bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Influence of central corneal thickness on measured intraocular pressure differentials: Nidek RKT‐7700, Topcon CT‐80 NCTs and Goldmann Tonometer
Authors: Ogbuehi Kelechi C , Mucke Sven , Osuagwu Uchechukwu L 
Published: September 2012

AbstractPurposeWe sought to compare the intraocular pressure (IOP) measured by RKT‐7700 and CT‐80 noncontact tonometers (NCTs) with that measured by Goldmann applanation tonometry (GAT). We also examined the influence of central corneal thickness (CCT) on the agreement between both NCTs and GAT in a sub‐population of healthy, young normals.MethodsTriplicate IOP and CCT measurements were obtained twice from one randomized eye of 49 subjects (28 males and 21 females) aged 22.2 ± 1.3 (mean ± S.D.) years. Goldmann tonometry was performed subsequent to assessment with the RKT‐7700 and CT‐80, to negate the ‘ocular massage effect’, followed by ultrasound pachymetry. The results from each method were compared and assessed for repeatability and between‐observer reproducibility. Analysis was performed to determine the correlation between the differences in IOP measurements and corneal thicknesses.ResultsThe mean differences (±S.D.) in sessions 1 and 2 respectively between RKT‐7700 and GAT (2.6 ± 2.0 and 2.7 ± 1.4 mmHg), between CT‐80 and GAT (2.8 ± 2.0 and 3.2 ± 1.3 mmHg) were statistically significant (p < 0.0001). The repeatability coefficients in sessions 1 and 2 respectively were; ±1.2 and ±1.0 mmHg (GAT), ±1.3 and ±1.6 mmHg (CT‐80), ±2.3 and ±1.7 mmHg (RKT‐7700) and inter‐observer reproducibility was; ±1.9 (RKT‐7700), ±2.3 (GAT) and ±2.6 mmHg (CT‐80). Between the corneal thickness and the differences in GAT‐measured and NCT‐measured IOPs, there was a significant negative correlation and a trend for a larger difference in thicker corneas.ConclusionNeither the RKT‐7700 nor the CT‐80 can be used interchangeably with the Goldmann tonometer, although all three tonometers give repeatable measurements of IOP, in this sub‐population. IOP differences between GAT and the NCTs significantly correlated with CCT, with the possibility of even greater differences in thicker corneas.
Female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C): Survey of RANZCOG Fellows, Diplomates & Trainees and FGM/C prevention and education program workers in Australia and New Zealand
Authors: Moeed Saman M. , Grover Sonia R. 
Published: September 2012

BackgroundFemale genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C) is traditionally practised in parts of Africa, the Middle East and South‐East Asia. Migration has brought FGM/C to the attention of health practitioners in industrialised nations. It is not known whether FGM/C procedures are being performed in Australia and New Zealand, where legislation has been passed banning the practice.AimsTo survey RANZCOG Fellows, Trainees and Diplomates, and FGM/C education and prevention program workers, about their experience with women and children affected by FGM/C, specifically to identify whether FGM/C is being performed in Australia or New Zealand.MethodsElectronic survey distributed via e‐mail to RANZCOG Fellows, Trainees and Diplomates and FGM/C program workers in Australia and New Zealand between November 2010 and February 2011.Results530 responses were received from RANZCOG Fellows, Trainees and Diplomates, with an overall response rate of 18.5%. Thirty‐four responses were received from FGM/C program workers. Five RANZCOG respondents and two FGM/C program workers cited anecdotal evidence that FGM/C is being performed in Australia and New Zealand. 21.2% (82) of RANZCOG respondents had been asked to re‐suture following delivery, and 11 respondents had done so at least once. Two RANZCOG respondents had been asked to perform FGM/C on a baby, girl or young woman.ConclusionsThere is no conclusive evidence of FGM/C being performed in Australia and New Zealand, either from direct reports or children presenting with complications, although re‐suturing post‐delivery is occurring. Anecdotal evidence suggests that it is most likely that people other than registered health practitioners are performing FGM/C.
Linking Management Effectiveness Indicators to Observed Effects of Protected Areas on Fire Occurrence in the Amazon Rainforest
Authors: NOLTE CHRISTOPH , AGRAWAL ARUN 
Published: September 2012

AbstractManagement‐effectiveness scores are used widely by donors and implementers of conservation projects to prioritize, track, and evaluate investments in protected areas. However, there is little evidence that these scores actually reflect the capacity of protected areas to deliver conservation outcomes. We examined the relation between indicators of management effectiveness in protected areas and the effectiveness of protected areas in reducing fire occurrence in the Amazon rainforest. We used data collected with the Management Effectiveness Tracking Tool (METT) scorecard, adopted by some of the world's largest conservation organizations to track management characteristics believed to be crucial for protected‐area effectiveness. We used the occurrence of forest fires from 2000 through 2010 as a measure of the effect of protected areas on undesired land‐cover change in the Amazon basin. We used matching to compare the estimated effect of protected areas with low versus high METT scores on fire occurrence. We also estimated effects of individual protected areas on fire occurrence and explored the relation between these effects and METT scores. The relations between METT scores and effects of protected areas on fire occurrence were weak. Protected areas with higher METT scores in 2005 did not seem to have performed better than protected areas with lower METT scores at reducing fire occurrence over the last 10 years. Further research into the relations between management‐effectiveness indicators and conservation outcomes in protected areas seems necessary, and our results show that the careful application of matching methods can be a suitable method for that purpose.Vinculación de Indicadores de Efectividad de Manejo con los Efectos Observados de la Ocurrencia de Fuego en Áreas Protegidas en la Amazonia
Long‐Term Binge and Escalating Ethanol Exposure Causes Necroinflammation and Fibrosis in Rat Liver
Authors: Zhou Jun‐Ying , Jiang Zhi‐An , Zhao Cai‐Yan , Zhen Zhen , Wang Wei , Nanji Amin A. 
Published: September 2012

BackgroundTo investigate whether “binge” and escalating alcohol exposure in the rat influences the development of pathological liver injury.MethodsTime courses for the formation of eicosanoids by cyclooxygenase (COX), oxidative stress and nitrosative stress production, expression of hypoxia‐inducible factor 1 (HIF‐1), cytokines, hepatic tissue necroinflammation, and fibrosis were assessed in rats during 16 weeks of daily alcohol gavage.ResultsIn this model of binge and escalating levels of alcohol, hepatic steatosis, necrosis, and inflammation as well as fibrosis were increased over the 16‐week period. The levels of COX‐2, oxidative stress, nitrosative stress, HIF‐1, proinflammatory mediators (tumor necrosis factor‐α, interleukin 1β [IL‐1β], IL‐6), and procollagen‐I were increased over the 16‐week period. The content of IL‐10 in rat serum increased at the end of 4 and 8 weeks but decreased thereafter and was significantly decreased at 12 and 16 weeks.ConclusionsA rat model of alcoholic liver disease (ALD) with long‐term binge and escalating ethanol exposure was developed. Our data support the hypothesis that enhanced eicosanoid production by COX, oxidative stress and nitrosative stress, HIF‐1, and the imbalance between pro‐ and anti‐inflammatory cytokines plays an important role in the pathogenesis of ALD.
Linking Material Flow Analysis with Environmental Impact Potential
Authors: Lam Carl W. , Lim Seong‐Rin , Schoenung Julie M. 
Published: September 2012

SummaryTechnology transition can have significant implications on the evolution of environmental impact potential of disposed electronics over time. Considering technology transition, we quantify the temporal behavior of ecological and human health impact potential from select heavy metals in electronic waste (e‐waste). The case study analyzes product substitution effects in two electronic cohorts from the U.S. market: (1) computers (laptops substituting for desktops) and (2) televisions (flat‐panel liquid crystal displays [LCDs] and plasma displays substituting for cathode‐ray tubes [CRTs]). Quantities of end‐of‐life (EoL) units to year 2030 are forecasted by the unique combination of dynamic material flow analysis, logistic trend analysis, and product lifespan calibration methods. Metal content from EoL units are assessed via a pathway and effect model using USETox™ characterization factors to determine the toxicity potential attributed to heavy metal releases into different media (e.g., air, water, and soil) as an indicator of environmental burden. Results show high impact materials such as lead, nickel, and zinc cause changes in human health toxicity potential and copper causes changes in ecological toxicity potential. Effects of dematerialization, such as reduced metal content in laptops over desktops, provide some positive benefits in toxicity potential per product. However, from a market perspective, emerging e‐waste quantities created by increasing per capita penetration rates of electronics and increasing population will offset gains in environmental performance at the product level. The resulting analysis provides guidance on the timing expected for emerging EoL units and an indication of high impact potential materials requiring pollution prevention as product substitution occurs.
Perceived deterrents to being a plasmapheresis donor in a voluntary, nonremunerated environment
Authors: Bagot Kathleen L. , Bove Liliana L. , Masser Barbara M. , Bednall Timothy C. , Buzza Mark 
Published: September 2012

BACKGROUND: As demand for plasma‐derived products increases internationally, maintaining a committed plasmapheresis panel membership is critical for blood collection agencies. This study addresses the current lack of knowledge regarding deterrents to the recruitment and retention of plasmapheresis donors in a voluntary nonremunerated environment.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Nine focus groups (n = 84) and six individual interviews were conducted using semistructured schedules. Three focus groups were conducted with each category of eligible whole blood (WB) donors: those who had 1) declined to convert to plasmapheresis (DTC), 2) converted but lapsed to WB (LWB), and 3) converted and lapsed from the panel completely (LFP). Transcript analysis revealed distinct deterrent categories.RESULTS: The time required for plasmapheresis was a universally identified deterrent, with concerns of donation frequency expectations shared between DTC and LWB. LWB and LFP both reported excessive questioning and paperwork, and eligibility requirements as deterrents. Unique deterrents for DTC were a lack of accurate knowledge about safety and process. LWB reported concerns about plasmapheresis donation outcomes; however, they were more committed to continuing donation than LFP, who reported donation not being salient, being too busy, and poorer donation experiences.CONCLUSION: Providing information to address safety and health concerns should be the focus for successful conversion to plasmapheresis. Setting donation frequency expectations at levels to which donors are accustomed may improve evaluations of the cost/benefit ratio of conversion and retention. Involvement levels (i.e., importance, personal meaning of donation) may be the key differentiator between those donors who return to WB and those that lapse altogether.
Plasma transfusion in liver transplantation: a randomized, double‐blind, multicenter clinical comparison of three virally secured plasmas
Authors: Bartelmaos Tonine , Chabanel Anne , Léger Julie , Villalon Loïc , Gillon Marie Christine , Rouget Claude , Gomola Alexandra , Denninger Marie Hélène , Tardivel René , Naegelen Christian , Courtois Françoise , Bardiaux Laurent , Giraudeau Bruno , Ozier Yves 
Published: September 2012

BACKGROUND: The clinical equivalence of plasma treated to reduce pathogen transmission and untreated plasma has not been extensively studied. A clinical trial was conducted in liver transplant recipients to compare the efficacy of three plasmas.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: A randomized, equivalence, blinded trial was performed in four French liver transplantation centers. The three studied (fresh‐frozen) plasmas were quarantine (Q‐FFP), methylene blue (MB‐FFP), and solvent/detergent (S/D‐FFP) plasmas. The primary outcome was the volume of plasma transfused during transplantation. Secondary outcomes included intraoperative blood loss, hemostasis variables corrections, and adverse events.RESULTS: One‐hundred patients were randomly assigned in the MB‐FFP, 96 in the S/D‐FFP, and 97 in the Q‐FFP groups, respectively. The median volumes of plasma transfused were 2254, 1905, and 1798 mL with MB‐FFP, S/D‐FFP, and Q‐FFP, respectively. The three plasmas were not equivalent. MB‐FFP was not equivalent to the two other plasmas, but S/D‐FFP and Q‐FFP were equivalent. The median numbers of transfused plasma units were 10, 10, and 8 units with MB‐FFP, S/D‐FFP, and Q‐FFP, respectively. Adjustment on bleeding risk factors diminished the difference between groups: the excess plasma volume transfused with MB‐FFP compared to Q‐FFP was reduced from 24% to 14%. Blood loss and coagulation factors corrections were not significantly different between the three arms.CONCLUSION: Compared to both Q‐FFP and S/D‐FFP, use of MB‐FFP was associated with a moderate increase in volume transfused, partly explained by a difference in unit volume and bleeding risk factors. Q‐FFP was associated with fewer units transfused than either S/D‐FFP or MB‐FFP.
Human T‐lymphotropic virus laboratory testing of maternal blood at time of cord blood donations and clinical implications
Authors: Glasser Lewis , Cyrus Sherri , Machan Jason T. , Mapother Jill 
Published: September 2012

BACKGROUND: In the United States, blood products are tested for infectious diseases including human T‐lymphotropic virus (HTLV)‐I/II. Positive results of maternal blood samples at the time of cord blood (CB) donation must be reported to mother and physician. Tests for HTLV have a high false‐positive rate. This is problematic because there is no prenatal testing of the mother.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: This study involves 119,769 maternal blood samples at time of CB donation and evaluates positive results for HTLV in screening tests, supplemental immunoassays, and nucleic acid tests (NATs). Infectious disease markers (IDMs) and maternal health histories of HTLV‐positive and ‐negative mothers were compared.RESULTS: Of 119,769 mothers donating CB, 545 tested positive with the screening test, 33 were positive with the supplemental tests, and two were positive with NAT. When indeterminate results were excluded from the supplemental test only six were positive. Eight of 34 mothers with positive or indeterminate supplemental test results had received intravenous immunoglobulin. There were no significant differences between HTLV‐positive and ‐negative mothers with regard to the incidence of other IDMs.CONCLUSIONS: Testing maternal blood for HTLV is problematic for CB banks, obstetricians, and mothers because of the high false‐positive rate. CB banks need rapid turnaround time and supplemental testing. If results on the latter are positive the obstetrician should be notified, educated, do follow‐up testing, and counseling. Indeterminate results on supplemental tests are most likely false positives. We recommend that mothers with positive or indeterminate supplemental test results have follow‐up NAT.
Sex Estimation of Infants Between Birth and One Year Through Discriminant Analysis of the Humerus and Femur
Authors: Stull Kyra E. , Godde Kanya 
Published: September 2012

AbstractEstimation of sex when investigating subadult skeletal remains is largely problematic because of unreliable and inaccurate results. Despite the limitations encountered with skeletal material, the medical literature clearly demonstrates differences between males and females in utero that persist through life. The current study investigates sexual dimorphism in the long bones of the humerus and femur for individuals between birth and 1 year of age. A radiographic sample amassed from Erie County Medical Examiner's office includes 85 femoral and 45 humeral images for analysis in relation to sex. Measurements for lengths and breadths were collected through tpsDig software. Discriminant analysis proved to be the most successful method, with error rates of 3% when utilizing maximum breadth at midshaft of the femur and 11% with humerus maximum distal breadth. This research demonstrates that it is possible to correctly classify sex of unknown subadult remains when comparing them to a known sample.
A Comparison of Fingerprint Sweat Corrosion of Different Alloys of Brass
Authors: Sykes Stephanie , Bond John W. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractFingerprint sweat from 40 donors was deposited onto samples of five α and α + β phase brasses, comprising five alloys with different copper and zinc concentrations, two of which also had the addition of small concentrations of lead. Visual grading of the visibility of the corrosion revealed that brasses with the least amount of zinc produced the most visible and fully formed fingerprints from the most donors. Consideration of previously reported mechanisms for the corrosion of brass suggests red copper (I) oxide as a likely corrosion product for low zinc brasses, and a consideration of the color, composition, and solubility of fingerprint sweat corrosion products suggests that copper (I) oxide produces good contrast and visibility with the brass substrate. Scanning electron microscope images of the corrosion of all five alloys confirmed the enhanced contrast between corroded and uncorroded areas for low zinc alloys.
Galaxy cluster outskirts: a universal entropy profile for relaxed clusters?
Authors: Walker S. A. , Fabian A. C. , Sanders J. S. , George M. R. 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
We fit a functional form for a universal intracluster medium entropy profile to the scaled entropy profiles of a catalogue of X-ray galaxy cluster outskirts results, which are all relaxed cool core clusters at redshift below 0.25. We also investigate the functional form suggested by Lapi et al. and Cavaliere et al. for the behaviour of the entropy profile in the outskirts and find it to fit the data well outside 0.3r200. We highlight the discrepancy in the entropy profile behaviour in the outskirts between observations and the numerical simulations of Burns et al., and show that the entropy profile flattening due to gas clumping calculated by Nagai & Lau is insufficient to match observations, suggesting that gas clumping alone cannot be responsible for all of the entropy profile flattening in the cluster outskirts. The entropy profiles found with Suzaku are found to be consistent with ROSAT, XMM—Newton and Planck results.
ζ Oph and the weak-wind problem
Authors: Gvaramadze V. V. , Langer N. , Mackey J. 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
Mass-loss rate, Ṁ is one of the key parameters affecting evolution and observational manifestations of massive stars and their impact on the ambient medium. Despite its importance, there is a factor of ∼100 discrepancy between empirical and theoretical Ṁ of late-type O dwarfs, the so-called weak-wind problem. In this Letter, we propose a simple novel method to constrain Ṁ of runaway massive stars through observation of their bow shocks and Strömgren spheres, which might be of decisive importance for resolving the weak-wind problem. Using this method, we found that Ṁ of the well-known runaway O9.5 V star ζ Oph is more than an order of magnitude higher than that derived from ultraviolet (UV) line fitting and is by a factor of 6–7 lower than those based on the theoretical recipe by Vink et al. and the Hα line. The discrepancy between Ṁ derived by our method and that based on UV lines would be even more severe if the stellar wind is clumpy. At the same time, our estimate of Ṁ agrees with that predicted by the moving reversing layer theory by Lucy.
Ethanol Extract of Peanut Sprout Induces Nrf2 Activation and Expression of Antioxidant and Detoxifying Enzymes in Human Dermal Fibroblasts: Implication for its Protection Against UVB‐irradiated Oxidative Stress
Authors: Choi Jee‐Young , Choi Da‐In , Lee Jee‐Bum , Yun Suk‐Jung , Lee Dong‐Ho , Eun Jong‐Bang , Lee Seung‐Chul 
Published: September 2012

AbstractA peanut sprout is known to contain a significant level of resveratrol, which was reported to have beneficial effects in our body due to its antioxidant activities. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the cytoprotective activity of ethanol extract of peanut sprout (EPS) from ultraviolet B (UVB)‐induced oxidative stress in human dermal fibroblasts (HDF). EPS was revealed to contain 54.2 μg g−1 of trans‐resveratrol. The DCF‐DA‐positive reactive oxygen species level was increased by 50 mJ cm−2 of UVB irradiation (2150 ± 450% of nonirradiated control), which was markedly suppressed by EPS treatment (180 ± 42% of control). Annexin V‐positive apoptotic cell death induced by UVB irradiation (16.4 ± 4.5%) was also significantly inhibited by EPS treatment (6.7 ± 2.5%). EPS induced up‐regulation and nuclear translocation of Nrf2, a transcription factor for antioxidant and detoxifying enzymes, in HDF as a dose‐dependent manner. UVB irradiation up‐regulated Nrf2‐dependent enzymes of heme oxygenase‐1, NAD(P)H:quinine oxidoreductase‐1 and glutathione‐S‐transferase pi, and they were further stimulated by EPS treatment. Taken together, EPS is an efficient cytoprotective agent against UVB‐induced oxidative stress by activation of Nrf2 and upregulation of Nrf2‐relating antioxidant and detoxifying enzymes in HDF.
Refractive change after vitrectomy for epiretinal membrane in pseudophakic eyes
Authors: Hamoudi Hassan , Kofod Mads , La Cour Morten 
Published: September 2012

Abstract.Purpose:  To report the change in refraction in pseudophakic eyes following 23‐gauge vitrectomy for epiretinal membrane (ERM), without use of silicone oil, intraocular gas or scleral buckling.Methods:  Retrospective review of the records of 28 pseudophakic eyes in 28 patients undergoing 23‐gauge pars plana vitrectomy for ERM. All 28 eyes had a measured preoperative refraction in their records and were seen minimum 2 months after vitrectomy for measuring their refraction. Fellow eyes (28 eyes) were used as controls.Results:  The mean preoperative refraction was −0.15 ± 0.85 dioptre (D), and the mean postoperative refraction was −0.41 ± 0.93 D. Thus, a myopic shift was observed following vitrectomy with a mean change in refraction of −0.26 ± 0.60 D (range +0.75 to −2.13 D, p = 0.032). The postoperative change in refraction was within ±0.25, ±0.50 and ±1.00 D in 39%, 68% and 96% of the eyes, respectively. The mean absolute refractive error was 0.47 ± 0.44 D. The change in refraction in fellow eyes was +0.01 D (p = 0.82).Conclusion:  The change in refraction following 23‐gauge pars plana vitrectomy for ERM in pseudophakic eyes was −0.26 D.
Mémorialisation et traumatisme – La Grande‐Bretagne et la traite des esclaves
Authors: Gwyn Marian 
Published: September 2012

RésuméEn 2007, le Royaume‐Uni a commémoré le bicentenaire de l’abolition de la traite transatlantique des esclaves par les Britanniques. Des commémorations ont eu lieu dans tout le pays sur des sites du patrimoine. Nous examinerons où et de quelles façons celles‐ci se sont déroulées, qui y a assisté et quelles histoires y ont été relatées. Nous tenterons également de déterminer dans quelle mesure et de quelle manière ces événements ont favorisé l’inclusivité multiculturelle qui, dans l’optique du présent article, est le but recherché.