bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Orders of Merit and CEO Compensation: Evidence from a Natural Experiment
Authors: Siming Linus 
Published: May 2015

AbstractManuscript TypeEmpiricalResearch Question/IssueGovernments worldwide bestow orders of merit upon their citizens as a recognition of distinguished service. In this paper, I study whether orders of merit can function as an external form of perquisite through which the government can supplement the compensation given by a publicly listed firm to the CEO.Research Findings/InsightsI build upon the literature on perquisites to develop hypotheses on the relationship between orders of merit and executive compensation. The predictions are tested through an empirical analysis that revolves around the 1974 legal reform in which Sweden discontinued the conferral of orders of merit to citizens. The difference‐in‐differences methodology I employ enables me to make causal statements on the relationship between orders of merit, firm performance, and monetary compensation. I find that orders of merit function as symbols that visibly confirm social status vis‐à‐vis the general public and are valued by CEOs as a substitute for the need to engage in conspicuous consumption.Theoretical/Academic ImplicationsThis study provides empirical support that orders of merit can be seen as an external form of perquisite that can substitute for monetary compensation. Essentially, this is evidence that governments can affect CEO salaries through the provision of a non‐monetary status good. The findings also indicate that CEOs not only care about distinguishing themselves as “superstars” among their peer group of corporate leaders but also value non‐monetary symbols that emphasize their social status in relation to the general public.Practitioner/Policy ImplicationsCompanies should take into account that CEOs may receive valuable status goods from the government when determining compensation policies. In addition, governments should consider that the removal of non‐monetary awards may result in higher levels of monetary compensation in publicly listed firms.
The Multidisciplinary Translational Team (MTT) Model for Training and Development of Translational Research Investigators
Authors: Ameredes Bill T. , Hellmich Mark R. , Cestone Christina M. , Wooten Kevin C. , Ottenbacher Kenneth J. , Chonmaitree Tasnee , Anderson Karl E. , Brasier Allan R. 
Published: May 2015

ABSTRACTMultiinstitutional research collaborations now form the most rapid and productive project execution structures in the health sciences. Effective adoption of a multidisciplinary team research approach is widely accepted as one mechanism enabling rapid translation of new discoveries into interventions in human health. Although the impact of successful team‐based approaches facilitating innovation has been well‐documented, its utility for training a new generation of scientists has not been thoroughly investigated. We describe the characteristics of how multidisciplinary translational teams (MTTs) promote career development of translational research scholars through competency building, interprofessional integration, and team‐based mentoring approaches. Exploratory longitudinal and outcome assessments from our experience show that MTT membership had a positive effect on the development of translational research competencies, as determined by a self‐report survey of 32 scholars. We also observed that all trainees produced a large number of collaborative publications that appeared to be associated with their CTSA association and participation with MTTs. We conclude that the MTT model provides a unique training environment for translational and team‐based learning activities, for investigators at early stages of career development.
Variation in cerebral palsy profile by socio‐economic status
Authors: Oskoui Maryam , Messerlian Carmen , Blair Alexandra , Gamache Philippe , Shevell Michael 
Published: May 2015

AimSocio‐economic differences in maternal and child health are well recognized, but the role of individual‐level and area‐level determinants in cerebral palsy (CP) phenotypes is debated. We set out to examine (1) the association between area‐level and individual‐level measures of socio‐economic deprivation and CP phenotype among children, including subtype, severity, and comorbidities; and (2) the direct effect of area‐level deprivation not mediated through individual‐level deprivation.MethodRegional data from a provincial CP register were analyzed. The outcome of interest was CP phenotype. The area‐level exposure was measured using the Pampalon Deprivation Index. Individual‐level socio‐economic status (SES) was determined using maternal education. We conducted multiple regression models, stratified by preterm birth, controlling for key covariates, and a mediation analysis of area‐level deprivation on the association between individual SES and CP phenotype.ResultsA socio‐economic gradient in mobility was seen in our cohort, above and beyond differences in maternal and perinatal factors. The added direct effect of area‐level deprivation was seen only in children whose mothers were educated to a higher level, suggesting no additional contribution of area‐level deprivation in children of mothers with a lower level of education.InterpretationContextual socio‐economic factors can impact the severity of CP. These findings indicate important areas for potential community‐level or area‐level public health intervention (i.e. neighborhood reinvestment, preventive measures), and suggest that neighborhood‐level research in maternal and perinatal health should continue to be pursued.
Postprandial Hemodynamics in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
Authors: Adams Jonathon C. , Bois John P. , Masaki Mitsuru , Yuasa Toshinori , Oh Jae K. , Ommen Steve R. , Nishimura Rick A. , Klarich Kyle W. 
Published: May 2015

ObjectivesPrior analysis at our institution found that patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) who experience postprandial symptoms (PPS) are more likely to have resting left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) obstruction and reduced quality of life. Our objective was to determine whether PPS in patients with HCM vs healthy subjects occur as a result of measurable hemodynamic alterations in the postprandial hemodynamic response.MethodsWe conducted a prospective cross‐sectional study examining 45 patients with HCM and 10 controls who underwent fasting and postprandial 2‐dimensional Doppler echocardiography. Postprandial echocardiographic measurements were obtained at symptom onset or 30 minutes after consumption of a standardized meal, whichever occurred first.ResultsThe HCM population included 18 (40%) patients with PPS and 27 (60%) without PPS. Compared to controls, mean resting peak LVOT gradient was 23.4 ± 17.6 mmHg in HCM patients with PPS and 25.1 ± 33.1 mmHg in those without PPS (P = 0.10). The mean change in peak LVOT gradient after a meal was 0.7 ± 1.1 mmHg for controls, 5.0 ± 8.3 mmHg for HCM patients with PPS, and 1.5 ± 18.2 mmHg for HCM patients without PPS (P = 0.64).ConclusionAlthough the ability to provoke an increased LVOT gradient with a postprandial, upright exercise study protocol was recently reported, the current study suggests that a resting, supine, postprandial protocol does not elicit evidence of LVOT obstruction. Therefore, future investigations should consider whether simply performing an upright postprandial study in HCM patients with PPS will provide evidence of dynamic LVOT or if the addition of an exercise component is necessary.
Habitual physical activity is associated with circulating irisin in healthy controls but not in subjects with diabetes mellitus type 2
Authors: Al‐Daghri Nasser M. , Alokail Majed S. , Rahman Shakilur , Amer Osama E. , Al‐Attas Omar S. , Alfawaz Hanan , Tripathi Gyanendra , Sabico Shaun , Chrousos George P. , McTernan Philip G. , Piya Milan K. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractBackgroundIrisin, a novel myokine, has been shown to increase following vigorous exercise, with studies suggesting that it mediates some of the beneficial effects of exercise. Irisin might play a role in ‘browning’ of white adipocytes, thus increasing energy expenditure. The role of irisin in exercise and energy expenditure in subjects with diabetes mellitus type 2 (DMT2) remains largely unknown. We aimed to investigate the association between circulating irisin and habitual physical activity in subjects with and without DMT2.Material and methodsIn this cross‐sectional study, 164 Saudi adults: 81 non‐DMT2 controls [age: (mean ± SD) 51·6 ± 10·9; BMI: 29·6 ± 4·3 kg/m2] and 83 DMT2 subjects [age: 54·3 ± 10·3 year; BMI: 29·4 ± 4·7 kg/m2] were studied. Anthropometric and fasting serum biochemical data were collected. Circulating irisin was measured using an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Frequency intensity time (FIT) index was used to assess the level of habitual physical activity.ResultsWe observed significantly higher levels of irisin in DMT2 subjects than in controls (P < 0·001). FIT index was positively associated (r = 0·20, P = 0·03) with circulating irisin in controls only. Additionally, irisin levels were significantly higher in tertile 3 (0·75 ± 0·07 μg/mL) than tertile 1 (0·49 ± 0·06 μg/mL) of the FIT index in healthy controls, whilst no such relation with physical activity was observed in DMT2 subjects.ConclusionThis cross‐sectional study has shown a weak association of irisin with physical activity levels in healthy controls but not in DMT2 subjects, suggesting the possibility of discordant regulation in the condition of DMT2.
INTERMARRIAGE AND THE LABOR MARKET OUTCOMES OF ASIAN WOMEN
Authors: Basu Sukanya 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThe impact of intermarriage with natives, on labor market outcomes of immigrants, is not homogeneous across ethnic groups. Wages of Asian women are compared with non‐Asians. Both ordinary least squares and instrumental variables estimates of the effects of intermarriage on the wages of Asian women are negative and significant. Non‐Asian women earn a wage premium that becomes insignificant when controls for selection into marriage are introduced. One possible explanation for the intermarriage penalty for Asians is an income effect of having a high‐earning native husband. Intermarriage penalties rise with husband's education. Assimilation patterns of intermarried Asians indicate that they have lower initial wages, market hours, and employment, but exhibit faster rates of growth over their years of stay. The results are robust across Asian subgroups and husband's ethnicity. (JEL J16, J12, J31, J61)
Consequences of infanticide for a gregarious ectoparasitoid of leafroller larvae
Authors: HOPPER JULIE V. , MILLS NICHOLAS J. 
Published: May 2015

1. In this laboratory study, the clutch size and handling time of Goniozus jacintae were investigated, a comparison of its life‐history performance between primary and secondary (laid after infanticide events) broods was carried out, and the lipid and protein concentrations in the haemolymph of non‐parasitised and parasitised hosts were estimated.2. It was found that G. jacintae temporarily paralysed its host larvae for 66 min and briefly guarded its brood for 66 min. The clutch size of G. jacintae increased from two to seven with increasing larval fresh weight of its host, and both ovicide and larvicide of primary clutches occurred in 81% of encounters.3. Secondary clutches of G. jacintae were significantly larger than primary clutches in two of three ovicide treatments for the same host individuals. Secondary clutches also experienced greater brood survivorship than primary clutches.4. Lipid concentrations were consistently higher in the haemolymph of parasitised hosts, and protein concentrations were initially higher (until egg hatch), but increased at a lower rate in parasitised hosts than in non‐parasitised hosts.5. This study is the first to provide evidence that improved nutritional quality could be an important benefit of infanticide for an insect parasitoid, allowing for larger clutch size and improved brood survivorship among secondary broods.
Physical and physiological costs of ectoparasitic mites on host flight endurance
Authors: LUONG LIEN T. , PENONI LUDMILA R. , HORN COLLIN J. , POLAK MICHAL 
Published: May 2015

1. Dispersal is essential for locating mates, new resources, and to escape unfavourable conditions. Parasitism can impact a host's ability to perform energetically demanding activities such as long‐distance flight, with important consequences for gene flow and meta‐population dynamics.2. Ectoparasites, in particular, can adversely affect host flight performance by diminishing flight aerodynamics and/or by inflicting physiological damage while feeding on host tissue.3. Experimental flight assays were conducted using two fruit fly‐mite systems:Drosophila nigrospiracula(Patterson andWheeler) – Macrocheles subbadius(Berlese) andD. hydei(Sturtevan) – M. muscaedomesticae(Scopoli). Flies that are burdened by mites are expected to exhibit lower flight endurance compared to uninfected flies.4. The results show that the presence of mites (attached) significantly decreased flight endurance by 57% and 78% compared to uninfectedD. nigrospiraculaandD. hydei, respectively. The physiological damage caused byM. subbadiuswas revealed through a 53% decline in flight time among previously infected flies (mites removed just prior to flight assay). Surprisingly, the presumably phoreticM. muscaedomesticaealso caused a 62% reduction in flight endurance among previously infectedD. hydei.5. These results suggest a strong deleterious effect of ectoparasitic mites on host flight performance, mediated by a reduction in flight aerodynamics and damage to host physiology. Adverse effects on host flight and/or dispersal may have broad implications for gene flow, population genetic structure, and local adaptation in both host and parasite meta‐populations.
Ketogenic diet exhibits anti‐inflammatory properties
Authors: Dupuis Nina , Curatolo Niccolo , Benoist Jean‐François , Auvin Stéphane 
Published: May 2015

SummaryThe ketogenic diet (KD) is an established treatment for refractory epilepsy, including some inflammation‐induced epileptic encephalopathies. In a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)–induced fever model in rats, we found that animals given the KD for 14 days showed less fever and lower proinflammatory cytokine levels than control animals. However, KD rats exhibited a decrease in circulating levels of arachidonic acid and long‐chain n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), suggesting that the anti‐inflammatory effect of KD was probably not due to an increase in anti‐inflammatory n‐3 PUFA derivatives. These properties might be of interest in some conditions such as fever‐induced refractory epileptic encephalopathy in school‐aged children.
Climate adaptation and speciation: particular focus on reproductive barriers inFicedulaflycatchers
Authors: Qvarnström Anna , Ålund Murielle , McFarlane S. Eryn , Sirkiä Päivi M. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractClimate adaptation is surprisingly rarely reported as a cause for the build‐up of reproductive isolation between diverging populations. In this review, we summarize evidence for effects of climate adaptation on pre‐ and postzygotic isolation between emerging species with a particular focus on pied (Ficedula hypoleuca) and collared (Ficedula albicollis) flycatchers as a model for research on speciation. Effects of climate adaptation on prezygotic isolation or extrinsic selection against hybrids have been documented in several taxa, but the combined action of climate adaptation and sexual selection is particularly well explored inFicedulaflycatchers. There is a general lack of evidence for divergent climate adaptation causing intrinsic postzygotic isolation. However, we argue that the profound effects of divergence in climate adaptation on the whole biochemical machinery of organisms and hence many underlying genes should increase the likelihood of genetic incompatibilities arising as side effects. Fast temperature‐dependent co‐evolution between mitochondrial and nuclear genomes may be particularly likely to lead to hybrid sterility. Thus, how climate adaptation relates to reproductive isolation is best explored in relation to fast‐evolving barriers to gene flow, while more research on later stages of divergence is needed to achieve a complete understanding of climate‐driven speciation.
Mitochondrial and lipogenic effects of vitamin D on differentiating and proliferating human keratinocytes
Authors: Consiglio Marco , Viano Marta , Casarin Stefania , Castagnoli Carlotta , Pescarmona Gianpiero , Silvagno Francesca 
Published: May 2015

AbstractEven in cells that are resistant to the differentiating effects of vitamin D, the activated vitamin D receptor (VDR) can downregulate the mitochondrial respiratory chain and sustain cell growth through enhancing the activity of biosynthetic pathways. The aim of this study was to investigate whether vitamin D is effective also in modulating mitochondria and biosynthetic metabolism of differentiating cells. We compared the effect of vitamin D on two cellular models: the primary human keratinocytes, differentiating and sensitive to the genomic action of VDR, and the human keratinocyte cell line HaCaT, characterized by a rapid growth and resistance to vitamin D. We analysed the nuclear translocation and features of VDR, the effects of vitamin D on mitochondrial transcription and the consequences on lipid biosynthetic fate. We found that the negative modulation of respiratory chain is a general mechanism of action of vitamin D, but at high doses, the HaCaT cells became resistant to mitochondrial effects by upregulating the catabolic enzyme CYP24 hydroxylase. In differentiating keratinocytes, vitamin D treatment promoted intracellular lipid deposition, likewise the inhibitor of respiratory chain stigmatellin, whereas in proliferating HaCaT, this biosynthetic pathway was not inducible by the hormone. By linking the results on respiratory chain and lipid accumulation, we conclude that vitamin D, by suppressing respiratory chain transcription in all keratinocytes, is able to support both the proliferation and the specialized metabolism of differentiating cells. Through mitochondrial control, vitamin D can have an essential role in all the metabolic phenotypes occurring in healthy and diseased skin.
Sirtuin‐6 deficiency exacerbates diabetes‐induced impairment of wound healing
Authors: Thandavarayan Rajarajan A. , Garikipati Venkata Naga Srikanth , Joladarashi Darukeshwara , Suresh Babu Sahana , Jeyabal Prince , Verma Suresh K. , Mackie Alexander R. , Khan Mohsin , Arumugam Somasundaram , Watanabe Kenichi , Kishore Raj , Krishnamurthy Prasanna 
Published: May 2015

AbstractDelayed wound healing is one of the major complications in diabetes and is characterized by chronic proinflammatory response, and abnormalities in angiogenesis and collagen deposition. Sirtuin family proteins regulate numerous pathophysiological processes, including those involved in promotion of longevity, DNA repair, glycolysis and inflammation. However, the role of sirtuin 6 (SIRT6), a NAD+‐dependent nuclear deacetylase, in wound healing specifically under diabetic condition remains unclear. To analyse the role of SIRT6 in cutaneous wound healing, paired 6‐mm stented wound was created in diabetic db/db mice and injected siRNA against SIRT6 in the wound margins (transfection agent alone and nonsense siRNA served as controls). Wound time to closure was assessed by digital planimetry, and wounds were harvested for histology, immunohistochemistry and Western blotting. SIRT6‐siRNA‐treated diabetic wound showed impaired healing, which was associated with reduced capillary density (CD31‐staining vessels) when compared to control treatment. Interestingly, SIRT6 deficiency decreased vascular endothelial growth factor expression and proliferation markers in the wounds. Furthermore, SIRT6 ablation in diabetic wound promotes nuclear factor‐κB (NF‐κB) activation resulting in increased expression of proinflammatory markers (intercellular adhesion molecule‐1, vascular cell adhesion molecule‐1, tumor necrosis factor‐α and interleukin‐1β) and increased oxidative stress. Collectively, our findings demonstrate that loss of SIRT6 in cutaneous wound aggravates proinflammatory response by increasing NF‐κB activation, oxidative stress and decrease in angiogenesis in the diabetic mice. Based on these findings, we speculate that the activation of SIRT6 signalling might be a potential therapeutic approach for promoting wound healing in diabetics.
Sesamol decreases melanin biosynthesis in melanocyte cells and zebrafish: Possible involvement of MITF via the intracellular cAMP and p38/JNK signalling pathways
Authors: Baek Seung‐hwa , Lee Sang‐Han 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThe development of antimelanogenic agents is important for the prevention of serious aesthetic problems such as melasma, freckles, age spots and chloasma. The aim of this study was to investigate the antimelanogenic effect of sesamol, an active lignan isolated from Sesamum indicum, in melan‐a cells. Sesamol strongly inhibited melanin biosynthesis and the activity of intracellular tyrosinase by decreasing cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) accumulation. Sesamol significantly decreased the expression of melanogenesis‐related genes, such as tyrosinase, tyrosinase‐related protein‐1,2 (TRP‐1,2), microphthalmia‐associated transcription factor (MITF) and melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R). In addition, sesamol also induces phosphorylation of p38 mitogen‐activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK) and c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase (JNK). Moreover, sesamol dose‐dependently decreased zebrafish pigment formation, tyrosinase activity and expression of melanogenesis‐related genes. These findings indicate that sesamol inhibited melanin biosynthesis by down‐regulating tyrosinase activity and melanin production via regulation of gene expression of melanogenesis‐related proteins through modulation of MITF activity, which promoted phosphorylation of p38 and JNK in melan‐a cells. Together, these results suggest that sesamol strongly inhibits melanin biosynthesis, and therefore, sesamol represents a new skin‐whitening agent for use in cosmetics.
Contribution to interplay between a delamination test and a sensory analysis of mid‐range lipsticks
Authors: Richard C. , Tillé‐Salmon B. , Mofid Y. 
Published: May 2015

SynopsisBackgroundLipstick is currently one of the most sold products of cosmetics industry, and the competition between the various manufacturers is significant. Customers mainly seek products with high spreadability, especially long–lasting or long wear on the lips. Evaluation tests of cosmetics are usually performed by sensory analysis. This can then represent a considerable cost.ObjectivesThe object of this study was to develop a fast and simple test of delamination (objective method with calibrated instruments) and to interplay the obtained results with those of a discriminative sensory analysis (subjective method) in order to show the relevance of the instrumental test.MethodsThree mid‐range lipsticks were randomly chosen and were tested. They were made of compositions as described by the International Nomenclature of Cosmetic Ingredients (INCI). Instrumental characterization was performed by texture profile analysis and by a special delamination test. The sensory analysis was voluntarily conducted with an untrained panel as blind test to confirm or reverse the possible interplay.ResultsThe two approaches or methods gave the same type of classification. The high‐fat lipstick had the worst behaviour with the delamination test and the worst notation of the intensity of descriptors with the sensory analysis.ConclusionThere is a high correlation between the sensory analysis and the instrumental measurements in this study. The delamination test carried out should permit to quickly determine the lasting (screening test) and in consequence optimize the basic formula of lipsticks.