bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The interaction between abiotic photodegradation and microbial decomposition under ultraviolet radiation
Authors: Wang Jing , Liu Lingli , Wang Xin , Chen Yiwei 
Published: November 2014

AbstractElevated ultraviolet (UV) radiation has been demonstrated to stimulate litter decomposition. Despite years of research, it is still not fully understood whether the acceleration in litter degradation is primarily attributed to abiotic photodegradation or the combined effects of abiotic photodegradation and microbial decomposition. In this study, we used meta‐analysis to synthesize photodegradation studies and compared the effects of UV radiation on litter decomposition between abiotic and biotic conditions. We also conducted a microcosm experiment to assess the effects of UV radiation on litter biodegradability and microbial activity. Overall, our meta‐analysis found that under abiotic photodegradation, UV radiation reduced the remaining litter mass by 1.44% (95% CI: 0.85% to 2.08%), did not affect the remaining lignin and increased the dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration by 14.01% (1.49–23.67%). Under combined abiotic photodegradation and microbial decomposition, UV radiation reduced the remaining litter mass and lignin by 1.60% (0.04–3.58%) and 16.07% (9.27–24.23%), respectively, but did not alter DOC concentration. UV radiation had no significant impact on soil microbial biomass carbon (MBC), but it reduced microbial respiration by 44.91% (2.26–78.62%) and altered the composition of the microbial community. In addition, UV radiation reduced nitrogen (N) immobilization by 19.44% (4.77–37.92%). Our microcosm experiment further indicated that DOC concentration and the amount of respired C in UV‐treated litter increased with UV exposure time, suggesting that longer UV exposure resulted in greater biodegradability. Overall, our study suggested that UV exposure could increase litter biodegradability by increasing the microbial accessibility of lignin, as well as the labile carbon supply to microbes. However, the remaining litter mass was not different between the abiotic and biotic conditions, most likely because the positive effect of UV radiation on litter biodegradability was offset by its negative effect on microbial activity. Our results also suggested that UV radiation could alter the N cycle during decomposition, primarily by inhibiting N immobilization.
Fluid mixing induced by hydrothermal activity in the ordovician carbonates in Tarim Basin, China
Authors: Jiang L. , Pan W. , Cai C. , Jia L. , Pan L. , Wang T. , Li H. , Chen S. , Chen Y. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractPermian hydrothermal activity in the Tarim Basin may have been responsible for the invasion of hot brines into Ordovician carbonate reservoirs. Studies have been undertaken to explain the origin and geochemical characteristics of the diagenetic fluid present during this hydrothermal event although there is no consensus on it. We present a genetic model resulting from the study of δ13C, δ18O, δ34S, and 87Sr/86Sr isotope values and fluid inclusions (FIs) from fracture‐ and vug‐filling calcite, saddle dolomite, fluorite, barite, quartz, and anhydrite from Ordovician outcrops in northwest (NW) Tarim Basin and subsurface cores in Central Tarim Basin. The presence of hydrothermal fluid was confirmed by minerals with fluid inclusion homogenization temperatures being >10°C higher than the paleo‐formation burial temperatures both in the NW Tarim and in the Central Tarim areas. The mixing of hot (>200°C), high‐salinity (>24 wt% NaCl), 87Sr‐rich (up to 0.7104) hydrothermal fluid with cool (60–100°C), low‐salinity (0 to 3.5 wt% NaCl), also 87Sr‐rich (up to 0.7010) meteoric water in the Ordovician unit was supported by the salinity of fluid inclusions, and δ13C, δ18O, and 87Sr/86Sr isotopic values of the diagenetic minerals. Up‐migrated hydrothermal fluids from the deeper Cambrian strata may have contributed to the hot brine with high sulfate concentrations which promoted thermochemical sulfate reduction (TSR) in the Ordovician, resulting in the formation of 12C‐rich (δ13C as low as −13.8‰) calcite and 34S‐rich (δ34S values from 21.4‰ to 29.7‰) H2S, pyrite, and elemental sulfur. Hydrothermal fluid mixing with fresh water in Ordovician strata in Tarim Basin was facilitated by deep‐seated faults and up‐reaching faults due to the pervasive Permian magmatic activity. Collectively, fluid mixing, hydrothermal dolomitization, TSR, and faulting may have locally dissolved the host carbonates and increased the reservoir porosity and permeability, which has significant implications for hydrocarbon exploration.
Immune responses to human factor IX in haemophilia B mice of different genetic backgrounds are distinct and modified by TLR4
Authors: Sack B. K. , Wang X. , Sherman A. , Rogers G. L. , Markusic D. M. 
Published: November 2014

SummaryOur laboratory develops protocols to prevent or reverse ongoing anti‐hFIX IgG inhibitors in haemophilia B mice with a F9 gene deletion on BALB/c and C3H/HeJ backgrounds. C3H/HeJ F9−/Y mice develop high titre anti‐hFIX IgG1 inhibitors and anaphylaxis, whereas most BALB/c F9−/Y mice have mild anti‐hFIX IgG1 inhibitors and no anaphylaxis. Our aim was to determine if hFIX‐specific B‐ and T‐cell responses in BALB/c and C3H/HeJ F9−/Y mice trigger the difference in anti‐hFIX immune responses. BALB/c and C3H/HeJ F9−/Y mice were challenged weekly with recombinant hFIX protein. Humoral immune responses were determined by IgG1 and IgG2a anti‐hFIX ELISA, Bethesda assay for inhibitors and B‐cell ELISpot on bone marrow and spleen cells. T‐cell studies measured the TH1 (IFN‐γ) and TH2 (IL‐4) cytokine responses in splenocytes at the mRNA and protein level in response to hFIX protein. Antibody responses were also measured in C3H/HeJ/OuJ F9−/Y mice with restored toll‐like receptor 4 (TLR4) function. BALB/c F9−/Y mice have a TH2 skewed response and a reduction in anti‐hFIX secreting plasma cells in the bone marrow. Independent antigen challenge revealed both strains generated equivalent IgG1 antibody titres to an intravenously delivered antigen. C3H/HeJ F9−/Y mice have a mixed TH1 and TH2 response (mainly TH2). Importantly, TLR4 signalling has a modulatory role in the C3H background on the levels of anti‐hFIX IgG1 and incidence of anaphylaxis. The background strain strongly impacts the immune response to hFIX, which can be significantly impacted by mutations in innate immune sensors.
Preserved or enhanced OATP1B3 expression in hepatocellular adenoma subtypes with nuclear accumulation of β‐catenin
Authors: Fukusato Toshio , Soejima Yurie , Kondo Fukuo , Inoue Masafumi , Watanabe Masato , Takahashi Yoshihisa , Aso Tatsuya , Uozaki Hiroshi , Sano Keiji , Sanada Yukihiro , Niki Toshiro 
Published: November 2014

AimRecent studies have indicated that hepatocellular adenoma (HCA) is a heterogenous group of benign tumors with various genetic and clinicopathological characteristics. We delineated the clinicopathological characteristics of HCA subtypes and evaluated the expression of transporter protein OATP1B3 in HCA.MethodsHCA in 34 Japanese patients were investigated immunohistochemically and classified into four subtypes (HNF1α‐inactivated type, H‐HCA; β‐catenin‐activated type, b‐HCA; inflammatory type, I‐HCA; unclassified type, u‐HCA). Immunostaining of OATP1B3 protein in HCA tissue sections was performed to determine the association between OATP1B3 expression and HCA subtypes.ResultsHCA was categorized into the following four subtypes and two combined subtypes: 10 H‐HCA (29%), 10 I‐HCA (29%), seven b‐HCA (21%), two b‐HCA/H‐HCA (6%), two b‐HCA/I‐HCA (6%) and three u‐HCA (9%). The male‐to‐female ratio was 18:16. Oral contraceptive use was rare but seven HCA were found in patients with glycogen storage disease, congenital absence of the portal vein and idiopathic portal hypertension. OATP1B3 expression was decreased in 24 HCA but was preserved or increased in 10 HCA. All nine HCA with nuclear staining for β‐catenin showed preserved or enhanced OATP1B3 expression, indicating a significant association between nuclear β‐catenin accumulation and OATP1B3 expression in HCA.ConclusionHCA subtype classification was validated in 91% of our Japanese subjects although their clinical backgrounds including rare contraceptive use were different from European subjects. A close association between preserved or enhanced OATP1B3 expression and b‐HCA subtype indicated important modalities for clinical decisions in the treatment and follow up of patients with HCA.
Regulatory fit in framing strategy of parental persuasive messages to young children
Authors: Sasaki Hiroyuki , Hayashi Yoichiro 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThe present research examined regulatory fit in parental messages aimed at young children. Study 1 measured parents' chronic regulatory focus, asking them to select either positively or negatively framed messages for promotion‐ and prevention‐focused outcomes. The results showed that parents preferred positive frames for promotion‐focused messages and negative frames for prevention‐focused messages. Furthermore, parents with a chronic promotion focus favored a positively framed strategy more than parents with a prevention focus. Study 2 found that parents adopted different message strategies depending on whether they favored an active responsive or an active restrictive parenting style. Together, these findings demonstrate for the first time the applicability of regulatory focus/fit theory to explain parents' preferences for positively and negatively framed messages targeting children.
Do terrorist threat alerts increase perception of threat and legitimization of in‐group's wars? The moderating role of perceived in‐group homogeneity
Authors: Bilali Rezarta 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThis study examined the impact of external cues of (experimentally induced) terrorist threat or security on perceived threat and legitimization of the U.S.'s war in Iraq as a function of perceived in‐group homogeneity and in‐group identification. In‐group identification did not moderate the effects of external cues of threat or security. External cues of threat resulted in higher legitimization of war via heightened perceived threat, but only among participants who rated low or moderate in perceived in‐group homogeneity. By contrast, cues affirming the security of the in‐group resulted in lower legitimization of war among group members who viewed their in‐group to be homogeneous. These results draw attention to in‐group homogeneity's role in increasing perceived group's agency to cope with threats.
Di(2‐ethylhexyl) phthalate‐induced apoptosis in rat INS‐1 cells is dependent on activation of endoplasmic reticulum stress and suppression of antioxidant protection
Authors: Sun Xia , Lin Yi , Huang Qiansheng , Shi Junpeng , Qiu Ling , Kang Mei , Chen Yajie , Fang Chao , Ye Ting , Dong Sijun 
Published: November 2014

AbstractDi(2‐ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is used as plasticizer and is ubiquitously found in the environment. Exposure to DEHP has been linked to an increased incidence of type 2 diabetes. Pancreatic β‐cell dysfunction is a hallmark of type 2 diabetes; however, it is unknown whether DEHP exposure contributes to this risk. Here, we aimed to investigate the cytotoxic effects of DEHP on INS‐1 cells and to further explore the related underlying mechanisms. INS‐1 cells were exposed to 0, 5, 25, 125 or 625 μM DEHP for 24 hrs. Cell viability, glucose‐stimulated insulin secretion, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, cellular antioxidant response, Ca2+ homoeostasis and the levels of genes and proteins involved in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress were measured. The results showed that DEHP decreased insulin secretion and content and induced apoptosis in INS‐1 cells in a dose‐dependent manner. Furthermore, ROS generation was increased and Nrf2‐dependent antioxidant defence protection was dysregulated in INS‐1 cells after DEHP exposure. Most importantly, DEHP effectively depleted ER Ca2+ and triggered the ER stress response as demonstrated by the elevated transcription and translation of the ER chaperone GRP78 and GRP94, the increased phosphorylation of protein kinase R‐like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK) and its downstream substrate eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2α (eIF2α), as well as the increased levels of activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4) and C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP). Taken together, DEHP exerted toxic effects on INS‐1 cells by inducing apoptosis, which is dependent on the activation of the PERK–ATF4–CHOP ER stress signalling pathway and the suppression of Nrf2‐dependent antioxidant protection.
Randomized controlled multicentre study comparing short dental implants (6 mm) versus longer dental implants (11–15 mm) in combination with sinus floor elevation procedures. Part 1: demographics and patient‐reported outcomes at 1 year of loading
Authors: Thoma Daniel S. , Haas Robert , Tutak Marcin , Garcia Abel , Schincaglia Gian Pietro , Hämmerle Christoph H. F. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractAimTo test whether or not the use of short dental implants (6 mm) results in an implant survival rate similar to long implants (11–15 mm) in combination with sinus grafting.MethodsThis multicentre study enrolled 101 patients with a posterior maxillary bone height of 5–7 mm. Patients randomly received short implants (6 mm) (group short) or long implants (11–15 mm) with sinus grafting (group graft). Six months later, implants were loaded with single crowns and patients re‐examined at 1 year of loading. Outcomes included treatment time, price calculations, safety, patient‐reported outcome measures (OHIP‐49 = Oral Health Impact Profile) and implant survival. Statistical analysis was performed using a non‐parametric approach.ResultsIn 101 patients, 137 implants were placed. Mean surgical time was 52.6 min. (group short) and 74.6 min. (group graft). Mean costs amounted to 941EUR (group short) and 1946EUR (group graft). Mean severity scores between suture removal and baseline revealed a statistically significant decrease for most OHIP dimensions in group graft only. At 1 year, 97 patients with 132 implants were re‐examined. The implant survival rate was 100%.ConclusionsBoth treatment modalities can be considered suitable for implant therapy in the atrophied posterior maxilla. Short implants may be more favourable regarding short‐term patient morbidity, treatment time and price.
Why Aren't Advanced High–Strength Steels More Widely Used?: Stakeholder Preferences and Perceived Barriers to New Materials
Authors: Alriksson Stina , Henningsson Marianne 
Published: November 2014

SummaryAdvanced high‐strength steels may reduce the use of nonrenewable resources and energy given that the amount of material needed is smaller, compared to traditional steel grades. Still, advanced steel grades are not utilized to the extent that could be expected. This study examines stakeholders’ preferences of steel characteristics and perceived barriers to the introduction of new materials. Focus group interviews were used to identify steel characteristics and perceived barriers. Stakeholder preferences of steel characteristics were evaluated through a conjoint analysis; the results showed that low weight was given the highest priority, followed by high impact strength and low price. Low chromium content was the steel characteristic of least interest. Perceived barriers to the introduction of high‐strength steel were categorized as technical barriers, knowledge barriers, scrap management barriers, suitability barriers, and cost barriers.
Discrepancies in quantitative assessment of normal and regenerated peripheral nerve fibers between light and electron microscopy
Authors: Ronchi Giulia , Jager Sara Buskbjerg , Vaegter Christian Bjerggaard , Raimondo Stefania , Giacobini‐Robecchi Maria Giuseppina , Geuna Stefano 
Published: November 2014

AbstractQuantitative estimation of myelinated nerve fiber number, together with fiber size parameters, is one of the most important tools for nerve regeneration research. In this study we used a design‐based stereological method to evaluate the regenerative process in two experimental paradigms: crush injury and autograft repair. Samples were embedded in resin and morphometric counting and measurements were performed using both light and electron microscopes. Results show a significant difference in myelinated fiber number estimation between light and electron microscopes, especially after autograft repair; light microscope significantly underestimates the number of fibers because of the large number of very small axons that can be detected only in electron microscope. The analysis of the size parameters also shows a higher number of small fibers in electron microscopic analysis, especially in regenerated nerves. This comparative study shows that the integration of data obtained in light microscope with those obtained in electron microscope is necessary in revealing very small myelinated fibers that cannot be detected otherwise. Moreover, the difference in the estimation of total number of myelinated fibers between light and electron microscopes must be considered in data analysis to ensure accurate interpretation of the results.
Development of a Sensory Lexicon for Dairy Protein Hydrolysates
Authors: Newman J. , O'Riordan D. , Jacquier J.C. , O'Sullivan M. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThe objective of this study was to develop a sensory lexicon for dairy protein hydrolysates (DPHs) produced from whey and casein substrates. To create the lexicon, 25 DPHs were assessed by a trained sensory panel (n = 8) using the spectrum descriptive analysis method using a 15‐point intensity scale. The sensory panel identified over 43 attributes present in the DPHs, the attributes that occurred the most frequently formed the refined lexicon of 19 attributes, which were then scaled by their intensity. Principal component analysis was employed to visualize the relationships between attributes and samples. The DPHs were separated by their attributes as whey protein hydrolysates were found to have a more complex flavor profile than casein hydrolysates, which were found to be bitter, astringent and metallic. The attribute that was found to clearly characterize the DPH samples was bitterness as the taste occurred in all samples and many of which were of high intensity.Practical ApplicationsDairy protein hydrolysates (DPHs) are a variety of food ingredient that is of interest to the food industry for their functionality within foods, their nutritional profile and their bioactivity. However, it has been reported in previous studies that DPHs can have undesirable sensory attributes. This sensory lexicon was created to allow for a more systematic and quantitative approach to characterizing sensory attributes of DPH. Such information would be valuable to manufacturers contemplating on the use of DPH as ingredients in foods, allowing the evaluation of the impact of DPH on product sensory properties as well as helping to direct any masking strategies required. While lexicons for whey‐based DPHs have been published, this work represents the first attempt to develop a combined lexicon for DPH based on either whey or casein. The principal component analysis based on descriptor scores shows clear differences between the sensory attributes of whey protein and casein‐based DPHs.
Salting Potency and Time‐Intensity Profile of Microparticulated Sodium Chloride in Shoestring Potatoes
Authors: Freire Tassyana Vieira Marques , Freire Dieyckson Osvani , de Souza Vanessa Rios , Gonçalves Carla Saraiva , Carneiro João de Deus Souza , Nunes Cleiton Antônio , Pinheiro Ana Carla Marques 
Published: November 2014

AbstractIt is well known that sodium chloride overuse has a positive association with blood pressure and hypertension, and it has been related directly to the development of cardiovascular diseases. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of reducing the sodium chloride particle size on the salting power and time‐intensity profile in shoestring potatoes. We found that the amounts of sodium chloride with reduced particle sizes required to yield an equivalent salting power to 1.6% unmilled (common) sodium chloride on shoestring potatoes were 0.97, 0.862, 0.795 and 0.785% for salt particles with mean diameters of about 97, 37, 30 and 26 μm, respectively. Based on these salting potencies, it is possible to reduce the sodium chloride used in shoestring potatoes by about 39, 46, 50 and 51% with the mentioned salt particles, respectively. The reduction in the size of salt particles also resulted in a more rapid perception of the maximum saltiness in shoestring potatoes.Practical ApplicationsThe reduction of the salt content in processed food means a great challenge because of limitations of sensory characteristics, functional properties and microbiological safety of products. Reducing the size of sodium chloride particles is an important alternative for reducing the sodium content of foods, thereby making them healthier but not by altering their sensory characteristics, unlike some sodium chloride substitutes.
Report and review of described associations of Mayer‐Rokitansky‐Küster‐Hauser syndrome and Silver–Russell syndrome
Authors: Abraham Mary B , Carpenter Karen , Baynam Gareth S , Mackay Deborah JG , Price Glynis , Choong Catherine S 
Published: November 2014

AbstractSilver–Russell syndrome (SRS) and Mayer‐Rokitansky‐Küster‐Hauser (MRKH) syndrome are described in isolation. However, their co‐occurrence has only been rarely reported. Here, we present a case report of an adolescent with SRS who was diagnosed with MRKH during the evaluation of primary amenorrhoea. Multiplex ligation‐dependent probe amplification analysis showed a normal methylation pattern and normal dosage at 11p15.5. A PubMed search for all peer‐reviewed publications (original articles and reviews) using the key words Silver–Russell syndrome, Mayer‐Rokitansky‐Küster‐Hauser syndrome, genetics, hypomethylation and reproductive anomalies identified three cases of SRS with MRKH, two of which were associated with significant hypomethylation of the H19 imprinting control region of the 11p15.5 locus. This report highlights the association between SRS and MRKH. The absence of hypomethylation and normal dosage at 11p15.5 suggests these two rare entities share alternative aetiopathogenic mechanisms.
The Blind Scientists and the Elephant of Swallowing: A Review of Instrumental Perspectives on Swallowing Physiology
Authors: Steele Catriona M. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractSwallowing is a complex biomechanical process. In this review, several different techniques for measuring swallowing physiology are described, and limitations of each instrumental perspective are discussed. The techniques discussed include videofluoroscopy, endoscopy, three‐dimensional dynamic computed tomography imaging, ultrasound, electromagnetic articulography, electromyography, lingual and pharyngeal manometry, electropalatography, airflow measurement, and swallowing acoustics/accelerometry. It is hoped that this review will inform scientists in the food oral‐processing field regarding methods that may be useful for capturing relevant features of swallowing behavior across different food textures and liquid consistencies. Likewise, it is hoped that the delineation of current gaps in knowledge will reveal topics of shared interest for swallowing and food oral scientists as a first step toward future collaboration.Practical ApplicationsSwallowing is something that we take for granted, but is actually a complicated biomechanical activity involving many muscles. The process of swallowing can be studied or measured using a variety of different clinical and instrumental techniques. In this review article, the strengths and limitations of several different instrumental approaches to measuring swallowing behaviours are discussed. An extensive reference list is provided to original articles using these different techniques.