bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Clp protease system is required for copper ion‐dependent turnover of the PAA2/HMA8 copper transporter in chloroplasts
Authors: Tapken Wiebke , Kim Jitae , Nishimura Kenji , van Wijk Klaas J. , Pilon Marinus 
Published: September 2014

Summary

The distribution of essential metal ions over subcellular compartments for use as cofactors requires control of membrane transporters. PAA2/HMA8 is a copper‐transporting P1B‐type ATPase in the thylakoid membrane, required for the maturation of plastocyanin. When copper is highly available to the plant this transporter is degraded, which implies the action of a protease.

In order to identify the proteolytic machinery responsible for PAA2/HMA8 turnover in Arabidopsis, mutant lines defective in five different chloroplast protease systems were analyzed.

Plants defective in the chloroplast caseinolytic protease (Clp) system were specifically impaired in PAA2/HMA8 protein turnover on media containing elevated copper concentrations. However, the abundance of a core Clp component was not directly affected by copper. Furthermore, the expression and activity of both cytosolic and chloroplast‐localized superoxide dismutases (SODs), which are known to be dependent on copper, were not altered in the clp mutants, indicating that the loss of PAA2/HMA8 turnover in these lines was not caused by a lack of stromal copper.

The results suggest that copper excess in the stroma triggers selection of the thylakoid‐localized PAA2 transporter for degradation by the Clp protease, but not several other chloroplast proteases, and support a novel role for this proteolytic system in cellular copper homeostasis.
Reward processing in obesity, substance addiction and non‐substance addiction
Authors: García‐García I. , Horstmann A. , Jurado M. A. , Garolera M. , Chaudhry S. J. , Margulies D. S. , Villringer A. , Neumann J. 
Published: September 2014

SummarySimilarities and differences between obesity and addiction are a prominent topic of ongoing research. We conducted an activation likelihood estimation meta‐analysis on 87 studies in order to map the functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) response to reward in participants with obesity, substance addiction and non‐substance (or behavioural) addiction, and to identify commonalities and differences between them. Our study confirms the existence of alterations during reward processing in obesity, non‐substance addiction and substance addiction. Specifically, participants with obesity or with addictions differed from controls in several brain regions including prefrontal areas, subcortical structures and sensory areas. Additionally, participants with obesity and substance addictions exhibited similar blood‐oxygen‐level‐dependentfMRIhyperactivity in the amygdala and striatum when processing either general rewarding stimuli or the problematic stimuli (food and drug‐related stimuli, respectively). We propose that these similarities may be associated with an enhanced focus on reward – especially with regard to food or drug‐related stimuli – in obesity and substance addiction. Ultimately, this enhancement of reward processes may facilitate the presence of compulsive‐like behaviour in some individuals or under some specific circumstances. We hope that increasing knowledge about the neurobehavioural correlates of obesity and addictions will lead to practical strategies that target the high prevalence of these central public health challenges.
Effect of childhood obesity prevention programmes on blood lipids: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Cai L. , Wu Y. , Cheskin L. J. , Wilson R. F. , Wang Y. 
Published: September 2014

SummaryWe aimed to assess the effects of childhood obesity prevention programmes on blood lipids in high‐income countries. We searched MEDLINE®, Embase, PsychInfo, CINAHL®, clinicaltrials.gov, and the Cochrane Library up to 22 April 2013 for relevant randomized controlled trials, quasi‐experimental studies and natural experiments published in English. Studies were included if they implemented diet and/or physical activity intervention(s) with ≥1 year follow‐up (or ≥6 months for school‐based intervention studies) in 2–18‐year‐olds, and were excluded if they targeted only overweight/obese children, or those with a pre‐existing medical condition. Seventeen studies were finally included. For total cholesterol, the pooled intervention effect was −0.97 mg dL−1 [95% confidence interval (CI): −3.26, 1.32; P = 0.408]; for low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL‐C), −6.06 mg dL−1 (95% CI: −11.09, −1.02; P = 0.018); for high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL‐C), 1.87 mg dL−1 (95% CI: 0.39, 3.34; P = 0.013); and for triglycerides, −1.95 mg dL−1 (95% CI: −4.94, 1.04; P = 0.202). Most interventions (70%) showed similar significant or no effects on adiposity‐ and lipids outcomes: 15% interventions improved both adiposity‐ and lipids outcomes; 55% had no significant effects on either. Childhood obesity prevention programmes had a significant desirable effect on LDL‐C and HDL‐C. Two‐thirds of interventions showed similar significant or no effects in adiposity‐ and lipids outcomes. Assessing lipids outcomes provide additional useful information on obesity prevention programme benefits.
Craniofacial cephalometric morphology in 8‐year‐old children with operated sagittal synostosis
Authors: Heliövaara A. , Vuola P. , Hukki J. 
Published: September 2014

Structured AbstractObjectivesTo evaluate cephalometrically craniofacial morphology in children with operated sagittal synostosis and to compare the findings with age‐ and sex‐matched controls.Setting and Sample PopulationForty‐two children (37 boys) with operated primary sagittal synostosis were compared retrospectively with age‐ and sex‐matched controls from lateral cephalograms taken at a mean age of 8.1 (range 7.0–8.9) years.Material and MethodsThe operations had been performed between the ages of 2 months and 6.3 years at three Finnish hospitals. The surgical methods included strip craniectomy, pi‐plasty and cranial vault expansion. A paired Student's t‐test and Pearson's correlation analysis were used in the statistical analyses.ResultsChildren with operated sagittal synostosis had wide cranial base angles and their mandibles were retrognathic with labially inclined lower incisors relative to the controls. Age at craniosynostosis operation did not correlate with the cranial base angle.ConclusionThis study suggests that children with operated sagittal synostosis have minor distinctive morphological features in the cranial base and mandible. Orthodontic evaluation of craniofacial growth is recommended.
Characteristics of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection identified on culture in a pediatric clinic
Authors: Katsushima Yuriko , Katsushima Fumio , Suzuki Yu , Seto Junji , Mizuta Katsumi , Nishimura Hidekazu , Matsuzaki Yoko 
Published: September 2014

AbstractBackgroundThe appropriate choice of antibiotics against Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection has become difficult, as the prevalence of macrolide‐resistant M. pneumoniae has increased.MethodsThroat swab specimens were collected from children with clinically suspected M. pneumoniae infection while visiting an outpatient clinic. Cultures for M. pneumoniae were done, and all isolates were sequenced for the presence of a mutation in 23S rRNA.ResultsOf the 80 specimens collected between February 2012 and March 2013, 27 (34%) were positive for M. pneumoniae on culture. Macrolide‐resistant mutation was detected in 24 isolates (89%): 23 isolates had an A2063G transition, and one had a C2617G mutation. Both the median age and the prevalence of pneumonia were significantly higher in M. pneumoniae‐positive than in M. pneumoniae‐negative children (median, 7 years vs 4 years; 88.9% vs 60.4%, respectively). The percentage of serum samples with particle agglutination titer ≥1:160 was 69.6% in M. pneumoniae‐positive cases and 17.6% in M. pneumoniae‐negative cases when the serum was collected ≥4 days after the onset of fever. Defervescence within 72 h after the initiation of macrolides never occurred in M. pneumoniae‐positive children and also did not occur in 54% of M. pneumoniae‐negative children. Switching to either minocycline or tosufloxacin resulted in fever resolution within 48 h in M. pneumoniae‐positive children.ConclusionsThe described clinical and laboratory characteristics of M. pneumoniae infection may be useful in guiding appropriate treatment in an outpatient clinic.
Histone deacetylation modification participates in the repression of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) seed storage protein gene Ara h 2.02 during germination
Authors: Yang P. , Zhang F. , Luo X. , Zhou Y. , Xie J. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractGenes encoding seed storage proteins (SSPs) are specifically and highly expressed during seed maturation. In Arabidopsis, chromatin‐based mechanisms involved in the repression of SSPs during germination have been proposed. However, epigenetic regulation involved in repressing SSPs in vegetative tissues of peanut is not well understood. Histone deacetylase (HDAC) is a chromatin‐remodelling factor that contributes to transcriptional repression in eukaryotes. To address whether histone deacetylation modification is involved in the repression of SSP genes during germination in peanut, we generated an Ara h 2.02pro: β‐glucuronidase (GUS) construct by fusing the 1972 bp Ara h 2.02 promoter of peanut (from −1972 to −1) to the GUS reporter gene and transformed it into wild‐type Arabidopsis plants and HDAC mutants. GUS staining revealed that the mutation in HISTONE DEACETYLASE19 (HDA19) resulted in the ectopic expression of peanut SSP gene Ara h 2.02 in seedlings. In addition, Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays showed that the ectopic expression of Ara h 2.02 was accompanied by histone hyperacetylation during germination. These results suggest that histone deacetylation modification may play a vital role in repressing embryonic properties during the peanut vegetative growth.
Controlling Factors, Accumulation Model and Target Zone Prediction of the Coal‐bed Methane in the Huanghebei Coalfield, North China
Authors: Lv Dawei , Chen Jitao , Li Zengxue , Zheng Guiqiang , Song Cuiyu , Liu Haiyan , Meng Yanru , Wang Dongdong 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThe Huanghebei Coalfield, one of the coal production bases in North China, was considered as a coalfield without coal‐bed methane (CBM) during past decades. In recent years, however, CBM has been discovered in coal‐bearing successions. In order to understand the CBM geological characteristics and accumulation process in this area, fifteen coal samples were collected and analyzed with respect to coal maceral and reflectance. The result shows that the gas distribution is uneven and the content varies in different areas even for the same coal bed. The storage of CBM is affected by geological factors such as burial depth, geological structures, and magmatic intrusion, among which the former two are more important in the formation of CBM. Deep burial of coal beds with the presence of cap‐rock mudstone can seal CBM. The CBM is also accumulated and preserved at the place where normal faults are distributed. Magmatic intrusion causes contact metamorphism and controls the CBM formation by heating the coal‐bearing successions. The obtained data indicate the geological conditions in northeastern Zhaoguan Mine are preferable for CBM formation and conservation; recent exploration estimates the CBM geological reserves up to 282.16 Mm3 and average of reserve abundance at 0.1662 × 108 m3 km−2. The Changqing Mine is a potential prospect in terms of CBM exploration since its geological conditions (structures and burial depth) are similar to the Zhaoguan Mine and its cap rock is even better.
Re–Os Age of Molybdenite from theDaheishanMo Deposit in the EasternCentralAsianOrogenicBelt,NE China
Authors: Han Chunming , Xiao Wenjiao , Windley Brian F. , Zhao Guochun , Su Bexun , Ao Songjian , Zhang Jien , Zhang Zhiyong , Wan Bo , Cui Bin , Qu Wenjun , Du Andao 
Published: September 2014

AbstractTheDaheishanMo deposit is located in the eastern part of theCentralAsianOrogenicBelt,NE China. Rhenium and osmium isotopes of molybdenites from theDaheishan deposit were used to determine the age of mineralization. Rhenium concentrations in molybdenite samples are between 17 and 30μg g−1. Analysis of seven molybdenite samples yields an isochron age of 168.0 ± 4.4 Ma (2σ). Based on the geological history and spatial‐temporal distribution of the granitoids, it is proposed that theMo deposits in easternChina were related to the subduction of the Paleo‐Pacific plate during Jurassic time.
Minor histocompatibility antigens: past, present, and future
Authors: Spierings Eric 
Published: September 2014

AbstractMinor histocompatibility (H) antigens are key molecules driving allo‐immune responses in both graft‐versus‐host‐disease (GvHD) and in graft‐versus‐leukemia (GvL) reactivity in human leukocyte antigen (HLA)‐matched hematopoietic stem‐cell transplantation (HSCT). Dissection of the dual function of minor H antigens became evident through their different modes of tissue and cell expression, i.e. hematopoietic system‐restricted or broad. Broadly expressed minor H antigens can cause both GvHD and GvL effects, while hematopoietic system‐restricted minor H antigens are more prone to induce GvL responses. This phenomenon renders the latter group of minor H antigens as curative tools for HSCT‐based immunotherapy of hematological malignancies and disorders, in which minor H antigen‐specific responses are enhanced in order to eradicate the malignant cells. This article describes the immunogenetics of minor H antigens and methods that have been developed to identify them. Moreover, it summarizes the clinical relevance of minor H antigens in transplantation, with special regards to allogeneic HSCT and solid‐organ transplantation.
Improving the safety of blood transfusion by using a combination of two screening assays for hepatitis C virus
Authors: Zhang K. , Wang L. , Sun Y. , Zhang R. , Lin G. , Xie J. , Li J. 
Published: September 2014

SUMMARYBackground and ObjectivesTo illustrate that the combination of a single nucleic acid amplification test (NAT) with a single immunoassay for hepatitis C virus (HCV) detection, as proposed internationally, may lead to the omission of anti‐HCV reactive sera with non‐reactive NAT results.Materials and MethodsIn total, 822 of 519, 299 serum samples from 11 blood centres in China were retested for anti‐HCV by using 10 screening assays to detect HCV antibodies. A recombinant immunoblot assay (RIBA HCV 3·0; Ortho‐Clinical Diagnostics) was performed to define confirmed HCV infection status. Samples with positive or indeterminate RIBA‐HCV results were tested by quantitative tests for HCV RNA (Roche Diagnostics).ResultsWe found that 47 of the 822 (5·72%) serum samples were RIBA‐positive without detectable HCV RNA. For these samples, the 10 anti‐HCV immunoassays gave discordant and unsatisfactory results (detection rate ranging from 10·64 to 34·04%; ratio per 100 000 donations ranging from 5·97 to 8·09). Compared with a single anti‐HCV screening assay, the two‐assay combination increased the detection of these samples. The five best combinations [Sorin and Lizhu enzyme immunoassays (EIAs), Ortho and Lizhu EIAs, Sorin and Wantai EIAs, Sorin EIA and Roche CIA and Ortho and Wantai EIAs] increased the detection rate from 46·81 to 55·57%, thus reducing the ratio per 100 000 donations of HCV‐seropositive samples.ConclusionThe combination of two anti‐HCV screening immunoassays in parallel with an HCV NAT is a better strategy for HCV detection in blood centres to improve the safety of blood transfusion.
The acceptability of volunteer, repeat blood donations in a hospital setting in the Adamaoua region of Cameroon
Authors: Rolseth S. , Stange P. , Adamou D. , Roald B. , Danki‐Sillong F. , Jourdan P. 
Published: September 2014

SUMMARYBackground and ObjectivesThe knowledge of factors that may influence blood donation in Cameroon is limited. The objectives of this study are to assess the characteristics of previous and potential blood donors by exploring the religious beliefs, and knowledge and understanding of blood donations among individuals present at a district hospital.Materials and MethodsForty‐nine in‐depth, semi‐structured interviews were conducted among consenting, randomly selected 18 years or older community members present at a district hospital in the Adamaoua region during October and November 2011.ResultsNinety‐eight per cent (48/49) of the individuals present at this district hospital had heard of blood transfusions. Forty‐seven per cent (23/49) had not previously been asked to donate blood; however, 94% (44/47) said that they would donate if given the opportunity. Thirty‐three per cent (16/49) had previously donated blood to family members or for replacement, and 81% of these said they would repeat donations. The majority of both donors and non‐donors were motivated to donate blood for altruistic reasons.ConclusionThe findings suggest that community members present at this district hospital in Cameroon may be recruited for repeat blood donations. Although the altruistic motivation to donate blood suggests that donors could be recruited from a district hospital population, targeted information about blood donations and accessible blood transfusion services need to be put in place. The study may add to the understanding of the preconditions for blood donations and the possibility to establish sustainable blood transfusion services in the Adamaoua region in Cameroon.
Receptor kinase‐mediated control of primary active proton pumping at the plasma membrane
Authors: Fuglsang Anja T. , Kristensen Astrid , Cuin Tracey A. , Schulze Waltraud X. , Persson Jörgen , Thuesen Kristina H. , Ytting Cecilie K. , Oehlenschlæger Christian B. , Mahmood Khalid , Sondergaard Teis E. , Shabala Sergey , Palmgren Michael G. 
Published: September 2014

SummaryAcidification of the cell wall space outside the plasma membrane is required for plant growth and is the result of proton extrusion by the plasma membrane‐localized H+‐ATPases. Here we show that the major plasma membrane proton pumps in Arabidopsis, AHA1 and AHA2, interact directly in vitro and in planta with PSY1R, a receptor kinase of the plasma membrane that serves as a receptor for the peptide growth hormone PSY1. The intracellular protein kinase domain of PSY1R phosphorylates AHA2/AHA1 at Thr‐881, situated in the autoinhibitory region I of the C‐terminal domain. When expressed in a yeast heterologous expression system, the introduction of a negative charge at this position caused pump activation. Application of PSY1 to plant seedlings induced rapid in planta phosphorylation at Thr‐881, concomitant with an instantaneous increase in proton efflux from roots. The direct interaction between AHA2 and PSY1R observed might provide a general paradigm for regulation of plasma membrane proton transport by receptor kinases.
Comparison of the platelet‐rich plasma and buffy coat protocols for preparation of canine platelet concentrates
Authors: Hoareau Guillaume L. , Jandrey Karl E. , Burges Julie , Bremer Daphne , Tablin Fern 
Published: September 2014

BackgroundPlatelet (PLT) concentrates (PC) can be produced via the buffy coat (BC) or platelet‐rich plasma (PRP) protocols. The 2 methods have not been compared with canine blood.ObjectivesThe aims of the study were to compare the PLT, WBC, and RBC concentrations, in vitro PLT function, and markers of platelet storage lesion (PSL) in canine PC generated by 2 different protocols, and determine microbial growth throughout storage.MethodsPC from 8 healthy donor dogs were produced using 2 standard protocols, PRP and BC. PLT, WBC, and RBC counts, optical aggregometry assays, and PSL markers (pH, pCO2, HCO3, lactate and glucose concentrations, and LDH activity) were determined on storage days 0, 1, 3, 5, and 7. Aerobic and anaerobic bacterial cultures were also performed.ResultsMean PLT counts were comparable between protocols and remained stable throughout storage up to day 7, while median WBC and RBC counts on day 0 were significantly higher in the BC‐PC group (17,800 WBCs/μL; 195,000 RBCs/μL) than in the PRP‐PC group (200 WBCs/μL; 10,000 RBCs/μL) (P = .012). In PRP‐PC aggregometry, the median slope and amplitude in response to γ‐thrombin and convulxin (+ ADP) were significantly decreased, and virtually absent in BC‐PC during storage. PSL markers (lactate, LDH activity) were higher in BC‐PC. Aerobic bacterial growth was observed in 2 PRP‐PC and 1 BC‐PC.ConclusionsThis in vitro study suggests that PRP‐PC had lesser WBC and RBC contamination and superior PLT function compared with BC‐PC. In vivo studies are required to address safety and efficacy of PRP‐PC.
XXII. Goldmining in the Sierra Nevada, California
Authors: Dron R. W. 
Published: September 2014

I
n
the course of his remarks the author stated that the first discovery of gold in California was in 1848, when a workman picked up several large nuggets out of a mill-race which he was digging. In 1850 the first quartz vein was found by some miners who were digging a hole for their cabin chimney, and was so rich that some of the pieces of ore taken from it were sold for £100 each. This state has long maintained her position as the greatest gold-producing state in the North American Union. The production just now is valued at £3,000,000 per annum, and the total value of the metal recovered since 1848, at £260,000,000.

The rocks of California are divided into two series, the bed-rock, and the superjacent rock. The bed-rock series consists of highly altered sedimentary strata, crystalline schists, and slates, with intrusive igneous rocks, mostly belonging to the Carboniferous, the Jurassic, and the Triassic formations, and resembling the metamorphic Jura-Trias rocks of the Alps. From an economic point of view the most important feature of the bed-rock series is the occurrence of veins and lodes containing gold, silver, &c., and perhaps the most interesting of these is the formation known as the “mother lode.”
This “mother lode” is contained in a series of black schists and slates, with a dip to the E. of 20 deg. to 40 deg. from the vertical. The veins are found in a fissured area a mile or two wide, which stretches throughout
XXVI. The Problem of the Marginal Highlands
Authors: Macnair Peter 
Published: September 2014

T
he
“Marginal Highlands” the author defined as the area lying immediately to the north-west of the great line of fault which separates the Old Red Sandstones of the Scottish Midland valley on the one hand, from the crystalline rocks of the Highlands on the other.

The writings of Murchison, Geikie, Harkness, Jameson, and Nicol upon the district were first reviewed, as well as the more recent work of the officers of the Geological Survey, including the lately issued memoir of “The Geology of Cowal,” and the present position of “the problem” was stated to be as follows:—(1st) Is there any evidence of the interposition of a belt of Lower Silurian rocks along the margin of the Highlands? (2) Are those grits and phyllites, which are seen dipping below the schists towards the east of the mountain chain, in their correct position, and do they overlie the schists of the interior, as seen in Cowal and on the N. shore of the Firth of Clyde? (3rd) Is there any evidence in Cowal to show that a great anticline of the foliation exists, and crosses an early syncline in the bedding?
The author then proceeded to enumerate six schist zones into which the rocks under review might be divided, grouping together their larger lithological features, and pointing out that they were capable of still further sub-division. He described a number of sections taken across the Highlands from Bridge of Cally on the E. to Dunoon on the W., and endeavoured from these