bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A MODEL OF DELIBERATIVE AND AGGREGATIVE DEMOCRACY
Authors: Perote-Peña Juan , Piggins Ashley 
Published: February 2015

Abstract:We present a model of collective decision making in which aggregation and deliberation are treated simultaneously. Individuals debate in a public forum and potentially revise their judgements in light of deliberation. Once this process is exhausted, a rule is applied to aggregate post-deliberation judgements in order to make a social choice. Restricting attention to three alternatives, we identify conditions under which a democracy is ‘truth-revealing’. This condition says that the deliberation path and the aggregation rule always lead to the correct social choice being made, irrespective of both the original profile of judgements and the size of the electorate.
Role of ion channels in regulating Ca2+ homeostasis during the interplay between immune and cancer cells
Authors: Bose T , Cieślar-Pobuda A , Wiechec E 
Published: February 2015

AbstractIon channels are abundantly expressed in both excitable and non-excitable cells, thereby regulating the Ca2+ influx and downstream signaling pathways of physiological processes. The immune system is specialized in the process of cancer cell recognition and elimination, and is regulated by different ion channels. In comparison with the immune cells, ion channels behave differently in cancer cells by making the tumor cells more hyperpolarized and influence cancer cell proliferation and metastasis. Therefore, ion channels comprise an important therapeutic target in anti-cancer treatment. In this review, we discuss the implication of ion channels in regulation of Ca2+ homeostasis during the crosstalk between immune and cancer cell as well as their role in cancer progression.
JNK pathway activation is able to synchronize neuronal death and glial phagocytosis in Drosophila
Authors: Shklover J , Mishnaevski K , Levy-Adam F , Kurant E 
Published: February 2015

AbstractGlial phagocytosis of superfluous neurons and damaged or aberrant neuronal material is crucial for normal development and maintenance of the CNS. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the relationship between neuronal death and glial phagocytosis are poorly understood. We describe a novel mechanism that is able to synchronize neuronal cell death and glial phagocytosis of dying neurons in the Drosophila embryonic CNS. This mechanism involves c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling, which is required for developmental apoptosis of specific neurons during embryogenesis. We demonstrate that the dJNK pathway gain-of-function in neurons leads to dJNK signaling in glia, which results in upregulation of glial phagocytosis. Importantly, this promotion of phagocytosis is not mediated by upregulation of the glial phagocytic receptors SIMU and DRPR, but by increasing glial capacity to degrade apoptotic particles inside phagosomes. The proposed mechanism may be important for removal of damaged neurons in the developing and mature CNS.
Sonic hedgehog through Gli2 and Gli3 is required for the proper development of placental labyrinth
Authors: Pan Y B , Gong Y , Ruan H F , Pan L Y , Wu X K , Tang C , Wang C J , Zhu H B , Zhang Z M , Tang L F , Zou C C , Wang H B , Wu X M 
Published: February 2015

AbstractSonic hedgehog (Shh) functions as a conserved morphogen in the development of various organs in metazoans ranging from Drosophila to humans. Here, we have investigated the potential roles and underlying mechanisms of Shh signaling in murine placentation. Immunostaining revealed the abundant expression of the main components of Shh pathway in both the trophectoderm of blastocysts and developing placentas. Disruption of Shh led to impaired vascularogenesis of yolk sac, less branching and malformation of placental labyrinth, thereby leading to a robust decrease in capacity of transplacental passages. Moreover, placenta-specific gene incorporation by lentiviral transduction of mouse blastocysts and blastocyst transplantation robustly knocked down the expression of Gli3 and Gli2 in placenta but not in embryos. Finally, Gli3 knockdown in Shh−/− placentas partially rescued the defects of both yolk sac and placental labyrinth, and robustly restored the capacity of transplacental passages. Gli2 knockdown in Shh+/− placentas affected neither the capacity of tranplacental passages nor the vascularogenesis of yolk sac, however, it partially phenocopied the labyrinthine defects of Shh−/− placentas. Taken together, these results uncover that both Shh/Gli2 and Shh/Gli3 signals are required for proper development of murine placentas and are possibly essential for pregnant maintenance.
Antagonistic interplay between hypocretin and leptin in the lateral hypothalamus regulates stress responses
Authors: Bonnavion Patricia , Jackson Alexander C. , Carter Matthew E. , de Lecea Luis 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThe hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis functions to coordinate behavioural and physiological responses to stress in a manner that depends on the behavioural state of the organism. However, the mechanisms through which arousal and metabolic states influence the HPA axis are poorly understood. Here using optogenetic approaches in mice, we show that neurons that produce hypocretin (Hcrt)/orexin in the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA) regulate corticosterone release and a variety of behaviours and physiological hallmarks of the stress response. Interestingly, we found that Hcrt neuronal activity and Hcrt-mediated stress responses were inhibited by the satiety hormone leptin, which acts, in part, through a network of leptin-sensitive neurons in the LHA. These data demonstrate how peripheral metabolic signals interact with hypothalamic neurons to coordinate stress and arousal and suggest one mechanism through which hyperarousal or altered metabolic states may be linked with abnormal stress responses.
Origin of band gaps in graphene on hexagonal boron nitride
Authors: Jung Jeil , DaSilva Ashley M. , MacDonald Allan H. , Adam Shaffique 
Published: February 2015

AbstractRecent progress in preparing well-controlled two-dimensional van der Waals heterojunctions has opened up a new frontier in materials physics. Here we address the intriguing energy gaps that are sometimes observed when a graphene sheet is placed on a hexagonal boron nitride substrate, demonstrating that they are produced by an interesting interplay between structural and electronic properties, including electronic many-body exchange interactions. Our theory is able to explain the observed gap behaviour by accounting first for the structural relaxation of graphene’s carbon atoms when placed on a boron nitride substrate, and then for the influence of the substrate on low-energy π-electrons located at relaxed carbon atom sites. The methods we employ can be applied to many other van der Waals heterojunctions.
TGF-β3-expressing CD4+CD25−LAG3+ regulatory T cells control humoral immune responses
Authors: Okamura Tomohisa , Sumitomo Shuji , Morita Kaoru , Iwasaki Yukiko , Inoue Mariko , Nakachi Shinichiro , Komai Toshihiko , Shoda Hirofumi , Miyazaki Jun-ichi , Fujio Keishi , Yamamoto Kazuhiko 
Published: February 2015

AbstractAutoantibodies induce various autoimmune diseases, including systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). We previously described that CD4+CD25−LAG3+ regulatory T cells (LAG3+ Treg) are regulated by Egr2, a zinc-finger transcription factor required for the induction of T-cell anergy. We herein demonstrate that LAG3+ Treg produce high amounts of TGF-β3 in an Egr2- and Fas-dependent manner. LAG3+ Treg require TGF-β3 to suppress B-cell responses in a murine model of lupus. Moreover, TGF-β3- and LAG3+ Treg-mediated suppression requires PD-1 expression on B cells. We also show that TGF-β3-expressing human LAG3+ Treg suppress antibody production and that SLE patients exhibit decreased frequencies of LAG3+ Treg. These results clarify the mechanism of B-cell regulation and suggest therapeutic strategies.
Deltex1 antagonizes HIF-1α and sustains the stability of regulatory T cells in vivo
Authors: Hsiao Huey-Wen , Hsu Tzu-Sheng , Liu Wen-Hsien , Hsieh Wan-Chen , Chou Ting-Fang , Wu Yu-Jung , Jiang Si-Tse , Lai Ming-Zong 
Published: February 2015

AbstractApplication of regulatory T cells (Tregs) in transplantation, autoimmunity and allergy has been extensively explored, but how Foxp3 and Treg stability is regulated in vivo is incompletely understood. Here, we identify a requirement for Deltex1 (DTX1), a contributor to T-cell anergy and Foxp3 protein level maintenance in vivo. Dtx1−/− Tregs are as effective as WT Tregs in the inhibition of CD4+CD25− T-cell activation in vitro. However, the suppressive ability of Dtx1−/− Tregs is greatly impaired in vivo. We find that Foxp3 expression is diminished when Dtx1−/− Tregs are co-transferred with effector T cells in vivo. DTX1 promotes the degradation of HIF-1α. Knockout of HIF-1α restores the Foxp3 stability and rescues the defective suppressive activity in Dtx1−/− Treg cells in vivo. Our results suggest that DTX1 exerts another level of control on Treg stability in vivo by sustaining the expression of Foxp3 protein in Tregs.
Processing Speed Measures as Clinical Markers for Children With Language Impairment
Authors: Park Jisook , Miller Carol A. , Mainela-Arnold Elina 
Published: February 2015

Purpose
This study investigated the relative utility of linguistic and nonlinguistic processing speed tasks as predictors of language impairment (LI) in children across 2 time points.

Method
Linguistic and nonlinguistic reaction time data, obtained from 131 children (89 children with typical development [TD] and 42 children with LI; 74 boys and 57 girls) were analyzed in the 3rd and 8th grades. Receiver operating characteristic curve analyses and likelihood ratios were used to compare the diagnostic usefulness of each task. A binary logistic regression was used to test whether combined measures enhanced diagnostic accuracy.

Results
In 3rd grade, a linguistic task, grammaticality judgment, provided the best discrimination between LI and TD groups. In 8th grade, a combination of linguistic and nonlinguistic tasks, rhyme judgment and simple response time, provided the best discrimination between groups.

Conclusions
Processing speed tasks were moderately predictive of LI status at both time points. Better LR+ than LR– values suggested that slow processing speed was more predictive of the presence than the absence of LI. A nonlinguistic processing measure contributed to the prediction of LI only at 8th grade, consistent with the view that nonlinguistic and linguistic processing speeds follow different developmental trajectories.
Examination of the Locus of Positional Effects on Children's Production of Plural
–s
: Considerations From Local and Global Speech Planning
Authors: Theodore Rachel M. , Demuth Katherine , Shattuck-Hufnagel Stefanie 
Published: February 2015

Purpose

Prosodic and articulatory factors influence children's production of inflectional morphemes. For example, plural
–s
is produced more reliably in utterance-final compared to utterance-medial position (i.e., the positional effect), which has been attributed to the increased planning time in utterance-final position. In previous investigations of plural
–s
, utterance-medial plurals were followed by a stop consonant (e.g.,
dog

s

bark
), inducing high articulatory complexity. We examined whether the positional effect would be observed if the utterance-medial context were simplified to a following vowel.

Method
An elicited imitation task was used to collect productions of plural nouns from 2-year-old children. Nouns were elicited utterance-medially and utterance-finally, with the medial plural followed by either a stressed or an unstressed vowel. Acoustic analysis was used to identify evidence of morpheme production.

Results

The positional effect was absent when the morpheme was followed by a vowel (e.g.,
dog

s

eat
). However, it returned when the vowel-initial word contained 2 syllables (e.g.,
dog

s

arrive
), suggesting that the increased processing load in the latter condition negated the facilitative effect of the easy articulatory context.

Conclusions
Children's productions of grammatical morphemes reflect a rich interaction between emerging levels of linguistic competence, raising considerations for diagnosis and rehabilitation of language disorders.
AlN film SAW resonator integrated with metal structure
Authors: Shu Lin , Jiang Jianying , Peng Bin , Wang Yu , Liu Xingzhao 
Published: February 2015

A novel surface acoustic wave (SAW) resonator integrated on a metal substrate is presented. The devices were fabricated on the aluminium nitride (AlN) thin films deposited by mid‐frequency magnetron sputtering on polished TC4 titanium alloy substrates. Using a two‐step growth method, AlN film with a full‐width at half‐maximum of 4.1° had been prepared. The AlN film SAW resonator shows a resonance frequency of 129 MHz and an electromechanical coupling coefficient of 0.28%. The measurement results agree well with the simulation results. This integrated SAW resonator can be used as a good strain sensor in metal structure health monitoring.
Broadband superluminescent diode light source at 1330 nm with 180 nm spectral bandwidth
Authors: Kostin Yu. , Chamorovskiy A. , Yakubovich S.D. 
Published: February 2015

A broadband light source that is based on a combination of three spectrally matched superluminescent diodes is demonstrated. The mean wavelength of the source is 1330 nm. The 3 dB spectrum width exceeds 180 nm and the 10 dB spectrum width is 220 nm. The spectral flatness is better than 2 dB and the residual spectral modulation is <0.5 dB for the whole spectral bandwidth of the source. The optical power coupled in a single‐mode fibre is 4 mW.
Wideband three‐way out‐of‐phase microstrip power divider
Authors: Zhang Xu Chun , Wang Tong Yang , Xiang Yong Bo , Liang Chang Hong 
Published: February 2015

A wideband three‐way out‐of‐phase microstrip power divider based on the wideband phase inverter is presented. The measured return loss is <−10 dB and the isolations are better than −19 dB from 2.5 to 5.37 GHz. The insertion losses are <0.6 dB, and the output amplitude imbalances are <0.9 dB. The phase differences (ang(S41)–ang(S42)) are within 180 ± 6°. The operation bandwidth of the proposed design achieves about 73.4% efficiency.
Directive and high‐efficiency slotted waveguide antenna array for V‐band made by wire electrical discharge machining
Authors: Hotte D. , Siragusa R. , Duroc Y. , Tedjini S. 
Published: February 2015

High‐efficiency and directive antennas are nowadays required for wireless communications and applications in the 57–66 GHz ISM band. A slotted waveguide antenna array operating at 58.8 GHz and made in aluminium by wire electrical discharge machining and a milling technique is presented. A −10 dB bandwidth of 3.54 GHz is achieved while the antenna exhibits a measured realised gain of 10.7 dBi at a resonance frequency of 58.8 GHz, with a high total efficiency of 95%. By defining the simulation model under CST according to the accuracy of the manufacturing process, simulation and measurement results are in excellent agreement.
Gα
i/o
-coupled receptor signaling restricts pancreatic β-cell expansion
Authors: Berger Miles , Scheel David W. , Macias Hector , Miyatsuka Takeshi , Kim Hail , Hoang Phuong , Ku Greg M. , Honig Gerard , Liou Angela , Tang Yunshuo , Regard Jean B. , Sharifnia Panid , Yu Lisa , Wang Juehu , Coughlin Shaun R. , Conklin Bruce R. , Deneris Evan S. , Tecott Laurence H. , German Michael S. 
Published: February 2015

Significance
This paper shows that a class of receptors known to modulate insulin release by pancreatic β cells also regulates the proliferation of these cells and restrains the perinatal β-cell expansion that establishes adult β-cell mass, suggesting that alterations in signaling by these receptors could contribute to the decreased β-cell numbers seen in patients with type 2 diabetes. Further, inhibition of signaling through these receptors potentially could be used to generate more β cells for people with diabetes.
Mechanistic links between cellular trade-offs, gene expression, and growth
Authors: Weiße Andrea Y. , Oyarzún Diego A. , Danos Vincent , Swain Peter S. 
Published: February 2015

Significance
Cells have finite resources. Committing resources to one task therefore reduces the amount of resources available to others. These trade-offs are often overlooked but potentially modify all cellular processes. Building a mathematical cell model that respects such trade-offs and describes the mechanisms of protein synthesis and how cells extract resources from their environment, we quantitatively recover the typical behavior of an individual growing cell and of a population of cells. As trade-offs are experienced by all cells and because growth largely determines cellular fitness, a predictive understanding of how biochemical processes affect others and affect growth is important for diverse applications, such as the use of microbes for biotechnology, the inhibition of antibiotic resistance, and the growth of cancers.
Structure of a left-handed DNA G-quadruplex
Authors: Chung Wan Jun , Heddi Brahim , Schmitt Emmanuelle , Lim Kah Wai , Mechulam Yves , Phan Anh Tuân 
Published: February 2015

Significance
DNA can adopt diverse structural conformations including duplexes, triplexes, and quadruplexes. Four-stranded structures known as G-quadruplexes have been implicated in cellular processes and found potential applications in therapeutics and nanotechnology. G-quadruplex structures are highly polymorphic, but so far, only right-handed helical forms have been observed. Here we present the NMR solution and X-ray crystal structures of an unprecedented left-handed DNA G-quadruplex, containing structural features that can be exploited as unique recognition elements.
Judicial Selection and the Democratization of Justice
Authors: Driscoll Amanda , Nelson Michael J. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractIn 2011, Bolivia became the first modern country to directly elect national judges. Reformers heralded the adoption of judicial elections as a “democratization of justice,” by which institutional independence would be assured, public confidence in the judiciary might be expanded, and various maladies of the judicial system would find resolution. We evaluate the elections in light of these objectives. We show candidates were advantaged when voters shared their partisan and demographic traits, resulting in unprecedented diversity on the national courts. Also, public confidence in the judiciary increased among government supporters but declined overall. We offer preliminary reflections for would-be reformers.
When Judging Is Power
Authors: Remiche Adélaïde 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThis article examines the feminization of the judiciary in France and in the United States through the prism of the “imagined judge,” that is, the judge as he or she is represented in a specific legal culture. The French imagined judge is a knowledgeable automaton mechanically applying the law entirely created by the parliament, while his or her American counterpart is a decision maker well equipped to solve social problems. Interpreting the gender composition of the judiciary through the intellectual device of the imagined judge leads to a crucial observation: there is a correlation between the conceptualization of the imagined judge as a being exercising power, as in the United States, and the continued underrepresentation of women on the bench. From this observation comes an important hypothesis: the conceptualization of judging as an act of power works to keep women off the bench.prism
Judicial Contributions to US National Policy Change since 1945
Authors: Grossmann Matt , Swedlow Brendon 
Published: February 2015

AbstractHow often, at what times, and on what issues do courts directly make policy or indirectly influence policy making by other branches of government? We assess the judicial contribution to policy change using 268 policy histories covering 14 issue areas of US domestic policy making from 1945 to 2004. Contrary to the prominent view that courts are relatively inconsequential policy-making institutions, we find that federal courts made or influenced nearly one in four significant federal policy changes. Courts directly made almost as many significant policies as the executive branch and indirectly influenced about as many significant policies in other branches as Congress. We also find that judicial policy making and influence are concentrated in a few time periods and issue areas.
A novel statistical method for quantitative comparison of multiple ChIP-seq datasets
Authors: Chen Li , Wang Chi , Qin Zhaohui S. , Wu Hao 
Published: February 2015

AbstractMotivation: ChIP-seq is a powerful technology to measure the protein binding or histone modification strength in the whole genome scale. Although there are a number of methods available for single ChIP-seq data analysis (e.g. ‘peak detection’), rigorous statistical method for quantitative comparison of multiple ChIP-seq datasets with the considerations of data from control experiment, signal to noise ratios, biological variations and multiple-factor experimental designs is under-developed.Results: In this work, we develop a statistical method to perform quantitative comparison of multiple ChIP-seq datasets and detect genomic regions showing differential protein binding or histone modification. We first detect peaks from all datasets and then union them to form a single set of candidate regions. The read counts from IP experiment at the candidate regions are assumed to follow Poisson distribution. The underlying Poisson rates are modeled as an experiment-specific function of artifacts and biological signals. We then obtain the estimated biological signals and compare them through the hypothesis testing procedure in a linear model framework. Simulations and real data analyses demonstrate that the proposed method provides more accurate and robust results compared with existing ones.Availability and implementation: An R software package ChIPComp is freely available at http://web1.sph.emory.edu/users/hwu30/software/ChIPComp.html.Contact: hao.wu@emory.eduSupplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Testing a passive deterrent on longlines to reduce sperm whale depredation in the Gulf of Alaska
Authors: O'Connell Victoria , Straley Janice , Liddle Joe , Wild Lauren , Behnken Linda , Falvey Dan , Thode Aaron 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
In Alaska, sperm whale (Physeter macrocephalus) depredation on longline sets has increased since implementation of the Individual Fishing Quota programme in 1995. A collaborative effort (SEASWAP) between longliners, scientists, and managers has undertaken research to evaluate this depredation with a primary objective to develop and test a passive deterrent that would reduce depredation without reducing catch rate of sablefish (Anoplopoma fimbria). Commercial longliners, fishing for their own sablefish quotas during the regular season, deployed beaded gear (25 mm lucite beads attached to gangions) with control gear and set recorders to collect acoustic data. Beaded and control gear were randomly assigned by skate quad (672 hooks) with 5 quads in each longline set. Acoustic recorders were used to document sperm whale creak–pause events, representative of depredation of the longline gear. Although there were more sablefish per skate quad on the beaded gear and there was a decrease in depredation events on the beaded gear compared with the control, neither effect was significant (p = 0.205 and 0.364, respectively). The SEASWAP project is testing other deterrent strategies including gear modifications and the establishment of a sighting network to improve avoidance.