bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Iron(III)‐Catalyzed Aerobic Oxidation and Cleavage/Formation of a C–S Bond
Authors: Shi Xiaokang , Ren Xiaoyu , Ren Zhiyong , Li Jian , Wang Yuling , Yang Sizhuo , Gu Jixiang , Gao Qiang , Huang Guosheng 
Published: June 2014

AbstractA new iron(III)‐catalyzed synthesis of β‐oxo sulfones is described that employs vinylarenes and readily available dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) with hydrazine and oxygen as the oxidant. The reaction tolerates various functional group substituents on the vinylarene substrates to afford β‐oxo sulfones in moderate to good yields. The cleavage and formation of the C–S bond are the key steps of this transformation.
Establishing a predictive performance indicator for real‐time hybrid simulation
Authors: Maghareh Amin , Dyke Shirley J. , Prakash Arun , Bunting Gregory B. 
Published: June 2014

SUMMARYReal‐time hybrid simulation (RTHS) is increasingly being recognized as a powerful cyber‐physical technique that offers the opportunity for system evaluation of civil structures subject to extreme dynamic loading. Advances in this field are enabling researchers to evaluate new structural components/systems in cost‐effective and efficient ways, under more realistic conditions. For RTHS, performance metric clearly needs to be developed to predict and evaluate the accuracy of various partitioning choices while incorporating the dynamics of the transfer system, and computational/communication delays. In addition, because of the dynamics of the transfer system, communication delays, and computation delays, the RTHS equilibrium force at the interface between numerical and physical substructures is subject to phase discrepancy. Thus, the transfer system dynamics must be accommodated by appropriate actuator controllers. In this paper, a new performance indicator, predictive performance indicator (PPI), is proposed to assess the sensitivity of an RTHS configuration to any phase discrepancy resulting from transfer system dynamics and computational/communication delays. The predictive performance indicator provides a structural engineer with two sets of information as follows: (i) in the absence of a reference response, what is the level of fidelity of the RTHS response? and (ii) if needed, what partitioning adjustments can be made to effectively enhance the fidelity of the response? Moreover, along with the RTHS stability switch criterion, this performance metric may be used as an acceptance criteria for conducting single‐degree‐of‐freedom RTHS. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
High‐temporal resolution fluvial sediment source fingerprinting with uncertainty: a Bayesian approach
Authors: Cooper Richard J. , Krueger Tobias , Hiscock Kevin M. , Rawlins Barry G. 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTThis contribution addresses two developing areas of sediment fingerprinting research. Specifically, how to improve the temporal resolution of source apportionment estimates whilst minimizing analytical costs and, secondly, how to consistently quantify all perceived uncertainties associated with the sediment mixing model procedure. This first matter is tackled by using direct X‐ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRFS) and diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS) analyses of suspended particulate matter (SPM) covered filter papers in conjunction with automatic water samplers. This method enables SPM geochemistry to be quickly, accurately, inexpensively and non‐destructively monitored at high‐temporal resolution throughout the progression of numerous precipitation events. We then employed a Bayesian mixing model procedure to provide full characterization of spatial geochemical variability, instrument precision and residual error to yield a realistic and coherent assessment of the uncertainties associated with source apportionment estimates. Applying these methods to SPM data from the River Wensum catchment, UK, we have been able to apportion, with uncertainty, sediment contributions from eroding arable topsoils, damaged road verges and combined subsurface channel bank and agricultural field drain sources at 60‐ and 120‐minute resolution for the duration of five precipitation events. The results presented here demonstrate how combining Bayesian mixing models with the direct spectroscopic analysis of SPM‐covered filter papers can produce high‐temporal resolution source apportionment estimates that can assist with the appropriate targeting of sediment pollution mitigation measures at a catchment level. © 2015 The Authors. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
The Value in Validity
Authors: Griffith James C. , Montrosse‐Moorhead Bianca 
Published: June 2014

AbstractHouse's classic Evaluating with Validity proposes three dimensions—truth, justice, and beauty—for evaluation validity. A challenge to achieving validity is balancing the priorities between these three dimensions when they conflict. This chapter examines the concept of validity and the values inherent in each of these dimensions and any choices between them. Our analysis of these inherent values and any prioritization between truth, justice, and beauty aims to help the evaluator confront the kinds of dilemmas faced when one's commitment to values, evaluation theories, or methodology comes up against conflicting realities for a particular evaluation. Striking an appropriate balance can be particularly challenging in contexts involving diverse cultures or even homogenous cultures of which the evaluator is not a part. We use two case examples to explore the issues in real‐life contexts.
How “Beauty” Can Bring Truth and Justice to Life
Authors: Davidson E. Jane 
Published: June 2014

AbstractQuantitative evidence is the “bones,” qualitative evidence is the “flesh,” and evaluative reasoning is the “vital organs” that bring them both to life. True “beauty” in evaluation is a clearly reasoned, well‐crafted, coherent evaluation story that weaves all three of these together to unlock both truth and justice with breathtaking clarity. This chapter provides tips for delivering truly accessible, assumption‐unearthing, values‐explicit evaluation that clearly lays out: (a) a set of high‐level explicitly evaluative questions to frame and focus the work; (b) the justice principles and other values applied in order to answer them; (c) the criteria and evidence that demonstrate performance relative to those principles and values; and (d) the evaluative reasoning used to arrive at robust conclusions about not just what has happened but how good, valuable, and important it is.
Truth, Beauty, and Justice: Conceptualizing House's Framework for Evaluation in Community‐Based Settings
Authors: Bledsoe Katrina L. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractThe goal of this chapter is to discuss House's theoretical framework of truth, beauty, and justice and its relationship to community‐based evaluation and programming. Within this chapter, each area of House's triad is addressed separately. To further illustrate these points, aspects such as community systems, credibility of information, multicultural validity, coherence in reporting, and social justice are discussed. Throughout this discussion, examples highlighting the author's work with community‐based evaluations, particularly in communities that are hard to reach, underserved, etc., are provided to ground these concepts in practice. Finally, the author poses questions about evaluation practice, validity, and social justice.
House With a View: Validity and Evaluative Argument
Authors: Montrosse‐Moorhead Bianca , Griffith James C. , Pokorny Pamela 
Published: June 2014

AbstractConstructed in a narrative‐style, this chapter provides a summary and analysis of the present issue. Chapters included in the present issue and a series of formal conversations between the issue editors and Ernest R. House serve as the building blocks for the ideas presented. These ideas include the importance of the clarity of language in evaluation, enduring issues related to validity in evaluation, and a vision for the future concerning the validity of evaluation arguments in practice and theory.
Direct and adjoint global stability analysis of turbulent transonic flows over a NACA0012 profile
Authors: Iorio M. C. , González L. M. , Ferrer E. 
Published: June 2014

SUMMARYIn this work, various turbulent solutions of the two‐dimensional (2D) and three‐dimensional compressible Reynolds averaged Navier–Stokes equations are analyzed using global stability theory. This analysis is motivated by the onset of flow unsteadiness (Hopf bifurcation) for transonic buffet conditions where moderately high Reynolds numbers and compressible effects must be considered. The buffet phenomenon involves a complex interaction between the separated flow and a shock wave. The efficient numerical methodology presented in this paper predicts the critical parameters, namely, the angle of attack and Mach and Reynolds numbers beyond which the onset of flow unsteadiness appears. The geometry, a NACA0012 profile, and flow parameters selected reproduce situations of practical interest for aeronautical applications.The numerical computation is performed in three steps. First, a steady baseflow solution is obtained; second, the Jacobian matrix for the RANS equations based on a finite volume discretization is computed; and finally, the generalized eigenvalue problem is derived when the baseflow is linearly perturbed. The methodology is validated predicting the 2D Hopf bifurcation for a circular cylinder under laminar flow condition. This benchmark shows good agreement with the previous published computations and experimental data.In the transonic buffet case, the baseflow is computed using the Spalart–Allmaras turbulence model and represents a mean flow where the high frequency content and length scales of the order of the shear‐layer thickness have been averaged. The lower frequency content is assumed to be decoupled from the high frequencies, thus allowing a stability analysis to be performed on the low frequency range. In addition, results of the corresponding adjoint problem and the sensitivity map are provided for the first time for the buffet problem. Finally, an extruded three‐dimensional geometry of the NACA0012 airfoil, where all velocity components are considered, was also analyzed as a Triglobal stability case, and the outcoming results were compared to the previous 2D limited model, confirming that the buffet onset is well detected. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and Structures of Extended Cyclic Siloxanes
Authors: Unno Masafumi , Endo Hisayuki , Takeda Nobuhiro 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTThe facile synthesis of all‐cis‐tetrasiloxycyclotetrasiloxanes (extended cyclic siloxanes) [i‐BuSi(OSiHMe2)O]4 1, [PhSi(OSiHMe2)O]4 2, and [CH2 = CHSi(OSiHMe2)O]4 3 was accomplished via sodium or potassium silanolates from respective trialkoxysilanes. The treatment of 1 or 2 with m‐chloroperoxybenzoic acid afforded respective extended cyclic silanols [i‐BuSi(OSiMe2OH)O]4 4 and [PhSi(OSiMe2OH)O]4 5. The structures of 4 and 5 were unequivocally established by X‐ray crystallography. Among these new compounds, compound 3 possesses both vinyl and hydrosilyl groups in the molecule, thus this could serve as a potential monomer of well‐defined cage silsesquioxanes. Extended cyclic silanols 4 and 5 contain four silanol moieties in the same direction, and application of host molecules or building units of cage silsesquioxanes is expected.
Recent Advances in Multicolor Emission and Color Tuning of Heteroleptic Iridium Complexes
Authors: Tsuboi Taiju , Huang Wei 
Published: June 2014

AbstractWe review recent advances in the spectroscopic properties of heteroleptic Ir(N^C)2(LX)‐type iridium complexes, which are known as color‐tuning materials. Most Ir(N^C)2(LX)‐type Ir complexes give single emission, in accordance with Kasha’s rule. Dual emission, however, has been observed from a single Ir(N^C)2(LX) complex, depending on the choice of the N^C moiety and LX ligands. For example, Ir(dfppy)2(pq), Ir(ppy)2(dpq‐3F), Ir(ppy)2(pq), and Ir(pq)2(tpy) (dfppy=2‐(2,4‐difluorophenyl)pyridine, pq=2‐phenylquinoline, ppy=2‐phenylpyridine, dpq‐3F=2‐(3‐fluorophenyl)‐4‐phenylquinoline, tpy=2‐p‐tolylpyridine). Recently, triple emission was observed from Ir(ppy)2(BTZ)‐type iridium complexes with two ppy ligands as (N^C)2 and one 2‐(2‐hydroxyphenyl)benzothiazole (BTZ) ligand, while quadruple emission from Ir(ppy)2Q‐type iridium complexes with two ppy ligands as (N^C)2 and one quinolinolato (Q) ligand. These multiple emissions cover a spectral range from blue to red, leading to white emission. Of the four emission bands from Ir(ppy)2Q, the UV and violet emissions are attributed to the emission from the singlet states of IrQ and Ir(ppy), respectively, while the green and red emissions are attributed to emission from the triplet states of Ir(ppy) and IrQ. The appearance of the emission from each of the Ir(ppy) and IrQ (or Ir(BTZ)) components is understood by reduced Förster energy transfer between IrQ (or Ir(BTZ)) and Ir(ppy) due to an orientation factor of nearly zero, that is, due to orthogonality between the two ligand planes, while the appearance of both the fluorescence and phosphorescence bands from each of the ligands is understood by inefficient intersystem crossing from the upper singlet state to the lower triplet state.
Toxicity profiles and solvent–toxicant interference in the planarian Schmidtea mediterranea after dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) exposure
Authors: Stevens An‐Sofie , Pirotte Nicky , Plusquin Michelle , Willems Maxime , Neyens Thomas , Artois Tom , Smeets Karen 
Published: June 2014

AbstractTo investigate hydrophobic test compounds in toxicological studies, solvents like dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) are inevitable. However, using these solvents, the interpretation of test compound‐induced responses can be biased. DMSO concentration guidelines are available, but are mostly based on acute exposures involving one specific toxicity endpoint. Hence, to avoid solvent–toxicant interference, we use multiple chronic test endpoints for additional interpretation of DMSO concentrations and propose a statistical model to assess possible synergistic, antagonistic or additive effects of test compounds and their solvents. In this study, the effects of both short‐ (1 day) and long‐term (2 weeks) exposures to low DMSO concentrations (up to 1000 µl l−1) were studied in the planarian Schmidtea mediterranea. We measured different biological levels in both fully developed and developing animals. In a long‐term exposure set‐up, a concentration of 500 µl l−1 DMSO interfered with processes on different biological levels, e.g. behaviour, stem cell proliferation and gene expression profiles. After short exposure times, 500 µl l−1 DMSO only affected motility, whereas the most significant changes on different parameters were observed at a concentration of 1000 µl l−1 DMSO. As small sensitivity differences exist between biological levels and developmental stages, we advise the use of this solvent in concentrations below 500 µl l−1 in this organism. In the second part of our study, we propose a statistical approach to account for solvent–toxicant interactions and discuss full‐scale solvent toxicity studies. In conclusion, we reassessed DMSO concentration limits for different experimental endpoints in the planarian S. mediterranea. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bioabsorbable bone fixation plates for X‐ray imaging diagnosis by a radiopaque layer of barium sulfate and poly(lactic‐co‐glycolic acid)
Authors: Choi Sung Yoon , Hur Woojune , Kim Byeung Kyu , Shasteen Catherine , Kim Myung Hun , Choi La Mee , Lee Seung Ho , Park Chun Gwon , Park Min , Min Hye Sook , Kim Sukwha , Choi Tae Hyun , Choy Young Bin 
Published: June 2014

AbstractBone fixation systems made of biodegradable polymers are radiolucent, making post‐operative diagnosis with X‐ray imaging a challenge. In this study, to allow X‐ray visibility, we separately prepared a radiopaque layer and attached it to a bioabsorbable bone plate approved for clinical use (Inion, Finland). We employed barium sulfate as a radiopaque material due to the high X‐ray attenuation coefficient of barium (2.196 cm2/g). The radiopaque layer was composed of a fine powder of barium sulfate bound to a biodegradable material, poly(lactic‐co‐glycolic acid) (PLGA), to allow layer degradation similar to the original Inion bone plate. In this study, we varied the mass ratio of barium sulfate and PLGA in the layer between 3:1 w/w and 10:1 w/w to modulate the degree and longevity of X‐ray visibility. All radiopaque plates herein were visible via X‐ray, both in vitro and in vivo, for up to 40 days. For all layer types, the radio‐opacity decreased with time due to the swelling and degradation of PLGA, and the change in the layer shape was more apparent for layers with a higher PLGA content. The radiopaque plates released, at most, 0.5 mg of barium sulfate every 2 days in a simulated in vitro environment, which did not appear to affect the cytotoxicity. The radiopaque plates also exhibited good biocompatibility, similar to that of the Inion plate. Therefore, we concluded that the barium sulfate‐based, biodegradable plate prepared in this work has the potential to be used as a fixation device with both X‐ray visibility and biocompatibility. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 103B:596–607, 2015.
Herba Ecliptae Protects against Hydroxyl Radical‐induced Damages to DNA and Mesenchymal Stem Cells via Antioxidant Mechanism
Authors: Han Lu , Sun Chengjie , Lin Jian , Li Fei , Li Xican , Wu Zisheng , Liu Chengping , Bai Ye , Mai Wenqiong , Chen Dongfeng 
Published: June 2014

AbstractHerba Ecliptae (HE) is a typical Chinese herbal medicine used in China for 1500 years. In the study, HE was extracted by various solvents to prepare five HE extracts. They were observed to possess a protective effect against ×OH‐induced DNA damage, and scavenging effects on ×OH radical, ×O2− radical, DPPH×(1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl) radical, and ABTS×+ (2,2′‐azino‐bis(3‐ethyl‐benzothiazoline‐6‐sulfonic acid) radical, and reduce Cu2+ ion. The contents of total phenolics and wedelolactone in five extracts were determined respectively using Folin‐Ciocalteu method and HPLC method. To identify which chemical component can be responsible for its effects, the correlation graphs between chemical contents and antioxidant abilities (1/IC50 values) were plotted to calculate correlation coefficients (R values). Finally, MTT assay revealed that two HE extracts could effectively protect mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) against ×OH‐induced damage at 3‐30 μg/mL. On the basis of mechanistic analysis, we concluded that: (i) HE can effectively protect against ×OH‐induced damages to DNA and MSCs, thereby HE may have a therapeutic potential in MSCs transplantation or prevention of many diseases; (ii) the effects can be mainly attributed to total phenolics (R = 0.678) especially wedelolactone (R = 0.618); (iii) they exert antioxidant action via hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) and sequential electron proton transfer (SEPT) mechanisms.
Electrochemical Behaviors of Resveratrol and Its Interaction with DNA
Authors: Gao Lin , Wei Xiaohan , Wang Fei , Zhang Bingying 
Published: June 2014

AbstractElectrochemical behavior of resveratrol was studied in Britton‐Robinson (B‐R) buffer solution (pH = 4.0) at glassy carbon electrode (GCE) using cyclic voltammetry (CV). Resveratrol showed an irreversible anodic peak at 0.570 V which was involving one electron and one proton. Also, the interaction of resveratrol with double‐stranded fish sperm DNA was investigated by linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) and UV‐vis spectra. The results showed that peak potentials shifted to more positive value and peak currents decreased in electrochemical experiment and the maximum absorption decreased with red shift in UV‐vis spectra experiment with the addition of DNA, indicating the resveratrol interacted with DNA by intercalating into the double helix of DNA. Besides, the binding of resveratrol with DNA, analyzed in terms of the cooperative Hill model, yields the association constant Ka = 3.18 × 105 and a Hill coefficient m = 1.06.
The change of first‐flowering date over South Korea projected from downscaled IPCC AR5 simulation: peach and pear
Authors: Hur Jina , Ahn Joong‐Bae 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTThe variations in the first‐flowering date (FFD) of peach (Prunus persica) and pear (Pyrus pyrifolia) under future climate change in South Korea are investigated using simulations obtained from five models of the fifth Coupled Model Intercomparison Project. For the study, daily temperature simulations with Historical (1986–2005), and Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) (2071–2090) 4.5 and 8.5 scenarios are statistically downscaled to 50 peach and pear FFD (FFDpeach and FFDpear, respectively) observation sites over South Korea. The number of days transformed to standard temperature (DTS) method is selected as the phenological model and applied to simulations for estimating FFDpeach and FFDpear over South Korea, due to its superior performance on the target plants and region compared to the growing degree days (GDD) and chill days (CD) methods. In the analysis, mean temperatures for early spring (February to April) over South Korea in 2090 under RCP 4.5 and 8.5 scenarios are expected to have increased by 1.9 and 3.3 K, respectively. Among the early spring months of February to April, February shows the largest temperature increase of 2.1 and 3.7 K for RCP 4.5 and 8.5 scenarios, respectively. The increased temperature during February and March accelerates the plant growth rate and thereby advances FFDpeach by 7.0 and 12.7 days and FFDpear by 6.1 and 10.7 days, respectively. These results imply that the present flowering of peach and pear in the middle of April will have advanced to late March or early April by the end of this century.
Asymmetry in space–time characteristics of Indian summer monsoon intraseasonal oscillations during extreme years: Role of seasonal mean state
Authors: Sharmila S. , Joseph S. , Chattopadhyay R. , Sahai A. K. , Goswami B. N. 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTA diagnostic study of the space–time characteristics of the summer monsoon intraseasonal oscillations (MISO) during strong monsoon (SM) and weak monsoon (WM) years is carried out to gain insight on the role of the seasonal mean states on the MISOs using long observational and reanalysis datasets. Prominent asymmetry is noted in the duration and magnitude of active‐break spells associated with MISO during SM and WM years. Such difference is also reflected in the northward propagation of MISOs over the Indian subcontinent that show fast (slow) propagation during active phase of WM (SM), while the situation is just opposite during breaks. We hypothesize that considerable differences in the seasonal mean states during these extreme monsoon years may be responsible for these asymmetries. In support of this hypothesis, it is found that during WM (SM) years, the seasonal mean zonal winds associated with the convective region have anomalous barotropic (baroclinic) vertical structure, while a baroclinic (barotropic) structure dominates over region of suppressed convection. Evolution of meridional–vertical structure of the MISO anomalies during SM and WM also highlights the role of barotropic zonal wind anomalies in the northward propagation. From the barotropic zonal momentum budget analysis, it is demonstrated that meridional and vertical advection of the seasonal mean zonal wind anomaly may be largely responsible for such asymmetry in intensity, life span and propagation characteristics of the MISOs during SM and WM years.