bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Influence of Farmyard Manure and Bio-Fertilizers on Growth and Yield of Green Gram
Authors: Amitayush Ishan , Mehera Biswarup , Kumar Prateek , Pathak Shivam 
Published: July 2024

A study was conducted with the objective to evaluate the influence of Farmyard Manure and bio-fertilizers on growth and yield of green gram. The field experiment was conducted during Zaid season 2023 at Crop Research Farm, Department of Agronomy, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology And Sciences, Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh, India. The soil of the experimental field was sandy loam in texture, slightly alkaline in soil reaction (pH 8), low level of organic carbon (0.28%), available N (219 kg/ha), P (11.6 kg/ha) and K (217.2 kg/ha). The experiment was conducted in Randomized Block Design consisting of 9 treatments with 3 different levels of FYM 05t/ha, 10t/ha, 15t/ha and different biofertilizers Rhizobium 20g/kg seeds, PSB 20g/kg seedsand Trichoderma 4g/kg seeds with three replications and the treatments were allocated randomly in each replication. The results showed that treatment 7 with the application of FYM 15 tonnes/ha + Rhizobium 20g/kg seeds recorded significantly higher plant height (51.32cm), higher plant nodules (30.20), higher plant dry weight (13.69g), maximum crop growth rate (12.53g/m2 /day), maximum number of pods/plant (19.47), higher seed yield (1513 kg/ha) compared to other treatments. The maximum gross returns (117257.00NR/ha) and maximum net returns (78577.50 INR/ha), whereas highest benefit ratio (2.86) was recorded in treatment 1 with the application of FYM 15 tonnes/ha + Rhizobium 20g/kg seedsas compared to other treatments.
Molecular Evolution: Introduction
Authors: Penny David 
Published: April 2013

Abstract

Molecular evolution studies the mechanisms leading to present day
deoxyribonucleic acid
and protein sequences – it is a unifying force in biology. With the advent of the genomic era, it is expected to continue reducing the gap between molecular biology and the ecology of organisms. Some of the key advances are quantitative estimates of both the diversity in populations and of evolutionary relationships, as well as improvements in theoretical understanding. There is an improved understanding of the function of proteins and much better models of the common patterns of development. There are now powerful models for the origin of life, and at the other end of the scale, an important aspect has been the detailed models of the origin and distribution of modern humans.

Key Concepts:

Studies in Molecular Evolution developed very quickly once protein sequence (and then DNA sequence) information became available.

Molecular data inform every aspect of evolution, and similarly, molecular biology needs molecular evolution to understand it.

Evolutionary trees from molecular data have been, and continue to be, a major application of DNA sequences.

The neutral theory of evolution was an important early contribution, implying on‐going mutations occurred irrespective of any ‘need’ of the organism.

Gene duplication, and then divergence of the two copies, is an important source for the origin of New Information.

The origin of life can now be studied scientifically, and its main contribution is a proposed RNA‐world where RNA is involved in both information storage and catalysis.

Nothing in macroevolution has been found thus far that is not explained by normal microevolutionary molecular processes.

Molecular evolution shows a basic similarity of all living cells, reinforcing the common unity of all life on earth.

There are excellent data supporting an African origin of modern humans and spreading from there around the world (with a little introgression from earlier groups).
Substitution Matrices
Authors: Altschul Stephen F 
Published: April 2013

Abstract

A substitution matrix is a collection of scores for aligning nucleotides or amino acids with one another. These scores generally represent the relative ease with which one nucleotide or amino acid may mutate into or substitute for another, and they are used to measure similarity in sequence alignments. Substitution matrices are used in conjunction with gap costs to construct local or global alignments. A local alignment substitution matrix implicitly corresponds to a set of target frequencies for aligned letters, which characterise the alignments the matrix may most easily distinguish from chance. Thus different substitution matrices are optimal for comparing related sequences that have diverged to differing degrees. The point accepted mutation and blocks substitution matrix (BLOSUM) series of matrices for protein sequence comparison have been derived from collections of related sequences. Special‐purpose matrices may be appropriate for comparing sequences with biased nucleotide or amino acid composition.

Key Concepts:

Match/mismatch scores generally are suboptimal for comparing protein sequences.

A log‐odds substitution matrix is characterised by its target frequencies and scale.

All local‐alignment substitution matrices are implicitly log‐odds matrices.

Different substitution matrices are tailored to different degrees of evolutionary divergence.

Amino acid substitution matrices are constructed from curated sets of alignments.

The sequence divergence for which a substitution matrix is tailored may be measured by relative entropy.

Special matrices may be preferred for comparing sequences with nonstandard nucleotide or amino acid composition.

For gapped local alignments, statistical parameters must be estimated by random simulation.

For protein‐coding DNA, distant relationships are more easily detected at the protein than at the DNA level.

For global alignments, an equivalent scoring system results from adding 2
x
to all substitution scores, and
x
to the score for each letter aligned with a null.
Validity and Reliability of Patient‐Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System Instruments in Osteoarthritis
Authors: Broderick Joan E. , Schneider Stefan , Junghaenel Doerte U. , Schwartz Joseph E. , Stone Arthur A. 
Published: April 2013

ObjectiveEvaluation of known‐group validity, ecological validity, and test–retest reliability of 4 domain instruments from the Patient‐Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) in osteoarthritis (OA) patients.MethodsWe recruited an OA sample and a comparison general population (GP) sample through an internet survey panel. Pain intensity, pain interference, physical functioning, and fatigue were assessed for 4 consecutive weeks with PROMIS short forms on a daily basis and compared with same‐domain Computer Adaptive Testing (CAT) instruments that use a 7‐day recall. Known‐group validity (comparison of OA and GP), ecological validity (comparison of aggregated daily measures with CAT instruments), and test–retest reliability were evaluated.ResultsThe recruited samples matched the demographic characteristics (age, sex, race, and ethnicity) of the US sample for arthritis and the 2009 Census for the GP. Compliance with repeated measurements was excellent at >95%. Known‐group validity for CATs was demonstrated with large effect sizes (pain intensity 1.42, pain interference 1.25, and fatigue 0.85). Ecological validity was also established through high correlations between aggregated daily measures and weekly CATs (≥0.86). Test–retest validity (7‐day) was very good (≥0.80).ConclusionPROMIS CAT instruments demonstrated known‐group and ecological validity in a comparison of OA patients with a GP sample. Adequate test–retest reliability was also observed. These data provide encouraging initial data on the utility of these PROMIS instruments for clinical and research outcomes in OA patients.
Impact of Statin Use on Lipid Levels in Statin‐Naive Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis Versus Non–Rheumatoid Arthritis Subjects: Results From a Population‐Based Study
Authors: Myasoedova Elena , Gabriel Sherine E. , Green Abigail B. , Matteson Eric L. , Crowson Cynthia S. 
Published: April 2013

ObjectiveTo examine lipid profiles among statin‐naive patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and those without RA before and after the initiation of statins.MethodsInformation regarding lipid measures and statin use was gathered in a population‐based incident cohort of patients with RA (1987 American College of Rheumatology criteria first met between January 1, 1988 and January 1, 2008) and in a cohort of non‐RA subjects from the same underlying population. Only patients with no prior history of statin use were included.ResultsThe study included 161 patients with RA (mean age 56.3 years, 57% female) and 221 non‐RA subjects (mean age 56.0 years, 66% female). Prior to the start of statins, the levels of total cholesterol and low‐density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol were lower in the RA versus the non‐RA cohort (P < 0.001 and P = 0.003, respectively). The absolute and percentage change in LDL cholesterol after at least 90 days of statin use tended to be smaller in the RA versus the non‐RA cohort (P = 0.03 and P = 0.09, respectively). After at least 90 days of statin use, patients with RA were less likely to achieve therapeutic goals for LDL cholesterol than the non‐RA subjects (P = 0.046). Increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) at baseline (odds ratio 0.47, 95% confidence interval 0.26–0.85) was associated with lower likelihood of achieving therapeutic LDL goals.ConclusionPatients with RA had lower total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol levels before statin initiation and lower likelihood of achieving therapeutic LDL goals following statin use than the non‐RA subjects. Some RA disease characteristics, in particular ESR at baseline, may have an adverse impact on achieving therapeutic LDL goals.
Relationship Between Fatigue and Subsequent Physical Activity Among Older Adults With Symptomatic Osteoarthritis
Authors: Murphy Susan L. , Alexander Neil B. , Levoska Melissa , Smith Dylan M. 
Published: April 2013

ObjectiveAlthough it has been well established that fatigue is common among older adults with osteoarthritis (OA), relatively little is known about how fatigue in daily life affects physical activity. The purposes of this study were to examine the relationship between momentary fatigue and subsequent physical activity among people with OA who reported clinically relevant levels of fatigue and to examine moderators of this relationship.MethodsPeople with knee or hip OA and clinically relevant fatigue participated in physical performance assessments, completed questionnaires, and underwent a home monitoring period in which fatigue severity was measured 5 times/day over 5 days (n = 172). Physical activity was concurrently measured via a wrist‐worn accelerometer. Multilevel modeling was used to examine the relationship of momentary fatigue and subsequent activity controlling for other factors (e.g., age, body mass index, pain, and depression).ResultsFatigue was the strongest predictor of reduced subsequent activity. Only functional mobility (Timed Up and Go) moderated the relationship between fatigue and activity. The relationship between fatigue and activity was strongest for people with high functional mobility.ConclusionMomentary fatigue is a robust and important variable associated with decreased physical activity. Further, the moderating effect of functional mobility suggests this factor should be considered when intervening on fatigue. While people with better functional mobility may benefit from an activity‐based treatment approach (such as learning activity pacing techniques to reduce the impact of fatigue on activity), those with worse functional mobility may benefit from treatment focusing on underlying impairments.
Accuracy of Canadian Health Administrative Databases in Identifying Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Validation Study Using the Medical Records of Rheumatologists
Authors: Widdifield Jessica , Bernatsky Sasha , Paterson J. Michael , Tu Karen , Ng Ryan , Thorne J. Carter , Pope Janet E. , Bombardier Claire 
Published: April 2013

ObjectiveHealth administrative data can be a valuable tool for disease surveillance and research. Few studies have rigorously evaluated the accuracy of administrative databases for identifying rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients. Our aim was to validate administrative data algorithms to identify RA patients in Ontario, Canada.MethodsWe performed a retrospective review of a random sample of 450 patients from 18 rheumatology clinics. Using rheumatologist‐reported diagnosis as the reference standard, we tested and validated different combinations of physician billing, hospitalization, and pharmacy data.ResultsOne hundred forty‐nine rheumatology patients were classified as having RA and 301 were classified as not having RA based on our reference standard definition (study RA prevalence 33%). Overall, algorithms that included physician billings had excellent sensitivity (range 94–100%). Specificity and positive predictive value (PPV) were modest to excellent and increased when algorithms included multiple physician claims or specialist claims. The addition of RA medications did not significantly improve algorithm performance. The algorithm of “(1 hospitalization RA code ever) OR (3 physician RA diagnosis codes [claims] with ≥1 by a specialist in a 2‐year period)” had a sensitivity of 97%, specificity of 85%, PPV of 76%, and negative predictive value of 98%. Most RA patients (84%) had an RA diagnosis code present in the administrative data within ±1 year of a rheumatologist's documented diagnosis date.ConclusionWe demonstrated that administrative data can be used to identify RA patients with a high degree of accuracy. RA diagnosis date and disease duration are fairly well estimated from administrative data in jurisdictions of universal health care insurance.
The reduction continuous rank probability score for evaluating discharge forecasts from hydrological ensemble prediction systems
Authors: Trinh B. N. , Thielen‐del Pozo J. , Thirel G. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractEnsemble prediction system (EPS) meteorological forecasts are increasingly being used as input to hydrological models in order to extend flood‐warning lead‐times and to improve forecasts and the knowledge of their uncertainty. Probabilistic skill scores classically used in meteorology are usually also utilized for assessing the quality of hydrological ensemble forecasts. However, the different river discharge magnitudes can make difficult the interpretation and comparisons of these scores, as it is for the continuous rank probability score (CRPS). In this letter, a novel ‘Reduction’ CRPS (RCRPS), which takes into account the different river discharge magnitudes, is proposed, and its usefulness is exhibited. Copyright © 2013 Royal Meteorological Society
Boreal summer convection oscillation over the Indo‐Western Pacific and its relationship with the East Asian summer monsoon
Authors: Li Yanjie , Li Jianping , Feng Juan 
Published: April 2013

AbstractStatistical analysis shows that the Indo‐Pacific convection oscillation (IPCO) in boreal summer undergoes quasi‐biennial variability, and is closely related to the East Asian summer monsoon (EASM). Negative IPCO phases, which exhibit an enhanced convection over the north Indian Ocean and a suppressed convection over the western North Pacific, favor a weakened EASM and an increase of summer rainfall in the Yangtze River valley with the joint actions of the stronger than normal Ural and Okhotsk blocking highs and the subtropical western Pacific high, and vice versa. Copyright © 2013 Royal Meteorological Society
A theoretical study revealing the promotion of light‐absorbing carbon particles solubilization by natural surfactants in nanosized water droplets
Authors: Hede Thomas , Leck Caroline , Sun Lu , Tu Yaoquan , Ågren Hans 
Published: April 2013

AbstractMany identified effects of atmospheric aerosol particles on climate come from pollutants. The effects of light‐absorbing carbon particles (soot) are amongst the most uncertain and they are also considered to cause climate warming on the same order of magnitude as anthropogenic carbon dioxide. This study contributes to the understanding of the potential for transformation of the surface character of soot from hydrophobic to hydrophilic, which in clouds promotes a build‐up of water‐soluble material. We use molecular dynamics simulations to show how natural surfactants facilitate solubilization of fluoranthene, which we use as a model compound for soot in nanoaerosol water clusters. Copyright © 2013 Royal Meteorological Society
Comparative assessment of evapotranspiration derived from NCEP and ECMWF global datasets through Weather Research and Forecasting model
Authors: Srivastava Prashant K. , Han Dawei , Rico Ramirez Miguel A. , Islam Tanvir 
Published: April 2013

AbstractIn many hydro‐meteorological applications, it is not always possible to get access to in situ weather measurements, especially for the ungauged catchments. This study explores the performances of downscaled weather data for Reference Evapotranspiration (ETo) retrieval using the global European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) ERA interim and National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) reanalysis data, simulated through Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) mesoscale model. The range of the Nash‐Sutcliffe efficiency calculated for the ECMWF pooled datasets derived ETo varies from 0.31 to 0.87, while for NCEP it is found to be 0.11 to 0.38. Bias and Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) are also indicating a very high discrepancy in the NCEP ETo (Bias = −0.05; RMSE = 0.11) as compared to ECMWF (Bias = 0.00; RMSE = 0.06). The overall findings reveal that ECMWF downscaled products have a much better performance than the NCEP's counterparts. Copyright © 2013 Royal Meteorological Society
Bayesian outbreak detection algorithm for monitoring reported cases of campylobacteriosis in Germany
Authors: Manitz Juliane , Höhle Michael 
Published: April 2013

In infectious disease epidemiology, statistical methods are an indispensable component for the automated detection of outbreaks in routinely collected surveillance data. So far, methodology in this area has been largely of frequentist nature and has increasingly been taking inspiration from statistical process control. The present work is concerned with strengthening Bayesian thinking in this field. We extend the widely used approach of Farrington et al. and Heisterkamp et al. to a modern Bayesian framework within a time series decomposition context. This approach facilitates a direct calculation of the decision‐making threshold while taking all sources of uncertainty in both prediction and estimation into account. More importantly, with the methodology it is now also possible to integrate covariate processes, e.g. weather influence, into the outbreak detection. Model inference is performed using fast and efficient integrated nested Laplace approximations, enabling the use of this method in routine surveillance at public health institutions. Performance of the algorithm was investigated by comparing simulations with existing methods as well as by analysing the time series of notified campylobacteriosis cases in Germany for the years 2002–2011, which include absolute humidity as a covariate process. Altogether, a flexible and modern surveillance algorithm is presented with an implementation available through the R package ‘surveillance’.
Near‐infrared and two‐dimensional fluorescence spectroscopy monitoring of monoclonal antibody fermentation media quality: Aged media decreases cell growth
Authors: Hakemeyer Christian , Strauss Ulrike , Werz Silke , Folque Francisca , Menezes Jose C. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractIn biomanufacturing processes, the influence of feedstock components on product yield and quality is considerable and often poorly understood. Here we describe the capabilities of near‐infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) and two dimensional (2D)‐fluorescence spectroscopy in detecting chemical changes over time in two types of culture media (one basal media and one feed media) used in the production of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) by Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. Both spectroscopies were able to detect compositional changes in basal media over storage period of 12 weeks. NIRS was more effective in detecting changes in feed medium composition. The impact of storage time in process performance was evaluated by using aged media components in mAb cultivations. The study suggests that basal media aging results in a decrease of the integral of viable cells (IVC) (cell growth over time), while product titer is not significantly affected. Feed media appears to be less sensitive to storage and no correlation between the age of the media and cell culture performance was detected. Results obtained provide a basis on which to further improve cell culture raw material quality assessment using vibrational (e.g. NIRS) and optical (e.g. 2D‐fluorescence) spectroscopic methods.
Acute and long‐term outcomes of drug‐eluting stent implantations in aorto‐ostial, left anterior descending artery‐ostial, and nonostial lesions
Authors: Hsieh I‐Chang , Chen Chun‐Chi , Chang Shang‐Hung , Hsieh Ming‐Jer , Wang Chao‐Yung , Lee Cheng‐Hung , Lin Fen‐Chiung 
Published: April 2013

BackgroundThis study was designed to evaluate the acute and long‐term clinical and angiographic outcomes of drug‐eluting stent (DES) implantations in aorto‐ostial, left anterior descending artery (LAD)‐ostial and nonostial lesions.MethodFrom the CAPTAIN (cardiovascular atherosclerosis and percutaneous transluminal interventions) registry, a total of 61 patients with 61 aorto‐ostial, 173 patients with 173 LAD‐ostial, and 1,954 patients with 2,391 nonostial lesions were treated with DES implantations.ResultsCompared to patients with LAD‐ostial and nonostial lesions, those with aorto‐ostial lesions had a larger late loss (0.43 ± 0.66, 0.42 ± 0.63, and 0.95 ± 0.93 mm, respectively, P = 0.001), higher loss index (0.18 ± 0.28, 0.18 ± 0.26, and 0.39 ± 0.38, respectively, P = 0.001), and restenosis rate (7%, 6%, and 25%, respectively, P < 0.001) at a 6–9 months angiographic follow‐up. During the long‐term follow‐up period of 34 ± 26 months, the aorto‐ostial group had a higher rate of target vessel failure (21.7% vs. 12.3% vs. 10.9%, respectively, P = 0.030) and a lower cardiovascular event‐free survival rate, as determined by the Kaplan‐Meier analysis, than the other two groups (P = 0.002).ConclusionsIn spite of treatment with DES implantation, aorto‐ostial stenosis is still associated with higher restenosis and lower cardiovascular event‐free survival rates than LAD‐ostial and nonostial lesions during a long‐term follow‐up; however, LAD‐ostial stenoses are not associated with a higher risk than nonostial lesions.© 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.