bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assessment of respiratory mechanics with forced oscillations in healthy newborns
Authors: Hantos Zoltán , Czövek Dorottya , Gyurkovits Zita , Szabó Hajnalka , Maár Balázs A. , Radics Bence , Virág Katalin , Makan Gergely , Orvos Hajnalka , Gingl Zoltán , Sly Peter D. 
Published: August 2014

SummaryBackgroundLung function data in healthy newborn infants are scarce largely due to lack of suitable techniques, although data for developmental and prenatal exposure studies are much needed. We have modified the forced oscillation technique (FOT) for the measurement of respiratory mechanical impedance (Zrs) in unsedated sleeping infants in the first 3 days of life.MethodsZrs was measured during 30‐s epochs of quiet sleep in term neonates born via spontaneous vaginal delivery with a non‐invasive FOT between 8 and 48 Hz. Total respiratory resistance (R), compliance (C) and inertance (I) were obtained by fitting Zrs spectra. Cluster analysis was used to determine a set of minimal Zrs spectra representing optimal respiratory mechanics for each infant.ResultsSuccessful measurements were obtained in each of the first 3 days in 30/38 (78.9%) neonates. Group mean (± SD) values of R, C, I, and resonant frequency pooled for the 3 days were 45.9 ± 16.6 hPa s L−1, 0.97 ± 0.21 ml hPa−1, 0.082 ± 0.031 hPa s2 L−1 and 19.2 ± 3.2 Hz, respectively. Within‐session variability represented by coefficient of variation was 5.34 ± 3.18% for R and 13.80 ± 8.57% for C. Greater between‐session variability was observed for the individual infants; however, the only statistically significant change over time was a 13% increase in R from day 1 to day 2. Parameter interdependence was significant (r2 = 0.63) between R and I reflecting the large contribution of the upper airways to the total Zrs.ConclusionsNoninvasive measurement of Zrs can be made in neonates during natural sleep with a high success rate, even in the first hours of life. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2015; 50:344–352. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Mephedrone alters basal ganglia and limbic dynorphin systems
Authors: German Christopher L. , Alburges Mario E. , Hoonakker Amanda J. , Fleckenstein Annette E. , Hanson Glen R. 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTMephedrone (4‐methymethcathinone) is a synthetic cathinone designer drug that disrupts central nervous system (CNS) dopamine (DA) signaling. Numerous central neuropeptide systems reciprocally interact with dopaminergic neurons to provide regulatory counterbalance, and are altered by aberrant DA activity associated with stimulant exposure. Endogenous opioid neuropeptides are highly concentrated within dopaminergic CNS regions and facilitate many rewarding and aversive properties associated with drug use. Dynorphin, an opioid neuropeptide and kappa receptor agonist, causes dysphoria and aversion to drug consumption through signaling within the basal ganglia and limbic systems, which is affected by stimulants. This study evaluated how mephedrone alters basal ganglia and limbic system dynorphin content, and the role of DA signaling in these changes. Repeated mephedrone administrations (4 × 25 mg/kg/injection, 2‐h intervals) selectively increased dynorphin content throughout the dorsal striatum and globus pallidus, decreased dynorphin content within the frontal cortex, and did not alter dynorphin content within most limbic system structures. Pretreatment with D1‐like (SCH‐23380) or D2‐like (eticlopride) antagonists blocked mephedrone‐induced changes in dynorphin content in most regions examined, indicating altered dynorphin activity is a consequence of excessive DA signaling. Synapse 68:634–640, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Single‐Crystal Adsorption Calorimetry on Well‐Defined Surfaces: From Single Crystals to Supported Nanoparticles
Authors: Schauermann Swetlana , Silbaugh Trent L. , Campbell Charles T. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractSingle‐crystal adsorption calorimetry (SCAC) measures the energetics of gas–surface interactions in a direct way and can be applied to a broad range of well‐defined model surfaces. In this Personal Account we review some of the recent advances in understanding the interaction of gaseous molecules with single‐crystal surfaces and well‐defined supported metallic nanoparticles by this powerful technique. SCAC was applied on single‐crystal surfaces to determine formation enthalpies of adsorbed molecular fragments typically formed during heterogeneously catalyzed reactions involving hydrocarbons. On supported metal nanoparticles, the binding energies of gaseous species were determined by SCAC as a function of the particle size. The reported data provide valuable information for ongoing research in many fields of heterogeneous catalysis and materials science. In addition, direct calorimetric measurements serve as benchmarks for the improvement of computational approaches to understanding surface chemistry.
Active learning with support vector machines
Authors: Kremer Jan , Steenstrup Pedersen Kim , Igel Christian 
Published: August 2014

In machine learning, active learning refers to algorithms that autonomously select the data points from which they will learn. There are many data mining applications in which large amounts of unlabeled data are readily available, but labels (e.g., human annotations or results coming from complex experiments) are costly to obtain. In such scenarios, an active learning algorithm aims at identifying data points that, if labeled and used for training, would most improve the learned model. Labels are then obtained only for the most promising data points. This speeds up learning and reduces labeling costs. Support vector machine (SVM) classifiers are particularly well‐suited for active learning due to their convenient mathematical properties. They perform linear classification, typically in a kernel‐induced feature space, which makes expressing the distance of a data point from the decision boundary straightforward. Furthermore, heuristics can efficiently help estimate how strongly learning from a data point influences the current model. This information can be used to actively select training samples. After a brief introduction to the active learning problem, we discuss different query strategies for selecting informative data points and review how these strategies give rise to different variants of active learning with SVMs.This article is categorized under:

Technologies > Machine Learning
Symbolic Data Analysis: another look at the interaction of Data Mining and Statistics
Authors: Brito Paula 
Published: August 2014

Symbolic Data Analysis (SDA) provides a framework for the representation and analysis of data that comprehends inherent variability. While in Data Mining and classical Statistics the data to be analyzed usually presents one single value for each variable, that is no longer the case when the entities under analysis are not single elements, but groups gathered on the basis of some given criteria. Then, for each variable, variability inherent to each group should be taken into account. Also, when analysing concepts, such as botanic species, disease descriptions, car models, and so on, data entail intrinsic variability, which should be explicitly considered. To this purpose, new variable types have been introduced, whose realizations are not single real values or categories, but sets, intervals, or, more generally, distributions over a given domain. SDA provides methods for the (multivariate) analysis of such data, where the variability expressed in the data representation is taken into account, using various approaches.This article is categorized under:

Fundamental Concepts of Data and Knowledge > Data Concepts
Fundamental Concepts of Data and Knowledge > Knowledge Representation
Technologies > Structure Discovery and Clustering
Noninvasive techniques provide novel insights for the elusive bush dog (Speothos venaticus)
Authors: DEMatteo Karen E. , Rinas Miguel A. , Argüelles Carina F. , Zurano Juan Pablo , Selleski Nicole , Bitetti Mario S. Di , Eggert Lori S. 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTThe bush dog (Speothos venaticus), a small and rarely seen canid from Central and South America, has proven extremely challenging to locate and study in the wild, making the development of species‐specific and comprehensive carnivore conservation strategies difficult. From May to August 2011, a detection‐dog–handler team located 34 scats from bush dogs in the northern (n = 26) and central (n = 8) zones of Misiones, Argentina. We identified 22 unique genotypes (14 northern and 8 central) and assigned sex to 100% of the genotyped scats. Only half of the scats were located inside 7 protected areas (4 northern and 3 central); the remaining half were located in 4 sites outside of protected areas (3 northern and 1 central). Results suggest low but significant differentiation between zones for bush dogs (FST = 0.049, P = 0.010). Bush dogs demonstrated high habitat‐use flexibility and a close association with altered habitat; however, altered habitat may not be optimal for the species because of the potential for lower prey densities and risk of exposure to life threatening diseases by domestic dogs. The effectiveness of noninvasive techniques (detection dogs, genetic analyses of scat, Geographic Information System technology) in studying the ecology of bush dogs not only opens the door for additional studies of a species that has proven difficult to study with standard survey techniques, but also provides an alternative approach that conservationists can use independent of habitat type and presence of humans. © 2014 The Wildlife Society.
Utilization of by-products derived from bioethanol production process for cost-effective production of lactic acid
Authors: Moon Se-Kwon , Wee Young-Jung , Choi Gi-Wook 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
The by-products of bioethanol production such as thin stillage (TS) and condensed distillers solubles (CDS) were used as a potential nitrogen source for economical production of lactic acid. The effect of those by-products and their concentrations on lactic acid fermentation were investigated using Lactobacillus paracasei CHB2121. Approximately, 6.7 g/L of yeast extract at a carbon source to nitrogen source ratio of 15 was required to produce 90 g/L of lactic acid in the medium containing 100 g/L of glucose. Batch fermentation of TS medium resulted in 90 g/L of lactic acid after 48 h, and the medium containing 10 % CDS resulted in 95 g/L of lactic acid after 44 h. Therefore, TS and CDS could be considered as potential alternative fermentation medium for the economical production of lactic acid. Furthermore, lactic acid fermentation was performed using only cassava and CDS for commercial production of lactic acid. The volumetric productivity of lactic acid [2.94 g/(L·h)] was 37 % higher than the productivity obtained from the medium with glucose and CDS.
O-Succinyl-l-homoserine-based C4-chemical production: succinic acid, homoserine lactone, γ-butyrolactone, γ-butyrolactone derivatives, and 1,4-butanediol
Authors: Hong Kuk-Ki , Kim Jeong Hyun , Yoon Jong Hyun , Park Hye-Min , Choi Su Jin , Song Gyu Hyeon , Lee Jea Chun , Yang Young-Lyeol , Shin Hyun Kwan , Kim Ju Nam , Cho Kyung Ho , Lee Jung Ho 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
There has been a significant global interest to produce bulk chemicals from renewable resources using engineered microorganisms. Large research programs have been launched by academia and industry towards this goal. Particularly, C4 chemicals such as succinic acid (SA) and 1,4-butanediol have been leading the path towards the commercialization of biobased technology with the effort of replacing chemical production. Here we present O-Succinyl-l-homoserine (SH) as a new, potentially important platform biochemical and demonstrate its central role as an intermediate in the production of SA, homoserine lactone (HSL), γ-butyrolactone (GBL) and its derivatives, and 1,4-butanediol (BDO). This technology encompasses (1) the genetic manipulation of Escherichia coli to produce SH with high productivity, (2) hydrolysis into SA and homoserine (HS) or homoserine lactone hydrochloride, and (3) chemical conversion of either HS or homoserine lactone HCL (HSL·HCl) into drop-in chemicals in polymer industry. This production strategy with environmental benefits is discussed in the perspective of targeting of fermented product and a process direction compared to petroleum-based chemical conversion, which may reduce the overall manufacturing cost.
KörperLeibliche Dimensionen der Konstituierung von Grenzen
Authors: Burghard Anna Bea , Magyar-Haas Veronika , Mörgen Rebecca 
Published: August 2014

ZusammenfassungIm Kontext sozialpädagogischer Forschung und Theoriebildung bildet die theoriesystematische Reflexion der Verhältnisse von Körper/Leib und Grenzen eine Leerstelle. Diese Zusammenhänge werden im Beitrag vor dem Hintergrund anthropologischer, poststrukturalistischer, sozialontologischer sowie praxeologischer Theorieperspektiven beleuchtet. In diesen Bestimmungsversuchen erweist sich der Körper zum einen als Grenze sowie in seiner Grenzhaftigkeit, zum anderen sind Körper an der Konstitution von Grenzen ebenfalls beteiligt. Es wird aufgezeigt, dass und wie mittels Markierungen bestimmter Aspekte von und an Körpern symbolische Grenzen, während mit Körpern – wie etwa bei der Konstituierung von Kollektivität und Gemeinschaft – zugleich soziale Grenzen konstruiert werden. Im Zuge der Analysen werden insbesondere Fragen nach der hegemonialen Wahrnehmbarkeit, der (Un)Sichtbarkeiten und des (Un)Sagbaren diskutiert. Die theoriegeleiteten Überlegungen tragen dazu bei, Soziale Arbeit als ‚grenzbearbeitende Wissenschaft‘ körpertheoretisch zu reflektieren.
The Prevalence and Economic Value of Doubling Up
Authors: Pilkauskas Natasha V. , Garfinkel Irwin , McLanahan Sara S. 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
“Doubling up” (living with relatives or nonkin) is a common source of support for low-income families, yet no study to date has estimated its economic value relative to other types of public and private support. Using longitudinal data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study, we examine the prevalence and economic value of doubling up among families with young children living in large American cities. We find that doubling up is a very important part of the private safety net in the first few years of a child’s life, with nearly 50 % of mothers reporting at least one instance of doubling up by the time their child is 9 years old. The estimated rental savings from doubling up is significant and comparable in magnitude to other public and private transfers.
Fractured Diaphyseal Tibiofibular Synostosis in an Adolescent Soccer Player
Authors: Santa Maria Daniel L. , Shaw Thomas , Allen Marque , Marin James 
Published: August 2014

AbstractDiaphyseal tibiofibular synostosis is a rare cause of symptomatic shin pain with exertion. In this case, a 14‐year‐old male soccer player presented with atraumatic right shin pain made worse with running. Computed tomography revealed heterotopic ossification, or synostosis, of the tibial–fibular syndesmosis. The patient's symptoms improved with rest, without the need for operative intervention.
How Insolvent Are We?
Authors: Johnson P. D. 
Published: August 2014

As we grapple with the problems of conducting non-life insurance in a world of high inflation, we should perhaps pause for a moment to look for historical analogies for our present predicament. Let us, then, look back at a distressing period many years ago in the history of the Kingdom of Carmania.Inflation was by no means new to the citizens of Carmania. Year after year, all prices and incomes had been rising at a steady rate of 5% per annum. The economy functioned quite well, albeit in a rather uninteresting way, and the people were accustomed to the idea that the purchasing power of the Carmanian dollar would fall by roughly 5% every year. There were, however, some economists who argued that inflation was both undesirable and unnecessary, and prevailed upon the King to adopt some measures which, they assured him, would quickly reduce the rate of inflation to zero. The measures were adopted, and the following year the rate of inflation rose to 10%.
The Emerging Benefits of Computer Techniques or the Computer Techniques Of Emerging Benefits.
Authors: Ashurst R. G. , Day G. H. 
Published: August 2014

Actuarial science has always employed theoretical principles in the solution of practical problems and this has often required a substantial amount of numerical work. Most of the calculations involved in conventional actuarial work are not, in concept, particularly difficult; in general, they take the formValue=Amount payable × probability of payment × discounting factor.For many years, the major difficulty of those engaged in the development of actuarial science was not the application of the principles behind their calculations, but the practicality of producing numerical answers to any particular problem. Much ingenious work has gone into the development of techniques designed to reduce the computational problems to manageable proportions. The most obvious example is the use of commutation functions, where, once a great deal of basic calculation has been performed, a very powerful tool is available, requiring only simple arithmetic. In an attempt to avoid such onerous numerical work, 'laws of mortality' have been developed. Under these, the decrement table may be described in terms of a mathematical function, which enables analytical techniques to be applied, simplifying the numerical work.
Some Applications of Stochastic Investment Models.
Authors: Wilkie A. D. 
Published: August 2014

In November 1983 I gave a talk to the General Applications Section of the Royal Statistical Society jointly with the Institute of Actuaries Students' Society, entitled “Time-Series Analysis in Investment Models: Inflation and Share Prices”, in which I outlined the statistical derivation of a stochastic investment model. This model was presented to the actuarial profession in a paper “A Stochastic Investment Model for Actuarial Use” discussed at the Faculty of Actuaries in November 1984. The statistical background, and other information, is discussed in Occasional Actuarial Research Discussion Paper No. 36, “Steps Towards a Stochastic Investment Model”, which is a sort of Appendix to the Faculty paper. It contains most of the material presented to the Students' Society in 1983.The Faculty paper described a number of possible applications of stochastic investment models. I stated there that a “stochastic model for investments … can be used by actuaries in almost any circumstance where a rate of interest enters their calculations at present”. That is a pretty wide field. But I suggested that it opened up “wider possibilities for investigation too”. I intend in this paper to describe a number of simple applications of my stochastic investment model, in order to show the flavour of how such a model can be used. None of the topics has been comprehensively investigated, and I am sure that the reader will soon ask questions which I have not answered. I hope that he will be able to think of ways of answering them himself.
Could Bertrand Russell's barber have bitten his own teeth? A problem of logic and definitions
Authors: Aitken Kenneth John 
Published: August 2014

AbstractGuiding the positive evolution of behavior is an admirable goal. Wilson et al.'s arguments are based largely on studies of problem correction. The methodology is sound, but not the post hoc ergo procter hoc extrapolation. What is required is evidence that it can proactively generate positive change. The evolution of human behavior to date has been affected by many factors that include unmalleable and unpredicted environmental changes.
For public policies, our evolved psychology is the problem and the solution
Authors: Baumard Nicolas 
Published: August 2014

AbstractFor the authors, evolutionary approaches should rely less on evolutionary psychology, which studies innate fixed capacities, and more on cultural selection, which emphasizes cultural learning and symbolic innovation. However, successful policies do not seem to culturally reengineer people. Rather, they work by tapping into old human instincts (fairness preference, reputation management, resource seeking) to motivate individuals to change their behaviors.
The myth of the myth of martyrdom
Authors: Sela Yael , Shackelford Todd K. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractLankford asserts that suicide terrorism is attributable to suicidality. We argue in this commentary that this assertion is not well supported theoretically or empirically. In addition, we suggest that failure to acknowledge religious beliefs as motivationally causal for suicide terrorism may place innocent people at risk of murder in the service of political correctness and multiculturalism.
Inferring cognition from action: Does martyrdom imply its motive?
Authors: Weiss David J. , Weiss Jie 
Published: August 2014

AbstractDrawing inferences about the decision utilities of suicide terrorists from their final action is tempting, but hazardous. Direct elicitation of those utilities would be more informative, but is infeasible. Substituting examination of archival materials for elicitation makes the assumption that leaders and bombers have similar utilities. Insight regarding the beliefs of terrorist leaders might be available from observations of recruitment strategies.
Evidence that suicide terrorists are suicidal: Challenges and empirical predictions
Authors: Lankford Adam 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThe Myth of Martyrdom: What Really Drives Suicide Bombers, Rampage Shooters, and Other Self-Destructive Killersproposes that suicide terrorists are psychologically and behaviorally similar to other people who commit suicide, due to a range of individual, social, and situational factors. Some commentators agree, while others are skeptical, given the lack of information about many attackers' lives. However, the book's position is not simply based on individual case studies; it is also supported by other independent assessments, the confirmation of empirical predictions, the paucity of contradictory evidence, and new applications of evolutionary theory. It is undisputed that human beings behave as the author suggests; it is unknown if they behave as the conventional wisdom suggests. Those who argue that suicide terrorists are psychologically normal and altruistically sacrificing their lives for an ideological cause should bear the burden of proof for those claims.
Development and experimental evaluation of multi-fingered robot hand with adaptive impedance control for unknown environment grasping
Authors: Zhang Ting , Jiang Li , Fan Shaowei , Wu Xinyu , Feng Wei 
Published: August 2014

SUMMARYThis paper presents adaptive impedance controllers with adaptive sliding mode friction compensation for anthropomorphic artificial hand. A five-fingered anthropomorphic artificial hand with multi-sensory and Field-Programmable Gate Arra (FPGA)-based control hardware and software architecture is designed to fulfill the requirements of the grasping force controller. In order to improve the force-tracking precision, the indirect adaptive algorithm was applied to estimate the parameters of the environment. The generalized momentum-based disturbance observer was applied to estimate the contact force from the torque sensor. Based on the sensors of the finger, an adaptive sliding mode friction compensation algorithm was utilized to improve the accuracy of the position control. The performances of the force-tracking impedance controller and position-based joint impedance control for the five-fingered anthropomorphic artificial hand are analyzed and compared in this paper. Furthermore, the performances of the force-tracking impedance controller with environmental parameters adaptive estimation and without environmental parameters estimation are analyzed and compared. Experimental results prove that accurate force-tracking and stable torque/force response under uncertain environments of unknown stiffness and position can be achieved with the proposed adaptive force-tracking impedance controller with friction compensation on five-finger artificial hand.