bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Immunocytochemical localization of V‐H+‐ATPase, Na+/K+‐ATPase, and carbonic anhydrase in gill lamellae of adult freshwater euryhaline shrimp Macrobrachium acanthurus (Decapoda, Palaemonidae)
Authors: Maraschi Anieli Cristina , Freire Carolina Arruda , Prodocimo Viviane 
Published: June 2015

ABSTRACTPhysiological (organismal), biochemical, and molecular biological contributions to the knowledge of the osmoregulatory plasticity of palaemonid freshwater shrimps has provided a fairly complete model of transporter localization in their branchial epithelium. Direct immunological demonstration of the main enzymes in the gill epithelia of adult palaemonids is, however, still incipient. The diadromous freshwater shrimp Macrobrachium acanthurus was exposed to increased salinity (25‰ for 24 hr), and its responses at the systemic level were evaluated through the assays of hemolymph osmolality and muscle hydration, and at cellular and subcellular levels through the activity and localization of the V‐H+‐ATPase, the Na+/K+‐ATPase, and the carbonic anhydrase. Results showed an increase in hemolymph osmolality (629 ± 5.3 mOsm/kg H2O) and a decrease in muscle hydration (73.8 ± 0.5%), comparing values after 24 hr in 25‰ with control shrimps in freshwater (respectively 409.5 ± 15.8 mOsm/kg H2O and 77.5 ± 0.4%). V‐H+‐ATPase was localized in pillar cells, whereas Na+/K+‐ATPase in the septal cells. The main novelty of this study was that carbonic anhydrase was localized in the whole branchial tissue, in pillar and septal cells. Exposure to high salinity for 24 hr led to no detectable changes in their localization or in vitro activity. Immunolocalization data corroborated the literature and current models of palaemonid gill ion transport. The absence of changes reinforces the need for the constant expression of these enzymes to account for the euryhalinity of these shrimps. J. Exp. Zool. 323A: 414–421, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Viviparous placentotrophy in reptiles and the parent–offspring conflict
Authors: Blackburn Daniel G. 
Published: June 2015

ABSTRACTIn placentotrophic viviparous reptiles, pregnant females deliver nutrients to their developing fetuses by diverse morphological specializations that reflect independent evolutionary origins. A survey of these specializations reveals a major emphasis on histotrophy (uterine secretion and fetal absorption) rather than hemotrophy (transfer between maternal and fetal blood streams). Of available hypotheses for the prevalence of histotrophic transfer, the most promising derives insights from the theoretical parent–offspring conflict over nutrient investment. I suggest that histotrophy gives pregnant females greater control over nutrient synthesis, storage, and delivery than hemotrophic transfer, reflecting maternal preeminence in any potential parent–offspring competition over nutrient investment. One lizard species shows invasive ovo‐implantation and direct contact between fetal tissues and maternal blood vessels, potentially conferring control over nutrient transfer to the embryo. Future research on squamates will benefit from application of parent–offspring conflict theory to the transition from incipient to substantial matrotrophy, as well as by testing theory‐derived predictions on both facultatively and highly placentotrophic forms. J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 324B: 532–548, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Hyperimmunised bovine milk and whey: influence of pH and enzymatic treatments on the antigen‐binding capacity of immunoglobulin G
Authors: Dugnol Julia , Riera Francisco A 
Published: June 2015

AbstractBACKGROUNDHyperimmunised bovine milk and whey (whole and defatted) were submitted at 37°C to different pH values (between 1 and 10) and enzymes (pepsin, trypsin and chymotrypsin) at their optimum pH and the IgG immunoactivity against Campylobacter jejuni was measured by means of ELISA assays.RESULTSThe kinetic antigen‐binding capacity (ABC) losses follow a hyperbolic‐type equation. The ABC of IgG is strongly reduced at low pH (1 and 2) and the effect is lower at alkaline pH (8 and 10). The presence of pepsin (at their optimum pH of 2) almost completely reduced the IgG ABC after 2 h of treatment. The ABCs are higher in whole products (milk and whey). The influence of trypsin and quimotrypsin on the ABCs is moderate (ABC losses lower that 25%).CONCLUSIONSThe ABC of IgG obtained from hyperimmunised bovine defatted milk and whey is largely reduced in conditions similar to those found in the human digestive tract. Only whole milk can maintain around 40% of their initial ABC. IgG encapsulation or other methods to protect the immunoglobulin activities could be an alternative to use these type of products in final foods formulae. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry
Connecting free volume with shape memory properties in noncytotoxic gamma‐irradiated polycyclooctene
Authors: Axpe Eneko , García‐Huete Nuria , Cuevas José María , Ribeiro Clarisse , Mérida David , Laza José Manuel , García José Ángel , Vilas José Luis , Lanceros‐Méndez Senentxu , Plazaola Fernando , León Luis Manuel 
Published: June 2015

ABSTRACTThe free volume holes of a shape memory polymer have been analyzed considering that the empty space between molecules is necessary for the molecular motion, and the shape memory response is based on polymer segments acting as molecular switches through variable flexibility with temperature or other stimuli. Therefore, thermomechanical analysis (TMA) and positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy (PALS) have been applied to analyze shape recovery and free volume hole sizes in gamma‐irradiated polycyclooctene (PCO) samples, as a noncytotoxic alternative to more conventional PCO crosslinked via peroxide for future applications in medicine. Thus, a first approach relating structure, free volume holes and shape memory properties in gamma‐irradiated PCO is presented. The results suggest that free volume holes caused by gamma irradiation in PCO samples facilitate the recovery process by improving movement of polymer chains and open possibilities for the design and control of the macroscopic response. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2015, 53, 1080–1088
Evidence of carbon nanoparticle–solvent molecule interactions in Raman and fluorescence spectra
Authors: Dolenko Tatiana , Burikov Sergey , Laptinskiy Kirill , Rosenholm Jessica M. , Shenderova Olga , Vlasov Igor 
Published: June 2015

Interactions of oxidized detonation nanodiamond and carbon dots with protic solvent molecules in suspensions of water, methanol, and isopropyl alcohol were studied by Raman and fluorescence spectroscopy. The structure of the solvent at the interface with nanoparticles and the strength of the hydrogen bonds between the functional groups on the surface of the nanoparticles and the solvent molecules depend on the type of solvent. The molecules of the solvent affect the fluorescent properties of the nanoparticles. It was found that the more intense fluorescence of nanoparticles corresponds to weaker hydrogen bonding between the surface of the carbon nanoparticles and the surrounding molecules of the solvent. The mechanism of mutual influence of the carbon nanoparticles and the solvent on the properties of each other has been suggested.Fluorescence properties of nanodiamonds in the solvents with different hydrogen bonding.
Quantifying the Disability from Congenital Anomalies Averted Through Pediatric Surgery: A Cross‐Sectional Comparison of a Pediatric Surgical Unit in Kenya and Canada
Authors: Poenaru D. , Pemberton J. , Frankfurter C. , Cameron B. H. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractBackgroundPediatric surgical practice is different in low‐ and middle‐income countries as compared to North America. While resources are limited, the impact of pediatric surgical procedures is significant. The objective of this study was to calculate and compare disability‐adjusted life years (DALYs) averted in a Kenyan and Canadian surgical unit for a subset of pediatric congenital anomalies.MethodsMedical records of children having undergone surgical procedures for 13 congenital conditions in both surgical units were collected over 12 months. DALYs for each condition were calculated using previously obtained disability weights derived in each country. Age‐adjusted life expectancy rates from the WHO were used to determine years of life lost. Risk of permanent disability without surgery and probability of successful treatment values were obtained from the literature and included in the DALY calculation.ResultsThe conditions accounting for the largest total number of averted DALYs in Kenya were hydrocephalus (60.8 %) and spina bifida (18.1 %), whereas in Canada they were hydrocephalus (24.2 %) and undescended testes (19.2 %). A total of 23,169 DALYs were averted through 1042 surgical procedures (22.2 DALYs per procedure) during the study period in Kenya, compared to 5497 DALYs through 373 procedures (14.7 DALYs per procedure) in Canada.ConclusionsUsing recent developments in burden of disease measurement, the results point to the significant impact of pediatric surgical centers in addressing the global burden of congenital surgical disease. The study carries significant implications for resource allocation and training.
Reproductive interference can promote recurrent speciation
Authors: Yamaguchi Ryo , Iwasa Yoh 
Published: June 2015

AbstractMany consequences of reproductive interference have important implications in biodiversity conservation policy. After briefly summarizing our comments on the articles in this special feature, we focus on the role of reproductive interference in speciation due to geographic isolation with only infrequent migration between islands (or island‐like habitats). As two isolated populations accumulate incompatible genes, they became genetically distinct. When a rare migration occurs from one island to the other, reproductive interference greatly affects its outcome. A paper in this special feature showed that either the migrant or resident population becomes extinct, presumably due to reproductive interference. However, we also found cases in which the migrant and resident populations evolved quickly to avoid mixing, either by character displacement or spatial segregation within the island. To improve our understanding of the dynamics of species diversity, theoretical modeling and empirical studies of reproductive interference immediately after invasion are important targets for future studies.
Selection of yeast strains for bioethanol production from UK seaweeds
Authors: Kostas Emily T. , White Daniel A. , Du Chenyu , Cook David J. 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
Macroalgae (seaweeds) are a promising feedstock for the production of third generation bioethanol, since they have high carbohydrate contents, contain little or no lignin and are available in abundance. However, seaweeds typically contain a more diverse array of monomeric sugars than are commonly present in feedstocks derived from lignocellulosic material which are currently used for bioethanol production. Hence, identification of a suitable fermentative microorganism that can utilise the principal sugars released from the hydrolysis of macroalgae remains a major objective. The present study used a phenotypic microarray technique to screen 24 different yeast strains for their ability to metabolise individual monosaccharides commonly found in seaweeds, as well as hydrolysates following an acid pre-treatment of five native UK seaweed species (Laminaria digitata, Fucus serratus, Chondrus crispus, Palmaria palmata and Ulva lactuca). Five strains of yeast (three Saccharomyces spp, one Pichia sp and one Candida sp) were selected and subsequently evaluated for bioethanol production during fermentation of the hydrolysates. Four out of the five selected strains converted these monomeric sugars into bioethanol, with the highest ethanol yield (13 g L−1) resulting from a fermentation using C. crispus hydrolysate with Saccharomyces cerevisiae YPS128. This study demonstrated the novel application of a phenotypic microarray technique to screen for yeast capable of metabolising sugars present in seaweed hydrolysates; however, metabolic activity did not always imply fermentative production of ethanol.
Comparison of coprological, immunological and molecular methods for the detection of dogs infected with Angiostrongylus vasorum before and after anthelmintic treatment
Authors: SCHNYDER M. , JEFFERIES R. , SCHUCAN A. , MORGAN E. R. , DEPLAZES P. 
Published: June 2015

SUMMARYTimely diagnosis of the nematode Angiostrongylus vasorum in dogs is important in view of severe and permanent lung and cardiovascular lesions that may occur. The performance of the classical Baermann coprological method was compared with ELISAs for the serological detection of circulating antigen and specific antibodies and with Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) performed on EDTA blood, feces and tracheal swabs of serial samples from experimentally inoculated dogs over 13 weeks post inoculation (wpi) (n = 16) and following anthelmintic treatment (n = 6). Patency was observed from 6·7 to 7·6 wpi in all dogs, Baermann results were then mostly positive (116/119, 97%) during the patent period, with wide variations in the numbers of first stage larvae numbers. Blood PCR was tested positive on 1–2 occasions in 11/16 dogs in the pre-patent period, while all tested positive by antibody-detection ELISA by 6 wpi. The proportion of dogs testing positive by fecal PCR and antigen-detection ELISA rose early in the patent period. Tracheal swabs were occasionally DNA-positive in 3/16 dogs starting from 10 wpi. Following treatment, larval excretion stopped within 3 weeks and blood PCR results became negative within 1 week (5/6 dogs), while 4/6 dogs were positive for parasite DNA in tracheal swabs. Parasite antigen and specific antibodies both persisted in the blood for 3–9 weeks after treatment, with average optical densities and the proportion of positive dogs falling gradually, while results using other tests were much more variable. Results indicate that the earliest and most consistent results are obtained by the ELISAs, which can also be used for monitoring dogs after anthelmintic treatment.
Egg-specific expression of protein with DNA methyltransferase activity in the biocarcinogenic liver fluke Clonorchis sinensis
Authors: KIM SEON-HEE , CHO HYE-JEONG , SOHN WOON-MOK , AHN CHUN-SEOB , KONG YOON , YANG HYUN-JONG , BAE YOUNG-AN 
Published: June 2015

SUMMARYDespite recent reports regarding the biology of cytosine methylation in Schistosoma mansoni, the impact of the regulatory machinery remains unclear in diverse platyhelminthes. This ambiguity is reinforced by discoveries of DNA methyltransferase 2 (DNMT2)-only organisms and the substrate specificity of DNMT2 preferential to RNA molecules. Here, we characterized a novel DNA methyltransferase, named CsDNMT2, in a liver fluke Clonorchis sinensis. The protein exhibited structural properties conserved in other members of the DNMT2 family. The native and recombinant CsDNMT2 exhibited considerable enzymatic activity on DNA. The spatiotemporal expression of CsDNMT2 mirrored that of 5-methylcytosine (5 mC), both of which were elevated in the C. sinensis eggs. However, CsDNMT2 and 5 mC were marginally detected in other histological regions of C. sinensis adults including ovaries and seminal receptacle. The methylation site seemed not related to genomic loci occupied by progenies of an active long-terminal-repeat retrotransposon. Taken together, our data strongly suggest that C. sinensis has preserved the functional DNA methylation machinery and that DNMT2 acts as a genuine alternative to DNMT1/DNMT3 to methylate DNA in the DNMT2-only organism. The epigenetic regulation would target functional genes primarily involved in the formation and/or maturation of eggs, rather than retrotransposons.
Genetic moderation of the association between adolescent romantic involvement and depression: Contributions of serotonin transporter gene polymorphism, chronic stress, and family discord
Authors: Starr Lisa R. , Hammen Constance 
Published: June 2015

AbstractStudies support a link between adolescent romantic involvement and depression. Adolescent romantic relationships may increase depression risk by introducing chronic stress, and genetic vulnerability to stress reactivity/emotion dysregulation may moderate these associations. We tested genetic moderation of longitudinal associations between adolescent romantic involvement and later depressive symptoms by a polymorphism in the serotonin transporter linked polymorphic region gene (5-HTTLPR) and examined contributory roles of chronic stress and family discord. Three hundred eighty-one youth participated at ages 15 and 20. The results indicated that5-HTTLPRmoderated the association between age 15 romantic involvement and age 20 depressive symptoms, with strongest effects for short homozygotes. Conditional process analysis revealed that chronic stress functioned as a moderated mediator of this association, fully accounting for the romantic involvement–depression link among short/short genotypes. Also, romantic involvement predicted later depressive symptoms most strongly among short-allele carriers with high family discord. The results have important implications for understanding the romantic involvement–depression link and the behavioral and emotional correlates of the5-HTTLPRgenotype.
Neuropsychological Predictors of the Clinical Response to Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy in Patients with Major Depression
Authors: Kundermann Bernd , Hemmeter-Spernal Julia , Strate Peter , Gebhardt Stefan , Huber Martin Tobias , Krieg Jürgen-Christian , Lautenbacher Stefan 
Published: June 2015

Aim of the study was to identify neuropsychological predictors of the clinical response to cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) in patients with major depression. 19 unmedicated patients underwent neuropsychological testing at baseline and subsequently were assigned randomly to CBT over 3 weeks either as monotherapy or combined with sleep deprivation (SD) therapy (two nights of total SD / week). Hierarchical regression analysis revealed that parameters of declarative verbal memory and a word fluency task predicted the clinical response (percentage improvement of Hamilton depression scores) to CBT monotherapy, whereas no such prediction was obtained in the combination group. The results suggest that certain cognitive performances have a unique predictive value for the response to CBT, which appears to be abolished by additive treatments with cognitive side effects (e. g. SD).
Association between the Perfusion/Diffusion and Diffusion/FLAIR Mismatch: Data from the AXIS2 Trial
Authors: Wouters Anke , Dupont Patrick , Ringelstein Erich B , Norrving Bo , Chamorro Angel , Grond Martin , Laage Rico , Schneider Armin , Wilms Guido , Thomalla Götz , Lemmens Robin , Thijs Vincent N 
Published: June 2015

The perfusion-/diffusion-weighted imaging (PWI/DWI) mismatch and the diffusion/fluid attenuated inversion recovery (DWI/FLAIR) mismatch are magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) markers of evolving brain ischemia. We examined whether the DWI/FLAIR mismatch was independently associated with the PWI/DWI mismatch. Furthermore, we determined whether the presence of the DWI/FLAIR mismatch in patients with the PWI/DWI mismatch would provide additional information regarding last seen normal time (LTM). We used data from the ‘AX200 for ischemic stroke’ trial (AXIS 2 study NCT00927836). We studied the association between the presence of the DWI/FLAIR and PWI/DWI mismatch, baseline National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS), age, ischemic-core volume, gender, intravenous (IV) tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), and perfusion-mismatch volume in univariate analysis. Significant variables ( P < 0.05) were added into the final multivariate model. We analyzed 197 patients. Seventy-two (37%) had both the PWI/DWI and the DWI/FLAIR mismatch. Patients with the double mismatch pattern had a shorter LTM than patients with the PWI/DWI mismatch alone (Median difference 90 minutes, P < 0.01). Multivariate analysis confirmed the independent association between the two mismatch patterns (odds ratio (OR) 2.6, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.2 to 5.4). Our study implies that the DWI/FLAIR mismatch and PWI/DWI mismatch are strongly associated, independent from LTM. Furthermore, in the presence of the PWI/DWI mismatch, the DWI/FLAIR pattern indicates a shorter LTM. This could have implications in selecting patients for reperfusion therapy.
Total synthesis of tetraacylated phosphatidylinositol hexamannoside and evaluation of its immunomodulatory activity
Authors: Patil Pratap S. , Cheng Ting-Jen Rachel , Zulueta Medel Manuel L. , Yang Shih-Ting , Lico Larry S. , Hung Shang-Cheng 
Published: June 2015

AbstractTuberculosis, aggravated by drug-resistant strains and HIV co-infection of the causative agent Mycobacterium tuberculosis, is a global problem that affects millions of people. With essential immunoregulatory roles, phosphatidylinositol mannosides are among the cell-envelope components critical to the pathogenesis and survival of M. tuberculosis inside its host. Here we report the first synthesis of the highly complex tetraacylated phosphatidylinositol hexamannoside (Ac2PIM6), having stearic and tuberculostearic acids as lipid components. Our effort makes use of stereoelectronic and steric effects to control the regioselective and stereoselective outcomes and minimize the synthetic steps, particularly in the key desymmetrization and functionalization of myo-inositol. A short synthesis of tuberculostearic acid in six steps from the Roche ester is also described. Mice exposed to the synthesized Ac2PIM6 exhibit increased production of interleukin-4 and interferon-γ, and the corresponding adjuvant effect is shown by the induction of ovalbumin- and tetanus toxoid-specific antibodies.
Ionic transport through sub-10 nm diameter hydrophobic high-aspect ratio nanopores: experiment, theory and simulation
Authors: Balme Sébastien , Picaud Fabien , Manghi Manoel , Palmeri John , Bechelany Mikhael , Cabello-Aguilar Simon , Abou-Chaaya Adib , Miele Philippe , Balanzat Emmanuel , Janot Jean Marc 
Published: June 2015

AbstractFundamental understanding of ionic transport at the nanoscale is essential for developing biosensors based on nanopore technology and new generation high-performance nanofiltration membranes for separation and purification applications. We study here ionic transport through single putatively neutral hydrophobic nanopores with high aspect ratio (of lengthL = 6 μm with diameters ranging from 1 to 10 nm) and with a well controlled cylindrical geometry. We develop a detailed hybrid mesoscopic theoretical approach for the electrolyte conductivity inside nanopores, which considers explicitly ion advection by electro-osmotic flow and possible flow slip at the pore surface. By fitting the experimental conductance data we show that for nanopore diameters greater than 4 nm a constant weak surface charge density of about 10−2 C m−2needs to be incorporated in the model to account for conductance plateaus of a few pico-siemens at low salt concentrations. For tighter nanopores, our analysis leads to a higher surface charge density, which can be attributed to a modification of ion solvation structure close to the pore surface, as observed in the molecular dynamics simulations we performed.