bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Human IgA Fc Receptor FcαRI (CD89) Triggers Different Forms of Neutrophil Death Depending on the Inflammatory Microenvironment
Authors: Wehrli Marc , Cortinas-Elizondo Fabiola , Hlushchuk Ruslan , Daudel Fritz , Villiger Peter M. , Miescher Sylvia , Zuercher Adrian W. , Djonov Valentin , Simon Hans-Uwe , von Gunten Stephan 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
FcαRI (CD89), the human Fc receptor for IgA, is highly expressed on neutrophil granulocytes. In this study, we show that FcαRI induces different forms of neutrophil death, depending on the inflammatory microenvironment. The susceptibility of inflammatory neutrophils from sepsis or rheumatoid arthritis toward death induced by specific mAb, or soluble IgA at high concentrations, was enhanced. Although unstimulated cells experienced apoptosis following anti-FcαRI mAb stimulation, preactivation with cytokines or TLR agonists in vitro enhanced FcαRI-mediated death by additional recruitment of caspase-independent pathways, but this required PI3K class IA and MAPK signaling. Transmission electron microscopy of FcαRI-stimulated cells revealed cytoplasmic changes with vacuolization and mitochondrial swelling, nuclear condensation, and sustained plasma membrane. Coculture experiments with macrophages revealed anti-inflammatory effects of the partially caspase-independent death of primed cells following FcαRI engagement. Our data suggest that FcαRI has the ability to regulate neutrophil viability and to induce different forms of neutrophils depending on the inflammatory microenvironment and specific characteristics of the ligand–receptor interactions. Furthermore, these findings have potential implications for FcαRI-targeted strategies to treat neutrophil-associated inflammatory diseases.
Examining the Structural Aspect of the Construct Validity of the Japanese Version of the Model of Human Occupation Screening Tool
Authors: Notoh Hiroyuki , Yamada Takashi , Kobayashi Norikazu , Ishii Yoshikazu , Forsyth Kirsty 
Published: October 2014

Introduction: The purpose of this study was to clarify the structural aspect of the construct validity of the Japanese version of the Model of Human Occupation Screening Tool. Method: The Japanese version of the Model of Human Occupation Screening Tool was examined using a Rasch model and confirmatory factor analysis. Demographic variables and scores on the Japanese version of the Model of Human Occupation Screening Tool and the Functional Independence Measure were retrieved from 115 clients in rehabilitation wards. Findings: The results of our study indicate that the Japanese version of the Model of Human Occupation Screening Tool effectively assesses clients' ability to engage in activities of daily living and their occupational participation as a dynamic process of engaging in these activities. The level of correlation between the Japanese version of the Model of Human Occupation Screening Tool and the Functional Independence Measure indicates that the former is able to effectively evaluate occupational participation. The structure of the items within the Japanese version of Model of Human Occupation Screening Tool was found to be commensurate with the structure of the Model of Human Occupation. Conclusion: The Japanese version of Model of Human Occupation Screening Tool is a useful assessment tool for assessing occupational participation.
Epistemic and Ontological Cognition of Entering and Postdidactic Occupational Therapy Students
Authors: Mitchell Anita Witt 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
Beliefs about knowledge and knowing, also called epistemic and ontological cognition (EOC), are associated with many aspects of learning and achievement; no published studies have described the EOC of occupational therapy students. This study compares and contrasts occupational therapy students’ EOC at entry and on completion of didactic coursework. Twenty-one incoming and 33 postdidactic students completed the Epistemic Beliefs Inventory and the modified Four-Quadrant Scale and provided explanations for their self-ratings. Results indicate that the postdidactic students held more sophisticated stances toward occupational therapy–specific knowledge. The entering students demonstrated dogmatist and skeptic perspectives, with minimal evidence of a rationalist view of knowledge, whereas the postdidactic students showed evidence of primarily skeptic stances, with the emergence of rationalist views. Implications for occupational therapy theory, education, and research are discussed.
Use of Simulation in Occupational Therapy Education: Way of the Future?
Authors: Bethea Dorothy Peterson , Castillo Dahlia Cavazos , Harvison Neil 
Published: October 2014

AbstractOBJECTIVE. A national study explored the use of simulated learning experiences in U.S. occupational therapy and occupational therapy assistant entry-level academic programs.METHOD. Program faculty at 245 of 310 occupational therapy assistant and occupational therapy entry-level programs completed a self-reported 23-question online survey on the use of simulation and its challenges and benefits. Data were analyzed using frequency, percentage, and thematic coding.RESULTS. Of 245 programs, 175 (71%) reported using simulation, with the most common teaching methods incorporating human actors and students and video cases. Simulated scenarios were primarily presented in intervention courses (90%). Faculty provided feedback that benefits of the simulated experience were increased critical reasoning, problem solving and decision making, and communication among students. Challenges were time, cost, and scheduling.CONCLUSION. Findings were similar to those in the literature in terms of simulated learning’s uses, benefits, and challenges. Further research on student learning outcomes and pedagogy in occupational therapy is recommended.
Comparison of On-Campus and Hybrid Student Outcomes in Occupational Therapy Doctoral Education
Authors: Mu Keli , Coppard Brenda M. , Bracciano Al G. , Bradberry J. Chris 
Published: October 2014

AbstractWe compared the graduate outcomes of doctoral students in a traditional on-campus occupational therapy program with those in a hybrid program. Participants were 81 students from an on-campus program and 13 students from a hybrid program. Graduate outcomes were measured with student grade-point average (GPA) at the end of each academic year, cumulative GPA, Fieldwork Performance Exam, National Board for Certification in Occupational Therapy (NBCOT) practice exam scores, and final NBCOT pass rate. Consistent with previous research, our results revealed no significant differences on most outcome variables, suggesting that hybrid programs are an effective delivery model for postsecondary higher education. These findings may provide guidance to occupational therapy programs in curriculum design, content delivery, and program refinement and development. Replication of this study is needed with a larger sample and inclusion of qualitative data. Future studies should compare the affective domain of graduate outcomes in on-campus and online or hybrid programs.
Evaluation of microwave energy as a humane stunning technique based on electroencephalography (EEG) of anaesthetised cattle
Authors: Rault J-L , Hemsworth PH , Cakebread PL , Mellor DJ , Johnson CB 
Published: October 2014

AbstractHumane slaughter implies that an animal experiences minimal pain and distress before it is killed. Stunning is commonly used to induce insensibility but can lead to variable results or be considered unsatisfactory by some religious groups. Microwave energy can induce insensibility in rats, and high power equipment has recently been developed for sheep and cattle. We examined the effectiveness of different settings for microwave energy delivery, power and duration, to induce insensibility based on electroencephalography (EEG) of anaesthetised cows, using the minimal anaesthesia model. All applications resulted in the appearance of seizure-like complexes in the EEG, a pattern considered incompatible with awareness. Shorter duration of application resulted in more rapid EEG changes, as quickly as 3 s. Higher power resulted in a longer duration of EEG suppression, at least 37 s and up to 162 s. Microwave energy can induce insensibility in cattle based on seizure-like complexes in the EEG.
Professionalism Score and Academic Performance in Osteopathic Medical Students
Authors: Snider Karen T. , Johnson Jane C. 
Published: October 2014

Abstract

Context: During the first 2 years of osteopathic medical school, osteopathic manipulative medicine (OMM) courses use an objective professionalism score to measure student timeliness and appropriate dress for learning activities. Objective: To assess for correlations between this score and the numeric course grades of all first- and second-year basic science and clinical courses at a single osteopathic medical school. Methods: The professionalism scores obtained for each of the 7 quarters of the OMM course (2007-2012) were compared with the students' numeric final course grades and combined grade point average (GPA) of all courses in the corresponding quarter. Spearman correlation coefficients were used to determine the strength of the relationship between the professionalism score and the final course grades and the combined GPA. Results: The mean (SD) professionalism score was 98.6% (3.3%), and scores ranged from 23.1% to 100%. Excluding the OMM course, the professionalism score was positively correlated with 29% of first-year course grades and 65% of second-year course grades. The professionalism score was predictive of academic performance in 16 of 23 clinical courses with the highest correlation for Principles of Medicine and Dermatology (ρ=0.28 and ρ=0.25, respectively). The OMM professionalism score was positively associated with GPA for quarters 1, 6, and 7 (P=.006, P<.001, and P<.001, respectively). Professionalism scores were significantly lower in the second year (P<.001). Conclusion: Objective measures of professionalism correlated with academic performance in many first- and second-year osteopathic medical school courses, particularly clinical courses in the second-year curriculum. J Am Osteopath Assoc. 2014;114(11):850-859 doi: 10.7556/jaoa.2014.171
Spatial extent and degree of oxygen depletion in the deep proto‐North Atlantic basin during Oceanic Anoxic Event 2
Authors: van Helmond Niels A. G. M. , Ruvalcaba Baroni Itzel , Sluijs Appy , Sinninghe Damsté Jaap S. , Slomp Caroline P. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractMassive organic matter burial due to widespread ocean anoxia across the Cenomanian/Turonian boundary event (∼94 Ma) resulted in a major perturbation of the global carbon cycle: the so‐called Oceanic Anoxic Event 2 (OAE2). The characteristics and spatial distribution of the OAE2 deposits that formed in the deep basin of the proto‐North Atlantic remain poorly described, however. Here we present proxy data of redox sensitive (trace) elements (e.g., Mo, Fe/Al, Corg/Ptot, and Mn) for OAE2 sediments from five Deep Sea Drilling Project and Ocean Drilling Program sites located in the deep proto‐North Atlantic basin. Our results highlight that bottom waters in the entire deep proto‐North Atlantic were anoxic during most of OAE2. Furthermore, regressions of Mo with total organic carbon content (TOC), previously shown to document the degree of water mass restriction, confirm that the water circulation in the proto‐North Atlantic basin was severely restricted during OAE2. Comparison of these values to Mo/TOC ratios in the present‐day Black Sea suggests a renewal frequency of the deep proto‐North Atlantic water mass of between 0.5 and 4 ka, compared to a maximum of ∼200 years for the present‐day northern Atlantic. The Plenus Cold Event, a cooler episode during the early stages of OAE2 hypothesized to be caused by declining pCO2 due to extensive burial of organic matter, appears to have led to temporary re‐oxygenation of the bottom water in the deep proto‐North Atlantic basin during OAE2.
Changes in nitrogen oxides emissions in California during 2005–2010 indicated from top‐down and bottom‐up emission estimates
Authors: Huang Min , Bowman Kevin W. , Carmichael Gregory R. , Chai Tianfeng , Pierce R. Bradley , Worden John R. , Luo Ming , Pollack Ilana B. , Ryerson Thomas B. , Nowak John B. , Neuman J. Andrew , Roberts James M. , Atlas Elliot L. , Blake Donald R. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractIn California, emission control strategies have been implemented to reduce air pollutants. Here we estimate the changes in nitrogen oxides (NOx = NO + NO2) emissions in 2005–2010 using a state‐of‐the‐art four‐dimensional variational approach. We separately and jointly assimilate surface NO2 concentrations and tropospheric NO2 columns observed by Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) into the regional‐scale Sulfur Transport and dEposition Model (STEM) chemical transport model on a 12 × 12 km2 horizontal resolution grid in May 2010. The assimilation generates grid‐scale top‐down emission estimates, and the updated chemistry fields are evaluated with independent aircraft measurements during the NOAA California Nexus (CalNex) field experiment. The emission estimates constrained only by NO2 columns, only by surface NO2, and by both indicate statewide reductions of 26%, 29%, and 30% from ~0.3 Tg N/yr in the base year of 2005, respectively. The spatial distributions of the emission changes differ in these cases, which can be attributed to many factors including the differences in the observation sampling strategies and their uncertainties, as well as those in the sensitivities of column and surface NO2 with respect to NOx emissions. The updates in California's NOx emissions reduced the mean error in modeled surface ozone in the Western U.S., even though the uncertainties in some urban areas increased due to their NOx‐saturated chemical regime. The statewide reductions in NOx emissions indicated from our observationally constrained emission estimates are also reflected in several independently developed inventories: ~30% in the California Air Resources Board bottom‐up inventory, ~4% in the 2008 National Emission Inventory, and ~20% in the annual mean top‐down estimates by Lamsal et al. using the global Goddard Earth Observing System (GEOS)‐Chem model and OMI NO2 columns. Despite the grid‐scale differences among all top‐down and bottom‐up inventories, they all indicate stronger emission reductions in the urban regions. This study shows the potential of using space‐/ground‐based monitoring data and advanced data assimilation approach to timely and independently update NOx emission estimates on a monthly scale and at a fine grid resolution. The well‐evaluated results here suggest that these approaches can be applied more broadly.
Translating human biology (introduction to special issue)
Authors: Brewis Alexandra A. , Mckenna James J. 
Published: October 2014

ObjectivesIntroducing a special issue on “Translating Human Biology,” we pose two basic questions: Is human biology addressing the most critical challenges facing our species? How can the processes of translating our science be improved and innovated?MethodsWe analyze articles published in American Journal of Human Biology from 2004–2013, and find there is very little human biological consideration of issues related to most of the core human challenges such as water, energy, environmental degradation, or conflict. There is some focus on disease, and considerable focus on food/nutrition. We then introduce this special volume with reference to the following articles that provide exemplars for the process of how translation and concern for broader context and impacts can be integrated into research.ConclusionsHuman biology has significant unmet potential to engage more fully in translation for the public good, through consideration of the topics we focus on, the processes of doing our science, and the way we present our domain expertise. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 27:1–5, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The toughening effect and mechanism of styrene‐butadiene rubber nanoparticles for novolac resin
Authors: Liu Wei‐Wei , Ma Jing‐Jing , Zhan Mao‐Sheng , Wang Kai 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACTIn this article, phenolic nanocomposites were prepared using styrene–butadiene rubber (SBR) nanoparticles with an average particle size of about 60 nm as the toughening agent. The mechanical and thermal properties of phenolic nanocomposites and the toughening mechanism were studied thoroughly. The results showed that when adding 2.5 wt % SBR nanoparticles, the notched impact strength of phenolic nanocomposites reached the maximum value and was increased by 52%, without sacrificing the flexural performance. Meanwhile, SBR nanoparticles had no significant effect on the thermal decomposition temperature of phenolic nanocomposites. The glass‐transition temperature (Tg) of phenolic nanocomposites shifted to a lower temperature accompanying with the increasing Tg of loaded SBR, which showed there was a certain compatibility between SBR nanoparticles and phenol‐formaldehyde resin (PF). Furthermore, the analysis of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy indicated that there existed a weak chemical interaction between SBR nanoparticles and the PF matrix. The certain compatibility and weak chemical interaction promoted the formation of a transition layer and improved the interfacial bonding, which might be important reasons for the great enhancement of the toughness for phenolic nanocomposites. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41533.
Dendrimer functionalized polysilane: An efficient and recyclable organocatalyst
Authors: Mangala Kunniyur , Sreekumar Krishnapillai 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACTPolysilane supported dendrimer was efficiently utilized as an organocatalyst for Knoevenagel condensation reaction. Polysilane support was synthesized by the polymerization of trichloromethylsilane. The polypropyleneimine (PPI) dendrimer was grafted on the polymer support by divergent method. The dendrimer was synthesized up to three generations (G3). The dendrimer functionalized polysilane (PS‐PPIG3) was found to contain high concentration of terminal amino groups. The catalytic activity of the PS‐PPIG3 dendrimer was generalized by conducting the Knoevenagel condensation reaction with diverse sets of substrates, and was found to be an efficient organocatalyst. The condensation product could be easily separated from the reaction medium because of the heterogeneous nature of the polymer support. The reaction conditions were optimized, and the catalyst was found to be reusable. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41593.
The Relation Between Geometric Morphometrics and Functional Morphology, as Explored by Procrustes Interpretation of Individual Shape Measures Pertinent to Function
Authors: Bookstein Fred L. 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACTA frequent concern in today's functional morphology is the relation of a landmark configuration to some a priori index or suite of indices of function. When an index is itself a generic mathematical or biomechanical shape function of landmark locations, meaning a dimensionless expression that has a nonzero gradient everywhere in the feasible region of morphospace, the question becomes sharper: how can we exploit it as a reference direction for representations within the realm of the customary geometric morphometric (GM) analyses? This article argues that the only valid approach to this problem is geometric, not statistical: to represent any such a priori index by way of its differential (its gradient) calculated as an explicit vector in the Procrustes dual space of the complete list of landmarks whether or not involved in the formulation of the index. Interpretation of the index follows by comparing its direction after this embedding with other interesting directions in the same shape space, such as principal warps, relative warps, group mean shape contrasts, specific form factors extracted independently, or directions corresponding to other functional indices. Here, I work an artificial but realistic example of this technique in complete detail: the construction of a Procrustes shape formula exactly aligned with a specific angle among three landmarks within an arbitrary configuration of six. A closing discussion traces the spirit of this intervention to comments by W. W. Howells and C. E. Oxnard, originally intended for anthropometric contexts other than GM, on the different purposes of systematics and functional morphology. Anat Rec, 298:314–327, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Form, Function, and Geometric Morphometrics
Authors: Cooke Siobhán B. , Terhune Claire E. 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACTGeometric morphometrics (GM) has increasingly become an important tool in assessing and studying shape variation in a wide variety of taxa. While the GM toolkit has unparalleled power to quantify shape, its use in studies of functional morphology have been questioned. Here, we assess the state of the field of GM and provide an overview of the techniques available to assess shape, including aspects of visualization, statistical analysis, phylogenetic control, and more. Additionally, we briefly review the history of functional morphology and summarize the main tools available to the functional morphologist. We explore the intersection of geometric morphometrics and functional morphology and we suggest ways that we may be able to move forward in profitably combining these two research areas. Finally, this paper provides a brief introduction to the papers in this special issue and highlights the ways in which the contributing authors have approached the intersection of GM and functional morphology. Anat Rec, 298:5–28, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Exploring Eucladoceros Ecomorphology Using Geometric Morphometrics
Authors: Curran Sabrina C. 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACTAn increasingly common method for reconstructing paleoenvironmental parameters of hominin sites is ecological functional morphology (ecomorphology). This study provides a geometric morphometric study of cervid rearlimb morphology as it relates to phylogeny, size, and ecomorphology. These methods are then applied to an extinct Pleistocene cervid, Eucladoceros, which is found in some of the earliest hominin‐occupied sites in Eurasia. Variation in cervid postcranial functional morphology associated with different habitats can be summarized as trade‐offs between joint stability versus mobility and rapid movement versus power‐generation. Cervids in open habitats emphasize limb stability to avoid joint dislocation during rapid flight from predators. Closed‐adapted cervids require more joint mobility to rapidly switch directions in complex habitats. Two skeletal features (of the tibia and calcaneus) have significant phylogenetic signals, while two (the femur and third phalanx) do not. Additionally, morphology of two of these features (tibia and third phalanx) were correlated with body size. For the tibial analysis (but not the third phalanx) this correlation was ameliorated when phylogeny was taken into account. Eucladoceros specimens from France and Romania fall on the more open side of the habitat continuum, a result that is at odds with reconstructions of their diet as browsers, suggesting that they may have had a behavioral regime unlike any extant cervid. Anat Rec, 298:291–313, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.