bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Research Site Vrchslatina – an experimental design and the main aims
Authors: Konôpka Bohdan , Pajtík Jozef , Šebeň Vladimír , Bošeľa Michal , Máliš František , Priwitzer Tibor , Pavlenda Pavel 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThe research site “Vrchslatina” was established in the spring of 2009 with the aim of studying production processes and the structure of net primary productivity in young forest stands. The beech and spruce stands grown at the site were selected because they originated from natural regeneration and are nearly of the same age. In 2009, we established 5 research plots in each stand with the aim of measuring basic tree characteristics. Moreover, we excavated entire trees to construct allometric relations for the specific tree compartments. In the consecutive years (2010, 2011 and 2012), we also included grass communities dominated by Calamagrostis epigejos in our studies. Besides studying production processes of all tree compartments (i.e. for trees: foliages, branches, stem, coarse and fine roots, for grasses and herbs: below- and above-ground parts), we monitored several atmospheric characteristics, followed by soil characteristics and eventually added a measurement of soil respiration. The results indicated that forest stands (even though they were in their initial growth stages) sequestrated much more carbon than the grass communities. Moreover, we proved the considerable influence of climatic conditions (especially the sum of precipitation) in the particular years for net primary productivity.
The Eyes of the Fourth Person Singular
Authors: Bradley Joff 
Published: May 2015

By tracing the genealogy of Lawrence Ferlinghetti's outlandish notion of the fourth person singular and its appropriation in The Logic of Sense, several keys concepts in Deleuze's thought such as the nonpersonal and pre-individual subjectivity can be rendered clearer to the understanding. While there is poetic licence in the use of the term by Ferlinghetti, the fourth person singular is heuristic for exploring the notion of free indirect speech and, more speculatively, the ideas of impersonal death and suicide. The fourth person singular is thus a trope that sheds light on the ideas of humour, irony, lightness and becoming ‘without a verb’ in Deleuze's thought. Under close scrutiny is what Ferlinghetti designates as the ‘cool’ eyes of the fourth person singular. We shall work to differentiate these from so-called mad, Dada-esque ‘unblinking’ eyes. We shall ask how the poet in ‘obscenely seeing’ the impossible possibility of life can envision – perspicaciously – the immanent sense of death-in-life. From what standpoint does the poet gain access to the real? To consider this fully it is necessary to follow the Deleuzian interpretation of singularities as true transcendental events so as to clarify what gives life a ‘non-personal power, above individuals’ ( Deleuze and Parnet 2007 : 6).
PHENIX: An R package to estimate a size‐controlled phenotypic integration index
Authors: Torices Rubén , Muñoz‐Pajares A. Jesús 
Published: May 2015

Premise of the study:Organisms usually show intercorrelations between all or some of their components leading to phenotypic integration, which may have deep consequences on the evolution of phenotypes. One of the main difficulties with phenotypic integration studies is how to correct the integration measures for size. This has been considered a challenging task. In this paper, we introduce an R package (PHENIX: PHENotypic Integration indeX), in which we provide functions to estimate a size‐controlled phenotypic integration index, a bootstrapping method to calculate confidence intervals, and a randomization method to simulate null distributions and test the statistical significance of the integration.Methods and Results:PHENIX is an open source package written in R. As usual for R packages, the manual and sample data are available at:http://cran.r‐project.org/web/packages/PHENIX/index.html. Functions included in this package easily estimate phenotypic integration by controlling a third variable (e.g., the size of the studied organ).Conclusions:PHENIX helps to estimate and test the statistical significance of the magnitude of integration using one of the most‐used methodological approaches, while taking size into account.
Drug Resistance is Rarely the Cause or Consequence of Long-Term Persistent Low-Level Viraemia in HIV-1-Infected Patients on ART
Authors: Vancoillie Leen , Mortier Virginie , Demecheleer Els , Schauvliege Marlies , Vandekerckhove Linos , Vogelaers Dirk , Verhofstede Chris 
Published: May 2015

Background The introduction of highly sensitive HIV-1 viral load assays with a lower quantification limit of 20 copies/ml uncovered that in a number of patients on ART, the viral load systematically fluctuates around or slightly above the detection limit of the assays. This study aimed to analyse the presence or occurrence of drug resistance mutations in HIV-1-infected patients during long-term persistent low-level viraemia (PLLV) under ART. Methods A retrospective study was carried out in which baseline and on-therapy presence of drug resistance mutations in the HIV-1 protease and reverse transcriptase genes were analysed in patients with PLLV between 20 and 250 copies/ml. For all available plasma samples collected during PLLV, resistance analysis was attempted with an ultrasensitive amplification and sequencing protocol. Results Resistance analysis was successful for 154 samples collected longitudinally from 23 patients over a median period of 4.7 years (IQR 3.3–5.7). Twenty of these patients were on a boosted protease inhibitor (PI)-based regimen (87%). Single drug resistance mutations were detected in isolated samples of 4 patients, 2 of the 3 patients who initiated a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor-based regimen and 2 of the 20 on a PI-based regimen. Only one of the detected mutations decreased susceptibility to the therapy regimen taken at the time of sample collection. Drug resistance mutations were not found in the three patients who developed virological failure (viral load >250 copies/ml) during the study. Conclusions Long episodes of PLLV in patients on boosted PI-based regimens rarely result in the selection of new drug-resistant variants.
Fondements et dynamique de l’Etat-providence
Authors: Masson André 
Published: May 2015

L’objet de cet article est d’étudier brièvement les fondements et la dynamique de l’Etat-providence. S’agissant des fondements, le critère d’évaluation ne sera plus la dualité Bismarck-Beveridge des modèles sociaux mais l’opposition ternaire entre les philosophies ou paradigmes du « libre agent », de « l’égalité citoyenne » et « multi-solidaire », en s’intéressant moins aux évolutions historiques qu’aux tendances récentes et aux devenirs envisageables d’un Etat-providence confronté à un problème de soutenabilité financière provoqué par le vieillissement démographique et la crise économique. Dans cette perspective, la dynamique que l’on risque d’observer concernerait le passage d’une philosophie dominante multi-solidaire au paradigme de l’égalité citoyenne, voire à celui du libre agent en cas de délitement de l’Etat-providence : cette dynamique supposée est-elle plus probable en Belgique qu’en France, par exemple – dans l’hypothèse où les deux Etats-providence sont suffisamment proches pour procéder à une telle comparaison ?
Return to Preinjury Levels of Participation After Superior Labral Repair in Overhead Athletes: A Systematic Review
Authors: Sciascia Aaron , Myers Natalie , Kibler W. Ben , Uhl Timothy L. 
Published: May 2015

Context
Athletes often preoperatively weigh the risks and benefits of electing to undergo an orthopaedic procedure to repair damaged tissue. A common concern for athletes is being able to return to their maximum levels of competition after shoulder surgery, whereas clinicians struggle with the ability to provide a consistent prognosis of successful return to participation after surgery. The variation in study details and rates of return in the existing literature have not supplied clinicians with enough evidence to give overhead athletes adequate information regarding successful return to participation when deciding to undergo shoulder surgery.

Objective
To investigate the odds of overhead athletes returning to preinjury levels of participation after arthroscopic superior labral repair.

Data Sources
The CINAHL, MEDLINE, and SPORTDiscus databases from 1972 to 2013.

Study Selection
The criteria for article selection were (1) The study was written in English. (2) The study reported surgical repair of an isolated superior labral injury or a superior labral injury with soft tissue debridement. (3) The study involved overhead athletes equal to or less than 40 years of age. (4) The study assessed return to the preinjury level of participation.

Data Extraction
We critically reviewed articles for quality and bias and calculated and compared odds ratios for return to full participation for dichotomous populations or surgical procedures.

Data Synthesis
Of 215 identified articles, 11 were retained: 5 articles about isolated superior labral repair and 6 articles about labral repair with soft tissue debridement. The quality range was 11 to 17 (42% to 70%) of a possible 24 points. Odds ratios could be generated for 8 of 11 studies. Nonbaseball, nonoverhead, and nonthrowing athletes had a 2.3 to 5.8 times greater chance of full return to participation than overhead/throwing athletes after isolated superior labral repair. Similarly, nonoverhead athletes had 1.5 to 3.5 times greater odds for full return than overhead athletes after labral repair with soft tissue debridement. In 1 study, researchers compared surgical procedures and found that overhead athletes who underwent isolated superior labral repair were 28 times more likely to return to full participation than those who underwent concurrent labral repair and soft tissue debridement (P &lt; .05).

Conclusions
The rate of return to participation after shoulder surgery within the literature is inconsistent. Odds of returning to preinjury levels of participation after arthroscopic superior labral repair with or without soft tissue debridement are consistently lower in overhead/throwing athletes than in nonoverhead/nonthrowing athletes. The variable rates of return within each group could be due to multiple confounding variables not consistently accounted for in the articles.
A Survey from a Large Academic Medical Center
Authors: Homan J.M. , Cimino J.J. , Peters S.G. , Pickering B.W. , Herasevich V. , Ellsworth M.A. 
Published: May 2015

Summary
Objective: To better understand the literature searching preferences of clinical providers we conducted an institution-wide survey assessing the most preferred knowledge searching techniques.
Materials and Methods: A survey regarding literature searching preferences was sent to 1862 unique clinical providers throughout Mayo Clinic. The survey consisted of 25 items asking respondents to select which clinical scenarios most often prompt literature searches as well as identify their most preferred knowledge resources.
Results: A total of 450 completed surveys were returned and analyzed (24% response rate). 48% of respondents perform literature searches for more than half of their patient interactions with 91% of all searches occurring either before or within 3 hours of the patient interaction. When a search is performed 57% of respondents prefer synthesized information sources as compared to only 13% who prefer original research. 82% of knowledge searches are performed on a workstation or office computer while just 10% occur on a mobile device or at home.
Conclusion: Providers in our survey demonstrate a need to answer clinical questions on a regular basis, especially in the diagnosis and therapy domains. Responses suggest that most of these searches occur using synthesized knowledge sources in the patient care setting within a very short time from the patient interaction.
Citation: Ellsworth MA, Homan JM, Cimino JJ, Peters SG, Pickering BW, Herasevich V. Point-of-care knowledge-based resource needs of clinicians: A survey from a large academic medical center. Appl Clin Inf 2015; 6: 305–317http://dx.doi.org/10.4338/ACI-2014-11-RA-0104
The Effect of Three Dentinal Sealers on Retention of Crowns cemented with Resin-modified Glass Ionomer Cement: An in vitro Study
Authors: Jain Ashish R , Pradeep R , Janapala Sashi Deepth Reddy , Reddy P Sesha 
Published: May 2015

ABSTRACT

Background
Dentinal sealers (desensitizing agents) are used to protect the pulp from possible injurious effects after tooth preparation and also prevent the penetration of dentinal tubules by bacteria and their products which are currently thought to cause most of the pulpal inflammation under the crowns.

Aim
The purpose of this study is to determine the efficacy of effect of three different desensitizing agents on retention of crowns cemented with resin-modified glass ionomer cement.

Materials and methods
Forty freshly extracted maxillary first premolars were notched for retention and the teeth specimens were mounted in autopolymerising resin. The axial height of all the specimens was 4 mm with a 20° angle of convergence. Impressions of the prepared teeth were made, later waxed invested and casted. Thirty teeth were coated with three different desensitizing agents were used in this study: Cavity varnish (Namuvar, Deepti Dental Products), Glutaraldehyde (Gluma- Heraeus Kulzer), Resin (AdheSE, Ivoclar Vivadent). Ten teeth were not coated with desensitizing agents to act as control group. Independent T test used to compare the mean values between groups.

Results
Tensile strength for average surface area of the groups I, II, III and IV are 0.3759, 0.2375, 0.2411, 0.2348 respectively. The t-test shows ‘p’-value is statistically not significant (p < 0.05) for groups II and III, where as in group IV ‘p’-value is statistically significant (p < 0.01).

Conclusion
The use of AdheSE/resin-based dentinal sealer showed increase in bond strength of the crowns luted with resin-modified glass ionomer cement when compared with control group. This study advocates the use of resin-based sealer or a glutaraldehyde-based sealer before cementation of the crowns. The cavity varnish, however, reduces the bond strength and is not acceptable.

How to cite this article
Janapala SDR, Reddy PS, Jain AR, Pradeep R. The Effect of Three Dentinal Sealers on Retention of Crowns cemented with Resin-modified Glass Ionomer Cement: An in vitro Study. World J Dent 2015;6(1):10-15.
The Use of Magnets in Orthodontics
Authors: Sharma Narendra S , Kamble RH , Shrivastav Sunita , Sharma Preethi 
Published: May 2015

ABSTRACT
Magnets have generated great interest within dentistry. They have been used for various applications in orthodontics and prosthodontics. Earlier use of magnets was limited due to the unavailability of small size magnets, but after the introduction of rare earth magnets and their availability in smaller sizes, their use has increased considerably. The force they deliver can be directed, and they can exert their force through mucosa and bone as well as within the mouth. In orthodontics, they are used for intrusion of teeth, tooth movement along archwires, expansion, retention, in functional appliances and in the treatment of impacted teeth. There are various types of magnets used in the field of orthodontics with their advantages and disadvantages, along with their biological safety which has been discussed in this article. This article reviews various uses of magnets in the field of orthodontics.

How to cite this article
Sharma N, Shrivastav S, Kamble RH, Sharma P. The Use of Magnets in Orthodontics. World J Dent 2015;6(1):45-48.
Role of Periodontist in Pediatric Dental Patients
Authors: Bhardwaj Amit , Grover Harpreet Singh , Singh Yogender 
Published: May 2015

ABSTRACT
Modern age dentistry is very much different from what it was in the past. In this period of super specialization, clinical skills are tuned finely with professional expertise is improved. Interdisciplinary approach is mandatory to deal with any clinical situation to provide optimal and timely treatment results. This paper gives the emphasis on comprehensive management of young people with gingival and periodontal diseases. The paper provides the background to the condition, the possible etiological factors, the prevalence of peridontal diseases and other related conditions. Lastly, there is consideration of the role of the periodontist in interdisciplinary management of the affected child and young patient.

How to cite this article
Grover HS, Singh Y, Bhardwaj A. Role of Periodontist in Pediatric Dental Patients. World J Dent 2015;6(1):49-54.
Modelo compatible de altura dominante - índice de sitio para táscate (Juniperus deppeana Steud.)
Authors: Rodríguez-Carrillo Antonio , Cruz-Cobos Francisco , Vargas-Larreta Benedicto , Hernández Francisco J. 
Published: May 2015

El objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar la calidad de estación de táscate (Juniperusdeppeana Steud.), a través del método de índice de sitio, en la región de San Dimas, Durango. La base de datos proviene de 43 análisis troncales de árboles derribados en actividades de aprovechamiento. Los modelos de Chapman-Richards y de Schumacher, mediante los procedimientos de diferencias algebraicas y diferencias algebraicas generalizadas, se probaron para determinar el índice de sitio; además, se modeló la estructura del error con un modelo autorregresivo de segundo orden para corregir la dependencia de errores longitudinales presentes. Los resultados mostraron que el modelo de Chapman-Richards en diferencias algebraicas generalizadas presentó el mejor ajuste de acuerdo con el coeficiente de determinación ajustado (R2 adj = 0.98) y la raíz del cuadrado medio del error (RCME = 0.46 m). La representación gráfica de las curvas de calidad generadas con este modelo, sobrepuestas a las alturas observadas, corroboraron la bondad de ajuste del modelo seleccionado. La ecuación obtenida con la metodología de diferencias algebraicas generalizadas estima directamente la altura dominante y el índice de sitio a cualquier altura y edad de referencia.
Doctoral Programs Outcomes Assessment: An Approach to Assessing Program Inputs, Learning Objectives, and Postgraduation Outcomes
Authors: Carter Shani D. 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
Student learning outcomes assessment is conducted at the undergraduate level for academic departments to determine whether students are meeting learning goals. The assessments do not include course grades; rather, they include measures such as standardized tests or student coursework being rated outside the course by committees. Increasingly, there has been a movement to conduct outcomes assessment on graduate programs as well. This article presents an assessment methodology that can be applied to the special conditions of doctoral programs, which are generally structured very differently than undergraduate and masters’ level programs, and which therefore require different methods of outcomes assessment.
Studies on pigments of the myxomycete Physarum nudum. I. Absorption spectra of the crude extracts of pigments from plasmodia cultured in continuous light and in darkness
Authors: Rakoczy L. 
Published: May 2015

1. Method for extraction and crude separation of the plasmodial pigments of the myxomycete Physarum nudum cultured in light and in darkness were elaborated. 2.	By the use of various solvents in the procedure of extraction three pigment fractions were obtained from plasmodia cultured in the dark and four fractions from those grown under continuous light. 3. The absorption spectra of the particular fractions within the UV and visible range were determined.
Influence of Food Matrix on Sterol and Stanol Activity
Authors: Clifton Peter 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
The format and matrix in which functional food ingredients are delivered may influence their bioactivity in vivo. Therefore, this paper will review studies which have examined plant sterols and stanols being consumed in varying formats and matrices, i.e., fat-containing foods versus low or non-fat foods, solid foods versus liquid foods, capsules or tables versus foods. Furthermore, this paper will examine the issue of providing plant sterols and stanols in either free or esterified form. Finally, a discussion on the importance of microemulsion stability of the sterols and stanols is elaborated. Based on the reviewed information, it would seem that plant sterols and stanols are effective in all food and capsule/tablet formats, and in both free and esterified form. Some failures in clinical trials may be due to unstable microemulsion of sterols.
Mechanisms Underlying the Health Benefits of Plant Sterol and Stanol Ester Consumption
Authors: Plat Jogchum , Baumgartner Sabine , Mensink Ronald P 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
The recent IMPROVE-IT trial clearly showed that lowering serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) concentrations via inhibiting intestinal cholesterol absorption through ezetimibe effectively lowered the number of new cardiovascular disease (CVD) events. This supports the use of other (dietary) interventions that lower serum LDL-C concentrations via comparable mechanisms such as described for plant sterol and stanol ester enriched functional foods. Therefore it is tempting to suggest that these compounds may have the same effects on CVD outcome, as described for ezetimibe in the IMPROVE-IT trial. This has however not been proven so far. A possible advantage of plant sterol and stanol ester enriched foods over ezetimibe—a typical single-target drug—is that these dietary compounds act on multiple targets, since they not only lower serum LDL-C concentrations, but also lower serum triacylglycerol (TAG) concentrations in subjects with elevated serum TAG concentrations. In addition, they might influence the functioning of our immune system via a changed activity of the regulatory T-cells. This combination of effects makes these compounds highly attractive to decrease CVD risk.
Role of Phytosterols in Cancer Prevention and Treatment
Authors: Ramprasath Vanu Ramkumar , Awad Atif B 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
Plant sterols or phytosterols have been shown to be effective in improving blood lipid profile and thereby protective against cardiovascular disease. In addition to their cardioprotective effects, phytosterols have gained more insight for their protective effect against various forms of cancer. Phytosterols have been reported to alleviate cancers of breast, prostate, lung, liver, stomach and ovary. Reductions in growth of various cancer cells including liver, prostate and breast by phytosterols treatment have been demonstrated. Although exact mechanisms of phytosterols for their anticancer effects are not very well delineated, there have been several mechanisms proposed such as inhibition of carcinogen production, cancer cell growth and multiplication, invasion and metastasis and induction of cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Other mechanisms including reduction of angiogenesis, invasion and adhesion of cancer cells and production of reactive oxygen species have also been suggested. However, cancer therapy using phytosterol formulations have yet to be designed, largely due to the gap in the literature with regards to mode of action. Furthermore, most of the studies on anticancer effects of phytosterols were conducted in vitro and animal studies and need to be confirmed in humans.