bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthese und Kristallstrukturen der Palladium(II)-Komplexe cis- und trans-PdCl2[P(OSiMe3)3]2, {PdCl[PO(OSiMe3)2][P(OSiMe3)3]2} und (NMe2H2)2{Pd2Cl4[P4O5(OSiMe3)4]} / Synthesis und Crystal Structures of the Palladium(II) Complexes cis- and trans-PdCl2[P(OSiMe3)3]2, {PdCl[PO(OSiMe3)2][P(OSiMe3)3]2} and (NMe2H2)2{Pd2Cl4[P4O5(OSiMe3)4]}
Authors: Gebauer Thorsten , Frenzen Gerlinde , Dehnicke Kurt 
Published: March 2015

The molecular complex PdCl2[P(OSiMe3)3]2 was obtained both as cis- (la) and trans- (lb) isomer from palladium(II) chloride with the equivalent amount of tris(trimethylsilyl)phosphite in a THF suspension at room temperature. With excess P(OSiMe3)3 the complex {PdCI[PO(OSiMe3)2][P(OSiMe3)3]2} (2) is formed with elimination of trimethylchlorosilane. By partial hydrolysis the anionic binuclear palladium complex
(NMe2H2)2{Pd2Cl4[P4O5(OSiMe3)4]} (3) is generated from palladium(II) chloride and excess P(OSiMe3)3 in THF in the presence of dimethylamine. All complexes form colourless, moisture-sensitive crystals, which were characterized by X-ray structure determinations.
1a: Space group C2/c, Z = 4,2973 observed unique reflections, R = 0.044. Lattice dimensions at —80°C: a =1052.9(2), b =1675.3(5), c = 2240.1(7) pm, β = 99.88(2)°. The compound has a molecular structure with cis-arrangement of the P(OSiMe3)3 groups with Pd—P bond lengths of 222.9 pm.
1b: Space group P1̄, Z = 1, 3796 observed unique reflections, R = 0.053. Lattice dimensions at-70°C: a = 959.5(2), b = 998.3(2), c =1162.6(2) pm, α=86.99(3)°, β = 81.63(3)°, γ = 62.91(3)°. The compound has a molecular structure with trans-arrangement of the P(OSiMe3)3 groups with Pd—P bond lengths of 230.4 pm.
2: Space group P212121, Z = 4,4444 observed unique reflections, R = 0.055. Lattice dimensions at —70°C: a =1050.0(2), b = 2090.5(3), c = 2357.8(6) pm. The complex has a molecular structure with trans-arrangement of the P(OSiMe3)3 groups with Pd — P bond lengths of 233.6 and 232.1 pm. The Pd—P bond length of the [PO(OSiMe3)2]- ligand is 224.8 pm.
3: Space group P1̄, Z = 2,4762 observed unique reflections, R = 0.071. Lattice dimensions at —80°C: a = 1169.3(6), b = 1299.6(6), c = 1641.7(12) pm, α = 69.19(4)°, β = 87.37(5)°, γ = 80.01(4)°. In the dimeric anion {Pd2Cl4[P4O5(OSiMe3)4]}2- the two cis-PdCl2 units are bridged by the four phosphorus atoms of the [P4O5(OSiMe3
3)4]2- ligand with average Pd— P bond lengths of 221.5 pm.
Hydrophilic Polystyrene-Polyoxyethylene Graft Polymer Beads as Carrier of Antigenic Peptides for in vivo and in vitro Immunization Techniques: Applications to the Non-Catalytic Zinc Loop of HLADH Isozymes and to Histone Fragments
Authors: Zeppezauer Michael , Hoffmann Ralf , Schönberger Arno , Rawer Stephan , Rapp Wolfgang , Bayer Ernst 
Published: March 2015

Polystyrene-polyethyleneglycol tentacle polymers (PS–PEG) are a novel class of graft copolymer beads based on a polystyrene matrix grafted with a brush-like layer of polyoxyethylene tentacles [9-12].
Immunogenic materials were obtained by synthesizing on tentacle polymer-bound amino derivatives as a solid support the following haptens: The C-terminal sequence 187—211 KPKAA KPKAA KPKAA KPKAA KPKKA APKKK and the N-terminal sequence 3-31 APAAP AAAPP AEKTP VKKKA AKKPA GA of histone H 1 (calf thymus), as well as the sequences 93-116 of the horse liver alcohol dehydrogenase EE (FTPQC GKCRV CKHPE GNFCL KNDL) and SS (FIPQC GKCSV CKHPE GNLCL KNSL) isozymes (Jörnvall (1970) Eur. J. Biochem. 16, 41-49), respectively. These materials proved to be efficient immunogens both in vivo and in vitro, showing excellent biocompatibility compared to other solid hapten carriers. Tentacle-based immunogens are generally available by standard synthetic procedures either by in situ synthesis of hapten molecules on or by covalent attachment of available antigens or haptens to the beads. Advantageous is the possibility to synthesize the peptide on the tentacle polymer, and to use the solid phase bound peptide directly as hapten. The beads serve as carriers, and no separate splitting off the peptide and binding to another carrier is necessary.
Drugs that reverse disease transcriptomic signatures are more effective in a mouse model of dyslipidemia
Authors: Wagner Allon , Cohen Noa , Kelder Thomas , Amit Uri , Liebman Elad , Steinberg David M , Radonjic Marijana , Ruppin Eytan 
Published: March 2015

AbstractHigh‐throughput omics have proven invaluable in studying human disease, and yet day‐to‐day clinical practice still relies on physiological, non‐omic markers. The metabolic syndrome, for example, is diagnosed and monitored by blood and urine indices such as blood cholesterol levels. Nevertheless, the association between the molecular and the physiological manifestations of the disease, especially in response to treatment, has not been investigated in a systematic manner. To this end, we studied a mouse model of diet‐induced dyslipidemia and atherosclerosis that was subject to various drug treatments relevant to the disease in question. Both physiological data and gene expression data (from the liver and white adipose) were analyzed and compared. We find that treatments that restore gene expression patterns to their norm are associated with the successful restoration of physiological markers to their baselines. This holds in a tissue‐specific manner—treatments that reverse the transcriptomic signatures of the disease in a particular tissue are associated with positive physiological effects in that tissue. Further, treatments that introduce large non‐restorative gene expression alterations are associated with unfavorable physiological outcomes. These results provide a sound basis to in silico methods that rely on omic metrics for drug repurposing and drug discovery by searching for compounds that reverse a disease's omic signatures. Moreover, they highlight the need to develop drugs that restore the global cellular state to its healthy norm rather than rectify particular disease phenotypes.
Cell shape and the microenvironment regulate nuclear translocation of NF‐κB in breast epithelial and tumor cells
Authors: Sero Julia E , Sailem Heba Zuhair , Ardy Rico Chandra , Almuttaqi Hannah , Zhang Tongli , Bakal Chris 
Published: March 2015

AbstractAlthough a great deal is known about the signaling events that promote nuclear translocation of NF‐κB, how cellular biophysics and the microenvironment might regulate the dynamics of this pathway is poorly understood. In this study, we used high‐content image analysis and Bayesian network modeling to ask whether cell shape and context features influence NF‐κB activation using the inherent variability present in unperturbed populations of breast tumor and non‐tumor cell lines. Cell–cell contact, cell and nuclear area, and protrusiveness all contributed to variability in NF‐κB localization in the absence and presence of TNFα. Higher levels of nuclear NF‐κB were associated with mesenchymal‐like versus epithelial‐like morphologies, and RhoA‐ROCK‐myosin II signaling was critical for mediating shape‐based differences in NF‐κB localization and oscillations. Thus, mechanical factors such as cell shape and the microenvironment can influence NF‐κB signaling and may in part explain how different phenotypic outcomes can arise from the same chemical cues.
Prognostic importance of tissue velocity imaging during exercise echocardiography in patients with systolic heart failure
Authors: van Zalen Jet , Patel Nikhil R. , Podd Steven J. , Raju Prashanth , McIntosh Rob , Brickley Gary , Beale Louisa , Sturridge Lydia P. , Lloyd Guy W. L. 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
Resting echocardiography measurements are poor predictors of exercise capacity and symptoms in patients with heart failure (HF). Stress echocardiography may provide additional information and can be expressed using left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), or diastolic parameters (E/E′), but LVEF has some major limitations. Systolic annular velocity (S′) provides a measure of longitudinal systolic function, which is relatively easy to obtain and shows a good relationship with exercise capacity. The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship among S′, E/E′ and LVEF obtained during stress echocardiography and both mortality and hospitalisation. A secondary objective was to compare S′ measured using a simplified two-wall model. A total of 80 patients with stable HF underwent exercise stress echocardiography and simultaneous cardiopulmonary exercise testing. Volumetric and tissue velocity imaging (TVI) measurements were obtained, as was peak oxygen uptake (VO2 peak). Of the total number of patients, 11 died and 22 required cardiac hospitalisation. S′ at peak exertion was a powerful predictor for death and hospitalisation. Cut-off points of 5.3 cm/s for death and 5.7 cm/s for hospitalisation provided optimum sensitivity and specificity. This study suggests that, in patients with systolic HF, S′ at peak exertion calculated from the averaged spectral TVI systolic velocity of six myocardial segments, or using a simplified measure of two myocardial segments, is a powerful predictor of future events and stronger than LVEF, diastolic velocities at rest or exercise and VO2 peak. Results indicate that measuring S′ during exercise echocardiography might play an important role in understanding the likelihood of adverse clinical outcomes in patients with HF.
A Novel Electronic Assessment Strategy to Support AppliedDrosophilaGenetics Training in University Courses
Authors: Fostier Maggy , Patel Sanjai , Clarke Samantha , Prokop Andreas 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThe advent of “omic” technologies has revolutionized genetics and created a demand to focus classical genetics on its present-day applications (Redfield, 2012, PLoS Biol 10: e1001356). This demand can be met by training students in Drosophila mating scheme design, which is an important problem-solving skill routinely applied in many modern research laboratories. It promotes a thorough understanding and application of classical genetics rules and introduces to transgenic technologies and the use of model organisms. As we show here, such training can be implemented as a flexible and concise module (~1-day home study, ~8-hour course time) on university courses by using our previously published training package designed for fly researchers (Roote and Prokop, 2013, G3 (Bethesda) 3: 353−358). However, assessing this training to make it an accredited course element is difficult, especially in large courses. Here, we present a powerful assessment strategy based on a novel hybrid concept in which students solve crossing tasks initially on paper and then answer automatically marked questions on the computer (1.5 hours total). This procedure can be used to examine student performance on more complex tasks than conventional e-assessments and is more versatile, time-saving, and fairer than standard paper-based assignments. Our evaluation shows that the hybrid assessment is effective and reliably detects varying degrees of understanding among students. It also may be applicable in other disciplines requiring complex problem solving, such as mathematics, chemistry, physics, or informatics. Here, we describe our strategies in detail and provide all resources needed for their implementation.
Ambystoma rosaceum Taylor, 1941, the Tarahumara Salamander (Caudata: Ambystomatidae), a new state record for Aguascalientes, México
Authors: Carbajal Márquez Rubén Alonso , Quintero-Díaz Gustavo Ernesto , Chávez-Floriano Carolina 
Published: March 2015

We report an adult male specimen of the salamander Ambystoma rosaceum from the oak forest and grassland habitats in the Sierra Fría located in the Municipality of San José de Gracia, Aguascalientes, México. This specimen represents the first state record of A. rosaceum for Aguascalientes and extends the known distribution of the species through the southern portion of the Sierra Madre Occidental.
Synthesis and Study of Carbon Nanotubes by the Spray Pyrolysis Method Using Different Carbon Sources.
Authors: Garcia Beatriz Ortega , Kharissova Oxana , Aguirre-Tostado Francisco Servando , Dias Rasika 
Published: March 2015

ABSTRACTAccording to the reports of Z.E. Horvath et al [1] and Liu Yun-quan et al [5], carbon nanotubes can be synthesized by spray pyrolysis from different carbon sources (n-pentane, n-hexane, n-heptane, cyclohexane, toluene and acrylonitrile) and several metallocene catalysts (ferrocene, cobaltocene and nickelocene). This paper describes two different existing methods for growth of carbon nanotubes and the influence of applied parameters (oven temperature, synthesis time, catalyst concentration, carrier gas flow and solution flow) on the CNT's morphology. Also, a possible influence of number of carbons in carbon sources and structures of their compounds (linear or aromatic) on properties of formed carbon nanotubes. Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Raman spectroscopy were applied for characterization of obtained materials.
Investigation of Polymer Dendritic Growth in Composite Material using Contact Resonance Method
Authors: Gaikwad Ravi , Liu Xunchen , Dhandharia Priyesh , Thundat Thomas 
Published: March 2015

ABSTRACTA special class of polymer called dendrons which are repeatedly branched polymers linked together by a network of cascade branched monomers. A composite of these dendritic polymers with linear polymers may have unique physical and chemical properties. Using contact resonance mode of atomic force microscopy we are able to detect the viscoelastic properties of the dendritic formation of the polyethylene oxide (PEO) mixed with Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP). PEO is known to form nanometric crystallites due to the diffusion limited aggregation process. However, the dendritic formation in the mixture has not been reported before. The amplitude and phase of the contact resonance shows a clear dendritic growth of PEO in the composite material. The extent of the polymer crystallization can be several nanometers thick within the composite material. Additionally, the intrinsic properties of such polymers to form denrimers can be explored for fabricating polymer composites having numerous potential applications in chemical sensing, drug-delivery, energy applications and many more.
Electro-static discharge ignition of monolayers of nanocomposite thermite powders prepared by Arrested Reactive Milling
Authors: Monk Ian , Williams Rayon , Liu Xinhang , Dreizin Edward L. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractReactive nanocomposite powders with compositions 2Al∙3CuO, 2.35Al∙Bi2O3, 2Al∙Fe2O3, and 2Al∙MoO3 were prepared by arrested reactive milling, placed in monolayers on a conductive substrate and ignited by an electro-static discharge (ESD) or spark in air, argon, and vacuum. The ESD was produced by discharging a 2000 pF capacitor charged to a voltage varied from 5 to 20 kV. Emission from ignited particles was monitored using a photomultiplier equipped with an interference filter. Experimental variables included particle sizes, milling time used to prepare composite particles, surrounding environment, and starting ESD voltage. All materials ignited in all environments, producing individual burning particles that were ejected from the substrate. The spark duration varied from 1 to 5 µs; the duration of the produced emission pulse was in the range of 80 – 250 µs for all materials studied. The longest emission duration was observed for the nanocomposite thermite using MoO3 as an oxidizer. The reaction rates of the ESD-initiated powders were defined primarily by the scale of mixing of and reactive interface area between the fuel and oxidizer in composite materials rather than by the external particle surface or particle dimensions. In vacuum, particles were heated by ESD while remaining on the substrate until they began generating gas combustion products. In air and argon, particles initially pre-heated by ESD were lifted and accelerated to ca. 100 m/s by the generated shock wave; the airborne particles continued self-heating due to heterogeneous redox reactions.
Got Steam? Understanding ESP Steam-Handling Capabilities in the Centrifugal Pump
Authors: Noonan S.G. , Baugh A. , Klaczek W. , Wonitoy K. , Wilson B.L. 
Published: March 2015

Summary
The successful development and implementation of high-temperature electrical-submersible-pump (ESP) technology for steam-assisted-gravity-drainage (SAGD) applications have enabled operators to reduce their flowing bottomhole pressures and achieve higher production rates. However, operating under these conditions brings the pump-intake pressure (PIP) closer to the saturation pressure of steam, which can result in live-steam production through the pump. The effect that live-steam has on pump performance is not well-understood, and has been a key challenge for operators when designing and optimizing ESP systems for SAGD applications.
In early 2011, ConocoPhillips, Baker Hughes, and C-FER Technologies (herein referred to as the operator, manufacturer, and independent laboratory, respectively) embarked on an experimental test program to determine the consequences of producing live steam through a centrifugal pump. This new program was meant to build on multiphase work that had begun more than a decade ago at the University of Tulsa, where researchers had focused on experimentally measuring the two-phase-flow performance of ESP stages with air at moderate temperatures (Pessoa and Prado 2003). The University of Tulsa work ultimately resulted in a wave of new technology aimed at increasing ESP gas-handling capabilities. Following a similar testing and ESP-instrumentation philosophy, this new collaboration looked to build upon the University of Tulsa experiments and expand the test fluids to include live steam, water, and air at higher temperatures.
This ultimately involved the design and construction of a unique high-temperature-steam flow loop that enables live-steam injection into a centrifugal pump, while monitoring both head and performance degradation. This paper will reveal some of the unique test results collected with the first pumping system, including snapshots of the stage-by-stage pressure contributions captured in real time as air or air and steam migrated through the ESP being tested. These results also demonstrate the impact that other gases can have on steam flashing and the importance of considering gas- and steam-vapor effects in SAGD-ESP designs.
Temporal Evolution of the Geometrical and Transport Properties of a Fracture/Proppant System Under Increasing Effective Stress
Authors: Chen Cheng , Martysevich Vladimir , O’Connell Pete , Hu Dandan , Matzar Luis 
Published: March 2015

Summary
A fracture/proppant system is used to mimic the interaction between the rock matrix and proppants during the process of fracture closing attributed to pore-pressure reduction during hydrocarbon production. Effects of rock type and bedding-plane direction are investigated. High-strength sintered bauxite proppants are placed in hydraulic fractures in sandstone and shale rock. There are two bedding-plane directions in shale rock: One is 90°, which is perpendicular to the fracture, whereas the other is 0°, which is parallel to the fracture. Increasing mechanical loading is imposed to close the fracture. Micrometer-scale X-ray tomography is used to visualize the internal structure. Cutting-edge image-processing methods are applied to extract patterns of both the fracture and matrix. A pore-scale lattice Boltzmann simulator, optimized with graphics-processing-unit parallel computing, is used to simulate the permeability tensor inside the fracture. Significant proppant embedment is observed in the sandstone rock when the effective stress is increased to 4,200 psi. Consequently, fracture porosity is reduced by nearly 70%, and permeability is reduced by two orders of magnitude. Embedded proppants are unable to create microscopic fractures on the matrix surface because of the low bonding strength between grains. In the shale rock with 90° bedding planes, when the effective stress is increased to 3,000 psi, significant microscopic fractures on the matrix surface are created because the lamination structure of the matrix is opened. In the shale rock with 0° bedding planes, noticeable microscopic fractures on the matrix surface are not observed until the effective stress is increased to 6,990 psi. Proppant embedment is insignificant because of the high bonding strength between fine grains. Significant anisotropy in the permeability tensor is observed during all experiments. This study is the first to use cutting-edge imaging and modeling methods to quantitatively study the interaction between proppants and the rock matrix during the stress-increase process. It has important applications, which help sustain production with adequate fracture conductivity in deep reservoirs (e.g., the Haynesville shale).
Interaction between juvenile narrow-claw crayfish, Astacus leptodactylus (Eschscholtz), and common water frog, Rana esculenta (L.), tadpoles or common blue damselfly, Enallagma cyathigerum (Charpentier), larvae during rearing under controlled conditions
Authors: Ulikowski Dariusz , Piotrowska Iwona , Chybowski Łucjan , Krzywosz Tadeusz , Traczuk Piotr 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
Interactions were studied among juvenile narrow-claw crayfish, Astacus leptodactylus (Eschscholtz), and common water frog, Rana esculenta (L.), tadpoles and common blue damselfly, Enallagma cyathigerum (Charpentier), larvae during rearing under controlled conditions. Interactions among the species studied had a positive impact on the survival of the crayfish, but the differences were not statistically significant (P ≥ 0.5). The juvenile crayfish attacked and consumed the frog tadpoles and damselflies, but the juvenile crayfish very rarely fell prey to them. Only in the initial stage of life and during molting did larval damselflies prey upon juvenile crayfish. After 30 days of the experiment the interaction between crayfish-tadpoles and crayfish-larval damselflies was not noted to have had a statistically significant (P ≥ 0.05) impact on crayfish growth. Juvenile crayfish aggression toward tadpoles and larval damselflies was often offset by the loss of even both chelipeds. In the crayfish-larval damselfly interaction the loss of both chelipeds was three-fold more common than it was in the crayfish-tadpole interaction; however, these differences were not statistically significant (P ≥ 0.5). The effect of intraspecific interaction (crayfish-crayfish) was more a threat in terms of mortality from cannibalism than were interspecific interactions (crayfish-tadpole and crayfish-larval damselfly).