bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Editing out the architectural history of modern Iraq: Aspects of the academic discourse (1950s–1980s)
Authors: Pieri Caecilia 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
In 1988, Jabra Ibrahim Jabra, the famous Palestinian Iraqi writer, published an article in an Iraqi magazine, in English, the title of which was ‘Baghdad in a perspective of time’. Jabra’s text praised Babylon, not Baghdad, as ‘the outward-oriented city of pluralities, capable of holding together in a viable and dynamic form a vast number of disparate elements, both human and cultural. Different races, religions, languages, all living together […]’. Perhaps it would have been difficult to express nostalgia for cosmopolitan Iraq’s multiple heritages under the leadership of Saddam Husayn, a period in which Baghdad was made selective use of as an embodiment of certain historical landmarks to the detriment of others. This article assesses some aspects of the architectural critical discourse in Iraq starting with the 1950s, a decade that witnessed the rising tide of Arab nationalism. It shows how architectural critique was used to manipulate (and/or be manipulated by) the dominant academic discourse by participating in an overall simplification of the question. This debate is pervaded by a wider one: the links between national History and nationalist historiography, i.e. the writing of History as a tool for ideology and political agendas, through the narrative of a refocused wataniyyah.
The resting salivary antimicrobial proteins and cortisol concentration in wrestlers during 12-week training
Authors: Trochimiak Teresa , Hübner-Woźniak Elżbieta , Tomaszewski Paweł 
Published: April 2015

Summary
Study aim: the aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of 12-week training on saliva immunoendocrine response in collegiate male and female wrestlers.

Material and methods: the control group was composed of men and women of the same age, not engaged in any sports activity except for physical education classes at the university. The examined athletes participated in a 12-week training program, which consisted of two sub-phases (preparatory period and competitive period). Saliva samples were collected at three time points: at the beginning (the first point), after six weeks of the preparatory period (the second point, which was the start of the competitive period) and after six weeks of the competitive period (the third point). Immunoglobulin A and cortisol concentration, and α-amylase activity were measured in saliva by respective ELISA kits. Immunoglobulin A was expressed as relative to total protein concentration (sIgA/total protein).

Results: at the third time point, the sIgA/total protein ratio was significantly lower in female compared to male athletes. α-Amylase activity was lower in all examined athletes at all three time points compared to respective control groups.

Conclusions: hormonal and mucosal antimicrobial system response can provide helpful information of body adaptive processes to physical strain as well as indicators of magnitude of training-induced stress.
The changes in running economy during puberty in overweight and normal weight boys
Authors: Maciejczyk Marcin , Gradek Joanna , Szymura Jadwiga , Cempla Jerzy , Więcek Magdalena , Tota Łukasz 
Published: April 2015

Summary
Study aim: running economy (RE) is important indicator of endurance performance. During puberty dynamic changes in body composition and function are observed, as such RE is also expected to change. The aim of the study was to compare the running economy (RE) in overweight and normoweight boys during a running exercise performed with constant velocity, and the assessment of changes in RE during puberty.

Material and methods: the RE of the subjects was evaluated twice: at the age of 11–12 and two years later. 18 overweight and 17 normal weight boys performed a graded test and a week later a submaximal run on a mechanical treadmill. During the exercise, physiological variables (oxygen uptake, heart rate, pulmonary ventilation, tidal volume and breathing frequency) were measured.

Results: the intensity of work in both tests (%VO2max, %HRmax) was significantly higher in the overweight boys and decreased with age (non significantly) in both groups. The physiological response during the run in the overweight boys was significantly higher compared to normal weight. When the oxygen uptake was expressed as VO2.BM–0.75, the RE was similar in normal weight and overweight boys. During puberty, the inter-group differences in the metabolic cost of work stay at a relatively stable level.

Conclusions: the lowered endurance performance in the overweight boys during puberty remains unchanged. The changes in physiological variables during puberty in both groups occurred in a similar way – the body composition did not influence the course of these changes in puberty.
Use of instrumented spasticity tests in clinical applications. Preliminary results
Authors: Szczerbik Ewa , Kalinowska Małgorzata , Graff Krzysztof , Olczak-Kowalczyk Dorota , Dąbrowska-Gontarczyk Anna , Jelonek Elżbieta , Syczewska Małgorzata 
Published: April 2015

Summary
Study aim: the aim of the study was to evaluate whether the use of instrumented versions of spasticity tests would provide us with clinically more useful information on the patient’s status.

Material and methods: the study included 19 children, 8–17 years old: 7 girls and 12 boys. Pendulum, velocity, and popliteal tests were performed using the Vicon system (knee joint angle, 8 muscles EMG). Dynamic movement ranges of the knee joint during velocity and popliteal tests (ROM), indices of the pendulum test, and muscle activity in dependence of velocity of movement (MA, MAST) were calculated. Correlation coefficients between ROM, Vmax, MA, and MAST were calculated to show whether instrumentation of clinical tests can validate the patient’s status more precisely.

Results: Vmax value from the pendulum test does not always correlate with ROM. Scores of MA and MAST do not correlate with ROM. Vmax generally does not correlate with MA or MAST.

Conclusions: ROM is one of the most important parameters reflecting the level of spasticity but it is not sensitive enough to detect small changes in the patient’s status. In that case, Vmax of the pendulum test and the number of activated muscles in velocity and popliteal tests could become important tools to assess changes in spasticity level, especially when motion systems are more commonly available.
Effect of participating in fitness classes on postural stability of young women
Authors: Truszczyńska Aleksandra , Jarmuziewicz Agnieszka , Drzał-Grabiec Justyna 
Published: April 2015

Summary
Study aim: the aim of the study was to compare the postural stability and ability to control balance in active women who attend fitness classes versus inactive women.

Material and methods: the study included 41 women who exercise regularly (mean age 28.64±5.26 years). The control group consisted of 42 women not engaged in regular physical activity (mean age 28.55±5.05 years). In each subject, postural stability testing was performed using the Stabilometric Platform CQStab2P (the 2-platform version). Authors analysed the mean, median and standard deviation for each parameter of the stabilogram and statokinesiogram.

Results: for most of the studied parameters, the statistical analysis showed a positive effect of exercising on the level of fitness compared to the control group, for both the test with eyes open and the test with eyes closed.

Conclusions: attending fitness classes significantly affects postural stability and balance control in young women, and leads to lesser dependence on sight to maintain it.
Effect of specimen dimension and pre-heating temperature on supercritical CO2 dewatering of radiata pine sapwood
Authors: Dawson Bernard S.W. , Pearson Hamish , Kroese Hank W. , Sargent Rosie 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
Removing water from wood is a critical requirement for applications in building and construction and for chemical modifications. Normally, green radiata pine (Pinus radiata D. Don) timber, with a moisture content (MC) range at harvest between 150% and 200%, is kiln dried to below fiber saturation point (FSP) to 10–14% MC. In the present work, a physical-chemical-mechanical dewatering process is presented, which involves pressure cycling with supercritical CO2 to remove water to near the FSP. When the CO2 was cycled from ∼4 MPa into the supercritical state, at pressures up to 20 MPa, specimens of cross-sectional dimensions of up to 52 mm were successfully dewatered from a MC of 174%, typical of the green state, to approximately 39% in seven cycles. The specimens with the smallest cross-sectional dimensions dewatered more slowly than the larger specimens. Preheating the green wood before loading it into the dewatering vessel increased the rate of dewatering. The final MCs were similar in all experiments and were independent of specimen dimension (15–52 mm) or preheating temperature between 40°C and 60°C. Pressure-temperature phase diagrams show that it is necessary to compress the CO2 to the supercritical state for efficient dewatering. Diffusion rates and solubility of CO2 in sap were important, but channel opening within specimens was proposed to be a critical factor in the dewatering process. The reason why pressure-based experiments remove water from wood to an MC greater than the established FSP of 30% is not yet clear.
Morphological changes induced in wood samples by aqueous NaOH treatment and their effects on the conversion of cellulose I to cellulose II
Authors: Nakano Shuhei , Nakano Takato 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
The contraction along the longitudinal direction of Yezo spruce has been examined. The lignin and hemicelluloses (matrix) were removed from the samples with acetic acid and H2O2 for different treatment times, and by this way the matrix content of the samples was diminished step by step. Then the chemically pretreated samples were submitted to aqueous NaOH treatments with varied concentrations. Mechanically isolated tracheids with the same matrix content as wood samples were also NaOH treated. The aim was to detect the longitudinal contraction behaviors of these samples as a function of the degree of matrix removal and the severity of NaOH treatment. The contraction behaviors of the samples were clearly depended on the NaOH concentration as well as on content and composition of the matrix. The differences in contraction behavior are due to the restrictive forces caused by matrices between cellulose microfibrils (CMFs) or between tracheids that prevent the contraction of CMFs also in the longitudinal direction. This is the reason why it is difficult to convert cellulose I to cellulose II in wood cells.
A Comparative Study on Johnson Cook, Modified Zerilli–Armstrong and Arrhenius-Type Constitutive Models to Predict High-Temperature Flow Behavior of Ti–6Al–4V Alloy in α + β Phase
Authors: Cai Jun , Wang Kuaishe , Han Yingying 
Published: April 2015

AbstractTrue stress and true strain values obtained from isothermal compression tests over a wide temperature range from 1,073 to 1,323 K and a strain rate range from 0.001 to 1 s–1 were employed to establish the constitutive equations based on Johnson Cook, modified Zerilli–Armstrong (ZA) and strain-compensated Arrhenius-type models, respectively, to predict the high-temperature flow behavior of Ti–6Al–4V alloy in α + β phase. Furthermore, a comparative study has been made on the capability of the three models to represent the elevated temperature flow behavior of Ti–6Al–4V alloy. Suitability of the three models was evaluated by comparing both the correlation coefficient R and the average absolute relative error (AARE). The results showed that the Johnson Cook model is inadequate to provide good description of flow behavior of Ti–6Al–4V alloy in α + β phase domain, while the predicted values of modified ZA model and the strain-compensated Arrhenius-type model could agree well with the experimental values except under some deformation conditions. Meanwhile, the modified ZA model could track the deformation behavior more accurately than other model throughout the entire temperature and strain rate range.
Effects of Cations on Corrosion of Inconel 625 in Molten Chloride Salts
Authors: Zhu Ming , Ma Hongfang , Wang Mingjing , Wang Zhihua , Sharif Adel 
Published: April 2015

AbstractHot corrosion of Inconel 625 in sodium chloride, potassium chloride, magnesium chloride, calcium chloride and their mixtures with different compositions is conducted at 900°C to investigate the effects of cations in chloride salts on corrosion behavior of the alloy. XRD, SEM/EDS were used to analyze the compositions, phases, and morphologies of the corrosion products. The results showed that Inconel 625 suffers more severe corrosion in alkaline earth metal chloride molten salts than alkaline metal chloride molten salts. For corrosion in mixture salts, the corrosion rate increased with increasing alkaline earth metal chloride salt content in the mixture. Cations in the chloride molten salts mainly affect the thermal and chemical properties of the salts such as vapor pressure and hydroscopicities, which can affect the basicity of the molten salt. Corrosion of Inconel 625 in alkaline earth metal chloride salts is accelerated with increasing basicity.
Biomarkers in blood for individualization of the pharmacotherapy with immunosuppressive drugs after transplantation of solid organs
Authors: Wieland Eberhard , Shipkova Maria 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
The success of transplantation medicine is closely associated with the introduction of potent immunosuppressive drugs. Therapy guidance of the calcineurin inhibitors cyclosporine and tacrolimus as well as the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitors sirolimus and everolimus is achieved by therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM). For other immunosuppressive drugs such as mycophenolic acid, TDM is not established. It has been suggested that a better individualization of pharmacotherapy could be helpful in avoiding over- and under-immunosuppression, which have been associated with poor long-term outcome of grafts and patients. Therefore, a search for biomarkers that could complement TDM, thereby allowing a better individualization of therapy, is ongoing worldwide. Pharmacodynamic biomarkers in transplantation medicine can be either non-drug-specific, aiming at assessing the global effect on the immune system, or drug-specific, aiming at recording the pharmacologic effect on a drug target. Non-specific pharmacodynamic biomarkers can reflect the degree of immune activation by measuring T- or B-cell activation, the development of operational tolerance by monitoring, e.g., regulatory T-cells, or the graft damage by measuring cell-free DNA released by the graft in response to injury. Drug-specific pharmacodynamic biomarkers have been published for mycophenolic acid, calcineurin, and mTOR inhibitors. The field of biomarker research to complement TDM for a better individualization of immunosuppression is still in its infancy, and controlled prospective clinical trials are needed to unravel or dismiss the potential of particular biomarkers or biomarker combinations in various patient cohorts with different grafts.
Richtungssensitive Fußgänger-Verfolgung durch Klassifikation von Bildmerkmalen
Authors: Pallauf Johannes , Puente León Fernando 
Published: April 2015

Zusammenfassung
Der Beitrag untersucht die Nutzung von Orientierungsinformationen
über Fußgänger aus Einzelbildern zur robusten Personenverfolgung. In dem
vorgestellten Verfahren werden Farb- und Tiefeninformationen einer Kamera
genutzt, um eine schnelle Detektion von Personen zu ermöglichen. Die dafür
herangezogenen Bildmerkmale werden anschließend weiterverwendet, um eine
Unterscheidung mittels gewichteter SVM‐Klassifikatoren zwischen verschiedenen
Hauptrichtungen durchzuführen, die für eine Orientierungsbestimmung genutzt
werden. Die erhaltenen Orientierungs- und Positionsinformationen werden
zuletzt in einem auf dem Unscented-Kalman-Filter basierenden
Verfolgungsalgorithmus fusioniert und evaluiert. Es zeigen sich deutliche
Vorteile in der Schätzung der Orientierung – vor allem bei vom verwendeten
Bewegungsmodell abweichenden Bewegungen.
Understanding Blowout Phenomena to the Induced Angle of V-Gutter-Stabilized Flames
Authors: Kirubhakaran K. , Parammasivam K. M. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractThe combustion and flame blowout characteristics are investigated in a vitiated environment by placing the 60°, 90° and 120° V-gutters. The blowout is initiated through varying the equivalence ratio of reactants’ flow rates. The blowout is mainly investigated in ultra-lean condition where the equivalence ratio ranges from 0.18 to 0.8, by varying the length of the combustor; the blowout of flame takes place more quickly; it occurred in all tested gutter angles. On increasing the gutter angle from 60° to 120° the flame blowout takes place at Reynolds number from 2,500 to 6,000, which is inversely proportional to the gutter-induced angle of the gutter. The flame flashback possibility occurs due to aggression of the flame marching towards the blowout. The 120° V-gutter has possible flashback since the blowout takes place at very low Reynolds number. As the length of the combustor increases, it is also evident that flashback phenomenon occurred in the rigorous flame just before the flame blowout.
Metallurgical Analysis of a Failed 17-4 PH Stainless Steel Pyro Bolt Used in Launch Vehicle Separation Systems
Authors: Srinath J. , Manwatkar K. Sushant , Murty S. V. S. Narayana , Narayanan P. Ramesh , Sharma S. C. , George M. Koshy 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
Precipitation hardenable stainless steels are widely used in aerospace applications because of their excellent combination of strength and corrosion resistance. In view of this advantage, Fe-17Cr-4Ni (17-4 PH) steel is used in pyro bolts in space ordnance systems for stage separation in a satellite launch vehicle. These systems typically consist of a pyro charge to sever a given material resulting in stage separation, and these materials are exposed to high strain rates. In one such application, although perfect severance took place, secondary cracks were noticed longitudinally, which are not desirable. This steel, in view of its composition, has delta ferrite in a martensitic matrix in the hardened and tempered condition. In wrought products worked unidirectionally, delta ferrite gets oriented along the direction of thermomechanical processing. The effect of delta ferrite orientation on the impact properties of 17-4 PH stainless steel was studied in various heat-treatment conditions with a view to understand the effect of microstructure on impact properties. It was found that the transverse impact properties are severely affected by the presence of highly oriented delta ferrite stringers for any given heat-treatment condition. This has been attributed to the weak delta ferrite–martensite interface, which facilitates easy crack propagation. Finally, it was suggested that the anisotropy in impact properties need to be carefully considered in the design of components for applications that involve high strain rates.
First occurrence of Callinectes sapidus (Rathbun, 1896) within the Sacca di Goro (Italy) and surroundings
Authors: Manfrin Chiara , Turolla Edoardo , Chung J. Sook , Giulianini Piero Giulio 
Published: April 2015

The Sacca di Goro lagoon is an area located in the northern part of Italy. This locality has benefited in the past of an occasional and later the planned introduction of the Manila clam. Nowadays it produces more than 50% of the entire Italian clam production. Recently the crab Callinectes sapidus has been spotted and reported a few months ago on its female carrying eggs. This may signify the complete acclimation of this species in the Sacca di Goro lagoon and a potential ongoing spread to surrounding areas.
Amphibians and reptiles of the state of Hidalgo, Mexico
Authors: Lemos-Espinal Julio A. , Smith Geoffrey R. 
Published: April 2015

We compiled a checklist of the amphibians and reptiles of the state of Hidalgo, Mexico. The herpetofauna of Hidalgo consists of a total of 175 species: 54 amphibians (14 salamanders and 40 anurans); and 121 reptiles (one crocodile, five turtles, 36 lizards, 79 snakes). These taxa represent 32 families (12 amphibian families, 20 reptile families) and 87 genera (24 amphibian genera, 63 reptile genera). Two of these species are non-native species (Hemidactylus frenatus Duméril and Bibron, 1836 and Indotyphlops braminus (Daudin, 1803)). This herpetofauna represents a mixture of species from both the Sierra Madre Oriental and the Transvolcanic Belt. In addition, 26% of all categorized amphibian and reptile species in Hidalgo are considered Vulnerable, Near Threatened, Endangered, or Critically Endangered by the IUCN Red List. Thus, Hidalgo represents a relatively unique and threatened diversity of amphibians and reptiles.
Determinantes do Nível de Conformidade das Evidenciações Relativas ao CPC 27 em Empresas do Novo Mercado da BM&FBOVESPA
Authors: Kaveski Itzhak David Simão , Carpes Antonio Maria da Silva , Klann Roberto Carlos 
Published: April 2015

O presente artigo tem por objetivo identificar os fatores que explicam o nível de divulgação relativo ao CPC 27 - Ativo Imobilizado, por empresas listadas no segmento do Novo Mercado de Governança Corporativa da BM&FBovespa, considerando como seus prováveis determinantes as variáveis tamanho, imobilizado total, endividamento e rentabilidade do imobilizado. O estudo caracteriza-se como descritivo, conduzido por meio de análise documental e abordagem quantitativa. A população é composta de 109 empresas em 2011, abrangendo uma amostra de 106 empresas. Para coleta dos dados foi elaborado um check list composto de 17 itens baseados no Pronunciamento Técnico CPC 27. A técnica de análise, buscando alcançar a proposta de pesquisa, deu-se por meio de regressão linear múltipla. Nos resultados encontrados, verificou-se uma relação positiva significativa entre o ativo imobilizado das empresa e o índice de evidenciação, verificado pelos itens correspondentes aos requisitos mencionados no CPC 27. No que tange às variáveis determinantes do processo de evidenciação, verificou-se que "Imobilizado" está positivamente associado à divulgação de informações sobre ativo imobilizado. Já a "Rentabilidade" está negativamente associada à divulgação. Não se verificou associação significante entre "Endividamento" e "Tamanho" com a divulgação de informações sobre imobilizado. É necessário considerar, ainda, o baixo fator explicativo das variáveis determinantes da evidenciação recomendada pelo CPC 27 e a necessidade de se estender a investigação dentro do tema, possibilitando comparações e extração de novas evidências conclusivas.