bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fabrication of black silicon via reactive ion etching through Cu micromask
Authors: Jiang Ye , Shen Honglie , Yue Zhihao , Wang Wei , Jin Jiale 
Published: May 2014

Black silicon was fabricated on a pyramid silicon surface via reactive ion etching (RIE) through a Cu micromask formed by a sputtering and annealing process. This adopted RIE technique does not rely on oxygen gas avoiding the silicon surface damage from oxygen plasma. Scanning electron microscopy and an UV–vis‐NIR spectrophotometer were used to characterise the morphology and optical reflectance of the prepared samples with porous structures on a pyramid. The results show that the homogeneity of the Cu micromask controlled by the annealing condition determines the reflectance of the textured silicon wafer. A lowest reflectance of 6.2% appears in the samples with sputtered Cu thin film annealed at a temperature of 500°C for 10 min. This work may provide a choice to fabricate black silicon with an excellent light confinement structure, which will have potential application for the improvement of efficiency of silicon solar cells.
Facile synthesis of leaf‐like cobalt microstructures at low temperature
Authors: Cheng Guobin 
Published: May 2014

Three‐dimensional (3D) hierarchical cobalt microstructures with a leaf‐like shape were prepared using cobalt chloride as the starting material via a facile solution method at 90°C. An ethanol and water mixed solution was used as the solvent, and hydrazine was employed as the reducing agent. The phase purity and morphologies were investigated by X‐ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. It was found that the concentration of alkaline and the volume ratio of ethanol to water played important roles for the shape control of the final products. Magnetisation measurements revealed that the leaf‐like cobalt microstructures exhibited ferromagnetic characteristics with a saturation magnetisation of 156.2 emu/g and an enhanced coercivity of 371.5 Oe at room temperature. This relatively simple, efficient and shape controllable approach can be extended to the preparation of other metal materials with complex 3D micro/nanostructures.
The methylome of the human frontal cortex across development
Authors: Jaffe Andrew E. , Gao Yuan , Tao Ran , Hyde Thomas M. , Weinberger Daniel R. , Kleinman Joel E. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractDNA methylation (DNAm) plays an important role in epigenetic regulation of gene expression, orchestrating tissue differentiation and development during all stages of mammalian life. This epigenetic control is especially important in the human brain, with extremely dynamic gene expression during fetal and infant life, and becomes progressively more stable at later periods of development. We characterized the epigenetic state of the developing and aging human frontal cortex in post-mortem tissue from 351 individuals across the lifespan using the Illumina 450k DNA methylation microarray. The largest changes in the methylome occur at birth at varying spatial resolutions – we identify 359,087 differentially methylated loci, which form 23,732 significant differentially methylated regions (DMRs). There were also 298 regions of long-range changes in DNAm, termed “blocks”, associated with birth that strongly overlap previously published colon cancer “blocks”. We then identify 55,439 DMRs associated with development and aging, of which 61.9% significantly associate with nearby gene expression levels. Lastly, we find enrichment of genomic loci of risk for schizophrenia and several other common diseases among these developmental DMRs. These data, integrated with existing genetic and transcriptomic data, create a rich genomic resource across brain development.
Photosynthesis in perennial mixotrophic Epipactis spp. (Orchidaceae) contributes more to shoot and fruit biomass than to hypogeous survival
Authors: Gonneau Cédric , Jersáková Jana , de Tredern Eloïse , Till‐Bottraud Irène , Saarinen Kimmo , Sauve Mathieu , Roy Mélanie , Hájek Tomáš , Selosse Marc‐André 
Published: May 2014

Summary

Some forest understorey plants recover carbon (C) not only from their own photosynthesis, but also from mycorrhizal fungi colonizing their roots. How these mixotrophic plants use the resources obtained from mycorrhizal and photosynthetic sources remains unknown.

We investigated C sources and allocation in mixotrophic perennial orchids from the genus Epipactis. Based on the assumption that fungal biomass has high δ13C and N content, while photosynthetic biomass has lower δ13C and N content, we indirectly estimated the respective contributions of these two resources to various organs, at various times over the growth season. Fully heterotrophic and fully autotrophic plants from the same sites were used as references for δ13C and N content of biomass purely issuing from fungi and photosynthesis, respectively.

In four investigated populations, the biomass shifted from fully heterotrophic in young spring shoots to 80–100% autotrophic in leaves and fruits at fruiting time, suggesting that photosynthesis supported mostly fruiting costs. In addition, fungal colonization decreased in roots over this period.

Based on δ13C and N content, below‐ground organs and young spring shoots from green (mixotrophic) individuals and spontaneous achlorophyllous variants (fully heterotrophic) displayed similar fungal C contributions. Similar fungal contributions were also found in shoots of individuals that were either sprouting (and thus partially photosynthetic) or dormant (and thus fully heterotrophic) in the previous years. Therefore, fungal C supported mostly young spring shoots and below‐ground organs.

Although experimentally shaded plants had decreased contributions of photosynthetic C in shoots, experimentally defoliated plants showed no increase in fungal C contribution as compared with non‐defoliated controls. Strikingly, these defoliated plants maintained the same seed production: they likely compensated defoliation by increasing stem and fruit photosynthesis.

Synthesis. We propose a falsifiable model of C resource allocation in mixotrophic orchids, where mycorrhizal fungi mostly support below‐ground organs and survival, while photosynthesis mostly supports above‐ground sexual reproduction, but not below‐ground reserves. We discuss how this allocation pattern, where seed production depends on photosynthesis, complicates the evolutionary route to full heterotrophy in mixotrophic orchids.
Understanding the Impact of Migration on Innovation
Authors: Jensen Paul H. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractAlthough immigration debates in the popular press sometimes focus on the perceived negative aspects, immigrants may actually stimulate innovation, thereby promoting job creation and enhancing productivity. Although there is an emerging international literature on the impact of migration on innovation, Australian studies are limited. Given the importance of net immigration to Australian society, this is an oversight. In this article, recent developments in the international literature on the migration–innovation relationship are critically reviewed and their implications for the debate in Australia are considered. Moreover, some ideas on how to improve the evidence base for policy‐making in Australia are proposed.
Immigration in a Population Context
Authors: Withers Glenn 
Published: May 2014

AbstractImmigration has conditioned the peopling of Australia. This article examines the evolution of Australia's population as influenced by immigration, what the impacts of population change have been for the economy, society and environment and what options exist to influence this process. The desirable course of policy is examined. A central role for immigration and the enhancement of its management and of complementary policies in building a worthy future for Australians are proposed. The contribution of past economic analysis to understanding of these issues and to informing policy settings is discussed and work still required in analysis and policy is identified.
Clinical audit of gastrectomy for gastric adenocarcinoma: Results of a single institution
Authors: Ng Yuen‐Shan , Wong Ka‐Fai , Yiu Hak‐Lim , Leung Siu‐Kee 
Published: May 2014

AimTo study the short‐ and long‐term outcomes of surgical resections for gastric adenocarcinoma.Patients and MethodsAll patients who had gastric adenocarcinoma who underwent gastrectomy from 2002 to 2012 at Tuen Mun Hospital, Hong Kong, were reviewed. Pathological staging was defined according to 7th edition of the American Joint Committee on Cancer stage manual. D1 lymphadenectomy is the removal of perigastric lymph nodes, and D2 lymphadenectomy is the removal of perigastric and the second tier of regional lymph nodes, according to the Japanese Gastric Cancer Association.ResultsThe clinical outcomes of 354 patients were studied. The median age was 67, and 65.8 per cent of patients were male. A total of 299 operations (84.5 per cent) were performed with curative intent; 167 (47.2 per cent) patients received extended lymphadenectomy (D2). Laparoscopic gastrectomy was started in 2008 and comprised of 7.8 per cent of gastrectomies since then; 44.9 per cent of patients had pathological stage III, 31.1 per cent of patients received adjuvant treatment and 18.8 per cent of patients developed complications, including intra‐abdominal collection (3 per cent), duodenal stump leak (2.5 per cent) and anastomotic leak (1.4 per cent). The median postoperative length of stay was 10 days. The 30‐day mortality was 2.3 per cent. The overall median survival time was 38.23 months. The 3‐year survival rates for D1 and D2 gastrectomies were 45.45 per cent and 58.37 per cent, respectively. The 5‐year survival rates for D1 and D2 gastrectomies were 33.49 per cent and 47.78 per cent, respectively (P = 0.0013). The results are comparable to international standards.ConclusionThe outcomes of patients undergoing gastrectomy for cancer are reviewed and were found to be comparable to international standards. Many of our patients had advanced disease and were benefitted by more extensive lymph‐node dissection.
A decade of experience evolving visiting dental services in partnership with rural remote Aboriginal communities
Authors: Dyson K , Kruger E , Tennant M 
Published: May 2014

AbstractBackgroundEmbedding research capabilities and workforce development activities with clinical service entities promotes the development of sustainable, innovative, quality‐focused oral health care services. Clinical and strategic governance is an important area of consideration for rural and remote dental services, posing particular challenges for smaller service structures. Sustaining remote area dental services has some significant complexities beyond those involved in urban service models.MethodsThis study describes the sustaining structure of a remote area dental service with a decade of history.ResultsIn the current climate, chief among these challenges may be those associated with dental workforce shortages as these impact most heavily in the public sector, and most particularly, in remote areas. As sustained workforce solutions come from developing a future workforce, an essential element of the workforce governance framework for remote dental service provision should be the inclusion of a student participation programme. Collaborative partnership approaches with Aboriginal health services promote the development and maintenance of effective, culturally sensitive dental services within rural and remote Aboriginal communities. Having sustained care for 10 years, this collaborative model of integrated research, education and service has demonstrated its effectiveness as a service model for Aboriginal communities in Western Australia.ConclusionsThis descriptive study finds the core values for this success have been communication, clinical leadership, mentorship within effective governance systems all linked to an integrated education and research agenda.
Fluoride release, recharge and flexural properties of polymethylmethacrylate containing fluoridated glass fillers
Authors: Al‐Bakri IA , Swain MV , Naoum SJ , Al‐Omari WM , Martin E , Ellakwa A 
Published: May 2014

AbstractBackgroundThe purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of fluoridated glass fillers on fluoride release, recharge and the flexural properties of modified polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA).MethodsSpecimens of PMMA denture base material with various loading of fluoridated glass fillers (0%, 1%, 2.5%, 5% and 10% by weight) were prepared. Flexural properties were evaluated on rectangular specimens (n = 10) aged in deionized water after 24 hours, 1 and 3 months. Disc specimens (n = 10) were aged for 43 days in deionized water and lactic acid (pH 4.0) and fluoride release was measured at numerous intervals. After ageing, specimens were recharged and fluoride re‐release was recorded at 1, 3 and 7 days after recharge.ResultsSamples containing 2.5%, 5% and 10% glass fillers showed significantly (p < 0.05) greater levels of fluoride release compared with the control and 1% glass fillers specimens. All experimental specimens exhibited fluoride release in both media. The flexural strength of specimens decreased in proportion to the percentage filler inclusion with the modulus of elasticity values remaining within ISO Standard 1567.ConclusionsThe modified PMMA with fluoridated glass fillers has the ability to release and re‐release fluoride ion. Flexural strength decreased as glass filler uploading increased.
Expression of nuclear receptors of gingiva in polycystic ovarian syndrome: a preliminary case study
Authors: Asnani KP , Hingorani D , Kheur S , Deshmukh VL , Romanos GE 
Published: May 2014

AbstractOestrogen is mainly responsible for alterations in blood vessels and progesterone stimulates the production of inflammatory mediators. In females, during puberty, ovulation and pregnancy, there is an increase in the production of sex steroid hormones, which results in increased gingival inflammation, characterized by gingival enlargement, increased bleeding and crevicular fluid flow. This article presents a case of a patient who presented with a complaint of gingival swelling and spontaneous bleeding that persisted for more than two months. Her health history documented the recently diagnosed presence of polycystic ovarian syndrome. Clinical examination revealed enlarged painful gingival tissues, which bled when touched. After completion of Phase I therapy, the enlargement did not subside and a biopsy sample was taken. This was compared with another patient who had the same health condition but did not show any gingival enlargement. Testing of tissue samples for oestrogen and progesterone receptors showed the first patient to be positive for oestrogen receptors but negative for progesterone, whereas the control was negative for both. Positive oestrogen receptors suggest that polycystic ovarian syndrome has some effect on the periodontium. The dental consequences of this condition, highly prevalent among young females, are typically ignored. Further studies warrant establishment of a clinical association and future diagnosis.
Effect on interleukin‐1β and interleukin‐8 levels following use of fibrin sealant for periodontal surgery
Authors: Pulikkotil SJ , Nath S 
Published: May 2014

AbstractBackgroundFibrin sealant (FS) is a biologically derived tissue adhesive for securing flaps. The aim of the present randomized controlled clinical trial was to compare early wound healing by assessing interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β) and interleukin‐8 (IL‐8) levels from gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) after using FS and suture for periodontal flap closure.MethodsThirty selected quadrants in 15 periodontitis patients were randomly assigned to either a test (fibrining) or control group (suturing) for flap closure. IL‐1β and IL‐8 were assessed in GCF using enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) before and eight days after surgery. Patients were recalled at 7, 14, 21 days and 3 months after surgery for clinical assessment.ResultsThere was a statistically significant decrease in IL‐1β (84.82 ± 77.18, 29.2 ± 21.97 pg/μl) and IL‐8 (57.94 ± 55.47, 21.82 ± 21.93 pg/μl) levels in the test side after fibrining while there was an increase in the control side (IL‐1β 31.40 ± 16.82, 128.8 ± 45.14; IL‐8 31.40 ± 16.82, 128.83 ± 45.14 pg/μl) (p < 0.05). The change in concentration of IL‐1β and IL‐8 following intervention correlated significantly in both the sites. Clinical parameters differed significantly only on the seventh day with less plaque and bleeding on the test sites.ConclusionsFibrin sealant enhances early wound healing by reducing inflammation after periodontal flap surgery.
Flicker‐induced retinal vasodilatation is not dependent on complement factor H polymorphism in healthy young subjects
Authors: Told Reinhard , Palkovits Stefan , Boltz Agnes , Schmidl Doreen , Napora Katarzyna J. , Werkmeister René M. , Haslacher Helmuth , Frantal Sophie , Popa‐Cherecheanu Alina , Schmetterer Leopold , Garhöfer Gerhard 
Published: May 2014

AbstractPurposeThe complement factor H (CFH) tyrosine 402 histidine (Y402H, rs1061170) variant is known to be significantly associated with age‐related macular degeneration (AMD). Whether this genetic variant may impact retinal blood flow regulation is largely unknown. This study investigated whether flicker‐induced vasodilation, an indicator for the coupling between neural activity and blood flow, is altered in subjects carrying the rs1061170 risk allele.MethodsOne hundred healthy subjects (aged between 18 and 45 years) were included in this study. Retinal blood flow regulation was tested by assessing retinal vessel calibres in response to stimulation with diffuse flicker light. Retinal vascular flicker responses were determined with a Dynamic Vessel Analyzer (DVA). In addition, genotyping for rs1061170 was performed.ResultsEighteen subjects were homozygous for the risk allele C, 50 were homozygous for the ancestral allele T, and 31 subjects were heterozygous (CT). One subject had to be excluded from data evaluation, as no genetic analysis could be performed due to technical difficulties. Baseline diameters of retinal arteries (p = 0.39) and veins (p = 0.64) were comparable between the three groups. Flicker‐induced vasodilation in both retinal arteries (p = 0.38) and retinal veins (p = 0.62) was also comparable between the three studied groups.ConclusionsOur data indicate that homozygous healthy young carriers of the C risk allele at rs1061170 do not show abnormal flicker‐induced vasodilation in the retina. This suggests that the high‐risk genetic variant of CFH polymorphism does not impact neuro‐vascular coupling in healthy subjects.
Variation in small bowel length: Factor in achieving total enteroscopy?
Authors: Raines Daniel , Arbour Adrienne , Thompson Hilary W. , Figueroa‐Bodine Jazmin , Joseph Saju 
Published: May 2014

Background and AimEstimation of small bowel length is of interest following the recent development of device‐assisted enteroscopy. This new technology allows access to the deep small bowel, but rates of examination of the entire small bowel (total enteroscopy) differ between study populations. Variation in small bowel length could factor into this observed irregularity in total enteroscopy rates. Medical literature contains limited information regarding small bowel length in living patients and conflicting data regarding small bowel length and its relationship to height and weight. We carried out small bowel measurements on surgical patients to further define the total length of the small bowel and its relationship to height, weight and body mass index (BMI).MethodsMeasurement of ileojejunal length on 91 surgical patients undergoing laparotomy for routine indications. Demographic data were collected for each subject, including height, weight and BMI.ResultsSmall bowel length was found to vary widely between individuals (average 998.52 cm, range 630–1510 cm). Linear regression analysis demonstrated a statistically significant relationship between small bowel length and height (regression coefficient = 0.0561, P‐value = 0.0238). A linear relationship between small bowel length and weight or BMI was not observed.ConclusionsLength of the small bowel in humans is pertinent to advances in deep enteroscopy and existing surgical applications such as intestinal bypass and prevention of short gut syndrome. If average small bowel length varies with height, total enteroscopy may be easier to achieve in patients who are short in stature.
Routine developmental, autism, behavioral, and psychological screening in epilepsy care settings
Authors: Eom Soyong , Fisher Breanne , Dezort Catherine , Berg Anne T 
Published: May 2014

AimScreening for cognitive impairment, developmental delay, and neuropsychiatric problems is not always performed in children with epilepsy. The aim of this study was to assess the value of this screening and its validity for determining previously unidentified (‘actionable’) problems in children with epilepsy.MethodNew and existing patients with epilepsy were recruited from a hospital‐based epilepsy center. The parent of the child completed screening evaluations for development (Ages and Stages Questionnaire [ASQ], 0–66mo), autism (Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers [mCHAT], 16–30mo), social communication (Social Communication Questionnaire [SCQ], ≥4y), and psychiatric concerns (Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire [SDQ], 4–17y).ResultsWe screened 236 children overall (136 males [58%], 100 females [42%]; mean age [SD] 6y 7mo [4y 6mo]). Of these, 176 children (75%) had established epilepsy diagnoses and 60 (25%) were patients with new‐onset epilepsy. Of those with new‐onset disease, 22 (37%) were determined not to have epilepsy. Positive findings by test were 82% (ASQ), 54% (mCHAT), 15%, (SCQ), and 58% (SDQ). Findings were actionable in 46 children (20%): 18% of findings in children with established epilepsy and 23% of findings in patients with new‐onset epilepsy. Of the 46 children for whom further referrals were made, the parents of 28 (61%) have pursued further evaluations.InterpretationIn this study, children with existing and new‐onset diagnoses of epilepsy had actionable screening findings. These findings support the development of systematic screening of comorbidities for children with epilepsy.