bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impact of prolonged sitting on lower and upper limb micro‐ and macrovascular dilator function
Authors: Restaino Robert M. , Holwerda Seth W. , Credeur Daniel P. , Fadel Paul J. , Padilla Jaume 
Published: April 2015

New Findings

What is the central question of this study?
The prevalence of sedentary behaviour in the workplace and increased daily sitting time have been associated with the development of cardiovascular disease; however, studies investigating the impact of sitting on vascular function remain limited.

What is the main finding and its importance?
We demonstrate that there is a marked vulnerability of the vasculature in the lower and upper limbs to prolonged sitting and highlight the importance of physical activity in restoring vascular function in a limb‐specific manner.

Sedentary behaviour in the workplace and increased daily sitting time are on the rise; however, studies investigating the impact of sitting on vascular function remain limited. Herein, we hypothesized that 6 h of uninterrupted sitting would impair limb micro‐ and macrovascular dilator function and that this impairment could be improved with a bout of walking. Resting blood flow, reactive hyperaemia to 5 min cuff occlusion (microvascular reactivity) and associated flow‐mediated dilatation (FMD; macrovascular reactivity) were assessed in popliteal and brachial arteries of young men at baseline (Pre Sit) and after 6 h of uninterrupted sitting (Post Sit). Measures were then repeated after a 10 min walk (∼1000 steps). Sitting resulted in a marked reduction of resting popliteal artery mean blood flow and mean shear rate (6 h mean shear rate, −52 ± 8 s−1 versus Pre Sit, P < 0.05). Interestingly, reductions were also found in the brachial artery (6 h mean shear rate, −169 ± 41 s−1 versus Pre Sit, P < 0.05). Likewise, after 6 h of sitting, cuff‐induced reactive hyperaemia was reduced in both the lower leg (−43 ± 7% versus Pre Sit, P < 0.05) and forearm (−31 ± 11% versus Pre Sit, P < 0.05). In contrast, popliteal but not brachial artery FMD was blunted with sitting. Notably, lower leg reactive hyperaemia and FMD were restored after walking. Collectively, these data suggest that prolonged sitting markedly reduces lower leg micro‐ and macrovascular dilator function, but these impairments can be fully normalized with a short bout of walking. In contrast, upper arm microvascular reactivity is selectively impaired with prolonged sitting, and walking does not influence this effect.
Reversing motor adaptation deficits in the ageing brain using non‐invasive stimulation
Authors: Panouillères Muriel T. N. , Joundi Raed A. , Brittain John‐Stuart , Jenkinson Ned 
Published: April 2015

Key points
Healthy ageing in man is associated with a decline in motor adaptation.
Transcranial direct current stimulation (TDCS) over the primary motor cortex (M1) or the lateral cerebellum can improve motor adaptation in young and older adults, but as yet no direct comparisons of TDCS effects exist between the two age groups and the two stimulation sites.
TDCS over M1 enhanced the motor adaptation in both age groups by ∼30% relative to their respective non‐stimulated groups and improved the performance of older adults to the extent that it compared with that of young adults without stimulation.
The study suggests that the plastic mechanisms activated by TDCS that underpin improvements in motor behaviour in young adults remain available in older adults.
The results indicate that TDCS may be a useful tool to help combat the normal decline in motor performance seen in normal healthy ageing.
AbstractHealthy ageing is characterised by deterioration of motor performance. In normal circumstances motor adaptation corrects for movements’ inaccuracies and as such, it is critical in maintaining optimal motor control. However, motor adaptation performance is also known to decline with age. Anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (TDCS) of the cerebellum and the primary motor cortex (M1) have been found to improve visuomotor adaptation in healthy young and older adults. However, no study has directly compared the effect of TDCS on motor adaptation between the two age populations. The aim of our study was to investigate whether the application of anodal TDCS over the lateral cerebellum and M1 affected motor adaptation in young and older adults similarly. Young and older participants performed a visuomotor rotation task and concurrently received TDCS over the left M1, the right cerebellum or received sham stimulation. Our results replicated the finding that older adults are impaired compared to the young adults in visuomotor adaptation. At the end of the adaptation session, older adults displayed a larger error (−17 deg) than the young adults (−10 deg). The stimulation of the lateral cerebellum did not change the adaptation in both age groups. In contrast, anodal TDCS over M1 improved initial adaptation in both age groups by around 30% compared to sham and this improvement lasted up to 40 min after the end of the stimulation. These results demonstrate that TDCS of M1 can enhance visuomotor adaptation, via mechanisms that remain available in the ageing population.
The Role of Epidemic Resistance Plasmids and International High-Risk Clones in the Spread of Multidrug-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae
Authors: Mathers Amy J. , Peirano Gisele , Pitout Johann D. D. 
Published: April 2015

SUMMARY

Escherichia coli
sequence type 131 (ST131) and
Klebsiella pneumoniae
ST258 emerged in the 2000s as important human pathogens, have spread extensively throughout the world, and are responsible for the rapid increase in antimicrobial resistance among
E. coli
and
K. pneumoniae
strains, respectively.
E. coli
ST131 causes extraintestinal infections and is often fluoroquinolone resistant and associated with extended-spectrum β-lactamase production, especially CTX-M-15.
K. pneumoniae
ST258 causes urinary and respiratory tract infections and is associated with carbapenemases, most often KPC-2 and KPC-3. The most prevalent lineage within ST131 is named
fimH30
because it contains the H30 variant of the type 1 fimbrial adhesin gene, and recent molecular studies have demonstrated that this lineage emerged in the early 2000s and was then followed by the rapid expansion of its sublineages H30-R and H30-Rx.
K. pneumoniae
ST258 comprises 2 distinct lineages, namely clade I and clade II. Moreover, it seems that ST258 is a hybrid clone that was created by a large recombination event between ST11 and ST442. Epidemic plasmids with
bla
CTX-M
and
bla
KPC
belonging to incompatibility group F have contributed significantly to the success of these clones.
E. coli
ST131 and
K. pneumoniae
ST258 are the quintessential examples of international multidrug-resistant high-risk clones.
Characterization of Full-Length Genomes of Hepatitis B Virus Quasispecies in Sera of Patients at Different Phases of Infection
Authors: Yang Zhi-Tao , Huang Su-Yuan , Chen Li , Liu Feng , Cai Xiao-Hui , Guo Yang-Fan , Wang Ming-Jie , Han Yue , Yu De-Min , Jiang Jie-Hong , Zhang Dong-Hua , Gong Qi-Ming , Zhang Guo-Qing , Zang Guo-Qing , Lu Zhong-Hua , Huang Li-Hua , Zhang Xin-Xin 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACTHepatitis B virus (HBV) infection results in different clinical presentation due to different levels of immune response. Our study aimed to characterize HBV full-length genome quasispecies (QS) in patients with different phases of infection to better understand its pathogenesis. Forty treatment-naive HBV-infected patients were enrolled, including 10 cases of acute hepatitis B (AHB), 9 cases of immunotolerant (IT) HBV carriers, 11 cases of chronic hepatitis B (CHB), and 10 cases of acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF). The present study was conducted by clone-based sequencing. QS heterogeneity within each open reading frame was calculated. The mutation frequency index (MFI) and amino acid variations within the large HBsAg, HBcAg, and HBxAg regions were analyzed based on the different infection phases. In total, 606 HBV full-length sequences were obtained. HBV QS had higher heterogeneity in ACLF and CHB than that in IT among chronically infected individuals. AHB patients had the lower QS heterogeneity at onset than those with chronic infection. ACLF patients had the highest frequency of mutations in the core promoter and precore region. A triple mutation (A1762T/G1764A/G1896A) was observed more frequently in genotype C than in genotype B. The MFI indicated that specific peptides of the studied regions had more frequent mutations in ACLF. Furthermore, several amino acid variations, known as T- and B-cell epitopes, were potentially associated with the immunoactive phase of infection. More HBV genome mutations and deletions were observed in patients with more severe diseases, particularly in specific regions of the core and preS regions, the clinical significance and mechanism of which need to be further investigated.
Newcastle Disease Virus-Vectored H7 and H5 Live Vaccines Protect Chickens from Challenge with H7N9 or H5N1 Avian Influenza Viruses
Authors: Liu Qinfang , Mena Ignacio , Ma Jingjiao , Bawa Bhupinder , Krammer Florian , Lyoo Young S. , Lang Yuekun , Morozov Igor , Mahardika Gusti Ngurah , Ma Wenjun , García-Sastre Adolfo , Richt Juergen A. 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACT
Sporadic human infections by a novel H7N9 virus occurred over a large geographic region in China. In this study, we show that Newcastle disease virus (NDV)-vectored H7 (NDV-H7) and NDV-H5 vaccines are able to induce antibodies with high hemagglutination inhibition (HI) titers and completely protect chickens from challenge with the novel H7N9 or highly pathogenic H5N1 viruses, respectively. Notably, a baculovirus-expressed H7 protein failed to protect chickens from H7N9 virus infection.
Lymph Node Macrophages Restrict Murine Cytomegalovirus Dissemination
Authors: Farrell Helen E. , Davis-Poynter Nick , Bruce Kimberley , Lawler Clara , Dolken Lars , Mach Michael , Stevenson Philip G. 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACT

Cytomegaloviruses (CMVs) establish chronic infections that spread from a primary entry site to secondary vascular sites, such as the spleen, and then to tertiary shedding sites, such as the salivary glands. Human CMV (HCMV) is difficult to analyze, because its spread precedes clinical presentation. Murine CMV (MCMV) offers a tractable model. It is hypothesized to spread from peripheral sites via vascular endothelial cells and associated monocytes. However, viral luciferase imaging showed footpad-inoculated MCMV first reaching the popliteal lymph nodes (PLN). PLN colonization was rapid and further spread was slow, implying that LN infection can be a significant bottleneck. Most acutely infected PLN cells were CD169
+
subcapsular sinus macrophages (SSM). Replication-deficient MCMV also reached them, indicating direct infection. Many SSM expressed viral reporter genes, but few expressed lytic genes. SSM expressed CD11c, and MCMV with a cre-sensitive fluorochrome switch showed switched infected cells in PLN of CD11c-cre mice but yielded little switched virus. SSM depletion with liposomal clodronate or via a CD169-diphtheria toxin receptor transgene shifted infection to ER-TR7
+
stromal cells, increased virus production, and accelerated its spread to the spleen. Therefore, MCMV disseminated via LN, and SSM slowed this spread by shielding permissive fibroblasts and poorly supporting viral lytic replication.

IMPORTANCE
HCMV chronically infects most people, and it can cause congenital disability and harm the immunocompromised. A major goal of vaccination is to prevent systemic infection. How this is established is unclear. Restriction to humans makes HCMV difficult to analyze. We show that peripheral MCMV infection spreads via lymph nodes. Here, MCMV infected filtering macrophages, which supported virus replication poorly. When these macrophages were depleted, MCMV infected susceptible fibroblasts and spread faster. The capacity of filtering macrophages to limit MCMV spread argued that their infection is an important bottleneck in host colonization and might be a good vaccine target.
Human Cytokinome Analysis for Interferon Response
Authors: Al-Yahya Suhad , Mahmoud Linah , Al-Zoghaibi Fahad , Al-Tuhami Abdullah , Amer Haithem , Almajhdi Fahad N. , Polyak Stephen J. , Khabar Khalid S. A. 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACT
Cytokines are a group of small secreted proteins that mediate a diverse range of immune and nonimmune responses to inflammatory and microbial stimuli. Only a few of these cytokines mount an antiviral response, including type I, II, and III interferons (IFNs). During viral infections and under inflammatory conditions, a number of cytokines and chemokines are coproduced with IFN; however, no systematic study exists on the interactions of the cytokine repertoire with the IFN response. Here, we performed the largest cytokine and chemokine screen (the human cytokinome, with >240 members) to investigate their modulation of type I and type II IFN responses in a cell line model. We evaluated the cytokine activities in both IFN-stimulated response element (ISRE) and IFN-γ activation sequence (GAS) reporter systems. Several cytokine clusters that augment either or both ISRE- and GAS-mediated responses to IFNs were derived from the screen. We identified novel modulators of IFN response—betacellulin (BTC), interleukin 11 (IL-11), and IL-17F—that caused time-dependent induction of the IFN response. The ability to induce endogenous IFN-β and IFN-stimulated genes varies among these cytokines and was largely dependent on Stat1, as assessed by Stat1 mutant fibroblasts. Certain cytokines appear to augment the IFN-β response through the NF-κB pathway. The novel IFN-like cytokines augmented the antiviral activity of IFN-α against several RNA viruses, including encephalomyocarditis virus, vesicular stomatitis virus, and influenza virus, in susceptible cell lines. Overall, the study represents a large-scale analysis of cytokines for enhancing the IFN response and identified cytokines capable of enhancing Stat1, IFN-induced gene expression, and antiviral activities.

IMPORTANCE
Innate immunity to viruses is an early defense system to ward off viruses. One mediator is interferon (IFN), which activates a cascade of biochemical events that aim to control the virus life cycle. In our work, we examined more than 200 cytokines, soluble mediators produced within the body as a result of infection, for the ability to enhance IFN action. We identified enhanced interactions with specific IFNs and cytokines. We also revealed that betacellulin, IL-17, and IL-11 cytokines have the novel property of enhancing the antiviral action of IFN against several viruses. These results demonstrate that the human genome codes for previously unknown proteins with unrelated functions that can augment the innate immunity to viruses. Knowing these interactions not only helps our understanding of immunity to viruses and emerging diseases, but can also lead to devising possible new therapeutics by enhancing the mediator of antiviral action itself, IFN.
Methods and characteristics of published network meta-analyses using individual patient data: protocol for a scoping review
Authors: Veroniki Areti Angeliki , Soobiah Charlene , Tricco Andrea C , Elliott Meghan J , Straus Sharon E 
Published: April 2015

IntroductionIndividual patient data (IPD) meta-analysis (MA) offers advantages over aggregate MA of using standardised criteria for patient characteristics across trials, and allowing reliable investigation of subgroup effects of interventions. Network meta-analysis (NMA) allows for the comparison of multiple treatments in a comprehensive analysis and the determination of the best treatment among several competing treatments, including those that have never been compared in a head-to-head study. Including IPD in NMA may enable the prevention of misleading inferences due to several biases, such as aggregation bias. Application of IPD-NMA methods in healthcare have begun to appear in medical journals. Our objective is to conduct a scoping review of existing IPD-NMA methods, and summarise their properties. We also aim to describe the characteristics of empirical IPD-NMAs, and examine how their results are reported.Methods and analysisWe will search relevant electronic databases from inception until October 2014 (eg, MEDLINE), grey literature, and Google. The scoping review will consider published and unpublished papers that report completion of an IPD-NMA, describe a method, or report the methodological quality of IPD-NMA. We will include IPD-NMA of any quantitative study (eg, experimental, quasiexperimental, observational studies). Two reviewers will independently screen titles, abstracts and full-text articles, and will complete data abstraction. The anticipated outcome will be a collection of all the IPD-NMAs completed to date, and a description of their methods and reporting of results. We will create summary tables providing the characteristics of the included studies, and the various methods. Quantitative data (eg, number of patients) will be summarised by medians and IQRs, and categorical data (eg, type of effect size) by frequencies and percentages.Ethics and disseminationEthical approval is not required as our study will not include confidential participant data and interventions. We will disseminate our results through an open access, peer-reviewed publication.
Association between Serum Phospholipid Fatty Acids and Intraprostatic Inflammation in the Placebo Arm of the Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial
Authors: Nash Sarah H. , Schenk Jeannette M. , Kristal Alan R. , Goodman Phillis J. , Lucia M. Scott , Parnes Howard L. , Thompson Ian M. , Lippman Scott M. , Song Xiaoling , Gurel Bora , De Marzo Angelo , Platz Elizabeth A. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractInflammation may play an etiologic role in prostate cancer. Several dietary factors influence inflammation; studies have shown that long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids are anti-inflammatory, whereas n-6 and trans fatty acids are proinflammatory. We evaluated whether serum phospholipid n-3, n-6, and trans fatty acids were associated with intraprostatic inflammation, separately in 191 prostate cancer cases and 247 controls from the placebo arm of the Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial (PCPT). Men without a prostate cancer diagnosis underwent prostate biopsy at trial end, and benign prostate tissue inflammation was evaluated in approximately three biopsy cores per man; this was expressed as no, some, or all cores with inflammation. In controls, serum eicosapentaenoic acid [OR of all cores with inflammation versus none (95% CI), 0.35 (0.14–0.89)] and docosahexaenoic acid [OR (95% CI), 0.42 (0.17–1.02)] were inversely associated with, whereas linoleic acid [OR (95% CI), 3.85 (1.41–10.55)] was positively associated with intraprostatic inflammation. Serum trans fatty acids were not associated with intraprostatic inflammation. No significant associations were observed in cases; however, we could not rule out a positive association with linoleic acid and an inverse association with arachidonic acid. Thus, in the PCPT, we found that serum n-3 fatty acids were inversely, n-6 fatty acids were positively, and trans fatty acids were not associated with intraprostatic inflammation in controls. Although, in theory, inflammation could mediate associations of serum fatty acids with prostate cancer risk, our findings cannot explain the epidemiologic associations observed with n-3 and n-6 fatty acids. Cancer Prev Res; 8(7); 590–6. ©2015 AACR.
Regular Wine Consumption in Chronic Heart Failure
Authors: Cosmi Franco , Di Giulio Paola , Masson Serge , Finzi Andrea , Marfisi Rosa Maria , Cosmi Deborah , Scarano Marco , Tognoni Gianni , Maggioni Aldo P. , Porcu Maurizio , Boni Silvana , Cutrupi Giovanni , Tavazzi Luigi , Latini Roberto 
Published: April 2015

Background—
Moderate, regular alcohol consumption is generally associated with a lower risk of cardiovascular events but data in patients with chronic heart failure are scarce. We evaluated the relations between wine consumption, health status, circulating biomarkers, and clinical outcomes in a large Italian population of patients with chronic heart failure enrolled in a multicenter clinical trial.

Methods and Results—

A brief questionnaire on dietary habits was administered at baseline to 6973 patients enrolled in the Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Sopravvivenza nell’Insufficienza Cardiaca-Heart Failure (GISSI-HF) trial. The relations between wine consumption, fatal and nonfatal clinical end points, quality of life, symptoms of depression, and circulating biomarkers of cardiac function and inflammation (in subsets of patients) were evaluated with simple and multivariable-adjusted statistical models. Almost 56% of the patients reported drinking at least 1 glass of wine per day. After adjustment, clinical outcomes were not significantly different in the predefined 4 groups of wine consumption. However, patients with more frequent wine consumption had a significantly better perception of health status (Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire score, adjusted
P
<0.0001), less frequent symptoms of depression (Geriatric Depression Scale, adjusted
P
=0.01), and lower plasma levels of biomarkers of vascular inflammation (osteoprotegerin and C-terminal proendothelin-1, adjusted
P
<0.0001, and pentraxin-3,
P
=0.01) after adjusting for possible confounders.

Conclusions—
We show for the first time in a large cohort of patients with chronic heart failure that moderate wine consumption is associated with a better perceived and objective health status, lower prevalence of depression, and less vascular inflammation, but does not translate into more favorable clinical 4-year outcomes.

Clinical Trial Registration—

URL:
http://www.clinicaltrials.gov
. Unique identifier: NCT0033633.
Internet Use by First-Time Mothers for Infant Feeding Support
Authors: Newby Ruth , Brodribb Wendy , Ware Robert S. , Davies Peter S.W. 
Published: April 2015

Background: Optimal nutrition during infancy has benefits to individuals and to society. Australian women actively seek health and nutrition information from a wide variety of sources and have extensive access to the Internet, but its efficacy in supporting recommendation-consistent infant feeding is unknown. Objectives: The objectives of this study were to evaluate sources of infant feeding information used by first-time mothers and to describe breast and formula feeding patterns 6 months post birth associated with successful use of the Internet for breastfeeding support. Methods: Healthy women between 18 and 40 years of age in their first pregnancy were recruited to the Feeding Queensland Babies Study by convenience sampling in Brisbane, Australia, between June 2010 and March 2011. Participants completed a questionnaire online when their infants were 6 months of age and a demographic questionnaire. Results: Health care providers, books, general Internet searches, family, and friends were common sources of breastfeeding information for women during infants’ first 6 months. Information sources for infant formula were less often accessed. Of mothers who sought breastfeeding assistance on the Internet, those who found it unhelpful had lower odds of giving breast milk at 6 months (odds ratio [OR] = 0.3; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.1-0.5) and higher odds of giving formula (OR = 3.3; 95% CI, 1.7-6.5) compared with those who found the help they needed, adjusted for age and socioeconomic status. Conclusion: Professional, print, and interpersonal information resources for infant feeding are widely accessed by mothers. Online breastfeeding information and support may help women to meet their breastfeeding intentions and to minimize formula use.