bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Thermodynamic Properties of Sulfobetaine‐Type Surfactants
Authors: Zhu Hai‐lin , Hu Zhi‐yong , Wang Jian‐long , Cao Duan‐lin 
Published: July 2013

AbstractSulfobetaine‐type surfactants containing a hydroxy group were synthesized by the reaction of long chain monoalkyl dimethyl tertiary amine with 3‐chloro‐2‐hydroxypropanesulfonic acid sodium salt. The structures were characterized by 1H NMR and ESI‐MS. Their critical micelle concentrations (CMC) in aqueous solution were determined by the plate method in the temperature rang from 298.15 to 328.15 K. The thermodynamic parameters of micellization (, and ) and surface adsorption (, and ) were calculated from CMC data. The results showed that the micellization and surface adsorption of these surfactants in aqueous solution was a spontaneous and entropy‐driven process. The micellization and surface adsorption became easier when the alkyl chain length increased from 12 carbon atoms to 14. The enthalpy–entropy compensation of micellization and adsorption was investigated. The compensation temperature were found to be (311 ± 2) K for both micellization and adsorption. The and decreased, but the and increased with increasing the hydrophobic chain length from 12 to 14.
Efficacy and safety of novel anticoagulant dabigatran in clinical practice for Japanese patients with non‐valvular atrial fibrillation
Authors: Miyamoto Koji , Aiba Takeshi , Nakajima Ikutaro , Yamada Yuko , Okamura Hideo , Noda Takashi , Satomi Kazuhiro , Ishihara Masaharu , Anzai Toshihisa , Yasuda Satoshi , Ogawa Hisao , Kamakura Shiro , Shimizu Wataru 
Published: July 2013

AbstractBackgroundThere is little evidence of the efficacy and safety of dabigatran in Japanese patients with non‐valvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF).Methods and ResultsWe evaluated 300 consecutive patients with NVAF (68±11 years old, 209 men, 180 paroxysmal) who received 220 mg/day (203 patients) or 300 mg/day dabigatran (97 patients) at our hospital. Most patients (84%) had lower CHADS2 (congestive heart failure, hypertension, age>75 years, diabetes, stroke/transient ischemic attack) scores of 0 (n=60), 1 (n=114), or 2 (n=78) and lower HAS‐BLED (hypertension, abnormal renal/liver function, stroke, bleeding history or predisposition) scores of 0 (n=39), 1 (n=114), or 2 (n=103). The estimated creatinine clearance was 77±24 mL/min, which was inversely correlated to age (r2=0.48, p<0.0001). Activated partial thromboplastin time was 42±9 s but was not dependent on sampling time. During follow‐up of 263±160 days, an ischemic stroke occurred in 1 patient (0.3%), but no systemic embolism was observed. Some adverse events were reported for 70 (23%) patients, such as dyspepsia (n=42, 14%) or minor bleeding complications (n=11, 4%) resulting in discontinuation of dabigatran for 39 patients. However, no major complications were observed, and no patient died from adverse events or because of cardiovascular or stroke events.ConclusionsDabigatran is safe and useful for the prevention of ischemic strokes in Japanese NVAF patients, but additional care should be taken for elderly patients.
Injuries in Commercial Whitewater Rafting on the New and Gauley Rivers of West Virginia
Authors: Attarian Aram , Siderelis Christos 
Published: July 2013

Objective To describe the rates, patterns, and likelihood of injuries in commercial whitewater rafting on the New and Gauley rivers, West Virginia. Methods Standardized injury report forms developed by the West Virginia Whitewater Commission were reviewed for years 2005–2010 to provide a statistical account of injuries reported by licensed commercial rafting outfitters operating on the New and Gauley rivers. Results Overall, musculoskeletal injuries (sprains/strains, 21.1%; dislocations, 13.8%; fractures, 12.2%) comprised the majority (47.4%) of incidents followed by injuries to soft tissue (lacerations, 29.0%; abrasions, 13.3%; contusions, 2.3%). Almost one half (44.3%) of injuries were to the head, neck, and shoulders followed by the lower extremities (foot/ankle/leg/knee/hip, 33.9%) and upper extremities (hand/wrist/arm, 14.3%). Data analyzed using the Somers’ D statistic revealed the likelihood of an injury occurring inside the raft is P = .55, and P = .39 when passengers are ejected from the raft into the river. The most likely injuries to occur to passengers are a laceration ( P = .51) or a sprain ( P = .20). The main probabilities for the risks of injuries were found to be to the head ( P = .24), shoulder ( P = .16), and face ( P = .13) of the passenger. Conclusions By knowing what injuries are common, their likelihood of occurrence, and the settings in which they happen, commercial outfitters can initiate practices to reduce injury rates.
Exercising in a Hot Environment: Which T-shirt to Wear?
Authors: Sperlich Billy , Born Dennis-Peter , Lefter Marie Denise , Holmberg Hans-Christer 
Published: July 2013

Objective The aim of this study was to investigate thermoregulatory, cardiorespiratory, metabolic, and perceptual responses while running in a hot environment (31.7° ± 1.0°C; 42% ± 3% relative humidity) and wearing T-shirts made from different fiber types. Methods Eight well-trained men performed 4 tests wearing either a T-shirt made of 100% polyester with 4, 6, or 8 channels, or one made of 100% cotton. Each test consisted of 30 minutes running at 70% of peak oxygen uptake, followed by a ramp test to exhaustion and 15 minutes of recovery. Results There were no differences in skin, core, and body temperatures between fiber types during submaximal and high-intensity running (best P = .08). During recovery, body temperature and shivering/sweating sensations were lower when wearing 4- and 6-channel fibers ( P ≤ .04) compared with cotton. The relative humidity at the chest and back were lower for all polyester T-shirts compared with cotton during and after submaximal and maximal running ( P ≤ .007). Heart rate (best P = .10), oxygen uptake ( P = .95), respiratory exchange ratio (best P = .93), ventilation (best P = .99), and blood lactate concentration (best P = .97) did not differ between the fiber types. Nor were any differences in time to exhaustion (best P = .76), ratings of perceived exertion (best P = .09), thermal sensation (best P = .07), or sensation of clothing wetness (best P = .36) discovered. Conclusions Although statistical analysis revealed lower shivering/sweating sensations while wearing 4- and 6-channel fiber shirts during recovery, with an improved chest and back microenvironment for all polyester T-shirts, the question remains whether these differences are of any practical relevance because the performance of the well-trained men was unaffected.
The Eliassen–Palm flux tensor
Authors: Maddison J. R. , Marshall D. P. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractThe aim of this paper it to derive general coordinate-invariant forms of the Eliassen–Palm flux tensor and thereby characterize the true geometric nature of the eddy–mean-flow interaction in hydrostatic Boussinesq rotating fluids. In the quasi-geostrophic limit previous forms of the Eliassen–Palm flux tensor are shown to be related to each other via a gauge transformation; a general form is stated and its geometric properties are discussed. Similar methodology is applied to the hydrostatic Boussinesq Navier–Stokes equations to re-derive the residual-mean equations in a coordinate-invariant form. Thickness-weighted averaging in buoyancy coordinates is carefully described, via the definition of a volume-form-weighted average, constructed so as to commute with the covariant divergence of a vector. The procedures leading to the thickness-weight averaged equation are discussed, and forms of the Eliassen–Palm flux tensor which arise are identified.
Actualism and Beauty: Karl Barth's Insistence on theAuchin his Account of Divine Beauty
Authors: Barnett William T. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractHans Urs von Balthasar claimed that Barth'sChurch Dogmaticsdemonstrates a weakening of his distinctive actualism in order to make space for ‘the concept of authentic objective form’, a point illustrated by the discourse on divine beauty inCDII/1. There Barth treats the divine being as an objective form to be contemplated, a seeming departure from Barth's privileged conceptualisation of God as personal subject whose free action humbles our theoretical gaze and graciously provides the material content for proper speech about God. Bruce McCormack has challenged von Balthasar's general thesis, arguing that no weakening has in fact taken place in theChurch Dogmatics. If this is the case, what then of Barth's discourse on divine beauty? Is it consistent with his actualistic doctrine of God? Is it possible to speak of God both as a free, dynamic event and an object of beauty? Can theological aesthetics find a home within Barth's actualism? This article answers in the affirmative by demonstrating the systematic integrity between Barth's claims about divine beauty and the actualism permeatingCDII/1. First, the article examines the ambiguity of Barth's specific claims about divine beauty. Barth is both enthusiastic and hesitant in speaking about divine beauty, affirming the concept yet placing careful qualifications on its use. Next, the article illustrates how the nature of these claims is anticipated by the actualism ofCDII/1, specifically by (1) Barth's clear rejection of divine formlessness, (2) his argument that God's act of self-revelation in Jesus Christ implies an objective triune form for God's being and, lastly, (3) how he grounds discourse on divine beauty in the event of God's dynamic, free love. The article finally contends that the key to Barth's puzzling position on divine beauty is in understanding the precise reason why he registers beauty as a necessary but insufficient theological concept. This qualification is rooted in an important content–form, spirit–nature distinction which frames all discussion about God's being-in-act. ThroughoutCDII/1, objective form is a necessary condition for divine self-expression, but objectivity is always grounded in the freedom of the Spirit. Thus, the freedom-to-love at the heart of God's triune existence is the ground of our experience of God as beautiful, not any continuity with our contemplation of created forms. As such, the creative freedom animating God's triune life provides the space for, but also the limit to, theological aesthetics by imbuing divine beauty in mystery.
‘An Extraordinarily Acute Embarrassment’: The Doctrine of Angels in Barth's Göttingen Dogmatics
Authors: Wood Donald 
Published: July 2013

AbstractStudy of Barth's doctrine of angels has languished, and the time is ripe for a thorough reassessment. While any full account will centre on the magisterial theology of angels in theChurch Dogmatics, much can be gained from a close, contextually informed reading of the earlier treatment of angels in the Göttingen dogmatics lectures. These lectures are shaped by a twofold procedural commitment: Barth's presentation is ordered, on one hand, to a recognisably modern conception of the logical content of Christian preaching; and it conforms, on the other hand, to a doctrinal sequence recommended by the dogmatic textbooks of the classical Reformed tradition. A tension between these two aspects becomes visible in Barth's handling of the doctrine of angels – a tract of teaching by which he is visibly unsettled. Barth accordingly attends with particular care to two fundamental modern objections to the doctrine – namely that it involves a superfluous reduplication of anthropological themes and that it has no independent doctrinal standing. The first objection exploits the observation that the doctrine of angels traditionally stands in close proximity to the doctrine of the human creature; the second follows from the claim that Christian preaching, and the dogmatic theology which serves it, attends strictly to the relationship between God and humanity, realised and revealed in the gospel. Barth's attempts to respond to these criticisms, and so to draw out the necessity and the proper dogmatic status of the doctrine of angels, are traced in detail. Angels and demons, conceived as real spiritual forces, are ineluctable features of the situation within which human moral agency is exercised. And angels are ingredients in, though not central to, the scriptural depiction of the relationship between God and humanity. Barth's elaboration of the positive features of Protestant scholastic angelology is summarised, and the motivating impulses and constructive potential of his theology of angels are briefly noted: Barth's exposition may be read as a complex exercise in theological self-differentiation; a recommendation of a distinctive style of biblical reasoning; and a creative contribution to the revitalisation of a culture of Christian witness.
Christological Foundations for an Ecological Ethic: Learning from Bonhoeffer
Authors: Burkholder Benjamin J. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractIn an age where the church needs to foster moral concern for the environment, some are suggesting that Christian theology itself must be changed to produce this result. This article argues that such emendations are unnecessary because Dietrich Bonhoeffer, working a couple of decades before ecological concern was even seen as necessary, manages to craft a theological and ethical approach which is sensitive to ecological concern while retaining large portions of the Christian tradition. Bonhoeffer's anthropology robustly affirms humanity's connection with the natural environment and does not separate humans from the natural order. In fact, his novel approach to the image of God emphasises the necessity of human physicality and the ethical responsibility for the other, which seems to be extendable to the natural order as well. In addition, Bonhoeffer's interpretation of the command to have dominion sees the injunction as a call to be ‘bound’ to nature as a servant, not as a lord free to exploit the earth for wanton pleasure. Consequently, Bonhoeffer interprets the industrial revolution as the failure of humans to rule and serve creation well. Finally, his anthropology, unlike many in the tradition, does not extradite humans from the world, but rather situates them entirely within the matrix of interlocking relationships in the natural world. While Christian soteriology has been criticised for shifting Christian concern away from the environment and life in this world, Bonhoeffer's soteriology overcomes this criticism. Bonhoeffer vociferously repudiates two kingdoms theology in favour of a single unified reality of Christ, which unites God's work of creation and redemption into a unified whole. Furthermore, he interprets the incarnation as a robust affirmation of God's creation and thereby life in this present world. Finally, Bonhoeffer posits redemption encompassing the entire world order, rather than seeing humans as its unique constituents. Bonhoeffer's ethics of responsible action shows that humans need to evaluate not just their immediate actions, but also the long-term consequences of their actions, especially when it comes to use of the environment, both for the sake of other humans and for the sake of following Christ. Since disciples of Christ are supposed to be working towards the reality of Christ, one can conclude that Bonhoeffer's thought encourages humans to work towards the harmony that is to typify creation in the eschaton. Thus, Bonhoeffer's ethics encourages a moral concern for the environment both as a means of neighbourly love and as a means of following Christ.
Seismic Evidence for a Geosuture between the Yangtze and Cathaysia Blocks, South China
Authors: He Chuansong , Dong Shuwen , Santosh M. , Chen Xuanhua 
Published: July 2013

AbstractSouth China, composed of the Yangtze and Cathaysia Blocks and the intervening Jiangnan orogenic belt, has been central to the debate on the tectonic evolution of East Asia. Here we investigate the crustal structure and composition of South China from seismic data employing theH-kstacking technique. Our results show that the composition and seismic structure of the crust in the Jiangnan orogenic belt are identical to those of the Cathaysia Block. Our data reveal a distinct contrast in the crustal structure and composition between the two flanks of the Jiujiang-Shitai buried fault. We propose that the Jiujiang-Shitai buried fault defines a geosuture between the Yangtze and Cathaysia Blocks and that the felsic lower crust of the Cathaysia Block and the Jiangnan orogenic belt may represent fragments derived from the Gondwana supercontinent.
Kind of high‐power microwave radial line slot antenna
Authors: Peng S.R. , Yuan C.W. , Shu T. , Li Z.Q. , Zhang Q. 
Published: July 2013

A kind of circularly‐polarised radial line slot antenna for high‐power microwave application is proposed by contriving a kind of radial line slow‐wave structure, an improved circularly‐polarised radiator unit and a reflection cancelling slot. An antenna prototype with a length of 12 cm and an aperture diameter of 54 cm is designed, which has a gain of 29.0 dBi and an axial ratio of 1.12 at 9.42 GHz. The high‐power experiment proves that this antenna has a power‐handling capacity of more than 600 MW.
Pre‐emphasis transmitter (0.007 mm2, 8 Gbit/s, 0–14 dB) with improved data zero‐crossing accuracy in 65 nm CMOS
Authors: Chen Y. , Mak P.‐I. , Zhang L. , Qian H. , Wang Y. 
Published: July 2013

A pre‐emphasis transmitter with improved data zero‐crossing accuracy is described. It is achieved via data re‐synchronisation using a set of extended true single‐phase clock latches before output combining, constituting a robust, area‐ and power‐efficient solution. Fabricated in 65 nm CMOS, the full‐rate one‐tap pre‐emphasis transmitter measures a total jitter of 33.12 ps up to an 8 Gbit/s data rate, and 25.04 to 38.75 ps under a 0–14 dB reconfigurable pre‐emphasis range. The achieved output swing is as large as 550 mVpp, and the active area is just 0.007 mm2.
Optimised LNA for wireless link in brain machine interface applications
Authors: Dehghani S. , Abouei J. 
Published: July 2013

Presentsed is an optimised design for the RF CMOS low‐noise amplifier (LNA) as the analogue front‐end circuit for the brain–machine interface's transceiver with an emphasis on the tradeoff between gain, noise and power consumption. A 360 nm cascode LNA operating in 404 MHz of the Medical Implant Communication Service frequency band is designed to demonstrate good performance achievable in the microwatt range. Overdrive voltage of the transistors is approximately 100 mV to exploit the high gm/ID achieving low power consumption, while avoiding performance degradation associated with the subthreshold region.
UWB antenna with notched band at 5.5 GHz
Authors: Azim R. , Mobashsher A.T. , Islam M.T. 
Published: July 2013

A slot antenna with a notched band at 5.5 GHz is proposed for UWB applications. The basic UWB antenna comprises of a rectangular radiating patch and a ground plane with a tapered shape slot and printed on 1.6 mm‐thick FR4 dielectric substrate. To realise a notch band, two symmetrical slits are etched on the slot of the ground plane. Experimental results show that the proposed antenna exhibits wideband performance from 3.08 to more than 11 GHz with a notched frequency band centred at 5.5 GHz which can effectively mitigate the interference between the WLAN and UWB systems. It is also confirmed from the measurements that the insertion of slits does not affect the antenna performance, except at the notched frequency band.
Mechanism of calsequestrin regulation of single cardiac ryanodine receptor in normal and pathological conditions
Authors: Chen Haiyan , Valle Giorgia , Furlan Sandra , Nani Alma , Gyorke Sandor , Fill Michael , Volpe Pompeo 
Published: July 2013

Release of Ca2+ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) drives contractile function of cardiac myocytes. Luminal Ca2+ regulation of SR Ca2+ release is fundamental not only in physiology but also in physiopathology because abnormal luminal Ca2+ regulation is known to lead to arrhythmias, catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (CPVT), and/or sudden cardiac arrest, as inferred from animal model studies. Luminal Ca2+ regulates ryanodine receptor (RyR)2-mediated SR Ca2+ release through mechanisms localized inside the SR; one of these involves luminal Ca2+ interacting with calsequestrin (CASQ), triadin, and/or junctin to regulate RyR2 function.
CASQ2-RyR2 regulation was examined at the single RyR2 channel level. Single RyR2s were incorporated into planar lipid bilayers by the fusion of native SR vesicles isolated from either wild-type (WT), CASQ2 knockout (KO), or R33Q-CASQ2 knock-in (KI) mice. KO and KI mice have CPVT-like phenotypes. We show that CASQ2(WT) action on RyR2 function (either activation or inhibition) was strongly influenced by the presence of cytosolic MgATP. Function of the reconstituted CASQ2(WT)–RyR2 complex was unaffected by changes in luminal free [Ca2+] (from 0.1 to 1 mM). The inhibition exerted by CASQ2(WT) association with the RyR2 determined a reduction in cytosolic Ca2+ activation sensitivity. RyR2s from KO mice were significantly more sensitive to cytosolic Ca2+ activation and had significantly longer mean open times than RyR2s from WT mice. Sensitivity of RyR2s from KI mice was in between that of RyR2 channels from KO and WT mice. Enhanced cytosolic RyR2 Ca2+ sensitivity and longer RyR2 open times likely explain the CPVT-like phenotype of both KO and KI mice.
Association of low body temperature and poor outcomes in patients admitted with worsening heart failure: a substudy of the Efficacy of Vasopressin Antagonism in Heart Failure Outcome Study with Tolvaptan (EVEREST) trial
Authors: Payvar Saeed , Spertus John A. , Miller Alan B. , Casscells S. Ward , Pang Peter S. , Zannad Faiez , Swedberg Karl , Maggioni Aldo P. , Reid Kimberly J. , Gheorghiade Mihai ,   for the Efficacy of Vasopressin Antagonism in Heart Failure Outcome Study with Tolvaptan (EVEREST) Investigators
Published: July 2013

AimsRisk stratification in patients admitted with worsening heart failure (HF) is essential for tailoring therapy and counselling. Risk models are available but rarely used, in part because many require laboratory and imaging results that are not routinely available. Body temperature is associated with prognosis in other illnesses, and we hypothesized that low body temperature would be associated with worse outcomes in patients admitted with worsening HF.Methods and resultsThe Efficacy of Vasopressin Antagonism in Heart Failure Outcome Study with Tolvaptan (EVEREST) trial was an event‐driven, randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled study of tolvaptan in 4133 patients hospitalized for worsening HF with an EF <40%. Co‐primary endpoints were all‐cause mortality and cardiovascular (CV) death or HF rehospitalization. Body temperature was measured orally at randomization and entered in analyses both as a continuous variable and categorized into three groups (<36°C, 36–36.5°C, and >36.5°C) using Cox regression models. The composite of CV death or HF rehospitalization occurred in 1544 patients within 1 year. For every 1°C decrease in body temperature, the risk of adverse outcomes increased by 16% [hazard raio (HR) 1.16, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.04–1.28], after adjustment for age, gender, race, systolic blood pressure, EF, blood urea nitrogen, and serum sodium. In fully adjusted analysis, the risk of adverse outcomes in the lowest body temperature group (<36°C) was 51% higher than that of the index group (>36.5°C) (HR 1.35, 95% CI 1.15–1.58).ConclusionsLow body temperature is an independent marker of poor cardiovascular outcomes in patients admitted with worsening HF and reduced EF.