bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Unemployment and Suicide During and After a Deep Recession: A Longitudinal Study of 3.4 Million Swedish Men and Women
Authors: Garcy Anthony M. , Vågerö Denny 
Published: April 2013

Objectives. We tested 2 hypotheses found in studies of the relationship between suicide and unemployment: causal (stress and adversity) and selective interpretation (previous poor health). Methods. We estimated Cox models for adults (n = 3 424 550) born between 1931 and 1965. We examined mortality during the recession (1993–1996), postrecession (1997–2002), and a combined follow-up. Models controlled for previous medical problems, and social, family, and employer characteristics. Results. During the recession there was no excess hazard of mortality from suicide or events of undetermined intent. Postrecession, there was an excess hazard of suicide mortality for unemployed men but not unemployed women. However, for unemployed women with no health-problem history there was a modest hazard of suicide. Finally, there was elevated mortality from events of undetermined intent for unemployed men and women postrecession. Conclusions. A small part of the relationship may be related to health selection, more so during the recession. However, postrecessionary period findings suggest that much of the association could be causal. A narrow focus on suicide mortality may understate the mortality effects of unemployment in Sweden.
The Impact of Cigarette Excise Tax Increases on Purchasing Behaviors Among New York City Smokers
Authors: Coady Micaela H. , Chan Christina A. , Sacks Rachel , Mbamalu Ijeoma G. , Kansagra Susan M. 
Published: April 2013

Objectives. We examined the relationship between cigarette excise tax increases and tax-avoidant purchasing behaviors among New York City adult smokers. Methods. We analyzed data from the city’s annual Community Health Survey to assess changes in rates of tax avoidance over time (2003–2010) and smokers’ responses to the 2008 state cigarette tax increase. Multivariable logistic regression analysis identified correlates of buying more cigarettes on the street in response to the increase. Results. After the 2002 tax increase, the percentage of smokers engaged in tax-avoidant behavior decreased with time from 30% in 2003 to 13% in 2007. Following the 2008 tax increase, 21% of smokers reported buying more cigarettes from another person on the street. Low-income, younger, Black, and Hispanic smokers were more likely than respondents with other sociodemographic characteristics to purchase more cigarettes on the street. Conclusions. To maximize public health impact, cigarette tax increases should be paired with efforts to limit the flow of untaxed cigarettes entering jurisdictions with high cigarette pack prices.
Disparities in Criminal Court Referrals to Drug Treatment and Prison for Minority Men
Authors: Nicosia Nancy , MacDonald John M. , Arkes Jeremy 
Published: April 2013

Objectives. We investigated the extent to which racial/ethnic disparities in prison and diversion to drug treatment were explained by current arrest and criminal history characteristics among drug-involved offenders, and whether those disparities decreased after California’s Proposition 36, which mandated first- and second-time nonviolent drug offenders drug treatment instead of prison.Methods. We analyzed administrative data on approximately 170 000 drug-involved arrests in California between 1995 and 2005. We examined odds ratios from logistic regressions for prison and diversion across racial/ethnic groups before and after Proposition 36.Results. We found significant disparities in prison and diversion for Blacks and Hispanics relative to Whites. These disparities decreased after controlling for current arrest and criminal history characteristics for Blacks. Proposition 36 was also associated with a reduction in disparities, but more so for Hispanics than Blacks.Conclusions. Disparities in prison and diversion to drug treatment among drug-involved offenders affect hundreds of thousands of citizens and might reinforce imbalances in criminal justice and health outcomes. Our study indicated that standardized criminal justice policies that improved access to drug treatment might contribute to alleviating some share of these disparities.
Early Life Conditions of Overall and Cause-Specific Mortality Among Inner-City African Americans
Authors: Juon Hee-Soon , Evans-Polce Rebecca J. , Ensminger Margaret 
Published: April 2013

Objectives. We examined how early life conditions influence midlife overall and cause-specific mortality in a community cohort of disadvantaged African Americans. Methods. Using a prospective design, we assessed first-grade children and their teachers and families when children were 6 years old, with follow-up at ages 16, 32, and 42 years. We obtained information on death from family members, neighbors, and the National Death Index (NDI). We conducted a survival analysis and competing risk analysis to examine early life predictors of mortality. Results. Of 1242 participants, 87 (7%) had died by 2004. In multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression, males who lived in foster care and females with lower math grades in first grade were more likely to die by age 42 years. In multivariate competing risks analysis, hospitalization by the time of first grade was related to mortality from acute and chronic illness. Male gender, being in foster care, and aggressive behavior in first grade were related to mortality from drug use, violence, or suicide. Conclusions. Early classroom, environmental, and family-level interventions are potentially beneficial in reducing later overall and cause-specific mortality.
Clinical Uncertainties, Health Service Challenges, and Ethical Complexities of HIV “Test-and-Treat”: A Systematic Review
Authors: Kulkarni Sonali P. , Shah Kavita R. , Sarma Karthik V. , Mahajan Anish P. 
Published: April 2013

Despite the HIV “test-and-treat” strategy’s promise, questions about its clinical rationale, operational feasibility, and ethical appropriateness have led to vigorous debate in the global HIV community.We performed a systematic review of the literature published between January 2009 and May 2012 using PubMed, SCOPUS, Global Health, Web of Science, BIOSIS, Cochrane CENTRAL, EBSCO Africa-Wide Information, and EBSCO CINAHL Plus databases to summarize clinical uncertainties, health service challenges, and ethical complexities that may affect the test-and-treat strategy’s success.A thoughtful approach to research and implementation to address clinical and health service questions and meaningful community engagement regarding ethical complexities may bring us closer to safe, feasible, and effective test-and-treat implementation.
Method Choice in Nonfatal Self-Harm as a Predictor of Subsequent Episodes of Self-Harm and Suicide: Implications for Clinical Practice
Authors: Miller Matthew , Hempstead Katherine , Nguyen Tuan , Barber Catherine , Rosenberg-Wohl Sarah , Azrael Deborah 
Published: April 2013

Objectives. We examined time-varying and time-invariant characteristics of nonfatal intentional self-harm episodes in relation to subsequent episodes of self-harm and suicide.Methods. We conducted a follow-up cohort study through 2007 of 3600 patients discharged from hospitals in New Jersey with a primary diagnosis of intentional self-harm in 2003. We determined repetition of self-harm from hospital records and suicide from state registers.Results. Use of methods other than drug overdose and cutting in self-harm events, greater medical severity of nonfatal episodes, and a history of multiple self-harm episodes increased the risk of suicide. However, most suicides occurred without these risk factors. Most suicides took place without intervening episodes of self-harm, and most persons used a low-lethality method (drug overdose or cutting) in their index episode, but switched to a more lethal method in their fatal episode.Conclusions. Our findings suggest that preventing suicide among persons with a history of self-harm must account for the possibility that they will adopt methods with higher case-fatality ratios than they previously tried.
Optimized Unconventional Shale Development With MPD Techniques
Authors: Grayson Brian , Patel Bhavin , Gans Huub 
Published: April 2013

Abstract
The rapid development of unconventional energy plays such as shale oil & gas necessitates "assembly line" approach to well construction and completion technologies. Due to very high number of wells being drilled to explore such promising resources, novel approach to optimize well construction process is necessary. This requires an industrial engineering approach to not only remove non-productive time out of the assembly process, but also drive out the invisible flat time and unrealized inefficiencies of the manufacturing process. This paper will discuss the application MPD to maximize drilling efficiency by optimizing drilling parameters to minimize Mean Specific Energy (MSE) for drilling.
Managed Pressure Drilling (MPD) techniques have gained industry wide acceptance for drilling technically challenging prospects and also helping to minimize risks associated with well control and lost circulation hazards. The well construction process in shale plays might be perceived as more benign than some of the challenging environments such as deep-water. However application of MPD to maximize drilling efficiency in shale plays can minimize cost by reducing the field development time.
MPD has been shown to reduce the drilling time by almost 50% through the elimination of known and unknown drilling inefficiencies. Overall drilling performance is impacted through the inherent ability of MPD to quickly identify and control any pressure events and continue drilling versus spending costly time fighting down hole problems. MPD also significantly impacts performance through the optimization of parameters such as mud weight and Equivalent Circulating Density (ECD).
MSE has been a great tool to quantify drilling efficiency. Effect of different drilling parameters such as mud weight, weight on bit and torque on MSE will be discussed. Application of MPD has significant impact on MSE during drilling. This paper will describe how the use of MPD on shale developments, along with other unconventional developments improves the overall drilling efficiency hence allowing for quicker & safer well construction and field development. It will also investigate the added benefit of MPD improving field production through better understanding of productive zones and fracture identification.
Accelerating Field Development and Production via Managed Pressure Drilling
Authors: Showers Danny , Cocchiere Brian , Hansell Travis , Spence Nick 
Published: April 2013

Abstract
Primary drilling challenges related to the Greater Natural Buttes (GNB) field involve lost circulation, gas influxes, and the constant challenges related to accelerating a program in its mature stages of development. The majority of production is derived from naturally fractured tight sandstone members of the Wasatch formation and Mesaverde groups of the Tertiary & Cretaceous periods, which are the drilling targets of concern.
Through the utilization of Managed Pressure Drilling (MPD) a decrease in cycle times and a possible increase in production in the GNB field have been observed. The decrease in cycle times can be directly attributed to higher ROP, mitigated gas influxes, and minimized lost circulation management. Continuing research of how the effect of MPD has subsequently contributed to decreasing near wellbore damage and potentially increasing overall production is being conducted.
This paper will quantify the benefit MPD has yielded through ROP advancements, tool life length, mud cost & material reduction, and time related to lost circulation & gas influx management. This paper will also detail our MPD procedures, and take a look at how the effects of a more balanced state between wellbore and formation pressure possibly yields better production related to decreased drilling related invasion.
Integrated Technology Approach to Explore Carbonate Reservoirs in Malaysia Enhances PMCD Potentials and Enables Successful Prospect Evaluations
Authors: Jayah M Noreffendy , Aziz Intan Azian , Drus Zulhilmi , Nesan Thanavathy Patma , Sze Wong Han , Ali Hassan Abdel Aziz , Luntar Pungut 
Published: April 2013

Abstract
The Central Luconia province located in offshore Sarawak (East Malaysia) houses numerous carbonate reservoirs. Some of these reservoirs, especially the pinnacle structures are characterized by the presence of karsts and fractures leading to total mud losses. PETRONAS has been exploring carbonate reservoirs in this area since the 90s. However, as more prospects being explored, the challenge intensifies as the company embarked into exploring remaining carbonate pinnacle structures with primary objective of identifying the gas water contact (GWC) of the prospects. Drilling the well conventionally risk the operations not just in its safety aspect but also deliverability of the well objective and data acquisition plan.
Implementing the variant of the Managed Pressure Drilling (MPD) technology called Pressurized Mud Cap Drilling (PMCD) allowed targeted total depths to be reached on several wells. However, reaching total depth alone is not sufficient, as the prospect has to be conclusively evaluated. With the limitations in Logging While Drilling (LWD) capability, prevalent high vibrations in the carbonate section and heterogeneity of the formations, delivering a conclusive formation evaluation result to identify GWC often necessitates acquisition of pore pressure data in the carbonate section – in total losses condition. This mission remains as a big challenge to the industry, which could not be solved by PMCD technology alone. Integration of technology applications is paramount to increase the success rate of data delivery.
The authors present case histories of wells drilled to date, integrated strategies approach employed and lessons learnt as the operator evolves to enhance its carbonate drilling & evaluation capability. The use of Seismic While Drilling (SWD) for reducing top of carbonate uncertainty, the successful use of Composite Bridge Plug (CBP) to isolate wellbore against total losses, formation evaluation strategies in total losses condition, and well killing strategies post a production test are among the areas that will be comprehensively covered in this paper.
The Effect of Insulin Infusion on the Metabolites in Cerebral Tissues Assessed With Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy in Young Healthy Subjects With High and Low Insulin Sensitivity
Authors: Karczewska-Kupczewska Monika , Tarasów Eugeniusz , Nikołajuk Agnieszka , Stefanowicz Magdalena , Matulewicz Natalia , Otziomek Elżbieta , Górska Maria , Strączkowski Marek , Kowalska Irina 
Published: April 2013

OBJECTIVE
Insulin may play important roles in brain metabolism. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) of the central nervous system gives information on neuronal viability, cellular energy, and membrane status. To elucidate the specific role of insulin action in the brain, we estimated neurometabolites with 1H-MRS and assessed their regulation by insulin infusion and their relationship with insulin sensitivity.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
We studied 16 healthy young men. 1H-MRS was performed at baseline and after 240 min of euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp. Voxels were positioned in the left frontal lobe, left temporal lobe, and left thalamus. The ratios of N-acetylaspartate (NAA), choline-containing compounds (Cho), myo-inositol, and glutamate/glutamine/γ-aminobutyric acid complex (Glx) to creatine (Cr) and nonsuppressed water signal were determined. The participants were divided into subgroups of high (high IS) and low (low IS) insulin sensitivity.

RESULTS
Baseline neurometabolic substrates were not different between the groups. Insulin infusion resulted in an increase in frontal NAA/Cr and NAA/H2O and frontal and temporal Glx/Cr and Glx/H2O and a decrease in frontal Cho/Cr and temporal Cho/H2O and myo-inositol/H2O (all P &lt; 0.05, except temporal Glx/H2O, P = 0.054, NS) in the high-IS, but not in the low-IS, group. Insulin sensitivity correlated positively with frontal NAA/Cr and NAA/H2O and temporal Glx/H2O and negatively with temporal myo-inositol/Cr and myo-inositol/H2O assessed during the second 1H-MRS (all P &lt; 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS
Insulin might influence cerebral metabolites, and this action is impaired in subjects with low whole-body insulin sensitivity. Thus, our results provide a potential link between insulin resistance and altered metabolism of the central nervous system.
Modulation by Dietary Fat and Carbohydrate ofIRS1Association With Type 2 Diabetes Traits in Two Populations of Different Ancestries
Authors: Zheng Ju-Sheng , Arnett Donna K. , Parnell Laurence D. , Smith Caren E. , Li Duo , Borecki Ingrid B. , Tucker Katherine L. , Ordovás José M. , Lai Chao-Qiang 
Published: April 2013

OBJECTIVEInsulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS1) is central to insulin signaling pathways. This study aimed to examine the association of IRS1 variants with insulin resistance (IR) and related phenotypes, as well as potential modification by diet.RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODSTwo IRS1 variants (rs7578326 and rs2943641) identified by genome-wide association studies as related to type 2 diabetes were tested for their associations with IR and related traits and interaction with diet in the Genetics of Lipid Lowering Drugs and Diet Network (GOLDN) study (n = 820) and the Boston Puerto Rican Health Study (BPRHS) (n = 844).RESULTSMeta-analysis indicated that rs7578326 G-allele carriers and rs2943641 T-allele carriers had a lower risk of IR, type 2 diabetes, and metabolic syndrome (MetS). Significant interactions on IR and MetS were found for these two variants and their haplotypes with diet. In GOLDN, rs7578326 G-allele carriers and rs2943641 T-allele carriers and their haplotype G-T carriers had a significantly lower risk of IR and MetS than noncarriers only when the dietary saturated fatty acid-to-carbohydrate ratio was low (≤0.24). In both GOLDN (P = 0.0008) and BPRHS (P = 0.011), rs7578326 G-allele carriers had a lower risk of MetS than noncarriers only when dietary monounsaturated fatty acids were lower than the median intake of each population.CONCLUSIONSIRS1 variants are associated with IR and related traits and are modulated by diet in two populations of different ancestries. These findings suggest that IRS1 variants have important functions in various metabolic disorders and that dietary factors could modify these associations.
Genetic structure and domestication of carrot (Daucus carota subsp. sativus) (Apiaceae)
Authors: Iorizzo Massimo , Senalik Douglas A. , Ellison Shelby L. , Grzebelus Dariusz , Cavagnaro Pablo F. , Allender Charlotte , Brunet Johanne , Spooner David M. , Van Deynze Allen , Simon Philipp W. 
Published: April 2013

• Premise of the study: Analyses of genetic structure and phylogenetic relationships illuminate the origin and domestication of modern crops. Despite being an important worldwide vegetable, the genetic structure and domestication of carrot (Daucus carota) is poorly understood. We provide the first such study using a large data set of molecular markers and accessions that are widely dispersed around the world.• Methods: Sequencing data from the carrot transcriptome were used to develop 4000 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Eighty‐four genotypes, including a geographically well‐distributed subset of wild and cultivated carrots, were genotyped using the KASPar assay.• Key results: Analysis of allelic diversity of SNP data revealed no reduction of genetic diversity in cultivated vs. wild accessions. Structure and phylogenetic analysis indicated a clear separation between wild and cultivated accessions as well as between eastern and western cultivated carrot. Among the wild carrots, those from Central Asia were genetically most similar to cultivated accessions. Furthermore, we found that wild carrots from North America were most closely related to European wild accessions.• Conclusions: Comparing the genetic diversity of wild and cultivated accessions suggested the absence of a genetic bottleneck during carrot domestication. In conjunction with historical documents, our results suggest an origin of domesticated carrot in Central Asia. Wild carrots from North America were likely introduced as weeds with European colonization. These results provide answers to long‐debated questions of carrot evolution and domestication and inform germplasm curators and breeders on genetic substructure of carrot genetic resources.
SEMS II: Nonprescriptive But Not Risk-Based
Authors: Sutton Ian 
Published: April 2013

Abstract
The Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement (BSEE) is proposing an extension to the Safety and Environmental Management Systems rule. This new rule, which is informally referred to as SEMS II, is mostly non-prescriptive, i.e., it does not provide detailed guidance as to actions that offshore operators should take. However, the proposed rule is not similar to other non-prescriptive approaches to safety management, particularly that of Safety Cases, because it does not require that a risk analysis be carried out. Instead, the rule focuses on personnel and management issues such as Employee Participation and Stop Work Authority. Hence it is concluded that the rule is non-prescriptive but not risk-based.
HLA Haplotype Determines Hapten or p-i T Cell Reactivity to Flucloxacillin
Authors: Wuillemin Natascha , Adam Jacqueline , Fontana Stefano , Krähenbühl Stephan , Pichler Werner J. , Yerly Daniel 
Published: April 2013

Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is a main cause of drug withdrawal. A particularly interesting example is flucloxacillin (FLUX)-DILI, which is associated with the HLA-B*57:01 allele. At present, the mechanism of FLUX-DILI is not understood, but the HLA association suggests a role for activated T cells in the pathomechanism of liver damage. To understand the interaction among FLUX, HLA molecules, and T cells, we generated FLUX-reacting T cells from FLUX-naive HLA-B*57:01+ and HLA-B*57:01− healthy donors and investigated the mechanism of T cell stimulation. We found that FLUX stimulates CD8+ T cells in two distinct manners. On one hand, FLUX was stably presented on various HLA molecules, resistant to extensive washing and dependent on proteasomal processing, suggesting a hapten mechanism. On the other hand, in HLA-B*57:01+ individuals, we observed a pharmacological interaction with immune receptors (p-i)–based T cell reactivity. FLUX was presented in a labile manner that was further characterized by independence of proteasomal processing and immediate T cell clone activation upon stimulation with FLUX in solution. This p-i–based T cell stimulation was restricted to the HLA-B*57:01 allele. We conclude that the presence of HLA-B*57:01 drives CD8+ T cell responses to the penicillin-derivative FLUX toward nonhapten mechanism.