bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Current status of photoprotection by window glass, automobile glass, window films, and sunglasses
Authors: Almutawa Fahad , Vandal Robert , Wang Steven Q. , Lim Henry W. 
Published: March 2013

SummaryUltraviolet radiation (UVR) has known adverse effects on the skin and eyes. Practitioners are becoming more aware of the importance of outdoor photoprotection. However, little attention is directed to the exposure of the skin and eyes to UVR through the window glass or sunglasses. The amount of ultraviolet transmission through glass depends mainly on the type of the glass. All types of commercial and automobile glass block the majority of ultraviolet‐B; however, the degree of ultraviolet‐A transmission depends on the type of glass. Laminated glass offers better UVA protection than tempered glass; new safety regulations for automobiles may result in increased use of laminated glass for side windows. Window films can be applied to glass to increase UVR protection. Sunglasses need to be compliant with one of the national standards; a wraparound style or side shields offer the best protection. Increased understanding by practitioners on the transmission of UVR through glass, window films, and sunglasses would allow them to better educate the public and to better manage photosensitive patients.
Interoperability of 300 watt and 150 watt xenon arc solar simulators in sun protection factor and in UVA protection factor clinical testing
Authors: Martinez Alexa , Roberts Glenn , Garzarella Katherine , Lutz Michael , Caswell Michael 
Published: March 2013

SummaryBackgroundThe purpose of these clinical trials was to determine if 300 W and 150 W xenon arc solar simulators (SSs) deliver the same sun protection factor (SPF) and UVA protection factor (PFA).MethodsFirst, the SPF of the P7 control standard and of the P2 control standard was determined, testing 20 subjects using the method described in the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Final Monograph and using 150 W and 300 W SSs. In the second clinical trial, the PFA of the Japanese Cosmetic Industry Association (JCIA) control standard and of the P2 control standard was determined, testing 10 subjects using the method described in the JCIA Technical Bulletin and using 150 W and 300 W SSs.ResultsThe SPF values for P7 control standard determined using the 150 W and 300 W SSs were 4.54 ± 0.35 and 4.61 ± 0.32, respectively. The SPF values for P2 control standard determined using the 150 W and 300 W SSs were 17.0 ± 0.9 and 16.7 ± 0.9, respectively. The resultant PFA values for JCIA control standard determined using the 150 W and 300 W SSs were 4.06 ± 0.70 and 4.06 ± 0.70, respectively. The resultant PFA values for P2 control standard determined using the 150 W and 300 W SSs were 3.28 ± 0.25 and 3.44 ± 0.39, respectively.ConclusionAs the values are essentially identical for SPF and for PFA, the 150 W and 300 W SSs can be used interchangeably for SPF and PFA determinations.
The effectiveness of early treatment in segmental vitiligo: retrospective study according to disease duration
Authors: Park Ji‐Hye , Park Se Won , Lee Dong‐Youn , Lee Joo‐Heung , Yang Jun‐Mo 
Published: March 2013

SummarySegmental vitiligo (SV) is usually characterized by a unilateral‐dermatomal distribution, earlier onset and rapid progression followed by stabilization. The response to phototherapy in patients with SV is limited. We evaluated the treatment response in 39 cases of SV according to disease duration. Ten cases (50.0%) of Group 1 (duration ≤ 5 months) and five cases (26.3%) of Group 2 (duration > 5 months) showed more than 50% repigmentation. Contrary to previous reports, patients in our study responded well to medical treatments like oral steroids, topical calcineurin inhibitors and phototherapy when treated early after onset. The results suggest that early treatment is important.
International Production Networks, Clusters, and Industrial Upgrading: Evidence from Automotive and Hard Disk Drive Industries in Thailand
Authors: Kohpaiboon Archanun , Jongwanich Juthathip 
Published: March 2013

AbstractThis paper illustrates the role of international production networks (IPNs) and industrial clusters (ICs) in the upgrading process with a view to gain a better understanding of their upgrading experiences. This can shed some light on the ongoing debate regarding the relative importance of IPNs and ICs and their implications for prudential industrial policy. The automotive and hard disk drive (HDD) industries in Thailand are chosen as case studies because their outstanding export performance in the world market in the past two decades suggests their success in industrial upgrading. Nonetheless, these two industries differ in their modes of networking. In the former, industrial clustering has been observed and has reached a level where the local content of a locally manufactured vehicle is approaching 100 percent. For the latter, industrial clustering has naturally occurred and reached a certain level, while IPNs still play a crucial role. This result suggests the possibility of coexistence between IPNs and ICs. The observed industrial clustering in the HDD industry in the later stage also shows that ICs would be a developmental outcome rather than a precondition of technological upgrading. The choice between IPNs and ICs should be a private sector decision, driven by the economic fundamentals.The public sector should focus on strengthening the supply‐side capabilities of local firms as well as creating an investment climate to further promote upgrading activities.
Web‐based Kidney Education: Supporting Patient Self‐Management
Authors: Schatell Dori 
Published: March 2013

AbstractConnecting patients to appropriate information—and to each other for social support—can help them self‐manage chronic kidney disease (CKD) more effectively. For CKD patients, the Internet offers a wealth of resources to meet many educational needs. Understanding the types of Internet sources CKD patients use today can help renal professionals point patients in the right direction. This article will briefly review the state of CKD patient education and social support in the United States, then outline types of Internet‐based patient education, and review the value of each type for both education and social support.
Do Citizens Link Attitudes with Preferences? Economic Inequality and Government Spending in the “New Gilded Age”
Authors: Hayes Thomas J. 
Published: March 2013

ObjectivesThis article investigates the extent to which people link policy preferences with unequal outcomes. As the American public is both aware and supportive of reducing income inequality in the abstract, it is an open question whether this concern is translated into support for policies that might help alleviate the rise in economic inequality.MethodsOrdinary least squares (OLS) regression is used with data from the General Social Survey (GSS).ResultsThe relationship between attitudes about wealth inequality and spending preferences is positive, but not strong. Moreover, there is no evidence that the least well‐off are more attuned to linking attitudes about inequality with spending preferences than the upper or middle classes.ConclusionThe main findings suggest that while citizens are able to link attitudes about inequality with spending preferences, the link might not be strong enough to propel elected officials to act as wealth inequality expands.
Religion and Interracial Romance: The Effects of Religious Affiliation, Public and Devotional Practices, and Biblical Literalism
Authors: Perry Samuel L. 
Published: March 2013

ObjectiveThis study examines how religious affiliations, salience, beliefs, and practices influence engagement in interracial dating or romance.MethodsBivariate and multivariate analyses are employed using data from the 2007 Baylor Religion Survey (N = 1,268). Logistic regression models are estimated in order to determine how certain dimensions of religious life predict whether one has engaged in interracial dating or romance, net of sociodemographic and ideological controls.ResultsRelative to evangelicals, mainline Protestants are less likely to have engaged in interracial romance. Those who frequently attend church and affirm biblical literalism are less likely to have dated across race, but those who engage in devotional practices such as prayer and sacred text reading are more likely to have interracialy dated.ConclusionThe relationship between religion and interracial romance is more complex than previously thought. Future studies should both acknowledge and account for this complexity in their analyses.
The Motion Behind the Symbols: A Vital Role for Dynamism in the Conceptualization of Limits and Continuity in Expert Mathematics
Authors: Marghetis Tyler , Núñez Rafael 
Published: March 2013

AbstractThe canonical history of mathematics suggests that the late 19th‐century “arithmetization” of calculus marked a shift away from spatial‐dynamic intuitions, grounding concepts in static, rigorous definitions. Instead, we argue that mathematicians, both historically and currently, rely on dynamic conceptualizations of mathematical concepts like continuity, limits, and functions. In this article, we present two studies of the role of dynamic conceptual systems in expert proof. The first is an analysis of co‐speech gesture produced by mathematics graduate students while proving a theorem, which reveals a reliance on dynamic conceptual resources. The second is a cognitive‐historical case study of an incident in 19th‐century mathematics that suggests a functional role for such dynamism in the reasoning of the renowned mathematician Augustin Cauchy. Taken together, these two studies indicate that essential concepts in calculus that have been defined entirely in abstract, static terms are nevertheless conceptualized dynamically, in both contemporary and historical practice.
Arabidopsis thaliana bZIP44: a transcription factor affecting seed germination and expression of the mannanase‐encoding gene AtMAN7
Authors: Iglesias‐Fernández Raquel , Barrero‐Sicilia Cristina , Carrillo‐Barral Néstor , Oñate‐Sánchez Luis , Carbonero Pilar 
Published: March 2013

SummaryEndo‐β‐mannanases (MAN; EC. 3.2.1.78) catalyze the cleavage of β1→4 bonds in mannan polymers and have been associated with the process of weakening the tissues surrounding the embryo during seed germination. In germinating Arabidopsis thaliana seeds, the most highly expressed MAN gene is AtMAN7 and its transcripts are restricted to the micropylar endosperm and to the radicle tip just before radicle emergence. Mutants with a T‐DNA insertion in AtMAN7 have a slower germination than the wild type. To gain insight into the transcriptional regulation of the AtMAN7 gene, a bioinformatic search for conserved non‐coding cis‐elements (phylogenetic shadowing) within the Brassicaceae MAN7 gene promoters has been done, and these conserved motifs have been used as bait to look for their interacting transcription factors (TFs), using as a prey an arrayed yeast library from A. thaliana. The basic‐leucine zipper TF AtbZIP44, but not the closely related AtbZIP11, has thus been identified and its transcriptional activation upon AtMAN7 has been validated at the molecular level. In the knock‐out lines of AtbZIP44, not only is the expression of the AtMAN7 gene drastically reduced, but these mutants have a significantly slower germination than the wild type, being affected in the two phases of the germination process, both in the rupture of the seed coat and in the breakage of the micropylar endosperm cell walls. In the over‐expression lines the opposite phenotype is observed.
Clinical experience with a lipid‐free, ready‐made parenteral nutrition solution in dogs: 70 cases (2006–2012)
Authors: Gajanayake Isuru , Wylie Claire E. , Chan Daniel L. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractObjectiveTo review the clinical use of a lipid‐free, ready‐made amino acid and glucose parenteral nutrition (PN) solution in dogs.DesignRetrospective study of dogs from 2006 to 2012 that received this form of PN.SettingUniversity veterinary teaching hospital.AnimalsSeventy dogs presented to the hospital for treatment of various diseases in which PN was used as part of patient management. Dogs were administered PN at the discretion of the primary clinician.InterventionA lipid‐free, ready‐made solution containing amino acid (59 g/L) and dextrose (100 g/L) was administered intravenously as a constant rate infusion to provide nutritional support.Measurements and Main ResultsPN was provided for a median of 2.2 days (range 0.5–9.5 days) in the 70 dogs, totaling 168 days of PN. The PN provided a median of 5.5 g/100 kcal of protein (range 1–9.5 g/100 kcal) and a median of 2.2 mg/kg of bodyweight per minute (range 0.8–5.2 mg/kg/min) of glucose, which reflected a median of 57% of the resting energy requirement (range 9–100%). Metabolic complications developed in 43 of 67 dogs where these data were recorded, but the development of hyperkalemia was the only complication associated with a poor outcome (eg, death or euthanasia). Mechanical complications were seen in 28 dogs, and all but one of these occurred when PN was delivered through peripheral catheters. Septic complications were confirmed in 5 dogs.ConclusionsThis form of PN is suitable for clinical use and can provide both protein and calories to ill dogs. It was, however, associated with a high rate of complications and requires careful patient monitoring.
Therapeutic Efficacy of Macrolides, Minocycline, and Tosufloxacin against Macrolide-Resistant Mycoplasma pneumoniae Pneumonia in Pediatric Patients
Authors: Kawai Yasuhiro , Miyashita Naoyuki , Kubo Mika , Akaike Hiroto , Kato Atsushi , Nishizawa Yoko , Saito Aki , Kondo Eisuke , Teranishi Hideto , Ogita Satoko , Tanaka Takaaki , Kawasaki Kozo , Nakano Takashi , Terada Kihei , Ouchi Kazunobu 
Published: March 2013

ABSTRACT

The importance of macrolide-resistant (MR)
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
has become much more apparent in the past decade. We investigated differences in the therapeutic efficacies of macrolides, minocycline, and tosufloxacin against MR
M. pneumoniae
. A total of 188 children with
M. pneumoniae
pneumonia confirmed by culture and PCR were analyzed. Of these, 150 patients had a strain with an MR gene and 134 had one with an A-to-G mutation at position 2063 of
M. pneumoniae
23S rRNA domain V. Azithromycin (
n
= 27), clarithromycin (
n
= 23), tosufloxacin (
n
= 62), or minocycline (
n
= 38) was used for definitive treatment of patients with MR
M. pneumoniae
. Defervescence within 48 h after the initiation of antibiotic therapy was observed in 41% of the patients in the azithromycin group, 48% of those in the clarithromycin group, 69% of those in the tosufloxacin group, and 87% of those in the minocycline group. The average number of days of fever after the administration of antibiotic treatment was lower in the minocycline and tosufloxacin groups than in the macrolide groups. The decrease in the
M. pneumoniae
burden, as estimated by the number of DNA copies, after 48 to 96 h of treatment was more rapid in patients receiving minocycline (
P
= 0.016) than in those receiving tosufloxacin (
P
= 0.049), azithromycin (
P
= 0.273), or clarithromycin (
P
= 0.107). We found that the clinical and bacteriological efficacies of macrolides against MR
M. pneumoniae
pneumonia was low. Our results indicated that minocycline rather than tosufloxacin can be considered the first-choice drug for the treatment of
M. pneumoniae
pneumonia in children aged ≥8 years.
Real-Time Microscopic Observation of Candida Biofilm Development and Effects Due to Micafungin and Fluconazole
Authors: Kaneko Yukihiro , Miyagawa Susumu , Takeda On , Hakariya Masateru , Matsumoto Satoru , Ohno Hideaki , Miyazaki Yoshitsugu 
Published: March 2013

ABSTRACTTo understand the process ofCandidabiofilm development and the effects of antifungal agents on biofilms, we analyzed real-time data comprising time-lapse images taken at times separated by brief intervals. The growth rate was calculated by measuring the change of biofilm thickness every hour. For the antifungal study, 5-h-old biofilms ofCandida albicanswere treated with either micafungin (MCFG) or fluconazole (FLCZ). MCFG began to suppress biofilm growth a few minutes after the initiation of the treatment, and this effect was maintained over the course of the observation period. In contrast, the suppressive effects of FLCZ on biofilm growth took longer to manifest: biofilms grew in the first 5 h after treatment, and then their growth was suppressed over the next 10 h, finally producing results similar to those observed with MCFG. MCFG was also involved in the disruption of cells in the biofilms, releasing string-like structures (undefined extracellular component) from the burst hyphae. Thus, MCFG inhibited the detachment of yeast cell clusters from the tips of hyphae. In contrast, FLCZ did not disrupt biofilm cells. MCFG also showed fast antifungal activity againstCandida parapsilosisbiofilms. In conclusion, our results show that inhibition of glucan synthesis due to MCFG contributed not only to fungicidal activity but also to the immediate suppression of biofilm growth, while FLCZ suppressed growth by inhibiting ergosterol synthesis. Therefore, those characteristic differences should be considered when treating clinical biofilm infections.
Epidemiology of Antituberculosis Drug Resistance in Saudi Arabia: Findings of the First National Survey
Authors: Al-Hajoj Sahal , Varghese Bright , Shoukri Mohammed M. , Al-Omari Ruba , Al-Herbwai Mais , AlRabiah Fahad , Alrajhi Abdulrahman A. , Abuljadayel Naila , Al-Thawadi Sahar , Zumla Alimuddin , Zignol Matteo , Raviglione Mario C. , Memish Ziad 
Published: March 2013

ABSTRACT
The real magnitude of antituberculosis (anti-TB) drug resistance in Saudi Arabia is still unknown because the available data are based on retrospective laboratory studies that were limited to hospitals or cities. A representative national survey was therefore conducted to investigate the levels and patterns of anti-TB drug resistance and explore risk factors. Between August 2009 and July 2010, all culture-positive TB patients diagnosed in any of the tuberculosis reference laboratories of the country were enrolled. Isolates obtained from each patient were tested for susceptibility to first-line anti-TB drugs by the automated Bactec MGIT 960 method. Of the 2,235 patients enrolled, 75 cases (3.4%) were lost due to culture contamination and 256 (11.5%) yielded nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM). Finally, 1,904 patients (85.2% of those enrolled) had available drug susceptibility testing results. Monoresistance to streptomycin (8.1%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 7.2 to 9.1), isoniazid (5.4%; 95% CI, 4.7 to 6.2), rifampin (1%; 95% CI, 0.7 to 1.3) and ethambutol (0.8%; 95% CI, 0.5 to 1.2) were observed. Multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB) was found in 1.8% (95% CI, 1.4 to 2.4) and 15.9% (95% CI, 15.4 to 16.5) of new and previously treated TB cases, respectively. A treatment history of active TB, being foreign-born, having pulmonary TB, and living in the Western part of the country were the strongest independent predictors of MDR-TB. Results from the first representative national anti-TB drug resistance survey in Saudi Arabia suggest that the proportion of MDR-TB is relatively low, though there is a higher primary drug resistance. A strengthened continuous surveillance system to monitor trends over time and second-line anti-TB drug resistance as well as implementation of innovative control measures, particularly among immigrants, is warranted.
Characterization of Porin Expression in Klebsiella pneumoniae Carbapenemase (KPC)-Producing K. pneumoniae Identifies Isolates Most Susceptible to the Combination of Colistin and Carbapenems
Authors: Hong Jae H. , Clancy Cornelius J. , Cheng Shaoji , Shields Ryan K. , Chen Liang , Doi Yohei , Zhao Yanan , Perlin David S. , Kreiswirth Barry N. , Nguyen M. Hong 
Published: March 2013

ABSTRACT

We characterized carbapenem resistance mechanisms among 12
Klebsiella pneumoniae
carbapenemase (KPC)-producing
K. pneumoniae
(referred to here as KPC
K. pneumoniae
) clinical isolates and evaluated their effects on the activity of 2- and 3-drug combinations of colistin, doripenem, and ertapenem. All isolates were resistant to ertapenem and doripenem; 75% (9/12) were resistant to colistin. Isolates belonged to the ST258 clonal group and harbored
bla
KPC-2
,
bla
SHV-12
, and
bla
TEM-1
. As determined by time-kill assays, doripenem (8 μg/ml) and ertapenem (2 μg/ml) were inactive against 92% (11/12) and 100% (12/12) of isolates, respectively. Colistin (2.5 μg/ml) exerted some activity (range, 0.39 to 2.5 log
10
) against 78% (7/9) of colistin-resistant isolates. Colistin-ertapenem, colistin-doripenem, and colistin-doripenem-ertapenem exhibited synergy against 42% (5/12), 50% (6/12), and 67% (8/12) of isolates, respectively. Expression of
ompK35
and
ompK36
porins correlated with each other (
R
2
= 0.80). Levels of porin expression did not correlate with colistin-doripenem or colistin-ertapenem synergy. However, synergy with colistin-doripenem-ertapenem was more likely against isolates with high porin expression than those with low expression (100% [8/8] versus 0% [0/4];
P
= 0.002). Moreover, bactericidal activity (area under the bacterial killing curve) against isolates with high porin expression was greater for colistin-doripenem-ertapenem than colistin-doripenem or colistin-ertapenem (
P
≤ 0.049). In conclusion, colistin-carbapenem combinations may provide optimal activity against KPC
K. pneumoniae
, including colistin-resistant isolates. Screening for porin expression may identify isolates that are most likely to respond to a triple combination of colistin-doripenem-ertapenem. In the future, molecular characterization of KPC
K. pneumoniae
isolates may be a practical tool for identifying effective combination regimens.
Comparative Antimicrobial Activities of Aerosolized Sodium Hypochlorite, Chlorine Dioxide, and Electrochemically Activated Solutions Evaluated Using a Novel Standardized Assay
Authors: Thorn R. M. S. , Robinson G. M. , Reynolds D. M. 
Published: March 2013

ABSTRACT

The main aim of this study was to develop a standardized experimental assay to enable differential antimicrobial comparisons of test biocidal aerosols. This study represents the first chlorine-matched comparative assessment of the antimicrobial activities of aerosolized sodium hypochlorite, chlorine dioxide, and electrochemically activated solution (ECAS) to determine their relative abilities to decontaminate various surface-associated health care-relevant microbial challenges. Standard microbiological challenges were developed by surface-associating typed
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
,
Staphylococcus aureus
,
Bacillus subtilis
spores, or a clinical methicillin-resistant
S. aureus
(MRSA) strain on stainless steel, polypropylene, or fabric. All test coupons were subjected to 20-min biocidal aerosols of chlorine-matched (100 ppm) sodium hypochlorite, chlorine dioxide, or ECAS within a standard aerosolization chamber using a commercial humidifier under defined conditions. Biocidal treatment type and material surface had a significant effect on the number of microorganisms recovered from various material surfaces following treatment exposure. Under the conditions of the assay, the order of antimicrobial efficacy of biocidal aerosol treatment was as follows: ECAS > chlorine dioxide > sodium hypochlorite. For all biocides, greater antimicrobial reductions were seen when treating stainless steel and fabric than when treating plastic-associated microorganisms. The experimental fogging system and assay protocol designed within this study were shown capable of differentiating the comparative efficacies of multiple chlorine-matched biocidal aerosols against a spectrum of target organisms on a range of test surface materials and would be appropriate for testing other biocidal aerosol treatments or material surfaces.