bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Interlayer Coupling Effect on Buckling Modes of Spherical Bilayers
Authors: Sato M. , Konishi Y. , Park S.-J. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThis study examined the critical buckling characteristics of hydrostatically pressurized double-walled complete spherical shells. An analytical model based on small deflection thin shell theory is presented; the equations are solved in conjunction with variational principles. Axisymmetric and inextensional assumptions are not initially used in the exact formulation. This approach therefore avoids any discussion about the validity of the solution and allows the model to be extended to cover more generic nonaxisymmetric cases with relative ease. The analytical results are presented using illustrative buckling modes. Based on the developed formulation, only axisymmetric eigenmodes were found to occur despite the inclusion of the effect of interactions between outer and inner shells. Critical modes that are symmetric or antisymmetric about the equator may be determined depending on the combination of the stiffness connecting the outer and inner shells and the radius-to-wall thickness ratios.
Prospective Evaluation of Factors Predicting Nicotine Withdrawal Symptoms Among Korean Americans
Authors: Kim Sun S , Fang Hua , McKee Sherry A. , Ziedonis Douglas 
Published: September 2014

Introduction:This study examined factors predicting nicotine withdrawal symptoms following quitting among Korean American smokers who were receiving counseling and nicotine replacement therapy.Methods:The sample comprised 90 Korean American smokers selected from a two-arm randomised controlled trial of a smoking cessation intervention (culturally adapted versus treatment as usual). Nicotine withdrawal symptoms were assessed weekly for the first four weeks from the target quit day, using the Minnesota Nicotine Withdrawal Scale (MNWS). Only those who participated in two or more weekly assessments of the symptoms were included.Results:Among the nine withdrawal symptoms listed in the MNWS, craving and disturbed sleep decreased over time whereas the remaining symptoms had no significant effect of time. Women or individuals who perceived greater risks of quitting smoking reported more withdrawal symptoms after controlling for abstinence status. Although withdrawal symptoms did not change, on average, with time, the rates of change varied randomly across individuals. Women reported more withdrawal symptoms in the first week after quitting and showed a higher rate of decline of the symptoms over time than men.Conclusions:Korean American smokers who are women or who perceive greater risks of quitting smoking may require more intensive treatment to effectively deal with post-quit withdrawal symptoms.
On the genetic background of the Rbbl bn Hfʿm grave inscription at Qaryat al-Fāw
Authors: Al-Jallad Ahmad 
Published: September 2014

AbstractIt is widely believed that the Rbbl bn Hfʿm grave inscription found at Qaryat al-Fāw is the earliest example of Old Arabic. The ten-line inscription – written in the Sabaic script – attests the common Arabic definite article, ʾl, plus several other non-Sabaic linguistic features. I argue that the definite article is not a suitable diagnostic of genetic affiliation, and other features, such as mimation, the conjunction ʿdky, and more, should also be given consideration. Through a close linguistic examination based on the principle of shared morphological innovations, I demonstrate that none of the morphological innovations which characterize Arabic are attested in this inscription. As such, its language is probably not a descendant of proto-Arabic. Our results further suggest that the ʾl- article, which has previously been used as a marker of Arabic, was simply one of many definite article forms which spread to Arabic, and other Semitic languages of Arabia, through areal diffusion.
Mineralogy and formation of evaporite deposits from the Lewis Cliff ice tongue, Antarctica
Authors: Liu Tingting , Bish David L. , Socki Richard A. , Harvey Ralph P. , Tonui Eric 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThe mineralogy of evaporites from the Lewis Cliff ice tongue (LCIT), Antarctica, and their mineral stabilities and transformation behaviours under different temperature and relative humidity (RH) conditions have been evaluated to elucidate formation mechanism(s). A variety of sodium (Na)-rich evaporite minerals were documented using RH-controlled powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) methods including Na-sulfates (mirabilite and thenardite), Na-carbonate/bicarbonates (nahcolite, occasional trona and natron) and Na-borates (qilianshanite and borax). Mirabilite begins to dehydrate to thenardite, and natron to trona and natrite when exposed to room temperature, even when maintained at RH values similar to those measured at the LCIT (50–70%). The boron-mineral qilianshanite was discovered for the first time in Antarctica within the evaporite mounds. The mirabilite-rich mounds are deduced to have formed via a freezing/sublimation process that occurred in glacial or subglacial bodies of water supplied by glacial tills containing microbially oxidized sulfate ions. The needle-like nahcolite crystals growing on the exteriors of the mounds suggest a dissolution/precipitation process involving atmospheric CO2 and water. The co-existence of nahcolite and boron-bearing minerals indicates the presence of a Na+-, HCO3-- and boron-bearing alkaline brine, which produces qilianshanite as a secondary mineral by reaction of nahcolite and borax in atmospheric CO2 and H2O.
Conceptualizing the Impact of Special Events on Community Health Service Levels: An Operational Analysis
Authors: Lund Adam , Turris Sheila A. , Bowles Ron 
Published: September 2014

AbstractMass gatherings (MG) impact their host and surrounding communities and with inadequate planning, may impair baseline emergency health services. Mass gatherings do not occur in a vacuum; they have both consumptive and disruptive effects that extend beyond the event itself. Mass gatherings occur in real geographic locations that include not only the event site, but also the surrounding neighborhoods and communities. In addition, the impact of small, medium, or large special events may be felt for days, or even months, prior to and following the actual events. Current MG reports tend to focus on the events themselves during published event dates and may underestimate the full impact of a given MG on its host community.In order to account for, and mitigate, the full effects of MGs on community health services, researchers would benefit from a common model of community impact. Using an operations lens, two concepts are presented, the “vortex” and the “ripple,” as metaphors and a theoretical model for exploring the broader impact of MGs on host communities. Special events and MGs impact host communities by drawing upon resources (vortex) and by disrupting normal, baseline services (ripple). These effects are felt with diminishing impact as one moves geographically further from the event center, and can be felt before, during, and after the event dates. Well executed medical and safety plans for events with appropriate, comprehensive risk assessments and stakeholder engagement have the best chance of ameliorating the potential negative impact of MGs on communities.LundA,TurrisSA,BowlesR.Conceptualizing the impact of special events on community health service levels: an operational analysis.Prehosp Disaster Med.2014;29(5):1-7.
Emergency Medical Support for a Manned Stratospheric Balloon Test Program
Authors: Blue Rebecca S. , Norton Sean C. , Law Jennifer , Pattarini James M. , Antonsen Erik L. , Garbino Alejandro , Clark Jonathan B. , Turney Matthew W. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractIntroductionRed Bull Stratos was a commercial program that brought a test parachutist, protected by a full-pressure suit, in a stratospheric balloon with pressurized capsule to over 127,582 ft (38,969 m), from which he free fell and subsequently parachuted to the ground. Given that the major risks to the parachutist included ebullism, negative Gz (toe-to-head) acceleration exposure from an uncontrolled flat spin, and trauma, a comprehensive plan was developed to recover the parachutist under nominal conditions and to respond to any medical contingencies that might have arisen. In this report, the project medical team describes the experience of providing emergency medical support and crew recovery for the manned balloon flights of the program.MethodsThe phases of flight, associated risks, and available resources were systematically evaluated.ResultsSix distinct phases of flight from an Emergency Medical Services (EMS) standpoint were identified. A Medical Support Plan was developed to address the risks associated with each phase, encompassing personnel, equipment, procedures, and communications.DiscussionDespite geographical, communications, and resource limitations, the medical team was able to implement the Medical Support Plan, enabling multiple successful manned balloon flights to 71,615 ft (21,828 m), 97,221 ft (29,610 m), and 127,582 ft (38,969 m). The experience allowed refinement of the EMS and crew recovery procedures for each successive flight and could be applied to other high altitude or commercial space ventures.BlueRS, NortonSC, LawJ, PattariniJM, AntonsenEL, GarbinoA, ClarkJB, TurneyMW. Emergency medical support for a manned stratospheric balloon test program. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2014;29(5):1-6.
Prevalence and association of female weight status and dietary habits with sociodemographic factors: a cross-sectional study in Saudi Arabia
Authors: Khalaf Atika , Westergren Albert , Berggren Vanja , Ekblom Örjan , Al-Hazzaa Hazzaa M 
Published: September 2014

AbstractObjectiveResearch about the prevalence of underweight and overweight/obesity in the Saudi Arabian female population is limited. The aim of the present study was to examine the dietary habits and the prevalence of underweight and overweight/obesity and associated factors among female university students.DesignA cross-sectional study.SettingA university centre for female students in south-western Saudi Arabia.SubjectsThe study involved 663 randomly selected female university students who self-reported their physical activities, nutritional habits and socio-economic factors. Multiple linear and logistic regression analyses were used to identify factors associated with the students’ BMI, dietary variables, underweight and overweight/obesity.ResultsThe majority of the university females were normal weight (56·9 %), but a high prevalence of underweight (19·2 %) and overweight/obesity (23·8 %) occurred. Social factors significantly associated with BMI were the presence of obese parents and siblings as well as physical activity levels, marital status, number of sisters, father’s level of education and more frequent intake of French fries/potato chips (>3 times/week). Several variables were found to correlate with dietary habits, underweight and overweight/obesity. Of special interest is the association between the number of siblings and the participants’ BMI and dietary intake in both negative and positive ways.ConclusionsThe findings of this research have implications for health promotion and prevention of malnutrition among college-aged females. Health-care providers and policy makers need to involve the whole family when promoting females’ physical activity. The study serves as an evidence-based background for planning and implementation of interventions targeting improvement of highly educated populations’ nutritional habits.
Shorter lunch breaks lead secondary-school students to make less healthy dietary choices: multilevel analysis of cross-sectional national survey data
Authors: Townsend Nicholas 
Published: September 2014

AbstractObjectiveAt the time of the study a number of schools within Wales had shortened the amount of time they allow for lunch break. The study investigated the association between length of lunch break and the dietary choices of students in secondary schools.DesignStudent-level data, collected through anonymised questionnaires, included reported dietary choices and correlates of these; data on school approaches to food were collected through postal surveys. Multilevel analysis was used to study the independent association between lunch-break length and student dietary choice.SettingData were collected from secondary schools in Wales that were part of the 2005/2006 Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) study.SubjectsThe final sample for analysis included data from 6693 students aged 11–16 years and 289 teachers from sixty-four secondary schools in Wales.ResultsOnce controlling for many individual-level and school-level factors, the length of time allowed for lunch across the range for schools included in the study (minimum =25 min, maximum =62·5 min) was associated with higher odds of students eating fruit for lunch (2·20; 95 % CI 1·18, 4·11) and fruit and vegetables on a daily basis (2·15; 95 % CI 1·33, 3·47) but lower odds of eating unhealthy foods on a daily basis (0·44; 95 % CI 0·24, 0·80).ConclusionsShorter lunch breaks are associated with less healthy dietary choices by students. Schools should consider the impact that lunch-break length has on student dietary choice as well as on other behaviours. Policy makers should work with schools in encouraging them to maintain lunch breaks of a length that allow pupils to make healthy choices.
The criminalisation of symbols of the past: expression, law and memory
Authors: Fijalkowski Agata 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThis paper examines the criminalisation of symbols of the past. It considers the 2011 judgment of the Polish Constitutional Tribunal. In this compact and well-ordered decision, the Tribunal, with reference to key European examples, assessed critically the constitutionality of criminal law provisions that prohibit the dissemination and public use of symbols of the past pertaining to fascist, Communist or other totalitarian content. Its ruling, which found amendments to the law in Poland that tightened up restrictions on the use of totalitarian symbols to be unconstitutional, is considered within three important contexts: first, the broad European context, where the concept of totalitarian crimes has become subject to EU human rights legislation relating to the freedom of expression; second, the context of post-dictatorial Europe, where specific states have addressed the use of totalitarian symbols in their respective criminal laws; and finally, the context of transitional justice, where criminalising symbols of the past has become a central and permanent feature in European narratives about justice. Significantly, these cases reveal the temporal element of transitional justice. The paper discusses the two case-studies most relevant to Poland, namely those in Germany and Hungary. Reference is also made to the Baltic States, which, together with Poland, have made a concerted effort to bring the notion of totalitarian crimes and histories to the attention of Europe. The paper concurs with the contention that cases concerning the use of symbols provide an excellent illustration of where memory and law intersect. Using historical, comparative and contextual methodologies the paper demonstrates the legal and philosophical complexities of criminal uses of symbolism, the political realities, and the key dimension of transitional justice and its relationship to expression, law and memory.
Rights and constituent power in the global constitution
Authors: Thornhill Chris 
Published: September 2014

AbstractUsing an approach derived from sociological functionalism, this paper proposes a distinctive reconstruction both of the history of constitutionalism and of the changing form of constitutional law in global society. It argues that constitutional norms form adaptive principles for stabilising the inclusionary legal and political functions of society. Classical patterns of legal/political inclusion tended to rely on democratic forms of will formation (constituent power). Contemporary patterns of legal/political inclusion rely, in contrast, on rights. The shift in emphasis from constituent power to rights forms the constitutional foundation for the emerging global political system.
Unequivocal identification of intracellular aluminium adjuvant in a monocytic THP-1 cell line
Authors: Mold Matthew , Eriksson Håkan , Siesjö Peter , Darabi Anna , Shardlow Emma , Exley Christopher 
Published: September 2014

AbstractAluminium-based adjuvants (ABA) are the predominant adjuvants used in human vaccinations. While a consensus is yet to be reached on the aetiology of the biological activities of ABA several studies have identified shape, crystallinity and size as critical factors affecting their adjuvanticity. In spite of recent advances, the fate of ABA following their administration remains unclear. Few if any studies have demonstrated the unequivocal presence of intracellular ABA. Herein we demonstrate for the first time the unequivocal identification of ABA within a monocytic T helper 1 (THP-1) cell line, using lumogallion as a fluorescent molecular probe for aluminium. Use of these new methods revealed that particulate ABA was only found in the cell cytoplasm. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that ABA were contained within vesicle-like structures of approximately 0.5–1 μm in diameter.
Electromagnetic field strength in proximity of WLAN devices during data and video file transmission
Authors: Miclaus S. , Bechet P. 
Published: September 2014

Wireless local area network (WLAN) devices emitting in the 2.4 GHz band may raise questions concerning human exposure mainly when a person stands near an antenna. Proximity far‐field level variation with distance, in the range 40 cm to 1 m is investigated experimentally in order to extract peculiarities of the radiated field in comparison with theoretical predictions. Electric field strength depends on the method of measurement (not yet standardised for quasi‐stochastic signals) and on some key characteristics of transmission. The field level proved to differ from theory: it is lower than predicted and it does not always follow the inverse law with distance. The time–amplitude and the duty‐cycle methods of weighting to obtain a realistic field level allowed highlighting the dependence of the field strength on the traffic direction, on the type of the transmitted file and on the actual data rate and its statistical distribution. In the proximity of access points, downloading conducts to the highest fields, whereas near laptops, uploading does this. A data file transfer implies a higher level of exposure than a video file transfer, but one should consider the data rate dispersion. The proximity field does not significantly depend on the distances between the WLAN devices.
Distributed feedback 3.27 µm diode lasers with continuous‐wave output power above 15 mW at room temperature
Authors: Liang R. , Hosoda T. , Shterengas L. , Stein A. , Lu M. , Kipshidze G. , Belenky G. 
Published: September 2014

GaSb‐based type‐I quantum well laterally coupled distributed feedback diode lasers emitting in the methane absorption band near 3.27 µm were designed and fabricated. The first‐order index grating with a period of 480 nm was defined by e‐beam lithography and etched on both sides of 6 µm‐wide shallow ridge waveguide. Coated 2 mm‐long devices demonstrated stable continuous‐wave single‐frequency operation in a wide temperature range with an output power of 15 mW at +17°C and 40 mW at −20°C. The Bragg wavelength temperature tuning rate was ∼0.27 nm/K.
Fruit ripening: physiology, signalling, genomics.
Authors: Pravendra Nath Pravendra Nath , Pech J. C. 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
Fruits are important to our dietary requirements as they provide vitamins, minerals, antioxidant and various other molecules important to human health. Ethylene plays a major role in fruit development and ripening. During ripening, various physiological and biochemical changes take place through recruitment of thousands of genes that result in development of colour, taste and flavour. Studies on ethylene signalling has enabled in the identification of various regulators of ripening including ethylene response factors, which are the final player in controlling expression of ethylene responsive (target) genes. Recent developments in Omic approaches such as transcriptomic, genomic, mRNAs sequences, chromatin immune-precipitation, etc. have helped in identifying several target genes, including transcriptional regulators that affect ripening-related changes. The pair identification of microRNA and their target mRNAs as well as the discovery of DNA hypermethylation during fruit ripening open new perspectives in the post-transcriptional and epigenetic regulation of the ripening process. The availability of the genome sequences of many fruit species is fostering the identification of molecular markers and novel regulators of the ripening process.
The practical implementation of microalgal biodiesel: challenges and potential solutions.
Authors: Sen Gupta S. , Sharad Bhartiya Sharad Bhartiya , Yogendra Shastri Yogendra Shastri 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
With conventional fossil energy reserves diminishing as well as atmospheric pollution increasing through excessive use of these resources, we need to switch to cleaner, renewable replacement sources of energy for a sustainable future. Bioenergy is a promising alternative among the different renewable energy sources, and microalgae in particular are of interest because of their various desirable properties. Microalgae can yield a very high lipid content, which can be processed to biodiesel. They can capture carbon dioxide and can be grown even on degraded land with waste water. Additionally, it is possible to generate a variety of products such as ethanol, biogas and pharmaceuticals from microalgae. Inspite of these promising attributes, its commercial scale implementation has been limited. Here, the major challenge is the relatively high cost associated with the entire process. Additionally, each of the processing steps exhibits several technological challenges. This paper reviews the details of each processing step to produce biodiesel from microalgae, with the emphasis on the different challenges, bottlenecks and technological barriers, as well as possible solutions to them. Various other potential uses of microalgae are also briefly discussed. The focus of this review article is on the underlying differences between theoretical and practical potential of an integrated microalgal biorefinery.