bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Population Structure and Linkage Disequilibrium in Six‐Rowed Barley Landraces from the Qinghai‐Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Wang Lei , Xu Jinqing , Xia Tengfei , Zhang Huaigang , Liu Dengcai , Shen Yuhu 
Published: July 2014

ABSTRACTThe genetic diversity, population structure, and extent of linkage disequilibrium (LD) were investigated at a genome‐wide level in 255 six‐rowed barley (Hordeum vulgare L. ssp. Vulgare) landraces from the Qinghai‐Tibetan Plateau using 1264 polymorphic diversity array technology (DArT) markers. The mean polymorphism information content (PIC) of the DArT markers ranged between 0.008 and 0.500 with an average of 0.213. Bayesian, principal coordinate analysis, and phylogenetic analysis supported that six‐rowed barley landraces from this region are divided into five distinct subpopulations centered on the regions of origin of the germplasm. The genetic distances calculated for all the individual pairs were geographically dependent, as revealed by Mantel tests (r = 0.35, P < 0.001) and spatial autocorrelation analysis. The LD values, expressed as r2, declined with increasing genetic distance, and the same tendency occurred on each chromosome. In general, LD values were low (9.1% of adjacent markers; P < 0.001), and mean LD values across the whole genome decayed to below the critical r2 of 0.22 after 3.32 cM. Approximately 19.0% of marker pairs (mean r2 = 0.586) located on the same chromosome and 4.9% of pairs (mean r2 = 0.318) located on different chromosomes were in LD (r2 ≥ 0.22). Our results discerned relevant patterns of genetic diversity, population structure, and LD among members of a Qinghai‐Tibet Plateau barley landraces panel proposed to be ‘typical’ of a target region or environment and have important implications for further studies on association mapping and practical breeding in high‐altitude naked barley.
Biotypic Variation among Soybean Aphid Isolates from Four Provinces in China
Authors: Zhong Yun P. , Xiao Liang , Wang Biao , Jiang Yi N. , Yan Jun H. , Cheng Lin J. , Wu Tian L. 
Published: July 2014

ABSTRACTThe soybean aphid [Aphis glycines Matsumura (Hemiptera: Aphididae)] is an important pest insect of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] in China and North America. Identification of soybean aphid biotypes would facilitate more effective pest management. Although four soybean aphid biotypes have been discovered in North America to date, biotype determination has not been conducted in China. In this study, we analyzed the biotypes of soybean aphids collected from four different soybean‐growing areas in China in 2011. The responses of four soybean aphid isolates from Changchun (Jilin province), Jinan (Shandong province), and Shanghai and Guiyang (Guizhou province) were assessed by infesting 11 soybean genotypes in noncaged tests during 2 yr and infesting 7 genotypes in a caged test in 1 yr. We distinguished among the four isolates on the basis of their abilities to infest a set of host plants with the known resistance genes Rag1 through Rag6. The results showed that the biotype profiles of the four soybean aphid isolates were different from each other and that there are at least four biotypes of soybean aphid in China.
Survey of electronic veterinary medical record adoption and use by independent small animal veterinary medical practices in Massachusetts
Authors: Krone Lauren M. , Brown Catherine M. , Lindenmayer Joann M. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Objective—To estimate the proportion of independent small animal veterinary medical practices in Massachusetts that use electronic veterinary medical records (EVMRs), determine the purposes for which EVMRs are used, and identify perceived barriers to their use.
Design—Survey.
Sample—100 veterinarians.
Procedures—213 of 517 independent small animal veterinary practices operating in Massachusetts were randomly chosen for study recruitment. One veterinarian at each practice was invited by telephone to answer a hardcopy survey regarding practice demographics, medical records type (electronic, paper, or both), purposes of EVMR use, and perceived barriers to adoption. Surveys were mailed to the first 100 veterinarians who agreed to participate. Practices were categorized by record type and size (large [≥ 5 veterinarians], medium [3 to 4 veterinarians], or small [1 to 2 veterinarians]).
Results—84 surveys were returned; overall response was 84 of 213 (39.4%). The EVMRs were used alone or together with paper records in 66 of 82 (80.5%) practices. Large and medium-sized practices were significantly more likely to use EVMRs combined with paper records than were small practices. The EVMRs were most commonly used for ensuring billing, automating reminders, providing cost estimates, scheduling, recording medical and surgical information, and tracking patient health. Least common uses were identifying emerging infectious diseases, research, and insurance. Eleven veterinarians in paper record–only practices indicated reluctance to change, anticipated technological problems, time constraints, and cost were barriers to EVMR use.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results indicated EVMRs were underutilized as a tool for tracking and improving population health and identifying emerging infectious diseases. Efforts to facilitate adoption of EVMRs for these purposes should be strengthened by the veterinary medical, human health, and public health professions.
Ruffe (Gymnocephalus Cernuus L.) Growth and Diet in Lake Dusia (Southern Lithuania)
Authors: Pilinkovskij Andrej , Kesminas Vytautas , Bukelskis Egidijus , Čivas Laurynas 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
The ruffe, Gymnocephalus cernuus (L.), is considered to be a food competitor with many commercially valuable fishes such as bream, Abramis brama (L.), roach, Rutilus rutilus (L.), pikeperch, Sander lucioperca (L.), and perch, Perca fluviatilis L. This paper presents the results of an investigation into the fish community structure of Lake Dusia and the population parameters (morphometry, age, growth, diet) of ruffe as one of the prevailing fish species in the lake. The fish community of Lake Dusia was dominated by ruffe, perch, and roach. The ruffe population constituted 64.1% of the fish community of the lake in relative abundance and 36.8% in biomass. An analysis of the ruffe diet revealed that Gammaridae and Chironomidae were the principal components in all age-classes. The ruffe population was comprised mainly of individuals 3+ and 4+ years of age. The mean total length (TL) of ruffe was 13.39 ± 1.79 cm (minimum-maximum: 6.12-19.93 cm). The growth in length calculated using the von Bertalanffy equation was Lt
= 21.3[1-e-a161(t-0,335)]. Ruffe growth rates were found to slow as the fish aged. Ruffe growth variations were linked to population density, fish community structure in the water body, abundance of invertebrates (zooplankton and zoobenthos), and type of water body.
Replication of Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis Virus in Different Cell Lines and in Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus Mykiss) Fingerlings
Authors: Matvienko Natalija , Rud Yury , Buchatsky Leonid 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
The results of a study of Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis Virus (IPNV) isolated in natural reservoirs in Ukraine are presented. The pathogenicity of isolates was investigated in vitro on cell cultures and in vivo on rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), fingerlings. Experimental indications were that the Ukrainian IPNV isolates have affinity with reference European strains. During the reproduction of these isolates in cell cultures of FHM (fat head minnow), RTG-2 (rainbow trout gonads), and BF-2 (bluegill caudal peduncle), complicated degenerative changes were visible that finally led to the full destruction of cell monolayers. The experimental infection of rainbow trout fingerlings resulted in typical disease symptoms that were systemic. However, obvious evidence of viral infection was noted in single individuals only, and the majority of experimental fish died without visible disease symptoms. During the study of physicochemical properties, it was noted that Ukrainian isolates completely lost their infectivity with chloroform treatment and heating to 60°C. This proved that IPNV isolates are resistant to Ion concentrations in the range of pH 3.0 to 12.0.
A Framework for Visual Dynamic Analysis of Ray Tracing Algorithms
Authors: Lesev Hristo , Penev Alexander 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
A novel approach is presented for recording high volume data about ray tracing rendering systems' runtime state and its subsequent dynamic analysis and interactive visualization in the algorithm computational domain. Our framework extracts light paths traced by the system and leverages on a powerful filtering subsystem, helping interactive visualization and exploration of the desired subset of recorded data. We introduce a versatile data logging format and acceleration structures for easy access and filtering. We have implemented a plugin based framework and a tool set that realize all ideas presented in this paper. The framework provides data logging API for instrumenting production-ready, multithreaded, distributed renderers. The framework visualization tool enables deeper understanding of the ray tracing algorithms for novices, as well as for experts.
A New Approximate Analytical Method for ODEs
Authors: Aminikhah Hossein 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
In this paper, we propose a new algorithm for solving ordinary differential equations. We show the superiority of this algorithm by applying the new method for some famous ODEs. Theoretical considerations are discussed. The first He's polynomials have used to reach the exact solution of these problems. This method which has good stability and accuracy properties is useful in deal with linear and nonlinear system of ordinary differential equations.
On The Distribution Of Mixed Sum Of Independent Random Variables One Of Them Associated With Srivastava's Polynomials And H -Function
Authors: Singh Jagdev , Kumar Devendra 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
In this paper, we obtain the distribution of mixed sum of two independent random variables with different probability density functions. One with probability density function defined in finite range and the other with probability density function defined in infinite range and associated with product of Srivastava's polynomials and H-function. We use the Laplace transform and its inverse to obtain our main result. The result obtained here is quite general in nature and is capable of yielding a large number of corresponding new and known results merely by specializing the parameters involved therein. To illustrate, some special cases of our main result are also given.
PAHs Concentrations in Poland Using Moss Pleurozium Schreberi as Bioindicator
Authors: Godzik Barbara , Szarek-Łukaszewska Grażyna , Kapusta Paweł , Stępień Katarzyna 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Concentrations of PAHs in the moss Pleurozium schreberi (Brid.) Mitt. were compared in three regions differing in degree of industrialization and urbanization: the Silesia-Cracow region (heavily polluted), Mazovia (moderately polluted) and Podlasie (northeast Poland, control area). Ten moss samples of moss were taken from each area. PAH concentrations were determined by HPLC. Total PAHs levels in P. schreberi varied depending on the region: mean 7350 (± 4075) ng kg−1 d. wt. for the Silesia-Cracow region, mean 2127 (± 1686) ng kg−1 d. wt. for Mazovia, and mean 838 (± 943) ng kg−1 d. wt. for the control area. PAHs concentrations differed significantly between the three regions. The number of individual PAH compounds detected depended on the region. The following PAHs tended to occur in pairs: phenanthrene and benzo(k)fluoranthene, pyrene and chrysene, pyrene and dibenz(ah)anthracene, benz(a)anthracene and benzo(b)fluoranthene, benz(a)anthracene and benzo(ghi)perylene, chrysene and dibenz(ah)anthracene, benzo(b)fluoranthene and benzo(ghi)perylene, and benzo(b)fluoranthene and indeno(123cd)pyrene. The results of PAHs analysis in Pleurozium schreberi indicate the usefulness of mosses for monitoring these compounds in the environment.
Pan-Arctic lead detection from MODIS thermal infrared imagery
Authors: Willmes S. , Heinemann G. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractPolynyas and leads are key elements of the wintertime Arctic sea-ice cover. They play a crucial role in surface heat loss, potential ice formation and consequently in the seasonal sea-ice budget. While polynyas are generally sufficiently large to be observed with passive microwave satellite sensors, the monitoring of narrow leads requires the use of data at a higher spatial resolution. We apply and evaluate different lead segmentation techniques based on sea-ice surface temperatures as measured by the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS). Daily lead composite maps indicate the presence of cloud artifacts that arise from ambiguities in the segmentation process and shortcomings in the MODIS cloud mask. A fuzzy cloud artifact filter is hence implemented to mitigate these effects and the associated potential misclassification of leads. The filter is adjusted with reference data from thermal infrared image sequences, and applied to daily MODIS data from January to April 2008. The daily lead product can be used to deduct the structure and dynamics of wintertime sea-ice leads and to assess seasonal divergence patterns of the Arctic Ocean.
Management of Chronic Osteomyelitis of Femur with Interlocking Intramedullary Nail in a Young Man: A Case Report
Authors: Alamgir MHM , Islam Md. Monowarul , Islam Md. Nazrul , Hasan Md. Forhadul , Chowdhury Esha 
Published: July 2014

Chronic osteomyelitis is relatively unusual complication of intramedullary nail fixation of long bone fractures. Depending on the extent of infection, timing of diagnosis and progress of fracture healing, different treatment options have been developed. There is no hard and fast rule for the treatment of chronic osteomyelitis related to implant. Still now it is a big challenge for orthopaedic surgeons to handle such cases. Some options are very costly and time consuming. We are reporting here such a case of chronic osteomyelitis of femur fracture fixed with interlocking nail in a 23 year young man. His fracture was a closed one. Appropriate therapy for chronic osteomyelitis complicating a fracture is based on a multimodality approach even if there is no set algorithm to take in charge the two central problems related to it namely eradication of infection and fracture union. The surgical techniques and choice of fracture fixation determined according to age, weight, profession, intellectual status of patient and the expertise available. Clinical signs and investigation should alert the surgeon to the possibility of an underlying infection and appropriate measures should take quickly. It is important not to underestimate local skin irritation or signs of inflammation.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jsf.v11i1.19397
Hematological Parameter of Heteropneustes fossilis (Shing fish)
Authors: Khanam Tahmina , Latifa Gulshan Ara 
Published: July 2014

Background: The physiological conditions of fish are essential for the successful fish culture. Objective: The purpose of the present study was to see the haematological parameter of air breathing cat fish (Heteropneustes fossilis) of Bangladesh. Methodology: This animal study was conducted in the Bargen lab in the Department of Zoology at University of Dhaka as well as in The Peoples Pathological lab which was a private diagnostic laboratory at Dhaka city from July 2008 to April 2009 for a period of 9(nine) months. The fish was Heteropneustes fossilis. Haemocytometer including two graduated pipettes was used for counting leucocytes. Result: The result indicated eight types of blood cells in peripheral condition of Heteropneustes fossilis. The average cellular counts of Heteropneustes fossilis were erythrocytes 8.45´106 m3, leukocytes 15.44´103m-3, Thrombocytes 34.72%, large lymphocytes 1.02%, small lymphocytes 26.7%, monocyte 3.9%, neutrophil 16.9%, eosinophils 6.97%, basophiles 8.6%, haemoglobin 11.7g 100ml1, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) 6.49g 100ml-1. The most of the hematological parameter showed intra specific variation except eosinophils and ESR of Heteropneustes fossilis (Shing fish). Conclusion: Hematological studies shows that the physiology of fish change with the change in the environment, time, season, maturity, nutritional state, activity level physical and chemical change in water.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jsf.v11i1.19398
Comparison of Lifts Versus Tape Measure in Determining Leg Length Discrepancy
Authors: Badii Maziar , Wade A. Nicole , Collins David R. , Nicolaou Savvakis , Kobza B. Jacek , Kopec Jacek A. 
Published: July 2014

Objective.To evaluate the validity (accuracy) and reliability of 2 commonly used clinical methods, 1 indirect (lifts) and 1 direct (tape measure), for assessment of leg length discrepancy (LLD) in comparison to radiograph.Methods.Twenty subjects suspected of having LLD participated in this study. Two clinical methods, 1 direct using a tape measure and 1 indirect using lifts, were standardized and carried out by 4 examiners. Difference in height of the femoral heads on standing pelvic radiograph was measured and served as the gold standard.Results.The intraclass correlation coefficient assessing interobserver reliability was 0.737 for lifts and 0.477 for tape measure. The remainder of the analysis is based on the average of the measurements by the 4 examiners. Pearson correlation coefficients were 0.93 for the lifts and 0.75 for the tape measure method. Paired sample t tests showed difference in means of 2 mm (p = 0.051) for lifts and −5 mm (p = 0.007) for tape measure compared with radiograph. Sensitivity and specificity were 55% and 89% for lifts and 45% and 56% for tape measure, respectively, using > 5 mm as the definition for LLD. The wrong leg was identified as being shorter in 1 out of 20 subjects using lifts versus 7 out of 20 using tape measure.Conclusion.The indirect standing method of LLD measurement using lifts had superior validity, interobserver reliability, and specificity in comparison with radiograph over the direct supine method using tape measure. Both clinical methods underestimated LLD compared with radiograph.
Systemic Sclerosis and the Risk of Tuberculosis
Authors: Ou Shuo-Ming , Fan Wen-Chien , Cho Kun-Ta , Yeh Chiu-Mei , Su Vincent Yi-Fong , Hung Man-Hsin , Chang Yu-Sheng , Lee Yi-Jung , Chen Yung-Tai , Chao Pei-Wen , Yang Wu-Chang , Chen Tzeng-Ji , Wang Wei-Shu , Tsao Hsuan-Ming , Chen Li-Fu , Lee Fa-Yauh , Liu Chia-Jen 
Published: July 2014

Objective.Pulmonary involvement is common in patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc), and this condition causes substantial morbidity and mortality. Disrupted immunity from the disease or associated medication may render such patients subject to tuberculosis (TB) infection. However, the relationship between SSc and TB has not yet been investigated.Methods.Using the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database, 838 patients with SSc diagnosed in Taiwan during 2000–2006 were identified and followed for emergence of TB infection. Incidence rate ratios (IRR) of TB compared to 8380 randomly selected age-, sex-, and comorbidity-matched controls without SSc were calculated. The Cox proportional hazards model was used for multivariate adjustment to identify independent risk factors for TB infection.Results.The risk of TB infection was higher in the SSc cohort than in controls (IRR 2.81, 95% CI 1.36–5.37; p = 0.004), particularly for pulmonary TB (IRR 2.53, 95% CI 1.08–5.30; p = 0.022). Other independent risk factors for TB infection in patients with SSc were age ≥ 60 years [hazard ratio (HR) 3.52, 95% CI 1.10–11.33; p = 0.035] and pulmonary hypertension (PH; HR 6.06, 95% CI 1.59–23.17; p = 0.008). Mortality did not differ for SSc patients with or without TB.Conclusion.In this nationwide study, the incidence of TB infection was significantly higher among patients with SSc than in controls without SSc. Special care should be taken in managing patients with SSc who are at high risk for TB, especially those aged ≥ 60 years or who also have PH.
Tumor Necrosis Factor–α Promoter −308/238 Polymorphism Association with Less Severe Disease in Ankylosing Spondylitis is Unrelated to Serum TNF-α and Does Not Predict TNF Inhibitor Response
Authors: Nossent Johannes C. , Sagen-Johnsen Sylvia , Bakland Gunnstein 
Published: July 2014

Objective.Despite the clinical efficacy of tumor necrosis factor inhibitors (TNFi), the manner in which TNF-α contributes to disease in patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS) remains unresolved. We investigated the relationship between TNF-α gene promoter region polymorphism, serum TNF-α levels, and clinical phenotype.Methods.We did a cross-sectional and longitudinal cohort study in TNFi-naive patients with AS (n = 335). Clinical data and biological samples were collected during a research visit with genotyping for TNF-α −238 A/G and −308 A/G performed by Taqman RT-PCR and TNF levels determined by sandwich ELISA. Longitudinal TNF levels were monitored in unselected patients (n = 61).Results.TNF-α −308 GA/AA genotype was present in 14% and TNF-α −238 GA/AA genotype in 1% of patients. TNF-α −308 GA/AA genotype was associated with a reduced risk of uveitis and better spinal function, while TNF-α −238 GA/AA genotype was associated with later age of onset and lower erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR). Serum TNF-α level was lower in patients with AS (151 pg/ml) than in controls (263 pg/ml), because more patients with AS had undetectable serum TNF-α (66 vs 25%, p < 0.001). TNFi treatment did not influence serum TNF-α. There was no effect of TNF-α −308/−238 or HLA-B27 genotype on serum TNF-α or subsequent initiation of TNFi.Conclusion.TNF-α −238 or −308 GA/AA genotypes in patients with AS are associated with signs of less severe disease. Serum TNF-α is, however, undetectable in two-thirds of patients with AS and is not influenced by TNF-α promoter genotype or TNFi therapy. These data suggest a more significant role for TNF-α at local sites of inflammation in AS than through systemic effects.
The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers: China, the European Union, and the United States in the Twenty-First Century
Authors: Morris Ian 
Published: July 2014

La seule façon de comprendre la dynamique des relations euro- asiatiques est en regardant l’histoire à long terme. Au cours des 15 000 dernières années, la géographie a vu croître le développement social à des vitesses différentes selon les différentes parties du monde ; mais en même temps, le développement social croissant a constamment changé la perception de la géographie. Au cours des 15 000 dernières années, l’Europe a surtout été une simple périphérie des grands centres de pouvoir en Asie. C’est seulement au xv e siècle que la croissance de développement donne à l’Europe des avantages géographiques cruciaux, et entre 1500 et 1900, que l’Europe arrive à dominer le monde. Son succès, cependant, a modifié le sens de la géographie une fois de plus, et en 1900, la richesse et le pouvoir se sont déplacés au-delà de l’Atlantique en Amérique du Nord – pour que la domination américaine change le sens de la géographie encore plus loin, et que la richesse et le pouvoir traverse le Pacifique vers l’Asie de l’Est. La paix et la prospérité actuelle de l’Europe dépendent de sa position au sein de l’ordre mondial dominé par les Américains, et la montée en puissance de l’Asie de l’Est au xxi e siècle amène l’Europe à faire face à des choix stratégiques extrêmement difficiles.