bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Personal Consumption Rates for Canada: Update of 2000 PCRs Using 2007–08 Surveys of Household Spending Data
Authors: Brown Cara L. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractThis article seeks to update the Canadian personal consumption rates (“PCRs”) that were derived and published in 2004 from Statistics Canada's 2000 Survey of Household Spending (SHS) by family size and family income level, variables that have long been understood as influencing the decedent's personal consumption in fatality cases. In this article, data from the Survey of Household Spending are used, but combined from Statistics Canada's 2007 and 2008 years, which enlarged the sample size of observations by almost 50% compared to the 2000 data. The PCRs from the 2007–08 samples confirm the 2000 PCRs. The 2007–08 PCRs are summarized in Appendix A; graphs depicting expenditure as a percentage of Canadian household before-tax income are shown in Appendix B for various expenditure categories; and regression results from the 2007 and 2008 SHS datasets are summarized in Appendix C.
ICT training of university teachers in a Personal Learning Environment. Project DIPRO 2.0.
Authors: Almenara Julio Cabero , Díaz Verónica Marín 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
Developing an information and knowledge society involves the incorporation of technological tools into education. This can only happen if teachers are properly qualified to include such tools into the classroom dynamics. The present article brings to the forefront a training proposal framed within an R&D project funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation under the title of “Design, production and evaluation in a 2.0 learning environment for the training of university teachers in the educational use of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) (EDU2009-0B 893),” which has as its aim to incorporate technology tools both into classroom dynamics and into teachers' professional development.
Pruning and ranking the Pareto optimal set, application for the dynamic multi‐objective network design problem
Authors: Wismans Luc J.J. , Brands T. , Van Berkum Eric C. , Bliemer Michiel C.J. 
Published: October 2012

SUMMARYSolving the multi‐objective network design problem (MONDP) resorts to a Pareto optimal set. This set can provide additional information like trade‐offs between objectives for the decision making process, which is not available if the compensation principle would be chosen in advance. However, the Pareto optimal set of solutions can become large, especially if the objectives are mainly opposed. As a consequence, the Pareto optimal set may become difficult to analyze and to comprehend. In this case, pruning and ranking becomes attractive to reduce the Pareto optimal set and to rank the solutions to assist the decision maker. Because the method used, may influence the eventual decisions taken, it is important to choose a method that corresponds best with the underlying decision process and is in accordance with the qualities of the data used. We provided a review of some methods to prune and rank the Pareto optimal set to illustrate the advantages and disadvantages of these methods. The methods are applied using the outcome of solving the dynamic MONDP in which minimizing externalities of traffic are the objectives, and dynamic traffic management measures are the decision variables. For this, we solved the dynamic MONDP for a realistic network of the city Almelo in the Netherlands using the non‐dominated sorting genetic algorithm II. For ranking, we propose to use a fuzzy outranking method that can take uncertainties regarding the data quality and the perception of decision makers into account; and for pruning, a method that explicitly reckons with significant trade‐offs has been identified as the more suitable method to assist the decision making process. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Non‐Newtonian Flows in Annuli with Variable Eccentric Motion of the Inner Tube
Authors: Vieira Neto J. L. , Martins A. L. , Ataíde C. H. , Barrozo M. A. S. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractIn the horizontal drilling process, due to the weight of the drill string, the column may be located at a lower portion of the wellbore, thereby exhibiting an eccentric configuration. It is important to predict the eccentricity effect on the drilling fluids flowing through the annular, a subject not often discussed in the literature. The fluid dynamics of non‐Newtonian fluids (xanthan gum solutions) flowing through annuli with the variable eccentricity motion of the inner tube was investigated. The effects of four important operating variables were quantified. The comparison between computational fluid dynamics simulations and the experimental data indicated a very good agreement.
Influence of the Solvent and the Enantiomeric Purity on the Transition between Different Supramolecular Polymers
Authors: Wolffs Martin , van Velthoven Juliën L. J. , Lou Xianwen , Bovee Ralf A. A. , Pouderoijen Maarten , van Dongen Joost L. J. , Schenning Albertus P. H. J. , Meijer E. W. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractThe self‐assembly of two enantiomerically pure hexa(oligo (p‐phenylene vinylene))‐substituted benzenes having 24 stereocenters was studied in pure methylcyclohexane (MCH) and in a mixture of MCH/toluene (4:1). Irrespective of the solvent a cooperative supramolecular polymerization mechanism was determined for these star‐shaped molecules by using temperature‐dependent CD and UV/Vis spectroscopy. Quite remarkably, a transition from one helical supramolecular state (A) to a second more thermodynamically stable supramolecular helical assembly (B) was observed. The rate of the A→B transition was strongly dependent on the nature of the solvent; being faster in the solvent mixture than in pure MCH. By using size exclusion chromatography we could relate the increased rate to a decreased stability of the supramolecular A state in the solvent mixture. Next, we mixed the two enantiomerically pure hexa‐substituted benzene derivatives in a so‐called majority‐rules experiment, which lead to the anitcipated chiral amplification in the A state. More importantly it appeared that the A→B transition was significantly hampered in these mixed systems. Furthermore, the absence of chiral amplification in the B state revealed the formation of separated enantiomerically pure assemblies. Therefore, by using a wide variety of spectroscopic and chromatographic techniques we determined the influence of solvent and enantiomeric purity on the transition between different supramolecular states.
Thermodynamics and Conformations in the Formation of Excited States and Their Interconversions for Twisted Donor‐Substituted Tridurylboranes
Authors: Mao Mao , Ren Ming‐Guang , Song Qin‐Hua 
Published: October 2012

AbstractWe synthesized a series of donor‐substituted tridurylboranes containing different types and number of chromophores including 1‐pyrene (PB1–3), 3‐carbazole (CBC1–3), or substituted p‐carbazol‐N‐phenyl (CBN3a–c) as various donor–acceptor (D–A) molecules. The photophysical and electrochemical properties of these twisted D–A molecules were investigated by means of UV/Vis absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy as well as cyclic voltammetry (CV). Solvent polarity, viscosity, and temperature effects on the fluorescence emission reveal the existence of three types of excited states, and their equilibria and interconversions between three excited states. In increasing order of the charge‐separated extent and the conformational change, three excited states are the locally excited (LE) state, the more planar intramolecular charge‐transfer (ICT) state, and the more twisted ICT (TICT) state as compared to the ground state. The TICT state undergoes a conformational change with a higher energy barrier over the ICT state. The solvent polarity effect on the state conversion is opposite to the viscosity effect, and temperature effects derive from its resulting changes of polarity and viscosity. For example, the increase of the polarity of the solvent results in excited‐state conversions from the LE state to the ICT state, and/or from the ICT to the TICT state, and an increased viscosity leads to the opposite conversions. On the basis of electrochemical and spectral data, thermodynamics of a possible ICT process were estimated, and correlated with the excited‐state character. Finally, three excited states have been characterized by the conformation, the photophysical properties, and the thermodynamics of the ICT processes.
Synthesis, Characterization, Electronic and Gas‐Sensing Properties towards H2 and CO of Transparent, Large‐Area, Low‐Layer Graphene
Authors: Kayhan Emine , Prasad Ravi Mohan , Gurlo Alexander , Yilmazoglu Oktay , Engstler Jörg , Ionescu Emanuel , Yoon Songhak , Weidenkaff Anke , Schneider Jörg J. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractLow‐layered, transparent graphene is accessible by a chemical vapor deposition (CVD) technique on a Ni‐catalyst layer, which is deposited on a <100> silicon substrate. The number of graphene layers on the substrate is controlled by the grain boundaries in the Ni‐catalyst layer and can be studied by micro Raman analysis. Electrical studies showed a sheet resistance (Rsheet) of approximately 1435 Ω per □, a contact resistance (Rc) of about 127 Ω, and a specific contact resistance (Rsc) of approximately 2.8×10−4 Ω cm2 for the CVD graphene samples. Transistor output characteristics for the graphene sample demonstrated linear current/voltage behavior. A current versus voltage (Ids–Vds) plot clearly indicates a p‐conducting characteristic of the synthesized graphene. Gas‐sensor measurements revealed a high sensor activity of the low‐layer graphene material towards H2 and CO. At 300 °C, a sensor response of approximately 29 towards low H2 concentrations (1 vol %) was observed, which is by a factor of four higher than recently reported.
Formal Total Synthesis of Palmerolide A
Authors: Pawar Amit B. , Prasad Kavirayani R. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractA formal total synthesis of the 20‐membered marine macrolide, palmerolide A from chiral pool tartaric acid is described. Elaboration of a γ‐hydroxy amide, which is derived from the desymmetrization of tartaric acid amide, and Boord olefination are the pivotal reactions employed for the synthesis of the chiral building blocks, and Stille coupling and ring‐closing metathesis (RCM) are used to assemble the macrolactone.
Vanadiumpentoxid schützt vor Biofilmen
Authors: Feil Sylvia 
Published: October 2012

AbstractDas Paradebeispiel für die Ausbildung von Biofilmen in freien Gewässern ist der Bewuchs von Schiffsrümpfen mit Algen und Muscheln. Dieser erhöht den Reibungswiderstand, was entweder die Geschwindigkeit mindert oder den Treibstoffverbrauch erhöht und so der Schifffahrt jährliche Kosten von etwa 200 Milliarden Dollar beschert. Seit dem Verbot von Tributylzinn in Antifouling‐Anstrichfarben wurden toxische Verbindungen anderer Metalle wie Kupfer und Zink eingesetzt. Eine neue Strategie wäre die bionische Nachahmung von toxischen Enzymreaktionen durch Vanadiumpentoxid‐Nanopartikel.
Elementares Fluor in der Natur
Authors: Fischer Andrea 
Published: October 2012

AbstractFluor als reaktivstes Element kommt in der Natur nicht elementar, sondern nur in gebundener Form vor. So wurde es bisher gelehrt. Doch die Aussage muss revidiert werden: Münchner Wissenschaftler haben im Stinkspat, einem Calciumfluorid‐Mineral, vor kurzem per Festkörper‐NMR‐Spektroskopie erstmals in situ elementares Fluor nachgewiesen.
Was ist die Chemie‐Olympiade?
Authors: Gehring Timo 
Published: October 2012

AbstractDie Internationale ChemieOlympiade (IChO) wird seit 1967 jährlich in einem anderen Land ausgetragen, wobei sich vierköpfige Schülerteams aus bis zu 72 Nationen in theoretischen und praktischen Chemie‐Aufgaben messen. Es handelt sich um einen internationalen Wettbewerb für Schülerinnen und Schüler weiterführender Schulen bis zum 20. Lebensjahr.
Goldrubinglas – von alchemistischer Glaskunst bis zur chemischen Nanotechnologie
Authors: Heinzerling Peter , Boymans Nadine , Schneider Jenny 
Published: October 2012

AbstractGoldrubinglas gilt als Schlüssel zur chemischen Nanotechnologie. Es werden im Beitrag Methoden beschrieben, um mithilfe golddotierter Alkoholat‐Lösungen Glasoberflächen nach dem Sol‐Gel‐Verfahren zu beschichten. Die Verfahren wurden professionell durchgeführt, es kamen aber auch Low‐Cost‐Methoden zum Dip‐ und Spin‐Coating zum Einsatz. Die Oberflächen wurden spektroskopisch und ellipsometrisch untersucht.
Photochemistry of N‐Methylformamide: Matrix Isolation and Nonadiabatic Dynamics
Authors: Crespo‐Otero Rachel , Mardyukov Artur , Sanchez‐Garcia Elsa , Barbatti Mario , Sander Wolfram 
Published: October 2012

AbstractThe photochemistry of N‐methylformamide (MF) is elucidated by investigating its photodissociation products generated by UV irradiation (248 nm) in an argon matrix (10 K). We find that, starting from trans‐MF, prolonged irradiation produces cis‐MF, CH3NH2 and CO fragments as major products. Another photoproduct is identified as methylformimidic acid (FIA). Nonadiabatic dynamics simulations starting from both MF conformers revealed that the internal conversion occurs within 1 ps through a CN dissociation channel. The major product is a weakly bound complex between CH3NH and HCO radicals. This complex owes its existence to the cage effect of the matrix which allows for H‐transfer reactions and recombination. By identifying the primary photoisomerization and photodissociation pathways of MF, we gain new insights into the photochemistry of peptide bonds in general, which is a prerequisite for a better understanding of the effect of UV irradiation on living systems.
Split and shift methodology on cellular processor arrays: area saving versus time penalty
Authors: Fernández N.A. , Brea V.M. , Cabello D. 
Published: October 2012

ABSTRACTThis paper addresses the so‐called split and shift methodology. This methodology deals with the implementation of kernels of sizes that go above the physically implemented resources (local connections and weighting circuits) on synchronous cellular processor arrays (CPA), including the realization of large neighborhood operations and/or the reduction of the available hardware in order to drop the area consumption. Two main goals are pursued in the development of the methodology, namely: (1) minimum penalty at processing time and (2) absolutely no penalty at functional level. The paper presents different techniques and guidelines for the methodology application and introduces a Figure of Merit to evaluate them by relating area gains with time penalty. This, along with a kernel shape analysis, led us to propose more adequate configurations of weighting circuits and to justify the classical choice of North‐East‐West‐South connectivity. To validate the methodology, we realize several estimates over actual physical implementations, and we propose the realization over CPAs of the spin filters, scale invariant feature transform and speeded‐up robust features algorithms. A more in‐depth trade‐off analysis is realized over the implementation of the pixel level snakes algorithm. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reduced‐frame TDMA protocols for wireless sensor networks
Authors: Jovanovic Milica D. , Djordjevic Goran L. 
Published: October 2012

SUMMARYTime‐division multiple‐access (TDMA) is a common medium access control paradigm in wireless sensor networks. However, in its traditional form, the TDMA‐based protocols suffer from low channel utilization and high message delay because of a long frame length needed to provide collision‐free transmissions, which is particularly damaging in dense wireless sensor networks. In this paper, we investigate the performance and the energy efficiency of a class of TDMA‐based protocols, called reduced‐frame TDMA, where every TDMA slot is augmented with a short time period dedicated for carrier sense multiple access‐based contention resolution mechanism. Because of their ability to dynamically resolve collisions caused by conflicting slot assignments, the reduced‐frame TDMA protocols can be configured with any frame length, independently of node density. In addition, we present a distributed heuristic slot assignment algorithm that minimizes interslot interference in the presence of limited number of slots per frame. The simulation results indicate that the reduced‐frame TDMA protocols significantly reduce the message delay and increase the maximum throughput without incurring significant penalty in energy efficiency compared with the traditional TDMA scheme. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sequential Phenolate Oxidations in Octahedral Cobalt(III) Complexes with [N2O3] Ligands
Authors: Allard Marco M. , Xavier Fernando R. , Heeg Mary Jane , Schlegel H. Bernhard , Verani Cláudio N. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractThree six‐coordinate cobalt(III) complexes containing electron‐rich phenolato pentadentate [N2O5] ligands were synthesized and characterized, namely, [CoIII(L1)(MeOH)] (1), [CoIII(L2)(MeOH)] (2) and [CoIII(L3)(MeOH)] (3), where L1, L2 and L3 are the triply deprotonated, triply negative form of(E)‐6,6′‐[({2‐[(3,5‐di‐tert‐butyl‐2‐hydroxybenzylidene)amino]phenyl}azanediyl)bis(methylene)]bis(2,4‐di‐tert‐butylphenol), (E)‐6,6′‐[({3‐[(3,5‐di‐tert‐butyl‐2‐hydroxybenzylidene)amino]naphthalen‐2‐yl}azanediyl)bis(methylene)]bis(2,4‐di‐tert‐butylphenol) and (E)‐6,6′‐[({2‐[(2‐hydroxy‐3‐methoxybenzylidene)amino]phenyl}azanediyl)bis(methylene)]bis(2,4‐di‐tert‐butylphenol), respectively. Crystal structures were obtained for 1–3 and reveal a hexacoordinate cobalt(III) ion bound to the [N2O3] donors of each ligand and a methanol molecule occupying the sixth position. The complexes exhibited comparable electronic behavior dominated by phenolate→cobalt charge transfer processes and four redox‐accessible states involving three distinct phenolato/phenoxyl radical couples and a fourth process associated with the CoII/CoIII couple. The redox processes were cycled 30 times without major decomposition at the surface of the electrode for 1 and 2, indicating that the oxidized species should be substitutionally inert and do not degrade significantly upon cycling. Electronic‐structure DFT calculations on models 1′ and 2′ favor the generation of localized phenoxyl radicals and suggest distinctive oxidation sequences associated to the nature of the ligands.
Organozinc‐ and Imidazole‐Modified Periodic Mesoporous Organosilicas by Means of Molecular Grafting
Authors: Liang Yucang , Erichsen Egil Severin , Song Chen , Anwander Reiner 
Published: October 2012

AbstractCagelike cubic periodic mesoporous organosilicas PMO[SBA‐1] with various pore diameters and distorted hexagonal PMO[MCM‐41] as supports were synthesized by using 1,2‐bis(triethoxysilyl)ethane as an organosilica source, and a mixture of binary surfactants C18‐3‐1 and C18TABr as a template under basic conditions. Surface silanol group populations (0.72–1.41 mmol g–1) of PMO[SBA‐1] and PMO[MCM‐41] were determined by carbon elemental analysis from surface silylation. Diethylzinc was immobilized on PMOs to afford ZnEtx@PMO[SBA‐1]/[MCM‐41] with various Zn loading (1.60–2.38 mmol g–1), which depended on surface silanol population of the corresponding PMOs and the number of cleaved siloxane bonds. The surface ethyl groups coordinated to zinc can be exchanged readily by the 4‐methyl‐2,6‐dibutylphenoxy or di‐tert‐butylsilanoxy group to give various organozinc‐modified PMO materials ZnRx@PMO[SBA‐1]/[MCM‐41] (herein, R represents 4‐methyl‐2,6‐dibutylphenoxy and di‐tert‐butylsilanoxy groups). Moreover, N‐(3‐triethoxysilylpropyl)‐4,5‐dihydroimidazole was grafted onto the PMO surfaces to afford hybrid materials Si(OEt)y(CH2)3(imidazole)@PMO[SBA‐1]/[MCM‐41] with the amount of functional groups ranging from 0.36 to 0.70 mmol g–1. The coordination behavior of the surface functional groups with diethylzinc was investigated, and possible coordination modes were hypothesized. All materials were characterized by infrared spectroscopy, N2 physisorption, and elemental analysis. Representative 1H and 13C NMR spectra of a selected organozinc‐/imidazole‐functionalized PMO were recorded to corroborate the proposed surface species. This work presents a versatile approach to the fabrication of multiple surface species that coexist on a support for exploiting the potential application of novel heterogeneous catalysts.
Progress in the use of NATM in Brazil / Fortschritte beim Einsatz der NÖT in Brasilien
Authors: Celestino Tarcísio B. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractThe paper describes the introduction of NATM in Brazil and the developments, which contributed to applications in local geological conditions. An unsuccessful application in the early stages significantly contributed to the development of practices for assistance during construction and systems to help with instrumentation interpretation. Successful applications, which resulted in remarkable results in terms of cost and construction time, are also presented. The evolution of contract types is described, as well as their consequences for the outcome of the projects.Der Beitrag befasst sich mit der Einführung der NÖT in Brasilien und den Entwicklungen, die zur Anwendung der Methode unter den lokalen geologischen Bedingungen beigetragen haben. Ein früher Fehlschlag trug entscheidend dazu bei, dass bauunterstützende Verfahren und Systeme zur Unterstützung bei der Messdateninterpretation entwickelt wurden. Weiterhin werden erfolgreiche Anwendungen, die ausgesprochen kostengünstig waren und in kurzer Zeit ausgeführt wurden, vorgestellt. Die Entwicklung der Bauverträge und deren Auswirkungen auf den Erfolg von Projekten werden diskutiert.
50 years of NATM from a French perspective / 50 Jahre NÖT aus französischer Sicht
Authors: Putz‐Perrier Martin , Gaudin Bernard , Triclot Jaques , Tournery Hubert , Hingant Pierre 
Published: October 2012

AbstractThis contribution provides a brief historical review of NATM applications in France by presenting a selection of motorway projects implemented in the last five decades. In the late 1950s, the development of the French motorway network became a national priority. The implementation of major transit projects (e.g. the A8 motorway link between Italy and the Côte d'Azur as well as the Mont Blanc and Frejus Alpine transit routes) involved the construction of a significant number of motorway tunnels. The first generation of these tunnels was still constructed using traditional methods. However, to keep pace with the booming motorway development, a faster and more cost‐efficient tunnelling method was needed. The answer was found in the New Austrian Tunnelling Method (NATM). The construction of the Nice Motorway Bypass with ten tunnels in the early 1970s – 40 years ago – was the first French NATM application. The method was implemented with the guidance of Prof. Rabcewicz. Since then, the observational approach to tunnelling has become the standard method in French tunnelling.Dieser Beitrag gibt anhand einer Auswahl von französischen Autobahnprojekten aus den vergangenen fünf Jahrzehnten einen kurzen historischen Überblick über die Anwendung der Neuen Österreichischen Tunnelbauweise (NÖT) in Frankreich. In den späten 1950er‐Jahren wurde der Ausbau des französischen Autobahnnetzes zur Staatspriorität erklärt. Die Verwirklichung von wichtigen Verkehrsachsen wie die A8 Autobahnanbindung der Côte d'Azur oder die alpenquerenden Tunnel Mont Blanc und Frejus bedingte die Errichtung zahlreicher neuer Autobahntunnel. Die erste Generation dieser Tunnel wurde noch mit traditionellen Methoden gebaut. Die rasche Erweiterung des französischen Autobahnnetzes erforderte jedoch schon bald eine schnellere und wirtschaftlichere Tunnelbaumethode, die in der NÖT gefunden wurde. Der Bau von zehn Tunneln der Autobahnumfahrung Nizza in den frühen 1970er‐Jahren, also vor exakt 40 Jahren, stellt die erste französische Anwendung der NÖT dar. Die damals neuartige Beobachtungsmethode wurde unter Mithilfe von Prof. Ladislaus von Rabcewicz zur Anwendung gebracht und ist seither aus dem französischen Tunnelbau nicht mehr wegzudenken.