bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Humanitarian Law as a Source of Human Rights Law
Authors: Oberleitner Gerd 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
This article examines the influence of humanitarian law in the development of modern human rights law. It explores the concept of humanity in war in ancient times and the middle ages and considers the treatment of individual rights during national wars. It analyses the evolution of humanitarian law that coincided with the development of the science of warfare and the progress of civilization. This article highlights the fact that international humanitarian law was the only international legal framework which accommodated the fate of individuals human rights became a legal reality in 1945.
The Protection of Minorities under the Auspices of the League of Nations
Authors: Kovács Péter 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
This article examines the protection of minority rights under League of Nations. It explains that the League was created to be a specialized institution for minorities but the mechanism for responding to the grievances of the minorities was developed only after the Versailles peace conference in 1919–20. It discusses the main principles and structures of the League of Nations mechanism and the complaints procedure. This article also explains that the League of Nations was replaced by the United Nations in 1946 but its minority protection system was not included in the responsibilities of the new organization. It also highlights the contribution of the League to the evolution of the doctrine of the international legal protection of human rights.
Human Dignity
Authors: Carozza Paolo G. 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
This article examines the issue of human dignity in relation to human rights. It analyses the functions and principle of human dignity and its use in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and other international instruments. It suggests that human dignity seems to help justify expansive interpretations of human rights and strengthens the centrality and importance of the right in question and limiting possible exceptions or limitations to that right. This article also contends that the difficulty of reaching greater consensus on the meaning and implications of human dignity in international human rights law may be attributed to the fact that it refers to both a foundational premise of human rights and to a principle that affect interpretation and application of specific human rights.
Equality
Authors: Clifford Jarlath 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
This article analyses the normative and philosophical bases of the principle of equality. It examines how contemporary international human rights law transposes and applies the principle, particularly in relation to the prohibition of discrimination. It suggests that equality provides a conceptual framework through which to understand and analyse human rights issues and also provides a moral and analytical mechanism for ensuring that all people effectively enjoy human rights guarantees. This article also evaluates the benefits of right to equality in international law.
Proportionality
Authors: Arai-Takahashi Yutaka 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
This article examines the principle of proportionality in the context of international human rights law. It traces the origin of this principle in the eighteenth century Prussian administrative law and explains that three tests of proportionality. It considers the proportionality analysis by the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) and the Inter-American System and discusses the application of the principle of proportionality by the United Nations Human Rights Committee (UNHRC). This article argues that this principle serves as an analytical and structural method for assessing national decisions and fosters trust in the international judicial and quasi-judicial bodies� supervisory roles.
The Law-Making Process: From Declaration to Treaty to Custom to Prevention
Authors: Ramcharan Bertrand G. 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
This article examines the international human rights lawmaking process. It analyses the sources and methods for the creation of norms and the transition from declarations and treaties to customary international law. It describes the drafting process for human rights declarations and conventions and offers a number of suggestions on how to improve human rights law-making. These include adopting a greater preventive role in the future and leaving the law-making process in the hands of members of the human rights movement.
From Commission to the Council: Evolution of UN Charter Bodies
Authors: Kothari Miloon 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
This article examines the evolution of the United Nations� (UN) human rights agency from the UN Commission on Human Rights (UNCHR) into the UN Human Rights Council (UNHRC). It explains that UNHRC was created in March 2006 to replace the UNCHR and become the world�s premier human rights body. It evaluates the effectiveness of the UNHRC�s peer-review human rights mechanism called the Universal Periodic Review. This article also offers some suggestions on how to improve the performance of the UNHRC including changes in size and distribution of membership, membership criteria, voting patterns and participation of non-state actors.
The Role and Impact of Treaty Bodies
Authors: Rodley Nigel S. 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
This article examines the role of treaty bodies in the development and enforcement of international human rights law. It explains that there are now nine core human rights treaties and each of them provided the establishment of its own monitoring committee which includes the Convention on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) Committee, the Committee against Torture and the Committee on Enforced Disappearances (CED). This article discusses the composition, functions and the decision-making process of these committees.
National Implementation and Interpretation
Authors: Ando Nisuke 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
This article examines the national interpretation and implementation of the global International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) and the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (ECHR). It analyses the mechanism of interpretation and implementation and reception of ICCPR and ECHR in the national legal system and considers the national implementation of jurisprudence. This article suggests that the national or domestic implementation of international human rights law or standards reflects �national legal culture� of each state and argues that a multilateral human rights treaty should not be the only forum to analyse the implementation of human rights by national legal system of a state.
Enforcing Human Rights Through Economic Sanctions
Authors: Lopez George A. 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
This article examines the enforcement of human rights law through economic sanctions. It describes the development of the so-called targeted or smart sanctions and discusses controversies in the applications of these sanctions in the context of the principles of the �protection of civilians� and the �responsibility to protect� and the resort to targeted sanctions for counter-terrorism purposes. This article also suggests that the recent successes of sanctions in Libya, Côte d�Ivoire and Liberia can be extended to other areas and argues that the positive results of imposing targeted sanctions as proactive for human rights are counterbalanced by the ongoing rights controversies with counter-terrorism listing in the 1267 regime.
Human Rights Make a Difference: Lessons from Latin America
Authors: Méndez Juan E. , Cone Catherine 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
This article discusses the lessons that can be learned from the history of the enforcement of human rights law in Latin America. It explains that there were mass human rights violations in the region during the 1970s under military dictatorship and describes how the Latin American communities have adopted the language of international human rights to advance the construction of more just and free societies with accountable governments. It highlights the role of civil society in the gradual process of incorporating human rights norms into the domestic legal systems.
On the stark difference in satellite distributions around the Milky Way and Andromeda
Authors: Yniguez Basilio , Garrison-Kimmel Shea , Boylan-Kolchin Michael , Bullock James S. 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
We compare spherically averaged radial number counts of bright (≳105 L⊙) dwarf satellite galaxies within 400 kpc of the Milky Way (MW) and M31 and find that the MW satellites are much more centrally concentrated. Remarkably, the two satellite systems are almost identical within the central 100 kpc, while M31 satellites outnumber MW satellites by about a factor of 4 at deprojected distances spanning 100–400 kpc. We compare the observed distributions to those predicted for Λ cold dark matter (ΛCDM) subhaloes using a suite of 44 high-resolution ∼1012 M⊙ halo zoom simulations, 22 of which are in pairs like the MW and M31. We find that the radial distribution of satellites around M31 is fairly typical of those predicted for subhaloes, while the MW's distribution is more centrally concentrated than any of our simulated ΛCDM haloes. One possible explanation is that our census of bright (≳105 L⊙) MW dwarf galaxies is significantly incomplete beyond ∼100 kpc of the Sun. If there were ∼8–20 more bright dwarfs orbiting undetected at 100–400 kpc distance, then the MW's radial distribution would fall within the range expected from subhalo distributions and also look very much like the known M31 system. We use our simulations to demonstrate that there is enough area left unexplored by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey and its extensions that the discovery of ∼10 new bright dwarfs is not implausible given the expected range of angular anisotropy of subhaloes in the sky.
Role of histone modifications and early termination in pervasive transcription and antisense-mediated gene silencing in yeast
Authors: Castelnuovo Manuele , Zaugg Judith B. , Guffanti Elisa , Maffioletti Andrea , Camblong Jurgi , Xu Zhenyu , Clauder-Münster Sandra , Steinmetz Lars M. , Luscombe Nicholas M. , Stutz Françoise 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
Most genomes, including yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, are pervasively transcribed producing numerous non-coding RNAs, many of which are unstable and eliminated by nuclear or cytoplasmic surveillance pathways. We previously showed that accumulation of PHO84 antisense RNA (asRNA), in cells lacking the nuclear exosome component Rrp6, is paralleled by repression of sense transcription in a process dependent on the Hda1 histone deacetylase (HDAC) and the H3K4 histone methyl transferase Set1. Here we investigate this process genome-wide and measure the whole transcriptome of various histone modification mutants in a Δrrp6 strain using tiling arrays. We confirm widespread occurrence of potentially antisense-dependent gene regulation and identify three functionally distinct classes of genes that accumulate asRNAs in the absence of Rrp6. These classes differ in whether the genes are silenced by the asRNA and whether the silencing is HDACs and histone methyl transferase-dependent. Among the distinguishing features of asRNAs with regulatory potential, we identify weak early termination by Nrd1/Nab3/Sen1, extension of the asRNA into the open reading frame promoter and dependence of the silencing capacity on Set1 and the HDACs Hda1 and Rpd3 particularly at promoters undergoing extensive chromatin remodelling. Finally, depending on the efficiency of Nrd1/Nab3/Sen1 early termination, asRNA levels are modulated and their capability of silencing is changed.
BswR controls bacterial motility and biofilm formation in Pseudomonas aeruginosa through modulation of the small RNA rsmZ
Authors: Wang Chao , Ye Fuzhou , Kumar Veerendra , Gao Yong-Gui , Zhang Lian-Hui 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa relies on cell motility and ability to form biofilms to establish infections; however, the mechanism of regulation remains obscure. Here we report that BswR, a xenobiotic response element-type transcriptional regulator, plays a critical role in regulation of bacterial motility and biofilm formation in P. aeruginosa. Transcriptomic and biochemical analyses showed that BswR counteracts the repressor activity of MvaT, controls the transcription of small RNA rsmZ and regulates the biogenesis of bacterial flagella. The crystal structure of BswR was determined at 2.3 Å resolution; the monomer comprises a DNA-binding domain with a helix-turn-helix motif in the N terminus and two helices (α6 and α7) with a V-shaped arrangement in the C-terminus. In addition to the contacts between the parallel helices α5 of two monomers, the two helical extensions (α6 and α7) intertwine together to form a homodimer, which is the biological function unit. Based on the result of DNase I protection assay together with structural analysis of BswR homodimer, we proposed a BswR–DNA model, which suggests a molecular mechanism with which BswR could interact with DNA. Taken together, our results unveiled a novel regulatory mechanism, in which BswR controls the motility and biofilm formation of P. aeruginosa by modulating the transcription of small RNA rsmZ.
Aesthetics and Religion
Authors: Viladesau Richard 
Published: February 2014

AbstractA systematic consideration of the multiple relationships between aesthetics and religion demands a sorting-out of concepts and issues. “Aesthetics” may be understood as practice (art) and as theory. It can refer to a number of overlapping subjects, including art, symbol, feeling, beauty, taste, imagination, and perception. A theological or religious aesthetics considers any of these topics in the light of God, revelation, and the sacred. The contemporary world has seen a renewal of interest in religious aesthetics. Art has been increasingly recognized as an important theological “text” that complements the written word, and as a crucial component of communication of the Christian message. The theological consideration of art and beauty is made complex by the secularization of the contemporary world, which raises the question of the relation of aesthetics to Christian “conversion.”
Artistic Imagination and Religious Faith
Authors: Thiessen Gesa Elsbeth 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
The central role of the imagination in theology and religion has often been neglected by theologians. The chapter considers how the imagination and, in particular, artistic imagination, faith and theology are related. It provides a brief outline of perspectives on the meaning and function of the imagination in relation to faith and art by leading philosophers and theologians in history from the Hebrew Bible, Plato, and Aristotle to Augustine, Aquinas, Luther, Calvin, Kant, Burke, Schleiermacher, Schelling, and Kierkegaard. The chapter discusses the act of imagination as a fundamental source and requisite in faith, art, and creativity, in beauty and the sublime, in aesthetics, and in any development of human knowledge. The role of art is explored as a locus theologicus with reference to Tillich and contemporary theologians. Finally, the eschatological dimension as the ultimate link between artistic imagination and Christian faith concludes the chapter.
Musical Ways of Being Religious
Authors: Brown Frank Burch 
Published: February 2014

AbstractReligious uses of music are highly varied, manifold, and yet selective. Some traditions, such as Islam, are wary of employing music in worship. By contrast, the Christian Mass can sometimes be musical throughout. Music’s powers, often regarded religiously as God-given, have much to do with its intimate connection with emotion. Music is involved in trance or in mystical states, and engages in acts of prayer, proclamation, and praise. It functions communally to establish religious identity. When combined with specific Christian teachings, music can also function sacramentally. Since antiquity, moreover, music has been associated with mathematical order and harmony, tuning the soul to the divine and to the cosmos. In all these ways music appears able to transform, and not merely reflect, religious perceptions and experience.
Poetic Ways of Being Religious
Authors: Rosenthal Peggy 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
This chapter traces ways that the special affinity between religion and poetry has been expressed through the ages and across cultures. The ancient scriptural texts of all major religions are in poetic form. Poetry in the West became religious in the Middle Ages with Dante, then internalized religion during the Reformation. Beginning with Romanticism, poetry supplanted religion, leading to the secularism that dominated Western poetry and culture for most of the twentieth century. But since the 1980s, religion—along with a generalized spirituality—has again become foundational for poets.
Islam and Music
Authors: Shiloah Amnon 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
Following the advent of Islam, conquerors and conquered developed a new art music whose great success arose through the integration of disparate elements and a subtle process of Arabization. The new art is described in writings of the epoch as intertwined with related areas of knowledge. Quite early, a hostile attitude appeared on the part of radical jurists and theologians, who argued against the harmful influence of music and its devilish origin. They derived their evidence from the Qur’an and the hadīth (Traditions of the Prophet). In their opinion on art music, the partisans of the prohibition described other forms of sound combinations such as folk songs and the chanting or cantillation of Qur’ān as “non-music.” Unlike the hostile attitude of the radical theologians, the Sufi mystical orders exalt in their doctrine music and dance as an essential and vital part of their beliefs and ritual.
Hinduism and Music
Authors: Beck Guy L. 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
This chapter discusses the theoretical and practical dimensions of music in Hinduism, including the philosophy of sacred sound (Nāda-Brahman), the aesthetics of rasa (“taste”), the rise of Saṅgīta (music) as a component of pūjā (worship) and early drama, the Sanskrit musical treatises of Bharata and Dattila, the development of rāga (melodic pattern) and tāla (rhythmic cycle) from early scales and Sāma-Gāna (Sama-Veda chant), musical instruments, bhakti (devotion), and various classical and devotional genres of Bhakti-Saṅgīta, including Kriti, Dhrupad, Khyāl, Haveli-Saṅgīta, Samāj-Gāyan, Bhajan, and Nām-Kīrtan, within southern (Carnatic) and northern (Hindustani) traditions. Music is essential to Hindu mythology, where divine beings perform and instruct humans in the gentle art that facilitates both enjoyment (bhukti) and liberation (mukti). Prevalent in sacrifices, temple rites, domestic worship, sectarian movements and films, music is invariably part of Hindu worship in India or the Diaspora.
Taoism and the Arts
Authors: Sommer Deborah 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
In this chapter, the term Daoist refers to beliefs and practices associated with the apprehension of the Dao, a term that literally means way, ways, road, or path. At the cosmic level, the Dao is the way the cosmos operates; at the level of the individual human being, it is the way a person lives their best life within that cosmos. Understandings of the Dao might be expressed artistically in many ways, from imaged forms to constructed spaces to lived performance. Daoist ways of being artistic here include such diverse phenomena as painting, calligraphy, talismans, diagrams, sculpture, architecture, constructions of sacred space, ritual performance, body movement, and visualization.
Shintō and the Arts
Authors: Thornton Sybil 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
This chapter reviews the origin and development of the word Shintō as well as the basic beliefs, practices, and objects of worship associated with the religion. It then describes the emergence and development of plastic representations of objects of worship (sculpture) and permanent structures for worship (architecture). Shintō’s development in conjunction with mainland developments is stressed as well as the homogenizing influences of government control and modern training institutions.
Artistry and Aesthetics in Modern and Postmodern Worship
Authors: Saliers Don 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
Worship and its practices occupy a central place in every religious tradition, from Christianity and Judaism to Buddhism and Hinduism. Understanding aesthetics in religion requires paying attention to the role of the human body and its artistry in devotional acts, such as the use of paintings and sculptures as aids to prayer and meditative practices. Artistic means are employed in communal worshiping traditions; sacred rituals involve artistic expressions such as dance, song, poetry, story, images, and symbolic acts. This article examines artistry and aesthetics in modern and postmodern liturgy and worship practices of the world’s religious traditions. It first looks at scholarly sources that provide evidence on the aesthetic dimensions of liturgy. It then discusses the history of worship, whether communal or individual, in a cultural context, along with the concept of worship as verbal and non-verbal performance. It also considers the “art” of leading a worshiping community and concludes with a discussion of improvisation in religious worship.
Art, Morality, and Justice
Authors: de Gruchy John W. 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
This article examines visual art and its relationship with morality and justice. It first considers justice-related ethical issues raised by the relationship between art and morality, including censorship, plagiarism, and property rights. It then discusses the link between aesthetics and ethics, or beauty and morality, and situates art within particular historical contexts and cultures. It also analyzes the views of four post-Enlightenment philosophers toward aesthetics: Immanuel Kant, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, Friedrich Nietzsche, and Søren Kierkegaard. Furthermore, it comments on the extent to which bias of race, gender and class can influence the work of artists. The article also looks at the connections between art, beauty, morality, and social justice and the moral power of art to change society for the better. Finally, it describes the role of the arts in the struggle against apartheid and liberation.
Art, Material Culture, and Lived Religion
Authors: Morgan David 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
This chapter discusses how the rise of interest in the materiality of religions that has taken place in the last twenty years or so has tended to focus on popular media, everyday life, and the material practices involving things, images, and devotional concerns of people facing the common problems of life. It is important to recognize that lived religion is not a degenerate form of refined religion, a corruption of theology, or the beliefs of simple people, but rather a range of practices and ideas that exhibit a discrete aesthetic that depends on objects. The disinterestedness that is vital for the evaluation of fine art does not capture the experiences of lived religion. This chapter explores the visuality of everyday religion.