bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Socratic Metaphysics?
Authors: Smith Nicholas D. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractIn this article, I review the debates about Socratic metaphysics. In particular, I argue with Vlastos that talk about Forms in Plato’s early dialogues does not indicate the same view as what comes to be called the “theory of forms” in later dialogues. However, I also give very different reasons from those given by Vlastos or his critics for coming to this conclusion. I note that the virtue forms of the early dialogues have part-whole relationships, which cannot be found in the forms of the middle period. I also note that the virtue forms are identified with knowledge in the early dialogues, whereas in the middle period the forms are the objects of – but are not identical to – know­ledge.
Miniature Shape Memory Alloy Heat Engine for Powering Wireless Sensor Nodes
Authors: Avirovik Dragan , Kishore Ravi A. , Vuckovic Dushan , Priya Shashank 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
Shape Memory Alloys (SMAs) exhibit temperature-dependent cyclic deformation. SMAs undergo reversible phase transformation with heating that generates strain which can be used to develop heat engine. In this study, we build upon the concept where environmental heat is first converted into mechanical energy through SMA deformation and then into electrical energy using a microturbine. This SMA heat engine was tailored to function as a miniature energy harvesting device for wireless sensor nodes applications. The results showed that 0.12 g of SMA wire produced 2.6 mW of mechanical power which was then used to drive a miniature electromagnetic generator that produced 1.7 mW of electrical power. The generated electrical energy was sufficient to power a wireless sensor node. Potential design concepts are discussed for further improvements of the SMA heat engine for the wireless sensing platform.
The synthesis of phosphinates: traditional versus green chemical approaches
Authors: Keglevich György , Kiss Nóra Zsuzsa , Mucsi Zoltán , Jablonkai Erzsébet , Bálint Erika 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThree alternatives are discussed in comparison with the classical esterification of phosphinic chlorides by reaction with alcohols. All novel methods, such as microwave (MW)-assisted direct esterification, MW-assisted phase transfer catalyzed alkylating esterification and the propylphosphonic anhydride-promoted esterification, start from phosphinic acids and offer different advantages and disadvantages. The methods are analyzed from green chemical point of view.
PI and Fuzzy-Controlled 3-Phase 4-Wire Interleaved Buck Active Power Filter with Shoot-Through Elimination for Power Quality Improvement using RTDS Hardware
Authors: Panda Anup Kumar , Patel Ranjeeta 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
In this paper, shoot-through current elimination DC–AC converter circuit has been presented with the application of active power filter (APF). The intuitive analysis of the shoot-through in the conventional DC–AC converter has been reported first. Interleaved buck (IB) converter is adopted to eliminate the shoot-through current, thereby increasing the reliability of the interleaved buck–based active power filter (IB-APF). The 3-phase 4-wire IB-APF eliminates the current harmonics produced by the load just as a conventional one does and are innately immune to “shoot-through” phenomenon, with the elimination of special protection features required in conventional inverter circuits. A comparison has been made about the compensation capabilities of the IB-APF with the PI and fuzzy logic controller (FLC) used by id–iq control strategy under different supply voltage conditions. The id–iq control strategy used for extracting the three-phase reference current for IB-APF, evaluating their performance here in MATLAB/Simulink environment and also implemented using real-time digital simulator hardware (OPAL-RT hardware). The RTDS result verifies that the total harmonic distortion percentage of the source current can be reduced below 5% according to IEEE-519 standard recommendations on harmonic limits.
Is extracting data the same as possessing data?
Authors: Stinson Douglas R. , Upadhyay Jalaj 
Published: January 2014

Abstract.
Proof-of-retrievability schemes have been
a topic of considerable recent interest.
In these schemes,
a client

𝖢

$\mathsf {C}$

gives a file M to a server

𝖲

$\mathsf {S}$

with the understanding
that

𝖲

$\mathsf {S}$

will securely store M.
A suitable challenge-response protocol is invoked by

𝖢

$\mathsf {C}$

in order for

𝖢

$\mathsf {C}$

to gain confidence that M is indeed being correctly stored by

𝖲

$\mathsf {S}$

.
The definition of proof-of-retrievability schemes is based on the notion of
an extractor

ℰ

$\mathcal {E}$

that can recover the file once the
challenge-response protocol is executed a sufficient number of times.
In this paper, we propose a new type of scheme that we term a
proof-of-data-observability scheme.
Our definition tries to capture the stronger requirement that

𝖲

$\mathsf {S}$

must have
an actual copy of M in its memory space while it executes the challenge-response protocol.
We give some examples of schemes that satisfy this new
security definition. As well, we analyze the efficiency and security of the protocols we present,
and we prove some necessary conditions for the existence of these kinds of protocols.
Dielectric properties of various polymers (PVC, EVA, HDPE, and PP) reinforced with ground tire rubber (GTR)
Authors: Mujal-Rosas Ramon , Marin-Genesca Marc , Ballart-Prunell Jordi 
Published: January 2014

AbstractMass production of tires as well as its difficult storage or elimination is a real environmental problem. Various methods for recycling tires are currently used, such as mechanical crushing, which puts vulcanized rubber, steel, and fibers apart. The rubber may be used in several industrial applications such as flooring, insulations, and footwear. The present paper focuses on finding a new application for old used tires [ground tire rubber (GTR)]. To this end, tires dust has been mixed with various thermoplastic polymers such as polyvinyl chloride (PVC), high-density polyethylene (HDPE), ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA), and polypropylene (PP). We have checked the maximum GTR concentration values admitted by these compounds while keeping dielectric properties within acceptable values and therefore remaining suitable for industrial applications in the manufacturing of insulators for electrical wires. In particular, tires dust with particles size p<200 μm has been mixed with the polymers in four different GTR concentrations of 5%, 10%, 20%, and 50% to establish its performance through dielectric tests performed within a range of temperatures from 30°C to 120°C, and with frequencies from 1×10-2 to 3×106 Hz, and analyzing conductivity, permittivity, dielectric loss factor, and relaxations. At last, the fracture surfaces of the composite samples have been evaluated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM).
Rock Mass Dynamic Test Apparatus for Estimating the Strain-Dependent Dynamic Properties of Jointed Rock Masses
Authors: Chong Song-Hun , Kim Joo-Won , Cho Gye-Chun 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
A rock mass dynamic test (RMDT) apparatus was developed to estimate the strain-dependent dynamic properties (i.e. shear modulus and damping ratio) of jointed rock masses over a wide range of shear strains from 10−5 % to 10−2 %. The resonance and equipment-generated damping of the apparatus were investigated in detail. The dynamic properties obtained from the quasi-static resonant column tests were in agreement with those of the RMDT apparatus, which suggests that the developed RMDT apparatus is valid. Furthermore, the experimental test results on gneiss discs demonstrated that the dynamic properties of jointed rock masses are stress-dependent and strain-dependent, with similar trends to those of soil, whereas the elastic threshold strain of a jointed rock is significantly lower than that of soil.
Getting Information from Modal Decomposition of Grain Size Distribution Curves
Authors: Chapuis Robert P. , Dallaire Véronique , Saucier Antoine 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
Soil samples may be difficult-to-identify mixtures of different layers. For environmental and groundwater projects, a detailed stratigraphy is needed because the coarse layers are highways for both water and dissolved contaminants. The paper proposes a method to decompose a grain size distribution curve (GSDC) into its 1, 2, or 3 log-normal components and their proportions. The proposed method can accurately decompose synthetic mixes of three lognormal modes, except when a mode contributes for less than about 2 %. In such a case, it is suggested to ignore this mode and describe the mix as a two mode mix. An example is given for an experimental site with many split-spoon soil samples. The suspected stratification was confirmed by the decomposition method, which found mixtures of only two soil components, fine sand and clayey silt, each of them with little variability. The large-scale permeability, as provided by a pumping test, corresponds to the horizontally composed permeability of the soil components: thus, it confirms the adequacy of the soil sample decomposition method.
Design and Development of a Low-Cost Divided-Bar Apparatus
Authors: McGuinness Turlough , Hemmingway Phil , Long Mike 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
A divided-bar apparatus is deemed to be the most accurate method of measuring the thermal conductivity, λ (W/mK), of intact rock cores in the laboratory. The divided bar is a steady-state comparative method in which the temperature drop across a disk of rock is compared with that across a disk of standard material of known conductivity. Thermal conductivity test results obtained from rock cores can be used in software programs to determine the design requirements for any medium to large-scale ground-source energy system. This paper describes the design and development of a low-cost divided-bar apparatus and compares the values obtained to those achieved by previous researchers and those recommended by EED, a commonly used borehole heat exchanger design software program. The divided bar was designed in accordance with the following principles: keep construction costs low by using readily available materials, develop a simplistic operating procedure to promote continuity of use and cater for the testing of different sized rock cores. As there are currently no recognized testing standards available for operation of a divided-bar apparatus, the sample preparation procedure for samples tested on the UCD divided-bar apparatus was developed as a proposed standard testing procedure. The proposed procedure amalgamates the developments and suggestions of previous researchers in addition to published test procedures in Ulusay and Hudson [Ulusay, R. and Hudson, J. A., 2007, The Complete ISRM Suggested Methods for Rock Characterization, Testing and Monitoring: 1974–2006, ISRM Turkey], and could possibly contribute toward the development of a standardized procedure for testing on a divided-bar apparatus. The test results presented in this paper demonstrate a strong relationship between thermal conductivity and mineral composition with the effects of porosity also having a notable influence on the thermal conductivity of the tested rocks.
Axial Uplift Behavior of Drilled Shafts in Gobi Gravel
Authors: Qian Zeng-Zhen , Lu Xian-Long , Yang Wen-Zhi 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
Drilled shafts have been applied to withstand the axial uplift load for transmission towers in Gobi, a common geological formation in Northwest China. This study elucidated the uplift behavior of drilled shafts in the Gobi gravel. Nineteen full-scale drilled shafts were installed at six sites, and pullout load testing was conducted for each drilled shaft. The load test results were interpreted using four representative uplift capacity interpretation criteria to define various elastic, inelastic, and “failure” states for each drilled shaft. The results were interrelated to establish a generalized correlation among these states using a mean uplift load-displacement curve for drilled shafts in the Gobi gravel, which was compared with parallel studies in gravelly and cohesive soils. Using the hyperbolic fitting method, normalized curves were developed by approximating the load-displacement curves for all load tests. Explicit hyperbolic curve-fitting constants were suggested at different confidence levels, and normalized load-displacement curves were presented by considering the uncertainty in the prediction. The slope tangent and Chin methods represented the lower and upper bounds, respectively. The L1–L2 method was found to be appropriate for interpreting the uplift capacity. Normalizing the load-displacement curves reduced scattering in the curves. The normalized load-displacement curves can be used in a drilled shaft design that considers capacity and displacement together.
Verification and Repeatability Analysis for the In Situ Air Permeameter Test
Authors: White David J. , Vennapusa Pavana , Zhao La 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
The air permeameter test (APT) is a relatively new test device that uses gas pressure and flow measurements to rapidly determine (&lt;15 s/test) in situ hydraulic conductivity of granular materials. The use of precision orifices for flow rate control allows for high precision at low pressures (i.e., &lt;25 mm of water pressure). Application of low pressure during testing is necessary to simulate typical field drainage conditions for pavements, and rapid testing allows for characterizing the in situ variability of hydraulic conductivity. This paper describes details of the APT device components and system, test operations, verification assessments, and measurement error calculations from repeatability testing. The results of this paper provide information for APT users to assess the test device and measurements and information needed to develop testing guidelines and test standards.
Analysis of the Industrial Cutting Process of Natural Building Stones: Evaluation of Electric Power Consumption
Authors: Yurdakul Murat , Akdas Hurriyet 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
The consumption of electricity during the cutting processes of natural building stones by using block cutters is investigated in this study. To achieve this goal, a power analyzer was installed on the line that transfers electrical power to the vertical saw of the block cutters that are used in natural building stone-processing plants in 11 regions nationwide in Turkey, and the electrical power-consumption readings were taken during the natural stone-cutting processes accordingly. Electrical power-consumption data were recorded at the natural building stone-processing plants under 69 different cutting conditions on 24 different limestone marbles for a range of feed rates and cutting depths during and prior to the cutting process as a result of the measurements taken. It was determined that the power-consumption readings taken exhibited variations in three different regions based on the recorded data. Consequently, a model curve was proposed that explains the electrical power consumption during the cutting process of limestone marbles by using block cutters as a result of the analysis of the data obtained. Furthermore, a novel approach was proposed for the calculation of specific cutting energy during the natural building stone-cutting processes based on the model curve.
A man with a worrying potassium deficiency
Authors: Tabasum A , Shute C , Datta D , George L 
Published: January 2014

Summary
Hypokalaemia may present as muscle cramps and Cardiac arrhythmias. This is a condition commonly encountered by endocrinologists and general physicians alike. Herein, we report the case of a 43-year-old gentleman admitted with hypokalaemia, who following subsequent investigations was found to have Gitelman's syndrome (GS). This rare, inherited, autosomal recessive renal tubular disorder is associated with genetic mutations in the thiazide-sensitive sodium chloride co-transporter and magnesium channels in the distal convoluted tubule. Patients with GS typically presents at an older age, and a spectrum of clinical presentations exists, from being asymptomatic to predominant muscular symptoms. Clinical suspicion should be raised in those with hypokalaemic metabolic alkalosis associated with hypomagnesaemia. Treatment of GS consists of long-term potassium and magnesium salt replacement. In general, the long-term prognosis in terms of preserved renal function and life expectancy is excellent. Herein, we discuss the biochemical imbalance in the aetiology of GS, and the case report highlights the need for further investigations in patients with recurrent hypokalaemic episodes.

Learning points

Recurrent hypokalaemia with no obvious cause warrants investigation for hereditary renal tubulopathies.

GS is the most common inherited renal tubulopathy with a prevalence of 25 per million people.

GS typically presents at an older age and clinical suspicion should be raised in those with hypokalaemic metabolic alkalosis associated with hypomagnesaemia.

Confirmation of diagnosis is by molecular analysis for mutation in the SLC12A3 gene.
Downscaling of categorical soil maps with the aid of auxiliary spatial soil information and data mining methods
Authors: Pásztor László , Bakacsi Zsófia , Laborczi Annamária , Szabó József 
Published: January 2014

Kategória típusú talajtérképek térbeli felbontásának javítására (leskálázására) adatbányászati módszerként osztályozó fákat alkalmaztunk. A feladat elvégzését az indokolta, hogy bizonyos tematikus talajtérképek nem állnak rendelkezésre a megkívánt léptékben. A számos előnnyel bíró döntési fák felhasználhatók többek között létező talajtérképekben foglalt talaj-táj modellek megértésére, a felvételezési, szerkesztési szabályok utólagos formalizálására. A feltárt, döntési szabályokba foglalt összefüggések pedig nagy felbontású környezeti segédváltozók segítségével térbelileg finomított térképek előállítását teszik lehetővé. Ezen segédváltozók között speciális szerepet töltenek be a nagyobb térbeli felbontású, de eltérő tematikájú talajtani információk. A szintetizáló munka eredményeként született Agrotopográfiai térképek agroökológiai egységei döntően a Kreybig-féle talajfelvételezés adataira alapozva, a Kreybig térképek talajfoltjainak térbeli és tematikus generalizálásával jöttek létre. A Kreybig mintázat jelentős információtartalommal bír ezek heterogenitására vonatkozóan, csakúgy mint a talajképződésben jelentős szerepet betöltő domborzati viszonyokat nagy léptékben jellemző domborzat modellek.Az ország teljes területére elérhető AGROTOPO és DKTIR (Digitális Kreybig Talajinformációs Rendszer) adatbázisok, illetve digitális domborzat modellek révén hatalmas potenciál áll rendelkezésre, mely lehetőségek integrált kiaknázásával számos kategória típusú tematikus talajtérkép leskálázására nyílik lehetőség. Ezek közül kettőt mutattunk be részletesebben:

(i)
Az Országos Területrendezési Terv Kiváló Termőképességű Területeinek országos léptékű lehatárolásához az AGROTOPO talajértékszám kategória térképét skáláztuk le döntési fák segítségével.
(ii)
Az öntözés tervezését szolgáló nagyléptékű térképezési módszertan digitális implementálásának feltétele a talajok genetikus osztályozásának ismerete 1:25.000- es léptékben. Egy belvízöblözet területére az AGROTOPO genetikus típus fedvényét skáláztuk le a DKTIR és természetesen egyéb környezeti segédváltozók, illetve osztályozó fák felhasználásával.A felhasznált módszert a későbbiekben is alkalmazni kívánjuk hasonló feladatok megoldására, például az országos digitális talajtérképezési projektben (DOSoReMI.hu; PÁSZTOR et al., 2013b), a levont következtetéseket és a tanulságokat pedig hasznosítani. Továbblépést a környezeti segédadatok körének bővítésével, illetve a döntési fák egy további szintjének, az ún. „random forest” (véletlen erdő) módszercsalád alkalmazásával tervezünk.Munkánkat az K105167 OTKA pályázat és a Bolyai János Kutatási Ösztöndíj program támogatta.
Contamination of cave sediments in the Bükk Hills
Authors: Dobos Endre , Lénárt László 
Published: January 2014

A barlangi üledékek vizsgálatát 2008-ban kezdtük meg. Mivel konkrét információink az esetleges szennyezőkről nem voltak, így az első három év folyamán (2008, 2009 és 2010 években) elsősorban a potenciális szennyező anyagokat vettük számba, így vizsgáltuk az üledékek nehézfémtartalmát, szerves szennyezőit és mikrobiológiai állapotát. Az első három év adatai alapján a következő négy környezeti problémát azonosítottuk:— Nehézfém-szennyezettség szempontjából a barlangi üledékek tisztának mondhatók, kivéve a kadmiumot, melynek értéke gyakran megközelíti, ritkán meg is haladja a talajokban megengedett környezetvédelmi határértéket.— Szerves szennyezők szempontjából szinte minden évben megjelenik a ftalátok csoportja, melyek műanyaglágyítóként használt vegyületek, és ezáltal jól jelzik a barlangba bejutó vizek szeméttel történő találkozását. Itt elsősorban a patakmedrekbe öntött hulladékból visszamaradó műanyag zsákokból és palackokból kioldódó anyagait értjük, valamint a szennyvíz bekeveredésének lehetőségét.— Nem állandó, de sajnos gyakran visszatérő probléma az olajszármazékok megjelenése a barlangi üledékekben, melyeket elsősorban a nedves években lehet kimutatni. Sajnos, az olajszármazékok okozta szennyezések mértéke nagyon komoly szintet érhet és ért is el az elmúlt három évben megmintázott talajokban, kiküszöbölésükhöz részletes szennyező forrás vizsgálatokra volna szükség.— A ftalátok kvantitatív vizsgálata igen komoly környezeti terhelést jelez, mind a barlangi üledékek, mind a felszíni és a felszín alatti vizek esetében. A folyóvízi üledékek - elsősorban a felszíni patakok, de sajnos a barlangi patakok egy részében is - gyakran a határértéket többszörösen meghaladó koncentrációt mutat. A felszíni vízfolyások esetén a határérték több mint 20-szorosát is elérhetik a mért koncentrációértékek.Javaslatok, kutatási célkitűzések1. Javasoljuk a barlangok felszíni vízgyűjtő területeit érintő talajmintázás elindítását a nagy kadmiumtartalom megmagyarázása, illetve az esetleges felszíni és a felszín alatti Cd-tartalom összevetésére.2. Javasoljuk a ftalátok rendszeres mérését, monitorozását a barlangi talajokban, illetve a felszíni vizekben, azok üledékeiben, illetve a vízgyűjtő terület talajain, elsősorban a szennyezés forrásának tisztázása és kiküszöbölése céljából.3. Javasoljuk továbbá a felszíni olajszennyezési „utak” feltárását, azon olajforrások lokalizálását (pl. utak, létesítmények), melyek tényleges hatást gyakorolnak a barlangok vízminőségére. Ezek a területek, illetve szennyező források aztán a Bükki Nemzeti Parkon belüli szabályozások okszerű és helyspecifikus újragondolását segíthetik elő a karsztvizek védelme érdekében.A munkát a „Kútfő” TÁMOP-4.2.2.-A11/1/KONV-2012-0049. jelű projekt és a határon átnyúló HUSK/1001/2.1.2/0058 számú projektek támogatták.
Testing quantum mechanics: a statistical approach
Authors: Tsang Mankei 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
As experiments continue to push the quantum-classical
boundary using increasingly complex dynamical systems, the
interpretation of experimental data becomes more and more
challenging: when the observations are noisy, indirect, and
limited, how can we be sure that we are observing quantum
behavior? This tutorial highlights some of the difficulties
in such experimental tests of quantum mechanics, using optomechanics
as the central example, and discusses how the
issues can be resolved using techniques from statistics and
insights from quantum information theory.