bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Heterogeneous disease progression and treatment response in a C3HeB/FeJ mouse model of tuberculosis
Authors: Lanoix Jean-Philippe , Lenaerts Anne J. , Nuermberger Eric L. 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACT
Mice are the most commonly used species for non-clinical evaluations of drug efficacy against tuberculosis (TB). Unlike commonly used strains, C3HeB/FeJ mice develop caseous necrosis in the lung, which might alter the representation of drug efficacy in a way that is more like human TB. Because the development of such pathology requires time, we investigated the effect of infection incubation period on the activity of six drugs in C3HeB/FeJ and BALB/c mice. Mice were aerosol infected and held for 6, 10 or 14 weeks before receiving therapy with rifampin (RIF), rifapentine (RPT), pyrazinamide (PZA), linezolid (LZD), sutezolid (PNU) or metronidazole (MTZ) for 4-8 weeks. Outcomes included pathological assessments, pH measurements of liquefied caseum and assessment of colony-forming unit (CFU) counts from lung cultures. Remarkable heterogeneity in the timing and extent of disease progression was observed in C3HeB/FeJ mice, largely independent of incubation period. Likewise, drug efficacy in C3HeB/FeJ mice was not affected by incubation period. However, for PZA, LZD and PNU, dichotomous treatment effects correlating with the presence or absence of large caseous lesions were observed. In the case of PZA, its poor activity in the subset of C3HeB/FeJ mice with large caseous lesions might be explained by the pH of 7.36±0.09 measured in liquefied caseum. This study highlights the potential value of C3HeB/FeJ mice for non-clinical efficacy testing, especially for investigating the interaction of lesion pathology and drug effect. Careful use of this model could enhance the bridging of non-clinical results with clinical outcomes.
Presence of multiple lesion types with vastly different microenvironments in C3HeB/FeJ mice following aerosol infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Authors: Irwin Scott M. , Driver Emily , Lyon Edward , Schrupp Christopher , Ryan Gavin , Gonzalez-Juarrero Mercedes , Basaraba Randall J. , Nuermberger Eric L. , Lenaerts Anne J. 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACT
Cost-effective animal models that accurately reflect the pathological progression of pulmonary tuberculosis are needed to screen and evaluate novel tuberculosis drugs and drug regimens. Pulmonary disease in humans is characterized by a number of heterogeneous lesion types that reflect differences in cellular composition and organization, extent of encapsulation, and degree of caseous necrosis. C3HeB/FeJ mice have been increasingly used to model tuberculosis infection because they produce hypoxic, well-defined granulomas exhibiting caseous necrosis following aerosol infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. A comprehensive histopathological analysis revealed that C3HeB/FeJ mice develop three morphologically distinct lesion types in the lung that differ with respect to cellular composition, degree of immunopathology and control of bacterial replication. Mice displaying predominantly the fulminant necrotizing alveolitis lesion type had significantly higher pulmonary bacterial loads and displayed rapid and severe immunopathology characterized by increased mortality, highlighting the pathological role of an uncontrolled granulocytic response in the lung. Using a highly sensitive novel fluorescent acid-fast stain, we were able to visualize the spatial distribution and location of bacteria within each lesion type. Animal models that better reflect the heterogeneity of lesion types found in humans will permit more realistic modeling of drug penetration into solid caseous necrotic lesions and drug efficacy testing against metabolically distinct bacterial subpopulations. A more thorough understanding of the pathological progression of disease in C3HeB/FeJ mice could facilitate modulation of the immune response to produce the desired pathology, increasing the utility of this animal model.
Autophagosome dynamics in neurodegeneration at a glance
Authors: Wong Yvette C. , Holzbaur Erika L. F. 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACTAutophagy is an essential homeostatic process for degrading cellular cargo. Aging organelles and protein aggregates are degraded by the autophagosome-lysosome pathway, which is particularly crucial in neurons. There is increasing evidence implicating defective autophagy in neurodegenerative diseases, including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and Huntington's disease. Recent work using live-cell imaging has identified autophagy as a predominantly polarized process in neuronal axons; autophagosomes preferentially form at the axon tip and undergo retrograde transport back towards the cell body. Autophagosomes engulf cargo including damaged mitochondria (mitophagy) and protein aggregates, and subsequently fuse with lysosomes during axonal transport to effectively degrade their internalized cargo. In this Cell Science at a Glance article and the accompanying poster, we review recent progress on the dynamics of the autophagy pathway in neurons and highlight the defects observed at each step of this pathway during neurodegeneration.
Lessons from Renewables Planning in California and Suggestions to Korea
Authors: Youn Ho Hyern 
Published: April 2015

California has established aggressive Renewables Portfolio Standards (RPS) goals to increase the fraction of electricity generated from renewable energy resources and to decrease greenhouse gas emissions under AB 32. By 2010, 20% of California's electricity is required to come from renewables, and 33% has been proposed as a goal for 2020. Most of this new renewable generation will require the electric grid for delivering its electricity to customers. Renewable generators will be integrated into the electric grid at both the transmission and distribution levels, but most of them are expected to connect to the transmission system in locations remote from load centers and existing transmission infrastructure, thus requiring transmission extensions. Some of this renewable generation will exhibit properties quite different from traditional generation and loads, which pose special challenges for providing timely adequate grid delivery capacity, maintaining reliability, and avoiding economic inefficiencies. Finally, power flow constraints through transmission “gateways” into population centers must be relieved before the electricity from renewables can reach customers. In addition to constructing effective transmission interconnections between the renewable resource development areas and California's high-voltage electrical grid, it will be necessary to expand the transmission system capability between the backbone grid transmission gateways and from the transmission gateways to the local load centers. Meeting these challenges for the successful integration of renewables into the electric delivery system will require new or expanded capabilities for the grid. At higher RPS levels, the conventional “build” solutions alone will prove inadequate. New transmission technologies offer the prospect of providing a substantial portion of these new or expanded capabilities. In this report, we investigate how California is dealing with these challenges. We are covering current status, planning issues and operational issues of renewable energy. We hope this report is useful to whom studying renewable energy.
Intelligent Compact Substations for a Smarter Grid
Authors: Schüpferling Bernd 
Published: April 2015

Higher utilization of the power systems, variable load flows due to decentralized power generation from renewable energy sources and a growing need for information of the regulating authorities place higher demands on fault detection and acquisition of system operating data. Furthermore, remote indication and remote control can considerably reduce supply interruption times as well as system breakdown costs, and provide rapid adjustment to varying load conditions. Therefore, the requirements for the intelligence of transformer substations will increase in the future. With the gas-insulated medium-voltage switchgear type 8DJH, 8DJH 36 or 8DJH Compact, Siemens offers the basis for application in an intelligent compact substation. It is optionally equipped with motorised operating mechanism; intelligent short-circuit indicators with voltage and current measuring, as well as a Remote Terminal Unit (RTU) in a separated wall-mounting cabinet or as an integral part of the switchgear. This article provides an overview on different intelligence levels, possible kinds of communication to the telecontrol system as well as necessary components and requirements of intelligent compact substations for a smarter grid.
Future Energy Paradigm of Microgeneration Technologies for Decentralized Smart Home and Office Buildings
Authors: Entchev Evgueniy , Kang Eun Chul , Lee Euy Joon 
Published: April 2015

Korea Institute of Energy Research (KIER) and Canmet Energy have initiated the joint research project in carrying out investigation and analysis of energy savings of load sharing applications featuring single detached residential and commercial buildings. Moreover, the energy savings of the system which employ ground source heat pump (GSHP), and the hybrid systems of Fuel Cell (FC) – GSHP and Photovoltaic thermal (PVT) – GSHP were also investigated and analyzed. The simple sum of residential and commercial building conventional case was considered as the reference case. The systems' performance was simulated over one full year in TRNSYS software environment under typical weather conditions for Ottawa, Canada and Incheon, Republic of Korea. Reference and advanced load sharing cases were simulated and analyzed in terms of thermal/cooling load satisfied and operational and capital energy savings. These cases were systematically summarized into seven cases, as following: Case 1 is utilizing conventional set up – boiler and chiller to meet heating and cooling demands of a single detached house. Case 2 is utilizing the same conventional set up as Case 1 – boiler and chiller to meet heating and cooling demands of an office building that has the same layout as the house in Case 1. Case 3 is a simple summation of Case 1 and Case 2 systems and loads. Case 4 is a load sharing setup featuring common boiler and chiller used to meet the combined loads of the house and office. Case 5 is a load sharing case utilizing a ground source heat pump (GSHP) to meet the combined loads of the house and office. Case 6 is a load sharing case where a hybrid PEM fuel cell (FC)/ground source heat pump (GSHP) system is used to meet the combined loads of the house and office. Case 7 is a load sharing case where a hybrid Photovoltaic Thermal (PVT)/ground source heat pump (GSHP) system is used to meet the combined loads of the house and office. The simulation results show that by using the same equipment with different capacities the load sharing system can achieve operational energy saving of 3–4 % in comparison to the reference system. Furthermore, Case 5, Case 6, and Case 7 were able to save energy up to 40%, 25%, and 57% in comparison to the case 3 respectively.
Regional Approach to Large Scale Wind Integration in South East Europe
Authors: Majstrović Goran , Polen William L. 
Published: April 2015

The Southeast Europe Cooperation Initiative Transmission System Planning Project (SECI TSP) is a unique development assistance collaboration supported by the transmission system operators of Southeast Europe (SEE), the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) and the United States Energy Association (USEA). Members of the SECI TSP include 10 transmission system operators from Albania, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Kosovo, Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia, Romania and Turkey. Slovenia, Greece and Italy participate in the SECI TSP as observers. This paper provides a brief introduction to the SECI TSP and reviews results of a SECI TSP study of the capacity of the high voltage electricity transmission network in SEE to integrate wind power. The analysis results from wind power plant (WPP) data collected and verified by 12 TSOs (including Slovenia and Greece) through a series of detailed questionnaires (324 inputs collected) and intensive regional cooperation supported by USAID and USEA since 2000. Besides that, large set of input data on hourly WPP generation profiles for each SECI country for the 2020 planning horizon was employed from the Pan-European Market Database (87,600 output data). Historical data on WPP generation was used as a reference when such data was available, as well as the data available from the national wind integration studies. The study identifies limiting factors for large scale WPP integration in SEE, contains an analysis of expected WPP output variation, forecasts reserve capacities in the region, identifies network bottleneck resulting from large scale wind integration, and calculates the impact of WPP on regional network losses. The study results indicate that owing to the sub-regional characteristics of wind patterns, the countries of SEE could reduce by approximately 50% the amount of reserve capacity needed to balance intermittent wind production if such capacity is provided on a regional basis as opposed to the traditional country-by-country approach. This would open up more than 2,000 MW of capacity to be available to the regional electricity market as opposed to holding them in reserve on an individual, country-by country basis. Also, more than 30 regional network bottlenecks were identified as a result of large scale WPP integration through different load flow scenarios.
Teaser Propaganda: uma história de cocriação e engajamento
Authors: Nascimento Ademir Macedo , Correia Neto Jorge da Silva , Bobsin Debora , Pereira Felipe Augusto 
Published: April 2015

A Teaser Propaganda deseja engajar a comunidade virtual, conseguindo pessoas que sigam a marca nas mídias sociais. DOI: 10.12660/gvcasosv4n2c10http://dx.doi.org/10.12660/gvcasosv4n2c10
Case Report: Nitrofurantoin-induced interstitial lung disease
Authors: Basunaid Suhail , Pilate Helena , Schoutteten Melanie , Sprooten Rooy 
Published: April 2015

Nitrofurantoin is widely used for urinary tract infection (UTI) prophylaxis. Long-term use is known to be able to cause serious adverse effects including pulmonary and hepatic toxicity. The prevalence of nitrofurantoin-induced pulmonary injury is on the increase again as the drug regains popularity as a urinary antiseptic.We describe a previously healthy 83-year-old woman who presented to our emergency department in early 2012 with progressive dyspnoea since two weeks. This was not preceded by cough. She had no fever, wheezing, chest pain, or sputum production. She was a 50 pack per year ex-smoker. She had no previous exposure to tuberculosis or industrial chemicals. However, she suffered from recurrent symptomatic UTIs and was on a long-term prescription of nitrofurantoin for prophylaxis.Respiratory examination revealed dullness on percussion at both lung bases and widespread fine inspiratory crackles throughout both lungs. Arterial blood gas analysis showed hypoxia and complete compensation of respiratory acidosis.Initial treatment with co-amoxiclavulanic acid was initiated. CT scanning of the chest showed widespread ground-glass appearance in both lungs with organising pneumonia. A diagnosis of nitrofurantoin-induced interstitial lung disease (NIILD) was suspected. Nitrofurantoin was subsequently stopped and prednisone treatment at 30 mg OD was initiated. Follow-up chest X-ray showed marked improvement.
Do Store Brands Aid Store Loyalty?
Authors: Seenivasan Satheesh , Sudhir K. , Talukdar Debabrata 
Published: April 2015

Do store brands aid store loyalty by enhancing store differentiation or merely draw price-sensitive customers with little or no store loyalty? This paper seeks to answer this question by empirically investigating the relationship between store brand loyalty and store loyalty. First, we find a robust, monotonic, positive relationship between store brand loyalty and store loyalty by using multiple loyalty metrics and data from multiple retailers and by controlling for alternative factors that can influence store loyalty. Second, we take advantage of a natural experiment involving a store closure and find that the attrition in chain loyalty is lower for households with greater store brand loyalty prior to store closure. Together, our results are consistent with evidence for the store differentiation role of store brands. This paper was accepted by J. Miguel Villas-Boas, marketing.
Thyroid Function in Pregnancy: What Is Normal?
Authors: Medici Marco , Korevaar Tim I M , Visser W Edward , Visser Theo J , Peeters Robin P 
Published: April 2015

Abstract

BACKGROUND
Gestational thyroid dysfunction is common and associated with maternal and child morbidity and mortality. During pregnancy, profound changes in thyroid physiology occur, resulting in different thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and free thyroxine (FT4) reference intervals compared to the nonpregnant state. Therefore, international guidelines recommend calculating trimester- and assay-specific reference intervals per center. If these reference intervals are unavailable, TSH reference intervals of 0.1–2.5 mU/L for the first trimester and 0.2–3.0 mU/L for the second trimester are recommended. In daily practice, most institutions do not calculate institution-specific reference intervals but rely on these fixed reference intervals for the diagnosis and treatment of thyroid disorders during pregnancy. However, the calculated reference intervals for several additional pregnancy cohorts have been published in the last few years and show substantial variation.

CONTENT
We provide a detailed overview of the available studies on thyroid function reference intervals during pregnancy, different factors that contribute to these reference intervals, and the maternal and child complications associated with only minor variations in thyroid function.

SUMMARY
There are large differences in thyroid function reference intervals between different populations of pregnant women. These differences can be explained by variations in assays as well as population-specific factors, such as ethnicity and body mass index. The importance of using correct reference intervals is underlined by the fact that even small subclinical variations in thyroid function have been associated with detrimental pregnancy outcomes, including low birth weight and pregnancy loss. It is therefore crucial that institutions do not rely on fixed universal cutoff concentrations, but calculate their own pregnancy-specific reference intervals.
Effects of globalization on the traditional cane and bamboo household objects: A case study on the Nyishi group of Arunachal Pradesh
Authors: Sarma Rashmirekha 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
Globalization poses significant challenges to the survival of the traditional craftsmanship, a domain of intangible cultural heritage. The UNESCO has regularly pointed out the challenges created by globalization, including lengthy apprenticeships with low remuneration, mass-production of goods needed for daily life, environmental and climate change pressures, changing social conditions and cultural tastes, etc. The effects of these challenges are most noticeable when it comes to small indigenous groups, for whom they can have an adverse impact. Arunachal Pradesh is a hill state of India inhabited by 31 indigenous groups. This makes Arunachal Pradesh a suitable site for studying the effects of these challenges. Household objects are one of the numerous expressions of traditional craftsmanship, which have been subjected to the changing influences of globalization within a relatively short period of time. The domestic articles of an average ethnic house of Arunachal Pradesh are usually made of cane and bamboo. The primary focus of this article is to evaluate the effects of the challenges posed by globalization, as mentioned by UNESCO, on the household objects of the Nyishi group, one of the 31 indigenous groups of Arunachal Pradesh. They are traditionally expert in making their household objects with cane and bamboo. The case study was conducted at Seijosa, a locality mainly inhabited by the Nyishis of East Kameng district of Arunachal Pradesh. Based on the unstructured and open ended interviews, this case study focused on the traditional craftsmen’s perspective and observations about the changes on traditional cane and bamboo household objects of Nyishi community, as they are regularly involved in making and distributing these products. The findings of the case study indicate that almost all the challenges, mentioned by UNESCO, are noticeable on the traditional craftsmanship of cane and bamboo household materials of Nyishi group.
Modern alchemy: Collaboration and the value of social capital
Authors: Padovani Clio , Whittaker Paul 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
This industry report focuses on the collaboration between Teixidors, a Spanish hand-weaving company and Zuzunaga design studio. It aims to draw attention to collaborative partnerships as a way of enhancing craft practice and product innovation. An interesting feature of the topic is how the maintenance of local knowledge economies and the enhancement of specialist and traditional community skills can contribute to a model of sustainable business. The report is underpinned by research developed through Plustex, a three-year European Union-funded project. Knowledge was gathered through study visits to European textile SMEs and theoretical review of regional policies designed to facilitate competitiveness in the European textile and clothing sector. The textile collection featured in the report, ‘Integrate: Time and Space’, evidences important factors that can positively contribute to the competitiveness of an enterprise: sustainable social capital, collaboration and the creation of shared value.