bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rapidly rising incidence of Type 1 diabetes in children and adolescents aged 0–19 years in Zhejiang, China, 2007 to 2013
Authors: Wu H. B. , Zhong J. M. , Hu R. Y. , Wang H. , Gong W. W. , Pan J. , Fei F. R. , Wang M. , Guo L. H. , Yang L. , Yu M. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractAimsTo investigate the incidence rates and trends in Type 1 diabetes in children and adolescents aged 0–19 years in the registered Zhejiang population over the period 2007–2013 by age, sex and calendar year.MethodsIn total, 611 individuals with newly diagnosed Type 1 diabetes were identified from 30 districts in Zhejiang province over the study period. Annual incidence and 95% confidence intervals (CI) by age group and sex were calculated per 100 000 person‐years. Trends in diabetes incidence and the associations of age and sex with Type 1 diabetes were assessed using Poisson regression models.ResultsThe mean annual age‐standardized incidence of diabetes was 2.02/100 000 person‐years (95% CI: 1.92–2.12), with an average annual increase of 12.0% (95% CI: 7.6–16.6%) over the study period. The risk for Type 1 diabetes in girls was estimated to be 1.25 (95% CI: 1.07–1.47) times higher than that in boys. Compared with those aged 0–4 years, the 5–9, 10–14 and 15–19 years age groups were at significantly greater risk, with adjusting incidence rate ratios of 3.54, 6.58 and 5.39, respectively. The mean age at diagnosis decreased significantly from 12.85 years in 2007 to 11.21 years in 2013. A steep rise in diabetes incidence was observed in the under 5 years age group, which showed the greatest increase at 33.61%.ConclusionsThe incidence of diabetes in Zhejiang was relatively low, although rapidly rising trends have been found in recent years, particularly in younger children. Further monitoring and research are urgently required to better understand possible environmental risk factors and formulate preventive strategies.
Equine coronavirus: An emerging enteric virus of adult horses
Authors: Pusterla N. , Vin R. , Leutenegger C. , Mittel L. D. , Divers T. J. 
Published: October 2015

SummaryEquine coronavirus (ECoV) is an emerging virus associated clinically and epidemiologically with fever, depression, anorexia and less frequently colic and diarrhoea in adult horses. Sporadic cases and outbreaks have been reported with increased frequency since 2010 from Japan, the USA and more recently from Europe. A faeco‐oral transmission route is suspected and clinical or asymptomatic infected horses appear to be responsible for direct and indirect transmission of ECoV. A presumptive clinical diagnosis of ECoV infection may be suggested by clinical presentation, haematological abnormalities such as leucopenia due to lymphopenia and/or neutropenia. Confirmation of ECoV infection is provided by specific ECoV nucleic acid detection in faeces by quantitative PCR (qPCR) or demonstration of coronavirus antigen by immunohistochemistry or electron microscopy in intestinal biopsy material obtained ante or post mortem. The disease is generally self‐limiting and horses typically recover with symptomatic supportive care. Complications associated with disruption of the gastrointestinal barrier have been reported in some infected horses and include endotoxaemia, septicaemia and hyperammonaemia‐associated encephalopathy. Although specific immunoprophylactic measures have been shown to be effective in disease prevention for closely‐related coronaviruses such as bovine coronavirus (BCoV), such strategies have yet not been investigated for horses and disease prevention is limited to basic biosecurity protocols. This article reviews current knowledge concerning the aetiology, epidemiology, clinical signs, diagnosis, pathology, treatment and prevention of ECoV infection in adult horses.
Pharmacological effects of primaquine ureas and semicarbazides on the central nervous system in mice and antimalarial activity in vitro
Authors: Kedzierska Ewa , Orzelska Jolanta , Perković Ivana , Knežević Danijel , Fidecka Sylwia , Kaiser Marcel , Zorc Branka 
Published: October 2015

AbstractNew primaquine (PQ) urea and semicarbazide derivatives 1–4 were screened for the first time for central nervous system (CNS) and antimalarial activity. Behavioural tests were performed on mice. In vitro cytotoxicity on L‐6 cells and activity against erythrocytic stages of Plasmodium falciparum was determined. Compound 4 inhibited ‘head‐twitch’ responses and decreased body temperature of mice, which suggests some involvement of the serotonergic system. Compound 4 protected mice against clonic seizures and was superior in the antimalarial test. A hybrid of two PQ urea 2 showed a strong antimalarial activity, confirming the previous findings of the high activity of bis(8‐aminoquinolines) and other bisantimalarial drugs. All the compounds decreased the locomotor activity of mice, what suggests their weak depressive effects on the CNS, while PQ derivatives 1 and 2 increased amphetamine‐induced hyperactivity. None of the compounds impaired coordination, what suggests a lack of their neurotoxicity. All the tested compounds presented an antinociceptive activity in the ‘writhing’ test. Compounds 3 and 4 were active in nociceptive tests, and those effects were reversed by naloxone. Compound 4 could be a useful lead compound in the development of CNS active agents and antimalarials, whereas compound 3 may be considered as the most promising lead for new antinociceptive agents.
Involvement of cytokines in the modulation and progression of renal fibrosis induced by unilateral ureteral obstruction in C57BL/6 mice: effects of thalidomide and dexamethasone
Authors: Bersani‐Amado Luiz Eduardo , Dantas Jaílson Araujo , Damião Marcio José , Rocha Bruno Ambrósio , Besson Jean Carlos Fernando , Bastos Rafael Lucena , Silva Letícia Nicoletti , Bersani–Amado Ciomar Aparecida , Cuman Roberto Kenji Nakamura 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThis study investigated the kinetics of cytokines that are involved in the development of interstitial fibrosis in mice that were subjected to UUO, the interstitial type I and III collagen deposition, and the effects of Thalido and Dexa treatment on these parameters. Inbred C57BL/6 mice were divided into the groups: Normal (not submitted surgery), Sham (sham surgery), Control (UUO treated with 0.5% carboxymethyl cellulose), Thalido (UUO treated with 5 mg/kg thalidomide), and Dexa (UUO treated with 1 mg/kg dexamethasone). The treatments began the day before surgery and were administered once daily by gavage for 1, 7, or 14 days. At the end of each treatment period, blood samples were collected for the determination of creatinine, urea, cytokines. The Control group exhibited a increase in creatinine concentration compared with the Normal and Sham groups within the first 24 h after UUO, which remained high until days 7 and 14. The urea concentration was higher on days 7 and 14 in the Control group compared with the Sham group. In the Thalido and Dexa groups, a reduction of serum creatinine concentration was seen on day 14. Treatment with Dexa reduced the serum concentration of urea on day 7. The serum concentrations of cytokines (TNF‐α, IL‐1β, IL‐6, IL‐10 and IL‐17) and chemokines (KC, MIG, bFGF) increased in UUO mice at all of the sampling times. The Dexa and Thalido groups exhibited alterations in the concentrations of these cytokines, suggesting the involvement of anti‐inflammatory and immunomodulatory mechanisms that may have modified the fibrosis framework.
Immunohistochemical determination of the extracellular matrix modulation in a rat model of choline‐deprived myocardium: the effects of carnitine
Authors: Strilakou Athina , Perelas Apostolos , Lazaris Andreas , Papavdi Asteria , Karkalousos Petros , Giannopoulou Ioanna , Kriebardis Anastasios , Panayiotides Ioannis , Liapi Charis 
Published: October 2015

AbstractCholine has been identified as an essential nutrient with crucial role in many vital biological functions. Recent studies have demonstrated that heart dysfunction can develop in the setting of choline deprivation even in the absence of underlying heart disease. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are responsible for extracellular matrix degradation, and the dysregulation of MMP‐2 and MMP‐9 has been involved in the pathogenesis of various cardiovascular disorders. The aim of the study was to investigate the role of MMPs and their inhibitors (TIMPs), in the pathogenesis of choline deficiency‐induced cardiomyopathy, and the way they are affected by carnitine supplementation. Male Wistar Albino adult rats were divided into four groups and received standard or choline‐deficient diet with or without L‐carnitine in drinking water (0.15% w/v) for 1 month. Heart tissue immunohistochemistry for MMP‐2, MMP‐9, TIMP‐1, and TIMP‐2 was performed. Choline deficiency was associated with suppressed immunohistochemical expression of MMP‐2 and an increased expression of TIMP‐2 compared to control, while it had no impact on TIMP‐1. MMP‐9 expression was decreased without, however, reaching statistical significance. Carnitine did not affect MMP‐2, MMP‐9, TIMP‐1 or TIMP‐2 expression. The pattern of TIMP and MMP modulation observed in a choline deficiency setting appears to promote fibrosis. Carnitine, although shown to suppress fibrosis, does not seem to affect MMP‐2, MMP‐9, TIMP‐1 or TIMP‐2 expression. Further studies will be required to identify the mechanism underlying the beneficial effects of carnitine.
Civil Society, Everyday Life and the Possibilities for Development Studies
Authors: Peck Sarah 
Published: October 2015

AbstractCivil society is one of the most contentious terms in political thought. There is considerable, and highly significant, difference between academic debate about the meaning of ‘civil society’ and the way the term is mobilized in international development discourse. In particular, narratives of civil society in international development are often dominated by reference to organizational descriptions and measurability. But I would like to suggest here that the term should be reclaimed as a way of giving meaning to the stories of the everyday lives of the people who create, shape and embody civil society. Used in this way, the idea of civil society can be understood as intersecting emotions, discourses and practices and can add to the body of scholarly work that nurtures and values everyday life as a lens through which to view wider social processes. Paying attention to the everyday life of civil society may have implications for that way the civil society is engaged with academically, and also has the potential to refresh how civil society is thought about in development practice.
Fcγ receptors: genetic variation, function, and disease
Authors: Hargreaves Chantal E. , Rose‐Zerilli Matthew J. J. , Machado Lee R. , Iriyama Chisako , Hollox Edward J. , Cragg Mark S. , Strefford Jonathan C. 
Published: October 2015

SummaryFcγ receptors (FcγRs) are key immune receptors responsible for the effective control of both humoral and innate immunity and are central to maintaining the balance between generating appropriate responses to infection and preventing autoimmunity. When this balance is lost, pathology results in increased susceptibility to cancer, autoimmunity, and infection. In contrast, optimal FcγR engagement facilitates effective disease resolution and response to monoclonal antibody immunotherapy. The underlying genetics of the FcγR gene family are a central component of this careful balance. Complex in humans and generated through ancestral duplication events, here we review the evolution of the gene family in mammals, the potential importance of copy number, and functionally relevant single nucleotide polymorphisms, as well as discussing current approaches and limitations when exploring genetic variation in this region.
Structural mechanism of high affinity FcγRI recognition of immunoglobulin G
Authors: Lu Jinghua , Sun Peter D. 
Published: October 2015

SummaryAntibody‐based immunotherapies are becoming powerful means of modern medicine for treating cancers and autoimmune diseases. The increasing popularity of antibody‐based treatment demands a better understanding of antibody functions and in particular, their interaction with Fc receptors as effectiveness of antibodies often depends on their ability to activate or avoid effector cell functions through Fc receptors. Until recently, our understanding of antibody recognition by Fc receptors is based on the structures of low affinity Fc receptor in complex with Fc. These structural studies provided significant insights to our understanding of how an IgG antibody generally docks on Fcγ receptor and the requirement of immune complex formation for effector cell activations. They are less informative, however, to the molecular forces underlying the vast different affinities between antibodies and their Fcγ receptors. Recently, the structure of the high affinity FcγRI in complex with IgG‐Fc has been determined. This review will focus on the knowledge learned from the high affinity complex structural work and a potential receptor–glycan interaction as an important contribution to the receptor affinity.
bIgG time for large eaters: monocytes and macrophages as effector and target cells of antibody‐mediated immune activation and repression
Authors: Gordan Sina , Biburger Markus , Nimmerjahn Falk 
Published: October 2015

SummaryThe mononuclear phagocytic system consists of a great variety of cell subsets localized throughout the body in immunological and non‐immunological tissues. While one of their prime tasks is to detect, phagocytose, and kill intruding microorganisms, they are also involved in maintaining tissue homeostasis and immune tolerance toward self through removal of dying cells. Furthermore, monocytes and macrophages have been recognized to play a critical role for mediating immunoglobulin G (IgG)‐dependent effector functions, including target cell depletion, tissue inflammation, and immunomodulation. For this, monocyte and macrophage populations are equipped with a complex set of Fc‐receptors, enabling them to directly interact with pro‐ or anti‐inflammatory IgG preparations. In this review, we will summarize the most recent findings, supporting a central role of monocytes and macrophages for pro‐ and anti‐inflammatory IgG activity.
Biogeography and colonization history of plethodontid salamanders from the Interior Highlands of eastern North America
Authors: Martin Samuel D. , Shepard Donald B. , Steffen Michael A. , Phillips John G. , Bonett Ronald M. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractAimThe Interior Highlands (Ouachita Mountains and Ozark Plateau) are major physiographical regions of eastern North America and harbour many endemic species. Despite their close proximity, the Ozarks and Ouachitas have different geological histories and relatively distinct species pools. Few studies have tested the biogeographical origins of this region's fauna, and most researchers have treated the Interior Highlands as a single unit. Here, we inferred the sources and timing of colonization of the Ozarks and the Ouachitas by analysing the biogeography of three genera of plethodontid salamanders (Eurycea,PlethodonandDesmognathus).LocationEastern North America.MethodsWe constructed a well‐sampled, time‐calibrated phylogeny for the family Plethodontidae using three mitochondrial and three nuclear genes inbeast. Genetic data were primarily taken from GenBank, although we also produced 76 novel sequences. Usinglagrange, we reconstructed ancestral areas for North American plethodontids. We compared the frequency and timing of dispersal events between the Ozarks and Ouachitas to other putative sources such as the Eastern Highlands (Appalachian Mountains and associated limestone plateaus).ResultsWe inferred nine dispersal events from the Eastern Highlands to the Interior Highlands, and just two dispersal events between the geographically proximate Ozarks and Ouachitas. Following one dispersal in the Oligocene, other inter‐highland dispersal events occurred in the Miocene and Pliocene, including two periods of near‐synchronous movements.Main conclusionsGiven the relatively limited faunal exchange between the Ozarks and Ouachitas, we conclude that either the river valley separating the Ozarks and Ouachitas is a more formidable barrier to plethodontid salamander dispersal than barriers separating the Interior Highlands from the Eastern Highlands, or ecological/community contingencies have limited dispersal within the Interior Highlands. In our study, geographical proximity of upland islands does not correspond with faunal similarity.
Pharmacological induction of ferritin prevents osteoblastic transformation of smooth muscle cells
Authors: Becs Gergely , Zarjou Abolfazl , Agarwal Anupam , Kovács Katalin Éva , Becs Ádám , Nyitrai Mónika , Balogh Enikő , Bányai Emese , Eaton John W. , Arosio Paolo , Poli Maura , Jeney Viktória , Balla József , Balla György 
Published: October 2015

AbstractVascular calcification is a frequent complication of atherosclerosis, diabetes and chronic kidney disease. In the latter group of patients, calcification is commonly seen in tunica media where smooth muscle cells (SMC) undergo osteoblastic transformation. Risk factors such as elevated phosphorus levels and vitamin D3 analogues have been identified. In the light of earlier observations by our group and others, we sought to inhibit SMC calcification via induction of ferritin. Human aortic SMC were cultured using β‐glycerophosphate with activated vitamin D3, or inorganic phosphate with calcium, and induction of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and osteocalcin as well as accumulation of calcium were used to monitor osteoblastic transformation. In addition, to examine the role of vitamin D3 analogues, plasma samples from patients on haemodialysis who had received calcitriol or paricalcitol were tested for their tendency to induce calcification of SMC. Addition of exogenous ferritin mitigates the transformation of SMC into osteoblast‐like cells. Importantly, pharmacological induction of heavy chain ferritin by 3H‐1,2‐Dithiole‐3‐thione was able to inhibit the SMC transition into osteoblast‐like cells and calcification of extracellular matrix. Plasma samples collected from patients after the administration of activated vitamin D3 caused significantly increased ALP activity in SMC compared to the samples drawn prior to activated vitamin D3 and here, again induction of ferritin diminished the osteoblastic transformation. Our data suggests that pharmacological induction of ferritin prevents osteoblastic transformation of SMC. Hence, utilization of such agents that will cause enhanced ferritin synthesis may have important clinical applications in prevention of vascular calcification.
Social Mobility, Whiteness, and Whitening in Colombia
Authors: Viveros Vigoya Mara 
Published: October 2015

ResumenEn este artículo examino en primer lugar cómo se ha entendido la “blanquidad” y “el blanqueamiento” en Colombia, mostrando las continuidades y discontinuidades que ha tenido esta dinámica social en relación con la constitución progresiva del significado contemporáneo del término “raza”. En segundo lugar, doy cuenta del proceso vivido por las y los sujetos de una investigación, realizada en Bogotá sobre el surgimiento y participación de las clases medias ‘negras’ en la vida nacional colombiana”. En tercer lugar analizo el vínculo que se puede establecer entre el ascenso social y el blanqueamiento como proceso ideológico, social y personal. Por último, considero las adaptaciones y resistencias que implica este proceso frente a las jerarquías socioraciales, en el particular contexto del multiculturalismo actual que autoriza las diferencias culturales pero invisibiliza las desigualdades raciales. [Afrolatinoamericanos, Colombia, movilidad social, multiculturalismo, relaciones raciales]
Practicing Tranquilidad: Domestic Technologies and Comfortable Homes in Southeastern Mexico
Authors: Pertierra Anna Cristina 
Published: October 2015

ResumenEste artículo analiza cómo los mexicanos se manifiestan una ideología de la comodidad doméstica moderna—una ideología cuyo desarrollo hasta la fecha ha sido en su mayoría explorado con referencia a Gran Bretaña y Estados Unidos. Basado en la investigación etnográfica de la pequeña ciudad mexicana de Chetumal, en el sur de Quintana Roo, se argumenta que el concepto clave de la tranquilidad sustenta el montaje de casas que son cada vez más ricos en los aparatos electrónicos. Los televisores y acondicionadores de aire domésticos son tecnologías de trascendencia particular, cuya presencia en los hogares de las clases medias establecidas y emergentes posibilitan la materialización de hogares y vidas tranquilas. La economía y la historia de Chetumal ha creado una ciudad sumamente adecuada para construir una vida tranquila. Sin embargo, este ejemplo específico de las prácticas y experiencias de sus habitantes también nos ofrece información sobre un ideal nacional (cada vez más asequible) de la domesticidad en la clase media mexicana, y la función de las tecnologías domésticas en la realización de tal ideal.
Can Impression Procedures Affect Certain Vital Functions of Edentulous Patients? A Clinical Study
Authors: Piskin Bulent , Karakoc Omer , Emir Faruk , Uyar Alper , Sipahi Cumhur , Tasci Canturk , Açıkel Cengizhan , Sevketbeyoglu Haldun 
Published: October 2015

AbstractPurposeThe most suitable treatment conditions and timing for medically unstable patients with severe systemic diseases about to undergo invasive dental treatment are well documented in the literature; however, no medical guides or recommendations identify these conditions for noninvasive dental treatments in such patients. The aim of this clinical study was to determine the effect of impression procedures on arterial oxygen saturation (AOS) and pulse rates (PRs) of edentulous subjects.Materials and MethodsA total of 28 Caucasian edentulous participants (15 females, 13 males) were included in the study. Pulse oximetry recordings (150 seconds) were performed for each participant at three stages; recording at rest (CON), during mandibular impressions (MANIs), and maxillary impressions (MAXIs). The mean values of PR, AOS, and event scores (ESs) indicating desaturation were obtained from the records. The comparisons of mean PR and AOS values were performed with the Bonferroni‐corrected Wilcoxon‐signed ranks test. The ESs were analyzed with the McNemar Test.ResultsThe mean AOS values of MANI and MAXI did not display significant changes when compared with CON; however, the ESs obtained in both MANI and MAXI were significantly higher than those of CON (p = 0.008, p = 0.004). In addition, mean PR values obtained in MAXI were significantly higher than CON (p = 0.009).ConclusionsAccording to the results of this clinical study, the impression procedures may affect the PR values and lead to desaturation events in edentulous patients; however, further studies evaluating blood gas levels, which indicate precise AOS values, are necessary to support the results of this study.