bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Les ONG, outils de gouvernance globale
Authors: Hours Bernard , Selim Monique 
Published: November 2014

Résumé Les ONG ne sont-elles pas de meilleurs inoculateurs des normes globales que les États-nations ? Leurs modes d’intervention garantissent-ils à ces normes le caractère démocratique qu’elles affichent ? L’exemple d’une entreprise sociale dans le domaine de la santé au Bengladesh montre une forte tendance à réinstaurer une hiérarchie entre personnes secourues et professionnels. En Ouzbékistan post-socialiste l’importation de la démocratie qui avait séduit les élites dans un premier temps n’a pas empêché l’instauration de la dictature. En Chine les ONG enregistrées par l’État se saisissent des problèmes difficiles en utilisant des travailleurs sociaux formés dans les Universités. Un travail social bénévole est un bon point pour obtenir un emploi. Il y a aussi des ONG d’environnement en conflit avec le gouvernement à l’échelon local. Les ONG de genre émergent. Les ONG hésitent entre participation et dissidence, permise par Internet. L’État essaie de les intégrer dans une sorte de Care d’État.
Le politique court‑circuité : préemption et contestation
Authors: Massumi Brian , Bordeleau Erik 
Published: November 2014

Résumé La façon dont les « forces de l’ordre » ont tenté de « gérer » les mouvements estudiantins à Montréal témoigne de procédures qui relèvent de la préemption : prévenir les manifestations avant qu’elles ne coagulent. C’est dans cette logique que s’inscrivent les réformes universitaires, et c’est contre elles que les étudiants apprennent à leurs professeurs ce qu’est la résistance.
La diaspora des images de l'Afrique
Authors: Peffer John , Baudouin Thierry 
Published: November 2014

Que se passerait-il si nous commencions à considérer les objets d’art d’Afrique comme étant eux-mêmes une diaspora, par opposition à la conception traditionnelle des diasporas qui concerne la dispersion des personnes, à travers le globe, avec leurs spécificités culturelles ? Cet essai propose de conceptualiser une histoire des objets d’art africains en les pensant comme véhicules, à travers le temps et l’espace, des « diasporas d’images ». John Peffer propose en effet d’examiner la production d’objets visuels en Afrique comme objets en mouvement, qui articulent des histoires et des zones culturelles disparates. En cela, il propose d’envisager un continuum pour des arts catégorisés, ailleurs, soit comme « traditionnels » soit comme « contemporains ».
Mahler prophète
Authors: Bisson Frédéric 
Published: November 2014

À la fois grandiose et ironique, la Troisième Symphonie de Gustav Mahler incarne tous les paradoxes du postromantisme. Bâti sur le contraste stylistique entre « haute » musique et musique vulgaire, le premier mouvement indique la perspective depuis laquelle la mégalomanie romantique peut devenir authentiquement révolutionnaire : la perspective minoritaire. La Symphonie donne ainsi une image de la « grande politique » dont notre temps serait capable.
A Novel Mechanism of B Cell–Mediated Immune Suppression through CD73 Expression and Adenosine Production
Authors: Kaku Hiroaki , Cheng Kai Fan , Al-Abed Yousef , Rothstein Thomas L. 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
Immune suppression by regulatory T cells and regulatory B cells is a critical mechanism to limit excess inflammation and autoimmunity. IL-10 is considered the major mediator of B cell–induced immune suppression. We report a novel mechanism for immune suppression through adenosine generation by B cells. We identified a novel population of B cells that expresses CD73 as well as CD39, two ectoenzymes that together catalyze the extracellular dephosphorylation of adenine nucleotides to adenosine. Whereas CD39 expression is common among B cells, CD73 expression is not. Approximately 30–50% of B-1 cells (B220+CD23−) and IL-10–producing B (B10) cells (B220+CD5+CD1dhi) are CD73hi, depending on mouse strain, whereas few conventional B-2 cells (B220+CD23+AA4.1−) express CD73. In keeping with expression of both CD73 and CD39, we found that CD73+ B cells produce adenosine in the presence of substrate, whereas B-2 cells do not. CD73−/− mice were more susceptible to dextran sulfate sodium salt (DSS)-induced colitis than wild type (WT) mice were, and transfer of CD73+ B cells ameliorated the severity of colitis, suggesting that B cell CD73/CD39/adenosine can modulate DSS-induced colitis. IL-10 production by B cells is not affected by CD73 deficiency. Interestingly, adenosine generation by IL-10−/− B cells is impaired because of reduced expression of CD73, indicating an unexpected connection between IL-10 and adenosine and suggesting caution in interpreting the results of studies with IL-10−/− cells. Our findings demonstrate a novel regulatory role of B cells on colitis through adenosine generation in an IL-10–independent manner.
Viral MHC Class I–like Molecule Allows Evasion of NK Cell Effector Responses In Vivo
Authors: Pyzik Michal , Dumaine Anne A. , Charbonneau Benoît , Fodil-Cornu Nassima , Jonjic Stipan , Vidal Silvia M. 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
The outcome of mouse CMV (MCMV) infection varies among different inbred mouse strains depending on NK cell effector functions governed through recognition receptor triggering. NK cells from different mouse strains possess diverse repertoires of activating or inhibitory Ly49 receptors, which share some of their polymorphic MHC class I (MHC-I) ligands. By examining the NK cell response to MCMV infection in novel BALB substrains congenic for different MHC (or H-2 in mice) haplotypes, we show that recognition of viral MHC-I–like protein m157 by inhibitory Ly49C receptor allows escape from NK cell control of viral replication. Dominant inhibition by Ly49C bound to self–H-2b encoded MHC-I molecules masks this effect, which only becomes apparent in distinct H-2 haplotypes, such as H-2f. The recognition of m157-expressing cells by Ly49C resulted in both decreased NK cell killing in vitro and reduced rejection in vivo. Further, control of infection with m157-deletant (Δm157) MCMV was improved in mice carrying H-2 molecules unrecognized by Ly49C but allowing expansion of NK cell effectors expressing activating Ly49L receptors. Hence, our study is the first, to our knowledge, to demonstrate that MHC-I mimicry strategies used by MCMV to avoid NK cell control are biologically relevant during in vivo viral infection. Of value for human studies is that only a few genetic assortments conditional on the repertoires of viral MHC-I–like proteins/host NK receptors/MHC haplotypes should allow efficient protection against CMV infection.
Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors Upregulate B Cell microRNAs That Silence AID and Blimp-1 Expression for Epigenetic Modulation of Antibody and Autoantibody Responses
Authors: White Clayton A. , Pone Egest J. , Lam Tonika , Tat Connie , Hayama Ken L. , Li Guideng , Zan Hong , Casali Paolo 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
Class-switch DNA recombination (CSR) and somatic hypermutation (SHM), which require activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID), and plasma cell differentiation, which requires B lymphocyte–induced maturation protein-1 (Blimp-1), are critical for the generation of class-switched and hypermutated (mature) Ab and autoantibody responses. We show that histone deacetylase inhibitors valproic acid and butyrate dampened AICDA/Aicda (AID) and PRDM1/Prdm1 (Blimp-1) mRNAs by upregulating miR-155, miR-181b, and miR-361 to silence AICDA/Aicda, and miR-23b, miR-30a, and miR-125b to silence PRDM1/Prdm1, in human and mouse B cells. This led to downregulation of AID, Blimp-1, and X-box binding protein 1, thereby inhibiting CSR, SHM, and plasma cell differentiation without altering B cell viability or proliferation. The selectivity of histone deacetylase inhibitor–mediated silencing of AICDA/Aicda and PRDM1/Prdm1 was emphasized by unchanged expression of HoxC4 and Irf4 (important inducers/modulators of AICDA/Aicda), Rev1 and Ung (central elements for CSR/SHM), and Bcl6, Bach2, or Pax5 (repressors of PRDM1/Prdm1 expression), as well as unchanged expression of miR-19a/b, miR-20a, and miR-25, which are not known to regulate AICDA/Aicda or PRDM1/Prdm1. Through these B cell–intrinsic epigenetic mechanisms, valproic acid blunted class-switched and hypermutated T-dependent and T-independent Ab responses in C57BL/6 mice. In addition, it decreased class-switched and hypermutated autoantibodies, ameliorated disease, and extended survival in lupus MRL/Faslpr/lpr mice. Our findings outline epigenetic mechanisms that modulate expression of an enzyme (AID) and transcription factors (Blimp-1 and X-box binding protein 1) that are critical to the B cell differentiation processes that underpin Ab and autoantibody responses. They also provide therapeutic proof-of-principle in autoantibody-mediated autoimmunity.
Cutting Edge: New Chimeric NOD2/TLR2 Adjuvant Drastically Increases Vaccine Immunogenicity
Authors: Pavot Vincent , Rochereau Nicolas , Rességuier Julien , Gutjahr Alice , Genin Christian , Tiraby Gerard , Perouzel Eric , Lioux Thierry , Vernejoul Fabienne , Verrier Bernard , Paul Stéphane 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
TLR ligands are critical activators of innate immunity and are being developed as vaccine adjuvants. However, their usefulness in conjunction with NOD-like receptor agonists remains poorly studied. In this study, we evaluated a new ligand that targets both TLR2 and NOD2 receptors. We assessed its ability to enhance dendritic cell maturation in vitro in addition to improving systemic and mucosal immune responses in mice. The chimeric NOD2/TLR2 ligand induced synergistic upregulation of dendritic cell maturation markers, costimulatory molecules, and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines compared with combinations of separate ligands. Furthermore, when coadministered with biodegradable nanoparticles carrying a model Ag, the ligand was able to induce high Ag-specific IgA and IgG titers at both systemic and mucosal sites after parenteral immunizations. These findings point out the potential utility of chimeric molecules TLR/NOD as adjuvants for vaccines to induce systemic and mucosal immune responses.
Perceptions of menopause and aging in rural villages of Limpopo Province, South Africa
Authors: Ramakuela Nditsheni J. , Akinsola Henry A. , Khoza Lunic B. , Lebese Rachel T. , Tugli Augustine 
Published: November 2014

Background: The term ‘menopause’ is derived from the Greek words men (month) and pausis (a cessation, a pause). It is a direct description of the psychological and physical events in women where menstruation ceases to occur. It is the time in a woman’s life when she has experienced her last menstrual bleed. Menopause is not a disease per se but a condition associated with hormonal changes where oestrogen diminishes to a low level, causing aging-related health problems. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to explore perceptions of menopause and aging amongst women in rural villages of Vhembe District in Limpopo Province, South Africa.Method: The study was qualitative and explorative, using phenomenological approach. Purposive sampling was used to select the four villages and to select the focus groups. Sample size was determined by data saturation.Results: The study findings were that participants in the villages associated cessation of menstruation to aging rather than menopause. Once menstruation stopped, one was regarded as old.Conclusion: The conclusions of the study were that (1) menopausal issues should be emphasised and receive priority from puberty at the girls initiation schools, high schools, churches, other community resources and health care services so that when women reach menopause, (2) they should accept and be able to effectively cope with menopause and aging. (3) Emphasis should also be placed on menopause as the aspect of human aging. Agtergrond: Die term ‘menopouse’ is afgelei van die Griekse woorde menos (maand) en pausis (onderbreking/pouse, einde) en is ’n direkte beskrywing van die psigologiese en fisiese gebeure in vroue waar menstruasie ophou voorkom. Dit is die tyd in ’n vrou se lewe wanneer die laaste menstruele bloeding ervaar word. Menopouse is nie ’n siekte per se nie, maar ’n toestand wat geassosieer word met hormonale veranderings waar estrogen afneem tot ’n vlak wat gesondheidsverwante probleme veroorsaak.Doelstelling: Die doel van die studie was om persepsies ten opsigte van menopause en veroudering onder landelike vroue in die Vhembe-distrik in Limpopo Provinsie, Suid-Afrika, te verken.Metode: Die studie was kwalitatief en verkennend, met ’n fenomenologiese benadering. Doelgerigte steekproefneming is gebruik om die vier dorpies en deelnemers van die fokusgroepe te selekteer. Die steekproefgrootte is bepaal deur dataversadiging.Resultate: Die bevindings was dat die deelnemers die einde van menstruasie aan ouderdom, en nie aan menopause nie, toeskryf. Wanneer menstruasie stop, word ’n vrou dus as oud beskou.Gevolgtrekkings: Aanbevelings was dat (1) menopausale onderwerpe reeds beklemtoon behoort te word vanaf puberteit in inisiasieskole, hoërskole, kerke en gemeenskappe en gesondheidsdienste sodat, wanneer menopouse bereik word, (2) vroue dit kan aanvaar en positief ervaar. (3) Klem behoort ook op menopause as ’n menslike aspek van veroudering gelê te word.
The role of dermoscopy and digital dermoscopy follow-up in the clinical diagnosis of melanoma: clinical and dermoscopic features of 99 consecutive primary melanomas
Authors: Salerni Gabriel , Terán Teresita , Alonso Carlos , Fernández-Bussy Ramón 
Published: November 2014

Background: Early recognition is the most important intervention to improve melanoma prognosis.
Objective: To report the value of dermoscopy and digital dermoscopy in the clinical diagnosis of malignant melanoma (MM).
Methods: Retrospective analysis of 99 consecutive primary MMs diagnosed between 2010 and 2013. The MMs were divided into 3 groups: 1) the MM was the reason for consultation (MMC), 2) the MM was detected during routine control of nevi (MMRC), and 3) the MM was detected due to changes observed during digital dermoscopy follow-up (MMDFU). Clinical, dermoscopic and histologic features were assessed.
Results: A total of 99 MMs were diagnosed in 89 patients (55% male) with a mean age of 50.8 (18-93) years. Of all the MMs, 35 were the reason for patient consultation (MMC), 52 were detected during routine control of nevi (MMRC) and 12 were diagnosed due to changes observed with digital dermoscopy (MMDFU). On clinical examination, 74.2 % of MMC met the 4 ABCD criteria, while only 30.7 % of MMRC and 8.3 % of MMDFU. Most MMC were correctly classified as malignant according to dermoscopy, but 44.2% of MMRC and only 16.7% of MMDFU. 22.9% of MMC, 50% of MMRC and 58.3% of MMDFU were in situ. Mean Breslow thickness was significantly lower in the MMDFU group (0.52 mm) than in the MMRC and MMDFU groups (0.77 and 1.43 mm respectively).
Conclusions: The use of dermoscopy and digital dermoscopy allows the detection of MMs in early stages, even in the absence of specific criteria for malignancy.
Concise Review: Mesoangioblast and Mesenchymal Stem Cell Therapy for Muscular Dystrophy: Progress, Challenges, and Future Directions
Authors: Berry Suzanne E. 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and mesoangioblasts (MABs) are multipotent cells that differentiate into specialized cells of mesodermal origin, including skeletal muscle cells. Because of their potential to differentiate into the skeletal muscle lineage, these multipotent cells have been tested for their capacity to participate in regeneration of damaged skeletal muscle in animal models of muscular dystrophy. MSCs and MABs infiltrate dystrophic muscle from the circulation, engraft into host fibers, and bring with them proteins that replace the functions of those missing or truncated. The potential for systemic delivery of these cells increases the feasibility of stem cell therapy for the large numbers of affected skeletal muscles in patients with muscular dystrophy. The present review focused on the results of preclinical studies with MSCs and MABs in animal models of muscular dystrophy. The goals of the present report were to (a) summarize recent results, (b) compare the efficacy of MSCs and MABs derived from different tissues in restoration of protein expression and/or improvement in muscle function, and (c) discuss future directions for translating these discoveries to the clinic. In addition, although systemic delivery of MABs and MSCs is of great importance for reaching dystrophic muscles, the potential concerns related to this method of stem cell transplantation are discussed.
Defining the Optimal Window for Cranial Transplantation of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Cells to Ameliorate Radiation-Induced Cognitive Impairment
Authors: Acharya Munjal M. , Martirosian Vahan , Christie Lori-Ann , Riparip Lara , Strnadel Jan , Parihar Vipan K. , Limoli Charles L. 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
Past preclinical studies have demonstrated the capability of using human stem cell transplantation in the irradiated brain to ameliorate radiation-induced cognitive dysfunction. Intrahippocampal transplantation of human embryonic stem cells and human neural stem cells (hNSCs) was found to functionally restore cognition in rats 1 and 4 months after cranial irradiation. To optimize the potential therapeutic benefits of human stem cell transplantation, we have further defined optimal transplantation windows for maximizing cognitive benefits after irradiation and used induced pluripotent stem cell-derived hNSCs (iPSC-hNSCs) that may eventually help minimize graft rejection in the host brain. For these studies, animals given an acute head-only dose of 10 Gy were grafted with iPSC-hNSCs at 2 days, 2 weeks, or 4 weeks following irradiation. Animals receiving stem cell grafts showed improved hippocampal spatial memory and contextual fear-conditioning performance compared with irradiated sham-surgery controls when analyzed 1 month after transplantation surgery. Importantly, superior performance was evident when stem cell grafting was delayed by 4 weeks following irradiation compared with animals grafted at earlier times. Analysis of the 4-week cohort showed that the surviving grafted cells migrated throughout the CA1 and CA3 subfields of the host hippocampus and differentiated into neuronal (∼39%) and astroglial (∼14%) subtypes. Furthermore, radiation-induced inflammation was significantly attenuated across multiple hippocampal subfields in animals receiving iPSC-hNSCs at 4 weeks after irradiation. These studies expand our prior findings to demonstrate that protracted stem cell grafting provides improved cognitive benefits following irradiation that are associated with reduced neuroinflammation.
T‐cell immunosuppression in sepsis is augmented by sciatic denervation‐induced skeletal muscle atrophy
Authors: Osa Sumika , Enoki Yuki , Takahashi Daisuke , Chuang Victor Tuan Giam , Taguchi Kazuaki , Matsumoto Kazuaki 
Published: August 2024

Skeletal muscle atrophy is a known risk factor for immunosuppressive conditions and for a poor prognosis in sepsis. However, its immunopathology has not been experimentally elucidated. This study investigated the effects of skeletal muscle atrophy on the immunopathology of sepsis. Male C57BL/6J mice were subjected to sciatic denervation (DN) and caecal ligation and puncture (CLP) to induce muscle atrophy or sepsis. The macrophages, myeloid‐derived suppressor cells (MDSC), and T‐cells in peritoneal and spleen were analysed using flow cytometry. DN‐induced muscle atrophy did not affect macrophage and MDSC populations. In contrast, the percentage of cytotoxic T‐lymphocyte‐associated antigen (CTLA)‐4+ CD4+ T‐cells, programmed death (PD)‐1+ CD8+ T‐cells, regulatory T‐cells, and the CTLA‐4+ regulatory T‐cells was statistically significantly higher in DN‐CLP mice than in sham‐CLP mice. Skeletal muscle atrophy before sepsis triggers excessive T cell immunosuppression, which may contribute to the exacerbation of sepsis under skeletal muscle atrophy.
Association of Muscle Quantity and Quality With Knee Extension Strength in Knee Osteoarthritis: The Nagahama Study
Authors: Okada Shogo , Taniguchi Masashi , Ikezoe Tome , Tsuboyama Tadao , Ito Hiromu , Matsuda Shuichi , Matsuda Fumihiko , Ichihashi Noriaki 
Published: August 2024

ObjectiveWe aimed to examine whether lower‐limb muscle quantity and quality assessed by bioelectric impedance analysis (BIA) were associated with knee extension strength and whether the association differed with knee osteoarthritis (OA) severity.MethodsWe included 1,525 participants (63.6% women; mean ± SD age 68.0 ± 5.3 years) from the Nagahama Prospective Cohort. Knee extension strength was measured during maximum voluntary isometric contraction. Lower‐limb muscle mass and the extracellular water (ECW)–to–intracellular water (ICW) ratio were used as indicators of muscle quantity and quality, respectively, and assessed via a BIA device. We executed multiple linear regression analyses to investigate the association of muscle quantity and quality with knee extension strength. Additionally, participants were classified into three groups with respect to OA severity and symptoms: control, early OA, and advanced OA groups; subgroup analyses were also executed.ResultsThe muscle mass (P < 0.001) and ECW‐to‐ICW ratio (P = 0.009) were significantly associated with knee extension strength. In the subgroup analysis, the muscle mass was significantly associated with knee extension strength (P < 0.001), but there was no association between ECW‐to‐ICW ratio and knee extension strength (P = 0.731) in the control group. In the early OA and advanced OA groups, the muscle mass (both P < 0.001) and ECW‐to‐ICW ratio (early OA, P = 0.034; advanced OA, P = 0.015) were significantly associated with knee extension strength.ConclusionLower‐limb muscle quality was associated with knee extension strength, and the association was stronger in patients with knee OA. These findings suggest that both muscle quantity and quality should be assessed to better understand muscle function in patients with knee OA.
Functional Patient‐Reported Outcome Measures After Hip or Knee Arthroplasty: A Systematic Review and Content Analysis Using the International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health
Authors: Karimijashni Motahareh , Abtahi Forough , Abbasalipour Shokoofih , Ranjbar Parisa , Dabbagh Armaghan , Westby Marie , Ramsay Tim , Beaulé Paul E. , Poitras Stéphane 
Published: August 2024

ObjectiveThis systematic review aimed to identify the existing patient‐reported outcome measures (PROMs) used in hip or knee arthroplasty for adults with osteoarthritis and assess their content validity using the modified International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health (ICF) core set for osteoarthritis (OA).MethodsFour databases were systematically searched to identify disease or joint‐specific PROMs evaluating function after hip or knee arthroplasty. Two reviewers independently evaluated the content of PROMs based on established ICF linking rules.ResultsFrom 449 studies included in this review, 50 PROMs were identified. The mobility chapter of activities and participation was the most common component, followed by the sensory function and pain chapter of body function and structure. The most frequent ICF activity and participation categories were d451 going up and down stairs, d4701 using private motorized transportation, d4104 standing, and d4154 maintaining a standing position. However, 11 ICF categories of the modified OA core set were not captured in any PROMs. This ICF‐based content analysis of PROMs revealed that included activity and participation categories vary widely, with little overlap among PROMs. The Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score and the Hip Disability and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score had the most coverage for activity and participation (36.7%).ConclusionEven though our search identified 50 specific PROMs, there remain gaps in content related to activity and participation coverage. By providing a content analysis of the PROMs used after hip or knee arthroplasty, this study may help clinicians select PROMs based on covered categories and relevant clinical objectives.