bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Scanning Electron Microscope Analysis of Gunshot Defects to Bone: An Underutilized Source of Information on Ballistic Trauma
Authors: Rickman John M. , Smith Martin J. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractRecent years have seen increasing involvement by forensic anthropologists in the interpretation of skeletal trauma. With regard to ballistic injuries, there is now a large literature detailing gross features of such trauma; however, less attention has been given to microscopic characteristics. This article presents analysis of experimentally induced gunshot trauma in animal bone (Bos taurusscapulae) using full metal jacket (FMJ), soft point (SP), and captive bolt projectiles. The results were examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Additional analysis was conducted on a purported parietal gunshot lesion in a human cranial specimen. A range of features was observed in these samples suggesting that fibrolamellar bone response to projectile impact is analogous to that observed in synthetic composite laminates. The results indicate that direction of bullet travel can be discerned microscopically even when it is ambiguous on gross examination. It was also possible to distinguishSPfromFMJlesions.SEManalysis is therefore recommended as a previously underexploited tool in the analysis of ballistic trauma.
Diabetes self‐management support for patients with low health literacy: Perceptions of patients and providers针对低健康素养患者的糖尿病自我管理支持：患者与提供者的观念
Authors: Fransen Mirjam P. , Beune Erik J.A.J. , Baim‐Lance Abigail M. , Bruessing Raynold C. , Essink‐Bot Marie‐Louise 
Published: July 2014

AbstractBackgroundThe aim of the present study was to explore perceptions and strategies of health care providers regarding diabetes self‐management support for patients with low health literacy (LHL), and to compare their self‐management support with the needs of patients with LHL and type 2 diabetes. This study serves as a problem analysis for systematic intervention development to improve diabetes self‐management among patients with LHL.MethodsThis qualitative study used in‐depth interviews with general practitioners (n = 4), nurse practitioners (n = 5), and patients with LHL (n = 31). The results of the interviews with health care providers guided the patient interviews. In addition, we observed 10 general practice consultations.ResultsProviders described patients with LHL as uninvolved and less motivated patients who do not understand self‐management. Their main strategy to improve self‐management was to provide standard information on a repeated basis. Patients with LHL seemed to have a different view of diabetes self‐management than their providers. Most demonstrated a low awareness of what self‐management involves, but did not express needing more information. They reported several practical barriers to self‐management, although they seemed reluctant to use the information provided to overcome them.ConclusionsProviding and repeating information does not fit the needs of patients with LHL regarding diabetes self‐management support. Health care providers do not seem to have the insight or the tools to systematically support diabetes self‐management in this group. Systematic intervention development with a focus on skills‐based approaches rather than cognition development may improve diabetes self‐management support of patients with LHL.
Assembly of root‐associated bacteria communities: interactions between abiotic and biotic factors
Authors: Dean Sarah L , Farrer Emily C , Porras‐Alfaro Andrea , Suding Katharine N , Sinsabaugh Robert L 
Published: July 2014

SummaryNitrogen (N) deposition in many areas of the world is over an order of magnitude greater than it would be in absence of human activity. We ask how abiotic (N) and biotic (plant host and neighborhood) effects interact to influence root‐associated bacterial (RAB) community assembly. Using 454 pyrosequencing, we examinedRABcommunities from two dominant alpine tundra plants,Geum rossiiandDeschampsia cespitosa, under control,Naddition andD. cespitosaremoval treatments, implemented in a factorial design. We hypothesized that host would have the strongest effect onRABassembly, followed byN, then neighbor effects.The most dominant phyla wereProteobacteria(mostlyGammaproteobacteria),Actinobacteria,BacteroidetesandAcidobacteria. We foundRABcommunities were host specific, with only 17% overlap in operational taxonomic units. Host effects on composition were over twice as strong asNeffects.D. cespitosa RABdiversity declined withN, whileG. rossii RABdid not.D. cespitosaremoval did not influenceG. rossii RABcommunity composition, butG. rossii RABdiversity declined withNonly whenD. cespitosawas absent.We conclude thatRABof both hosts are sensitive toNenrichment, andRABresponse toNis influenced by host identity and plant neighborhood.
Association between Resolution of Fragmented QRS and Response to Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy
Authors: Celikyurt Umut , Karauzum Kurtulus , Sahin Tayfun , Agacdiken Aysen , Vural Ahmet , Ural Dilek 
Published: July 2014

BackgroundCardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) has been recommended for patients with symptomatic heart failure and a wide QRS. Fragmented QRS (fQRS) on a 12‐lead electrocardiography (ECG) has been shown to predict cardiac events. We aimed to investigate the relationship between resolution of fQRS and response to CRT.MethodsSixty‐seven consecutive patients (38 men, mean age 65 ± 11) with left bundle branch block and fQRS on ECG undergoing CRT were studied. The presence of fQRS was assessed using standardized criteria. Echocardiographic response to CRT was defined by a ≥15% reduction in left ventricular end‐systolic volume (LVESV) and resolution of fQRS was defined as decrease in number of leads with fQRS on ECG at 6 months follow‐up.ResultsThirty‐nine patients (58%) had response to CRT. LVESV significantly decreased from 150 ± 64 to 100 ± 48 in responders (P = 0.001). There was not any significant decrease in nonresponders (LVESV; from 157 ± 70 to 153 ± 66, P = 0.45). The number of leads with fQRS was decreased from 4.4 ± 1.8 to 1.7 ± 1.6 in responder patients (P < 0.001). The number of leads with fQRS was not significantly changed in nonresponders. (4.2 ± 2.2 vs. 5.1 ± 2.4, P = 0.06). In multivariate analysis, significant associates of response to CRT was evaluated adjusting for etiology of cardiomyopathy, baseline QRS width, left ventricular ejection fraction, number of leads with fQRS and resolution of fQRS. Resolution of fQRS was the only predictor of response to CRT (OR 0.018, 95% CI, 0.004–0.083, P < 0.001).ConclusionsAfter adjusting for potential confounders, resolution of fQRS, is associated with response to CRT.
Is C‐reactive protein useful in prognostication for colorectal cancer? A systematic review
Authors: Pathak S. , Nunes Q. M. , Daniels I. R. , Smart N. J. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractAimWith the advent of several different therapeutic strategies to manage the different stages of colorectal cancer, it would be beneficial to allow substratification of patients into groups who are most likely to benefit from costly interventions. The purpose of this review is to analyse the evidence from several retrospective studies examining the prognostic significance of C‐reactive protein (CRP).MethodA literature search was performed using PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, CINAHL and Google Scholar databases to identify studies that analysed CRP and its prognostic significance in all stages of operable colorectal cancer. The primary end‐points of interest were overall survival and disease‐free survival.ResultsIn all, 205 studies were identified by the search. Twelve involving 1705 patients fulfilled the inclusion criteria and were included. Three of the included studies including 305 patients considered Stage IV colorectal cancer and the impact of CRP on survival. Overall survival and disease‐free survival were shorter in the presence of an elevated preoperative CRP in local and advanced colorectal cancer.ConclusionCRP may be useful for prognosis in patients with primary and metastatic colorectal cancer, but currently there is insufficient evidence to justify its routine use. Further well‐designed prospective studies are needed to validate its role in substratification of patients for consideration of (neo)adjuvant therapies.
Comparing Data Sets: Implicit Summaries of the Statistical Properties of Number Sets
Authors: Morris Bradley J. , Masnick Amy M. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractComparing datasets, that is, sets of numbers in context, is a critical skill in higher order cognition. Although much is known about how people compare single numbers, little is known about how number sets are represented and compared. We investigated how subjects compared datasets that varied in their statistical properties, including ratio of means, coefficient of variation, and number of observations, by measuring eye fixations, accuracy, and confidence when assessing differences between number sets. Results indicated that participants implicitly create and compare approximate summary values that include information about mean and variance, with no evidence of explicit calculation. Accuracy and confidence increased, while the number of fixations decreased as sets became more distinct (i.e., as mean ratios increase and variance decreases), demonstrating that the statistical properties of datasets were highly related to comparisons. The discussion includes a model proposing how reasoners summarize and compare datasets within the architecture for approximate number representation.
The amino acid response to a mixed meal in patients with type 2 diabetes: effect of sitagliptin treatment
Authors: Muscelli E. , Frascerra S. , Casolaro A. , Baldi S. , Mari A. , Gall W. , Cobb J. , Ferrannini E. 
Published: July 2014

AimsAmino acid (AA) metabolism is altered in type 2 diabetes (T2D), and fasting levels of α‐hydroxybutyrate (α‐HB), a biomarker for insulin resistance, have been suggested to track AA metabolism. We investigated the changes in AA and α‐HB induced by a mixed‐meal tolerance test (MTT) and the effects of sitagliptin treatment.MethodsForty‐seven T2D patients [56 ± 7 years, body mass index (BMI) 29.9 ± 4.2 kg/m2] were randomized to sitagliptin (100 mg/day, 6 weeks) or placebo. Seven age‐ and BMI‐matched non‐diabetic subjects served as control (CT).ResultsDuring a 5‐h MTT, branched‐chain AA (BCAA) peaked earlier in T2D than CT [75(25) vs. 62(3) mmol/l·h over 2 h, median(interquartile range), p = 0.05], and rose higher [5‐h increment: 31(23) vs. 19(24) mmol/l·h, p = 0.05]. Fasting α‐HB was higher [7.5(2.7) vs. 5.9(1.3) µg/ml, p = 0.04 T2D vs. CT], and its meal‐induced increments were larger [24(99) vs. −41(86) µg/ml·h, p = 0.006]. Plasma non‐esterified fatty acids (NEFA) declined during MTT, but their increments were greater in patients (53 ± 16 vs. 35 ± 10 mEq/l·h, p = 0.005). Compared to placebo, both BCAA [−6.4(21.1) vs. 0.0(48.0) mmol/l·h, p = 0.01] and α‐HB increments [−114(250) vs. 114(428) µg/ml·h, p = 0.002] decreased with sitagliptin, and meal‐induced NEFA suppression was improved. Changes in BCAA and α‐HB were reciprocally related to changes in insulin sensitivity (ρ = −0.37 and −0.43, p ≤ 0.01).ConclusionsT2D is associated with a hyperaminoacidaemic response to MTT, which circulating α‐HB levels track. Sitagliptin‐induced glycaemic improvement was associated with reductions in BCAA and α‐HB excursions and better NEFA suppression, in parallel with improved insulin sensitivity, confirming that α‐HB is a readout of metabolic overload.
Psychological and cognitive impairment of long‐term migrators to high altitudes and the relationship to physiological and biochemical changes
Authors: Gao Y.‐X. , Li P. , Jiang C.‐H. , Liu C. , Chen Y. , Chen L. , Ruan H.‐Z. , Gao Y.‐Q. 
Published: July 2014

Background and purposeThe present study aimed to examine how long‐term migration to high‐altitude regions affects mentality and cognition, and the correlation with various physiological and biochemical changes.MethodsThe WHO Neurobehavioral Core Test Battery, Raven's Standard Progressive Matrices (RSPM) and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index questionnaire were used to assess 141 young male subjects who lived in plain regions and 217 young male subjects who had migrated to a 4500 m high‐altitude region and lived there for 1–5 years. Arterial oxyhemoglobin saturation, cerebral tissue oxygenation indices (TOIs), serum S100B and brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) were also measured.ResultsLong‐term migrators to a high‐altitude region exhibited exacerbated mood disorders, retarded color discrimination ability, decreased visual memory capacity, and impaired perceptual motor skill and motion stability. In addition, the migrators exhibited lower RSPM scores and lower sleep quality. Further analyses revealed significant correlations between sleep quality and cerebral TOIs, mood and sleep quality, mood and certain cognitive functions, mood and serum BDNF levels, and RSPM scores and serum S100B levels.ConclusionsLong‐term living at high altitudes causes significant impairment of psychological and cognitive function. Cerebral hypoxic extent, sleep quality and biochemical dysfunction are major influencing factors.
Generalizing the use of geographical weights in biodiversity modelling
Authors: Mellin C. , Mengersen K. , Bradshaw C. J. A. , Caley M. J. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractAimDetermining how ecological processes vary across space is a major focus in ecology. Current methods that investigate such effects remain constrained by important limiting assumptions. Here we provide an extension to geographically weighted regression in which local regression and spatial weighting are used in combination. This method can be used to investigate non‐stationarity and spatial‐scale effects using any regression technique that can accommodate uneven weighting of observations, including machine learning.InnovationWe extend the use of spatial weights to generalized linear models and boosted regression trees by using simulated data for which the results are known, and compare these local approaches with existing alternatives such as geographically weighted regression (GWR). The spatial weighting procedure (1) explained up to 80% deviance in simulated species richness, (2) optimized the normal distribution of model residuals when applied to generalized linear models versus GWR, and (3) detected nonlinear relationships and interactions between response variables and their predictors when applied to boosted regression trees. Predictor ranking changed with spatial scale, highlighting the scales at which different species–environment relationships need to be considered.Main conclusionsGWR is useful for investigating spatially varying species–environment relationships. However, the use of local weights implemented in alternative modelling techniques can help detect nonlinear relationships and high‐order interactions that were previously unassessed. Therefore, this method not only informs us how location and scale influence our perception of patterns and processes, it also offers a way to deal with different ecological interpretations that can emerge as different areas of spatial influence are considered during model fitting.
A pore‐scale investigation of the dynamic response of saturated porous media to transient stresses
Authors: Huber C. , Su Y. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThe dynamical response of saturated porous media to transient stresses is complex because of the coupling between the solid and fluid phases. Over the last three decades, theoretical models have emerged and they predict that the transient response of porous media to pore‐pressure fluctuations depends only on a single dimensionless number. This single parameter represents the ratio of the forcing frequency to a characteristic frequency of the medium. Although theoretical models for the frequency dependence of the effective permeability of the medium have successfully predicted the response of porous media at high frequency observed in laboratory and numerical experiments, they rely on assumptions that limit their applicability to homogeneous media and narrow pore‐size distributions. We use pore‐scale flow simulations with four different porous media topologies to study the effect of pore geometry and pore‐size distribution on the dynamic response to transient pore‐pressure forcing. We find a good agreement with published theoretical work for all but one medium that exhibits the broadest pore‐size distribution and therefore the largest degree of pore‐scale heterogeneity. Our results suggest the presence of a resonance peak at high frequency where the discharge, and therefore the effective permeability, is significantly amplified compared to their value around the resonant frequency. We suggest two interpretations to explain resonance. At the continuum scale, a finite speed of pore‐pressure propagation during transients requires the addition of a correction term to Darcy's law. We derive a hyperbolic mass conservation equation that admits resonance under certain conditions. This model can explain the peak observed for one medium but fails to explain the absence of resonance displayed by the three other media. The second interpretation, motivated by the different pore‐size distribution for the texture where resonance is observed, calls for pore‐scale processes and heterogeneous pore‐pressure distribution among primary and secondary flow pathways.
Evolution of sediment permeability during burial and subduction
Authors: Daigle H. , Screaton E. J. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractWe assembled a data set of permeability measurements from 317 subduction zone and reference site samples worldwide made over nearly 25 years of scientific drilling. This data set allowed us to examine the influence of grain size, structural domain, and measurement type on permeabilities ranging from 10−21 to 10−14 m2. We found that porosity–permeability behavior is a function of clay‐size fraction, which is consistent with previous work. Sediments within the slope, accretionary prism, and fault‐zone structural domains are strongly affected by shearing, which alters the permeability behavior with burial. Consolidation, flow‐through, and transient pulse decay measurements all provide comparable results. Measurements of horizontal and vertical permeability show significant cm‐scale permeability anisotropy (ratio of horizontal to vertical permeability >10) in the slope and accretionary prism structural domains, further indicating shear deformation in these domains. Laboratory consolidation trends match large‐scale (102 m) field trends in structural domains with negligible shear, but tend to underestimate the rate of permeability reduction with porosity loss where shear is significant. Comparison with downhole measurements shows that permeability is controlled by higher‐permeability (>10−15 m2) layers at the meter to tens of meters scale, while wireline formation tester measurements closely match laboratory results. Sediments from the underthrust and reference structural domains exhibit similar porosity–permeability trends, which suggests that shallow subduction (total burial <1 km) does not significantly alter the porosity–permeability behavior of incoming sediments. Comparison with measurements of deeper analog data from 14 passive‐margin samples show that porosity–permeability trends are maintained through burial and diagenesis to porosities <10%, suggesting that behavior observed in shallow samples is informative for predicting behavior at depth following subduction.
Vancomycin‐associated drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms syndrome
Authors: Young S. , Ojaimi S. , Dunckley H. , Douglas M. W. , Kok J. , Fulcher D. A. , Lin M.‐W. , Swaminathan S. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractDrug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS) syndrome is a rare but potentially life‐threatening multi‐system disorder characterised by the delayed onset of fever, rash and internal organ involvement following the administration of a drug. We report three definite cases of vancomycin‐associated DRESS syndrome occurring and review the literature regarding this syndrome.
Eltrombopag for resistant immune thrombocytopenia secondary to chronic lymphocytic leukaemia
Authors: Jolliffe E. , Romeril K. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractAutoimmune manifestations are a common occurrence with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL). We describe a case of CLL‐associated immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) that had a loss of response to standard treatment for ITP. The thrombopoeitin receptor agonist, eltrombopag, was successfully used preoperatively to increase the platelet count to a safer level, in this instance to facilitate laparoscopic splenectomy.
Interferon‐gamma release assays and the diagnosis of tuberculosis: have they found their place?
Authors: Darby J. , Black J. , Buising K. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractTuberculosis (TB) remains an important issue in Australia with more than 85% of active cases contributed by overseas‐born persons. Other risk groups include older Australians who acquired TB in the past and indigenous people. Immune suppression is an emerging risk factor for TB, particularly due to the expanding group of conditions for which potent immunosuppressive therapies is now used. Screening for latent TB is recommended in many risk groups including recent contacts of those with transmissible TB, those undergoing immune suppressive therapy, recently arrived refugees or migrants from high‐risk countries and indigenous people with high rates of TB in the local community. Interferon‐gamma release assay (IGRA) has now been available for several years for the diagnosis of latent TB. It is now used in many clinical situations, and despite the rapid rate of new publications, there are still gaps in our knowledge. This paper reviews the current role of interferon‐gamma release assay in various situations, to determine its place in current practice and to explore where uncertainties exist.
Cyberbullying: Implications for the Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner
Authors: Carpenter Lindsey M. , Hubbard Grace B. 
Published: July 2014

PurposeThe purpose of this article is to inform and educate psychiatric nurse practitioners about the pervasiveness of the rapidly increasing problem of cyberbullying.Review of LiteratureAs more children and adolescents obtain access to the Internet, mobile devices, and social networking sites, the exposure to bullying in the virtual format increases. Cyberbullying is a growing public health concern and can affect mental health and school performance. Cyberbullying often results in a range of psychiatric symptoms and has been linked to suicide attempts and completions.ConclusionsThe psychiatric nurse practitioner is uniquely prepared to provide a range of interventions for patients, families, and communities who have experienced cyberbullying.