bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
O desenvolvimento de motores a álcool e bicombustível: concentração territorial e risco de perda das vantagens de first commer
Authors: Vazzolér Luiz Fernando Rigacci , Bonacelli Maria Beatriz Machado , Carneiro Ana Maria 
Published: September 2014

Apresenta-se neste artigo uma análise do quadro técnico-científico da produção do conhecimento relacionado ao desenvolvimento dos motores a álcool e bicombustível (flex) no Brasil no período que se estende entre 1975 e 2008, a partir de indicadores de produção científica e de produção técnica. Os principais resultados indicam baixos números absolutos de publicações e de patentes, e também de colaborações e cooperação entre os principais atores envolvidos nestas atividades. Esta constatação traz grande preocupação, pois os resultados estão atrelados a áreas do conhecimento (ciências agrárias, biologia, química, entre outras), a setores da atividade econômica (agroindústria da cana-de-açúcar e do etanol e indústria automobilística) e a um estado da federação (São Paulo) de grande relevância para o cenário econômico, social, de C&T e inovação nacional, indicando a necessidade de política pública de maior envergadura para não apenas dar dinamismo científico a essas iniciativas, mas também melhores resultados técnico-econômicos, para o Brasil não perder as vantagens de ser first commer nesta área.
Desenvolvimento, distribuição e emprego ou o mercado de trabalho brasileiro à luz de Raúl Prebisch
Authors: Carneiro Leão Igor Zanoni Constant , Silva Newton Gracia da 
Published: September 2014

O texto examina o problema do emprego na atualidade brasileira levando em consideração dados recentes do mercado do trabalho e a visão de um autor como Raúl Prebisch sobre emprego, distribuição de renda e desenvolvimento na América Latina. Esclarecemos que a heterogeneidade estrutural do mercado de trabalho latino-americano impede que o tema do “pleno emprego” seja analisado nos mesmos moldes do que ocorre nos EUA ou na Europa. Assim, há alguns segmentos ou ramos de atividade onde podem faltar trabalhadores especializados (em algumas regiões mais dinâmicas), ao passo que existe um imenso “exército industrial de reserva” na forma de desempregados, trabalhadores informais de baixa renda e até trabalhadores sem remuneração.
Políticas pró-inovação: uma análise da política industrial nos oito anos do Governo Lula
Authors: Brandão Leidiane Alcântara , Drumond Carlos Eduardo Iwai 
Published: September 2014

Este artigo analisa a Política Industrial (PI) nos dois mandatos do governo Lula. Mais especificamente, foram estudadas a PITCE (Política Industrial, Tecnológica e de Comércio Exterior) e a PDP (Política de Desenvolvimento Produtivo), lançadas, respectivamente, em 2004 e 2008. Também se estuda a atuação do BNDES, principal agência executora de PI no Brasil. Considerando o arcabouço encontrado em Rodrik (2004) como benchmark, conclui-se que a PI nos dois mandatos do governo Lula não foi uma política pró-inovação.
Expansão do Crédito no Brasil e a Vulnerabilidade do Consumidor
Authors: Sbicca Adriana , Floriani Vinícius , Juk Yohanna 
Published: September 2014

Através da análise de informações recentes quanto à intensa expansão do crédito à pessoa física, inadimplência e comprometimento de renda no Brasil, este texto identifica a população de baixa renda como consumidores vulneráveis. Uma discussão nascente destaca como características principais da vulnerabilidade do consumidor a pouca experiência com a contratação do crédito e uma tendência à fragilização de sua condição financeira devido às dívidas adquiridas e à capacidade de saldá-las. O texto chama a atenção para que, além da disponibilidade de informação para que os consumidores possam decidir pela contratação ou não de dívida, as tendências futuras da situação financeira dessas famílias devem ser analisadas, o que envolve expectativa de renda e a identificação de padrões de comportamento que influenciam a contratação do crédito.
A Curva de Phillips: Uma análise da economia brasileira de 2002 a 2012
Authors: Hoeckel Paulo Henrique de Oliveira , Feistel Paulo Ricardo , Veloso Gilberto De Oliveira , Casagrande Dieison Lenon , Santos Cezar Augusto Pereira dos 
Published: September 2014

Este trabalho tem o objetivo de realizar uma sucinta revisão da história da curva de Phillips e a partir desta, avaliar se existe na economia brasileira uma relação funcional inversa entre inflação e desemprego, levando em consideração o período após a concretização do Plano Real e implementação da política de metas inflacionárias até o inicio do ano de 2012. Para isto, o modelo proposto para a análise da curva de Phillips no Brasil levou em consideração as expectativas adaptativas, utilizando a metodologia de Johansen para estimar a curva de Phillips e avaliar se esta se verifica na economia brasileira no período analisado. Os resultados mostram, que a relação entre inflação e inflação esperada é significativa e indicam haver uma relação positiva entre a taxa de inflação e a taxa de desemprego no modelo de longo prazo e uma relação negativa no modelo de curto prazo, porém ambas mostraram-se não significativas estatisticamente, inferindo que a curva de Phillips para o Brasil, não é verificada para o período do estudo.
Caracterização da coleta seletiva de resíduos sólidos no Brasil: avanços e dificuldades
Authors: Rodrigues Alessandra Maria Gomes , Sousa Eliane Pinheiro de 
Published: September 2014

O manejo de resíduos sólidos tem sido uma preocupação presente na atualidade para a administração pública e para a população brasileira em geral. Nesse contexto, o serviço de coleta seletiva tem sido apontado como alternativa inovadora para diminuir a geração de resíduos sólidos domésticos e incentivar a reciclagem. Assim, esse trabalho se propõe caracterizar a ação da coleta seletiva de resíduos sólidos no Brasil, considerando os dados de 2000 e 2008. Especificamente, pretende-se descrever os avanços dessa prática sustentável no Brasil e mostrar as dificuldades de realização dessa medida no país. Para atender a esses objetivos propostos, empregou-se uma análise tabular e descritiva, utilizando a base de dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Saneamento Básico do IBGE nas versões de 2000 e 2008. Os dados mostraram que as regiões Sudeste e Sul obtiveram melhores resultados em termos do número de municípios que fazem uso da coleta seletiva entre 2000 e 2008. Entretanto, o desempenho dos municípios ainda está muito abaixo do necessário para reduzir a quantidade de resíduos que acabam sendo destinados inadequadamente para aterros e lixões. Portanto, conclui-se que é necessário ampliar esse serviço como uma forma de gestão dos resíduos sólidos.
Effects of Self-induced Unclassified Therapeutic Tremors on Quality of Life among Non-professional Caregivers: A Pilot Study
Authors: Berceli David , Salmon Melanie , Bonifas Robin , Ndefo Nkem 
Published: September 2014

Background: Chronic stress has a negative effect on health-related quality of life. In challenging environments with multiple stressors, limited access to mental health resources, and cultural impediments to health care delivery, effective and accessible methods of stress management are critical. Activation of self-induced therapeutic tremors (SUTT) may mitigate excess stress and improve quality of life (QoL) under such conditions. Objectives: To investigate (1) the feasibility of a 10-week SUTT training and practice intervention and (2) the association between participants’ use of SUTT and any changes in their self-reported health-related QoL. Methods: All staff members of the SOS Children's Village in Cape Town, South Africa (n=21) received 10 weeks of SUTT weekly training and group practice along with independent SUTT practice 2 to 3 times weekly. A wellness-based QoL questionnaire was administered before and after the intervention, and participants were instructed to keep a diary of their experiences. Results: Following 10 weeks of SUTT instruction and practice (1) there was a 91.3% adherence rate to the intervention protocol and (2) participants reported their overall impressions of changes in all five QoL domains increased at a statistically significant level: mean scores were 3.81 at pre-test and 4.35 at post-test (P<.05). Conclusions: A 10-week SUTT instruction and practice protocol is both highly feasible among non-professional caregivers and a potential therapeutic method for improving QoL.
The role of the Sun in long‐term change in the F2 peak ionosphere: New insights from EEMD and numerical modeling
Authors: Cnossen Ingrid , Franzke Christian 
Published: September 2014

AbstractWe applied Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition (EEMD) for the first time to ionosonde data to study trends in the critical frequency of the F2 peak, foF2, and its height, hmF2, from 1959 to 2005. EEMD decomposes a time series into several quasi‐cyclical components, called Intrinsic Mode Functions, and a residual, which can be interpreted as a long‐term trend. In contrast to the more commonly used linear regression‐based trend analysis, EEMD makes no assumptions on the functional form of the trend and no separate correction for the influence of solar activity variations is needed. We also adopted a more rigorous significance testing procedure with less restrictive underlying assumptions than the F test, which is normally used as part of a linear regression‐based trend analysis. EEMD analysis shows that trends in hmF2 and foF2 between 1959 and 2005 are mostly highly linear, but the F test tends to overestimate the significance of trends in hmF2 and foF2 in 30% and 25% of cases, respectively. EEMD‐based trends are consistently more negative than linear regression‐based trends, by 30–35% for hmF2 and about 50% for foF2. This may be due to the different treatment of the influence of a long‐term decrease in solar activity from 1959 to 2005. We estimate the effect of this decrease in solar activity with two different data‐based methods as well as using numerical model simulations. While these estimates vary, all three methods demonstrate a larger relative influence of the Sun on trends in foF2 than on trends in hmF2.
Magnetostratigraphy of a greigite‐bearing core from the South Yellow Sea: Implications for remagnetization and sedimentation
Authors: Liu Jianxing , Shi Xuefa , Liu Qingsong , Ge Shulan , Liu Yanguang , Yao Zhengquan , Zhao Quanhong , Jin Chunsheng , Jiang Zhaoxia , Liu Shengfa , Qiao Shuqing , Li Xiaoyan , Li Chuanshun , Wang Chunjuan 
Published: September 2014

AbstractSediments from the continental shelf are sensitive to sea level, climatic changes, and local tectonic history. In this study, we carried out a high‐resolution magnetostratigraphic investigation on the longest core (NHH01, 125.64 m) recovered from the South Yellow Sea (SYS). An abnormal interval dominated by negative inclinations was discovered by applying alternating field demagnetization (AFD) on samples from a greigite‐bearing layer (44.90–51.80 m). In contrast, the inclinations of most greigite‐bearing samples changed from negative to positive when heated to ~360°C. This strongly indicates that this inclination anomaly revealed by the AFD alone is not a true negative subchron. After neglecting the effects of greigite‐bearing layers, the straightforward correlation of the interpreted magnetostratigraphy defines the Matuyama‐Brunhes boundary (781 ka) and the Jaramillo top (990 ka) at 68.64 m and 101.54 m, respectively. The linearly extrapolated basal age of the core is ~1.10 Ma. In addition, several short‐lived inclination anomalies can be tentatively assigned to magnetic excursions, which indicates that the sedimentation could be continuous even at the millennial time scale at depth intervals bracketing these fast geomagnetic events. Moreover, the excellent correspondence between clay content variations of the core and the marine oxygen isotope record indicates the potential of clay content as a paleoclimatic proxy in the studied region in the past ~1 Ma. In brief, our study provides not only a robust age model in the SYS but also a methodological guide for paleomagnetic studies in continental shelf region.
South Indian Countercurrent and associated fronts
Authors: Menezes Viviane V. , Phillips Helen E. , Schiller Andreas , Bindoff Nathaniel L. , Domingues Catia M. , Vianna Marcio L. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractA striking feature of the South Indian Ocean circulation is the presence of the eastward South Indian Countercurrent (SICC) that flows in a direction opposite to that predicted by the classical theories of wind‐driven circulation. Several authors suggest that the SICC resembles the subtropical countercurrents (STCCs) observed in other oceans, which are defined as narrow eastward jets on the equatorward side of subtropical gyres, where the depth‐integrated flow is westward. These jets are associated with subsurface thermal fronts at thermocline depths by the thermal wind relation. However, the subsurface thermal front associated with the SICC has not been described to date. Other studies conjecture an important role for salinity in controlling the SICC. In the present work, we analyze three Argo‐based atlases and data from six hydrographic cruises to investigate whether the SICC is accompanied by permanent thermal and density fronts including salinity effects. The seasonal cycle of these fronts in relation to the SICC strength is also investigated. We find that the SICC is better described as composed of three distinct jets, which we name the northern, central, and southern SICC. We find that the southern SICC around 26°S has an associated thermal front at subsurface depths around 100–200 m with salinity being of secondary importance. The southern branch strength is related to mode waters poleward of the front, similar to a STCC‐like current. However, the SICC multiple jet structure seems to be better described as resulting from PV staircases.
Improving satellite‐driven PM2.5 models with Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer fire counts in the southeastern U.S.
Authors: Hu Xuefei , Waller Lance A. , Lyapustin Alexei , Wang Yujie , Liu Yang 
Published: September 2014

AbstractMultiple studies have developed surface PM2.5 (particle size less than 2.5 µm in aerodynamic diameter) prediction models using satellite‐derived aerosol optical depth as the primary predictor and meteorological and land use variables as secondary variables. To our knowledge, satellite‐retrieved fire information has not been used for PM2.5 concentration prediction in statistical models. Fire data could be a useful predictor since fires are significant contributors of PM2.5. In this paper, we examined whether remotely sensed fire count data could improve PM2.5 prediction accuracy in the southeastern U.S. in a spatial statistical model setting. A sensitivity analysis showed that when the radius of the buffer zone centered at each PM2.5 monitoring site reached 75 km, fire count data generally have the greatest predictive power of PM2.5 across the models considered. Cross validation (CV) generated an R2 of 0.69, a mean prediction error of 2.75 µg/m3, and root‐mean‐square prediction errors (RMSPEs) of 4.29 µg/m3, indicating a good fit between the dependent and predictor variables. A comparison showed that the prediction accuracy was improved more substantially from the nonfire model to the fire model at sites with higher fire counts. With increasing fire counts, CV RMSPE decreased by values up to 1.5 µg/m3, exhibiting a maximum improvement of 13.4% in prediction accuracy. Fire count data were shown to have better performance in southern Georgia and in the spring season due to higher fire occurrence. Our findings indicate that fire count data provide a measurable improvement in PM2.5 concentration estimation, especially in areas and seasons prone to fire events.
Human Genome Project: Reassessment and Philosophical Analysis
Authors: Ruse Michael 
Published: September 2014

AbstractSince the discovery of the structure of thedeoxyribonucleic acidmolecule, scientists have attempted to map the human genome. Completion of the project has forced us to face the new task of deciding what to do with the information we have acquired.Key Concepts:The discovery of the double helix was the start of molecular biology.The challenge of mapping the genes of the human genome.The need for a comparative approach, going beyond humans to other organisms.Development is not just a matter of the number of genes, but of how they interact in growth.The dangers of thinking that genes alone dictate human nature and human health.The exciting possibilities of designer medicine.
Sociobiology – A Philosophical Analysis
Authors: Ruse Michael 
Published: September 2014

AbstractSociobiology is the study of animal behaviour from an evolutionary perspective. It played a major role in Darwin'sOrigin of Species, but then lay undeveloped until the 1960s. It proved very controversial especially when applied to humankind, with social scientists and left‐wing biologists arguing that it was racist, sexist, unfalsifiable and untrue. Some of these criticisms were well taken but in recent years sociobiology, including the human application, is much more solid and defensible.Key Concepts:Charles Darwin with his theory of evolution through natural selection is the originator of sociobiology.Key mechanisms for sociobiology include kin selection and reciprocal altruism, leading to evolutionary stable strategies.Edward O. Wilson gave the definitive treatment of the topic in hisSociobiology: The New Synthesis.Richard Dawkins popularised sociobiology with his talk of selfish genes, ideas opposed to group selection.Sociobiology has been applied to humankind to explain such topics as step‐parenting.
Molecular Genetics of Costello Syndrome
Authors: Burkitt Wright Emma MM , Kerr Bronwyn 
Published: September 2014

Abstract

The molecular basis of Costello syndrome (CS) is heterozygous germline mutations in
HRAS
. Over 95% of patients with CS have been found to have mutations in codon 12 or codon 13, with over 80% having the single mutation c.34G>A, p.(Gly12Ser). The mutational spectrum is similar, but not identical, to that observed for somatic
HRAS
mutations in cancer. These mutations result in constitutive activation of the HRAS protein. The function of HRAS as a molecular switch is therefore perturbed, resulting in increased downstream Ras‐MAPK pathway activity. The severity of clinical features of CS in any given individual may be influenced by which mutation is present, with mutations more commonly observed in cancer, such as p.(Gly12Val), which have more dramatic effects at the cellular level, tending to lead to a more severe presentation. As for other germline disorders, however, much variability is seen, which may be due to further genomic and other modifying factors.

Key Concepts:

Germline gain of function mutations in
HRAS
cause Costello syndrome (CS).

Somatic gain‐of‐function
HRAS
mutations (often with more extreme biochemical effects) are also found in cancer.

HRAS
p.(Gly12Ser) is the cause of CS in 80% of patients diagnosed with this condition.

CS is associated with advanced paternal age.

Spermatogonia in the testes of older fathers may be enriched for mutations conferring a proliferative advantage, such as the
HRAS
mutations that underlie CS.
Molecular Cytogenetic Analysis: Applications in Cancer
Authors: Das Kakoli , Tan Patrick 
Published: September 2014

AbstractMolecular cytogenetics has played an important role in the rapid and precise characterisation of chromosome anomalies, which can serve as hallmarks of different types of cancer. The authors have considerably advanced their understanding of the molecular events involved in the initiation and progression of various cancers, with the aid of molecular cytogenetic technologies. Techniques such as fluorescencein situhybridisation, as well as recent high‐throughput sequencing methods that give a comprehensive insight into cancer genomics, have helped in the early identification of at‐risk individuals. These techniques also allow for an earlier detection of cancer, prognosis optimisation and the opportunity for a cure. This article highlights the application of molecular cytogenetics analysis in various cancers.Key Concepts:All cancers display at least one numerical or structural chromosome aberration.Molecular cytogenetics enables a clinician to decide the best testing strategy for cancer patients.Molecular cytogenetic techniques provide a snapshot of all the molecular activities in a tumour sample facilitating the discovery of totally novel and unexpected functional roles of genes.Techniques such as fluorescencein situhybridisation is highly recommended for identifying key biomarkers in various cancers.DNA microarray technology has led to identification of certain anomalies in cancer that were once thought to be non‐traceable.Next generation sequencing has enabled to catalogue the genomic landscape of thousands of cancer genomes across many disease types.Molecular cytogenetic methods have subclassified tumours that are important in identifying or tailoring responsiveness to targeted therapies.The high sensitivity and specificity of the molecular cytogenetic techniques make them useful adjuvants to conventional banding in the screening for all types of chromosomal aberration.A new era of bridging molecular cytogenetics and personalised medicine has emerged that will help to monitor disease progression and molecularly guided therapies.
Regulatory Considerations of Biomanufacturing Facilities
Authors: Priesmeyer Kip 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
Throughout the design process, architectural engineer of biopharmaceutical facility must be cognizant of the various global and regional regulatory statutes, related regulations, and expectations that are applicable to the facility's design, form, and intended function. Regulatory aspects must be clearly understood, including design and construction features, open and closed processing and related area classifications, plumbing and lighting, equipment suitability, and the flow of personnel, equipment, and materials.

The chapter offers a regulatory “tool box” for a design team of a multiproduct biopharmaceutical facility. It provides an overview of US and European regulations and guidelines considering the quality systems and control strategies along with bioburden control, and their potential impact on the design and operation of a facility. A synopsis of the Compliance Program guidelines used by
FDA
(Food and Drug Administration) investigators who inspect biopharmaceutical facilities and the common
FDA
483 observations are included. The information given in this chapter should not be considered as all inclusive, but rather as a basic foundation in the attempt to achieve regulatory compliance during facility design.
Single Nucleotide Polymorphism
Authors: Børsting Claus , Pereira Vania , Andersen Jeppe D. , Morling Niels 
Published: September 2014

AbstractSingle nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are the most frequent DNA sequence variations in the genome. They have been studied extensively in the last decade with various purposes in mind. In this chapter, we will discuss the advantages and disadvantages of using SNPs for human identification and briefly describe the methods that are preferred for SNP typing in forensic genetics. In addition, we will illustrate how SNPs can be used as investigative leads in the police investigation by discussing the use of ancestry informative markers and forensic DNA phenotyping. Modern DNA sequencing technologies (also callednext‐generation sequencingorNGS) have the potential to completely transform forensic genetic investigations as we know them today. Here, we will make a short introduction to NGS and explain how NGS may combine analysis of the traditional forensic genetic markers with analysis of SNPs. This will allow acquisition of more information from the sample materials and open up for new possibilities as well as new challenges.