bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Drug Abuse in Sports: An Overview
Authors: Beotra Alka 
Published: May 2013

ABSTRACT
The use of drugs to enhance performance in sports is termed as doping and is prevalent since ancient times. In India, the trigger to setup facility for the testing of banned substances was the first positive of an Indian weight lifter in 1990 Auckland Commonwealth Games. The Indian laboratory got ISO/IEC 17025: 1999 accreditation in 2003 and WADA accreditation in 2008. It accomplished testing for the two major international games (1st Singapore Youth Olympics and 19th Commonwealth Games) in 2010 successfully. The evaluation of statistics of sample testing in India revealed the maximum number of positives in bodybuilding, athletics, kabbadi, weightlifting and powerlifting. The most prevalent group of drugs in the banned category was anabolic steroids followed by stimulants and diuretics. The implementation of highest standard of quality control is essential for the doping laboratories to ensure best laboratory practices along with the ongoing research to keep up with the advancements in detection of new substances. The sports persons also need to be more vigilant about the prevalent antidoping rules and regulations.

How to cite this article
Beotra A. Drug Abuse in Sports: An Overview. J Postgrad Med Edu Res 2013;47(2):94-98.
Outcome of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction Surgery in Tuanku Fauziah Hospital, Kangar, Malaysia
Authors: Suppiah Logheswaren , Yeap Ewe Juan , Din Mohamad Yazid Bin 
Published: May 2013

ABSTRACT

Introduction
The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is the primary stabilizer of the knee against anterior transposition. Injuries are commonly seen in the young and active and are associated with considerable reduction in quality of life, and its numbers are increasing.

Purpose
To evaluate the outcome of ACL reconstructions done in Tuanku Fauziah Hospital, Malaysia.

Materials and methods
It is a single center retrospective study. Thirteen patients who underwent ACL reconstructions were interviewed and scored based on Lysholm and Tegner activity scale. These patients completed are habilitation protocol regime which comprised of basic rehabilitation modalities. They were assessed by personally and by telephone. Average postoperative duration was 34 months.

Results
Mean Tegner scores were 6.1 and Lysholm scores were 85.8. Most patients were satisfied with their current level of activity. These results are almost at par with studies done in highly specialized centers despite having only basic rehabilitation facilities.

Conclusion
Good outcomes are obtainable in basic general hospitals and not only in subspecialized centers.

How to cite this article
Suppiah L, Yeap EJ, Bin Din MY. Outcome of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction Surgery in Tuanku Fauziah Hospital, Kangar, Malaysia. J Postgrad Med Edu Res 2013;47(2):103-106.
FRBRização de um Catálogo
Authors: Passini Moreno Fernanda , De Oliveira Lima João Alberto 
Published: May 2013

O modelo FRBR (Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records) (IFLA, 1998) vem mudando a forma como lidamos com o catálogo bibliográfico. Uma das principais contribuições desse modelo é a representação da informação dos registros bibliográficos por meio de relacionamentos existentes entre entidades conceituais, Obra e suas Expressões, e físicas, Manifestação e seus Itens. Neste estudo de caso, relatamos a experiência da conversão de 83.257 registros do catálogo da Rede Virtual de Bibliotecas – Congresso Nacional (RVBI), codificados no formato MARC (MAchine Readable Cataloging), para um formato que organiza as informações bibliográficas utilizando os conceitos do modelo FRBR. Como resultado, apresenta-se a informação bibliográfica de forma mais concisa e, consequentemente, gera-se economia de tempo para o usuário no momento da consulta. Além disso, obtivemos resultados que não eram inicialmente esperados, como, por exemplo, a identificação de inconsistências nos registros MARC. A ferramenta “FRBR Display Tool”, desenvolvida pela Biblioteca do Congresso Americano, foi fundamental na realização do experimento aqui relatado.
RUBBER RECYCLING: CHEMISTRY, PROCESSING, AND APPLICATIONS
Authors: Myhre Marvin , Saiwari Sitisaiyidah , Dierkes Wilma , Noordermeer Jacques 
Published: May 2013

ABSTRACT
For both environmental and economic reasons, there is broad interest in recycling rubber and in the continued development of recycling technologies. The use of postindustrial materials is a fairly well-established and documented business. Much effort over the past decade has been put into dealing with of end-of-life tires from landfills and vacant fields. It is only in the last few years that more business opportunities for recycled rubber have come to the forefront. Reclaiming rubber has gained increasing interest, more so in Europe than in North America. In those areas, much work has been done to refine the processes used. The major form of recycled rubber is still ground rubber. This is produced either by cryogenic, ambient, or wet grinding. The material is then used neat with sulfur/curatives, binders, or cements. The binders are normally moisture curable urethanes, liquid polybutadienes, or latex to produce items such as mats, floor tiles, and carpet undercushion. Recycled rubber is still used as tire derived fuel, but less so than 10 years ago. Another outlet is as an additive to asphalt. Recycled rubber can be used in the plastics industry, for which much development is being done. Large particle size ground rubber or chips are used in civil engineering applications, landscaping, or artificial turf. In terms of applications, most use is outside of the conventional rubber industry. Cost factors are still addressed in the tire industry. As of 2012, approximately 8–10% recycled material is used in tires. The biggest obstacles to further adaption are safety factors and property loss. Better methods are needed for treating or modifying the rubber surface and for regenerating the rubber through devulcanization. Devulcanization gives the highest quality recycled material in terms of processing and properties. However, shortcomings to devulcanization are reduced process safety and odorous chemicals that are required at present.
TREATISE ON EPDM
Authors: Ravishankar P. S. 
Published: May 2013

ABSTRACT
EPDM is the designation given for a saturated polymer chain of the polymethylene type, consisting of ethylene, propylene, and diene. It has been and continues to be one of the most widely used and rapidly growing synthetic rubbers. Technology development has been driven by novel catalysts and processes that have expanded the range of products while delivering improvements in manufacturing such as energy efficiency and environmental footprint. A broad overview of the EPDM process and product technology is presented with focus on more recent developments. The range of topics includes polymer chemistry and physics, characterization, applications, and the manufacturing process. Technology platforms based on both the Ziegler–Natta catalysts and metallocene catalysts are compared and contrasted.
OPTIMIZATION OF THE VULCANIZATION PROCESS OF A THICK RUBBER ARTICLE USING AN ADVANCED COMPUTER SIMULATION TECHNIQUE
Authors: Ghoreishy M. H. R. , Rafei M. , Naderi G. 
Published: May 2013

ABSTRACTA previously developed computer simulation technique was extended for the optimization of the molding time of a thick rubber article in which a commercial finite element code was employed in conjunction with an in-house developed subroutine. The kinetics of the rubber-curing reaction and the physical and thermal properties of the materials were determined using appropriate methods. The accuracy of the method was examined by comparison of the measured temperature profile with calculated data. Two cure simulations were carried out. First, the molding time was set to the actual time used in the manufacturing specification. Having checked the distribution of the state of the cure at the center of the rubber, the molding time was reduced to save time, reduce energy, and avoid the risk of overcure at the rubber surfaces. Based on the proposed molding time, a second simulation was performed. A comparison between the hardness of the rubber article made by the reduced molding time and the measured hardness on the article manufactured by the previous molding time showed that there was 5 shore A increase in the hardness, which confirmed the applicability of procedures used in this work.
CURE SIMULATION OF LARGE RUBBER COMPONENTS: A COMPARISON OF COMPRESSION AND EXTRUSION MOLDING
Authors: Fernando Marina , Fei Wong Hon , Hull Colin 
Published: May 2013

ABSTRACT
Curing rubber is a complex process that involves the insertion of cross-links to convert the rubber into a useful functional material. The estimation of the cure time needed for product manufacture of small or thin walled products is often arrived at by means of a rheometer trace. Although this has been recognized as adequate for thin walled products, the production of large rubber articles requires a more rigorous analysis of cure kinetics for an essentially non-isothermal process. Often finite element analysis is used to generate non-isothermal temperature histories in a thick component, and then an appropriate cure kinetic equation is solved to predict the state of cure. In addition to generating the capability for cure time prediction, there is a need in the industry to minimize cycle time, improving productivity and therefore costs involved in product manufacture. For large products, the viability of the use of extrusion molding, where the rubber is extruded into a heated mold at the same temperature as the mold, has been demonstrated in previous reported work in this laboratory. The present work explores, via simulation, the feasibility of using extrusion molding as a manufacturing method for large components. The cure simulation module of Autodesk Moldflow has been used to compare the state of cure of a laminated bearing manufactured by conventional compression molding and extrusion molding. Previous experimental data on the temperature histories of a large laminated bearing manufactured using compression molding are compared with simulation data. Simulation data are then presented on manufacturing the bearing using extrusion molding. The aim is to demonstrate the usefulness of extrusion molding for very large components and to illustrate the advantages of using simulation codes to assist in shortening the cycle time in product manufacture.
RECLAIMING OF GROUND RUBBER TIRE BY SAFE MULTIFUNCTIONAL RUBBER ADDITIVES: I. TETRA BENZYL THIURAM DISULFIDE
Authors: Mandal Swapan Kumar , Alam Najib , Debnath Subhas Chandra 
Published: May 2013

ABSTRACT
The present paper describes the mechanical reclaiming of ground rubber tire (GRT) by safe tetra benzyl thiuram disulfide (TBzTD), a multifunctional rubber additive. The versatility of the proposed agent is that it acts as a reclaiming agent during reclaiming and as a curing agent during revulcanization of the reclaimed materials. In this regard, we want to introduce a safe reclaiming agent in reclamation of GRT for improving its physical and mechanical performance. Reclaiming GRT has been carried out in an open roll mixing mill at various time intervals and different concentrations of the reclaiming agent (TBzTD) in the presence of spindle oil. The degree of reclaiming has been evaluated by the measurement of sol content, gel content, Mooney viscosity, inherent viscosity of sol rubber, and degree of cross-link of the reclaimed materials as a function of milling time. Also, the influence of gel content on cross-link density at various time intervals on the open two roll mixing mill has been determined. A unique correlation between gel fraction and cross-link density obtained at various time intervals and concentrations of reclaiming agent indicate that an optimization of the concentration of safe TBzTD and milling time has a positive influence on improving the efficiency of reclamation. The reclaiming conditions have been optimized in view of the mechanical properties of the revulcanized GRT and the aging resistance properties of the revulcanized reclaim. The influences of the concentration on the mechanical properties in the revulcanized reclaim have also been studied. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) studies further indicate the coherency and homogeneity in the revulcanized reclaimed rubber when reclamation is carried out by optimum concentration of safe TBzTD after maximum time of reclaiming.
WHAT LARGE AMPLITUDE OSCILLATING SHEAR CHARACTERIZATION AND MODELING REVEAL ABOUT CARBON-BLACK/RUBBER INTERACTIONS
Authors: Leblanc Jean L. 
Published: May 2013

ABSTRACT
The concept of topological constraints refers to the strong interactions that spontaneously develop when a rigid material with an appropriate surface geometry (or topology) comes into contact with a soft polymer-type material that has the capability to conform its components (i.e., chain segments) to that surface. Applied to carbon black (CB)–filled rubber compounds, this concept means that a number of measurable bulk properties, such as viscosity and/or modulus, readily reflect an adsorption–desorption balance of chain segments on appropriate sites on CB aggregates. With respect to either strain magnitude or temperature or both, that balance may be affected in a reversible manner, and relatively simple mathematical models can be developed to treat measured rheological quantities that are directly related to CB–rubber interactions. Because of their experimental simplicity, strain sweep (SS) test protocols with suitable dynamic rheometers are particularly attractive, in this respect, as demonstrated through experiments on a series of CB-filled compounds and the adequate mathematical modeling of results gathered when playing with the strain amplitude and the temperature, at constant frequency.
PREDICTION OF THE CHLOROBUTYL RUBBER/NATURAL RUBBER BLEND PROPERTIES USING A GENETIC ALGORITHM AND ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK
Authors: Li Lin , Choi Yu-Jin , Boonkerd Kanoktip , Zhang Jin , Gao Li Jun , Zhang Zhen Xiu , Kim Jin Kuk 
Published: May 2013

ABSTRACT
In this study, an orthogonal experimental design (OED) was used to predict and explain the effect of the rubber ratio and the carbon black (CB) and processing oil concentration on the mechanical and gas barrier properties of chlorobutyl rubber (CIIR)/natural rubber (NR) blends. The OED method was adopted for its advantage that it can select representative test points from comprehensive tests and so minimize the number of experiments required to be performed. The hybrid genetic algorithm-artificial neural network technique was applied to obtain an optimal formulation of CIIR/NR, CB, and oil compound with suitable mechanical properties and a good gas barrier property. The optimal composition found exhibited improved mechanical and gas barrier properties, which were found to depend mainly on the rubber ratio and the CB and oil concentrations. With respect to industrial applications, the optimum rubber ratio of CIIR/NR was found to be 87.5 phr/12.5 phr, and the optimum concentrations of CB and oil were 66.25 phr and 10.25 phr, respectively.
COMPUTATIONAL INVESTIGATION OF THE EFFECTS OF SPHERICAL FILLER MORPHOLOGY AND LOADING ON DIFFUSION TORTUOSITY AND RUBBER PERMEABILITY
Authors: Gruber T. C. , Crossley S. D. , Smith A. P. 
Published: May 2013

ABSTRACTInflation pressure loss in tires degrades performance, raises rolling resistance, and reduces fuel economy. The incorporation of solid fillers, such as carbon black, at relatively high loadings in tire innerliners helps minimize these pressure losses by reducing innerliner permeability due to increases in average gas molecule diffusion path lengths (tortuosity), as well as reductions in diffusion pathway density (capacity). The effects of filler morphology and loading on diffusion path tortuosity can be explored by modeling biased random-walk diffusion through impermeable sphere-filled matrices. Modeled diffusion rate was found to decrease with increased filler loading, reduced filler sphere sizes, increased random-walk step sizes, and the aggregation of filler spheres. Initial correlations with limited empirical permeability measurements are used to validate the model approach.
EFFECTS OF AZODICARBONAMIDE AND VULCANIZATION METHODS ON ACRYLONITRILE–BUTADIENE RUBBER/POLYVINYL CHLORIDE FOAM PROPERTIES
Authors: Suriyachai Pachareeya , Thavarungkul Nandh , Sae-oui Pongdhorn 
Published: May 2013

ABSTRACT
Effects of azodicarbonamide (ADC) and vulcanization method, that is, hot air (HA) and infrared (IR), on acrylonitrile–butadiene rubber/polyvinyl chloride (NBR/PVC) foam properties were investigated. Results reveal that ADC content had no significant influence on the onset of vulcanization. The cure pattern of the compounds was dependent on ADC content. Foam density was reduced, whereas water absorption and compression set were increased with increasing ADC content. Regardless of the vulcanization method, the blowing agent utilization efficiency was increased slightly, whereas the thermal conductivity was decreased with increasing ADC content up to 50 phr and then leveled off. At any given ADC content, the vulcanization method had no significant effects on both foam density and porosity. Compared with HA vulcanization method, IR vulcanization method gave slightly lower thermal conductivity but greater values of water absorption and compression set. Foam structure was used to explain the results.
Hemodialysis in Patients Requiring 131I Treatment for Thyroid Carcinoma
Authors: Fofi Claudia , Festuccia Francescaromana , Barberi Simona , Apponi Francesca , Chiacchiararelli Laura , Scopinaro Francesco , Punzo Giorgio , Menè Paolo 
Published: May 2013

Purpose Thyroid malignancies can be treated by surgery followed by ablation of the remnant tissue with 131I. As iodide removal from the body occurs by renal extraction, in patients suffering from end-stage renal disease it is necessary to properly evaluate both timing and method of the extracorporeal treatment. Methods We present two patients on regular hemodialysis, admitted in isolation to the Nuclear Medicine Department and treated with 131I for thyroid carcinoma diagnosed during the check-up for transplantation. Both patients underwent two hemodialysis sessions with a portable machine for CRRT (continuous renal replacement therapy), 24 and 48 hours after the administration of 50 mCi of 131I. The nursing staff were monitored with a dosimeter. Radioactivity of the patients, dialysate and urines were measured during hemodialysis. Results The greater reduction was obtained with the first dialysis, but in both patients a further, though shorter, hemodialysis at 48 hours was necessary for reaching a patient's radioactivity compatible with discharge. Radioactivity measured in the dialysate demonstrated the almost total removal of radioiodine by dialysis alone. In both patients, follow-up exams revealed a complete ablation of thyroid tissue, without signs of local recurrence. The dose of radioactivity of the dialysis staff was below allowable limits. Conclusions We conclude that a successful reduction of radioactivity, without dispersing its therapeutic efficacy, can be obtained with daily hemodialysis with a CRRT machine in patients in isolation treated with 131I. A therapeutic model is proposed.
Importance of Linguistic Details in Alarm Messages of Ventricular Assist Devices
Authors: Schima Heinrich , Schlöglhofer Thomas , Hartner Zeno , Horvat Johann , Zimpfer Daniel 
Published: May 2013

Purpose In the daily use of ventricular assist devices (VAD), and especially in emergency situations, an easy, self-explanatory handling of the peripheral components is essential to solving life-threatening situations, for non-experienced bystanders as well as professional staff members. It has been proven that displaying messages can significantly improve proper reactions. However, in the case we report, an accidental pump cable disconnection could not be solved without the assistance of the VAD coordinator. Case Report A long-term HeartWare® HVAD patient inadvertently disconnected himself from the pump, most probably due to a metabolically caused mental disorder, for which he had been readmitted to the hospital. Unluckily, the pump cable slipped beneath the bed sheet and the ward staff was not able to solve the problem. The staff who were involved claimed that the messages on the controller did not help them to resolve the difficulty. A comparison between the German and English texts revealed some ambivalence in the German wordings. Results Laypersons were asked to respond to this situation in a simulated scenario, starting with the original alarm messages “VAD stopped”-“VAD gestoppt” and “Connect Driveline”-“Verb-Kabel anschl.” If they were unable to solve the problem within 3 minutes, another translation was offered orally: “Pumpe steht” and “Pumpenkabel anschließen”. None of the 5 test persons were able to respond correctly to the emergency situation with the original translation, but when provided with a modified translation, everybody solved the problem within 30 seconds. Conclusions Even small linguistic differences can lead to critical differences in the usability and, thus, the safety of VAD peripherals. Detailed discussions with professional translators and/or practical tests of failure scenarios may optimize usability.
Cardiomyocyte Differentiation of Embryonic Stem Cells on the Surface of Organic Semiconductors
Authors: Caserta Sergio , Barra Mario , Manganelli Genesia , Tomaiuolo Giovanna , Filosa Stefania , Cassinese Antonio , Guido Stefano 
Published: May 2013

Purpose Electrically active supports provide new horizons for bio-sensing and artificial organ design. Cell-based electrochemical biosensors can be used as bio-microactuators, applied to the biorobotics. Microchip-based bioassay systems can provide real-time cell analysis for preclinical drug design or for intelligent drug delivery devices. In regenerative medicine, electrically active supports can be used as bio-reactors to monitor cell activity, optimize the stem cell differentiation and control cell and tissue morphology. Biocompatibility and direct interaction of the electrically active surface with the cell surface is a critical aspect of this technology. Methods In this work embryonic stem cells (AK7 ES) have been cultivated on the surface of thin films achieved through the evaporation of two aromatic compounds (T6 and PDI-8CN2) of particular interest for the fabrication of organic field-effect transistors (OFET). One of the potential advantages offered by the application of OFETs as bio-electronic supports is that they represent a powerful tool for the detection of bio-signals because their electrically active surface is an organic film. Results The cell morphology on T6 and PDI-8CN 2 surface shows to be similar to the usual cell appearance, as obtained when standard culture support (petri dish) are employed. Moreover, our experimental results demonstrate that stem cells can be lead to differentiation up to “beating” cardiomyocytes even on these electrically-active organic films. Conclusions This investigation encourages the perspective to develop OFET-based biosensors in order to accurately characterize stem cells during the cardiac differentiation process and eventually increase their differentiation efficiency.