bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Obesogenic environment: A concept analysis and pediatric perspective
Authors: Gauthier Kristine I. , Krajicek Marilyn J. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractPurposeA concept analysis was undertaken to examine the attributes, characteristics, and uses of the concept of obesogenic environment within a pediatric context.ConclusionsUtilizing a modified version of Walker and Avant's method, the attributes and characteristics of obesogenic environment were identified as it pertains to children. Based on the review of the literature and previous definitions applied to adults, a definition of the concept of obesogenic environment within a pediatric context was developed; examples of sample cases illustrate the concept further.Practice ImplicationsDefining the concept of obesogenic environment has utility for nursing theory development, practice, research, and education.
Nurses’ aims when managing pediatric postoperative pain: Is what they say the same as what they do?
Authors: Twycross Alison , Finley G. Allen 
Published: April 2013

AbstractPurposeThe purpose of this study was to explore nurses’ aims when managing postoperative pain and whether reported aims reflect actual practices.Design and MethodsParticipant observation was used to collect data regarding nurses’ (n = 17) pain management practices. Nurses (n = 19) were asked: When managing postoperative pain, what is your overall aim?ResultsAround half the participants (n = 10) aimed for patients to be comfortable while others aimed for a pain score of 2–3 (n = 7), or below 5 (n = 2). Observed practices matched aims for just more than half the participants (n = 9).Practice ImplicationsThere is evidence of individual variation in practices. This may impact on the care provided.
Impact of Structural Differences on Perceived Sweetness in Semisolid Dairy Matrices
Authors: Arancibia Carla , Costell Elvira , Bayarri Sara 
Published: April 2013

AbstractThe objective of this work was to explore the possibility of obtaining dairy desserts of similar consistency and with different sweetness intensity. Eight formulations were prepared varying in the thickener type and concentration: carboxymethyl cellulose (1.1 and 1.3% w/w) and modified starch (3.5 and 4.0% w/w) and the milk type (whole or skimmed). The amounts of sugar (10% w/w), colorant (37.5 mg/kg) and lemon flavor (120 mg/kg) were fixed. Changes in composition and structure provide products with similar values of three instrumental indices of thickness (η10, η50 and Kokini shear stress [OSS]). The relationship between each of these instrumental indices and the sensory consistency fitted well to Psychophysical Stevens' Law. No direct relationship was detected between OSS values and sweetness. Some structural differences observed between thickeners can influence product behavior during oral processing, modifying in‐mouth delivery of sucrose molecules. It could explain sweetness differences among samples with similar consistency.Practical ApplicationsDecreasing calorie content of processed foods without modifying their quality and acceptance is important for consumers and the food industry. In dairy desserts, a strategy to compensate or reduce the sensory quality problems associated with calorie reduction is to design novel textures for optimizing the delivery of sweet taste stimuli to taste receptors. The results of this work have shown that it is possible to obtain semisolid dairy desserts with similar texture and with different sweetness, and also, with different texture and similar sweetness using different thickeners. More studies are needed to understand the effect of oral processing in dairy desserts thickened with different hydrocolloids to explain the observed variations in sweetness perceived.
Understanding the Link between Bolus Properties and Perceived Texture
Authors: Young Ashley K. , Cheong Jean Ne , Hedderley Duncan I. , Morgenstern Marco P. , James Bryony J. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractThe relationships between food structure, texture perception and bolus properties during bolus formation are poorly understood. This preliminary single‐subject study on three biscuit recipes investigated the links between bolus macrostructure, perceived texture (using temporal dominance of sensations), and mechanical and rheological properties (using back extrusion and consecutive double compression) throughout mastication. The fracture properties of the biscuits dominated textural perception in the early stages of mastication. As mastication progressed, a sensory transition from dry to sticky was accompanied by an increase in “cohesiveness” and decreases in the consistency coefficient, peak force and “adhesiveness.” At the point of swallow, the boluses were shear thinning pastes and sticky dominated perception. Consistency coefficient and “cohesiveness” indicated different swallowing thresholds for the different recipes. This study found back extrusion to be a suitable method for characterizing biscuit bolus rheology in the later stages of mastication as it is unaffected by bolus dimensions.Practical ApplicationsMastication of a solid food involves the breakdown of the food and reassembly with saliva into a deformable bolus that can be swallowed safely. The relationships between the perceived texture and structural, mechanical and rheological properties throughout mastication are not well understood. An understanding of these relationships could aid in the design of foods that can be swallowed safely by the elderly or those with dysphagia, or foods that follow a desired oral processing path and thus have a desired texture profile or flavor release.
Spatial dichotomy of sociality in the African ice rat
Authors: Hinze A. , Rymer T. , Pillay N. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractSociality is environmentally and phylogenetically determined and can vary intraspecifically and interspecifically. We investigated the reasons for group living in the African ice rat Otomys sloggetti robertsi, a diurnal, herbivorous, non‐hibernating murid rodent, endemic to the sub‐alpine and alpine regions of the southern African Drakensberg and Maluti mountains. We expected ice rats to be group living, nesting communally in underground burrows. We documented the spatial organization and social behaviour of free‐living ice rats through direct observations and experimental manipulations. Colonies comprised 4–17 adults of both sexes. Members of a colony had a high degree of spatial home‐range overlap but no temporal overlap because interactions between members were rare aboveground. Individuals experimentally displaced within their own colony were attacked by members of their own colony and were treated in the same way as strangers from other colonies. Members of a colony competed aggressively for prized food, particularly in winter. Ice rats displayed a vertical spatial separation in social behaviour, from huddling and tolerance belowground to solitary foraging and mutual avoidance aboveground. Such a dichotomy in sociality reflects the compromise between the benefits of social thermoregulation and burrow sharing on the one hand and the constraints of competing for resources, mainly food, on the other. Such a compromise may ultimately be related to the poor physiological adaptation of ice rats to the cold environments they inhabit.
Theology After Derrida
Authors: Horner Robyn 
Published: April 2013

AbstractIt has recently been argued that Derrida's work is thoroughly atheistic, which seems to put any dialogue between Derrida and theology out of play. However, such arguments forget that to forbid the impossible outright is as much to be a slave to metaphysics as to presume that one could attain to it in language. Here I revisit the relationship between deconstruction and negative theology, and reconsider utilising Derrida to think God as the impossible. Arguing that thinking God in the absolute future still cannot sustain theology, I suggest how Derrida's work might nevertheless open onto the possibility of revelation.
Implications of saline concentrations for the performance and competitive interactions of the mosquitoesAedes aegypti(Stegomyia aegypti) andAedes albopictus(Stegomyia albopictus)
Authors: YEE D. A. , HIMEL E. , REISKIND M. H. , VAMOSI S. M. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractAedes albopictus(Stegomyia albopictus) (Diptera: Culicidae) has probably supplantedAedes aegypti(Stegomyia aegypti) throughout most of its historical range in the U.S.A., althoughAe. aegyptistill exists in large coastal cities in southern Florida. We measured salt concentrations in field containers along an axis perpendicular to the coast and examined intraspecific outcomes in these species under different salt concentrations in a factorial study using varying intra‐ and interspecific densities in different conditions of salinity to order to determine if salt could mitigate the documented competitive superiority ofAe. albopictus. Salt in field containers declined away from the coast, with maximal values similar to our lower salt concentrations. Egg hatching and short‐term survival of pupae and late instars were not affected by salt concentrations; survival of early instars of both species decreased at higher concentrations. In high salt conditions,Ae. aegyptiachieved higher survival. In the longterm experiment, both species displayed longer development times. Salt did not affect interactions for either species;Ae. aegyptisurvived in the highest salt conditions, regardless of density. The tolerance ofAe. aegyptito high salt concentrations may allow it to use coastal containers, although because salt did not mediate interspecific interactions betweenAe. aegyptiandAe. albopictus, the ultimate effects of salt on the coexistence of these species or exclusion of either species remain unknown.
Arsenic alters uptake and distribution of sulphur in Pteris vittata
Authors: WATANABE TOSHIHIRO , KOUHO RAN , KATAYOSE TOMO , KITAJIMA NOBUYUKI , SAKAMOTO NAOYA , YAMAGUCHI NORIKO , SHINANO TAKURO , YURIMOTO HISAYOSHI , OSAKI MITSURU 
Published: April 2013

AbstractLow‐molecular‐weight thiol (LMWT) synthesis has been reported to be directly induced by arsenic (As) in Pteris vittata, an As hyperaccumulator. Sulphur (S) is a critical component of LMWTs. Here, the effect of As treatment on the uptake and distribution of S in P. vittata was investigated. In P. vittata grown under low S conditions, the presence of As in the growth medium enhanced the uptake of SO42−, which was used for LMWT synthesis in fronds. In contrast, As application did not affect SO42− uptake in Nephrolepis exaltata, an As non‐hyperaccumulator. Moreover, the isotope microscope system revealed that S absorbed with As accumulated locally in a vacuole‐like organelle in epidermal cells, whereas S absorbed alone was distributed uniformly. These results suggest that S is involved in As transport and/or accumulation in P. vittata. X‐ray absorption near‐edge structure analysis revealed that the major As species in the fronds and roots of P. vittata were inorganic As(III) and As(V), respectively, and that As–LMWT complexes occurred as a minor species. Consequently, in case of As accumulation in P. vittata, S possibly acts as a temporary ligand for As in the form of LMWTs in intercellular and/or intracellular transport (e.g. vacuolar sequestration).
Second time a charm? Remobilization of peripheral blood stem cells with plerixafor in patients who previously mobilized poorly despite using plerixafor as a salvage agent
Authors: Yuan Shan , Nademanee Auayporn , Krishnan Amrita , Kogut Neil , Shayani Sepideh , Wang Shirong 
Published: April 2013

BackgroundPlerixafor is a recently introduced agent used to improve peripheral blood stem cell (PBSC) mobilization in patients with hematologic malignancies. However, some patients still cannot mobilize adequately even with plerixafor.Study Design and MethodsWe retrospectively reviewed the PBSC collections of 18 consecutive lymphoma and multiple myeloma patients, who had previously mobilized poorly despite the use of plerixafor and received plerixafor again during remobilization.ResultsDuring the first mobilization attempt, all 18 recombinant granulocyte–colony‐stimulating factor (G‐CSF; two) or G‐CSF plus chemotherapy–mobilized patients (16) had poor response to plerixafor, with peripheral blood (PB) CD34+ counts ranging from 0 to 7.48 × 106/L after the first dose. They collected only 0.15 × 106 to 1.63 × 106 (median, 0.40 × 106) CD34+ cells/kg after one to four collections. The median average daily yield was 0.24 × 106 CD34+ cells/kg. Remobilization began 1 to 4 weeks later with G‐CSF, plerixafor, and with (three) or without (15) cyclophosphamide. The PB CD34+ cell counts after the first dose of plerixafor were 3.04 × 106 to 127.54 × 106/L (median, 14.58 × 106/L). After one to four doses of plerixafor, each patient collected an additional 0.39 × 106 to 14.02 × 106 (median, 1.89 × 106) CD34+ cells/kg, and the median daily average was 0.78 × 106 CD34+ cells/kg. Cumulatively, after two rounds of collections, 15 collected more than 2.0 × 106 CD34+ cells/kg. Thirteen have proceeded to autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) and successfully engrafted.ConclusionIn patients who had responded poorly to the use of plerixafor as a mobilization salvage agent, response to remobilization with plerixafor for the second time was variable, but most (83.3%) patients were able to collect enough PBSCs to proceed to ASCT.
Hepatitis B virus testing by minipool nucleic acid testing: does it improve blood safety?
Authors: Stramer Susan L. , Notari Edward P. , Krysztof David E. , Dodd Roger Y. 
Published: April 2013

BackgroundHepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA‐positive yield since nucleic acid testing (NAT) implementation (minipools of 16 [MP16]) was reported for the first year. We have updated those figures, evaluated the current value of all HBV tests, calculated the HBV residual risk before and after the introduction of MP‐NAT, and estimated residual risks with further improvements in HBV screening for US blood donations.Study Design and MethodsAll donations were screened by US‐required serologic HBV tests and for HBV DNA by MP‐NAT (Novartis/Gen‐Probe). Further testing by individual‐donation polymerase chain reaction (ID‐PCR) confirmed various classes of MP‐NAT–reactive or –nonreactive donations. The hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)‐yield method was used to calculate incidence and the incidence–window‐period model used to define residual risk.ResultsOf approximately 12.8 million donations screened during 2009 to 2011, a total of 1368 HBV confirmed positives including 941 by MP‐NAT were observed (combined 4.32% positive predictive value) of which five were seronegative NAT‐yield donations (1:2.6 million) and 25 HBsAg‐yield (anti‐HBc–nonreactive) donations from which an incidence of 1.62/100,000 person‐years (vs. 3.43 during 2006‐2008) and residual risk of 1:592,000 to 1:754,000 were calculated. With the addition of MP‐NAT, and resulting 8.8‐day window‐period reduction, residual risks decreased to 1:765,000 to 1:1,006,000. Of the 1368 positives, 99.6% were detected by serology and 68.8% by MP‐NAT; ID‐PCR detected 427 more infected donors than MP‐NAT.ConclusionsHBV MP‐NAT and decreases in HBV incidence (likely vaccine‐related) in the United States have reduced residual risks to levels comparable to those of human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis C virus and raise the question of the continued need for all three HBV markers for blood donation screening. Further reductions in residual risk will require the implementation of more sensitive HBV‐NAT methods including ID‐NAT.
Botryoid nuclei in the peripheral blood of a dog with heatstroke
Authors: Mastrorilli Cinzia , Welles Elizabeth G. , Hux Bryan , Christopherson Peter W. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractAnEDTA‐anticoagulated blood sample collected from a 1.5‐year‐old, intact male, English Bulldog was submitted for aCBC. TheCBCdata and blood smear evaluation revealed borderline high hematocrit (54%, reference interval 37–55%), inappropriate rubricytosis, moderate leukopenia due to both mature neutropenia and lymphopenia, and mild thrombocytopenia. Numerous leukocytes showed evidence of karyolysis, pyknosis, and karyorhexis, and apoptotic bodies were frequent in the background. Many neutrophils had botryoid nuclei characterized by increased numbers of nuclear segments radially arranged with spoke‐like, delicate chromatin filaments connecting the segments centrally. The finding of botryoid nuclei and inappropriate rubricytosis was indicative of severe hyperthermia, such as heatstroke. The dog had been exercised a long time during conditions of high temperature and humidity until he collapsed. The dog was diagnosed with severe heatstroke, hypovolemic shock, disseminated intravascular coagulation, and multiorgan dysfunction syndrome. Despite aggressive treatment, the patient died of cardiopulmonary arrest. Botryoid nuclei are frequent in people with heatstroke. In the authors' experience, botryoid nuclei are seen commonly in dogs with heatstroke, but they have never been reported in veterinary medicine. The presence of petechiation with only mild thrombocytopenia and inappropriate rubricytosis also is suggestive of heatstroke and manifests ongoing life‐threatening vascular derangement.
Feasibility of a simple method of hybrid collimation for megavoltage grid therapy
Authors: Almendral Pedro , Mancha Pedro J. , Roberto Daniel 
Published: April 2013

Purpose:Megavoltage grid therapy is currently delivered with step‐and‐shoot multisegment techniques or using a high attenuation block with divergent holes. However, the commercial availability of grid blocks is limited, their construction is difficult, and step‐and‐shoot techniques require longer treatment times and are not practical with some multileaf collimators. This work studies the feasibility of a hybrid collimation system for grid therapy that does not require multiple segments and can be easily implemented with widely available technical means.Methods:The authors have developed a system to generate a grid of beamlets by the simultaneous use of two perpendicular sets of equally spaced leaves that project stripe patterns in orthogonal directions. One of them is generated with the multileaf collimator integrated in the accelerator and the other with an in‐house made collimator constructed with a low melting point alloy commonly available at radiation oncology departments. The characteristics of the grid fields for 6 and 18 MV have been studied with a shielded diode, an unshielded diode, and radiochromic film.Results:The grid obtained with the hybrid collimation is similar to some of the grids used clinically with respect to the beamlet size (about 1 cm) and the percentage of open beam (1/4 of the total field). The grid fields are less penetrating than the open fields of the same energy. Depending on the depth and the direction of the profiles (diagonal or along the principal axes), the measured valley‐to‐peak dose ratios range from 5% to 16% for 6 MV and from 9% to 20% for 18 MV. All the detectors yield similar results in the measurement of profiles and percent depth dose, but the shielded diode seems to overestimate the output factors.Conclusions:The combination of two stripe pattern collimators in orthogonal directions is a feasible method to obtain two‐dimensional arrays of beamlets and has potential usefulness as an efficient way to deliver grid therapy. The implementation of this method is technically simpler than the construction of a conventional grid block.
Dosimetric impact of Acuros XB deterministic radiation transport algorithm for heterogeneous dose calculation in lung cancer
Authors: Han Tao , Followill David , Mikell Justin , Repchak Roman , Molineu Andrea , Howell Rebecca , Salehpour Mohammad , Mourtada Firas 
Published: April 2013

Purpose:The novel deterministic radiation transport algorithm, Acuros XB (AXB), has shown great potential for accurate heterogeneous dose calculation. However, the clinical impact between AXB and other currently used algorithms still needs to be elucidated for translation between these algorithms. The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of AXB for heterogeneous dose calculation in lung cancer for intensity‐modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) and volumetric‐modulated arc therapy (VMAT).Methods:The thorax phantom from the Radiological Physics Center (RPC) was used for this study. IMRT and VMAT plans were created for the phantom in the Eclipse 11.0 treatment planning system. Each plan was delivered to the phantom three times using a Varian Clinac iX linear accelerator to ensure reproducibility. Thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLDs) and Gafchromic EBT2 film were placed inside the phantom to measure delivered doses. The measurements were compared with dose calculations from AXB 11.0.21 and the anisotropic analytical algorithm (AAA) 11.0.21. Two dose reporting modes of AXB, dose‐to‐medium in medium (Dm,m) and dose‐to‐water in medium (Dw,m), were studied. Point doses, dose profiles, and gamma analysis were used to quantify the agreement between measurements and calculations from both AXB and AAA. The computation times for AAA and AXB were also evaluated.Results:For the RPC lung phantom, AAA and AXB dose predictions were found in good agreement to TLD and film measurements for both IMRT and VMAT plans. TLD dose predictions were within 0.4%–4.4% to AXB doses (bothDm,m and Dw,m); and within 2.5%–6.4% to AAA doses, respectively. For the film comparisons, the gamma indexes (±3%/3 mm criteria) were 94%, 97%, and 98% for AAA, AXB_Dm,m, and AXB_Dw,m, respectively. The differences between AXB and AAA in dose–volume histogram mean doses were within 2% in the planning target volume, lung, heart, and within 5% in the spinal cord. However, differences up to 8% between AXB and AAA were found at lung/soft tissue interface regions for individual IMRT fields. AAA was found to be 5–6 times faster than AXB for IMRT, while AXB was 4–5 times faster than AAA for VMAT plan.Conclusions:AXB is satisfactorily accurate for the dose calculation in lung cancer for both IMRT and VMAT plans. The differences between AXB and AAA are generally small except in heterogeneous interface regions. AXBDw,m and Dm,m calculations are similar inside the soft tissue and lung regions. AXB can benefit lung VMAT plans by both improving accuracy and reducing computation time.
Gram-Negative Bacteria That Produce Carbapenemases Causing Death Attributed to Recent Foreign Hospitalization
Authors: Ahmed-Bentley Jasmine , Chandran A. Uma , Joffe A. Mark , French Desiree , Peirano Gisele , Pitout Johann D. D. 
Published: April 2013

ABSTRACT

Overseas travel, as a risk factor for the acquisition of infections due to antimicrobial-resistant organisms, has recently been linked to carbapenemase-producing Gram-negative bacteria. Multiresistant
Klebsiella pneumoniae
,
Escherichia coli
, and
Acinetobacter baumannii
strains were isolated from a wound of a Canadian patient with a recent history of hospitalization in India. This resulted in the initiation of outbreak management that included surveillance cultures. Epidemiological and molecular investigations showed that NDM-1-producing
K. pneumoniae
ST16 and OXA-23-producing
A. baumannii
ST10 strains were transmitted to 5 other patients, resulting in the colonization of 4 patients and the death of 1 patient due to septic shock caused by the OXA-23-producing
A. baumannii
strain. The high rate of false positivity of the screening cultures resulted in additional workloads and increased costs for infection control and clinical laboratory work. We believe that this is the first report of an infection with carbapenemase-producing Gram-negative bacteria resulting in death attributed to a patient with recent foreign hospitalization. We recommend routine rectal and wound screening for colonization with multiresistant bacteria for patients who have recently been admitted to hospitals outside Canada.