bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Increased freezing and decreased positive affect in postinstitutionalized children
Authors: Stellern Sarah , Esposito Elisa , Mliner Shanna , Pears Katherine , Gunnar Megan 
Published: July 2013

BackgroundEarly neglect is associated with increased risk of internalizing disorders in humans and with increased fear behavior in animals. When children are adopted out of orphanages in which they experienced institutional neglect, anxiety and depressive disorders often are not seen until adolescence. What has not been examined is whether even young children adopted from institutional care exhibit heightened fear or behavioral inhibition.MethodChildren adopted between 15 and 35 months from institutional care were examined twice during their first year postadoption and compared with children of the same age reared in their birth families. A modified version of the Laboratory Temperament Assessment Battery for Preschoolers was used with the children being exposed to two mechanical toys designed to be highly arousing and fear eliciting. Because children in institutions tend to exhibit low levels of positive affect, the children were also examined during exposure to two positive stimuli. Sessions were videotaped and coded by observers blind to the study purpose.ResultsPostinstitutionalized children froze more in fear vignettes and were less positive in both fear and positive vignettes than nonadopted children. Group differences did not diminish significantly from the first session to the next, 6 months later.ConclusionsChildren exposed to early institutional neglect exhibit emotional biases that are consistent with their previously demonstrated risk for the development of internalizing disorders.
Combined approaches using sex pheromone and pear ester for behavioural disruption of codling moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)
Authors: Knight A. L. , Light D. M. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractAttractive properties of pear ester, ethyl (E,Z)‐2,4‐decadienoate, and codlemone, (E,E)‐8,10‐dodecadien‐1‐ol, the sex pheromone of codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.), were utilized in experiments on behavioural disruption of mating. Standard dispensers loaded with codlemone alone or in combination with pear ester (combo) were applied at 500–1000/ha. Larger (10‐fold) combo dispensers (Meso) were evaluated at a rate of 80/ha. The addition of microencapsulated pear ester, PE‐MEC, sprayed with insecticides at 30 ml/ha was also evaluated. Male moth catches in unmated female‐baited traps were lower in standard combo dispenser than in codlemone dispenser–treated plots. Female moth catch in traps baited with the combination of pear ester, codlemone and acetic acid was lower in standard combo dispenser than in codlemone dispenser–treated plots. In 12 comparative experiments spanning from 2006 to 2012, male moth catch in unmated female‐baited traps was consistently and significantly lower in combo than in codlemone dispenser–treated plots. Male catch in codlemone‐baited traps did not differ between dispenser treatments in eight studies from 2006 to 2009. These results emphasize the benefit of alternatively using traps baited with unmated females over codlemone lures for the analysis of dispenser activity. Fruit injury was significantly reduced with the addition of PE‐MEC to insecticide applications across untreated and dispenser treatments. Proportion of unmated females trapped was higher in standard combo dispenser than in codlemone dispenser–treated and untreated plots. Similarly, the proportion of unmated females caught was higher in the Meso combo dispenser than in nearby or distant codlemone dispenser–treated plots. These field studies conducted in apple over 3 years demonstrate that adding pear ester both to pheromone dispensers, either standard or Meso, and to supplementary insecticide sprays can provide a significant increase in the disruption of sexual communication, reductions in female mating and reductions in fruit injury.
Loss of bone marrow NK cells during SIV infection is associated with increased turnover rates and cytotoxicity but not changes in trafficking
Authors: Li Haiying , Evans Tristan I. , Reeves R. Keith 
Published: July 2013

AbstractBackgroundHIV and SIV infections induce NK cell dysfunction and hematopoietic defects in the bone marrow, but the effects of infection on bone marrow NK cell development and function are unknown.MethodsBone marrow NK cells were analyzed from both naïve and chronically SIV‐infected rhesus macaques using polychromatic flow cytometry.ResultsNK cell frequencies were reduced in infected compared with naïve animals, associated with increased apoptosis. Bone marrow NK cells from SIV‐infected macaques upregulated perforin expression, suggesting increased cytotoxicity, and shifted toward a more mature CD16+ NK cell subpopulation phenotype. Unexpectedly, expression of the trafficking markers α4β7, CCR7, and CD62L was unchanged on bone marrow NK cells during SIV infection.ConclusionThese data demonstrate that during SIV infection, bone marrow NK cells are reduced in number, but upregulate cytotoxic functions. Furthermore, our data suggest acquired cytotoxicity and loss may be due to in situ NK cell differentiation and not emigration.
Interleukin‐1β orchestrates underlying inflammatory responses in microglia via Krüppel‐like factor 4
Authors: Kaushik Deepak K. , Thounaojam Menaka C. , Kumawat Kanhaiya L. , Gupta Malvika , Basu Anirban 
Published: July 2013

AbstractMicroglia are the resident macrophages of the CNS, which secrete several pro‐ and anti‐inflammatory cyto‐chemokines including interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β), in response to pathogenic stimuli. Once secreted, IL‐1β binds to IL‐1 receptor present on microglia and initiates the production of inflammatory cytokines in microglia. However, the detailed information regarding the molecular mechanisms of IL‐1β triggered inflammatory pathways in microglia is lacking. Our studies focused on the role of Krüppel‐like factor 4 (Klf4) in mediating the regulation of pro‐inflammatory gene expression upon IL‐1β stimulation in microglia. Our studies show that stimulation of microglia with IL‐1β robustly induces Klf4 via PI3K/Akt pathway which positively regulates the production of endogenous IL‐1β as well as other pro‐inflammatory markers, cyclooxygenase‐2, monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1 and interleukin‐6 (IL‐6). In addition, we report that Klf4 negatively regulates the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase, thereby playing a key role in regulating the immunomodulatory activities of microglia.
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IL‐1β is a potent pro‐inflammatory cytokine which regulates inflammation in brain via activation of microglia. In this regard, we unravelled mechanisms for IL‐1β mediated regulation of downstream Cox‐2, iNOS (inducible nitric oxide synthase) as well as other cyto‐chemokines in microglia and have established a role for Klf4 in mediating microglial activation. We further report that Klf4 mediates the production of endogenous IL‐1β in response to exogenous IL‐1β stimulation. We hereby propose a novel transcription factor underlying IL‐1β mediated modulation of inflammation in the CNS.
Injection Anxiety and Pain in Men Using Intracavernosal Injection Therapy After Radical Pelvic Surgery
Authors: Nelson Christian J. , Hsiao Wayland , Balk Eliana , Narus Joseph , Tal Raanan , Bennett Nelson E. , Mulhall John P. 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Intracavernosal injection (ICI) therapy is a well-recognized treatment strategy with high success rates for men with erectile dysfunction. Despite this, injection anxiety and pain related to injection are significant barriers to its use.

Aims
This study aims to examine injection anxiety and injection pain in patients using ICI.

Methods
Men starting ICI therapy post radical pelvic surgery completed questionnaires at initial visit, at each of the two ICI training sessions and at a 4-month follow-up visit.

Main Outcome Measures
Injection Anxiety Scale, Injection Pain Scale, Injection Reaction Inventory, and the Erectile Function Domain of the International Index of Erectile Function.

Results
Average age of the 68 men was 60 ± 8 years. At 4 months, the self-reported frequency of ICI use was: 29% &lt;1/week, 26% 1/week, 40% 2/week, and 5% 3/week. Mean injection anxiety score at first injection was 5.7 ± 2.8 (range 0–10) and significantly decreased to a 4.1 ± 3 at 4 months (P &lt; 0.001). At first injection, 65% reported high injection anxiety (≥5) and this significantly decreased to 42% (P = 0.003) at 4 months. Anxiety at first injection was negatively related to ICI frequency at 4 months (r = −0.23, P = 0.08). Mean injection pain score at first injection was low (2.2 ± 1.8, range 0–10) and 59% rated injection pain ≤2. Injection pain remained consistent across time periods. At first injection, injection anxiety (assessed prior to injection) was related to injection pain (r = 0.21, P = 0.04) and subjects (n = 21) who reported high injection anxiety (≥5) across time points, reported an increase in injection pain scores from first injection to 4 months (2.7 vs. 3.7, P = 0.05).

Conclusions
Although injection anxiety decreased with ICI use, mean injection anxiety remained at a moderate level (4.4) and 42% of men continued to report “high” injection anxiety at 4 months. While injection pain was low, injection anxiety and pain were related. These data suggest the need for a psychological intervention to help lower injection anxiety related to ICI.
Sexual Function and Long-Term Results Following Vaginal Reconstruction with Free Vascular Jejunal Flap
Authors: Erman Akar Münire , Özkan Ömer , Özkan Özlenen , Colak Taner , Gecici Omer 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Sexual adjustment and long-term results following vaginal reconstruction with free vascular jejunal flap are not well known.

Aims
The study aims to investigate sexual adjustment and long-term results among patients who underwent vaginal reconstruction with free vascular jejunal flap.

Methods
A total of 34 women, aged 16–31 years (mean 23.5), who underwent vaginal reconstruction with a vascular jejunal flap between 2005 and 2011 were evaluated. Indications for reconstruction included the following: Mayer Rokitansky Kuster Hauser syndrome (29 patients), isolated vaginal agenesis (2 patients), androgen insensitivity syndrome (2 patients), and (1) history of gynecologic-oncologic surgery.

Main Outcome Measures
The study evaluates the perioperative results, complications, satisfaction with sexual function, length and width of the neovagina.

Results
All of the surgeries were completed without any intraoperative complications. Three patients required reoperation because of postoperative venous compromise in the grafts. The flap success rate was 100%, and no infection was observed for any case. The mean follow-up was 50 months (between 20 and 87 months). The mean vaginal depth and diameter were satisfactory for all cases. Postoperatively, six patients complained of jejunal hypersecretion, one patient complained of mucosal prolapse, and one patient complained of vaginal constriction. The neovaginal prolapse was repaired via minor surgery. Twenty-seven were married and sexually active. Twenty patients completed the questionnaire on sexual function. Sexual function was assessed using the Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI). Eleven patients were satisfied with their sexual lives after surgery (FSFI scores ≥ 25).

Conclusion
Based on our results, satisfactory sexual function was achieved using the free jejunal vascular flap.
Effects of Yoga on Sexual Function in Women with Metabolic Syndrome: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Kim Ha-Na , Ryu Jungsu , Kim Kyung-Soo , Song Sang-Wook 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Female sexual dysfunction is an important public health issue; it has a high global prevalence, but no effective and safe treatment options. The prevalence of sexual dysfunction is higher in women with metabolic syndrome than in the general population.

Aim
The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of yoga as a treatment for sexual dysfunction in women with metabolic syndrome.

Methods
In this randomized, controlled study, 41 women with metabolic syndrome (age 30–60 years) were assigned to a 12-week yoga exercise group (n = 20) or a wait-listed control group (n = 21).

Main Outcome Measures
Primary end points were changes in total and individual domain scores on the Female Sexual Function Index.

Results
The 12-week yoga intervention resulted in significant improvement in arousal (0.74 ± 1.18 vs. 0.16 ± 0.82, respectively; P = 0.042) and lubrication (0.72 ± 1.12 vs. 0.06 ± 0.87, respectively; P = 0.008) compared with the control group. Systolic blood pressure showed significantly greater improvement in the yoga group than in the control group at the 12-week follow up (−3.5 ± 13.7 vs. 2.0 ± 14.7, respectively; P = 0.040).

Conclusion
These findings suggest that yoga may be an effective treatment for sexual dysfunction in women with metabolic syndrome as well as for metabolic risk factors.
The relationship of alcohol use and physical activity from an ecologic perspective
Authors: Bigelow April , Villarruel Antonia , Ronis David L. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractPurposeTo determine the predictors of alcohol use (AU) and their relationship to physical activity (PA) among adolescents and to examine differences among groups using an ecologic model.Design and MethodsCross sectional secondary analysis of 11,432 adolescents (51% 8th and 49% 10th graders).ResultsAttitude, perception of risk, and academic performance were the strongest predictors ofAU.PAdid not moderate, but it had a positive influence onAUin 10th graders. Differences were observed among groups.Practice ImplicationsNurses can address individual and school factors in an effort to decreaseAUand guide nurses in creating an individualized plan.
Hepatic steatosis in diabetic patients does not predict adverse liver‐related or cardiovascular outcomes
Authors: Dunn Michael A. , Behari Jaideep , Rogal Shari S. , O'Connell Michael R. , Furlan Alessandro , Aghayev Ayaz , Gumus Serter , Saul Melissa I. , Bae Kyongtae T. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractBackground & AimsSteatosis is a defining feature of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). However, evidence that severity of steatosis can predict adverse outcomes in NAFLD or nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is lacking. The aim of this study was to determine whether steatosis assessed by computed tomography (CT) imaging predicts adverse outcomes in diabetic patients at risk for NAFLD/NASH.MethodsWe studied deaths, liver‐related and cardiovascular adverse outcomes in a 5‐year retrospective observational cohort of 2343 type 2 diabetic patients in a large care network who had noncontrast CT imaging for clinical indications. We measured steatosis by subtraction of spleen from liver attenuation, a method that showed low sensitivity (0.417) and high specificity (0.882) compared with histopathological scoring. We evaluated outcomes prediction using multivariate Cox proportional hazards modelling of steatosis both as a categorical (≥30%) and continuous variable.ResultsSteatosis ≥30% was present in 233 (9.9%) of the cohort at baseline. Over 5 years, there were 372 total deaths, 18 liver‐related and 99 cardiovascular deaths, 48 liver transplants, 51 occurrences of hepatic encephalopathy, 41 hepatocellular carcinomas, 653 myocardial infarctions, 66 strokes, 180 occurrences of angina, 735 occurrences of arrhythmia and 772 occurrences of congestive heart failure. Steatosis had no predictive value for any adverse outcome. Patients with steatosis averaged 8 years younger than those without it. Age had a strong covariate influence on occurrence of total deaths, cardiovascular deaths, myocardial infarctions, arrhythmias and congestive heart failure.ConclusionAlthough steatosis on imaging is often the abnormality that triggers diagnosis and assessment of NAFLD/NASH, it lacks predictive value for adverse clinical outcomes.
Mg and Si isotopic fractionation patterns in types B1 and B2 CAIs: Implications for formation under different nebular conditions
Authors: Bullock Emma S. , Knight Kim B. , Richter Frank M. , Kita Noriko T. , Ushikubo Takayuki , MacPherson Glenn J. , Davis Andrew M. , Mendybaev Ruslan A. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractMagnesium and silicon isotopic profiles across melilite grains in two type B1 and two type B2 calcium‐aluminum‐rich inclusions (CAIs) reveal differing but constant enrichments in heavy isotopes everywhere except ≤1000 μm from the CAI margins. There is no close correlation in the B1s or the B2s between isotopic composition and åkermanite content of the melilite, a measure of progressive igneous crystallization, yet such a correlation might be expected in a type B2: without a melilite mantle (as in B1s) to seal the interior off and prevent further evaporation, the melt would have maintained communication with the external gas. These observations indicate a model in which B1s and B2s solidified under differing conditions. The B2s solidified under lower hydrogen pressures ( ≤ 10−4 – 10−5 bars) than did B1s ( > 10−4 bars), so surface volatilization was slower in the B2s and internal chemical and isotopic equilibrium was maintained over the interval of melilite crystallization. The outermost zones of the CAIs (≤1000 μm from the edge) are not consistently enriched in heavy isotopes relative to the interiors, as might be expected from diffusion‐limited surface evaporation of the melt. In all cases, the magnesium in the CAI margins is lighter than in the interiors. In one case, silicon in the margin also is lighter, but locally in some CAIs, it is isotopically heavier near the surface. If melt evaporation played a role in the formation of these outer zones, a later event in many cases caused isotopic re‐equilibration with an external and isotopically near‐normal reservoir.
Specificity and stability of the Acromyrmex–Pseudonocardia symbiosis
Authors: Andersen S. B. , Hansen L. H. , Sapountzis P. , Sørensen S. J. , Boomsma J. J. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractThe stability of mutualistic interactions is likely to be affected by the genetic diversity of symbionts that compete for the same functional niche. Fungus‐growing (attine) ants have multiple complex symbioses and thus provide ample opportunities to address questions of symbiont specificity and diversity. Among the partners are Actinobacteria of the genus Pseudonocardia that are maintained on the ant cuticle to produce antibiotics, primarily against a fungal parasite of the mutualistic gardens. The symbiosis has been assumed to be a hallmark of evolutionary stability, but this notion has been challenged by culturing and sequencing data indicating an unpredictably high diversity. We used 454 pyrosequencing of 16S rRNA to estimate the diversity of the cuticular bacterial community of the leaf‐cutting ant Acromyrmex echinatior and other fungus‐growing ants from Gamboa, Panama. Both field and laboratory samples of the same colonies were collected, the latter after colonies had been kept under laboratory conditions for up to 10 years. We show that bacterial communities are highly colony‐specific and stable over time. The majority of colonies (25/26) had a single dominant Pseudonocardia strain, and only two strains were found in the Gamboa population across 17 years, confirming an earlier study. The microbial community on newly hatched ants consisted almost exclusively of a single strain of Pseudonocardia while other Actinobacteria were identified on older, foraging ants in varying but usually much lower abundances. These findings are consistent with recent theory predicting that mixtures of antibiotic‐producing bacteria can remain mutualistic when dominated by a single vertically transmitted and resource‐demanding strain.
Extending the Arabidopsis flowering paradigm to a mass flowering phenomenon in the tropics
Authors: Weston David J. , Wullschleger Stan D. , Tuskan Gerald A. 
Published: July 2013

Flowering time is a critical life history trait, one that is shaped by evolution to maximize fecundity, reproductive success and fitness (Amasino ). This is especially true of annual plants where the cycle of floral initiation, pollination and seed production occur at regular intervals to ensure the survival of the species. In long‐lived perennials, however, flowering can be an intermittent phenomenon and thus a challenge to understand. In this issue of Molecular Ecology, Kobayashi et al. () tackle this particular challenge by applying modern‐day molecular techniques to the ‘spectacular and mysterious’ mass flowering that takes places in mixed dipterocarp forests of South‐East Asia. Here, amidst an almost unimaginable diversity of forbs, shrubs and trees, these authors used next‐generation sequencing technology to characterize what they refer to as the ‘ecological transcriptome’ in an attempt to glimpse into the functional genomic reprogramming of Shorea beccariana at pre‐ and postflowering developmental transitions. They encountered many of the challenges that are often underappreciated yet typical for tropical ecological research including sample collection within a ~40‐m high tree canopy, unpredictable flowering intervals and determining the most appropriate preflowering state for sampling. Despite these challenges, the authors were able to integrate gene ontology relationships with gene‐clustering algorithms and environmental data to support the hypothesis that drought is a key trigger for flowering in S. beccariana. The cloning and transgenic expression of selected S. beccariana genes to corroborate presumed protein function is a key feature of their work and seldom applied within an ecological framework. As illustrated by Kobayashi et al. (), the inclusion of molecular biology, genomics and bioinformatics has the potential to shed light on long‐standing questions of ecological concern.
Features governing symbiont persistence in the squid–vibrio association
Authors: Koch Eric J. , Miyashiro Tim , McFall‐Ngai Margaret J. , Ruby Edward G. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractExperimental studies of the interaction between host and symbiont in a maturing symbiotic organ have presented a challenge for most animal–bacterial associations. Advances in the rearing of the host squid Euprymna scolopes have enabled us to explore the relationship between a defect in symbiont light production and late‐stage development (e.g. symbiont persistence and tissue morphogenesis) by experimental colonization with specific strains of the symbiont Vibrio fischeri. During the first 4 weeks postinoculation of juvenile squid, the population of wild‐type V. fischeri increased 100‐fold; in contrast, a strain defective in light production (Δlux) colonized normally the first day, but exhibited an exponential decline to undetectable levels over subsequent weeks. Co‐colonization of organs by both strains affected neither the trajectory of colonization by wild type nor the decline of Δlux levels. Uninfected animals retained the ability to be colonized for at least 2 weeks posthatch. However, once colonized by the wild‐type strain for 5 days, a subsequent experimentally induced loss of the symbionts could not be followed by a successful recolonization, indicating the host's entry into a refractory state. However, animals colonized by the Δlux before the loss of their symbionts were receptive to recolonization. Analyses of animals colonized with either a wild‐type or a Δlux strain revealed slight, if any, differences in the developmental regression of the ciliated light‐organ tissues that facilitate the colonization process. Thus, some other feature(s) of the Δlux strain's defect also may be responsible for its inability to persist, and its failure to induce a refractory state in the host.