bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impact of analyses on the dynamical balance of global and limited‐area atmospheric models
Authors: Chikhar K. , Gauthier P. 
Published: December 2013

Dynamical imbalances can induce spurious variability which can be diagnosed from the physical tendencies observed in the first moments of short‐term forecasts using as initial conditions analyses obtained from an assimilation system using this model. In this article this approach is taken to investigate differences in the balance obtained from 3D‐ and 4D‐Var analyses, using the forecast–assimilation system of the Meteorological Service of Canada (MSC). The results indicate that the model is then in good balance globally but the 4D‐Var analyses slightly upset the balance in the Tropics, thereby altering the characteristics of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ). As the assimilation is driven by a particular model, the resulting analyses keep an imprint of the dynamics of that model and use of this analysis with another model may not be as well in balance due to the differences between the two models. To study this point, ERA‐Interim 4D‐Var reanalyses were used as initial conditions first at a lower horizontal and vertical resolution, and then at a resolution closer to that of the Global Environmental Multiscale (GEM) model. The higher‐resolution reanalyses led to a better balance than that with a lower‐resolution version of the ERA‐Interim reanalyses. The coarser analyses create significant imbalances in the Canadian global model which persist for more than 5 days. In particular, it was noted that convection is nearly absent early on as if at a lower resolution, the ERA‐interim analyses did not inject sufficient humidity to trigger convection. It was also noted that reducing the vertical resolution is more damaging than using a coarser horizontal resolution.In limited‐area regional climate models, external analyses are used to define the boundary conditions and the Canadian Regional Climate Model (CRCM) was used to assess the impact of different ways to define the boundary conditions. The CRCM is a limited‐area configuration of the GEM global model used in the 3D‐ and 4D‐Var assimilation. Experiments were conducted in which the boundary conditions driving the CRCM are provided every 6 h as is usually done for the CRCM climate simulations. When using 4D‐Var analyses and ERA‐Interim reanalyses (coarse and full resolution) to define the boundary conditions, the results indicate that imbalances persist even after 15 days and are more significant for the coarser analyses. Moreover, even though the model exhibits relatively good balance initially, after 5 days imbalances appear gradually in the interior of the regional model domain.
Effect of acute hexavalent chromium exposure on pituitary–thyroid axis of a freshwater fish, Channa punctatus (Bloch)
Authors: Mishra Ashish K. , Mohanty Banalata 
Published: December 2013

ABSTRACTAcute exposure to hexavalent chromium (10 mg L−1, 20 mg L−1, and 40 mg L−1 potassium dichromate for 96 h) dose‐dependently affected the pituitary–thyroid axis of teleost, Channa punctatus. Significant hypertrophy of the thyroid follicle was observed in 20 mg L−1 and 40 mg L−1 groups; the follicular epithelium was however hypertrophied only in 40 mg L−1 group. The colloid depletion in the lumen of thyroid follicle was evident in 20 mg L−1 and 40 mg L−1 groups. Serum thyroid hormones (thyroxine/T4 and triiodothyronine/T3) level increased significantly at both the higher doses. Increased immunointensity and significant hypertrophy of the pituitary thyrotrophs (anti TSHβ‐immunoreactive cells) was observed in both 20 mg L−1 and 40 mg L−1 chromium‐exposed fish. The increased thyroid hormones secretion observed in this study might be an adaptive response of the pituitary–thyroid axis under acute chromium‐induced stress condition to maintain homeostasis. The long‐term Cr(VI) exposures, however, may lead to attenuation/exhaustion of the pituitary–thyroid axis and pose serious threat to fish health and affect their population. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 30: 621–627, 2015.
Climate change and apocalyptic faith
Authors: Skrimshire Stefan 
Published: December 2013

For at least as long as the birth of environmentalism, discourses of ecological crisis have adopted, both consciously and unconsciously, themes and concepts derived from Jewish and Christian Apocalypses. These are ancient texts remembered best for their cosmic and spiritual revelations about the world and the world to come. The scope and methods of this adoption have varied widely: from symbolic representation (images of the Four Horsemen, for instance) to the influence of end‐time belief upon environmental policy. More recently, references to apocalypse have accompanied the study of climate change specifically. However, they have tended to do so without more than a superficial engagement with the theological and philosophical underpinnings of apocalyptic faith. This review article addresses this issue by engaging the meanings of apocalyptic faith within four distinct areas in the interdisciplinary study of climate change: (1) Christian ecotheology; (2) critical and social scientific discourse; (3) policy and media communications; and (4) contemporary philosophy and ethics.WIREs Clim Change2014, 5:233–246. doi: 10.1002/wcc.264This article is categorized under:Climate, History, Society, Culture > Ideas and KnowledgeTrans‐Disciplinary Perspectives > Humanities and the Creative Arts
OCTs, OATs, and OCTNs: structure and function of the polyspecific organic ion transporters of the SLC22 family
Authors: Volk Christopher 
Published: December 2013

The SLC22 protein family includes more than 30 different proteins that operate as transporters for organic cations (OCTs), organic cations and zwitterions (OCTNs) or organic anions (OATs). These transporters play a pivotal role in the secretion of organic ions in kidney and liver. Furthermore, they contribute to the homeostasis of organic ions in several other tissues such as brain, placenta, intestine, and lung. Substrates include not only endogenous compounds such as monoamine neurotransmitters, choline, carnitine, α‐ketoglutarate, urate, or steroid hormones, but also a broad spectrum of therapeutic drugs. Therefore, they control the bioavailability of many drugs and are responsible for several side effects or drug–drug interactions. SLC22 proteins are polyspecific transporters as they are able to transport structurally different compounds. All SLC22 proteins share a common membrane topology with 12 α‐helical transmembrane domains. Mutational analyses and homology modeling of the steric structure of the proteins led to the conclusion that they possess a large cleft that is accessible from the aqueous phase. Located within this cleft is an inner cavity containing different interaction sites for different substrates. During the transport cycle the transporter undergoes conformational changes including an outward‐open conformation, a transient occluded state and an inward‐open conformation. WIREs Membr Transp Signal 2014, 3:1–13. doi: 10.1002/wmts.100Conflict of interest: The author has declared no conflicts of interest for this article.For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
The brain’s role in human obesity
Authors: Horstmann A. , Villringer A. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
The most common cause for obesity is a positive energy balance, i.e. more energy is being consumed than is expended. The rise in obesity rates cannot be explained on the basis of our obesogenic environment alone, because large interindividual differences in weight status exist between people. Therefore, the cause is most probably to be found in an interaction between individual behaviour and our changed environment. This warrants the investigation of the brain’s role in the devel­opment and maintenance of obesity that in­deed has become a growing field in the neu­rosciences. This article will give an overview about the findings in neuroimaging associ­ated with human obesity. Further, this article will elucidate the relationship between common genetic variation, eating behaviour and brain structure in the context of obesity. Finally, important open questions in the field will be summarised.
Emergency surgical management strategy for extra dural hematoma with pre-existing undiagnosed hypothyroidism: A case report
Authors: Satapathy Mani Charan , Mishra Sudhansu Sekhar , Pattajoshi Acharya S. , Dhir Manmath K. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractExtra dural hematomas (EDH) are usually characterized by a rapidly progressing clinical course within several hours. Surgical management of EDH with hypothyroidism is a challenging issue in emergency hour, as the ultimate outcome depends on the time since trauma, the interval between admittance and operation, associated co-morbidities and the location of hematomas. We received a 55 yr old woman with Rt. Temporoparietal EDH with significant mass effect on examination revealed some of the clinical findings, but not the goiter, of hypothyroidism being confirmed on thyroid function test. Accordingly, we planned for craniotomy with evacuation of extra-dural blood clots ↓ local anesthesia (LA), with immediate post-operative l-Thyroxine supplementation through Ryle’s tube. Thus, thorough clinical knowledge on general examination will help sensitize the neurosurgeon to exclude common co-morbidities, e.g. hypothyroidism in our case, while focusing on surgical and anesthetic aspects of relevance of the surgically planned traumatic brain injury cases.
Establishment of a human 3D lung cancer model based on a biological tissue matrix combined with a Boolean in silico model
Authors: Stratmann Anna T. , Fecher David , Wangorsch Gaby , Göttlich Claudia , Walles Thorsten , Walles Heike , Dandekar Thomas , Dandekar Gudrun , Nietzer Sarah L. 
Published: December 2013

For the development of new treatment strategies against cancer, understanding signaling networks and their changes upon drug response is a promising approach to identify new drug targets and biomarker profiles. Pre‐requisites are tumor models with multiple read‐out options that accurately reflect the clinical situation. Tissue engineering technologies offer the integration of components of the tumor microenvironment which are known to impair drug response of cancer cells. We established three‐dimensional (3D) lung carcinoma models on a decellularized tissue matrix, providing a complex microenvironment for cell growth. For model generation, we used two cell lines with (HCC827) or without (A549) an activating mutation of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), exhibiting different sensitivities to the EGFR inhibitor gefitinib. EGFR activation in HCC827 was inhibited by gefitinib, resulting in a significant reduction of proliferation (Ki‐67 proliferation index) and in the induction of apoptosis (TUNEL staining, M30‐ELISA). No significant effect was observed in conventional cell culture. Results from the 3D model correlated with the results of an in silico model that integrates the EGFR signaling network according to clinical data. The application of TGFβ1 induced tumor cell invasion, accompanied by epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) both in vitro and in silico. This was confirmed in the 3D model by acquisition of mesenchymal cell morphology and modified expression of fibronectin, E‐cadherin, β‐catenin and mucin‐1. Quantitative read‐outs for proliferation, apoptosis and invasion were established in the complex 3D tumor model. The combined in vitro and in silico model represents a powerful tool for systems analysis.
The Promise and Pitfalls of Community Resilience
Authors: Uscher-Pines Lori , Chandra Anita , Acosta Joie 
Published: December 2013

AbstractAn important shift in terminology has occurred in emergency preparedness, and the concept of community resilience has become ubiquitous. Although enhancing community resilience is broader than preparedness, and emphasizes a distinct set of activities and participants, the terms are often used interchangeably. The implications of this shift have not been fully explored. This commentary describes the potential promise and pitfalls of the concept of community resilience and recommends strategies to overcome its limitations. We believe that resilience has the power to dramatically change this field in immense, positive ways, but some important challenges such as confusion about definitions and lack of accountability must first be overcome. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2013;7:603-606)
‘What things mean in our daily lives’: a history of museum curating and visiting in the Science Museum's Children's Gallery from c.1929 to 1969
Authors: NIELSEN KRISTIAN H. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractThe Children's Gallery in the Science Museum in London opened in December 1931. Conceived partly as a response to the overwhelming number of children visiting the Museum and partly as a way in which to advance its educational uses, the Gallery proved to be an immediate success in terms of attendances. In the Gallery, children and adults found historical dioramas and models, all of which aimed at presenting visitors with the social, material and moral impacts of science and technology on society throughout history. Also, there were numerous working models with plenty of buttons to press, handles to turn and ropes to pull. Controversial visitor studies carried out in the 1950s revealed that the historical didacticism was more or less lost on the children who came to the Gallery. Consequently, the New Children's Gallery that opened in 1969 had to some extent abandoned the historical perspective in favour of combining instruction with pleasure in order to make the children feel that ‘science is a wonderful thing’.
Five-year prospective study of paediatric acute otitis media in Rochester, NY: modelling analysis of the risk of pneumococcal colonization in the nasopharynx and infection
Authors: FRIEDEL V. , ZILORA S. , BOGAARD D. , CASEY J. R. , PICHICHERO M. E. 
Published: December 2013

SUMMARYDuring a 5-year prospective study of nasopharyngeal (NP) colonization and acute otitis media (AOM) infections in children during the 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) era (July 2006–June 2011) we studied risk factors for NP colonization and AOM. NP samples were collected at ages 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 24, and 30 months during well-child visits. Additionally, NP and middle ear fluid (MEF) samples were collected at onset of every AOM episode. From 1825 visits (n = 464 children), 5301 NP and 570 MEF samples were collected and analysed for potential otopathogens. Daycare attendance, NP colonization byMoraxella catarrhalis, and siblings aged <5 years increased the risk ofStreptococcus pneumoniaeNP colonization. NP colonization withS. pneumoniae,M. catarrhalis, orHaemophilus influenzaeand a family history of OM increased the risk of AOM. Risk factors that increase the risk of pneumococcal AOM will be important to reassess as we move into a new 13-valent PCV era, especially co-colonization with other potential otopathogens.
Abnormal dynamic changes in β-tubulin in somatic nuclear transfer cloned mouse embryos
Authors: Shen Jingling , Wang Zhendong , Shen Xinghui , Zheng Zhong , Zhang Qinghua , Feng Xiuqing , Hu Lili , Lei Lei 
Published: December 2013

SummaryThe efficiency of somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) cloning remains low, thus limiting the applications of this technique. In this study, we used immunochemistry and confocal microscopy to detect the microtubule component, β-tubulin, in SCNT, parthenogenetic (PA), and intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) embryos before the first mitotic division. β-Tubulin is the component subunit of microtubule, which plays critical roles in regulating localization of cellular organelles, and the growth, maturation and fertilization of oocytes. Our results demonstrated similar changes of spindle patterns in PA and ICSI embryos. The second meiotic division resumed 1 h post-treatment, and the cytoplasmic asters (CAs) disappeared. After about 4–6 h of treatment, pronuclei formed with the midbodies connecting each other. Meanwhile, the CAs reappeared and a microtubule network developed in the cytoplasm. However, SCNT embryos showed abnormal multipolar spindles, and the pseudopronuclei that contained many nucleoli existed after 6 h of SrCl2 activation. Enucleated oocytes alone did not form spindle-like structures when they were artificially activated for 6 h, indicating that somatic cell chromosomes might be necessary for spindle formation in SCNT embryos. These results demonstrated abnormal changes of β-tubulin in mouse SCNT embryos, compared with PA and ICSI embryos.
Highly sensitive hot electron bolometer based on disordered graphene
Authors: Han Qi , Gao Teng , Zhang Rui , Chen Yi , Chen Jianhui , Liu Gerui , Zhang Yanfeng , Liu Zhongfan , Wu Xiaosong , Yu Dapeng 
Published: December 2013

AbstractA bolometer is a device that makes an electrical resistive response to the electromagnetic radiation resulted from a raise of temperature due to heating. The combination of the extremely weak electron-phonon interactions along with its small electron heat capacity makes graphene an ideal material for applications in ultra-fast and sensitive hot electron bolometer. However, a major issue is that the resistance of pristine graphene weakly depends on the electronic temperature. We propose using disordered graphene to obtain a strongly temperature dependent resistance. The measured electrical responsivity of the disordered graphene bolometer reaches 6 × 106 V/W at 1.5 K, corresponding to an optical responsivity of 1.6 × 105 V/W. The deduced electrical noise equivalent power is 1.2 "Equation missing", corresponding to the optical noise equivalent power of 44 "Equation missing". The minimal device structure and no requirement for high mobility graphene make a step forward towards the applications of graphene hot electron bolometers.
Physical key-protected one-time pad
Authors: Horstmeyer Roarke , Judkewitz Benjamin , Vellekoop Ivo M. , Assawaworrarit Sid , Yang Changhuei 
Published: December 2013

AbstractWe describe an encrypted communication principle that forms a secure link between two parties without electronically saving either of their keys. Instead, random cryptographic bits are kept safe within the unique mesoscopic randomness of two volumetric scattering materials. We demonstrate how a shared set of patterned optical probes can generate 10 gigabits of statistically verified randomness between a pair of unique 2 mm3 scattering objects. This shared randomness is used to facilitate information-theoretically secure communication following a modified one-time pad protocol. Benefits of volumetric physical storage over electronic memory include the inability to probe, duplicate or selectively reset any bits without fundamentally altering the entire key space. Our ability to securely couple the randomness contained within two unique physical objects can extend to strengthen hardware required by a variety of cryptographic protocols, which is currently a critically weak link in the security pipeline of our increasingly mobile communication culture.
Effects of alternative splicing on the function of bestrophin-1 calcium-activated chloride channels
Authors: Kuo Yu-Hung , Abdullaev Iskandar F. , Hyzinski-García María C. , Mongin Alexander A. 
Published: December 2013

The proposed Ca2+-activated Cl− channel protein Best1 (bestrophin 1) is expressed and functionally important in the retina and in the brain. Human BEST1 has two known splice variants, Best1V1 and Best1V2, which arise from alternative splicing of two exons: exon 2 splicing results in a unique N-terminal domain, whereas alternative splicing of exon 11 produces two mutually exclusive C-termini. Prior studies were limited to Best1V1 and its clinically relevant mutations. In the present work, we cloned a novel splice variant of Best1V1 missing exon 2 (Best1V1Δex2) and differing from each of the two previously identified isoforms by one alternatively spliced domain. This finding allowed us to determine the role for alternative splicing of the Best1 N- and C-termini. We heteroexpressed Best1V1Δex2 in HEK (human embryonic kidney)-293 cells, and compared its properties with Best1V1 and Best1V2. Western blot analysis confirmed protein expression from all three splice variants. Both Best1V1 and Best1V1Δex2 successfully formed Ca2+-activated Cl− channels, demonstrating that the N-terminus encoded by exon 2 is not essential for channel function. In contrast, Best1V2-expressing cells had no detectable Ca2+-activated Cl− currents, pointing to a critical role for splicing of the C-terminus. Surface protein biotinylation demonstrated that Best1V1 and Best1V1Δex2 are trafficked to the plasma membrane, whereas Best1V2 is not. These results define the impact of alternative splicing on Best1 function, and should be taken into consideration in future modelling of the Best1 protein structure.
Tumor suppressor and deubiquitinase BAP1 promotes DNA double-strand break repair
Authors: Yu Helen , Pak Helen , Hammond-Martel Ian , Ghram Mehdi , Rodrigue Amélie , Daou Salima , Barbour Haithem , Corbeil Luc , Hébert Josée , Drobetsky Elliot , Masson Jean Yves , Di Noia Javier M. , Affar El Bachir 
Published: December 2013

Significance
BAP1 is a deubiquitinase of histone H2A involved in chromatin remodeling. Several studies identified BAP1 as major tumor suppressor inactivated in various cancers. Nonetheless, the manner in which BAP1 protects against cancer development remains enigmatic. We now show that BAP1 is recruited to double-strand DNA break sites and promotes error-free repair of these lesions. We also provide the first evidence that phosphorylation coordinates the function of BAP1 in promoting cellular recovery from DNA damage. Thus, our study represents a significant advance in the field of ubiquitin signaling in the context of cancer development.
The Red Sneakers Effect: Inferring Status and Competence from Signals of Nonconformity
Authors: Bellezza Silvia , Gino Francesca , Keinan Anat 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
This research examines how people react to nonconforming behaviors, such as entering a luxury boutique wearing gym clothes rather than an elegant outfit or wearing red sneakers in a professional setting. Nonconforming behaviors, as costly and visible signals, can act as a particular form of conspicuous consumption and lead to positive inferences of status and competence in the eyes of others. A series of studies demonstrates that people confer higher status and competence to nonconforming rather than conforming individuals. These positive inferences derived from signals of nonconformity are mediated by perceived autonomy and moderated by individual differences in need for uniqueness in the observers. An investigation of boundary conditions demonstrates that the positive inferences disappear when the observer is unfamiliar with the environment, when the nonconforming behavior is depicted as unintentional, and in the absence of expected norms and shared standards of formal conduct.
3 Lagrangian Theory of Constraints
Authors: Johns Oliver Davis 
Published: December 2013

AbstractThis chapter discusses how easy the Lagrangian method solves so-called constraint problems. Presented here are different methods of solving such problems, with corresponding examples. Constraints can be incorporated into the Lagrangian method in a particularly convenient way; if the constraints are idealised – such as frictionless surfaces or perfectly rigid bodies – then the equations of motion can be solved without knowing the forces of constraint. Also, the number of degrees of freedom of the Lagrangian system can be reduced by one for each constraint applied. The chapter also defines constraints, beginning with holonomic ones, which are the simplest class of constraints. A constraint is holonomic if it can be represented by a single function of the generalised coordinates, equated to zero.