bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Phosphorus application and liming effects on forage production, floristic composition and soil chemical properties in the Campos biome, southern Brazil
Authors: Tiecher T. , Oliveira L. B. , Rheinheimer D. S. , Quadros F. L. F. , Gatiboni L. C. , Brunetto G. , Kaminski J. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractStudies of responses of native and introduced grassland species to lime and phosphorus (P) applications could contribute to improved understanding of the potential production of South American natural grasslands. To determine the effect of applying lime and different P sources on forage production, diversity and floristic composition, and on soil chemical properties, a small‐plot experiment was conducted over 12 years in natural grassland oversown with Lolium multiflorum and Trifolium vesiculosum in the Campos of southern Brazil. In treatments with soluble phosphate application, dry‐matter (DM) yield in November 2008, after 164 d of winter and early spring growth, increased from 2·3 to 3·2 t ha−1. Differences in DM yield in March 2009, after 111 d of growth during late spring and early summer, were not significant. The DM yield in April 2010, after 419 d of growth, increased from 7·7 to 9·2 t ha−1 in the treatments with P, regardless of the P source. Increased forage yield during the slow growth period in winter was only possible with the introduction of winter‐growing species (L. multiflorum and T. vesiculosum) and soluble phosphate application. Assessment of annual forage yield showed that the effectiveness of Gafsa rock phosphate was equivalent to that of soluble phosphates in the long term. Soluble phosphates and liming modified the botanical composition of natural Campos grassland in the long term, but floristic diversity was not altered.
Minimally invasive autopsy employing post‐mortem CT and targeted coronary angiography: evaluation of its application to a routine Coronial service
Authors: Roberts Ian S D , Traill Zoe C 
Published: August 2013

AimsPost‐mortem imaging is a potential alternative to traditional medicolegal autopsy. We investigate the reduction in number of invasive autopsies required by use of post‐mortem CT ± coronary angiography.Methods and resultsA total of 120 adult deaths referred to the Coroner were investigated by CT, with coronary angiography employed only for the second series of 60 cases, in order to determine the added value of angiography. The confidence of imaging cause of death was classified as definite (no autopsy), probable, possible or unascertained. Invasive autopsy was not required in 38% of cases without coronary angiography and 70% of cases with angiography. Full autopsy, including brain dissection, was required in only 9% of cases. There was complete agreement between autopsy and radiological causes of death in the cases with a ‘probable’ imaging cause of death, indicating that cases for which imaging provides an accurate cause of death without autopsy were identified correctly. In two patients, CT demonstrated unsuspected fractures, not detected at subsequent autopsy.ConclusionsA two‐thirds reduction in the number of invasive coronial autopsies can be achieved by use of post‐mortem CT plus coronary angiography. At the same time, use of post‐mortem CT may improve accuracy of diagnosis, particularly for traumatic deaths.
Autophagy in the immune system
Authors: Puleston Daniel J. , Simon Anna Katharina 
Published: August 2013

SummaryAutophagy is an intracellular homeostatic mechanism important for the degradation of waste components from the cytoplasm in acidic lysosomal compartments. Originally, surplus parts of the cytoplasm that acted as targets for autophagy were thought to comprise cellular organelles and proteins, but this has now extended to include a range of pathogens with particular emphasis on intracellular bacteria. The finding that autophagy can sequester intracellular bacteria and mediate their destruction has opened the door to a wider role for autophagy as an effector arm of the immune system. In innate immunity, autophagy works downstream of pattern recognition receptors where it facilitates a number of effector responses, including cytokine production and phagocytosis. Autophagy is also able to intersect pathways of innate and adaptive immunity through its potential to deliver antigens for antigen presentation. Autophagy provides a substantial source of antigens for loading onto MHC class II molecules and it may be important in dendritic cells for cross‐priming to CD8+ T cells. In lymphocytes, autophagy is essential for cell survival and homeostasis, particularly in T cells. In the thymus, autophagy can modulate the selection of certain CD4+ T‐cell clones while in the bone marrow autophagy is needed for B‐cell development at specific stages. However, large holes exist in our knowledge as to how autophagy regulates, and is regulated by, the immune system and it is important to now apply what we have gleaned from in vitro studies to how autophagy operates in vivo in the setting of natural infection.
Differential CD4+T‐cell responses of allergic and non‐allergic subjects to the immunodominant epitope region of the horse major allergen Equ c 1
Authors: Kailaanmäki Anssi , Kinnunen Tuure , Kwok William W. , Rytkönen‐Nissinen Marja , Randell Jukka , Virtanen Tuomas 
Published: August 2013

SummaryThe responses of allergen‐specific CD4+ T cells of allergic and healthy individuals are still incompletely understood. Our objective was to investigate the functional and phenotypic properties of CD4+ T cells of horse‐allergic and healthy subjects specific to the immunodominant epitope region of the major horse allergen Equ c 1. Specific T‐cell lines (TCLs) and clones were generated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells with Equ c 1143–160, the peptide containing the immunodominant epitope region of Equ c 1. The frequency, proliferative response, cytokine production and HLA restriction of the cells were examined. The frequency of Equ c 1‐specific CD4+ T cells was low (approximately 1 per 106 CD4+ T cells) in both allergic and non‐allergic subjects. The cells of allergic subjects had a stronger proliferative capacity than those of non‐allergic subjects, and they predominantly emerged from the memory T‐cell pool and expressed the T helper type 2 cytokine profile, whereas the cells of non‐allergic subjects emerged from the naive T‐cell pool and produced low levels of interferon‐γ and interleukin‐10. T‐cell response to Equ c 1143–160 was restricted by several common HLA class II molecules from both DQ and DR loci. As the phenotypic and functional properties of Equ c 1‐specific CD4+ T cells differ between allergic and non‐allergic subjects, allergen‐specific T cells appear to be tightly implicated in the development of diseased or healthy outcome. Restriction of the specific CD4+ T‐cell response by multiple HLA alleles suggests that Equ c 1143–160 is a promising candidate for peptide‐based immunotherapy.
A prospective evaluation of disability associated with alcohol use disorders in the United States: An application of the quantile regression approach
Authors: Cheng Hui G. , McBride Orla 
Published: August 2013

AimsThis study aims to estimate, using a unique quantile regression approach, the relationship linking alcohol use disorder (AUD) and disability (physical and mental) using data from a prospective study of household dwelling adults in the United States.MethodsData from the two‐wave National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC) are used to assess AUD‐associated disability. A total of 24,716 non‐institutionalized adults are grouped into “never AUD” and “newly incident AUD” groups. The main outcome variables of interest are the changes in physical and mental disability levels between the two waves, as measured by summary scores of the Short Form Health Survey Version 2. Alcohol use disorder and other mental disorders are assessed by the Alcohol Use Disorder and Associated Disabilities Interview Schedule DSM‐IV version. Linear regression and quantile regression approaches are used for analysis.ResultsThe occurrence of AUD is associated with poorer mental disability outcomes, mainly due to the occurrence of alcohol dependence. The association for physical disability is dependent on the history of other mental disorders. Among those with antecedent mental disorders, alcohol dependence is associated with better physical health; among those without antecedent mental disorders, alcohol dependence is associated with poorer outcomes in physical health.ConclusionsEvidence tentatively supports a causal link between AUD and mental disability. (Am J Addict 2013;22:551–557)
Prevalence and predictors of injection drug use and risky sexual behaviors among adolescents in substance treatment
Authors: Thurstone Christian , Salomonsen‐Sautel Stacy , Mikulich‐Gilbertson Susan K. , Hartman Christie A. , Sakai Joseph T. , Hoffenberg Analice S. , McQueen Matt B. , Min Sung‐Joon , Crowley Thomas J. , Corley Robin P. , Hewitt John K. , Hopfer Christian J. 
Published: August 2013

Background and ObjectivesThe longitudinal risk for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection following adolescent substance treatment is not known. Therefore, it is not known if adolescent substance treatment should include HIV prevention interventions. To address this important research gap, this study evaluates the longitudinal prevalence and predictors of injection drug use (IDU) and sex risk behaviors among adolescents in substance treatment.MethodsParticipants were 260 adolescents (13–18 years) in substance treatment and 201 community control adolescents (11–19 years). Participants were assessed at baseline and follow‐up (mean time between assessments = 6.9 years for the clinical sample and 5.6 years for the community control sample). Outcomes included self‐report lifetime history of IDU, number of lifetime sex partners and frequency of unprotected sexual intercourse.ResultsAt baseline, 7.5% of the clinical sample, compared to 1.0% of the community control sample had a lifetime history of IDU (, p = .001). At follow‐up, 17.4% of the clinical sample compared to 0% of the community control sample had a lifetime history of IDU (, p = .0005). The number of baseline substance use disorders and onset age of marijuana use significantly predicted the presence of lifetime IDU at follow‐up, after adjusting for baseline age, race, and sex. The clinical sample reported more lifetime sex partners and more frequent unprotected sex than the community control sample at baseline and follow‐up.ConclusionsMany adolescents in substance treatment develop IDU and report persistent risky sex. Effective risk reduction interventions for adolescents in substance treatment are needed that address both IDU and risky sex. (Am J Addict 2013;22:558–565)
Prevalence of reported peyote use 1985–2010 effects of the American Indian Religious Freedom Act of 1994
Authors: Prue Bob 
Published: August 2013

BackgroundPeyote was classified as a hallucinogen in the Drug Abuse Control Act of 1965, leaving American Indian (AI) religious use in legal ambiguity. In 1994, the American Indian Religious Freedom Act was amended to unambiguously protect the right of religious use of peyote for AIs.ObjectivesThe purpose of this article is to report the prevalence rates of peyote use by AIs compared to the rest of the US population and to determine what effect the act's passage had on peyote use rates.MethodsThis investigation utilized an analysis of existing archived large nationally representative surveys of the American population. Data on peyote use rates was determined for most years 1985 through 2010. A total of 886,088 completed surveys were analyzed, of which 12,749 were from AIs. Use rates were triangulated using peyote harvest data.Results and ConclusionsPeyote use for AIs and the rest of the US population has remained stable between 1% and 2%. American Indian use rose dramatically in the 4 years following the AIRFA and leveled to just under 10%. The rapidity of the rise was excessive in light of the growth in the NAC and compared to the amounts of peyote stocks available. It is hypothesized that social desirability biases suppressed the Pre‐AIRFA use rates due to peyote illegal status.Scientific SignificanceBeyond describing peyote use rates and the effects of the AIRFA, this research adds to the body of evidence regarding the levels of under‐reporting of illicit drugs. (Am J Addict 2014;23:156–161)
Relationship between tobacco and cannabis use status in outpatients with schizophrenia
Authors: Rabin Rachel A. , Giddens Justine L. , George Tony P. 
Published: August 2013

Background and ObjectiveWhile high prevalence of tobacco and cannabis use are well established in schizophrenia, reports on their co‐morbid use is limited. We explored the links between tobacco and cannabis use in an outpatient population meeting DSM‐IV criteria for schizophrenia.MethodsCigarette smoking behaviors were assessed in an outpaitent population with schizophrenia (N = 54) with current (n = 18), former (n = 24), and no lifetime cannabis dependence (n = 12).ResultsWe found significant differences in cigarettes per day (CPD) across groups: current dependent patients smoked less CPD than patients with former dependence and those with no history of dependence; former dependent patients smoked significantly less than patients with no history of cannabis dependence.Conclusions and Scientific SignificancePreliminary results support an effect of cannabis use status on tobacco consumption. In the absence of cannabis, patients may increase cigarette smoking, suggesting state‐dependent effects of cannabis on tobacco. Prospective designs should further examine this relationship between cannabis and tobacco in schizophrenia versus non‐psychiatric controls. (Am J Addict 2014;23:170–175)
Impact of conjoint trajectories of body mass index and marijuana use on short sleep duration
Authors: Brook Judith S. , Lee Jung Yeon , Balka Elinor B. , Brook David W. , Finch Stephen J. 
Published: August 2013

Background and ObjectivesWe examined the association between the conjoint developmental trajectories of body mass index (BMI) and marijuana use from age 24 to age 32 and short sleep duration.MethodsThe participants included 158 African American male, 267 African American female, 166 Puerto Rican male, and 225 Puerto Rican female young adults (N = 816). Using Mplus, we obtained the conjoint trajectories of BMI and marijuana use. Logistic regression analyses examined the association between the conjoint trajectories and short sleep duration.ResultsFive conjoint trajectory groups were extracted: normal BMI and no or low marijuana use, obese and no or low marijuana use, morbidly obese and some marijuana use, normal BMI and high marijuana use, and obese and high marijuana use. Those in the obese and no or low marijuana use group, the morbidly obese and some marijuana use group, and the obese and high marijuana use group were more likely to report shorter sleep duration than those with normal BMI and no or low marijuana use group.Conclusions and Scientific SignificanceThis study highlights the significance of examining joint trajectories over several developmental stages. In treating short sleep duration, we propose focusing on treating obesity, and also treating marijuana use if applicable. (Am J Addict 2014;23:176–183)
The role of mindfulness skills in terms of distress tolerance: A pilot test among adult daily smokers
Authors: Luberto Christina M. , McLeish Alison C. , Robertson Stephanie A. , Avallone Kimberly M. , Kraemer Kristen M. , Jeffries Emily R. 
Published: August 2013

Background and ObjectivesLow distress tolerance is associated with difficulties quitting smoking. Mindfulness is associated with improved cessation outcomes and may be one method by which to increase distress tolerance. The purpose of the current study was to examine the relationship between mindfulness skills and distress tolerance among regular smokers.MethodsDaily smokers (n = 125; Mage = 37.5, 70% male) completed self‐report measures assessing smoking and emotions.ResultsAfter controlling for age, gender, and nicotine dependence, and education the mindfulness skills of acting with awareness and accepting without judgment significantly predicted distress tolerance.Discussion and ConclusionsFor smokers, being able to pay attention to present moment vents and accept negative events without judgment is associated with a greater ability to withstand such events.Scientific SignificanceThese findings suggest that mindfulness‐based approaches to smoking cessation may be effective because of improvements in distress tolerance. However, future prospective and laboratory‐based studies are needed to better understand the mindfulness‐distress tolerance link among smokers. (Am J Addict 2014;23:184–188)
Ecogeographical variation in skull shape of capuchin monkeys
Authors: Cáceres Nilton , Meloro Carlo , Carotenuto Francesco , Passaro Federico , Sponchiado Jonas , Melo Geruza Leal , Raia Pasquale 
Published: August 2013

AbstractAimBecause of their recent evolutionary radiation, capuchin monkeys represent an ideal group with which to investigate ecomorphological adaptations in relation to geography and climate. Our aim was to identify patterns of both skull size and shape variation in capuchins in relation to environmental variables and latitude.LocationTropical and subtropical South America.MethodsWe performed geometric morphometric analyses of skull shape in 228 capuchin monkey individuals belonging to either the genera Sapajus (seven species) or Cebus (two species), representing 94 localities in South America. Twenty‐three homologous landmarks were digitized to describe skull shape. We regressed skull shape against latitude, longitude, skull size and environmental variables, using ordinary and partial least squares regressions. Variation partitioning was used to test for the relative contribution to shape variance by taxonomy, allometry and environment, and their interaction terms.ResultsWe found a significant impact of latitude, climate and size on skull shape. The allometric component of shape variation, although large, is not congruent with shape differences between species, and probably reflects ontogenetic effects. Partial least squares between bioclimatic variables and skull shape explain some 98% of the covariation between environment and shape. Species distributed in drier, more seasonal southern localities exhibit a narrow skull with elongated muzzle and relatively larger teeth. Variation partitioning suggests that the difference in skull shape between species is highly correlated with climatic variation but not with skull size.Main conclusionsSkull shape in capuchins is significantly related to both environment and skull size. The former, but not the latter, is significantly associated with shape differences between species. The Sapajus clade originated in the south, and experienced an evolutionary radiation during the Pleistocene. As new Sapajus species moved to the north, they adapted to the local environmental conditions, eventually resembling Cebus in skull shape as they reached the Amazon rain forest, in response to their shared environmental conditions.
Clinical and subclinical effects of power brushing following experimental induction of biofilm overgrowth in subjects representing a spectrum of periodontal disease
Authors: Aspiras Marcelo B. , Barros Silvana P. , Moss Kevin L. , Barrow David A. , Phillips Sherrill T. , Mendoza Luis , de Jager Marko , Ward Marilyn , Offenbacher Steven 
Published: August 2013

AbstractAimInvestigate short‐term effects of power brushing following experimental induction of biofilm overgrowth in periodontal disease states.Materials and MethodsOverall, 175 subjects representing each of five biofilm–gingival interface (BGI) periodontal groups were enrolled in a single‐blind, randomized study. After stent‐induced biofilm overgrowth for 21 days subjects received either a manual or a power toothbrush to use during a 4 weeks resolution phase. At baseline and during induction and resolution, standard clinical parameters were measured. Subclinical parameters included multikine analysis of 13 salivary biomarkers and 16s Human Oral Microbe Identification Microarray (HOMIM) probe analysis of subgingival plaque samples.ResultsAll groups exhibited significantly greater reductions in bleeding on probing (BOP) (p = 0.002), gingival index (GI) (p = 0.0007), pocket depth (PD) (p = 0.04) and plaque index (p = 0.001) with power brushing compared to manual. When BGI groups were combined to form a shallow PD (PD ≤ 3 mm) and a deep PD group (PD > 4 mm) power brushing reduced BOP and GI in subjects with both pocket depths. Power brushing significantly reduced IL‐1β levels at resolution while changes in bacterial levels showed non‐significant trends between both brushing modalities.ConclusionsShort‐term changes in select clinical parameters and subclinical salivary biomarkers may be useful in assessing efficacy of power brushing interventions in a spectrum of periodontal disease states.
Survival and Growth of Tetrahymena thermophila in Media that are Conventionally Used for Piscine and Mammalian Cells
Authors: Pinheiro Marcel D.O. , Yu Xiang , Zhao Y. , Bols Niels C. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractThe transfer of Tetrahymena thermophila from normosmotic solutions (~20–80 mOsm/kg H2O) to hyperosmotic solutions (> 290 mOsm/kg H2O) was investigated. During the first 24 h of transfer from proteose peptone yeast extract (PPYE) to either 10 mM HEPES or PPYE with added NaCl to give ~300 mOsm/kg H2O, most ciliates died in HEPES but survived in PPYE. Supplementing hyperosmotic HEPES or PPYE with fetal bovine serum (FBS) enhanced survival. When ciliates were transferred from PPYE to a basal medium for vertebrate cells, L‐15 (~320 mOsm/kg H2O), only a few survived the first 24 h but many survived when the starting cell density at transfer was high (100,000 cells/ml) or FBS was present. These results suggest that nutrients and/or osmolytes in either PPYE or FBS helped ciliates survive the switch to hyperosmotic solutions. FBS also stimulated T. thermophila growth in normosmotic HEPES and PPYE and in hyperosmotic L‐15. In L‐15 with 10% FBS, the ciliates proliferated for several months and could undergo phagocytosis and bacterivory. These cell culture systems and results can be used to explore how some Tetrahymena species function in hyperosmotic hosts and act as opportunistic pathogens of vertebrates.