bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
From promoting to inhibiting: diverse roles of helicases in HIV-1 Replication
Authors: Lorgeoux Rene-Pierre , Guo Fei , Liang Chen 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
Helicases hydrolyze nucleotide triphosphates (NTPs) and use the energy to modify the structures of nucleic acids. They are key players in every cellular process involving RNA or DNA. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) does not encode a helicase, thus it has to exploit cellular helicases in order to efficiently replicate its RNA genome. Indeed, several helicases have been found to specifically associate with HIV-1 and promote viral replication. However, studies have also revealed a couple of helicases that inhibit HIV-1 replication; these findings suggest that HIV-1 can either benefit from the function of cellular helicases or become curtailed by these enzymes. In this review, we focus on what is known about how a specific helicase associates with HIV-1 and how a distinct step of HIV-1 replication is affected. Despite many helicases having demonstrated roles in HIV-1 replication and dozens of other helicase candidates awaiting to be tested, a deeper appreciation of their involvement in the HIV-1 life cycle is hindered by our limited knowledge at the enzymatic and molecular levels regarding how helicases shape the conformation and structure of viral RNA-protein complexes and how these conformational changes are translated into functional outcomes in the context of viral replication.
IL-2 immunotherapy in chronically SIV-infected Rhesus Macaques
Authors: Garibal Julie , Laforge Mireille , Silvestre Ricardo , Mouhamad Shahul , Campillo-Gimenez Laure , Lévy Yves , Estaquier Jérôme 
Published: September 2012

AbstractBackgroundDespite inducing a sustained increase in CD4+ T cell counts, intermittent recombinant IL-2 (rIL-2) therapy did not confer a better clinical outcome in HIV-infected patients enrolled in large phase III clinical trials ESPRIT and SILCAAT. Several hypotheses were evoked to explain these discrepancies. Here, we investigated the impact of low and high doses of IL-2 in Rhesus macaques of Chinese origin infected with SIVmac251 in the absence of antiretroviral therapy (ART).ResultsWe demonstrated that rIL-2 induced a dose dependent expansion of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells without affecting viral load. rIL-2 increased CD4 and CD8 Treg cells as defined by the expression of CD25highFoxP3+CD127low. We also showed that rIL-2 modulated spontaneous and Fas-mediated CD4+and CD8+T cell apoptosis. The higher dose exhibited a dramatic pro-apoptotic effect on both CD4+and CD8+T cell populations. Finally, all the animals treated with rIL-2 developed a wasting syndrome in the month following treatment simultaneously to a dramatic decrease of circulating effector T cells.ConclusionThese data contribute to the understanding of the homeostatic and dosage effects of IL-2 in the context of SIV/HIV infection.
Cell therapy using tolerogenic dendritic cells in transplantation
Authors: Moreau Aurélie , Varey Emilie , Bouchet-Delbos Laurence , Cuturi Maria-Cristina 
Published: September 2012

AbstractOrgan transplantation is the main alternative to the loss of vital organ function from various diseases. However, to avoid graft rejection, transplant patients are treated with immunosuppressive drugs that have adverse side effects. A new emerging approach to reduce the administration of immunosuppressive drugs is to co-treat patients with cell therapy using regulatory cells. In our laboratory, as part of a European project, we plan to test the safety of tolerogenic dendritic cell (TolDC) therapy in kidney transplant patients. In this mini-review, we provide a brief summary of the major protocols used to derive human TolDC, and then focus on the granulocyte macrophage-TolDC generated by our own team. Proof of safety of TolDC therapy in the clinic has already been demonstrated in patients with diabetes. However, in transplantation, DC therapy will be associated with the administration of immunosuppressive drugs, and interactions between drugs and DC are possible. Finally, we will discuss the issue of DC origin, as we believe that administration of autologous TolDC is more appropriate, as demonstrated by our experiments in animal models.
Diagnostic and therapeutic impact of SPECT/CT in patients with unspecific pain of the hand and wrist
Authors: Schleich Florian S , Schürch Maja , Huellner Martin W , Hug Urs , von Wartburg Urs , Strobel Klaus , Veit-Haibach Patrick 
Published: September 2012

Abstract

Background
Unspecific pain of the hand/wrist is a diagnostic challenge. Radiographs and planar bone scan are useful diagnostic tools in patients with unspecific wrist pain. Both modalities are deficient, either by not presenting metabolic disorders or due to inadequate anatomical resolution. Single photon emission computed tomography/computed tomography (SPECT/CT) claims to fuse both features.

Methods
Fifty-one patients with persisting wrist pain were referred for evaluation by SPECT/CT. All patients received X-ray and early-phase/late-phase SPECT/CT imaging. SPECT/CT results were compared with X-ray alone and X-ray combined with planar bone scan. The therapeutic impact was evaluated in consensus with the referring hand surgeon.

Results
A total of 48 lesions were detected on plain radiographs, 117 on planar bone scan, and 142 on SPECT/CT. SPECT/CT detected significantly more lesions than the other imaging modalities. In 30 out of 51 patients (61%), a positive concordance between the clinical diagnosis and SPECT/CT findings was found. In 19 out of 51 patients (37%), SPECT/CT findings had significant impact on consecutive therapy.

Conclusions
SPECT/CT showed higher lesion detection rates compared to standard X-rays and planar bone scan. Significant impact on patient management could be demonstrated. SPECT/CT might be added to the workup of such a specific patient population when standard imaging fails to detect the patient's main pathology.
Correlation of proteome-wide changes with social immunity behaviors provides insight into resistance to the parasitic mite, Varroa destructor, in the honey bee (Apis mellifera)
Authors: Parker Robert , Guarna M Marta , Melathopoulos Andony P , Moon Kyung-Mee , White Rick , Huxter Elizabeth , Pernal Stephen F , Foster Leonard J 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
Background
Disease is a major factor driving the evolution of many organisms. In honey bees, selection for social behavioral responses is the primary adaptive process facilitating disease resistance. One such process, hygienic behavior, enables bees to resist multiple diseases, including the damaging parasitic mite Varroa destructor. The genetic elements and biochemical factors that drive the expression of these adaptations are currently unknown. Proteomics provides a tool to identify proteins that control behavioral processes, and these proteins can be used as biomarkers to aid identification of disease tolerant colonies.

Results
We sampled a large cohort of commercial queen lineages, recording overall mite infestation, hygiene, and the specific hygienic response to V. destructor. We performed proteome-wide correlation analyses in larval integument and adult antennae, identifying several proteins highly predictive of behavior and reduced hive infestation. In the larva, response to wounding was identified as a key adaptive process leading to reduced infestation, and chitin biosynthesis and immune responses appear to represent important disease resistant adaptations. The speed of hygienic behavior may be underpinned by changes in the antenna proteome, and chemosensory and neurological processes could also provide specificity for detection of V. destructor in antennae.

Conclusions
Our results provide, for the first time, some insight into how complex behavioural adaptations manifest in the proteome of honey bees. The most important biochemical correlations provide clues as to the underlying molecular mechanisms of social and innate immunity of honey bees. Such changes are indicative of potential divergence in processes controlling the hive-worker maturation.
Luteinizing Hormone/Human Chorionic Gonadotropin-Mediated Activation of mTORC1 Signaling Is Required for Androgen Synthesis by Theca-Interstitial Cells
Authors: Palaniappan Murugesan , Menon K. M. J. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractLH triggers the biosynthesis of androgens in the theca-interstitial (T-I) cells of ovary through the activation of a cAMP-dependent pathway. We have previously shown that LH/human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) activates mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling network, leading to cell proliferation. In the present study, we provide evidence that the LH/hCG-mediated activation of the mTORC1 signaling cascade is involved in the regulation of steroidogenic enzymes in androgen biosynthesis. Treatment with LH/hCG increased the expression of downstream targets of mTORC1, ribosomal protein S6 kinase 1, and eukaryotic initiation factor 4E as well as steroidogenic enzymes. LH/hCG-mediated stimulation of the steroidogenic enzyme mRNA was blocked by the mTORC1 inhibitor, rapamycin. This inhibitory effect was selective because rapamycin failed to block hCG-mediated increase in the expression of Star mRNA levels. Furthermore, pharmacological targeting of mTORC1 with rapamycin also blocked LH/hCG- or forskolin-induced expression of cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) and steroidogenic enzymes (P450 side-chain cleavage enzyme, 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1, and 17α-hydroxylase/17,20 lyase) but produced no effect on steroidogenic acute regulatory protein levels. These results were further confirmed by demonstrating that the knockdown of mTOR using small interfering RNA selectively abrogated the LH/hCG-induced increase in steroidogenic enzyme expression, without affecting steroidogenic acute regulatory protein expression. LH/hCG-stimulated androgen production was also blocked by rapamycin. Furthermore, the pharmacological inhibition of mTORC1 or ribosomal protein S6 kinase 1 signaling prevented the LH/hCG-induced phosphorylation of CREB. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays revealed the association of CREB with the proximal promoter of the Cyp17a1 gene in response to hCG, and this association was reduced by rapamycin treatment. Taken together, our findings show for the first time that LH/hCG-mediated activation of androgen biosynthesis is regulated by the mTORC1 signaling pathway in T-I cells.
Reactions and reversible hydrogenation of single-walled carbon nanotube anions
Authors: Engtrakul Chaiwat , Curtis Calvin J. , Ellis Jamie E. , Gedvilas Lynn M. , Blackburn Jeffrey L. , Simpson Lin J. , Jones Kim M. , Parilla Philip A. , Dillon Anne C. , Heben Michael J. , Gennett Thomas 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
Semi-Analytical Modeling of Steam-Solvent Gravity Drainage of Heavy Oil and Bitumen, Part 1: Enhanced Flow Rate at Mobile Zone
Authors: Faradonbeh M. Rabiei , Harding T. G. , Abedi J. 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
With increasing world demand for energy, more attention has been given to the exploitation of the huge resources present in the form of heavy oil and bitumen. Although thermal methods such as steam assisted gravity drainage (SAGD) are very successful in recovering heavy oil and bitumen, the low thermal efficiency of the process and the high level of greenhouse gas emissions and water usage remain major concerns.
Co-injection of solvent with steam has shown to be promising in enhancing oil rates as well as in reduction of energy and water consumption with lower environmental impacts. In hybrid steam-solvent methods, there is a balance between the solubility of the solvent and its ability to reduce bitumen viscosity, and the viscosity reduction due to temperature increase. Therefore, proper selection of the solvent for the operating conditions is key to improving the overall efficiency of the steam- solvent process over the steam-only method.
In this study, enhancement of the oil flow rate in the hybrid steam-solvent process is investigated using steady state temperature and unsteady state concentration distribution ahead of the interface with different operational parameters. The Integral Method is employed for prediction of solvent distributions, and the viscosity variation in the mobile zone is determined using the Shu (1984) correlation. The results show that the fractional increase in oil flow rate depends on type and mole fraction of the solvent in the steam chamber. It is also observed that large values of mechanical dispersivity factor enhances oil rate significantly; and drainage rate increases linearly with operating pressure.
The results can be used to find the optimum solvent candidate and the injection strategy to maximize the flow rate of the Expanding Solvent SAGD process. This analysis can also be applied for a mixture of solvents based on available experimental data.
Corporate Governance in the Indian Context
Authors: Narayanaswamy R. , Raghunandan K. , Rama Dasaratha V. 
Published: September 2012

SYNOPSIS
We provide a brief overview of corporate governance in India, including a description of Indian contextual differences (as compared to the U.S. and elsewhere) and a discussion of the major events contributing to the evolution of India's corporate governance/accounting/auditing practices since economic deregulation in 1991. We also offer an agenda for future research on important Indian governance/accounting/auditing issues, and briefly address accounting practice implications.
Making a difference by doing applied qualitative research in education: Three case studies
Authors: Masaryk Radomír , Sokolová Lenka 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
The paper explores the possibilities of using applied qualitative research to help to achieve changes in the context of education. It presents three case studies: an evaluation of an educational software package which may be implemented nationally; an assessment of the impact of a 1:1 Technology Rich Learning Environment experimental project conducted in two Slovak elementary schools; and international comparative research on the curricula of psychology courses in secondary schools. The authors ask three questions: 1. does qualitative research have the potential/resources/capacity to guide us in the process of making policy related decisions? 2. Does it have enough credibility in the eyes of the consumers—whether these are decision-makers themselves or a wider community that often plays a role in public decisions? 3. Could this type of work still count as academic inquiry? The discussion evolves around the reflection of the position of researchers in this type of research design, and the authors conclude that applied qualitative research could be the source of solid evidence for making decisions related to education—although this evidence is different to that provided by quantitative research.
The Romani language in the Slovak educational system
Authors: Gažovičová Tina 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
The paper analyses the use of the Romani language in the Slovak educational system. It focuses on the informal use of Romani in schools, as about 10% of all pupils speak Romani as their mother tongue but there are no schools that use Romani as the language of instruction. The theoretical framework draws mainly on the work of P. Bourdieu and S. May on the symbolic power of language. The empirical chapter is based on qualitative data collected at ten primary schools in different parts of Slovakia, as well as interviews with decision makers and experts. On the basis of the empirical research, three questions are posed. (1) Is Romani used in schools and if so how? (2) What attitudes do school staff have on the use of Romani? (3) Is the theory of Stephen May applicable to Slovakia and is Romani perceived to have merely sentimental value while Slovak is considered to have instrumental value? The article concludes that the perceived value of Romani in Slovakia is very low. From the point of view of school staff, it has no instrumental value and is perceived as a barrier rather than a benefit.
“The Austrians were surprised that I didn’t speak German”: The role of language in Czech-Austrian relations
Authors: Petrjánošová Magda , Graf Sylvie 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
Respondents from Austria (N = 146) and the Czech Republic (N = 165) noted down their experiences with people from their neighbouring country and their attitudes to their own country and the neighbouring nation on feeling thermometers. The quantitative content analysis and qualitative critical discourse-inspired analysis of the open statements focused on the role of language in the construction of Czech-Austrian relations. Using qualitative analysis we enquired as to which themes were intertwined with the topic of language, and as to the ways in which the participants perceived themselves, the Others, behind the border, and the relations between the two sides. We looked not only into what participants said but also how they said it. Using statistical analysis we tested the link between language-related topics in the descriptions of intergroup contact and the evaluation of the neighbouring nation as a whole. Throughout the article we compare the findings obtained by the two kinds of analysis and comment on (dis)agreement as well as on the (dis)advantages of both approaches.
Qualitative research and scientific knowledge: Social science in post-totalitarian academia
Authors: Podoba Juraj 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
The paper presents a critical analysis of the current state of qualitative research approaches in the social sciences and humanities within Slovak academic institutions. The author has been inspired by the metaphor of academic “barbaricum”. This analytical category is based on a model of the relationship between core and periphery, which has no clear function or organisational logic. From the scientific point of view, the core/centre should produce and innovate the theory, whereas the periphery should apply it. In Slovakia—contrary to the situation in Western academia—, the last two decades have seen a growth in the numbers of academic institutions dealing with the humanities (and partly with the social sciences), and stagnation in qualitative social research. The author suggests that if the Slovak social sciences aspire is to becoming part of the so-called European academic space, then this will certainly not be possible without much stronger and extensive support for social research based on qualitative approaches and methods.
Should we sacrifice embryos to cure people?
Authors: Lara Francisco 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
Medical stem cell research is currently the cause of much moral controversy. Those who would confer the same moral status to embryos as we do to humans consider that harvesting such embryonic cells entails sacrificing embryos. In this paper, the author analyses critically the arguments given for such a perspective. Finally, a theory of moral status is outlined that coherently and plausibly supports the use of embryonic stem cells in therapeutic research.
Comparison of Reliability, Validity, and Responsiveness of the Mini-BESTest and Berg Balance Scale in Patients With Balance Disorders
Authors: Godi Marco , Franchignoni Franco , Caligari Marco , Giordano Andrea , Turcato Anna Maria , Nardone Antonio 
Published: September 2012

Background
Recently, a new tool for assessing dynamic balance impairments has been presented: the 14-item Mini-BESTest.

Objective
The aim of this study was to compare the psychometric performance of the Mini-BESTest and the Berg Balance Scale (BBS).

Design
A prospective, single-group, observational design was used in the study.

Methods
Ninety-three participants (mean age=66.2 years, SD=13.2; 53 women, 40 men) with balance deficits were recruited. Interrater (3 raters) and test-retest (1–3 days) reliability were calculated using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs). Responsiveness and minimal important change were assessed (after 10 sessions of physical therapy) using both distribution-based and anchor-based methods (external criterion: the 15-point Global Rating of Change [GRC] scale).

Results
At baseline, neither floor effects nor ceiling effects were found in either the Mini-BESTest or the BBS. After treatment, the maximum score was found in 12 participants (12.9%) with BBS and in 2 participants (2.1%) with Mini-BESTest. Test-retest reliability for total scores was significantly higher for the Mini-BESTest (ICC=.96) than for the BBS (ICC=.92), whereas interrater reliability was similar (ICC=.98 versus .97, respectively). The standard error of measurement (SEM) was 1.26 and the minimum detectable change at the 95% confidence level (MDC95) was 3.5 points for Mini-BESTest, whereas the SEM was 2.18 and the MDC95 was 6.2 points for the BBS. In receiver operating characteristic curves, the area under the curve was 0.92 for the Mini-BESTest and 0.91 for the BBS. The best minimal important change (MIC) was 4 points for the Mini-BESTest and 7 points for the BBS. After treatment, 38 participants evaluated with the Mini-BESTest and only 23 participants evaluated with the BBS (out of the 40 participants who had a GRC score of ≥3.5) showed a score change equal to or greater than the MIC values.

Limitations
The consecutive sampling method drawn from a single rehabilitation facility and the intrinsic weakness of the GRC for calculating MIC values were limitations of the study.

Conclusions
The 2 scales behave similarly, but the Mini-BESTest appears to have a lower ceiling effect, slightly higher reliability levels, and greater accuracy in classifying individual patients who show significant improvement in balance function.
Défendre le défenseur de l'ennemi public. L'affaire Croissant
Authors: Israël Liora 
Published: September 2012

Résumé L’affaire Croissant constitue un moment décisif, bien qu’aujourd’hui largement méconnu, de l’histoire politique des années 1970. Avocat à Stuttgart, Klaus Croissant avait une clientèle composée majoritairement de militants, notamment des membres de la Fraction Armée Rouge d’Andreas Baader. Croissant fut accusé par les autorités allemandes d’être le complice des activités terroristes de ses clients, à la fois en mettant à leur disposition depuis son cabinet certaines facilités matérielles et surtout en organisant en prison des formes d’échange et de communication leur ayant en particulier permis de mener des grèves de la faim coordonnées. En butte à des poursuites, puis à différentes sanctions professionnelles (dont l’interdiction de représenter ses clients lors du procès de Stammheim), Klaus Croissant choisit en juillet 1977 de quitter son pays et de demander l’asile politique en France. C’est à ce moment de l’affaire que nous choisirons de nous intéresser, en centrant l’attention sur la mobilisation qui s’est alors développée contre la demande d’extradition formulée par la RFA, finalement satisfaite le 16 novembre 1977. Révélateur à la fois des relations complexes de la gauche à l’histoire contemporaine allemande et des enjeux pour les juristes de la « défense de la défense », l’affaire Croissant est un exemple qui permet de mettre en lumière les enjeux et les tensions propres à l’assimilation, en démocratie, de la défense de terroristes à celle du terrorisme.
Réseaux sociaux et apprentissage des langues – Spécificités et rôles de l'utilisateur
Authors: Pélissier Chrysta , Qotb Hani 
Published: September 2012

Cet article présente les différents rôles que l'utilisateur de sites d'apprentissage mutuel de langues semble assurer : consultant de ressources, locuteur dans une communauté, clerc-contributeur de ressources, bibliothécaire-capitalisateur de ressources, administrateur de communautés, agent de convivialité et agent évaluateur. Ces rôles ont été identifiés à partir de l'étude de la mise en œuvre de cinq caractéristiques liées au web 2.0 dans différentes plateformes dédiées à l'apprentissage des langues étrangères en ligne. Ainsi, après avoir présenté ces caractéristiques à travers l'exemple de Palabea, nous décrivons chacun de ces sept rôles. Notre analyse débouche sur une discussion portant sur le potentiel du recours à ces dispositifs dans l'enseignement / apprentissage des langues.