bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ranking Theory and Conditional Reasoning
Authors: Skovgaard‐Olsen Niels 
Published: July 2015

AbstractRanking theory is a formal epistemology that has been developed in over 600 pages in Spohn's recent book The Laws of Belief, which aims to provide a normative account of the dynamics of beliefs that presents an alternative to current probabilistic approaches. It has long been received in the AI community, but it has not yet found application in experimental psychology. The purpose of this paper is to derive clear, quantitative predictions by exploiting a parallel between ranking theory and a statistical model called logistic regression. This approach is illustrated by the development of a model for the conditional inference task using Spohn's (2013) ranking theoretic approach to conditionals.
Clinical importance of re‐interpretation of PET/CT scanning in patients referred to a tertiary care medical centre
Authors: Löfgren Johan , Loft Annika , Barbosa de Lima Vinicius Araújo , Østerlind Kell , von Benzon Eric , Højgaard Liselotte 
Published: July 2015

SummaryPurposeTo evaluate, in a controlled prospective manner with double‐blind read, whether there are differences in interpretations of PET/CT scans at our tertiary medical centre, Rigshospitalet, compared to the external hospitals.MethodsNinety consecutive patients referred to our department who had an external F‐18‐FDG PET/CT scan were included. Only information that had been available at the time of the initial reading at the external hospital was available at re‐interpretation. Teams with one radiologist and one nuclear medicine physician working side by side performed the re‐interpretation in consensus. Two oncologists subsequently and independently compared the original reports with the re‐interpretation reports. In case of ‘major discordance’, the oncologists assessed the respective reports validities.ResultsThe interpretations were graded as ‘accordant’ in 43 patients (48%), ‘minor discordance’ in 30 patients (33%) and ‘major discordance’ in 17 patients (19%). In 11 (65%) of the 17 cases graded as ‘major discordance’, it was possible to determine which report that was most correct. In 9 of these 11 cases (82%), the re‐interpretation was most correct; in one case, the original report and in another case, both interpretations were incorrect.ConclusionsMajor discordant interpretations were frequent [19% (17 of 90 cases)]. In those cases where follow‐up could assess the validity, the re‐interpretation at Rigshospitalet was most correct in 9 of 11 cases (82%), indicating that there is a difference in expertise in interpreting PET/CT at a tertiary referral hospital compared to primary local hospitals.
Association between blood pressure changes during self‐paced outdoor walking and air temperature
Authors: Otsuki Takeshi , Ishii Nanako 
Published: July 2015

SummaryExaggerated elevation of systolic blood pressure (SBP) during exercise is a risk factor for future cardiovascular disease. Although there are differences between the outdoor exercise and exercise tests in the laboratory setting, there is little information regarding SBP changes during practical outdoor exercise. We investigated SBP changes during self‐paced outdoor walking and the relationship to air temperature. Subjects (n = 109, 47–83 years) walked outdoors at their own pace wearing a blood pressure monitor on their wrist. SBP increased during walking compared to rest, but was higher at the 1 km mark than both the 2 and 3 km marks (rest, 124 ± 14 mmHg; 1 km, 140 ± 16 mmHg; 2 km, 136 ± 18 mmHg; 3 km, 135 ± 18 mmHg). SBP at rest, air temperature, body mass index (BMI) and walking intensity during the first 1 km were identified as predictors of SBP at the 1 km mark in the stepwise regression analysis, independent of other confounders (R2 = 0·606). SBP at the 1 km mark was higher in the lower temperature group (11·6–14·3°C, 145 ± 14 mmHg) than in the intermediate (15·1–16·7°C, 140 ± 18 mmHg) and higher (17·0–19·6°C, 136 ± 16 mmHg) temperature groups, independent of SBP at rest, BMI and walking intensity. These results suggest that increases in SBP are higher on lower temperature days and are greater at 1 km than at 2 and 3 km. It is therefore recommended that measures are taken against the cold on lower temperature days to attenuate the SBP response during onset of walking.
Heart rate variability is reduced in underweight and overweight healthy adult women
Authors: Triggiani Antonio Ivano , Valenzano Anna , Ciliberti Michela Anna Pia , Moscatelli Fiorenzo , Villani Stefano , Monda Marcellino , Messina Giovanni , Federici Antonio , Babiloni Claudio , Cibelli Giuseppe 
Published: July 2015

SummaryHeart rate variability (HRV) is altered in obese subjects, but whether this is true also in underweight (UW) subjects is still under debate. We investigated the HRV profile in a sample of healthy adult women and its association with adiposity. Five‐minute resting state electrocardiographic activity was recorded in 69 subjects grouped according to their body mass index, [23 normal weight (NW), 23 overweight/obese (OW) and 23 UW). Body fat mass (FM) was measured by bio‐impedance. Frequency‐ and time‐domain analyses were performed. Compared to NW, UW and OW subjects showed a significant decrease in HRV indices, as revealed by spectral analysis. No differences were observed between UW and OW subjects. A second‐order polynomial regression unveiled an inverted U‐shaped relationship between FM extent and HRV indices. A decrease of HRV indices was associated with changes in FM extent, proving that in UW and OW subjects, the adaptive flexibility of autonomic cardiac function was reduced. These findings provide important clues to guide future studies addressed to determine how changes in adiposity and autonomic cardiac function may contribute to health risk.
The prediction of total skeletal muscle mass in a Caucasian population – comparison of Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and Dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry (DXA)
Authors: Geisler Corinna , Pourhassan Maryam , Braun Wiebke , Schweitzer Lisa , Müller Manfred J. 
Published: July 2015

SummaryDual‐energy X‐ray (DXA) is an alternative to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to measure skeletal muscle mass. DXA assesses lean body mass (LBM), and MRI measures skeletal muscle mass (SMM). Kim et al. (Am J Clin Nutr 2002; 76: 378; J Appl Physiol (1985) 2004; 97: 655) developed MRI‐based algorithms to estimate whole‐body SMM by DXA. These algorithms were based on an ethnically mixed study population (Kim et al., Am J Clin Nutr 2002; 76: 378; J Appl Physiol (1985) 2004; 97: 655). It is unclear whether Kim's algorithms are accurate in an exclusive Caucasian population. The aim of our study was to validate Kim's equation in a Caucasian population of 346 subjects. SMMMRI was assessed using MRI, and LBM and BMCDXA were measured by DXA and fat mass (FMADP) by air‐displacement plethysmographie (ADP). SMMMRI and predicted SMM were highly correlated (r = 0·944; P<0·05). The standard error of estimate of the regression equation was 2·4 kg. However, Bland–Altman plots showed a significant (P<0·001) systematic bias between SMMMRI (median 25·1 kg; IQ 20·2–31·1 kg) and predicted SMM (median 26·3 kg; IQ 22·6–33·0 kg), overestimating SMM by 9·8%. Multiple regression analyses showed that weight explained 4·4% of the variance in the differences between SMMMRI and predicted SMM with the major part unexplained. Kim's algorithm has a systematic unexplained bias and is not recommended in Caucasians.
Sustained benefit of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion on glycaemic control and hypoglycaemia in adults with Type 1 diabetes
Authors: Beato‐Víbora P. , Yeoh E. , Rogers H. , Hopkins D. , Amiel S. A. , Choudhary P. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractAimTo evaluate the sustainability of the benefits of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion therapy in routine practice in a cohort of adults with diabetes.MethodsThe clinical records of all adults starting continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion over 12 years at our centre were included in this study. Baseline and mean annual HbA1c levels were recorded. The frequency of mild‐to‐moderate and severe hypoglycaemia and hypoglycaemia awareness were analysed in a subgroup.ResultsAdequate data were available from 327 patients, of whom 71% were female. The patients' mean ± sd age was 41 ± 14 years, the mean ± sd (range) follow‐up for continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion was 4.3 ± 2.7 (1–12) years. The mean ± sd HbA1c concentration fell by 8 ± 5 mmol/mol (0.7 ± 0.5%) at year 1 [to 63 ± 12 mmol/mol from 70 ± 18 mmol/mol (7.9 ± 1.1% from 8.6 ± 1.6%); P < 0.0005], sustained to year 5. In patients with initial poor control, HbA1c dropped by 12 ± 11 mmol/mol (1.1 ± 1.0%; P < 0.0005) at year 1, sustained to year 6. The percentage of patients with ≥ 5 mild to moderate hypoglycaemic episodes per week fell from 29 to 12% (n = 163; P = 0.006). In the subgroup (n = 87; follow‐up 2.5 ± mean ± sd 1.1 years), the frequency of severe hypoglycaemia fell from 0.6 ± 1.7 episodes per patient per year to 0.3 ± 0.9 (P = 0.047). Of 24 patients with impaired awareness of hypoglycaemia (Gold score ≥ 4), the mean ± sd Gold score improved from 4.9 ± 0.9 to 3.8 ± 1.7 (P = 0.011). Nine people regained awareness. No deterioration in HbA1c was seen in the hypoglycaemia‐prone groups.ConclusionsThe benefits of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion with regard to improving glycaemic control and reducing hypoglycaemia frequency, along with improvement in hypoglycaemia awareness without deterioration in glycaemic control, can be sustained over several years in clinical practice.
Durability and tolerability of dapagliflozin over 52 weeks as add‐on to metformin and sulphonylurea in type 2 diabetes
Authors: Matthaei S. , Bowering K. , Rohwedder K. , Sugg J. , Parikh S. , Johnsson E. ,   on behalf of the Study 05 Group
Published: July 2015

AimsTo evaluate the safety and efficacy of dapagliflozin as add‐on therapy to metformin plus sulphonylurea over 52 weeks.MethodsPatients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) using sulphonylurea and metformin received dapagliflozin 10 mg/day or placebo added to therapy for 52 weeks (24‐week randomized, double‐blind period plus 28‐week double‐blind extension).ResultsA total of 219 patients were randomized 1 : 1 to dapagliflozin or placebo. Over 52 weeks, glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) and fasting plasma glucose levels showed greater improvement from baseline with dapagliflozin (−0.8% and −1.5 mmol/l) than with placebo (−0.1% and 0.6 mmol/l). More patients achieved HbA1c <7.0% with dapagliflozin (27.3%) than with placebo (11.3%) at 52 weeks. Dapagliflozin was associated with greater reductions in body weight and systolic blood pressure (−2.9 kg and −1.0 mmHg) compared with placebo (−1.0 kg and 1.1 mmHg). Greater increases in total, LDL and HDL cholesterol and decreases in triglycerides were observed with dapagliflozin (3.4, 4.8, 6.9 and −8.0%, respectively) versus placebo (1.4, 0.9, 0.6 and 2.9%, respectively). Fewer patients were rescued for failing to reach glycaemic targets with dapagliflozin (9.3%) than with placebo (44.4%). Adverse events and serious adverse events were similar between groups (dapagliflozin: 69.7 and 6.4%; placebo: 73.4 and 7.3%). More hypoglycaemic events were observed with dapagliflozin (15.6%) than with placebo (8.3%). Genital infections were reported in more patients in the dapagliflozin (10.1%) than in the placebo group (0.9%) and urinary tract infection frequency was similar in the two groups (10.1 and 11.0%).ConclusionDapagliflozin as add‐on to metformin plus a sulphonylurea was well tolerated and improvement in glycaemic control was maintained over 52 weeks.
Cortical thickness in de novo patients with Parkinson disease and mild cognitive impairment with consideration of clinical phenotype and motor laterality
Authors: Danti S. , Toschi N. , Diciotti S. , Tessa C. , Poletti M. , Del Dotto P. , Lucetti C. 
Published: July 2015

Background and purposeParkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder with motor and non‐motor symptoms, including cognitive deficits. Several magnetic resonance imaging approaches have been applied to investigate brain atrophy in PD. The aim of this study was to detect early structural cortical and subcortical changes in de novo PD whilst distinguishing cognitive status, clinical phenotype and motor laterality.MethodsEighteen de novo PD with mild cognitive impairment (PD‐MCI), 18 de novo PD without MCI (PD‐NC) and 18 healthy control subjects were evaluated. In the PD‐MCI group, nine were tremor dominant and nine were postural instability gait disorder (PIGD) phenotype; 11 had right‐sided symptom dominance and seven had left‐sided symptom dominance. FreeSurfer was used to measure cortical thickness/folding, subcortical structures and to study group differences as well as the association with clinical and neuropsychological data.ResultsParkinson's disease with MCI showed regional thinning in the right frontal, right middle temporal areas and left insula compared to PD‐NC. A reduction of the volume of the left and right thalamus and left hippocampus was found in PD‐MCI compared to PD‐NC. PD‐MCI PIGD showed regional thinning in the right inferior parietal area compared to healthy controls. A decreased volume of the left thalamus was reported in PD‐MCI with right‐sided symptom dominance compared to PD‐NC and PD‐MCI with left‐sided symptom dominance.ConclusionsWhen MCI was present, PD patients showed a fronto‐temporo‐parietal pattern of cortical thinning. This cortical pattern does not appear to be influenced by motor laterality, although one‐sided symptom dominance may contribute to volumetric reduction of specific subcortical structures.
Recurrent secondary generalization in frontal lobe epilepsy: Predictors and a potential link to surgical outcome?
Authors: Baud Maxime O. , Vulliemoz Serge , Seeck Margitta 
Published: July 2015

SummaryObjectiveFrontal lobe epilepsy (FLE) frequently leads to secondary generalized tonic–clonic seizures (SGTCS). However, little is known about the clinical, electrophysiologic, and radiologic correlates of SGTCS and whether these could influence diagnosis and treatment.MethodsA cohort of 48 patients with confirmed FLE was retrospectively identified and dichotomized into a group with and a group without SGTCS defined by history (≥1/year) or video–electroencephalography (vEEG). Demographics, seizure semiology, vEEG, neuroimaging data, and estimated seizure‐onset zone were tabulated, and their association with the occurrence of SGTCS was evaluated with use of a chi‐square test. Independent predictors of SGTCS were confirmed using a stepwise multivariate analysis. Similarly, these predictors as well as a history of SGTCS were tested as multivariate predictors of the postoperative International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) score in the surgical subgroup (n = 25).ResultsWe identified three independent predictors of a history of SGTCS in FLE, including loss of responsiveness at seizure onset (corrected p = 0.04), a semiology involving early elementary motor signs (corrected p = 0.01), and multifocal spikes on EEG (corrected p = 0.02). A seizure‐free outcome occurred in 57% of surgical cases and was more likely in the group without SGTCS (100%, p = 0.001). When considering only SGTCS occurring during video‐EEG monitoring, the association with semiology and surgical outcome vanished, but the association with preserved awareness and a multifocal EEG persisted.SignificanceA history of SGTCS is related to a specific ictal semiology and interictal EEG, and may have a role in surgical risk stratification.
The signature of fine scale local adaptation in Atlantic salmon revealed from common garden experiments in nature
Authors: O'Toole Ciar L. , Reed Thomas E. , Bailie Deborah , Bradley Caroline , Cotter Deirdre , Coughlan Jamie , Cross Tom , Dillane Eileen , McEvoy Sarah , Ó Maoiléidigh Niall , Prodöhl Paulo , Rogan Ger , McGinnity Philip 
Published: July 2015

AbstractUnderstanding the extent, scale and genetic basis of local adaptation (LA) is important for conservation and management. Its relevance in salmonids at microgeographic scales, where dispersal (and hence potential gene flow) can be substantial, has however been questioned. Here, we compare the fitness of communally reared offspring of local and foreign Atlantic salmon Salmo salar from adjacent Irish rivers and reciprocal F1 hybrid crosses between them, in the wild ‘home’ environment of the local population. Experimental groups did not differ in wild smolt output but a catastrophic flood event may have limited our ability to detect freshwater performance differences, which were evident in a previous study. Foreign parr exhibited higher, and hybrids intermediate, emigration rates from the natal stream relative to local parr, consistent with genetically based behavioural differences. Adult return rates were lower for the foreign compared to the local group. Overall lifetime success of foreigners and hybrids relative to locals was estimated at 31% and 40% (mean of both hybrid groups), respectively. The results imply a genetic basis to fitness differences among populations separated by only 50 km, driven largely by variation in smolt to adult return rates. Hence even if supplementary stocking programs obtain broodstock from neighbouring rivers, the risk of extrinsic outbreeding depression may be high.
Detrimental arterial inflammatory effect of microparticles circulating in preeclamptic women: ex vivo evaluation in human arteries
Authors: Boisramé‐Helms Julie , Meziani Ferhat , Sananès Nicolas , Boisramé Thomas , Langer Bruno , Schneider Francis , Ragot Thierry , Andriantsitohaina Ramaroson , Tesse Angela 
Published: July 2015

AbstractElevated plasmatic levels of lympho‐monocyte and platelet microparticles (MPs) have been reported in preeclampsia. Previous studies suggest that MPs could participate in preeclampsia vascular impairment. In this study, we investigated the ex vivo vascular effects of MPs from preeclamptic women on arteries from normotensive pregnant women. Omental arteries were collected from normal pregnant women undergoing cesarean section and incubated during 24 h with MPs from normal pregnant or preeclamptic women. Vascular contraction to serotonin and phenylephrine was studied on a wire myograph with or without pharmacological selective inhibitors of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and/or cyclo‐oxygenase‐2 (COX‐2). Expression of iNOS, COX‐2, and NF‐κB and production of superoxide anion and 8‐isoprostane were also assessed by immunohistological or biochemical staining and/or Western blot or ELISA assay, respectively. Microparticles from preeclamptic women, but not those from normal pregnant women, induced hyporeactivity to vasocontracturant agonists in omental arteries. Selective inhibitor of iNOS partially restored this arterial contraction, suggesting that nitric oxide (NO) is involved in vascular contractility alteration. Conversely, COX‐2 induced 8‐isoprostane release, a vasoconstricting metabolite modulating the agonist‐induced contraction. COX‐2 selective inhibitor almost abolished the arterial contraction in the same vessels. Interestingly, the association of iNOS and COX‐2 selective inhibitors restored the contraction to control levels. Moreover, iNOS, COX‐2, and NF‐κB expressions are upregulated and superoxide anion levels increased in vessels incubated with MPs from preeclamptic women. In conclusion, circulating MPs from preeclamptic women induce vascular inflammation and enhance oxidative stress. These results suggest a possible role of MPs during preeclampsia‐induced arterial dysfunction.
Distribution of intestinal stem cell markers in colorectal precancerous lesions
Authors: Jang Bo Gun , Kim Hye Sung , Kim Kyung Ju , Rhee Ye‐Young , Kim Woo Ho , Kang Gyeong Hoon 
Published: July 2015

AimsIntestinal stem cell (ISC) markers such as LGR5, ASCL2, EPHB2 and OLFM4, and their clinical implications have been studied extensively in colorectal cancers (CRCs). However, little is known about their expression in precancerous lesions of CRCs. Here, we investigated the expression and distribution of ISC markers in serrated polyps and conventional adenomas.Methods and resultsReverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction (RT–PCR) analysis revealed that all ISC markers were up‐regulated significantly in conventional adenomas with low‐grade dysplasia (CALGs) compared with other lesions. RNA in‐situ hybridization confirmed that CALGs exhibited strong and diffuse expression of all ISC markers, which indicate a stem cell‐like phenotype. However, normal colonic mucosa, hyperplastic polyps and sessile serrated adenomas harboured LGR5+ cells that were confined to the crypt base and demonstrated an organized expression of ISC markers. Notably, in traditional serrated adenomas, expression of LGR5 and ASCL2 was localized to the ectopic crypts as in the normal crypts, but expression of EPHB2 and OLFM4 was distributed in a diffuse manner, which is suggestive of a progenitor‐like features.ConclusionsThe expression and distribution profile of ISC markers possibly provides insights into the organization of stem and progenitor‐like cells in each type of precancerous lesion of CRC.
Serrated tubulovillous adenoma of the large intestine
Authors: Bettington Mark , Walker Neal , Rosty Christophe , Brown Ian , Clouston Andrew , McKeone Diane , Pearson Sally‐Ann , Klein Kerenaftali , Leggett Barbara , Whitehall Vicki 
Published: July 2015

AimsMost colorectal polyps are classified readily, but a subset of tubulovillous adenomas (TVA) with prominent serrated architecture causes diagnostic confusion. We aimed to (i) identify histological features that separate serrated TVAs from both conventional TVAs and traditional serrated adenomas (TSA) and (ii) perform a clinicopathological and molecular analysis to determine if the serrated TVA has unique features.Methods and resultsWe collected 48 serrated TVAs, 50 conventional TVAs and 66 BRAF wild‐type TSAs for analysis. For each polyp we performed a clinicopathological assessment, BRAF and KRAS mutation profiling, cytosine–phosphate–guanosine (CpG) island methylator phenotype status, MGMT methylation and immunohistochemical assessment of seven markers [MutL homologue 1 (MLH1), p16, p53, β‐catenin, Ki67, CK7 and CK20]. We found that serrated TVAs can be diagnosed reliably, and have features distinct from both conventional TVAs and TSAs. Compared to conventional TVAs, serrated TVAs are larger, more often proximal, more histologically advanced, show more CpG island methylation and more frequent KRAS mutation. Compared to TSAs they are more often proximal, show less CpG island methylation, more frequent MGMT methylation and more frequent nuclear staining for β‐catenin.ConclusionsThe serrated TVA can be diagnosed reliably and has unique features. It represents a precursor of KRAS mutated, microsatellite stable colorectal carcinoma.