bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Exploring the fossil history of pleurocarpous mosses: Tricostaceae fam. nov. from the Cretaceous of Vancouver Island, Canada
Authors: Shelton Glenn W.K. , Stockey Ruth A. , Rothwell Gar W. , Tomescu Alexandru M.F. 
Published: November 2015

PREMISE OF THE STUDY:Mosses, very diverse in modern ecosystems, are currently underrepresented in the fossil record. For the pre‐Cenozoic, fossil mosses are known almost exclusively from compression fossils, while anatomical preservation, which is much more taxonomically informative, is rare. The Lower Cretaceous of Vancouver Island (British Columbia, Canada) hosts a diverse anatomically preserved flora at Apple Bay. While the vascular plant component of the Apple Bay flora has received much attention, the numerous bryophytes identified at the locality have yet to be characterized.METHODS:Fossil moss gametophytes in more than 20 carbonate concretions collected from the Apple Bay locality on Vancouver Island were studied in serial sections prepared using the cellulose acetate peel technique.KEY RESULTS:We describe Tricosta plicata gen. et sp. nov., a pleurocarpous moss with much‐branched gametophytes, tricostate plicate leaves, rhizoid‐bearing bases, and delicate gametangia (antheridia and archegonia) borne on specialized branches. A new family of hypnanaean mosses, Tricostaceae fam. nov., is recognized based on the novel combination of characters of T. plicata.CONCLUSIONS:Tricosta plicata reveals pleurocarpous moss diversity unaccounted for in extant floras. This new moss adds the first bryophyte component to an already diverse assemblage of vascular plants described from the Early Cretaceous at Apple Bay and, as the oldest representative of the Hypnanae, provides a hard minimum age for the group (136 Ma).
Pregnancy Outcomes in Subjects Exposed to Certolizumab Pegol
Authors: Clowse Megan E.B. , Wolf Douglas C. , Förger Frauke , Cush John J. , Golembesky Amanda , Shaughnessy Laura , De Cuyper Dirk , Mahadevan Uma 
Published: November 2015

Objective.To provide information on pregnancy outcomes in women receiving certolizumab pegol (CZP).Methods.The UCB Pharma safety database was searched for pregnancies through to September 1, 2014. Reports for maternal and paternal CZP exposure were included and outcomes examined, and data on CZP exposure, pregnancy, comorbidities, and infant events were extracted by 2 independent reviewers. Concomitant medications and disease activity were reviewed for clinical trial patients.Results.Of 625 reported pregnancies, 372 (59.5%) had known outcomes. Paternal exposure pregnancies (n = 33) reported 27 live births, 4 miscarriages, 1 induced abortion, and 1 stillbirth. Maternal exposure pregnancies (n = 339) reported 254 live births, 52 miscarriages, 32 induced abortions, and 1 stillbirth. Almost all reported pregnancies had exposure to CZP in the first trimester, when organogenesis takes place, and a third of them continued the drug into the second and/or third trimesters. The most frequent indications for maternal CZP use were Crohn disease (192/339) and rheumatic diseases (118/339). Twelve cases of congenital malformation and a single neonatal death were reported.Conclusion.Analysis of pregnancy outcomes after exposure to CZP supports previous reports, suggesting a lack of harmful effect of maternal CZP exposure on pregnancy outcomes. However, additional data from a larger number of outcomes after exposure and studies including an unexposed comparison group are required to fully evaluate CZP safety and tolerability in pregnancy.
Effects of Aerobic Training in Patients with Ankylosing Spondylitis
Authors: Jennings Fábio , Oliveira Hilda Alcântara , de Souza Marcelo Cardoso , Cruz Vaneska da Graça , Natour Jamil 
Published: November 2015

Objective.To evaluate the effects of aerobic exercise in patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS).Methods.Seventy patients classified with AS by the modified New York criteria were included. The patients were randomly assigned into 2 groups. The intervention group (IG) performed 50 min of walking followed by stretching exercises 3 times a week for 12 weeks. The control group (CG) performed only stretching exercises. The outcome measurements were the Bath indexes [Bath AS Functional Index (BASFI), Bath AS Disease Activity Index (BASDAI), and Bath AS Metrology Index (BASMI)], Health Assessment Questionnaire for the Spondyloarthropathies (HAQ-S), AS Disease Activity Score (ASDAS), the 6-min walk test (6MWT), chest expansion, and the Medical Outcomes Study Short Form-36. Aerobic capacity was assessed by ergospirometry on a treadmill. Routine laboratory techniques were used in determining lipid levels. Assessments were performed immediately before randomization and after 6, 12, and 24 weeks.Results.Thirty-five patients were randomized to the IG and 35 to the CG. There was significant improvement in the BASFI, HAQ-S, BASMI, BASDAI, and ASDAS in both groups (p < 0.05), but did not differ between groups. There was a significant increase in the walking distance in the 6MWT in the IG compared with CG (p < 0.001). The IG showed significant improvement in cardiopulmonary capacity compared with CG. Cholesterol and triglyceride levels did not change in either group.Conclusion.In patients with AS, aerobic training improved walking distance and aerobic capacity. Aerobic training did not provide additional benefits in functional capacity, mobility, disease activity, quality of life, and lipid levels when compared with stretching exercises alone.
La Suisse au service des intérêts américains à Cuba ou le succès de la politique de neutralité et solidarité (1961-1963)
Authors: Fracheboud Virginie 
Published: November 2015

R ésumé . – Cet article analyse le rôle de la Suisse comme puissance protectrice des intérêts américains à Cuba entre 1961 et 1963. À un moment d’escalade sans précédent des tensions entre Cuba et les États-Unis, les diplomates suisses sont soumis aux pressions intenses de ces deux pays. Cette position au cœur de la Guerre froide pourrait exposer la Suisse à des critiques contre sa neutralité. Toutefois, une ouverture prudente de la part des représentants helvétiques à l’égard des autorités cubaines leur permet de gagner la confiance de ces dernières et ainsi de faciliter leur mission, en dépit de l’alignement de Berne sur la politique américaine. Le succès de sa diplomatie des bons offices à La Havane vaut à la Suisse de voir l’utilité politique de sa neutralité reconnue par Washington.
Vasopressors and Development of Pressure Ulcers in Adult Critical Care Patients
Authors: Cox Jill , Roche Sharon 
Published: November 2015

BackgroundVasopressors are lifesaving agents used to raise mean arterial pressure in critically ill patients in shock states. The pharmacodynamics of these agents suggest vasopressors may play a role in development of pressure ulcers; however, this aspect has been understudied.ObjectiveTo examine associations between type, dose, and duration of vasopressors (norepinephrine, epinephrine, vasopressin, phenylephrine, dopamine) and development of pressure ulcers in medical-surgical and cardiothoracic intensive care unit patients and to examine predictors of the development of pressure ulcers in these patients.MethodsA retrospective correlational design was used in a sample of 306 medical-surgical and cardiothoracic intensive care unit patients who received vasopressor agents during 2012.ResultsNorepinephrine and vasopressin were significantly associated with development of pressure ulcers; vasopressin was the only significant predictor in multivariate analysis. In addition, mean arterial pressure less than 60 mm Hg in patients receiving vasopressors, cardiac arrest, and mechanical ventilation longer than 72 hours were predictive of development of pressure ulcers. Patients with a cardiac diagnosis at the time of admission to the intensive care unit were less likely than patients without such a diagnosis to experience pressure ulcers while in the unit.ConclusionThe addition of vasopressin administered concomitantly with a first-line agent (often norepinephrine) may represent the point at which the risk for pressure ulcers escalates and may be an early warning to heighten strategies to prevent pressure ulcers. Conversely, because vasopressors cannot be terminated to avert development of pressure ulcers, these findings may add to the body of knowledge on factors that potentially contribute to the development of unavoidable pressure ulcers.
Increasing Parental Participation During Rounds in a Pediatric Cardiac Intensive Care Unit
Authors: Blankenship Angela , Harrison Sheilah , Brandt Sarah , Joy Brian , Simsic Janet M. 
Published: November 2015

BackgroundInviting parents of sick children to participate during the rounding process may reduce parents’ anxiety and improve communication between the parents and the health care team.ObjectivesTo increase the percentage of available parents invited to participate in morning rounds in a pediatric cardiothoracic intensive care unit (CTICU).MethodsInvitations to parents to participate in morning CTICU rounds were randomly audited from June 2012 to April 2014 (mean, 15 audits per month). From June 2012 to February 2013 (before intervention), 73% of parents available during morning rounds received an invitation to participate. From April 2013 to May 2013, the following interventions (family participation bundle) were implemented: (1) staff education, (2)“Invitation to Rounds” handout added to the parent welcome packet with verbal explanation, (3) bedside tool provided for parents to communicate desire to participate in rounds with the team, (4) reminder to invite parents added to nursing rounding sheet. Following interventions, family feedback was obtained by 1-on-1 (physician-parent) open-ended conversation.ResultsFrom April 2013 to April 2014, 94% of parents available during morning rounds received an invitation to participate. Reasons for not participating: chose not to participate (63%), sleeping—staff reluctant to wake (25%), not English speaking (7%), breastfeeding (5%).ConclusionImplementation of a family participation bundle was successful in increasing invitations to parents to participate during morning rounds in the CTICU. Engagement of staff and addressing specific staff concerns was instrumental in the project’s success.
Semiquantitative Cough Strength Score for Predicting Reintubation After Planned Extubation
Authors: Duan Jun , Zhou Lintong , Xiao Meiling , Liu Jinhua , Yang Xiangmei 
Published: November 2015

BackgroundSemiquantitative cough strength score (SCSS, graded 0–5) and cough peak flow (CPF) have been used to predict extubation outcome in patients in whom extubation is planned; however, the correlation of the 2 assessments is unclear.MethodsIn the intensive care unit of a university-affiliated hospital, 186 patients who were ready for extubation after a successful spontaneous breathing trial were enrolled in the study. Both SCSS and CPF were assessed before extubation. Reintubation was recorded 72 hours after extubation.ResultsReintubation rate was 15.1% within 72 hours after planned extubation. Patients in whom extubation was successful had higher SCSSs than did reintubated patients (mean [SD], 3.2 [1.6] vs 2.2 [1.6], P = .002) and CPF (74.3 [40.0] vs 51.7 [29.4] L/min, P = .005). The SCSS showed a positive correlation with CPF (r = 0.69, P &lt; .001). Mean CPFs were 38.36 L/min, 39.51 L/min, 44.67 L/min, 57.54 L/min, 78.96 L/min, and 113.69 L/min in patients with SCSSs of 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5, respectively. The discriminatory power for reintubation, evidenced by area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, was similar: 0.677 for SCSS and 0.678 for CPF (P = .97). As SCSS increased (from 0 to 1 to 2 to 3 to 4 to 5), the reintubation rate decreased (from 29.4% to 25.0% to 19.4% to 16.1% to 13.2% to 4.1%).ConclusionsSCSS was convenient to measure at the bedside. It was positively correlated with CPF and had the same accuracy for predicting reintubation after planned extubation.
Lived Experience of the Intensive Care Unit for Patients Who Experienced Delirium
Authors: Whitehorne Karen , Gaudine Alice , Meadus Robert , Solberg Shirley 
Published: November 2015

Background
Delirium is a common occurrence for patients in the intensive care unit and can have a profound and lasting impact on them. Few studies describe the experience of intensive care patients who have had delirium.

Objective
To understand the lived experience of intensive care for critically ill patients who experienced delirium.

Methods
The study participants consisted of 7 men and 3 women, 46 to 70 years old, who had delirium according to the Confusion Assessment Method for the Intensive Care Unit. The van Manen method of hermeneutic phenomenology was used, and data collection entailed audio recorded semistructured interviews.

Results
Four themes were detected: “I can’t remember,” “Wanting to make a connection,” “Trying to get it straight,” and “Fear and safety concerns.”

Conclusion
Nurses working in intensive care units need to assess patients for delirium, assess the mental status of patients who have delirium, and help patients and patients’ families learn about and deal with the psychological effects of the intensive care unit experience.
Verifying Placement of Small-Bore Feeding Tubes: Electromagnetic Device Images Versus Abdominal Radiographs
Authors: Bryant Vera , Phang Jean , Abrams Kevin 
Published: November 2015

Background
Clinicians are unsure if radiography is needed to confirm correct positioning of feeding tubes inserted with assistance from an electromagnetic system.

Objectives
To compare radiographic reports of feeding tube placement with images generated by an electromagnetic feeding tube placement device.

Methods
The medical records of 200 consecutive patients who had feeding tubes inserted with assistance from an electromagnetic feeding tube placement device were reviewed retrospectively. Radiographic reports of tube site were compared with images generated by the device.

Results
Radiographic evidence of tube sites was available in 188 cases: 184 tubes were located in portions of the gastrointestinal tract. Ninety of the 188 tubes were situated in the optimal site (distal duodenum or jejunum) radiographically. Images generated by the electromagnetic device were available in 176 cases; of these, 52 tubes appeared to end in the expected left lower quadrant. Tubes shown on radiographs to be in other sites also occasionally appeared to end in the left lower quadrant. Nurses using the device did not recognize 4 of the 188 tubes (2.1%) that were inadvertently placed in the lung. No consistent pattern of quadrant distribution was found for tubes positioned in the stomach or proximal duodenum.

Conclusions
Images generated by the electromagnetic tube placement device provided inconsistent results regarding tube location. A small percentage of seriously malpositioned tubes were not detected by using the electromagnetic device. These findings do not support eliminating radiographs to confirm correct tube placement following use of an electromagnetic tube placement device.
APOBEC3 Proteins in Viral Immunity
Authors: Stavrou Spyridon , Ross Susan R. 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
Apolipoprotein B editing complex 3 family members are cytidine deaminases that play important roles in intrinsic responses to infection by retroviruses and have been implicated in the control of other viruses, such as parvoviruses, herpesviruses, papillomaviruses, hepatitis B virus, and retrotransposons. Although their direct effect on modification of viral DNA has been clearly demonstrated, whether they play additional roles in innate and adaptive immunity to viruses is less clear. We review the data regarding the various steps in the innate and adaptive immune response to virus infection in which apolipoprotein B editing complex 3 proteins have been implicated.
Error Analysis and Its Relevance to Teaching ESL Composition
Authors: Ciesielkiewicz Monika , Ciesielkiewicz Monika 
Published: November 2015

<p>The present paper attempts to establish the most common types of errors that Spanish students of 1st and 2nd year of Bachillerato make in ESL compositions, as well as to identify those that are produced due to the interference from Spanish into English. Once the data was collected, the errors were classified according to the following categories: spelling, vocabulary, grammar-syntax and punctuation. Next, the quantification of errors was also undertaken. The results of this study show that the Spanish students of Bachillerato produced the following mistakes most frequently: (1) spelling, (2) the incorrect use of commas, (3) the use of prepositions, (4) the incorrect use of words according to their lexical meaning, (5) the articles in English, (6) the number of nouns, (7) subject-verb agreement, (8) the use of adverbs, (9) word order and (10) the use of verb tenses. This paper can help teachers to be more aware of the most typical errors made by Spanish-speaking students in order offer activities that could assist them to master concepts in English that they find most difficult and problematic.</p>
A Scale Structure View of Resultatives in Japanese, Chinese and German
Authors: Li Wenchao 
Published: November 2015

<p class="1"><span lang="X-NONE">This paper provides a scale-based semantics for resultatives in Japanese, Chinese and German, in an effort to arrive at: how adjectival complements and verbs in resultative constructions show sensitivity to the scalar structure. The findings reveal that Japanese accepts both open and closed-scale adjectives but disallows atelic verbs in resultatives. It appears that both telic and atelic verbs are welcome by Chinese resultatives. Adjectival complements in German resultatives are of no diverse distribution, i.e. both open and closed-scale APs are allowed to indicate a result in inherent resultatives and derived resultatives. </span><span lang="X-NONE">However, German verbs show sensitivity to the scalar property. The conclusion that one can draw here is that Japanese tends to be a </span><span lang="X-NONE">‘BECOME-focused’ language, with the encoding of resutlatives arriving at morph-syntactic level. </span><span lang="X-NONE">German, on the other hand, is likely to be a ‘BE AT-focused’ language. There is no restriction towards adjectives, but verbs show sensitivity to the scalar structure. Chinese is also a ‘BE AT-focused’ language, with resultatives mainly facilitated via syntax. Moreover, neither verbs nor adjectives are sensitive to the scalar structure. </span></p>
Use it or Lose it: Vocabulary Growth in the EFL Writing Classroom
Authors: Al-Humaidi Salma , Al-Hadlaq Mohammed 
Published: November 2015

<p>Do students avoid using the words they are unsure of spelling correctly in their writing? Does the use and/or avoidance of newly learned words in writing affect later recall of those words? In this paper, the authors propose that learners' vocabulary growth is hampered by teachers' emphasis on correct spelling and that tolerance of spelling errors is needed to create a positive learning environment in the writing classroom where students can freely and productively use all of their linguistic resources with no fear of being punished. This proposal is based on the assumption that learners are likely to hide their inability to spell words correctly when composing a text, causing these words to remain in their passive vocabulary which in turn would lead to the possibility of them being lost. </p>
Discursive Silence: A Tool to Read between the Lines in Persian Stories
Authors: Sadeghi Leila 
Published: November 2015

<p class="1">According to Hemingway, if a writer knows enough about what he is writing about, he may be silent about seven-eighth of the text (1996: 192). This silence as a notable absence leaves a meaningful trace, which is a marker of written silence. Such silence has an interactive role, employed as a discursive technique in literature to produce a fictional world. Based on this theory, the reader seeks to fill the empty places in the fictional text to understand the story completely. An appropriate device for filling the blanks would be possible through understanding the different six types of silence and its functions. To be exact, the narrative silence is represented in structural, semantic and pragmatic types discussed respectively in three syntagmatic, paradigmatic, and interactive axes. This paper examines these variations of narrative silence in five Persian short stories to analyze the structure of narrative and the creation of the elements of a story by means of silence. The purpose of studying silence is to establish how the narrative structure is based on untold or omitted parts in subtly differing ways, so each kind of silence has its special function in these five stories. Generally, the theory of silence not only proposes a universal pattern for studying fiction, but also suggests a comprehensive analytic tool to study the structuring of narrative that will then allow scholars to differentiate the different silences that constitute styles of fiction writing.</p><div> </div>
Face Threatening Acts in Wayang Golek
Authors: Sukmawan Ramdan , Hestiana Siska 
Published: November 2015

<p>This study aims at describing negative and positive face threatening acts of puppetry’s figures in Wayang Golek show. The data use are puppetry figure’s spoken conversation dialogue in Wayang Golek show. The findings to study are the expressions of negative face threatening acts of order and request, suggestion, advice, threat, offer, promise, compliment, expression of strong emotion of hatred and anger toward hearer. The positive face threatening acts are the expressions of disapproval, criticism, contempt, insult, challenge, expression of violent emotion, irreverence, mention of taboo topic, bringing of bad news about hearer, blatant non-cooperation in activity of making non-sequiturs, and use of address terms of status-marked identification in initial encounter. </p>
Spelling Errors Made by Arab Learners of English
Authors: Alsaawi Ali 
Published: November 2015

<p class="1"><span lang="X-NONE">Writing is a pivotal system that transfers spoken utterances from being heard to being seen and read. Literacy is appraised not only by reading and writing accurately, but also spelling words correctly. Pedagogically speaking, second language learners (L2) may struggle in their English writing more than first language speakers (L1) due to different reasons. Even among L2 learners, it is believed that Arab learners struggle with English spelling more than any other non-native speakers. </span><span lang="X-NONE">This paper, therefore, is an attempt to review recent research and literature on the</span><span lang="X-NONE"> spelling errors made by Arab learners. In addition, </span><span lang="EN-US">a small experimental study of </span><span lang="EN-US">intermediate high school Saudi students aged 17-18 years old</span><span lang="EN-US"> (n = 26) is implemented in a context that has not been explored yet. All participating students were tested before taking part in the study. </span><span lang="EN-US">The results of this study are consistent with previous research, which found that spelling errors made by Arab learners are associated with the impact of their L1. The most common spelling errors are consonant doubling, silent letters, </span><span lang="X-NONE">final [e] and vowels in general</span><span lang="EN-US">. It is, thus, indispensable for Arab instructors and stakeholders to scrutinize this dilemma explicitly. </span></p>