bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Avoiding Another ‘Squatter in Downing Street’ Controversy: The Need to Improve the Caretaker Conventions before the 2015 General Election
Authors: SCHLEITER PETRA , BELU VALERIE 
Published: January 2015

AbstractIn the UK the rules governing caretaker situations have historically been underspecified. The UK's constitutional traditions, such as prime ministerial discretion to time elections and its two‐party system, have in the past limited the frequency and duration of caretaker periods. However, the recently lengthened election timetable, new constraints on the executive introduced by the Fixed‐term Parliaments Act (2011), and a decline in the dominance of the two largest parties are raising the risk that the UK will experience caretaker periods more often and for longer stretches of time. In this paper, we offer an analysis of the UK's current caretaker provisions and conclude that the existing conventions are insufficiently detailed and can render such periods problematic and controversy‐prone. Important lessons, we suggest, can be learned from reforms in other Westminster systems, and from the caretaker rules of other countries.
Parents in Parliament: ‘Where's Mum?’
Authors: CAMPBELL ROSIE , CHILDS SARAH 
Published: January 2015

AbstractThere has been extensive consideration of women's under‐representation in the UK parliament. Here we are interested not only in the question of sex and political representation, but in parenthood too: in short, whether national politics is closed to women, and possibly men, with young children. We start with a review of the academic literature on legislative recruitment to see what it has to say about mothers—almost nothing has been written about fathers. Based on a 2013 survey of UK MPs—men and women—we then identify key features of parents' presence at Westminster. For the first time, we can be sure that mothers are in fact significantly under‐represented in the House of Commons. We then consider whether arguments made to support the descriptive representation of women have purchase for mothers. Finally we consider how political institutions might be reconfigured not to be merely woman or even mother‐friendly, but to be care‐friendly.
Male Perpetrators of Domestic Violence: How Should We Hold Them to Account?
Authors: DEVANEY JOHN 
Published: January 2015

AbstractDomestic violence is now widely acknowledged as being a significant social, health and legal issue. At both a national and transnational level governments have sought to develop strategies built upon prevention, support for victims and holding perpetrators to account through criminal justice sanctions. However, the current paradigm that informs the policy response to most perpetrators of domestic violence has failed to deliver the outcomes required, in terms of a reduction in levels of recidivism or the improved safety of women and children. It is argued that holding men to account through external controls has failed and that interventions should support men to take responsibility for their own behaviour.
An Invidious Position? The Public Dance of the Promiscuous Partisan
Authors: GRUBE DENNIS 
Published: January 2015

AbstractPublic service mandarins were once largely anonymous, diligently wielding their great power behind the scenes while their political masters performed on the front stage. Things have changed. Today, civil service leaders are appearing publicly more often, in more places and to a wider range of audiences than ever before. This article examines the extent to which this decline in anonymity impacts on traditions of civil service impartiality within the Westminster system. It draws on the late Peter Aucoin's concept of ‘promiscuous partisanship’ to examine how contemporary mandarins in the United Kingdom, Canada and Australia face accusations of having compromised their impartiality by advocating for the policy agenda of the government of the day. The article argues that what has changed is not that civil service leaders have suddenly become partisan, but rather that they have become more ‘public’, allowing for perceptions of partisanship to emerge.
The Club Rules in Global Financial Governance
Authors: TSINGOU ELENI 
Published: January 2015

AbstractThough the list of reforms following the onset of the financial crisis is long, we should resist the temptation to view the emerging regulatory framework in terms of a paradigm shift. Many key features of the system, including the privileged position of financial institutions, remain unchanged. This is not merely due to obstruction or capacity shortcomings but can be explained by considering the sources of ideas and the governance setting. Ideas and policy programmes for reform were generated by a policy community also responsible for shaping the pre‐crisis governance framework. Moreover, the ideas and preferences of these players are moulded by their transnational interactions and the club‐like mechanisms in place for determining what (and who) is to be included in discussions. These settings have produced policy programmes that helped address the immediate, ‘fast‐burning’ elements of the crisis, but have so far failed to put together a comprehensive reform programme.
Trends in access block 2011 to 2013: The Redcliffe National Emergency Access Target experience
Authors: Lawton Luke D , Thomas Simon , Morel Douglas G 
Published: January 2015

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate the impact of the introduction of National Emergency Access Target (NEAT) on access block and long‐stay patients in Redcliffe Hospital ED, and to evaluate the possibility of forward compliance with the 2014 and 2015 NEAT thresholds.Setting and DesignRedcliffe hospital is a major urban district hospital in Brisbane with more than 55 000 adult and paediatric patients per annum. We evaluated aggregate Emergency Department Information System data for the years 2011, 2012 and 2013 to correlate presentations, NEAT compliance, access block and the number of long‐stay patients in our department.ResultsThere has been a significant reduction in both access block and our number of long‐stay patients corresponding with improvements in NEAT compliance. Our forward analysis suggests that without substantial improvements in the NEAT for admitted patients, compliance with 2014 and 2015 thresholds is unlikely to be achievable.ConclusionsNEAT has been a driver of significant improvements in access block at our institution. We see significant issues with raising the NEAT threshold to the proposed 90% in 2015, and support recent calls for re‐evaluation and modification of the target.
Utilization of the International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer and Wang's nodal map for the identification of mediastinum and hilar lymph nodes
Authors: Xia Yang , Ma Yun , Arias Sixto , Lee Hans , Wang Ko‐Pen 
Published: January 2015

AbstractBackgroundTransbronchial needle aspiration (TBNA), serving as a remarkably invaluable and minimally invasive technique, has been widely used for the diagnosis and staging of mediastinal adenopathy and masses. To date, the International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer (IASLC) and Wang's nodal map are two well‐documented intrathoracic lymph node guidelines for the TBNA procedure.MethodWe characterized IASLC's and Wang's map, and interpreted the correlation of the two maps station by station.ResultsThe pivotal role of IASLC map is to determine N descriptor in the tumor node metastasis (TNM) staging system of lung cancer, whilst Wang's map is employed to facilitate the localization of biopsy sites for bronchoscopists during TBNA performance. Furthermore, stations 1, 3 and 5 in Wang’ map are equivalent to 4R station in IASLC’ system, while stations 4 and 6 in Wang's account for IASLC station 4L as N2 stations. In addition, Wang's stations 2, 8 and 10 are correlated with station 7 in IASLC's. Wang's stations 7 and 9 are responsible for station 11R in IASLC's map.ConclusionGiven their unique benefits and limitations, and the practical links between the two maps, it appears reasonable to highlight the significance of their complementary utilization upon TBNA performance and lung cancer staging.
The Prevalence and clinical characteristics of primary Sjogren's syndrome patients with lung cancer: An analysis of ten cases in China and literature review
Authors: Xu Yan , Fei Yunyun , Zhong Wei , Zhang Li , Zhao Jing , Li Longyun , Wang Mengzhao 
Published: January 2015

AbstractBackgroundA retrospective analysis of clinical data from primary Sjogren's syndrome (pSS) patients with lung cancer was conducted in order to guide further clinical work.MethodsFrom January 1993 to December 2010, 10 pSS patients with lung cancer were hospitalized at the Peking Union Medical College Hospital. One hundred and three pSS patients were recruited as the controls. Patients' clinical data was retrospectively analyzed.ResultThe incidence rate of lung cancer in pSS patients was 0.477%. The duration from diagnosis of pSS to lung cancer in the 10 patients was 0.92∼42 years. The pSS patients with lung cancer were significantly older than those without lung cancer (60.8 ± 8.9 vs. 44.9 ± 12.1, P < 0.001). Eight of the pSS patients with lung cancer (80%) were female nonsmokers; five pSS patients with lung cancer (50%) had lung involvement, exhibiting diffuse parenchymal lung disease. Adenocarcinoma was the most common pathological type of lung cancer (90%). Tumor node metastasis staging of lung cancer included: four cases of Ib (40%), one case of IIIb (10%), four cases of IV (40%) and one case undetermined (10%).ConclusionThe incidence rate of lung cancer in pSS patients was higher with respect to the normal population. Physicians should closely observe lung cancer incidence during the pSS follow‐up period. Adenocarcinoma was the most frequently seen lung cancer pathology in pSS patients. Clinical stages and individualized treatment for pSS patients with lung cancer should be carefully determined.
Effects of the kappa opioid receptor antagonist nor‐binaltorphimine (nor‐BNI) on cocaine versus food choice and extended‐access cocaine intake in rhesus monkeys
Authors: Hutsell Blake A. , Cheng Kejun , Rice Kenner C. , Negus Sidney Stevens , Banks Matthew L. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractThe dynorphin/kappa opioid receptor (KOR) system has been implicated as one potential neurobiological modulator of the abuse‐related effects of cocaine and as a potential target for medications development. This study determined effects of the KOR antagonist nor‐binaltorphimine (nor‐BNI) on cocaine self‐administration under a novel procedure that featured two daily components: (1) a 2‐hour ‘choice’ component (9:00–11:00 am) when monkeys could choose between food pellets and cocaine injections (0–0.1 mg/kg per injection, intravenous) and (2) a 20‐hour ‘extended‐access’ component (noon to 8:00 am) when cocaine (0.1 mg/kg per injection) was available under a fixed‐ratio schedule to promote high daily cocaine intakes. Rhesus monkeys (n = 4) were given 14 days of exposure to the choice + extended‐access procedure then treated with nor‐BNI (3.2 or 10.0 mg/kg, intramuscular), and cocaine choice and extended‐access cocaine intake were evaluated for an additional 14 days. Consistent with previous studies, cocaine maintained both a dose‐dependent increase in cocaine choice during choice components and a high level of cocaine intake during extended‐access components. Neither 3.2 nor 10 mg/kg nor‐BNI significantly altered cocaine choice or extended‐access cocaine intake. In two additional monkeys, nor‐BNI also had no effect on cocaine choice or extended‐access cocaine intake when it was administered at the beginning of exposure to the extended‐access components. Overall, these results do not support a major role for the dynorphin/KOR system in modulating cocaine self‐administration under these conditions in non‐human primates nor do they support the clinical utility of KOR antagonists as a pharmacotherapeutic strategy for cocaine addiction.
Nicotine produces chronic behavioral sensitization with changes in accumbal neurotransmission and increased sensitivity to re‐exposure
Authors: Morud Julia , Adermark Louise , Perez‐Alcazar Marta , Ericson Mia , Söderpalm Bo 
Published: January 2015

AbstractTobacco use is often associated with long‐term addiction as well as high risk of relapse following cessation. This is suggestive of persistent neural adaptations, but little is known about the long‐lasting effects of nicotine on neural circuits. In order to investigate the long‐term effects of nicotine exposure, Wistar rats were treated for 3 weeks with nicotine (0.36 mg/kg), and the duration of behavioral and neurophysiological adaptations was evaluated 7 months later. We found that increased drug‐induced locomotion persisted 7 months after the initial behavioral sensitization. In vitro analysis of synaptic activity in the core and shell of the nucleus accumbens (nAc) revealed a decrease in input/output function in both regions of nicotine‐treated rats as compared to vehicle‐treated control rats. In addition, administration of the dopamine D2 receptor agonist quinpirole (5 μM) significantly increased evoked population spike amplitude in the nAc shell of nicotine‐treated rats as compared to vehicle‐treated control rats. To test whether nicotine exposure creates long‐lasting malleable circuits, animals were re‐exposed to nicotine 7 months after the initial exposure. This treatment revealed an increased sensitivity to nicotine among animals previously exposed to nicotine, with higher nicotine‐induced locomotion responses than observed initially. In vitro electrophysiological recordings in re‐exposed rats detected an increased sensitivity to dopamine D2 receptor activation. These results suggest that nicotine produces persistent neural adaptations that make the system sensitive and receptive to future nicotine re‐exposure.
Investor Sentiment, Product Features, and Advertising Investment Sensitivities
Authors: Luo Miao , Jiang Daniel X. , Cai Jun 
Published: January 2015

AbstractInvestor sentiment plays an important role, affecting firm level advertising expenditures. We provide evidence that financially constrained firms exhibit lower advertising investment‐cash flow sensitivity and higher advertising investment‐q sensitivity during high sentiment periods. The patterns are driven mainly by those firms facing financial constraints. More importantly, we identify several product features that also affect advertising investment sensitivities. Sorting on product features generates investment sensitivities that closely resemble those of sorting on financial constraint measures. We design empirical analyses to provide clean tests of the cost‐of‐external‐financing‐based and product‐feature‐based explanations underlying the variation in advertising investment sensitivities.
Powerful CEOs and Corporate Governance: Evidence from an Analysis of CEO and Director Turnover After Fraud
Authors: Johnson William C. , Yi Sangho 
Published: January 2015

AbstractIn this paper, we investigate the consequences of fraud for CEOs and whether these consequences depend on CEO power. We find that CEO power can reduce the likelihood of director turnover as well as CEO turnover after fraud detection. Further, we find that CEO power is negatively related to long‐term stock performance after fraud detection and this negative relationship is particularly strong for powerful CEOs when the board has a low overall turnover. These results imply that powerful CEOs can entrench themselves and survive corporate turbulence by potentially working with board members who are favorable to them.
Computational fluid dynamic modelling of the effect of ventilation mode and tracheal tube position on air flow in the large airways
Authors: Lumb A. B. , Burns A. D. , Figueroa Rosette J. A. , Gradzik K. B. , Ingham D. B. , Pourkashanian M. 
Published: January 2015

SummaryWe have used computational fluid dynamic modelling to study the effects of tracheal tube size and position on regional gas flow in the large airways. Using a three‐dimensional mathematical model, we simulated flow with and without a tracheal tube, replicating both physiological and artificial breathing. Ventilation through a tracheal tube increased proportional flow to the left lung from 39.5% with no tube to 43.1–47.2%, depending on tube position. Ventilation mode and tube distance from the carina had no effect on flow. Lateral displacement and deflection of the tube increased ventilation to the ipsilateral lung; for example, when deflected 10° to the left of centre, flow to the left lung increased from 43.8 to 53.7%. Because of the small diameter of a tracheal tube relative to the trachea, gas exits a tube at high velocity such that regional ventilation may be affected by changes in the position and angle of the tube.
The effect of early in‐hospital medication review on health outcomes: a systematic review
Authors: Hohl Corinne M. , Wickham Maeve E. , Sobolev Boris , Perry Jeff J. , Sivilotti Marco L. A. , Garrison Scott , Lang Eddy , Brasher Penny , Doyle‐Waters Mary M. , Brar Baljeet , Rowe Brian H. , Lexchin Joel , Holland Richard 
Published: January 2015

AimsAdverse drug events are an important cause of emergency department visits, unplanned admissions and prolonged hospital stays. Our objective was to synthesize the evidence on the effect of early in‐hospital pharmacist‐led medication review on patient‐oriented outcomes based on observed data.MethodsWe systematically searched eight bibliographic reference databases, electronic grey literature, medical journals, conference proceedings, trial registries and bibliographies of relevant papers. We included studies that employed random or quasi‐random methods to allocate subjects to pharmacist‐led medication review or control. Medication review had to include, at a minimum, obtaining a best possible medication history and reviewing medications for appropriateness and adverse drug events. The intervention had to be initiated within 24 h of emergency department presentation or 72 h of admission. We extracted data in duplicate and pooled outcomes from clinically homogeneous studies of the same design using random effects meta‐analysis.ResultsWe retrieved 4549 titles of which seven were included, reporting the outcomes of 3292 patients. We pooled data from studies of the same design, and found no significant differences in length of hospital admission (weighted mean difference [WMD] –0.04 days, 95% confidence interval [CI] –1.63, 1.55), mortality (odds ratio [OR] 1.09, 95% CI 0.69, 1.72), readmissions (OR 1.15, 95% CI 0.81, 1.63) or emergency department revisits at 3 months (OR 0.60, 95% CI 0.27, 1.32). Two large studies reporting reductions in readmissions could not be included in our pooled estimates due to differences in study design.ConclusionsWide confidence intervals suggest that additional research is likely to influence the effect size estimates and clarify the effect of medication review on patient‐oriented outcomes. This systematic review failed to identify an effect of pharmacist‐led medication review on health outcomes.
Quality and safety of herbal medical products: regulation and the need for quality assurance along the value chains
Authors: Heinrich Michael 
Published: January 2015

Herbal medicines and products derived from them are a diverse group of products for which different (and often limited) levels of evidence are available. As importantly, such products generally vary in their composition and are at the end of an often poorly understood value chain, which often links producers in biodiversity rich countries with the large markets in the North. This paper discusses the current regulatory framework of such herbal medical products (with a focus on the UK) and using examples from our own metabolomic research on Curcumal longa L. (turmeric, Zingiberaceae) how value chains impact on the composition and quality (and thus the safety) of such products.Overall, our recent research demonstrates the need for studying the links between producers and consumers of commodities produced in provider countries and that plant metabolomics offer a novel way of assessing the chemical variability along a value chain.
DO BALANCED‐BUDGET RULES INCREASE GROWTH?
Authors: Stone Joe A. 
Published: January 2015

ABSTRACTThis study tests the hypothesis that balanced‐budget rules (BBRs) that restrict public borrowing to investments in public infrastructure increase growth by increasing the productivity of debt, either because investments in public infrastructure are more productive than other uses for which states borrow funds or because BBRs lower borrowing costs. Results are based on data at 5‐year intervals for 49 US states over the period 1957–2007. The tests strongly support the hypothesis that BBRs increase growth by increasing the productivity of debt and withstand a variety of robustness checks, including alternative lags, exogeneity tests, GMM estimation, a placebo test, and the influence of outliers.
Distinctive expression patterns of glycoprotein non‐metastatic B and folliculin in renal tumors in patients with Birt–Hogg–Dubé syndrome
Authors: Furuya Mitsuko , Hong Seung‐Beom , Tanaka Reiko , Kuroda Naoto , Nagashima Yoji , Nagahama Kiyotaka , Suyama Takahito , Yao Masahiro , Nakatani Yukio 
Published: January 2015

Birt–Hogg–Dubé syndrome (BHD) is an inherited disorder associated with a germline mutation of the folliculin gene (FLCN). The affected families have a high risk for developing multiple renal cell carcinomas (RCC). Diagnostic markers that distinguish between FLCN‐related RCC and sporadic RCC have not been investigated, and many patients with undiagnosed BHD fail to receive proper medical care. We investigated the histopathology of 27 RCCs obtained from 18 BHD patients who were diagnosed by genetic testing. Possible somatic mutations of RCC lesions were investigated by DNA sequencing. Western blotting and immunohistochemical staining were used to compare the expression levels of FLCN and glycoprotein non‐metastatic B (GPNMB) between FLCN‐related RCCs and sporadic renal tumors (n = 62). The expression of GPNMB was also evaluated by quantitative RT‐PCR. Histopathological analysis revealed that the most frequent histological type was chromophobe RCC (n = 12), followed by hybrid oncocytic/chromophobe tumor (n = 6). Somatic mutation analysis revealed small intragenic mutations in six cases and loss of heterozygosity in two cases. Western blot and immunostaining analyses revealed that FLCN‐related RCCs showed overexpression of GPNMB and underexpression of FLCN, whereas sporadic tumors showed inverted patterns. GPNMB mRNA in FLCN‐related RCCs was 23‐fold more abundant than in sporadic tumors. The distinctive expression patterns of GPNMB and FLCN might identify patients with RCCs who need further work‐up for BHD.