bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Antimicrobial Activity of Honey Against Common Equine Wound Isolates
Authors: Carnwath R. , Graham E.M. , Reynolds K. , Pollock P.J. 
Published: September 2013

AimsThe aim of this study was to determine if shop‐bought honey was free from contamination and suitable for use on equine wounds, and to investigate the effect of a number of different types of uncontaminated honey on the growth of equine pathogens.MethodsTwenty‐eight honeys were collected from sources ranging from supermarkets to bee keepers, and were cultured on sheep blood and MacConkey agar. Ten bacteria were collected from equine wounds, these included: methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Streptococcus equi, S. equi subsp. zooepidemicus, Enterococcus faecalis, Acinetobacter baumannii, methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus epidermis (MRSE), Staphylococcus sciuri, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Uncontaminated honey was incorporated into agar at a variety of concentrations and the plates were inoculated with the 10 bacterial isolates.ResultsOf the 28 honeys tested, 18 were contaminated with bacteria and/or fungi including Bacillus sp. and Proteus sp. Of the uncontaminated honeys, 8/11 were effective against all 10 isolates at concentrations from 4 to 16%. Overall, Manuka 20+ and heather honey performed best.ConclusionsThese findings suggest that many honeys have antimicrobial properties, and may be effective in the treatment of wound infections. The concentrations at which honey samples inhibited microbial growth, were typically less than 16%, much lower than is likely to occur at the surface of an infected wound treated with honey.Practical significanceThe use of shop‐bought honey on wounds should be avoided, as contamination with potentially pathogenic microbes appears to be common. Honey sourced within the UK is as, and in some cases more, effective than medical grade honey sourced in New Zealand. In many regions of the world access to expensive antimicrobial drugs are limited; therefore, honey may provide a local, inexpensive alternative.Ethical animal researchStudy approved by University of Glasgow Ethics and Welfare Committee. Sources of funding: Study funded by Glasgow Vet School and Kruuse UK Ltd. Competing interests: None.
Laser Surgery as A Sole Treatment of Histologically Confirmed Equine Sarcoids: Outcome and Risk Factors for Recurrence
Authors: Compston P.C. , Turner T.G. , Payne R.J. 
Published: September 2013

AimsTo evaluate laser surgery as a sole treatment for sarcoid resection; and determine risk factors for recurrence.MethodsHorses included had diode laser surgery to remove ≥1 sarcoid. No previous/concurrent veterinary treatment was administered. Diagnosis was confirmed by histology in all cases. Clinical data were retrieved from the hospital database. Follow‐up information was obtained by telephone questionnaire.ResultsFollow‐up data are currently available for 290 sarcoids, in 73 horses, over 177 horse‐years. Overall recurrence rate was 1.31 sarcoids per 10 horse‐years (95% CI 0.80–2.02). For horses with 1–5 sarcoids, recurrence rate was 0.95 sarcoids per 10 horse‐years (95% CI 0.52–1.62). For each additional sarcoid removed, that horse was 1.24 (odds ratio) as likely to have at least one sarcoid recur (95% CI 1.03–1.50; P<0.001). Initial univariable analyses on this preliminary dataset revealed no risk associated with age, breed, sarcoid location (grouped as lower limb; upper limb/ventral abdomen; body; head and neck), sarcoid size or month of removal (all P>0.05). Horses with mixed‐type sarcoids were more likely to have recurrence than horses with sarcoids of other types (P = 0.007). Time‐to‐recurrence (mean 7.6 months, 99% CI 3.2–11.9) was significantly shorter than follow‐up time for horses without recurrence (mean 30.0 months, 99% CI 19.8–32.1; P<0.001).ConclusionsIf a horse has 5 or less sarcoids removed by laser surgery alone, recurrence will occur in <1 horse every 10 horse‐years. Risk factors for recurrence include number of sarcoids and mixed‐type sarcoid. Recurrence is most likely within 12 months of original surgery. Full time‐to‐event regression analysis is intended.Practical significanceThese preliminary findings indicate laser removal of sarcoids as a sole treatment method carries a high success rate. These results provide evidence‐based support for decision making in equine practice, where sarcoids are the most commonly encountered skin tumour.Ethical animal researchNot required by this Congress: retrospective clinical study. Sources of funding: Polly Compston is supported by the Margaret Giffen Trust. Competing interests: None.
Computed Tomography Validation of the Technique of Diagnostic Local Analgesia of the Caudal Part of the Infraorbital Nerve and Caudal Nasal Nerve Used for the Investigation of Idiopathic Headshaking in Horses
Authors: Wilmink S. , Warren‐Smith C.M.R. , Roberts V.L.H. 
Published: September 2013

IntroductionDiagnostic local analgesia of the caudal portion of the infraorbital nerve (CPIN) and caudal nasal nerve (CNN) is a valuable aid to the diagnosis of idiopathic headshaking in horses. The site of deposition of local anaesthetic has not been verified.AimsTo verify the site of deposition of local anaesthetic in this procedure, and to identify any correlation between accuracy of the technique and operator experience.MethodsThe procedure was performed bilaterally using contrast material on 30 cadaver horse heads by 3 groups of veterinarians and veterinary students with varying levels of experience in the technique. Location of deposition was identified by use of computed tomography (CT).ResultsContrast was deposited around the target site in 53.3% (32/60) of injections. The most experienced operator performed the procedure accurately significantly (P<0.05) more often (80% [16/20]) than did the less and nonexperienced performers (40% [16/40]).ConclusionsA negative response to diagnostic local analgesia of the CPIN and CNN in the investigation of headshaking does not disprove facial pain as the cause of headshaking in that horse. A negative response could arise due to failure to deposit local anaesthetic around the target area. Sufficient experience of performing the procedure decreases the probability of false negative results.Practical significanceClinicians performing diagnostic local analgesia of the CPIN and CNN must be aware of the possibility of false negative results. Experience improves the reliability of results.Ethical animal researchNot required by this Congress. Horse cadaver heads obtained from horses subjected to euthanasia for reasons other than this study were used. Sources of funding: The Langford Trust for Animal Health and Welfare funded this study and Langford Veterinary Services funded the first author's residency training. Competing interests: None.
Does Plasma ACE Level Accurately Reflect the Occurrence of Exercise‐Induced Pulmonary Haemorrhage?
Authors: Richard E.A. , Depecker M. , Leleu C. , Gennevieve V. , Fortier G. , Couroucé‐Malblanc A. , Pitel P.H. 
Published: September 2013

IntroductionExercise‐induced pulmonary haemorrhage (EIPH) is a highly prevalent airway disorder responsible for poor‐performance in horses. While various methodologies are available for diagnosing EIPH, no readily available systemic biomarker has to date been definitively validated. A recent study demonstrated that angiotensin‐converting enzyme (ACE) activity in plasma was increased in horses with higher degrees of haemorrhage, as assessed by post exercise tracheal endoscopy.AimsTo investigate plasma ACE activity in horses suffering previous episodes of EIPH and controls.MethodsVenous blood samples were collected at rest from 121 client‐owned, racing or race‐fit Standardbred racehorses. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) samples were collected from right and left lung, cytocentrifuged and stained with Perl's Prussian blue. Total haemosiderin scores (THS) were calculated for detecting EIPH. According to THS, 36 horses were diagnosed with EIPH and 85 were assigned as controls. The ACE levels were determined on an automated spectrophotometer, using FAPGG as a substrate.ResultsPlasma ACE levels in EIPH‐affected horses (85.1 ± 24.6 u/l) were lower than those of control horses (94.4 ± 24.0 u/l), even if the tendency was not statistically significant (P = 0.056). Within each group of horse (EIPH and control), no significant difference was found for THS between lungs; a significant correlation between right and left BALF being furthermore observed (R = 0.643; P<0.001). No significant correlation was however found between plasma ACE levels and THS of BALF from either left or right lung.Conclusions and practical significanceThis is the first study determining plasma ACE activity in a large population of racehorses at training. Apart from acute pulmonary haemorrhage, these results highlight that previous episodes of EIPH might be associated with a moderate decrease of circulating ACE levels. Further studies are warranted to establish the precise implication of ACE in the physiopathology of EIPH and determine its relevance as a systemic biomarker.Ethical animal researchThis study has been approved by the Regional Animal Ethic Committee and all owners gave consent. Sources of funding: I.F.C.E. (French National Studs) and S.E.C.F. (French Trotters Racing Association). Competing interests: None.
Inflammation, Immunity, Vaccines for Helicobacter pylori infection
Authors: Koch Manuel , Meyer Thomas F. , Moss Steven F. 
Published: September 2013

AbstractOver the last decades, it has become evident that chronic infection by Helicobacter pylori is achieved by colonizing an almost exclusive niche and hiding from many of the host's cellular immune defense mechanisms. Although recent years have seen progress in our understanding of the innate and adaptive immune response against H. pylori, it is still uncertain how to promote the development of immunity with the final goal of a successful vaccine. Research published in the last year revealed an intriguing mutual regulation of innate response mechanisms of mucosal epithelial cells by the host and H. pylori, respectively. A further focus was put on the interaction between H. pylori and dendritic cells, with some emphasis on the inflammasome and the resulting T‐cell responses. Moreover, the function of microRNAs in macrophages and gastric MALT lymphoma development has been studied in more detail. Several novel antigens and adjuvants have been tested as vaccination strategies, primarily in mice. In this review, we present a concise summary of advances in the area of inflammation, immunity, and vaccines during the last twelve months.
Was There Ever a Lending Channel?
Authors: Fama Eugene F. 
Published: September 2013

AbstractThe lending channel model posits that control of deposits that have reserve requirements allows the Fed to constrain the loans to businesses and consumers that are the comparative advantage of banks. The constraint works because banks do not use traded assets and liabilities with no reserve requirements to offset the effects of variation in deposits on loans. The results presented here are more consistent with an alternative model in which profit‐maximising banks vary traded assets and liabilities with and without reserve requirements to exercise profit opportunities in loans and so shield them from the Fed.
IDIOSYNCRATIC RISK PREMIA AND MOMENTUM
Authors: Chichernea Doina C. , Slezak Steve L. 
Published: September 2013

AbstractTheory predicts that in the presence of incomplete information, underdiversified investors will demand idiosyncratic risk premia (IRP) as compensation for idiosyncratic volatility (IV). We estimate IV and IRP at the individual stock level and document the extent to which momentum profits can be explained by cross‐sectional variation in IRP. We show that a large portion of momentum profits can be explained by cross‐sectional variation in IRP and that, as predicted by theory, variations in both momentum profits and IRP are related to the ratio of firm size to investor base. However, significant momentum profits in low‐IV securities cannot be explained by cross‐sectional variation in IRP.
Why do nurses intend to leave their organization? A large‐scale analysis in long‐term care
Authors: Tummers Lars G. , Groeneveld Sandra M. , Lankhaar Marcel 
Published: September 2013

AbstractAimTo analyse the impact of six job characteristics on the intention of nurses to leave their organization, specifically focusing on long‐term care settings: nursing homes, care homes and home care.BackgroundWhen nurses leave their organization, this can negatively affect organizational performance. Organizations have to recruit new nurses and tacit knowledge is lost. Furthermore, organizational turnover could contribute to the nursing shortage, which will increasingly become a problem given the ageing population. This article adds to the literature, given: (a) its focus on long‐term care; and (b) by explicating the differences between nursing and care homes (intramural) on one hand and home care (extramural) on the other.DesignSurvey.MethodSurvey of 9982 nurses in 156 Dutch organizations in 2010–2011, 6321 nurses in nursing and care homes and 3661 nurses working in home care, based on the ActiZ Benchmark in Healthcare.ResultsFirst, the most important reason for nurses’ intention to leave is insufficient development and career opportunities. Secondly, a negative working atmosphere strongly influenced intention to leave. The impact of the working atmosphere is not often examined in the literature. However, this research shows that it is an important reason. Thirdly, intention to leave is partly context dependent. More specifically, when nurses in home care felt that their autonomy was reduced, this strongly influenced their intention to leave, although this was not the case for nurses working in nursing and care homes.ConclusionThis article provides guidelines for organizations on how to retain their nurses.
Researching IT in education
Authors: Cox M.J. , Niederhauser D.S. , Castillo N. , McDougall A.B. , Sakamoto T. , Roesvik S. 
Published: September 2013

AbstractMany regions around the world are experiencing a gradual paradigm shift away from information technology (IT) use that complements traditional teaching and towards embedded IT use in E‐learning that is ubiquitous and pervasive. This has been conceptualized in this article using a framework depicting the affects of these shifts on learning environments that may change schooling and impact society. These trends provide new challenges for educational researchers at national and international levels, requiring attention to the interrelationships among the various components in an educational system. New evidence, which builds on earlier claims of an increasing digital divide between developing and developed countries, has shown that this phenomenon is much more complex than was previously thought. We suggest that a promising way to maximize the knowledge and impact of researching IT in education is to establish longitudinal programmatic research sustained through the establishment of E‐learning observatories, which can bring together expertise across a range of disciplines. A major challenge in forming a clear and coherent strategy for researching IT in education lies in the fact that there are multiple stakeholders with differing aims, goals and objectives. Therefore, reciprocal relationships are needed in which practice informs research and research informs practice with support and guidance from policymakers.
Contribution of the ear and the flag leaf to grain filling in durum wheat inferred from the carbon isotope signature: Genotypic and growing conditions effects
Authors: Sanchez‐Bragado Rut , Elazab Abdelhalim , Zhou Bangwei , Serret Maria Dolors , Bort Jordi , Nieto‐Taladriz Maria Teresa , Araus José Luis 
Published: September 2013

AbstractThe ear, together with the flag leaf, is believed to play a major role as a source of assimilates during grain filling in C3 cereals. However, the intrusive nature of most of the available methodologies prevents reaching conclusive results in this regard. This study compares the carbon isotope composition (δ13C) in its natural abundance in the water‐soluble fractions of the flag leaf blade and the ear with the δ13C of mature kernels to assess the relative contribution of both organs to grain filling in durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. var. durum). The relative contribution of the ear was higher in landraces compared to modern cultivars, as well as in response to nitrogen fertilization and water stress. Such genotypic and environmentally driven differences were associated with changes in harvest index (HI), with the relative contribution of the ear being negatively associated with HI. In the case of the genotypic differences, the lower relative contribution of the ear in modern cultivars compared with landraces is probably associated with the appearance in the former of a certain amount of source limitation driven by a higher HI. In fact, the relative contribution of the ear was far more responsive to changes in HI in modern cultivars compared with landraces.
Angiographic Perfusion Imaging: Real‐Time Assessment of Endovascular Treatment for Cerebral Vasospasm
Authors: Levitt Michael R. , Morton Ryan P. , Haynor David R. , Cohen Wendy , Ghodke Basavaraj V. , Hallam Danial K. , Kim Louis J. , Fink Kathleen R. 
Published: September 2013

ABSTRACTBACKGROUND AND PURPOSECerebral perfusion analysis is useful in the diagnosis and treatment of cerebral vasospasm. A new modality of real‐time cerebral perfusion imaging and analysis has been developed using standard 2‐dimensional angiography. We report our initial experience with this technique to assess response to therapy during endovascular vasospasm procedures.METHODSColorized angiographic perfusion maps were obtained immediately before and after endovascular vasospasm treatment. Semiquantitative perfusion parameters (cerebral blood flow, cerebral blood volume, mean transit time, and time to peak) were calculated from time‐density curves obtained from intraarterial contrast injection. The effects of intraarterial vasospasm therapy were assessed.RESULTSEight vascular territories in 4 patients with vasospasm underwent interventional angiography and angiographic perfusion analysis. Pretreatment perfusion maps demonstrated variable perfusion deficits in specific vascular territories. After endovascular treatment in 6 vessels, improvement was seen to varying degrees in both angiographic appearance and perfusion parameters. Clinical improvement and reduction in transcranial Doppler velocity was also observed.CONCLUSIONSReal‐time angiographic perfusion imaging is feasible during endovascular procedures for vasospasm. Perfusion analysis may aid in assessment of efficacy of the intervention. Comparison with traditional perfusion imaging is needed to validate this technique.
White Matter Changes in Patients with Friedreich Ataxia after Treatment with Erythropoietin
Authors: Egger Karl , Clemm von Hohenberg Christian , Schocke Michael F. , Guttmann Charles R.G. , Wassermann Demian , Wigand Marlene C. , Nachbauer Wolfgang , Kremser Christian , Sturm Brigitte , Scheiber‐Mojdehkar Barbara , Kubicki Marek , Shenton Martha E. , Boesch Sylvia 
Published: September 2013

ABSTRACTBACKGROUND AND PURPOSEErythropoietin (EPO) has received growing attention because of its neuroregenerative properties. Preclinical and clinical evidence supports its therapeutic potential in brain conditions like stroke, multiple sclerosis, and schizophrenia. Also, in Friedreich ataxia, clinical improvement after EPO therapy was shown. The aim of this study was to assess possible therapy‐associated brain white matter changes in these patients.METHODSNine patients with Friedreich ataxia underwent Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) before and after EPO treatment. Tract‐based spatial statistics was used for longitudinal comparison.RESULTSWe detected widespread longitudinal increase in fractional anisotropy and axial diffusivity (D||) in cerebral hemispheres bilaterally (P < .05, corrected), while no changes were observed within the cerebellum, medulla oblongata, and pons.CONCLUSIONSTo the best of our knowledge, this is the first DTI study to investigate the effects of EPO in a neurodegenerative disease. Anatomically, the diffusivity changes appear disease unspecific, and their biological underpinnings deserve further study.
Determinants of Radicalization of Islamic Youth in the Netherlands: Personal Uncertainty, Perceived Injustice, and Perceived Group Threat
Authors: Doosje Bertjan , Loseman Annemarie , van den Bos Kees 
Published: September 2013

In this study among Dutch Muslim youth (N = 131), we focus on the process of radicalization. We hypothesize that this process is driven by three main factors: (a) personal uncertainty, (b) perceived injustice, and (c) perceived group threat. Using structural equation modeling, we demonstrate that personal uncertainty, perceived injustice, and group‐threat factors are important determinants of a radical belief system (e.g., perceived superiority of Muslims, perceived illegitimacy of Dutch authorities, perceived distance to others, and a feeling of being disconnected from society). This radical belief system in turn predicts attitudes toward violence by other Muslims, which is a determinant of own violent intentions. Results are discussed in terms of the role of individual and group‐based determinants of radicalization.
Expression and function of NIK‐ and IKK2‐binding protein (NIBP) in mouse enteric nervous system
Authors: Zhang Y. , Bitner D. , Pontes Filho A. A. , Li F. , Liu S. , Wang H. , Yang F. , Adhikari S. , Gordon J. , Srinivasan S. , Hu W. 
Published: September 2013

AbstractBackgroundNIK‐ and IKK2‐binding protein (NIBP)/TRAPPC9 is expressed in brain neurons, and human NIBP mutations are associated with neurodevelopmental disorders. The cellular distribution and function of NIBP in the enteric nervous system (ENS) remain unknown.MethodsWestern blot and reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction analysis were used respectively to identify the protein and mRNA expression of NIBP and other neuronal markers. Multi‐labeled immunofluorescent microscopy and confocal image analysis were used to examine the cellular distribution of NIBP‐like immunoreactivity (IR) in whole mount intestine. Enteric neuronal cell line (ENC) was infected with lentivirus carrying NIBP or its shRNA expression vectors and treated with vehicle or tumor necrosis factor (TNF)α.Key ResultsNIBP is expressed at both mRNA and protein levels in different regions and layers of the mouse intestine. NIBP‐like‐IR was co‐localized with various neuronal markers, but not with glial, smooth muscular, or interstitial cells of Cajal markers. A small population of NIBP‐expressing cells and fibers in extra‐ganglionic and intra‐ganglionic area were negative for pan‐neuronal markers HuD or Peripherin. Relatively high NIBP‐like‐IR was found in 35–44% of myenteric neurons and 9–10% of submucosal neurons. Approximately 98%, 87%, and 43% of these relatively high NIBP‐expressing neurons were positive for choline acetyltransferase, neuronal nitric oxide synthase and Calretinin, respectively. NIBP shRNA knockdown in ENC inhibited TNFα‐induced NFκB activation and neuronal differentiation, whereas NIBP overexpression promoted it.Conclusions & InferencesNIBP is extensively expressed in the ENS with relatively high level in a subpopulation of enteric neurons. Various NIBP expression levels in different neurons may represent dynamic trafficking or posttranslational modification of NIBP in some functionally active neurons and ultimately regulate ENS plasticity.