bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Different Effects of Tacrolimus on Innate and Adaptive Immune Cells in the Allograft Transplantation
Authors: Shao K. , Lu Y. , Wang J. , Chen X. , Zhang Z. , Wang X. , Wang X. , Yang H. , Liu G. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractWhile tacrolimus (FK506) is currently used as immunosuppression therapy in transplant recipient, the immunological mechanism remains unknown. Herein, the immunoregulatory effects of FK506 were investigated in the physiological status and allogeneic skin transplantation. FK506 cannot significantly alter the functions of innate immune cells (macrophages and neutrophils) and adaptive immune cells (T cells) in the physiological status. However, it can effectively delay allogeneic skin‐graft rejection through ameliorating the T cell responses, but not myeloid‐derived innate immune cell responses. Importantly, it did not affect the allograft recipient macrophage innate immune defence capacity to bacteria. In clinics, FK506 treatment can significantly control the cytokine production in T cells, but not non‐T cells. This study shows targeting calcineurin signalling, FK506, to be essential in inducing allograft tolerance, but not to damage the innate defence capacity, validating the immune cell phenotypes as a potential marker in transplantation following FK506 treatment.
The influence of different shavers on the skin quantified by non‐invasive reflectance confocal microscopy
Authors: Rodijk F. M. W. , Zanelli G. , Geerligs M. , van Erp P. E. J. , Peppelman M. 
Published: November 2015

BackgroundThe impact of personal care devices on skin is mainly assessed using subjective tools. However, new objective, accurate non‐invasive in vivo imaging techniques have been developed. The aim of this study was to evaluate the ability of reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) in quantifying morphological impact of shavers on skin. Furthermore, tape stripping (TS) as method to study morphological impact of shavers was evaluated.MethodsIn 12 healthy male subjects, for two consecutive days, a split‐face test was performed in the neck; on one side a shaver was applied, while the other side was exposed to TS. The stratum corneum (SC) thickness was quantified using RCM and sensory observations were evaluated using questionnaires.ResultsShavers with a different impact on skin, can be discriminated by RCM; shaver B removed more SC after application than the skin friendlier shaver A. Furthermore, the changes in SC thickness induced by TS corresponded well to that of the shavers.ConclusionRCM is able to quantify the impact of different shavers on skin. Besides, TS appeared to be a suitable model mimicking the mechanical impact of shavers on skin. RCM in combination with the TS model appeared to be a suitable minimally invasive model to obtain morphological and cell biological data on skin‐material interactions caused by different personal care devices.
Assessing Resistance to Volunteered Geographic Information Reporting within Local Government
Authors: Brandeis Muning W. , Nyerges Timothy 
Published: November 2015

AbstractUsing volunteered geographic information (VGI) as a cost‐saving environmental monitoring and public participation mechanism has been thought to be a proof of concept to assist environmental decision‐making with insufficient managerial resources. However, research literature also often found institutional resistance when implementing VGI as part of the decision‐making process. This research develops a conceptual framework as the foundation to conduct a cross‐case comparison for four empirical cases in recreation and invasive species monitoring, but general enough for other such case comparisons. The VGI Reporting Assessment Framework (VGI‐RAF) adopted aspects of the Decision Situation Assessment (DSA) framework as the foundation to address institutional flexibility, stakeholder dynamics, and technical considerations. Using a cross‐case comparison can accumulate deep observations from cases and increase validity of insights through comparing processes. Results show that eight aspects of the VGI‐RAF reveal the suitability of embedding voluntary information within existing institutional decision‐making processes. VGI‐RAF depicts considerations for: (1) existing participation arrangements, (2) institutional arrangements, (3) managers’ needs and stakeholder expectation, and (4) interaction mechanism and technical needs. The cross‐comparison results indicate that a public participation mechanism should be accompanied by VGI development to increase effectiveness. Institutional arrangements should match local government's information needs with participants’ expectations. Knowledge gaps between institutional information needs and volunteer knowledge should be filled through technology enhancements. For ease of implementation and to promote long‐term success, we recommend that volunteered information be connected with existing communication channels to minimize changes to existing information systems.
Retrospective evaluation of recurrent secondary septic peritonitis in dogs (2000–2011): 41 cases
Authors: Barfield Dominic M. , Tivers Michael S. , Holahan Matthew , Welch Kristin , House Arthur , Adamantos Sophie E. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractObjectiveTo describe the clinical characteristics of recurrent septic peritonitis in dogs.DesignMulticenter retrospective observational study.AnimalsClient‐owned dogs with recurrent septic peritonitis.SettingThree university emergency and referral hospitals.InterventionsNone.Measurements and Main ResultsMedical records from 3 veterinary university teaching hospitals were reviewed and data were collected using a standardized data collection sheet for all cases of septic peritonitis during the study period (2000–2011). Forty one dogs met the inclusion criteria for recurrent peritonitis. All dogs underwent relaparotomy. The original cause of septic peritonitis in these cases included previous surgery for gastrointestinal foreign body removal (n = 26), gastrointestinal neoplasia (n = 3), gastric or duodenal ulceration (n = 3), bilary tract leakage (n = 2), and single instance for each of the following: penetrating foreign body, hernia strangulation, intussusception, mesenteric volvulus, infection of the laparotomy incision, prostatic abscess, and trauma. Eighteen animals survived to discharge. There was no difference detected between survivors and nonsurvivors with recurrent peritonitis in terms of inciting cause, serum albumin concentration, surgical management, or provision of appropriate initial antimicrobials. The survival rate for dogs having recurrent peritonitis was 43.9% (18/41 dogs).ConclusionsThis retrospective study did not identify any significant prognostic indicators for dogs with recurrent peritonitis and that the mortality rate for dogs having more than one surgery for septic peritonitis is similar to that reported for a single surgery for septic peritonitis.
The affine cohomology spaces and its applications
Authors: Fraj Nizar Ben , Laraiedh Ismail 
Published: November 2015

We compute the [Formula: see text] cohomology space of the affine Lie superalgebra [Formula: see text] on the (1,1)-dimensional real superspace with coefficient in a large class of [Formula: see text]-modules [Formula: see text]. We apply our results to the module of weight densities and the module of linear differential operators acting on a superspace of weighted densities. This work is the generalization of a result by Basdouri et al. [The linear [Formula: see text]-invariant differential operators on weighted densities on the superspace [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text]-relative cohomology, Int. J. Geom. Meth. Mod. Phys. 10 (2013), Article ID: 1320004, 9 pp.]
CCR 20th Anniversary Commentary: Gene-Expression Signature in Breast Cancer—Where Did It Start and Where Are We Now?
Authors: Gingras Isabelle , Desmedt Christine , Ignatiadis Michail , Sotiriou Christos 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
Desmedt and colleagues published two articles, one in the June 1, 2007 issue, and the other in the August 15, 2008, issue of Clinical Cancer Research, that showed gene-expression signatures to be proliferation driven and time dependent, with their prognostic power decreasing with increasing follow-up years. Moreover, the articles showed that immune response is a crucial determinant of prognosis in the HER2-positive and estrogen receptor–negative/HER2-negative subtypes, providing a rationale to further explore the role of the antitumor immune response in these breast cancer subtypes. Clin Cancer Res; 21(21); 4743–6. ©2015 AACR.
See related articles by Desmedt et al., Clin Cancer Res 2007;13(11) June 1, 2007;3207–14 and Desmedt et al., Clin Cancer Res 2008;14(16) August 15, 2008;5158–65.
Drug-Resistant Brain Metastases: A Role for Pharmacology, Tumor Evolution, and Too-Late Therapy
Authors: Stricker Thomas , Arteaga Carlos L. 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
Summary: Two recent studies report deep molecular profiling of matched brain metastases and primary tumors. In both studies, somatic alterations in the brain metastases were frequently discordant with those in the primary tumor, suggesting divergent evolution at metastatic sites and raising questions about the use of biomarkers in patients in clinical trials with targeted therapies. Cancer Discov; 5(11); 1124–6. ©2015 AACR.
See related article by Brastianos and colleagues, p. 1164.
Characterizing the Hadley Circulation Response through Regional Climate Feedbacks
Authors: Feldl N. , Bordoni S. 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
The robust weakening of the tropical atmospheric circulation in projections of anthropogenic warming is associated with substantial changes in regional and global climate. The present study focuses on understanding the response of the annual-mean Hadley circulation from a perspective of interactions between climate feedbacks and tropical circulation. Simulations from an ensemble of coupled ocean–atmosphere models are used to quantify changes in Hadley cell strength in terms of feedbacks, radiative forcing, ocean heat uptake, atmospheric eddies, and gross moist stability. Climate feedbacks are calculated for the model integrations from phase 5 of CMIP (CMIP5) using radiative kernels. Tropical mean circulation is found to be reduced by up to 2.6% K−1 for an abrupt quadrupling of carbon dioxide concentration. The weakening is characterized by an increase in gross moist stability, by an increase in eddy heat flux, and by positive extratropical feedbacks, such as those associated with lapse rate and sea ice response. Understanding the impact of radiative feedbacks on the large-scale circulation provides a framework for constraining uncertainty in the dynamic climate response, including the hydrological cycle.
Assessment of a Nonlinear Ensemble Transform Filter for High-Dimensional Data Assimilation
Authors: Tödter Julian , Kirchgessner Paul , Nerger Lars , Ahrens Bodo 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
This work assesses the large-scale applicability of the recently proposed nonlinear ensemble transform filter (NETF) in data assimilation experiments with the NEMO ocean general circulation model. The new filter constitutes a second-order exact approximation to fully nonlinear particle filtering. Thus, it relaxes the Gaussian assumption contained in ensemble Kalman filters. The NETF applies an update step similar to the local ensemble transform Kalman filter (LETKF), which allows for efficient and simple implementation. Here, simulated observations are assimilated into a simplified ocean configuration that exhibits globally high-dimensional dynamics with a chaotic mesoscale flow. The model climatology is used to initialize an ensemble of 120 members. The number of observations in each local filter update is of the same order resulting from the use of a realistic oceanic observation scenario. Here, an importance sampling particle filter (PF) would require at least 106 members. Despite the relatively small ensemble size, the NETF remains stable and converges to the truth. In this setup, the NETF achieves at least the performance of the LETKF. However, it requires a longer spinup period because the algorithm only relies on the particle weights at the analysis time. These findings show that the NETF can successfully deal with a large-scale assimilation problem in which the local observation dimension is of the same order as the ensemble size. Thus, the second-order exact NETF does not suffer from the PF’s curse of dimensionality, even in a deterministic system.
Surgeon Awareness of Operating Room Supply Costs
Authors: Jackson Christopher R. , Eavey Roland D. , Francis David O. 
Published: November 2015

Background: The extent to which surgeons understand costs associated with expensive operative procedures remains unclear. The goal of the study was to better understand surgeon cost awareness of operating room supplies and implants. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study of faculty (n = 24) and trainees (fellow and residents, n = 27) in the Department of Otolaryngology. Participants completed surveys to assess opinions on importance of cost and ease in accessing cost data and were asked to estimate the costs of operating room (OR) supplies and implants. Estimates within 20% of actual cost were considered correct. Analyses were stratified into faculty and trainee surgeons. Results: Cost estimates varied widely, with a low percentage of correct estimations (25% for faculty, 12% for trainees). Surgeons tended to underestimate the cost of high-cost items (55%) and overestimate the cost of low-cost items (77%). Attending surgeons were more accurate at correctly estimating costs within their own subspecialty (33% vs 16%, P < .001). Self-rated cost knowledge and years in practice did not correlate with cost accuracy ( P < .05). Conclusions: A majority of surgeons were unable to correctly estimate the costs of items/implants used in their OR. An opportunity exists to improve the mechanisms by which cost data are fed back to physicians to help promote value-based decision making.
Clinical Consensus Statement
Authors: Han Joseph K. , Stringer Scott P. , Rosenfeld Richard M. , Archer Sanford M. , Baker Dole P. , Brown Seth M. , Edelstein David R. , Gray Stacey T. , Lian Timothy S. , Ross Erin J. , Seiden Allen M. , Setzen Michael , Tollefson Travis T. , Ward P. Daniel , Welch Kevin C. , Wise Sarah K. , Nnacheta Lorraine C. 
Published: November 2015

ObjectiveTo develop a clinical consensus statement on septoplasty with or without inferior turbinate reduction.MethodsAn expert panel of otolaryngologists with no relevant conflicts of interest was assembled to represent general otolaryngology and relevant subspecialty societies. A working definition of septoplasty with or without inferior turbinate reduction and the scope of pertinent otolaryngologic practice were first established. Patients 18 years and older were defined as the targeted population of interest. A modified Delphi method was then used to distill expert opinion into clinical statements that met a standardized definition of consensus.ResultsThe group defined nasal septoplasty as a surgical procedure designed to correct a deviated nasal septum for the purpose of improving nasal function, form, or both. After 2 iterative Delphi method surveys, 20 statements met the standardized definition of consensus, while 13 statements did not. The clinical statements were grouped into 8 categories for presentation and discussion: (1) definition and diagnosis, (2) imaging studies, (3) medical management prior to septoplasty, (4) perioperative management, (5) surgical considerations, (6) adjuvant procedures, (7) postoperative care, and (8) outcomes.ConclusionThis clinical consensus statement was developed by and for otolaryngologists and is intended to promote appropriate and, when possible, evidence‐based care for patients undergoing septoplasty with or without inferior turbinate reduction. A complete definition of septoplasty with or without inferior turbinate reduction was first developed, and additional statements were subsequently produced and evaluated addressing diagnosis, medical management prior to septoplasty, and surgical considerations, as well as the appropriate role of perioperative, postoperative, and adjuvant procedures, in addition to outcomes. Additionally, a series of clinical statements were developed, such as “Computed tomography scan may not accurately demonstrate the degree of septal deviation,” “Septoplasty can assist delivery of intranasal medications to the nasal cavity,” “Endoscopy can be used to improve visualization of posterior‐based septal deviation during septoplasty,” and “Quilting sutures can obviate the need for nasal packing after septoplasty.” It is anticipated that the application of these principles will result in decreased variations in the care of septoplasty patients and an increase in the quality of care.
Infant respiratory infections and later respiratory hospitalisation in childhood
Authors: Moore Hannah C. , Hall Graham L. , de Klerk Nicholas 
Published: November 2015

Acute respiratory infections (ARI) cause significant morbidity in infancy. We sought to quantify the relationship between ARI and development of respiratory morbidity in early childhood.Population-based longitudinal hospitalisation data were linked to perinatal, birth and death records for 145 580 Western Australian children from 1997 to 2002. We conducted Cox regression with sensitivity analyses to quantify the risk of recurrent ARI in infancy for respiratory hospitalisation after the age of 3 years.ARI in infancy was significantly related to respiratory hospitalisation before (hazard ratio (HR) 3.5, 95% CI 3.1–3.8) and after (HR 3.0, 95% CI 2.6–3.4) adjusting for known risk factors including maternal smoking during pregnancy, season of birth, delivery mode and gestational age. We noted a dose response with the number and length of infant ARI hospitalisations and increasing risk with no effect modification by gestational age. Results were similar when later respiratory hospitalisations were restricted to asthma hospitalisations only.Recurrent hospitalisations for ARI in infancy significantly increase the risk of respiratory morbidity and asthma requiring hospitalisation after the age of 3 years in a dose-response fashion. The increase in relative risk is not modified by gestational age. Efforts to reduce the occurrence of infant ARI are likely to have significant public health benefits.
Growth trajectories in the cave bear and its extant relatives: an examination of ontogenetic patterns in phylogeny
Authors: Fuchs Manuela , Geiger Madeleine , Stange Madlen , Sánchez-Villagra Marcelo R. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractBackgroundThe study of postnatal ontogeny can provide insights into evolution by offering an understanding of how growth trajectories have evolved resulting in adult morphological disparity. TheUrsuslineage is a good subject for studying cranial and mandibular shape and size variation in relation to postnatal ontogeny and phylogeny because it is at the same time not diverse but the species exhibit different feeding ecologies. Cranial and mandibular shapes ofUrsus arctos(brown bear),U. maritimus(polar bear),U. americanus(American black bear), and the extinctU. spelaeus(cave bear) were examined, using a three-dimensional geometric morphometric approach. Additionally, ontogenetic series of crania and mandibles ofU. arctosandU. spelaeusranging from newborns to senile age were sampled.ResultsThe distribution of specimens in morphospace allowed to distinguish species and age classes and the ontogenetic trajectoriesU. arctosandU. spelaeuswere found to be more similar than expected by chance. Cranial shape changes during ontogeny are largely size related whereas the evolution of cranial shape disparity in this clade appears to be more influenced by dietary adaptation than by size and phylogeny. The different feeding ecologies are reflected in different cranial and mandibular shapes among species.ConclusionsThe cranial and mandibular shape disparity in theUrsuslineage appears to be more influenced by adaptation to diet than by size or phylogeny. In contrast, the cranial and mandibular shape changes during postnatal ontogeny inU. arctosandU. spelaeusare probably largely size related. The patterns of morphospace occupation of the cranium and the mandible in adults and through ontogeny are different.
How to understand the results of studies of glutamine supplementation
Authors: Wernerman Jan 
Published: November 2015

AbstractThe lack of understanding of the mechanisms behind possible beneficial and possible harmful effects of glutamine supplementation makes the design of interventional studies of glutamine supplementations difficult, perhaps even hazardous. What is the interventional target, and how might it relate to outcomes? Taking one step further and aggregating results from interventional studies into meta-analyses does not diminish the difficulties. Therefore, conducting basic research seems to be a better idea than groping in the dark and exposing patients to potential harm in this darkness.
Interchangeability and comparative effectiveness between generic and brand montelukast immediate release tablets after a single oral administration in healthy volunteers
Authors: Zaid Abdel Naser , Mousa Ayman , Ghazal Nadia , Bustami Rana 
Published: November 2015

AbstractBackgroundMontelukast is a leukotriene receptor antagonist. The release of leukotrienes causes narrowing and constricting in the respiratory airways. Blocking the action of these leukotrienes, montelukast can be used for the prophylaxis and treatment of chronic asthma.ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to evaluate the interchangeability and comparative effectiveness between a generic and a brand montelukast 10 mg immediate release tablets (Broncast® and Singulair®, respectively) after a single oral dose among Arab Mediterranean volunteers.MethodsAn open‐label, randomized two‐period crossover bioequivalence design was conducted in 31 healthy male volunteers with a 1 week washout between each study period and under fasting conditions. The plasma drug concentration was assessed by using a previously validated LC MS/MS method. The ratio between the generic and brand of geometric least squares means was reported for both generic and brand products. Moreover, an in vitro dissolution study was conducted on generic and brand tablets using three different pH media, and similarity and non‐similarity factors (f2 and f1) were calculated.ResultsThe used bioanalytical method was found to be linear within the range 6.098–365.855 ng/mL. The correlation coefficient was close to 0.999 during the course of the study validation. Statistical comparison of the main pharmacokinetic parameters showed the inexistence of any significant difference between generic and the brand. The point estimates (ratios of geometric means) were 111.939, 111.711, and 112.169 % for AUC0–24, AUC0–∞, and Cmax, respectively. The 90 % confidence intervals (CIs) were within the pre‐defined limits of 80.00–125.00 % as specified by the FDA and EMA for bioequivalence studies. F2 and f1 were higher than 50 and lower than 15, respectively in all selected pH media.ConclusionBroncast® immediate release film coated tablets (10 mg/tablet) are bioequivalent to Singulair® immediate release film coated tablets (10 mg/tablet), with a comparable safety and efficacy profile. This suggests that these two formulations can be clinically considered interchangeable. The dissolution study suggests that it could be used as premarketing quality control parameter in order to maintain the high quality of the produced product.