bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
MlUM15: an Aegilops neglecta‐derived Powdery Mildew Resistance Gene in Common Wheat
Authors: Worthington Margaret , Lyerly Jeanette , Petersen Stine , Brown‐Guedira Gina , Marshall David , Cowger Christina , Parks Ryan , Murphy J. P. 
Published: May 2014

ABSTRACTPowdery mildew, caused by Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici, is a major fungal disease of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Host plant resistance is a reliable, economical, and environmentally benign form of disease prevention. The identification of molecular markers linked with resistance genes can facilitate marker‐assisted selection and enable breeders to pyramid several major genes for powdery mildew resistance in a single cultivar. The wheat germplasm line NC09BGTUM15 (NC‐UM15) possesses the first powdery mildew resistance gene introgressed from Aegilops neglecta Req. ex Bertol. Greenhouse and field evaluations of F2:3 families derived from a cross between NC‐UM15 and the susceptible cultivar ‘Saluda’ indicated that a single dominant gene, temporarily designated MlUM15, conferred resistance to powdery mildew. Bulked segregant analysis (BSA) showed that several simple sequence repeat (SSR), sequence tag site (STS), and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers specific to chromosome 7AL segregated with the resistance gene. The most likely marker order was Xwmc525/IWA8057‐0.7 cM‐Xcfa2257‐0.4 cM‐ MlUM15 −0.8 cM‐Xcfa2240‐2.8 cM‐Xmag2185‐3.4cM‐IWA2929‐5.4 cM‐ IWA4434. The multiallelic Pm1 locus and several temporarily‐designated genes map to this region of chromosome 7AL. Detached‐leaf tests revealed that NC‐UM15 had a different disease response pattern from genotypes carrying Pm37, five temporarily‐designed genes in the region, and all alleles of the Pm1 complex except Pm1b. The MlUM15‐resistance gene is most likely a novel source of powdery mildew resistance. However, allelism tests with Pm1 and further detached‐leaf tests will be required to elucidate the relationship between MlUM15 and other Pm loci in the distal region of 7AL.
Micromesh Fabric Pollination Bags for Switchgrass
Authors: Vogel K. P. , Sarath G. , Mitchell R. B. 
Published: May 2014

ABSTRACTPollination bags for making controlled crosses between switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) plants were made from a polyester micromesh fabric with a mesh size of 41 µm, which is smaller than the mean reported 43 µm diameter of switchgrass pollen. When used in paired‐plant crosses between switchgrass plants, the mean amount of seed produced per plant was about 1 g, or approximately 800 seeds, which was significantly greater than the 10 to 250 seeds produced previously in paired‐plant crosses of switchgrass using paper pollination bags. The four‐ to tenfold increase in seed produced per cross enables the progeny of the crosses to be evaluated in larger numbers in genetic studies and in replicated space‐transplanted or seeded sward evaluation trials. The micromesh pollination bags cost about $15 each because of fabric costs but could be reused for 10 or more pollination seasons at an annual cost per cross of about $1.50 or less.
Optimizing Phosphorus Fertilization Promotes Dry Matter Accumulation and P Remobilization in Oilseed Flax
Authors: Xie Yaping , Niu Junyi , Gan Yantai , Gao Yuhong , Li Airong 
Published: May 2014

ABSTRACTImproving nutrient management is critical to increase nutrient use efficiency, promote translocation of photoassimilates to sinks, and increase crop yield. In this study, we determined the effects of phosphorus (P) fertilization on dry matter (DM) and P accumulation, partitioning and remobilization from vegetative tissues to the grains in oilseed flax (Linum usitatissimum L.). We hypothesized that P accumulation and remobilization depended on the level of P supply and varied with vegetative tissues. The cultivar Baxuan 3 was sown under low P (LP, 15 kg P ha−1), moderate P (MP, 30 kg P ha−1), and high P (HP, 45 kg P ha−1) conditions along with a zero P control in a randomized complete block design, with three replicates, in 2011 and 2012. At mid‐anthesis, leaf DM (average 1970 kg ha−1) and stem DM (average 1826 kg ha−1) were more than 20 times that of the nongrain reproductive DM (77 kg ha−1); as plants grew to maturity, the DM in the stem and nongrain reproductive parts increased but leaf DM decreased. Compared with the control, oilseed flax grown under the LP, MP, and HP conditions increased leaf DM by 76%, stem DM by 46%, nongrain reproductive DM by 39%, and improved grain yield by an average of 45%. The fertilized oilseed flax increased the P translocation from vegetative tissues to the grains by 150% in 2011 and 201% in 2012. The P content in leaves reached the peak at anthesis and then decreased rapidly to maturity, whereas P contents in the stem and nongrain reproductive parts increased gradually and reached the peak at maturity, showing that leaves are the major contributor to the grain P, whereas the stem and nongrain reproductive parts are stronger P‐demanding organs in oilseed flax. We suggest that advanced techniques, such as 32P labeling, may be used to further quantify the amount of P remobilized from the stems and nongrain reproductive parts to the grain.
Optimizing Resource Allocation for Multistage Selection in Plant Breeding with R PackageSelectiongain
Authors: Mi Xuefei , Utz H. Friedrich , Technow Frank , Melchinger Albrecht E. 
Published: May 2014

ABSTRACTMost plant‐breeding programs involve multistage selection, but hitherto no flexible and computationally efficient software has been freely available for calculating the selection gain and optimizing the allocation of resources under these conditions. Here we describe the use of the newly‐developed R packageselectiongainthat enables (i) calculation of the selection gain for up to 20 selection stages and (ii) a grid search of the optimum allocation of resources (number of candidates, locations, and testers) for given costs and correlations among the selection criteria in each stage. The capabilities of our software are demonstrated with an example taken from the literature on selecting doubled haploid lines in maize across three stages.
Hybrid Breeding Skewed the Allelic Frequencies of Molecular Variants Derived from the Restorer of fertility 1 Locus for Cytoplasmic Male Sterility in Sugar Beet (Beta vulgaris L.)
Authors: Taguchi Kazunori , Hiyama Hajime , Yui‐Kurino Rika , Muramatsu Aki , Mikami Tetsuo , Kubo Tomohiko 
Published: May 2014

ABSTRACTHybrid breeding of crops may involve the selection of reproductive traits, such as cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS), whose expression is controlled by cytoplasm and nuclear gene(s). Intense selection of a single cytoplasm and the consequent lack of cytoplasmic divergence is a potential danger, the so‐called genetic vulnerability. However, little is known about the relationship between hybrid breeding and the diversity of nuclear genes that suppress the expression of CMS, termed restorer of fertility (Rf). Despite the multi‐allelic nature of Rf at the molecular level, a common Rf variant was previously found to predominate in sugar beet maintainer lines that were selected for a specific genotype for propagating the CMS line. The question was raised as to the frequency of the common Rf variant before the hybrid breeding era. As the origin of Japanese maintainer lines can be genealogically traced back to seven nonhybrid cultivars, we investigated the allelic diversity of Rf in the seven cultivars using molecular markers. Our results indicated that Rf diversity differs among the cultivars but exceeds that of the maintainers in total, and the common variant in the maintainers is infrequent in all of the cultivars. Therefore, maintainer selection has involved selecting a small number of Rf variants in the founder population in Japan.
Supplemental Irrigation Requirements of Zoysiagrass and Bermudagrass Cultivars
Authors: Wherley B. , Heitholt J. , Chandra A. , Skulkaew P. 
Published: May 2014

ABSTRACTMunicipal water restrictions have become commonplace throughout much of the southern United States. The objectives of this 2‐yr study were to (i) determine supplemental irrigation requirements necessary for achieving acceptable quality in 15 zoysiagrass (Zoysia japonica and Zoysia matrella) and bermudagrass (Cynodon ssp.) cultivars when managed under a 2 d/wk irrigation frequency, (ii) determine the effects of mowing height on irrigation requirements, and (iii) evaluate root development differences between the species and cultivars at the completion of the study. A linear gradient irrigation system (LGIS) was used to provide an irrigation gradient across field plots. Plots were evaluated along the gradient six times over two summers to determine the level of supplemental irrigation, relative to reference evapotranspiration (ETo), necessary for maintaining acceptable visual quality. The fine‐textured, sports‐type bermudagrass cultivars required the least supplemental irrigation (∼10 to 15% × ETo) to maintain acceptable quality in the study. The medium‐textured amenity bermudagrasses and Japanese lawngrass (Zoysia japonica Steud.) cultivars required similar but somewhat greater irrigation requirements (∼15 to 20% × ETo) than the fine‐textured bermudagrasses. Manilagrass cultivars (Z. matrella) required the highest supplemental irrigation requirements (∼25 to 33% × ETo) for maintaining acceptable appearance within 2 d/wk irrigation regime. Mowing height did not consistently affect irrigation requirements for either group of bermudagrass but affected the Zoysia species differently. Tall mowing heights generally reduced irrigation requirements in Z. japonica but increased irrigation requirements for Z. matrella cultivars. While few intraspecific root development differences occurred within the 0 to 25 cm soil depth, Z. matrella root development was limited relative to bermudagrass and Z. japonica cultivars within deeper (25–50 cm) soil, which may have contributed to the higher irrigation requirements for the species. The results emphasize differences in supplemental irrigation levels needed for maintaining acceptable appearance among warm‐season turfgrass species and cultivars during 2 d/wk irrigation.
Diversity in Apomictic Populations of Paspalum simplex Morong
Authors: Brugnoli E.A. , Urbani M.H. , Quarin C.L. , Zilli A.L. , Martínez E.J. , Acuña C.A. 
Published: May 2014

ABSTRACTPaspalum is considered a genetic model for studying the sources of genotypic variability and breeding techniques in apomictic plants. Paspalum simplex is a warm‐season forage grass that well represents the genus since it contains different ploidy levels and apomixis is linked to polyploidy. The objective was to evaluate the diversity present within and among apomictic polyploid populations of P. simplex. Germplasm was collected from 17 sites covering the species’ region of natural distribution. The diversity present at the molecular level within and among populations was evaluated using ISSR markers. Variability for agronomic traits was also evaluated by cultivating all populations into the field. The 17 analyzed populations were all polyploid, including 13 pure tetraploid, and 4 mixed tetraploid‐hexaploid with predominance of the tetraploid cytotype. Most of the diversity was present among polyploid populations (85% of the total variation), and there was not a correlation between genetic and geographical distances. The within‐population diversity was low for most populations with the exception of one of them. Each genotype was restricted to a single location. Variability for initial growth, spring and fall growth, and the extent of the vegetative phase was observed within and among polyploid populations. The within‐population variation for these phenotypic traits was mainly due to the presence of one or a few off‐type plants. A highly genotype‐specific colonization of new sites appears to occur in P. simplex, and then apomixis mediates the formation of uniform populations.
Combustion Behaviour of Solid Propellants for Micro-Thruster
Authors: Hu Songqi , Chen Jing , Hua Yiyin , Hu Zhiwei 
Published: May 2014

AbstractSolid propellants for micro-thruster are required to have high thermal sensitivity and a lower critical condition of ignition as well as excellent filling properties. The energy properties of ammonium perchlorate (AP)/ hydroxy-terminated polybutadiene (HTPB), AP/nitrocellulose (NC), lead styphnate (LS)/NC and LS/dibasic lead stearate (SQ-2) were obtained from thermodynamic calculations. Thermal decomposition characteristics of LS/NC and LS/SQ-2 mixtures were investigated for different species ratios. The formula ratio of LS to NC was tested for 1 : 1, 6 : 4, and 7 : 3, and the ratio of LS to SQ-2 was tested for 4 : 6, 1 : 1, 6 : 4, and 7 : 3, respectively. Ignition powers of LS/NC and LS/SQ-2 were measured, the formula ratio of LS to NC and LS to SQ-2 was 1 : 1, 6 : 4, 7 : 3, and 8 : 2, respectively. Micro-impulse tests were carried out for micro-thrusters with a charge of 0.08 mg and 0.1 mg, respectively, and compared with the thrust and impulse obtained by simulations. Results indicated that the thermal stability of LS is decreased by adding NC or SQ-2 to it, meanwhile, the energy produced is promoted. The addition of NC is more effective. The ignition power is 2.16 W when the proportion of LS to NC is 1 : 1. The average thrust peak from 0.08 mg propellant is measured as 0.1543 N, the average impulse is about 6.34 × 10−5 N × s. The thrust peak is 11.89 % higher than the calculated simulation value, while the total impulse is 17.99 % higher. The measured average thrust peak of 0.1 mg is 0.1789 N, which is 18.3 % higher than the calculated value, while the average impulse is about 7.48 × 10−5 N × s and 16.6 % higher than the calculated value.
Aramid-HDPE Composites: Influence of Interface Adhesion Measured by T-peel Test on Tensile Properties
Authors: Bekem Aylin , Dogu Mustafa , Gemici Zafer , Unal Ahmet , Guler Mehmet Hilmi 
Published: May 2014

AbstractIn this study, the influence of using compatibilizer as tie-layer between fiber matrix interfaces in continuous aramid fiber reinforced high density polyethylene (HDPE) composites was investigated. Maleic anhydride (MAH) grafted polyethylene and ethylene-methyl acrylate-glycidyl methacrylate (EMA-GMA) terpolymer were used as compatibilizers at varying layer numbers. Adhesion strength was determined by T-peel test, and tensile test was carried out. It was found that higher MFR (Melt Flow Rate) valued matrix and compatibilizer application increased the mechanical performance. The maximum strength values were obtained with EMA-GMA applications. In observations of peeled parts and cross-sectional slices, interface adhesion was investigated and failure patterns were determined. It was seen that the samples with compatibilizer had more wetted portions especially the EMA-GMA tie-layered ones.
Effect of Li addition on microstructure and mechanical properties of Al – Mg – Si alloy
Authors: ud Din Shamas , Bin Awais Hasan , ul Haq Tariq Naeem , Mehmood Mazhar 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
The ever increasing utilization of Al – Li alloys for light weight structural applications is limited chiefly due to their lower room temperature formability compared to their Li-free counterparts. In the present work, the effect of 1, 2 and 3 wt.% Li addition to Al – Mg – Si alloy (containing 0.5 wt.% Mg and 0.2 wt.% Si) was studied. Experimental work showed that microstructural features of the second phase particles and mechanical properties changed substantially with Li addition. It was observed that 1 wt.% Li addition resulted in significantly large elongation of over 38 % resembling a super-plastic behavior with decent strength and hardness due to the formation of second phase precipitates uniformly dispersed in α (Al) matrix. Scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction analysis revealed that the addition of Li promotes the formation of second phase precipitates, which strongly affect the mechanical properties of Al – Mg – Si alloy. Quite surprisingly, the alloys containing 2 and 3 wt.% Li showed a much reduced ductility and a much higher hardness after aging.
Effect of Production Environment on Seed Quality of Normal and High-Oleate Large Seeded Virginia-Type Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.)
Authors: Sun M. , Spears J. F. , Isleib T. G. , Jordan D. L. , Penny B. , Johnson D. , Copeland S. 
Published: May 2014

ABSTRACT
Six Virginia-type peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) cultivars and their paired backcross-derived high-oleate lines were grown during 2003 and 2004 in North Carolina to compare standard germination (SG), cool germination (CG), and electrical conductivity (EC) of seed. Oleic acid level had no influence on SG but did alter CG and EC compared to the corresponding normal oleate cultivars. Averaged across background genotypes, high-oleate lines had lower seed vigor than their paired lines with normal oleic content. The high-oleate lines of three of the six pairs had lower CG and higher EC. Planting and harvest date affected all the seed quality traits measured. Standard germination of both normal and high-oleate lines was reduced in 2004 when harvest was delayed, but was not affected in 2003. In 2003, CG of the high-oleate lines was lower than that of normal lines in three of the four production environments; EC was higher in the high-oleate lines in all planting date and harvest date combinations. In 2004, there was no difference between the CG of normal and high-oleate lines, but EC was higher in the high-oleate lines for three of the four environments. In the greenhouse, the Virginia-type cultivars NC-V 11 and Gregory, along with their paired backcross-derived high-oleate lines were compared at 22/18 C, 26/22 C and 30/26 C day/night temperature regimes. Seed oleic to linoleic acid (O/L) ratio of normal peanut grown in 30/26 C, 26/22 C, and 22/18 C, measured 1.9, 1.5, and 1.3, respectively. The O/L ratio for their high-oleate pairs decreased from 24.7 when grown in 30/26 C to 15.9 in 26/22 C and to 13.7 in 22/18 C. Temperature did not affect the fatty acid composition of axis total lipid or phospholipid fractions. The high-oleate trait was expressed in the axis lipids. The average O/L ratio of axes from normal peanut was 1.1 while that of high-oleate lines was 4.6. Likewise, axis phospholipids for normal and high-oleate lines were 1.0 and 5.9. A lower production environment temperature decreased the O/L ratio of seed oil of high-oleic peanut lines, and the high-oleate trait expressed in peanut seed storage lipids is also expressed in axis membrane lipids to a lesser degree.
Crowdsourcing for large-scale mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae) sampling
Authors: Maki Elin C. , Cohnstaedt Lee W. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractSampling a cosmopolitan mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae) species throughout its range is logistically challenging and extremely resource intensive. Mosquito control programmes and regional networks operate at the local level and often conduct sampling activities across much of North America. A method for large-scale sampling of two mosquito species using crowdsourcing to network with these local and regional programmes is described. A total of 961 mosquito vector and control districts, health departments, and individual collectors across the United States of America and Canada were contacted in 2011 and 2012 of which 9% positively responded by sending mosquitoes. In total, 1101 unique population samples of Aedes vexans (Meigen) and Culex tarsalis Coquillett were collected throughout their range in these two countries. Aedes vexans outgroup samples were also submitted from Europe and Asia. This is the largest crowd-sourced collection of samples to date.
Diet breadth ofGynaephora groenlandica(Lepidoptera: Erebidae): is polyphagy greater in alpine versus Arctic populations?
Authors: Barrio I.C. , Hik D.S. , Liu J.Y. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractGynaephora groenlandica(Wocke) (Lepidoptera: Erebidae) is a cold-adapted species, whose life history traits are dictated by cold and short Arctic summers. We used a recently discovered alpine tundra population in southwestern Yukon, Canada to investigate local adaptations to habitats with different environmental conditions (alpine versus Arctic). Using cafeteria-type experiments and field observations we examined the diet breadth of alpine populations ofG. groenlandica beringianaSchmidt and Cannings, and compared these to published data on High Arctic populations ofG. groenlandica groenlandicaand to the closely relatedG. rossiiCurtis.Gynaephora groenlandica beringianaappears to have a broader diet than High Arctic populations, but similar to that exhibited by alpine populations ofG. rossii. Such trends could emerge from reduced synchrony between herbivores and their host plants in less extreme environments, and possibly from a reduced incidence of parasitoids in the life cycle of these populations. Our findings indicate the larval host plant plasticity ofG. groenlandicain different environments, and are relevant to predictions regarding the fate of these populations under climate warming scenarios.
Solving the Grid-to-Ground Problem when Using High Precision GNSS in Archaeological Mapping
Authors: Limp William (Fred) , Barnes Adam 
Published: May 2014

AbstractIncreasingly, high-precision GPS/GNSS (global positioning system/global satellite navigation system) based real-time-kinematic methods are being used in the mapping of archaeological sites. However, when utilizing high-precision satellite-based methods for archaeological location purposes, there is a significant but usually unanticipated problem that must first be addressed if accurate measurements are to be made. Simply put, unless proper correction methods are used, horizontal distances between two locations determined by the GNSS method will differ from the measurements that are made by traditional survey methods. This difference between the two measurements is often referred to as the grid-to-ground problem. This article provides a process to address this problem.
Russian Case Morphology and the Syntactic Categories
Authors: Pesetsky David 
Published: May 2014

A proposal for a radical new view of case morphology, supported by a detailed investigation of some of the thorniest topics in Russian grammar.
In this book, David Pesetsky argues that the peculiarities of Russian nominal phrases provide significant clues concerning the syntactic side of morphological case. Pesetsky argues against the traditional view that case categories such as nominative or genitive have a special status in the grammar of human languages. Supporting his argument with a detailed analysis of a complex array of morpho-syntactic phenomena in the Russian noun phrase (with brief excursions to other languages), he proposes instead that the case categories are just part-of-speech features copied as morphology from head to dependent as syntactic structure is built.
Pesetsky presents a careful investigation of one of the thorniest topics in Russian grammar, the morpho-syntax of noun phrases with numerals (including those traditionally called the paucals). He argues that these bewilderingly complex facts can be explained if case categories are viewed simply as parts of speech, assigned as morphology. Pesetsky's analysis is notable for offering a new theoretical perspective on some of the most puzzling areas of Russian grammar, a highly original account of nominal case that significantly affects our understanding of an important property of language.