bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
White-Nose Syndrome: Human Activity in the Emergence of an Extirpating Mycosis
Authors: Reynolds Hannah T. , Barton Hazel A. 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACT

In winter 2006, the bat population in Howe Cave, in central New York State, USA, contained a number of bats displaying an unusual white substance on their muzzles. The following year, numerous bats in four surrounding caves displayed unusual winter hibernation behavior, including day flying and entrance roosting. A number of bats were found dead and dying, and all demonstrated a white, powdery substance on their muzzles, ears, and wing membranes, which was later identified as the conidia of a previously undescribed fungal pathogen,
Geomyces destructans
. The growth of the conidia gave infected bats the appearance of having dunked their faces into powdered sugar. The disease was named white-nose syndrome and represents an emerging zoonotic mycosis, likely introduced through human activities, which has led to a precipitous decline in North American bat species.
Ecological Approaches to Studying Zoonoses
Authors: Loh Elizabeth H. , Murray Kris A. , Zambrana-Torrelio Carlos , Hosseini Parviez R. , Rostal Melinda K. , Karesh William B. , Daszak Peter 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTConcern over emerging infectious diseases (EIDs) and a better understanding of their causes has resulted in increasing recognition of the linkages among human, animal, and ecosystem health. It is now well recognized that human activities can promote the emergence of infectious diseases through the large-scale modification of natural environments and inadvertent vectoring (e.g., international trade and travel). These perturbations can alter the ecological and evolutionary relationships among humans, wildlife, and the pathogens that move between them, resulting in disease emergence. In recent years, the rise in zoonotic EIDs has not only increased our awareness of the need for cross-sectoral collaborations, but has also highlighted the disconnect between current ecological theory and biological reality. As the One Health movement continues to gain steam, further integration of ecological approaches into the One Health framework will be required. We discuss the importance of ecological methods and theory to the study of zoonotic diseases by (i) discussing key ecological concepts and approaches, (ii) reviewing methods of studying wildlife diseases and their potential applications for zoonoses, and (iii) identifying future directions in the One Health movement.
Emergence of Influenza Viruses and Crossing the Species Barrier
Authors: Koçer Zeynep A. , Jones Jeremy C. , Webster Robert G. 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTInfluenza A viruses are zoonotic pathogens that infect a variety of host species including wild aquatic birds, domestic poultry, and a limited number of mammals including humans. The error-prone nature of the virus's replication machinery and its ability to transmit among multiple hosts lead to generation of novel virus variants with altered pathogenicity and virulence. Spatial, molecular, and physiological barriers inhibit cross-species infections, particularly in the case of human infection with avian viruses. Pigs are proposed as a mixing vessel that facilitates movement of avian viruses from the wild bird reservoir into humans. However, the past decade has witnessed the emergence of highly pathogenic and virulent avian H5 and H7 viruses that have breached these barriers, bypassed the pig intermediate host, and infected humans with a high mortality rate, but have not established human-to-human transmissible lineages. Because influenza viruses pose a significant risk to both human and animal health, it is becoming increasingly important to attempt to predict their identities and pathogenic potential before their widespread emergence. Surveillance of the wild bird reservoir, molecular characterization and documentation of currently circulating viruses in humans and animals, and a comprehensive risk assessment analysis of individual isolates should remain a high priority. Such efforts are critical to the pursuit of prevention and control strategies, including vaccine development and assessment of antiviral susceptibility, that will have a direct impact on the well-being of humans and animals worldwide.
The Human-Animal Interface
Authors: Reperant Leslie A. , M. E. Osterhaus Albert D. 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACT
The human-animal interface is as ancient as the first bipedal steps taken by humans. Born with the human species, it has grown and expanded with the human species' prehistoric and historical development to reach the unprecedented scope of current times. Several facets define the human-animal interface, guiding the scope and range of human interactions with animal species. These facets have not ceased to evolve and expand since their emergence, all the more favoring disease emergence. Placing the human-animal interface in its historical perspective allows us to realize its versatile and dynamic nature. Changes in the scope and range of domestication, agriculture, urbanization, colonization, trade, and industrialization have been accompanied by evolving risks for cross-species transmission of pathogens. Because these risks are unlikely to decrease, improving our technologies to identify and monitor pathogenic threats lurking at the human-animal interface should be a priority.
Surveillance of Wildlife Diseases: Lessons from the West Nile Virus Outbreak
Authors: McNamara Tracey S. , McLean Robert G. , Saito Emi K. , Wolfe Peregrine L. , Gillin Colin M. , Fischer John R. , Ellis Julie C. , French Richard , Martin Patrick P. , Schuler Krysten L. , McRuer Dave , Clark Edward E. , Hines Megan K. , Marsh Cris , Szewczyk Victoria , Sladky Kurt , Yon Lisa , Hannant Duncan , Siemer William F. 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACT
The West Nile virus outbreak of 1999 revealed many weaknesses in this country's ability to respond to disease threats that cross species lines. There were issues of poor communication among human, domestic animal, and wildlife health agencies that delayed diagnosis; a lack of diagnostic capacity of wildlife agencies at the state level; the exclusion of captive wildlife from any surveillance efforts; an inability to visualize the geospatial relationship between the human and avian outbreaks in a timely manner; and marked disparities of funding levels across agencies. Wildlife has played an important role in recent emerging infectious diseases, and it is clear that a One Health approach will be necessary to respond to future threats. The question is, are we any better prepared to recognize and respond to a wildlife-related emerging infectious disease than we were 14 years ago? Have the lessons of WNV been learned?
Web-Based Surveillance Systems for Human, Animal, and Plant Diseases
Authors: Madoff Lawrence C. , Li Annie 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACT
The emergence of infectious diseases, caused by novel pathogens or the spread of existing ones to new populations and regions, represents a continuous threat to humans and other species. The early detection of emerging human, animal, and plant diseases is critical to preventing the spread of infection and protecting the health of our species and environment. Today, more than 75% of emerging infectious diseases are estimated to be zoonotic and capable of crossing species barriers and diminishing food supplies. Traditionally, surveillance of diseases has relied on a hierarchy of health professionals that can be costly to build and maintain, leading to a delay or interruption in reporting. However, Internet-based surveillance systems bring another dimension to epidemiology by utilizing technology to collect, organize, and disseminate information in a more timely manner. Partially and fully automated systems allow for earlier detection of disease outbreaks by searching for information from both formal sources (e.g., World Health Organization and government ministry reports) and informal sources (e.g., blogs, online media sources, and social networks). Web-based applications display disparate information online or disperse it through e-mail to subscribers or the general public. Web-based early warning systems, such as ProMED-mail, the Global Public Health Intelligence Network (GPHIN), and Health Map, have been able to recognize emerging infectious diseases earlier than traditional surveillance systems. These systems, which are continuing to evolve, are now widely utilized by individuals, humanitarian organizations, and government health ministries.
Making One Health a Reality—Crossing Bureaucratic Boundaries
Authors: Rubin Carol , Dunham Bernadette , Sleeman Jonathan 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACT
A One Health approach requires that nontraditional partners with differing mandates collaborate and communicate effectively. Barriers to such redefined relationships range from personality and institutional cultural and value differences to impediments that require changes in agency-specific policies. This article reviews interagency One Health collaborations, nationally and internationally. It presents a series of case studies that describe situations in which barriers were overcome, thus culminating in successful One Health outcomes. The case studies illustrate challenges, tipping points, and externally enabling factors that help institutionalize cross-bureaucratic working relationships. Likewise, the cases demonstrate the added value of taking a One Health approach to solving (or preventing) public health problems.
The Future of One Health
Authors: Atlas Ronald M. , Maloy Stanley 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACT
There are significant opportunities for improving human, animal, and environmental health by adopting a One Health approach. One Health approaches are likely to have a major impact on public health, with a focus on surveillance and upstream interventions that are likely to reap obvious and rapid benefits for the health of human populations. However, despite the obvious benefits, the barriers to achieving a comprehensive One Health approach are formidable given that education, research, diagnostics, surveillance, and funding for human medicine, veterinary medicine, and environmental health often exist as separate silos with limited exchange. These barriers must be overcome if the benefits of One Health are to be realized.
One Health and Food-Borne Disease:
Salmonella
Transmission between Humans, Animals, and Plants
Authors: Silva Claudia , Calva Edmundo , Maloy Stanley 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACT

There are >2,600 recognized serovars of
Salmonella enterica
. Many of these
Salmonella
serovars have a broad host range and can infect a wide variety of animals, including mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, fish, and insects. In addition,
Salmonella
can grow in plants and can survive in protozoa, soil, and water. Hence, broad-host-range
Salmonella
can be transmitted via feces from wild animals, farm animals, and pets or by consumption of a wide variety of common foods: poultry, beef, pork, eggs, milk, fruit, vegetables, spices, and nuts. Broad-host-range
Salmonella
pathogens typically cause gastroenteritis in humans. Some
Salmonella
serovars have a more restricted host range that is associated with changes in the virulence plasmid pSV, accumulation of pseudogenes, and chromosome rearrangements. These changes in host-restricted
Salmonella
alter pathogen-host interactions such that host-restricted
Salmonella
organisms commonly cause systemic infections and are transmitted between host populations by asymptomatic carriers. The secondary consequences of efforts to eliminate host-restricted
Salmonella
serovars demonstrate that basic ecological principles govern the environmental niches occupied by these pathogens, making it impossible to thwart
Salmonella
infections without a clear understanding of the human, animal, and environmental reservoirs of these pathogens. Thus, transmission of
S. enterica
provides a compelling example of the One Health paradigm because reducing human infections will require the reduction of
Salmonella
in animals and limitation of transmission from the environment.
Protein Targeting during
Bacillus subtilis
Sporulation
Authors: Dworkin Jonathan 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACT

The Gram-positive bacterium
Bacillus subtilis
initiates the formation of an endospore in response to conditions of nutrient limitation. The morphological differentiation that spores undergo initiates with the formation of an asymmetric septum near to one pole of the cell, forming a smaller compartment, the forespore, and a larger compartment, the mother cell. This process continues with the complex morphogenesis of the spore as governed by an intricate series of interactions between forespore and mother cell proteins across the inner and outer forespore membranes. Given that these interactions occur at a particular place in the cell, a critical question is how the proteins involved in these processes get properly targeted, and we discuss recent progress in identifying mechanisms responsible for this targeting.
Chance and Necessity in
Bacillus subtilis
Development
Authors: Mirouze Nicolas , Dubnau David 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACT

Bacillus subtilis
is an important model bacterium for the study of developmental adaptations that enhance survival in the face of fluctuating environmental challenges. These adaptations include sporulation, biofilm formation, motility, cannibalism, and competence. Remarkably, not all the cells in a given population exhibit the same response. The choice of fate by individual cells is random but is also governed by complex signal transduction pathways and cross talk mechanisms that reinforce decisions once made. The interplay of stochastic and deterministic mechanisms governing the selection of developmental fate on the single-cell level is discussed in this article.
Current physical activity guidelines for health are insufficient to mitigate long-term weight gain: more data in the fitness versus fatness debate (The HUNT study, Norway)
Authors: Moholdt Trine , Wisløff Ulrik , Lydersen Stian , Nauman Javaid 
Published: April 2014

BackgroundTo promote and maintain health, all adults are recommended to do moderate-intensity aerobic activity a minimum of 30 min on 5 days, or vigorous-intensity activity of 20 min on 3 days, each week. Whether these levels prevent long-term weight gain is uncertain.ObjectiveTo assess the relationship between physical activity and long-term weight gain.Study designAn observational prospective cohort study.MethodsWeight and physical activity were measured in the Nord-Trøndelag Health Study in 1984–1986, 1995–1997 and 2006–2008. Participants (n=19 127) were classified based on physical activity into inactive, below recommended level, recommended level or above recommended level. We carried out adjusted mixed model regression analyses with weight as outcome.ResultsMen maintaining physical activity above the recommendations for 33 years increased 5.6 kg, while inactive men increased 9.1 kg. For women, corresponding numbers were 3.8 kg in those above recommended physical activity levels, and 9.5 kg in inactive. In adjusted analyses, physical activity above the recommendations was associated with 2.1 kg (95% CI 1.8 to 2.4) less weight gain in men over any 11-year period, compared with inactive. Women exceeding the recommendations gained 1.8 kg (CI 1.5 to 2.2) less than inactive. Compared with inactive, the ORs of gaining meaningful weight of ≥2.3 kg were 0.79 (CI 0.69 to 0.91) and 0.70 (CI 0.60 to 0.81) if exceeding the recommendations in men and women, respectively.ConclusionsPhysical activity above the current recommendations for health benefits was associated with significantly lower risk of weight gain.
Diagnosing dying: an integrative literature review
Authors: Kennedy Catriona , Brooks-Young Patricia , Brunton Gray Carol , Larkin Phil , Connolly Michael , Wilde-Larsson Bodil , Larsson Maria , Smith Tracy , Chater Susie 
Published: April 2014

BackgroundTo ensure patients and families receive appropriate end-of-life care pathways and guidelines aim to inform clinical decision making. Ensuring appropriate outcomes through the use of these decision aids is dependent on timely use. Diagnosing dying is a complex clinical decision, and most of the available practice checklists relate to cancer. There is a need to review evidence to establish diagnostic indicators that death is imminent on the basis of need rather than a cancer diagnosis.AimTo examine the evidence as to how patients are judged by clinicians as being in the final hours or days of life.DesignIntegrative literature review.Data sourcesFive electronic databases (2001–2011): Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) on The Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO and CINAHL. The search yielded a total of 576 hits, 331 titles and abstracts were screened, 42 papers were retrieved and reviewed and 23 articles were included.ResultsAnalysis reveals an overarching theme of uncertainty in diagnosing dying and two subthemes: (1) ‘characteristics of dying’ involve dying trajectories that incorporate physical, social, spiritual and psychological decline towards death; (2) ‘treatment orientation’ where decision making related to diagnosing dying may remain focused towards biomedical interventions rather than systematic planning for end-of-life care.ConclusionsThe findings of this review support the explicit recognition of ‘uncertainty in diagnosing dying’ and the need to work with and within this concept. Clinical decision making needs to allow for recovery where that potential exists, but equally there is the need to avoid futile interventions.
The effect of air pollution on pneumonia-related emergency department visits in a region of extensive sugar cane plantations: a 30-month time-series study
Authors: Arbex Marcos Abdo , Pereira Luiz Alberto Amador , Carvalho-Oliveira Regiane , Saldiva Paulo Hilário do Nascimento , Braga Alfésio Luís Ferreira 
Published: April 2014

BackgroundIn Brazil, many cities are surrounded by sugar cane plantations, and when these plantations are burnt prior to harvesting, millions of people are exposed to the smoke from these fires from May to November every year.MethodsA daily time-series regression analysis was conducted in a city located in the sugar cane plantation region of São Paulo State, Brazil, between 1 February 2005 and 31 July 2007. The percentage increase in the number of pneumonia-related emergency department visits (PEDV) associated with a 10 µg/m3increase in the total suspended particles (TSP) concentration was measured, including any effects that were delayed for up to 6 days.ResultsA total of 1505 PEDV (a median of two events per day) were analysed. During the burning period, there was an acute effect that began on the day of exposure and remained for 2 days. An increase of 6% (95% CI 2.4 to 9.9) in PEDV was observed for the 2 days following the TSP increase. This pattern and the size of the effect were similar to those observed for the whole period and also during the non-burning period.ConclusionsIncreases in TSP concentrations were found to be associated with increased PEDV in a region affected by air pollution from sugar cane burning. This finding reinforces the need for polices and efforts to ban sugar cane burning prior to harvesting.
Lower bounds for fractional Laplacian eigenvalues
Authors: Wei Guoxin , Sun He-Jun , Zeng Lingzhong 
Published: April 2014

In this paper, we investigate eigenvalues of fractional Laplacian (–Δ)α/2|D, where α ∈ (0, 2], on a bounded domain in an n-dimensional Euclidean space and obtain a sharper lower bound for the sum of its eigenvalues, which improves some results due to Yildirim Yolcu and Yolcu in [Estimates for the sums of eigenvalues of the fractional Laplacian on a bounded domain, Commun. Contemp. Math. 15(3) (2013) 1250048]. In particular, for the case of Laplacian, we obtain a sharper eigenvalue inequality, which gives an improvement of the result due to Melas in [A lower bound for sums of eigenvalues of the Laplacian, Proc. Amer. Math. Soc. 131 (2003) 631–636].
The application of outcrop analogues in geological modelling: a review, present status and future outlook
Authors: Howell John A. , Martinius Allard W. , Good Timothy R. 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
Analogues, especially outcrop analogues, have played a central role in improving understanding of subsurface reservoir architectures. Analogues provide important information on geobody size, geometry and potential connectivity. The historical application of outcrop analogues for understanding geobody distributions in reservoirs is reviewed, from the pioneering work of the 1960s to the high-tech virtual outcrop methodologies of today. Four key types of analogue data are identified: hard data, which describe the dimensions and geometry of the geobody; soft data, which describe the conceptual relationships between different geobody types; training images, which record the dimensions, proportions and spatial relationship; and analogue production data, which are taken from direct subsurface production analogues. The use of these different data types at different stages of the geomodelling workflow is discussed and the potential sources of error considered. Finally, a review of geobody and analogue studies in different clastic environments is discussed with reference to selected previous work and the range of papers in the current volume.
Stability of Exponential Functional Equations with Involutions
Authors: Chung Jaeyoung , Chung Soon-Yeong 
Published: April 2014

LetSbe a commutative semigroup if not otherwise specified andf:S→ℝ. In this paper we consider the stability of exponential functional equations|f(x+σ(y))-g(x)f(y)|≤ϕ(x)or ϕ(y),|f(x+σ(y))-f(x)g(y)|≤ϕ(x)orϕ(y)for allx,y∈Sand whereσ:S→Sis an involution. As main results we investigate bounded and unbounded functions satisfying the above inequalities. As consequences of our results we obtain the Ulam-Hyers stability of functional equations (Chung and Chang (in press); Chávez and Sahoo (2011); Houston and Sahoo (2008); Jung and Bae (2003)) and a generalized result of Albert and Baker (1982).
Old Drug New Use—Amoxapine and Its Metabolites as Potent Bacterial β-Glucuronidase Inhibitors for Alleviating Cancer Drug Toxicity
Authors: Kong Ren , Liu Timothy , Zhu Xiaoping , Ahmad Syed , Williams Alfred L. , Phan Alexandria T. , Zhao Hong , Scott John E. , Yeh Li-An , Wong Stephen T.C. 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
Purpose: Irinotecan (CPT-11) induced diarrhea occurs frequently in patients with cancer and limits its usage. Bacteria β-glucuronidase (GUS) enzymes in intestines convert the nontoxic metabolite of CPT-11, SN-38G, to toxic SN-38, and finally lead to damage of intestinal epithelial cells and diarrhea. We previously reported amoxapine as a potent GUS inhibitor in vitro. To further understand the molecular mechanism of amoxapine and its potential for treatment of CPT-11–induced diarrhea, we studied the binding modes of amoxapine and its metabolites by docking and molecular dynamics simulation, and tested the in vivo efficacy on mice in combination with CPT-11.
Experimental Design: The binding of amoxapine, its metabolites, 7-hydroxyamoxapine and 8-hydroxyamoxapine, and a control drug loxapine with GUS was explored by computational protocols. The in vitro potencies of metabolites were measured by Escherichia coli GUS enzyme and cell-based assay. Low-dosage daily oral administration was designed to use along with CPT-11 to treat tumor-bearing mice.
Results: Computational modeling results indicated that amoxapine and its metabolites bound in the active site of GUS and satisfied critical pharmacophore features: aromatic features near bacterial loop residue F365′ and hydrogen bond toward E413. Amoxapine and its metabolites were demonstrated as potent in vitro. Administration of low dosages of amoxapine with CPT-11 in mice achieved significant suppression of diarrhea and reduced tumor growth.
Conclusions: Amoxapine has great clinical potential to be rapidly translated to human subjects for irinotecan-induced diarrhea. Clin Cancer Res; 20(13); 3521–30. ©2014 AACR.