bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Broad Salinity Tolerance as a Refuge from Predation in the Harmful Raphidophyte Alga Heterosigma akashiwo (Raphidophyceae)
Authors: Strom Suzanne L. , Harvey Elizabeth L. , Fredrickson Kerri A. , Menden‐Deuer Susanne 
Published: October 2012

The ability of harmful algal species to form dense, nearly monospecific blooms remains an ecological and evolutionary puzzle. We hypothesized that predation interacts with estuarine salinity gradients to promote blooms of Heterosigma akashiwo (Y. Hada) Y. Hada ex Y. Hara et M. Chihara, a cosmopolitan toxic raphidophyte. Specifically, H. akashiwo's broad salinity tolerance appears to provide a refuge from predation that enhances the net growth of H. akashiwo populations through several mechanisms. (1) Contrasting salinity tolerance of predators and prey. Estuarine H. akashiwo isolates from the west coast of North America grew rapidly at salinities as low as six, and distributed throughout experimental salinity gradients to salinities as low as three. In contrast, survival of most protistan predator species was restricted to salinities >15. (2) H. akashiwo physiological and behavioral plasticity. Acclimation to low salinity enhanced H. akashiwo's ability to accumulate and grow in low salinity waters. In addition, the presence of a ciliate predator altered H. akashiwo swimming behavior, promoting accumulation in low‐salinity surface layers inhospitable to the ciliate. (3) Negative effects of low salinity on predation processes. Ciliate predation rates decreased sharply at salinities <25 and, for one species, H. akashiwo toxicity increased at low salinities. Taken together, these behaviors and responses imply that blooms can readily initiate in low salinity waters where H. akashiwo would experience decreased predation pressure while maintaining near‐maximal growth rates. The salinity structure of a typical estuary would provide this HAB species a unique refuge from predation. Broad salinity tolerance in raphidophytes may have evolved in part as a response to selective pressures associated with predation.
Effect of three polyether ionophores on pharmacokinetics of florfenicol in male broilers
Authors: Wang G.‐Y. , Tu P. , Chen X. , Guo Y.‐G. , Jiang S.‐X. 
Published: October 2012

Drug–drug interactions (DDIs) may adversely affect the prevention and cure of diseases. The effects of three polyether ionophore antibiotics, salinomycin (SAL), monensin (MON), and maduramycin (MAD) on the pharmacokinetics of florfenicol (FFC) were investigated in broilers. The chickens were fed rations with or without SAL (60 mg/kg feeds), MON (120 mg/kg feeds), or MAD (5 mg/kg feeds) for 14 consecutive days. FFC was given to the chickens either intravenously (i.v.) or orally (p.o.) at a single dose of 30 mg/kg body weight. Blood samples were taken from each chicken at 0–24 h postadministration of FFC. The plasma concentration of FFC was detected by high‐performance liquid chromatography. The plasma concentration of FFC decreased with i.v. or p.o. co‐administration of SAL, MON, or MAD in broilers, implying occurrence of DDIs during the co‐administration of FFC with these ionophores. Our findings suggest that more attention should be given to the use of FFC to treat bacterial infections in chickens supplemented with polyether ionophore antibiotics.
A comparison of intertidal species richness and composition between Central California and Oahu, Hawaii
Authors: Zabin Chela J. , Danner Eric M. , Baumgartner Erin P. , Spafford David , Miller Kathy Ann , Pearse John S. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractThe intertidal zone of tropical islands is particularly poorly known. In contrast, temperate locations such as California's Monterey Bay are fairly well studied. However, even in these locations, studies have tended to focus on a few species or locations. Here we present the results of the first broadscale surveys of invertebrate, fish and algal species richness from a tropical island, Oahu, Hawaii, and a temperate mainland coast, Central California. Data were gathered through surveys of 10 sites in the early 1970s and again in the mid‐1990s in San Mateo and Santa Cruz counties, California, and of nine sites in 2001–2005 on Oahu. Surveys were conducted in a similar manner allowing for a comparison between Oahu and Central California and, for California, a comparison between time periods 24 years apart. We report a previously undocumented richness of intertidal species in both locations: 516 for Oahu and 801 for Central California. Surprisingly, when differences in search efforts are controlled, overall (alpha) diversity appears to be similar between locations, although site level (beta) diversity is much higher in California. Species richness in California generally increased along a wave exposure gradient and distance from an urban area. Much higher numbers of both invasive and endemic species were found on Oahu. In California, more invertebrate species were found in the 1990s, likely due to an improvement in taxonomic resources since the 1970s, and species composition was different in the two surveys due to the high incidence of rare species. Although some southern species increased in number between the two time periods and some northern species decreased, we detected little evidence of change favoring southern or northern species. These results are in line with recent findings that water temperatures in the Monterey Bay have been in a cooling trend since the 1980s, in contrast to many locations elsewhere in the world.
Knowledge, attitudes and perceptions on infant and young child nutrition and feeding among adolescent girls and young mothers in rural Bangladesh
Authors: Hackett Kristy M. , Mukta Umme S. , Jalal Chowdhury S.B. , Sellen Daniel W. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractImproved infant and young child feeding (IYCF) practices have the potential to improve child health and development outcomes in poorly resourced communities. In Bangladesh, approximately 60% of rural girls become mothers before the age of 18, but most interventions to improve IYCF practices target older mothers. We investigated the knowledge, attitudes and perceptions regarding IYCF among adolescent girls and young women aged 15–23 years old in two rural regions in north‐west Bangladesh and identified the main points of concordance with, or mismatch to, key international IYCF recommendations. We compared qualitative data collected during interviews and focus groups with participants who were unmarried, married without a child and married with at least one child, and stratified by region. Qualitative indicators of concordance with international recommendations suggest that IYCF knowledge of participants was limited, irrespective of marriage or maternity. Young mothers in our study were no more knowledgeable about feeding practices than their nulliparous peers. Some participants were well aware of an IYCF recommendation (e.g. to exclusively breastfeed for 6 months), but their interpretation of the recommendation deviated from the intended public health message. Notions of insufficient or ‘spoiled’ breast milk, gender‐based biases in feeding intentions and understandings of infant needs, and generational shifts in feeding practices were commonly reported. Conclusions are that female adolescence is a window of opportunity for improving health outcomes among future children, and increased investment in early education of adolescent girls regarding safe IYCF may be an effective strategy to promote and support improved infant feeding practices.
Long‐distance dispersal and genetic structure of natural populations: an assessment of the inverse isolation hypothesis in peat mosses
Authors: Szövényi Péter , Sundberg Sebastian , Shaw A. Jonathan 
Published: October 2012

AbstractIt is well accepted that the shape of the dispersal kernel, especially its tail, has a substantial effect on the genetic structure of species. Theory predicts that dispersal by fat‐tailed kernels reshuffles genetic material, and thus, preserves genetic diversity during colonization. Moreover, if efficient long‐distance dispersal is coupled with random colonization, an inverse isolation effect is predicted to develop in which increasing genetic diversity per colonizer is expected with increasing distance from a genetically variable source. By contrast, increasing isolation leads to decreasing genetic diversity when dispersal is via thin‐tailed kernels. Here, we use a well‐established model group for dispersal biology (peat mosses: genus Sphagnum) with a fat‐tailed dispersal kernel, and the natural laboratory of the Stockholm archipelago to study the validity of the inverse isolation hypothesis in spore‐dispersed plants in island colonization. Population genetic structure of three species (Sphagnum fallax, Sphagnum fimbriatum and Sphagnum palustre) with contrasting life histories and ploidy levels were investigated on a set of islands using microsatellites. Our data show (, amova, IBD) that dispersal of the two most abundant species can be well approximated by a random colonization model. We find that genetic diversity per colonizer on islands increases with distance from the mainland for S. fallax and S. fimbriatum. By contrast, S. palustre deviates from this pattern, owing to its restricted distribution in the region, affecting its source pool strength. Therefore, the inverse isolation effect appears to hold in natural populations of peat mosses and, likely, in other organisms with small diaspores.
Multidisciplinary perspectives on bacterial genome organization and dynamics
Authors: Dame Remus T. , Espéli Olivier , Grainger David C. , Wiggins Paul A. 
Published: October 2012

SummaryBacterial genomes are organized by a plethora of chromatin proteins and physical mechanisms. This organization appears to be hierarchical with DNA folding events at the nm scale influencing higher levels of chromosome organization. Besides acting in shaping the genome these factors also play important regulatory roles in numerous DNA transactions. While DNA folding mechanisms operating at the nm scale are fairly well understood, it has been hard to translate this knowledge into accurate models that describe the complete dynamics of the genome. In recent years new techniques have evolved that are key to filling the current gaps in understanding. Particularly insightful in this light appear techniques that probe architectural properties of chromatin proteins on single molecules, techniques that map the binding of protein components and spatial structure on a genome‐wide basis and improved imaging techniques that provide resolutions capable of resolving substructures/heterogeneities in the nucleoid. Moreover, bioinformatic and polymer physics approaches are starting to provide novel insights. In our opinion, an important aim in the field is to generate an accurate and complete description of the nucleoid and its dynamics at all scales. A first step towards this aim has now been set by bringing together people from diverse disciplinary backgrounds at the Lorentz centre workshop ‘Biology and Physics of Bacterial Genome Organization’ in Leiden, the Netherlands from 18 to 22 June 2012.
Bacterial growth does require peptidoglycan hydrolases
Authors: Vollmer Waldemar 
Published: October 2012

SummaryMost bacteria surround their cytoplasmic membrane with a net‐like, elastic heteropolymer, the peptidoglycan sacculus, to protect themselves from bursting due to the turgor and to maintain cell shape. It has been assumed that growing bacteria require peptidoglycan hydrolases to open meshes in the peptidoglycan net allowing the insertion of the newly synthesized material for surface expansion. However, peptidoglycan hydrolases essential for bacterial growth have long remained elusive. In this issue of Molecular Microbiology Singh et al. () report the identification in Escherichia coli of three new DD‐endopeptidases (Spr, YdhO and YebA) which are collectively required for peptidoglycan growth. Cells depleted of the three enzymes fail to incorporate new peptidoglycan, indicating that the cleavage of cross‐links by the new endopeptidases is needed for surface growth of the sacculus. These results are corroborated by recent data showing that Bacillus subtilis cells require the DL‐endopeptidase activity of CwlO or LytE for growth.
Environmental Factors Associated with Overweight and Obesity in Taiwanese Children
Authors: Chen Yang‐Ching , Chen Pau‐Chung , Hsieh Wu‐Shiun , Portnov Boris A. , Chen Yu‐An , Lee Yungling Leo 
Published: October 2012

AbstractBackground:  We explored the relationship among sociodemographic, behavioural, household environmental and perinatal factors, and risks of childhood overweight and obesity in Taiwan.Methods:  A total of 7930 children aged 9 to 14 years were recruited from 14 randomly selected Taiwanese communities in 2007 and 2010. Height and weight were measured using standard protocols during school visits. Questionnaires that contained children's family information, birth conditions, exercise habits and household environmental factors were answered by the parents. Associations between risk factors and childhood overweight and obesity were estimated through odds ratio and 95% confidence interval from mixed models.Results:  In this cohort, 32.3% of the children were overweight and 17.5% were obese. Male gender, high birthweight, exposure to in utero maternal smoking and current exposure to household environmental tobacco smoke (stronger effect of maternal than paternal smoking) were positively associated with childhood overweight/obesity. In contrast, higher parental education level, number of siblings, active exercise habits and taking vitamins were associated with reduced risks of childhood obesity. Birthweight revealed a J‐shaped relationship with the probability of childhood overweight/obesity.Conclusions:  This study uncovers several modifiable risk factors for childhood overweight and obesity, and parents are encouraged to provide an anti‐obesity environment such as quitting smoking, controlling birthweight of child during pregnancy and building up exercise habits.
Perinatal Outcomes in Large Infants Using Customised Birthweight Centiles and Conventional Measures of High Birthweight
Authors: Pasupathy Dharmintra , McCowan Lesley M. E. , Poston Lucilla , Kenny Louise C. , Dekker Gus A. , North Robyn A. ,   SCOPE consortium
Published: October 2012

AbstractBackground:  Large‐for‐gestational‐age (LGA) or macrosomic infants are associated with adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes. It is unclear if these associations are stronger using customised birthweight centiles. We compared outcomes between term infants defined macrosomic by birthweight >4000 g (Macro4000) or LGA by population centiles (LGApop) with those defined LGA by customised centiles (LGAcust).Methods:  This is a prospective cohort study of 2668 term nulliparous women recruited into the Screening for Pregnancy Endpoints (SCOPE) study centres in Auckland, New Zealand and Adelaide, Australia. Maternal (caesarean delivery, postpartum haemorrhage) and infant (severe neonatal morbidity/mortality and admission to neonatal intensive care) outcomes in Macro4000 and LGA groups were compared with appropriate‐for‐gestational‐age infants by customised centiles using logistic regression.Results:  Customised centiles defined fewer infants as LGA (10.3% LGAcust, 14.8% Macro4000, 11.2% LGApop). However customised centiles showed stronger association with adverse outcomes. Pre‐labour and intrapartum caesarean section were increased twofold in LGAcust pregnancies, including those that were not Macro4000 or LGApop. Postpartum haemorrhage was increased twofold in mothers of LGAcust infants only when infants were also LGApop. Severe neonatal morbidity/mortality or admission to neonatal intensive care was increased twofold in LGAcust who were also either Macro4000 or LGApop. Importantly 52.3% of Macro4000 and 25.5% of LGApop infants were AGAcust and not at increased risk of most adverse maternal or neonatal outcomes.Conclusions:  The use of customised centiles are more strongly associated with adverse birth outcomes and its use should be considered in the definition of LGA.
Genetic and Environmental Influences on Chest Circumference during Infancy: A Longitudinal Study of Japanese Twins
Authors: Silventoinen Karri , Kaprio Jaakko , Dunkel Leo , Yokoyama Yoshie 
Published: October 2012

AbstractBackground:  Chest circumference (CC) is suggested to be a good indicator of early life nutrition, but little is known on the heritability of CC. Thus we analysed the effects of genetic and environmental factors on the development of CC in Japanese infants.Methods:  CC was measured longitudinally from birth until 1 year of age in a cohort of 211 monozygotic and 160 dizygotic complete Japanese twin pairs born in 1989–2002. The data were analysed using applications of structural linear equation modelling for twin data.Results:  No sex‐specific differences in the variance components were found. Environmental factors unique to each twin explained the major part of the variation of CC at birth whereas environmental factors shared by co‐twins were more important at 1–3 months of age. From 3 months of age, the effect of genetic factors become steadily stronger and they explained the majority of the variation at 1 year of age. Strong genetic continuity in the development of CC was found, but also new sets of genes were activated during the first year of life. The origin of the environmental part of the variation could be tracked before 3 months of age. A substantial part of common and specific environmental factors affecting CC affected also birthweight.Conclusions:  CC is sensitive to intrauterine environmental factors, but these effects diminish during the first year of life, at least if postnatal environment is good. CC can be a useful indicator when identifying newborns who have suffered suboptimal pre‐natal conditions.
The Agent‐Relative Probability Threshold of Hope
Authors: Williams Bekka 
Published: October 2012

AbstractNearly all contributors to the philosophical analysis of hope agree that if an agent hopes that p, she both desires that p and assigns to p a probability which is greater than zero, but less than one. According to the widely‐endorsed Standard Account, these two conditions are also (jointly) sufficient for ‘hoping that’. Ariel Meirav has recently argued, however, that the Standard Account fails to distinguish hoping for a prospect from despairing of it – due to cases where two agents equally desire an outcome and assign to it the same probability, yet one hopes for the outcome while the other despairs of it. I argue, against Meirav, that these putative counterexamples depend crucially on the assumption – previously unquestioned – that the degree of probability necessary for hope is invariant across individuals. If the probability threshold is instead understood as agent‐relative, the difficulty disappears. Further, I argue that there is strong independent reason for taking the probability threshold of hope to be agent‐relative, based on similarities to the widely‐accepted agent‐relative probability thresholds of industriousness and risk aversion. And I conclude by noting how the agent‐relative modification to the Standard Account is better equipped than is Meirav's positive view to yield intuitive results.
Policy Style and Governing without Consensus: Devolution and Education Policy inNorthernIreland
Authors: Birrell Derek , Heenan Deirdre 
Published: October 2012

AbstractDevolved government was established inNorthernIreland in 1999 at the same time asScotland andWales with a varying range of powers, particularly over the major areas of social policy including education. Devolution inNorthernIreland was set up on the basis of statutory power‐sharing in the core executive with a number of mechanisms to promote involvement by all sections of the community through their political representatives. This marked a departure from the traditional majoritarian and hierarchical model ofUKgovernment. The operation of devolved government inNorthernIreland requires a consensus on major policy items requiring legislation. The main aim of the article is to assess whether or not there is a devolved policy style inNorthernIreland and to compare this policy style with the findings of similar analysis inScotland andWales. Consideration is then given to the impact of both the distinctive policy processes which reflect the consociational nature of theGoodFriday Agreement and wider social, political and administrative factors. Decision‐making on education policy is a totally devolved function and thus serves as an important example of autonomous policy formulation and policy‐making. The three main topics of current policy debate in education are selected for analysis to determine the nature of the decision‐making process and the existence of a distinct devolved policy style.
AtMYB44 regulates WRKY70 expression and modulates antagonistic interaction between salicylic acid and jasmonic acid signaling
Authors: Shim Jae Sung , Jung Choonkyun , Lee Sangjoon , Min Kyunghun , Lee Yin‐Won , Choi Yeonhee , Lee Jong Seob , Song Jong Tae , Kim Ju‐Kon , Choi Yang Do 
Published: October 2012

SummaryThe role of AtMYB44, an R2R3 MYB transcription factor, in signaling mediated by jasmonic acid (JA) and salicylic acid (SA) is examined. AtMYB44 is induced by JA through CORONATINE INSENSITIVE 1 (COI1). AtMYB44 over‐expression down‐regulated defense responses against the necrotrophic pathogen Alternaria brassicicola, but up‐regulated WRKY70 and PR genes, leading to enhanced resistance to the biotrophic pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000. The knockout mutant atmyb44 shows opposite effects. Induction of WRKY70 by SA is reduced in atmyb44 and npr1‐1 mutants, and is totally abolished in atmyb44 npr1‐1 double mutants, showing that WRKY70 is regulated independently through both NPR1 and AtMYB44. AtMYB44 over‐expression does not change SA content, but AtMYB44 over‐expression phenotypes, such as retarded growth, up‐regulated PR1 and down‐regulated PDF1.2 are reversed by SA depletion. The wrky70 mutation suppressed AtMYB44 over‐expression phenotypes, including up‐regulation of PR1 expression and down‐regulation of PDF1.2 expression. β‐estradiol‐induced expression of AtMYB44 led to WRKY70 activation and thus PR1 activation. AtMYB44 binds to the WRKY70 promoter region, indicating that AtMYB44 acts as a transcriptional activator of WRKY70 by directly binding to a conserved sequence element in the WRKY70 promoter. These results demonstrate that AtMYB44 modulates antagonistic interaction by activating SA‐mediated defenses and repressing JA‐mediated defenses through direct control of WRKY70.
EXPLORING THE ANATOMY OF DORSAL RADIOCARPAL LIGAMENT OF THE WRIST AND ITS ULNAR PART: A CADAVERIC STUDY
Authors: Jariwala A. , Khurjekar K. , Whiton S. , Wigderowitz C. A. 
Published: October 2012

The current study aimed to explore the anatomy of the dorsal radio-carpal ligament (DRC ligament) and to investigate the presence and histological structure of ulnar part of the DRC ligament. Twenty cadaveric wrist joints were dissected and attachments of the DRC ligament and the newly described ulnar part of the DRC ligament were identified and noted. Samples of both ligaments were sent for histological examination. The DRC ligament was identified in all 20 specimens with type I Mizuseki arrangement of fibres seen in 60% of wrists. The ulnar part of the DRC ligament was successfully identified in 18 of the 20 wrists. The histological observation of the ulnar part of the DRC ligament showed the highly uniform arrangement of collagen bundles typical of ligaments. This study explores the anatomy of the DRC ligament and confirms the presence of the ulnar part of DRC ligament through histological analysis not undertaken in previous studies.