bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Charmed by China? Popular Perceptions of Chinese Influence in Asia
Authors: NELSON TRAVIS , CARLSON MATTHEW 
Published: November 2012

AbstractChinese influence in Asia is complicated by many factors. There are those who argue that China's growing military and economic power make this influence an automatic threat, while others maintain that China's recent attempts at a ‘charm offensive’ mute this threat and have succeeded in creating a positive image for many of its regional neighbors. Drawing on survey data collected across 23 countries, we enter this debate by asking what individuals in and across Asia think about Chinese influence. Do they see this influence as positive or negative? What factors at the individual and national levels most clearly shape their perceptions? Using multilevel statistical analysis, we find that Asian opinions of Chinese influence are on the whole quite positive and are influenced by a range of factors, including foreign policy interest, national identification, foreign contact, and recent military conflict.
Who's Afraid of the Dragon? Asian Mass Publics’ Perceptions of China's Influence
Authors: LINLEY MATTHEW , REILLY JAMES , GOLDSMITH BENJAMIN E. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractIn what countries and among which individuals in Asia is China's influence seen as least favorable? Drawing upon AsiaBarometer survey data from 12 Asian societies between 2006 and 2008, this study tests a series of hypotheses aimed at identifying those variables that most consistently predict individuals’ perceptions of China. With the exceptions of Japan, South Korea, Taiwan and Vietnam, a clear plurality or a majority of respondents in each polity views China's influence positively. Concerns about domestic economic management were most consistently associated with perceptions of China that are more unfavorable, while greater levels of contact with the Chinese film and television culture were consistently associated with perceptions of China that are more favorable. These results suggest that China is more likely to be seen as an economic rather than military threat by Asian publics, and that Asia may prove responsive to a nuanced soft power campaign by Beijing in the future.
Characteristics of the plasma distribution in Mercury's equatorial magnetosphere derived from MESSENGER Magnetometer observations
Authors: Korth Haje , Anderson Brian J. , Johnson Catherine L. , Winslow Reka M. , Slavin James A. , Purucker Michael E. , Solomon Sean C. , McNutt Ralph L. 
Published: November 2012

Localized reductions in the magnetic field associated with plasma pressure in Mercury's magnetospheric cusp and nightside plasma sheet have been routinely observed by the Magnetometer on the MErcury Surface, Space ENvironment, GEochemistry and Ranging (MESSENGER) spacecraft. We present a statistical analysis of near‐equatorial magnetic depressions to derive the structure of Mercury's plasma sheet pressure. Because the plasma pressure in the magnetosphere correlates with solar wind density, the pressures were normalized to a Mercury heliocentric distance of 0.39 AU. A model magnetic field was used to map observations obtained on the ascending and descending orbit nodes to the magnetic equator and revealed the presence of plasma in a toroidal section extending on the nightside from dusk to dawn. Mapping the data to invariant magnetic latitude shows that the pressure is symmetric about the magnetic equator. The average pressure normalized for heliocentric distance is 1.45 nPa and exhibits a weak, 0.05 nPa/h, dusk‐to‐dawn gradient with local time. The plasma sheet pressure can vary between successive orbits by an order of magnitude. Unlike the predictions of some global simulations of Mercury's magnetosphere, the plasma enhancements do not form a closed distribution around the planet. This difference may arise from the idealized solar wind and interplanetary magnetic field conditions used in the simulations, which maximize the size and stability of the magnetosphere, thus promoting the formation of drift paths that close around the planet. For typical plasma sheet energies, 5 keV, the first adiabatic invariant for protons fails to be conserved even within 500 km altitude at midnight, implying that stochastic processes must be considered in plasma sheet transport.
Noting and other language management processes of a learner of Japanese in his bilingual social networks
Authors: Kurata Naomi 
Published: November 2012

This case study examines the language problems that are noted and further managed by a Japanese language learner studying at an Australian university. Through the use of interviews as well as the analysis of the learner’s natural conversation, the study mainly focuses on some major factors that affect these management processes. To date, there has been little research on noting and other management processes in out-of-class natural contexts, in particular that on presentational problems noted by foreign language learners. Utilising an approach that incorporates language management theory and activity theory, this study reveals that these problems seem to be perceived and managed seriously by the learner in his conversation.
The findings also indicate that one of the major factors that affect the learner’s language management processes is a contradiction that emerges between two activities of the communities where the learner and his interactants are situated. This contradiction, in turn, seems to lead to a number of other contradictions between the three interactants’ goals of the conversation, which possibly affect the learner’s evaluations of language deviations and consequent adjustments in complex ways. Other factors include the learner’s L2 use history, such as formal Japanese study, which might contribute to his correctness-oriented approach, and the strength of indication of each participant’s preference for English or Japanese.
Incorporating Movement Patterns to Improve Survival Estimates for Juvenile Bull Trout
Authors: Bowerman Tracy , Budy Phaedra 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
Populations of many fish species are sensitive to changes in vital rates during early life stages, but our understanding of the factors affecting growth, survival, and movement patterns is often extremely limited for juvenile fish. These critical information gaps are particularly evident for bull trout Salvelinus confluentus, a threatened Pacific Northwest char. We combined several active and passive mark–recapture and resight techniques to assess migration rates and estimate survival for juvenile bull trout (70–170 mm total length). We evaluated the relative performance of multiple survival estimation techniques by comparing results from a common Cormack–Jolly–Seber (CJS) model, the less widely used Barker model, and a simple return rate (an index of survival). Juvenile bull trout of all sizes emigrated from their natal habitat throughout the year, and thereafter migrated up to 50 km downstream. With the CJS model, high emigration rates led to an extreme underestimate of apparent survival, a combined estimate of site fidelity and survival. In contrast, the Barker model, which allows survival and emigration to be modeled as separate parameters, produced estimates of survival that were much less biased than the return rate. Estimates of age-class-specific annual survival from the Barker model based on all available data were 0.218±0.028 (estimate±SE) for age-1 bull trout and 0.231±0.065 for age-2 bull trout. This research demonstrates the importance of incorporating movement patterns into survival analyses, and we provide one of the first field-based estimates of juvenile bull trout annual survival in relatively pristine rearing conditions. These estimates can provide a baseline for comparison with future studies in more impacted systems and will help managers develop reliable stage-structured population models to evaluate future recovery strategies.
Received February 1, 2012; accepted July 31, 2012
Size effects on the wave propagation and deformation pattern in copper nanobars under symmetric longitudinal impact loading
Authors: Jiang Shan , Chen Zhen , Gan Yong , Oloriegbe Suleiman Y , Sewell Thomas D , Thompson Donald L 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
Molecular dynamics simulations were performed to study the influence of system size on wave propagation and deformation patterns in 〈1 0 0〉/{1 0 0} copper nanobars with square cross-section under symmetric longitudinal impact loading. Nanobars of longitudinal length 100a with cross-sectional edge lengths h = 10a, 20a, and 40a were impacted on both ends by flyers of size 20a × h × h, where a is the Cu unit cell length, and impact speed 500 m s−1. For reference, quasi-infinite slab samples with periodic cross-sectional edge lengths 10a and 40a were also studied. It was found that the wave propagation speed increases with increasing cross-sectional area and eventually approaches the value obtained for a quasi-infinite sample. Extensive plasticity occurs across the entire length of the nanobars, whereas the quasi-infinite samples remain in the elastic regime and exhibit a vibrating (ringing) behaviour. The deformation pattern in the nanobars is strongly dependent on the cross-sectional area. For the nanobar with h = 10a the material fully reorients from 〈1 0 0〉/{1 0 0} to 〈1 1 0〉/{1 1 1} with few stacking faults and twins. Material in the nanobar with h = 20a does not reorient completely; the local crystal deformation is mediated mainly by a partial dislocation activity leading to predominantly non-intersecting stacking faults and twins. Nanobars with h = 40a exhibit behaviour similar to that for the h = 20a case but with greater propensity for intersecting stacking faults.
Ice sheets viewed from the ocean: the contribution of marine science to understanding modern and past ice sheets
Authors: Cofaigh Colm Ó 
Published: November 2012

Over the last two decades, marine science, aided by technological advances in sediment coring, geophysical imaging and remotely operated submersibles, has played a major role in the investigation of contemporary and former ice sheets. Notable advances have been achieved with respect to reconstructing the extent and flow dynamics of the large polar ice sheets and their mid-latitude counterparts during the Quaternary from marine geophysical and geological records of landforms and sediments on glacier-influenced continental margins. Investigations of the deep-sea ice-rafted debris record have demonstrated that catastrophic collapse of large (10
5
–10
6
km
2
) ice-sheet drainage basins occurred on millennial and shorter time scales and had a major influence on oceanography. In the last few years, increasing emphasis has been placed on understanding physical processes at the ice–ocean interface, particularly at the grounding line, and on determining how these processes affect ice-sheet stability. This remains a major challenge, however, owing to the logistical constraints imposed by working in ice-infested polar waters and ice-shelf cavities. Furthermore, despite advances in reconstructing the Quaternary history of mid- and high-latitude ice sheets, major unanswered questions remain regarding West Antarctic ice-sheet stability, and the long-term offshore history of the East Antarctic and Greenland ice sheets remains poorly constrained. While these are major research frontiers in glaciology, and ones in which marine science has a pivotal role to play, realizing such future advances will require an integrated collaborative approach between oceanographers, glaciologists, marine geologists and numerical modellers.
Diversity, distribution and sources of bacteria in residential kitchens
Authors: Flores Gilberto E. , Bates Scott T. , Caporaso J. Gregory , Lauber Christian L. , Leff Jonathan W. , Knight Rob , Fierer Noah 
Published: November 2012

SummaryBacteria readily colonize kitchen surfaces, and the exchange of microbes between humans and the kitchen environment can impact human health. However, we have a limited understanding of the overall diversity of these communities, how they differ across surfaces and sources of bacteria to kitchen surfaces. Here we used high‐throughput sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene to explore biogeographical patterns of bacteria across > 80 surfaces within the kitchens of each of four households. In total, 34 bacterial and two archaeal phyla were identified, with most sequences belonging to the Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes and Proteobacteria. Genera known to contain common food‐borne pathogens were low in abundance but broadly distributed throughout the kitchens, with different taxa exhibiting distinct distribution patterns. The most diverse communities were associated with infrequently cleaned surfaces such as fans above stoves, refrigerator/freezer door seals and floors. In contrast, the least diverse communities were observed in and around sinks, which were dominated by biofilm‐forming Gram‐negative lineages. Community composition was influenced by conditions on individual surfaces, usage patterns and dispersal from source environments. Human skin was the primary source of bacteria across all kitchen surfaces, with contributions from food and faucet water dominating in a few specific locations. This study demonstrates that diverse bacterial communities are widely distributed in residential kitchens and that the composition of these communities is often predictable. These results also illustrate the ease with which human‐ and food‐associated bacteria can be transferred in residential settings to kitchen surfaces.
Role of new radiation techniques in the treatment of pleural mesothelioma
Authors: Amichetti Maurizio , Lorentini Stefano , Tonoli Sandro , Magrini Stefano Maria 
Published: November 2012

AbstractMalignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is an aggressive neoplasm arising from the surface serosal cells of the pleural cavity. Surgery remains the main therapeutic standard in the treatment of MPM with the goal of complete gross cytoreduction of the tumor. Because MPM is a diffuse disease affecting the entire mesothelial lining of the hemithorax, surgery alone can rarely achieve adequate tumor‐free resection margins. The surgical choices are pleurectomy/decortication (P/D) or extrapleural pneumonectomy (EPP). Radiotherapy (RT) is usually applied postoperatively with the aim to improve local control. However, the efficacy of RT is limited by the large volume of the target to be irradiated (tumor and pleural cavity) and the radiosensitivity of the nearby organs (heart, liver, lung, spinal cord, and esophagus). These factors have historically limited the effective radiation doses that can be given to the patient. There is no role for radical RT alone, but the role of RT as part of multimodality therapy is discussed. After EPP adjuvant RT to the entire hemithorax can reduce the recurrence rate and is well tolerated if strict limits to the dose to contralateral lung are applied: the V20 and V5 (the percent volume of the lung receiving more than 20Gy and 5Gy of radiation) correlate with increased lung toxicity. The use of modern sophisticated techniques allows good target coverage, more conformal high dose delivery, and clinically relevant normal tissue sparing.
Early Life Adversity Contributes to Impaired Cognition and Impulsive Behavior: Studies from the Oklahoma Family Health Patterns Project
Authors: Lovallo William R. , Farag Noha H. , Sorocco Kristen H. , Acheson Ashley , Cohoon Andrew J. , Vincent Andrea S. 
Published: November 2012

BackgroundStressful early life experience may have adverse consequences in adulthood and may contribute to behavioral characteristics that increase vulnerability to alcoholism. We examined early life adverse experience in relation to cognitive deficits and impulsive behaviors with a reference to risk factors for alcoholism.MethodsWe tested 386 healthy young adults (18 to 30 years of age; 224 women; 171 family history positive for alcoholism) using a composite measure of adverse life experience (low socioeconomic status plus personally experienced adverse events including physical and sexual abuse and separation from parents) as a predictor of performance on the Shipley Institute of Living scale, the Stroop color‐word task, and a delay discounting task assessing preference for smaller immediate rewards in favor of larger delayed rewards. Body mass index (BMI) was examined as an early indicator of altered health behavior.ResultsGreater levels of adversity predicted higher Stroop interference scores (F = 3.07, p = 0.048), faster discounting of delayed rewards (F = 3.79, p = 0.024), lower Shipley mental age scores (F = 4.01, p = 0.019), and higher BMIs in those with a family history of alcoholism (F = 3.40, p = 0.035). These effects were not explained by age, sex, race, education, or depression.ConclusionsThe results indicate a long‐term impact of stressful life experience on cognitive function, impulsive behaviors, and early health indicators that may contribute to risk in persons with a family history of alcoholism.
A prospective study of pregnancy weight gain in Australian women
Authors: de Jersey Susan J. , Nicholson Jan. M. , Callaway Leonie K. , Daniels Lynne A. 
Published: November 2012

BackgroundWhile weight gain during pregnancy is regarded as important, there has not been a prospective study of measured weight gain in pregnancy in Australia. This study aimed to prospectively evaluate pregnancy‐related weight gain against the Institute of Medicine (IOM) recommendations in women receiving antenatal care in a setting where ongoing weight monitoring is not part of routine clinical practice, to describe women's knowledge of weight gain recommendations and to describe the health professional advice received relating to gestational weight gain (GWG).MethodsPregnant women were recruited ≤20 weeks of gestation (n = 664) from a tertiary obstetric hospital between August 2010 to July 2011 for this prospective observational study. Outcome measures were weight gain from pre‐pregnancy to 36 weeks of gestation, weight gain knowledge and health professional advice received.ResultsThirty‐six percent of women gained weight according to guidelines. Twenty‐six percent gained inadequate weight, and 38% gained excess weight. Fifty‐six percent of overweight women gained weight in excess of the IOM guidelines compared with 30% of those who started with a healthy weight (P < 0.001). At 16 weeks, 47% of participants were unsure of the weight gain recommendations for them. Sixty‐two percent of women reported that the health professionals caring for them during this pregnancy ‘never’ or ‘rarely’ offered advice about how much weight to gain.ConclusionsThe prevalence of inappropriate gestational weight gain in this study was high. The majority of women do not know their recommended weight gain. The advice women received from health professionals relating to healthy weight gain in pregnancy could be improved.
The case for retaining severe perineal tears as an indicator of the quality of obstetric care
Authors: Baghurst Peter A. 
Published: November 2012

BackgroundThe incidence of severe perineal tears acquired during vaginal childbirth varies considerably across hospitals but its use as a safety and quality indicator is in jeopardy because of problems associated with accurate detection and recording.AimTo understand and interpret time trends in the incidence of third‐ and fourth‐degree perineal tears among women giving birth vaginally in 18 public maternity hospitals in South Australia, taking into account individualised risk factors for each birth.MethodsThe risk‐adjusted probability of a third‐ and fourth‐degree tear was estimated for each of 65,598 singleton vaginal births (2002–2008), using a previously published regression model. The risk factors for each birth included maternal age; parity and ethnicity; assistance with instruments and episiotomy; shoulder dystocia; and infant birthweight. Plots of ‘excess’ tears were generated to help identify maternity services where the observed incidence of severe trauma differed from the expectation estimated from the risk profiles.ResultsThree hospitals were identified at which there were systematically more tears than expected (given their risk profiles), and five hospitals were identified at which there were fewer tears. However, increased tearing at two hospitals coincided closely with improved advocacy for better detection and treatment of perineal tears (especially partial third‐degree tears).ConclusionStatistical process control methods provide a powerful means of investigating temporal variations in the incidence of outcomes like severe perineal tears. Third‐ or fourth‐ degree tears should be retained as a quality indicator of maternity services, but it is likely that many third‐degree tears currently go undetected.
Practical recommendations for patient blood management and the reduction of perioperative transfusion in joint replacement surgery
Authors: Bruce Warwick , Campbell David , Daly David , Isbister James 
Published: November 2012

AbstractData from the Australian Better Safer Transfusion programme show that about one‐third of patients undergoing hip or knee arthroplasty receive perioperative blood transfusions, placing them at increased risk for adverse clinical outcomes. Other concerns associated with allogeneic blood transfusion include the quality of stored red cell concentrates, the cost of provision of blood and the predicted local demographics, which mean that fewer donors will need to support a greater number of recipients. In view of the multiple challenges associated with allogeneic blood transfusion and its provision, we developed practical management recommendations for perioperative bleeding in joint replacement surgery, based on available evidence and expert consensus opinion, that aim to promote a new, responsible approach to transfusion management. Key recommendations are as follows. Patients' medical health, including haemoglobin and iron levels, needs to be evaluated and optimized preoperatively. Anticoagulant and antiplatelet therapy should be stopped if possible, unless indicated for secondary cardiovascular prevention or coronary stent patency, in which case careful consideration is required. If substantial blood loss is anticipated, intraoperative management with antifibrinolytic agents is recommended for bleeding prophylaxis. Normothermia should be maintained. Pharmacological and non‐pharmacological measures are recommended for post‐operative thromboprophylaxis. A blood management programme should be instituted for haemodynamically stable patients.
Dietary patterns of children at 3.5 and 7 years of age: a New Zealand birth cohort study
Authors: Wall Clare R , Thompson John MD , Robinson Elizabeth , Mitchell Edwin A 
Published: November 2012

AbstractAimTo describe the dietary patterns of children at 3.5 and 7 years born small for gestational age (SGA) and appropriate for gestational age (AGA) and the association of dietary patterns with socio‐demographic and obstetric factors.MethodsChildren from a New Zealand birth cohort study were followed up at 3.5 (n = 550) and 7 (n = 591) years. Dietary information was collected using a Food Frequency Questionnaire.ResultsThree dietary patterns were defined in these children (‘traditional’, ‘junk’ and ‘healthy’). Factors associated with dietary patterns were examined in multivariable analyses. At 3.5 years, ‘junk’ was associated with maternal smoking in pregnancy, no attendance at antenatal classes, maternal BMI and a younger maternal age. At 3.5 years, ‘healthy’ was associated with being married when pregnant. At 7 years, ‘traditional’ was associated with being born SGA, smoking in pregnancy, a younger maternal age and being male.ConclusionMaternal socio‐demographic, obstetric factors and birth size were associated with dietary patterns. The associations were not consistent with each dietary pattern across age groups. To examine the impact of diet in childhood on growth and health outcomes, factors influencing dietary patterns should be assessed at regular intervals throughout childhood.