bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Explaining Political Tunnel Vision: Politics and Economics in Crisis-Ridden Europe, Then and Now
Authors: Mudge Stephanie L. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractThe grip of austerity in European politics since 2008 presents a double puzzle: electorally weak center-left parties offering no definite alternative, and the surprisingly efficient pursuit of “fiscal consolidation”. To understand this double puzzle this article investigates the institutional bases of alternative economic thinking during the 1930s versus the post-2008 crisis years. Noting the recent prominence of a new social type, theEuropean economist-technocrat(eet), I highlight the historically specific order to which theeetis indigenous: rarefied, international professional circuits that tend to work over, not through, party politics. This contrasts sharply with the nationally-based, party-connected economists who developed new economic orthodoxies between the 1930s and 1960s, including Keynes himself. Approaching the study of economic culture in the public sphere in a Polanyian moral markets framework, I argue that the linkages between European economics and financial technocracies help to explain Europe’s double puzzle. Theoretically, I argue that a focus on expertise and parties, and not just states, is central to our understanding of economic culture in the public sphere.
HUMANITARIAN LAW, HUMAN RIGHTS LAW AND THE BIFURCATION OF ARMED CONFLICT
Authors: Hill-Cawthorne Lawrence 
Published: April 2015

AbstractThis article offers a fresh examination of the distinction drawn in international humanitarian law (IHL) between international and non-international armed conflicts. In particular, it considers this issue from the under-explored perspective of the influence of international human rights law (IHRL). It is demonstrated how, over time, the effect of IHRL on this distinction in IHL has changed dramatically. Whereas traditionally IHRL encouraged the partial elimination of the distinction between types of armed conflict, more recently it has been invoked in debates in a manner that would preserve what remains of the distinction. By exploring this important issue, it is hoped that the present article will contribute to the ongoing debates regarding the future development of the law of non-international armed conflict.
A NEW STRATOSPHERE? INVESTMENT TREATY ARBITRATION AS ‘INTERNATIONALIZED PUBLIC LAW’
Authors: Foster Caroline 
Published: April 2015

AbstractThe idea of investment treaty arbitration as public law is in tension with the concept of international law as a law between representative public agencies. This concept of international law is valuable for its capacity to progress a broad range of public policy aims in an integrated and coordinated manner, including aims extending beyond the economic sphere such as international social, environmental, cultural and related aims. The probable effect on this concept of international law of a radical ‘internationalized public law’ approach to investment treaty arbitration requires further thought, especially with regard to the potential implications of recognizing investor rights under international law.
Songwriters and song lyrics: architecture, ambiguity and repetition
Authors: Negus Keith , Astor Pete 
Published: April 2015

AbstractThis article argues for understanding popular songs and songwriting through the metaphor of architecture, an idea we draw from vernacular terms used by songwriters when comprehending and explaining their own creative practice, and which we deploy in response to those who have called for writing about music to use a non-technical vocabulary and make greater use of metaphor. By architecture we mean those recognisable characteristics of songs that exist as enduring qualities regardless of a specific performance, recording or sheet music score. We use this analogy not as a systematic model, but as a device for exploring the intricate ways in which words and music are combined and pointing to similarities in the composition of poetry and the writing of song lyrics. The art of repetition and play with ambiguity are integral to popular song architectures that endure regardless of the modifications introduced by performers who temporarily inhabit a particular song.
Blues music theory and the songs of Robert Johnson: ladder, level and chromatic cycle
Authors: Curry Ben 
Published: April 2015

AbstractThe blues is a complex and subtle musical language that warrants careful analysis and sustained debate. There are legitimate concerns with the application of music-theoretical paradigms to blues music, but we should not allow such concerns to undermine all attempts to address the blues as a serious and coherently structured music. This paper explores the notions of ladder, level and chromatic cycle as an insightful set of theoretical tools in analysing the music of Robert Johnson. Key sources in developing this analytical approach are the scholarship of Gerhard Kubik and the spatially oriented analytical methods of neo-Riemannian theory. The notions of ladder, level and chromatic cycle are explored with close reference to Johnson's ‘Kindhearted Woman’ and through a more general consideration of the scale-degree content of his vocal parts.
Asymmetric implosion of a cone-guided target irradiated by Gekko XII laser
Authors: Yanagawa T. , Sakagami H. , Sunahara A. , Nagatomo H. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractIn implosion experiments of a cone-guided target using Gekko XII laser, the lasers on the cone side are not irradiated to avoid the irradiation of the cone. In such condition, the implosion process is done highly asymmetrically. Thus we evaluated the effects of the asymmetric implosion on the compression ratio of the fuel in Gekko XII irradiation orientation by three-dimensional hydro simulations. In this paper, we discuss the degradation of the compression ratio by asymmetric implosion and show that the compression ratio can be enhanced by adjusting the laser intensity between each beam to reduce the asymmetry of the implosion.
An explicit André–Oort type result for
Authors: PAULIN ROLAND 
Published: April 2015

AbstractUsing class field theory we prove an explicit result of André–Oort type for $\mathbb{P}^1(\mathbb{C}) \times \mathbb{G}_m(\mathbb{C})$. In this variation the special points of $\mathbb{P}^1(\mathbb{C})$ are the singular moduli, while the special points of $\mathbb{G}_m(\mathbb{C})$ are defined to be the roots of unity.
Comparison of the effects of BPA and BPAF on oocyte spindle assembly and polar body release in mice
Authors: Nakano Kei , Nishio Manami , Kobayashi Norio , Hiradate Yuuki , Hoshino Yumi , Sato Eimei , Tanemura Kentaro 
Published: April 2015

SummaryBisphenol AF (BPAF), a homolog of bisphenol A (BPA), is a widely used environmental chemical that has adverse effects on reproduction. The aim of this study was to analyse the effects of BPA and BPAF exposure on oocyte maturation in vitro. Oocytes were cultured in the presence of BPA or BPAF (2, 20, 50 or 100 μg/ml) for 18 h. At concentrations of 50 and 100 μg/ml, BPA and BPAF inhibited oocyte maturation, with BPAF treatment causing a sharp decrease in the number of oocytes reaching maturity. Oocytes were exposed to BPA or BPAF at 2 μg/ml and cultured for different durations (6, 9, 12, 15 or 18 h). Both BPAF and BPA caused a cell cycle delay under these conditions. Oocytes cultured in the presence of BPA or BPAF (50 μg/ml) for 21 h were tested for the localization of α-tubulin and MAD2 using immunofluorescence. High concentrations of BPAF induced cell cycle arrest through the activation of the spindle assembly checkpoint. After 12 h of culture in BPAF (50 μg/ml), oocytes were transferred to control medium for 9 h. Only 63.3% oocytes treated in this manner progressed to metaphase II (MII). Oocytes exposed to high doses of BPA experienced a cell cycle delay, but managed to progress to MII when the culture period was prolonged. In addition, MAD2 was localized in the cytoplasm of these oocytes. In conclusion, both BPAF and BPA exposure affected oocyte maturation, however BPAF and BPA have differential effects on SAC activity.
Structural basis for binding of human IgG1 to its high-affinity human receptor FcγRI
Authors: Kiyoshi Masato , Caaveiro Jose M.M. , Kawai Takeaki , Tashiro Shinya , Ide Teruhiko , Asaoka Yoshiharu , Hatayama Kouta , Tsumoto Kouhei 
Published: April 2015

AbstractCell-surface Fcγ receptors mediate innate and adaptive immune responses. Human Fcγ receptor I (hFcγRI) binds IgGs with high affinity and is the only Fcγ receptor that can effectively capture monomeric IgGs. However, the molecular basis of hFcγRI’s interaction with Fc has not been determined, limiting our understanding of this major immune receptor. Here we report the crystal structure of a complex between hFcγRI and human Fc, at 1.80 Å resolution, revealing an unique hydrophobic pocket at the surface of hFcγRI perfectly suited for residue Leu235 of Fc, which explains the high affinity of this complex. Structural, kinetic and thermodynamic data demonstrate that the binding mechanism is governed by a combination of non-covalent interactions, bridging water molecules and the dynamic features of Fc. In addition, the hinge region of hFcγRI-bound Fc adopts a straight conformation, potentially orienting the Fab moiety. These findings will stimulate the development of novel therapeutic strategies involving hFcγRI.
Differential Natural Selection of Human Zinc Transporter Genes between African and Non-African Populations
Authors: Zhang Chao , Li Jing , Tian Lei , Lu Dongsheng , Yuan Kai , Yuan Yuan , Xu Shuhua 
Published: April 2015

AbstractZinc transporters play important roles in all eukaryotes by maintaining the rational zinc concentration in cells. However, the diversity of zinc transporter genes (ZTGs) remains poorly studied. Here, we investigated the genetic diversity of 24 human ZTGs based on the 1000 Genomes data. Some ZTGs show small population differences, such as SLC30A6 with a weighted-average FST (WA-FST = 0.015), while other ZTGs exhibit considerably large population differences, such as SLC30A9 (WA-FST = 0.284). Overall, ZTGs harbor many more highly population-differentiated variants compared with random genes. Intriguingly, we found that SLC30A9 was underlying natural selection in both East Asians (EAS) and Africans (AFR) but in different directions. Notably, a non-synonymous variant (rs1047626) in SLC30A9 is almost fixed with 96.4% A in EAS and 92% G in AFR, respectively. Consequently, there are two different functional haplotypes exhibiting dominant abundance in AFR and EAS, respectively. Furthermore, a strong correlation was observed between the haplotype frequencies of SLC30A9 and distributions of zinc contents in soils or crops. We speculate that the genetic differentiation of ZTGs could directly contribute to population heterogeneity in zinc transporting capabilities and local adaptations of human populations in regard to the local zinc state or diets, which have both evolutionary and medical implications.
Twin tubular pinch effect in curving confined flows
Authors: Clime Liviu , Morton Keith J. , Hoa Xuyen D. , Veres Teodor 
Published: April 2015

AbstractColloidal suspensions of buoyancy neutral particles flowing in circular pipes focus into narrow distributions near the wall due to lateral migration effects associated with fluid inertia. In curving flows, these distributions are altered by Dean currents and the interplay between Reynolds and Dean numbers is used to predict equilibrium positions. Here, we propose a new description of inertial lateral migration in curving flows that expands current understanding of both focusing dynamics and equilibrium distributions. We find that at low Reynolds numbers, the ratio δ between lateral inertial migration and Dean forces scales simply with the particle radius, coil curvature and pipe radius as "Equation missing". A critical value δc = 0.148 of this parameter is identified along with two related inertial focusing mechanisms. In the regime below δc, coined subcritical, Dean forces generate permanently circulating, twinned annuli, each with intricate equilibrium particle distributions including eyes and trailing arms. At δ > δc (supercritical regime) inertial lateral migration forces are dominant and particles focus to a single stable equilibrium position.
Auto-inhibitory Mechanism of the Human Mitochondrial RNase P Protein Complex
Authors: Li Fengzhi , Liu Xiaofen , Zhou Weihong , Yang Xue , Shen Yuequan 
Published: April 2015

AbstractIt is known that tRNAs play an essential role in genetic information transfer from DNA to protein. The maturation of tRNA precursors is performed by the endoribonuclease RNase P, which classically consists of a main RNA segment and accessory proteins. However, the newly identified human mitochondrial RNase P-like protein (MRPP123) complex is unique in that it is composed of three proteins without RNA. Here, we determined the crystal structure of MRPP123 complex subunit 3 (MRPP3), which is thought to carry out the catalytic reaction. A detailed structural analysis in combination with biochemical assays suggests that MRPP3 is in an auto-inhibitory conformation in which metal ions that are essential for catalysis are excluded from the active site. Our results indicate that further regulation is necessary to rearrange the conformation of the active site of MRPP3 and trigger it, thus providing important information to understand the activation of MRPP123.
Meta-Analysis of the Relationship between XRCC1-Arg399Gln and Arg280His Polymorphisms and the Risk of Prostate Cancer
Authors: Yan Jie , Wang Xiantao , Tao Hui , Deng Zengfu , Yang Wang , Lin Faquan 
Published: April 2015

AbstractProstate cancer is one of the most common noncutaneous malignancies in Western countries. Because there has been a debate regarding the relationship between the XRCC1-Arg399Gln and Arg280His polymorphisms and prostate cancer risk, we therefore performed this meta-analysis. The electronic databases PubMed, EMBASE and Medline were searched prior to October 1, 2014. An odds ratio and 95% confidence interval were used to calculate association. Heterogeneity was tested by both a chi-square test and I2statistic. Funnel plots and Egger’s test were used to assess publication bias. All statistical analyses were performed using STATA 12.0 software. A significant association between the XRCC1-Arg399Gln polymorphism and prostate cancer risk was found under a homozygote model and a recessive model. A significant association between XRCC1-Arg280His and prostate cancer risk was found under a heterozygote model and a dominant model. Overall, the results of this meta-analysis show that the XRCC1-Arg399Gln polymorphism may be associated with an increased risk for prostate cancer under the homozygote model and the recessive model. And XRCC1-Arg280His polymorphism is likely to be related with prostate cancer risk under the heterozygote model and the dominant model. Additional larger well-designed studies are needed to validate our results.
Raman spectroscopic sensing of carbonate intercalation in breast microcalcifications at stereotactic biopsy
Authors: Sathyavathi R. , Saha Anushree , Soares Jaqueline S. , Spegazzini Nicolas , McGee Sasha , Rao Dasari Ramachandra , Fitzmaurice Maryann , Barman Ishan 
Published: April 2015

AbstractMicrocalcifications are an early mammographic sign of breast cancer and frequent target for stereotactic biopsy. Despite their indisputable value, microcalcifications, particularly of the type II variety that are comprised of calcium hydroxyapatite deposits, remain one of the least understood disease markers. Here we employed Raman spectroscopy to elucidate the relationship between pathogenicity of breast lesions in fresh biopsy cores and composition of type II microcalcifications. Using a chemometric model of chemical-morphological constituents, acquired Raman spectra were translated to characterize chemical makeup of the lesions. We find that increase in carbonate intercalation in the hydroxyapatite lattice can be reliably employed to differentiate benign from malignant lesions, with algorithms based only on carbonate and cytoplasmic protein content exhibiting excellent negative predictive value (93–98%). Our findings highlight the importance of calcium carbonate, an underrated constituent of microcalcifications, as a spectroscopic marker in breast pathology evaluation and pave the way for improved biopsy guidance.
OsTCP19 influences developmental and abiotic stress signaling by modulatingABI4-mediated pathways
Authors: Mukhopadhyay Pradipto , Tyagi Akhilesh Kumar 
Published: April 2015

AbstractClass-I TCP transcription factors are plant-specific developmental regulators. Inthis study, the role of one such rice gene, OsTCP19, in water-deficit andsalt stress response was explored. Besides a general upregulation by abioticstresses, this transcript was more abundant in tolerant than sensitive ricegenotypes during early hours of stress. Stress, tissue and genotype-dependentretention of a small in-frame intron in this transcript was also observed.Overexpression of OsTCP19 in Arabidopsis caused upregulation ofIAA3, ABI3 and ABI4 and downregulation of LOX2, andled to developmental abnormalities like fewer lateral root formation. Moreover,decrease in water loss and reactive oxygen species and hyperaccumulation of lipiddroplets in the transgenics contributed to better stress tolerance both duringseedling establishment and in mature plants. OsTCP19 was also shown to directlyregulate a rice triacylglycerol biosynthesis gene in transient assays. Genes similarto those up- or downregulated in the transgenics were accordingly found to coexpresspositively and negatively with OsTCP19 in Rice Oligonucleotide ArrayDatabase. Interactions of OsTCP19 with OsABI4 and OsULT1 further suggest itsfunction in modulation of abscisic acid pathways and chromatin structure. Thus,OsTCP19 appears to be an important node in cell signaling whichcrosslinks stress and developmental pathways.
Carbohydrate-binding module assisting glycosynthase-catalysed polymerizations
Authors: Codera Victoria , Gilbert Harry J. , Faijes Magda , Planas Antoni 
Published: April 2015

Carbohydrate-binding modules (CBMs) are found within multi-modular polysaccharide degrading enzymes [glycoside hydrolases (GHs)]. CBMs play a critical role in the recognition of plant cell-wall polysaccharides and enhance the hydrolase activity of their cognate catalytic domains by increasing enzyme substrate proximity. Mimicking their role in Nature, we, in the present study, propose that CBMs may assist in vitro glycosynthase-catalysed polymerization reactions to produce artificial polysaccharides. Glycosynthases are GHs that have been engineered to catalyse glycoside bond formation for the synthesis of oligosaccharides, glycoconjugates and glycans. The degree of polymerization (DP) of the glycans generated is limited by the solubility of the polymeric product. In the present study, we have targeted the synthesis of artificial 1,3-1,4-β-glucans with a regular sequence using the glycosynthase E134S derived from a Bacillus licheniformis lichenase. We show that the addition of CBM11, which binds mixed-linked β-glucans, either as an isolated protein or fused to the glycosynthase E134S, has an effect on the DP of the polysaccharide products that is dependent on the rate of polymerization. The mechanism by which CBM influences the DP of the synthesized glycans is discussed.
Radiofrequency Thermal Ablation versus Bipolar Electrocautery for the Treatment of Inferior Turbinate Hypertrophy: Comparison of Efficacy and Postoperative Morbidity
Authors: Uluyol Sinan , Karakaya Nermin , Gur Mehmet , Kilicaslan Saffet , Kantarcioglu Esin , Yagiz Ozlem , Arslan Ilker 
Published: April 2015

Introduction Numerous surgical methods are used to treat nasal obstruction due to inferior turbinate hypertrophy. The primary goal of the therapy is to maximize the nasal airway for as extended a period of time as possible while minimizing therapeutic complications.
Objectives The aim of this study was to assess the effects of radiofrequency thermal ablation (RFTA) and bipolar electrocautery (BEC) on the removal of nasal obstruction in patients with inferior turbinate hypertrophy and on nasal mucociliary clearance (MCC). Patients in both groups were also evaluated in terms of postoperative morbidity.
Methods We compared the outcomes of two groups of patients: those treated with RFTA (n = 23) and those who underwent BEC (n = 20). Nasal obstruction was graded using a visual analog scale (VAS) and MCC was measured using a saccharin clearance test. Both measurements were performed before and 2 months after treatment.
Results Pre- and postoperative VAS scores showed significant improvement for both groups. However, MCC results did not significantly differ between two groups. Neither edema nor crust formation persisted for more than 1 week in any patients.
Conclusion Submucosal cauterization with preservation of the nasal mucosa and periosteum is as effective and safe as RFTA and should be considered when planning inferior turbinate interventions.
Increasing intracellular trehalose is sufficient to confer desiccation tolerance to
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Tapia Hugo , Young Lindsey , Fox Douglas , Bertozzi Carolyn R. , Koshland Douglas 
Published: April 2015

Significance
Diverse organisms across taxa are desiccation tolerant, capable of surviving extreme water loss. Remarkably, desiccation-tolerant organisms can survive years without water. The study of desiccation tolerance has the potential to provide novel insights into many aspects of stress and stress responses. Additionally, the study of desiccation tolerance may generate biomedical (blood storage) and agricultural (drought tolerance) applications. The disaccharide, trehalose, is one of several factors predicted to mitigate the adverse effects of desiccation tolerance. Here, we establish the sufficiency of trehalose in the desiccation tolerance of budding yeast. This study provides insights into the in vivo potential of small chemical chaperones to act as stress effectors and informs on the potential for in vivo metabolism under extreme desiccation conditions.
Puccini and the Music Boxes
Authors: Sheppard W. Anthony 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACTThis article reveals the source for two major themes in Madama Butterfly – one associated with Butterfly herself, the other with her patrimony. The assumption has been that Puccini based these themes on Japanese melodies, but his source was actually a Swiss music box playing Chinese tunes. Specific moments in the opera indicate that Puccini was aware of the titles of these tunes. The sound of music boxes in Butterfly and Turandot suggests previously unnoticed connections between these operas. The music-box melodies may be traced to Fritz Bovet's transcriptions. Puccini encountered ‘Jasmine Flower’ on these boxes, and in Turandot reaffirmed its status as the token of Chinese music.