bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Impossibility of Philanthropic Funding Decisions: The Australian Non‐Government Funder Experience
Authors: Coyte Rodney , Rooney Jim , Phua Benjamin 
Published: October 2015

AbstractNon‐government funders (NGFs) are major contributors to the third sector. Literature on this private philanthropic world is limited and access to stakeholders and practices within these institutions is a barrier to empirical research. With public oversight limited to nominal federal tax law disclosure, issues of accountability are under‐researched. We examine how NGFs ‘account’ for their grant making decisions in an Australian context. Focused on how NGFs assess likely success, it finds that assurance is constructed as part of the decision‐making process through a more socialising form of accountability, based on personal interaction, in contrast to a reliance on hierarchical accountability and transparency.
Three‐dimensional analyses of unified characterization parameter of in‐plane and out‐of‐plane creep constraint
Authors: Ma H. S. , Wang G. Z. , Liu S. , Tu S. T. , Xuan F. Z. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractBased on extensive three‐dimensional finite element analyses, the unified characterization parameter Ac of in‐plane and out‐of‐plane creep constraint based on crack‐tip equivalent creep strain for three specimen geometries (C(T), SEN(T) and M(T)) were quantified for 316H steel at 550 °C and steady‐state creep. The distributions of the parameter Ac along crack fronts (specimen thickness) were calculated, and its capability and applicability for characterizing a wide range of in‐plane and out‐of‐plane creep constraints in different specimen geometries have been comparatively analysed with the constraint parameters based on crack‐tip stress fields (namely R*, h and TZ). The results show that the parameter Ac in the centre region of all specimens appears uniform distribution and lower value (higher constraint), and in the region near free surface it shows protuberant distribution and higher value (lower constraint). The parameter Ac can simultaneously and effectively characterize a wide range of in‐plane and out‐of‐plane creep constraints, while the parameters R*, h and TZ based on crack‐tip stress fields cannot achieve this. The different capabilities of these parameters for characterizing in‐plane and out‐of‐plane creep constraints originate from their underlying theories. The parameter Ac may be useful for accurately characterizing the overall constraint level composed of in‐plane and out‐of‐plane constraints in actual high‐temperature components, and it may be used in creep life assessments for improving accuracy.
The Effects of a Virtual Exchange on Students' Interest in Learning About Culture
Authors: Schenker Theresa 
Published: October 2015

AbstractA 12‐week electronic exchange was conducted between a third‐year German college class in the United States and an advanced English high school class in Germany. The exchange consisted of e‐mails between tandem partners, blogs, videoconferences between both classes, and class essays. The study examined the effects of participation in the semester‐long cross‐cultural, cross‐lingual exchange on students' interest in learning about the target culture. The results showed that students' interest in learning about culture was high before and after the exchange. Likewise, students believed that learning about culture is an important part of foreign language learning. The virtual exchange outlined here is an example of a standards‐based approach to integrating language and culture instruction.
Atmosphere and Ocean Impacts on Recent Western Arctic Summer Sea Ice Melt
Authors: Ballinger Thomas J. , Rogers Jeffrey C. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractSummer sea ice in the western Arctic, specifically in the Chukchi and Beaufort Seas, has been rapidly declining during the last several decades. Annual minima in six recent Septembers (2007–2012) have witnessed the lowest western Arctic sea ice extents of the modern satellite era. The western Arctic summer sea ice has become less extensive amidst a fundamental transition from once widely prevalent and thick multi‐year ice to a thinner and readily melted first‐year ice cover. Questions remain for the Arctic climate research community involving the combination of factors that may be forcing these negative sea ice trends, particularly as current understanding of these complex ice–climate interactions evolves. Interannual variations of atmospheric pressure systems such as the Beaufort Sea High help determine the overlying wind direction and strength as well as the severity of summer ice cover. Atmospheric circulation teleconnections are important in sea ice variability but the role of some, such as the Arctic Oscillation, may in fact have changed as the western Arctic transitioned to a thinner ice cover. Reductions in summer sea ice extent became noticeable from 1998 onward and can be partly attributed to oceanic warming in the northern Pacific across the Bering Strait into the western Arctic. Warming of the northern Atlantic has had dramatic impacts in the Eurasian Arctic but a viable physical mechanism by which it can produce western Arctic ice melt is not yet established. Arctic warming induced by forcing from greenhouse gases is estimated to rival the impact of atmospheric teleconnections and helps produce the “Arctic amplification” of air temperatures that enhances summer sea ice melt. Late summer open water may in turn be altering the atmospheric circulation, weather and climate of subsequent autumn and winter seasons throughout the middle latitudes.
Construct validity of posture as a measure of physical function in elderly individuals: Use of a digitalized inclinometer to assess trunk inclination
Authors: Suzuki Yoshikazu , Kawai Hisashi , Kojima Motonaga , Shiba Yoshitaka , Yoshida Hideyo , Hirano Hirohiko , Fujiwara Yoshinori , Ihara Kazushige , Obuchi Shuichi 
Published: October 2015

AimThe first aim of the present study was to determine the construct validity of evaluating posture as a measure of physical function in elderly individuals. The second aim was to determine reference values for sternum inclination in elderly individuals when measured using a digitalized inclinometer.MethodsWe included 834 community‐dwelling elderly individuals (350 men and 484 women) in this study. We used a digital inclinometer for measuring sternum inclination angle. We evaluated physical functions, including muscle strength, static balance, gait ability and the functional mobility of our study participants. To assess the construct validity of sternum inclination in elderly people, Pearson's correlation coefficient between sternum inclination and participant characteristics was calculated. To determine a reference value of sternum inclination by age, P for trend was calculated.ResultsIn men, the sternum inclination angle and sternum inclination index were significantly associated with all anthropometric measures, except static balance. In women, the sternum inclination index was significantly associated with all measures, whereas the sternum inclination angle was associated with all measures except for balance and the Timed Up and Go test. Trend of sternum inclination index by age was significant.ConclusionsOur results show that the sternum inclination as a measure of physical function in elderly men and women has construct validity. We determined reference values for sternum inclination of which trend by age was considered. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2016; 16: 1068–1073.
Cardiac reoperations in octogenarians: Do they really benefit?
Authors: Deschka Heinz , Machner Matthias , Welp Henryk , Dell'Aquila Angelo Maria , Erler Stefan , Wimmer‐Greinecker Gerhard 
Published: October 2015

AimAccording to the demographic development of our society, the numbers of octogenarians referred to cardiac surgery are continuously growing. Although the benefit of first‐time cardiac procedures for these patients is well documented, the fate of octogenarians after redo‐procedures, with special regard to long‐term survival, functional status and quality of life, is poorly investigated.MethodsWe retrospectively identified 84 consecutive patients aged ≥80 years, who underwent a cardiac reoperation at the department for Cardiothoracic Surgery in the Heart & Vessel Center Bad Bevensen between January 2007 and 2013. Demographic profiles as well as operative data were analyzed, and the patients were prospectively followed. Patient's functional status and quality of life were assessed with the Barthel Index, New York Heart Association class and the short form‐12 questionnaire.ResultsThe mean age of the study group (61 men, 23 women) was 81.9 ± 1.9 years. Most redo‐procedures were carried out after primary coronary artery bypass grafting (65%), primary aortic valve replacement (21%) and primary mitral valve replacement (6%). The most frequent actual surgical procedures were combined coronary artery bypass grafting and aortic valve replacement (26%), isolated coronary artery bypass grafting (19%), and isolated aortic valve replacement (19%). The mean length of hospital stay was 17 ± 15 days. In‐hospital mortality counted for 32.1%. During follow up (29 ± 20 months) a further 19.0% of the patients died. The Barthel Index of the survivors was 89 ± 17 and their mean New York Heart Association class was 2 ± 1. A total of 93% of the patients were living at home. Summary scores of physical and mental health of the short form‐12 questionnaire equalled those of an age‐ and sex‐matched normative population.ConclusionsDespite high perioperative mortality, results document a sustainable recovery of the survivors offering the prospect of a highly independent and satisfying life. Therefore, advanced age alone should not be a contraindication for redo cardiac interventions. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2016; 16: 1138–1144.
Hydrogeologic Controls on Induced Seismicity in Crystalline Basement Rocks Due to Fluid Injection into Basal Reservoirs
Authors: Zhang Yipeng , Person Mark , Rupp John , Ellett Kevin , Celia Michael A. , Gable Carl W. , Bowen Brenda , Evans James , Bandilla Karl , Mozley Peter , Dewers Thomas , Elliot Thomas 
Published: October 2015

AbstractA series of Mb 3.8–5.5 induced seismic events in the midcontinent region, United States, resulted from injection of fluid either into a basal sedimentary reservoir with no underlying confining unit or directly into the underlying crystalline basement complex. The earthquakes probably occurred along faults that were likely critically stressed within the crystalline basement. These faults were located at a considerable distance (up to 10 km) from the injection wells and head increases at the hypocenters were likely relatively small (∼70–150 m). We present a suite of simulations that use a simple hydrogeologic‐geomechanical model to assess what hydrogeologic conditions promote or deter induced seismic events within the crystalline basement across the midcontinent. The presence of a confining unit beneath the injection reservoir horizon had the single largest effect in preventing induced seismicity within the underlying crystalline basement. For a crystalline basement having a permeability of 2 × 10−17 m2 and specific storage coefficient of 10−7/m, injection at a rate of 5455 m3/d into the basal aquifer with no underlying basal seal over 10 years resulted in probable brittle failure to depths of about 0.6 km below the injection reservoir. Including a permeable (kz = 10−13 m2) Precambrian normal fault, located 20 m from the injection well, increased the depth of the failure region below the reservoir to 3 km. For a large permeability contrast between a Precambrian thrust fault (10−12 m2) and the surrounding crystalline basement (10−18 m2), the failure region can extend laterally 10 km away from the injection well.
A Stream‐Based Methane Monitoring Approach for Evaluating Groundwater Impacts Associated with Unconventional Gas Development
Authors: Heilweil Victor M. , Stolp Bert J. , Kimball Briant A. , Susong David D. , Marston Thomas M. , Gardner Philip M. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractGaining streams can provide an integrated signal of relatively large groundwater capture areas. In contrast to the point‐specific nature of monitoring wells, gaining streams coalesce multiple flow paths. Impacts on groundwater quality from unconventional gas development may be evaluated at the watershed scale by the sampling of dissolved methane (CH4) along such streams. This paper describes a method for using stream CH4 concentrations, along with measurements of groundwater inflow and gas transfer velocity interpreted by 1‐D stream transport modeling, to determine groundwater methane fluxes. While dissolved ionic tracers remain in the stream for long distances, the persistence of methane is not well documented. To test this method and evaluate CH4 persistence in a stream, a combined bromide (Br) and CH4 tracer injection was conducted on Nine‐Mile Creek, a gaining stream in a gas development area in central Utah. A 35% gain in streamflow was determined from dilution of the Br tracer. The injected CH4 resulted in a fivefold increase in stream CH4 immediately below the injection site. CH4 and δ13CCH4 sampling showed it was not immediately lost to the atmosphere, but remained in the stream for more than 2000 m. A 1‐D stream transport model simulating the decline in CH4 yielded an apparent gas transfer velocity of 4.5 m/d, describing the rate of loss to the atmosphere (possibly including some microbial consumption). The transport model was then calibrated to background stream CH4 in Nine‐Mile Creek (prior to CH4 injection) in order to evaluate groundwater CH4 contributions. The total estimated CH4 load discharging to the stream along the study reach was 190 g/d, although using geochemical fingerprinting to determine its source was beyond the scope of the current study. This demonstrates the utility of stream‐gas sampling as a reconnaissance tool for evaluating both natural and anthropogenic CH4 leakage from gas reservoirs into groundwater and surface water.
Positive association between plasma levels of oxidized low‐density lipoprotein and myeloperoxidase after hemodialysis in patients with diabetic end‐stage renal disease
Authors: Kitabayashi Chizuko , Naruko Takahiko , Sugioka Kenichi , Yunoki Kei , Nakagawa Masashi , Inaba Mayumi , Ohsawa Masahiko , Konishi Yoshio , Imanishi Masahito , Inoue Takeshi , Itabe Hiroyuki , Yoshiyama Minoru , Haze Kazuo , Becker Anton E. , Ueda Makiko 
Published: October 2015

AbstractEnd‐stage renal disease (ESRD) patients undergoing hemodialysis (HD) have a high prevalence of cardiovascular events. Low‐density lipoprotein (LDL) in dialysis patients has been shown to be susceptible to in vitro peroxidation; therefore, oxidized‐LDL (ox‐LDL) could be generated in these patients. Moreover, myeloperoxidase (MPO) released from activated neutrophils may play a role in the induction of LDL oxidation. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between plasma ox‐LDL levels, plasma MPO levels, and serum high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein (hs‐CRP) levels during initial HD in patients with diabetic ESRD. Patients (n = 28) had serial venous blood samples drawn before and after HD at the initial, second, and third sessions. Plasma ox‐LDL levels were measured using a specific monoclonal antibody (DLH3), and plasma MPO levels were measured using an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay kit. Plasma ox‐LDL levels and MPO levels after a single HD session increased significantly (ox‐LDL, P < 0.005; MPO, P < 0.0001) compared with levels before that HD session. However, the increase was transient since the levels returned to pre‐HD session levels. Additionally, plasma MPO levels showed a positive correlation with plasma ox‐LDL levels during HD (R = 0.62, P = 0.0029). No significant change was observed in serum hs‐CRP levels before and after each HD session. This study demonstrates that plasma MPO levels are directly associated with plasma ox‐LDL levels in diabetic ESRD patients during initial HD. These findings suggest a pivotal role for MPO and ox‐LDL in the progression and acceleration of atherosclerosis in patients undergoing HD.
Unsettling British Columbia: Canadian Aboriginal Historiography, 1992–2012
Authors: Neylan Susan 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThis is the second of two essays examining the recent historiography of Canadian Aboriginal History published roughly in the last two decades (1992–2012) using a regional focus – British Columbia. Historians have been touched by trends outside their own discipline, even from beyond the academy. Aboriginal land claims, rights litigation, and landmark cases originating in BC, such as Delgamuukw, have made historians more aware of constructions of history in the courts. Scholars writing about Aboriginal history in British Columbia reference popular and community histories and education curricula alongside academic works. The fixation on colonialism has kept Native–Settler relations at the forefront. Recently, however, the scholarship has begun to push past mere explorations of BC's Aboriginal peoples in colonial history to consider colonialism within Aboriginal history and epistemologies. Indigenous‐centric scholarship has demanded a more substantial voice in the production of histories, some insisting on exclusivity. At the same time, academic historians seek out opportunities for cross‐cultural dialogues and listen attentively to alternative histories bringing them into the professional scholarship even at the cost of “unsettling” historical narratives.
A proposal of a standardized protocol to evaluate waterproof effect of eyeliner and mascara
Authors: Kim M. J. , Seo Y. K. , Boo Y. C. , Koh J. S. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractObjectiveEye make‐up products must have waterproofing properties to make sure that their colours do not smudge or wash away easily and remain intact despite water or perspiration. Until now, most research has focused on composition and components of make‐up products and not on the level of waterproof. This study aimed to find methods to assess the waterproof degree of eyeliners and mascaras and determine the suitability of these methods.MethodsTwenty female subjects were selected to test the waterproof of eyeliners, whereas 20 sets of false eyelashes were used to evaluate the waterproof of mascaras. For evaluating water‐resistant properties, after test sites where eyeliners and mascaras were applied were immersed in water and natural drying for over 20 min (not artificial drying by drier etc.), L* value of the eyeliners applied on the forearm before and after the immersions, and intensity analysis values of mascaras applied on the false eyelashes were used to calculate the mean percentage waterproof removal ratio (%WPR). A product was hypothesized to be water resistant if the value for the mean %WPR was ≤50%.ResultsThe non‐waterproof eyeliners were not waterproof if their mean %WPR was >50%, whereas the waterproof eyeliners were waterproof if their mean %WPR was <50%.For mascaras, the mean %WPR was <50% after 1‐ to 2‐h marks after immersion in water for both non‐waterproof and waterproof products. After 3–4 h, the mean %WPR for the non‐waterproof mascaras was >50%, rendering them not waterproof, whereas the mean %WPR for the waterproof mascaras was <50%, making them waterproof.ConclusionWe have evaluated the waterproof properties by analysing photographed images of the test sites where eyeliners and mascaras were applied. Results of the comparison between non‐waterproof and waterproof eyeliners and mascaras, and the methods used, in particular, will be found useful in evaluating waterproof of other make‐up products.
Cross‐sectional survey of awareness and behavioral pattern regarding acne and acne scar based on smartphone application
Authors: Park Seon Yong , Park Mi Youn , Suh Dae Hun , Kwon Hyuck Hoon , Min Seonguk , Lee Sang Joo , Lee Weon Ju , Lee Mi Woo , Ahn Hyo Hyun , Kang Hoon , Lee Jee Bum , Ro Young Suck , Ahn Kyu Joong , Kim Myeung Nam , Kim Kwang Joong , Kim Nack In ,   the Korean Society for Acne Research
Published: October 2015

AbstractBackgroundAlthough acne scar is a permanent sequela that may be induced by improper management of active acne lesion, patient behavior patterns and awareness regarding acne are unclear. The aim of this study was to identify awareness and behavioral patterns concerning acne and acne scar of people having acne and differences between those with and without acne scars.MethodsThe survey was performed via smartphone application for 900 participants in their second to fourth decade having current or previous acne lesions. They were further categorized into two groups based on the presence of acne scar (scar and scarless groups) with no statistical difference in demographic composition.ResultsThe mean age of all participants was 24.6 ± 5.3. The scar group had a longer disease duration (4.9 years) than those of the scarless group (2.2 years). Participants in the scar group thought that acne scarring affected psychosocial aspects more negatively compared with those in the scarless group. Participants in the scarless group visited dermatology clinics earlier than those in the scar group. In the scar group, 62.1% of participants have never had their acne scars treated medically. Most (88.6%) participants from both groups believed that non‐dermatologic treatment caused side effects or aggravated their acne.ConclusionsParticipants with acne scars tended to treat their acne and acne scars improperly, which could negatively affect their daily lives. Acne scars are sequelae of acne and should be regarded as a distinct disease entity, requiring a patient's early visit to dermatologic clinics.
Effects of metal ions on formation of acrylamide and 5‐hydroxymethylfurfural in asparagine–glucose model system
Authors: Wen Chao , Shi Xingbo , Wang Zimeng , Gao Wenli , Jiang Liwen , Xiao Qian , Liu Xia , Deng Fangming 
Published: October 2015

SummaryUndesirable substances of thermal food processing such as acrylamide (AA) and 5‐hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) have been intensively studied in recent decades. The aim of this work was to investigate the evolution mechanism of AA and HMF contents in the presence of various valence metal cations at various concentrations in asparagine–glucose model system. Three interesting phenomena were found. Firstly, the AA contents first decreased and then increased, whereas the HMF contents first increased and then decreased, with increasing metal cations concentration; secondly, the concentration of cations for maximal HMF contents was lower than the concentration of cations for minimal AA contents; thirdly, the maximum AA‐inhibiting or HMF‐promoting efficiency was achieved more readily with trivalent, then divalent and lastly monovalent cations. These phenomena can be explained by that increasing the metal cations concentration can increase the protonated product contents, thus increasing the AA‐inhibiting efficiency and HMF‐promoting efficiency. With higher metal cations concentration in the model system, HMF as a reactant can react with the asparagine to form AA or directly decompose into furfural. These interesting results can provide a theoretical foundation to simultaneously control the formation of AA and HMF during food processing.