bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Icatibant for the Treatment of Hereditary Angioedema
Authors: Cole Sabrina W , Lundquist Lisa M 
Published: December 2012

OBJECTIVE To review the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, clinical trials, and safety of icatibant, a recently approved bradykinin B2 receptor antagonist for treatment of acute attacks of hereditary angioedema (HAE). DATA SOURCES Articles indexed in MEDLINE (1948-June 2012), International Pharmaceutical Abstracts(1970-May 2012), and Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (1981-June 2012) were identified using the search terms icatibant, bradykinin B2 receptor antagonist, and hereditary angioedema. Additional references were identified from the reference lists of the articles identified. STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION English-language articles were reviewed. DATA SYNTHESIS Icatibant was evaluated in 3 Phase 3 clinical trials and found to be a safe and effective option for treatment of acute HAE. Icatibant was compared to placebo in 2 clinical trials (FAST-1 and FAST-3) and to tranexamic acid in the FAST-2 trial. Patients receiving icatibant in FAST-1 did not experience a significant improvement in median time to clinically significant relief of the index symptom (p = 0.14), whereas patients receiving icatibant in FAST-3 experienced a significant improvement in median time to at least 50% reduction in symptom severity (p < 0.001). When icatibant was compared to tranexamic acid in FAST-2, the median time to clinically significant relief of the index symptom was shorter for patients receiving icatibant (p < 0.001). The most common adverse events associated with the administration of icatibant were injection-site reactions, which were mild to moderate and transient. These data suggest that icatibant is a safe and effective treatment for acute attacks of HAE. Although direct comparisons of recently approved alternatives for treatment of acute attacks are lacking, there are administration advantages of icatibant over other agents. Additionally, the cost of icatibant is comparable to that of the C1 esterase inhibitor Berinert and less expensive than ecallantide. CONCLUSIONS Available efficacy data support that icatibant should be considered a safe and effective treatment for acute attacks of HAE. Additionally, limited treatment options for this rare condition, ease of administration, and comparable cost profile support its consideration for formulary inclusion.
Vitamin K Dosing to Reverse Warfarin Based on INR, Route of Administration, and Home Warfarin Dose in the Acute/Critical Care Setting
Authors: Tsu Laura V , Dienes J Erin , Dager William E 
Published: December 2012

Background: Vitamin K is commonly used for reversal of anticoagulation of warfarin. However, the optimal dose and route of vitamin K that does not increase the duration of bridging therapy is unknown. Objective: To determine factors influencing the extent and rate of INR reversal with vitamin K in the acute/critical care setting. Methods: This was a chart review of 400 patients who received vitamin K for reversal of warfarin effects between February 2008 and November 2010. Data collected included international normalized ratios (INRs) 12 hours, 24 hours, and 48 hours prior to vitamin K administration; intravenous or oral vitamin K dose; and whether or not fresh frozen plasma (FFP) was administered. Results: Intravenous vitamin K reduced INR more rapidly than oral vitamin K (5.09, 1.91, 1.54, and 1.41 vs 5.67, 2.90, 2.14, and 1.58) at baseline, 12, 24, and 48 hours, respectively. The dose of vitamin K (p < 0.001), route of administration (p < 0.001), and baseline INR (p < 0.001) influenced subsequent INR values. The INR reduction was similar for intravenous vitamin K doses 2 mg or greater. Home warfarin dose did not affect INR responses to intravenous (p = 0.27) or oral vitamin K (p = 0.98). FFP did not influence INR values at 48 hours. Although longer anticoagulation bridge therapy seemed to be associated with higher vitamin K doses, the incidence (p = 0.63) and duration (p = 0.61) were not significant. Conclusions: Vitamin K dose, route, and initial INR influence subsequent INR values. INR reduction is similar for intravenous vitamin K doses of 2 mg or greater. Preadministration of FFP does not alter INR values at 48 hours or more after vitamin K administration.
Effects of Preparation Approaches and Oxidizing agents on the Yield, Morphology and Thermal stability of Polyaniline
Authors: Mahmood Wan Ahmad Kamil , Rahman Khan Mohammad Mizanur , Yeow Yeap Guan , Wee Yee Keat 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
Evidence of the control of yield and different morphological features of polyaniline (PANI), along with their higher thermal stability is reported. The syntheses were performed by varying the reaction time from 2 to 6 hours for three different methods using three different oxidizing agents. The freshly prepared PANI was investigated by means of fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The polymer yield was increased with the increasing of reaction time from 2 to 6 h for all oxidants in the synthesis approaches; while the reverse trend was observed for KPS in rapid mixing polymerization and mechanical stirring methods. The highest yield was obtained for 6 h reaction time using APS through mechanical stirring method. FESEM analysis showed the growth of regular and uniform PANI nanoparticles, along with the prevention of secondary growth and agglomeration of primary nanofibers using all three oxidizing agents for sonochemistry and rapid mixing polymerization method, except H2O2 in the case of later technique. However, irregular and agglomerated PANI was found for all oxidants in mechanical stirring method. TGA data showed that PANI synthesized by mechanical stirring method is thermally more stable than those prepared by sonochemistry and rapid mixing polymerization.
Examining Factors Contributing to the Development of FEMA-Approved Hazard Mitigation Plans
Authors: Yoon D.K. , Youngs George A. , Abe Daiko 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
The Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000 requires local governments to complete pre-disaster mitigation plans, approved by FEMA, in order to be eligible for certain types of federal funding. Even with this requirement in place, many local jurisdictions in the U.S. have yet to adopt a FEMA-approved multi-hazard mitigation plan. Consequently, the percentage of a state’s population covered by such plans varies substantially from state to state. This study examined staff resources, financial resources, and disaster experience of local governments by state as factors contributing to the development of FEMA-Approved Hazard Mitigation Plans. Indicators of these measures were gleaned from multiple nationwide data sets and each measure’s relative importance was assessed via multiple regression analysis. Two measures of staff resources failed to affect the likelihood of completing approved hazard mitigation plans, while one measure of financial resources (Pre-Disaster Mitigation planning dollars per capita by state) and one measure of disaster experience (number of Presidential Disaster Declaration incidents per capita by state) had significant effects on the percentage of a state’s population covered by approved plans. Implications for promoting the development of local governments’ hazard mitigation plans are discussed.
The Impact of Inheritances on Heirs' Labor and Capital Income
Authors: Elinder Mikael , Erixson Oscar , Ohlsson Henry 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
The objective of this paper is to study when and how much labor and capital income of heirs respond to inheritances. We estimate fixed effects models following direct heirs, inheriting in 2004, during the years 2000--2008 using Swedish panel data. Our first main result is that the more the heir inherits, the lower her labor income becomes. This labor income effect appears in the years after the heir had inherited and is stronger for old heirs than for young heirs. We also find evidence of anticipation effects that occur before the actual transfer. Our second main result is that the more the heir inherits, the higher her capital income becomes. This effect only appears in the years after receiving the inheritance. It seems to be dissipating after a couple of years.
Least-Developed Countries, Climate Change and Trade
Authors: Irish Maureen F. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractIn current negotiations on both climate change and international trade, there is debate over the obligations of developing countries. The author argues that whatever the outcome of those general discussions, special status must be carefully retained for the protection of the least-developed countries in the intersection of trade and climate change policies. The paper examines the position of LDCs on three trade-related topics: environmental goods and services, border adjustments, GSP tariff preferences.
Novel cellulose-based composites based on nanofibrillated plant and bacterial cellulose: recent advances at the University of Aveiro – a review
Authors: Freire Carmen S.R. , Fernandes Susana C.M. , Silvestre Armando J.D. , Pascoal Neto Carlos 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
The development of (nano)materials based on the renewable cellulose is a challenge. The present article provides a brief overview of the recent research efforts carried out at the CICECO Laboratory of the University of Aveiro on the development of novel composites based on nanofibrillated plant and bacterial cellulose embedded in natural and synthetic polymeric matrices such as poly(lactic acid), chitosan, starch, and pullulan. These materials have high potential for applications in packaging, paper coating, organic electronics, and biomedical products and devices.
Effects of Different Heat Treatment Conditions on Fatigue Behavior of AA7075 Alloy
Authors: Fakioglu Avni , Özyürek Dursun , Yilmaz Ramazan 
Published: December 2012

AbstractIn this study, the effect of different heat treatment processes applied to AA7075 alloys on the fatigue behavior was examined. The processes applied to AA7075 aluminum included annealing (O), high temperature pre-precipitating (HTPP), artificial aging (T6), retrogression and re-aging (RRA). The annealing heat treatment was performed for 2 hours at 500°C and samples were cooled in the furnace. In the artificial aging (T6) process, after the samples were solution treated for 2 hours at 500°C, they were quenched at room temperature and aged for 24 hours at 120°C. In the retrogression and re-aging process, samples were solution treated for 1 hour at 220°C after the T6 process and then re-aged for 24 hours at 120°C. In the high temperature pre-precipitating, pre-precipitates were formed for 30 minutes at 450°C and then, it was aged for 24 hours at 120°C. All samples were characterized through the scanning electron microscope (SEM + EDS), hardness measurements and X-ray difraction (XRD) techniques. At the end of experimental studies, SEM and EDS examinations XRD results revealed that η (MgZn2) phase formed in the microstructure following the HTTP, RRA and T6 heat treatment processes. As a result of the fatigue tests, the highest fatigue strength was measured in samples treated with artificial aging (T6), the lowest fatigue strength was measured in the annealed (O) samples.
Tobacco consumption among 12- to 15-year-old schoolchildren in Delhi
Authors: Marya Charu Mohan , Vijay Garima , Jnaneshwar Avinash , Nagpal Ruchi , Pruthi Nidhi 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
Objective: This study aims to assess the knowledge, attitude, and practice of tobacco use and its cessation among children in schools of Delhi.
Methods: A cross-sectional study involving 1094 schoolchildren (577 boys and 517 girls), 12–15 years old, was conducted using the modified Global Youth Tobacco Survey questionnaire. Mann-Whitney U-test and Kruskal-Wallis test were applied (p<0.05).
Results: Among these, 132 boys (22.87%) and 120 girls (23.21%) were smokers. “Ever smokers” were 13.80% and “current smokers” were 9.23%, whereas 76.97% were “never smokers”.
Conclusion: Interventions that raise awareness at a young age, equip students to overcome peer influence, and provide counseling to quit using tobacco need to be designed.
Repeated neuroendoscopic palliative surgery in elderly patients with predominantly cystic craniopharyngioma in the third ventricle: three case reports
Authors: Sato Kimitoshi , Oka Hidehiro , Utsuki Satoshi , Fujii Kiyotaka 
Published: December 2012

Abstract

Objective: The management of craniopharyngioma in the elderly remains controversial. We sought to better characterize the outcomes of elderly patients treated with neuroendoscopic palliative surgery (NPS).

Methods: We report the cases of three patients older than 80 years, whose cystic craniopharyngioma was treated by repeated NPS.

Results: One male and two female patients, ranging in age from 80 to 83 years (mean=81.3 years) had predominantly cystic lesions in the third ventricle and a suprasellar enhanced mass. Two patients underwent two NPS procedures and the other received three. The operating time ranged from 40 to 140 min (mean=93.4 min), and the interval between operations ranged from 2 to 24 months (mean=11.3 months). The length of postoperative hospitalization ranged from 4 to 28 days (mean=11.1 days). There were no perioperative complications, and all patients experienced symptom improvement immediately after the operation.

Conclusion: Repeated NPS can be an effective alternative treatment for cystic craniopharyngioma in the third ventricle, especially in elderly patients.
Zwei Auffassungen von Sprache
Authors: Hacker Peter M. S. 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
Two conceptions of language have dominated philosophical reflection over the last century on the nature of language and linguistic understanding. The first is the calculus conception, advanced in various forms by Frege, Russell, the early Wittgenstein, Carnap, Dummett and Davidson. The second is the anthropological conception of language advanced in various forms by the later Wittgenstein, Strawson, and Grice. The purpose of the paper is to compare and contrast the two conceptions. The calculus conception assigns priority to the notions of truth and truth-condition, and to the assertoric mode. The anthropological conception assigns priority to use, meaning and explanations of meaning, and is indifferent to mode. The disagreements between the two conceptions are explored, and the further consequences of each conception are described.
Hydrothermal Growth of ZnO Nanostructures on Nylon Fabrics
Authors: Athauda Thushara J. , Ozer Ruya R. 
Published: December 2012

ABSTRACTWe present a facile approach for growing radially oriented and dense ZnO nanorods and nanoneedles on the commercially available nylon fabrics by a simple, two-step wet chemical route. The samples were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), UV-Vis transmission spectroscopy, and wettability measurements. It was observed that the morphology of the resulting ZnO nanostructures strongly depended on the hydrothermal growth conditions. Excellent UV blocking activities were observed for ZnO nanorods containing nylon textiles in the wavelength region of 280-400 nm. Superhydrophobicity was achieved, for both ZnO nanorods and nanoneedles treated nylon fabric, upon 10mM 1-dodecanethiol treatment. ZnO nanostructures were durably attached to the nylon fabric after stirring 2 h in deionized water.
Silicon Nanostructured Films Formed by Pulsed-Laser Deposition in Inert Gas and Reactive Gas
Authors: Chen X. Y. , Lu Y.F. , Wu Y. H. , Cho B.J. , Laser H. Hu 
Published: December 2012

AbstractWe reported Si nanostructured films formed by pulsed-laser deposition (PLD) in both inert Ar gas and reactive O2 gas. The as-deposited nanostructured films with visible photoluminescence (PL) show a transition from a film structure to a porous cauliflowerlike structure, as the ambient gas pressure increases from 1 mTorr to 1 Torr. The film consists of small crystals with size from 1 to 20 nm. The oxygen composition of SiOx increases with increasing O2 gas pressure, while Si 2p peak of the Si dioxide also becomes dominate. At 100 mTorr O2 gas, almost complete SiO2 structure is formed. The PL at 1.8–2.1 eV is attributed to the quantum confinement effect (QCE) in Si nanocrystal core, while the PL band at 2.55 eV can be explained by the light emission from the localized surface states at SiOx/Si interface. Laser annealing was applied to the as-deposited nanostructured films. The PL intensities are increased by about two to three times of magnitude after annealing. High laser fluence causes damages in the films and optimal laser fluence exists before film damages or laser ablation occur.
Obtaining Assurance for Financial Statement Audits and Control Audits When Aspects of the Financial Reporting Process Are Outsourced
Authors: Bierstaker James , Chen Long , Christ Margaret H. , Ege Matthew , Mintchik Natalia 
Published: December 2012

SUMMARY
Businesses increasingly outsource organizational functions that have financial reporting implications, which requires auditors to adjust their risk assessment and audit procedures for this practice. However, PCAOB inspection reports cite deficiencies indicating that external auditors frequently do not perform proper procedures before relying on controls maintained by service organizations. In this paper, we examine the audit implications of clients' use of service organizations. Using the audit risk and control risk models and drawing on the extant research on using the work of others and internal audit outsourcing, we develop a framework that describes how clients' use of service organizations affects financial statement and internal control audits. We propose that three characteristics of outsourcing: the client, the service organization, and the auditor of the service organization affect inherent risk, control risk, and control detection risk for clients who outsource these functions. Based on this model, we develop specific research questions to guide future auditing research. We also use this model to provide insights for future research on external auditors' reliance on outsourced internal audit functions.
JEL Classifications: M41; M42; L24.
The Election of Auditors in Government: A Study of Politics and the Professional
Authors: Radcliffe Vaughan S. 
Published: December 2012

ABSTRACT
Although in many countries government auditors are appointed, often in an all-party process designed to emphasize a preference and hope for accounting information to be prepared in an independent manner, many such office holders in U.S. state governments are directly elected. This paper examines one such election, which occurred in the State of Ohio in 1994, and uses this case to explore how the electoral process fosters an interaction between the professional claim and political platforms. The paper follows earlier work concerning “special” government audits in using Weber's discussion of formal and substantive rationality to interpret events. The election of government auditors is seen as providing an unusual opportunity to consider the mixture of auditing and politics. The paper provides observations on the proximate operation of professional claims and political dynamics, and discusses these in terms of the roles of government auditing and of accountancy as a profession. Further research is called for into the operation of auditing in public life.
National Heuristic Shift toward Saving Any Form of Tax Rebate
Authors: Spencer Marilyn K. , Chambers Valrie 
Published: December 2012

ABSTRACT
Using surveys for the 2008, 2009 and 2011 federal tax rebates, this study tests whether taxpayers (1) noticed the rebates, and (2) spent, rather than saved, a high percentage of each. Results add further evidence that behavioral economics and mental accounting are relevant in predicting tax rebate behavior. It also indicates that rebates distributed in small amounts in take-home pay accomplish stimulus much more effectively than a lump sum, which is critically important for effective public policy. Many taxpayers did not realize they received the 2009 tax rebate, and those who knew spent a higher average percentage than for the 2008 rebate. The results also indicate the need to control for (shifting) savings heuristics during an economic crisis, because this heuristic apparently did change on a national scale. The national economic crisis—particularly unemployment—was smaller and slower to hit the city sampled in this study than for the nation as a whole. The results with the smaller, localized sample in 2009 clearly indicate the need to control for (shifting) savings heuristics. This concern appears validated by the results of another small, localized sample to measure the saving decisions in response to the 2 percent reduction in social security taxes in 2011. These results are important in increasing the effectiveness and efficiency of tax rebates to address public policy concerns, including economic recovery.
Data Availability: The data are available from the authors upon request.
How the Auditor-Client Relationship Affects the Extent of Value-Added Service Provided to the Client
Authors: Herda David N. , Lavelle James J. 
Published: December 2012

SUMMARY
This article summarizes our recent study, “Auditor Commitment to Privately Held Clients and its Effect on Value-Added Audit Service” (Herda and Lavelle 2013), which examines how the relationship between individual auditors and their clients affects the extent of value-added services that clients receive. Based on a survey of 204 auditors at two public accounting firms, we find that the auditor-client relationship, measured in terms of the auditor's commitment to the client (i.e., client commitment), develops in response to auditor perceptions of fair treatment and support received from the client. Higher levels of client commitment lead to more value-added services (e.g., management letter comments). The results indicate that auditors' perceptions of client fairness are essential in building strong auditor-client relationships. Stronger relationships yield greater levels of service that go beyond the core audit requirements.
Teaching IFRS in the U.K.: Contrasting Experiences from Both Sides of the University Divide
Authors: Stoner Gregory N. , Sangster Alan 
Published: December 2012

ABSTRACT:
This paper discusses the impact of the increased importance of International GAAP (International Financial Reporting Standards [IFRS]) in the U.K. higher education teaching and learning environment. This change was caused by the increased harmonization of accounting standards during the first decade of the 21st century and, in particular, the adoption within the European Union (EU) of IFRS for fully listed companies in 2005 and other listed companies soon after. After outlining the nature and diversity of accounting education and its relationship to the U.K. accounting profession, we discuss the approaches taken in a range of U.K. accounting degree programs and how U.K. faculty and students adapted to the change from U.K. GAAP to IFRS. The U.K. university sector is divided into “old” universities—those formed before 1992, often referred to as the “research universities,” and the “new” universities—those founded in or after 1992, whose main focus is vocational, the “teaching universities.” We conclude that despite various troublesome adjustments in terminology, definitions, and layout, for different reasons the different groups of faculty have generally not had to undergo excessive adjustments in their teaching in order to embed IFRS into their courses. We conclude the paper by acknowledging the limitations of our research and with some indications of lessons for others who face the transition to IFRS in the future.