bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prospective associations of parental smoking, alcohol use, marital status, maternal satisfaction, and parental and childhood body mass index at 6.5 years with later problematic eating attitudes
Authors: Wade K H , Skugarevsky O , Kramer M S , Patel R , Bogdanovich N , Vilchuck K , Sergeichick N , Richmond R , Palmer T , Davey Smith G , Gillman M , Oken E , Martin R M 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
Background:
Few studies have prospectively investigated whether early-life exposures are associated with pre-adolescent eating attitudes.

Objective:
The objective of this study is to prospectively investigate associations of parental smoking, alcohol use, marital status, measures of maternal satisfaction, self-reported parental body mass index (BMI) and clinically measured childhood BMI, assessed between birth and 6.5 years, with problematic eating attitudes at 11.5 years.

Methods:
Observational cohort analysis nested within the Promotion of Breastfeeding Intervention Trial, a cluster-randomised trial conducted in 31 maternity hospitals and affiliated polyclinics in Belarus. Our primary outcome was a Children’s Eating Attitudes Test (ChEAT) score ⩾22.5 (85th percentile), an indicator of problematic eating attitudes. We employed multivariable mixed logistic regression models, which allow inference at the individual level. We also performed instrumental variable (IV) analysis using parents’ BMIs as instruments for the child’s BMI, to assess whether associations could be explained by residual confounding or reverse causation.

Subjects:
Of the 17 046 infants enrolled between 1996 and 1997 across Belarus, 13 751 (80.7%) completed the ChEAT test at 11.5 years.

Results:
In fully adjusted models, overweight children at age 6.5 years had a 2.14-fold (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.82, 2.52) increased odds of having ChEAT scores ⩾85th percentile at age 11.5 years, and those who were obese had a 3.89-fold (95% CI: 2.95, 5.14) increased odds compared with normal-weight children. Children of mothers or fathers who were themselves overweight or obese were more likely to score ⩾85th percentile (P for trend ⩽0.001). IV analysis was consistent with a child’s BMI causally affecting future eating attitudes. There was little evidence that parental smoking, alcohol use, or marital status or maternal satisfaction were associated with eating attitudes.

Conclusion:
In our large, prospective cohort in Belarus, both parental and childhood overweight and obesity at 6.5 years were associated with pre-adolescent problematic eating attitudes 5 years later.
Neuregulin-1β induces embryonic stem cell cardiomyogenesis via ErbB3/ErbB2 receptors
Authors: Hao Jijun , Galindo Cristi L. , Tran Truc-Linh , Sawyer Douglas B. 
Published: January 2014

NRG-1β (neuregulin-1β) serves multiple functions during embryonic heart development by signalling through ErbB family receptor tyrosine kinases (ErbB2, ErbB3 and ErbB4). Previous studies reported that NRG-1β induces cardiomyogenesis of mESCs (mouse embryonic stem cells) at the later stages of differen-tiation through ErbB4 receptor activation. In the present study we systematically examined NRG-1β induction of cardiac myocytes in mESCs and identified a novel time window, the first 48 h, for NRG-1β-based cardiomyogenesis. At this time point ErbB3, but not ErbB4, is expressed. In contrast with the later differentiation of mESCs in which NRG-1β induces cardiomyogenesis via the ErbB4 receptor, we found that knocking down ErbB3 or ErbB2 with siRNA during the early differentiation inhibited NRG-1β-induced cardiomyogenesis in mESCs. Microarray analysis of RNA expression at this early time point indicated that NRG-1β treatment in mESCs resulted in gene expression changes important to differentiation including up-regulation of components of PI3K (phosphoinositide 3-kinase), a known mediator of the NRG-1β/ErbB signalling pathway, as well as activation of CREB (cAMP-response-element-binding protein). Further study demonstrated that the NRG-1β-induced phosphorylation of CREB was required for cardiomyogenesis of mESCs. In summary, we report a previously unrecognized role for NRG-1β/ErbB3/CREB signalling at the pre-mesoderm stage for stem cell cardiac differentiation.
Communication: Spectroscopic characterization of an alkyl substituted Criegee intermediate syn-CH3CHOO through pure rotational transitions
Authors: Nakajima Masakazu , Endo Yasuki 
Published: January 2014

An alkyl-substituted Criegee intermediate syn-CH3CHOO was detected in the gas phase through Fourier-transform microwave spectroscopy. Observed pure rotational transitions show a small splitting corresponding to the A/E components due to the threefold methyl internal rotation. The rotational constants and the barrier height of the hindered methyl rotation were determined to be A = 17 586.5295(15) MHz, B = 7133.4799(41) MHz, C = 5229.1704(40) MHz, and V3 = 837.1(17) cm−1. High-level ab initio calculations which reproduce the experimentally determined values well indicate that the in-plane C–H bond in the methyl moiety is trans to the C–O bond, and other two protons are directed to the terminal oxygen atom for the most stable structure of syn-CH3CHOO. The torsional barrier of the methyl top is fairly large in syn-CH3CHOO, implying a significant interaction between the terminal oxygen and the protons of the methyl moiety, which may be responsible for the high production yields of the OH radical from energized alkyl-substituted Criegee intermediates.
Sensory limitations and the maintenance of colour polymorphisms: viewing the ‘alba’ female polymorphism through the visual system of male Colias butterflies
Authors: Limeri Lisa B. , Morehouse Nathan I. 
Published: January 2014

Summary

Although colour polymorphisms are a widespread and conspicuous component of extant biodiversity, the selective pressures that act to maintain multiple morphs within populations remain poorly understood in most cases. In particular, the role that visual system limitations may play in maintaining multiple colour morphs is not well explored.

We used a female‐limited colour polymorphism common to the butterfly genus Colias, called the ‘alba’ polymorphism, to investigate the hypotheses that mate‐searching males may struggle to discriminate pale ‘alba’ females from co‐occurring heterospecific white butterflies and/or heterospecific ‘alba’ females, or that ‘alba’ females may be more difficult to detect than non‘alba’ females in natural scenes. Such perceptual limitations may influence the relative mating rates of ‘alba’ versus non‘alba’ females, contributing to the evolutionary persistence of both morphs.

Based on receptor‐noise‐limited modelling of the male Colias visual system, we find that ‘alba’ females exhibit chromatic and luminance contrasts against background foliage that are most similar to the ‘alba’ females of other co‐occurring Colias species and females of the co‐occurring white butterfly Pieris rapae. When compared to other co‐flying butterflies including non‘alba’ females, ‘alba’ females are consistently lower in chromatic contrast against background, but higher in luminance contrast.

When viewed side‐by‐side, we estimate that male Colias should be able to discriminate ‘alba’ females from other co‐occurring heterospecific butterflies, including heterospecific ‘albas’. However, under field conditions that involve larger distances in space or time, males are likely to face challenges discriminating between conspecific ‘alba’ females and co‐occurring heterospecific white butterflies, particularly heterospecific ‘alba’ females.

Our results suggest that constraints arising from male visual function may be involved in the maintenance of this colour polymorphism, particularly in populations that co‐occur with other ‘alba’‐polymorphic Colias species. We argue that such visual system constraints may play a larger role in the maintenance of colour polymorphism than has been empirically appreciated to date.
‘Which aspects of social GGRRAAACCEEESSS grab you most?’ The social GGRRAAACCEEESSS exercise for a supervision group to promote therapists' self‐reflexivity
Authors: Totsuka Yoko 
Published: January 2014

Promoting supervisees' self‐reflexivity is an integral component of systemic family therapy supervision. This includes facilitating thinking about the influences of social differences. The article describes an exercise designed to facilitate exploration of participants' relationships with different aspects of social GGRRAAACCEEESSS (SG). The exercise consists of mapping the influences of different aspects of SG and ascertaining how some of them come to be more privileged than others. It is proposed that the exercise is used in the context of a supervision group, where the supervisees and supervisor share their personal and family of origin stories related to SG. Team members' reflection offers a further opportunity for learning. Feedback from supervisees has been sought on how this exercise impacted on their practice. The potential benefits and caveats are discussed.Practitioner points
Promote self‐reflexivity on issues of differences
Explore supervisees' relationships with aspects of social GGRRAAACCEEESSS
Expression, subcellular localization and protein‑protein interaction of four isoforms of EcR/USP in the common cutworm
Authors: Huang Li‐Xia , Gong Yan‐Jun , Gu Jun , Zeng Bao‐Juan , Huang Li‐Hua , Feng Qi‐Li 
Published: January 2014

AbstractEcdysone receptor (EcR) and ultraspiracle (USP) form heterodimers to mediate ecdysteroid signaling during molting and metamorphosis. Various EcR/USP heterodimers have been reported. However, it is unclear what kind of EcR/USP combination is adopted by lepidopteran insects during the larval‑pupal metamorphosis and whether the EcR/USP heterodimer varies among different tissues. To address these questions, two isoforms of eachEcRandUSPwere cloned from the common cutworm, their messenger RNA expression patterns were examined by real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction in different tissues during the larval–pupal metamorphosis and in the midgut in response to hormonal induction. Furthermore, their subcellular localization and protein‑protein interaction were explored by transient expression and far‐western blotting, respectively. All the four genes were significantly up‐regulated in prepuae and/or pupae. The expression profiles ofEcRB1andUSP1were nearly identical to each other in the epidermis, fat body and midgut, and a similar situation also applied toEcRAandUSP2. The three genes responded to 20‐hydroxyecdysone (20E) induction except forUSP2, andUSP1could be up‐regulated by both 20E and juvenile hormone. The four proteins mainly localized in the nucleus and the nuclear localization was promoted by 20E. The protein‑protein interaction between each EcR and USP was foundin vitro. These results suggest that two types of EcR/USP heterodimer (EcRA/USP2 and EcRB1/USP1) may exist simultaneously in the common cutworm, and the latter should play more important roles during the larval‑pupal metamorphosis. In addition, the types of EcR/USP heterodimer do not vary in the tissues which undergo histolysis and regeneration during metamorphosis.
Low‐dose azathioprine effectively improves mucosal healing in Chinese patients with small bowel Crohn's disease
Authors: Yu Li Fen , Zhong Jie , Cheng Shi Dan , Tang Yong Hua , Miao Fei 
Published: January 2014

ObjectiveTo evaluate mucosal healing after 24‐month low‐dose azathioprine (AZA) treatment in Chinese patients with moderate small bowel Crohn's disease (CD).MethodsPatients with lesions mainly located at the ileum were screened by baseline multislice computed tomography enterography and anal‐route double‐balloon enteroscopy (DBE). They were naive to any immunomodulators and biological agents before the enrollment. Lesions from 150 cm of the terminal ileum proximal to ileocecal valve were assessed by DBE with the simple endoscopic score for CD (SES‐CD) after 12 and 24 months of low‐dose AZA treatment, respectively.ResultsThe average maximal tolerance dose of AZA was 61.8 ± 17.2 mg/day. The total rates of complete, near‐complete, partial and no mucosal healing in 36 patients were 19.4%, 5.6%, 27.8% and 47.2% at month 12 and 30.6%, 25.0%, 33.3% and 11.1% at month 24, respectively. The baseline SES‐CD (odds ratio [OR] 2.71, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.11–6.63, P = 0.029) and duration of disease (OR 1.27, 95% CI 1.10–1.47, P = 0.001) were two relevant factors associated with the mucosal healing of patients with small bowel CD.ConclusionA 24‐month low‐dose AZA regimen as maintenance treatment in moderate small bowel CD could achieve a higher mucosal healing rate than that of 12‐month treatment in Chinese patients, especially in those with duration of disease less than 12 months and a baseline SES‐CD of 5 or 6.
Central Vascular Catheter Placement Evaluation Using Saline Flush and Bedside Echocardiography
Authors: Weekes Anthony J. , Johnson David A. , Keller Stephen M. , Efune Bradley , Carey Christopher , Rozario Nigel L. , James Norton H. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractObjectivesCentral venous catheter (CVC) placement is a common procedure in critical care management. The authors set out to determine echocardiographic features during a saline flush of any type of CVC. The hypothesis was that the presence of a rapid saline swirl in the right atrium on bedside echocardiography would confirm correct placement of the CVC tip, similar to the accuracy of the postplacement chest radiograph (CXR).MethodsThis was a prospective convenience sample of emergency department (ED) and intensive care unit (ICU) patients who had CVCs placed. Investigators used subcostal or apical four‐chamber echocardiography windows to evaluate the onset and appearance of turbulent flow in the right atrium when the distal port of the CVC was flushed with 10 mL of saline. Onset was rated as “immediate” (within 2 seconds), “delayed” (2 to 6 seconds), or “absent” (did not appear within 6 seconds). Appearance was rated as “prominent,” “speckling,” or “absent.” Digital video review was used later to objectively determine precise timing of turbulence onset. The rapid atrial swirl sign (RASS) was defined as the echo appearance of turbulence entering the right atrium immediately (within 2 seconds) after the saline flush of the CVC distal port. The observance of RASS (“positive”) was considered “negative” for CVC malposition. Echocardiographic results were compared to CVC tip locations within predetermined zones on the CXR. Superior vena cava (SVC) region was considered the optimal CVC tip position for subclavian and internal jugular CVC. Left CVC tips within the mid left innominate vein were also considered appropriately placed.ResultsA total of 142 patients enrolled, yielding 152 CVCs. Two CVCs were excluded from analysis due to incomplete data. Both CXR and echocardiographic images for 107 internal jugular CVCs and 28 subclavian CVCs were available for analysis. Saline flush echo evaluations were also performed on 15 femoral CVCs. Either 16‐cm triple‐lumen or 20‐cm PreSep CVCs were used. CVC malposition was discovered on CXR in four of 135 (3.0%) of the subclavian and internal jugular CVCs. RASS for subclavian and internal jugular CVC evaluations versus CXR results for CVC tip malposition yielded 75% sensitivity, 100% specificity, positive predictive value (PPV) 100% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 29.24% to 100%), and negative predictive value (NPV) 99.24% (95% CI = 95.85% to 99.98%). Mean (±SD) time for onset of saline flush turbulence was 1.1 (±0.3) seconds for subclavian and internal jugular CVC tips within the target CXR zone.ConclusionsThe rapid appearance of prominent turbulence in the right atrium on echocardiography after CVC saline flush serves as a precise bedside screening test of optimal CVC tip position.
Implementation of a Dedicated Cardiovascular and Stroke Unit in a Crowded Emergency Department of a Tertiary Public Hospital in Brazil: Effect on Mortality Rates
Authors: Nasi Luiz A. , Ferreira‐Da‐Silva Andre L. , Martins Sheila C.O. , Furtado Mariana V. , Almeida Andrea G. , Brondani Rosane , Wirth Letícia , Kluck Marisa , Polanczyk Carisi A. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractBackgroundEmergency department (ED) care for acute vascular diseases faces the challenge of overcrowding. A vascular unit is a specialized, protocol‐oriented unit in the ED with a team trained to manage acute vascular disorders, including stroke, coronary syndromes, pulmonary embolism (PE), and aortic diseases.ObjectivesThe objective was to compare case fatality rates for selected cardiovascular conditions before and after the implementation of a vascular unit.MethodsPatients with the selected diagnoses admitted to the ED in two different time periods, 2002 through 2005 (before unit opening) and 2007 to 2010 (after vascular unit opening), were identified by ICD‐10 codes, and their electronic records were reviewed. Case fatality rates were calculated and compared for both time periods.ResultsThe period prior to unit implementation (2002 through 2005) included 4,164 patients, and the vascular unit period (2007 to 2010) included 6,280 patients. Overall, the case fatality rate for acute vascular conditions decreased from 9% to 7.3% with vascular unit implementation (p = 0.002). The in‐hospital mortality rates for acute coronary syndrome (ACS) dropped from 6% to 3.8% (p = 0.003), and for acute PE dropped from 32.1% to 10.8% (p < 0.001). The stroke case‐fatality rate did not decrease despite improvements in the quality of stroke health care indicators.ConclusionsThe vascular unit strategy has the potential to reduce overall mortality for most acute vascular conditions.
A structured four‐step curriculum in basic laparoscopy: development and validation
Authors: Strandbygaard Jeanett , Bjerrum Flemming , Maagaard Mathilde , Rifbjerg Larsen Christian , Ottesen Bent , Sorensen Jette L. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractObjectiveThe objective of this study was to develop a four‐step curriculum in basic laparoscopy consisting of validated modules integrating a cognitive component, a practical component and a procedural component.DesignA four‐step curriculum was developed. The methodology was different for each step.Step 1:A 1‐day course in basic laparoscopy developed on the background of a regional needs analysis.Step 2:A multiple‐choice test, developed and validated through interviews with experts in laparoscopy and subsequently through a Delphi audit involving regional chief physicians.Step 3:A procedural training task (a salpingectomy) on a validated virtual reality simulator.Step 4:An operation on a patient (a salpingectomy) with following formative assessment based on a validated assessment scale.SettingUniversity hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.PopulationFifty‐two first‐year residents in obstetrics and gynecology from 2009 to 2011.MethodObservational cohort study.Main outcome measureCompletion rate.ResultsAll participants completed step 1 and improved post‐course test scores compared with pre‐course test scores,p = 0.001. Step 2 was completed by 75% (37/52); all improved test scores after 6 months,p = 0.001. Step 3 was completed by 75%. Participants used 238 min (range 75–599) and 38 repetitions (range 8–99) to reach proficiency level on a virtual reality simulator. Step 4 was completed by 55%. There was no correlation between test scores and simulator training time. Protected training time was correlated with increasing completion rate.ConclusionA four‐step curriculum in basic laparoscopy is applicable in residency training. Protected training time correlated with increasing completion rate.
Review article: the pathogenesis and management of acute colonic diverticulitis
Authors: Humes D. J. , Spiller R. C. 
Published: January 2014

SummaryBackgroundAcute diverticulitis, defined as acute inflammation associated with a colonic diverticulum, is a common emergency presentation managed by both surgeons and physicians. There have been advances in both the medical and the surgical treatments offered to patients in recent years.AimTo review the current understanding of the aetiology and treatment of acute diverticulitis.MethodsA search of PubMed and Medline databases was performed to identify articles relevant to the aetiology, pathogenesis and management of acute diverticulitis.ResultsThere are 75 hospital admissions per year for acute diverticulitis per 100 000 of the population in the United States. Recent reports suggest a 26% increase in admissions over a 7‐year period. Factors predisposing to the development of acute diverticulitis include obesity, smoking, diet, lack of physical activity and medication use such as aspirin and nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs. The condition is associated with a low mortality of about 1% following medical therapy, rising to 4% in‐hospital mortality in those requiring surgery. There is limited evidence on the efficacy of individual antibiotic regimens, and antibiotic treatment may not be required in all patients. The rates of recurrence reported for patients with acute diverticulitis following medical management vary from 13% to 36%. The surgical management of those patients who fail medical treatment has moved towards a laparoscopic nonresectional approach; however, the evidence supporting this is limited.ConclusionsFurther high‐quality randomised controlled trials are required of both medical and surgical treatments in patients with acute diverticulitis, if management is to be evidence‐based.
A biomarker panel and psychological morbidity differentiates the irritable bowel syndrome from health and provides novel pathophysiological leads
Authors: Jones M. P. , Chey W. D. , Singh S. , Gong H. , Shringarpure R. , Hoe N. , Chuang E. , Talley N. J. 
Published: January 2014

SummaryBackgroundsThe development of a reliable biomarker for irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) remains one of the major aims of research in functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs) and is complicated by the absence of a perfect reference standard. Previous efforts based on genetic and immune markers have showed promise, but have not been robust.AimTo evaluate an extensive panel of gene expression and serology markers combined with psychological measures in differentiating IBS from health and between subtypes of IBS.MethodsOf subjects eligible for analysis (N = 244), 168 met criteria for IBS (60 IBS‐C, 57 IBS‐D and 51 mixed), while 76 were free of any FGID. A total of 34 markers were selected based on pathways implicated in pathophysiology of IBS or whole human genome screening. Psychological measures were recorded that covered anxiety, depression and somatisation. Models differentiating disease and health were based on unconditional logistic regression and performance assessed through area under the receiver‐operator characteristic curve (AUC), sensitivity and specificity.ResultsThe performance of a combination of 34 markers was good in differentiating IBS from health (AUC = 0.81) and was improved considerably with the addition of four psychological markers (combined AUC = 0.93). Of the 34 markers considered, discrimination was derived largely from a small subset. Good discrimination was also obtained between IBS subtypes with the best being observed for IBS‐C vs. IBS‐D (AUC = 0.92); however, psychological variables provided almost no incremental discrimination subtypes over biological markers (combined AUC = 0.94).ConclusionsA combination of gene expression and serological markers in combination with psychological measures shows exciting progress towards a diagnostic test for IBS compared with healthy subjects, and to discriminate IBS‐C from IBS‐D.