bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Prehistoric hand pictures at Gargas: attempts at simulation
Authors: Wildgoose Martin , Hadingham Evan , Hooper Alex 
Published: November 2012

AbstractA number of experimental methods of reconstructing prehistoric hand images like those in the cave of Gargas, France, are described and assessed. The results of experiments using these methods are evaluated from the point of view of the bearing they have on our knowledge about the creation of the original pictures in the cave.
Developmental associations between traits of autism spectrum disorder and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a genetically informative, longitudinal twin study
Authors: Taylor M. J. , Charman T. , Robinson E. B. , Plomin R. , Happé F. , Asherson P. , Ronald A. 
Published: November 2012

BackgroundAutism spectrum disorder (ASD) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and associated subclinical traits, regularly co-occur with one another. However, the aetiology of their co-occurrence remains poorly understood. This paper provides the first genetically informative, longitudinal analysis of the interaction between traits of ASD and ADHD, and explores their genetic and environmental overlap.MethodParents of approximately 5000 twin pairs completed questionnaires assessing traits of ASD and ADHD when twins were aged 8 and 12 years. Cross-lagged longitudinal modelling explored their developmental association, enabling a consideration of phenotypic-driven processes. Overlapping aetiological influences on traits at age 12 years were explored using bivariate twin modelling.ResultsTraits of ADHD at age 8 years were more strongly predictive of traits of ASD at 12 years than traits of ASD at 8 years were of traits of ADHD at 12 years. Analysis of traits by subscales assessing specific symptom domains suggested that communication difficulties were most strongly associated with traits of ADHD. Bivariate modelling suggested moderate genetic overlap on traits in males (genetic correlation = 0.41), and a modest degree of overlap in females (genetic correlation = 0.23) at age 12 years.ConclusionsTraits of ADHD at age 8 years significantly influence traits of ASD at age 12 years, after controlling for their initial relationship at age 8 years. In particular, early ADHD traits influenced later communication difficulties. These findings demonstrate the dynamic nature of co-occurring traits across development. In addition, these findings add to a growing body of literature suggesting that traits of ASD and ADHD may arise via similar aetiological processes.
Climatic, ecological and socioeconomic factors as predictors of Sindbis virus infections in Finland
Authors: JALAVA K. , SANE J. , OLLGREN J. , RUUHELA R. , RÄTTI O. , KURKELA S. , HELLE P. , HARTONEN S. , PIRINEN P. , VAPALAHTI O. , KUUSI M. 
Published: November 2012

SUMMARYMosquito-borne Sindbis virus (SINV) causes rash-arthritis syndrome in Finland. Major outbreaks with approximately 7-year cycles have caused substantial burden of illness. Forest dwelling grouse are suspected to be amplifying hosts, with the infection transmitted to humans by mosquito bites. SINV infection surveillance data for 1984–2010 were used to create a negative binomial hurdle model, with seasonality, long-term cycles, climatic, ecological and socioeconomic variables. Climatic factors during early summer and amount of snow in April described the occurrence and incidence of SINV infections. Regulated water shore and hatch-year black grouse density described the occurrence, while population working in agriculture, agricultural land (negative) and income (negative) described the incidence of the disease. The prediction for 2009 was 85 cases (95% prediction interval 2-1187), while the actual occurrence was 106. We identified novel and known risk factors. The prevention of SINV infections in regulated water areas by infected mosquito populations should be targeted.
Effects of Natural Radiation, Photosynthetically Active Radiation and Artificial Ultraviolet Radiation-B on the Chloroplast Organization and Metabolism ofPorphyra acanthophoravar.brasiliensis(Rhodophyta, Bangiales)
Authors: Bouzon Zenilda L. , Chow Fungyi , Zitta Carmen S. , dos Santos Rodrigo W. , Ouriques Luciane C. , Felix Marthiellen R. de L. , Osorio Luz K.P. , Gouveia Claudiane , Martins Roberta de Paula , Latini Alexandra , Ramlov Fernanda , Maraschin Marcelo , Schmidt Eder C. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractWe undertook a study ofPorphyra acanthophoravar.brasiliensisto determine its responses under ambient conditions, photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), and PAR+UVBR (ultraviolet radiation-B) treatment, focusing on changes in ultrastructure, and cytochemistry. Accordingly, control ambient samples were collected in the field, and two different treatments were performed in the laboratory. Plants were exposed to PAR at 60 μmol photons m−2s−1and PAR + UVBR at 0.35 W m−2for 3 h per day during 21 days ofin vitrocultivation. Confocal laser scanning microscopy analysis of the vegetative cells showed single stellate chloroplast in ambient and PAR samples, but in PAR+UVBR-exposed plants, the chloroplast showed alterations in the number and form of arms. Under PAR+UVBR treatment, the thylakoids of the chloroplasts were disrupted, and an increase in the number of plastoglobuli was observed, in addition to mitochondria, which appeared with irregular, disrupted morphology compared to ambient and PAR samples. After UVBR exposure, the formation of carpospores was also observed. Plants under ambient conditions, as well as those treated with PAR and PAR+UVBR, all showed different concentrations of enzymatic response, including glutathione peroxidase and reductase activity. In summary, the present study demonstrates thatP. acanthophoravar.brasiliensisshows the activation of distinct mechanisms against natural radiation, PAR and PAR+UVBR.
Overview of a range of solution methods for elastic dislocation problems in geophysics
Authors: van Zwieten G. J. , Hanssen R. F. , Gutiérrez M. A. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractTectonic faults are commonly modeled as Volterra or Somigliana dislocations in an elastic medium. Over the years, many practical solution methods have been developed for problems of this type. This work presents a concise overview in consistent mathematical notation of the most prominent of these methods, emphasizing what the various methods have in common and in what aspects they are different. No models other than that of elastic dislocations are considered. Special attention is given to underlying assumptions and range of applicability.
Ice sheet record of recent sea‐ice behavior and polynya variability in the Amundsen Sea, West Antarctica
Authors: Criscitiello Alison S. , Das Sarah B. , Evans Matthew J. , Frey Karen E. , Conway Howard , Joughin Ian , Medley Brooke , Steig Eric J. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractOur understanding of past sea‐ice variability is limited by the short length of satellite and instrumental records. Proxy records can extend these observations but require further development and validation. We compare methanesulfonic acid (MSA) and chloride (Cl–) concentrations from a new firn core from coastal West Antarctica with satellite‐derived observations of regional sea‐ice concentration (SIC) in the Amundsen Sea (AS) to evaluate spatial and temporal correlations from 2002–2010. The high accumulation rate (~39 g∙cm–2∙yr–1) provides monthly resolved records of MSA and Cl–, allowing detailed investigation of how regional SIC is recorded in the ice‐sheet stratigraphy. Over the period 2002–2010 we find that the ice‐sheet chemistry is significantly correlated with SIC variability within the AS and Pine Island Bay polynyas. Based on this result, we evaluate the use of ice‐core chemistry as a proxy for interannual polynya variability in this region, one of the largest and most persistent polynya areas in Antarctica. MSA concentrations correlate strongly with summer SIC within the polynya regions, consistent with MSA at this site being derived from marine biological productivity during the spring and summer. Cl– concentrations correlate strongly with winter SIC within the polynyas as well as some regions outside the polynyas, consistent with Cl– at this site originating primarily from winter sea‐ice formation. Spatial correlations were generally insignificant outside of the polynya areas, with some notable exceptions. Ice‐core glaciochemical records from this dynamic region thus may provide a proxy for reconstructing AS and Pine Island Bay polynya variability prior to the satellite era.
Systematic and random errors between collocated satellite ice water path observations
Authors: Eliasson S. , Holl G. , Buehler S. A. , Kuhn T. , Stengel M. , Iturbide‐Sanchez F. , Johnston M. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractThere remains large disagreement between ice‐water path (IWP) in observational data sets, largely because the sensors observe different parts of the ice particle size distribution. A detailed comparison of retrieved IWP from satellite observations in the Tropics (±30° latitude) in 2007 was made using collocated measurements. The radio detection and ranging(radar)/light detection and ranging (lidar) (DARDAR) IWP data set, based on combined radar/lidar measurements, is used as a reference because it provides arguably the best estimate of the total column IWP. For each data set, usable IWP dynamic ranges are inferred from this comparison. IWP retrievals based on solar reflectance measurements, in the moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS), advanced very high resolution radiometer–based Climate Monitoring Satellite Applications Facility (CMSAF), and Pathfinder Atmospheres‐Extended (PATMOS‐x) datasets, were found to be correlated with DARDAR over a large IWP range (~20–7000 g m‐2). The random errors of the collocated data sets have a close to lognormal distribution, and the combined random error of MODIS and DARDAR is less than a factor of 2, which also sets the upper limit for MODIS alone. In the same way, the upper limit for the random error of all considered data sets is determined. Data sets based on passive microwave measurements, microwave surface and precipitation products system (MSPPS), microwave integrated retrieval system (MiRS), and collocated microwave only (CMO), are largely correlated with DARDAR for IWP values larger than approximately 700 g m‐2. The combined uncertainty between these data sets and DARDAR in this range is slightly less MODIS‐DARDAR, but the systematic bias is nearly an order of magnitude.
AVHRR‐NDVI‐based crop coefficients for analyzing long‐term trends in evapotranspiration in relation to changing climate in the U.S. High Plains
Authors: Mutiibwa Denis , Irmak Suat 
Published: November 2012

Key Points
Evaluating changes in ET fluxes in response to regional climate change
Estimation of crop coefficient from satellite acquired NDVI
Development of spatial ET surfaces from non‐energy balance models
Kinetic analysis of Arabidopsis glucosyltransferase UGT74B1 illustrates a general mechanism by which enzymes can escape product inhibition
Authors: Kopycki Jakub , Wieduwild Elizabeth , Kohlschmidt Janine , Brandt Wolfgang , Stepanova Anna N. , Alonso Jose M. , Pedras M. Soledade C. , Abel Steffen , Grubb C. Douglas 
Published: November 2012

Plant genomes encode numerous small molecule glycosyltransferases which modulate the solubility, activity, immunogenicity and/or reactivity of hormones, xenobiotics and natural products. The products of these enzymes can accumulate to very high concentrations, yet somehow avoid inhibiting their own biosynthesis. Glucosyltransferase UGT74B1 (UDP-glycosyltransferase 74B1) catalyses the penultimate step in the core biosynthetic pathway of glucosinolates, a group of natural products with important functions in plant defence against pests and pathogens. We found that mutation of the highly conserved Ser284 to leucine [wei9-1 (weak ethylene insensitive)] caused only very mild morphological and metabolic phenotypes, in dramatic contrast with knockout mutants, indicating that steady state glucosinolate levels are actively regulated even in unchallenged plants. Analysis of the effects of the mutation via a structural modelling approach indicated that the affected serine interacts directly with UDP-glucose, but also predicted alterations in acceptor substrate affinity and the kcat value, sparking an interest in the kinetic behaviour of the wild-type enzyme. Initial velocity and inhibition studies revealed that UGT74B1 is not inhibited by its glycoside product. Together with the effects of the missense mutation, these findings are most consistent with a partial rapid equilibrium ordered mechanism. This model explains the lack of product inhibition observed both in vitro and in vivo, illustrating a general mechanism whereby enzymes can continue to function even at very high product/precursor ratios.
Active multilayer mirrors for reflectance tuning at extreme ultraviolet (EUV) wavelengths
Authors: Bayraktar Muharrem , Wessels Werner A , Lee Chris J , van Goor Fred A , Koster Gertjan , Rijnders Guus , Bijkerk Fred 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
We propose an active multilayer mirror structure for extreme ultraviolet (EUV) wavelengths, which can be adjusted to compensate for reflectance changes. The multilayer structure tunes the reflectance via an integrated piezoelectric layer that can change its dimension due to an externally applied voltage. Here, we present design and optimization of the mirror structure for maximum reflectance tuning. In addition, we present preliminary results showing that the deposition of piezoelectric thin films with the requisite layer smoothness and crystal structure is possible. Finally piezoelectric coefficient measurement (d
33 = 60 pm V−1) of the film is presented.
Chlamydomonas reinhardtii Chloroplasts Contain a Homodimeric Pyruvate:Ferredoxin Oxidoreductase That Functions with FDX1
Authors: van Lis Robert , Baffert Carole , Couté Yohann , Nitschke Wolfgang , Atteia Ariane 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
Eukaryotic algae have long been known to live in anoxic environments, but interest in their anaerobic energy metabolism has only recently gained momentum, largely due to their utility in biofuel production. Chlamydomonas reinhardtii figures remarkably in this respect, because it efficiently produces hydrogen and its genome harbors many genes for anaerobic metabolic routes. Central to anaerobic energy metabolism in many unicellular eukaryotes (protists) is pyruvate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase (PFO), which decarboxylates pyruvate and forms acetyl-coenzyme A with concomitant reduction of low-potential ferredoxins or flavodoxins. Here, we report the biochemical properties of the homodimeric PFO of C. reinhardtii expressed in Escherichia coli. Electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy of the recombinant enzyme (Cr-rPFO) showed three distinct [4Fe-4S] iron-sulfur clusters and a thiamine pyrophosphate radical upon reduction by pyruvate. Purified Cr-rPFO exhibits a specific decarboxylase activity of 12 µmol pyruvate min−1 mg−1 protein using benzyl viologen as electron acceptor. Despite the fact that the enzyme is very oxygen sensitive, it localizes to the chloroplast. Among the six known chloroplast ferredoxins (FDX1–FDX6) in C. reinhardtii, FDX1 and FDX2 were the most efficient electron acceptors from Cr-rPFO, with comparable apparent K m values of approximately 4 µm. As revealed by immunoblotting, anaerobic conditions that lead to the induction of CrPFO did not increase levels of either FDX1 or FDX2. FDX1, being by far the most abundant ferredoxin, is thus likely the partner of PFO in C. reinhardtii. This finding postulates a direct link between CrPFO and hydrogenase and provides new opportunities to better study and engineer hydrogen production in this protist.
One Divinyl Reductase Reduces the 8-Vinyl Groups in Various Intermediates of Chlorophyll Biosynthesis in a Given Higher Plant Species, But the Isozyme Differs between Species
Authors: Wang Pingrong , Wan Chunmei , Xu Zhengjun , Wang Pingyu , Wang Wenming , Sun Changhui , Ma Xiaozhi , Xiao Yunhua , Zhu Jianqing , Gao Xiaoling , Deng Xiaojian 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
Divinyl reductase (DVR) converts 8-vinyl groups on various chlorophyll intermediates to ethyl groups, which is indispensable for chlorophyll biosynthesis. To date, five DVR activities have been detected, but adequate evidence of enzymatic assays using purified or recombinant DVR proteins has not been demonstrated, and it is unclear whether one or multiple enzymes catalyze these activities. In this study, we systematically carried out enzymatic assays using four recombinant DVR proteins and five divinyl substrates and then investigated the in vivo accumulation of various chlorophyll intermediates in rice (Oryza sativa), maize (Zea mays), and cucumber (Cucumis sativus). The results demonstrated that both rice and maize DVR proteins can convert all of the five divinyl substrates to corresponding monovinyl compounds, while both cucumber and Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) DVR proteins can convert three of them. Meanwhile, the OsDVR (Os03g22780)-inactivated 824ys mutant of rice exclusively accumulated divinyl chlorophylls in its various organs during different developmental stages. Collectively, we conclude that a single DVR with broad substrate specificity is responsible for reducing the 8-vinyl groups of various chlorophyll intermediates in higher plants, but DVR proteins from different species have diverse and differing substrate preferences, although they are homologous.
Horses and hippos: WhyItalian government bills change in the legislative arena, 1987–2006
Authors: Pedrazzani Andrea , Zucchini Francesco 
Published: November 2012

AbstractScholars interested in legislative processes pay relatively little attention to the changes made to bills in parliamentary democracies. On the one hand, comparative research has often described parliamentary institutions as ineffectualvis‐à‐viscabinets throughout the lawmaking process; on the other hand, for a long time the rational choice literature has focused more on the formal rules regulating amendatory activity than on amendatory activity itself. Hence, very few studies have tried to explain how much government bills are altered in parliament and why. This article investigates the changes made to governmental legislation inItaly. Taking the modifications occurring during the legislative process as the dependent variable, a number of explanatory hypotheses derived from both existing scholarship and original arguments are discussed and tested. This also allows the identification of some usually unobserved aspects of the decision‐making process within the cabinet. The findings can also be relevant for comparative research sinceItaly has been characterised during the period under scrutiny (1987–2006) by two distinct electoral systems, two extremely different party systems (pivotal and alternational), governments with various ideological orientations and range, and both partisan and technical ministers.
Use of allograft for portomesenteric vein interposition in radical resection of pancreatic tumor
Authors: Zhang Qiyi , Yan Sheng , Wang Weilin , Shen Yan , Zhang Min , Ding Yuan , Zheng Shusen 
Published: November 2012

AimTo develop a clinical strategy for the interposition of portomesenteric vein (PMV) by means of allograft in pancreatic surgery.Patients and MethodsBetween January 2004 and September 2011, nine patients had PMV interposition using allograft for massive vascular involvement by pancreatic tumour during pancreaticoduodenectomy. Their clinical outcomes were reviewed.ResultsAfter anastomosis of the allografts, three of which were fresh portal venous allografts, and six of which were cryopreserved iliac arterial allografts harvested from cadaveric donors, follow‐up Doppler ultrasonography revealed neither thrombosis nor stenosis.ConclusionsThe allografts might provide a feasible and clinically‐attractive option in PMV interposition in the radical resection of pancreatic tumours.
History lessons in medical education: A current necessity?
Authors: Sugand Kapil , Metcalfe David , Arya Donna , Akhtar Kash 
Published: November 2012

AimTo explore and discuss the necessity of integrating the history of medicine within the medical curriculum.MethodsInternational peer‐reviewed academic journals, PubMed and MedLine databases and secondary sources were explored to review historical events that revolutionalized the practice of medicine, surgery, pharmaceuticals and robotics, among others.ResultsNumerous case studies have been presented in chronological order, which have made a sustainable impact on clinical practice. The profiles of pioneers and the historical events that led to a chain reaction of advancement in the history of medicine have been discussed, with a view to their impact on future achievements. History should still play an integral role within undergraduate and postgraduate medical education.
Maxillary sinus unilateral aplasia as an incidental finding following cone‐beam computed (volumetric) tomography
Authors: Steier Liviu , Steier Gabriela , Doğramacı Esma J , Rossi‐Fedele Giampiero 
Published: November 2012

AbstractThis paper presents a case of maxillary sinus unilateral aplasia, an uncommon condition in adults, diagnosed as an incidental finding during cone‐beam computed tomography (CBCT) examination for an endodontic case analysis. The patient was referred to a specialist endodontic practice for management of an upper right central incisor tooth. A CBCT scan was performed. The images of the left maxillary sinus showed a total lack of pneumatisation, prompting the diagnosis of aplasia. The patient's otolaryngologist was made aware of the findings. Clinical evaluation of volumetric images should be performed by an adequately trained dentist or radiologist so the maximum amount of information is gathered for the patient. This requires a systematic approach to ensure that no relevant information is missed and should include the paranasal sinuses and other surrounding structures as incidental findings can be observed during CBCT analysis.
The effect of propofol on patient reaction time and its relationship with loss of verbal contact before induction of anaesthesia*
Authors: Anderson K. J. , Allam S. , Chapman R. , Kenny G. N. C. 
Published: November 2012

SummaryIncreasing the calculated plasma concentration of propofol has been shown to increase choice reaction time and visual and auditory response times. We studied the relationship of reaction to a vibrating handset as the effect‐site target‐controlled propofol concentration was incrementally increased in 20 patients during sedation, before induction of general anaesthesia. The reaction time increased, initially slowly and then more rapidly, as the calculated effect‐site concentration of propofol increased, until the reaction to the vibrating handset was lost at a mean (SD) propofol effect‐site concentration of 2.0 (0.6) μg.ml−1. The loss of response to verbal contact occurred at a propofol effect‐site concentration of 2.4 (0.5) μg.ml−1. Reaction time may be of use clinically to warn of impending loss of verbal contact.