil redistribution and the RUSLE model estimates, aiming to assess its correspondence over the complex hillslope. Analysis of 137Cs measurements revealed the highest net erosion (−13.2 t ha−1 year−1) at the upper hillslope with a convex shape, while sediment deposition occurred at the lower (36.9 t ha−1 year−1) and valley (32.5 t ha−1 year−1) hillslope positions with a concave shape. The RUSLE model also estimated the highest erosion on the upper hillslope (−12.3 t ha−1 year−1) but the lowest erosion at the lower (−0.88 t ha−1 year−1) and valley (−0.32 t ha−1 year−1) hillslopes, that differed with the 137Cs method. The 137Cs method provided soil redistribution rate (either net erosion or deposition), whereas RUSLE model only showed the gross erosion rate. Thus, the estimate from RUSLE corresponds only to hillslope positions with a convex and straight shapes. The distribution of 137Cs measurements has clearly revealed the influence of slope shape and steepness in governing erosion and deposition processes at the hillslope positions with convex and concave slope shapes, respectively. In addition, terraces effectively trap sediments from upslope areas. Investigation of soil erosion using 137Cs measurement along with the RUSLE model helped to validate erosion and deposition processes over the hillslope positions. The study will help to suggest suitable conservation measures for the various hillslope positions in the mid‐Himalayan region.
The global cost of international commitments on land restoration
Authors: Verhoeven Dewy , Berkhout Ezra , Sewell Annelies , van der Esch Stefan 
Published: August 2024

AbstractLand restoration and sustainable land management projects have now been proposed for up to a billion hectares globally, responding to continuous land degradation processes. But, a lack of reliable cost estimates hinders implementation, which results in a high perceived risk of restoration investments. This study addresses this gap, using cost data from 243 restoration projects from multiple sources to estimate the cost ranges for different types of restoration more precisely. The analysis shows median restoration costs vary from 185 $US/ha to 3012 $US/ha depending on the restoration measure, implying current global land restoration commitment cost 0.04%–0.27% of annual global GDP to implement. Since the majority of these commitments are made by developing countries, international cost‐sharing mechanisms, through climate or private finance, are required to move from goal setting to implementation.
Variation of soil pore structure and predication of the related functions following land‐use conversion identified by multi‐scale X‐ray tomography
Authors: Yu Xiuling , Qi Dongmei , Zhou Hongxiang , Lu Shenggao 
Published: August 2024

AbstractLand‐use conversion profoundly influences the soil pore structure, consequently modifying the soil functions. Investigating the variation of multiscale soil pore structure and their associated functions following land‐use change is critical for evaluating land management strategies. However, this topic has not yet been extensively explored in recent studies. In this study, the pore structure of soil following land‐use conversion was quantitatively investigated by multiscale X‐ray tomography. Intact soil aggregates and undisturbed soil cores were collected from paddy fields (PF) and from vegetable fields were converted from paddy fields for 5 years (VF‐5), 13 years (VF‐13), and 20 years (VF‐20), respectively. Results revealed that the connected porosity of both aggregates and soil cores was significantly increased after land‐use conversion. The isolated porosity of soil aggregates increased, while, conversely, it decreased for soil cores. The variance in pore structure was attributed to the development of new pores, including channels created by vegetable roots, fissures, earthworm holes, and packing pores resulting from the decomposition of soil organic matter and the rearrangement of soil particles. The altered pore structure influenced the soil exchangeability and reservation ability. For aggregates, the isolated porosity of PF and VF‐5 accounted for over 70% of the total imaged porosity. These aggregates displayed a larger water and carbon reservation ability, but limited exchangeability of air, water, and nutrients. The isolated porosity of VF‐13 and VF‐20 aggregates accounted for approximately 50% of the total imaged porosity, suggesting they could effectively balance the exchange and storage of air, water, and nutrients. As for soil cores, isolated pores became negligible (<0.2%) following land‐use conversion, leading to the emergence of a drainable pore system suitable for vegetable plantation. These findings offer insights into the development of pore structures and the prediction of soil function variations at multiple scales, both of which are crucial for optimizing soil management protocols.
General Characterization of Intelligent Metasurfaces with Graph Coupling Network
Authors: Wu Ouling , Qian Chao , Fan Zhixiang , Zhu Xiaoyue , Chen Hongsheng 
Published: August 2024

AbstractIntelligent metasurfaces, as the next‐generation of metasurfaces, have emerged as a versatile artificial electromagnetic (EM) medium capable of adaptively manipulating wave‐matter interactions, especially in the construction of EM space integration and the analogy of wave‐based neural networks. However, current computational landscape for intelligent metasurfaces relies either on time‐consuming full‐wave numerical simulations with excessive computational complexity or on application‐limited physical models that are difficult to consider the coupling effects. Here, a universal graph neural network (GNN) framework is introduced, incorporating the elusive coupling effects inside metasurfaces, enabling rapid and precise characterization with arbitrary‐large size. This framework exhibits exceptional compatibility with physical models, thereby significantly expanding the realm of potential design scenarios. By harnessing the principles of diffraction theory and near‐to‐far transformation algorithms, highly accurate modeling of the scattered fields emanating from metasurfaces is achieved. Through microwave experiments on intelligent metasurfaces, the efficacy of GNN in real‐world scenarios is effectively demonstrated. The utilization of topological strategies to characterize intelligent metasurfaces marks a major leap toward the next‐generation metasurfaces, promising transformative advancements across various applications.
Enhanced Thermally Stability and Broadened Emission for Gd3Ga5O12:Cr3+ Phosphors via Si3N4 Substitution
Authors: Chen Sunyuezi , Lu Ziwei , Liu Yongfu , Zhang Liangliang , Zhang Jiahua , Jiang Jun 
Published: August 2024

AbstractFar‐red (FR) and near‐infrared (NIR) spectroscopy technologies have attracted extensive attention. How to obtain luminescent materials suitable to FR‐NIR phosphor‐converted light‐emitting diodes (pc‐LEDs) is a crucial challenge. Herein, a Si3N4‐substitution strategy is employed to regulate the luminescence of Gd3Ga5O12:Cr3+ (GGG:Cr3+) phosphors. The bandwidth of GGG:Cr3+ is 95 nm, and then it is broadened to 116 nm due to the Si3N4‐substitution. Furthermore, at 423 K the thermal stability is enhanced to 98.7% of that at room temperature, which is higher than the reported 92.7%@423 K for the Si3N4‐free sample. The intensity of the optimal specimen is elevated 2.9 times compared with the Si3N4‐free sample sintered at the same condition. The FR pc‐LED is manufactured by using the optimized sample, and its FR output power is 47.1 mW with a conversion efficiency of 15.9% driven by 100 mA. This work paves a new way to design high‐performance NIR phosphors.
Evaluating Pacific salmon swimming behavior in the aft end of a pelagic trawl to inform bycatch reduction device design and use
Authors: Bryan David R. , Yochum Noëlle , Wilson Katherine C. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract

Objective
Although the bycatch of Pacific salmon Oncorhynchus spp. is relatively low in the Walleye Pollock Gadus chalcogrammus and Pacific Hake Merluccius productus pelagic trawl fisheries, different efforts are employed to reduce it, including the use of bycatch reduction devices (BRDs) that retain the targeted species and provide Pacific salmon a pathway to escape. The objective of this study was to evaluate Pacific salmon behavior inside a pelagic trawl and to determine what conditions favor the probability of a salmon moving forward in the trawl and increase their probability of escapement.

Methods
We placed a video camera at the entrance of the cod end and recorded the behaviors of Pacific salmon as they passed by. The timing of the forward movement Pacific salmon in relation to fishing operations and the correlations between forward movement of Pacific salmon and vessel speed over ground, water flow rate, ambient light levels, and abundance of Walleye Pollock were examined.

Result
Of the 2969 Pacific salmon observed, 71% were moving aft toward the cod end, 24% were observed moving forward, and 5% were moving aft then forward or forward then aft. The percentage (77%) and rate (0.86 fish per minute) of forward-moving Pacific salmon was greatest once the trawl doors were back on the vessel and water flow within the trawl was reduced. Speed over ground and Walleye Pollock abundance were negatively correlated with forward movement of Pacific salmon. Only 6.5% of Pacific salmon that were in the cod end when fishing ended were able to move forward before the cod end was on the vessel.

Conclusion
Pacific salmon can move forward in the trawl throughout fishing operations and haulback, but the percentage increases as the speed over ground and water flow inside the trawl is reduced. The low percentage of Pacific salmon that move forward after fishing has ended suggests that Pacific salmon escapement at the end of a tow is relatively low and suggests that BRD design should focus on stimulating escapement at the first BRD encounter.
Patterns of entheseal changes and other activity markers in an ancient population from Neolithic to Bronze Age (8000–2300 BP) at the Houtaomuga site, Northeast China with special references to climate changes, subsistence strategies, sex‐based labor divisions, and regional variations
Authors: Zou Ruiqi , Xing Haiyang , Sun Xiaofan , Kong Shuxin , Wang Lixin , Zhang Zhe , Zhang Quanchao , Wang Qian 
Published: August 2024

AbstractEntheseal changes are skeletal markers, which are often used in the reconstruction of physical activities. This study investigated patterns of entheseal changes and other activity markers, such as squatting facets and degerative signs at joints in a mortuary population of the Houtaomuga site, Northeast China. Comparisons were conducted between the early period (Neolithic to Early Bronze Age, 8000–2500 BP) and the late period (Late Bronze Age, 2300 BP). Differences between two sexes of the late period were also compared. The results demonstrated that the frequency and severity of entheseal changes and other activity markers differed between early and late populations and between males and females of the late population suggesting subsistence strategies changes and new patterns of sex‐based divisions of labor. This is the first attempt to assess activity changes in fisher–hunter–gatherer populations over a long period of time from ancient China. Results reveal that though the Houtaomuga population maintained the primary subsistence modes of fishing, hunting, and gathering, their entheses elucidate gradual shifts along with reduced activity stress due to sedentary life and intensified sex‐based divisions of labor and the advent of craft specializations, which was likely influenced by climate changes.
Comparative evaluation of solid particle erosion resistance in milled carbon fiber‐reinforced basalt fiber epoxy composites: Impact of abrasive shape variations
Authors: Ürgün Satılmış , Özsoy Mehmet İskender , Bora Mustafa Özgür , Fidan Sinan 
Published: August 2024

AbstractThe solid particle erosive wear performance of basalt fiber‐reinforced epoxy composites with the incorporation of different percentages of milled carbon fiber fillers (0–10 wt%) is evaluated under various abrasive materials (garnet and ceramic beads) and impingement angles (30° and 90°). Erosion tests have been carried out following ASTM G76 standards using a factorial design method. The data indicate that the erosion rates, crater depths, and areas of craters are all strongly dependent on erodent material type and milled carbon fiber filler ratio. Compared to ceramic beads, garnet abrasives caused severe erosion, with erosion rates reaching approximately 500 mg/g at a 90° impingement angle without milled carbon fiber fillers. Erosion by both abrasives was significantly reduced by the introduction of milled carbon fiber fillers into the basalt fiber composites, with the erosion rate decreasing to around 100 mg/g with 3 wt% milled carbon fiber fillers. The maximum crater depth was also influenced; garnet abrasives produced craters as deep as 1000 μm without fillers at 90°, which was reduced to 451 μm with 3 wt% milled carbon fiber fillers when ceramic beads were used. Of the three factors for the erosion rate and crater depth, inorganic erodent material and ratio of carbon fiber filler were prominent, but the impingement angle effect was much smaller. Among the three factors for the erosion rate and crater depth, erodent material and carbon fiber filler ratio were prominent, while the impingement angle effect was significantly less.Highlights
The garnet abrasives cause more severe erosion than ceramic beads at 90°.
Composites exhibit optimal erosion resistance with 3–5 wt% milled carbon fiber fillers.
Filler ratio and erodent material type significantly impact erosion rates and depths.
Factors affecting wear performance identified using factorial design and ANOVA.
PVSails: Harnessing Innovation With Vertical Bifacial PV Modules in Floating Photovoltaic Systems
Authors: Tina Giuseppe Marco , Osama Amr , Cazzaniga Raniero , Cicu Monica , Hancock Jon , Howlin Eamon , Rosa‐Clot Marco , Rosa‐Clot Paolo 
Published: August 2024

AbstractIn the context of offshore floating photovoltaic systems (FPVs), this paper explores the use of bifacial photovoltaic modules installed in the vertical position. The energy harvested from the rear face of vertically configured bifacial PV modules compensates for the reduced production at the front face of the module, and this demonstrates the potential of bifacial technology for offshore applications. By comparison, most existing horizontally tilted bifacial FPV systems gain only a small benefit in production from the rear face of the module due to the minimum radiation received, and what also must be taken into consideration is the negative effect of significant soiling owing to the low tilt angle of the PV modules. Hence, to overcome these drawbacks, we have developed the innovative “PVSail” concept, which explores the deployment of vertical FPV systems on floats, buoys, or poles/minipiles. Floating vertical bifacial PV systems (VBPVs) have huge potential to harness all the energy generation capabilities enhance by reflected light, especially from snow‐covered surfaces in northern regions. Our analysis considers a patented mooring and vertical PV system that allows the VBPV structure to align with the prevailing wind direction to shed wind loads, and our numerical analysis explores the potential of VBPV applied to Catania in Italy and Nigg Bay in the United Kingdom. Our analysis study has revealed that across an azimuth angle range (0°–180°), vertical bifacial modules experience roughly a 9% decrease in energy yield at Catania and about a 5% energy yield gain in higher latitude regions like Nigg Bay. Additionally, increasing the latitude of the installation location of VBPV reduces the energy yield sensitivity to the orientation, that is, azimuth angle. The PVSail concept opens the door to novel deployment possibilities in offshore renewable energy projects.