bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Street harassment: an unaddressed form of gender-based violence
Authors: Neeti Rustagi , Pamela Orpinas 
Published: October 2012

BackgroundStreet harassment refers to verbal comments and physical actions between strangers that are unwelcome or threatening and that occur in public places. Itis an understudied form of violence against women.ObjectiveTo assess the magnitude of the problem of street harassment experienced by adolescent girls and young women, evaluate its consequences, and identify the types of social support availed by them.MethodWe conducted a cross-sectional assessment of 40 female adolescents and young women aged 15–25 years living in an urban resettlement colony of East Delhi, India. The interview protocol requested information about various forms of street harassment, consequences, and societal support sought in response to such experiences.ResultsParticipants reported the following forms of street harassment by strange men: purposely being touched (51.2%), being commented upon (46.3%), being stalked (22%), being pushed (14.6%) and being threatened (2.4%). Such behaviour made them feel humiliated (53.7%), disturbed about their body (29.3%), lose their appetite (19.5%) and have sleep problems (14.6%). Only half had discussed such episodes with their guardians, friends or other elders and had sought their advice. For averting such incidences, females resorted to: curtailing of outdoor activities (60%), staying away from places where such episodes had occurred (46.3%) and avoiding going out alone (34.1%).SignificanceThis pilot study highlights the pervasiveness of street harassment, which can lead to the restriction of women's mobility outside their homes and psychological problems. Public education strategies are discussed.
The cost of managing injuries of bomb blast seen at hospitals in eight Nigeria states
Authors: Swomen H , Onazi O , John I , Valenti M , Oga E 
Published: October 2012

BackgroundRecent spates of bomb blasts unleashed by terrorists in eight Nigerian States warranted research into the health cost of managing one of such bomb blast victim.MethodsWe conducted a retrospective study in one hospital in each of eight states (Borno, Plateau, Bauchi, Yobe, Gombe, Niger, Kaduna and Kano) from 2010–2012 using a cluster sampling method, selecting fifty victims of bomb blast per state. We obtained data from hospital intake billing registers.ResultsThe following costs reflect the range of in-patient hospital costs only. They do not include follow up treatment, rehabilitation, or mental health counselling. Hospital stays ranged from 4–8 weeks per person.1. Borno State: 700USD–2000USD2. Plateau State: 750USD–3500USD3. Bauchi State: 720USD–3000USD4. Yobe State: 700USD–3150USD5. Gombe State: 730USD–3350USD6. Niger State: 710USD–3450USD7. Kaduna State: 800USD–3750USD8. Kano State: 850USD–4000USDConclusion and SignificanceThe relevance of this pilot study in identifying the cost of managing injuries of one bomb blast victim exposes an enormous diversion of scare healthcare resources from the care of between 10–57 people based on the current Nigerian health expenditures per capita. There is an urgent need to prevent violence from these terrorists.
Curbing violence in emerging market communities in Delta state Nigeria
Authors: Ajufo M , Ekwuoba E , Ojugbana C , Magbor A 
Published: October 2012

BackgroundEmerging market communities in Nigeria bring with it influx of people and increased commercial activities to the existing community. Studies conducted on such communities have always indicated that such increase in population also come with some criminal activities like stealing, drug peddling, prostitution and other unlawful activities.Aims/Objectives/PurposeTo curb violence and criminal in emerging market communities.MethodsA 3 months study was conducted in three emerging markets in Asaba (Afia –Hausa market), Okwe (Iyanga market) and Oko (Cattle market) all in Delta State, Nigeria. Direct interviews and observations were carried out.Results/OutcomesResults showed existence of commercial sex centres and drug peddling activities, all the 60 officials of the market union interviewed agreed that criminal activities existed. 93% of the 100 Members of the communities interviewed agreed that activities had increased by about 200–300% in the communities. No police presence or drug enforcement agency presence was recorded.Significance/Contribution to the FieldAn effective community vigilante service is necessary to be established in these new emerging market communities comprising of members from the old and new inhabitants. Narcotic control and police authorities should conduct regular visits and surveillance in these new communities. Crime report centres should be established. These recommended steps when implemented would assist in curbing violence and crime in these communities.
Injuries by interpersonal violence in emergency rooms of eight hospitals of the ministry of health, El Salvador, 2010
Authors: Silvia Garcia , José Pereira , Ulises Nolasco 
Published: October 2012

BackgroundIn El Salvador, interpersonal violence is a major problem for public health which causes injuries, disabilities, and deaths, affecting legal medical services and rehabilitation, which lead to an incalculable human suffering, affecting individuals, families, communities and society in general.ObjectiveTo describe the characteristics of injured by interpersonal violence attended in emergency rooms of eight national hospitals of the Ministry of Health.Material and MethodsReview injury surveillance system database of patients attended in emergency rooms of eight hospitals, from 1 January to 31 December. 2010. Analysis of data was done by Excel 2007. Variables analysed: Hospital, attended, hospitalised, department of the event, year, month, hour, sex, age, occupation, mechanism, intentionality, activity, severity, destiny and type of treatment.Results4.301 cases attended by injuries due to interpersonal violence, 89% they proceed of three departments of the country, being registered the most in January, March and May. The most affected group of age was from 20 to 39 years, with predominance of men (78%), being the most frequent occupation in over 15 years: Students (22%), housekeepers (20%) and merchants (16%). The greater hours of occurrence were from 6 to 17 h (63%). The lead mechanism was physical force/blunt objects (62%). The most frequent activity when the injuries occurred was recreation/resting (27%). The majority of injuries according the severity they were light (61%), with ambulatory treatment in the majority of cases (75%).Significance/Contribution to the FieldThese results improve our understanding of the characteristics of interpersonal violence-related injuries in El Salvador.
Violence against individuals with disabilities: a synthesis of studies on prevalence and risk
Authors: Hughes K , Jones L , Wood S , Bellis MA 
Published: October 2012

BackgroundAround 15% of the world's population has a disability. Individuals with disabilities are frequently reported to be at increased risk of violence yet quantitative syntheses of studies on this issue are scarce.AimsTo quantify violence against individuals with disabilities through systematic review and meta-analyses.Methods12 electronic databases were searched to identify studies reporting prevalence of violence against individuals with disabilities, or their risk of violence compared with non-disabled individuals. Studies of children and adults were addressed separately, focusing on lifetime violence in children and past year violence in adults. Studies were quality assessed and data were pooled for analysis.ResultsOf 10 663 references, 26 adult and 17 child studies were included. Most had been conducted in high income studies. In adults, pooled prevalence of violence in the past year was 3.2%, with a pooled crude OR of 1.5. Prevalence and odds were highest in those with mental health conditions, although insufficient studies were available for most disability types. For children, pooled prevalence of lifetime violence was 26.7%, with a pooled crude OR of 3.7. Violence was elevated in children with mental/intellectual disabilities; again insufficient studies were available for other disability types.SignificanceOur review confirms that individuals with disabilities are at increased risk of being victims of violence. However, available studies have methodological weaknesses and gaps exist in the types of disability and violence they address. Further high quality studies are needed, particularly in low- and middle-income countries, to support worldwide preventive action.
The impact of violence on African-American teenagers' health-related quality of life, as measured by the SF-36
Authors: Ingels JB , Corso PS 
Published: October 2012

BackgroundExposure to violence affects an individual's overall health. For example, reductions in the mental health and social functioning domains of health-related quality of life (HRQoL) strongly correlate with domestic violence.PurposeThere is a gap in the literature on the influence violence on HRQoL for African-American teenagers in particular.MethodsAfrican-American teenagers (N=491) enrolled in a behavioural intervention self-reported during waves of data collection, beginning at age (mean) 16.0 through age (mean) 18.5, exposure to violent crime, propensity for aggression, perpetration of violence, and dimensions of HRQoL as defined by the SF-36. We used a fixed-effects linear regression model to investigate the impact of being a violence victim or perpetrator on each of the eight dimensions and two component summary scales of the SF-36, while controlling for high depressive symptoms and socio-economic risk status. Differences are significant at a p<0.05.ResultsConsidering the eight dimensions of HRQoL, for victims we found a significant reduction in the ‘role-limitations’ domain for victims and, for perpetrators we found a significant decrease in the ‘role-limitations’ and ‘mental health’ domains. Regarding the component summary scales, for perpetrators we found significant decreases in both the physical and mental summary scales.SignificanceOur results agree with other published studies that suggest violence significantly decreases a victim's overall mental health. However, for violence victimisation and perpetration, we found that violence might also impair African-American teenagers' ability to handle ‘normal or usual daily activities,’ which may indicate that violence interferes with their societal and household productivity.
I have a bone to pick with you: the challenge of addressing dog-related injury in a rural community
Authors: Dooley Rhiannon 
Published: October 2012

BackgroundSarina, a rural community with a regional population of 12 000, is serviced by Mackay Safe Communities Network (MSCN). MSCN was established in 2000 to address high injury rates regionally. Dog-related injuries contribute to these rates, increasing with rurality, and disproportionately impacting on vulnerable populations (eg, children; elderly). An investigation into dog-related injuries in Sarina was initiated.Aims/Objectives/PurposeThe aim was to determine the incidence of roaming dogs and the prevalence of dog-related injuries.MethodsData on dog-related injury presentations to Sarina Hospital was obtained from Queensland Injury Surveillance Unit. Discussions with local government determined dog registration rates and the workload of the dog catchment team. Focus groups (Indigenous residents; seniors; mothers with young children); key stakeholder interviews (health professionals; community workers; state government representatives); and a convenience survey were conducted to examine causes. A literature search was conducted to identify interventions implemented in rural communities aimed at reducing the injury risk associated with dogs.Results/OutcomeFears about reporting roaming dogs, dog-related injuries and near attacks emerged through community consultations as a barrier to implementing a community-wide intervention. Community members held fears for dogs' wellbeing (particularly if the dog belonged to a friend or neighbour); and fears of reprisal from dog owners.Significance/Contribution to the FieldEvidence on interventions to reduce the risk of dog-related injury is limited and the application of many evidence-based interventions would be inappropriate, and unlikely to succeed in a rural community unless they are able to meet the identified barrier to intervention.
Youth boredom busting summer projects 2012
Authors: Williams Wayne 
Published: October 2012

BackgroundNZ Communities recognise that our lengthy 2-month summer school holiday is a major contributor to our 15–18 year olds getting bored. Youth jobs are scarce and by late January many parents are back at work and youth left at home. Congregating is seen as an answer to the boredom and some gatherings will eventually lead to an involvement in anti-social behaviour.ObjectiveTo create ‘Service Learning Experiences’ within the community for 15–18-year-olds. Research shows youth volunteer projects achieve best success compared to other projects when looking to reduce anti-social behaviour.1Youth involved in positive activities may develop a better understanding of negative activities.MethodStakeholders identified, planning workshop and Steering Group formed. Needs Assessment conducted and delivery strategy developed. 8 projects created and media promulgation. Registrations received and acknowledged with project details.ResultsOne project was cancelled prior to commencement. We managed 74 placements in the supervised projects from 41 registrations. After the first day volunteers were keen to participate in other projects in the subsequent days. All but one completed their projects. Each completed an evaluation of the project and received a participation certificate to reflect the community contribution. Most volunteers came from two secondary schools and from one church group.ConclusionsYouth prefer hands-on activity over indoor non-active learning activities. At-risk youth were noticeably absent. We were unable to gather comments from the at-risk youth so no conclusion was reached regarding anti-social behaviour.1Presenting Multiple Risky Behaviours Among Adolescents: seven Strategies. Terzian, Andrews & Moore.
Assumed enablers, actual barriers: challenging the stereotypes of rural communities
Authors: Dooley Rhiannon 
Published: October 2012

BackgroundSarina is a complex community with sugar and mining industries; a strong identity; a relaxed coastal lifestyle; and a diverse population. High injury rates in Sarina led to investigations into the safety barriers in the community, contesting many existing stereotypes. Following this, a multi-strategy approach to injury prevention, with cross sectional partnerships has sought to address long-standing injury issues in Sarina.Aims/Objectives/PurposeAiming to create change at a population level, a combination of strategies has been implemented in Sarina to respond to injury priorities at a local level.MethodsOrganisational commitment has enabled a driven workforce the capacity to address emerging injury concerns. The community has been supported to develop solutions to existing injury concerns, for example, to conduct site assessments of the local environment to explore safety concerns for pedestrians and cyclists. The identification of a literature gap—appropriate interventions to reduce the risk of dog bites in a rural community—encourages future injury prevention research. Providing strength and balance activities has increased the ability of older residents to reduce their risk of falls. Advocating for the upgrading and maintaining of community facilities and infrastructure has reduced the risk of injury at a population level.Results/OutcomeIdentifying and challenging initial stereotypes about Sarina enables the implementation of a finely tuned injury prevention response.Significance/Contribution to the FieldTo successfully implement injury prevention strategies, assumptions about safety barriers and enablers in the intervention community must be identified and challenged.
Safe community movement in Serbia
Authors: Milankov M , Radovanovic M , Mitrovic D 
Published: October 2012

BackgroundIn Serbia Safe Community programme has started in 2004. With first activities NGO Safe Community and continue with activities National centre for injury prevention and safety promotion from Novi Sad.AimsTo improve quality of live and injury prevention.MethodsHealth promotion activities—Cooperation with the police station and activities related to the traffic, activities related to the safety at home and in public places, education and prevention of injuries at workplaces and at sport activities.ResultsThere are a lot different activities like: Safe and healthy mother—Safe and healthy child; Parent as a role models; The school of parenthood; Places that are and places that aren't playgrounds; Call 92, 93, 94—emergency phone line; How to behave when alone at home; First aid; Introducing to persons whom we can ask for help on the street; The volunteer fire department offers fire safety courses to the municipalities. Activities for safe moving of the disabled persons and their inclusion, marking the side walks and lowering the edges of the sidewalks, reconstruction of the access and placing slopes; SOS phone line and education and trainings on violence prevention; Suicide prevention project- Before crossing the fence call and etc.SignificanceTwo designated Safe Communities, Municipality of Backi Petrovac (2008) and City of Novi Sad (2009) and Affiliate Safe Community Support Centre (2009), First regional South eastern Europe Safe Community Conference (2009), South Eastern Europe Safe Community Network (2009), Safe Kids Serbia (2012).
The flood disaster in rural Bangladesh: magnitude of injuries and parental violence in children
Authors: Animesh Biswas , Aminur Rahman , Rahman Mashreky Saidur , Fazlur Rahman , Koustuv Dalal 
Published: October 2012

BackgroundViolence and injuries are under-reported in developing countries, especially during natural disasters such as floods. During 2007 Bangladesh experienced two consecutive floods which affected almost one-third of the country.ObjectivesThe objective of this study was to examine unintentional injuries to children in rural Bangladesh and parental violence against them during floods disaster, and also to explore the association of socioeconomic characteristics.MethodsA cross-sectional rural household survey was conducted in the worst flood affected areas. A group of 638 randomly selected married women of reproductive age with at least one child at home were interviewed face-to-face using pre-tested structured questionnaires.ResultsThe majority of families (90%) was affected by the flood and was struggling to find food and shelter, resulting in the parents becoming violent towards their children and other family members in the home. Cuts (38%), falls (22%) and near drowning (21%) comprised the majority of unintentional injuries affecting children during the floods. A large number of children were abused by their parents during the floods (70% by mothers and 40% by fathers). The incidence of child injuries and parental violence against children was higher among families living in poor socio-economic conditions, whose parents were of low occupational status and had micro-credit loans during the floods.SignificanceFloods can have significant effects on childhood injury and parental violence against children. The improvement of socio-economic conditions would assist in preventing child injuries and parental violence.
Effectiveness of environmental-based educative programme in injury prevention, disaster preparedness and burn management
Authors: Amr Moghazy , Amira Abdelrahman , Ayman Fahim 
Published: October 2012

BackgroundPreparedness is a necessity for proper handling of emergencies and disasters. Injury prevention, particularly Burns, and first aid educative programmes are important pillars of the preparedness.Programme ObjectivesSensitise and mobilise citizens of Suez Canal and Sinai region to injury prevention and first aid as well as enhancing their knowledge and attitude in these domains.CandidatesAudience was classified according to their level of knowledge to Health Professional group; students groups; high risk group and lay people group. For course efficacy evaluation, pre and post tests were used immediately before and after the sessions.MethodInjury and fire preventive educative programmes were tailored to adapt the environmental discrepancies of audiences, including the social and education levels of audience, common aetiologies as well as applicability of preventive measures according to local resources and logistics. Power point presentations were the main educative tool. Some training was included when appropriate. Acquisition of proper knowledge and attitudes was evaluated through differences in wrong answers in the pre and post tests.ResultsResults of this study showed significant acquisition of proper attitude and knowledge of injury prevention, evacuation principles and first aid in all educated groups (8040 candidates). The highest acquisition was among students (14.1%) and the least was in the lay people (8.8%).ConclusionsComprehensive simple educative programmes, considering all the environmental factors, particularly the social and educative factors, are ideal for rapid reform and community mobilisation. To achieve maximal effectiveness, the educative team should move to propagate the knowledge and attitude.
Injury epidemiology and New Zealand military forces in world war one
Authors: Nick Wilson , Jennifer Summers , Baker Michael 
Published: October 2012

BackgroundDespite the large mortality burden of World War One (WW1) on New Zealand (NZ) military forces, no analysis using modern epidemiological methods has ever been conducted.AimsTo study injury-related mortality amongst NZ military forces for WW1 and consider issues around preventability.MethodsAn electronic version of the Roll-of-Honour for NZ Expeditionary Force (NZEF) personnel was supplemented with further coding and analysed statistically. We also performed literature searches to provide context.ResultsOut of a total of 16 703 deaths occurring during the war (28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918), injury deaths predominated: 65.1% were ‘killed in action’ (KIA)', 23.4% ‘died of wounds’ (DOW), 1.0% were other injuries (‘accidents’, drownings, and executions), and 10.5% were other causes (mainly disease). During the course of the war the annual mortality rate from injury (for KIA+DOW) per 10 000 NZEF personnel in the North Hemisphere peaked at 1335 in 1915 (Gallipoli campaign) and then peaked again in 1917 at 937 (largely the Battle of Passchendaele). Cumulative injury mortality proportions for WW1 differed by ethnicity which reflected differing roles in the military: European/Other (1245/10 000); Māori (906); and Pacific soldiers (83).While historical interpretations differ, there are many plausible preventive measures that could have reduced mortality eg: better diplomacy (to prevent the war); better military planning to avoid failed campaigns (eg, Gallipoli); and improved design and resourcing of medical services.SignificanceWW1 was by far the worst mass injury event in New Zealand's history. Many of these injury deaths could have been prevented.