bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Presidential Communication
Authors: Carlin Diana B. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractA country's president fulfills the duties of the office, creates an image as a leader, and establishes a legacy for an administration through language and symbols. Classical and contemporary rhetorical theories provide a basis for understanding both the consistent and dynamic rhetorical strategies and channels of message delivery over the past 200 years. Presidential communication worldwide follows similar patterns but adapts for cultural and gender differences among leaders. The Internet and social media expand both the reach and the challenges of presidential communication.
Human Rights
Authors: Rai Mugdha 
Published: November 2015

AbstractHuman rights refer to fundamental rights and freedoms that are inherent to all human beings and are regularly protected as legal rights by national and international law. In the sphere of public and political communication, concerns of human rights have grown in prominence with media and advocacy groups drawing increased attention to them. But media reporting primarily focuses on wars and crises and remains selectively defined by western agendas and perspectives. Still, as media networks and actors grow more diverse and expand transnationally, everyday media coverage is gradually engaging with a broader, more “universal” definition of human rights.
Polarization, Political
Authors: Wojcieszak Magdalena 
Published: November 2015

AbstractPolarization has been studied in three different forms: on a social, group, and individual level. This entry first focuses on the undisputed phenomenon of elite polarization (i.e., increasing adherence of policy positions among the elites) and also outlines different approaches to assessing mass polarization (i.e., political positions among the public, differences between issue preferences of supporters of the major parties, and partisan sorting or the alignment of partisan and ideological identities). Second, group polarization and attitude polarization, most often studied in social psychology, are outlined, with the focus on how both have been empirically tested. Group polarization typically refers to the tendency for groups to make decisions that are more extreme than the initial inclination of individual members, whereas attitude polarization is usually detected when an individual's own attitude following media exposure or political talk becomes more extreme but in the same direction as their pretest attitude.
Government Communication
Authors: Canel María José , Sanders Karen B. 
Published: November 2015

Abstract

Government communication is the area of practice and study of communication directed to key publics in the pursuit of both political and civic purposes. This communication is carried out by
executive
politicians and officials, usually in a managed way, working for public institutions that are constituted on the basis of citizens' indirect or direct consent. Government communication is multilayered, oriented to diverse stakeholders, public in character, and complex in relation to goals, structures, and resources. It uses approaches and techniques typical of the fields of public relations, corporate communication, psychology, and marketing. Challenges for the study of government communication include the application and development of a multifaceted theoretical approach that includes comparative research; defining and understanding professionalism and professionalization of government communication; developing appropriate assessment frameworks and examining the
purpose
of governments when they communicate with citizens and if and how it can be directed toward democracy building.
Socialism
Authors: Dobek‐Ostrowska Bogusława 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
The term “socialism” was used in the English language for the first time by Robert Owen in an article published in 1827. He claimed that capitalism had to be “socialized”—that economic and social relationships had to be built on the foundations of cooperation. The term is used to denote a wide spectrum of reformist and revolutionary ideas popular in many countries, including Western Europe and the USA. Socialism appeared in two different forms in the 20th century. On the one hand, there was “real socialism” found in countries with a deficit of democracy, poor economy and a lack of security, created in Soviet‐dominated Central and Eastern Europe. On the other hand, socialist ideas also inspired “social democracy,” the democratic welfare states in Western Europecharacterized by freedom of speech and citizenship rights, a strong civil society, and well‐developed economies. The term “socialism” can be used to describe a theory, an ideology, a social and economic system, a political movement and a family of political parties.
Political Communication
Authors: Blumler Jay G. 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
This entry specifies certain characteristic features of the political communication field, including the nature of its messages, their importance in politics, attributes of scale, relations to other disciplines, and main publication outlets. The special role of election campaigns in political communication research is also explained. The bulk of the entry is devoted to four main perspectives through which much of the subject's cumulativity and many of its debates have evolved. They are: a power perspective; a systemic perspective; a dynamic perspective; and a normative perspective. In conclusion, the entry discusses the implications of the advent of the Internet for political communication and for political communication research. It also identifies certain other lines of analysis and research that have emerged more recently, including new ways of defining “political communication” itself.
Political Communication Research in Latin America
Authors: Porto Mauro P. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractPolitical communication research in Latin America has become a vibrant and mature field of inquiry. Scholars in this field have accumulated important findings about the relationship between communication and politics in diverse historical contexts. Since independence, Latin American media and political systems have been caught in between authoritarian and democratic traditions. In the 20th century, several developments contributed to create major obstacles for the emergence of autonomous, plural, and diverse media systems, including commercialization, media concentration, clientelism, and forms of state control. After the return of democracy in the 1980s, a process of media opening took place, with the rise of more autonomous and diverse media. The recent emergence of neopopulist leaders has pointed to uneasy and ambiguous relationships between media, politics, and democracy.
Social Networks
Authors: Ikeda Ken'ichi , Yasuda Yuki 
Published: November 2015

AbstractAs social animals, human beings are embedded in social networks, but are not well aware of the constraints networks place on the information environment or of social influences operating within networks. Social network studies explore network structure properties and investigate how people are embedded in these structures. People are differentiated into roles such as opinion leader or follower in networks, and networks are differentiated by characteristics such as bonding/bridging, homogeneous/heterogeneous, or having weak/strong ties. They are also differentiated according to whether they are kin or non‐kin, such as spouses, relatives, friends, colleagues, or acquaintances. Depending on where a person is located in these differentiations, there are different possibilities for accessing network resources, having social influence, or being socially influenced. The well‐known “small‐world” phenomenon is related to the properties of whole social networks. In this article, empirical research methods, mathematical approaches, survey instruments, and multiagent‐based simulation for social network analysis are also discussed.
Transparency
Authors: Valbruzzi Marco 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
Hailed as the key to better governance and reducing corruption, the concept of transparency is a multifaceted idea that contains many, often inconsistent, definitions, dimensions and “directions”. As a fundamental concept in the era of the so‐called transparent society, whose success has been sustained and accompanied by the process of globalization and democratization, transparency is linked to the most politically charged debates of the twenty‐first century. Notwithstanding its benefits in terms of good governance and economic competitiveness, the future of transparency is not as bright and secure as some scholars thought only few years ago.
Emotion in Politics
Authors: Cepernich Cristopher 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
Although emotions have always been a fundamental factor for politics and political communication, they have struggled to be taken into account by the social sciences, traditionally oriented toward the paradigms of rationality. This entry defines the role of emotions in politics through the review of the main studies, researches, and experiments that have marked the development of knowledge about emotions within communication processes in the political field.
Political Communication Research inAsia
Authors: Hino Airo , Jou Willy 
Published: November 2015

AbstractAlthough it is difficult to summarize political communication research in East and Southeast Asia, one can identify the following three underlying themes. First, many Asian countries share the legacy of authoritarian rule and the curtailment of media freedoms, which hindered the scope of political communication research. In some cases, political communication is still constrained not only by government but also by self‐censorship among media and academic circles today. Second, the media play an important role in the process of regime transition and consolidation. Some studies show that the media promote political participation and function as a watchdog, while other studies emphasize their role as propaganda machines of authoritarian governments. Third, “western” theories of media effects have been empirically tested in Asian contexts. The extent of this varies across countries but the dialogue with western theories has continued to deepen in the postwar decades as exemplified in Japan.
CdTe/ZnS quantum dots as fluorescent probes for ammonium determination
Authors: Yi Kui‐Yu 
Published: November 2015

AbstractNovel CdTe/ZnS quantum dot (QD) probes based on the quenching effect were proposed for the simple, rapid, and specific determination of ammonium in aqueous solutions. The QDs were modified using 3‐mercaptopropionic acid, and the fluorescence responses of the CdTe/ZnS QD probes to ammonium were detected through regularity quenching. The quenching levels of the CdTe/ZnS QDs and ammonium concentration showed a good linear relationship between 4.0 × 10−6 and 5.0 × 10−4 mol/L; the detection limit was 3.0 × 10−7 mol/L. Ammonium contents in synthetic explosion soil samples were measured to determine the practical applications of the QD probes and a probable quenching mechanism was described. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A simple and sensitive label‐free fluorescence sensing of heparin based on Cdte quantum dots
Authors: Rezaei B. , Shahshahanipour M. , Ensafi Ali A. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractA rapid, simple and sensitive label‐free fluorescence method was developed for the determination of trace amounts of an important drug, heparin. This new method was based on water‐soluble glutathione‐capped CdTe quantum dots (CdTe QDs) as the luminescent probe. CdTe QDs were prepared according to the published protocol and the sizes of these nanoparticles were verified through transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and dynamic light scattering (DLS) with an average particle size of about 7 nm. The fluorescence intensity of glutathione‐capped CdTe QDs increased with increasing heparin concentration. These changes were followed as the analytical signal. Effective variables such as pH, QD concentration and incubation time were optimized. At the optimum conditions, with this optical method, heparin could be measured within the range 10.0–200.0 ng mL−1 with a low limit of detection, 2.0 ng mL−1. The constructed fluorescence sensor was also applied successfully for the determination of heparin in human serum. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
When a stent gets shorty
Authors: Belardi Jorge A. , Albertal Mariano 
Published: November 2015

Key Points

Stent with reduced axial force have an increased risk of longitudinal stent deformation (LSD).
Deep guidewire catheter intubation after ostial stent deployment or attempting to push a device through an already deployed stent are frequently encountered in patients with LSD.
Optimization of longitudinal strength along with increasing knowledge of LSD will likely reduce the frequency of this complication.
Topochemical Transformations of CaX2 (X=C, Si, Ge) to Form Free‐Standing Two‐Dimensional Materials
Authors: Pratik Saied Md. , Nijamudheen A. , Datta Ayan 
Published: November 2015

AbstractTopochemical transformations of layered materials CaX2 (X=Si, Ge) are the method of choice for the high‐yield synthesis of pristine, defect‐free two‐dimensional systems silicane and germanane, which have advanced electronic properties. Based on solid‐state dispersion‐corrected calculations, mechanisms for such transformations are elucidated that provide an in‐depth understanding of phase transition in these layered materials. While formation of such layered materials is highly favorable for silicane and germanane, a barrier of 1.2 eV in the case of graphane precludes its synthesis from CaC2 topochemically. The energy penalty required for distorting linear acetylene into a trans‐bent geometry accounts for this barrier. In contrast it is highly favorable in the heavier analogues, resulting in barrierless topochemical generation of silicane and germanane. Photochemical generation of the trans‐bent structure of acetylene in its first excited state (S1) can directly generate graphane through a barrierless condensation. Unlike the buckled structure of silicene, the phase‐h of CaSi2 with perfectly planar silicene layers exhibits the Dirac cones at the high symmetry points K and H. Interestingly, topochemical acidification of the cubic phase of calcium carbide is predicted to generate the previously elusive platonic hydrocarbon, tetrahedrane.
Intramolecular CH Activation and Metallacycle Aromaticity in the Photochemistry of [FeFe]‐Hydrogenase Model Compounds in Low‐Temperature Frozen Matrices
Authors: Thornley Wyatt A. , Bitterwolf Thomas E. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractThe [FeFe]‐hydrogenase model complexes [(μ‐pdt){Fe(CO)3}2], [(μ‐edt){Fe(CO)3}2], and [(μ‐mdt){Fe(CO)3}2], where pdt=1,3‐propanedithiolate, edt=1,2‐ethanedithiolate, and mdt=methanedithiolate, undergo wavelength dependent photodecarbonylation in hydrocarbon matrices at 85 K resulting in multiple decarbonylation isomers. As previously reported in time‐resolved solution photolysis experiments, the major photoproduct is attributed to a basal carbonyl‐loss species. Apical carbonyl‐loss isomers are also generated and may undergo secondary photolysis, resulting in β‐hydride activation of the alkyldithiolate bridge, as well as formation of bridging carbonyl isomers. For [(μ‐bdt){Fe(CO)3}2], (bdt=1,2‐benzenedithiolate), apical photodecarbonylation results in generation of a 10 π‐electron aromatic FeS2C6H4 metallacycle that coordinates the remaining iron through an η5 mode.
Interactions of Molecules with cis and trans Double Bonds: A Theoretical Study of cis‐ and trans‐2‐Butene
Authors: Zarić Milana M. , Bugarski Branko , Kijevčanin Mirjana Lj. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractNoncovalent interactions of cis‐ and trans‐2‐butene, as the smallest model systems of molecules with cis and trans double bonds, were studied to find potential differences in interactions of these molecules. The study was performed using quantum chemical methods including very accurate CCSD(T)/CBS method. We studied parallel and displaced parallel interactions in 2‐butene dimers, in butane dimers, and between 2‐butene and saturated butane. The results show the trend that interactions of 2‐butene with butane are the strongest, followed by interactions in butane dimers, whereas the interaction in 2‐butene dimers are the weakest. The strongest calculated interaction energy is between trans‐2‐butene and butane, with a CCSD(T)/CBS energy of −2.80 kcal mol−1. Interactions in cis‐2‐butene dimers are stronger than interactions in trans‐2‐butene dimers. Interestingly, some of the interactions involving 2‐butene are as strong as interactions in a benzene dimer. These insights into interactions of cis‐ and trans‐2‐butene can improve understanding of the properties and processes that involve molecules with cis and trans double bonds, such as fatty acids and polymers.
Copper Sulfide Nanocrystal Level Structure and Electrochemical Functionality towards Sensing Applications
Authors: Vinokurov Kathy , Elimelech Orian , Millo Oded , Banin Uri 
Published: November 2015

AbstractThe level structure of copper sulfide nanocrystals of different sizes was investigated by correlating scanning tunneling spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry data in relation to sensing applications. Upon oxidation of Cu2S nanocrystals in the low‐chalcocite phase, correlated changes are detected by both methods. The cyclic voltammetry oxidation peak of Cu(1+) down shifts, while in‐gap states, adjacent to the valence‐band edge, appeared in the tunneling spectra. These changes are attributed to Cu vacancy formation leading to a Cu depleted phase of the nanocrystals. The relevance of the oxidation to the use of copper sulfide nanocrystals in hydrogen peroxide sensing was also addressed, showing that upon oxidation the sensitivity vanishes. These findings bare significance to the use of copper sulfide nanocrystals in glucose sensing applications.
Modified soybean lecithins as inducers of the acceleration of cocoa butter crystallization
Authors: Miyasaki Eriksen Koji , Luccas Valdecir , Kieckbusch Theo Guenter 
Published: November 2015

Modified soy lecithins are introduced in chocolate processing as an alternative to standard lecithin to improve rheological characteristics and the fat crystallization process. The influence of the type of these additives (hydroxylated, enzymatically hydrolyzed, acetylated, and defatted lecithins) as well as the amount added (0.2, 0.5, 0.8% [w/w]) to cocoa butter was evaluated. The results were compared to samples containing standard lecithin and polyglycerol polyricinoleate (PGPR). The influence of emulsifier addition was investigated measuring the melting and crystallization properties by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and the crystallization kinetics using a Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectrometer. The addition of modified lecithins to cocoa butter increased fat crystallization rates, mainly at the lowest concentration evaluated. The isothermal crystallization of the emulsifiers suggests that lecithins may act as co‐crystallizers in cocoa butter crystallization. Thus, the acceleration of the crystallization events can be attributed to presence of the high melting point phospholipids and also to solids present in lecithins. Pure PGPR did not crystallize and did not influence the cocoa butter crystallization. The use of modified lecithins in cocoa butter decreased the maximum temperature of melting (Tmax) and increased the crystallization (ΔHc) and melting (ΔHm) enthalpies.Practical application: The modified soy lecithins may be used as alternatives to expand the range of applications of phospholipids containing emulsifiers like standard soybean lecithin. These new commercial emulsifiers may act as crystallization agent, anti‐bloom agent, to control polymorphism and as improver of rheological properties of chocolate or the like. Our results showed that the effects of modified lecithins were more prominent than standard lecithin on crystallization process, mainly in low concentration, so that their use can significantly reduce costs in industrial chocolate processing and produce more appealing products.Crystallization isotherm of pure cocoa butter sample and cocoa butter added with different lecithins (concentration of 0.2%) and PGPR, at 15°C, obtained by nuclear magnetic resonance.
Debittering olive oil by liquid–liquid extraction: Kinetics and the effect on the quality of Arbequina olive oil
Authors: Abenoza María , Raso Javier , Oria Rosa , Sánchez‐Gimeno Ana Cristina 
Published: November 2015

Bitter taste is a positive sensory attribute in olive oil. However, if the bitter taste is too strong, it may be perceived as a negative attribute for the consumers. The aim of this work was to design a liquid–liquid extraction using water as a solvent to decrease the total phenol content of Arbequina olive oil and as consequence its bitter taste. Different olive oil‐to‐water ratios were assayed and mixing was conducted by flowing nitrogen to avoid oxidation. After 15 min, a constant total phenols concentration was reached in the olive oil independently of the olive oil‐to‐water ratios assayed. Lower percentage of olive oil in the mix was more efficient for phenol extraction. A mathematical equation was proposed to calculate the Arbequina olive oil‐to‐water ratio in the mix to remove a desired phenol percentage. After removing phenols, the obtained olive oil had a similar physico‐chemical quality as untreated olive oil with a similar content of phenols.Practical applications: By using obtained mathematical equations the phenolic content in Arbequina olive oil can be modulated by liquid–liquid extraction. It is a fast and easy method to achieve the desired bitterness in olive oil. When in a mill oils with high intensity of bitterness are obtained, this method could be a solution to open new markets by offering more equilibrated products for consumers not used to olive oil.Liquid–liquid extraction using water as a solvent is useful to partial removal of the total phenol content and bitterness index in Arbequina olive oil.
Cu/Pd‐Catalyzed C‐2–H Arylation of ­Quinazolin‐4(3H)‐ones with (Hetero)aryl Halides
Authors: Godeau Julien , Harari Marine , Laclef Sylvain , Deau Emmanuel , Fruit Corinne , Besson Thierry 
Published: November 2015

AbstractThe regiospecific C‐2–H arylation of N‐3‐substituted quinazolin‐4(3H)‐ones with a wide range of aryl or (hetero)aryl halides under microwave irradiation was studied. A ligand‐dependent palladium/copper bicatalytic system was developed and allowed direct cross‐coupling with a variety of (hetero)aryl halides. This useful and scalable procedure promotes the construction of C(sp2)–C(sp2) bonds from arenes or (hetero)arenes and aryl or (hetero)aryl bromides and chlorides in a time‐efficient strategy. The extension of the reaction to various N‐3‐substituted quinazolin‐4(3H)‐ones with iodobenzene as well as the scope and limitations of the method were also investigated.
Visible‐Light, Metal‐Free α‐Amino C(sp3)–H Activation through 1,5‐Hydrogen Migration: A Concise Method for the Preparation of Bis(indolyl)alkanes
Authors: Shaaban Saad , Roller Alexander , Maulide Nuno 
Published: November 2015

AbstractA photoredox catalytic, metal‐free method for C–H functionalization α to amines directly leads to the formation of bis(indolyl)alkane products in good to excellent yields. This transformation hinges on a smooth 1,5‐hydrogen migration to an aryl radical intermediate.
DABCO‐Promoted One‐Pot Facile Synthesis of Angularly Fused Furoquinol­inones and Furocoumarins
Authors: Ghosh Monoranjan , Hajra Alakananda 
Published: November 2015

AbstractA DABCO‐promoted intermolecular cyclization between enols and nitrostyrenes has been developed for the regioselective synthesis of angularly fused furan derivatives in high yields. This protocol is applicable to various enol derivatives, including 4‐hydroxyquinolinones, 4‐hydroxycoumarin, and 4‐hydroxypyranone.