bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Millennial disturbance‐driven forest stand dynamics in the Eastern Canadian taiga reconstructed from subfossil logs
Authors: Gennaretti Fabio , Arseneault Dominique , Bégin Yves 
Published: August 2014

Summary

Although wildfire is the main natural disturbance factor driving changes in the North American boreal forest, understanding how the fire history of the last millennium shaped the present‐day landscape diversity is a difficult task due to the lack of palaeoecological reconstructions with high spatial (few hundreds of square metres) and temporal (annual) resolutions.

We combined a detailed inventory of the present‐day lakeshore forest of two lakes of the Eastern Canadian taiga with the dendrochronological dating of the subfossil logs that accumulated in the littoral zones facing these shores. Our objective was to compare the millennial impact of wildfires among stands of various structures and compositions. Past stem densities and fire years were reconstructed from log recruitment rates and dating of charred logs.

Multivariate analysis of the present‐day lakeshore forest revealed three and two homogeneous shore segments per site (i.e. clusters). Cluster 1 at both sites exhibited denser forest, higher dead wood values and a higher percentage of balsam fir, a fire‐sensitive species.

In total, 426 and 611 subfossil logs (mostly black spruce) were crossdated over the last ˜1400 years. Their dendrochronological analysis confirmed that each lakeshore cluster, identified from the traits of the present‐day forest, experienced a specific fire history over the last millennium (i.e. 0–5 fires of variable severity) that locally influenced forest composition, tree density and growth. Each fire triggered a specific forest structure trajectory characterized by a different stem density and rate of recovery.

Synthesis. This study provides a long‐term perspective that helps explain how the present‐day landscape diversity in the Eastern Canadian taiga reflects the site‐specific fire history over the last millennium. Fires have caused persistent and cumulative impacts resulting in a progressive opening of the forest cover along with balsam fir exclusion. Present‐day landscapes are mosaics of forest stands characterized by different times since fire and different post‐fire forest structure trajectories.
Flavor‐Enhancing Properties of Mushrooms in Meat‐Based Dishes in Which Sodium Has Been Reduced and Meat Has Been Partially Substituted with Mushrooms
Authors: Myrdal Miller A. , Mills K. , Wong T. , Drescher G. , Lee S.M. , Sirimuangmoon C. , Schaefer S. , Langstaff S. , Minor B. , Guinard J.‐X 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThe effects of beef substitution with crimini or white mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus) on the flavor profiles of carne asada and beef taco blends were measured with a descriptive analysis panel. Sensory mitigation of sodium reduction through the incorporation of mushrooms was also investigated in the taco blends. The substitution of beef with mushrooms in the carne asada did not alter the overall flavor strength of the dish, but the incorporation of 50% or 80% ground mushroom in the beef taco blend did enhance its overall flavor as well as mushroom, veggie, onion, garlic and earthy flavors, and umami and sweet tastes. Overall flavor intensity of the 25% reduced‐salt version of the 80% mushroom taco blend matched that of the full‐salt versions of the 100% and 50% beef formulations, thus indicating that the substitution of 80% of the meat with mushrooms did mitigate the 25% sodium reduction in terms of the overall flavor impact of the dish, even if it did not quite compensate for the reduction in salty taste. This proof‐of‐concept study for the Healthy Flavors Research Initiative indicates that because of their flavor‐enhancing umami principles, mushrooms can be used as a healthy substitute for meat and a mitigating agent for sodium reduction in meat‐based dishes without loss of overall flavor.
Kinetic and stoichiometric characterization of organoautotrophic growth of Ralstonia eutropha on formic acid in fed‐batch and continuous cultures
Authors: Grunwald Stephan , Mottet Alexis , Grousseau Estelle , Plassmeier Jens K. , Popović Milan K. , Uribelarrea Jean‐Louis , Gorret Nathalie , Guillouet Stéphane E. , Sinskey Anthony 
Published: August 2014

SummaryFormic acid, acting as both carbon and energy source, is a safe alternative to a carbon dioxide, hydrogen and dioxygen mix for studying the conversion of carbon through the Calvin–Benson–Bassham (CBB) cycle into value‐added chemical compounds by non‐photosynthetic microorganisms. In this work, organoautotrophic growth of Ralstonia eutropha on formic acid was studied using an approach combining stoichiometric modeling and controlled cultures in bioreactors. A strain deleted of its polyhydroxyalkanoate production pathway was used in order to carry out a physiological characterization. The maximal growth yield was determined at 0.16 Cmole Cmole−1 in a formate‐limited continuous culture. The measured yield corresponded to 76% to 85% of the theoretical yield (later confirmed in pH‐controlled fed‐batch cultures). The stoichiometric study highlighted the imbalance between carbon and energy provided by formic acid and explained the low growth yields measured. Fed‐batch cultures were also used to determine the maximum specific growth rate (μmax = 0.18 h−1) and to study the impact of increasing formic acid concentrations on growth yields. High formic acid sensitivity was found in R eutropha since a linear decrease in the biomass yield with increasing residual formic acid concentrations was observed between 0 and 1.5 g l−1.
The strength of badenya ties: Siblings and social security in old age—the case of urban Burkina Faso
Authors: ROTH CLAUDIA 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTIn urban Burkina Faso, siblings play a decisive role in local social security. Badenya, the unity of children of the same mother, compensates in particular for the economic failure of an eldest son no longer in a position to fulfill his familial duties. Although the institution of badenya is strengthened as it increasingly comes into play to help a family avoid social marginalization, it is also overburdened, which makes its future uncertain. This article enhances the anthropological understanding of kinship by focusing on sibling relationships. Findings are based on interviews conducted between 2007 and 2010 with two generations in households in Bobo‐Dioulasso and on participant‐observation over the course of more than a dozen research stays since 1989.
Prostate cancer mortality outcomes and patterns of primary treatment for Aboriginal men in New South Wales, Australia
Authors: Rodger Jennifer C. , Supramaniam Rajah , Gibberd Alison J. , Smith David P. , Armstrong Bruce K. , Dillon Anthony , O'Connell Dianne L. 
Published: August 2014

ObjectiveTo compare prostate cancer mortality for Aboriginal and non‐Aboriginal men and to describe prostate cancer treatments received by Aboriginal men.Patients and methodsWe analysed cancer registry records for all men diagnosed with prostate cancer in New South Wales (NSW) in 2001–2007 linked to hospital inpatient episodes and deaths. More detailed information on androgen‐deprivation therapy and radiotherapy was obtained from medical records for 87 NSW Aboriginal men diagnosed in 2000–2011. The main outcomes were primary treatment for, and death from, prostate cancer. Analysis included Cox proportional hazards regression and logistic regression.ResultsThere were 259 Aboriginal men among 35 214 prostate cancer cases diagnosed in 2001–2007. Age and spread of disease at diagnosis were similar for Aboriginal and non‐Aboriginal men. Prostate cancer mortality 5 years after diagnosis was higher for Aboriginal men (17.5%, 95% confidence interval (CI) 12.4–23.3) than non‐Aboriginal men (11.4%, 95% CI 11.0–11.8). Aboriginal men were 49% more likely to die from prostate cancer (hazard ratio 1.49, 95% CI 1.07–1.99) after adjusting for differences in demographic factors, stage at diagnosis, health access and comorbidities. Aboriginal men were less likely to have a prostatectomy for localised or regional cancer than non‐Aboriginal men (adjusted odds ratio 0.60, 95% CI 0.40–0.91). Of 87 Aboriginal men with full staging and treatment information, 60% were diagnosed with localised disease. Of these, 38% had a prostatectomy (± radiotherapy), 29% had radiotherapy only and 33% had neither.ConclusionMore research is required to explain differences in treatment and mortality for Aboriginal men with prostate cancer compared with non‐Aboriginal men. In the meantime, ongoing monitoring and efforts are needed to ensure Aboriginal men have equitable access to best care.
Candidate selection for quadrant‐based focal ablation through a combination of diffusion‐weighted magnetic resonance imaging and prostate biopsy
Authors: Matsuoka Yoh , Numao Noboru , Saito Kazutaka , Tanaka Hiroshi , Kumagai Jiro , Yoshida Soichiro , Ishioka Junichiro , Koga Fumitaka , Masuda Hitoshi , Kawakami Satoru , Fujii Yasuhisa , Kihara Kazunori 
Published: August 2014

ObjectivesTo identify prostatic quadrants that could be preserved without intervention, using diffusion‐weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DWI) and extended core biopsy, as a step toward implementation of quadrant‐based focal ablation with potential preservation of erectile and ejaculatory functions, based on comparisons with unilateral hemi‐gland ablation.Patients and MethodsWe conducted a prebiopsy DWI study including 648 quadrants in 162 men who underwent 14‐core biopsy including anterior sampling and radical prostatectomy (RP) for localised cancer. Imaging and pathology were analysed on a quadrant basis. Each quadrant was assessed through four‐core sampling. Predictive performance of DWI and biopsy for quadrant status was analysed.ResultsOn RP specimens, 170 anterior (52.5%) and 172 posterior quadrants (53.1%) harboured significant cancer. Negative predictive values of DWI, biopsy, and their combination for significant cancer were 79.7%, 70.6%, and 91.1%, respectively, in anterior quadrants, and 78.5%, 81.3%, and 91.7%, respectively, in posterior quadrants. DWI incrementally improved the negative predictive values of biopsy in anterior (P < 0.001) and posterior quadrants (P = 0.025), without untoward impacts on positive predictive values. Negative findings on both DWI and biopsy were identified in posterior quadrants of 109 sides (33.6%), but in entire hemi‐glands of 54 sides (16.7%).ConclusionsThe combination of DWI and 14‐core biopsy including anterior sampling efficiently identifies quadrants without significant cancer in men with localised prostate cancer; the remaining quadrants, therefore, could be potential candidate areas for focal ablation. Focal therapy designed based on quadrant‐based assessment could be superior to unilateral hemi‐gland ablation for preservation of posterior quadrants and retaining of sexual function in more sides.
Spatiotemporal Variability in the Reproductive Success of the Continually Flowering Shrub Dillenia suffruticosa in Borneo
Authors: Tokumoto Yuji , Sakai Shoko , Matsushita Michinari , Ohkubo Tatsuhiro , Nakagawa Michiko 
Published: August 2014

AbstractContinually flowering plants bloom continuously throughout the year, as often seen in plants distributed along the roadsides or in the understory layers in Southeast Asia's tropical rain forests. Dillenia suffruticosa (Griff. ex Hook. f. & Thomson) Martelli (Dilleniaceae) is one such continually flowering shrub that flowers during periods of community‐wide mass flowering, general flowering (GF), and non‐GF. During irregularly occurring GF periods, when species of all forest layers flower synchronously for several months, some pollinators migrate to the canopy layer, where GF promotes the pollination success of participating plants. Continually flowering plants share the available pollinator community with GF plants, and the reproductive success of continually flowering plants may be affected during the GF period. To assess the effects of GF on the reproductive success of a diverse range of continually flowering plants, we examined the differences in pollinator density and reproductive success between GF and non‐GF periods in D. suffruticosa at four different research sites. Although the seed set differed among the four research sites, pollinator density and fruit set did not differ between GF and non‐GF periods or research sites. Our results suggest that the reproductive success of D. suffruticosa was maintained at an approximately constant level, regardless of the flowering phenology of the canopy layer or other vegetation components.
Species Richness, Forest Structure, and Functional Diversity During Succession in the New Guinea Lowlands
Authors: Whitfeld Timothy J. S. , Lasky Jesse R. , Damas Kipiro , Sosanika Gibson , Molem Kenneth , Montgomery Rebecca A. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractMuch of the world's tropical forests have been affected by anthropogenic disturbance. These forests are important biodiversity reservoirs whose diversity, structure and function must be characterized across the successional sequence. We examined changes in structure and diversity along a successional gradient in the lowlands of New Guinea. To do this, we measured and identified all stems ≥5 cm diameter in 19 0.25 ha plots ranging in age from 3 to >50 yr since disturbance. We also measured plant functional traits related to establishment, performance, and competitive ability. In addition, we examined change in forest structure, composition, species diversity, and functional diversity through succession. By using rarefaction to estimate functional diversity, we compared changes in functional diversity while controlling for associated differences in stem and species density. Basal area and species density increased with stand age while stem density was highest in intermediate secondary forests. Species composition differed strongly between mature and secondary forests. As forests increased in basal area, community‐weighted mean wood density and foliar carbon increased, whereas specific leaf area and proportion of stems with exudate decreased. Foliar nitrogen peaked in medium‐aged forests. Functional diversity was highest in mature forests, even after accounting for differences in stem and species diversity. Our study represents one of the first attempts to document successional changes in New Guinea's lowland forest. We found robust evidence that as succession proceeds, communities occupy a greater range of functional trait space even after controlling for stem and species density. High functional diversity is important for ecological resiliency in the face of global change.
Sub‐crestal positioning of implants results in higher bony crest resorption: an experimental study in dogs
Authors: Cesaretti Gianfranco , Lang Niklaus P. , Salata Luiz A. , Schweikert Michael T. , Gutierrez Hernandez Maria Elena , Botticelli Daniele 
Published: August 2014

AbstractObjectiveTo compare peri‐implant soft‐ and hard‐tissue integration at implants installed juxta‐ or sub‐crestally. Furthermore, differences in the hard and soft peri‐implant tissue dimensions at sites prepared with drills or sonic instruments were to be evaluated.Material and methodsThree months after tooth extraction in six dogs, recipient sites were prepared in both sides of the mandible using conventional drills or a sonic device (Sonosurgery®). Two implants with a 1.7‐mm high‐polished neck were installed, one with the rough/smooth surface interface placed at the level of the buccal bony crest (control) and the second placed 1.3 mm deeper (test). After 8 weeks of non‐submerged healing, biopsies were harvested and ground sections prepared for histological evaluation.ResultsThe buccal distances between the abutment/fixture junction (AF) and the most coronal level of osseointegration (B) were 1.6 ± 0.6 and 2.4 ± 0.4 mm; between AF and the top of the bony crest (C), they were 1.4 ± 0.4 and 2.2 ± 0.2 mm at the test and control sites, respectively. The top of the peri‐implant mucosa (PM) was located more coronally at the test (1.2 ± 0.6 mm) compared to the control sites (0.6 ± 0.5 mm). However, when the original position of the bony crest was taken into account, a higher bone loss and a more apical position of the peri‐implant mucosa resulted at the test sites.ConclusionsThe placement of implants into a sub‐crestal location resulted in a higher vertical buccal bone resorption and a more apical position of the peri‐implant mucosa in relation to the level of the bony crest at implant installation. Moreover, peri‐implant hard‐tissue dimensions were similar at sites prepared with either drills or Sonosurgery®.
Organ donation video messaging: differential appeal, emotional valence, and behavioral intention
Authors: Rodrigue J. R. , Fleishman A. , Vishnevsky T. , Fitzpatrick S. , Boger M. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractVideo narratives increasingly are used to draw the public's attention to the need for more registered organ donors. We assessed the differential impact of donation messaging videos on appeal, emotional valence, and organ donation intentions in 781 non‐registered adults. Participants watched six videos (four personal narratives, one informational video without personal narrative, and one unrelated to donation) with or without sound (subtitled), randomly sequenced to minimize order effects. We assessed appeal, emotional valence, readiness to register as organ donors, and donation information‐seeking behavior. Compared to other video types, one featuring a pediatric transplant recipient (with or without sound) showed more favorable appeal (p < 0.001), generated more positive emotional valence (p < 0.01), and had the most favorable impact on organ donor willingness (p < 0.001). Ninety‐five (12%) participants clicked through to a donation website after viewing all six videos. Minority race (OR = 1.94, 95% CI = 1.20, 3.13, p = 0.006), positive change in organ donor readiness (OR = 0.26, 95% CI = 0.14, 0.48, p < 0.001), and total positive emotion (OR = 1.05, 95% CI = 1.03, 1.07, p < 0.001) were significant multivariable predictors of clicking through to the donation website. Brief, one‐min videos can have a very dramatic and positive impact on willingness to consider donation and behavioral intentions to register as an organ donor.
Baby steps: investigating the development of perceptual–motor couplings in infancy
Authors: de Klerk Carina C.J.M. , Johnson Mark H. , Heyes Cecilia M. , Southgate Victoria 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThere are cells in our motor cortex that fire both when we perform and when we observe similar actions. It has been suggested that these perceptual‐motor couplings in the brain develop through associative learning during correlated sensorimotor experience. Although studies with adult participants have provided support for this hypothesis, there is no direct evidence that associative learning also underlies the initial formation of perceptual–motor couplings in the developing brain. With the present study we addressed this question by manipulating infants’ opportunities to associate the visual and motor representation of a novel action, and by investigating how this influenced their sensorimotor cortex activation when they observed this action performed by others. Pre‐walking 7–9‐month‐old infants performed stepping movements on an infant treadmill while they either observed their own real‐time leg movements (Contingent group) or the previously recorded leg movements of another infant (Non‐contingent control group). Infants in a second control group did not perform any steps and only received visual experience with the stepping actions. Before and after the training period we measured infants’ sensorimotor alpha suppression, as an index of sensorimotor cortex activation, while they watched videos of other infants’ stepping actions. While we did not find greater sensorimotor alpha suppression following training in the Contingent group as a whole, we nevertheless found that the strength of the visuomotor contingency experienced during training predicted the amount of sensorimotor alpha suppression at post‐test in this group. We did not find any effects of motor experience alone. These results suggest that the development of perceptual–motor couplings in the infant brain is likely to be supported by associative learning during correlated visuomotor experience.
The genetic control of aposematic black pigmentation in hemimetabolous insects: insights from Oncopeltus fasciatus
Authors: Liu Jin , Lemonds Thomas R. , Popadić Aleksandar 
Published: August 2014

SUMMARYVariations in body pigmentation, encompassing both the range of specific colors as well as the spatial arrangement of those colors, are among the most noticeable and lineage‐specific insect features. However, the genetic mechanisms responsible for generating this diversity are still limited to several model species that are primarily holometabolous insects. To address this lack of knowledge, we utilize Oncopeltus fasciatus, an aposematic hemimetabolous insect, as a new model to study insect pigmentation. First, to determine the genetic regulation of black pigment production in Oncopeltus, we perform an RNAi analysis on three core genes involved in the melanin pathway, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), dopa decarboxylase (DDC), and laccase 2 (lac2). The black pigmentation is affected in all instances, showing that the black pigments in this species are derived from the melanin pathway. The results of the DDC RNAi are particularly informative because they reveal that it is Dopamine melanin, not DOPA melanin, which is the predominant component of black pigments in Oncopeltus. Second, we test whether pigmentation follows a two‐step model where the spatial pre‐mapping of enzymatic activity is followed by vein‐dependent transportation of melanin substances. We confirm the existence of the first step by observing that premature wings develop black pigmentation when exposed to melanin precursors. In addition, we provide evidence for the second step by showing that wing melanin patterning is disrupted when vein transportation is halted. These findings bring novel insights from a hemimetabolous species and establish a framework for subsequent studies on the mechanisms of pigment production and patterning responsible for variations in insect coloration.