bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Future Direction of IMIA Standardization
Authors: Kimura M. , Ogishima S. , Shabo A. , Kim I. K. , Parisot C. , de Faria Leao B. , Nakaya J. 
Published: August 2014

Summary
Objectives: Standardization in the field of health informatics has increased its importance and global alliance for establishing interoperability and compatibility internationally. Standardization has been organized by standard development organizations (SDOs) such as ISO (International Organization for Standardization), CEN (European Committee for Standardization), IHE (Integrating the Healthcare Enterprise), and HL7 (Health Level 7), etc. This paper reports the status of these SDOs’ activities.
Methods: In this workshop, we reviewed the past activities and the current situation of standardization in health care informatics with the standard development organizations such as ISO, CEN, IHE, and HL7. Then we discussed the future direction of standardization in health informatics toward “future medicine” based on standardized technologies.
Results: We could share the status of each SDO through exchange of opinions in the workshop. Some WHO members joined our discussion to support this constructive activity.
Conclusion: At this meeting, the workshop speakers have been appointed as new members of the IMIA working groups of Standards in Health Care Informatics (WG16). We could reach to the conclusion that we collaborate for the international standardization in health informatics toward “future medicine”.
Big Data Usage Patterns in the Health Care Domain: A Use Case Driven Approach Applied to the Assessment of Vaccination Benefits and Risks
Authors: de Lusignan S. , Liaw S-T. , Kuziemsky C. , Mold F. , Krause P. , Fleming D. , Jones S. , Liyanage H. 
Published: August 2014

Summary
Background: Generally benefits and risks of vaccines can be determined from studies carried out as part of regulatory compliance, followed by surveillance of routine data; however there are some rarer and more long term events that require new methods. Big data generated by increasingly affordable personalised computing, and from pervasive computing devices is rapidly growing and low cost, high volume, cloud computing makes the processing of these data inexpensive.
Objective: To describe how big data and related analytical methods might be applied to assess the benefits and risks of vaccines. Method: We reviewed the literature on the use of big data to improve health, applied to generic vaccine use cases, that illustrate benefits and risks of vaccination. We defined a use case as the interaction between a user and an information system to achieve a goal. We used flu vaccination and pre-school childhood immunisation as exemplars.
Results: We reviewed three big data use cases relevant to assessing vaccine benefits and risks: (i) Big data processing using crowd-sourcing, distributed big data processing, and predictive analytics, (ii) Data integration from heterogeneous big data sources, e.g. the increasing range of devices in the “internet of things”, and (iii) Real-time monitoring for the direct monitoring of epidemics as well as vaccine effects via social media and other data sources.
Conclusions: Big data raises new ethical dilemmas, though its analysis methods can bring complementary real-time capabilities for monitoring epidemics and assessing vaccine benefit-risk balance.
Human Factors in the Large: Experiences from Denmark, Finland and Canada in Moving Towards Regional and National Evaluations of Health Information System Usability
Authors: Kaipio J. , Nieminen M. , Hyppönen H. , Lääveri T. , Nohr C. , Kanstrup A. M. , Berg Christiansen M. , Kuo M.-H. , Borycki E. , Kushniruk A. 
Published: August 2014

Summary
Objectives: The objective of this paper is to explore approaches to understanding the usability of health information systems at regional and national levels.
Methods: Several different methods are discussed in case studies from Denmark, Finland and Canada. They range from small scale qualitative studies involving usability testing of systems to larger scale national level questionnaire studies aimed at assessing the use and usability of health information systems by entire groups of health professionals.
Results: It was found that regional and national usability studies can complement smaller scale usability studies, and that they are needed in order to understand larger trends regarding system usability. Despite adoption of EHRs, many health professionals rate the usability of the systems as low. A range of usability issues have been noted when data is collected on a large scale through use of widely distributed questionnaires and websites designed to monitor user perceptions of usability.
Conclusion: As health information systems are deployed on a widespread basis, studies that examine systems used regionally or nationally are required. In addition, collection of large scale data on the usability of specific IT products is needed in order to complement smaller scale studies of specific systems.
Social Media and Patient Health Outcomes
Authors: Douali N. , Staccini P. ,   Section Editors for the IMIA Yearbook Section on Consumer Health Informatics
Published: August 2014

Summary
Objectives: To provide a review of the current excellent research published in the field of Consumer Health Informatics.
Method: We searched MEDLINE® and WEB OF SCIENCE® databases for papers published in 2013 in relation with Consumer Health Informatics. The authors identified 16 candidate best papers, which were then reviewed by four reviewers.
Results: Five out of the 16 candidate papers were selected as best papers. One paper presents the key features of a system to automate the collection of web-based social media content for subsequent semantic annotation. This paper emphasizes the importance of mining social media to collect novel data from which new findings in drug abuse research were uncovered. The second paper presents a practical method to predict how a community structure would impact the spreading of information within the community. The third paper presents a method for improving the quality of online health communities. The fourth presents a new social network to allow the monitoring of the evolution of individuals’ health status and diagnostic deficiencies, difficulties or barriers in rehabilitation. The last paper reports on teenage patients’ perception on privacy and social media.
Conclusion: Selected papers not only show the value of using social media in the medical field but how to use these media to detect emergent diseases or risks, inform patients, promote disease prevention, and follow patients’ opinion on healthcare resources.
Efficacy and Safety of Oral Methazolamide in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: A 24-Week, Placebo-Controlled, Double-Blind Study
Authors: Simpson Richard W. , Nicholson Geoffrey C. , Proietto Joseph , Sarah Alana , Sanders Kerrie M. , Phillips Gabrielle , Chambers Jo , MacGinley Rob , Orford Neil , Walder Ken , Krippner Guy , Skoff Kathy , Wacher Vincent J. 
Published: August 2014

OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the safety and efficacy of methazolamide as a potential therapy for type 2 diabetes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
This double-blind, placebo-controlled study randomized 76 patients to oral methazolamide (40 mg b.i.d.) or placebo for 24 weeks. The primary efficacy end point for methazolamide treatment was a placebo-corrected reduction in HbA1c from baseline after 24 weeks (ΔHbA1c).

RESULTS
Mean ± SD baseline HbA1c was 7.1 ± 0.7% (54 ± 5 mmol/mol; n = 37) and 7.4 ± 0.6% (57 ± 5 mmol/mol; n = 39) in the methazolamide and placebo groups, respectively. Methazolamide treatment was associated with a ΔHbA1c of –0.39% (95% CI –0.82, 0.04; P &lt; 0.05) (–4.3 mmol/mol [–9.0, 0.4]), an increase in the proportion of patients achieving HbA1c ≤6.5% (48 mmol/mol) from 8 to 33%, a rapid reduction in alanine aminotransferase (∼10 units/L), and weight loss (2%) in metformin-cotreated patients.

CONCLUSIONS
Methazolamide is the archetype for a new intervention in type 2 diabetes with clinical benefits beyond glucose control.
Metastatic lesions in the gastroduodenum — an unusual manifestation of malignant melanoma and pulmonary adenocarcinoma
Authors: Benedeto-Stojanov Daniela , Bjelaković Goran , Milentijević Maja , Stojanov Dragan , Brzački Vesna , Petrović Gordana 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract (GIT) is an unusual site for metastasis. The rate of GIT metastases detected clinically is very low because of unspecific symptoms and signs of GIT involvement, which include general weakness, tiredness, weight loss, unspecific abdominal pain, fatigue, and anemia. We report clinical, endoscopic, and pathological patterns of two patients (malignant melanoma and primary lung tumor) with metastatic lesions in the gastroduodenum. The first case is a 59-year-old man with unspecific symptoms as nausea, vomiting and abdominal pain. He underwent resection of skin melanoma on his back one year before. Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy revealed two melanotic polypoid masses with ulcerations at the tip, one in the stomach and one in the duodenal bulb. Endoscopic biopsy of these polypoid masses and immunohistochemical stains confirmed the diagnosis of metastatic malignant melanoma. The second case is a 73-year-old man with a two-day history of melena and unspecific abdominal pain. Three weeks before, the patient was operated on for the adenocarcinoma of the lung. Endoscopy of the upper gastrointestinal tract revealed irregular polypoid mass with ulcerations at the tip: three of the stomach mucosa, two in the duodenal bulb and more than ten hemorrhagic polypoid masses at the desendent duodenum. Biopsies of these lesions confirmed the diagnosis of metastatic lung adenocarcinoma. In patients with a history of malignant melanoma and lung cancer unspecific symptoms, like abdominal pain, anemia, and gastrointestinal bleeding gastroduodenal metastases should be suspected. The diagnosis requires careful endoscopic examinations of the mucosa for metastatic lesions and biopsy with special immunohistochemical stains.
Agreement between manual and automated measurements of simple QRS/T angle
Authors: Jaroszyński Andrzej , Jaroszyńska Anna , Szcześniak Anna , Szymczyk Agnieszka , Zaborowski Tomasz , Zapolski Tomasz , Wysokiński Andrzej , Załuska Wojciech 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
The spatial QRS/T angle (QRS/T) has been identified as a strong and independent predictor of adverse cardiac events. QRS/T can be determined from the electrocardiogram (ECG) by matrix transformation methods or formula which uses a combination of net QRS and T-wave amplitudes (QRS/Tsimple). Amplitudes can be measured automatically by using dedicated software (QRS/Tauto) or can be manually measured on a computer screen (QRS/Tmanual). This latter method allows analysis of QRS/T, when digital ECGs are not available. The aim of the study was to determine the agreement in the measurements between automatically derived QRS and T amplitudes and manually measured on the computer screen amplitudes. The relative error of the QRS/T between the two methods was estimated in 73 patients. In the case of QRS/Tmanual the inter-observer as well as intra-observer variability was estimated. The relative error between QRS/Tauto vs. QRS/Tmanual was 3.51%. Inter-observer and intra-observer variability of the QRS/Tmanual was 1.19% and 1.18% respectively. Manual measurement of the QRS/T is reliable, however, the predictive value of this parameter should be tested in clinical trials, before QRS/Tmanual can be considered a useful tool in clinical practice or retrospective studies.
Carotid artery intima-media thickness in patients with acute ischemic stroke and its correlation with risk factors for atherosclerosis and/or stroke
Authors: Das Shovan Kumar , Sarkar Amit , Pramanik Subhraprakash , Bandyopadhyay Mitabha , Mondal Koushik , Singh Sanjai Kumar 
Published: August 2014

Introduction: Stroke is the second leading cause of mortality worldwide. Ischemic stroke is more prevalent than hemorrhagic stroke and atherosclerosis is the major cause of ischemic stroke. The increased carotid artery intima-media thickness (CIMT) is considered to be useful indicator of early atherosclerosis. So, this study was aimed to correlate the relationship between atherosclerotic risk factors and intima-media thickness of carotid artery in patients with acute ischemic stroke. Material and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 100 consecutive patients of acute ischemic stroke and 50 healthy relatives of patients as control were studied for presence of atherosclerotic risk factors and carotid artery intima?media thickness by B-mode Doppler ultrasonography.Results: In this age and sex matched study, higher CIMT measurement was found among patients of acute ischemic stroke than healthy controls (0.849 ± 0.196 vs 0.602 ± 0.092; p < 0.001). The CIMT was well correlated with smoking (Beta = 0.295; t = 5.728; 95% CI 0.088 to 0.181; p < 0.001); hypertension (Beta = 0.387; t = 6.518; CI 0.112 to 0.209; p < 0.001); di abetes (Beta = 0.237; t = 4.848; CI 0.074 to 0.175; p < 0.001); hypercholesterolemia (Beta = 0.292; t = 5.840; CI 0.096 to 0.195; p < 0.001), but not with age (p = 0.153). The CIMT was also found to be higher among acute ischemic stroke patients who were smoker, hypertensive, diabetic and hypercholesterolemic than non?smoker, normotensive, non-diabetic and normo-cholesterolemic respectively. Conclusion: The CIMT being indicator of atherosclerosis can be used as future predictor of ischemic stroke. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ajms.v6i1.10301 Asian Journal of Medical Sciences Vol.6(1) 2015 22-27
Land Policy Instruments in Nepal
Authors: Chhetri Ram Bhandari 
Published: August 2014

Corporate mobilization can be made realistic if policy facilitation is provided by the government sector. This research study aimed at exploring the possibility of a mechanism that will attract substantial investments from the private sector by mobilizing the existing capital market. To do so, the research within its objective framework examined the essential policy framework from the literature review, the existing legal, financial and planning and housing policies posing impediments to the prospective participation of the corporate sector in land and housing activities. This included but not necessarily restricted to the land administration, land legislatives, cadastral mapping system and current planning techniques used and the operational constraints it would pose upon the prospective mobilization of the corporate financing in land and housing development. The research study then finally intended to arrive at the framework that could possibly facilitate or promote corporate finance in land and housing sector in a greater way. The finding from the research is then translated into a framework for increased participation for corporate sector in land and housing that chiefly included following aspects. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jie.v10i1.10880Journal of the Institute of Engineering, Vol. 10, No. 1, 2014, pp. 69–79
Breakfast Cereal Consumption Moderates the Association Between Body Composition and Body Esteem in Young Women but not in Young Men
Authors: Scott Holly-Anne , Marcinow Michelle , Hicks Rachel , Buchholz Andrea C. 
Published: August 2014

Purpose: To explore the role of breakfast cereal consumption on the relationships among BMI, percent fat mass (%FM), and body esteem in young adults. Methods: Weight, height, and %FM (by air displacement plethysmography) were measured in 29 males (aged 25.1 ± 4.0 years) and 28 females (aged 24.6 ± 4.0 years). Body esteem was measured using the Body Esteem Scale for Adolescents and Adults (BESAA). Three-day food records classified participants as breakfast cereal consumers (n = 27, any amount of ready-to-eat or cooked cereal consumed at breakfast) versus nonconsumers (n = 30, no cereal consumed at breakfast). Results: The %FM was significantly (P ≤ 0.05) inversely correlated with weight esteem (r = −0.769), appearance esteem (r = −0.723), and external attribution (r = −0.620) in female noncereal consumers. BMI was similarly correlated with BESAA scores. These relationships were not significant in female cereal consumers (all r < 0.426), despite no difference in confounding variables between female cereal consumers and nonconsumers. Neither BMI nor %FM were correlated with measures of body esteem (all r < 0.466, NS) in either male cereal consumers or nonconsumers. Conclusions: Breakfast cereal consumption may moderate the relationship among BMI, %FM, and body esteem in young adult women and may be useful for improving body esteem without focusing on weight loss.
Estimation of normal computed tomography measurements for the upper cervical spine in the pediatric age group
Authors: Vachhrajani Shobhan , Sen Anish N. , Satyan Krishna , Kulkarni Abhaya V. , Birchansky Sherri B. , Jea Andrew 
Published: August 2014

Object
Upper cervical spine injuries in the pediatric age group have been recognized as extremely unstable from ligamentous disruption and as potentially lethal. Few measurement norms have been published for the pediatric upper cervical spine to help diagnose this pathological state. Instead, adult measurement techniques and results are usually applied inappropriately to children. The authors propose using high-resolution reconstructed CT scans to define a range of normal for a collection of selected upper cervical spine measurements in the pediatric age group.

Methods
Sagittal and coronal reformatted images were obtained from thin axial CT scans obtained in 42 children (< 18 years) in a 2-month period. There were 25 boys and 17 girls. The mean age was 100.9 months (range 1–214 months). Six CT scans were obtained for nontrauma indications, and 36 were obtained as part of a trauma protocol and later cleared for cervical spine injury. Six straightforward and direct linear distances—basion-dental interval (BDI); atlantodental interval (ADI); posterior atlantodental interval (PADI); right and left lateral mass interval (LMI); right and left craniocervical interval (CCI); and prevertebral soft-tissue thickness at C-2—that minimized logistical and technical distortions were measured and recorded. Statistical analysis including interobserver agreement, age stratification, and sex differences was performed for each of the 6 measurements.

Results
The mean ADI was 2.25 ± 0.24 mm (± SD), the mean PADI was 18.3 ± 0.07 mm, the mean BDI was 7.28 ± 0.10 mm, and the mean prevertebral soft tissue width at C-2 was 4.45 ± 0.43 mm. The overall mean CCI was 2.38 ± 0.44 mm, and the overall mean LMI was 2.91 ± 0.49 mm. Linear regression analysis demonstrated statistically significant age effects for PADI (increased 0.02 mm/month), BDI (decreased 0.02 mm/month), and CCI (decreased 0.01 mm/month). Similarly significant effects were found for sex; females demonstrated on average a smaller CCI by 0.26 mm and a smaller PADI by 2.12 mm. Moderate to high interrater reliability was demonstrated across all parameters.

Conclusions
Age-dependent and age-independent normal CT measurements of the upper cervical spine will help to differentiate physiological and pathological states in children. The BDI appears to change significantly with age but not sex; on the other hand, the LMI and ADI appear to be age-independent measures. This preliminary study suggests acceptable levels of interrater reliability, and further expanded study will aim to validate these measurements to produce a profile of normal upper cervical spine measurements in children.
Estimation of regional cerebral blood flow using N-isopropyl-p-123I iodoamphetamine acquisition data from the lungs and brain
Authors: Abe S. , Takahashi Y. , Fujita N. , Ikeda M. , Ota N. , Kajita Y. , Yamamoto S. , Naganawa S. , Kato K. 
Published: August 2014

Summary
Aim: Previously, we devised a method for estimating 123I labeled N-isopropyl-p-iodo- amphetamine (123I IMP) arterial blood activity at 10 minutes after intravenous injection of 123I IMP (Ca10) without any blood sampling using 123I IMP autoradiography (ARG) acquisition data, and verified its usefulness for quantification of regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF). In this study, we attempted to develop an improved noninvasive method for estimating rCBF. Patients, methods:
123I IMP studies with 23 patients and 15O-H2O positron emission tomography (PET) ARG studies with 20 patients were evaluated. Multiple regression analysis was used to estimate an integral of the arterial blood counts during the time after injection of 123I (JCa) using parameters from the time series of the lung counts and brain counts as the explanatory variables and the fraction [brain single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) average count / the mean of rCBFs (mean CBF) measured by 15O-H2O PET ARG method] as the objective variable. Results: The regression equation was as follows: Estimated JCa = (7.09x10-3 · Cb12) - (1.57x10-4 · CbpreSPECT) + (9.48x10-5 · CbpostSPECT) + (1.35x10-4· L15) - (6.95x10-4· L33) + (7.61x10-4· L81) - (0.417), where Cb12: brain count at 12 minutes, Cbpre-SPECT: brain count before SPECT, Cbpost-SPECT: brain count after SPECT, L15, L33, and L81: lung count at 15, 33, and 81 seconds, respectively. The mean CBF values (ml/min/100g) calculated using the estimated JCa values more closely correlated with those measured by 15O-H2O PET ARG method (r = 0.833, p < 0.01) than those obtained by our previous method (r = 0.590, p < 0.01). Conclusion: The rCBFs obtained by this method approximated more accurately to the values measured by 15O-H2O PET ARG method than those obtained by our previous method.
The Multifaceted Roles of Bcl11b in Thymic and Peripheral T Cells: Impact on Immune Diseases
Authors: Avram Dorina , Califano Danielle 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
The transcription factor Bcl11b is expressed in all T cell subsets and progenitors, starting from the DN2 stage of T cell development, and it regulates critical processes implicated in the development, function, and survival of many of these cells. Among the common roles of Bcl11b in T cell progenitors and mature T cell subsets are the repression of the innate genetic program and, to some extent, expression maintenance of TCR-signaling components. However, Bcl11b also has unique roles in specific T cell populations, suggesting that its functions depend on cell type and activation state of the cell. In this article, we provide a comprehensive review of the roles of Bcl11b in progenitors, effector T cells, regulatory T cells, and invariant NKT cells, as well as its impact on immune diseases. While emphasizing common themes, including some that might be extended to skin and neurons, we also describe the control of specific functions in different T cell subsets.
Hematopoiesis in Steady-State versus Stress: Self-Renewal, Lineage Fate Choice, and the Conversion of Danger Signals into Cytokine Signals in Hematopoietic Stem Cells
Authors: Borghesi Lisa 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
Long-term hematopoietic stem cells (LT-HSCs) replenish the innate and adaptive immune compartments throughout life. Although significant progress has defined the major transcription factors that regulate lineage specification, the architectural proteins that globally coordinate DNA methylation, histone modification, and changes in gene expression are poorly defined. Provocative new studies establish the chromatin organizer special AT-rich binding protein 1 (Satb1) as one such global regulator in LT-HSCs. Satb1 is a nuclear organizer that partitions chromatin through the formation of cage-like structures. By integrating epigenetic and transcriptional pathways, Satb1 coordinates LT-HSC division, self-renewal, and lymphoid potential. Unexpected among the assortment of genes under Satb1 control in hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are cytokines, a finding that takes on additional importance with the provocative finding that short-term HSCs and downstream multipotent progenitors are potent and biologically relevant cytokine secretors during stress-mediated hematopoiesis. Together, these studies reveal a new mechanism of fate regulation and an unforeseen functional capability of HSCs.