bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cognition and Language Assessment
Authors: Purpura James E. 
Published: November 2013

Performance on L2 assessments is an enormously complex endeavor, involving multiple interacting elements that can impact the scores that examinees receive. Among these factors, language testers have long been interested in the cognitive mechanisms that underlie performance on assessments. Given the role that cognition plays in test score variability, it is essential that cognitive variables be considered in the design and development of L2 assessments, as well as in the interpretation and use of assessments as meaningful indicators of L2 learning or proficiency.The current chapter looks at the cognitive mechanisms governing performance on L2 assessments. Several approaches to how cognition in L2 assessment has been conceptualized over the years are discussed. Also, several strands of research in L2 assessment related to the cognitive component will be presented. Finally, the challenges in examining the factors will be highlighted and new directions in addressing the cognitive component of L2 assessment will be described.
The Effect of Feedback on Face‐Matching Accuracy
Authors: Alenezi Hamood M. , Bindemann Markus 
Published: November 2013

SummaryIn face matching, observers have to decide if two photographs depict the same person or different people. This is a remarkably difficult task, so the current study investigated whether it can be improved when observers receive feedback for their performance. In five experiments, observers' initial matching performance was recorded before feedback for their accuracy was administered across three blocks. Improvements were then assessed with faces that had been seen previously with or without feedback and with completely new, previously unseen faces. In all experiments, feedback failed to improve face‐matching accuracy. However, trial‐by‐trial feedback helped to maintain accuracy at baseline level after feedback was withdrawn again, even with new faces (Experiments 1–3). By contrast, when no feedback was given throughout the experiment (Experiments 1–3) or when outcome feedback was administered at the end of blocks (Experiments 4 and 5), a continuous decline in matching accuracy was found, whereby observers found it increasingly difficult to tell different facial identities apart. A sixth experiment showed that this decline in accuracy continues throughout when the matching task is prolonged substantially. Together, these findings indicate that observers find it increasingly difficult to differentiate faces in matching tasks over time, but trial‐by‐trial feedback can help to maintain accuracy. The theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Effect of Image Pixelation on Unfamiliar‐Face Matching
Authors: Bindemann Markus , Attard Janice , Leach Amy , Johnston Robert A. 
Published: November 2013

SummaryLow‐resolution, pixelated images from closed‐circuit television (CCTV) can be used to compare the perpetrators of crime with high‐resolution photographs of potential suspects. The current study investigated the accuracy of person identification under these conditions, by comparing high‐resolution and pixelated photographs of unfamiliar faces in a series of matching tasks. Performance decreased gradually with different levels of pixelation and was close to chance with a horizontal image resolution of only 8 pixels per face (Experiment 1). Matching accuracy could be improved by reducing the size of pixelated faces (Experiment 2) or by varying the size of the to‐be‐compared‐with high‐resolution face image (Experiment 3). In addition, pixelation produced effects that appear to be separable from other factors that might affect matching performance, such as changes in face view (Experiment 4). These findings reaffirm that criminal identifications from CCTV must be treated with caution and provide some basic estimates for identification accuracy with different pixelation levels. This study also highlights potential methods for improving performance in this task. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Enhanced H2 Generation of Au‐Loaded, Nitrogen‐Doped TiO2 Hierarchical Nanostructures under Visible Light
Authors: Naik Brundabana , Kim Sun Mi , Jung Chan Ho , Moon Song Yi , Kim Sang Hoon , Park Jeong Young 
Published: November 2013

Hierarchical N‐doped TiO2 nanostructured catalysts with micro‐, meso‐, and macroporosity are synthesized by a facile self‐formation route using ammonia and titanium isopropoxide precursor. UV–vis diffuse reflectance spectra confirm the red shift and band gap narrowing due to the doping of N species in the TiO2 nanoporous catalyst. Hierarchical macroporosity with fibrous channel patterning is observed and well preserved even after calcination at 800 °C, indicating thermal stability, whereas micro‐ and mesoporosity are lost after calcination at 500 °C. The photocatalytic activity of hiearchical N doped TiO2 catalysts loaded with Au is evaluated for H2 production reaction in visible light. The enhanced photocatalytic activity is attributed to the combined synergetic effect of N doping for visible light absorption, micro‐ and mesoporosity for an increase of effective surface area and light harvestation, and hierarchical macroporous fibrous structure for multiple reflection and effective charge transfer.
Rhodium‐Catalyzed Tandem Isomerization/Hydroformylation of the Bio‐Sourced 10‐Undecenenitrile: Selective and Productive Catalysts for Production of Polyamide‐12 Precursor
Authors: Ternel Jérémy , Couturier Jean‐Luc , Dubois Jean‐Luc , Carpentier Jean‐François 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe hydroformylation of 10‐undecenenitrile (1) – a substrate readily prepared from renewable castor oil – in the presence of rhodium‐phosphane catalysts systems is reported. The corresponding linear aldehyde (2) can be prepared in high yields and regioselectivities with a (dicarbonyl)rhodium acetoacetonate‐biphephos [Rh(acac)(CO)2‐biphephos] catalyst. The hydroformylation process is accompanied by isomerization of 1 into internal isomers of undecenenitrile (1‐int); yet, it is shown that the Rh‐biphephos catalyst effectively isomerizes back 1‐int into 1, eventually allowing high conversions of 1/1‐int into 2. Recycling of the catalyst by vacuum distillation under a controlled atmosphere was demonstrated over 4–5 runs, leading to high productivities up to 230,000 mol (2)⋅mol (Rh)−1 and 5,750 mol (2)⋅mol (biphephos)−1. Attempted recycling of the catalyst using a thermomorphic multicomponent solvent (TMS) phase‐separation procedure proved ineffective because the final product 2 and the Rh‐biphephos catalyst were always found in the same polar phase. Auto‐oxidation of the linear aldehyde 2 into the fatty 10‐cyano‐2‐methyldecanoic acid (5) proceeds readily upon exposure to air at room temperature, opening a new effective entry toward polyamide‐12.magnified image
Synthesis of 3‐(2‐Nitroalkyl)pyrroles from Sulfonylpyrroles and their Conversion to 6‐Azaindole Derivatives
Authors: Lancianesi Stefano , Palmieri Alessandro , Petrini Marino 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe reaction of sulfonylpyrroles with nitroalkanes in the presence of KF/alumina generates 3‐(2‐nitroalkyl)pyrroles in good yields. These compounds can be converted into trisubstituted 6‐azaindoles by a sequence of reactions comprising reduction of the nitro group, Pictet–Spengler cyclization and final oxidative aromatization.magnified image
Highly Efficient Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells Based on Panchromatic Ruthenium Sensitizers with Quinolinylbipyridine Anchors
Authors: Chou Chun‐Cheng , Hu Fa‐Chun , Yeh Hsiu‐Hsuan , Wu Hsin‐Pei , Chi Yun , Clifford John N. , Palomares Emilio , Liu Shih‐Hung , Chou Pi‐Tai , Lee Gene‐Hsiang 
Published: November 2013

AbstractPanchromatic RuII sensitizers TF‐30–TF‐33 bearing a new class of 6‐quinolin‐8‐yl‐2,2′‐bipyridine anchor were synthesized and tested under AM1.5 G simulated solar irradiation. Their increased π conjugation relative to that of the traditional 2,2′:6′,2′′‐terpyridine‐based anchor led to a remarkable improvement in absorptivity across the whole UV–Vis–NIR spectral regime. Furthermore, the introduction of a bulky tert‐butyl substituent on the quinolinyl fragment not only led to an increase in the JSC value owing to the suppression of dye aggregation, but remarkably also resulted in no loss in VOC in comparison with the reference sensitizer containing a tricarboxyterpyridine anchor. The champion sensitizer in DSC devices was found to be TF‐32 with a performance of JSC=19.2 mA cm−2, VOC=740 mV, FF=0.72, and η=10.19 %. This 6‐quinolin‐8‐yl‐2,2′‐bipyridine anchor thus serves as a prototype for the next generation of RuII sensitizers with any tridentate ancillary.
Synthesis and Structure–Activity Relationship Study of Organometallic Bioconjugates of the Cyclic Octapeptide Octreotate
Authors: Gross Annika , Habig Daniel , Metzler‐Nolte Nils 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe chemically stabilized somatostatin‐derived cyclic octapeptide octreotate has a number of interesting applications in medicinal chemistry. Here, a number of different organometallic derivatives of octreotate were prepared, and their properties were investigated. Specifically, we report the synthesis and characterization of ruthenocene, ferrocene, and cobaltocenium octreotate derivatives and their fluorophore‐labeled conjugates as well as a dicobalt hexacarbonyl alkyne functionalized octreotate. To provide further insights into their characteristics, the log P values and electrochemical properties of the novel metal conjugates were compared. For biological activity, we determined their toxicity in three different cell lines. Cellular uptake and colocalization of selected compounds were studied by fluorescence microscopy with particular focus on efficiency and specificity of their uptake through the somatostatin receptor SSTR to elucidate the value of the metallocene head group for its potential use as a nontoxic and universal peptide label.
Fabrication, Characterization, and Photoelectrochemical Properties of Cu‐Doped PbTiO3 and Its Hydrogen Production Activity
Authors: Reddy K. Hemalata , Parida Kulamani 
Published: November 2013

AbstractWe report herein the fabrication of visible‐light responsive n‐type PbTiO3 by a combustion method and p‐type Cu‐doped PbTiO3 by an impregnation method to improve hydrogen production activity. Copper was doped into the PbTiO3 lattice up to 1 wt %; any further increase in the loading resulted in the formation of CuO on the surface of the sample. Photoluminescence confirmed that 1 wt % Cu‐doped PbTiO3 effectively suppressed the defects in PbTiO3, which helped to reduce the recombination rate of the photoinduced charge carriers. The prepared PbTiO3 photocatalyst behaves as an n‐type semiconductor, whereas 1 wt % Cu‐doped PbTiO3 behaves as a p‐type semiconductor. The photocatalytic hydrogen production activity of PbTiO3 increased with increasing Cu content up to 1 wt % and thereafter decreased upon further loading. The 1 wt % Cu‐doped PbTiO3 sample showed higher activity for hydrogen liberation than pristine PbTiO3 (2.5 times) and all of the other CuO‐loaded samples. The energy conversion efficiency of 1 wt % Cu‐doped PbTiO3 was 5.95 % for hydrogen production under visible‐light irradiation. The enhanced hydrogen production activity of Cu‐doped PbTiO3 was discussed on the basis of optimum copper doping, photoluminescence intensity, and their band‐edge positions. However, the higher activity of CuO‐loaded (>1 wt %) PbTiO3 relative to that of neat PbTiO3 is perhaps a result of the extensive light absorption properties of the CuO nanoparticles, which help to generate more electron–hole pairs on the surface.
Porous Cobalt Titanate Nanorod: A New Candidate for Visible Light‐Driven Photocatalytic Water Oxidation
Authors: Qu Yang , Zhou Wei , Fu Honggang 
Published: November 2013

AbstractNew narrow band gap semiconductor cobalt titanate (CoTiO3) nanorods are fabricated via an ethylene glycol‐mediated route and further calcination in air. The glycolate precursors and porous CoTiO3 nanorods are investigated in detail by using SEM, TEM, XRD, thermogravimetric, FTIR, and UV/Vis spectroscopy and N2 adsorption–desorption isotherm. The effect of calcining temperature is also studied, and 700 °C is found to be the optimal calcining temperature used to prepare porous CoTiO3 nanorods with high crystallinity and porosity as well as excellent photocatalytic performance in water oxidation under visible light irradiation. The highest oxygen production yield is up to 64.6 μmol h−1 without co‐catalysts. The high photocatalytic activity for oxygen production is ascribed to the following reasons: 1) the large surface area, which favors absorption and offers more active sites, 2) the suitable narrow band gap, which can use more solar energy, and 3) the 1 D structure, which leads to good electron transport.
Electrochemical Treatment of Rice Grain‐Based Distillery Biodigester Effluent
Authors: Kumar Prajapati Abhinesh , Kumar Chaudhari Parmesh 
Published: November 2013

AbstractChemical oxygen demand (COD) and color reduction of biodigester effluent (BDE) in a batch electrocoagulation (EC) reactor were investigated using an iron electrode. The effects of various parameters such as pH, current density, electrode gap, and electrolysis time were evaluated. Energy requirement and electrode loss were found to be functions of the pH. The settling and filterability characteristics of the treated solution were best at low pH. The results demonstrate that EC can be employed in rice grain‐based distilleries to reduce the pollution load. Thermogravimetric analysis indicates that the residues obtained from the EC‐treated BDE may be used as fuel.
Inhibiting and Reversing Amyloid‐β Peptide (1–40) Fibril Formation with Gramicidin S and Engineered Analogues
Authors: Luo Jinghui , Otero José M. , Yu Chien‐Hung , Wärmländer Sebastian K. T. S. , Gräslund Astrid , Overhand Mark , Abrahams Jan Pieter 
Published: November 2013

AbstractIn Alzheimer’s disease, amyloid‐β (Aβ) peptides aggregate into extracellular fibrillar deposits. Although these deposits may not be the prime cause of the neurodegeneration that characterizes this disease, inhibition or dissolution of amyloid fibril formation by Aβ peptides is likely to affect its development. ThT fluorescence measurements and AFM images showed that the natural antibiotic gramicidin S significantly inhibited Aβ amyloid formation in vitro and could dissolve amyloids that had formed in the absence of the antibiotic. In silico docking suggested that gramicidin S, a cyclic decapeptide that adopts a β‐sheet conformation, binds to the Aβ peptide hairpin‐stacked fibril through β‐sheet interactions. This may explain why gramicidin S reduces fibril formation. Analogues of gramicidin S were also tested. An analogue with a potency that was four‐times higher than that of the natural product was identified.
Breast cancer presentation and diagnostic delays in young women
Authors: Ruddy Kathryn J. , Gelber Shari , Tamimi Rulla M. , Schapira Lidia , Come Steven E. , Meyer Meghan E. , Winer Eric P. , Partridge Ann H. 
Published: November 2013

BACKGROUNDYoung women may experience delays in diagnosis of breast cancer, and these delays may contribute to poorer outcomes.METHODSIn a prospective, multicenter cohort study, women recently diagnosed with breast cancer at age ≤40 years were surveyed regarding their initial signs or symptoms of cancer and delays in diagnosis. Self delay was defined as ≥90 days between the first sign or symptom and a patient's first visit to consult a health care provider. Care delay was defined as ≥90 days between that first visit and the diagnosis of breast cancer. In a medical record review, tumor characteristics were assessed, including disease stage. Univariate and multivariate models were used to assess for predictors of self delay, care delay, and advanced stage in the self‐detected subset.RESULTSIn 585 eligible participants, the first sign or symptom of cancer was a self‐detected breast abnormality for 80%, a clinical breast examination abnormality for 6%, an imaging abnormality for 12%, and a systemic symptom for 1%. Among women with self‐detected cancers, 17% reported a self delay, and 12% reported a care delay. Self delays were associated with poorer financial status (P = 0.01). Among young women with self‐detected breast cancers, care delay was associated at trend level (P = .06) with higher stage in multivariate modeling.CONCLUSIONSMost young women detect their own breast cancers, and most do not experience long delays before diagnosis. Women with fewer financial resources are more likely to delay seeking medical attention for a self‐detected breast abnormality. Cancer 2014;120:20–25. © 2013 American Cancer Society.
Mechanism and clinical evidence of lipocalin‐2 and adipocyte fatty acid‐binding protein linking obesity and atherosclerosis
Authors: Wu Guangyu , Li Huating , Zhou Mi , Fang Qichen , Bao Yuqian , Xu Aimin , Jia Weiping 
Published: November 2013

SummaryObesity is considered to be a chronic inflammatory state in which the dysfunction of adipose tissue plays a central role. The adipokines, which are cytokines secreted by adipose tissue, are key links between obesity and related diseases such as metabolic syndrome and atherosclerosis. LCN2 and A‐FABP, both of which are major adipokines predominantly produced in adipose tissue, have recently been shown to be pivotal modulators of vascular function. However, different adipokines modulate the development of atherosclerosis in distinctive manners, which are partly attributable to their unique regulatory mechanisms and functions. This review highlights recent advances in the understanding of the role of two adipokines in mediating chronic inflammation and the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Spatiotemporal expression pattern of Myt/NZF family zinc finger transcription factors during mouse nervous system development
Authors: Matsushita Fumio , Kameyama Toshiki , Kadokawa Yuzo , Marunouchi Tohru 
Published: November 2013

Background:Three members of the Myt/NZF family of transcription factors are involved in many processes of vertebrate development. Several studies have reported that Myt1/NZF‐2 has a regulatory function in the development of cultured oligodendrocyte progenitors or in neuronal differentiation during Xenopus primary neurogenesis. However, little is known about the proper function of Myt/NZF family proteins during mammalian nervous system development. To assess the possible function of Myt/NZF transcription factors in mammalian neuronal differentiation, we determined the comparative spatial and temporal expression patterns of all three types of Myt/NZF family genes in the embryonic mouse nervous system using quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and in situ hybridization. Results: All three Myt/NZF family genes were extensively expressed in developing mouse nervous tissues, and their expression was transient. NZF‐1 was expressed later in post‐mitotic neurons. NZF‐2 was initially expressed in neuronal cells a little earlier than NZF‐3. NZF‐3 was initially expressed in neuronal cells, just after proliferation was complete. Conclusion: These expression patterns suggest that the expression of NZF family genes is spatially and temporally regulated, and each Myt/NZF family gene may have a regulatory function in a specific phase during neuronal differentiation. Developmental Dynamics 243:588–600, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Experimental Studies of the Transient Characteristics of a Deeply Buried Grounding Electrode and a Grounding Mesh
Authors: Yamamoto Kazuo , Yanagawa Shunichi , Sekioka Shozo 
Published: November 2013

SUMMARYWhen lightning strikes the tower of a cellular phone base station or other such facility, power and communications equipment in the vicinity of the tower may suffer extensive damage due to the lightning current flowing backward from the grounding system of the tower. The use of a deeply buried grounding electrode has been proposed recently to suppress such backflow currents and potential rises in the vicinity of towers. The deeply buried grounding electrode is a bare conductor buried deeply in the ground, which is connected to a lightning rod on the ground by an insulated wire. When lightning strikes the lightning rod, the lightning current is directed to the electrode, from which it diffuses to the ground. Deeply buried grounding electrodes have been installed at cellular phone base stations and other such facilities to solve problems caused by backflow currents and potential rises. A grounding mesh is usually laid around such base stations as a grounding system for the facilities on the ground. Therefore, it is important to understand the interactions between the deeply buried grounding electrode and the grounding mesh. In this paper, experiments on the interactions between a grounding mesh and a deeply buried grounding electrode are described. Additionally, the transient characteristics of the mesh grounding have been investigated. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn, 96(12): 52–60, 2013; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/ecj.11488
Measurement of Refractive Index and Thickness of Topcoat of Thermal Barrier Coating by Reflection Measurement of Terahertz Waves
Authors: Fukuchi Tetsuo , Fuse Norikazu , Okada Mitsutoshi , Fujii Tomoharu , Mizuno Maya , Fukunaga Kaori 
Published: November 2013

SUMMARYA method to determine the refractive index and thickness of the topcoat of a thermal barrier coating (TBC) from the reflected waveforms of terahertz waves was developed. The method was applied to specimens of yttria‐stabilized zirconia (YSZ), which is the topcoat material. The obtained refractive index was in agreement with that obtained by time‐domain terahertz spectroscopy in a transmission configuration, and the obtained thickness was in agreement with measurement results using a contact thickness gauge. The method was also applied to a TBC specimen, and the planar distribution of the refractive index and thickness of the topcoat were obtained. The obtained thickness was in agreement with microscope observation of the cross section of the specimen. The results show that reflection measurement of terahertz waves is useful for nondestructive testing of TBC applied to gas turbine blades. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn, 96(12): 37–45, 2013; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/ecj.11551
Improving the Detection Algorithm for Life‐Threatening Arrhythmias: Implementation in Implantable Cardioverter‐Defibrillators
Authors: Abe Makoto , Yoshizawa Makoto , Sugai Telma Keiko , Homma Noriyasu , Sugita Norihiro , Shimizu Kazuo , Goto Moe , Inagaki Masashi , Sugimachi Masaru , Sunagawa Kenji 
Published: November 2013

SUMMARYThe implantable cardioverter‐defibrillator (ICD) is an effective therapeutic device for preventing mortality in patients with cardiac diseases caused by life‐threatening arrhythmias. The authors previously proposed an algorithm for the detection of life‐threatening arrhythmias using a multiple regression model. To enhance the classification accuracy, we have now incorporated a moving average filter and a multiple detection process into the original detection algorithm. The experimental results showed that the proposed method could attain sufficiently high accuracy for all ventricular fibrillation rhythms to be detected precisely. In addition, the cases of false detection of sinus rhythm or supraventricular tachyarrhythmias, which could cause ICD malfunction, have been reduced. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn, 96(12): 1–8, 2013; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/ecj.11585