bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Micromechanisms of creep in clay‐rich gouge from the Central Deforming Zone of the San Andreas Fault
Authors: French M. E. , Chester F. M. , Chester J. S. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractWe report the strength and constitutive behavior of gouge sampled from the Central Deforming Zone (CDZ) of the San Andreas Fault. Layers of flaked CDZ gouge were sheared in the triaxial saw cut configuration using the stress relaxation technique to measure the gouge strength over 4 orders of magnitude in shear strain rate and at rates as low as 5 × 10−10s−1 and within an order of magnitude of in situ rates. Deformation conditions correspond to the in situ effective normal stress (100 MPa) and temperature (65 to 120°C) at the sampling depth of 2.7 km. Gouge was sheared dry and with brine pore fluid at 25 MPa pore pressure. Dry gouge is stronger and more rate strengthening than brine‐saturated gouge. Brine‐saturated CDZ gouge strengthens with increasing strain rate and decreasing temperature, and the dependencies of strength on strain rate and temperature increase at rates below ∼5 × 10−9s−1. At strain rates greater than ∼5 × 10−9s−1, the rate dependence is consistent with previous studies on the CDZ gouge conducted at even higher rates. The increase in rate dependence below ∼5 × 10−9s−1 indicates a change in the rate‐controlling deformation mechanism. The magnitude of the friction rate dependence parameter, a, and the temperature sensitivity of a are consistent with crystal plasticity of the phyllosilicates. We hypothesize a micromechanical model for the CDZ gouge whereby a transition from fracture and delamination‐accommodated frictional flow to crystal plasticity‐accommodated frictional flow occurs with decreasing strain rate.
Anomalous chlorofluorocarbon uptake by mesoscale eddies in the Drake Passage region
Authors: Song Hajoon , Marshall John , Gaube Peter , McGillicuddy Dennis J. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractThe role of mesoscale eddies in the uptake of anthropogenic chlorofluorocarbon‐11 (CFC‐11) gas is investigated with a 1/20° eddy‐resolving numerical ocean model of a region of the Southern Ocean. With a relatively fast air‐sea equilibrium time scale (about a month), the air‐sea CFC‐11 flux quickly responds to the changes in the mixed layer CFC‐11 partial pressure (pCFC‐11). At the mesoscale, significant correlations are observed between pCFC‐11 anomaly, anomalies in sea surface temperature (SST), net heat flux, and mixed layer depth. An eddy‐centric analysis of the simulated CFC‐11 field suggests that anticyclonic warm‐core eddies generate negative pCFC‐11 anomalies and cyclonic cold‐core eddies generate positive anomalies of pCFC‐11. Surface pCFC‐11 is modulated by mixed layer dynamics in addition to CFC‐11 air‐sea fluxes. A negative cross correlation between mixed layer depth and surface pCFC‐11 anomalies is linked to higher CFC‐11 uptake in anticyclones and lower CFC‐11 uptake in cyclones, especially in winter. An almost exact asymmetry in the air‐sea CFC‐11 flux between cyclones and anticyclones is found.
Influence of the North Pacific Victoria mode on the Pacific ITCZ summer precipitation
Authors: Ding Ruiqiang , Li Jianping , Tseng Yu‐heng , Ruan Chengqing 
Published: January 2015

AbstractThis study demonstrates the close connection between the second dominant mode of spring sea surface temperature anomalies (SSTAs) in the North Pacific poleward of 20°N, referred to as the Victoria mode (VM), and the Pacific Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) precipitation during the following summer. Our analysis shows that strong positive VM cases are followed by positive precipitation anomalies over the central‐eastern Pacific ITCZ region, in association with negative precipitation anomalies over the ITCZ regions of the tropical western Pacific and eastern North Pacific. The hypothesized physical mechanism through which the spring VM induces the Pacific ITCZ summer precipitation is similar to but slightly different from the seasonal footprinting mechanism. During strong positive VM cases, SSTAs in the subtropics associated with the spring VM persist until summer and develop toward the equator, where low‐level convergence and divergence caused by SSTA gradients give rise to enhanced precipitation over the central‐eastern Pacific ITCZ region and to reduced precipitation over the ITCZ regions of the tropical western Pacific and eastern North Pacific. The thermodynamic ocean‐atmosphere coupling between the ITCZ and SSTAs associated with the VM may play a vital role in the initiation of El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events. The VM influence on tropical Pacific summer precipitation can be passed on to the next year through its influence on ENSO. A VM‐based linear model is established to predict the tropical Pacific summer precipitation, which yields skillful forecasts for summer precipitation across almost the entire tropical Pacific.
Cloud observations in Switzerland using hemispherical sky cameras
Authors: Wacker Stefan , Gröbner Julian , Zysset Christoph , Diener Laurin , Tzoumanikas Panagiotis , Kazantzidis Andreas , Vuilleumier Laurent , Stöckli Reto , Nyeki Stephan , Kämpfer Niklaus 
Published: January 2015

AbstractWe present observations of total cloud cover and cloud type classification results from a sky camera network comprising four stations in Switzerland. In a comprehensive intercomparison study, records of total cloud cover from the sky camera, long‐wave radiation observations, Meteosat, ceilometer, and visual observations were compared. Total cloud cover from the sky camera was in 65–85% of cases within ±1 okta with respect to the other methods. The sky camera overestimates cloudiness with respect to the other automatic techniques on average by up to 1.1 ± 2.8 oktas but underestimates it by 0.8 ± 1.9 oktas compared to the human observer. However, the bias depends on the cloudiness and therefore needs to be considered when records from various observational techniques are being homogenized. Cloud type classification was conducted using the k‐Nearest Neighbor classifier in combination with a set of color and textural features. In addition, a radiative feature was introduced which improved the discrimination by up to 10%. The performance of the algorithm mainly depends on the atmospheric conditions, site‐specific characteristics, the randomness of the selected images, and possible visual misclassifications: The mean success rate was 80–90% when the image only contained a single cloud class but dropped to 50–70% if the test images were completely randomly selected and multiple cloud classes occurred in the images.
Working Memory Rating Scale's Utility to Identify Children's Memory Difficulties in Diverse Educational Environments: Can It Work in Every School?
Authors: Politimou Nina , Masoura Elvira , Kiosseoglou Grigoris 
Published: January 2015

SummaryThe aim of the present study was to explore the psychometric properties of the observer‐based Working Memory Rating Scale (WMRS) tool, in a sample of 6‐ to 12‐year‐old Greek primary school children. Results established a good internal consistency; appropriate factorial, criterion‐related and convergent validity; and diagnostic utility of the scale in the Greek population. However, the relationship between teacher's ratings and the objective assessment of children's working memory abilities was mediated by children's vocabulary knowledge, suggesting that verbal skills can constitute a form of bias in this particular educational environment. In conclusion, the WMRS can provide a reliable assessment of children's working memory capacity in Greek schools. Nevertheless, characteristics of the child such as verbal abilities could bias teacher's judgments. Therefore, the WMRS in Greek schools should be used as an initial screener, and objective working memory measures should be included in the assessment if warranted. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Intergenerational influences on the growth of Maya children: The effect of living conditions experienced by mothers and maternal grandmothers during their childhood
Authors: Azcorra Hugo , Dickinson Federico , Bogin Barry , Rodríguez Luis , Varela‐Silva Maria Inês 
Published: January 2015

ObjectivesTo test the hypothesis that living conditions experienced by maternal grandmothers (F1 generation) and mothers (F2 generation) during their childhood are related to height and leg length (LL: height − sitting height) of their 6‐to‐8 year old children (F3 generation).MethodsFrom September 2011 to June 2012 we obtained height and LL, and calculated z‐score values of these measurements for 109 triads (F1, F2, F3) who are Maya living in Merida, Yucatan, Mexico. Multiple regression models were adjusted to examine the relation of anthropometric and intergenerational socioeconomic parameters of F1 (house index and family size during childhood) and F2 (paternal job loss during childhood) with the z‐score values of height and LL of F3.ResultsChildren's height and LL were positively associated with maternal height and LL. This association was relatively stronger in LL. Better categories of grand‐maternal house index were significantly associated with higher values of height and LL in grandchildren. Grand‐maternal family size was positively related with LL, but not with height.ConclusionsOur findings partially support the hypothesis that living conditions experienced by recent maternal ancestors (F1 and F2) during their growth period influence the growth of descendants (F3). Results suggest that LL is more sensitive to intergenerational influences than is total height and that the transition from a traditional rural lifestyle to urban conditions results in new exposures for risk in human physical growth. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 27:494–500, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Nickel‐Catalyzed Monoarylation of Ammonia
Authors: Borzenko Andrey , Rotta‐Loria Nicolas L. , MacQueen Preston M. , Lavoie Christopher M. , McDonald Robert , Stradiotto Mark 
Published: January 2015

AbstractStructurally diverse (hetero)aryl chloride, bromide, and tosylate electrophiles were employed in the Ni‐catalyzed monoarylation of ammonia, including chemoselective transformations. The employed JosiPhos/[Ni(cod)2] catalyst system enables the use of commercially available stock solutions of ammonia, or the use of ammonia gas in these reactions, thereby demonstrating the versatility and potential scalability of the reported protocol. Proof‐of‐principle experiments established that air‐stable [(JosiPhos)NiCl2] precatalysts can be employed successfully in such transformations.
Fused Corrole Dimers Interconvert between Nonaromatic and Aromatic States through Two‐Electron Redox Reactions
Authors: Ooi Shota , Tanaka Takayuki , Park Kyu Hyung , Lee Sangsu , Kim Dongho , Osuka Atsuhiro 
Published: January 2015

AbstractA singly linked corrole dimer was synthesized by condensation of a dipyrromethane‐1‐carbinol with 1,1,2,2‐tetrapyrroethane. Oxidation of the dimer gave doubly linked corrole dimers 9 and 10 as the first examples of fused corrole dimers involving a meso–meso linkage. Dimers 9 and 10 exhibit characteristic 1H NMR spectra, absorption spectra, excited‐state dynamics, and two‐photon absorption (TPA) values, which indicate the nonaromatic nature of 9 and the aromatic nature of 10. Interestingly, 9 is fairly stable despite its unusual 2H‐corrole structure, which has been ascribed to the presence of two direct connections between the individual corrole units.
Morphology, structure, and photovoltaic properties of poly(3‐hexylthiophene) and [6,6]‐phenyl‐C61‐butyric acid methyl ester‐based ternary blends doping with polystyrene of different tacticities
Authors: Shi Jiangman , Zhou Weihua , Zhang Lin , Hu Kunxing , Xie Yuanpeng 
Published: January 2015

ABSTRACTThe influence of the polystyrene of different tacticities on the morphology, phase structure, and photovoltaic properties of poly(3‐hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and [6,6]‐phenyl‐C61‐butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) blend has been extensively investigated. The atactic polystyrene (aPS) immiscible with P3HT tended to form the phase‐separated and columnar structure at low aPS weight ratio. Besides, the aPS could migrate to the surface of the films with PCBM phase distributing in the interfaces between P3HT and aPS domains at high aPS weight ratio of 75 wt %. The syndiotactic polystyrene (sPS) immiscible with P3HT could induce the crystallization of P3HT at low weight ratio of 3 wt %. The device based on aPS/P3HT/PCBM ternary blend showed of power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 1.2% even at aPS weight ratio of 50 wt %. However, the device based on sPS/P3HT/PCBM exhibited a sharp decrease in PCE value from 2.3% to 0.6% at sPS weight ratio of 3 wt %, due to the change in film morphology. The performance of the solar cell is believed to be determined by the morphology and phase structure of the ternary blends as revealed by the atomic force microscopy and UV‐vis spectra analysis. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41823.
Precipitation polymerization in mixed monomer–solvent droplets
Authors: Shabnam Rukhsana , Tauer Klaus , Minami Hideto , Ahmad Hasan 
Published: January 2015

ABSTRACTThis contribution reports the precipitation copolymerization of lauryl methacrylate–divinylbenzene (LMA–DVB) in stable isolated droplets dispersed in water. The droplets contain either n‐hexadecane (HD) or HD–toluene (HD–T) or toluene as a nonsolvent for the resulting P(LMA–DVB) copolymer. The polymerization proceeds smoothly with an appreciably high content of DVB without the formation of coagulum and thus proves the quite high stability of the droplet reactors. The differences in the interaction between the nonsolvent–copolymer combinations allow the variation of the internal morphology of the particles between core and shell type, highly porous, and solid sphere. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41881.
Preparation of emulsion‐type thermotolerant sizing agent for carbon fiber and the interfacial properties of carbon fiber/epoxy resin composite
Authors: Ge Heyi , Ma Xiaolong , Liu Huashi 
Published: January 2015

ABSTRACTA modified resin was synthesized through the reaction between dodecylamine and tetraglycidyldiaminodiphenylmethane (TGDDM), which was used as the film former of sizing agent for carbon fiber (CF). The sizing agents were prepared through phase inversion emulsification method. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was utilized to analyze the modified resin. Particle sizes of the sizing agents were tested to evaluate their stabilities. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) results demonstrated that the glass transition temperature (Tg) of the modified TGDDM is much higher than the Tg of the cured epoxy resin E‐44. The influences of the sizing treatment on CF were investigated by abrasion resistance, fluffs, and stiffness tests. The maximum abrasion resistance increased by 172.8%, compared with the abrasion resistance of the desized CF. Interlaminar shear strength (ILSS) results of the CF/TGDDM composites indicated that the interfacial adhesion between CF and matrix resin was greatly improved after CF was sized. The maximum ILSS value could obtain a 29.16% improvement, compared with the ILSS of the desized CF composite. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41882.
Tragverhalten dünnwandiger Betonhohlbauteile aus hochfestem Feinkornbeton
Authors: Busse Daniel , Empelmann Martin 
Published: January 2015

AbstractIm Rahmen des DFG‐Schwerpunktprogramms 1542 “Leicht Bauen mit Beton” wurden am Fachgebiet Massivbau der TU Braunschweig dünnwandige Betonhohlbauteile entwickelt und unter überwiegender Normalkraftbeanspruchung geprüft. Den Bauteilen liegt das bionische Vorbild Bambus zugrunde, dessen erstaunliche Eigenschaften im asiatischen Raum bereits vielfach im Bauwesen genutzt werden und die hier auf den Betonbau übertragen wurden. Mit dem ausgewählten hochfesten Feinkornbeton sowie den untersuchten innovativen Bewehrungskonzepten konnten bionisch inspirierte Betonhohlbauteile mit Wandstärken von nur 2,5 bis 3,0 cm in sehr hoher Qualität hergestellt werden. Durch Versuche unter exzentrischer Normalkraftbeanspruchung konnte gezeigt werden, dass sowohl die Versagensmechanismen der dünnwandigen Bauteile als auch die erreichten Bruchstauchungen und damit die Ausnutzung der Betondruckfestigkeit maßgeblich durch das Bewehrungskonzept und die verwendete Bewehrungskonfiguration bestimmt werden. Aufgrund der sehr hohen Verformungsfähigkeit des untersuchten hochfesten Feinkornbetons darf daher bei sehr dünnwandigen, druckbeanspruchten Betonhohlbauteilen die Betrachtung der Betoneigenschaften nicht auf die Druckfestigkeit beschränkt werden, sondern ist auf das Dehnungsverhalten zu erweitern.Load‐bearing behavior of thin‐walled hollow concrete elements made of high‐strength concrete with fine aggregateWithin the DFG Priority Programme 1542 ”Concrete Light" thin‐walled hollow concrete elements were designed and tested under predominant normal force at the concrete construction department at the TU Braunschweig. The elements are based on the bionic example of bamboo, whose astonishing features are widely used in Asia's building industry and in this case transferred into concrete elements. The selected high‐strength concrete with fine aggregate and the examined innovative reinforcement concepts are used to produce bionic hollow concrete elements with wall thicknesses of only 2.5 to 3.0 cm in very high quality. Using experiments under eccentric normal forces, it could be shown that the failure mechanisms of thin‐walled components as well as the achieved failure stresses and thus the utilization of the concrete compressive strength are significantly determined by the reinforcement concept and the reinforcement configuration used. Due to the very high deformation ability of the investigated high‐strength concrete – in case of very thin‐walled concrete elements under predominant normal force – the consideration of concrete properties can not be limited to the compressive strength and needs to be extended to the stress‐strain behavior.
Vorschädigungen in Beton infolge zyklischer Beanspruchungen und deren Auswirkung auf Transportprozesse im Hinblick auf eine schädigende AKR
Authors: Przondziono Robin , Timothy Jithender Jaswant , Nguyen Minh , Weise Frank , Breitenbücher Rolf , Meschke Günther , Meng Birgit 
Published: January 2015

AbstractAuf Grundlage der Zielsetzung der Forschergruppe 1498 beschäftigt sich dieser Beitrag mit den Auswirkungen einer zyklischen mechanischen Belastung im Vierpunktbiegeversuch auf das Transportverhalten in Betongefüge. Hierzu wurde zunächst die Degradation des Mikrogefüges mittels Ultraschallmessungen sowie rissmikroskopischen Untersuchungen an Dünnschliffen charakterisiert. Mit dem Ziel der numerischen Modellbildung wurden Untersuchungen zum Wassereindringverhalten durchgeführt. Es wurden u. a. das Wassereindringverhalten über die Zeit und der Einfluss von Vorschädigungen experimentell geprüft. Basierend auf den gewonnenen Erkenntnissen zu den Einzelprozessen des Ionentransports in poröses Gefüge wurde ein mikromechanisches Mehrskalenmodell entwickelt, welches es ermöglicht, die Wirkung der Vorschädigung auf gekoppelte Feuchte‐ und Ionentransportprozesse vorherzusagen. Das Modell berücksichtigt die Topologie und räumliche Verteilung der Mikrorisse und deren Einfluss auf die Ionendiffusivität. Die numerische Simulation liefert bei anisotroper Verteilung der Mikrorisse eine erhöhte Alkali‐Eindringtiefe.Degradations in concrete due to cyclic loading and its effects on transport processes with regard to ASR damageAccording to the goals of the research group 1498, this paper deals with the effects of cyclic flexural loading in a four‐point bending test on the fluid transport processes within a concrete structure. Therefore, the degradation of the microstructure is characterized through ultrasonic wave measurements as well as microscopic crack analysis. In order to numerically model these processes, experiments on the penetration behavior of water into the concrete were carried out. The penetration behavior over time as well as the influence of degradation on the water transport were investigated. To predict the influence of concrete degradation on alkali diffusivity, a multi‐scale continuum micromechanics model is incorporated into the numerical model, which accounts for the topology and the three‐dimensional distribution of microcracks. As expected, the numerical simulation predicts larger alkali‐penetration in pre‐damaged concrete. Regarding the micro‐crack distribution, an anisotropic distribution of micro‐cracks tangential to the direction of the alkali and water flux increases their penetration depth.
Bet3 participates in autophagy through GTPase Ypt1 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Zou Shenshen , Liu Yutao , Zhang Caiyun , Yu Sidney , Liang Yongheng 
Published: January 2015

AbstractThree TRAPP (transport protein particle) complexes have been identified in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. GTPases Ypt1 and Ypt31/32 suppress autophagic defects in the mutants of TRAPPIII‐specific subunit (Trs85) and TRAPPII‐specific subunits (Trs130 and Trs120), respectively. However, the roles of the common TRAPP subunits (which also form the TRAPPI complex) in autophagy and their relationship to Rab GTPases in autophagy remain unclear. As Bet3 (a common TRAPP subunit) cannot be mutated together with either Trs85 or Trs130, we examined starvation‐induced autophagy and the cytoplasm‐to‐vacuole targeting (Cvt) pathway in bet3ts cells. The results demonstrated that GFP‐Atg8 was dispersed in the cytoplasm and Ape1 accumulated as a unique dot on the vacuolar membrane in bet3ts cells. Further analysis revealed that Ape1 maturation and GFP‐Atg8 processing are defective in these cells. However, prApe1 (precursor form of Ape1) and GFP‐Atg8 are protease‐accessible in bet3ts cells under starvation, which indicates that Bet3 functions before autophagosome closure. Furthermore, active Ypt1, but not Ypt31, partly rescued the autophagic defects of bet3ts cells. We conclude that Bet3 is involved in autophagy and propose that it participates in autophagy through TRAPP complexes mostly via Ypt1 in yeast.
Establishment of a novel Chinese metastatic melanoma cell line showing the new cytogenetic and biological properties
Authors: Yi Xiuli , Zhu Guannan , Li Yan , Liu Ying , Luan Qi , Dai Wei , Wang Lei , Liao Wenjun , Gao Tianwen , Li Chunying 
Published: January 2015

AbstractMalignant melanoma remains the most life‐threatening skin cancer to date. What makes it worse is the incidence keeps increasing worldwide, including in China. Notably, clinical studies revealed the distinct features in the Chinese population differing from those in Caucasians, which give hints to variant mechanisms underlying. Therefore, it is of great importance to generate a cell line with similar background for melanoma research in Chinese even Asian patients. However, most melanoma cell lines in use are derived from Caucasians, thus, we established one novel metastatic melanoma cell line, FLFMM‐34, derived from a Han Chinese woman. The cell line showed positive for S100, HMB45, vimentin and melan‐A. Chromosome analysis revealed multiple structural aberrations. Gene‐mutation analysis identified that FLFMM‐34 cells had BRAFV600E mutation and deletions of exon 2 and 3 in p16/CDKN2A. Importantly, two novel mutations including TP53P33R and TP53R142H have been detected. RT‐PCR results showed that FLFMM‐34 cells expressed a higher mRNA level of cyclinD1 than three other melanoma cell lines, WM793B, 1205Lu and A2058. In addition, in vivo mice model demonstrated that the cells could be transplanted into the subcutis of nude mice and produced tumors associated with lymphoid node metastases. In conclusion, these data indicate that FLFMM‐34 cell line can be employed as a suitable model for melanoma research in Chinese Han population.