bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pharmacokinetics of Tedizolid Following Oral Administration: Single and Multiple Dose, Effect of Food, and Comparison of Two Solid Forms of the Prodrug
Authors: Flanagan Shawn D. , Bien Paul A. , Muñoz Kelly A. , Minassian Sonia L. , Prokocimer Philippe G. 
Published: August 2013

ObjectivesThe single‐ and multiple‐dose pharmacokinetics (PK) of tedizolid were examined after oral administration of tedizolid phosphate disodium (TPD), including the effect of food on PK. The relative bioavailability of TPD to the free acid tedizolid phosphate was determined to bridge the results of these and other studies to the solid form of the prodrug selected for further development.DesignRandomized placebo‐controlled, double‐blind single‐ and multiple‐ascending dose studies and randomized open‐label, crossover food effect and relative bioavailability studies.SettingClinical Research Units.ParticipantsHealthy subjects.InterventionStudy TR701‐101 enrolled 40 subjects in single‐ascending dose (200–1200 mg TPD or placebo) and 40 subjects in 21‐day multiple‐ascending dose (200, 300, or 400 mg TPD once/day; 600 mg linezolid twice/day; or placebo) arms. Study TR701‐103 was a food‐effect study in 12 subjects administered 600 mg TPD. Study TR701‐108 was a relative bioavailability study in 12 subjects administered 150‐mg tedizolid equivalents as TPD or tedizolid phosphate.Measurements and Main ResultsPlasma concentrations of the prodrug tedizolid phosphate, its active moiety tedizolid, and/or linezolid were collected. After administration of 200 to 600 mg TPD, tedizolid values increased approximately dose proportionally in area under the concentration‐time curve (AUC) and maximum plasma concentration (Cmax). Tedizolid half‐life values were approximately 2‐fold greater compared with linezolid. TPD administration with food delayed tedizolid absorption and reduced Cmax relative to the fasted state but did not alter AUC. Minimal accumulation was predicted and observed for tedizolid, whereas observed accumulation of linezolid exceeded predictions based on single‐dose PK. Comparable PK of tedizolid was observed following oral administration of either TPD or tedizolid phosphate. In the multiple‐ascending dose study, 3 of 24 tedizolid subjects were withdrawn under prespecified stopping rules (one each of elevated alanine aminotransferase, low reticulocyte count, or low white blood cell count), as was 1 of 8 linezolid subjects (low reticulocyte count).ConclusionsOverall, tedizolid has a favorable PK profile, a half‐life that supports once daily administration, and no nonlinearities at steady state. Tedizolid phosphate can be administered without regard to food.
Analytical models for the series resistance of selective emitters in silicon solar cells including the effect of busbars
Authors: Mäckel Helmut , Micard Gabriel , Varner Kenneth 
Published: August 2013

AbstractA theoretical analysis of the power loss and series resistance of the front side emitter in silicon solar cells is presented. Existing 1D models (infinitely long finger) and 2D models (including the effect of busbars) of emitter series resistance contribution are extended to the case of selective emitters. The general case of different current densities for both emitters in the selective emitter scheme is considered in these extensions. The resulting models depend on the individual sheet resistances and current densities in both emitters and the device's overall grid geometry. The models are corroborated by finite element simulation of the potential in the emitter. An excellent agreement is found between the analytical models, and the simulations for a wide range of sheet resistances typically encountered in silicon solar cells. Grid simulations using the 2D model are applied to solar cells with selective emitters, where the width of the low‐resistive emitter was varied. The simulations demonstrate that the 2D model can explain the absolute change in fill factor observed in these cells. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Incarcerated youth with personality disorders: Prevalence, comorbidity and convergent validity
Authors: Kaszynski Katie , Kallis Diana L. , Karnik Niranjan , Soller Marie , Hunter Scott , Haapanen Rudy , Blair James , Steiner Hans 
Published: August 2013

ABSTRACTObjectiveThe aims of this study were to examine the prevalence and comorbidities of personality disorders among incarcerated juveniles and to investigate the validity of these results.MethodA sample of 790 incarcerated youth (650 boys and 140 girls; mean age = 16.8 years) completed an assessment of Axis II diagnoses (Structured Interview for DSM‐IV Personality). Subjects also completed secondary questionnaires assessing anger–irritability (Youth Self‐Report (YSR)), aggression (YSR), delinquency (Massachusetts Youth Screening Instrument‐2), and distress and restraint (Weinberger Adjustment Inventory).ResultsPersonality disorders can be found among incarcerated youth at high rates. Many meet the criteria for more than one personality disorder. Those with personality disorders have significant elevations of anger–irritability, aggression, delinquency, and distress and reduced restraint compared with incarcerated youth without a personality disorder.ConclusionsResults indicate that personality disorders can be found in incarcerated youth at high rates. These findings further our understanding of chronic psychiatric illness and possibly criminal recidivism in this at‐risk population. Addition of personality measures in the assessment of delinquents may assist in the development of more effective interventions. Furthermore, the supportive convergent validity of these findings in a population younger than 18 years may indicate a need to reassess the current rationale for the diagnosis of Axis II disorders. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Deformation‐induced bonding evolution of iron tetraboride and its electronic origin
Authors: Zhang Xinyu , Qin Jiaqian , Xue Yanan , Zhang Shiliang , Jing Qin , Ma Mingzhen , Liu Riping 
Published: August 2013

AbstractFirst‐principles density functional calculations are employed to provide a fundamental understanding of the structural features, mechanical properties, deformation behaviours and its electronic origin for the new synthesized FeB4. The calculated elastic moduli suggest that FeB4 has a low compressibility, but results of ideal shear strength and theoretical hardness indicate that FeB4 is a hard material, not a superhard material. We find that the collapse of the unique corrugated B6 units ring in FeB4 under deformation is responsible for the failure under tensile and shear deformation based on the calculated charge density distribution and bonding evolution. (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Improved optimization of the Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry phase correction function using a genetic algorithm
Authors: Kilgour David P. A. , Neal Mark J. , Soulby Andrew J. , O'Connor Peter B. 
Published: August 2013

RATIONALEFourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance mass spectra exhibit improved resolving power, mass accuracy and signal‐to‐noise ratio when presented in absorption mode; a process which requires calculation of a phase correction function. Mass spectrometric images can contain many thousands of pixels; hence methods of decreasing the time required to solve for a phase correction function will result in significant improvements in this application.METHODSA genetic algorithm approach for optimizing the phase correction function has been developed and compared with a previously described convergent iteration technique.RESULTSThe genetic algorithm method has been shown to offer a five‐fold improvement in processing speed compared with the previous iterative approach used in the Autophaser algorithm, while maintaining the levels of accuracy. This translates to an 11 hour improvement in processing for a 20 000 pixel mass spectrometric image.CONCLUSIONSThe genetic algorithm method described in this manuscript offers significant processing speed advantages over the previously described convergent iteration technique. This improvement is key to allowing the future routine use of absorption mode mass spectrometric images. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reprogramming of two somatic nuclei in the same ooplasm leads to pluripotent embryonic stem cells
Authors: Pfeiffer Martin J. , Esteves Telma C. , Balbach Sebastian T. , Araúzo-Bravo Marcos J. , Stehling Martin , Jauch Anna , Houghton Franchesca D. , Schwarzer Caroline , Boiani Michele 
Published: August 2013

Abstract
The conversion of the nuclear program of a somatic cell from a differentiated to an undifferentiated state can be accomplished by transplanting its nucleus to an enucleated oocyte (somatic cell nuclear transfer [SCNT]) in a process termed “reprogramming.” This process achieves pluripotency and occasionally also totipotency. Exploiting the obstacle of tetraploidy to full development in mammals, we show that mouse ooplasts transplanted with two somatic nuclei simultaneously (double SCNT) support preimplantation development and derivation of novel tetraploid SCNT embryonic stem cells (tNT-ESCs). Although the double SCNT embryos do not recapitulate the expression pattern of the pluripotency-associated gene Oct4 in fertilized embryos, derivative tNT-ESCs have characteristics of genuine pluripotency: in vitro they differentiate into neurons, cardiomyocytes, and endodermal cells; in vivo, tNT-ESCs form teratomas, albeit at reduced rates compared to diploid counterparts. Global transcriptome analysis revealed only few specific alterations, for example, in the quantitative expression of gastrulation-associated genes. In conclusion, we have shown that the oocyte's reprogramming capacity is in excess of a single nucleus and that double nucleus-transplanted embryos and derivative ESCs are very similar to their diploid counterparts. These results have key implications for reprogramming studies based on pluripotency: while reprogramming in the tetraploid state was known from fusion-mediated reprogramming and from fetal and adult hepatocyte-derived induced pluripotent stem cells, we have now accomplished it with enucleated oocytes.
Direct enrichment of perchlorate-reducing microbial community for efficient electroactive perchlorate reduction in biocathodes
Authors: Mieseler Maren , Atiyeh Mays N , Hernandez Hector H , Ahmad Farrukh 
Published: August 2013

Abstract
Biological reduction of perchlorate (ClO4−) has emerged as a promising solution for the removal of perchlorate in contaminated water and soils. In this work, we demonstrate a simple process to enrich perchlorate-reducing microbial communities separately using acetate as electron donor and the municipal aerobic membrane bioreactor sludge as inoculum. Inoculation of cathodes in microbial fuel cells (MFCs) with these enrichments, and further electrochemical enrichment at constant resistance operation of the MFCs, led to perchlorate-reducing biocathodes with peak reduction rates of 0.095 mM/day (2 mg/m2/day). Analysis of the microbial diversity of perchlorate-reducing biocathodes using PCR-DGGE revealed unique community profiles when compared to the denitrifying biocathode communities. More importantly, the total time taken for enrichment of the electroactive communities was reduced from several months reported previously in literature to less than a month in this work.
Why do ants shift their foraging from extrafloral nectar to aphid honeydew?
Authors: Katayama Noboru , Hembry David H. , Hojo Masaru K. , Suzuki Nobuhiko 
Published: August 2013

AbstractWhen aphids parasitize plants with extrafloral nectaries (EFNs) and aphid colony size is small, ants frequently use EFNs but hardly tend aphids. However, as the aphid colony size increases, ants stop using EFNs and strengthen their associations with aphids. Although the shift in ant behavior is important for determining the dynamics of the ant–plant–aphid interaction, it is not known why this shift occurs. Here, we test two hypotheses to explain the mechanism responsible for this behavioral shift: (1) Extrafloral nectar secretion changes in response to aphid herbivory, or (2) plants do not change extrafloral nectar secretion, but the total reward to ants from aphids will exceed that from EFNs above a certain aphid colony size. To judge which mechanism is plausible, we investigated secretion patterns of extrafloral nectar produced by plants with and without aphids, compared the amount of sugar supplied by EFNs and aphids, and examined whether extrafloral nectar or honeydew was more attractive to ants. Our results show that there was no inducible extrafloral secretion in response to aphid herbivory, but the sugar concentration in extrafloral nectar was higher than in honeydew, and more ant workers were attracted to an artificial extrafloral nectar solution than to an artificial aphid honeydew solution. These results indicate that extrafloral nectar is a more attractive reward than aphid honeydew per unit volume. However, even an aphid colony containing only two individuals can supply a greater reward to ants than EFNs. This suggests that the ant behavioral shift may be explained by the second hypothesis.
Neurophysiologic Monitoring Can Predict Iatrogenic Injury during Acetabular and Pelvic Fracture Fixation
Authors: Porat Manny , Orozco Fabio , Goyal Nitin , Post Zachary , Ong Alvin 
Published: August 2013

Background Nerve injury during acetabular and pelvic fracture fixation can have devastating consequences for trauma patients already in a compromised situation. Questions/Purposes This study aims to evaluate the efficacy of multimodality intraoperative neurophysiologic monitoring during acetabular and pelvic fracture fixation in identifying emerging iatrogenic nerve injury. Methods Sixty patients were retrospectively identified after surgical fixation following acetabular or pelvic fracture. Neuromonitoring during surgery was performed using three different modalities, transcranial electric motor evoked potential (tceMEP), somatosensory evoked potential (SSEP), and electromyographic (EMG) monitoring. Each modality was evaluated for sensitivity and specificity of detecting an intraoperative nerve injury. Results tceMEP monitoring was found to be 100% sensitive and 86% specific at detecting an impending nerve injury. The sensitivity and specificity of SSEP were 75% and 94%, while EMG sensitivity was unacceptably low at 20% although specificity was 93%. Conclusions Multimodality neuromonitoring of transcranial electric motor and peroneal nerve somatosensory evoked potentials with or without spontaneous EMG monitoring is a safe and effective method for detecting impending nerve injury during acetabular and pelvic surgery.
Evaluation of oxygen consumption in human vitrified and warmed pre‐antral follicles after prolonged low temperatures
Authors: Kyoya Toshihiko , Nakamura Yusuke , Miyatani Shizue , Miyagawa Tomoko , Tomiyama Tatsuhiro , Kyono Koichi 
Published: August 2013

AbstractPurposeThe purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of transportation at prolonged low temperatures on the survival of pre‐antral follicles.MethodsOvarian tissue was removed from six women with gender identity disorder. Tissues were stored in an icebox at 4 °C for 6 or 18 h prior to vitrification. After warming, ovarian tissues were cultured for 24 h and follicle survival was assessed via a viability/cytotoxicity kit. Morphological features and oxygen consumption rate (OCR) were evaluated by scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM).ResultsSurvival rate of isolated primordial follicles was 95.7 and 100 %, and that of primary follicles was 91.7 and 81.8 % in the 6‐ and 18‐h groups respectively. There was no difference in morphology between the 6‐ and 18‐h storage groups. In comparison with OCR of vitrified‐warmed follicles and OCR of 24‐h culture after vitrified‐warmed follicles, OCR of 24‐h culture after vitrified‐warmed primordial follicles was significantly higher in both 6‐hour (0.02 ± 0.02 vs 0.07 ± 0.04, P < 0.05) and 18‐h groups (0.02 ± 0.02 vs 0.11 ± 0.10, P < 0.05).ConclusionsThis strongly suggests that prolonged transportation of ovarian tissue at low temperatures is useful when there are no available local systems for fertility preservation.
Drosophila‐Cdh1 (Rap/Fzr) a regulatory subunit of APC/C is required for synaptic morphology, synaptic transmission and locomotion
Authors: Wise Alexandria , Schatoff Emma , Flores Julian , Hua Shao‐Ying , Ueda Atsushi , Wu Chun‐Fang , Venkatesh Tadmiri 
Published: August 2013

AbstractThe assembly of functional synapses requires the orchestration of the synthesis and degradation of a multitude of proteins. Protein degradation and modification by the conserved ubiquitination pathway has emerged as a key cellular regulatory mechanism during nervous system development and function (Kwabe and Brose, 2011). The anaphase promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C) is a multi‐subunit ubiquitin ligase complex primarily characterized for its role in the regulation of mitosis (Peters, 2002). In recent years, a role for APC/C in nervous system development and function has been rapidly emerging (Stegmuller and Bonni, 2005; Li et al., 2008). In the mammalian central nervous system the activator subunit, APC/C‐Cdh1, has been shown to be a regulator of axon growth and dendrite morphogenesis (Konishi et al., 2004). In the Drosophila peripheral nervous system (PNS), APC2, a ligase subunit of the APC/C complex has been shown to regulate synaptic bouton size and activity (van Roessel et al., 2004). To investigate the role of APC/C‐Cdh1 at the synapse we examined loss‐of‐function mutants of Rap/Fzr (Retina aberrant in pattern/Fizzy related), a Drosophila homolog of the mammalian Cdh1 during the development of the larval neuromuscular junction in Drosophila. Our cell biological, ultrastructural, electrophysiological, and behavioral data showed that rap/fzr loss‐of‐function mutations lead to changes in synaptic structure and function as well as locomotion defects. Data presented here show changes in size and morphology of synaptic boutons, and, muscle tissue organization. Electrophysiological experiments show that loss‐of‐function mutants exhibit increased frequency of spontaneous miniature synaptic potentials, indicating a higher rate of spontaneous synaptic vesicle fusion events. In addition, larval locomotion and peristaltic movement were also impaired. These findings suggest a role for Drosophila APC/C‐Cdh1 mediated ubiquitination in regulating synaptic morphology, function and integrity of muscle structure in the peripheral nervous system.
GETTIERIZED KNOBE EFFECTS
Authors: Beebe James R. , Shea Joseph 
Published: August 2013

AbstractWe report experimental results showing that participants are more likely to attribute knowledge in familiar Gettier cases when the would-be knowers are performing actions that are negative in some way (e.g. harmful, blameworthy, norm-violating) than when they are performing positive or neutral actions. Our experiments bring together important elements from the Gettier case literature in epistemology and the Knobe effect literature in experimental philosophy and reveal new insights into folk patterns of knowledge attribution.
K′-Theory of a Local Ring of Finite Cohen-Macaulay Type
Authors: Navkal Viraj 
Published: August 2013

AbstractWe study theK′-theory of a CM Henselian local ringRof finite Cohen-Macaulay type. We first describe a long exact sequence involving the groupsK′i(R)and theK-groups of certain other rings, including the Auslander algebra. By examining the terms and maps in the sequence, we obtain information aboutK′(R).
The Characteristic of Cumulative Damage Study about Electrical Insulation Based on Accelerated Life Tests
Authors: Yang Y.-H. , Tsai Y.-T. , Wang K.-S. 
Published: August 2013

ABSTRACTIn this study the Maximum Likelihood Estimator is utilized to identify the characteristics of failure of class-H insulation by considering accelerated life test data under censored situations from Nelson. The hazard rate function is considered in terms of the reliability,h(R), so-called AE model. The AE model is used to model the failures which are expressed as the serial connection between three modes, namely the turn, phase, and ground. This is the so-called competing failure. The main concern in the present investigation relates to the characteristic of changes in cumulative damage with temperature. The characteristic of the damage process basically change, with less capability of cumulation. The failure tends to be unpredictable in a constant hazard rate situation in much higher temperature environments. The parameters of the model are related to the temperature and follow the Arrhenius law. The numerical results indicate that the AE model is well fitted to the data and gives more information to identify the failure modes with fewer parameters. This is better than the using Weibull distribution with both parameters varied with temperature. According to the predicted lifetime, the turn needs to be rearranged primarily, followed by the phase. The ground mode only has influence on the failure at much higher temperatures.
Theoretical and Experimental Study of Spindle Ball Bearing Nonlinear Stiffness
Authors: Madoliat R. , Ghanati M. F. 
Published: August 2013

ABSTRACTThis paper concentrates on theoretical and experimental nonlinear stiffness study of milling machine tool spindle angle contact ball bearing. The theoretical study allows us to build an analytical model to define nonlinear stiffness of angle contact ball bearings based on geometrical and physical parameters. Modifications were done on literature's models (e.g. Balls deformations) having positives impacts on conformity of models to experimental results.FEM model using ANSYS is constructed to analyze the different parameters affecting the nonlinear stiffness of ball bearing. Among those parameters are physical including the geometry, friction coefficient and the boundary conditions of the model and Numerical parameters such as mesh density and penetration.Experimental tests were done on the spindle ball bearing 7014, to measure the rigidity. Universal tensile testing machine is used to achieve load displacement curves. The developed theoretical model, constructed finite element model and experimental results showed good conformity.
Numerical study on the Effect of Interaction Vaned Diffuser with Impeller on the Performance of a Modified Centrifugal Compressor
Authors: Jawad L. H. , Abdullah S. , Zulkifli R. , Mahmood W. M. F. W. 
Published: August 2013

ABSTRACTThis paper is a numerical simulation that was made in the three-dimensional flow, carried out in a modified centrifugal compressor, having vaned diffuser stage, used as an auto-motive turbo charger. Moreover, the performance of the centrifugal compressor was dependent on the proper matching between compressor impeller and vaned diffuser, influencing significantly surge and the efficiency of centrifugal compressor stages. In addition, a modified compressor impeller, coupled with vane and vaneless diffuser, has been found to have similar internal flow patterns for both the vaneless and vaned diffuser design. The vaned diffuser effect has been paid particular attention in terms of better analysis where the diffuser was designed for high sub-sonic inlet conditions. Another aim of this research was to study and simulate the effect of vaned diffuser on the performance of a centrifugal compressor. The simulation was undertaken by using a commercial software, the so-called ANSYS CFX, to predict numerically the performance in terms of pressure ratio, poly tropic efficiency and mass flow rate for the centrifugal compressor stage. The results were generated from CFD and were analyzed for better understanding of the fluid flow through centrifugal compressor stage. Conclusively, it was observed that the effect of the vaned diffuser is to convert the kinetic energy into a high static pressure after analyzing the results of the simulation.