bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Application of step‐backwater modelling for salmonid spawning habitat restoration in Western Norway
Authors: Hauer Christoph , Pulg Ulrich , Gabrielsen Sven‐Erik , Barlaup Bjørn T. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractIn the last decade, anthropogenically impacted (partially destroyed) spawning habitats of Atlantic salmon and anadromous brown trout have been restored in Western Norway. Mitigation measures have consisted of artificial gravel dumping and the restoration of fluvial processes induced by the removal of weirs. Reproduction enhancement has been documented in most cases, but the durability of restoration actions varied because of the flush out of spawning gravel in some cases. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the application of step‐backwater modelling for a bimodal analysis of spawning suitability during low‐flow conditions and bed stability during high‐flow conditions. A successful model would provide a management tool to reach longer durability of spawning restoration measures. Five different study sites were selected: Three were classified as ‘lake outlet’ and two as ‘river’ sites. We performed a detailed analysis of the Froude number (−), cross‐sectional flow velocity (m s−1), and bottom shear stress (N m−2). This allowed site‐specific power functions to be established in relation to discharge variations from 10 to 250 m3 s−1. Friction slope Sf was determined as the trigger factor for both habitat suitability (Sf < 0.05) and bed stability (Sf < 0.002). Within the framework of a conceptual model (friction slope approach) for discharge‐related spawning habitat restoration, flow velocity exhibited better performance in addressing habitat suitability compared with the Froude number. Moreover, it was found that the consideration of geological long‐term and macroscale processes for artificial gravel dumping is recommended, including the application of the ‘critical discharge for spawning gravel’. The increase in active width for ‘lake outlet’ sites and the self‐forming implementation of secondary channels in ‘river’ reaches must be highlighted as optional restoration features. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The transformation of silicon species contained in used oils under industrially relevant alkali treatment conditions
Authors: Kupareva Antonina , Mäki‐Arvela Päivi , Grénman Henrik , Eränen Kari , Hemming Jarl , Murzin Dmitry Yu. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractBACKGROUNDIn the lube oil re‐refining industry silicon, coming mainly from antifoaming agents, is recognized to be a contaminant generating undesired solid deposits. The behavior of the hydrogen‐terminated model compound, tetramethyldisiloxane, under base‐catalyzed conditions was investigated at 100 °C in dodecane as the solvent with sodium siloxanolate as an alkali agent.RESULTSThe use of sodium siloxanolates led to high reaction rates and selectivity to the liquid products. Experiments with an industrially relevant silicon‐containing substrate, namely silicone‐based antifoam agent showed that its transformation in the presence of 33 wt% aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide resulted in 80% yield of solid sodium siloxanolates, whereas, when sodium siloxanolate was used as an initial alkali agent, no solid products were formed.CONCLUSIONSExperimental results demonstrated that under alkali treatment conditions silicon‐containing species existing in real industrial feedstock undergo transformation reactions, with formation of solid sodium siloxanolates. It was found that the use of sodium siloxanolate as an alkali agent could significantly increase the rate of polydimethylsiloxane depolymerization reaction and completely eliminate formation of the undesired solids under industrially relevant conditions. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
The quality assurance of volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) plans for early stage prostate cancer: a technical note
Authors: Elith Craig A. , Dempsey Shane E. , Cao Fred , Farshadi Afrooz , Warren‐Forward Helen M. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractAs radiation therapy transitions from intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) to volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) it is important to consider the quality assurance (QA) of VMAT plans in light of what has previously been learned and developed in IMRT QA. This technical note assesses if IMRT based plan QA software, which has reduced the need in IMRT for phantom dose measurements on the linear accelerator, can be incorporated into VMAT QA processes. Twenty prostate cases were retrospectively planned using VMAT with one arc to deliver a prescription of 74 Gy in 37 fractions. A plan QA was performed using both IMSure (version 3.3), a software‐based IMRT QA program, and ArcCHECK (version 6.2.3.5713), a phantom‐based VMAT QA tool. Outcomes assessed included the time needed to perform the QA of both the IMSure and ArcCHECK QA methods, and agreement between planned dose and QA measured dose. On average per case, the ArcCHECK technique needed 31.5 min to perform the VMAT plan QA, while IMSure required 3.5 min to perform the same QA. All 20 cases passed dosimetric QA using ArcCHECK. However, using IMSure, three cases failed dosimetric QA using the departments existing IMRT QA criteria. This research has demonstrated that the IMRT QA software IMSure may be incorporated into the QA of VMAT plans, however the criteria to assess the dosimetry of the VMAT plans may need to be different to that for IMRT cases. The implication of this research for radiation therapists is to be critically aware of the differences between the plan QA requirements and methods for IMRT and those required for VMAT.
Increased TRPP2 expression in vascular smooth muscle cells from high‐salt intake hypertensive rats: The crucial role in vascular dysfunction
Authors: Zhao Ren , Zhou Muyao , Li Jie , Wang Xia , Su Kunli , Hu Juncheng , Ye Yong , Zhu Jinhang , Zhang Gongliang , Wang Kai , Du Juan , Wang Liecheng , Shen Bing 
Published: October 2014

ScopeHigh‐salt intake is a major risk factor in the development of hypertension. The underlying mechanism of high sodium on the cardiovascular system has received extensive attention. TRPP2 (Polycystin‐2) is a Ca2+ permeable nonselective cation channel that mediates Ca2+ mobilization to control vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) contraction. Here, we investigated TRPP2 expression change in VSMCs from high‐salt intake hypertensive rats and role of TRPP2 in the development of high‐salt diet‐induced hypertension.Methods and resultsAfter 4 ws of dietary treatment, systolic blood pressure was significantly elevated in high‐salt intake rats (132 ± 3 mmHg) compared with regular diet control rats (104 ± 2 mmHg). Results from vessel tension and diameter measurements show that high‐salt intake potentiated phenylephrine‐induced contraction in denuded mesenteric artery and thoracic aorta. Immunoblot and immunofluorescence data indicate that TRPP2 expression in VSMCs from mesenteric artery and thoracic aorta was significantly increased in high‐salt intake‐induced hypertensive rats. However, agonist‐induced contractions in denuded mesenteric artery and thoracic aorta were markedly decreased if TRPP2 was knocked down by specific shRNA.ConclusionOur data demonstrate that high‐salt intake increased TRPP2 expression in VSMCs, which in turn potentiated blood vessel response to contractors; this may participate in the development of hypertension.
Adapt or Die: Three Case Studies in Which the Failure to Adopt Advances from Other Fields has Compromised Paleopathology
Authors: Zuckerman M. K. , Harper K. N. , Armelagos G. J. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractOver the past several decades, the field of paleopathology has rapidly advanced, but a continuing delay in incorporating scientific advances and a lack of methodological rigor hinder its progress. Inconsistencies in the presentation of data, the persistent use of non‐standardized criteria and non‐specific skeletal lesions to diagnose diseases, and the misuse of or delay in adopting critical, relevant concepts and methods from other disciplines obfuscate the current state of evidence and unnecessarily prolong debates. Here, we present three major research questions that have been affected by these issues: the origin and antiquity of syphilis in the Old World; the pathogen responsible for the Black Death; and whether the incidence of cancer has risen in recent human history. Drawing on these examples, we conclude with recommendations that could facilitate a more rigorous, scientific approach to important questions in paleopathology. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Engineering for disease resistance: persistent obstacles clouding tangible opportunities
Authors: Mullins Ewen 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThe accelerating pace of gene discovery, coupled with novel plant breeding technologies, provides tangible opportunities with which to engineer disease resistance into agricultural and horticultural crops. This is especially the case for potato, wheat, apple and banana, which are afflicted with fungal and bacterial diseases that impact significantly on each crop's economic viability. Yet public scepticism and burdensome regulatory systems remain the two primary obstacles preventing the translation of research discoveries into cultivars of agronomic value. In this perspective review, the potential to address these issues is explained, and specific opportunities arising from recent genomics‐based initiatives are highlighted as clear examples of what can be achieved in respect of developing disease resistance in crop species. There is an urgent need to tackle the challenge of agrichemical dependency in current crop production systems, and, while engineering for disease resistance is possible, it is not the sole solution and should not be proclaimed as so. Instead, all systems must be given due consideration, with none dismissed in the absence of science‐based support, thereby ensuring that future cropping systems have the necessary advantage over those pathogens that continue to inflict losses year after year. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Flupyradifurone: a brief profile of a new butenolide insecticide
Authors: Nauen Ralf , Jeschke Peter , Velten Robert , Beck Michael E , Ebbinghaus‐Kintscher Ulrich , Thielert Wolfgang , Wölfel Katharina , Haas Matthias , Kunz Klaus , Raupach Georg 
Published: October 2014

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe development and commercialisation of new chemical classes of insecticides for efficient crop protection measures against destructive invertebrate pests is of utmost importance to overcome resistance issues and to secure sustainable crop yields. Flupyradifurone introduced here is the first representative of the novel butenolide class of insecticides active against various sucking pests and showing an excellent safety profile.RESULTSThe discovery of flupyradifurone was inspired by the butenolide scaffold in naturally occurring stemofoline. Flupyradifurone acts reversibly as an agonist on insect nicotinic acetylcholine receptors but is structurally different from known agonists, as shown by chemical similarity analysis. It shows a fast action on a broad range of sucking pests, as demonstrated in laboratory bioassays, and exhibits excellent field efficacy on a number of crops with different application methods, including foliar, soil, seed treatment and drip irrigation. It is readily taken up by plants and translocated in the xylem, as demonstrated by phosphor imaging analysis. Flupyradifurone is active on resistant pests, including cotton whiteflies, and is not metabolised by recombinantly expressed CYP6CM1, a cytochrome P450 conferring metabolic resistance to neonicotinoids and pymetrozine.CONCLUSIONThe novel butenolide insecticide flupyradifurone shows unique properties and will become a new tool for integrated pest management around the globe, as demonstrated by its insecticidal, ecotoxicological and safety profile. © 2014 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
Raman microscopy as a defect microprobe for hydrogen bonding characterization in materials used in fusion applications
Authors: Pardanaud Cédric , Addab Younès , Martin Céline , Roubin Pascale , Pegourié Bernard , Oberkofler Martin , Köppen Martin , Dittmar Timo , Linsmeier Christian 
Published: October 2014

AbstractWe present the Raman microscopy ability to detect and characterize the way hydrogen is bonded with elements that will be used for ITER's plasma facing components.For this purpose we first use hydrogenated amorphous carbon samples, formed subsequently to plasma‐wall interactions (hydrogen implantation, erosion, deposition...) occurring inside tokamaks, to demonstrate how this technique can be used to retrieve useful information. We pay attention in identifying which spectroscopic parameters are sensitive to the local structure (sp3/sp2) and which gives information on the hydrogen content using isothermal and linear temperature ramp studies on reference samples produced by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition. We then focus on the possibility to use this fast, non‐destructive and non‐contact technique to characterize the influence of hydrogen isotope implantation in few nanometers of graphite and beryllium as C is still used in the JT‐60 tokamak and Be is used in JET and will be used as plasma‐facing component in the future reactor ITER. We also pay attention on implantation in tungsten oxide which may be formed accidently in the machine. (© 2015 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Improving the modelling of short‐wave radiation through the use of a 3D scene construction algorithm
Authors: Ham Seung‐Hee , Kato Seiji , Barker Howard W. , Rose Fred G. , Sun‐Mack Sunny 
Published: October 2014

Active satellite sensors, such as Cloud‐Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observation (CALIPSO) and CloudSat, provide cloud properties that are not available from passive sensors, such as MODerate‐resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS). While active sensors provide vertical profiles of clouds, their spatial coverage is limited to their narrow, nadir ground‐track. As a result, estimation of radiation by combining active sensors and broadband instrument has limitations due to their different spatial coverages. This study uses a scene construction algorithm (SCA) and MODIS data to extend two‐dimensional (2D) nadir cloud profiles into the cross‐track direction, and examines how the resulting constructed 3D cloud fields improve simulation of solar radiative transfer. Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System (CERES) radiances are used as references to assess the improvements.While use of constructed 3D cloud fields only slightly impacts mean‐bias errors for instantaneous 20 km CERES footprint‐averaged top‐of‐atmosphere (TOA) radiances, reductions in random errors are about 40%. The largest improvements in TOA radiance simulation are for clouds with small‐scale horizontal inhomogeneity such as stratocumulus and cumulus. In contrast, uniform clouds such as nimbostratus, and deep convective clouds (Dc) show little response to the SCA. The impact of using the SCA on instantaneous surface irradiances is significant for stratocumulus and cumulus, but weak for nimbostratus and Dc. Conversely, SCA significantly influences atmospheric absorption and heating rates for nimbostratus and Dc.Differences in TOA radiances simulated by 1D and 3D transfer models are smaller than differences due to use of only the 2D nadir cross‐sections and the 3D constructed fields. This is because of smoothing of 3D radiative effects when averaged up to CERES footprints. For surface irradiance and atmospheric absorption, however, differences simulated by 1D and 3D transfer models are more comparable to differences that stem from use of 2D and 3D cloud information.
A novel adaptive robust control architecture for bilateral teleoperation systems under time‐varying delays
Authors: Chen Zheng , Pan Ya‐Jun , Gu Jason 
Published: October 2014

SummaryBilateral teleoperation technology has caused wide attentions due to its applications in various remote operation systems. The communication delay becomes one of the main challenging issues in the teleoperation control design. Meanwhile, various nonlinearities, parameter variations, and modeling uncertainties existing in manipulator and environment dynamics need to be considered carefully in order to achieve good control performance. In this paper, a globally stable nonlinear adaptive robust control algorithm is developed for bilateral teleoperation systems to deal with these control issues. Namely, the unknown dynamical parameters of the environmental force are estimated online by the improved least square adaptation law. A novel communication structure is proposed where only the master position signal is transmitted to the slave side for the tracking design, and the online estimators of the environmental parameters are transmitted from the slave to the master to replace the traditional environmental force measurement. Because the estimated environmental parameters are not power signals, the passivity problem of the communication channel and the trade‐off limitation between the transparency performance and robust stability in traditional teleoperation control are essentially avoided. The nonlinear adaptive robust control is subsequently developed to deal with nonlinearities, unknown parameters, and modeling uncertainties of the master, slave, and environmental dynamics, so that the guaranteed transient and steady‐state transparency performance can be achieved. The experiments on two voice‐coil motor‐driven manipulators are carried out, and the comparative results verify that the proposed control algorithm achieves the excellent control performance and the guaranteed robust stability simultaneously under time delays. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The European Union Emissions Trading Scheme: should we throw the flagship out with the bathwater?
Authors: Branger Frédéric , Lecuyer Oskar , Quirion Philippe 
Published: October 2014

The European Union Emissions Trading System (EU ETS), presented as the ‘flagship’ of European climate policy, is subject to many criticisms from different stakeholders: it neither reduce carbon emissions nor generates enough low‐carbon innovation; it induces competitiveness losses and carbon leakage; its distributional effects are unfair; and, finally; it is susceptible to fraud. We review these criticisms and recognize that abatement is real (though small), innovation is insufficient, competitiveness losses and carbon leakage did not seem to take place, distributional effects have indeed been unfair, and fraud has been important. Some of these problems could have been avoided. They can still be corrected by reforming the ETS through the introduction of price limits and by developing complementary policies, both because the ETS reform may fail and because the ETS cannot address all the relevant market failures. WIREs Clim Change 2015, 6:9–16. doi: 10.1002/wcc.326This article is categorized under:

Climate Economics > Economics of Mitigation
Policy and Governance > Multilevel and Transnational Climate Change Governance
The Centiloid Project: Standardizing quantitative amyloid plaque estimation by PET
Authors: Klunk William E. , Koeppe Robert A. , Price Julie C. , Benzinger Tammie L. , Devous Michael D. , Jagust William J. , Johnson Keith A. , Mathis Chester A. , Minhas Davneet , Pontecorvo Michael J. , Rowe Christopher C. , Skovronsky Daniel M. , Mintun Mark A. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractAlthough amyloid imaging with PiB‐PET ([C‐11]Pittsburgh Compound‐B positron emission tomography), and now with F‐18‐labeled tracers, has produced remarkably consistent qualitative findings across a large number of centers, there has been considerable variability in the exact numbers reported as quantitative outcome measures of tracer retention. In some cases this is as trivial as the choice of units, in some cases it is scanner dependent, and of course, different tracers yield different numbers. Our working group was formed to standardize quantitative amyloid imaging measures by scaling the outcome of each particular analysis method or tracer to a 0 to 100 scale, anchored by young controls (≤45 years) and typical Alzheimer's disease patients. The units of this scale have been named “Centiloids.” Basically, we describe a “standard” method of analyzing PiB PET data and then a method for scaling any “nonstandard” method of PiB PET analysis (or any other tracer) to the Centiloid scale.
GRace: A MATLAB-Based Application for Fitting the Discrimination-Association Model
Authors: Stefanutti Luca , Vianello Michelangelo , Anselmi Pasquale , Robusto Egidio 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThe Implicit Association Test (IAT) is a computerized two-choice discrimination task in which stimuli have to be categorized as belonging to target categories or attribute categories by pressing, as quickly and accurately as possible, one of two response keys. The discrimination association model has been recently proposed for the analysis of reaction time and accuracy of an individual respondent to the IAT. The model disentangles the influences of three qualitatively different components on the responses to the IAT: stimuli discrimination, automatic association, and termination criterion. The article presents General Race (GRace), a MATLAB-based application for fitting the discrimination association model to IAT data. GRace has been developed for Windows as a standalone application. It is user-friendly and does not require any programming experience. The use of GRace is illustrated on the data of a Coca Cola-Pepsi Cola IAT, and the results of the analysis are interpreted and discussed.
Introducing lesson study in promoting a new mathematics curriculum in Irish post-primary schools
Authors: Brosnan Anne 
Published: October 2014

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to investigate and review how the practices of Lesson Study fare in enhancing the professional capabilities of mathematics teachers when introduced as part of a pilot project in reforming the post-primary mathematics curriculum in Ireland.Design/methodology/approach– Totally, 250 mathematics teachers teaching Junior and Senior Cycle mathematics in 24 post-primary schools constitute the population of this study. The schools which participated are representative of the range of all post-primary schools in Ireland.Findings– Lesson Study has an important role to play in the continuing professional development of teachers in the 24 post-primary schools and beyond in Ireland. An investigation of the maths teachers’ engagement with Lesson Study reveals some considerable initial resistance. Reasons for this resistance are examined and the lessons learned from the steps taken to deal with this are reviewed. Lesson Study is an innovation that teachers need to understand deeply and to practice regularly through mutual support if they are to avail of it fruitfully. Accordingly, further approaches need to be explored, not least the important role of school leadership, to adapt Lesson Study more fully and more productively to the professional cultures of teaching in Ireland.Originality/value– An analytic and evaluative account of the challenges and complexities involved in introducing Lesson Study to post-primary schools in Ireland is presented for the first time.