bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Validation of linearity assumptions for using tsunami waveforms in joint inversion of kinematic rupture models: Application to the 2010 Mentawai Mw 7.8 tsunami earthquake
Authors: Yue Han , Lay Thorne , Li Linyan , Yamazaki Yoshiki , Cheung Kwok Fai , Rivera Luis , Hill Emma M. , Sieh Kerry , Kongko Widjo , Muhari Abdul 
Published: February 2015

AbstractTsunami observations have particular importance for resolving shallow offshore slip in finite‐fault rupture model inversions for large subduction zone earthquakes. However, validations of amplitude linearity and choice of subfault discretization of tsunami Green's functions are essential when inverting tsunami waveforms. We explore such validations using four tsunami recordings of the 25 October 2010 Mentawai Mw 7.8 tsunami earthquake, jointly inverted with teleseismic body waves and 1 Hz GPS (high‐rate GPS) observations. The tsunami observations include near‐field and far‐field deep water recordings, as well as coastal and island tide gauge recordings. A nonlinear, dispersive modeling code, NEOWAVE, is used to construct tsunami Green's functions from seafloor excitation for the linear inversions, along with performing full‐scale calculations of the tsunami for the inverted models. We explore linearity and finiteness effects with respect to slip magnitude, variable rake determination, and subfault dimensions. The linearity assumption is generally robust for the deep water recordings, and wave dispersion from seafloor excitation is important for accurate description of near‐field Green's functions. Breakdown of linearity produces substantial misfits for short‐wavelength signals in tide gauge recordings with large wave heights. Including the tsunami observations in joint inversions provides improved resolution of near‐trench slip compared with inversions of only seismic and geodetic data. Two rupture models, with fine‐grid (15 km) and coarse‐grid (30 km) spacing, are inverted for the Mentawai event. Stronger regularization is required for the fine model representation. Both models indicate a shallow concentration of large slip near the trench with peak slip of ~15 m. Fully nonlinear forward modeling of tsunami waveforms confirms the validity of these two models for matching the tsunami recordings along with the other data.
Changes of seasonal storm properties in California and Nevada from an ensemble of climate projections
Authors: Yu Zhongbo , Jiang Peng , Gautam Mahesh R. , Zhang Yong , Acharya Kumud 
Published: February 2015

AbstractPrecipitation characteristics, such as intensity, frequency, duration, and event pattern, are changing due to the increases in greenhouse gases, transition of ocean oscillation phases, etc. In this paper, we evaluate the ability of 11 realizations from multiple regional climate model (RCM)/global climate model pairs in the North American Regional Climate Change Assessment Program (NARCCAP) to simulate the seasonal variability and magnitude of storm properties, including storm duration, interstorm period, and storm intensity. The results indicate that NARCCAP RCMs simulate the seasonal variability better in the Greater Sacramento and San Joaquin than in Las Vegas, which may be due to the RCMs' inability to simulate local convective precipitation associated with the North American Monsoon. We also investigate the impacts of climate change on these storm characteristics by comparing the percentage change and absolute change of storm properties determined from NARCCAP historical runs and future runs. We find that individual RCMs exhibit great uncertainty in the percentage changes in storm duration, interstorm period, and average storm intensity. The ensemble means of storm properties across 11 future NARCCAP RCM projections show different responses to climate change in different locations. Our analyses provide guidelines for selecting the appropriate RCMs for hydrologic studies related to storm properties and provide forecasters and water managers with detailed information of future changes in storm properties so that they can sustainably manage water resources. Our results may also contribute to the nonstationary precipitation scenario development by incorporating the percentage changes of storm properties caused by human‐induced warming into the stochastic precipitation model.
Daily minimum and maximum surface air temperatures from geostationary satellite data
Authors: Good Elizabeth 
Published: February 2015

AbstractObservations of daily minimum and maximum land air temperatures, Tmin and Tmax, have traditionally been obtained through in situ observations at meteorological stations. While the station network is extensive, many land masses are poorly observed. Moreover, observations at stations are “point” observations and may not be representative of air temperatures at neighboring locations. Satellites provide the means to observe surface skin temperatures at spatial scales of tens of meters to kilometers. But although skin and near‐surface air temperatures may be strongly coupled, the two quantities can differ by several degrees over land, where the magnitude of the difference is variable in both space and time. This study describes a method for estimating daily Tmin and Tmax at the pixel scale using geostationary satellite data, providing spatially detailed observations for areas unobserved in situ. A dynamic multiple linear regression model is developed using daily minimum and maximum land surface temperature (LSTmin and LSTmax), fraction of vegetation, distance from coast, latitude, urban fraction, and elevation as predictors. The method is demonstrated over Europe for 2012–2013; evaluation with collocated station observations indicates a mean satellite‐minus‐station bias of 0.0 to 0.5°C with root‐mean‐square difference of 2.3 to 2.7°C. The data derived here are not designed to replace traditional gridded station air temperature data sets, but to augment them. Satellite surface temperature data usually have larger uncertainties than in situ data sets, but they can offer spatial detail and coverage that the latter may not provide.
Tides on the Moon: Theory and determination of dissipation
Authors: Williams James G. , Boggs Dale. H. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractSolid body tides on the Moon vary by about ±0.1 m each month. In addition to changes in shape, the Moon's gravity field and orientation in space are affected by tides. The tidal expressions for an elastic sphere are compact, but dissipation introduces modifications that depend on the forcing period. Consequently, a Fourier representation of the tide‐raising potential is needed. A mathematical model for the distortion‐caused tidal potential may be used for the analysis of precise spacecraft tracking data. Since tides affect gravitational torques on the Moon from the Earth's attraction, the lunar orientation is also affected. Expressions for five periodic perturbations of orientation are presented. The rheological properties of lunar materials determine how the Moon responds to different tidal periods. New lunar laser ranging solutions for the tidal orientation terms are presented. The quality factor Q is 38 ± 4 at 1 month, 41 ± 9 at 1 year, ≥74 at 3 years, and ≥58 at 6 years. The ranging results can be matched with absorption band models that peak at ~120 days and single relaxation time models that peak at ~100 days. Combined models are possibilities. Dissipation can modify laser ranging solutions; previously reported core flattening is too uncertain to be useful. Strong lunar tidal dissipation, modeled to arise in the deep hot mantle, appears to be from a region with radius ≥535 km. Classical Maxwell‐type dissipation is too weak to detect at 3 and 6 year periods.
Partial net primary production of a mixed dipterocarp forest: Spatial patterns and temporal dynamics
Authors: Tan Zheng‐Hong , Deng Xiao‐Bao , Hughes Alice , Tang Yong , Cao Min , Zhang Wen‐Fu , Yang Xiao‐Fei , Sha Li‐Qing , Song Liang , Zhao Jun‐Fu 
Published: February 2015

AbstractWe examined how and why partial net primary production (NPPpart) varies across time and space in a Chinese dipterocarp forest. We hypothesize that (1) soil geochemistry explains the spatial pattern of NPPpart within the plot and (2) NPPpart can be used to measure the degree of drought resilience of a natural forest. Spatially, NPPpart was autocorrelated in the range of 75.3 m and homogenous. This spatial pattern could not be well explained by any of the soil properties individually or in combination. If drought sensitivity is defined by marked reduction in NPPpart, the studied forest is drought resilient even when a longer and drier than usual drought hit. Although annual NPPpart was unchanged (vary within 18.24 and 18.52 t ha−1 yr−1) after the drought, the allocation of NPPpart to short‐lived litterfall increased, which has further effects on the ecosystem net carbon balance.
Design of reflectarray antennas to achieve an optimum near‐field radiation for RFID applications via the implementation of SDM procedure
Authors: Chou Hsi‐Tseng , Liu Yu‐Xi , Dong Xiao‐Ying , You Bai‐Qiang , Kuo Li‐Ruei 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThis paper presents the design of reflectarray antennas to radiate an optimum near‐field distribution by using the procedure of steepest decent method to synthesize the impressed phases of reflectarray elements. In particular, the closed‐form formulations used in the electromagnetic modeling were developed for an efficient design. The design was further implemented to realize a reflectarray of microstrip patch elements, which is illuminated by the radiation of a feed antenna at the 2.4 GHz band in the radio frequency identification applications. Numerical investigations as well as experimental measurements over a prototype are presented to validate the feasibility of the developed models and the implemented antenna structure.
Antarctica's Dry Valleys: A potential source of soluble iron to the Southern Ocean?
Authors: Bhattachan Abinash , Wang Lixin , Miller Molly F. , Licht Kathy J. , D'Odorico Paolo 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThe soluble iron content and dust emission potential of sediment samples collected from the Taylor Valley in the McMurdo Dry Valleys (MDVs) and sea ice in the McMurdo Sound were evaluated to determine whether inputs to the Southern Ocean may be sufficient to affect ocean productivity. Our results show that the dust‐generating potential from the MDVs soils are comparable to those of sediments from other major dust sources in the Southern Hemisphere. Sediments from the MDVs and sea ice are one order of magnitude richer in soluble iron than those in other dust sources in the Southern Hemisphere. Forward trajectory analyses show that the dust from the MDVs is likely to be deposited in the Southern Ocean. These results provide evidence of the possible supply of soluble iron to the Southern Ocean associated with dust transport from the MDVs, should climate change expand the exposed areas of the continent.
Bioinspired Therapeutic Dendrimers as Efficient Peptide Drugs Based on Supramolecular Interactions for Tumor Inhibition
Authors: Zhang Xiao , Zhang Zhijun , Xu Xianghui , Li Yunkun , Li Yachao , Jian Yeting , Gu Zhongwei 
Published: February 2015

AbstractBioinspired tryptophan‐rich peptide dendrimers (TRPDs) are designed as a new type of dendritic peptide drugs for efficient tumor therapy. The TRPDs feature a precise molecular structure and excellent water solubility and are obtained in a facile process. Based on the unique features of peptide dendrimers, including highly branched structures, abundant terminal groups, and globular‐protein‐like architectures, the therapeutic dendrimers show significant supramolecular interactions with DNA through the tryptophan residues (indole rings and amino groups). Further experimental results indicate that TRPDs are efficient antitumor agents both in vitro and in vivo.
Structure and relaxation in cellulose hydrogels
Authors: Xia Zhiyong , Patchan Marcia , Maranchi Jeffrey , Trexler Morgana 
Published: February 2015

ABSTRACTCellulose‐based hydrogels show great potential for a wide range of applications. However, the structure of these hydrated gels is not fully understood. The impact of moisture on the structure and stability of cellulose based hydrogels is reported in this article. Analytical data based on GPC, NMR, and rheology are discussed. It was found that moisture‐induced gelation greatly reduces the crystallinity of the hydrogels, and the release of water from the hydrogels leads to permanent structural changes in the network structure due to the reformation of hydrogen bonding. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42071.
Fuels and plastics from lignocellulosic biomass via the furan pathway: an economic analysis
Authors: Eerhart Aloysius J.J.E. , Patel Martin K. , Faaij André P.C. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractFuran compounds represent a class of chemicals that have the potential to become platform chemicals due to their attractive properties thanks to their structure. In a previous publication, three biorefinery cases were presented that convert wheat straw into polyethylene furanoate (PEF) and furfuryl ethyl ether (FEE) and analyzed from a technical point of view. In this paper, the production costs were calculated using the net present value methodology, including a sensitivity analysis to determine the effects for changes in financial parameters, feedstock, chemicals, and market prices. In order to compete with petrochemical polymers, the production costs of PEF has to be around 1500 $/tonne. For the base case, all three cases approach this level of 1500 $/tonne; the production costs for Case I are 1495 $/tonne PEF and Case II at 1555 $/tonne PEF. For Case III, the costs are calculated to be negative (at −131) $/tonne. This is because PEF is not the main product within Case III, as dimethyl ether (DME) and methyl levulinate (ML) account for 75% of the product basket. The results show that the production of PEF can become a competitive alternative for petrochemical PET, under the condition of large scale production, proper price levels for the by‐products FEE and ML, and the availability of sustainable harvested wheat straw at an assumed cost between 50 and 150 $/tonne. Considering also the improved material performance of PEF and a potentially more favorable greenhouse gas (GHG) footprint, PEF produced from biomass may become a superior plastic to PET produced from petrochemical feedstocks. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Randomized clinical trial of skin closure by subcuticular suture or skin stapling after elective colorectal cancer surgery
Authors: Kobayashi S , Ito M , Yamamoto S , Kinugasa Y , Kotake M , Saida Y , Kobatake T , Yamanaka T , Saito N , Moriya Y 
Published: February 2015

Abstract

Background
The best suture method to prevent incisional surgical-site infection (SSI) after clean-contaminated surgery has not been clarified.

Methods
Patients undergoing elective colorectal cancer surgery at one of 16 centres were randomized to receive either subcuticular sutures or skin stapling for skin closure. The primary endpoint was the rate of incisional SSI. Secondary endpoints of interest included time required for wound closure, incidence of wound problems, postoperative length of stay, wound aesthetics and patient satisfaction.

Results
A total of 1264 patients were enrolled. The cumulative incidence of incisional SSI by day 30 after surgery was similar after subcuticular sutures and stapled closure (8·7 versus 9·8 per cent respectively; P = 0·576). Comparison of cumulative incidence curves revealed that SSI occurred later in the subcuticular suture group (P = 0·019) (hazard ratio 0·66, 95 per cent c.i. 0·45 to 0·97). Wound problems (P = 0·484), wound aesthetics (P = 0·182) and postoperative duration of hospital stay (P = 0·510) did not differ between the groups; subcuticular sutures took 5 min longer than staples (P &lt; 0·001). Patients in the subcuticular suture group were significantly more satisfied with their wound (52·4 per cent versus 42·7 per cent in the staple group; P = 0·002).

Conclusion
Compared with skin stapling, subcuticular sutures did not reduce the risk of incisional SSI after colorectal surgery. Registration number: UMIN000004001 (http://www.umin.ac.jp/ctr).
Metabolic pathways visualization skills development by undergraduate students
Authors: dos Santos Vanessa J. S. V. , Galembeck Eduardo 
Published: February 2015

AbstractWe have developed a metabolic pathways visualization skill test (MPVST) to gain greater insight into our students' abilities to comprehend the visual information presented in metabolic pathways diagrams. The test is able to discriminate students' visualization ability with respect to six specific visualization skills that we identified as key to the understanding of metabolic map diagrams. Application of the MPVST to B. S. Biochemistry students showed that their visualization skills develop informally and progressively during their college years. Furthermore, the complex nature of biochemical pathways, together with students' lack of familiarity with metabolic maps, suggests that it is important for instructors to spend more time than usual explaining visual representations to their students. © 2015 by The International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 43(3):162–167, 2015.
Evidence for the Formation of an Enamine Species during Aldol and Michael‐type Addition Reactions Promiscuously Catalyzed by 4‐Oxalocrotonate Tautomerase
Authors: Poddar Harshwardhan , Rahimi Mehran , Geertsema Edzard M. , Thunnissen Andy‐Mark W. H. , Poelarends Gerrit J. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThe enzyme 4‐oxalocrotonate tautomerase (4‐OT), which has a catalytic N‐terminal proline residue (Pro1), can promiscuously catalyze various carbon–carbon bond‐forming reactions, including aldol condensation of acetaldehyde with benzaldehyde to yield cinnamaldehyde, and Michael‐type addition of acetaldehyde to a wide variety of nitroalkenes to yield valuable γ‐nitroaldehydes. To gain insight into how 4‐OT catalyzes these unnatural reactions, we carried out exchange studies in D2O, and X‐ray crystallography studies. The former established that H–D exchange within acetaldehyde is catalyzed by 4‐OT and that the Pro1 residue is crucial for this activity. The latter showed that Pro1 of 4‐OT had reacted with acetaldehyde to give an enamine species. These results provide evidence of the mechanism of the 4‐OT‐catalyzed aldol and Michael‐type addition reactions in which acetaldehyde is activated for nucleophilic addition by Pro1‐dependent formation of an enamine intermediate.
Role of Vanadium and Phosphorus in Substituted Keggin‐Type Heteropolyoxo Molybdates Supported on Silica SBA‐15 in Selective Propene Oxidation
Authors: Zubrzycki Rafael , Epping Jan Dirk , Ressler Thorsten 
Published: February 2015

AbstractVanadium‐containing Keggin‐type heteropolyoxo molybdate ([PV2Mo10O40]5−) was supported on silica SBA‐15 (denoted as PV2Mo10‐SBA‐15). The structural evolution and catalytic activity of PV2Mo10‐SBA‐15 and a suitable reference V2Mo10Ox‐SBA‐15 were investigated under selective propene oxidation conditions by using in situ X‐ray absorption spectroscopy. 31P MAS NMR measurements of supported PV2Mo10‐SBA‐15 and reference H3PO4‐SBA‐15 were performed after the catalytic reaction. PV2Mo10‐SBA‐15 formed a mixture of mainly tetrahedral [MoOx] and [VOx] units during thermal treatment under propene oxidation conditions. Changes in the average local structure around V centers coincided with the changes in the average local structure around Mo centers and the onset of catalytic activity. In addition, mainly tetrahedral [MoOx] and [VOx] units seemed to be in close proximity and interacted under catalytic conditions. Conversely, in the reference material V2Mo10Ox‐SBA‐15 synthesized with individual V and Mo source precursors, Mo and V centers appeared to be more separated from each other. The structural environment of P in PV2Mo10‐SBA‐15 under catalytic conditions corresponded to a mixture of various species. P was connected to both the support material SBA‐15 via POSi bonds and [MoOx] or [VOx] units. Apparently, the proximity of V and Mo in Keggin precursors was a prerequisite for obtaining (Mo,V) oxide species on the support material.
Fluoro‐ and Perfluoralkylsulfonylpentafluoroanilides: Synthesis and Characterization of NH Acids for Weakly Coordinating Anions and Their Gas‐Phase and Solution Acidities
Authors: Kögel Julius F. , Linder Thomas , Schröder Fabian G. , Sundermeyer Jörg , Goll Sascha K. , Himmel Daniel , Krossing Ingo , Kütt Karl , Saame Jaan , Leito Ivo 
Published: February 2015

AbstractFluoro‐ and perfluoralkylsulfonyl pentafluoroanilides [HN(C6F5)(SO2X); X=F, CF3, C4F9, C8F17] are a class of imides with two different strongly electron‐withdrawing substituents attached to a nitrogen atom. They are NH acids, the unsymmetrical hybrids of the well‐known symmetrical bissulfonylimides and bispentafluorophenylamine. The syntheses, the structures of these perfluoroanilides, their solvates, and some selected lithium salts give rise to a structural variety beyond the symmetrical parent compounds. The acidities of representative subsets of these novel NH acids have been investigated experimentally and quantum‐chemically and their gas‐phase acidities (GAs) are reported, as well as the pKa values of these compounds in acetonitrile (MeCN) and DMSO solution. In quantum chemical investigations with the vertical and relaxed COSMO cluster‐continuum models (vCCC/rCCC), the unusual situation is encountered that the DMSO‐solvated acid Me2SO–H‐N(SO2CF3)2, optimized in the gas phase (vCCC model), dissociates to Me2SO‐H+–N(SO2CF3)2− during structural relaxation and full optimization with the solvation model turned on (rCCC model). This proton transfer underlines the extremely high acidity of HN(SO2CF3)2. The importance of this effect is studied computationally in DMSO and MeCN solution. Usually this effect is less pronounced in MeCN and is of higher importance in the more basic solvent DMSO. Nevertheless, the neglect of the structural relaxation upon solvation causes typical changes in the computational pKa values of 1 to 4 orders of magnitude (4–20 kJ mol−1). The results provide evidence that the published experimental DMSO pKa value of HN(SO2CF3)2 should rather be interpreted as the pKa of a Me2SO‐H+–N(SO2CF3)2− contact ion pair.
Automated Synthesis of Arabinoxylan‐Oligosaccharides Enables Characterization of Antibodies that Recognize Plant Cell Wall Glycans
Authors: Schmidt Deborah , Schuhmacher Frank , Geissner Andreas , Seeberger Peter H. , Pfrengle Fabian 
Published: February 2015

AbstractMonoclonal antibodies that recognize plant cell wall glycans are used for high‐resolution imaging, providing important information about the structure and function of cell wall polysaccharides. To characterize the binding epitopes of these powerful molecular probes a library of eleven plant arabinoxylan oligosaccharides was produced by automated solid‐phase synthesis. Modular assembly of oligoarabinoxylans from few building blocks was enabled by adding (2‐naphthyl)methyl (Nap) to the toolbox of orthogonal protecting groups for solid‐phase synthesis. Conjugation‐ready oligosaccharides were obtained and the binding specificities of xylan‐directed antibodies were determined on microarrays.