bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sustainable Arctic Field and Maritime Operation
Authors: Borch O.J. , Westvik M.H. , Ehlers S. , Berg T.E. 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
As more attention is paid to the exploration of oil and gas resources in thehigh north, the settlement of the disputed area between Norway and Russia, andthe world's ever-rising demand for energy resources, more and more oilcompanies and suppliers are moving north. For most oil companies, rig and shipoperators and logistics providers, the Arctic represents a new frontier, whereexisting operational systems and technologies are tested to their limits. Thispaper outlines key challenges facing the development of sustainable and safemaritime offshore operation in Arctic waters. The Arctic offers challengesrelated to harsh weather conditions, long distances from bases, limited orabsent infrastructure, a sensitive ecosystem, ensuring safety at sea, potentialoil spills and operations in ice-infested waters. Arctic operations are thussignificantly different from operations in the North Sea. This state of affairsunderlines the need for new or improved organisational and business models forintegrated logistics operations, value chain management and technologicalsolutions that will ensure sustainable and safe maritime operations. It alsodemands optimised design of ships and structures for operation in the Arcticenvironment as well as improved communication infrastructure based onsatellite, terrestrial, ship-to-ship or ad-hoc systems, radar and opticalsatellites. Key features discussed will include ideas and concepts forarea-specific vessel design and multipurpose vessels, with integrated supportand logistics models and systems, base-to-base operation and tailored businessmodels for robust Arctic field operation. The aim is to ensure a holistic andintegrated transport and logistics infrastructure in sparsely populated areaswith extreme weather conditions (polar lows, darkness, fog, ice and icing), including the interplay between vessel technology and the operationalmanagement.
Suggested methods to reduce crane operations downtime (New technology improves the efficiency and safety of crane operations in harsh offshore climates)
Authors: Wintle Grant , Grimes Andrew 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
The increase in offshore activity in harsh weather areas of the worldpresents a major challenge for those involved in the management and executionof lifting operations. This challenge becomes all the more important whenpersonnel are being transferred by crane. This paper examines some of the newtechnologies and operational philosophies that promise to help operators meetthese new challenges. This includes motion monitoring technology developed inNorway that provides accurate real-time data on vessel responses for mariners, and crane operators, allowing them to increase the safety and extend the limitsof lifting operations.
Crane operational downtime has a major financial impact on arctic projects. Therefore there is pressure to maintain continuity of lifting operations. Thisproven technology - the Deck Motion Monitor (DMM) and the Arctic personnelcarrier - allows the safe transfer of cargo and personnel for a higherpercentage of time and reduces the time spent waiting for an optimal weatherwindow.
Approaches for refining pack ice driving force estimates for the Beaufort Sea
Authors: Barker Anne , Timco Garry 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
There are large oil and gas resources in the shear zone region of theBeaufort Sea. Development of these resources would entail many factorsfor consideration. One of the most important is the ice load on drillingand production platforms. However, there is very large uncertainty on theice loads in this region due to a clear lack of knowledge of the pack icedriving forces. This pack ice driving force is one of the primarymechanisms that dictate how much force the ice can exert on an offshoreplatform, even if large multi-year ice floes are present. Improvedknowledge of this force would significantly reduce uncertainty in the designice loads, provide essential baseline engineering knowledge and a more reliablestructure, leading to greater regulatory certainty and safer and moreeconomical offshore operations.
The pack ice driving force, as a function of width, can be calculatedthrough an equation in the ISO Arctic Offshore Structures Standard. However, a relevant parameter is still poorly defined for this equationand spans a large range. As a result, calculations of driving forces arevery uncertain, yet it is the key limiting force mechanism for the BeaufortSea. This paper presents the results of a study that investigated meansof refining uncertainty when calculating pack ice driving forces. Anoverview of the standard method of determining these forces is given, as wellas a discussion of the historical development of, and implications ofuncertainty in, calculating the pack ice force. Methods for refining theuncertainty are presented and comparisons are discussed. Numericalmodelling studies offer the greatest potential for refining the uncertaintybased on cost, usefulness, confidence in the results and studyopportunities. The information provided in this paper has applicationsfor refinement of pack ice driving force calculations in current engineeringstandards. A clear understanding of the magnitude of pack ice drivingforces would help to reduce the risk of failure of engineering structures andimprove their safety, by enabling a significantly better definition of theanticipated ice loads and the upper limit of the loads for the BeaufortSea.
Mechanism and Dynamics of Marine Ice Accretion on Vessel Archetypes
Authors: Shipilova O. , Kulyakhtin A. , Tsarau A. , Libby B. , Moslet P.O. , Loset S. 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
Marine icing (or, 'sea spray icing') is a well-known threat for commercialfishing craft and other relatively small vessels. However, larger vessels, suchas supply ships, where localized icing can primarily be a safety or operationalhazard, are less well studied. The MARICE project is a multi-year effort by DetNorske Veritas (DNV), the Norwegian University of Science and Technology(NTNU), Statoil and the Research Council of Norway (NFR) to study this issue. Athree-part simulation system has been designed to study the amount of waterlifted from different types of ship bows in different weather conditions andestimation of the movement of droplets over, and their impingement with, thesuperstructure of vessels, neglecting the possibility of droplet break-up orcoalescence. It was found that areas where the icing potential might be thegreatest are not necessarily intuitive, as the movement of water and air isturbulent. Attempts were made to validate the model for water freezing on ametal unit against land-based spraying measurements conducted on Svalbard innatural weather conditions. The results of this study would be of greatestinterest in the design and operation of vessels for cold conditions where seaspray icing might pose a hazard.

1. Introduction
Due to the increasing interest in commercial operations in cold marineenvironments, the process and dynamics of sea spray-generated ice accretion onmoving vessels is a high priority area of research. For smaller vessels, suchas many commercial fishing boats, the general threat posed by spray-generatedicing to the stability of the craft is widely acknowledged. However for vesselssuch as those in the 100-meter (300-foot) length range, where the rightingability is less likely to be compromised, the primary concerns regarding vesselicing are more localized, specifically interference with normal operations dueto hindrance of the motion or functionality of equipment, loss of equipmentaccess and obstruction of walkways, icing of sensors, work burden associatedwith ice removal, threat to the safety of the working environment and abilityto conduct emergency operations.
Under-Ice Seismic Acquisition in the Arctic
Authors: Rice Shawn L. 
Published: December 2012

With an estimated 25% of the world's undiscovered hydrocarbon resources, theArctic has re-emerged as an area of increased exploration interest. Despite itstremendous potential, the Arctic poses extreme challenges to all E&Pactivities, including seismic acquisition and data processing. Harsh conditionslimit the weather window for seismic operations, pose extreme risk for in-wateracquisition equipment, and introduce unwanted noise into acquired seismic datasets. Combined, these factors have limited both the quantity and quality ofavailable seismic information in the Arctic.
In 2006, ION began acquiring modern seismic data in the Arctic, operatingnear the ice using traditional open water methods. Over the next threeseasons, ION furthered its capabilities by developing technologies andtechniques to gather seismic data in and under the ice.
ION conducted its first formal trial of under-ice acquisition in the summerof 2009 off the northeast coast of Greenland. The objective was toacquire approximately 4,000 kilometers of data safely and efficiently, withoutrisk to the crew, environment, or equipment. The trial was considered asuccess, with just over 5,200 kilometers of long-offset, high-quality 2Dseismic data acquired without incident to crew or environment and only 2%technical downtime.
Seismic Imaging of Gas Hydrate Accumulations Beneath Thick Permafrost Areas of the Mackenzie Delta, NWT, Canada
Authors: Bellefleur G. , Riedel M. , Brent T. 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
The Mackenzie Delta in Canada's Northwest Territories hosts manypermafrost-related gas hydrate accumulations that were indirectly discovered orinferred from conventional hydrocarbon exploration programs. In particular, gashydrate intervals characterized with high saturation show high resistivity andhigh P- and S-wave velocity on well-log data, and are typically found insand-rich horizons. As demonstrated at the Mallik site, the velocity contrastbetween highly saturated gas hydrate-bearing sediments and unconsolidatedwater-bearing sediments is significant and allows their detection with seismicdata. Here, we use 2D and 3D seismic reflection data acquired by industry onRichards Island to map and characterize gas hydrate accumulations beneath athick permafrost area of the Mackenzie Delta. Specifically, we show new seismicevidences of gas hydrate accumulations near YaYa, Ivik and Umiak. The presenceof gas hydrate was previously inferred from well-log data in several boreholeslocated in those areas. All seismic data were re-processed following anAVO-friendly flow that preserved relative amplitude relationships. On suchdata, the strong acoustic impedance of gas hydrate produces strong amplitudeseismic reflections. The seismic signature of gas hydrates is confirmed byseismic-to-well correlation in areas where boreholes are available. Resultsindicate that gas hydrate accumulations occur in structurally-controlled playstypical of conventional oil and gas traps found in this area, and furtherdemonstrate that gas hydrates are part of the regional petroleum system.

Introduction
Gas hydrates located offshore and onshore beneath thick permafrost areasconstitute one of the largest untapped natural gas resources. Most known gashydrate occurrences in the Mackenzie Delta and submarine permafrost areas ofthe Beaufort Sea were discovered or inferred indirectly in wells drilled forconventional hydrocarbon exploration. Well-log data intersecting gas hydratesshow the typical high resistivity and high P-wave velocity signature associatedwith relatively porous hydrate-bearing sandstone. Progress made in the lastdecade has shown that gas hydrates can also be mapped using seismic reflectiondata. The acoustic impedance contrast between non-hydrate and hydrate-bearingsediments usually produces strong amplitude reflections on seismic data. Such asignature was previously observed onshore at Mallik, Northwestern Territories(Collett et al., 1999), and on the North Slope of Alaska (Collett et al.,2011). In addition to mapping, gas hydrate saturations were also estimated fromseismic data where well-logging data are available for calibration (Riedel etal., 2009).
Historical Analysis of Ice Conditions for Risk Assessment
Authors: Bobby Pradeep , Bruce Jim , Power Desmond , Fournier Nicolas 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
The analysis of historical satellite data, both radar and optical, areuseful for understanding the nature of ice conditions in Arctic regions andunderstanding the risk they pose for exploration and development. Archivesatellite data are available at no cost and can be analyzed to assess theseverity and variability of iceberg concentrations and their behavior. National ice centres have been providing charts of sea ice conditions, whichcan be analyzed to understand probabilities of encountering ice of variousconcentrations and the lengths of the open water season. The outputs ofthese analyses are useful for understanding the risk of operating in Arcticregions and for developing an ice management plan.

Introduction
Satellite radar and optical imagery are essential tools for understandingsea ice and iceberg conditions in frontier Arctic and sub-Arctic regions. Satellite synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imagery can be collected day or night, are relatively independent of environmental conditions, can be collectedthrough fog and cloud cover and provide information over remote areas at noadditional cost. There is a substantial archive of low resolution imageryavailable and there is a growing number of sensors available for newacquisitions. Optical imagery, when available, are excellent forproviding detailed information on ice features such as sea ice ridges andiceberg sizes. Low resolution optical data are collected continuously, medium resolution data is available close to shore and high resolution imagescan be acquired from a large number of sensors.
Historic satellite data are used to develop an understanding of the severityand variability of ice conditions in an area. This information serves asan input for the design of structures and selection of vessels that can beutilized in an area as well for development of an ice management plan anddefining the operational window.
New image acquisitions are an important part of the detection component ofan operational ice management plan. Surveillance in certain marginal icezones, such as the Grand Banks, do not rely on satellite imagery since they areclose to shore and reconnaissance can be carried out almost exclusively usingplatform radar and vessel and aerial surveillance. However, the costs ofthis approach grow in remote areas and satellite SAR data have been used inaddition to platform radar to support operations in new Arctic explorationregions.
Generation, Evolution and Applicable Lessons Learned from Alaska's Historic November 2011 Storm over the Bering and Chukchi Seas
Authors: Barnett McLean , Artzer Andrew , Schmude Fred , Diaz Dante , Basciani Joe , Harvey George 
Published: December 2012

I. Introduction
One of the most powerful extratropical cyclones in the past several decadesswept across the Bering Sea on 8-9 November 2011 bringing widespreadstorm-force winds, high combined seas and coastal flooding over a large part ofwestern Alaska. An unusual aspect of this system was that it occurred veryearly in the season when most of the Bering Sea was ice-free, thus large wavesoffshore and coastal flooding impacted the region. The November 2011 storm'slocation in the Bering Sea, and intensity at that location, made this system anatypical event.
We seek to provide a historical perspective of this early season stormcompared to two other potent early season extratropical cyclones that haveoccurred in approximately the same geographic area. These other storms were theNovember 1974 storm and the October 2004 storm. We will explore the large scalemeteorological conditions present with each storm and look to draw acorrelation between climatologic predictors of storms of this caliber. Lastly, a more detailed analysis of the impacts of the November 2011 storm will begiven.

II. Historical Perspective
The 1974, 2004, and 2011 storms were very similar in their tracks, intensity, and impacts along the coasts of the eastern Bering and Chukchi Seas. Figures 1a-1c show the northward tracks of these storms across the Bering Seawhere they recorded minimum central pressures of 945 mb, 941 mb, and 943 mb forthe 1974, 2004, and 2011 storms, respectively. At their peak, these systemsreached hurricane force, with winds 64 kts or greater. The combination ofstrong onshore flow and large waves generated by each of these systemsinundated coastal communities in the eastern Bering and Chukchi Seas resultingin much damage. Sustained winds reached storm force (44–63 kts) with hurricaneforce gusts in adjacent Alaskan communities. These areas lay to the east of thestorm center, which is somewhat fortunate in that mature extratropical cyclonestend to generate their strongest winds to the south and southwest of the center(Sienkiewicz, et al 2009). Considering the impacts of these systems, predictingtheir occurrence is crucial to protect people and assets in the Bering andChukchi Sea areas. Table 1 shows some meteorological observations from thethree events.
Best Practice in Arctic Development Concept Selection - How to Avoid the Traps
Authors: Mole Chris , Paulin Mike , Sturge Amy 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
The process of selecting a field development concept following a discoveryinvolves a complex iterative interaction between its key elements ofsubsurface, drilling and completions, surface facilities, and commercial andregulatory considerations. The objective being to understand how differentrisks and uncertainties impact each scenario, leading to the final selection ofthe tsingle concept that best balances the key elements and extracts maximumvalue for all stakeholders.
A recommended procedure for Arctic concept selection has been developed, using a building-block approach matched with a practical and systematic methodfor understanding the key drivers and uncertainties in a project. In order tocomplete this type of anyalysis, experienced professionals are equipped with atoolkit and set of processes that allow a disciplined approach to only doingwork that is focused on each decision that has to be made. This then leads tothe development of a decision based plan to extract the maximum value from anyopportunity.
Also discussed are some of the common traps that can befall a conceptselection study such as: solving the wrong problem due to an inadequate projectframe; utilizing incorrect, invalid or out of date data; having inadequatesystems and tools in place to maintain focus and alignment; an inability toarticulate key insights; a lack of team integration; and finally the dangers ofan activity based workscope instead of a decision based one.

Introduction
Recent studies have estimated that 25% of the world's petroleum reserves arelocated in Arctic waters. Current energy demand has promoted renewed interestin the exploration and field development of offshore hydrocarbon basins inArctic and ice covered waters of the northern hemisphere. With the oilindustry's continued quest for oil and gas in frontier offshore locations, several developments have taken place in regions characterized by seasonal icecover and the presence of icebergs including the US Beaufort, North Caspian, Sakhalin Island, and the east coast of Canada. These new frontier developmentshave a higher cost per barrel than traditional developments. With thisknowledge, it becomes even more important to make good robust decisions whenanalyzing projects to invest in and maximize the value of capital employed. Additionally frontier basins have a lack of benchmark data to give confidencein development costs and schedules - the old " norms" simply don't apply inthese cases.
Single Umbilical Artery and Pregnancy Outcome: Cause for Concern
Authors: LNU Pushpalatha , Vasanthalakshmi Gonnabaktula Naga , Mehta Priyanka , Devi S Asha 
Published: December 2012

ABSTRACT

Objective
To study the pregnancy outcome of antenatal women diagnosed with single umbilical artery (SUA) in singleton pregnancy in tertiary medical center and its association with intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), renal and cardiac anomalies.

Materials and methods
We performed a prospective study of 6,711 singleton pregnancies at Sri Ramachandra Medical College, Chennai, between July 2009 and June 2011 and the pregnancies diagnosed with SUA were followed. The primary outcomes were renal anomalies, cardiac anomalies and IUGR.

Results
Of the 6,711 pregnancies there were 59 (0.88%) cases of SUA diagnosed at anatomic survey. Thirty seven pregnancies had isolated SUA (62.7%) and 22 singleton pregnancies had associated malformations (37.2%).

Conclusion
Our data suggests that the prevalence of SUA and associated anomalies seems to be similar to that reported in other countries. Evaluating cord vessels is important and fetuses with isolated SUA need more detailed assessment and monitoring1 including Doppler study in the presence of IUGR. SUA with multiple anomalies need further evalution with fetal echocardiogram and invasive tests like amniocentesis for karyotyping.

How to cite this article
Vasanthalakshmi GN, Pushpalatha, Mehta P, Devi SA. Single Umbilical Artery and Pregnancy Outcome: Cause for Concern. J South Asian Feder Obst Gynae 2012;4(2):103-105.
A Clinical Study on Eclampsia in a Referral Hospital
Authors: Kaur Parneet 
Published: December 2012

ABSTRACTObjectiveTo analyze the cases of eclampsia in a referral hospital, like GGS Medical College, Faridkot, with special focus on booked/unbooked/referred, age, parity and antenatal care. Also fetomaternal outcome was seen in all the cases.Materials and methodsAll the cases of eclampsia referred from nearby rural areas, civil hospitals and CHCs sent here for specialist care were studied in this 2 years study from July 2003 to June 2005.Results and conclusionsA total of 50 cases of eclampsia were admitted. The incidence came out to be 7.4%. Ninetyeight percent of cases were unbooked. Majority of the cases belonged to 21 to 30 years age group. Fifty-six percent of the cases were primigravida. Eighty-eight percent had no antenatal check-up at all. Thirty percent of babies were still born and 12% had early neonatal death. There were three maternal deaths. Antepartum eclampsia was most common seen in 68% of cases. We concluded that there is lack of antenatal care in rural areas and urban slums and this needs to be addressed to prevent this serious complication of pregnancy. Moreover, personnel at district hospitals and CHCs should be capable of administering magnesium sulfate, the anticonvulsant as none of the patient threw a fit after loading dose of magnesium sulfate.How to cite this articleKaur P. A Clinical Study on Eclampsia in a Referral Hospital. J South Asian Feder Obst Gynae 2012;4(2):113-115.
A Sensitive Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Method for the Determination of Patulin in Apple Juice
Authors: Xiao Hong , Fu Shanlin 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
A simple and sensitive GC/MS method was developed for the detection of patulin in apple juice. The method utilized a common laboratory chemical, 3-nitrobenzyl alcohol, as an internal standard. The calibration curve, ranging from 5 to 100 μg/L, showed good linearity with a correlation coefficient of 0.999. The LOD and LOQ were 2 and 5 μg/L, respectively. The significant advantage of the method was removal of the need for in-house synthesis of appropriate internal standards as reported by other researchers. The method also eliminated the need for careful sample preparation procedures, as outlined in some AOAC methods in which no internal standard was utilized. The streamlined extraction process and the improved sensitivity warrant the developed method to be a useful alternative for drug testing laboratories, especially those with large specimen volume and throughput to determine patulin levels in apple juice.