bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Variable Source Area Hydrology Modeling with the Water Erosion Prediction Project Model
Authors: Boll Jan , Brooks Erin S. , Crabtree Brian , Dun Shuhui , Steenhuis Tammo S. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractIn nondegraded watersheds of humid climates, subsurface flow patterns determine where the soil saturates and where surface runoff is occurring. Most models necessarily use infiltration‐excess (i.e., Hortonian) runoff for predicting runoff and associated constituents because subsurface flow algorithms are not included in the model. In this article, we modify the Water Erosion Prediction Project (WEPP) model to simulate subsurface flow correctly and to predict the spatial and temporal location of saturation, the associated lateral flow and surface runoff, and the location where the water can re‐infiltrate. The modified model, called WEPP‐UI, correctly simulated the hillslope drainage data from the Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory hillslope plot. We applied WEPP‐UI to convex, concave, and S‐shaped hillslope profiles, and found that multiple overland flow elements are needed to simulate distributed lateral flow and runoff well. Concave slopes had the greatest runoff, while convex slopes had the least. Our findings concur with observations in watersheds with saturation‐excess overland flow that most surface runoff is generated on lower concave slopes, whereas on convex slopes runoff infiltrates before reaching the stream. Since the WEPP model is capable of simulating both saturation‐excess and infiltration‐excess runoff, we expect that this model will be a powerful tool in the future for managing water quality.
Impacts of degraded DNA on restriction enzyme associated DNA sequencing (RADSeq)
Authors: Graham Carly F. , Glenn Travis C. , McArthur Andrew G. , Boreham Douglas R. , Kieran Troy , Lance Stacey , Manzon Richard G. , Martino Jessica A. , Pierson Todd , Rogers Sean M. , Wilson Joanna Y. , Somers Christopher M. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractDegraded DNA from suboptimal field sampling is common in molecular ecology. However, its impact on techniques that use restriction site associated next‐generation DNA sequencing (RADSeq, GBS) is unknown. We experimentally examined the effects of in situDNA degradation on data generation for a modified double‐digest RADSeq approach (3RAD). We generated libraries using genomic DNA serially extracted from the muscle tissue of 8 individual lake whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis) following 0‐, 12‐, 48‐ and 96‐h incubation at room temperature posteuthanasia. This treatment of the tissue resulted in input DNA that ranged in quality from nearly intact to highly sheared. All samples were sequenced as a multiplexed pool on an Illumina MiSeq. Libraries created from low to moderately degraded DNA (12–48 h) performed well. In contrast, the number of RADtags per individual, number of variable sites, and percentage of identical RADtags retained were all dramatically reduced when libraries were made using highly degraded DNA (96‐h group). This reduction in performance was largely due to a significant and unexpected loss of raw reads as a result of poor quality scores. Our findings remained consistent after changes in restriction enzymes, modified fold coverage values (2‐ to 16‐fold), and additional read‐length trimming. We conclude that starting DNA quality is an important consideration for RADSeq; however, the approach remains robust until genomic DNA is extensively degraded.
The Southward Extension of Cathaysia Block: Evidence from Zircon U‐Pb Dates of Borehole Volcanics in the Northern South China Sea
Authors: Changhai XU , Xiaoming QUE , Hesheng SHI , Zuyi ZHOU , Changqian MA 
Published: March 2015

Abstract:Five Paleogene volcanics sampled from the northern South China Sea were analyzed via LA‐ICP‐MS zircon U‐Pb dating, including basalt and andesite from Borehole SCSV1 and volcanic agglomerate from Borehole SCSV2, respectively. A total of 162 zircon U‐Pb dates for them cover an age range from Neoarchean to Eocene, in which the pre‐Paleocene data dominate. The Paleogene dates of 62.5±2.2 Ma and 42.1±2.9 Ma are associated with two igneous episodes prior to opening of South China Sea basin. Those pre‐Paleocene zircons are inherited zircons mostly with magmatogenic oscillatory zones, and have REE features of crustal zircon. Zircon U‐Pb dates of 2518–2481 Ma, 1933–1724 Ma, and 1094–1040 Ma from the SCSV1 volcanics, and 2810–2718 Ma, 2458–2421 Ma, and 1850–993.4 Ma from the SCSV2 volcanics reveal part of Precambrian evolution of the northern South China Sea, well comparable with age records dated from the Cathaysia block. The data of 927.0±6.9 Ma and 781±38 Ma dated from the SCSV2 coincide with amalgamation between Yangtze and Cathaysia blocks and breakup of the Rodinia, respectively. The age records of Caledonian orogeny from the Cathaysia block are widely found from our volcanic samples with concordant mean ages of 432.0±5.8 Ma from the SCSV1 and of 437±15 Ma from the SCSV2. The part of the northern South China Sea resembling the Cathaysia underwent Indosinian and Yanshannian tectonothermal events. Their age signatures from the SCSV1 cover 266.5±3.5 Ma, 241.1±6.0 Ma, 184.0±4.2 Ma, 160.9±4.2 Ma and 102.8±2.6 Ma, and from the SCSV2 are 244±15 Ma, 158.1±3.5 Ma, 141±13 Ma and 96.3±2.1 Ma. Our pre‐Paleogene U‐Pb age spectra of zircons from the borehole volcanics indicate that the northern South China Sea underwent an evolution from formation of Precambrian basement, Caledonian orogeny, and Indosinian orogeny to Yanshannian magmatism. This process can be well comparable with the tectonic evolution of South China, largely supporting the areas of the northern South China Sea as part of southward extension of the Cathaysia.
Neurohistological abnormalities during early porcine endotoxemia
Authors: BÄNZIGER B. , REGUEIRA T. , VOGT R. , BRANDT S. , VANDEVELDE M. , JAKOB S. M. 
Published: March 2015

BackgroundBrain dysfunction is common in sepsis. We aimed to assess whether cerebral perfusion, oxygenation, and/or metabolism are abnormal during early endotoxemia, and how they may relate to potential neurohistological changes.MethodsIn this prospective animal study, we included 12 pigs (weight: 42 ± 4 kg; mean ± SD) that were exposed to Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (E. coli LPS B0111 : B4, 0.4 μg/kg/h) or saline infusion (n = 6, each) for 10 h. Systemic hemodynamics, cerebral blood flow, intracranial pressure, and brain tissue oxygen tension were continuously measured. At the end of the experiment, formalin‐fixed brains were cut in coronal sections and embedded in paraffin. Afterwards, the sections were cut at 5 microns and stained with hematoxylin and eosin.ResultsStable systemic hemodynamics in both groups were associated with higher carotid arterial blood flow after 10 h of endotoxemia (9.0 ± 2.2 ml/kg/min) compared to controls (6.6 ± 1.2 ml/kg/min; time‐group interaction: P = 0.014). Intracranial pressure, cerebral perfusion pressure, brain oxygen consumption, and brain tissue oxygen tension were similar in both groups. In four of the six endotoxemic animals but in none of the controls, cerebral tissue lesions were found (encephalomalacia with spongy degeneration of white matter, axonal swelling, and ischemic neuronal thalamic necrosis), including significant venous vascular alterations, predominantly in the brainstem, in three of the four animals.ConclusionsEarly endotoxemia seems to be associated with histological signs of brain damage unrelated to systemic or cerebral hemodynamics or oxygenation.
Factors Associated With Oxyhemoglobin Desaturation During Rapid Sequence Intubation in a Pediatric Emergency Department: Findings From Multivariable Analyses of Video Review Data
Authors: Rinderknecht Andrea S. , Mittiga Matthew R. , Meinzen‐Derr Jareen , Geis Gary L. , Kerrey Benjamin T. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractObjectivesIn a video‐based study of rapid sequence intubation (RSI) in a pediatric emergency department (PED), 33% of children experienced oxyhemoglobin desaturation (SpO2 < 90%). To inform targeted improvement interventions, we planned multivariable analyses to identify patient and process variables (including time‐based data around performance of key RSI process elements uniquely available from video review) associated with desaturation during pediatric RSI.MethodsThese were planned analyses of data collected during a retrospective, video‐based study of RSI in a high‐volume, academic PED. For variables with plausible associations with desaturation, multiple logistic regression and generalized estimating equations were used to identify those characteristics independently associated with desaturation at both the patient and the attempt levels.ResultsThe authors analyzed video data from 114 patients undergoing RSI over 12 months. Desaturation was more common in patients 24 months of age and younger (59%) than in patients older than 24 months of age (10%). Variables associated with desaturation in patients 24 months of age and younger were duration of attempts (both individual and cumulative), the occurrence of esophageal intubation, a respiratory indication for intubation, and young age. The receiver operating characteristics curve for the model had an area under the curve of 0.80 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.67 to 0.92). Forty‐six percent of desaturations occurred after 45 seconds of laryngoscopy, and 82% after 30 seconds. The odds ratio for desaturation on individual attempts lasting longer than 30 seconds (vs. those 30 seconds or less) was 5.7 (95% CI = 2.26 to 14.36).ConclusionsFor children 24 months of age or younger undergoing RSI in a PED, respiratory indication for intubation, esophageal intubation, and duration of laryngoscopy (both individual and cumulative) were associated with desaturation; the number of attempts was not. Interventions to limit attempt duration in the youngest children may improve the safety of RSI.
Economic crisis and changes in drug use in the Spanish economically active population
Authors: Colell Esther , Sánchez‐Niubò Albert , Delclos George L. , Benavides Fernando G. , Domingo‐Salvany Antonia 
Published: March 2015

AbstractAimsTo examine changes in the use of alcohol, cannabis and hypnotics/sedatives between two periods (before and during Spain's economic crisis), and to identify differences in the change between employed and unemployed individuals.DesignUsing cross‐sectional data from four editions of the Spanish Household Survey on Alcohol and Drugs, we selected economically active individuals aged 16–64 years (total sample = 62 440) and defined two periods, pre‐crisis [period 1 (P1) = 2005–07] and crisis (P2 = 2009–11). Poisson regression models with robust variance were fitted to obtain prevalence ratios (PR) of heavy and binge drinking and multinomial regression models to obtain relative risk ratios (RRR) of cannabis and hypnotic/sedative use between the two periods, also considering the interaction between period and employment status.FindingsWhile the prevalence of alcohol use remained stable, heavy drinking declined in P2 in men both overall [PR = 0.73; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.67–0.79] and in the two age groups (16–34 and 35–64 years), and also in women overall (PR = 0.86; 95% CI = 0.75–0.99) and in the older age group. In contrast, binge drinking increased overall in P2 in men (PR = 1.17; 95% CI = 1.12–1.22) and in women (PR = 1.62; 95% CI = 1.49–1.76), and in both age groups. No differences in the change were observed between employed and unemployed individuals. Overall cannabis use remained stable in P2, but unemployed men and women of the older age group were more likely to have increased sporadic use compared to their employed counterparts (RRR = 2.24; 95% CI = 1.36–3.68 and RRR = 3.21; 95% CI = 1.30–7.93, respectively). Hypnotic/sedative use remained stable in P2 in men, but unemployed men were less likely to have increased heavy use in P2 compared with employed men (RRR = 0.69; 95% CI = 0.49–0.97). In women, heavy use increased in P2 overall and in the older age group, irrespective of employment status.ConclusionDuring a period of economic recession in Spain, heavy drinking decreased and binge drinking increased. Sporadic cannabis use increased among older unemployed men and women. Heavy use of hypnotics/sedatives increased among employed men while older women increased use irrespective of employment status.
Global rice trade competitiveness: a shift‐share analysis
Authors: Lakkakula Prithviraj , Dixon Bruce L. , Thomsen Michael R. , Wailes Eric J. , Danforth Diana M. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractChanges in country shares of global rice exports from 1997 to 2008 are analyzed using an econometric, shift‐share analytical framework. This framework estimates growth rates and disaggregates these rates of change into geographical structure effects and performance effects. The performance effect is further decomposed into two subeffects accounting for adaptation to changes in the geographical structure of the marketplace and a competitiveness effect. A restricted, weighted, two‐way fixed effects model is specified for estimating the geographical structure and performance effects. Results indicate a growing concentration among a few exporting countries in the global rice market, and the competitiveness effect is often significant. Government policies affecting rice trade and the competitiveness of trading partners are important factors for the shifts in rice trade patterns. In particular, Vietnam is an emerging, major player in global rice trade in competition with Thailand.
Antiplatelet therapy as a modulator of stroke aetiology: a meta‐analysis
Authors: Rajkumar Christopher A. , Floyd Christopher N. , Ferro Albert 
Published: March 2015

AimsAntiplatelet therapy reduces the incidence of ischaemic stroke. Platelet‐mediated thrombosis contributes variably to the major subtypes of stroke as defined by the TOAST criteria: large artery atherosclerosis (LAA), cardioembolic (CE) and small vessel occlusion (SVO). The effect of antiplatelet therapy on the incidence of each subtype is unknown and is the subject of this meta‐analysis.MethodsElectronic databases were searched for articles comparing the effect of antiplatelet therapy on the incidence of stroke according to aetiological subtype. Studies containing subjects prescribed anticoagulant therapy or solely investigating subjects with atrial fibrillation were excluded. Pooled odds ratios (ORs) were calculated using a fixed effects model.ResultsNine studies were included (n = 5739). In patients who had an ischaemic stroke, pre‐event antiplatelet therapy was associated with significantly decreased incidence of LAA (OR 0.88, 95% CI 0.79, 0.99; P = 0.026), increased incidence of CE (OR 1.23, 95% CI 1.08, 1.41; P = 0.002) and no effect on SVO (OR 0.99, 95% CI 0.88, 1.11; P = 0.806). Concordant non‐significant trends were observed in primary prevention populations (n = 751): LAA (OR 0.81, 95% CI 0.57, 1.15; P = 0.240), CE (OR 1.29, 95% CI 0.89, 1.87; P = 0.179) and SVO (OR 0.99, 95% CI 0.73, 1.36; P = 0.970). Subgroup analysis of aspirin monotherapy (n = 3786) demonstrated a significant reduction in LAA (OR 0.87, 95% CI 0.76, 1.00; P = 0.046), but non‐significant effects on the incidence of CE (OR 1.17, 95% CI 0.99, 1.39; P = 0.068) and SVO (OR 1.04, 95% CI 0.91, 1.20; P = 0.570). Probability of publication bias was low (P > 0.05).ConclusionsAntiplatelet therapy preferentially reduces the incidence of LAA stroke compared with CE and SVO subtypes.
Accuracy of Image‐Fusion Stereolithographic Guides: Mapping CT Data with Three‐Dimensional Optical Surface Scanning
Authors: Widmann Gerlig , Berggren Johannes Peter Michael , Fischer Bastian , Pichler‐Dennhardt Albina Rosa , Schullian Peter , Bale Reto , Puelacher Wolfgang 
Published: March 2015

AbstractBackgroundComputer‐assisted implant surgery usually requires a radiographic scan template as the basis for prosthetic‐driven implant planning and surgical guide fabrication.PurposeThe study aims to evaluate the accuracy of image‐fusion stereolithographic guides in which a computed tomography (CT) scan is mapped with three‐dimensional optical scans of cast and diagnostic wax‐up.Materials and MethodsThree‐dimensional error at the base and tip of the implants, angular deviation of the implant‐axis, and the inserting‐depth error of 120 implants with a length of 10 mm and a caliber of 4.1 mm in 15 polymer‐models were examined. A control CT was performed and fused with the planning data for accuracy evaluation.ResultsThe mean three‐dimensional error was 0.21 ± 0.10 mm (0.00–0.48 mm) at the implant base, 0.32 ± 0.17 mm (0.03–0.75 mm) at the implant tip, and the mean angular error was 0.85 ± 0.59° (0.00–2.50°). The mean depth error was 0.07 ± 0.07 mm (0.00–0.32 mm).ConclusionsWithin the limitations of an in vitro study, the novel technique showed excellent accuracy. Errors from fabrication and scanning of a radiographic scan template can be avoided, and the workflow and costs of computer‐assisted implant surgery may be reduced.
Ten Principles for Interpreting Neuroscientific Pronouncements Regarding Human Nature
Authors: Weissenbacher A.C. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractAs the field of brain research continues to advance, much is being discovered about the various aspects of the brain that are associated with certain feelings, thoughts, and behaviors. However, certain studies, or popularized accounts thereof, overreach in their pronouncements, drawing unwarranted conclusions regarding human nature. There are ten principles that will assist the non‐specialist in critically assessing both now and future discoveries reported from the neurosciences, with a focus on helping theologians using neuroscientific data in multidisciplinary work regarding human nature.
Proteasome inhibitors and IMiDs can overcome some high‐risk cytogenetics in multiple myeloma but not gain 1q21
Authors: Nahi Hareth , Våtsveen Thea Kristin , Lund Johan , Heeg Bart M.S. , Preiss Birgitte , Alici Evren , Møller Michael Boe , Wader Karin Fahl , Møller Hanne E.H. , Grøseth Lill Anny , Østergaard Brian , Dai Hong Yan , Holmberg Erik , Gahrton Gösta , Waage Anders , Abildgaard Niels 
Published: March 2015

AbstractChromosomal aberrations have significant prognostic importance in multiple myeloma (MM). However, proteasome inhibitors (PI) and IMiDs may partly overcome the poor prognostic impact of some of them. In this study, we investigated a population‐based consecutive cohort newly diagnosed patients with MM admitted during a defined time period to hospitals in Denmark, Norway, and Sweden. The impact of treatment modality on the prognostic importance of specific chromosomal aberration was investigated, with special reference to gain 1q21. The median follow‐up of patients still alive at analysis was 40 months for the high‐dose (HDT)‐treated ones and 29 months for the whole population. Three hundred forty‐seven patients with a known 1q21 status were included in this study. The 347 patients were divided into three groups, that is, 119 patients with the 1q21 gain, 105 patients with other aberrations (OA), that is, del(13q), del(17p), t(4,14), and/or (14;16), and 123 patients with no aberrations (NA). The groups were compared in terms of overall survival (OS), time to progression (TTP), and response. The 3‐yr OS for patients with gain 1q21 was 60% compared to patients with OA 74% and NO 82% (gain 1q21 vs. NO P < 0.001; gain 1q21 vs. OA P = 0.095). If treated with PI or IMiDs, the 3‐yr OS was 58% for patients with gain 1q21 compared to patients with OA 78% and NO 78%, respectively (P = 0.041, P = 0.140). In HDT patients, the 3‐yr OS was 69% for patients with gain 1q21 compared to patients with OA 84% and NO 88%, respectively (P < 0.008, P = 0.600). Thus, neither HDT nor using PI or IMiDs could overcome the poor prognostic impact of gain 1q21, while these drugs and HDT seemed to improve OS in patients with OA, approaching the survival in NO. Further, gain 1q21 appears to be one of the most important poor prognostic chromosomal aberrations in multiple myeloma with current treatments. Trials using new drugs or allogeneic transplantation are warranted.
Fish community reassembly after a coral mass mortality: higher trophic groups are subject to increased rates of extinction
Authors: Alonso David , Pinyol‐Gallemí Aleix , Alcoverro Teresa , Arthur Rohan 
Published: March 2015

AbstractSince Gleason and Clements, our understanding of community dynamics has been influenced by theories emphasising either dispersal or niche assembly as central to community structuring. Determining the relative importance of these processes in structuring real‐world communities remains a challenge. We tracked reef fish community reassembly after a catastrophic coral mortality in a relatively unfished archipelago. We revisited the stochastic model underlying MacArthur and Wilson's Island Biogeography Theory, with a simple extension to account for trophic identity. Colonisation and extinction rates calculated from decadal presence‐absence data based on (1) species neutrality, (2) trophic identity and (3) site‐specificity were used to model post‐disturbance reassembly, and compared with empirical observations. Results indicate that species neutrality holds within trophic guilds, and trophic identity significantly increases overall model performance. Strikingly, extinction rates increased clearly with trophic position, indicating that fish communities may be inherently susceptible to trophic downgrading even without targeted fishing of top predators.
Mast cells are required for phototolerance induction and scratching abatement
Authors: Schweintzger Nina A. , Bambach Isabella , Reginato Eleonora , Mayer Gerlinde , Limón‐Flores Alberto Y. , Ullrich Stephen E. , Byrne Scott N. , Wolf Peter 
Published: March 2015

AbstractDermal mast cells protect the skin from inflammatory effects of ultraviolet (UV) radiation and are required for UV‐induced immune suppression. We sought to determine a potential mechanistic role of mast cells in reducing the sensitivity to UV radiation (i.e. phototolerance induction) through photohardening. We administered single UV exposures as well as a chronic UV irradiation regime to mast cell‐deficient KitW‐Sh/W‐Sh mice and their controls. The chronic irradiation protocol was similar to that given for prophylaxis in certain photodermatoses in humans. Compared to controls, UV‐exposed KitW‐Sh/W‐Sh mice were more susceptible to epidermal hyperplasia and dermal oedema which was linked to blood vessel dilation. Unexpectedly, KitW‐Sh/W‐Sh mice exhibited an excessive scratching behaviour following broadband UVB plus UVA or solar simulated UV irradiation at doses far below their minimal skin‐swelling dose. Protection from this UV‐induced scratching phenotype was dependent on mast cells, as engraftment of bone marrow‐derived cultured mast cells abated it entirely. KitW‐Sh/W‐Sh mice were entirely resistant to phototolerance induction by photohardening treatment. Compared to controls, these mice also showed reduced numbers of regulatory T cells and neutrophils in the skin 24 h after UV irradiation. While it is well known that mast cell‐deficient mice are resistant to UV‐induced immune suppression, we have discovered that they are prone to develop photo‐itch and are more susceptible to UV‐induced epidermal hyperplasia and skin oedema.