bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Beltanol Sorption Modelling in the Soil Column using High Performance Liquid Chromatography Technique
Authors: Bader Fatima Chaseb , Al-Farttoosy Alaa Hassan 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The Fungicide adsorption process is a major factor that results in failure of pest control. The results revealed that Beltanol sorption is subjected to first order reaction soil sorption, achieving a rate constant 0.013 min-1. This reaction revealed that Beltanol behaviour is not influenced by soil factors. The Kd of Beltanol was 0.152 mL g-1, resulting in less distribution under soil column condition. The Beltanol power function was not linear fitting well, scoring 0.788. Thomas model was estimated KTh = 0.0189 mL g-1 min -1, this indicating that model was fitting to express on its less mobility in the soil. In general, plants can receive a reasonable amount of protection from Beltanol due to its sluggish rate of dissipation.
Analysis of Temporal and Spatial Drought Characteristics in Iraq Using the Standard Precipitation Index (SPI)
Authors: Muter Sara Ali , Al-Timimi Yaseen K. , Al-Jiboori Monim H. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Drought refers to a complex natural disaster that causes serious environmental, social, and economic impacts worldwide. Considering the severe impact of drought on Iraq, it is very important to identify the effects of drought in different sectors. This paper points to examine the drought levels in Iraq utilizing Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques. The objective of this study was to analysis the spatial and temporal extent and characteristics of drought events in Iraq using the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI), which is widely used in soil and agricultural drought research. Therefore, long-term monthly rainfall records from 38 rainfall measurement stations across Iraq for period (1980–2021) were used for the study. Based on SPI, drought characteristics were analyzed after dividing Iraq into three regions North, Middle and South regions. The results indicate that droughts are more frequent and severe in northern Iraq. The severity of observed drought events increases over time in both severity and duration, from normal to moderate to extreme drought. The maximum SPI severity was 135 in Duhook station, the maximum duration was 10 months, and the intensity was -3.05. Also, The classification analysis showed that the proportion of moderate drought was 80% and most of the dry years belonged to the moderate drought category, while severe drought and extreme drought were 19% and 8% respectively out of the total dry years. According to SPI analysis, the results showed that all stations experienced drought in 1998, 2012, 2018 and 2021. The results of the SPI analysis show that the country has been facing frequent, irregular and recurrent droughts for the past 42 years. The driest year was 2021, the most severe drought ever experienced across Iraq. The results of this study will help planners develop informed water resources policies and will also be useful for predictive systems that provide advance warning.
A Green Approach by Employing Two Bacterial Strains(Streptococcus thermophilus) and (Bacillus coagulans) to Reduce Graphene Oxide
Authors: Abbas Abtisam Jasim , Ghazzay Ali A. , Walli Hazim A. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Unprecedentedly, an eco-friendly green approach is used to reduce graphene oxide via two bacterial strains (Streptococcus thermophilus and Bacillus coagulans). Bionanotechnology and microbial reduction of GO are considered safe for the environment, cheap, easy, and green. The UV-visible spectroscopy of rGO nanoparticles revealed a prominent absorption peak at 260 nm attributed to redshift. SEM scan revealed a wavy fold and semispherical nanoparticles distributed unevenly with sharp edges and dimensions ranging between (22-28nm). The peaks of oxygen functional groups were reduced in the FTIR spectra; thus a minor peak was detected at wavelength 3050 indicates there is a minor degradation or aggregation of rGO. X-ray diffraction measurements exhibited sharp signals, which indicates a crystal shape of rGO and the diffraction peak appears at 2θ = 28.21° corresponded to a d-spacing roughly 0.31nm. Finally, AFM images exhibited the roughness of rGO nanoparticles. Current results revealed the fruitful bacterial reduction of GO by the exclusion of water molecules and efficient oxygen groups from the graphene oxide interlayer.
Study the Air Pollution in Al-Diwaniyah Teaching Hospital During the Operation and Extinguishing of the Medical Incinerator
Authors: Jabbar Ahmed Thamer , Marhoon Khitam Abbas 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The current study was conducted to evaluate the air quality inside the Diwaniyah General Teaching Hospital, as well as during the operation of the medical incinerator. This multi-function air quality monitor was used to measure formaldehyde (HCHO), total volatile organic compounds (TVOC), particulate matter (PM2.5, PM0.1, PM10), temperature, relative humidity results.
A Huge Dust Storm Influenced Air Quality on 16 May 2022 in Baghdad City, Iraq; Tracked Using Remote Sensing Techniques and Meteorological Data
Authors: Attiya Ali A. , Jones Brian G. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Intense weather events can impact air quality in Iraq. Atmospheric pollution has stand out as an important hazard factor influencing the well-being of the people and health in the latest years. In May 2022, various parts of Iraq experienced an intense dust storm, causing extensive air quality deterioration. Massive dust storms passed over much of Middle East and Iraq, including Baghdad city in May 2022 and reduced the visibility range to below 100 m for some hours producing severe environmental, social and health impacts. Using remote sensing and surface meteorological station data, we examine the synoptic surface weather conditions, characteristics transport and sources of dust, and related influences on air quality through this dust event above Baghdad on 16 May 2022. The concentrations of PM2.5 (<2.5 μm) and PM10 (<10 μm) have took by chosen ambient air pollution observing station in Iraq and remote sensing data. The maximum values of PM2.5 (498 μg/m3) were observed in the capital city of Baghdad by US Embassy, Iraq, while concentrations of PM10 in Baghdad ranged from 1000-5000 μg/m3, this means higher the standard air quality concentrations in Iraq (50 μg/m3) hourly. The backward pathways of air masses refer to the possible dust source areas created by Saharan and Desert regions of Syria and then crossed over northwest Iraq. It then travelled towards central and southern Iraq. The pathways of dust event was agreed with the satellite images from CALIPSO and MODIS platforms and the satellite of NAPPS model revealed that the rose of dust event to higher than 8 kilometres in the dust storm. Many cities of Iraq exposed the extreme dust activity because of the north-west winds (Shamal wind) created via air pressure lows and air cold masses above northwest Iraq. NAAPS Aerosol Model show the high concentrations of dust and dust plume travelled over the Syrian - Iraqi borders before progressively moving through the northwest, central, east, and south regions of Iraq before reaching the north shore of the Arabian Gulf.
Seasonal Abundance of Aphids on Apple Cultivars and Their Chemical Control
Authors: Ahmed Faten M. , Al-khazraji Hind I. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The study was conducted out in one of the apple orchards in Baghdad Governorate, Iraq, which is planted with local apple cultivars Kofi, Sharabi and Al-Rahbi, to study the population densities of the green apple aphid (Aphis pomi) and the rosy apple aphid (Dysaphis plantaginea) and to evaluate some chemical pesticides to combat them. The results indicated the appearance of the first green apple aphid A. pomi. It was at the end of October on the Kofi cultivar, and the first appearance of A. pomi on the Sharabi and Al-Rahbi cultivars was in the second week of December, and the highest infection rate was in the first week of May with a population density of 59.10, 50.65 and 16.25 nymphs. /leaf and 5.82, 6.22 and 1.48 adults/leaf and respectively for the three above-mentioned cultivars, while the first appearance of the rosy apple aphid D. plantaginea was in the first week of March on the Kofi cultivar, while the first appearance of D. plantaginea on the Sharabi and Al-Rahbi cultivars It was in the third week of March, and the peak infestation reached in the fourth week of April, with a population density of 81.89 and 60.59 nymphs/leaf and 9.88 and 7.16 8 adults/leaf for both the Kofi and Sharabi cultivars, respectively, and for the Al-Rahbi cultivar, the first appearance was in the week. The third of April, with a rate of 8.24 nymphs/leaf and 0.97 adults/leaf. The results indicated that the Kofi apple trees were the most susceptible to infection compared to the rest of the cultivars, while the Al-Rahbi cultivar was the most resistant to aphid infestation. The results of evaluating the effectiveness of the pesticides Arando, Nestor and Oxymatrine in reducing the population density of the green apple aphid (Aphis pomi) and the rosy apple aphid (Dysaphis plantaginea) also indicated that the pesticide Arando was superior to the rest of the pesticides in combating the insect A. pomi and the relative effectiveness rate reached 72.39% compared to the two pesticides Nestor and Oxymatrine. Oxymatrine, the relative effectiveness of which reached 63.32 and 58.20%, respectively. As for the relative effectiveness of the pesticides on D. plantaginea, it reached an average of 85.77, 88.23, and 94.36% for Oxymatrine, Arando, and Nestor, respectively. Nestor was superior to the rest of the pesticides in Control of D. plantaginea insect.
Evaluating some Safe Compounds’ Fatal Concentrations Against Culex pipiens molestus Forskal Mosquito Larvae in their Third Instar
Authors: Yaseen Aulfat T. , Mustafa Muneef A. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The toxicity of various compounds was investigated in this study using Culex p. larvae in their third instar. A mosquito’s third instar larvae were fatally affected by a concentration of 40 ppm of thymol on the fifth day of the experiment, with a 100% rate of fatalities However, the second day of treatment, 100% of the larvae died from Ethyl salicylate (80 ppm). The dose of Sulphamic acid (500 ppm) administered on the sixth day of treatment killed almost all of the treated larvae. The larvae died completely on the fifth day of the study due to the 800 ppm concentration of Dihydroxy toluene (DHT). A concentration of 1000 parts per million (Sulfanilamide) resulted in a full death of the larvae on the seventh day of the study. The inhibition of egg-laying action of compounds solutions. the concentrations used to kill third-instar mosquito larvae had the effect of completely preventing egg-laying at all concentrations. To obtain the concentrations at which female mosquitoes could lay eggs, the concentrations utilized in the experiment to kill the third instar of mosquitoes were lowered.
The Effect of some Herbicides and Spraying Periods on the Growth and Weeds of a Soybean Crop (Glycin max L.)
Authors: Sakar J. Jauhar , Al-Mafrajy A. S. H. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
A field experiment was conducted in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq for the 2022-2023 agricultural season in the fields of the Agricultural Research Station in Erbil / Ain Kawa Governorate on 5/28/2022. With the aim of knowing the effect of the herbicides (imazethapyr and the mixture of bentazone + Calant Super) and the recommended quantities for each of these pesticides and the spraying periods of these pesticides, which included four periods (two weeks, four weeks, six weeks and eight weeks) after the germination of the soybean crop of the Shaima variety). The experiment was applied according to a randomized complete block design (R.C.B.D.) as a global experiment with three replications, and the results showed that the weed-free treatment was superior to the rest of the pesticide treatments because control was used throughout the growing season and for all the studied weed characteristics, which included the percentage of control, the dry weight of the bush, and the weed index. As for the periods, Spraying: The two spraying periods were superior, two weeks after germination and four weeks. As for the dry weight characteristic of the bush, the two spraying periods were superior after four weeks and six weeks. As for the bush index characteristic, the two spraying periods were superior after six weeks and four weeks after germination. As for the effect of herbicide treatments on the characteristics of vegetative growth (plant height, number of branches, plant-1, leaf area), the treatment without weeds was superior in the characteristics of plant height and number of branches. Plant-1. As for the protective area characteristic, the pesticide mixture treatment (pentazone) was superior. + Callant Super. As for the effect of spraying periods on the characteristics of vegetative growth, the spray treatment after six weeks was superior in terms of plant height. As for the characteristics of leaf area and number of branches. Plant-1, the spray treatment after four weeks was superior and achieved the highest average.
The Effect of Spraying Iron, Zinc and Copper Nanoparticles on the Components of the Crop of Two Cultivars of Bread Wheat
Authors: Hamagharib Rojbayany Salam Naji , Aziz Aljoburi Jasim Mohammed 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This study aimed to find out the effect of some micro-nanomaterials by spraying on two types of bread wheat (Fayyad cultivar V1) and (Dijla Al-Khair cultivar V2 late growth) using the Randomized complete block design with three replications that included the use of micro-nanomaterial fertilizer elements (iron), (zinc) and (copper) separately and in combination with Some of them, as the Fayyad cultivar surpassed significantly in the qualification of the number of tillers on the Dijla cultivar without any significant differences between them in the qualities of the height of the plant, the weight of 1000 grains, the harvest index and the economic yield, as the Fayyad cultivar gave the highest Maen for the first three qualities, while the economic yield gave the Dijla cultivar the highest Maen for the trait without any significant differences between the two species, while the biological yield gave the Dijla cultivar the highest Maen for the trait compared to the Fayyad cultivar without any significant difference. As for the effect of fertilizer additions, the results indicated that there were significant differences between the Maens of the studied qualities (number of tillers m-2), (height of the plant cm), (weight of 1000 grains), (grain yield ton hectare-1), (biological yield) and (harvest index), as the treatment (T9) was superior, which included (iron + zinc +copper) at the expense of other additives and gave the highest values of (767.17) plant tillers-2, (97.867) plant cm-1, (7.891) ton hectar-1, (23.533) ton hectar-1 respectively and that the control treatment (T1) gave the lowest values.
First Record of Endophytic fungi Thielavia basicola Isolated from Xerophyte Plants Suaeda aegyptiaca in Basra, Iraq
Authors: Awad Lina K. , Fayyadh Mohammed A. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This study was conducted with the aim of isolating endophytic fungi from the xerophyte plant Suaeda aegyptiaca. In this study, Thielavia basicola was isolated from the stem of the plant S. aegyptiaca spread in Basrah city, fungus was identified basis on its morphological features and molecular based on amplification of the ITS gene region and the nucleotide sequence of the fungus was deposited in the Genebank under the accession number MT277121.1. The metabolites of the fungal filtrate T. basicola were identified using by GC-MS technology and the results showed that this fungus produces 40 compounds as extracellular secondary metabolites, the most important of which are 9-Octadecenamide, (Z)- and Tributylacetylcitrate and N-Hexadecanoic acid. This is the first study in which T. basicola is isolated from S. aegyptiaca from desert in Iraq.
The Toxicity and Repellent Activities of some Commercial Products Against Apricot Aphids, Hyalopterus pruni (Geoffroy)
Authors: Abbas Al-Hayali Tareq Saadi , Salim Hussein Ali , Abdullah Alhadithy Osama Taha Hammadi 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The present study was carried out in 2023 at the Directorate of Diyala Agriculture’s plant pathology laboratory to assess the commercial products, which included spinosad, nimbecidine, oxymatrine, and the bacteria Bacillus amyloliquefaciens in addition to alphacypermethrin pesticide with three concentrations of 10, 20, and 30% against adults of Hyalopterus pruni under controlled conditions. Two tests were performed, one to evaluate the expulsion rate and another to evaluate the mortality rate. Oxymatrine recorded the highest increase in the repellency percentages of adults at 82.2% and 91.1% after 5 and 15 minutes, respectively, and the bacteria recorded 97.7% after 10 minutes, whereas spinosad 20% recorded the highest repellency at 93.3% after 5 minutes, the bacteria 20% and 30% recorded 100.0% after 10 minutes, and the bacteria 30% recorded 93.3% after 15 minutes. Oxymatrine recorded higher percentages of mortality (82.2% after 24 hours) and spinosad recorded 55.5% after 48 hours, whereas oxymatrine 20% and spinosad 30% recorded the highest mortality of 90.0% and 73.3% after 24 and 48 hours, respectively.
Growth and Flowering Response of Carnation (Dianthus Chinensis L.) to Application of Phytonutrient “Disper Complex”
Authors: Mohammad Saeed Abdul Kareem A. J. , Ahmed Marir Ekhlas Meteab 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
An experiment was conducted to study the effect of adding the phytonutrient “Disper Complex” either spraying or adding it as a drench to the soil, on vegetative and flowering growth qualities of carnation (Dianthus Chinensis L.). The experiment was carried out in the lath house of the Horticulture and Landscaping Department Research Station for the year 2020-2021. The experiment included six treatments: (T1) 0 (without application), (T2) 0.75 g L-1 foliar spray, (T3) 1.5 g L-1 foliar spray, (T4) 3 g L-1 foliar spray, (T5) 0.3 g L-1 adding to the soil as a drench, and (T6) 0.6 g L-1 adding to the soil as a drench. Phytonutrient was sprayed and also added to the soil as a drench three times at two-week Intervals between each other, the first spray and adding was carried out a month after the transplanting process. The experiment was carried out by using a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. The experimental unit included six pots, one plant in each. The results were as follows: Foliar spraying of phytonutrient “Disper Complex” with a concentration of 3 g L-1 surpassed on increasing plant height (19.25 cm), number of branches (8.92 branch plant-1), number of leaves (44.70 leaf plant-1), leaf area (199.81 cm2), leaves relative chlorophyll content (42.47 SPAD) and number of flowers (7.83 flower plant-1), followed by adding plant nutrient as a drench to the soil at 0.6 g l-1 compared with control treatment. There were no significant effects of plant nutrients on main stem diameter, flower diameter, and Flowering date.
Evaluating Effectiveness of Some Inert Dusts and Chemical Pesticides in Tribolium castaneum Coleoptera: Tenebrindae Under Laboratory Conditions
Authors: Kadhim Al-Musawi Alaa Ahmed 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The toxicity of three types of inert dusts was tested by mixing them: kaolinite, silica and zeolite against adults of the red rust beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Coleoptera: Tenebrindae) using four concentrations: 5, 10, 20, 40 dust/kg wheat seeds, and each concentration had three replicates. The experiment was carried out in an incubator at a constant temperature and relative humidity in the laboratory of the Plant Protection Department, College of Agriculture, University of Basrah. The readings were taken after (24, 48 and 72) hours of treatment under a probability level of (0.01), with a significant difference. The highest percentage of mortality T.castaneum at a concentration of) 40 (grams within) 72 (hours was 100% compared to) 48 and 24 (at the same concentration, 93.00 and 83.00%, respectively. The germination percentage and root length were also tested using four concentrations as shown above, and the highest germination percentage was %65.17 at the (5) grams concentration, which was a significant difference from the germination percentage of wheat grains of 10, 40, and 20g, which amounted to 58.75, 52.25, and 54.00%, respectively. While the highest percentage for the control treatment at all concentrations was 93%, and the lowest for the silica treatment was 0.00 at a concentration of 40 grams. The highest average root length for the kaolin treatment was 2.50 cm, which differed significantly from the zeolite and silica treatment, amounting to (1.80 and 0.50) cm, respectively. The results of the study also brought to light that different concentrations of the chemical pesticide, Viperidicide, were used against T. castaneum, using three concentrations: 2.5, 5, 7.5 g/emulsion/kg wheat seeds, and each concentration had three replicates. The experiment was carried out on the mortality rate under laboratory conditions in the laboratory of the Plant Protection Department, College of Agriculture, University of Basrah. The readings were taken after (24, 48 and 72) hours of treatment under a probability level of (0.01), and with a significant difference, the highest percentage of mortality of T. castaneum at the concentration of 7.5 cm within (72) hours was 100% compared to (48 and 24) at the same concentration of 63.00 and 90.00% respectively. Besides, the root length was tested using three concentrations as shown. above. The highest average root length of Viperidicide pesticide was 2.03 cm at a concentration of 7.5 cm, compared to the lowest at a concentration of 5 and 2.5 cm, 1.86 and 1.50 cm for each, respectively. The germination rate was 100%.
Genetic Characterisation of Fungi Producing Aflatoxins B1, Isolated from Wheat Grains in Karbala Governorate
Authors: Mohammed Anteithar Jabar , Hassan Ban Mousa , Almosawy Ahmed Najm 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The widespread spread of fungi is one of the most important problems facing us at the present time because of their widespread spread in nature, causing major economic losses to the food and feed industry and seriously threatening human health due to their toxins passing through the food chain. Aflatoxins are one of the most dangerous mycotoxins produced by fungi and commonly found in grains and animal feed due to their toxic, carcinogenic, teratogenic, and mutagenic effects on human and animal health. In this study, fungal isolates producing aflatoxins were isolated from grains in Karbala Governorate, Iraq, for the year 2024. The study’s findings demonstrated that various frequencies of fungal contamination were present in each wheat sample. At frequencies of 33.33%, 25.80%, 29.03%, and 11.82%, respectively, the fungus Aspergillus caespitosus, Fusarium equiseti, Alternaria alternate, and Talaromyces tiftonensis were isolated. The ammonia test and thin layer chromatography (TLC) revealed that all fungal isolates produced aflatoxin B1. They were then identified molecularly using polymerase chain reaction technology, and the nitrogenous base sequence was determined using the ITS4 and ITS5 primers. The sequences of the numerous bases were evaluated using the Basic Local Alignment Search Tool software (BLAST), which proved that the isolates belonged to species such as Aspergillus caespitosus, Fusarium equiseti, Alternaria alternate, and Talaromyces tiftonensis. Furthermore, comparing these sequences to the data available in the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) database revealed that the strains of the isolates in this investigation were (93% -100%) identical to global strains The strains under investigation were identified in the GenBank database by the sequence codes PP216644.1 for Aspergillus caespitosus, PP216655.1 for Fusarium equiseti, PP216658.1 for Alternaria alternate, and PP216657.1 for Talaromyces tiftonensis. For every isolate, a genetic tree was constructed.