bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Anthocyanins from fruit juices improve the antioxidant status of healthy young female volunteers without affecting anti-inflammatory parameters: results from the randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over ANTHONIA (ANTHOcyanins in Nutrition Investigation Alliance) study
Authors: Kuntz Sabine , Kunz Clemens , Herrmann Johannes , Borsch Christian H. , Abel Georg , Fröhling Bettina , Dietrich Helmut , Rudloff Silvia 
Published: August 2014

Anthocyanins (ACN) can exert beneficial health effects not only through their antioxidative potential but also through modulation of inflammatory parameters that play a major role in CVD. A randomised cross-over study was carried out to investigate the effects of ACN-rich beverage ingestion on oxidation- and inflammation-related parameters in thirty healthy female volunteers. The participants consumed 330 ml of beverages (placebo, juice and smoothie with 8·9 (sd0·3), 983·7 (sd37) and 840·9 (sd10) mg/l ACN, respectively) over 14 d. Before and after each intervention, blood and 24 h urine samples were collected. Plasma superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase activities increased significantly after ACN-rich beverage ingestion (P< 0·001), whereas after placebo juice ingestion no increase could be observed. Plasma glutathione peroxidase and erythrocyte SOD activities were not affected. An increase in Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity could also be observed after juice (P< 0·001) and smoothie (P< 0·01) ingestion. The plasma and urinary concentrations of malondialdehyde decreased after ACN-rich beverage ingestion (P< 0·001), whereas those of 8-OH-2-deoxyguanosine as well as inflammation-related parameters (IL-2, -6, -8 and -10, C-reactive peptide, soluble cluster of differentiation 40 ligand, TNF-α, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and soluble cell adhesion molecules) were not affected. Thus, ingestion of ACN-rich beverages improves antioxidant enzyme activities and plasma antioxidant capacity, thus protecting the body against oxidative stress, a hallmark of ongoing atherosclerosis.
Prenatal vitamin D3supplementation suppresses LL-37 peptide expression inex vivoactivated neonatal macrophages but not their killing capacity
Authors: Raqib Rubhana , Ly Anna , Akhtar Evana , Mily Akhirunnesa , Perumal Nandita , Al-Mahmud Abdullah , Rekha Rokeya Sultana , Baqui Abdullah Hel , Roth Daniel E. 
Published: August 2014

Vitamin D has regulatory effects on innate immunity. In the present study, we aimed to assess the effect of prenatal vitamin D3(vitD3) supplementation on neonatal innate immunity in a randomised, placebo-controlled trial by evaluating cathelicidin (LL-37) expression and the killing capacity of macrophages. Healthy pregnant women (n129) attending a clinic in Dhaka were randomised to receive either a weekly oral dose of 0·875 mg vitD3or placebo starting from 26 weeks of gestation up to delivery. Serum, plasma and monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM) were obtained from the cord blood. 25-Hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentration was measured in serum. MDM were stimulated with or without Toll-like-receptor 4 ligand (TLR4L). Innate immune function was assessed by measuring LL-37 peptide levels in the culture supernatant of MDM by ELISA, LL-37 transcript levels by quantitative PCR, andex vivobactericidal capacity of MDM. vitD3supplementation did not increase LL-37 peptide levels in plasma or in the extracellular fluid of macrophages with or without TLR4L induction. However, stimulated intracellular LL-37 expression (ratio of stimulated:unstimulated MDM) was significantly reduced in the vitamin D groupv. placebo (P= 0·02). Multivariate-adjusted analyses showed that intracellular LL-37 peptide concentration from stimulated MDM was inversely associated with 25(OH)D concentration in serum (P= 0·03). TLR4L stimulation increased the bactericidal capacity of MDM compared with the unstimulated ones (P= 0·01); however, there was no difference in killing capacity between the two groups. A weekly dose of 0·875 mg vitD3to healthy pregnant women suppressed the intracellular LL-37 peptide stores of activated macrophages, but did not significantly affect theex vivobactericidal capacity of cord blood MDM.
The role of bushmeat in a West African agricultural landscape
Authors: Alexander Justine Shanti , McNamara James , Rowcliffe J. Marcus , Oppong James , Milner-Gulland E.J. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThere is little information on the changing role of bushmeat hunting in the agricultural areas of West Africa. We assessed the status and role of bushmeat hunting and rural consumption in three communities in Ghana, through household surveys (n = 250), and interviews with hunters (n = 69), eatery owners (n = 18) and bushmeat traders (n = 3). Hunting was embedded within dynamic livelihood strategies, with two broad categories of hunters identified: a large group who targeted pests on their own farms using traps, and a smaller group of professional hunters. The professional hunters included a group of young men who hunted with dogs, and another group of older firearm hunters who tended to be members of Hunters’ Associations. All professional hunters reported a decline in bushmeat availability and expressed concerns about the viability of hunting as a livelihood. The frequency of consumption of bushmeat increased with distance from the region's main urban centre, Kumasi, but bushmeat was not found to be a major component of the diet in any of the villages. Few men self-identified as hunters, although bushmeat hunting continued to play an important role in the rural economy, primarily for crop protection. Conservation efforts need to consider the full spectrum of hunting behaviours. Specific measures should target forest-based hunters, who are more likely to damage forest ecosystems than crop pest hunters but also show more concern for the sustainability of hunting, and commitment to hunting as an institution.
Towards malaria microscopy at the point-of-contact: an assessment of the diagnostic performance of the Newton Nm1 microscope in Uganda
Authors: STOTHARD J. RUSSELL , NABATTE BETTY , SOUSA-FIGUEIREDO JOSE C. , KABATEREINE NARCIS B. 
Published: August 2014

SUMMARYMalaria microscopy in sub-Saharan Africa is often restricted by access to light microscopes. To address this gap, a novel portable inverted monocular microscope, the Newton Nm1, was designed and is now commercially available. Its diagnostic performance was assessed in a blinded-slide trial at ×1000 (oil) of Giemsa-stained thick blood films against a conventional microscope as undertaken by four Ugandan Ministry of Health technicians. With the Newton Nm1, diagnostic performance was: sensitivity 93·5% (95% confidence interval (CI) 78·6–99·2%), specificity 100·0% (95% CI 82·4–100·0%), positive predictive value 100·0% (95% CI 88·1–100·0%) and negative predictive value 90·5% (95% CI 69·6–98·8%). Discordance was due to a systematic error underestimating parasitaemia by ~45%; when counting Plasmodium parasites against 200 white blood cells, blood films with low parasitaemia (i.e. <100 μL−1 of blood) could be overlooked and misclassified. By contrast, specificity was excellent with no false positives encountered. Whilst proven useful, especially in resource-poor environments, it is still unclear how we can ensure the uptake of the Newton Nm1 within sub-Saharan Africa.
Ageing in people with Prader–Willi syndrome: mortality in the UK population cohort and morbidity in an older sample of adults
Authors: Whittington J. E. , Holland A. J. , Webb T. 
Published: August 2014

BackgroundThe past two decades have seen a great improvement in the care of people with Prader–Willi syndrome (PWS), particularly with regard to control of diet and behaviour management. Has this affected mortality rates or thrown up new issues regarding premature ageing or dementia? We investigated two aspects of ageing in people with PWS: (1) an estimate of mortality over 9 years in a cohort of people with PWS, originally recruited in 1998–2000; and (2) premature ageing or dementia in people aged ⩾40 years.Method(1) A follow-up of the population-based 1998–2000 cohort to investigate the subsequent mortality rate; and (2) the recruitment and structured assessment of all members of the Prader–Willi Syndrome Association UK (PWSA-UK) aged ⩾40 years who agreed to participate.ResultsFollow-up of the population-based 1998–2000 cohort gave a mortality rate of at least 7/62 over 9 years (1.25% per annum; 20 untraced), age at death was between 13 and 59 years. Twenty-six members of the PWSA-UK aged ⩾40 years were recruited, 18 of whom had a genetic diagnosis (gd) of PWS. Twenty-two (14 gd) showed no evidence of dementia. Four, with possible symptoms, are described in more detail; all are female, of maternal uniparental disomy (mUPD) genetic subtype, or have a disomic region, and all have a long history of psychotic illness.ConclusionsThe mortality rate in people with PWS seems to be declining. The subgroup of people with PWS due to UPD or disomic region with female gender and a history of psychosis may be at risk of early onset dementia.
Cross-linguistic influence in Welsh–English bilingual children's adjectival constructions
Authors: NICOLADIS ELENA , GAVRILA ANDRA 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTCross-linguistic influence (CLI) refers to the linguistic influence of one of a bilingual's languages while processing the other. Researchers have debated whether CLI is better explained by the structure of bilinguals' two languages or by a combination of processing demands and structure. In this study, we test if Welsh–English bilingual children manifest CLI when producing adjectival constructions. Welsh adjectives typically appear postnominally, English adjectives typically appear prenominally. Since these structures do not overlap, there may be no CLI. If, however, CLI is a result of competition between languages, children's adjectival constructions may be reversed in both languages. We elicited adjectival constructions from Welsh–English bilingual children and English monolingual children between three and six years of age. The bilingual children produced more reversals than monolinguals and equivalent rates of reversals in both languages. In other words, the results support an interpretation of CLI resulting, at least in part, from processing demands.
Tracing the Imprint of the Chancellor's Foot in Contemporary Canadian Judicial Discourse
Authors: Klinck Dennis R. , Mirella Loris 
Published: August 2014

AbstractMetaphorical or figurative expressions often play a significant, though sometimes unacknowledged, role in the law. Their rhetorical power can lead to their being reiterated so that they become “naturalized” or internalized in legal discourse, and they can become a kind of unanalyzed shorthand for complex concepts and processes. One such figurative expression is that of “the Chancellor's foot,” coined by John Selden in the 17th century, and often repeated since then. Examination of its original context reveals that it was at best a superficial and misleading contribution to a serious ongoing debate about the role of equity, and that other, more positive metaphors for equity have been largely lost to the legal imagination. Its continuing prominence may be the result of the “accident” of its having been referred to by so eminent a jurist as Lord Eldon, with the effect that it has become a dismissive aphorism not only for equity, but also for a kind of judicial practice. Contemporary Canadian judges frequently invoke the expression as a pejorative for judicial approaches of which they disapprove, but at the same time they often approve qualities (such as “conscience” and “flexibility”) with which it was originally associated. This paper examines, critically, how a linguistic icon can create and reproduce frameworks of apprehension in the law.
When Silence Is no Longer Acquiescence: Gays and Lesbians under Canadian Law
Authors: Lajoie Andrée , Gélineau Éric , Janda Richard 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThis paper shows the role of the courts in the advancement of gay and lesbian rights to be restricted to intervening when three conditions are present: after legislation has been felt by minority groups to be deficient; where stating principles rather than implementing them is involved, and when legislative modification is difficult to achieve because amendment of a rigid constitution is out of question, or in parts of the country where political conservatism has a similar effect. Decisions are grounded on equality, while other values put forward by gays and lesbians such as dignity, recognition, respect of identity and difference and social concerns will be endorsed only by dissenting judges, unless the majority is sure that their mention will have no practical consequence. However, this modest victory was not achieved at the cost of representing gays' and lesbians' interests or values as common with those of the dominant heterosexual majority. On the contrary it seems that the affirmation of the “right to difference,” centered on diversity, and the openness of this constructed identity might have led to a chain reaction starting with the evolution of public opinion as a consequence of lobbying and education by the gay/lesbian community, proceeding to create a new balance of power, more favourable to the gay/lesbian minority, and finally reaching more respect from courts and legislatures alike.
Ethical and Legal Strategies for Protecting Confidential Research Information
Authors: Palys Ted , Lowman John 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThe paper begins with an outline of some legal and ethical principles regarding research confidentiality that frame researchers' choices, and then reviews the common law on privilege in Canada and the U.S. to show how researchers can design their research to maximise the legal protection of confidential research information. The paper describes various disciplinary ethics codes and the new federal Tri-Council Policy Statement on ethics to illustrate the principles that should be considered in the unlikely event that a Canadian court orders disclosure of confidential information that could harm a research participant. We conclude by proposing that universities and the three granting councils should campaign for statutory protection of research participants along the lines of the confidentiality certificates that are currently available in the United States for research on sensitive topics such as drug use, criminal activities, sexual behaviour, and genetic information.
The Space of Africville: Creating, Regulating and Remembering the Urban ‘Slum’
Authors: Nelson Jennifer J. 
Published: August 2014

RésuméLa communauté noire d'Africville, à Halifax en Nouvelle-Écosse, a été démantelée par la force durant les années 1960 en vertu d'un programme de «rénovation urbaine». Cela faisait longtemps que les gens de cet endroit demandaient une reconnaissance juridique de leur collectivité et de meilleurs services communautaires et services de sécurité, comme des canalisations d'eau et d'égout, et une protection policière. Cet article examine de quelle façon la localité d'Africville a été privée des services en question et est devenue un bidonville, et aussi comment on s'est servi d'une telle situation pour justifier son élimination. La localité qui était autrefois Africville a été transformée en un parc public, mais elle reste un sujet de contestation et de commémoration. La ville de Halifax a toujours rejeté les demandes d'indemnisations et a utilisé des manœuvres juridiques pour faire taire la résistance. Ce texte cherche à montrer de quelle façon la ville de Halifax a utilisé son pouvoir de réglementation pour déloger des gens. Il montre aussi comment nous pouvons nous souvenir de ces pratiques et de leurs conséquences. Il fait surtout valoir le besoin de contextualiser juridiquement l'histoire d'Africville, compte tenu de l'interaction complexe entre la pauvreté, le racisme, et les narrations sur la justice.
The Legal Dimensions of Everyday Life
Authors: Jutras Daniel 
Published: August 2014

RésuméCe texte cherche à établir une pratique du droit comparé qui tienne compte des enseignements tirés du pluralisme juridique. Si la vie quotidienne et les rencontres fortuites sont régies par une constellation d'ordres normatifs, elles peuvent être comparées à d'autres ordres normatifs plus explicites et plus stables. On peut alors mettre en lumière la continuité, la discontinuité, et les caractéristiques divergentes et partagées de ces ordres existants à des niveaux différents dans une communauté donnée. La traduction culturelle permet de faire usage du langage et des concepts propre à chaque ordre pour mieux comprendre l'autre. Les micro-systèmes juridiques deviennent des objets d'étude dont le droit comparé peut se saisir. Le texte est divisé en trois parties. La première tire des travaux de Michael Reisman une lecture de la vie quotidienne à partir des concepts du droit officiel. La deuxième partie procède à l'inverse, et montre comment le droit officiel peut être saisi à partir des modes de pensée propres à la vie quotidienne, comme le suggère Roderick Macdonald. La troisième partie réunit ces deux approches pour les fins d'une comparaison entre le micro-droit et le droit du contrat tel que décrit par Jean-Guy Belley, laquelle révèle une parenté de structure dans les tensions et les polarités qui se manifestent à chacun de ces niveaux d'interaction sociale.
Création d'emplois ou déréqulation? La vocation ambiquë de l'économie sociale
Authors: Krzeslo Estelle 
Published: August 2014

AbstractSince the beginning of the crisis and the rise of unemployment, the “social economy” has been given a strategic role in the defence of those abandoned by the capitalist economy. The social economy is regarded as an economy that produces social services and is also a tool for the integration of the unemployed. This role is all the more important because the social economy is historically carrier of democratic and social values and forms part of a social tradition dear to the workers' movement: a citizens' initiative, an alternative to the market economy with its injustice and social violence. It seems to us, from our experience in Belgium, that the social economy sector has also served as a Trojan horse for the deregulation of employment, constrained by the mode of subsidy and with the approval of its protagonists. We wonder if the call for the social economy development does not favor the weakening of the public service and the State's gradual withdrawal from public service? Is it an ambition or an adverse effect of the instrumentalisation to which this sector is subject?
Citoyenneté des Latino-Américaines: Enjeux, limites et ambiguités
Authors: Marques-Pereira Bérengère 
Published: August 2014

AbstractWomen's citizenship in the Southern Cone is based on a republican conception aimed at the participation to the community and a public responsability reaching from the local to the supranational level, from the public to the political space. Such a process implies a dynamic of individuation, but is also ambiguous because it reproduces the sexual division of labour.
Legal Consciousness and Its Significance for Law and Society Teaching Outside Canadian Law Schools
Authors: Jacobs Lesley A. 
Published: August 2014

One of the recommendations made in Law and Learning is that “[t]he teaching of law in the liberal arts and other faculties should be encouraged.” Earlier in its report, the authors acknowledged the existence of legal studies programs outside law faculties in Canada and emphasized that in these programs legal doctrine exerts much less influence on the direction of study than in law schools. Law teaching in these programs, the Consultative Group explains, “has many attractions. It relieves the subject of its professional training connotations, facilitates integration of legal study and research with parallel activities in other disciplines, and recognizes that law ought to be understood by and subject to the critical scrutiny of as many citizens as possible.”Although the praise in Law and Learning for legal studies programs outside law faculties and especially in faculties of arts and social sciences in Canadian universities is considerable, it is significant I believe that the report does not explain why the teaching of legal doctrine – legal rules – is not central to these legal studies programs, and in particular law and society undergraduate programs. Indeed, the demand from incoming undergraduate students and ordinary citizens is overwhelmingly for these programs to offer courses on legal doctrine. And some programs in Canadian universities comply. Why not teach legal doctrine in these programs? Why should the study of law in these programs be so different from that found in Canadian law schools?
Employing Fairness
Authors: Leckey Robert 
Published: August 2014

RésuméL'auteur, à partir de l'exemple de la pratique des grandes entreprises de payer à leurs employés des primes basées sur leur performance, fait état de deux types de contraintes s'appliquant aux employeurs: d'une part, les règles imposées par la loi; d'autre part, les recommandations des manuels de gestion des ressources humaines. Le droit considère les primes à travers le prisme étroit et traditionnel des règles portant sur les modalités de rémunération dans le cadre de la relation contractuelle avec l'employé. À l'opposé, la science de la gestion les traite comme une forme de communication avec l'employé et établit des recommandations concernant la conception et la mise en œuvre de programmes de primes qui révèlent une certaine notion d'équité administrative. L'auteur s'interroge sur les liens que cette notion d'équité administrative entretient avec le principe d'équité procédurale du droit public. Les différences entre ces deux conceptions de l'équité suggèrent que, contrairement à l'hypothèse mimétique, les entreprises qui adoptent des pratiques se voulant équitables ne font pas que reproduire les normes issues du contexte gouvernemental. Au contraire, l'équité administrative semble s'auto-générer à l'intérieur du champ social semi-autonome des entreprises. S'inspirant des travaux de Teubner sur les systèmes autopoïetiques, l'auteur considère comment le système juridique peut faciliter cette auto-régulation tout en conservant une certaine capacité d'intervention.
Jamaica's Marijuana Decriminalization Conundrum
Authors: Jones Marlyn J. 
Published: August 2014

RésuméLa politique américaine sur les drogues continue de créer des tensions entre les Etats-Unis et d'autres pays. À partir du rapport du mois d'août 2001 de la Commission jamaïcaine, cet article suit la procédure de certification pour mettre en lumière certaines tensions inhérentes à la posture du gouvernement fédéral américain contre la légalisation de la marijuana. Il débat de la probabilité que le gouvernement fédéral américain change le paysage légal concernant la marijuana. En conclusion, l'article recommande comme solutions éventuelles au conflit entre les Etats-Unis et ses voisins régionaux de régionaliser le contrôle des drogues et de remplacer la procédure de certification par le Mécanisme d'évaluation multilatérale (MEM). La question demeure de trouver un entrepreneur politique prêt à se battre pour un changement de l'environnement politique.