bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Molecular weight of barley β-glucan influences energy expenditure, gastric emptying and glycaemic response in human subjects
Authors: Thondre P. S. , Shafat A. , Clegg M. E. 
Published: June 2013

Barley β-glucan (BG) has been shown to reduce glycaemic response (GR) in some studies. It is hypothesised that this reduction may be a function of its physical properties that delay gastric emptying (GE). The effect of these changes in GR and GE on diet-induced thermogenesis (DIT) is not known. The aim of the present study was to assess the effect of BG of different molecular weights and purities on GR, GE and DIT in healthy subjects. This was a randomised, single-blind, repeated-measures design where fifteen healthy subjects were tested on three occasions following an overnight fast. Following the baseline measurements, the volunteers were fed a soup containing high-molecular-weight BG (HBG), a soup containing low-molecular-weight BG (LBG) or a control soup with no BG (CHO). Following the consumption of the breakfast, GR was measured using finger-prick blood samples, GE was determined using the 13C-octanoic acid breath test and DIT was measured using indirect calorimetry. There was a difference in GR AUC between the soups after 60 min but not after 120 min. The CHO and LBG meals had a greater GR than the HBG meal. There were differences in all GE time points, with the HBG meal having the slowest GE time. There was a correlation between the GR and the initial GE times. There were differences in total DIT between the three test meals with the HBG meal having the lowest DIT. The present study indicates that HBG has the ability to delay GE due to increased viscosity, resulting in a decreased GR and DIT.
THE WATER RELATIONS AND IRRIGATION REQUIREMENTS OF PAPAYA (CARICA PAPAYAL.): A REVIEW
Authors: CARR M. K. V. 
Published: June 2013

SUMMARYPapaya has never been found in the wild, but is believed to have originated in tropical America from where it has spread throughout the tropics and subtropics. This fruit crop is particularly important in India and Brazil. Most research on the water relations of papaya has been undertaken in Brazil and on the island of Guam (United States of America). Papaya is a short-lived large herb, growing to a height of up to 10 m. Leaves emerge from the upper part of the unbranched stem. After a juvenile period, lasting for about two months, flowers begin to develop in leaf axils. Flowering continues throughout the year as new leaves emerge. The plants, which are dioecious, begin to bear fruit within a year after planting, sustaining high yields for two years before yields decline. The ‘effective’ root depth varies with the method of irrigation, but can reach 0.55 m. The seedlings and the trees are susceptible to wind damage, a topic that has been well researched. Stomata are only found on the abaxial leaf surface. They are sensitive to changes in the saturation deficit of the air. Stomata also respond quickly to changing light conditions. On clear days, midday suppression of photosynthesis occurs as a result of partial closure of the stomata. In the morning, there is a time lag between water loss by transpiration and sap flow, as water is taken from storage in the hollow stem. Few attempts have been made to measure the actual water use of papaya, and there are no reliable published values for the crop coefficient. Limitations to the design of the papaya irrigation experiments reported so far make it difficult to reconcile the results in practical ways. Water productivities equivalent to 1.8 to 2.8 kg (fresh fruit) m−3(irrigation water) have been obtained. Although papaya is generally considered to be drought sensitive and responsive to irrigation, there is a shortage of good experimental evidence to support this view. There is a need to establish practical irrigation schedules for this remarkable crop. A uniformity of approach to irrigation experimentation and a common, universally agreed nomenclature would facilitate this process.
Proline modulates the effect of bisphosphonate on calcium levels and adenosine triphosphate production in cell lines derived from bovine Echinococcus granulosus protoscoleces
Authors: Fuchs A.G. , Echeverría C.I. , Pérez Rojo F.G. , Prieto González E.A. , Roldán E.J.A. 
Published: June 2013

AbstractBisphosphonates have been proposed as pharmacological agents against parasite and cancer cell growth. The effect of these compounds on helminthic cell viability and acellular compartment morphology, however, has not yet been studied. The effects of different types of bisphosphonates, namely etidronate (EHDP), pamidronate (APD), alendronate (ABP), ibandronate (IB) and olpadronate (OPD), and their interaction with amiloride, 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (D3) and proline were evaluated on a cell line derived from bovine Echinococcus granulousus protoscoleces (EGPE) that forms cystic colonies in agarose. The EGPE cell line allowed testing the effect of bisphosphonates alone and in association with other compounds that could modulate calcium apposition/deposition, and were useful in measuring the impact of these compounds on cell growth, cystic colony formation and calcium storage. Decreased cell growth and cystic colony formation were found with EHDP, IB and OPD, and increased calcium storage with EHDP only. Calcium storage in EGPE cells appeared to be sensitive to the effect of amiloride, D3 and proline. Proline decreased calcium storage and increased colony formation. Changes in calcium storage may be associated with degenerative changes of the cysts, as shown in the in vitro colony model and linked to an adenosine triphosphate (ATP) decrease. In conclusion, bisphosphonates could be suitable tempering drugs to treat cestode infections.
Molecular cloning and characterization ofNcROP2Fam-1, a member of the ROP2 family of rhoptry proteins inNeospora caninumthat is targeted by antibodies neutralizing host cell invasionin vitro
Authors: ALAEDDINE FERIAL , HEMPHILL ANDREW , DEBACHE KARIM , GUIONAUD CHRISTOPHE 
Published: June 2013

SUMMARYRecent publications demonstrated that a fragment of aNeospora caninumROP2 family member antigen represents a promising vaccine candidate. We here report on the cloning of the cDNA encoding this protein,N. caninumROP2 family member 1 (NcROP2Fam-1), its molecular characterization and localization. The protein possesses the hallmarks of ROP2 family members and is apparently devoid of catalytic activity. NcROP2Fam-1 is synthesized as a pre-pro-protein that is matured to 2 proteins of 49 and 55 kDa that localize to rhoptry bulbs. Upon invasion the protein is associated with the nascent parasitophorous vacuole membrane (PVM), evacuoles surrounding the host cell nucleus and, in some instances, the surface of intracellular parasites. Staining was also observed within the cyst wall of ‘cysts’ producedin vitro. Interestingly, NcROP2Fam-1 was also detected on the surface of extracellular parasites entering the host cells and antibodies directed against NcROP2Fam-1-specific peptides partially neutralized invasionin vitro. We conclude that, in spite of the general belief that ROP2 family proteins are intracellular antigens, NcROP2Fam-1 can also be considered as an extracellular antigen, a property that should be taken into account in further experiments employing ROP2 family proteins as vaccines.
Effect of compliance location in series elastic actuators
Authors: Sensinger Jonathon W. , Burkart Lawrence E. , Pratt Gill A. , Weir Richard F. ff. 
Published: June 2013

SUMMARYSeries elastic actuators have beneficial properties for some robot applications. Several recent implementations contain alternative placements of the compliant element to improve instrumentation design. We use a class 1 versus class 2 lever model and energy-port methods to demonstrate in this paper that these alternative placements should still be classified as series elastic actuators. We also note that the compliance of proximal series elastic actuators is reflected by an augmented gear ratio dependent on the nominal gear ratio, which is significant for small gear ratios and approaches unity for large gear ratios. This reflected compliance is shown to differ depending on the sign of the gear ratio. We demonstrate that although the reflected compliance is only marginally influenced by the magnitude of the gear ratio, there are several notable differences, particularly for small gear ratios.
Characterization of Dual-Phase Steel Microstructure by Combined Submicrometer EBSD and EPMA Carbon Measurements
Authors: Pinard Philippe T. , Schwedt Alexander , Ramazani Ali , Prahl Ulrich , Richter Silvia 
Published: June 2013

AbstractElectron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) and electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) measurements are combined to characterize an industrial produced dual-phase steel containing some bainite fraction. High-resolution carbon mappings acquired on a field emission electron microprobe are utilized to validate and improve the identification of the constituents (ferrite, martensite, and bainite) performed by EBSD using the image quality and kernel average misorientation. The combination eliminates the ambiguity between the identification of bainite and transformation-induced dislocation zones, encountered if only the kernel average misorientation is considered. The detection of carbon in high misorientation regions confirms the presence of bainite. These results are corroborated by secondary electron images after nital etching. Limitations of this combined method due to differences between the spatial resolution of EBSD and EPMA are assessed. Moreover, a quantification procedure adapted to carbon analysis is presented and used to measure the carbon concentration in martensite and bainite on a submicrometer scale. From measurements on reference materials, this method gives an accuracy of 0.02 wt% C and a precision better than 0.05 wt% C despite unavoidable effects of hydrocarbon contamination.
Zyxin Regulates Cell Migration and Differentiation in EMT during Chicken AV Valve Morphogenesis
Authors: Li Na , Goodwin Richard L. , Potts Jay D. 
Published: June 2013

AbstractDuring heart valve development, epithelial–mesenchymal transformation (EMT) is a key process for valve formation. EMT leads to the generation of mesenchymal cells that will eventually become the interstitial cells (fibroblasts) of the mature valve. During EMT, cell architecture and motility change markedly; significant changes are also observed in various signaling pathways. Here we systematically examined the expression, localization, and function of zyxin, a focal adhesion protein, in EMT during atrioventricular (AV) valve morphogenesis. Expression and localization studies showed that zyxin was expressed in the AV canal region during crucial stages of valve development. Anin vitro3D collagen gel culture system was used to determine zyxin function either after siRNA gene knockdown or after overexpression. Our studies revealed that zyxin overexpression inhibited endocardial cell migration and cell differentiation and also led to a decrease in the number of migrating mesenchymal cells. Moreover, correlative cytoskeletal changes were apparent in response to both overexpression and knockdown treatments. Thus, zyxin appears to play a role as a regulator of cell migration and differentiation during EMT in chicken AV valve formation.
Multiple Morphologies of Gold–Magnetite Heterostructure Nanoparticles are Effectively Functionalized with Protein for Cell Targeting
Authors: Krystofiak Evan S. , Mattson Eric C. , Voyles Paul M. , Hirschmugl Carol J. , Albrecht Ralph M. , Gajdardziska-Josifovska Marija , Oliver Julie A. 
Published: June 2013

AbstractNanoparticles composed of a magnetic iron oxide core surrounded by a metal shell have utility in a broad range of biomedical applications. However, the presence of surface energy differences between the two components makes wetting of oxide with metal unfavorable, precluding a “core–shell” structure of an oxide core completely surrounded by a thin metal shell. Three-dimensional island growth followed by island coalescence into thick shells is favored over the two-dimensional layer-by-layer growth of a thin, continuous metal coating of a true core–shell. Aqueous synthesis of gold-coated magnetite nanoparticles with analysis by infrared, energy-dispersive X-ray, and electron energy loss spectroscopies; high-resolution transmission electron microscopy; selected area electron diffraction; and high-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy showed two distinct morphologies that are inconsistent with an idealized core–shell. The majority were isolated ~16–22-nm-diameter nanoparticles consisting of ~7-nm-diameter magnetite and a thick deposition of gold, most often discontinuous, with some potentially “sandwiched” morphologies. A minority were aggregates of agglomerated magnetite decorated with gold but displaying significant bare magnetite. Both populations were successfully conjugated to fibrinogen and targeted to surface-activated platelets, demonstrating that iron oxide–gold nanoparticles produced by aqueous synthesis do not require an ideal core–shell structure for biological activity in cell labeling and targeting applications.
NON-POINTED EXACTNESS, RADICALS, CLOSURE OPERATORS
Authors: GRANDIS M. , JANELIDZE G. , MÁRKI L. 
Published: June 2013

AbstractIn this paper it is shown how nonpointed exactness provides a framework which allows a simple categorical treatment of the basics of Kurosh–Amitsur radical theory in the nonpointed case. This is made possible by a new approach to semi-exactness, in the sense of the first author, using adjoint functors. This framework also reveals how categorical closure operators arise as radical theories.
UNKNOTTING TUNNELS, BRACELETS AND THE ELDER SIBLING PROPERTY FOR HYPERBOLIC 3-MANIFOLDS
Authors: ADAMS COLIN , KNUDSON KARIN 
Published: June 2013

AbstractAn unknotting tunnel in a 3-manifold with boundary is a properly embedded arc, the complement of an open neighborhood of which is a handlebody. A geodesic with endpoints on the cusp boundary of a hyperbolic 3-manifold and perpendicular to the cusp boundary is called a vertical geodesic. Given a vertical geodesic $\alpha $ in a hyperbolic 3-manifold $M$, we find sufficient conditions for it to be an unknotting tunnel. In particular, if $\alpha $ corresponds to a 4-bracelet, 5-bracelet or 6-bracelet in the universal cover and has short enough length, it must be an unknotting tunnel. Furthermore, we consider a vertical geodesic $\alpha $ that satisfies the elder sibling property, which means that in the universal cover, every horoball except the one centered at $\infty $ is connected to a larger horoball by a lift of $\alpha $. Such an $\alpha $ with length less than $\ln (2)$ is then shown to be an unknotting tunnel.
THE PLUS/MINUS SELMER GROUPS FOR SUPERSINGULAR PRIMES
Authors: KIM BYOUNG DU 
Published: June 2013

AbstractSuppose that an elliptic curve $E$ over $ \mathbb{Q} $ has good supersingular reduction at $p$. We prove that Kobayashi’s plus/minus Selmer group of $E$ over a ${ \mathbb{Z} }_{p} $-extension has no proper $\Lambda $-submodule of finite index under some suitable conditions, where $\Lambda $ is the Iwasawa algebra of the Galois group of the ${ \mathbb{Z} }_{p} $-extension. This work is analogous to Greenberg’s result in the ordinary reduction case.
OBSTRUCTIONS TO A GENERAL CHARACTERIZATION OF GRAPH CORRESPONDENCES
Authors: KALISZEWSKI S. , PATANI NURA , QUIGG JOHN 
Published: June 2013

AbstractFor a countable discrete space $V$, every nondegenerate separable ${C}^{\ast } $-correspondence over ${c}_{0} (V)$ is isomorphic to one coming from a directed graph with vertex set $V$. In this paper we demonstrate why the analogous characterizations fail to hold for higher-rank graphs (where one considers product systems of ${C}^{\ast } $-correspondences) and for topological graphs (where $V$ is locally compact Hausdorff), and we discuss the obstructions that arise.
Metal ions in macrophage antimicrobial pathways: emerging roles for zinc and copper
Authors: Stafford Sian L. , Bokil Nilesh J. , Achard Maud E. S. , Kapetanovic Ronan , Schembri Mark A. , McEwan Alastair G. , Sweet Matthew J. 
Published: June 2013

The immunomodulatory and antimicrobial properties of zinc and copper have long been appreciated. In addition, these metal ions are also essential for microbial growth and survival. This presents opportunities for the host to either harness their antimicrobial properties or limit their availability as defence strategies. Recent studies have shed some light on mechanisms by which copper and zinc regulation contribute to host defence, but there remain many unanswered questions at the cellular and molecular levels. Here we review the roles of these two metal ions in providing protection against infectious diseases in vivo, and in regulating innate immune responses. In particular, we focus on studies implicating zinc and copper in macrophage antimicrobial pathways, as well as the specific host genes encoding zinc transporters (SLC30A, SLC39A family members) and CTRs (copper transporters, ATP7 family members) that may contribute to pathogen control by these cells.
Relaxin improves multiple markers of wound healing and ameliorates the disturbed healing pattern of genetically diabetic mice
Authors: Bitto Alessandra , Irrera Natasha , Minutoli Letteria , Calò Margherita , Lo Cascio Patrizia , Caccia Paolo , Pizzino Gabriele , Pallio Giovanni , Micali Antonio , Vaccaro Mario , Saitta Antonino , Squadrito Francesco , Altavilla Domenica 
Published: June 2013

Diabetic mice are characterized by a disrupted expression pattern of VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor), and impaired vasculogenesis during healing. Experimental evidence suggests that RLX (relaxin) can improve several parameters associated with wound healing. Therefore we investigated the effects of porcine-derived RLX in diabetes-related wound-healing defects in genetically diabetic mice. An incisional wound model was produced on the back of female diabetic C57BL/KsJ-m+/+Leptdb (db+/db+) mice and their normal littermates (db+/+m). Animals were treated daily with porcine RLX (25 μg/mouse per day, subcutaneously) or its vehicle. Mice were killed on 3, 6 and 12 days after skin injury for measurements of VEGF mRNA and protein synthesis, SDF-1α (stromal cell-derived factor-1α) mRNA and eNOS (endothelial NO synthase) expression. Furthermore, we evaluated wound-breaking strength, histological changes, angiogenesis and vasculogenesis at day 12. Diabetic animals showed a reduced expression of VEGF, eNOS and SDF-1α compared with non-diabetic animals. At day 6, RLX administration resulted in an increase in VEGF mRNA expression and protein wound content, in eNOS expression and in SDF-1α mRNA. Furthermore, the histological evaluation indicated that RLX improved the impaired wound healing, enhanced the staining of MMP-11 (matrix metalloproteinase-11) and increased wound-breaking strength at day 12 in diabetic mice. Immunohistochemistry showed that RLX in diabetic animals augmented new vessel formation by stimulating both angiogenesis and vasculogenesis. RLX significantly reduced the time to complete skin normalization and this effect was abrogated by a concomitant treatment with antibodies against VEGF and CXCR4 (CXC chemokine receptor 4), the SDF-1α receptor. These data strongly suggest that RLX may have a potential application in diabetes-related wound disorders.
Start‐up circuit for low‐power indoor light energy harvesting applications
Authors: Carvalho C. , Paulino N. 
Published: June 2013

A start‐up circuit, used in a micro‐power indoor light energy harvesting system, is described. This start‐up circuit achieves two goals: first, to produce a reset signal, power‐on‐reset (POR), for the energy harvesting system, and secondly, to temporarily shunt the output of the photovoltaic (PV) cells, to the output node of the system, which is connected to a capacitor. This capacitor is charged to a suitable value, so that a voltage step‐up converter starts operating, thus increasing the output voltage to a larger value than the one provided by the PV cells. A prototype of the circuit was manufactured in a 130 nm CMOS technology, occupying an area of only 0.019 mm2. Experimental results demonstrate the correct operation of the circuit, being able to correctly start‐up the system, even when having an input as low as 390 mV using, in this case, an estimated energy of only 5.3 pJ to produce the start‐up.
Wide‐range (25 ns) and high‐resolution (48.8 ps) clock phase shifter
Authors: Wu Guoying , Yu Bryan , Gui Ping , Moreira P. 
Published: June 2013

A wide‐range (25 ns), high‐resolution (48.8 ps) clock phase shifter developed and fabricated using a 0.13 µm CMOS technology is presented. To achieve both wide range and high resolution with good linearity while minimising area and power consumption, a coarse–fine two‐step phase‐shifting structure is proposed. A delay‐locked loop with an unconventional clock input setup is used in the fine‐shifting stage to ahieve the high resolution. Test results show that the standard deviations of the differential nonlinearity and integral nonlinearity are 4.7 ps and 4.3 ps, respectively.
Multiband monopole antenna with complementary split‐ring resonators for WLAN and WiMAX applications
Authors: Basaran S.C. , Olgun U. , Sertel K. 
Published: June 2013

Presented is an electrically small multiband monopole antenna based on complementary split‐ring resonators, which are used to reduce antenna size. The antenna is fed by a three‐stage microstrip line and provides 13, 17 and 16% impedance bandwidth performance covering the 3.5 GHz WiMAX and 2.4/5.2 GHz WLAN bands. Also, the proposed antenna exhibits almost an omnidirectional radiation pattern in the H‐plane and a dipole‐like radiation pattern in the E‐plane. The return loss and radiation pattern measurements of the fabricated antenna are in very good agreement with simulation results.
Energy efficient 40 Gbit/s transmission with 850 nm VCSELs at 108 fJ/bit dissipated heat
Authors: Wolf P. , Moser P. , Larisch G. , Li H. , Lott J.A. , Bimberg D. 
Published: June 2013

Energy‐efficient oxide‐confined 850 nm vertical‐cavity surface‐emitting lasers (VCSELs) for optical interconnects are presented. Error‐free data transmission at 40 Gbit/s is achieved with a record low dissipated heat per bit (energy efficiency) of only 108 fJ/bit. At 36 Gbit/s across 200 m and at 40 Gbit/s across 50 m of OM3 plus multimode optical fibre error‐free operation is achieved with energy efficiencies of 127 and 119 fJ/bit, respectively.
Tri‐band superconducting bandpass filter with high selectivity
Authors: Heng Yong , Guo Xubo , Cao Bisong , Wei Bin , Zhang Xiaoping , Chen Wei , Ying Zhijun , Song Xiaoke 
Published: June 2013

A tri‐band superconducting filter at L‐band comprising three high‐pole single‐band sub‐filters with sharp band‐edges is presented to meet the high selectivity requirement. Matching junctions with high‐impedance branch lines are used to connect the sub‐filters and to reduce the channel interactions. MgO and LaAlO3 substrates are utilised in the design and fabrication procedure to reduce the filter size and achieve a high performance. The whole filter has a compact size of 43 × 39.1 mm, and the measured results match well with the simulations.
1.9 µm hybrid silicon/III‐V semiconductor laser
Authors: Dong P. , Hu T.‐C. , Zhang L. , Dinu M. , Kopf R. , Tate A. , Buhl L. , Neilson D.T. , Luo X. , Liow T.‐Y. , Lo G.‐Q. , Chen Y.‐K. 
Published: June 2013

A 1.9 µm hybrid silicon/III‐V laser based on a wafer bonding technique is reported. The gain materials are InGaAs multiple quantum wells grown on InP substrate, with strain compensation between barriers and wells. The III‐V wafer is bonded to a silicon‐on‐insulator wafer with processed silicon waveguides and transition tapers. Laser emission with a threshold current of 95 mA at room temperature and 45 mA at 5 °C is demonstrated.