bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Effects of Limb Elevation on Muscle Oxygen Saturation: A Near‐Infrared Spectroscopy Study in Humans
Authors: Palanca Ariel A. , Yang Arthur , Bishop Julius A. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractBackgroundOrthopaedic and rehabilitation physicians often instruct patients to elevate a traumatized or postoperative lower extremity. Elevation is thought to improve patient comfort, as well as decrease swelling, wound complications, and the risk of compartment syndrome. Elevating a limb with increased compartment pressures, however, has been shown to reduce perfusion pressure and contribute to tissue ischemia. This investigation aims to advance our understanding of the tissue effects of limb elevation using a healthy patient model.ObjectiveTo quantify the effects of elevation, experimentally induced ischemia, and immobilization on muscle oxygen saturation in the human leg using near‐infrared spectroscopy (NIRS).DesignExperimental crossover study.SettingOrthopaedic Surgery research laboratory, Stanford Hospitals & Clinics.Patients for ParticipationTwenty‐six healthy volunteers.MethodsUsing transcutaneous sensors, we measured muscle oxygen saturation of the anterior compartment of the left (control) leg at 0, 15, and 30 cm of elevation relative to the heart using NIRS. A standardized short leg splint and a thigh tourniquet inflated to 50 mmHg were then applied to the right (experimental) leg to simulate a traumatized state. NIRS measurements were then repeated, again at 0, 15, and 30 cm of elevation. Muscle oxygen saturation values at various degrees of elevation of the control and experimental limb were then compared and analyzed by the use of a crossover study design and mixed‐effects regression.Main Outcome MeasurementsMuscle oxygen saturation at varying levels of elevation in both the (1) control leg and (2) experimental leg in a simulated traumatic state.ResultsMale (18) males and female (8) patients between 22 and 62 years of age (mean 29.8 years) were enrolled. Mean regional muscle oxygen saturation (rSO2) of the control limbs at 0, 15 and, 30 cm of elevation were 74.2%, 72.5%, and 70.6%, respectively, whereas mean rSO2 of the experimental limbs were 66.3%, 65.0%, and 63.3%. A statistically significant decrease of rSO2 was observed (mean 7.65%) in the experimental limbs compared with the control limbs. As elevation increased, there was a statistically significant decrease in rSO2 of 0.12% per centimeter of elevation. Elevation did not decrease the rSO2 in the experimental limb to a greater degree than in the control limb.ConclusionIncreasing levels of elevation in a human limb results in progressively compromised muscle oxygen saturation as measured by NIR.
Ultrasonographic Median Nerve Changes After Repeated Wheelchair Transfers in Persons With Paraplegia: Relationship With Subject Characteristics and Transfer Skills
Authors: Hogaboom Nathan S. , Diehl Jessica A. , Oyster Michelle L. , Koontz Alicia M. , Boninger Michael L. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractBackgroundWheelchair users with spinal cord injuries are susceptible to peripheral neuropathies from overuse, yet no studies have established a relationship between median neuropathy and wheelchair transfers. A more thorough understanding of how transfers and technique contribute to pathologic conditions may guide interventions that curtail its development.ObjectiveTo evaluate the effects of repeated transfers on ultrasound markers for carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) in people with spinal cord injuries and to relate changes to subject characteristics and transfer skills.DesignCross‐sectional, repeated measures.SettingResearch laboratory and national wheelchair sporting events.ParticipantsA convenience sample of 30 wheelchair users with nonprogressive paraplegia were recruited via research registries and at the 2013 National Veterans Wheelchair Games and 2014 Paralyzed Veterans of America Buckeye Games. Participants were older than 18 years and could complete transfers independently within 30 seconds without use of their leg muscles.MethodsDemographic questionnaires and physical examinations for CTS were completed. Quantitative ultrasound techniques were used to measure changes in the median nerve after a repeated‐transfers protocol. The Transfer Assessment Instrument (TAI) was completed to quantify transfer ability.Main Outcome MeasurementsMedian nerve cross‐sectional area at the level of the pisiform (PCSA) and swelling ratio (SR), transfer quality, and skills via the TAI.ResultsPCSA increased after repeated transfers (P < .025). Participants who used safe hand positions had a lower baseline SR (β = −0.728; P < .01). Participants with a higher body weight had a lower baseline SR provided they performed higher quality transfers. Participants who scooted to the front of the seat prior to transferring (TAI item 7; β = 0.144; P < .05) and who weighed more (β = 0.142; P < .05) exhibited greater increases in PCSA in response to transfers.ConclusionsAn acute increase was observed in median nerve CSA at the pisiform after repeated wheelchair transfers. Changes were greater in persons with higher body weight and in persons who did not perform certain transfer skills correctly (according to the TAI). It is possible that these factors contribute to chronic injury and possibly CTS.
Empatía según la escala de Jefferson en estudiantes de Medicina y Enfermería en Venezuela
Authors: Montilva Mariela , García Milagros , Torres Aida , Puertas Milagro , Zapata Elizabeth 
Published: August 2015

Introducción: La empatía es importante en la relación profesional de salud-paciente. Algunos estudios observaron su disminución durante los estudios médicos.
Objetivo: Determinar la empatía en estudiantes del área clínica de Medicina (EMed) y Enfermería (EEnf) de la Universidad Centroccidental Lisandro Alvarado (UCLA), Venezuela, y su relación con el género, la edad y el nivel del área clínica.
Método: El estudio fue de corte transversal. La muestra fue probabilística estratificada, constituida por el 50% de los EMed y EEnf de mitad y final de la carrera, resultando en un total de 246 alumnos (71.1% EMed y 28.9% EEnf). Los estudiantes firmaron el consentimiento informado y respondieron un cuestionario reportando el género, la edad y la Jefferson Scale of Physician Empathy, versión estudiantes, validada en español.
Resultados: El puntaje promedio de los EMed fue 120.3, y en los EEnf fue 117.9; no se observaron diferencias significativas entre ambos grupos ni en las etapas de la carrera de ambos programas ni según la edad. Alumnos del género femenino presentaron mayores puntajes que los masculinos (120.67 vs. 115.19, respectivamente, p = 0.02).
Conclusiones: Estudiantes del género femenino presentaron mayor puntaje de empatía que los varones; no se encontraron diferencias significativas en el puntaje según la carrera, la edad o la etapa de la carrera.
1. Traditional and Electronic Ki-67 Quantitation in Oligodendrogliomas
Authors: Asiry S. , Rizek P. , Hammond R. 
Published: August 2015

The Ki-67 proliferative index has become a useful, objective, immunohistochemical tool that can aid in grading and prognostication for patients with oligodendrogliomas. Previous studies have described the prognostic significance of the Ki-67 index for such patients.According to the WHO classification of tumors of the central nervous system (2007) ”mitotic activity is low in WHO grade II oligodendroglioma, and labeling indices for proliferation markers are accordingly low, usually below 5%”. Furthermore, the predictive value of the Ki-67 index appears to be independent of age, tumor site, and histological grade. What is less well described is the relative accuracy of traditional vs. semi-automated methods of enumeration for a test where small differences can influence grading, prognosis and treatment. Tang et al. (2012), studying gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumours, found high concordance between two semi-automated methods for Ki-67 quantitation whereas “eyeballed estimates” were far less reliable. We will compare the reported proliferative index estimates to those calculated by digital image analysis of 35 recent oligodendrogliomas from the LHSC Pathology archives.
2. SUMO1-CDK6 conjugation drives the cell cycle and retains the self renewal of glioblastoma stem cells
Authors: Hao C. , Bellail A. 
Published: August 2015

The current concept in the cell cycle stipulates that constant synthesis without coupled ubiquitin- mediated proteolysis maintains the levels of cyclin-dependent kinase proteins through the cell cycle. CDK proteins are elevated in glioblastoma, which has long been thought due to gene amplifications, although the amplifications occur only in a small set of the tumors according to the genome.In this study, we show that the G1 phase CDK6 is a substrate of both ubiquitin and small ubiquitin-like modifier-1 (SUMO1), and that CDK6 is sumoylated due to the elevated activity of SUMO1 conjugation in glioblastoma. CDK6 sumoylation at Lys 216 structurally blocks the access of ubiquitination molecules to the Lys 147 ubiquitination site; thus, CDK6 sumoylation stabilize the protein, maintains the kinase activity and drives the cell cycle through G1/S transition. Inhibition of SUMO1 conjugation causes G1 arrest and abolishes the self-renewal and tumorigenic property of glioblastoma initiating or stem cells. In conclusion, SUMO1-CDK6 conjugation constitutes a new mechanism of cell cycle control and selective inhibition of SUMO1 conjugation may provide a novel strategy for the development of the cancer stem cells-targeted treatment.
5. Automated analysis of 1p/19q status by FISH in oligodendroglial tumours.
Authors: Gould P.V. , Duval C. , de Tayrac M. , Sanschagrin F. , Michaud K. , Saikali S. 
Published: August 2015

Automated analysis of 1p and 19q status in oligodendroglial tumors by fluorescence in-situ hybridization (FISH) can be achieved by image-analysis software present in the majority of institutions using the FISH technique. Despite the widespread availability of this software, there are no specific guidelines in the literature on how to use it.We studied which green/red (G/R) probe signal combinations are predictive of 1p/19q co-deletion in a retrospective series of 53 oligodendroglial tumours and defined a new algorithm with a reduced sequence of combinations compared to previous studies. This algorithm was then tested and refined on a prospective series of 45 oligodendroglial tumours. The new algorithm scores 24 G/R combinations, which represent less than 50 % of the total observed combinations in our series. This algorithm excludes some previously described combinations and redefines the place of others. G/R combinations of 5/2, 6/2 and 6/3 associate with deletion status combinations, combinations of 1/2 associate with normal chromosome status, and combinations of 3/3 and 4/4 associate with imbalanced chromosome status.The new algorithm when applied to the combination and ratio methods of signal probe analysis gives a high concordance between manual and automated analysis on examination of 100 tumour cells (91% concordance for 1p and 89% concordance for 19q) and total concordance on examination of 200 tumour cells. This highlights the value of automated analysis to identify cases with imbalanced chromosome status, in which a larger number of tumour cells should be study by manual analysis. Our algorithm can be easily programmed on all existing FISH analysis software platforms and should facilitate multicentric evaluation and standardization of 1p/19q assessment in gliomas.
9. Congenital Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus: A Neuropathological Study
Authors: Fallet-Bianco C. 
Published: August 2015

Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) carried and secreted by mice, infects great numbers of people. LCMV infection acquired during childhood or adulthood is usually moderately symptomatic with a full recovery. When the infection occurs prenatally, it results in a wide spectrum of severe brain lesions described mainly on imaging. Neuropathological data have never been reported.We present 2 fetuses with a prenatal diagnosis of microcephaly with ventriculomegaly, abnormal gyration, and ponto-cerebellar hypoplasia in one case. Parents elected to terminate the pregnancy. A complete autopsy demonstrated no dysmorphic features, no visceral or skeletal malformation. Histological examination of viscera did not show any significant lesion.Neuropathological examination confirmed microcephaly and ventriculomegaly with a thick yellowish band surrounding the ventricles. Identical histological lesions were observed in both cases associating a polymicrogyria and a diffuse necrosis of parenchyma with massive calcifications all around the ventricles. The most characteristic feature was the unusual aspect of necrosis, distinct from that observed in other infections, characterized by a finely granular appearance looking like sand. Small lymphocytic infiltrates were observed in the leptomeninges and in the choroid but not in the retina. The congenital LCMV infection was confirmed by serologic testing.This study confirms the strong neurotropism of LCMV and demonstrates that prenatal infection has some particular features such as absent systemic signs, and distinct appearance of the necrosis that allow to distinguish it from other congenital infections and other non infectious conditions.
Related Securities and Equity Market Quality: The Case of CDS
Authors: Boehmer Ekkehart , Chava Sudheer , Tookes Heather E. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractWe document that equity markets become less liquid and equity prices become less efficient when markets for single-name credit default swap (CDS) contracts emerge. This finding is robust across a variety of market quality measures. We analyze the potential mechanisms driving this result and find evidence consistent with negative trader-driven information spillovers that result from the introduction of CDS. These spillovers greatly outweigh the potentially positive effects associated with completing markets (e.g., CDS markets increase hedging opportunities) when firms and their equity markets are in “bad” states. In “good” states, we find some evidence that CDS markets can be beneficial.
Harnessing local ecological knowledge for conservation decision making via Wisdom of Crowds: the case of the Manus green tree snailPapustyla pulcherrima
Authors: Whitmore Nathan 
Published: August 2015

AbstractThe shell of the Manus green tree snailPapustyla pulcherrimais renowned for its beauty and is subject to international protection under CITES, having been harvested intensively in the past. To determine its threat status, and whether further conservation action is justified, an inexpensive Wisdom of Crowds approach was used to estimate the change in relative density of the snail between 1998 and 2013. Local men and women were approached around the main market on Manus Island, Papua New Guinea, and asked to map the relative abundance of the snail on an ordinal scale, based on their personal observations in 2013 and 1998 (a year of cultural significance). The spatial abundance data from 400 surveys were analysed using an information-theoretic approach. A suite of cumulative link models incorporating geographical factors was used to determine the magnitude of the change and to investigate possible biological influences underpinning the reported pattern. High abundance of the snail was associated with intact forested areas, high elevation and low population density. A slow decline was evident, with the median percentage of map cells where the snail was categorized as plentiful decreasing by c. 20% between the 2 years. On this basis a categorization of Near Threatened was advocated for the species. Although it is arguable that Wisdom of Crowds methods cannot be substituted for in situ quantification, the approach appears to have utility as a preliminary assessment for further conservation expenditure, and as a tool for determining threat status.
The Concept of Assisted Management of Large-Scale Disasters by Horizontal Organizations
Authors: Burkle Frederick M. , Hayden Robin 
Published: August 2015

AbstractManagement of large-scale disasters is impeded by inadequately designed organizational infrastructure. The vertical organizational structures of most agencies responding to disasters contribute to a poorly integrated response, especially when collaboration, information sharing, and coordination are required. Horizontal (or lateral) organizations have assisted traditionally vertical civilian and military agencies by enhancing their capacity to operate successfully in complex human emergencies and large-scale natural disasters. Because of the multiagency and highly technical multidisciplinary requirements for decision-making in chemical and biological disasters, similar horizontal management options must be considered.
Silencing NFBD1/MDC1 enhances the radiosensitivity of human nasopharyngeal cancer CNE1 cells and results in tumor growth inhibition
Authors: Wang Z , Zeng Q , Chen T , Liao K , Bu Y , Hong S , Hu G 
Published: August 2015

AbstractNFBD1 functions in cell cycle checkpoint activation and DNA repair following ionizing radiation (IR). In this study, we defined the NFBD1 as a tractable molecular target to radiosensitize nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) cells. Silencing NFBD1 using lentivirus-mediated shRNA-sensitized NPC cells to radiation in a dose-dependent manner, increasing apoptotic cell death, decreasing clonogenic survival and delaying DNA damage repair. Furthermore, downregulation of NFBD1 inhibited the amplification of the IR-induced DNA damage signal, and failed to accumulate and retain DNA damage-response proteins at the DNA damage sites, which leaded to defective checkpoint activation following DNA damage. We also implicated the involvement of NFBD1 in IR-induced Rad51 and DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit foci formation. Xenografts models in nude mice showed that silencing NFBD1 significantly enhanced the antitumor activity of IR, leading to tumor growth inhibition of the combination therapy. Our studies suggested that a combination of gene therapy and radiation therapy may be an effective strategy for human NPC treatment.
Multiphoton harvesting metal–organic frameworks
Authors: Quah Hong Sheng , Chen Weiqiang , Schreyer Martin K. , Yang Hui , Wong Ming Wah , Ji Wei , Vittal Jagadese J. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractMultiphoton upconversion is a process where two or more photons are absorbed simultaneously to excite an electron to an excited state and, subsequently, the relaxation of electron gives rise to the emission of a photon with frequency greater than those of the absorbed photons. Materials possessing such property attracted attention due to applications in biological imaging, photodynamic therapy, three-dimensional optical data storage, frequency-upconverted lasing and optical power limiting. Here we report four-photon upconversion in metal–organic frameworks containing the ligand, trans, trans-9,10-bis(4-pyridylethenyl)anthracene. The ligand has a symmetrical acceptor–π–donor–π–acceptor structure and a singlet biradical electronic ground state, which boosted its multiphoton absorption cross-sections. We demonstrate that the upconversion efficiency can be enhanced by Förster resonance energy transfer within host–guest metal–organic frameworks consisting of encapsulated high quantum yielding guest molecules. Using these strategies, metal–organic framework materials, which can exhibit frequency-upconverted photoluminescence excited by simultaneous multiphoton absorption, can be rationally designed and synthesized.
Low surface recombination velocity in solution-grown CH3NH3PbBr3 perovskite single crystal
Authors: Yang Ye , Yan Yong , Yang Mengjin , Choi Sukgeun , Zhu Kai , Luther Joseph M. , Beard Matthew C. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractOrganic-inorganic hybrid perovskites are attracting intense research effort due to their impressive performance in solar cells. While the carrier transport parameters such as mobility and bulk carrier lifetime shows sufficient characteristics, the surface recombination, which can have major impact on the solar cell performance, has not been studied. Here we measure surface recombination dynamics in CH3NH3PbBr3 perovskite single crystals using broadband transient reflectance spectroscopy. The surface recombination velocity is found to be 3.4±0.1 × 103 cm s−1, ∼2–3 orders of magnitude lower than that in many important unpassivated semiconductors employed in solar cells. Our result suggests that the planar grain size for the perovskite thin films should be larger than ∼30 μm to avoid the influence of surface recombination on the effective carrier lifetime.
Inhibition of stationary phase respiration impairs persister formation in E. coli
Authors: Orman Mehmet A. , Brynildsen Mark P. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractBacterial persisters are rare phenotypic variants that temporarily tolerate high antibiotic concentrations. Persisters have been hypothesized to underlie the recalcitrance of biofilm infections, and strategies to eliminate these cells have the potential to improve treatment outcomes for many hospital-treated infections. Here we investigate the role of stationary phase metabolism in generation of type I persisters in Escherichia coli, which are those that are formed by passage through stationary phase. We find that persisters are unlikely to derive from bacteria with low redox activity, and that inhibition of respiration during stationary phase reduces persister levels by up to ∼1,000-fold. Loss of stationary phase respiratory activity prevents digestion of endogenous proteins and RNA, which yields bacteria that are more capable of translation, replication and concomitantly cell death when exposed to antibiotics. These findings establish bacterial respiration as a prime target for reducing the number of persisters formed in nutrient-depleted, non-growing populations.
Inherent structure length in metallic glasses: simplicity behind complexity
Authors: Wu Yuan , Wang Hui , Cheng Yongqiang , Liu Xiongjun , Hui Xidong , Nieh Taigang , Wang Yandong , Lu Zhaoping 
Published: August 2015

AbstractOne of the central themes in materials science is the structure-property relationship. In conventional crystalline metals, their mechanical behaviour is often dictated by well-defined structural defects such as dislocations, impurities and twins. However, the structure-property relationship in amorphous alloys is far from being understood, due to great difficulties in characterizing and describing the disordered atomic-level structure. Herein, we report a universal, yet simple, correlation between the macroscopic mechanical properties (i.e., yield strength and shear modulus) and a unique characteristic structural length in metallic glasses (MGs). Our analysis indicates that this characteristic length can incorporate effects of both the inter-atomic distance and valence electron density in MGs and result in the observed universal correlation. The current findings shed lights on the basic understanding of mechanical properties of MGs from their disordered atomic structures.