bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Streamwise oscillations of a cylinder in a steady current.
Part 1. Locked-on states of vortex formation and loading
Authors: CETINER O. , ROCKWELL D. 
Published: July 2002

Streamwise oscillations of a circular cylinder in a steady uniform flow are investigated
experimentally using a technique of high-image-density particle image velocimetry,
in conjunction with instantaneous force measurements. This approach allows insight
into the relationship between the loading and the patterns of vorticity and streamline
topology in the near wake.In analogy with the classical locked-on state arising from transverse oscillations of
a cylinder in uniform flow, it is possible to attain either locked-on or quasi-locked-on
states due to streamwise oscillations. In these cases, however, the repetitive signature
of the transverse force is not sinusoidal; rather, it is strongly modulated and the
corresponding spectra can exhibit several sharply defined peaks. The predominant
peak can vary over a remarkably wide range, extending from the subharmonic to the
third harmonic of the cylinder oscillation frequency; for certain locked-on states of
the transverse force signature, the spectral peak at the cylinder oscillation frequency
is actually suppressed. Corresponding instantaneous traces and spectra of the in-line
force simply show dominance of the spectral peak at the cylinder oscillation frequency.
Further interpretation of the loading is provided in terms of Lissajous patterns of the
transverse and in-line force coefficients.All of these features are related to the instantaneous patterns of vortex formation
in the near wake. During a typical cycle of the cylinder oscillation, these patterns can
be divided into two broad categories: Kármán-like shedding; and a nearly ‘frozen’
array of shed vortices. The order of occurrence of these basic patterns during an
oscillation cycle dictates the instantaneous signatures and time-averaged spectra of
the transverse force.
Mass transport in viscous flow under a progressive water wave
Authors: GWINN ALLAN W. , JACOBS S. J. 
Published: July 2002

We consider two-dimensional free surface flow caused by a pressure

wavemaker in a

viscous incompressible fluid of finite depth and infinite horizontal extent.
The

governing equations are expressed in dimensionless form, and attention
is

restricted to

the case δ[Lt ]ε[Lt ]1, where δ is the characteristic

dimensionless thickness of a Stokes

boundary layer and ε is the Strouhal number. Our aim is to provide
a

global picture of the flow, with emphasis on the steady streaming velocity.The asymptotic flow structure near the wavenumber is found to consist
of five

distinct vertical regions: bottom and surface Stokes layers of

dimensionless thickness

O(δ), bottom and surface Stuart layers of dimensionless

thickness O(δ/ε) lying outside

the Stokes layers, and an irrotational outer region of dimensionless

thickness O(1).

Equations describing the flow in all regions are derived, and the lowest-order
steady

streaming velocity in the near-field outer region is computed analytically.It is shown that the flow far from the wavemaker is affected by thickening
of the

Stuart layers on the horizontal length scale

O[(ε/δ)2], by viscous wave
decay on the

scale O(1/δ), and by nonlinear interactions on the scale

O(1/ε2). The analysis of the

flow in this region is simplified by imposing the restriction

δ=O(ε2), so that all three

processes take place on the same scale. The far-field flow structure is
found

to consist

of a viscous outer core bounded by Stokes layers at the bottom boundary
and water

surface. An evolution equation governing the wave amplitude is derived
and solved

analytically. This solution and near-field matching conditions are employed
to

calculate the steady flow in the core numerically, and the results are
compared with

other theories and with observations.
High-order structure functions of turbulence
Authors: VAN DE WATER WILLEM , HERWEIJER JANINE A. 
Published: July 2002

The scaling behaviour of high-order structure functions
Gp(r)
=〈(u(x+r)−u(x))p〉 is studied in a variety of laboratory turbulent flows. The statistical accuracy of the structure function benefits from novel instrumentation for its real-time measurement.
The nature of statistical errors is discussed extensively. It is argued that integration
times must increase for decreasing separations r. Based on the statistical properties of
probability density functions we derive a simple estimate of the required integration
time for moments of a given order. We further give a way for improving this accuracy
through careful extrapolation of probability density functions of velocity differences.Structure functions are studied in two different kinematical situations. The (standard)
longitudinal structure functions are measured using Taylor's hypothesis. In
the transverse case an array of probes is used and no recourse to Taylor's hypothesis
is needed. The measured scaling exponents deviate from Kolmogorov's (1941)
prediction, more strongly so for the transverse exponents.The experimental results are discussed in the light of the multifractal model that
explains intermittency in a geometrical framework. We discuss a prediction of this
model for the form of the structure function at scales where viscosity becomes of
importance.
Lesotho's general election of 1998: rigged or de rigeur?
Authors: Southall Roger , Fox Roddy 
Published: July 2002

The official result of Lesotho's general election of 1998, which saw a 79 out
of 80 seat victory for the ruling Lesotho Congress of Democrats (LCD), was
repudiated by the opposition, notably the former ruling Basotho National
Party (BNP) and the Basutoland Congress Party (BCP). These latter parties
were historic enemies but forged an alliance of convenience to contest the
outcome of the election. By mobilising their supporters to occupy Maseru they
successfully paralysed the capacity of the LCD to govern. After diplomatic
preliminaries, this led to military intervention by South Africa and Botswana
in September 1998 and their brokering of an agreement which restored the
LCD to power, on the condition that a new election would be held within
eighteen months, with the rules for that contest being discussed between the
parties in the interim. That election has now been scheduled for April 2000.The article reviews the conduct and result of the general election of 1998.
It concludes that the opposition's objections were largely spurious, but notes
that the unbalanced nature of the LCD's victory – a product of the first-past-the-post electoral system – was a major cause of the wider crisis. It therefore
proposes that any lasting settlement of political differences in Lesotho is going
to require a new electoral system which will allow for a more inclusive
outcome.
Sociological research on age: legacy and
challenge: a comment
Authors: ANDERSSON LARS 
Published: July 2002

As the ‘aging and society’ paradigm examines structure in its own
right, it should have an immediate appeal to sociologists. On the one
hand it can be seen as a schematic for gerontology or research on
human development and, on the other, as a theory or paradigm in its
own right. I see the various parts and phases of the paradigm as a
learning process, where stopping somewhere half-way is risky: one has
to go the whole hog before really prospering from its logic.To focus on individuals and social change together requires analyses
that, in the words of Hardy and Waite (1997), can assess the nature
and temporal patterns of individual behaviour, while simultaneously
attending to the manner in which this behaviour is enclosed in different
organisational structures that are themselves changing, whether
synchronically or asynchronically.The Rileys have always reminded us of the dangers of neglecting
structure, or of treating it as a mere contextual characteristic in
people's lives, particularly in the form of life course reductionism. In
addition, however, the temporal aspects of structures are important.
There is a risk in using solely the various social situations of different
cohorts as the basis of analysis. Mere comparison with an older cohort
causes the ‘surrounding structure’ to appear too static. The explanation
or understanding of a phenomenon consequently stops half-way. We
must also remember that the cohort concept, as well as chronological
age, serves as a proxy measure for attitudes and behaviours that
actually carry the effect and provide theoretically meaningful
interpretation.
Emergence from what? Comments on Sabbagh & Gelman
Authors: MACWHINNEY BRIAN 
Published: July 2002

Sabbagh & Gelman (S&G) present an insightful criticism of the emergentist
approach to language acquisition. The analysis takes as its starting point an
expressed frustration with the fact that emergentism is not packaged as a
single theory or formalism. As a result, S&G decide to focus their critical
attention on a particularly strong version of emergentism in which, ‘only
domain-general tools are required to account for language development.’
This strong formulation of the emergentist position matches up well with the
disembodied connectionism of the 1980s (Rumelhart & McClelland, 1986).
However, it misrepresents the richer expressions of emergentism being
developed by the authors of this volume. In particular, this ‘strong’ version
fails to properly appreciate the degree to which emergentists view cognition
as grounded on the body, the brain, and the social situation.Consider a simple example from phonological development. There is a
universal tendency to avoid sequences of nasal consonants followed by
voiceless obstruents, as might arise in forms like ‘manpower.’ This constraint
is grounded on the facts of speech production (Huffman, 1993) and figures
prominently in recent elaborations of Optimality Theory (Kager, 1999).
Languages use at least five phonological processes to deal with this problem.
These processes include nasal substitution, post-nasal voicing,
denasalization, nasal deletion, and vowel epenthesis. Initially, children may
apply a variety of these processes (Bernhardt & Stemberger, 1998). Which
processes are preserved and which are dropped out will depend on the shape
of the target language, whether it be Indonesian, Quechua, Toba Batak,
English, or Kelantan Malay. In the terms used by S&G, each of these
phonological processes is a small emergentist ‘buzzsaw’ cutting patterns that
are shaped not by some innate cognitive ‘blueprint,’ but by the emergent
facts of articulatory phonology.
Conservation status of forests and wildlife in the Eastern Ghats, India
Authors: RAWAT GOPAL S. 
Published: July 2002

The Eastern Ghats (EGs) comprise a chain of ancient low hills in the state of Andhra Pradesh adjoining the east coast of India. These hill ranges are well known for a rich array of tropical forests with great conservation significance which support large human populations. A series of protected areas (PAs) have been established by the government along these ranges to conserve the regional biodiversity, but their effectiveness is often questionable. In order to assess the ecological status of the forests both within and outside the PAs and to assess the impacts of ongoing forestry practices a survey was conducted along the EGs. Plant species richness, and density of shrubs and trees, were estimated along disturbance gradients (core, buffer and fringe situations) using random plots of 10-m radius for trees, and 5-m radius (nested) plots for shrubs and saplings. Indirect evidence (spoor) of domestic and wild animals was recorded within the sample plots to compare habitat use by the animals.Srivenkateshwara National Park in the Seshachalam Hills, Gundlabrahmeshwaram Sanctuary in Nallamalais and some parts of Srisailam-Nagarjunasagar Tiger Reserve, had the least degraded forests due to their PA status. However, collection of non-timber forest products, bamboo harvesting and livestock grazing continues in all areas irrespective of legal status. All bamboo areas have been heavily worked. It is recommended that bamboo working should be stopped in core areas of the PAs and reduced from nine to six months (October to March) in the buffer zones. Summer is a period of potential water shortage for wild animals and bamboo workers' camps near water courses may affect habitat use by these species.The proposed Gudem Maripakhala Sanctuary, well known for its biogeographical value and diverse flora, is seriously threatened as a result of to extensive 'podu' (slash and burn) cultivation. It is suggested that an integrated approach to biodiversity conservation and better agricultural practices, should be adopted in this area. Some of the primary and old growth forests should be identified, mapped and given immediate protection, until a scientifically-based management plan is developed.
Risk factors for human brucellosis in Yemen: a case control study
Authors: AL-SHAMAHY H. A. , WHITTY C. J. M. , WRIGHT S. G. 
Published: July 2002

Brucellosis is known to occur in Yemen but its epidemiology has not been extensively studied.
The present investigation examined risk factors for human brucellosis in Yemen using a
hospital-based case-control study. A total of 235 consecutive patients with brucellosis attending
the Central Health Laboratory in Sana’a, Yemen, were matched in respect of age, sex, and
place of residence, rural or urban, with 234 controls selected from individuals attending the
Central Health Laboratory for unrelated health problems. Clinical information on patients and
controls was supplemented with occupational and socio-economic data obtained by interview
of cases and controls using a standard questionnaire.After controlling for confounding factors significant risk factors for infection related to
occupation as a farmer (OR 2·5 (95% CI 1·4–4·5, P < 0·0001)),
shepherd (OR 7·8 (95% CI 1·0–61, P 0·05)) or microbiologist
(OR 24·5 (95% CI 2·9–204, P 0·003)); and drinking fresh
milk (OR 2·0 (95% CI 1·3–4·3, P 0·001)) and laban
(OR 22·7 (95% CI 1·7–4·2 P < 0·0001)).
Taking other milk products and offal were not risk factors. Socio-economic and educational
factors were also independent risk factors. Occupational, food and socio-economic risk factors
significantly confounded one another.Yemen shares some but not all of the risk factors of neighbouring countries. The interrelation
between the various factors is complex and studying any one in isolation may give a
false impression of its public health significance. Control through education of the population
to minimize exposure to, and contact with, animals and their milk and milk products and to
boil milk before drinking it or using it to make buttermilk, would be difficult as these would
represent such fundamental changes to established patterns of behaviour of this society. Ideally
there would be a campaign to control the infection by animal vaccination but the costs and
logistic difficulty would be great. Presently there is a clear need for doctors in Yemen to be
made aware of the frequency of this infection, the means available for clinical and laboratory
diagnosis and effective treatment, while strategies to control the disease in Yemen are
formulated and field tested.
Effect of branchial parasites on the efficiency of the gills of a freshwater catfish, Wallago attu
Authors: Ojha Jagdish , Hughes G. M. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractFor the first time, an attempt has been made to quantify the effect of a copepod parasite (Ergasilus bengalensis) on the respiratory efficiency of the gills of a riverine catfish (Wallago attu) using an important parameter – the diffusing capacity. In addition, scanning electron microscopy has been used to demonstrate the effect of a monogeneid fluke on the gill lamellae of this catfish. The anchorage of E. bengalensis towards the leading edge of the interlamellar channels (pores) will affect laminar flow of water through the gill sieve. About 35% of the water flow (1.23×10−3 cm3/s) and lamellar area (15.41 mm2) of an infected gill filament (4.46 mm) is affected by the copepod parasite (1.59 mm). Other effects of the monogeneid flukes on the catfish included fusion of the tips of gill filaments and distortion of lamellar epithelium. Parasite‐induced changes in the branchial organization are discussed in relation to oxygen uptake efficiency of the gills of the catfish.
Prey and prey‐size selection by the short‐toed eagle (Circaetus gallicus) during the breeding season in Granada (south‐eastern Spain)
Authors: Gil José M. , Pleguezuelos Juan M. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe diet of the short‐toed eagle (Circaetus gallicus) was studied during the breeding season by analysing pellets and remains generated by adults and nestlings. The raptor proved to be a specialist feeder, as snake prey comprised almost 95% of the diet, in both frequency and biomass. We gathered information on prey availability and prey size availability (1499 specimens of nine different species) by searching for snakes in the study area. Regressions of vertebra centrum length and dorsal‐scale length on snout–vent length (SVL) of the snakes were used to calculate prey size. The taxonomic diet composition differed depending on the sample analysed – remains or pellets – but we failed to find between‐year diet differences. Most of the snakes identified (140 out of 141) belonged to only three species, Malpolon monspessulanus, Elaphe scalaris, and Coluber hippocrepis. Other prey included Lacerta lepida, Natrix maura, Bufo bufo, and Alectoris rufa, and many secondary prey (prey from stomach of the prey) were also detected in the pellets. The three main prey species were consumed according to their availability in the study area, but the eagles selected on the basis of prey size. Large snakes within 700–1000 mm SVL were positively selected, whereas snakes under 600 mm SVL were negatively selected. Adult eagles consumed the same prey species as those carried to the nest to feed their single nestling, although prey given to nestlings proved larger in size and biomass, suggesting that adults consumed the smallest prey, reserving the largest for nestlings.
A mitochondrial DNA control region phylogeny of the Cervinae: speciation in Cervus and implications for conservation
Authors: Randi Ettore , Mucci Nadia , Claro‐Hergueta Françoise , Bonnet Amélie , Douzery Emmanuel J. P. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractSequences from complete mitochondrial control regions (mtDNA CR) were used to infer phylogenetic relationships in 25 Cervinae taxa. Cervus splits into clades that are partially discordant with current species delimitations. Nominate Cervus elaphus includes two divergent clades that must be referred to as species elaphus (European elaphoid deer) and canadensis (Eurasian and North American wapitoid deer). Cervus nippon splits into Japanese and continental plus Taiwan sika. Père David's deer is nested within Cervus, suggesting that Elaphurus should be merged with Cervus. European and Persian fallow deer are genetically divergent and distinct species. Sequence length varied due to a CR‐I insertion, tandemly repeated twice in rusa and sambar deer, sika and wapiti, and repeated up to six times in a clade of Japanese sika. Variable copy numbers of this repeat are also fixed in different sika subspecies, and could be used as a diagnostic marker for subspecies. Sequence variability at the mtDNA CR is informative for defining species and subspecies boundaries, and for locating the geographical origin of captive‐reared stocks. Natural and farmed populations of some species have been deeply affected by human management and the conservation of deer populations would be aided by the appropriate identification of the different evolutionary and taxonomic units.
Determining the species status of one of the world's rarest frogs: a conservation dilemma
Authors: Holyoake Andrew , Waldman Bruce , Gemmell Neil J. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractNew Zealand's native frogs (genusLeiopelma) are considered to be archaic amphibians of exceptional scientific interest that appear to have remained virtually unchanged for 160‐200 million years. They are among the rarest extant amphibians and are highly restricted in distribution, confined to isolated, highly disjunct, populations on the North Island and a few small offshore islands in Cook Strait. Previous investigations have suggested, based on patterns of allozyme variation, that the Stephens Island frog (Leiopelma hamiltoni) and Archey's frog (L. archeyi) are sister taxa to the exclusion of the Maud Island frog, a species in close geographical proximity to the Stephens Island frog and previously viewed as a population of this species. As a consequence of these data, a new species,L. pakeka, the Maud Island Frog, has been described. This new species definition has dramatically enhanced the conservation status ofL. hamiltoni, of which there are probably fewer than 150 individuals. In this study we re‐examine the systematics of the Leiopelmatidae using mtDNA sequence analyses. Partial 12 S ribosomal RNA and cytochromeb(Cytb) gene sequences were obtained for 57 frogs from six populations representing all four extantLeiopelmaspecies. Contrary to previous reports we findL. pakekaandL. hamiltonito be monophyletic. The amount of variation evident between these present species (<1% for Cytb) is comparable to that seen between populations ofL. archeyi. Based on these data, classification ofL. pakekaandL. hamiltonias separate species appears to be unwarranted, but they may be sufficiently distinct to warrant classification as evolutionarily significant units.
Costs of sexual traits: a mismatch between theoretical considerations and empirical evidence
Authors: KOTIAHO JANNE S. 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACTCosts of sexual traits are of central importance to the theory of sexual selection. To qualify as a cost in line with theoretical models, empirical studies must demonstrate that sexual traits cause negative effects on one component of fitness of the trait bearer. Moreover, it must be demonstrated that the costs are differential such that negative effects on fitness are more severe for individuals in poor condition than for individuals in good condition. However, in the current literature, there is confusion over what qualifies as a cost, and costs are often anticipated based on findings of increased expenditure. Consequently, it seems that the generally accepted notion that sexual traits are costly is in fact based almost exclusively on indirect evidence and that direct empirical evidence is very scarce.
The Aberrant Cell Walls of Boron-Deficient Bean Root Nodules Have No Covalently Bound Hydroxyproline-/Proline-Rich Proteins
Authors: Bonilla I. , Mergold-Villasenor C. , Campos M. E. , Sanchez N. , Perez H. , Lopez L. , Castrejon L. , Sanchez F. , Cassab G. I. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
B-deficient bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) nodules examined by light microscopy showed dramatic anatomical changes, mainly in the parenchyma region. Western analysis of total nodule extracts examined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed that one 116-kD polypeptide was recognized by antibodies raised against hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins (HRGPs) from the soybean (Glycine max) seed coat. A protein with a comparable molecular mass of 116 kD was purified from the cell walls of soybean root nodules. The amino acid composition of this protein is similar to the early nodulin (ENOD2) gene. Immunoprecipitation of the soybean ENOD2 in vitro translation product showed that the soybean seed coat anti-HRGP antibodies recognized this early nodulin. Furthermore, we used these antibodies to localize the ENOD2 homolog in bean nodules. Immunocytochemistry revealed that in B-deficient nodules ENOD2 was absent in the walls of the nodule parenchyma. The absence of ENOD2 in B-deficient nodules was corroborated by performing hydroxyproline assays. Northern analysis showed that ENOD2 mRNA is present in B-deficient nodules; therefore, the accumulation of ENOD2 is not affected by B deficiency, but its assembly into the cell wall is. B-deficient nodules fix much less N2 than control nodules, probably because the nodule parenchyma is no longer an effective O2 barrier.