bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mental Health and Victimization
Authors: Betts Lucy R. 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
This entry reviews some of the types of victimization that individuals frequently encounter, and discusses what characterizes victimization from a research perspective. The two prominent methods of examining the link between victimization and mental health are reviewed, and evidence is given in support of the association between victimization experiences and mental illness. The entry also discusses some of the risk factors that serve to exacerbate the association between victimization and mental health and the protective factors that may ameliorate the effects of victimization.
Pharmaceuticals and Society
Authors: Szaflarski Magdalena 
Published: February 2014

AbstractPharmaceuticals (medicines, vaccines, and biologicals) are compounds manufactured for the purpose of diagnosis, cure, mitigation, treatment, or prevention of diseases. Pharmaceuticals consume a large share (15.2 percent) of global health spending, amounting to $440 billion a year. They are critical to the effective functioning of the health system and to global development. Access to pharmaceuticals is a key barrier to medical treatment. About a third of the world population – and 50 percent of the poorest parts of Africa and Asia – lack regular access to existing medicines. Rational medicine use presents another challenge, at both social and individual levels; the overprescribing of antibiotics is an example of irrational medicine use. The pharmaceutical industry (“Big Pharma”) is the most profitable industry in the United States and a major source of health care costs. There is an ongoing debate in the United States about pharmaceutical research and development, regulation, and marketing. For example, there have been claims that pharmaceutical companies overstate the benefits and understate the dangers of new medicines, and sometimes manipulate data to mislead outside researchers, regulators, and consumers. The industry has also been charged with influencing independent research through funding and other methods.
Professional Careers
Authors: Leicht Kevin T. 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
Professional careers have, traditionally, involved steady work with steadily rising earnings, and relatively high social and occupational prestige. For the professions that meet this definition (physicians, lawyers, university professors, accountants, pharmacists, engineers, and scientists) the steady and predictable professional career is under threat from multiple sources. Current research on professional careers focuses on two principal issues: (1) changes from inside the professions as practitioners become more diversified demographically and in terms of their professional interests and specialization; and (2) changes in the relative salience of institutional and technical environments in altering the logics of professional service delivery.
Nurses
Authors: Kanji Zeenatkhanu , Ladhani Zahra S. , Dhamani Khairunnisa A. 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
Nursing is an important part of society, as it serves the health care needs of people everywhere. Nurses may be differentiated from other health care providers by their approach to patient care, training, and scope of practice. Nurses practice in a broad diversity of practice areas with a range of practices. Nurses have influenced health care globally by actively participating in policymaking, by continuously reviewing their roles according to the health care needs of the populations they serve, and by contributing to the health care in hospitals, in rural areas, and in the community. They also make an important contribution to education, administration, and research.
Health Policy
Authors: Alaszewski Andy 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
In modern states governments claim to be responsible for the health of all their citizens. They articulate and express this claim in health policies. The development of health policy is relatively recent and is grounded in the development of government commitment to the welfare of citizens and their capacity to raise funds and manage health care. Governments have tended to adopt two alternative approaches; the national health care system, in which the government agencies fund and manage health care and promotion; and the insurance system, in which government ensures that all citizens have health insurance and/or access to health care. Traditionally health policy has focused on the provision of health care experts and facilities to treat ill‐health and has to meet the challenge of the escalating costs of health care. Public health and health promotion are becoming an increasingly important part of health policy. Key policymakers emphasize the role of instrumental rationality in health policymaking and the importance of evidence. However, they have to accept that not only do they have to access and use evidence, but they also have to respond to and manage the broader social and political pressures and demands.
Medical Sociology
Authors: Cockerham William C. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractMedical sociology is a subdiscipline of sociology which studies the social causes and consequences of health and illness. Major areas of investigation include the social aspects of health and disease, the social behavior of health care providers and the people who utilize their services, the social functions of health organizations and institutions, the social patterns of health services, the relationship of health care delivery systems to other social systems, and the social effects of health policies. What makes medical sociology important is the significant role social factors play in determining the health of individuals, groups, and large populations.
Tobacco
Authors: Rooke Catriona 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
Tobacco is one of most widely used psychoactive substances, as well as one of the most harmful to health. The cigarette can be seen as one of the first modern global products; it played a role in the development of mass advertising and marketing methods, as well as in the development of approaches to epidemiology and public health. Tobacco use spans a huge period of history, as well as being present across the world today.
Parenting and Stress
Authors: Caputo Jennifer L. 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
Parenthood is a major adult social role that is negatively associated with psychological well‐being, which can be explained by the many stressors that persons in this role encounter. Parents must cope with the economic and emotional strains of raising children, often while juggling other social roles including employment. Important moderators of the relationship between parental status and stress include marital status and gender. As the nature of the parental role and family structures continue to shift in the twenty‐first century, so will both the stressful and potentially beneficial connotations of parenthood.
Stressors, Primary and Secondary
Authors: Moran Catherine L. 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
Stressors – the problematic or troublesome events, experiences, or perceptions that cause us distress and threaten our well‐being – can be teased out into primary and secondary variants. Primary stressors are the starting points for the stress process. As stress proliferates, secondary stressors may develop as a consequence of primary stressors.
Estimating fossil hominin body mass from cranial variables: An assessment using CT data from modern humans of known body mass
Authors: Elliott Marina , Kurki Helen , Weston Darlene A. , Collard Mark 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACTBody mass estimates are integral to a wide range of inferences in paleoanthropology. Most techniques employ postcranial elements, but predictive equations based on cranial variables have also been developed. Three studies currently provide regression equations for estimating mass from cranial variables, but none of the equations has been tested on samples of known mass. Nor have the equations been compared to each other in terms of performance. Consequently, this study assessed the performance of existing cranial equations using computed tomography scans from a large, documented sample of modern humans of known body mass. Virtual models of the skull were reconstructed and measured using computer software, and the resulting variables were entered into three sets of published regression equations. Estimated and known body masses were then compared. For most equations, prediction errors were high and few individuals were estimated within ±20% of their known mass. Only one equation satisfied the accuracy criteria. In addition, variables that had been previously argued to be good predictors of mass in hominins, including humans, did not estimate mass reliably. These results have important implications for paleoanthropology. In particular, they emphasize the need to develop new equations for estimating fossil hominin body mass from cranial variables. Am J Phys Anthropol 154:201–214, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Comparison of nasal hyperosmolar xylitol and xylometazoline solutions on quality of life in patients with inferior turbinate hypertrophy secondary to nonallergic rhinitis
Authors: Cingi Cemal , Birdane Leman , Ural Ahmet , Oghan Fatih , Bal Cengiz 
Published: February 2014

BackgroundThe purpose of this study was to objectively determine and compare the efficacy and effectiveness of xylitol solution (Xlear Nasal Sprey®) compared with xylometazoline and physiological saline with respect to quality of life (QoL) in patients with nasal congestion.MethodsA prospective, randomized study was performed in 42 patients who had nasal obstruction and hypertrophied turbinate mucosa that was refractory to medical treatment. The study population was randomized into 3 groups according to the application of xylometazoline, physiological saline, and xylitol hyperosmolar solution. The efficacy of treatment was evaluated objectively (4‐phase rhinomanometry) and subjectively (visual analogue scale VAS.) before and after the application of the nasal solutions. QoL was evaluated by means of Rhinoconjunctivitis Quality of Life Questionnaire (RQLQ).ResultsVAS scores and 4‐phase rhinomanometry scores were better in the group treated with xylometazoline compared to those treated with xylitol or saline. The xylitol procedure yielded better results than the saline procedure, but differences were not statistically significant in both objective and subjective evaluation methods. For overall QoL, there was a significant improvement from baseline for the xylometazoline and xylitol groups. However, the improvement in the xylometazoline group was significantly greater than that obtained in the xylitol group.ConclusionXlear Nasal Spray® is an effective modality in the treatment of nasal congestion and has positive effect on the QoL of patients. Further studies are needed in order to plan an ongoing treatment of Xlear Nasal Sprey® at certain intervals for continuous relief of symptoms and a better and longstanding QoL.
Elektrochemie von Nanopartikeln
Authors: Kleijn Steven E. F. , Lai Stanley C. S. , Koper Marc T. M. , Unwin Patrick R. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractMetall‐Nanopartikel (NPs) haben aufgrund ihrer einzigartigen physikalischen und chemischen Eigenschaften ein großes Anwendungspotential. Für die Katalyse und Elektrokatalyse sind NPs vor allem wegen ihres großen Oberfläche‐Masse‐Verhältnisses und ihrer möglichen zielgerichteten Anpassung für bestimmte Reaktionspfade von Interesse. Die Aktivität von NPs kann insbesondere elektrochemisch, durch die direkte Analyse der Grenzflächenchemie, erforscht werden. In diesem Aufsatz diskutieren wir Aspekte der Elektrochemie von NPs. Wir stellen Modelluntersuchungen vor, bei denen die Form und Größe der NPs außerordentlich genau kontrolliert werden konnten bzw. deren Stofftransportbedingungen wichtige Einblicke in das Verhalten von NP‐Ensembles geben. Besondere Schwerpunkte bilden die Messung von Reaktionen an Einzel‐NPs und die Beziehung zwischen dem Signal eines Einzel‐NP und seiner Struktur. Dafür wurden innovative Experimente entwickelt, die über die Elektrochemie hinaus auch für die breitere Oberflächen‐ und Kolloidwissenschaft von Interesse sind.
Chemo‐ and Regioselective C(sp3)H Arylation of Unactivated Allylarenes by Deprotonative Cross‐Coupling
Authors: Hussain Nusrah , Frensch Gustavo , Zhang Jiadi , Walsh Patrick J. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThe combination of aryl bromides, allylbenzene, base and a palladium catalyst usually results in a Heck reaction. Herein we combine these same reagents, but override the Heck pathway by employing a strong base. In the presence of LiN(SiMe3)2, allylbenzene derivatives undergo reversible deprotonation. Transmetalation of the resulting allyllithium intermediate to LPdAr(Br) and reductive elimination provide the 1,1‐diarylprop‐2‐enes, which are not accessible by the Heck reaction. The regioselectivity in this deprotonative cross‐coupling process is catalyst‐controlled and very high.
Direkte Synthese von funktionalisierten 1,2‐Azaborininen
Authors: Braunschweig Holger , Geetharani K. , Jimenez‐Halla J. Oscar C. , Schäfer Marius 
Published: February 2014

AbstractEin neuer katalytischer Zugang zu funktionalisierten 1,2‐Azaborininen konnte durch [2+2]/[2+4]‐Cycloadditionen von Di‐tert‐butyliminoboranen und Alkinen in Gegenwart eines Rhodiumkatalysators eröffnet werden. Die ersten Beispiele für Ferrocen‐funktionalisierte Azaborinine konnten so synthetisiert werden. Außerdem kann die Regioselektivität dieser Reaktion über die Bildung eines intermediären Rhodium‐1,2‐Azaboret‐Komplexes kontrolliert werden, was zu einem ersten Azaborininboronsäureester führte. Die Isolierung eines BN‐Isosters mit einer NH‐Gruppe wurde durch Eliminierung von Isobuten aus einer N(tBu)‐Einheit unter thermolytischen Bedingungen erreicht. Quantenchemische Untersuchungen liefern weitere Einblicke in die Bildung von 1,2‐Azaborininen und die Eliminierung von Isobuten aus der N(tBu)‐Gruppe.
Ruthenium‐Catalyzed trans‐Selective Hydrostannation of Alkynes
Authors: Rummelt Stephan M. , Fürstner Alois 
Published: February 2014

AbstractIn contrast to all other transition‐metal‐catalyzed hydrostannation reactions documented in the literature, the addition of Bu3SnH across various types of alkynes proceeds with excellent trans selectivity, provided the reaction is catalyzed by [Cp*Ru]‐based complexes. This method is distinguished by a broad substrate scope and a remarkable compatibility with functional groups, including various substituents that would neither survive under the conditions of established Lewis acid mediated trans hydrostannations nor withstand free‐radical reactions. In case of unsymmetrical alkynes, a cooperative effect between the proper catalyst and protic functionality in the substrate allows outstanding levels of regioselectivity to be secured as well.
Charge‐Scaling Effect in Ionic Liquids from the Charge‐Density Analysis ofN,N′‐Dimethylimidazolium Methylsulfate
Authors: Beichel Witali , Trapp Nils , Hauf Christoph , Kohler Oliver , Eickerling Georg , Scherer Wolfgang , Krossing Ingo 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThe charge scaling effect in ionic liquids was explored on the basis of experimental and theoretical charge‐density analyses of [C1MIM][C1SO4] employing the quantum theory of atoms in molecules (QTAIM) approach. Integrated QTAIM charges of the experimental (calculated) charge density of the cation and anion resulted in non‐integer values of ±0.90 (±0.87) e. Efficient charge transfer along the bond paths of the hydrogen bonds between the imidazolium ring and the anion was considered as the origin of these reduced charges. In addition, a detailed QTAIM analysis of the bonding situation in the [C1SO4]−anion revealed the presence of negative πO→σ*S‐Ohyperconjugation.
Controlled Carbon Nitride Growth on Surfaces for Hydrogen Evolution Electrodes
Authors: Shalom Menny , Gimenez Sixto , Schipper Florian , Herraiz‐Cardona Isaac , Bisquert Juan , Antonietti Markus 
Published: February 2014

AbstractEfficient and low‐cost electrocatalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction are highly desired for future renewable energy systems. Described herein is the reduction of water to hydrogen using a metal‐free carbon nitride electrocatalyst which operates in neutral and alkaline environments. An efficient, easy, and general method for growing ordered carbon nitride on different electrodes was developed. The metal‐free catalyst demonstrates low overpotential values, which are comparable to those of non‐noble metals, with reasonable current densities. The facile deposition method enables the fabrication of many electronic and photoelectronic devices based on carbon nitride for renewable energy applications.
Combined Heterogeneous Metal/Chiral Amine: Multiple Relay Catalysis for Versatile Eco‐Friendly Synthesis
Authors: Deiana Luca , Jiang Yan , Palo‐Nieto Carlos , Afewerki Samson , Incerti‐Pradillos Celia A. , Verho Oscar , Tai Cheuk‐Wai , Johnston Eric V. , Córdova Armando 
Published: February 2014

AbstractHerein is described a versatile and broad synergistic strategy for expansion of chemical space and the synthesis of valuable molecules (e.g. carbocycles and heterocycles), with up to three quaternary stereocenters, in a highly enantioselective fashion from simple alcohols (31 examples, 95:5 to >99.5:0.5 e.r.) using integrated heterogeneous metal/chiral amine multiple relay catalysis and air/O2as the terminal oxidant. A novel highly 1,4‐selective heterogeneous metal/amine co‐catalyzed hydrogenation of enals was also added to the relay catalysis sequences.
Age and growth rates of the critically endangered fish Garra ghorensis can inform their conservation management
Authors: Hamidan Nashat , Britton J. Robert 
Published: February 2014

Abstract

Information on the life‐history traits of threatened fishes can inform their conservation as they can indicate resilience to environmental change and vulnerability to extirpation and extinction. Garra ghorensis, a small (< 140 mm total length) riverine cyprinid fish, endemic to the southern Dead Sea area, is critically endangered through habitat loss and invasive species. There are, however, no data currently available on their life‐history traits to inform their conservation management.
The age structure and growth rate characteristics of three G. ghorensis populations in Jordan were assessed. Close to the sampling sites, minimum air temperatures approached 0 °C in January but maxima exceeded 40 °C in July and August. Samples collected monthly throughout 2011 contained fish with lengths between 23 and 137 mm, with most less than 100 mm. Monthly length distributions showed three distinct length modes in each population whose mean lengths increased throughout the warmer months.
Growth check formation on scales was annual and their ageing revealed fish in each population present to at least 4 years old, with a maximum of 6 years. Comparison of these data with the length modes indicated that the modes corresponded to ages 0+, 1+ and >2 years. Variability in length at age was apparent within sites, suggesting protracted spawning. Females were significantly larger than males.
Growth rates and lifespans of G. ghorensis were highest at the most disturbed site (habitat loss and the presence of the invasive Oreochromis aureus). This growth plasticity in response to slower flows and deeper water suggests G. ghorensis has some resilience to environmental disturbances and suggests that their conservation management might not have to return their habitats to pristine conditions to avoid impacts on their lifespan and growth parameters. It also shows that further work is needed to identify the issues that are affecting the persistence of their populations. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Interactions between Freons: A Rotational Study of CH2F2–CH2Cl2
Authors: Gou Qian , Spada Lorenzo , Vallejo‐López Montserrat , Kisiel Zbigniew , Caminati Walther 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThe rotational spectra of two isotopologues of a 1:1 difluoromethane–dichloromethane complex have been investigated by pulsed‐jet Fourier‐transform microwave spectroscopy. The assigned (most stable) isomer has Cs symmetry and it displays a network of two CH⋅⋅⋅ClC and one CH⋅⋅⋅FC weak hydrogen bonds, thus suggesting that the former interactions are stronger. The hyperfine structures owing to 35Cl (or 37Cl) quadrupolar effects have been fully resolved, thus leading to an accurate determination of the three diagonal (χgg; g=a, b, c) and the three mixed quadrupole coupling constants (χgg′; g, g′=a, b, c; g≠g′). Information on the structural parameters of the hydrogen bonds has been obtained. The dissociation energy of the complex has been estimated to be 7.6 kJ mol−1.
Investigations of interactions between bus rapid transit and general traffic flows
Authors: Chen Xiqun (Michael) , Li Zhiheng , Jiang Han , Li Meng 
Published: February 2014

SummaryBus rapid transit (BRT) is a popular strategy to increase transit attraction because of its high‐capacity, comfortable service, and fast travel speed with the exclusive right‐of‐way. Various engineering designs of right‐of‐way and the violation enforcement influence interactions between BRT and general traffic flows. An empirical assessment framework is proposed to investigate traffic congestion and lane‐changing patterns at one typical bottleneck along a BRT corridor. The BRT bottleneck consists of bus lane, BRT station, video enforcement zone, and transit signal priority intersection. We analyze oblique cumulative vehicle counts and oblique cumulative lane‐changing maneuvers extracted from videos. The cumulative vehicle counts method widely applied in revealing queueing dynamics at freeway bottlenecks is extended to an urban BRT corridor. In the study site, we assume four lane‐changing patterns, three of which are verified by the empirical measurements. Investigations of interactions between buses and general traffic show that abnormal behaviors (such as lane violations and slow moving of the general traffic) induce 16% reduction in the saturation rate of general traffic and 17% increase in bus travel time. Further observations show that the BRT station and its induced increasing lane‐changing maneuvers increase the downstream queue discharge flows of general traffic. The empirical results also contribute to more efficient strategies of BRT planning and operations, such as alternative enforcement methods, various lane separation types, and optimized traffic operations. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Studies on the interactions of 3,6‐diaminoacridine derivatives with human serum albumin by fluorescence spectroscopy
Authors: Gökoğlu Elmas , Kıpçak Fulya , Seferoğlu Zeynel 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACTThis study reports the preparation and investigation of the modes of binding of the two symmetric 3,6‐diaminoacridine derivatives obtained from proflavine, which are 3,6‐diphenoxycarbonyl aminoacridine and 3,6‐diethoxycarbonyl aminoacridine to human serum albumin (HSA). The interaction of HSA with the derivatives was investigated using fluorescence quenching and ultraviolet‐visible absorption spectra at pH 7.2 and different temperatures. The results suggest that the derivatives used can interact strongly with HSA and are the formation of HSA‐derivative complexes and hydrophobic interactions as the predominant intermolecular forces in stabilizing for each complex. The Stern‐Volmer quenching constants, binding constants, binding sites and corresponding thermodynamic parameters ΔH, ΔS and ΔG were calculated at different temperatures. The binding distance (r) ~ 3 nm between the donor (HSA) and acceptors (3,6‐diethoxycarbonyl aminoacridine, 3,6‐diphenoxycarbonyl aminoacridine and proflavine) was obtained according to Förster's non‐radiative energy transfer theory. Moreover, the limit of detection and limit of quantification of derivatives were calculated in the presence of albumin. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.