bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Key steps in type III secretion system (T3SS) towards translocon assembly with potential sensor at plant plasma membrane
Authors: Ji Hongtao , Dong Hansong 
Published: December 2014

SummaryMany plant‐ and animal‐pathogenic Gram‐negative bacteria employ the type III secretion system (T3SS) to translocate effector proteins from bacterial cells into the cytosol of eukaryotic host cells. The effector translocation occurs through an integral component of T3SS, the channel‐like translocon, assembled by hydrophilic and hydrophobic proteinaceous translocators in a two‐step process. In the first, hydrophilic translocators localize to the tip of a proteinaceous needle in animal pathogens, or a proteinaceous pilus in plant pathogens, and associate with hydrophobic translocators, which insert into host plasma membranes in the second step. However, the pilus needs to penetrate plant cell walls in advance. All hydrophilic translocators so far identified in plant pathogens are characteristic of harpins: T3SS accessory proteins containing a unitary hydrophilic domain or an additional enzymatic domain. Two‐domain harpins carrying a pectate lyase domain potentially target plant cell walls and facilitate the penetration of the pectin‐rich middle lamella by the bacterial pilus. One‐domain harpins target plant plasma membranes and may play a crucial role in translocon assembly, which may also involve contrapuntal associations of hydrophobic translocators. In all cases, sensory components in the target plasma membrane are indispensable for the membrane recognition of translocators and the functionality of the translocon. The conjectural sensors point to membrane lipids and proteins, and a phosphatidic acid and an aquaporin are able to interact with selected harpin‐type translocators. Interactions between translocators and their sensors at the target plasma membrane are assumed to be critical for translocon assembly.
Urinary Emmprin, matrix metalloproteinase 9 and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 as potential biomarkers in children with ureteropelvic junction narrowing on conservative treatment
Authors: Tian Fengyan , Gu Chaohui , Zhao Zhanzheng , Li Luping , Lu Shan , Li Zhenzhen 
Published: December 2014

AbstractBackgroundRapid diagnosis and initiation of the treatment on congenital obstructive nephropathy are important for young children to slow down renal injury. The aim of our study was to investigate the role of urinary extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer (Emmprin), matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP‐9) and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 (TIMP‐1) in the long‐term follow‐up of children with ureteropelvic junction (UPJ) narrowing on conservative treatment.MethodsThe study included 40 children with non‐obstructed hydronephrosis due to unilateral UPJ narrowing who were treated conservatively and followed up for 24 months. Voided urine samples were collected at diagnosis and at 3, 9, 15 and 24 months of follow‐up, respectively. Three enzymes concentrations were measured in urine.ResultsDuring the follow‐up, 25 children showed renal function stabilization (non‐obstructed group) and 15 children renal function deterioration (obstructed group). In the non‐obstructed group, a comparison between urine three enzymes levels at the last follow‐up and at baseline showed no significant differences (all P > 0.05). Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and split renal function (SRF) showed similar trends. In the obstructed group, a comparison between the three enzymes levels at diagnosis and at basal condition showed a significant increase (all P < 0.01). But GFR and SRF showed a marked reduction at diagnosis (all P < 0.001). Receiver operator characteristic (ROC) analyses revealed a better diagnostic profile for uEmmprin, uMMP‐9 and uTIMP‐1 in identifying children with abnormal SRF (<40%) at 24 months of follow‐up [area under the curve (AUC) 0.877, 0.727 and 0.823, respectively].ConclusionsUrinary Emmprin, MMP‐9 and TIMP‐1 may be noninvasive potential biomarkers that could be used for long‐term follow‐up of children with UPJ narrowing on conservative treatment to determine those who might develop obstruction.
Assessing clinical urgency via telephone in rural Australia
Authors: Knight Kaye , Kenny Amanda , Endacott Ruth 
Published: December 2014

AbstractWhen people telephone rural health services with unscheduled healthcare needs, rural nurses manage these telephone presentations. However, there is professional controversy surrounding the practice, and paucity in research outside formalized telephone triage services. This article reports on a qualitative study exploring the actions nurses take when people telephone rural health services with unscheduled healthcare needs and the factors that influence these actions. Registered nurses from five rural health services in Victoria, Australia, participated in telephone interviews or focus groups during 2010 and 2011. Descriptions of telephone interactions reflected a structured approach to providing care. Participants described strategies to minimize clinical risk while brokering competing needs and finite resources to achieve a “best outcome” for all stakeholders. This study reveals a gap in policy and practice support for rural nurses providing care via telephone and differentiates this rural nursing practice from that of formalized telephone triage.
Farmers' Professional Dialogue Networks and Dynamics of Change: The Case of ICP and No‐Tillage Adoption in Burgundy (France)
Authors: Compagnone Claude , Hellec Florence 
Published: December 2014

AbstractIn the research reported here, we studied three cereal‐growing areas in the French region of Burgundy, concentrating on the dynamics of change with regard to farmers' use of pesticides and new soil management practices on the one hand and on farmers' professional dialogue networks on the other. Our aim in this article is to show the link between the network types and the dynamics of change in their members' behavior. Three types of coalitional networks appeared. In the “mainly bonding” network, the roles of innovator and early adopter were the most highly shared among farmers. In the “mainly bridging” network, these roles were occupied by a single person holding a central position within the network. In the “bonding and bridging” structure, the roles of innovator and early adopter were held by different individuals. We further observed that the farmers developing integrated crop protection techniques occupied different positions from those implementing complete no‐tillage, which is not promoted by technical advisory services. A rivalry thus appears to emerge between these two orientations in which the farmers are engaged within the network.
Doppler Ultrasound: A Powerful Tool for Vascular Access Surveillance
Authors: Guedes Marques Maria , Ibeas José , Botelho Carlos , Maia Pedro , Ponce Pedro 
Published: December 2014

AbstractNational Kidney Foundation Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative (NKF KDOQI) guidelines recommend Doppler ultrasound (DU) for surveillance of vascular access (VA), but trials have not been unanimous about its benefit on VA patency. The aim of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of DU for patency, as well as to highlight additional data provided by this method. A transversal study was conducted to evaluate DU method in correlation with BTM using paired t‐test and Pearson test. Ultrasonography evaluation was performed with a Siemens Acuson X150 Ultrasound device and BTM‐Qa with the Blood Temperature Monitor BTM®. Access blood flow (Qa) values were correlated with several factors by nonparametric tests. Fifty hemodialysis patients were included, with mean age of 64.5 ± 13.7 years; durations of hemodialysis and VA were 51.4 ± 47.3 and 47.6 ± 42.1 months, respectively. The mean difference between DU and BTM flows was 20.5 ml/minute (p 0.624). Pearson correlation was 0.851 (p < 0.001). DU‐Qa values varied significantly with several factors: type of VA, reason for DU referral, the presence of artery stenosis, and the location and number of stenosis. BTM‐Qa values only varied significantly with the presence and number of stenosis. Various silent abnormalities were detected with DU. DU provides accurate anatomic and hemodynamic data to further knowledge regarding the etiology of stenosis and other abnormalities that compromise VA well functioning.
Lithospheric mantle signatures as revealed by zircon Hf isotopes of Late Triassic post‐collisional plutons from the central Korean peninsula, and their tectonic implications
Authors: Cheong Chang‐Sik , Kim Namhoon , Jo Hui Je , Cho Moonsup , Choi Sung Hi , Zhou Hongying , Geng Jian‐zhen 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThe Mesozoic tectonic architecture of the Korean peninsula is largely governed by the continental collision between the North and South China blocks. Zircon Hf isotopic compositions presented in this study and whole‐rock geochemical and Sr‐Nd isotope data in the literature collectively suggest that the lithophile‐elements‐enriched signature of the Late Triassic post‐collisional plutons from the Gyeonggi massif in central Korea is a primary feature inherited from the metasomatized mantle lithosphere. Highly negative zircon εHf (t) values (−23 to −19) of plutons from the middle and eastern parts of the massif indicate an ancient metasomatism of their mantle source. Distinctly higher zircon εHf (t) values (−15 to −12) from the southwestern plutons are ascribed to a contribution from an accreted component of the South China‐like block. The involvement of asthenospheric mantle is not recognized in zircons from either group. The implications of these isotopic features are discussed in the context of Mesozoic collisional tectonics.
The strategies to reduce iron deficiency in blood donors randomized trial: design, enrolment and early retention
Authors: Bialkowski W. , Bryant B. J. , Schlumpf K. S. , Wright D. J. , Birch R. , Kiss J. E. , D'Andrea P. , Cable R. G. , Spencer B. R. , Vij V. , Mast A. E. 
Published: December 2014

Background and ObjectivesRepeated blood donation produces iron deficiency. Changes in dietary iron intake do not prevent donation‐induced iron deficiency. Prolonging the interdonation interval or using oral iron supplements can mitigate donation‐induced iron deficiency. The most effective operational methods for reducing iron deficiency in donors are unknown.Materials and Methods‘Strategies To Reduce Iron Deficiency’ (STRIDE) was a two‐year, randomized, placebo‐controlled study in blood donors. 692 donors were randomized into one of two educational groups or one of three interventional groups. Donors randomized to educational groups either received letters thanking them for donating, or, suggesting iron supplements or delayed donation if they had low ferritin. Donors randomized to interventional groups either received placebo, 19‐mg or 38‐mg iron pills.ResultsIron deficient erythropoiesis was present in 52·7% of males and 74·6% of females at enrolment. Adverse events within 60 days of enrolment were primarily mild gastrointestinal symptoms (64%). The incidence of de‐enrolment within 60 days was more common in the interventional groups than in the educational groups (P = 0·002), but not more common in those receiving iron than placebo (P = 0·68).ConclusionThe prevalence of iron deficient erythropoiesis in donors enrolled in the STRIDE study is comparable to previously described cohorts of regular blood donors. De‐enrolment within 60 days was higher for donors receiving tablets, although no more common in donors receiving iron than placebo.
Lewis histo‐blood group system phenotyping and genotyping reveal divergence in the association of Le(a−b−) phenotype and type 1 diabetes
Authors: Previato M. , Borim M. P. , Liberatore R. D. R. , Pires A. C. , Dias M. A. F. , Brandão de Mattos C. C. , de Mattos L. C. 
Published: December 2014

Background and ObjectivesThe red blood cell Le(a−b−) phenotype was proposed as risk factor for type 1 diabetes, but contradictory results were published elsewhere. This study re‐examined the potential association between Lewis histo‐blood group system and type 1 diabetes.Material and MethodsPatients and controls of both sexes, Caucasians and non‐Caucasians, matched by sex, geographical origin and ethnicity were evaluated. The red blood cell Lewis phenotypes were identified by gel column agglutination and also inferred from the FUT2 and FUT3 genotyping.ResultsThe Le(a−b−) phenotype was prevalent in patients with type 1 diabetes, and the Le(a−b+) phenotype was prevalent in controls when both were determined by gel columns agglutination. No differences were observed in the frequencies of the Le(a−b−) phenotype inferred from the FUT2 and FUT3 genotyping between patients and controls.ConclusionsThe Lewis red blood cell phenotyping and genotyping reveal divergence in the association of Le(a−b−) phenotype and type 1 diabetes.
Loss of the ability to generate large burst‐forming unit‐like megakaryocytic colonies from thawed cord blood in semisolid cultures after short term suspension culture
Authors: Eskola M. , Bäckman S. , Möttönen S. , Kekomäki R. 
Published: December 2014

Background and ObjectivesTotal colony‐forming cells from thawed cord blood units (CBUs) include megakaryocytic colony‐forming units (CFU‐Mks), which survive the freezing process. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether different megakaryocytic progenitors from unseparated CBUs survive the freezing process and a short‐term liquid culture.Materials and MethodsThawed samples of CBUs were cultured in liquid medium. During the cultures, serial samples were drawn to assess the growth of different megakaryocytic progenitors in a semisolid collagen medium with identical cytokines as in the liquid medium. Megakaryocytic cells were detected using immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry.ResultsIn suspension culture, the megakaryocytic progenitors almost completely lost the ability to generate large (burst‐forming unit‐like, BFU‐like) megakaryocytic colonies in semisolid cultures (large colonies, median count per chamber d0: 7·25 vs. d7: 1·5; P < 0·0001), whereas the number of small colonies (median count per chamber d0: 7·25 vs. d7: 16·0; P = 0·0505) peaked at day seven. Further 7‐day culture in suspension resulted in the decline of small colonies as well (d7: 16·0 vs. d14: 5·75; P = 0·0088). Total CFU‐Mk count declined from 23·3 (range 12·5–34·0) at d0 to 7·25 (range 1·0–13·5) at d14 (P < 0·0001).ConclusionImmediately post‐thaw, CBUs possess an ability to generate large BFU‐like megakaryocytic colonies, whereas the colonies were not detectable in most CBUs in semisolid culture after a short suspension culture. Small CFU‐Mks were observed throughout the cultures. It may be that the BFU‐Mk colonies matured and acquired CFU‐Mk behaviour.
Platelet-Rich Plasma Compared With Other Common Injection Therapies in the Treatment of Chronic Lateral Epicondylitis
Authors: Rodik Tristan , McDermott Brendon 
Published: December 2014

Clinical Scenario:Lateral epicondylitis (LE) is a relatively common pathology capable of producing chronic debilitation in a variety of patients. A newer treatment for orthopedic conditions is platelet-rich plasma (PrP) local injection.Focused Clinical Question:Is PrP a more appropriate injection therapy for LE than other common injections such as corticosteroid or whole blood?Summary of Key Findings:Four studies were included: 1 randomized controlled trial (RCT), 2 double-blind RCTs, and 1 cohort study. Two studies involved comparisons of PrP injection to corticosteroid injection. One of the studies involved a 2-y follow-up while another involved a 1-y follow-up. Another study involved the comparison of PrP injection with whole-blood injection with a 6-mo follow-up. The final study included a PrP-injection group and control group. The 2 studies involving PrP vs corticosteroid injections with 2-y and 1-y follow-ups both favored PrP over corticosteroid injection in terms of pain reduction and function increases. The third study favored PrP injections over whole-blood injections at 6 mo regarding pain reduction. All studies demonstrated significant improvements with PrP over comparison injections or no injection.Clinical Bottom Line:PrP injections provide more favorable pain and function outcomes than whole blood and corticosteroid injections for 1–2 y after injection.Strength of Recommendation:Consistent findings from RCTs suggest level 1b evidence in support of PrP injection as a treatment for LE.
Immediate Effects of Core-Stability Exercises and Clinical Massage on Dynamic-Balance Performance of Patients With Chronic Specific Low Back Pain
Authors: Trampas Athanasios , Mpeneka Anastasia , Malliou Vivian , Godolias George , Vlachakis Periklis 
Published: December 2014

Context:Previous studies showed improved dynamic-balance (DB) performance after core-stability (CS) exercises in populations with chronic low back pain. Although clinical massage plus exercise is likely to better enhance analgesia than exercise alone, its efficacy on balance remains unclear.Objective:To evaluate the immediate effects of CS exercises plus myofascial trigger-point (MTrP) therapy in comparison with CS exercises alone on DB performance, pressure-pain threshold (PPT), and cross-sectional area of active MTrPs in patients with clinical instability of the lumbar spine and chronic myofascial pain syndrome.Design:Randomized, assessor-blind, test–retest.Setting:University research laboratory.Patients:10 physically active adults (5 men, 5 women).Main Outcome Measures:Single-leg DB performance and side-to-side ratios in 2 planes of motion (frontal, sagittal), as well as PPT and cross-sectional area of active MTrPs, were measured using stabilometry, pressure algometry, and real-time ultrasound scanning, respectively.Interventions:The 1st group performed CS exercises alone, whereas the same exercise program was applied in the 2nd group plus cross-fiber friction on active MTrPs (3.5 min/MTrP).Results:Within-group statistically and clinically significant differences were observed only for group II in PPT. However, group I also exhibited a large effect size with clinically significant changes from baseline on this outcome. Furthermore, patients in group II clinically improved their balance ratios and differed from group I at posttest in sagittal-plane DB performance of the painful side.Conclusion:CS exercises immediately increase the PPT of active MTrPs in physically active adults with clinical instability of the lumbar spine and chronic myofascial pain syndrome. When MTrP therapy is added, side-to-side asymmetries in DB are minimized.
The lunar dynamo
Authors: Weiss Benjamin P. , Tikoo Sonia M. 
Published: December 2014

BACKGROUND
It is unknown whether the Moon has a fully differentiated and melted structure with a metallic core or retains a partially primordial, unmelted interior. The differentiation history of the Moon is manifested by its record of past magnetism (paleomagnetism). Although the Moon today does not have a global magnetic field, the discovery of remanent magnetization in lunar rocks and in the lunar crust demonstrated that there was a substantial lunar surface field billions of years ago. However, the origin, intensity, and lifetime of this field have been uncertain. As a result, it has been unclear whether this magnetization was produced by a dynamo in the Moon’s advecting metallic core or by fields generated externally to the Moon. Establishing whether the Moon formed a core dynamo would have major implications for understanding its interior structure, thermal history, and mechanism of formation, as well for our understanding of the physics of planetary magnetic field generation.

ADVANCES
A new generation of laboratory magnetic studies of lunar rocks and spacecraft measurements of lunar crustal magnetic fields have produced major advances in our understanding of the evolution of ancient magnetic fields on the Moon. It has now been established that a dynamo magnetic field likely existed on the Moon from at least 4.5 billion to 3.56 billion years ago, with an intensity similar to that at the surface of Earth today. The field then declined by at least an order of magnitude by 3.3 billion years ago. The early epoch of high field intensities may require an exceptionally energetic power source such as mechanical stirring from mantle precession. The extended history of the lunar dynamo appears to demand long-lived power sources such as mantle precession and core crystallization.

OUTLOOK
Measurements of the intensity of the ancient lunar dynamo have shown that it was surprisingly intense and long-lived. The next phase of lunar magnetic exploration will be to obtain more accurate measurements of field paleointensities and to determine when the dynamo initiated and finally disappeared. This will be coupled with the continued development of magnetohydrodynamic models for characterizing mechanical and other unusual dynamo mechanisms and further investigations into the thermal, structural, and geodynamical history of the lunar core and mantle. The eventual availability of absolutely oriented samples and in situ spacecraft measurements of bedrock should enable the first measurements of the paleo-orientation of lunar magnetic fields. Such directional data could determine the lunar field’s geometry and reversal frequency, as well as constrain ancient local and global-scale tectonic events.
The Inability of Wild-Type Rabies Virus To Activate Dendritic Cells Is Dependent on the Glycoprotein and Correlates with Its Low Level of theDe Novo-Synthesized Leader RNA
Authors: Yang Yang , Huang Ying , Gnanadurai Clement W. , Cao Shengbo , Liu Xueqin , Cui Min , Fu Zhen F. 
Published: December 2014

ABSTRACTDendritic cells (DCs) are the most efficient antigen-presenting cells, playing a key role in the adaptive immune responses to viral infections. Our studies demonstrate that wild-type (wt) rabies virus (RABV) does not activate DCs. Adoptive transfer of DCs primed with wt RABV did not activate DCs, stimulate virus neutralizing antibodies (VNA), or protect recipients against challenge. However, adoptive transfer of DCs primed with laboratory-attenuated RABV resulted in DC activation, production of VNA, and protection against challenge.In vitrostudies with recombinant RABV (laboratory-attenuated RABV expressing the glycoprotein or the phosphoprotein from wt RABV) demonstrate that DC activation is dependent on the glycoprotein and involves the IPS-1 pathway. Furthermore, binding to and entry into DCs by wt RABV is severely blocked, and the copy number ofde novo-synthesized leader RNA was two logs lower in DCs infected with the wt than in DCs treated with laboratory-attenuated RABV. However, transient transfection of DCs with synthesized leader RNA from either wt or attenuated RABV is capable of activating DCs in a dose-dependent manner. Thus, the inability of wt RABV to activate DCs correlates with its low level of thede novo-synthesized leader RNA.IMPORTANCERabies remains a public health threat, with more than 55,000 fatalities each year around the world. Since DCs play a key role in the adaptive immune responses to viral infections, we investigated the ability of rabies virus (RABV) to activate DCs. It was found that the adoptive transfer of DCs primed with wt RABV did not activate DCs, stimulate VNA, or protect mice against lethal challenge. However, laboratory-attenuated RABV mediates the activation of DCs via the IPS-1 pathway and is glycoprotein dependent. We further show that wt RABV evades DC-mediated immune activation by inefficient binding/entry into DCs and as a result of a reduced level ofde novo-synthesized leader RNA. These findings may have important implications in the development of efficient rabies vaccines.