bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A new health check of the ozone layer at global and regional scales
Authors: Coldewey‐Egbers Melanie , Loyola R. Diego G. , Braesicke Peter , Dameris Martin , van Roozendael Michel , Lerot Christophe , Zimmer Walter 
Published: June 2014

AbstractIn this study, we provide a new perspective on the current state of the ozone layer using a comprehensive long‐term total ozone data record which has been recently released within the framework of the European Space Agency's Climate Change Initiative. Based on a multivariate regression analysis, we disentangle various aspects of ozone change and variability on global and regional scales, thus enabling the monitoring of the effectiveness of the Montreal Protocol. Given dominant natural variability the expected midlatitude onset of ozone recovery is still not significant and would need additional 5 years of observations to be unequivocally detectable. A regional increase in the tropics is a likely manifestation of a long‐term change in El Niño–Southern Oscillation intensity over the last two decades induced by strong El Niño in 1997/1998 and strong La Niña in 2010/2011.
On the skill of numerical weather prediction models to forecast atmospheric rivers over the central United States
Authors: Nayak Munir A. , Villarini Gabriele , Lavers David A. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractFlooding over the central United States is responsible for large socioeconomic losses. Atmospheric rivers (ARs), narrow regions of intense moisture transport within the warm conveyor belt of extratropical cyclones, can give rise to high rainfall amounts leading to flooding. Short‐term forecasting of AR activity can provide basic information toward improving preparedness for these events. This study focuses on the verification of the skill of five numerical weather prediction models in forecasting AR activity over the central United States. We find that these models generally forecast AR occurrences well at short lead times, with location errors increasing from one to three decimal degrees as the lead time increases to about 1 week. The skill (both in terms of occurrence and location errors) decreases with increasing lead time. Overall, these models are not skillful in forecasting AR activity over the central United States beyond a lead time of about 7 days.
Aquarius sea surface salinity in the South Indian Ocean: Revealing annual‐period planetary waves
Authors: Menezes Viviane V. , Vianna Marcio L. , Phillips Helen E. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractA new milestone has been reached with the launch of two dedicated satellite missions to routinely measure the sea surface salinity (SSS) fields from space at global and regional scales. In the present work, a thorough analysis of the first 2 years of Aquarius SSS data in the South Indian Ocean is performed. This analysis is focused on three questions: How accurate is Aquarius SSS related to in situ data from the fresh Indonesian Throughflow and salty subtropical waters? Can Aquarius give a spatial context for the data measured by the RAMA mooring system? Are westward propagating annual‐period signals described in recent model simulations reproduced by Aquarius‐derived SSS? We find Aquarius observations to be highly correlated with those of Argo floats, with small disagreements occurring near oceanic fronts. Aquarius gives fresher SSS than in situ data in the tropical region due to rainfall effects, except in the eastern basin where the freshening seems to be related to sharp localized leakages of very fresh waters from the Indonesian seas that the Aquarius product is not able to properly resolve. Aquarius data are shown to reproduce quite well the annual cycle obtained from RAMA and Argo gridded data sets. The annual cycle in Aquarius is characterized by SSS propagating features with different characteristics west and east of the Ninety East Ridge. These features are strikingly different from sea surface height waves. Our results suggest that SSS annual propagation might be reflecting coupled ocean‐atmosphere dynamics and surface‐subsurface processes operating over the entire South Indian Ocean.
AsTeRICS, a flexible AT construction set
Authors: Ossmann Roland , Parker Stefan , Thaller David , Pecyna Karol , García‐Soler Alvaro , Morales Blanca , Weiß Christoph , Veigl Christoph , Kakousis Konstantinos 
Published: June 2014

SUMMARYA vast number of people with disabilities are supported by assistive technologies (AT). Often, AT solutions do not directly fit the specific requirements of a user, making costly adaptations necessary. Assistive Technology Rapid Integration & Construction Set (AsTeRICS) aims to change this situation by employing rapid prototyping technologies in AT. A construction set of building blocks to create flexible prototypes for each individual user is provided. This set is configured by a visual modelling software application which allows to connect all building blocks as needed, tailoring the prototype to the user's abilities and needs. Building blocks include sensors (which in this context includes not only stand‐alone sensors such as simple switch inputs but also vision systems, brain computer interfaces, and many more), data processing elements (mathematical and flow control), and actuators (such as mouse/keyboard replacement, smart environments, and mobile phone access). As central part of AsTeRICS, a runtime environment has been developed, handling all signal processing and data exchange operations needed for the interaction of the building blocks. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Loss of dopamine phenotype among midbrain neurons in Lesch–Nyhan disease
Authors: Göttle Martin , Prudente Cecilia N. , Fu Rong , Sutcliffe Diane , Pang Hong , Cooper Deborah , Veledar Emir , Glass Jonathan D. , Gearing Marla , Visser Jasper E. , Jinnah H. A. 
Published: June 2014

ObjectiveLesch–Nyhan disease (LND) is caused by congenital deficiency of the purine recycling enzyme, hypoxanthine‐guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HGprt). Affected patients have a peculiar neurobehavioral syndrome linked with reductions of dopamine in the basal ganglia. The purpose of the current studies was to determine the anatomical basis for the reduced dopamine in human brain specimens collected at autopsy.MethodsHistopathological studies were conducted using autopsy tissue from 5 LND cases and 6 controls. Specific findings were replicated in brain tissue from an HGprt‐deficient knockout mouse using immunoblots, and in a cell model of HGprt deficiency by flow‐activated cell sorting (FACS).ResultsExtensive histological studies of the LND brains revealed no signs suggestive of a degenerative process or other consistent abnormalities in any brain region. However, neurons of the substantia nigra from the LND cases showed reduced melanization and reduced immunoreactivity for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), the rate‐limiting enzyme in dopamine synthesis. In the HGprt‐deficient mouse model, immunohistochemical stains for TH revealed no obvious loss of midbrain dopamine neurons, but quantitative immunoblots revealed reduced TH expression in the striatum. Finally, 10 independent HGprt‐deficient mouse MN9D neuroblastoma lines showed no signs of impaired viability, but FACS revealed significantly reduced TH immunoreactivity compared to the control parent line.InterpretationThese results reveal an unusual phenomenon in which the neurochemical phenotype of dopaminergic neurons is not linked with a degenerative process. They suggest an important relationship between purine recycling pathways and the neurochemical integrity of the dopaminergic phenotype. Ann Neurol 2014;76:95–107
Amplified responses in materials using linear polymers that depolymerize from end‐to‐end when exposed to specific stimuli
Authors: Phillips Scott T. , Robbins Jessica S. , DiLauro Anthony M. , Olah Michael G. 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTThis review describes new types of smart materials that have the dual capabilities of responding to selective signals and providing an amplified response. Amplification arises from a signal‐induced depolymerization reaction, where a single signaling event causes an entire polymer to convert to small molecules. When incorporated into a material, depolymerization of these polymers causes a change in shape, internal structure, or surfaces properties of the material. Moreover, the small molecules arising from depolymerization can play a role in the amplified response, particularly when they provide a secondary function (e.g., production of color or fluorescence). A brief overview of the current examples of linear depolymerizable polymers is provided, as are representative proof‐of‐concept applications of these polymers in the context of diagnostics and materials that remodel themselves and/or their surroundings. Together, these examples highlight the potential of this new class of polymers to provide unique and dramatic function to stimuli‐responsive materials. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40992.
Well‐dispersed copper nanorods grown on the surface‐functionalized PAN fibers and its antibacterial activity
Authors: Li Hongqiang , Li Chunping , Zhang Chenglin , Bai Jie , Xu Tong , Sun Weiyan 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTβ‐Cyclodextrins/polyacrylonitrile/copper nanorods (β‐CDs/PAN/CuNRs) composite fibers were fabricated by two steps including the preparation for the β‐CDs/PAN composite fibers by electrospining, and the preparation of the β‐CDs/PAN/CuNRs composite fibers by adsorption and reduction. The β‐CDs/PAN/CuNRs composite fibers were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy respectively. The results indicated that the CuNRs were not only successfully synthesized on the surface of composite fibers but also the CuNRs were distributed without aggregation on the composite fibers. Furthermore, microorganism Escherichia coli had been used to check the antibacterial efficacy of the β‐CDs/PAN/CuNRs composite fibers. Subsequently, antibacterial tests have indicated that the composite fibers have good bactericidal effects. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 41011.
New breathable films using a thermoplastic cross‐linked starch as a porogen
Authors: Shi Bo , Shlepr Mike , Wang James H. , Wideman Greg 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTBreathable films, which find in variety of product applications, are conventionally made using mineral porogens such as calcium carbonate (CaCO3). This article addresses a novel biodegradable and highly breathable film without inorganic porogens. Unexpectedly, a thermoplastic cross‐linked natural polymer (corn starch) was used successfully to create tortuous passages for film breathability. This concept was demonstrated using two types of thermoplastic cross‐linked corn starches as porogens and contrasted to control samples: native corn and chemically cross‐linked starches, respectively. The films discussed had increased breathability and mechanical properties relative to the control samples. The film morphology reveals that filler was irregular when thermoplastic starch or CaCO3 was used. The difference in filler from chemically modified cross‐linked starch and thermoplastic cross‐linked starch was observable as well. It is believed that spherical particles provided by thermoplastic cross‐linked starch helps film debonding and porosity during the film stretch processes. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 41016.
Design and in vitro evaluation of interpolymer complex bound metformin sustained release tablet
Authors: Haque Sk Ershadul , Sheela Angappan 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTMetformin hydrochloride shows high solubility and incomplete absorption in biological system. To control the release pattern of such a drug, interpolymer complexes (IPCs) have a greater advantage over the individual polymers. In view of that, hydrophilic chitosan and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC K4M) IPCs are developed at different ratios (1 : 1, 1 : 2, 1 : 3, and 1 : 4) and characterized by thermogravimetric analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and X‐ray diffraction studies. Different formulations (F1–F10) are developed using individual polymers and IPCs of hydrophilic polymers. Addition of hydrophobic shellac and beeswax to IPCs extends the release rate of metformin. The physical properties and drug content values of the tablets were determined and found to be within the standard limits. Based on the results of dissolution study, it is found that formulation F10 containing 1 : 4 IPC and beeswax has shown good sustained release for a period of more than 10 h. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 41018.
Soul of an Agency: Psychodynamic Principles in Action in the World of Community Mental Health
Authors: Sacco Frank C. , Campbell Elaine , Ledoux Mary 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTCommunity mental health has undergone a number of evolutions since Lyndon Johnson declared a War on Poverty and gave birth to the community mental health movement. This paper describes a philosophy of treatment involving long‐term psychotherapy to resistant and multiple problem families in disadvantaged communities. The agency's primary philosophy is described as a psychoanalytic frame that guides treatment from a secure attachment site (clinic) in the community. The interventions use home and community based therapists with supports from psychiatry, psychology, and therapeutic mentoring. The focus of all treatment is for high‐risk families to remain in the community and not burden corrections, courts, child welfare, or juvenile justice systems. Therapy forms the connection that can help families navigate schools, medical providers, courts, and social service systems. The agency forms the positive attachment site; clinicians come and go. The net effect is sustained connection to families that would have otherwise been broken apart by domestic violence, school crimes, addiction, gangs, poverty, homelessness, and community violence. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Beyond Prejudice in Prescribing Benzodiazepines in Disadvantaged Communities
Authors: Webber Patricia , Cohen Ralph L. 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTThis paper argues for the use of benzodiazepines as a harm reduction strategy when combined with long‐term psychotherapy for high‐risk adults with personality disorders resulting from chronic exposure to trauma and current unstable living conditions. This prescribing practice is outlined based on a review of 185 cases in therapy at a community mental health clinic. The careful use of benzodiazepines can increase engagement in therapy in a population often resistant to outpatient treatment. The approach is clearly a harm reduction effort to prevent clients from cycling through the emergency room and county correctional facilities. The risks of benzodiazepine misuse are reviewed and procedures for monitoring risk are detailed. There is a prejudice identified in the use of benzodiazepines that is based on society's condemnation of euphoric experiences rather than on a medical basis alone. Benzodiazepines are suggested as a harm reduction strategy as well as an alternative in the control of serious mental health symptoms such as delusions, hallucinations, and panic. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Direct biosynthesis of adipic acid from a synthetic pathway in recombinant Escherichia coli
Authors: Yu Jia‐Le , Xia Xiao‐Xia , Zhong Jian‐Jiang , Qian Zhi‐Gang 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTThe C6 dicarboxylic acid, adipic acid, is an important platform chemical in industry. Biobased production of adipic acid is a promising alternative to the current petrochemical route. Here, we report biosynthesis of adipic acid using an artificial pathway inspired by the reversal of beta‐oxidation of dicarboxylic acids. The biosynthetic pathway comprises condensation of acetyl‐CoA and succinyl‐CoA to form the C6 backbone and subsequent reduction, dehydration, hydrogenation, and release of adipic acid from its thioester. The pathway was first tested in vitro with reconstituted pathway enzymes and then functionally introduced into Escherichia coli for the biosynthesis and excretion of adipic acid into the culture medium. The production titer was increased by approximately 20‐fold through the combination of recruiting enzymes that were more suitable to catalyze the synthetic reactions and increasing availability of the condensation substrates. This work demonstrates direct biosynthesis of adipic acid via non‐natural synthetic pathway, which may enable its renewable production. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2014;111: 2580–2586. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A biomimetic honeycomb‐like scaffold prepared by flow‐focusing technology for cartilage regeneration
Authors: Wang Chen‐Chie , Yang Kai‐Chiang , Lin Keng‐Hui , Wu Chang‐Chin , Liu Yen‐Liang , Lin Feng‐Huei , Chen Ing‐Ho 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTA tissue engineering chondrocytes/scaffold construct provides a promise to cartilage regeneration. The architecture of a scaffold such as interconnections, porosities, and pore sizes influences the fates of seeding cells including gene expression, survival, migration, proliferation, and differentiation thus may determine the success of this approach. Scaffolds of highly ordered and uniform structures are desirable to control cellular behaviors. In this study, a newly designed microfluidic device based on flow‐focusing geometry was developed to fabricate gelatin scaffolds of ordered pores. In comparison with random foam scaffolds made by the conventional freeze‐dried method, honeycomb‐like scaffolds exhibit higher swelling ratio, porosity, and comparable compressive strength. In addition, chondrocytes grown in the honeycomb‐like scaffolds had good cell viability, survival rate, glycosaminoglycans production, and a better proliferation than ones in freeze‐dried scaffolds. Real‐time PCR analysis showed that the mRNA expressions of aggrecan and collagen type II were up‐regulated when chondrocytes cultured in honeycomb‐like scaffolds rather than cells cultured as monolayer fashion. Oppositely, chondrocytes expressed collagen type II as monolayer culture when seeded in freeze‐dried scaffolds. Histologic examinations revealed that cells produced proteoglycan and distributed uniformly in honeycomb‐like scaffolds. Immunostaining showed protein expression of S‐100 and collagen type II but negative for collagen type I and X, which represents the chondrocytes maintained normal phenotype. In conclusion, a highly ordered and honeycomb‐like scaffold shows superior performance in cartilage tissue engineering. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2014;111: 2338–2348. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Neurobiological changes after intervention in individuals with anti‐social behaviour: A literature review
Authors: Cornet Liza J. M. , de Kogel Catharina H. , Nijman Henk L. I. , Raine Adrian , van der Laan Peter H. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractBackgroundA neurobiological perspective has become accepted as a valuable approach for understanding anti‐social behaviour. There is literature to suggest that, in non‐offending populations, psychological treatments affect both neurobiological measures and clinical presentation. A theoretical position to this effect has been adopted with respect to offender treatment, but there has been no systematic review of empirical literature on this point.AimsThis study aimed to ascertain from published literature firstly whether there is evidence of change in neuropsychological or physiological measures after behavioural treatments/programmes for people with anti‐social behaviour and secondly whether these neurobiological changes are associated with behavioural change.MethodA systematic search strategy was formulated to include studies considering ‘neurobiological factors’, ‘anti‐social population’, ‘treatment’ and ‘treatment outcome’. The Maryland Scientific Methods Scale was used to select relevant studies of sufficient methodological quality.ResultsEleven studies were found, only one with adults. Overall, the values of specific neurobiological risk factors, particularly of basal cortisol, become less abnormal following intervention. There was some evidence for a link between change in neurobiological functioning and behavioural improvement.ConclusionsFindings, although provisional, may provide new insights into the underlying mechanisms of interventions for anti‐social behaviour. Future studies that include pre‐treatment neurobiological assessment could help reveal physical vulnerabilities that interventions should target to improve treatment efficacy, and provide for objective, independent corroboration of change. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Estimating the magnitude of colorectal cancers prevented during the era of screening: 1976 to 2009
Authors: Yang Daniel X. , Gross Cary P. , Soulos Pamela R. , Yu James B. 
Published: June 2014

BACKGROUNDIdeally, screening detects cancer at a more curable stage and, as a result, decreases the rate of subsequent diagnosis at a late stage. Although it is suggested that some cancer screening tests have led to substantial increases in early‐stage incidence with only marginal reductions in late‐stage incidence (eg mammography), the association between temporal trends in colorectal cancer screening and its cumulative impact on colorectal cancer incidence is unknown.METHODSColorectal cancer incidence data spanning over 3 decades (1976‐2009) were collected from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database. Data on screening use spanning the period from 1986 to 2010 were collected from the National Cancer Institute Cancer Trends Progress Report, and trends in the incidence of early‐stage (in situ, local) and late‐stage (regional, distant) colorectal cancer were examined among adults aged ≥50 years.RESULTSFrom 1987 to 2010—the years for which screening data were available—the percentage of adults aged ≥50 years who underwent screening rose from 34.8% to 66.1% (which included increases in colonoscopy). During that time, the incidence of late‐stage colorectal cancer decreased from 118 to 74 cases per 100,000 population (P < .001). The incidence of early‐stage colorectal cancer also decreased, from 77 to 67 cases per 100,000 population (P < .001). After adjusting for underlying trends in cancer incidence, colorectal screening was associated with a reduction of approximately 550,000 cases of colorectal cancer over the past 3 decades in the United States.CONCLUSIONSThere has been a significant decline in the incidence of colorectal cancer in the United States, particularly for late‐stage disease, during a time of increasing rates of screening. Cancer 2014;120:2893–2901. © 2014 American Cancer Society.