bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Muramyl Dipeptide Induces Acute Joint Inflammation in the Mouse
Authors: Koga Toshitaka , Kakimoto Kiichi , Hirofuji Takao , Kotani Shozo , Sumiyoshi Akinobu , Saisho Koichiro 
Published: November 2013

AbstractAcute joint inflammation was produced in BALB/c mice by a single intravenous injection of synthetic muramyl dipeptide (MDP), its stereoisomers and 6‐O‐acyl derivatives of MDP. Four adjuvant‐active, but not five adjuvant‐inactive MDP analogs induced acute swelling and erythema of the ankles and wrists which were detected around 6–10 hr, reached the maximum severity by 18–24 hr and subsided by days 3 to 4 after injection. Introduction of the stearoyl group, but not the α‐branched long chain fatty acid group into the C‐9 hydroxyl group of MDP enhanced and prolonged the joint lesions compared with MDP.
Effect of N‐Acetylchito‐Oligosaccharides on Activation of Phagocytes
Authors: Suzuki Ko , Tokoro Akio , Okawa Yoshio , Suzuki Shigeo , Suzuki Masuko 
Published: November 2013

AbstractFour N‐acetylchito‐oligosaccharides, from tetra‐N‐acetylchitotetraose (NACOS‐4) to hepta‐N‐acetylchitoheptaose (NACOS‐7), were found to increase the number of peritoneal exudate cells (PEC) in male BALB/c mice after 3 hr intraperitoneal administration of 50 mg/kg of each oligosaccharide. The number of attracted cells, consisting largely of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN), was proportional to the molecular weights of the administered oligosaccharides, except for NACOS‐7 which displayed the same activity as NACOS‐6. In an in vitro chemotaxis assay using normal mouse leukocytes, it was found that NACOS‐6 displayed stronger effects than muramyl dipeptide. The PEC from NACOS‐6 treated mice showed a higher active oxygen‐generating activity. PMN from normal mouse peripheral blood were also shown to have enhanced active oxygen‐generating activity in vitro. PEC from NACOS‐6 treated mice were shown to possess strong candidacidal activity in vitro.
Establishment of an Assay System for the Detection of Translated Materials of T Cell‐Replacing Factor mRNA in Xenopus Oocytes
Authors: Tominaga Akira , Matsumoto Mitsuhiro , Takahashi Takeo , Harada Nobuyuki , Takatsu Kiyoshi 
Published: November 2013

AbstractWe established an assay system for detecting T cell‐replacing factor (TRF) activity of translated materials in Xenopus oocytes of poly (A)‐positive mRNA extracted from a T cell hybrid cell line, B151K12 (B151) which constitutively produces TRF. Since it was difficult to detect TRF activity of the translated products of B151‐mRNA, partly because of low TRF activities, we developed the following two systems. First, RNA was prepared from B151 cells stimulated with phorbol myristate acetate and calcium ionophore A23187 because such stimulations augmented TRF production by approximately three to five‐fold. Second, interleukin 2 (IL‐2, 125 U/ml) was added to the culture of BCL1 cells to detect a small amount of TRF‐active materials since IL‐2 synergizes with a suboptimal dose of TRF to induce IgM secretion in TRF‐responding BCL1 cells (chronic B cell leukemic cells). Here we describe TRF activity of translation products of B151‐mRNA in Xenopus oocytes. B151‐TRF mRNA was detected in the fractions sedimented between 15 and 18S by analysis using sucrose density gradient centrifugation.
Induction of Human Interferon‐γ mRNA Analyzed by Cytoplasmic Dot Hybridization
Authors: Nagashima Hajime , Fukunaga Rikiro , Matsuyama Masako , Sokawa Yoshihiro 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe cytoplasmic dot hybridization method was improved by eliminating non‐specific false signals. The non‐specific binding to a probe disappeared almost completely when the hybridized nitrocellulose sheet was treated with pronase. Using this improved method we demonstrated that reagents such as 12‐O‐tetradecanoylphorbol‐13‐acetate (TPA), concanavalin A (Con A) and a calcium ionophore (A23187) could induce the expression of IFN‐γ gene of a human T‐lymphoblastoid cell line, TCL‐Fuj 2M, where TPA functioned synergistically with Con A and A23187. However, when the cells were cultured with the ionophore for more than one day the amount of IFN‐γ mRNA was markedly reduced to a low level.
MDBK Nuclear Factor‐Binding Site of Various Serotypes of Adenovirus DNA
Authors: Endo Seiichi , Shinagawa Morikazu , Sato Gihei , Padmanabhan Radha 
Published: November 2013

AbstractA fraction with the ability to bind the terminal fragment of equine adenovirus (EAd) DNA was prepared from MDBK cell nuclei. The fraction (MDBK nuclear factor) bound to the terminal fragment of all human and animal adenovirus DNAs examined except avian adenovirus EDS‐76. However, the terminal fragments of two animal adenoviruses, EAd and bovine adenovirus type 3 (BAd3), showed higher affinity for the nuclear factor than the others. The MDBK nuclear factor‐binding site determined by footprinting analysis was the sequence located between nucleotides 22 and 46 in EAd, between 36 and 53 in canine adenovirus type 2, and between 20 and 46 in BAd3, counting from the terminus. The respective binding site contained a sequence resembling the consensus sequence. The binding site of Ad4 DNA was not within the inverted terminal repetition, but was located at least 550 base pairs apart from the terminus.
Use of Protein A in the Serum‐in‐Agar Diffusion Method in Immune Electron Microscopy for Detection of Virus Particles in Cell Culture
Authors: Furui Sataro 
Published: November 2013

AbstractA modified technique using protein A in the serum‐in‐agar (SIA) method for immune electron microscopy (IEM) was presented. Grids coated with staphylococcal protein A were floated on samples mounted on agar containing 2% antiserum and incubated at 37 C, for 60 min. After washing and staining, the grids were observed in an electron microscope. The effects of protein A on virus detection were evaluated using poliovirus and bovine rotavirus infected cell culture fluids. The results showed that the technique using protein A (PA‐SIA) had at least 10‐fold higher sensitivity for virus detection than the original SIA. The optimal concentration of protein A was 1 to 10 μg/ml for coating the grids to trap virus particles. The PA‐SIA method was also compared with immunosorbent electron microscopy (ISEM). The former showed higher or at least the same sensitivity and some advantages in detecting antigen‐antibody reaction than the latter method. These results indicate that our PA‐SIA method may be superior to other IEM techniques presented previously for the detection and identification of viruses.
Human Interferon‐γ (IFN‐γ) Containing Cells Bear Various Surface Phenotypic Markers
Authors: Sugawara Isamu , Kitagawa Hiroshi , Inagaki Hirofumi , De Ley Mark , Fukuda Akio 
Published: November 2013

AbstractWe explored the population of Interferon‐γ (IFN‐γ) containing cells in order to clarify their cell surface phenotypic markers. Here we define γ‐IFN containing cells as γ‐IFN plaque forming cells (PFC). By this method, it was found that IFN‐γ containing cells consist of two cell fractions, i.e., OKT3+, OKT4+, and OKT8‐ cells and OKM1+ cells. Effective IFN‐γ production seems to require participation of plastic‐adherent cells (presumably monocytes), while the addition of cyclosporin A (CyA) almost completely blocked generation of human IFN‐γ. To characterize Con A‐stimulated IFN‐γ containing cells, we performed two‐color flow cytometry using FACS IV. Most of the IFN‐γ containing cells have surface phenotypic markers for Leu3, Leu8, Leu15, HLA‐DR, and IL‐2 receptors, but most lack markers for Leu2 and Leu7. Interestingly, most of Leu3+ and IL‐2 receptor+ cells belong to the dimly illuminating cell fractions of the IFN‐γ containing cell population. Our results indicate that IFN‐γ containing cells are heterogeneous with respect to surface phenotypic markers but the predominant IFN‐γ containing cell type is the helper T cell (OKT4+). Lastly, OK432, glycyrrhizin, and CCA (lobenzarit disodium) increase the number of IFN‐γ containing cells and are thought to be immunomodulators.
Conjugal Acquisition and Stable Maintenance of Ent Plasmids in Nontoxigenic Wild‐Type Strains of Escherichia coli
Authors: Danbara Hirofumi , Arita Hiroshi , Baba Hisae , Yoshikawa Masanosuke 
Published: November 2013

AbstractIn spite of the ability of the genetic determinants for enterotoxin production to be conjugally transferred, mobilized or transposed, enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) isolated from diarrheal patients is restricted to certain serotypes. Four conjugative enterotoxigenic plasmids (Ent plasmids) encoding either a heat‐labile enterotoxin or a heat‐stable enterotoxin or both and belonging to one of three incompatibility groups IncFI, IncHl, or IncX, were examined for their transferability to and stability in 157 nonenterotoxigenic Escherichia coli strains belonging to various serotypes and 89 clinical isolates nonenterotoxigenic but belonging to those serotypes in which ETEC from diarrheal patients are usually found. The serotypes of the strains to which Ent plasmids were efficiently transferred and in which they were maintained stably were not always the serotypes in which ETEC had usually been found and vice versa. The frequencies of transfer of four Ent and two R plasmids to each of the 157 recipients were correlated with each other, indicating that the frequency of transfer of the plasmid is not determined by a resident plasmid, if there is one, but by a recipient factor which commonly affects transferability to all donors. These results have led to the conclusion that the reason why only certain serotypes are found among ETEC isolated from diarrheal patients is not the ability of these strains specifically and preferentially to acquire and maintain the Ent plasmids.
A Monoclonal Antibody with Broad Reactivity to Human Interferon‐α Subtypes Useful for Purification of Leukocyte‐Derived Interferon
Authors: Tsukui Kazuo , Uchida Shigeharu , Tokunaga Eiichi , Kawade Yoshimi 
Published: November 2013

AbstractA monoclonal antibody to human interferon‐α, termed HT‐1 antibody, with a broad reactivity to various subtypes of interferon‐α was prepared. It bound and neutralized all of the four subtypes of E. coli‐derived human recombinant interferon‐α (aL1, aL2, aL4, and aL6) tested; it also neutralized human natural leukocyte interferon but only partially. Human interferon‐β and ‐γ were not bound. The antibody conjugated to Sepharose beads retained over 90% of human leukocyte interferon induced by Sendai virus. The bound interferon was recovered by acid elution in good yields and in almost pure form (specific activity was about 2 ′ 108 international units/mg protein). The purified interferon showed, in SDS‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, an activity profile with major peaks in a mol. wt. range of 17,000–22,000, which completely agreed with the profile shown by polyclonal antibody‐purified interferon. Such purified leukocyte interferon‐α preparations containing most of the naturally occurring subtypes can be useful for clinical and other purposes.
Mechanism of Differences in Pathogenicity between Two Variants of a Laboratory Strain of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1
Authors: Yamada Masao , Arao Yujiro , Uno Fumio , Nii Shiro 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe mechanisms responsible for the difference in neurovirulence to inbred mice between two variants of the Miyama strain of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV‐1) were studied. After intraperitoneal (i.p.) inoculation, the +GC (LPV) variant reached the spinal cord and the brain, and caused death. Conversely, the ‐GCr variant lacked the ability to gain access to the central nervous system (CNS) after the same route of infection and failed to kill susceptible mice. The initial virus growth after i.p. inoculation, as indicated by the number of infective centers (ICs) produced by the peritoneal exudate cells (PECs), was compared between these two variants. The virulent +GC (LPV) strain induced much more ICs than the attenuated ‐GCr variant. When the attenuated variant was preinoculated i.p. 24 hr before the challenge inoculation with the virulent variant by the same route, the production of ICs by the pathogenic variant was highly inhibited, and growth of this variant did not occur in the CNS. Thus, mice were protected from lethal infection by the virulent variant by preinoculation with the attenuated one. Moreover, the ability of mice to resist i.p. infection by HSV‐1 was shown to be age‐dependent.
Role of Thymus–Derived Lymphocytes in Acquired Immunity to Salmonellosis in Mice
Authors: Chander Ramesh , Sainis Krishna Balaji , Lewis Norman Francis 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe relative role of thymus‐derived (T‐) lymphocytes and bone marrow‐derived (B‐) cells in acquired immunity to salmonellosis was examined in mice. The results demonstrate that the protective capacity of the donor immunized mice could be passively transferred to the recipient mice by spleen cells but not with peritoneal exudate cells or sera. A high cell number of spleen cells (2 × 108/mouse) were required before passive transfer of immunity could be obtained. Of the T‐lymphocytes and B‐cell populations of spleen cells, T‐cells from immune mice were effective in conferring protection to the recipient mice.
Characterization and Mobilization of Nonconjugative Plasmids Encoding Resistance to Streptomycin and Sulfanilamide
Authors: Araki Yasuhisa , Inoue Matsuhisa , Hashimoto Hajime 
Published: November 2013

AbstractMost of nonconjugative streptomycin (Sm)‐ and sulfanilamide (Su)‐resistance of clinical isolates belonging to various species of Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonas were encoded by an Inc Q plasmid, molecular size of which was 5.5 Md. The SmSu plasmids were efficiently mobilized by Inc P plasmids between E. coli strains. Inc I group and Inc F group plasmids could mobilize the Inc Q plasmids at lower efficiencies. The Inc Q plasmid was also mobilized to various species of Enterobacteriaceae at high frequencies without accompanying the conjugative Inc P plasmid; as a result, most of the SmSu‐resistant transconjugants were nontransferable. The above results may explain the wide distribution of nonconjugative SmSu strains among clinical isolates.
Effect of Various Sodium Taurocholate Preparations on the Recovery of Clostridium difficile Spores
Authors: Kamiya Shigeru , Yamakawa Kiyotaka , Ogura Hisashi , Nakamura Shinichi 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe effect of four sodium taurocholate preparations, which are easily available in Japan, on recovery of Clostridium difficile spores was examined. All preparations, except for one, enabled the recovery of nearly all spores counted microscopically. Moreover, by using 69 toxigenic and 34 nontoxigenic C. difficile strains, the relationship between the recovery of spores in the medium with sodium taurocholate and toxigenicity of C. difficile was analyzed. It was noted that the number of strains with recovery rate of more than 70% was greater in toxigenic strains than in nontoxigenic strains, suggesting a more abundant recovery of toxigenic C. difficile strains in the presence of sodium taurocholate.
Enzymological Characteristics of Avian Influenza A Virus Neuraminidase
Authors: Kiyotani Katsuhiro , Takei Naomi , Senoo Masato , Takao Shinichi , Otsuki Koichi , Tsubokura Misao , Yoshida Tetsuya 
Published: November 2013

AbstractNeuraminidases of 18 strains of avian influenza A virus were examined by both colorimetric and fluorometric assays using fetuin and 4‐methylumbelliferyl‐N‐Ac‐α‐d‐neuraminide as substrates, respectively, to compare them with those of human influenza A and B viruses. The ratios of the neuraminidase activity of avian influenza virus measured by the colorimetric assay method to that measured by the fluorometric assay were distributed in the range of 2.4–20.3. The enzyme of avian influenza virus showed calcium‐ion dependence in both assay methods. These results suggest that neuraminidase of avian influenza A virus is varies greatly from one strain to another in substrate specificity as compared with those of human influenza A and B viruses, and that some strains of avian influenza A virus have a neuraminidase with unique enzymological characteristics different from that of human influenza A virus as well as that of influenza B virus.
A Novel Enzyme Immunoassay Commonly Applied for Ten Strains of Pyricularia oryzae
Authors: Kitagawa Tsunehiro , Ohtani Wataru , Tanimori Hideaki , Kimura Sadao , Mogi Shizuo 
Published: November 2013

AbstractAntiserum against a strain of the rice blast fungus Pyricularia oryzae was elicited in rabbits immunized with its cell fragments emulsified with incomplete Freund's adjuvant. The fragments were also used as solid‐phase antigens. A highly sensitive, competitive type enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay for P. oryzae was developed by using these two preparations as the immune reagents together with the use of β‐d‐galactosidase‐labeled anti‐rabbit IgG as the tracer. Cross‐reactivity of nine different strains of P. oryzae were measured by the assay. Sensitivity and accuracy of the assay was improved by choosing the cell fragments of the least cross‐reactive strain as the solid‐phase antigen. The improved method was successfully applied for sensitive and accurate assay of all ten strains of P. oryzae with the common measuring range between 1 and 100 ng per tube. Other species of microorganisms had little reactivity in this immunoassay indicating that the assay is specific to P. oryzae group microorganisms.
Temperature‐Sensitive Growth Mutants as Live Vaccines against Experimental Murine Salmonellosis
Authors: Ohta Michio , Kido Nobuo , Fujii Yasuaki , Arakawa Yoshichika , Komatsu Takayuki , Kato Nobuo 
Published: November 2013

AbstractTemperature‐sensitive growth mutants of Salmonella enteritidis, NUB 209 and NUB 323, characterized as protein synthesis mutants, were unable to proliferate at 37 C and lost the parent's virulence. In mice, these mutants conferred high levels of protection as live vaccines. Although the vaccination effect of NUB 323 was not so good as that of NUB 209, NUB 323 was preferred as a safer live vaccine because this mutant was completely avirulent and no back mutation appeared.
Comparative Antigenicity of Spore Coat Proteins from Bacillus Species Using Antibody to Spore Coat Proteins of Bacillus megaterium
Authors: El‐Belbasi Hussein I. , Imagawa Masayoshi , Oku Yuichi , Nishihara Tsutomu , Kondo Masaomi 
Published: November 2013

AbstractSpore coat proteins obtained by extraction with sodium dodecylsulfate/dithiothreitol from six Bacillus spores were compared by immunoblot analysis using antibodies to spore coat proteins from two strains of B. megaterium. Although the extract from spores of each strain had heterogenous proteins with various molecular weights, there were some bands which cross‐reacted with specific antibodies from B. megaterium spores. Specific antibody to 48K protein from B. megaterium ATCC 12872 cross‐reacted with 17K protein from B. megaterium ATCC 19213, 13K protein from B. cereus and 50K protein from B. subtilis 60015 and B. subtilis NRRL B558. Also, specific antibody to 22K protein from the same strain cross‐reacted with 22K and 17K proteins from B. megaterium ATCC 19213 and 13K protein from B. cereus T. Specific antibody to 17K protein from B. megaterium ATCC 19213 reacted with 22K and 19K proteins in addition to 17K protein of own strain, and it was cross‐reactive with 16K protein from B. megaterium ATCC 12872, 19K and 27K proteins from B. thiaminolyticus, 13K protein from B. cereus.
The Efficacy of Biological Response Modifiers against Murine Cytomegalovirus Infection in Normal and Immunodeficient Mice
Authors: Okada Masanobu , Minamishima Yoichi 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe host‐mediated antiviral effect of two biological response modifiers (BRM), OK‐432 and PS‐K, against murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) was evaluated in normal and immunologically deficient mice of the same litters. In normal littermate mice, BALB/c (nu/+) or C57BL/6 (bg/+), the BRM‐induced resistance against MCMV infection was evidenced by increase in fifty percent lethal doses, decrease in titers of viruses replicated in the target organs and augmentation of natural killer (NK) cell activity of the spleen cells. In T cell‐deficient, athymic nude mice, BALB/c (nu/nu), the protective effect was manifested by prolongation of the survival, decrease in the virus titers, and increase in the NK‐cell activity, but without decrease in mortality. In NK cell‐deficient, beige mutant mice, C57BL/6 (bg/bg), the BRM‐induced protection was nullified or minimized, and there was little difference in those parameters between BRM‐treated and untreated mice. However, with higher doses of OK‐432, but not PS‐K, or with sublethal doses of MCMV, the NK cell activity was slightly augmented in the beige mutant mice. Thus both NK cell and T cell activity are essential for mice to overcome acute MCMV infection and it is likely that the protective effect of BRM manifests itself fully, at least in immunologically intact mice.
Functional Defects of Culture‐Grown Bone Marrow‐Derived Macrophages from Autoimmune MRL/MpJ‐1pr/1pr Mice
Authors: Nakanishi Atsushi , Ashiba Takashi , Imai Yasuyuki , Osawa Toshiaki 
Published: November 2013

AbstractTo investigate the primary defects and development of macrophages in MRL/MpJ‐1pr/1pr (MRL/1) mice, we used a pure population of macrophages derived from bone marrow precursor cells cultured in the presence of L‐cell conditioned medium (LCM) as a source of colony stimulating factor. Bone marrow‐derived macrophages (BMMφ) from MRL/1 mice had lower antigen presenting activity as detected by the induction of antigen‐specific T cell proliferation, than age‐ and sex‐matched control mice (CBA/J). Cell surface antigens (Ia and Mac‐1) were determined quantitatively by a cell sorter as markers of macrophage differentiation. The BMMφ from MRL/1 contained a much smaller number of Ia antigen‐positive macrophages than those from normal mice. Treatment of BMMφ with an Ia‐inducing of factor (IFN‐γ) markedly increased the expression of Ia antigens. This increase was significantly greater in BMMφ from MRL/1 mice than in BMMφ from control mice. Expression of Mac‐1 antigen was not different in BMMφ from the two strains. The Fc‐mediated phagocytosis of IgG‐coated sheep red blood cells was decreased in BMMφ from MRL/1 mice compared with those from control mice. The function of nonspecific phagocytosis as measured by latex‐bead incorporation was also impaired in MRL/1 mice. The functional defects of MRL/1 BMMφ found in these experiments are not secondary defects acquired under the influence of environmental signals during development, but are derived from the primary abnormalities which already exist in myeloid stem cells.
Muramyl Dipeptide Induced Augmentation of the Proliferative Response of Thymocytes to Phytohemagglutinin
Authors: Aida Yoshitomi , Aono Masao , Onoue Kaoru 
Published: November 2013

AbstractN‐Acetylmuramyl‐l‐alanyl‐d‐isoglutamine (MDP) augmented the proliferative response of thymocytes to phytohemagglutinin (PHA). The augmenting effect of MDP disappeared by passage of glass‐nonadherent thymocytes through Sephadex G‐10 (G‐10) column or by removal of low density cells by the Ficoll‐Conray gradient centrifugation. The diminished augmenting effects of MDP on the proliferative response of glass‐nonadherent‐G‐10 nonadherent thymocytes was restored by the addition of the G‐10 adherent cells. When G‐10 adherent cell fraction was extensively depleted of macrophages by glass adherence and EA‐rosetting, it was found that neither the macrophage‐depleted G‐10 adherent cell fraction nor the macrophage fraction supported by itself the proliferative response of G‐10 nonadherent thymocytes. However, addition of macrophage fraction together with the macrophage‐depleted G‐10 adherent cells did support the proliferation of G‐10 nonadherent thymocytes. It was further shown that peritoneal exudate macrophages could be substituted for thymic macrophage fraction. These results suggested that both the G‐10 adherent‐glass nonadherent cells and macrophages were essential for the MDP‐induced augmentation of the proliferative response of thymocytes to PHA and these cells exerted different accessory roles in this response.