bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A New Contribution to Subsurface Studies by Means of Electrical Measurements in Drill Holes
Authors: Schlumberger C. , Schlumberger M. , Leonardon E.G. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Last year the authors presented a paper that discussed the various electrical measurements they perform in drill holes, which they name "electrical coring."1 The object of the present paper is to give a brief account of the points of scientific interest that have been elucidated by further field work and laboratory research, as well as the economic results that have been attained recently.
The practical examples given in this paper are drawn, for the most part, from the field work performed in Russian oil fields during the years 1931 and 1932. This is due to the fact that, thanks to the comprehensive cooperation of the Russian geologists and scientists, the authors are allowed to make public a large amount of recant information. In other countries in which the authors are engaged in similar work, the competition between private companies makes it imperative, for a considerable lapse of time, to avoid publication of the results obtained.
The following points will be discussed successively, under separate headings:Electrochemical phenomena in drill holes.Stratigraphic correlations and tectonic studies.Relations between the productivity of oil horizons and their electrical resistivity.Location of coal seams.Summary and conclusions.
1 The term "electrical coring" is probably not the best expression that might have been chosen. "Electrical logging," for instance, would be more appropriate. However, "electrical coring" is now more or less in common use in technical literature. therefore the expression is retained.
Colloidal Properties of Clay Suspensions
Authors: Lewis W.K. , Thompson W.I. 
Published: June 2014

Clays consist predominantly of hydrated silicates of alumina. The formulais frequently assumed to be Al2O3 * 2Si02*2H20, and certain of
I. North Carolina. Low plasticity.
II. Same as I, after washing. Low plasticity.
III.Tennessee. Good plasticity.
IV. Pennsylvania flint fireclay. Low plasticity.
V. Laredo, Texas. Very plastic. CaO/Na2O corrected for COa.
VI. San Antonio, Texas. Fine grained, highly plastic. Moisture and COawere determined together at 18.8 per cent.
VII. Selected crude bentonite, California.
them undoubtedly have substantially this composition, but in general the ratioof silica to alumina is considerably higher. However, they always contain waterof chemical constitution, as shown by Table 1.
Effects of Temperature, Pressure and Water-cement Ratio on the Setting Time and Strength of Cement
Authors: Craft B.C. , Johnson T.J. , Kirkpatrick H.L. 
Published: June 2014

Petroleum engineers are displaying considerable interest in the problems ofcementing oil wells, especially in the Gulf Coast and California areas, wheresteep temperature gradients are encountered and where wells are being drilledto greater depths. Deep drilling, that is, at depths in excess of 7000 ft., hasbeen undertaken in these areas only in the last few years and with this trendoil-well cementing requires more technical treatment.
It is not the purpose of this paper to describe the scope and application ofcement operations in the oil industry or to give the standard specifications, methods of sampling and testing of portland cement. The various testing methodshave been described by the American Society for Testing Materials!, Uren, Tickell and Wankowski and Rakestraw and Parsons The latter authors have alsodescribed in detail the methods of cementing.
The authors realize that it is impossible to reproduce in the laboratory thescale of forces and dimensions that exist at great depths, but an attempt hasbeen made to scale down these dimensions proportionally. The selection ofproblems to be studied was based largely upon the practical questions asked byseveral of the largest operators in these fields. All cements used in theseexperiments met the specifications of the American Society for TestingMaterials.
New Type of Dynamometer for Study of Pumping Problems
Authors: Kemler Emory 
Published: June 2014

The problem of determining the most desirable operating conditions of anoil-well pumping unit or rig front, the selection of the proper material andsize of sucker rods, and the design of a pumping unit require that sucker-rodloads be known with a reasonable degree of accuracy. The segregation of riglosses, the proper selection and operation of prime mover and reduction unit, and the analysis of the operation of subsurface equipment require a knowledgeof polished-rod horsepower. The investigation of such problems as theinstantaneous stresses set up in a pull-rod line or backside crank installationwhen the well is suddenly hooked on, a study of such problems as the effect ofanchoring the tubing on rod load, tubing stresses and rod horsepower, and ananalysis of the effect of subsurface equipment on rod loads make it necessaryto have a dynamometer that is rugged, which can follow the sudden changes inload without any lag or damping effect, which will record the load in its trueposition with respect to polished-rod movement, and which will give a cardlarge enough to allow the desired effects to be measured accurately.
The inadequacy of the spring or fluid-pressure type of dynamometers has beencovered in detail. The data given show that dynamometers of the spring orfluid-pressure type exert a damping action on the peak loads and the inertiaand friction of their load-indicating mechanism introduces a phase lag inrecording the load. A dynamometer of that type will not give the load in thecorrect amount and will not record it in its true position with respect tostroke or time.

New Type of Dynamometer
Fig. 1 shows a magnetic strain-gage type of dynamometer, to be described inthis paper. The strain gage A is used for measuring the load in the polishedrod, a washer B and knife edge C take care of initial misalignment and reducebending in the compression tube of the strain gage. The complete instrument canbe transported in the carrying case E.
Efficiency of Flowing Wells
Authors: May Cecil J. 
Published: June 2014

The importance of a knowledge of the physical laws involved in theproduction of oil from a reservoir has come to be generally realized in recentyears and it is therefore unnecessary to elaborate on the many problems whichstill await complete solution. Among them the vertical flow of mixtures of oil and gas has attractedconsiderable attention and a number of papers have appeared in the literaturefrom time to time. The complete solution of the problem would cover suchaspects of oil-field technology as the calculation of bottom-hole pressuresfrom purely surface data; the estimation of natural flowing lives; the designof gas-lifts and the selection of tubing for natural flow, and so on. It isstill true, however, that the results so far published have not beenparticularly consistent and there are no generally accepted data available ofuniversal applicability. It is, in fact, by no means easy to obtain asufficiently wide range of variables under the operator's control to determinethe laws of flow without ambiguity and much of the published research has beendirected towards the solution of the specific problems of individual fieldsrepresenting only a partial treatment of the whole subject. It was with asimilar object that work was commenced on the Masjid-iSulaiman field of theAnglo-Persian Oil Co. towards the end of 1930 and has since continued asopportunity offered.
Of course, the results obtained cannot necessarily be applied elsewhere withoutmodification and, in some cases, considerable extension. At the same timeconditions in this field are somewhat unusual in allowing certain aspects ofthe problem to be isolated and examined without the disturbing effects of alarge number of independent or partially independent variables. For example, since the field is under unit control, it is possible to maintain steadyconditions on any particular well over long periods.
A Method of Estimating Oil and Gas Reserves
Authors: Katz D.L. 
Published: June 2014

In the management of oil properties, it is always desirable to know thefuture behavior of oil wells and oil reservoirs. Some estimation of thequantity of oil and gas that will be produced must be made as a basis fordecisions on possible returns on investments in lifting equipment, drilling ofadditional wells, and other operating expenditures. In new or wildcat areas, operating expenditures are considered highly speculative, but in the completionof partly drilled and the operation of producing fields it is good business toremove as much speculation as possible. An accurate knowledge of oil and gasreserves in such cases would solve many management problems.
The term" oil reserves" usually signifies the future ultimate recoverywithout specifying the method of production. Thus with changing methods andinnovations in the production industry, reserves of any definite reservoir maybe increased. by increasing the portion of oil recovered. The usual reserveestimates are made by comparisons of well and formation characteristics, byusing a percentage recovery on the oil content of the formation volume usingporosity data, by extending production curves on non-prorated wells, or byextending bottom-hole pressure-production curves. The most reliable methodwould appear to be one that would estimate the initial quantity of oil and gaspresent and then obtain percentage recovery values for various productivemethods and formations from experience.
It is the purpose of this paper to describe a method of estimating the initialquantity of oil and gas present in a reservoir. The method is based on fieldoperating data and the properties of crude oil-gas mixtures. The principlesinvolved, the data required, the assumptions necessary, and an example of themethod will be given. The method is entirely independent of sand volumes andformation porosities.
The Sucker-rod Pump as a Problem in Elasticity
Authors: Kendrick John F. , Cornelius Paul D. 
Published: June 2014

This paper is a progress report of a study the authors are making of thesucker-rod pump, considered as a vibrating system with one degree of freedom, with forced vibrations and with viscous damping. Dr. S. Timoshenko's formula isgiven, defining such a system. Each factor is considered in respect to theproblem of operating sucker rods, and the zone is pointed out in which themathematics do not apply to the sucker-rod pump, because of its variable mass.This general theory is interpreted in the light of nearly two years of testingwells in the field, and correlating the results of other tests.
The motion of the pumping mechanism is a vibration. The string of sucker rodsvibrates with a natural frequency. The motion of the plunger is the result ofadding together these two vibrations, and is modified by a damping or frictionfactor. The controlling factor appears to be the ratio of the period of thenatural vibration of the rod string to the period of the vibration of the pump.The first conclusion is that a definite value of this ratio, which is belowresonance and is probably not greater than 0.5, should not be exceeded in orderto assure satisfactory performance from the sucker rods. The second conclusionis that the component parts of the pumping equipment should be selected to givethe smallest practical period of the natural vibration, and when this does notpermit operation at a safe speed and give the required plunger displacement, alonger polished-rod stroke should be used.
While the quantitative results are but rough approximations, the qualitativeanalysis of pumping problems on this basis promises to be of considerable valuein diagnosing the cause of poor performance and prescribing suitableremedies.
The trouble that results, whenever it becomes necessary to crowd the sucker-rodpump, to take potentials or to handle increasing volumes of water, isresponsible for the belief that this type of pump is not equal to present dayneeds, and that it is only a question of time before some other pumping devicewill take its place.
Determination of Fluid Level in Oil Wells bv the Pressure-wave Echo Method
Authors: Walker C.P. 
Published: June 2014

Determining the distance to remote objects by observing the time requiredfor sound to traverse the intervening space is an old practice. Attempts havebeen made to use this method for determining the fluid level in oil wells butas far as the writer is aware it was not found to be practicable, becausevibrations in gas in the audible frequency range do not travel as well and asfar as low-frequency pressure waves, which are capable of transmitting agreater amount of energy than can be transmitted by audible waves. Wood, in hisbook "Sound," states that in a given medium the range of soundtransmission will vary inversely as the square of the frequency. The fact thatthe sound from a whistle having a low tone has a much lower attenuation ratethan that from a whistle of high pitch is well known. Also, the pressure wavescaused by cannon fire often rattle windows at points so distant that no soundof the cannon is heard.
In 1932 P. E. Lehr and H. T. Wyatt, of the Shell Oil Co., experimented with theprinciple of the concussion, or pressure-wave echo, method of determining fluidlevels in oil wells. They released compressed gas into the top of the casing, thereby creating a pressure wave, which traveled down the well and back again.Their experiments proved conclusively that, with the properapparatus forrecording the echoes and determining the velocities at which the waves travel, the method could be used successfully for determining fluid levels in oilwells. Wells are often equipped with from one to three tubing catchers andthese together with the top of the liner are frequently above the fluid. Eachof these obstructions reflects a part of the pressure wave. In such wells theremay be, therefore, as many as five pressure-wave reflections. Thus it isobvious that in order to identify the various reflections and to determinethere from the fluid level in a well it is necessary to obtain a graphic recordof these reflections.
Governmental Regulation of Oil Production
Authors: Ely Northcutt 
Published: June 2014

The subject of this paper implies three questions: whether regulation isnecessary; if so, what sort of regulation is wise; and, finally, by whatgovernment the power to regulate is to be exercised.
In the year 1937 emphasis falls on the third of those questions.
This contrasts with the situation prevailing a dozen years ago, when thequestion was whether regulation was necessary at all; and with the situation afew months ago, when the third question seemed answered by the Supreme Courtdecisions on the National Recovery Act, Agricultural Adjustment Act and GuffeyCoal Control Act, and by the ratification of the Interstate Oil Compact. Itthen appeared settled that the State, and not the Federal Government possessedthe regulatory powers and, granting that conservation measures are a recognizednecessity, the problem seemed to be to develop the wisest kind of regulationthat the Constitution would permit.. Today, by virtue of developments duringthe first months of 1937, the oil industry is faced again by the question ofwhether the Federal Government is to have power to control its operations, along with those of the other basic industries.

Developments in Governmental Control
There have been three recent developments. The dominating one is thePresident's? proposal that he be authorized to increase the size of the SupremeCourt to 15 members. The implications of that plan ought to be perfectly plainto the oil industry. This suggestion is made in lieu of offering an amendmentto the Constitution, to reverse the Supreme Court decisions mentioned. In thosedecisions the Court held that production does not constitute commerce, andhence that the Federal power to regulate interstate commerce does not extend tothe regulation of production.' These holdings were contrary to the Government'scontention that the stream of commerce begins in the factory and ends with theconsumer and may be regulated at any point from beginning to end.
Acreage and Potential Factors in Allocation
Authors: Stephenson Eugene A. 
Published: June 2014

The writer apologizes for presenting this very elementary analysis of oneaspect of proration, but a search of the literature failed to disclose anyconcrete illustrations of the effect of various proration formulas upon theallowable oil produced by tracts of different sizes. Many engineers havedoubtless made somewhat similar calculations and are fully acquainted with theresults.
The various allocation formulas that are in use are based on one or more of thefollowing factors:wide-open well potential,potential through anorifice,uniform well allowable,acreage,sand thickness,bottom-hole pressure,productivity index, andvolumetric displacement.
Of these, the unrestricted potential formula, or open-flow test, and theuniform well allowable are commonly regarded by engineers as those least likelyto give each producer his proportionate share of the oil or gas, as representedeither by acreage or by sand thickness, or both, except when the wells arelocated on tracts of large size.
Unless the mechanical equipment that may be used during the potential test andthe method of taking the test are both specified, the net result of thepotential formula is to practically force the operators to use specialequipment and adopt special procedures prior to and during the potential test, so as to secure the largest possible allowables. Much ingenuity and skill havebeen devoted to this problem, but the general effect is to permit excessiveallow ables for very small tracts, and stimulate unnecessary drilling.
It is interesting to compare some of the high yields from the Wilcox horizon atOklahoma City with each other, as an illustration of the effect of anallocation factor based solely on potential (Table 5']. One of the glaringinstances is a well on a 72-acre lease, which had produced, as of September1936, at the rate of almost 3,000,000 bbl. per acre. This is at least twice asmany barrels as could have been present under the property if the reservoir hadconsisted of a tank of oil 200 ft. deep and 72 acre in area.
Numerous combinations of acreage, potential, bottom-hole pressure, sandthickness, etc., have been proposed and are in use in various fields.
Review of Developments at Kettleman Hills
Authors: Collom R.E. , Watson C.P. 
Published: June 2014

Various chapters already written in the history of development of the NorthDome of Kettleman Hills are monotonously identical in the one underlying themeof conservation of oil and gas. Discovered on Oct. 4, 1928, by MilhamExploration Co. with its wildcat Elliot No.1, the field has been subjected topractically every modern form of production restraint in the name ofconservation. The record thus far developed shows that conservation was had fora time, at a price; and that unitization must be blessed by single ownership or100 per cent participation to be effective. In fact, incomplete unitizationplaces a heavy handicap upon its participants in the competitive developmentthat follows.

Shut-in Agreement of July 25, 1929
Not long after discovery at Kettleman but after the Continental Oil Co. and theStandard Oil Co. had completed several producing wells in the discovery group, came the so-called Shut-in Agreement negotiated at the instance of theDepartment of the Interior. This agreement became effective July 25, 1929. Thefundamental purpose of the agreement was to prevent bringing on production ofsome 30 wells then being drilled and forestall a flood of Kettleman oil on themarket. A cooperative scheme was developed whereby wells in the discovery groupwould continue to produce. Two of them could not be shut in. Drilling wellswould be completed to a water shutoff in top of Temblor and operationssuspended. Producing wells would contribute the value of 10 to 25 per cent oftheir production to the owners of suspended qualifying wells. The percentagerate of drainage contribution was left to a committee or umpire. Some acreagewas not placed under the agreement. This same acreage later did not come intothe Kettleman Unit Agreement. Several wells on this acreage did not contributeto the drainage fund.
The total amount of oil produced during the 17 months of the shut-in agreement, by Milham, Continental and Standard from wells in the discovery group, was5,297,262.22 bbl. The total amount paid out in "drainage" contributionswas $2,046,048.18, representing sales value of 1,266,044.06 bbl. of oil.
Effect of Temperature on the Gel Strength of Some Gulf Coast Drilling Muds
Authors: Routh B.I. , Craft B.C. 
Published: June 2014

A study of the effects of temperature on the gel strength of drilling mudsis a natural outgrowth of the present era of deep drilling. The control of thegel solids is now considered important because it affects the wall-buildingqualities; the suspension of weighting material; the removal and release ofsand, cuttings, and gas; and the control of caving formations.
With regard to the effect of temperature on gel strength Herrick states: "Temperature variation within ordinary limits does not have much effect onyield points." Lewis, Squires and Thompsons investigated one clay and foundno marked change with temperature in either yield point or mobility. Reed foundthat potassium bentonite showed a great increase of gelation with increase intemperature and qualitatively there occurred a marked increase in viscosityupon heating.
The apparatus used in these experiments consisted of a Stormer viscosimeter, Marsh funnel viscosimeter, rectangular and cylindrical shearometers, Mudwatehydrometer, and other minor laboratory equipment. The various methods ofmeasuring viscosity and gel strength have been extensively described by Evansand Reid.

Effect of Temperature on Gel Strength
At the time these experiments were performed, the Stormer viscosimeter wasconsidered the most practical and accurate instrument for measuring gelstrengths and therefore was employed. The initial gel strength was taken as theweight that produced rotation of the Stormer spindle immediately after the mudwas replaced in the test cup, or at zero time after agitation. The 10-minutegel strength was the weight that produced rotation after the mud had set for 10minutes.
T.P. 961