bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cosensitization of Cyclometalated Ruthenium Complex and Organic Dyes for High-efficiency Dye-sensitized Solar Cells
Authors: Funaki Takashi , Koumura Nagatoshi , Sayama Kazuhiro 
Published: August 2013

Abstract
Cosensitization of nanocrystalline TiO2 film with the cyclometalated ruthenium complex (FT89) and organic dyes (MK-45 and MK-111) improves the light-harvesting efficiency of dye-sensitized solar cells. The anchor group of the organic dyes has a large influence on the effective cosensitization. MK-45 and MK-111 can work not only as a sensitizer but also as a coadosorbent for FT89. The significant improvement in the conversion efficiency was obtained by cosensitization with FT89 and MK-111, and an efficiency of 11.1% was attained under 100 mW cm−2 of AM1.5G filtered light.
Fully Screen-printed Paper-based Electrode Chip for Glucose Detection
Authors: Shitanda Isao , Yamaguchi Tasuku , Hoshi Yoshinao , Itagaki Masayuki 
Published: August 2013

Abstract
A fully screen-printed electrode chip was fabricated for glucose detection. The utility of the screen-printed electrode chip based on a Japanese paper was demonstrated through the determination of glucose using the reaction of glucose oxidase with tetrathiafulvalene. The calibration curve showed good linearity in the concentration range 10 to 100 mM, with a slope of 0.055 µA mM−1. The paper-based electrode chip is potentially applicable for point-of-care monitoring because it is easy to use, inexpensive, and readily disposable.
Zigzag Arrangement of Bromo-substituted 2,5-Di(1,3-dithiol-2-ylidene)-1,3-dithiolane-4-thione Derivatives and Their Physical Properties
Authors: Ueda Kazumasa , Kunimoto Kei , Henmi Kousuke , Miyabayashi Keiko , Yoza Kenji 
Published: August 2013

Abstract
Four bromine-substituted 2,5-di(1,3-dithiol-2-ylidene)-1,3-dithiolane-4-thione derivatives, 1a, 1b, 1c, and 1d, were synthesized, and their physical properties were investigated. These compounds were obtained from the reaction of a corresponding zinc complex of 2-(1,3-dithiol-2-ylidene)-1,3-dithiole-4,5-bis(thiolate) derivatives and corresponding tetrafluoroborate salts of 1,3-dithiol-2-ylium derivatives. Recrystallization of 1a from carbon disulfide and n-hexane gave single crystals suitable for X-ray structure analysis. In the crystal, 1a molecules are one-dimensionally stacked and one molecule is rotated relative to the neighboring molecules by an angle of 92° about its longer molecular axis. On the (010) plane, the molecules were arranged in a zigzag manner along the a axis. This interesting feature is accomplished by intermolecular S···Br halogen bonds.
An Extension of the Talbot–Ogden Hydrology Model to an Affine Multi-Dimensional Moisture Content Domain
Authors: Yu Han , Deng Li , Douglas Craig C. 
Published: August 2013

The Talbot–Ogden hydrology model provides a fast mass conservative method to compute infiltration in unsaturated soils. As a replacement for a model based on Richards equation, it separates the groundwater movement into infiltration and redistribution for every time step. The typical feature making this method fast is the discretization of the moisture content domain rather than the spatial one. The Talbot-Ogden model rapidly determines how well ground water and aquifers are recharged only. Hence, it differs from models based on advanced reservoir modeling that are uniformly far more expensive computationally since they determine where the water moves in space instead, a completely different and more complex problem. According to the pore-size distribution curve for many soils, this paper extends the one dimensional moisture content domain into a two dimensional one by keeping the vertical spatial axis. The proposed extension can describe any pore-size or porosity distribution as an important soil feature. Based on this extension, infiltration and redistribution are restudied. The unconditional conservation of mass in the Talbot–Ogden model is inherited in this extended model. A numerical example is given for the extended model.
Quantitative PCR Measurement of tRNA 2-Methylthio Modification for Assessing Type 2 Diabetes Risk
Authors: Xie Peiyu , Wei Fan-Yan , Hirata Shoji , Kaitsuka Taku , Suzuki Tsutomu , Suzuki Takeo , Tomizawa Kazuhito 
Published: August 2013

BACKGROUND
Genetic variants in the human CDKAL1 (CDK5 regulatory subunit associated protein 1–like 1) gene have been associated with reduced insulin secretion and type 2 diabetes (T2D). CDKAL1 is a methylthiotransferase that catalyzes 2-methylthio (ms2) modification of the adenine at position 37 (A37) of cytoplasmic tRNALys(UUU). We investigated the ms2-modification level of tRNALys(UUU) as a direct readout of CDKAL1 enzyme activity in human samples.

METHOD
We developed a quantitative PCR (qPCR)-based method to measure ms2 modification. tRNALys(UUU) was reverse-transcribed with 2 unique primers: Reverse primer r1 was designed to anneal to the middle of this tRNA, including the nucleotide at A37, and reverse primer r2 was designed to anneal to the region downstream (3′) of A37. Subsequent qPCR was performed to detect the corresponding transcribed cDNAs.

RESULTS
The efficiency of reverse transcription of tRNALys(UUU) was ms2-modification dependent. The relative difference in threshold cycle number obtained with the r1 or r2 primer yielded the ms2-modification level in tRNALys(UUU) precisely as predicted by an original mathematical model. The method was capable of measuring ms2-modification levels in tRNALys(UUU) in total RNA isolated from human peripheral blood samples, revealing that the ms2-modification rate in tRNALys(UUU) was decreased in individuals carrying the CDKAL1 genotype associated with T2D. In addition, the ms2-modification level was correlated with insulin secretion.

CONCLUSIONS
The results point to the critical role of ms2 modification in T2D and to a potential clinical use of a simple and high-throughput method for assessing T2D risk.
Synthesis and Characterization of New Poly(amide-imide)/organoclay Nanocomposites Derived from N,N′-(4,4′-diphtaloyl)-bis-L-α-aminophenyl Acetic Diacid and 1,2-Bis(4-aminophenoxy)ethane
Authors: Feyzi Akram , Faghihi Khalil 
Published: August 2013

AbstractIn this study, a series of polymer/clay nanocomposites (PCNs) materials consisting of organic poly(amide-imide) (PAI) and organo-modified clay content varying from 0 to 10 mass%, were successfully prepared by solution dispersion technique. At first, the reactive organoclay was prepared by using protonated L-phenylalanine amino acid as a swelling agent for silicate layers of montmorillonite/Na+ (MMT/Na+) via ion-exchange reaction. Then, poly(amide-imide) used as a matrix of nanocomposite was prepared through the polymerization reaction of N,N′-(4,4′-diphtaloyl)-bis-L-α-aminophenyl acetic diacid and 1,2-bis(4-aminophenoxy)ethane in a medium of N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) / triphenyl phosphite (TPP) / calcium chloride (CaCl2) / pyridine (py). This polymer was end-capped with amine end groups near the completion of the reaction to interact chemically with organoclay. Finally, PAI/organoclay nanocomposite films containing 1%, 3%, 5% and 10% of organoclay were prepared via solution intercalation method through blending of organoclay with the PAI solution. The resulting nanocomposite films were characterized by FT-IR spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). XRD and TEM results revealed the formation of exfoliated and intercalated organoclay platelets in the PAI matrix. TGA results indicated that the addition of organoclay into the PAI matrix increases in the thermal decomposition temperatures of the resulted nanocomposites.
Kalb’s Leber und Dienstag’s Schnitzeltag: Zur funktionalen Ausdifferenzierung des Apostrophs im Deutschen
Authors: Scherer Carmen 
Published: August 2013

Abstract
This paper analyzes the non-standard use of the apostrophe in
modern German texts. Traditionally, it is assumed that the apostrophe has a
purely phonographic function in German, even though the first examples of
non-phonographic apostrophes date back to the 17th century. Still today, spellings
with non-phonographic apostrophes, such as die Pizza’s, are considered
as mistakes or misspellings. However, the in-depth analysis of these spellings
reveals that the vast majority of non-phonographic apostrophes are not used at
haphazard. They rather indicate information about the morphological structure
of words: they either mark the right border of their left context, the left border
of their right context or the morphological border as such.
Interestingly, the number of morphologically motivated spellings has increased
considerably during the last decades. This can be explained by an extension
of possible contexts. In this paper, I argue that the morphographic apostrophe
spreads from a prototypical construction, namely the s-genitive of person
names, to other contexts, such as nominal plural or denominal adverbs. I furthermore
illustrate that both the left and the right context of the apostrophe
may serve as a starting point for the propagation of the morphographic apostrophe.
Behavior of Foreign-Object-Damaged WC/C-Coated 7075-T6 Aluminum Alloy Under Fatigue Loading
Authors: Baragetti S. , Gerosa R. , Rivolta B. 
Published: August 2013

Abstract
Solution heat treated and aged, 7075 is one of the most employed aluminum alloys because of its high mechanical resistance. A PVD WC/C coating is usually required to improve the wear resistance, but little information is available about its influence on fatigue life. Rotating bending fatigue tests were, hence, planned on smooth and coated samples. In many applications the components can be damaged by foreign objects. For this reason, some specimens belonging to both coated and uncoated series were damaged by an hardened steel sphere launched at high speed against the minimum cross section of the fatigue samples. The obtained samples series were, hence, tested for 104, 105, and 106 cycles. Finally, to study the effect of the coating from the static and the corrosion points of view, tensile and intergranular corrosion tests were performed, too.
Beliefs About Health, Health Risks and Health Expectations from the Perspective of People with a Psychotic Disorder
Authors: Hultsjö Sally , Syren Susanne 
Published: August 2013

Aim:To examine beliefs about health, health risks and health expectations from the perspective of people diagnosed with a psychotic disorderBackground:People with psychotic disorders have a threefold higher risk of developing physical health problems than the general population, and prevention of these problems is warranted. Examining patients´ health beliefs could help deepen our understanding of how to plan successful health interventions with this group.Methods:Qualitative semi-structured interviews were conducted from November 2010 to October 2011 with 17 people with psychotic disorders. Data were analyzed using a qualitative content analysis.Results:An overall positive picture of health was found despite the fact that physical health was found to be hard to verbalize and understand. Health was mainly associated with psychological wellbeing, while health risks were found to be related to uncertain bodily identity, troublesome thoughts and inner voices, and exclusion from society. Interest in learning, and visions and goals of health seemed to increase awareness of health risks and health expectations, while not worrying could be viewed as a hindrance for health expectations.Conclusion:There is a lack of expressed awareness of physical health risks, but such awareness is fundamental to performing life-style changes [14]. Nurses thus have an important task to help patients understand and verbalize potential physical health risks, and to find out what motivates them to adopt health behaviors.
The Madoff Debacle: What are the Lessons?
Authors: Ragothaman Srinivasan C. 
Published: August 2013

ABSTRACT
This paper describes the implementation of a “Ponzi scheme case study” in auditing classes at the undergraduate and the Master's level. This instructional case is based on the much-publicized Madoff Ponzi scheme. The case exposes students to several auditing-related concepts, including: (1) fraud auditing; (2) ethical reasoning and utilitarian principles; (3) affinity fraud and Ponzi schemes; (4) internal control evaluation; (5) governance issues; (6) the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) investigations; (7) investment strategies and terminologies; and (8) regulation. The case provides students with an opportunity to assume the role of an external auditor and participate in some active learning exercises. About 170 accounting majors participated in this case project during a three-year period at a Midwestern university. Students who worked in groups were genuinely engaged in the learning process, and they came up with several red flags associated with the Madoff fraud and suggested many new internal controls. This case provides a hands-on learning experience to students that could be relevant for them in their future career in public accounting. Student opinion surveys conducted about the learning outcomes of this project indicate strong student engagement, active learning, and satisfaction.
Deferral and Repatriation: A Proposal to Encourage Repatriation of Offshore Income
Authors: Raabe William A. , Hennig Cherie J. , Everett John O. 
Published: August 2013

ABSTRACT
The need for U.S. tax laws to encourage and reward repatriation of offshore income is stronger than ever. We propose an approach that will penalize retaining earnings overseas, while rewarding entities that undertake a repatriation policy. The reward structure requires an accountable use of the repatriated funds for designated investments that further the economic needs goals of the U.S. Under our proposal, an interest charge would be assessed on unrepatriated offshore profits and would be reduced as various remission targets are met. The dividends-received deduction on repatriated earnings would increase as various remission and usage targets are met. A clawback provision would require the taxpayer to repay tax benefits received if there is a subsequent failure to meet the usage targets. The potential difficulties of operationalizing our proposal are identified and considered. A combination of the strategies developed in this proposal, perhaps in concert with features of other proposals, would encourage participating corporations to modify their cash management plans in ways that would provide a sustainable boost for the U.S. economy while also increasing tax revenues.
Compensation Peer Groups and Their Relation with CEO Pay
Authors: Cadman Brian , Carter Mary Ellen 
Published: August 2013

ABSTRACT
Using a sample of S&P 1500 firms, we examine the selection of peer groups to set executive compensation. We document that the researcher-defined pool of potential peers significantly influences whether one concludes that the selection of peers is opportunistically biased to increase sample firm pay. With a broad pool of potential peers, opportunism seems more evident but when the potential peers are culled to a group that might better reflect the CEO labor market, selection appears less opportunistic. This finding is reinforced when we examine and find that differences in economic or compensation characteristics are largely unrelated to sample firm pay, even in settings in which we would most expect opportunism.
Comparison of lateral fabellar suture and tibial plateau leveling osteotomy techniques for treatment of dogs with cranial cruciate ligament disease
Authors: Gordon-Evans Wanda J. , Griffon Dominique J. , Bubb Carrie , Knap Kim M. , Sullivan Meghan , Evans Richard B. 
Published: August 2013

Abstract
Objective—To compare 1-year outcomes after lateral fabellar suture stabilization (LFS) and tibial plateau leveling osteotomy (TPLO) for the treatment of dogs with cranial cruciate ligament disease.
Design—Randomized blinded controlled clinical trial.
Animals—80 dogs with naturally occurring unilateral cranial cruciate ligament disease.
Procedures—All dogs were randomly assigned to undergo LFS (n = 40) or TPLO (40). Clinical data collected included age, weight, body condition score, history information, stifle joint instability, radiographic findings, surgical findings, and complications. Outcome measures were determined prior to surgery and at 6 and 12 weeks and 6 and 12 months after surgery, including values of pressure platform gait analysis variables, Canine Brief Pain Inventory scores, owner satisfaction ratings, thigh circumference, and stifle joint goniometry values.
Results—Signalment and data for possible confounding variables were similar between groups. Peak vertical force of affected hind limbs at a walk and trot was 5% to 11% higher for dogs in the TPLO group versus those in the LFS group during the 12 months after surgery. Canine Brief Pain Inventory, goniometry, and thigh circumference results indicated dogs in both groups improved after surgery, but significant differences between groups were not detected. Owner satisfaction ratings at 12 months after surgery were significantly different between groups; 93% and 75% of owners of dogs in the TPLO and LFS groups indicated a satisfaction score ≥ 9 (scale, 1 to 10), respectively.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Kinematic and owner satisfaction results indicated dogs that underwent TPLO had better outcomes than those that underwent LFS.
Use of an owner questionnaire to evaluate long-term surgical outcome and chronic pain after cranial cruciate ligament repair in dogs: 253 cases (2004–2006)
Authors: Mölsä Sari H. , Hielm-Björkman Anna K. , Laitinen-Vapaavuori Outi M. 
Published: August 2013

Abstract
Objective—To evaluate, by means of an owner questionnaire, long-term outcome and prevalence of chronic pain after cranial cruciate ligament (CCL) surgery in dogs.
Design—Retrospective case series.
Animals—253 dogs with surgically treated CCL rupture.
Procedures—Data from surgical records of dogs that underwent surgical repair of CCL between 2004 and 2006 were reviewed. An owner questionnaire, including the validated Helsinki chronic pain index (HCPI), served to evaluate long-term outcome and prevalence of chronic pain after surgical repair by means of intracapsular, extracapsular, or osteotomy techniques. Additional questions inquired about recovery and rehabilitation after surgery, current well-being, medications, and adjunct treatments.
Results—Of 507 questionnaires, 272 (53.6%) were returned; 19 were excluded because of incomplete answers. Mean ± SD follow-up time was 2.7 ± 0.8 years (range, 1.3 to 4.5 years). Owners considered surgical outcome as excellent in 122 of 226 (54.0%) dogs, good in 97 (42.9%), fair in 0 (0%), and poor in 7 (3.1%). At follow-up, the mean ± SD HCPI for 206 dogs was 8.9 ± 6.3 (range, 0 to 24). Of these 206 dogs, 64 (31.1%) had an HCPI ≥ 12, indicating chronic pain. Mean HCPI in dogs with a good outcome (11.8 ± 5.4; 95% confidence interval, 10.6 to 12.9) was significantly higher than that for dogs with an excellent outcome (6.2 ± 5.7; 95% confidence interval, 5.1 to 7.2). Owner-reported postoperative lameness was significantly shorter after osteotomy techniques, compared with lameness duration after the intracapsular technique.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—On the basis of owner assessment, long-term chronic pain was found in approximately 30% of dogs after CCL repair.
Risk factors associated with survival in dogs with nontonsillar oral squamous cell carcinoma 31 cases (1990–2010)
Authors: Fulton Amy J. , Nemec Ana , Murphy Brian G. , Kass Philip H. , Verstraete Frank J. M. 
Published: August 2013

Abstract
Objective—To identify risk factors associated with survival in dogs with nontonsillar oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) that were and were not treated with curative-intent surgery.
Design—Retrospective case series.
Animals—31 dogs with OSCC.
Procedures—Medical records for dogs with OSCC that were not treated, or were treated with curative-intent surgery only between January 1990 and December 2010 were reviewed. For each dog, data regarding signalment, clinical stage, treatment, tumor recurrence, and survival time were obtained from the medical record, and archived biopsy specimens were evaluated to identify the histologic subtype of the tumor and extent of tumor-associated inflammation (TAI), perineural invasion (PNI), and lymphovascular invasion (LVI).
Results—Risk of death for the 21 dogs with OSCC that were surgically treated was decreased 91.4% (hazard ratio, 0.086; 95% confidence interval, 0.002 to 0.150), compared with that for the 10 dogs with OSCC that were not treated. The 1-year survival rate was 93.5% and 0% for dogs that were and were not surgically treated, respectively. Risk of death increased significantly with increasing TAI and increasing risk score (combination of TAI, PNI, and LVI). Tumor location, clinical stage, and histologic subtype were not associated with survival time.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results indicated that the prognosis for dogs with OSCC was excellent following surgical excision of the tumor. Risk of death increased with increasing TAI, and combining TAI, PNI, and LVI into a single risk score may be a useful prognostic indicator for dogs with OSCC.
Impact of data resolution on peak hour factor estimation for transportation decisions
Authors: Li Jan-Mou , Han Lee , Chen Chung-Hao 
Published: August 2013

AbstractInductance loop detection systems serve as a primary data source to contemporary traffic information systems. Measures like 20-second or 30-second average velocity, flow, and lane occupancy can be aggregated from individual loop detector actuation sampled at 60 Hz typically. Practically, these measures would sometimes be further aggregated into a much lower, e.g. 15-minute, resolution and then the raw data were lost. Valuable traffic information like flow variation may be distorted when the lower resolution aggregation is practiced. A biased conclusion could be drawn from a data integration system consisted of this kind of distortions. Three approaches estimating a peak hour factor based on traffic volume from loop detection systems are introduced in this paper to explore such a quality issue for data integration systems. Peak hour factor is commonly used in Highway Capacity Manual for determining and evaluating future system needs. By processing the raw data with the introduced approaches, different PHFs can be determined from a same traffic dataset. It is found that 2% to 5% (about one standard deviation from the mean) reduction in PHF may have 5 to 20 seconds increase in control delay estimation. The results suggest that distortion of control delay estimation at a signalized intersection exists due to an improper aggregation. That is, data quality might not be good enough for a right decision if the data were not processed appropriately.