bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An international review of the frequency of single-bicycle crashes (SBCs) and their relation to bicycle modal share
Authors: Schepers Paul , Agerholm Niels , Amoros Emmanuelle , Benington Rob , Bjørnskau Torkel , Dhondt Stijn , de Geus Bas , Hagemeister Carmen , Loo Becky P Y , Niska Anna 
Published: January 2014

ObjectivesTo study cyclists’ share of transport modes (modal share) and single-bicycle crashes (SBCs) in different countries in order to investigate if the proportion of cyclist injuries resulting from SBCs is affected by variation in modal share.MethodsA literature search identified figures (largely from western countries) on SBC casualties who are fatally injured, hospitalised or treated at an emergency department. Correlation and regression analyses were used to investigate how bicycle modal share is related to SBCs.ResultsOn average, 17% of fatal injuries to cyclists are caused by SBCs. Different countries show a range of values between 5% and 30%. Between 60% and 95% of cyclists admitted to hospitals or treated at emergency departments are victims of SBCs. The proportion of all injured cyclists who are injured in SBCs is unrelated to the share of cycling in the modal split. The share of SBC casualties among the total number of road crash casualties increases proportionally less than the increase in bicycle modal share.ConclusionsWhile most fatal injuries among cyclists are due to motor vehicle–bicycle crashes, most hospital admissions and emergency department attendances result from SBCs. As found in previous studies of cyclists injured in collisions, this study found that the increase in the number of SBC casualties is proportionally less than the increase in bicycle modal share.
The Effect of the Internet on Performance and Quality: Evidence from the Airline Industry
Authors: Ater Itai , Orlov Eugene 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
We argue that the rise of online travel agencies changed the nature of competition in the airline industry—from competition on elapsed scheduled flight times to price competition. Using flight-level data between 1997 and 2007 and geographical Internet growth patterns, we find a positive relationship between Internet access and flight times. The magnitude of this relationship is larger in competitive markets without low-cost carriers and for flights with shortest scheduled times. We also find that flight delays increased as more passengers gained Internet access. These findings suggest that the Internet may adversely affect firms’ performance and incentives to provide high-quality products.
Denopelopia moema, a new Tanypodinae (Diptera: Chironomidae) from the Neotropical Region
Authors: DA SILVA FABIO LAURINDO , WIEDENBRUG SOFIA , DE OLIVEIRA CAROLINE SILVA NEUBERN 
Published: January 2014

Whilst sorting Malaise trap material from Pantanal, in western central Brazil, a not readily identifiable species of Denopelopia Roback et Rutter, were found. This genus has no formal species described or recorded in Brazil, except for a larval morphotype recorded by Trivinho-Strixino & Strixino (1995). According to Ashe & O´Connor (2009), Denopelopia comprises 4 species known from the Nearctic, Neotropical, eastern Palearctic and Oriental regions (viz. D. atria Roback & Rutter, 1988; D. diaoluonica Cheng & Wang, 2005; D. irioquerea Sasa et Suzuki, 2000 and D. viridula Cheng & Wang, 2005). A key of adult males was given by Cheng and Wang (2005). The found species is regarded as new and described here.
Functional Comorbidity Index in Sleep Apnea
Authors: Levine Corinna G. , Weaver Edward M. 
Published: January 2014

Objectives(1) Measure the association between the Functional Comorbidity Index (range, 0‐18) and physical function health status (SF‐36 Physical Function domain), general physical health status (SF‐36 Physical Component Score), and general mental health status (SF‐36 Mental Component Score) outcome measures in a cohort of sleep apnea patients. (2) Test if the Functional Comorbidity Index is more strongly associated (a better predictor) than the well‐known Charlson Comorbidity Index (range, 0‐37) with these SF‐36 outcome measures.Study DesignCross‐sectional study.SettingUniversity of Washington Sleep Center.Subjects and MethodsIn a cohort of newly diagnosed obstructive sleep apnea patients (N = 233), we obtained scores for the Functional Comorbidity Index, Charlson Comorbidity Index, and SF‐36. We calculated Spearman correlations and adjusted coefficients of determination (R2) with multiple linear regression, adjusted for demographic and health covariates. Bootstrapping generated R2 distributions for statistical comparison.ResultsFunctional Comorbidity Index scores (mean ± standard deviation 2.4 ± 1.7) were more widely distributed than Charlson Comorbidity Index scores (0.7 ± 1.4). The Functional Comorbidity Index was significantly correlated with SF‐36 Physical Function (–0.53, P <. 001), Physical Component Score (–0.44, P <. 001), and Mental Component Score (–0.38, P <. 001). The Functional Comorbidity Index was a better predictor than the Charlson Comorbidity Index of SF‐36 Physical Function (R2 mean ± standard error 0.27 ± 0.05 vs 0.17 ± 0.05, P <. 001), Physical Component Score (0.23 ± 0.05 vs 0.17 ± 0.05, P <. 001), and Mental Component Score (0.23 ± 0.05 vs 0.13 ± 0.05, P <. 001).ConclusionThe Functional Comorbidity Index is a more robust predictor of general health status than the Charlson Comorbidity Index in obstructive sleep apnea patients.
Is the area under an ROC curve a valid measure of the performance of a screening or diagnostic test?
Authors: Wald NJ , Bestwick JP 
Published: January 2014

Objectives The area under a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (the AUC) is used as a measure of the performance of a screening or diagnostic test. We here assess the validity of the AUC. Methods Assuming the test results follow Gaussian distributions in affected and unaffected individuals, standard mathematical formulae were used to describe the relationship between the detection rate (DR) (or sensitivity) and the false-positive rate (FPR) of a test with the AUC. These formulae were used to calculate the screening performance (DR for a given FPR, or FPR for a given DR) for different AUC values according to different standard deviations of the test result in affected and unaffected individuals. Results The DR for a given FPR is strongly dependent on relative differences in the standard deviation of the test variable in affected and unaffected individuals. Consequently, two tests with the same AUC can have a different DR for the same FPR. For example, an AUC of 0.75 has a DR of 24% for a 5% FPR if the standard deviations are the same in affected and unaffected individuals, but 39% for the same 5% FPR if the standard deviation in affected individuals is 1.5 times that in unaffected individuals. Conclusion The AUC is an unreliable measure of screening performance because in practice the standard deviation of a screening or diagnostic test in affected and unaffected individuals can differ. The problem is avoided by not using AUC at all, and instead specifying DRs for given FPRs or FPRs for given DRs.
Leading During Uncertainty and Economic Turbulence
Authors: McCarthy Alma 
Published: January 2014

The Problem The high-profile business and political failures characteristic of the global crisis call into question the role of leaders and leadership in these events. The capability of senior leaders to predict, prevent, manage, and overcome crises and uncertainty is critical for organizational success in both the private and public sectors. Little is known about the capabilities and competencies required of public leaders to effectively manage in turbulent times. A greater understanding of these issues has important implications for Human resource development (HRD) in terms of training needs analysis, intervention design, delivery, and evaluation for public sector leaders. Taken together, there is a gap in our understanding of public sector leadership capability during times of crises and uncertainty. The Solution Using a 360-degree assessment approach, this article explores perceptions of leadership among senior public sector managers in Ireland during uncertainty and economic turbulence. The study analyzes qualitative comments and presents findings from 1,200 surveys regarding senior leadership strengths and development needs in 2010, when Ireland was in the height of economic and fiscal uncertainty. The findings indicate that five competencies (communication, character and integrity, personal energy and passion, delivering results, and engaging the organization in developing strategy) account for 75% of all comments relating to senior public sector leadership strengths. Ten competencies account for 77% of all comments relating to senior leaders’ development needs (communication, resources to cope with demands, delivering results, decision protocols, character and integrity, making changes happen, engaging the organization in developing strategy, ensuring accountability, strategic vision, and building teams). The Stakeholders This article will be of particular relevance to HRD academicians and practitioners, especially those interested in public sector leadership.
Whole Blood Glucose Standard is Key to Accurate Insulin Dosages
Authors: Hunsley Bradford , Ryan Wayne 
Published: January 2014

Introduction: There is no available glucose standard for whole blood. None of the various glucose controls can be used as standards (calibrators) for glucose meters or test strips. This article describes the need for a whole blood glucose standard for areas such as manufacturing or proficiency evaluations. Furthermore, it describes the performance of the standard developed by Streck. Implementation of a whole blood glucose reference standard may allow the manufacturers of products for the diabetes health care industry to reduce the level of systematic difference between true blood glucose values and those obtained by point-of-care (POC) glucose meters. Methods: Glucose agreement data were collected across four prominent POC glucose meters representing >97% of all meters reporting data in the 2006 College of American Pathologists survey. Glucose concentrations of whole blood were adjusted to replicate the concentrations contained in the blood glucose standard developed by Streck. Commercial glucose controls, provided by the respective strip manufacturer, remained unaltered and were tested in accordance with the manufacturer's recommendations. Results: Only slight variations in hematocrit, surface tension, and viscosity were measured over a period of 90 days with the Streck Blood Glucose Standard compared to fresh whole blood at time zero. Glucose measurements on whole blood and the blood glucose standard were in agreement for all four commonly used glucose meters. In contrast, there is a lack of agreement between a manufacturer's set of recommended aqueous-based glucose controls in measurements taken on their POC meter relative to the YSI. Finally, the blood glucose standard demonstrated stability in 35-day open- and 110-day closed-vial assessments. Conclusions: Results of our experiments illustrate the ability of the blood glucose standard to closely mimic whole blood results. In addition, the blood glucose standard shows good open-vial and closed-vial stability at 6°C.
Significant Insulin Dose Errors May Occur if Blood Glucose Results are Obtained from Miscoded Meters
Authors: Raine Charles H. , Schrock Linda E. , Edelman Steven V. , Mudaliar Sunder Raj D. , Zhong Weiping , Proud Lois J. , Parkes Joan Lee 
Published: January 2014

Objective: The objective of this study was to determine inaccuracies of miscoded blood glucose (BG) meters and potential errors in insulin dose based on values from these meters. Research Design: Fasting diabetic subjects at three clinical centers participated in a 2-hour meal tolerance test. At various times subjects' blood was tested on five BG meters and on a Yellow Springs Instruments laboratory glucose analyzer. Some meters were purposely miscoded. Using the BG values from these meters, along with three insulin dose algorithms, Monte Carlo simulations were conducted to generate ideal and simulated-meter glucose values and subsequent probability of insulin dose errors based on normal and empirical distribution assumptions. Results: Maximal median percentage biases of miscoded meters were +29% and −37%, while maximal median percentage biases of correctly coded meters were only +0.64% and −10.45% ( p = 0.000, χ2 test, df = 1). Using the low-dose algorithm and the normal distribution assumption, the combined data showed that the probability of insulin error of ±1U, ±2, ±3, ±4, and ±5U for miscoded meters could be as high as 49.6, 50.0, 22.3, 1.4, and 0.04%, respectively. This is compared to manually, correctly coded meters where the probability of error of ±1, ±2, and ±3U could be as high as 44.6, 7.1, and 0.49%, respectively. There was no instance of a ±4 or ±5U insulin dose error with a manually, correctly coded meter. For autocoded meters, the probability of ±1 and ±2U could be as high as 35.4 and 1.4%, respectively. For autocoded meters there were no calculated insulin dose errors above ±2U. The probability of insulin misdosing with either manually, correctly coded or autocoded meters was significantly lower than that with miscoded meters. Results using empirical distributions showed similar trends of insulin dose errors. Conclusions: Blood glucose meter coding errors may result in significant insulin dosing errors. To avoid error, patients should be instructed to code their meters correctly or be advised to use an autocoded meter that showed superior performance over manually, correctly coded meters in this study.
Dynamic Modeling of Exercise Effects on Plasma Glucose and Insulin Levels
Authors: Roy Anirban , Parker Robert S. 
Published: January 2014

Background: Regulation of plasma glucose concentration for type 1 diabetic patients is challenging, and exercise is an added complication. From a metabolic prospective, the significant exercise-induced effects are increased glucose uptake rate by the working tissues, increased hepatic glucose release to maintain overall glucose homeostasis, and decreased plasma insulin concentration. During prolonged exercise, glucose levels drop significantly because of the decrease in hepatic glucose production. With the long-term goal of developing a closed-loop insulin delivery system operating under various physiological conditions, it is necessary to develop a model that is capable of predicting blood glucose concentration at rest and during physical activity. Methods: A minimal model developed previously was extended to include the major effects of exercise on plasma glucose and insulin levels. Differential equations were developed to capture the exercise-induced dynamics of plasma insulin clearance and the elevation of glucose uptake and hepatic glucose production rates. The decreasing liver glucose output resulting from prolonged exercise was modeled using an equation depending on exercise intensity and duration. Results: The exercise model successfully captured the glucose and insulin dynamics during short- and long-term exercise. Model predictions of glucose and insulin dynamics during the postexercise recovery period were also consistent with literature data. Conclusion: The model successfully emulated the physiological effects of exercise on blood glucose and insulin levels. This extended model may provide a new disturbance test platform for the development of closed-loop glucose control algorithms.
Parenteral Glucose and Glucose Control in the Critically Ill: A Kinetic Appraisal
Authors: Hovorka Roman , Cordingley Jeremy 
Published: January 2014

Background: We investigated the influence of parenteral glucose infusion on insulin-driven tight glucose control (4.4–6.1 mmol/liter) in the critically ill by appraising kinetic characteristics of the glucoregulatory system. Methods: Turnover characteristics of the glucoregulatory system associated with constant 0, 1.2, and 2.4 mg/kg/min parenteral glucose infusion were obtained by literature review and mass-balance calculations. Results: Without parenteral glucose infusion, the achievement of tight glucose control is hampered by long time delays with an anticipated glucose equilibration half-time ( T1/2) of 185 min. The constant parenteral glucose infusions of 1.2 and 2.4 mg/kg/min reduce T1/2 to 80 and 40 min, respectively. This follows on from the accelerated glucose turnover brought about by the insulin-modulated glucose uptake, which increases in response to increasing exogenous insulin required to achieve tight glucose control. However, large variations exist among glucose turnover characteristics in the critically ill. Conclusions: The constant parenteral glucose infusion greater or equal to 2.4 mg/kg/min is expected to simplify the achievement of tight glucose control by reducing system delays and may facilitate the development of more intuitive, efficacious, and safer insulin-titration guidelines.
Telemedicine-Based KADIS® Combined with CGMS™ Has High Potential for Improving Outpatient Diabetes Care
Authors: Salzsieder Eckhard , Augstein Petra , Vogt Lutz , Kohnert Klaus-Dieter , Heinke Peter , Freyse Ernst-Joachim , Ahmed Abdel Azim , Metwali Zakia , Salman Iman , Attef Omer 
Published: January 2014

Background: The Karlsburg Diabetes Management System (KADIS®) was developed over almost two decades by modeling physiological glucose-insulin interactions. When combined with the telemedicine-based communication system TeleDIAB® and a continuous glucose monitoring system (CGMS™), KADIS has the potential to provide effective, evidence-based support to doctors in their daily efforts to optimize glycemic control. Methods: To demonstrate the feasibility of improving diabetes control with the KADIS system, an experimental version of a telemedicine-based diabetes care network was established, and an international, multicenter, pilot study of 44 insulin-treated patients with type 1 and 2 diabetes was performed. Patients were recruited from five outpatient settings where they were treated by general practitioners or diabetologists. Each patient underwent CGMS monitoring under daily life conditions by a mobile monitoring team of the Karlsburg diabetes center at baseline and 3 months following participation in the KADIS advisory system and telemedicine-based diabetes care network. The current metabolic status of each patient was estimated in the form of an individualized “metabolic fingerprint.” The fingerprint characterized glycemic status by KADIS-supported visualization of relationships between the monitored glucose profile and causal endogenous and exogenous factors and enabled evidence-based identification of “weak points” in glycemic control. Using KADIS-based simulations, physician recommendations were generated in the form of patient-centered decision support that enabled elimination of weak points. The analytical outcome was provided in a KADIS report that could be accessed at any time through TeleDIAB. The outcome of KADIS-based support was evaluated by comparing glycosylated hemoglobin (HbAlc) levels and 24-hour glucose profiles before and after the intervention. Results: Application of KADIS-based decision support reduced HbAlc by 0.62% within 3 months. The reduction was strongly related to the level of baseline HbA1c, diabetes type, and outpatient treatment setting. The greatest benefit was obtained in the group with baseline HbAlc levels >9% (1.22% reduction), and the smallest benefit was obtained in the group with baseline HbA1c levels of 6–7% (0.13% reduction). KADIS was more beneficial for patients with type 1 diabetes (0.79% vs 0.48% reduction) and patients treated by general practitioners (1.02% vs 0.26% reduction). Changes in HbA1c levels were paralleled by changes in mean daily 24-hour glucose profiles and fluctuations in daily glucose. Conclusion: Application of KADIS in combination with CGMS and the telemedicine-based communication system TeleDIAB successfully improved outpatient diabetes care and management.
Comparing the Performance of the Optical Glucose Assay Based on Glucose Binding Protein with High-Performance Anion-Exchange Chromatography with Pulsed Electrochemical Detection: Efforts to Design a Low-Cost Point-of-Care Glucose Sensor
Authors: Ge Xudong , Lam Hung , Modi Swati J. , LaCourse William R. , Rao Govind , Tolosa Leah 
Published: January 2014

Background: The glucose binding protein (GBP) is one of many soluble binding proteins found in the periplasmic space of gram-negative bacteria. These proteins are responsible for chemotactic responses and active transport of chemical species across the membrane. Upon ligand binding, binding proteins undergo a large conformational change, which is the basis for converting these proteins into optical biosensors. Methods: The GBP biosensor was prepared by attaching a polarity-sensitive fluorescent probe to a single cysteine mutation at a site on the protein that is allosterically responsive to glucose binding. The fluorescence response of the resulting sensor was validated against high-performance anion-exchange chromatography (HPAEC) with pulsed electrochemical detection. Finally, a simple fluorescence reader was built using a lifetime-assisted ratiometric technique. Results: The GBP assay has a linear range of quantification of 0.100–2.00 μM and a sensitivity of 0.164 μM−1 under the specified experimental conditions. The comparison between GBP and HPAEC readings for nine blind samples indicates that there is no statistical difference between the analytical results of the two methods at the 95% confidence level. Although the methods of fluorescence detection are based on different principles, the response of the homemade device to glucose concentrations was comparable to the response of the larger and more expensive tabletop fluorescence spectrophotometer. Conclusions: A glucose binding protein labeled with a polarity-sensitive probe can be used for measuring micromolar amounts of glucose. Using a lifetime-assisted ratiometric technique, a low-cost GBP-based micromolar glucose monitor could be built.