bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Scanning electron microscopic analysis of the efficacy of acid etching on cat enamel
Authors: Gallottini Claudio , Barraco Giancarlo , Pagano Stefano , De Carolis Carlo , Dolci Alessandro , Chieruzzi Manila , Eramo Stefano 
Published: April 2014

The effect of etching on cat enamel made with 40% orthophosphoric acid for different times was evaluated. Twenty‐one cat teeth were selected and randomly divided into three groups of seven teeth each. They were subjected to etching on a circular area of the coronal enamel (diameter = 2 mm) for 30 s (group A), 45 s (group B) and 60 s (group C). The samples obtained were observed by a scanning electron microscope focusing on the border area between etched and unetched enamel, to highlight the differences. The micrographs were subjected to blind assessment of three experienced operators. The groups were statistically assessed with the Wilcoxon test. At 30, 45 and 60 s, the acid attack results only in the formation of an irregular enamel surface and without uncovering and attack of the prismatic organisation. Prismatic areas with preferential interprismatic action could be detected in few samples etched for 60 s. Analysis with ImageJ was also used to quantify the efficacy of acid etching in the conditions used for human enamel, by an evaluation of grey levels. In cat enamel the etching times considered are not as effective as in human enamel for the purpose of adhesion and the presence of a thick prismless layer could explain this result.
Genetically encoding a light switch in an ionotropic glutamate receptor reveals subunit-specific interfaces
Authors: Zhu Shujia , Riou Morgane , Yao C. Andrea , Carvalho Stéphanie , Rodriguez Pamela C. , Bensaude Olivier , Paoletti Pierre , Ye Shixin 
Published: April 2014

Significance
The design of protein receptors responsive to light stimuli has wide-ranging applications in structure–function studies and optogenetics. We present here the design of a light-sensitive NMDA receptor by introducing through genetic-code expansion a photoreactive moiety carried by a single unnatural amino acid. NMDA receptors form glutamate-gated ion channels that are essential mediators of synaptic plasticity associated with learning and memory. By exploring the molecular mechanisms and subunit dependence of the light-induced receptor inactivation, we find that the two major NMDA receptor subtypes, GluN1/GluN2A and GluN1/GluN2B, differ in their ectodomain-subunit interactions. Besides providing important new information about NMDA receptor molecular structure, our work opens the possibility of using engineered light-sensitive NMDA receptors to explore native receptor function.
MetDisease—connecting metabolites to diseases via literature
Authors: Duren William , Weymouth Terry , Hull Tim , Omenn Gilbert S. , Athey Brian , Burant Charles , Karnovsky Alla 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
Motivation: In recent years, metabolomics has emerged as an approach to perform large-scale characterization of small molecules in biological systems. Metabolomics posed a number of bioinformatics challenges associated in data analysis and interpretation. Genome-based metabolic reconstructions have established a powerful framework for connecting metabolites to genes through metabolic reactions and enzymes that catalyze them. Pathway databases and bioinformatics tools that use this framework have proven to be useful for annotating experimental metabolomics data. This framework can be used to infer connections between metabolites and diseases through annotated disease genes. However, only about half of experimentally detected metabolites can be mapped to canonical metabolic pathways. We present a new Cytoscape 3 plug-in, MetDisease, which uses an alternative approach to link metabolites to disease information. MetDisease uses Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) disease terms mapped to PubChem compounds through literature to annotate compound networks.
Availability and implementation: MetDisease can be downloaded from http://apps.cytoscape.org/apps/metdisease or installed via the Cytoscape app manager. Further information about MetDisease can be found at http://metdisease.ncibi.org
Contact: akarnovs@med.umich.edu
Supplementary information: Supplementary Data are available at Bioinformatics online
Autism spectrum mixed neurodevelopmental disorder associated with 6q27 deletion and multiple copies within 20q11.23: a case study
Authors: Hopkins Stephen , Turk Jeremy , Daramola Adeniyi , Kyriakopoulos Marinos 
Published: April 2014

Purpose
– Copy Number Variations (CNVs) are not infrequently observed in aberrant neurodevelopment. CNVs can alter gene expression and have been linked to a wide range of neuropsychiatric disorders. The purpose of this case study is to report the association of CNVs with a mixed neurodevelopmental disorder.

Design/methodology/approach
– Array-Comparative Genomic Hybridisation analysis was carried out in a case of an eight-year-old boy presenting with a mixed neurodevelopmental disorder including autism spectrum disorder, intellectual disability, tic disorder, anxiety and severe aggression. The child's parents also underwent the same investigation.

Findings
– A 6q27 deletion and multiple copies within 20q11.23 were identified. The boy's father shared the 6q27 deletion and his mother also had multiple copies within 20q11.23.

Originality/value
– This is the first report linking the combination of 6p27 and 20q11 CNVs with a mixed neurodevelopmental presentation. Identifying CNVs that may underlie aberrant neurodevelopment is likely to assist in unravelling the aetiology of neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders and lead to more effective strategies for their characterisation and management.
The importance of developing confidence and self-esteem in children with a learning disability
Authors: Goleniowska Hayley 
Published: April 2014

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to look at the importance of self-esteem in individuals with a learning disability.

Design/methodology/approach
– The paper explore ways of developing self-esteem and confidence with simple techniques for parents and carers of those with learning disabilities to try.

Findings
– Anecdotal examples are given by a mother of a child who has Down's Syndrome. The paper outlines ways parents and professionals can increase the self-worth of individuals with a learning disability through fun play, encouraging relevant social and life skills, even safe risk taking. The paper outlines the need for accepting and praising your child for who they are as well as seeking out positive role models.

Originality/value
– Self-esteem and confidence are crucial ingredients in giving people with learning disabilities a sense of well-being and of beings valued member of a community. They are also key in keeping depression and loneliness at bay.
Impediments to market orientation
Authors: Siddique C. M. 
Published: April 2014

Purpose– This study was undertaken to explore obstacles to market orientation in the retail small- and medium-sized retail enterprises (SME) sector of the United Arab Emirates (UAE), a rapidly growing economy in the Gulf region. The paper aims to discuss these issues.Design/methodology/approach– The study used a triangulation data collection approach, including a case study, participant observation, and a questionnaire-based survey. Five research hypotheses were developed on context-specific impediments to market orientation, identified by means of in-depth interviews with owners/operators of SMEs, their channel partners and customers, and were tested with survey data.Findings– The study revealed a weak market orientation among UAE-based retail SMEs. An undifferentiated competition, limited resource infrastructure, and a short-term planning horizon occurred as the major impediments to the development and implementation of a market orientation. SMEs that preferred to maintain the status quo, and those who perceived UAE ' s commercial environment as lenient and pro-business, also expressed a lack of interest in the marketing concept and market orientation as a competitive strategy.Research limitations/implications– The study supports the contention that social-structural conditions and business practices can create formidable barriers to a market orientation in emerging markets. The findings call for shifting the current research focus from intra-organizational antecedents of market orientation to context-specific factors that may impede or facilitate market orientation.Originality/value– The study unravels a unique set of impediments to market orientation in UAE ' s retail sector and thus contributes to the ongoing interest of marketing scholars in expanding the range of possible antecedents of a market orientation. The findings of this study should be of special interest to foreign business firms aspiring to enter the growing retail sector of UAE and other emerging markets in the Gulf region.
English recreational reading habits of Arab Jordanian EFL tertiary students
Authors: Khreisat Mohammad N. , Kaur Sarjit 
Published: April 2014

Purpose
– This study aims to investigate English recreational reading habits of Arab Jordanian EFL university students when classes are in session and during vacation, and the types of recreational reading they engage in. In addition, the study explores other relationships such as the relationship between reading habits and students
'
cumulative grade point average (CGPA); and the effect of parents
'
educational level and their time spent on reading.

Design/methodology/approach
– The respondents, comprising 225 third- and fourth-year English majors, completed an English recreational reading habits questionnaire. The study utilised a non-probability sampling method, namely, purposive sampling. Data were analysed using IBM SPSS software v. 20.

Findings
– The findings indicated that students read more when they were on vacation compared to their readings while classes are in session. The students
'
average time spent on reading when classes are in session and during vacation is 2.15 hours and 2.82 hours per week, respectively. Slightly more than half (57 percent) the students always read emails/chat rooms/Facebook, which are their most preferred type of recreational reading. Non-fiction books were the least favourite among students with 47 percent of students indicating that they never or rarely read this type of genre. Among all the reading interests, only novels had a significant correlation with the students
'
CGPA. The findings showed that the respondents with higher levels of fathers
'
education were significantly reading more.

Originality/value
– The reading habits of EFL students have received little attention and there is limited research that surveyed Arab EFL students
'
recreational reading habits at the tertiary level. The purpose of this study is to address this gap in the literature and set out to be a point of reference and comparison for future investigations about English recreational reading habits of Arab EFL tertiary students.
The enculturation of pre-service Emirati English language teachers
Authors: Sandiford Carmel 
Published: April 2014

Purpose– This article aims to report on a qualitative study that investigates the enculturation of a group of pre-service English language teachers over four years of a Bachelor of Education degree offered in a women ' s college in the United Arab Emirates.Design/methodology/approach– Bourdieu ' s “thinking tools” of field, habitus and capital provide the overarching theoretical framework and analytic tools to examine the processes of enculturation which impact on the student teachers as they participate in a program based on Western-oriented theories and practices. The study draws upon data gathered from focus group interviews with student teachers in the first and fourth years of the program to provide insights into their ways of thinking as future Emirati English language teachers. The article discusses the priorities that emerge as these student teachers validate, or otherwise, the theoretical principles and practices legitimated through the program.Findings– The findings suggest that influences bound by local, cultural and social forces contribute significantly to the student teachers ' perceived capacity to think and act as future Emirati English language teachers.Research limitations/implications– The study is limited to one site but, given the findings, similar investigations into processes of enculturation and the appropriation or resistance of essential aspects of English language teacher training could be undertaken.Originality/value– There is limited research into English language teacher education programs in the Arab world. This research has potential applications for English language teacher education programs where there is intent to effect educational reform.
Corporate social responsibility: perspectives of hotel frontline employees
Authors: Park Sun-Young , E. Levy Stuart 
Published: April 2014

Purpose– The aim of this paper is to examine hotel frontline employees' perceptions of corporate social responsibility (CSR) activities at the hotel they currently work, and how their perceptions influence their level of organizational identification, an indicator of their relationship quality with the hotel.Design/methodology/approach– This study uses 575 responses of hotel frontline employees in the US, collected through a national online survey.Findings– Results show that hotel employees' perceptions of CSR activities encompass the host community, colleagues, and customers, beyond green practices. Moreover, their perceptions of CSR activities positively and significantly influence the level of organizational identification.Research limitations/implications– The results of this exploratory study should not be generalized to all frontline employees in the US hotel industry. Future studies should extend this study to examine potential relationships among other variables relevant to organizational identification, and in other hospitality industry contexts. Also, this study does not seek to question the merits of CSRper se, as it takes a managerial perspective to assist hoteliers' understanding of and decision-making on CSR.Practical implications– As CSR activities often represent company values and norms, frontline employees' perceptions of them can influence how they identify with the company, which is an impetus for their attitudinal and behavioral support to help achieve the company's goals. Accordingly, CSR activities can be a critical tool in engaging frontline employees to achieve better performance and derive more meaning in their careers, and in attracting good quality employees.Originality/value– This study is a first attempt to empirically examine how CSR activities can benefit hotel employees, based on various literatures on service-profit-chain, CSR, and social identity theory.
Personality predictors of team taskwork understanding and transactive memory systems in service management teams
Authors: Guchait Priyanko , Hamilton Katherine , Hua Nan 
Published: April 2014

Purpose
– The aim of this paper is to examine how personality composition in teams related to team taskwork understanding (TTU) and transactive memory systems (TMS) over time. Additionally, the study examined the relationship between TTU and TMS, and three team criteria variables: performance, satisfaction, and cohesion.

Design/methodology/approach
– A longitudinal study was conducted with 27 service management teams involving 178 undergraduate students in a restaurant setting. The restaurant was open to the public so the team outcomes had real world consequences. Each team served between 90-140 customers.

Findings
– Results showed that team mean-level conscientiousness was significantly positively related to TTU and TMS in the initial stage of team formation. On the other hand, team mean-level agreeableness had a significant positive relationship with TTU and TMS later on in the team's lifecycle. Furthermore, significant positive relationships were found between TMS and team performance, TMS and team satisfaction, and TTU and team cohesion.

Originality/value
– The current work looked at how various team cognitions develop in teams over time as a result of personality composition in teams which has not been tested before. Unlike prior research, this study was conducted in a field setting instead of an experimental study in the laboratory. Finally, no research exists studying these relationships in a hospitality context. Therefore, the current work extends the generalizability of the team composition and team cognition theories.
The role of cognitive validity testing in the development of CALL, the comprehensive assessment of leadership for learning
Authors: H. Blitz Mark , Salisbury Jason , Kelley Carolyn 
Published: April 2014

Purpose– The Comprehensive Assessment of Leadership for Learning (CALL) is an online task-based assessment of distributed instructional leadership. In developing CALL, researchers faced the challenge of structuring survey items that would measure leadership practice rather than individual traits. Critical in this work was developing items that accurately reflected current leadership practice. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to pilot the CALL instrument and conducted cognitive validity testing on the instrument.Design/methodology/approach– CALL researchers piloted the survey in six schools in Wisconsin in order to test and refine the survey instrument. Researchers conducted cognitive walk-through interviews with five participants from each school: principals, associate principals, teachers, department chairs, guidance counselors, and activities directors. The interviews focussed on specific items in order to observe the users’ thought processes and rationale in choosing a response for each item. The researchers focussed on relevancy, clarity, and accuracy of survey items in collecting and analyzing the resulting data.Findings– Three specific survey items were identified that exemplify these challenges and opportunities such as: accessible language, extended leadership, socially desirable responding, 360-degree perspectives, applying appropriate terminology, and identifying appropriate practices. These findings provided insight into survey development work and implications of distributed leadership. The authors discuss the challenges of creating a task-based leadership assessment.Originality/value– Developing a formative assessment of school leadership is valuable in supporting school leaders’ work. The process of utilizing a qualitative approach to develop a quantitative instrument has proven critical in measuring task-based distributed leadership.
German real estate funds: changes in return distributions and portfolio favourability
Authors: Stein Michael 
Published: April 2014

Purpose– Since 2008, the German open-ended real estate fund (GOEREF) industry has experienced a critical phase of suspensions of redemption of fund shares, announced fund terminations and, eventually, introduction of a new regulation. With assets under the management of over 80 billion, GOEREFs are the dominant indirect real estate investment vehicle in Germany. Thus, it is extremely important to study the effects of this crisis on the risk and return characteristics of the respective funds. The paper aims to discuss these issues.Design/methodology/approach– Both net asset values (NAVs) and potential secondary market prices of the shares of funds with suspended redemptions are used. The resulting total return patterns are analysed on an index basis for fund groups that best represent the most important investor groups for GOEREFs.Findings– Groups that comprised a higher number of funds with suspended redemptions were considerably worse off and less attractive in an asset allocation context than the others given the often much lower secondary market prices. However, changes in return and risk must also be considered in terms of NAVs. The fund group comprising co-operative savings banks' funds was virtually unaffected by the liquidity crisis and continued to deliver stable and non-volatile returns, while the other fund groups exhibited a clear shift in their respective return profiles.Originality/value– This study analyses fund groups that reflect the most important investor groups by using both types of important prices in a comprehensive industry sample. It, thus, provides valuable insights into the changing profiles of the funds and groups and their favourability from an asset allocation perspective.
Effect of a leadership intervention on subordinate well-being
Authors: Elo Anna-Liisa , Ervasti Jenni , Kuosma Eeva , Mattila-Holappa Pauliina 
Published: April 2014

Purpose– Leadership behaviours are shown to contribute to subordinate well-being. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effect of a 7.5-day personal growth-orientated leadership intervention among line supervisors on subordinate well-being at work in a public sector construction organization.Design/methodology/approach– A quasi-experimental design was applied to investigate the effects on the subordinates’ perceptions of the psychosocial work environment, leadership, and well-being. The intervention group comprised the subordinates (n=49) of the leadership intervention units and the control group comprised the subordinates (n=96) of the non-participating units. Data were collected with pre- and post-measurement surveys and analysed with repeated measures ANCOVA.Findings– The intervention improved the flow of information after adjusting for the subordinates’ level of participation in the organizational stress management programme and background variables. The subordinates’ perception of leadership or of their own well-being did not improve compared to the control group.Research limitations/implications– More detailed and proximal outcome indicators are needed. Several measurements and a process evaluation of the implementation are recommended.Practical implications– Line supervisors need to be informed about the goals and methods of a personal growth intervention in order to encourage them to meet their strengths and limitations. The improvement of blue-collar subordinate well-being through leadership development might benefit from more practical training approaches.Originality/value– The personal growth approach to line supervisors’ development is rare. The effect of the development on subordinate well-being has not been investigated.