bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of the Parasitic Potential of Pupal Parasitoid, Nesolynx thymus (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) During Different Seasons for Biological Control of Uzi Fly
Authors: Chakraborty Rushali , Brahma Dipankar , Bora Nilav Ranjan , Dutta Roshmi Borah , Sarma Jugabrat , Rajkhowa Abhigyan 
Published: August 2024

The study was conducted during October 2021 to May 2022 in the laboratory of department of Entomology, AAU, Jorhat and in the experimental rearing room of College of Sericulture, Titabor, AAU, Jorhat. The endo parasitic uzi fly can cause significant crop losses in muga and mulberry silkworm, necessitating effective pest management strategies. A black scar in the silkworm body is the main characteristics symptoms of uzi fly attack. The present study investigated on parasitic potential of the gregarious pupal parasitoid, Nesolynx thymus (Eulophidae), on the Uzi fly. Present study revealed that N. thymus effectively parasitized the Uzi fly pupae, with higher parasitization rates during the autumn season (63%) compared to spring (47%). Notably, younger pupae (1-2 days old) were more preferred for oviposition, with parasitization rates reaching 68.33% and 65%, respectively. The study also documented the presence of predatory ants, Oecophylla smaragdina, which preyed upon the Uzi fly maggots and eggs.
The age of river‐transported carbon: A global perspective
Authors: Marwick Trent R. , Tamooh Fredrick , Teodoru Cristian R. , Borges Alberto V. , Darchambeau François , Bouillon Steven 
Published: January 2015

AbstractThe role played by river networks in regional and global carbon (C) budgets is receiving increasing attention. Despite the potential of radiocarbon measurements (Δ14C) to elucidate sources and cycling of different riverine C pools, there remain large regions for which no data are available and no comprehensive attempts to synthesize the available information and examine global patterns in the 14C content of different riverine C pools. Here we present new 14C data on particulate and dissolved organic C (POC and DOC) from six river basins in tropical and subtropical Africa and compiled >1400 literature Δ14C data and ancillary parameters from rivers globally. Our analysis reveals a consistent pattern whereby POC is progressively older in systems carrying higher sediment loads, coinciding with a lower organic carbon content. At the global scale, this pattern leads to a proposed global median Δ14C signature of −203‰, corresponding to an age of ~1800 years B.P. For DOC exported to the coastal zone, we predict a modern (decadal) age (Δ14C = +22 to +46‰), and paired data sets confirm that riverine DOC is generally more recent in origin than POC—in contrast to the situation in ocean environments. Weathering regimes complicate the interpretation of 14C ages of dissolved inorganic carbon, but the available data favor the hypothesis that in most cases, more recent organic C is preferentially mineralized.
Do spaceborne aerosol observations limit the accuracy of modeled surface solar irradiance?
Authors: Ruiz‐Arias José A. , Gueymard Christian A. , Santos‐Alamillos Francisco J. , Pozo‐Vázquez David 
Published: January 2015

AbstractAerosols play a primary role in the global climate system and the solar radiation budget at the Earth surface. Here we analyze the role of spaceborne aerosol observations and their uncertainties in the expected accuracy of the modeled cloudless surface shortwave downward radiation using a state‐of‐the‐art numerical weather prediction model over the continental U.S. We compare five different modeling approaches for the aerosol optical effects with differing sophistication. Overall, we show that, counterintuitively, the direct and diffuse irradiances predicted by solar radiation models that use empirically adjusted fixed aerosol extinction may be more accurate than more sophisticated radiative transfer models that require inputs of aerosols. We conclude that, compared to ground observations, the mean absolute error in satellite‐retrieved aerosol optical depth over the U.S., and possibly elsewhere, should be reduced to less than 0.025 aerosol optical depth unit to assure improvement over the predictions of a simpler, aerosol‐insensitive radiation model.
Thermospheric winds around the cusp region
Authors: Sheng Cheng , Deng Yue , Wu Qian , Ridley Aaron , Häggström Ingemar 
Published: January 2015

AbstractAn equatorward wind has been observed first by the balloon‐borne Fabry‐Perot interferometer called High‐Altitude Interferometer Wind Observation on the equatorward side of the cusp near the local noon, which is opposite to the typical direction of neutral wind driven by the day‐night pressure gradient. However, this dayside equatorward wind was not reproduced by the standard Thermosphere Ionosphere Electrodynamics General Circulation Model under the resolution of 5° longitude by 5° latitude (5°×5°). In this study, the Global Ionosphere Thermosphere Model has been run in different cases and under different resolutions to investigate the neutral dynamics around the cusp region. First, we compare the simulations with and without additional cusp energy inputs to identify the influence of cusp heating. Both runs have a resolution of 5°×1° (longitude × latitude) in order to better resolve the cusp region. After adding in the cusp energy, the meridional wind in simulation turns to be equatorward on the dayside, which is consistent with the observation. It indicates that strong heating in the cusp region causes changes in the pressure gradient around the cusp and subsequent variations in the neutral winds. The simulations with the same cusp heating specifications are repeated, but with different horizontal resolutions to examine the influence of resolution on the simulation results. The comparisons show that the resolution of 5°×1° can resolve the cusp region much more stably and consistently than the 5°×5° resolution.
ULF wave electromagnetic energy flux into the ionosphere: Joule heating implications
Authors: Hartinger M. D. , Moldwin M. B. , Zou S. , Bonnell J. W. , Angelopoulos V. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractUltralow‐frequency (ULF) waves—in particular, Alfvén waves–transfer energy into the Earth's ionosphere via Joule heating, but it is unclear how much they contribute to global and local heating rates relative to other energy sources. In this study we use Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms satellite data to investigate the spatial, frequency, and geomagnetic activity dependence of the ULF wave Poynting vector (electromagnetic energy flux) mapped to the ionosphere. We use these measurements to estimate Joule heating rates, covering latitudes at or below the nominal auroral oval and below the open/closed field line boundary. We find ULF wave Joule heating rates (integrated over 3–30 mHz frequency band) typically range from 0.001 to 1 mW/m2. We compare these rates to empirical models of Joule heating associated with large‐scale, static (on ULF wave timescales) current systems, finding that ULF waves nominally contribute little to the global, integrated Joule heating rate. However, there are extreme cases with ULF wave Joule heating rates of ≥10 mW/m2—in these cases, which are more likely to occur when Kp ≥ 3, ULF waves make significant contributions to the global Joule heating rate. We also find ULF waves routinely make significant contributions to local Joule heating rates near the noon and midnight local time sectors, where static current systems nominally contribute less to Joule heating; the most important contributions come from lower frequency (<7 mHz) waves.
An observational study of the influence of solar zenith angle on properties of the M1 layer of the Mars ionosphere
Authors: Fallows K. , Withers P. , Matta M. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractThe variations in peak properties of the M1 layer (the lower photochemical plasma layer) with solar zenith angle (SZA) are important relationships for understanding the physical processes which control this region of the Mars ionosphere. The behavior of the M1 layer has been poorly characterized to date. Here we introduce an automated and repeatable method for determining properties of the M1 and M2 layers simultaneously in 5600 Mars Global Surveyor radio occultation profiles of dayside electron density. The results support previous findings for M1 and M2 subsolar peak densities and the dependence of peak densities on solar zenith angle. The ratio of M1 peak density to M2 peak density remains constant at 0.4 for 70° <SZA< 90°, in contrast with previous numerical simulations. The M1 altitude increases with solar zenith angle with a lengthscale, L1 = 2.5 km, which is about half that of the M2 layer, L2 = 5.2 km, indicating that the two layers become increasingly separated at high solar zenith angles. The vertical width of the M1 layer, H1, decreases from 7 km to 5 km as solar zenith angle increases from 70° to 90°, whereas the vertical width of the M2 layer, H2, increases from 10 km to 14 km. The prediction of ideal Chapman theory that both the widths Hi and the lengthscales Li equal the neutral scale height is not supported by observations. These findings provide meaningful observational constraints for numerical models, which are known to have trouble reproducing observations and observed trends associated with the M1 layer.
Spatial structure and temporal variability of the zonal flow in the Luzon Strait
Authors: Zhang Zhiwei , Zhao Wei , Tian Jiwei , Yang Qingxuan , Qu Tangdong 
Published: January 2015

AbstractOne year long, full‐depth velocity measurements were used to examine the spatial structure and temporal variability of the zonal flow in the Luzon Strait (LSZF). The observation revealed a renewed mean flow structure: in the upper (<500 m) and deep (>2000 m) layers, the LSZF was mostly westward; in the intermediate layer (500–2000 m), it was dominated by an eastward flow in the south but a westward flow in the north. The volume transport across the observed section between 19.8°N and 21.2°N exhibited strong seasonal and intraseasonal variability. On the seasonal time scale, the upper‐layer transport showed a clear annual cycle, strongest in January and weakest in June; the intermediate‐layer transport also showed a semiannual cycle, attaining its peaks (troughs) in January and June (April and October). On the intraseasonal time scale, both the upper‐layer and intermediate‐layer transports showed significant energy peaks at about 60 and 10–30 days. Further analysis indicated that the ∼60 day variability might be attributed to the impinging mesoscale eddies from the Pacific, while the 10–30 day variability appeared to obtain its energy from local intraseasonal wind forcing and baroclinic instability of the background current. The 10–100 day upper‐layer and intermediate‐layer transport variabilities were highly anticorrelated, suggesting a baroclinic nature of the intraseasonal variabilities of the LSZF.
A dipole‐like SST trend in the Somalia region during the monsoon season
Authors: Santos F. , Gómez‐Gesteira M. , deCastro M. , Días J. M. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractSST trends measured in the Somalia region during the southwest monsoon season over the period 1982–2013 have shown the existence of a warming‐cooling dipole. The positive spot, with a warming trend on the order of 0.37°C dec−1, is centered around 5.1°N–50.3°E and the negative one, with a trend on the order of −0.43°C dec−1, around 11.1°N–52.2°E. The migration of the Great Whirl (GW) over the last three decades at a speed of −0.3°C dec−1 in longitude and −0.6°C dec−1 in latitude was considered as the possible origin of the SST dipole. The displacement of the GW produces changes in the geostrophic currents which, in turn, generate changes in the amount of advected water from and to coast.
Characteristics, generation and mass transport of nonlinear internal waves on theWashington continental shelf
Authors: Zhang Shuang , Alford Matthew H. , Mickett John B. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractAs a step toward better understanding the generation of nonlinear internal waves (NLIWs) on continental shelves and the factors determining their morphology, amplitude and propagation, we analyze more than 1500 NLIWs detected on the Washington (WA) continental shelf using four summer/fall time series of temperature and velocity measurements from a surface mooring deployed in 100 m of water. Propagating onshore toward the northeast, these NLIWs take a variety of forms, including internal solitary waves, solitary wave trains and bores. Nearly all are mode‐1 depression waves that arrive semidiurnally along with the internal tide. The NLIW energy flux is correlated with the internal tide energy flux but not the local barotropic forcing, implying that the observed NLIWs arise primarily from shoaling remotely generated internal tides rather than local generation. Estimated onshore transport by the waves can equal or exceed offshore Ekman transport, suggesting the waves may play an important role in the mass balance on the continental shelf.
Occurrence of large temperature inversion in the thermohaline frontal zone at the Yellow Sea entrance in winter and its relation to advection
Authors: Lie Heung‐Jae , Cho Cheol‐Ho , Jung Kyung Tae 
Published: January 2015

AbstractTemperature inversion (higher temperature at a deeper depth) in winter and its relation to advection were investigated by analyzing both conductivity‐temperature‐depth data in the southern Yellow Sea (YS) and northwestern East China Sea during the winter of 2002–2003 and time series data of temperature, salinity, and currents at a buoy station at the YS entrance. Significant temperature inversions occur predominantly along the thermohaline front at the YS entrance where the Cheju Warm Current Water (CWCW) and the cold coastal waters meet. In February 2003, on the northern frontal zone along 34°N where isotherms and isohalines declined downward to the north, particularly large inversions with temperature differences of larger than 2.0°C were observed to occur more in troughs than in the crests of the wave‐like frontal meander where the cold Korean coastal water (KCW) advances farther southward. The inversion persisted until mid‐April at the buoy station in the frontal zone, and both temperature and salinity showed simultaneous variations in the same manner. During episodic occurrences of large inversions, temperature and salinity decreased sharply in the upper layer, but increased concurrently in the lower layer. These episodic inversions were found to be closely related to the westward advection of the KCW in the upper layer and the northward advection of the CWCW in the lower layer. It is considered that these advections may play an important role in maintaining baroclinicity in the northern frontal zone, which is responsible for driving the westward transversal flow across the YS entrance.
Evaluation of the surface energy budget equation with experimental data and the ECMWF model in the Ebro Valley
Authors: Cuxart J. , Conangla L. , Jiménez M. A. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractIn numerical models of the climate system and in other applications, the surface energy budget is usually considered closed, allowing for estimation of missing terms as the residual of the others. Real measurements of this budget show significant uncertainties in the values of each flux and imbalances that range between 5% and more than 50%, as shown in recent literature. In this article, a derivation of the surface energy budget equation from the prognostic temperature equation is presented and the hypotheses are discussed. Minor terms, which are usually neglected, such as tendency or advection, are estimated. Then, the 2 year statistics for a station in the Ebro Valley are analyzed, focusing on the imbalance, which is found to increase as the other terms in the equation increase, with values on the order of 30% of the net radiation. The same location seen by the model of the European Center for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) is analyzed. Large differences between observations and model simulation results occur at a daily scale although the average terms are comparable, with a systematic overestimation of the ground and sensible heat fluxes by the model.
Dynamics of Saturn's polar regions
Authors: Antuñano A. , del Río‐Gaztelurrutia T. , Sánchez‐Lavega A. , Hueso R. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractWe analyze data retrieved by the imaging science system onboard the Cassini spacecraft to study the horizontal velocity and vorticity fields of Saturn's polar regions (latitudes 60–90°N in June–December 2013 and 60–90°S in October 2006 and July–December 2008), including the northern region where the hexagonal wave is prominent. With the aid of an automated two‐dimensional correlation algorithm we determine two‐dimensional maps of zonal and meridional winds and deduce vorticity maps. We extract zonal averages of zonal winds, providing wind profiles that reach latitudes as high as 89.5° in the south and 89.9° in the north. Wind measurements cover the intense polar cyclonic vortices that reach similar peak velocities of 150 m s−1at ±88.5°. The hexagonal wave lies in the core of an intense eastward jet at planetocentric latitude 75.8°N with motions that become nonzonal at the hexagonal feature. In the south hemisphere the peak of the eastward jet is located at planetocentric latitude 70.4°S. A large anticyclone (the south polar spot, SPS), similar to the north polar spot (NPS) observed at the Voyager times (1980–1981), has been observed in images from April 2008 to January 2009 in the south polar region at latitude −66.1° close to the eastward jet. The SPS does not apparently excite a wave on the jet. We analyze the stability of the zonal jets, finding potential instabilities at the flanks of the eastward jets around 70°, and we measure the eddy wind components, suggesting momentum transfer from eddy motion to the westward jets closer to the poles.
Basal icequakes recorded beneath an Alpine glacier (Glacier d'Argentière, Mont Blanc, France): Evidence for stick‐slip motion?
Authors: Helmstetter Agnès , Nicolas Barbara , Comon Pierre , Gay Michel 
Published: January 2015

AbstractWhile basal icequakes associated with glacier motion have been detected under Antarctica for several decades, there remains very little evidence of stick‐slip motion for Alpine glaciers. Here we analyzed 2357 basal icequakes that were recorded at Glacier d'Argentière (Mont‐Blanc Massif) between February and November of 2012 and that are likely to be associated with basal sliding. These events have been classified into 18 multiplets, based on their waveforms. The strong similarity of the waveforms within each multiplet suggests an isolated repeating source. Despite this similarity, the peak amplitude within each multiplet varies gradually in time, by up to a factor of 18. The distribution of these events in time is relatively complex. For long time scales, we observe progressive variations in the amplitudes of events within each multiplet. For intermediate time scales (hours), the events occur regularly in time, with typical return times of several minutes up to several hours. For short time scales (from 0.01 to 100 s), the largest multiplet shows clustering in time, with a power law distribution of the interevent times. The location of these events and their focal mechanisms are not well constrained, because most of these events were detected by a single seismometer. Nevertheless, the locations can be estimated with an accuracy of a few tens of meters using a polarization analysis. The estimated average depth of the basal events is 179 m, which is in good agreement with the estimated glacier thickness. The relative changes in distance between the source and the sensor can be measured accurately by correlating separately the P wave and S wave parts of the seismograms of each event with the template waveforms, which are obtained by averaging the signals within each multiplet. We observed small variations in the times between the P wave and the S wave of up to 0.6 ms over 50 days. These variations cannot be explained by displacement of the sensor with respect to the glacier but might be due to small changes in the seismic wave velocities with time. Finally, we found using numerical simulations that the observed signals are better explained by a horizontal shear fault with slip parallel to the glacier flow than by a tensile fault. These results suggest that the basal events are associated with stick‐slip motion of the glacier over rough bedrock. The rupture length and the slip are difficult to estimate. Nonetheless, the rupture length is likely to be of the order of meters, and the total seismic slip accumulated over one day might be as large as the glacier motion during the most active bursts.
Enhanced topologies for the design of dual‐mode filters using inductive waveguide structures
Authors: Mendoza M. Martinez , Martinez D. Martinez , Rebenaque D. Canete , Alvarez‐Melcon A. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractThis paper presents novel topologies for the design and realization of microwave filters combining dual‐mode and single‐mode cavities in all‐inductive waveguide technology. Examples of orders 3–5 with one or two transmission zeros are synthesized and designed, in order to demonstrate the validity of the proposals. All the coupling schemes explored exhibit the zero‐shifting property, so the transmission zeros can be easily placed above or below the passband. A four‐pole dual‐band‐pass filter is also designed to show the flexibility offered by the novel structures. A prototype of this dual‐band filter has been manufactured and tested in order to provide experimental validation for these new structures. Important aspects of synthesis techniques, required to obtain the associated coupling topologies and to perform the final physical design of the waveguide filters, are also addressed in this paper.
Regionally based alarm index to mitigate ionospheric scintillation effects for GNSS receivers
Authors: Tiwari R. , Strangeways H. J. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractAn approach to mitigate the effect of ionospheric scintillation on GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) users in the European region using TEC (total electron content) at 1 Hz rate is presented. The TEC in the study is derived using raw GPS (Global Positioning System) observations obtained from the EUREF networks. The study also presents derivation of a geographic mesh‐map warning of the expected standard deviation of phase jitter in receiver carrier tracking loops, information which would help to mitigate scintillation effects in GPS software receivers.
Density prediction in Mars' aerobraking region
Authors: Moudden Y. , Forbes J. M. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractAerobraking at Mars is significantly impacted by the density variability at altitudes between about 100 and 140 km. Density changes can be quite substantial from orbit to orbit and from day to day. Much of this variability arises from tides propagating upward from the lower atmosphere. In this paper we present first results from a method developed to predict density variability in Mars aerobraking region due to this source. It consists of employing physics‐based tidal functions to fit tidal temperatures between 60 and 80 km inferred from Mars Climate Sounder measurements on Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter and using these functions to predict the density variations at aerobraking altitudes due to vertical propagation of the fitted tidal components. Validation against densities measured by the Mars Global Surveyor accelerometer suggest that these initial results capture salient features sufficiently well that users may want to incorporate them into operational models.