bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Future Arctic climate changes: Adaptation and mitigation time scales
Authors: Overland James E. , Wang Muyin , Walsh John E. , Stroeve Julienne C. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractThe climate in the Arctic is changing faster than in midlatitudes. This is shown by increased temperatures, loss of summer sea ice, earlier snow melt, impacts on ecosystems, and increased economic access. Arctic sea ice volume has decreased by 75% since the 1980s. Long‐lasting global anthropogenic forcing from carbon dioxide has increased over the previous decades and is anticipated to increase over the next decades. Temperature increases in response to greenhouse gases are amplified in the Arctic through feedback processes associated with shifts in albedo, ocean and land heat storage, and near‐surface longwave radiation fluxes. Thus, for the next few decades out to 2040, continuing environmental changes in the Arctic are very likely, and the appropriate response is to plan for adaptation to these changes. For example, it is very likely that the Arctic Ocean will become seasonally nearly sea ice free before 2050 and possibly within a decade or two, which in turn will further increase Arctic temperatures, economic access, and ecological shifts. Mitigation becomes an important option to reduce potential Arctic impacts in the second half of the 21st century. Using the most recent set of climate model projections (CMIP5), multimodel mean temperature projections show an Arctic‐wide end of century increase of +13°C in late fall and +5°C in late spring for a business‐as‐usual emission scenario (RCP8.5) in contrast to +7°C in late fall and +3°C in late spring if civilization follows a mitigation scenario (RCP4.5). Such temperature increases demonstrate the heightened sensitivity of the Arctic to greenhouse gas forcing.
Recent Advances in Polymer Solar Cells: Realization of High Device Performance by Incorporating Water/Alcohol‐Soluble Conjugated Polymers as Electrode Buffer Layer
Authors: He Zhicai , Wu Hongbin , Cao Yong 
Published: December 2013

This Progress Report highlights recent advances in polymer solar cells with special attention focused on the recent rapid‐growing progress in methods that use a thin layer of alcohol/water‐soluble conjugated polymers as key component to obtain optimized device performance, but also discusses novel materials and device architectures made by major prestigious institutions in this field.We anticipate that due to drastic improvements in efficiency and easy utilization, this method opens up new opportunities for PSCs from various material systems to improve towards 10% efficiency, and many novel device structures will emerge as suitable architectures for developing the ideal roll‐to‐roll type processing of polymer‐based solar cells.
Physician screening and recommendations on secondhand smoke in chronic rhinosinusitis patients
Authors: Nieman Carrie L. , Navas‐Acien Ana , Lin Sandra Y. , Reh Douglas D. 
Published: December 2013

BackgroundChronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a prevalent and costly disease that adversely impacts quality of life. As with other chronic diseases, individual and environmental factors impact the disease process. Smoking and secondhand tobacco (SHS) exposures are important risk factors for CRS. However, little is known about the role that physicians play in educating sinusitis patients about this preventable risk. The objective of this study was to characterize physician participation in SHS exposure screening and education.MethodsThe study was a community‐based, case‐control study of non‐current smokers in Washington County, MD. One hundred cases with CRS were matched with 100 controls for age, sex, and former smoking status. We interviewed participants using a validated questionnaire that included questions on physician inquiry and recommendations pertaining to smoking and SHS exposure.ResultsOver 80% of participants with CRS recalled their physician inquiring about their current smoking status, whereas only 27% recalled being asked by their physician about SHS exposure and only 23% reported that their physician recommended avoiding SHS. In contrast, more asthma participants recalled that their physicians inquired about SHS exposure (39.6%, although the difference was borderline significant p = 0.12) and recommended reducing SHS exposure (45.8%, p = 0.005).ConclusionDespite the increasing support for SHS exposure as a risk factor for CRS, relatively few physicians inquire about SHS and provide recommendations on SHS avoidance. Brief physician inquiry increases success of smoking cessation. Including SHS exposure in the medical history represents an opportunity for otolaryngologists to advise their patients about avoiding SHS and potentially alter disease outcomes.
Synthesis of the Pluramycins 1: Two Designed Anthrones as Enabling Platforms for Flexible Bis‐C‐Glycosylation
Authors: Kitamura Kei , Ando Yoshio , Matsumoto Takashi , Suzuki Keisuke 
Published: December 2013

AbstractTwo effective tricyclic platforms are reported for the installation of the two constituent sugars, L‐vancosamine and D‐angolosamine, in a regio‐ and stereoselective manner for the synthesis of the pluramycin class of bis‐C‐glycoside antitumor antibiotics. Two complementary protocols are now available that differ in the order in which the two sugar moieties are installed. Sc(OTf)3 was effective as the Lewis acid.
Smart cyclone alerts over the Indian subcontinent
Authors: Ghosh S. , Vidyasagaran Vivek , Sandeep Subramanian 
Published: December 2013

AbstractThis article describes a first application of mobile telephony alerts for an extreme weather event ‐ the progression and landfall of cyclone Phailin. The international media picked up on the cyclone Phailin story (11th–12th October 2013) ‐ 800 000 people were evacuated within 48 h. Here we describe a novel scheme using Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) simulations and mobile phone alerts for cyclone warnings. Cellphones have a deep penetration even in rural pockets of India and it is anticipated that the results of this commentary will inspire disaster mitigation efforts over many parts of the developing world.
Purification and characterization of arylacetonitrile‐specific nitrilase of Alcaligenes sp. MTCC 10675
Authors: Bhatia S. K. , Mehta P. K. , Bhatia R. K. , Bhalla T. C. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractArylacetonitrile‐hydrolyzing nitrilase (E.C. 3.5.5.5) of Alcaligenes sp. MTCC 10675 has been purified by up to 46‐fold to homogeneity and 32% yield using ammonium sulfate fractionation, Sephacryl S‐300 gel permeation, and anion exchange chromatography. The molecular weight of the native enzyme was estimated to be 520 ± 60 kDa. The subunit has a molecular weight of 60 ± 14 kDa in sodium dodecyl sulfate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS‐PAGE). The optimum pH and temperature of the purified enzyme were 6.5 and 50 °C, respectively. The purified arylacetonitrilase has a half‐life of 3 H 20 Min at its optimum temperature. The value for Vmax, Km, kcat, and ki of enzyme for mandelonitrile as a substrate was 50 ± 05 µmol/Min/mg, 13 ± 02 mM, 26 ± 03 Sec−, and 32.4 ± 03 mM, respectively. Alcaligenes sp. MTCC 10675 arylacetonitrilase amino acid sequence has variations from other reported arylacetonitrilase, namely, A11G, N21H, D149N, S170T, P171R, S179A, Q180N, and S191A, and it has a high thermal stability and catalytic rate as compared with the already purified arylacetonitrilase.
A spatially explicit techno‐economic assessment of green biorefinery concepts
Authors: Höltinger Stefan , Schmidt Johannes , Schönhart Martin , Schmid Erwin 
Published: December 2013

AbstractBiorefineries are seen as a key component for the transition toward a resource‐efficient, low‐carbon bio‐economy. The green biorefinery (GBR) concept is promoted in several countries to create business and employment opportunities in rural areas. It aims at providing alternative utilization pathways for surplus grassland areas by producing bioenergy, biomaterials, livestock feed, and organic acids. We have developed a spatially explicit, mixed integer programming model that maximizes total producer surpluses of GBR supply chains subject to resource endowments by selecting optimal plant locations and sizes. The model is applied to assess the economic viability of three GBR concepts compared to biogas plants. Impacts of uncertain model input parameters on model outputs are analyzed by Monte‐Carlo simulations and regression analysis. The model results reveal that green biorefineries could utilize significantly more biomass than biogas plants, leading to higher regional feedstock prices. Furthermore, the Monte‐Carlo simulation results demonstrate that the economic viability of green biorefineries mainly depends on the selected process layout and the prices of the main products. Under favorable market conditions GBRs are economically viable even without policy support measures with average profits between Ä15 and Ä115 t–1 feedstock input. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Outcomes of antibiotic prophylaxis in acute cholecystectomy in a population-based gallstone surgery registry
Authors: Jaafar G , Persson G , Svennblad B , Sandblom G 
Published: December 2013

Abstract

Background
The aim of this study was to assess the effect of antibiotic prophylaxis (AP) on postoperative infections in acute cholecystectomy.

Methods
The study was based on acute cholecystectomies registered in the nationwide Swedish Register for Gallstone Surgery and Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography (GallRiks) between 2006 and 2010. The association between AP and the risk of postoperative infectious complications was tested in a multivariable regression analysis, with stepwise addition of age, sex, duration of operation, indication for surgery, surgical approach (laparoscopic versus open) and American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) fitness grade as co-variables. Postoperative infections requiring antibiotic treatment and postoperative abscesses were defined as outcome measures.

Results
AP was given to 9549 (68·6 per cent) of 13 911 patients. Postoperative infections requiring antibiotic treatment occurred following 1070 procedures (7·7 per cent), including 805 patients (8·4 per cent) who received AP (P &lt; 0·001 versus patients without AP). Postoperative abscesses developed after 273 procedures (2·0 per cent), including 208 patients (2·2 per cent) who received AP (P = 0·007). In univariable analysis, the odds ratio for development of infectious complications necessitating treatment with antibiotics was 1·42 (95 per cent confidence interval 1·23 to 1·64) for those who received APversus those who did not, and for postoperative abscesses it was 1·47 (1·11 to 1·95). In multivariable analysis, adjusting for confounders, the odds ratios were 0·93 (0·79 to 1·10) and 0·88 (0·64 to 1·21) respectively.

Conclusion
The present study suggests that AP provides no benefit in acute cholecystectomy.
Effect of delaying same-admission cholecystectomy on outcomes in patients with diabetes
Authors: Gelbard R , Karamanos E , Teixeira P G , Beale E , Talving P , Inaba K , Demetriades D 
Published: December 2013

Abstract

Background
Recent studies have suggested that same-admission delayed cholecystectomy is a safe option. Patients with diabetes have been shown to have less favourable outcomes after cholecystectomy, but the impact of timing of operation for acute cholecystitis during the same admission is unknown.

Methods
This was a retrospective analysis of patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy for acute cholecystitis between 2004 and 2010, from the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database. Patients with no significant co-morbidities (American Society of Anesthesiologists grade I or II) were included. Propensity score matching (PSM) was used to match patients with diabetes with those who did not have diabetes, in a ratio of 1 : 3, to ensure homogeneity of the two groups. Logistic regression models were applied to adjust for differences between early (within 24 h) and delayed (24 h or more) surgical treatment. The primary outcome was development of local and systemic infectious complications. Secondary outcomes were duration of operation and length of hospital stay.

Results
From a total of 2892 patients, 144 patients with diabetes were matched with 432 without diabetes by PSM. Delaying cholecystectomy for at least 24 h after admission in patients with diabetes was associated with significantly higher odds of developing surgical-site infections (adjusted odds ratio 4·11, 95 per cent confidence interval 1·11 to 15·22; P = 0·034) and a longer hospital stay. For patients with no diabetes, however, delaying cholecystectomy had no impact on complications or length of hospital stay.

Conclusion
Patients with diabetes who undergo laparoscopic cholecystectomy 24 h or more after admission may have an increased risk of postoperative surgical-site infection and a longer hospital stay than those undergoing surgery within 24 h of admission.
Deformation of nuclei and abnormal spindles assembly in the second male meiosis of polyploid tobacco plants
Authors: Sidorchuk Yu. V. , Deineko E. V. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractThe bipolar spindle is a major cytoskeletal structure, which ensures an equal chromosome distribution between the daughter nuclei. The spindle formation in animal cells depends on centrosomes activity. In flowering plant cells the centrosomes have not been identified as definite structures. The absence of these structures suggests that plants assemble their spindle via novel mechanisms. Nonetheless, the cellular and molecular mechanisms controlling the cytoskeleton remodeling during the spindle development in plants are still insufficiently clear. This article describes the results of a comparative analysis of the microtubular cytoskeleton dynamics during assembly of the second division spindle in tobacco microsporocytes with the normal and deformed nuclei. According to our observations, the bipolar spindle fibres are formed from short arrays of the disintegrated perinuclear cytoskeleton system, the perinuclear microtubular band. The microsporocytes of polyploid tobacco plants with deformed nuclei entirely lack this cytoskeleton structure. In such type of cells the overall prometaphase events are blocked, and the assembly of second division spindles is completely arrested.
The Photochemical Reaction of Vinylaziridines and Vinylazetidines with Chromium(0) and Molybdenum(0) (Fischer) Carbene Complexes
Authors: Rivero Alexandra R. , Fernández Israel , Sierra Miguel A. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractThe [5+2] and [6+2] cycloaddition reactions of vinylaziridines and vinylazetidines with ketenes generated photochemically from chromium(0) and molybdenum(0) Fischer carbene complexes have been investigated. These processes constitute a straightforward and efficient route to azepanones and azocinones, respectively. The peculiar electronic properties of the metalated ketenes allow for the introduction of electron‐rich substituents in the final cycloadducts, a difficult task using conventional organic chemistry procedures. The versatility of the process is demonstrated by using Cr0 Fischer bis(carbene) complexes as metalated bis(ketene) precursors. These species produce tethered bis(azepanone)s in a single step under mild reaction conditions. Density functional theory calculations point to a stepwise reaction pathway through the initial nucleophilic attack of the nitrogen atom of the aziridine on the metalated ketene, followed by ring closure of the zwitterionic intermediate formed.
New 2,6‐Distyryl‐Substituted BODIPY Isomers: Synthesis, Photophysical Properties, and Theoretical Calculations
Authors: Gai Lizhi , Mack John , Lu Hua , Yamada Hiroko , Kuzuhara Daiki , Lai Guoqiao , Li Zhifang , Shen Zhen 
Published: December 2013

AbstractA 2,6‐distyryl‐substituted boradiazaindacene (BODIPY) dye and a new series of 2,6‐p‐dimethylaminostyrene isomers containing both α‐ and β‐position styryl substituents were synthesized by reacting styrene and p‐dimethylaminostyrene with an electron‐rich diiodo‐BODIPY. The dyes were characterized by X‐ray crystallography and NMR spectroscopy and their photophysical properties were investigated and analyzed by carrying out a series of theoretical calculations. The absorption spectra contain markedly redshifted absorbance bands due to conjugation between the styryl moieties and the main BODIPY fluorophore. Very low fluorescence quantum yields and significant Stokes shifts are observed for 2,6‐distyryl‐substituted BODIPYs, relative to analogous 3,5‐distyryl‐ and 1,7‐distyryl‐substituted BODIPYs. Although the fluorescence of the compound with β‐position styryl substituents on both pyrrole moieties and one with both β‐ and α‐position substituents was completely quenched, the compound with only α‐position substituents exhibits weak emission in polar solvents, but moderately intense emission with a quantum yield of 0.49 in hexane. Protonation studies have demonstrated that these 2,6‐p‐dimethylaminostyrene isomers can be used as sensors for changes in pH. Theoretical calculations provide strong evidence that styryl rotation and the formation of non‐emissive charge‐separated S1 states play a pivotal role in shaping the fluorescence properties of these dyes. Molecular orbital theory is used as a conceptual framework to describe the electronic structures of the BODIPY core and an analysis of the angular nodal patterns provides a reasonable explanation for why the introduction of substituents at different positions on the BODIPY core has markedly differing effects.
Iron‐Catalyzed Imidative Kinetic Resolution of Racemic Sulfoxides
Authors: Wang Jun , Frings Marcus , Bolm Carsten 
Published: December 2013

AbstractKinetic resolution of racemic sulfoxides requires either custom substrates or shows moderate enantioselectivity, leading to achiral coproducts (such as sulfones) as an intrinsic part of the process. A new strategy is demonstrated that allows the resolution of racemic sulfoxides through catalytic asymmetric nitrene‐transfer reactions. This approach gives rise to both optically active sulfoxides and highly enantioenriched sulfoximines. By using a chiral iron catalyst and a readily available iodinane reagent, high selectivity factors have been achieved under very practical reaction conditions. With respect to the substrate scope, it is noteworthy that this unprecedented imidative kinetic resolution of racemic sulfoxides provides access to both aryl–alkyl and dialkyl sulfoximines in highly enantioenriched forms.
Isolatable Organophosphorus(III)–Tellurium Heterocycles
Authors: Nordheider Andreas , Chivers Tristram , Schön Oliver , Karaghiosoff Konstantin , Athukorala Arachchige Kasun S. , Slawin Alexandra M. Z. , Woollins J. Derek 
Published: December 2013

AbstractA new structural arrangement Te3(RPIII)3 and the first crystal structures of organophosphorus(III)–tellurium heterocycles are presented. The heterocycles can be stabilized and structurally characterized by the appropriate choice of substituents in Tem(PIIIR)n (m=1: n=2, R=OMes* (Mes*=supermesityl or 2,4,6‐tri‐tert‐butylphenyl); n=3, R=adamantyl (Ad); n=4, R=ferrocene (Fc); m=n=3: R=trityl (Trt), Mesor by the installation of a PV2N2 anchor in RPIII[TePV(tBuN)(μ‐NtBu)]2 (R=Ad, tBu).
Peptide Conjugates for Directing the Morphology and Assembly of 1D Nanoparticle Superstructures
Authors: Zhang Chen , Song Chengyi , Fry H. Christopher , Rosi Nathaniel L. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractDesigned peptide conjugates molecules are used to direct the synthesis and assembly of gold nanoparticles into complex 1D nanoparticle superstructures with various morphologies. Four peptide conjugates, each based on the gold‐binding peptide (AYSSGAPPMPPF; PEPAu), are prepared: C12H23O‐AYSSGAPPMPP (1), C12H23O‐AYSSGAPPMPPF (2), C12H23O‐AYSSGAPPMPPFF (3), and C12H23O‐AYSSGAPPMPPFFF (4). The affect that C‐terminal hydrophobic F residues have on both the soft‐assembly of the peptide conjugates and the resulting assembly of gold nanoparticle superstructures is examined. It is shown that the addition of two C‐terminal F residues (3) leads to thick, branched 1D gold nanoparticle superstructures, whereas the addition of three C‐terminal F residues (4) leads to bundling of thin 1D nanoparticle superstructures.
The ULAB colour space
Authors: Kim Dong‐Ho 
Published: December 2013

AbstractA new colour space, named ULAB, is developed. It is derived from the CIELAB colour space and can be converted to and from CIELAB. Unlike modified CIELAB colour‐difference formulae, ULAB incorporates corrections for lightness, chroma, and hue differences into its colour coordinates. For the small magnitude colour difference data, it shows the performance as good as more complicated formulae such as CIEDE2000. ULAB shows another chance of developing a colour space approximately more uniform than CIELAB. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 40, 17–29, 2015
Polarimetry as a Tool for the Study of Solutions of Chiral Solutes
Authors: Orlova Anna V. , Andrade Renato R. , da Silva Clarissa O. , Zinin Alexander I. , Kononov Leonid O. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractOptical rotation of aqueous solutions of D‐levoglucosan was studied experimentally in the 0.03–4.0 mol L−1 concentration range and a nonlinear concentration dependence of specific optical rotation (SR) was revealed. Discontinuities observed in the concentration plot of SR (at 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 mol L−1) are well correlated with those found by static and dynamic light scattering and identify concentration ranges in which different solution domains (supramers) may exist. The average SR experimental value for a D‐levoglucosan aqueous solution ([α]D28 −58.5±8.7 deg dm−1 cm−3 g−1) was found to be in good agreement with values obtained by theoretical calculation (TD‐DFT/GIAO) of SR for 15 different conformers revealed by conformational sampling at the PCM/B3LYP/6‐311++G(2d,2p)//B3LYP/6‐31+G(d,p) level, which were shown to be strongly affected by the solvation microenvironment (0, 1, 2, and 3 explicit solvent molecules considered) due to local geometrical changes induced in the solute molecule. This exceptionally high sensitivity of SR makes polarimetry a unique method capable of sensing changes in the structure of supramers detected in this study.
Polyols and Polyurethanes from the Liquefaction of Lignocellulosic Biomass
Authors: Hu Shengjun , Luo Xiaolan , Li Yebo 
Published: December 2013

AbstractPolyurethanes (PUs), produced from the condensation polymerizations between polyols and isocyanates, are one of the most versatile polymer families. Currently, both polyols and isocyanates are largely petroleum derived. Recently, there have been extensive research interests in developing bio‐based polyols and PUs from renewable resources. As the world’s most abundant renewable biomass, lignocellulosic biomass is rich in hydroxyl groups and has potential as a feedstock to produce bio‐based polyols and PUs. Lignocellulosic biomass can be converted to liquid polyols for PU applications through acid‐ or base‐catalyzed atmospheric liquefaction processes using polyhydric alcohols as liquefaction solvents. Biomass liquefaction‐derived polyols can be used to prepare various PU products, such as foams, films and adhesives. The properties of biomass liquefaction‐derived polyols and PUs depend on various factors, such as feedstock characteristics, liquefaction conditions, and PU formulations.