bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Versatile Cyclic 2,2′‐Azobenzenophane with a Functional Handle and Its Polymers: Efficient Synthesis and Effect of Topological Structure on Chiroptical Properties
Authors: Lu Jinjie , Xia Aiyou , Zhou Nianchen , Zhang Wei , Zhang Zhengbiao , Pan Xiangqiang , Yang Yonggang , Wang Yong , Zhu Xiulin 
Published: December 2014

AbstractTwo novel cyclic azobenzenophanes (SC, RC) with functional handles have been synthesized efficiently by a Glaser coupling reaction. Through a Suzuki coupling reaction, alternating ring/linear polymers with rigid (conjugated)/flexible (unconjugated) bridges were obtained from the resultant cyclic azobenzenophanes. The optical activities of linear, cyclic, and macromolecular binaphethyl–azobenzene derivatives were investigated by UV/Vis and circular dichroism (CD) spectra and the time‐dependent (TD)‐DFT method. Experimental results and theoretical analyses indicated that the cyclic configurations exhibited better chiroptical features than the others, and the reverse conformation and difference of dextro‐/levo‐rotation of azobenzenophanes were detected by comparing linear and cyclic structures, which provides an opportunity for the optical‐rotation‐controlled “smart” materials systems in future.
Racial Disparities in the Use of Catheter Ablation for Atrial Fibrillation and Flutter
Authors: Tamariz Leonardo , Rodriguez Alexis , Palacio Ana , Li Hua , Myerburg Robert 
Published: December 2014

AbstractBackgroundAtrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common arrhythmia seen in clinical practice. Catheter ablation is an expensive but potentially curable treatment of AF. We explored differences in the use of catheter ablation for AF in the state of Florida and compared the findings to ablation for atrial flutter.MethodsWe conducted a cross‐sectional analysis of all ambulatory and hospital discharge procedures between 2006 and 2009 in Florida. We identified all subjects with AF and atrial flutter, using International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision codes along with the race/ethnicity of each individual. We used logistic regression to determine the odds ratio (OR) of having a catheter ablation per disease by race and ethnicity adjusted for Charlson score, insurance status, year of the procedure, and facility location.ResultsWe identified 923 590 subjects with AF and 28 714 with atrial flutter. Catheter ablations were more commonly used in atrial flutter than in AF. The adjusted OR of having catheter ablation for AF for blacks was 0.67 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.60‐0.75, P < 0.01), and for Hispanics it was 0.83 (95% CI: 0.75‐0.91, P < 0.01) when compared to whites. The adjusted OR of having an ablation for atrial flutter for blacks was 1.08 (95% CI: 0.96‐1.21, P = 0.16), and for Hispanics it was 0.90 (95% CI: 0.78‐1.08, P = 0.20) when compared to whites.ConclusionsIn the state of Florida, black and Hispanic subjects with AF received less catheter ablations, whereas the same minority subjects with atrial flutter received a similar number of ablations compared to white subjects, with the same insurance and comorbidity burden.
Investigating the Anti‐leishmanial Effects of Linear Peptoids
Authors: Eggimann Gabriela A. , Bolt Hannah L. , Denny Paul W. , Cobb Steven L. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractPeptoids, a class of peptide mimetics, have emerged as promising anti‐infective agents against a range of bacterial infections. Herein we present the first study of the antiparasitic and specifically the anti‐leishmanial properties of linear peptoids. Peptoids were identified as having promising activity against Leishmania mexicana axenic amastigotes, a causative agent of cutaneous leishmaniasis.
High Accuracy of Karplus Equations for Relating Three‐Bond J Couplings to Protein Backbone Torsion Angles
Authors: Li Fang , Lee Jung Ho , Grishaev Alexander , Ying Jinfa , Bax Ad 
Published: December 2014

Abstract3JC′C′ and 3JHNHα couplings are related to the intervening backbone torsion angle ${\varphi }$ by standard Karplus equations. Although these couplings are known to be affected by parameters other than ${\varphi }$, including H‐bonding, valence angles and residue type, experimental results and quantum calculations indicate that the impact of these latter parameters is typically very small. The solution NMR structure of protein GB3, newly refined by using extensive sets of residual dipolar couplings, yields 50–60 % better Karplus equation agreement between ${\varphi }$ angles and experimental 3JC′C′ and 3JHNHα values than does the high‐resolution X‐ray structure. In intrinsically disordered proteins, 3JC′C′ and 3JHNHα couplings can be measured at even higher accuracy, and the impact of factors other than the intervening torsion angle on 3J will be smaller than in folded proteins, making these couplings exceptionally valuable reporters on the ensemble of ${\varphi }$ angles sampled by each residue.
An Aqueous Zinc‐Ion Battery Based on Copper Hexacyanoferrate
Authors: Trócoli Rafael , La Mantia Fabio 
Published: December 2014

AbstractA new zinc‐ion battery based on copper hexacyanoferrate and zinc foil in a 20 mM solution of zinc sulfate, which is a nontoxic and noncorrosive electrolyte, at pH 6 is reported. The voltage of this novel battery system is as high as 1.73 V. The system shows cyclability, rate capability, and specific energy values near to those of lithium‐ion organic batteries based on Li4Ti5O12 and LiFePO4 at 10 C. The effects of Zn2+ intercalation and H2 evolution on the performance of the battery are discussed in detail. In particular, it has been observed that hydrogen evolution can cause a shift in pH near the surface of the zinc electrode, and favor the stabilization of zinc oxide, which decreases the performance of the battery. This mechanism is hindered when the surface of zinc becomes rougher.
Cochrane in context: Inhaled corticosteroids in children with persistent asthma: effects on growth and dose–response effects on growth
Authors: Zhang Linjie , Pruteanu Aniela I. , Prietsch Sílvio O. M. , Chauhan Bhupendrasinh F. , Ducharme Francine M. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractCochrane Review: Inhaled corticosteroids in children with persistent asthma: effects on growth Zhang L, Prietsch SOM, Ducharme FM. Inhaled corticosteroids in children with persistent asthma: effects on growth. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2014, Issue 7. Art. No.: CD009471. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD009471.pub2Cochrane Review: Inhaled corticosteroids in children with persistent asthma: dose‐response effects on growth Pruteanu AI, Chauhan BF, Zhang L, Prietsch SOM, Ducharme FM. Inhaled corticosteroids in children with persistent asthma: dose–response effects on growth. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2014, Issue 7. Art. No.: CD009878. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD009878.pub2This companion piece to the reviews, “Inhaled corticosteroids in children with persistent asthma: effects on growth” and “Inhaled corticosteroids in children with persistent asthma: dose–response effects on growth,” contains the following pieces:

The abstract of each review
A commentary from one or more of the review authors, explaining why the review team felt both reviews were important to produce
A review of clinical practice guidelines
Some other recently published references on this topic
Ecohydrology and stewardship of Alberta springs ecosystems
Authors: Springer Abraham E. , Stevens Lawrence E. , Ledbetter Jeri D. , Schaller Elizabeth M. , Gill Karen M. , Rood Stewart B. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractWe studied the role of ecological and anthropogenic impact gradients on ecosystem structure and composition of 56 freshwater springs among mountain, foothills, and prairie ecoregions in southern Alberta, Canada. A random stratified site selection from 2008 to 2012 was based on representation of characteristic springs types across elevation, ecoregions, and land use histories. Springs emergence varied over geomorphic contexts and was dominated by hillslope (28), helocrene (marsh, 13), and rheocrene (stream channel, seven) types, with fewer limnocrene (pool, four), cave (two), gushet (one), and hanging garden (one) springs. Among these springs, specific conductance of non‐geothermal springs water was negatively related to elevation and groundwater temperature (R2 = 0.343 and 0.336 respectively). Plant species richness was positively related to habitat area (R2 = 0.328) and weakly to geomorphic diversity (R2 = 0.135) and total alkalinity and specific conductance (R2 < 0.181). We detected at least 444 higher native plant taxa on only 3.82 ha of springs habitat, equalling 25% of Alberta's flora on <0.001% of the provincial land area. Non‐native plant species density was positively related to that of native plants (R2 = 0.36). Human impacts on springs included livestock production and domestic water supplies, while beaver and other wildlife commonly influenced ecosystem function on protected lands. We conclude that the springs of Alberta are ecologically important but are understudied and inadequately protected, especially with increasing demand for groundwater as a result of extensive allocation and use of surface water in southern Alberta. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Experimental Study of Power Output Suppression Control of Photovoltaic Power Generation During Electricity Surplus in Electric Power System
Authors: Makita Taiga , Kato Takeyoshi , Suzuoki Yasuo 
Published: December 2014

SUMMARYIn a future electric power system with a high penetration of photovoltaic power generation systems (PVSs), surplus power may occur during the daytime in the spring or fall when electricity demand is low. Suppressing the PVS power output as well as absorbing the surplus power by using electric storage facilities is a possible countermeasure. By considering fairness among a number of PVSs dispersed in a large area with different insolation levels, this study proposes a method of keeping the PVS power output at the utility's requested ratio to available power. The utility of the proposed method is demonstrated by a simplified experimental PVS setup. In the proposed method, the operation point on the I–V curve is kept at a lower value than the maximum power point () so that the mean PV power during a certain period satisfies the requested value. is detected without any additional sensor devices by changing the operation point within a set interval. An experimental test using a test inverter unit demonstrated that the proposed suppression control was effective for maintaining the requested suppression level when insolation was stable. Two types of control modes, the proposed suppression mode and the upper bounded MPPT mode, were applied, and the proposed suppression control worked well for various insolation patterns, as revealed by using a simulation model of the inverter test unit and the insolation data for a year.
A Soft‐Switching Bidirectional AC/DC Converter with MERS Turn‐Off Snubber Circuit and Discontinuous Current Mode
Authors: Isobe Takanori , Kato Kyohei , Kojima Naoto , Shimada Ryuichi 
Published: December 2014

SUMMARYWith an increase in renewable energy source installations in the domestic field, bidirectional ac/dc converters are attracting attention. Efficiency, power density improvement, and EMI reduction are necessary for converters in this field. Using high‐frequency switching can reduce the size of passive components and help to achieve a high‐power‐density converter; however, the switching losses and EMI can increase. In this study, we propose a new bidirectional ac/dc converter circuit topology that can reduce the switching losses and EMI with soft‐switching operation. The soft‐switching operation is based on discontinuous current mode (DCM) operation and a magnetic energy recovery switch (MERS)‐type turn‐off snubber. This paper focuses on a modulation technique applied to this converter. Experiments with a fabricated 1‐kW converter were conducted and the principles of operation were confirmed. Loss analysis indicates that inductor design is the key design issue for the proposed converter.
A TLM‐Based Surge Analysis of Grounding Electrodes
Authors: Yuda Shinsuke , Baba Yoshihiro , Nagaoka Naoto , Ametani Akihiro 
Published: December 2014

SUMMARYIn this paper, representations of a perfectly conducting thin wire and an imperfectly conducting medium in the transmission line modeling (TLM) calculation are briefly explained. Then, the method is applied to analyzing surge responses of a vertical parallelepiped grounding electrode and a square‐loop grounding electrode. Surge responses calculated using the TLM method agree reasonably well with the corresponding responses measured and calculated using the finite‐difference time‐domain method. It is probably the first time that surge responses of grounding electrodes have been analyzed reasonably accurately using the TLM method.
Mechanism and Scope of the Base‐Induced Dehalogenation of (E)‐Diiodoalkenes
Authors: Resch Daniel , Lee Chang Heon , Tan Siew Yoong , Luo Liang , Goroff Nancy S. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractA wide range of nucleophiles have induced the elimination of iodine from (E)‐diiodoalkenes to form alkynes under surprisingly mild conditions. The iodide anion is particularly efficient, and can drive the reaction to completion in less than 1 hour at room temperature in a polar aprotic solvent. Detailed investigations have suggested the reaction has a bimolecular polar mechanism. The deiodination reaction can be driven to completion with 1 equiv. of nucleophile and is partially catalytic with substoichiometric amounts of deiodinating reagent. Kinetic analysis of the stoichiometric iodide‐induced reaction indicated an overall pseudo‐first‐order behavior. The reaction exhibited strong solvent effects, with much slower reactions observed in protic solvents than in polar aprotic solvents. The substrate dimethyl (2E)‐2,3‐diiodobutene‐2‐dioate demonstrated orthogonal reactivity for either elimination or hydrolysis, depending on the solvent and nucleophile used. This reaction is a major pathway for all the diiodoalkenes examined, and represents a challenge and an opportunity for using these substrates in organic synthesis.
LAOF: location‐aware opportunistic forwarding scheme in mobile Ad hoc networks
Authors: Tao Jun , Xu Yifan , Chang Le , Tan Chengwei , Wang Xiaoxiao 
Published: December 2014

AbstractDue to the high mobility of the nodes, the mobile ad hoc networks are expected to provide many opportunities for message forwarding in delay tolerant networks. Considering the typical mobility models, for example, the random waypoint (RWP) model and Manhattan model, we explore the probabilistic characteristics of the node contact provided by the mobile nodes. Following a progressive approach, we propose a location‐aware opportunistic forwarding scheme, which exploits the location information of the messages and the node mobility to conduct message forwarding. In order to provide a stable delivery ratio and avoid the extra network overhead, the message is forwarded to its destination regions or neighbor regions, which offer a better chance to reach the destination node. We construct a simulation environment, integrated with the RWP mobility trace and the Shanghai city taxis traces. Through extensive simulations, our scheme is demonstrated to outperform the best known opportunistic forwarding algorithms in terms of both delivery ratio/latency and transmission overhead. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Quality and safety attributes of afghan raisins before and after processing
Authors: McCoy Stacy , Chang Jun Won , McNamara Kevin T. , Oliver Haley F. , Deering Amanda J. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractRaisins are an important export commodity for Afghanistan; however, Afghan packers are unable to export to markets seeking high‐quality products due to limited knowledge regarding their quality and safety. To evaluate this, Afghan raisin samples from pre‐, semi‐, and postprocessed raisins were obtained from a raisin packer in Kabul, Afghanistan. The raisins were analyzed and compared to U.S. standards for processed raisins. The samples tested did not meet U.S. industry standards for embedded sand and pieces of stem, total soluble solids, and titratable acidity. The Afghan raisins did meet or exceed U.S. Grade A standard for the number of cap‐stems, percent damaged, crystallization levels, moisture content, and color. Following processing, the number of total aerobic bacteria, yeasts, molds, and total coliforms were within the acceptable limits. Although quality issues are present in the Afghan raisins, the process used to clean the raisins is suitable to maintain food safety standards.
A User‐Centric Evaluation Procedure for the Design of Child‐Resistant Medicine Bottles
Authors: Lin Ming‐Chyuan , Chen Ming‐Shi , Lin Yi‐Hsien , Hung Yu‐Ching 
Published: December 2014

AbstractRecently, people have begun to realize the importance of child‐resistant (CR) medicine packaging. However, most manufacturers and designers have not been able to effectively provide prevention strategies or design criteria to protect consumers. This research proposes a systematic approach to analyze CR packaging design problems and experiments to evaluate the identified design parameters and to generate the most suitable CR medicine packaging design. The design of a CR packaging bottle is used as an example to help explain the development procedure. During the development procedure, user trials, questionnaires, and children's anthropometric data on bottle opening and hand operations are analyzed. Five design parameters, specifically the cap diameter, cap height, bottle height, bottle diameter, and torsion, are identified and used to perform a Taguchi orthogonal array experimental analysis. A computer‐aided design system is also built to help generate the most suitable design alternatives. The results should assist designers in determining the most important CR design parameters and their most suitable combinations for bottle and related CR medicine packaging design.
Mendelian Randomization Analysis to Examine for a Causal Effect of Urate on Bone Mineral Density
Authors: Dalbeth Nicola , Topless Ruth , Flynn Tanya , Cadzow Murray , Bolland Mark J , Merriman Tony R 
Published: December 2014

ABSTRACT

In observational studies, serum urate concentrations are positively associated with bone mineral density (BMD) and reduced risk of fragility fractures, raising the possibility that urate is a direct mediator of bone density. We used Mendelian randomization analysis to examine whether urate has a causal effect on BMD. We analyzed data from the Generation 3 cohort in the Framingham Heart Study (FHS) (N = 2501 total; 1265 male, 1236 female). A weighted genetic urate score was calculated using the SLC2A9, ABCG2, SLC17A1, SLC22A11, and SLC22A12 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that explains 3.4% of the variance in serum urate. Mendelian randomization analysis was performed using the two-stage least squares method with &gt;80% power at α = 0.05 to detect an effect size equivalent to that observed in the ordinary least squares analysis between serum urate and total femur BMD. A strong association between serum urate and BMD was observed in the crude ordinary least squares analysis (total femur crude beta = 0.47, p = 1.7E-51). In the two-stage least squares analysis using the weighted genetic urate score as the instrumental variable, no significant relationship was observed between serum urate and BMD (total femur crude beta =–0.36, p = 0.06). Similar findings were observed in both the male and female subgroups, and there was no evidence for causality when individual SNPs were analyzed. Serum urate is strongly associated with BMD. However, controlling for confounders by Mendelian randomization analysis does not provide evidence that increased urate has a causal effect on increasing BMD. © 2015 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
MRI findings of radiation‐associated angiosarcoma of the breast (RAS)
Authors: Chikarmane Sona A. , Gombos Eva C. , Jagadeesan Jayender , Raut Chandrajit , Jagannathan Jyothi P. 
Published: December 2014

PurposeTo describe the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) characteristics of radiation‐associated breast angiosarcomas (RAS).Materials and MethodsIn this Institutional Review board (IRB)‐approved retrospective study, 57 women were diagnosed with pathologically confirmed RAS during the study period (January 1999 to May 2013). Seventeen women underwent pretreatment breast MRI (prior to surgical resection or chemotherapy), of which 16 studies were available for review. Imaging features, including all available mammograms, ultrasounds, and breast MRIs, of these patients were evaluated by two radiologists independently and correlated with clinical management and outcomes.ResultsThe median age of patients at original breast cancer diagnosis was 69.3 years (range 42–84 years), with average time from initial radiation therapy to diagnosis of RAS of 7.3 years (range 5.1–9.5 years). Nine women had mammograms (9/16, 56%) and six had breast ultrasound (US) (6/16, 38%) prior to MRI, which demonstrated nonsuspicious findings in 5/9 mammograms and 3/6 ultrasounds. Four patients had distinct intraparenchymal masses on mammogram and MRI. MRI findings included diffuse T2 high signal skin thickening (16/16, 100%). Nearly half (7/16, 44%) of patients had T2 low signal intensity lesions; all lesions rapidly enhanced on postcontrast T1‐weighted imaging. All women underwent surgical resection, with 8/16 (50%) receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Four women died during the study period.ConclusionClinical, mammographic, and sonographic findings of RAS are nonspecific and may be occult on conventional breast imaging; MRI findings of RAS include rapidly enhancing dermal and intraparenchymal lesions, some of which are low signal on T2 weighted imaging. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2015;42:763–770.
Melatonin in Mediterranean diet, a new perspective
Authors: Iriti Marcello , Varoni Elena Maria 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThe health‐promoting properties of the Mediterranean diet have been attributed, at least in part, to the chemical diversity of plant foods. Among phytochemicals, polyphenols represent the paradigm of the relationship between healthy foods and reduced risk of chronic‐degenerative diseases, although, in the past few years, a new element has enriched this scenario. Melatonin, and possibly other indoleamines recently discovered in some relevant Mediterranean foods, may represent a new factor contributing to the elucidation of the protective effects of diets rich in plant products. Therefore, in synergy with polyphenols and other bioactive phytochemicals (e.g. carotenoids and glucosinolates), melatonin may contribute to maximizing the benefits of healthy dietary styles. This brief survey deals with the occurrence of melatonin in the Mediterranean diet, with an emphasis on grape products, and focuses on the biological significance of dietary melatonin, an emerging and exciting topic in the field of nutritional sciences. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry