bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Autoépuration en eau courante : évaluation de l’oxygénation dans les cascades en marches d’escalier
Authors: Khdhiri Hatem , Potier Olivier , Leclerc Jean-Pierre 
Published: August 2014

Dans les écosystèmes aquatiques, l’oxygène dissous est consommé par les processus chimiques et biologiques de l’autoépuration (oxydoréduction, dégradation de la matière organique,...) ainsi que par la respiration des espèces aquatiques. L’autoépuration sera donc favorisée par une amélioration de l’aération et le taux d’oxygène dissous constituera un indicateur de la qualité de l’eau. Les structures hydrauliques telles que les cascades jouent le rôle de système d’aération en favorisant l’absorption dans l'eau de l’oxygène atmosphérique. Afin d’évaluer le potentiel d’aération de ces ouvrages aux faibles débits, une étude a été réalisée sur une cascade de laboratoire représentative des petits cours d’eau et équipée de plusieurs marches modulables en nombre et en taille. Le transfert d’oxygène dans les cascades est fortement dépendant de l’aire de l’interface d’échange rapporté au volume d’eau, du type d’écoulement diphasique et de la turbulence dans le fluide. Du point de vue hydrodynamique, trois régimes d’écoulement ont été identifiés pour un débit inférieur à 3 L•-s-1, deux régimes de type nappe et un régime de transition. L’efficacité du transfert d’oxygène mesurée varie de 15 % à 40 % en fonction du débit d’eau, du nombre et de la longueur des marches de la cascade. Les résultats ont montré une amélioration de l’aération avec le débit (en régime nappe) et avec le nombre de marches. Sur les différents systèmes de cascades étudiés, une relation de linéarité entre le nombre de marches et l’efficacité d’aération a été constatée. L’ajout de graviers sur les marches provoque une légère amélioration de la capacité d’aération, dépendant du niveau d’immersion des graviers. À hauteur donnée, l’augmentation de la longueur des cascades défavorise le transfert d’oxygène.
Caractérisation hydrodynamique des sources karstiques : cas de la source de Ras El Maa (Rif Septentrional, Maroc)
Authors: El Bardai Rabie , Targuisti Kamal , Aluni Khadija 
Published: August 2014

Au Maroc, la question des ressources en eaux se pose avec acuité. L’état marocain a adopté, dès les années soixante, une stratégie de maîtrise et de valorisation de cette précieuse ressource. Cependant, des difficultés dans la gestion de l’eau ont augmenté suite à la pression démographique sur cette ressource, raison pour laquelle les problèmes de pénurie d’eau apparaissent dans plusieurs secteurs de Royaume, surtout ceux qui connaissent des apports pluviométriques très bas.
L’objectif prioritaire de cette étude était d’obtenir une meilleure connaissance du fonctionnement hydraulique des aquifères karstiques qui se trouvent au sud-est de la ville de Chefchaouen au nord du Maroc. Dans cette région, les eaux souterraines d’origine karstique jouent un rôle capital dans l’approvisionnement en eau potable et pour l’irrigation.
Du point de vue hydrogéologique, la région étudiée renferme des sources karstiques de grande importance, avec des débits qui dépassent 100 L•s-1 dans les périodes de crue. La recharge de la nappe se fait essentiellement par les eaux de pluie et par la fonte des neiges des sommets des montagnes (par exemple, la crête du Jbel Lakraâ à 2 159 m et celle de Jbel Tissouka à 2 122 m). Les sources à gros débit émergent en basse altitude, surtout au niveau des contacts dorsale-flysch.
Le fonctionnement hydrodynamique des sources de Ras El Maa et Chrafate montre la présence d'un système très inertiel, mal drainé et peu karstifié. Pourtant, les sources de Maggo présentent un coefficient de tarissement très élevé traduisant un système peu inertiel lié particulièrement à la présence de plusieurs gouffres dans le massif de Jbel Lakraâ. Le volume total des réserves obtenu à partir des courbes de récession des quatre sources est d’environ 10 millions m3, pourtant les volumes dynamiques issus de la source de Ras El Maa constituent à eux seuls 5 millions de m3.
Formes et périmètres de l’interdisciplinarité : l’exemple de l’analyse des discours institutionnels
Authors: Oger Claire 
Published: August 2014

Cet article aborde dans une perspective réflexive des recherches qui portent sur les discours institutionnels, ainsi qu’un travail en cours sur la notion de « discours d’autorité ». Il envisage la question de l’interdisciplinarité en se plaçant du double point de vue des « tendances françaises en analyse du discours » et des sciences de l’information et de la communication. On rappellera tout d’abord que l’analyse du discours (AD) peut être envisagée – à défaut de « discipline » institutionnalisée – comme un champ de recherches traversé à plusieurs égards par la question de l’interdisciplinarité. La réflexion s’organisera ensuite selon trois axes, présentant trois configurations interdisciplinaires distinctes, dont les enjeux diffèrent au regard des élaborations théoriques et méthodologiques. La première articulation disciplinaire concerne la réflexion sur le « contexte » de l’énonciation, la deuxième le dialogue entretenu entre les « disciplines du discours », la troisième un « retour » à des disciplines « instauratrices » de l’AD.
Distances et conciliations sur le statut du discours : autour d’une analyse émergente des discours du Printemps érable
Authors: Collette Karine 
Published: August 2014

L’article illustre plusieurs statuts de discours possibles, sur la base d’une analyse émergente des discours publiés par la presse au cours du Printemps érable. Après une discussion sur les statuts de discours relatifs aux choix méthodologiques, et un rappel des critiques adressées à l’analyse de contenu, il interroge ces statuts : Quel type de rapport est envisagé, entre le monde et les discours, selon qu’on observe les discours en termes d’intentions exprimées par les locuteurs, d’actions réalisées par le discours même, de représentations activées, des dispositifs de médiation ou encore des symboles ou idéologies relayés ? Au fil des illustrations, le discours se dématérialise autant qu’il s’ancre dans le verbal, joue des frontières du linguistique pour rencontrer d’autres sémioses, intègre des schématisations psycho-sociales, s’ouvre aux mémoires externes et collectives. Cette traversée de points-de-vues sur le statut du discours fait écho aux considérations épistémologiques sur la fécondité interdisciplinaire de l’AD.
Analyses plurielles d’un débat entre élèves. Émergence d’une méthode d’analyse thématico-argumentative
Authors: Brossais Emmanuelle , Panissal Nathalie , Garcia-Debanc Claudine 
Published: August 2014

Quelles méthodes d’analyse de discours permettent de rendre compte de pratiques dialogales argumentatives orales ? Le corpus analysé est un débat entre élèves de quatrième année de l’enseignement secondaire français, provoqué dans le cadre d’une ingénierie d’éducation citoyenne aux nanotechnologies. La confrontation de cadres théoriques en didactique des Questions Socialement Vives (QSV), en Sciences du Langage et en didactique du français langue première, nous amène à proposer une étude d’un débat argumenté entre élèves sur des QSV relatives aux nanotechnologies. Nous présentons l’intérêt et les limites d’une analyse thématique de contenu (Bardin, 1977) et d’une analyse du discours argumentatif (Plantin, 1996). Nous proposons une méthode d’analyse inédite des interactions langagières orales, baptisée analyse thématico-argumentative. Elle permet d’étudier les thèmes dans la dynamique temporelle du déroulement du débat et de rendre compte de l’orientation argumentative des énoncés. Elle se réfère à de nouveaux concepts pour rendre compte des moments argumentatifs.
Les déterminants individuels du plafond de verre : cas de la composition des instances de gouvernance des entreprises françaises cotées
Authors: Toé Mamadou 
Published: August 2014

La recherche porte sur l’intégration des femmes dans les instances de gouvernance d’entreprise en France. Ses objectifs sont d’analyser les facteurs participant à la promotion des femmes dans ces instances et d’examiner si la position qui leur est réservée permet de valoriser leurs compétences dans le processus de décision du conseil. L’étude empirique porte sur un échantillon de 1741 administrateurs dont 140 femmes et concerne 147 sociétés de l’indice SBF250. Les résultats montrent que les femmes apportent des ressources distinctives au conseil d’administration. La diversité du genre parait ainsi apporter du « sang nouveau » à la composition du conseil.
Emergency Response Planning – Does Your Plan Address a Sound Sampling, Analytical, and Quality Assurance Program?
Authors: Claycomb Daniel P. , Vitale Rock J. , Forman Ruth L. 
Published: August 2014

As a result of recent highly publicized incidents, energy producers have recognized the need to place an emphasis on the preparation and planning for the services required to successfully guide the critical chemical and scientific data collection activities that are needed in response to an oil spill incident. In preparing for an emergency response, the need to develop guidance that specifies the types of samples and proper methods of collection, analyses, and documentation required when responding to an oil spill should be in place. This information can be used by responders to assess potential impact to human and ecological health; to determine fate and effect; to identify source, age, and degree of weathering; and to maximize defensibility of data. The guidance needs to span the early stages of a spill response through the subsequent stages of preservation and retention of samples.
This poster will report on lessons learned on recent emergency response incidents, as they relate to collaborating efforts to help ensure that the proper processes are being followed and data quality is being maintained from sample collection through data reporting. This collaboration needs to include efforts on preparing project control documents (e.g., standard operating procedures, sampling plans, and health and safety plans) and conducting oversights of field activities for compliance with these documents; developing a laboratory program that includes laboratory auditing, data verification and validation, and proper quality control requirements; and implementing a program-wide, enterprise-level data management system. Each of these processes will help ensure that the data generated are of known and acceptable quality; the data can be used for the intended purpose; and that the data are readily available to project personnel and federal, state, and local environmental officials.
Experimental study on friction loss of W/O emulsion in pipelines and its reduction methods.
Authors: FUJITA Isamu , MATSUZAKI Yoshitaka 
Published: August 2014

In the turbulence of ocean wave, spilled oil takes sea water as small droplets dispersed in it, which is referred to as W/O emulsion. The resultant W/O emulsion has very high viscosity and changes its rheological behavior to cause various difficulties encountered in oil spill response fields such as clogging of pipe line due to too much friction.
We conducted experimental researches focusing on friction loss of high viscosity W/O emulsion in pipe line flow. Our research covers the following topics:(1)The rheological change of W/O emulsion and its effect on friction loss of the pipe line flow.(2)Friction loss reduction methods.
(1)As for the rheological change, we tried to propose a formulation which gives the friction loss of the W/O emulsion in the pipe line flow. Assumption of the W/O emulsion as pseudo-plastic fluid lead us to a new friction loss prediction formulation which well agrees to the experimental data.
(2)As for the friction loss reduction methods, two methods, which are water injection and surfactant injection, were experimentally tested and evaluated.
In the water injection study, transport experiments using high viscosity emulsion of real C-heavy oil were carried out in three types of pipe at various flow rates. Pressure drop was measured and correlated with the water injection ratio. A new formulation providing the pressure drop was proposed based on an assumption that the oil and water system forms CAF (Core Annular Flow). The formulation, which is not qualitative but quantitative expression, has shown good agreement with the experimental measurements and also indicates that the best water injection ratio exists for the pressure loss reduction.
In the surfactant injection study, we measured friction loss reduction effect in various cases of chemical agents and pipe diameters. The chemical agents, diethylhexyl sodium sulfosuccinate, sorbian laurate were tested as well as some dispersant products. We found that very small amount of surfactant injection can promotes the emulsion breaking inside the pipe and provides drastic reduction of the friction between the emulsion and the pipe wall.
The water injection method and the surfactant injection method were applied to the practical use in oil recovery vessels in Japan.
Two-Volume Contingency Plans in Alaska Provide Focused Information for Responders & Regulators
Authors: Miner Lydia , Klieforth Robert , Hogan Eppie 
Published: August 2014

Oil discharge prevention and contingency plans (ODPCPs) have been required under Alaska statutes and regulations for oil exploration, production, storage, and transportation facilities since 1992. BP Exploration (Alaska) Inc. (BPXA) has prepared and submitted their North Slope ODPCPs (Milne Point, Endicott, Greater Prudhoe Bay, and Northstar) as a single volume for each facility under these requirements. However, in 2011, when the four plans were renewed, BPXA elected to present their ODPCPs in two volumes for each facility. The purpose of this organizational change from one to two volumes was to focus information in each volume; the first volume is a stand-alone Emergency Action Plan for spill responders, dedicated to spill response planning and preparedness, and the second volume is dedicated to spill prevention requirements and procedures.
The 2-volume edition allows BPXA's plan writers, operators, and regulators to concentrate on specific response or prevention topics and regulatory compliance. The 2-volume plan is easier to use and revise through the amendment process.
This approach is allowed under Alaska regulations and was embraced by the Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation. Federal regulators (Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement, US Environmental Protection Agency, US Coast Guard, and US Department of Transportation) have reviewed and approved the 2-volume response plans as well.
According to regulators, with such large ODPCPs, the effort to maintain publication efficiency during public review creates a potential risk of confusion or lack of sufficient detail, which may lead to comments that focus on form or style, rather than content. Working with two volumes circumvented this potential problem.
Due to the size and lengthy history of the facilities, an comprehensive Alaska regulations governing the contents of ODPCPs, two volumes allowed BPXA to include all of the necessary information for the plans without creating a storage or ergonomic problem for the reviewers. Regular users of the ODPCPs at the BPXA facilities have found that working with a smaller, more focused volume is more efficient.
Mobile Treatment and Rehabilitation Enclosure (MTRE) for small pinnipeds
Authors: Long Brett , Arnold Chip , Goertz Carrie , Majors Lee 
Published: August 2014

The North Slope of Alaska is a demanding and harsh environment. Being prepared for an oil spill involving wildlife in this region requires training, innovation, and partnerships. For the past three years animal care groups, industry oil spill response organizations, and federal agencies have been collaborating to prepare for such an event.
Protocol development is an essential and initial process to accomplish response goals. In 2011, protocols were developed for the care of oiled affected phocid seals in Alaska, focusing on the need for remote, deployable operations in the arctic. While developing these protocols, authors drew from their experiences caring for pinnipeds at their facility as well as from involvement in the statewide marine mammal stranding network. As the only institution authorized to rehabilitate stranded marine mammals in Alaska, we are uniquely positioned to assist in mitigating risks associated with possible oil exposure to these animals.
Finding resources to treat oiled wildlife is a challenge on the North Slope, especially for medium to long term care. With that in mind, we designed and developed a Mobile Treatment and Rehabilitation Enclosure (MTRE). This deployable enclosure and pool with a life support system meets Animal Welfare Act holding specifications for small pinnipeds including harbor seals, spotted seals, ringed seals, and ribbon seals. The enclosure is designed to be assembled by 2 to 4 individuals and ready for use within 12 hours. While it is purpose built for small pinnipeds it would also be appropriate for short term, triage care of other marine mammals such as walrus calves, polar bear cubs, and sea otters. As a test of our oiled pinniped protocols and the MTRE this system was deployed during the mutual aid drill on the North Slope in August of 2013.
Application of Online Spill Simulation and Response Management System in the Yangtze River Estuary
Authors: Shen Haiwei , Zhang Xiongping , Shen Hong , Chen Yizhong , Shao Yiping , Mulanaphy Nicole , Lu Shiqiang , Lin Weiqing 
Published: August 2014

Yangtze River estuary is one of the busiest shipping corridors in the world connecting China to the world and coast to inner China. In the middle of the Yangtze River estuary, there is a Qing Cao Sha reservoir providing drinking water to more than 10 million people in Shanghai. Frequent spills near the estuary possess a great threat to drinking water safety to the megacity. Scientists in RPS ASA and SAES have built an online spill simulation and response management system for the Yangtze River Estuary. The online system integrates oil/chemical spill models, operational hydrodynamic model, online met-ocean data, response and resource database with an interactive mapping system. It has been successfully used to simulate the spill trajectory and fate of the spill to coordinate with spill response team.
Here we introduce this online system and present an oil spill response case in the Yangtze Estuary in June 2012 where the model simulation results matched extremely well with the field data observed by the local response team.
Lessons Learned Developing the Response Action Record for the Deepwater Horizon Endangered Species Act Biological Assessment
Authors: Odell Jessica , Coley Travis , Anderson Douglas 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACT
In an oil spill response environment, urgency looms, and virtually every action is geared toward immediate needs. Clean-up, safety, and listed species protection are at the forefront of the collaborative efforts carried out by an incident management team. However, these needs do not complete the obligation of the Federal Action Agency responsible for the event. This agency must also complete an Endangered Species Act (ESA) Biological Assessment (BA). To do that for a spill of national significance, it is paramount that response personnel track certain details about their daily operations. Unfortunately, in the BA for the Deepwater Incident Response, the action record had to be reconstructed forensically. Although operational permits to work, otherwise known as Shoreline Treatment Recommendations, used standard geographic references and response action terms, they are merely prescriptions for activity and provide only maximum default assumptions. To gain vital insight into more specific temporal elements such as frequency, intensity, and duration, daily response reports were required. These reports were not gathered into a central geodatabase along the way. They were printed to paper, boxed, shipped to a documentation unit, and scanned into image files. These files were organized into approximately 30,000 document sets of up to 4,000 pages each. Qualitative document content analysis was used to distill the needed details from these image sets into a database. This technique for generating the needed data for an effects analysis is arduous. However, the process of its development has produced valuable lessons learned. Here we present the needed schema design and architecture to promote a seamless transition on future responses from the urgency of immediate need to inevitability of post-spill ESA obligation.
POLLUTION RESPONSE IN POST DISASTER RECOVERY- BEST PRACTICES FROM HURRICANE SANDY
Authors: Kimrey LT Christopher M. , Doucette CDR Eric J. 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACT
Operational Planning is the controlled process of quickly transitioning from chaos to calm; the ability to quell the unknown and create an environment of known, manageable hazards. The most notable challenge during all-hazards operations is moving emergency response operations forward in a concerted effort in somewhat nebulous and demanding environments, yet in accordance with all-hazards frameworks, laws and standing agency policies. Hurricane Sandy post-disaster response operations provided just the right test for that capability- an austere environment, an expansive geographic area, joint agency operations and latent hazards.
Nevertheless, Hurricane Sandy post-disaster response operations, particularly those supporting Emergency Support Function 10 (ESF-10), proved infinitely successful, largely due to the deliberate operational planning and data processing methodologies developed to establish the clearest possible operational picture. Developed protocols, established later as a best practice, combined federal policies and regulations on pollution response operations and disaster response into a single operating standard for ESF-10 pollution response activities in support of Coast Guard Sector New York Unified Command operations in New York and New Jersey. Environmental response operations encompassed eight geographic Divisions and included thousands of potential pollution sources. This paper highlights specific methodologies for analyzing and prioritizing threats post-response, coordinating efforts across a joint-agency landscape and mounting an expeditious and efficient environmental response campaign in a concerted, unified manner.
BIOTIC AND ABIOTIC OIL DEGRADATION AFTER THE DEEPWATER HORIZON DISASTER LEADS TO FORMATION OF RECALCITRANT OXYGENATED HYDROCARBONS: NEW INSIGHTS USING GC×GC
Authors: Aeppli Christoph , Nelson Robert K. , Carmichael Catherine A. , Valentine David L. , Reddy Christopher M. 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACT
We found that biodegradation, as well as photooxidation, of Macondo well (MW) oil led to rapid formation of recalcitrant oxygenated hydrocarbons (OxHC) after the Deepwater Horizon disaster. These compounds, which appear to be an abundant product of natural oil degradation, are poorly characterized in terms of molecular composition. We used various bulk and molecular techniques to characterize the OxHC fraction of weathered MW oil. Furthermore, we compared the characteristic disappearance of various petroleum hydrocarbons to gain insights into on-going biotic, as well as abiotic, oil oxygenation processes, that ultimately determine the fate of petroleum hydrocarbons in the environment. We found that biodegradation as well as photooxidation was responsible for the observed degradation of alkanes and PAHs in MW oil. Furthermore, we identified labile as well as recalcitrant biomarker compounds; these labile biomarker compounds should be used with caution for oil fingerprinting.