bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
How About Farms and Ranches?
Authors: Wolf Martha A. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
During the past several years it has become apparent that farms and ranches have been delinquent in compliance regarding oil pollution prevention planning and practices. Some deaths have been caused by practices used at these aboveground oil storage tanks. These facilities store smaller quantities of oil, but they can be a great concern for human health and the environment. Some farmers and ranchers store large quantities of oil for the fueling of farm equipment. Yet others have tanks located directly on the shores of lakes and rivers in order to run the pumps needed to irrigate of crops. These tanks are often moved to adjust for rising and lowering of the water level. Region VIII has worked with the state of Montana and several tribes to increase awareness of the need for following spill prevention practices. The initial results have been mixed. There are many farmers and ranchers who work with the state or tribe and come into compliance, while others prefer to take their chances on being selected for a random inspection.
Deriving Drinking Water Resources for Unusually Sensitive Areas
Authors: Halls Joanne N. , Hayes Miles O. , Michel Jacqueline , Sames Christina 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The Research and Special Programs Administration (RSPA) of the Department of Transportation is required to identify areas that are unusually sensitive to environmental damage in the event of a hazardous liquid pipeline accident, in accordance with pipeline safety laws (49 U.S.C. Section 60109). Accordingly, workshops were held with regulatory agencies, pipeline operators, and the public during which a process was developed to identify “unusually sensitive areas” (USAs) for drinking water resources. This process, which has been adopted by RSPA, consists of first identifying environmentally sensitive drinking water resources and other primary concerns, and then applying the following five filtering criteria to determine which of the drinking water source locations should be USAs:, Filter Criterion #1. If the public water system is a Transient Noncommunity Water System (TNCWS), the water intakes shall not be designated as USAs.
Filter Criterion #2. For Community Water Systems (CWS) and Nontransient Noncommunity Water Systems (NTNCWS) that obtain their water supply primarily from surface water sources, and do not have an adequate alternative source of water, the water intakes shall be designated as USAs.
Filter Criterion #3. For CWS and NTNCWS that obtain their water primarily from ground water sources, where the source aquifer is identified as a Class I or Class IIa, as defined in Pettyjohn et al. (1991), and do not have an adequate alternative source of water, these wells shall be designated as USAs. The wellhead protection area for each well will be used to define the area of the USA.
Filter Criterion #4. For CWS and NTNCWS that obtain their water primarily from ground water sources, where the source aquifer is identified as a Class IIb, IIc, III, or U, as defined in Pettyjohn et al. (1991), these wells shall not be designated as USAs.
Filter Criterion #5. For CWS and NTNCWS that obtain their water primarily from ground water sources, where the source aquifer is identified as a Class I or Class IIa, as defined in Pettyjohn et al. (1991), and the aquifer is designated as a sole source aquifer, these wells are also USAs, an area twice the wellhead protection area shall be designated as a USA.
Developing a Technological Tool for Managing Complex Environmental Incidents1
Authors: Wischmann Steve , Thomas Lome , Gynther Jim 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
This paper will discuss the U.S. Coast Guard's response to the need for technological solutions to the incident management challenges posed by oil spills and hazardous material releases. Additionally, this paper will examine some of the difficulties presented by technology itself; that is to say, technological tools come with both implicit and explicit ramifications that must be understood and overcome in order to fully harness the potential contained within such capabilities.
With the advent of both the public and Congress demanding increasingly effective spill response and fiscal conservancy, the Coast Guard has sought technological innovations to enhance its ability to coordinate and manage complex, multi-agency response operations. Through the development of the On-Scene Command and Control (OSC2) system, the Coast Guard intends to bring the potential leverage of computer-based technology to the Incident Command System (ICS) by harnessing the advantages of large-screen display, relational databases, and a Geographic Information System (GIS) for mapping response resources and activities. The decision-support and resource tracking advantages produced by OSC2 are expected to contribute mightily to improve performance within the Unified Command/ICS organization.
However, the challenges posed by the implementation of OSC2 cannot be ignored. Factors ranging from human resource inhibitions and training requirements to blending individual technical components into a seamless whole must be considered when technological tools are designed, developed, and employed. Technology is not inherently good or bad, but remains always contextual—it is dependent on the intervening factors introduced by the human condition in which it is imagined and then utilized. This paper will discuss these issues and describe the key elements in achieving the success of OSC2 as one of the Coast Guard's spill response management tools.
ICS-It's More Than a Two-Dimensional System
Authors: Hillman Sharon O. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Spill management is a critical component in successful response to any incident. Today's world of response utilizes variations of the Incident Command Systems (ICS) to successfully perform this piece. The success of spill management is based, in part, on detailed contingency planning and in size, responding time frames, and potential complexity of the incident command organization brought together for the event. There are specific requirements for the regulatory and response teams to accomplish, but what is not well described is how these team systems work together.
ICS components are practiced in large drills and real responses by Alyeska Pipeline Service Company for its crisis management and implementation of the Prince William Sound Tanker Oil Discharge Prevention and Contingency Plan. This type of spill training plays an important role in validating the viability of ICS. The exercises showcase a multifaceted ICS organization that can best be described in three dimensions. Understanding the interrelationship of these dimensions to the overall ICS management team and response operations is critical for success. This paper describes the ICS system as used for the Prince William Sound crude oil TAPS trade and employed by Alyeska; the multi-dimension of a large working system and provides some examples of interactions that might occur.
Tap-Noaa's Statistical Spill Trajectory Model: A New Approach To Spill Planning
Authors: Parker-Hall Heather A. , Dreyfus Nathalie 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
TAP (Trajectory Analysis Planner) is an interactive spill planning software that allows planners to assess the threat to specific sensitive sites from spilled pollutants within a geographical region, based on statistical analysis of many possible spill scenarios. TAP is ready to use, preloaded with a large database of thousands of spill trajectories initialized with a range of possible wind, weather, and tidal conditions representing the climatology and expected transport processes for a particular region. TAP users choose from countless spill sources with the movement of the ship-shaped cursor throughout the mapped water body. The threat to each of the predetermined sensitive sites, marked as shoreline segments on the map, is represented by colors, corresponding to the probability of pollutant impact from the selected spill site.
Planners can also provide cost or consequence values to sites. TAP will use these along with the database of probabilities to calculate various estimates of spill significance relative to the user's specific concerns, such as feet of boom required to protect a site, or number of birds impacted at each site. TAP also helps users account for pollutant that is removed from the spill zone (skimming, booming, dispersants, etc.). The user can then easily see changes in threat to each site of concern from the reduced amount of pollutant, along with the resultant change in the cost or consequence to protect or clean each threatened site.
TAP is a departure from the single-scenario, hard-copy trajectory model output traditionally used for the area planning process. TAP affords a much stronger statistical scenario base for regional planning. It is an interactive database that allows users, with minimal training, to rapidly evaluate numerous spill scenarios, examine particular sites of concern and the changes in threat to those sites with scenario changes. TAP also allows planners to modify cost factors to reflect interests of their individual organizations.
Area Contingency Plan Scorecard
Authors: Ott Gary L. , Haynes David C. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Area Contingency Plans (ACPs) are generally evaluated using basic checklists designed to ensure completeness rather than to evaluate content. This approach encourages an increase in plan size, not plan quality, since only a plan that omits something is likely to be rejected (Abordaif, 1997). If an AC? is in the required format and contains masses of miscellaneous information, the prevailing method of assessment deems the plan a success. However, based on a review of a number of ACPs, many plans do not prepare the response community to accomplish tasks that are critical to success during a complex spill.
The poster presentation proposes that the planning process should be focused on what we call “Critical Success Factors.” Critical success factors are described as the “things that must be done for the response to be considered a success.”
The Alaska Clean Seas Technical Manual
Authors: Lukin James , Hocking Ron , McAdams Fred , McKenzie Bruce , Cocklan-Vendl Mary , Schuyler Alan 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Alaska Clean Seas (ACS), the oil industry spill response cooperative on Alaska's North Slope, has prepared a new core response plan to give ACS operations staff the tactical information they need during a spill response and to allow ACS members to prepare streamlined response plans for facilities. The project grew from the work of the joint agency/industry North Slope Spill Response Project Team, which re-evaluated North Slope response capability. The ACS Technical Manual allows operators to concentrate on spill prevention and overall response strategies. The manual is innovative in that it is based primarily on the operational needs of the responder rather than regulatory demands—although it addresses the regulations, too.
Volume 1, Tactics Descriptions, is the heart of the plan and was prepared primarily by ACS operations personnel. These tactics provide building blocks for facility scenarios and contain diagrams; descriptions; equipment, personnel, and support requirements; and operational considerations. Text is minimal in the tactics descriptions, which comprise mainly graphics and tables. The tactics cover safety, containment, recovery/storage, tracking/surveillance, burning, shoreline cleanup, wildlife, disposal, logistics/equipment, and administration. The manual's other volumes provide a facility and environmental map atlas and an Incident Management System manual.
EMDROPS: An Integrated Tool for Risk Analysis and Response Planning
Authors: Skåtun Helge Mohn , Uzzell Jesse , Gravir Gjermund 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
It has been pointed out that one of the pitfalls associated with using a combination of computerised oil spill planning tools is the general lack of integration between the different sub-tasks. Det Norske Veritas (DNV) has been developing and using the EMDROPS tool for Environmental Risk Analysis, Response Analysis, and Contingency Planning. EMDROPS employs the MIRA method for Environmental Risk Assessment (ERA), adopted by OLF, the Norwegian Oil Industry Association, thus the results from the ERA can be put directly into the Response Analysis/Response Planning, using the same oil spill and environmental data as used for the ERA.
EMDROPS is integrated into a standard GIS (ArcView) which allows the different modules (Oil Spill Modelling, Vulnerable Resources, Environmental Risk Assessment, and Response Planning) to be used in a seamless manner. Some of the data available to the user is the Norwegian Marine Resources Database (MRDB) and an oil spill equipment database which is used by the Environmental Risk Analysis and response effectiveness analysis.
Enhancing Erns Data To Better Promote Effective Environmental Protection
Authors: Stalcup Dana , Worley Ray , Vaughn Doris , Marzulli Linda 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The Emergency Response Notification System (ERNS) is a database of notifications of releases of oil and hazardous substances reported to the National Response Center or EPA regional offices. Initial data entered is based on reports made during the incident, often before the full extent of the release is known. This initial notification data is used by EPA and other agencies to determine appropriate response actions; if ERNS data is incomplete, the responders will learn more details through follow-up phone calls and site visits. Unfortunately, additional information discovered through the response process, and from other sources, are not always incorporated back into ERNS. Thus, ERNS data are a combination of initial reports and more accurate follow-up incident data.
ERNS data is widely used by the regulating and response agencies, students, environmental firms, attorneys, environmental groups, information services, and other groups for purposes ranging from regulatory decisions and site assessments to research papers and environmental “report cards.” Also, EPA's Emergency Response program uses the data for follow-up actions and to better characterize and understand the oil and hazardous substance release problem in each region. Some of these uses are significantly impacted by the inconsistencies in ERNS data collection and updates.
This study will analyze several different types of ERNS “data quality,” such as data completeness and data accuracy, and will compare two or three different EPA regional offices' operating procedures and their impact on ERNS data quality. It will also evaluate which data elements appear to be most critical to “data quality.” The conclusions should help ERNS data users more effectively use the data, and should assist EPA in managing the process. Perhaps most importantly, the conclusions should help EPA shape the future of ERNS and of data management in the Emergency Response program.
Partnering To Identify and Map Priority Sensitive Areas
Authors: Briggs Wyman , O'Mara Dennis , Lundgren Scott 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
A close partnership among key stakeholders along with the advent of user-friendly computer tools enabled a subcommittee of the Salisbury to Plymouth Massachusetts Area Committee to identify, prioritize and map sensitive coastal resources. Participation from both resource managers and response contractors ensured practical limitations were appropriately considered and difficult trade-offs were proactively addressed to enable first responders to immediately begin protecting priority resources should the need arise. Simple chartlets and matrices were developed to provide key response information both in contingency plans and via the Internet.
Coast Guard and Epa: One Area Contingency Plan
Authors: Westerholm David , Anderson David , Augustyn James , Rayburn Thomas 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The U.S. Coast Guard (USCG) and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) have developed a pilot project to address federal Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (OPA) requirements for Area Contingency planning in the Captain of the Port (COTP) Zone and the corresponding U.S. EPA inland area in a portion of the Western Lake Erie Basin. The project, known as the “One County In” approach, encompasses contingency planning for the entire county, not just the COTP Zone. Local and state planners and responders as well as industry representatives fully support the effort. The one plan eliminates the multi-plan issues associated with divided federal response jurisdictions. While the geographic scope of the Plan expanded, the physical size of the document decreased significantly due to a detailed review by the Area Committee. Initiated in fall 1997, the combined Plan was completed in September 1998.
What Causes the Formation of Water-in-Oil Emulsions?
Authors: Fingas Mervin F. , Fieldhouse Ben , Lane James , Mullin Joseph V. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The results of studies conducted over the past 6 years to characterize why water-in-oil emulsions form are summarized. It is shown that water droplets are held in oil by a combination of viscous and interfacial forces. The stability of an emulsion is very important in understanding its formation because stability is the endpoint or measurement of the entire process. Emulsions can be grouped into three categories: stable, unstable, and mesostable. Each has distinct physical properties. For example, the viscosity of a stable emulsion at a shear rate of I reciprocal second is at least three orders-of-magnitude greater than that of the starting oil. An unstable emulsion usually has a viscosity no more than two orders-of-magnitude greater than that of the starting oil. The zero-shear-rate viscosity is at least six orders-of-magnitude greater than the starting oil for a stable emulsion. For an unstable emulsion, it is usually less than two or three orders-of-magnitude greater than the viscosity of the starting oil. and finally, a stable emulsion has a significant elasticity, whereas an unstable emulsion does not.
The stability of emulsions has been studied by examining their asphaltene content and their resin content. Results are reported showing that asphaltenes and resins are responsible for stability. It is noted that, given the correct chemical composition, primarily asphaltenes, sea energy is needed.
The properties of the starting oil are the important factor in determining what type of water-in-oil state is produced. Composition and property ranges are given for the starting oil to form each of the water-in-oil states. Important property factors are the asphaltene content, resin content, and starting oil viscosity.
Tribal and State Sovereignty and Federal Responsibility1
Authors: Nakad Jane 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The role of tribal and state government in environmental protection and regulation is an important complement and supplement to that of the federal government. This was found to be evident during the Problem Oil Pit (POP) effort conducted by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Region VIII and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) Region VI. When the two federal agencies decided to join forces to address the problem of oil-covered pits and other environmental problems in oil fields, it quickly was determined that a collaborative approach would be required to address the problems that might be encountered. EPA and USFWS were aware that tribes and states, as well as other federal agencies, have their own responsibilities in the oilfield. Both agencies were also sensitive to the sovereignty of the tribes and states. Therefore, EPA and USFWS knew it was vital for success to enlist the concurrence, support, and participation of the tribes, states, and other federal agencies in the effort. Thus the POP effort became multilevel as well as multiagency when those tribal, state, and federal agencies with responsibility for and authority over the oil and gas exploration and production industry joined the EPA and USFWS as partners in the POP effort. This collaborative effort did not come about without the resolution of some issues and problems related to authorities, responsibilities, and sovereignty. However, cooperation and coordination between tribal, state, and federal governmental agencies in the POP effort resulted in short- and long-term environmental benefits that protect human health, birds, and wildlife and the environment.
Stakeholder Communication: Progress Through Cooperation
Authors: Hillman Sharon O. , Hyce Lynda 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Oil spill prevention and response embody both technical and communication issues. On the technical side, Alyeska Pipeline Service Company/SERVS has worked diligently to provide a major spill prevention program for the transportation of Alaska North Slope crude through the Trans-Alaska Pipeline System (TAPS) from Prudhoe Bay to Hinchinbrook Entrance. Significant reductions to potential risks have been achieved by designing and commissioning new marine equipment for the tanker escorting service and implementing well-coordinated procedures. In addition, the response side continues to be enhanced through focused training by using improved equipment and technologies. Prince William Sound Regional Citizens' Advisory Council's (RCAC) mission includes communications and oversight. The RCAC and Alyeska attempt to work cooperatively at all levels—from concept, to technical analyses, to policy decision making, and through implementation and verification. In that context, stakeholder communication is a continuous challenge for both organizations. This paper discusses the challenges of communicating using a collaborative problem-solving approach.
Results from Cooperative Ecological Risk Assessments for Oil Spill Response Planning in Galveston Bay, Texas and the San Francisco Bay Area, California
Authors: Aurand Don V. , Coelho Gina M. , Pond Robert G. , Martin Buzz , Caplis John , Kraly Jennifer , Sowby Michael , Walker Ann Hayward 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
This paper summarizes the results of two cooperative ecological risk assessments (ERAs) that examined the potential environmental consequences of oil spill scenarios, two in the vicinity of San Francisco Bay, California and one in Galveston Bay, Texas. The goal of the evaluation was to identify the optimum mix of response options for reducing injury to the environment. For these specific scenarios, the participants concluded that only dispersant use, assuming high effectiveness, had the potential to significantly reduce environmental impact when compared to natural recovery. While water-column effects increased with dispersant use, they were not long term and judged to be of less ecological significance than shoreline or water-surface impacts. Aside from dispersant use, only shoreline cleanup was effective in clearly mitigating impacts, and obviously would not prevent the immediate consequences of the spills. The optimum response was viewed as involving some combination of the various response options. There were some issues with data adequacy in both locations, but both groups felt the information was adequate for the analysis. In both ERAs, participants emphasized that the conclusions were scenario specific, and that additional analyses would be necessary before any significant generalizations could be made.