bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Acquisition of the polarity sensitive itemrenhe‘any’ in Mandarin Chinese
Authors: HUANG AIJUN , CRAIN STEPHEN 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACTThe present study investigated Mandarin-speaking children's acquisition of the polarity sensitive itemrenhe‘any’ in Mandarin Chinese. Like its English counterpartany,renhecan be used as a negative polarity item (NPI), or as a free choice (FC) item, and both the distribution and interpretation ofrenheare governed by the same syntactic and semantic constraints as Englishany. Using a Truth Value Judgment Task, the present study tested five-year-old Mandarin-speaking children's comprehension of FCrenhein sentences containing the modal wordneng‘can’, and tested children's comprehension of NPIrenhein sentences containing the temporal conjunctionzai…zhiqian‘before’. Most children demonstrated knowledge of the interpretation of both FCrenheand NPIrenhedespite a paucity of relevant adult input. Like adults, however, Mandarin-speaking children do not userenhefrequently in ordinary conversation, due to the availability of alternative colloquial expressions (wh-pronouns) that also convey children's intended meanings.
Mind-sets of functional reasoning in engineering design
Authors: Howard Thomas J. , Andreasen Mogens Myrup 
Published: July 2013

AbstractThe concept of a function is of great importance in design. This paper describes from theory how designers should reason about functions when designing. This paper introduces the link model, showing how functions and properties link the product and its use, to the perceived value of the product. The important and useful distinction between functions and properties is made along with the distinction between “wirk functions,” which is what the product does when operating, and “use functions,” which is what the product is used for. The paper makes a novel contribution beyond previous literature, showing that not only is a product's behavior or mode of action designed but also the use activity of the end user. Based on the theoretical perspective unfolded, the authors offer nine mind-sets for both design practitioners and researchers to consider when reasoning about functions.
Identifying requirements for physics-based reasoning on function structure graphs
Authors: Sen Chiradeep , Summers Joshua D. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractFunction-based design and modeling have been taught, studied, and practiced in various forms for several years with efforts centered on using function modeling to help designers understand problems or to facilitate idea generation. Only limited focus has been placed on potential use for qualitative and quantitative reasoning and analysis of the design concept. This potential for early stage analysis has not been fully explored partly because computational reasoning tools have not been developed for this express purpose. This paper presents a set of requirements and their justification to realize this design enabling tool. The requirements include coverage, consistency, validity against physics laws, domain neutrality, physics-based definitions, normative and descriptive modeling, and qualitative and quantitative modeling and reasoning. Each requirement is defined in concrete terms and illustrated with examples and logic. With the requirements for function-based reasoning and representation clearly identified, future research toward formalizing of function-based design will be more focused and objective validation of proposed representations against these requirements would be possible.
Risk factors for sporadic infection withSalmonellaInfantis: a matched case-control study
Authors: BASSAL R. , REISFELD A. , NISSAN I. , AGMON V. , TARAN D. , SCHEMBERG B. , COHEN D. , SHOHAT T. 
Published: July 2013

SUMMARYThis matched case-control study investigated the risk factors for sporadicSalmonellaInfantis infection in 263 affected children and 263 age-, gender- and neighbourhood-matched controls. Information about exposure to potential risk factors was obtained via telephone interview and evaluated by conditional logistic regression analysis. Age groups ⩽1 year (n = 77) and >1 year (n = 186) were analysed separately. Of those aged ⩽1 year, breastfeeding was a significant protective factor against infection [matched odds ratio (mOR) 0·24, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0·10–0·59,P < 0·01]. In the older group, consumption of eggs (mOR 1·87, 95% CI 1·00–3·49,P = 0·05) was a significant risk factor and thawing chicken in water (mOR 2·55, 95% CI 0·94–6·91,P = 0·07) was borderline risk factor, while consumption of carrots (mOR 0·46, 95% CI 0·26–0·83,P < 0·01), drinking tap water (mOR 0·44, 95% CI 0·22–0·85,P = 0·02), religious lifestyle (mOR 0·40, 95% CI 0·21–0·74,P < 0·01) and having a high number of children in the household (mOR 0·72, 95% CI 0·58–0·88,P < 0·01) were significant protective factors. Consumers should avoid eating undercooked eggs and food handlers should be educated regarding proper handling and cooking of eggs. Breastfeeding should be strongly encouraged by public health authorities. The public must be educated on stringent hygiene practices, especially proper cooking of eggs to reduce infection rates.
The serotonin transporter linked polymorphic region and brain-derived neurotrophic factor valine to methionine at position 66 polymorphisms and maternal history of depression: Associations with cognitive vulnerability to depression in childhood
Authors: Hayden Elizabeth P. , Olino Thomas M. , Bufferd Sara J. , Miller Anna , Dougherty Lea R. , Sheikh Haroon I. , Singh Shiva M. , Klein Daniel N. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractPreliminary work indicates that cognitive vulnerability to depression may be associated with variants of the serotonin transporter promoter polymorphism (5-HTTLPR) and the valine to methionine at position 66 (val66met) polymorphism of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) gene; however, existing reports come from small samples. The present study sought to replicate and extend this research in a sample of 375 community-dwelling children and their parents. Following a negative mood induction, children completed a self-referent encoding task tapping memory for positive and negative self-descriptive traits. Consistent with previous work, we found that children with at least one short variant of the 5-HTTLPR had enhanced memory for negative self-descriptive traits. The BDNF val66met polymorphism had no main effect but was moderated by maternal depression, such that children with a BDNF methionine allele had a heightened memory for negative self-descriptive traits when mothers had experienced depression during children's lifetimes; in contrast, children with a methionine allele had low recall of negative traits when mothers had no depression history. The findings provide further support for the notion that the 5-HTTLPR is associated with cognitive markers of depression vulnerability and that the BDNF methionine allele moderates children's sensitivity to contextual factors.
Maturity and change in personality: Developmental trends of temperament and character in adulthood
Authors: Josefsson Kim , Jokela Markus , Cloninger C. Robert , Hintsanen Mirka , Salo Johanna , Hintsa Taina , Pulkki-Råback Laura , Keltikangas-Järvinen Liisa 
Published: July 2013

AbstractWe studied the developmental trends of temperament and character in a longitudinal population-based sample of Finnish men and women aged 20–45 years using the Temperament and Character Inventory model of personality. Personality was assessed in 1997, 2001, and 2007 (n= 2,104, 2,095, and 2,056, respectively). Mean-level changes demonstrated qualitatively distinct developmental patterns for character (self-directedness, cooperativeness, and self-transcendence) and temperament (novelty seeking, harm avoidance, reward dependence, and persistence). Character developed toward greater maturity, although self-transcendence decreased with age. However, self-transcendence was the strongest predictor of overall personality change. Cohort effects indicated lower level of self-transcendence and higher level of self-directedness and cooperativeness in younger birth cohorts. Regarding temperament, novelty seeking decreased and persistence increased slightly with age. Both high novelty seeking and high persistence predicted overall personality change. These findings suggest that temperament and character traits follow different kinds of developmental trajectories.
The distinctive role of romantic relationships in moderating the effects of early caregiving on adult anxious–depressed symptoms over 9 years
Authors: Salvatore Jessica E. , Haydon Katherine C. , Simpson Jeffry A. , Collins W. Andrew 
Published: July 2013

AbstractThis study tests a model of young adult romantic quality as a moderator of the effects of early caregiving on anxious–depressed symptoms over a 9-year period in adulthood. Participants (n= 93) were a subsample from a longitudinal study of risk and adaptation. Quality of early caregiving was measured using observational data collected at five points in the first 4 years of life. Young adult romantic relationship quality was assessed from interviews with participants at age 23. Self-report anxious–depressed symptoms were measured at ages 23, 26, and 32. The results indicated that romantic quality moderated early caregiving to predict symptom levels across this period, with evidence for inoculation, amplification, and compensation effects. A discriminant analysis examining young adult work competence as a moderator provided further evidence for the distinctiveness of romantic relationships in changing the association between early caregiving and adult internalizing symptoms.
Unusual sudden cardiac death from an anomalous left coronary artery from the right sinus of Valsalva
Authors: Bishnoi Ram N. , McMillan Kristen N. , Thompson William R. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractA left coronary artery arising from the right sinus of Valsalva is a rare congenital coronary anomaly. We report a case of a 5-year-old boy with an anomalous left coronary artery from the right sinus of Valsalva whose presenting sign was cardiac arrest. There is no reported instance of a child <9 years of age without other congenital cardiac defects having died suddenly with this coronary anomaly. The transthoracic echocardiogram demonstrated normal origins of the coronary arteries, but on autopsy, an anomalous origin of the left main coronary artery from the right sinus of Valsalva was found.
Emergent Use of Twitter in the 2011 Tohoku Earthquake
Authors: Umihara Junko , Nishikitani Mariko 
Published: July 2013

AbstractIntroductionSocial networks play an important role in disaster situations as they have become a new form of social convergence that provides collective information. The effect of social media on people who experienced disaster should be assessed.HypothesisIn this study, Twitter communication during the Great East Japan Earthquake of March 11, 2011 was assessed. The hypothesis of this study was that usage of Twitter had psychological effects on victims of the disaster.MethodsA cross-sectional questionnaire survey was carried out in cooperation with a major Japanese newspaper three months after the disaster, and 1,144 volunteer participants responded. They were asked about their health, area of residence, property damage they had experienced, information sources they used at the time of the disaster, and their usage of Twitter. Further, the Twitter users were divided into two groups—with and without disaster experience. Their psychological effects relating to feelings of relief, stress or anxiety that they experienced in using Twitter were compared between two groups, and Twitter's psychological risk of disaster experience was estimated as an odds ratio.ResultsTwitter users in this study tended to reside in disaster-affected areas and thought Twitter was a credible information source during the time of the disaster. The psychological effect of Twitter differed based on participants’ disaster experience and gender. Females with disaster experience reported more feelings of relief and stress as a result of using Twitter compared to females who did not experience the disaster. On the other hand, males with disaster experience only reported more stress experiences as a result of using Twitter compared to those without disaster experience.ConclusionTwitter users with disaster experience had a higher usage of Twitter than those without disaster experience. Social media might have had a material psychological influence on people who experienced disaster, and the effect differed by gender. Regardless of gender, negative feelings were transmitted easily among people who experienced the disaster. It was anticipated that the application of Twitter in a disaster situation will be expanded further by taking these findings into consideration.UmiharaJ, NishikitaniM. Emergent use of Twitter in the 2011 Tohoku earthquake. Prehosp Disaster Med.2013;28(5):1-7.
Long-term effect of dietary fibre intake on glycosylated haemoglobin A1c level and glycaemic control status among Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus
Authors: Yang Luxi , Shu Le , Jiang Junyi , Qiu Hua , Zhao Genming , Zhou Yi , Jiang Qingwu , Sun Qiao , Qin Guoyou , Wu Hongyan , Yang Liming , Ruan Xiaonan , Xu Wang Hong 
Published: July 2013

AbstractObjectiveDietary fibre has been linked to lower levels of glycosylated haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) among diabetes patients. The present study aimed to evaluate the long-term effect of dietary fibre on HbA1c levels among Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.DesignTwo cross-sectional surveys were conducted in 2006 and 2011, with the second one being a repeat survey on a sub-sample from the initial one. In both surveys, an in-person interview was conducted to collect information on demographic characteristics and lifestyles following a similar protocol. Dietary intake was assessed with a validated FFQ. Anthropometric measures and biochemical assays were performed at the interview.SettingCommunities in Pudong New Area of Shanghai, China.SubjectsChinese patients (n 934) with type 2 diabetes mellitus.ResultsAn inverse association was observed between dietary fibre and glycaemic status indicated by HbA1c level in both surveys, although it was significant only in the first survey. Among 497 patients participating in both surveys, dietary fibre intake at the first survey was inversely associated with uncontrolled glycaemic status at the second survey, with adjusted odds ratios across the tertiles of intake being 1·00, 0·72 (95 % CI 0·43, 1·21) and 0·58 (95 % CI 0·34, 0·99; Ptrend = 0·048). The change in fibre intake was slightly associated with glycaemic status, with each increase in tertile scores of intake linked to a 0·138 % (β = −0·138; 95 % CI −0·002, 0·278) decrease in HbA1c value and a 19 % (OR = 0·81; 95 % CI 0·65, 1·02) reduced risk of uncontrolled glycaemic status at the second survey.ConclusionsDietary fibre may have a long-term beneficial effect on HbA1c level among Chinese diabetes patients.
Grammatical Outcomes of 3- and 6-Year-Old Children Who Are Hard of Hearing
Authors: Koehlinger Keegan M. , Van Horne Amanda J. Owen , Moeller Mary Pat 
Published: July 2013

PurposeSpoken language skills of 3- and 6-year-old children who are hard of hearing (HH) were compared with those of children with normal hearing (NH).MethodLanguage skills were measured via mean length of utterance in words (MLUw) and percent correct use of finite verb morphology in obligatory contexts based on spontaneous conversational samples gathered from 185 children (145 HH, 40 NH). Aided speech intelligibility index (SII), better-ear pure-tone average (BE-PTA), maternal education, and age of amplification were used to predict outcomes within the HH group.ResultsOn average, the HH group had MLUws that were 0.25–0.5 words shorter than the NH group at both ages, and they produced fewer obligatory verb morphemes. After age, aided SII and age of amplification predicted MLUw. Aided SII and BE-PTA were not interchangeable in this analysis. Age followed by either BE-PTA or aided SII best predicted verb morphology use.ConclusionsChildren who are HH lag behind their peers with NH in grammatical aspects of language. Although some children appear to catch up, more than half of the children who are HH fell below the 25th percentile. Continued monitoring of language outcomes is warranted considering that children who are HH are at increased risk for language learning difficulties.
Perioperative Voice Recovery: Adherence to Treatment, Quality of Life, and Patient Personality
Authors: Friedman Jessica G. , Johnson Jeffrey P. , Novaleski Carolyn K. , Rousseau Bernard 
Published: July 2013

Voice rest is often prescribed after the surgical removal of benign vocal fold lesions. Adherence to voice rest recommendations and recovery from phonomicrosurgery present unique challenges to patients and clinicians. The purpose of this article was to summarize what is currently known about adherence to voice rest, the impact of voice rest on patient-reported quality of life, and the potential role of personality in adherence to treatment recommendations.
Voice rest is a form of vocal hygiene treatment that is aimed at improving laryngeal health and function (Thomas & Stemple, 2007). There are primarily two types of voice rest protocols used in the postoperative management of patients. Absolute voice rest involves the complete cessation of voice use for a specified time period. In contrast, relative voice rest involves a significant decrease and/or modification in the habitual pattern of voice use (Thomas & Stemple, 2007; van der Merwe, 2004). Otolaryngologists frequently recommend voice rest following microlaryngoscopic surgery for benign vocal fold lesions (van der Merwe, 2004). Unlike some other forms of voice therapy, voice rest is considered to be a primarily preventative and hygienic approach in the management of dysphonia. The primary rationale for conserving the voice is to substantially reduce the amount of vocal fold vibration to facilitate repair and reduce the risk of postsurgical scarring (Behrman & Sulica, 2003; Ishikawa & Thibeault, 2010).
Strategies for balancing exploration and exploitation in electromagnetic optimisation
Authors: Xiao Song , Rotaru Mihai , Sykulski Jan K. 
Published: July 2013

PurposeElectromagnetic design utilising finite element or similar numerical methods is computationally expensive, thus efficient algorithms reducing the number of objective function calls to locate the optimum are sought. The balance between exploration and exploitation may be achieved using a reinforcement learning approach, as demonstrated previously. However, in practical design problems, in addition to finding the global optimum efficiently, information about the robustness of the solution may also be important. In this paper, the aim is to discuss the suitability of different search algorithms and to present their fitness to solve the optimization problem in conjunction with providing enough information on the robustness of the solution.Design/methodology/approachTwo novel strategies enhanced by the surrogate model based weighted expected improvement approach are discussed. The algorithms are tested using a two‐variable test function. The emphasis of these strategies is on accurate approximation of the shape of the objective function to accomplish a robust design.FindingsThe two novel strategies aim to pursue the optimal value of weights for exploration and exploitation throughout the iterative process for better prediction of the shape of the objective function.Originality/valueIt is argued that the proposed strategies based on adaptively tuning weights perform better in predicting the shape of the objective function. Good accuracy of predicting the shape of the objective function is crucial for achieving a robust design.
Leveraging board expertise: strategy mapping as teaching tool
Authors: Bruni‐Bossio Vince , Sheehan Norman T. 
Published: July 2013

PurposeAs a result of the many governance failures in the past decade, new legislation, increased regulation, and best practices have been adopted by boards in an effort to improve corporate governance. Unfortunately, not all of the changes, such as increasing the number of external directors, have favorably impacted the quality of board governance. While having the majority of external directors on a board increases the board's independence from the CEO, these external directors lack inside directors' understanding of the firm's operations, customers and business model. The board members' lack of understanding presents a key challenge to CEOs, as their tenures depend on keeping their boards informed about the firm's business model. If CEOs are to succeed in this new governance climate, they need to find a way to effectively explain the business model to external directors in order to educate them, access their competencies, and ensure their long term support. The purpose of this paper is to examine the role of the strategy map to communicate the firm's business model to the board.Design/methodology/approachThe paper used the authors' experiences, a review of the literature, and a case study as a basis for making recommendations presented in the article.FindingsOutside directors may struggle to understand the firm's business model. While some may argue this is not the CEO's problem as it is the board's role to govern and management's job to manage, the authors argue it is an important issue for CEOs for two reasons: First, if the board does not understand the impact of changes to a firm's business model then CEOs are not fully leveraging their boards' expertise. Second, if CEOs do not keep the board adequately informed about the business model it hinders, rather than helps CEOs from building open and transparent relationships with their boards. By ensuring that directors receive the right information about the organization's business model and then have the opportunity to have a constructive dialog regarding the quality of the business model, CEOs can build trusting relationships with their boards and thus ensure they succeed over the longer term.Originality/valueRecent governance failures have demonstrated a need for better communication between boards and CEOs. This is one of the first papers to examine the role of the strategy map to communicate the firm's business model to the board.