bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The first invented notations: Designing the Class Piece
Authors: Bamberger Jeanne 
Published: January 2014

AbstractOn an ordinary day in a public school in suburban Wayland, Massachusetts, the children in this 4th grade music class had begun their work by listening closely to the fourth movement of Hindemith’s wind quintet from his Kleine Kammermusik, op. 24 no. 6. After they had listened carefully, the children’s task was to design their own composition modeled after the Hindemith movement but using just classroom percussion instruments—drums, sticks, and clapping. Over a period of several days the children listened attentively to the work and discussed it at length. They had noticed that the most important contrasts were between the solos played by each of the wind instruments in turn, and the part that they called the “chorus” played by all the instruments together. There was an alternation between solos and chorus. In the solos, each player seemed to be improvising new material just for his instrument, while in the chorus, all the instruments, playing together, seemed to be repeating much the same music each time. The contrast between the solos and the chorus created boundaries or “edges” that outlined the large structural elements of the piece. To help the children in designing their own piece, they were asked to make drawings of the Hindemith—the two kinds of structural elements, improvisatory solos and the “chorus,” alternating with one another. After the children had made initial sketches, we derived a kind of template showing the alternation of solos and “chorus.”
The collaborative invention of meaning: A short history of evolving ideas
Authors: Bamberger Jeanne 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThis chapter reports on continuing work with the group of 8- to 9-year-old children in The Laboratory for Making Things. Sarah, Ruth, and Stanley from the previous group are joined by two new children, Rose and Sidney. Like the others, Rose and Sidney are having trouble working with common symbolic expressions such as written language, numbers, graphs, and also the conventions of music notation.
The development of intuitive musical understanding: A natural experiment
Authors: Bamberger Jeanne 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThis chapter is again a close case study of students at work. But unlike the students in previous chapters, the participants here are two musically novice students who attended classes at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. They are followed as they go about the task of composing melodies within the constraints of previously prepared musical materials. The two students in this natural experiment are representative of some 75 students who have participated in a music fundamentals class supported by the computer music environment, Impromptu. The students’ running logs, made as they worked, trace their decision making, composition sketches, and analysis of progressive modifications. These logs, together with their completed compositions, serve as the data for analysis of this “natural experiment.”
Music as embodied mathematics: A study of a mutually informing affinity
Authors: Bamberger Jeanne 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe argument examined in this chapter is that music—when approached through making and responding to coherent musical structures and facilitated by multiple, intuitively accessible representations—can become a learning context in which basic mathematical ideas may be elicited and perceived as relevant and important. Students’ inquiry into the bases for their perceptions of musical coherence provides a path into the mathematics of ratio, proportion, fractions, and common multiples. In a similar manner, we conjecture that other topics in mathematics—patterns of change, transformations, and invariants—might also expose, illuminate, and account for more general organizing structures in music. Drawing on experience with 11- and 12-year-old students working in a software music/math environment, we illustrate the role of multiple representations, multi-media, and the use of multiple sensory modalities in eliciting and developing students’ initially implicit knowledge of music and its inherent mathematics.
Islam and Middle Childhood
Authors: Scourfield Jonathan , Gilliat-Ray Sophie , Khan Asma , Otri Sameh 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
The first chapter introduces the terrain of the book, locating the religious nurture of Muslim children in various literatures that the book draws on. Firstly, there is an explanation of the book’s approach to understanding everyday lived religion. This is followed by an introduction to the social history of Muslims in Britain and a summary of what is known about religious transmission in minority faiths in the West, set in the context of debates about secularization. There is then an introduction to the theoretical framework used for understanding the process of learning religion. There are four elements to the theoretical framework: cognitive transmission, embodiment and habitus, minority defence and the role of religious organizations. Finally, the focus of the chapter moves on to childhood, with material on middle childhood, the concept of religious nurture and a summary of the traditions of the nurture and education of children in Islam.
Inter-Generational Transmission of Islam: Evidence from the Citizenship Survey
Authors: Taylor Chris , Moore Graham 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
Before introducing the qualitative research findings which are the book’s main focus, Chapter 2 sets the Cardiff case study in a national and comparative context by presenting quantitative analysis of existing survey data. The chapter is based on secondary analysis of the 2003 Home Office Citizenship Survey. This dataset provides a rare opportunity to study the inter-generational transmission of religion in England and Wales and to compare different religious groups. The Citizenship Survey data suggest that Muslims are much more successful than Christians in passing on religion to the next generation. There are also some insights into differences between the transmission of Islam and other religions in terms of social class and education. The question of why British Muslims are relatively successful in passing on their faith is the central question the book attempts to answer.
Learning Islam in the Home
Authors: Scourfield Jonathan , Gilliat-Ray Sophie , Khan Asma , Otri Sameh 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
Chapter 4 provides something of an empirical overview to the whole qualitative study, summarizing the ‘big picture’ of Islamic nurture and mentioning some important issues which later chapters return to in more detail. However, it also focuses more specifically on family-based learning and how children are taught informally by parents and other family members. There is material on parents’ own experiences of religious upbringing and an introduction to the regimes of formal learning parents put in place for children (Chapter 5 then focuses on this aspect in more depth). There is discussion of which family members are responsible for religious nurture and commonality and diversity between families in their regimes of religious nurture. The chapter concludes with an overview of family expectations in relation to belief, practice and children’s behaviour.
Children in Formal Religious Education
Authors: Scourfield Jonathan , Gilliat-Ray Sophie , Khan Asma , Otri Sameh 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
Chapter 5 looks specifically at formal learning about Islam. Most of this material relates to religious organizations; mosques and Islamic Studies schools. However, many children have formal lessons in teachers’ homes, or teachers come to them, so the chapter also includes discussion of home-based formal religious education. Chapters 4 and 5 form a pair of chapters focused on how children are taught explicitly about Islam. The remaining empirical chapters are less explicit about the teaching of religion, but are concerned with how the social context of young Muslim children has an impact on religious nurture. Chapter 5 first introduces the terrain of formal education in Muslim communities. There follows material on religious socialization with other children, approaches to learning in supplementary schools, and parents’ and children’s views of mosque facilities. The chapter concludes with a section on formal teaching and learning in family homes.
School, City, and Society
Authors: Scourfield Jonathan , Gilliat-Ray Sophie , Khan Asma , Otri Sameh 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
At this point, the book’s focus moves away from the family and the mosque to consider the wider social context of the children’s lives. It deals with social relations in school, the local social networks and the children’s contact with family members abroad. All of these are considered in so far as they affect religious nurture. There are separate discussions of parents’ and children’s views of state schools and of the alternatives to state school used by a minority of families in the study. This is followed by material on parents’ and children’s experiences of non-Islamic social and cultural influences. The chapter concludes on the theme of informal Muslim social networks in the local area and beyond, including some material on contact with Muslim countries of origin.
Muslim Family Life
Authors: Scourfield Jonathan , Gilliat-Ray Sophie , Khan Asma , Otri Sameh 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
This chapter returns to the family, but rather than focusing on explicit teaching about Islam, as did Chapter 4, there is a wider consideration of family life and how religious nurture is implicated in particular family practices. The chapter begins with an overview of family structure: gender, extended families and non-traditional families. The concept of family practices is then introduced and the rest of the chapter is devoted to consideration of four issues which emerged from the study. These are the material fabric of the home; choice of names for children; traditional birth rituals (call to prayer, circumcision, rubbing a sweet substance on a baby’s lips, animal sacrifice and shaving of the baby’s hair) and celebrations (both Islamic and non-Islamic).
Nationality, Ethnicity, and Religion
Authors: Scourfield Jonathan , Gilliat-Ray Sophie , Khan Asma , Otri Sameh 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
The final empirical chapter puts Muslim identities into the broader context of inter-generational collective identities, focusing on the significance of ethnicity and national identity. After an overview on inter-generational identities, there are specific discussions of parents’ and children’s tendency to declare themselves ‘Muslim first’; British, English and Welsh identities; identification with locality; and minority ethnic identities. There is evidence of a fairly high level of inter-generational agreement, with considerable overlap between parents and children and evidence of transmission of identity, although there is also some evidence of individualization. The fairly high levels of agreement would suggest that collective identities are an important part of a Muslim habitus and potentially reinforce religious transmission.
Conclusion
Authors: Scourfield Jonathan , Gilliat-Ray Sophie , Khan Asma , Otri Sameh 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
The authors conclude the book by taking stock of what has been learned about the process of religious nurture. The chapter returns to the four theoretical perspectives introduced in Chapter 1 and discussed at various times throughout the book. These are cognitive transmission, embodiment and habitus, minority defence and the role of religious organizations. The authors argue that all four perspectives are needed to explain the development of a Muslim child’s religiosity and the relative success of religious nurture in Muslim families. The final chapter also considers the implications for public services of how children are brought up to be Muslims in practice.
Legality, Illegality, A-Legality
Authors: Lindahl Hans 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe chapter lays the groundwork for the remainder of the book, discussing three variations on an entirely mundane joint act whereby a group of friends buy victuals at a food shop with a view to throwing a party. These scenarios have a number of functions. They allow of describing, in some detail, what it means that legal orders appear as concrete normative orders from the first-person plural perspective of joint action. They lend credence to the claim that it is reductive to view the unity of legal orders as the unity of a manifold of norms. And, crucially, they introduce the three-way distinction between legality, illegality and a-legality in a way that illuminates the distinction and relation between the boundaries and limits of legal orders.
Setting Legal Boundaries
Authors: Lindahl Hans 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe problem to be dealt with in this chapter is twofold. On the one hand, it is necessary to get a handle on how, in response to a-legality, boundary-setting can transform legal collectives. Transformative boundary-setting responds to what is orderable in the normative claim raised by a-legality; it involves shifting the limit between legal (dis)order and order. On the other hand, the chapter seeks to understand the nature of boundary-setting which gives rise to a novel collective by breaking out and away from an extant collective. Inaugural boundary-setting is the obverse of what remains unorderable by a collective in the normative claim raised by a-legality; it marks the passage across a fault line leading from one first-person perspective into another one. The analysis of boundary-setting focuses on the interplay between question and response at the heart of collective self-identification.
A Politics of A-Legality
Authors: Lindahl Hans 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThis final chapter addresses the problem of the normativity of legal order and ordering: how ought boundaries to be set? And this means: what ought to be included, and what excluded, in response to a-legal behaviour? At issue, therefore, is a theory of normative responsiveness. The chapter outlines the contours of a single, but crucial feature thereof, namely a politics of a-legality which indirectly acknowledges, in the process of setting boundaries, that every legal collective has a blind spot in the form of normative claims that resist integration into the circle of reciprocity and mutual recognition, yet which the collective cannot simply shrug off as specious, other than at the price of falling prey to a petitio principii. Linking collective self-identification to a novel reinterpretation of the concept of collective self-restraint, the chapter develops an account of a politics of a-legality that takes leave of both particularism and universalism.
OM-sentences
Authors: Culicover Peter W. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThis chapter examines the form and interpretation of ‘OM-sentences’ such as One more can of beer and I’m leaving. It shows that such a sentence admits three ‘interpretations’, which are very closely related to more commonly encountered constructions, including conditionals. However, there are aspects of the interpretation of such a sentence which are systematically unspecifiable. These sentences should not be derived from more complex underlying structures, but they are in fact underlain by structures characterizable by the phrase structure rule: S→ NP CONJ S. To complete the analysis, the chapter shows how rules of semantic interpretation may be devised which capture the similarities between sentences like this one and other constructions in a very natural way.
Topicalization, inversion, and complementizers in English (1992)
Authors: Culicover Peter W. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThis chapter provides evidence that there are two complementizer-type positions in English, each of which is the head of a maximal projection. The two heads, C and Pol, permit the explanation of a range of phenomena that do not appear to be amenable to a one-complementizer analysis. This C/Pol analysis captures some facts about the behaviour of why and how come as well as some subtle differences between them. The chapter also proposes that PolP can appear not only as a complement of C, but as a complement of I.
Stylistic Inversion in English
Authors: Culicover Peter W. , Levine Robert D. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThis chapter examines the syntactic structure of Stylistic Inversion. It argues that the phenomenon discussed in the literature as Locative or Stylistic Inversion in English is actually a conflation of two quite different constructions: firstly, light inversion (LI), in which the postverbal NP element can be phonologically and structurally extremely simple, possibly consisting of a single name; and, secondly, heavy inversion (HI), where the postverbal element is heavy in the sense of heavy NP shift. It presents evidence that the preverbal PP in LI patterns with subjects but the PP in HI is a syntactic topic.
Africa and the Umpires of Empire
Authors: Ibhawoh Bonny 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
This chapter introduces the key questions addressed in the book. It theorizes judicial discourses of colonial difference and imperial universalism. It explores how these notions of native difference and imperial universalism influenced the practices of power in colonial settings, and shaped the evolving jurisprudence of Empire. The chapter also critically engages the historiography on British imperial justice and colonial law in Africa
Medicine Murders and Blood Money
Authors: Ibhawoh Bonny 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
This chapter examines the tensions inherent in administration of imperial justice through the lens of both official discourse in the colonies and the jurisprudence of the Imperial Appeal Courts. It probes the fault lines in the ideological and jurisprudential debate over the scope of customary law in criminal trials, particularly those involving ritual murder. Officials within the imperial judicial establishment insisted on the strict application of colonial penal law in criminal trials. On the other hand, local administrative officers who were more concerned with the maintenance of social order objected to a slavish adherence to the procedural technicalities of penal law in adjudicating crimes among natives. The chapter argues that the administration of criminal justice was one legal arena where tensions within the colonial legal and judicial establishment most evidently shaped the construction of native difference.
Litigious Chiefs and Land Palavers
Authors: Ibhawoh Bonny 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
This chapter examines how the tensions between imperial universalism and colonial difference played out in the high-stakes legal battles over land and political authority in the Imperial Appeal Courts. Because land was so central to colonial material culture, disputes over land and property rights offer unique insights into the processes by which colonial difference was constructed, contested, and maintained within the imperial justice system. The chapter also explores how assertions of imperial ideals of justice and equity, the notion of propertied personhood, and the commodification of land intersected with notions of native otherness in judicial discourse and adjudicatory processes. It investigates how colonial difference was invoked and negotiated within and outside of the courts in land and chieftaincy appeals. It also considers the impact of these appeals on imperial jurisprudence and the colonial political order.
Conclusions
Authors: Ibhawoh Bonny 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
This chapter concludes the book and recaps its key arguments. It argues that imperial courts were central to the construction and contestation of colonial difference as well as to the subsequent management of tensions between native exceptionalism and imperial universalism. The adjudication of imperial difference inevitably manifested the contradictions of British law. Imperial Appeal Courts operating beyond the direct influence of provincial colonial officialdom served as alternate locales for debates revolving around questions of inclusion and exclusion, power and restraint. The chapter draws parallels between historical and contemporary trends in supranational adjudication and the globalization of legal culture.
History of Histories
Authors: Gerry Simpson 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
This book emerged from a 2010 conference in Melbourne called ‘Untold Stories: The Hidden Histories of War Crimes Trials’. It features a collection of untold or under-told stories about trials and histories that have, in some respect or other, been hidden or obscured by the imperatives of an official or semi-official disciplinary history. This chapter reflects on four modes of historical work being done in this book: consolation, recovery, pedigree, and pedagogy.
A Supranational Criminal Tribunal for the Colonial Era
Authors: Benjamin E. Brockman-Hawe 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
This chapter examines a specific provision inserted into one of the two treaties that marked the end of hostilities between France and Siam in 1893 — a provision that stipulated the establishment of a Mixed Court. The chapter is organized as follows. Section II discusses how such an unusual article came to be included in an otherwise typical colonial-era agreement. Sections III and IV describe the prosecutions before a Siamese Special Court and later before the Article III Franco-Siamese Mixed Court. Finally, Section V discusses the significance of the Mixed Court as an international criminal law phenomenon, including its role as a progenitor of contemporary international criminal law mechanisms and the substantive and procedural laws they apply.
The Ottoman State Special Military Tribunal for the Genocide of the Armenians
Authors: Jennifer Balint 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
This chapter discusses the establishment of Ottoman Courts-Martial after World War I to prosecute the genocide of the Armenians. The trials created an important legacy for the prosecution of genocide and provided an official record of the genocide of Armenians perpetrated by the Ottoman state from 1915–1918. The record of these trials, however, has been actively buried by the new Turkish state. They have been largely hidden for years, resurrected mainly by a few scholars with some access to the archive. Many documents have been destroyed, and the archive is still largely closed. This has supported Turkey's insistence for years that the genocide did not happen.
Eisentrager’s (Forgotten) Merits
Authors: Vladeck Stephen I. 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
This chapter examines the Supreme Court's 1950 ruling in Johnson v Eisentrager, where twenty-seven German nationals captured in China were tried by a US military commission for war crimes based on their continuing support of the Japanese military after Germany's surrender on 8 May 1945. Twenty-one of the defendants were convicted and sentenced to prison terms ranging from five years' to life imprisonment. After being transferred back to Germany to serve their sentences, the twenty-one convicted defendants sought habeas relief in the US courts; their claims were ultimately rejected by the Supreme Court by a six to three vote. The chapter analyses how the Supreme Court reached that decision.
Making Peace with the Past
Authors: Benedetta Faedi Duramy 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
The German army terrorized several Italian villages and cities between 1943 and 1945. Some of these involved retaliations against partisan attacks, whiles others were part of a war against civilians that aimed at intimidating and terrorizing the entire population. This chapter examines the untold story of the massacres of Civitella, Cornea, and San Pancrazio based on the testimonies of survivors and the relatives of the victims. It also analyses the war crimes trial before both the Italian Military Court of La Spezia and the Italian Supreme Court.