bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Chinese Cretaceous larva exposes a southern Californian living fossil (Insecta, Coleoptera, Eucnemidae)
Authors: Huali Chang , Muona Jyrki , Hanyong Pu , Li Xu , Chen Wang , Teräväinen Marianna , Dong Ren , Qiang Yang , Xingliao Zhang , Songhai Jia 
Published: July 2015

AbstractPalaeoxenus sinensis Chang, Muona & Teräväinen sp. nov. (Coleoptera, Eucnemidae) is described on the basis of a Cretaceous larva found from the Yixian Formation in Huangbanjigou, Liaoning Province, China. The only previously known member of this clade is a southern Californian endemic, Dohrn's elegant eucnemid beetle (Palaeoxenus dohrni), a species that develops in conifers, especially the incense cedar (Calocedrus decurrens). The new find proves that the highly specialized main eucnemid lineages had evolved 123 Mya, before the main radiation of the angiosperms and probably as an adaptation to development in gymnosperms.
Osteoinductive potential of a novel biphasic calcium phosphate bone graft in comparison with autographs, xenografts, and DFDBA
Authors: Miron Richard J. , Sculean Anton , Shuang Yang , Bosshardt Dieter D. , Gruber Reinhard , Buser Daniel , Chandad Fatiha , Zhang Yufeng 
Published: July 2015

AbstractObjectivesSince the original description of osteoinduction in the early 20th century, the study and development of innovative biomaterials has emerged. Recently, novel synthetic bone grafts have been reported with potential to form ectopic bone in vivo. However, their full characterization in comparison with other leading bone grafts has not been investigated. The aim of this study was to determine the osteoinductive potential of bone grafts by comparing autogenous bone grafts, demineralized freeze‐dried bone allografts (DFDBA), a commonly utilized natural bone mineral (NBM) from bovine origin (Bio‐Oss), and a newly developed biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP).Materials and methodsGrafts were compared in vitro for their ability to stimulate bone marrow stromal cell (BMSC) migration, proliferation, and differentiation as assessed by quantitative real‐time PCR for genes coding for bone markers including Runx2, collagen I, and osteocalcin. Furthermore, bone grafts were implanted in the calf muscle of 12 beagle dogs to determine their potential to form ectopic bone in vivo.ResultsThe in vitro results demonstrate that both autografts and DFDBA show potential for cell recruitment, whereas only autografts and BCP demonstrated the ability to differentiate BMSCs toward the osteoblast lineage. The in vivo ectopic bone model demonstrated that while NBM particles were not osteoinductive and autogenous bone grafts were resorbed quickly in vivo, ectopic bone formation was reported in DFDBA and in synthetic BCP grafts.ConclusionThe modifications in nanotopography and chemical composition of the newly developed BCP bone grafts significantly promoted ectopic bone formation confirming their osteoinductive potential. In conclusion, the results from this study provide evidence that synthetic bone grafts not only serve as a three‐dimensional scaffold but are also able to promote osteoinduction.
Concepts as Semantic Pointers: A Framework and Computational Model
Authors: Blouw Peter , Solodkin Eugene , Thagard Paul , Eliasmith Chris 
Published: August 2015

AbstractThe reconciliation of theories of concepts based on prototypes, exemplars, and theory‐like structures is a longstanding problem in cognitive science. In response to this problem, researchers have recently tended to adopt either hybrid theories that combine various kinds of representational structure, or eliminative theories that replace concepts with a more finely grained taxonomy of mental representations. In this paper, we describe an alternative approach involving a single class of mental representations called “semantic pointers.” Semantic pointers are symbol‐like representations that result from the compression and recursive binding of perceptual, lexical, and motor representations, effectively integrating traditional connectionist and symbolic approaches. We present a computational model using semantic pointers that replicates experimental data from categorization studies involving each prior paradigm. We argue that a framework involving semantic pointers can provide a unified account of conceptual phenomena, and we compare our framework to existing alternatives in accounting for the scope, content, recursive combination, and neural implementation of concepts.
Where Pop Meets Purl: Knitting, the Curation of Craft, and the Folk/Mass Culture Divide
Authors: Wolfram Cox Julie , Minahan Stella 
Published: July 2015

AbstractSince the 1970s, the de‐differentiation of high and low culture has legitimized the curation of craft and popular culture. The curation of some crafts, such as quilting, has assisted in reducing art‐craft distinctions, and the exhibition of fashion and popular music has highlighted links between folk culture (e.g., stories, songs, and crafts) and mass culture. With reference to the craft of knitting, we draw on the concept of the contact zone) to show how the current breaching of museum boundaries by yarn bombers can draw further attention to inclusions and exclusions in museum curation. Just as traditional age and gender distinctions are both problematized and perpetuated in public images and press reports on knitting, we argue that discussion of new forms and new contributors to curation processes may be tempered by broader analysis of the representation of craft within popular culture.
Museum Monsters and Victorious Viruses: Improving Public Understanding of Emerging Biomedical Research
Authors: Diamond Judy , Jee Benjamin , Matuk Camillia , McQuillan Julia , Spiegel Amy N. , Uttal David 
Published: July 2015

AbstractAlthough microbes directly impact everyone's health, most people have limited knowledge about them. In this article, we describe a museum and media public education campaign aimed at helping diverse audiences better understand emerging knowledge about microbes and infectious disease. Funded primarily by the Science Education Partnership (SEPA) program of the National Institutes of Health, this campaign involved crosscutting programs designed to extend impacts throughout a broad public audience.Collaborations with partners from public media, libraries, science education, the social sciences, and biomedical research centers extended our outreach to local and national audiences of adults and youth. Our campaign developed programs for radio broadcast, schools, libraries, museums, and publishers to ultimately reach over eight million people. In addition, we conducted a series of research studies focused on understanding the mental models that people create of the complex concepts of microbes and infectious disease and on how to engage hard‐to‐reach adolescents with this science content. These studies furthered our understanding of how people reason about unseen phenomena, the kinds of materials that might intrigue youth who claim little interest in science, and how to begin to combat misinformation pervasive in this field. Our comparisons of expert, teacher, and teen reasoning about microbes revealed their distinct mental models on the topics of infection, vaccination, and immune response. Our investigation of comics confirmed their power to motivate teenagers to want to read more about science. Across all levels of science identity, we found that youth were more engaged with the comics than with comparable essays. Together, these findings provide insights into how to educate a diverse public about emerging biomedical research.
Relationships between event‐related potentials and behavioral and scholastic measures of reading ability: A large‐scale, cross‐sectional study
Authors: Khalifian Negin , Stites Mallory C. , Laszlo Sarah 
Published: July 2015

AbstractIn the cognitive, computational, neuropsychological, and educational literatures, it is established that children approach text in unique ways, and that even adult readers can differ in the strategies they bring to reading. In the developmental event‐related potential (ERP) literature, however, children with differing degrees of reading ability are, the majority of the time, placed in monolithic groups such as ‘normal’ and ‘dyslexic’ (e.g. Araújo et al., 2012) and analyzed only at the group level. This is likely done due to methodological concerns – such as low sample size or a lack of statistical power – that can make it difficult to perform analysis at the individual level. Here, we collected ERPs and behavior from > 100 children in grades pre‐K–7, as they read unconnected text silently to themselves. This large sample, combined with the statistical power of the Linear Mixed Effects Regression (LMER) technique, enables us to address individual differences in ERP component effects due to reading ability at an unprecedented level of detail. Results indicate that it is possible to predict reading‐related report card scores from ERP component amplitudes – especially that of the N250, a component pertaining to sublexical processing (including phonological decoding). Results also reveal relationships between behavioral measures of reading ability and ERP component effects that have previously been elusive, such as the relationship between vocabulary and N400 mean amplitude (cf. Henderson et al., 2011). We conclude that it is possible to meaningfully examine reading‐related ERP effects at the single subject level in developing readers, and that this type of analysis can provide novel insights into both behavior and scholastic achievement.
Cognitive impairments associated with morphological changes in cortical and subcortical structures in multiple system atrophy of the cerebellar type
Authors: Lee M. J. , Shin J.‐H. , Seoung J.‐K. , Lee J.‐H. , Yoon U. , Oh J.‐H. , Jung D. S. , Kim E.‐J. 
Published: July 2015

Background and purposePatients with the cerebellar variant of multiple system atrophy (MSA‐C) often show cognitive deficits in various cognitive domains. The association between morphometric changes in cortical and subcortical structures and cognitive impairments in MSA‐C were investigated to explore the neural correlates responsible for cognitive deficits in MSA‐C patients.MethodsUsing surface‐based morphometry, region‐of‐interest cortical thickness and the volumes and shapes of subcortical structures were examined in 18 patients who fulfilled the criteria of probable MSA‐C and were compared to 50 healthy controls. The association between regional changes and cognitive functions in MSA‐C were investigated by applying linear regression analyses after controlling for confounding factors.ResultsCompared with controls, the patients with MSA‐C showed significant cortical thinning in the fronto‐temporo‐parietal regions and volume reduction in subcortical structures with shape changes. Cerebellar volume had no significant effect on cortical and subcortical volumes. The severity of atrophic changes in the bilateral thalamus, the left cerebellum and the left pericalcarine gyrus were significantly correlated with attentional, executive and visuospatial dysfunctions.ConclusionCognitive impairment in MSA‐C might result from functional disruption of the corticostriatal and pontocerebellar circuit mediated by primary cortical, cerebellar or thalamic pathology.
The effect of perineural anaesthesia and handler position on limb loading and hoof balance of the vertical ground reaction force in sound horses
Authors: Van de Water E. , Oosterlinck M. , Pille F. 
Published: August 2015

SummaryReasons for performing studyThe effects of handler position and perineural anaesthesia in sound horses need investigation to facilitate interpretation of pressure plate analysis in lame horses.ObjectivesTo evaluate the effect of handler position and perineural anaesthesia on limb loading and particularly hoof balance in sound horses.Study designNonrandomised crossover study.MethodsSix sound horses were walked and trotted over a pressure plate, with the handler on the left and subsequently on the right side, and finally after a bilateral low palmar digital nerve block. One week later this procedure was repeated before and after a bilateral abaxial sesamoidean nerve block. Peak vertical force, vertical impulse and stance time of 5 hoof prints of both forelimbs were obtained (126 Hz), and toe–heel and mediolateral hoof balance curves of the vertical force were plotted throughout stance. Limb‐loading and timing data and hoof balance data (beginning, middle and end of the stance phase) were statistically compared (handler left compared with right; before compared with after low palmar digital nerve block and abaxial sesamoidean nerve block; baseline at first measurement session compared with second).ResultsThere were no significant effects of handler position and perineural anaesthesia on peak vertical force, vertical impulse and stance time. Hoof balance curves were not affected by handler position or perineural anaesthesia. The limb loading data and hoof balance curves were comparable for each horse over the one‐week interval.ConclusionsHandler position and perineural anaesthesia do not have an effect on limb loading and toe–heel and mediolateral hoof balance in sound horses, which is of fundamental importance before embarking on pressure plate analysis for lameness diagnosis.
Global inequities between polluters and the polluted: climate change impacts on coral reefs
Authors: Wolff Nicholas H. , Donner Simon D. , Cao Long , Iglesias‐Prieto Roberto , Sale Peter F. , Mumby Peter J. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractFor many ecosystem services, it remains uncertain whether the impacts of climate change will be mostly negative or positive and how these changes will be geographically distributed. These unknowns hamper the identification of regional winners and losers, which can influence debate over climate policy. Here, we use coral reefs to explore the spatial variability of climate stress by modelling the ecological impacts of rising sea temperatures and ocean acidification, two important coral stressors associated with increasing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. We then combine these results with national per capita emissions to quantify inequities arising from the distribution of cause (CO2 emissions) and effect (stress upon reefs) among coral reef countries. We find pollution and coral stress are spatially decoupled, creating substantial inequity of impacts as a function of emissions. We then consider the implications of such inequity for international climate policy. Targets for GHG reductions are likely to be tied to a country's emissions. Yet within a given level of GHG emissions, our analysis reveals that some countries experience relatively high levels of impact and will likely experience greater financial cost in terms of lost ecosystem productivity and more extensive adaptation measures. We suggest countries so disadvantaged be given access to international adaptation funds proportionate with impacts to their ecosystem. We raise the idea that funds could be more equitably allocated by formally including a metric of equity within a vulnerability framework.
Predictors of credit card use and perceived financial well‐being in female college students: a Brazil‐United States comparative study
Authors: Braun Santos Danilo , Mendes‐Da‐Silva Wesley , Flores Eduardo , Norvilitis Jill M. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractThis article examines predictors of the financial well‐being of female college students living in São Paulo or New York, focusing upon the relationship with their credit card use behaviour. The results of structural equation models, based on 784 participants, suggest that financial self‐confidence and social comparison have an impact on the use of credit cards and exercise an influence on financial well‐being. Despite the fact that social comparison is more strongly predictive of credit card use among Brazilian women, credit card use behaviour has a greater impact on the well‐being of American women.
Clinicopathological and phenotypic features of chronic NK cell lymphocytosis identified among patients with asymptomatic lymphocytosis
Authors: Cao F. , Zhao H. , Li Y. , Dai S. , Wang C. 
Published: July 2015

SummaryIntroductionChronic natural killer (NK) cell lymphocytosis is currently a provisional entity. This study demonstrated NK cell lymphocytosis in patients with asymptomatic lymphocytosis and presented the hematological and phenotypic findings.MethodsFlow cytometry analysis was performed for investigation of unexplained peripheral lymphocytosis. NK cells were determined by the phenotype of CD3−/CD16+/CD56+. Chronic NK cell lymphocytosis was defined by a NK cell count of ≥2 × 109/L, persistent for over 6 months, no evidence of B‐ or T‐cell clonality and no hematologic disorders.ResultsAmong 190 patients with peripheral lymphocytosis, 15(7.9%) patients, age 42–72 years, were identified to have NK cell lymphocytosis, with a median NK cell count of 3.1 × 109/L (range 2.1–7.3 × 109/L). Persistent NK cell lymphocytosis was confirmed with a median follow‐up of 18 months. CD56bright NK cell populations were seen in eight patients and CD56dim NK cells in seven patients. CD57 co‐expression was seen in both CD56dim and CD56bright cells. CD7, CD2, or CD8 expression was seen in some of the NK populations. The NK cell lymphocytosis appeared stable and no progression to NK cell leukemia during the follow‐up period.ConclusionThis study demonstrated that chronic NK cell lymphocytosis, similar to monoclonal B lymphocytosis or T‐cell clones, may account for asymptomatic lymphocytosis. There were no identifiable causes of the NK cell expansion. The variable phenotype may represent the heterogeneity and pathological features of NK lymphocytosis.
Critical roles of co‐activation receptor DNAX accessory molecule‐1 in natural killer cell immunity
Authors: Xiong Peng , Sang Hai‐Wei , Zhu Min 
Published: August 2015

SummaryNatural killer (NK) cells, which can exert early and powerful anti‐tumour and anti‐viral responses, are important components of the innate immune system. DNAX accessory molecule‐1 (DNAM‐1) is an activating receptor molecule expressed on the surface of NK cells. Recent findings suggest that DNAM‐1 is a critical regulator of NK cell biology. DNAM‐1 is involved in NK cell education and differentiation, and also plays a pivotal role in the development of cancer, viral infections and immune‐related diseases. However, tumours and viruses have developed multiple mechanisms to evade the immune system. They are able to impair DNAM‐1 activity by targeting the DNAM‐1 receptor–ligand system. We have reviewed the roles of DNAM‐1, and its biological functions, with respect to NK cell biology and DNAM‐1 chimeric antigen receptor‐based immunotherapy.
Morphine Synovial Fluid Concentrations After Intravenous Regional Limb Perfusion in Standing Horses
Authors: Hunter Barbara G. , Parker Jill E. , Wehrman Rita , Stang Bernadette , Cebra Christopher K. 
Published: July 2015

ObjectiveTo determine synovial concentrations of morphine after intravenous regional limb perfusion (IVRLP) with morphine or morphine in combination with gentamicin in clinically healthy, standing sedated horses.Study DesignExperimental.AnimalsAdult horses (n = 6).MethodsIVRLP was performed using 0.1 mg/kg morphine (M) in standing sedated horses. After a 3‐week washout period, IVRLP was performed on the same forelimb with a combination of 0.1 mg/kg morphine and 1 g gentamicin (M/G). Synovial fluid from the middle carpal joint of the perfused limb and jugular blood samples were collected immediately before each perfusion and 20 minutes, and 2, 8, and 24 hours after IVRLP. Morphine and gentamicin concentrations were determined by ELISA. Data were assessed using 2‐way repeated measures ANOVA with significance set atP ≤ .05.ResultsSynovial fluid morphine concentrations were greatest 20 minutes after perfusion. Mean ± SD peak synovial morphine concentrations over 12 perfusions were 3903 ± 4881 ng/mL. There was no significant difference in morphine synovial concentrations after M or M/G. Plasma morphine concentrations peaked within 2 hours of perfusion (range, 11–63 ng/mL). Mean peak gentamicin concentrations in synovial fluid were 76,315 ± 39,809 ng/mL. IVRLP morphine did not cause clinically apparent adverse effects.ConclusionsIVRLP in standing sedated horses results in measurable levels of morphine in synovial fluid and synovial concentrations of gentamicin after perfusion in combination with morphine are equivalent to those previously reported.
Guiding Principles for Management of Forested, Agricultural, and Urban Watersheds
Authors: Edwards Pamela J. , Schoonover Jon E. , Williard Karl W. J. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractHuman actions must be well planned and include consideration of their potential influences on water and aquatic ecosystems – such consideration is the foundation of watershed management. Watersheds are the ideal land unit for managing and protecting water resources and aquatic health because watersheds integrate the physical, biological and chemical processes within their boundaries. Managed forested watersheds tend to have more natural watershed functions and better water quality than other land uses. Land uses with greater amounts of soil disturbance and permanent reductions in infiltration, such as in agricultural or urban/developed settings, usually have greater undesirable hydrologic alterations and poorer water quality. Nonpoint source pollutants resulting from many forestry, agricultural, and urban activities are controlled by techniques and tools known as best management practices (BMPs). Best management practices are applied by watershed managers to large‐scale landscapes, but they also are applicable to the lives of ordinary citizens. Basic BMP principles, such as controlling the amounts and duration of soil disturbance during construction around the home, applying chemicals to lawns or gardens only at needed rates and during suitable times, and incorporating techniques to encourage infiltration of rooftop and driveway runoff are important actions that anyone can take to help protect watershed functions, water quality, and aquatic health.
The development of the mammalian outer and middle ear
Authors: Anthwal Neal , Thompson Hannah 
Published: July 2015

AbstractThe mammalian ear is a complex structure divided into three main parts: the outer; middle; and inner ear. These parts are formed from all three germ layers and neural crest cells, which have to integrate successfully in order to form a fully functioning organ of hearing. Any defect in development of the outer and middle ear leads to conductive hearing loss, while defects in the inner ear can lead to sensorineural hearing loss. This review focuses on the development of the parts of the ear involved with sound transduction into the inner ear, and the parts largely ignored in the world of hearing research: the outer and middle ear. The published data on the embryonic origin, signalling, genetic control, development and timing of the mammalian middle and outer ear are reviewed here along with new data showing the Eustachian tube cartilage is of dual embryonic origin. The embryonic origin of some of these structures has only recently been uncovered (Science, 339, 2013, 1453; Development, 140, 2013, 4386), while the molecular mechanisms controlling the growth, structure and integration of many outer and middle ear components are hardly known. The genetic analysis of outer and middle ear development is rather limited, with a small number of genes often affecting either more than one part of the ear or having only very small effects on development. This review therefore highlights the necessity for further research into the development of outer and middle ear structures, which will be important for the understanding and treatment of conductive hearing loss.