bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The German Dunkelfeld Project: A Pilot Study to Prevent Child Sexual Abuse and the Use of Child Abusive Images
Authors: Beier Klaus M. , Grundmann Dorit , Kuhle Laura F. , Scherner Gerold , Konrad Anna , Amelung Till 
Published: December 2014

Abstract

Introduction
Sexual interest toward prepubescents and pubescents (pedophilia and hebephilia) constitutes a major risk factor for child sexual abuse (CSA) and viewing of child abusive images, i.e., child pornography offenses (CPO). Most child sexual exploitation involving CSA and CPO are undetected and unprosecuted in the “Dunkelfeld” (German: “dark field”).

Aim
This study assesses a treatment program to enhance behavioral control and reduce associated dynamic risk factors (DRF) in self-motivated pedophiles/hebephiles in the Dunkelfeld.

Methods
Between 2005 and 2011, 319 undetected help-seeking pedophiles and hebephiles expressed interest in taking part in an anonymous and confidential 1-year-treatment program using broad cognitive behavioral methodology in the Prevention Project Dunkelfeld. Therapy was assessed using nonrandomized waiting list control design (n = 53 treated group [TG]; n = 22 untreated control group [CG]).

Main Outcome Measures
Self-reported pre-/posttreatment DRF changes were assessed and compared with CG. Offending behavior characteristics were also assessed via self-reporting.

Results
No pre-/postassessment changes occurred in the control group. Emotional deficits and offense-supportive cognitions decreased in the TG; posttherapy sexual self-regulation increased. Treatment-related changes were distributed unequally across offender groups. None of the offending behavior reported for the TG was identified as such by the legal authorities. However, five of 25 CSA offenders and 29 of 32 CPO offenders reported ongoing behaviors under therapy.

Conclusions
Therapy for pedophiles/hebephiles in the Dunkelfeld can alter child sexual offending DRF and reduce-related behaviors. Unidentified, unlawful child sexual exploitative behaviors are more prevalent in this population than in officially reported recidivism. Further research into factors predictive of problematic sexual behaviors in the Dunkelfeld is warranted.
Efficient use of energy in anoxia‐tolerant plants with focus on germinating rice seedlings
Authors: Atwell Brian J. , Greenway Hank , Colmer Timothy D. 
Published: December 2014

SummaryAnoxia tolerance in plants is distinguished by direction of the sparse supply of energy to processes crucial to cell maintenance and sometimes to growth, as in rice seedlings. In anoxic rice coleoptiles energy is used to synthesise proteins, take up K+, synthesise cell walls and lipids, and in cell maintenance. Maintenance of electrochemical H+ gradients across the tonoplast and plasma membrane is crucial for solute compartmentation and thus survival. These gradients sustain some H+‐solute cotransport and regulate cytoplasmic pH. Pyrophosphate (PPi), the alternative energy donor to ATP, allows direction of energy to the vacuolar H+‐PPiase, sustaining H+ gradients across the tonoplast. When energy production is critically low, operation of a biochemical pHstat allows H+‐solute cotransport across plasma membranes to continue for at least for 18 h. In active (e.g. growing) cells, PPi produced during substantial polymer synthesis allows conversion of PPi to ATP by PPi‐phosphofructokinase (PFK). In quiescent cells with little polymer synthesis and associated PPi formation, the PPi required by the vacuolar H+‐PPiase and UDPG pyrophosphorylase involved in sucrose mobilisation via sucrose synthase might be produced by conversion of ATP to PPi through reversible glycolytic enzymes, presumably pyruvate orthophosphate dikinase. These hypotheses need testing with species characterised by contrasting anoxia tolerance.

Contents

Summary
36

I.
Introduction
36

II.
PPi‐dependent enzymes as a key adaptation to an energy crisis, enabling survival and growth in anoxia
37

III.
Mechanisms of survival during an energy crisis: that is, plant quiescence during anoxia with no growth and acclimated cells in anoxia
44

IV.
Energy expenditure during growth under anoxia
49

V.
Conclusions on mechanisms of anoxia tolerance
53

Acknowledgements
54

References
55
Feasibility of reducing the maximum shelf life of red blood cells stored in additive solution: a dynamic simulation study involving a large regional blood system
Authors: Grasas A. , Pereira A. , Bosch M.‐A. , Ortiz P. , Puig L. 
Published: December 2014

Background and ObjectiveRecent studies suggest that transfusion of old red blood cell (RBC)s, mainly those close to the 42‐day maximum shelf life (MSL), is associated with increased morbi‐mortality. Although there is no formal proof supporting a causal relationship, the precautionary principle asks for corrective interventions whenever they do not bring about other risks or unjustified costs. Here, we investigated the feasibility of reducing the MSL.Materials and MethodsA trace simulation model was used to analyse the repercussions of several MSLs on a large regional blood system. The baseline model was fed with real input and output data from years 2009 to 2010 and validated against real inventory data. Shortage and outdate rates and inventory levels for each blood group were derived assuming 42‐, 35‐, 28‐, 21‐ and 14‐day MSLs, as well as several distribution rules and supply shocks (periods without blood collections).ResultsThe model shows that MSL could be reduced to 28–35 days without major increases in the shortage or outdate rates, even after supply shocks. At the 21‐day MSL, the inventory capability to compensate supply shocks was severely reduced and translated into large shortage rates. The later were higher for group O and Rh‐negative RBCs as compared to group A and Rh‐positive, respectively.ConclusionReductions of MSL to 28–35 days seem feasible and riskless and do not require major changes in the inventory management policies. Consequently, and giving preponderance to the precautionary principle, the Catalan Blood Agency has decided to reduce the MSL of RBCs from 42 to 35 days.
Above Ground Petroleum Product Storage Tank Fires: A Numerical Analysis of Thermal Radiation for Developing Fire Prevention Strategy
Authors: Feng Wenxing , Wu Chaopeng , Li Shuxin , Long Xiaodong , Xi Jingjun 
Published: December 2014

Above ground petroleum product storage tanks are tanks or other containers that are above ground, partially buried, bunkered, or in a subterranean vault. These are built to store petroleum product for pipeline system, oilfield and refinery.
Tank fires are one of the most terrible accidents in oil pipeline transportation stations. Tank fires pose a significant hazard to people, buildings, process piping, the environment and other facilities as a result of thermal radiation exposure. It is necessary and meaningful to study the distribution of the thermal radiation of a tank fire for emergency response, prevention and reducing loss.
To analyze potential tank fire incidents at a pipeline station, a three-dimensional station model was built using a computational fluid dynamics (Abbreviated as CFD, is a branch of fluid mechanics that uses numerical methods and algorithms to solve and analyze problems that involve fluid flows) software package to evaluate the thermal radiation distribution under different conditions. Numerical simulations were carried out for a total of six simulation scenarios to analyze 3 types of potential fires for 2 different liquid products (gasoline and diesel). The three kinds of fires that were modeled included: 1) disk pool fire on top of the tank; 2) ring pool fire on the top of a tank; and 3) pool fire in a dike. The simulation evaluates the effect of the thermal radiation on facilities and people.
The simulation results show that the water cooling system is effective at decreasing the magnitude of thermal radiation exposure and as a result is effective at protecting nearby tanks and facilities. Without water protection, the disk fire or ring fire can destroy or damage nearby structures significantly. The results of the simulation also show that the dike pool fire can have a catastrophic consequence to nearby facilities. Further the analysis showed that environmental wind does not change the thermal radiation distribution significantly. The results of the simulation point out countermeasure activities to enhance fire prevention at oil pipeline transportation stations in a scientific way.
Pipeline Leak Detection Using Four Mode Fibre-Optic Based Distributed Sensing
Authors: Godfrey Alastair , Hill David , Minto Chris , Williams John , Worsley Jerry 
Published: December 2014

Fibre-optic based Distributed Acoustic Sensing (DAS), is now commonly used around the world for providing pipeline operators with real-time and early warning of intrusions on their pipeline Right of Ways. Also open to analysis within the DAS signal return are multiple signatures derived from the egress of product leaking from pipelines. Over the last three years, focussing attention on these alternative signals, OptaSense have developed a novel 4-mode External Leak Detection capability, fusing outputs from both DAS, Negative Pressure Pulse (NPP) and Distributed Temperature Gradient Sensing (DTGS) signals (the latter not to be confused with Distributed Temperature Sensing or DTS). The first commercially deployed 4-mode Leak Detection products are now being seen on the market, for both gas and liquids pipelines.
In this paper, we report how DAS can be used to provide these four modes of leak detection — including (listed in order of typical detection latency, fastest to slowest)
i) negative pressure waves created in the pipeline product from the leak event
ii) acoustic noise from turbulent flow through the leak orifice
iii) temperature gradients in the soil due to the presence of the leaked product (positive and negative), and
iv) local strain/ground heave due to soil displacement by the leaked product.
These acoustic, temperature and strain measurements using a fibre-optic cable buried next to a pipeline can be fused together to provide highly sensitive and reliable alerts for pipeline leaks. The pipeline industry has always sought to detect smaller leaks faster, with better locational accuracy. This paper, which draws upon industry sponsored test results and commercial deployment data, provides an update to the industry on leak detection possibilities using DAS.
Safe and Successful Isolations and Interventions
Authors: Gower Stephen R. , Allen Derek C. 
Published: December 2014

Pipeline isolations and interventions using hot taps and in-line isolation tools are used widely across the oil and gas industry for the maintenance of pipelines, platforms and process plants. They may also be used to facilitate tie-ins for the connection of new facilities or the diversion of operating pipelines. They require a clear understanding of risk and the factors that can lead to failure, which can have a safety, environmental or business impact affecting both the operator and supplier.
A fresh look at the risks and how they can be effectively managed was carried out. The reviews showed that whilst there was a strong emphasis on personal safety and technical standards there was a need to maintain an emphasis on overall process safety.
Using a global contract for the provision of services for isolations and interventions BP has worked closely with leading Suppliers (Furmanite, STATS Group, TD Williamson, TEAM Industrial Services) in this area to develop a framework for driving improvement and consistent delivery of these services.
The work builds on some of the best practices developed with improving success rates with In-Line Inspection (ILI) and develops the process from the definition of safe and successful isolations through to the importance of capturing lessons learnt.
The paper develops the processes for the definition of safe and successful isolations and interventions by addressing:
• Definition of success
• The engagement process and requirements for information.
• Development of a common risk model based on failure data across all of the Suppliers
• Use of effective quality management systems and key performance metrics
• Development of an industry competency framework for technicians
• Use of a clear lessons learnt process and the importance of performance reviews.
Safe and successful isolations and interventions require effective management, clear communication and systematic engagement. They are achieved through a relationship between the operator and the supplier that is built on trust, open conversation and a willingness to improve; where both operator and supplier work together with common objectives and a common understanding of risk.
The process outlined in this paper creates an opportunity to raise standards across the industry, building on knowledge, experience and best practices.
Automatic Linear Disturbance Footprint Extraction Based on Dense Time-Series Landsat Imagery
Authors: Chen Zhaohua , Jefferies Bill , Adlakha Paul , Salehi Bahram , Power Des 
Published: December 2014

Linear disturbances from the construction of pipelines, roads and seismic lines for oil and gas extraction and mining have caused landscape changes in Western Canada; however these linear features are not well recorded. Inventory maps of pipelines, seismic lines and temporary access routes created by resource exploration are essential to understanding the processes causing ecological changes in order to coordinate resource development, emergency response and wildlife management. Mapping these linear disturbances traditionally relies on manual digitizing from very high resolution remote sensing data, which usually limits results to small operational area. Extending mapping to large areas is challenging due to complexity of image processing and high logistical costs. With increased availability of low cost satellite data, more frequent and regular observations are available and offer potential solutions for extracting information on linear disturbances.
This paper proposes a novel approach to incorporate spectral, geometric and temporal information for detecting linear features based on time series data analysis of regularly acquired, and low cost satellite data. This approach involves two steps: multi-scale directional line detection and line updating based on time series analysis. This automatic method can effectively extract very narrow linear features, including seismic lines, roads and pipelines. The proposed method has been tested over three sites in Alberta, Canada by detecting linear disturbances occurring over the period of 1984–2013 using Landsat imagery. It is expected that extracted linear features would be used to facilitate preparation of baseline maps and up-to-date information needed for environmental assessment, especially in extended remote areas.
Learnings From Implementing a Management System Approach to Managing Research and Development (R&D): A Case Study on Implementing Structured Processes
Authors: Taylor Seema , Sahney Reena , Jonsson Katherine , Robeson Nicole 
Published: December 2014

Enbridge Pipelines believes that a strong research and development (R&D) program is critical to ensure leading-edge safety and operational practices. As such, the Pipeline Integrity Department has launched an initiative to clearly identify, develop, and manage processes and practices to improve the transfer of knowledge from its R&D program to key operational challenges.
The Integrity Solutions group within the Pipeline Integrity Department supports the R&D program from idea generation to operationalization (including knowledge integration) into existing programs. This approach begins with scanning the horizon to enable future opportunity areas and challenges to be captured through facilitation of “blue sky sessions”. Technology roadmaps are developed for each major threat category and used to prioritize R&D projects. Project execution is managed from project proposal to close-out through a stage-gate style process that allows the department to plan, organize, and execute projects that directly link to integrity-related threats. The final stage is operationalization, where R&D knowledge is transferred into pipeline operation practices and project execution lessons learned are captured and addressed.
Through execution of the overall process supporting multi-year initiatives, Pipeline Integrity has gained experience and insight into specific strategies and tactics that are effective in overcoming the barriers presented in a well-managed R&D Program. This insight will be shared as a summary of a successful and practical management system approach to R&D initiatives.
This paper describes the Management System approach:
• Requirements: expectations and requirements for managing R&D.
• Design: developing the system.
• Implementation: deployment of the system.
• Performance: data collection and reporting.
• Continuous Improvement: analysis of results and lessons learned, including next steps.
Full Gas Burst Test for HFW Linepipe at Low Temperature
Authors: Igi Satoshi , Yabumoto Satoru , Mitsuya Masaki , Sumikura Yuya , Takeuchi Mikihiro 
Published: December 2014

A full gas burst test at low temperature below −40°C was performed using a high frequency welded (HFW) linepipe with high-quality weld seam, “MightySeam®,” [1–4] in order to verify the applicability of the Drop Weight Tear Test (DWTT). Residual stress exists in the pipe body of HFW linepipe because the manufacturing method includes a sizing process. Therefore, it is necessary to clarify the difference between the arrestability in the DWTT without residual stress in the specimen and that in the full gas burst test with residual stress in the pipe body.
The full gas burst test is performed using a test pipe specimen in which a notch is introduced into the base material by an explosive cutter. In addition, a test pipe specimen with a notch introduced into the weld seam was used in this study because the developed HFW linepipe, “MightySeam®,” has excellent low-temperature toughness as a result of control of the morphology and distribution of oxides generated in the welding process by temperature and deformation distribution control. The Charpy transition temperature of “Mighty Seam®” was much lower than −45 °C.
Ductile cracks were initiated from the initial explosive notch, and these cracks were arrested after ductile crack propagation of about 1 m in base material on both sides. The fracture behavior was similar in appearance in the DWTT without residual stress and the full gas burst test with residual stress.
Development and Prioritization Portfolio of Natural-Gas Compression-Station Projects
Authors: Candian Lívia Matheus , Alves Leandro da Rosa , Amorim Ana Gabriela Portela , Pires Flavio Dupim 
Published: December 2014

The Compression Stations constructions were finished between 2009 and 2011 by PETROBRAS Engineering Department. TRANSPETRO had taken part in the whole design process, and is now responsible for the operation and maintenance of these stations, which were delivered with some items pending categorized as improvements.
The principle objective of this study is to choose and adapt a method, based on portfolio management methodology, to undertake a portfolio of Natural-Gas Compression-Station projects with decision making supported by standardized criteria and developed scenarios, so that the needs of the company are satisfied with a good cost/benefit relationship.
The Analytic Hierarchy Process was the method chosen for prioritization and selection of projects to be undertaken from the portfolio. The necessity to adapt this method to insert new projects throughout the year into the current portfolio was identified in order to attend the operational and maintenance demands.
The Misconception of Employing CVN Toughness as Key-Measure in Ductile Crack Arrest Prediction for Modern Line-Pipe Steels
Authors: Völling Alexander , Kalwa Christoph , Erdelen-Peppler Marion 
Published: December 2014

Since the late 1960s’ the Battelle Two-curve (BTC) model is the standard method applied in setting up design requirements with regard to the prevention of long-running ductile fracture in pipelines. It is a straightforward tool employing Charpy-V notch (CVN) toughness as key-measure for material resistance against crack propagation. On basis of pipe dimensions, material strength, and under consideration of decompression behavior of the transferred media, it enables to set up requirements for a minimum CVN toughness level to achieve crack arrest. Overall applicability of the BTC model is based on calibration of the underlying equations to a sound data-base, including both full-scale burst test results and small-scale laboratory testing data involving typical line-pipe grades at that period, i.e. up to grade X70 steels with below 100 J upper-shelf CVN toughness. Now over the last decades, mechanical behavior of line-pipe steels was improved significantly. Responding to market demands, higher grades were designed and also toughness levels were raised as outcome of R&D efforts within the steel industry. Unfortunately, stepping outside the original material data-base from BTC model calibration, this method did forfeit its reliability. At the beginning, mispredictions were mainly related to higher grade steels and elevated operating pressures. But more recent full-scale tests did reveal discrepancies in application of the BTC model also for so-called new vintage steels, i.e. grades actually being inside the original data base for model calibration but from current production routes.
With regard to applicability/reliability of BTC model based predictions for crack arrest, the origin of uncertainty has particularly been traced back to the involved material toughness measure. Nowadays, it is common sense that the CVN upper-shelf toughness value inadequately describes the resistance against running ductile fracture. More recent thoughts coherently argue towards closer involving stress-strain response and plastic deformation capacities of the material. On basis of results for grades X65, X80 and X100, the general relation between ductility and toughness is discussed. Finally, an elastic-plastic fracture mechanics related analytical approach is introduced which enables to quantify the resistance against ductile fracture propagation. The objective is to provide a reliable procedure for crack arrest prediction in line-pipe steels.
Girth Weldability Evaluation of SAWH Pipes Produced From 23.7mm Thick, High-Nb Containing X70 Linepipe Steel
Authors: Güngör Özlem E. , Liebeherr Martin , Luccioni Hervé 
Published: December 2014

In the energy market, there is an increasing demand for oil & gas transmission pipelines with larger wall thicknesses and from higher strength linepipe steels. Addition of niobium (Nb) to the steel chemistry in combination with thermo-mechanical controlled processing allow increasing the thickness of the linepipe steels on coil while maintaining good strength and toughness. However, pipeline construction companies often indicate their concerns about the weldability of high Nb containing linepipe steels and in addition, Nb levels are restricted in some of the steel specifications for linepipe applications.
In this study, field weldability of industrially produced helical pipes made from 23.7 mm thick, high Nb containing X70 linepipe steel was evaluated. Welding procedure development was realized for narrow-groove mechanized gas metal arc welding (GMAW). Characterization of the girth welds produced revealed the suitability of the material for typical field welding procedures for onshore pipe laying. The details and the results of the investigations are presented and discussed in the paper.