bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Low host specificity in species-rich assemblages of xylem- and phloem-feeding herbivores (Auchenorrhyncha) in a New Guinea lowland rain forest
Authors: Dem Francesca F. , Stewart Alan J.A. , Gibson Amos , Weiblen George D. , Novotny Vojtech 
Published: September 2013

Abstract:We documented one of the most species-rich assemblages of tropical rain-forest Auchenorrhyncha, comprising 402 phloem- and xylem-feeding species, by sampling adults from forest vegetation. Further, we reared 106 species from larvae sampled on 14 plant species. Both xylem- and phloem-feeding guilds exhibited wide host-plant ranges, as 74% of species fed on more than one plant family. In comparison, using data extracted from the temperate-zone literature, phloem-feeders exhibited lower host specificity in Papua New Guinea than in Germany, because in Papua New Guinea they were dominated by generalist Fulgoroidea while in Germany by specialist Membracoidea. The similarity of Auchenorrhyncha assemblages from different plant species was unrelated to the phylogenetic distance between their hosts. Host specificity, abundance and species composition of Auchenorrhyncha assemblages were unrelated to the optimum of their host plant species on succession gradient from secondary to primary forest. Higher host specificity did not lead to greater species richness in Auchenorrhyncha assemblages feeding on different plant species, but the number of species feeding on a particular plant species was a strong predictor of the Auchenorrhyncha abundance on that plant. These patterns suggest that Auchenorrhyncha assemblages on these plant species are not saturated with species and determined by division of limited resources among competitors, but instead are dependent on the number of colonizers from the regional species pool.
Asymmetric pollen transfer and reproductive success of the hawkmoth-pollinated distylous tree Palicourea tetragona (Rubiaceae) at La Selva, Costa Rica
Authors: Martén-Rodríguez Silvana , Muñoz-Gamboa Paola , Delgado-Dávila Ruth , Quesada Mauricio 
Published: September 2013

Abstract:Distyly is a floral polymorphism that presumably evolved to facilitate cross-pollination and to prevent sexual interference. However, pollen transfer is often asymmetric, with one floral morph acting as a pollen donor and the other as a pollen recipient. We evaluated the association between floral morphology, pollinator visitation and effectiveness on patterns of pollen transfer in distylous Palicourea tetragona at La Selva Biological Station in Costa Rica. To assess floral variation we measured corolla, pistil and stamen traits from 66 plants. We quantified pollinator visitation and efficiency on 56 individuals and counted pollen loads on stigmas of flowers observed for 1 h. We determined fruit set 2 mo later and assessed between-morph variation in pollen transfer and female reproductive success. Floral variation was mostly consistent with a typical distylous system; however, there was overlap in the stigma heights of pin and thrum individuals in the study population. Primary pollinators were two species of hawkmoths that visited both morphs at a frequency of 2 visits per flower h−1. The mean number of pollen grains deposited on stigmas was 89 for pin and 153 for thrum individuals. However, loads of illegitimate pollen were higher on stigmas of thrum individuals, while loads of legitimate pollen were higher on stigmas of pin individuals. Consistently, fruit set was higher in pin (31%) than in thrum individuals (22%). High deposition of illegitimate pollen, in addition to the lower female reproductive success in the thrum morph reveal that distyly in P. tetragona does not always prevent sexual interference. We suggest that in long and narrow tubular flowers, like those of P. tetragona, stigma clogging by deposition of self- or same-morph pollen may reduce legitimate fertilization of ovules causing the observed asymmetric fruit set.
A survey of different approaches to support in argumentation systems
Authors: Cohen Andrea , Gottifredi Sebastian , García Alejandro J. , Simari Guillermo R. 
Published: September 2013

AbstractIn the last decades, most works in the literature have been devoted to study argumentation formalisms that focus on a defeat relation among arguments. Recently, the study of a support relation between arguments regained attention among researchers; the bulk of the research has been centered on the study of support within the context of abstract argumentation by considering support as an explicit interaction between arguments. However, there exist other approaches that take support into account in a different setting. This article surveys several interpretations of the notion of support as proposed in the literature, such as deductive support, necessary support, evidential support, subargument, and backing, among others. The aim is to provide a comprehensive study where similarities and differences among these interpretations are highlighted, as well as discuss how they are addressed by different argumentation formalisms.
Relationships between tree species diversity and above-ground biomass in Central African rainforests: implications for REDD
Authors: DAY MICHAEL , BALDAUF CRISTINA , RUTISHAUSER ERVAN , SUNDERLAND TERRY C. H. 
Published: September 2013

SUMMARYTropical forests are both important stores of carbon and among the most biodiverse ecosystems on the planet. Reducing emissions from deforestation and degradation (REDD) schemes are designed to mitigate the impacts of climate change, by conserving tropical forests threatened by deforestation or degradation. REDD schemes also have the potential to contribute significantly to biodiversity conservation efforts within tropical forests, however biodiversity conservation and carbon sequestration need to be aligned more closely for this potential to be realized. This paper analyses the relationship between tree species diversity and above-ground biomass (AGB) derived from 1-ha tree plots in Central African rainforests. There was a weakly significant correlation between tree biomass and tree species diversity (r = 0.21, p = 0.03), and a significantly higher mean species diversity in plots with larger AGB estimates (M = 44.38 species in the top eight plots, compared to M = 35.22 in the lower eight plots). In these Central African plots, the relationship between tree species diversity and AGB appeared to be highly variable; nonetheless, high species diversity may often be related to higher biomass and, in such cases, REDD schemes may enhance biodiversity by targeting species diverse forests.
Estimation of the sensitivity of environmental sampling for detection ofSalmonellain commercial layer flocks post-introduction of national control programmes
Authors: ARNOLD M. E. , MARTELLI F. , MCLAREN I. , DAVIES R. H. 
Published: September 2013

SUMMARYA key element of national control programmes (NCPs) forSalmonellain commercial laying flocks, introduced across the European Union, is the identification of infected flocks and holdings through statutory sampling. It is therefore important to know the sensitivity of the sampling methods, in order to design effective and efficient surveillance forSalmonella. However, improvedSalmonellacontrol in response to the NCP may have influenced key factors that determine the sensitivity of the sampling methods used to detectSalmonellain NCPs. Therefore the aim of this study was to compare estimates of the sensitivity of the sampling methods using data collected before and after the introduction of the NCP, using Bayesian methods. There was a large reduction in the sensitivity of dust in non-cage flocks between the pre-NCP studies (81% of samples positive in positive flocks) and post-NCP studies (10% of samples positive in positive flocks), leading to the conclusion that sampling dust is not recommended for detection ofSalmonellain non-cage flocks. However, cage dust (43% of samples positive in positive flocks) was found to be more sensitive than cage faeces (29% of samples positive in positive flocks). To have a high probability of detection, several NCP-style samples need to be used. For confirmation ofSalmonella, five NCP faecal samples for cage flocks, and three NCP faecal boot swab samples for non-cage flocks would be required to have the equivalent sensitivity of the EU baseline survey method, which was estimated to have an 87% and 75% sensitivity to detectSalmonellaat a 5% within-flock prevalence in cage and non-cage flocks, respectively.
Knowledge, attitudes and behaviour of Greek adults towards salt consumption: a Hellenic Food Authority project
Authors: Marakis Georgios , Tsigarida Eirini , Mila Spyridoula , Panagiotakos Demosthenes B 
Published: September 2013

AbstractObjectiveTo investigate the knowledge, attitudes and behaviour of Greek adults towards salt as well as their differences with respect to gender, age and level of education.DesignCross-sectional, observational survey.SettingVoluntary participation to a telephone interview, using a seventeen-item questionnaire.SubjectsGreek adults aged over 25 years (n 3609), nationally representative according to age, gender and geographical distribution of the Greek population, were interviewed.ResultsMore women of all age groups compared with men reported adding salt during cooking (P < 0·001), while less reported adding salt on the plate (P < 0·001). Also, more women believed that salt added during cooking was the main source of salt in the diet (P < 0·001). Participants aged 25–34, 35–44 and 45–54 years old had better knowledge of the harmful effects of salt on health compared with the 55+ years age group (P = 0·002, P = 0·001, P < 0·001, respectively); respondents in the aforementioned age groups also knew that children should consume less salt than adults compared with 55+ years age group (P = 0·004, P < 0·001, P < 0·001, respectively). Respondents with secondary and higher educational status were more likely to avoid consumption of processed foods (P < 0·001) and to check the nutrition information on food packaging as compared with respondents having basic education status (P < 0·001).ConclusionsAwareness needs to be raised regarding salt recommendations for adults and children, sources of sodium in the diet and adding less salt during cooking, as well as reading food labels. Future campaigns for salt reduction should consider gender, age and level of education differences regarding knowledge, attitudes and behaviour towards salt.
Relative validity of a semi-quantitative FFQ in 3-year-old Polish children
Authors: Sochacka-Tatara Elżbieta , Pac Agnieszka 
Published: September 2013

AbstractObjectivesThe aim of the study was to assess the relative validity of a semi-quantitative FFQ (SFFQ) which measures the usual dietary intake of 3-year-old children.DesignThe children's daily dietary intake was measured using the SFFQ. The average intake of three 24 h dietary recalls (24hDR) was calculated as a reference method. Wilcoxon's rank test and Spearman's rank-correlation coefficient were used to compare nutrient intakes assessed by both methods. The level of agreement between the SFFQ and the repeated 24hDR was determined by the Bland–Altman method. To assess the agreement in quartile distribution, the weighted kappa coefficient (κw) was used.SettingKrakow, Poland.SubjectsOne hundred and forty-three 3-year-old children and their mothers, participants of a prospective cohort study.ResultsOverall, the SFFQ overestimated energy and nutrient intakes compared with the repeated 24hDR. The median correlation coefficient for energy and nutrient intakes was 0·456, with higher results for Ca, P and riboflavin. Although theκwvalue showed only slight to fair agreement between the two methods, about 75 % of the children were classified into the same or adjacent quartile and the level of agreement assessed by the Bland–Altman method for most of the nutrients investigated was good.ConclusionsThe study indicated that the SFFQ might be a useful tool to assess dietary intakes of nutrients by small children, especially for ranking them according their nutrient intake.
THE ZELEZNIKOW PROBLEM ON A CLASS OF ADDITIVELY IDEMPOTENT SEMIRINGS
Authors: SHAO YONG , CRVENKOVIĆ SINIŠA , MITROVIĆ MELANIJA 
Published: September 2013

AbstractA semiring is a set$S$with two binary operations$+ $and$\cdot $such that both the additive reduct${S}_{+ } $and the multiplicative reduct${S}_{\bullet } $are semigroups which satisfy the distributive laws. If$R$is a ring, then, following Chaptal [‘Anneaux dont le demi-groupe multiplicatif est inverse’,C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris Ser. A–B 262(1966), 274–277],${R}_{\bullet } $is a union of groups if and only if${R}_{\bullet } $is an inverse semigroup if and only if${R}_{\bullet } $is a Clifford semigroup. In Zeleznikow [‘Regular semirings’,Semigroup Forum 23(1981), 119–136], it is proved that if$R$is a regular ring then${R}_{\bullet } $is orthodox if and only if${R}_{\bullet } $is a union of groups if and only if${R}_{\bullet } $is an inverse semigroup if and only if${R}_{\bullet } $is a Clifford semigroup. The latter result, also known as Zeleznikow’s theorem, does not hold in general even for semirings$S$with${S}_{+ } $a semilattice Zeleznikow [‘Regular semirings’,Semigroup Forum 23(1981), 119–136]. The Zeleznikow problem on a certain class of semirings involves finding condition(s) such that Zeleznikow’s theorem holds on that class. The main objective of this paper is to solve the Zeleznikow problem for those semirings$S$for which${S}_{+ } $is a semilattice.
An Integrated Population Pharmacokinetic Meta‐Analysis of Propofol in Morbidly Obese and Nonobese Adults, Adolescents, and Children
Authors: Diepstraten J , Chidambaran V , Sadhasivam S , Blussé van Oud‐Alblas HJ , Inge T , van Ramshorst B , van Dongen EPA , Vinks AA , Knibbe CAJ 
Published: September 2013

This study describes a population pharmacokinetic meta‐analysis of propofol to characterize the influence of body size measures and age in morbidly obese and nonobese adults, adolescents, and children. Sixty morbidly obese and nonobese adult patients (55–167 kg; 21–79 years) and 34 morbidly obese and nonobese adolescents and children (37–184 kg; 9–20 years) were included. The results show that clearance increased with total body weight in an allometric function while age was found to influence clearance in a bilinear fashion with two distinct slopes, reflecting an initial increase and subsequent decrease as a result of aging. Using these two functions, the influence of both (over)weight and age on propofol clearance was well characterized, which may provide a basis for dosing across this diverse group of patients.CPT: Pharmacometrics & Systems Pharmacology (2013) 2, e73; doi:10.1038/psp.2013.47; advance online publication 11 September 2013
The air–water interface determines the outcome of seeding during amyloidogenesis
Authors: Trigg Ben J. , Lee Chiu Fan , Vaux David J. , Jean Létitia 
Published: September 2013

Amyloid formation is a hallmark of protein misfolding diseases (e.g. Type II diabetes mellitus). The energetically unfavourable nucleation step of amyloidogenesis can be accelerated by seeding, during which pre-formed aggregates act as templates for monomer recruitment. Hydrophobic–hydrophilic interfaces [e.g. AWI (air–water interface)] can also catalyse amyloidogenesis due to the surfactant properties of amyloidogenic polypeptides. Using thioflavin T fluorescence and electron microscopy, we demonstrate that the outcome of seeding on human islet amyloid polypeptide amyloidogenesis is dependent upon whether the AWI is present or absent and is dictated by seed type. Seeding significantly inhibits (with AWI) or promotes (without AWI) plateau height compared with seedless controls; with short fibrils being more efficient seeds than their longer counterparts. Moreover, promotion of nucleation by increasing monomer concentrations can only be observed in the absence of an AWI. Using biophysical modelling, we suggest that a possible explanation for our results may reside in lateral interactions between seeds and monomers determining the fibril mass formed in seeded reactions at steady-state. Our results suggest that in vivo hydrophobic–hydrophilic interfaces (e.g. the presence of membranes and their turnover rate) may dictate the outcome of seeding during amyloidogenesis and that factors affecting the size of the pre-aggregate may be important.
Assessment of the contribution of NAD(P)H-dependent quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) to the reduction of vitamin K in wild-type and NQO1-deficient mice
Authors: Ingram Brian O. , Turbyfill Jared L. , Bledsoe Peggy J. , Jaiswal Anil K. , Stafford Darrel W. 
Published: September 2013

NQO1 [NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase 1; also known as DT-diaphorase] is a cytosolic enzyme that catalyses the two-electron reduction of various quinones including vitamin K. The enzyme may play a role in vitamin K metabolism by reducing vitamin K to vitamin K hydroquinone for utilization in the post-translational γ-glutamyl carboxylation reactions required by several proteins involved in blood coagulation. The aim of the present study was to assess the contribution of NQO1 to vitamin K reduction and haemostasis in an in vivo model. We examined the contribution of NQO1 to haemostasis by examining survival rates in mice poisoned with the anticoagulant warfarin. Supraphysiological amounts of vitamin K sufficiently reversed the effects of warfarin in both wild-type and NQO1-deficient mice. Additionally, vitamin K reductase activities distinct from VKOR (vitamin K epoxide reductase) and NQO1 were measured in vitro from both wild-type and NQO1-defecient mice. The results of the present study suggest that NQO1 does not play a major role in the production of vitamin K hydroquinone and supports the existence of multiple vitamin K reduction pathways. The properties of a NAD(P)H-dependent vitamin K reductase different from NQO1 are described.
Cognitive and Linguistic Sources of Variance in 2-Year-Olds' Speech-Sound Discrimination: A Preliminary Investigation
Authors: Lalonde Kaylah , Holt Rachael Frush 
Published: September 2013

Purpose
This preliminary investigation explored potential cognitive and linguistic sources of variance in 2-year-olds' speech-sound discrimination by using the toddler change/no-change procedure and examined whether modifications would result in a procedure that can be used consistently with younger 2-year-olds.

Method
Twenty typically developing 2-year-olds completed the newly modified toddler change/no-change procedure. Behavioral tests and parent report questionnaires were used to measure several cognitive and linguistic constructs. Stepwise linear regression was used to relate discrimination sensitivity to the cognitive and linguistic measures. In addition, discrimination results from the current experiment were compared with those from 2-year-old children tested in a previous experiment.

Results
Receptive vocabulary and working memory explained 56.6% of variance in discrimination performance. Performance was not different on the modified toddler change/no-change procedure used in the current experiment from in a previous investigation, which used the original version of the procedure.

Conclusions
The relationship between speech discrimination and receptive vocabulary and working memory provides further evidence that the procedure is sensitive to the strength of perceptual representations. The role for working memory might also suggest that there are specific subject-related, nonsensory factors limiting the applicability of the procedure to children who have not reached the necessary levels of cognitive and linguistic development.
Age Differences in Speech Motor Performance on a Novel Speech Task
Authors: Sadagopan Neeraja , Smith Anne 
Published: September 2013

Purpose
The study was aimed at characterizing age-related changes in speech motor performance on a nonword repetition task as a function of practice and nonword length and complexity.

Method
Nonword repetition accuracy, lip aperture coordination, and nonword production durations were assessed on 2 consecutive days for 16 young and 16 elderly participants for the production of 6 novel nonwords increasing in length and complexity.

Results
The effect of age on the ability to accurately and rapidly repeat long, complex nonwords was significant. However, the authors found no differences between the speech motor coordinative patterns of young and elderly adults. Further, the authors demonstrated age- and nonword-specific within- and between-session gains in speech motor performance.

Conclusions
The authors speculate that cognitive, sensory, and motor factors interact in complex ways in elderly individuals to produce individual differences in nonword repetition ability at the levels of both behavioral and speech motor performance.
Preterm and Term Infants' Perception of Temporally Coordinated Syllable–Object Pairings: Implications for Lexical Development
Authors: Gogate Lakshmi , Maganti Madhavilatha , Perenyi Agnes 
Published: September 2013

PurposeThis experimental study examined term infants (n= 34) and low-risk near-term preterm infants (gestational age 32–36 weeks) at 2 months chronological age (n= 34) and corrected age (n=16). The study investigated whether the preterm infants presented with a delay in their sensitivity to synchronous syllable–object pairings when compared with term infants.MethodFirst, infants were habituated to a single syllable, [tah] or [gah], spoken in synchrony with the motions of 1 of 4 toy objects, a crab, a porcupine, a star, or a lamb chop. Next, the infants received 2 syllable- and 2 object-change test trials, counterbalanced for order.ResultsAfter factoring out differential looking time during habituation, the study found that preterm infants showed attenuated looks to the change in the object and the change in the syllable relative to term infants.ConclusionsThese findings suggest that even near-term preterm infants present with a delay in their sensitivity to synchrony in syllable–object pairings relative to term infants. Given the important role that synchrony plays in word mapping at 6–9 months, this early delay in sensitivity to synchrony might be an indicator of word mapping delays found in older preterm infants.
Uracil in duplex DNA is a substrate for the nucleotide incision repair pathway in human cells
Authors: Prorok Paulina , Alili Doria , Saint-Pierre Christine , Gasparutto Didier , Zharkov Dmitry O. , Ishchenko Alexander A. , Tudek Barbara , Saparbaev Murat K. 
Published: September 2013

Significance
Hydrolytic deamination of cytosine to uracil generates a highly mutagenic DNA base lesion and is considered one of the major sources of spontaneous mutation in living organisms. We report that the major human apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) endonuclease, APE1, is a deoxyuridine endonuclease and can remove uracil residues in the DNA glycosylase-independent nucleotide incision repair pathway. This new repair function of AP endonucleases is evolutionarily conserved in Archaea and humans, pointing to a possible evolutionary origin of the DNA repair mechanisms for spontaneous damage to DNA in a common ancestor to all living forms.