bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Autodegradation of Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) in Human Rib Bone and Its Relationship to the Time Interval Since Death
Authors: Perry WL , Bass WM , Riggsby WS , Sirotkin K 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
This research explored the feasibility of using the degradation rate of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) in human rib bone to determine the time interval since death. Postmortem human rib samples were surface sterilized and incubated under sterile conditions in either high or low humidity conditions at room temperature for a period of weeks. At selected times, portions of the bone were cut away, and the DNA from these samples was extracted and subjected to strand separating gel electrophoresis. The DNAs in the gels were transferred to a nylon membrane, preserving their relative positions as in the gel, and probed with radioactive total genomic human DNA. Autoradiograms produced were scanned and digitized. When the samples were incubated under identical conditions, the degradation rate of DNA in samples from different individuals appeared very similar. The DNA degradation rate may vary with temperature and humidity more than it varies between individuals.
Childhood Identification and Prophylaxis of Antisocial Personality Disorder
Authors: Bloomingdale LM , Bloomingdale EC 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Physiological and psychological characteristics show considerable similarity between children with attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity (ADDH) and adults with antisocial personality disorder (ASPD). Prospective studies of ADDH children, with or without conduct disorder (CD), show a high outcome of ASPD. Recently, other forms of treatment have been added to the traditional psychopharmacological agents used for ADDH. If medicated and new treatment modalities are administered for a period of three years, a recent controlled study indicates that the mean number of arrests for felony offenses and the mean number of institutionalizations are reduced at a p &lt; 0.0001 level (1.32 versus 0.19 and 0.49 versus 0.00, respectively).
Extractive Alkylation and Gas Chromatographic Analysis of Sulfide
Authors: Shigetoshi K , Nagata T , Kimura K , Kudo K 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A sensitive analysis of sulfide in blood was established, using an extractive alkylation technique. Pentafluorobenzyl bromide was used as the alkylating agent, tetradecyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride as the phase-transfer catalyst, and potassium dihydrogenphosphate as the buffer to suppress the formation of sulfide. Mass fragmentography was used to identify the sulfide derivative and gas chromatography with an electron capture detector was used for quantitative determination, with the lowest limit of detection being about 0.01 μg/g. The blood level of rats exposed to hydrogen sulfide was also determined.
Identification of Human Urinary Stains by Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for Human Uromucoid
Authors: Tsutsumi H , Okajima H , Sato K , Katsumata Y 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) of the sandwich type for identification of human urinary stains using commercially available anti-human uromucoid was developed. When experimentally prepared urinary stains of humans and animals, 2 by 2 cm in area, were subjected to analysis, human stains could be differentiated from animal ones except chimpanzee and Old World monkey ones. Stains of other human body fluids showed negative reactions. The reactions did not decrease when human urinary stains were stored at room temperature for three months. The present ELISA provides a useful presumptive test for urinary stains of human origin.
A Review of The Essentials of Forensic Medicine: 4th Edition
Authors: Tate LR 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Dr. C. J. Poison with the assistance of Dr. David Gee, and Dr. Bernard Knight, has produced a fourth edition of his text, The Essentials of Forensic Medicine. The book is divided into two unequal parts. The first part, which takes up the majority of the volume, covers the topic of Forensic Pathology, and therefore has general application regardless of what part of the world one practices. The second part of the text is entitled The Law Relating to the Practice of Medicine, and concerns itself with the law governing medical practice within England, and the rest of the British Isles, and Ireland. It has less general application to those practicing elsewhere.
Sex Identification in Fresh Blood and Dried Bloodstains by a Nonisotopic Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) Analyzing Technique
Authors: Kobayashi R , Nakauchi H , Nakahori Y , Nakagome Y , Matsuzawa S 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) specimens were prepared from blood or bloodstain extracts, and the content of a Y-chromosome specific DNA fragment was investigated by the Southern hybridization method using a nonisotopic staining technique. Thus obtained patterns of male DNA showed a clear band, whereas broad stains with some faint bands appeared on the patterns of DNA from both sexes. This method is expected to be a new powerful mean of forensic medical examination.
Identification of Male Bloodstains by Dot Hybridization of Human Y Chromosome-Specific Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) Probe
Authors: Fukushima H , Hasekura H , Nagai K 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The sex determination of bloodstains was performed using a human Y chromosome-specific (DNA) fragment of 1.9-kb length as a hybridization probe. The DNA samples were taken from 1- and 4-week-old bloodstains of males and females, respectively. Strong signals with male DNA were observed by Y-probe, while faint signals with female DNA were detected. In addition, clear signals were observed in the extract samples from male bloodstains (16-week-old) on paper. Dot hybridization of the Y-probe would be widely applicable to studies on sex determination of medicolegal materials such as blood, bloodstains, teeth, and cadaverous parts.
A Review of Photographs and Maps Go to Court
Authors: Walton JS 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Advertised by the American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing as “… an in-depth discussion on photogrammetry in U.S. Courts,” this book falls far short of this lofty claim. However, Mr. Gillen is more realistic, and reminds the user to bear in mind that the text is a transcript of oral presentations which have been edited to improve their clarity and readability. The presentations and subsequent panel discussion that are the basis of this book were recorded by a stenographer during a session on “Forensic Photogrammetry” held in March 1986 as part of the proceedings of the Annual Convention of the American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing.
The Medical Investigation of Airship Accidents
Authors: Stahl CJ , McMeekin RR , Ruehle CJ , Canik JJ 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A review of the autopsy reports for 18 of 21 victims in 3 of the 4 nonrigid Navy airship accidents during the period 1955 to 1966 revealed that the patterns of injury, complicated by postcrash entrapment, immersion, or fire, are similar to the injuries observed in the low-speed, low-altitude crashes of rigid airships and of light aircraft. With the renewed interest in the development of airships for military purposes, there is a need for improved design related to crashworthiness and to aircrew habitability, safety, restraint, and egress in order to enhance the chance for survival in the event of an accident.
Establishing Paternity Using Minisatellite DNA Probes When the Putative Father Is Unavailable for Testing
Authors: Odelberg SJ , Demers DB , Westin EH , Hossaini AA 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A paternity case involving a putative father who had died a few years earlier in an automobile accident was referred to the laboratory for testing. The child and his mother, the deceased's parents, and nine of the deceased's siblings were available for analysis. As previously reported, paternity testing using red blood cell groups, human leukocyte antigens (HLA), red blood cell enzymes, serum proteins, and immunoglobulin allotypes gave a cumulative paternity index of 43 300 and a combined probability of paternity equal to 99.998%. RFLP analysis using Hinf 1 and Sau 3A single digests and the minisatellite deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) probes 15.1.11.4 and 6.3 showed no exclusion of paternity and gave nearly conclusive evidence that the putative father was the biological father of the child.
The Computer-Assisted Postmortem Identification (CAPMI) System: A Computer-Based Identification Program
Authors: Lorton L , Rethman M , Friedman R 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The Computer-Assisted Postmortem Identification (CAPMI) system was developed at the U.S. Army Institute of Dental Research to facilitate rapid identification of human remains. The increasing requirement for dental based identification of high-energy fatalities and decomposed remains has dovetailed with the development of computer capabilities permitting automation of most of the highly repetitive chart-by-chart screenings characteristic of traditional identification taskings. This report summarizes the concepts upon which CAPMI is based, describes how it works, and reviews suggested applications and limitations. CAPMI software is available to governmental, civic, or humanitarian organizations at no cost.
Tooth Mark Artifacts and Survival of Bones in Animal Scavenged Human Skeletons
Authors: Haglund WD , Reay DT , Swindler DR 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Animal scavenging activity can result in production of tooth mark artifacts. Such activity can confound interpretation of skeletal material and the identification process. To date, these topics have received limited attention in the forensic science literature. This study discusses the nature of various animal tooth mark artifacts and typical damage to selected bony elements. This study also assesses survivability of various skeletal elements over time. Two major factors that affect which bones are recovered and the amount of damage are circumstances which shelter remains from animals and human population density of the area where the skeleton is recovered.
Dye Batch Variation in Textile Fibers
Authors: Wiggins KG , Cook R , Turner YJ 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Fiber samples from a number of different sources have been examined for dye batch variation. The manufacturers who supplied material included producers of knitting yarn, clothing, carpets, and car seat covers. Microscopy, microspectrophotometry, and thin-layer chromatography have been used for comparison of the dyes.
Degrees of variation were found. With some knitting yarns there was none at all, but some clothing fabrics showed large differences. Thin-layer chromatography is the best means of discriminating between dyes extracted from these materials.
The reasons for these results and their implications for the court-going officer are discussed.
Evidentiary Value of the Contents of Hollow-Point Bullets
Authors: Smith O'BC , Harruff RC 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The fortuitous recovery of material trapped within the cavity of a hollow-point bullet at autopsy was demonstrated to be of evidentiary value. Analysis of this material, as well as that from hollow-point bullets from test-firings, showed that the contents, especially if in multiple layers, could be correlated with the series of intermediate targets perforated. In the case presented, this aided investigators in determining how many bullets actually struck the victim. Frequently displaced, especially if distortion of the hollow point has occurred, this tidbit of trace evidence is worth recovering and analyzing.
The Examination of Vaginally Inserted Plastic Tampon Applicators for Genetic Markers and Evidence of Prior Sexual Intercourse
Authors: Springer EE , Laber TL , Randall BB 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Vaginally inserted plastic tampon applicators were obtained from 42 female volunteers. The applicators were examined for the presence of ABH blood group substances, phosphoglucomutase (PGM), amylase, acid phosphatase, P30, and intact spermatozoa. Each applicator was accompanied by a control blood sample, a saliva specimen, a brief sexual and menstrual history, and method of birth control of the donor. Eight of the male sexual partners of the donors submitted blood and saliva samples. One male sexual partner submitted only a saliva sample.
ABH blood group substances corresponding to the donor were recovered from 36 of the 42 applicators. The remaining 6 applicators revealed a combination of the donor's and sexual partner's ABH substances. The female's PGM type was recovered from 34 of the applicators. The remaining 8 applicators failed to show PGM activity. Of the applicators, 15 indicated evidence of prior sexual intercourse by the detection of ABH substances not consistent with the applicator donor (6 samples), high levels of acid phosphatase (11 samples), or recovery of spermatozoa (8 samples) or some combination of these. All applicator samples failed to show the presence of either P30 activity or PGM factors foreign to the female.
Cervical Airway Injuries as a Result of Impact with Steering Wheel Rim
Authors: Mittleman RE 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Motor vehicle occupants may suffer severe cervical airway injuries as the result of impaction with the steering wheel, dashboard, windshield, backseat, and seat belt. Although the steering column is well recognized as a general site of injury infliction, less attention has been directed to components which may be the actual focal point of contact, such as the steering wheel rim. Two cases of cervical airway injury as a result of impact with the steering wheel rim are presented, including one instance of complete laryngotracheal transection. Correlation of injury with crash and postcrash sequences as well as the damaged vehicle will often provide excellent crash injury reconstruction.
Confidence Intervals for Estimates Based on Linear Regression in Forensic Anthropology
Authors: Giles E , Klepinger LL 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Forensic anthropologists commonly use simple linear regression to estimate the value of a dependent variable, such as stature, for a single specimen where the value of the independent variable, such as humerus length, is known. Published studies providing regression equations for such use almost invariably include the standard error of estimate. Unfortunately, it is exceptional for forensic anthropologists to use the standard error to calculate correctly the confidence limits for their single predicted value. We attempt to show why this may be and provide explicit guidelines for the proper construction of confidence intervals in such circumstances.
Examination Techniques for Determining Whether or Not a Key Is an Original or a Duplicate
Authors: Springer E , Bergman P , Feingold G 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Various examination techniques for determining whether or not a key is an original or a duplicate were discussed. It was found that based on “production processes,” original keys made for cylinder locks of the pin tumbler and wafer variety can be distinguished from store duplicated keys. In addition, an example of a positive comparison between two keys manufactured simultaneously was presented.
Rapid Clay Mineralogical Analysis for Forensic Science Investigation—Clay Mineralogy Over the Short Distances
Authors: Marumo Y , Nagatsuka S , Oba Y 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Rapid clay mineralogical analysis using a particle size fraction less than 0.05 mm without extraction of a clay fraction (&lt; 0.002 mm) is applied to granitic soil samples collected from an area within a range of about 25 km with variation of topography. This area is located in a lucidophyllus forest climatic zone corresponding to a zone of yellow-brown forest soils. Clay mineralogical compositions obtained by this method showed different characteristics closely related to the topographic positions from where the soil samples were collected. It was confirmed that this method is effective for the discrimination of soil samples, and further for determining the original site of the soil samples as follows. In soils of hilly regions under well drained conditions, vermiculite is mixed with a large amount of gibbsite except for soil on flat places on ridges, which is characterized by the presence of a large amount of kaolin with a smaller amount of gibbsite. Soils under wet conditions such as valley-bottom plain and alluvial plain are characterized by interstratified clay minerals of chlorite and chloritized vermiculite. They are discriminated from each other in that the former are more abundant in gibbsite and the latter contain smectite.
The Quantitation of Phenyl-2-Propanone Using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography
Authors: Sottolano SM 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A method using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) has been developed for the rapid, selective, and accurate quantitation of phenyl-2-propanone (P-2-P). A Perkin-Elmer HS/5 C18 column is utilized with a water, methanol, phosphoric acid mobile phase to achieve separation of clandestinely manufactured P-2-P from precursor chemicals and reaction by-products. Absorbance ratio and relative retention time data for some of the more common by-products and precursors are presented.
A Processing Protocol for Drug Residue and Latent Print Evidence
Authors: Nielson JP , Katz AI 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Thirty percent cocaine:inositol residues and latent fingerprints were deposited on a wide variety of porous and nonporous substrates typical of the types of materials encountered in casework. Protocols were investigated which would optimize the probability of recovery of both drug residues and latent prints. Different protocols are required for porous and nonporous surfaces.
Wilton Marion Krogman, Ph.D. (1903–1987): The End of an Era
Authors: Yaşar İşcan M 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Dr. Wilton Marion Krogman was one of the major founders of physical and forensic anthropology in the United States. His extraordinary career spanned nearly six decades, and he was universally admired and respected for his scholarship, teaching, research, wit, and humanity. While studies based on human skeletal remains have long been used to assist the medico-legal system, the late Dr. Krogman can be credited with uniting these areas into the discipline of forensic anthropology. His “Guide to the Identification of Human Skeletal Material” (1939) in the F.B.I. Law Enforcement Bulletin became the foundation of this discipline; his monumental book The Human Skeleton in Forensic Medicine (updated with the author in 1986) solidified its establishment. The purpose of this paper is to pay tribute to this great man and outline his influence on the development and advancement of forensic anthropology.
Autoerotic Asphyxial Death Following Television Broadcast
Authors: O'Halloran RL , Warren Lovell F 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
How individuals who engage in autoerotic asphyxial activities first become aware of its purported erotic potential is debated. The case of an adult male who died from autoerotic asphyxiation shortly after watching a television show that discussed sexual asphyxiation is reported. A request is made that medical examiners and coroners report other accidental autoerotic deaths that are temporally associated with this television broadcast.
A Case of Panhypogammaglobulinemia Masquerading as Child Abuse
Authors: Copeland AR 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A case of panhypogammaglobulinemia in a 15-month old boy is presented. The child was followed at a local university teaching hospital for pneumonia, failure to thrive, and possible child abuse/neglect. Following minor trauma to the face, massive sepsis developed in the child. The mother was afraid to seek medical care because she was fearful of legal action against her. Upon the child's demise at home, police and medical examiner involvement ensued. The correct diagnosis was established at autopsy.
A Review of Violence Prediction: Guidelines for the Forensic Practitioner
Authors: Tumosa CS , Dowd R 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A blood specimen from a forensic science case appeared to violate Landsteiner's Rule. The red cells failed to react with anti-A, anti-B, or O serum while reacting strongly with Ulex europaeus lectin but not other anti-A lectins. The saliva from the person involved was found to contain both A and H blood group substances in a ratio of 4:1. The blood group was determined to be type Am.
Validity Testing of Commercial Urine Cocaine Metabolite Assays: II. Sensitivity, Specificity, Accuracy, and Confirmation by Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Cone EJ , Mitchell J 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A comprehensive validity assessment study was performed on eight commercial urine assays for detection of cocaine use. Sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of each assay were evaluated by analyzing, in random order and under blind conditions, specimens spiked with known drug concentrations and clinical specimens obtained from human subjects after intravenous cocaine use. Commercial assay results were compared with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) assay of the same specimens for benzoylecgonine. All of the assays examined were determined to have utility in screening for cocaine use, with the exception of the KDI Quik Test®, which was not a reliable test for detection of cocaine use. Major differences in sensitivity, specificity, and confirmation rate by GC/MS were noted among the assays, differences which should be taken into consideration when implementing a urine screening test for cocaine use or interpreting test results involving use of these assays.
The Use of Videotape to Demonstrate the Dynamics of Bite Marks
Authors: West MH , Frair J 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Traditionally, bite mark photographs have been used to study statically a dynamic event. With the advent of the compact video camcorder, odontologists can now document bite marks on video tape and, in some instances, with the model of the suspect's dentition, may be able to record the dynamics of a bite on human flesh. A review of two cases and equipment used is discussed.
The Effect of Temperature on the Formation of Ethanol by Canadida Albicans in Blood
Authors: Chang J , Elliot Kollman S 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The effect of temperature on microbial fermentation in blood was studied. Specimens of human blood from a blood bank were inoculated with Candida albicans, an organism capable of causing fermentation. A preservative was added to a portion of the inoculated specimens. These inoculated specimens, as well as uninoculated blood, were stored under various temperature conditions. Production of ethyl alcohol was monitored over a period of six months. Fermentation was found to be highly temperature dependent, with refrigeration proving to be most effective at inhibiting ethanol formation.
Analysis of Gunshot Primer Residue Collection Swabs Using Flameless Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry and Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectrometry: Effects of a Modified Extraction Procedure and Storage of Standards
Authors: Koons RD , Havekost DG , Peters CA 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Two modifications to a previously reported extraction procedure for determination of antimony, barium, and lead in gunshot primer residue swab extract solutions have been studied. Removal of cotton tips from swabs by cutting their shafts results in extraction efficiencies for all elements that compare favorably with those obtained by complete removal of the cotton from the swab shaft. Swab-mounted standards can be made and stored in a dry condition for periods of at least four months before use without adverse effects on analytical results. Long-term relative precision estimates for the combined extraction and analysis are approximately 5% for all three elements.