bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Streptosporangium
Authors: Quintana Erika T. , Goodfellow Michael 
Published: July 2015

Strep.to.spo.ran'gi.um. Gr. adj.streptostwisted; Gr. n.sporaa seed; Gr. n.angiuma vessel; N.L. neut. n.Streptosporangiumspores coiled within a sporangium.Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Streptosporangiales / Streptosporangiaceae / StreptosporangiumAerobic, Gram‐stain‐positive, non‐acid‐fast actinomycetes which form a branched, stable, non‐fragmenting mycelium bearing aerial hyphae that differentiate into globose or spherical spore vesicles. Oval, spherical, or rod‐shaped, nonmotile sporangiospores are formed by septation of a single, coiled, unbranched hypha within the spore vesicle. Grows on a variety of organic and synthetic media. Biochemically versatile and chemically homogeneous.Whole‐organism hydrolysates containmeso‐diaminopimelic acid and usually madurose. The peptidoglycan is of the A1γ type. Muramic acid moieties areN‐acetylated. Cells contain major amounts of iso‐, anteiso‐, saturated, unsaturated, and 10‐methyl‐branched fatty acids, and MK‐9(H2) and MK‐9(III, VIII‐H4) as the predominant isoprenologues. Mycolic acids are absent. Major phospholipids include diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol, and glucosamine‐containing phospholipids. The phylogenetic position of the genusStreptosporangium, as determined by 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, is in the familyStreptosporangiaceae.DNA G+C content(mol%): 69–71.Type species:Streptosporangium roseumCouch 1955a, 151AL.
Slackia
Authors: Wade William G. , Dewhirst Floyd E. 
Published: July 2015

Slack'ia. N.L. fem. n. named to honor Geoffrey Slack, distinguished British microbiologist and dental researcher.
Actinobacteria / Coriobacteriia / Coriobacteriales / Coriobacteriaceae / Slackia

Cells are Gram‐stain‐positive
cocci, coccobacilli, or short bacilli
, which are obligately
anaerobic
, nonmotile, and do not produce endospores.
Arginine is hydrolyzed
; catalase, urease, and indole are not produced and esculin is not hydrolyzed.
Acid is not produced from sugars
. Metabolic end products from glucose are either
acetate or not detectable
.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 60–64 (HPLC).

Type species
:
Slackia exigua
Wade, Downes, Dymock, Hiom, Weightman, Dewhirst, Paster, Tzellas and Coleman 1999, 598
VP
.
Aquifex
Authors: Huber Robert , Stetter Karl O. 
Published: July 2015

A' qui.fex. L. fem. n.aquawater; L. v.facereto make; M.L. masc. n.Aquifexthe water maker.Aquificae / Aquificae / Aquificales / Aquificaceae / AquifexRod‐shapedcells with rounded ends, about 2–6 µm long and 0.4–0.5 µm in diameter. Cells occur singly, in pairs, and in aggregates of up to about 100 individuals (Figs. B1.1 and B1.2). Wedge‐shaped refractile areas in the cells are formed during growth. Nonsporulating. Complex cell envelope, consisting of apeptidoglycan layer (murein type A1γ), an outer membrane, and a surface layer protein (hexagonal lattice, center‐to‐center spacing 18 nm).Diaminopimelic acid presentin the murein. The main components of the complex lipids are an aminophospholipid, a glycolipid, and a phospholipid. Thecore lipids consist mainly of alkyl ethers of glycerol. Traces of fatty acids present, phytanyl‐ether lipids absent.Gram‐negative. Motile by polytrichous flagellation.Facultatively aerobic. Microaerophilic. Hyperthermophilic, optimum growth temperature: 85°C; maximum: 95°C; minimum: 67°C. Growth at 1–5% NaCl; optimum: 3%. Growth at pH 5.4–7.5; optimum: pH 6.8.Strictly chemolithoautotrophic. CO2is fixed via the reductive citric acid cycle(Beh et al., 1993; Deckert et al., 1998).Molecular hydrogen, thiosulfate, and S0serve as electron donor and oxygen and nitrate as electron acceptors. Sulfuric acid is formed from sulfur and thiosulfate. In the presence of sulfur and hydrogen, H2S is also produced. From nitrate, nitrite and dinitrogen are formed.The mol%G+C of the DNA is: 47.3–46.9.Type species:Aquifex pyrophilusHuber and Stetter 1992e, 656 (Effective publication: Huber and StetterinHuber, Wilharm, Huber, Trincone, Burggraf, König, Rachel, Rockinger, Fricke and Stetter 1992b, 349.)
Bacteroides
Authors: Song Yuli , Liu Chengxu , Finegold Sydney M. 
Published: July 2015

Bac.te.ro.i'des. N.L. n.bacterrod; L. suff. ‐oides(from Gr. suff. ‐eides, from Gr. n.eidosthat which is seen, form, shape, figure), resembling, similar; N.L. masc. n.Bacteroidesrodlike.Bacteroidetes / Bacteroidia / Bacteroidales / Bacteroidaceae / BacteroidesRod‐shaped cells with rounded ends. Gram‐stain‐negative. Cells are fairly uniform if smears are prepared from young cultures on blood agar. Nonmotile.Anaerobic. Colonies are 1–3 mm in diameter, smooth, white to gray, and nonhemolytic on blood agar. Chemo‐organotrophic.Saccharolytic. Weakly proteolytic. Most species grow in the presence of 20% bile, but are not always stimulated. Esculin is usually hydrolyzed. Nitrate is not reduced to nitrite. Indole variable.Major fermentation products are succinate and acetate. Trace to moderate amounts of isobutyrate and isovalerate may be produced.Predominant cellular fatty acid is C15:0anteiso.DNA G+C content(mol%): 39–49.Type species:Bacteroides fragilis(Veillon and Zuber 1898) Castellani and Chalmers 1919, 959AL.
Barnesiella
Authors:   The Editorial Board
Published: July 2015

Bar.ne.si.el'la. N.L. dim. fem. n.
Barnesiella
named after the British microbiologist Ella M. Barnes, who contributed much to knowledge of intestinal bacteriology and to anaerobic bacteriology in general.

Bacteroidetes / Bacteroidia / Bacteroidales / Porphyromonadaceae / Barnesiella
Rods (0.8–1.6 × 1.7–11 µm). Nonsporeforming. Nonmotile. Gram‐negative. Obligately anaerobic. On Eggerth–Gagnon agar, colonies are 1–2 mm in diameter, gray to off‐white–gray, circular, entire, slightly convex, and smooth. Saccharolytic, with a strictly fermentative type of metabolism. Acetic and succinic acids are the main fermentation products. Growth is inhibited on a medium containing 20% bile. Esculin is hydrolyzed. Indole‐negative. The predominant menaquinones are MK‐11 and MK‐12. Isolated from the chicken cecum.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 52.

Type species
:
Barnesiella viscericola
Sakamoto, Lan and Benno 2007b, 345
VP
.
Form‐Stigonema
Authors: Hoffmann Lucien , Castenholz Richard W. 
Published: July 2015

Sti.go.ne' ma
. Gr. n.
stigeus
one who marks; Gr. n.
nema
thread; M.L. fem. n.
Stigonema
segmented filament.

Cyanobacteria / Subsection V / Incertae Sedis / Form‐Stigonema
Many species of this genus are extreme examples of multicellular complexity in the cyanobacteria. Main axes with numerous branches may reach thicknesses of 1 mm (Fig. B10.96). Extra‐cellular sheaths are present. Pore channels (synapses of microplasmodesmata) occur between all cells derived by division (Fig. B10.93). Branches, although initially simpler than the main axis, eventually become as complex. Tips of branches may be uniseriate for a considerable distance.
Methanobrevibacter
Authors: Miller Terry L. 
Published: July 2015

Me.tha.no.bre.vi.bac' ter. M.L. neut. n.methanummethane; L. masc. adj.brevisshort; M.L. masc. n.bacterequivalent of Gr. neut. n.bakterionrod, staff; M.L. masc. n.Methanobrevibactershort methane (‐producing) rod.Euryarchaeota / Methanobacteria / Methanobacteriales / Methanobacteriaceae / MethanobrevibacterOval rods or cocci to short rods, usually occurring in pairs or chains; about 0.5–0.7 µm in width and 0.8–1.4 µm in length. Rarely, filaments are formed. Nonsporing, Gram‐positive.Cell walls are composed of pseudomurein. Nonmotile. Strict anaerobes. Optimum temperature, 37–40°C; maximum, ~45°C; minimum, ~30°C.The mol%G+C of the DNA is: 27.5–31.6.Type species:Methanobrevibacter ruminantium(Smith and Hungate 1958) Balch and Wolfe 1981, 216 (Effective publication: Balch and WolfeinBalch, Fox, Magrum, Woese and Wolfe, 1979, 284) (Methanobacterium ruminantiumSmith and Hungate 1958, 717).
Methanospirillum
Authors: Ferry James G. , Boone David R. 
Published: July 2015

Me.tha.no.spi.ril' lum. M.L. neut. n.methanummethane; Gr. n.speiraa spiral; M.L. neut. n.Methanospirillummethane (‐producing) spiral.Euryarchaeota / Methanomicrobiales / Methanomicrobiales / Methanospirillaceae / MethanospirillumSymmetrically curved rods0.4–0.5 × 7.4–10 µm that often form wavy filaments from 15 to several hundred µm in length. Stain Gram‐negative. Progressivelymotileby means of polar, tufted flagella.Strictly anaerobic. Fastest growth at 30–37°C. Fixes N2. Energy metabolism by reduction of CO2to CH4with formate or H2as electron donors. Capable of autotrophic growth, but exogenous organic compounds may be used when present.The mol%G+C of the DNA is: 45–49.5.Type species:Methanospirillum hungateiiFerry, Smith and Wolfe 1974, 469 (Methanospirillum hungatii[sic] Ferry, Smith and Wolfe 1974, 469).
Methanosarcina
Authors: Boone David R. , Mah Robert A. 
Published: July 2015

Me.tha.no.sar' ci.na. M.L. neut. n.methanummethane; L. fem. n.sarcinaa package, bundle; M.L. fem. n.Methanosarcinamethane sarcina.Euryarchaeota / Methanosarcinales / Methanosarcinales / Methanosarcinaceae / MethanosarcinaIrregularspheroid bodies(1–3 µm in diameter), occurring alone or typically inaggregates of cells(aggregates up to 1000 µm in diameter). Sometimes occur aslarge cystswith a common outer wall surrounding individual coccoid cells. Refer to Figures 1, 2, and 3 for typical morphologies. Endospores not formed. Gram stain results are variable.Nonmotile. May contain gas vesicles (Figure 4).Strictly anaerobic. Optimum growth temperatures are 30–40°C for mesophilic species and 50–55°C for thermophiles. Energy metabolism via formation ofmethane from acetate, methanol, monomethylamine, dimethylamine, trimethylamine, H2/CO2, and CO. Some strains do not use H2/CO2as the sole energy substrate. May grow very slowly on pyruvate. N2may be fixed.The mol%G+C of the DNA is: 36–43.Type species:Methanosarcina barkeriSchnellen 1947, 73 (Nom. Cons., Opinion 63 of the Jud. Comm. 1986b, 492).
Anoxybacillus
Authors: Pikuta Elena V. 
Published: July 2015

An.o.xy.ba.cil'lus. Gr. pref.anwithout; Gr. adj.oxysacid or sour and in combined words indicating oxygen; L. masc. n.bacillussmall rod; N.L. masc. n.Anoxybacillussmall rod living without oxygenFirmicutes / “Bacilli” / Bacillales / Bacillaceae / AnoxybacillusCells are rod‐shaped and straight or slightly curved, sometimes with angular division and Y‐shaped cells, 0.4–1.5 × 2.5–9.0 µm in size, often in pairs or short chains, with rounded ends. Gram‐positive. Motile or nonmotile. Endospores are round, oval or cylindrical and resistant to heating and freezing. Spores are located at the end of the cells. There is not more than one spore per cell. Aerobes, facultative aerobes or facultative anaerobes; catalase‐variable. Alkaliphilic, alkalitolerant or neutrophilic, moderately thermophilic. Chemoorganotrophic, with a fermentative or oxygen respiration metabolism.DNA G+C content(mol%): 42–57.Type species:Anoxybacillus pushchinoensiscorrig. Pikuta Lysenko, Chuvilskaya, Mendrock, Hippe, Suzina, Nikitin, Osipov and Laurinavichius 2000a, 2116VPemend. Pikuta, Cleland and Tang 2003a, 1561.
Marinococcus
Authors: Ventosa Antonio 
Published: July 2015

Ma.ri.no.coc'cus. Gr. adj.marinomarine; Gr. n.kokkosa grain or berry; N. L. masc. n.Marinococcusmarine coccus.Firmicutes / “Bacilli” / Bacillales / Bacillaceae / MarinococcusGram‐positive, spherical cells, 1.0–1.2 µm in diameter, occurring singly, in pairs, tetrads, or clumps. Motile. The motile cells usually have one or two flagella. Non‐spore‐forming. Colonies are circular and smooth and may be either orange, yellowish orange or creamy white. Moderately halophilic. Growth occurs in media with 5 to 20% NaCl. Optimum temperature for growth is 28–37 °C. Chemo‐organotrophic. Metabolism respiratory. Strictly aerobic. Catalase‐positive. Acid may or may not be produced from sugars. The cell wall contains peptidoglycan ofmeso‐diaminopimelic acid type. The major menaquinone is MK‐7. Found in sea water, solar salterns, and saline soils.DNA G+C content(mol%): 43.9–48.5.Type species:Marinococcus halophilusHao, Kocur and Komagata 1985, 535VP(Effective publication: Hao, Kocur and Komagata 1984, 456.) (Planococcus halophilusNovitsky and Kushner 1976.).
Saccharococcus
Authors:   Editorial Board
Published: July 2015

Sac.cha.ro.coc'cus. Gr. n.sakchârsugar; L. n.coccusa grain, berry; N.L. masc. n.Saccharococcusthe sugar coccus, a coccus isolated from beet sugar extraction.Firmicutes / “Bacilli” / Bacillales / Bacillaceae / SaccharococcusSphericalcells of 1–2 µm in diameter occurring in irregular clusters. Nonmotile, nonspore‐forming. Gram‐positive; the cell wall contains peptidoglycan with mesodiaminopimelic acid as diamino acid. Theichoic acids are not present. The cells are lysed by 100 µg/ml of egg white lysozyme. Aerobic and heterotrophic.Catalase and oxidase are produced. Thermophilicwith an optimal range of 68–70 °C and a maximum range of 75–78 °C. Acid, but no gas is produced from most mono‐ and disaccharides.L(+)Lactic acid is the main metabolite from the carbohydrate degradation.DNA G+C content(mol%): 48.Type species:Saccharococcus thermophilusNystrand, 1984a, 503VP(Effective publication: Nystrand, 1984b, 217.).
Gemella
Authors: Collins Matthew D. , Falsen Enevold 
Published: July 2015

Ge.mel'la. L. n.gemellusa twin; N.L. fem. n.Gemellaa little twin.Firmicutes / “Bacilli” / Bacillales / Incertae Sedis ‐ Family II / GemellaOvoid in shape and arranged in pairs, tetrads, small clusters, and sometimes in short chains. Cells stain Gram‐positive, but some strains may decolorize readily and appear Gram‐negative. Nonmotile and nonsporeforming.No growth at 10 or 45°C or in broth containing 6.5% NaCl. Negative bileesculin reaction.Facultatively anaerobic. Catalase‐ and oxidase‐negative. Gas is not produced in MRS broth. Glucose and some other carbohydrates are fermented. Esculin, gelatin, and hippurate are not hydrolyzed.Pyrrolidonyl arylamidase is produced by most strains. Leucine aminopeptidase may or may not be produced. Nitrate is not reduced.Vancomycin‐sensitive.DNA G+C content(mol%): 30–34.Type species:Gemella haemolysans(Thjøtta and Bøe, 1938) Berger, 1960, 253AL(Neisseria haemolysansThjøtta and Bøe 1938, 531.).
Granulicatella
Authors: Lawson Paul A. 
Published: July 2015

Gra.nu.li.ca.tel'la. L. neut. dim. n.granulumsmall grain; L. fem. dim. n.catellasmall chain; N.L. fem. dim. n.Granulicatellasmall chain of small grains.Firmicutes / “Bacilli” / “Lactobacillales” / “Carnobacteriaceae” / GranulicatellaCocci that occur as single cells, in pairs, or in short chains. Gram‐stain‐positive. Nonmotile. Nonsporeforming.Facultatively anaerobic. Catalase‐ and oxidase‐negative. Acid but not gas is produced from glucose. No growth at 10 or 45°C. Pyrrolidonyl arylamidase and leucine arylamidase are produced. Alkaline phosphatase, α‐galactosidase, β‐galactosidase, and urease are not produced. Acetoin is not produced. Found as part of the normal oral flora of the human pharynx and the human urogenital and intestinal tracts.DNA G+C content(mol%): 36–37.5.Type species:Granulicatella adiacens(Bouvet, Grimont and Grimont 1989) Collins and Lawson, 2000, 367VP(Streptococcus adjacensBouvet, Grimont and Grimont 1989, 293;Abiotrophia adiacensKawamura, Hou, Sultana, Liu, Yamamoto and Ezaki 1995, 802.).
Weissella
Authors: Björkroth Johanna , Dicks Leon M.T. , Holzapfel Wilhelm. H. 
Published: July 2015

Weiss.el'la. N.L. dim. fem. n. named after Norbert Weiss, a German microbiologist known for his many research contributions to the taxonomy of the lactic acid bacteria.
Firmicutes / “Bacilli” / “Lactobacillales” / “Leuconostocaceae” / Weissella

The description for the genus is as published by Collins et al. (1993). The cells are
either short rods with rounded tapered ends
(see Figure 120 for
Weissella cibaria
)
or ovoid
and occur in pairs or in short chains. A tendency toward pleomorphism may be found for strains in species such as
Weissella minor
(see Figure 121).
Gram‐stain‐positive
,
nonmotile
,
and asporogenous
. Chemo‐organotrophic, facultatively anaerobic, catalase‐negative, and devoid of cytochromes. Obligately fermentative chemo‐organotrophs;
ferment glucose heterofermentatively
and have
complex nutritional requirements
. The genus
Weissella
belongs to lactic acid bacteria (LAB) because of their metabolism and phylogenetic position. Carbohydrate fermentation via the hexose‐monophosphate and the phosphoketolase pathways. End products of glucose fermentation are CO
2
, ethanol, and/or acetate. The configuration of lactic acid is either
DL
‐ or
D
(−), depending on the species. Amino acids, peptides, fermentable carbohydrates, fatty acids, nucleic acids, and vitamins are generally required for growth. Biotin, nicotine, thiamine, and pantothenic acid or its derivatives are required by all strains. Arginine is not hydrolyzed by all species. Growth occurs at 15 °C, with some species growing at 42–45 °C. Cell‐wall peptidoglycan is based on lysine as diamino acid, and, with the exception of
Weissella kandleri
, all contain alanine or alanine and serine in the interpeptide bridge. In addition, the interpeptide bridge of
Weissella kandleri
(Lys–
L
‐Ala–Gly–
L
‐Ala
2
) contains glycine (Holzapfel and van Wyk, 1 9 8 2). The phenotypic characteristics of
Weissella
spp. are listed in Table 128.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 37–47 (
T
m
and Bd).

Type species
:
Weissella viridescens
(Niven and Evans, 1957) Collins, Samelis, Metaxopoulos and Wallbanks 1994, 370
VP
(Effective publication: Collins, Samelis, Metaxopoulos and Wallbanks 1993, 601.) (
Lactobacillus viridescens
Niven and Evans 1957, 758;
Lactobacillus corynoides
subsp.
corynoides
Kandler and Abo‐Elnaga 1966, 753)
Natronincola
Authors: Zhilina Tatjana N. , Zavarzin George A. 
Published: July 2015

Nat.ron'in.co.la. N.Gr. n.natron(arbitrarily derived from Ar. n.natrunornatron) soda; L. masc. or fem. n.incolainhabitant, dweller; N.L. masc. n.Natronincolaan organism indigenous to soda deposits.Firmicutes / “Clostridia” / Clostridiales / Clostridiaceae / NatronincolaCells are rod‐shaped,flexible,and motile by peritrichous flagella.The cell wallhas aGram‐stain‐positivestructure.Obligately anaerobic.Chemo‐organotrophicwith fermentative metabolism.Certain amino acids(and pyruvate by some strains) areutilizedas a sole source of energy,using CO‐dehydrogenase pathway,with acetate as a main product. Ammonium is formed in large quantities as the product.Moderately halophilic and extremely alkaliphilic.Obligately dependent on Na+and CO32−ions.Endosporesmay beproducedbysome strains.DNA G+C content(mol%): 31.9–32.3 (Tm).Type species:Natronincola histidinovoranscorrig. Zhilina, Detkova, Rainey, Osipov, Lysenko, Kostrikina and Zavarzin 1999, 1VP(Effective publication: Zhilina, Detkova, Rainey, Osipov, Lysenko, Kostrikina and Zavarzin 1998, 183.).
Garciella
Authors: Miranda‐Tello Elizabeth , Fardeau Marie‐Laure , Ollivier Bernard , Alazard Didier 
Published: July 2015

Gar.ci.el'la. L. dim. ending ‐ella; N.L. fem. n.Garciellanamed in honor of the French microbiologist Jean‐Louis Garcia for his important contribution to the taxonomy of anaerobes.Firmicutes / “Clostridia” / Clostridiales / “Eubacteriaceae” / GarciellaCells arestraight rods, 0.5–0.7 µm × 1.4–2.8 µm, occurring singly or in pairs. Motile by means of one subpolar flagellum.Terminal sporesappear in old cultures.Gram‐stain‐positive. Obligately anaerobic. Moderately thermophilic and halotolerant. The optimum growth temperature is 55°C, optimum NaCl concentration is 1%, and optimum pH is 7.5.Chemo‐organotrophic growth. Ferments sugars. Lactate, acetate, butyrate, H2, and CO2are products of glucose metabolism.Thiosulfate is reduced to sulfide, and nitrate is reduced to ammonium. Elemental sulfur, sulfite, sulfate, fumarate, and nitrite are not used as electron acceptors.DNA G+C content(mol%): 30.9.Type species:Garciella nitratireducensMiranda‐Tello, Fardeau, Sepulveda, Fernandez, Cayol, Thomas and Ollivier 2003, 1512VP.
Spectroscopic and Crystal Field Consequences of Fluoride Binding by [Yb⋅DTMA]3+ in Aqueous Solution
Authors: Blackburn Octavia A. , Chilton Nicholas F. , Keller Katharina , Tait Claudia E. , Myers William K. , McInnes Eric J. L. , Kenwright Alan M. , Beer Paul D. , Timmel Christiane R. , Faulkner Stephen 
Published: July 2015

AbstractYb⋅DTMA forms a ternary complex with fluoride in aqueous solution by displacement of a bound solvent molecule from the lanthanide ion. [Yb⋅DTMA⋅F]2+ and [Yb⋅DTMA⋅OH2]3+ are in slow exchange on the relevant NMR timescale (<2000 s−1), and profound differences are observed in their respective NMR and EPR spectra of these species. The observed differences can be explained by drastic modification of the ligand field states due to the fluoride binding. This changes the magnetic anisotropy of the YbIII ground state from easy‐axis to easy‐plane type, and this change is easily detected in the observed magnetic anisotropy despite thermal population of more than just the ground state. The spectroscopic consequences of such drastic changes to the ligand field represent important new opportunities in developing fluoride‐responsive complexes and contrast agents.
Extended Corannulenes: Aromatic Bowl/Sheet Hybridization
Authors: Dutta Amit K. , Linden Anthony , Zoppi Laura , Baldridge Kim K. , Siegel Jay S. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractAmong sheet/sheet polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) hybrids, a buckybowl–graphene hybrid has been used as a model to explore the effects of physical properties of PAHs with distinct planar and bowl regions. Activation of a C(Ar)F bond was used to synthesize this corannulene/graphenic hybrid. Photophysical and voltammetric studies together with high‐level computations revealed curvature and extended π‐effects on the properties of these materials.
g‐Engineering in Hybrid Rotaxanes To Create AB and AB2 Electron Spin Systems: EPR Spectroscopic Studies of Weak Interactions between Dissimilar Electron Spin Qubits
Authors: Fernandez Antonio , Moreno Pineda Eufemio , Muryn Christopher A. , Sproules Stephen , Moro Fabrizio , Timco Grigore A. , McInnes Eric J. L. , Winpenny Richard E. P. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractHybrid [2]rotaxanes and pseudorotaxanes are reported where the magnetic interaction between dissimilar spins is controlled to create AB and AB2 electron spin systems, allowing independent control of weakly interacting S=${{ 1/2 }}$ centers.
Study on the effect of woven sisal fiber mat on mechanical and viscoelastic properties of petroleum based epoxy and bioresin modified toughened epoxy network
Authors: Sahoo Sushanta K. , Mohanty Smita , Nayak Sanjay K. 
Published: July 2015

ABSTRACTSisal fiber reinforced biocomposites are developed using both unmodified petrol based epoxy and bioresin modified epoxy as base matrix. Two bioresins, epoxidized soybean oil and epoxy methyl soyate (EMS) are used to modify the epoxy matrix for effective toughening and subsequently two layers of sisal fiber mat are incorporated to improve the mechanical and thermomechanical properties. Higher strength and modulus of the EMS modified epoxy composites reveals good interfacial bonding of matrix with the fibers. Fracture toughness parameters KIC and GIC are determined and found to be enhanced significantly. Notched impact strength is found to be higher for unmodified epoxy composite, whereas elongation at break is found to be much higher for modified epoxy blend. Dynamic mechanical analysis shows an improvement in the storage modulus for bioresin toughened composites on the account stiffness imparted by fibers. Loss modulus is found to be higher for EMS modified epoxy composite because of strong fiber–matrix interfacial bonding. Loss tangent curves show a strong influence of bioresin on damping behavior of epoxy composite. Strong fiber–matrix interface is found in modified epoxy composite by scanning electron microscopic analysis. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42699.