bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Simultaneous Irradiation with Different Wavelengths of Ultraviolet Light has Synergistic Bactericidal Effect on Vibrio parahaemolyticus
Authors: Nakahashi Mutsumi , Mawatari Kazuaki , Hirata Akiko , Maetani Miki , Shimohata Takaaki , Uebanso Takashi , Hamada Yasuhiro , Akutagawa Masatake , Kinouchi Yousuke , Takahashi Akira 
Published: July 2014

AbstractUltraviolet (UV) irradiation is an increasingly used method of water disinfection. UV rays can be classified by wavelength into UVA (320–400 nm), UVB (280‐320 nm), and UVC (<280 nm). We previously developed UVA sterilization equipment with a UVA light‐emitting diode (LED). The aim of this study was to establish a new water disinfection procedure using the combined irradiation of the UVA‐LED and another UV wavelength. An oxidative DNA product, 8‐hydroxy‐2’‐deoxyguanosine (8‐OHdG), increased after irradiation by UVA‐LED alone, and the level of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs) was increased by UVC alone in Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Although sequential irradiation of UVA‐LED and UVC‐induced additional bactericidal effects, simultaneous irradiation with UVA‐LED and UVC‐induced bactericidal synergistic effects. The 8‐OHdG and CPDs production showed no differences between sequential and simultaneous irradiation. Interestingly, the recovery of CPDs was delayed by simultaneous irradiation. The synergistic effect was absent in SOS response‐deficient mutants, such as the recA and lexA strains. Because recA‐ and lexA‐mediated SOS responses have crucial roles in a DNA repair pathway, the synergistic bactericidal effect produced by the simultaneous irradiation could depend on the suppression of the CPDs repair. The simultaneous irradiation of UVA‐LED and UVC is a candidate new procedure for effective water disinfection.
Does prolonged onset of symptoms have a prognostic significance in community‐acquired pneumonia?
Authors: Sanz Francisco , Restrepo Marcos I. , Fernández‐Fabrellas Estrella , Cervera Ángela , Briones María Luisa , Novella Laura , Aguar María Carmen , Chiner Eusebi , Fernandez Juan F. , Blanquer José 
Published: July 2014

AbstractBackground and objectiveSeverity assessment is made at the time of the initial clinical presentation in patients with community‐acquired pneumonia (CAP). It is unclear how the gap between time of presentation and duration of symptoms onset may impact clinical outcomes. Here we evaluate the association of prolonged onset of symptoms (POS) and the impact on clinical outcomes among hospitalized patients with CAP.MethodsThis was a prospective, multicentre study of CAP in Spain. The primary outcomes were the clinical factors associated with POS defined as days from symptoms onset to pneumonia diagnosis >7 days. The secondary outcomes were intensive care unit (ICU) admission, the presence of suppurative complications, septic shock and 30‐day mortality.ResultsWe enrolled 1038 patients diagnosed of CAP: 152 (14.6%) patients had a POS. In multivariate analysis, the presence of prior corticosteroid therapy, alcohol abuse, prior antibiotic therapy, and confusion, urea, respiratory rate, blood pressure and age 65 years or older score 0–1 was independently associated with POS. Patients with POS had a higher incidence of suppurative complications, but not of 30‐day mortality when compared with a shorter onset of symptoms.ConclusionsApproximately 15% of patients diagnosed with CAP had POS. Risk factors associated with POS were previous corticosteroids and antibiotic therapy, alcoholism and less severe pneumonia. POS was associated with a higher rate of suppurative complications and less need for ICU admission.
3D fold growth rates
Authors: Frehner Marcel 
Published: July 2014

AbstractGeological folds are inherently 3D structures; therefore, they also grow in three dimensions. Here, fold growth in all three dimensions is quantified by numerically simulating upright single‐layer folds in 3D Newtonian media. Horizontal uniaxial shortening leads to a buckling instability, which grows from a point‐like initial perturbation in all three dimensions by fold amplification (vertical), fold elongation (parallel to fold axis) and sequential fold growth (parallel to shortening direction) of secondary (and further) folds adjacent to the initial isolated fold. The two lateral directions exhibit similar averaged growth rates, leading to bulk fold structures with aspect ratios in map view close to 1. However, fold elongation is continuous with increasing bulk shortening, while sequential fold growth exhibits jumps whenever a new sequential fold appears and the bulk fold structure therefore suddenly occupies more space. Compared with the two lateral growth directions, fold amplification exhibits a slightly higher growth rate.
Balancing Critique and Commitment: A Synthetic Approach to Teaching Religion and the Environment
Authors: O'Brien Kevin J. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractCourses about religion and the environment should work toward a synthesis of critical thinking – teaching students to examine and question the interplay of environmental degradation, religious traditions, and new religious movements – and advocacy – helping students to embrace, articulate, and refine their own environmentalist commitments, in religious terms when appropriate. To meet these goals, teachers of religion and the environment can learn from literature on balancing faith and critical analysis in other religion courses. This literature will help us to clarify the goals of our courses, critically examine the environmental movement with our students, and remain trustworthy to those who do not share environmentalist commitments. See a companion essay in this issue of the journal (Jennifer R. Ayres, “Learning on the Ground”) and a response to both of these essays (Forrest Clingerman, “Pedagogy as a Field Guide to the Ecology of the Classroom”) also published in this issue of the journal.
Pedagogy as a Field Guide to the Ecology of the Classroom
Authors: Clingerman Forrest 
Published: July 2014

AbstractReflecting on the complementary pedagogical models on teaching courses related to religion and the environment presented in this issue of the journal by Kevin O'Brien (“Balancing Critique and Commitment”) and Jennifer Ayres (“Learning on the Ground”), I suggest ways in which these essays form a conversation about teaching. Together, O'Brien and Ayres show how the classroom must acknowledge the materiality and embodied nature of learning, the emotional and intellectual levels of commitment, and the place of critical reflection on our everyday practices and actions. O'Brien and Ayres show the benefits of more fully reflecting on the ecology of the classroom – the relationship between individual members of the educational community, and the educational environment itself – in religious studies and theology.
A Begrudging, Recalcitrant Academic Observes What She's Learning: Distance Learning in Leadership Formation
Authors: Hess Lisa M. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractNeither advocacy nor condemnation of distance learning, this essay offers observations and critical reflection on four years' longitudinal engagement with distance learning pedagogies for formation in higher theological education. Instead, readers are invited to curiosity, communal‐institutional discernment, and intense ambivalence. Theological, pedagogical, contextual, and ethical concerns are examined, as well as potential opportunities for innovation amidst age‐old practical theological challenges. A moral imperative emerges for those within and outside historic faith traditions, and some plausible impacts on educational and communal life are explored, especially faculty grief.
An unusual lung mass post stem cell transplantation
Authors: Lyons J. , Vandenberghe E. , Fahy R. , McDonnell C. , Keane J. , McLaughlin A.M. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractWe report a case of Mycobacterium kansasii presenting as an obstructing endobronchial mass in a patient post stem cell transplant. The patient had a complete clinical, microbiological, and radiological response to anti‐tuberculous treatment. To our knowledge, this is the first case of M. kansasii presenting post transplant with an obstructing lung mass simulating relapse or post‐transplant lymphoma.
Restrictive blood transfusion practices are associated with improved patient outcomes
Authors: Goodnough Lawrence T. , Maggio Paul , Hadhazy Eric , Shieh Lisa , Hernandez‐Boussard Tina , Khari Paul , Shah Neil 
Published: July 2014

BackgroundBlood transfusion has been cited as one of the five most overutilized therapeutic procedures in the United States. We assessed the impact of clinical decision support at computerized physician order entry and education on red blood cell (RBC) transfusions and clinical patient outcomes at our institution.Study Design and MethodsClinical patient outcomes and RBC transfusions were assessed before and after implementation of a best practice alert triggered for transfusions when the hemoglobin level was higher than 7 g/dL for all inpatient discharges from January 2008 through December 2013. Retrospective clinical and laboratory data related to RBC transfusions were extracted: case‐mix complexity, patient discharges and selected surgical volumes, and patient outcomes (mortality, 30‐day readmissions, length of stay).ResultsThere was a significant improvement in RBC utilization as assessed by RBC units transfused per 100 patient‐days‐at‐risk. Concurrently, hospital‐wide clinical patient outcomes showed improvement (mortality, p = 0.034; length of stay, p = 0.003) or remained stable (30‐day readmission rates, p = 0.909). Outcome improvements were even more pronounced in patients who received blood transfusions, with decreased mortality rate (55.2 to 33.0, p < 0.001), length of stay (mean, 10.1 to 6.2 days, p < 0.001), and 30‐day readmission rate (136.9 to 85.0, p < 0.001). The mean number of units transfused per patient also declined (3.6 to 2.7, p < 0.001). Acquisition costs of RBC units per 1000 patient discharges decreased from $283,130 in 2009 to $205,050 in 2013 with total estimated savings of $6.4 million and likely far greater impact on total transfusion‐related costs.ConclusionImproved blood utilization is associated with improved clinical patient outcomes.
Foreign Direct Investment, R&D Mobility and the New Economic Geography: A Survey
Authors: Santos‐Paulino Amelia U. , Squicciarini Mariagrazia , Fan Peilei 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThis paper surveys several strands of the economics literature focusing on the international mobility of FDI in general, and the offshoring and outsourcing of R&D activities in particular. The paper outlines key findings, identifies common features and existing divergences and addresses the relevant research gaps emerging from the R&D offshoring and outsourcing literatures. The aim is to investigate the main drivers of R&D (re)location and the possible impact that the offshoring and outsourcing of R&D activities might have on the competitiveness and growth of both firms and countries. Factor price differences, trading costs, countries' size and openness, relative skill endowments, productivity differentials, completeness and enforceability of contracts, knowledge production and spillovers and IPR regimes all shape foreign sourcing and the specific R&D location patterns that emerge. The overall impact of offshoring and outsourcing in general—and of R&D in particular—cannot be seen in isolation, as it is part of more complex globalisation dynamics.
Altered fundus appearance resulting from autofluorescence imaging with the confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscope (cSLO) in cats
Authors: Occelli Laurence M. , Petersen‐Jones Simon M. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractPurposeThis paper is to report that imaging the tapetal fundus of cats with the 488 nm laser of the Spectralis® HRA+OCT (Heidelberg Engineering Inc., Heidelberg, Germany) can result in a pale appearance of the imaged area.Animals studied and proceduresWild‐type and Rdy kittens (CRX mutant heterozygotes—CRXRdy+/−) (8–20 weeks of age) and adult cats (1–4 years of age) were imaged by confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscope (cSLO) and spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD‐OCT) using the Spectralis® HRA+OCT. Color fundus photography (RetCam II®, Clarity Medical Systems, Inc., Pleasanton, CA) was performed after imaging using the Spectralis® HRA+OCT.ResultsFollowing retinal cSLO imaging using the 488 nm laser (autofluorescence imaging) in both wild‐type kittens and adult cats, the imaged region appeared paler than the adjacent retina that had not been imaged. This change was probably due to retinal bleaching and was fully reversible. Imaging CRXRdy+/− kittens or adults, which had very reduced levels of visual pigments, did not induce the altered fundus appearance.ConclusionsThose using autofluorescence imaging by cSLO should be aware that it can induce a characteristic pale appearance of the tapetal fundus in the imaged area of normal cats.
Recurrent Temporary Paralysis Reported After Human Rabies Post‐Exposure Prophylaxis
Authors: Dato V. M. , Campagnolo E. R. , Shah D. U. , Bellush M. J. , Rupprecht C. E. 
Published: July 2014

SummaryAdverse events can occur after rabies post‐exposure prophylaxis (PEP), and linkage to causality is often difficult to determine. We report a case of recurrent temporary paralysis that began immediately after the initiation of rabies PEP in a man exposed to a bat. The recurrent temporary paralysis first occurred in the patient after his initial dose and then again after day 3 of his rabies PEP. The PEP was terminated prior to a serologic response. The patient continued to experience numerous discrete episodes of temporary paralysis for over two years.
Instrumentation and Controls Design and Maintenance Strategy for Small Modular Reactors
Authors: Hashemian Alex H. , Hashemian Hash M. , Thomasson Tommy C. , Kapernick Jeffrey R. 
Published: July 2014

Small Modular Reactors (SMRs) under design and development today are working to crystallize the measurements that must be made to control the reactor and monitor its safety. Traditionally, temperature, pressure, level, flow, and neutron flux are measured in conventional nuclear reactors for operation and control and to protect against equipment and process deviations that can affect safety. In most current SMR designs, essentially the same process variables may have to be measured; especially primary coolant flow depending on whether the core cooling and heat transfer results from natural circulation or forced flow. The flow can be measured directly or inferred from other measurements or estimated through empirical or physical modeling.
The conventional sensors that are qualified for nuclear services and are currently used in nuclear power plants may or may not be suitable for SMRs. It all depends on the size and qualification requirements, installation details, static and dynamic performance specifications, wiring details, and sensor life expectancy. This paper will explore the possibilities that exist for SMRs to use today’s sensors and any need for new sensor designs. In addition, the paper will identify new means for automated monitoring of instrumentation and control (I&C) sensor performance in SMRs. In particular, the existing array of online calibration monitoring techniques and in-situ response time measurement methods will be evaluated for implementation in SMRs. This is important at this early stage as SMRs can easily build provisions in their mechanical, electrical, and I&C designs to accommodate online and automated I&C maintenance. For example, it is envisioned that SMRs will not be performing periodic sensor calibrations using classical hands-on procedures. Rather, SMRs are expected to be equipped with new technologies to verify the I&C performance automatically and flag the sensors and systems to be calibrated, response time tested, repaired, or replaced. The paper will explore these possibilities and will report on a current R&D project that is underway at AMS with funding from the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) with the goal to adapt the existing online monitoring (OLM) technologies for implementation in SMRs. The existing OLM technologies have been used by AMS in commercial nuclear power plants and research reactors for monitoring of I&C equipment performance including calibration, response time, detection of sensing line blockages, and to distinguish whether a signal anomaly is due to cables/connectors, electromagnetic interference, an end device being a sensor or a pump, other rotating equipment, etc.
Advanced Small Modular Reactor Probabilistic Risk Assessment Framework
Authors: Smith Curtis 
Published: July 2014

A key area of the Small Modular Reactor (SMR) Probabilistic Risk Assessment (PRA) use is in the development of methodologies and tools that will be used to predict the safety, security, safeguards, performance, and deployment viability of SMR systems starting in the design process through the operation phase. Recently, the Idaho National Laboratory (INL) set out to develop quantitative methods and tools and the associated analysis framework for assessing a variety of SMR risks. Development and implementation of SMR-focused safety assessment methods may require new analytic methods or adaptation of traditional methods to the advanced design and operational features of SMRs. The development of SMR-specific safety models for margin determination will provide a safety case that describes potential accidents, design options (including postulated controls), and supports licensing activities by providing a technical basis for the safety envelope. INL has proposed an approach to expand and advance the state-of-the-practice in PRA. Specifically we will develop a framework for applying modern computational tools to create advanced risk-based methods for identifying design vulnerabilities in SMRs. This framework will require the fusion of state-of-the-art PRA methods, advanced 3D visualization methods, and highperformance optimization. The approach has several defining attributes focused within three general areas:
1. Models – A single 3D representation of all key systems, structures, and components (SSCs) will be defined for a particular facility. We will be able to simulate — by understanding how each SSC interacts with other parts of the facility — the hazard-induced susceptibilities of each SSC.
2. Phenomena – An approach to effectively representing hazards and their effect on physical behavior at a facility will need to be determined. In many cases, multiple models of a specific phenomenon may be available, but this ensemble of models will need to be intelligently managed.
3. Integration – Any advanced risk-informed decision support approach will rely on a variety of probabilistic and mechanistic information. The safety, security, and economic drivers will need to be integrated in order to determine the effectiveness of proposed mitigation strategies. We will need to be able to manage all (important) hazards for all (important) scenarios all of the time the facility is in operation.
The focus of the paper will be on discussing the features of the proposed advanced SMR PRA Framework and providing an status update of the development activities.
The Mitsubishi Small Module High Temperature Gas-Cooled Reactor “MHR-50/100is” — Present Design Status and Its Prospect for Commercialization
Authors: Minatsuki Isao , Mizokami Yorikata , Kunitomi Kazuhiko 
Published: July 2014

Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd. (MHI) has been carrying on development of a SMR for global strategic business and a conceptual design study of HTGR, namely MHR-50/100is having a high inherent safety and a high economical advantage for commercialization with supporting by Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA). To begin with, a design philosophy of the MHR-50/100is had been set and the next phase, a conceptual design including plant dynamics analysis to investigate operational function and plant controllable performance had been carried out. It has been improved to establish higher safety level to meet the safety requirements after TEPCO’s Fukushima Daiichi Accident on March 11, 2011 in Japan.
A market research and a financial analysis to review a feasibility of nuclear business have been studied. Consequently, it has concluded that the large market and the business potential will be prospected. We envisioned that it is effective for acceleration of MHR-50/100is utilization to show wider application of the nuclear energy in general industry as well as electricity generation. In the study cooperative with these users, we have studied on a practical applicability of MHR-50/100is in a typical general industry. A concept of the heat utilization plant consisting of the MHR-50/100is and hydrogen production plant has been developed; a safety concern has been evaluated. This paper reports a summary of a series of the conceptual design studies, and the various evaluation analyses in which we investigated a technical feasibility and a business potential of MHR-50/100is.
Preliminary Evaluation of Core Compaction Phenomenon: Methodological Approach
Authors: Lo Frano Rosa , Pugliese Giovanni , Grasso Giacomo , Forasassi Giuseppe 
Published: July 2014

Nuclear reactors have to be maintained in a critical state so as to keep the chain fission process stationary and under control. Nuclear stability considerations dictate that the geometry of the core be closely controlled at all times: therefore any modification of it must be predictable, compatible with the requirements of the interfacing reactor systems and safely manageable by (intrinsic and engineered) control mechanisms.
This study deals with the evaluation of the deformation of core (and restraint system) geometry due to dynamic perturbations. This deformation may determine, at large or small extent, an assembly compaction, that is generally characterized by a radial inward displacement and, eventually, results in an insertion of reactivity.
To the aim it is of meaningful importance to set up and develop an overall and reliable methodological approach to be used in designing the core system (all structures and components characterizing the core region) and evaluating its performance under operation and accident condition. In particular a LMR reactor configuration similar to the Advanced Lead-cooled Fast Reactor European Demonstrator - ALFRED (300 MWth) has been considered.
The assessment of the dynamic behaviour of a LMR core is particularly needed for seismic design purposes: these solicitations could deform the core system and fuel assembly. A preliminary finite element model, in which all the core sub-assemblies were represented as masses distributed on the supporting plate, was carried out in order to investigate the dynamic response of the structures once confidence was established by sensitivity analyses of size and type of the adopted elements.
The preliminary results indicate that the core region is undergoing local deformations (of about 3 cm) that could influence the normal reactor operation. Although any deformation influences the normal reactor operation, it is expected that the reactivity specifically related to this deformation will not pose concerns to the safe manageability of the associated abnormal operation.