bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Corrosion of Superalloys at High Temperatures In the Presence of Contaminating Salts
Authors: MOSKOWITZ A. , REDMERSKI L 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The corrosion of Inconel X, Inconel 702, Rene 41, M-252, and WF-11 (Haynes 25) by potassium chloride and lithium fluoride at 1600 to 1900 F was studied. Thin coatings of the salts (1.5 mg/cm2) caused severe corrosion of the alloys in air, which resulted in accelerated failures of thin sheet specimens in creep-rupture testing. Rankings for the alloys based on creep-rupture tests were similar for uncoated and salt-coated materials: WF-11, Rene 41, and M-252 best, Inconel 702 poorer, and Inconel X poorest.
The corrosion products consist mainly of oxides and spinels, and also contain small amounts of chromates. Only very little corrosion, if any, occures without oxygen. The presence of the salt prevents the normal formation of a protective oxide film. X-ray diffraction studies showed differences between the normal oxidation products and the oxide corrosion products produced with salt present.
The types of corrosion include severe surface attack, intergranular penetration, and internal void formation. All of the alloys were susceptible to each of these types of corrosion. Grain boundary separation effects due to stress (2,500 to 10,000 psi) were also found.
4.3.6, 6.3.10
Effect of Sunlight On the Corrosion of Steel
Authors: ROWE LEONARD C. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Laboratory tests were made which showed that the corrosion rate of steel is greater under a blue filter than under a red filter in the presence of sunlight, provided that a thin film of water covers the metal surfaces. Outdoor tests of four-months duration verified the laboratory results. Steel specimens were exposed under molded glass filters which transmitted radiation within specific spectral regions. The results indicate that ultraviolet light activates the metal surface so that corrosion is initiated sooner or progresses at a faster rate than it would in its absence. Infrared light affects the metal surface so that subsequent exposure to ultra-violet light does not produce the same increase in corrosion.
3.5.4, 6.2.3
High Temperature Aqueous Corrosion of Aluminum-Uranium and Aluminum-Silicon-Uranium Alloys
Authors: Bowem H. C. , Dillon R. L. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Tests in 350 C deionized water of aluminum-uranium alloys were made in an effort to predict behavior in this environment of aluminum-plutonium alloys, corrosion behavior of which is unknown. Aluminum-silicon-uranium alloys also were tested under the same conditions. Samples prepared by casting, of wrought material, and of castings by the cryolite process were compared. Tests showed no samples significantly distorted jackets when there were minor openings in the jackets. Aluminum alloys with less than 6 weight-percent uranium were unsatisfactory. Aluminum-silicon alloys containing tip to 6 weight-percent uranium were satisfactory. Some as-cast aluminum-uranium alloys were preferable to aluminum-silicon. 4.6.5, 6.4.2, 3.5.9
Use of Differential Thermal Analysis In Exploring Minimum Temperature Limits Of Oil-Ash Corrosion
Authors: PHILLIPS NORMAN D. , WAGONER CHARLES L. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Benefits to be gained from the use of higher steam temperatures in oil-fired boilers warranted a laboratory investigation of oil-ash corrosion of superheater alloys. The laboratory program included the use of differential thermal analysis techniques and pilot plant corrosion tests. With differential thermal analysis, solidification temperatures lower than melting temperatures were observed for actual and synthetic oil-ash deposits. This temperature difference was correlated with oxygen absorption. An ash composition was found which could be liquid and probably corrosive at metal temperatures as low as 895 F. A relationship was presented to correlate fuel and deposit compositions. By using the DTA technique, magnesium oxide-vanadium pentoxide reactions were studied.
4.2.3, 7.6.4
Recommended Practices For Shop Cleaning And Priming
Authors:   A Report of NACE Technical Unit Committee T-6D On Industrial Maintenance Painting,   Prepared by Task Group T-6D-4 on Specifications For Shop Cleaning and Priming
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Recommendations for shop cleaning and priming practices are broken down into seven categories: methods of surface preparation, methods of application, workmanship, supervision, inspection, priming, and fabrication. Surface preparation methods discussed include solvent cleaning, hand cleaning, power tool cleaning, flame cleaning, brush-off blast cleaning, commercial blast cleaning, white metal blast cleaning, and pickling. Application methods considered include brush, spray, hot spray, airless spray, roller, and dip.
5.9.1, 1.7.1, 5.4.7
Theory and Application of Deep Ground Anode Beds
Authors: Tatum Joe F. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Discusses advantages of deep ground bed anode installations in comparison with surface ground beds. Defines deep bed installation as an isolated current source 200 feet or more below surface of ground. These beds are not cased but are backfilled by pouring or pumping backfill around anodes. Presents formula for determining hole size, anode type size and number for an installation. Briefly discusses methods of supporting anodes. Explains that deep well anode systems can decrease anodic interference but do not insure against anodic interference and do not affect cathodic interference problems. Also discusses deep ground bed's efficient use of current. Explains how cost savings can be made through use of deep ground beds. 5.2.2
Microbiological Corrosion in Waterfloods
Authors: SHARPLEY J. M. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
It is commonly observed that most bacterial corrosion in waterfloods occurs as pit corrosion. A hypothesis has been advanced to explain a portion of the mechanism underlying bacterial pit corrosion and a suggested method has been presented for determining the possible relationships between the general microbial flora and microorganisms capable of participating in pit corrosion. Topics discussed include role of sulfate-reducing bacteria, correlation between bacteriological examinations and corrosion damage, cultural techniques, laboratory and field evaluation techniques, and detection of sessile microorganisms.
3.3.4, 3.2.2, 8.4.3
Continuous Recording of Pipe-to-Soil Potential vs Distance
Authors: DAVIS ROBERT L. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Equipment and a method useful in making a continuous recording of pipe-to-soii and certain other potentials significant in cathodic protection of underground metallic structures are described. The device consists of a wheel electrode, mechanically and electrically connected to a recording device which plots distances and potentials continuously as it is rolled along the earth's surface over a pipeline, or over an electrical field in the earth.
The method permits locating “hot spots” on lines with considerable accuracy, usually within a few feet. This radically improves the efficiency and effectiveness of protection at these points.
Further development of the device to record the direction of currents is contemplated using modified equipment.
4.5.3, 7.7
Kinetics of Oxidation of Columbium And Other Refractory Metals★
Authors: ONG J. N. , FASSELL W. M. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The oxidation of tungsten and molybdenum occurs by two consecutive reactions, forming first a suboxide then the trioxide. Tantalum and columbium oxidize by four simultaneous reactions: solution of oxygen in the metal, nucleation and growth of a suboxide phase at the metal surface and two phase boundary processes giving rise to two different modifications of the pentoxide. By assuming that all reactions are first order complex chain reactions, rate equations are formulated giving the rate of oxidation as a function of pressure, temperature and time. Regression rate expressions for the metals tungsten, tantalum and columbium above 700 C are given as;; and, respectively. The rate is expressed in cm/hr, T is in degrees K and Po2 in atmospheres pressure of oxygen.
3.8.4, 2.1,1, 6.3.5, 6.3.16, 6.3.13
Influence of Impurities on the High Temperature Corrosion And Reaction Kinetics of Zirconium in Hydrochloric Acid
Authors: KUHN W. E. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The corrosion of zirconium of four different analyses including iodide, Hf-free reactor grade, an Hf-containing high purity grade, and an Hf-containing low purity grade zirconium, has been studied at 150–250 C in an aqueous solution containing 20 percent HCl. Studies of the reaction kinetics and surface phenomena have been made in extensive experiments. The results of the experimental work are discussed with detailed consideration being given to the role of impurities, the heterogeneous nature of corrosion, the influence of the electrolyte, surface preparation and diffusion barriers.
It was concluded in general that small concentrations of specific impurity elements which formed precipitate phases had a powerful influence on the dissolution rate of zirconium and the resistance of primordial oxidic protective films. Iron, nickel, chromium, manganese, and silicon as impurities are believed to be most detrimental to the corrosion resistance of annealed zirconium in the form of precipitate particles acting as anodic corrosion centers. Various ways of improving the corrosion resistance of zirconium in HCl are either suggested or implied in the experimental results and their discussion. 6.3.20, 4.3.2, 3.7.2
High Temperature Slag Corrosion of Metallic Materials
Authors: GREENERT W. J. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
An examination of failed fireside metal parts and the development of remedial surface treatments are described. Observations of failed service parts and fireside exposed specimens showed scaling and accelerated oxidation of surfaces. Type 309 stainless steel showed corrosion characteristics similar to Type 310. Examination of a 60 percent Cr- 40 percent Ni specimen and a Type 310 specimen showed that the former had an 80 percent greater resistance to slag corrosion than the Type 310 stainless steel. The effect on fuel-ash corrosion of simple alkaline washes, paints and metal oxide water slurries applied directly to contaminated surfaces was determined. The following fire-side treatments were assesseed for corrosion control: (1) water washing, (2) anneal plus water wash, (3) lime slurry coating plus anneal plus water washing. The latter treatment was highly effective. A ship-board treatment requiring no complicated equipment and little interference to boiler operation is proposed. 4.2.3
Limits of Substitution of Titanium for Tantalum In Corrosion Resistant Alloys
Authors: BISHOP C. R. , POWELL R. L. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Tantalum alloys containing up to about 50. percent titanium retain much of the superlative corrosion resistance of tantalum. For some environments, columbium may be substituted for a portion of the tantalum. Under more severe conditions, titanium content below 30 percent appears advisable, from the standpoint of both corrosion resistance and hydrogen embrittlement. Contacting or alloying the tantalum-titanium materials with noble metals greatly decreases the latter type of attack.
Tantalum-titanium alloys cost less than tantalum because titanium is cheaper than tantalum and because the alloys are appreciably lower in density. These alloys are amenable to hot and cold work, and appear to have sufficient ductility to allow fabrication. In general, maximum ductility is obtained after heat treatment at 900 to 1000 C.
6.3.13, 6.3.15, 3.7.2
Wedging Action of Solid Corrosion Product During Stress Corrosion of Austenitic Stainless Steels
Authors: PICKERING H. W. , BECK F. H. , FONTANA M. G. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
A study was made of corrosion products and their effects on stress corrosion cracking of austenitic stainless steel. Wedging action by solid corrosion products in notches or cracks induces high stresses and eventual failure of specimens by stress corrosion cracking. Data were obtained from stress-relieved and unloaded (externally) specimens so that wedging by corrosion products provided the only source of stress in the specimen.
Pressures were measured in excess of 7000 psi due to wedging action of corrosion products. At the base of a notch these pressures developed stresses of the order of magnitude of the yield strength of the metal.
Wedging action can provide all the energy required for stress corrosion cracking. A mechanism is proposed which involves a discontinuous type of propagation, with fluctuations occurring over one or a few atomic distances. A running or mechanical type of crack propagation for more than a few atomic distances is ruled out on the basis of the mechanics of the system.
3.4.3, 3.5.8, 6.2.5
Correlations of Oil-Soluble, Water-Dispersible Corrosion Inhibitors in Oil Field Fluids
Authors: NATHAN C. C. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Previous statistical correlations on the testing of corrosion inhibitors in sour, static systems have been extended to sour and sweet dynamic systems. The important parameters determining inhibitor efficiencies in such systems have been found to be inhibitor dosage based on oil content, water cut, and distribution ratio between oil and water phases. The importance of statistical concepts in the interpretation of laboratory test data on inhibitor evaluation is emphasized.
5.8.4, 1.2.2, 8.4.3
The Importance of Corrosion Research
Authors: UHLIG H. H. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The advent of stainless steels marks a symbolic advance in man's struggle against rust. Their availability through research has been an important factor in industrial and architectural progress. Cathodic protection, which began as a fundamental research project in electrochemistry, now makes possible the transportation of oil and gas in pipelines, contributes longer life to hot-water tanks, and provides potentially large savings in many other areas. The national economy benefits in the order of hundreds of millions of dollars annually through this and additional corrosion control measures adopted by the automotive, oil and chemical industries. Protection of boilers through water treatment and improvement in the corrosion resistance of steel used for tin-coated containers for food and beverages are further examples of economic advantages gained through corrosion research. The over-all savings, however, have been not only in dollars, but also in the conservation of natural resources, and in the reduction of accidents caused by stress-corrosion cracking of pressure vessels, or corrosion fatigue of critical components of airplanes and of other high-speed machinery.
Recent advances in corrosion science and engineering have led to vapor-phase inhibitors, new alloys for resisting chemical media and elevated temperature environments, titanium alloys of improved corrosion resistance, anodic protection, and stainless steels resistant to stress-corrosion cracking. The full contributions of these developments to the total national production have not yet been realized.
Corrosion failures affect all industries, all communities, hence all people, with no one group feeling responsible for investing in a research program which benefits everybody. Like problems of public health, the solutions must be met on a broad front with general public support. It is proposed that a National Institute for Corrosion Control be created paralleling the National Institutes of Health. Such an Institute would be concerned with research and development, with the training of men, and with the dissemination of corrosion knowledge. The positive influence of such an organization could have an appreciable impact on the American economy.
1.2.1,1,2.2
Recent Studies of the Action of Inorganic Inhibitors
Authors: CARTLEDGE G. H. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The goal in recent studies of the action of inhibitors has been to apply some of the concepts and experimental techniques that have been fruitful in problems of electrode kinetics, heterogeneous catalysis and, to some extent, semiconductor physics. The purpose has been to determine fundamentally the manner in which an inhibitor of corrosion acts.
In order to disclose the nature of the corrosion process to be inhibited, some of the recent work on the anodic process is discussed. The importance of adsorption and of semiconducting surfaces in the kinetics of electrode reactions is illustrated.
The principal theories of inhibitor action are outlined and discussed in the light of recent experimental studies, in which radioactive tracers have had a prominent role.
In considering the physical-chemical basis for the specificity of solute species as inhibitors, it is shown that such species may interact with a solid phase through a variety of mechanisms. These include oxidation-reduction processes, adsorption and ion-exchange, and electrostatic polarization. The effects of these interactions are shown to correlate with phenomena observed in the adsorption of gases on metals and in certain surface properties of semiconductors. The conclusion reached is that a comprehensive consideration of all such types of interaction is necessary for an understanding of the action of inhibitors.
5.8.3, 5.8.4, 3.2.2
Recent Advances in Understanding Of Organic Inhibitors
Authors: HACKERMAN NORMAN 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Present methods of studying inhibition are described and future fields for investigation are outlined.
Comparison is made of the inhibiting and other properties of amines and imines; the imines are more effective as inhibitors than the corresponding amines. Structural theories are advanced in explanation.
The electrical double layer and its effect on inhibition are discussed.
5.8.4, 5.8.3, 2.3.5
Implications of the Stress Aging Yield Phenomenon With Regard to Stress Corrosion Cracking
Authors: SWANN P. R. , PICKERING H. W. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Studies of the stress aging yield phenomenon in alloys susceptible to transgranular stress corrosion cracking indicate that segregation of substitutional atoms to dislocations occurs during a stress corrosion cracking test. The stress-aging phenomenon is always associated with jerky plastic flow (Portevin-Le Chatelier Effect), which indicates further that solute atoms migrate with the moving dislocations. This latter effect is related to transgranular stress corrosion cracking and in some instances to inter granular cracking, because of the change that may be produced in the chemi­cal homogeneity of the alloy surface.
Electron Metallography of Chemical Attack Upon Some Alloys Susceptible to Stress Corrosion Cracking
Authors: PICKERING H. W. , SWANN P. R. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The microstructures of deformed copper-gold, copper-aluminum, copper-zinc and magnesium-aluminum alloys were examined by transmission electron microscopy. These specimens were further examined after exposure to solutions which do and do not cause stress corrosion cracking. Exposure to “cracking” solutions resulted in a localized pitting or tubular form of attack, whereas the solutions which did not produce cracking caused a uniform surface roughening. When thin-foil specimens were deformed within the corrosive environments, the tubular attack and the surface roughening were observed to be enhanced in the regions of heavy deformation. Observations also indicated that for all the alloys investigated, static dislocations did not initiate chemical attack. In general, the pitting or tubular type of attack may be initiated at grain boundaries, antiphase boundary junctions in ordered copper-gold alloys, at precipitates and the substructure of twins in magnesium-aluminum alloys and at other sites which could not be identified. It was concluded that compositional rather than physical disturbances initiate preferential chemical attack on the surface of the alloys studied. For copper-gold alloys the superficial chemical disturbance can be as small as a six-atom cluster. Rates of pitting greater than 0.4 cm/hr can be attained for copper-gold alloys, which compares well with stress corrosion crack velocities.
In the discussion of these results a new mechanism for transgranular stress corrosion is presented. It is proposed that when susceptible alloys are exposed to stress corrosion cracking environments a mechanically weak, pitted structure is produced along active slip planes, and that ductile fracture occurs through this corroded material. The chemical activity of the slip planes, which are believed to initiate the pitting attack, is discussed in relation to (a) the type of surface slip structure found in alloys where cross slip is difficult, (b) increase in solute atom concentration at the crack tip through the mass transfer of solute atoms to the surface by planar groups of moving dislocations, and (c) segregation and precipitation on slip planes.
It was found that very fine precipitates, which are either an intermediate magnesium-aluminum phase or Mg17Al12, formed on the basal planes of quenched magnesium-1 or 7 atomic percent aluminum (&lt;0.001 percent Fe, Cu or Ni) alloys when aged at room temperature. The presence of these precipitates was associated with the transgranular stress corrosion susceptibility of these alloys.
Anodic Passivation of Steel In 100 Percent Sulfuric Acid
Authors: FISHER A. O. , BRADY J. F. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The feasibility of anodic protection for decreasing iron contamination of 100 percent sulfuric acid in an 18,000-gallon steel storage tank was investigated. Since adequate coatings for steel in this service are not available, this approach was taken as an alternative to costly equipment replacement with corrosion resistant alloys. Preliminary laboratory testing indicated that the corrosion rate of steel in 100 percent sulfuric acid could be reduced from 27 mpy to 1 mpy by anodically passivating.
As this represented a substantial decrease in terms of iron contamination of the acid, a plant test was run using anodic protection on the storage tank. Passivation of the tank resulted in lowering the iron pickup from 114 ppm down to 9 ppm with trouble-free operation of equipment over a seven-month period. It was concluded that anodic protection offered significant economic advantages compared to the use of more resistant materials of construction.
Analytical Techniques in Corrosion Product Identification
Authors: VAUGHAN DALE A. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Identification of the products of a corrosion process is of prime importance to the understanding of the mechanism involved. Clarification of the reaction enables the corrosion engineer to select the properly resistant materials or the protective method to solve a particular corrosion problem.
This article outlines the generally-applicable techniques for identifying the intermediate and final products of corrosion processes.