bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Legislating on the Right of Association: A Realistic Way Forward
Authors: Changshan Ma , Peifeng Liu , Xijin Jia , Ming Wang , Jianyin Ma 
Published: March 2014

Abstract
This paper is the third from the “Salon Series on the Creation of Legislation on the Right of Association and Social Organizations”. This was a series of salons jointly hosted by Tsinghua University’s ngo Research Center, the Philanthropy and ngo Support Center, and the editorial office of the China Nonprofit Review. Discussion about the creation of legislation on the right of association began in China during the 1980s, at which time a bill was drawn up, but for various reasons, both political and social, the bill was never passed. This paper discusses the fundamental nature of the right of association and the feasibility and necessity of establishing legislation on this right in the China of today. It ponders the different ways in which the right of association may be enshrined in law, looking at the scattering of legal provisions throughout numerous pieces of legislation (in a multi-legislative model) in contrast with the method of spelling out of the right of association in one or more centralized laws (in a centralized legislative model). The paper also explores the relationship between the formulation of a basic law for social organizations and legislating on the right of association. It was unanimous amongst the experts speaking at the salon upon which this paper is based that establishing a law on the right of association would be an important hallmark of China’s process in developing stronger rule of law, and that it is a sine qua non for achieving constitutionalism and advancing the implementation of the Constitution.
Estimation of Uncertainty in Temperature Observations Made at Meteorological Stations Using a Probabilistic Spatiotemporal Approach
Authors: Xu Cheng-Dong , Wang Jin-Feng , Hu Mao-Gui , Li Qing-Xiang 
Published: March 2014

AbstractA probabilistic spatiotemporal approach based on a spatial regression test (SRT-PS) is proposed for the quality control of climate data. It provides a quantitative probability that represents the uncertainty in each temperature observation. The assumption of SRT-PS is that there might be large uncertainty in the station record if there is a large residual difference between the record estimated in the spatial regression test and the true station record. The result of SRT-PS is expressed as a confidence probability ranging from 0 to 1, where a value closer to 1 indicates less uncertainty. The potential of SRT-PS to estimate quantitatively the uncertainty in temperature observations was demonstrated using an annual temperature dataset for China for the period 1971–2000 with seeded errors. SRT-PS was also applied to assess a real dataset, and was compared with two traditional quality control approaches: biweight mean and biweight standard deviation and SRT. The study provides a new approach to assess quantitatively the uncertainty in temperature observations at meteorological stations.
At What Time of Day Do Daily Extreme Near-Surface Wind Speeds Occur?
Authors: Fajber Robert , Monahan Adam H. , Merryfield William J. 
Published: March 2014

Abstract
The timing of daily extreme wind speeds from 10 to 200 m is considered using 11 yr of 10-min averaged data from the 213-m tower at Cabauw, the Netherlands. This analysis is complicated by the tendency of autocorrelated time series to take their extreme values near the beginning or end of a fixed window in time, even when the series is stationary. It is demonstrated that a simple averaging procedure using different base times to define the day effectively suppresses this “edge effect” and enhances the intrinsic nonstationarity associated with diurnal variations in boundary layer processes. It is found that daily extreme wind speeds at 10 m are most likely in the early afternoon, whereas those at 200 m are most likely in between midnight and sunrise. An analysis of the joint distribution of the timing of extremes at these two altitudes indicates the presence of two regimes: one in which the timing is synchronized between these two layers, and the other in which the occurrence of extremes is asynchronous. These results are interpreted physically using an idealized mechanistic model of the surface layer momentum budget.
Implementing Large-Eddy Simulation Capability in a Compressible Mesoscale Model
Authors: Gasset Nicolas , Benoit Robert , Masson Christian 
Published: March 2014

Abstract
The large size of modern wind turbines and wind farms triggers processes above the surface layer, which extend to the junction between microscales and mesoscales, and pushes the limits of existing approaches to predict the wind. The main objectives of this study are thus to introduce and evaluate an approach that will better account for physical processes within the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL), and allow for both microscale and mesoscale modeling. The proposed method, in which mathematical model and main numerical aspects are presented, combines a mesoscale approach with a large-eddy simulation (LES) model based on the Compressible Community Mesoscale Model (MC2). It is evaluated relying on a shear-driven ABL case allowing the authors to assess the model behavior at very high resolution as well as more specific numerical aspects such as the vertical discretization and time and space splitting of turbulence-related terms. The proposed LES-capable mesoscale model is shown to perform on par with other similar reference LES models, while being slightly more dissipative. A new vertical discretization of the turbulent processes eliminates a spurious numerical mode in the solution. Finally, the splitting of horizontal and vertical turbulence-related terms is shown to have no impact on the results of the test cases. It is thus demonstrated that the revised MC2 is suitable at both microscales and mesoscales, thus setting a strong foundation for future work.
Relationship of supernatural beliefs and first treatment contact in patients with obsessive compulsive disorder: An exploratory study from India
Authors: Grover Sandeep , Patra Bichitra N , Aggarwal Munish , Avasthi Ajit , Chakrabarti Subho , Malhotra Savita 
Published: March 2014

Background: The etiology of mental illness has been attributed to many different causes by people of various cultural backgrounds, including supernatural beliefs. This in turn affects the help-seeking behavior. Aim of this study was to explore the supernatural belief and pathways of care in patients with obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) attending a tertiary care hospital located in north India. Methodology: In all, 89 consecutive patients diagnosed with OCD (according to the International Classification of Diseases–10th Revision (ICD-10)) and ≥ 15 years of age were evaluated for their supernatural belief and help seeking. Results: More than half of the patients (54%) believed in supernatural causes and 57.3% attributed their illness to supernatural causes. In addition to supernatural causes, many patients also attributed their illness to stress (household/work-related stress) or chemical imbalance in the body and or mind. About two-thirds of the patients ( n = 58; 65.2%) first contacted a psychiatrist for their symptoms of OCD. Those who first contacted faith healers believed in one of the supernatural causations. Conclusion: Patients with OCD hold multiple beliefs regarding the etiology and treatment of mental illness which can affect their pathways to care.
The Effect of NSAID Prophylaxis and Operative Variables on Heterotopic Ossification After Hip Arthroscopy
Authors: Beckmann James T. , Wylie James D. , Kapron Ashley L. , Hanson Joey A. , Maak Travis G. , Aoki Stephen K. 
Published: March 2014

Background: Heterotopic ossification (HO) is a known complication of hip arthroscopy. Little is known about the factors that lead to HO after hip arthroscopy. Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and other operative variables on the development of HO. Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: A total of 357 consecutive cases of hip arthroscopy were retrospectively reviewed over a 3-year period. Routine NSAID prophylaxis was not performed for the first 117 cases. Prophylaxis with naproxen for 3 weeks was then routinely prescribed for the remaining 240 cases. Complete follow-up was available for 288 of the original 357 cases. The presence of HO and its characteristics were recorded for each patient, along with baseline demographic and surgical variables. Odds ratios and logistic regression were used to identify causal factors for HO. Results: The incidence of HO in cases in which the patient did not receive NSAID prophylaxis was 25.0% (23/92) versus 5.6% (11/196) of cases in which the patient received NSAIDs. Patients who received no NSAID prophylaxis were 13.6 times more likely to develop HO postoperatively (95% confidence interval, 2.44-75.5; P = .003). Comparing just mixed-type femoroacetabular impingement resections, patients who received no NSAID prophylaxis were 16.6 times more likely to develop HO postoperatively (95% confidence interval, 2.2-126.0; P = .006). Multivariate logistic regression identified the performance of a mixed-type femoroacetabular impingement resection ( P = .011) and the absence of NSAID prophylaxis ( P = .003) as predictors of HO development. The majority of HO cases (29/34) occurred in patients with mixed-type femoroacetabular impingement who had both osteochondroplasty and acetabuloplasty. Complications of NSAID therapy in this study population included acute renal failure, hematochezia from acute colitis, and gastritis. Conclusion: Routine NSAID prophylaxis reduces but does not eliminate the incidence of HO in patients undergoing hip arthroscopy. Heterotopic ossification was more likely to develop in patients undergoing acetabuloplasty along with osteochondroplasty and in those who did not receive prophylactic postoperative NSAIDs. Side effects from the investigated NSAID regimen can be serious and should be weighed against the potential benefits in preventing the formation of HO.
Cytokines, Chemokines, and Growth Factors in Banked Human Donor Milk for Preterm Infants
Authors: Groer Maureen , Duffy Allyson , Morse Shannon , Kane Bradley , Zaritt Judy , Roberts Shari , Ashmeade Terri 
Published: March 2014

Background: There has been a recent increase in availability of banked donor milk for feeding of preterm infants. This milk is pooled from donations to milk banks from carefully screened lactating women. The milk is then pasteurized by the Holder method to remove all microbes. The processed milk is frozen, banked, and sold to neonatal intensive care units (NICUs). The nutrient bioavailability of banked donor milk has been described, but little is known about preservation of immune components such as cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors (CCGF). Objective: The objective was to compare CCGF in banked donor milk with mother’s own milk (MOM). Methods: Aliquots (0.5 mL) were collected daily from MOM pumped by 45 mothers of NICU-admitted infants weighing < 1500 grams at birth. All daily aliquots of each mother’s milk were pooled each week during 6 weeks of an infant’s NICU stay or for as long as the mother provided MOM. The weekly pooled milk was measured for a panel of CCGF through multiplexing using magnetic beads and a MAGPIX instrument. Banked donor milk samples (n = 25) were handled and measured in the same way as MOM. Results: Multiplex analysis revealed that there were levels of CCGF in banked donor milk samples comparable to values obtained from MOM after 6 weeks of lactation. Conclusion: These data suggest that many important CCGF are not destroyed by Holder pasteurization.
Free myocutaneous flap transfer to treat congenital Volkmann’s contracture of the forearm
Authors: Rubin G. , Palti R. , Gurevitz S. , Yaffe B. 
Published: March 2014

The purpose of this study is to report our experience with free functional muscle transfer procedures for the late sequelae of the rare condition of congenital Volkmann’s ischaemic contracture of the forearm. Four children, with an average age of 9.5 years (range 1.5–17), were treated and were followed for a mean of 6 years (range 1–14). Two patients had dorsal forearm contractures, and two had both flexor and extensor forearm contractures. We carried out free functional muscle transfers to replace the flexor or extensor muscles. The functional result was assessed according to the classification system of Hovius and Ultee. All patients had wrist contractures and skeletal involvement with limb length discrepancy that influenced the outcome. All five transferred muscles survived and improved the function of the hand in three of the four patients. Level of evidence: 4
Dynamism in Dupuytren’s contractures
Authors: Rodrigues J. N. , Zhang W. , Scammell B. E. , Davis T. R. C. 
Published: March 2014

Dynamism of Dupuytren’s contractures may occur if a contracture crosses over both the metacarpophalangeal (MCPJ) and proximal interphalangeal (PIPJ) joints of one finger. In this situation the extension deficit at one joint can be influenced by the position of the other. This may affect clinical measurements and introduce errors and bias into research using angular deformity as an endpoint. This study reports the dynamism encountered when measuring passive joint extension deficits in pre-operative contractures. Eighty-five digits with a contracture affecting the PIPJ or MCPJ and PIPJ on 72 hands from 70 patients were studied. Seventy-six digits showed dynamism at either the MCPJ or PIPJ (89%). Seventy-four showed dynamism at the PIPJ (87%). The mean dynamism observed was 6° at the MCPJ and 14° at the PIPJ. Previous Dupuytren’s surgery to the finger did not influence the amount of dynamism seen. Dynamism is common and may be a source of error or bias in trials of Dupuytren’s disease treatment. Level of evidence: III
Return to Play After Liver and Spleen Trauma
Authors: Juyia Rushad F. , Kerr Hamish A. 
Published: March 2014

Context: Sport-related spleen and liver injuries pose a challenge for the physician. Although rare, these injuries can have serious and even life-threatening outcomes if not accurately diagnosed and managed in a timely fashion. Currently, there are no evidence-based guidelines on duration and intensity of restricted activity and return to play after spleen and liver injury. In addition, there is controversy on follow-up imaging after injury. Evidence Acquisition: PubMed was searched using the terms splenic or spleen and trauma and hepatic or liver and trauma from 1980 to 2013. The citations from sentinel papers were also reviewed. Study Design: Clinical review. Level of Evidence: Level 3. Results: Ultrasound is ideal in the unstable athlete. Nonoperative management of blunt splenic and hepatic injuries is recommended for hemodynamically stable patients regardless of injury grade, patient age, or presence of associated injuries. Follow-up imaging is not routinely recommended unless clinically indicated. Athletes may engage in light activity for the first 3 months after injury and then gradual return to unrestricted activity as tolerated. High-level athletes may choose splenectomy or serial imaging for faster return to play. Conclusion: Intravenous contrast-enhanced computed tomography is the diagnostic imaging modality of choice in stable athletes with blunt abdominal trauma. Strength-of-Recommendation Taxonomy: C.
The “Tube-In-Tube” Circuit
Authors: Zanella Fabio , Vida Vladimiro L. , Padalino Massimo A. , Stellin Giovanni 
Published: March 2014

Purpose: To conceive a method to deliver cold blood cardioplegia in neonates and young infants. Description: The “tube-in-tube” circuit consists of a 3-mm line (bloodline) which is inserted inside a 1/2 -in tube where cold water flows continuously (waterline). This circuit includes a filling volume of 18 mL of static prime and 15 mL for the collecting line (pump raceway). Several temperature samples were taken at different blood flows from 20 to 100 mL/min. Evaluation: Temperatures (in°C) at the needle tip were significantly lower when using the tube-in-tube cooling circuit if compared to standard cardioplegia circuit at flows up to 60 mL/min. Conclusions: The tube-in-tube circuit proved to be an effective strategy for low-flow cardioplegia delivery (<60 ml/min), which is particularly useful in neonates and young infants; the lower is the flow, the better is the cooling effect on the cardioplegia.
Survey of Nongovernmental Organizations Providing Pediatric Cardiovascular Care in Low- and Middle-Income Countries
Authors: Nguyen Nguyenvu , Jacobs Jeffrey P. , Dearani Joseph A. , Weinstein Samuel , Novick William M. , Jacobs Marshall L. , Massey Jeremy , Pasquali Sara K. , Walters Henry L. , Drullinsky David , Stellin Giovanni , Tchervenkov Christo I. 
Published: March 2014

Background: Nearly 90% of the children with heart disease in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) cannot access cardiovascular (CV) services. Limitations include inadequate financial, human, and infrastructure resources. Nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) have played crucial roles in providing clinical services and infrastructure supports to LMICs CV programs; however, these outreach efforts are dispersed, inadequate, and lack coordination. Methods: A survey was sent to members of the World Society for Pediatric and Congenital Heart Society and PediHeart. Results: A clearinghouse was created to provide information on NGO structures, geographic reach, and scope of services. The survey identified 80 NGOs supporting CV programs in 92 LMICs. The largest outreach efforts were in South and Central America (42%), followed by Africa (18%), Europe (17%), Asia (17%), and Asia-Western Pacific (6%). Most NGOs (51%) supported two to five outreach missions per year. The majority (87%) of NGOs provided education, diagnostics, and surgical or catheter-based interventions. Working jointly with LMIC partners, 59% of the NGOs performed operations in children and infants; 41% performed nonbypass neonatal operations. Approximately a quarter (26%) reported that partner sites do not perform interventions in between missions. Conclusions: Disparity and inadequacy in pediatric CV services remain an important problem for LMICs. A global consensus and coordinated efforts are needed to guide strategies on the development of regional centers of excellence, a global outcome database, and a CV program registry. Future efforts should be held accountable for impacts such as growth in the number of independent LMIC programs as well as reduction in mortality and patient waiting lists.
Midterm Outcome of Primary Arterial Switch Operation Beyond Six Weeks of Life in Children With Transposition of Great Arteries and Intact Ventricular Septum
Authors: Bisoi Akshay Kumar , Ahmed Tameem , Malankar Dhananjay P. , Chauhan Sandeep , Das Shambunath , Sharma Pranav , Saxena Anita , Boopathy Nagendra S. 
Published: March 2014

Background: We have previously reported our experience in primary arterial switch operation (ASO) in children more than six weeks with transposition of great arteries and intact ventricular septum (TGA/IVS). The upper age limit for performing an ASO in these children is not yet settled and reports regarding outcome of ASO in these children are few. In this prospective observational study, we report the midterm results of children with TGA-IVS older than six weeks undergoing primary ASO. Methods: A total of 109 children aged more than 6 weeks with median age of 60 days (range 42-3,000 days), with regressed left ventricle underwent primary ASO. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation was used in 20% (22 of 109) of them; 90.8% (99 of 109) of children who survived were prospectively followed, with a mean follow-up of 28 months (range 18-84 months). Results: Two late deaths occurred, and survival in the remainder was estimated to be 98% at seven years. The incidence of aortic regurgitation (AR) was found to have a decreasing trend with freedom from AR approaching 100% by 34 months. The left ventricular shape and function returned to normal within one to three months following surgery. None of these children had any rhythm disturbances or evidence of myocardial ischemia. Conclusions: Primary ASO can be safely performed in children with regressed ventricle, irrespective of age with encouraging results. The midterm results of these children are comparable in terms of survival and freedom from complications associated with preserved ventricle.
Surgical Treatment of Common Arterial Trunk in Patients Beyond the First Year of Life
Authors: Arslan Ahmet Hulusi , Ugurlucan Murat , Yildiz Yahya , Ay Sibel , Bahceci Fatma , Besikci Resmiye , Cicek Sertac 
Published: March 2014

Background: Common arterial trunk ( persistent truncus arteriosus) is a rare cardiac defect requiring surgical repair early in life because of the fast development of pulmonary vascular obstructive disease. We present our institutional experience with patients having common arterial trunk who are diagnosed after one year of age. Patients and Methods: Between August 2010 and May 2013, a total of 1,436 patients were treated for congenital cardiac defects at our institution. Common arterial trunk was treated surgically in seven patients older than one year of age (three males, four females; age: 13 months to 5 years, mean: 2.8 ± 2.04 years). All patients underwent cardiac catheterization in order to determine operability. Results: All patients had the aortic dominant type of common arterial trunk. The pulmonary vascular resistance and Qp/Qs ratio before and after oxygen inhalation were mean 9.04 + 4.2 (range: 3.8 and 10.7) wood units and 4.67 ± 2.3 (range: 3 and 6.5) wood units and 3.3 + 1.8 (range: 1.42 and 5.3) and 4.98 + 2.2 (range: 4 and 6.2), respectively. All patients underwent elective primary repair. The ventricular septal defect was closed in all patients, five with a nonvalved patch and two with a unidirectional check-valved patch. Early postoperatively, patients were sedated, hyperventilated, and received nitric oxide for a minimum of 24 hours. There was no early or late mortality. The mean length of hospital stay was 9.3 ± 5.7 days, and mean duration of follow-up was 214 ± 59 days. Conclusion: Complete repair of common arterial trunk in patients older than one year of age is feasible in appropriately selected cases. Preoperative cardiac catheterization to assess reactivity of the pulmonary vascular bed is important as are appropriate strategies for postoperative management. Together, these elements make it possible to achieve primary repair with excellent outcomes despite late presentation.