bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A critical assessment of two real-time PCR assays targeting the (SSU) rRNA and gdh genes for the molecular identification ofGiardia intestinalisin a clinical laboratory
Authors: Boadi Samuel , Polley Spencer D , Kilburn Sally , Mills Graham A , Chiodini Peter L 
Published: June 2014

IntroductionGiardiasis is an intestinal diarrhoeal illness caused by the flagellate protozoan parasiteGiardia intestinalis. Molecular techniques for the identification ofG. intestinalishave generally been shown to offer a better detection rate of the parasite than the traditional faecal concentration and microscopy techniques.AimThe aim of this study was to critically assess the performance of a commercial and a published real-time PCR assay for their potential use as frontline tests for the diagnosis of giardiasis.MethodsA composite reference standard of enzyme immunoassay and rapid membrane test was used in a diagnostic accuracy study to assess the performance of Primerdesign's, and Verweijet alG. intestinalisreal-time PCR assays, comparing them with the traditional ova, cysts and parasite microscopy test (OCP-M).ResultsThe Verweij real-time PCR used primers for the (SSU) rRNA gene, and produced a diagnostic sensitivity of 93.4% (95% CI 88.30% to 98.50%) and an efficiency of 100%. Primerdesign's real-time PCR used primers for the glutamate dehydrogenase gene and produced a diagnostic sensitivity of 61.5% (95% CI 51.50% to 71.50%) and an efficiency of 203%. The OCP-M sensitivity was 83.5% (95% CI 75.87% to 91.13%).ConclusionsThe Verweij real-time PCR was robust and the most sensitive assay suited for use as a first-line diagnostic test for giardiasis.
Cell Surface Lactate Receptor GPR81 Is Crucial for Cancer Cell Survival
Authors: Roland Christina L. , Arumugam Thiruvengadam , Deng Defeng , Liu Shi He , Philip Bincy , Gomez Sobeyda , Burns William R. , Ramachandran Vijaya , Wang Huamin , Cruz-Monserrate Zobeida , Logsdon Craig D. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
The mechanisms that allow cancer cells to adapt to the typical tumor microenvironment of low oxygen and glucose and high lactate are not well understood. GPR81 is a lactate receptor recently identified in adipose and muscle cells that has not been investigated in cancer. In the current study, we examined GPR81 expression and function in cancer cells. We found that GPR81 was present in colon, breast, lung, hepatocellular, salivary gland, cervical, and pancreatic carcinoma cell lines. Examination of tumors resected from patients with pancreatic cancer indicated that 94% (148 of 158) expressed high levels of GPR81. Functionally, we observed that the reduction of GPR81 levels using shRNA-mediated silencing had little effect on pancreatic cancer cells cultured in high glucose, but led to the rapid death of cancer cells cultured in conditions of low glucose supplemented with lactate. We also observed that lactate addition to culture media induced the expression of genes involved in lactate metabolism, including monocarboxylase transporters in control, but not in GPR81-silenced cells. In vivo, GPR81 expression levels correlated with the rate of pancreatic cancer tumor growth and metastasis. Cells in which GPR81 was silenced showed a dramatic decrease in growth and metastasis. Implantation of cancer cells in vivo was also observed to lead to greatly elevated levels of GPR81. These data support that GPR81 is important for cancer cell regulation of lactate transport mechanisms. Furthermore, lactate transport is important for the survival of cancer cells in the tumor microenvironment. Cancer Res; 74(18); 5301–10. ©2014 AACR.
Germline Mutation of Bap1 Accelerates Development of Asbestos-Induced Malignant Mesothelioma
Authors: Xu Jinfei , Kadariya Yuwaraj , Cheung Mitchell , Pei Jianming , Talarchek Jacqueline , Sementino Eleonora , Tan Yinfei , Menges Craig W. , Cai Kathy Q. , Litwin Samuel , Peng Hongzhuang , Karar Jayashree , Rauscher Frank J. , Testa Joseph R. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Malignant mesotheliomas are highly aggressive tumors usually caused by exposure to asbestos. Germline-inactivating mutations of BAP1 predispose to mesothelioma and certain other cancers. However, why mesothelioma is the predominate malignancy in some BAP1 families and not others, and whether exposure to asbestos is required for development of mesothelioma in BAP1 mutation carriers are not known. To address these questions experimentally, we generated a Bap1+/− knockout mouse model to assess its susceptibility to mesothelioma upon chronic exposure to asbestos. Bap1+/− mice exhibited a significantly higher incidence of asbestos-induced mesothelioma than wild-type (WT) littermates (73% vs. 32%, respectively). Furthermore, mesotheliomas arose at an accelerated rate in Bap1+/− mice than in WT animals (median survival, 43 weeks vs. 55 weeks after initial exposure, respectively) and showed increased invasiveness and proliferation. No spontaneous mesotheliomas were seen in unexposed Bap1+/− mice followed for up to 87 weeks of age. Mesothelioma cells from Bap1+/− mice showed biallelic inactivation of Bap1, consistent with its proposed role as a recessive cancer susceptibility gene. Unlike in WT mice, mesotheliomas from Bap1+/− mice did not require homozygous loss of Cdkn2a. However, normal mesothelial cells and mesothelioma cells from Bap1+/− mice showed downregulation of Rb through a p16(Ink4a)-independent mechanism, suggesting that predisposition of Bap1+/− mice to mesothelioma may be facilitated, in part, by cooperation between Bap1 and Rb. Drawing parallels to human disease, these unbiased genetic findings indicate that BAP1 mutation carriers are predisposed to the tumorigenic effects of asbestos and suggest that high penetrance of mesothelioma requires such environmental exposure. Cancer Res; 74(16); 4388–97. ©2014 AACR.
Terrritorialização do Programa Nacional de Produção e uso de biodiesel e concentração de capital no Brasil
Authors: Santos José Antônio Lobo dos , Suzuki Júlio César 
Published: June 2014

A implantação do Programa Nacional de Produção e Uso de Biodiesel (PNPB) no Brasil possui implicações na produção do espaço. Assim, buscamos compreender como o PNPB vem se territorializando a luz de um amplo processo de concentração de capital, com significado na criação de infraestruturas produtivas de forma concentrada, num mercado capitalista extremamente oligopolizado com amplo processo de expropriação da renda da terra camponesa. Os resultados das análises mostraram que grandes grupos econômicos estão controlando o processo produtivo de biodiesel no país, assim como o mercado e a produção de matérias-primas. Esse controle, na prática, vem se evidenciando num conjunto de estratégias do capital voltadas para concentração de riquezas, a exploração de trabalho e a territorialização dos interesses corporativos na produção de energia com utilização de oleaginosas no Brasil.
Religious Coping Among Rural Clergy: Measuring Ways in Which Rural Clergy Draw on Coping Strategies Informed by Their Theological Beliefs
Authors: Brewster Christine 
Published: June 2014

Following the recent decline in stipendiary clergy numbers in the Church of England and the consequent amalgamation of numerous rural benefices, enormous demands have been placed on many rural clergy. Potential stressors include ‘overextension’ and ‘inadequate resources’, which can cause poor work-related psychological health. Folkman and Lazarus (1988), whose work is firmly rooted in the ‘secular’ psychological tradition, contend that in order to survive in times of stress, people need to employ coping practices whereby they can ‘manage’ the personal and/or environmental stressors which ‘tax’ or ‘exceed’ their personal resources. Pargament (1997), however, believes that religious beliefs and religious experience are also important, and he suggests that the psychology of religion and coping ‘bridges a deep psychological tradition of helping people take care of what they can in times of stress with a rich religious tradition of helping people accept their limitations and look beyond themselves for assistance in troubling times’ (p. 9).
The present study examines the coping strategies of a sample of 722 Church of England rural clergy who are responsible for three or more rural churches, following their completion of the ‘RCOPE Measure of Religious Coping’ (Pargament, Koenig and Perez, 2000). The data produced suggest that the religious coping strategies most frequently used by rural clergy in multi-church benefices, are ‘benevolent religious reappraisal’ (to find ‘meaning’), ‘collaborative religious coping’ and ‘active religious surrender’ (to gain ‘control’), ‘religious purification/forgiveness’, ‘spiritual connection’ and ‘marking religious boundaries’ (to gain comfort and closeness to God) and ‘seeking support from clergy and church members’ and ‘religious helping’ (to gain ‘intimacy with others and closeness to God’).
The data demonstrate that rural clergy certainly draw on images of God that may promote healthy responses to significant stressors, but that they also employ those that may be detrimental to effective coping, and it is suggested that the provision by the church, of educational programmes focusing on religious coping strategies, might lead to the enhancement of work-related psychological health among rural clergy.
Lifetime and current prevalence of common DSM-IV mental disorders, their demographic correlates, and association with service utilisation and disability in older Australian adults
Authors: Sunderland Matthew , Anderson Tracy M , Sachdev Perminder S , Titov Nickolai , Andrews Gavin 
Published: June 2014

Objective: To describe lifetime and 12 month prevalence of common DSM-IV mental disorders, their demographic correlates, and association with service utilisation and disability in Australians aged 65–85 years of age. Methods: The sample included Australian residents aged 65–85 years who participated in the 2007 Australian National Survey of Mental Health and Well-being ( n=1905). The prevalence of DSM-IV mental disorders was estimated using the lay-interviewer administered World Mental Health version of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview. Results: Eight percent had experienced an affective disorder, 10% an anxiety disorder, and 12% a substance use disorder at some point in their life. Sex, age, and marital status were significant correlates of any lifetime mental disorder. Approximately, 2%, 4%, and 1% of old age respondents met criteria for mood, anxiety, and substance use disorders in the past 12 months, respectively. The presence of physical disorder, disability, and greater treatment service use were associated with any mental disorder in the past 12 months. Prevalence of lifetime and 12 month disorders by age band revealed a decrease as age increased. Conclusions: A substantial number of community dwelling old age Australians have experienced a mental disorder in their lifetime. Demographic correlates of mental disorder were relatively consistent between lifetime and 12 month prevalence of disorders, although sex made less of an impact and the presence of physical disorders more of an impact in recent disorders. Twelve month prevalence data suggest that a high proportion of old age Australians still experience mental disorders, predominantly anxiety and major depression.
Longitudinal trends in the dispensing of psychotropic medications in Australia from 2009–2012: Focus on children, adolescents and prescriber specialty
Authors: Karanges Emily A , Stephenson Chris P , McGregor Iain S 
Published: June 2014

Objective: Longitudinal trends in the dispensing of antidepressant, antipsychotic and ADHD medications from 2009–2012 were examined according to age and gender of patient and prescriber speciality. Of particular interest were changing trends in the prescription of psychotropic medications to children, adolescents and young adults. Method: Dispensing data for government-subsidised antidepressant, antipsychotic and ADHD medications were obtained from the database maintained by the Department of Human Services. Results were expressed in terms of number of prescriptions dispensed. Results: Over the four- year study period, the dispensing of antidepressants, antipsychotics and ADHD medications showed overall increases of 16.1%, 22.7% and 26.1% respectively. The most rapid percentage increases in antidepressant and antipsychotic dispensing occurred in children aged 10–14 (35.5% and 49.1% respectively), while ADHD medication dispensing rose most rapidly in those aged 20–24 (70.9%). Dispensing to males was more common during childhood for all investigated classes while two-thirds of adult antidepressant prescribing was to female patients. The most commonly prescribed antidepressants varied by age and were as follows: fluoxetine (3–19 year olds), desvenlafaxine (20–24 years) and venlafaxine (>25 years). Risperidone was the most common antipsychotic dispensed to children under 15, quetiapine to adolescents and young adults (15–24 years), and olanzapine to adults. Methylphenidate was the most common ADHD medication in those aged under 25, and dexamphetamine the most common in adults. Most antidepressants and antipsychotics were prescribed by GPs (89.9% and 70.6% respectively), while the majority of ADHD medications were prescribed by paediatricians (59.1%). Conclusions: Dispensing of psychotropic medications increased markedly from 2009 to 2012, with notable age-specific trends. General adherence to treatment guidelines is apparent, yet concerns exist regarding rapid increases in serotonin noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor (SNRI) antidepressant prescribing, the likely overmedication of persons with mild psychological distress, and the increasing use of powerful psychotropic medications in younger populations despite uncertain risk–benefit profiles.
The recovery model and anorexia nervosa
Authors: Dawson Lisa , Rhodes Paul , Touyz Stephen 
Published: June 2014

Objective: Treatments in anorexia nervosa (AN) have not been wholly effective and, accordingly, practices need to be reviewed. The recovery model is an approach to treatment that has become a guiding principle for mental health policy worldwide that might provide promise for AN treatment. The model has received much attention in recent years; however, there is a dearth of literature exploring how useful this model is for AN. The aim of the current article was to consider the relevance of this model in AN. Methods: This article provides a summary of the recovery model and reviews the literature to establish whether it is compatible with AN. The possible utility of the approach in AN is explored and suggestions are made as to how the model might be implemented in treatment. Results: Qualitative studies examining the patient’s perspective of AN support the recovery model. Many evidenced-based treatments currently used in AN have elements that are consistent with a recovery model approach. Treatments that are most consistent with recovery approaches have been effective for those with chronic AN. Conclusion: It is proposed that the model might offer a way in which to add to current practice and might have particular relevance for those with chronic AN. Future research is required to better understand how the model can best be utilised in AN.
Meniscal Allograft Transplantation
Authors: Rosso Federica , Bisicchia Salvatore , Bonasia Davide Edoardo , Amendola Annunziato 
Published: June 2014

Background: Meniscal allograft transplantation (MAT) was developed as a means of treating the symptoms of compartmental overload after meniscectomy. Despite more than 20 years of research in this field, many controversies still exist regarding meniscal transplantation. Purpose: The aims of this study were to assess (1) the quality of the published studies on MAT; (2) the indications for this type of surgery; (3) the methods used for preservation, sizing, and fixation of the allograft; and (4) the clinical and radiographic outcomes of this procedure and its role in preventing osteoarthritis. Study Design: Systematic review. Methods: Inclusion criteria for the articles were (1) English language, (2) peer-reviewed clinical studies with evidence levels 1 to 4, (3) reported clinical and/or radiological outcomes of MAT isolated or combined with other procedures, (4) minimum 12-month follow-up, (5) case series of at least 10 patients, and (6) a follow-up rate of at least 80% (no more than 20% of patients lost to follow-up). Results: A total of 55 studies matched the inclusion criteria (2 level 2, 7 level 3, and 46 level 4). The average Coleman methodology score was 49.73 ± 12.41 (range, 24-81). There was agreement in the literature regarding the indications for MAT: joint line pain and tenderness correlated with previous meniscectomy, young patients, without diffuse Outerbridge grade III and no grade IV cartilage damage, and a stable and well-aligned knee. Different graft types have been used: viable, fresh frozen, cryopreserved, and lyophilized. The most common method for graft sizing was plain radiography. Different fixation techniques have been described, with only a few studies comparing the clinical results of the different techniques and with no proven superiority of one method over the other. All the studies showed clinical improvement at last follow-up visit compared with preoperatively. The chondroprotective effect of MAT is still unclear. Conclusion: Meniscal allograft transplantation seems to provide good clinical results at short-term and midterm follow-up, with improvement in knee function as well as acceptable complication and failure rates. Higher quality studies are necessary to better assess the potential chondroprotective effect of MAT and to identify differences in terms of outcomes between different surgical techniques.
Age-specific prevalence of diagnosed systemic lupus erythematosus in Germany 2002 and projection to 2030
Authors: Brinks R , Fischer-Betz R , Sander O , Richter J G , Chehab G , Schneider M 
Published: June 2014

Objective The objective of this report is to estimate the prevalence and future number of cases of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in Germany. Methods Data from a representative sample of all insurants from the statutory health insurance in Germany comprising more than 2.3 million individuals have been screened for SLE diagnoses. The gender- and age-specific prevalence of SLE is calculated. The case definition is based on at least one recorded diagnosis of SLE during 2002. The stratum-specific prevalence is applied to the current and the future population of Germany in order to estimate and predict the number of people with SLE until 2030. Results The overall prevalence of diagnosed SLE in 2002 was 15.4 (95% CI: 13.1–17.9) and 55.4 (51.4, 59.8) per 100,000 in the male and female German population. This corresponds to an estimated 30,000 and 31,000 people with diagnosed SLE in 2002 and 2010, respectively. This number will slightly increase until 2020 and decrease thereafter. Conclusions Compared with health insurance data from France, the prevalence in our data is similar. Under the assumption that the gender- and age-specific prevalence of SLE in Germany will not change considerably, the number of cases in the next two decades will change only slightly.
Cystatin C, a novel indicator of renal function, reflects severity of cerebral microbleeds
Authors: Oh Mi-Young , Lee Hyon , Kim Joon Soon , Ryu Wi-Sun , Lee Seung-Hoon , Ko Sang-Bae , Kim Chulho , Kim Chang Hun , Yoon Byung-Woo 
Published: June 2014

Abstract

Background
Chronic renal insufficiency, diagnosed using creatinine based estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR) or microalbumiuria, has been associated with the presence of cerebral microbleeds (CMBs). Cystatin C has been shown to be a more sensitive renal indicator than conventional renal markers. Under the assumption that similar pathologic mechanisms of the small vessel exist in the brain and kidney, we hypothesized that the levels of cystatin C may delineate the relationship between CMBs and renal insufficiency by detecting subclinical kidney dysfunction, which may be underestimated by other indicators, and thus reflect the severity of CMBs more accurately.

Methods
Data was prospectively collected for 683 patients with ischemic stroke. The severity of CMBs was categorized by the number of lesions. Patients were divided into quartiles of cystatin C, estimated GFR and microalbumin/creatinine ratios. Ordinal logistic regression analysis was used to examine the association of each renal indicator with CMBs.

Results
In models including both quartiles of cystatin C and estimated GFR, only cystatin C quartiles were significant (the highest vs. the lowest, adjusted OR, 1.88; 95% CI 1.05-3.38; p = 0.03) in contrast to estimated GFR (the highest vs. the lowest, adjusted OR, 1.28; 95% CI 0.38-4.36; p = 0.70). A model including both quartiles of cystatin C and microalbumin/creatinine ratio also showed that only cystatin C quartiles was associated with CMBs (the highest vs. the lowest, adjusted OR, 2.06; 95% CI 1.07-3.94; p = 0.03). These associations were also observed in the logistic models using log transformed-cystatin C, albumin/creatinine ratio and estimated GFR as continuous variables. Cystatin C was a significant indicator of deep or infratenorial CMBs, but not strictly lobar CMBs. In addition, cystatin C showed the greatest significance in c-statistics for the presence of CMBs (AUC = 0.73 ± 0.03; 95% CI 0.66-0.76; p = 0.02).

Conclusion
Cystatin C may be the most sensitive indicator of CMB severity among the renal disease markers.
Negotiated control between the manual and visual systems for visually guided hand reaching movements
Authors: Kim K Han , Gillespie R Brent , Martin Bernard J 
Published: June 2014

Abstract

Background
Control of reaching movements for manual work, vehicle operation, or interactions with manual interfaces requires concurrent gaze control for visual guidance of the hand. We hypothesize that reaching movements are based on negotiated strategies to resolve possible conflicting demands placed on body segments shared by the visual (gaze) and manual (hand) control systems. Further, we hypothesize that a multiplicity of possible spatial configurations (redundancy) in a movement system enables a resolution of conflicting demands that does not require sacrificing the goals of the two systems.

Methods
The simultaneous control of manual reach and gaze during seated reaching movements was simulated by solving an inverse kinematics model wherein joint trajectories were estimated from a set of recorded hand and head movements. A secondary objective function, termed negotiation function, was introduced to describe a means for the manual reach and gaze directing systems to balance independent goals against (possibly competing) demands for shared resources, namely the torso movement. For both systems, the trade-off may be resolved without sacrificing goal achievement by taking advantage of redundant degrees of freedom. Estimated joint trajectories were then compared to joint movement recordings from ten participants. Joint angles were predicted with and without the negotiation function in place, and model accuracy was determined using the root-mean-square errors (RMSEs) and differences between estimated and recorded joint angles.

Results
The prediction accuracy was generally improved when negotiation was included: the negotiated control reduced RMSE by 16% and 30% on average when compared to the systems with only manual or visual control, respectively. Furthermore, the RMSE in the negotiated control system tended to improve with torso movement amplitude.

Conclusions
The proposed model describes how multiple systems cooperate to perform goal-directed human movements when those movements draw upon shared resources. Allocation of shared resources can be undertaken by a negotiation process that is aware of redundancies and the existence of multiple solutions within the individual systems.