bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Timing and distribution of protein ingestion during prolonged recovery from resistance exercise alters myofibrillar protein synthesis
Authors: Areta José L. , Burke Louise M. , Ross Megan L. , Camera Donny M. , West Daniel W. D. , Broad Elizabeth M. , Jeacocke Nikki A. , Moore Daniel R. , Stellingwerff Trent , Phillips Stuart M. , Hawley John A. , Coffey Vernon G. 
Published: March 2013

Key points
A single bolus of ∼20 g of protein after a bout of resistance exercise provides a maximal anabolic stimulus during the early post‐exercise recovery period (∼5 h), but the effect of various protein feeding strategies on skeletal muscle protein synthesis during an extended recovery period (12 h) is unknown.
We compared three different patterns of ingestion of 80 g of protein during 12 h recovery after resistance exercise and the associated anabolic response in human skeletal muscle. Protein was ingested in 10, 20 or 40 g feedings using a pulsed, intermediate or bolus ingestion regimen, respectively.
Our results indicate that repeated ingestion of 20 g of protein was superior for stimulating muscle protein synthesis during the 12 h experimental period.
The three dietary treatments induced differential phosphorylation of signalling proteins and changes in mRNA abundance.
This study shows that the distribution of protein intake is an important variable to promote attainment and maintenance of peak muscle mass.
Abstract  Quantity and timing of protein ingestion are major factors regulating myofibrillar protein synthesis (MPS). However, the effect of specific ingestion patterns on MPS throughout a 12 h period is unknown. We determined how different distributions of protein feeding during 12 h recovery after resistance exercise affects anabolic responses in skeletal muscle. Twenty‐four healthy trained males were assigned to three groups (n= 8/group) and undertook a bout of resistance exercise followed by ingestion of 80 g of whey protein throughout 12 h recovery in one of the following protocols: 8 × 10 g every 1.5 h (PULSE); 4 × 20 g every 3 h (intermediate: INT); or 2 × 40 g every 6 h (BOLUS). Muscle biopsies were obtained at rest and after 1, 4, 6, 7 and 12 h post exercise. Resting and post‐exercise MPS (l‐[ring‐13C6] phenylalanine), and muscle mRNA abundance and cell signalling were assessed. All ingestion protocols increased MPS above rest throughout 1–12 h recovery (88–148%, P < 0.02), but INT elicited greater MPS than PULSE and BOLUS (31–48%, P < 0.02). In general signalling showed a BOLUS>INT>PULSE hierarchy in magnitude of phosphorylation. MuRF‐1 and SLC38A2 mRNA were differentially expressed with BOLUS. In conclusion, 20 g of whey protein consumed every 3 h was superior to either PULSE or BOLUS feeding patterns for stimulating MPS throughout the day. This study provides novel information on the effect of modulating the distribution of protein intake on anabolic responses in skeletal muscle and has the potential to maximize outcomes of resistance training for attaining peak muscle mass.
Mechanism of Action of Efinaconazole, a Novel Triazole Antifungal Agent
Authors: Tatsumi Yoshiyuki , Nagashima Maria , Shibanushi Toshiyuki , Iwata Atsushi , Kangawa Yumi , Inui Fumie , Siu William J. Jo , Pillai Radhakrishnan , Nishiyama Yayoi 
Published: March 2013

ABSTRACT

The mechanism of action of efinaconazole, a new triazole antifungal, was investigated with
Trichophyton mentagrophytes
and
Candida albicans
. Efinaconazole dose-dependently decreased ergosterol production and accumulated 4,4-dimethylsterols and 4α-methylsterols at concentrations below its MICs. Efinaconazole induced morphological and ultrastructural changes in
T. mentagrophytes
hyphae that became more prominent with increasing drug concentrations. In conclusion, the primary mechanism of action of efinaconazole is blockage of ergosterol biosynthesis, presumably through sterol 14α-demethylase inhibition, leading to secondary degenerative changes.
Perturbation of Staphylococcus aureus Gene Expression by the Enoyl-Acyl Carrier Protein Reductase Inhibitor AFN-1252
Authors: Parsons Joshua B. , Kukula Maciej , Jackson Pamela , Pulse Mark , Simecka Jerry W. , Valtierra David , Weiss William J. , Kaplan Nachum , Rock Charles O. 
Published: March 2013

ABSTRACT

This study examines the alteration in
Staphylococcus aureus
gene expression following treatment with the type 2 fatty acid synthesis inhibitor AFN-1252. An Affymetrix array study showed that AFN-1252 rapidly increased the expression of fatty acid synthetic genes and repressed the expression of virulence genes controlled by the SaeRS 2-component regulator in exponentially growing cells. AFN-1252 did not alter virulence mRNA levels in a
saeR
deletion strain or in strain Newman expressing a constitutively active SaeS kinase. AFN-1252 caused a more pronounced increase in
fabH
mRNA levels in cells entering stationary phase, whereas the depression of virulence factor transcription was attenuated. The effect of AFN-1252 on gene expression
in vivo
was determined using a mouse subcutaneous granuloma infection model. AFN-1252 was therapeutically effective, and the exposure (area under the concentration-time curve from 0 to 48 h [AUC
0–48
]) of AFN-1252 in the pouch fluid was comparable to the plasma levels in orally dosed animals. The inhibition of fatty acid biosynthesis by AFN-1252 in the infected pouches was signified by the substantial and sustained increase in
fabH
mRNA levels in pouch-associated bacteria, whereas depression of virulence factor mRNA levels in the AFN-1252-treated pouch bacteria was not as evident as it was in exponentially growing cells
in vitro
. The trends in
fabH
and virulence factor gene expression in the animal were similar to those in slower-growing bacteria
in vitro
. These data indicate that the effects of AFN-1252 on virulence factor gene expression depend on the physiological state of the bacteria.
Murine Vaginal Colonization Model for Investigating Asymptomatic Mucosal Carriage of Streptococcus pyogenes
Authors: Watson Michael E. , Nielsen Hailyn V. , Hultgren Scott J. , Caparon Michael G. 
Published: March 2013

ABSTRACT

While many virulence factors promoting
Streptococcus pyogenes
invasive disease have been described, specific streptococcal factors and host properties influencing asymptomatic mucosal carriage remain uncertain. To address the need for a refined model of prolonged
S. pyogenes
asymptomatic mucosal colonization, we have adapted a preestrogenized murine vaginal colonization model for
S. pyogenes
. In this model, derivatives of strains HSC5, SF370, JRS4, NZ131, and MEW123 established a reproducible, asymptomatic colonization of the vaginal mucosa over a period of typically 3 to 4 weeks' duration at a relatively high colonization efficiency. Prior treatment with estradiol prolonged streptococcal colonization and was associated with reduced inflammation in the colonized vaginal epithelium as well as a decreased leukocyte presence in vaginal fluid compared to the levels of inflammation and leukocyte presence in non-estradiol-treated control mice. The utility of our model for investigating
S. pyogenes
factors contributing to mucosal carriage was verified, as a mutant with a mutation in the transcriptional regulator catabolite control protein A (CcpA) demonstrated significant impairment in vaginal colonization. An assessment of
in vivo
transcriptional activity in the CcpA
−
strain for several known CcpA-regulated genes identified significantly elevated transcription of lactate oxidase (
lctO
) correlating with excessive generation of hydrogen peroxide to self-lethal levels. Deletion of
lctO
did not impair colonization, but deletion of
lctO
in a CcpA
−
strain prolonged carriage, exceeding even that of the wild-type strain. Thus, while LctO is not essential for vaginal colonization, its dysregulation is deleterious, highlighting the critical role of CcpA in promoting mucosal colonization. The vaginal colonization model should prove effective for future analyses of
S. pyogenes
mucosal colonization.
AhrC and Eep Are Biofilm Infection-Associated Virulence Factors in Enterococcus faecalis
Authors: Frank Kristi L. , Guiton Pascale S. , Barnes Aaron M. T. , Manias Dawn A. , Chuang-Smith Olivia N. , Kohler Petra L. , Spaulding Adam R. , Hultgren Scott J. , Schlievert Patrick M. , Dunny Gary M. 
Published: March 2013

ABSTRACT

Enterococcus faecalis
is part of the human intestinal microbiome and is a prominent cause of health care-associated infections. The pathogenesis of many
E. faecalis
infections, including endocarditis and catheter-associated urinary tract infection (CAUTI), is related to the ability of clinical isolates to form biofilms. To identify chromosomal genetic determinants responsible for
E. faecalis
biofilm-mediated infection, we used a rabbit model of endocarditis to test strains with transposon insertions or in-frame deletions in biofilm-associated loci:
ahrC
,
argR
,
atlA
,
opuBC
,
pyrC
,
recN
, and
sepF
. Only the
ahrC
mutant was significantly attenuated in endocarditis. We demonstrate that the transcriptional regulator AhrC and the protease Eep, which we showed previously to be an endocarditis virulence factor, are also required for full virulence in murine CAUTI. Therefore, AhrC and Eep can be classified as enterococcal biofilm-associated virulence factors. Loss of
ahrC
caused defects in early attachment and accumulation of biofilm biomass. Characterization of
ahrC
transcription revealed that the temporal expression of this locus observed in wild-type cells promotes initiation of early biofilm formation and the establishment of endocarditis. This is the first report of AhrC serving as a virulence factor in any bacterial species.
Toll-Like Receptor 6 Plays an Important Role in Host Innate Resistance to Brucella abortus Infection in Mice
Authors: de Almeida Leonardo A. , Macedo Gilson C. , Marinho Fábio A. V. , Gomes Marco T. R. , Corsetti Patrícia P. , Silva Aristóbolo M. , Cassataro Juliana , Giambartolomei Guillermo H. , Oliveira Sergio C. 
Published: March 2013

ABSTRACT

Brucella abortus
is recognized by several Toll-like receptor (TLR)-associated pathways triggering proinflammatory responses that affect both the nature and intensity of the immune response. Previously, we demonstrated that
B. abortus
-mediated dendritic cell (DC) maturation and control of infection are dependent on the adaptor molecule MyD88. However, the involvement of all TLRs in response to
B. abortus
infection is not completely understood. Therefore, we decided to evaluate the requirement for TLR6 in host resistance to
B. abortus
. Here, we demonstrated that TLR6 is an important component for triggering an innate immune response against
B. abortus
. An
in vitro
luciferase assay indicated that TLR6 cooperates with TLR2 to sense
Brucella
and further activates NF-κB signaling. However,
in vivo
analysis showed that TLR6, not TLR2, is required for the efficient control of
B. abortus
infection. Additionally,
B. abortus
-infected dendritic cells require TLR6 to induce tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-12 (IL-12). Furthermore, our findings demonstrated that the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway is impaired in TLR2, TLR6, and TLR2/6 knockout (KO) DCs when infected with
B. abortus
, which may account for the lower proinflammatory cytokine production observed in TLR6 KO mouse dendritic cells. In summary, the results presented here indicate that TLR6 is required to trigger innate immune responses against
B. abortus
in vivo
and is required for the full activation of DCs to induce robust proinflammatory cytokine production.
Applicability of InSAR to tropical volcanoes: insights from Central America
Authors: Ebmeier S. K. , Biggs J. , Mather T. A. , Amelung F. 
Published: March 2013

Abstract
Measuring volcano deformation is key to understanding the behaviour of erupting volcanoes and detecting those in periods of unrest. Satellite techniques provide the opportunity to do so on a global scale but, with some notable exceptions, the deformation of volcanoes in the tropics has been understudied relative to those at higher latitudes, largely due to technical difficulties in applying Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR).

We perform a systematic survey of the Central American Volcanic Arc to investigate the applicability of Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) to volcanoes in the tropics. Volcano characteristics that may prevent InSAR measurement include: (1) dense vegetation cover; (2) persistent activity; and (3) steep slopes. Measurements of deformation are further inhibited by atmospheric artefacts associated with: (4) large changes in topographical relief. We present a systematic method for distinguishing between water vapour artefacts and true deformation. Our data show a linear relationship (
c
. 2 cm/km) between the magnitudes of water vapour artefacts and volcano edifice height. For high relief volcanoes (e.g. Fuego, Guatemala, 3763 m a.s.l. (above sea level)) errors are of the order of 4–5 cm across the volcano's edifice but are less than 2 cm for lower relief (e.g. Masaya, Nicaragua, 635 m a.s.l.). Examples such as Arenal, Atitlan and Fuego illustrate that satellite acquisition strategies incorporating ascending and descending tracks are particularly important for studying steep-sided volcanoes.

Poor coherence is primarily associated with temporal decorrelation, which is typically more rapid in southern Central America where Evergreen broadleaf vegetation dominates. Land-use classification is a better predictor of decorrelation rate than vegetation index. Comparison of coherence for different radar wavelengths match expectations; high resolution X-band radar is best suited to local studies where high-resolution digital elevation models (DEMs) exist, while L-band wavelengths are necessary for regional surveys. However, this is the first time that relationships between phase coherence and time, perpendicular baseline, radar wavelength, and land use have been quantified on the scale of a whole volcanic arc.
Artistic image generation for emerging multimedia services by impressionist manner
Authors: Seo Sanghyun , Ryoo Seungtaek , Yoon Kyunghyun 
Published: March 2013

In this article, we propose the rendering framework for painting-like image generation and general system architecture for mobile device. Especially, we focused on a color division method for generating neo-impressionist images. The French painter, George Seurat, introduced pointillism under the theory that the individual pigments of colors on the canvas are reconstructed on the human retina. Pointillism is a painting technique in which many small brush strokes are combined to form a picture and determines the color of brush strokes based on the optical mixing of juxtaposed colors.
In order to express countless separate dots, we form hierarchical points using Wang Tiles contained points. Also palette will be constructed using neo-impressionist colors. Based on this palette, we propose color division algorithm that distributes hierarchical point's color to pointillist colors using probability function. Finally, hierarchical points set that applied proposed color division rule is converted into brush strokes that possesses properties such as shape and direction. This rendering algorithm is performed in our proposed system. Our scheme is able to produce a painting with artistic style and be applied to the various platform having the different computing performance and display resolution. This system also can be extended to various imaging devices (IPTV, camera, smart phone, digital photo frame and so on).
Molecular Pathogenesis of Neuroendocrine Tumors: Implications for Current and Future Therapeutic Approaches
Authors: Oberg Kjell , Casanovas Oriol , Castaño Justo P. , Chung Daniel , Delle Fave Gianfranco , Denèfle Patrice , Harris Philip , Khan Mohid S. , Kulke Matthew H. , Scarpa Aldo , Tang Laura H. , Wiedenmann Bertram 
Published: March 2013

Abstract
The treatment landscape and biologic understanding of neuroendocrine tumors (NET) has shifted dramatically in recent years. Recent studies have shown that somatostatin analogues have the potential not only to control symptoms of hormone hypersecretion but also have the ability to slow tumor growth in patients with advanced carcinoid. The results of clinical trials have further shown that the VEGF pathway inhibitor sunitinib and the mTOR inhibitor everolimus have efficacy in patients with advanced pancreatic NETs. The efficacy of these targeted therapies in NET suggests that the molecular characterization of NETs may provide an avenue to predict both which patients may benefit most from the treatment and to overcome potential drug resistance. Recent genomic studies of NETs have further suggested that pathways regulating chromatin remodeling and epigenetic modification may play a key role in regulating NET growth. These observations offer the potential for new therapeutic and diagnostic advances for patients with NET. Clin Cancer Res; 19(11); 2842–9. ©2013 AACR.
An International Collaboration to Harmonize the Quantitative Plasma Epstein-Barr Virus DNA Assay for Future Biomarker-Guided Trials in Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma
Authors: Le Quynh-Thu , Zhang Qiang , Cao Hongbin , Cheng Ann-Joy , Pinsky Benjamin A. , Hong Ruey-Long , Chang Joseph T. , Wang Chun-Wei , Tsao Kuo-Chien , Lo YM Dennis , Lee Nancy , Ang K. Kian , Chan Anthony T.C. , Chan K.C. Allen 
Published: March 2013

Abstract
Purpose: Persistently elevated posttreatment plasma EBV DNA is a robust predictor of relapse in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). However, assay standardization is necessary for use in biomarker-driven trials. We conducted a study to harmonize the method between four centers with expertise in EBV DNA quantitation.
Experimental Design: Plasma samples of 40 patients with NPC were distributed to four centers. DNA was extracted and EBV DNA copy number was determined by real-time quantitative PCR (BamHI-W primer/probe). Centers used the same protocol but generated their own calibrators. A harmonization study was then conducted using the same calibrators and PCR master mix and validated with ten pooled samples.
Results: The initial intraclass correlations (ICC) for the first 40 samples between each center and the index center were 0.62 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.39–0.78], 0.70 (0.50–0.83), and 0.59 (0.35–0.76). The largest variability was the use of different PCR master mixes and calibrators. Standardization improved ICC to 0.83 (0.5–0.95), 0.95 (0.83–0.99) and 0.96 (0.86–0.99), respectively, for ten archival frozen samples. For fresh plasma with spiked-in EBV DNA, correlations were more than 0.99 between the centers. At 5 EBV DNA copies per reaction or above, the coefficient of variance (CV) was less than 10% for the cycle threshold (Ct) among all centers, suggesting this concentration can be reliably used as a cutoff for defining the presence of detectable EBV DNA.
Conclusions: Quantitative PCR assays, even when conducted in experienced clinical labs, can yield large variability in plasma EBV DNA copy numbers without harmonization. The use of common calibrators and PCR master mix can help to reduce variability. Clin Cancer Res; 19(8); 2208–15. ©2013 AACR.
Mixed-Resolution Ensemble Data Assimilation
Authors: Rainwater Sabrina , Hunt Brian 
Published: March 2013

AbstractEnsemble Kalman filters perform data assimilation by forming a background covariance matrix from an ensemble forecast. Most of the literature on ensemble Kalman filters assumes that all ensemble members come from the same model. This article presents and tests a modified local ensemble transform Kalman filter (LETKF) that takes its background covariance from a combination of a high-resolution ensemble and a low-resolution ensemble. The computational time and the accuracy of this mixed-resolution LETKF are explored and compared to the standard LETKF on a high-resolution ensemble, using simulated observation experiments with the Lorenz models II and III (more complex versions of the Lorenz-96 model). In a variety of scenarios, mixed-resolution analysis can obtain higher accuracy with similar computation time (or similar accuracy with a reduced computation time) compared to single-resolution analysis.
The Effect of Early Whole-Body Vibration Therapy on Neuromuscular Control After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction
Authors: Fu Chak Lun Allan , Yung Shu Hang Patrick , Law Kan Yip Billy , Leung King Ho Holly , Lui Po Yee Pauline , Siu Hon Kit , Chan Kai Ming 
Published: March 2013

Background: Despite rehabilitation training, deficiency in knee joint position sense, muscular performance, postural control, and functional ability is common after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR). Whole-body vibration therapy (WBVT), which is initiated from 3 months postoperatively, has proven benefits. However, the effect of earlier WBVT is unknown. Purpose: To investigate the effect of early WBVT on neuromuscular control after ACLR. Study Design: Randomized controlled trial; Level of evidence, 1. Methods: A total of 48 patients with unilateral complete isolated ACL tears were recruited. Single-bundle hamstring ACLR was performed in all patients. After surgery, they were randomly assigned to either the reference or treatment group. Reference group patients received conventional ACL rehabilitation, while treatment group patients received 8 weeks of WBVT in addition to conventional rehabilitation, starting from 1 month postoperatively. Joint position sense, postural control, and knee isokinetic performance were assessed before surgery and at 1, 3, and 6 months postoperatively using the Biodex dynamometer, Biodex Stability System, and Cybex NORM, respectively. Knee range of motion (ROM), stability (manual testing and KT-1000 arthrometer), and functional ability (single-legged hop test, triple hop test, shuttle run test, and carioca test) were also examined. Two-way repeated-measures analysis of variance and the Mann-Whitney U test were used for statistical analysis. Results: There was no complication throughout the rehabilitation. All patients achieved full knee ROM and stable knee joints at 6 months after surgery. The WBVT group demonstrated significantly better postural control, muscle performance, single-legged hop, and shuttle run ( P < .05) than the reference group, but there was no significant difference in knee joint position sense, triple hop, carioca, ROM, and stability ( P > .05). Conclusion: Early WBVT started from 1 month postoperatively was an effective training method without compromising knee ROM and stability. It improved postural control, isokinetic performance, single-legged hop, and shuttle run but not knee joint position sense, triple hop, and carioca.