bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Review of Photocatalysis using Self‐organized TiO2 Nanotubes and Other Ordered Oxide Nanostructures
Authors: Paramasivam Indhumati , Jha Himendra , Liu Ning , Schmuki Patrik 
Published: September 2012

AbstractPhotocatalytic approaches, that is the reaction of light‐produced charge carriers at a semiconductor surface with their environment, currently attract an extremely wide scientific interest. This is to a large extent due to the high expectations: i) to convert sunlight directly into an energy carrier (H2), ii) to stimulate chemical synthetic reactions, or iii) to degrade unwanted environmental pollutants. Since the early reports in 1972, TiO2 has been the most investigated photocatalytic material by far; this originates from its outstanding electronic properties that allow for a wide range of applications. Not only the material, but also its structure and morphology, can have a considerable influence on the photocatalytic performance of TiO2. In recent years, particularly 1D (or pseudo 1D) structures such as nanowires and nanotubes have received great attention. The present Review focuses on TiO2 nanotube arrays (and similar structures) that grow by self‐organizing electrochemistry (highly aligned) from a Ti metal substrate. Herein, the growth, properties, and applications of these tubes are discussed, as well as ways and means to modify critical tube properties. Common strategies are addressed to improve the performance of photocatalysts such as doping or band‐gap engineering, co‐catalyst decoration, junction formation, or applying external bias. Finally, some unique applications of the ordered tube structures in various photocatalytic approaches are outlined.
Challenges in simulating sea ice in Earth System Models
Authors: Notz Dirk 
Published: September 2012

AbstractSea ice is a key element of the Earth's climate system, and also of significant ecological, geo‐political, and economic importance. Understanding the ongoing changes of the Earth's sea‐ice cover is therefore not only scientifically interesting in itself, but also crucial for a large number of different stakeholders. Without such understanding, a reliable projection of possible future changes will be impossible. A main focus of ongoing sea‐ice research is therefore aimed at identifying the factors that modulate the ice's variability on seasonal and longer time scales. For such efforts, coupled Climate Models or Earth System Models are used. To give trustworthy results, these models must be able to realistically simulate the mechanical and thermodynamic interaction of sea ice with the atmosphere and the ocean, which determine the resulting sea‐ice thickness distribution. While the representation of such air–ice–sea interaction has seen some major advances in the most complex sea‐ice models during the past decade, a number of fundamental processes of air–ice–sea interaction are still only crudely understood and currently not realistically represented in models. This article provides a succinct description of these processes and discusses necessary research directions for their improved representation in models. WIREs Clim Change 2012, 3:509–526. doi: 10.1002/wcc.189This article is categorized under:

Climate Models and Modeling > Model Components
Assessment of Liver Stiffness Measurement: Novel Intraoperative Blood Loss Predictor?
Authors: Kim Min‐Soo , Lee Jeong‐Rim 
Published: September 2012

AbstractBackgroundThe risks of massive intraoperative blood loss are of major concern during liver surgery. Various predictors of massive intraoperative blood loss were reported for identifying patients preoperatively with high risk of suffering massive intraoperative blood loss during liver surgery. The assessment of the extent of fibrosis may be a way to predict the risk of the intraoperative blood loss in patients undergoing liver surgery. Liver stiffness measurement by transient elastography is a noninvasive method for assessing liver fibrosis in patients with chronic liver disease. The purpose of this retrospective, single‐center study was to assess a correlation between liver stiffness measurement and intraoperative blood loss during liver surgery for determining the role of liver stiffness measurement as a predictor of intraoperative blood loss.MethodsA total of 45 patients who underwent elective right hepatectomy from August 2007 to July 2011 were selected. Liver stiffness measurement, tumor size, intraoperative data, and perioperative laboratory data were retrospectively investigated. Correlation analysis was used to find the correlations between variables.ResultsAmong the 45 patients enrolled in this study, 43 were ultimately investigated. A statistically positive correlation was found between the intraoperative blood loss and the median liver stiffness measurements (r = 0.420, p = 0.005).ConclusionsThe liver stiffness measurement is a possible predictor of intraoperative blood loss through the correlation between liver stiffness measurement and the intraoperative blood loss during right hepatectomy.
Portal Venous System Thrombosis After Pancreatic Resection
Authors: Ansari David , Ansorge Christoph , Andrén‐Sandberg Åke , Ansari Daniel , Segersvärd Ralf 
Published: September 2012

AbstractBackgroundPortal venous system thrombosis (PVST) is a rare, potentially fatal complication after pancreatic resection. The aim of this study was to assess the incidence, presenting symptoms, management, and treatment of PVST in a large cohort of patients.MethodsProspectively collected data on patients undergoing pancreatic resection between 1997 and 2009 were reviewed retrospectively. Preoperative and postoperative imaging were analyzed for the presence or absence of venous thrombi. All patients received standard thromboprophylaxis with low‐molecular‐weight heparin (LMWH).ResultsOf 516 pancreatic resections performed, 18 (3.5 %) were complicated by PVST. The most common clinical presentations were abdominal pain (n = 9) and ascites (n = 5) but never any alarm symptoms. Other symptoms were vague and nonspecific (e.g., weight loss, fatigue, fever). Total pancreatectomy was a risk factor compared to hemipancreatectomy (p < 0.01), whereas the underlying disease per se did not make any difference. The median interval between surgery and diagnosis of PVST was 105 days (range 1–1,440 days). PVST was at least a contributing factor in the postoperative deaths of two patients. LMWH therapy did not significantly affect survival.ConclusionsPVST remains a relatively infrequent complication after pancreatic resection. Because accurate diagnosis and timely intervention may reduce morbidity and mortality, the possibility of PVST should be considered in patients presenting with vague symptoms. Whether anticoagulant treatment is needed is still not clear; there were no obvious differences in outcome between treated and untreated patients.
Does Hepatic Ischemia–Reperfusion Injury Induced by Hepatic Pedicle Clamping Affect Survival after Partial Hepatectomy for Hepatocellular Carcinoma?
Authors: Xia Feng , Lau Wan‐Yee , Xu Yanmin , Wu Lin , Qian Cheng , Bie Ping 
Published: September 2012

AbstractBackgroundLiver resection offers a chance of cure for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Hepatic pedicle clamping (HPC) is commonly used to reduce blood loss during hepatectomy. Hepatic ischemia‐reperfusion (I/R) injury has recently been reported to be a major factor in accelerated tumor growth. We therefore evaluated the effect of intermittent HPC on the prognosis of patients after liver resection.MethodsThe clinicopathological features and serum/tissue samples of 386 HCC patients who underwent curative liver resection were prospectively collected. The patients were divided into the HPC group (over 30 min) and the non‐HPC group. Disease‐free survival and overall survival were analyzed using multivariate analyses, Kaplan–Meier curves, and log‐rank tests. Matrix metalloproteinases and E‐selectin were measured to study hepatic I/R injury.ResultsThe preoperative clinicopathological data were comparable between the HPC group (n = 224) and the non‐HPC group (n = 162). During the study period, 257 of the 386 patients (66.6 %) developed tumor recurrence. The overall tumor recurrence and intrahepatic tumor recurrence rates were not significantly different between the two groups. There were no significant differences between the two groups with respect to the 1‐, 3‐, and 5‐year disease‐free and overall survival rates. Similarly, subgroup analyses also showed no marked difference in survival rates for patients with cirrhosis in the two groups. The levels of mRNA in liver tissues and serum concentrations of MMP‐2, MMP‐9, and E‐selectin showed no significant differences between the pre‐ and post‐occlusion periods.ConclusionsIntermittent HPC produced no adverse effect on disease‐free and overall survival for patients who underwent liver resection for HCC.
Planning a Multi‐site, Complex Intervention for Homeless People with Mental Illness: The Relationships Between the National Team and Local Sites in Canada's At Home/Chez Soi Project
Authors: Nelson Geoffrey , Macnaughton Eric , Goering Paula , Dudley Michael , O'Campo Patricia , Patterson Michelle , Piat Myra , Prévost Natasha , Strehlau Verena , Vallée Catherine 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThis research focused on the relationships between a national team and five project sites across Canada in planning a complex, community intervention for homeless people with mental illness called At Home/Chez Soi, which is based on the Housing First model. The research addressed two questions: (a) what are the challenges in planning? and (b) what factors that helped or hindered moving project planning forward? Using qualitative methods, 149 national, provincial, and local stakeholders participated in key informant or focus group interviews. We found that planning entails not only intervention and research tasks, but also relational processes that occur within an ecology of time, local context, and values. More specifically, the relationships between the national team and the project sites can be conceptualized as a collaborative process in which national and local partners bring different agendas to the planning process and must therefore listen to, negotiate, discuss, and compromise with one another. A collaborative process that involves power‐sharing and having project coordinators at each site helped to bridge the differences between these two stakeholder groups, to find common ground, and to accomplish planning tasks within a compressed time frame. While local context and culture pushed towards unique adaptations of Housing First, the principles of the Housing First model provided a foundation for a common approach across sites and interventions. The implications of the findings for future planning and research of multi‐site, complex, community interventions are noted.
Annual photosynthetic activities of temperate evergreen and deciduous broadleaf tree species with simultaneous and successive leaf emergence in response to altitudinal air temperature
Authors: Fujita N. , Noma N. , Shirakawa H. , Kikuzawa K. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractTo explain why the composition of evergreen and deciduous forests changes along air temperature gradients, we measured several traits of single leaves from temperate deciduous and evergreen broadleaf trees with simultaneous and successive leaf emergence growing at different altitudes in the field. The parameters included seasonal net photosynthetic rate, longevity, mass per area, nitrogen content, and photosynthetic nitrogen‐use efficiency. With decreasing altitude, the leaf longevity of deciduous broadleaf trees increased, whereas the maximum net photosynthetic rate decreased. In contrast, leaf longevity of evergreen broadleaf trees decreased, whereas the minimum net photosynthetic rate in winter increased. Along the air temperature gradient, the annual production of deciduous trees with simultaneous leaf emergence may be constant, because the integrated lifetime net photosynthetic rate (ILNPR) of a single leaf changed little. In comparison, deciduous trees with successive leaf emergence may show enhanced annual production with increasing air temperature, by increasing the total leaf number per branch and tree under an extended growing season. Temperate evergreen broadleaf tree species may also show increased annual production with increasing air temperature by sufficiently raising the number of the first‐year leaves to the total leaves of branch and tree, which is accelerated by raising the integrated first‐year net photosynthetic rate of the single leaf, despite little change in the ILNPR. With increasing air temperature from cool‐temperate to warm‐temperate zones, evergreen broadleaf tree species gain an advantage of the annual production over deciduous broadleaf tree species with simultaneous leaf emergence.
Decreased Plasma Cholesterol Concentrations After PUFA‐Rich Diets are not Due to Reduced Cholesterol Absorption/Synthesis
Authors: Ramprasath Vanu R. , Jones Peter J. H. , Buckley Donna D. , Woollett Laura A. , Heubi James E. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractPlasma cholesterol concentrations increase with consumption of high saturated fatty acid (SFA) and decrease with high polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) diets, leading to shifts in lipid levels consistent with reduction in heart disease risk. Direct measurements of cholesterol absorption, one of the key regulators of plasma cholesterol levels, have not been performed in humans after consumption of high PUFA diets. Thus, cholesterol absorption and fractional synthesis rates (FSRs) were measured in 16 healthy adults (8 males and 9 females) using a randomized cross‐over study with a diet containing high (PUFA/SFA) P/S ratio (2:1) and a low P/S ratio (0.5:1). Cholesterol absorption and fractional cholesterol synthetic rates were measured using stable isotopes after 20 days of dietary intervention. Diet did not affect cholesterol absorption or synthesis. There was a significant decrease in plasma cholesterol concentrations (P < 0.02), specifically LDL‐cholesterol (P < 0.02), without a change in HDL‐cholesterol or triacylglycerol concentrations. Intraluminal cholesterol solubilization and plasma sterol (cholesterol biosynthetic intermediates and plant sterols) levels were not affected by diet. Thus, consumption of diets with a high P/S ratio reduces plasma total and LDL‐cholesterol concentrations independent of shifts in cholesterol absorption or synthesis.
Das Deutsche Netzwerk für mitochondriale Erkrankungen (mitoNET)
Authors: Büchner B. , Gallenmüller C. , Lautenschläger R. , Kuhn K. , Wittig I. , Schöls L. , Rapaport D. , Seelow D. , Freisinger P. , Prokisch H. , Sperl W. , Wenz T. , Behl C. , Deschauer M. , Kornblum C. , Schneiderat P. , Abicht A. , Schuelke M. , Meitinger T. , Klopstock T. 
Published: September 2012

Zusammenfassung
Das mitoNET wurde als interdisziplinäres, deutschlandweites Netzwerk mit dem Ziel konzipiert, eine Verbesserung der Patientenversorgung auf dem Gebiet der mitochondrialen Erkrankungen zu erreichen. Das horizontale klinische Netzwerk des mitoNET umfasst 8 neurologische und 13 pädiatrische Kliniken, die für die Patientenrekrutierung, deren Phänotypisierung und die Erfassung des natürlichen Verlaufs im Rahmen von jährlichen Kontrolluntersuchungen zuständig sind. Die Speicherung der erhobenen Daten erfolgt in einer eigens entwickelten webbasierten Registerdatenbank. Das Netzwerk betreibt 2 Biobanken zur Asservierung von DNA, RNA, Plasma sowie von diagnostisch gewonnenen Fibro- und Myoblasten. Vier Forschungsprojekte zielen auf eine Verbesserung des diagnostischen Spektrums durch Etablierung neuer Methoden, und ein Teilprojekt beschäftigt sich mit der Überprüfung neuer Therapiemöglichkeiten. Das mitoNET wird seit Anfang 2009 vom Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (BMBF, Förderkennzeichen 01GM1113A) gefördert.
Trace Fossil Assemblages in Mixed Siliciclastic-Carbonate Sediments of the Kaladongar Formation (Middle Jurassic), Patcham Island, Kachchh, Western India
Authors: Joseph Jaquilin K. , Patel Satish J. , Bhatt Nishith Y. 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
The Middle Jurassic rocks of the Kaladongar Formation well exposed in the Kaladongar Hill range of the Patcham Island and Kuar Bet of the Northern Kachchh comprises of ∼450 m thick sequence of mixed siliciclastic-carbonate sediments intercalated with shales. These Mixed siliciclastic-carbonate sediments show wide variation in textural and mineralogical composition and represent genetically related six rock types: micritic sandstone, allochemic sandstone, sandy allochemic limestone, micrtic mudrock, sandy micrite and muddy micrite; which are highly bioturbated and show behaviourally diverse groups of trace fossils. Total 34 ichnogenera are identified, which includes, Arenicolites, Asterosoma, Beaconites, Bergaueria, Chondrites, Cochlichnus, Dactylophycus, Daedalus, Didymaulichnus, Diplocraterion, Gordia, Gyrochorte, Gyrolithes, Ichnocumulus, Laevicyclus, Lockeia, Margaritichnus, Monocraterion, Nereites, Ophiomorpha, Palaeophycus, Phoebichnus, Phycodes, Pilichnus, Planolites, Plug Shaped Form, Protovirgularia, Rhizocorallium, Scolicia, Skolithos, Taenidium, Teichichnus, Thalassinoides and Walcottia. These trace fossils are classified into six morphological groups namely, circular and elliptical structures; simple structures; branched structures; rosette structures; spreiten structures; and winding and meandering structures. These trace fossils are further group into eight assemblages which occurred together into mixed siliciclastic-carbonate sediments, include, Asterosoma assemblage, Gyrochorte assemblage, Rhizocorallium assemblage, Thalassinoides assemblage, Planolites-Palaeophycus assemblage, Phycodes assemblage, Ophiomorpha assemblage and Skolithos assemblage. The recurring pattern of these assemblages through the sequence displays the development of Skolithos and Cruziana ichnofacies and at places the mixed Skolithos-Cruziana ichnofacies which suggest a low wave and current energy conditions with intervening period of high wave and current energy conditions and an intermediate period of stressful environments, respectively. Sedimentological and ichnological data suggest that the deposition of the mixed siliciclastic-carbonate sediments of the Kaladongar Formation took place in the foreshore to offshore environment under fluctuating wave and current energy condition.
Late Cretaceous Tectonic Change of the Eastern Margin of the Tibetan Plateau – Results from Multisystem Thermochronology
Authors: Deng Bin , Liu Shugen , Li Zhiwu , Cao Junxing , Sun Wei 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
Partially due to lack of structural and sedimentary records to constrain the Jurassic-to-Cretaceous evolution, there was a missing process here in the eastern margin of Tibetan Plateau as it changed from the Paleo-Tethyan to Neo-Tethyan regime. Based on the analysis of 125 thermochronology ages (U/Pb, 40Ar/39A, 87Rb/86Sr, FT, U-Th/He) of igneous rocks from the eastern margin of Tibet, we propose a multisystem thermochronology approach to restore the cooling and emplacement of granites and decipher the missing process. Our integrated study suggests that a key Late Cretaceous (about 100Ma) tectonic change from the Paleo-Tethyan to Neo-Tethyan regime took place there. In the Late Triassic period, the initial emplacement of granite in the Songpan-Ganzi Fold Belt (SGFB) was characterized by a decrease in emplacement age and depth from west to east, and from north to south. Subsequently, all were followed by a very long period of slow cooling, which was followed by a rapid emplacement of about 100Ma. The intensive granite emplacement took place all over except northeastern SGFB, with a decrease in emplacement depth from west to east, which was linked with the far-field effect of Lhasa-Qiangtang collision. After this episode, the cooling history of granite in SGFB had a rapid emplacement on the subsurface under the control of the Neo-Tethyan regime. This process has control of the post Late Cretaceous regional magmatic activity and tectonics, as well as the sedimentary response in Sichuan and Xichang basin.
Experimental Evaluation of Solubility of Gypsum
Authors: Behnamtalab Ehsan 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
Karstic rocks exist in different areas of the world having by case useful/ harmful structural and environmental impacts. These rocks like gypsum and salt are dissolved against water.
In the current research, gypsum solubility is investigated by collecting outcomes of several experiments on crushed gypsums. During the tests, rates of gypsum solubility were measured and appraised through application of various parameters such as compaction quantity, period of water flow inside specimen as well as diameter of the initial trial hole increase.
The initial trial holes’ diameters were 0 (in the specimen without hole), 5, 8, 10 and 12 millimeters. Two compaction cases were comprised; with and without compaction. Furthermore it should be mentioned that flow of water was continued inside the specimens for a period of 3, 10, 20 and 30 days in the separate experiments in order to assess the time factor on the solubility quantity of the gypsum. Solution rate respectively for crushed gypsum were computed 2.49 cm/year. These experiments indicate that progress of solution phenomena does not have a particular trend.
Geochemistry and Petrogenesis of Anorogenic(?) Granitoids of West Garo Hills, Meghalaya
Authors: Choudhury D. K. , Pradhan A. K. , Zakaulla S. , Umamaheswar K. 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
The granite in Samingiri - Dilsekgiri area occurs as discordant, isolated pluton within the migmatitic terrain of West Garo Hills district, Meghalaya. The pluton is exposed over 140 sq km (18 km x 8 km). It exhibits structures of solid state and piecemeal stoping effect proximal to the contact and enveloped by a contact metamorphic aureole of albite-epidote-hornfels facies. Modally, it is biotite-monzogranite and biotite-syenogranite with minor biotite, chlorite, epidote and sericite and accessories like zircon, apatite, allanite, pyrite, magnetite and sphene. Geochemically, it is marked by restricted composition (69-76 wt% SiO2), high alkalies, low Ca, metaluminous to strongly peraluminous (Molar Al2O3/CaO+Na2O+K2O = 0.95 - 1.54), high FeO/MgO, high Ga/Al, high contents of Rb, Sr, Ba, Y, Zr and Ce and depleted in Ti and P. The field observation, mineralogical and geochemical aspects indicate the post-tectonic nature of West Garo pluton more like as A-type granite formed by partial melting of lower crustal blocks followed by low to moderate degree of fractional differentiation. Low Ca, alkaline nature and peraluminous character point to A-type nature of West Garo granite significantly different from other granites of Meghalaya Plateau. Rb-Sr age (616±86 Ma) of granite, however, corresponds to widespread Middle to Upper Pan African activity, a thermal event prevailed during Late Proterozoic - Early Palaeozoic (500-800 Ma) period, manifested in the form of several granitic intrusions in the basement gneissic complex and the overlying Proterozoic metasediments of the Shillong Group in Meghalaya Plateau.
Population Trends as a Counterweight to Central City Decline, 1950–2000
Authors: Boustan Leah , Shertzer Allison 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
The share of metropolitan residents living in central cities declined dramatically from 1950 to 2000. We argue that cities would have lost even further ground if not for demographic trends such as renewed immigration, delayed childbearing, and a decline in the share of households headed by veterans. We provide causal estimates of the effect of children on residential location using the birth of twins. The effect of veteran status is identified from a discontinuity in the probability of military service during and after the mass mobilization for World War II. Our results suggest that these changes in demographic composition were strong enough to bolster city population but not to fully counteract socioeconomic factors favoring suburban growth.