bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Arab Spring
Authors: Moss Dana M. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractOver the past several decades, few puzzles have captivated academic imaginations more than the persistence of authoritarianism in the Middle East. Scholars have dedicated volumes to exploring possible causal factors, including the role of oil rents, the “robustness” of coercive apparatuses, Islamist movements, civil society, elite fragmentation, and other such political processes and characteristics (Posusney & Angrist 2005). However, the eruption of what has been dubbed the “Arab Spring” in late 2010 sent shockwaves through the world, decimating myths about Arab sociopolitical gridlock. Sweeping social change in the region appeared largely “unthinkable” (Kurzman 2004) until an unprecedented series of popular movements turned streets into occupied protest zones across the region.
Bisexual Movement
Authors: Klesse Christian 
Published: January 2013

AbstractBisexual movements have been politically active in many parts of the world for several decades. Most historical accounts locate the roots of the modern bisexual movement in the early 1970s. In the United States, bi‐identified activists have been part of the lesbian and gay civil rights or liberation movements since the mid‐1960s. Distinctively bi political manifestos, social or political groups, and community structures have spread from the early 1970s onwards. These steps to bisexual self‐organizations took inspiration from the women's and the gay liberation movements. Early bi activists often advocated a sex‐radical agenda which reflected the sexual liberationist ethos of countercultural politics at the time. Bisexual politics in the United States solidified in the 1980s. Local groups mushroomed throughout the country. Bisexual feminists strongly shaped this period of US bisexual politics, which resulted both in the prominence of female key activists in the wider movement and the simultaneous growth of separate organizations. Bi men later formed their own networks. Attempts were made at regional organization throughout the 1980s, with the first national bisexual conference in the United States taking place in 1990.
Collective (Public) Goods
Authors: Oliver Pamela 
Published: January 2013

AbstractIn economics, public or collective goods are contrasted with private goods. The enjoyment of a private good can be restricted to those who pay for it, and the consumption of a private good by one person makes it unavailable to anyone else. Markets “work” for private goods, where individuals make clear decisions about cost/benefit tradeoffs and prices are the consequences of the forces of supply and demand. By contrast, public (collective) goods are nonexcludable—shared by everybody, whether they helped pay for the good or not—and nonrival—in that one person's “enjoyment” of the good does not affect another's. People who share in a public good without paying for it are often called “free riders.” Because people can share in a public good if it is paid for by others, the usual assumptions of the market fail, and economists and social scientists generally argue that public goods need to be provided through taxation or other collective means. Public goods are an instance of the more general matter of externalities, in which one person's actions or choices affect the costs or benefits to other people who did not make the choice. Within economics, there has been a great deal of elaboration of these ideas. Some goods are nonrival but excludable (e.g., satellite television), others are nonexcludable but rival (e.g., environmental resources); both excludability and rival‐ness are continua rather than dichotomies. Public or collective goods vary greatly in important ways that affect the social dynamics of their provision, including their lumpiness and the linearity or nonlinearity of their production functions. Moreover, the same “good” (like clean air or a bridge) can be provided in different ways that have different production functions relating contributions to benefits. Introductory overviews of these issues may be found in the cited references.
Employers' Collective Action
Authors: Offerlé Michel 
Published: January 2013

AbstractDebates about employers' collective action have remained inconclusive. Historians, sociologists, and political scientists have established that neither competition between employers, nor the secretive nature of their business practices, nor their supposed individualism, prevent them from acting together or from establishing permanent organizations of various natures. The very rich literature dealing with interest groups (including organizations representing economic interests) demonstrates this fact very convincingly. For instance, Michel Pinçon and Monique Pinçon‐Charlot (2000) have shown that when it comes to its sociabilities and its reproduction, the Frenchbourgeoisiebehaves like a “collectivist” class.
Formal Models and Computer Simulations
Authors: Oliver Pamela 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
A formal model is a mathematical representation of some single process, in this case a process that is believed to be common and important in at least some social movements. Closely related are computer simulation models that link multiple mathematical expressions to represent different actors or types of actors in a system. This type of modeling is different from empirical statistical modeling, in which there is a data set of cases and variables, and regression techniques are used to estimate the coefficients for predicting dependent variables from independent variables. Instead, the “data” are all internal to the model itself. However, the results of empirical studies may be used to inform the nature of the mathematical relations or the numerical parameters in the model. An important sub‐type of computer simulation models is agent‐based simulations in which each actor's behavior is a function of a set of mathematical relations, the expressions determining one actor's behavior are in part a function of other actors' behavior, and the computer program generates the interactions among these actors over time. Some formal or computer models express determinate relations in which the same inputs will always produce the same results. Many models contain probabilistic elements, in which the mathematical expressions increase or decrease the probability that a given action will be taken; probabilistic models yield different results each time they are run, and analysis of them focuses on the distribution of possible outcomes for a given set of inputs.
Hooliganism
Authors: Vliegenthart Rens 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
The study of hooliganism—violence committed by sport fans—has been an isolated area of academic inquiry (Spaaij & Anderson 2010), despite the fact that scholars with varying backgrounds have studied the phenomena. Sociological (Dunning 2000), anthropological (Marsh 1978), and psychological (Armstrong 1998) explanations for the occurrence of hooliganism have been given. These explanations too often emphasize the irrational character of the violent behavior: hooligans are considered to be outrageous, emotional, and involved in a highly ritualized act. In many respects, these assumptions about violent fans resemble the psychological and “convergence” explanations made about participants in protests and riots in the 1960s. However, while social movement scholars have since considered alternative explanations for participation in protests, and even riots, such as shared mobilizing grievances, students of hooliganism have until recently not considered fan violence as inspired by such motivations. This is unfortunate, since oftentimes hooliganism could well be driven by grievances and the urge to express them.
Moral Economy Theory and Peasant Movements in
L
atin
A
merica
Authors: Trevizo Dolores 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Eric Wolf (1969), Joel S. Migdal (1974), and James C. Scott (1976) offered compatible explanations about agrarian revolts and revolutions in the developing world that continue to resonate for Latin America. Before presenting their “moral economy” theory, along with important criticisms of that work, I first define some terms. This is followed by an application of moral economy arguments to exemplary cases of recent peasant and indigenous‐peasant movements in Latin America.
Plowshares Movement
Authors: Nepstad Sharon Erickson 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
The Plowshares movement began in September 1980 when eight religious activists entered a General Electric (GE) plant outside Philadelphia, armed with hammers and bottles of blood. Inside the plant, they located the nuclear weapons that General Electric was developing. They hammered upon the weapons, poured blood, kneeled in prayer, and waited for security officers. When they were taken into custody, they released a press statement declaring “We commit civil disobedience at General Electric because this genocidal entity is the fifth leading producer of weaponry in the U.S.…In confronting GE, we choose to obey God's law of life, rather than a corporate summons to death. Our beating of swords into plowshares is a way to enflesh this biblical call” (Berrigan 1987: 55, 65).
Postcommunism and Social Movements
Authors: Císar̂ Ondr̂ej 
Published: January 2013

AbstractSocial movements in the postcommunist world are generally believed to be underdeveloped and weak. Given that various social movements and their organizations form a standard group of collective political actors in the established democracies nowadays, one might even wonder whether the extant regimes in postcommunist East Central Europe can at all claim to be real democracies. In terms of political mobilization, they seem to be miles away from the Western social movement societies, defined by the presence of capable, institutionalized, and professionalized activist organizations (Meyer & Tarrow 1998). Going beyond the East/West dichotomy, this entry presents a more complex picture of postcommunist social movement activism.
Religion and social movements
Authors: Burns Gene , Kniss Fred 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThis entry summarizes some of the central foci in the literature on religion's role in social movements. These include the study of social movements that found new religions; social movements within existing religious organizations (here organizations are broadly defined to include organized religious traditions); and the state context of religious movements, focusing especially on religion–state relationships. (The more common term is “church–state” relationships, but “religion–state” avoids using a specifically Christian term for a concept that applies to multiple religious traditions.) The entry concludes with a discussion of some of the theoretical questions that emerge from an overview of these different issues.
Rumor in Collective Behavior and Social Movements
Authors: Alan Fine Gary 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
At the heart of collective action is the desire for secure information. When people gather together, definitive knowledge is often in short supply and the desire is great. Uncertainty produces fear and as a consequence there is an insistent desire to know, placing oneself and one's community on a firmer footing. Whereas formal institutional actors (states, economic institutions, agencies of social control) generate forms of official knowledge, communities without legitimated information gathering processes depend on uncertain knowledge (or what has been termed “truth claims”). Access to secure information reflects the political structure, and, within movements and collective behavior, rumor plays a vital role.
Social Movements and the State in
S
ingapore
Authors: Clammer John 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
The tiny city‐state of Singapore, occupying an island of just 274 square miles at the southern tip of the Malay peninsula and with the Riau Islands of Indonesia clearly visible to the south on a clear day, is something of an anomaly in Southeast Asia. From its foundation as a colonial outpost of the British East India Company, a date usually traced to the arrival of Sir Stamford Raffles in 1819, and its subsequent incorporation into the British Empire as a Crown Colony it rapidly flourished as a major port city for trade in the region, as a transit point for migrant labor from China and India coming to work in the plantations, mines, and commercial establishments of British Malaya, and as an administrative and military center for British rule in the peninsula (Chew & Lee 1991). This particular history has deeply marked its current culture and ethnic makeup: still a city very much oriented to trade and acting as a communications hub for Southeast Asia, it is also highly diverse in its ethnic composition, with a large Chinese majority (approximately 75% of the population), a substantial Malay community, a significant Indian one (about 8% of the population) and a large number of smaller minorities of Indonesian, Filipino, Arab, European, Sri Lankan, and other South Asian origins together with substantial but transitory populations of Japanese, Korean, Taiwanese, European, Australian, and North American business people, diplomats, students, and tourists. As the colonial era drew to a close, Singapore became first a self‐governing colony, then joined the new state of Malaysia in 1963 and in 1965 as a result of ethnic and political tensions, left Malaysia to become the new independent state of the Republic of Singapore.
Foam‐Like Behavior in Compliant, Continuously Reinforced Nanocomposites
Authors: Carey Brent J. , Patra Prabir K. , Hahm Myung Gwan , Ajayan Pulickel M. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractIn the pursuit of advanced polymer composites, nanoscale fillers have long been championed as promising candidates for structural reinforcement. Despite progress, questions remain as to how these diminutive fillers influence the distribution of stresses within the matrix and, in turn, influence bulk mechanical properties. The dynamic mechanical behavior of elastomer‐impregnated forests of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) has revealed distinct orientation‐dependent behavior that sheds light on these complicated interactions. When compressed along the axis of the fillers, the composite will mimic open‐cell foams and exhibit strain softening for increasing amplitudes due to the collective Euler buckling of the slender nanotubes. In contrast, the same material will behave similarly to the neat polymer when compressed orthogonal to the alignment direction of the nanotubes. However, in this orientation the material is incapable of achieving the same ultimate compressive strain due to the role that the embedded nanotubes play in augmenting the effective cross‐link density of the polymer network. Both of these responses are recoverable, robust, and show little dependency on the diameter and wall‐number of the included CNTs. Such observations give insight into the mechanics of polymer/nanoparticle interactions in nanocomposite structures under strain, and the thoughtful control of such coordinated buckling behavior opens the possibility for the development of foam‐like materials with large Poisson ratios.
Fast Olefin Metathesis: Synthesis of 2‐Aryloxy‐Substituted Hoveyda‐Type Complexes and Application in Ring‐Closing Metathesis
Authors: Kos Pavlo , Savka Roman , Plenio Herbert 
Published: January 2013

AbstractFour 1‐(4‐R‐phenoxy)‐2‐ethenylbenzenes (R=NMe2, H, Cl, NO2) 4a, 4b, 4c and 4d were reacted with the ruthenium complexes [RuCl2(NHC)(3‐phenylindenylidene)(py)] in the presence of a protic resin to result in the formation of the respective Hoveyda‐type complexes 5a–d {NHC=SIMes [1,3‐bis(2,4,6‐trimethylphenylimidazolin)‐2‐ylidene]} and 6a–d {NHC=SIPr [1,3‐bis(2,6‐diisopropylphenylimidazolin)‐2‐ylidene]} in 66–84% yield. The lower steric bulk and the decreased donation of the diaryl ether oxygen atoms in complexes 5 and 6 led to rapidly initiating precatalysts. The Ru(II/III) redox potentials of complexes 6 were determined (6a–d: ΔE=0.89–1.08 V). In the crystal structure of 5b two independent molecules were observed in the unit cell, displaying RuO distances of 226.6(4) and 230.5(3) pm. The catalytic performance of complexes 5 and 6 in various ring‐closing metathesis (RCM) reactions was studied. Catalyst loadings of between 15–200 ppm are sufficient for the formation of >90% yield of the respective cyclic products. Complex 6b catalyzes the formation of N‐protected 2,5‐dihydropyrroles with up to TON 64,000 and TOF 256,000 h−1, of the N‐protected 1,2,3,6‐ tetrahydropyridines with up to TON 18,200 and TOF 73,000 h−1 and of the N‐protected 2,3,6,7‐tetrahydroazepines with up to TON 8,100 and TOF 32,000 h−1 with yields ranging between 77 and 96%.
Neurofibromatosis type 2 in the elderly population: Clinical and molecular features
Authors: Goutagny Stéphane , Bah Alpha B. , Parfait Béatrice , Sterkers Olivier , Kalamarides Michel 
Published: January 2013

AbstractNeurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2) is rare genetic disorder characterized by the development of multiple benign tumors of the nervous system. The majority of people with NF2 are diagnosed in the second or third decade of life with bilateral vestibular schwannomas. Among NF2 patients followed up in our NF2 clinic, seven patients have been diagnosed with NF2 after the age of 70 years. Bilateral vestibular schwannomas were present in 4/7 patients. No NF2 mutation was identified by blood screening, suggesting a high prevalence of NF2 somatic mosaicism. During a mean follow‐up of 96 months, 8/11 vestibular schwannomas demonstrated no tumor growth, and only one patient required treatment. Other tumors, including meningiomas and other schwannomas, remained stable. One patient required shunting for secondary normal‐pressure hydrocephalus. Thus, NF2 can occasionally be diagnosed in people aged 70 and older, and is characterized by a high prevalence of atypical forms and a low growth potential of tumors, arguing in favor of a wait‐and‐scan policy as initial management. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Synthesis and characterization of hydroxypropyl terminated polydimethylsiloxane‐polyurethane copolymers
Authors: Bai Hao‐Chen , Tao Lin , Pang Yuan‐Jin , Zhou Yuan‐Jian , Chen Jun 
Published: January 2013

AbstractPolyurethane (PU) block copolymers were synthesized using prepared hydroxypropyl terminated polydimethylsiloxane (HTPDMS MW 990) and polyether diols (N‐210) as soft segment with 4,4′‐diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI) and 1,4‐butanediol. This low molecular weight polydimethylsiloxanes (PDMS) containing hydroxypropyl end‐groups displayed better compatibility with PU than common PDMS. In this article, we illustrate its synthesis routes and confirmed the proposed molecular structures using NMR and infrared radiation (IR). We varied the contents of HTPDMS and N‐210 in soft segments (HTPDMS—N‐210: 0 : 100, 20 : 80, 40 : 60, 60 : 40, 80 : 20, and 100 : 0) to synthesize a series of PDMS‐PU copolymer. IR spectroscopy showed the assignment characteristic groups of each peak in copolymers and confirmed that the desired HTPDMS‐PU copolymers have been prepared. The different thermal, dynamic mechanical and surface properties of the copolymers were compared by thermogravimetry, DMA, contact angle and solvent resistance. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Study on the synthesis of a macroporous ethylacrylate‐divinylbenzene copolymer, its conversion into a bi‐functional cation exchange resin and applications for extraction of toxic heavy metals from wastewater
Authors: Ali Syed Wasim , Waqar Farhat , Malik Muhammad Arif , Yasin Tariq , Muhammad Bashir 
Published: January 2013

AbstractMacroporus ethylacrylate‐divinylbenzene copolymers were synthesized by suspension polymerization using diethyl phthalate and n‐heptane as diluent. A hydrolysis study revealed that conversion of esters into carboxylic acid groups was dependent on three factors: (1) crosslinkage: increases with a decrease in crosslinkage, (2) reagent: sulfuric acid>aqueous NaOH>NaOH in a 1 : 1 water to ethylene glycol, and (3) pore volume (PV): highest when PV was ∼ 0.7 mL g−1. Sulfuric acid hydrolyzed ester to COOH and introduced SO3H on phenyl rings, thus producing a bi‐functional resin. The functional groups were verified by IR spectroscopy and quantified by acid–base titration. The bi‐functional resin's capacity for toxic heavy metals in water samples was 12.51, 10.43, 9.43, 13.21, and 11.12 mg g−1 for Cu, Cd, Ni, Pb, and Zn, respectively and the recoveries exceeded >95% in range of pH 2–8, showing that it is suitable for water purification. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Mechanistic investigation of ultrasonic enhancement of glycerol bioconversion by immobilized Clostridium pasteurianum on silica support
Authors: Khanna Swati , Goyal Arun , Moholkar Vijayanand S. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractGlycerol, the principal byproduct of biodiesel production, can be a valuable carbon source for bioconversion into diverse class of compounds. This article attempts to investigate the mechanistic aspects of ultrasound mediated bioconversion of glycerol to ethanol and 1,3‐propanediol (1,3‐PDO) by immobilized Clostridium pasteurianum cells on silica support. Our approach is of coupling experimental results with simulations of cavitation bubble dynamics and enzyme kinetics. In addition, the statistical analysis (ANOVA) of experimental results was also done. The glycerol uptake by cells was not affected by either immobilization or with ultrasonication. Nonetheless, both immobilization and ultrasonication were found to enhance glycerol consumption. The enhancement effect of ultrasound on glycerol consumption was most marked (175%) at the highest glycerol concentration of 25 g/L (271.7 mM). The highest glycerol consumption (32.4 mM) was seen for 10 g/L (108.7 mM) initial glycerol concentration. The immobilization of cells shifted the metabolic pathway almost completely towards 1,3‐PDO. No formation of ethanol was seen with mechanical shaking, while traces of ethanol were detected with ultrasonication. On the basis of analysis of enzyme kinetics parameters, we attribute these results to increased substrate‐enzyme affinity and decreased substrate inhibition for 1,3‐PDO dehydrogenase in presence of ultrasound that resulted in preferential conversion of glycerol into 1,3‐PDO. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2013; 110: 1637–1645. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Assessment of the Relative Adequacy of Landfills as a Means of Solid Waste Disposal in Malaysia
Authors: Ismail Zubaidah , Abdullah Siti Zaleha , Othman Siti Zulaikha , Shirazi Sharif M. , Karim Ramlee 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThis study examined the relative adequacy of active landfills between states in Malaysia. The percentages of closed landfills were determined. The accessibility and loading of the landfills were examined. The characteristics of each landfill studied were noted. The study involved the compilation and analyses of data on groundwater, stream water and current land use surrounding landfills. Results of the study showed that the number of active landfills was not adequate to handle solid waste disposal. The potential of alternative approaches was examined and discussed.