bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
High Strength Carbon Steel and CRA Lined Pipe for Reel-lay Installation
Authors: Toguyeni Gregory Alexandre , Pepe Nuno , Barritte Graeme , Banse Joachim , Schmidt Tanja , Jones Richard Lloyd , Mair John A 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
There is increasing demand for pipeline installation, including SCRs, in deeper water, coupled with a requirement for higher operating pressures and temperatures and the need to transport corrosive constituents. For such applications, the use of high strength steel, Grade X80, offers significant benefits including a reduction in pipeline weight and savings in material and fabrication costs. Furthermore the reduction in linepipe weight reduces buoyancy module requirements and facilitates installation by existing pipelay vessels which would otherwise require increased top tension capability if lower strength pipe was used.
Reel-lay offers a cost effective offshore installation method for high strength steel pipe. Hitherto reel-lay installation has been limited to Grade X65/70 strength pipe. Subsea 7, in collaboration with Vallourec and Mannesman Tubes, (refer to hereafter as V&M Tubes) has performed a qualification programme for reelable X80 linepipe. V&M Tubes manufactured seamless X80 pipe of 323.9mm OD × 18mm WT pipe in accordance with DNV OS-F101, supplementary P requirements. Subsea 7 developed and qualified a mechanised girth weld procedure based on the GMAW-CMT/PGMAW welding process. Procedure qualification was successfully performed in compliance with DNV OS-F101, including mechanical, fracture toughness and sour service testing.
In order to address the need to transport more corrosive constituents, Butting manufactured Alloy 625 and 316L mechanically lined or BuBi® pipe(323.9 x17.5+3.0mm) using the X80 pipe supplied by V&M Tubes. Subsea 7 developed a novel girth welding procedure utilising internal welding of the CRA lining and external welding using conventional C-Mn filler wire. The latter facilitated the achievement of overmatching weld metal strength which is necessary for reeled pipe. Girth weld procedure qualification was successfully performed in accordance with DNV OS-F101 including a full scale bending trial.
The development of linepipe material and welding solutions for reelable high strength carbon steel and CRA lined pipe are considered to be key enabling technologies for the exploitation of deep water oil and gas reserves in the future.
Geophysical Pore Pressure Prediction in Complex Geologic Environments, Offshore Libya
Authors: Huffman Alan R. 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
In recent years, methods have been developed to enable robust pressure prediction in the presence of multiple pressure mechanisms including undercompaction, unloading processes (secondary pressure mechanisms) and at great depth, the onset of secondary chemical compaction. These models utilize geological and geophysical information to constrain the calibration models and the depths at which they must be applied to develop a multi-layer pressure calibration model that will accurately predict pressures for prospect-level analysis and pre-drill prediction. These models are then integrated with the velocity field and the geological and geophysical information to predict pore pressures and fracture pressures at greater depths than have been previously feasible. This methodology has been tested in multiple basins and has been proven to be effective in helping drilling engineers improve well performance through more effective mud and casing program designs that significantly reduces well costs and rig time.
Recent application of elastic and acoustic inversion in complex carbonate environments have also proven effective in predicting pressures in environments where the shales can be separated from the carbonates. The approach requires that the inverted data be separated into the shale and carbonate velocity trends to allow the shales to be used for effective stress prediction while the complete velocity field is used for time-depth conversion. These studies have revealed that pore pressure prediction from mixed lithology (carbonate and shale) environments is feasible using advanced inversion methods. Successful pressure prediction in this type of geology requires seismic data that is of sufficient quality to enable a robust acoustic and/or elastic inversion to be performed that can separate the shale velocities for effective stress calculation, and perform time-depth conversion from the complete velocity field. As the amount of shale present in the geologic section becomes smaller, the ability to predict pressures decreases. The presence of marls also presents a problem because the carbonate material within the shale suppresses the sensitivity of the shale velocity to pore pressure.
Closed-Loop Drilling, Cementing, and Frequent Dynamic Formation Integrity Testing
Authors: Hannegan Don M 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
" State of the art" is defined as the highest level of development, as of a particular device, technique or scientific field, achieved at a particular time. There are a number of examples in today's drilling industry that meet these criteria within their respective category. However, today's emphasis on well control, isolating potential flow zones during deepwater well construction & abandonments and growing need to safely drill otherwise un-drillable prospects to increase recoverable reserves are unquestionably topics of great significance to the industry, regulatory community and public at large. This presentation speaks to ‘state of the art’ drilling technologies in respect to the circulating fluids systems used for drilling and isolating potential flow zones during well construction and plug & abandonments (P&A) on challenging deepwater drilling programs.
Closed-Loop Drilling on deepwater rigs is enabled by a rotating control device (RCD) configured above or below the riser tension ring and a dedicated PLC automated choke system for mitigating drilling hazards such as narrow, shifting, or relatively unknown drilling margins, loss circulation, and kick-loss scenarios for the purposes of achieving deeper open hole sections with less non-productive time (NPT) and safely drilling otherwise un-drillable prospects.
Dynamic Formation Integrity tests (FIT'S) are conducted much more frequently than industry norm (no need to stop drilling and exercise the BOP), perhaps after each stand is drilled in critical zones to spot weaker than predicted formations and to determine if the mud in the hole at the time is capable of preventing scenarios which may manifest excessive non-productive time and/or a well control incident of some significance.
Closed-Loop Cementing enables actual (not predicted) data inputs to cementing simulator models, precise slurry displacement via annulus backpressure and ability to ascertain in real-time an induced fracture which may consume a quantity of the predetermined volume of cement required for effective zonal isolation and plug & abandonments (P&A).
Deepwater drilling with closed circulating fluids systems (vs. conventional open-to-atmosphere annulus returns) and where mass flow in/out and other critical parameters of drilling and cementing hydraulics are precisely measured, controlled and documented in real time, enables safer & more efficient decision-making on challenging deepwater drilling & completions programs. Equally important, the methods described provide valuable documentation of compliance with API Standard 65, Part II - " Isolating Potential Flow Zones during Well Construction" with remote monitoring capability.
High-Resolution 3D Laser Imaging for Inspection, Maintenance, Repair, and Operations
Authors: Richardson Donald , Embry Carl , Manning Neil , Pappas James Marcus , Nickerson Brett , Hardy Mark 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
In January 2011, 3D at Depth was awarded a RPSEA contract to bring high-resolution three-dimensional (3D) laser imaging technology from the lab into an underwater environment for the oil and gas industry. Throughout the project, CDL Inc. provided expert engineering support and materials to marinize the system. Thus far the project has included design of the core technology for reliable operation in a deep-water environment; pool testing; reliability testing; integration with a work-class ROV; demonstration in a ROV test tank; and turbidity testing. Open water testing is to commence in the first half of 2013.
3D laser imaging is a powerful data collection system that provides 3-D information for a specific area of interest. It is the predominate technology for terrestrial survey, construction, as-built analysis, and large-scale retro-fits. The 3D laser imaging market is a mature multi-billion dollar industry with an eco-system of software, expertise, and best practices. Developing the technology to provide high-definition subsea laser imaging enables the deep water industry to use the current state of the art in 3D metrology and related best practices developed for the terrestrial market.
This paper builds on last year's paper (OTC 23006-PP) and will discuss updates to the system and demonstrations that have occurred over the last year. Top of the line terrestrial laser scanners produce cm spatial and range accuracy at up to one- hundred meters range. Due to the absorption of water, realizable deep-water systems are limited to tens of meters range depending on the target and water conditions. To our knowledge, this is the first time millimeter class measurement accuracy will be demonstrated at greater than 8m range for an underwater laser system mounted to a ROV.
This technology is essential for improving the safety and reliability of deep water assets. The lack of timely and accurate survey-quality 3D measurements poses an integrity management challenge for such assets. A lack of accurate data results in either higher risks or higher costs to build and maintain environmentally safe production and product transportation systems. The speed and precision of the technology developed by this project reduces operating costs for underwater inspection, maintenance, and repair; reduces environmental risk through more accurate inspection; significantly improves construction practices and quality / reliability; reduces risks to high value assets; and provides rapid access to sharable survey-quality as-built data before, during and after construction.
Decision Making on the Ocean Floor: A Simulation Framework To Assess Uncertainty and Variability in Deepsea Mining
Authors: van Gelder Ricardo , Alvarez Grima Mario , Wambeke Tom 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
As land resources decrease, commodity prices increase and technology evolves, deep sea mining is becoming a viable and sustainable alternative to meet the increasing demand for minerals. Successful deep sea mining operations are built on sound identification of the resource, proper selection of equipment, a thoughtful production plan and good project management. The four key activities can be further optimized by analyzing how the spatial variability in ore body properties impacts the final mining operation.
To address this problem MTI Holland, the R&D institute of IHC Merwede, has developed a simulation framework, which makes use of advanced statistical interpolation techniques to model the spatial distribution of geotechnical and ore grade properties. The software captures the spatial correlation of each parameter and calculates the best estimate and corresponding uncertainty distribution at each unsampled location. The resulting collection of spatial distributions is subsequently inserted into physical models, which translate the geological parameters into financial or operational performance indicators. These models, the so called utility or transfer functions, can be used to compute for example cutting forces, power requirements, bearing capacities and cash flows. Contrary to geological properties, these performance indicators are convenient during decision making.
The main advantage of this simulation framework lies in the fact that the spatial variability and uncertainty is propagated through the whole equipment design and mine planning process. As such, the whole procedure results in a risk robust decision, adding value to the project. During a number of business cases, the framework proved to be successful in assisting the equipment design as well as in developing sound mining strategies.
Reliable High Power ESP Tubing Hanger Connector Systems for Deepwater Downhole Applications
Authors: Spahi Sami , Parsley Pamela 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
Electrical Submersible Pumps (ESPs) play a major role when it comes to artificial lift in deepwater reservoirs. Reliability of subsea equipment is an indispensable requirement in deepwater applications due to the high cost of interventions. Tubing hanger connector systems can be a critical failure mode for the ESPs in a High Pressure and High Temperature (HP/HT) environments. Through use of reliability tools such as the Fault Tree analysis, Failure Mode Effect and Criticality Analysis (FMECA), and systems Reliability Block Diagrams (RBD) it was established that improving the reliability of the tubing hanger connector system has a direct impact on the un-intervened life of the ESP electrical system.
In collaboration with the Operator, the Connector System supplier designed and developed a 3-phase 7kVAC, 220 A high power (medium voltage) ceramic based ESP tubing hanger connector system for 1200 hp ESPs. The design is based on the existing High Power connector technology with each phase of the electrical system isolated and adequately electrical stress relieved for long-term reliability. The design employs various insulation materials including, ceramic, thermoplastic, and multi-layer elastomeric seals to achieve phase isolation in addition to mechanical sealing within challenging space constraints and exposure to corrosive fluids and gases.
New Test Method for Field Evaluation of Asphaltene Deposition
Authors: Alapati Rama R , Joshi Nikhil 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
Organic solids deposition such as asphaltene deposition in subsea wells and flowlines can lead to unacceptable levels of lost production revenue, high cleanout costs, and potentially losing a subsea well. Producers invest significant resources in assessing the risk associated with asphaltene deposition, by collecting and storing the needed high pressure reservoir samples, conducting exhaustive and expensive lab testing. In addition, Producers also incur significant OPEX (operational expenses) associated with chemical injection in the hope to mitigate asphaltene related challenges with limited to no success. Extensive research work has been done in the past 5 years to understand the asphaltene onset conditions and deposition tendencies in subsea flowlines and wellbore. A number of test methods and methodologies have been developed to date by producers, commercial laboratories, universities, and chemical vendors. Each test method that has been developed so far has its success stories of applicability and failures as well. A documented evidence of any one test method that would predict the asphaltene deposition issue consistently with high confidence and evaluate the performance of an inhibitor/dispersant accurately is still lacking.
In addition to a testing method in the lab to predict asphaltene instability and deposition tendencies, field techniques are required to monitor performance and make changes to asphaltene dispersant injection requirements. A thorough and objective review of current test methods with data from different fields needs to be presented for the benefit of flow assurance engineers in the industry. Also, identifying possible research paths and outlining equipment needs that would cover the gaps with the current test methods is valuable.
Asphaltene inhibitors and or dispersants are considered as part of the solution but lack of proven test method makes it difficult to validate the value of the chemical solution. Also, new product development requires a reliable, field proven test method. The new testing technique is being developed that would simulate the harshest of the conditions and without requiring high pressure reservoir samples and or expensive and time consuming experiments. The equipment available currently in the industry currently does not meet these requirements. This new test method could be used in the field and will produce results in a shorter time frame, will resolve the current limitations and has the potential to improve the accuracy. Evaluation studies with model fluids and black oils with severe asphaltene deposition tendency will be presented. Data with Evaluation of chemicals will be included as well.
Challenges in Seismic Imaging and Reservoir Characterization of Presalt Oilfields in Offshore Brazil
Authors: Penna Rodrigo , Camargo Gisele , Johann Paulo Roberto , Dias Roberto 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
Until very recently, the petroleum system of Brazilian presalt reservoirs could not count on good enough seismic imaging to support the seismic interpretation.
In the 90's, the decision of Petrobras to expand its exploration frontiers towards the sedimentary basins of EspÍrito Santo and Santos brought forth new efforts to improve the existing 2D seismic imaging. The favorable outcome of this campaign motivated the 2001 decision to acquire a 3D program covering potential exploratory leads.
In 2005, Petrobras and its partners began exploratory drilling in presalt reservoirs, culminating in the discovery of the Lula-Iracema (2006) and Sapinhoá (2008) fields and other areas: Iara, Carioca, Júpiter, etc.
In 2008, as a consequence of these results, Petrobras started oil production from the Brazilian presalt province.
In 2008-2009 a high density 3D seismic program was acquired over these areas and state-of-the-art seismic processing technology was applied in Santos and Campos basin.
In 2010-2011 a full-azimuth acquisition project took place east of Iara area (circular streamer acquisition), an orthogonal OBC project was acquired in Campos basin and also some borehole seismic projects (walkaway, walkaround and 3D VSP) were performed in Santos basin.
The seismic processing flow evolved from building isotropic velocity models to anisotropic ones, with the use of in-depth imaging techniques such as TTI PSDM. An important processing challenge has been to improve the interbed multiples attenuation. Moreover, the seismic data processing and full-azimuth 3D VSP have been enhanced by focusing on improved imaging and characterization of Brazilian presalt reservoirs. Several processing methodologies were used, including in-house algorithms/workflows in addition to service companies' solutions.
The seismic characterization of the presalt reservoirs has made extensive use of inversion techniques, seismic facies and seismic attributes extraction from the inverted data with very good results. The results of elastic inversions are still a challenge. Another major challenge will be the implementation of 4D seismic technology for monitoring the behavior of fluid motion and pressure variation in the Brazilian presalt reservoirs.
Development of Double Joint Welding Procedure for X90 Grade Seamless Pipes in Riser Applications
Authors: Vickers Mark , Hisamune Nobuyuki , Mruczek Mark F. , Hamada Masahiko , Nakamura Jun , Fukuba Tetsuya , Nagayama Hiroyuki 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
With the increasing strong demand for the development of oil and gas fields in ultra-deepwater, offshore applications with higher strength are required for the reduction of construction costs. Riser system costs are particularly sensitive to increases in the depth of water. Ultra-high strength seamless pipes of X90 and X100 grades have been developed for deepwater or ultra-deepwater applications.
Girth welding procedures need to be developed whilst considering the material properties of both the heat affected zone (HAZ) and the weld metal for ultra-high strength pipes. Double jointing with submerged arc welding (SAW) in particular is one of the most important process due to the high productivity and quality of the welding. However, there is little information about girth SAW joints in pipes above X90 grade.
In addition, fatigue properties of parent pipe and welding joints are required for riser systems as cyclic stress is applied marine phenomena.
This paper describes developed welding procedures and test results of material properties of X90-grade double joints by using SAW. Welds were made with typical welding parameters for riser productions. In order to assess the applicability of double joints for riser applications, high cycle fatigue testing and fatigue crack growth rate testing was conducted. This work was performed with Engineering Critical Assessment (ECA) for riser applications by using the material and fatigue properties of X90 parent pipe and welding joints.
Intelligent Software Agents: Sensor Integration and Response
Authors: Lee Ronald W , Kulesz James J 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
In a post Macondo world the buzzwords are Integrity Management and Incident Response Management. The twin processes are not new but the opportunity to link the two is novel. Intelligent software agents can be used with sensor networks in distributed and centralized computing systems to enhance real-time monitoring of system integrity as well as manage the follow-on incident response to changing, and potentially hazardous, environmental conditions. The software components are embedded at the sensor network nodes in surveillance systems used for monitoring unusual events. When an event occurs, the software agents establish a new concept of operation at the sensing node, post the event status to a " blackboard" for software agents at other nodes to " see", and then react quickly and efficiently to monitor the scale of the event.
The technology addresses a current challenge in sensor networks that prevents a rapid and efficient response when a sensor measurement indicates that an event has occurred. By using intelligent software agents - which can be stationary or mobile, interact socially, and adapt to changing situations - the technology offers features that are particularly important when systems need to adapt to active circumstances. For example, when a release is detected, the local software agent collaborates with other agents at the node to exercise the appropriate operation, such as: targeted detection, increased detection frequency, decreased detection frequency for other non-alarming sensors, and determination of environmental conditions so that adjacent nodes can be informed that an event is occurring and when it will arrive. The software agents at the nodes can also post the data in a targeted manner, so that agents at other nodes and the command center can exercise appropriate operations to recalibrate the overall sensor network and associated intelligence systems.
The paper describes the concepts and provides examples of real-world implementations including the Threat Detection and Analysis System (TDAS) at the International Port of Memphis and the Biological Warning and Incident Characterization System (BWIC) Environmental Monitoring (EM) Component. Technologies developed for these 24/7 operational systems have applications for improved real-time system integrity awareness as well as provide incident response (as needed) for production and field applications.