bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Focused Assessment Sonography for Trauma (FAST) Training: A Systematic Review
Authors: Mohammad Alshafi , Hefny Ashraf F. , Abu‐Zidan Fikri M. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractBackgroundThe aim of this study was to systematically review the different methods for training Focused Assessment Sonography for Trauma (FAST), course design, and requirements for hospital credentialing.MethodsWe searched MEDLINE/PubMed, EMBASE, and the Cochrane database and performed a manual search of selected papers. All papers and abstracts written in English that studied training and education of FAST were included. Papers were critically evaluated, looking into training methods and models of FAST, their advantages and disadvantages, number and type of training hours, practice exams in the course, and number of cases advised to achieve hospital credentialing.ResultsA total of 52 studies were critically analyzed. The theoretical part of the courses lasted over a median (range) of 4 (1–16) h (n = 35 studies), while the practical part lasted over a median (range) of 4 (1–32) h (n = 34 studies). The participants performed a median (range) of 10 (3–20) FAST exams during the courses (n = 13 studies). The most commonly used model was the normal human model (65 %), followed by peritoneal dialysis patients (27 %). The least used models were animal (4 %) and cadaveric models (2 %). Each of these models had their advantages and disadvantages. The median number (range) of FAST exams needed for credentialing was 50 (10–200) (n = 19 studies).ConclusionStandardization of FAST training is important to improving the clinical impact of FAST. Different models used in FAST training are complementary; each has its own advantages and disadvantages. It is recommended that FAST courses be at least 2 days (16 h) long. The first day should include 4 h of theory and 4 h of training on normal human models. The second day should enforce learning using animal models, case scenarios including video clips, or simulators.
Role of Preoperative Basal Calcitonin Levels in the Timing of Prophylactic Thyroidectomy in Patients With Germline RET Mutations
Authors: Lifante Jean‐Christophe , Blanchard Claire , Mirallié Eric , David Albert , Peix Jean‐Louis 
Published: December 2013

AbstractBackgroundThe American Thyroid Association (ATA) published recommendations for the timing of prophylactic surgery for medullary thyroid carcinoma based on the specific mutation, patient age, family history, and serum calcitonin levels. The aim of this study was to assess the role of preoperative basal calcitonin (prebCt) levels in predicting the presence of medullary carcinoma of the thyroid in patients with RET mutations.
MethodsWe conducted a retrospective study in two endocrine surgery departments. Between 1986 and 2012, a total of 32 patients with RET mutations underwent prophylactic thyroidectomy. The patients were stratified into four ATA risk levels: A, B, C, and D.ResultsAll of the patients were biologically cured. Microcarcinoma was observed in the final pathology report for four of the 20 patients with normal prebCt (25 %) and for nine of the 12 patients with elevated prebCt (75 %). In the level A group, four patients with normal prebCt and one patient with elevated prebCt presented with microcarcinoma. In the level C group, one patient with normal prebCt and six of the seven patients with elevated prebCt (86 %) presented with microcarcinoma.ConclusionsPrebCt can predict the presence of microcarcinoma according to surgical pathological analysis. Patients with microcarcinoma can be biochemically and clinically cured using prophylactic thyroidectomy.
Delivery on call: exosomes as “care packages” from glial cells for stressed neurons
Authors: Krämer-Albers E.-M. , Frühbeis C. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
Communication between cells is a basic requirement for proper nervous system function. Glial cells execute various functions, operating in close coordination with neurons. Recent research revealed that cell commu­nication is mediated by the exchange of extracellular vesicles, which are also secreted by glial cells and neurons. Extracellular vesicles comprise exosomes and microvesicles, which deliver proteins and ribonucleic acids to target cells. As a result of transfer, the vesicle cargo components can modulate the phe­notype of recipient cells. Here, we discuss the characteristics and functions of extracellular vesicles in general and in particular in the central nervous system, where myelinat­ing oligodendrocytes release exosomes in response to neurotransmitter signals, which are internalized by neurons and exhibit neuroprotective functions.
SERPINA5 inhibits tumor cell migration by modulating the fibronectin‐integrin β1 signaling pathway in hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Jing Ying , Jia Deshui , Wong Chun-Ming , Oi-Lin Ng Irene , Zhang Zhenfeng , Liu Li , Wang Qifeng , Zhao Fangyu , Li Jinjun , Yao Ming , Wu Xingzhong , He Xianghuo 
Published: December 2013

In our previous study, we identified 1241 loci with somatic copy number alterations in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) using Affymetrix SNP 6.0 arrays, and a putative cancer gene SERPINA5 was uncovered in a novel chromosomal region with recurrent copy number loss at 14q31.1–32.13. The SERPINA5 was reported to be deregulated in renal, breast, prostate and ovarian cancers. However, the roles of SERPINA5 in cancer remain greatly elusive. In this study, we found that the DNA dosage and expression level of the SERPINA5 gene were significantly decreased in HCC by quantitative real‐time PCR. Notably, the expression levels of SERPINA5 negatively correlated with malignant progression of HCC. The SERPINA5 gene was further observed to reduce in vitro and in vivo metastatic potential of HCC cells. Moreover, secreted SERPINA5 protein also could inhibit the metastatic ability of HCC cells. Finally, we discovered that one of the mechanisms explaining SERPINA5 inhibition of HCC metastasis is through direct interaction with fibronectin and disruption of the fibronectin–integrin signaling pathway. These findings highlight an important role of SERPINA5 in the regulation of migratory and metastatic potentials of HCC and suggest a potential application of SERPINA5 in cancer treatment.
Becoming Brazilian to Be Japanese: Emigrant Assimilation, Cultural Anthropology, and National Identity
Authors: Kingsberg Miriam 
Published: December 2013

AbstractAssimilation makes new members of a group by changing particular characteristics of non-members to reflect the fundamentals of collective belonging. Gaining the qualities for inclusion in one community typically involves losing at least some features that confer acceptance in another. However, scholars have generally not acknowledged assimilation as a process of loss. In part, this gap bespeaks a larger tendency to overlook the influence of emigration on national identity in population-exporting states (compared to the vast literature on immigration and national identity in population-receiving countries). This article analyzes discourses of assimilation concerning Japanese emigrants as a case study of how the ways in which members are understood to leave the national community delimits the bases of belonging for those who remain. Historically, Japanese ideologies of assimilation have been most contested in Brazil, where the largest Japanese diaspora in the West sought to reconcile patriotism and the expectations of the Japanese government with local nation-building agendas. After World War II, many emigrants and their descendants in Brazil refused to acknowledge Japan's surrender. This crisis inspired the first study of the Japanese diaspora ever conducted by a Japan-based social scientist. Izumi Seiichi's work in cultural anthropology helped to build Japan's new identity as a “peace state.” Subsequent generations of Japanese scholars continued to study the assimilation of the diaspora, recategorized as “Nikkei,” as a foil for “Japaneseness.” Their ethnic conception of national membership remains influential today, even as Japan transitions from a population exporter to a land of immigrants, including the Nikkei.
Two “Waves” of Guerrilla-Movement Organizing in Latin America, 1956–1990
Authors: Wickham-Crowley Timothy 
Published: December 2013

AbstractThe organization of revolutionary guerrilla movements by the Latin American left came in two largely discrete waves. The first was occasioned by the success of the Cuban 26th of July movement against the late 1950s regime of Fulgencio Batista. Within less than a year it was triggering imitative efforts across Latin America via the cultural diffusion of its “focomodel” both indirectly and directly, as indicated by the timing, internal movement evidence, direct training, and other sources concerning the 1960s guerrilla movements. A clear dampening of such efforts followed upon the multiple failures of the imitators, the late 1967 death of Che Guevara in Bolivia, the withdrawal of Soviet-line communists in Latin America from their previous support for insurgency, and finally Cuba's own rapprochement with the USSR. At this juncture, “surviving” movements from the earlier period were few—notably in Colombia, less true in Guatemala and Nicaragua—but a second, narrower cluster of far larger, more intensive and active movements developed by the later 1970s. Such strong survivors or newcomers can be best understood, not as imitations of Cuba 1959, but via their new strategies of long-term patient organizing and by the types of “closed regimes” they were confronting in the 1970s–1980s. They, too, then mostly faded away in the face of national-level experiences of massive military repression or ever-more-competitive electoral democracies.
Semi-Normal Log Centres and Deformations of Pairs
Authors: Kollár János 
Published: December 2013

AbstractWe show that some of the properties of log canonical centres of a log canonical pair also hold for certain subvarieties that are close to being a log canonical centre. As a consequence, we obtain that, in working with deformations of pairs where all the coefficients of the boundary divisor are bigger than ½, embedded points never appear on the boundary divisor.
Assessment of heart rate variability in breath holding children by 24 hour Holter monitoring
Authors: Yilmaz Osman , Ciftel Murat , Ozturk Kezban , Kilic Omer , Kahveci Hasan , Laloğlu Fuat , Ceylan Ozben 
Published: December 2013

AbstractPurpose:Previous studies have shown that the underlying pathophysiologic mechanism in children with breath holding may be generalised autonomic dysregulation. Thus, we performed cardiac rhythm and heart rate variability analyses using 24-hour Holter monitoring to evaluate the cardiac effects of autonomic dysregulation in children with breath-holding spells.Methods:We performed cardiac rhythm and heart rate analyses using 24-hour Holter monitors to evaluate the cardiac effects of autonomic dysregulation in children during a breath-holding spell. Our study group consisted of 68 children with breath-holding spells – 56 cyanotic type and 12 pallid type – and 39 healthy controls.Results:Clinical and heart rate variability results were compared between each spell type – cyanotic or pallid – and the control group; significant differences (p<0.05) in standard deviation of all NN intervals, mean of the standard deviations of all NN intervals for all 5-minute segments, percentage of differences between adjacent RR intervals >50 ms, and square root of the mean of the sum of squares of the differences between adjacent NN intervals values were found between the pallid and cyanotic groups.Conclusions:Holter monitoring for 24 hours and heart rate variability parameters, particularly in children with pallid spells, are crucial for evaluation of cardiac rhythm changes.
Monotheism the Zoroastrian Way
Authors: HINTZE ALMUT 
Published: December 2013

AbstractThis article examines seemingly monotheistic, polytheistic and dualistic features of Zoroastrianism from the point of view of the Zoroastrian creation myth. Exploring the personality of the principal deity, Ahura Mazdā, the origin of the spiritual and material worlds and the worship of the Yazatas, it is argued that Zoroastrianism has its own particular form of monotheism.
Alltag des Krieges und Transzendenz von Liebe und Ehe
Authors: Becker-Glauch Wulf 
Published: December 2013

In eine künstlerisch orientierte Lebensgeschichte kam der 2. Weltkrieg. Das gilt für viele Lebensgeschichten. Bei Reinhard durften wir erfahren, daß er daraus eine „Landschaft der Herzen” schuf, hinter der Elternhaus und Schule und vor allem aber seine Persönlichkeit standen, der es in den Wirren des Krieges um inneren und äußeren Frieden aus religiöser Quelle und in transzendentaler („himmelwärtiger”) Ausrichtung ging. Im Schutz und Dienst der Kunst führte ihn der Weg seit 1937 vom Ich zum Du seiner Partnerin und Frau Irmgard, wie der hier in zwei Gedichten von 1940 und 1943 seinen Ausdruck findet. „Für Irmgard zum Geburtstag” (Nov. 43) leitet mit 6 Teilen zu 4 Strophen aus dem „Lichtkreis” einer Kerze durch die Nacht der Trennung und mündet in den „festlichen Anfang” eines Sonnenaufgangs. „Nicht fehle, / Gewinnt nun der Tag die Gewalt!”.
Microbial life in the Lake Medee, the largest deep-sea salt-saturated formation
Authors: Yakimov Michail M. , La Cono Violetta , Slepak Vladlen Z. , La Spada Gina , Arcadi Erika , Messina Enzo , Borghini Mireno , Monticelli Luis S. , Rojo David , Barbas Coral , Golyshina Olga V. , Ferrer Manuel , Golyshin Peter N. , Giuliano Laura 
Published: December 2013

AbstractDeep-sea hypersaline anoxic lakes (DHALs) of the Eastern Mediterranean represent some of the most hostile environments on our planet. We investigated microbial life in the recently discovered Lake Medee, the largest DHAL found to-date. Medee has two unique features: a complex geobiochemical stratification and an absence of chemolithoautotrophic Epsilonproteobacteria, which usually play the primary role in dark bicarbonate assimilation in DHALs interfaces. Presumably because of these features, Medee is less productive and exhibits reduced diversity of autochthonous prokaryotes in its interior. Indeed, the brine community almost exclusively consists of the members of euryarchaeal MSBL1 and bacterial KB1 candidate divisions. Our experiments utilizing cultivation and [14C]-assimilation, showed that these organisms at least partially rely on reductive cleavage of osmoprotectant glycine betaine and are engaged in trophic cooperation. These findings provide novel insights into how prokaryotic communities can adapt to salt-saturated conditions and sustain active metabolism at the thermodynamic edge of life.
Building health promotion capacity in a primary health care workforce in the Northern Territory: some lessons from practice
Authors: Judd Jenni , Keleher Helen 
Published: December 2013

Issues addressedReorientation of the workforce in primary health care is a complex process and requires specific strategies and interventions. Primary health care providers are a key health care workforce that is expected to deliver tangible outcomes from disease prevention and health promotion strategies. This paper describes a training intervention that occurred as part of a broader participatory action research process for building health promotion capacity in the primary health care workforce.MethodsParticipatory action research (PAR) was conducted over six action and reflection cycles in a two‐year period (2001–02) in an urban community health setting in the Northern Territory. One of the PAR cycles was a training intervention that was identified as a need from a survey in the first action and reflection cycle. This training was facilitated by a health promotion specialist, face‐to‐face and comprised five 3.5‐h sessions over a 5‐month period. A pre‐post questionnaire was used to measure the knowledge and skills components of the training intervention.ResultsThe results reinforced the importance of using a participatory approach that involved the primary health care providers themselves. Multiple strategies such as workforce development within capacity building frameworks assisted in shifting work practice more upstream. Additionally, these strategies encouraged more reflective practice and built social capital within the primary health care workforce.ConclusionLessons from practice reinforce that workforce development influenced work practice change and is an important element in building the health promotion capacity of primary health care centres.So what?Workforce development is critical for reorienting health services. Health promotion specialists play an important role in reorienting practice, which is only effective when combined with other strategies, and driven and led by the primary health care workforce.
Contribution of phenotypic heterogeneity to adaptive antibiotic resistance
Authors: Sánchez-Romero María Antonia , Casadesús Josep 
Published: December 2013

Significance
The ability of bacteria to survive antibiotic challenge without mutation (a phenomenon known as “adaptive resistance”) has been traditionally viewed as the consequence of bacterial responses to environmental cues. This study shows that adaptive resistance can also occur in the absence of known environmental stimuli. Cell-to-cell fluctuations in critical physiological traits preadapt certain cells within an isogenic culture to survive lethal selection, and growth of the “lucky” survivors generates bacterial subpopulations with increased antibiotic resistance. Phenotypic heterogeneity must therefore be added to the list of factors that limit the efficacy of antibiotic treatment.
Discovery of the Fomalhaut C debris disc
Authors: Kennedy G. M. , Wyatt M. C. , Kalas P. , Duchêne G. , Sibthorpe B. , Lestrade J.-F. , Matthews B. C. , Greaves J. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
Fomalhaut is one of the most interesting and well-studied nearby stars, hosting at least one planet, a spectacular debris ring and two distant low-mass stellar companions (TW PsA and LP 876−10, a.k.a. Fomalhaut B and C). We observed both companions with Herschel, and while no disc was detected around the secondary, TW PsA, we have discovered the second debris disc in the Fomalhaut system, around LP 876−10. This detection is only the second case of two debris discs seen in a multiple system, both of which are relatively wide (≳3000 au for HD 223352/40 and 158 kau [0.77 pc] for Fomalhaut/LP 876−10). The disc is cool (24 K) and relatively bright, with a fractional luminosity Ldisc/L⋆ = 1.2 × 10−4, and represents the rare observation of a debris disc around an M dwarf. Further work should attempt to find if the presence of two discs in the Fomalhaut system is coincidental, perhaps simply due to the relatively young system age of 440 Myr, or if the stellar components have dynamically interacted and the system is even more complex than it currently appears.
Passive corrosion control and active corrosion prevention of the reinforced concrete structures by electrochemical chloride removal and inhibitors
Authors: Qiao Guofu , Hong Yi , Liu Tiejun , Ou Jinping 
Published: December 2013

Purpose
– The aim of this paper was to investigate the passive corrosion control and active corrosion protective effect of the reinforced concrete structures by electrochemical chloride removal (ECR) method and inhibitors approach, respectively.

Design/methodology/approach
– The concentration of aggressive chloride ion distributed from the reinforcing steel to the surface of the concrete cover was analyzed during the ECR processes. Besides, the half-cell potential, the concrete resistance R

c
, the polarization resistance R

p
and the capacitance of double layer C

dl
of the steel/concrete system were used to characterize the electrochemical performance of the concrete prisms.

Findings
– The effectiveness of ECR could be enhanced by increasing the amplitude of potential or prolonging the time. Inhibitor SBT-ZX(I) could successfully prevent the corrosion development of the reinforcing steel in concrete.

Originality/value
– The research provides the scientific basis for the practical application of ECR and inhibitors in the field.
Investigation on 2-mercaptobenzothiazole behavior as corrosion inhibitor for 316-stainless steel in acidic media
Authors: Goudarzi Narges , Farahani Hadi 
Published: December 2013

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to describe the behavior of 2-mercaptobenzothiazole (MBT) on the corrosion of 316 stainless steel (SS) in acidic media and the mechanism of its action.

Design/methodology/approach
– The inhibitive effect of MBT towards the corrosion of 316 SS in acid solution is studied by means of weight loss, potentiodynamic polarization, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The effect of inhibitor concentration and temperature against inhibitor action is investigated. Adsorption isotherm and adsorption mechanism are also discussed.

Findings
– MBT acts as inhibitor for this type of steel in acidic medium. This compound is mixed-type inhibitor and inhibition efficiency increased with increasing inhibitor concentration. MBT retards the rate of both anodic and cathodic corrosion reactions by adsorbing and forming a layer on the steel surface and the adsorption obeys Temkin adsorption isotherms. The inhibition efficiency is temperature dependence in the range from 25 to 65°C and some thermodynamic parameters were calculated and analyzed.

Originality/value
– The results shown in this paper are an insight to the understanding of the corrosion resistance and electrochemical behavior of 316 SS in the presence of MBT for future industrial applications and development. It is the first time that corrosion inhibition effects of MBT on 316 SS have been evaluated.
Influence of anodic coatings on stress corrosion behaviour of 7017 aluminium alloy
Authors: Spathis Panagiotis 
Published: December 2013

Purpose
– The purpose of this work was to study the cracking susceptibility of a 7017 aluminium alloy, after anodising under various conditions.

Design/methodology/approach
– Slow strain tests in dry air, laboratory air and sodium chloride solution were employed. Anodic oxide films were produced with various applied current densities and thicknesses, in horizontal or vertical orientation of the coatings, at the free corrosion potential and also at various anodic or cathodic potentials. For the interpretation of the results, a metallographic study of the specimens before and after straining to failure was carried out using a scanning electron microscope.

Findings
– The behaviour of anodic coatings was found to depend very much on the anodising conditions. The coatings reduced the ductility of the alloy in dry air but can actually increase the ductility in laboratory air and in 3.5 per cent sodium chloride solution. In most cases, the ductility of coated specimens was greater in 3.5 per cent NaCl solution than in dry air, possibly due to crack blunting by the aggressive environment. Anodic coatings moved the free corrosion potential of the alloy in the noble direction and both the anodised and the bare alloy generally suffered a reduction in ductility at potentials anodic or cathodic to the free corrosion potential, the fall being more rapid for the anodised alloy.

Research limitations/implications
– The mechanism causing the increased ductility of coated specimens in 3.5 per cent NaCl solution than in dry air remains yet to be confirmed.

Practical implications
– The selection of suitable anodic coatings for the protection of aluminium alloys against stress corrosion cracking depends on the anodising conditions.

Originality/value
– The paper provides information regarding the influence of anodising conditions on the anticorrosive properties of electrolytically prepared anodic coatings on aluminium alloys.