bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and Properties of Al-δ Layered Sodium Disilicate with High Framework Stability
Authors: Dong J.-X. , Li L.-P. , Xu H. , Deng F. , Liu L. , Ai X. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractAl-δ layered sodium disilicate with high framework stability in hot water (60–80°C) has been successfully synthesized from the system of Na2O–Al2O3–SiO2–H2O. It was shown that the presence of aluminum can improve the purity of δ phase. After marinated in hot distilled water for 60minutes, Al-δ layered sodium disilicate still kept δ phase and had better Ca2+binding capacity and calcium binding rate. This property of Al-δ layered sodium disilicate may extend its application field. The samples were characterized by XRD, FT-IR, MAS NMR, Ca2+binding capacity and rate, The data of27Al MAS NMR and29Si MAS NMR showed that aluminum was incorporated essentially in tetrahedral framework position, and substitute for SiO4tetrahedron in sheet of δ layered sodium disilicate.
Biodegradation of Two Nonionic Surfactants Used for In Situ Flushing of Oil-Contaminated Soils
Authors: Torres L. G. , Orantes J. L. , Iturbe R. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
Surfactants used for soil in situ flushing are often synthetic monomers of nonionic type. Both ethoxylated sorbitan monoleate and nonyl-phenol have been widely reported because of their washing potential. It is necessary to investigate their aerobic biodegradability at high concentrations found after a soil in situ flushing process. The aim of this work is to show the two nonionic surfactants' biodegradation, when present in water solutions at high concentrations (400 and 800mg/l), using an aerobic consortium obtained from a conventional activated sludge system for treatment of municipal wastewater. It was demonstrated that both TW80 and Surfacpol surfactants were biodegraded (and even partially mineralised) at high concentrations, i.e., 400 and 800mg/l. It is noteworthy that Surfacpol could be biodegraded to a higher extent (about 96%) than TW80 (about 45%) in a period of 168hours. Regarding the mineralization rates, Surfacpol reached mineralization values of about 83%, whereas TW80 reached only a value of about 23%.
Mixed Micellar Systems of n-Alkyl-β-D Glucopyranosides with Hexadecyl Cationic Surfactants
Authors: Rodgers C. , Moulins J. , Palepu R. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
Critical micelle concentrations (cmc) were obtained from tensiometric method on binary mixtures of decyl and dodecyl glucopyranoside nonionic surfactants with hexadecyl-triphenyl and tributyl phosphonium bromide and trimethylammonium bromide surfactants in aqueous media. The cmc data have been analysed in the context of pseudophase separation model. The interaction parameter (b) determined by using the regular solution theory (RST) was found to be negative and composition dependent. The values of interaction parameters were found to be more negative for C10 glucopyranoside mixtures. Employing Maeda's Theory, the chain/chain contribution parameter B1 was obtained and related to the Gibbs free energy of mixed micelle formation. Thermodynamics of adsorption, surface excess and minimum area occupied by surfactant molecules were also evaluated.
Preparation of some Ethoxylated Alkyl Sulfosuccinate Surfactants and Investigate their Mixed Solutions
Authors: Al-Sabagh A. M. , Azzam E. M. S. , Mahmoud S. A. , Saleh N. E. A. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
A series of ethoxylated sodium monoalkyl sulfosuccinate (ESMASS) ester surfactants were prepared by reaction of polyethylene glycol (M. wt. 600) with sodium mono alkyl sulfosuccinate (SMASS). The esters were prepared by reaction of octyl, lauryl or cetyl alcohol with sodium sulfosuccinate (SSS) to prepare E(14)SMOSS, E(14)SMLSS and E(14)SMCSS. The chemical structures of the prepared surfactants were confirmed by FTIR and 1HNMR spectroscopy. The surface tension of the synthesized surfactants was measured at 25°C individually or mixing at different molar fraction with the sodium dioctyl sulfosuccinate. The surface active properties were calculated and micellization process of the mixture was investigated. The molar ratio of anionic (SDOSS) and anionic-nonionic surfactants moiety [E(14)SMOSS, E(14)SMLSS and E(14)SMCSS] in the mixed aggregates were deduced using the regular solution approximation equations. Depending on the critical micelle concentration values for each surfactant individually and mixed systems, the minimum surface tension was exhibited at mixture of [0.6 SDOSS and 0.4 E(14)SMCSS]. The micellar composition of the mixed aggregates were explained and discussed based on the effect of their chemical structures. Activity coefficient (f1, f2), interaction parameter (b) and ideality of anionic-nonionic mixed aggregates were evaluated.
Structure – Property Relationships of “Gemini” Surfactants and Synergism with Hydrotropes
Authors: Wattebled L. , Note C. , Laschewsky A. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractTwo series of cationic dimeric ((gemini)) surfactants are presented with respect to key surfactant properties, such as surface activity and micellization. The influence of the dimerization and of the spacer group are examined, in order to establish structure-property relationships. Importantly, the addition of organic anions strongly modifies the solution properties and aggregate morphology. The surface tension and critical micellar concentration can be markedly reduced compared to the dimeric surfactants in the pure state. Moreover, dimeric surfactants with an appropriate spacer group can produce viscoelastic solutions after addition of certain organic anions even when bearing only dodecyl chains, whereas no effect is observed for such mixtures involving the analogous (monomeric) surfactant. Also, first results on the use of polymerizable counterions and their polymerization in such mixtures are presented.
On Plate Analysis of Surfactants by High Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography: Simultaneous Identification and Separation of Polyoxyethylene p-t-Octyl Phenol, Dodecyltrimethylammonium Bromide and Polyoxyethylene(20) Stearyl Ether
Authors: Mohammad A. , Shahab H. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
Thin – layer chromatography of fifteen surfactants (cationic, anionic and non – ionic) has been performed on silica HPTLC plates using chromogenic reagents methylene blue (MB), bromocresol green (BCG), and bromophenol blue (BPB) in the presence of aqueous formic acid plus acetone. Mobile phase system comprising acetone + 10−4 M bromophenol blue in 1 M aqueous formic acid is found most favourable for the separation of coexisting, polyoxyethylene p-t-octylphenol (TX-100), polyoxyethylene(20) stearyl ether (Bj-78), and dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide (DTABr). Effects of sample pH, presence of impurities in the analyte sample, nature of adsorbent and the composition of mobile phase have been investigated on the separation of TX-100, Bj-78, and DTABr from their mixtures. The limits of detection of poly oxyethylene p-t-octylphenol, polyoxyethylene(20) stearyl ether and dodecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide have been determined.
Synthesis of 1,3-Bis-[(Dodecanoyl Oxypropyl Dimethylammonium) Propane] Dibromide Ester-Quat Surfactant: Micellar, Thermodynamic and Corrosion-Inhibiting Properties
Authors: Alehyen S. , Benssejjay F. , EL Achouri M. , Infante M. R. , Perez L. , Benssouda Y. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractEster – quat surfactant: 1,3-bis-[(dodecanoyl oxypropyl dimethylammonium) propane] dibromide referred as 12-3-3-3-12 was synthesized, purified and characterized by Elemental Analysis,1H-NMR,13C-NMR, IR and Mass Spectra. The thermodynamic properties of aqueous solutions of this ester-quat were investigated using Electrical Conductivity and Surface Tension measurements. The corresponding parameters of micellisation were determined for each technique. Otherwise the inhibitive action of the ester-quat (12-3-3-3-12) on the corrosion behaviour of iron was investigated in HCl and H2SO4medium by means Electrochemical Resistance and Polarisation methods. The ester-quat 12-3-3-3-12 acts as a cathodic-type inhibitor. The maximum inhibition efficiency was reached around the critical micellar concentration. The ester-quat appears to be adsorbed in the metal/liquid interface through the general mode following the Frumkin adsorption model.
The Long-term Stability of Sodium Percarbonate in Presence of Zeolite as Measured by Heat Flow Calorimetry
Authors: Johansson C. , Pekonen P. , Forsström D. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
Heat flow calorimetry has been evaluated as an alternative technique to conventional stability testing of sodium percarbonate [15630-89-4] (SPC) based on analysis of the hydrogen peroxide content. Stability tests were performed with different SPC samples as well as under various experimental conditions. In general, stable samples exhibiting high concentration of hydrogen peroxide were accompanied by low heat flow values. It was found that the results obtained by heat flow calorimetry and conventional stability testing were in agreement. It was also demonstrated that the long-term stability could be predicted from heat flow data obtained during the initial stage of decomposition. Furthermore, different manufacturing and experimental conditions were manifested as a change of the heat flow curve. The results indicate that the rate of heat production is closely associated with the stability of sodium percarbonate, i. e. the rate of decomposition of sodium percarbonate. In presence of zeolite the stability of sodium percarbonate was reduced, particularly under humid conditions.
A Novel Method for the Synthesis of Mesoporous TiO2 at Ambient Temperature
Authors: Tai X.-M. , Du Z.-P. , Wang W. X. , Zhang J. F. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
Using anionic surfactant sodium alkyl epoxy ethylene carboxylate as structure-oriented agent mesoporous titanium dioxide was direct prepared at ambient temperature via hydrolysis precipitation. The synthesized products were characterized by XRD and N2-adsorption. XRD analysis indicates that the TiO2 exhibits anatase phase and its pore disappears at 550 °C calcinations temperature. N2-adsorption results shows that high surface area of 324 m2/g, pore volume of 0.211 cm3/g and pore size of 3.5 nm were obtained in no heat-treated sample.
Visible Light Photo-catalysts Based on Titanium Dioxide and their Potential Applications – an Introduction
Authors: Blöß S. P. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
Titanium dioxide is a well-known UV-absorber but it can also be used for initiating chemical reactions by ultra-violet radiation. By doping this semiconductor with carbon, interstate energy levels between the energy bands are formed. This offers the possibility not only to use ultra-violet light, but also visible light to activate the catalyst. In a cyclic photo-catalytic process inorganic radicals are generated from the surrounding atmospheric water and oxygen. These radicals then oxidize organic compounds e. g. aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons or inorganic molecules e. g. nitrogen oxides and carbon monoxide, respectively, to carbon dioxide, nitrates and water as end-products, which can readily be assimilated by vegetation. Potential applications are found in self-cleaning surfaces and the reduction of air and water pollution, where its superhydrophilicy and high specific surface areas can be utilized.
Preparation and Performance Properties of a Series of Novel Anionic Gemini Surfactants
Authors: Shukla D. , Tyagi V. K. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
Anionic Gemini surfactants having two phosphate head groups and two decyl head groups were prepared in good yield. These surfactants were prepared by two step process. (i) Preparation of decyl phosphate from pyrophosphoric acid and decanol. (ii) Preparation of bis-phosphoric acid from decyl phosphate, (CH3)4NOH and different spacers by using acetonitrile as solvent. The synthesized surfactants structures were verified by FT IR, and 1H NMR spectroscopy. The physical and performance properties like surface tension and interfacial tension, foaming, wetting and emulsion stability of disodium salts of bis-phosphoric acids were also evaluated. The effects of the spacers on the properties were analyzed. It was found that properties were significantly influenced by slight variation of spacers.
Effect of Cetyltrimethylammonium Bromide on the Oxidation of β-Alanine by N-Bromophthalimide in Acidic Medium
Authors: Katre Y. R. , Joshi G. K. , Singh A. K. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
The kinetics of the oxidation of β-alanine (Ala) by N-bromophthalimide (NBP) has been studied in the presence of cationic surfactant, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) at 313 K. The oxidation kinetics exhibits first order kinetics with respect to [Oxidant], fractional order of [Ala] and inverse fractional order of [H+] on the rate of reaction. The rate of reaction decreases with decreasing dielectric constant of the medium. The rate constant increases with increasing CTAB and then constant. Increasing [Hg(OAc)2] and inorganic salts i.e. [Cl−] and [Br−] increased the rate of reaction, whereas a change in ionic strength of the medium had no effect on oxidation velocity. Methyl Cyanide as the main oxidation product has been identified. Thermodynamic and activation parameters have been evaluated. The rate constants, binding constants with surfactant (CTAB) and the index of cooperativity have also been evaluated.
Dye Fading in Laundry Washing Comparison of Washing Machine and Linitest Results
Authors: Rohwer H. , Phillips D. A. S. , Krijnen E. S. , Glüsen B. , Lodewick R. , Reinhardt G. , Gordon J. W. , Spadoni L. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
Linitest and washing machine results have been compared for the assessment of dye damage/colour fading. 14 dyes of the AISE Monitor Dye Set for bleach induced dye fading were applied in several multi-cycle washes in both devices. It has been shown that dye fading in both applications correlated well with bleach containing detergents, although often the absolute level of fading was higher in a washing machine. Both systems identified the same dyes as being either problematic or safe. On the other hand experiments without a bleach system revealed that dye fading in a washing machine could be different from that generated in a Linitest.
On Plate Resolution and Identification of Three-Component Mixture of Nonionic Surfactants
Authors: Mohammad A. , Bhawani A. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
Silica gel 60 F254 plates were used with mixed aqueous-organic solvent systems consisting of dioxan and lithium chloride for the chromatography of three nonionic surfactants. The resolution of coexisting Triton X-100, Brij-57 and Brij-78 was achieved with the solvent system 1,4-dioxan:1% aqueous LiCl (40:60, v/v). The effect of concentration of Li+ ions in the solvent system on the mobility of the three surfactants was studied. The interference on the resolution of the mixture of Triton X-100, Brij-57 and Brij-78, due to the presence of metal cations as impurities, is also examined. The limits of detection of Triton X-100, Brij-57 and Brij-78 estimated were 0.075, 0.150 and 0.20 μg/zone respectively. The practical applicability of proposed method was tested for the identification of three coexisting nonionic surfactants after their separation from the spiked aqueous systems.
Polycarboxylates – Essential and Multifunctional
Authors: Ettl R. , Schwendemann V. , Schmidt K. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
Starting from a variety of monomers as building blocks, a whole range of synthetic homopolymers and random copolymers can be easily synthesized in the laboratory and many of these polymers are commercially available. Acrylic acid in particular is a convenient and versatile starting point leading to a huge range of different polymer structures generally known as polycarboxylates. A great deal of work has been published on the effects polycarboxylates provide in laundry detergents. They have a pronounced dispersing capacity for particulate soil and sparingly soluble salts such as calcium carbonate and thus they are able to counteract incrustation and redeposition of soil onto fabrics. The incorporation of side chains of different lengths and chemistry opened the field of highly efficient rheology modifiers. This synthetic development has been aided by an increased understanding of the mode of action on a molecular level. Knowledge about the interaction of water-soluble polymers with nonionic and ionic surfactants and with particles has grown significantly and is still an area of great interest. Further, recent studies have shed more light on the dynamics of crystal growth of calcium carbonate in various environments and the role of polycarboxylates and other polymers in this process.
Macroscopic Pipe Flow of Micellar Solutions Investigated by Ultrasound Doppler Velocimetry
Authors: Fischer Peter , Ouriev Boris , Windhab J. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
Macroscopic flow properties of viscoelastic surfactant solution are investigated in pressure driven pipe flow condition. We focus on an equimolar aqueous solution of cetylpyridinium chloride – sodium salicylate, which in simple shear flow exhibits a shear thinning, and at higher shear rates, a pronounced shear-thickening behavior associated with the formation of shear bands [1–6]. An ultrasound Doppler velocimetry method is used to detect these shear bands in pipe flow. The emitted ultrasonic beam is scattered by the moving sample and the time delay between emitted pulse and received echoes as well as the frequency shift is determined. This Doppler shift is related to the speed and the direction of the moving scatters and with this information, the velocity profile across the pipe is calculated [7]. The shape of the obtained velocity profile is used to determine the flow properties of the sample and the formation of shear bands at the tube's wall or within the bulk phase. For the investigated solution we do not observe shear band phenomena. This is contrary to previous investigations [5, 6, 8] where shear bands in the order of few tenth of a millimeter were found. Our results suggesting that the banded region is not detectable by the utilized UVP technique.
Phase Behavior of Microemulsions Prepared from Surfactant-like Ionic Liquids
Authors: Liu J. , Li Y. , Chai J.-L. , Qin C.-K. , Yu X.-Y. , Xia Y. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
The phase behavior and the influencing factors of middle phase microemulsions prepared from surfactant-like ionic liquid 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide (C12mimBr, C14mimBr and C16mimBr) were studied systematically with Winsor-type phase diagrams. The minimum alcohol content needed to form the middle phase microemulsion, the alcohol width (the range of the alcohol concentrations from forming to disappearing of the middle-phase microemulsion) and the percent volume of the optimal middle phase at the midpoint of the middle phase region were obtained from the phase diagrams. It was found that with the increase in the carbon chain length of CnmimBr molecules, the minimum alcohol content and the alcohol width decrease, and the solubilization ability (the percent volume of the middle phase microemulsion) increases. With the increase in CnmimBr content, the minimum alcohol content increases, and the alcohol width increases at first and then decreases, and the solubilization ability of the microemulsion systems increases. The minimum alcohol content, the alcohol width and the solubilization ability are also influenced by alcohols, oils and brine. The minimum alcohol content and the alcohol width decrease, and the solubilization ability increases, with the increase in the carbon chain length of the alcohols, the decrease in the carbon chain length of the oils, and the increase in NaCl contents.
Aqueous Solution Properties, Biodegradability, and Antimicrobial Activity of some Alkylpolyglycosides Surfactants
Authors: El-Sukkary M. M. A. , Syed N. A. , Aiad Ismail , Helmy S. M. , El-Azab W. I. M. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
In the present investigation, a series of alkyl polyglycosides with alkyl chain length of C 8, 9, 10, 12 and 14 were synthesized using transacetalization method. Purity of the products was investigated using high performance liquid chromatography. Surface parameters particularly Effectiveness πcmc, Efficiency Pc20, maximum surface excess Γmax, minimum surface area Amin and HLB values are investigated, in addition to thermodynamic parameters (ΔGads and ΔGmic). Resistance to hydrolysis for the prepared compounds was investigated. The synthesized compounds were tested for their biodegradability in Nile river water according to Die-away test method and their antimicrobial activity against different strains of bacteria, yeast and fungi was investigated.
Octanol-Water Partition Coefficients of Surfactants: Slow Stirring/Surface Tension Method
Authors: Miller D. J. , McWilliams P. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
A slow stirring method to measure log P values of water-soluble surfactants is described. Aqueous surfactant solution is equilibrated with octanol. A surface tension technique is used to determine the decrease in concentration in the aqueous phase. Interference from octanol, which is surface active, is prevented by evaporation and redissolution of the sample. For industrial surfactants this method gives a log P value that is effectively weighted according to the surface activity of the components. The test can be used to screen surfactants for a possible risk of bioaccumulation as it is generally accepted that substances with log P < 3 are unlikely to bioaccumulate. The apparent log P of an alkane sulfonate was 1.5 when a 1 g/L aqueous solution was equilibrated with an equal volume of octanol. Due to ion pair formation in the octanol phase the apparent log P decreased with concentration. As a result, the tendency to partition into octanol is likely to be less at environmentally relevant concentrations.
5-(3-Bromo-4-hydroxy-5-methoxyphenyl)-7,7-dimethyl-7H-indolo[1,2-a]quinolinium Perchlorate as a New Indicator for Anionic Surface Active Agents Determination
Authors: Wróblewska E. K. , Gąsiorowska M. , Soroka J. A. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
5-(3-Bromo-4-hydroxy-5-methoxyphenyl)-7,7-dimethyl-7H-indolo[1,2-a]quinolinium perchlorate (Ia) was used as an indicator for anionic surface active agents determination in the manual direct two-phase titration according to the International Standard [ISO 2271:1989] Surface active agents. The solvatochromic dye (Ia) can successfully replace the recommended mixed indicator consisting of a mixture of Acid Blue I and carcinogenic dimidium bromide. The detection of the titration endpoint with use of this dye turned out much easier than with the use of the mixed indicator. The procedure was also modified replacing carcinogenic and mutagenic chloroform with less toxic dichloromethane. The concentrations of the anionic surface – active substances in few commercially available products were determined using modified two-phase titration method.
Nonionic Surfactants: An Overview
Authors: Bajpai D. , Tyagi V. K. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
Nonionic surfactants do not produce ions in aqueous solution. As a consequence, they are compatible with other types of surfactants and are excellent candidates to enter complex mixtures, as found in many commercial products. Nonionic surfactants are found today in a large variety of domestic and industrial products, such as powdered or liquid formulations. This review paper describes the history, properties, types and uses of nonionic surfactants.