bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Global and Regional Aspects of Tropical Cyclone Activity in the CMIP5 Models
Authors: Camargo Suzana J. 
Published: August 2013

Abstract
Tropical cyclone (TC) activity is analyzed in 14 models from phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5). The global TC activity in the historical runs is compared with observations. The simulation of TC activity in the CMIP5 models is not as good as in higher-resolution simulations. The CMIP5 global TC frequency is much lower than observed, and there is significant deficiency in the geographical patterns of TC tracks and formation. Although all of the models underestimate the global frequency of TCs, the models present a wide range of global TC frequency. The models with the highest horizontal resolution have the highest level of global TC activity, though resolution is not the only factor that determines model TC activity. A cold SST bias could potentially contribute to the low number of TCs in the models. The models show no consensus regarding the difference of TC activity in two warming scenarios [representative concentration pathway 4.5 (RCP4.5) and RCP8.5] and the historical simulation. The author examined in more detail North Atlantic and eastern North Pacific TC activity in a subset of models and found no robust changes across models in TC frequency. Therefore, there is no robust signal across the CMIP5 models in global and regional TC changes in activity for future scenarios. The future changes in various large-scale environmental fields associated with TC activity were also examined globally: genesis potential index, potential intensity, vertical wind shear, and sea level pressure. The multimodel mean changes of these variables in the CMIP5 models are consistent with the changes obtained in the CMIP3 models.
Imprint of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation on the South China Sea Throughflow Variability*
Authors: Yu Kai , Qu Tangdong 
Published: August 2013

Abstract
Analysis of the 62-yr hindcast outputs from an eddy-resolving ocean general circulation model reveals a prominent decadal variability in the upper-layer (0–745 m) Luzon Strait transport (LST), a key component of the South China Sea throughflow. This variability is in phase with the basin-scale wind stress anomalies associated with the Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO). A composite analysis shows that during the positive phase of the PDO, the Aleutian low and its related positive wind stress curl anomalies intrude southward, reducing the trade winds and enhancing the westerly wind anomalies in the tropical North Pacific. In response, the North Equatorial Current bifurcation shifts northward, resulting in a weaker Kuroshio east of Luzon and consequently a stronger South China Sea throughflow in the upper 745 m.
Interoperability of SeaSondes and Wellen Radars in Mapping Radial Surface Currents
Authors: Martinez-Pedraja J. , Shay L. K. , Haus B. K. , Whelan C. 
Published: August 2013

Abstract
A dual-station high-frequency (HF) Wellen Radar (WERA) transmitting at 16 MHz has observed near-real-time surface currents over an approximate range of 100 km across the Florida Straits since July 2004. During a 10-day period in April 2005 (15–25 April), a pair of 12.6-MHz SeaSondes (SS) were deployed south of the WERAs sites by NOAA's Center for Operational Oceanographic Products and Services (CO-OPS). The resulting SS grid overlapped the southern portion of the WERA domain. During the same period of time, a bottom-mounted acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) acquired subsurface current measurements within these HF radar grids starting at 14 m below the surface in water of 86-m depth. The interoperability of beam-forming (WERA) and direction-finding (SS) HF radar technologies was examined. Comparisons of radial and vector currents for an 8-day concurrent time series suggested good agreement in current direction over both domains, where the surface currents' magnitudes were a maximum of 1.2 m s−1. In the core of the radar domains consisting of 108 cells, hourly vector currents were obtained by combining WERA and SS radials. Generally, this can be done in a relatively straightforward manner, considering the geometric dilution of precision (GDOP). A second key issue is downscaling the SS measurements from a 3-km grid to a 1.1-km grid to match the WERA output. This enhanced grid spacing is important along the western flank of the Florida Current, where energetic, small-scale surface features have been observed.
Household Preparedness for Tornado Hazards: The 2011 Disaster in DeKalb County, Alabama
Authors: Chaney Philip L. , Weaver Greg S. , Youngblood Susan A. , Pitts Kristin 
Published: August 2013

AbstractThis paper contributes to existing knowledge on factors that influence adoption of hazards adjustments for tornadoes. The Protective Action Decision Model provides the theoretical basis for the study, which was conducted after the 2011 disaster in DeKalb County, Alabama. Most of the 124 survey participants had received public safety information on how to prepare for a tornado, understood the definition of a tornado warning, had participated in a tornado drill, and had a plan for seeking shelter. Few owned a NOAA weather radio or had a tornado-resistant shelter on the premises. Demographic analysis found that older residents (60+ yr) and households without children were significantly less likely to have participated in a tornado drill, lower income residents were significantly less likely to have a tornado-resistant shelter on the premises or a plan for seeking shelter, and mobile home residents were significantly less likely to have a plan for seeking shelter. Locus of control and past experience were not significantly associated with adoption of hazards adjustments, but suspected reasons for these results are discussed. Many plans that involved evacuating to another location included excessively long travel distances, and several mobile home residents planned to seek shelter inside their residence. Failure to adopt effective preparedness actions in each of these areas could serve as a situational impediment to making an appropriate protective action decision when a tornado threatens the household. The results identify aspects of household preparedness where there is opportunity for improvement, which would reduce vulnerability and enhance community resilience.
Characteristics of immigrant suicide completers in a sample of suicide victims from Greece
Authors: Paraschakis Antonios , Michopoulos Ioannis , Christodoulou Christos , Koutsaftis Filippos , Lykouras Lefteris , Douzenis Athanassios 
Published: August 2013

Background: Immigrants have higher rates of suicidal behaviour in comparison to the indigenous population. Aims: To describe the characteristics of foreign nationality suicide completers and search for differences between them and native Greeks. This is the first study focused on immigrant suicide victims in Greece. Methods: Data were collected for all recorded cases of completed suicide for the two-year period November 2007 to October 2009 at the Athens Department of Forensic Medicine, the largest, by far, of its kind in Greece covering approximately 35% of the country’s population. The material was collected using the method of psychological autopsy as well as from the victims’ forensic records. Results: Nearly 10% of Greece’s 11 million population are of foreign nationality. Approximately half of them live in Athens and its suburbs, an area where 35% of Greece’s population lives. In our sample, 15.8% of the suicide victims were of foreign nationality (53 cases): 41 men (77.4%) and 12 women (22.6%). Higher suicide rates were found for citizens of Kuwaiti (9.1%), Somali (6.7%) and Afghan (0.9%) nationality (immigrant communities with very few members); the lower suicide rates were for individuals of Egyptian (0.01%), Ukrainian (0.01%) and Albanian (0.006%) nationality (the Albanian immigrant community is the largest in Greece). In comparison to their Greek counterparts, immigrant victims were younger (mean age 38.7 vs 54.9 years, p < .001) more often unemployed ( p = .007) and with a history of alcohol abuse ( p < .001). The main suicide method used by immigrants was hanging ( p < .001) while for Greeks it was jumping from a height. Conclusions: Individuals who belong to small national communities seem to have the highest risk of dying by suicide. Immigrant suicide victims differ from the indigenous population in several parameters. Our data could help define the most vulnerable of them and apply more effective suicide prevention strategies.
Detection of hypoplasia of bony cochlear nerve canal by the opening threshold of virtual endoscopy: a pilot study
Authors: Quan Yong , Liu Jie , Liu Zhaoyu , Wu Lebin , Gong Ruozhen 
Published: August 2013

Background Dimensions of the bony cochlear nerve canal (BCNC) have been proposed as a potential diagnostic standard for BCNC hypoplasia, but the standard remains inconsistent. Some studies have revealed that computed tomography virtual endoscopy (CTVE) with variation of reconstruction threshold is good at identifying labyrinthine fistulas or semi-circular canal dehiscence. Purpose To examine diagnostic accuracy of VE in the evaluation of BCNC hypoplasia on basis of opening threshold. Material and Methods Twenty ears diagnosed with BCNC hypoplasia were included in this study. One hundred ears served as controls. The opening thresholds were measured by two reviewers. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) were reported. The width of BCNC was obtained on transverse CT images. Association between the width of BCNC and opening threshold was assessed by using Spearman correlation coefficients. ROC curves were applied to assess the best cut-off value of opening threshold. Results The opening threshold of BCNC was significantly higher in diseased ears (926 ± 308 Hounsfield units [HU]) than that in control ears (287 ± 72 HU). Inter-observer agreement was very good. The mean width of BCNC for diseased ears and control ears were 0.83 ± 0.36 mm and 2.21 ± 0.35 mm, respectively. Significant negative linear correlation was found between opening thresholds and width of BCNC (Spearman coefficient, −0.768; P < 0.001). The area under the ROC curve was 0.981. The cut-off opening thresholds of 408 for differentiation between the two groups provided the best combination of sensitivity (85%) and specificity (94%). Conclusion The VE with opening threshold may be an effective optional tool for prediction of hypoplasia of BCNC.
Thin-section CT findings in peripheral lung cancer of 3 cm or smaller: are there any characteristic features for predicting tumor histology or do they depend only on tumor size?
Authors: Jiang Binghu , Takashima Shodayu , Miyake Chie , Hakucho Tomoaki , Takahashi Yoshiyuki , Morimoto Daisuke , Numasaki Hodaka , Nakanishi Katsuyuki , Tomita Yasuhiko , Higashiyama Masahiko 
Published: August 2013

Background Ground-glass opacity (GGO) is reported to be characteristic to lepidic growth of neoplasm in subsolid nodules. In solid nodules of lung cancer, however, there is no characteristic feature to be reported. Purpose To study if there are any thin-section CT findings characteristic to tumor histology or if they are only related to tumor size in solid nodules of the lung cancer. Material and Methods This study included 106 solid peripheral lung cancers of 3 cm or smaller (56 adenocarcinomas, 33 squamous cell carcinomas, and 17 small cell carcinomas) in which 16-slice CT with 1 mm collimation was performed before surgery. Six morphologic findings (presence or absence of lobulation, coarse spiculation, air bronchogram, cavity, pleural tag, and pleural-based lesion) and four measurements (ratio of the greatest transverse and vertical diameter to the shortest transverse diameter and density of lobulation and coarse spiculation) on thin-section CT images were evaluated. Density of lobulation (coarse spiculation) was defined as the ratio of lobulation (coarse spiculation) number to the greatest transverse diameter of a nodule. Results Air bronchogram ( P < 0.01) was the only significant factor for predicting lung adenocarcinoma. The prevalence of air bronchogram was significantly greater in adenocarcinoma than in squamous cell carcinoma ( P < 0.01) or small cell carcinoma ( P < 0.01). As the tumor size advanced, significantly positive linear trends were seen in the prevalence of lobulation ( P < 0.01), coarse spiculation ( P < 0.01), and pleural tag ( P < 0.01), and the mean values of density of lobulation ( P < 0.01) and coarse spiculation ( P < 0.01), while the significant negative linear trend was seen in the ratio of vertical diameter to the shortest transverse ( P = 0.02). Conclusion Air bronchogram on thin-section CT is characteristic feature of solid adenocarcinoma of the lung. However, other thin-section CT findings are irrelevant to tumor histology and related only to tumor size.
Internalized homonegativity/homophobia is associated with HIV-risk behaviours among Ugandan gay and bisexual men
Authors: Ross M W , Kajubi P , Mandel J S , McFarland W , Raymond H F 
Published: August 2013

Summary We investigated the relationship of internalized homonegativity/homophobia (IH) to sexual risk behaviours among 216 Ugandan gay and bisexual men, using the 7-item IH scale previously developed on this population. IH was significantly associated with unprotected anal intercourse, and more so with unprotected receptive anal intercourse. Higher IH was also associated with more sex while intoxicated. There was a strong association between anal intercourse of any type and IH, suggesting a complex relationship between anal sex and identification with, or internalization of, homonegativity/homophobia. Specifically, it may be the anal component of sex rather than the sex with another man that is seen as labeling one as homosexual or stigmatizing. Those men who stated that they engaged in sex with other men for love, rather than for the physical feeling or for money, had higher IH scores. These data suggest that there may be an interactive relationship between IH and sexual behaviour, with greater internalization being associated with more stereotypically gay activities, which in turn may lead to more self-identification as gay and thus greater susceptibility to internalization.
Seroprevalence of HSV-1 and HSV-2 antibodies in Canadian women screened for enrolment in a herpes simplex virus vaccine trial
Authors: Gorfinkel I S , Aoki F , McNeil S , Dionne M , Shafran S D , Zickler P , Halperin S , Langley J , Bellamy A , Schulte J , Heineman T , Belshe R 
Published: August 2013

Summary Herpes simplex virus 1 and 2 (HSV-1 and HSV-2) infections continue to be among the most common and unrecognized sexually transmitted infections in the world. Although treatable, HSV-1 and HSV-2 infections remain incurable. Hence, there is interest in the development of a vaccine to prevent genital herpes. As part of a multicentre, randomized, placebo-controlled trial to test such a vaccine, healthy women 18–30 years were enrolled as volunteers in several Canadian centres between 2005 and 2007. This study reports the seroprevalence of HSV-1 and HSV-2 antibodies in this group. A total of 2694 adult female volunteers in Canada with no known history of herpes simplex were screened for HSV antibodies using Western blot assay (the gold standard for diagnosis of HSV) for potential participation in a randomized, double-blind efficacy field trial of a herpes simplex vaccine. This trial provides a unique opportunity to examine the prevalence of antibodies to HSV-1 and of antibodies to HSV-2 in women with no known history of herpes simplex infection. The prevalence of antibodies to HSV-1 and to HSV-2 is compared with that found in previous Canadian studies that focused on a more general population. The overall seroprevalence of antibody to HSV-1 was 43%; that of HSV-2 was 2.5% and seropositivity to both was 2%. The prevalence of antibody to both HSV-1 and to HSV-2 increased with age. Seronegativity to both HSV-1 and HSV-2 was 56% in participating centres with populations under 250,000 and 46% in participating centres with populations over 250,000. Significant racial differences in seropositivity to HSV-1 and to HSV-2 were noted. The likelihood of participants being seropositive to HSV-1 and to HSV-2 was found to increase with age and to positively correlate with the population of the city in which they resided. Hypotheses are proposed to account for differences in racial seropositivity to HSV-1 and to HSV-2.
A 12-week intramuscular toxicity study of risperidone-loaded microspheres in Beagle dogs
Authors: Tian J , Wang W , Ye L , Cen X , Guan X , Zhang J , Yu P , Du G , Liu W , Li Y 
Published: August 2013

Long-acting formulations of antipsychotics are important treatment options to increase the compliance of schizophrenic patients. Risperidone, a 5-HT2 and dopaminergic D2 receptor antagonist, was developed as long-acting sustained-release microspheres with poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) as a drug carrier for the treatment of schizophrenia. In the present study, the main objective is to determine the nonclinical safety profile of risperidone-loaded microspheres (RM) in Beagle dogs after intramuscular administration for 3 months, once in 2 weeks, followed by 8-week recovery phase. No animal death was found and no special toxicological findings were observed. The findings, such as hypoactivity, ptosis, increased heart rate, and elevated serum and pituitary prolactin levels, were observed and related to the pharmacological effects of risperidone. The changes in the reproductive system (uterus, ovary, vagina, cervix, and mammary gland) were considered secondary to the prolactin elevation, and the congestion of spleen was related to risperidone. The foreign body granulomas at injection sites might be caused by PLGA. At the end of recovery phase, the above changes mostly recovered to normal, and on administering 3 mg/kg dose level once in 2 weeks on Beagle dogs showed no observed adverse effect. Taken together, RM had exhibited the acceptable safety.
Smoking and risk of treatment-induced neutralizing antibodies to interferon β-1a
Authors: Hedström Anna Karin , Ryner Malin , Fink Katarina , Fogdell-Hahn Anna , Alfredsson Lars , Olsson Tomas , Hillert Jan 
Published: August 2013

Background: Neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) to interferon β (IFNβ) products that develop during treatment are associated with a loss of clinical efficacy. Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of smoking habits on the risk of developing NAbs to IFNβ, in the treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS). Methods: This report is based on 695 MS patients treated with IFNβ-1a, included in two Swedish case-control studies that collected information on smoking habits. Using logistic regression, the development of NAbs to IFNβ-1a among current smokers was compared with that of non-smokers, by calculating the odds ratio (OR) with a 95% confidence interval (CI). Results: Current smokers showed an increased risk of developing NAbs to IFNβ-1a, compared with non-smokers (OR 1.9; 95% CI 1.3–2.8; p = 0.002). There were no gender differences. We observed no association between past smoking and the risk of developing NAbs to IFNβ-1a. Conclusions: The finding that current smokers have an increased risk of developing NAbs to IFNβ-1a has implications, both for the practical care and the treatment of MS; it also provides an interesting perspective of the lungs as an immune-reactive organ, reacting upon irritation.
Perioperative Laboratory Assessment of Diabetic Foot Infections Undergoing Amputation
Authors: Highlander Peter , Shinabarger Andrew B. 
Published: August 2013

Diabetes is the leading cause of nontraumatic amputations. Although laboratory assessment may not alone determine the optimal level of amputation thorough assessment of a variety of laboratory values is critical to overall care of the patient and may place the patient into risk category. This systematic review analyzes publications related to diabetic lower extremity amputations and associated laboratory values, including lymphocyte count, albumin, hemoglobin, and glycemic control. Levels of Evidence: Diagnostic, Level IV
Analysis of risk factors influencing outcomes after cord blood transplantation in children with juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia: a EUROCORD, EBMT, EWOG-MDS, CIBMTR study
Authors: Locatelli Franco , Crotta Alessandro , Ruggeri Annalisa , Eapen Mary , Wagner John E. , MacMillan Margaret L. , Zecca Marco , Kurtzberg Joanne , Bonfim Carmem , Vora Ajay , Díaz de Heredia Cristina , Teague Lochie , Stein Jerry , O’Brien Tracey A. , Bittencourt Henrique , Madureira Adrienne , Strahm Brigitte , Peters Christina , Niemeyer Charlotte , Gluckman Eliane , Rocha Vanderson 
Published: August 2013

Key PointsUCBT is a suitable option for children with JMML, being able to cure a relevant proportion of patients. Because disease recurrence remains the major cause of treatment failure after UCBT, strategies aimed at reducing relapse are desirable.
Antagonistic activities of the immunomodulator and PP2A-activating drug FTY720 (Fingolimod, Gilenya) in Jak2-driven hematologic malignancies
Authors: Oaks Joshua J. , Santhanam Ramasamy , Walker Christopher J. , Roof Steve , Harb Jason G. , Ferenchak Greg , Eisfeld Ann-Kathrin , Van Brocklyn James R. , Briesewitz Roger , Saddoughi Sahar A. , Nagata Kyosuke , Bittman Robert , Caligiuri Michael A. , Abdel-Wahab Omar , Levine Ross , Arlinghaus Ralph B. , Quintas-Cardama Alfonso , Goldman John M. , Apperley Jane , Reid Alistair , Milojkovic Dragana , Ziolo Mark T. , Marcucci Guido , Ogretmen Besim , Neviani Paolo , Perrotti Danilo 
Published: August 2013

Key PointsThe tumor suppressor PP2A is repressed in Jak2V617F-driven myleoproliferative neoplasms by a Jak2/PI3K/PKC/SET signaling pathway. PP2A-activating (eg, FTY720, OSU-2S) but not sphingosine-1-phosphate agonistic (eg, FTY720-P) drugs selectively kill Jak2V617F+ cells.
Platelet hyperreactivity explains the bleeding abnormality and macrothrombocytopenia in a murine model of sitosterolemia
Authors: Kanaji Taisuke , Kanaji Sachiko , Montgomery Robert R. , Patel Shailendra B. , Newman Peter J. 
Published: August 2013

Key PointsPlant sterol accumulation in platelet membrane induces platelet hyperreactivity. Internalization of the αIIbβ3 complex and filamin A degradation cause macrothrombocytopenia and bleeding phenotype.
Passively transferred human NMO-IgG exacerbates demyelination in mouse experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
Authors: Saini Harleen , Rifkin Robert , Gorelik Michael , Huang Hwa , Ferguson Zachary , Jones Melina V , Levy Michael 
Published: August 2013

Abstract

Background
Neuromyelitis optica (NMO) is a devastating inflammatory disorder of the optic nerves and spinal cord characterized by frequently recurring exacerbations of humoral inflammation. NMO is associated with the highly specific NMO-IgG biomarker, an antibody that binds the aquaporin-4 water channel. Aquaporin-4 is present on glial endfeet in the central nervous system (CNS). In humans, the NMO-IgG portends more frequent exacerbations and a worse long-term clinical outcome.

Methods
We tested the longer-term outcome of mice with EAE injected with NMO-IgG and followed them for 60 days. Clinical exams and pathology of the spinal cord and optic nerves were compared to mice that received control human IgG.

Results
Passively transferred human NMO-IgG leads to more severe neurology disability over two months after onset of disease. Clinical worsening is associated with an increased concentration of large demyelinating lesions primarily to subpial AQP4-rich regions of the spinal cord.

Conclusions
NMO-IgG is pathogenic in the context of EAE in mice.