bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Litter loss triggers estrus in a nonsocial seasonal breeder
Authors: Steyaert Sam M. J. G. , Swenson Jon E. , Zedrosser Andreas 
Published: January 2014

AbstractSexually selected infanticide (SSI) is often presumed to be rare among seasonal breeders, because it would require a near immediate return to estrus after the loss of an entire litter during the mating season. We evaluated changes in reproductive strategies and the reproductive fate of females that experienced litter loss during the mating season in a seasonal breeder with strong evidence for SSI, the brown bear. First, we used a long‐term demographic dataset (1986–2011) to document that a large majority of females (>91%) that lose their entire litter during the mating season in fact do enter estrus, mate, and give birth during the subsequent birthing season. Second, we used high‐resolution movement data (2005–2011) to evaluate how females changed reproductive strategies after losing their entire litter during the mating season. We hypothesized that females would shift from the sedentary lifestyle typical for females with cubs‐of‐the‐year to a roam‐to‐mate behavior typical for receptive females in no more than a few (~3) days after litter loss. We found that females with cubs‐of‐the‐year moved at about 1/3 of the rate and in a less bimodal diurnal pattern than receptive females during the mating season. The probability of litter loss was positively related with movement rate, suggesting that being elusive and sedentary is a strategy to enhance cub survival rather than a relic of cub mobility itself. The movement patterns of receptive females and females after litter loss were indistinguishable within 1–2 days after the litter loss, and we illustrate that SSI can significantly reduce the female interbirth interval (50–85%). Our results suggest that SSI can also be advantageous for males in seasonally breeding mammals. We propose that infanticide as a male reproductive strategy is more prevalent among mammals with reproductive seasonality than observed or reported.
GB3D – a framework for the bedrock geology of Great Britain
Authors: Mathers S. J. , Terrington R. L. , Waters C. N. , Leslie A. G. 
Published: January 2014

In 2011, the British Geological Survey (BGS) decided to begin the assembly of a National Geological Model (NGM) from its existing and on‐going geological framework models comprising integrated national crustal, bedrock, and Quaternary models. The bedrock component is the most advanced of these themes and comprises both the calculated models and a complementary network of cross sections that provide a fence diagram for the bedrock geology of Great Britain. This fence diagram, the GB3D_v2012 dataset, is the subject of this article and is available in a variety of formats from the BGS website (www.bgs.ac.uk) as free downloads. It complements the existing 1:625 000 scale map sheets published by BGS utilizing the same colour schema and geological classification. The 121 component cross sections extend to depths between 1.5 and 6 km; they have an aggregate length of over 20 000 km, and they are snapped together at their intersections to ensure total consistency. The sections are guided by the existing BGS geological framework models where they cut through them; they also take account of the vast wealth of published data on the subsurface structure of Britain both from BGS and in the literature. Much of this is in the form of cross sections, contour maps of surfaces, and thicknesses (isopachs). The fence diagram has been built in the Geological Surveying and Investigation in 3D (GSI3D) software. Utilizing the cross sections and the coverages of the geological units simple 3D volumes can be calculated for the less deformed sedimentary strata. It is envisaged that this dataset will form a useful educational resource for geoscience students and the general public, and also provide the bedrock geology context and structure for regional and catchment scale studies.
Comment on ‘ShangS. 2012. Calculating actual crop evapotranspiration under soil water stress conditions with appropriate numerical methods and time step. Hydrological Processes26: 3338–3343. DOI: 10.1002/hyp.8405’
Authors: Yatheendradas Soni , Narapusetty Balachandrudu , Peters‐Lidard Christa , Funk Christopher , Verdin James 
Published: January 2014

AbstractA previous study analyzed errors in the numerical calculation of actual crop evapotranspiration (ETa) under soil water stress. Assuming no irrigation or precipitation, it constructed equations for ETa over limited soil‐water ranges in a root zone drying out due to evapotranspiration. It then used a single crop‐soil composite to provide recommendations about the appropriate usage of numerical methods under different values of the time step and the maximum crop evapotranspiration (ETc). This comment reformulates those ETa equations for applicability over the full range of soil water values, revealing a dependence of the relative error in numerical ETa on the initial soil water that was not seen in the previous study. It is shown that the recommendations based on a single crop‐soil composite can be invalid for other crop‐soil composites. Finally, a consideration of the numerical error in the time‐cumulative value of ETa is discussed besides the existing consideration of that error over individual time steps as done in the previous study. This cumulative ETa is more relevant to the final crop yield. Published 2014. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Evaluating the fakability of a conditional reasoning test of addiction proneness
Authors: Bowler Jennifer L. , Bowler Mark C. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe quest to assess personality objectively is riddled with challenges. However, conditional reasoning (CR) methodology takes an innovative approach to personality measurement by indirectly evaluating the cognitive biases associated with specific dispositional traits. In addition to demonstrating strong criterion‐related validities, the CR format has been shown to be more resistant to response distortion than traditional self‐report measures so long as indirect measurement is maintained. The present study evaluated the necessity of maintaining the indirect nature of a CR‐based measure of addiction proneness. Results indicated that disclosing the purpose of assessment yielded significant mean shifts on a CR‐based measure of addiction proneness compared to those of an uninformed group. Specifically, when the construct of interest was made explicit, participants could identify the keyed response options when instructed to do so. These findings further underscore the necessity of maintaining indirect measurement when administering CR measures.
“No One Ever Asked Me”: Urban African American Students' Perceptions of Educational Resilience
Authors: Williams Joseph M. , Portman Tarrell Awe Agahe 
Published: January 2014

This qualitative study examined high‐achieving urban African American high school graduates' (N= 5) retrospective appraisal of what K–12 students from high‐risk urban areas need to succeed academically despite seemingly insurmountable social, financial, and educational barriers. Findings revealed 6 themes: shared responsibility for educational outcomes, being a part of the solution, parental involvement by any means, natural support systems, school counselors as change agents, and community collaboration to raise a scholar. Recommendations for school counselors are discussed.Este estudio cualitativo examinó la opinión retrospectiva de un grupo de graduados Afroamericanos urbanos de alto nivel académico en educación secundaria (N= 5) sobre lo que necesitan los estudiantes de K–12 en áreas urbanas de alto riesgo para tener éxito académico a pesar de las barreras sociales, económicas y educativas aparentemente infranqueables. Los hallazgos revelaron 6 temas: responsabilidad compartida por los resultados educativos, ser parte de la solución, implicación de los padres en cualquier modo posible, sistemas naturales de apoyo, consejeros escolares como agentes de cambio, y colaboración comunitaria para educar a un individuo estudioso. Se discuten recomendaciones para los consejeros escolares.
International Immersion in Counselor Education: A Consensual Qualitative Research Investigation
Authors: Barden Sejal M. , Cashwell Craig S. 
Published: January 2014

This study used consensual qualitative research methodology to examine the phenomenon of international immersion on counselor education students' (N = 10) development and growth. Seven domains emerged from the data (cultural knowledge, empathy, personal and professional impact, process/reflection, relationships, personal characteristics, and structure). Implications for multicultural education and future research are discussed.Este estudio empleó metodología consensuada de investigación cualitativa para examinar el fenómeno de la inmersión internacional en el desarrollo y crecimiento de estudiantes de educación en consejería (N = 10). Los datos arrojaron siete dominios (conocimiento cultural, empatía, impacto personal y profesional, proceso/reflexión, relaciones, características personales, y estructura). Se discuten las implicaciones para la educación multicultural y futuras investigaciones.
Effect of Anchimeric Assistance in the Reaction of Triphenylphosphine with α,β‐Unsaturated Carboxylic Acids
Authors: Salin Alexey V. , Fatkhutdinov Albert R. , Il'in Anton V. , Galkin Vladimir I. 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACTQuaternization of triphenylphosphine with maleic and cis‐aconitic acids is strongly accelerated by participation of the cis‐carboxyl group in stabilization of the phosphonium zwitterion intermediate by intramolecular hydrogen bonding, in spite of steric hindrance by the acid's reaction center. A similar effect for trans‐isomeric acids is not observed, which can be rationalized on the basis of spatial structures of the generated zwitterions, implying an electrostatic interaction between the phosphonium center and carbonyl oxygen atom. The effect of anchimeric assistance decreases when the intramolecular hydrogen bonding disfavors attack of the phosphine on the sterically less hindered carbon atom of the C=C bond, as observed for cis‐aconitic acid.
Comorbidity profile of chronic rhinosinusitis: A population‐based study
Authors: Chung Shiu‐Dong , Chen Po‐Yueh , Lin Herng‐Ching , Hung Shih‐Han 
Published: January 2014

Objectives/HypothesisThis study aimed to explore the prevalence of a broad spectrum of comorbid medical conditions among patients with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS), using a population‐based dataset.Study designA cross‐sectional study.MethodsIn total, 5,734 CRS subjects and 17,202 comparison subjects were included in this study. Separate conditional logistic regression analyses were performed to calculate the odds ratio (OR) for each of 39 medical comorbidities between subjects with and without CRS.ResultsFor 27 of the 39 study comorbidities, results showed that subjects with CRS had a statistically significantly higher OR than subjects without CRS after adjusting for sociodemographic characteristics. Ranks of the top five comorbid relationships from the strongest ORs to the lowest were as follows: asthma (OR = 3.09), chronic pulmonary disease (OR = 3.04), weight loss (OR = 2.58), obesity (OR = 2.50), and migraines (OR = 2.30).ConclusionOur results indicate that subjects with CRS have an increased prevalence of various comorbidities.Level of Evidence3b. Laryngoscope, 124:1536–1541, 2014
Assessment of muscle stiffness using a continuously scanning laser‐Doppler vibrometer
Authors: Salman Muhammad , Sabra Karim G. , Shinohara Minoru 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACTIntroduction: A stand‐alone and low‐cost elastography technique has been developed using a single continuously scanning laser Doppler vibrometer. Methods: This elastography technique is used to measure the propagation velocity of surface vibrations over superficial skeletal muscles to assess muscle stiffness. Results: Systematic variations in propagation velocity depending on the contraction level and joint position of the biceps brachii were demonstrated in 10 subjects. Conclusions: This technique may assist clinicians in characterizing muscle stiffness (or tone) changes due to neuromuscular disorders. Muscle Nerve 50: 133–135, 2014
Cooperative international neuromuscular research group duchenne natural history study demonstrates insufficient diagnosis and treatment of cardiomyopathy in duchenne muscular dystrophy
Authors: Spurney Christopher , Shimizu Reiko , Morgenroth Lauren P. , Kolski Hanna , Gordish‐Dressman Heather , Clemens Paula R. ,   the CINRG Investigators
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Cardiomyopathy is a common cause of morbidity and death in patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). Methods: This investigation was a cross‐sectional cross‐sectional analysis of clinical data from the multi‐institutional Cooperative International Neuromuscular Research Group (CINRG) DMD Natural History Study of 340 DMD patients aged 2–28 years. Cardiomyopathy was defined as shortening fraction (SF) <28% or ejection fraction (EF) <55%. Results: Two hundred thirty‐one participants reported a prior clinical echocardiogram study, and 174 had data for SF or EF. The prevalence of cardiomyopathy was 27% (47 of 174), and it was associated significantly with age and clinical stage. The association of cardiomyopathy with age and clinical stage was not changed by glucocorticoid use as a covariate (P > 0.68). In patients with cardiomyopathy, 57% (27 of 47) reported not taking any cardiac medications. Cardiac medications were used in 12% (15 of 127) of patients without cardiomyopathy. Conclusions: We found that echocardiograms were underutilized, and cardiomyopathy was undertreated in this DMD natural history cohort. Muscle Nerve 50:250–256, 2014
Raising Practices of Neolithic Livestock Evidenced by Stable Isotope Analysis in the Wei River Valley, North China
Authors: Chen X.‐L. , Hu S.‐M. , Hu Y.‐W. , Wang W.‐L. , Ma Y.‐Y. , Lü P. , Wang C.‐S. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractAlthough a patchwork of projects shows a process of agriculture intensification in North China during the Neolithic, the impact of cereal farming on animal husbandry and their mutual interaction remain cloudy. This study reports bone collagen δ13C and δ15N of humans and animals from Wayaogou (ca 6.5–6.0 kyrs bp) and Dongying (ca 5.9–5.6 kyrs bp, 4.6–4.0 kyrs bp) to explore temporal trend of livestock raising and particularly the importance of millet fodder to stock raising practices in the Wei River valley, North China. The isotopic evidence overall shows that millet products increased in human and domestic animal diets during the mentioned chronological span. δ13C values of pigs and dogs at Dongying are higher than those at Wayaogou, implying that the importance of millet nutrients increased to animal husbandry diachronically. Interestingly, δ13C results of domestic cattle of Dongying late phase (−14.1 ± 1.1‰, N = 5) are more enriched than Wayaogou wild Bos (−17.8 ± 0.3‰, N = 3), indicating that millet fodder had taken a significant place in early cattle husbandry. Besides, differences between Bos species of the two periods also imply that δ13C values of bone collagen constitute a potential indicator for tracing the origin of cattle husbandry in North China. In addition, domestic sheep at Dongying produced similar isotope data to wild ovicaprid at Wayaogou, suggesting that they possibly had grazed for the most in grassland and therefore experienced a different lifestyle from cattle. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The price of performance: a cost and performance analysis of the implementation of cell‐free fetal DNA testing for Down syndrome in Ontario, Canada
Authors: Okun N. , Teitelbaum M. , Huang T. , Dewa C. S. , Hoch J. S. 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACTObjectiveTo examine the cost and performance implications of introducing cell‐free fetal DNA (cffDNA) testing within modeled scenarios in a publicly funded Canadian provincial Down syndrome (DS) prenatal screening program.MethodTwo clinical algorithms were created: the first to represent the current screening program and the second to represent one that incorporates cffDNA testing. From these algorithms, eight distinct scenarios were modeled to examine: (1) the current program (no cffDNA), (2) the current program with first trimester screening (FTS) as the nuchal translucency‐based primary screen (no cffDNA), (3) a program substituting current screening with primary cffDNA, (4) contingent cffDNA with current FTS performance, (5) contingent cffDNA at a fixed price to result in overall cost neutrality,(6) contingent cffDNA with an improved detection rate (DR) of FTS, (7) contingent cffDNA with higher uptake of FTS, and (8) contingent cffDNA with optimized FTS (higher uptake and improved DR).ResultsThis modeling study demonstrates that introducing contingent cffDNA testing improves performance by increasing the number of cases of DS detected prenatally, and reducing the number of amniocenteses performed and concomitant iatrogenic pregnancy loss of pregnancies not affected by DS. Costs are modestly increased, although the cost per case of DS detected is decreased with contingent cffDNA testing.ConclusionContingent models of cffDNA testing can improve overall screening performance while maintaining the provision of an 11‐ to 13‐week scan. Costs are modestly increased, but cost per prenatally detected case of DS is decreased. © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The upper bound to the Relative Reporting Ratio—a measure of the impact of the violation of hidden assumptions underlying some disproportionality methods used in signal detection
Authors: Van Holle Lionel , Bauchau Vincent 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACTPurposeFor disproportionality measures based on the Relative Reporting Ratio (RRR) such as the Information Component (IC) and the Empirical Bayesian Geometrical Mean (EBGM), each product and event is assumed to represent a negligible fraction of the spontaneous report database (SRD). Here, we provide the tools for allowing signal detection experts to assess the consequence of the violation of this assumption on their specific SRD.MethodsFor each product–event pair (P–E), a worst‐case scenario associated all the reported events‐of‐interest with the product of interest. The values of the RRR under this scenario were measured for different sets of stratification factors using the GlaxoSmithKline vaccines SRD. These values represent the RRR upper bound that RRR cannot exceed whatever the true strength of association.ResultsDepending on the choice of stratification factors, the RRR could not exceed an upper bound of 2 for up to 2.4% of the P–Es. For Engerix™, 23.4% of all reports in the SDR, the RRR could not exceed an upper bound of 2 for up to 13.8% of pairs. For the P–E Rotarix™‐Intussusception, the choice of stratification factors impacted the upper bound to RRR: from 52.5 for an unstratified RRR to 2.0 for a fully stratified RRR.ConclusionsThe quantification of the upper bound can indicate whether measures such as EBGM, IC, or RRR can be used for SRD for which products or events represent a non‐negligible fraction of the entire SRD. In addition, at the level of the product or P–E, it can also highlight detrimental impact of overstratification. © 2014 The Authors. Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Regulation of pulmonary surfactant synthesis in fetal rat type II alveolar epithelial cells by microRNA‐26a
Authors: Zhang Xiao‐Qun , Zhang Pan , Yang Yang , Qiu Jie , Kan Qin , Liang Hong‐Lu , Zhou Xiao‐Yu , Zhou Xiao‐Guang 
Published: January 2014

SummaryPulmonary surfactant, a unique developmentally regulated, phospholipid‐rich lipoprotein, is synthesized by the type II epithelial cells (AECII) of the pulmonary alveolus, where it is stored in organelles termed lamellar bodies. The synthesis of pulmonary surfactant is under multifactorial control and is regulated by a number of hormones and factors, including glucocorticoids, prolactin, insulin, growth factors, estrogens, androgens, thyroid hormones, and catecholamines acting through beta‐adrenergic receptors, and cAMP. While there is increasing evidence that microRNAs (miRNAs) are involved in the regulation of almost every cellular and physiological process, the potential role of miRNAs in the regulation of pulmonary surfactant synthesis remains unknown. miRNA‐26a (miR‐26a) has been predicted to target SMAD1, one of the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) receptor downstream signaling proteins that plays a key role in differentiation of lung epithelial cells during lung development. In this study, we explored the regulation role of miR‐26a in the synthesis of pulmonary surfactant. An adenoviral miR‐26a overexpression vector was constructed and introduced into primary cultured fetal AECII. GFP fluorescence was observed to determinate the transfection efficiency and miR‐26a levels were measured by RT‐PCR. MTT was performed to analyze AECII viability. qRT‐PCR and Western blotting were used to determine the mRNA and protein level of SMAD1 and surfactant‐associated proteins. The results showed that miR‐26a in fetal AECII was overexpressed after the transfection, and that the overexpression of miR‐26a inhibited pulmonary surfactant synthesis in AECII. There was no significant change in cell proliferation. Our results further showed that overexpression of miR‐26a reduced the SMAD1 expression both in mRNA and protein level in fetal AECII. These findings indicate that miR‐26a regulates surfactant synthesis in fetal AECII through SMAD1. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2014; 49:863–872. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Diurnal variations of chlorophyll fluorescence and CO2 exchange of biological soil crusts in different successional stages in the Gurbantunggut Desert of northwestern China
Authors: Zhang Jing , Zhang Yuan‐Ming 
Published: January 2014

AbstractBiological soil crusts (BSCs) formed by different combinations of photosynthetic algae, cyanobacteria, lichens and mosses are well‐developed in the Gurbantunggut Desert of northwestern China. To investigate the different responses of BSCs to environmental factors, the diurnal variations of chlorophyll fluorescence and CO2 exchange of BSCs in different successional stages were measured following artificial rehydration in the field. Results showed that the maximum potential quantum efficiency of PSII (Fv/Fm), the actual PSII efficiency (ΦPSII) and the relative rate of electron transport as well as net photosynthesis of the different successional BSCs varied similarly and changed markedly with diurnal fluctuations in light and temperature. Further analyses indicated that CO2 exchange and photosynthetic pigment content of chlorophyll (Chl) a, Chl b and carotenoids increased with the developmental level of BSCs, from cyanobacterial crust to lichen crust to moss crust. The differences in responses of BSCs to environmental factors and photosynthetic pigment content may be partially attributed to differences in species composition and morphological characteristics of the various BSCs. Overall, moss crust is better adapted to a wide range of irradiance and higher temperatures than lichen and cyanobacterial crusts. Therefore, BSCs in a later successional stage are expected to play a more important role in desertification control than those of the earlier stages.