bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Morphophysiological dormancy in seeds ofConvallaria keiskeiand a proposal to recognize two types of double dormancy in seed dormancy classification
Authors: Kondo Tetsuya , Narita Mizuki , Phartyal Shyam S. , Hidayati Siti N. , Walck Jeffrey L. , Baskin Jerry M. , Baskin Carol C. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractConvallariamajalishas double dormancy and hypogeal germination, but no information is available on embryo growth or on the effects of light and gibberellic acid (GA3) on germination in this genus. Therefore, we investigated embryo growth and other germination features in seeds ofC. keiskeiand compared the data with those ofTrillium camschatcensein another study. Until now, in seeds with double dormancy, embryo growth and germination (epigeal) have been studied in detail only for seeds ofT. camschatcense. Phenology of embryo growth and emergence of cotyledonary petiole/root (hereafter root) and shoot in seeds ofC. keiskeiwere monitored outdoors. Effects of temperature, light and GA3on embryo growth and root and shoot emergence were tested under laboratory conditions. Roots emerged the first spring following seed dispersal in autumn. The embryo grew soon after root emergence, and germination was hypogeal. Seeds with an emerged root formed buds from which a shoot (leaf) emerged above ground during the second spring. Alternating temperatures and light had negative effects on root emergence, and GA3did not substitute for cold stratification in root emergence. Seeds ofC. keiskeihave double dormancy, but it differs from that inT. camschatcense. Based on differences in embryo growth before (T. camschatcense) versus after (C. keiskei) root emergence, and on epigeal (T. camschatcense) versus hypogeal (C. keiskei) germination, we suggest that two types of deep simple double morphophysiological dormancy (MPD) be recognized. Since embryo growth inC. keiskeidoes not fit the standard definition of MPD, we propose to expand this definition.
Polar freshwater cyanophage S-EIV1 represents a new widespread evolutionary lineage of phages
Authors: Chénard C , Chan A M , Vincent W F , Suttle C A 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
Cyanobacteria are often the dominant phototrophs in polar freshwater communities; yet, the phages that infect them remain unknown. Here, we present a genomic and morphological characterization of cyanophage S-EIV1 that was isolated from freshwaters on Ellesmere Island (Nunavut, High Arctic Canada), and which infects the polar Synechococcus sp., strain PCCC-A2c. S-EIV1 represents a newly discovered evolutionary lineage of bacteriophages whose representatives are widespread in aquatic systems. Among the 130 predicted open reading frames (ORFs) there is no recognizable similarity to genes that encode structural proteins other than the large terminase subunit and a distant viral morphogenesis protein, indicating that the genes encoding the structural proteins of S-EIV1 are distinct from other viruses. As well, only 19 predicted coding sequences on the 79 178 bp circularly permuted genome have homology with genes encoding proteins of known function. Although S-EIV1 is divergent from other sequenced phage isolates, it shares synteny with phage genes captured on a fosmid from the deep-chlorophyll maximum in the Mediterranean Sea, as well as with an incision element in the genome of Anabaena variabilis (ATCC 29413). Sequence recruitment of metagenomic data indicates that S-EIV1-like viruses are cosmopolitan and abundant in a wide range of aquatic systems, suggesting they have an important ecological role.
Non-canonical active site architecture of the radical SAM thiamin pyrimidine synthase
Authors: Fenwick Michael K. , Mehta Angad P. , Zhang Yang , Abdelwahed Sameh H. , Begley Tadhg P. , Ealick Steven E. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractRadical S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) enzymes use a [4Fe-4S] cluster to generate a 5′-deoxyadenosyl radical. Canonical radical SAM enzymes are characterized by a β-barrel-like fold and SAM anchors to the differentiated iron of the cluster, which is located near the amino terminus and within the β-barrel, through its amino and carboxylate groups. Here we show that ThiC, the thiamin pyrimidine synthase in plants and bacteria, contains a tethered cluster-binding domain at its carboxy terminus that moves in and out of the active site during catalysis. In contrast to canonical radical SAM enzymes, we predict that SAM anchors to an additional active site metal through its amino and carboxylate groups. Superimposition of the catalytic domains of ThiC and glutamate mutase shows that these two enzymes share similar active site architectures, thus providing strong evidence for an evolutionary link between the radical SAM and adenosylcobalamin-dependent enzyme superfamilies.
Capturing the cloud of diversity reveals complexity and heterogeneity of MRSA carriage, infection and transmission
Authors: Paterson Gavin K. , Harrison Ewan M. , Murray Gemma G. R. , Welch John J. , Warland James H. , Holden Matthew T. G. , Morgan Fiona J. E. , Ba Xiaoliang , Koop Gerrit , Harris Simon R. , Maskell Duncan J. , Peacock Sharon J. , Herrtage Michael E. , Parkhill Julian , Holmes Mark A. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractGenome sequencing is revolutionizing clinical microbiology and our understanding of infectious diseases. Previous studies have largely relied on the sequencing of a single isolate from each individual. However, it is not clear what degree of bacterial diversity exists within, and is transmitted between individuals. Understanding this ‘cloud of diversity’ is key to accurate identification of transmission pathways. Here, we report the deep sequencing of methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureusamong staff and animal patients involved in a transmission network at a veterinary hospital. We demonstrate considerable within-host diversity and that within-host diversity may rise and fall over time. Isolates from invasive disease contained multiple mutations in the same genes, including inactivation of a global regulator of virulence and changes in phage copy number. This study highlights the need for sequencing of multiple isolates from individuals to gain an accurate picture of transmission networks and to further understand the basis of pathogenesis.
Myeloid cell-derived inducible nitric oxide synthase suppresses M1 macrophage polarization
Authors: Lu Geming , Zhang Ruihua , Geng Shuo , Peng Liang , Jayaraman Padmini , Chen Chun , Xu Feifong , Yang Jianjun , Li Qin , Zheng Hao , Shen Kimberly , Wang Juan , Liu Xiyu , Wang Weidong , Zheng Zihan , Qi Chen-Feng , Si Chuanping , He John Cijiang , Liu Kebin , Lira Sergio A. , Sikora Andrew G. , Li Liwu , Xiong Huabao 
Published: March 2015

AbstractHere we show that iNOS-deficient mice display enhanced classically activated M1 macrophage polarization without major effects on alternatively activated M2 macrophages. eNOS and nNOS mutant mice show comparable M1 macrophage polarization compared with wild-type control mice. Addition of N6-(1-iminoethyl)-L-lysine dihydrochloride, an iNOS inhibitor, significantly enhances M1 macrophage polarization while S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine, a NO donor, suppresses M1 macrophage polarization. NO derived from iNOS mediates nitration of tyrosine residues in IRF5 protein, leading to the suppression of IRF5-targeted M1 macrophage signature gene activation. Computational analyses corroborate a circuit that fine-tunes the expression of IL-12 by iNOS in macrophages, potentially enabling versatile responses based on changing microenvironments. Finally, studies of an experimental model of endotoxin shock show that iNOS deficiency results in more severe inflammation with an enhanced M1 macrophage activation phenotype. These results suggest that NO derived from iNOS in activated macrophages suppresses M1 macrophage polarization.
NADPH oxidases and cancer
Authors: Roy Krishnendu , Wu Yongzhong , Meitzler Jennifer L. , Juhasz Agnes , Liu Han , Jiang Guojian , Lu Jiamo , Antony Smitha , Doroshow James H. 
Published: March 2015

The mechanism by which reactive oxygen species (ROS) are produced by tumour cells remained incompletely understood until the discovery over the last 15 years of the family of NADPH oxidases (NOXs 1–5 and dual oxidases DUOX1/2) which are structural homologues of gp91phox, the major membrane-bound component of the respiratory burst oxidase of leucocytes. Knowledge of the roles of the NOX isoforms in cancer is rapidly expanding. Recent evidence suggests that both NOX1 and DUOX2 species produce ROS in the gastrointestinal tract as a result of chronic inflammatory stress; cytokine induction (by interferon-γ, tumour necrosis factor α, and interleukins IL-4 and IL-13) of NOX1 and DUOX2 may contribute to the development of colorectal and pancreatic carcinomas in patients with inflammatory bowel disease and chronic pancreatitis, respectively. NOX4 expression is increased in pre-malignant fibrotic states which may lead to carcinomas of the lung and liver. NOX5 is highly expressed in malignant melanomas, prostate cancer and Barrett's oesophagus-associated adenocarcinomas, and in the last it is related to chronic gastro-oesophageal reflux and inflammation. Over-expression of functional NOX proteins in many tissues helps to explain tissue injury and DNA damage from ROS that accompany pre-malignant conditions, as well as elucidating the potential mechanisms of NOX-related damage that contribute to both the initiation and the progression of a wide range of solid and haematopoietic malignancies.
“You Can Lead a Horse to Water …”: Focus Group Perspectives on Initiating and Supporting Hearing Health Change in Older Adults
Authors: Holliday Heather V. , Jenstad Lorienne M. , Grosjean Garnet , Purves Barbara 
Published: March 2015

PurposeThe aim of this study was to use focus group discussions to (a) evaluate the use of an educational presentation as an impetus for hearing health change and (b) investigate hearing health from the perspective of older adults.MethodTwenty-seven (4 men, 23 women) community-dwelling older adults attended 4 data collection events. Participants attended a presentation titledHearing Health in Older Adults,which was delivered by a trained presenter in a peer-teaching-peer format. Following each presentation, a focus group discussion took place. Digital audio recordings, field notes, and memos of the discussions were used to create verbatim transcripts. Data were analyzed using qualitative description and thematic analysis techniques.ResultsFive central themes emerged when older adult focus groups discussed the presentation and hearing health change: recognizing and admitting, understanding the options, sharing stories and experiences, barriers and facilitators, and the presentation.ConclusionFacilitators to hearing health change identified by participants include widespread education about hearing health; clarification about roles, professional motivation, and cost in hearing care; and opportunities to learn from and share personal stories with peers.
A Meta-Analysis of Cross Sectional Studies Investigating Language in Maltreated Children
Authors: Lum Jarrad A. G. , Powell Martine , Timms Lydia , Snow Pamela 
Published: March 2015

Purpose
In this review article, meta-analysis was used to summarize research investigating language skills in maltreated children.

Method
A systematic search of published studies was undertaken. Studies were included in the meta-analysis if they investigated language skills in groups comprising maltreated and nonmaltreated children. Studies were selected if these 2 groups of children were of comparable age and from a similar socioeconomic background.

Results

A total of 26 studies were identified that met the inclusion criteria. Results from the meta-analysis showed that maltreated children demonstrated consistently poorer language skills with respect to receptive vocabulary (
k
= 19; standardized mean difference [SMD] = .463; 95% confidence interval [CI; .293, .634];
p
< .001), expressive language (
k
= 4; SMD =.860; 95% CI [.557, 1.163];
p
< .001), and receptive language (
k
= 9; SMD =.528; 95% CI [.220, .837];
p
< .001).

Conclusion
Together, these results indicate a reliable association between child maltreatment and poor language skills.

Supplemental Material

https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.6170318
High‐efficiency millimetre‐wave spatial power combining structure
Authors: Ding Jinyi , Wang Qingyuan , Zhang Yunbo , Wu Liang , Sun Xiaowei 
Published: March 2015

A high‐efficiency millimetre‐wave spatial power combining structure that is a waveguide power combining network is proposed. High phase and amplitude consistency and isolation between the output ports are the key factors for the high‐efficiency power combining structure. The phase and amplitude consistency is guaranteed by the symmetry of this structure. As a sample, an eight‐way power splitting and combining network in the Ka‐band is designed, fabricated and measured. In a fractional bandwidth of 20% around a centre frequency of 33 GHz, the measured results show that the phase and amplitude differences between the output ports are smaller than ±1.5° and ±0.1 dB, isolation between the output ports is higher than 17 dB, insertion loss is lower than 0.1 dB, and the return loss of the input and output ports is better than 18 dB. The proposed broadband eight‐way power combining network can improve the spatial power combining efficiency to a great extent with excellent performance.
Compact multilayer self‐packaged filter with surface‐mounted packaging
Authors: Ma K. , Fan L. , Zhang S. 
Published: March 2015

A new self‐packaged bandpass filter by using multilayer print circuit board technology is proposed and investigated. By using a multilayer structure, a lumped step‐impedance resonator as well as self‐packaging, the designed filter can achieve a much more compact size, low insertion loss and a wide stopband. The implemented filter operated at a centre frequency of 800 MHz with a 3 dB bandwidth of 120 MHz demonstrates stopband rejection better than 25 dB up to 4 GHz. The measured insertion loss including the connector loss in the input and output is 1.48 dB. The size of the filter is only 12 × 8 mm, i.e. 0.059λg × 0.039λg.
Gallium arsenide antireflection layer via direct wet thermal oxidation
Authors: Li J. , Tian Y. , Hall D.C. 
Published: March 2015

Broad bandwidth, low‐reflectance, low‐cost antireflection (AR) layers on GaAs are demonstrated using a quarter‐wave optical thickness dielectric grown by directly oxidising the GaAs through a carefully‐balanced oxygen‐enhanced wet thermal process at 420°C. For centre design wavelengths between 550 and 800 nm, the native oxide AR layers have a simulated and measured reflectance minima as low as 1.0%, with reflectance <10% over bandwidths as large as 342 nm. The experimental reflectance spectra agree well with the modelling based on the complex optical constants obtained by variable angle spectroscopic ellipsometry, and are consistent with the low GaAs native oxide surface roughness (<0.3 nm) and interface roughness (<2.3 nm) measured by atomic force microscopy.
Compact tunable bandpass filter with wide tuning range using ring resonator and short‐ended coupled lines
Authors: Zhu H. , Abbosh A. 
Published: March 2015

A tunable bandpass filter with wide tuning ranges for both the centre frequency and bandwidth is presented. The filter is based on using a ring resonator connected to a short‐ended coupled‐line structure. Two transmission zeros are generated in the upper stopband resulting in a sharp cutoff and harmonic suppression across a wide stopband. A thorough procedure is used to analyse the proposed filter. A prototype is fabricated and tested. The achieved results indicate a wide centre frequency and bandwidth tuning ranges of 0.52–1.42 GHz and 90–320 MHz, respectively.
Planar ultra‐wideband printed wide‐slot antenna using fork‐like tuning stub
Authors: Arya Ashwini K. , Aziz Rao Shahid , Park Seong‐Ook 
Published: March 2015

A printed wide‐slot antenna with a centred rectangular parasitic patch, fed by a fork‐like tuning stub with rectangular parasitic elements adjacent to the main feed line is proposed and discussed. The proposed wide‐slot antenna eliminates the need of rotation of the slot and parasitic patches both in the ground plane for the improvement in impedance bandwidth. The experimental results indicate that the presented antenna has a bandwidth (−10 dB) of more than 148% ranging from 2 to 13.5 GHz. The total size of the proposed antenna configuration is 44.3 × 44.3 × 0.508 mm3.
Assessing the performance of a charge‐while‐driving system in urban arterial roads: insight from a microsimulation model
Authors: Deflorio Francesco , Castello Luca 
Published: March 2015

This study presents a method based on traffic microsimulation to support feasibility studies on charge‐while‐driving (CWD) systems for fully electric vehicles in urban environments. The examined CWD solution is deployed by charging zones (CZs), which are installed before the stopping lines at signalised intersections. The opportunity to charge an electric vehicle en route is provided for almost stationary vehicle conditions, when it may be in queue for junction control requirements. The analysed scenario refers to a 2 km urban arterial with eight signalised intersections, where 10% of the traffic is assumed to be electric vehicles. CWD performance results are reported from the viewpoints of both driver and energy provider. The estimated stop time for electric vehicles at any section can vary and is often below 30 s. However, the entire stop time for a vehicle along the arterial is higher: ∼50% of the vehicles can charge in a range of 10–65 s. For the energy operator's viewpoint, a support analysis for the CZ location was performed by observing the charging opportunities at various sections. Finally, the total electric power provided for the entire system is estimated.
Systematic functional genomics resource and annotation for poplar
Authors: Si Jingna , Zhao Xiyang , Zhao Xinyin , Wu Rongling 
Published: March 2015

Poplar, as a model species for forestry research, has many excellent characteristics. Studies on functional genes have provided the foundation, at the molecular level, for improving genetic traits and cultivating elite lines. Although studies on functional genes have been performed for many years, large amounts of experimental data remain scattered across various reports and have not been unified via comprehensive statistical analysis. This problem can be addressed by employing bioinformatic methodology and technology to gather and organise data to construct a Poplar Functional Gene Database, containing data on 207 poplar functional genes. As an example, the authors investigated genes of Populus euphratica involved in the response to salt stress. Four small cDNA libraries were constructed and treated with 300 mM NaCl or pure water for 6 and 24 h. Using high‐throughput sequencing, they identified conserved and novel miRNAs that were differentially expressed. Target genes were next predicted and detailed functional information derived using the Gene Ontology database and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analysis. This information provides a primary visual schema allowing us to understand the dynamics of the regulatory gene network responding to salt stress in Populus.
Microwave sensor for non‐invasive glucose measurements design and implementation of a novel linear
Authors: Baghbani Rasool , Rad Masoomeh Ashoori , Pourziad Ali 
Published: March 2015

In this paper, a novel non‐invasive sensor for the measurement of the glucose concentrations in blood is presented. By using a microstrip band pass filter, a wireless sensor is achieved. In the introduced design, the thumb is placed on the structure of the filter as a superstrate. The response of the filter is dependent on the permittivity of the superstrate. A compact size, linearity and cost effectiveness are the most important advantages of the proposed sensor. The linear behaviour of the filter in terms of the frequency is investigated and for a linear behaviour, a certain frequency for operation is selected. The introduced sensor can be used by diabetics for continuous self‐monitoring of the glucose level. The structure of the proposed sensor is designed on the low‐cost substrate, FR4, by compact dimensions of 50 mm × 40 mm × 1.6 mm. A prototype of the proposed filter was fabricated and the performance of the filter was investigated, experimentally.
Design of coplanar waveguide band‐pass filter for S‐band application
Authors: Mondal Pratik , Ghosh Amit , Parui Susanta Kumar 
Published: March 2015

Coplanar waveguide (CPW) has a huge demand for designing band‐pass filter (BPF). In this study, the filter designed by open‐ended CPW series stub which acts as a resonant circuit thus giving a band‐pass response. As the number of open stub discontinuity is increased, the frequency response and roll‐off rate of the proposed BPF has improved gradually. Electromagnetic simulated and measured results show a very good agreement with each other. The proposed filter is designed to obtain a frequency range of 1.97–4 GHz (S‐band) having rising edge and falling edge selectivities of 35.9 and 45.7 dB/GHz, respectively.
Cauliflower‐like tin sulphide nanoparticles: an amazing material for adsorption of methylene blue dye
Authors: Mohebbi Sajjad , Mikaeily Sheyda , Judy Azar Amir Reza 
Published: March 2015

The removal of MB dye from an aqueous solution onto cauliflower‐like SnS nanoparticles was investigated. Adsorption parameters including contact time, solution temperature, amount of adsorbent, pH solution and the concentration of substrate were evaluated. The obtained data revealed that SnS nanoparticles are capable of adsorbing organic dyes during several seconds. The cauliflower‐like morphology of the nanoparticles, confirmed by scanning electron microscopy, was an important factor for the rapid adsorption of MB dye on nanoparticles. It was found that each particle has been made of several discs with a thickness of 25 nm. This structural property plays an important role in the adsorption. The nanoparticles were reused 18 times without any significant decrease in their adsorption capability.
Delayed Onset of Subdural Hematoma following Epidural Catheter Breakage
Authors: Ishikawa Yoshimoto , Imagama Shiro , Ito Zenya , Ando Kei , Gotoh Momokazu , Nishiwaki Kimitoshi , Nagao Yoshimasa , Ishiguro Naoki 
Published: March 2015

Study Design Case report. Objectives To describe a case of delayed-onset spinal hematoma following the breakage of a spinal epidural catheter. Methods The authors describe the clinical case review. Results A 64-year-old woman had undergone epidural anesthesia 18 years before she was referred to our hospital because of lower-back pain and lower neurologic deficit with leg pain. The clinical examination showed the presence of a fragment of an epidural catheter in the thoracolumbar canal, as assessed by computed tomography, and a spinal hematoma that compressed the spinal cord at the same spinal level, as assessed by magnetic resonance imaging. Surgical removal of the epidural catheter and decompression surgery were performed. The patient exhibited substantial clinical improvement 1 month after surgery; she achieved a steady gait without the need for a cane and had no leg pain. Conclusion This is the first report of delayed onset of spinal hematoma following the breakage of an epidural catheter. Generally, when the breakage of an epidural catheter occurs without symptoms, follow-up alone is recommended. However, because spinal hematoma might exhibit a late onset, the possibility of this complication should be considered when deciding whether to remove the catheter fragment. We believe that in our patient, there could be a relationship between the catheter fragment and subdural hematoma, and catheter breakage could have been a risk factor for the spinal hematoma.