bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Preparation and performance of a colorimetric biosensor using acetylcholinesterase and indoxylacetate for assay of nerve agents and drugs
Authors: Pohanka Miroslav , Vlcek Vitezslav 
Published: March 2015

ABSTRACT
Different toxic compounds can target the cholinergic nervous system. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE; EC 3.1.1.7) is one of the most crucial components of the cholinergic nervous system and thus many of the toxins interact with this enzyme. As to inhibitors, nerve agents used as chemical warfare, some insecticides, and drugs influencing the cholinergic system are common examples of AChE inhibitors. Once inhibited by a neurotoxic compound, a serious cholinergic crisis can occur. On the other hand, sensitivity of AChE to the inhibition can be used for analytical purposes. In this study, a simple disposable biosensor with AChE as a recognition element was devised. AChE was immobilized onto a cellulose matrix and indoxylacetate was used as a chromogenic substrate. The enzyme reaction was assessed by the naked eye using arbitrary units and pyridostigmine, tacrine, paraoxon, carbofuran, soman and VX were assayed as selected inhibitors. A good stability of the biosensors was found, with no aging over a quarter of a year and minimal sensitivity to the interference of organic solvents. The limit of detection ranged from 10 to 100 nmol/L for the compounds tested with a sample volume of 40 μL
Morphological Characteristics of the Stroma in Malignat Epithelial Neoplasms with Short Review of Skin Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Authors: Kakasheva-Mazhenkovska Lena , Janevska Vesna , Petrushevska Gordana , Spasevska Liljana , Basheska Neli 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
The stroma of the neoplasm is a highly complex structure built by: specialized mesenchymal cells typical for each tissue surroundings, cancer associated fibroblast/myofibroblast, congenital or acquired immune cells, vascular network with endothelial cells and pericytes, mastocytes, macrophages, leukocytes and adipocytes, all together incorporated in the extracellular matrix. Each neoplasm produces its own unique microenvironment where the tumor grows and modifies. Although most of the cells of the host in the stroma have compulsory tumor suppressor ability, the stroma is changing during the malignant process and it even promotes growth, invasion and metastasis. Genetic changes that occur during the development of the cancer, which are guided by the malignant cells lead to changes in the stroma of the host that will overtake it and adjust it to their own needs. In the early stages of the tumor development and invasion, the basal membrane is degraded and the stroma becomes active and contains an increased number of fibroblasts, inflammatory infiltrate and newly composed capillaries which come into direct contact with the tumor cells. These changes lead to cancer invasion.
Evaluation of the Fetal Heart Rate during Amniocentesis in Fetuses with Normal and Abnormal Karyotype
Authors: Hadzi-Lega Marija , Daneva-Markova Ana , Sozovska Eva 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
Introduction. We monitored the fetal heart rate (FHR) during amniocentesis in fetuses at 16-22 weeks of gestation and investigated whether an abnormal FHR was associated with chromosomal abnormalities.
Methods. This prospective study involved 600 women at 16-22 weeks of gestation who underwent genetic amniocentesis. The FHR, expressed as beats for minute, was recorded before (FHR1), immediately after (FHR2) and 60 min after (FHR3) the invasive procedure. Structural malformations detected by ultrasound and multiple pregnancy were excluded from the study.
Results. Chromosomal abnormalities have been diagnosed in 27 fetuses. Mean FHR decrease after amniocentesis has been observed in normal and in abnormal fetuses. The mean variation during amniocentesis was significant in both groups (P<0.01). The comparison between the mean FHR of the two groups showed no differences in FHR1 and FHR2 (P>0.05) but a significant difference in FHR3 (P<0.05).
Conclusion. The FHR decreased after amniocentesis; the decrease was larger in chromosomally abnormal fetuses than in normal fetuses. This difference in heart rate reaction to amniocentesis might be due to cardiac defects or developmental delay associated with the abnormal karyotype.
Power Sector and Hydropower Development in Nepal
Authors: Shrestha Rabindra Bahadur 
Published: March 2015

This paper is prepared on the answer to the valuable comments made by late Jeewan P. Thanju on my article ‘Water Resources of Nepal: Misconception and Reality’ published in The Rising Nepal on January 23 & 24, 2014.The rivers of Nepal possess sufficient hydropower potentiality to enhance the country’s socio-economic development. However, some spurious expert and vested interest group exaggerated the hydro potentiality and distorted the fact of water resources development prospective in Nepal. This has created confusion among the policymakers, politician and multilateral agencies. As a result, hydropower development in Nepal has headed for wrong course, and now the power sector, the vital impetus for socio-economic development is in dire strait. This paper highlights the uniqueness and distinct technical features of Nepalese Power Sector. In this paper important component like Integrated National Power System/Grid (INPS), Power Generation Modality (Hydropower, Thermal/Nuclear Plants and Diesel Plants) are well described and Master Plan, Project Selection, Construction Schedules and Hydropower potentiality of Nepal are discussed in detail. In a severe power and energy crisis situation in the country, power export is not recommended. Nepal needs 3000 MW to reach the level of other south Asian nations. INPS is owned and operated by NEA; therefore NEA also has the responsibility to prepare master plan for power generation, transmission and distribution. But, the Department Electricity Development a regulatory body of Ministry of Energy of is undertaking / carrying out feasibility study without taking care of INPS/country’s power requirement. This has created duplication of work and confusion; as such the Ministry of Energy deviated from its responsibility of preparing sound policy, regulation and monitoring them strictly. The Ministry shouldn’t indulge in feasibility study, construction and operational activities, which come under the responsibility of concerned technical department /authority. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/hn.v16i0.12214 HYDRO Nepal Journal of Water Energy and EnvironmentIssue. 16, 2015, January Page: 18-22 Upload date: March 1, 2015
Climate Change and its Impact on Rice Yield
Authors: Rijal Krishna Prasad 
Published: March 2015

Monsoon patterns have been changing noticeably in recent years around the globe. These changes have tremendous effects on agriculture systems especially in the areas where rainfall is the precondition of agriculture. This paper will investigate monsoon patterns in Nepal and how they correlate with recorded rice yields. The results were analyzed and cross-checked with AquaCrop, a crop water productivity model. The findings indicate that the Nepal’s monsoon patterns do not follow a definitive trend. Parameters such as onset and withdrawal dates, duration and distribution are quite unpredictable. The patterns, however, do have direct impact on national average rice yields, but that effect has turned less sensitive in recent years. The findings suggest that though monsoon has vital role on rice production in Nepal, where agriculture systems depend primarily on rainfall, more research is required to predict more accurately and precisely the production functions and relationships to yield. The better we understand this relationship, the more we can compensate for adverse monsoon patterns through anticipatory deployment of ag-technologies and advanced management options. Furthermore, support from legislators will be required to move these ideas into practice. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/hn.v16i0.12215 HYDRO Nepal Journal of Water Energy and EnvironmentIssue. 16, 2015, January Page: 23-27 Upload date: March 1, 2015
Correlation between degree of subvoxel spinal cord compression measured with super-resolution tract density imaging and neurological impairment in cervical spondylotic myelopathy
Authors: Ellingson Benjamin M. , Salamon Noriko , Woodworth Davis C. , Holly Langston T. 
Published: March 2015

OBJECT
The purpose of this study was to explore the use of super-resolution tract density images derived from probabilistic diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) tractography of the spinal cord as an imaging surrogate for microstructural integrity and functional impairment in patients with cervical spondylosis.

METHODS
Structural MRI and DTI images were collected for 27 patients with cervical spondylosis with (n= 21) and without (n= 6) functional impairment as defined by the modified Japanese Orthopaedic Association Scale (mJOA). DTI was performed axially through the site of compression in a total of 20 directions with 10 averages. Probabilistic tractography was performed at 0.5-mm isotropic spatial resolution using the streamline technique combined with constrained spherical deconvolution. The following measurements were calculated for each patient: maximum tract density at the site of compression, average tract density in rostral normal-appearing spinal cord, and the ratio of maximum density to normal density.

RESULTS
Compared with normal tissue, the site of compression exhibited elevated fiber tract density in all patients, and a higher fiber tract density was also noted in focal areas at the site of compression in patients with functional impairment. There was a strong negative correlation between maximum tract density and mJOA score (R2= 0.6324, p < 0.0001) and the ratio of maximum tract density to normal tract density (R2= 0.6647, p < 0.0001). When grouped according to severity of neurological impairment (asymptomatic, mJOA score of 18; mild, mJOA score of 15–17; moderate, mJOA score of 11–14; and severe, mJOA score < 11), the results showed a significant difference in the ratio between severe and both no impairment (p= 0.0009) and any impairment (p= 0.036). A ratio of maximum fiber tract density at the site of compression to fiber tract density at C-2 greater than 1.45 had 82% sensitivity and 70% specificity for identifying patients with moderate to severe impairment (ROC AUC= 0.8882, p= 0.0009).

CONCLUSIONS
These results support the use of DTI as a surrogate for determining spinal cord integrity in patients with cervical spondylosis. Probabilistic tractography provides spinal cord microstructural information that can help discern clinical status in cervical spondylosis patients with varying degrees of neurological impairment.
Predictors of intramedullary lesion expansion rate on MR images of patients with subaxial spinal cord injury
Authors: Le Elizabeth , Aarabi Bizhan , Hersh David S. , Shanmuganathan Kathirkamanthan , Diaz Cara , Massetti Jennifer , Akhtar-Danesh Noori 
Published: March 2015

OBJECT
Studies of preclinical spinal cord injury (SCI) in rodents indicate that expansion of intramedullary lesions (IMLs) seen on MR images may be amenable to neuroprotection. In patients with subaxial SCI and motor-complete American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA) Impairment Scale (AIS) Grade A or B, IML expansion has been shown to be approximately 900 μm/hour. In this study, the authors investigated IML expansion in a cohort of patients with subaxial SCI and AIS Grade A, B, C, or D.

METHODS
Seventy-eight patients who had at least 2 MRI scans within 6 days of SCI were enrolled. Data were analyzed by regression analysis.

RESULTS
In this cohort, the mean age was 45.3 years (SD 18.3 years), 73 patients were injured in a motor vehicle crash, from a fall, or in sport activities, and 77% of them were men. The mean Injury Severity Score (ISS) was 26.7 (SD 16.7), and the AIS grade was A in 23 patients, B in 7, C in 7, and D in 41. The mechanism of injury was distraction in 26 patients, compression in 22, disc/osteophyte complex in 29, and Chance fracture in 1. The mean time between injury onset and the first MRI scan (Interval 1) was 10 hours (SD 8.7 hours), and the mean time to the second MRI scan (Interval 2) was 60 hours (SD 29.6 hours). The mean IML lengths of the first and second MR images were 38.8 mm (SD 20.4 mm) and 51 mm (SD 36.5 mm), respectively. The mean time from the first to the second MRI scan (Interval 3) was 49.9 hours (SD 28.4 hours), and the difference in IML lengths was 12.6 mm (SD 20.7 mm), reflecting an expansion rate of 366 μm/ hour (SD 710 μm/hour). IML expansion in patients with AIS Grades A and B was 918 μm/hour (SD 828 μm/hour), and for those with AIS Grades C and D, it was 21 μm/hour (SD 304 μm/hour). Univariate analysis indicated that AIS Grade A or B versus Grades C or D (p < 0.0001), traction (p= 0.0005), injury morphology (p < 0.005), the surgical approach (p= 0.009), vertebral artery injury (p= 0.02), age (p < 0.05), ISS (p < 0.05), ASIA motor score (p < 0.05), and time to decompression (p < 0.05) were all predictors of lesion expansion. In multiple regression analysis, however, the sole determinant of IML expansion was AIS grade (p < 0.005).

CONCLUSIONS
After traumatic subaxial cervical spine or spinal cord injury, patients with motor-complete injury (AIS Grade A or B) had a significantly higher rate of IML expansion than those with motor-incomplete injury (AIS Grade C or D).
Magnetic resonance spectroscopy detection of high lipid levels in intraaxial tumors without central necrosis: a characteristic of malignant lymphoma
Authors: Yamasaki Fumiyuki , Takayasu Takeshi , Nosaka Ryo , Amatya Vishwa Jeet , Doskaliyev Aidos , Akiyama Yuji , Tominaga Atsushi , Takeshima Yukio , Sugiyama Kazuhiko , Kurisu Kaoru 
Published: March 2015

OBJECT
The differentiation of malignant lymphomas from gliomas or malignant gliomas by conventional MRI can be difficult. The authors studied Gd-enhanced MR images to obtain a differential diagnosis between malignant lymphomas and gliomas without central necrosis or cystic changes and investigated the diagnostic value of single-voxel proton MR spectroscopy (1H-MRS) using different parameters, including lipid levels.

METHODS
This was a retrospective study of patients with primary malignant CNS lymphoma (n = 17) and glioma (n = 122 [Grades I, II, III, and IV in 10, 30, 33, and 49 patients, respectively]) who were treated between 2007 and 2013. The authors focused on 15 patients with homogeneously enhanced primary malignant CNS lymphomas and 7 homogeneously enhanced gliomas. Images of all the included tumors were acquired with 1H-MRS at 3 T, and the diagnoses were histologically confirmed.

RESULTS
Using a short echo time 1H-MRS, large lipid peaks were observed in all 17 patients with a malignant lymphoma, in 39 patients (79.6%) with a Grade IV glioma, and in 10 patients (30.3%) with a Grade III glioma. A focus on homogeneously enhanced tumors revealed large lipid peaks in 15 malignant lymphomas that were free of central necrosis on Gd-enhanced T1-weighted images. Conversely, in the 7 homogeneously enhanced gliomas (glioblastoma and anaplastic astrocytoma, n = 2 each; anaplastic oligodendroglioma, diffuse astrocytoma, and pilomyxoid astrocytoma, n = 1 each), lipid peaks were small or absent.

CONCLUSIONS
Large lipid peaks on 1H-MRS images of tumors without central necrosis were characteristic of malignant lymphomas. Conversely, small or absent lipid peaks in intraaxial tumors without central necrosis were strongly suggestive of glioma.
Nahrungsangebot für Auerhuhnküken – der Einfluss forstlicher Aufwertungen
Authors: Grämiger Michael , Bitterlin Lisa , Graf Roland F. 
Published: March 2015

Chick food availability after forestry activities in favour of capercaillie
Conservation measures to further the remaining capercaillie populations in Switzerland focus mainly on improving habitat quality of the forests. So far, programs to survey the effect of these forestry measures have been restricted to changes in forest structure and capercaillie presence on the treated areas. Potential changes in arthropod food availability, a key factor for the habitat quality for chicks in their first weeks of life, however, have not been assessed systematically in Central European habitats. We measured the biomass of arthropods in four habitat types: dense, semiopen and open stands and inner forest edges. In our study area in the Swiss Prealps, these habitat types resulted from logging activities in twelve cable-way lines between 2008 and 2011 that were carried out with the aim to improve habitat quality for capercaillie. Arthropod availability varied strongly between plots and high numbers of individuals could be observed in all four habitat types. Coleoptera accounted for more than half of the total dry weight of the catch. Summing up the three most important arthropod groups for the chick diet as reported in literature (spiders, ants and lepidoptera larvae), open stands, forest edges and semiopen stands yielded higher arthropod biomasses than the dense stands that had not been treated in the logging campaigns. In this case study, habitat improvement measures increased the arthropod food supply, and thus probably improved the conditions for capercaillie chicks in the first weeks of their development.
Une loge maçonnique toulousaine à la veille de la Révolution : les « Cœurs réunis » (1774-1789)
Authors: Taillefer Michel 
Published: March 2015

Тулузская масонская ложа накануне революции: "Соединенные Сердца" 1774-1789
Эта ложа, буржуазного состава, основанная в 1774 г., занималась, главным образом, взаимопомощью и благотворительностью. Ее нельзя рассматривать как очаг мысли, еще меньше как очаг политической агитации. Поддерживая связи с многими французскими и иностранными ложами и предоставляя своим членам возможности для встреч и обменов, она тем не менее благоприятствовала распространению в Тулузе идей Просвещения.
Vins et marchands de vins gascons au début du XIVe siècle
Authors: Cassard Jean-Christophe 
Published: March 2015

Гасконскии вина и виноторговцы в начале 14-ого века.
1306 - 1309 гг. являются вероятно апогеей средневековой торговли винами в Бордо. Осенью и главным образом весной сотни судов увозят на север Европы десятки тывяч бочек вина ( больше 100.000 между 1308 и 1309 гг.) из района Бордо и всего бассейна Гаронны. Бордо стоит во главе целой сети морского и речного транспорта и около тысячи человек Аквитании непосредственно заинтересованы в этой международной торговле. Графическое исследование городяв поддерживающих торговые сношения с Бордо выявляет четыри типа социальных структур»
Cinquante et une mercuriales du Massif Central (XVIe-XIXe siècles)
Authors: Frêche Georges 
Published: March 2015

51 прейскурант Центрального Массива (ХУ1 -Х1Х вв)
Анализ 51 прейскуранта Центрального Массива с середины ХУ1 до начала Х1Х в. входит в состав общего исследования прейскурантвв во всей Франции для установления цен на хлеб и кризисы с 1 500 до 1789 г. Статья дает главные источники 51 рынка в 9 департаментах и вкратце исследует отражение кризисов трех веков в области Центрального Массива.
Usure et crédit dans les campagnes du Var au XIXe siècle
Authors: Rinaudo Yves 
Published: March 2015

Ростовщичество и кредит в деревнях Вара в ХIХ в.
В середине ХIХ в. вследствие недостатка денежных средств ростовщичество становится насущной реальностью в деревнях Вара. Посредством долговых обязательств имущие слои контролируют распределение кредита в деревнях и создают сеть зависимости. Однако, к концу века растущая специализация и кризис виноделия ускоряют развитие сельскохозяйственного взаимокредита, общественного и недорогостоющего. В межвоенный период он становится главным банком сельскохозяйственных капиталовложений.
La banque à Montpellier au XVIIIe siècle
Authors: Dermigny Louis 
Published: March 2015

Банк в Монпелье в 18-ом веке.
Банкиры Монпелье набираются главным образом среди купечества торгующего шерстью и сукном и ответственных финансовых работников. Банковские операции характеризуются тесной срязью с ярмарками, в частности ярмаркой Лиона , главным образом до 1709 г. , Бокера, Монтаниака и Пезенаса. Постоянные сношения существуют также с Парижем и Женевой. Банк Монпелье меньше интересуется чисто коммерческими предприятиями чем делами связанными с Государ - ством, следуя тем самым традициям фискального и •пара-фискального капитализма.
La classe politique aixoise de la fin de l'Ancien Régime à l'an VIII : esquisse sociologique
Authors: Derobert-Ratel Christiane 
Published: March 2015

Политический класс г. Зкс к концу Cтарого режима до 8-го года республиканского календаря. Социологический очерк
Это исследование, основанное на многочисленных данных, позволяет выявить социологические черты и позиции муниципальных представителей столицы Прованса к концу старого режима и до 8-го г. Кроме наблюдений над этими "лидерами" вырисовываются коллективные позиции руководящих политических классов, представителями которых они являются в этот смутный период.
La criminalité dans les Hautes-Pyrénées de 1830 à 1852
Authors: Tribut Micheline 
Published: March 2015

Преступность в Верхних Пиринеях с 1830 по 1852 г.
Преступность в Верхних Пиринеях с 1830 по 1852 г. типична для населения с преобладанием мужского населения; она отражает нищету (42,80% правонарушителей - воры), жестокость (34,77% из них совершили убийства, избиения и насилия) и неграмотность; обвиняемые, имеющие образование (подделка документов, злостное банкротство) в меньшинстве (3,11%), и караются они обычно очень строго.
Les granges de l'abbaye cistercienne de Grandselves (XIIe-XIVe siècles.)
Authors: Mousnier Mireille 
Published: March 2015

Хутора систерсианского аббатства Грандсельв (ХII - ХIV в. в.)
Большое систерсианское аббатство южной Аквитании, Грандсельв, являлось крупным земельным владением, включающим около 25 хуторов. Самостоятельное ведение хозяйства преобладало долго (до середины ХIV в.) но , с начало XIII в. аббатство стало сдавать землю в аренду, а позднее разделило ее на участки и под конец основало 9 укрепленных населенных пунктов - доказательство успеха расселения и экономики.
Les difficultés de la scolarisation et de l'alphabétisation sous la Restauration : l'exemple ardéchois
Authors: Molinier Alain 
Published: March 2015

Затруднения в борьбе с оезграматнос- тью в эпоху Реставрации : пример департамент Ардеш Южные Записки.
Благодаря усилиям предпринятыми между 1680 и 1740 г. , в частносте протестанскими приходами, больше четверти детей Виварэ посещали школы к середине 18-ого в. После ухудшения положения во время революции и Империи этот процент будет вновь достигнут толькя к концу Реставрации. в департаменте Ардеш. Основываясь с 1833 г. на развитие школ ко- грегаций с одной стороны и протествятских с другой успехи борьбы с безграмотностью наталкнулись на всесозможные препятствия и отложило горы Ардеша.
Typologie des militants ouvriers de l'Hérault durant l'entre-deux-guerres d'après les analyses de correspondances multiples
Authors: Maurin Jules , Sagnes Jean 
Published: March 2015

Характерные черты рабочих активистов в департаменте Эро с 1919 до 1939 г. в свете анализа многочисленной корреспонденции.
В рамках департамента средней величины, слабо ин- дустриализованом , но где единственной отраслью сельского хозяйства является виноградство требую- щегомногочислет-'ных рабочих рук, было изучено распределение 1112 активистов, социалистов, коммунистов, анархистов и членов профсоюзов по полу, месторождению, местожительству и професиоиальному происхождению родителей. Сопоставление различных профилей позволило установить главнейший типы активистов, среди которых городской рабочий или служащий охотней коммунист, а деревенский, где существует •льше професиоиальных различий, скорей социалист.