bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
1. AT HOME AND IN THE WORKPLACE: A HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION TO THE “SPATIAL TURN”
Authors: KÜMIN BEAT , USBORNE CORNELIE 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACTThis introduction places the forum contributions in the wider context of the “spatial turn” within the humanities and social sciences. Following a survey of the historical trajectories of the field, a review of impulses from different disciplines, and a sketch of general developments over the last few decades, the editors exemplify key approaches, methods, and conceptual advances with reference to gender studies. The focus then turns to the structure, main themes, and specific contents of this collection, which features both case studies and theoretical reflections. In conclusion, the essay underlines the significance and further potential of the “spatial turn.”
5. WHAT DO MEDIEVAL BUILDINGS MEAN?
Authors: JOHNSON MATTHEW H. 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACTThe aim of this article is to review and reconsider what scholars, including historians, archaeologists, and those in other disciplines, are trying to get at when they attempt a “social interpretation” of English late medieval domestic buildings. I focus on the definition and interpretation of “meaning,” and I examine critically a series of concepts routinely deployed in social interpretations in the past, including my own work, such as type, zeitgeist, and intention. I argue that some of these concepts and interpretive moves are problematic and rather than aiding in our understanding, raise further questions in their turn about how buildings were lived in and understood by their medieval inhabitants. I argue for a shift in language and jargon away from “planning” and “meaning” to that of “lived experience”. I explore such a possible shift with reference to different understandings of and debates over the late medieval castle of Bodiam in southeastern England. Such a shift from meaning to lived experience raises fresh challenges for the development and empirical evaluation of interdisciplinary research on medieval buildings, but it also raises fresh possibilities and insights.
6. SPACE: A USELESS CATEGORY FOR HISTORICAL ANALYSIS?
Authors: JERRAM LEIF 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACTMuch fuss has been made of the “spatial turn” in recent years, across a range of disciplines. It is hard to know if the attention has been warranted. A confusion of terms has been used—such as space, place, spatiality, location—and each has signified a cluster of often contradictory and confusing meanings. This phenomenon is common to a range of disciplines in the humanities. This means, first, that it is not always easy to recognize what (if anything) is being discussed under the rubric of space, and second, that over‐extended uses of the cultural turn have stymied meaningful engagement with (or even a language of) materiality in discussions of space. This article shows how materiality has been marginalized both by a casual vocabulary and a vigorous a priori epistemological holism on the part of scholars, and how the spatial turn has been too closely linked to the cultural turn to allow it to develop its fullest explanatory potential. It demonstrates how historians might profitably theorize the significance of place and space in their work (borrowing techniques from geographers and anthropologists, and referring to the phenomenological tradition), and sets out some challenges for using space more effectively in explanatory systems. Inspired by environmental history, sociology, and science and technology studies, I propose a way of establishing space as different from conventional historical handling of materiality, and end by identifying some methodological problems that need to be solved if we are to proceed on a surer footing.
A HISTORY OF THE SPECIES?1
Authors: Jonsson Fredrik Albritton 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACTBy rejecting the old divide between prehistory and history, the group of scholars behind Deep History opens a new window on the problem of the unity and diversity of human experience over the very long run. Their use of kinship metaphors suggests not only a link between modern society and the deep past, but also perhaps a way to imagine the common legacy of the human species. But what emerges from Deep History is hardly a sunny story about the distant origins of social justice and ecological harmony. The other central metaphor of the book—the fractal—uncovers the slow prelude to the Anthropocene. Rather than seeing a sharp break in the Industrial Revolution from an “organic” to a fossil fuel‐burning economy, these scholars stress the history of environmental destruction that has accompanied human expansion. My critical reading presents an alternative understanding of deep history as an arena for a new politics of species. Here a cornucopian understanding of human adaptation clashes with a new pessimism about the climatic fragility of Neolithic civilization.
Early age at first breeding and high natal philopatry in the Red‐necked Nightjar Caprimulgus ruficollis
Authors: Camacho Carlos 
Published: October 2013

Recruitment rates, natal philopatry and the onset of breeding activity are documented for the first time for the order Caprimulgiformes. Of 171 Red‐necked Nightjars Caprimulgus ruficollis ringed as fledglings in southwestern Spain between 2008 and 2011, 31 (18%) were later recovered. Females tended to disperse slightly further (680 m) than males (570 m), and no individual from the study site or nearby locations was ever recovered outside the area where it hatched, suggesting high natal philopatry. Most males (94%) and females (73%) recruited into the breeding population in their first year of life, and only a few individuals were not recovered until their second (10%) or third (7%) year of life. In contrast to most long‐lived birds, nearly all (95.5%) Red‐necked Nightjars started to reproduce in their first potential breeding season.
Optimisation of processing conditions and rheological properties using stephan mixer as conche in small‐scale chocolate processing
Authors: Aidoo Roger P. , Clercq Nathalie De , Afoakwa Emmanuel O. , Dewettinck Koen 
Published: October 2013

SummaryThis study investigated the suitability of Stephan mixer for use as conche during small‐scale chocolate production in an attempt to reduce cost and processing time. Molten chocolate was processed using the Stephan mixer under different temperature and time combinations and Buhler Elk'Olino conche (as reference), and the flow properties (Casson plastic viscosity, Casson yield stress and thixotropy) were studied using a shear‐rate‐controlled rheometer. Optimum settings of 65 °C for 10 min at 443 g dry conching followed by 50 °C for 15 min at 443 g wet conching in the Stephan mixer resulted in similar flow properties as the reference sample. Increasing the blade rotary speed for both dry and wet conching resulted in a decrease in flow properties. The Stephan mixer proved to be suitable for conching small‐scale (approximately 1 kg) chocolate productions and could be explored as a fast and cost‐effective method for small‐scale chocolate conching processes.
Co‐extrusion of pearl millet‐whey protein concentrate for expanded snacks
Authors: Yadav Deep N. , Anand Tanupriya , Navnidhi  , Singh Ashish K. 
Published: October 2013

SummaryA study was conducted to develop pearl millet‐based extruded snacks with whey protein concentrate (WPC) to enhance its acceptability and nutritional value. Pearl millet grits (841 μ) was extruded with different levels (0%, 2.5%, 5.0% and 7.5%) of WPC at constant feed rate (10.5 kg h−1) and moisture content (14%). Addition of whey protein at 7.5% level significantly (P ≤ 0.05) increased Tg from 75.1 ± 0.26 °C to 120.5 ± 1.28 °C and Tm from 89.1 ± 1.51 °C to 158.7 ± 1.37 °C, which resulted in less expanded and harder extrudates. The expansion index of extrudates was negatively correlated (P ≤ 0.05) with protein (r = −0.940), bulk density (r = −0.949), hardness (r = −0.971) and breaking strength (r = −0.921), while positively correlated (P ≤ 0.05) with overall acceptability (OAA; r = 0.988). Keeping in view the nutritional, textural and consumer's acceptability, incorporation of 5% WPC in pearl millet grits (841 μ) was recommended for preparation of acceptable expanded snacks.
Effects of laurel and myrtle extracts on the sensory, chemical and microbiological properties of vacuum‐packed and refrigerated European eel (Anguilla anguilla) fillets
Authors: Ozogul İlyas , Polat Abdurrahman , Özogul Yesim , Boga Esmeray K. , Ozogul Fatih , Ayas Deniz 
Published: October 2013

SummaryThe effects of extracted natural antioxidant (laurel and myrtle) on the sensory, chemical (TVB‐N, TBARS, PV, FFA and pH) and microbiological (total viable count, psychrotrophic bacteria and Enterbacteriaceae counts) properties of vacuum‐packaged European eel (Anguilla anguilla) stored at 4 ± 1 °C were investigated. The TBARS values of myrtle were significantly lower than that of other groups. The peroxide value was low for European eel treated with myrtle and laurel extract. The FFA‐free fatty acid concentration increased from 0.44 (% oleic acid) (2.03) in the eel during 24 days of storage. The values of pH showed statistically significant (P < 0.05) changes for all groups. The myrtle significantly reduced bacterial growth in fillets (P < 0.05). The microbiological limit of 7 log cfu per gram did not exceed in the treated groups. Data showed that the extracts of myrtle and laurel contain substances that inhibit oxidation of lipids and growth of bacteria in European eel, indicating the potential value of these extracts to extend the shelf life of fish.
Nursing students' experiences of being video‐recorded during examination in a fictive emergency care situation
Authors: Nyström Anita , Pålsson Ylva , Hofsten Anna , Häggström Elisabeth 
Published: October 2013

Promoting undergraduate nursing students' learning in simulated care can be achieved through dynamic scenario‐based training sessions that are documented using simple video equipment. One valuable aspect of this kind of training is the subsequent reflective dialogue that takes place between the teacher and the students during the examination.The aim of the present paper is to describe bachelor nursing students' experiences of being video‐recorded during an examination with a simulated patient in emergency care.The study was descriptive in design and used a qualitative approach with written answers to open‐ended questions; 44 undergraduate nursing students participated.A latent content analysis resulted in three themes: (i) visualization might cause nervousness at first; (ii) visualization promotes dialogue and acknowledgement; and (iii) visualization promotes increased self‐knowledge and professional growth.The conclusion is that video‐recording is a good way for undergraduate nursing students to develop skills in emergency care situations and to understand their own actions; it might also help them increase their self‐knowledge.
Multicenter, randomized, sham‐controlled study on the efficacy of magnetic stimulation for women with urgency urinary incontinence
Authors: Yamanishi Tomonori , Homma Yukio , Nishizawa Osamu , Yasuda Kosaku , Yokoyama Osamu ,   SMN‐X Study Group
Published: October 2013

ObjectivesTo evaluate the efficacy and safety of magnetic stimulation for the treatment of urinary incontinence in women with overactive bladder.MethodsA total of 151 women with urgency incontinence were randomized to the active stimulation group or the sham stimulation group in a 2:1 order. An armchair type magnetic stimulator was used for 25‐min magnetic stimulation twice a week, with the maximum magnetic flux density of 560 mT peak at 10 Hz. The sham device was set to deliver in a 5‐s “on”‐5‐s “off” pulsing manner with the maximum intensity of 20.4% of active stimulation at 1 Hz. The study consisted of a baseline period for 1 week, and a treatment period for 6 weeks. The primary end‐point was the number of leaks/week from the bladder diary. The secondary end‐points were the number of voids and urgency/24 h, mean and maximum voided volume, and the quality of life assessment.ResultsChanges from baseline in the active and sham group, respectively, were −13.08 ± 11.00 and −8.68 ± 13.49 in leaks/week (P = 0.038), −2.65 ± 2.52 and −1.53 ± 2.39 in number of urgency/24 h (P = 0.011), and 14.03 ± 34.53 mL and −4.15 ± 40.60 mL in mean voided volume (P = 0.0056). As for safety, except for diarrhea and constipation, no patients experienced any device‐related adverse event.ConclusionsMagnetic stimulation is effective for the treatment of urgency incontinence in female patients with overactive bladder.
Interaction of disulfiram with antiretroviral medications: Efavirenz increases while atazanavir decreases disulfiram effect on enzymes of alcohol metabolism
Authors: McCance‐Katz Elinore F. , Gruber Valerie A. , Beatty George , Lum Paula , Ma Qing , DiFrancesco Robin , Hochreiter Jill , Wallace Paul K. , Faiman Morris D. , Morse Gene D. 
Published: October 2013

Background and ObjectivesAlcohol abuse complicates treatment of HIV disease and is linked to poor outcomes. Alcohol pharmacotherapies, including disulfiram (DIS), are infrequently utilized in co‐occurring HIV and alcohol use disorders possibly related to concerns about drug interactions between antiretroviral (ARV) medications and DIS.MethodThis pharmacokinetics study (n = 40) examined the effect of DIS on efavirenz (EFV), ritonavir (RTV), or atazanavir (ATV) and the effect of these ARV medications on DIS metabolism and aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) activity which mediates the DIS‐alcohol reaction.ResultsEFV administration was associated with decreased S‐Methyl‐N‐N‐diethylthiocarbamate (DIS carbamate), a metabolite of DIS (p = .001) and a precursor to the metabolite responsible for ALDH inhibition, S‐methyl‐N,N‐diethylthiolcarbamate sulfoxide (DETC–MeSO). EFV was associated with increased DIS inhibition of ALDH activity relative to DIS alone administration possibly as a result of EFV‐associated induction of CYP 3A4 which metabolizes the carbamate to DETC–MeSO (which inhibits ALDH). Conversely, ATV co‐administration reduced the effect of DIS on ALDH activity possibly as a result of ATV inhibition of CYP 3A4. DIS administration had no significant effect on any ARV studied.Discussion/ConclusionsATV may render DIS ineffective in treatment of alcoholism.Future DirectionsDIS is infrequently utilized in HIV‐infected individuals due to concerns about adverse interactions and side effects. Findings from this study indicate that, with ongoing clinical monitoring, DIS should be reconsidered given its potential efficacy for alcohol and potentially, cocaine use disorders, that may occur in this population. (Am J Addict 2014;23:137–144)
Supplementing cryopreservation media with reduced glutathione increases fertility and prolificacy of sows inseminated with frozen‐thawed boar semen
Authors: Estrada E. , Rodríguez‐Gil J. E. , Rocha L. G. , Balasch S. , Bonet S. , Yeste M. 
Published: October 2013

SummaryThe main aim of this work was to evaluate how supplementing freezing media with reduced glutathione (GSH) affected the ‘in vivo’ fertilizing ability of boar semen subjected to cryopreservation procedures. With this purpose, 12 ejaculates coming from 12 boars were cryopreserved in the presence or absence of 2 mm GSH, whereas the same number of extended ejaculates coming from the same boars was used as negative/farm controls. Eight different sperm parameters (levels of free‐cysteine residues in sperm nucleoproteins, DNA fragmentation, sperm viability, acrosome‐membrane integrity, intracellular peroxide and superoxide levels, and total and progressive sperm motility) were evaluated before freezing and after 30 and 240 min of thawing. In addition, a total of 180 multiparous sows were used in the field fertility trials, the females being randomly divided into three groups and inseminated with extended, frozen‐thawed control or frozen‐thawed semen supplemented with 2 mm GSH. The presence of GSH in the freezing media significantly (p < 0.05) increased farrowing rates and the number of total born piglets and alive born piglets, and partially counteracted the cryopreservation‐induced damages inflicted on frozen‐thawed spermatozoa. We can thus conclude that supplementing freezing media with 2 mm GSH greatly improves boar sperm cryopreservation technology, as it significantly improves the fertilizing ability of frozen‐thawed spermatozoa.
Can biodiversity hotspots protect more than tropical forest plants and vertebrates?
Authors: Stork Nigel E. , Habel Jan Christian 
Published: October 2013

AbstractConservation International's biodiversity hotspots are areas of high vascular plant endemism combined with high levels of habitat destruction and land use change. Although such hotspots have also been shown to be centres for terrestrial vertebrate endemism, much less is known about how well these areas function as hotspots for other less well‐studied groups, including the hyperdiverse arthropods, other invertebrates and fungi. Because there is a close evolutionary and ecological relationship between insects and plants, we suggest that the potential role of plants as umbrella species for herbivorous insects, potentially herbivorous fungi and nematodes, and parasitic insects should be explored. Finally, we reflect on the increasing social, economic, human conflict and governance issues and the impacts of increasing land use change and global climate change that threaten the biodiversity hotspot system.
How important is nectar in shaping spatial variation in the abundance of temperate breeding hummingbirds?
Authors: Feldman Richard E. , McGill Brian J. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractAimOur aim was to test the degree to which nectar production predicts hummingbird abundances at large spatial scales compared with other large‐scale environmental variables.LocationArizona, Colorado, New Mexico and Utah, USA.MethodsWe surveyed nectar producing flowers at 67 sites in the summer of 2008 and converted flower densities to nectar production using data obtained from the literature. We derived a model of nectar production and used this to create a nectar production map for the study region. We then tested the degree to which nectar production predicted the abundance and occupancy of black‐chinned (Archilochus alexandri) and broad‐tailed (Selasphorus platycercus) hummingbirds with zero‐inflated Poisson regression. Abundance data were taken from the North American Breeding Bird Survey. We compared the predictions made from nectar production to those made from temperature, precipitation, growing degree‐days, elevation and primary productivity.ResultsWe found that black‐chinned hummingbird abundance was best predicted by the abundance of conspecifics in a surrounding 20‐km neighbourhood as opposed to any of the environmental variables. Their occupancy varied independently of any underlying spatial or environmental variation. Broad‐tailed hummingbird abundance was best predicted by average temperature. Nectar was a weak predictor of both species' abundance and occupancy.Main conclusionsOf the variables we measured, no single one is a key predictor of spatial variation of hummingbird abundance. It is possible that breeding abundances respond to local habitat characteristics that do not correlate strongly with large‐scale environmental variability. Within the breeding season, hummingbird abundance and occupancy may depend on factors unrelated to nectar production and hummingbirds may not disperse to track spatial variation in nectar production.
Exploring the Factors Associated With Youth Homelessness and Arrests
Authors: Fielding Kim , Forchuk Cheryl 
Published: October 2013

ProblemThe high rate of arrests among homeless youths has stimulated a growing interest in uncovering the factors associated with police involvement in this population. This study explored external factors related to their arrests.MethodThis secondary analysis involved 186 homeless youths. The difference between youths who reported arrests and those who did not was examined based on the following variables: economic status, meaningful activity, involvement with other homeless peers, mental illness, and drug use.FindingsThe results of this study showed a significant association between drug use and arrests, length of time homeless and arrests, and depression and arrests.ConclusionThe various factors thought to be associated with arrests likely interact with one another, making it difficult to directly link a specific behavior to being arrested.
Novel evolutionary pathways of sex‐determining mechanisms
Authors: Schwanz L. E. , Ezaz T. , Gruber B. , Georges A. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractEvolutionary transitions between sex‐determining mechanisms (SDMs) are an enigma. Among vertebrates, individual sex (male or female) is primarily determined by either genes (genotypic sex determination, GSD) or embryonic incubation temperature (temperature‐dependent sex determination, TSD), and these mechanisms have undergone repeated evolutionary transitions. Despite this evolutionary lability, transitions from GSD (i.e. from male heterogamety, XX/XY, or female heterogamety, ZZ/ZW) to TSD are an evolutionary conundrum, as they appear to require crossing a fitness valley arising from the production of genotypes with reduced viability owing to being homogametic for degenerated sex chromosomes (YY or WW individuals). Moreover, it is unclear whether alternative (e.g. mixed) forms of sex determination can persist across evolutionary time. It has previously been suggested that transitions would be easy if temperature‐dependent sex reversal (e.g. XX male or XY female) was asymmetrical, occurring only in the homogametic sex. However, only recently has a mechanistic model of sex determination emerged that may allow such asymmetrical sex reversal. We demonstrate that selection for TSD in a realistic sex‐determining system can readily drive evolutionary transitions from GSD to TSD that do not require the production of YY or WW individuals. In XX/XY systems, sex reversal (female to male) occurs in a portion of the XX individuals only, leading to the loss of the Y allele (or chromosome) from the population as XX individuals mate with each other. The outcome is a population of XX individuals whose sex is determined by incubation temperature (TSD). Moreover, our model reveals a novel evolutionarily stable state representing a mixed‐mechanism system that has not been revealed by previous approaches. This study solves two long‐standing puzzles of the evolution of sex‐determining mechanisms by illuminating the evolutionary pathways and endpoints.
The effect ofWolbachiaon the lifetime reproductive success of its insect host in the field
Authors: Segoli M. , Stouthamer R. , Stouthamer C. M. , Rugman‐Jones P. , Rosenheim J. A. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractWolbachiais a widespread endosymbiont that induces dramatic manipulations of its host's reproduction. Although there has been substantial progress in the developing theory forWolbachia–host interactions and in measuring the effects ofWolbachiaon host fitness in the laboratory, there is a widely recognized need to quantify the effects ofWolbachiaon the host fitness in the field. The waspAnagrus sophiae, an egg parasitoid of planthoppers, carries aWolbachiastrain that induces parthenogenesis, but its effects on the fitness of itsAnagrushost are unknown. We developed a method to estimate the realized lifetime reproductive success of female wasps by collecting them soon after they die naturally in the field, counting the number of eggs remaining in their ovaries and quantifyingWolbachiadensity in their body. We sampled from a highly infectedA. sophiaepopulation and found no evidence forWolbachiavirulence and possible evidence for positive effects ofWolbachiaon realized reproductive success.