bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pilot study of 3D image correlation photogrammetry to assess strain and deformation of mouthguard materials
Authors: McGlumphy Kellye C. , Mendel Deborah A. , Yilmaz Burak , Seidt Jeremy D. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractBackground/AimThe purpose of this investigation was to conduct a pilot study to evaluate the use of 3D image correlation photogrammetry (3DIC) in comparing strain characteristics of three commercially available mouthguard materials in the actual form of a mouthguard.Material and methods3DIC was used to measure strain and deformation on the surface of a mouthguard and a resin model. A computed tomographic scan of a maxilla of a patient was used to fabricate a resin test model. Three mouthguard materials were tested: conventional ethylene vinyl acetate; Proform TM, a thermoplastic material; and Polyshok TM, an EVA product containing polyurethane. Three mouthguards of each of the three materials were fabricated and fitted to the acrylic model for testing. A speckle pattern was applied to the external surfaces of each of the mouthguards. Static mechanical tests using a servohydraulic load frame at 10, 25, and 50 pounds of force were applied to the mouthguards while on the resin model. Strains were measured in both the horizontal (x) and vertical (y) axes using (3DIC). Measured strains were analysed by 4‐way anova.ResultsFor all three materials tested, the difference in strain between two measured directions (X and Y) was found to be statistically significant for all regions evaluated. The analysis indicated that each direction, region, and load was involved in a statistically significant effect (P < 0.001). Statistical differences in the strain were noted with the highest strain region being closest to the applied load for all three materials. Differences in strains in two directions were found to be significant for the materials studied (P < 0.001).Conclusions3DIC is useful in evaluation of mouthguard materials in the actual form of a mouthguard. Materials, along with larger sample sizes, may improve confidence levels of the results. Further testing is indicated before clinical claims can be made.
Comparison of rice bran oil and wax yields; a systematic approach to wax ester analysis
Authors: Kim Junghong , Godber James Samuel 
Published: November 2013

SummaryRice bran oil (RBO) comprises 2–4% of rice bran wax (RBW) which contains wax esters (WE), hydrocarbons and other minor constituents, and there is still a lack of information on the RBW yields by various extraction methods and the WE contents in RBW. In this study, the yields of RBO and RBW extracted with Soxhlet and microwave‐assisted extraction (MAE) were compared with establish suitable RBW preparation methods. HPLC methods were also developed to determine the WE contents in RBW. MAE with hexane was the most efficient method for higher RBW yields as well as higher WE contents. The HPLC analysis proved that around half of the refined RBW consists of WE. The results established an efficient procedure for RBW preparation, which includes MAE with hexane, RBO refinement, winterisation, solvent fractionation and HPLC separation.
Effects of calcium chloride and calcium lactate applications with osmotic pretreatment on physicochemical aspects and consumer acceptances of dried papaya
Authors: Udomkun Patchimaporn , Mahayothee Busarakorn , Nagle Marcus , Müller Joachim 
Published: November 2013

SummaryThis study explored the effects of calcium chloride (CaCl2) and calcium lactate (Ca‐L) pretreatments prior to osmotic dehydration on physicochemical characteristics and consumer acceptance of dried papaya. Three different calcium concentrations [0.5, 1.5 and 2.5% (w/v)] were applied to samples before they were soaked in a 30 °Brix sucrose solution and subsequently dried at 70 °C. The results showed that the dried samples treated with calcium exhibited significantly lower moisture content, water activity, apparent density and shrinkage, while volume was higher when compared to the control. Calcium applications did not obviously influence sugar content of samples and maintained the quality of dried papaya in terms of colour and textural characteristics. Calcium chloride at 2.5% (w/v) was found to particularly impart undesirable bitterness to the dried papaya. In contrast, using 2.5% (w/v) Ca‐L provided the best acceptance scores. Thus, the use of Ca‐L could be an alternative to CaCl2 in the pretreatment of fruits prior to drying as it offers improved quality.
The associations among the ethical climate, the professional practice environment and individualized care in care settings for older people
Authors: Suhonen Riitta , Stolt Minna , Gustafsson Marja‐Liisa , Katajisto Jouko , Charalambous Andreas 
Published: November 2013

AbstractAimTo investigate the associations among the ethical climate, professional practice environment and individualized nursing care in care settings for older people.BackgroundThe quality of care provision is affected by organizational environments, such as ethical climate and professional practice environment. Although, the association between professional practice environment and individualized nursing care has been pointed out, we know that little is known about how ethical climate is associated with the level of individualized nursing care delivery.DesignA cross‐sectional explorative and correlational survey design.MethodsThe study was conducted in 62 units in the vicinity of a Finnish city using a sample of nurses (N = 874, response rate 58%) who worked clinically with older people in different care settings in 2012. Survey data were collected using the Hospital Ethical Climate Survey, Revised Professional Practice Environment scale and Individualised Care Scale‐B. Data were analysed statistically using descriptive statistics, correlation coefficients (Pearson) and multiple stepwise regression analyses.ResultsStatistically significant correlations were found among the variables, ethical climate and individualized care and between individualized care and all professional practice environment sub‐scales. Multiple stepwise regression showed associations among individualized care, ethical climate and internal work motivation, control over practice and leadership and autonomy.ConclusionsThe study provided better understanding of the complex concept of individualized care by taking into consideration the ethical climate and the practice environment and their associations. To increase individualization in care provision, efforts need to be directed towards organizational aspects requiring the support of nursing leaders.
A Cooperative Approach to Reduce Water Pollution Abatement Cost in an Interjurisdictional Lake Basin
Authors: Zhao Laijun , Huang Wei , Gao H. Oliver , Xue Jian , Li Changmin , Hu Yue 
Published: November 2013

AbstractA cooperative approach via transfer fee was developed to improve the cost‐effectiveness of water pollution control in interjurisdictional lake basin management in China. Different from the existing literature that studies water quality trading and pollution reduction at micro levels (i.e., focusing on enterprises and firms), this article explores cooperative pollution reduction strategies from a macro level, targeting multiple jurisdictional regions. The merits of this new approach include: (1) improving the cost‐effectiveness of pollution reduction by making use of the cost differentiation in pollution reduction between industries and municipal sewage plants, and between different administrative areas; (2) managing payments for ecosystem services by horizontal transfer payment; and (3) incorporating the concepts of game, cooperation, coordination, and watershed‐based management in implementation. For empirical demonstration, a bilevel optimization model was built and calibrated using the 2005 data of the Lake Tai basin to work out the optimal solutions for cooperative chemical oxygen demand (COD) reduction. Results show that policies based on this new approach can significantly reduce the overall COD abatement costs for the basin as well as the individual jurisdictional regions compared to the current practice.
Load Estimation Method Using Distributions with Covariates: A Comparison with Commonly Used Estimation Methods
Authors: Raymond Sébastien , Mailhot Alain , Talbot Guillaume , Gagnon Patrick , Rousseau Alain N. , Moatar Florentina 
Published: November 2013

AbstractLoad estimates obtained using an approach based on statistical distributions with parameters expressed as a function of covariates (e.g., streamflow) (distribution with covariates hereafter called DC method) were compared to four load estimation methods: (1) flow‐weighted mean concentration; (2) integral regression; (3) segmented regression (the last two with Ferguson's correction factor); and (4) hydrograph separation methods. A total of 25 datasets (from 19 stations) of daily concentrations of total dissolved solids, nutrients, or suspended particulate matter were used. The selected stations represented a wide range of hydrological conditions. Annual flux errors were determined by randomly generating 50 monthly sample series from daily series. Annual and interannual biases and dispersions were evaluated and compared. The impact of sampling frequency was investigated through the generation of bimonthly and weekly surveys. Interannual uncertainty analysis showed that the performance of the DC method was comparable with those of the other methods, except for stations showing high hydrological variability. In this case, the DC method performed better, with annual biases lower than those characterizing the other methods. Results show that the DC method generated the smallest pollutant load errors when considering a monthly sampling frequency for rivers showing high variability in hydrological conditions and contaminant concentrations.
Time–place learning and leader–follower relationships in Arctic charr Salvelinus alpinus
Authors: Brännäs E. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractFeeding activity from a larger refuge site into two visually separated feeding sites with temporally restricted food availability, one in the morning and one in the evening was studied in duplicate groups of Arctic charr Salvelinus alpinus. A passive integrated transponder (PIT) system enabled continuous monitoring of individual movements between the sites. Both groups synchronized their diel pattern of visit activity to the two feeding sites when food was available. One group showed significant anticipatory visit activity into both feeding sites during the hours before the feed was available, suggesting a time and place learning of resource availability. The anticipatory activity of the other group was, however, less pronounced and only occurred into one of the feeding sites. Individual S. alpinus entered the feeding sites independently and no obvious patterns of leaders and followers were identified. All S. alpinus gained mass and moved between a refuge and the feeding sites. Different strategies of how individual S. alpinus utilized the feeding sites were not correlated with growth.
Compact non‐contact total emission detection for in vivo multiphoton excitation microscopy
Authors: COMBS C.A. , SMIRNOV A. , GLANCY B. , KARAMZADEH N.S. , GANDJBAKHCHE A.H. , REDFORD G. , KILBORN K. , KNUTSON J.R. , BALABAN R.S. 
Published: November 2013

SummaryWe describe a compact, non‐contact design for a total emission detection (c‐TED) system for intra‐vital multiphoton imaging. To conform to a standard upright two‐photon microscope design, this system uses a parabolic mirror surrounding a standard microscope objective in concert with an optical path that does not interfere with normal microscope operation. The non‐contact design of this device allows for maximal light collection without disrupting the physiology of the specimen being examined. Tests were conducted on exposed tissues in live animals to examine the emission collection enhancement of the c‐TED device compared to heavily optimized objective‐based emission collection. The best light collection enhancement was seen from murine fat (5×–2× gains as a function of depth), whereas murine skeletal muscle and rat kidney showed gains of over two and just under twofold near the surface, respectively. Gains decreased with imaging depth (particularly in the kidney). Zebrafish imaging on a reflective substrate showed close to a twofold gain throughout the entire volume of an intact embryo (approximately 150 μm deep). Direct measurement of bleaching rates confirmed that the lower laser powers, enabled by greater light collection efficiency, yielded reduced photobleaching in vivo. The potential benefits of increased light collection in terms of speed of imaging and reduced photo‐damage, as well as the applicability of this device to other multiphoton imaging methods is discussed.
Independent uterine contractions in simultaneous twin pregnancy in each horn of the uterus didelphys
Authors: Maki Yohei , Furukawa Seishi , Sameshima Hiroshi , Ikenoue Tsuyomu 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe mechanism of synchronizing uterine contractions is not fully understood. We present a case of twin pregnancy in a uterus didelphys and objectively analyze the synchrony of bilateral uterine contractions. A 32‐year‐old woman, with a history of vaginal septal resection during her previous vaginal delivery, became pregnant with twins in a uterus didelphys in which each uterine horn had one fetus. At 37 weeks and 6 days, the first baby was delivered vaginally. The second baby was delivered by cesarean section due to recurrent late decelerations. Operative findings confirmed the didelphys uterus. We retrospectively reviewed the timing of contractions of both uteruses. The timing was determined by visual analysis as synchronous if both uteruses contracted within 5 s. Otherwise, contractions were considered solitary. Both uterine horns contracted independently in 90% of the incidence throughout labor and delivery. From this rare case of an ‘experiment by nature’, we speculated that the myometrium must be histologically connected in order to synchronize uterine contractions.
Brain Expansion in Patients With Type II Diabetes Following Insulin Therapy: A Preliminary Study With Longitudinal Voxel‐Based Morphometry
Authors: Chen Zhiye , Li Jinfeng , Sun Jie , Ma Lin 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTOBJECTIVEWe performed a longitudinal analysis based on magnetic resonance (MR) imaging to investigate the brain structural and perfusion changes caused by insulin therapy in patients with type II diabetes.METHODSHigh resolution three‐dimensional T1‐weighted fast spoiled gradient recalled echo images and flow‐sensitive alternating inversion recovery (FAIR) images were obtained from 11 patients with type II diabetes before and 1 year after initiation of insulin therapy and 11 normal controls. Brain volume changes were investigated by a longitudinal voxel‐based morphometry (VBM), and perfusion changes were evaluated by FAIR imaging between baseline and follow‐up data.RESULTSSignificant regional gray matter (GM) expansion located in bilateral frontal, parietal, and left occipital lobes, and regional white matter (WM) expansion was shown in left precentral subcortical WM and right angular subcortical WM after insulin therapy (P < .05 with FDR correction). Brain hyperperfusion was detected in bilateral frontal cortex, left occipital cortex, and right temporal cortex after insulin therapy (P < .05).CONCLUSIONSIn patients with type II diabetes, brain expansion and hyperperfusion were demonstrated 1 year after initiation of insulin therapy, and insulin therapy could contribute to the brain volume gainment in the patients with type II diabetes.
Privatization, Underpricing, and Welfare in the Presence of Foreign Competition
Authors: GHOSH ARGHYA , MITRA MANIPUSHPAK , SAHA BIBHAS 
Published: November 2013

AbstractWe analyze privatization in a differentiated oligopoly setting with a domestic public firm and foreign profit‐maximizing firms. In particular, we examine pricing below marginal cost by the public firm, the optimal degree of privatization, and the relationship between privatization and foreign ownership restrictions. When market structure is exogenous, partial privatization of the public firm improves welfare by reducing public sector losses. Surprisingly, even at the optimal level of privatization, the public firm's price lies strictly below marginal cost, resulting in losses. Our analysis also reveals a potential conflict between privatization and investment liberalization (i.e., relaxing restrictions on foreign ownership) in the short run. With endogenous market structure (i.e., free entry of foreign firms), partial privatization improves welfare through an additional channel: more foreign varieties. Furthermore, at the optimal level of privatization, the public firm's price lies strictly above marginal cost and earns positive profits.
ATremadocian (EarlyOrdovician) palaeoscolecidan worm from graptolitic shales inHunanProvince,SouthChina
Authors: Wang Wenhui , Muir Lucy A. , Botting Joseph P. , Feng Hongzhen , Servais Thomas , Li Lixia 
Published: November 2013

AbstractA new locality exposingTremadocian (EarlyOrdovician) graptolitic shales inHunanProvince,SouthChina, has yielded an exceptionally well‐preserved annulated worm. This palaeoscolecidan is described asWaflascolex changdensisgen. et sp. nov. and reveals extremely fine detail of the cuticle organization and plating array. The new taxon is characterized by three critical characters: incomplete plate rows that occur only on the posterior end of the worm (except in the posterior‐most area) and do not extend over the entire circumference or along the entire trunk; a regular rhomboidal array of platelets around intercalations; and reduced cuticular organization at the posterior termination. The unique cuticular organization and platelet ornamentation in the new taxon offer insight into functional differentiation of plates in the scleritome. Palaeoscolecid distribution through the earlyPalaeozoic is reviewed, showing that the worms were widespread in theCambrian andOrdovician, but became more restricted during theSilurian. Ordovician palaeoscolecidans are diverse in scleritome architecture, and strikingly different fromCambrian taxa, indicating that this group diversified as part of theGreatOrdovicianBiodiversificationEvent.
Toll‐Like Receptor‐2 Mediates Adaptive Cardiac Hypertrophy in Response to Pressure Overload Through Interleukin‐1β Upregulation via Nuclear Factor κB Activation
Authors: Higashikuni Yasutomi , Tanaka Kimie , Kato Megumi , Nureki Osamu , Hirata Yasunobu , Nagai Ryozo , Komuro Issei , Sata Masataka 
Published: November 2013

Background

Inflammation is induced in the heart during the development of cardiac hypertrophy. The initiating mechanisms and the role of inflammation in cardiac hypertrophy, however, remain unclear. Toll‐like receptor‐2 (
TLR
2) recognizes endogenous molecules that induce noninfectious inflammation. Here, we examined the role of
TLR
2‐mediated inflammation in cardiac hypertrophy.

Methods and Results

At 2 weeks after transverse aortic constriction,
Tlr2

−/−

mice showed reduced cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis with greater left ventricular dilatation and impaired systolic function compared with wild‐type mice, which indicated impaired cardiac adaptation in
Tlr2

−/−

mice. Bone marrow transplantation experiment revealed that
TLR
2 expressed in the heart, but not in bone marrow–derived cells, is important for cardiac adaptive response to pressure overload. In vitro experiments demonstrated that
TLR
2 signaling can induce cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and fibroblast and vascular endothelial cell proliferation through nuclear factor–κB activation and interleukin‐1β upregulation. Systemic administration of a nuclear factor–κB inhibitor or anti–interleukin‐1β antibodies to wild‐type mice resulted in impaired adaptive cardiac hypertrophy after transverse aortic constriction. We also found that heat shock protein 70, which was increased in murine plasma after transverse aortic constriction, can activate
TLR
2 signaling in vitro and in vivo. Systemic administration of anti–heat shock protein 70 antibodies to wild‐type mice impaired adaptive cardiac hypertrophy after transverse aortic constriction.

Conclusions

Our results demonstrate that
TLR
2‐mediated inflammation induced by extracellularly released heat shock protein 70 is essential for adaptive cardiac hypertrophy in response to pressure overload. Thus, modulation of
TLR
2 signaling in the heart may provide a novel strategy for treating heart failure due to inadequate adaptation to hemodynamic stress.
Temperature and thermal regime effects on the specific dynamic action of Bothrops alternatus (Serpentes, Viperidae)
Authors: Gavira Rodrigo Samuel Bueno , Andrade Denis Vieira 
Published: November 2013

Metabolic studies in ectothermic vertebrates are, almost always, conducted at a constant temperature, a valid and recommended procedure in most instances. However, for long term measurements, for example during snakes digestion, keeping experimental temperature constant subjects the animals to a condition potentially quite diverse from what animals may experience in nature. Thus, we investigated the influence of constant (20°C, 25°C, and 30°C) and fluctuating (circadian thermoperiod cycles of 20:30°C, 12:12 h) temperatures regimes on the post-prandial metabolic response of the Crossed pit viper, Bothrops alternatus. Maximum oxygen consumption rates () during digestion increased with temperature, while the time to reach these rates (Tpeak) and the duration of the digestive process decreased as temperature was elevated. Both, scope () and SDA coefficient were not influenced by temperature. When compared to the results obtained at constant 25°C (which is equivalent to the average temperature of the fluctuating regime), the fluctuating temperature regime caused a decrease in RMR and accompanied by an increase in digestion duration. Thermal regime did not affect the energetic cost of digestion in B. alternatus.
Midlatitude Tropopause and Low-Level Moisture
Authors: Wu Yutian , Pauluis Olivier 
Published: November 2013

Abstract
A new relationship between the surface distribution of equivalent potential temperature and the potential temperature at the tropopause is proposed. Using a Gaussian approximation for the distribution of equivalent potential temperature, the authors argue that the tropopause potential temperature is approximately given by the mean equivalent potential temperature at the surface plus twice its standard derivation. This relationship is motivated by the comparison of the meridional circulation on dry and moist isentropes. It is further tested using four reanalysis datasets: the Interim ECMWF Re-Analysis (ERA-Interim); the NCEP–Department of Energy (DOE) Reanalysis II; the NCEP Climate Forecast System Reanalysis; and the Twentieth-Century Reanalysis (20CR), version 2. The proposed relationship successfully captures the annual cycle of the tropopause for both hemispheres. The results are robust among different reanalysis datasets, albeit the 20CR tends to overestimate the tropopause potential temperature. Furthermore, the proposed mechanism also works well in obtaining the interannual variability (with climatological annual cycle removed) for Northern Hemisphere summer with an above-0.6 correlation across different reanalyses. On the contrary, this mechanism is rather weak in explaining the interannual variability in the Southern Hemisphere and no longer works for Northern Hemisphere wintertime. This work suggests the important role of the moist dynamics in determining the midlatitude tropopause.