bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Role of Sulfide Inclusions in Hydrogen Entry During the Exposure of Steels to Acids
Authors: PUMPHREY P. H. 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
Measurements of hydrogen permeation rates through mild steels containing elongated (FeMn)S inclusions, cathodically charged at 20 μA mm−2 in 1N H2SO4 at 2 and 50 C, show that H2S produced at the metal surface by dissolution of the inclusions promotes hydrogen entry into the steels. Permeation rates increase with S content of the steel in the range 0.002 to 0.24% but only where the H2S supply can be maintained by inclusion dissolution. At 2 C, the corrosive attack is confined essentially to the inclusions. Hence, the H2S supply is reduced as initially exposed inclusions are dissolved. Permeation rates are lower through specimens oriented with the inclusions parallel to the surface as these are removed much more rapidly than inclusions oriented perpendicular to the surface. At 50 C, there is less anisotropy because matrix dissolution is faster and fresh inclusions not originally exposed by metallographic preparation are revealed and contribute to the H2S supply.
The Corrosion Behavior of Niobium in Hydrochloric Acid Solutions
Authors: COVINO B. S. , CARTER J. P. , CRAMER S. D. 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
Studies to better understand the corrosion behavior of niobium in hydrochloric acid solutions have been conducted as part of the Bureau of Mines’ effort to conserve the United States’ mineral resources. A study of the general corrosion behavior of niobium as a function of acid concentration, time, oxygen, and added ferric ion is reported. Weight loss (corrosion) tests were performed in air saturated (agitated and static) and helium saturated (agitated) hydrochloric acid solutions ranging from 1N to 10N at temperatures from 35 to 100 C and exposures up to 60 days. The 30 day corrosion rates ranged from 0.0 μm/y in 35 C air saturated (agitated) 1N HCl to 230 μm/y in air saturated (static) 9.8N HCl at 85 C. Although the corrosion rates decreased rapidly for times up to 30 days, the rates for 30 and 60 days were essentially identical. The presence of air did not affect the corrosion rate of niobium, while the presence of only 70 ppm of ferric ion reduced the corrosion rate in most air saturated 5N and 10N HCl solutions.
Characterization of High Temperature Gaseous Environments
Authors: Kane R. H. 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
The characterization of complex industrial atmospheres, both with respect to composition and to the oxidation, carburization, and sulfidation potentials, is important in the design and operation of laboratory tests for materials evaluation. In this paper, atmospheres found in ethylene furnaces, steam reformers, high temperature helium cooled nuclear reactors, coal gasification reactors, and combustion systems have been analyzed by the Brinkley method. Plausible environments for laboratory simulation of these industrial process streams are proposed, and experimental techniques for synthesis, flow control, and equilibration that have proved reliable are presented.
Ion Beam Analysis Investigation of Pit Nucleation on Titanium in Bromide Media
Authors: PETIT J. A. , KONDRO B. , DABOSI F. 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
Corrosion pit nucleation on titanium in bromide solutions was studied using ion beam analysis. At potentials lower than the potential of pit nucleation (Enp), Br− rich sites observed appear as repassivated metastable micropits. Clusters of Ti Br4 molecules should be the real pit nuclei. Stabilization, i.e., activation of micropits can only be obtained at higher potentials than Enp, as shown by the topographical agreement between the micropits and macropits grown afterwards. On titanium covered with stable passive film, blisters full of occluded gas are formed and the amorphous oxide passive film may break in preferential directions induced from areas enriched with crystallized bromide compounds.
Effects of the Sea Water Carbon Dioxide System on the Corrosion of Aluminum
Authors: ROWLAND HELENA T. , DEXTER STEPHEN C. 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
The corrosion behavior of alloy 5052 and 99.99% aluminum in 3% NaCl is compared with that in natural and synthetic sea waters at pH 7.2 and 8.2. The differences in behavior observed with variations in pH, electrolyte, or temperature are reconciled in terms of the sea water carbonic acid system. It is suggested that a similar mechanism accounts for the variability of stored or recirculated sea water.
Pit Formation in the Cathodic Polarization of Passive Iron I. Dissolution of Passive Film and Pit Initiation
Authors: OGURA KOTARO , TAKESUE NORIYUKI 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
It has been found that passive iron undergoes pitting in potentiodynamic reduction, and the pit formation is a function of scan rate, pH, chloride ion concentration, and formation potential of the passive film. Pitting potential was concluded to be a mixed potential being determined by the coupling of the cathodic reduction of the passive film and the anodic dissolution of metallic iron. However, pitting did not occur for iron without passive film on its surface. It was, therefore, established that the passive film on iron should be thinning without dissolving completely prior to pit initiation.
Quality of life in rural and urban patients with Parkinson’s disease
Authors: Valeikienė Vaineta , Juozulynas Algirdas , Savičiūtė Rasa , Venalis Algirdas , Jurgelėnas Antanas 
Published: September 2013

Parkinson’s disease (PD) belongs to a group of neurodegenerative diseases. PD diagnosis is clinical, based on these signs: tremor, rigidity, bradykinesis, akinesis or hypokinesis. In the case of patients with chronic illnesses and impaired mobility function, impact on QOL and QOL considerations are of special importance for the consequences in everyday life.
Aim of the work was to determine and compare the quality of life in rural and urban patients with Parkinson’s disease. Respondents were randomly selected from the register of community-based health maintenance organizations. PD patients were identified as having clinical diagnosis of Parkinson’s disease.
Persons who satisfied the following criteria were eligible to participate in this study:
•	Parkinson’s disease or Parkinson’s syndrome was diagnosed from 1 January 1978 to 1 January 2009.
•	Patients with PD were alive until 1 January 2009.
•	The diagnosis of PD or Parkinson’s syndrome and treatment with antiparkinsonic medicines were marked in the ambulatoric history of the patients.
Results. Quality of life in patients with Parkinson’s disease is determined by motor, mental and emotional disorders. It impedes daily routine, sometimes makes a person totally disabled, effects inter­personal relationships, increases risk of self-inflicted wound. Patient’s self-sufficiency decreases as illness makes progress and the patient becomes more dependent on other people and the quality of life is decreasing.
Conclusions. Parkinson’s patients often feel pain. Both rural and urban people feel negative feelings that are hard to fight. All studied patients with dominative rigidity and slow movements had poor ability to move from the beginning of this disease. Tremor did not disabled patients so severely: patients with tremor could move easier.
A Case of Odontogenic Orbital Cellulitis Causing Blindness: A Case Report
Authors: Sharma Vimlesh , Chhangte Laltanpuia , Joshi Vijay , Gupta Swati , Kalpana  
Published: September 2013

Aim:
To report a case of odontogenic orbital cellulitis causing blindness in young male

Methods:
We report a rare case of odontogenic orbital cellulitis secondary to periodontal abscess, due to which a young male lost his sight.

Results:
After extensive clinical examination and investigations diagnosis of odontogenic orbital cellulitis. Patient took incomplete treatment and showed negligence while taking treatment for recurrent periodontal abscess. As a result he developed orbital cellulitis and temporal fossa abscess, which ultimately caused blindness in his right eye.

Discussion:
Orbital Cellulitis is the infection of the soft tissues behind the orbital septum. Orbital cellulitis is a life threatening infection. It is an ocular emergency that not only threatens vision but also can lead to life-threatening complications such as cavernous sinus thrombosis, meningitis, and brain abscess. The major causes of orbital cellulitis are sinusitis (58%), lid or face infection (28%), foreign body (11%), and hematogenous (4%), odontogenic 2-5%. Odontogenic i.e tooth related causes of orbital cellulitis are very less.
Piperales
Authors: Marquis Robert J 
Published: September 2013

Abstract

The Piperales are herbs, epiphytes, shrubs, small trees, vines, and lianas, as well as achlorophyllous parasites in one family. Based on molecular and morphological data, the Piperales belong to the basal clade of angiosperms known as the magnoliids, part of the early diversification of flowering plants. The order is scattered across the globe, again attesting to its great age. Traditional medicinal practices use various species of Piperales to treat a variety of ailments, whereas species of
Piper
have provided spices and hallucinogens since the ancient times and continue to do so. Many species are grown as ornamentals. Species of
Aristolochia
and
Piper
produce distinctive secondary compounds associated with feeding by specialised herbivorous insect species. Future studies of
Aristolochia
,
Piper
and
Peperomia
are likely to provide insight into the evolution of hyperdiverse tropical plant families and as a result the great diversity of the angiosperms themselves.

Key Concepts:

Early diversification of angiosperms took place during the early Cretaceous and occurred in both clades of trees (the Laurales) as well as those including herbs and shrubs (the Piperales).

The Piperales consist of five families and 16 genera, some of which contain only 1–2 extant species, whereas in others, species numbers are 100+ (
Asarum
and
Aristolochia
) and 1000+ (
Peperomia
and
Piper
).

The broad geographic distribution of the Piperales and the diverse growth forms and life styles represented (epiphytes, shrubs, vines, lianas, small trees and parasites) lend further support for a long history of diversification.

Many members of this order are of medicinal, cultural and horticultural importance.

Interactions between
Aristolochia
and their pollinators show a high degree of specialisation as do interactions between
Aristolochia
and
Piper
and their insect herbivores do.

Future studies of the more diverse genera of the Piperales (
Aristolochia
,
Piper
and
Peperomia
) are likely to improve our understanding of the processes that have led to the hyperdiversification of certain angiosperm tropical clades and thus diversification of the angiosperms themselves.
Acetogenic Bacteria
Authors: Müller Volker , Frerichs Janin 
Published: September 2013

Abstract

Acetogenic bacteria are a specialised group of strictly anaerobic bacteria that are ubiquitous in nature. Together with the methane‐forming archaea they constitute the last limbs in the anaerobic food web that leads to the production of methane from polymers in the absence of oxygen. Acetogens are characterised by a unique pathway, the Wood–Ljungdahl pathway of carbon dioxide reduction with the acetyl‐CoA synthase as the key enzyme. This pathway also allows chemolithoautotrophic growth on hydrogen and carbon dioxide and it is the only pathway known that combines carbon dioxide fixation with
adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
synthesis. Thus, it is considered the first biochemical pathway on earth. ATP is synthesised by a chemiosmotic mechanism with Na
+
or H
+
as coupling ion, depending on the organism. In cytochrome‐free acetogens, energy is conserved by ferredoxin reduction followed by ferredoxin‐dependent Na
+
(or H
+
) translocation across the membrane (Rnf complex). Acetogens may represent ancestors of the first bioenergetically active cells in evolution.

Key Concepts:

Acetogenic bacteria are a specialised group of anaerobic bacteria producing acetate via the Wood–Ljungdahl pathway.

Acetogenic bacteria are widespread in nature and are an essential link in the anaerobic mineralisation of organic matter.

Acetogenic bacteria are nutritionally versatile and can grow heterotrophically as well as lithoautotrophically.

Lithoautotrophic growth on hydrogen and carbon dioxide leads to acetate production coupled to ATP synthesis by a chemiosmotic mechanism.

The bioenergetic pathway and the coupled fixation of carbon into biomas links acetogens to early evolutionary processes and maybe even to the first living cell on earth.

The capability of acteogens to produce acetate from H
2
+CO
2
, CO, or a mixture of H
2
+CO
2
+CO (syngas) makes these organisms the prime candidates for biotechnological applications.
Dynamic Clamp
Authors: Preyer Amanda , Norman Sharon , Butera Robert J 
Published: September 2013

Abstract

The dynamic clamp technique uses the membrane voltage measured from an electrically excitable cell to solve computational ion channel models running in real time. These models comprise differential equations and ionic current calculations driven in part by the measured voltage. The current calculated from these simulations is then injected into the cell in a feedback configuration to create ionic currents that can simulate intrinsic ionic currents within single cells, as well as synaptic currents among cells to create small networks of cells. Applications include functional assessment of insertion or deletion of ion channels on membrane electrodynamics and studying interactions among coupled cells. Specific examples include studies of action potential propagation between cardiac myocytes and studying mechanisms of synchrony between coupled neurons.

Key Concepts:

The dynamic clamp is an electrophysiological technique that integrates the real‐time simulation of ion channel kinetics with electrophysiological experiments.

Simulated ion channels are driven by recorded membrane potentials and the calculated current is injected into a cell, altering the cell's membrane electrodynamics.

Applications include studies of ion channel mechanisms and dynamics of coupling of activity among cells.

The implementation of real‐time simulations required dedicated special purpose hardware and/or software suitable for closed‐loop tasks with low latencies (time delays).

Recently developed low‐cost embedded systems may emerge as the platform of choice for implementing this technique.
Iron in Plants
Authors: Buckhout Thomas J , Schmidt Wolfgang 
Published: September 2013

Abstract

Iron (Fe) is a universal nutritional requirement for virtually all organisms, functional as an electron carrier in respiration and photosynthesis, in the production and detoxification of oxygen radicals, oxygen transport and numerous reduction and monooxygenase reactions. Depending on the redox potential of the environment, Fe occurs in two stable oxidation states, Fe
3+
and Fe
2+
that differ dramatically in their solubility in water. Plants have evolved two distinct, phylogenetically separate mechanisms driven by an increasing abundance of photosynthesis‐derived atmospheric oxygen, which makes Fe unavailable due to the formation of highly insoluble ferric oxides. Excess Fe is toxic to cells. Therefore, cellular Fe concentrations are tightly regulated by sophisticated mechanisms that control acquisition, distribution and utilisation of Fe. A large proportion of the world's arable land has soil properties that do not allow the uptake of sufficient Fe for optimal plant growth and yield, making an understanding of the mechanisms that control cellular homoeostasis mandatory for the development of Fe‐efficient germplasms.

Key Concepts:

With only few exceptions Fe is a universal nutritional requirement by all organisms.

Iron occurs in two stable oxidation states, Fe
3+
and Fe
2+
, that differ dramatically in their solubility in water.

A large proportion of the world's arable land has soil properties that do not allow the uptake of sufficient Fe for optimal plant growth and yield.

Plants have evolved two distinct, phylogenetically separated mechanisms for Fe uptake.

The evolution of Fe uptake mechanisms is likely driven by the increasing concentration of photosynthesis‐derived atmospheric oxygen.

Cellular Fe concentrations are tightly regulated by sophisticated mechanisms that control acquisition, distribution and utilisation of Fe.

The primary sensor for Fe deficiency has yet to be identified.
Cyclosporin
Authors: Fischer Gunter , Malešević Miroslav 
Published: September 2013

Abstract

The cyclosporin family of secondary metabolites isolated from the fungus

Tolypocladium inflatum

is characterised by a cyclopeptide structure consisting of an 11‐membered amino acid ring, containing
N
‐methylated peptide bonds. Parent cyclosporin A (CsA) is a drug widely used to prevent and treat rejection episodes after organ transplantation and can be used in autoimmune diseases. It is immunosuppressive, anti‐inflammatory, antichemotactic and antiviral but CsA‐induced immunosuppression and nephrotoxicity cause limitations in its general use in clinical practice. In lymphoid cells, after binding to its receptor cyclophilin A (CypA), CsA acts via gain‐of‐function inhibiting the protein phosphatase calcineurin and thus the transcription of several cytokines. Nonimmunosuppressive CsA derivatives lacking gain‐of‐function in the cell result from semisynthetic procedures mostly modifying its MeLeu‐4 side chain. These derivatives strongly inhibit the prolyl
cis
/
trans
isomerase activity of CypA, which, in turn, is a host cell factor for viral infections and other pathophysiological states in human diseases.

Key Concepts:

Beside its use in transplantation medicine, treatment of other human disorders with CsA has some limitations due to immunosuppression and toxicity.

Immunosuppressive activity can be successfully removed from the cyclosporine molecule using a variety of Leu‐4 substituted CsA derivatives.

Nonimmunosuppressive CsA derivatives can retain the high potency of CsA in inhibiting the prolyl
cis/trans
isomerase activity of the CsA receptor CypA.

Nonimmunsuppressive CsA derivatives have been utilised to launch clinical phase studies for the treatment of hepatitis C virus infections.

A broad antiviral activity of nonimmunosuppressive CsA derivatives in addition to the anti‐HCV profile has been suggested.

CsA derivatives have been designed to target cyclophilins in specific tissues and organelles.

Extracellularly restricted CsA derivatives are potent drug candidates to combat chronic inflammations.
Mitochondrial Genome Evolution
Authors: Bernt Matthias , Machné Rainer , Sahyoun Abdullah H , Middendorf Martin , Stadler Peter F 
Published: September 2013

Abstract

Mitochondria are membrane‐enclosed organelles present in most eukaryotic cells that generate most of the cell's
adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
supply. Derived from a proteobacterial ancestor, mitochondria harbour their own, drastically reduced genome. Starting from a prokaryote‐like ancestral state encoding a complete
ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA)
operon, a complete set of
transfer RNAs (tRNAs)
required for translation, and key enzymes of the respiratory chain as well as some ribosomal proteins, the mitogenome has been dramatically restructured and further reduced in many of the eukaryotic lineages. The loss and transfer to the nucleus of mitochondrial genes is a common trend in most phyla, in particular in Metazoa and Alveolata. In extreme, phylogenetically dispersed cases, often associated with parasitic or anaerobic life styles, mitochondria have been transformed to the so‐called mitosomes or hydrogenosomes devoid of their own genetic material. Ancestrally a single circular
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
, mitogenomes have evolved to complex, fragmented architectures in particular in Euglenozoa.

Key Concepts:

Mitochondria have an endosymbiotic origin deriving from a proteobacterial ancestor.

Various evolutionary mechanisms operate on mitochondrial genomes.

Mitochondrial genomes have developed very diverse properties during eukaryote evolution.

Mitogenomic gene content declines in most eukaryotic lineages by horizontal transfer to the nuclear genome.

Complex idiosyncratic genome organisations have independently evolved in several eukaryotic phyla.
Essential Genes and Human Genetic Disease
Authors: Hentges Kathryn E 
Published: September 2013

Abstract

Essential genes are those genes required for an organism to complete development and survive to birth. There is debate as to whether essential genes play a role in human disease, because if they are critical for survival then mutations in these genes will cause lethality during development, removing individuals carrying these mutations from the population. Yet, essential genes can have diverse mutations that either limit or alter their function in a manner that allows individuals with these mutations to survive. These nonlethal, yet pathological, mutations in essential genes do contribute to human disease. Studies have demonstrated that essential disease genes are highly conserved, participate in many protein–protein interactions and may cause both Mendelian and complex disorders. These results confirm that essential genes are valid candidates as disease loci.

Key Concepts:

Genetic mutations create different alleles of genes.

Hypomorphic alleles retain some gene function.

Essential genes are those that are absolutely required for the survival of the organism, and have null alleles with lethal phenotypes.

Human disease can be caused by hypomorphic mutations in essential genes.

Essential genes do contribute to human nondevelopmental diseases.

Essential genes can contribute to Mendelian disease and complex disorders.
Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry as Related to Surface Analysis
Authors: Clark Paula 
Published: September 2013

Abstract

Many important processes, such as corrosion, catalysis, adhesion, and biocompatibility, depend on the composition of the surface or interfacial region. The focus of this article is surface applications of
secondary ion mass spectrometry
(
SIMS
). In SIMS, a sample is introduced into an
ultrahigh vacuum
(
UHV
) chamber and bombarded by a primary ion beam. The impact of the primary ion results in the desorption (sputtering) of neutral species, electrons, and secondary ions from the surface of the sample. The secondary ions are mass‐analyzed. SIMS experiments are typically carried out in either a dynamic or a static mode. Historically, the two modes were distinguished on the basis of the
primary ion dose
(
PID
). Dynamic SIMS uses high PIDs and is generally used for elemental depth‐profiling. Static SIMS uses low PIDs (≤1 × 10
12
ions cm
−2
) and is generally used for the molecular characterization of surfaces; however, the introduction of primary ion cluster sources is extending the static SIMS limit. The advantages of SIMS include high sensitivity, the ability to obtain molecular information, isotopic analysis, imaging, and the analysis of low‐atomic‐number elements such as H and Li.