bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Linked data practice at different levels of semantic precision: The perspective of libraries, archives and museums
Authors: Isaac Antoine , Baker Thomas 
Published: May 2015

EDITOR'S SUMMARYLibraries, archives and museums rely on structured schemas and vocabularies to indicate classes in which a resource may belong. In the context of linked data, key organizational components are the RDF data model, element schemas and value vocabularies, with simple ontologies having minimally defined classes and properties in order to facilitate reuse and interoperability. Simplicity over formal semantics is a tenet of the open‐world assumption underlying ontology languages central to the Semantic Web, but the result is a lack of constraints, data quality checks and validation capacity. Inconsistent use of vocabularies and ontologies that do not follow formal semantics rules and logical concept hierarchies further complicate the use of Semantic Web technologies. The Simple Knowledge Organization System (SKOS) helps make existing value vocabularies available in the linked data environment, but it exchanges precision for simplicity. Incompatibilities between simple organized vocabularies, Resource Description Framework Schemas and OWL ontologies and even basic notions of subjects and concepts prevent smooth translations and challenge the conversion of cultural institutions' unique legacy vocabularies for linked data. Adopting the linked data vision requires accepting loose semantic interpretations. To avoid semantic inconsistencies and illogical results, cultural organizations following the linked data path must be careful to choose the level of semantics that best suits their domain and needs.
Folic‐Acid‐Targeted Self‐Assembling Supramolecular Carrier for Gene Delivery
Authors: Liao Rongqiang , Yi Shouhui , Liu Manshuo , Jin Wenling , Yang Bo 
Published: May 2015

AbstractA targeting gene carrier for cancer‐specific delivery was successfully developed through a “multilayer bricks‐mortar” strategy. The gene carrier was composed of adamantane‐functionalized folic acid (FA‐AD), an adamantane‐functionalized poly(ethylene glycol) derivative (PEG‐AD), and β‐cyclodextrin‐grafted low‐molecular‐weight branched polyethylenimine (PEI‐CD). Carriers produced by two different self‐assembly schemes, involving either precomplexation of the PEI‐CD with the FA‐AD and PEG‐AD before pDNA condensation (Method A) or pDNA condensation with the PEI‐CD prior to addition of the FA‐AD and PEG‐AD to engage host–guest complexation (Method B) were investigated for their ability to compact pDNA into nanoparticles. Cell viability studies show that the material produced by the Method A assembly scheme has lower cytotoxicity than branched PEI 25 kDa (PEI‐25KD) and that the transfection efficiency is maintained. These findings suggest that the gene carrier, based on multivalent host–guest interactions, could be an effective, targeted, and low‐toxicity carrier for delivering nucleic acid to target cells.
Unique Chemoselective Hydrogenation using a Palladium Catalyst Immobilized on Ceramic
Authors: Monguchi Yasunari , Marumoto Takahisa , Ichikawa Tomohiro , Miyake Yutaka , Nagae Yoshiyuki , Yoshida Michiyuki , Oumi Yasunori , Sawama Yoshinari , Sajiki Hironao 
Published: May 2015

AbstractA heterogeneous palladium catalyst supported on a ceramic (5 % Pd/ceramic) was developed. The catalyst exhibited a specific chemoselectivity for hydrogenation that has never been achieved by other palladium‐catalyzed methods. Either aliphatic or aromatic N‐Cbz groups could be deprotected to the corresponding free‐amines, while the hydrogenolysis of benzyl esters and ethers did not proceed. Furthermore, aryl chlorides and epoxides were tolerant under the Pd/ceramic‐catalyzed hydrogenation conditions. 5 % Pd/ceramic could be reused without any loss of catalyst activity, as no palladium leaching was detected in the reaction media.
Synergistic Effect of Nitrogen in Cobalt Nitride and Nitrogen‐Doped Hollow Carbon Spheres for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction
Authors: Zhong Xing , Liu Lin , Jiang Yu , Wang Xinde , Wang Lei , Zhuang Guilin , Li Xiaonian , Mei Donghai , Wang Jian‐guo , Su Dang Sheng 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThe need for inexpensive and high‐activity oxygen‐reduction‐reaction (ORR) electrocatalysts has attracted considerable research interest over the past years. Herein, we report a novel hybrid that contains cobalt nitride/nitrogen‐rich hollow carbon spheres (CoxN/NHCS) as a high‐performance catalyst for ORR. The CoxN nanoparticles were uniformly dispersed and confined in the hollow NHCS shell. The performance of the resulting CoxN/NHCS hybrid was comparable with that of a commercial Pt/C at the same catalyst loading toward ORR, but the mass activity of the former was 5.7 times better than that of the latter. The nitrogen in both CoxN and NHCS, especially CoxN, could weaken the adsorption of reaction intermediates (O and OOH), which follows the favorable reaction pathway on CoxN/NHCS according to the DFT‐calculated Gibbs free‐energy diagrams. Our results demonstrated a new strategy for the design and development of inexpensive, nonprecious‐metal electrocatalysts for next‐generation fuels.
One‐Pot Cascade Hydration–Asymmetric Transfer Hydrogenation as a Practical Strategy to Construct Chiral β‐Adrenergic Receptor Blockers
Authors: Ye Qunqun , Cheng Tanyu , Zhao Yuxi , Zhao Junwei , Jin Ronghua , Liu Guohua 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThe facile construction of biologically active β‐adrenergic receptor agonists/blockers and analogues is a great fundamental and practical challenge in medical chemistry. Herein, we report a hydration–asymmetric transfer hydrogenation cascade to realize the one‐pot enantioselective transformation of aromatic haloalkynes into chiral aromatic halohydrins, which can be converted readily into chiral β‐adrenergicreceptor blockers. Such a one‐pot cascade process involves the Au‐catalyzed hydration of aryl‐substituted haloalkynes to aryl‐substituted α‐halomethyl ketones and the Ru‐catalyzed asymmetric transfer hydrogenation of aryl‐substituted α‐halomethyl ketones to aryl‐substituted 2‐haloethanols. The significant benefits of this procedure are that it provides chiral aromatic halohydrins in high yields, with excellent enantioselectivities, and a wide variety of functional groups are tolerated under mild conditions. The study described herein offers a useful approach to construct chiral β‐adrenergic blockers, which is an attractive practical organic transformation that is performed in a one‐pot manner.
Preparation Method for Ruthenium Catalysts Supported by Carbon‐Coated Aluminum Foams
Authors: Lali Farzad , Gärtner Severin , Haase Stefan , Lange Rüdiger 
Published: May 2015

AbstractA preparation method is proposed for coating aluminum and aluminum alloy foams with a porous carbon layer for application as a catalyst support. The polymerization of furfuryl alcohol with diluted oxalic acid was used as precursor for the carbon layer. The polymer layer was distributed by applying centrifugal forces via spinning foam substrates during the polymerization process to prevent clogging and for homogeneous growth of the polymer layer. A homogeneous deposition precipitation method was applied for incorporation of ruthenium on carbon‐coated foam substrates. The carbon coating was characterized by X‐ray tomography to measure the thickness distribution. The specific surface and pore volume distribution were determined by gas adsorption (BET) and mercury porosimetry. The prepared Ru/C foam catalysts were adopted as a stirrer in a rotating foam reactor for hydrogenation of glucose, a simple biomass model substance.
Efficient Photoelectrochemical Water Oxidation over Hydrogen‐Reduced Nanoporous BiVO4 with Ni–Bi Electrocatalyst
Authors: Gan Jiayong , Lu Xihong , Rajeeva Bharath Bangalore , Menz Ryan , Tong Yexiang , Zheng Yuebing 
Published: May 2015

AbstractBiVO4 is one of the most promising candidates for photoanodes in solar water splitting. However, the poor charge‐separation yield in BiVO4 has limited its photochemical activity. Here, we overcome this limitation by constructing a nanoporous morphology that effectively inhibits bulk carrier recombination as well as undergoes controlled introduction of oxygen vacancies through hydrogenation. In comparison to pristine BiVO4, hydrogen‐treated BiVO4 (H‐BiVO4−x) exhibits a superior photocurrent and electron‐hole separation yield, owing to enhanced carrier density and conductivity. In addition, we adopt a layer of nickel–borate (Ni–Bi) complex on the H‐BiVO4−x surface as an oxygen evolution catalyst to improve the water oxidation kinetics. The Ni–Bi/H‐BiVO4−x photoanode results in a large cathodic shift (350 mV) in the onset potential for water oxidation at pH 9. Moreover, the photoanodes exhibit high performance in the low‐bias regime and achieve a maximum power point of 0.82 % (photon‐to‐current efficiency) for solar water oxidation at potentials as low as 0.79 V versus RHE with a photocurrent of 2.26 mA cm−2. We attribute these improved photoelectrochemical performances to the enhanced charge separation, higher carrier density, better conductivity of H‐BiVO4−x, and the role of Ni–Bi as a hole conductor, facilitating photogenerated electron mobilization.
Magnetically Active Carbon Nanotubes at Work
Authors: Stopin Antoine , Pineux Florent , Marega Riccardo , Bonifazi Davide 
Published: May 2015

AbstractEndohedral and exohedral assembly of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) recently gave birth to a large body of new hybrid nanomaterials (MNPs–CNTs) featuring properties that are otherwise not in reach with only the graphitic or metallic cores themselves. These materials feature enhanced magnetically guided motions (rotation and translation), magnetic saturation and coercivity, large surface area, and thermal stability. By guiding the reader through the most significant examples in this Concept paper, we describe how researchers in the field engineered and exploited the synergistic combination of these two types of nanoparticles in a large variety of current and potential applications, such as magnetic fluid hyperthermia therapeutics and in magnetic resonance imaging to name a few.
Rapid Synthesis of Thiophene‐Based, Organic Dyes for Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells (DSSCs) by a One‐Pot, Four‐Component Coupling Approach
Authors: Matsumura Keisuke , Yoshizaki Soichi , Maitani Masato. M. , Wada Yuji , Ogomi Yuhei , Hayase Shuzi , Kaiho Tatsuo , Fuse Shinichiro , Tanaka Hiroshi , Takahashi Takashi 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThis one‐pot, four‐component coupling approach (Suzuki–Miyaura coupling/CH direct arylation/Knoevenagel condensation) was developed for the rapid synthesis of thiophene‐based organic dyes for dye‐sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). Seven thiophene‐based, organic dyes of various donor structures with/without the use of a 3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT) moiety were successfully synthesized in good yields based on a readily available thiophene boronic acid pinacol ester scaffold (one‐pot, 3‐step, 35–61 %). Evaluation of the photovoltaic properties of the solar cells that were prepared using the synthesized dyes revealed that the introduction of an EDOT structure beside a cyanoacrylic acid moiety improved the short‐circuit current (Jsc) while decreasing the fill factor (FF). The donor structure significantly influenced the open‐circuit voltage (Voc), the FF, and the power conversion efficiency (PCE). The use of a n‐hexyloxyphenyl amine donor, and our originally developed, rigid, and nonplanar donor, both promoted good cell performance (η=5.2–5.6 %).
Construction of a Chiral Silicon Center by Rhodium‐Catalyzed Enantioselective Intramolecular Hydrosilylation
Authors: Naganawa Yuki , Namba Tomoya , Kawagishi Mayu , Nishiyama Hisao 
Published: May 2015

AbstractRhodium‐catalyzed enantioselective desymmetrizing intramolecular hydrosilylation of symmetrically disubstituted hydrosilanes is described. The original axially chiral phenanthroline ligand (S)‐BinThro (Binol‐derived phenanthroline) was found to work as an effective chiral catalyst for this transformation. A chiral silicon stereogenic center is one of the chiral motifs gaining much attention in asymmetric syntheses and the present protocol provides cyclic five‐membered organosilanes incorporating chiral silicon centers with high enantioselectivities (up to 91 % ee). The putative active RhI catalyst takes the form of an N,N,O‐tridentate coordination complex, as determined by several complementary experiments.
Bayesian nonparametric multivariate ordinal regression
Authors: Bao Junshu , Hanson Timothy E. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractMultivariate ordinal data are modelled as a finite stick‐breaking mixture of multivariate probit models. Parametric multivariate probit models are first developed for ordinal data, then generalized to finite mixtures of multivariate probit models. Specific recommendations for prior settings are found to work well in simulations and data analyses. Interpretation of the model is carried out by examining aspects of the mixture components as well as through averaged effects focusing on the mean responses. A simulation verifies that the fitting technique works, and an analysis of alcohol drinking behaviour data illustrates the usefulness of the proposed model.The Canadian Journal of Statistics43: 337–357; 2015 © 2015 Statistical Society of Canada
A comparative study of spanning tree and gossip protocols for aggregation
Authors: Nyers Lehel , Jelasity Márk 
Published: May 2015

SummaryDistributed aggregation queries like average and sum can be implemented in different paradigms like gossip and hierarchical approaches. In the literature, these two paradigms are routinely associated with stereotypes such as ‘trees are fragile and complicated’ and ‘gossip is slow and expensive’. However, a closer look reveals that these statements are not backed up by systematic studies. A fair and informative comparison is clearly needed. However, this is a hard task because the performance of protocols from the two paradigms depends on different subtleties of the environment and the implementation of the protocols. We tackle this problem by carefully designing the comparison study. We use state‐of‐the‐art algorithms and propose the problem of monitoring the network size in the presence of churn as the ideal problem for comparing very different paradigms for global aggregation. Our simulation study helps us identify the most important factors that differentiate between gossip and spanning tree aggregation: the time needed to compute a truly global output, the properties of the underlying topology, and sensitivity to dynamism. We demonstrate the effect of these factors in different practical topologies and scenarios. Our results help us to choose the right protocol in the light of the topology and dynamism patterns. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hydrated Electron Transfer to Nucleobases in Aqueous Solutions Revealed by Ab Initio Molecular Dynamics Simulations
Authors: Zhao Jing , Wang Mei , Fu Aiyun , Yang Hongfang , Bu Yuxiang 
Published: May 2015

AbstractWe present an ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) simulation study into the transfer dynamics of an excess electron from its cavity‐shaped hydrated electron state to a hydrated nucleobase (NB)‐bound state. In contrast to the traditional view that electron localization at NBs (G/A/C/T), which is the first step for electron‐induced DNA damage, is related only to dry or prehydrated electrons, and a fully hydrated electron no longer transfers to NBs, our AIMD simulations indicate that a fully hydrated electron can still transfer to NBs. We monitored the transfer dynamics of fully hydrated electrons towards hydrated NBs in aqueous solutions by using AIMD simulations and found that due to solution‐structure fluctuation and attraction of NBs, a fully hydrated electron can transfer to a NB gradually over time. Concurrently, the hydrated electron cavity gradually reorganizes, distorts, and even breaks. The transfer could be completed in about 120–200 fs in four aqueous NB solutions, depending on the electron‐binding ability of hydrated NBs and the structural fluctuation of the solution. The transferring electron resides in the π*‐type lowest unoccupied molecular orbital of the NB, which leads to a hydrated NB anion. Clearly, the observed transfer of hydrated electrons can be attributed to the strong electron‐binding ability of hydrated NBs over the hydrated electron cavity, which is the driving force, and the transfer dynamics is structure‐fluctuation controlled. This work provides new insights into the evolution dynamics of hydrated electrons and provides some helpful information for understanding the DNA‐damage mechanism in solution.
Enhanced Activity of CuCeO Catalysts for CO Oxidation: Influence of Cu2O and the Dispersion of Cu2O, CuO, and CeO2
Authors: Wang Zhenhua , Li Ren , Chen Qianwang 
Published: May 2015

AbstractCuCeO catalysts prepared by a hydrothermal method with subsequent calcination are tested for the catalytic oxidation of CO. This synthesis method leads to a homogeneous dispersion of Cu2O, CuO, and CeO2 in the catalysts. The composition of the catalysts is determined by the molar ratio of the metals, the hydrothermal process, and calcination temperature and influences the catalytic performance. The catalyst containing Cu2O exhibits high catalytic activity with almost 100 % CO conversion at 105 °C and shows excellent stability with the conversion ratio not decreasing after four months of storage.
Transplantation tolerance: Context matters
Authors: Graca Luis 
Published: May 2015

Costimulation blockade has been one of the most studied strategies to achieve immune tolerance, particularly in transplantation. Yet, in spite of the robust nature of the tolerance‐inducing potential of costimulation blockade, a comprehensive understanding of the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying tolerance induction is still missing. Nevertheless, progress has been continuously made. In this issue of the European Journal of Immunology, Chai et al. [Eur. J. Immunol. 2015. 45: 2017–2027] show that transplantation tolerance induced with an anti‐CD154 monoclonal antibody relies on the coexistence of several tolerogenic mechanisms rather than one simple regulatory mechanism. These observations highlight the importance of concerted actions involving multiple pathways, namely apoptosis, acquisition of regulatory cells, or inhibition of proliferation, all of which contribute to the induction and maintenance of robust immune tolerance. A better understanding of these distinct tolerogenic pathways may lead to the development of better tolerance‐inducing therapeutics.
Doubling‐down on deprivation: Using latent profile analysis to evaluate an age‐old assumption in relative deprivation theory
Authors: Osborne Danny , Sibley Chris G. , Huo Yuen J. , Smith Heather 
Published: May 2015

AbstractTheorists have long argued that two forms of relative deprivation exist: individual‐based relative deprivation (IRD) whereby a person feels deprived relative to other individuals and group‐based relative deprivation (GRD) whereby a person feels his/her ingroup is deprived relative to other groups. Combinations of IRD and GRD are therefore assumed to produce four response profiles: (i) high on IRD and GRD (i.e. ‘doubly deprived’); (ii) high on IRD, low on GRD; (iii) low on IRD, high on GRD; or (iv) low on IRD and GRD. The existence of these profiles, however, has never been assessed. We address this oversight by using latent profile analysis to identify distinct response patterns to measures of IRD and GRD. Across two studies, we found no support for this typology, nor the oft‐assumed doubly deprived profile. Rather, response patterns showed moderate levels of IRD across discrete profiles accompanied by considerable variability in GRD.
Parallel dual secondary‐column‐dual detection comprehensive two‐dimensional gas chromatography: a flexible and reliable analytical tool for essential oils quantitative profiling
Authors: Sgorbini Barbara , Cagliero Cecilia , Boggia Lorenzo , Liberto Erica , Reichenbach Stephen E. , Rubiolo Patrizia , Cordero Chiara , Bicchi Carlo 
Published: May 2015

AbstractComprehensive two‐dimensional gas chromatography (GC×GC) coupled with mass spectrometry (MS) is one of the most powerful analytical techniques now available for detailed analysis, identification and quantitation of medium‐to‐high complexity mixtures. However, the number of application methods that combine fingerprinting and/or profiling with quantitation of informative volatile analytes (targets) is still limited. Possible reasons are related to the huge amount of information to handle and to the availability of reference standards for calibration. Although quantitative analysis by GC×GC is complex it has important advantages: (i) to assess data/results over an extended time frame, varied instrumentation and different laboratories; (ii) to interpret the biological role of (potential) biomarkers; (iii) to evaluate the impact of potent odourants; and/or (iv) to define product quality, e.g. relative to a reference standard. In this study, a GC×2GC‐MS/FID platform consisting of one primary column (1D) coupled to two parallel secondary columns (2D) having an identical inner diameter, stationary phase chemistry and film thickness, which, in turn, are connected to two detectors: a fast quadrupole MS and a FID, was adopted for quantitative profiling of essential oils (EOs). Two medium complexity EOs (i.e. Mentha and Lavandula species) that pose different quantitation challenges were taken as examples and a selection of quality markers subjected to an extensive method performance evaluation (e.g. method validation). Experimental results confirmed the platform's reliability in terms of: linearity, precision and quantitation accuracy. In addition, predicted FID Relative Response Factors (RRFs) based on combustion enthalpies were adopted to extend quantitation to all identified analytes. The experimental data demonstrated the accuracy of the predicted RRFs, supporting their adoption in quantitation of EO markers. This approach is of particular interest for those applications where reference standards are not (easily) available and/or regulated. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Does Formal Employment Reduce Informal Caregiving?
Authors: He Daifeng , McHenry Peter 
Published: May 2015

AbstractUsing the Survey of Income and Program Participation, we examine the impact of formal employment on informal caregiving. We instrument for individual work hours with state unemployment rates. We find that, among women of prime caregiving ages (40–64 years), working 10% more hours per week reduces the probability of providing informal care by about 2 percentage points. The effects are stronger for more time‐intensive caregiving and if care recipients are household members. Our results imply that work‐promoting policies have the unintended consequence of reducing informal caregiving in an aging society. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.