bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Expression of AID in malignant melanoma with BRAFV600E mutation
Authors: Okura Risa , Yoshioka Haruna , Yoshioka Manabu , Hiromasa Kana , Nishio Daisuke , Nakamura Motonobu 
Published: March 2014

AbstractBRAF‐activating somatic mutations often exist in malignant melanoma. The underlying molecular mechanism of somatic BRAF mutation inductions remained to be clear. Activation‐induced cytidine deaminase (AID), a member of a cytidine deaminase family, and APOBEC3B induce somatic mutations and recently have been indicated to be involved in the pathomechanism of several kinds of cancers. The aim of this study was to explore the expression level of AID and APOBEC3B in BRAF‐mutation‐ containing malignant melanoma. Immunohistochemical study demonstrated that 9 of 10 malignant melanomas with high AID expression had BRAFV600E mutation. Eight of them developed multiorgan metastases or multiple lymph node metastases afterwards. Although the size of the patient panel was small, the results indicate that there might be an association between AID expression and BRAF mutation in melanoma.
Climate change may have limited effect on global risk of potato late blight
Authors: Sparks Adam H. , Forbes Gregory A. , Hijmans Robert J. , Garrett Karen A. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractWeather affects the severity of many plant diseases, and climate change is likely to alter the patterns of crop disease severity. Evaluating possible future patterns can help focus crop breeding and disease management research. We examined the global effect of climate change on potato late blight, the disease that caused the Irish potato famine and still is a common potato disease around the world. We used a metamodel and considered three global climate models for the A2 greenhouse gas emission scenario for three 20‐year time‐slices: 2000–2019, 2040–2059 and 2080–2099. In addition to global analyses, five regions were evaluated where potato is an important crop: the Andean Highlands, Indo‐Gangetic Plain and Himalayan Highlands, Southeast Asian Highlands, Ethiopian Highlands, and Lake Kivu Highlands in Sub‐Saharan Africa. We found that the average global risk of potato late blight increases initially, when compared with historic climate data, and then declines as planting dates shift to cooler seasons. Risk in the agro‐ecosystems analyzed, varied from a large increase in risk in the Lake Kivu Highlands in Rwanda to decreases in the Southeast Asian Highlands of Indonesia.
‘I'm happy that I can still walk’ – Participation of the elderly in home care as a specific group with specific needs and wishes
Authors: Bagchus Charlotte , Dedding Christine , Bunders Joske F. G. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractBackgroundTaking the needs, wishes and experiential knowledge of clients into account is considered to result in a better fit between the supply and demand of modern health care, contributing to the improvement of individual care, organizations, institutions and policy. However, the current generation of the elderly have had little experience of consumer‐oriented public services. They are said to be less likely to discuss their needs and wishes with individual caregivers and health‐care organisations. As a result, they might not receive care matching their needs and wishes.AimTo examine how the elderly themselves refer to their age and their needs and wishes for individual and collective participation in home‐based care to get a better understanding of their participation in their own health care.MethodsContent analysis of 20 semi‐structured in‐depth interviews with elderly recipients of care in the Netherlands.ResultsThe need and ability of the elderly to discuss their experiences are strongly affected by physical and mental limitations, social cultural characteristics and their experiences of life. As a result, the elderly encounter many limitations in discussing their experiences with their individual caregivers and their home‐care organisation. However, this does not mean that the elderly do not have needs and wishes that they want taken into account.ConclusionThe challenge is to create a more responsive environment and to find new, creative ways of facilitating the expression of the needs and wishes of the elderly, according to the specific values and norms of their generation.
Peripheral prion disease pathogenesis is unaltered in the absence of sialoadhesin (Siglec‐1/CD169)
Authors: Bradford Barry M. , Crocker Paul R. , Mabbott Neil A. 
Published: March 2014

SummaryPrions are a unique group of pathogens, which are considered to comprise solely of an abnormally folded isoform of the cellular prion protein. The accumulation and replication of prions within secondary lymphoid organs is important for their efficient spread from the periphery to the brain where they ultimately cause neurodegeneration and death. Mononuclear phagocytes (MNP) play key roles in prion disease pathogenesis. Some MNP appear to facilitate the propagation of prions to and within lymphoid tissues, whereas others may aid their clearance by phagocytosis and by destroying them. Our recent data show that an intact splenic marginal zone is important for the efficient delivery of prions into the B‐cell follicles where they subsequently replicate upon follicular dendritic cells before infecting the nervous system. Sialoadhesin is an MNP‐restricted cell adhesion molecule that binds sialylated glycoproteins. Sialoadhesin is constitutively expressed upon splenic marginal zone metallophilic and lymph node sub‐capsular sinus macrophage populations, where it may function to bind sialylated glycoproteins, pathogens and exosomes in the blood and lymph via recognition of terminal sialic acid residues. As the prion glycoprotein is highly sialylated, we tested the hypothesis that sialoadhesin may influence prion disease pathogenesis. We show that after peripheral exposure, prion pathogenesis was unaltered in sialoadhesin‐deficient mice; revealing that lymphoid sequestration of prions is not mediated via sialoadhesin. Hence, although an intact marginal zone is important for the efficient uptake and delivery of prions into the B‐cell follicles of the spleen, this is not influenced by sialoadhesin expression by the MNP within it.
Accumulation of functionally immature myeloid dendritic cells in lymph nodes of rhesus macaques with acute pathogenic simian immunodeficiency virus infection
Authors: Wijewardana Viskam , Bouwer Anthea L. , Brown Kevin N. , Liu Xiangdong , Barratt‐Boyes Simon M. 
Published: March 2014

SummaryMyeloid dendritic cells (mDC) are key mediators of innate and adaptive immunity to virus infection, but the impact of HIV infection on the mDC response, particularly early in acute infection, is ill‐defined. We studied acute pathogenic simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection of rhesus macaques to address this question. The mDC in blood and bone marrow were depleted within 12 days of intravenous infection with SIVmac251, associated with a marked proliferative response. In lymph nodes, mDC were apoptotic, activated and proliferating, despite normal mDC numbers, reflecting a regenerative response that compensated for mDC loss. Blood mDC had increased expression of MHC class II, CCR7 and CD40, whereas in lymph nodes these markers were significantly decreased, indicating that acute infection induced maturation of mDC in blood but resulted in accumulation of immature mDC in lymph nodes. Following SIV infection, lymph node mDC had an increased capacity to secrete tumour necrosis factor‐α upon engagement with a Toll‐like receptor 7/8 ligand that mimics exposure to viral RNA, and this was inversely correlated with MHC class II and CCR7 expression. Lymph node mDC had an increased ability to capture and cleave soluble antigen, confirming their functionally immature state. These data indicate that acute SIV infection results in increased mDC turnover, leading to accumulation in lymph nodes of immature mDC with an increased responsiveness to virus stimulation.
West to east dispersal in a widespread animal‐dispersed woody angiosperm genus (Aglaia, Meliaceae) across the Indo‐Australian Archipelago
Authors: Grudinski Melanie , Wanntorp Livia , Pannell Caroline M. , Muellner‐Riehl Alexandra Nora 
Published: March 2014

AbstractAimDespite increasing scientific interest in the Indo‐Australian Archipelago (IAA), this geographically complex region, hosting an outstanding level of marine and terrestrial biodiversity, remains only partly understood biogeographically. We present an updated and resolved phylogenetic tree for the woody genus Aglaia, and we investigate the origin and dispersal history of Aglaia.LocationAustralasia, Indo‐Australian Archipelago, Indomalesia, Pacific islands.MethodsSequence data from the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacers (ITS) were used to reconstruct the phylogenetic relationships of 182 taxa. The phylogeny was then used in combination with fossil data and secondary calibration information to estimate divergence times using a relaxed molecular clock approach. Biogeographical scenarios and potential ancestral areas were investigated using statistical dispersal–vicariance analysis (S‐DIVA) and the dispersal–extinction–cladogenesis (DEC) method.ResultsOur study showed that the crown group of Aglaia dates back to the Oligocene/Miocene boundary (c. 23.0 Ma), with major divergence events beginning in the middle Miocene (c. 13.8 Ma). Sundaland was confirmed as the area of origin of modern Aglaia. The results further provided evidence that dispersal routes existed between the Sunda Shelf and Wallacea and further east to the Pacific islands, crossing both Wallace's and Lydekker's lines.Main conclusionsThe directionality of dispersal events to or across Wallacea was predominantly eastwards, following the expansion of wet tropical forest across Wallace's Line and beyond. However, several reversal dispersal events occurred as well. During the Pleistocene (0.1–2.6 Ma) there were long‐distance dispersal events from the western Pacific islands back to Sundaland or the Philippines, which might have been facilitated by birds. In summary, our study confirms that Aglaia had a Sundanian origin and started to disperse eastwards during the Miocene (5.3–23.0 Ma), with limited dispersal across Lydekker's Line. The comparison of the age of clades with the proposed age of their areas of distribution based on independent geological evidence showed good temporal agreement.
A Distinct Subpopulation of Cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) in South Iran
Authors: Farzadfar Shirin , Pourrahim Reza 
Published: March 2014

AbstractCauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) with a high incidence and widespread distribution on Brassica crops in Iran reduces the yield and quality of these crops. The complete sequences of three open reading frames (ORFs) 2, 4 and 6 coding for aphid transmission (AT), coat protein (CP) and inclusion body protein/translation transactivator (TAV) genes, respectively, were determined for two Iranian CaMV isolates from Kerman (south Iran). They induced latent or mild mottle (L/MMo) infection in Brassica oleracea var. capitata so are considered as the (L/MMo) biotype. Clear recombination breakpoints were detected between ORF2 and ORF6 in two Kerman isolates using concatenate fragments. Phylogenetic analysis revealed three Iranian CaMV subpopulations in which the two Kerman isolates in the new subgroup C were added to the two previously reported Iranian subpopulations A (central and west Iran) and B (north‐east Iran). Also three regions of pairwise identity were detected which representing: 97.1–100, 93.8–97.1 and 90.6–93.8% for subgroups A, C and B, respectively. Our analysis showed the high variability of Iranian CaMV population and provided valuable new information for understanding the diversity and evolution of caulimoviruses. Furthermore, star phylogeny was found in the subgroup C with overall lack of nt diversity and high haplotype diversity as evidence of a recent population expansion after a genetic bottleneck although this may have been modified subsequently by clinal genetic drift. The appearance of new genetic types demonstrates a high potential of risks and should be considered in the planning of efficient control programmes.
Mode of Action and Genetic Analysis of Resistance to Fluazinam in Ustilago maydis
Authors: Vitoratos Andrew G. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractUstilago maydis strains, with low to moderate resistance to fluazinam (Rf ranging from 11.8 to 80), were isolated in a mutation frequency of 0.75 × 10−7 after chemical mutagenesis with N‐methyl‐N‐nitro‐N‐nitrosoguanidine (MNNG). Genetic analysis resulted in the identification of two chromosomal genes. A study of the effect of mutant genes in the phytopathogenic fitness of U. maydis revealed that the resistance mutations had no apparent effect on mycelia growth rate and pathogenicity on young corn plants. Cross‐resistant studies showed that the mutations for resistance to fluazinam were also responsible for resistance to oligomycin, but not to dinitrophenol. A dose‐dependent inhibition of glucose oxidation in whole cells was observed by both fluazinam and oligomycin, and a complete inhibition was found at 40 μg/ml. The results obtained provide strong evidence that the mode of action of fluazinam consists of the inhibition the fungal cell's energy production process through direct inhibition of the ATP synthetase.
The pharmacokinetics of a single oral or rectal dose of concurrently administered isoniazid, rifampin, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol in Asian elephants (Elephas maximus)
Authors: P. Brock A. , Isaza R. , Egelund E. F. , Hunter R. P. , Peloquin C. A. 
Published: March 2014

Tuberculosis, caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, is a disease of concern in captive Asian elephants (Elephas maximus). Treatment for tuberculosis in elephants utilizes multidrug protocols combining isoniazid, rifampin, pyrazinamide, and/or ethambutol. In this study, a single, coformulated dose of isoniazid 5 mg/kg, rifampin 10 mg/kg, pyrazinamide 30 mg/kg, and ethambutol 30 mg/kg was administered orally to six Asian elephants, and rectally to five elephants using a cross‐over design. Blood samples were collected serially over 24 h. Pyrazinamide and ethambutol concentrations were determined using validated gas chromatography assays. Isoniazid and rifampin concentrations were determined using validated high‐performance liquid chromatography assays. Rectal isoniazid produced an earlier Tmax compared with oral administration. Oral isoniazid resulted in a comparatively lower Cmax, but higher AUC values compared with rectal isoniazid. Oral rifampin and oral ethambutol were well absorbed while rectal rifampin was not. Oral pyrazinamide produced comparatively higher Cmax and AUC values compared with rectal pyrazinamide. Results of this study indicate that currently recommended therapeutic monitoring sample collection times for rectal isoniazid and oral rifampin do not provide an accurate assessment of exposure for these drugs. This study demonstrates notable individual variability, indicating that dosing of these medications requires individual monitoring and provides additional information to guide the clinician when treating elephants.
Geochemical zoning and magnetic mineralogy at Fe,Ni‐alloy–troilite interfaces of three iron meteorites from Morasko, Coahuila II, and Mundrabilla
Authors: Luecke W. , Kontny A. , Kramar U. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractWe combined high‐resolution and space‐resolved elemental distribution with investigations of magnetic minerals across Fe,Ni‐alloy and troilite interfaces for two nonmagmatic (Morasko and Mundrabilla) IAB group iron meteorites and an octahedrite found in 1993 in Coahuila/Mexico (Coahuila II) preliminarily classified on Ir and Au content as IIAB group. The aim of this study was to elucidate the crystallization and thermal history using gradients of the siderophile elements Ni, Co, Ge, and Ga and the chalcophile elements Cr, Cu, and Se with a focus on magnetic minerals. The Morasko and Coahuila II meteorite show a several mm‐thick carbon‐ and phosphorous‐rich transition zone between Fe,Ni‐alloy and troilite, which is characterized by magnetic cohenite and nonmagnetic or magnetic schreibersite. At Morasko, these phases have a characteristic trace element composition with Mo enriched in cohenite. In both Morasko and Coahuila II, Ni is enriched in schreibersite. The minerals have crystallized from immiscible melts, either by fractional crystallization and C‐ and P‐enrichment in the melt, or by partial melting at temperatures slightly above the eutectic point. During crystallization of Mundrabilla, the field of immiscibility was not reached. Independent of meteorite group and cooling history, the magnetic mineralogy (daubreelite, cohenite and/or schreibersite, magnetite) is very similar to the troilite (and transition zone) for all three investigated iron meteorites. If these minerals can be separated from the metal, they might provide important information about the early solar system magnetic field. Magnetite is interpreted as a partial melting or a terrestrial weathering product of the Fe,Ni‐alloy under oxidizing conditions.
Influence of inherited topography on gravitational slope failure: three‐dimensional numerical modelling of the La Clapière slope, Alpes‐Maritimes, France
Authors: Bois Thomas , Tric Emmanuel , Lebourg Thomas 
Published: March 2014

AbstractGravitational slope failure involves rock slopes at various scales. Nowadays, it is accepted that different factors influence slope destabilization, including topography. In many cases, slope failure occurs between tributary valleys cutting the slope. In this study, we ask what influence tributary valleys have on slope failure. To tackle this question, we developed a 3‐D numerical model of the La Clapière Slope and then examined a series of simplified 3‐D models with different geometries of tributary valleys (spacing and depth). Our results show that: (1) whatever considered in situ stresses are, including the third dimension reduces the destabilization threshold compared with 2‐D models; and (2) the spacing and the depth of tributary valleys influence slope failure. For shallow incisions, increasing the lateral spacing between tributary valleys does not affect failure localization but does increase slope damage (to a stable value from 2000 m). However, deeper incision does not affect slope damage but does contribute to failure localization. When the spacing is less than 1500 m, the part of the slope between tributary valleys is not involved in the failure process, but for spacings above 1500 m slope failure occurs between tributary valleys.
Apple MdABCF assists in the transportation of S‐RNase into pollen tubes
Authors: Meng Dong , Gu Zhaoyu , Li Wei , Wang Aide , Yuan Hui , Yang Qing , Li Tianzhong 
Published: March 2014

SummarySelf‐incompatibility (SI) is a reproductive isolation mechanism in flowering plants. Plants in the Solanaceae, Rosaceae and Plantaginaceae belong to the gametophytic self‐incompatibility type. S‐RNase, which is encoded by a female‐specific gene located at the S locus, degrades RNA in the pollen tube and causes SI. Recent studies have provided evidence that S‐RNase is transported non‐selectively into the pollen tube, but have not specified how this transportation is accomplished. We show here that the apple (Malus domestica) MdABCF protein, which belongs to group F of the ABC transporter family, assists in transportation of S‐RNase into the pollen tube. MdABCF is located in the pollen tube membrane and interacts with S‐RNase. S‐RNase was unable to enter the pollen tube when MdABCF was silenced by antisense oligonucleotide transfection. Our results show that MdABCF assists in transportation of either self or non‐self S‐RNase into the pollen tube. Moreover, MdABCF coordinates with the cytoskeleton to transport S‐RNase. Blockage of S‐RNase transport disrupts self‐incompatibility in this system.
Higher Chow cycles on Abelian surfaces and a non-Archimedean analogue of the Hodge--conjecture
Authors: Sreekantan Ramesh 
Published: March 2014

AbstractWe construct new indecomposable elements in the higher Chow group $CH^2(A,1)$ of a principally polarized Abelian surface over a $p$-adic local field, which generalize an element constructed by Collino [Griffiths’ infinitesimal invariant and higher K-theory on hyperelliptic Jacobians, J. Algebraic Geom. 6 (1997), 393–415]. These elements are constructed using a generalization, due to Birkenhake and Wilhelm [Humbert surfaces and the Kummer plane, Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 355 (2003), 1819–1841 (electronic)], of a classical construction of Humbert. They can be used to prove a non-Archimedean analogue of the Hodge-${\mathcal{D}}$-conjecture – namely, the surjectivity of the boundary map in the localization sequence – in the case where the Abelian surface has good and ordinary reduction.
Effects of a sucrose‐enriched diet on the pattern of gene expression, contraction and Ca2+ transport in Goto–Kakizaki type 2 diabetic rat heart
Authors: Gaber E. M. , Jayaprakash P. , Qureshi M. A. , Parekh K. , Oz M. , Adrian T. E. , Howarth F. C. 
Published: March 2014

New Findings
What is the central question of this study?
Poor diet is a risk factor for development of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications. In this study, the effects of sucrose‐enriched diet on the pattern of gene expression, contraction and Ca2+ transport in type 2 diabetic heart are explored.
What is the main finding and its importance?
The altered pattern of gene expression in type 2 diabetic hearts was further altered in diabetic and control rats that received a sucrose‐enriched diet, and these alterations were associated with changes in ventricular myocyte shortening and Ca2+ transport.
There has been a spectacular rise in the global prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and cardiovascular disease is the major cause of morbidity and mortality in diabetic patients. A variety of diastolic and systolic dysfunctions have been demonstrated in type 2 diabetic heart. The consumption of sugar‐sweetened beverages has been linked to rising rates of obesity, which in turn is a risk factor for development of T2DM. In this study, the effects of a sucrose‐enriched diet on the pattern of gene expression, contraction and Ca2+ transport in the Goto–Kakizaki T2DM rat heart were investigated. Genes encoding cardiac muscle proteins (Myh7, Mybpc3, Myl1, Myl3 and Mylpf), intercellular proteins (Gja4), cell membrane transport (Atp1b1), calcium channels (Cacna1c, Cacna1g and Cacnb1) and potassium channels (Kcnj11) were upregulated and genes encoding potassium channels (Kcnb1) were downregulated in GK compared with control rats. Genes encoding cardiac muscle proteins (Myh6, Mybpc3 and Tnn2), intercellular proteins (Gja1 and Gja4), intracellular Ca2+ transport (Atp2a1 and Ryr2), cell membrane transport (Atp1a2 and Atp1b1) and potassium channel proteins (Kcnj2 and Kcnj8) were upregulated and genes encoding cardiac muscle proteins (Myh7) were downregulated in control rats fed sucrose compared with control rats. Genes encoding cardiac muscle proteins (Myh7) and potassium channel proteins (Kcnj11) were downregulated in control and GK rats fed sucrose compared with control and GK rats, respectively. The amplitude of shortening was reduced in myocytes from the control–sucrose group compared with control rats and in the GK–sucrose group compared with GK rats. The amplitude of the Ca2+ transient was increased in myocytes from control–sucrose compared with control rats and decreased in GK–sucrose compared with GK rats. Subtle alterations in the pattern of expression of genes encoding a variety of cardiac muscle proteins are associated with changes in shortening and intracellular Ca2+ transport in ventricular myocytes from GK T2DM and control rats fed a sucrose‐enriched diet.