bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Delegation revisited: how delegation can benefit globally-minded managers
Authors: G. Banford Christopher , Ronald Buckley M. , Roberts Foster 
Published: October 2014

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to examine how the effectiveness of delegation as a management practice is impacted by various factors such as manager cognition, perceived subordinate competence, and cultural differences. This research may help global business leaders to better understand how cultural differences may impact managerial functions and how to manage culturally diverse employees.Design/methodology/approach– This paper is based upon a conceptual discussion of delegation as it has been studied in the past and a reflection on the ways in which past research can usefully inform current trends in the use of delegation as a management practice.Findings– A model is proposed that suggests that the effectiveness of delegation in a local context is a function of the global leader’s cognitions and perceptions of their subordinates. Further, it suggests that this relationship is moderated by the local cultural context in that some cultures may be opposed to being delegated authority.Research limitations/implications– This paper presents a conceptual framework and therefore empirical applicability of this model must be proven.Originality/value– Delegation is an under-researched management practice. This paper contributes to the delegation literature by exploring its value to management in a global context.
Impact of driver size and interwire parasitics on crosstalk noise and delay
Authors: Kumar Sharma Devendra , Kumar Kaushik Brajesh , Sharma R.K. 
Published: October 2014

Purpose
– The purpose of this research paper is to analyze the combined effects of driver size and coupling parasitics on crosstalk noise and delay for static and dynamically switching victim line. Furthermore, this paper shows the effect of inductance on delay and qualitatively optimizes its value to obtain minimum delay.

Design/methodology/approach
– The interwire parasitics are the primary sources of crosstalk or coupled noise that may lead to critical delays/logic malfunctions. This paper is based on simulating a pair of distributed resistance inductance capacitance (RLC) interconnects coupled capacitively and inductively for measurements of crosstalk noise/delay. The combined effects of driver sizing and interwire parasitics on peak overshoot noise/delay are observed through simulation program with integrated circuit emphasis (SPICE) simulations for different switching patterns. Furthermore, the analysis of inductive effect on propagation delay as a function of coupling capacitance is carried out and the optimization of delay is worked out qualitatively. The simulations are carried out at 0.13 μm, 1.5 V technology node.

Findings
– This paper observes the contradictory effects of coupling parasitics on wire propagation delay; however, the effect on peak noise is of a different kind. Further, this paper shows that the driver size exhibits opposite kind of behavior on propagation delay than peak over shoot noise. It is observed that the delay is affected in presence of inductance; thus, the optimization of delay is carried out.

Originality/value
– The effects of driver sizing and interwire parasitics are analyzed through simulations. The optimum value of coupling capacitance for delay is found qualitatively. These findings are important for designing very large scale integration (VLSI) interconnects.
A critical analysis of the auditing and reporting functions of Nigeria Extractive Industry Transparency Initiative (NEITI) Act 2007
Authors: Uzoma Ihugba Bethel 
Published: October 2014

Purpose
– This paper aims to examine the effectiveness of the legal response by Nigeria to the sustainable management and use of revenue from the extractive industry in its enactment of the Nigeria Extractive Industry Transparency Initiative (NEITI) Act 2007. It hopes to contribute to the development of Nigeria’s and other countries’ Extractive Industry Transparency Initiative-based regulations or policies intended for the sustainable exploitation and management of revenue from the extractive industry.

Design/methodology/approach
– The paper is qualitative and uses critical analysis to explore the potentials and limits of the NEITI Act vis-à-vis its promises and capabilities. The article concentrates on the analysis of the sections providing for the objectives of the Act, its functions, its auditing and reporting requirements and timeline for publications of audits and reports for purposes of transparency, accountability and public debate.

Findings
– The paper finds that although the intendment of the Act appears positive, the sections providing for the achievement of its objectives and functions are bedeviled with several ambiguities, which undermine its effectiveness.

Research limitations/implications
– The NEITI Act is as yet neither a basis for the prosecution of any individual and/or organization nor been legally challenged in court. As such there is no case law to exemplify the practical application of its provisions. However, logical analysis and review of the Act suggests that more needs to be done to increase its effectiveness.

Practical implications
– The paper makes the case for the proper definition of terms, stipulation of clear timelines and creation of enforcement functions in legislations, especially in laws that aim to regulate potential irregularities that may provide huge financial rewards for perpetrators and/or undermine a society’s socio-economic development.

Originality/value
– This paper boldly questions the effectiveness and functionality of the NEITI Act 2007 and lays out a framework for its improvement. Also due to serious dearth of scholarly work on NEITI Act 2007, this paper is the first research work to explore the effectiveness of the NEITI Act 2007 from a legal perspective.
Trade liberalization and its economic impact on developing and least developed countries
Authors: Abbas Shujaat 
Published: October 2014

Purpose
– This paper aims to investigate the impact of trade liberalization on economic growth of selected developing and least developed economies by augmenting standard production function.

Design/methodology/approach
– The panel fixed effect model is used to estimate impacts of macroeconomic variables on economic growth. Real GDP million US$ is taken as proxy for economic growth. The capital stock series for each cross-section is generated from gross fixed capital formation. The total trade to GDP is taken as proxy for trade liberalization.

Findings
– The result shows significant positive impact of selected macroeconomic variables on economic growth, except trade liberalization index. The one unit increase in trade liberalization deteriorates economic growth, of developing countries by −280.86 million US$ and least developing by −3555.09 million US$.

Research limitations/implications
– The significant negative impact indicates the relatively greater share of import than exports. The developing nations should develop production side and adopt export promotion policies besides managing imports for the achievement of sustainable growth.

Originality/value
– This study uses augmented production function and constructed capital stock for individual countries. The total trade to GDP is taken as index for trade liberalization and was found to have significant negative impact.
A moral compass framework for resolution of wicked problems in doctoral education and supervision
Authors: A. Bowden John , Green Pam 
Published: October 2014

Purpose– The purpose of the paper is to design and explain a moral compass framework that informs decision-making by those engaged in shaping the doctoral education and supervision environment.Design/methodology/approach– The research involved analysis of transcripts of 50 interviews with a range of doctoral students and supervisors. The framework was derived from the integration of the transcript analysis with a range of theoretical constructs: Rittel and Webber’s (1973) “wicked” problems; Bowden’s (2004) capability for the unknown future; Baillieet al.’s (2013) threshold capability development; liminality (Meyer and Land 2006); mindfulness (Langer and Moldoveanu, 2000; Green and Bowden, 2012); as well as our interpretation of moral compass and collective morality.Findings– Although applicable to a wide range of contexts, with broader, potentially universal implications for professional life, the framework is explained using the doctoral education system as example, and supervisor and candidate experiences as illustration. It relates individual decision-making to notions of collective morality and moral development within a multi-level system, through moral advocacy and moral mediation, activities identified as necessary at all levels of the doctoral system.Originality/value– Our framework demonstrates the need for developing awareness of the multi-factorial nature of the wicked problems that arise in doctoral education and the requirement to address such problems across all levels – individual, organisational and national. We identified the central importance of a new construct – collective morality and the way that moral advocacy and moral mediation can contribute to resolution of such wicked problems in doctoral education and supervision.
Pragmatist supervision of doctoral writers
Authors: Badley Graham 
Published: October 2014

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to present pragmatism as a useful way for supervisors to help their research students become effective research writers.

Design/methodology/approach
– I first provide a brief overview of pragmatism, paying special attention to key figures such as John Dewey and Richard Rorty. Second, I suggest ways in which pragmatist supervisors might help research students improve as research writers by focusing on a set of issues including developing an andragogical relationship, adopting a pragmatist approach to ethics and discussing writing styles.

Findings
– Pragmatism is not offered as an approach which must necessarily be adopted by supervisors but, rather, as a useful set of resources for them to use as they try to help doctoral students develop as thesis/research writers.

Originality/value
– Pragmatism is rarely, if ever, discussed as a potentially fruitful and valuable way of helping students develop as doctoral writers.
Accountants as institutional entrepreneurs: changing routines in a telecommunications company
Authors: Sharma Umesh , Lawrence Stewart , Lowe Alan 
Published: October 2014

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to explicate the role of institutional entrepreneurs who use accounting technology to accomplish change within a privatised telecommunications company.Design/methodology– The case study method is adopted. The authors draw on recent extension to institutional theory that gives greater emphasis to agency including concepts such as embeddedness, institutional entrepreneurs and institutional contradiction.Findings– As part of the consequences of new public management reforms, we illustrate how institutional entrepreneurs de-established an older state-run bureaucratic and engineering-based routine and replaced it with a business- and accounting-based routine. Eventually, new accounting routines were reproduced and taken for granted by telecommunications management and employees.Research Limitations/implications– As this study is limited to a single case study, no generalisation except to theory can be made. There are implications for privatisation of state sector organisations both locally and internationally.Originality/value– The paper makes a contribution to elaborating the role of institutional entrepreneurs as agents of change towards privatisation and how accounting was used as a technology of change.
Co-creation in design: how the UK company Own Label combines openness and ownership to manage talent
Authors: Roser Thorsten , DeFillippi Robert , Goga Cooke Julia 
Published: October 2014

Purpose
– This case study of a fashion-design company aims to show how a co-creation initiative produces competitive advantage by nurturing creativity, expanding the company’s innovation capabilities and enabling it to engage with both taste-making customers and designers from anywhere in the world.

Design/methodology/approach
– In 2009, Fronteer Strategy, a Netherlands-based market-analysis firm published a conceptual framework for identifying specifically how a firm’s processes and initiatives employ co-creation. This case looks at how this theoretical framework compares with the actual complexities of the co-creation process developed by Own Label.

Findings
– Own Label’s co-creation approach is a hybrid model that utilizes more than one type of co-creation across its fashion-design process.

Practical implications
– What makes co-creation in design-intensive industries a disruptive approach is the democratization of the process by which design choices are made.

Originality/value
– Own Label is utilizing its hybrid models of co-creation in order to strategically position its self in niche markets, adapt faster to trends, as well as to be a design leader.
Stories that drive the future: how narratives can improve scenario planning
Authors: H. Kenney Steven , A. Pelley Bryan 
Published: October 2014

Purpose
– Much of the scenario-based planning work that is observed fails to account for the web of belief systems that powerfully shape the ways that future conditions and trends are created and acted upon. This paper aims to address this issue.

Design/methodology/approach
– The authors show how understanding narratives – people’s beliefs, attitudes and perceptions and the stories, images, anecdotes and aphorisms used to articulate them – provides planners and leaders an exceptional ability to anticipate with confidence the actions that can drive the real world toward one scenario or another.

Findings
– The process of scenario planning, when it is infused with identification and analysis of relevant narratives, can produce potent insights.

Practical implications
– From a scenario planning perspective, narratives are not trends as we typically define them, but rather they provide the emotional context by which individuals and groups evaluate and internalize trends and other forces at play in the environment.

Originality/value
– As scenarios are used in practice over time, their methodology is evolving. Bringing the analysis of narratives – the deep-seated beliefs and belief systems of organizational, national, and other cultures – into the art and science of scenario planning is a step in that evolution.
The Density Debate in Urban Research: An Alternative Approach to Representing Urban Structure and Form
Authors: GROSVENOR MICHAEL , O'NEILL PHILLIP 
Published: October 2014

AbstractGlobal aspirations for urban sustainability coincide with debate over urban form. Much of the debate centres on the merit of increasing residential densities across metropolitan areas. We argue that this focus on density is problematic. Specifically, we question whether urban density is a sufficient proxy for representing urban structure and form across large metropolitan areas, as was promulgated famously by Newman and Kenworthy some time ago. Our concern is that density tells us little about a neighbourhood's location, accessibility and design characters. Moreover, the focus on density may well be contributing to poorly located and designed development across metropolitan areas. Here we offer an alternative approach using a typology of urban structure and form to explore urban sustainability potential, specifically through three variables: transport mode choice, energy consumption, and water consumption. Our results are significant and suggest new approaches to urban form and structure in urban planning frameworks.
Christian Friedrich Daniel Schubart's Deutsche Chronik and the War of American Independence, 1774‐1777
Authors: Baer Friederike 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThis article examines coverage of Britain's conflict with the American colonies in Christian Friedrich Daniel Schubart's popular German‐language periodical Deutsche Chronik from March 1774 to the beginning of 1777. Schubart was an enthusiastic supporter of the revolutionary movement, which he thought could serve as a model for German‐speaking Europeans. However, Britain's use of German troops against the Americans marked a turning point in the way the Chronik covered the conflict. It not only resulted in a significant increase in reports about American developments, but also compelled Schubart to introduce alternative interpretations of the Americans' struggle with Britain.
Evaluation of the Early Childhood Oral Health Impact Scale in an Australian preschool child population
Authors: Arrow P , Klobas E 
Published: October 2014

AbstractBackgroundEarly childhood caries has significant impacts on children and their families. The Early Childhood Oral Health Impact Scale (ECOHIS) is an instrument for capturing the complex dimensions of preschool children's oral health. This study aimed to evaluate the reliability and validity of the instrument among Australian preschool children.MethodsParents/children dyads (n = 286) participating in a treatment trial on early childhood caries completed the scale at baseline, and 33 parents repeated the questionnaire 2–3 weeks later. The validity and reliability of the ECOHIS was determined using tests for convergent and discriminant validity, internal reliability of the instrument and test–retest reliability.ResultsScale impacts were strongly correlated with global oral health ratings (Spearman's correlations; r = 0.51, total score; r = 0.43, child impact; and r = 0.49, family impact; p < 0.001). The scale was significantly associated with children's caries experience, p < 0.001. Cronbach's alpha values were 0.87, 0.89 and 0.74 for the total, the child and the family domains, respectively. Test–retest reliability was 0.92, 0.89 and 0.78 for the total, child and family domains, respectively.ConclusionsThe scale demonstrated acceptable validity and reliability for assessing the impact of early childhood caries among Australian preschool children.
Bank Reforms and Competition: New Global Evidence
Authors: Lee Chien‐Chiang , Hsieh Meng‐Fen 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThis study investigates the relationships between bank reforms and competition and sets up a large‐scale sample covering 15 290 individual commercial banks from 90 countries. The empirical results of the full sample indicate that bank reforms, except for interest rate controls, increase competition significantly. To examine whether country heterogeneities influence the effects from bank reforms, we further divide countries into six groups: Advanced, Asia, Latin America, Middle East and North Africa (MENA), Sub‐Saharan Africa (SSA), and Transition countries. Our results show that: (i) interest rate controls play an important role for Advanced countries; (ii) privatization is substantial for Transition countries, Asia, Latin America, and MENA; (iii) credit control is suitable for Asia; and (iv) removing entry barriers improves bank competition in MENA and SSA. Empirical results thus offer evidence that country characteristics do matter on the reform–competition nexus. Moreover, we also reveal that bank competition is enhanced through bank reforms, as well as financial and economic development variables. Hence, the government or authorities should take these influential factors into consideration when formulating relevant policies. These findings also provide important implications.
Effects of essential oil supplementation of a low‐energy diet on performance, intestinal morphology and microflora, immune properties and antioxidant activities in weaned pigs
Authors: Zeng Zhikai , Xu Xiao , Zhang Qiang , Li Ping , Zhao Panfeng , Li Qingyun , Liu Jundi , Piao XiangShu 
Published: October 2014

AbstractA total of 144 weaned piglets were used to evaluate the effects of essential oil (EO) supplementation of a low‐energy diet on performance, apparent nutrient digestibility, small intestinal morphology, intestinal microflora, immune properties and antioxidant activities in weaned pigs. Pigs received a low‐energy diet (negative control, NC, digestible energy = 3250 kcal/kg), NC plus 0.025% EO or a positive control diet (PC, digestible energy = 3400 kcal/kg) for 28 days. Growth performance was similar between the EO group and PC group. However, EO supplementation increased (P < 0.05) average daily gain and the apparent digestibility of dry matter, crude protein and energy compared with pigs fed the NC diet. Greater (P < 0.05) villus height and lower (P < 0.05) counts of Escherichia coli and total anaerobes in the rectum in the EO group were observed compared with NC or PC groups. Pigs fed EO diet had higher (P < 0.05) concentrations of albumin, immunoglobulin A (IgA), IgG and total antioxidant capacity and lower fecal score than pigs fed the PC and NC diets. Above all, this study indicates that supplementation of EO to a low‐energy pig diet has beneficial results and obtains similar performance compared with normal energy (PC) diet.
Neuropathology and Genetics of Cerebroretinal Vasculopathies
Authors: Kolar Grant R. , Kothari Parul H. , Khanlou Negar , Jen Joanna C. , Schmidt Robert E. , Vinters Harry V. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractCerebroretinal vasculopathy (CRV) and the related diseases hereditary endotheliopathy with retinopathy, neuropathy, and stroke (HERNS), hereditary vascular retinopathy (HVR) and hereditary systemic angiopathy (HSA) [subsequently combined as retinovasculopathy and cerebral leukodystrophy (RVCL)] are devastating autosomal‐dominant disorders of early to middle‐age onset presenting with a core constellation of neurologic and ophthalmologic findings. This family of diseases is linked by specific mutations targeting a core region of a gene. Frameshift mutations in the carboxyl‐terminus of three prime exonuclease‐1 (TREX1), the major mammalian 3′ to 5′ DNA exonuclease on chromosome 3p21.1‐p21.3, result in a systemic vasculopathy that follows an approximately 5‐year course leading to death secondary to progressive neurologic decline, with sometimes a more protracted course in HERNS. Neuropathological features include a fibrinoid vascular necrosis or thickened hyalinized vessels associated with white matter ischemia, necrosis and often striking dystrophic calcifications. Ultrastructural studies of the vessel walls often demonstrate unusual multilaminated basement membranes.
Pleomorphic Xanthoastrocytoma: Natural History and Long‐Term Follow‐Up
Authors: Ida Cristiane M. , Rodriguez Fausto J. , Burger Peter C. , Caron Alissa A. , Jenkins Sarah M. , Spears Grant M. , Aranguren Dawn L. , Lachance Daniel H. , Giannini Caterina 
Published: October 2014

AbstractPrognostic significance of histological anaplasia and BRAF V600E mutation were retrospectively evaluated in 74 patients with pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma (PXA). Median age at diagnosis was 21.5 years (31 pediatric, 43 adult) and median follow‐up 7.6 years. Anaplasia (PXA‐AF), defined as mitotic index ≥ 5/10HPF and/or presence of necrosis, was present in 33 cases. BRAF V600E mutation was detected in 39 (of 60) cases by immunohistochemical and/or molecular analysis, all negative for IDH1 (R132H). Mitotic index ≥ 5/10HPF and necrosis were associated with decreased overall survival (OS; P = 0.0005 and P = 0.0002, respectively). In all cases except two, necrosis was associated with mitotic index ≥ 5/10HPF. Patients with BRAF V600E mutant tumors had significantly longer OS compared with those without BRAF V600E mutation (P = 0.02). PXA‐AF patients, regardless of age, had significantly shorter OS compared with those without (P = 0.0003). Recurrence‐free survival was significantly shorter for adult PXA‐AF patients (P = 0.047) only. Patients who either recurred or died ≤3 years from diagnosis were more likely to have had either PXA‐AF at first diagnosis (P = 0.008) or undergone a non‐gross total resection procedure (P = 0.004) as compared with patients who did not. This study provides further evidence that PXA‐AF behaves more aggressively than PXA and may qualify for WHO grade III “anaplastic” designation.