bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
TLR3 Increases Disease Morbidity and Mortality from Vaccinia Infection
Authors: Hutchens Martha , Luker Kathryn E. , Sottile Peter , Sonstein Joanne , Lukacs Nicholas W. , Núñez Gabriel , Curtis Jeffrey L. , Luker Gary D. 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
Innate immunity is required for effective control of poxvirus infections, but cellular receptors that initiate the host response to these DNA viruses remain poorly defined. Given this information and the fact that functions of TLRs in immunity to DNA viruses remain controversial, we investigated effects of TLR3 on pathogenesis of vaccinia virus, a prototype poxvirus. We used a recombinant strain Western Reserve vaccinia virus that expresses firefly luciferase to infect wild-type C57BL/6 and TLR3−/− mice through intranasal inoculation. Bioluminescence imaging showed that TLR3−/− mice had substantially lower viral replication in the respiratory tract and diminished dissemination of virus to abdominal organs. Mice lacking TLR3 had reduced disease morbidity, as measured by decreased weight loss and hypothermia after infection. Importantly, TLR3−/− mice also had improved survival relative to wild-type mice. Infected TLR3−/− mice had significantly reduced lung inflammation and recruitment of leukocytes to the lung. Mice lacking TLR3 also had lower levels of inflammatory cytokines, including IL-6, MCP-1, and TNF-α in serum and/or bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, but levels of IFN-β did not differ between genotypes of mice. To our knowledge, our findings show for the first time that interactions between TLR3 and vaccinia increase viral replication and contribute to detrimental effects of the host immune response to poxviruses.
TNF-α Is Critical to Facilitate Hemopoietic Stem Cell Engraftment and Function
Authors: Rezzoug Francine , Huang Yiming , Tanner Michael K. , Wysoczynski Marcin , Schanie Carrie L. , Chilton Paula M. , Ratajczak Mariusz Z. , Fugier-Vivier Isabelle J. , Ildstad Suzanne T. 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
The use of tolerogenic cells as an approach to induce tolerance to solid organ allografts is being aggressively pursued. A major limitation to the clinical application of cell-based therapies has been the ability to obtain sufficient numbers and also preserve their tolerogenic state. We previously reported that small numbers of bone marrow-derived CD8+/TCR− graft facilitating cells (FC) significantly enhance hemopoietic stem cell (HSC) engraftment in allogeneic and syngeneic recipients. Although the majority of FC resemble precursor plasmacytoid dendritic cells (p-preDC), p-preDC do not replace FC in facilitating function. In the present studies, we investigated the mechanism of FC function. We show for the first time that FC significantly enhance HSC clonogenicity, increase the proportion of multipotent progenitors, and prevent apoptosis of HSC. These effects require direct cell:cell contact between FC and HSC. Separation of FC from HSC by transwell membranes completely abrogates the FC effect on HSC. p-preDC FC do not replace FC total in these effects on HSC function. FC produce TNF-α, and FC from TNF-α-deficient mice exhibit impaired facilitation in vivo and loss of the in vitro effects on HSC. Neutralizing TNF-α in FC similarly blocks the FC effect. The antiapoptotic effect of FC is associated with up-regulation of Bcl-3 transcripts in HSC and blocking of TNF-α is associated with abrogation of up-regulation of Bcl-3 transcripts. These data demonstrate a critical role for TNF-α in mediating FC function. FC may have a significant impact upon the safe use of chimerism to establish tolerance to transplanted organs and tissue.
IL-13 Receptor α2 Selectively Inhibits IL-13-Induced Responses in the Murine Lung
Authors: Zheng Tao , Liu Wei , Oh Sun-Young , Zhu Zhou , Hu Buqu , Homer Robert J. , Cohn Lauren , Grusby Michael J. , Elias Jack A. 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
IL-13 is a critical cytokine at sites of Th2 inflammation. In these locations it mediates its effects via a receptor complex, which contains IL-4Rα and IL-13Rα1. A third, high-affinity IL-13 receptor, IL-13Rα2, also exists. Although it was initially felt to be a decoy receptor, this has not been formally demonstrated and the role(s) of this receptor has recently become controversial. To define the role(s) of IL-13Rα2 in IL-13-induced pulmonary inflammation and remodeling, we compared the effects of lung-targeted transgenic IL-13 in mice with wild-type and null IL-13Rα2 loci. We also investigated the effect of IL-13Rα2 deficiency on the OVA-induced inflammatory response. In this study, we show that in the absence of IL-13Rα2, IL-13-induced pulmonary inflammation, mucus metaplasia, subepithelial fibrosis, and airway remodeling are significantly augmented. These changes were accompanied by increased expression and production of chemokines, proteases, mucin genes, and TGF-β1. Similarly, an enhanced inflammatory response was observed in an OVA-induced phenotype. In contrast, disruption of IL-13Rα2 had no effect on the tissue effects of lung-targeted transgenic IL-4. Thus, IL-13Rα2 is a selective and powerful inhibitor of IL-13-induced inflammatory, remodeling, and physiologic responses in the murine lung.
Commensal Gut Flora Drives the Expansion of Proinflammatory CD4 T Cells in the Colonic Lamina Propria under Normal and Inflammatory Conditions
Authors: Niess Jan Hendrik , Leithäuser Frank , Adler Guido , Reimann Jörg 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
We tested in B6 mice whether the local expansion of CD4 T cells producing proinflammatory cytokines including IL-17 (Th17 cells) in the colonic lamina propria (cLP) depends on the commensal microflora. High numbers of CD4 Th17 cells were found in the lamina propria of the ileum and colon but not the duodenum, jejunum, mesenteric lymph nodes, spleen, or liver of specific pathogen-free (SPF) mice. The microflora is required for the accumulation of cytokine (IL-17, IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-10)-producing CD4 T cells in the cLP because only low numbers of cytokine-producing cLP CD4 T cells were found in syngeneic (age- and sex-matched) germfree mice. The fraction of cLP Th17 cells was higher in (type I and type II) IFN- but not IL-4- or IL-12p40-deficient SPF congenics. cLP CD4 Th17 cells produce IL-17 but not IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-4, or IL-10. cLP CD4 Th17 cells accumulate locally in colitis induced by adoptive transfer of IFN-γ+/+ or IFN-γ−/− CD4 T cells into congenic SPF (but not germfree) RAG−/− hosts. In this colitis model, cLP CD4 T cells that “spontaneously” produce IL-17 progressively increase in number in the inflamed cLP, and increasing serum IL-17 levels appear as the disease progresses. Commensal bacteria-driven, local expansion of cLP CD4 Th17 cells may contribute to the pathogenesis of this inflammatory bowel disease.
Chemokine Receptor CX3CR1 Mediates Skin Wound Healing by Promoting Macrophage and Fibroblast Accumulation and Function
Authors: Ishida Yuko , Gao Ji-Liang , Murphy Philip M. 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
Wounds heal through a highly regulated, self-limited inflammatory response, however, precise inflammatory mediators have not been fully delineated. In this study, we report that in a mouse model of excisional skin wound healing the chemokine CX3CL1 and its receptor CX3CR1 were both highly induced at wound sites; CX3CL1 colocalized with macrophages and endothelial cells, whereas CX3CR1 colocalized mainly with macrophages and fibroblasts. Loss of CX3CR1 function delayed wound closure in both CX3CR1 knockout (KO) mice and in wild-type mice infused with anti-CX3CR1-neutralizing Ab. Conversely, transfer of bone marrow from donor wild-type mice, but not from donor CX3CR1 KO mice, restored wound healing to normal in CX3CR1 KO-recipient mice. Direct effects of CX3CR1 disruption at the wound site included marked reduction of macrophages and macrophage products, such as TGF-β1 and vascular endothelial growth factor. Consistent with this, we observed reduced α-smooth muscle actin (a marker for myofibroblasts) and collagen deposition in skin from wounded CX3CR1 KO mice, as well as reduced neovascularization. Together, the data support a molecular model of skin wound repair in which CX3CR1 mediates direct recruitment of bone marrow-derived monocytes/macrophages which release profibrotic and angiogenic mediators.
Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-γ Ligand, 15-Deoxy-Δ12,14-Prostaglandin J2, Reduces Neutrophil Migration via a Nitric Oxide Pathway
Authors: Napimoga Marcelo H. , Vieira Silvio M. , Dal-Secco Daniela , Freitas Andressa , Souto Fabrício O. , Mestriner Fabiola L. , Alves-Filho José C. , Grespan Renata , Kawai Toshihisa , Ferreira Sérgio H. , Cunha Fernando Q. 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
Ligands for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPAR-γ), such as 15-deoxy-Δ12,14-prostaglandin J2 (15d-PGJ2) have been implicated as a new class of anti-inflammatory compounds with possible clinical applications. Based on this concept, this investigation was designed to determine the effect of 15d-PGJ2-mediated activation of PPAR-γ ligand on neutrophil migration after an inflammatory stimulus and clarify the underlying molecular mechanisms using a mouse model of peritonitis. Our results demonstrated that 15d-PGJ2 administration decreases leukocyte rolling and adhesion to the inflammated mesenteric tissues by a mechanism dependent on NO. Specifically, pharmacological inhibitors of NO synthase remarkably abrogated the 15d-PGJ2-mediated suppression of neutrophil migration to the inflammatory site. Moreover, inducible NOS−/− mice were not susceptible to 15d-PGJ2-mediated suppression of neutrophil migration to the inflammatory sites when compared with their wild type. In addition, 15d-PGJ2-mediated suppression of neutrophil migration appeared to be independent of the production of cytokines and chemokines, since their production were not significantly affected in the carrageenan-injected peritoneal cavities. Finally, up-regulation of carrageenan-triggered ICAM-1 expression in the mesenteric microcirculation vessels was abrogated by pretreatment of wild-type mice with 15d-PGJ2, whereas 15d-PGJ2 inhibited F-actin rearrangement process in neutrophils. Taken together these findings demonstrated that 15d-PGJ2 suppresses inflammation-initiated neutrophil migration in a mechanism dependent on NO production in mesenteric tissues.
Selective Estrogen Receptor-β Agonists Repress Transcription of Proinflammatory Genes
Authors: Cvoro Aleksandra , Tatomer Deirdre , Tee Meng-Kian , Zogovic Tatjana , Harris Heather A. , Leitman Dale C. 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
In addition to their role in the development and function of the reproductive system, estrogens have significant anti-inflammatory properties. Although both estrogen receptors (ERs) can mediate anti-inflammatory actions, ERβ is a more desirable therapeutic target because ERα mediates the proliferative effects of estrogens on the mammary gland and uterus. In fact, selective ERβ agonists have beneficial effects in preclinical models involving inflammation without causing growth-promoting effects on the uterus or mammary gland. However, their mechanism of action is unclear. The purpose of this study was to use microarray analysis to determine whether ERβ-selective compounds produce their anti-inflammatory effects by repressing transcription of proinflammatory genes. We identified 49 genes that were activated by TNF-α in human osteosarcoma U2OS cells expressing ERβ. Estradiol treatment significantly reduced the activation by TNF-α on 18 genes via ERβ or ERα. Most repressed genes were inflammatory genes, such as TNF-α, IL-6, and CSF2. Three ERβ-selective compounds, ERB-041, WAY-202196, and WAY-214156, repressed the expression of these and other inflammatory genes. ERB-041 was the most ERβ-selective compound, whereas WAY-202196 and WAY-214156 were the most potent. The ERβ-selective compounds repressed inflammatory genes by recruiting the coactivator, SRC-2. ERB-041 also repressed cytokine genes in PBMCs, demonstrating that ERβ-selective estrogens have anti-inflammatory properties in immune cells. Our study suggests that the anti-inflammatory effects of ERB-041 and other ERβ-selective estrogens in animal models are due to transcriptional repression of proinflammatory genes. These compounds might represent a new class of drugs to treat inflammatory disorders.
HIV-1 Tat Suppresses gp120-Specific T Cell Response in IL-10-Dependent Manner
Authors: Gupta Shalini , Boppana Ramanamurthy , Mishra Gyan C. , Saha Bhaskar , Mitra Debashis 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
A large number of multicomponent vaccine candidates are currently in clinical evaluation, many of which also include the HIV-1 Tat protein, an important regulatory protein of the virus. However, whether Tat, a known immune effector molecule with a well-conserved sequence among different HIV subtypes, affects the immune response to a coimmunogen is not well understood. In this study, using a bicistronic vector expressing both gp120 and Tat, we have analyzed the role of Tat in elicitation of the gp120-specific immune response. The T cell responses to gp120 were greatly diminished in mice coimmunized with Tat as compared with mice immunized with gp120 alone. This immunosuppressive activity of Tat was not confined to viral Ag only because it also suppressed the immune response of unrelated Ag. Analysis of the cytokine profile suggests that Tat induces IL-10 and since IL-10 has been demonstrated to have appreciable T cell inhibitory activity, it is plausible that IL-10 could be responsible for Tat-mediated immunosuppression. Finally, the immunosuppressive effect of Tat was not observed in IL-10-deficient mice, confirming the role of IL-10 in Tat-mediated immunosuppression. Thus, our results demonstrate for the first time that the immunosuppressive effect of Tat is mediated through IL-10 and suggests that Tat-induced IL-10-mediated immune suppression seems to cripple immune surveillance during HIV-1 infection.
Afro Middle East Asian symposium on cancer cooperation
Authors: Parikh Purvish M. , Raja T. , Mula-Hussain L. , Baral R. P. , Ingle P. , Narayanan P. , Tsikai N. , Baki M. O. , Satyapal N. , Adusei K. O. , Popoola A. , Musibi A. , Nyaim E. , Tsomo U. , Opio C. , Jamshed A. , Reddy P. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThis manuscript captures the discussion and recommendations that came out of a special Afro Asian symposium involving 13 countries. Unmet needs and cost-effective solutions with special emphasis on training form the backbone of practical next steps.
Systemic care in the acute management of patients with stroke
Authors: Sriganesh Kamath , Radhakrishnan M. , Umamaheswara Rao Ganne 
Published: April 2014

AbstractEarly and effective systemic management plays an important role in the outcome of patients with stroke. Vigilant respiratory and hemodynamic monitoring and optimisation along with nutritional and metabolic correction goes a long way in improving results of definitive treatment in patients with stroke. This review discusses the systemic changes occurring after stroke and provides current evidence in the management of these factors, which significantly influence the outcome.
Global $L_2$-solvability of a problem governing two-phase fluid motion without surface tension
Authors: Denisova Irina V. 
Published: April 2014

The paper deals with an interface problem for the Navier–Stokes system governing the motion of two incompressible fluids in a container, one liquid being inside another one. We prove unique solvability of the problem in an infinite time interval provided that the data are small enough, surface tension effect being neglected on the interface between the fluids. The norms of the solution are shown to decay exponentially at infinity with respect to time. The proof is based on exponential energy estimate and on local existence theorem of the problem in anisotropic Sobolev–Slobodetskiĭ spaces.
We give also the main steps of the proof of the local theorem for the problem with and without including surface tension.
Establishing the Psychometric Properties of Constructs in a Community-Based Participatory Research Conceptual Model
Authors: Oetzel John G. , Zhou Chuan , Duran Bonnie , Pearson Cynthia , Magarati Maya , Lucero Julie , Wallerstein Nina , Villegas Malia 
Published: April 2014

Purpose. The purpose of this study is to establish the psychometric properties of 22 measures from a community-based participatory research (CBPR) conceptual model. Design. The design of this study was an online, cross-sectional survey of academic and community partners involved in a CPBR project. Setting. CPBR projects (294) in the United States with federal funding in 2009. Subjects. Of the 404 academic and community partners invited, 312 (77.2%) participated. Of the 200 principal investigators/project directors invited, 138 (69.0%) participated. Measures. Twenty-two measures of CBPR context, group dynamics, methods, and health-related outcomes were examined. Analysis. Confirmatory factor analysis to establish factorial validity and Pearson correlations to establish convergent and divergent validity were used. Results. Confirmatory factor analysis demonstrated strong factorial validity for the 22 constructs. Pearson correlations (p < .001) supported the convergent and divergent validity of the measures. Internal consistency was strong, with 18 of 22 measures achieving at least a .78 Cronbach α. Conclusion. CBPR is a key approach for health promotion in underserved communities and/or communities of color, yet the basic psychometric properties of CBPR constructs have not been well established. This study provides evidence of the factorial, convergent, and discriminant validity and the internal consistency of 22 measures related to the CBPR conceptual model. Thus, these measures can be used with confidence by both CBPR practitioners and researchers to evaluate their own CBPR partnerships and to advance the science of CBPR.
Can Principles of “Good Practice in Assessment” Work within Higher Education? A Case Study of an Interdepartmental Assessment Exchange Project
Authors: Yakimowski Mary E. , Alfano Michael P. 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
This action study embraces Stassen's four principles for good practice in assessment in higher education by involving candidates of two programs—a teacher preparation program and an administrator preparation program—collaborating on an assessment project. Preservice teachers submitted “authentic” artifacts from their student-teaching experience (e.g., a videotaped lesson), while aspiring school leaders provided a detailed analysis using an assessment rubric. Results and lessons learned from this type of collaborative assessment are shared. The authors conclude by offering a model regarding how the four principles of best practice can be embedded in an assessment project that facilitates student learning.
Defense of Western Civilization or "Polish Imperialism?"
Authors: Styrna Paweł 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
The Kiev Offensive was a joint Polish-Ukrainian attack against Soviet forces in Ukraine in late April/early May 1920. Poland’s commander in chief, Józef Piłsudski, strove to preempt a Red Army offensive against the newly independent Polish Republic by forcing a battle in Ukraine. He also wished to deny this strategic country, the "breadbasket of Europe," to the Bolsheviks by creating a Ukrainian state allied with Poland. Piłsudski’s plan seemed to materialize as the Poles and Ukrainians swept the Soviet forces before them and liberated Kiev. The Reds soon counterattacked and drove the Poles all the way to Warsaw, where the Soviets suffered a crushing defeat. Communist expansion was temporarily halted and the independence of Poland and the Baltic states secured, at least for two decades, but Ukraine remained under Soviet rule. The communists immediately portrayed the Polish-Ukrainian push for Kiev as imperialist aggression by Polish landlords, allegedly intent on regaining their estates. Some Western historians have also depicted the Kiev Offensive as an opening shot in the Polish-Bolshevik War, in spite of the fact that the Poles and the Soviets had been wrestling for the control of the lands between the Bug and the Berezyna Rivers for over a year. Why did the distorted Soviet propaganda version weave its way even into Western history books?
The use of in-depth interviews to understand the process of treating lame dairy cows from the farmers’ perspective
Authors: Horseman SV , Roe EJ , Huxley JN , Bell NJ , Mason CS , Whay HR 
Published: April 2014

AbstractInterventions aimed at improving animal welfare on farms may be more successful if greater attention is paid to the points of view of farmers. For example, understanding how different dairy farmers detect lame cows, decide to treat them, get them to the point of treatment, and how practical considerations that impact on this process may be important for reducing lameness on dairy farms. In-depth interviews with twelve dairy farmers were carried out to explore how this occurred on their farms. This in-depth approach allowed a number of factors influencing lameness treatment to be uncovered. The language used by farmers to describe lameness gave important insight into their perceptions of lameness and into the value they placed on prompt treatment. Farmers’ perceptions of lameness were found to affect the speed of treatment, with treatment of cows perceived to have impaired mobility or to be less severely lame sometimes delayed. Other priorities on the farm, skilled labour availability, farm infrastructure and farmers’ emotional responses to lameness treatment were all found to impact on whether or when a lame cow was treated. In order to encourage farmers to promptly treat all lame cows their perceptions of lameness and the benefits of prompt treatment must be addressed. The language used when communicating with farmers about lameness may be key to achieving this. The practical barriers, such as time and labour constraints, associated with the treatment process, must also be understood, taken into account and seen in the context of the farm management as a whole.
Abnormal behaviour in captive sooty mangabeys
Authors: Crast J , Bloomsmith MA , Perlman JE , Meeker TL , Remillard CM 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe influence of several factors on abnormal behaviour was investigated in 46 singly housed sooty mangabeys(Cercocebus atys)(eight nursery-reared, 38 mother-reared), including self-injurious, self-directed, stereotypic locomotion, and faeces/urine-related behaviours (SIB, SDB, SL, FUR, respectively). An analysis of behavioural assessments spanning a mean of four years per subject showed that 83% displayed at least one form of AB during that time, with SL being the most common (mean of 3.06% of observation sessions and displayed by 59% of subjects) and SIB the least common (mean of 0.09% of all observation sessions and displayed by 20% of subjects). Like other primate species, displaying AB was influenced by the percent of life spent singly housed and by nursery-rearing during infancy. However, unlike some other primates, there was no influence of the number of yearly sedations or room relocations on AB; also, females were more likely to display AB than male mangabeys. To investigate the effects of nursery-rearing further, we compared the eight nursery-reared, singly housed subjects with eight nursery-reared subjects that were socially housed since the age of three years. While nursery-reared subjects in single housing displayed SL and FUR in higher proportions than those in social housing, subjects from both environments displayed SIB and SDB in equal proportions, suggesting that they are persistent forms of AB for nursery-reared mangabeys even after long-term social housing. To reduce future incidence of AB in captive mangabeys, we recommend minimising nursery-rearing and the duration of single-housing whenever feasible or avoiding them altogether.