bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
‘Oor monnemente gepraat’: Die Campanile in Port Elizabeth
Authors: Stoltz Wessel , Crous Marius 
Published: August 2012

In this article we undertake a semiotic reading of the Campanile Clock Tower Monument in Port Elizabeth. The monument was built in 1920 to commemorate the arrival of the British Settlers in 1820. The theoretical departure of our analysis is the five narrative codes identified by Roland Barthes in his unconventional reading of Sarrasine. The article shows the extent to which the observer (reader?) is able to encode the monument with new textual possibilities as well as reading it against the grain within a new context. The original symbolism of the monument as a symbol of colonial enterprise and white English-speaking South African identity is also deconstructed in the process.
What should Autoimmune Thyroiditis be considered for?
Authors: Miyauchi Akira , Kikuchi Shoichi , Matsuzuka Fumio , Aihara Tsukasa , Yasui Chiaki , Yanagi Hidenori , Mitsunobu Masao , Yamanaka Naoki , Kakuno Ayako 
Published: August 2012

ABSTRACT
Hashimoto's thyroiditis is an autoimmune disease that usually requires medical treatment but sometimes benefits from surgical treatment. The reasons why patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis requires thyroidectomy are (a) malignant lymphoma (b) repeated acute exacerbation of thyroiditis and (c) concern of coexisting thyroid neoplasm from Hashimoto's thyroiditis. We present three patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis, a 69-year-old woman with MALT lymphoma, a 53-year-old woman with repeated episodes of neckpain and a 67-year-old woman with a coexistent benign thyroid nodule. These three patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis received surgical treatment and had an excellent outcome and document that some patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis warrant surgical treatment.

How to cite this article
Kikuchi S, Matsuzuka F, Aihara T, Yasui C, Yanagi H, Mitsunobu M, Yamanaka N, Kakuno A, Miyauchi A. What should Autoimmune Thyroiditis be considered for? World J Endoc Surg 2012;4(2):54-59.
Nonfunctional Retroperitoneal Paraganglioma: A Histopathological Surprise
Authors: Mishra PK , Goel N , Saran RK , Gupta N , Nag Hirdaya H , Agarwal AK 
Published: August 2012

ABSTRACT
Paragangliomas are the tumors arising from chromaffin tissue which is distributed along the autonomic nervous system. Most of these tumors secrete and store catecholamines. They can be suspected by clinical symptoms and confirmed by biochemical tests. Retroperitoneal paraganglioma mostly arise from adrenal medulla and are also known as adrenal pheochromocytoma. About 10% of abdominal paragangliomas occur at extraadrenal locations and where they are known as extraadrenal paraganglioma or pheochromocytoma (EAP). Like their adrenal counterparts, most EAPs are functional tumors as they secrete and store catecholamines. Very few EAPs do not secrete clinically detectable amount of hormones and present themselves with the pressure symptoms related to their size. These nonfunctional EAPs mimic more commonly occurring tumors of the retroperitoneum and true diagnosis is made only after microscopic examination of the tumor tissue. We had a patient who was suspected to have a pancreatic tumor but found to have a nonfunctional primary EAP completely separate from the pancreas.

How to cite this article
Goel N, Gupta N, Nag HH, Saran RK, Mishra PK, Agarwal AK. Nonfunctional Retroperitoneal Paraganglioma: A Histopathological Surprise. World J Endocr Surg 2012;4(2):60-62.
Laparoscopic Excision of Functional Ganglioneuroma Near Renal Hilum
Authors: PRK Bhargav , Amar V , Uday SK 
Published: August 2012

ABSTRACT
Ganglioneuromas are one of the frequent retroperitoneal tumors arising from extraadrenal sympathetic ganglia or chromaffin tissue. The commonest extraadrenal site is periadrenal region near renal hilum. We present a case of ganglioneuroma in a narrow quadrangular space near right renal hilum, treated laparoscopically.

How to cite this article
Bhargav PRK, Amar V, Uday SK. Laparoscopic Excision of Functional Ganglioneuroma Near Renal Hilum. World J Endocr Surg 2012;4(2):63-65.
Correcting America’s Continuing Failure to Comply with the A Vena Judgment
Authors: Charnovitz Steve 
Published: August 2012

Plainly, the external powers of the United States are to be exercised without regard to state laws or policies. The supremacy of a treaty in this respect has been recognized from the beginning. Mr. Madison, in the Virginia Convention, said that if a treaty does not supersede existing state laws, as far as they contravene its operation, the treaty would be ineffective. “To counteract it by the supremacy of the state laws, would bring on the Union the just charge of national perfidy, and involve us in war.” 3 Elliot’s Debates 515.One year ago, the U.S. Supreme Court refused a request by the Obama administration to stay the lethal injection by Texas of a convicted prisoner even though that execution would violate a U.S. treaty obligation. Instead, the Supreme Court deferred to contravening Texas state law and policy that denied the prisoner, Humberto Leal García, a hearing on the merits as to whether the government of Texas’s failure to advise Leal of his right to meet with a consular representative prejudiced his criminal convictions in Texas courts. The State of Texas, which opposed the stay, carried out the execution hours after the Supreme Court stood down.
Functional Patterning of Biopolymer Thin Films Using Enzymes and Lithographic Methods
Authors: Kargl Rupert , Mohan Tamilselvan , Köstler Stefan , Spirk Stefan , Doliška Aleš , Stana‐Kleinschek Karin , Ribitsch Volker 
Published: August 2012

AbstractTwo different lithographic techniques for the patterning of thin biopolymer films are developed. The first method is based on using a microstructured elastomeric mold for the structuring of thin films of regenerated cellulose. The thin films are manufactured by spin‐coating of trimethylsilyl cellulose (TMSC) and subsequent regeneration. The microchannels formed by the mold and the cellulose film are filled with a cellulase solution by capillary action. In the areas exposed to the enzyme solution, the cellulose film is digested, whereas the area in contact with the mold is protected from the enzymatic activity. Optical thickness measurements, atomic force microscopy and fluorescent staining confirm a successful patterning of cellulose on several substrates by this method. The second method is based on the structured regeneration of thin TMSC films. TMSC surfaces are protected with metal masks and exposed to vapors of hydrochloric acid. These treatments result in hydrophilic cellulose structures surrounded by hydrophobic TMSC with differing physicochemical properties. Treatments of the obtained structures with cellulases allow the selective removal of pure cellulose, whereas a TMSC pattern remains on the surface. These TMSC can be regenerated back to pure cellulose by treatments with vapors of hydrochloric acid. The developed methods allow the effective fabrication of micropatterned biopolymer thin films suitable for further functionalization and application in, e.g., bioanalytical devices. This is shown by the immobilization and detection of single‐stranded DNA on structured cellulose surfaces. Owing to the versatility of both patterning approaches the methods can be further extended to other combinations of substrates and enzymes.
Crosslinkable TAPC‐Based Hole‐Transport Materials for Solution‐Processed Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes with Reduced Efficiency Roll‐Off
Authors: Liaptsis Georgios , Meerholz Klaus 
Published: August 2012

Abstract1‐Bis[4‐[N,N‐di(4‐tolyl)amino]phenyl]‐cyclohexane (TAPC) has been widely used in xerography and organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs), but derivatives are little known. Here, a new series of solution‐processable, crosslinkable hole conductors based on TAPC with varying highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) energies from −5.23 eV to −5.69 eV is implemented in blue phosphorescent OLEDs. Their superior perfomance compared with the well‐known N4,N4,N4′,N4′‐tetraphenylbiphenyl‐4,4′‐diamine (TPDs) analogues regarding hole‐injection and mobility, electron and exciton blocking capabilities, efficiency, and efficiency roll‐off is demonstrated. Overall, the TAPC‐based devices feature higher luminous and power efficiency over a broader range of brightness levels and reduced efficiency roll off. A systematic broadening of the emission zone is observed as the hole‐injection barrier between the anode and the hole‐transporting layer increased.
Capture, Enrichment, and Mass Spectrometric Detection of Low‐Molecular‐Weight Biomarkers with Nanoporous Silicon Microparticles
Authors: Tan Jie , Zhao Wei‐Jie , Yu Jie‐Kai , Ma Sai , Sailor Michael J. , Wu Jian‐Min 
Published: August 2012

AbstractMining the disease information contained in the low‐molecular‐weight range of a proteomic profile is becoming of increasing interest in cancer research. This work evaluates the ability of nanoporous silicon microparticles (NPSMPs) to capture, enrich, protect, and detect low‐molecular‐weight peptides (LMWPs) sieved from a pool of highly abundant plasma proteins. The average pore size and porosity of NPSMPs are controlled by the electrochemical preparation conditions, and the critical parameters for admission or exclusion of protein with a definite molecular weight are determined by reflectometric‐interference Fourier transform spectroscopy (RIFTS). Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide‐gel electrophoresis (SDS‐PAGE) and matrix‐assisted laser desorption ionization time‐of‐flight (MALDI‐TOF) analysis of the proteins captured by the NPSMPs show that the chemical nature of the NPSMPs surface and the solution pH also play vital roles in determining the affinity of NPSMPs for target analytes. It is found that carboxyl‐terminated porous microparticles with a porosity of 26% (pore diameter around 9.0 nm) specifically fractionate, enrich and protect LMWPs sieved from either simulated samples or human serum samples. Moreover, NPSMPs containing captured peptides can be directly spotted onto a MALDI plate. When placed in a conventional MALDI matrix, laser irradiation of the particles results in the release of the target peptides confined in the nanopores, which are then ionized and detected in the MALDI experiment. As a proof‐of‐principle test case, mass spectra of NPSMPs prepared using serum from colorectal cancer patients and from control patients can be clearly distinguished by statistical analysis. The work demonstrates the utility of the method for discovery of biomarkers in the untapped LMWP fraction of human serum, which can be of significant value in the early diagnosis and management of diseases.
Synthesis and nonlinear optical properties of novel y‐type polyurethanes containing different concentrations of chromophore
Authors: Zhou Tingting , Deng Guowei , Liu Jialei , Bo Shuhui , Wu Jieyun , Qiu Ling , Liu Xinhou , Zhen Zhen 
Published: August 2012

AbstractA new series of Y‐type polyurethanes containing different concentrations of nonlinear optical (NLO) chromophore with aniline donor and tricyanofurane (TCF) acceptor have been successfully prepared, and characterized by FTIR, UV‐Vis, and 1H‐NMR spectra. New polyurethanes were synthesized with different chromophore contents by introducing diol N, N‐dihydroxyethylaniline or 4‐[N, N‐(dihydroxyethyl)amino]benzaldehyde. These NLO polyurethanes exhibit good film forming property and high thermal stability up to 281°C. The highest electro‐optic coefficient (r33) of polymers is up to 39 pm V−1 measured by simple reflection technique at 1310 nm, and the temporal stability of the poling‐induced order at elevated temperature of 80°C was much improved through the introducing of hydrogen bonding interaction in this system. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Superplastic behavior of rosin/beeswax blends at room temperature
Authors: Gaillard Y. , Girard M. , Monge G. , Burr A. , Ceretti E. Darque , Felder E. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractBlends of rosin and beeswax were studied in terms of their thermal and mechanical behaviors. Their glass transition and α relaxation were both characterized, either by differential scanning calorimetry or by dynamic mechanical thermal analysis. In this study, we focused particularly on the impact of the microstructure on the mechanical properties, as studied by compression, shear, and nanoindentation tests. It is shown that at room temperature, these blends exhibited a viscous behavior in both the elastic and plastic regimes. From these measurements, a superplastic behavior was highlighted for blends with more than 60 wt % rosin. This superplastic behavior constitutes a real new potential in the mechanical reliability of adhesives based on rosin, which are more generally known for their very brittle behavior. As a result, it should open the way for the design of new shapes. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Instrumented impact property and fracture process behavior of composite rubber toughened abs terpolymer
Authors: Yu Zhisheng , Wang Chaoxian , Li Yang , Wang Yurong 
Published: August 2012

AbstractA series of low‐cis‐1,4/high‐cis‐1,4 polybutadiene composite rubber toughened poly(acrylonitrile‐butadiene‐styrene) (ABS) terpolymers were prepared and characterized. The morphological analysis shows that specimens exhibit common characteristics of two single rubbers while mechanical measurements reveal that better comprehensive properties can be obtained as more Ni‐9004 blended in composite rubber. When increasing Ni‐9004/Li‐700A ratio, one brittle–ductile transition occurs at 5.0 wt % rubber usage and three transition regions exist under 10.0 wt % usage. In addition, the characteristic force–time curves and fractography demonstrate that failure behavior and crack propagation mode can be effectively evaluated. Conclusively, quasi‐brittle fracture can be seen for specimens with obvious cavitation and matrix stripping followed by riverlike fibrous and periodical Wallner stripes, whereas ductile fracture is observed for those with alternate parabolic and firework patterns accompanying stress‐whitening and ligament‐forming progress. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
A novel polyurethane prepolymer as toughening agent: Preparation, characterization, and its influence on mechanical and flame retardant properties of phenolic foam
Authors: Yang Hongyu , Wang Xin , Yu Bin , Yuan Haixia , Song Lei , Hu Yuan , Yuen Richard K.K. , Yeoh Guan Heng 
Published: August 2012

AbstractA novel phosphorus‐ and silicon‐containing polyurethane prepolymer (PSPUP) was synthesized by the chemical reaction of phenyl dichlorophosphate with hydroxy‐terminated polydimethylsiloxane (HTPDMS) and subsequently with toluene‐2,4‐diisocyanate. The structure of PSPUP was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance. Afterward, a series of phenolic foams (PF) with different loadings of PSPUP toughening agent were prepared. The apparent density and scanning electron microscopy results showed that the addition of PSPUP can increase the apparent density of phenolic foam. The compressive, impact and friability test results showed that the incorporation of PSPUP into PF dramatically improved the compressive strength, impact strength, and reduced the pulverization ratio, indicating the excellent toughening effect of PSPUP. The limiting oxygen index of PSPUP modified phenolic foams remained a high value and the UL‐94 results showed all samples can pass V0 rating, indicating the modified foams still had good flame retardance. The thermal properties of the foams were investigated by thermogravimetric analysis under air atmosphere. Moreover, the thermal degradation behaviors of the PF and PSPUP/PF were investigated by real‐time Fourier transform infrared spectra. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Rapid removal of Cr(VI) ions from aqueous solutions by the macroporous poly(N, N′‐dimethylamino ethyl methacrylate) hydrogels
Authors: Zhu Weixia , Song Hang , Du Kaifeng , Zeng Hao , Yao Shun 
Published: August 2012

AbstractTo improve the adsorption ability of hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)], the macroporous poly(N, N′‐dimethylamino ethyl methacrylate) [poly(DMAEMA)] hydrogels were successfully fabricated by free‐radical copolymerization in ethanol/water mixture using N, N′‐dimethylamino ethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA) as the monomer, N, N′‐methylenebisacrylamide (MBAA) as the cross‐linker, and Na2SO4 solution as the porogen. The effects of various parameters, such as the concentration of Na2SO4 solutions, the dosage of MBAA, pH values, adsorption kinetic, and isotherm curves, were all investigated through systematic experiments. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) was employed to characterize the various pore structures. The experimental results showed that the influence of Na2SO4 solution to the pore morphology in the matrix was significant. The poly(DMAEMA) hydrogels can effectively adsorb Cr(VI) ions in aqueous media, and the macroporous structures could obvious improve the response rate and adsorption capacity. These results prove that the macroporous poly(DMAEMA) gels can be treated as a potential material for environmental pollution control. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
New approach for preparation of exfoliated clay hybrid via wet kneading masterbatch process
Authors: Hung Chi‐Yuan , Wang Cheng‐Chien , Chen Chuh‐Yung 
Published: August 2012

AbstractThrough using modified masterbatch method which comprised the wet kneading and intercalated modifiers process, the fully exfoliated nylon clay hybrids (NCHs) were achieved. In the wet kneading procedure, the organoclay plates were easily wetting by the intercalated modifiers. Then the shearing force could completely exfoliate the organoclay with nylon 6 matrix even which only had lower molecular weight during the extrusion process. NCEs and NCAs, two series of NCHs, were prepared from the intercalated modifiers, alkylamide and polyamide, respectively. The XRD and TEM examinations show that the fully exfoliated NCHs can easily be made. The NCEs show a faster crystallization rate because alkylamide with the lower molecular length and the melting temperature act as a soft segment to make crystallization more easily and more regularly. The tensile test shows that the NCEs have higher values of modulus and yield strength and the NCAs can keep better elongation properties. Furthermore, the tensile specimen shows a cone‐like fracture, which is considered more perfectly exfoliated and arranged because of the good interaction between the silicate plates and nylon 6. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Impact damage sensing of multiscale composites through epoxy matrix containing carbon nanotubes
Authors: Arronche Luciana , La Saponara Valeria , Yesil Sertan , Bayram Göknur 
Published: August 2012

AbstractCarbon nanotubes are used to provide increased electrical conductivity for polymer matrix materials, thus offering a method to monitor the structure's health. This work investigates the effect of impact damage on the electrical properties of multiscale composite samples, prepared with woven fiberglass reinforcement and epoxy resin modified with as‐received multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). Moreover, this study addresses potential bias from manufacturing, and investigates the effectiveness of resistance measurements using two‐ and four‐point probe methods. Transmission electron microscopy and static tensile tests results were used to evaluate, respectively, the dispersion of MWCNTs in the epoxy resin and the influence of the incorporation of these nanoparticles on the static tensile properties of the matrix, and interpret results from the resistance measurements on impacted specimens. In this study, the four‐point probe method is shown to be much more repeatable and reliable than the two‐point probe method. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Absolute abundance and function of intestinal drug transporters: a prerequisite for fully mechanistic in vitro–in vivo extrapolation of oral drug absorption
Authors: Harwood M. D. , Neuhoff S. , Carlson G. L. , Warhurst G. , Rostami‐Hodjegan A. 
Published: August 2012

ABSTRACTThe use of whole body physiological‐based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models linked with in vitro‐in vivo extrapolation (IVIVE) of kinetic parameters from laboratory experiments, has become embedded within many of the pharmaceutical industry and is used even as part of regulatory submissions. These include the influence of transporter proteins on drug disposition, a subject for which we have witnessed an increasing awareness. A combination of the development of high‐powered analytical techniques and antibody‐based technology, together with a realization that an understanding of absolute transporter protein abundances together with activity can potentially enhance the modelling of transporter kinetics by PBPK–IVIVE link models. This review summarizes the mechanistic approaches to integrate suitable non‐biased in vitro transporter kinetic data relevant to the intestine (i.e. ‘intrinsic’ Ki, ‘intrinsic’ Km), by in vitro system modelling for these kinetic inputs with the advantages of, and challenges for, generating these data for input into PBPK models. This step is considered as a prerequisite for mechanistic modelling of the oral absorption for drugs that are substrates for transporters. Various approaches are provided to integrate intestinal transporter expression into PBPK models with a perspective on the incorporation of the absolute abundance/activity of transporters to enhance the predictive power of the models. We define the key intestinal tissue and functional expression‐based scaling factors required. The objective is to use these for facilitating the extrapolation from in vitro intestinal transporter assays to the in vivo system, using absolute quantification methodologies. The models could be used to elucidate the complex relationship and relative importance of metabolizing enzymes and transporters in drug disposition and toxicity. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Functional deficits of the attentional networks in autism
Authors: Fan Jin , Bernardi Silvia , Van Dam Nicholas T. , Anagnostou Evdokia , Gu Xiaosi , Martin Laura , Park Yunsoo , Liu Xun , Kolevzon Alexander , Soorya Latha , Grodberg David , Hollander Eric , Hof Patrick R. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractAttentional dysfunction is among the most consistent observations of autism spectrum disorders (ASD). However, the neural nature of this deficit in ASD is still unclear. In this study, we aimed to identify the neurobehavioral correlates of attentional dysfunction in ASD. We used the Attention Network Test‐Revised and functional magnetic resonance imaging to examine alerting, orienting, and executive control functions, as well as the neural substrates underlying these attentional functions in unmedicated, high‐functioning adults with ASD (n = 12) and matched healthy controls (HC, n = 12). Compared with HC, individuals with ASD showed increased error rates in alerting and executive control, accompanied by lower activity in the mid‐frontal gyrus and the caudate nucleus for alerting, and by the absence of significant functional activation in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) for executive control. In addition, greater behavioral deficiency in executive control in ASD was correlated with less functional activation of the ACC. These findings of behavioral and neural abnormalities in alerting and executive control of attention in ASD may suggest core attentional deficits, which require further investigation.