bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Spatial encoding using the nonlinear field perturbations from magnetic materials
Authors: Karimi Hirad , Dominguez‐Viqueira William , Cunningham Charles H. 
Published: October 2013

PurposeA proof‐of‐concept study was performed to assess the technical feasibility of using magnetic materials to generate spatial encoding fields.Theory and MethodsSpatially varying magnetic fields were generated by the placement of markers with different volume susceptibilities within the imaging volume. No linear gradients were used for spatial encoding during the signal acquisition. A signal‐encoding model is described for reconstructing the images encoded with these field perturbations. Simulation and proof‐of‐concept experimental results are presented. Experiments were performed using field perturbations from a cylindrical marker as an example of the new encoding fields. Based on this experimental setup, annular rings were reconstructed from signals encoded with the new fields.ResultsSimulation results were presented for different acquisition parameters. Proof‐of‐concept was supported by the correspondence of regions in an image reconstructed from experimental data compared to those in a conventional gradient‐echo image. Experimental results showed that inclusions of dimensions 1.5 mm in size could be resolved with the experimental setup.ConclusionThis study shows the technical feasibility of using magnetic markers to produce encoding fields. Magnetic materials will allow generating spatial encoding fields, which can be tailored to an imaging application with less complexity and at lower cost compared to the use of gradient inserts. Magn Reson Med 72:399–408, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Dynamic response to fluid extraction from a poroelastic half‐space
Authors: Zheng Pei , Ding Boyang , Zhang Weigang , Zhao She‐Xu , Zhu Yijun 
Published: October 2013

SUMMARYIn this study, the dynamic response of a poroelastic half‐space to a point fluid sink is investigated using Biot's dynamic theory of poroelasticity. Based on Biot's theory, the governing field equations are re‐formulated in frequency domain with solid displacement and pore pressure. In a cylindrical coordinate system, a method of displacement potentials for axisymmetric displacement field is proposed to decouple the Biot's field equations to three scalar Helmholtz equations, and then the general solution to axisymmetric problems are obtained. The full‐space fundamental singular solution for a point sink is also derived using potential methods. The mirror‐image method is finally applied to construct the fundamental solution for a point sink buried in a poroelastic half‐space. Furthermore, a numerical study is conducted for a rock, that is, Berea sandstone, as a representative example. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A survey on the spectral theory of nonnegative tensors
Authors: Chang Kungching , Qi Liqun , Zhang Tan 
Published: October 2013

SUMMARYThis is a survey paper on the recent development of the spectral theory of nonnegative tensors and its applications. After a brief review of the basic definitions on tensors, the H‐eigenvalue problem and the Z‐eigenvalue problem for tensors are studied separately. To the H‐eigenvalue problem for nonnegative tensors, the whole Perron–Frobenius theory for nonnegative matrices is completely extended, while to the Z‐eigenvalue problem, there are many distinctions and are studied carefully in details. Numerical methods are also discussed. Three kinds of applications are studied: higher order Markov chains, spectral theory of hypergraphs, and the quantum entanglement. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mechanisms of age‐related macular degeneration and therapeutic opportunities
Authors: van Lookeren Campagne Menno , LeCouter Jennifer , Yaspan Brian L , Ye Weilan 
Published: October 2013

AbstractAs the age of the population increases in many nations, age‐related degenerative diseases pose significant socioeconomic challenges. One of the key degenerative diseases that compromise quality of life is age‐related macular degeneration (AMD). AMD is a multi‐faceted condition that affects the central retina, which ultimately leads to blindness in millions of people worldwide. The pathophysiology and risk factors for AMD are complex, and the symptoms manifest in multiple related but distinct forms. The ability to develop effective treatments for AMD will depend on a thorough understanding of the underlying pathophysiology, risk factors, and driver molecular pathways, as well as the ability to develop useful animal models. This review provides an overview of the aforementioned aspects in AMD. Copyright © 2013 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Biomarkers of drugs targeting HER‐family signalling in cancer
Authors: Montemurro Filippo , Scaltriti Maurizio 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThe epidermal growth factor receptor family (EGFR/HER) is frequently deregulated in human cancers. Several aberrations at various levels have been successfully exploited as targets for anti‐cancer therapies. However, with very few exceptions, drugs targeting HER signalling have shown only modest activity when used alone in cancers where a HER‐related target can be identified. Optimization of the use of these drugs either alone or in combination with other anti‐cancer agents would require a more precise definition of alterations that could predict for activity or resistance. Clinical validation of the several potential biomarkers emerging from clinical and translational studies is a challenging process. Thanks to combined efforts, collection of tumour tissues and other potentially relevant patients' materials has become more and more frequently mandatory in prospective studies with biologically targeted therapies. As a consequence, information on the value of promising biomarkers of drugs targeting HER‐family receptor targeting is becoming available. This review will focus on breast cancer, where the HER2 subset has been the subject of a major research effort in the last two decades, and on gastric cancer, where HER2 targeting has emerged recently as a successful strategy. Copyright © 2013 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Brief Understanding of Process Optimisation in Microwave‐assisted Extraction of Botanical Materials: Options and Opportunities with Chemometric Tools
Authors: Das Anup Kumar , Mandal Vivekananda , Mandal Subhash C. 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACTIntroductionExtraction forms the very basic step in research on natural products for drug discovery. A poorly optimised and planned extraction methodology can jeopardise the entire mission.ObjectiveTo provide a vivid picture of different chemometric tools and planning for process optimisation and method development in extraction of botanical material, with emphasis on microwave‐assisted extraction (MAE) of botanical material.MethodsA review of studies involving the application of chemometric tools in combination with MAE of botanical materials was undertaken in order to discover what the significant extraction factors were. Optimising a response by fine‐tuning those factors, experimental design or statistical design of experiment (DoE), which is a core area of study in chemometrics, was then used for statistical analysis and interpretations.ResultsIn this review a brief explanation of the different aspects and methodologies related to MAE of botanical materials that were subjected to experimental design, along with some general chemometric tools and the steps involved in the practice of MAE, are presented. A detailed study on various factors and responses involved in the optimisation is also presented.ConclusionThis article will assist in obtaining a better insight into the chemometric strategies of process optimisation and method development, which will in turn improve the decision‐making process in selecting influential extraction parameters. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fetal kidneys: additional sonographic criteria of normal development
Authors: Devriendt Arnaud , Cassart Marie , Massez Anne , Donner Catherine , Avni Fred E. 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACTObjectiveThe aim of this study was to establish objective criteria for the evaluation of cortical echogenicity (CE), cortical thickness (CT), and medullary thickness (MT), as well as the corticomedullary ratio (CMR), throughout gestation.MethodIn this prospective single‐center study, CE, MT, CT, and CMR were evaluated in a group of singleton pregnancies examined by ultrasound during the second and third trimesters.ResultsThe CE evolved from a hyperechoic pattern compared with the liver or spleen during early second trimester to a hypoechogenic pattern in the third trimester, with no fetus displaying cortical hyperechogenicity after 32 weeks. CT increased from 1.8 to 2.5 mm (p < 0.05) from 21 to 25 to 34 to 37 weeks; MT from 2.7 to 5.1 mm (p < 0.0001), and the CMR decreased from 0.7 to 0.5 (p < 0.001).ConclusionThe CE, CT, and MT evolve with gestation. Cortical hyperechogenicity compared with the liver or spleen after 32 weeks or a CMR above 0.7 in the third trimester should raise the suspicion of a fetal nephropathy. © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Autosomal male determination in a spinosad‐resistant housefly strain from Denmark
Authors: Højland Dorte H , Scott Jeffrey G , Vagn Jensen Karl‐Martin , Kristensen Michael 
Published: October 2013

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe housefly, Musca domestica L., is a global pest and has developed resistance to most insecticides applied for its control. The insecticide spinosad plays an important role in housefly control. Females of the Danish housefly strain 791spin are threefold more resistant to spinosad than males in this strain. The factor responsible for spinosad resistance in the strain is unknown, but previous studies suggest a role of cytochrome P450s for detoxification of spinosad. Sex determination in the housefly is controlled by a male‐determining factor (M), either located on the Y chromosome or on one of the five autosomes (I to V).RESULTSThe authors performed a series of crosses and backcrosses, starting with cross of 791spin and the susceptible reference strain aabys (bearing morphological mutations on each autosome). These flies were evaluated for gender and bioassayed to determine levels of resistance to spinosad. Sex determination in 791spin is due to a male factor on autosome 3.CONCLUSIONSThe most likely explanation for the differentiation of spinosad resistance between males and females is a recessive spinosad resistance factor on autosome III. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry
Deposition of AgGaTe2 on sapphire substrates by closed space sublimation
Authors: Uruno Aya , Usui Ayaka , Kobayashi Masakazu 
Published: October 2013

AbstractAgGaTe2 layers were grown on a‐plane sapphire substrates by a closed space sublimation method. Various samples were prepared with varied source temperature, holding time and temperature differential. The variation of source temperature was used primarily to improve the stoichiometry of the film. Grown films were evaluated by XRD measurements. AgGaTe2 layers were grown only at low source temperature (about 780 °C), and to have strong preference for the (103) orientation. By using the pole figure, it is possible to study the orientation of the film, and the substrate surface arrangement has resulted in this unique relationship. (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Growth of GaAs nanowires on Si substrate by molecular beam epitaxy under alternating supply
Authors: Kizu R. , Yamaguchi M. , Amano H. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractSelf‐catalyzed GaAs nanowires (NWs) were grown on a Si(111) substrate via molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) using a vapor‐liquid‐solid mechanism under an alternating supply of Ga and As. Compared to GaAs NWs grown using the conventional MBE method, the length and diameter of the GaAs NWs grown with an alternating supply of Ga and As were longer and narrower. In addition, the formation of polycrystals on the substrate was decreased, and it was possible to grow the GaAs NWs at a lower temperature using the alternating method. Furthermore, an increase in the formation of twin boundaries (TBs) in the GaAs NWs was observed. The effect of using an alternating supply of Ga and As on the shape and formation of TBs is also discussed. (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Stacked structure of self‐organized cubic InN nano‐dots grown by molecular beam epitaxy
Authors: Yagi Shuhei , Suzuki Junichiro , Orihara Misao , Hijikata Yasuto , Yaguchi Hiroyuki 
Published: October 2013

AbstractA two‐stacked cubic (c‐) InN/c‐GaN nano‐scale dot structure is fabricated on a MgO(001) substrate by RF‐N2 molecular beam epitaxy and its microstructures are investigated by scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM). The cubic lattice structure of InN dots is verified by STEM observations. It is implied that c‐InN dots formed on a smooth c‐GaN surface have the {111} facets. The c‐GaN cap layer has an uneven surface, which reflects the shape of the c‐InN dots embedded beneath the cap layer. InN selectively deposits in concave regions on the c‐GaN cap layer, which appear above in‐between positions of embedded dots. Thus, stacked c‐InN/c‐GaN dots do not tend to align vertically. These results open the possibility for multi‐stacking structures of c‐InN dots and their application to high‐performance optoelectronic devices based on the nitride semiconductors. (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
SPATIAL VARIABILITY IN SPAWNING HABITAT SELECTION BY CHINOOK SALMON (ONCORHYNCHUS TSHAWYTSCHA) IN A WILDERNESS RIVER
Authors: Hamann E. J. , Kennedy B. P. , Whited D. C. , Stanford J. A. 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACTChinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) survival during early life stages depends largely on spawning habitat selection by adults, which has been linked to biophysical stream variables (e.g. stream flow, velocity and substrate composition) as well as hyporheic exchange associated with riffle/pool and run/pool transitions. To examine how physical habitat variables influenced spawning habitat choice in one central Idaho (USA) wilderness stream, we used remote sensing techniques to classify and quantify the total amount of each aquatic habitat type present to assess how habitat quantity changed as stream order increased. Additionally, we measured physical habitat variables at each redd throughout the entire stream length for one spawning season to assess whether Chinook salmon selected for the same habitat parameters at varying spatial scales. Run, riffle and pool habitat types contributed similar proportions to the total area in both the upper and lower basins. However, ‘transitional zones’ (i.e. pool‐riffle and pool‐run transitions) accounted for 16% of the total area in the upper basin and only 4% in the lower. Redds were built in multiple habitat types in each of the three primary spawning locations, but transitional zones were chosen most frequently only in the upper basin. Significant differences in habitat variables were seen between spawning groups, with stream wetted width and velocity accounting for the majority of the variation. The techniques described here could be used to locate features that serve as indicators of potential spawning habitat, although caution should be exercised when extrapolating spawning habitat needs over large spatial extents. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Laser Heating Tunability by Off‐Resonant Irradiation of Gold Nanoparticles
Authors: Hormeño Silvia , Gregorio‐Godoy Paula , Pérez‐Juste Jorge , Liz‐Marzán Luis M. , Juárez Beatriz H. , Arias‐Gonzalez J. Ricardo 
Published: October 2013

Temperature changes in the vicinity of a single absorptive nanostructure caused by local heating have strong implications in technologies such as integrated electronics or biomedicine. Herein, the temperature changes in the vicinity of a single optically trapped spherical Au nanoparticle encapsulated in a thermo‐responsive poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) shell (Au@pNIPAM) are studied in detail. Individual beads are trapped in a counter‐propagating optical tweezers setup at various laser powers, which allows the overall particle size to be tuned through the phase transition of the thermo‐responsive shell. The experimentally obtained sizes measured at different irradiation powers are compared with average size values obtained by dynamic light scattering (DLS) from an ensemble of beads at different temperatures. The size range and the tendency to shrink upon increasing the laser power in the optical trap or by increasing the temperature for DLS agree with reasonable accuracy for both approaches. Discrepancies are evaluated by means of simple models accounting for variations in the thermal conductivity of the polymer, the viscosity of the aqueous solution and the absorption cross section of the coated Au nanoparticle. These results show that these parameters must be taken into account when considering local laser heating experiments in aqueous solution at the nanoscale. Analysis of the stability of the Au@pNIPAM particles in the trap is also theoretically carried out for different particle sizes.
A generic decentralized trust management framework
Authors: Friedman Roy , Portnoy Amit 
Published: October 2013

SummaryThis paper describes TRUSTPACK, a decentralized trust management framework that provides trust management as a generic service. TRUSTPACK is unique in that it does not provide a central service. Instead, it is run by many autonomous services. This design enables TRUSTPACK to alleviate privacy concerns, as well as potentially provide better personalization and scalability when compared with current centralized solutions. A major component of TRUSTPACK is a generic decentralized graph query processing framework called GRAPHPACK, which was also developed as part of this work. GRAPHPACK consists of a decentralized graph processing language as well as an execution engine, as elaborated in this paper. The paper also presents several examples and a case study showing how TRUSTPACK can be used to handle various trust management scenarios, as well as its incorporation in an existing third party P2P file sharing application. Prototypes of TRUSTPACK and GRAPHPACK are available as open source projects at http://code.google.com/p/trustpack/ and http://code.google.com/p/graphpack/, respectively. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Richtlinie “Integrale Bauwerke“ – Sachstandsbericht
Authors: Glitsch Winfried 
Published: October 2013

AbstractJede Fuge, insbesondere jede Dilatationsfuge, ist eine Schwachstelle und erfordert einen erhöhten Unterhaltungsaufwand. Diese Erkenntnis hat in den letzten Jahren im In‐ und Ausland zu einer Rückbesinnung auf die lager‐ und fugenlose Bauweise geführt. In den vergangenen Jahren wurden in Deutschland zahlreiche integrale Brücken, meist als einfeldrige Rahmenbrücken mit Stützweiten bis ca. 50 m, erfolgreich ausgeführt. Auch die Zahl der semi‐integralen (halbintegralen) Bauwerke mit Lagern und Dilatationsfugen an den Widerlagern mit größeren Bauwerkslängen hat deutlich zugenommen. Um in Deutschland für Straßenbrücken bundeseinheitliche Entwurfsregeln einzuführen, wurde im Jahr 2008 vom Referat StB 17 Brücken‐, Tunnel und sonstige Ingenieurbauwerke der Abteilung Straßenbau des Bundesministeriums für Verkehr, Bau und Stadtentwicklung (BMVBS) eine Arbeitsgruppe (adhoc‐AG) mit der Aufgabe betraut, eine Richtlinie für integrale Bauwerke zu erarbeiten, die als Hilfestellung beim Entwurf integraler und semi‐integraler Bauwerke dient. Der erste Entwurf der Richtlinie “Integrale Bauwerke” liegt vor.Directive “Integrale Bauwerke” – State of the art. Each joint, especially each dilatation joint, is a weak point and requires an increased effort of maintenance. This experience has led to a return to a bearing‐ and jointless construction method in Germany and abroad in recent years. Since then numerous integral bridges, mainly single span frame bridges with effective spans of up to about 50m, have been completed successfully in Germany. Also the amount of semi‐integral bridges containing bearings and dilatation joints at the abutment walls of bridges with greater length has increased considerably. To establish standard design rules for such road bridges, a task force was set up in Germany by the ministry in charge (Bundesministerium für Verkehr, Bau und Stadtentwicklung) in 2008 to develop a directive for integral structures (integrale Bauwerke) that supports the conceptional design of integral and semi‐integral bridges. The first outline of this directive “Integrale Bauwerke” is accomplished.
Talbrücke Ganslandsiepen – Fertigung und Montage einer semi‐integralen Talbrücke
Authors: Langer Stephan 
Published: October 2013

AbstractDurch den Neubau der A44 zwischen dem Autobahnkreuz Ratingen‐Ost und dem vorhandenen Ausbauende der A44 in Velbert wird eine durchgängige Ost‐West‐Verbindung zwischen der Rheinschiene und dem mittleren Ruhrgebiet geschaffen. Zur Überführung mehrerer Wirtschaftswege und des Gansbaches wird bei Heiligenhaus ein dreifeldriges Brückenbauwerk mit Einzelstützweiten von 64 m – 80 m – 64 m und einer Gesamtstützweite von 208 m als Talbrücke Ganslandsiepen errichtet. Das Tal wird dabei in einer Höhe von bis zu 35 m überquert.Viaduct Ganslandsiepen, Germany – Manufacture and rigging of a semi‐integrale viaduct. By the construction of the A44 between the junction Ratingen‐East and the expansion of existing end of the A44 in Velbert is a continuous east west link between the Rhine and the Ruhr area created. To convert several rural roads and the Gansbach a 3‐span bridge structure with individual spans of 64 m – 80 m – 64 m and a total span of 208 m is necessary. The valley is crossed at a height of up to 35 m.
Development of communication support system using lip reading
Authors: Saitoh Takeshi 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThis paper develops a complete communication support system for speech and hearing disorders using lip reading. The proposed system is a high‐level system and consists of a face detector using the Viola–Jones method, lip extraction based on the active appearance model, dynamic programming matching, automatic utterance section extraction, camera control, and message output. We implemented the system in a commercial laptop, and carried out the recognition experiments on 50 Japanese phrases with four subjects for more than 1 month and obtained high recognition accuracy. Furthermore, we demonstrated it in various situations such as the sitting position, supine position, and holding position. We confirmed that our system can be used in various situations. © 2013 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Code design and performance analysis in TCCPM system based on super trellis
Authors: Xian Liu , Aijun Liu , Bangning Zhang , Daoxing Guo 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThis paper describes a technique related to the design of a trellis encoder, combined with the continuous phase modulation (CPM). Based on the idea of decomposing CPM into continuous phase encoder (CPE) and memoryless modulator (MM), superior trellis encoders are designed following Ungerboeck's set partitioning rules. Combinations are optimized with the squared minimum Euclidean distance based on the super trellis structure constructed by the trellis structure of trellis coded modulation (TCM) and CPE. Simulation results show that this new coding scheme consistently obtains better performance than previous schemes. © 2013 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.