bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Victorians and English Dialect
Authors: Townend Matthew 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This book tells the story of the Victorians’ discovery of English dialect, and of the revaluation of local language that was brought about by the new, historical philology of the nineteenth century, as a result of which regional dialects came to be seen not as corrupt or pernicious, but rather as venerable and precious. It examines the work of the groundbreaking collectors of the 1840s and 1850s, who first alerted their contemporaries to the importance of local dialect—and also to the perils, they believed, that threatened it with extinction. It traces the connection between dialect and literature, in the flourishing of dialect poetry and the foregrounding of regional voices in Victorian fiction. It explains how the antiquity of regional dialects cast light on the national past—the Celts, Anglo-Saxons, and Vikings—and how dialect study was also at the heart of the discovery of local folklore and oral culture. And it tells the story of the three great monuments of Victorian dialect study that marked the apogee of regional philology: the eighty publications of the English Dialect Society (1873−96), an organization run by a committee of journalists and local historians in Manchester; the nationwide survey of The Existing Phonology of English Dialects (1889), which listened in on local speech in market squares and third-class railway carriages; and the multi-volume English Dialect Dictionary (1898−1905), which collected all the previous labours together, and made an enduring record of Victorian dialect.
Introduction
Authors: Esayas Samson Y. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Data privacy law and competition law are frequently perceived as two separate regimes, each pursuing distinct objectives, differing in their material scope, and addressing different types of harm. Thus, the conventional approach has been to treat them separately. However, the increasing commercialization of personal data has sparked a global debate on the need to address the interface between the two legal regimes. This introduction sets the stage for the book’s investigation of this nexus, outlining the key developments that inspired and shaped its journey. The book’s concept originated with Facebook’s acquisition of WhatsApp in 2014 and the European Commission’s merger decision, which epitomized the conventional approach of either data privacy or competition law. This exploration culminates with the 2023 Meta v Bundeskartellamt decision where the Court of Justice of the European Union underscored the vital role of data privacy rules in competition assessment. Adding a new dimension to the interface is the growing tendency of digital incumbents to engage in potentially anticompetitive practices under the guise of enhancing user privacy. Another crucial development is the recognition that the commercialization of personal data creates a complex economic landscape, marked by multiple actors, a web of interactions, and non-linear, emergent outcomes. This awareness enables the examination of the intersection between data privacy and competition law through a fresh analytical lens using insights from complexity science. The use of this analytical framework makes it possible to expose a systemic problem common to both sets of rules and to propose potential solutions.
Data Privacy and Competition Law in the Age of Big Data
Authors: Esayas Samson Y. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter lays the groundwork for analysing the challenges to and the interface between data privacy law and competition law resulting from the commercialization of personal data. It starts by identifying three key socio-economic and technological shifts associated with the commercialization of personal data and big data, which are crucial for understanding the regulatory challenges at the intersection between data privacy law and competition law. These shifts include the increased significance of data as a key resource, a paradigm shift in how information is understood and used, and changes in the organization of markets. The chapter subsequently examines how these socio-economic and technological changes underscore the need to address the interface between data privacy law and competition law. Additionally, the chapter presents the book’s contribution and situates the argument in relation to prevailing perspectives. The chapter concludes by discussing methodological considerations.
Privacy Fixing and Other Forms of Anticompetitive Cooperation on Privacy
Authors: Esayas Samson Y. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter probes a new ground, critically examining the existence and potential of collaborative efforts that could restrict competition in data privacy, in violation of Article 101 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union'. While the legal precedents and enforcement actions under Article 101 typically focus on price fixing, collaborative efforts can be equally harmful if applied to non-price parameters such as quality, choice, or innovation. As data privacy gains increasing recognition as a non-price competition parameter, it is attracting scrutiny as a potential arena for collusive practices. In an antitrust lawsuit led by Texas, Google stands accused of ‘privacy fixing’ or coordinating with rivals to harm user privacy in violation of competition laws. Similar concerns have been raised by some EU member states regarding an agreement between Google and Eyeo, the owner of anti-tracking and ad-blocking software Adblock Plus. Using these examples, the chapter seeks to shed light on the emerging concept of privacy fixing and its place in antitrust, including why digital companies may find it worthwhile to fix the level of privacy, how this may harm consumers, and the extent to which competition law can tackle such harms. The chapter further investigates some of the ways in which standard setting on Internet communications and privacy conditions can negatively impact competition on data privacy. Specifically, it explores how such standards might supress information competition and impose a ceiling on the level of data privacy protection offered.
National Security, Intelligence, and the Law
Authors: Ward Robert 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Chapter 1 opens Part I of the book, which provides an overview of the topic. This chapter provides an introduction to the book as whole. It introduces the main sources of national security law (statute, the common law, the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR), international law and, in so far as it still remains relevant after the departure of the UK from the EU, EU law). It then explains the development of national security law before examining the different meanings given to ‘national security’, covering academic approaches, the Integrated Review and broader national security strategy, statute, the common law, and the ECHR. It concludes by reviewing the use of intelligence in legal proceedings, including the relationship between intelligence and evidence as well as wider issues in the public interest.
The Security and Intelligence Agencies
Authors: Ward Robert 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Chapter 3 examines the law relating to the security and intelligence agencies. In particular, it considers the background to the enactment of the Security Services Act 1989 and the Intelligence Services Act 1994. The chapter examines the functions and work of each of the agencies, MI5, the Secret Intelligence Service, and Government Communications Headquarters. It then examines particular legal aspects arising from their legislative frameworks. In particular, Chapter 3 considers the role of MI5 in countering subversion and the principal statutory controls, common to all the agencies, on the ways in which they perform their functions, especially the restrictions on their obtaining and disclosure of information. Finally, Chapter 3 considers two key principles which are central to the work of the agencies: the neither-confirm-nor-deny principle and the control principle (or third-party rule).
Closed Proceedings
Authors: McCullough Angus , Watson Ben 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Chapter 6 examines one of the most important elements of the national security legal framework: closed material proceedings (‘CMPs’). The authors explain the objective of CMPs (to allow the government to rely on sensitive material in civil proceedings) and the ways they differ from ordinary proceedings. They note the controversial nature of such proceedings owing to their departure from open justice and natural justice. They examine the two key ways in which sensitive national security material has been protected in the litigation process: through public interest immunity (‘PII’) and the development of CMPs. As regards PII, the authors explain how the common law developed this concept in order to protect sensitive material. However, they proceed to explain how it was the limitations of the PII process that the development of CMPs was designed to meet (PII certificate usually results in the material being entirely excluded from the proceedings). They then examine the development of CMPs, through the establishment of the Special Immigration Appeals Commission (‘SIAC’), the limitations on the use of CMPs at common law, and the enactment of the Justice and Security Act 2013. They review the nature and key features of CMPs. They consider the role of special advocates, before analysing how CMPs work in practice, especially through the specialised disclosure process. After considering issues of fairness under Article 6 of the European Convention on Human Rights, they examine the nature of the disclosure process in practice, especially though the use of exculpatory searches and gisting.
Judicial Review
Authors: Blundell David 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Chapter 8 deals with national security matters arising in judicial review proceedings. After an introduction to the development of the judicial review jurisdiction, it examines particular issues arising in judicial review proceedings in the national security field. These include the Special Immigration Appeal Commission’s (SIAC’s) application of judicial review principles, AHK disclosure, irrationality as a ground of review (and its relationship with the developing proportionality principle), natural justice, and judicial deference. Particular consideration is then given to issues that have arisen in three areas: decisions to grant or to refuse to grant (or cancel or revoke) passports under the royal prerogative (and its interaction with the Terrorism Prevention and Investigation Measures Act 2011); decisions to impose a temporary exclusion order (TEO); and challenges on non-human rights grounds to immigration decisions, bail decisions, and decisions of the Investigatory Powers Tribunal.
SIAC Individual Measures (1)
Authors: Tam Robin , Hays William 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Chapter 10 is the first of two chapters examining particular aspects of the Special Immigration Appeal Commission’s (SIAC’s) jurisdiction. Chapter 10 examines the jurisdiction of SIAC to hear appeals against deportation decisions. It begins with an examination of the history of the difficulties faced by the UK in deporting those who pose a threat to national security because of the legal barrier created by Article 3 of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR). It examines the approach in the early ECHR cases of Soering v UK and Chahal v UK. It then reviews the various legislative responses to 9/11 and the July 2005 terror attacks in London, which led, ultimately, to the development of the ‘deportation-with-assurances’ (DWA) programme. The aim was to create a mechanism for deporting terror suspects to their countries of origin with a negotiated guarantee of fair treatment, respecting the ECHR guarantees, once they arrived. Chapter 10 then examines in more detail the deportation power and rights of appeal before examining the ‘conducive to the public good’ test in particular. Safety on return grounds are considered more generally before the authors focus on the nature of the assurances that must be sought in order to guarantee Article 3 compliant treatment. The chapter concludes by reviewing the nature of assurances required in respect of other ECHR articles.
Proscription
Authors: Ward Robert 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Chapter 12 explains the legal framework for proscribing terrorist organisations and the procedure for challenging such decisions before the Proscribed Organisation Appeals Commission (POAC). It begins with an introduction to the proscription power, originally confined to organisations concerned in terrorism related to Northern Ireland affairs. It then examines the expansion of the power to its contemporary source in s. 3 of the Terrorism Act 2000, which extends to all organisations concerned in domestic or international terrorism. The author considers the legal framework in detail before considering the impact of the European Convention on Human Rights and the continuing duty of review. Next, the chapter examines the consequences of proscription in terms of the associated criminal offences. The chapter continues by examining how applications for deproscription may be made and considered and the grounds for such applications. The author sets out the mechanism for appeals to POAC and, finally, the route for onward appeals.
Terrorism and State Threats Prevention and Investigation Measures
Authors: Deakin Andrew , Thompstone Helen 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Chapter 13 covers two of the principal executive measures used to deal with individuals whose activities pose a risk to national security: terrorism prevention and investigation measures (TPIMs) and the new state threats prevention and investigation measures (STPIMs). The chapter begins with an introduction to the enactment of the TPIM regime in the Terrorism Prevention and Investigation Measures Act 2011 (TPIM Act). The authors describe how TPIMs were introduced as a successor to the former control order regime to protect the public from a risk of terrorism by imposing restrictive measures on individuals to control potentially harmful activities. TPIMs are, in practice, reserved for the small number of people who pose a security threat and cannot be successfully prosecuted or deported from the UK. The authors proceed to describe the conditions for the imposition of a TPIM and the wide range of measures which may be imposed. They examine the related police powers, the duration and extension of TPIMs, the court’s review function under s. 9 of the TPIM Act, variation of TPIMs, and the nature of appeals that may be brought. They consider reconsiderations, additional obligations, and offences related to TPIMs. Finally, they explain the new STPIM regime introduced by the National Security Act 2023, which is modelled on the regime for TPIMs.
Political Blame and Praise
Authors: Guglielmo Steve , Lavery Lesley 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines how politicians’ electoral incentives are intertwined with ordinary people’s moral judgements of blame and praise. It reviews the psychological literature on blame and praise to highlight the psychological factors and processes that shape such judgements. In doing so, it reveals key considerations and circumstances in which constituents hold leaders morally accountable. More specifically, it reviews the psychological processes that explain why blame is more dominant and powerful than praise, why praise is especially elusive for leaders, and why receiving blame may sometimes be useful rather than detrimental. The analysis sheds light on how politicians may anticipate and negotiate constituents’ moral evaluations to minimize the blame (and maximize the praise) they receive.
Credit-Claiming
Authors: König Pascal , Siewert Markus 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
An important element of political accountability lies in elected governments delivering on their policy promises and realizing policy outcomes in the interest of large parts of the electorate. A government can then hope to get credit for its policy performance. Yet, this is not a guaranteed outcome, even with responsive policy action. An important question is thus under which conditions government’s policy actions evoke perceptions of policy responsiveness and positive government evaluations. This chapter argues that answering that question requires a broader perspective on credit-claiming. It provides a heuristic framework that helps to gain a comprehensive understanding of the success factors and barriers regarding credit-claiming. It furthermore employs this framework to structure and map existing evidence regarding crucial mechanisms that determine the outcome of credit-claiming. Based on this stock-taking, the chapter points to blind spots in the literature and important research topics for future studies.
Blame Shields, Deals, and Frames
Authors: Flinders Matthew , Hood Christopher 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This capstone chapter pulls together the contributions in this collection by offering a fifty-year perspective that seeks to unify the existing seam of scholarship through a focus on three dominant themes in the socio-political analysis of blame: distancing, bargaining, and contestation. This thematic approach allows the chapter to not only look back through fifty years of writing and research but also to look ahead to how blame is likely to be conceptualized and studied in the future. Although future blame scholarship will no doubt develop new methods and terminology, find new sources of data, and take place against a changing political backdrop, the central argument of this concluding chapter is that an emphasis on ‘shields, deals, and frames’ is likely to remain of central significance to the field.
On Thinking Movement
Authors: Hultin Lotta , Introna Lucas D. , Mähring Magnus 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
In this chapter we address some of the challenges associated with thinking and researching movement, or temporal flow. We take the position that we as scholars, even as we pursue research adopting an ontology of ‘becoming’, tend to be trapped within a vocabulary developed and/or appropriated within an actor-centric ontology. This vocabulary tends to performatively enact the world as consisting of boundaries, entities, actors, and categories, risking that we lose sight of the temporal flow of material-discursive practices that we might have set out looking for. To address this, we identify some of the ways in which this slippage from the temporal back to the spatial can occur and provide an overview of concepts—building blocks of a vocabulary—that can help us remain focused on the temporality and flow of becoming. We also provide two illustrations of how these concepts can be used in ethnographic field research and what the performative consequences of the use of these concepts can be. Finally, we discuss how experimenting with vocabulary can help us decentre actors and follow the agentic flow of practices, attend to temporal conditionalities and contingencies, and ask different questions in order to find new answers. That is, to think movement.
Computer Workarounds or Expediting Work?
Authors: Azad Bijan , King Nelson 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Research on computer workarounds in an organizational context often focuses narrowly on user intent towards IT use rather than a more holistic view of user behaviour in response to anomalies. Drawing on a framework that links pragmatism, interactionism, phenomenology, and ecological psychology our case study involving a medication-dispensing system shows why computer workarounds can emerge endogenously when anomalous work situations arise and how the resultant compensatory actions attempt to restore the original workflow. Our findings reveal that these compensatory actions are characterized by the logics of expedience and satisficing. Further, we uncover three distinctive types of compensatory actions: performative procedures, ad hoc role crafting, and gaming the system. We refer to the ensemble of compensatory actions and their logics collectively as expediting work. Our research contributes to the literature on organizational information technology (IT) workarounds by proposing expediting work as an alternative explanation for the emergence of workarounds.
Introduction
Authors: Green Duncan 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This introductory chapter recounts personal experiences as an individual ‘change agent’, which have shaped the making of this book. It laments the fact that many theories of change used by different academic disciplines each operate with separate and often conflicting ideas, without any ‘department of change studies’ that can reconcile them. Hence the chapter lays down some preliminary insights that inform the rest of this book, by expanding the definition of ‘activists’ to include a variety of actors and factors that drive change. In addition, the chapter lays out the framework of study to be undertaken in the book, particularly by using Amartya Sen’s definition of development as the progressive expansion of the freedoms to be and to do. Finally, the chapter outlines in brief the three individual sections of this book. A fourth new section for this second edition summarizes some of the major global shifts (especially the rise of populism) since the book was first published in 2016.
Parties and Third Parties in Armed Conflict
Authors: Wentker Alexander 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
To complete the analysis of the parties’ legal position, Chapter 2 considers how this position relates to that of those that do not qualify as parties (referred to as third parties in this book). The chapter argues that identifying and distinguishing parties and third parties still matters in a legal order that regulates war as a concern not only to parties but to all States. Party status is relevant both in contradistinction from and in relation to third-party status. First, the obligations imposed on parties and third parties structurally differ both in kind and extent. Secondly, and relatedly, party status gives rise to obligations and rights specifically in the relationship between parties and third parties. The different layers of rules regarding third parties thus complement party status as a central regulatory reference point. In particular, these rules do not challenge the primary role of parties to ensure that armed conflicts are conducted in accordance with the protective purposes of international humanitarian law.
Criteria for Establishing Co-Party Status
Authors: Wentker Alexander 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Chapter 4 responds to the often overlooked need to discern legal concepts to understand the identification of co-parties as a distinct legal question. Building on the parameters set out in Chapter 3, Chapter 4 develops an account of the legal criteria for establishing co-party status. The account proposes a common framework for analysing all conflict settings where co-parties need to be identified. This framework is rooted in the general structure of the legal system regulating armed conflict. It is informed by international practice and draws, in part, on concepts advanced by approaches to identifying co-parties in specific conflict settings. On this account, a co-party must knowingly perform acts with a direct connection to military operations or hostilities and thus to harm to the adversary. The acts must be coordinated with fellow co-parties in such a way that each co-party is involved in the decision-making processes on the coordinated military operations.