bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Phantom Wahhabi: Liberalism and the Muslim fanatic in mid-Victorian India
Authors: STEPHENS JULIA 
Published: December 2012

AbstractIn the late 1860s and early 1870s the British colonial government in India suppressed an imagined Wahhabi conspiracy, which it portrayed as a profound threat to imperial security. The detention and trial of Amir and Hashmadad Khan—popularly known as the Great Wahhabi Case—was the most controversial of a series of public trials of suspected Wahhabis. The government justified extra-judicial arrests and detentions as being crucial to protect the empire from anti-colonial rebels inspired by fanatical religious beliefs. The government's case against the Khan brothers, however, was exceptionally weak. Their ongoing detention sparked a sustained public debate about the balance between executive authority and the rule of law. In newspapers and pamphlets published in India and Britain, Indian journalists and Anglo-Indian lawyers argued that arbitrary police powers posed a greater threat to public security than religious fanatics. In doing so, they embraced a language of liberalism which emphasized the rule of law and asserted the role of public opinion as a check on government despotism. Debates about the Great Wahhabi Case demonstrate the ongoing contest between authoritarian and liberal strands of imperial ideology, even at the height of the panic over the intertwined threat of Indian sedition and fanatical Islam.
Cognitive systems for revenge and forgiveness
Authors: McCullough Michael E. , Kurzban Robert , Tabak Benjamin A. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractMinimizing the costs that others impose upon oneself and upon those in whom one has a fitness stake, such as kin and allies, is a key adaptive problem for many organisms. Our ancestors regularly faced such adaptive problems (including homicide, bodily harm, theft, mate poaching, cuckoldry, reputational damage, sexual aggression, and the infliction of these costs on one's offspring, mates, coalition partners, or friends). One solution to this problem is to impose retaliatory costs on an aggressor so that the aggressor and other observers will lower their estimates of the net benefits to be gained from exploiting the retaliator in the future. We posit that humans have an evolved cognitive system that implements this strategy – deterrence – which we conceptualize as a revenge system. The revenge system produces a second adaptive problem: losing downstream gains from the individual on whom retaliatory costs have been imposed. We posit, consequently, a subsidiary computational system designed to restore particular relationships after cost-imposing interactions by inhibiting revenge and motivating behaviors that signal benevolence for the harmdoer. The operation of these systems depends on estimating the risk of future exploitation by the harmdoer and the expected future value of the relationship with the harmdoer. We review empirical evidence regarding the operation of these systems, discuss the causes of cultural and individual differences in their outputs, and sketch their computational architecture.
On the evolutionary origins of revenge and forgiveness: A converging systems hypothesis
Authors: Crisp Richard J. , Meleady Rose 
Published: December 2012

AbstractMcCullough et al. argue that humans possess evolved computational systems for implementing retaliatory behavior that both deters aggression and promotes subsequent reconciliation. However, they do not apply this analysis to the sphere of intergroup relations. We believe their model can be usefully extended to this domain and discuss why this would be possible, pertinent, and productive.
Third parties belief in a just world and secondary victimization
Authors: Pahlavan Farzaneh 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThis commentary focuses on how third parties impact the course of acts of revenge based on their world views, such as belief in a just world. Assuming this belief to be true, the following questions could be asked: (a) What are the consequences of a third party's worldview in terms of secondary victimization? (b) Are bystanders actually aware of these consequences? (c) If so, then why do they let it happens?
Pathways to abnormal revenge and forgiveness
Authors: Barclay Pat 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThe target article's important point is easily misunderstood to claim that all revenge is adaptive. Revenge and forgiveness can overstretch (or understretch) the bounds of utility due to misperceptions, minimization of costly errors, a breakdown within our evolved revenge systems, or natural genetic and developmental variation. Together, these factors can compound to produce highly abnormal instances of revenge and forgiveness.
Putting revenge and forgiveness in an evolutionary context
Authors: McCullough Michael E. , Kurzban Robert , Tabak Benjamin A. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractIn this response, we address eight issues concerning our proposal that human minds contain adaptations for revenge and forgiveness. Specifically, we discuss (a) the inferences that are and are not licensed by patterns of contemporary behavioral data in the context of the adaptationist approach; (b) the theoretical pitfalls of conflating proximate and ultimate causation; (c) the role of development in the production of adaptations; (d) the implications of proposing that the brain's cognitive systems are fundamentally computational in nature; (e) our preferred method for considering the role of individual differences in computational systems; (f) applications of our proposal to understanding conflicts between groups; (g) the possible implications of our views for understanding the operation of contemporary criminal justice systems; and (h) the question of whether people ever “genuinely” forgive.
Low gains in ecosystem carbon with woody plant encroachment in a South African savanna
Authors: Coetsee Corli , Gray Emma F. , Wakeling Julia , Wigley Benjamin J. , Bond William J. 
Published: December 2012

Abstract:Total ecosystem carbon storage has frequently been found to increase with woody encroachment in savannas. However the loss of grass roots associated with woody encroachment can lead to a decrease in below-ground carbon storage which is not compensated for by an increase in above-ground carbon. To investigate how the extent of total woody cover affected ecosystem carbon, soil and above-ground carbon storage along eight thicket–savanna and five forest–grassland boundaries were measured. To investigate whether changes in soil carbon concentrations were related to the percentage of C4 (grass) roots to total roots and root quantity and quality, we measured fine-root biomass, root C : N ratios, root N, and % C4 roots at three different depths across thicket patches of different ages (n = 189). Forests contained significantly more carbon than adjacent grasslands in both above-ground carbon (mean difference 12.1 kg m−2) and in the top 100 cm of the soil (mean difference 4.54 kg m−2). Thickets contained significantly more above-ground carbon than adjacent savannas (3.33 kg m−2) but no significant differences in soil carbon were evident. Total fine-root biomass appeared to be more important than root quality (root C : N) in determining soil carbon concentrations during the encroachment process (i.e. in thicket of different ages). Similarly for thickets, the % C4 roots had no significant effect on soil carbon concentrations. In conclusion, thicket invading into open savanna vegetation did not lead to significant gains in ecosystem carbon at this study site. Significant gains were only evident in mature forest, suggesting that the process may take place very slowly.
Discriminating Down Syndrome and Fragile X Syndrome based on language ability
Authors: FINESTACK LIZBETH H. , STERLING AUDRA M. , ABBEDUTO LEONARD 
Published: December 2012

ABSTRACTThis study compared the receptive and expressive language profiles of verbally expressive children and adolescents with Down Syndrome (DS) and those with Fragile X syndrome (FXS) and examined the extent to which these profiles reliably differentiate the diagnostic groups. A total of twenty-four verbal participants with DS (mean age: 12 years), twenty-two verbal participants with FXS (mean age: 12 years), and twenty-seven participants with typical development (TD; mean age = 4 years) completed standardized measures of receptive and expressive vocabulary and grammar, as well as a conversational language sample. Study results indicate that there are distinct DS and FXS language profiles, which are characterized by differences in grammatical ability. The diagnostic groups were not differentiated based on vocabulary performance. This study supports the existence of unique language profiles associated with DS and FXS.
Plural noun inflection in Kuwaiti Arabic-speaking children with and without Specific Language Impairment
Authors: ABDALLA FAUZIA , ALJENAIE KHAWLA , MAHFOUDHI ABDESSATAR 
Published: December 2012

ABSTRACTThis study examined the production of three types of noun plural inflections, feminine sound plural (FSP), masculine sound plural (MSP), and broken plural (BP) in Kuwaiti Arabic-speaking children with and without language impairment. A total of thirty-six Kuwaiti participants – twelve adults, twelve children with specific language impairment (SLI), and twelve typically developing age-matched controls (TD) were presented with twenty-seven pictured stimuli of real and nonsense words. The results showed that the TD children were significantly more accurate in using the required noun plural inflections than the SLI group. The TD children's preferred overgeneralization strategy was to substitute FSP for the regular MSP and irregular BP contexts much more than their peers with SLI. The performance of the SLI group also differed from that of their age-matched counterparts in the number of errors and their distribution across categories. The results are discussed in the light of relevant theories of atypical language development.
Drinking Habits of Older Canadians: A Comparison of the 1994 and 2004 National Surveys
Authors: Moriconi Pascale-Audrey , Nadeau Louise , Demers Andrée 
Published: December 2012

RÉSUMÉCette étude compare la consommation d’alcool des Canadiens âgés de 55 ans et plus entre les années 1990 et 2000 et vérifie si les différences persistent lorsque la composition sociodémographique des échantillons est prise en compte. Les analyses incluent des sous-échantillons de répondants âgés de 55 à 74 ans provenant des enquêtes CADS de 1994 (1 071 hommes/1 446 femmes) et GENACIS de 2004 (1 494 hommes/2 176 femmes). Des ANOVA univariées font ressortir des taux de buveurs et de consommation excessive significativement plus élevés en 2004, mais aucune différence dans les profils de consommation. Des régressions montrent que la composition sociodémographique n’annule pas les différences observées. Le contexte social/environnemental plus favorable à l’alcool en 2004 expliquerait potentiellement les taux de buveurs plus élevés. Davantage de recherche sera nécessaire afin de préciser les effets de l’âge, de la cohorte et de la période sur la consommation d’alcool des Canadiens âgés.
High-Resolution Cathodoluminescence Hyperspectral Imaging of Nitride Nanostructures
Authors: Edwards Paul R. , Jagadamma Lethy Krishnan , Bruckbauer Jochen , Liu Chaowang , Shields Philip , Allsopp Duncan , Wang Tao , Martin Robert W. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractHyperspectral cathodoluminescence imaging provides spectrally and spatially resolved information on luminescent materials within a single dataset. Pushing the technique toward its ultimate nanoscale spatial limit, while at the same time spectrally dispersing the collected light before detection, increases the challenge of generating low-noise images. This article describes aspects of the instrumentation, and in particular data treatment methods, which address this problem. The methods are demonstrated by applying them to the analysis of nanoscale defect features and fabricated nanostructures in III-nitride-based materials.
Consumption, investment and life insurance under different tax regimes
Authors: Bruhn Kenneth 
Published: December 2012

AbstractWe study the effects of introducing taxation in classical continuous-time optimization problems with utility from consumption, bequest and retirement savings. Inspired by actual tax favoured retirement savings programs, we formulate and solve the optimization problem for various tax regimes, and compare tax effects on consumption/savings contributions, investment and purchase of life insurance under the regimes. The optimization problems have analytical solutions, which allow for easy comparison of tax effects under the different regimes. To substantiate the results we also present a numerical analysis of the results based on realistic parameter values and regimes. Based on American and Danish tax regimes we estimate the values of existing retirement saving favouring to be 1 – 2 percent of lifetime income.
Trends and Synchrony in Black Bass and Crappie Recruitment in Missouri Reservoirs
Authors: Michaletz Paul H. , Siepker Michael J. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractLargemouth Bass Micropterus salmoides, Spotted Bass M. punctulatus, White Crappie Pomoxis annularis, and Black Crappie P. nigromaculatus are popular components of many large reservoir sport fisheries, and a better understanding of these populations and their dynamics would improve our management capabilities. We used long‐term datasets (13–37 years) collected from 15 Missouri reservoirs to assess temporal trends and synchrony in sport fish recruitment by using catch per unit effort of age‐1 (CPUE1) black bass Micropterus spp. during spring electrofishing (N/h) and CPUE1 of crappies Pomoxis spp. during fall trap‐netting (N/net‐night) as our index of recruitment. Although CPUE1 exhibited high interannual variation within a reservoir, time series analysis revealed only two significant trends for each of the black bass species, with all trends indicating increasing recruitment. White Crappie CPUE1 showed abrupt declines in all four reservoirs in the Osage River basin, with these declines occurring in different years in each reservoir. White Crappie CPUE1 in one northern reservoir and Black Crappie CPUE1 in all reservoirs appeared to be increasing over time. Within a species, some regional synchrony in CPUE1 occurred for Largemouth Bass, White Crappie, and Black Crappie but not for Spotted Bass. However, synchrony within a species was not universal and in some cases did not exist even among arms within large reservoirs. With few exceptions, there was little evidence for synchronous recruitment among species; those that occurred were among congeners. The lack of synchrony among black bass and crappie recruitment suggests that management practices designed to improve recruitment of one species may not enhance the recruitment of another species.
Alternative states drive the patterns in the bacterioplankton composition in shallow Pampean lakes (Argentina)
Authors: Llames Maria E. , del Giorgio Paul A. , Zagarese Horacio , Ferraro Marcela , Izaguirre Irina 
Published: December 2012

SummaryWe assessed the influence of environmental factors in shaping the free‐living bacterial community structure in a set of shallow lakes characterized by contrasting stable state patterns (clear‐vegetated, inorganic‐turbid and phytoplankton‐turbid). Six temperate shallow lakes from the Pampa Plain (Argentina) were sampled over an annual cycle, and two fingerprinting techniques were applied: a 16S rDNA analysis was performed using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) profiles, and a 16S–23S internally transcribed spacer region analysis was conducted by means of automated ribosomal intergenic spacer analysis (ARISA) profiles. Our results show that the steady state that characterized the different shallow lakes played a major role in structuring the community: the composition of free‐living bacteria differed significantly between clear‐vegetated, inorganic‐turbid and phytoplankton‐turbid shallow lakes. The state of the system was more important in determining these patterns than seasonality, geographical location or degree of hydrological connectivity. Moreover, this strong environmental control was particularly evident in the pattern observed in one of the lakes, which shifted from a clear to a turbid state over the course of the study. This lake showed a directional selection of species from a typical clear‐like to a turbid‐like community. The combined DGGE/ARISA approach revealed not only broad patterns among different alternative steady states, but also more subtle differences within different regimes.
Developing and Assessing Initiatives Designed to Improve Clinical Teaching Performance
Authors: Khandelwal Sorabh , Bernard Aaron W. , Wald David A. , Manthey David E. , Fisher Jonathan , Ankel Felix , Williams Sarah R. , Szyld Demian , Riddle Janet , Anders Ericsson K. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractTo improve the teaching performance of emergency physicians, it is necessary to understand the attributes of expert teachers and the optimal methods to deliver faculty development. A working group of medical educators was formed to review the literature, summarize what is known on the topic, and provide recommendations for future research. This occurred as a track of the 2012 Academic Emergency Medicine (AEM) consensus conference “Education Research in Emergency Medicine: Opportunities, Challenges, and Strategies for Success.” The group concluded that the current state of research on these topics is limited. Improvement in understanding will come through research focusing on Kirkpatrick's higher levels of evaluation (behavior and results).
Prenatal cytogenetic diagnosis from fetal urine in lower urinary tract obstruction
Authors: Haeri Sina , Ruano Simone Hernandez , Farah Leila M. S. , Joffe Raquel , Ruano Rodrigo 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThe aim of this study was to test if prenatal cytogenetic diagnosis can be performed on fetal urine in fetal lower urinary tract obstruction. In this retrospective cohort study of fetuses with lower urinary tract obstruction (LUTO) over a 4‐year period at one institution, cytogenetic evaluation was attempted on fetal urine samples as well as amniotic fluid specimens. A total of 11 cases, ranging in gestational age from 15 to 25 weeks, underwent amniocentesis and vesicocentesis. Traditional cytogenetic evaluation was successfully completed in amniotic fluid and fetal urine samples in all 11 cases (100%). The karyotype was normal in seven (64%), trisomy 21 in two (18%), Trisomy 13 in one (9%), and partial chromosome 4 deletion in one (9%). Traditional cytogenetic evaluation can be successfully performed on fetal urine samples in cases of lower urinary tract obstruction.
Treatment of chronic presacral sinus after low anterior resection
Authors: Sloothaak D. A. M. , Buskens C. J. , Bemelman W. A. , Tanis P. J. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractAimThe aim of this retrospective study was to determine patient and treatment characteristics with corresponding clinical outcome of symptomatic chronic presacral sinus after low anterior resection.MethodTwenty‐two patients were treated for a presacral sinus persisting for at least 12 months after low anterior resection for rectal carcinoma between January 2005 and March 2012. Patient charts were reviewed and analysed using descriptive statistics.ResultsFistula formation was the most frequently observed secondary complication in 55% of patients. A median of 6 (1–44) surgical, endoscopic or radiological interventions related to the presacral sinus were performed. Overall, the chronic presacral sinus healed after multimodality treatment in nine (41%) patients at a median interval from primary surgery of 45 (24–93) months. If basic treatment principles were followed (anastomotic reconstruction or completion proctectomy with filling of the cavity), healing rate of the sinus was higher than where these principles were not adhered to (62% vs 11%).ConclusionSuccessful treatment of a chronic presacral sinus after low anterior resection appears to be achieved by salvage surgery with anastomotic reconstruction in highly selected patients or intersphincteric completion proctectomy and omentoplasty.
Patterns of impaired internal anal sphincter activity in patients with anal fissure
Authors: Opazo A. , Aguirre E. , Saldaña E. , Fantova M. J. , Clavé P. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractAimThe patterns of impaired internal anal sphincter activity were studied in patients with anal fissure (AF).MethodTwenty healthy controls and 61 patients with acute AF were studied, using anorectal manometry with electromyography (EMG), and 53 patients with chronic AF using high‐resolution manometry and ultrasonography. Mean and maximal resting anal pressure (MRAP), spontaneous rhythmic slow and ultraslow waves (USW) and relaxation induced by rectal distension were measured.ResultsPatients with acute AF had higher mean (106.4 ± 28.1 mmHg) and maximal resting anal pressure (161.5 ± 43.7 mmHg) than those with chronic AF (P < 0.05); 95% of patients had slow waves (SW) and 67% ultraslow waves. Patients with chronic AF had higher mean (92.4 ± 22.6 mmHg) and maximal resting anal pressure (117.5 ± 32.0 mmHg) than controls and 94% of patients had slow waves and 69% ultraslow waves. Patients with ultraslow waves (with either acute or chronic AF) had increased internal sphincter hypertonicity (mean and maximal resting pressure), decreased internal sphincter relaxation and increased after‐contraction following rectal distension.ConclusionsPatients with acute AF had higher hypertonicity than those with chronic AF and both had increased spontaneous rhythmic activity (waves). Patients with AF and ultraslow waves had higher internal anal sphincter hypertonicity and reduced internal sphincter relaxation and enhanced after‐contraction following rectal distension.
Comparison of seed germination and early seedling growth responses to salinity and temperature of the halophyte Chloris virgata and the glycophyte Digitaria sanguinalis
Authors: Zhang H. X. , Zhou D. W. , Tian Y. , Huang Y. X. , Sun Z. W. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractSalinization is an increasing land degradation issue in the Songnen Grassland of northern China. Effects of salinity and temperature on seed germination and seedling growth of Chloris virgata, a promising halophyte, and Digitaria sanguinalis, a widespread glycophyte were examined in six soil solutions (0, 50, 100, 150, 200 and 250 mm NaCl) and four temperatures (15, 20, 25 and 30°C). Germination percentages and rates of both species decreased significantly at higher salinities, but ungerminated seeds can recover germination upon supply of distilled water. Radicle length, seedling height and the total dry weight of both species generally decreased in a concentration‐dependent manner at 20°C and above as the salinity increased. However, at 15°C, the salt‐treated seedlings showed decreases with a similar magnitude for different salinities. Low salinities seem to stimulate germination and seedling growth of C. virgata compared with the control treatment. Both species were more sensitive to salinity during the seedling stage than the germination stage. Digitaria sanguinalis from the saline Songnen Grassland region seems to develop a halophyte‐like adaptive strategy to some extent. However, C. virgata may still dominate most hyperhaline areas due to its higher salt tolerance.