bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cerebrospinal fluid transferrin levels are reduced in patients with early multiple sclerosis
Authors: Khalil M , Riedlbauer B , Langkammer C , Enzinger C , Ropele S , Stojakovic T , Scharnagl H , Culea V , Petzold A , Teunissen CE , Archelos J-J , Fuchs S , Fazekas F 
Published: April 2014

Background: Previous magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies have demonstrated increased iron deposition in the basal ganglia of multiple sclerosis (MS) patients. However, it is not clear whether these alterations are associated with changes of iron metabolism in body fluids. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate if iron metabolism markers in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum of clinically isolated syndrome (CIS) and MS patients differ from controls and how they relate to clinical and imaging parameters. Methods: We analysed serum ferritin, transferrin and soluble transferrin-receptor and CSF ferritin and transferrin by nephelometry in non-anaemic CIS ( n=60) or early MS ( n=14) patients and 68 controls. In CIS/MS we additionally assessed the T2 lesion load. Results: CSF transferrin was significantly decreased in CIS/MS compared to controls ( p<0.001), while no significant differences were seen in serum. Higher CSF transferrin levels correlated with lower physical disability scores ( r= −0.3, p<0.05). CSF transferrin levels did not correlate with other clinical data and the T2 lesion load. Conclusion: Our biochemical study provides evidence that altered iron homeostasis within the brain occurs in the very early phases of the disease, and suggests that the transporter protein transferrin may play a role in the increased iron deposition known to occur in the brain of MS patients.
Cognitive impairment in patients with multiple sclerosis predicts worse caregiver’s health-related quality of life
Authors: Labiano-Fontcuberta Andrés , Mitchell Alex J , Moreno-García Sara , Benito-León Julián 
Published: April 2014

Background: Little information exists about how cognitive impairment in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients impacts on their caregivers’ health-related quality of life (HRQoL). Background: The objective of this paper is to examine the extent to which cognitive impairment in MS patients contributes to caregivers’ HRQoL. Methods: A total of 63 MS patients, 63 caregivers and 59 matched controls were recruited. Patients and controls underwent a neuropsychological assessment, including tests of working memory, speed of information processing, executive function, and verbal fluency. HRQoL of the caregivers was assessed by CAREQOL-MS. In logistic regression models, we adjusted for the effects of confounding variables. In these models, the dependent variable was the CAREQOL-MS (higher median of CAREQOL-MS (worse HRQoL) vs. lower median of CAREQOL-MS (better HRQoL) (reference)), and the independent variable was the impairment on each neuropsychological test vs. its integrity (reference). Results: Cognitive impairment in MS patients was significantly associated with worse caregiver HRQoL (adjusted odds ratio (OR) = 3.10, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.07–11.55, p = 0.04). In secondary analyses in which each neuropsychological test was entered in the analyses separately, only Symbol Digit Modalities Test (a measurement of information processing speed) impairment (OR = 4.22, 95%, CI = 1.16–14.53, p = 0.03) was significantly associated with worse caregiver HRQoL. Conclusions: MS patients’ caregivers’ HRQoL is significantly influenced by information processing speed impairment of MS patients.
Damage Control Resuscitation In Trauma
Authors: Kaafarani H.M. A. , Velmahos G. C. 
Published: April 2014

Introduction: Most preventable trauma deaths are due to uncontrolled hemorrhage. Methods: In this article, we briefly describe the pathophysiology of the classical triad of death in trauma, namely, acidosis, hypothermia, and coagulopathy, and then suggest damage control resuscitation strategies to prevent and/or mitigate the effects of each in the bleeding patient. Results: Damage control resuscitation strategies include body rewarming, restrictive fluid administration, permissive hypotension, balanced blood product administration, and the implementation of massive transfusion protocols. Conclusion: Resuscitating and correcting the coagulopathy of the exsanguinating trauma patient is essential to improve chances of survival.
Neutrophil homeostasis and its regulation by danger signaling
Authors: Wirths Stefan , Bugl Stefanie , Kopp Hans-Georg 
Published: April 2014

AbstractHematopoiesis in general is demand driven and adaptive, but in contrast to erythropoiesis or thrombocytopoiesis, our knowledge on how neutrophil production is adapted to individual needs remains incomplete. Recently, neutrophil homeostasis has been shown to depend on danger receptors, macrophages, and even circadian rhythms. Puzzle pieces for a broader view of neutrophil homeostasis accumulate, and we will herein try to put seemingly contradictory evidence in a perspective of neutrophil homeostasis and emergency granulopoiesis determined by innate immunologic signaling.
Lessons from sexual and reproductive health voucher program design and function: a comprehensive review
Authors: Grainger Corinne , Gorter Anna , Okal Jerry , Bellows Ben 
Published: April 2014

Abstract

Background
Developing countries face challenges in financing healthcare; often the poor do not receive the most basic services. The past decade has seen a sharp increase in the number of voucher programs, which target output-based subsidies for specific services to poor and underserved groups. The dearth of literature that examines lessons learned risks the wheel being endlessly reinvented. This paper examines commonalities and differences in voucher design and implementation, highlighting lessons learned for the design of new voucher programmes.

Methodology
The methodology comprised: discussion among key experts to develop inclusion/exclusion criteria; up-dating the literature database used by the DFID systematic review of voucher programs; and networking with key contacts to identify new programs and obtain additional program documents. We identified 40 programs for review and extracted a dataset of more than 120 program characteristics for detailed analysis.

Results
All programs aimed to increase utilisation of healthcare, particularly maternal health services, overwhelmingly among low-income populations. The majority contract(ed) private providers, or public and private providers, and all facilitate(d) access to services that are well defined, time-limited and reflect the country’s stated health priorities.
All voucher programs incorporate a governing body, management agency, contracted providers and target population, and all share the same incentive structure: the transfer of subsidies from consumers to service providers, resulting in a strong effect on both consumer and provider behaviour. Vouchers deliver subsidies to individuals, who in the absence of the subsidy would likely not have sought care, and in all programs a positive behavioural response is observed, with providers investing voucher revenue to attract more clients. A large majority of programs studied used targeting mechanisms.

Conclusions
While many programs remain too small to address national-level need among the poor, large programs are being developed at a rate of one every two years, with further programs in the pipeline. The importance of addressing inequalities in access to basic services is recognized as an important component in the drive to achieve universal health coverage; vouchers are increasingly acknowledged as a promising targeting mechanism in this context, particularly where social health insurance is not yet feasible.
Characteristics and management of sublingual allergen immunotherapy in children with allergic rhinitis and asthma induced by house dust mite allergens
Authors: Trebuchon Florence , Lhéritier‐Barrand Michèle , David Marie , Demoly Pascal 
Published: April 2014

AbstractBackgroundAllergen immunotherapy is a recognised intervention in patients with allergies not responding to standard pharmacotherapy or in whom pharmacotherapy is contraindicated. We describe the sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT) regimens used in children and adolescents with house dust mite (HDM) respiratory allergies in France and assess the efficacy and safety of this treatment.MethodsThis was a sub‐analysis of paediatric patients included in a previous retrospective, observational, multicentre study. Inclusion criteria were: age 5–17 years; respiratory allergy and proven sensitisation to HDM; at least 2 years follow‐up after SLIT initiation. The following data were recorded at SLIT initiation: clinical characteristics; sensitisation profile; concomitant symptomatic medications; details of SLIT protocol. During follow‐up and at the end of treatment the following data were recorded: any changes to SLIT treatment; any changes to symptomatic medications; symptom progression; adverse events. SLIT efficacy, patient compliance and satisfaction, and safety were assessed.Results736 paediatric patients were included in this analysis. Most patients (95.5%) had allergic rhinitis, which was moderate to severe persistent in 62.8%. Allergic asthma was present in 64.0% and was mild to moderate persistent in 52.7% of these patients. The majority of patients had rhinitis with asthma (59.5%). Three‐hundred and seventy five (62.3%) patients were polysensitised. Compliance was good in 86.5% of patients and SLIT was effective in 83.8%. Symptoms of rhinitis and asthma were improved in 64.6% and 64.3% of patients, respectively. A decrease in symptomatic medication was observed following SLIT initiation in patients with rhinitis and/or asthma. SLIT was well tolerated with mainly local reactions reported.ConclusionsHDM SLIT appears to be effective in children and adolescents with rhinitis and/or asthma due to HDM allergens, with no tolerability issues and similar benefits as in adults.
Effects of Synaptic Plasticity on Phase and Period Locking in a Network of Two Oscillatory Neurons
Authors: Akcay Zeynep , Bose Amitabha , Nadim Farzan 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
We study the effects of synaptic plasticity on the determination of firing period and relative phases in a network of two oscillatory neurons coupled with reciprocal inhibition. We combine the phase response curves of the neurons with the short-term synaptic plasticity properties of the synapses to define Poincaré maps for the activity of an oscillatory network. Fixed points of these maps correspond to the phase-locked modes of the network. These maps allow us to analyze the dependence of the resulting network activity on the properties of network components. Using a combination of analysis and simulations, we show how various parameters of the model affect the existence and stability of phase-locked solutions. We find conditions on the synaptic plasticity profiles and the phase response curves of the neurons for the network to be able to maintain a constant firing period, while varying the phase of locking between the neurons or vice versa. A generalization to cobwebbing for two-dimensional maps is also discussed.
The development of phase-based property data using the CALPHAD method and infrastructure needs
Authors: Campbell Carelyn E , Kattner Ursula R , Liu Zi-Kui 
Published: April 2014

AbstractInitially, the CALPHAD (Calculation of Phase Diagrams) method was established as a tool for treating thermodynamics and phase equilibria of multicomponent systems. Since then the method has been successfully applied to diffusion mobilities in multicomponent systems, creating the foundation for simulation of diffusion processes in these systems. Recently, the CALPHAD method has been expanded to other phase-based properties, including molar volumes and elastic constants, and has the potential to treat electrical and thermal conductivity and even two-phase properties, such as interfacial energies. Advances in the CALPHAD method or new information on specific systems frequently require that already assessed systems be re-assessed. Therefore, the next generation of CALPHAD necessitates data repositories so that when new models are developed or new experimental and computational information becomes available the relevant low-order (unary, binary, and ternary) systems can be re-assessed efficiently to develop the new multicomponent descriptions. The present work outlines data and infrastructure needs for efficient CALPHAD assessments and updates, highlighting the requirement for data repositories with flexible data formats that can be accessed by a variety of tools and that can evolve as data needs change. Within these repositories, the data must be stored with the appropriate metadata to enable the evaluation of the confidence of the stored data.
Second Malignant Neoplasms in Patients With Cowden Syndrome With Underlying Germline PTEN Mutations
Authors: Ngeow Joanne , Stanuch Kim , Mester Jessica L. , Barnholtz-Sloan Jill S. , Eng Charis 
Published: April 2014

Purpose Patients with Cowden syndrome (CS) with underlying germline PTEN mutations are at increased risk of breast, thyroid, endometrial, and renal cancers. To our knowledge, risk of subsequent cancers in these patients has not been previously explored or quantified. Patients and Methods We conducted a 7-year multicenter prospective study (2005 to 2012) of patients with CS or CS-like disease, all of whom underwent comprehensive PTEN mutational analysis. Second malignant neoplasms (SMNs) were ascertained by medical records and confirmed by pathology reports. Standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) for all SMNs combined and for breast, thyroid, endometrial, and renal cancers were calculated. Results Of the 2,912 adult patients included in our analysis, 2,024 had an invasive cancer history. Germline pathogenic PTEN mutations (PTEN mutation positive) were identified in 114 patients (5.6%). Of these 114 patients, 46 (40%) had an SMN. Median age of SMN diagnosis was 50 years (range, 21 to 71 years). Median interval between primary cancer and SMN was 5 years (range, < 1 to 35 years). Of the 51 PTEN mutation–positive patients who presented with primary breast cancer, 11 (22%) had a subsequent new primary breast cancer and 10-year second breast cancer cumulative risk of 29% (95% CI, 15.3 to 43.7). Risk of SMNs compared with that of the general population was significantly elevated for all cancers (SIR, 7.74; 95% CI, 5.84 to 10.07), specifically for breast (SIR, 8.92; 95% CI, 5.85 to 13.07), thyroid (SIR, 5.83; 95% CI, 3.01 to 10.18), and endometrial SMNs (SIR, 14.08.07; 95% CI, 7.10 to 27.21). Conclusion Patients with CS with germline PTEN mutations are at higher risk for SMNs compared with the general population. Prophylactic mastectomy should be considered on an individual basis given the significant risk of subsequent breast cancer.
The Conquest of Burgundy, the Peace of God, and the Diplomas of Robert the Pious
Authors: Koziol Geoffrey 
Published: April 2014

Throughout the ninth and tenth centuries the look and language of West Frankish royal charters were extraordinarily stable. This changed with dramatic suddenness under Robert the Pious (987/996-1031). Among the most important changes in his precepts is the appearance of third-party subscriptions. Historians have seen this as evidence of Robert’s weakness or of more pragmatic uses of writing. Here it is argued that they were an expression of Robert’s distinctive Christian devotion, developed through his exposure to contemporary monastic reform, and that the same complex of ideas that led Robert to introduce third-party subscriptions in his acts also led him to support the Peace of God.
Tout au long du neuvième et dixième siècles, la forme et la langue des chartes royales du royaume des Francs furent extraordinairement stables. Le règne de Robert le Pieux amorça un changement soudain. Un des changements les plus notables fut l’introduction de souscriptions de tiers, que les historiens ont généralement interprétée comme une preuve de la faiblesse de Robert le Pieux ou d’un usage plus pragmatique de l’écriture. Cet article avance que les souscriptions de tiers étaient l’expression de la dévotion chrétienne de Robert le Pieux, forgée au contact des moines réformateurs, ce qui expliquerait aussi son soutien à la Paix de Dieu.
Authority, Administration, and Antagonism on the Margins: Tours Under Count Geoffrey V of Anjou (1129-1151) and the Capetian Kings
Authors: Dutton Kathryn 
Published: April 2014

This article explores the overlapping authority of the Angevins and Capetians in Tours during the reign of Geoffrey V (1129-51). Although the region has long been recognized as a focus of competition, historians have hitherto engaged with Capetian control of the bourg of Châteauneuf and the college of Saint-Martin. Here Angevin administration in Tours and engagement with the archbishops of Tours, local monastic houses and burgesses are traced in Geoffrey V’s acta, some published for the first time, and other charters and narrative material. While existing studies rightly stress the vibrancy of Châteauneuf at the expense of the cité of Tours, Capetian influence was not clear-cut; local groups and institutions could use their marginal situation to accrue multiple layers of patronage and protection. Papal schism and reform, the local economy, and the nature of comital relations with other Greater Angevin institutions were all important dynamics shaping Angevin rule alongside Angevin-Capetian competition.
Cet article examine l’autorité « chevauchante » des Angevins et Capétiens à Tours pendant le règne de Geoffroy V (1129-51). Si les historiens reconnaissent depuis longtemps l’importance de la région comme objet de concurrence, ils privilégient le contrôle capétien du bourg de Châteauneuf et du collège de Saint-Martin. Cet article trace l’évolution de l’administration angevine à Tours et son engagement avec les archevêques de Tours, les maisons monastiques locales et les bourgeois dans les acta de Geoffroy V (certaines publiées ici pour la première fois) et d’autres chartes et documents narratifs. Alors que les études existantes soulignent à juste titre le dynamisme de Châteauneuf, au détriment de la cité de Tours, la domination capétienne n’était pas entière; des groupes et institutions locaux pouvaient utiliser leur situation marginale pour accumuler différentes couches de patronage et de protection. Le schisme papal, la réforme, l’économie locale et les relations comtales avec d’autres institutions angevines contribuèrent à la dynamique qui façonna l’administration angevine à la marge de la compétition entre Angevins et Capétiens.
Race, Citizenship, and Antillean Student Activism in Postwar France, 1946-1968
Authors: Daily Andrew M. 
Published: April 2014

In 1946, the French Antilles were “assimilated” to France as constituent departments of the Republic. With assimilation, hundreds of Antilleans traveled to France to attend college, university, and technical schools. When they arrived in the metropole, they were confronted by racism, discrimination, and “incomprehension,” confined to immigrant quarters, refused lodging and service, and even attacked by far-right activists. This article examines how the encounter with the racial reality of postwar France radicalized a generation of Antillean students. These students formed organizations, from Catholic student groups to militant youth organizations, that questioned the gains of assimilation, the realities of French citizenship, and their own cultural and social identities. Former student militants would go on to play an important role in both Antillean politics and in Antillean culture.
En 1946, les Antilles françaises sont « assimilées » à la France comme départements de la République à part entière. Après l’adoption de la loi de départementalisation de 1946, des centaines d’étudiants antillais se rendent en France pour étudier. Dès leur arrivée, ils sont confrontés au racisme, à la discrimination et à l’incompréhension. Ils sont confinés aux quartiers d’immigrés et on leur refuse logement et services ; certains se font même attaquer par des militants d’extrême-droite. Cet article examine comment la rencontre de la réalité raciale de la France métropolitaine d’après-guerre a radicalisé une génération d’étudiants antillais. Les organisations que forment ces étudiants (allant des associations catholiques à des organisations nettement plus à gauche) remettent en question les acquis de l’assimilation, les réalités de la citoyenneté française et les identités culturelles et sociales des étudiants antillais eux-mêmes. Leurs études terminées, ces activistes allaient jouer un rôle important dans la politique et la culture des Antilles.
The impact of fine‐scale turbulence on phytoplankton community structure
Authors: Barton Andrew D. , Ward Ben A. , Williams Richard G. , Follows Michael J. 
Published: April 2014

Lay AbstractThe mechanisms that maintain the great diversity of marine phytoplankton are not well understood. In particular, the widespread distribution and survival of large phytoplankton cells in the ocean are paradoxical, as they are at a distinct competitive disadvantage compared with smaller cells. The growth of large phytoplankton is typically limited by the diffusive supply of essential nutrients, whereas smaller cells have a greater surface‐area‐to‐volume ratio and are thus able to acquire sufficient resources more effectively via diffusion. Here, we employ a model of the diverse marine phytoplankton community to show that fine‐scale turbulence, a defining and ubiquitous feature of the ocean environment, aids the survival of large cells by increasing their effective supply of critical nutrients. This ecological impact of turbulence becomes most important in regions with established grazer populations, with high inputs of turbulent kinetic energy, and where nutrients have been exhausted, such as in the middle and high latitudes in summer and the trade wind latitudes of the tropics and subtropics. Our work shows that the presence of turbulence can have profound impacts on the size structure of the marine phytoplankton community.
Cognitive Control Capabilities, Routinization Propensity, and Decision-Making Performance
Authors: Laureiro-Martinez Daniella 
Published: April 2014

This paper examines the cognitive and behavioral foundations of decision making at the individual level. It is based on a study conducted with 86 graduate students and a model that combines the highly mindful cognitive control capabilities and the less-mindful routinization propensity to explain decision-making performance.The paper offers three contributions. First, I introduce and empirically observe cognitive control capabilities, i.e., the supervisory cognitive mechanisms through which individuals monitor and control their own attention processes. Second, I introduce and operationalize the concept of routinization propensity. This is an individual-difference variable capturing the tendency to develop and enact a behavioral repertoire of standard solutions. Third, I propose and test a model in which routinization propensity mediates the impact of cognitive control capabilities on decision-making performance. I show that both high and low levels of mindfulness are essential to maximize performance in strategic decision making. Counterintuitively, however, higher cognitive control capabilities are connected to higher levels of routinization propensity, which in turn enhance performance. These findings contribute to the development of an integrated theory of cognition, decision making, and learning.