bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ANALYSIS OF OIL SPILL ACCIDENTS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENTS
Authors: Beyaert Bruce 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Environmental impact statements (EISs) are often required under the National Environmental Policy Act or similar state laws for proposed activities such as petroleum exploration and production or for new oil transportation facilities such as marine terminals and pipelines. One of the critical concerns which must be properly addressed in an EIS for such activities or facilities is the risk of an accidental oil spill and the environmental impact which would result.
This paper describes a comprehensive approach to analysis of oil spill accidents in such EISs. It identifies sources of relevant data and technical information while also pointing out areas where knowledge is incomplete. Techniques are recommended for determining the probability and size of a spill, the fate of the oil, and the resulting environmental impacts. The paper is intended to serve as a useful guide for those preparing or reviewing EISs for proposed large projects which involve appreciable oil spill risks.
THE DESIGN AND DEMONSTRATION OF A REMOTELY-CONTROLLED HIGH-SEAS OIL RECOVERY SYSTEM
Authors: Neal R.W. , Bianchi R.A. , Johanson E.E. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The results of a program carried out by JBF Scientific Corporation for the American Petroleum Institute are presented. The object of the program was to demonstrate and test a spilled-oil recovery system under offshore conditions.
A unique feature of the system is a complete remote control capability. The operator may be located on board a much larger support vessel where the sea conditions do not reduce his effectiveness. By a hard-wire umbilical, he can remotely operate all systems of the skimmer including steering, propulsion, collection belt, and oil transfer pump. Collected oil may be pumped from the skimmer to the support vessel when the skimmer's capacity of 1,000 gallons has been exceeded.
The skimmer was designed and built in accordance with the Coast Guard's Tank Vessel Regulations. It is certified to handle Class flammable liquids.
The tests successfully demonstrated the recovery of oil in sea state 3 using a relatively small unmanned skimmer in remote control. Results of these tests, along with photographs and design information, are presented in the paper. Along with the paper, a documentary film of the test program will be presented at the conference.
OIL CONTAMINATED BEACH CLEANUP
Authors: Der James J. , Ghormley Edward L. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
A review of representative oil spill incidents supplemented by personal and telephone interviews with persons involved in beach cleanup operations as on-scene coordinators or as cleanup operators has been made to evaluate methods suitable for future operations. The selection of procedure and equipment for beach cleanup was found to depend on the amount of oil, the characteristics of the oil as it hits the beach, and the type of beach contaminated. The slope of the beach, indicative of the material the beach is composed of, is related to appropriate methods and equipment that may be most effectively used to decontaminate the beach material. A scheme for classifying the type of beach contamination was devised. The most effective beach cleanup procedures and equipment have been identified and tabulated in terms of selected beach classifications. Recommendations for future work to remove deficiencies of existing techniques are included.
REVIEW OF U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY RESEARCH IN OIL-WATER SEPARATION TECHNOLOGY
Authors: Freestone Frank J. , Tabakin Richard B. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has sponsored two separate research contracts in the field of oil-water separation for the fiscal year 1974.
One project, with Pollution Abatement Research, Inc., of Dallas, Texas, concerns the development of a chemically assisted, back-washable coalescer with chemically assisted backwash solids scrubber. This device is designed for use on offshore oil production platforms, although it has a wide potential of applicability. Preliminary tests made with large-volume samples of produced water from an offshore oil production platform yielded very promising results with less than 10 ppm produced oil in the effluent water.
The second project, with the Ben Holt Company of Pasadena, California, is to develop a new concept of adsorption of oil-contaminated water onto a regenerable coked surface. The project is aimed at chemically stabilized emulsions and dissolved oils. A bench-scale device has been built, and testing has proven the feasibility of the concept.
The rationale for the development of each of these devices is presented along with detailed information concerning test results of each device.
ACCUMULATION, RELEASE, AND DISTRIBUTION OF BENZO[A]PYRENEC14 IN THE CLAM RANGIA CUNEATA
Authors: Neff Jerry M. , Anderson Jack W. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Groups of estuarine clams, Rangia cuneata, were exposed for 24 hours to synthetic seawater containing in solution 0.0305 ppm benzo[a] pyrene-C14. In two experimental exposures, average total concentrations of benzo[a]pyrene (BAP) in the clam tissues were 7.2 ppm and 5.7 ppm, approximately 200 times above the ambient level. The majority of the radioactivity was localized in the viscera which contains the digestive system, gonads, and heart. The other tissues analyzed, the mantle, gills, adductor muscle, and foot, each contained 3–16% of the radioactivity. When returned to isotope-free seawater, the clams immediately began to release the accumulated BAP. After 30 days only 0.07 ppm BAP remained in the tissues. BAP could not be detected (limits of detection, 0.01 ppm) in clams maintained in isotope-free seawater for 58 days. During depuration, the distribution of radioactivity in the tissues remained relatively constant. The viscera contained most of the activity at all sampling times.
LONG-TERM CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF A PERSISTENT OIL SPILL FOLLOWING THE GROUNDING OF THE GENERAL M. C. MEIGS
Authors: Clark Robert C. , Finley John S. , Patten Benjamin G. , DeNike Edward E. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Petroleum hydrocarbon uptake patterns and observations of plant and animal populations of an intertidal community exposed continually since January 1972 to small quantities of a Navy Special Fuel Oil residue from the grounded unmanned troopship General M. C. Meigs were obtained by an interagency team of oceanographers, biologists, chemists, and engineers. Although the tar-ball-like character of the released oil served to limit its coverage, specific members of the intertidal community showed effects of the persistence of the spill. This report describes the long-term observations and analyses made since the grounding of the 622-foot military transport on a rich and productive intertidal regime.
EFFECTS OF EXPERIMENTAL CRUDE OIL SPILLS ON TAIGA AND TUNDRA VEGETATION OF THE CANADIAN ARCTIC
Authors: Hutchinson T.C. , Freedman W. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Summer and winter crude oil spills have been made on tundra and taiga sites in arctic Canada. The short- and long-term effects of these spills have been recorded, to date, over a 3-year period. Spills were made by even surface spraying and by high intensity point spills. The vegetation present prior to such spills was carefully recorded. All surface spills had a devastating effect on above-ground vegetation. Species did, however, differ markedly in both their ability to survive an oil spill and their ability to recover. Many species, especially lichens, mosses, and liverworts, were killed outright. Some woody and dwarf shrubs were able to produce new, healthy shoots within a few weeks of initial defoliation. The reduced production of storage material, as a result of foliage (and photosynthetic) loss, caused markedly increased plant losses by winter-killing factors. Flowering and reproduction were severely reduced, even in the third summer following a spill. Winter spills had significantly less effect than summer spills. Permafrost was little affected, despite changes in the site energy budgets. Damage appeared greater in exposed taiga sites than on the tundra. Some species, such as black spruce, died throughout a 3-year period, emphasizing the necessity for long-term studies for accurate assessment.
CHEVRON MAIN PASS BLOCK 41 OIL SPILL: CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS
Authors: McAuliffe Clayton D. , Smalley Alfred E. , Groover Robert D. , Welsh W. Marvin , Pickle W. Stewart , Jones George E. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
During a three-week period in 1970 an estimated 65,000 barrels of 34° API gravity crude oil were discharged from the Chevron Main Pass Block 41C Platform, 11 miles east of the Mississippi River Delta. Two thousand barrels of chemical dispersants were sprayed on the platform and surrounding water surface. It is estimated that between 25–30% of the oil evaporated during the first 24 hours, 10–20% was recovered from the water surface, less than 1% dissolved, and less than 1% of the oil was identified in sediments within a 5-mile radius of the platform. The remaining oil emulsified and dispersed to undetectable levels, biodegraded, or photooxidized. The highest measured concentrations in water at the platform and at 1 mile were: oil-in-water emulsion, 70 to 1 ppm; dissolved hydrocarbons, 0.2 to 0.001 ppm; dispersant 1–3 to unmeasurable (&lt;0.2ppm). Total extractable organic matter was highest in sediments near the Mississippi River Delta and in the inland bays. Spilled oil, identified in bottom sediments by gas chromatography, showed rapid weathering after 1 week to 1 month and at the end of 1 year was reduced to a few percent of the amount after the spill. Spilled oil was not found in the sediment below 1.5 inches. Over 550 species of benthic organisms were identified in 233 benthic samples. The number of species and number of individuals of benthic organisms showed low values in some samples near the platform. However, seasonal variations, bottom sediment type, and possibly other environmental parameters made it impossible to determine whether these locations had been affected by the spilled oil. There was no correlation of number of species, number of individuals, or other biological parameters with the hydrocarbon content of the sediments for samples from within a 10-mile radius of the platform. This lack of correlation suggests lack of significant effect of oil on benthic organisms. Extensive trawl samples showed no alteration in the annual life cycle of commercially important shrimp. Blue crabs were observed throughout the area, and the number of species of fish collected were comparable to a prior survey.
TRAINING A CLEANUP RESPONSE TEAM
Authors: Tibbetts A.M. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The training of a spilled oil cleanup response team is not an enormous, out-of-control, expensive, or excessively time-consuming undertaking. It requires five steps which, if carefully worked out and agreed to by the parties involved, can be done in four to eight hours per man. It can be completed in approximately three months for a team numbering 300 persons (less time for a smaller team).
The major steps are:A printed organization chart of the response team showing all job titles and who relates to whom.A formal and detailed job description of each job.A series of 10–15 action objectives for each man assigned to each job to reach during his training session and after the training session on his own.A four-hour or two four-hour seminars for each job where all objectives are met and accomplished by every participant. Each participant should use all required training tools and techniques including projectors, pictures, models, chalkboard, actual cleanup equipment, radios, personal experience, etc.A call out and a practice session where all members of the team practice their skills in the field.
AN EXPERIMENTAL OIL SPILL: THE DISTRIBUTION OF AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS IN THE WATER, SEDIMENT, AND ANIMAL TISSUES WITHIN A SHRIMP POND
Authors: Cox Bruce A. , Anderson Jack W. , Parker Jack C. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
A common practice in the mariculture of shrimp on the Texas coast is the application of fuel oil on the surface of the pond. This thin oil layer serves to eliminate large aquatic insects which are predators of the small juvenile shrimp. Ordinarily, a common diesel fuel is used and it is removed from the pond after one day's treatment. In this experimental spill study, a high aromatic (38%) #2 fuel oil was utilized in higher quantity than normal and the residue was not removed. Mortalities of juvenile shrimp (Penaeus setiferus) and other invertebrates associated with the pond were recorded over a period of 96 hours following the oil treatment. A peak in the level of mortality occurred 48 hours after the spill, coinciding with the peak in the concentration of naphthalenes (naphthalene, methylnaphthalenes in the tissues of caged and free swimming organisms occurred at the point (48 hours) at which the concentration of these compounds was maximal in the water column. The concentration of naphthalenes in the sediment reached a peak approximately 12 days after the maximum peak in the tissues and water.
While the pond water and sediments studied contained measureable levels of naphthalenes, the shrimp and clams (Rangia cuneata) were shown to release a major portion of accumulated naphthalenes by day 96. Oysters and sediment measured at this same time interval showed levels between 3 and 6 parts per million (ppm) total naphthalenes. Shrimp, clams, and oysters taken to the laboratory 38 days after the spill released naphthalenes to background or near background levels. The data compiled in this study were compared to the findings of various field and laboratory investigations.
THE DEVELOPMENT AND USE OF RESOURCE SENSITIVITY MAPS FOR OIL SPILL COUNTERMEASURES
Authors: Hum Suling 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
In an environmental emergency, immediate resource location and sensitivity information is necessary to provide for optimal protection and for establishing priorities for the deployment of protective equipment and forces. To efficiently expedite resource protection and alerting procedures, land-foreshore status and access points must be available immediately to the decision makers. Regular channels of communictions are not dependable enough to ensure the availability of this information to them.
This paper discusses the development and use of resource sensitivity maps. The maps contain sufficient details of biological resources, current land and water uses, present access and land status, tide-current data and wind patterns to enhance initial decision-making until more detailed information systems are available and on line. The maps cover certain coastal areas of the Province of British Columbia (Canada) and were developed by the Environmental Protection Service (Pacific Region) of Environment Canada with much cooperation from numerous other agencies.
OIL SPILL RESPONSE PLANNING FOR BIOLOGICALLY SENSITIVE AREAS
Authors: Lindstedt-Siva June 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Oil spill response plans should be tailored to fit the environment in which they will be used. This involves examining physical processes so that the fate of spilled oil may be predicted, and identifying sites that are particularly vulnerable to oil spill damage, i.e., biologically sensitive areas. If these things are known about a region, spill response plans can be designed to prevent oil from entering these sensitive areas. As a consequence, environmental damage can be minimized when biological protection, as well as physical cleanup is made a primary goal in any spill response plan. Clean Seas, Inc., an oil spill cooperative in Santa Barbara is implementing such a spill response plan designed to protect identified biologically sensitive areas in the Santa Barbara Channel. Protection systems are adpated to fit each site, and the plan is practiced through regular drills. This type of planning decreases the number of decisions that must be made after a spill occurs; thereby reducing both the reaction time and environmental damage.
A BAD DAY AT BUNKER POINT
Authors: Marcus E. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The first phase of a four-part program by Gulf Trading and Transportation Company (GT&T) to improve existing oil spill policies and procedures was completed recently. This phase, known as the “Bad Day at Bunker Point” seminars, utilizes multimedia, role-playing exercises designed to sensitize key ship personnel and terminal managers to the problems and responsibilities of doing business in today's world. Other phases in the GT&T program include visits by the safety and environmental inspection team to all of the company's 60 major terminals to evaluate operational procedures and equipment and to recommend needed changes and updating. Later, the inspection team will make periodic, but unscheduled, spot-checks of these terminals to make sure previous recommendations have been carried out and to insure that contingency plans are changed as technology improves. The final element of the program is establishment of a “fast-response team” made up of representatives of marine operations, engineering, public relations, environmental, legal, insurance and personnel departments to assist terminal personnel in the event of a major oil spill.
HIATUSPORT—AN ON-SCENE COORDINATOR ROLE-PLAYING EXERCISE1
Authors: Kangeter Edward B. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
“Hiatusport” is an exercise utilized by the U.S. Coast Guard as the culmination of training for on-scene coordinators (OSC) and staff. Emphasis is placed on management of information and resources to achieve response goals established for the federal government by the National Oil and Hazardous Substances Pollution Contingency Plan. In addition to the primary task of spill cleanup, significant public relations problems involving the press, political figures, and private citizens interject the pressure-cooker atmosphere of the on-scene command post during a major spill. For the problem, students are divided into groups and assume roles such as OSC and public relations coordinator. After a briefing on the opening situation, the first group occupies the “command post” and begins playing the exercise. Each of the four one-hour segments has specific objectives (e.g., evaluate spiller's action to determine if a federal response is appropriate). At the conclusion of each segment, a critique is conducted using a predetermined list of discussion points. The “Hiatusport” technique provides definite insights adaptable for use in other training programs.
OIL SPILL LIABILITY AND COMPENSATION (“SUPERFUND”)
Authors: Reynolds James J. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The subjects under consideration are the liability imposed upon shippers, producers, refiners, and other handlers of oil, and the compensation monies available to persons damaged from oil spills. The liability and compensation system in existence today is one that provides little or no coverage in some instances, adequate coverage in some instances, and double coverage in still other instances. It has been correctly described as a “patchwork.”
In the past three years, concerted efforts have been made by industry, government, and environmentalists to legislate improvements to the system. An attempt to enact a comprehensive oil spill liability and compensation law made substantial progress in the last Congress. This paper reviews the system as it now exists, the problems caused by the existing system, the proposed legislative changes, and the status of the legislation today.
MONITORING OIL CONTENT IN SHIPBOARD WASTE WATER DISCHARGES BY USE OF A MULTI-PHASED DYE TRANSFER PROCESS
Authors: Ricci Roy J. , Kelley Anne M. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
In order to meet the monitoring requirements to control the oil content in ship waste water discharges, the United States Navy has developed a new methodology for measuring oil in water over the range of 1-200 ppm. This new technique offers an instrument which is reliable, low-cost, small in physical size, and accurate even in the presence of solids, detergents, and other contaminants while relatively independent of the type of oil. A portable shipboard unit employing this technique has been designed and constructed and is currently under evaluation by the U.S. Navy. The multiphasic oil-in-water measurement process offers significant advantages in reliability and operational simplicity and points the way to hardware development in two classes: (1) a hand-portable, semi-automatic system for field or occasional shipboard use; and (2) a fully-automatic and continuous monitoring system capable of telemetering contamination information at preset alarm levels.
A LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHIC FLUORESCENCE TECHNIQUE FOR ESTIMATING CRUDE OIL IN WATER, SEDIMENT, AND BIOLOGICAL MATERIAL
Authors: Miles D. Howard , Coign Mary Jane , Brown Lewis R. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
This paper presents a method for the rapid detection of crude oil in the presence of large amounts of biological material. The method involves the use of high pressure liquid chromatography with chloroform as the solvent, an excitation wavelength of 403 nm, and an emission wavelength in the range of 418 nm. Of the five crude oils employed in this investigation, Saudi Arabian crude oil was the least responsive to the above technique and yet is still detectable in quantities of less than 1 µg.
Reproducibility studies indicated that the percent error of repetitive injections of Saudi Arabian crude oil samples was 1.3%. Repetitive injections of spiked shrimp samples gave a percent error of 3.7%. This is excellent reproducibility for residue-type samples which undergo a number of manipulations during workup. Thus, this method is selective, sensitive, reproducible, and affords a rapid analysis.
THE COAST GUARD'S FORENSIC OIL IDENTIFICATION SYSTEM
Authors: Clow James C. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The Federal Water Pollution Control Act (FWPCA), as amended in 1972, tasks the Coast Guard with development of “procedures and techniques to be employed in identifying…. oil and hazardous substances….” In carrying out this portion of the service's environmental mandate, the Coast Guard Research and Development Center has developed first generation laboratory and field systems for the forensic identification and classification of oil spills. The laboratory system utilizes four independent analytical techniques (infrared and fluorescence spectroscopy, gas and thin-layer chromatography) to match spill samples with suspected sources, while the field system utilizes two analytical techniques (fluorescence spectroscopy and thin-layer chromatography). The field system is designed to give each Captain of the Port or Marine Safety Office the capability to rapidly identify the source of the majority of oil spills, or in more difficult cases to provide sufficient information to justify the collection of additional samples for more detailed analysis by the laboratory system.