bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Resolving quandaries: basaloid adenoid cystic carcinoma or breast cylindroma? The role of massively parallel sequencing
Authors: Fusco Nicola , Colombo Pierre‐Emmanuel , Martelotto Luciano G , De Filippo Maria R , Piscuoglio Salvatore , Ng Charlotte K Y , Lim Raymond S , Jacot William , Vincent‐Salomon Anne , Reis‐Filho Jorge S , Weigelt Britta 
Published: May 2015

AimsThe aims of this study were to perform a whole‐exome sequencing analysis of a breast cylindroma and to investigate the role of molecular analyses in the differentiation between breast cylindroma, a benign tumour that displays MYB expression, and CYLD gene mutations, and its main differential diagnosis, the breast solid‐basaloid adenoid cystic carcinoma, a malignant tumour that is characterized by the presence of the MYB–NFIB fusion gene and MYB overexpression.Methods and resultsA 66‐year‐old female underwent quadrantectomy after an irregular dense shadow was discovered in the right breast at the screening mammogram. Histologically, the tumour displayed features suggestive of a solid‐basaloid variant of adenoid cystic carcinoma with a differential diagnosis of cylindroma. Fluorescence in situ hybridization, reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction, immunohistochemistry and whole‐exome sequencing revealed absence of the MYB–NFIB fusion gene, low levels of MYB protein expression and a clonal somatic CYLD splice site mutation associated with loss of heterozygosity of the wild‐type allele.ConclusionsThe results of the histological, immunohistochemical and molecular analyses were consistent with a diagnosis of breast cylindroma, providing a proof‐of‐principle that the integration of histopathological and molecular approaches can help to differentiate between a low‐malignant potential and a benign breast tumour of triple‐negative phenotype.
Consensus guidelines for the investigation and management of encephalitis in adults and children in Australia and New Zealand
Authors: Britton P. N. , Eastwood K. , Paterson B. , Durrheim D. N. , Dale R. C. , Cheng A. C. , Kenedi C. , Brew B. J. , Burrow J. , Nagree Y. , Leman P. , Smith D. W. , Read K. , Booy R. , Jones C. A. ,   Australasian Society of I nfectious D iseases ( ASID ),   Australasian College of Emergency Medicine ( ACEM ),   A ustralian and N ew Z ealand A ssociation of N eurologists ( ANZAN ),   the P ublic H ealth A ssociation of A ustralia ( PHAA )
Published: May 2015

AbstractEncephalitis is a complex neurological syndrome caused by inflammation of the brain parenchyma. The management of encephalitis is challenging because: the differential diagnosis of encephalopathy is broad; there is often rapid disease progression; it often requires intensive supportive management; and there are many aetiologic agents for which there is no definitive treatment. Patients with possible meningoencephalitis are often encountered in the emergency care environment where clinicians must consider differential diagnoses, perform appropriate investigations and initiate empiric antimicrobials. For patients who require admission to hospital and in whom encephalitis is likely, a staged approach to investigation and management is preferred with the potential involvement of multiple medical specialties. Key considerations in the investigation and management of patients with encephalitis addressed in this guideline include: Which first‐line investigations should be performed?; Which aetiologies should be considered possible based on clinical features, risk factors and radiological features?; What tests should be arranged in order to diagnose the common causes of encephalitis?; When to consider empiric antimicrobials and immune modulatory therapies?; and What is the role of brain biopsy?
Sintering Mechanisms and Kinetics for Reaction Hot‐Pressed ZrB2
Authors: Lonergan Jason M. , Fahrenholtz William G. , Hilmas Greg E. 
Published: May 2015

Sintering mechanisms and kinetics were investigated for ZrB2 ceramics produced using reaction hot pressing. Specimens were sintered at temperatures ranging from 1800°C to 2100°C for times up to 120 min. ZrB2 was the primary phase, although trace amounts of ZrO2 and C were also detected. Below 2000°C, the densification mechanism was grain‐boundary diffusion with an activation energy of 241 ± 41 kJ/mol. At higher temperatures, the densification mechanism was lattice diffusion with an activation energy of 695 ± 62 kJ/mol. Grain growth exponents were determined to be ~4.5, which indicated that a grain pinning mechanism was active in both temperature regimes. The diffusion coefficients for grain growth were 1.5 × 10−16 cm4/s at 1900°C and 2.1 × 10−15 cm4/s at 2100°C. This study revealed that dense ZrB2 ceramics can be produced by reactive hot pressing in shorter times and at lower temperatures than conventional hot pressing of commercial powders.
Chemical Synthesis, Sintering and Piezoelectric Properties of Ba0.85Ca0.15 Zr0.1Ti0.9O3 Lead‐Free Ceramics
Authors: Castkova Klara , Maca Karel , Cihlar Jaroslav , Hughes Hana , Matousek Ales , Tofel Pavel , Bai Yang , Button Tim W. 
Published: May 2015

The preparation of Ba0.85Ca0.15 Zr0.1Ti0.9O3 (BCZT) powders by wet chemical methods has been investigated, and the powders used to explore relationships between the microstructure and piezoelectric properties (d33 coefficient) of sintered BCZT ceramics. Sol–gel synthesis has been shown to be a successful method for the preparation of BCZT nanopowders with a pure tetragonal perovskite phase structure, specific surface area up to 21.8 m2/g and a mean particle size of 48 nm. These powders were suitable for the fabrication of dense BCZT ceramics with fine‐grain microstructures. The ceramics with the highest density of 95% theoretical density (TD) and grain size of 1.3 μm were prepared by uniaxial pressing followed by a two‐step sintering approach which contributed to the refinement of the BCTZ microstructure. A decrease in the grain size to 0.8–0.9 μm was achieved when samples were prepared using cold isostatic pressing. Using various sintering schedules, BCZT ceramics with broad range of grain sizes (0.8–60.5 μm) were prepared. The highest d33 = 410.8 ± 13.2 pC/N was exhibited by ceramics prepared from sol–gel powder sintered at 1425°C, with the relative density of 89.6%TD and grain size of 36 μm.
Facile Fabrication of Highly Transparent Yttria Ceramics with Fine Microstructures by a Hot‐Pressing Method
Authors: Gan Lin , Park Young‐Jo , Park Mi‐Jung , Kim Haneul , Kim Jin‐Myung , Ko Jae‐Woong , Lee Jae‐Wook 
Published: May 2015

In this study, we report highly transparent yttria ceramics fabricated by a facile hot‐pressing method with tantalum foil shielding which effectively prevents the ceramic samples from carbon contamination caused by the graphite mold used during the process. The hot‐pressed sample was already highly transparent without a post‐annealing step or hot isostatic pressing. For a 2‐mm‐thick specimen doped with 1 at.% ZrO2, the in‐line transmittance reaches 74.4% at 400 nm and 81.1% at 1100 nm. The sample shows a very fine microstructure with an average grain size of about 1 μm owing to the low sintering temperature of only 1600°C. The study results indicate that it is possible to produce transparent yttria ceramics with excellent optical transparency using the economical and convenient hot‐pressing method.
Can Luck Egalitarianism Justify the Fact that Some are Worse Off than Others?
Authors: Huseby Robert 
Published: May 2015

AbstractAccording to luck egalitarianism it is bad or unjust if someone is worse off than another through no fault or choice of her own. This article argues that there is a tension in standard luck egalitarian theory between justifying absolute and comparative welfare levels. If a person responsibly acts in a way that brings her welfare level below that of others, this is justified according to the theory. However, even if we can say that the person's new welfare level is justified in absolute terms, it is less clear that her now being worse off than others, is justified (a similar idea is explored by Susan Hurley). The reason is that while she has in one sense chosen her (new) welfare level, she has not chosen to be worse off than others. Her relative standing, something with which egalitarians ought to be concerned, is determined by her choices in conjunction with the choices of all others. But no individual controls the choices of all others. Hence, for any one individual it is the case that her relative standing is beyond her control. Some responses to this problem are available. It is doubtful, however, that these are entirely successful.
Study of three non‐syndromic cases of congenital thumb aplasia in captive rhesus monkeys
Authors: Goldschmidt B. , Meireles B.C.S. , Calado M.I.Z. , França F.G.O. , Oliveira A. , Resende F.C. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractAlthough congenital thumb absence has been reported frequently in humans, their occurrence in macaques is rare. We observed three cases of spontaneous thumb defects in captive female rhesus monkeys. One animal exhibited bilateral absence and two other presented unilateral thumb absence, all with metacarpal integrity. This report presents the clinical, radiological, and genealogical details as well as possible etiologies in an attempt to draw a parallel with humans and other primate species.
Tetramethylpyrazine inhibits CoCl2‐induced neurotoxicity through enhancement of Nrf2/GCLc/GSH and suppression of HIF1α/NOX2/ROS pathways
Authors: Guan Dongsheng , Su Yufei , Li Yingxia , Wu Chuanjie , Meng Yi , Peng Xin , Cui Yinglin 
Published: May 2015

AbstractHypoxia‐mediated neurotoxicity contributes to various neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's disease and multiple sclerosis. Tetramethylpyrazine (TMP), a major bioactive component purified from Ligusticum wallichii Franchat, exhibited potent neuroprotective effect. However, the mechanism of TMP‐exerted neuroprotective effect against hypoxia was not clear. In the study, we investigated the mechanism of the neuroprotective effect of TMP against hypoxia induced by CoCl2 in vitro and in vivo. The results showed that TMP could protect against CoCl2‐induced neurotoxicity in PC12 cells and in rats, as evidenced by enhancement of cell viability in PC12 cells and improvement of learning and memory ability in rats treated with CoCl2. TMP could inhibit mitochondrial dysfunction, mitochondrial apoptotic molecular events, and thus apoptosis induced by CoCl2. TMP inhibited CoCl2‐increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) level, which may contribute to hypoxia‐related neurotoxicity induced by CoCl2. The antioxidant and neuroprotective activities of TMP involved two pathways: one was the enhancement of nuclear factor erythroid 2‐related factor 2 (Nrf2)/catalytic subunit of γ‐glutamylcysteine ligase‐mediated regulation of GSH and the other was the inhibition of hypoxia‐inducible factor 1 α/NADPH oxidase 2 (NOX2)‐mediated ROS generation. These two pathways contributed to improvement of oxidative stress and thus the amelioration of apoptosis under hypoxic conditions. These results have appointed a new path toward the understanding of pathogenesis and TMP‐related therapy of hypoxia‐related neurodegenerative diseases.
imageWe proposed two cascades for tetramethylpyrazine‐exhibited protective effects against CoCl2‐induced neurotoxicity: One is enhancement of nuclear factor erythroid 2‐related factor 2‐catalytic subunit of γ‐glutamylcysteine ligase‐mediated regulation of glutathone and the other was the inhibition of hypoxia‐inducible factor 1 α‐NADPH oxidase‐2‐mediated ROS generation. We think these findings should provide a new understanding of pathogenesis and tetramethylpyrazine‐related therapy of hypoxia‐related neurodegenerative diseases.
Relation of Complementary‐Alternative Medicine use with glomerular filtration rate and depression in patients with chronic kidney disease at predialysis stage
Authors: Esen Bennur , Atay Ahmet Engin , Gokmen Emel Saglam , Karakoc Ayten , Sari Hakan , Sarisakal Samprie , Kahvecioglu Serdar , Kayabasi Hasan , Sit Dede 
Published: May 2015

AbstractAimComplementary and alternative medicine is a broad field of health including all health care practices and methods, and their accompanying theories and beliefs. In the present study, we aimed to examine the frequency of complementary‐alternative medicine use, and its relation with glomerular filtration rate and depression in patients with chronic kidney disease at predialysis stage.MethodsA total of 1053 predialysis patients; 518 female and 535 male, that were followed up with chronic kidney disease for at least 3 months were enrolled into the study. Demographic features, biochemical parameters and findings of physical examination were recorded. Their compliance to diet, and knowledge about disease were questioned. Beck depression inventory and questionnaire regarding complementary‐alternative medicine use were performed.ResultsThe overall frequency of complementary‐alternative medicine use was 40.3% . Total ratio of herbal products was 46%. Complementary‐alternative medicine use was significantly more frequent in female or single patients, and patients that informed about chronic kidney disease or under strict diet (P = 0.007, P = 0.016, P = 0.02, P = 0.016, respectively). When glomerular filtration rate of participants were considered, complementary‐alternative medicine use was similar in different stages of kidney disease. Depression was observed in 41.9% of patients and significantly frequent in patients with alternative method use (P = 0.002). Depression score was higher as creatinine increases and glomerular filtration rate decreases (P = 0.002; r = 0.093).ConclusionWe determined that complementary‐alternative medicine use gradually increases at predialysis stage as glomerular filtration rate decreases and there is a strict relation between complementary‐alternative medicine use and depression or female gender. Disorder related stressors may lead to seeking of alternative methods.
Congressional dysfunction: An information processing perspective
Authors: Lewallen Jonathan , Theriault Sean M. , Jones Bryan D. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThe public's approval of Congress is at an all time low. The parties seem to have taken the legislative process hostage for their own electoral gain. Whereas traditional arguments about congressional dysfunction focus on polarized voting coalitions or outputs – particularly legislation – in this article we highlight congressional information processing and how it has changed in this highly partisan era. By coding congressional hearings according to the kind of information on which they focus, we find that members of Congress are receiving one‐sided information to a greater degree and are spending less time learning about potential solutions. We use these results to make numerous recommendations for improving how Congress gathers its information.
Ancient mantle lithosphere beneath the Khanka massif in the Russian Far East: in situ Re–Os evidence
Authors: Wang Kuo‐Lung , Prikhodko Vladimir , O'Reilly Suzanne Y. , Griffin William L. , Pearson Norman J. , Kovach Victor , Iizuka Yoshiyuki , Chien Yu‐Hsian 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThe Os‐isotope compositions of sulphides in mantle xenoliths hosted by Late Miocene alkali basalts from the Sviyaginsky volcano, Russian Far East, reveal the presence of Archaean–Proterozoic subcontinental lithospheric mantle beneath the Khanka massif. Their TMA and TRD model ages reveal similar peaks at 1.1 and 0.8 Ga suggesting later thermotectonic events in the subcontinental lithospheric mantle, whereas TRD model ages range back to 2.8 ± 0.5 (2σ) Ga. The events recognized in the subcontinental lithospheric mantle are consistent with those recorded in the crust of the Khanka massif. The sulphide Os‐isotope data show that the subcontinental lithospheric mantle beneath the Khanka massif had formed at least by the Mesoproterozoic, and was subsequently metasomatized by juvenile crustal‐growth events related to the evolution of the Altaids. The Khanka massif is further proposed to have tectonic affinity to the Siberia Craton and should originate from it accordingly.
Origin and differentiation of vascular smooth muscle cells
Authors: Wang Gang , Jacquet Laureen , Karamariti Eirini , Xu Qingbo 
Published: May 2015

Abstractimage
Vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs), a major structural component of the vessel wall, not only play a key role in maintaining vascular structure but also perform various functions. During embryogenesis, SMC recruitment from their progenitors is an important step in the formation of the embryonic vascular system. SMCs in the arterial wall are mostly quiescent but can display a contractile phenotype in adults. Under pathophysiological conditions, i.e. vascular remodelling after endothelial dysfunction or damage, contractile SMCs found in the media switch to a secretory type, which will facilitate their ability to migrate to the intima and proliferate to contribute to neointimal lesions. However, recent evidence suggests that the mobilization and recruitment of abundant stem/progenitor cells present in the vessel wall are largely responsible for SMC accumulation in the intima during vascular remodelling such as neointimal hyperplasia and arteriosclerosis. Therefore, understanding the regulatory mechanisms that control SMC differentiation from vascular progenitors is essential for exploring therapeutic targets for potential clinical applications. In this article, we review the origin and differentiation of SMCs from stem/progenitor cells during cardiovascular development and in the adult, highlighting the environmental cues and signalling pathways that control phenotypic modulation within the vasculature.
Relationship between subthalamic nucleus neuronal activity and electrocorticogram is altered in the R6/2 mouse model of Huntington's disease
Authors: Callahan Joshua W. , Abercrombie Elizabeth D. 
Published: May 2015

Key points
Neural synchrony between the subthalamic nucleus (STN) and cortex is critical for proper information processing in basal ganglia circuits.
Using in vivo extracellular recordings in urethane‐anaesthetized mice, we demonstrate that single units and local field potentials from the STN exhibit oscillatory entrainment to low‐frequency (0.5–4 Hz) rhythms when the cortex is in a synchronized state.
Here we report novel findings in the R6/2 transgenic mouse model of Huntington's disease (HD) by demonstrating that STN activity is reduced and less phase‐locked to cortical low‐frequency oscillations.
The spectral power of low‐frequency oscillations in ECoG recordings of R6/2 mice is diminished while the spectral power of higher frequencies is augmented and such altered cortical patterning could lead to decreased synchrony in corticosubthalamic circuits.
Our data establish that cortical entrainment of STN neural activity is disrupted in R6/2 mice and may be one of the mechanisms contributing to disordered motor control in HD.
AbstractHuntington's disease (HD) is an autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disorder in which impairments in the processing of information between the cortex and basal ganglia are fundamental to the onset and progression of the HD phenotype. The corticosubthalamic hyperdirect pathway plays a pivotal role in motor selection and blockade of neuronal activity in the subthalamic nucleus (STN) results in a hyperkinetic movement syndrome, similar to the HD phenotype. The aim of the present study was to examine the relationship between neuronal activity in the STN and cortex in an animal model of HD. We performed in vivo extracellular recordings in the STN to measure single‐unit activity and local field potentials in the R6/2 transgenic mouse model of HD. These recordings were obtained during epochs of simultaneously acquired electrocorticogram (ECoG) in discrete brain states representative of global cortical network synchronization or desynchronization. Cortically patterned STN neuronal activity was less phase‐locked in R6/2 mice, which is likely to result in less efficient coding of cortical inputs by the basal ganglia. In R6/2 mice, the power of the ECoG in lower frequencies (0.5–4 Hz) was diminished while the power expressed in higher frequencies (13–100 Hz) was increased. In addition, the spontaneous activity of STN neurons in R6/2 mice was reduced and neurons exhibited a more irregular firing pattern. Glutamatergic STN neurons provide the major excitatory drive to the output nuclei of the basal ganglia and altered discharge patterns could lead to aberrant basal ganglia output and disordered motor control in HD.
Three brainstem areas involved in respiratory rhythm generation in bullfrogs
Authors: Baghdadwala Mufaddal I. , Duchcherer Maryana , Paramonov Jenny , Wilson Richard J. A. 
Published: May 2015

Key points
For most multiphasic motor patterns, rhythm and pattern are produced by the same circuit elements. For respiration, however, these functions have long been assumed to occur separately.
In frogs, the ventilatory motor pattern produced by the isolated brainstem consists of buccal and biphasic lung bursts. Previously, two discrete necessary and sufficient sites for lung and buccal bursts were identified.
Here we identify a third site, the Priming Area, important for and having neuronal activity correlated with the first phase of biphasic lung bursts.
As each site is important for burst generation of a separate phase, we suggest each major phase of ventilation is produced by an anatomically distinct part of an extensive brainstem network.
Embedding of discrete circuit elements producing major phases of respiration within an extensive rhythmogenic brainstem network may be a shared architectural characteristic of vertebrates.
AbstractVentilation in mammals consists of at least three distinct phases: inspiration, post‐inspiration and late‐expiration. While distinct brainstem rhythm generating and pattern forming networks have long been assumed, recent data suggest the mammalian brainstem contains two coupled neuronal oscillators: one for inspiration and the other for active expiration. However, whether additional burst generating ability is required for generating other phases of ventilation in mammals is controversial. To investigate brainstem circuit architectures capable of producing multiphasic ventilatory rhythms, we utilized the isolated frog brainstem. This preparation produces two types of ventilatory motor patterns, buccal and lung bursts. Lung bursts can be divided into two phases, priming and powerstroke. Previously we identified two putative oscillators, the Buccal and Lung Areas. The Lung Area produces the lung powerstroke and the Buccal Area produces buccal bursts and – we assumed – the priming phase of lung bursts. However, here we identify an additional brainstem region that generates the priming phase. This Priming Area extends rostral and caudal of the Lung Area and is distinct from the Buccal Area. Using AMPA microinjections and reversible synaptic blockade, we demonstrate selective excitation and ablation (respectively) of priming phase activity. We also demonstrate that the Priming Area contains neurons active selectively during the priming phase. Thus, we propose that three distinct neuronal components generate the multiphase respiratory motor pattern produced by the frog brainstem: the buccal, priming and powerstroke burst generators. This raises the possibility that a similar multi‐burst generator architecture mediates the three distinct phases of ventilation in mammals.