bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Light sources and cameras for standard in vitro membrane potential and high‐speed ion imaging
Authors: DAVIES R. , GRAHAM J. , CANEPARI M. 
Published: May 2013

SummaryMembrane potential and fast ion imaging are now standard optical techniques routinely used to record dynamic physiological signals in several preparations in vitro. Although detailed resolution of optical signals can be improved by confocal or two‐photon microscopy, high spatial and temporal resolution can be obtained using conventional microscopy and affordable light sources and cameras. Thus, standard wide‐field imaging methods are still the most common in research laboratories and can often produce measurements with a signal‐to‐noise ratio that is superior to other optical approaches. This paper seeks to review the most important instrumentation used in these experiments, with particular reference to recent technological advances. We analyse in detail the optical constraints dictating the type of signals that are obtained with voltage and ion imaging and we discuss how to use this information to choose the optimal apparatus. Then, we discuss the available light sources with specific attention to light emitting diodes and solid state lasers. We then address the current state‐of‐the‐art of available charge coupled device, electron multiplying charge coupled device and complementary metal oxide semiconductor cameras and we analyse the characteristics that need to be taken into account for the choice of optimal detector. Finally, we conclude by discussing prospective future developments that are likely to further improve the quality of the signals expanding the capability of the techniques and opening the gate to novel applications.
MicroRNA profiling in the mouse hypothalamus reveals oxytocin‐regulating microRNA
Authors: Choi Ji‐Woong , Kang Sung‐Min , Lee Youngkyun , Hong Su‐Hyung , Sanek Nicholas A. , Young W. Scott , Lee Heon‐Jin 
Published: May 2013

AbstractOxytocin (Oxt), produced in the hypothalamic paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei for transport to and release from the posterior pituitary, was originally discovered through its role in lactation and parturition. Oxt also plays important roles in the central nervous system by influencing various behaviors. MicroRNAs (miRNAs), endogenous regulators of many genes, are a class of small non‐coding RNAs that mediate post‐transcriptional gene silencing. We performed miRNA expression profiling of the mouse hypothalamus by deep sequencing. Among the sequenced and cross‐mapped small RNAs, expression of known miRNAs and unknown miRNAs candidates were analyzed. We investigated in detail one miRNA, miR‐24, and found that it is a novel regulator of Oxt and controls both transcript and peptide levels of Oxt. These results provide insights into potential neurohypophysial hormone regulation mediated by miRNAs.
Development of brainstem 5‐HT1A receptor‐binding sites in serotonin‐deficient mice
Authors: Massey Caitlin A. , Kim Gloria , Corcoran Andrea E. , Haynes Robin L. , Paterson David S. , Cummings Kevin J. , Dymecki Susan M. , Richerson George B. , Nattie Eugene E. , Kinney Hannah C. , Commons Kathryn G. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThe sudden infant death syndrome is associated with a reduction in brainstem serotonin 5‐hydroxytryptamine (5‐HT) and 5‐HT1A receptor binding, yet it is unknown if and how these findings are linked. In this study, we used quantitative tissue autoradiography to determine if post‐natal development of brainstem 5‐HT1A receptors is altered in two mouse models where the development of 5‐HT neurons is defective, the Lmx1bf/f/p, and the Pet‐1−/− mouse. 5‐HT1A receptor agonist‐binding sites were examined in both 5‐HT‐source nuclei (autoreceptors) and in sites that receive 5‐HT innervation (heteroreceptors). In control mice between post‐natal day (P) 3 and 10, 5‐HT1A receptor binding increased in several brainstem sites; by P25, there were region‐specific increases and decreases, refining the overall binding pattern. In the Lmx1bf/f/p and Pet‐1−/− mice, 5‐HT1A‐autoreceptor binding was significantly lower than in control mice at P3, and remained low at P10 and P25. In contrast, 5‐HT1A heteroreceptor levels were comparable between control and 5‐HT‐deficient mice. These data define the post‐natal development of 5‐HT1A‐receptor binding in the mouse brainstem. Furthermore, the data suggest that 5‐HT1A‐heteroreceptor deficits detected in sudden infant death syndrome are not a direct consequence of a 5‐HT neuron dysfunction nor reduced brain 5‐HT levels.
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To elucidate the developmental relationship between serotonin (5‐HT) levels and 5‐HT1A receptors in the brainstem, we examined 5‐HT1A binding in two 5‐HT‐deficient mouse models. In nuclei containing 5‐HT neurons, 5‐HT1A binding was decreased (autoreceptors), while binding was maintained in projection sites (heteroreceptors). Thus, brainstem 5‐HT1A‐heteroreceptor‐binding sites do not appear developmentally sensitive to reduced brain 5‐HT levels.
Actin filaments and microtubules in dendritic spines
Authors: Shirao Tomoaki , González‐Billault Christian 
Published: May 2013

AbstractDendritic spines are small protrusions emerging from their parent dendrites, and their morphological changes are involved in synaptic plasticity. These tiny structures are composed of thousands of different proteins belonging to several subfamilies such as membrane receptors, scaffold proteins, signal transduction proteins, and cytoskeletal proteins. Actin filaments in dendritic spines consist of double helix of actin protomers decorated with drebrin and ADF/cofilin, and the balance of the two is closely related to the actin dynamics, which may govern morphological and functional synaptic plasticity. During development, the accumulation of drebrin‐binding type actin filaments is one of the initial events occurring at the nascent excitatory postsynaptic site, and plays a pivotal role in spine formation as well as small GTPases. It has been recently reported that microtubules transiently appear in dendritic spines in correlation with synaptic activity. Interestingly, it is suggested that microtubule dynamics might couple with actin dynamics. In this review, we will summarize the contribution of both actin filaments and microtubules to the formation and regulation of dendritic spines, and further discuss the role of cytoskeletal deregulation in neurological disorders.
BNIP3 mediates pre‐myelinating oligodendrocyte cell death in hypoxia and ischemia
Authors: Li Chengren , Guan Teng , Chen Xueping , Li Wenyan , Cai Qiyan , Niu Jianqin , Xiao Lan , Kong Jiming 
Published: May 2013

AbstractDeveloping oligodendrocytes, collectively termed ‘pre‐myelinating oligodendrocytes’ (preOLs), are vulnerable to hypoxic or ischemic insults. The underlying mechanism of this vulnerability remains unclear. Previously, we showed that Bcl‐2⁄E1B‐19K‐interacting protein 3 (BNIP3), a proapoptotic member of the Bcl‐2 family proteins, induced neuronal death in a caspase‐independent manner in stroke. In this study, we investigated the role of BNIP3 in preOL cell death induced by hypoxia or ischemia. In primary oligodendrocyte progenitor cell (OPC) cultures exposed to oxygen–glucose deprivation, we found that BNIP3 was upregulated and levels of BNIP3 expression correlated with the death of OPCs. Up‐regulation of BNIP3 was observed in preOLs in the white matter in a neonatal rat model of stroke. Knockout of BNIP3 significantly reduced death of preOLs in the middle cerebral artery occlusion model in mice. Our results demonstrate a role of BNIP3 in mediating preOLs cell death induced by hypoxia or ischemia, and suggest that BNIP3 may be a new target for protecting oligodendrocytes from death after stroke.
imagePre‐myelinating oligodendrocytes (preOLs) are known to be highly vulnerable to ischemic insults. It remains unclear, however, how preOLs die. This study shows that BNIP3, a proapoptotic member of the Bcl‐2 family proteins, is a mediator of hypoxia/ischemia‐induced preOLs death. The BNIP3 cell death pathway may therefore be a new target for protecting oligodendrocytes from death after stroke.
Uncertainty, Time‐Varying Fear, and Asset Prices
Authors: DRECHSLER ITAMAR 
Published: May 2013

ABSTRACTI construct an equilibrium model that captures salient properties of index option prices, equity returns, variance, and the risk‐free rate. A representative investor makes consumption and portfolio choice decisions that are robust to his uncertainty about the true economic model. He pays a large premium for index options because they hedge important model misspecification concerns, particularly concerning jump shocks to cash flow growth and volatility. A calibration shows that empirically consistent fundamentals and reasonable model uncertainty explain option prices and the variance premium. Time variation in uncertainty generates variance premium fluctuations, helping explain their power to predict stock returns.
Complementary and alternative medicine for autism spectrum disorders: Rationale, safety and efficacy
Authors: Whitehouse Andrew JO 
Published: May 2013

AbstractComplementary and alternative medicine is widely used for children with autism spectrum disorder, despite uncertainty regarding efficacy. This review describes complementary and alternative practices commonly used among this population, the rationale for the use of each practice, as well as the side‐effect profile and evidence for efficacy. The existing evidence base indicates that melatonin can be recommended as a treatment for sleeping disturbances associated with autism spectrum disorder, while secretin can be rejected as an efficacious treatment for broader autistic symptoms. There is insufficient evidence to draw conclusions on the efficacy of modified diets, hyperbaric oxygen therapy, immune therapy, and vitamin and fatty acid supplementation. There is a clear need for methodologically rigorous studies to provide evidence‐based guidance to families and clinicians regarding complementary and alternative practices for individuals with autism spectrum disorders.
AFLPandSCARmarkers associated with the sex inGracilaria lemaneiformis(Rhodophyta)
Authors: Huan Li , He Linwen , Zhang Baoyu , Niu Jianfeng , Lin Apeng , Wang Guangce 
Published: May 2013

Gracilaria lemaneiformis(Bory deSaint‐Vincent)Greville, an important marine alga, has great economic and nutritional value. However, during the nonreproductive period, it is difficult to distinguish the sporophyte, male gametophyte, and female gametophyte from each other by appearance. Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) is a multilocus marker technique, which was used in this study to identify markers associated withG. lemaneiformissex type. By applying 80 primer combinations in the screening process, three fragments were found that were specific to male or female forms of the alga. A 173 bp band and an 89 bp band were found in the sporophyte and the male gametophyte by using primer E‐AGG/M‐CGT. E‐ACC/M‐CGGwas used to amplify a 118 bp specific fragment in the sporophyte and the female gametophyte. Sequence characterized amplified region (SCAR) primers were designed and showed the expected bands at the corresponding stages. This suggested that theSCARmarkers that had been developed were successful. The joint use of the three primer pairs allowed us to characterize sex and theG. lemaneiformisdevelopmental phase in the nondescript stages. Rapid gender testing is expected to improve cross‐breeding experiments and other genetic research in this economically important seaweed.
Production of volatiles by the red seaweed Gelidium arbuscula (Rhodophyta): emission of ethylene and dimethyl sulfide
Authors: Garcia‐Jimenez Pilar , Brito‐Romano Olegario , Robaina Rafael R. 
Published: May 2013

The effects of different light conditions and exogenous ethylene on the emission of volatile compounds from the alga Gelidium arbuscula Bory de Saint‐Vincent were studied. Special emphasis was placed on the possibility that the emission of ethylene and dimethyl sulfide (DMS) are related through the action of dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) lyase. The conversion of DMSP to DMS and acrylate, which is catalyzed by DMSP lyase, can indirectly support the synthesis of ethylene through the transformation of acrylate to ethylene. After mimicking the desiccation of G. arbuscula thalli experienced during low tides, the volatile compounds emitted were trapped in the headspace of 2 mL glass vials for 1 h. Two methods based on gas chromatography/mass spectrometry revealed that the range of organic volatile compounds released was affected by abiotic factors, such as the availability and spectral quality of light, salinity, and exogenous ethylene. Amines and methyl alkyl compounds were produced after exposure to white light and darkness but not after exposure to exogenous ethylene or red light. Volatiles potentially associated with the oxidation of fatty acids, such as alkenes and low‐molecular‐weight oxygenated compounds, accumu‐lated after exposure to exogenous ethylene and red light. Ethylene was produced in all treatments, especially after exposure to exogenous ethylene. Levels of DMS, the most abundant sulfur‐compound that was emitted in all of the conditions tested, did not increase after incubation with ethylene. Thus, although DMSP lyase is active in G. arbuscula, it is unlikely to contribute to ethylene synthesis. The generation of ethylene and DMS do not appear to be coordinated in G. arbuscula.
Cutaneous Corpuscular Receptors of the Human Glans Clitoris: Descriptive Characteristics and Comparison with the Glans Penis
Authors: Shih Cheryl , Cold Christopher J. , Yang Claire C. 
Published: May 2013

ABSTRACT

Introduction
The female genital sensory pathways that initiate sexual arousal reflexes begin with cutaneous corpuscular receptors in the glabrous genital skin, including those of the glans clitoris.

Aim
The aim of this study is to characterize the corpuscular receptors of the glans clitoris. In addition, we compared basic features with the receptors of the glans penis.

Main Outcome Measure
Number of stained receptors.

Methods
Five cadaveric vulvectomy specimens and four cadaveric penile specimens were used. They were serially sectioned and stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Selected blocks were stained with Masson's trichrome, and immunohistochemical staining was done with neuronal markers S-100 and neurofilament.

Results
Using the three stains, we identified an abundance of corpuscular receptors within the glans clitoris, as compared with the surrounding prepuce. These receptors were of varied arrangements, situated in the subepithelial tissues of the glans clitoris. They were indistinguishable from the receptors of the glans penis. The number of receptors per 100× high-powered field ranged from 1 to 14, whereas the receptor density in the glans penis ranged from 1 to 3. A second type of receptor, the Pacinian corpuscle, was identified within the suspensory ligament along the trunks of the dorsal nerve but not within the glans itself.

Conclusions
The glans clitoris is densely innervated with cutaneous corpuscular receptors, and these receptors are morphologically similar to the corpuscular receptors of the glans penis. The glans clitoris has greater variability in receptor density compared with the glans penis.
Association between the hepatitis B and C viruses and metabolic diseases in patients stratified by age
Authors: Li Wen‐Cheng , Lee Yi‐Yen , Chen I‐Chuan , Sun Cheng , Chiu Feng‐Hsiang , Chuang Chung‐Hsun 
Published: May 2013

AbstractBackgroundHepatitis B/C viruses cause liver disease and metabolic disturbances.AimsThe purpose of this study was to evaluate the association between hepatitis B/C infection and metabolic syndrome (MS).MethodsIn total, 26 305 subjects were included in this multicentre, cross‐sectional study. Systolic and diastolic blood pressures, body mass index and waist circumference were measured. Total cholesterol, high‐ and low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglyceride, fasting blood glucose and uric acid were determined, and hepatitis B serum antigen (HBsAg) and anti‐HCV antibodies were assayed using commercial kits.ResultsMS was diagnosed in 2712 (23.0%) females, including 131 and 166 positive for HBsAg and anti‐HCV respectively. In the men, 4594 (31.6%) were diagnosed with MS, including 326 positive for HBsAg and 131 positive for anti‐HCV. No significant difference in the prevalence of MS was identified in any group, except men and women >45 years who were anti‐HCV positive. Various metabolic alterations in both men and women >45 years were noted, including waist circumference, body mass index, fasting blood glucose and systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Notably, high‐ and low‐density lipoproteins were significantly lower in positive subjects compared to those weakly positive and/or negative for anti‐HCV.ConclusionsThere were obvious metabolic derangements in patients coinflicted with MS and hepatitis C infections, particularly those >45 years of age. There is a pressing need to identify strategies to improve/resolve metabolic derangements to maximize sustained virological response rates in patients infected with HCV (and potentially HBV).
Degree of impactor fragmentation under collision with a regolith surface—Laboratory impact experiments of rock projectiles
Authors: Nagaoka Hiroki , Takasawa Susumu , Nakamura Akiko M. , Sangen Kazuyoshi 
Published: May 2013

AbstractSome meteorites consist of a mix of components of various parent bodies that were presumably brought together by past collisions. Impact experiments have been performed to investigate the degree of target fragmentation during such collisions. However, much less attention has been paid to the fate of the impactors. Here, we report the results of our study of the empirical relationship between the degree of projectile fragmentation and the impact conditions. Millimeter‐sized pyrophyllite and basalt projectiles were impacted onto regolith‐like sand targets and an aluminum target at velocities of up to 960 m s−1. Experiments using millimeter‐sized pyrophyllite blocks as targets were also conducted to fill the gap between this study and the previous studies of centimeter‐sized rock targets. The catastrophic disruption threshold for a projectile is defined as the energy density at which the mass of the largest fragment is the half of the original mass. The thresholds with the sand target were 4.5 ± 1.1 × 104 and 9.0 ± 1.9 × 104 J kg−1, for pyrophyllite and basalt projectiles, respectively. These values are two orders of magnitude larger than the threshold for impacts between pyrophyllite projectiles onto aluminum targets, but are qualitatively consistent with the fact that the compressive and tensile strengths of basalt are larger than those of pyrophyllite. The threshold for pyrophyllite projectiles and the aluminum target agrees with the threshold for aluminum projectiles and pyrophyllite targets within the margin of error. Consistent with a previous result, the threshold depended on the size of the rocks with a power of approximately −0.4 (Housen and Holsapple 1999). Destruction of rock projectiles occurred when the peak pressure was about ten times the tensile strength of the rocks.
When White Feels Right: The Effects of In‐Group Affect and Race of Partner on Negotiation Performance
Authors: Gilin Oore Debra , Gagnon Annette , Bourgeois David 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThis research investigated the unique role of racial in‐group affect, or liking one's racial group, to foster or inhibit integration in negotiations with different race partners. We hypothesized that when the racial backgrounds of the negotiators are salient, threat inherent in negotiations activates in‐group affect for some White negotiators (those more “glad to be White”), triggering divergent negotiation approaches with White versus Black counterparts. In support of our hypotheses, we found that when negotiating with a Black confederate, stronger in‐group affect of White participants was a liability, relating to poorer joint outcomes and a “chilling and competing” negotiation approach. When negotiating with a White confederate, stronger in‐group affect of White participants instead boosted the dyad's joint outcomes by fostering greater trust. The meaning and practical implications of strong in‐group affect in negotiations with diverse counterparts are discussed.
Effect of hyoscine butylbromide (Buscopan®) on cholinergic pathways in the human intestine
Authors: Krueger D. , Michel K. , Allam S. , Weiser T. , Demir I. E. , Ceyhan G. O. , Zeller F. , Schemann M. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractBackgroundHyoscine butylbromide (HBB, Buscopan®) is clinically used to treat intestinal cramps and visceral pain. Various studies, mainly on animal tissues, suggested that its antimuscarinic action is responsible for its spasmolytic effect. However, functional in vitro studies with human tissue have not been performed so far.MethodsWe wanted to provide a comprehensive study on the mode of action of HBB in human intestinal samples and investigated HBB (1 nmol L−1–10 μmol L−1) effects on muscle activity with isometric force transducers and calcium imaging, on epithelial secretion with Ussing chamber technique and on enteric neurons using fast neuroimaging.Key ResultsHyoscine butylbromide concentration dependently reduced muscle contractions, calcium mobilization, and epithelial secretion induced by the muscarinic agonist bethanechol with IC50 values of 429, 121, and 224 nmol L−1, respectively. Forskolin‐induced secretion was not altered by HBB. Cholinergic muscarinic muscle and epithelial responses evoked by electrical nerve stimulation were inhibited by 1–10 μmol L−1 HBB. Moreover, HBB significantly reduced the bethanechol‐induced action potential discharge in enteric neurons. Interestingly, we observed that high concentrations of HBB (10 μmol L−1) moderately decreased nicotinic receptor‐mediated secretion, motility, and nerve activity.Conclusions & InferencesThe results demonstrated the strong antimuscarinic action of HBB whereas the nicotinic antagonism at higher concentrations plays at most a moderate modulatory role. The muscle relaxing effect of HBB and its inhibition of muscarinic nerve activation likely explain its clinical use as an antispasmodic drug. Our results further highlight a so far unknown antisecretory action of HBB which warrants further clinical studies on its use in secretory disorders.
Communist Conventions for Deductive Reasoning
Authors: Dogramaci Sinan 
Published: May 2013

AbstractIn section 1, I develop epistemic communism, my view of the function of epistemically evaluative terms such as ‘rational’. The function is to support the coordination of our belief‐forming rules, which in turn supports the reliable acquisition of beliefs through testimony. This view is motivated by the existence of valid inferences that we hesitate to call rational. I defend the view against the worry that it fails to account for a function of evaluations within first‐personal deliberation. In the rest of the paper, I then argue, on the basis of epistemic communism, for a view about rationality itself. I set up the argument in section 2 by saying what a theory of rational deduction is supposed to do. I claim that such a theory would provide a necessary, sufficient, and explanatorily unifying condition for being a rational rule for inferring deductive consequences. I argue in section 3 that, given epistemic communism and the conventionality that it entails, there is no such theory. Nothing explains why certain rules for deductive reasoning are rational.