bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Adaptive radiation versus ‘radiation’ and ‘explosive diversification’: why conceptual distinctions are fundamental to understanding evolution
Authors: Givnish Thomas J. 
Published: June 2015

SummaryAdaptive radiation is the rise of a diversity of ecological roles and role‐specific adaptations within a lineage. Recently, some researchers have begun to use ‘adaptive radiation’ or ‘radiation’ as synonymous with ‘explosive species diversification’. This essay aims to clarify distinctions between these concepts, and the related ideas of geographic speciation, sexual selection, key innovations, key landscapes and ecological keys. Several examples are given to demonstrate that adaptive radiation and explosive diversification are not the same phenomenon, and that focusing on explosive diversification and the analysis of phylogenetic topology ignores much of the rich biology associated with adaptive radiation, and risks generating confusion about the nature of the evolutionary forces driving species diversification. Some ‘radiations’ involve bursts of geographic speciation or sexual selection, rather than adaptive diversification; some adaptive radiations have little or no effect on speciation, or even a negative effect. Many classic examples of ‘adaptive radiation’ appear to involve effects driven partly by geographic speciation, species’ dispersal abilities, and the nature of extrinsic dispersal barriers; partly by sexual selection; and partly by adaptive radiation in the classical sense, including the origin of traits and invasion of adaptive zones that result in decreased diversification rates but add to overall diversity.
Treatment of Middle‐up Part Long‐segment Femoral Fracture with Long Proximal Femoral Nail Antirotation
Authors: Lin Yan‐bin , Li Ren‐bin , Xiong Guo‐sheng , Zhuang Yan , Xiong Sheng‐ren , Huang Xian‐gui , Zhang Yi‐yuang 
Published: June 2015

ObjectiveTo investigate the outcomes of treating middle‐up part long‐segment fractures of the femur by long proximal femoral nail antirotation (PFNA‐long).MethodsFrom June 2006 to December 2013, 139 cases (35 women, 104 men; mean age 48.8, range, 18−86 years) of long‐segment femoral fracture in middle‐up part were treated with long proximal femoral nail antirotation (PFNA, 320–380 mm) by minimally invasive percutaneous fixation and autogenous iliac bone graft. Fifty‐eight cases were graded as type IA long‐segment femoral fractures (41.73%), 25 type IB (17.99%), four type IC (2.88%), 28 type II (20.14%), 12 type IIIA (8.63%), five type IIIB (3.60%), and seven type IV (5.04%). Clinical efficacy was evaluated with Harris hip function scores and postoperative pain with visual analogue scale.ResultsThe operative time was 35−90 min (mean, 45 min) and mean intraoperative blood loss 78.6 mL (range 30−200 mL). Most patients were walking with assistance 4−10 days postoperatively. All patients were followed up for 3−37 months (mean, 19 months). There were no serious complications. All fractures healed after 2.8–6.8 months (mean, 3.9 months). According to Harris criteria, the clinical results were excellent in 108 patients, good in 22, fair in eight and poor in one. Ninety‐three cases had no pain, 33 mild pain, 13 moderate pain and 25 occasionally needed non‐steroidal analgesics.ConclusionClosed reduction or limited open reduction with PFNA‐long is an effective treatment for long‐segment femoral fracture in middle‐up part, with good strength in fixation, high rate of fracture union, early functional recovery and low rate of complications.
Sternal Tumor Resection and Reconstruction with Titanium Mesh: a Preliminary Study
Authors: Zhang Yan , Li Jia‐zhen , Hao Ying‐jie , Lu Xin‐chang , Shi Hai‐long , Liu Yuan , Zhang Peng‐fei 
Published: June 2015

ObjectiveTo explore the clinical efficacy and complications of treating sternal tumors by resection and titanium mesh thoracic reconstruction.MethodsThis retrospective analysis of eight patients with sternal tumors treated in the Department of Orthopedic Surgery at the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University from January 2008 to June 2012 included five men and three women aged 37–66 years (mean, 50.4 years). The histological diagnoses were chondrosarcoma (two cases), osteosarcoma (one), malignant fibrous histiocytoma (two), eosinophilic granuloma (one) and sternal metastasis from breast cancer (two). The tumors were invading the manubrium sterni (three cases), manubrium sterni and body (three) and sternal body (two). All patients underwent needle or incisional biopsy prior to sternal tumor resection and titanium mesh thoracic reconstruction.ResultsAll patients were followed for 9 months to 4 years. There were no intraoperative complications or operative or postoperative deaths. One patient developed a deep wound hematoma 1 week postoperatively; incisional drainage and debridement resulting in healing within 2 weeks. There was no loosening or exsertion of the titanium mesh and no patients developed respiratory complications or thoracic deformity. One patient with malignant fibrous histiocytoma died of lung metastases 9 months postoperatively, another with malignant fibrous histiocytoma died of liver metastases 14 months postoperatively; the remaining patients survived without tumor recurrence.ConclusionTitanium mesh chest reconstruction after sternal tumor resection has the advantages of simplifying the procedure, achieving a good shape and having few complications. Titanium mesh is an ideal material for reconstruction of the sternum.
Tibiotalocalcaneal Arthrodesis Using a Retrograde Intramedullary Nail with a Valgus Curve
Authors: Fang Zhenhua , Claaßen Leif , Windhagen Henning , Daniilidis Kiriakos , Stukenborg‐Colsman Christina , Waizy Hazibullah 
Published: June 2015

ObjectiveMany different techniques have been described for performing tibiotalocalcaneal arthrodesis (TTCA) in patients with severe hindfoot disorders such as failed ankle arthroplasty and failed ankle joint arthrodesis with subsequent subtalar arthritis. The use of straight retrograde intramedullary nails is extremely limited because they may interfere with normal heel valgus position and risk damaging the lateral plantar neurovascular structures. Curved retrograde intramedullary nails have been designed to overcome these shortcomings. The purpose of this single surgeon series was to investigate the outcomes of TTCA using a curved retrograde intramedullary nail.MethodsFrom June 2009 to January 2012, 22 patients underwent TTCA using intramedullary nails with a valgus curve by the same senior surgeon. All patients were available for analysis, the mean follow‐up being 22.3 months (range, 6.8−38 months). The main outcome measurements included EQ‐5D functional scores, the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) hindfoot scale, radiologic assessment and clinical examination.ResultsBony union and a plantigrade foot were achieved in 100% of subjects, the mean time to union being 3.9 months (range, 2.4 to 6.2 months). Structural bone graft was used in all patients. Postoperative radiologic results showed a good hindfoot alignment in all patients. The only complication was one case of delayed wound healing without deep infection. The mean postoperative EQ‐5D functional and AOFAS ankle‐hindfoot scores were 69.33 (range, 20 to 90) and 69.9 (range, 45 to 85) points, respectively. No revision surgery was necessary in our cohort.ConclusionThe results of the present study indicate that TTCA using a short, retrograde, curved intramedullary nail is an acceptable technique for obtaining solid fusion and good hindfoot alignment inpatients with severe hindfoot disorders.
Pedicle Length and Degree of Slip in Lumbosacral Isthmic Spondylolisthesis
Authors: Matthews Phoebe G , Phan Kevin , Rao Prashanth J , Ball Jonathan R 
Published: June 2015

ObjectiveThe present retrospective study was performed to assess the anatomical features of the pedicle in isthmic spondylolisthesis and to correlate this with degree of slip.MethodsTwenty‐six patients with isthmic spondylolytic spondylolisthesis were studied. Relevant patient variables, length, width, height of the L5 pedicle, and the product of height and angle between pedicle and vertebral midline were measured. The length of the posterior compartment of the pedicle was calculated as the product of the pedicle length and angle.ResultsWith measurements comparable to those reported in previous publications, the L5 pedicle was found to be longer, and the height and width of the body shorter, than published values for patients without spondylolysis. The difference between the length of the posterior compartment of the pedicle and height of body is significantly proportional to the degree of slip and may reflect an adaptive response for stabilizing the vertebral body with posterior elements.ConclusionsThe pedicle anatomy was found to be altered in patients with L5S1 spondylolytic spondylolisthesis. These anatomical changes have implications for surgeons performing fusion operations in terms of length of screw, landmarks used and entry approach.
Toxicity and Bioactivity of Cobalt Nanoparticles on the Monocytes
Authors: Liu Ya‐ke , Ye Jun , Han Qing‐lin , Tao Ran , Liu Fan , Wang Wei 
Published: June 2015

ObjectiveTo explore the toxicity and biological activity of cobalt nanoparticles on the osteoclasts. Analyze the relationship between cobalt nanoparticles and osteolysis.MethodsMonocyte‐macrophages (RAW 264.7) was cultured in vitro, osteoclast‐like cells were induced by lipopolysaccharides (LPS). After RAW 264.7 was induced for 24 h, Methyl Thiazolium Tetrazolium (MTT) biological toxicity test of osteoclast‐like cell was preceded using Cobalt nanoparticles (set 4 concentrations: 10, 20, 50, 100 μM) and cobalt chloride (set 4 concentrations: 10, 20, 50, 100 μM) at 2, 4, 8, 24 and 48 h respectively. The relative expression of mRNA of CA II and Cat K after RAW 264.7 induction was determined by Q‐PCR.ResultsmRNA relative expression of CA II, Cat K were reduced at multiple concentrations both cobalt nanoparticles and cobalt chloride, and was time and concentration dependent, cobalt nanoparticles are more significant than cobalt chloride group. But when the cobalt nanoparticles concentration is in 10–50 μM, the mRNA relative expression of CA II, Cat K increased.ConclusionCobalt nanoparticles have biological toxicity. At multiple concentrations, the differentiation and proliferation of osteoclasts was inhibited, but when the concentration of cobalt nanoparticles is in 10–50 μM, it has been strengthened.
Comparison of caudal bupivacaine alone with bupivacaine plus two doses of dexmedetomidine for postoperative analgesia in pediatric patients undergoing infra‐umbilical surgery: a randomized controlled double‐blinded study
Authors: Al‐Zaben Khaled R. , Qudaisat Ibraheem Y. , Abu‐Halaweh Sami A. , Al‐Ghanem Subhi M. , Al‐Mustafa Mahmoud M. , Alja'bari Aboud N. , Al‐Momani Hashem M. 
Published: June 2015

SummaryBackgroundData are still insufficient about the effects of different concentrations of caudal dexmedetomidine when used to prolong postoperative analgesia in children. The aim of this study was to assess the analgesic efficacy and side effects of two doses of caudal dexmedetomidine (1 and 2 μg·kg−1) co‐administered with bupivacaine in terms of postoperative pain scores and requirement of postoperative analgesia over 24 h in children undergoing infra‐umbilical surgery.MethodsNinety‐one children, aged 1–6 years, undergoing infra‐umbilical surgery were included and randomly allocated into three groups of caudal block. Group B received 0.25% bupivacaine 2 mg·kg−1 (0.8 ml·kg−1). Groups BD1 and BD2 received dexmedetomidine 1 and 2 μg·kg−1, respectively along with bupivacaine 2 mg·kg−1 in a total volume of 0.8 ml·kg−1. Anesthesia was induced and maintained with sevoflurane in 100% oxygen. Hemodynamic and other routine intraoperative monitoring was carried out in addition to endtidal sevoflurane concentration. Time to spontaneous eye opening and postoperative pain and sedation scores were recorded in addition to time to first analgesia, paracetamol analgesic requirements, and any side effects during the first 24 postoperative hours.ResultsTime to first analgesia requirement was significantly longer in BD1 and BD2 groups compared to B group with mean values (95% CI) of 809 min (652–965), 880 (733–1026), and 396 (343–448), respectively, P < 0.001. Postoperative paracetamol analgesic requirements over 24 h were higher in group B compared to BD1 and BD2 groups (Mean (95% CI): 3.2 (2.9–3.5) doses, 1.9 (1.5–2.3), and 1.6 (1.3–1.9), respectively), P < 0.001. The dexmedetomidine groups had significantly higher postoperative sedation scores compared to plain bupivacaine group that were dose dependent and for longer time in BD2 group. Two patients in BD2 group developed bradycardia and hypotension, and one developed urine retention compared to none in other groups.ConclusionA 1 μg·kg−1 dose of caudal dexmedetomidine achieved comparable prolongation of postoperative analgesia to 2 μg·kg−1 dose, with shorter duration of postoperative sedation and lower incidence of other side effects.
Are preformed endotracheal tubes appropriately designed for pediatric patients?
Authors: Hunyady Agnes I. , Jonmarker Christer 
Published: May 2015

SummaryBackgroundThe aim of the study was to examine different brands of preformed oral and nasal endotracheal tubes (ETT) and to assess whether the bend placement gave acceptable guidance for ETT depth positioning in children.MethodsThe distance from the vertex of the bend to the tip (bend‐to‐tip distance) of seven brands of preformed oral and nasal ETTs were measured. Front teeth‐to‐carina (FTC) and nares‐to‐carina (NC) distance data from orally (0–19 years) and nasally (0–8 years) intubated children were used to assess the risk of endobronchial intubation if a preformed ETT had been placed with its bend at the front teeth or nares.ResultsWhile the bend‐to‐tip distance of a cuffed oral preformed ETT only differed by 0–1 cm from a same size ETT from another brand, uncuffed oral ETTs differed by 0–4 cm. The bend‐to‐tip distance of cuffed and uncuffed ETTs of the same brand and size differed by 0–3 cm. Had preformed cuffed oral ETTs been placed with their bends at the front teeth in children of the FTC reference group, endobronchial intubation would have occurred in 0–27% of the patients, depending on the size and brand of the used ETT. In contrast to oral ETTs, the bend‐to‐tip distance of cuffed nasal ETTs differed more (0–5.5 cm) between brands, and uncuffed nasal ETTs less (0–3 cm). Also, the bend‐to‐tip distance of a cuffed nasal ETT was consistently greater (2–9 cm) than that of a same brand and size nasal uncuffed ETT. Had a preformed cuffed nasal ETT been placed with its bend at the nares in the NC reference group, 50–100% of the patients would have been endobronchially intubated.ConclusionThe bend‐to‐tip distance of preformed ETTs varies between brands, especially for nasal tubes. Some preformed tubes are not well suited for routine use in children. There is a high risk for accidental endobronchial intubation if a cuffed preformed ETT is positioned with its bend at the front teeth or nares in a young child. ETT tube tip position needs to be carefully controlled when a preformed ETT is used in a child.
Relevance of Bt toxin interaction studies for environmental risk assessment of genetically modified crops
Authors: De Schrijver Adinda , De Clercq Patrick , de Maagd Ruud A. , van Frankenhuyzen Kees 
Published: June 2015

SummaryIn recent years, different Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxin‐encoding genes have been combined or ‘stacked’ in genetically modified (GM) crops. Synergism between Bt proteins may occur and thereby increase the impact of the stacked GM event on nontarget invertebrates compared to plants expressing a single Bt gene. On the basis of bioassay data available for Bt toxins alone or in combination, we argue that the current knowledge of Bt protein interactions is of limited relevance in environmental risk assessment (ERA).
High‐throughput quantification of chloroplast RNA editing extent using multiplex RT‐PCR mass spectrometry
Authors: Germain Arnaud , Hanson Maureen R. , Bentolila Stéphane 
Published: June 2015

SummaryRNA editing in plants, animals, and humans modifies genomically encoded cytidine or adenosine nucleotides to uridine or inosine, respectively, in mRNAs. We customized the MassARRAY System (Sequenom Inc., San Diego, CA, USA, www.sequenom.com) to assay multiplex PCR‐amplified single‐stranded cDNAs and easily analyse and display the captured data. By using appropriate oligonucleotide probes, the method can be tailored to any organism and gene where RNA editing occurs. Editing extent of up to 40 different nucleotides in each of either 94 or 382 different samples (3760 or 15 280 editing targets, respectively) can be examined by assaying a single plate and by performing one repetition. We have established this mass spectrometric method as a dependable, cost‐effective and time‐saving technique to examine the RNA editing efficiency at 37 Arabidopsis thaliana chloroplast editing sites at a high level of multiplexing. The high‐throughput editing assay, named Multiplex RT‐PCR Mass Spectrometry (MRMS), is ideal for large‐scale experiments such as identifying population variation, examining tissue‐specific changes in editing extent, or screening a mutant or transgenic collection. Moreover, the required amount of starting material is so low that RNA from fewer than 50 cells can be examined without amplification. We demonstrate the use of the method to identify natural variation in editing extent of chloroplast C targets in a collection of Arabidopsis accessions.
Characteristics and Survival of 121 Cats Undergoing Excision of Intracranial Meningiomas (1994–2011)
Authors: Cameron Starr , Rishniw Mark , Miller Andrew D. , Sturges Beverly , Dewey Curtis W. 
Published: June 2015

ObjectiveTo report clinical features and outcomes of cats undergoing excision of intracranial meningiomas.Study DesignRetrospective, multicenter case series.Sample PopulationOne hundred and twenty‐one cats.MethodsSignalment, clinical signs, duration of clinical signs, preoperative drug therapy, diagnostic imaging reports, surgery, histopathology, and outcome were collected from records of cats undergoing excision of intracranial meningiomas. Survival estimates were made using Kaplan–Meier analysis.ResultsThere were 76/121 neutered males and 83/121 domestic short‐hairs. Body weight ranged from 1.5–8.7 kg (median 5.0 kg). Age at diagnosis ranged from 3‐18 years (median 12 years). Clinical signs included changes in behavior, ataxia, seizures, visual deficits, circling, and paresis. Duration of neurologic signs ranged from <1–23 months (median 1.25 months). At the time of writing, 13 cats were alive, 54 were dead or euthanatized, and 54 were lost to followup. Seven cats (13% of cats that died; 6% of all cats) died or were euthanatized in the immediate postoperative period (<1 month post‐surgery) and 9 cats (17% of all cats that died; 7% of all cats) died from causes related to the meningioma but outside the immediate perioperative period. The median survival time for all cats was 37 months (95% confidence interval 28–54 months).ConclusionCats undergoing excision of intracranial meningiomas had a low perioperative mortality and a long‐term prognosis of more than 3 years.
State and Local Perspective on Implementation of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Dog Confinement Agreement
Authors: Zaganjor I. , Sinclair J. R. , Coleman M. S. 
Published: June 2015

SummaryThe Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) works in conjunction with state, territorial, local and tribal agencies (STLTAs) to prevent the transmission of infectious agents. Issuance of confinement agreements using CDC Form 75.37 ‘Notice to Owners and Importers of Dogs’ to importers of dogs that are not vaccinated or incompletely vaccinated against rabies is part of the agency's regulatory programme to prevent the entry of dogs infected with rabies. Although this is a regulatory programme that depends heavily on partnerships between CDC and STLTAs, CDC had never formally evaluated the acceptability of the confinement agreement process with these partners. Thus, a short survey of nine STLTAs was conducted to evaluate whether these partners have enough personnel and resources to implement the regulation and their general opinions of the confinement agreement process. The results illustrate that CDC partners are dissatisfied to some extent with the process, and there are multiple issues limiting their success in enforcing the regulation.
Structural determinants of interaction, trafficking and function in the ClC‐2/MLC1 subunit GlialCAM involved in leukodystrophy
Authors: Capdevila‐Nortes Xavier , Jeworutzki Elena , Elorza‐Vidal Xabier , Barrallo‐Gimeno Alejandro , Pusch Michael , Estévez Raúl 
Published: June 2015

Key pointsThe extracellular domain of GlialCAM is necessary for its targeting to cell junctions, as well as for interactions with itself and MLC1 and ClC‐2.The C‐terminus of GlialCAM is not necessary for interaction but is required for targeting to cell junctions.The first three residues of the transmembrane segment of GlialCAM are required for GlialCAM‐mediated ClC‐2 activation.AbstractMutations in the genes encoding the astrocytic protein MLC1, the cell adhesion molecule GlialCAM or the Cl−channel ClC‐2 underlie human leukodystrophies. GlialCAM binds to itself, to MLC1 and to ClC‐2, and directs these proteins to cell–cell contacts. In addition, GlialCAM dramatically activates ClC‐2 mediated currents. In the present study, we used mutagenesis studies combined with functional and biochemical analyses to determine which parts of GlialCAM are required to perform these cellular functions. We found that the extracellular domain of GlialCAM is necessary for cell junction targeting and for mediating interactions with itself or with MLC1 and ClC‐2. The C‐terminus is also necessary for proper targeting to cell–cell junctions but is not required for the biochemical interaction. Finally, we identified the first three amino acids of the transmembrane segment of GlialCAM as being essential for the activation of ClC‐2 currents but not for targeting or biochemical interaction. Our results provide new mechanistic insights concerning the regulation of the cell biology and function of MLC1 and ClC‐2 by GlialCAM.
Development of Multiple-Locus Variable-Number Tandem-Repeat Analysis for Molecular Subtyping of Campylobacter jejuni by Using Capillary Electrophoresis
Authors: Techaruvichit Punnida , Takahashi Hajime , Vesaratchavest Mongkol , Keeratipibul Suwimon , Kuda Takashi , Kimura Bon 
Published: May 2015

ABSTRACT

Campylobacter jejuni
is a common cause of the frequently reported food-borne diseases in developed and developing nations. This study describes the development of multiple-locus variable-number tandem-repeat (VNTR) analysis (MLVA) using capillary electrophoresis as a novel typing method for microbial source tracking and epidemiological investigation of
C. jejuni
. Among 36 tandem repeat loci detected by the Tandem Repeat Finder program, 7 VNTR loci were selected and used for characterizing 60 isolates recovered from chicken meat samples from retail shops, samples from chicken meat processing factory, and stool samples. The discrimination ability of MLVA was compared with that of multilocus sequence typing (MLST). MLVA (diversity index of 0.97 with 31 MLVA types) provided slightly higher discrimination than MLST (diversity index of 0.95 with 25 MLST types). The overall concordance between MLVA and MLST was estimated at 63% by adjusted Rand coefficient. MLVA predicted MLST type better than MLST predicted MLVA type, as reflected by Wallace coefficient (Wallace coefficient for MLVA to MLST versus MLST to MLVA, 86% versus 51%). MLVA is a useful tool and can be used for effective monitoring of
C. jejuni
and investigation of epidemics caused by
C. jejuni
.