bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
In vivo performance evaluation and establishment of IVIVC for osmotic pump based extended release formulation of milnacipran HCl
Authors: Parejiya Punit B. , Barot Bhavesh S. , Patel Hetal K. , Chorawala Mehul R. , Shelat Pragna K. , Shukla Arunkumar 
Published: March 2013

ABSTRACTThe objective of the present study was to carry out a pharmacokinetics evaluation of an oral modified release formulation [Aquarius EKX 19102 SRX–2 based osmotic pump (OP)] containing highly soluble milnacipran HCl (MH) as a model drug. It was also aimed at developing an in vitro–in vivo correlation (IVIVC) model for a developed OP. In vivo plasma concentration data were obtained from six healthy male New Zealand albino rabbits after administration of immediate‐release milnacipran HCl solution (IRMHSOL) and milnacipran HCl osmotic pump (MHOP). In vitro samples were analysed using an in house developed spectrophotometry method and in vivo samples were analysed using a RP‐HPLC method developed by the author. A deconvolution based Level A model was attempted through a correlation of the percent in vivo input obtained through deconvolution and the percent in vitro dissolution obtained experimentally. A good correlation between the percentages dissolved vs absorbed (R2 = 0.978) was obtained using level A correlation. Evaluation of the internal predictability of level A correlation was calculated in terms of the percent prediction error, which was found to be below 15%. In a nutshell, the success of the present study warrants further studies in patient volunteers to assess the ability of the MHOP to provide an effective therapy for depression. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Quantitative assessment of craniofacial morphology in Johanson–Blizzard syndrome
Authors: Deutsch Curtis K. , Hreczko Tania , Holmes Lewis B. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractBACKGROUNDHere we apply objective, reliable methods of dysmorphology diagnosis to a patient with Johanson–Blizzard syndrome (MIM #243800). Using an extensive normative database, we computed standardized scores on a graded continuum for operational definitions of nasal alar hypoplasia, a commonly observed feature of this condition.CASEMost of these measurements in this case were greater than 2 standard deviations below the mean, adjusted for age, gender, and ethnicity.CONCLUSIONThis report provides a worked example of quantitative anthropometric assessment in the context of a case report, using tools that may find general application in clinical genetics. Birth Defects Research (Part A), 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Cycling progenitors maintain epithelia while diverse cell types contribute to repair
Authors: Doupé David P. , Jones Philip H. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractIt has recently been shown that stem and progenitor cells undergo population self‐renewal to maintain epithelial homeostasis. The fate of individual cells is stochastic but the production of proliferating and differentiating cells is balanced across the population. This new paradigm, originating in mouse epidermis and since extended to mouse oesophagus and mouse and Drosophila intestine, is in contrast to the long held model of epithelial maintenance by exclusively asymmetric division of stem cells. Recent lineage tracing studies have now shown that wound responses vary between tissues, and that a stem cell reserve is not essential as cycling progenitors and even differentiating cells contribute to regeneration.
Flow injection chemiluminescence determination of naphazoline hydrochloride in pharmaceuticals
Authors: Iranifam Mortaza , Sorouraddin Mohammad H. 
Published: March 2013

ABSTRACTA simple and sensitive flow injection chemiluminescence (FI‐CL) method was developed for the determination of naphazoline hydrochloride (NPZ). The method is based on the enhancing effect of NPZ on the weak CL signal from the reaction of KIO4 with H2O2. Experimental parameters that affected the CL signal, including the pH of the KIO4 solution, concentrations of KIO4, H2O2 and disodium‐EDTA and flow rate were optimized. Under the optimum conditions, the increment of CL intensity was linearly proportional to the concentration of NPZ in the range 5.0 × 10−6 to 70 × 10−6 mol/L. The detection limit was 1.0 × 10−6 mol/L and the relative standard deviation for 50 × 10−6 mol/L NPZ solution was 2.8% (n = 11). In addition, a high throughput of 120 samples/h was achieved. The utility of this method was demonstrated by determining NPZ in pharmaceuticals. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stoichiometric CH Bond Cleavage Reaction in a Bis(carboxylato)ruthenium(II) Complex and Its Application to the Catalytic H–D Exchange Reaction of Carboxylic Acids
Authors: Hirano Masafumi , Fujimoto Ryo , Hatagami Kohei , Komine Nobuyuki , Komiya Sanshiro 
Published: March 2013

AbstractA cationic complex [Ru{OC(O)CMeCH2‐κ2O,O′}(PMe3)4]+CH2CMeCO2− (5 a) and its related carboxylato complexes are newly prepared by the reaction of [cis‐RuH2(PMe3)4] (4) with carboxylic acids in methanol in 76–100 % yield. Complex 5 a reversibly transforms to the neutral form [cis‐Ru{OC(O)CMeCH2‐κ1O}2(PMe3)4] (2 a) in nonpolar solvents. Complex 2 a reversibly liberates a PMe3 group to give [Ru{OC(O)CMeCH2‐κ1O}{OC(O)CMeCH2‐κ2O,O′}(PMe3)3] (12 a) from which a stereoselective CH bond cleavage reaction occurs to give a ruthenalactone [Ru{OC(O)CMeCH‐κ2O,C}(PMe3)4] (1 a) from the release of methacrylic acid. Complexes 2 a and 5 a also give 1 a but the prior dissociation of a PMe3 is indispensable for the CH bond cleavage reaction. Complex 1 a establishes an equilibrium with 2 a (or 5 a) in solution. In this reaction, one coordinated carboxylato ligand is engaged in the CH bond cleavage reaction as a proton acceptor, but neither the added carboxylato anion nor typical proton acceptors such as proton sponge assist the reaction. In [D4]MeOH, a catalytic stereospecific deuteration of carboxylic acids has been achieved by 4, in which the equilibrium between 5 a and 1 a plays a key role.
Mechanistic Insights into the Reduction of Carbon Dioxide with Silanes over N‐Heterocyclic Carbene Catalysts
Authors: Riduan Siti Nurhanna , Ying Jackie Y. , Zhang Yugen 
Published: March 2013

AbstractA metal‐free reduction of carbon dioxide to methanol with N‐heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) as organocatalysts was achieved, which was conducted under ambient conditions with hydrosilane as the reducing reagent and the hydrogen source. Experimental results and density functional theory calculations indicated that the overall process involved a three‐step cascade reaction. All three steps in the cascade reaction were found to be exothermic and were catalyzed by NHCs. The rate‐determining step for the process was the first hydrosilylation step, which produced the formoxysilane intermediate, with an activation energy barrier of 19.6 kcal mol−1. This observation explained the high tendency of the system to form the methoxide end product, with a hydrogen‐transfer yield in excess of 95 %.
Sucrose‐Assisted Loading of LiFePO4 Nanoparticles on Graphene for High‐Performance Lithium‐Ion Battery Cathodes
Authors: Wu Yongmin , Wen Zhenhai , Feng Hongbin , Li Jinghong 
Published: March 2013

AbstractA simple approach for loading LiFePO4 (LFP) nanoparticles on graphene (G) that could assemble amorphous LiFePO4 nanoparticles into a stable, crystalline, graphene‐modified layered materials (G‐S‐LFP, S=sucrose) by using graphene as building block and sucrose as a linker has yet to be developed. On the basis of differential scanning calorimetric and transmission electron microscopy analysis of the samples from controlled experiment, a possible mechanism was proposed to explain the “linker” process of LFP and graphene with sucrose as the linker. The electrochemical properties of the samples as cathode material for lithium‐ion batteries were studied by cyclic voltammogrametry and galvanostatic methods. Results showed that G‐S‐LFP displayed superior lithium‐storage capability with current density changes randomly form 0.5 to 10 C. The significant improvement for rate and cycle performance could be attributed to the high conductivity of the graphene host, the high crystallinity, and the layered structure.
Foldamer‐Derived Preorganized Bi‐ and Tri‐zinc Porphyrin Tweezers for a Pentafluorobenzene‐bearing Pyridine Guest: The Binding Pattern Study
Authors: Li Changzhi , Zhao Xin , Gao Xiang , Wang Quanrui , Li Zhanting 
Published: March 2013

AbstractBy introducing two and three zinc porphyrin units to one side of hydrogen bonding‐induced aromatic amide foldamers, two new molecular tweezers 1 and 2 have been prepared. To explore new possible binding patterns, a leucine‐based pyridine ligand 3 that bears a pentafluorophenyl group has been prepared. UV‐Vis and 1H NMR experiments reveal that 1 and 2 favorably complex one or two molecules of 3. UV‐Vis titration experiments show that the apparent association constants of the complexes of the zinc porphyrin units of the two receptors and 3 are considerably higher than that of the complex between a simple control zinc porphyrin and 3. In the presence of excess of 3, the left zinc porphyrin unit of 1 and 2 can bind one more molecule of 3, which is, however, stabilized only by the single Zn‐N coordination.
Risk association of HbA1c variability with chronic kidney disease and cardiovascular disease in type 2 diabetes: prospective analysis of the Hong Kong Diabetes Registry
Authors: Luk Andrea O. Y. , Ma Ronald C. W. , Lau Eric S. H. , Yang Xilin , Lau Winnie W. Y. , Yu Linda W. L. , Chow Francis C. C. , Chan Juliana C. N. , So Wing‐Yee 
Published: March 2013

AbstractBackgroundIn type 2 diabetes, tight glycaemic control lowers the risk of diabetic complications, but it remains uncertain whether variability of glycaemia influences outcomes. We examined the association of glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) variability with incident chronic kidney disease and cardiovascular disease in a prospective cohort of 8439 Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes recruited from 1994 to 2007.MethodsIntrapersonal mean and SD of serially measured HbA1c were calculated. Chronic kidney disease was defined as estimated glomerular filtration rate <60 ml/min per 1.73 m2. Cardiovascular disease was defined as events of ischemic heart disease, heart failure, ischemic stroke or peripheral vascular disease.ResultsOver a median follow‐up period of 7.2 years, 19.7 and 10.0% of patients developed chronic kidney disease and cardiovascular disease, respectively. Patients who progressed to chronic kidney disease had higher mean HbA1c (7.8 ± 1.3% vs 7.4 ± 1.2%, p < 0.001) and SD (1.0 ± 0.8% vs 0.8 ± 0.6%, p < 0.001) than nonprogressors. Similarly, patients who developed cardiovascular disease had higher mean HbA1c (7.7 ± 1.3% vs 7.4 ± 1.2%, p < 0.001) and SD (1.4 ± 1.1% vs 1.1 ± 0.8%, p < 0.001) than patients who did not develop cardiovascular disease. By using multivariate‐adjusted Cox regression analysis, adjusted SD was associated with incident chronic kidney disease and cardiovascular disease with corresponding hazard ratios of 1.16 (95% CI 1.11–1.22), p < 0.001) and 1.27 (95% CI 1.15–1.40, p < 0.001), independent of mean HbA1c and other confounding variables.ConclusionsLong‐term glycaemic variability expressed by SD of HbA1c predicted development of renal and cardiovascular complications. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Both total testosterone and sex hormone‐binding globulin are independent risk factors for metabolic syndrome: results from Fangchenggang Area Male Health and Examination Survey in China
Authors: Zhang Jiange , Huang Xianghua , Liao Ming , Gao Yong , Tan Aihua , Yang Xiaobo , Zhang Haiying , Mo Linjian , Zhang Youjie , Lu Zheng , Wu Chunlei , Hu Yanling , Mo Zengnan 
Published: March 2013

AbstractBackgroundMetabolic syndrome is often beneficial from testosterone replacement therapy. Although testosterone and sex hormone‐binding globulin (SHBG) are inversely associated with the risk of metabolic syndrome, it is controversial whether the association between testosterone and metabolic syndrome is independent of SHBG.MethodsTestosterone, SHBG and metabolic syndrome were evaluated in 2361 men aged 20–73 years, who participated in the population‐based Fangchenggang Area Male Health and Examination Survey. Total testosterone, SHBG and other biochemical profiles were measured. Free testosterone and bioavailable testosterone were calculated on the basis of Vermeulen's formula. Metabolic syndrome was defined according to the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III criteria for Asian population. The independent associations with metabolic syndrome were determined by multivariate logistic regression analysis.ResultsMen with metabolic syndrome had a lower level of total testosterone, bioavailable testosterone, free testosterone, or SHBG than those without metabolic syndrome (all p < 0.001). Both total testosterone and SHBG were inversely correlated with body mass index or homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (all age‐adjusted p < 0.001). Men within the lowest quartile of total testosterone [odds ratio (OR) = 4.86, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 2.72–8.68], bioavailable testosterone (OR = 3.04, 95% CI = 1.81–5.10), free testosterone (OR = 3.08, 95% CI = 1.81–5.27) or SHBG (OR = 4.28, 95% CI = 2.52–7.27) had a risk of metabolic syndrome after adjusting for age, smoking, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance and body mass index. Total testosterone remained inversely associated with metabolic syndrome after further adjusting for SHBG (OR = 0.95, 95% CI = 0.92–0.99), while SHBG remained inversely associated with metabolic syndrome after further adjusting for total testosterone (OR = 0.99, 95% CI = 0.97–1.00).ConclusionTotal testosterone and SHBG are independent risk factors of metabolic syndrome. Prospective studies are needed to explore whether the association between sex hormones and metabolic syndrome was mediated by insulin resistance or obesity. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Can C‐peptide mediated anti‐inflammatory effects retard the development of microvascular complications of type 1 diabetes?
Authors: Luppi Patrizia , Kallas Åsa , Wahren John 
Published: March 2013

SummaryHyperglycemia is considered to be the major cause of microvascular complications of diabetes. Growing evidence highlights the importance of hyperglycemia‐mediated inflammation in the initiation and progression of microvascular complications in type 1 diabetes. We hypothesize that lack of proinsulin C‐peptide and lack of its anti‐inflammatory properties contribute to the development of microvascular complications. Evidence gathered over the past 20 years shows that C‐peptide is a biologically active peptide in its own right. It has been shown to reduce formation of reactive oxygen species and nuclear factor‐κB activation induced by hyperglycemia, resulting in inhibition of cytokine, chemokine and cell adhesion molecule formation as well as reduced apoptotic activity. In addition, C‐peptide stimulates and induces the expression of both Na+, K+‐ATPase and endothelial nitric oxide synthase. Animal studies and small‐scale clinical trials in type 1 diabetes patients suggest that C‐peptide replacement combined with regular insulin therapy exerts beneficial effects on kidney and nerve dysfunction. Further clinical trials in patients with microvascular complications including measurements of inflammatory markers are warranted to explore the clinical significance of the aforementioned, previously unrecognized, C‐peptide effects. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Disturbances, organisms and ecosystems: a global change perspective
Authors: Ponge Jean‐François 
Published: March 2013

AbstractThe present text exposes a theory of the role of disturbances in the assemblage and evolution of species within ecosystems, based principally, but not exclusively, on terrestrial ecosystems. Two groups of organisms, doted of contrasted strategies when faced with environmental disturbances, are presented, based on the classical r‐K dichotomy, but enriched with more modern concepts from community and evolutionary ecology. Both groups participate in the assembly of known animal, plant, and microbial communities, but with different requirements about environmental fluctuations. The so‐called “civilized” organisms are doted with efficient anticipatory mechanisms, allowing them to optimize from an energetic point of view their performances in a predictable environment (stable or fluctuating cyclically at the scale of life expectancy), and they developed advanced specializations in the course of evolutionary time. On the opposite side, the so‐called “barbarians” are weakly efficient in a stable environment because they waste energy for foraging, growth, and reproduction, but they are well adapted to unpredictably changing conditions, in particular during major ecological crises. Both groups of organisms succeed or alternate each other in the course of spontaneous or geared successional processes, as well as in the course of evolution. The balance of “barbarians” against “civilized” strategies within communities is predicted to shift in favor of the first type under present‐day anthropic pressure, exemplified among others by climate warming, land use change, pollution, and biological invasions.
Modulating Lectin Inhibition with N‐Glycosyl‐1,2,3‐triazole Scaffolds
Authors: Azcune Itxaso , Balentová Eva , Sagartzazu‐Aizpurua Maialen , Ignacio Santos J. , Miranda Jose I. , Fratila Raluca M. , Aizpurua Jesus M. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractThe synthesis of three families of sialyl LewisX (sLeX) mimetics based on triazole and bis‐triazole scaffolds is reported. The flexibility of these mimetics is dictated by the scaffold and gradually increases from flexible to rigid. All three families were accessible by straightforward synthetic routes and by taking advantage of the unique features and high yields of CuI‐catalyzed alkyne–azide cycloaddition (CuAAC) reaction. Glycopeptidomimetics 12–15 were submitted to an extensive evaluation of their binding affinities towards fucose‐specific Ulex Europaeus lectin I by using conformational analysis (molecular dynamics), docking calculations, and saturation‐transfer difference (STD) NMR experiments. The results reveal that the recognition of the ligands is mostly dictated by the fucose moiety and that semi‐rigid ligands are better sLex mimic candidates because their degree of flexibility enables the modulation of their conformation to the best‐fitting position.
Citizen‐Driven Performance Measurement: Opportunities for Evaluator Collaboration in Support of the New Governance
Authors: de Lancer Julnes Patria 
Published: March 2013

AbstractPerformance measurement has often been defined in contrast with program evaluation. However, many now recognize that the methods and experiences of performance measurement and program evaluation can support and strengthen each other, thereby making relevant and timely contributions to evidence‐based decision making. The argument in this chapter is that recent developments, emphasizing citizen engagement and incorporating community indicators, broaden the opportunities for collaboration between program evaluators and performance measurement professionals. Such collaboration, with an appreciation of the complementary strengths of the two approaches, can not only improve the practice of evaluation, but also enhance governance. © Wiley Periodicals, Inc., and the American Evaluation Association.
Performance Management and Evaluation in Norwegian Local Government: Complementary or Competing Tools of Management?
Authors: Johnsen Åge 
Published: March 2013

AbstractThis chapter identifies some important factors that can explain the use of performance management, and discusses how performance management and evaluation can complement each other. The chapter draws on the life‐cycle approach to performance management, as well as previous empirical studies of performance management in Norwegian local government. Both performance management and evaluation are subject to organizational and partisan politics, possibly to different degrees. Better utilization of complementarities could improve both performance management and evaluation. Performance management and evaluation compete for institutional power and scarce resources, which affects how well these tools are integrated or developed as competing systems. © Wiley Periodicals, Inc., and the American Evaluation Association.
Challenges to and Forms of Complementarity Between Performance Management and Evaluation
Authors: Nielsen Steffen Bohni , Hunter David E. K. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractThis chapter situates findings and insights from the case studies in this issue of New Directions for Evaluation in relation to ongoing debates among evaluators pertaining to performance management. It highlights ways in which the complementarity between evaluation and performance management has been described in the case studies and identifies five types of complementarity between performance measurement and evaluation: sequential, informational, organizational, methodical, and hierarchical. It concludes with a survey of the literature on the challenges in implementing performance management and argues that evaluators need to take a more active role in performance‐management efforts. © Wiley Periodicals, Inc., and the American Evaluation Association.
A taxonomic revision of Taraxacum sect. Erythrosperma (Compositae‐Lactuceae) in Corsica
Authors: Štěpánek Jan , Kirschner Jan 
Published: March 2013

AbstractTaraxacum sect. Erythrosperma (H. Lindb.) Dahlst. in Corsica was revised on the basis of a detailed study of old collections used by J. L. van Soest in his first studies of the genus in Corsica, and new collections and cultivations. All the names based on the specimens from Corsica are interpreted, 16 species of the section are recognized. Particular attention was paid to a group of the sect. Erythrosperma with a number of endemics or subendemics, around T. purpureomarginatum. Four new species are described. A number of names are newly interpreted and typified. All the specimens studied are cited, with the exception of taxa common in Europe. All the species of the sect. Erythrosperma known from Corsica are agamospermous; ten species proved to be triploid or tetraploid. All the taxa endemic to, or having a substantial part of their distribution range in Corsica are given full description. (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Assessing uncertainty in best management practice effectiveness under future climate scenarios
Authors: Woznicki Sean A. , Pouyan Nejadhashemi A. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractUncertainty of best management practice (BMP) performance in future climates is an important consideration for water resources managers. The objective of this study was to quantify the level of uncertainty in performance of seven agricultural BMPs due to climate change in reducing sediment, total nitrogen, and total phosphorus loads. The Soil and Water Assessment Tool coupled with mid‐21st century climate data from the Community Climate System Model were used to develop climate change scenarios for the Tuttle Creek Lake Watershed of Kansas and Nebraska. Uncertainty level of each BMP was determined using Latin Hypercube Sampling, a constrained Monte Carlo sampling technique. Samples were taken from distributions of several variables (monthly precipitation, temperature, CO2, and BMP implementation parameters). Cumulative distribution functions were constructed for each BMP, pollutant, and climate scenario combination. Results demonstrated that BMP performance uncertainty is amplified in the extreme climate scenario. Among BMPs, native grass replacement generally had higher uncertainty level but also had the greatest reductions. This study highlights the importance of incorporating uncertainty analysis into mitigation strategies aiming to reduce negative impacts of climate change on water resources. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.