bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The bioaccessibility of eicosapentaenoic acid was higher from phospholipid food products than from mono‐ and triacylglycerol food products in a dynamic gastrointestinal model
Authors: Domoto Nobuhiko , Koenen Marjorie E. , Havenaar Robert , Mikajiri Akihiro , Chu Boon‐Seang 
Published: September 2013

AbstractThe bioaccessibility of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) in the forms of monoacylglycerol (EPA‐MAG), triacylglycerol (EPA‐TAG), and phospholipid (EPA‐PL) during gastrointestinal passage was compared in this study using a dynamic gastrointestinal model (TIM system). The TIM system simulated the average upper gastrointestinal tract conditions of healthy human adults after intake of a meal (fed state conditions). In this study, the three EPA‐rich oils were separately homogenized with full fat milk to obtain oil‐in‐water emulsions. Plain yogurt was added into the mixture at an emulsion/yogurt ratio of 4:1 (w/w) as the food matrix of the test products. The results show that the test meals containing EPA‐PL left the stomach compartment most efficiently in comparison with the gastric emptying of EPA‐MAG and EPA‐TAG. The PLs also showed a significantly (P < 0.05) higher bioaccessibility of EPA (75–80%) in comparison with MAG (30%) and TAG (38%). The better gastric emptying of EPA‐PL was likely related to the more stable emulsion of EPA‐PL in the test meal. EPA‐PL was delivered within the meal matrix into the duodenum instead of floating on the top of the test meal matrix. EPA‐MAG had the highest amount of EPA that did not leave the stomach (68% of the test meal). The results from this work indicate that EPA‐PL is a more effective form of EPA for a higher lipid bioaccessibility than MAG and TAG under the test conditions.
Syntheses of 2‐Unsubstituted 1H‐1,3‐Benzazaphospholes from N‐Formyl‐2‐bromoanilides
Authors: Ghalib Mohammed , Niaz Basit , Jones Peter G. , Heinicke Joachim W. 
Published: September 2013

ABSTRACTThe phosphonylation of 2‐bromo‐formylanilides 1 with triethyl phosphite in the presence of preformed Pd(0)(triethyl phosphite)n catalyst furnished 2‐phosphono‐formanilides 2 in good yields. Reduction with excess LiAlH4 provided mainly N‐methyl‐2‐phosphinoanilines 3 and minor amounts of 1,2‐unsubstituted benzazaphospholes 4. N‐Methyl‐1,3‐benzazaphospholes 5 were synthesized by the cyclocondensation of 3 with dimethylformamide dimethylacetal (DMFA). A more convenient route to 5, avoiding the chromatographic separation of 4, is the reduction of 1 to 2‐bromo‐N‐methylaniline 6, followed by phosphonylation to 7, LiAlH4 reduction, and cyclization with DMFA. The coordination properties at σ2P of benzazaphospholes are characterized by structural data obtained by the crystal structure analysis of (5b)W(CO)5.
Parameters on 17β‐Estradiol degradation by Ultrasound in an aqueous system
Authors: Ma Xiao‐yan , Tang Kai , Li Qing‐song , Song Ya‐li , Ni Yong‐jiong , Gao Nai‐yun 
Published: September 2013

AbstractBACKGROUNDAs the strongest natural estrogen, 17β‐estradiol (E2) which occurs in water through drainage of municipal and industrial wastewater treatment plants, may represent a serious health risk to humans, even at extremely low concentrations (ng L‐1). To reduce the amount of E2 in an aqueous system, KMnO4‐assisted ultrasound was adopted and compared with ultrasound and KMnO4, each alone, and the influencing factors were determined.RESULTSThe efficiency of removal of E2 was low under single ultrasound irradiation alone, but was enhanced from14.6% to 85.5% when assisted by the addition of 3 mg L‐1 KMnO4 after 30 min contact. Degradation of E2 could be described by first‐order kinetics models. The degradation rates were proportional to the dosage of KMnO4 in the range from 0 to 5 mg L‐1. The optimal pH for the processes was alkaline (for the ultrasound) and strong acidic (for the combined ultrasound/KMnO4). The common cation Na+ initially inhibited and then promoted degradation of E2 in both processes, and anionic surfactant was a favourable factor in the degradation of E2.CONCLUSIONKMnO4‐oxidatively enhanced ultrasound effectively removed E2 from an aqueous system. Since pH, cation and existing chemicals such as surfactant can affect the degradation of E2, these factors should be taken into consideration to obtain satisfactory results. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry
Advances in photobioreactors for intensive microalgal production: configurations, operating strategies and applications
Authors: Olivieri Giuseppe , Salatino Piero , Marzocchella Antonio 
Published: September 2013

AbstractOver the past ten years a great deal of literature has focused on the biotechnological potential of microalgal commercial applications, mainly in the field of biofuel production. However, the biofuel production is not yet competitive, mainly due to the incidence of the photobioreactor technology on the process cost. Besides, major advances in classic photobioreactor design, several novel configurations have been proposed in the last 20 years to improve their performance expressed in terms of light absorption, biomass productivity, light to biomass yield and photosynthetic efficiency. This review aims at analyzing and classifying the most recent advances and the several novel approaches to the design, development, control and modeling of photobioreactors. The diverse approaches are grouped considering irradiance strategies, multiphase hydrodynamics, mass transfer mechanisms, modeling approaches and control strategies. Some innovative applications of the photobioreactor technology are also reported. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry
Comparative expression and regulation of TMSB4X in male reproductive tissues of rats and chickens
Authors: Rengaraj Deivendran , Hwang Young Sun , Liang Xiao Huan , Deng Wen Bo , Yang Zeng Ming , Han Jae Yong 
Published: September 2013

ABSTRACTThymosin β4 (TMSB4X) belongs to a class of highly conserved small proteins that are present in a high abundance in immune tissues, where it participates in various biological activities, including anti‐inflammation, wound healing, apoptosis, and cell survival. However, little is known about the expression and regulation of TMSB4X in reproductive tissues. The aim of this study was to examine the expression of rat Tmsb4x and chicken TMSB4X genes during testicular and epididymal development. Rat Tmsb4x was strongly detected in the spermatogonia and spermatocytes of testis at early postnatal development and transmitted to Leydig cells at sexual maturation. Also, rat Tmsb4x was detected at an increased level in the epididymis during postnatal development. When compared to the rat, expression of the chicken TMSB4X gene was low in the testis and epididymal region, and the mRNA localization was also unexpected. Three experiments were performed to examine the regulation of rat Tmsb4x in the epididymis: after elimination of Leydig cells using ethylene dimethane sulfonate (EDS); after destruction of the testis by cryptorchidism; and after castration. EDS‐treated and castrated rats were injected with testosterone propionate. The expression of Tmsb4x was significantly reduced in the epididymis of EDS‐treated, and castrated rats. In contrast, Tmsb4x was significantly enhanced in the epididymis after testosterone treatment. The expression of rat Tmsb4x was also regulated in the epididymis after cryptorchidism. Collectively, the expression of Tmsb4x was strongly detected in the testis and epididymis of rats, and was highly regulated in the epididymis by testosterone. J. Exp. Zool. 319A: 584–595, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Retrieval of aerosol optical depth under thin cirrus from MODIS: Application to an ocean algorithm
Authors: Lee Jaehwa , Hsu N. Christina , Bettenhausen Corey , Sayer Andrew M. 
Published: September 2013

AbstractA strategy for retrieving aerosol optical depth (AOD) under conditions of thin cirrus coverage from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) is presented. We adopt an empirical method that derives the cirrus contribution to measured reflectance in seven bands from the visible to shortwave infrared (0.47, 0.55, 0.65, 0.86, 1.24, 1.63, and 2.12 µm, commonly used for AOD retrievals) by using the correlations between the top‐of‐atmosphere (TOA) reflectance at 1.38 µm and these bands. The 1.38 µm band is used due to its strong absorption by water vapor and allows us to extract the contribution of cirrus clouds to TOA reflectance and create cirrus‐corrected TOA reflectances in the seven bands of interest. These cirrus‐corrected TOA reflectances are then used in the aerosol retrieval algorithm to determine cirrus‐corrected AOD. The cirrus correction algorithm reduces the cirrus contamination in the AOD data as shown by a decrease in both magnitude and spatial variability of AOD over areas contaminated by thin cirrus. Comparisons of retrieved AOD against Aerosol Robotic Network observations at Nauru in the equatorial Pacific reveal that the cirrus correction procedure improves the data quality: the percentage of data within the expected error ±(0.03 + 0.05 × AOD) increases from 40% to 80% for cirrus‐corrected points only and from 80% to 86% for all points (i.e., both corrected and uncorrected retrievals). Statistical comparisons with Cloud‐Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP) retrievals are also carried out. A high correlation (R = 0.89) between the CALIOP cirrus optical depth and AOD correction magnitude suggests potential applicability of the cirrus correction procedure to other MODIS‐like sensors.
CMAQ modeling and analysis of radicals, radical precursors, and chemical transformations
Authors: Czader Beata H. , Li Xiangshang , Rappenglueck Bernhard 
Published: September 2013

AbstractAir quality simulations were performed for the Houston‐Galveston‐Brazoria area for springtime conditions in May and June of 2009. Meteorological parameters predicted by Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model, for which data assimilation with recursive objective analysis was performed, are well simulated most of the time. The Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model driven by meteorology from WRF simulates ozone and many other trace species, including radical precursors such as HCHO and HONO, with a satisfactory agreement with observations. While CMAQ satisfactorily captures the daily variations of the OH radical, it sometimes underestimates its high daytime values. Concentrations of HO2 are often underpredicted in polluted air masses and persistently severely underpredicted at low NOx conditions, when the Houston air is affected by marine air masses. In contrast, concentrations of H2O2 and CH3OOH are almost always overpredicted by the model, the overprediction occurs frequently in the polluted air and occurs always when marine air is encountered. Those mispredictions are consistent despite day‐to‐day variations in meteorological conditions and emissions and bring into question current representation of radical‐related chemistry in the model as radical production and recirculation in the model is overtaken by termination processes and creation of more stable compounds, such as H2O2 and CH3OOH. Smaller model biases of H2O2 and peroxides are associated with lower humidity. The relative importance of various photolysis processes as radical sources in the Houston atmosphere was also elucidated. Morning HOx formation is dominated by HONO while ozone contributes the most during midday. HONO contribution to HOx formation is more pronounced at the surface layer where most of it is formed, radical production from ozone is more important at elevated levels where higher concentrations of ozone are observed. Formaldehyde contributes up to 40% and also peaks during midday, but on days when high morning concentrations of formaldehyde are observed, its contribution to HOx in the morning exceeds that of ozone. Photolysis of H2O2 is a minor contributor to radical levels.
Genetic analysis and homology modeling of capsid protein of norovirus GII.14
Authors: Chan‐It Wisoot , Thongprachum Aksara , Okitsu Shoko , Mizuguchi Masashi , Ushijima Hiroshi 
Published: September 2013

AbstractIn this study, a more detailed genetic characterization of the VP1 capsid protein of uncommon norovirus (NoV) GII.14 strains reported previously in Japan and China was performed using sequence analyses and homology modeling technique. The result of genetic comparison with the M7 prototype strain of GII.14 revealed that 10 amino acid mutations were observed at the same positions across the P2 and P1‐2 subdomains in both Japanese and Chinese strains. By the homology modeling of the P domain, 7 out of these 10 mutations were predicted to be located on the surface‐exposed P2 and P1‐2 subdomains. All GII.14 strains had an altered RGD‐like motif (RGT → KGT). While the Chinese strains contained 5 random amino acid changes in the S domain and the P2 subdomain, these changes were not detected in the Japanese strains. In addition, the histo‐blood group antigen (HBGA)‐binding interfaces remain identical to those of the previously determined GII.4 structure (VA387), suggesting the conservation of HBGA binding profile within the GII genogroup. Taken together, this report provides supportive structural data that antigenic drifts that occurred mostly in the P2 and P1‐2 subdomains might be sufficient to generate new mutants, thus permitting the GII.14 virus to escape the host pre‐existing immunity. These results also suggest the need for comparing the evolutionary profiles and structural models of rare NoV genotypes to an insight into NoV evolution. J. Med. Virol. 86:329–334, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Molecular epidemiology of the human papillomavirus infection in self‐collected samples from young women
Authors: de Almeida Flávia Gatto , Machado Ana Paula , Fernandes Carlos Eurico dos Santos , Ferreira Alda Teixeira , Padovani Cacilda Tezelli Junqueira , Tozetti Inês Aparecida 
Published: September 2013

ABSTRACTThe prevalence of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is the highest in young, sexually active women less than 35 years of age. Direct diagnosis of infection by enabling genotyping methods is important considering that the viral types are divided into high (HR‐HPV) and low (LR‐HPV) oncogenic risk. This study aimed to evaluate the epidemiological and molecular characteristics of HPV infection in self‐collected samples from young women. A cross‐sectional study of 245 sexually active students (18 to 35 years of age) was undertaken with self‐collected samples. Extracted DNA was analyzed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with the PGMY 09/11 and PC04/GH20 primers for the detection of HPV DNA and the β‐globin gene, respectively. Viral genotyping was performed by type‐specific PCR (TS‐PCR) and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). Of the 236 valid samples, 68 (28.9%) were positive for HPV DNA, as genotyped by TS‐PCR and RFLP. The HR‐HPV were most prevalent, especially HPV‐16, ‐31, ‐33, and ‐45, and the most prevalent LR‐HPV were HPV‐6 and ‐83. Multi‐type HPV infections were detected in 17 (25%) samples. HPV infection was statistically more prevalent among younger women with lower educational levels and who had more partners in the past 2 years. A high prevalence of HPV infection was found in the age group examined, especially HR‐HPV types, as well as the presence of risk behaviors associated with HPV infection were observed. Considering these results, vaccinating females before the onset of sexual activity in Brazil should be emphasized. J. Med. Virol. 86:266–271, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Clinical relevance and genotypes of circulating noroviruses in northern Taiwan, 2006–2011
Authors: Tsai Chi‐Neu , Lin Chun‐Yuan , Lin Che‐Wei , Shih Kuei‐Chung , Chiu Cheng‐Hsun , Chen Shih‐Yen 
Published: September 2013

AbstractThe incidence of noroviral gastroenteritis has increased dramatically in recent years, and norovirus (NoV) genogroup II.4 (GII.4) is associated with outbreaks worldwide. The NoV genotypes and their clinical relevance in children hospitalized with acute gastroenteritis between 2006 and 2011 in northern Taiwan were evaluated in this study. NoV sequences were amplified from 47 clinical specimens and phylogenetic analysis was performed. Based on noroviral capsid protein (VP1) and RNA dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) phylogeny, circulating NoV could be divided into GII.2, GII.3, GII.12, and GII.4 and GII.16, GII.12, GII.g, and GII.4; respectively. The GII.4 subtype was predominant and could be divided further into the 2004 (Hunter), 2006b, and 2010 (New Orleans) subtypes. Regarding clinical manifestations, convulsive disorder occurred only in cases caused by NoV GII.4 2006b. Patients affected by NoV GII.4 2006b presented with a higher frequency of diarrhea (P = 0.0204), longer duration of diarrhea (P = 0.0215), more frequent hypoglycemia (P = 0.038), and electrolyte imbalance (P = 0.0487) than acute gastroenteritis caused by NoV GII.4 2010. Structural analysis showed that the amino acid changes in viral VP1 between GII.4 2006b and 2010 subtype were located mainly in the protruding domain 2 (P2 domain). In conclusion, the NoV GII.4 variants 2006b and 2010 were the main causes of acute gastroenteritis in hospitalized children in northern Taiwan during 2006–2011. The clinical presentations and structural changes in VP1 of the two NoV GII.4 variants should be evaluated in the future. J. Med. Virol. 86:335–346, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Immunogenicity in mice of human metapneumovirus with a truncated SH glycoprotein
Authors: Tedcastle A.B. , Fenwick F. , Robinson M.J. , Toms G.L. 
Published: September 2013

AbstractThe SH glycoprotein of human metapneumovirus (HMPV) is twice the size of that of human respiratory syncytial virus and possesses a large, hydrophilic luminal domain. The glycoprotein is located on the surface of the virion and of virus infected cells and, if immunogenic, might be expected to play a role in anti‐viral immunity. Initial attempts to study anti‐SH antibody immunogenicity were thwarted by the instability of the SH gene on passage both in human bronchial epithelial cells and in mice. Repeated passage of virus isolates in human bronchial epithelial cells in culture resulted in the appearance and eventual predominance of HMPV mutants lacking all or most of the luminal domain of SH coincidental with the loss of productive infection in mouse lungs. Where infection was established in mice with an early cell culture passage, the virus recovered from mouse lung differed markedly from the inoculum, carrying 19 coding mutations in the SH luminal domain. Immunization of mice with a mutant virus variant expressing only 14 amino acids of the luminal domain of SH induced a cross‐reactive antibody response to both the F glycoprotein and the SH glycoprotein but a largely sub‐group specific response to the G glycoprotein. Similar patterns of response were achieved by immunization with individual HMPV glycoproteins expressed from recombinant vaccinia viruses. Recombinant truncated SH glycoprotein induced sub‐group cross‐reactive antibodies capable of neutralizing wild‐type virus. Recombinant F glycoprotein also induced cross‐reactive neutralizing antibodies whilst recombinant G glycoprotein induced largely strain‐specific, non‐neutralizing antibodies. J. Med. Virol. 86:547–557, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A CMIP5 multimodel projection of future temperature, precipitation, and climatological drought in China
Authors: Wang Lin , Chen Wen 
Published: September 2013

ABSTRACTIn this study, fine‐resolution multimodel climate projections over China are developed based on 35 climate models and two emissions scenarios (RCP4.5 and RCP8.5) from phase five of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) by means of Bias Correction and Spatial Disaggregation. The yearly‐averaged temperature is projected to increase by 0.8 to 1.6 °C (0.8 to 1.7 °C), 1.5 to 2.7 °C (2 to 3.7 °C), and 1.9 to 3.3 °C (3.4 to 6 °C) under RCP4.5 (RCP8.5) in three time slices (2010–2039, 2040–2069, and 2070–2099), respectively. The most warming occurs in winter and the least in summer, and the inland areas in the northwest will warm much faster than the southeast. Under the background of surface warming, the probability of extreme low temperatures in winter defined as the monthly temperature being lower than the 9th percentile of the climatological distribution will sharply reduce to 0.1–1.7% under RCP4.5 for the period 2010–2039 and even lower for the following decades. For precipitation change, a remarkable increase is found over most areas of China except the Southwest, ranging from approximately 2 to 20%. The projected precipitation changes are highly robust in northern China, but inconsistent in southern China. In spite of widespread precipitation increases, most areas of China quantified by the Palmer Drought Severity Index are projected to become drier as a consequence of increasing evaporation driven by temperature increases. Detailed examination shows that drought that is moderate or severe according to current climate standards will become the norm in the future. Not only will incidences of severe and extreme drought increase dramatically in the future, but extreme wet events will also become more probable. Furthermore, the increasing drought risk in Southwest China and the Qinghai‐Tibetan Plateau is nearly twice that for other parts of China.
Relationship between parallax and spatial resolution on visual comfort of an autostereoscopic display
Authors: Wang Qin , Li Da‐Hai , Liu Chun‐Ling , Wang Qiong‐Hua 
Published: September 2013

AbstractA primary reason for visual discomfort caused by viewing 3D contents in autostereoscopic displays is the conflict between accommodation and convergence. Parallax directly affects the degree of conflict. In this paper, three factors are investigated—parallax magnitude, changing parallax, and spatial resolution—which are supposed to exert substantial influence upon visual comfort. The aforementioned three factors are integrated into stereoscopic sequences generated by software. With the data on the subjective evaluation of comfort from the viewers, statistical method is used to obtain both the main effects and interactions among the three factors. According to the experimental results, changing parallax might play a more crucial role in visual comfort than parallax magnitude. Spatial resolution might alleviate the negative effects in which changing parallax brings about. The experiment indicates that parallax for autostereoscopic displays should be within 50′ in consideration of comfort.