bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Temporal Dynamics of Powdery Mildew (Oidium neolycopersici) and its Effects on the Host Growth Dynamics of Tomato
Authors: Chelal John , Hau Bernhard 
Published: January 2015

AbstractControlled glasshouse experiments were conducted to investigate the temporal progress of powdery mildew and its effects on host dynamics of tomato, without and with one fungicide application. Healthy tomato transplants (5‐ to 6‐week old) were artificially inoculated with powdery mildew, and disease progress as well as host growth were monitored in both fungicide sprayed and unsprayed treatments and compared with non‐inoculated plants. Actual disease severity on a plant basis increased in unsprayed plants reaching maximum severity in the proportionate range of 0.53–0.83. One fungicide spray significantly reduced the maximum disease severity by two‐ to fourfolds. Despite adjustments for defoliation, declines in the proportion of disease severity between successive assessments were evident. Whereas the estimated growth rates of diseased plants were significantly lower than that of healthy plants, no significant differences were observed in the maximum leaf area formed of inoculated and non‐inoculated plants. A considerable effect of the powdery mildew epidemics was manifested through hastened shrivelling and defoliation of diseased leaves within the tomato canopy. An average of 18–29% and 40–52% of leaves had abscised from the plant canopy at the last date of assessment in sprayed and non‐sprayed plants, respectively. Accordingly, defoliation accounted for 14–33.3% and 58.3–63.1% losses in leaf area of sprayed and non‐sprayed plants, respectively. Duration of healthy leaf area and yield of inoculated plants were also significantly reduced by powdery mildew epidemics.
Decrease in diversity and changes in community composition of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in roots of apple trees with increasing orchard management intensity across a regional scale
Authors: van Geel Maarten , Ceustermans An , van Hemelrijck Wendy , Lievens Bart , Honnay Olivier 
Published: January 2015

AbstractUnderstanding which factors drive the diversity and community composition of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) is important due to the role of these soil micro‐organisms in ecosystem functioning and current environmental threats toAMFbiodiversity. Additionally, in agro‐ecosystems, this knowledge may help to evaluate their use in making agriculture more sustainable. Here, we used 454‐pyrosequencing of small subunit rRNAgene amplicons to quantifyAMFdiversity and community composition in the roots of cultivated apple trees across 24 orchards in central Belgium. We aimed at identifying the factors (soil chemical variables, organic vs. conventional farming, and geographical location) that affectAMFdiversity and community composition. In total, 110AMF OTUs were detected, of which the majority belonged to the Glomeraceae (73%) and the Claroideoglomeraceae (19%). We show that soil characteristics and farming system, rather than the geographical location of the orchards, shapeAMFcommunities on apple trees. Particularly, plant‐available P content of the soil was associated with lowerAMFdiversity. In orchards with a lower plant‐available P content of the soil (P < 100 mg/kg soil), we also found a significantly higherAMFdiversity in organically managed orchards as compared to conventionally managed orchards. Finally, the degree of nestedness of theAMFcommunities was related to plant‐available P and N content of the soil, pointing at a progressive loss ofAMFtaxa with increasing fertilization. Overall, we conclude that a combination of organic orchard management and moderate fertilization may preserve diverseAMFcommunities on apple trees and thatAMFin the roots of apple trees appear not to be dispersal limited at the scale of central Belgium.
An update on newer pediatric supraglottic airways with recommendations for clinical use
Authors: Jagannathan Narasimhan , Ramsey Melissa A. , White Michelle C. , Sohn Lisa 
Published: January 2015

SummarySupraglottic airways are an established part of routine and emergency pediatric airway management, including use in difficult airways and neonatal resuscitation. With the introduction of newer supraglottic airways in children, efficacy can only be determined by comparing these devices with those that are already well established (laryngeal mask airway Classic and laryngeal mask airway ProSeal). This narrative review aims to present the current literature on these newer supraglottic airways and give recommendations for their use in various clinical scenarios based on the existing evidence.
Engineering temporal accumulation of a low recalcitrance polysaccharide leads to increased C6 sugar content in plant cell walls
Authors: Vega‐Sánchez Miguel E. , Loqué Dominique , Lao Jeemeng , Catena Michela , Verhertbruggen Yves , Herter Thomas , Yang Fan , Harholt Jesper , Ebert Berit , Baidoo Edward E. K. , Keasling Jay D. , Scheller Henrik V. , Heazlewood Joshua L. , Ronald Pamela C. 
Published: January 2015

SummaryReduced cell wall recalcitrance and increased C6 monosaccharide content are desirable traits for future biofuel crops, as long as these biomass modifications do not significantly alter normal growth and development. Mixed‐linkage glucan (MLG), a cell wall polysaccharide only present in grasses and related species among flowering plants, is comprised of glucose monomers linked by both β‐1,3 and β‐1,4 bonds. Previous data have shown that constitutive production of MLG in barley (Hordeum vulgare) severely compromises growth and development. Here, we used spatio‐temporal strategies to engineer Arabidopsis thaliana plants to accumulate significant amounts of MLG in the cell wall by expressing the rice CslF6 MLG synthase using secondary cell wall and senescence‐associated promoters. Results using secondary wall promoters were suboptimal. When the rice MLG synthase was expressed under the control of a senescence‐associated promoter, we obtained up to four times more glucose in the matrix cell wall fraction and up to a 42% increase in saccharification compared to control lines. Importantly, these plants grew and developed normally. The induction of MLG deposition at senescence correlated with an increase of gluconic acid in cell wall extracts of transgenic plants in contrast to the other approaches presented in this study. MLG produced in Arabidopsis has an altered structure compared to the grass glucan, which likely affects its solubility, while its molecular size is unaffected. The induction of cell wall polysaccharide biosynthesis in senescing tissues offers a novel engineering alternative to enhance cell wall properties of lignocellulosic biofuel crops.
Inheritance of maize resistance to gibberella and fusarium ear rots and kernel contamination with deoxynivalenol and fumonisins
Authors: Butrón A. , Reid L. M. , Santiago R. , Cao A. , Malvar R. A. 
Published: January 2015

The objective of this study was to investigate the stability, across well‐differentiated environments, of genetic control of maize resistance to Fusarium graminearum and Fusarium verticillioides ear rots and mycotoxin contamination, found in genotypes of diverse origin and adapted to different environments. This knowledge will help to design the most appropriate breeding programme to reduce mycotoxin content across a wide range of environments. Although maize genetics involved in resistance to ear rots and mycotoxin contamination greatly depended on the environment, additive and dominance effects were the predominant genetic effects in most environments. The stability across environments for resistance to ear rots and deoxynivalenol and fumonisin contamination was low, and recommended target areas of breeding programmes for either Fusarium species are different based on the different nature of genetic effect × environment interactions for each species. In general, the classification of inbreds and hybrids according to their resistance levels was similar across environments, suggesting that the same sources of resistance could be suitable for different environments, and breeding for resistance to one species would affect resistance to the other one.
Transmission of infection to liver transplant recipients from donors with infective endocarditis: lessons learned
Authors: Miceli M.H. , Gonulalan M. , Perri M.B. , Samuel L. , Al Fares M.A. , Brown K. , Bruno D.A. , Zervos M. , Ramesh M. , Alangaden G. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractDonors not meeting standard criteria, such as those with bacteremia, are now being used in response to the increasing need for organs for transplantation. Recommended strategies to prevent the occurrence of donor‐derived bacteremia include the use of directed antibiotic prophylaxis. However, this approach does not eliminate the risk of infection transmission. Similarly, the management of organ recipients from donors with infective endocarditis (IE) remains uncharacterized. We report 2 cases of donor‐derived bacterial infections in liver transplant recipients despite pathogen‐specific antibiotic prophylaxis. In both instances, the donors had documented IE treated with appropriate antimicrobial therapy and clearance of bacteremia. Recipients had very distinctive clinical outcomes likely related to pathogen virulence and the extent of donor infection. Persistent infection in the transplanted liver should be suspected in organ recipients of a liver from donors with IE, despite the absence of bacteremia at the time of death and organ procurement. For eradication, recipients may require prolonged pathogen‐directed antimicrobial therapy, such as is used for endovascular infections. Prompt recognition of donors with IE, appropriate notification, and prolonged antibiotic prophylaxis are key to reducing the risk of such donor‐derived infections.
Association between duration of use of pharmacotherapy and smoking cessation: findings from a national survey
Authors: Siahpush Mohammad , Shaikh Raees A , McCarthy Molly , Sikora Kessler Asia , Tibbits Melissa , Singh Gopal K 
Published: January 2015

ObjectiveTo investigate the association of the duration of use of prescription medications and nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) with smoking cessation using a national sample of the general population in the USA, controlling for nicotine dependence and sociodemographic variables.SettingUSA.ParticipantsWe used data from the 2010–2011 Tobacco Use Supplement to the US Current Population Survey. We limited the analysis to current daily smokers who made a quit attempt in the past year and former smokers who were a daily smoker 1 year prior to the survey (n=8263). Respondents were asked about duration of use of prescription medication (varenicline, bupropion, other) and NRT (nicotine patch, gum/lozenges, nasal spray and inhaler) for smoking cessation.Primary outcome measureSuccessful smoking cessation. Individuals who reported to have smoked at least 100 cigarettes in their lifetime but were not smoking at all at the time of the interview and were a daily smoker 1 year prior to the interview were considered to have successfully quit smoking.ResultsAfter adjusting for daily cigarette consumption and sociodemographic covariates, we found evidence for an association between duration of pharmacotherapy use and smoking cessation (p<0.001). Adjusted cessation rates for those who used prescription medication or NRT for 5+ weeks were 28.8% and 27.8%, respectively. Adjusted cessation rates for those who used prescription medication or NRT for less than 5 weeks varied from 6.2% to 14.5%. Adjusted cessation rates for those who used only behavioural counselling and those who attempted to quit smoking unassisted were 16.1% and 16.4%, respectively.ConclusionsUse of pharmacotherapy for at least 5 weeks is associated with increased likelihood of successful smoking cessation. Results suggest that encouraging smokers who intend to quit to use pharmacotherapy and to adhere to treatment duration can help improve chances of successful cessation.
Does the use of passive or active consent affect consent or completion rates, or dietary data quality? Repeat cross-sectional survey among school children aged 11–12 years
Authors: Spence Suzanne , White Martin , Adamson Ashley J , Matthews John N S 
Published: January 2015

ObjectivesAn expectation of research is that participants should give fully informed consent. However, there is also a need to maximise recruitment to ensure representativeness. We explored the impact of passive or active parental consent on consent, completion rates and on dietary data quality in a survey among children aged 11–12 years.SettingSix middle schools in North-East England.ParticipantsAll children aged 11–12 years attending the six middle schools were eligible to participate (n=1141).Main outcomesPrimary outcomes: whether or not each eligible child's parent gave consent and provided a complete dietary diary; whether or not a child completed their dietary diary but only among children who agreed to participate, and whether or not children providing diaries were classified as an under-reporter or not.ResultsParents were more likely to consent passively than actively. This difference was greater among the more deprived: OR 16.9 (95% CI 5.7 to 50.2) in the least and 129.6 (95% CI 39.9 to 420.6) in the most deprived quintile (test for interaction: method of consent by level of deprivation, p=0.02). For all children eligible, completion was more likely if passive consent was used (OR 2.8, 95% CI 2.2 to 3.7). When only children who gave consent are considered, completion was less likely when passive rather than active consent was used (OR 0.6, 95% CI 0.4 to 0.9). Completion rate decreased as level of deprivation increased; we found no evidence that the OR for the method of consent varied by level of deprivation. There was no evidence that the quality of dietary data, as measured by an assessment of under-reporting, differed by method of consent (OR 0.8, 95% CI 0.5 to 1.2).ConclusionsPassive consent led to a higher participation rate and a more representative sample without compromising data quality.
Lateralising value of experiential hallucinations in temporal lobe epilepsy
Authors: Heydrich Lukas , Marillier Guillaume , Evans Nathan , Blanke Olaf , Seeck Margitta 
Published: January 2015

ObjectivesEver since John Hughlings Jackson first described the so-called ‘dreamy state’ during temporal lobe epilepsy, that is, the sense of an abnormal familiarity (déjà vu) or vivid memory-like hallucinations from the past (experiential hallucinations), these phenomena have been studied and repeatedly linked to mesial temporal lobe structures. However, little is known about the lateralising value of either déjà vu or experiential hallucinations.MethodsWe analysed a sample of 28 patients with intractable focal epilepsy suffering from either déjà vu or experiential hallucinations. All the patients underwent thorough presurgical examination, including MRI, positron emission tomography, single-photon emission CT, EEG and neuropsychological examination.ResultsWhile déjà vu was due to right or left mesial temporal lobe epilepsy, experiential hallucinations were strongly lateralised to the left mesial temporal lobe. Moreover, there was a significant effect for interictal language deficits being more frequent in patients suffering from experiential hallucinations.ConclusionsThese results suggest a lateralising value for experiential hallucinations to the left temporal lobe.
Association of the Colorectal CpG Island Methylator Phenotype with Molecular Features, Risk Factors, and Family History
Authors: Weisenberger Daniel J. , Levine A. Joan , Long Tiffany I. , Buchanan Daniel D. , Walters Rhiannon , Clendenning Mark , Rosty Christophe , Joshi Amit D. , Stern Mariana C. , Le Marchand Loic , Lindor Noralane M. , Daftary Darshana , Gallinger Steven , Selander Teresa , Bapat Bharati , Newcomb Polly A. , Campbell Peter T. , Casey Graham , Ahnen Dennis J. , Baron John A. , Haile Robert W. , Hopper John L. , Young Joanne P. , Laird Peter W. , Siegmund Kimberly D. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Background: The CpG island methylator phenotype (CIMP) represents a subset of colorectal cancers characterized by widespread aberrant DNA hypermethylation at select CpG islands. The risk factors and environmental exposures contributing to etiologic heterogeneity between CIMP and non-CIMP tumors are not known.
Methods: We measured the CIMP status of 3,119 primary population-based colorectal cancer tumors from the multinational Colon Cancer Family Registry. Etiologic heterogeneity was assessed by a case–case study comparing risk factor frequency of colorectal cancer cases with CIMP and non-CIMP tumors using logistic regression to estimate the case–case odds ratio (ccOR).
Results: We found associations between tumor CIMP status and MSI-H (ccOR = 7.6), BRAF V600E mutation (ccOR = 59.8), proximal tumor site (ccOR = 9; all P &lt; 0.0001), female sex [ccOR = 1.8; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.5–2.1], older age (ccOR = 4.0 comparing over 70 years vs. under 50; 95% CI, 3.0–5.5), and family history of CRC (ccOR = 0.6; 95% CI, 0.5–0.7). While use of NSAIDs varied by tumor CIMP status for both males and females (P = 0.0001 and P = 0.02, respectively), use of multivitamin or calcium supplements did not. Only for female colorectal cancer was CIMP status associated with increased pack-years of smoking (Ptrend &lt; 0.001) and body mass index (BMI; Ptrend = 0.03).
Conclusions: The frequency of several colorectal cancer risk factors varied by CIMP status, and the associations of smoking and obesity with tumor subtype were evident only for females.
Impact: Differences in the associations of a unique DNA methylation–based subgroup of colorectal cancer with important lifestyle and environmental exposures increase understanding of the molecular pathologic epidemiology of this heavily methylated subset of colorectal cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 24(3); 512–9. ©2015 AACR.
LEF1 Targeting EMT in Prostate Cancer Invasion Is Regulated by miR-34a
Authors: Liang Jiaqian , Li Yirong , Daniels Garrett , Sfanos Karen , De Marzo Angelo , Wei Jianjun , Li Xin , Chen Wenqiang , Wang Jinhua , Zhong Xuelin , Melamed Jonathan , Zhao Jun , Lee Peng 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
The microRNA-34a (miR-34a), a tumor-suppressive microRNA (miRNA), is implicated in epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) and cancer stem cells. Lymphoid enhancer-binding factor-1 (LEF1) is a key transcription factor in the Wnt signaling pathway, and has been suggested to be involved in regulation of cell proliferation and invasion. Here, the molecular mechanism of miR-34a and LEF1 in cooperatively regulating prostate cancer cell invasion is described. Molecular profiling analysis of miRNA levels in prostate cancer cells revealed a negative correlation between miR-34a and LEF1 expression, and the downregulation of LEF1 by miR-34a was confirmed by luciferase assays. Furthermore, miR-34a specifically repressed LEF1 expression through direct binding to its 3′-untranslated regions (3′-UTR). miR-34a modulated the levels of LEF1 to regulate EMT in prostate cancer cells. Functionally, miR-34a negatively correlated with the migration and invasion of prostate cancer cells through LEF1. An analysis of miR-34a expression levels in matched human tumor and benign tissues demonstrated consistent and statistically significant downregulation of miR-34a in primary prostate cancer specimens. These data strongly suggest that miR-34a/LEF1 regulation of EMT plays an important role in prostate cancer migration and invasion.
Implications: The miR-34a–LEF1 axis represents a potential molecular target for novel therapeutic strategies in prostate cancer. Mol Cancer Res; 13(4); 681–8. ©2015 AACR.
Involvement of Epigenetics and EMT-Related miRNA in Arsenic-Induced Neoplastic Transformation and Their Potential Clinical Use
Authors: Michailidi Christina , Hayashi Masamichi , Datta Sayantan , Sen Tanusree , Zenner Kaitlyn , Oladeru Oluwadamilola , Brait Mariana , Izumchenko Evgeny , Baras Alexander , VandenBussche Christopher , Argos Maria , Bivalacqua Trinity J. , Ahsan Habibul , Hahn Noah M. , Netto George J. , Sidransky David , Hoque Mohammad Obaidul 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Exposure to toxicants leads to cumulative molecular changes that overtime increase a subject's risk of developing urothelial carcinoma. To assess the impact of arsenic exposure at a time progressive manner, we developed and characterized a cell culture model and tested a panel of miRNAs in urine samples from arsenic-exposed subjects, urothelial carcinoma patients, and controls. To prepare an in vitro model, we chronically exposed an immortalized normal human bladder cell line (HUC1) to arsenic. Growth of the HUC1 cells was increased in a time-dependent manner after arsenic treatment and cellular morphology was changed. In a soft agar assay, colonies were observed only in arsenic-treated cells, and the number of colonies gradually increased with longer periods of treatment. Similarly, invaded cells in an invasion assay were observed only in arsenic-treated cells. Withdrawal of arsenic treatment for 2.5 months did not reverse the tumorigenic properties of arsenic-treated cells. Western blot analysis demonstrated decreased PTEN and increased AKT and mTOR in arsenic-treated HUC1 cells. Levels of miR-200a, miR-200b, and miR-200c were downregulated in arsenic-exposed HUC1 cells by quantitative RT-PCR. Furthermore, in human urine, miR-200c and miR-205 were inversely associated with arsenic exposure (P = 0.005 and 0.009, respectively). Expression of miR-205 discriminated cancer cases from controls with high sensitivity and specificity (AUC = 0.845). Our study suggests that exposure to arsenic rapidly induces a multifaceted dedifferentiation program and miR-205 has potential to be used as a marker of arsenic exposure as well as a maker of early urothelial carcinoma detection. Cancer Prev Res; 8(3); 208–21. ©2015 AACR.
Connecting NASA Science and Engineering with Earth Science Applications
Authors: Moran M. Susan , Doorn Bradley , Escobar Vanessa , Brown Molly E. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
The National Research Council (NRC) recently highlighted the dual role of NASA to support both science and applications in planning Earth observations. This article reports the efforts of the NASA Applied Sciences Program and NASA Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) mission to integrate applications with science and engineering in prelaunch planning. The SMAP Early Adopter program supported the prelaunch applied research that comprises the SMAP Special Collection of the Journal of Hydrometeorology. This research, in turn, has resulted in unprecedented prelaunch preparation for SMAP applications and critical feedback to the mission to improve product specifications and distribution for postlaunch applications. These efforts have been a learning experience that should provide direction for upcoming missions and set some context for the next NRC decadal survey.