bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
INEQUALITY IN A “POSTRACIAL” ERA
Authors: Gomberg-Muñoz Ruth 
Published: December 2012

AbstractOver the past four decades, increasingly punitive and enforcement-oriented U.S. immigration policies have been legitimized by a rhetoric of criminality that stigmatizes Latino immigrant workers and intensifies their exploitation. Simultaneously, there has been a sevenfold increase in the prison population in the United States, in which African Americans are eight times more likely to be jailed than Whites (Western 2006, p. 3). In this paper, I draw on scholarship in history and sociology, as well as my own anthropological research, to develop the argument that criminal justice policies and immigration policies together disempower low-wage U.S. labor and maintain categorical racial inequalities in a “postracial” United States. First, I review the historical role of race in U.S. immigration policy, and I consider the evidence for systemic racism in immigration enforcement in the contemporary period. Second, I discuss criminal legislation in the neoliberal era and examine the ways in which criminal legislation and immigration policies together disempower large segments of the U.S. workforce, satisfying employer demands for low cost and pliant labor. Finally, I argue that a political focus on immigrant workers' “illegality” masks the role of the state in (re)defining the legal status of low-wage workers and veils the ways in which punitive policies maintain historical racial and class inequalities.
“JUAN CROW” IN THE NUEVO SOUTH?
Authors: Browne Irene , Odem Mary 
Published: December 2012

AbstractIn this paper, we apply Omi and Winant's theory of racial formation to understand how a new racial category of “Latino” is being created within Atlanta, a city firmly entrenched in a Black/White binary of race. Comparing Dominicans and Guatemalans in the Atlanta metro area, we show how two processes are “racializing” Latinos: 1) the homogenization of Latinos into a single “race” through state laws and policies and 2) the diversified understandings of and responses to race and racial categorization among Latinos based on their national origin and ethnicity and the specific Atlanta context. We argue that in moving beyond the Black/White binary, state laws that racialize Latinos create a two-dimensional category, with a homogenized “Latino” category as one axis and an illegal/legal distinction as the second axis. The meanings attached to “race” and the consequences that Latinos experience from racialization depend upon their perceived or actual legal status.
A POSTRACIAL SOCIETY OR A DIVERSITY PARADOX?
Authors: Lee Jennifer , Bean Frank D. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractAt the beginning of the twentieth century, Southern states decreed that one drop of African American blood made a multiracial individual Black, and even today, multiracial Blacks are typically perceived as being Black only, underscoring the enduring legacy and entrenchment of the one-drop rule of hypodescent. But how are Asians and Latinos with mixed ancestry perceived? Based on analyses of census data and in-depth interviews with interracial couples with children and multiracial adults, I find that the children of Asian-White and Latino-White couples are much less constrained by strict racial categories. Racial identification often shifts according to situation, and individuals can choose to identify along ethnic lines, as White, or as American. Like their Irish and Italian immigrant forerunners, the Asian and Latino ethnicities of these multiracial Americans are adopting the symbolic character of European, White ethnicity. We appear to be entering a new era of race relations in which the boundaries of Whiteness are beginning to expand to include new non-White groups such as Asians and Latinos, with multiracial Asians and Latinos at the head of the queue. However, even amidst the new racial and ethnic diversity, these processes continue to shut out African Americans, illustrating a pattern of “Black exceptionalism” and the emergence of a Black–non-Black divide in the twenty-first century.
UNSETTLING THE GEOGRAPHY OF OAKLAND'S WAR ON POVERTY
Authors: Herrera Juan C. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractHistorical studies of the War on Poverty have overwhelmingly focused on its consequences in African American communities. Many studies have grappled with how War on Poverty innovations co-opted a thriving African American social movement. This paper explores the impact of War on Poverty programs on the development of a political cadre of Mexican American grassroots leaders in Oakland, California. It investigates how coordinated 1960s protests by Mexican American organizations reveal Oakland's changing racial/ethnic conditions and shifting trends in the state's relationship to the urban poor. It demonstrates how a national shift to place-based solutions to poverty devolved the “problem of poverty” from the national to the local level and empowered a new set of actors—community-based organizations—in the fight against poverty. This essay argues that the devolution of federal responsibility for welfare provided the political and institutional opening for the rise of powerful Mexican American organizations whose goal was the recognition of a “Mexican American community” meriting government intervention. This essay also demonstrates how Mexican American organizations mobilized in relation to African American social movements and to geographies of poverty that were deemed exclusively Black.
STRENGTHENING THE WEAK STATE
Authors: Kato Daniel 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThis essay charts the development of the American state during the era when Southern lynchings prevailed. Contrary to the standard interpretation that depicts the American state as having lacked the administrative and legal capacity to protect the lives of Southern Blacks, it is a more pluralist conception of state weakness for which I argue, one that characterizes the American state's behavior regarding racial violence as the deliberate, calculated act of an active state choosing not to act. The state had always possessed legal authority to prosecute lynch mobs, but the key determinant was garnering the political will to enforce the law. Examples gleaned from the Ulysses S. Grant, Franklin Roosevelt (FDR), and Lyndon Johnson (LBJ) administrations illustrate the American government's political vacillation between acting and not acting. Examinations of two Supreme Court cases in 1966 highlight the political nature of federal rights enforcement. In light of the 1966 Supreme Court decisions inUnited States v. PriceandUnited States v. Guest, the Court appears never to have repudiated or stripped the federal government of all of its authority to engage in combating racial violence. Even though the Court clearly signaled during Reconstruction that it was not going to uphold claims of rights violations of Blacks in the South, it did so without ever making a substantive decision on whether it could. Sections 241 and 242 of Title 18 of the United States Code were, in effect, placed into suspended animation; it was only when there was a political will to reengage with federal rights enforcement that the Court resuscitated these laws. In the parlance of the weak state thesis, the American state did not lose its capacity to combat racial violence; rather it simply chose not to engage.
Training Partners in AAC in Culturally Diverse Families
Authors: Soto Gloria 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
This article focuses on culturally responsive AAC practice. Including parents in the process is essential to ensure that children with significant communication impairments receive the most appropriate communication tool and the most effective intervention strategies. Often, the roles expected or demanded from parents may conflict with the values, expectations, and abilities of many families, particularly those from culturally diverse backgrounds, which may contribute to low levels of participation. If clinicians are to work effectively with families from a range of different backgrounds, they need not only a greater understanding of culture and cultural values as they relate to AAC, but an increased awareness of the cultural influences affecting their own practices and recommendations. In this article, I describe the process of culturally responsive assessment and intervention and discuss the need for professionals to build opportunities for a truly reciprocal collaborative relationship with families.
Improvement of light-harvesting efficiency in dye-sensitized solar cells using silica beads embedded in a TiO2 nanoporous structure
Authors: Rho Yoonsoo , Wanit Manorotkul , Yeo Junyeob , Hong Sukjoon , Han Seungyong , Choi Jun-Ho , Hong Won-Hwa , Lee Dongjin , Ko Seung Hwan 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
The effect of various materials of the spherical scattering centre in a TiO2 nanoporous structure in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) was investigated by both theoretical simulation and experiment. Three materials, titania, electrolyte and silica, were investigated using the Mie Theory, in which the concepts of volume total cross section and solar spectrum were accommodated for better accuracy. Of those materials, silica was chosen in this study due to its perfectly transparent nature, easy size controllability and perfectly spherical shape, which make silica most suitable for understanding the scattering effect with a simple optical approach. The validity was proved by experiment with various sizes of silica beads (0.3, 0.6, 0.9, 1.2, 1.5 µm) embedded in DSSCs; experiments revealed the same trend as did the simulation. The overall efficiency of the DSSCs was increased by 20.4% using 300 nm diameter silica beads. The efficiency versus bead size had a peak with beads of 300 nm diameter and decreased as the bead size increased. This study showed that silica could be a good candidate for scattering particles in DSSCs. Furthermore, this study could be considered a valuable reference for further investigations of scattering phenomena by small spherical particles or arbitrary shape of particles in DSSCs.
Optimizing the current ramp-up phase for the hybrid ITER scenario
Authors: Hogeweij G.M.D. , Artaud J.-F. , Casper T.A. , Citrin J. , Imbeaux F. , Köchl F. , Litaudon X. , Voitsekhovitch I. 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
The current ramp-up phase for the ITER hybrid scenario is analysed with the CRONOS integrated modelling suite. The simulations presented in this paper show that the heating systems available at ITER allow, within the operational limits, the attainment of a hybrid q profile at the end of the current ramp-up. A reference ramp-up scenario is reached by a combination of NBI, ECCD (UPL) and LHCD. A heating scheme with only NBI and ECCD can also reach the target q profile; however, LHCD can play a crucial role in reducing the flux consumption during the ramp-up phase. The optimum heating scheme depends on the chosen transport model, and on assumptions of parameters like n
e peaking, edge T
e,i and Z
eff. The sensitivity of the current diffusion on parameters that are not easily controlled, shows that development of real-time control is important to reach the target q profile. A first step in that direction has been indicated in this paper. Minimizing resistive flux consumption and optimizing the q profile turn out to be conflicting requirements. A trade-off between these two requirements has to be made. In this paper it is shown that fast current ramp with L-mode current overshoot is at the one extreme, i.e. the optimum q profile at the cost of increased resistive flux consumption, whereas early H-mode transition is at the other extreme.
Workshop Report
Authors: Sherman Philip M. , Brown Sally , Rose Keeley , Murphy Tim , Makarchuk Mary‐Jo , Paterson William , Belanger Paul 
Published: December 2012

ABSTRACTThe purpose of the workshop was to receive input from the Canadian pediatric inflammatory bowel diseases research community to develop a research funding opportunity for a Canadian pediatric inflammatory bowel diseases network and data platform supported by the Canadian Institutes for Health Research, in partnership with the Foundation for Children with Intestinal and Liver Disorders. Leaders from across the country came together, with the objectives of identifying the scientific goals for a Canadian pediatric inflammatory bowel disease network, the required infrastructure, and an appropriate governance structure needed to achieve such a network and data platform, as well as other elements needed to ensure the successful implementation of a network.
Maternal Psychological Distress and Parenting Stress After Gastrostomy Placement in Children
Authors: Åvitsland Tone Lise , Faugli Anne , Pripp Are Hugo , Malt Ulrik Fredrik , Bjørnland Kristin , Emblem Ragnhild 
Published: December 2012

ABSTRACTObjectives:The aim of the study was to evaluate stress in mothers of children with feeding problems before and after gastrostomy placement, and to identify changes in child health and variables affecting maternal stress.Methods:Psychological distress and parenting stress in 34 mothers of children referred for gastrostomy were assessed using General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) (overall psychological distress), Impact of Event Scale (IES) (intrusive stress related to child's feeding problems), and Parenting Stress Index (PSI) (stress related to parenting) before, 6, and 18 months after placement of a gastrostomy. Information of child health and long‐term gastrostomy complications were recorded. A semistructured interview constructed for the present study explored maternal preoperative expectations and child's quality of life.Results:Insertion of a gastrostomy did not significantly influence vomiting or the number of children with a low weight‐for‐height percentile. All of the children experienced peristomal complications. Despite this, mothers' overall psychological distress was significantly reduced after 6 and 18 months, and the majority of mothers (85%) reported that their preoperative expectations were fulfilled and that the child's quality of life was improved after gastrostomy placement. Maternal concerns for the child's feeding problems, measured as intrusive stress, had effect on maternal overall psychological distress.Conclusions:Despite frequent stomal complications the gastrostomy significantly reduced the mothers' psychological distress and improved the child's quality of life as reported by the mother.
Use of a Real‐time Viewer for Endoscopic Deployment of Capsule Endoscope in the Pediatric Population
Authors: Bass Lee M. , Misiewicz Lawrence 
Published: December 2012

ABSTRACTObjectives:Wireless capsule endoscopy (WCE) is an increasingly used procedure for visualization of the small intestine. One challenge in pediatric WCE is the placement of the capsule in a population unable to swallow it for a variety of reasons. Here we present a novel use of the real‐time (RT) viewer in the endoscopic deployment of the capsule endoscope.Methods:We performed a retrospective chart review on all WCE completed at the Children's Memorial Hospital from February 2010 to May 2011. Following a diagnostic upper endoscopy, the RT viewer was attached to the capsule recorder and image was noted before insertion. The endoscope and AdvanCE capsule delivery device were slowly advanced into duodenum while maintaining visualization on the RT viewer.Results:A total of 17 patients who underwent a WCE with endoscopic placement were identified. They ranged in ages from 2 to 19 years. Thirteen patients required endoscopic placement because of the inability to swallow the capsule, whereas 4 were placed during a scheduled procedure to take advantage of sedation and airway protection. All of the 17 patients had successful deployment of the capsule into the duodenal lumen. In each case, the endoscopist was able to confirm capsule location in duodenum during scope withdrawal. There was no evidence of iatrogenic trauma or bleeding in any patient. There were 5 incomplete studies, a completion rate consistent with that described in the literature.Conclusions:The use of the RT viewer for endoscopic deployment of WCE is an effective technique to improve visualization of capsule placement in the pediatric population.
Relation Between Dietary Fat Intake Type and Serum Fatty Acid Status in Children With Cystic Fibrosis
Authors: Maqbool Asim , Schall Joan I. , Gallagher Paul R. , Zemel Babette S. , Strandvik Birgitta , Stallings Virginia A. 
Published: December 2012

ABSTRACTBackground and Objective:Children with cystic fibrosis (CF) and pancreatic insufficiency (PI) are at risk for fatty acid (FA) abnormalities and essential FA deficiency, with low linoleic acid (LA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) concentrations and abnormal triene:tetraene (T:T) and arachidonic acid (AA):DHA ratios. The aim of the article was to determine whether type of dietary fat predicted serum LA, DHA, T:T, and AA:DHA ratios in subjects with CF and PI as compared to an unaffected comparison group.Methods:Serum FA concentrations were assessed by capillary gas‐liquid chromatography (mol%) and dietary intake by 7‐day weighed food records; the 3‐day coefficient of fat absorption was calculated. Total energy intake was expressed in kilocalories.Results:A total of 65 subjects with CF and PI (8.4 ± 1.0 years, 32 girls) and 22 controls (8.5 ± 1.1 years, 13 girls) were included. Despite greater energy, saturated fat, and LA intake, the subjects with CF had lower serum LA and DHA and higher T:T and AA:DHA than those in the comparison group. Dietary total fat, monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA), polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), LA, total ω 6 polyunsaturated fatty acid (Tω6PUFA), and α‐linolenic acid (ALA) intake positively predicted serum LA concentration. MUFA, total ω 3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (Tω3PUFA), and ALA intake positively predicted serum DHA concentration. Total dietary fat, MUFA, PUFA, Tω3PUFA, LA, and ALA intake negatively predicted serum T:T. ALA and Tω3PUFA intake negatively predicted serum AA:DHA.Conclusions:Dietary fat patterns influenced serum LA, DHA, T:T, and AA:DHA in children with CF and PI. These data suggest that changes in dietary practices may result in FA profiles associated with improved clinical outcomes.
Circulating MicroRNA Is a Biomarker of Biliary Atresia
Authors: Zahm Adam M. , Hand Nicholas J. , Boateng LaTasha A. , Friedman Joshua R. 
Published: December 2012

ABSTRACTObjective:The lack of reliable noninvasive diagnostic biomarkers of biliary atresia (BA) results in delayed diagnosis and worsened patient outcome. Circulating microRNAs (miRNAs) are a new class of noninvasive biomarkers with encouraging diagnostic utility.Methods:We examined the ability of serum miRNAs to distinguish BA from other forms of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia. BA‐specific serum miRNAs were identified using a microfluidic array platform and validated in a larger, independent sample set.Results:The miR‐200b/429 cluster was significantly increased in the sera of patients with BA relative to infants with non‐BA cholestatic disorders.Conclusions:Circulating levels of the miR‐200b/429 cluster are elevated in infants with BA and have promising diagnostic clinical performance.
Management of Pediatric Ulcerative Colitis
Authors: Turner Dan , Levine Arie , Escher Johanna C. , Griffiths Anne M. , Russell Richard K. , Dignass Axel , Dias Jorge Amil , Bronsky Jiri , Braegger Christian P. , Cucchiara Salvatore , de Ridder Lissy , Fagerberg Ulrika L. , Hussey Séamus , Hugot Jean‐Pierre , Kolacek Sanja , Kolho Kaija Leena , Lionetti Paolo , Pærregaard Anders , Potapov Alexander , Rintala Risto , Serban Daniela E. , Staiano Annamaria , Sweeny Brian , Veerman Gigi , Veres Gabor , Wilson David C. , Ruemmele Frank M. 
Published: December 2012

ABSTRACTBackground and Aims:Pediatric ulcerative colitis (UC) shares many features with adult‐onset disease but there are some unique considerations; therefore, therapeutic approaches have to be adapted to these particular needs. We aimed to formulate guidelines for managing UC in children based on a systematic review (SR) of the literature and a robust consensus process. The present article is a product of a joint effort of the European Crohn's and Colitis Organization (ECCO) and the European Society for Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition (ESPGHAN).Methods:A group of 27 experts in pediatric IBD participated in an iterative consensus process including 2 face‐to‐face meetings, following an open call to ESPGHAN and ECCO members. A list of 23 predefined questions were addressed by working subgroups based on a SR of the literature.Results:A total of 40 formal recommendations and 68 practice points were endorsed with a consensus rate of at least 89% regarding initial evaluation, how to monitor disease activity, the role of endoscopic evaluation, medical and surgical therapy, timing and choice of each medication, the role of combined therapy, and when to stop medications. A management flowchart, based on the Pediatric Ulcerative Colitis Activity Index (PUCAI), is presented.Conclusions:These guidelines provide clinically useful points to guide the management of UC in children. Taken together, the recommendations offer a standardized protocol that allows effective, timely management and monitoring of the disease course, while acknowledging that each patient is unique.
Accuracy of a 3D laser/camera surface imaging system for setup verification of the pelvic and thoracic regions in radiotherapy treatments
Authors: Pallotta Stefania , Simontacchi Gabriele , Marrazzo Livia , Ceroti Marco , Paiar Fabiola , Biti Giampaolo , Bucciolini Marta 
Published: December 2012

Purpose:The aim of this paper is to investigate the accuracy of a laser/camera surface imaging system (Sentinel) when used on patients treated in the thorax or pelvic regions and to evaluate system employment conditions and patient setup procedures that provide more accurate results.Methods:The system was tested on two groups of patients for whom different patient setup procedures and Sentinel employment conditions were considered. For the first group of 33 patients (FG) no changes to the usual setup procedures were made and a surface extension limited to the treated region was considered. For the second group of 14 patients (SG) the reproducibility of external body surfaces, including body parts not in close proximity to the treatment site, was optimized and a wider surface was captured. In all cases the system accuracy was evaluated comparing registration results from concurrent Sentinel and cone beam CT (CBCT) acquisitions for a total of 192 occasions. External body surfaces, extracted from planning CT studies, were used as reference in both cases, but for SG also surface data captured by Sentinel system at the first treatment were employed.Results:In the 90th percentile of the distributions reporting CBCT and Sentinel registration parameters, absolute differences for FG were less than 6.4 mm and 3.8°. Better performances were observed for SG (≤5.7 mm and 2°). Mean absolute differences between three translation and three rotation parameters of CBCT and Sentinel were: less than 3.5 mm and 2.1° and 3.7 mm and 1.3° in FG for thorax and pelvis, respectively, and less than 2.8 mm and 1° and 2.7 mm and 0.9° for pelvis and thorax, respectively, in SG. No advantage in considering surface data captured by Sentinel as a reference instead of the surface extracted from the planning CT was observed.Conclusions:The accuracy of Sentinel system in detecting errors is influenced by the extension and reliability of the surface used. When the reproducibility of external body surfaces was optimized differences between CBCT and Sentinel registration parameters resulted less than 5.7 mm and 2° in the 90% of the pelvis and thorax considered cases. No advantage in considering a Sentinel acquisition as reference was observed.