bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Beyond climate envelopes: bio‐climate modelling accords with observed 25‐year changes in seabird populations of the British Isles
Authors: Russell Deborah J. F. , Wanless Sarah , Collingham Yvonne C. , Anderson Barbara J. , Beale Colin , Reid James B. , Huntley Brian , Hamer Keith C. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractAimClimate envelope models (CEMs) are used to assess species’ vulnerability to predicted changes in climate, based on their distributions. Extinction risk, however, also depends on demographic parameters. Accordingly, we use CEMs for 18 seabird species to test three hypotheses: (i) population sizes are larger in areas where CEMs fitted using distribution data predict more suitable climate; (ii) the presence of this relationship (Hypothesis i) is related to a species’ foraging ecology; and (iii) species whose distributions and population sizes conformed most closely to indices of climatic suitability in the mid‐1980s experienced the largest population changes following climatic change between 1986 and 2010.LocationEurope.MethodsClimate envelope models fitted at a 50‐km resolution using European climatic and distribution data were applied using local climatic data to calculate local climatic suitability indices (CSIs) for 18 species within the British Isles. We then investigated the relationship between CSI and population size at a 10‐km resolution and related both the presence of this relationship and goodness‐of‐fit metrics from the European models to changes in population size (1986–2010).ResultsLocal population sizes were significantly positively related to local CSI in 50% of species, providing support for Hypothesis (i), and these 50% of species were independently considered to be most vulnerable to changes in food availability at sea in support of Hypothesis (ii). Those species whose distributions and populations most closely conformed to indices of climatic suitability showed the least favourable subsequent changes in population size, over a period in which mean climatic suitability decreased for all species, in support of Hypothesis (iii).Main conclusionsClimate influences the population sizes of multiple seabird species in the British Isles. We highlight the potential for outputs of CEMs fitted with coarse resolution occupancy data to provide information on both local abundance and sensitivity to future climate changes.
Beta2 oscillations (23–30 Hz) in the mouse hippocampus during novel object recognition
Authors: França Arthur S. C. , do Nascimento George C. , Lopes‐dos‐Santos Vítor , Muratori Larissa , Ribeiro Sidarta , Lobão‐Soares Bruno , Tort Adriano B. L. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThe oscillatory activity of hippocampal neuronal networks is believed to play a role in memory acquisition and consolidation. Particular focus has been given to characterising theta (4–12 Hz), gamma (40–100 Hz) and ripple (150–250 Hz) oscillations. Beyond these well‐described network states, few studies have investigated hippocampal beta2 (23–30 Hz) activity in vivo and its link to behaviour. A previous sudy showed that the exploration of novel environments may lead to the appearance of beta2 oscillations in the mouse hippocampus. In the present study we characterised hippocampal beta2 oscillations in mice during an object recognition task. We found prominent bursts of beta2 oscillations in the beginning of novel exploration sessions (four new objects), which could be readily observed by spectral analysis and visual inspection of local field potentials. Beta2 modulated hippocampal but not neocortical neurons and its power decreased along the session. We also found increased beta2 power in the beginning of a second exploration session performed 24 h later in a slightly modified environment (two new, two familiar objects), but to a lesser extent than in the first session. However, the increase in beta2 power in the second exploration session became similar to the first session when we pharmacologically impaired object recognition in a new set of experiments performed 1 week later. Our results suggest that hippocampal beta2 activity is associated with a dynamic network state tuned for novelty detection and which may allow new learning to occur.
Cortical indices of sound localization mature monotonically in early infancy
Authors: Slugocki Christopher , Trainor Laurel J. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractIn human neonates, orienting behavior in response to an off‐midline sound source disappears around the first postnatal month, only to re‐emerge at ~4 months. To date, it is unclear whether sound localization processes continue to operate between postnatal months 1 and 3. Here, we used an event‐related potential, reflecting change detection in the auditory cortices, to measure the cortical responses elicited by large (± 90° relative to midline), infrequent changes in sound source location in 2‐, 5‐, 8‐ and 13‐month‐old infants. Both fast‐negative mismatch negativity (MMN) Näätänen et al. (2007) and slow‐positive mismatch response (MMR) Trainor et al. (2003) were elicited from all age groups. However, both components were smaller and the fast‐negative component occurred later in the 2‐month‐old group than in older age groups. Additionally, the slow‐positive component tended to diminish in amplitude with increasing age, whereas the fast‐negative component grew larger and tended to occur earlier with increasing age. These results suggest that the cortical representation of sound location matures similarly to representations of pitch and duration. A subsequent investigation of 2‐month‐old infants confirmed that the observed MMR and MMN were elicited by changes in sound source location, and were not merely attributable to changes in loudness cues. The presence of both MMR and MMN in the 2‐month‐old group indicates that the cortex is able to detect changes in sound location despite the behavioral insensitivity observed around 1–3 months of age.
Corticosterone and corticotropin‐releasing factor acutely facilitate gamma oscillations in the hippocampus in vitro
Authors: Çalışkan Gürsel , Schulz Steffen B. , Gruber David , Behr Joachim , Heinemann Uwe , Gerevich Zoltan 
Published: October 2014

AbstractStressful experiences do not only cause peripheral changes in stress hormone levels, but also affect central structures such as the hippocampus, implicated in spatial orientation, stress evaluation, and learning and memory. It has been suggested that formation of memory traces is dependent on hippocampal gamma oscillations observed during alert behaviour and rapid eye movement sleep. Furthermore, during quiescent behaviour, sharp wave‐ripple (SW‐R) activity emerges. These events provide a temporal window during which reactivation of memory ensembles occur. We hypothesized that stress‐responsive modulators, such as corticosterone (CORT), corticotropin‐releasing factor (CRF) and the neurosteroid 3α, 21‐dihydroxy‐5α‐pregnan‐20‐one (THDOC) are able to modulate gamma oscillations and SW‐Rs. Using in vitro hippocampal slices, we studied acute and subacute (2 h) impact of these agents on gamma oscillations in area cornu ammonis 3 of the ventral hippocampus induced by acetylcholine (10 μm) combined with physostigmine (2 μm). CORT increased the gamma oscillations in a dose‐dependent fashion. This effect was mediated by glucocorticoid receptors. Likewise, CRF augmented gamma oscillations via CRF type 1 receptor. Lastly, THDOC was found to diminish cholinergic gamma oscillations in a dose‐dependent manner. Neither CORT, CRF nor THDOC modulated gamma power when pre‐applied for 1 h, 2 h before the induction of gamma oscillations. Interestingly, stress‐related neuromodulators had rather mild effects on spontaneous SW‐R compared with their effects on gamma oscillations. These data suggest that the alteration of hippocampal gamma oscillation strength in vitro by stress‐related agents is an acute process, permitting fast adaptation to new attention‐requiring situations in vivo.
Stabilizing effects of diversity on aboveground wood production in forest ecosystems: linking patterns and processes
Authors: Jucker Tommaso , Bouriaud Olivier , Avacaritei Daniel , Coomes David A. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractBoth theory and evidence suggest that diversity stabilises productivity in herbaceous plant communities through a combination of overyielding, species asynchrony and favourable species interactions. However, whether these same processes also promote stability in forest ecosystems has never been tested. Using tree ring data from permanent forest plots across Europe, we show that aboveground wood production is inherently more stable through time in mixed‐species forests. Faster rates of wood production (i.e. overyielding), decreased year‐to‐year variation in productivity through asynchronous responses of species to climate, and greater temporal stability in the growth rates of individual tree species all contributed strongly to stabilising productivity in mixed stands. Together, these findings reveal the central role of diversity in stabilising productivity in forests, and bring us closer to understanding the processes which enable diverse forests to remain productive under a wide range of environmental conditions.
Hereditary diffuse leukoencephalopathy with spheroids with phenotype of primary progressive multiple sclerosis
Authors: Sundal C. , Baker M. , Karrenbauer V. , Gustavsen M. , Bedri S. , Glaser A. , Myhr K.‐M. , Haugarvoll K. , Zetterberg H. , Harbo H. , Kockum I. , Hillert J. , Wszolek Z. , Rademakers R. , Andersen O. 
Published: October 2014

Background and purposeHereditary diffuse leukoencephalopathy with spheroids (HDLS) is a devastating, hereditary white matter (WM) disorder with heterogeneous neuropsychiatric features. Colony stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R) mutations were looked for in primary progressive multiple sclerosis (PPMS) patients and the clinical features of a family with a novel CSF1R mutation are reported.MethodsCSF1R exons 12−22 in a cohort of 220 PPMS patients from the Swedish and Norwegian national multiple sclerosis registries were sequenced.ResultsOne patient had a novel mutation, c.2562T>A; p.Asn854Lys, in the CSF1R gene. Her symptoms started at the age of 29 years with insidious onset of pyramidal weakness in the left leg. The cerebrospinal fluid examination showed four intrathecal immunoglobulin G bands. A magnetic resonance imaging scan performed 4 years after symptom onset demonstrated patchy deep WM lesions. She was diagnosed as having PPMS and treated with intramuscular interferon beta 1a. Due to slow disease progression, the development of memory decline and cerebellar signs, she was given subcutaneous interferon beta 1a without any benefit. The updated pedigree indicated that five siblings also had the CSF1R gene mutation; one was diagnosed with PPMS. Six more distant relatives also had a neurological disorder; four were clinically diagnosed with PPMS.ConclusionsOur study indicates that a chronic course of HDLS may mimic PPMS. Genetic testing for CSF1R gene mutations in PPMS cases with a positive family history of neurological disorders may establish the diagnosis of HDLS.
Identification of novel peptides from amphibian (Xenopus tropicalis) skin by direct tissue MALDI‐MS analysis
Authors: Shigeri Yasushi , Yasuda Akikazu , Hagihara Yoshihisa , Nishi Kaito , Watanabe Kunihiko , Imura Tomohiro , Inagaki Hidetoshi , Haramoto Yoshikazu , Ito Yuzuru , Asashima Makoto 
Published: October 2014

Twelve novel peptides (Pxt‐1 to Pxt‐12) were isolated from the skin of Xenopus tropicalis, diploid frogs, using topological MS analysis. Among them, Pxt‐8, Pxt‐9, and Pxt‐10 were the N terminus of Pxt‐1, N terminus of Pxt‐3 and C terminus of Pxt‐11, respectively. The Pxt‐3 and Pxt‐11 peptides shared significant sequence homologies with magainins 1, ‐2 and levitide, respectively, which all isolated from X. laevis. Pxt‐12 was identical to the X. tropicalis XT‐6‐like precursor previously isolated by ESI‐MS/MS. None of the Pxt peptides contained any Cys, Asp, Tyr or Trp, although Leu and Lys were frequently found as typical frog‐skin peptides. RT‐PCR analysis confirmed the gene expressions of Pxt‐2, Pxt‐3, Pxt‐4, Pxt‐5, Pxt‐7 and Pxt‐11 in X. tropicalis skin. Several ion peaks corresponding to all identified Pxt peptides were observed with MALDI‐MS analysis of X. tropicalis secretory fluids, collected after in vivo stimulation, which suggested that Pxt peptides were definitely secretory molecules. CD studies and Schiffer–Edmundson helical wheel projections suggested that Pxt‐5, as well as mastoparan, at least, could form a typical amphiphilic α helix without a phospholipid or a membrane‐mimetic solvent (trifluoroethanol). Moreover, Pxt‐2 and Pxt‐5 showed growth inhibitory effects on both Escherichia coli (Gram‐negative) and Staphylococcus aureus (Gram‐positive). Measurements of dynamic light scattering and the surface tensions of Pxt peptides solutions suggested that both Pxt‐2 and Pxt‐5 could form associations as micelles and behave like a general surfactant. Moreover, the remarkable foaming properties of Pxt‐2 and Pxt‐5 were observed, as well as those of the secretory fluids of X. tropicalis.
Uncovering the volatile nature of tropical coastal marine ecosystems in a changing world
Authors: Exton Dan A. , McGenity Terry J. , Steinke Michael , Smith David J. , Suggett David J. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractBiogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs), in particular dimethyl sulphide (DMS) and isoprene, have fundamental ecological, physiological and climatic roles. Our current understanding of these roles is almost exclusively established from terrestrial or oceanic environments but signifies a potentially major, but largely unknown, role forBVOCs in tropical coastal marine ecosystems. The tropical coast is a transition zone between the land and ocean, characterized by highly productive and biodiverse coral reefs, seagrass beds and mangroves, which house primary producers that are amongst the greatest emitters ofBVOCs on the planet. Here, we synthesize our existing understanding ofBVOCemissions to produce a novel conceptual framework of the tropical marine coast as a continuum fromDMS‐dominated reef producers to isoprene‐dominated mangroves. We use existing and previously unpublished data to consider how current environmental conditions shapeBVOCproduction across the tropical coastal continuum, and in turn howBVOCs can regulate environmental stress tolerance or species interactions via infochemical networks. We use this as a framework to discuss how existing predictions of future tropical coastalBVOCemissions, and the roles they play, are effectively restricted to present day ‘baseline’ trends ofBVOCproduction across species and environmental conditions; as such, there remains a critical need to focus research efforts onBVOCresponses to rapidly accelerating anthropogenic impacts at local and regional scales. We highlight the complete lack of current knowledge required to understand the future ecological functioning of these important systems, and to predict whether feedback mechanisms are likely to regulate or exacerbate current climate change scenarios through environmentally and ecologically mediated changes toBVOCbudgets at the ecosystem level.
An analytical solution for solitary porosity waves: dynamic permeability and fluidization of nonlinear viscous and viscoplastic rock
Authors: Connolly J. A. D. , Podladchikov Y. Y. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractPorosity waves are a mechanism by which fluid generated by devolatilization and melting, or trapped during sedimentation, may be expelled from ductile rocks. The waves correspond to a steady‐state solution to the coupled hydraulic and rheologic equations that govern flow of the fluid through the matrix and matrix deformation. This work presents an intuitive analytical formulation of this solution in one dimension that is general with respect to the constitutive relations used to define the viscous matrix rheology and permeability. This generality allows for the effects of nonlinear viscous matrix rheology and disaggregation. The solution combines the porosity dependence of the rheology and permeability in a single hydromechanical potential as a function of material properties and wave velocity. With the ansatz that there is a local balance between fluid production and transport, the solution permits prediction of the dynamic variations in permeability and pressure necessary to accommodate fluid production. The solution is used to construct a phase diagram that defines the conditions for smooth pervasive flow, wave‐propagated flow, and matrix fluidization (disaggregation). The viscous porosity wave mechanism requires negative effective pressure to open the porosity in the leading half of a wave. In nature, negative effective pressure may induce hydrofracture, resulting in a viscoplastic compaction rheology. The tubelike porosity waves that form in such a rheology channelize fluid expulsion and are predicted by geometric argumentation from the one‐dimensional viscous solitary wave solution.
Transcription cofactor PC4 plays essential roles in collaboration with the small subunit of general transcription factor TFIIE
Authors: Akimoto Yusuke , Yamamoto Seiji , Iida Satoshi , Hirose Yutaka , Tanaka Aki , Hanaoka Fumio , Ohkuma Yoshiaki 
Published: October 2014

In eukaryotes, positive cofactor 4 (PC4) stimulates activator‐dependent transcription by facilitating transcription initiation and the transition from initiation to elongation. It also forms homodimers and binds to single‐stranded DNA and various transcriptional activators, including the general transcription factor TFIIH. In this study, we further investigated PC4 from Homo sapiens and the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans (hPC4 and cePC4, respectively). hPC4 strongly stimulated transcription on a linearized template, whereas it alleviated transcription on a supercoiled template. Transcriptional stimulation by PC4 was also alleviated by increasing the amount of TFIID. GST pull‐down studies with general transcription factors indicated that both hPC4 and cePC4 bind strongly to TFIIB, TFIIEβ, TFIIFα, TFIIFβ and TFIIH XPB subunits and weakly to TBP and TFIIH p62. However, only hPC4 bound to CDK7. The effect of each PC4 on transcription was studied in combination with TFIIEβ. hPC4 stimulated both basal and activated transcription, whereas cePC4 primarily stimulated activated transcription, especially in the presence of TFIIEβ from C. elegans. Finally, hPC4 bound to the C‐terminal region of hTFIIEβ adjacent to the basic region. These results indicate that PC4 plays essential roles in the transition step from transcription initiation to elongation by binding to melted DNA in collaboration with TFIIEβ.
Greek fathers' experiences from their wife's/partner's labour and delivery: A qualitative approach
Authors: Sapountzi‐Krepia Despina , Psychogiou Maria , Sakellari Evanthia , Tsiligiri Maria , Vehvilainen‐Julkunen Katri 
Published: October 2014

This study aimed at exploring Greek fathers' experiences from their wives/partners' labour and delivery, and their perceptions about aspects of delivery care that need to be improved. It took place at hospital maternity clinics at the greater area of Thessaloniki, Greece. Participants were fathers whose wife/partner had given birth one week to one year before the data collection. The data were collected with the use of the Kuopio Instrument for Fathers (KIF). In this article we present the data obtained by KIF's four open‐ended questions, which were analyzed using the method of content analysis.Three core categories emerged: (i) Meaning of presence during the delivery process; (ii) Experiences of the delivery process; and (iii) Suggestions for improving delivery services.Fathers take their role seriously and seek an active participation. Healthcare professionals and health education interventions should take into account the fathers' perspectives and aim to meet their needs.
Case study of the London 2012 Olympic and Paralympic pharmacy service preparations
Authors: File Hayley , Thomas Trudy , Anderson Geoff 
Published: October 2014

Abstract

Objectives
The Pharmacy Clinical Services Group (PCSG) was formed in 2009. Its aim was to design and deliver a world-class pharmacy service to 250 000 accredited persons and consider the pharmaceutical needs of 9.2 million visitors to the London 2012 Games.

Methods
The explanatory case study method was used to investigate how the PCSG prepared and how they considered the wider vision of the Games. The study investigated two propositions: (1) that the PCSG has a communication function and (2) that it has a design function. A range of data were examined using NVivo 9 data management software.

Key findings
The study identified four emerging themes and a number of subthemes.

Conclusions
The study validated the propositions and highlighted that the PCSG had a leading role within the wider multidisciplinary team. The study found that the PCSG embraced the wider vision of the Games and was exceptionally well prepared to deliver a world-class pharmacy service, anticipating a new gold standard for the provision of pharmacy services for future sporting events.
α1‐Antitrypsin modifies general natural killer cell interactions with dendritic cells and specific interactions with islet β‐cells in favour of protection from autoimmune diabetes
Authors: Guttman Ofer , Yossef Rami , Freixo‐Lima Gabriella , Rider Peleg , Porgador Angel , Lewis Eli C. 
Published: October 2014

SummaryThe autoimmune destruction of pancreatic β‐cells is the hallmark of type 1 diabetes (T1D). Failure of anti‐CD3 antibodies to provide long‐lasting reversal of T1D and the expression of a natural killer (NK) cell ligand on β‐cells suggest that NK cells play a role in disease pathogenesis. Indeed, killing of β‐cells by NK cells has been shown to occur, mediated by activation of the NK cell activating receptor, NKp46. α1‐Antitrypsin (AAT), an anti‐inflammatory and immunomodulatory glycoprotein, protects β‐cells from injurious immune responses and is currently evaluated as a therapeutic for recent onset T1D. Although isolated T lymphocytes are not inhibited by AAT, dendritic cells (DC) become tolerogenic in its presence and other innate immune cells become less inflammatory. Yet a comprehensive profile of NK cell responses in the presence of AAT has yet to be described. In the present study, we demonstrate that AAT significantly reduces NK cell degranulation against β‐cells, albeit in the whole animal and not in isolated NK cell cultures. AAT‐treated mice, and not isolated cultured β‐cells, exhibited a marked reduction in NKp46 ligand levels on β‐cells. In related experiments, AAT‐treated DC exhibited reduced inducible DC‐expressed interleukin‐15 levels and evoked a weaker NK cell response. NK cell depletion in a T1D mouse model resulted in improved β‐cell function and survival, similar to the effects observed by AAT treatment alone; nonetheless, the two approaches were non‐synergistic. Our data suggest that AAT is a selective immunomodulator that retains pivotal NK cell responses, while diverting their activities away from islet β‐cells.