bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Die Früherkennung von Problemspielern: Entwicklung eines Screening-Instrumentes
Authors: Hayer Tobias , Kalke Jens , Buth Sven , Meyer Gerhard 
Published: December 2014

Einführung: Nach aktuellen rechtlichen Bestimmungen ist das Personal von Spielhallen in der Früherkennung problematischen Spielverhaltens zu schulen. Bisher werden von den Schulungsinstitutionen allerdings sehr heterogene und wissenschaftlich nicht überprüfte Checklisten eingesetzt. Zielsetzung: Das Forschungsprojekt verfolgte das Ziel, in einem systematischen Entwicklungsprozess ein empiriegestütztes Früherkennungsinstrument zu konzipieren, das einerseits die wichtigsten psychometrischen Gütekriterien erfüllt und gleichzeitig anwenderfreundlich sowie praxistauglich ist. Forschungsdesign: Das Instrument wurde in einem komplexen methodischen Prozess entwickelt, der im Kern folgende, aufeinander aufbauende Einzelschritte umfasst: Literaturrecherche, qualitative Interviews, Fokusgruppen-Gespräche, Befragung von Spielern und Spielstättenpersonal. Im Verlauf dieses Prozesses ließ sich der Item-Pool von 71 auf 18 Kriterien reduzieren. Ergebnis: Das Früherkennungsinstrument besteht aus insgesamt 18 Beobachtungsmerkmalen, die in erster Linie eine Kombination aus Kriterien der Verhaltensänderung, des aktuellen (Spiel‐)Verhaltens und des Umgangs mit Geld darstellen. Ausblick: Das Instrument müsste zukünftig in einem Praxistest mit einer angemessenen Stichprobengröße validiert werden. Zudem ist es erforderlich, die bisher in der Praxis angewendeten heterogenen Kriterienkataloge weiter zu vereinheitlichen.
A Winogradsky-based culture system shows an association between microbial fermentation and cystic fibrosis exacerbation
Authors: Quinn Robert A , Whiteson Katrine , Lim Yan-Wei , Salamon Peter , Bailey Barbara , Mienardi Simone , Sanchez Savannah E , Blake Don , Conrad Doug , Rohwer Forest 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
There is a poor understanding of how the physiology of polymicrobial communities in cystic fibrosis (CF) lungs contributes to pulmonary exacerbations and lung function decline. In this study, a microbial culture system based on the principles of the Winogradsky column (WinCF system) was developed to study the physiology of CF microbes. The system used glass capillary tubes filled with artificial sputum medium to mimic a clogged airway bronchiole. Chemical indicators were added to observe microbial physiology within the tubes. Characterization of sputum samples from seven patients showed variation in pH, respiration, biofilm formation and gas production, indicating that the physiology of CF microbial communities varied among patients. Incubation of homogenized tissues from an explant CF lung mirrored responses of a Pseudomonas aeruginosa pure culture, supporting evidence that end-stage lungs are dominated by this pathogen. Longitudinal sputum samples taken through two exacerbation events in a single patient showed that a two-unit drop in pH and a 30% increase in gas production occurred in the tubes prior to exacerbation, which was reversed with antibiotic treatment. Microbial community profiles obtained through amplification and sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene showed that fermentative anaerobes became more abundant during exacerbation and were then reduced during treatment where P. aeruginosa became the dominant bacterium. Results from the WinCF experiments support the model where two functionally different CF microbial communities exist, the persistent Climax Community and the acute Attack Community. Fermentative anaerobes are hypothesized to be the core members of the Attack Community and production of acidic and gaseous products from fermentation may drive developing exacerbations. Treatment targeting the Attack Community may better resolve exacerbations and resulting lung damage.
Bacteria can mobilize nematode-trapping fungi to kill nematodes
Authors: Wang Xin , Li Guo-Hong , Zou Cheng-Gang , Ji Xing-Lai , Liu Tong , Zhao Pei-Ji , Liang Lian-Ming , Xu Jian-Ping , An Zhi-Qiang , Zheng Xi , Qin Yue-Ke , Tian Meng-Qing , Xu You-Yao , Ma Yi-Cheng , Yu Ze-Fen , Huang Xiao-Wei , Liu Shu-Qun , Niu Xue-Mei , Yang Jin-Kui , Huang Ying , Zhang Ke-Qin 
Published: December 2014

AbstractIn their natural habitat, bacteria are consumed by bacterivorous nematodes; however, they are not simply passive preys. Here we report a defensive mechanism used by certain bacteria to mobilize nematode-trapping fungi to kill nematodes. These bacteria release urea, which triggers a lifestyle switch in the fungus Arthrobotrys oligospora from saprophytic to nematode–predatory form; this predacious form is characterized by formation of specialized cellular structures or ‘traps’. The bacteria significantly promote the elimination of nematodes by A. oligospora. Disruption of genes involved in urea transport and metabolism in A. oligospora abolishes the urea-induced trap formation. Furthermore, the urea metabolite ammonia functions as a signal molecule in the fungus to initiate the lifestyle switch to form trap structures. Our findings highlight the importance of multiple predator–prey interactions in prey defense mechanisms.
Massively Sub-wavelength Guiding of Electromagnetic Waves
Authors: Hooper I. R. , Tremain B. , Dockrey J. A. , Hibbins A. P. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractRecently a new form of ultra-thin flexible waveguide consisting of a conducting comb-like structure with a thickness of the order of 1/600th of the operating wavelength was presented. However, whilst the thickness of the guide was massively sub-wavelength, the remaining dimensions (the height and period of the comb) were much longer. In this paper we propose and experimentally verify, that a modified guiding geometry consisting of a chain of ultra-thin conducting spirals allows guiding of electromagnetic waves with wavelengths that are many times (40+) longer than any characteristic dimension of the guide, enabling super-sub-wavelength guiding and localisation of electromagnetic energy.
Differential calcium handling by the cis and trans regions of the Golgi apparatus
Authors: Aulestia Francisco J. , Alonso María Teresa , García-Sancho Javier 
Published: December 2014

High Ca2+ content in the Golgi apparatus (Go) is essential for protein processing and sorting. In addition, the Go can shape the cytosolic Ca2+ signals by releasing or sequestering Ca2+. We generated two new aequorin-based Ca2+ probes to specifically measure Ca2+ in the cis/cis-to-medial-Go (cGo) or the trans-Go (tGo). Ca2+ homoeostasis in these compartments and in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) has been studied and compared. Moreover, the relative size of each subcompartment was estimated from aequorin consumption. We found that the cGo accumulates Ca2+ to high concentrations (150–300 μM) through the sarco plasmic/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase (SERCA). The tGo, in turn, is divided into two subcompartments: tGo1 and tGo2. The subcompartment tGo1 contains 20% of the aequorin and has a high internal [Ca2+]; Ca2+ is accumulated in this subcompartment via the secretory pathway Ca2+-ATPase 1 (SPCA-1) at a very high affinity (K50=30 nM). The subcompartment tGo2 contains 80% of aequorin, has a lower [Ca2+] and no SPCA-1 activity; Ca2+ uptake happens through SERCA and is slower than in tGo1. The two tGo subcompartments, tGo1 and tGo2, are diffusionally isolated. Inositol trisphosphate mobilizes Ca2+ from the cGo and tGo2, but not from tGo1, whereas caffeine releases Ca2+ from all the Golgi regions, and nicotinic acid dinucleotide phosphate and cADP ribose from none.
Nonrandom, diversifying processes are disproportionately strong in the smallest size classes of a tropical forest
Authors: Green Peter T. , Harms Kyle E. , Connell Joseph H. 
Published: December 2014

Significance
A long-standing paradigm in forest ecology holds that patterns of relative abundance among a forest’s mature trees are largely set by biotic and abiotic processes that operate most strongly at the earliest life-cycle stages. Although support for this model is implicit in the vast body of research on tropical seedling dynamics, the paradigm has never formally been tested in any forest. Using multidecadal demographic data, we present quantitative evidence for the primacy of early-stage, nonrandom dynamics in forest ecology. This finding corroborates the importance that tropical ecologists have traditionally assigned to early-stage dynamics, and calls for greater and more widespread inclusion of the smallest size classes into large, plot-based tropical forest dynamics projects worldwide.
A divergent Pumilio repeat protein family for pre-rRNA processing and mRNA localization
Authors: Qiu Chen , McCann Kathleen L. , Wine Robert N. , Baserga Susan J. , Hall Traci M. Tanaka 
Published: December 2014

Significance
RNA regulation occurs at many levels including processing to mature forms, subcellular localization, and translation. RNA-binding proteins are crucial to direct and regulate these processes. Pumilio/feminization of XX and XO animals (fem)-3 mRNA-binding factor (PUF) proteins are RNA-binding proteins formed from eight α-helical repeats [Pumilio (PUM) repeats] that recognize specific mRNA sequences. Previous structural studies revealed characteristic curved structures and sequence specificity unique to these classical PUF proteins. We show here that PUM repeats also form different folds with 11 PUM repeats. Moreover, these proteins, exemplified by human Puf-A and yeast Puf6 proteins, recognize double-stranded RNA or DNA without sequence specificity. Interestingly, Puf-A and Puf6 PUM repeats lack specificity for RNA bases yet use residues at conserved positions on topologically equivalent protein surfaces for new nucleic acid recognition modes.
Forests, fields, and the edge of sustainability at the ancient Maya city of Tikal
Authors: Lentz David L. , Dunning Nicholas P. , Scarborough Vernon L. , Magee Kevin S. , Thompson Kim M. , Weaver Eric , Carr Christopher , Terry Richard E. , Islebe Gerald , Tankersley Kenneth B. , Grazioso Sierra Liwy , Jones John G. , Buttles Palma , Valdez Fred , Ramos Hernandez Carmen E. 
Published: December 2014

SignificanceThe rise of complex societies and sustainable land use associated with urban centers has been a major focus for anthropologists, geographers, and ecologists. Here we present a quantitative assessment of the agricultural, agroforestry, and water management strategies of the inhabitants of the prominent ancient Maya city of Tikal, and how their land use practices effectively sustained a low-density urban population for many centuries. Our findings also reveal, however, that the productive landscape surrounding Tikal, managed to the brink of its carrying capacity during the Late Classic period, did not have the resilience to withstand the droughts of the 9th century. These results offer essential insights that address the question of why some cities thrive while others decline.
Economic optimization of a global strategy to address the pandemic threat
Authors: Pike Jamison , Bogich Tiffany , Elwood Sarah , Finnoff David C. , Daszak Peter 
Published: December 2014

SignificanceEmerging pandemics are increasing in frequency, threatening global health and economic growth. Global strategies to thwart pandemics can be classed as adaptive (reducing impact after a disease emerges) or mitigation (reducing the causes of pandemics). Our economic analysis shows that the optimal time to implement a globally coordinated adaptive policy is within 27 y and that given geopolitical challenges around pandemic control, these should be implemented urgently. Furthermore, we find that mitigation policies, those aimed at reducing the likelihood of an emerging disease originating, are more cost effective, saving between $344.0 billion and $360.8 billion over the next 100 y if implemented today.
Essential role for autophagy during invariant NKT cell development
Authors: Salio Mariolina , Puleston Daniel J. , Mathan Till S. M. , Shepherd Dawn , Stranks Amanda J. , Adamopoulou Eleni , Veerapen Natacha , Besra Gurdyal S. , Hollander Georg A. , Simon Anna Katharina , Cerundolo Vincenzo 
Published: December 2014

SignificanceAutophagy is an evolutionarily conserved catabolic process essential to maintaining cellular homeostasis through the breakdown and recycling of damaged organelles and long-lived proteins. We report that autophagy plays an essential cell-intrinsic role in maintaining the survival of a subset of innate-like cells known as invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells. Autophagy deficiency prevents transition to a quiescent state after population expansion of thymic iNKT cells. Hence, autophagy-deficient iNKT cells accumulate mitochondria and oxygen radicals and subsequently die of apoptosis.
Topological sensitivity analysis for systems biology
Authors: Babtie Ann C. , Kirk Paul , Stumpf Michael P. H. 
Published: December 2014

Significance
Mathematical models are widely used to study natural systems. They allow us to test and generate hypotheses, and help us to understand the processes underlying the observed behavior. However, such models are, by necessity, simplified representations of the true systems, so it is critical to understand the impact of assumptions made when using a particular model. Here we provide a method to assess how uncertainty about the structure of a natural system affects the conclusions we can draw from mathematical models of its dynamics. We use biological examples to illustrate the importance of considering uncertainty in both model structure and parameters. We show how solely considering the latter source of uncertainty can result in misleading conclusions and incorrect model inferences.
Occurrence of pristine aerosol environments on a polluted planet
Authors: Hamilton Douglas S. , Lee Lindsay A. , Pringle Kirsty J. , Reddington Carly L. , Spracklen Dominick V. , Carslaw Kenneth S. 
Published: December 2014

Significance
Uncertainty in aerosol forcing of climate since the preindustrial era hampers efforts to quantify the sensitivity of global temperature to radiative perturbations caused by human activity. Because forcings are referenced to preindustrial conditions, a large part of the uncertainty will be reduced only by accurately defining pristine aerosol conditions before air pollution. We show that pristine conditions should still be observable on a few days per month in many regions of the Earth. However, pristine cloudy regions, which are of most importance for forcing uncertainty, occur almost entirely in the Southern Hemisphere. Reduction in uncertainty of predominantly Northern Hemisphere forcing may therefore have to rely on measurements from a different hemisphere, which will limit the extent to which uncertainties can be reduced.
Detergent-free isolation, characterization, and functional reconstitution of a tetrameric K
+
channel: The power of native nanodiscs
Authors: Dörr Jonas M. , Koorengevel Martijn C. , Schäfer Marre , Prokofyev Alexander V. , Scheidelaar Stefan , van der Cruijsen Elwin A. W. , Dafforn Timothy R. , Baldus Marc , Killian J. Antoinette 
Published: December 2014

Significance
The study of membrane proteins is often hampered by their tendency to misfold when extracted by detergent. Here, we explore a detergent-free approach to isolating membrane proteins while retaining their native lipid environment, making use of an amphipathic polymer that solubilizes intact membrane patches in the form of nanodiscs. Using a potassium channel as a model protein, we show that these “native nanodiscs” are highly thermostable particles that are suitable for spectroscopic studies, allowing structural characterization of the protein in its native environment and direct analysis of the lipids in its immediate surroundings. We also demonstrate that the channel can be reconstituted from nanodiscs into planar lipid bilayers for functional characterization, thus making native nanodiscs an excellent alternative to detergent solubilization.
Prehistoric genomes reveal the genetic foundation and cost of horse domestication
Authors: Schubert Mikkel , Jónsson Hákon , Chang Dan , Der Sarkissian Clio , Ermini Luca , Ginolhac Aurélien , Albrechtsen Anders , Dupanloup Isabelle , Foucal Adrien , Petersen Bent , Fumagalli Matteo , Raghavan Maanasa , Seguin-Orlando Andaine , Korneliussen Thorfinn S. , Velazquez Amhed M. V. , Stenderup Jesper , Hoover Cindi A. , Rubin Carl-Johan , Alfarhan Ahmed H. , Alquraishi Saleh A. , Al-Rasheid Khaled A. S. , MacHugh David E. , Kalbfleisch Ted , MacLeod James N. , Rubin Edward M. , Sicheritz-Ponten Thomas , Andersson Leif , Hofreiter Michael , Marques-Bonet Tomas , Gilbert M. Thomas P. , Nielsen Rasmus , Excoffier Laurent , Willerslev Eske , Shapiro Beth , Orlando Ludovic 
Published: December 2014

Significance
The domestication of the horse revolutionized warfare, trade, and the exchange of people and ideas. This at least 5,500-y-long process, which ultimately transformed wild horses into the hundreds of breeds living today, is difficult to reconstruct from archeological data and modern genetics alone. We therefore sequenced two complete horse genomes, predating domestication by thousands of years, to characterize the genetic footprint of domestication. These ancient genomes reveal predomestic population structure and a significant fraction of genetic variation shared with the domestic breeds but absent from Przewalski’s horses. We find positive selection on genes involved in various aspects of locomotion, physiology, and cognition. Finally, we show that modern horse genomes contain an excess of deleterious mutations, likely representing the genetic cost of domestication.
Mechanical resilience and cementitious processes in Imperial Roman architectural mortar
Authors: Jackson Marie D. , Landis Eric N. , Brune Philip F. , Vitti Massimo , Chen Heng , Li Qinfei , Kunz Martin , Wenk Hans-Rudolf , Monteiro Paulo J. M. , Ingraffea Anthony R. 
Published: December 2014

SignificanceA volcanic ash–lime mortar has been regarded for centuries as the principal material constituent that provides long-term durability to ancient Roman architectural concrete. A reproduction of Imperial-age mortar based on Trajan’s Markets (110 CE) wall concrete resists microcracking through cohesion of calcium–aluminum–silicate–hydrate cementing binder and in situ crystallization of platey strätlingite, a durable calcium-aluminosilicate mineral that reinforces interfacial zones and the cementitious matrix. In the 1,900-y-old mortar dense intergrowths of the platey crystals obstruct crack propagation and preserve cohesion at the micron scale. Trajanic concrete provides a proven prototype for environmentally friendly conglomeratic concretes that contain ∼88 vol % volcanic rock yet maintain their chemical resilience and structural integrity in seismically active environments at the millenial scale.
Identification of S-nitroso-CoA reductases that regulate protein S-nitrosylation
Authors: Anand Puneet , Hausladen Alfred , Wang Ya-Juan , Zhang Guo-Fang , Stomberski Colin , Brunengraber Henri , Hess Douglas T. , Stamler Jonathan S. 
Published: December 2014

Significance
Coenzyme A (CoA) is a small-molecular-weight thiol that plays a central role in cellular metabolism. We have discovered a novel, phylogenetically conserved class of enzymes that reduce S-nitroso-CoA (SNO-CoA) and thereby regulate protein S-nitrosylation. These denitrosylases, identified as alcohol dehydrogenase 6 (Adh6) in yeast and aldo-keto reductase 1A1 in mammals, may be analogized to deacetylases, which regulate CoA-mediated protein acetylation. In yeast, Adh6 (previously without ascribed cellular function) regulates endogenous protein S-nitrosylation (heretofore unknown) including function-altering S-nitrosylation that impacts CoA-related metabolism. Thus, our findings establish a novel role for CoA in protein S-nitrosylation (operating through SNO-CoA), which is governed by specific enzymes. This mechanism may regulate the influence of nitric oxide on cellular metabolism in health and disease.
Regulation of the Rhp26
ERCC6/CSB
chromatin remodeler by a novel conserved leucine latch motif
Authors: Wang Lanfeng , Limbo Oliver , Fei Jia , Chen Lu , Kim Bong , Luo Jie , Chong Jenny , Conaway Ronald C. , Conaway Joan W. , Ranish Jeff A. , Kadonaga James T. , Russell Paul , Wang Dong 
Published: December 2014

Significance
Cockayne syndrome group B protein/excision repair cross-complementation group 6 (CSB/ERCC6) belongs to a subfamily of SWI2/SNF2 (SWItch/sucrose nonfermentable)-related chromatin-remodeling complexes. Defects in the CSB protein result in Cockayne syndrome, which is a rare autosomal-recessive neurologic disorder clinically characterized with progeriod features, growth failure, and photosensitivity. However, it remains poorly understood how the CSB enzymatic activity is regulated for CSB to perform its desired biological functions. Here, we reveal the molecular mechanism of autoinhibition of CSB enzymatic activities. We identify a novel conserved motif (leucine latch motif) that interacts with lobe 2 of the core ATPase domain and hinge region and locks the enzyme into an inactive conformation as a latch. This work provides important novel mechanistic insights into the autoregulation of CSB/ERCC6 proteins.
Treacher Collins syndrome TCOF1 protein cooperates with NBS1 in the DNA damage response
Authors: Ciccia Alberto , Huang Jen-Wei , Izhar Lior , Sowa Mathew E. , Harper J. Wade , Elledge Stephen J. 
Published: December 2014

Significance
The DNA damage response (DDR) maintains genomic integrity following DNA damage to prevent cancer and developmental disorders. The DDR operates in part through controlling localization of factors to chromatin. Here, we detail an interaction between the DDR protein NBS1 and TCOF1, a nucleolar protein mutated in Treacher Collins syndrome that regulates ribosomal DNA transcription. We show that NBS1 relocalizes to nucleoli after DNA damage in a manner dependent on TCOF1 and independent on the NBS1-associated protein MRE11. This process is regulated by casein kinase II and ATM, two protein kinases that phosphorylate TCOF1 and promote NBS1 nucleolar localization. Our work identifies TCOF1 as a DDR factor that cooperates with NBS1 to preserve genomic stability after DNA damage.
Positive Correlation Between Inhibition of Branchial and Renal Carbonic Anhydrase and Ammonia Produced by Cultured Silver Catfish Rhamdia quelen
Authors: Souza-Bastos Luciana R , Bastos Leonardo P , Freire Carolina A 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
Silver Catfish Rhamdia quelen, a native South American catfish relevant in intensive culture systems in Brazil, were exposed to three ammonia concentrations added to the water (0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 mg/L as ammonium chloride). After 5 and 24 h, measured water ammonia levels increased to maximum levels of 15.8–41.1 mg/L, reflecting the addition of ammonia excreted by the fish. Aquaria were aerated but kept closed, and pH and temperature were kept constant. Hematocrit, plasma ammonia, osmolality, Na+, Cl−, K+, glucose, and cortisol were assayed. Branchial and muscle hydration levels and branchial and renal specific activities of the carbonic anhydrase (CA) were determined. Silver Catfish did not show stress responses or signs of osmoregulatory disturbance upon the increased water ammonia levels. However, there was inhibition of the CA in gills and kidneys, especially after 24 h, in a dose-dependent manner to the total ammonia accumulated in the water. Although Silver Catfish are tolerant of increase in ammonia, care should be taken to limit increases in ammonia levels and time of exposure because the severity of the deleterious effects will certainly increase. In addition, results have shown that the fish carbonic anhydrase (branchial and renal) is a sensitive biomarker of effect of ammonia.