bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The priming potential of environmentally weathered pyrogenic carbon during land‐use transition to biomass crop production
Authors: McClean Gary J. , Meredith Will , Cross Andrew , Heal Kate V. , Bending Gary D. , Sohi Saran P. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractSince land‐use change (LUC) to lignocellulosic biomass crops often causes a loss of soil organic carbon (SOC), at least in the short term, this study investigated the potential for pyrogenic carbon (PyC) to ameliorate this effect. Although negative priming has been observed in many studies, most of these are long‐term incubation experiments which do not account for the interactions between environmentally weathered PyC and native SOC. Here, the aim was to assess the impact of environmentally weathered PyC on native SOC mineralization at different time points in LUC from arable crops to short rotation coppice (SRC) willow. At eight SRC willow plantations in England, with ages of 3–22 years, soil amended 18–22 months previously with PyC was compared with unamended control soil. Cumulative CO2 flux was measured weekly from incubated soil at 0–5 cm depth, and soil‐surface CO2 flux was also measured in the field. For the incubated soil, cumulative CO2 flux was significantly higher from soil containing weathered PyC than the control soil for seven of the eight sites. Across all sites, the mean cumulative CO2 flux was 21% higher from soil incubated with weathered PyC than the control soil. These results indicate the potential for positive priming in the surface 5 cm of soil independent of changes in soil properties following LUC to SRC willow production. However, no net effect on CO2 flux was observed in the field, suggesting this increase in CO2 is offset by a contrasting PyC‐induced effect at a different soil depth or that different effects were observed under laboratory and field conditions. Although the mechanisms for these contrasting effects remain unclear, results presented here suggest that PyC does not reduce LUC‐induced SOC losses through negative priming, at least for this PyC type and application rate.
Dispersal is a major driver of the latitudinal diversity gradient of Carnivora
Authors: Rolland Jonathan , Condamine Fabien L. , Beeravolu Champak R. , Jiguet Frédéric , Morlon Hélène 
Published: July 2015

AbstractAimUnderstanding the relative contribution of diversification rates (speciation and extinction) and dispersal in the formation of the latitudinal diversity gradient – the decrease in species richness with increasing latitude – is a main goal of biogeography. The mammalian order Carnivora, which comprises 286 species, displays the traditional latitudinal diversity gradient seen in almost all mammalian orders. Yet the processes driving high species richness in the tropics may be fundamentally different in this group from that in other mammalian groups. Indeed, a recent study suggested that in Carnivora, unlike in all other major mammalian orders, net diversification rates are not higher in the tropics than in temperate regions. Our goal was thus to understand the reasons why there are more species of Carnivora in the tropics.LocationWorld‐wide.MethodsWe reconstructed the biogeographical history of Carnivora using a time‐calibrated phylogeny of the clade comprising all terrestrial species and dispersal–extinction–cladogenesis models. We also analysed a fossil dataset of carnivoran genera to examine how the latitudinal distribution of Carnivora varied through time.ResultsOur biogeographical analyses suggest that Carnivora originated in the East Palaearctic (i.e. Central Asia, China) in the early Palaeogene. Multiple independent lineages dispersed to low latitudes following three main paths: toward Africa, toward India/Southeast Asia and toward South America via the Bering Strait. These dispersal events were probably associated with local extinctions at high latitudes. Fossil data corroborate a high‐latitude origin of the group, followed by late dispersal events toward lower latitudes in the Neogene.Main conclusionsUnlike most other mammalian orders, which originated and diversified at low latitudes and dispersed ‘out of the tropics’, Carnivora originated at high latitudes, and subsequently dispersed southward. Our study provides an example of combining phylogenetic and fossil data to understand the generation and maintenance of global‐scale geographical variations in species richness.
Sodium fluorescein as an internal tracer on the location of bovine urine patches in pastures
Authors: Gusmão M. R. , Alves T. C. , Lemes A. P. , Bettiol G. M. , Pedroso A. de F. , Barioni Junior W. , Oliveira P. P. A. , Grego C. R. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractSodium fluorescein (SF) was evaluated and validated as an internal marker in cattle for the location of urine patches in pastures. Three trials were carried out aiming at the following: evaluating the effect of dilution and volume of application on SF fluorescence on the environment; testing dosages and duration of excretion of SF administered orally to cattle; and validating the methodology for SF use on the location of cattle urine patches in pastures. The marker was tested in beef cattle kept on pastures under three grazing systems: degraded pasture under extensive management (De), intensively managed dryland pasture with high stocking rate (Id) and intensively managed irrigated pasture with high stocking rate (Ii). Besides the localization of urination sites, the number of urinations/animal/d and the area covered by urine were also determined. The residue of SF remained fluorescent in the pasture foliage up to 34 h after urination events, allowing the location of urine patches by a black‐light flashlight. There was no difference between grazing systems in the number of urine patches/animal/d during the rainy and dry seasons. The average number of urine patches was approximately 11/animal/d. As expected, the estimated volume and area covered by urine varied according to the stocking density. The chosen SF dose (50 mg kg−1 LW) did not adversely affect the animals when administered once daily during 2 d. However, the same SF dose administered during four consecutive days caused urinary disorder in the animal. The distribution of urine patches was spatially dependent on specific characteristics of the paddock.
Effects of communication on the performance of nursing students during the simulation of an emergency situation
Authors: Chapelain Pascal , Morineau Thierry , Gautier Claudie 
Published: July 2015

AbstractAimTo explore how nursing performance is impacted by different forms of team communication including a message transmitted through an earpiece which triggers reflective thinking in the simulation of a deteriorating patient situation.BackgroundCommunication can either support team performance or produce interruptions potentially leading to error. Today, technology offers the opportunity to use devices that can permit communication.DesignAn experimental protocol was used with quantitative and qualitative analyses.MethodsPairs of nursing students (N = 26) were dispatched to either an experimental group having to wear an earpiece priming reflective thinking, or to a control group. The study was conducted between October 2013–April 2014.ResultsThe number of spontaneous information exchanges between pairs of participants was positively correlated with overall performance (actions performed and physician call) and with actions performed at the right moment. The number of questions in the team was positively correlated with overall action performance. No quantitative effect of the earpiece message on the performance indicators was found. But, a qualitative observation showed that this message can allow for error avoidance. Subjective evaluation of the earpiece as an aid was negatively correlated with overall action performance. Its evaluation as a disturbance was also negatively correlated with the measurement of actions performed at the right moment.ConclusionThe ability to exchange information and to ask questions seems to contribute to performance in care delivery. The use of communication devices to trigger reflective thinking must be studied in more depth to assess their capacity to improve performance.
A Generic Approach to Estimate Freeway Traffic Time Using Vehicle ID‐Matching Technologies
Authors: Li Pengfei , Souleyrette Reginald R. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractNew technologies have emerged to estimate the travel time on freeways by matching certain unique identifications of passing vehicles at different locations. These types of technologies share many similarities despite having different mechanisms. In this article, a generic method is presented to estimate freeway travel times using vehicle ID‐matching technologies. In particular, the new method addresses two long‐standing challenges: outlier screening and travel time estimation. Innovations include (1) using both statistical methods and traffic flow theory to screen outliers; and (2) accounting for mechanisms of various equipment measurement errors. The effectiveness of the proposed method is demonstrated using simulation and shown to be more accurate and responsive to travel time changes than methods based on the use of traditional inductive loops.
The HT1 protein kinase is essential for red light‐induced stomatal opening and genetically interacts with OST1 in red light and CO2‐induced stomatal movement responses
Authors: Matrosova Anastasia , Bogireddi Hanumakumar , Mateo‐Peñas Alfonso , Hashimoto‐Sugimoto Mimi , Iba Koh , Schroeder Julian I. , Israelsson‐Nordström Maria 
Published: July 2015

Summary

The question of whether red light‐induced stomatal opening is mediated by a photosynthesis‐derived reduction in intercellular [CO2] (Ci) remains controversial and genetic analyses are needed.

The Arabidopsis thaliana protein kinase HIGH TEMPERATURE 1 (HT1) is a negative regulator of [CO2]‐induced stomatal closing and ht1‐2 mutant plants do not show stomatal opening to low [CO2]. The protein kinase mutant ost1‐3 exhibits slowed stomatal responses to CO2. The functions of HT1 and OPEN STOMATA 1 (OST1) to changes in red, blue light or [CO2] were analyzed. For comparison we assayed recessive ca1ca4 carbonic anhydrase double mutant plants, based on their slowed stomatal response to CO2.

Here, we report a strong impairment in ht1 in red light‐induced stomatal opening whereas blue light was able to induce stomatal opening. The effects on photosynthetic performance in ht1 were restored when stomatal limitation of CO2 uptake, by control of [Ci], was eliminated. HT1 was found to interact genetically with OST1 both during red light‐ and low [CO2]‐induced stomatal opening. Analyses of ca1ca4 plants suggest that more than a low [Ci]‐dependent pathway may function in red light‐induced stomatal opening.

These results demonstrate that HT1 is essential for red light‐induced stomatal opening and interacts genetically with OST1 during stomatal responses to red light and altered [CO2].
Reminiscence work with older people: the development of a historical reminiscence tool
Authors: Thorgrimsdottir Sigrun Huld , Bjornsdottir Kristin 
Published: July 2015

Aims and objectives(i) To explore how reminiscence workers in older people's care define their work and (ii) to describe the development of a historical reminiscence tool containing historical developments from the older person's passage through life, intended to support reminiscence work.BackgroundReminiscence work refers to the recall of past occurrences in a client's life with the intention of enhancing well‐being, social skills and self‐image.DesignThe design of the historical reminiscence tool was informed by the model of intervention design developed by van Meijel et al. starting with problem definition followed by the accumulation of building blocks for the intervention, the design of the intervention and, lastly, a validation of the intervention.MethodTwo studies were designed to develop the historical reminiscence tool. Study 1 was a focus group interview, conducted in 2008, aimed at generating knowledge about current practice and to develop the historical reminiscence tool. Eighteen women who identified themselves as reminiscence workers participated in three focus groups. Study 2 was a telephone survey, conducted in 2012 by the first author, serving the purpose of validation. The results provided information about the use of such a historical reminiscence tool.ResultsParticipants understood reminiscence work primarily as meaningful activity, working with personal experience and honouring the individual's memories and life story. The historical reminiscence tool containing information about important historical events and everyday life in the period 1925–1955 was welcomed by the participants. They provided numerous suggestions for improvement of the draft.ConclusionReminiscence work in Iceland is of the social or meaningful activity type rather than a therapy. A historical reminiscence tool containing pertinent historical information was considered helpful in strengthening reminiscence workers' knowledge of the social and historical background of their clients and person‐centred care.Implication for practiceReminiscence tools, such as books or electronic sources containing historical information pertaining to aging individuals, can enhance the care of older people.
The value of nodal information in predicting lung cancer relapse using 4DPET/4DCT
Authors: Li Heyse , Becker Nathan , Raman Srinivas , Chan Timothy C. Y. , Bissonnette Jean‐Pierre 
Published: July 2015

Purpose:There is evidence that computed tomography (CT) and positron emission tomography (PET) imaging metrics are prognostic and predictive in nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC) treatment outcomes. However, few studies have explored the use of standardized uptake value (SUV)‐based image features of nodal regions as predictive features. The authors investigated and compared the use of tumor and node image features extracted from the radiotherapy target volumes to predict relapse in a cohort of NSCLC patients undergoing chemoradiation treatment.Methods:A prospective cohort of 25 patients with locally advanced NSCLC underwent 4DPET/4DCT imaging for radiation planning. Thirty‐seven image features were derived from the CT‐defined volumes and SUVs of the PET image from both the tumor and nodal target regions. The machine learning methods of logistic regression and repeated stratified five‐fold cross‐validation (CV) were used to predict local and overall relapses in 2 yr. The authors used well‐known feature selection methods (Spearman's rank correlation, recursive feature elimination) within each fold of CV. Classifiers were ranked on their Matthew's correlation coefficient (MCC) after CV. Area under the curve, sensitivity, and specificity values are also presented.Results:For predicting local relapse, the best classifier found had a mean MCC of 0.07 and was composed of eight tumor features. For predicting overall relapse, the best classifier found had a mean MCC of 0.29 and was composed of a single feature: the volume greater than 0.5 times the maximum SUV (N).Conclusions:The best classifier for predicting local relapse had only tumor features. In contrast, the best classifier for predicting overall relapse included a node feature. Overall, the methods showed that nodes add value in predicting overall relapse but not local relapse.
MRI reconstruction of multi‐image acquisitions using a rank regularizer with data reordering
Authors: Adluru Ganesh , Gur Yaniv , Chen Liyong , Feinberg David , Anderson Jeffrey , DiBella Edward V. R. 
Published: July 2015

Purpose:To improve rank constrained reconstructions for undersampled multi‐image MRI acquisitions.Methods:Motivated by the recent developments in low‐rank matrix completion theory and its applicability to rapid dynamic MRI, a new reordering‐based rank constrained reconstruction of undersampled multi‐image data that uses prior image information is proposed. Instead of directly minimizing the nuclear norm of a matrix of estimated images, the nuclear norm of reordered matrix values is minimized. The reordering is based on the prior image estimates. The method is tested on brain diffusion imaging data and dynamic contrast enhanced myocardial perfusion data.Results:Good quality images from data undersampled by a factor of three for diffusion imaging and by a factor of 3.5 for dynamic cardiac perfusion imaging with respiratory motion were obtained. Reordering gave visually improved image quality over standard nuclear norm minimization reconstructions. Root mean squared errors with respect to ground truth images were improved by ∼18% and ∼16% with reordering for diffusion and perfusion applications, respectively.Conclusions:The reordered low‐rank constraint is a way to inject prior image information that offers improvements over a standard low‐rank constraint for undersampled multi‐image MRI reconstructions.
Discriminative Syntax-Based Word Ordering for Text Generation
Authors: Zhang Yue , Clark Stephen 
Published: July 2015

Word ordering is a fundamental problem in text generation. In this article, we study word ordering using a syntax-based approach and a discriminative model. Two grammar formalisms are considered: Combinatory Categorial Grammar (CCG) and dependency grammar. Given the search for a likely string and syntactic analysis, the search space is massive, making discriminative training challenging. We develop a learning-guided search framework, based on best-first search, and investigate several alternative training algorithms.The framework we present is flexible in that it allows constraints to be imposed on output word orders. To demonstrate this flexibility, a variety of input conditions are considered. First, we investigate a “pure” word-ordering task in which the input is a multi-set of words, and the task is to order them into a grammatical and fluent sentence. This task has been tackled previously, and we report improved performance over existing systems on a standard Wall Street Journal test set. Second, we tackle the same reordering problem, but with a variety of input conditions, from the bare case with no dependencies or POS tags specified, to the extreme case where all POS tags and unordered, unlabeled dependencies are provided as input (and various conditions in between). When applied to the NLG 2011 shared task, our system gives competitive results compared with the best-performing systems, which provide a further demonstration of the practical utility of our system.
Government Reform and Human Resources—The Taiwan Experience
Authors: Lin Chia-Cheng 
Published: July 2015

Efforts to improve public services, lessen taxpayer burdens and increase each country's competitive profile in the face of growing globalization have fueled a wave of comprehensive government reform in advanced nations of the world since the 1980's. These initiatives came under the influence of a new brand of thinking about public management that promoted a sort of corporate spirit and sought to transform the role and functions of government, while also making deep structural adjustments in the organization and division of responsibilities of government agencies. The aim was to exchange the ponderous control orientation of “big government” for the capable flexibility of “small government.” Now, the pulse of globalization has led to a blurring of the distinction between public and private agencies, and a model for administrative organization that sits between the two has progressively emerged. In this context, the use of human resources and the principles governing this use have also undergone some considerable evolution. In effect, like information and other resources, human resources are now marked by a high degree of mobility, and public agencies are also far more likely than in the past to include fixed-term contracts in their approaches to staffing issues. According to reports on international competitiveness prepared by the Swiss-based International Institute for Management Development (IMD), since the year 2000, Taiwan has posted a less-than-ideal government efficiency ranking. While Taiwan was ranked 14 in 2000, that dropped to 24 in 2002 and had only improved to 18 by the end of 2004. As a country subject to intense competitive pressure, Taiwan is now fully committed to the processes of governmental reform that are sweeping the world.
Lacanian Selfhood, Parental Figures, and Trauma in Zainab Salbi’s Between Two Worlds
Authors: Abdul-Jabbar Wisam Khalid 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
This article explores Zainab Salbi’s autobiography, Between Two Worlds (2005), using a Lacanian analysis. The Lacanian reading of the early Mirror Stage of ego formation can be extended to better understand Salbi’s narration of her childhood and how this world of anticipation is crushed by a Symbolic world that comes to be dominated by Saddam Hussein and the traumatic eruptions of the Real. The article suggests that by introducing the figure of the mother as le grand autre, Salbi’s autobiography subverts the typical conceptualization of the Lacanian Symbolic order, which is dominated by the patriarchal signifier. I also argue that Saddam, an intrusive Name-of-the-Father, validates the biographical endeavor and lures the narrative discourse into being.
Srovnávací výzkum v pedagogice: některé úvahy o metodologii problémového přístupu
Authors: Vlček Petr 
Published: July 2015

Studie se zaměřuje na vybrané problémy metodologie srovnávacího výzkumu v pedagogice s cílem přispět do debaty o metodologické kvalitě komparativního výzkumu. Snahou autora je pokusit se provést čtenáře procesem vědeckého srovnávání v pedagogice založeném na problémovém přístupu. Vedle stručných teoretických a historických východisek studie, které tvoří základnu pro autorovy další úvahy, jsou v textu uvedeny některé principy pedagogické komparatistiky. Ty autor opírá o současné pojetí srovnávací pedagogiky, její výzkumné pole a vybrané druhy komparativního výzkumu. Následně jsou stručně představeny jednotlivé kroky komparativní vědecké metody. Závěrečné odstavce jsou věnovány úvahám o roli deskriptivních a případově orientovaných studií v komparativním pedagogickém výzkumu, a to zejména z pohledu metodologie problémově orientovaného přístupu.
Kinezika ve výuce cizím jazykům: přehledová studie
Authors: Kovářová Dominika 
Published: July 2015

Přehledová studie seznamuje čtenáře s oblastí neverbální komunikace, která je označována pojmem kinezika. Cílem studie je představit a terminologicky vymezit kineziku jako dílčí oblast neverbální komunikace, shrnout teoretické přístupy oboru, pojednat o kinezickém signálu jako znaku a ve strukturovaném členění představit výsledky empirických studií kinezických signálů ve výuce cizím jazykům. První část je zaměřena na vývoj oboru, teoretické proudy a pojmoslovné vymezení. Druhá část pojednává o kinezickém signálu jako znaku. Ve třetí části jsou představeny výsledky výzkumů kinezických signálů, které produkují studenti a učitelé cizích jazyků; zřetel je brán na interkulturní aspekty a didaktickou funkci kinezických signálů ve výuce cizím jazykům. Výzkumy týkající se kinezických signálů ve výuce cizím jazykům nejsou příliš četné. Badatelé se věnují spíše jiným oblastem neverbální komunikace, zejména gestice a proxémice. Přesto i výsledky sporadických výzkumů kinezických signálů se jeví jako nosné pro výuku i další vzdělávání učitelů cizích jazyků. V České republice takový přehled k dispozici není, tato studie se snaží mezeru zaplnit.