bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The contribution of wheat to human diet and health
Authors: Shewry Peter R. , Hey Sandra J. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractWheat is the most important staple crop in temperate zones and is in increasing demand in countries undergoing urbanization and industrialization. In addition to being a major source of starch and energy, wheat also provides substantial amounts of a number of components which are essential or beneficial for health, notably protein, vitamins (notably B vitamins), dietary fiber, and phytochemicals. Of these, wheat is a particularly important source of dietary fiber, with bread alone providing 20% of the daily intake in the UK, and well‐established relationships between the consumption of cereal dietary fiber and reduced risk of cardio‐vascular disease, type 2 diabetes, and forms of cancer (notably colo‐rectal cancer). Wheat shows high variability in the contents and compositions of beneficial components, with some (including dietary fiber) showing high heritability. Hence, plant breeders should be able to select for enhanced health benefits in addition to increased crop yield.
Alternate wetting and moderate drying increases rice yield and reduces methane emission in paddy field with wheat straw residue incorporation
Authors: Chu Guang , Wang Zhiqin , Zhang Hao , Liu Lijun , Yang Jianchang , Zhang Jianhua 
Published: August 2015

AbstractWheat residue incorporation into the rice paddy field is becoming a popular practice in rice production in China's main rice‐growing area but risks an increased emission of greenhouse gases. This study investigated if an alternate wetting and moderate drying (AWMD) irrigation regime in rice production reduces CH4 emission and increases grain yield when wheat straw residues are incorporated into rice paddy field. One super rice variety was field‐grown in 2012 and 2013 and subjected to four irrigation and straw incorporation treatments: continuously flooded (CF) without straw incorporation (−S), AWMD without straw incorporation (AWMD−S), then CF with straw incorporation (CF + S) and AWMD + S. When compared with the CF, the AWMD regime increased grain yield and water use efficiency (WUE, grain yield over the amount of water used) by 2.7% and 27.6%, respectively, under −S, and by 18.0 and 50.0%, respectively under +S. The AWMD + S treatment also significantly increased nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) compared with the CF + S treatment. The increase in grain yield, WUE and NUE in the AWMD regime, especially under +S, were attributed mainly to a greater root oxidation activity, deeper root distribution and increases in productive tillers, crop growth rate and nonstructural carbohydrate remobilization during grain filling. There was a total of 0.49 kg N2O‐N ha−1 more loss in the AWMD than in the CF regime. However, the AWMD regime substantially decreased seasonal CH4 emissions, global warming potential (GWP, including both CH4 and N2O) and greenhouse gas intensity (grain yield over GWP) by 49.8%, 45.2% and 46.7%, respectively, under −S, and by 57.5, 55.9% and 62.6%, respectively, under +S, when compared with the CF regime. The results demonstrate that the AWMD is an effective practice to increase grain yield and resource‐use efficiency and reduce environmental risks especially, when wheat straw is incorporated into paddy field.
Sub‐cycle Dynamics of High Harmonic Generation of Ne Atoms Excited by Attosecond Pulses and Driven by Near‐infrared Laser Fields: A Self‐Interaction‐Free TDDFT Approach
Authors: Chou Chi‐Hui 
Published: August 2015

AbstractIn the framework of the self‐interaction‐free time‐dependent density‐functional theory (TDDFT), we have performed three‐dimensional ab initio calculations of Ne atoms in near‐infrared (NIR) laser fields subject to excitation by a single extreme ultraviolet (XUV) attosecond pulse (SAP). The TDDFT equations are solved accurately and efficiently by means of the time‐dependent generalized pseudo spectral (TDGPS) method. We have explored the transient dynamical behavior of the sub‐cycle high harmonic generation (HHG) for transitions from the excited states to the ground state and found oscillation structures with respect to the time delay between the SAP and NIR fields. We investigate the harmonic emission spectrum from singly excited state 2p3s, 2p4s, 2p3d, 2p5s, 2p4d and 2p6s, 2p5d and the virtual states 2p3p‐, 2p4f‐ and 2p4p+ as the function of time delay. We explore the sub‐cycle Stark shift phenomenon in NIR fields and its influence on the photon emission process. Our analysis reveals several novel features of the sub‐cycle transient HHG dynamics and spectra, the quantum interference pattern between different multiphoton excitation pathways, and we identify the mechanisms responsible for the observed peak splitting in the photon emission spectra.
Water Mediated Domino Knoevenagel‐Michael‐cyclocondensation Reaction of Malononitrile, Various Aldehydes and Barbituric Acid Derivatives Using Boric Acid Aqueous Solution System Compared with Nano‐titania Sulfuric Acid
Authors: Khazaei Ardeshir , Nik Heidar Ali Alavi , Moosavi‐Zare Ahmad Reza 
Published: August 2015

AbstractNano‐titania sulfuric acid (TSA) and boric acid [B(OH)3] were efficiently utilized for domino Knoevenagel‐Michael‐cyclocondensation reaction of malononitrile, various aldehydes and barbituric acid derivatives to synthesis of pyrano[2,3‐d]pyrimidine diones. It is interesting that in boric acid aqueous solution system, H+ which abstracted from water by the interaction with B(OH)3, efficiently catalyzed the reaction.
The Vertical Distribution of Soil Seed Bank and Its Restoration Implication in an Active Sand Dune of Northeastern Inner Mongolia, China
Authors: Qian Jianqiang , Liu Zhimin , Hatier Jean‐Hugues B. , Liu Bo 
Published: August 2015

AbstractAlthough the functions and characteristics of soil seed banks in topsoil layers have been described for various ecosystems, the spatiotemporal pattern of the seed bank in deep soil and its ecological implications for vegetation restoration of active sand dune have not been fully explored. In 2007 and 2008, seed densities with regard to dune position, soil depth and season were investigated on an active and a stabilized sand dune of northeastern Inner Mongolia, China. Seeds in the 0–10 cm topsoil layer accounted for 60% of total soil seed bank on the stabilized sand dune, while more than 40% of seeds were stored in the 50–100 cm layers on the active sand dune. Seed density declined significantly with soil depth on the stabilized sand dune, but it was relatively constant across the 0–100 cm soil profile on the active sand dune. Seed density fluctuated with soil depth on the active sand dune suggesting that seeds were either relocated upward or downward over time. Seeds of annual non‐psammophytic species accounted for the majority of soil seed bank on the stabilized sand dune, while pioneer psammophytes contributed more to the soil seed bank of the active sand dune. Our data suggest that seeds in the deep soil layers of active sand dunes account for a large proportion of the whole soil seed bank. Because of the effect of wind erosion, seeds in deep soil could be gradually exposed to shallow soil layers and potentially contribute to population recruitment and vegetation restoration on active sand dunes. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A coupled poroplastic damage model accounting for cracking effects on both hydraulic and mechanical properties of unsaturated media
Authors: Bui Tuan Anh , Wong Henry , Deleruyelle Frederic , Zhou Annan , Lei Xiaoqin 
Published: August 2015

SummaryDamage induced by microcracking affects not only the mechanical behaviour of geomaterials but also their hydraulic properties. Evaluating these impacts is important for many engineering applications, such as the safety assessment of radioactive waste disposal facilities. This paper presents a new constitutive model accounting simultaneously for the impact of damage on hydraulic and mechanical properties of unsaturated poroplastic geomaterials. The hydro‐mechanical coupling is formulated by means of the thermodynamic framework for partially saturated media, extended by taking into account isotropic damage and plasticity. State and complementary laws are governed by the so‐called plastic effective stress and equivalent pore pressure. Assuming a bimodal pore size distribution for cracked porous media, the hydraulic part (water retention curve and hydraulic conductivity) is modelled using phenomenological functions of damage variable. The participation of damage on both mechanical and hydraulic part enables this model to describe bilateral couplings between them. This coupled model is then validated against a number of experimental data obtained from Callovo‐Oxfordian argillite, which is the possible host rock for a radioactive waste disposal in France. Parametric studies are also carried out to check the consistency and to better demonstrate the bilateral couplings in the model. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Non‐normality and induced plastic anisotropy under fractional plastic flow rule: a numerical study
Authors: Sumelka Wojciech , Nowak Marcin 
Published: August 2015

SummaryIn this paper, an implementation of fractional plastic flow rule in the framework of implicit and explicit procedures is under consideration. The fractional plastic flow rule is obtained from a generalisation of the classical plastic flow rule utilising fractional calculus. The key feature of this new concept is that in general, the non‐associative flow is obtained without necessity of additional potential assumption. If needed, the model can cover the anisotropy induced by plastic deformation. Illustrative examples showing the unusual flexibility of this model are also presented. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nurse Staffing in Neonatal Intensive Care Units in the United States
Authors: Rogowski Jeannette A. , Staiger Douglas O. , Patrick Thelma E. , Horbar Jeffrey D. , Kenny Michael J. , Lake Eileen T. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractThe neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) is a setting with high nurse‐to‐patient ratios. Little is known about the factors that determine nurse workload and assignment. The goals of this study were to (1) develop a measure of NICU infant acuity; (2) describe the acuity distribution of NICU infants; (3) describe the nurse/infant ratio at each acuity level, and examine the factors other than acuity, including nurse qualifications and the availability of physicians and other providers, that determined staffing ratios; and (4) explore whether nurse qualifications were related to the acuity of assigned infants. In a two‐stage cohort study, data were collected in 104 NICUs in 2008 by nurse survey (6,038 nurses and 15,191 infants assigned to them) and administrators reported on unit‐level staffing of non‐nurse providers; in a subset of 70 NICUs in 2009–2010, census data were collected on four selected shifts (3,871 nurses and 9,276 infants assigned to them). Most NICU infants (62%) were low‐acuity (Levels 1 and 2); 12% of infants were high‐acuity (Levels 4 and 5). The nurse‐to‐infant ratio ranged from 0.33 for the lowest‐acuity infants to 0.95 for the highest‐acuity infants. The staffing ratio was significantly related to the acuity of assigned infants but not to nurse education, experience, certification, or availability of other providers. There was a significant but small difference in the percentage of high‐acuity (Levels 4 and 5) infants assigned to nurses with specialty certification (15% vs. 12% for nurses without certification). These staffing patterns may not optimize patient outcomes in this highly intensive pediatric care setting. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Symmetries and analytical solutions of the Hamilton–Jacobi–Bellman equation for a class of optimal control problems
Authors: Rodrigues Luis , Henrion Didier , Cantwell Brian J. 
Published: August 2015

SummaryThe main contribution of this paper is to identify explicit classes of locally controllable second‐order systems and optimization functionals for which optimal control problems can be solved analytically, assuming that a differentiable optimal cost‐to‐go function exists for such control problems. An additional contribution of the paper is to obtain a Lyapunov function for the same classes of systems. The paper addresses the Lie point symmetries of the Hamilton–Jacobi–Bellman (HJB) equation for optimal control of second‐order nonlinear control systems that are affine in a single input and for which the cost is quadratic in the input. It is shown that if there exists a dilation symmetry of the HJB equation for optimal control problems in this class, this symmetry can be used to obtain a solution. It is concluded that when the cost on the state preserves the dilation symmetry, solving the optimal control problem is reduced to finding the solution to a first‐order ordinary differential equation. For some cases where the cost on the state breaks the dilation symmetry, the paper also presents an alternative method to find analytical solutions of the HJB equation corresponding to additive control inputs. The relevance of the proposed methodologies is illustrated in several examples for which analytical solutions are found, including the Van der Pol oscillator and mass–spring systems. Furthermore, it is proved that in the well‐known case of a linear quadratic regulator, the quadratic cost is precisely the cost that preserves the dilation symmetry of the equation. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Expanded proximate time‐optimal servo control of permanent magnet synchronous motor
Authors: Lu Tao , Cheng Guoyang 
Published: August 2015

SummaryThis paper extends the existing proximate time‐optimal servomechanism control methodology to the more typical second‐order servo systems with a damping element. A parameterized design of expanded proximate time‐optimal servomechanism control law with a speed‐dependent linear region is presented for rapid and smooth set‐point tracking using a bounded input signal. The control scheme uses the time‐optimal bang‐bang control law to accomplish maximum acceleration or braking whenever appropriate and then smoothly switches into a linear control law to achieve a bumpless settling. The closed‐loop stability is analyzed, and then the control scheme is applied to the position–velocity control loop in a permanent magnet synchronous motor servo system for set‐point position regulation. Numerical simulation has been conducted, followed by experimental verification based on a TMS320F2812 digital signal controller board. The results confirm that the servo system can track a wide range of target references with superior transient performance and steady‐state accuracy. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reproductive genetic counseling challenges associated with diagnostic exome sequencing in a large academic private reproductive genetic counseling practice
Authors: Westerfield Lauren E. , Stover Samantha R. , Mathur Veena S. , Nassef Salma A. , Carter Tiffiney G. , Yang Yaping , Eng Christine M. , Van den Veyver Ignatia B. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractObjectiveDiagnostic whole exome sequencing (WES) is rapidly entering clinical genetics, but experience with reproductive genetic counseling aspects is limited. The purpose of this study was to retrospectively review and report on our experience with preconception and prenatal genetic counseling for diagnostic WES.MethodWe performed a retrospective chart review over 34 months in a large private prenatal genetic counseling practice and analyzed data for referral indications, findings, and results of genetic counseling related to diagnostic WES.ResultsTen of 14 patients counseled about diagnostic WES for ongoing pregnancies pursued the test, resulting in identification of three pathogenic variants (30%). Five of 15 patients seeking counseling about familial WES results in an affected proband pursued prenatal diagnosis, resulting in identification of one affected fetus and five unaffected fetuses. We experienced challenges related to complexity and uncertainty of results, turnaround time, cost and insurance overage, and multidisciplinary fetal care coordination.ConclusionDespite having experienced complexity and identified challenges of the reproductive genetic counseling, availability of diagnostic WES contributed important information that aided in prenatal care planning and decision‐making. Future enhanced provider education and larger studies to systematically study the integration of WES in reproductive genetic counseling and prenatal care will be important. © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Exome sequencing for prenatal diagnosis of fetuses with sonographic abnormalities
Authors: Drury Suzanne , Williams Hywel , Trump Natalie , Boustred Christopher ,   GOSGene, Lench Nicholas , Scott Richard H. , Chitty Lyn S. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractObjectiveIn the absence of aneuploidy or other pathogenic cytogenetic abnormality, fetuses with increased nuchal translucency (NT ≥ 3.5 mm) and/or other sonographic abnormalities have a greater incidence of genetic syndromes, but defining the underlying pathology can be challenging. Here, we investigate the value of whole exome sequencing in fetuses with sonographic abnormalities but normal microarray analysis.MethodWhole exome sequencing was performed on DNA extracted from chorionic villi or amniocytes in 24 fetuses with unexplained ultrasound findings. In the first 14 cases sequencing was initially performed on fetal DNA only. For the remaining 10, the trio of fetus, mother and father was sequenced simultaneously.ResultsIn 21% (5/24) cases, exome sequencing provided definitive diagnoses (Milroy disease, hypophosphatasia, achondrogenesis type 2, Freeman–Sheldon syndrome and Baraitser–Winter Syndrome). In a further case, a plausible diagnosis of orofaciodigital syndrome type 6 was made. In two others, a single mutation in an autosomal recessive gene was identified, but incomplete sequencing coverage precluded exclusion of the presence of a second mutation.ConclusionWhole exome sequencing improves prenatal diagnosis in euploid fetuses with abnormal ultrasound scans. In order to expedite interpretation of results, trio sequencing should be employed, but interpretation can still be compromised by incomplete coverage of relevant genes. © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
High efficiency arrays of polymer solar cells fabricated by spray‐coating in air
Authors: Zhang Yiwei , Griffin Jonathan , Scarratt Nicholas W. , Wang Tao , Lidzey David G. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractWe present bulk heterojunction organic solar cells fabricated by spray‐casting both the PEDOT:PSS hole‐transport layer (HTL) and active PBDTTT‐EFT:PC71BM layers in air. Devices were fabricated in a (6 × 6) array across a large‐area substrate (25 cm2) with each pixel having an active area of 6.45 mm2. We show that the film uniformity and operational homogeneity of the devices are excellent. The champion device with spray cast active layer on spin cast PEDOT:PSS had an power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 8.75%, and the best device with spray cast active layer and PEDOT:PSS had a PCE of 8.06%. The impacts of air and light exposure of the active layer on device performance are investigated and found to be detrimental. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Lack of concordance in parapneumonic effusion management in children in central Europe
Authors: Hafen Gaudenz M. , Grenzbach Andrea‐Claudia , Moeller Alexander , Rochat Mascha K. 
Published: August 2015

SummaryTreatment of parapneumonic effusion in children remains controversial in the literature and in clinical practice. The aim of this study was to determine whether mutual consensus exists in the diagnosis and treatment of parapneumonic effusion in Central European countries. A questionnaire was sent to all directors of pediatric respiratory units in four adjacent Central European countries (Austria, France, Germany, Switzerland). The response rate was 61.8%. Responses reflected acceptable agreement regarding initial diagnostic procedures, as most centers performed chest X‐ray and biological exams, followed by ultrasound, thoracocentesis, or computed tomography. However, antibiotic regimens were very heterogeneous, and the survey revealed complete lack of agreement on the indications and effusion volume threshold for invasive procedures, such as fibrinolytic instillation and thoracoscopy. In conclusion, apart from initial diagnostic procedures, this study showed a lack of mutual consensus among the four countries regarding the management of pediatric parapneumonic effusion. Multicenter prospective trials are clearly needed to acquire more evidence on the management of childhood parapneumonic effusion, enabling the development of evidence‐based algorithms that could help to avoid unnecessary examinations with potential long‐term side effects, such as radiation exposure at a young age. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2016;51:411–417. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Portrait of the Master Genetic Counselor Clinician: A Qualitative Investigation of Expertise in Genetic Counseling
Authors: Miranda Cacy , Veach Patricia McCarthy , Martyr Meredith A. , LeRoy Bonnie S. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractThis study comprises an initial empirical description of personal and professional characteristics of master genetic counselors—those considered to be experts in the profession. Fifteen peer‐nominated genetic counselors, actively engaged in providing clinical services to patients, participated in semi‐structured telephone interviews exploring their personal qualities, inspirations, and perspectives on professional development of expertise. Analysis using modified Consensual Qualitative Research methods yielded 7 domains and 33 categories. Findings indicate master genetic counselors have a strong passion for and dynamic commitment to the profession. They also have insatiable curiosity and are life‐long learners who are reflective, self‐aware, confident, and recognize their limitations. They are authentic and genuine, and consider their personality to be their counseling style. They form collaborative and interactive relationships with patients based on trust, and they have nuanced attunement to the complexity and multiple levels of the counseling process. Master genetic counselors have deep empathy and are inspired by patients and colleagues, and they derive personal meaning from their work. They are affected emotionally by their work, but effectively manage the emotional impact. They view their professional development as ongoing, influenced by colleagues, patients, mentoring, multicultural considerations, and their own family of origin. They also believe professional development of expertise occurs through critical reflection upon the experiences one accrues. Additional findings and their relationship to theory and research, study strengths and limitations, implication for training and practice, and research recommendation are discussed.