bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Computational modelling of Yorùbá numerals in a number-to-text conversion system
Authors: Akinadé Olúgbénga O. , Ọdẹ́jọbí Ọdẹ́túnjí A. 
Published: August 2014

In this paper, we examine the processes underlying the Yorùbá numeral system and describe a computational system that is capable of converting cardinal numbers to their equivalent Standard Yorùbá number names. First, we studied the mathematical and linguistic basis of the Yorùbá numeral system so as to formalise its arithmetic and syntactic procedures. Next, the process involved in formulating a Context-Free Grammar (CFG) to capture the structure of the Yorùbá numeral system was highlighted. Thereafter, the model was reduced into a set of computer programs to implement the numerical to lexical conversion process. System evaluation was done by ranking the output from the software and comparing the output with the representations given by a group of Yorùbá native speakers. The result showed that the system gave correct representation for numbers and produced a recall of 100% with respect to the collected corpus. Our future study is focused on developing a text normalisation system that will produce number names for other numerical expressions such as ordinal numbers, date, time, money, ratio, etc. in Yorùbá text.
Pathophysiological and Clinical Approach to Cirrhotic Cardiomyopathy
Authors: Páll Alida , Czifra Árpád , Vitális Zsuzsanna , Papp Mária , Paragh György , Szabó Zoltán 
Published: August 2014

Hyperdynamic circulation, systolic and diastolic left ventricular dysfunction and certain electrophysiological abnormalities have been associated with cirrhosis and known for a long time. These clinical features have been introduced as cirrhotic cardiomyopathy (CCM), which is characterized by blunted myocardial contractile responsiveness to physical, physiological and pharmacological stress. Importantly, cardiac dysfunction can be reversible and can improve due to effective medical treatment and also after liver transplantation. Echocardiography and electrocardiography are essential tools for recognizing the characteristic changes in the myocardial function and also the alterations in the electrophysiological properties of the heart. Laboratory markers are auxiliary modalities further aiding the establishment of the correct diagnosis. In this review, we aimed to collect the pathophysiological background and clinical characteristics of CCM with the intention of summarizing the current possibilities for the diagnosis establishment and treatment of this cardio-hepatic disorder.Abbreviations: A: late diastolic transmitral peak flow velocity; ACE: angiotensin converting enzyme; ANP: atrial natriuretic peptide; ARB: angiotensin receptor blocker; BNP: brain natriuretic peptide; cAMP: cyclic adenosine monophosphate; CCM: cirrhotic cardiomyopathy; CGRP: calcitonin gene-related peptide; CO: carbon monoxide; DD: diastolic dysfunction; DT: deceleration time; E: early diastolic transmitral peak flow velocity; Ea: early diastolic velocity of the septal mitral annulus; EF: ejection fraction; MUGA: Multi Gated Acquisition Scan; NO: nitric oxide; NSBB: non-selective beta-blocker; pro-BNP: pro-brain natriuretic peptide; QTc: corrected QT interval; RAAS: renin-angiotensin aldosterone system; RALES: Randomized Aldactone Evaluation Study; suPAR: urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor; TDI: Tissue Doppler Imaging; TIPS: transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt; TNF-alpha: tumor necrosis factor-alpha.
Respiratory Complications in Outpatient Endoscopy with Endoscopist-Directed Sedation
Authors: Friedrich Kilian , Scholl Sabine G. , Beck Sebastian , Gotthardt Daniel , Stremmel Wolfgang , Rex Douglas K. , Sieg Andreas 
Published: August 2014

Background & Aims: Respiratory complications represent an important adverse event of endoscopic procedures. We screened for respiratory complications after endoscopic procedures using a questionnaire and followed-up patients suggestive of respiratory infection.Method: In this prospective observational, multicenter study performed in Outpatient practices of gastroenterology we investigated 15,690 patients by questionnaires administered 24 hours after the endoscopic procedure.Results: 832 of the 15,690 patients stated at least one respiratory symptom after the endoscopic procedure: 829 patients reported coughing (5.28%), 23 fever (0.15%) and 116 shortness of breath (SOB, 0.74%); 130 of the 832 patients showed at least two concomitant respiratory symptoms (107 coughing + SOB, 17 coughing + fever, 6 coughing + coexisting fever + SOB) and 126 patients were followed-up to assess their respiratory complaints. Twenty-nine patients (follow-up: 22.31%, whole sample: 0.18%) reported signs of clinically evident respiratory infection and 15 patients (follow-up: 11.54%; whole sample: 0.1%) received therefore antibiotic treatment. Coughing or vomiting during the endoscopic procedure resulted in a 156.12-fold increased risk of respiratory complications (95% CI: 67.44 - 361.40) and 520.87-fold increased risk of requiring antibiotic treatment (95% CI: 178.01 - 1524.05). All patients of the follow-up sample who coughed or vomited during endoscopy developed clinically evident signs of respiratory infection and required antibiotic treatment while this occurred in a significantly lower proportion of patients without these symptoms (17.1% and 5.1%, respectively).Conclusions: We demonstrated that respiratory complications following endoscopic sedation are of comparably high incidence and we identified major predictors of aspiration pneumonia which could influence future surveillance strategies after endoscopic procedures.
A Case of Trap Sequence with Immense Acardiac Twin
Authors: Amaliev Georgi I. , Malinova Maria L. , Pehlivanov Blagovest K. , Ivancheva Hristina A. 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
Twin-reversed arterial perfusion sequence is a rare complication of monochorionic twin pregnancy in which an anomalous acardiac fetus is hemodynamically dependent on its structurally normal “pump” twin. Early diagnosis is essential for improving perinatal prognosis for the normal twin. In this case report we present a case of TRAP sequence with immense acardiac twin with favorable outcome, emphasizing the importance of ultrasound imaging, follow-up and timing of delivery in this complicated pregnancy.
Middle School Injuries: A 20-Year (1988–2008) Multisport Evaluation
Authors: Beachy Glenn , Rauh Mitchell 
Published: August 2014

Context:Data on the incidence of injury in middle school sports are limited.Objective:To describe overall, practice, and game injury rate patterns in 29 middle school sports.Design:Descriptive epidemiology study.Setting:Injury data collected over a 20-year period (1988–2008) at a single school.Patients or Other Participants:Boy (n = 8078) and girl (n = 5960) athletes participating in 14 and 15 middle school sports, respectively.Main Outcome Measure(s):Injury status and athlete-exposures (AEs) were collected by certified athletic trainers. Incidence rates per 1000 AEs (injuries/AEs) were calculated for overall incidence, practices and games, injury location, injury type, and injury severity (time lost from participation). Rate ratios (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used to compare injury rates for sex-matched sports.Results:Football had the highest injury rate for all injuries (16.03/1000 AEs) and for time-loss injuries (8.486/1000 AEs). In matched middle school sports, girls exhibited a higher injury rate for all injuries (7.686/1000 AEs, RR = 1.15, 95% CI = 1.1, 1.2) and time-loss injuries (2.944/1000 AEs, RR = 1.09, 95% CI = 1.0, 1.2) than boys (all injuries: 6.684/1000 AEs, time-loss injuries: 2.702/1000 AEs). Girls had a higher injury rate during practices (3.30/1000 AEs) than games (1.67/1000 AEs, RR = 1.97, 95% CI = 1.7, 2.4) for all sports. Only gymnastics (RR = 0.96, 95% CI = 0.3, 3.8) had a higher game injury rate for girls. Practice and game injury rates were nearly identical for boys in all sports (RR = 0.99, 95% CI = 0.9, 1.1). Only football (RR = 0.49, 95% CI = 0.4, 0.6) and boys' wrestling (RR = 0.50, 95% CI = 0.3, 0.8) reported higher game injury rates. Tendinitis injuries accounted for 19.1% of all middle school injuries.Conclusions:The risk for sport-related injury at the middle school level was greater during practices than games and greater for girls than boys in sex-matched sports. Conditioning programs may be needed to address the high rate of tendinitis injuries.
O comércio exterior de Cuba no século XXI e a diversificação de parcerias
Authors: Silva Marcos Antonio Da 
Published: August 2014

O presente trabalho analisa a reinserção econômica de Cuba na primeira década do século XXI. Para tanto, procura demonstrar que o comércio exterior do país, alicerçado nos objetivos gerais da política externa cubana, indica diversificação de parcerias, superando a concentração que existiu ao longo do século XX, e tem contribuído para a recuperação econômica e maior autonomia do país.Palavras-Chave: Cuba; Diversificação; Parcerias.
Esfera Pública Transnacional e Meio Ambiente: O caso Avaaz versus Bayer
Authors: Leme Sabrina 
Published: August 2014

Analisando o “pano de fundo” das negociações da Comissão Europeia sobre a proibição de três tipos de pesticidas neonicotinóides, verificou-se a existência de uma enérgica esfera pública transnacional que trouxe à tona o debate científico sobre os efeitos desses pesticidas sobre diversas espécies de abelhas. Com argumentos científicos e petições commilhões de assinaturas, foi travada uma batalha entre a rede Avaaz e a poderosa empresa Bayer.Palavras-chave: Esfera Pública Transnacional; Riscos Ambientais; Comissão Europeia
Análise de discurso como ferramenta fundamental dos estudos de Segurança – Uma abordagem Construtivista
Authors: Frizzera Guilherme 
Published: August 2014

A Análise de Discurso (AD) é uma ferramenta essencial para os estudos de Segurança nas Relações Internacionais. A proposta desse artigo consiste em fazer uma breve e sucinta discussão sobre a importância dos discursos, tendo como base o chamado Construtivismo Crítico.Palavras-Chaves: Análise de Discurso; Construtivismo; Segurança.
Dossiê Tibete: análise dos conflitos sino-tibetanos
Authors: Ferreira Ana Paula Lopes 
Published: August 2014

Os conflitos entre China e Tibete vêm de um longo processo histórico e desde 1949, quando ocorre a ocupação chinesa vem ganhando destaque internacional. Desse modo o texto pretende analisar o conflito através do modelo de análise de Galtung em nível estatal, regional e global.Palavras-chave: Conflitos; Tibete; China.
Litígio Árabe-israelense: A Importância da ONU para a Solução do Conflito no Oriente Médio
Authors: Rodrigues Noeli 
Published: August 2014

O tema abordado é a atuação da Organização das Nações Unidas, pois se entende que a intervenção da Organização torna-se fundamental para a solução do conflito milenar no Oriente Médio. Nesse sentido, o reconhecimento da Palestina seria o meio de resolver o litígio.Palavras-chave: Organização das Nações Unidas. Conflito árabe-israelense. Solução deConflitos.
Um Breve Olhar Sobre a Questão Migratória no Japão
Authors: Dantas Aline Chianca 
Published: August 2014

Este estudo reveste-se do interesse em realizar uma breve análise da questão migratória no Estado japonês, com objetivo de problematizá-la e ensejar maiores discussões, pensando as relações cooperativas entre países. Sendo assim, observa-se, inicialmente, a característica da política externa japonesa e, em seguida, três casos típicos de migração no Japão, quais sejam: retornados, deslocados ambientais e refugiados.Palavras-chave: Migrações; Japão; Cooperação Internacional.
A Migração de Haitianos para o Brasil
Authors: Alessi Mariana Longhi Batista 
Published: August 2014

Desde o terremoto de janeiro de 2010, uma onda de haitianos passou a buscar refúgio no território brasileiro. O presente artigo visa comentar, brevemente, como o governo brasileiro vem lidando com a vinda dos haitianos.Palavras-chave: Brasil; Haitianos; Migração.
A Importância da Integração Física no Eixo Amazonas: Transportes e Oportunidades de Desenvolvimento
Authors: Passos Thaís Virga 
Published: August 2014

Este trabalho ressalta a importância estratégica e econômica da integração física, no Eixo Amazonas de Integração (Brasil, Colômbia, Equador e Peru). O objetivo central é evidenciar como a integração física nesse Eixo, baseada nos transportes, poderá acarretarbenefícios em trocas econômicas através de complementaridades em processos produtivos e cadeias, além de favorecer o acesso de pessoas, bens e serviços nessa região.Palavras-chaves: Integração Física, Eixo Amazonas, transportes.
Chile 2013: as eleições e a falência do modelo chileno
Authors: Silva Marcos Antonio , Johnson Guillermo 
Published: August 2014

Este trabalho analisa as recentes eleições no Chile e o questionamento do modelo neoliberal implantado na ditadura de Pinochet e mantido até o momento. Neste sentido, discute os fundamentos, características e resultados de tal modelo, apontando que sua falência é evidenciada pelos pífios indicadores sociais, pela insatisfação popular, pelos protestos sociais (estudantes, indígenas, entre outros) e pela afirmação da Nova Maioria. Em suma, as eleições chilenas de 2013 demonstram a necessidade de construção de um novo modelo que conjugue desenvolvimento com equidade, algo comum a toda a América Latina. Palavras-Chave: América Latina; Chile; Eleições; Modelos.
Os conceitos de Espaço, Território e Estado numa perspectiva político-geográfica dos Investimentos Estrangeiros Diretos no Estado do Paraná
Authors: Blum Gustavo 
Published: August 2014

Através do presente trabalho buscamos realizar uma aproximação teórica que facilite a compreensão dos processos de Investimento Estrangeiro Direto (IEDs) no Estado do Paraná através dos conceitos de Espaço, Território e Estado. Através desta perspectiva político-geográfica, compreendemos a sua utilização e viabilidade na análise no caso apresentado. Palavras-chave: Espaço e Território; Paraná; Investimento Estrangeiro Direto.
Teoria da Interdependência: os conceitos de sensibilidade e vulnerabilidade nas Organizações Internacionais
Authors: Rodrigues Noeli 
Published: August 2014

O objeto de estudo do boletim é a análise dos conceitos de sensibilidade e vulnerabilidade nas Organizações Internacionais, sob a perspectiva da Teoria da Interdependência. O problema proposto concentra-se em desvendar como os conceitos de sensibilidade e vulnerabilidade explicam a atuação das Organizações Internacionais. A efetividade das ações das OIs evidencia o grau de eficácia da sua atuação. A Teoria da Interdependência é a teoria utilizada, pois explica a necessidade tanto de ações, quanto de soluções rápidas e eficazes no contexto internacional. Conclui-se que atuação das OIs se adapta a interesses inerentes a política internacional.Palavras-chave: Teoria da Interdependência; Organizações Internacionais; Política Internacional.
Barometric pumping of a fractured porous medium
Authors: Mourzenko V. V. , Varloteaux C. , Guillon S. , Thovert J.‐F. , Pili E. , Adler P. M. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractBarometric pumping plays a crucial role in the release of trace gases from fractured porous media to the atmosphere, and it requires a rigorous and complete modeling in order to go beyond the approximate schemes available in the literature. Therefore, a coupled set of convection and convection‐diffusion equations for a slightly compressible fluid in unsteady conditions should be solved. The numerical methodology is presented, and it is applied to conditions close to the ones of the Roselend Natural Laboratory (France). The precision of the code is assessed and the mechanism of barometric pumping is explained. The usual schematization by simple vertical fractures is shown to be only qualitative. Finally, barometric pumping is shown to be efficient in a narrow range of parameter values; its efficiency is a decreasing function of the matrix porosity and of the fracture density.
Pore‐scale intermittent velocity structure underpinning anomalous transport through 3‐D porous media
Authors: Kang Peter K. , de Anna Pietro , Nunes Joao P. , Bijeljic Branko , Blunt Martin J. , Juanes Ruben 
Published: August 2014

AbstractWe study the nature of non‐Fickian particle transport in 3‐D porous media by simulating fluid flow in the intricate pore space of real rock. We solve the full Navier‐Stokes equations at the same resolution as the 3‐D micro‐CT (computed tomography) image of the rock sample and simulate particle transport along the streamlines of the velocity field. We find that transport at the pore scale is markedly anomalous: longitudinal spreading is superdiffusive, while transverse spreading is subdiffusive. We demonstrate that this anomalous behavior originates from the intermittent structure of the velocity field at the pore scale, which in turn emanates from the interplay between velocity heterogeneity and velocity correlation. Finally, we propose a continuous time random walk model that honors this intermittent structure at the pore scale and captures the anomalous 3‐D transport behavior at the macroscale.
Stress drop variations among small earthquakes before the 2011 Tohoku‐oki, Japan, earthquake and implications for the main shock
Authors: Uchide Takahiko , Shearer Peter M. , Imanishi Kazutoshi 
Published: August 2014

AbstractIt is important to assess the likely rupture characteristics of future megathrust earthquakes. One approach is to study the spatiotemporal variation of geophysical properties in active subduction zones. We explore this idea by examining stress drops of 1563 small earthquakes (Mw 3.0–4.5) shallower than 80 km in the Tohoku‐oki region before the 2011 Tohoku‐oki earthquake. Although individual stress drop estimates exhibit considerable scatter, we find a strong increase in stress drop with depth between 30 km and 60 km, whereas stress drops for shallower and deeper events, respectively, are nearly constant. We also identify lateral variations in stress drop along strike. Higher‐than‐average stress drops are found in East Aomori‐oki and Miyagi‐oki, whereas Sanriku‐oki is a moderate stress drop area. The high stress drop zone in Miyagi‐oki is located just south of the large slip area of the 2011 Tohoku‐oki earthquake, and possibly acted as a barrier to further rupture propagation during the event. In addition, the frequency dependence of the seismic radiation observed during the main shock, with proportionally higher frequencies coming from the deeper parts of the fault, mimics the depth dependence we see in small earthquakes in the same region. These results imply that smaller pre‐main shock earthquakes can provide insight into the fault properties and consequent rupture processes of future megathrust earthquakes.
The influence of relative body breadth on the diaphyseal morphology of the human lower limb
Authors: Davies Thomas G. , Stock Jay T. 
Published: August 2014

ObjectivesVariation in relative body breadth between individuals is potentially a significant influence on the biomechanical loading placed upon the lower limb. This study investigates the influence of relative body breadth on the periosteal geometry of the diaphyses of the limb bones among individuals from a broad range of human populations.MethodsThis study applies a 3D laser scanning approach to the extraction and analysis of periosteal cross‐sectional properties throughout the diaphyses of the femur and tibia to test for influences of body shape on diaphyseal morphology throughout the lower limb. Analyses are based on data collected from seven populations, encompassing a broad range of modern human variation in body shape.ResultsHypertrophy of the proximal end of the femur diaphysis in wider bodied individuals is observed and appears to extend at least as far as the femur midshaft, while the mid diaphyseal region of the tibia is the least influenced by body shape. However correlations with relative body breadth were also observed towards the distal end of the femur diaphysis and towards both ends of the tibial diaphysis, especially among females.ConclusionsRelative body breadth is correlated with the periosteal geometry of the lower limb bones, particularly towards the proximal end of the femur diaphysis, but correlations in other regions also suggest integration of the diaphyseal geometry with epiphyseal dimensions. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 26:822–835, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Acid‐suppressive medication use in acute stroke and hospital‐acquired pneumonia
Authors: Herzig Shoshana J. , Doughty Christopher , Lahoti Sourabh , Marchina Sarah , Sanan Neha , Feng Wuwei , Kumar Sandeep 
Published: August 2014

ObjectivePneumonia is a morbid complication of stroke, but evidence‐based strategies for its prevention are lacking. Acid‐suppressive medications have been associated with increased risk for nosocomial pneumonia in hospitalized patients. It is unclear whether these results can be extrapolated to stroke patients, where other factors strongly modulate pneumonia risk. We investigated the association between acid‐suppressive medication and hospital‐acquired pneumonia in patients with acute stroke.MethodsAll patients hospitalized with acute ischemic stroke or intracerebral hemorrhage in a large, urban academic medical center in Boston, Massachusetts from June 2000 to June 2010 who were ≥18 years of age and hospitalized for ≥2 days were eligible for inclusion. Acid‐suppressive medication use was defined as any pharmacy charge for a proton‐pump inhibitor or histamine‐2 receptor antagonist. Multivariate logistic regression was used to control for confounders. The main outcome measure was hospital‐acquired pneumonia, defined via International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification codes.ResultsThe cohort comprised 1,676 admissions. Acid‐suppressive medication was ordered in 1,340 (80%) and hospital‐acquired pneumonia occurred in 289 (17.2%). The unadjusted incidence of hospital‐acquired pneumonia was higher in the group exposed to acid‐suppressive medication compared to those unexposed (20.7% vs 3.6%, odds ratio [OR] = 7.0, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 3.9–12.7). After adjustment, the OR of hospital‐acquired pneumonia in the exposed group was 2.3 (95% CI = 1.2–4.6). The association was significant for proton‐pump inhibitors (OR = 2.7, 95% CI = 1.4–5.4), but not for histamine‐2 receptor antagonists (OR = 1.6, 95% CI = 0.8–3.4).InterpretationIn this large hospital‐based cohort of patients presenting with acute stroke, acid‐suppressive medication use was associated with increased odds of hospital‐acquired pneumonia. Ann Neurol 2014;76:712–718
White matter hyperintensities and hypobaric exposure
Authors: McGuire Stephen A. , Sherman Paul M. , Wijtenburg S. Andrea , Rowland Laura M. , Grogan Patrick M. , Sladky John H. , Robinson Andrew Y. , Kochunov Peter V. 
Published: August 2014

ObjectiveDemonstrate that occupational exposure to nonhypoxic hypobaria is associated with subcortical white matter hyperintensities (WMHs) on fluid‐attenuated inversion recovery magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).MethodsEighty‐three altitude chamber personnel (PHY), 105 U‐2 pilots (U2P), and 148 age‐ controlled and health‐matched doctorate degree controls (DOC) underwent high‐resolution MRI. Subcortical WMH burden was quantified as count and volume of subcortical WMH lesions after transformation of images to the Talairach atlas–based stereotactic frame.ResultsSubcortical WMHs were more prevalent in PHY (volume p = 0.011/count p = 0.019) and U2P (volume p < 0.001/count p < 0.001) when compared to DOC, whereas PHY were not significantly different than U2P.InterpretationThis study provides strong evidence that nonhypoxic hypobaric exposure may induce subcortical WMHs in a young, healthy population lacking other risk factors for WMHs and adds this occupational exposure to other environmentally related potential causes of WMHs. Ann Neurol 2014;76:719–726