bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of carbon‐14 and stable isotope labeled Avagacestat: a novel gamma secretase inhibitor for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Burrell Richard C. , Easter John A. , Cassidy Michael P. , Gillman Kevin W. , Olson Richard E. , Bonacorsi Samuel J. 
Published: September 2014

Bristol‐Myers Squibb and others are developing drugs that target novel mechanisms to combat Alzheimer's disease. γ‐Secretase inhibitors are one class of potential therapies that have received considerable attention. (R)‐2‐(4‐Chloro‐N‐(2‐fluoro‐4‐(1,2,4‐oxadiazol‐3‐yl)benzyl)phenylsulfonamido)‐5,5,5‐trifluoropentanamide (Avagacestat) is a γ‐secretase‐inhibiting drug that has been investigated by Bristol‐Myers Squibb in preclinical and clinical studies. An important step in the development process was the synthesis of a carbon‐14‐labeled analog for use in a human absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion study and a stable isotope labeled analog for use as a standard in bioanalytical assays to accurately quantify the concentration of the drug in biological samples.Carbon‐14 labeled Avagacestat was synthesized in seven steps in a 33% overall yield from carbon‐14 labeled potassium cyanide. A total of 5.95 mCi was prepared with a specific activity of 0.81 μCi/mg and a radiochemical purity of 99.9%. 13C6‐Labeled Avagacestat was synthesized in three steps in a 15% overall yield from 4‐chloro[13C6]aniline. A total of 585 mg was prepared with a ultraviolet purity of 99.9%.
Characteristics of dysphagia in older patients evaluated at a tertiary center
Authors: Kocdor Pelin , Siegel Eric R. , Giese Rachel , Tulunay‐Ugur Ozlem E. 
Published: September 2014

ObjectiveTo determine laryngoscopic and videofluoroscopic swallowing study (VFSS) findings in geriatric patients with dysphagia; to evaluate management.Study DesignRetrospective chart review.MethodsPatients over 65 years old complaining of dysphagia, seen at a tertiary laryngology clinic, were included. Head and neck cancer and stroke patients were excluded. Demographics, laryngoscopic findings, swallowing studies, and treatment modalities were reviewed.ResultsSixty‐five patients were included. Mean age was 75 years old (range = 66–97) with female predominance of 67.6%. Weight loss was seen in 9.2% of the patients. Whereas 52.3% of the patients complained of solid food dysphagia, 53.8% were choking on food. On laryngoscopy, 15.3% of the patients had pooling in the pyriform sinuses, 30.7% had glottic gap, 18.4% had vocal fold immobility, and 3% had hypomobility. VFSS showed that 38.4% of the patients had pharyngoesophageal dysphagia, 20% had oropharyngeal dysphagia, 20% had pharyngeal dysphagia, and 20% had a normal study. In addition, 41.5% of the patients showed laryngeal penetration and 18.4% showed aspiration. Surgical intervention was employed in 29.2% of the patients in the form of botulinum toxin injection, esophageal dilatation, cricopharyngeal myotomy, vocal fold injection, diverticulectomy, and percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy. Whereas 21.5% of the patients received swallowing therapy, 61.5% underwent diet modification. As a result, 80% of the patients needed some type of treatment.ConclusionsSwallowing problems in older patients are not uncommon. The clinician needs to be diligent to inquire about dysphagia because a large number of these patients will require treatment.Level of Evidence4. Laryngoscope, 125:400–405, 2015
Anticholinergic drugs rescue synaptic plasticity in DYT1 dystonia: Role of M1 muscarinic receptors
Authors: Maltese Marta , Martella Giuseppina , Madeo Graziella , Fagiolo Irene , Tassone Annalisa , Ponterio Giulia , Sciamanna Giuseppe , Burbaud Pierre , Conn P. Jeffrey , Bonsi Paola , Pisani Antonio 
Published: September 2014

AbstractBroad‐spectrum muscarinic receptor antagonists have represented the first available treatment for different movement disorders such as dystonia. However, the specificity of these drugs and their mechanism of action is not entirely clear. We performed a systematic analysis of the effects of anticholinergic drugs on short‐ and long‐term plasticity recorded from striatal medium spiny neurons from DYT1 dystonia knock‐in (Tor1a+/Δgag) mice heterozygous for ΔE‐torsinA and their controls (Tor1a+/+ mice). Antagonists were chosen that had previously been proposed to be selective for muscarinic receptor subtypes and included pirenzepine, trihexyphenydil, biperiden, orphenadrine, and a novel selective M1 antagonist, VU0255035. Tor1a+/Δgag mice exhibited a significant impairment of corticostriatal synaptic plasticity. Anticholinergics had no significant effects on intrinsic membrane properties and on short‐term plasticity of striatal neurons. However, they exhibited a differential ability to restore the corticostriatal plasticity deficits. A complete rescue of both long‐term depression (LTD) and synaptic depotentiation (SD) was obtained by applying the M1‐preferring antagonists pirenzepine and trihexyphenidyl as well as VU0255035. Conversely, the nonselective antagonist orphenadrine produced only a partial rescue of synaptic plasticity, whereas biperiden and ethopropazine failed to restore plasticity. The selectivity for M1 receptors was further demonstrated by their ability to counteract the M1‐dependent potentiation of N‐methyl‐d‐aspartate (NMDA) current recorded from striatal neurons. Our study demonstrates that selective M1 muscarinic receptor antagonism offsets synaptic plasticity deficits in the striatum of mice with the DYT1 dystonia mutation, providing a potential mechanistic rationale for the development of improved antimuscarinic therapies for this movement disorder. © 2014 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
Plug‐and‐play distributed model predictive control with coupling attenuation
Authors: Riverso Stefano , Ferrari‐Trecate Giancarlo 
Published: September 2014

SUMMARYWe consider the control of a large‐scale system composed of state‐coupled linear subsystems that can be added or removed offline. In this paper, we present plug‐and‐play (PnP) design methods based on model predictive control, meaning that (i) the design of a local controller requires information from parent subsystems only, (ii) the plugging in/out of a subsystem triggers at most the redesign of controllers associated to subsystems coupled to it, and (iii) plug‐in/out operations are automatically denied if they compromise the stability of the overall system or constraint satisfaction. We advance previously proposed PnP decentralized control schemes by introducing a distributed control architecture that exploits communication between coupled subsystems. New controllers embody coupling attenuation terms that make PnP design applicable even when existing synthesis method are not. The main features of our approach are illustrated considering the PnP design of controllers for regulating the frequency of multiple generators in power networks. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Lung function in adult survivors of very low birth weight, with and without bronchopulmonary dysplasia
Authors: Gibson Anne‐Marie , Reddington Charlotte , McBride Lucy , Callanan Catherine , Robertson Colin , Doyle Lex W 
Published: September 2014

SummaryIntroductionThe lung function outcome of cohorts of very low birth weight (VLBW; birth weight <1501 g) survivors born in the late 1970s or early 1980s into adulthood at an age when lung growth would be expected to have ceased is not well described. The aim of this study was to report lung function data in adulthood of VLBW survivors compared with normal birth weight controls (>2499 g), and in those who had bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) compared with those without BPD.Materials and MethodsSpirometry and lung volumes were measured according to standard guidelines when subjects were in their mid‐20s; there were 47 survivors of birth weight <1000 g, 40 of birth weight 1000–1500 g, and 20 controls of birth weight >2499 g. Results were converted to z‐scores.ResultsBoth subgroups with birth weight <1501 g had significant reductions in airflow compared with controls, but not compared with each other. There were no significant differences between groups in variables reflecting air trapping. Within the VLBW cohort, those with BPD (n = 24) had reductions in airflow, including the z‐score for the forced expired volume in 1 sec (FEV1), compared with those without BPD (n = 63). Within the VLBW cohort, there were positive relationships between FEV1 measurements earlier in childhood with those obtained at 25 years of age; these relationships were stronger in those who had BPD in the newborn period, and increased over time.ConclusionsVLBW survivors continue to have airways obstruction in their mid‐20s compared with controls, particularly those who had BPD in the newborn period. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2015; 50:987–994. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Molybdenum nano‐precipitates in silicon: A TEM and DLTS study
Authors: Leonard Simon , Markevich Vladimir P. , Peaker Anthony R. , Hamilton Bruce , Youssef Khaled , Rozgonyi George 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThe quest for low cost solar cells has resulted in attempts to use lower purity silicon rather than conventional electronic grade material. The metallic content of such ‘solar silicon’ is usually much higher than electronic grade material and this compromises the efficiency of photovoltaic conversion via a variety of recombination mechanisms. Molybdenum is a common metallic contaminant in Si which is difficult to getter because of its low diffusivity. It is known that Mo incorporates into the Si lattice as single interstitial atoms, introducing a deep donor level into the gap. In this work, we show that Mo in silicon can also form nano‐precipitates which may represent a new general class of efficient recombination centres. We have observed the Mo precipitates by TEM as 5–10 nm clusters in Si samples into which molybdenum was introduced during growth or by ion implantation and annealing. In general, such precipitates can form in Si samples containing metals with low diffusivity during high‐temperature treatments and subsequent cooling. We report the carrier capture and emission properties of Mo nano‐precipitates, which show that these could be very effective recombination centres for minority carriers in p‐type Si. In particular we present data and analysis of minority carrier charge exchange at these nano‐dimension metallic defects.
A provably secure smart card‐based authenticated group key exchange protocol
Authors: Chang Chin‐Chen , Le Hai‐Duong 
Published: September 2014

AbstractA password‐based authenticated group key exchange protocol assists group participants who possess low‐entropy, human‐memorable passwords in establishing a secure communication channel. In this type of scheme, the server needs to store the users' verifiers in a database. Therefore, it is susceptible to stolen‐verifier attacks. In this paper, we propose a new authenticated group key protocol that eliminates the need of verifier database at the server side. Our protocol is based on a two‐factor authentication that employs both smart card and password. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Facial profile markers in second‐ and third‐trimester fetuses with trisomy 18
Authors: Vos F. I. , de Jong‐Pleij E. A. P. , Bakker M. , Tromp E. , Manten G. T. R. , Bilardo C. M. 
Published: September 2014

ABSTRACTObjectivesTo evaluate nasal bone length (NBL), maxilla–nasion–mandible (MNM) angle, fetal profile (FP) line, prenasal thickness (PT), prenasal thickness to nasal bone length (PT:NBL) ratio and prefrontal space ratio (PFSR) as markers of trisomy 18 in the second and third trimesters of pregnancy.MethodsThe NBL, MNM angle, FP line, PT, PT:NBL ratio and PFSR were measured retrospectively from stored two‐dimensional images or three‐dimensional volumes of trisomy‐18 fetuses, and were compared with our previously reported normal ranges for euploid fetuses. Additional ultrasound findings were noted at initial routine second‐trimester scan and at subsequent advanced ultrasound examination performed after referral for karyotyping.ResultsA total of 43 trisomy‐18 fetuses were included in the analysis. At initial examination, median gestational age was 21 + 2 weeks. NBL and PT were correlated with gestational age (P < 0.001), but the other markers were not. Mean NBL, MNM angle, PT, PT:NBL ratio and PFSR were 3.76 mm, 16.67°, 4.25 mm, 1.39 and 0.87, respectively. The FP line was zero (normal) in 53.7% of cases and negative (abnormal) in 46.3%. All markers were significantly associated with trisomy 18, with the PT:NBL ratio yielding the highest detection rate (88.4%) followed by NBL (83.7%), MNM angle (56.4%), FP line (46.3%), PT (27.9%) and the PFSR (20.5%) (for a 5% false‐positive rate for the continuous variables). Various combinations of the four best markers (NBL, FP line, MNM angle and PT:NBL ratio) yielded detection rates of between 72% and 95%. Structural anomalies were not detected in 22% of fetuses at the initial scan and in 2% at the advanced scan.ConclusionsThe PT:NBL ratio and NBL are robust second‐ and third‐trimester markers for trisomy 18. A negative FP line has a 0% false‐positive rate and the potential to differentiate between trisomy 18 and Down syndrome, as in the latter the FP line is often positive. No major anomaly was observed at the initial scan in about a quarter of trisomy‐18 fetuses, underlining the role of second‐trimester facial marker evaluation. Copyright © 2014 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Preparation, Structural Characterization, and Thermal Analysis of Nitrogen‐rich Energetic Ionic Salts based on 4‐Amino‐3‐hydrazino‐5‐mercapto‐1, 2,4‐triazole
Authors: Ting Wu Jin , Guo Zhang Jian , Yin Xin , Lai Zhang Tong 
Published: September 2014

AbstractTwo heterocyclic‐based energetic ionic salts were synthesized from 4‐amino‐3‐hydrazino‐5‐mercapto‐1, 2,4‐triazole (1), which was used as proton bases reacting with nitric or perchloric acid. They were characterized by elemental analysis, IR spectroscopy, and single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. In addition, their combustion heats were measured by oxygen bomb calorimetry and their heats of formation were predicted based on the combustion heats data. The non‐isothermal kinetics parameters were calculated by Kissinger's method and Ozawa‐Doyle's method, respectively. The critical temperature of thermal explosion and the thermodynamic parameters were also obtained by DSC results. The energetic properties and thermal analyses confirmed that the two salts maybe have potential application in the field of energetic materials.
Non‐innocent Redox Behavior of Amidinato Ligands: Spectroscopic Evidence for Amidinyl Complexes
Authors: Ehret Fabian , Bubrin Martina , Záliš Stanislav , Kaim Wolfgang 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThe compounds [RuII(bmaa–)(bpy)2](PF6) [1(PF6)], [RuII(bmaa–)(Cym)Cl] (2), and [RuII(bmaa–)(Cym)(py)](PF6) [3(PF6)] [bmaa– = N,N′‐bis(4‐methoxyphenyl)acetamidinato, bpy = 2,2'‐bipyridine, Cym = p‐cymene, py = pyridine] were studied spectroelectrochemically (EPR, UV/Vis) to reveal metal‐centered oxidation for 1+ but bmaa–‐based oxidation to yield amidinyl ligands in 2+ and 32+.
Tb2Al3Ge3, a New Partly Disordered Structure Type with Al3 Triangles
Authors: Gladyshevskii Roman , Lutsyshyn Yuriy , Černý Radovan , Cenzual Karin 
Published: September 2014

AbstractUsing X‐ray diffraction it was established that the actual composition of the ternary compound reported as “TbAl2Ge” is close to Tb2Al3Ge3 (refined Tb2Al3.039(1)Ge3). Differential thermal analysis showed that the compound exists in a narrow temperature range from 618 to 748 °C. The crystal structure was determined from X‐ray powder and single‐crystal diffraction data. An initial model was constructed from CaAl2Si2‐ and AlB2‐ (or LiBaSi‐) type slabs. A more detailed investigation revealed that, instead of LiBaSi‐type slabs (where the small atoms form planar nets), the structure contains ScAuSi‐type slabs (corrugated nets), where 1/6 of the Tb atoms have been removed in an ordered way, leading to a rhombohedral superlattice. The final structure represents a new structure type: Pearson symbol hR234–41.06, space group R$\bar{3}$c, a = 7.2432(3), c = 87.998(8) Å. Part of the Al atoms in the Tb‐deficient ScAuSi‐type slabs occupy a site that forms Al3 triangles. The structure of Tb2Al3Ge3 is thus closely related to the rhombohedral ErNi3Al9 and orthorhombic Y2Co3Ga9 structure types, which contain one‐atom thick Er2Al3 (Y2Ga3) layers formed by rare‐earth metal atoms and Al3 (Ga3) triangles. Compounds isotypic with Tb2Al3Ge3 were found in the systems Y‐Al‐Ge and Gd‐Al‐Ge.
Synthesis and Crystal Structure of Rutile‐type ScTa2O5N
Authors: Cosgun Sevilay , Rohloff Martin , Göbel Caren , Gernert Ulrich , Fischer Anna , Lerch Martin 
Published: September 2014

AbstractA new phase in the system Sc‐Ta‐O‐N was synthesized by reaction of an amorphous oxide precursor with a gaseous NH3/O2 mixture at 800 °C. Crystal structure determination was performed using X‐ray powder data. ScTa2O5N crystallizes in the tetragonal space group P42/mnm (rutile‐type structure) and exhibits a brilliant yellow color (optical bandgap: 2.67 eV), making it a promising material for photocatalytical water splitting. Further investigation methods (SEM, TEM, and N2‐physisorption) were applied for more detailed characterization of the new phase. Unfortunately, the new compound could not be prepared as pure phase. So far a phase purity of ca. 90 % was the best result.
New Injury Severity Score Is a Better Predictor of Mortality for Blunt Trauma Patients Than the Injury Severity Score
Authors: Eid Hani O. , Abu‐Zidan Fikri M. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractBackgroundTrauma‐related mortality depends on injury severity. Several trauma scores are used to evaluate injury severity. We compared the Injury Severity Score (ISS) and the New Injury Severity Score (NISS) in terms of predicting mortality among hospitalized blunt trauma patients.MethodsThe data of Al‐Ain Hospital Trauma Registry were prospectively collected over 3 years. Data of blunt trauma patients were then analyzed retrospectively. Univariate analysis was used to compare patients who died with those who survived. Sex, age, mechanism of injury, heart rate, systolic blood pressure (SBP), and Glasgow Coma Score (GSC) on arrival at the hospital, ISS, and NISS were studied. Significant factors were then entered into a direct likelihood ratio logistic regression model.ResultsOf 2,573 patients in the registry, 2,115 (82.2 %) suffered blunt trauma at a mean (SD) age of 32 (15.3) years. Among them, 1,838 (87 %) were male. Main mechanisms of injury were road traffic collision (vehicle occupants) (32.8 %) and falling from a height (22.4 %). Fifty patients (2.4 %) died. Univariate analysis showed that GCS and SBP at hospital arrival, ISS, NISS, and mechanism of injury significantly affected mortality. Logistic regression model showed that mortality was significantly increased by low GCS (p < 0.0001), high NISS (p < 0.0001), and low SBP (p = 0.006) at hospital arrival.ConclusionsMortality of blunt trauma in the UAE is significantly affected by high NISS, low GCS, and hypotension. NISS is better than ISS for predicting mortality of blunt trauma patients and may replace it.
Triple‐Step Laparoscopic Incisional Hernia Repair: Midline Suture Closure Supported by Dorsal Component Separation and Intraperitoneal Onlay Mesh Reinforcement
Authors: Strey Christoph W. 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
Incisional hernias remain a surgical challenge when balancing surgical morbidity, functional restoration, and risk of recurrence. Laparoscopic intraperitoneal onlay mesh (IPOM) placement reduces postoperative wound infections and allows fast patient recovery. Yet, current IPOM techniques do not achieve closure of the midline hernia gap, thereby increasing the risk of persistent mesh bulging with poor abdominal wall function. We propose a novel triple‐step hernia repair technique that includes tension‐free midline reconstruction. It is achieved through laparoscopic dorsal component separation and laparoscopic suture closure of the midline with a 1.0 polydioxanone suture sling. Combining dorsal abdominal wall component separation, a midline closure with adequate suture strength, and IPOM reinforcement merges the benefits of open and laparoscopic hernia repair. This triple‐step technique allows static and functional laparoscopic abdominal wall reconstruction.
Colonic complications following human bone marrow transplantation
Authors: Hernández-Magro Paulino Martínez , Esparza Juan Pablo Peña Ruiz , Sáenz Eduardo Villanueva , Ramírez José Luis Rocha , Morales Enrique Gómez , Hermagnus Isaac Felemovicius 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
Background Human bone marrow transplantation (BMT) becomes an accepted treatment of leukemia, aplastic anemia, immunodeficiency syndromes, and hematologic malignancies. Colorectal surgeons must know how to determine and manage the main colonic complications.
Objective To review the clinical features, clinical and pathological staging of graft vs host disease (GVHD), and treatment of patients suffering with colonic complications of human bone marrow transplantation.
Patients and methods We have reviewed the records of all patients that received an allogeneic bone marrow transplant and were evaluated at our Colon and Rectal Surgery department due to gastrointestinal symptoms, between January 2007 and January 2012. The study was carried out in patients who developed colonic complications, all of them with clinical, histopathological or laboratory diagnosis.
Results The study group was constituted by 77 patients, 43 male and 34 female patients. We identified colonic complications in 30 patients (38.9%); five patients developed intestinal toxicity due to pretransplant chemotherapy (6.4%); graft vs. host disease was present in 16 patients (20%); 13 patients (16.8%) developed acute colonic GVHD, and 3 (3.8%) chronic GVHD. Infection was identified in 9 patients (11.6%).
Conclusions The three principal colonic complications are the chemotherapy toxicity, GVHD, and superinfection; the onset of symptoms could help to suspect the type of complication (0–20 day chemotherapy toxicity, 20 and more GVHD), and infection could appear in any time of transplantation.
Bursting water balloons
Authors: Lund Hugh M. , Dalziel Stuart B. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThe impact and rupture of a water-filled latex balloon on a flat, rigid surface is investigated using high-speed photography. Three distinct stages of the flow are observed, for which physical explanations are given. As the balloon lands and deforms, waves are formed on the balloon’s surface for which the restoring force is tension in the latex. These waves are shown to closely obey linear potential theory for constant surface tension. Should the balloon rupture, a crack forms, from which the membrane retracts. Spray is simultaneously ejected from the water’s surface, a consequence of a shear instability in the wake behind the retracting membrane. At later times, a larger-scale growth of the interfacial amplitude is observed, for which the generation mechanism is momentum in the water due to the preburst waves. However, it is argued that this is also a manifestation of the same mechanism that drives Richtmyer–Meshkov instability (RMI). Further, it is shown experimentally that this growth of the interface may also occur when there is no density difference across the balloon, a situation that does not arise for the standard RMI. An analytical model is then derived to predict the interfacial growth for such an interface, and is shown to predict the asymptotic growth rate of the interface accurately.