bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
What, if anything, are topological maps for?
Authors: Wilson Stuart P. , Bednar James A. 
Published: February 2015

ABSTRACTWhat, if anything, is the functional significance of spatial patterning in cortical feature maps? We ask this question of four major theories of cortical map formation: self‐organizing maps, wiring optimization, place coding, and reaction‐diffusion. We argue that (i) self‐organizing maps yield spatial patterning only as a by‐product of efficient mechanisms for developing environmentally appropriate distributions of feature preferences, (ii) wiring optimization assumes rather than explains a map‐like organization, (iii) place‐coding mechanisms can at best explain only a subset of maps in functional terms, and (iv) reaction‐diffusion models suggest two factors in the evolution of maps, the first based on efficient development of feature distributions, and the second based on generating feature‐specific long‐range recurrent cortical circuitry. None of these explanations for the existence of topological maps requires spatial patterning in maps to be useful. Thus despite these useful frameworks for understanding how maps form and how they are wired, the possibility that patterns are merely epiphenomena in the evolution of mammalian neocortex cannot be rejected. The article is intended as a nontechnical introduction to the assumptions and predictions of these four important classes of models, along with other possible functional explanations for maps. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 75: 667–681, 2015
Development of the zebrafish mesonephros
Authors: Diep Cuong Q. , Peng Zhenzhen , Ukah Tobechukwu K. , Kelly Paul M. , Daigle Renee V. , Davidson Alan J. 
Published: February 2015

SummaryThe vertebrate kidney plays an essential role in removing metabolic waste and balancing water and salt. This is carried out by nephrons, which comprise a blood filter attached to an epithelial tubule with proximal and distal segments. In zebrafish, two nephrons are first formed as part of the embryonic kidney (pronephros) and hundreds are formed later to make up the adult kidney (mesonephros). Previous studies have focused on the development of the pronephros while considerably less is known about how the mesonephros is formed. Here, we characterize mesonephros development in zebrafish and examine the nephrons that form during larval metamorphosis. These nephrons, arising from proliferating progenitor cells that express the renal transcription factor genes wt1b, pax2a, and lhx1a, form on top of the pronephric tubules and develop a segmentation pattern similar to pronephric nephrons. We find that the pronephros acts as a scaffold for the mesonephros, where new nephrons fuse with the distal segments of the pronephric tubules to form the final branching network that characterizes the adult zebrafish kidney. genesis 53:257–269, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Ecohydrological controls on water distribution and productivity of moss communities in western boreal peatlands, Canada
Authors: Goetz Jonathan D. , Price Jonathan S. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractDifferent peatland mosses have varying strategies for water storage and capillary rise mechanisms depending on their particular hydrophysical properties and preferred water sources. To understand these strategies, the retention and redistribution of water from various sources in Sphagnum, feather and Tomenthypnum moss communities were addressed through investigation of the sensitivity of moss moisture dynamics to environmental variables, field surveys and a drought stress experiment. Feather mosses preferred habitats well above the water table, and their relatively low volumetric water content (θ) increased only with precipitation events. The relatively high residual θ (0·22) of Sphagnum capitula helped the moss type maintain conditions suitable for photosynthesis over a range of water table conditions. Tomenthypnum mosses occurred over a broader range of water table positions than Sphagnum or feather mosses because of their ability to use both capillary rise and atmospheric water for growth. While Tomenthypnum had relatively low near‐surface θ (~0·10), evaporative losses were sustained by both small nocturnal additions by condensation of vapour and upward capillary rise. An intermediate layer of partially decomposed mosses supported contact with the underlying peat and helped transport sufficient water to the Tomenthypnum moss surface. However, Tomenthypnum θ and productivity changes were more sensitive to rainfall additions as the uppermost portion of moss shoots can easily desiccate under typical evaporative demand. As a result, nocturnal sources of atmospheric water from dew (~0·15 mm per night) and distillation (~0·10 mm per night) provided temporary relief from desiccation for potentially important early morning photosynthesis and helped drive evaporation and capillary rise. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Galectin‐3 and histological, molecular and biochemical aspects of myocardial fibrosis in heart failure of hypertensive origin
Authors: López Begoña , González Arantxa , Querejeta Ramón , Zubillaga Elena , Larman Mariano , Díez Javier 
Published: February 2015

AimsThe aim of this study was to investigate whether galectin‐3 (Gal‐3) is associated with myocardial histological and molecular parameters related to fibrosis and with the circulating biomarkers of the extracellular generation of mature fibril‐forming collagen types I (C‐terminal propeptide of procollagen type I, PICP) and III (N‐terminal propeptide of procollagen type III, PIIINP) in two independent studies of hypertensive patients with heart failure (HF).Methods and resultsEndomyocardial biopsies and blood samples from 39 HF patients (invasive study), and blood samples from 220 HF patients (non‐invasive study) were analysed. Necropsies (n = 7) and blood samples (n = 20) from healthy subjects were used as controls. In the invasive study myocardial mRNA and protein expression of Gal‐3 and collagen types I and III, plasma Gal‐3 and serum PICP and PIIINP were all significantly increased in patients compared with controls. Neither myocardial nor plasma Gal‐3 were correlated with myocardial collagen and circulating biomarkers; whereas PICP was correlated with myocardial total (r = 0.819, P < 0.001) and collagen type I (r = 0.744, P < 0.001) deposition, PIIINP was not. In the non‐invasive study both plasma Gal‐3 and serum PICP were increased (P < 0.001) in patients compared with controls. No correlation was found between Gal‐3 and PICP in HF patients.ConclusionsThese findings show that although an excess of cardiac and systemic Gal‐3 is present in patients with HF of hypertensive origin, this molecule is not associated with histological, molecular and biochemical parameters related to myocardial fibrosis in these patients.
miR‐148a promotes plasma cell differentiation and targets the germinal center transcription factors Mitf and Bach2
Authors: Porstner Martina , Winkelmann Rebecca , Daum Patrick , Schmid Julia , Pracht Katharina , Côrte‐Real Joana , Schreiber Sandra , Haftmann Claudia , Brandl Andreas , Mashreghi Mir‐Farzin , Gelse Kolja , Hauke Manuela , Wirries Ina , Zwick Markus , Roth Edith , Radbruch Andreas , Wittmann Jürgen , Jäck Hans‐Martin 
Published: February 2015

B cells undergo affinity maturation and class switch recombination of their immunoglobulin receptors during a germinal center (GC) reaction, before they differentiate into long‐lived antibody‐secreting plasma cells (PCs). Transcription factors such as Bach2 and Mitf are essential during this process, as they delay premature differentiation of GC B cells by repressing Blimp‐1 and IRF4, two transcription factors required for terminal PC differentiation. Therefore, Bach2 and Mitf expression must be attenuated in activated B cells to allow terminal PC differentiation, but the precise mechanism remains enigmatic. Here, we provide evidence that miR‐148a, a small noncoding microRNA, fosters PC differentiation and survival. Next‐generation sequencing revealed that miR‐148a is the most abundant microRNA in primary human and murine PCs, and its expression is upregulated in activated murine B cells and coincides with Blimp‐1 synthesis. miR‐148a targets Bach2, Mitf and proapoptotic factors such as PTEN and Bim. When prematurely expressed, miR‐148a promotes the differentiation and survival of plasmablasts and reduces frequencies of IgG1+ cells in primary B‐cell cultures. In summary, we propose that miR‐148a is a new player in the regulatory network controlling terminal PC differentiation and could, therefore, be a therapeutic target for interfering with PC differentiation and survival.
Synthesis of CpM(CO)3–DAB and –PAMAM Dendrimer Conjugates and Preliminary Evaluation of Their Biological Activity
Authors: Hu Wanning , Hoyer Jan , Neundorf Ines , Govender Preshendren , Smith Gregory S. , Schatzschneider Ulrich 
Published: February 2015

AbstractDendrimers of different generations and core structures [diaminobutane poly(propylenimine) (DAB) G1, G2, G3; poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) G1] were chosen as carriers for bioactive organometallic half‐sandwich complexes of the type CpM(CO)3 (Cp = cyclopentadienyl, M = Mn or Re) to study the influence of these parameters on their biological activity against cancer cells. Structure–activity relationships were determined by variation of the metal center as well as the type, molecular weight, and number of terminal functional groups of the dendrimer conjugates. All conjugates were characterized by IR and NMR spectroscopy as well as HPLC. Their biological activity was determined on MCF‐7 human breast cancer cells by the resazurin assay. Interestingly, the most‐active compounds were the first‐generation dendrimer conjugates. The Mn and Re series showed nearly the same activities. Thus, the cytotoxicity of the dendrimer conjugates does not seem to directly correlate with the type or number of terminal functional groups. Rather, it points to a mechanism of action that is different from that previously observed for peptide conjugates with similar CpM(CO)3 functional groups.
Generation of Defect‐Modulated Metal–Organic Frameworks by Fragmented‐Linker Co‐Assembly of CPO‐27(M) Frameworks
Authors: El‐Gamel Nadia E. A. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThe generation of defect‐modulated metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) by the successful stepwise doping of 2‐hydroxyterephthalate (BDC‐OH) into frameworks of the CPO‐27‐M type is discussed. The influence of MgII, CoII, and NiII ions on the product formation has been investigated by powder XRD (PXRD), IR spectroscopy, and thermal analysis. To establish the successful incorporation of the fragmented linker molecule, 1H NMR spectra were recorded after the digestion of the MOFs in DCl/[D6]dimethyl sulfoxide. After the incorporation of BDC‐OH, microporous structures were generated with reasonable porosity. The morphologies of the reaction products were checked by SEM measurements, and no significant changes to the morphologies were observed after the fragmented‐linker doping.
Spring‐Loaded Iron(II) Complexes as Magnetogenic Probes Reporting on a Chemical Analyte in Water
Authors: Gondrand Corentin , Touti Fayçal , Godart Estelle , Berezhanskyy Yevgen , Jeanneau Erwann , Maurin Philippe , Hasserodt Jens 
Published: February 2015

AbstractA paramagnetic quality may be established in an aqueous sample if it contains a molecular probe that responds to the addition of a chemical analyte by turning from a diamagnetic state into a paramagnetic one (off–on). We explore here a stable, low‐spin, binary iron(II) complex that stores so much potential energy that its transformation by the target analyte leads to its fragmentation into a high‐spin complex despite the imposing strength of the chelate effect. The underlying ligand is a mixed aminal, the components of which can be freely varied to optimize response kinetics with the initial probe stability preserved. With decreasing leaving‐group character of the azole component, the probe stability improves, and the response kinetics diminish. An optimal arrangement can be found with a pyrazole paired with an electron‐deficient aromatic carbaldehyde component (nitro substitution). The drastic electronic reversion associated with the reduction of the nitro group to an amino group is the principal reason for the observation of an initially stable probe that suffers swift fragmentation when reacted with a reductive analyte.
On the Iron(V) Reactivity of an Aggressive Tail‐Fluorinated Tetraamido Macrocyclic Ligand (TAML) Activator
Authors: Ren Qizhi , Guo Yisong , Mills Matthew R. , Ryabov Alexander D. , Collins Terrence J. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThe electronic properties of iron tetraamido macrocyclic ligand (TAML) activators of peroxides can be finely and coarsely tuned by varying the substituents on the “head” and “tail” macrocyclic components, respectively. By examining the reactivity of the TAML oxidoiron(V) complex with head‐NO2 and tail‐F substituents, one is able to compare the impact of significantly reduced macrocyclic tetraamide donor capacity on fundamental processes such as hydrogen‐atom abstraction, oxygen‐atom transfer, and electron transfer by using prior studies with more electron‐rich TAML systems. Herein, we demonstrate that the oxidoiron(V) form 3c can be generated by treatment of [Fe{4‐NO2C6H3‐1,2‐(N2COCMe2N3CO)2CF2(Fe–N2)(Fe–N3)}(OH2)]– (1c) with m‐chloroperoxybenzoic acid (mCPBA) in MeCN at –40 °C. The oxidation proceeds through the intermediacy of the μ‐oxo[iron(IV)]2 dimer. The overall rate of the FeIII→FeV conversion by mCPBA is slightly faster for 1c than that of its less electron‐rich precursor [Fe{C6H4‐1,2‐(N1COCMe2N2CO)2CMe2(Fe–N1)(Fe–N2)}(OH2)]– (1a). Nevertheless, the oxidative reactivity of 3c toward thioanisole and the hydrocarbons ethylbenzene and cyclohexane exceeds that of 3a by 4.3, 2.1, and 2.6 times, respectively. The reactivity of 3c is significantly greater towards ethylbenzene than that of the oxidoiron(V) species 3b derived from [Fe{C6H4‐1,2‐(N1COCMe2N2CO)2NMe(Fe–N1)(Fe–N2)}(OH2)]– (1b).
Cycloaddition Reactions of Alkyl Cyclopropenecarboxylates Generated in situ with Nitrones: Construction of Substituted Pyrroles and 1,2‐Oxazinanes
Authors: Hu Junhao , Zhang Min , Gong Yuefa 
Published: February 2015

AbstractA highly regioselective [3+2] cycloaddition reaction of nitrones 1 with alkyl 2‐aroylcyclopropenecarboxylates generated in situ from alkyl 2‐aroyl‐1‐chlorocyclopropanecarboxylates 2 under basic conditions is described. The reaction proceeded readily to afford ring‐fused isoxazolidines 3 in moderate‐to‐high yields. The strained ring‐fused cycloaddition products were selectively transformed into the corresponding polysubstituted pyrroles, for example, pyrrolizine derivatives, through N–O bond cleavage or 1,2‐oxazinane derivatives through ring‐opening by treatment with HCl·pyridine in alcoholic solvents.
Synthesis, Properties, and Redox Behavior of Tris(1‐azulenyltetracyanobutadiene) and Tris[1‐azulenylbis(tetracyanobutadiene)] Chromophores Connected to a 1,3,5‐Tri(1‐azulenyl)benzene Core
Authors: Shoji Taku , Maruyama Akifumi , Shimomura Erika , Nagai Daichi , Ito Shunji , Okujima Tetsuo , Toyota Kozo 
Published: February 2015

AbstractTris(1‐azulenylacetylene) and tris(1‐azulenylethynylarylacetylene) chromophores connected to a 1,3,5‐tri(1‐azulenyl)benzene core have been prepared by the Pd‐catalyzed alkynylations of 1‐ethynylazulene with tris(3‐iodo‐1‐azulenyl)benzene or iodoarene derivatives substituted with a 1‐azulenylethynyl group with tris(3‐ethynyl‐1‐azulenyl)benzene under Sonogashira–Hagihara cross‐coupling conditions. These compounds reacted with tetracyanoethylene in formal [2+2] cycloaddition–retroelectrocyclization reactions to afford the corresponding tris(1‐azulenyltetracyanobutadiene) and tris[1‐azulenylbis(tetracyanobutadiene)] chromophores in excellent yields. The redox behavior of the tetracyanobutadiene (TCBD) derivatives was examined by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), which revealed their multistep electrochemical reduction properties. Moreover, significant color changes were observed by visible spectroscopy under the electrochemical reduction conditions.
Stabilization of a Natural β‐Hairpin by a Twist‐Compatible β‐Turn Mimetic
Authors: Körling Matthias , Geyer Armin 
Published: February 2015

AbstractDissecting proteins into their secondary structure elements (subdomains) should yield discrete peptide epitopes. However, β‐hairpins detached from their natural protein environment usually lose their well‐defined shape and, consequently, molecular recognition processes, such as antibody binding or protein interactions, are affected significantly. Thus, the isolated central β‐hairpin (residues 12–24) of Foldon, the protein domain of this study, relaxes into a multitude of rotamers, although it still fulfills all necessary requirements to fold into a highly twisted shape. Here, two stabilization strategies from either end of the antiparallel strands of the discrete hairpin are opposed to each other, which reconstitute its shape in solution. The local side chain to backbone cyclization by the twist‐compatible bicyclic β‐turn mimetic Hot=Tap is identified to be superior to macrocyclic disulfide cyclization, which provokes local structural distortions.
Chiral (Cyclopentadienone)iron Complexes for the Catalytic Asymmetric Hydrogenation of Ketones
Authors: Gajewski Piotr , Renom‐Carrasco Marc , Facchini Sofia Vailati , Pignataro Luca , Lefort Laurent , de Vries Johannes G. , Ferraccioli Raffaella , Forni Alessandra , Piarulli Umberto , Gennari Cesare 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThree chiral (cyclopentadienone)iron complexes derived from (R)‐BINOL (CK1–3) were synthesized and their structures unambiguously confirmed by X‐ray analysis (CK3). Under suitable conditions for the in situ conversion into the corresponding (hydroxycyclopentadienyl)iron hydrides (Me3NO, H2), the new chiral complexes were tested in the catalytic asymmetric hydrogenation of ketones, showing moderate to good enantioselectivity. In particular, the complex bearing methoxy substituents at the 3,3′‐positions of the binaphthyl moiety (CK2) proved remarkably more enantioselective than the unsubstituted one (CK1) and reached the highest level of enantioselectivity (up to 77 % ee) ever obtained with chiral (cyclopentadienone)iron complexes.
Death awareness and body–self dualism: A why and how of afterlife belief
Authors: Heflick Nathan A. , Goldenberg Jamie L. , Hart Joshua , Kamp Siri‐Maria 
Published: February 2015

AbstractBelief in life after death offers potential comfort in the face of inevitable death. However, afterlife belief likely requires not only an awareness of death but also body–self dualism—the perception that the self (e.g., the mind) is distinct from the physical, undeniably mortal, body. In turn, we hypothesized that mortality salience (MS) should heighten afterlife belief only when dualism is facilitated. Study 1 found that MS increased belief for people high, relative to low, in trait mind–body dualism. In Study 2, MS only increased belief when people first wrote about their thoughts and personality, which a pilot study confirmed facilitated dualistic belief, relative to thinking about the physical self. Study 3 used the brain–computer interface technology to induce a dualistic experience: MS increased belief when participants accurately “typed” without the use of their external body (i.e., no hands). Together, these findings support the position that mortality awareness and body–self dualism constitute a “why” and “how” of afterlife belief. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Smart Design for Potentiometric Detection
Authors: Shishkanova Tatiana V. , Král Vladimir , Fitl Přemysl , Vrňata Martin , Matějka Pavel 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThis new design of potentiometric sensor involves 4‐mercaptophenylboronic acid (MPBA) evaporated onto a gold layer sputtered onto the surface of a plasticized poly(vinyl chloride) membrane based on a pH indicator. Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy confirms the presence of the pH indicator in close contact with the sputtered gold layer, and the covalent fixing of MPBA molecules onto this gold layer. The changes in pH resulting from the interaction between MBPA and the model saccharide (glucose) are reflected in the changes in the membrane capacitance and the potentiometric signal. The potentiometric sensor responds over the concentration range from 0.3 to 29.7 mM glucose.
The Munich Eating and Feeding Disorder Questionnaire (Munich ED‐Quest) DSM‐5/ICD‐10: Validity, Reliability, Sensitivity to Change and Norms
Authors: Fichter Manfred Maximilian , Quadflieg Norbert , Gierk Benjamin , Voderholzer Ulrich , Heuser Jörg 
Published: February 2015

AbstractObjectiveThe aim of the article is to report on the psychometric properties of a newly developed self‐rating scale (Munich Eating and Feeding Disorder Questionnaire) for the detailed assessment of eating and feeding disorders on the basis of the DSM‐5 criteria. The questionnaire aims at developing a comprehensive assessment of eating disorder symptoms suitable for severity ratings with regard to total scale and subscales, for deriving eating disorder diagnoses according to DSM‐5 and ICD‐10 and for measuring (intervention induced) changes over time.MethodsItems were formulated by clinical experts and entered into factor analysis in two separate samples of eating‐disordered inpatients. Additionally, 47 clinical and 547 community control participants were assessed. Internal consistency and sensitivity to change over time are also reported.ResultsThree subscales were identified covering ‘preoccupation with figure and weight’, ‘bingeing and vomiting’ and ‘inappropriate compensatory behaviour’ for current and past state. Test–retest reliability for the three subscales ranged between .95 and .98 (current status). A high sensitivity to change during inpatient treatment from admission to discharge was expressed in high effect sizes; for the total score (current status) for all eating disorders, the effect size was 1.70. Effect sizes for anorexia nervosa were mostly lower than those for bulimia nervosa. Clinical and community controls obtained significantly lower scores compared with eating‐disordered patients.ConclusionThis new DSM‐5 questionnaire shows satisfying psychometric properties and is well suited for the rating of eating disorder severity in clinical practice and research. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Resuspended contaminated sediments cause sublethal stress to oysters: A biomarker differentiates total suspended solids and contaminant effects
Authors: Edge Katelyn J. , Dafforn Katherine A. , Simpson Stuart L. , Ringwood Amy H. , Johnston Emma L. 
Published: February 2015

Abstract

Resuspended contaminated sediments represent an important route of contaminant exposure for aquatic organisms. During resuspension events, filter-feeding organisms are exposed to contaminants, in both the dissolved form (at the gills) and the particulate form (in the digestive system). In addition, these organisms must manage the physical stress associated with an increase in total suspended solids (TSS). To date, few studies have experimentally compared the contributions to biological stress of contaminated and clean suspended solids. The authors mixed field-collected sediments (&lt;63 μm) from clean and contaminated field sites to create 4 treatments of increasing metal concentrations. Sydney rock oysters were then exposed to sediment treatments at different TSS concentrations for 4 d, and cellular biomarkers (lysosomal membrane stability, lipid peroxidation, and glutathione) were measured to evaluate sublethal toxicity. Lysosomal membrane stability was the most sensitive biomarker for distinguishing effects from resuspended contaminated sediments, as increasing amounts of contaminated TSS increased lysosomal membrane destabilization. The authors' results illustrate the importance of considering contaminant exposures from resuspended sediments when assessing the toxicity of contaminants to aquatic organisms. Environ Toxicol Chem 2015;34:1345–1353. © 2015 SETAC