bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Primary dolomite in the Late Triassic Travenanzes Formation, Dolomites, Northern Italy: Facies control and possible bacterial influence
Authors: Preto Nereo , Breda Anna , Dal Corso Jacopo , Spötl Christoph , Zorzi Federico , Frisia Silvia 
Published: August 2014

AbstractIn the late Carnian (Late Triassic), a carbonate‐clastic depositional system including a distal alluvial plain, flood basin and sabkha, tidal flat and shallow carbonate lagoon was established in the Dolomites (Northern Italy). The flood basin was a muddy supratidal environment where marine carbonates and continental siliciclastics interfingered. A dolomite phase made of sub‐micrometre euhedral crystals with a mosaic microstructure of nanometre‐scale domains was identified in stromatolitic laminae of the flood basin embedded in clay. This dolomite is interpreted here as primary and has a nearly stoichiometric composition, as opposed to younger early diagenetic (not primary) dolomite phases, which are commonly calcian. This primary dolomite was shielded from later diagenetic transformation by the clay. The stable isotopic composition of dolomite was analyzed along a depositional transect. The δ13C values range between ca −6‰ and +4‰, with the most 13C‐depleted values in dolomites of the distal alluvial plain and flood basin, and the most 13C‐enriched in dolomites of the tidal flat and lagoon. Uniform δ18O values ranging between 0‰ and +3‰ were found in all sedimentary facies. It is hypothesized that the primary dolomite with mosaic microstructure nucleated on extracellular polymeric substances secreted by sulphate reducing bacteria. A multi‐step process involving sabkha and reflux dolomitization led to partial replacement and overgrowth of the primary dolomite, but replacement and overgrowth were facies‐dependent. Dolomites of the landward, clay‐rich portion of the sedimentary system were only moderately overgrown during late dolomitization steps, and partly retain an isotopic signature consistent with bacterial sulphate reduction with δ13C as low as −6‰. In contrast, dolomites of the marine, clay‐free part of the system were probably transformed through sabkha and reflux diagenetic processes into calcian varieties, and exhibit δ13C values of ca +3‰. Major shifts of δ13C values strictly follow the lateral migration of facies and thus mark transgressions and regressions.
In vivo evaluation of two forms of urea in the skin by Raman spectroscopy after application of urea‐containing cream
Authors: Egawa M. , Sato Y. 
Published: August 2014

Background/purposeAs urea is one of the natural moisturizing factor (NMF) components in the stratum corneum, it has been used in topical products to improve skin conditions. However, the penetration behavior of urea in the skin after application of urea‐containing cream has not been determined as there has been no technique with which to measure the urea content in the skin in vivo non‐invasively. We therefore applied Raman spectroscopy to evaluate the depth profile of urea content in the skin. We investigated changes in depth profiles of two forms of urea to evaluate the penetration behavior of urea after application of urea‐containing cream.MethodsCommercially available moisturizing creams F and R in quantities of 2.2‐mg/cm2 and containing 20% (w/w) urea were applied to volar forearm skin of six Japanese subjects. Raman spectra of the skin were measured at 2‐μm intervals from the skin surface toward the interior using a confocal Raman spectrometer (model 3510 SCA) before and 15, 60, and 120 min after the application of the creams. The amounts of the two forms of urea, urea in water solution and urea in a solid state, were calculated by adding the spectra of solid urea and the cream base to a previously reported algorithm including the spectrum of urea in water solution.ResultsThe characteristic band of urea in water solution was observed at approximately 1004/cm and that of the solid state at approximately 1010/cm in the Raman spectra of the skin after application of either cream. There was more urea in water solution form in the area where cream F was applied than in the area where cream R was applied. There was more urea in a solid state in the area where cream R was applied than in the area where cream F was applied at all depths and measurement times. In particular, there was significantly more urea in a solid state below a depth of 2 μm in the area where cream R was applied than in the area where cream F was applied 15 min after application.ConclusionThe present study demonstrated that we can measure both urea forms in the skin after the application of urea‐containing creams. The proposed technique would be useful in the evaluation of characteristics of the penetration behavior of urea in the skin after the application of various urea‐containing moisturizers.
The BSD2 ortholog in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is a polysome‐associated chaperone that co‐migrates on sucrose gradients with the rbcL transcript encoding the Rubisco large subunit
Authors: Doron Lior , Segal Na'ama , Gibori Hadas , Shapira Michal 
Published: August 2014

SummaryThe expression of the CO2‐fixation enzyme ribulose‐bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco), which is affected by light, involves the cysteine‐rich protein bundle‐sheath defective‐2 (BSD2) that was originally identified in maize bundle‐sheath cells. We identified the BSD2 ortholog in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii as a small protein (17 kDa) localized to the chloroplast. The algal BSD2‐ortholog contains four CXXCXGXG DnaJ‐like elements, but lacks the other conserved domains of DnaJ. BSD2 co‐migrated with the rbcL transcript on heavy polysomes, and both BSD2 and rbcL mRNA shifted to the lighter fractions under oxidizing conditions that repress the translation of the Rubisco large subunit (RbcL). This profile of co‐migration supports the possibility that BSD2 is required for the de novo synthesis of RbcL. Furthermore, BSD2 co‐migrated with the rbcL transcript in a C. reinhardtii premature‐termination mutant that encodes the first 60 amino acids of RbcL. In both strains, BSD2 shared its migration profile with the rbcL transcript but not with psbA mRNA. The chaperone activity of BSD2 was exemplified by its ability to prevent the aggregation of both citrate synthase (CS) and RbcL in vitro following their chemical denaturation. This activity did not depend on the presence of the thiol groups on BSD2. In contrast, the activity of BSD2 in preventing the precipitation of reduced β‐chains in vitro in the insulin turbidity assay was thiol‐dependent. We conclude that BSD2 combines a chaperone ‘holdase’ function with the ability to interact with free thiols, with both activities being required to protect newly synthesized RbcL chains.
Provision ofKEL1‐negative blood to obstetric patients: a 3‐year single‐institution retrospective review
Authors: O'Brien Kerry L. , Kim Yeowon A. , Haspel Richard L. , Uhl Lynne 
Published: August 2014

BackgroundKEL1 alloimmunization is a major cause of hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn (HDFN). While select countries have guidelines for preventing transfusion‐associatedKEL1 alloimmunization, theUnitedStates does not.BethIsraelDeaconessMedicalCenter instituted a policy inApril 2009 whereby women not more than 50 years of age on the obstetric service were transfusedKEL1‐negative red blood cells (RBCs). We sought to determine compliance and impact for prevention ofKEL1 alloimmunization andHDFN.Study Design and MethodsAll women not more than 50 years of age without anti‐KtransfusedRBCs during an obstetric admission fromApril 9, 2009, toApril 9, 2012, were identified (227). Adherence to policy, factors contributing to nonadherence, and subsequent impact were evaluated. For comparison, all cases of anti‐Kdetection in women not more than 50 years of age admitted to nonobstetric services and all cases of transfusion‐associatedKEL1 alloimmunization in women not more than 50 years of age during the 10 years prior were identified.ResultsEighty‐four percent received onlyKEL1‐negative units. Three (1.3%) women not more than 50 years of age on the obstetric service were identified with anti‐K, while 17 (1.5%) women not more than 50 years of age on nonobstetric services had anti‐Kdetected; only five of 20 had a priorRBCtransfusion. In the 10 years prior, there were 27 cases of transfusion‐associatedKEL1 alloimmunization in women not more than 50 years of age. There were no cases ofKEL1HDFNin either period.ConclusionAlthough the findings demonstrate feasibility of providingKEL1‐negativeRBCs to women of childbearing potential, evidence for clinical benefit is lacking. The low prevalence ofKEL1 in blood donors, the lack of significant differences in alloimmunization rates, and no cases ofHDFNduring the study period questions the clinical benefit of such a policy.
Quadriceps Femoris Strength and Sagittal-Plane Knee Biomechanics During Stair Ascent in Individuals With Articular Cartilage Defects in the Knee
Authors: Thoma Louise M. , Flanigan David C. , Chaudhari Ajit M. , Siston Robert A. , Best Thomas M. , Schmitt Laura C. 
Published: August 2014

Context:Few objective data are available regarding strength and movement patterns in individuals with articular cartilage defects (ACDs) of the knee.Objectives:To test the following hypotheses: (1) The involved limb of individuals with ACDs would demonstrate lower peak knee-flexion angle, peak internal knee-extension moment, and peak vertical ground-reaction force (vGRF) than the contralateral limb and healthy controls. (2) On the involved limb of individuals with ACDs, quadriceps femoris strength would positively correlate with peak knee-flexion angle, peak internal knee-extension moment, and peak vGRF.Design:Cross-sectional.Setting:Biomechanics research laboratory.Participants:11 individuals with ACDs in the knee who were eligible for surgical cartilage restoration and 10 healthy controls.Methods:Quadriceps femoris strength was quantified as peak isometric knee-extension torque via an isokinetic dynamometer. Sagittal-plane knee kinematics and kinetics were measured during the stance phase of stair ascent with 3-dimensional motion analysis.Main Outcome Measures:Quadriceps strength and knee biomechanics during stair ascent were compared between the involved and contralateral limbs of participants with ACD (paired t tests) and with a control group (independent-samples t tests). Pearson correlations evaluated relationships between strength and stair-ascent biomechanics.Results:Lower quadriceps strength and peak internal knee-extension moments were observed in the involved limb than in the contralateral limb (P < .01) and the control group (P < .01). For the involved limb of the ACD group, quadriceps femoris strength was strongly correlated (r = .847) with involved-limb peak internal knee-extension moment and inversely correlated (r = −.635) with contralateral peak vGRF. Conclusions: Individuals with ACDs demonstrated deficits in quadriceps femoris strength with associated alterations in movement patterns during stair ascent. The results of this study are not comprehensive; further research is needed to understand the physiological characteristics, activity performance, and movement quality in this population.
The Progression of Isokinetic Knee Strength After Matrix-Induced Autologous Chondrocyte Implantation: Implications for Rehabilitation and Return to Activity
Authors: Ebert Jay R. , Smith Anne , Edwards Peter K. , Ackland Timothy R. 
Published: August 2014

Context:Matrix-induced autologous chondrocyte implantation (MACI) is an established technique for the repair of knee chondral defects. Despite the reported clinical improvement in knee pain and symptoms, little is known on the recovery of knee strength and its return to an appropriate level compared with the unaffected limb.Objective:To investigate the progression of isokinetic knee strength and limb symmetry after MACI.Design:Prospective cohort.Setting:Private functional rehabilitation facility.Patients:58 patients treated with MACI for full-thickness cartilage defects to the femoral condyles.Intervention:MACI and a standardized rehabilitation protocol.Main Outcome Measures:Preoperatively and at 1, 2, and 5 y postsurgery, patients underwent a 3-repetition-maximum straight-leg raise test, as well as assessment of isokinetic knee-flexor and -extensor torque and hamstring:quadriceps (H:Q) ratios. Correlation analysis investigated the association between strength and pain, demographics, defect, and surgery characteristics. Linear-regression analysis estimated differences in strength measures between the operated and nonoperated limbs, as well as Limb Symmetry Indexes (LSI) over time.Results:Peak knee-extension torque improved significantly over time for both limbs but was significantly lower on the operated limb preoperatively and at 1, 2, and 5 y. Mean LSIs of 77.0%, 83.0%, and 86.5% were observed at 1, 2, and 5 y, respectively, while 53.4–72.4% of patients demonstrated an LSI ≤ 90% across the postoperative timeline. Peak knee-flexion torque was significantly lower on the operated limb preoperatively and at 1 year. H:Q ratios were significantly higher on the operated limb at all time points.Conclusions:While peak knee-flexion and hip-flexor strength were within normal limits, the majority of patients in this study still demonstrated an LSI for peak knee-extensor strength ≤ 90%, even at 5 y. It is unknown how this prolonged knee-extensor deficit may affect long-term graft outcome and risk of reinjury after return to activity.
A New Method To Determine
In Vivo
Interactomes Reveals Binding of the Legionella pneumophila Effector PieE to Multiple Rab GTPases
Authors: Mousnier Aurélie , Schroeder Gunnar N. , Stoneham Charlotte A. , So Ernest C. , Garnett James A. , Yu Lu , Matthews Steve J. , Choudhary Jyoti S. , Hartland Elizabeth L. , Frankel Gad 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACT

Legionella pneumophila
, the causative agent of Legionnaires’ disease, uses the Dot/Icm type IV secretion system (T4SS) to translocate more than 300 effectors into host cells, where they subvert host cell signaling. The function and host cell targets of most effectors remain unknown. PieE is a 69-kDa Dot/Icm effector containing three coiled-coil (CC) regions and 2 transmembrane (TM) helices followed by a fourth CC region. Here, we report that PieE dimerized by an interaction between CC3 and CC4. We found that ectopically expressed PieE localized to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and induced the formation of organized smooth ER, while following infection PieE localized to the
Legionella
-containing vacuole (LCV). To identify the physiological targets of PieE during infection, we established a new purification method for which we created an A549 cell line stably expressing the
Escherichia coli
biotin ligase BirA and infected the cells with
L. pneumophila
expressing PieE fused to a BirA-specific biotinylation site and a hexahistidine tag. Following tandem Ni
2+
nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA) and streptavidin affinity chromatography, the effector-target complexes were analyzed by mass spectrometry. This revealed interactions of PieE with multiple host cell proteins, including the Rab GTPases 1a, 1b, 2a, 5c, 6a, 7, and 10. Binding of the Rab GTPases, which was validated by yeast two-hybrid binding assays, was mediated by the PieE CC1 and CC2. In summary, using a novel, highly specific strategy to purify effector complexes from infected cells, which is widely applicable to other pathogens, we identified PieE as a multidomain LCV protein with promiscuous Rab GTPase-binding capacity.

IMPORTANCE
The respiratory pathogen
Legionella pneumophila
uses the Dot/Icm type IV secretion system to translocate more than 300 effector proteins into host cells. The function of most effectors in infection remains unknown. One of the bottlenecks for their characterization is the identification of target proteins. Frequently used
in vitro
approaches are not applicable to all effectors and suffer from high rates of false positives or missed interactions, as they are not performed in the context of an infection. Here, we determine key functional domains of the effector PieE and describe a new method to identify host cell targets under physiological infection conditions. Our approach, which is applicable to other pathogens, uncovered the interaction of PieE with several proteins involved in membrane trafficking, in particular Rab GTPases, revealing new details of the
Legionella
infection strategy and demonstrating the potential of this method to greatly advance our understanding of the molecular basis of infection.
Can training in advanced clinical skills in obstetrics, neonatal care and leadership, of non-physician clinicians in Malawi impact on clinical services improvements (the ETATMBA project): a process evaluation
Authors: Ellard David R , Chimwaza Wanangwa , Davies David , O'Hare Joseph Paul , Kamwendo Francis , Quenby Siobhan , Griffiths Frances 
Published: August 2014

ObjectivesThe ‘enhancing human resources and the use of appropriate technologies for maternal and perinatal survival in sub-Saharan Africa’ (ETATMBA) project is training emergency obstetric and new-born care (EmONC) non-physician clinicians (NPCs) as advanced clinical leaders. Our objectives were to evaluate the implementation and changes to practice.DesignA mixed methods process evaluation with the predominate methodology being qualitative.SettingRural and urban hospitals in 8 of the 14 districts of northern and central Malawi.Participants54 EmONC NPCs with 3 years’ plus experience.InterventionTraining designed and delivered by clinicians from the UK and Malawi; it is a 2-year plus package of training (classroom, mentorship and assignments).ResultsWe conducted 79 trainee interviews over three time points during the training, as well as a convenience sample of 10 colleagues, 7 district officers and 2 UK obstetricians. Trainees worked in a context of substantial variation in the rates of maternal and neonatal deaths between districts. Training reached trainees working across the target regions. For 46 trainees (8 dropped out of the course), dose delivered in terms of attendance was high and all 46 spent time working alongside an obstetrician. In early interviews trainees recalled course content unprompted indicating training had been received. Colleagues and district officers reported cascading of knowledge and initial changes in practice indicating early implementation. By asking trainees to describe actual cases we found they had implemented new knowledge and skills. These included life-saving interventions for postpartum haemorrhage and eclampsia. Trainees identified the leadership training as enabling them to confidently change their own practice and initiate change in their health facility.ConclusionsThis process evaluation suggests that trainees have made positive changes in their practice. Clear impacts on maternal and perinatal mortality are yet to be elucidated.
The positive pharmacy care law: an area-level analysis of the relationship between community pharmacy distribution, urbanity and social deprivation in England
Authors: Todd Adam , Copeland Alison , Husband Andy , Kasim Adetayo , Bambra Clare 
Published: August 2014

ObjectivesTo: (1) determine the percentage of the population in England that have access to a community pharmacy within 20 min walk; (2) explore any relationship between the walking distance and urbanity; (3) explore any relationship between the walking distance and social deprivation; and (4) explore any interactions between urbanity, social deprivation and community pharmacy access.DesignThis area level analysis spatial study used postcodes for all community pharmacies in England. Each postcode was assigned to a population lookup table and lower super output area (LSOA). The LSOA was then matched to urbanity (urban, town and fringe or village, hamlet and isolated dwellings) and deprivation decile (using the Index of Multiple Deprivation score).Primary outcome measureAccess to a community pharmacy within 20 min walk.ResultsOverall, 89.2% of the population is estimated to have access to a community pharmacy within 20 min walk. For urban areas, that is 98.3% of the population, for town and fringe, 79.9% of the population, while for rural areas, 18.9% of the population. For areas of lowest deprivation (deprivation decile 1) 90.2% of the population have access to a community pharmacy within 20 min walk, compared to 99.8% in areas of highest deprivation (deprivation decile 10), a percentage difference of 9.6% (8.2, 10.9).ConclusionsOur study shows that the majority of the population can access a community pharmacy within 20 min walk and crucially, access is greater in areas of highest deprivation—a positive pharmacy care law. More research is needed to explore the perceptions and experiences of people—from various levels of deprivation—around the accessibility of community pharmacy services.
Transcatheter versus surgical aortic valve replacement: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised and non-randomised trials
Authors: Nagaraja Vinayak , Raval Jwalant , Eslick Guy D , Ong Andrew T L 
Published: August 2014

IntroductionMany patients deemed inoperable for surgical aortic valve replacement (SAVR) have been treated successfully by transcatheter aortic-valve replacement (TAVR). This meta-analysis is designed to evaluate the performance of TAVR in comparison with SAVR.MethodsA systematic search was conducted using MEDLINE, PubMed, EMBASE, Current Contents Connect, the Cochrane library, Google Scholar, Science Direct and Web of Science. Original data were abstracted from each study and used to calculate a pooled OR and 95% CI.ResultsAmong three randomised controlled trials (RCTs), differences between the two cohorts were not statistically significant for the frequency of stroke (OR=1.94, 95% CI=0.813 to 4.633), incidence of myocardial infarction (MI), (OR=0.765, 95% CI=0.05 to 11.76) 30-day mortality rate, 1-year mortality rate (0.82, 95% CI=0.62 to 1.09) and acute kidney injury incidence rate. The non-RCTs demonstrated that the TAVR group had an amplified frequency aortic regurgitation at discharge (OR=5.465, 95% CI=3.441 to 8.680). While differences between the two cohorts were not statistically significant for the incidence of MI (OR=0.697, 95% CI=0.22 to 2.21), stroke (OR=0.575, 95% CI=0.263 to 1.259), acute renal failure requiring haemodialysis (OR=0.943, 95% CI=0.276 to 3.222), 30-day mortality (OR=0.869, 95% CI=0.621 to 1.216) and the need for a pacemaker (OR=1.832, 95% CI=0.869 to 3.862), a lower incidence of patients needing transfusion (OR=0.349, 95% CI=0.121 to 1.005) and new-onset atrial fibrillation (OR=0.296, 95% CI=0.124 to 0.706) was seen in the TAVR group.ConclusionsRandomised and observational evidence adjusted on the baseline patient’s characteristics finds a similar risk for 30 days mortality, 1-year mortality, stroke, MI and acute kidney injury in TAVR and SAVR.