bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A pan‐European, multipopulation assessment of migratory connectivity in a near‐threatened migrant bird
Authors: Finch Tom , Saunders Philip , Avilés Jesús Miguel , Bermejo Ana , Catry Inês , de la Puente Javier , Emmenegger Tamara , Mardega Ieva , Mayet Patrick , Parejo Deseada , Račinskis Edmunds , Rodríguez‐Ruiz Juan , Sackl Peter , Schwartz Timothée , Tiefenbach Michael , Valera Francisco , Hewson Chris , Franco Aldina , Butler Simon James 
Published: July 2015

AbstractAimThe extent to which individuals from different breeding populations mix throughout the non‐breeding season (i.e. ‘migratory connectivity’) has important consequences for population dynamics and conservation. Given recent declines of long‐distance migrant birds, multipopulation tracking studies are crucial in order to assess the strength of migratory connectivity and to identify key sitesen route. Here, we present the first large‐scale analysis of migration patterns and migratory connectivity in the globally near‐threatened European rollerCoracias garrulus.LocationBreeding area: Europe; passage area: Mediterranean, sub‐Saharan Africa, Arabian Peninsula; wintering area: southern Africa.MethodsWe synthesize new geolocator data with existing geolocator, satellite tag and ring recovery data from eight countries across Europe. We describe routes and stopover sites, analyse the spatial pattern of winter sites with respect to breeding origin and quantify the strength of connectivity between breeding and winter sites.ResultsWe demonstrate the importance of the northern savanna zone as a stopover region and reveal the easterly spring loop (via Arabia) and leapfrog migration of rollers from eastern populations. Whilst there was some overlap between individuals from different populations over winter, their distribution was non‐random, with positive correlations between breeding and autumn/winter longitude as well as between pairwise distance matrices of breeding and winter sites. Connectivity was stronger for eastern populations than western ones.Main conclusionsThe moderate levels of connectivity detected here may increase the resilience of breeding populations to localized habitat loss on the winter quarters. We also highlight the passage regions crucial for the successful conservation of roller populations, including the Sahel/Sudan savanna for all populations, and the Horn of Africa/Arabian Peninsula for north‐eastern rollers.
Changes in plant life‐form, pollination syndrome and breeding system at a regional scale promoted by land use intensity
Authors: Moser Dietmar , Dullinger Stefan , Mang Thomas , Hülber Karl , Essl Franz , Frank Thomas , Hulme Philip E. , Grabherr Georg , Pascher Kathrin 
Published: July 2015

AbstractAimParallel declines in plant and insect pollinator diversity under land use intensification may occur as a result of both taxonomic groups responding similarly, but independently, to habitat change or as a consequence of interdependence as insect‐pollinated plants decline due to pollinator loss. Here, we explore the relative roles of independent and interdependent declines by comparing correlations of species richness and land use intensity for different functional groups of plants.LocationAustria.MethodsGeneralized linear and generalized linear mixed models were used to analyse trends in species richness of plant functional groups sampled along a land use intensity gradient across 100 agricultural landscapes (=625 × 625 m each). Plants were classified according to their pollination syndrome, breeding system and life span. Species numbers were related to the site‐specific proportional area of semi‐natural habitats as an indicator of land use intensity.ResultsOverall, as the level of agricultural intensification increased the proportion of outcrossing plants declined and the proportion of self‐pollinating plants increased. However, while perennial plant species richness decreased under more intensive land use independently of pollination syndrome or breeding system, the richness of annuals only declined for outcrossing species requiring specialized insect pollinators but not for those pollinated by wind‐ or unspecialized insect pollinators.Main conclusionFrom these patterns we infer that land use intensification mainly drives plant species loss by excluding perennial species which suffer from the conversion of land to annually harvested crop fields. Hence, parallel declines in plant and insect richness largely result from a common response of perennials and pollinators to habitat change. Nevertheless, for annual plants with specialized pollinator requirements our data support a cascading effect of pollinator decline on species richness.
Integration of audio‐visual information for spatial decisions in children and adults
Authors: Nardini Marko , Bales Jennifer , Mareschal Denis 
Published: July 2015

AbstractIn adults, decisions based on multisensory information can be faster and/or more accurate than those relying on a single sense. However, this finding varies significantly across development. Here we studied speeded responding to audio‐visual targets, a key multisensory function whose development remains unclear. We found that when judging the locations of targets, children aged 4 to 12 years and adults had faster and less variable response times given auditory and visual information together compared with either alone. Comparison of response time distributions with model predictions indicated that children at all ages were integrating (pooling) sensory information to make decisions but that both the overall speed and the efficiency of sensory integration improved with age. The evidence for pooling comes from comparison with the predictions of Miller's seminal ‘race model’, as well as with a major recent extension of this model and a comparable ‘pooling’ (coactivation) model. The findings and analyses can reconcile results from previous audio‐visual studies, in which infants showed speed gains exceeding race model predictions in a spatial orienting task (Neilet al., 2006) but children below 7 years did not in speeded reaction time tasks (e.g. Barutchuet al., 2009). Our results provide new evidence for early and sustained abilities to integrate visual and auditory signals for spatial localization from a young age.
Interaction ofAnthonomus grandisand cotton genotypes: biological and behavioral responses
Authors: Silva Juliana B. , Silva‐Torres Christian S.A. , Moraes Maria Carolina B. , Torres Jorge B. , Laumann Raul A. , Borges Miguel 
Published: July 2015

AbstractThe boll weevil,Anthonomus grandisBoheman (Coleoptera:Curculionidae), is a key pest of cotton,Gossypium hirsutumL. (Malvaceae). Knowledge about boll weevil feeding and oviposition behavior and its response to plant volatiles can underpin our understanding of host plant resistance, and contribute to improved monitoring and mass capture of this pest. Boll weevil oviposition preference and immature development in four cotton genotypes (CNPA TB90,TB85,TB15, andBRSRubi) were investigated in the laboratory and greenhouse. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) produced byTB90 and Rubi genotypes were obtained from herbivore‐damaged and undamaged control plants at two phenological stages – vegetative (prior to squaring) and reproductive (during squaring) – and four collection times – 24, 48, 72, and 96 h following herbivore damage. The boll weevil exhibited similar feeding and oviposition behavior across the four tested cotton genotypes. The chemical profiles of herbivore‐damaged plants of both genotypes across the two phenological stages were qualitatively similar, but differed in the amount of volatiles produced. Boll weevil response toVOCextracts was studied using a Y‐tube olfactometer. The boll weevil exhibited similar feeding and oviposition behavior at the four tested cotton genotypes, although delayed development and production of smaller adults was found when fedTB85. The chemical profile of herbivore‐damaged plants of both genotypes at the two phenological stages and time periods (24–96 h) was similar qualitatively, with 30 identified compounds, but differed in the amount of volatiles produced. Additionally, boll weevil olfactory response was positive to herbivory‐induced volatiles. The results help to understand the interaction betweenA. grandisand cotton plants, and why it is difficult to obtain cotton genotypes possessing constitutive resistance to this pest.
Attachment forces of pea aphids (Acyrthosiphon pisum) on different legume species
Authors: FRIEDEMANN KATRIN , KUNERT GRIT , GORB ELENA , GORB STANISLAV N. , BEUTEL ROLF G. 
Published: July 2015

1. Sympatric populations of insects adapted to different host plants are good model systems not only to study how they adapt to the chemistry of their food plant, but also to investigate whether morphological modifications evolved enabling them to live successfully on a certain plant species.2. The pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris) encompasses at least 11 genetically distinct sympatric host races, each showing a preference for a certain legume species. The leaflet surfaces of these legumes differ considerably in their wax coverage.3. It was investigated whether the attachment structures of three pea aphid genotypes from different host races are adapted to the different surface properties of their host plants and whether they show differences in their attachment ability on the respective host and non‐host plants.4. The surface morphology of plants and aphid tarsi was examined using SEM (scanning electron microscopy). The ability of the aphids to walk on specific surfaces was tested using traction force measurements.5. The presence of wax blooms on the leaflets lowers the aphids' attachment ability considerably and diminishes their subsequent attachment on ‘neutral’ surfaces like glass. The pea aphid host races differ in their ability to walk on certain surfaces. However, the genotype from the adapted aphid host race was not necessarily the one with the best walking performance on their host plant. All aphids, regardless of the original host plant, were most efficient on the neutral control surface glass. The general host plant Vicia faba was the plant with the most favourable surface for all aphid host races.
Adsorption of phosphate and organic matter on metal (hydr)oxides in arable and forest soil: a mechanistic modelling study
Authors: Regelink I. C. , Weng L. , Lair G. J. , Comans R. N. J. 
Published: July 2015

SummaryPhosphate (PO4) and organic matter (OM) compete for adsorption to metal (hydr)oxides. Our objective was to quantify the effect of OM on PO4 solubility in forest and arable soil by desorption experiments and surface complexation (SC) modelling. We sampled different types of soil along an age gradient (≈50–2500 years) and from different depths (0–80 cm). The soil types are calcareous and cover a range of soil organic carbon (SOC) contents (5.6–43.5 g kg−1), PO4 contents (0.2–5.9 mmol kg−1) and water‐soluble PO4 concentrations (0.03–13.4 µm). Assuming that PO4 concentrations are controlled by desorption, PO4 concentrations were expected to correlate with the PO4 loading on metal‐(hydr)oxide surfaces. However, we show that the PO4 loading alone is a poor predictor of PO4 solubility because its solubility increases with increasing SOC content. These data were explained by SC modelling, which shows a decrease in the apparent adsorption affinity of PO4 with increasing OM loading on to the metal (hydr)oxides. As a consequence, if the competition with OM is disregarded in SC modelling, it results in underestimation of the PO4 concentration by several orders of magnitude. For forest soil, predicted OM loadings increase slightly with increasing soil age. For arable soil, however, OM loadings were much smaller, which we explain by the replacement of PO4 with OM. Overall, adsorption interactions strongly affect PO4 solubility and levels of OM and PO4 stabilization in soil.
Risk of seizures in children with tectal gliomas
Authors: Dabscheck Gabriel , Prabhu Sanjay P. , Manley Peter E. , Goumnerova Liliana , Ullrich Nicole J. 
Published: July 2015

SummaryThe objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of seizures in children with tectal gliomas and to determine if there are common clinical, electroencephalography (EEG), or radiologic findings that predict risk of seizures in these patients. We conducted a retrospective review of all patients with tectal gliomas over a 22‐year period at a single institution. Data extraction included sex, age at presentation of tectal glioma and age of presentation with seizures, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings, seizure frequency and semiology, and EEG findings. We identified 79 patients, 66 of whom had adequate imaging and clinical data for further analysis. Eight patients (12.1%) had a history of seizures. Three patients had a clear symptomatic cause of seizures. Three patients were diagnosed with a tectal glioma as an incidental finding after a first seizure. One patient had a history of febrile convulsions. One patient had a generalized seizure 5 years after presenting with macrocephaly. Although the risk of seizure in children with known tectal glioma was relatively high, we did not identify specific clinical, radiologic, EEG, or MRI features that are predictive of increased risk. Thus, in children with tectal gliomas who have seizures, alternative causes for the seizures must be sought.
Unique microRNAs appear at different times during the course of a delayed‐type hypersensitivity reaction in human skin
Authors: Gulati Nicholas , Løvendorf Marianne B. , Zibert John R. , Akat Kemal M. , Renwick Neil , Tuschl Thomas , Krueger James G. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractDiphencyprone (DPCP) is a hapten that induces delayed‐type hypersensitivity (DTH) reactions. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short non‐coding RNAs that negatively regulate gene expression and have been implicated in various inflammatory skin diseases, but their role in DTH reactions is not well understood. We generated global miRNA expression profiles (using next‐generation sequencing) of DPCP reactions in skin of seven healthy volunteers at 3, 14 and 120 days after challenge. Compared to placebo‐treated sites, DPCP‐challenged skin at 3 days (peak inflammation) had 127 miRNAs significantly deregulated. At 14 days (during resolution of inflammation), 43 miRNAs were deregulated and, at 120 days (when inflammation had completely resolved), six miRNAs were upregulated. While some miRNAs have been observed in psoriasis or atopic dermatitis, most of the deregulated miRNAs have not yet been studied in the context of skin biology or immunology. Across the three time points studied, many but not all miRNAs were uniquely expressed. As various miRNAs may influence T cell activation, this may indicate that the miRNAs exclusively expressed at different time points function to promote or resolve skin inflammation, and therefore, may inform on the paradoxical ability of DPCP to treat both autoimmune conditions (alopecia areata) and conditions of ineffective immunity (melanoma).
Low‐cycle fatigue behaviour of polyamides
Authors: Şerban D. A. , Marşavina L. , Modler N. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractThis work investigates a decrease in mechanical properties of a polyamide‐based polymer, previously subjected to low‐cycle fatigue tests in strain control. Variations in its tensile stress response under monotonic loading and instantaneous elastic modulus were studied in relation with three loading parameters of low‐cycle fatigue under strain control pre‐treatment, that is, number of cycles (5000, 10 000 and 50 000), frequency (3, 5 and 7 Hz) and reference strain (0.025, 0.035 and 0.045 mm mm−1; a constant amplitude of 0.0075 mm mm−1 was maintained). The tests (static and cyclic) were performed with a servo‐hydraulic testing machine Schenk PC63M equipped with a strain‐gauge extensometer. A significant softening in tensile stress response (32%) was observed after 1000 cycles with a decrease of 44% recorded after 50 000 cycles; the levels of frequency and the reference strain level within the test envelope have, instead, a small effect.
Marine extinction risk shaped by trait–environment interactions over 500 million years
Authors: Orzechowski Emily A. , Lockwood Rowan , Byrnes Jarrett E. K. , Anderson Sean C. , Finnegan Seth , Finkel Zoe V. , Harnik Paul G. , Lindberg David R. , Liow Lee Hsiang , Lotze Heike K. , McClain Craig R. , McGuire Jenny L. , O'Dea Aaron , Pandolfi John M. , Simpson Carl , Tittensor Derek P. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractPerhaps the most pressing issue in predicting biotic responses to present and future global change is understanding how environmental factors shape the relationship between ecological traits and extinction risk. The fossil record provides millions of years of insight into how extinction selectivity (i.e., differential extinction risk) is shaped by interactions between ecological traits and environmental conditions. Numerous paleontological studies have examined trait‐based extinction selectivity; however, the extent to which these patterns are shaped by environmental conditions is poorly understood due to a lack of quantitative synthesis across studies. We conducted a meta‐analysis of published studies on fossil marine bivalves and gastropods that span 458 million years to uncover how global environmental and geochemical changes covary with trait‐based extinction selectivity. We focused on geographic range size and life habit (i.e., infaunal vs. epifaunal), two of the most important and commonly examined predictors of extinction selectivity. We used geochemical proxies related to global climate, as well as indicators of ocean acidification, to infer average global environmental conditions. Life‐habit selectivity is weakly dependent on environmental conditions, with infaunal species relatively buffered from extinction during warmer climate states. In contrast, the odds of taxa with broad geographic ranges surviving an extinction (>2500 km for genera, >500 km for species) are on average three times greater than narrow‐ranging taxa (estimate of odds ratio: 2.8, 95% confidence interval = 2.3–3.5), regardless of the prevailing global environmental conditions. The environmental independence of geographic range size extinction selectivity emphasizes the critical role of geographic range size in setting conservation priorities.
Two Patients With Visual Aura – Migraine, Epilepsy, or Migralepsy?
Authors: Hartl Elisabeth , Rémi Jan , Noachtar Soheyl 
Published: July 2015

BackgroundThe concept of migralepsy refers to visual migraine auras that seemingly evolve into epileptic seizures. It was discussed controversially ever since and scientific proof for this entity is scarce.MethodsWe report two patients with visual aura fulfilling the diagnostic criteria for migralepsy. In both patients, habitual attacks were recorded during long‐term video electroencephalography (EEG) monitoring.Case resultsBoth patients demonstrated unilateral occipital EEG seizure patterns during their long‐lasting visual aura, which eventually evolved into versive seizures.ConclusionHere, we prove the epileptic origin of the visual auras, which have been misdiagnosed as migraine or migralepsy before. Additional evaluation should be considered in patients with visual aura and hints for an epileptic origin as occipital lobe epilepsy might be missed in patients diagnosed with migraine. Based on our patients, we suggest to challenge the concept of migralepsy in current classifications.
Urinary urobilinogen in biliary atresia: A missed, simple and cheap diagnostic test
Authors: El‐Guindi Mohamed Abdel‐Salam , El‐Said Hala Hany , Hussein Mohsen Hassan , Nassar Rana El‐Sayed , Sira Ahmad Mohamed 
Published: July 2015

AimEarly diagnosis of biliary atresia (BA) is of utmost importance for good outcome; however, it is sometimes difficult due to the overlapping diagnostic test results with other causes of neonatal cholestasis. Moreover, many diagnostic tests are costly, invasive and not available in all centers, especially in developing countries. So, we aimed to investigate the diagnostic performance of urinary urobilinogen; an easy, cheap test that was not tested before in BA.MethodsSeventy‐five infants divided into three age‐ and sex‐matched groups (BA, non‐BA cholestasis and healthy control group) were recruited for the study. Each group comprised 25 infants. Urinary urobilinogen was measured for all infants using the modified Ehrlich's method.ResultsUrinary urobilinogen was significantly lower in the BA group (0.31 ± 0.25 mg/dL) than both of the non‐BA cholestasis (2.08 ± 3.48 mg/dL) and healthy control (0.53 ± 0.64 mg/dL) groups at P < 0.0001 and P < 0.001, respectively. Urinary urobilinogen at a cut‐off value of 0.32 mg/dL or less can differentiate BA from other non‐BA cholestasis with a sensitivity of 88% and a specificity of 72%. When this cut‐off value was combined with γ‐glutamyltransferase (γ‐GT) at a cut‐off value of 363 U/L or more, BA could be differentiated from other cholestatic disorders with a sensitivity of 80% and specificity of 100%. On the other hand, dipstick test could not differentiate between BA and non‐BA cholestasis (P = 0.396).ConclusionUrinary urobilinogen is a simple, non‐invasive, cheap, sensitive and specific marker, especially if combined with γ‐GT, which can be used in diagnosis of BA, especially in developing countries.
Polysaccharide Agaricus blazei Murill stimulates myeloid derived suppressor cell differentiation from M2 to M1 type, which mediates inhibition of tumour immune‐evasion via the Toll‐like receptor 2 pathway
Authors: Liu Yi , Zhang Lingyun , Zhu Xiangxiang , Wang Yuehua , Liu WenWei , Gong Wei 
Published: July 2015

SummaryGr‐1+ CD11b+ myeloid‐derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) accumulate in tumor‐bearing animals and play a critical negative role during tumor immunotherapy. Strategies for inhibition of MDSCs are expected to improve cancer immunotherapy. Polysaccharide Agaricus blazei Murill (pAbM) has been found to have anti‐cancer activity, but the underlying mechanism of this is poorly understood. Here, pAbM directly activated the purified MDSCs through inducing the expression of interleukin‐6 (IL‐6), IL‐12, tumour necrosis factor and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), CD86, MHC II, and pSTAT1 of it, and only affected natural killer and T cells in the presence of Gr‐1+ CD11b+ monocytic MDSCs. On further analysis, we demonstrated that pAbM could selectively block the Toll‐like receptor 2 (TLR2) signal of Gr‐1+ CD11b+ MDSCs and increased their M1‐type macrophage characteristics, such as producing IL‐12, lowering expression of Arginase 1 and increasing expression of iNOS. Extensive study showed that Gr‐1+ CD11b+ MDSCs by pAbM treatment had less ability to convert the CD4+ CD25− cells into CD4+ CD25+ phenotype. Moreover, result from selective depletion of specific cell populations in xenograft mice model suggested that the anti‐tumour effect of pAbM was dependent on Gr‐1+ CD11b+ monocytes, nether CD8+ T cells nor CD4+ T cells. In addition to, pAbM did not inhibit tumour growth in TLR2–/– mice. All together, these results suggested that pAbM, a natural product commonly used for cancer treatment, was a specific TLR2 agonist and had potent anti‐tumour effects through the opposite of the suppressive function of Gr‐1+ CD11b+ MDSCs.