bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Evaluation of Reduction of Fe(III) in 3‐Hydroxy‐4‐Nitroso‐2,7‐Naphthalene Disulphonic Medium as an Alternative Ferric Reducing Activity Power Assay
Authors: de Souza Maryane Woth , Moya Horacio Dorigan 
Published: November 2014

AbstractIntroductionThe growing interest in determination of anti‐oxidant capacity through non‐labour, effective and less costly methods encouraged the development of the spectrophotometric procedure presented in this study.ObjectiveTo investigate the reduction reaction of Fe(III) in 3‐hydroxy‐4‐nitroso‐2,7‐naphthalenedisulphonic anion (NRS) medium as an alternative ferric reducing activity power (FRAP) assay for determining the total reduction capacity (RC).Materials and methodsThe absorbance values at 730 nm were used to determine the RC of aqueous extracts of nine Brazilian plants. The results were compared with the values obtained with the 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method and with the total polyphenol content (TPC). The RCs of phenolic derivatives, flavonoids, amino acids and other anti‐oxidant compounds were determined.ResultsPaired t‐test with RC values obtained with both assays (proposed FRAP and DPPH) showed no statistically significant difference. In addition, the RC values from the proposed FRAP assay are proportional to those found with TPC values (r =0.916). In addition, the conditional reduction potential of the Fe(III)/Fe(II) couple (0.685 V vs NHE (normal hydrogen electrode)) and the molar absorptivities at 730 nm of the Fe(NRS)33− and Fe(NRS)34− complexes (1.88 × 103 and 1.77 × 104 L/cm × mol, respectively) were calculated because these values were not available.ConclusionThe proposed assay is adequate for determination of the RC of plant extracts, and the results infer that other samples derived from plants (e.g. beers and wines) and even biological samples (e.g. serum and urine) also could be analysed. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparison of false‐positive reactions for amphetamine analogs after maoto treatment using two urinary drug‐screening kits
Authors: Nakae Hajime , Hebiguchi Miwa , Shirasaki Seiko , Okuyama Manabu , Masuda Yutaka 
Published: November 2014

ABSTRACTAimsEphedra preparations are known to cause a false‐positive reaction for amphetamine analogs when a Triage® kit is used for urinary drug screening. Maoto, a traditional Japanese herbal medicine that consists of Ephedra herb, cinnamon bark, apricot kernel, and Glycyrrhiza, is used for the treatment of colds and influenza. We compared two urinary drug‐screening kits for false‐positive reactions for amphetamine analogs after treatment with maoto from five different manufacturers over 12 h.MethodsSix healthy adult volunteers received five different preparations of maoto in random order. One packet of maoto was given on each study day. Urine samples were collected before treatment, and at 3, 6, 9, and 12 h after drug treatment. Two urinary drug‐screening kits (Triage® and Medical Stat®) were used for testing.ResultsTwenty‐nine of 30 samples produced a false‐positive reaction for amphetamine analogs using the Triage® kit at 3 h after treatment. No significant difference was observed among the products of the five pharmaceutical companies (P = 0.5771). All samples produced a negative reaction using the Medical Stat® kit.ConclusionsUrine samples that gave false‐positive reactions with the Triage® kit gave negative reactions with the Medical Stat® kit. This suggests that comparison of results from the Triage® kit and the Medical Stat® kit may be useful in screening urine samples for amphetamine analogs. The quality of maoto from five pharmaceutical companies appears to be the same with regard to interaction with the drug screening tests, adverse effects, and excretion in the urine.
Therapeutic effect of rikakuto‐go‐kanzokankyoto for dysphagia due to esophageal disease
Authors: Fukatani Ryo , Shimazu Kengo , Sugao Masataka , Ito Takashi 
Published: November 2014

ABSTRACTCaseCase 1: A 62‐year‐old man had dysphagia due to esophageal obstruction from lung cancer. His dysphagia was relieved after rikakuto‐go‐kanzokankyoto (RK) treatment. Case 2: A 59‐year‐old man had dysphagia from esophageal cancer that almost completely obstructed the esophagus. After RK treatment, he was able to eat food again. Case 3: An 80‐year‐old woman with multiple myeloma suffered radiation esophagitis due to radiation therapy to her metastasized thoracic vertebra. With RK treatment, she was able to eat food again.ConclusionThe quality of life was improved in each case. RK seems to have potential beneficial effects for various esophageal diseases in terminally ill patients.
Advice on exercise for pregnant women with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy
Authors: Chawla Shalini , Anim‐Nyame Nick 
Published: November 2014

AbstractReports on advice about exercise for women with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy are reviewed and how exercise could influence long‐term cardiovascular risk is assessed. Exercise in pregnancy seems to be beneficial in pregnancies complicated by hypertension. However, the intensity of the exercise to be recommended remains unclear. Further research is required to inform national and international guidelines for women who develop hypertension during pregnancy.
Mt Everest Base Camp Medical Clinic “Everest ER”: Epidemiology of Medical Events During the First 10 Years of Operation
Authors: Némethy Mária , Pressman Andrew B. , Freer Luanne , McIntosh Scott E. 
Published: November 2014

Objectives As the highest peak on the planet, Mt Everest provides a truly austere environment in which to practice medicine. We examined records of all visits to the Everest Base Camp Medical Clinic (Everest ER) to characterize the medical problems that occur in these patients. Methods A retrospective analysis of medical records from the first 10 years of operation (2003 to 2012) was performed. Results Medical reasons accounted for 85.3% (3045) of diagnoses, whereas 14.0% (500) were for trauma. The most common medical diagnoses were pulmonary causes such as high altitude cough and upper respiratory infection, comprising more than 38% of medical diagnoses. For traumatic diagnoses, 56% were for dermatologic causes, most commonly for frostbite and lacerations. Pulmonary and dermatologic diagnoses were also the most frequent causes for evacuation from Everest Base Camp, most commonly for high altitude pulmonary edema and frostbite, respectively. Conclusions Medical professionals treating patients at extreme altitude should have a broad scope of practice and be well prepared to deal with serious trauma from falls, cold exposure injuries, and altitude illness.
Impact of Natural Disaster Combined with Nuclear Power Plant Accidents on Local Medical Services: a Case Study of Minamisoma Municipal General Hospital after the Great East Japan Earthquake
Authors: Kodama Yuko , Oikawa Tomoyoshi , Hayashi Kaoru , Takano Michiko , Nagano Mayumi , Onoda Katsuko , Yoshida Toshiharu , Takada Akemi , Hanai Tatsuo , Shimada Shunji , Shimada Satoko , Nishiuchi Yasuyuki , Onoda Syuichi , Monma Kazuo , Tsubokura Masaharu , Matsumura Tomoko , Kami Masahiro , Kanazawa Yukio 
Published: November 2014

ABSTRACTObjectiveTo elucidate the impacts of nuclear plant accidents on neighboring medical centers, we investigated the operations of our hospital within the first 10 days of the Great East Japan Earthquake followed by the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant accident.MethodsData were extracted from medical records and hospital administrative records covering 11 to 20 March 2011. Factual information on the disaster was obtained from public access media.ResultsA total of 622 outpatients and 241 inpatients were treated. Outpatients included 43 injured, 6 with cardiopulmonary arrest, and 573 with chronic diseases. Among the 241 inpatients, 5 died, 137 were discharged, and the other 99 were transferred to other hospitals. No communication methods or medical or food supplies were available for 4 days after the earthquake. Hospital directors allowed employees to leave the hospital on day 4. All 39 temporary workers were evacuated immediately, and 71 of 239 full-time employees remained. These employees handled extra tasks besides patient care and patient transfer to other hospitals. Committed effective doses indicating the magnitude of health risks due to an intake of radioactive cesium into the human body were found to be minimal according to internal radiation exposure screening carried out from July to August 2011.ConclusionsAfter the disaster, hospitals located within the evacuation zone of a 30-km radius of the nuclear power plant were isolated. Maintenance of the health care system in such an event becomes difficult. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2014;8:471-476)
Review of clinical guidelines for children and adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and their application to an Irish context
Authors: Kavanagh G. , O’Hanrahan S. , Hughes G. , McNicholas F. 
Published: November 2014

Background:Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder with international prevalence rates estimated to be 5%. It is currently the most common disorder treated in Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services in Ireland. There have been a number of guidelines worldwide produced to aid clinicians in the diagnosis and treatment of ADHD; however, there are no guidelines available specifically for the Irish population and healthcare system.Objectives:The aim of this paper is to review the available clinical guidelines for the diagnosis and management of ADHD in children adolescents across North America, Canada, Europe and the United Kingdom and to apply these to an Irish context.Methods:A number of international guidelines were reviewed. A proposed pathway for the assessment and treatment of children and adolescents with ADHD has been devised with the recommendation that a formalised consensus guideline should be implemented.Conclusion:This review paper has highlighted that there is consensus between the guidelines for the diagnosis of ADHD with a thorough clinical history remaining the gold standard. They further agree on the importance of identifying co-morbid disorders. When it comes to the treatment, the guidelines are less unified. This current paper has devised a proposed care pathway for ADHD in Ireland to ensure high quality cost effective care within its healthcare system.
Centrifugal, barotropic and baroclinic instabilities of isolated ageostrophic anticyclones in the two-layer rotating shallow water model and their nonlinear saturation
Authors: Lahaye Noé , Zeitlin Vladimir 
Published: November 2014

AbstractInstabilities of isolated anticyclonic vortices in the two-layer rotating shallow water model are studied at Rossby numbers up to two, with the main goal to understand the interplay between the classical centrifugal instability and other ageostrophic instabilities. We find that different types of instabilities with low azimuthal wavenumbers exist, and may compete. In a wide range of parameters, an asymmetric version of the standard centrifugal instability has larger growth rate than the latter. The dependence of the instabilities on the parameters of the flow, i.e. Rossby and Burger numbers, vertical shear and the ratios of the layers’ thicknesses and densities, is investigated. The zones of dominance of each instability are determined in the parameter space. Nonlinear saturation of these instabilities is then studied with the help of a high-resolution finite-volume numerical scheme, by using the unstable modes identified from the linear stability analysis as initial conditions. Differences in nonlinear development of the competing centrifugal and ageostrophic barotropic instabilities are evidenced. A nonlinear mechanism of axial symmetry breaking during the saturation of the centrifugal instability is displayed.
Films in narrow tubes
Authors: Dietze Georg F. , Ruyer-Quil Christian 
Published: November 2014

AbstractWe consider the axisymmetric arrangement of an annular liquid film, coating the inner surface of a narrow cylindrical tube, in interaction with an active core fluid. We introduce a low-dimensional model based on the two-phase weighted residual integral boundary layer (WRIBL) formalism (Dietze & Ruyer-Quil, J. Fluid Mech., vol. 722, 2013, pp. 348–393) which is able to capture the long-wave instabilities characterizing such flows. Our model improves upon existing works by fully representing interfacial coupling and accounting for inertia as well as streamwise viscous diffusion in both phases. We apply this model to gravity-free liquid-film/core-fluid arrangements in narrow capillaries with specific attention to the dynamics leading to flooding, i.e. when the liquid film drains into large-amplitude collars that occlude the tube cross-section. We do this against the background of linear stability calculations and nonlinear two-phase direct numerical simulations (DNS). Due to the improvements of our model, we have found a number of novel/salient physical features of these flows. First, we show that it is essential to account for inertia and full interphase coupling to capture the temporal evolution of flooding for fluid combinations that are not dominated by viscosity, e.g. water/air and water/silicone oil. Second, we elucidate a viscous-blocking mechanism which drastically delays flooding in thin films that are too thick to form unduloids. This mechanism involves buckling of the residual film between two liquid collars, generating two very pronounced film troughs where viscous dissipation is drastically increased and growth effectively arrested. Only at very long times does breaking of symmetry in this region (due to small perturbations) initiate a sliding motion of the liquid film similar to observations by Lister et al. (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 552, 2006, pp. 311–343) in thin non-flooding films. This kickstarts the growth of liquid collars anew and ultimately leads to flooding. We show that streamwise viscous diffusion is essential to this mechanism. Low-frequency core-flow oscillations, such as occur in human pulmonary capillaries, are found to set off this sliding-induced flooding mechanism much earlier.
The other optimal Stokes drag profile
Authors: Montenegro-Johnson Thomas D. , Lauga Eric 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThe lowest drag shape of fixed volume in Stokes flow has been known for some 40 years. It is front–back symmetric and similar to an American football with ends tangent to a cone of $60^{\circ }$. The analogous convex axisymmetric shape of fixed surface area, which may be of interest for particle design in chemistry and colloidal science, is characterised in this paper. This ‘other’ optimal shape has a surface vorticity proportional to the mean surface curvature, which is used with a local analysis of the flow near the tip to show that the front and rear ends are tangent to a cone of angle $30.8^{\circ }$. Using the boundary element method, we numerically represent the shape by expanding its tangent angle in terms decaying odd Legendre modes, and show that it has 11.3 % lower drag than a sphere of equal surface area, significantly more pronounced than for the fixed-volume optimal.
An analysis of cattle farmers' perceptions of drivers and barriers to on-farm control of Escherichia coli O157
Authors: TOMA L. , LOW J. C. , VOSOUGH AHMADI B. , MATTHEWS L. , STOTT A. W. 
Published: November 2014

SUMMARYStructural equation modelling and survey data were used to test determinants' influence on farmers' intentions towards Escherichia coli O157 on-farm control. Results suggest that farmers more likely to show willingness to spend money/time or vaccinate to control Escherichia coli O157 are those: who think farmers are most responsible for control; whose income depends more on opening farms to the public; with stronger disease control attitudes; affected by outbreaks; with better knowledge and more informed; with stronger perceptions of biosecurity measures’ practicality; using a health plan; who think farmers are the main beneficiaries of control; and whose farms are dairy rather than beef. The findings might suggest that farmers may implement on-farm controls for E. coli O157 if they identify a clear hazard and if there is greater knowledge of the safety and efficacy of the proposed controls.
Evaluation of the representativeness of a sentinel surveillance site for campylobacteriosis
Authors: BOLWELL C. F. , GILPIN B. J. , CAMPBELL D. , FRENCH N. P. 
Published: November 2014

SUMMARYIt is important to assess the suitability of sentinel sites for human disease; however, there have been few publications documenting the process of formal evaluation. We describe an approach to examining the representativeness of a single sentinel site employed for campylobacteriosis surveillance and source attribution, utilizing a selection of data sources and statistical comparisons of demographic, epidemiological and pathogen genotyping data across selected regions of New Zealand. Our findings showed that while this region captured the national variability in many variables, for example by containing sizable urban and rural populations, the relative frequency of these features did vary from other regions of New Zealand. We discuss the value of choosing a sentinel site that represents the national distribution of key variables, compared to a site that captures the broad features of the wider population, but provides greater power for the monitoring of sub-populations.
Complete paroxysmal atrioventricular block in a 2-year-old girl
Authors: Holst Line M. , Dixen Ulrik , Jeppesen Dorthe L. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractWe present a case of atypical syncope in a 2-year-old, otherwise healthy girl. The patient presented with three episodes of syncope without any precipitating factors and no family history of sudden unexpected death. Holter monitoring revealed 24 events of complete atrioventricular block lasting up to 6 seconds. A normal 12-lead electrocardiogram does not necessarily exclude cardiac disease, and Holter monitoring is warranted in children with atypical syncope.
Adolescent coarctation of aorta treated with subclavian-descending aorta bypass grafting
Authors: Benomrane Skander , Soumer Khedija , Khayati Adel 
Published: November 2014

AbstractBackgroundAortic coarctation in older children most frequently represents cases of re-coarctation following previous transcatheter or surgical therapy or missed cases of native coarctation.MethodsWe describe three cases of adolescents – two girls and one boy – with aortic coarctation, operated between January, 2012 and December, 2013. Computed tomography angiography was performed as an essential diagnostic procedure.ResultsHypertension was detected, and weaker arterial pulses in the lower limbs were noted in all cases. All operations were performed via left posterolateral thoracotomy. Aortic coarctation was treated surgically, with left subclavian-lower descending thoracic aorta bypass grafting. Postoperative course was uneventful in all cases. No residual brachial-ankle pressure gradient was observed, and all patients have remained in good condition after the operation.ConclusionsSurgical treatment of aortic coarctation in adolescent patients can be achieved by resection with end-to-end anastomosis, interposition of a graft or bypass graft across the area of coarctation when the distance to be bridged is too long for end-to-end repair.The extra-anatomic subclavian-descending aortic bypass grafting provides good results in adolescent patients, particularly in those with complex coarctation.
Bilingualism and cognition: A focus on mechanisms
Authors: VALIAN VIRGINIA 
Published: November 2014

The goal of my keynote article, “Bilingualism and Cognition” (Valian, 2014), was to resolve the inconsistencies in effects of bilingualism on executive functions, whether the individuals were children, young adults, or old people. To summarize (and sharpen) my argument:
1.Especially in children and young adults, benefits of bilingualism for executive functions are not reliable. In old people, there are benefits for executive functions but contradictory results on delay of cognitive impairment, depending on whether studies are retrospective or prospective.2.All experiences that have benefits for executive functions and aging – and there are many – yield inconsistent effects. Bilingualism is not alone.3.Three reasons for inconsistencies in bilingualism and other experiences are:
a.Executive function and cognitive reserve are broad cover terms for a variety of mechanisms, most of which are ill-understood. Because we mean different things by ‘executive function’ from one experiment to the next, we can both think we don't have an effect when we do and think we have an effect when we don’t.b.Tasks are impure: apparently similar tasks measure different aspects of executive function and measure other aspects of cognition as well. Because we lack a good analysis of tasks, we too often do not know what we are measuring. I encourage readers to examine the demos in the supplementary materials of the keynote article to see for themselves what the tasks are like.c.Individuals engage in many different activities that may be on a par with bilingualism in their benefits.4.Different types of bilingual experience are unlikely to explain the variability of findings, given the inconsistencies in extant data on varieties of bilingualism.5.There is a benefit of bilingualism, but bilingualism competes with other sources of benefits. Especially for children and young adults, whose daily lives are full of cognitively enriching and challenging experiences, we should expect variability in effects of being bilingual.6.The way forward is to focus on underlying mechanisms.
The impact of the 2008 financial crisis on food security and food expenditures in Mexico: a disproportionate effect on the vulnerable
Authors: Vilar-Compte Mireya , Sandoval-Olascoaga Sebastian , Bernal-Stuart Ana , Shimoga Sandhya , Vargas-Bustamante Arturo 
Published: November 2014

AbstractObjectiveThe present paper investigated the impact of the 2008 financial crisis on food security in Mexico and how it disproportionally affected vulnerable households.DesignA generalized ordered logistic regression was estimated to assess the impact of the crisis on households’ food security status. An ordinary least squares and a quantile regression were estimated to evaluate the effect of the financial crisis on a continuous proxy measure of food security defined as the share of a household’s current income devoted to food expenditures.SettingBoth analyses were performed using pooled cross-sectional data from the Mexican National Household Income and Expenditure Survey 2008 and 2010.SubjectsThe analytical sample included 29 468 households in 2008 and 27 654 in 2010.ResultsThe generalized ordered logistic model showed that the financial crisis significantly (P<0·05) decreased the probability of being food secure, mildly or moderately food insecure, compared with being severely food insecure (OR=0·74). A similar but smaller effect was found when comparing severely and moderately food-insecure households with mildly food-insecure and food-secure households (OR=0·81). The ordinary least squares model showed that the crisis significantly (P<0·05) increased the share of total income spent on food (β coefficient of 0·02). The quantile regression confirmed the findings suggested by the generalized ordered logistic model, showing that the effects of the crisis were more profound among poorer households.ConclusionsThe results suggest that households that were more vulnerable before the financial crisis saw a worsened effect in terms of food insecurity with the crisis. Findings were consistent with both measures of food security – one based on self-reported experience and the other based on food spending.