bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Contribution of Methane Molecular Diffusion in Kerogen to Gas-in-Place and Production
Authors: Moghanloo Rouzbeh Ghanbarnezhad , Javadpour Farzam , Davudov Davud 
Published: April 2013

Abstract
This study provides simple analytic expressions to study diffusion in the kerogenic material of the shale gas matrix. Gas flow from the shale matrix into natural and induced fractures is an important production process. Kerogenic material in shales is the source of methane molecules. Gas is stored as compressed gas in nanopores, as desorbed gas on the surface of the nanopores, and as dissolved gas in the body of the kerogen. The contribution of gas flux is different in aforementioned processes. Detailed studies of the scanning electron microscope (SEM) images revealed the large exposed surface area in kerogenic material (Milliken et al. 2013 and Loucks et al. 2012). This new finding suggests that although gas diffusion coefficient is very low in kerogen, but the diffusive flux could be considerable because of the large exposed area. Gas diffusion from dissolved gas in kerogen into the pore network and, finally, into gas production stream would significantly impact gas-in-place and production-performance estimates in a shale reservoir.
We used three spatial models; linear, spherical, and cylindrical to study gas flux from the body of the kerogenic material into pore spaces. The rational of linear and radial geometry is based on the observed geometry of the pores in kerogen. Some pores are elongated and fit to a slit, some are rounded or multi-lateral that fit to a ring. Both cases of inward diffusion from kerogen body into intrapores and outward diffusion from kerogen external boundary into surrounding minerals are considered. We then evaluate time lag in diffusion for different geometry and compare it with the numerical solution to the second Fick's law. Furthermore, we derive the mass transfer coefficients and the corresponding Sherwood dimensionless group for the models studied here. We found that diffusion's contribution can be significant in shale plays and pore geometry has different impacts on diffusion flux in shales with different TOC.
Simulation of Gas Desorption and Geomechanics Effects for Unconventional Gas Reservoirs
Authors: Yu Wei , Sepehrnoori Kamy 
Published: April 2013

Abstract
Shale gas resource plays an increasingly important role in energy supply worldwide. Hydraulic fracturing of horizontal wells is crucial for economic production of shale gas. Gas in shale reservoirs is mainly composed of free gas within fractures and pores and adsorbed gas in shale matrix. With gas production, more gas may be released or desorbed because of substantial pressure depletion, especially during late time of gas production. However, hydraulic fractures may close to some degree based on proppant quality and shale hardness, resulting in decreasing gas production. Impacts of gas desorption and geomechanics in hydraulic fractures, i.e., stress-dependent propped fracture conductivity, on ultimate gas recovery are not clearly understood and systematically investigated. Additionally, most reservoir modeling work in the literature have usually ignored the gas desorption and geomechanics effects together. Therefore, it is absolutely critical to study and evaluate the impacts of gas desorption and geomechanics on gas recovery for different shale reservoirs.
In this paper, we perform history matching with two field gas production data from Barnett Shale and Marcellus Shale, and first analyze the positive contribution of gas desorption and the negative effect of geomechanics on gas production, respectively, and then compare these two effects on gas production with the purpose of identifying which effect is dominant in the whole process of gas production.
Furthermore, we numerically study the effect of gas desorption on gas recovery with available laboratory data of Langmuir isotherm from five different shale formations including Barnett Shale, New Albany Shale, Eagleford Shale, Marcellus Shale, and Haynesville Shale. The impact of different fracture spacing on gas desorption is considered. Also, we use the method of Design of Experiment (DoE) to perform sensitivity studies with six uncertain parameters such as reservoir permeability, bottom hole pressure (BHP), fracture conductivity, initial reservoir pressure, porosity, and fracture spacing to screen insignificant parameters and obtain critical parameters that control this process.
This paper enables operators to develop an early better understanding of the effects of gas desorption and geomechanics on shale gas well performance, and provides insights into history matching and optimization of hydraulic fracturing treatment design for shale gas production.
Changes in Nitrogen Use Traits Associated with Genetic Improvement for Grain Yield of Maize Hybrids Released in Different Decades
Authors: Haegele Jason W. , Cook Kevin A. , Nichols Devin M. , Below Frederick E. 
Published: April 2013

ABSTRACTFurther enhancement of maize (Zea mays L.) N‐use efficiency (NUE) will benefit from a thorough understanding of how genetic improvement has shaped N use parameters. Since selection for grain yield has occurred at high N fertilizer rates, our hypothesis was that modern hybrids would have a greater response to supplemental N than hybrids from earlier eras. In 2009 and 2010, 21 single‐cross maize hybrids released between 1967 and 2006 were characterized for grain yield and N use traits. While the ability to acquire mineralized soil N did not change over era, the utilization increased with decade of introduction (0.24 kg kg–1 of plant N [kgplantN–1] yr–1; R2 = 0.37). Increases of grain yield at high N (86 kg ha–1 yr–1; R2 = 0.68) over era were accompanied by increases at low N of 56 kg ha–1 yr–1 (R2 = 0.69). Grain yield improvements at all levels of N were associated with decreased barrenness and increased kernel number expressed on a per‐plant and per‐area basis. Fertilizer N response, NUE, increased at a rate of 0.16 kg kg–1 of fertilizer N (kgN–1) yr–1 (R2 = 0.40). Increased NUE was positively correlated with improved N‐uptake efficiency (r = 0.76, P ≤ 0.001), due to the greater postflowering N uptake of more recent hybrids. The response of grain yield to fertilizer N in current hybrids is more dependent on uptake of fertilizer N than the efficiency of fertilizer N utilization, and approximately two‐thirds of genetic gain for grain yield at high N can be explained by improvements in grain yield at low N.
The Relationship between the Number of Nodes and Pods in Soybean Communities
Authors: Egli D. B. 
Published: April 2013

ABSTRACTSoybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] yield is often associated with the number of pods per unit area, which can be construed to suggest that the number of pod bearing structures (nodes) plays a role in determining yield. This hypothesis was tested in a 2‐yr field experiment at Lexington, KY (38° N latitude). Four cultivars that varied in relative maturity (0.7 to 5.3) and high and low populations (one cultivar) were used to create variation in nodes per square meter. The experiments were planted on 25 May 2010 and 31 May 2011 in 38‐cm rows (19 cm for the high population) and the target populations were approximately 43 (four cultivars), 26 (low population), and 78 (high) plants m−2. Irrigation was used to minimize water stress. There were four replications of each treatment in a randomized complete block design. A 30‐cm section of bordered row was harvested at maturity to determine flower scars, pods, and nodes. The photosynthetically active radiation interception was roughly 90% or above at R1 for all treatments and there was little difference in incident solar radiation or temperature among treatments during flowering and pod set. There was a two‐fold variation in nodes per square meter in both years. Pods per square meter increased in concert with nodes per square meter up to approximately 70% of the maximum node number; above that level there was no change in pods per square meter. At low node levels, pods per square meter seems to be limited by the number of nodes, but at higher node levels there was no relationship between nodes and pods.
Soybean Aphid Biotype 4 Identified
Authors: Alt Jessie , Ryan‐Mahmutagic Molly 
Published: April 2013

ABSTRACTThe soybean aphid [Aphis glycines Matsumura (Hemiptera: Aphididae)] is an invasive pest of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]. Since the first report in the United States in 2000 it has become one of the most damaging soybean pests. Three soybean aphid biotypes have been reported to date. The objective of this research was to determine whether an A. glycines field isolate collected near Lomira, WI, was unique from those previously reported. The response of the Lomira isolate was compared to existing soybean aphid Biotypes 1, 2, and 3 by conducting caged and noncaged assays using 10 soybean genotypes. In both the caged and noncaged assays, there were significant effects (P < 0.0001) of soybean aphid isolate, genotype, and soybean aphid isolate × genotype interaction. The Lomira isolate reaction profile was different than those of previously reported biotypes, therefore identifying a new biotype to use in characterization of soybean aphid resistant germplasm.
Randomized Controlled Open-Label Trial of Vitamin E-Bonded Polysulfone Dialyzer and Erythropoiesis-Stimulating Agent Response
Authors: Sanaka Tsutomu , Mochizuki Takahiro , Kinugasa Eriko , Kusano Eiji , Ohwada Shigeru , Kuno Tsutomu , Kojima Kenichiro , Kobayashi Shuzo , Satoh Minoru , Shimada Noriaki , Nakao Kazushi , Nakazawa Ryoichi , Nishimura Hideki , Noiri Eisei , Shigematsu Takashi , Tomo Tadashi , Maeda Teiryo 
Published: April 2013

Summary

Background and objectives
A 1-year multicenter prospective randomized controlled study was conducted on the effects of vitamin E-bonded polysulfone dialyzers on erythropoiesis-stimulating agent response in hemodialysis patients.

Design, setting, participants, & measurements
Major inclusion criteria were use of high-flux polysulfone dialyzers with 50–70 ml/min β
2-microglobulin clearance over 3 months, transferrin saturation over 20%, same erythropoiesis-stimulating agent for over 3 months, and hemoglobin at 10–12 g/dl. Hemodialysis patients were placed in four interventional groups: two hemoglobin ranges (10.0–10.9 or 11.0–11.9 g/dl) and two dialyzers. Patients were randomly assigned by central registration to a vitamin E-bonded polysulfone dialyzers or polysulfone control group. Primary end point was relative erythropoiesis resistance index at baseline between groups at 12 months. Erythropoiesis resistance index was defined as total weekly erythropoiesis-stimulating agent dose divided by hemoglobin.

Results
There were no statistically significant differences in age or sex. There was no significant difference in relative erythropoiesis resistance index between vitamin E-bonded polysulfone dialyzers and control groups at 12 months (vitamin E-bonded polysulfone dialyzers: 1.1, control: 1.3). The vitamin E-bonded polysulfone dialyzers group showed better relative erythropoiesis resistance index than the control group at 11.0–11.9 g/dl hemoglobin (vitamin E-bonded polysulfone dialyzers: 1.0, control: 1.4 at 12 months, significant difference) but no difference at 10.0–10.9 g/dl hemoglobin.

Conclusions
The overall relative erythropoiesis resistance index showed no difference between the vitamin E-bonded polysulfone dialyzers and control groups, although the change in relative erythropoiesis resistance index differed according to hemoglobin level.
Performance of Kidney Injury Molecule-1 and Liver Fatty Acid-Binding Protein and Combined Biomarkers of AKI after Cardiac Surgery
Authors: Parikh Chirag R. , Thiessen-Philbrook Heather , Garg Amit X. , Kadiyala Deepak , Shlipak Michael G. , Koyner Jay L. , Edelstein Charles L. , Devarajan Prasad , Patel Uptal D. , Zappitelli Michael , Krawczeski Catherine D. , Passik Cary S. , Coca Steven G. 
Published: April 2013

Summary

Background and objectives
AKI is common and novel biomarkers may help provide earlier diagnosis and prognosis of AKI in the postoperative period.

Design, setting, participants, & measurements
This was a prospective, multicenter cohort study involving 1219 adults and 311 children consecutively enrolled at eight academic medical centers. Performance of two urine biomarkers, kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1) and liver fatty acid-binding protein (L-FABP), alone or in combination with other injury biomarkers during the perioperative period was evaluated. AKI was defined as doubling of serum creatinine or need for acute dialysis.

Results
KIM-1 peaked 2 days after surgery in adults and 1 day after surgery in children, whereas L-FABP peaked within 6 hours after surgery in both age groups. In multivariable analyses, the highest quintile of the first postoperative KIM-1 level was associated with AKI compared with the lowest quintile in adults, whereas the first postoperative L-FABP was not associated with AKI. Both KIM-1 and L-FABP were not significantly associated with AKI in adults or children after adjusting for other kidney injury biomarkers (neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin and IL-18). The highest area under the curves achievable for discrimination for AKI were 0.78 in adults using urine KIM-1 from 6 to 12 hours, urine IL-18 from day 2, and plasma neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin from day 2 and 0.78 in children using urine IL-18 from 0 to 6 hours and urine L-FABP from day 2.

Conclusions
Postoperative elevations of KIM-1 associate with AKI and adverse outcmes in adults but were not independent of other AKI biomarkers. A panel of multiple biomarkers provided moderate discrimination for AKI.
Orals in the Bundle
Authors: Feldman Rachel L. , Desmarais Mark P. , Muller James S. 
Published: April 2013

Summary
Oral prescription drugs for treatment of bone and mineral disorders (phosphate binders and calcimimetics) in patients undergoing dialysis (i.e., those with ESRD) will be integrated into the Medicare Part B ESRD bundled payment system in 2016. Payment will be denied under Medicare Part D. Integrating Part D drugs into Part B payment at this level of scale lacks any policy precedent. Providers and patients have serious concerns about the potential for inadequate funding, and the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) has been silent about the methods and other critical policy used to guide its decisions. We believe an adequate policy framework to support valuation of the targeted oral drugs depends on use of the most recent available Medicare Part D data, measurement of mean utilization for all target drugs based on a minimum of 6 months of complete data for prescriptions and dialysis treatments, use of appropriate price proxies to monetize drug volume to dialysis provider acquisition cost, adjustment to account for change in adherence due to change in patient out-of-pocket expenses, inclusion of valuation for dispensing and administrative cost, and a mechanism for adjusting payment to future changes in adherence.
A Review of Academic Research on the Reporting of Cash Flows from Operations
Authors: Hales Jeffrey , Orpurt Steven F. 
Published: April 2013

SYNOPSIS:
We provide a comprehensive review of academic research related to direct method cash flow presentation. While many financial statement users have stated a preference for the direct method, few accounting standard setters around the world have required it and, given a choice, most entities present operating cash flows using the indirect method. Our review indicates that academic research has generally found direct method cash flow information to be decision useful. Also, research finds that direct method information is reflected in stock prices indicating that users appear to utilize this information when available. However, there are, as of yet, no studies detailing how this information makes its way into stock prices. Finally, the evidence we review suggests that direct method information is economically significant and that the recurring benefits that many firms derive from providing direct method information likely exceed recurring costs. Our review should be of interest to academics researching cash flow reporting and also to policy makers as they continue debating the merits of the direct method presentation of operating cash flows.
Tax-Motivated Loss Shifting
Authors: Erickson Merle M. , Heitzman Shane M. , Zhang X. Frank 
Published: April 2013

ABSTRACT:
This paper examines the implications of tax loss carryback incentives for corporate reporting decisions and capital market behavior. During the 1981 through 2010 sample period, we find that firms increase losses in order to claim a cash refund of recent tax payments before the option to do so expires, and we estimate that firms with tax refund-based incentives accelerate about $64.7 billion in losses. Tax-motivated loss shifting is reflected in both recurring and nonrecurring items and is more evident for financially constrained firms. Analysts do not generally incorporate tax-motivated loss shifting into their earnings forecasts, resulting in more negative analyst forecast errors for firms with tax-based incentives than for firms without. Holding earnings surprises constant, however, investors react less negatively to losses reported by firms with tax loss carryback incentives.
Data Availability: Data are available from sources identified in the paper.
Second Round Electronics: A Case for Critical Thinking
Authors: Johnstone Nathalie , Mackintosh Brandy , Phillips Fred 
Published: April 2013

ABSTRACT
This instructional case requires students to provide advice to a client who is currently the sole owner of a for-profit company that reconditions and sells used electronics. The client is considering purchasing a similar company with the vision of expanding into the sales and service of emerging technologies. The target company's unaudited financial statements contain questionable accounting choices and judgments that appear to enable the company to meet external financial reporting constraints. In their role as financial advisers, students are expected to use critical thinking skills to identify and evaluate questionable choices in the target company's financial statements. This case is suitable for use in introductory and intermediate financial accounting as well as introductory auditing and assurance courses, and can be used as a context for in-class discussion, as a basis for exam questions, and/or as a writing assignment. Assessment rubrics and Teaching Notes accompany the case for use by instructors.
Reports of metaldehyde and iron phosphate exposures in animals and characterization of suspected iron toxicosis in dogs
Authors: Buhl Kaci J. , Berman Frederick W. , Stone David L. 
Published: April 2013

Abstract
Objective—To describe reports of animals exposed to metaldehyde- and iron phosphate–containing molluscicides and characterize iron phosphate exposure incidents in dogs with clinical signs compatible with iron toxicosis.
Design—2-part retrospective case series.
Sample—1,500 reports of animals exposed to molluscicides containing metaldehyde (n … 1,285) or iron phosphate between 2001 and 2011 (n … 215; part 1) and a subset of 56 reports involving 61 dogs with suspected iron toxicosis (part 2).
Procedures—In part 1, a National Pesticide Information Center database was searched to identify reported exposures to metaldehyde- and iron phosphate–containing molluscicides before, during, and after a regulatory transition affecting metaldehyde product labeling beginning in 2006. Source of the report, number of animals, clinical signs, and deaths were evaluated. In part 2, reports involving potential iron toxicosis in dogs were additionally reviewed for signalment, circumstances of exposure, and product identification.
Results—Reports of metaldehyde exposures decreased each year between 2006 (n … 193) and 2011 (21), whereas reports of iron phosphate exposures increased between 2006 (n … 4) and 2010 (73); changes were not evaluated statistically. Animals had no clinical signs at the time of the call in 130 of 215 (60%) and 675 of 1,285 (53%) reports of iron phosphate and metaldehyde exposure, respectively. In dogs, 35 deaths were associated with metaldehyde exposure and no deaths were associated with iron phosphate exposure.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Veterinary professionals should be aware of the potential for iron toxicosis following exposure to iron phosphate–containing molluscicides.
Clinical manifestations, response to treatment, and clinical outcome for Weimaraners with hypertrophic osteodystrophy: 53 cases (2009–2011)
Authors: Safra Noa , Johnson Eric G. , Lit Lisa , Foreman Oded , Wolf Zena T. , Aguilar Miriam , Karmi Nili , Finno Carrie J. , Bannasch Danika L. 
Published: April 2013

Abstract
Objective—To evaluate clinical manifestations, response to treatment, and outcome for Weimaraners with hypertrophic osteodystrophy (HOD).
Design—Retrospective case series.
Animals—53 dogs.
Procedures—Medical records were reviewed for signalment, vaccination history, clinical signs, laboratory test results, response to treatment, and relapses. Radiographs were reviewed.
Results—Clinical signs included pyrexia, lethargy, and ostealgia; signs involving the gastrointestinal, ocular, or cutaneous systems were detected. Of the 53 dogs, 28 (52.8%) had HOD-affected littermates. Dogs with HOD-affected littermates were more likely to relapse, compared with the likelihood of relapse for dogs with no HOD-affected littermates. All 53 dogs had been vaccinated 1 to 30 days before HOD onset; no difference was found between the number of dogs with a history of vaccination with a recombinant vaccine (n … 21) versus a nonrecombinant vaccine (32). Fifty (94.3%) dogs had radiographic lesions compatible with HOD at disease onset, and the other 3 (5.7%) had HOD lesions 48 to 72 hours after the onset of clinical signs. Twelve of 22 (54.5%) dogs treated with NSAIDs did not achieve remission by 7 days after initiation of treatment. All dogs treated initially with corticosteroids achieved remission within 8 to 48 hours. Of the 33 dogs that reached adulthood, 28 (84.8%) were healthy and 5 (15.2%) had episodes of pyrexia and malaise.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Treatment with corticosteroids was superior to treatment with NSAIDs in Weimaraners with HOD. It may be necessary to evaluate repeated radiographs to establish a diagnosis of HOD. Most HOD-affected Weimaraners had resolution of the condition with physeal closure.