bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Application of Optical Scanning and Photogrammetry for Evaluation of Geometrical Tolerance Values
Authors: Gessner Andrzej , Staniek Roman , Michałek Jakub 
Published: April 2014

The hereby presented research, funded by the restricted grant LIDER, NCBiR, deals, in part, with the identification of the full implementation potential of the proposed optical measurement techniques in determination of surface flatness parameters, and their comparative assessment. The test methods included the photogrammetric measurement technique (TRITOP, GOM) and the structural light scanning approach (scanner ATOS, GOM), while the CMM measurement (DEA Global Image Clima) was the reference method. The accordingly designed and assembled experimental test stand comprised 2 steel plates. The test surfaces of the plates were appropriately ground; subsequently, the entire test stand was blackened to ascertain efficient optical scanning. Furthermore, the plates were connected by means of 8 screws, thus introducing considerable distortion. A measurement area of 140 × 240 mm was defined on the plate test surface, as determined by CMM, denoting 15 measurement paths of 240 mm in length, distributed every 10 mm, and characterized by measurement point densities of 1, 5, and 20 pt/mm. The reference CMM measurements were conducted on 3 consecutive days at different times (22 measurements in total) to exclude any possible surface modifications. Subsequently, optical scanning was applied and the measurement points lying at the cross-sections of the CMM measurement paths were isolated from the obtained polygon mesh. To further apply the photogrammetric method, the test surface was labeled with markers distributed every 10 mm and coinciding with the CMM measurement paths.
Comparative analysis of the flatness parameter for the selected CMM measurement and the measurement values obtained by means of the tested optical methods included:
- the entire measurement area,
- the sections comprising 80, 60, 50, 45, 40, 30, 20, 15, and 10 % of the entire measurement area, decreasing centrically,
- the measurement sub-areas of 30 × 50 mm allotted in the corners and in the center of the test plate.
The photogrammetric error of the tested parameter was established at 1.26–19.82 %, depending on the size of the measurement area. The corresponding error value, as determined by the structural light scanning technique, amounted to 0.03–4.31 %.
Chip Breaking Parameter Selection for Constant Surface Speed Machining
Authors: Berglind Luke , Ziegert John 
Published: April 2014

Modulated tool path (MTP) chip breaking is a lathe machining technique which produces chips of a predetermined length to reduce the risk of damage to the tool or the work piece caused by chip entanglement. Individual chips are formed by repeatedly interrupting chip formation through CNC commanded tool oscillations superimposed in the tool feed direction. Previous work has shown that the chip length and part surface finish quality are dependent on the tool oscillation frequency relative to the spindle speed (OPR), and the oscillation amplitude relative to the global feed per revolution (Raf).
Apart from chip length and surface quality, the dynamic capabilities of the machine must be considered when selecting MTP parameters, OPR and Raf. The dynamic limitations of the machine will limit the available range of tool oscillation frequencies and amplitudes. In this paper, the factors which affect the MTP parameter selection process are discussed, and a process for selecting these parameters automatically based on multiple constraints and criteria is presented for constant surface speed MTP machining.
Magnetic Non-Contact Harmonic Drive
Authors: Perez-Diaz J. L. , Diez-Jimenez E. , Cristache C. , Valiente-Blanco I. , Alvarez-Valenzuela M. A. , Castro V. , Ruiz-Navas E. M. , Sanchez-Garcia-Casarrubios J. , Ferdeghini C. , Canepa F. , Hornig W. , Carbone G. , Plechacek J. , Amorin A. , Serrano J. , Sanz V. 
Published: April 2014

The MAGDRIVE project, granted by the Space program of the EU-FP7, is developing a gear able to produce reduction ratios from 1 to several hundreds by means of magnetic teeth. The teeth, unlike the conventional gears, do not touch one to other. This makes that this gear does not need any kind of lubrication.
In case that the maximum torque is passed over the axle simply clutches, but nothing breaks down. Therefore, it has an intrinsic antijamming characteristic. It is also reversible: it can reduce but also multiply the velocity. It can also go clockwise or anticlockwise. Ratio, maximum torque, stiffness and damping can be customized. Even more it can also be customized to be direct or inverted (inverting the sense of the rotation). A low noise level is also a remarkable feature of this kind of device.
These characteristics make this technology very attractive for a number of different fields like aerospace, automation, automotive and others.
Two different prototypes have been developed: the first one is a “room-temperature prototype” for working temperature from −40°C to 100°C, while the second one is a “cryogenic prototype” that can work at temperature as low as 70 K.
The results of the tests for the first prototype are shown in this work.
The Blade Releasing Method for Test of Engine Casing Containment
Authors: Lepeshkin Alexander , Bychkov Nikolai , Vaganov Peter , Nozhnitsky Yuri , Baluev Boris 
Published: April 2014

When designing aviation gas turbine engines, check for fan casing penetrability is envisaged by normative documents. Modern calculated methods of forecasting casing containment capabilities use a set of a priori limitations, and these methods can not give a reliable assessment of this event. Experimental checkup of casing containment capability of aero engines is one of the most important tasks with respect to ensuring flight safety. When the engine blade is released in the aircraft, serious damages of the frame may occur, as well as engine mount release, fire, e.t.c., which cause catastrophic effects. To decrease expenses for the engine operational development and to solve the mentioned problems it is purposeful to carry out stage-by-stage tests of the engine components on a spin rig. One of these problems, namely, localization of blade rupture inside the engine casing, is solved by carrying out fan casing containment test on the spin rig.
The blade releasing method is proposed for casing containment test on the spin rig. It’s necessary to make calculations to determine conditions of the controlled blade-off under effect from centrifugal loads at a specified speed.
The developed blade releasing method at tests has the following stages:
1. The computational modelling performed to determine the parameters of the cropped section of the blade: the dimensions of the edges and central part of the blade for achieving of the minimal safety factor.
2. Cutting of the blade.
3. Balancing of a rotor with the undercut blade.
4. The casing with the working wheel is set on the spin rig.
5. Testing:
5.1. The specified speed of rotation of a rotor achieved.
5.2. The central part of the undercut blade section heated up. The safety factor of the blade decreases when the temperature rises. The central part of the undercut blade section extended at the rise of the temperature and centrifugal force transferred to the edges of the blade. The blade edges broke. Then centrifugal force transferred to the central part of the blade and the blade released on the specified speed.
5.3. The analysis of the test results.
The results of calculations of the rotor blade release conditions using finite element analysis and fan casing containment test are presented in this paper.
Dimensional and Internal Structural Design for Braided Fabric Reinforced Thermoplastic Composite
Authors: Saito Takeshi , Morimoto Ryo , Imamura Masaru , Ohtani Akio , Nakai Asami 
Published: April 2014

The braided fabrics are one of the typical textiles and have been expected to be an excellent performs for the reinforcements of composite materials. Fig.1 shows schematic drawing of a braided fabric. Braided fabrics are composed of Braided Yarns (BY) oriented diagonally and Middle End Yarns (MEY) inserted into the fabric in longitudinal direction. In previous study, it was clarified that the internal structures for the braided fabric were decided with 4 parameters; area and cross-sectional shape of braiding yarns, the braiding angle and distance between braiding yarns. And it have been suggested that internal structural parameters for braided fabric reinforced composites with thermo-setting resin are possible to be predicted. However in the case of braided composites with thermoplastic resin, impregnation mechanism of thermoplastic resin with solid state is completely different from that of thermosetting resin with liquid state. In order to predict internal structures of braided composites with thermoplastic resin, it is necessary to investigate the impregnation process or mechanism of thermoplastic resin in to fiber bundles apply enough heat on thermoplastic resin to be liquid state for good impregnation especially in the case of intermediate material such as comingled yarn, and etc.
The purpose of this study is to predict the relationship between dimensional and internal structural parameters for braided fabric reinforced thermoplastic composite. The braided fabric was fabricated with intermediate material such as commingled yarns. During molding with heat and pressure, effect of molding time on the mechanism of impregnation and internal structural parameters were investigated.
High Accuracy, Low-Invasive Displacement Sensor (HALIDS)
Authors: Spiewak Swavik , Zaiss Curtis , Ludwick Stephen J. 
Published: April 2014

Sub-micron accuracy and precision in measuring unconstrained, spatial motion is pivotal in science and engineering. It imposes stringent requirements on the accuracy, reliability, and invasiveness of sensing devices (including lasers, lidar sensors, or optical scales). While the capabilities of these devices have seen dramatic improvements in the last decades, the needs for sub-micron accuracy, low-invasive sensors greatly outpace the available solutions. The root cause of measurement difficulties is a conflict between the very nature of motion (simultaneous translations and rotations relative to a chosen reference base) and the fundamental requirement of measurement accuracy known as the Abbe principle.
Small and accurate Microsystems Technology based inertial sensors (accelerometer and gyroscopes) can alleviate, or at least significantly mitigate, many of the current difficulties. If contained in small Inertial Measurement Units (IMU) and equipped with a wireless signal transmission, they can be placed on or very close to the objects whose motion is to be measured.
Furthermore, as long as the IMU, its fixture, and some region of this object around the fixture can be considered as rigid, coordinate transformation rules facilitate converting signals measured by IMU into translations and rotations of any point in this rigid region. Consequently, a virtual 6-DOF sensor can be created. Its dimensions are infinitesimally small, and it can be “placed” anywhere within the above rigid region. In particular, it can be placed such that it is collinear with the displacements of the cutting tool or robot’s end effector, and satisfies the Abbe principle.
We present a High Accuracy, Low-Invasive Displacement Sensor (HALIDS) for application in manufacturing and in engineering design. The sensor is capable of measuring simultaneously 6-degrees-of-freedom displacements of objects. Its short term resolution is down to 0.1 nanometer and accuracy better than 1 micron. The sensor can be built small, light and wireless. Results from experimental evaluation of two prototype versions are presented.
A Numerical Investigation of Stator-Rotor Interaction Effects on Flow Field and Film Cooling Effectiveness in a 3D Transonic Turbine Stage With Highly Twisted Rotors
Authors: Xu Huazhao , Wang Jianhua , Wang Ting 
Published: April 2014

To reduce aerodynamic losses and optimize turbine blade cooling designs, a comprehensive understanding of rotor-stator interaction effects on the blade aerodynamics and film cooling performance is essential. This paper focuses on the numerical analysis of the interactions between shock waves and unsteady wakes and their effects on cooling effectiveness of a highly twisted rotor within a transonic turbine stage. The parameters of the turbine stage are from the Pratt & Whitney Energy Efficient Engine (E3) program. The Realizable k-ε turbulence model was selected as the suitable turbulence model by our previous study. The investigation is conducted first by analyzing mean static pressure and the Root Mean Square (RMS) of the static pressure, followed by a detailed study of the flow field in the rotor passage at blowing ratios (Br) of 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5. Effects of the complicated interactions among shock waves, trailing edge wake shedding, and blockage of moving rotors are separated and identified individually through shock strength, vortices, and entropy production.
The results show that: 1) For the stator, the shock waves emanating from the trailing edge of the neighboring stator impinging on the later part of the stator’s suction side, creating static pressure fluctuations as large as 20%. 2) For the rotor, the variation of static pressure is synchronized with the rotor passing frequency, but out of phase between the suction and pressure sides. 3) A high entropy region generated by the wake flow from the upstream trailing edge in the rotor passage intensifies and moves towards the rotor hub during the rotor passing periods. 4) Most of the cooling air injected from the rotor leading edge bends towards the suction side, and the cooling air injected from the pressure side turns towards the rotor hub. 5) An increase in the blowing ratio from Br = 0.5 to Br = 1.5 does not affect the pressure fluctuations, but does significantly increase film cooling effectiveness on the rotor pressure side. 6) The mean static pressure on the suction side of the twist blade is lower than a straight blade, indicating the benefit of producing larger torque by using twist rotors.
Prediction of Race Performance of Elite Cross-Country Skiers by Lean Mass
Authors: Carlsson Magnus , Carlsson Tomas , Hammarström Daniel , Malm Christer , Tonkonogi Michail 
Published: April 2014

Purpose:To investigate the relationship between race performance and lean mass (LM) variables, as well as to examine sex differences in body composition in elite-standard cross-country skiers.Methods:Thirty-four elite cross-country skiers (18 men and 16 women) underwent a dual-emission X-ray-absorptiometry body-composition test to determine LM, fat mass, and bone mineral content. For both sexes, performance data were collected from a sprint prologue and a distance race.Results:The absolute expression of LM variables (whole-body [LMWB], upper body [LMUB], and lower body [LMLB]) was significantly correlated with finishing time in the sprint prologue independent of sex. Distance-race performance was significantly related to LMWB, LMUB, and LMLB in women; however, no correlation was found in men. Men had a significantly higher LM and lower fat mass, independent of expression (absolute or relative), for the whole body, arms, trunk, and legs, except for the absolute fat mass in the trunk.Conclusions:The absolute expressions of LMWB, LMUB, and LMLB were significant predictors of sprint-prologue performance in both sexes, as well as of distance-race performance in women only. Compared with women, male skiers have a higher LM in the body segments that are major contributors to propelling forces. These results suggest that muscle mass in the lower and upper body is equally important for race performance; thus, more focus of elite skiers’ training should be directed to increasing whole-body muscle mass to improve their competitive performance capability.
Arthroscopic Versus Open Matrix-Induced Autologous Chondrocyte Implantation: Results and Implications for Rehabilitation
Authors: Edwards Peter K. , Ebert Jay R. , Janes Gregory C. , Wood David , Fallon Michael , Ackland Timothy 
Published: April 2014

Context:Matrix-induced autologous chondrocyte implantation (MACI) has become an established technique for the repair of chondral defects in the knee. MACI has traditionally required an open arthrotomy, but now lends itself to an arthroscopic technique, which may decrease the associated comorbidity of arthrotomy, potentially allowing for faster rehabilitation.Objective:To compare postoperative outcomes between arthroscopic and open arthrotomy techniques of MACI and present a case for faster recovery and accelerated rehabilitation after surgery.Design:Retrospective cohort study.Setting:Private functional rehabilitation facility.Patients:78 patients (41 arthroscopic, 37 open) treated with MACI for full-thickness cartilage defects to the femoral condyles.Intervention:According to surgeon preference, patients recruited over the same time period underwent MACI performed arthroscopically or via a conventional open arthrotomy. Both surgical groups were subjected to an identical rehabilitation protocol.Main Outcome Measures:Patient-reported (Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score, Short Form Health Survey, and visual analogue scale) and functional (6-min-walk test, 3-repetition straight-leg-raise test [3R-SLR]) outcomes were compared presurgery and at 3, 6, and 12 mo postsurgery. Active knee range of motion (ROM) was additionally assessed 4 and 8 wk postsurgery. MRI evaluation was assessed using magnetic-resonance observation of cartilage-repair tissue (MOCART) scores at 3 and 12 mo. The length of hospital stay was evaluated, while postsurgery complications were documented.Results:Significant improvements (P < .05) for both groups were observed over the 12-mo period for patient-reported and functional outcomes; however, the arthroscopic cohort performed significantly better (P < .05) in active knee-flexion and -extension ROM and the 3R-SLR. No differences were observed in MOCART scores between the 2 groups at 12 mo. Patients who received arthroscopic implantation required a significantly reduced (P < .001) hospital stay and experienced fewer postoperative complications.Conclusions:Arthroscopic MACI in combination with “best practice” rehabilitation has shown encouraging early results, with good clinical outcomes to 12 mo, reduced length of patient hospitalization, and reduced risk of postsurgery complications. This may have important implications for postoperative rehabilitation and a faster return to full function.
Implications of Differential Age Distribution of Disease-Associated Meningococcal Lineages for Vaccine Development
Authors: Brehony Carina , Trotter Caroline L. , Ramsay Mary E. , Chandra Manosree , Jolley Keith A. , van der Ende Arie , Carion Françoise , Berthelsen Lene , Hoffmann Steen , Harðardóttir Hjördís , Vazquez Julio A. , Murphy Karen , Toropainen Maija , Caniça Manuela , Ferreira Eugenia , Diggle Mathew , Edwards Giles F. , Taha Muhamed-Kheir , Stefanelli Paola , Kriz Paula , Gray Steve J. , Fox Andrew J. , Jacobsson Susanne , Claus Heike , Vogel Ulrich , Tzanakaki Georgina , Heuberger Sigrid , Caugant Dominique A. , Frosch Matthias , Maiden Martin C. J. 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACT
New vaccines targeting meningococci expressing serogroup B polysaccharide have been developed, with some being licensed in Europe. Coverage depends on the distribution of disease-associated genotypes, which may vary by age. It is well established that a small number of hyperinvasive lineages account for most disease, and these lineages are associated with particular antigens, including vaccine candidates. A collection of 4,048 representative meningococcal disease isolates from 18 European countries, collected over a 3-year period, were characterized by multilocus sequence typing (MLST). Age data were available for 3,147 isolates. The proportions of hyperinvasive lineages, identified as particular clonal complexes (ccs) by MLST, differed among age groups. Subjects <1 year of age experienced lower risk of sequence type 11 (ST-11) cc, ST-32 cc, and ST-269 cc disease and higher risk of disease due to unassigned STs, 1- to 4-year-olds experienced lower risk of ST-11 cc and ST-32 cc disease, 5- to 14-year-olds were less likely to experience ST-11 cc and ST-269 cc disease, and ≥25-year-olds were more likely to experience disease due to less common ccs and unassigned STs. Younger and older subjects were vulnerable to a more diverse set of genotypes, indicating the more clonal nature of genotypes affecting adolescents and young adults. Knowledge of temporal and spatial diversity and the dynamics of meningococcal populations is essential for disease control by vaccines, as coverage is lineage specific. The nonrandom age distribution of hyperinvasive lineages has consequences for the design and implementation of vaccines, as different variants, or perhaps targets, may be required for different age groups.
Interleukin-28B Polymorphisms and Response of Chronic Hepatitis C Patients from Indonesia to Pegylated Interferon/Ribavirin Treatment
Authors: Juniastuti  , Wibowo Bogi P. , Wibawa I D. N. , Utsumi Takako , Mustika Syifa , Amin Mochamad , Wahyuni Rury M. , Kurniawan Hendra , Hendrayana Agus , Setiawan Poernomo B. , Yamani Laura N. , Soetjipto  , Yano Yoshihiko , Hotta Hak , Hayashi Yoshitake , Lusida Maria I. 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACT
This study demonstrated that Indonesian patients with chronic hepatitis C (mostly ethnic Java people) mostly were infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotype 1; however, they carried mainly the major genotypes of interleukin 28B (IL-28B) single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (rs12979860 CC, rs11881222 TT, rs8103142 AA, and rs8099917 TT), and they mostly achieved sustained virological responses to pegylated interferon/ribavirin treatment.