bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hyperpigmentation: types, diagnostics and targeted treatment options
Authors: Nieuweboer‐Krobotova L. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractBackground  Pigment formation is highly complex. It is involved in inflammation, sun protection and many other processes. For practical purposes, such as exposure time for sun tanning, six skin types are distinguished according to Fitzpatrick, listed in decreasing lightness. The hyperpigmentation commonly occurs in Fitzpatrick skin types III to VI and can have a considerable impact on quality of life.Material & Methods  In this article we will give an overview of normal variations of pigmentation and the most often common pigment abnormalities. It also reviews diagnostics and the current targeted treatment options of epidermal and dermal pigmentation.Results  There are multiple hyperpigmented skin lesions, classification of pigmentation is based on histology or Woods light examination. Bleaching agents with phenolic compounds with non‐phenolic agens as follow‐up therapy appears to be the most beneficial treatment options for the hyperpigmentation.Conclusions  The effective treatment of pigment disorders is characterized by influence of melanin formation, but the therapy should be based on a the correct diagnosis and always targeted to the other histopathological processes in the skin. The Woods light examination shows clinical aspect of the lesions and may be helpful in the determination of the diagnosis.
Effect of Condensed Tannins on Bovine Rumen Protist Diversity Based on 18S rRNA Gene Sequences
Authors: Tan Hui Yin , Sieo Chin Chin , Abdullah Norhani , Liang Juan Boo , Huang Xiao Dan , Ho Yin Wan 
Published: December 2012

AbstractMolecular diversity of protists from bovine rumen fluid incubated with condensed tannins of Leucaena leucocephala hybrid‐Rendang at 20 mg/500 mg dry matter (treatment) or without condensed tannins (control) was investigated using 18S rRNA gene library. Clones from the control library were distributed within nine genera, but clones from the condensed tannin treatment clone library were related to only six genera. Diversity estimators such as abundance‐based coverage estimation and Chao1 showed significant differences between the two libraries, although no differences were found based on Shannon–Weaver index and Libshuff.
The N‐Terminal Sequences of Four Major Hydrogenosomal Proteins Are Not Essential for Import into Hydrogenosomes of Trichomonas vaginalis
Authors: Zimorski Verena , Major Peter , Hoffmann Kathrin , Brás Xavier Pereira , Martin William F. , Gould Sven B. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThe human pathogen Trichomonas vaginalis harbors hydrogenosomes, organelles of mitochondrial origin that generate ATP through hydrogen‐producing fermentations. They contain neither genome nor translation machinery, but approximately 500 proteins that are imported from the cytosol. In contrast to well‐studied organelles like Saccharomyces mitochondria, very little is known about how proteins are transported across the two membranes enclosing the hydrogenosomal matrix. Recent studies indicate that—in addition to N‐terminal transit peptides—internal targeting signals might be more common in hydrogenosomes than in mitochondria. To further characterize the extent to which N‐terminal and internal motifs mediate hydrogenosomal protein targeting, we transfected Trichomonas with 24 hemagglutinin (HA) tag fusion constructs, encompassing 13 different hydrogenosomal and cytosolic proteins of the parasite. Hydrogenosomal targeting of these proteins was analyzed by subcellular fractionation and independently by immunofluorescent localization. The investigated proteins include some of the most abundant hydrogenosomal proteins, such as pyruvate ferredoxin oxidoreductase (PFO), which possesses an amino‐terminal targeting signal that is processed on import into hydrogenosomes, but is shown here not to be required for import into hydrogenosomes. Our results demonstrate that the deletion of N‐terminal signals of hydrogenosomal precursors generally has little, if any, influence upon import into hydrogenosomes. Although the necessary and sufficient signals for hydrogenosomal import recognition appear complex, targeting to the organelle is still highly specific, as demonstrated by the finding that six HA‐tagged glycolytic enzymes, highly expressed under the same promoter as other constructs studied here, localized exclusively to the cytosol and did not associate with hydrogenosomes.
Roles of Ubiquitination in the Control of Phosphate Starvation Responses in PlantsF
Authors: Rojas‐Triana Mónica , Bustos Regla , Espinosa‐Ruiz Ana , Prat Salomé , Paz‐Ares Javier , Rubio Vicente 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThroughout evolution, plants have evolved sophisticated adaptive responses that allow them to grow with a limited supply of phosphate, the preferential form in which the essential macronutrient phosphorus is absorbed by plants. Most of these responses are aimed to increase phosphate availability and acquisition through the roots, to optimize its usage in metabolic processes, and to protect plants from the deleterious effects of phosphate deficiency stress. Regulation of these adaptive responses requires fine perception of the external and internal phosphate levels, and a complex signal transduction pathway that integrates information on the phosphate status at the whole‐plant scale. The molecular mechanisms that participate in phosphate homeostasis include transcriptional control of gene expression, RNA silencing mediated by microRNAs, regulatory non‐coding RNAs of miRNA activity, phosphate transporter trafficking, and post‐translational modification of proteins, such as phosphorylation, sumoylation and ubiquitination. Such a varied regulatory repertoire reflects the complexity intrinsic to phosphate surveying and signaling pathways. Here, we describe these regulatory mechanisms, emphasizing the increasing importance of ubiquitination in the control of phosphate starvation responses.image[Vicente Rubio(Corresponding author)]
Do Moral Choices Make Us Feel Good? The Development of Adolescents’ Emotions Following Moral Decision Making
Authors: Malti Tina , Keller Monika , Buchmann Marlis 
Published: December 2012

Some people believe that making the morally right decision makes people feel good. However, until now, there has been no empirical evidence in support of this belief. In a representative two‐wave longitudinal study of 995 15‐year‐old adolescents followed for 3 years (until the age of 18) in Switzerland, adolescents were asked about their decisions and emotions following hypothetical dilemmas involving moral obligations versus self‐interest. Adolescents predominantly made moral decisions and reported feeling good following these decisions. With age, participants reported more positive emotions following moral decisions. A small number of adolescents made selfish decisions and reported feeling good following these decisions.
Dream Recall Frequency and Unusual Dream Experiences in Early Adolescence: Longitudinal Links to Behavior Problems
Authors: Soffer‐Dudek Nirit , Sadeh Avi 
Published: December 2012

Unique dream patterns are related to psychopathological distress in adults. In adolescence, this was investigated almost exclusively regarding nightmares. This longitudinal study examines developmental trajectories of various adolescent‐reported dream patterns, and their associations with parent‐reported psychopathology (internalization and externalization problems) in early adolescence. Ninety‐four 10‐ to 11‐year‐old normally developing children completed a week of sleep, dreaming, and pubertal development assessments. Parents reported behavior problems. Assessments were repeated after 1 and 2 years. Reports of unusual dreams decreased over time, and dream recall decreased among girls. Internalizing symptoms longitudinally predicted an increase in dream recall and unusual dreams. Moreover, unusual dreams longitudinally predicted increased behavior problems (internalization and externalization). Assessing dream patterns during early adolescence may help early detection of covert psychopathological distress.
Sexually Explicit Websites and Sexual Initiation: Reciprocal Relationships and the Moderating Role of Pubertal Status
Authors: Vandenbosch Laura , Eggermont Steven 
Published: December 2012

A two‐wave panel study was conducted among adolescents (Mean age = 14.78; N = 639) to examine the relationship between using sexually explicit websites and sexual initiation with particular attention to adolescents' pubertal status. Structural equation modeling and logistic regression analysis indicated that frequent users of sexually explicit websites were five times more likely to initiate sexual intercourse than nonusers. Pubertal status moderated this relationship: an increased likelihood to initiate sex was found among adolescents in an early pubertal stage who frequently viewed sexually explicit websites. However, a lower likelihood to initiate sex was found among adolescents in an advanced pubertal stage. The possibility of a reciprocal relationship was also examined but was not supported.
Suppression of Tobacco Mosaic Virus by Bacillus amyloliquefaciens Strain Ba33
Authors: Shen Lili , Wang Fenglong , Liu Yanhua , Qian Yumei , Yang Jinguang , Sun Huiqing 
Published: December 2012

AbstractSuppression of Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV) by B. amyloliquefaciens Ba33 was evaluated on Nicotiana tabacum by spraying before (①), after (②) and simultaneously with (③) TMV inocula. The results suggested that Ba33 treatments reduced local necrotic lesion number and disease index, showing ③ treatment was the best and ① treatment was better than ② treatment in TMV suppression. It also showed Ba33 virus‐contaminated scissors could be disinfected by dipping. Field trials showed that Ba33 had an inhibitory effect of 48.59% in 2009 and 50.54% in 2010, close to the effect of Ningnanmycin, a registered antiviral agent in tobacco. In conclusion, Ba33 might be used as a soil disinfector and an antiviral agent against TMV.
Psychometric properties of a Chinese version of the Jefferson Scale of Empathy‐Health Profession Students
Authors: Hsiao C‐Y. , Tsai Y‐F. , Kao Y‐C. 
Published: December 2012

Accessible summary

Empathy is considered as an integral component of the therapeutic nurse–patient relationship.

Valid and reliable Chinese instruments to assess nursing students' empathy are scarce.

This study evaluates psychometric properties of a Chinese version of the Jefferson Scale of Empathy‐Health Profession Students among Taiwanese undergraduate nursing students.

A Chinese version of the Jefferson Scale of Empathy‐Health Profession Students is a reliable and valid instrument for assessing the degree of empathy in undergraduate nursing students.
AbstractEmpathy is central to a therapeutic nurse–patient relationship. Valid and reliable Chinese instruments to assess nursing students' empathy are lacking. The aim of this study was to examine the psychometric properties of a Chinese version of the Jefferson Scale of Empathy‐Health Profession Students (C‐JSE‐HPS) among Taiwanese undergraduate nursing students. A convenience sample of 613 Taiwanese nursing students participated in the study. Content validity, construct validity, internal consistency reliability and test–retest reliability were examined. Content validity was confirmed by a content validity index of 0.89. Factor analysis yielded three components of perspective taking, compassionate care and standing in the patient's shoes, explaining 57.14% of total variance. Women scored higher on empathy than men. Also, students who were enrolled in the 4‐year Bachelor of Science in Nursing (BSN) indicated greater empathy degrees than those in the 2‐year Registered Nurse to Bachelor of Science in Nursing (RN‐to‐BSN). Cronbach's alpha coefficient and the test–retest reliability were 0.93 and 0.92 respectively. A C‐JSE‐HPS demonstrated satisfactory psychometric properties to measure empathy of undergraduate nursing students. Educators may use this instrument to assess empathic qualities among students and design effective empathy‐oriented nursing curricula to improve the quality of nursing care.
Women's Perceptions About Lubricant Use and Vaginal Wetness During Sexual Activities
Authors: Jozkowski Kristen N. , Herbenick Debby , Schick Vanessa , Reece Michael , Sanders Stephanie A. , Fortenberry J. Dennis 
Published: December 2012

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Exogenous lubricant use in the United States is common among women; however, there is little empirical research describing women's perceptions of lubricants, lubricant use, and vaginal wetness or dryness during penile-vaginal intercourse or other sexual behaviors.

Aims
To assess women's perceptions about lubricant use, women's perceptions about vaginal wetness during sexual activities, lubricant purchasing and application patterns, and the relationship of age to women's perceptions of lubricants and vaginal wetness.

Methods
Cross-sectional baseline data from an online daily diary study of 2,451 women enrolled in a study of lubricant use were analyzed.

Main Outcome Measures
Demographic items, women's lubricant purchasing patterns, lubrication use, perceptions about lubrication, and perceptions about vaginal wetness.

Results
Overall, women felt positively about lubricant and lubricant use, preferred sex to feel more wet, felt that they were more easily orgasmic when sex was more wet, and thought their partner preferred sex to feel more wet than dry. Perceptions varied by age group with women in their forties reporting more positive perceptions of lubricants than women under the age of 30.

Conclusions
Findings suggest that women generally feel positively about lubricants and lubricant use and prefer vaginal-penile intercourse to feel more wet. Such insights into women's perceptions of lubricants and lubricant use can be helpful to medical and other health professionals as well as sexual health educators, who routinely make recommendations to women about ways to incorporate products, such as lubricants, into their sexual activities.
Association between Granulomatous Colitis in French Bulldogs and Invasive Escherichia coli and Response to Fluoroquinolone Antimicrobials
Authors: Manchester A.C. , Hill S. , Sabatino B. , Armentano R. , Carroll M. , Kessler B. , Miller M. , Dogan B. , McDonough S.P. , Simpson K.W. 
Published: December 2012

BackgroundFrench Bulldogs develop a form of granulomatous colitis (GC) with histopathological resemblance to GC of Boxer dogs (GCB). GCB is associated with mucosally invasive Escherichia coli whose eradication correlates with clinical remission.Hypothesis/ObjectivesTo characterize the clinical and histopathological features, presence or absence of invasive colonic bacteria, and response to fluoroquinolones in French Bulldogs with GC.AnimalsA total of 6 French Bulldogs with a histological diagnosis of GC.MethodsRetrospective study of medical records. Bacterial colonization was evaluated using 16S rRNA probes for eubacteria and E. coli. Biopsy specimens from 3 dogs were cultured for bacteria. Clinical response to fluoroquinolone antimicrobials was determined.ResultsAll dogs were ≤1 year of age with hematochezia that was refractory to empirical therapy. Clinicopathologic and fecal analysis did not reveal abnormalities. Abdominal ultrasound revealed patchy thickening of the colon in 4/5 dogs and regional lymphadenopathy in 5/5. Colonoscopic abnormalities included irregularly thickened and ulcerated mucosa, hyperemia, and overt bleeding in 4/6 cases. Multifocal accumulations of PAS‐positive macrophages and intramucosal E. coli were present in colonic biopsies of all 6 dogs. Administration of enrofloxacin (5/6) or marbofloxacin (1/6) at 4.4–10 mg/kg (median 10 mg/kg) PO q24h for 6–10 weeks was associated with clinical improvement within 5–14 days. All dogs remained in remission over a 3–30 month follow‐up period.ConclusionsGranulomatous colitis in young French Bulldogs is associated with the presence of invasive E. coli and closely parallels GCB. Treatment with fluoroquinolone antimicrobials can induce lasting clinical remission.
Sex offenders with intellectual disability referred to levels of community and secure provision: Comparison and prediction of pathway
Authors: Carson Derek , Lindsay William R. , Holland Anthony J. , Taylor John L. , O'Brien Gregory , Wheeler Jessica R. , Steptoe Lesley , Johnston Susan 
Published: December 2012

PurposeTo compare characteristics of sex offenders with an intellectual disability (ID) referred to community‐based and different levels of secure services. To identify those characteristics, which predict referrals to community‐based or secure services.MethodsA total of 131 cases of sex offenders withIDreferred to anIDservice in a number of health board regions in theUKin 2002 (and 2003 for high secure referrals) were reviewed. Data were collected on demographic information, ethnicity, level of learning disability, possible medical diagnoses, psychiatric diagnoses, abuse experienced in childhood, living circumstances, employment or occupation, referring agent, legal status on day of referral, index behaviour, age at time of index behaviour, charges, legal status on day of index behaviour, previous problematic behaviour, and previous offending. Data were entered into a binomial logistic regression model in an attempt to predict the referrals to community‐based services.ResultsNumerous characteristics were found to be associated with the different levels of service security, but only two predictor variables retained a strong association with community or secure referrals in the model. The likelihood of the offender being referred to a community‐based service increased if they were based in the community at the time of the index behaviour and decreased as the diversity of problematic behaviour exhibited by the offenders increased.ConclusionsGiven the relatively high proportion of referrals to community‐based services and the fact that many of these referrals had a complicated offence history, it is important that community‐based services are properly equipped and resourced to deal with such referrals. In particular, the case is made that services for sexual offenders withIDat all levels of security should at least have available interventions directed at aggression.
Population genomics of Pacific lamprey: adaptive variation in a highly dispersive species
Authors: Hess Jon E. , Campbell Nathan R. , Close David A. , Docker Margaret F. , Narum Shawn R. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractUnlike most anadromous fishes that have evolved strict homing behaviour, Pacific lamprey (Entosphenus tridentatus) seem to lack philopatry as evidenced by minimal population structure across the species range. Yet unexplained findings of within‐region population genetic heterogeneity coupled with the morphological and behavioural diversity described for the species suggest that adaptive genetic variation underlying fitness traits may be responsible. We employed restriction site–associated DNA sequencing to genotype 4439 quality filtered single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) loci for 518 individuals collected across a broad geographical area including British Columbia, Washington, Oregon and California. A subset of putatively neutral markers (N = 4068) identified a significant amount of variation among three broad populations: northern British Columbia, Columbia River/southern coast and ‘dwarf’ adults (FCT = 0.02, P ≪ 0.001). Additionally, 162 SNPs were identified as adaptive through outlier tests, and inclusion of these markers revealed a signal of adaptive variation related to geography and life history. The majority of the 162 adaptive SNPs were not independent and formed four groups of linked loci. Analyses with matsam software found that 42 of these outlier SNPs were significantly associated with geography, run timing and dwarf life history, and 27 of these 42 SNPs aligned with known genes or highly conserved genomic regions using the genome browser available for sea lamprey. This study provides both neutral and adaptive context for observed genetic divergence among collections and thus reconciles previous findings of population genetic heterogeneity within a species that displays extensive gene flow.
ChIP‐seq and transcriptome analysis of the OmpR regulon of Salmonella enterica serovars Typhi and Typhimurium reveals accessory genes implicated in host colonization
Authors: Perkins Timothy T. , Davies Mark R. , Klemm Elizabeth J. , Rowley Gary , Wileman Thomas , James Keith , Keane Thomas , Maskell Duncan , Hinton Jay C. D. , Dougan Gordon , Kingsley Robert A. 
Published: November 2012

SummaryOmpR is a multifunctional DNA binding regulator with orthologues in many enteric bacteria that exhibits classical regulator activity as well as nucleoid‐associated protein‐like characteristics. In the enteric pathogen Salmonella enterica, using chromatin immunoprecipitation of OmpR:FLAG and nucleotide sequencing, 43 putative OmpR binding sites were identified in S. enterica serovar Typhi, 22 of which were associated with OmpR‐regulated genes. Mutation of a sequence motif (TGTWACAW) that was associated with the putative OmpR binding sites abrogated binding of OmpR:6×His to the tviA upstream region. A core set of 31 orthologous genes were found to exhibit OmpR‐dependent expression in both S. Typhi and S. Typhimurium. S. Typhimurium‐encoded orthologues of two divergently transcribed OmpR‐regulated operons (SL1068–71 and SL1066–67) had a putative OmpR binding site in the inter‐operon region in S. Typhi, and were characterized using in vitro and in vivo assays. These operons are widely distributed within S. enterica but absent from the closely related Escherichia coli. SL1066 and SL1067 were required for growth on N‐acetylmuramic acid as a sole carbon source. SL1068–71 exhibited sequence similarity to sialic acid uptake systems and contributed to colonization of the ileum and caecum in the streptomycin‐pretreated mouse model of colitis.
Polyploidy enhances the occupation of heterogeneous environments through hydraulic related trade‐offs inAtriplex canescens(Chenopodiaceae)
Authors: Hao Guang‐You , Lucero Mary E. , Sanderson Stewart C. , Zacharias Elizabeth H. , Holbrook N. Michele 
Published: December 2012

SummaryPlant hydraulic characteristics were studied in diploid, tetraploid and hexaploid cytotypes ofAtriplex canescens(Chenopodiaceae) to investigate the potential physiological basis underlying the intraspecific habitat differentiation among plants of different ploidy levels.Populations ofA. canescensfrom different habitats of the Chihuahuan Desert (New Mexico,USA) were analyzed using flow cytometry to determine ploidy levels. Traits related to xylem water transport efficiency and safety against drought‐induced hydraulic failure were measured in both stems and leaves.At the stem level, cytotypes of higher ploidy showed consistently lower leaf‐specific hydraulic conductivity but greater resistance to drought‐induced loss of hydraulic conductivity. At the leaf level, comparisons in hydraulics between cytotypes did not show a consistent pattern, but exhibited high plasticity to proximal environmental conditions related to soil water availability.The results suggest that a trade‐off between stem hydraulic efficiency and safety across ploidy levels underlies niche differentiation among different cytotypes ofA. canescens. Polyploidization may have been facilitated by environmental heterogeneity related to water availability, and variation in water‐related physiology found in the present study suggests an important functional basis for the niche differentiation and coexistence ofA. canescenscytotypes in desert environments.