bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Clinical resistance to three types of botulinum toxin type A in aesthetic medicine
Authors: Stephan Farid , Habre Maya , Tomb Roland 
Published: November 2014

SummaryBotulinum toxin injections have become the most frequent noninvasive cosmetic procedure carried out worldwide. Botulinum toxin has also multiple other indications in different medical fields. However, with the repetition of injections, a new concern has emerged: clinical resistance and loss of effectiveness of the treatment. After reporting a case of primary nonresponsiveness to three types of botulinum toxin type A injections, we conducted a review about all factors leading to the primary or secondary nonresponsiveness, as well as the factors affecting the immunogenicity of this neurotoxin. Most of the reports and studies focused on secondary resistance to botulinum toxin (BT) and the neurotoxin immunogenicity; primary nonresponsiveness was rarely reported. Factors leading to primary or secondary resistance to BT injections were numerous. In the majority of the studies, development of neutralizing antibodies to botulinum toxin was considered responsible of the induced clinical resistance. Patients should be aware of this rising concern as well as clinicians who should learn how to minimize the risk of resistance development, sparing the patients more invasive treatment modalities. Further studies related to botulinum toxin resistance are needed.
Safety and effectiveness of injection of calcium hydroxylapatite via blunt cannula compared to injection by needle for correction of nasolabial folds
Authors: Beer Kenneth R 
Published: November 2014

SummaryBackgroundPain and potential adverse events (AE) remain challenges for patients being treated with calcium hydroxylapatite (CaHA; Radiesse), especially CaHA not mixed with an anesthetic. The blunt cannula may provide more comfortable and lower risk delivery of CaHA for nasolabial folds (NLF) correction.ObjectiveThis 30‐day pilot study was designed to compare the effectiveness and safety of standard needles with that of blunt cannulas for CaHA application.MethodsTwenty patients with moderate to severe NLF received split‐face injections of CaHA mixed with 2% lidocaine using a cannula for one NLF and needle for the other NLF. At day 0, patients evaluated pain; the treating investigator evaluated changes in NLF depth. At 0, 3, 7, 14, and 30 days, the investigator evaluated AEs and NLF correction. Patients recorded AEs in daily dairies.ResultsAfter initial treatment, patients experienced greater pain and displayed increased erythema and swelling in the needle‐treated side. At days 3 and 7, patients displayed greater instances of bruising, redness, and swelling in the needle‐treated sides. At day 30, 19 patients showed slightly better correction in the cannula‐treated sides.ConclusionsThe blunt cannula provided advantages in mitigation of pain and AEs, with a degree of correction similar to needle. The addition of blunt cannulas to the clinical setting may be appropriate.
A cleanser based on sodium laureth carboxylate and alkyl carboxylates washes facial sebum well but does not induce dry skin
Authors: Yokoi Aya , Endo Koji , Ozawa Toshiaki , Miyaki Masahiro , Matsuo Keiko , Nozawa Kazumi , Manabe Motomu , Takagi Yutaka 
Published: November 2014

SummaryBackgroundBecause excess sebum and/or metabolites of sebum induce skin problems, cleansers that can remove those kinds of sebum are sought after. However, many people, especially who have little facial sebum, are afraid to wash off sebum well because that may induce dry skin. This concern may be caused by the result that cleansers with a high cleansing ability tend to decrease not only facial sebum but also natural moisturizing factors and intercellular lipids that are essential for cutaneous function. Recently, we have developed a new cleanser based on sodium laureth carboxylate and alkyl carboxylates (AEC/soap) that cleans sebum well without penetrating the stratum corneum.ObjectivesThis trial was aim to clarify the effects of sebum removal by AEC/soap‐based cleanser on the induction of dry skin.MethodsWe designed a controlled single blind parallel trial. Thirty female subjects with mild dry skin were assigned randomly to two groups: one group used AEC/soap‐based cleanser while the other group kept using their usual facial cleanser twice a day for 4 weeks in the winter season.ResultsUsing a colored artificial sebum mixture, it was demonstrated that this cleanser washed sebum well. Following usage of this cleanser, their dry skin improved rather than worsen which was indicated by instrumental analysis and visual assessment. These improvements were recognized by subjects.ConclusionsThese results suggest that AEC/soap‐based cleanser washes off facial sebum well, but it has little effect on the induction of dry skin because of less penetration into stratum corneum.
The Reduction Corporoplasty: The Answer to the Improbable Urologic Question “Can You Make My Penis Smaller?”
Authors: Martinez Daniel R. , Manimala Neil J. , Rafiei Arash , Hakky Tariq S. , Yang Chris , Carrion Rafael 
Published: November 2014

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Aneurysmal dilatation of the corpora cavernosa can occur because of recurrent priapism in the setting of sickle cell disease.

Aim
We present the first case of a successful implementation of the reduction corporoplasty technique for treatment of a phallus that was “too large for intercourse.”

Methods
We describe the presentation of a 17-year-old male with a history of sickle cell disease with a phallus “too large for intercourse.” Patient reported normal erectile function and response with masturbation but also reported inability to penetrate his partner due to the enlarged and disfigured morphology. He had three priapismic episodes since the age of 10 that progressively led to an aneurysmal morphologic deformity of his phallus. Evaluation included a magnetic resonance imaging, which revealed true aneurysmal dilatation of bilateral corpora cavernosa in the middle and distal portions, and diffusely hyperplastic tunica.

Main Outcome Measure
The main outcome measure is the successful management of phallic disfiguration.

Results
Reduction corporoplasty was performed, and the patient reported intact erectile function without aneurysmal recurrence.

Conclusions
Patients with significant corporal aneurysmal defects secondary to recurrent priapism can be successfully managed with reduction corporoplasty.
Combination therapy of interferon and nucleotide/nucleoside analogues for chronic hepatitis B
Authors: Wong G. L.‐H. , Wong V. W.‐S. , Chan H. L.‐Y. 
Published: November 2014

SummaryChronic hepatitis B is one of the leading causes of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma globally. At present, seven drugs, including two interferons and five oral nucleos(t)ide analogues (NAs), have been approved for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B. Interferon works by immunomodulation, but is successful in less than a third of treated patients and is a relatively weak antiviral. NAs directly suppress the hepatitis B virus but have limited durability. Based on current data, combination of NA and interferon results in greater viral suppression but does not translate to off‐treatment sustained response. Concomitant or sequential treatment also does not make a difference. Combining telbivudine and interferon also runs the risk of severe peripheral neuropathy. On the other hand, interferon switch or additional therapy in patients well controlled with NAs appears to improve the durability of off‐treatment response. This article reviews current data on interferon and NA combination and discusses potential future developments.
BcNoxD, a putative ER protein, is a new component of the NADPH oxidase complex in Botrytis cinerea
Authors: Siegmund Ulrike , Marschall Robert , Tudzynski Paul 
Published: November 2014

SummaryNADPH oxidases (Nox) are major enzymatic producer of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In fungi these multi‐enzyme complexes are involved in sexual differentiation and pathogenicity. However, in contrast to mammalian systems, the composition and recruitment of the fungal Nox complexes are unresolved. Here we introduce a new Nox component, the membrane protein NoxD in the grey mold fungus Botrytis cinerea. It has high homology to the ER protein Pro41 from Sordaria macrospora, similar functions to the catalytic Nox subunit BcNoxA in differentiation and pathogenicity, and shows similarities to phagocytic p22phox. BcNoxA and BcNoxD interact with each other. Both proteins are involved in pathogenicity, fusion of conidial anastomosis tubes (CAT) and formation of sclerotia and conidia. These data support our earlier view based on localization studies, for an ER‐related function of the Nox complex. We present the first evidence that some functions of the BcNoxA complex are indeed linked to the ER, while others clearly require export from the ER.
Polygonal Clustering Analysis Using Multilevel Graph‐Partition
Authors: Wang Wanyi , Du Shihong , Guo Zhou , Luo Liqun 
Published: November 2014

AbstractExisting methods of spatial data clustering have focused on point data, whose similarity can be easily defined. Due to the complex shapes and alignments of polygons, the similarity between non‐overlapping polygons is important to cluster polygons. This study attempts to present an efficient method to discover clustering patterns of polygons by incorporating spatial cognition principles and multilevel graph partition. Based on spatial cognition on spatial similarity of polygons, four new similarity criteria (i.e. the distance, connectivity, size and shape) are developed to measure the similarity between polygons, and used to visually distinguish those polygons belonging to the same clusters from those to different clusters. The clustering method with multilevel graph‐partition first coarsens the graph of polygons at multiple levels, using the four defined similarities to find clusters with maximum similarity among polygons in the same clusters, then refines the obtained clusters by keeping minimum similarity between different clusters. The presented method is a general algorithm for discovering clustering patterns of polygons and can satisfy various demands by changing the weights of distance, connectivity, size and shape in spatial similarity. The presented method is tested by clustering residential areas and buildings, and the results demonstrate its usefulness and universality.
Productivity and R&D as Drivers of Exports and Domestic Sales: Semi‐parametric Evidence from French Firm‐level Data
Authors: Egger Peter H. , Erhardt Katharina , Lassmann Andrea 
Published: November 2014

AbstractEarlier work suggests that the relationship between exports and trade costs and exports and foreign market size is well described by a log‐linear functional form. A log‐linear relationship between exports and productivity is the underlying workhorse models of trade as well. The same pattern is assumed to hold for domestic sales. How the intensity of R&D affects quality or preferences and productivity, and hence, exports and domestic sales, is less well established. This paper is devoted to estimating the relationship between productivity, R&D and sales to different markets in a flexible, nonparametric way which is embedded in a semiparametric estimation approach. Using French firm‐level data, we can confirm a standard log‐linear relationship for exports. However, it takes a rather non‐linear functional form for domestic sales, suggesting that the data are generated by a potentially different class of models than the one considered traditionally.
Who Gains From Nominal Devaluation? An Empirical Assessment of Euro‐area Exports and Imports
Authors: Breuer Sebastian , Klose Jens 
Published: November 2014

AbstractIn early 2013, rumours about the euro‐appreciation gained momentum, which may lead to decreases in exports and increases in imports of the member states. Therefore, we investigate the impact of changes in the nominal euro exchange rate vis‐à‐vis major currencies on export and import performance of nine different euro‐area countries. To disentangle the ‘true’ equilibrium elasticities Stein's unbiased risk estimate (SURE) system error correction models (SSECM) are estimated for nominal exchange rate changes versus the rest of the world or other major currencies. To differentiate between price level changes and changes of the nominal exchange rate, a country's export and import equation is estimated using separately the nominal rate and the relative price/unit labour cost as regressors. Results of Wald tests indicate that assuming both variables to have the same influence on exports and imports is misleading. Whether the relative price/unit labour costs elasticities are high or low depends crucially on which indicator is chosen, while the effect of nominal exchange rate changes can be estimated robustly for all countries in the sample. In particular, France and Spain are hit by a euro‐appreciation since their exports are highly exchange rate elastic. However, for France, this effect is at least partly offset by an also negative exchange rate elasticity of imports.
Evaluation of viruses and their association with ocular lesions in pinnipeds in rehabilitation
Authors: Wright Erin P. , Waugh Lynnette F. , Goldstein Tracey , Freeman Katie S. , Kelly Terra R. , Wheeler Elizabeth A. , Smith Brett R. , Gulland Frances M. D. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractObjectiveTo assess whether corneal lesions in stranded pinnipeds were associated with viral infections, and to identify the potential pathogen(s) associated with the lesions.Animals studiedTwenty‐nine California sea lions (Zalophus californianus), 18 northern elephant seals (Mirounga angustirostris), and 34 Pacific harbor seals (Phoca vitulina richardsii).ProcedureDNA and RNA were extracted from ocular swabs, corneal tissue, and aqueous humor and screened for herpesvirus, adenovirus, poxvirus, and calicivirus families by PCR.ResultsThe results indicated a high overall prevalence of viruses, with adenoviruses and herpesviruses detected in all three host species. Three novel adenoviruses (PhAdV‐1, PhAdV‐2, OtAdV‐2) and two novel herpesviruses (PhHV‐6, OtHV‐4) were detected. There were no statistical differences in the prevalence of viral infection or coinfection among groups of individuals with or without corneal lesions, nor were lesion type, onset, or presence of concurrent disease significantly associated with a viral infection.ConclusionsThe results suggested that viral presence in ocular tissues was common, not significantly associated with ocular disease and thus should not preclude release of an otherwise healthy animal. We could not confirm a correlation of virus presence with lesion due to the high percentage of virus‐positive, clinically normal animals. This implied that seals and sea lions can have ocular tissues infected with several viruses without having readily evident associated lesions. This difficulty in correlating viral presence, particularly herpesviruses, with ocular lesions was also a common finding in studies with terrestrial species and highlighted the difficulty of confirming a virus as a primary pathogen in ocular lesions.
English in Brunei
Authors: HAJI‐OTHMAN NOOR AZAM , MCLELLAN JAMES 
Published: November 2014

ABSTRACTThis article uses a kuih lapis (layer cake) analogy to describe English as one layer contributing to the diversity of indigenous and immigrant languages used in Negara Brunei Darussalam (Brunei). We then review some previous studies of bilingualism among Bruneians before outlining three major challenges facing researchers studying English in Brunei. These challenges comprise: the balance, or imbalance, between English‐medium and Malay‐medium in the national education system since 1985, the question of whether Brunei English is a distinct variety and the issue of whether English has become part of Brunei's identity. These challenges are framed within the dualities of Malay as national and official language, and the nation's need for English for increasing international and global connectedness. The discussion of future directions draws on recent research by Bruneians; these directions include the growing number of first‐language users of English, the position of Brunei English within Schneider's () Dynamic Model, the identification of subvarieties of Brunei English, and the notion of Brunei English as a code‐mixed variety.
Evaluating the Diurnal Cycle of Upper-Tropospheric Ice Clouds in Climate Models Using SMILES Observations
Authors: Jiang Jonathan H. , Su Hui , Zhai Chengxing , Janice Shen T. , Wu Tongwen , Zhang Jie , Cole Jason N. S. , von Salzen Knut , Donner Leo J. , Seman Charles , Del Genio Anthony , Nazarenko Larissa S. , Dufresne Jean-Louis , Watanabe Masahiro , Morcrette Cyril , Koshiro Tsuyoshi , Kawai Hideaki , Gettelman Andrew , Millán Luis , Read William G. , Livesey Nathaniel J. , Kasai Yasko , Shiotani Masato 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
Upper-tropospheric ice cloud measurements from the Superconducting Submillimeter Limb Emission Sounder (SMILES) on the International Space Station (ISS) are used to study the diurnal cycle of upper-tropospheric ice cloud in the tropics and midlatitudes (40°S–40°N) and to quantitatively evaluate ice cloud diurnal variability simulated by 10 climate models. Over land, the SMILES-observed diurnal cycle has a maximum around 1800 local solar time (LST), while the model-simulated diurnal cycles have phases differing from the observed cycle by −4 to 12 h. Over ocean, the observations show much smaller diurnal cycle amplitudes than over land with a peak at 1200 LST, while the modeled diurnal cycle phases are widely distributed throughout the 24-h period. Most models show smaller diurnal cycle amplitudes over ocean than over land, which is in agreement with the observations. However, there is a large spread of modeled diurnal cycle amplitudes ranging from 20% to more than 300% of the observed over both land and ocean. Empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis on the observed and model-simulated variations of ice clouds finds that the first EOF modes over land from both observation and model simulations explain more than 70% of the ice cloud diurnal variations and they have similar spatial and temporal patterns. Over ocean, the first EOF from observation explains 26.4% of the variance, while the first EOF from most models explains more than 70%. The modeled spatial and temporal patterns of the leading EOFs over ocean show large differences from observations, indicating that the physical mechanisms governing the diurnal cycle of oceanic ice clouds are more complicated and not well simulated by the current climate models.
Wind- versus Eddy-Forced Regional Sea Level Trends and Variability in the North Pacific Ocean
Authors: Qiu Bo , Chen Shuiming , Wu Lixin , Kida Shinichiro 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
Regional sea level trend and variability in the Pacific Ocean have often been considered to be induced by low-frequency surface wind changes. This study demonstrates that significant sea level trend and variability can also be generated by eddy momentum flux forcing due to time-varying instability of the background oceanic circulation. Compared to the broad gyre-scale wind-forced variability, the eddy-forced sea level changes tend to have subgyre scales and, in the North Pacific Ocean, they are largely confined to the Kuroshio Extension region (30°–40°N, 140°–175°E) and the Subtropical Countercurrent (STCC) region (18°–28°N, 130°–175°E). Using a two-layer primitive equation model driven by the ECMWF wind stress data and the eddy momentum fluxes specified by the AVISO sea surface height anomaly data, the relative importance of the wind- and eddy-forced regional sea level trends in the past two decades is quantified. It is found that the increasing (decreasing) trend south (north) of the Kuroshio Extension is due to strengthening of the regional eddy forcing over the past two decades. On the other hand, the decreasing (increasing) sea level trend south (north) of the STCC is caused by the decadal weakening of the regional eddy momentum flux forcing. These decadal eddy momentum flux changes are caused by the background Kuroshio Extension and STCC changes in connection with the Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO) wind pattern shifting from a positive to a negative phase over the past two decades.
A novel mechanism of regulation of the anti-metastatic miR-31 by EMSY in breast cancer
Authors: Mulrane Laoighse , Gallagher William M , O’Connor Darran P 
Published: November 2014

AbstractmiR-31 is well known as an anti-metastatic microRNA (miRNA) in the context of breast cancer. However, to date the mechanism of regulation of this miRNA has yet to be elucidated. The recent publication by Viré et al. in Molecular Cell [1] demonstrates for the first time that one mechanism of regulation of miR-31 is through the putative oncogene EMSY, whose amplification in breast cancer patients correlates with reduced expression of the miRNA. This regulation is dependent on the DNA-binding transcription factor ETS-1 which recruits EMSY and the histone demethylase KDM5B to the miR-31 promoter, thus repressing its transcription.
Unique expression features of cancer‐type organic anion transporting polypeptide 1B3 mRNA expression in human colon and lung cancers
Authors: Sun Yuchen , Furihata Tomomi , Ishii Seiya , Nagai Miki , Harada Manami , Shimozato Osamu , Kamijo Takehiko , Motohashi Shinichiro , Yoshino Ichiro , Kamiichi Atsuko , Kobayashi Kaoru , Chiba Kan 
Published: November 2014

AbstractBackgroundWe have previously identified the cancer‐type organic anion transporting polypeptide 1B3 (Ct‐OATP1B3) mRNA in several human colon and lung cancer tissues. Ct‐OATP1B3 is a variant of the liver‐type OATP1B3 (Lt‐OATP1B3) mRNA, which is a hepatocyte plasma membrane transporter with broad substrate specificity. However, in cancer tissues, both the detailed characteristics of Ct‐OATP1B3 mRNA expression and its biological functions remain unclear. With this point in mind, we sought to characterize Ct‐OATP1B3 mRNA expression in colon and lung cancer tissues. In addition, we attempted to obtain functional implication of Ct‐OATP1B3 in cancer cells.MethodsMatched pairs of cancer and normal tissues were collected from 39 colon cancer and 28 lung cancer patients. The OATP1B3 mRNA expression levels in each of these tissues were separately determined by quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction. Mann‐Whitney U test and Fisher's exact test were used in statistical analysis. The Ct‐OATP1B3 functional expression in colon cancer cells was then examined by Western blotting and transport analyses.ResultsCt‐OATP1B3 mRNA, but not Lt‐OATP1B3 mRNA, was abundantly expressed in colon cancer tissues at a higher detection frequency (87.2%) than that of the adjacent normal tissues (2.6%). Furthermore, it was found that Ct‐OATP1B3 mRNA expression was often detected in early colon cancer stages (88.9%, n = 18), and that its expression was associated with well‐differentiated colon cancer statuses. On the other hand, Ct‐OATP1B3 mRNA also showed a predominant and cancer‐associated expression profile in lung tissues, although at frequencies and expression levels that were lower than those obtained from colon cancer. As for attempts to clarify the Ct‐OATP1B3 functions, neither protein expression nor transport activity could be observed in any of the cell lines examined.ConclusionsBased on the unique characteristics of the Ct‐OATP1B3 mRNA expression profile identified in this study, Ct‐OATP1B3 mRNA can be expected to become a biomarker candidate for use in colon (and lung) cancer diagnosis. Simultaneously, our results advance the possibility that Ct‐OATP1B3 might play yet unidentified roles, in addition to transporter function, in cancer cell biology.