bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Thermal electron acceleration by localized bursts of electric field in the radiation belts
Authors: Artemyev A. V. , Agapitov O. V. , Mozer F. , Krasnoselskikh V. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractIn this paper we investigate the resonant interaction of thermal ∼10–100 eV electrons with a burst of electrostatic field that results in electron acceleration to kilovolt energies. This single burst contains a large parallel electric field of one sign and a much smaller, longer‐lasting parallel field of the opposite sign. The Van Allen Probe spacecraft often observes clusters of spatially localized bursts in the Earth's outer radiation belts. These structures propagate mostly away from the geomagnetic equator and share properties of soliton‐like nonlinear electron acoustic waves: a velocity of propagation is about the thermal velocity of cold electrons (∼3000–10,000 km/s), and a spatial scale of electric field localization along the field lines is about the Debye radius of hot electrons (∼5–30 km). We model the nonlinear resonant interaction of these electric field structures and cold background electrons.
Heliosheath magnetic field and plasma observed by Voyager 2 during 2011
Authors: Burlaga L. F. , Ness N. F. , Richardson J. D. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractWe discuss magnetic field and plasma observations from Voyager 2 (V2) during 2011, when V2 was beginning to see the effects of increasing solar activity following the solar minimum in 2009. The magnetic field strength (B) profile showed large amplitude fluctuations that can be resolved into a linear increase ofBwith time and a sinusoidal variation of the period of 86.2 ± 0.8 days. Voyager 2 was in a unipolar region in which the magnetic polarity was directed away from the Sun along the Parker spiral 96% of the time, indicating that V2 was poleward of the heliospheric current sheet throughout most of 2011. The distribution ofBwas lognormal, but a Gaussian distribution was observed when the linear variation ofBwas subtracted from the data. The distribution of daily increments ofBwas aq‐Gaussian distribution withq = 1.1 ± 0.1, which is less intermittent than normally observed in the heliosheath. However, the distribution of hourly increments ofBwas aq‐Gaussian distribution withq = 1.5 ± 0.03. The density, temperature, and velocity increased linearly from the beginning of 2011 to approximately day 254. The magnetic and thermal pressure tended to increase throughout the year, but the magnetic pressure dominated most of the time. The counting rate of >70 MeV/nucleon particles increased rapidly during the first 250 days, but it leveled out during the rest of the year whenBwas stronger. The empirical CR‐Brelationship describes this behavior.
Formation of fine sediment deposit from a flash flood river in the Mediterranean Sea
Authors: Grifoll Manel , Gracia Vicenç , Aretxabaleta Alfredo , Guillén Jorge , Espino Manuel , Warner John C. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractWe identify the mechanisms controlling fine deposits on the inner‐shelf in front of the Besòs River, in the northwestern Mediterranean Sea. This river is characterized by a flash flood regime discharging large amounts of water (more than 20 times the mean water discharge) and sediment in very short periods lasting from hours to few days. Numerical model output was compared with bottom sediment observations and used to characterize the multiple spatial and temporal scales involved in offshore sediment deposit formation. A high‐resolution (50 m grid size) coupled hydrodynamic‐wave‐sediment transport model was applied to the initial stages of the sediment dispersal after a storm‐related flood event. After the flood, sediment accumulation was predominantly confined to an area near the coastline as a result of preferential deposition during the final stage of the storm. Subsequent reworking occurred due to wave‐induced bottom shear stress that resuspended fine materials, with seaward flow exporting them toward the midshelf. Wave characteristics, sediment availability, and shelf circulation determined the transport after the reworking and the final sediment deposition location. One year simulations of the regional area revealed a prevalent southwestward average flow with increased intensity downstream. The circulation pattern was consistent with the observed fine deposit depocenter being shifted southward from the river mouth. At the southern edge, bathymetry controlled the fine deposition by inducing near‐bottom flow convergence enhancing bottom shear stress. According to the short‐term and long‐term analyses, a seasonal pattern in the fine deposit formation is expected.
Y‐chromosome analysis in a Northwest Iberian population: Unraveling the impact of Northern African lineages
Authors: Alvarez Luis , Ciria Estela , Marques Sofia L. , Santos Cristina , Aluja Maria Pilar 
Published: August 2014

ObjectivesTo provide new clues about the genetic origin, composition and structure of the population of the Spanish province of Zamora, with an emphasis on the genetic impact of the period of Islamic rule in the Iberian Peninsula.MethodsPolymorphisms in the paternally inherited Y‐chromosome, Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms and Short Tandem Repeats, were analyzed in 235 unrelated males born in six different regions in the Zamora province.ResultsA relatively homogenous Y‐chromosome haplogroup composition was observed in the Zamora province. Haplogroups R1b1‐P25 and I‐M170, widespread in European populations, accounted for 64.9% of the total sample. Moreover, all of the observed African lineages, accounting for 10.2% of the total variability, belonged to haplogroups having Northwest African origin (E1b1b1b‐M81, E1b1b1a‐β‐M78, and J1‐M267).ConclusionsNo differences between regions or sub‐structure due to geographical boundaries were detected. The specific Northwest African male lineages observed contrast with the mitochondrial DNA data, where the majority of African lineages were found to be sub‐Saharan. This work made it possible to study the impact of recent historical events in the male gene pool in the province of Zamora in Spain. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 26:740–746, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Fluxionally Chiral DMAP Catalysts: Kinetic Resolution of Axially Chiral Biaryl Compounds
Authors: Ma Gaoyuan , Deng Jun , Sibi Mukund P. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractCan organocatalysts that incorporate fluxional groups provide enhanced selectivity in asymmetric transformations? To address this issue, we have designed chiral 4‐dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP) catalysts with fluxional chirality. These catalysts were found to be efficient in promoting the acylative kinetic resolution of secondary alcohols and axially chiral biaryl compounds with selectivity factors of up to 37 and 51, respectively.
N‐Heterocyclic Carbene, High Oxidation State Molybdenum Alkylidene Complexes: Functional‐Group‐Tolerant Cationic Metathesis Catalysts
Authors: Buchmeiser Michael R. , Sen Suman , Unold Jörg , Frey Wolfgang 
Published: August 2014

AbstractWe synthesized the first N‐heterocyclic carbene (NHC) complexes of Schrock’s molybdenum imido alkylidene bis(triflate) complexes. Unlike existing bis(triflate) complexes, the novel 16‐electron complexes represent metathesis active, functional‐group‐tolerant catalysts. Single‐crystal X‐ray structures of two representatives of this novel class of Schrock catalysts are presented and reactivity is discussed in view of their structural peculiarities. In the presence of monomer (substrate), these catalysts form cationic species and can be employed in ring‐closing metathesis (RCM), ring‐opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP), as well as in the cyclopolymerization of α,ω‐diynes. Monomers containing functional groups, which are not tolerated by the existing variations of Schrock’s catalyst, e.g., sec‐amine, hydroxy, and carboxylic acid moieties, can be used. These catalysts therefore hold great promise in both organic and polymer chemistry, where they allow for the use of protic monomers.
Phenotypic differences may limit the potential for habitat restoration involving species translocation: a case study of shape ecophenotypes in different populations of Modiolus modiolus (Mollusca: Bivalvia)
Authors: Fariñas‐Franco Jose M. , Sanderson William G. , Roberts Dai 
Published: August 2014

Abstract

Modiolus modiolus reefs have disappeared from most of their historical distribution range in Strangford Lough (Northern Ireland) while remnant populations are highly fragmented.
This study investigated morphological differences in Strangford Lough and Irish Sea M. modiolus with an aim to provide sound scientific advice to managers involved in shellfish reef restoration programmes including translocation.
By characterizing shape ecophenotypes within target and source areas it is possible to select morphologically similar source stocks to increase survival and self sustainability of the restored population.
Linear and geometric shell shape analyses identified significant differences among M. modiolus populations from the Irish Sea and Strangford Lough. Three different phenotypes within the Strangford Lough metapopulation were identified. It is hypothesized that substrate type, tidal current strength and population thinning caused by mobile fishing gear influenced such morphological differences.
This investigation confirmed, for the first time, phenotypic variability in M. modiolus which could affect future supplementation programmes aiming to restore degraded populations.
Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cell Biology of Sarcomeric Protein Engineering: Disease Modeling and Therapeutic Potential
Authors: Thompson Brian R. , Metzger Joseph M. 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTThe cardiac sarcomere is the functional unit for myocyte contraction. Ordered arrays of sarcomeric proteins, held in stoichiometric balance with each other, respond to calcium to coordinate contraction and relaxation of the heart. Altered sarcomeric structure–function underlies the primary basis of disease in multiple acquired and inherited heart disease states. Hypertrophic and restrictive cardiomyopathies are caused by inherited mutations in sarcomeric genes and result in altered contractility. Ischemia‐mediated acidosis directly alters sarcomere function resulting in decreased contractility. In this review, we highlight the use of acute genetic engineering of adult cardiac myocytes through stoichiometric replacement of sarcomeric proteins in these disease states with particular focus on cardiac troponin I. Stoichiometric replacement of disease causing mutations has been instrumental in defining the molecular mechanisms of hypertrophic and restrictive cardiomyopathy in a cellular context. In addition, taking advantage of stoichiometric replacement through gene therapy is discussed, highlighting the ischemia‐resistant histidine‐button, A164H cTnI. Stoichiometric replacement of sarcomeric proteins offers a potential gene therapy avenue to replace mutant proteins, alter sarcomeric responses to pathophysiologic insults, or neutralize altered sarcomeric function in disease. Anat Rec, 297:1663–1669, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Structural Implications of β‐Cardiac Myosin Heavy Chain Mutations in Human Disease
Authors: Colegrave Melanie , Peckham Michelle 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTOver 500 disease‐causing point mutations have been found in the human β‐cardiac myosin heavy chain, many quite recently with modern sequencing techniques. This review shows that clusters of these mutations occur at critical points in the sequence and investigates whether the many studies on these mutants reveal information about the function of this protein. Anat Rec, 297:1670–1680, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Finding the Sweet Spot: Assembly and Glycosylation of the Dystrophin‐Associated Glycoprotein Complex
Authors: Townsend Dewayne 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTThe dystrophin‐associated glycoprotein complex (DGC) is a collection of glycoproteins that are essential for the normal function of striated muscle and many other tissues. Recent genetic studies have implicated the components of this complex in over a dozen forms of muscular dystrophy. Furthermore, disruption of the DGC has been implicated in many forms of acquired disease. This review aims to summarize the current state of knowledge regarding the processing and assembly of dystrophin‐associated proteins with a focus primarily on the dystroglycan heterodimer and the sarcoglycan complex. These proteins form the transmembrane portion of the DGC and undergo a complex multi‐step processing with proteolytic cleavage, differential assembly, and both N‐ and O‐glycosylation. The enzymes responsible for this processing and a model describing the sequence and subcellular localization of these events are discussed. Anat Rec, 297:1694–1705, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Translational Control of Tropomyosin Expression in Vertebrate Hearts
Authors: Dube Dipak K. , Mclean Matthew D. , Dube Syamalima , Poiesz Bernard J. 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTThe tropomyosin (TM) gene family produces a set of related TM proteins with important functions in striated and smooth muscle, and nonmuscle cells. In vertebrate striated muscle, the thin filament consists largely of actin, TM, the troponin (Tn) complex (Tn‐I, Tn‐C and Tn‐T), and tropomodulin (Tmod) and is responsible for mediating Ca2+ control of muscle contraction and relaxation. There are four known genes (designated as TPM1, TPM2, TPM3, and TPM4) for TM in vertebrates. The four TM genes generate a multitude of tissue‐ and developmental‐specific isoforms through the use of different promoters, alternative mRNA splicing, different 3′‐end mRNA processing and tissue‐specific translational control. In this review, we have focused mainly on the regulation of TM expression in striated muscles, primarily in vertebrate hearts with special emphasis on translational control using mouse and Mexican axolotl animal models. Anat Rec, 297:1585–1595, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Getting Folded: Chaperone Proteins in Muscle Development, Maintenance and Disease
Authors: Smith Daniel A. , Carland Carmen R. , Guo Yiming , Bernstein Sanford I. 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTChaperone proteins are critical for protein folding and stability, and hence are necessary for normal cellular organization and function. Recent studies have begun to interrogate the role of this specialized class of proteins in muscle biology. During development, chaperone‐mediated folding of client proteins enables their integration into nascent functional sarcomeres. In addition to assisting with muscle differentiation, chaperones play a key role in the maintenance of muscle tissues. Furthermore, disruption of the chaperone network can result in neuromuscular disease. In this review, we discuss how chaperones are involved in myofibrillogenesis, sarcomere maintenance, and muscle disorders. We also consider the possibilities of therapeutically targeting chaperones to treat muscle disease. Anat Rec, 297:1637–1649, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Role of Mechanotransduction on Vascular Smooth Muscle Myocytes Cytoskeleton and Contractile Function
Authors: Ye George J.C. , Nesmith Alexander P. , Parker Kevin Kit 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTSmooth muscle (SM) exhibits a highly organized structural hierarchy that extends over multiple spatial scales to perform a wide range of functions at the cellular, tissue, and organ levels. Early efforts primarily focused on understanding vascular SM (VSM) function through biochemical signaling. However, accumulating evidence suggests that mechanotransduction, the process through which cells convert mechanical stimuli into biochemical cues, is requisite for regulating contractility. Cytoskeletal proteins that comprise the extracellular, intercellular, and intracellular domains are mechanosensitive and can remodel their structure and function in response to external mechanical cues. Pathological stimuli such as malignant hypertension can act through the same mechanotransductive pathways to induce maladaptive remodeling, leading to changes in cellular shape and loss of contractile function. In both health and disease, the cytoskeletal architecture integrates the mechanical stimuli and mediates structural and functional remodeling in the VSM. Anat Rec, 297:1758–1769, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A Titan but not Necessarily a Ruler: Assessing the Role of Titin During Thick Filament Patterning and Assembly
Authors: Myhre J. Layne , Pilgrim David 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTThe sarcomeres of striated muscle are among the most elaborate and dynamic eukaryotic cellular protein machinery, and the mechanisms by which these semicrystalline filament networks are initially patterned and assembled remain contentious. In addition to the acto‐myosin filaments that provide motor function, the sarcomere contains titin filaments, comprised of individual molecules of the giant Ig‐ and fibronectin domain‐rich protein titin. Titin is the largest known protein, containing many structurally distinct domains with a variety of proposed functions, including sarcomere stabilization, the prevention of over‐stretching, and returning to resting length after contraction. One molecule of titin, which binds to both the Z‐disk and the M‐line, spans a half‐sarcomere, and is proposed to serve as a “molecular ruler” that dictates the spacing of sarcomeres. The semirigid rod‐like A‐band region of titin has also been proposed to act as a scaffold for thick filament formation during muscle development, but despite decades of research, this hypothesis has not been rigorously tested. Recent studies in zebrafish have brought into question the necessity for the A‐band region of titin during the early stages of sarcomere patterning. In this review, we give an overview of the many different roles of titin in the development and function of striated muscle, and address the validity of the “molecular ruler” model of myofibrillogenesis in light of the current literature. Anat Rec, 297:1604–1614, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Electrical conduction behavior of organic light‐emitting diodes using fluorinated self‐assembled monolayer with molybdenum oxide‐doped hole transporting layer
Authors: Park Sang‐Geon , Mori Tatsuo 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThe electrical conductivity behavior of a fluorinated self‐assembled monolayer (FSAM) of a molybdenum oxide (MoOx)‐doped α‐naphthyl diamine derivative (α‐NPD) in organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs) was investigated. The current density of the MoOx‐doped α‐NPD/FSAM device was proportional to its voltage owing to smooth carrier injection through the FSAM and the high carrier density of its bulk. The temperature‐dependent characteristics of this device were investigated. The current density–voltage characteristics at different temperatures were almost the same owing to its very low activation energy. The activation energy of the device was estimated to be 1.056 × 10−2 [eV] and was very low due to the inelastic electron tunneling of FSAM molecules. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reactions of rac‐(ebthi)M(η2‐Me3SiC2SiMe3) (M=Ti, Zr) with Aryl Nitriles
Authors: Becker Lisanne , Arndt Perdita , Spannenberg Anke , Rosenthal Uwe 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThe reactions of the Group 4 metallocene alkyne complexes rac‐(ebthi)M(η2‐Me3SiC2SiMe3) (1 a: M=Ti, 1 b: M=Zr; rac‐(ebthi)=rac‐1,2‐ethylene‐1,1′‐bis(η5‐tetrahydroindenyl)) with PhCN were investigated. For 1 a, an unusual nitrile–nitrile coupling to 1‐titana‐2,5‐diazacyclopenta‐2,4‐diene (2) at ambient temperature was observed. At higher temperature, the CC coupling of two nitriles resulted in the formation of a dinuclear complex with a four‐membered diimine bridge (3). The reaction of 1 b with PhCN afforded dinuclear compound 4 and 2,4,6‐triphenyltriazine. Additionally, the reactivity of 1 b towards other nitriles was investigated.
Versatile Iridicycle Catalysts for Highly Efficient and Chemoselective Transfer Hydrogenation of Carbonyl Compounds in Water
Authors: Talwar Dinesh , Wu Xiaofeng , Saidi Ourida , Salguero Noemí Poyatos , Xiao Jianliang 
Published: August 2014

AbstractCyclometalated iridium complexes are shown to be highly efficient and chemoselective catalysts for the transfer hydrogenation of a wide range of carbonyl groups with formic acid in water. Examples include α‐substituted ketones (α‐ether, α‐halo, α‐hydroxy, α‐amino, α‐nitrile or α‐ester), α‐keto esters, β‐keto esters and α,β‐unsaturated aldehydes. The reduction was carried out at substrate/catalyst ratios of up to 50 000 at pH 4.5 and required no organic solvent. The protocol provides a practical, easy and efficient way for the synthesis of β‐functionalised secondary alcohols, such as β‐hydroxyethers, β‐hydroxyamines and β‐hydroxyhalo compounds, which are valuable intermediates in pharmaceutical, fine chemical, perfume and agrochemical synthesis.
Template‐Free Synthesis and Mechanistic Study of Porous Three‐Dimensional Hierarchical Uranium‐Containing and Uranium Oxide Microspheres
Authors: Wang Lin , Zhao Ran , Wang Cong‐zhi , Yuan Li‐yong , Gu Zhan‐jun , Xiao Cheng‐liang , Wang Shu‐ao , Wang Xin‐wei , Zhao Yu‐liang , Chai Zhi‐fang , Shi Wei‐qun 
Published: August 2014

AbstractA novel type of uranium‐containing microspheres with an urchin‐like hierarchical nano/microstructure has been successfully synthesized by a facile template‐free hydrothermal method with uranyl nitrate hexahydrate, urea, and glycerol as the uranium source, precipitating agent, and shape‐controlling agent, respectively. The as‐synthesized microspheres were usually a few micrometers in size and porous inside, and their shells were composed of nanoscale rod‐shaped crystals. The growth mechanism of the hydrothermal reaction was studied, revealing that temperature, ratios of reactants, solution pH, and reaction time were all critical for the growth. The mechanism study also revealed that an intermediate compound of 3 UO3⋅NH3⋅5 H2O was first formed and then gradually converted into the final hydrothermal product. These uranium‐containing microspheres were excellent precursors to synthesize porous uranium oxide microspheres. With a suitable calcination temperature, very uniform microspheres of uranium oxides (UO2+x, U3O8, and UO3) were successfully synthesized.
ChemInform Abstract: Crystal Structures and Magnetism of DyAlxGa3‐x (where x = 0.33 and x = 0.85).
Authors: Lyutyy Pavlo , Niehaus Oliver , Svitlyk Volodymyr , Poettgen Rainer , Porodko Iryna , Fedorchuk Anatolii 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThe title compounds are prepared by arc melting of the elements (Ta foil in evacuated silica tubes, 870 K, 10 d).
ChemInform Abstract: Structural Origin of the Anisotropic Thermal Expansion of a K2NiF4‐Type Oxide CaErAlO4 Through Interatomic Distances.
Authors: Omoto Kazuki , Yashima Masatomo , Hester James R. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThe crystal structure and anisotropic thermal expansion of the title compound is investigated by neutron diffraction from 298 to 1473 K.
ChemInform Abstract: Phase Equilibrium Studies in the PbTe—Ga2Te3 and PbTe—In2Te3 Systems for Growing New Nonlinear Optical Crystals of PbGa6Te10 and PbIn6Te10 with Transparency Extending into the Far‐IR.
Authors: Avanesov S. A. , Badikov D. V. , Badikov V. V. , Panyutin V. L. , Petrov V. , Shevyrdyaeva G. S. , Martynov A. A. , Mitin K. V. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractNonlinear crystals of the title compounds, which are transparent into the mid‐ and far‐infrared spectral range to beyond 30 μm are grown and their linear and nonlinear optical properties are determined.
ChemInform Abstract: Colloidal Synthesis and Photocatalytic Properties of Orthorhombic AgGaS2 Nanocrystals.
Authors: Fan Cong‐Min , Regulacio Michelle D. , Ye Chen , Lim Suo Hon , Zheng Yuangang , Xu Qing‐Hua , Xu An‐Wu , Han Ming‐Yong 
Published: August 2014

AbstractColloidal orthorhombic AgGaS2 nanocrystals are synthesized from a mixture of Ag(S2CNEt2) and Ga(S2CNEt2)3 and a coordinating solvent such as dodecanethiol, hexadecanethiol, oleylamine, and hexadecylamine (Ar, 280 °C, 2 h).