bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Current concepts in vulvodynia with a focus on pathogenesis and pain mechanisms
Authors: Thornton Alicia M , Drummond Catherine 
Published: July 2015

AbstractVulvodynia is a common and debilitating chronic pain syndrome characterised by neuropathic‐type pain. Localised provoked vulvodynia is the most common type, followed by generalised unprovoked vulvodynia. Vulvodynia is a diagnosis of exclusion. The cause is unknown but current research suggests an underlying predisposition to increased sensitivity to pain and peripheral and central neural sensitisation. Musculoskeletal factors also play an important role. Vulvodynia has a significant impact on the quality of life, mood, functional ability and relationships of patients and their partners. It is highly associated with anxiety and depression. Treatment needs to follow a biopsychosocial model and be tailored to the patient. A multimodal and multidisciplinary approach is often most effective. We have suggested a therapeutic ladder.
A systematic review of the role of community pharmacies in improving the transition from secondary to primary care
Authors: Nazar Hamde , Nazar Zachariah , Portlock Jane , Todd Adam , Slight Sarah P. 
Published: July 2015

AimWe set out to determine the potential contribution of community pharmacists to improve the transfer of care of patients from secondary to primary care settings.MethodWe systematically reviewed the literature on interventions that involved community pharmacy post‐discharge. We considered all relevant studies, including both randomized and non‐randomized controlled trials, irrespective of patient population. Our primary outcome was any impact on patient and medication outcomes, while the secondary outcome was to identify intervention characteristics that influenced all reported outcomes.ResultsWe retrieved 14 studies that met our inclusion criteria. There were four studies reporting outcomes relating to the identification and rectification of medication errors that were significantly improved with community pharmacy involvement. Other patient outcomes such as medication adherence and clinical control were not unanimously positively or negatively influenced via the inclusion of community pharmacy in a transfer of care post‐discharge intervention. Some inconsistencies in implementation and process evaluation of interventions were found across the reviewed studies. This limited the accuracy with which true impact could be considered.ConclusionsThere is evidence that interventions including a community pharmacist can improve drug related problems after discharge. However, impact on other outcomes is not consistent. Further studies are required which include process evaluations to describe fully the context of the intervention so as to determine better any influencing factors. Also applying more stringent controls and closer adherence to protocols in both intervention and control groups would allow clearer correlations to be made between the intervention and the outcomes.
Switching among Equivalents in Chronic Cardiovascular Therapies: ‘Real World’ Data from Italy
Authors: Poluzzi Elisabetta , Veronese Giacomo , Piccinni Carlo , Raschi Emanuel , Koci Ariola , Pagano Paola , Godman Brian , Marchesini Giulio , Boriani Giuseppe , De Ponti Fabrizio 
Published: July 2015

AbstractSince August 2012, Italian general practitioners are required to prescribe the generic name of medicines, except for refill of chronic therapy. We evaluated the extent of switching among equivalents in chronic cardiovascular therapies, the influence of the 2012 regulatory intervention and of patient‐related or drug‐related factors. Prescriptions of off‐patent anti‐arrhythmics, oral antidiabetics and ACE inhibitors dispensed from August 2011 to August 2013 within the Bologna Local Health Authority (870,000 inhabitants) was collected. The rate of actual switching among equivalents was evaluated monthly. The effect of the regulatory intervention was estimated by interrupted‐time‐series analysis. Adjusted odds ratios (aORs) of switching were calculated for the following: age, gender, number of different equivalents available for each drug and change in dispensing pharmacy between subsequent refills. The average monthly rates of switches were 9.6%, 16.3% and 16.3% for anti‐arrhythmics, antidiabetics and ACE inhibitors, respectively. Values significantly increased soon after the regulatory intervention for ACE inhibitors (+1.81%, p < 0.01), anti‐arrhythmics (+1.46%, p = 0.01) and antidiabetics (+1.09%, p = 0.01), and no significant decreasing trends were observed in the following 12 months. For all drug classes, odd of switching was higher in case of change in dispensing pharmacy (up to aOR = 4.31, 95 CI = 4.26–4.35 for ACE inhibitors) and availability of ≥5 different equivalents (up to aOR = 7.82, 95 CI = 7.39–8.28 for antidiabetics). Switching was lower for age ≥65 for antidiabetics and ACE inhibitors (aOR = 0.92, 95 CI = 0.90–0.93; 0.87, 0.86–0.88, respectively). The Italian regulatory intervention generated an immediate increase, not sustained in time, in switching among equivalents of cardiovascular therapies. Young age, high number of available equivalents and changes in dispensing pharmacy between subsequent refills were associated with switching.
The Development of Children's Memory
Authors: Schneider Wolfgang , Ornstein Peter A. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractThe development of memory has been studied for more than a century and is one of the most active areas of research in cognitive development. In this article, we first describe historical developments in research on children's memory, focusing on systematic studies that began in the late 1960s. We then describe three important new lines of inquiry: short‐ and long‐term memory development in infancy, the development of autobiographical memory, and longitudinal research on memory strategies and metamemory. We end by contrasting research on memory development with that on the development of memory, and identifying an emerging interest in biological and social factors that affect developmental change.
Individual Differences in Childhood Behavior Disorders Associated With Epigenetic Modulation of the Cortisol Receptor Gene
Authors: Dadds Mark R. , Moul Caroline , Hawes David J. , Mendoza Diaz Antonio , Brennan John 
Published: July 2015

Behavioral/emotional difficulties in children are the first sign of mental health problems. These problems are however, heterogeneous. A domain that may identify homogenous subgroups is hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal function. This study tested whether epigenetic regulation of glucocorticoid receptor gene could explain the co‐occurrence of anxiety problems in children with behavior problems. Four‐ to 16‐year‐old clinically referred children (N = 241) were measured for psychiatric symptoms, methylation of target CpG sites in blood or saliva, and morning cortisol levels in those who gave blood. Increased methylation of promoter 1F CpG sites was associated with higher vulnerability to co‐occurring internalizing symptoms and morning cortisol. The results support increasing optimism that epigenetic regulation of key neuroendocrine systems might help explain hitherto unfathomable individual differences in susceptibility to psychiatric symptom profiles.
Expectations About Ethnic Peer Group Inclusivity: The Role of Shared Interests, Group Norms, and Stereotypes
Authors: Hitti Aline , Killen Melanie 
Published: July 2015

This study investigated three factors that contribute to social exclusion: group norms, individual characteristics, and stereotypes. Non‐Arab American 12‐ and 16‐year‐olds (N = 199) judged their expectations about the inclusivity of Arab American and non‐Arab American peer groups toward new peers characterized by: (a) different ethnic identity but similar interests (e.g., hobbies) and (b) same ethnic identity but different interests. Participants expected that when groups had exclusive norms, Arab American peers would base inclusion decisions on ethnic identity, but that their own non‐Arab group would base decisions on shared interests. Participants who reported stereotypes expected their in‐group to be ethnically less inclusive. With age, ethnic‐based exclusion increased. The findings are discussed in light of current research on developmental intergroup relationships.
Expression of CD11c and EMR2 on neutrophils: potential diagnostic biomarkers for sepsis and systemic inflammation
Authors: Lewis S M , Treacher D F , Edgeworth J , Mahalingam G , Brown C S , Mare T A , Stacey M , Beale R , Brown K A 
Published: July 2015

SummaryThere is a need for cellular biomarkers to differentiate patients with sepsis from those with the non-infectious systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS). In this double-blind study we determined whether the expression of known (CD11a/b/c, CD62L) and putative adhesion molecules [CD64, CD97 and epidermal growth factor (EGF)-like molecule containing mucin-like hormone receptor (EMR2)] on blood neutrophils could serve as useful biomarkers of infection and of non-infectious SIRS in critically ill patients. We studied 103 patients with SIRS, 83 of whom had sepsis, and 50 healthy normal subjects, using flow cytometry to characterize neutrophils phenotypically in whole blood samples. Patients with SIRS had an increased prevalence of neutrophils expressing CD11c, CD64 and EMR2 in comparison with healthy subjects (P &lt; 0·001), but normal expression of CD11a, CD11b, CD62L and CD97. An increase in the percentage of neutrophils bearing CD11c was associated with sepsis, EMR2 with SIRS and CD64 with sepsis and SIRS. Neutrophils expressing CD11c had the highest sensitivity (81%) and specificity (80%) for the detection of sepsis, and there was an association between the percentage of neutrophils expressing EMR2 and the extent of organ failure (P &lt; 0·05). Contrary to other reports, we did not observe an abnormal expression of CD11b or CD62L on neutrophils from patients with SIRS, and suggest that this discrepancy is due to differences in cell processing protocols. We propose that blood neutrophils expressing CD11c and EMR2 be considered as potential biomarkers for sepsis and SIRS, respectively.
Obesity prevalence in Norwegian adults assessed by body mass index, waist circumference and fat mass percentage
Authors: Kjær I. G. H. , Kolle E. , Hansen B. H. , Anderssen S. A. , Torstveit M. K. 
Published: July 2015

SummaryThe prevalence of obesity presents serious public health challenges worldwide and is most commonly estimated by the categorization of body mass index (BMI). The purpose of this study was (i) to describe the sensitivity of BMI, waist circumference (WC) and fat mass percentage in the classification of overweight and obesity and (ii) to describe the prevalence of overweight and obesity using different measurement methods in a national sample of Norwegians. A total of 904 Norwegians (20–85 years) were randomly enrolled. Body weight, height, WC and skinfold thickness were measured; BMI and fat mass percentage (FPskf) were calculated. The sensitivity and specificity varied from 77.0% to 86.9% and from 60.6% to 82.3%, respectively. Area under the curve was 0.837 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.801–0.872) for the ability of BMI to predict obesity by FPskf and 0.811 (95% CI: 0.770–0.852) for WC. A total of 12.7% (male: 12.1%, female: 13.4%) were obese based on BMI classifications, 29.1% (male: 36.5%, female: 20.0%) of the sample were obese based on FPskf and 24.3% of men and 37.8% of women were abdominally obese by WC. The agreement between selected measuring methods was fair to good, although the variation in obesity prevalence rates between the different assessments methods varied markedly.
The Integrative Business Experience: Real Choices and Real Consequences Create Real Thinking
Authors: McCord Mary , Houseworth Matthew , Michaelsen Larry K. 
Published: July 2015

ABSTRACTThis article describes an innovation called the Integrative Business Experience (IBE) that links a set of required core business courses to an entrepreneurial practicum course in which two things occur. One is that students are concurrently enrolled in the required core business courses and a practicum course while they create a start‐up business (based on an actual bank loan) and use the profits to finance a hands‐on community service project. The other is that the core courses are taught using the Team‐Based Learning (TBL) to shift the focus of class work from content delivery to content application, and promote the development of interpersonal and team skills.The wide acceptance of the value of active learning over the past 30 years has supported the foundation of Kolb's Experiential Learning Theory, i.e., learning is transformed through experience. IBE provides students with a transformative experience that can engage them in every learning style in Kolb's model. IBE combined with TBL fosters development of the teamwork, interpersonal, and communication skills necessary for effective problem‐solving.This article uses Kolb's cycle of learning to describe how and why the real experience provided by IBE enables students to develop the ability to engage in analytical thinking through practical reasoning, reflective exploration of meaning, and multiple framing. Further, because students’ experiences in IBE are real, they are able to reflect on their personal identities and values as they make decisions in both their business and service activities, and experience the consequences of their choices.
Using Social Constructivist Pedagogy to Implement Liberal Learning in Business Education
Authors: Chandler Jennifer D. , Teckchandani Atul 
Published: July 2015

ABSTRACTThis article outlines how decision sciences instructors, by pairing Liberal Learning (LL) philosophy with Social Constructivist Pedagogy (SCP), can lead the way in transforming business education. It outlines how these educators can cultivate more critical thinking and creativity in their classrooms in order to prepare students for the ‘real problems’ they will face in today's complex and global world. Instructors can accomplish this when they adjust ‘how’ they teach (rather than ‘what’ they teach) so that students become active learners rather than passive listeners. The purpose of the article is to outline the outcomes advocated by the LL philosophy (Colby, Ehrlich, Sullivan, & Dolle, 2011), and describe how SCP, a pedagogical process, can help decision sciences instructors achieve these outcomes (Vygotsky, 1978). Instructors essentially become facilitators of discussion and dialogue rather than the sole distributor of knowledge in the classroom. Two sample implementations of SCP and LL are also discussed.
Could zoledronic acid prevent root resorption in replanted rat molar?
Authors: Yoo Jung Eun , Kim Mi Sun , Kwon Yong–dae , Kim Eun‐Cheol , Kim Kwang Chul , Choi Sung Chul 
Published: July 2015

AbstractBackground/AimIn this study, we evaluated whether zoledronate could suppress the progression of external root resorption in rat due to delayed replantation by inhibiting osteoclastic activity. Also, we estimated the optimal dosage of zoledronate in root treatment of the rat model for a maximum effect of zoledronate.Material and methodsMaxillary first molars in Sprague Dawley rats (N = 84) were extracted, dried for 60 min, and then replanted. The rats were divided into 6 groups (1 mM alendronate, and 1, 5, 10, 20, 40 μM zoledronate). At 4 and 8 weeks postreplantation, the animals were sacrificed and evaluated by radiographic and histological analysis.Results and ConclusionThere were no significant differences at 4 weeks. However, at 8 weeks, 10, 20, and 40 μM ZOL showed more increased radiopaque and smaller periapical lesion in radiographic analysis. In histological analysis, all groups showed similar inflammatory root resorption rate at 4 weeks. However, at 8 weeks, 20 and 40 μM ZOL showed lower rate than those of other groups (P < 0.05). In concerning of replacement resorption, there were no significant differences statistically. In this animal experiment, zoledronate was capable of limiting the occurrence of root resorption in delayed replantation model. In particular, 20 μM dosage of zoledronate solution showed the most effective dose in long‐term follow up and might be suitable for inhibition of root resorption in delayed tooth replantation.
High incidence of engraftment syndrome after haploidentical allogeneic stem cell transplantation
Authors: Chen Yao , Xu Lan‐Ping , Liu Kai‐Yan , Chen Huan , Chen Yu‐Hong , Zhang Xiao‐Hui , Wang Yu , Wang Feng‐Rong , Han Wei , Wang Jing‐Zhi , Yan Chen‐Hua , Zhang Yuan‐Yuan , Sun Yu‐Qian , Huang Xiao‐Jun 
Published: July 2015

AbstractWe determined the incidence, clinical manifestations, and outcomes of engraftment syndrome (ES) in haploidentical stem cell transplantation (SCT) recipients. We compared the incidence of ES between the patient group that received haploidentical SCT (n = 516) and the patient group that received HLA‐identical sibling SCT (n = 393). The transplantations were performed in the Peking University People's Hospital in the period between October 2001 and October 2012. The ES incidence data were collected retrospectively. Patients that presented non‐infectious fever or skin rash within the 24‐h window before or after the beginning of neutrophil recovery were diagnosed with ES in accordance with the Maiolino criteria. ES incidence in haploidentical SCT recipients (21.9%) was significantly higher than that in HLA‐identical sibling SCT recipients (2.0%; P < 0.001). Major symptoms included fever (119/121, 98.3%), skin rash (98/121, 81.0%), and diarrhea (51/121, 42.1%), with the median time of +10 d (range: 6–20 d). The median C‐reactive protein level of the ES group (99.0 mg/L; n = 13) was significantly higher than that of the non‐ES group (13.9 mg/L; n = 38; P < 0.001). Similarly, the results showed that the median C3 plasma concentration of the ES group (1.30 g/L) was higher than that of the non‐ES group (1.16 g/L, P = 0.003). ES was not associated with non‐relapse mortality or overall survival. High incidence of ES was observed in haploidentical SCT recipients; however, ES did not predict poor clinical outcomes.
Influences of extreme weather, climate and pesticide use on invertebrates in cereal fields over 42 years
Authors: Ewald Julie A. , Wheatley Christopher J. , Aebischer Nicholas J. , Moreby Stephen J. , Duffield Simon J. , Crick Humphrey Q. P. , Morecroft Michael B. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractCereal fields are central to balancing food production and environmental health in the face of climate change. Within them, invertebrates provide key ecosystem services. Using 42 years of monitoring data collected in southern England, we investigated the sensitivity and resilience of invertebrates in cereal fields to extreme weather events and examined the effect of long‐term changes in temperature, rainfall and pesticide use on invertebrate abundance. Of the 26 invertebrate groups examined, eleven proved sensitive to extreme weather events. Average abundance increased in hot/dry years and decreased in cold/wet years for Araneae, Cicadellidae, adult Heteroptera, Thysanoptera, Braconidae, Enicmus and Lathridiidae. The average abundance of Delphacidae, Cryptophagidae and Mycetophilidae increased in both hot/dry and cold/wet years relative to other years. The abundance of all 10 groups usually returned to their long‐term trend within a year after the extreme event. For five of them, sensitivity to cold/wet events was lowest (translating into higher abundances) at locations with a westerly aspect. Some long‐term trends in invertebrate abundance correlated with temperature and rainfall, indicating that climate change may affect them. However, pesticide use was more important in explaining the trends, suggesting that reduced pesticide use would mitigate the effects of climate change.
Back to the future: using historical climate variation to project near‐term shifts in habitat suitable for coast redwood
Authors: Fernández Miguel , Hamilton Healy H. , Kueppers Lara M. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractStudies that model the effect of climate change on terrestrial ecosystems often use climate projections from downscaled global climate models (GCMs). These simulations are generally too coarse to capture patterns of fine‐scale climate variation, such as the sharp coastal energy and moisture gradients associated with wind‐driven upwelling of cold water. Coastal upwelling may limit future increases in coastal temperatures, compromising GCMs’ ability to provide realistic scenarios of future climate in these coastal ecosystems. Taking advantage of naturally occurring variability in the high‐resolution historic climatic record, we developed multiple fine‐scale scenarios of California climate that maintain coherent relationships between regional climate and coastal upwelling. We compared these scenarios against coarse resolution GCM projections at a regional scale to evaluate their temporal equivalency. We used these historically based scenarios to estimate potential suitable habitat for coast redwood (Sequoia sempervirens D. Don) under ‘normal’ combinations of temperature and precipitation, and under anomalous combinations representative of potential future climates. We found that a scenario of warmer temperature with historically normal precipitation is equivalent to climate projected by GCMs for California by 2020–2030 and that under these conditions, climatically suitable habitat for coast redwood significantly contracts at the southern end of its current range. Our results suggest that historical climate data provide a high‐resolution alternative to downscaled GCM outputs for near‐term ecological forecasts. This method may be particularly useful in other regions where local climate is strongly influenced by ocean–atmosphere dynamics that are not represented by coarse‐scale GCMs.