bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Shared Parenting and Never‐Married Families
Authors: Maldonado Solangel 
Published: October 2014

This commentary on the AFCC Think Tank Report identifies the social, legal, and economic barriers to shared parenting that disproportionately impact never‐married, low‐income, African American, and Latino parents, including difficulties establishing parental rights, maternal gatekeeping, lack of access to legal services, and the norm of economic fatherhood. This commentary argues that, by focusing on divorcing parents to the exclusion of nonmarital families, the Report missed an opportunity to address the needs of children who are most likely to experience poor outcomes associated with single‐parent families.
Key Points for the Family Court Community
Parents who were never married to each other are significantly less likely than divorced parents to share parenting.
Never married parents are disproportionately racial and ethnic minorities.
Never married and low‐income parents face many obstacles to shared parenting.
The law does little to facilitate shared parenting of nonmarital children.
Policy makers should explore how low‐income, never married African American parents attempt to share parenting without formal parenting plans.
Don't Forget The Children: Court Protection from Parental Conflict is in the Best Interests of Children
Authors: Dale Milfred D. 
Published: October 2014

This commentary notes that the White Paper of the Honoring Families Initiative failed to address how including the child's voice in best interests of the child determinations fits or does not fit into their proposal. To the extent appropriate and possible, the child's preferences and voice should be heard. In addition, the White Paper's emphasis on avoiding the adversarial nature of litigation distracts it from a necessary emphasis that conflict is the enemy of children and that conflict can emanate from one or more of numerous sources, some connected to the court processes and some independent of court. This commentary ends by noting that courts are needed for enforcement of orders and protection, yet they also have much more to do despite the inconvenient truth of dwindling resources. As the figurative and literal head of each community's interdisciplinary team, courts must continue to serve as conflict managers protecting children in high‐conflict families.
Key Points for the Family Court Community
To the extent appropriate and possible, the child's preferences and voice should be included in best interests determinations.
Effective system reform must reduce conflict or protect children from the harmful effects of conflict.
Courts must play an indispensable role in coordinating and facilitating efforts to help children and families in conflict.
The Challenges of Family Court Service Reform
Authors: Salem Peter 
Published: October 2014

Reforming family courts and court services remains a continuing and pervasive challenge, as described in the White Paper developed by the Institute for the Advancement of the American Legal System's Honoring Families Initiative. This commentary explores challenges to reforming court services and concludes that significant funding is needed to achieve long‐term, effective, and overarching change. The commentary also examines the proposition of community–court partnerships and suggests that (1) each community must tailor its program based on its needs and resources and (2) specific operational elements of a court services program, rather than its location, lead to effective service delivery.
Key Points for the Family Court Community
Sufficient funding of family court services is critical to effective service delivery.
Although insufficient funding may not eliminate services, it may change the fundamental nature of the dispute resolution process.
Services should be tailored based on the needs and resources of the community.
Renal Sympathetic Denervation in Patients With Hypertension and Chronic Kidney Disease: Does Improvement in Renal Function Follow Blood Pressure Control?
Authors: Kiuchi Márcio Galindo , Chen Shaojie , Andrea Bruno Rustum , Kiuchi Tetsuaki , Carreira Maria Angela Magalhães de Queiroz , Graciano Miguel Luis , Lugon Jocemir Ronaldo 
Published: October 2014

Twenty‐seven patients with resistant hypertension and chronic kidney disease were treated by renal sympathetic denervation (RSD) and followed for 12 months. Patients were retrospectively divided into controlled and uncontrolled blood pressure (BP) groups. Increases in mean estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) were found at months 1, 3, 6, and 12 in the controlled group (P<.0001, for every time point). The mean change ineGFRafter 12 months was 18.54±8.15 mL/min/1.73m2higher in the controlled group (P=.0318). In patients in the controlled group with baselineeGFR<45 mL/min/1.73 m2, responders (with an increase ineGFR>6.2%) corresponded to 50% at 6 months and 83% at 12 months. In the patients with baselineeGFR≥45 mL/min/1.73 m2, all patients were labeled as responders at months 6 and 12. Median albumin:creatinine ratio after 12 months was lower than baseline only in the controlled group (P=.0003). Our results suggest that patients with this profile who reached BP control by RSD also experienced a significant improvement in renal function.
Selection on female behaviour fluctuates with offspring environment
Authors: Taylor R. W. , Boutin S. , Humphries M. M. , McAdam A. G. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractTemporal variation in selection has long been proposed as a mechanism by which genetic variation could be maintained despite short‐term strong directional selection and has been invoked to explain the maintenance of consistent individual differences in behaviour. We tested the hypothesis that ecological changes through time lead to fluctuating selection, which could promote the maintenance of variation in female behavioural traits in a wild population of North American red squirrels. As predicted, linear selection gradients on female aggression and activity significantly fluctuated across years depending on the level of competition among juveniles for vacant territories. This selection acted primarily through juvenile overwinter survival rather than maternal fecundity. Incorporating uncertainty in individual measures of behaviour reduced the magnitude of annual selection gradients and increased uncertainty in these estimates, but did not affect the overall pattern of temporal fluctuations in natural selection that coincided with the intensity of competition for vacant territories. These temporal fluctuations in selection might, therefore, promote the maintenance of heritable individual differences in behaviour in this wild red squirrel population.
Regulation of Next Generation Sequencing
Authors: Javitt Gail H. , Carner Katherine Strong 
Published: October 2014

Since the first draft of the human genome was published in 2001, DNA sequencing technology has advanced at a remarkable pace. Launched in 1990, the Human Genome Project sought to sequence all three billion base pairs of the haploid human genome, an endeavor that took more than a decade and cost nearly three billion dollars. The subsequent development of so-called “next generation” sequencing (NGS) methods has raised the possibility that real-time, affordable genome sequencing will soon be widely available. Currently, NGS methods can be used to sequence up to 60 billion base pairs per day. Whole-genome sequencing costs an estimated $5,000-10,000, with that number predicted to fall to $1000 in the near future.In the past few years, the availability of high-throughput NGS methods has led to a proliferation of potential and actual clinical applications for NGS. NGS therefore has the potential to usher in the long-awaited era of personalized medicine.
Patents and Genome-Wide DNA Sequence Analysis: Is it Safe to Go into the Human Genome?
Authors: Cook-Deegan Robert , Chandrasekharan Subhashini 
Published: October 2014

Whether, and to what degree, do patents granted on human genes cast a shadow of uncertainty over genomics and its applications? Will owners of patents on individual genes or clusters of genes sue those performing whole-genome analyses on human samples for patent infringement? These are related questions that have haunted molecular diagnostics companies and services, coloring scientific, clinical, and business decisions. Can the profusion of whole-genome analysis methods proceed without fear of patent infringement liability?Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) is proceeding apace. Academic centers have been performing whole-genome and -exome sequencing (WES) in research for at least five years, and academic clinical laboratories with national reach have been doing sequencing for clinical applications for almost as long. Companies have also been offering WGS and WES as a clinical service for a few years now. So far as we know, no one has been sued for infringement of “gene patents” for performing WGS.
Abortion Care in Ghana: A Critical Review of the Literature
Authors: Rominski Sarah D. 
Published: October 2014

Purpose/AimTo critically review the published literature around abortion care in Ghana, a country in sub‐Saharan Africa with a relatively liberal abortion law.Research QuestionsWhat are the methodological and substantive gaps in the abortion literature in Ghana, where there is a robust community of researchers from multiple disciplines and a liberal law?BackgroundThe government of Ghana has taken important steps to mitigate the impact of unsafe abortion. However, the expected decline in maternal deaths has yet to be realized. This integrated literature review aims to present findings from empirical research directly related to abortion provision in Ghana and identify gaps for future research.MethodsFour databases were searched with the keywords “Ghana & abortion,” and a hand review of reference lists was conducted. All abstracts were reviewed.ResultsThirty‐nine articles were included in the final sample. Abortion‐related complications represent a large component of admissions to gynecologic wards in hospitals in Ghana as well as a large contributor to maternal mortality. Between 10% and 47% of those sampled reported ever having an induced abortion, although induced abortions are notoriously underreported. Demographic characteristics associated with seeking an abortion included being younger, unmarried, better educated, urban‐dwelling, and of higher income. Almost half (n = 19) of the included studies were hospital‐based, with the majority of those being chart reviews.DiscussionGhana has one on of the most liberal abortion laws on the African continent, and the government has taken explicit steps to reduce the impact of unsafe abortion on maternal health. However, unsafe abortion continues to contribute significantly to the stubbornly high level of maternal mortality in the country. This review of the literature has identified gaps in the literature including interviewing women who have sought unsafe abortions and health care providers who may act as gatekeepers to women wishing to access safe abortion services.
Evaluation of the Implementation of the 75‐gram, 2‐hour Glucose Tolerance Test in a Nurse‐midwifery Practice
Authors: Hersh Sally 
Published: October 2014

Purpose/AimDespite recent attempts at achieving international consensus concerning screening criteria for gestational diabetes, conflicting opinions and strategies persist. A clinical inquiry project described the implementation of the one‐step, 75‐gram, 2‐hour glucose tolerance test (GTT) in a nurse‐midwifery practice at an academic health center.Research Questions and/or HypothesesThe 4 aims of the inquiry project were to describe characteristics and outcomes of nurse‐midwifery patients diagnosed with gestational diabetes using the newly implemented screening criteria, including: 1) demographic characteristics, 2) select antepartum measures, 3) select maternal and newborn outcomes, and 4) select indicators of utilization of resources.Significance/BackgroundThis inquiry project is the first known description of the implementation of the one‐step, 75‐gram, 2‐hour GTT in a national nurse‐midwifery population.MethodsAll nurse‐midwifery patients who had been diagnosed with gestational diabetes using the International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups Consensus Panel's criteria between June 1, 2012 and February 28, 2013 were included. Local IRB approval was obtained. Descriptive statistics were used to report the data.FindingsThirty‐three women were diagnosed with gestational diabetes. The gestational diabetes prevalence rate increased from approximately 4.6% to 15.6%. Forty‐six percent of the women diagnosed with gestational diabetes had risk factors and were screened at less than 17 weeks’ gestation. Forty‐seven percent of these women were diagnosed with gestational diabetes that required medication (A2GDM) and transferred to the perinatal diabetes clinic. Twenty‐eight women had given birth by the time of the analysis. Twenty‐nine percent (n = 8) were induced for gestational diabetes‐related indications. One woman required insulin in labor. One preterm birth at 36 weeks’ gestation was not attributed to gestational diabetes. Thirty‐two percent (n = 9) had previous cesarean births. There were 4 repeat cesarean births, 2 of which were for arrest of labor and 2 for fetal intolerance of labor. The unscheduled cesarean birth rate, including those who labored with a past history of cesarean, was 21.4% (n = 6). The mean (SD) infant birth weight was 3553 (477) g. There were no cases of shoulder dystocia, birth injuries, neonatal hypoglycemia, or infant‐mother separation.DiscussionA descriptive summary revealed a substantial increase in the prevalence rate in this nurse‐midwifery population. Maternal diagnosis and outcomes varied by risk factor status. Neonatal outcomes were overwhelmingly normal. Utilization of resources was highest among women with A2GDM. The analysis is limited by a small sample size and provides a basis for future studies of screening criteria for gestational diabetes in the nurse‐midwifery population.
Factors Associated with Adolescent Pregnancy, Psychological Distress, and Suicidal Behavior in Jamaica: An Exploratory Study
Authors: Wilson‐Mitchell Karline 
Published: October 2014

Purpose of the StudyTo describe the sociodemographic profile and explore the personal experiences of pregnant Jamaican adolescents and the impact of pregnancy on their psychological health.BackgroundThe Jamaican Global School‐based Health Survey (2010) found that 23% of adolescents aged 13 to 15 years reported seriously considering suicide, and 22% had actually attempted suicide one or more times during the last 12 months. The 2008 Jamaica Reproductive Health Survey has shown a teen pregnancy rate of 72 per 1000. The survey shows concerns about the high rate of maternal mortality, premature newborns, labor complications, low birth weight, and low and poor utilization of antenatal health care. Research that links adolescent pregnancy and suicidal behavior is lacking in Jamaica. Adolescent pregnancy and psychosocial health have been priorities for both the International Confederation of Midwives and the World Health Organization. Research within the Caribbean and Latin America has noted psychological distress and suicidal behaviors reaching prevalence of between 13% and 67% among pregnant adolescents. This study, which explores the self‐reported perceptions of pregnant adolescents, seeks to inform policy and practice as it pertains to adolescent maternity health care.MethodsMethods used include guided individual and focus group interviews of adolescents attending the multidisciplinary Teen Pregnancy Clinic at the Victoria Jubilee hospital and the traditional adult antenatal clinic at Spanish Town Hospital to elicit themes regarding perceptions, values, resilience, knowledge of community resources, perceptions of social support, and psychological distress. University and Ministry of Health ethics approval was obtained. Grounded theory analysis with NVIVO software was utilized.FindingsFindings of our pilot of 30 participants is presented utilizing thematic analysis. Comparisons will be made between the outcomes of teens who participate in a specialized adolescent prenatal care program compared to the traditional antenatal care model. The following preliminary themes have been identified: perceptions of self, values, resilience, knowledge of community resources, perceptions of social support, psychological distress, powerlessness, motherhood. Although motherhood is valued, most of these pregnancies are unplanned by the mother and sexual activity is forced in 1 out of 5 of teens aged 15 to 19 years.DiscussionMany Jamaican adolescent mothers face barriers to education, self‐determination, and family planning. Adolescent‐centered health care could mitigate stressors.
Perpetuation of Cherry Leaf Spot Disease in Ornamental Cherry
Authors: Joshua Jacqueline , Mmbaga Margaret T. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractCherry leaf spot disease, caused by Blumeriella jaapii (Rehm) Arx., is an increasing concern to nursery producers of ornamental cherry in the south‐eastern United States. Spores were trapped starting in late March before symptoms were observed in the field, which indicates that leaf debris from diseased trees are an important source of primary inoculum. Previously infected trees of six cultivars (‘Kwanzan’, ‘Yoshino’, ‘Okami’, ‘Snowgoose’, ‘Autumnalis’ and ‘Akebono’), which were overwintered in a controlled environment protected from airborne spores, developed disease symptoms in late spring, indicating that dormant buds may also be a source of primary inoculum. Because ornamental cherry trees are propagated by budding and cuttings, disease management should incorporate cultural practices that focus on propagation from disease‐free trees and fungicide applications beginning at petal drop to protect emerging leaves.
Occurrence of a New Orange Variant of Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens pv. flaccumfaciens, Causing Common Bean Wilt in Iran
Authors: Osdaghi Ebrahim , Lak Mohammad Reza 
Published: October 2014

AbstractA new orange variant of Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens pv. flaccumfaciens was isolated from seeds of common bean cv. Daneshkadeh and Dehghan stored in the seed banks in Khomein Bean Research Station, and field plants (cv. Local Khomein) in Arak, Iran. The pathogenicity of the isolates was confirmed on 5‐ to 7‐day‐old seedlings of cv. Daneshkadeh. Marginal necrosis and interveinal chlorosis on first trifoliate leaves were observed 10–15 days after inoculation. Amplification of 306 bp fragment of orange‐pigmented strains using CffFOR2‐ and CffREV4‐specific prime pair characterized them as C. flaccumfaciens pv. flaccumfaciens. Although the yellow‐pigmented variant of the causal agent was previously reported on cowpea, this is the first report of orange variant of C. flaccumfaciens pv. flaccumfaciens causing bacterial wilt on common bean in Iran.
Enhancing Consumers' Affection for a Brand Using Product Design
Authors: Kumar Minu , Townsend Janell D. , Vorhies Douglas W. 
Published: October 2014

Product design is an integral component of a brand and an important driver of brand equity. For the brand, product design is an important tool for driving differentiation, creating value for both the consumer and the firm, driving consumer preferences, and creating a sustainable competitive advantage. At the firm level, the importance of investing in design has been substantiated by studies that suggest firms capable of creating innovative design and providing superior consumer value perform better in the marketplace. Thus, product design clearly presents an important area of research for those studying and managing brands. In this context, the goal of this research is to explain the brand‐level affective outcomes that product‐level design features can create.This paper develops a conceptual framework and hypotheses that theoretically connect design‐based values, at the product level, to affective brand‐level relational outcomes with the brand. The drivers of product affection include social value, altruistic value, functional value, emotional value, and economic value. Analogous to “firm affection,” the paper postulates a brand affection construct that is defined as the passion and pride that a consumer feels about owning a brand.Using syndicated product‐level data from the automotive industry collected from a national sample of consumers, 712 useable consumer/product observations of 30 small vehicles are employed in the analysis. A confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation model are developed to test the conceptual model.This research finds that the social value and emotional value that a design provides to consumers have a greater effect on brand affection than purely transactional values, such as functional value or economic value. This research contributes to the literature by providing evidence that product design‐related values are multifaceted and can contribute to relational outcomes, such as brand affection. It contributes to practice by highlighting the means by which design can be used as a strategic tool to create a sustainable long‐lasting relationship with the consumer, and provides managers with a framework to assess the impact of design‐based values on long‐term relationship‐based outcomes. The results provide new insights about how consumers' perceptions of the value of product design at the product level can help create enduring relationships with brands.
Natural selection in a postglacial range expansion: the case of the colour cline in the European barn owl
Authors: Antoniazza Sylvain , Kanitz Ricardo , Neuenschwander Samuel , Burri Reto , Gaigher Arnaud , Roulin Alexandre , Goudet Jérôme 
Published: October 2014

AbstractGradients of variation—or clines—have always intrigued biologists. Classically, they have been interpreted as the outcomes of antagonistic interactions between selection and gene flow. Alternatively, clines may also establish neutrally with isolation by distance (IBD) or secondary contact between previously isolated populations. The relative importance of natural selection and these two neutral processes in the establishment of clinal variation can be tested by comparing genetic differentiation at neutral genetic markers and at the studied trait. A third neutral process, surfing of a newly arisen mutation during the colonization of a new habitat, is more difficult to test. Here, we designed a spatially explicit approximate Bayesian computation (ABC) simulation framework to evaluate whether the strong cline in the genetically based reddish coloration observed in the European barn owl (Tyto alba) arose as a by‐product of a range expansion or whether selection has to be invoked to explain this colour cline, for which we have previously ruled out the actions of IBD or secondary contact. Using ABC simulations and genetic data on 390 individuals from 20 locations genotyped at 22 microsatellites loci, we first determined how barn owls colonized Europe after the last glaciation. Using these results in new simulations on the evolution of the colour phenotype, and assuming various genetic architectures for the colour trait, we demonstrate that the observed colour cline cannot be due to the surfing of a neutral mutation. Taking advantage of spatially explicit ABC, which proved to be a powerful method to disentangle the respective roles of selection and drift in range expansions, we conclude that the formation of the colour cline observed in the barn owl must be due to natural selection.