bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of high-standard public transport centres in the Slovak Republic
Authors: Horňák Marcel , Struhár Peter , Pšenka Tomáš 
Published: October 2015

Abstract
Despite of increasing volumes of individual passenger transport and growing dependence of the post-socialist societies on the passenger car, public transport is still inevitable for certain communities. Its social and environmental aspects are obvious reasons why public transport remains within the scope of state and regional policies as a mixture of public and commercial services. Long-distance and international overground public transport represents a higher standard of travelling of considerably commercial nature. An important feature of this segment of the public transport is its capability to compete with individual transportation for long-distance journeys. The commercial character of the long-distance public transport should motivate operators to run territorially effective links covering adequately populated communites and regions with high demand for this segment of public-transport services. This study deals with several territorial aspects of the network of long-distance and international bus and train links of public transport in the Slovak Republic. The network of communities having direct access to the high-standard modes of public transport has been identified, revealing some of their spatial patterns and focusing on categorization of urban settlements by selected parameters of high-standard public transport services. The relationship with the population size of the urban settlements is assessed in the study, too.
Assessment of network traffic congestion through Traffic Congestability Value (TCV): a new index
Authors: Patel Nilanchal , Mukherjee Alok Bhushan 
Published: October 2015

Abstract
Traffic congestion is a major and growing problem in urban areas across the globe. It reduces the effective spatial interaction between different locations. To mitigate traffic congestion, not only the actual status of different routes needs to be known but also it is imperative to determine network congestion in different spatial zones associated with distinct land use classes. In the present paper, a new formula is proposed to quantify traffic congestion in the different spatial zones of a study area characterized by distinct land use classes. The proposed formula is termed the Traffic Congestability Value (TCV). The formula considers three major influencing factors: congestion index value, pedestrian movement and road surface conditions; since these parameters are significantly related to land use in a region. The different traffic congestion parameters, i.e. travel time, average speed and the proportion of time stopped, were collected in real time. Lower values of TCV correspond to a higher degree of congestion in the respective spatial zones and vice-versa and the results were validated in the field. TCV differs from the previous approaches to quantifying traffic congestion since it focuses on the causes of network congestion while in previous works the focus was generally on link flow congestion.
Erythritol biosynthesis from glycerol by Yarrowia lipolytica yeast: effect of osmotic pressure
Authors: Tomaszewska-Hetman Ludwika , Rywińska Anita 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThe aim of this study was to examine the impact of osmotic pressure, regulated by an addition of different NaCl concentrations, on the production parameters and activity of the enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of erythritol from glycerol by Yarrowia lipolytica yeast. In the bioreactor batchcultures, strain A-3 was able to produce from 25.3 g dm
The Revenue Side of a Universal Basic Income in the EU and Euro Area
Authors: Mencinger Jože 
Published: October 2015

Abstract
This paper tries to answer the question of whether universal basic income on the European level is a realistic option or an illusion. As UBI implies a much larger EU budget and a redistribution of collected budget revenues, the chance of introducing UBI depends on the required redistribution – the larger the redistribution, the lower the chance. The chance is indirectly assessed by an exercise in which 50 percent of actual tax revenues generated by indirect taxes of member states is collected at the center and distributed equally to all citizens. Though the net costs to the rich are relatively modest, the results indicate that the idea of introducing UBI on the European level is an illusion.
Changes in the VAT Burden on Expenses of Selected Households in the Czech Republic (2007–2014)
Authors: Střílková Regína , Široký Jan 
Published: October 2015

Abstract
The Czech Republic is a typical representative EU Member State which has several times changed VAT rates during the analyzed period 2007–2014 in an effort to consolidate the public budget. These changes are reflected in household spending, which were analyzed by means of the consumer basket, the composition of which is also undergoing changes. Another factor that has an impact on household expenditures is the transfer of commodities between the reduced and standard rate of VAT. The final factor used is the differentiation of households according to their income levels. The aim of this paper is to determine how these changes took effect in the Czech Republic in the share of consumption of commodities included in the standard and reduced VAT rates and in exempt transactions according to household income groups in the analyzed period 2007–2014 and to determine the impact of these changes on the tax burden on selected households by value added tax and confirmation of the assumption of VAT regressivity.
Study of Dissolution Process of Solid Cu in Liquid Al
Authors: Chen Shuying , Wu Yang , Chang Guowei , Zhu Changxu , Li Qingchun 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThe dissolution process of solid Cu in liquid Al influences the compound quality directly when fabricating the copper cladding aluminum (CCA) composite castings utilizing the casting aluminum method. Dissolution rate of solid Cu is investigated utilizing the method of quenching rapidly. Effects of liquid Al temperature and the contact time between solid Cu and liquid Al on the dissolution rate of Cu are investigated; meanwhile, the dissolution mechanism of Cu is explored. Subsequently, the influences of processing parameters on the dissolution thickness of Cu are examined. The results indicate that chemical compounds, such as AlCu2, Cu5Al, CuAl2 and Cu2Al3, may form on the contact surface between solid Cu and liquid Al. These chemical compounds are contributed to decompose the solid Cu, Cu5Al exerts the greatest effect. The dissolution of Cu is affected by the contact time between solid Cu and liquid Al, temperature and cooling method of Cu plate. The dissolution of Cu cannot terminate immediately even though the Cu plate is cooled by the spray. The experimental results will provide a reference for controlling the composite layer thickness.
Vertical Compensation Friction Stir Welding of 6061-T6 Aluminum Alloy
Authors: Ji Shude , Meng Xiangchen , Xing Jingwei , Ma Lin , Gao Shuangsheng 
Published: October 2015

AbstractVertical compensation friction stir welding (VCFSW) was proposed in order to solve the adverse effect caused by a big gap at the interface between two welded workpieces. VCFSW was successfully applied to weld 6061-T6 aluminum alloy with the thickness of 4 mm, while 2024-T4 aluminum alloy was selected as a rational compensation material. The results show that VCFSW is difficult to get a sound joint when the width of strip is no less than 1.5 mm. Decreasing the welding speed is beneficial to break compensation strip into pieces and then get higher quality joint. When the width of strip is 1 mm, the tensile strength and elongation of joint at the welding speed of 50 mm/min and rotational velocity of 1,800 rpm reach the maximum values of 203 MPa and 5.2%, respectively. Moreover, the addition of 2024-T4 alloy plays a strengthening effect on weld zone (WZ) of VCFSW joint. The fracture surface morphology of joint consisting of amounts of dimples exhibits ductile fracture.
Effect of Catalyst Film Thickness on Growth Morphology, Surface Wettability and Drag Reduction Property of Carbon Nanotubes
Authors: Ma Weiwei , Zhou Zhiping , Li Gang , Li Ping 
Published: October 2015

AbstractNickel films were deposited on silicon substrates using magnetron sputtering method. The pretreatment process of nickel films under high temperature and ammonia atmosphere was investigated. The thickness of nickel film has a great influence on growth morphology of carbon nanotubes (CNTs). Too large or too small thickness would do harm to the orientated growth of CNTs. The inner structure, elements composition and growth mechanism have been confirmed by TEM and EDX characterization. The surface wettability and drag reduction property of CNTs were investigated. This paper can provide a new, effective method to further develop the practical application in micro/nano devices field.
Association Analysis of System Failure in Wide Area Backup Protection System
Authors: Zhang Yagang , Sun Yi 
Published: October 2015

Abstract
Wide area backup protection algorithm based on fault component identification is the heart of the whole wide area backup protection system, its validity and reliability is a problem which needs to be first considered in the engineering practice applications of wide area backup protection system. Wide are backup protection algorithm mainly use two kinds of wide area information to realize protection criterion, one is electrical quantity information, such as voltage, current, etc. Another one is protection action and circuit breaker information. The wide area backup protection algorithm based on electrical quantity information is mainly utilizing the significant change of electrical quantity to search fault component, and the primary means include current differential method of wide area multi-measuring points, the comparison method of calculation and measurement, the multiple statistics method. In this paper, a novel and effective association analysis of system failure in wide area backup protection system will be discussed carefully, and the analytical results are successful and reliable.
Experimental study on the rheological behaviour of coal ash slurries
Authors: Assefa K.M. , Kaushal D.R. 
Published: October 2015

Abstract
Extensive experimental investigations were carried out to evaluate the rheological behaviour of fly ash (FA) slurry without and with the addition of bottom ash (BA) and BA slurry without and with the addition of FA. The FA slurries exhibited Bingham behaviour at solid mass concentrations ranging from 60–65% and mixing proportions from 10– 40%. A substantial reduction in yield stress was observed except for mixing proportion of 40% on which the yield stress and viscosity were increased drastically for all solid concentrations. Hence, it can be concluded that the yield stress and viscosity of FA slurry were very much influenced by adding BA up to the mixing proportion of 30%. The rheological behaviour of BA slurries with and without the addition of FA in proportions of 10–50% was investigated and exhibited Newtonian behaviours for solid mass concentrations ranging from 30–50% without and with the addition of FA. The viscosity increases with increasing the solid concentrations and proportion of FA. Based on these experimental data, a correlation was developed to predict the relative viscosity of BA slurries as a function of solid volume fraction and FA mass proportion of 0–50% and the RMSE and R2 values showed good agreement between the experimental and the predicted data.
Experimental investigation of internal structure of open-channel flow with intense transport of sediment
Authors: Matoušek Václav , Bareš Vojtěch , Krupička Jan , Picek Tomáš , Zrostlík Štěpán 
Published: October 2015

Abstract
Gravity-driven open-channel flows carrying coarse sediment over an erodible granular deposit are studied. Results of laboratory experiments with artificial sediments in a rectangular tilting flume are described and analyzed. Besides integral quantities such as flow rate of mixture, transport concentration of sediment and hydraulic gradient, the experiments include measurements of the one-dimensional velocity distribution across the flow. A vertical profile of the longitudinal component of local velocity is measured across the vertical axis of symmetry of a flume cross section using three independent measuring methods. Due to strong flow stratification, the velocity profile covers regions of very different local concentrations of sediment from virtually zero concentration to the maximum concentration of bed packing. The layered character of the flow results in a velocity distribution which tends to be different in the transport layer above the bed and in the sediment-free region between the top of the transport layer and the water surface. Velocity profiles and integral flow quantities are analyzed with the aim of evaluating the layered structure of the flow and identifying interfaces in the flow with a developed transport layer above the upper plane bed.
Analysis of the influence of input data uncertainties on determining the reliability of reservoir storage capacity
Authors: Marton Daniel , Starý Miloš , Menšík Pavel 
Published: October 2015

Abstract
The paper contains a sensitivity analysis of the influence of uncertainties in input hydrological, morphological and operating data required for a proposal for active reservoir conservation storage capacity and its achieved values. By introducing uncertainties into the considered inputs of the water management analysis of a reservoir, the subsequent analysed reservoir storage capacity is also affected with uncertainties. The values of water outflows from the reservoir and the hydrological reliabilities are affected with uncertainties as well. A simulation model of reservoir behaviour has been compiled with this kind of calculation as stated below. The model allows evaluation of the solution results, taking uncertainties into consideration, in contributing to a reduction in the occurrence of failure or lack of water during reservoir operation in low-water and dry periods.
Effects of relative submergence and bed slope on sediment incipient motion under decelerating flows
Authors: Bolhassani Ramin , Afzalimehr Hossein , Dey Subhasish 
Published: October 2015

Abstract
This paper presents the results of an experimental study to quantify the effects of bed slope and relative submergence on incipient motion of sediment under decelerating flows. Experiments were conducted in an experimental tilting-flume of 8 m long 0.4 m wide and 0.6 m deep with glass-walls. Three uniform sediments with median grain sizes of 0.95, 1.8 and 3.8 mm and three bed slopes of 0.0075, 0.0125 and 0.015 were used under decelerating flow. The main conclusion is that the Shields diagram, which is commonly used to evaluate the critical shear stress, is not suitable to predict the critical shear stress under decelerating flows.
Impacts of bridge piers on the initiation of ice cover – an experimental study
Authors: Wang Jun , Shi Fayi , Chen Pangpang , Wu Peng , Sui Jueyi 
Published: October 2015

Abstract
Ice jams in northern rivers during winter period significantly change the flow conditions due to the extra boundary of the flow. Moreover, with the presence of bridge piers in the channel, the flow conditions can be further complicated. Ice cover often starts from the front of bridge piers, extending to the upstream. With the accumulation of ice cover, ice jam may happen during early spring, which results in the notorious ice jam flooding. In the present study, the concentration of flowing ice around bridge piers has been evaluated based on experiments carried out in laboratory. The critical condition for the initiation of ice cover around bridge piers has been investigated. An equation for the critical floe concentration was developed. The equation has been validated by experimental data from previous studies. The proposed model can be used for the prediction of formation of ice cover in front of a bridge pier under certain conditions.
Extending ELAN into variationist sociolinguistics
Authors: Nagy Naomi , Meyerhoff Miriam 
Published: October 2015

Abstract
Prior to the implementation of ELAN (tla.mpi.nl/tools/tla-tools/elan, Wittenburg et al. 2006), it was common for sociolinguists to use multiple software applications, and consequently multiple formats, along the route from recording participants to conducting statistical analyses of the data. We present a method which allows for transcription, extracting, coding, preparation for statistical analysis, calculation of some basic frequency statistics, and creation of a concordance all within one program. ELAN is well established as a valuable tool for language documentation. ELAN is frequently used for transcription and multi-tier mark-up illustrating levels of linguistic structure as well as translations and glosses. We hope that this crossover introduction will encourage the efficiency of documentary linguists among sociolinguists and increase the interest in documenting variation among documentarians. After providing an overview of ELAN’s utility, we focus on extracting (or marking) and coding tokens of linguistic variables for quantitative analysis in the variationist sociolinguistic framework. This seamless connection between recording, transcript and coding of dependent and independent variables improves consistency, efficiency, utility, reliability and the accountability of our coding to the original recording. We illustrate a range of benefits and include step-by-step instructions accompanied by downloadable sample files and video clips to illustrate each step of the process (Extending ELAN tutorial files.zip). We also include instructions on importing existing (legacy) transcripts into ELAN.
Scale problems in assessment of hydrogeological parameters of groundwater flow models
Authors: Nawalany Marek , Sinicyn Grzegorz 
Published: October 2015

Abstract
An overview is presented of scale problems in groundwater flow, with emphasis on upscaling of hydraulic conductivity, being a brief summary of the conventional upscaling approach with some attention paid to recently emerged approaches. The focus is on essential aspects which may be an advantage in comparison to the occasionally extremely extensive summaries presented in the literature. In the present paper the concept of scale is introduced as an indispensable part of system analysis applied to hydrogeology. The concept is illustrated with a simple hydrogeological system for which definitions of four major ingredients of scale are presented: (i) spatial extent and geometry of hydrogeological system, (ii) spatial continuity and granularity of both natural and man-made objects within the system, (iii) duration of the system and (iv) continuity/granularity of natural and man-related variables of groundwater flow system. Scales used in hydrogeology are categorised into five classes: micro-scale – scale of pores, meso-scale – scale of laboratory sample, macro-scale – scale of typical blocks in numerical models of groundwater flow, local-scale – scale of an aquifer/aquitard and regional-scale – scale of series of aquifers and aquitards. Variables, parameters and groundwater flow equations for the three lowest scales, i.e., pore-scale, sample-scale and (numerical) block-scale, are discussed in detail, with the aim to justify physically deterministic procedures of upscaling from finer to coarser scales (stochastic issues of upscaling are not discussed here). Since the procedure of transition from sample-scale to block-scale is physically well based, it is a good candidate for upscaling block-scale models to local-scale models and likewise for upscaling local-scale models to regional-scale models. Also the latest results in downscaling from block-scale to sample scale are briefly referred to.
Integration of numerical models and geoinformatic techniques in the delimitation of a protection zone for the MGB 319 complex multi-aquifer system in southwest Poland
Authors: Gurwin Jacek 
Published: October 2015

Abstract
The study area, situated near the city of Wrocław in southwest Poland, is part of the hydrogeological system of the Quaternary/Neogene MGB 319, inclusive of a buried valley of high water potential, named the Bogdaszowice structure. This structure is an alternative source of water supply for the Wrocław city area. Numerical modelling is the most effective tool in establishing a groundwater protection strategy for Major Groundwater Basins (MGBs) in complex aquifer systems. In the present study, the first step was to assess the hydrodynamic conditions of the Radakowice groundwater intake by analyses of head contours, pathlines, average flow times and capture zones of particular wells. Subsequently, these results were used in combination with other data and compiled as GIS layers. The spatial distribution of hydraulic conductivity was based on the lithology of surface sediments. Other data sets such as the thickness of the unsaturated zone, average soil moisture and infiltration rate were taken either directly from the model or were calculated. Based on the input data obtained, vertical flow time calculations for every model cell were made. The final outcome is a map of the protection zone for the aquifer system of the MGB 319.
Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-methacrylic acid) microgel stabilized copper nanoparticles for catalytic reduction of nitrobenzene
Authors: Farooqi Zahoor H. , Butt Zonarah , Begum Robina , Khan Shanza Rhauf , Sharif Ahsan , Ahmed Ejaz 
Published: October 2015

Abstract
Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-methacrylic acid) microgels [p(NIPAM-co-MAAc)] were synthesized by precipitation polymerization of N-isopropylacrylamide and methacrylic acid in aqueous medium. These microgels were characterized by dynamic light scattering and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. These microgels were used as micro-reactors for in situ synthesis of copper nanoparticles using sodium borohydride (NaBH4) as reducing agent. The hybrid microgels were used as catalysts for the reduction of nitrobenzene in aqueous media. The reaction was performed with different concentrations of cat­alyst and reducing agent. A linear relationship was found between apparent rate constant (kapp) and amount of catalyst. When the amount of catalyst was increased from 0.13 to 0.76 mg/mL then kapp was increased from 0.03 to 0.14 min-1. Activation parameters were also determined by performing reaction at two different temperatures. The catalytic process has been discussed in terms of energy of activation, enthalpy of activation and entropy of activation. The synthesized particles were found to be stable even after 14 weeks and showed catalytic activity for the reduction of nitrobenzene.
Synthesis of multicomponent metallic layers during impulse plasma deposition
Authors: Nowakowska-Langier Katarzyna , Chodun Rafal , Zdunek Krzysztof 
Published: October 2015

AbstractPulsed plasma in the impulse plasma deposition (IPD) synthesis is generated in a coaxial accelerator by strong periodic electrical pulses, and it is distributed in a form of energetic plasma packets. A nearly complete ionization of gas, in these conditions of plasma generation, favors the nucleation of new phase of ions and synthesis of metastable materials in a form of coatings which are characterized by amorphous and/or nanocrystalline structure. In this work, the Fe–Cu alloy, which is immiscible in the state of equilibrium, was selected as a model system to study the possibility of formation of a non-equilibrium phase during the IPD synthesis. Structural characterization of the layers was done by means of X-ray diffraction and conversion-electron Mössbauer spectroscopy. It was found that supersaturated solid solutions were created as a result of mixing and/or alloying effects between the layer components delivered to the substrate independently and separately in time. Therefore, the solubility in the Fe–Cu system was largely extended in relation to the equilibrium conditions, as described by the equilibrium phase diagram in the solid state.