bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The anatomy of human emotion
Authors: Dolan R. J. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractEmotions, uniquely among mental states, are characterized by psychological and somatic referents. The former embody the subjectivity of all psychological states. The latter are evident in objectively measurable stereotyped behavioural patterns of facial expression, comportment, and states of autonomic arousal. These include unique patterns of response associated with discrete emotional states, as for example seen in the primary emotions of fear, anger, or disgust often thought of as emotion proper. Emotional states are also unique among psychological states in exerting global effects on virtually all aspects of cognition including attention, perception, and memory. Emotion also exerts biasing influences on high level cognition including the decision-making processes that guide extended behaviour. An informed neurobiological account of emotion needs to incorporate how these wide ranging effects are mediated. Although much of what we can infer about emotional processing in the human brain is derived from clinic-pathological correlations, the advent of high resolution, non-invasive functional neuroimaging techniques such as functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and positron emission tomography (PET) has greatly expanded this knowledge base. This is particularly the case for emotion, as opposed to other areas of cognition, where normative studies have provided a much richer account of the underlying neurobiology than that available on the basis of observations from pathology as in classical neuropsychology. Emotion has historically been considered to reflect the product of activity within the limbic system of the brain. The general utility of the concept of a limbic-based emotional system is limited by a lack of a consensus as to its precise anatomical extent and boundaries, coupled with knowledge that emotion-related brain activity is, to a considerable degree, configured by behavioural context. What this means is that brain regions engaged by, for example, an emotion of fear associated with seeing a snake can have both distinct and common features with an emotion of fear associated with a fearful recollection. Consequently, within this framework emotional states are not unique to any single brain region but are expressed in widespread patterns of brain activity, including activity within early sensory cortices, shaped by the emotion eliciting context. This perspective emphasizes a global propagation of emotional signals as opposed to a perspective of circumscribed limbic-mediated emotion-related activity.
The neuropsychiatry of head injury
Authors: Fleminger Simon 
Published: January 2013

AbstractHead injury ‘imparts at a blow both physical and psychological trauma’, and the consequences are often devastating and enduring. Not infrequently head injury leads to a psychiatric consultation, which will need to take into account the interplay between the brain and its injuries as well as the psychodynamic processes that follow from the injury. In the immediate aftermath of the head injury, the management rests with the acute surgical and medical team. The psychiatrist is usually not involved at this stage. Nevertheless, to understand the later neuropsychiatric effects of head injury it is first necessary to know what happens to the brain when it is injured.
Amnesic syndromes
Authors: Kopelman Michael D. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractSystematic clinical descriptions of amnesic disorders and their underlying pathology have become more detailed and rigorous over the years. In particular, recent advances in neuro-imaging (structural, metabolic, and activation) have provided the opportunity to relate particular cognitive abnormalities to specific changes in brain function. The use of pharmacological agents, in parallel with such imaging techniques, may promote the development of pharmacological agents more potent than the meagre array that we have at present for the treatment of severe memory disorder.
Remediation of memory disorders
Authors: Evans Jonathan J. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractMemory disorders are frequently encountered in clinical practice and cause significant disability. Memory should therefore be carefully assessed as part of routine clinical assessment. Restoration of normal functioning is not typically possible and remediation is therefore usually concerned with compensating for impaired memory. A range of treatment approaches is available, and the treatment of choice will depend on the form and severity of memory disorder and the functional problems faced by the patient.
Alcohol dependence and alcohol problems
Authors: Marshall Jane 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe problem of excessive alcohol consumption is a major cause of public health concern in most countries of the world today. Heavy consumption, which involves far more than ‘dependence’, can cause untold misery to the individual, who is usually affected by other physical, psychological, and social disabilities as well. As early as 1950, the World Health Organization (WHO) viewed the lack of a commonly accepted terminology as a serious obstacle to international action in the alcohol field. Definitions of ‘alcoholism’ have been proposed by a range of professional and other bodies, from biomedical scientists, medical doctors and psychiatrists, psychologists, sociologists, patients in treatment, to the general public. Terms such as ‘alcoholism’, ‘addiction’, and ‘chemical dependence’, have passed into everyday speech, becoming ‘popularly enriched’ and ‘technically impoverished’. These terms mean different things to different people and often have pejorative connotations. The lack of a precise definition of ‘drinking problems’ has hampered interdisciplinary communication. In this section, the evolution of the term ‘alcohol dependence’ will be traced and put into context as but one aspect of a wider spectrum of alcohol-related problems. The concept of the alcohol dependence syndrome (ADS) will be introduced and its influence on the 10th revision of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10) and the fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Diseases (DSM-IV) will be reviewed. The terms ‘harmful use’ (ICD-10) and ‘alcohol abuse’ (DSM-IV) will also be discussed. Finally ‘alcohol-related problems’ will be considered.
Disorders relating to use of PCP and hallucinogens
Authors: Abraham Henry David 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Phencyclidine (PCP, ‘angel dust’) is an arylcyclohexylamine dissociative anaesthetic. It was first abused in the United States in New York and San Francisco in the 1960s, but abuse declined when a broad range of adverse complications was noted. Agents that alter perception and mood without disorientation typify hallucinogenic drugs. They have been known and used for millennia for purposes ranging from magical to medical. Hallucinogenic drugs comprise not so much a single class of compounds, but a multiple classes affecting different neuronal receptors. This chapter looks at the epidemiology, acute physiological effects, and adverse effects of both PCP and hallucinogens. it also covers PCP delirium, PCP-induced psychotic disorder, PCP abuse, dependence, and organic mental disorder, and finally human experimentation with hallucinogens.
Misuse of benzodiazepines
Authors: Welch Sarah , Farrell Michael 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThere is a valuable role for benzodiazepines, and a need for vigilance and care in their use, as well as active recognition and management of those who are dependent. However, there is a need for greater awareness of the risks of polydrug dependence with misuse of high doses of benzodiazepines in conjunction with both alcohol dependence and opiate dependence. Caution needs to be used in assessing patients, and benzodiazepine prescribing should be restricted to those where there is clear evidence of dependence. The risk of synergistic effects with other drugs and consequent overdose should be explained to all patients who are identified as being involved in such behaviour. Community detoxification or inpatient detoxification is the best option based on the evidence of available research and evaluation of current interventions.
Disorders relating to the use of volatile substances
Authors: Ives Richard 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Volatile substance abuse (VSA)—also known as ‘solvent abuse’ and ‘inhalant abuse’—is the deliberate inhalation of any of a range of products (see Table 4.2.3.6.1), to achieve intoxication. Amyl (pentyl) and isobutyl nitrites (‘poppers’) have different patterns of misuse, and are not discussed here. VSA has dose-related effects similar to those of other hypnosedatives. Small doses rapidly lead to ‘drunken’ behaviour similar to the effects of alcohol, and may induce delusions and hallucinations. Some heavy misusers inhale large quantities; 6 l of adhesive weekly have been reported. Long-term effects include listlessness, anorexia, and moodiness. The hair, breath, and clothing may smell of the substance(s) used, and empty product containers (e.g. glue cans, cigarette lighter refills, and aerosol spray cans), and bags used to inhale from, may be found. Being readily available, volatile substances are, along with alcohol and tobacco, the first intoxicating substances some children try. However, most VSA is experimental and does not lead to the use of other psychoactive substances; problematic misusers have other difficulties in their lives.
Nicotine dependence and treatment
Authors: López-Ibor Ma Inés 
Published: January 2013

AbstractDespite the reality that smoking remains the most important preventable cause of death and disability, most clinicians underperform in helping smokers quit. Nearly 70 per cent of smokers want to quit, and 42.5 per cent attempt to quit each year. The most effective smoking cessation programmes involve a combination of pharmacotherapy and behavioural and/or cognitive counselling to improve abstinence rates. Ways to counter clinicians’ pessimism about cessation include the knowledge that most smokers require multiple attempts before they succeed in quitting.
Diagnosis, classification, and differential diagnosis of schizophrenia
Authors: David Anthony S. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractUntil the early 1970s, the diagnosis of schizophrenia was one of the most contentious and fraught issues in the whole of psychiatry. Since then a massive international effort has been put in motion out of which explicit diagnostic criteria emerged. Some achieved widespread and even multinational agreement, allowing the painstaking process of calculating diagnostic specificity, sensitivity, reliability, and (perhaps) validity to begin. Although criticism of the diagnosis of schizophrenia continues, mostly from outside psychiatrists, the vast majority of psychiatrists look upon the major sets of diagnostic criteria with weary acceptance, seeing them as flawed but useful and possibly ‘as good as it gets’ given our current state of knowledge/ignorance. This chapter covers diagnostic criteria, basis of classification, early diagnosis, differential diagnosis, and finally the diagnostic process.
Acute stress reactions
Authors: Ehlers Anke , Harvey Allison G. , Bryant Richard A. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractExceptionally stressful life events can cause severe psychological symptoms, including anxiety, feelings of derealization and depersonalization, and hyperarousal. In one of the first studies to comprehensively document acute reactions to extreme stress, Lindemann observed that the symptoms reported by survivors of the Coconut Grove Fire included avoidance, re-experiencing scenes from the fire, reports of derealization, and the experience of anxiety when exposed to reminders of the event. Similarly, acute responses reported by soldiers who fought in the First and Second World Wars included re-experiencing symptoms and dissociative responses such as numbing, amnesia, and depersonalization. The International Classification of Diseases has recognized acute stress reactions since 1948 (ICD-6). In the most recent edition (ICD-10), early reactions to exceptionally stressful life events are diagnosed as acute stress reaction, one of the diagnoses in the section headed ‘reactions to severe stress, and adjustment disorders’. The diagnoses of acute stress reactions in ICD-10 and of acute stress disorder in DSM-IV have similarities in that they are caused by extreme stress and have some overlap in symptom patterns. They can be considered as two separate points on a continuum from transient to more enduring symptoms. However, there are also differences in the underlying concepts, as we will discuss in this chapter.
Bereavement
Authors: Raphael Beverley , Wooding Sally , Dunsmore Julie 
Published: January 2013

AbstractBereavement is the complex set reactions that occurs with the death of a loved one: the emotions of grief with yearning, angry protest, and sadness; the cognitive processes of understanding and making meaning of the finality and nature of death; and the social, cultural, spiritual, and religious contexts of adaptation. Grief may also result from other losses such as health, home, country, and safe worlds. There have been investigations into potential neurobiological substrates, without, as yet consensus about the explanatory model. This chapter covers the phenomenology of ‘normal grief’, neurobiology of bereavement, risk and protective factors influencing course and outcome, physical and mental health consequences of bereavement, and assessment and management. Counselling bereaved people requires hopeful, compassionate psychotherapeutic intervention which recognizes the human suffering involved, validates the person’s strengths, and respects their spiritual needs. Loss is a central issue for all of us, both our fears of it, and its reality. Counselling requires those involved to recognize their own sensitivities in this regard, and to assist the ‘journey’ of those affected in dealing with their loss. Most people grieve, remember with love those whom they have lost, and continue to love, and love anew.
Generalized anxiety disorders
Authors: Bitran Stella , Barlow David H. , Spiegel David A. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractAnxious apprehension and overconcern are common to many anxiety and mood disorders. Prior to 1980 in the American DSM diagnostic system, and 1992 in the international ICD system, individuals who experienced those symptoms in the absence of a realistic focus of concern were classified as having an ‘anxiety neurosis’ (DSM-II) or ‘anxiety state’ (ICD-9). In DSM-III, panic disorder was split off from that classification, and the residual category was renamed generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). A similar nomenclature was adopted in ICD-10. Since its inception, GAD as a nosological entity has been troubled by problems of poor reliability and high comorbidity. Those concerns have prompted several revisions of the DSM criteria and also have raised more basic questions regarding the validity of GAD as a disorder distinct from other anxiety and mood states. The question of what is the nature of GAD is still being debated and it remains one of the least reliably diagnosed anxiety or mood disorders. This diagnostic unreliability has led to various suggestions for revisions to the diagnostic criteria and criticisms of the current definition of GAD.
Bulimia nervosa
Authors: Fairburn Christopher G. , Cooper Zafra , Murphy Rebecca 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe history of the diagnosis bulimia nervosa begins as recently as 1979. Now, three decades later, the diagnosis bulimia nervosa is included in both DSM-IV(4) and ICD-10,(5) its prevalence is established, aspects of its aetiology are beginning to be understood, and much has been learned about its treatment. The chapter classification and diagnosis, clinical features, relationship to other disorders, distribution, aetiology, assessment, treatment, and course and outcome.
The sexual dysfunctions
Authors: Graham Cynthia A. , Bancroft John 
Published: January 2013

AbstractSexual relationships are central to the lives of most of us. The sexual component of those relationships can go wrong in various ways. This may be secondary to other difficulties in the relationship, mental health problems, specific sexual vulnerabilities of the individual, or the impact of disease or medication on sexual response. This chapter will describe the more common sexual problems and their prevalence. Evidence related to aetiology of sexual problems and treatment evaluation will be briefly reviewed. In the final section of the chapter, guidelines for the assessment and practical management of sexual problems will be presented.
Basic aspects of sleep–wake disorders
Authors: Stores Gregory 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
A sound working knowledge of the diagnosis, significance, and treatment of sleep disorders is essential in all branches of clinical psychiatry. Unfortunately, however, psychiatrists and psychologists share with other specialties and disciplines an apparently universal neglect of sleep and its disorders in their training. Surveys in the United States and Europe point to the consistently meagre coverage of these topics in their courses at both undergraduate and postgraduate levels. The following account is an introductory overview of normal sleep, the effects of sleep disturbance, sleep disorders and the risk of failure to recognize them in psychiatric practice, assessment of sleep disturbance, and the various forms of treatment that are available. The aim is to provide a background for the other chapters in this section. The close links between the field of sleep disorders and psychiatry which make it essential that psychiatrists are familiar with the field are as follows: ♦ Sleep disturbance is an almost invariable feature and complication of psychiatric disorders from childhood to old age, with the risk of further reducing the individual's capacity to cope with their difficulties (see Table 4.14.1.3 for further details). ♦ Sleep disturbance can presage psychiatric disorder. ♦ Some psychotropic medications produce significant sleep disturbance. ♦ Of importance to liason psychiatry is the fact that many general medical or paediatric disorders disturb sleep sufficiently to contribute to psychological or psychiatric problems. ♦ Because of lack of familiarity with sleep disorders and their various manifestations, such disorders may well be misinterpreted as primary psychiatric disorders (or, indeed, other clinical conditions) with the result that effective treatments for the sleep disorder are unwittingly withheld (see later). Some of these points will be amplified in later sections of this chapter.
Culture-related specific psychiatric syndromes
Authors: Tseng Wen-Shing 
Published: January 2013

AbstractIn certain ways, all psychiatric disorders are more or less influenced by cultural factors, in addition to biological and psychological factors, for their occurrence and manifestation. ‘Major’ psychiatric disorders (such as schizophrenia or bipolar disorders) are more determined by biological factors and relatively less by psychological and cultural factors, but ‘minor’ psychiatric disorders (such as anxiety disorders, conversion disorders, or adjustment disorders) are more subject to psychological causes as well as cultural factors. In addition to this, there are groups of psychiatric disorders that are heavily related to and influenced by cultural factors, and therefore addressed as culture-related specific psychiatric syndromes. Even though the encounter of culture-related specific psychiatric disorder in our daily psychiatric practice is relatively rare, the purpose of examining such specific syndromes has its significant purpose and implications. Through such unique examples, it helps us to appreciate the cultural attribution to the stress formation, reaction pattern, symptom manifestation, occurrence of frequency of disorders, and reaction to the disorders. It also concerns how to work on therapy for the disorder by complying patient’s cultural background.
Mind–body dualism, psychiatry, and medicine
Authors: Sharpe Michael , Walker Jane 
Published: January 2013

AbstractPatients usually attend doctors because they are concerned about symptoms. When these symptoms are associated with persistent distress or disability we refer to the patient as having an illness. When assessing the patient's illness the doctor aims to make a diagnosis, on the basis of which management can be planned and prognosis made. The diagnoses available to doctors are conventionally defined as either ‘medical’ or ‘psychiatric’. This division of illness into two types is such an accepted feature of current medical practice that we tend to take it for granted. But is it really the best way to think about patients’ illnesses and to plan their care? In order to answer this question we will examine what is meant by ‘medical’ and ‘psychiatric’ diagnoses and the assumptions underpinning this division. The disadvantages of this dualistic approach will be considered and solutions proposed.
Epidemiology of somatoform disorders and other causes of unexplained medical symptoms
Authors: Simon Gregory 
Published: January 2013

AbstractWhile nearly every psychiatric syndrome may include some somatic signs or symptoms, a specific group of syndromes has been traditionally defined as somatoform. This group of disorders is distinguished by certain key features: prominent reporting of somaticymptoms, concern about medical illness, and frequent presentation to general medical providers. As in other categories of mental disorder, the boundaries between individual syndromes are more distinct in our systems of classification than they are in nature. Understanding that various somatoform disorders often overlap, this review is organized according to the major categories of somatoform disorder described in the ICD and DSM classification systems.
Psychiatric aspects of cancer
Authors: Holland Jimmie C. , Stiles Jessica 
Published: January 2013

AbstractPsycho-oncology addresses the two major psychiatric and psychological dimensions of cancer: first, the responses of patients and their families at all stages of disease and the psychological stresses on health professionals delivering their care. The patient and physician relationship, dependent on effective communication, impacts the care of all patients, at every visit, at all sites and stages of cancer, and during all treatments. The second dimension addresses the psychological, behavioural, and social factors that influence cancer risk, detection, and survival. Many cancer centres and hospitals now have multi-disciplinary psychosocial teams consisting of clinicians and clinical investigators from psychology, psychiatry, social work, nursing, and clergy. These teams provide consultation for patients and their caregivers, psychosocial education for oncology staff, and collaboration in studies in which quality of life is important. In addition, active research in brain, immune, and endocrine links is occurring, particularly in the mechanism of cytokines in producing ‘sickness behaviour’ that may provide a biological basis for common symptoms of fatigue, depression, anxiety, weakness, and cognitive chances in cancer patients. Despite the fact that many cancer centres and oncology divisions now have a psycho-oncology or psychosocial unit, only a few centres have programmes that include both research and training. This chapter describes the common psychiatric disorders and psychosocial challenges experienced by cancer patients and the range of interventions available.
Psychiatric aspects of accidents, burns, and other physical trauma
Authors: Malt Ulrik Fredrik 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThis chapter covers the epidemiology of accidents and injury, clinical features and assessment of trauma at the accident scene, responses seen in the emergency room, psychiatric treatment during hospital stay, long-term behavioural and psychiatric consequences of physical trauma, the assessment and treament of long-term psychiatric consequences of traumatic injury, and compensation claims and litigation.