bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
不同沉积环境中原油氮同位素差异特征研究
Authors: Liu Yazhao , Wu Minghui , Shi Shengbao , Wang Jie , Li Wei 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
As an important element of oil and organic matter, the contents and isotopes of nitrogen are different due to different sources from different environments and different late diagenetic processes after burial. The contents and isotopes of nitrogen in urea and caffeine show that these nitrogen parameters of samples are highly variable and indicate different depositional environments. The carbon and especially the nitrogen isotopes of crude oils formed in marine environments are lighter than those in continental environments, For samples from the same environment, high-temperature cracking causes nitrogen isotope fractionation. 14N is enriched in crude oils and nitrogen isotopes are lighter in high-maturity oils
High‐Resolution Multi‐Photon Imaging of Morphological Structures of Caenorhabditis elegans
Authors: Bixel Gabriele M. , Fretham Stephanie J.B. , Aschner Michael 
Published: May 2015

AbstractIn this protocol, we combine two‐photon excitation fluorescence with nonlinear optical measurements to reconstruct the three‐dimensional architecture of the pharyngeal region and the muscular system of the anterior and mid‐body region of Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans). Femto‐second laser pulses excite second‐harmonic generation (SHG) and third‐harmonic generation (THG) signals, which show detailed structural information regarding the organization of myofibrils that are arranged around the central pharynx region. The combination of two‐photon excitation with SHG and THG imaging is a very powerful tool to study cell morphology, microarchitecture, and tissue arrangement in C. elegans. © 2015 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Butterfly pitch angle distribution of relativistic electrons in the outer radiation belt: Evidence of nonadiabatic scattering
Authors: Artemyev A. V. , Agapitov O. V. , Mozer F. S. , Spence H. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractIn this paper we investigate the scattering of relativistic electrons in the nightside outer radiation belt (around the geostationary orbit). We consider the particular case of low geomagnetic activity (|Dst|<20 nT), quiet conditions in the solar wind, and absence of whistler wave emissions. For such conditions we find several events of Van Allen probe observations of butterfly pitch angle distributions of relativistic electrons (energies about 1–3 MeV). Many previous publications have described such pitch angle distributions over a wide energy range as due to the combined effect of outward radial diffusion and magnetopause shadowing. In this paper we discuss another mechanism that produces butterfly distributions over a limited range of electron energies. We suggest that such distributions can be shaped due to relativistic electron scattering in the equatorial plane of magnetic field lines that are locally deformed by currents of hot ions injected into the inner magnetosphere. Analytical estimates, test particle simulations, and observations of the AE index support this scenario. We conclude that even in the rather quiet magnetosphere, small scale (magnetic local time (MLT)‐localized) injection of hot ions from the magnetotail can likely influence the relativistic electron scattering. Thus, observations of butterfly pitch angle distributions can serve as an indicator of magnetic field deformations in the nightside inner magnetosphere. We briefly discuss possible theoretical approaches and problems for modeling such nonadiabatic electron scattering.
Hydrodynamic and sediment transport modeling of New River Inlet (NC) under the interaction of tides and waves
Authors: Chen Jia‐Lin , Hsu Tian‐Jian , Shi Fengyan , Raubenheimer Britt , Elgar Steve 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThe interactions between waves, tidal currents, and bathymetry near New River Inlet, NC, USA are investigated to understand the effects on the resulting hydrodynamics and sediment transport. A quasi‐3‐D nearshore community model, NearCoM‐TVD, is used in this integrated observational and modeling study. The model is validated with observations of waves and currents at 30 locations, including in a recently dredged navigation channel and a shallower channel, and on the ebb tidal delta, for a range of flow and offshore wave conditions during May 2012. In the channels, model skills for flow velocity and wave height are high. Near the ebb tidal delta, the model reproduces the observed rapid onshore (offshore) decay of wave heights (current velocities). Model results reveal that this sharp transition coincides with the location of the breaker zone over the ebb tidal delta, which is modulated by semidiurnal tides and by wave intensity. The modulation of wave heights is primarily owing to depth changes rather than direct wave‐current interaction. The modeled tidally averaged residual flow patterns show that waves play an important role in generating vortices and landward‐directed currents near the inlet entrance. Numerical experiments suggest that these flow patterns are associated with the channel‐shoal bathymetry near the inlet, similar to the generation of rip currents. Consistent with other inlet studies, model results suggest that tidal currents drive sediment fluxes in the channels, but that sediment fluxes on the ebb tidal delta are driven primarily by waves.
Distinct impacts of the Mongolian and Tibetan Plateaus on the evolution of the East Asian monsoon
Authors: Sha Yingying , Shi Zhengguo , Liu Xiaodong , An Zhisheng 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThe Mongolian Plateau (MP), which is relatively lower in altitude and smaller in extent than the Tibetan Plateau (TP), has received little attention about its climate effect. Building upon previous work in which we highlighted the role of the MP on the high‐level westerly jet stream, the response of surface‐level features of the Asian climate is examined in this study. The results show that the Indian and East Asian summer monsoonal and inland precipitation are mainly enhanced by the uplift of the TP. The precipitation during the onset of the summer monsoon is also intensified over India and eastern China. In addition, the East Asian monsoon domain is significantly expanded with the uplift of the TP, while the Indian summer monsoon domain does not change obviously. The MP plays a significant role in the strengthening of the East Asian winter monsoon, which is larger than the TP. With the uplift of the MP, the cold northerly wind in winter intensifies significantly in East Asia from higher latitudes to the South China Sea. The Siberian high is also enhanced and moves remarkably northward to its modern location. The strengthening of the Asian winter monsoon is related to the MP‐induced diversion of westerly wind. The bypassing flows around the plateau modify the temperature advections over middle latitudes and the atmosphere thermal structure in winter, which leads to the strengthening of the East Asian winter monsoon.
Changes to the turbulent kinematics of a volcanic plume inferred from lightning data
Authors: Behnke Sonja A. , Bruning Eric C. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThe 2009 Redoubt Volcano eruption produced a series of explosive events, the largest of which produced episodes of volcanic lightning similar to thunderstorms. Flash energy spectra were calculated from lightning mapping data collected during the eruption. The spectra were compared to the turbulence characteristics expected from each stage of plume development. Small flash length scales present at early times were associated with the gas thrust and initial convective stages. Increases in flash length scales and flash energy as the explosive events progressed were associated with an increase in volume of the plume. Spectra with a large range in flash length scales (0.2–10 km) and a spectral peak at small flash length scales (< 1 km) were associated with a superposition of spectra from gas thrust, convective, and umbrella/ash cloud regions. An approximate 5/3 power law slope was observed on the order of 10 min after gas thrust forcing had ended and the transition to a drifting ash cloud was underway, which may reflect the dissipating state of the drifting ash cloud.
An experimental investigation into the role of phyllosilicate content on earthquake propagation during seismic slip in carbonate faults
Authors: Bullock Rachael J. , De Paola Nicola , Holdsworth Robert E. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractCarbonate faults commonly contain small amounts of phyllosilicate in their slip zones, due to pressure solution and/or clay smear. To assess the effect of phyllosilicate content on earthquake propagation in carbonate faults, friction experiments were performed at 1.3 m/s on end‐members and mixtures of calcite, illite‐smectite, and smectite gouge. Experiments were performed at 9 MPa normal load, under room humidity and water‐saturated conditions. All dry gouges show initial friction values (μi) of 0.51–0.58, followed by slip hardening to peak values of 0.61–0.76. Slip weakening then ensues, with friction decreasing to steady state values (μss) of 0.19–0.33 within 0.17–0.58 m of slip. Contrastingly, wet gouges containing 10–50 wt % phyllosilicate exhibit μi values between 0.07 and 0.52 followed by negligible or no slip hardening; rather, steady state sliding (μss ≪ 0.2) is attained almost immediately. Microstructurally, dry gouges show intense cataclasis and wear within localized principal slip zones, plus evidence for thermal decomposition of calcite. Wet gouges exhibit distributed deformation, less intense cataclasis, and no evidence of thermal decomposition. It is proposed that in wet gouges, slip is distributed across a network of weak phyllosilicate formed during axial loading compaction prior to shear. This explains the (1) subdued cataclasis and associated lack of slip hardening, (2) distributed nature of deformation, and (3) lack of evidence for thermal decomposition, due to low friction and lack of slip localization. These findings imply that just 10% phyllosilicate in the slip zone of fluid‐saturated carbonate faults can (1) dramatically change their frictional behavior, facilitating rupture propagation to the surface, and (2) significantly lower frictional heating, preventing development of microscale seismic markers.
Subannual variability of total alkalinity distributions in the northeastern Gulf of Mexico
Authors: Yang Bo , Byrne Robert H. , Wanninkhof Rik 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThe subannual variability of total alkalinity (TA) distributions in the northeastern Gulf of Mexico was examined through the use of TA data from ship‐based water sampling, historical records of riverine TA, and contemporaneous model output of surface currents and salinity. TA variability was restricted to the upper 150 m of the water column, where relationships between salinity and TA were controlled primarily by subannual variations in the extent of mixing between seawater and river water. A transition in TA distribution patterns between the river‐dominated northern margin (near the Mississippi‐Atchafalaya River System) and the ocean current‐dominated eastern margin (West Florida Shelf) was observed. An index for riverine alkalinity input was formulated to provide insights about riverine alkalinity contributions in the upper water column. Spatial and temporal variations of total alkalinity in the northeastern Gulf of Mexico are primarily controlled by riverine TA inputs and ocean currents.
Individual and occupational characteristics associated with respiratory symptoms among latino horse farm workers
Authors: Swanberg Jennifer E. , Clouser Jessica Miller , Gan Wenqi , Mannino David M. , Flunker John C. 
Published: May 2015

BackgroundLatino workers are likely exposed to a variety of respiratory hazards in the horse barn, yet the potential impact of these exposures on respiratory health has not been investigated.MethodsUsing a community‐based sample of 225 Latino horse farmworkers we investigated the prevalence of upper and lower respiratory symptoms and occupational characteristics associated with them. Multivariable logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with respiratory symptomology.ResultsUpper respiratory symptoms prevalence ranged from 24% to 45%. Half of workers reported lower respiratory symptoms. Workers with symptoms were more likely to be female and have lower levels of English understanding. Workers who never/rarely used dust masks while working in the barn experienced over two times the odds of reporting upper respiratory symptoms.ConclusionsMany Latino horse workers experienced upper and lower respiratory symptoms. Dust mask use may protect workers in this and other enclosed livestock operations from respiratory symptoms. Am. J. Ind. Med. 58:679–687, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Contrasting patterns of care for musculoskeletal disorders and injuries of the upper extremity and knee through workers' compensation and private health care insurance among union carpenters in Washington State, 1989 to 2008
Authors: Lipscomb Hester J. , Schoenfisch Ashley L. , Cameron Wilfrid , Kucera Kristen L. , Adams Darrin , Silverstein Barbara A. 
Published: May 2015

BackgroundMusculoskeletal symptoms and disorders (MSDIs) are common reasons for visits to medical providers in the general population and they are common work‐related complaints. Prior reports raise concerns as to whether declines in workers' compensation (WC) rates represent true improvement in occupational health and safety or shifting of care to other payment systems.MethodsBy linking administrative records, we compared patterns of WC claims and private health care utilization for disorders of the upper extremity (UE) and knee among a large cohort of union carpenters over a 20‐year period.ResultsAs WC claim rates declined, private health care utilization increased. The increase was muted somewhat but sustained when adjusting for other patterns of health care utilization.ConclusionsFindings suggest the decline of WC claim rates do not solely represent improved occupational safety in this population, but also a considerable shifting of care to their private insurance coverage over time. Am. J. Ind. Med. 58:955–963, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Extensively Reversible Thermal Transformations of a Bistable, Fluorescence‐Switchable Molecular Solid: Entry into Functional Molecular Phase‐Change Materials
Authors: Srujana P. , Radhakrishnan T. P. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractFunctional phase‐change materials (PCMs) are conspicuously absent among molecular materials in which the various attributes of inorganic solids have been realized. While organic PCMs are primarily limited to thermal storage systems, the amorphous–crystalline transformation of materials like Ge‐Sb‐Te find use in advanced applications such as information storage. Reversible amorphous–crystalline transformations in molecular solids require a subtle balance between robust supramolecular assembly and flexible structural elements. We report novel diaminodicyanoquinodimethanes that achieve this transformation by interlinked helical assemblies coupled with conformationally flexible alkoxyalkyl chains. They exhibit highly reversible thermal transformations between bistable (crystalline/amorphous) forms, along with a prominent switching of the fluorescence emission energy and intensity.
Reliable Quantitative SERS Analysis Facilitated by Core–Shell Nanoparticles with Embedded Internal Standards
Authors: Shen Wei , Lin Xuan , Jiang Chaoyang , Li Chaoyu , Lin Haixin , Huang Jingtao , Wang Shuo , Liu Guokun , Yan Xiaomei , Zhong Qiling , Ren Bin 
Published: May 2015

AbstractQuantitative analysis is a great challenge in surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS). Core‐molecule‐shell nanoparticles with two components in the molecular layer, a framework molecule to form the shell, and a probe molecule as a Raman internal standard, were rationally designed for quantitative SERS analysis. The signal of the embedded Raman probe provides effective feedback to correct the fluctuation of samples and measuring conditions. Meanwhile, target molecules with different affinities can be adsorbed onto the shell. The quantitative analysis of target molecules over a large concentration range has been demonstrated with a linear response of the relative SERS intensity versus the surface coverage, which has not been achieved by conventional SERS methods.
Kohlenhydrat‐basierte Nanocarrier mit spezifischem Zell‐Targeting und minimalem Einfluss durch die Proteinkorona
Authors: Kang Biao , Okwieka Patricia , Schöttler Susanne , Winzen Svenja , Langhanki Jens , Mohr Kristin , Opatz Till , Mailänder Volker , Landfester Katharina , Wurm Frederik R. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractSobald Nanopartikel mit biologischen Flüssigkeiten wie Blut in Kontakt kommen, adsorbieren Proteine auf ihrer Oberfläche, welche die sogenannte Proteinkorona ausbilden. Die Wichtigkeit dieser Proteinhülle ist weitgehend anerkannt, jedoch untersuchen nur wenige Studien den Einfluss von Oberflächenfunktionalisierung der Nanocarrier auf die Proteinkorona. Vor allem die Variation der Proteinkorona von PEGylierten und zusätzlich mit Targeting‐Molekülen versehenen Nanoträgern und der Einfluss auf das Targeting sind nicht bekannt. Hydroxyethylstärke‐Nanocarrier (HES‐NCs) wurden synthetisiert, anschließend PEGyliert und zusätzlich (“on top”) mit Mannose funktionalisiert, um dendritische Zellen (DCs) spezifisch anzusteuern. Die Wechselwirkungen mit menschlichem Plasma wurden untersucht: Niedrige Gesamtproteinabsorption mit einem ähnlichen Proteinmuster und eine hohe spezifische Bindungsaffinität zu DCs zeigen eine leistungsfähige Kombination von “Stealth”‐ und Targeting‐Verhalten.
A Crystalline Mesoporous Germanate with 48‐Ring Channels for CO2 Separation
Authors: Liang Jie , Su Jie , Luo Xiaodan , Wang Yingxia , Zheng Haoquan , Chen Hong , Zou Xiaodong , Lin Jianhua , Sun Junliang 
Published: May 2015

AbstractOne of the challenges in materials science has been to prepare crystalline inorganic compounds with mesopores. Although several design strategies have been developed to address the challenge, expansion of pore sizes in inorganic materials is more difficult compared to that for metal–organic frameworks. Herein, we designed a novel mesoporous germanate PKU‐17 with 3D 48×16×16‐ring channels by introducing two large building units (Ge10 and Ge7 clusters) into the same framework. The key for this design strategy is the selection of 2‐propanolamine (MIPA), which serves as the terminal species to promote the crystallization of Ge7 clusters. Moreover, it is responsible for the coexistence of Ge10 and Ge7 clusters. To our knowledge, the discovery of PKU‐17 sets a new record in pore sizes among germanates. It is also the first germanate that exhibits a good selectivity toward CO2 over N2 and CH4.
Asymmetric Synthesis of 1,3‐Butadienyl‐2‐carbinols by the Homoallenylboration of Aldehydes with a Chiral Phosphoric Acid Catalyst
Authors: Huang Yiyong , Yang Xing , Lv Zongchao , Cai Chen , Kai Cheng , Pei Yong , Feng Yu 
Published: May 2015

AbstractAsymmetric C(sp)C(sp2) bond formation to give enantiomerically enriched 1,3‐butadienyl‐2‐carbinols occurred through a homoallenylboration reaction between a 2,3‐dienylboronic ester and aldehydes under the catalysis of a chiral phosphoric acid (CPA). A diverse range of enantiomerically enriched butadiene‐substituted secondary alcohols with aryl, heterocyclic, and aliphatic substituents were synthesized in very high yield with high enantioselectivity. Preliminary density functional theory (DFT) calculations suggest that the reaction proceeds via a cyclic six‐membered chairlike transition state with essential hydrogen‐bond activation in the allene reagent. The catalytic reaction was amenable to the gram‐scale synthesis of a chiral alkyl butadienyl adduct, which was converted into an interesting optically pure compound bearing a benzo‐fused spirocyclic cyclopentenone framework.
Palladium‐Assisted “Aromatic Metamorphosis” of Dibenzothiophenes into Triphenylenes
Authors: Vasu Dhananjayan , Yorimitsu Hideki , Osuka Atsuhiro 
Published: May 2015

AbstractTwo new palladium‐catalyzed reactions of aromatic sulfur compounds enabled the conversion of dibenzothiophenes into triphenylenes in four steps. This transformation of one aromatic framework into another consists of 1) 4‐chlorobutylation of the dibenzothiophene to form the corresponding sulfonium salt, 2) palladium‐catalyzed arylative ring opening of the sulfonium salt with a sodium tetraarylborate, 3) an intramolecular SN2 reaction to form a teraryl sulfonium salt, and 4) palladium‐catalyzed intramolecular CS/CH coupling through electrophilic palladation. Symmetrical as well as unsymmetrical triphenylenes of interest were synthesized in a tailor‐made fashion in satisfactory overall yields.
Carbohydrate‐Based Nanocarriers Exhibiting Specific Cell Targeting with Minimum Influence from the Protein Corona
Authors: Kang Biao , Okwieka Patricia , Schöttler Susanne , Winzen Svenja , Langhanki Jens , Mohr Kristin , Opatz Till , Mailänder Volker , Landfester Katharina , Wurm Frederik R. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractWhenever nanoparticles encounter biological fluids like blood, proteins adsorb on their surface and form a so‐called protein corona. Although its importance is widely accepted, information on the influence of surface functionalization of nanocarriers on the protein corona is still sparse, especially concerning how the functionalization of PEGylated nanocarriers with targeting agents will affect protein corona formation and how the protein corona may in turn influence the targeting effect. Herein, hydroxyethyl starch nanocarriers (HES‐NCs) were prepared, PEGylated, and modified on the outer PEG layer with mannose to target dendritic cells (DCs). Their interaction with human plasma was then studied. Low overall protein adsorption with a distinct protein pattern and high specific affinity for DC binding were observed, thus indicating an efficient combination of “stealth” and targeting behavior.
Study on properties of natural rubber reinforced by poly(sodium‐4‐styrenesulfonate)‐decorated carbon black with a latex compounding technique
Authors: Jin Shenbo , Mao Yapeng , Li Qiuying , Wu Chifei 
Published: May 2015

ABSTRACTNatural rubber filled with poly(sodium‐4‐styrenesulfonate) (PSS)‐decorated carbon black (CB) by employing a latex compounding technique was prepared. The result of scanning electron microscope demonstrated that CB was uniformly dispersed in the matrix. Comparing to traditional dry compounding, an improvement in physical and mechanical properties was observed in the composites attributed to the homogeneous distribution of CB in matrix and an augment of bound rubber. Owing to the changes of the physical properties of CB surface, vulcanizate filled with oxidized CB via latex way exhibited higher mechanical properties. The resulting vulcanizates displayed a diminished interaction between fillers based on the consequence of strain dependence of storage modulus. Furthermore, a splendid wet‐skid resistance was obtained in vulcanizates fabricated by latex compounding technique in comparison with vulcanizates prepared by traditional dry compounding. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42346.