bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Analysis of duration of risk behaviour for key populations: a literature review
Authors: Fazito Erika , Cuchi Paloma , Mahy Mary , Brown Tim 
Published: November 2012

BackgroundThe objective of this paper is to review literature in order to calculate regional estimates of the average duration of time individuals maintain a specific high-risk behaviour.MethodsThe review targeted the key populations of female sex workers (FSW), male clients of female sex workers (MCFSW), people who inject drugs (injecting drug users (IDU)) and high-risk men who have sex with men (MSM). To be included in the review the study had to provide information on (1) the time a person spent at risk until death or cessation of the risk behaviour, (2) the percentage of the sample who initiated the risk behaviour in less than a year or (3) the mean or median duration of the behaviour from a representative sample.Results49 papers were found for the FSW population describing the period of time FSW stay in sex work to be between 2.9 years (Asia) and 12 years (Latin America). Eight papers were found for MCFSW showing the duration of the risk behaviour in this category varying from 4.6 years in Africa to 32 years in Asia. 86 papers were reviewed for the population of IDU showing that the average time a person injects illegal drugs varies from 5.6 years (Africa) to 21 years (South America). No information was found for duration of high-risk behaviour among MSM; instead, the definitions found in the literature for high- and low-risk behaviour among MSM were described.ConclusionsThere is high variability of estimates of duration of high-risk behaviours at regional level. More research is needed to inform models and prevention programmes on the average duration of time individuals maintain a specific high-risk behaviour.
Estimates of peripartum and postnatal mother-to-child transmission probabilities of HIV for use in Spectrum and other population-based models
Authors: Rollins Nigel , Mahy Mary , Becquet Renaud , Kuhn Louise , Creek Tracy , Mofenson Lynne 
Published: November 2012

BackgroundThe Global Plan Towards the Elimination of New HIV Infections among Children and Keeping Their Mothers Alive aims to reduce by 2015 the number of new infections in children, in 22 priority countries, by at least 90% from 2009 levels. Mathematical models, such as Spectrum, are used to estimate national and global trends of the number of infants infected through mother-to-child transmission (MTCT). However, other modelling exercises have also examined MTCT under different settings. MTCT probabilities applied in models to populations that are assumed to receive antiretroviral interventions need to reflect the most current risk estimates.MethodsThe UNAIDS Reference Group on Estimates, Modelling and Projections held a consultation to review data on MTCT probabilities. Published literature, recent conferences and data from personal communications with principle investigators were reviewed. Based on available data, peripartum and postnatal transmission probabilities were estimated for different antiretroviral drug regimens and maternal CD4 levels including for women with incident infection.ResultsIncident infections occurring during pregnancy are estimated to be associated with a 30% probability of MTCT; incident infections during breast feeding lead to a 28% probability of postnatal MTCT. The 2010 WHO recommended regimens (Options A or B) are estimated to be associated with a 2% peripartum transmission probability and 0.2% transmission probability per month of breast feeding. Peripartum and postnatal transmission probabilities were lowest for women who were taking antiretroviral therapy before the pregnancy namely 0.5% peripartum and 0.16% per month of breast feeding, respectively.DiscussionThese updated probabilities of HIV transmission (applied to Spectrum in April 2011) will be used to estimate new child HIV infections and track progress towards the 2015 targets of the Global Plan.
Reducing the barriers to writing verified specifications
Authors: Schiller Todd W. , Ernst Michael D. 
Published: November 2012

Formally verifying a program requires significant skill not only because of complex interactions between program subcomponents, but also because of deficiencies in current verification interfaces. These skill barriers make verification economically unattractive by preventing the use of less-skilled (less-expensive) workers and distributed workflows (i.e., crowdsourcing). This paper presents VeriWeb, a web-based IDE for verification that decomposes the task of writing verifiable specifications into manageable subproblems. To overcome the information loss caused by task decomposition, and to reduce the skill required to verify a program, VeriWeb incorporates several innovative user interface features: drag and drop condition construction, concrete counterexamples, and specification inlining.
To evaluate VeriWeb, we performed three experiments. First, we show that VeriWeb lowers the time and monetary cost of verification by performing a comparative study of VeriWeb and a traditional tool using 14 paid subjects contracted hourly from Exhedra Solution's vWorker online marketplace. Second, we demonstrate the dearth and insufficiency of current ad-hoc labor marketplaces for verification by recruiting workers from Amazon's Mechanical Turk to perform verification with VeriWeb. Finally, we characterize the minimal communication overhead incurred when VeriWeb is used collaboratively by observing two pairs of developers each use the tool simultaneously to verify a single program.
Exploring multi-threaded Java application performance on multicore hardware
Authors: Sartor Jennfer B. , Eeckhout Lieven 
Published: November 2012

While there have been many studies of how to schedule applications to take advantage of increasing numbers of cores in modern-day multicore processors, few have focused on multi-threaded managed language applications which are prevalent from the embedded to the server domain. Managed languages complicate performance studies because they have additional virtual machine threads that collect garbage and dynamically compile, closely interacting with application threads. Further complexity is introduced as modern multicore machines have multiple sockets and dynamic frequency scaling options, broadening opportunities to reduce both power and running time.
In this paper, we explore the performance of Java applications, studying how best to map application and virtual machine (JVM) threads to a multicore, multi-socket environment. We explore both the cost of separating JVM threads from application threads, and the opportunity to speed up or slow down the clock frequency of isolated threads. We perform experiments with the multi-threaded DaCapo benchmarks and pseudojbb2005 running on the Jikes Research Virtual Machine, on a dual-socket, 8-core Intel Nehalem machine to reveal several novel, and sometimes counter-intuitive, findings. We believe these insights are a first but important step towards understanding and optimizing managed language performance on modern hardware.
IFRit
Authors: Effinger-Dean Laura , Lucia Brandon , Ceze Luis , Grossman Dan , Boehm Hans-J. 
Published: November 2012

We propose a new algorithm for dynamic data-race detection. Our algorithm reports no false positives and runs on arbitrary C and C++ code. Unlike previous algorithms, we do not have to instrument every memory access or track a full happens-before relation. Our data-race detector, which we call IFRit, is based on a run-time abstraction called an interference-free region (IFR). An IFR is an interval of one thread's execution during which any write to a specific variable by a different thread is a data race. We insert instrumentation at compile time to monitor active IFRs at run-time. If the runtime observes overlapping IFRs for conflicting accesses to the same variable in two different threads, it reports a race. The static analysis aggregates information for multiple accesses to the same variable, avoiding the expense of having to instrument every memory access in the program.
We directly compare IFRit to FastTrack and ThreadSanitizer, two state-of-the-art fully-precise data-race detectors. We show that IFRit imposes a fraction of the overhead of these detectors. We show that for the PARSEC benchmarks, and several real-world applications, IFRit finds many of the races detected by a fully-precise detector. We also demonstrate that sampling can further reduce IFRit's performance overhead without completely forfeiting precision.
Higher-order symbolic execution via contracts
Authors: Tobin-Hochstadt Sam , Van Horn David 
Published: November 2012

We present a new approach to automated reasoning about higher-order programs by extending symbolic execution to use behavioral contracts as symbolic values, thus enabling symbolic approximation of higher-order behavior.
Our approach is based on the idea of an abstract reduction semantics that gives an operational semantics to programs with both concrete and symbolic components. Symbolic components are approximated by their contract and our semantics gives an operational interpretation of contracts-as-values. The result is an executable semantics that soundly predicts program behavior, including contract failures, for all possible instantiations of symbolic components. We show that our approach scales to an expressive language of contracts including arbitrary programs embedded as predicates, dependent function contracts, and recursive contracts. Supporting this rich language of specifications leads to powerful symbolic reasoning using existing program constructs.
We then apply our approach to produce a verifier for contract correctness of components, including a sound and computable approximation to our semantics that facilitates fully automated contract verification. Our implementation is capable of verifying contracts expressed in existing programs, and of justifying contract-elimination optimizations.
Reim & ReImInfer
Authors: Huang Wei , Milanova Ana , Dietl Werner , Ernst Michael D. 
Published: November 2012

Reference immutability ensures that a reference is not used to modify the referenced object, and enables the safe sharing of object structures. A pure method does not cause side-effects on the objects that existed in the pre-state of the method execution. Checking and inference of reference immutability and method purity enables a variety of program analyses and optimizations. We present ReIm, a type system for reference immutability, and ReImInfer, a corresponding type inference analysis. The type system is concise and context-sensitive. The type inference analysis is precise and scalable, and requires no manual annotations. In addition, we present a novel application of the reference immutability type system: method purity inference.
To support our theoretical results, we implemented the type system and the type inference analysis for Java. We include a type checker to verify the correctness of the inference result. Empirical results on Java applications and libraries of up to 348kLOC show that our approach achieves both scalability and precision.
Resistance to Irreversible EGF Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors through a Multistep Mechanism Involving the IGF1R Pathway
Authors: Cortot Alexis B. , Repellin Claire E. , Shimamura Takeshi , Capelletti Marzia , Zejnullahu Kreshnik , Ercan Dalia , Christensen James G. , Wong Kwok-Kin , Gray Nathanael S. , Jänne Pasi A. 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
The clinical efficacy of EGF receptor (EGFR) kinase inhibitors gefitinib and erlotinib is limited by the development of drug resistance. The most common mechanism of drug resistance is the secondary EGFR T790M mutation. Strategies to overcome EGFR T790M-mediated drug resistance include the use of mutant selective EGFR inhibitors, including WZ4002, or the use of high concentrations of irreversible quinazoline EGFR inhibitors such as PF299804. In the current study, we develop drug-resistant versions of the EGFR-mutant PC9 cell line, which reproducibly develops EGFR T790M as a mechanism of drug resistance to gefitinib. Neither PF299804-resistant nor WZ4002-resistant clones of PC9 harbor EGFR T790M. Instead, they have shown activated insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGF1R) signaling as a result of loss of expression of IGFBP3 with the IGF1R inhibitor, BMS 536924, restoring EGFR inhibitor sensitivity. Intriguingly, prolonged exposure to either PF299804 or WZ4002 results in the emergence of a more drug-resistant subclone that exhibits ERK activation. A MEK inhibitor, CI-1040, partially restores sensitivity to the EGFR/IGF1R inhibitor combination. Moreover, an IGF1R or MEK inhibitor used in combination with either PF299804 or WZ4002 completely prevents the emergence of drug-resistant clones in this model system. Our studies suggest that more effective means of inhibiting EGFR T790M will prevent the emergence of this common drug resistance mechanism in EGFR-mutant non–small cell lung cancer. However, multiple drug resistance mechanisms can still emerge. Preventing the emergence of drug resistance, by targeting pathways that become activated in resistant cancers, may be a more effective clinical strategy. Cancer Res; 73(2); 834–43. ©2012 AACR.
Bilateral Internal Mammary Artery Grafting Enhances Survival in Diabetic Patients
Authors: Dorman Malcolm J. , Kurlansky Paul A. , Traad Ernest A. , Galbut David L. , Zucker Melinda , Ebra George 
Published: November 2012

Background—
The prevalence of diabetes mellitus is increasing at an unprecedented rate, affecting nearly 8% of the population. Previous studies have demonstrated a potential benefit for surgical over interventional revascularization in this group of patients. Similarly, studies have shown the superiority of bilateral internal mammary artery (BIMA) grafting over single internal mammary artery (SIMA) grafting in select populations. However, concerns about sternal wound infection have discouraged the use of BIMA grafting in diabetics. Therefore, we studied the long-term results of BIMA versus SIMA grafting in a large population of diabetic patients in whom BIMA grafting was broadly applied.

Methods and Results—

Between February 1972 and May 1994, 1107 consecutive diabetic patients underwent coronary artery bypass grafting with either SIMA (n=646) or BIMA (n=461) grafting. Optimal matching with the propensity score was used to create matched SIMA (n=414) and BIMA (n=414) cohorts. Cross-sectional follow-up (6 weeks to 30.1 years; mean, 8.9 years) determined long-term survival. There was no difference in operative mortality, sternal wound infection, or total complications between matched SIMA and BIMA groups (operative mortality, 10 of 414 [2.4%] versus 13 of 414 [3.1%];
P
=0.279; sternal wound infection, 7 of 414 [1.7%] versus 13 of 414 [3.1%];
P
=0.179); total complications, 71 of 414 [17.1%] versus 71 of 414 [17.1%];
P
=1.000). Late survival was significantly enhanced with the use of BIMA grafting (median survival: SIMA, 9.8 years versus BIMA, 13.1 years;
P
=0.001). Use of BIMA was found to be associated with late survival on Cox regression (
P
=0.003).

Conclusion—
Compared with SIMA grafting, BIMA grafting in propensity score–matched patients provides diabetics with enhanced survival without any increase in perioperative morbidity or mortality.
A Contested Asylum System: The European Union between Refugee Protection and Border Control in the Mediterranean Sea
Authors: Klepp Silja 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
During the past few years the border waters between Europe and Africa have become an EU-policy crucible. In the midst of the tightening of EU border controls and refugee protection claims, supranational, national and local actors find themselves in a phase of legal insecurity and negotiation. This article is based on ethnographical research carried out in Libya, Italy and Malta. It sheds light on the different actors’ practices at sea and in the surrounding border region. It also explores how new parameters for refugee protection are emerging in the border regions of the European Union. The article argues that the policy practices of the co-operation between Italy and Libya as well as the informal operational methods carried out in the Mediterranean Sea function as a trailblazer of the overall EU refugee policy. In the long term, some of these practices will affect and change the legal basis and the formal regulations of the European refugee regime. The principle of non-refoulement could first be undermined and then abolished in this process. Using an approach that combines the empirical study of border regions with a legal anthropological perspective, the article analyses the Union’s processes of change and decision-making on local, national and supranational levels and their interconnections.
Social Engineering through Sharī'a: Islamic Law and State-Directed Da'wa in Contemporary Aceh
Authors: Feener R. Michael 
Published: November 2012

AbstractThis study of the contemporary Islamic legal system in Aceh, Indonesia argues for new attention to be paid to the ways in which contemporary Muslim agendas for the implementation of Islamic law can be read as projects for future-oriented social transformation—rather than as a series of reactive measures to perceived 'crises of modernity' and/or the political machinations of rival elites in contesting control of state power. In doing so it highlights the ways in which the ideals of, and institutional formations developed by, proponents of Islamic law are configured in relation to a broad range of non-Muslim modernist projects, including European and American theories of the sociology of law. Through examinations of these influences on discussions of Islamic law in Aceh, this essay demonstrates the degrees to which contemporary Sharīa implementation is inextricably linked to broader configurations of law, moral authority, and state power in the modern global order.
“Taking the Gravel Road”: Educational Aspirations of Working Class Malay Youths
Authors: Adzahar Fadzli Bin Baharom 
Published: November 2012

AbstractApplying Bourdieu’s theoretical framework on the correspondence between mental structures and social structures, this paper examines the persistence of educational underachievement among working class Malay youths in Singapore. Accordingly, my first objective is to document the social structure, namely a largely working class neighbourhood where these Malay youths have grown up. My second aim is to analyse how everyday cultural practices and interactions among peers in the neighbourhood significantly reinforced these youths’ levelled aspirations. I maintain that by believing in ‘taking the gravel road’, which is symbolically rough, uneven and uncertain, these youths justified the irrelevance of doing well in school. Succinctly, this essay demonstrates the close correspondence between the perceptions of the odds of success and the educational underperformance of the Malay youths. Hence, this paper would be of interest to scholars in the Malay Peninsula, as well as experts concerned with the intertwining of education with class and ethnicity.
Changes in metabolites in plant roots after inoculation with Meloidogyne incognita
Authors: Campos Viviane Aparecida Costa , Machado Alan Rodrigues Teixeira , Oliveira Denilson Ferreira , Campos Vicente Paulo , Chagas Rafael César Russo , Nunes Alexandro Silva 
Published: November 2012

The study of the metabolic variations in plant roots up to 96 h after their inoculation with second-stage juveniles (J2) of Meloidogyne incognita revealed that soybean cultivars resistant to this nematode produced more soluble phenols and alkaloids. In tomato plants the resistance to M. incognita correlates with the production of soluble phenols, the concentrations of which were always higher in the resistant cultivar. For common bean plants the production of soluble carbohydrates, especially sucrose, increased after their inoculation. However, the extracts of roots from plants resistant to M. incognita did not increase the in vitro mortality of J2.
Ecology of the dorylaimid omnivore genera Aporcelaimellus, Eudorylaimus and Mesodorylaimus
Authors: McSorley Robert 
Published: November 2012

Eudorylaimus, Aporcelaimellus and Mesodorylaimus are dominant members of the omnivorous nematode fauna in Florida, USA. Ecological studies that included numerical data on these genera were reviewed to determine key aspects of their ecology and behaviour. These three genera were also the dominant omnivores in many parts of Europe and often occurred together. Multiple species within genera may be present in samples as well. Although results varied with habitat, these omnivores were present in nearly all stages of succession but often reached their greatest numbers in later stages of succession such as old-growth forests. They also showed remarkable adaptation to extreme environments, including Antarctic habitats, dune sands and temperate sites without vegetation. They were found in a variety of soil types but limited by soil pH < 4.0. Compared with other nematode taxa, they were among the genera most sensitive to moisture levels in sandy soils and to pollution by heavy metals. Some reports also indicated adverse impacts from inorganic fertilisers and other agrichemicals. Much remains unknown about the ecology of these common nematodes, which are widely distributed in soil ecosystems.
Heterogeneity and Democracy Reconsidered
Authors: Lauth Hans-Joachim , Kneip Sascha 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
The relationship between heterogeneity and democracy is complex and manifoldly interwoven. The increasing heterogenisation of democratic societies seems to be the most apparent internal challenge to modern democracies, manifesting at least in two dimensions: culturally as ethnic and religious heterogenisation and structurally as socioeconomic and social heterogenisation. Following this distinction, democratic societies today are particularly facing identity-based and interest-based differences that often result in conflicts about recognition and resources. In this article these challenges are explicated in detail demonstrating the variety of the described problems. Furthermore, it discusses possibilities of democratic governance under conditions of growing heterogeneity. Although a variety of different institutional solutions can be identified, there is no perfect way of handling the identified problems.
Crossed Lines in the Racialization Process: Race as a Border Concept
Authors: Bernasconi Robert 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
The phenomenological approach to racialization needs to be supplemented by a hermeneutics that examines the history of the various categories in terms of which people see and have seen race. An investigation of this kind suggests that instead of the rigid essentialism that is normally associated with the history of racism, race predominantly operates as a border concept, that is to say, a dynamic fluid concept whose core lies not at the center but at its edges. I illustrate this by an examination of the history of the distinctions between the races as it is revealed in legal, scientific, and philosophical sources. I focus especially on racial distinctions in the United States and on the way that the impact of miscegenation was negotiated leading to the so-called one-drop rule.