bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A tracer to bridge the scales: on the value of diatoms for tracing fast flow path connectivity from headwaters to meso‐scale catchments
Authors: Klaus Julian , Wetzel Carlos E. , Martínez‐Carreras Núria , Ector Luc , Pfister Laurent 
Published: July 2015

AbstractConnectivity between different landscape units and flow paths to the stream has gained much attention in hydrological science. Recent work has focused on the threshold sequencing of spatial sources in upland forested watersheds, connectivity and its spatial patterns in the hillslope–riparian–stream continuum. Fast flow path connectivity in the HRS continuum is still difficult to decipher because of the scale‐limitations of hydrometric and tracer methods. Such connectivity may be strongly non‐linear and controls streamflow response and chemistry. Recently, diatoms, one of the most common and diverse algal groups, were used to detect the onset and cessation of surface runoff to small headwater streams and constrain hydrograph separation methods. In this work, we investigate the potential for diatoms to determine fast flow path connectivity between their habitat and the stream over various scaled catchments. We used seven nested sub‐catchments (0.45 to 247 km2) with uniform and mixed geologies and land use types within the Attert River catchment (Luxembourg) for testing our hypothesis. We categorized the prevailing diatom communities based on their habitat in the hillslope–riparian–stream continuum of one headwater catchment and sampled a storm event for diatom communities in every catchment. We present the diatom dynamics during the event hydrograph. We also outline different occurring species of diatoms and present that combinations of species or individual species can be used as a tracer for source area connectivity. Further, we show that the occurrence of aerial diatom species decreases by a power law with scale, potentially limiting the scale of application. Finally, we discuss how diatoms could indicate temporal variability of contributions from different physiographic units. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reaching the Ultra‐Poor: Adapting Targeting Strategy in the Context of South Sudan
Authors: Morel Ricardo , Chowdhury Reajul 
Published: July 2015

AbstractThis paper focuses on an innovative model to enable the ultra‐poor ‘graduate’ from extreme poverty into sustainable livelihoods. The first part of the paper makes a comparative review of the ‘graduation model’. Evidence confirms consistent impacts on consumption, food security and productive assets across multiple sites. The second part assesses targeting effectiveness of this model in South Sudan. Combining Consultative Group to Assist the Poor poverty assessment tool with discriminant analysis for better accuracy, it is observed that the programme maintained its effectiveness in targeting the ultra‐poor. Success of this approach can be attributed to both adaptability and rigorousness in implementing targeting methods. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hyperpolarized [1‐13C]pyruvate MRI for noninvasive examination of placental metabolism and nutrient transport: A feasibility study in pregnant guinea pigs
Authors: Friesen‐Waldner Lanette J. , Sinclair Kevin J. , Wade Trevor P. , Michael Banoub , Chen Albert P. , de Vrijer Barbra , Regnault Timothy R.H. , McKenzie Charles A. 
Published: July 2015

PurposeTo test the feasibility of hyperpolarized [1‐13C]pyruvate magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for noninvasive examination of guinea pig fetoplacental metabolism and nutrient transport.Materials and MethodsSeven pregnant guinea pigs with a total of 30 placentae and fetuses were anesthetized and scanned at 3T. T1‐weighted 1H images were obtained from the maternal abdomen. An 80 mM solution of hyperpolarized [1‐13C]pyruvate (hereafter referred to as pyruvate) was injected into a vein in the maternal foot. Time‐resolved 3D 13C images were acquired starting 10 seconds after the beginning of bolus injection and every 10 seconds after to 50 seconds. The pregnant guinea pigs were recovered after imaging. Regions of interest (ROIs) were drawn around the maternal heart and each placenta and fetal liver in all slices in the 1H images. These ROIs were copied to the 13C images and were used to calculate the sum of the pyruvate and lactate signal intensities for each organ. The signal intensities were normalized by the volume of the organ and the maximum signal in the maternal heart.ResultsNo adverse events were observed in the pregnant guinea pigs and natural pupping occurred at term (∼68 days). Pyruvate signal was observed in all 30 placentae, and lactate, a by‐product of pyruvate metabolism, was also observed in all placentae. The maximum pyruvate and lactate signals in placentae occurred at 20 seconds. In addition to the observation of pyruvate and lactate signals in the placentae, both pyruvate and lactate signals were observed in all fetal livers. The maximum pyruvate and lactate signals in the fetal livers occurred at 10 seconds and 20 seconds, respectively.ConclusionThis work demonstrates the feasibility of using hyperpolarized [1‐13C]pyruvate MRI to noninvasively examine fetoplacental metabolism and transport of pyruvate in guinea pigs. Hyperpolarized 13C MRI may provide a novel method for longitudinal studies of fetoplacental abnormalities. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2015. J. MAGN. RESON. IMAGING 2016;43:750–755.
Exploring the Nature of the Intention, Meaning and Perception Process of the Neuro‐occupation Model to Understand Adaptation to Change
Authors: Derakhshanrad Seyed Alireza , Piven Emily , Hosseini Seyed Ali , Shahboulaghi Farahnaz Mohammadi , Nazeran Homer , Rassafiani Mehdi 
Published: July 2015

AbstractThe theoretical model of neuro‐occupation, intention, meaning and perception, sought to describe the symbiotic relationship between occupation and the brain, as a chaotic, self‐organized, complex system. Lack of evidence has limited its applicability to practice. The aim of this study was to track the postulates of the model within the daily experiences of subjects. Structured matrices were created for content analysis, using a qualitative multiple‐case‐study design, typically used for testing models. An underpinning principle of the model, defined a circular causality feedback process, which was confirmed as described through tracing the repetitive processes within the lived experience of two Iranian men. The process suggested that continual adaptation occurred in lives interrupted by cerebrovascular accident, which enabled the subjects to return to expression of meaning through purposeful occupation and continually re‐shaped their perceptions. The primary limitation of this study was that it was the earliest attempt to test the model and to substantiate the process by comparing the similarities and differences between too few subjects. Future research should identify the same process in more subjects and validate a practical assessment tool for clients. These findings may inform practitioners about intentional use of occupational challenges to elicit adaptive behaviours in clients. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Photochemical stability of dicyano‐substituted poly(phenylenevinylenes) with different side chains
Authors: Sanow Logan P. , Sun Jianyuan , Zhang Cheng 
Published: July 2015

ABSTRACTThe photodegradation mechanism study has been conducted on poly(2,5‐dioctyl‐1,4‐phenylene‐1,2‐dicyanovinylene) (C8‐diCN‐PPV) and poly[2,5‐bis(decyloxy)−1,4‐phenylene‐1,2‐dicyanovinylene] (ROdiCN‐PPV) to understand the reason behind the faster photodegradation of C8‐diCN‐PPV which has a lower LUMO. In both polymers, radical superoxide anion mechanism, which is responsible for electron‐rich RO‐PPVs, is found to be energetically unfavorable for both diCN‐PPVs due to diCN substitution. The IR analysis results confirm this and suggest that singlet oxygen (O2) is the main culprit for photodegradation of both polymers, which cleaves the CC bonds into carboxylic acids. The rates of MW reduction (by GPC) and increase in carbonyl IR absorption intensity are in excellent agreement for both polymers. Phosphorescence study indicates that the faster photodegradation of C8‐diCN‐PPV is due to intersystem crossing, which helps generate singlet O2 upon photoexcitation. No phosphorescence was detected in RO‐diCN‐PPV, suggesting that inefficient intersystem crossing makes RO‐diCN‐PPV photochemically more stable. This work shows that a small difference in side chain structure can lead to a significant difference in photochemical stability. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2015, 53, 2820–2828
Design and Synthesis of Hydrolytically Stable N‐Nitrourea Explosives
Authors: Cui Kejian , Xu Zhibin , Xu Guangrui , Meng Zihui , Liu Wenjin , Shi Xinpeng , Xu Yudong , Li Jiarong , Lin Zhihui 
Published: July 2015

AbstractA series of high energy density compounds (HEDCs) based on N‐nitrourea were designed and their theoretical performances were calculated using the Gaussian programs. The predicted values of the energy density of these compounds are in the range 1.848–1.93 g cm−3, and their calculated VODs are in the range 6700–8305 m s−1. Tetranitrodiglycoluril (TNDGU) (1) and tetranitrotriglycoluril (TNTGU) (2) were synthesized and characterized by NMR (1H, 13C) and IR spectroscopy as well as elemental analyses. The structure of the aminolysis product (7) of TNDGU was further confirmed by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction, which indicated that the structure belongs to P21/c space group in the monoclinic system.
Adaptive noise Wiener filter for scanning electron microscope imaging system
Authors: Sim K. S. , Teh V. , Nia M. E. 
Published: July 2015

SummaryNoise on scanning electron microscope (SEM) images is studied. Gaussian noise is the most common type of noise in SEM image. We developed a new noise reduction filter based on the Wiener filter. We compared the performance of this new filter namely adaptive noise Wiener (ANW) filter, with four common existing filters as well as average filter, median filter, Gaussian smoothing filter and the Wiener filter. Based on the experiments results the proposed new filter has better performance on different noise variance comparing to the other existing noise removal filters in the experiments. SCANNING 38:148–163, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
hMSC-Derived VEGF Release Triggers the Chemoattraction of Alveolar Osteoblasts
Authors: Proksch Susanne , Bittermann Gido , Vach Kirstin , Nitschke Roland , Tomakidi Pascal , Hellwig Elmar 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) are promising candidates for regenerative periodontal strategies, due to the broad spectrum of supportive effects on cells and tissues at the site of application. Although positive effects are visible, the understanding of their underlying mechanisms still requires further elucidation. Recently, we have shown that hMSCs are capable to prompt osteogenic differentiation of alveolar osteoblasts, thereby presumably contributing to alveolar bone regeneration. Another issue that is critical in this context is the attraction of hard tissue-forming cells to regeneration sites, but it is an open question whether hMSCs can afford this. In the present manuscript, we show by life cell imaging that in interactive cocultures, hMSCs successfully trigger osteoblast chemotaxis. Gene expression analysis for hMSC-innate chemoattractive biomolecules, orchestrating this process, revealed vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), PgE synthase, osteoprotegerin (OPG), monocyte colony-stimulating factor, and transforming growth factor β1, which was confirmed for VEGF and OPG on the protein level. Noteworthy, we showed that only corresponding levels of VEGF but not OPG attracted alveolar osteoblasts similar to hMSC coculture, while VEGF inhibitor abolished both the VEGF and the hMSC-triggered chemoattraction. In summary, we have identified secreted OPG and VEGF proteins as potential chemoattractants, of which further characterization yielded VEGF as a causative for hMSC-directed osteoblast chemotaxis. With respect to the better understanding of potential hMSC-based periodontal regeneration strategies, we propose hMSC-derived VEGF release as a mechanism in the recruitment of hard tissue-forming cells to alveolar bone sites in need of regeneration. Stem Cells 2015;33:3114—3124
Biogenesis, identification, and function of exonic circular RNAs
Authors: Chen Iju , Chen Chia‐Ying , Chuang Trees‐Juen 
Published: July 2015

Circular RNAs (circRNAs) arise during post‐transcriptional processes, in which a single‐stranded RNA molecule forms a circle through covalent binding. Previously, circRNA products were often regarded to be splicing intermediates, by‐products, or products of aberrant splicing. But recently, rapid advances in high‐throughput RNA sequencing (RNA‐seq) for global investigation of nonco‐linear (NCL) RNAs, which comprised sequence segments that are topologically inconsistent with the reference genome, leads to renewed interest in this type of NCL RNA (i.e., circRNA), especially exonic circRNAs (ecircRNAs). Although the biogenesis and function of ecircRNAs are mostly unknown, some ecircRNAs are abundant, highly expressed, or evolutionarily conserved. Some ecircRNAs have been shown to affect microRNA regulation, and probably play roles in regulating parental gene transcription, cell proliferation, and RNA‐binding proteins, indicating their functional potential for development as diagnostic tools. To date, thousands of ecircRNAs have been identified in multiple tissues/cell types from diverse species, through analyses of RNA‐seq data. However, the detection of ecircRNA candidates involves several major challenges, including discrimination between ecircRNAs and other types of NCL RNAs (e.g., trans‐spliced RNAs and genetic rearrangements); removal of sequencing errors, alignment errors, and in vitro artifacts; and the reconciliation of heterogeneous results arising from the use of different bioinformatics methods or sequencing data generated under different treatments. Such challenges may severely hamper the understanding of ecircRNAs. Herein, we review the biogenesis, identification, properties, and function of ecircRNAs, and discuss some unanswered questions regarding ecircRNAs. We also evaluate the accuracy (in terms of sensitivity and precision) of some well‐known circRNA‐detecting methods. WIREs RNA 2015, 6:563–579. doi: 10.1002/wrna.1294This article is categorized under:

RNA Processing > Splicing Mechanisms
RNA Evolution and Genomics > Computational Analyses of RNA
RNA Processing > Splicing Regulation/Alternative Splicing
Crystal Structure and Magnetic Properties of SrNi2–xSb2
Authors: Gvozdetskyi Volodymyr , Hlukhyy Viktor , Gladyshevskii Roman , Fässler Thomas F. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractThe intermetallic phase SrNi2–xSb2 was synthesized by arc melting mixtures of the elements and subsequent annealing under argon, and its structure was investigated by means of both powder and single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction methods. It crystallizes with the ThCr2Si2 type (tI10, I4/mmm) and has a homogeneity range of x = 0.15(1)–0.28(1), which does not include the exact stoichiometric 1:2:2 composition. The crystal structure of the phase SrNi2–xSb2 is built from layers of edge‐sharing Ni1–xSb4 tetrahedra, which are separated by Sr atoms along the c direction. Magnetic measurements of SrNi2–xSb2 showed no superconductive transition above 1.8 K.
Faraday pilot-wave dynamics: modelling and computation
Authors: Milewski Paul A. , Galeano-Rios Carlos A. , Nachbin André , Bush John W. M. 
Published: July 2015

A millimetric droplet bouncing on the surface of a vibrating fluid bath can self-propel by virtue of a resonant interaction with its own wave field. This system represents the first known example of a pilot-wave system of the form envisaged by Louis de Broglie in his double-solution pilot-wave theory. We here develop a fluid model of pilot-wave hydrodynamics by coupling recent models of the droplet’s bouncing dynamics with a more realistic model of weakly viscous quasi-potential wave generation and evolution. The resulting model is the first to capture a number of features reported in experiment, including the rapid transient wave generated during impact, the Doppler effect and walker–walker interactions.
Political Strategy and Market Capabilities: Evidence from the Chinese Private Sector
Authors: Jia Nan 
Published: July 2015

ABSTRACTIn this article, I argue that in emerging markets firms' market capabilities are positively related to the political strategies that they employ to reduce the risks of expropriation by public and private entities. I focus specifically on the moderating conditions, including institutional environments that have direct constraint on governmental power, supportive policies that promote private sector growth, and developed legal systems. My empirical analysis utilizes data on privately owned Chinese enterprises. The results show that firms' market capabilities – as indicated by their asset turnover ratios and R&amp;D intensity – are positively related to their likelihood of participating in key policymaking political organizations but this relationship is weaker in provinces that have more effective constraints on governmental power, more supportive policies for private sector growth, and more developed legal systems.
A re-appraisal of the petrogenesis and tectonic setting of the Ordovician Fishguard Volcanic Group, SW Wales
Authors: PHILLIPS BETHAN A. , KERR ANDREW C. , BEVINS RICHARD 
Published: July 2015

AbstractThe Fishguard Volcanic Group represents an excellently preserved example of a volcanic sequence linked to the closure of the Iapetus Ocean. This study re-examines the petrogenesis and proposed tectonic setting for the Llanvirn (467–458 Ma) Fishguard Volcanic Group, South Wales, UK. New major and trace element geochemical data and petrographic observations are used to re-evaluate the magma chamber processes, mantle melting and source region. The new data reveal that the Fishguard Volcanic Group represents a closely related series of basalts, basaltic andesites, dacites and rhyolites originating from a spinel lherzolite source which had been modified by subduction components. The rocks of the Fishguard Volcanic Group are co-genetic and the felsic members are related to the more primitive basalts mainly by low-pressure fractional crystallization. The geochemistry of the lavas was significantly influenced by subduction processes associated with a coeval arc, while significant amounts of assimilation of continental crust along with fractional crystallization appear to have contributed to the compositions of the most evolved lavas. The Fishguard Volcanic Group was erupted into a back-arc basin where extensive rifting but no true seafloor spreading had occurred.
OUTSOURCING: ENERGY AND EMPIRE IN THE AGE OF COAL, 1820–1911
Authors: Barak On 
Published: July 2015

AbstractDuring the long 19th century, British coal proliferated throughout the Ottoman Empire in increasing quantity, rapidity, and regularity via junctions and political arrangements that became evermore stable and dominant. The British used coal export to project their power elsewhere, offshoring the Industrial Revolution by building an infrastructure that could support it overseas and connect it to existing facets of the imperial project. Examining this “outsourcing” and the importance of foreign coal markets to industrialization helps provincialize the steam engine and anchor it in a global context. It also allows us to explore the impact of fossil energy on the Middle East and the ways coal both set the stage for the arrival of oil and informed the possibilities for translating carbon power into politics. Coal, the article suggests, animated political participation in England while reinforcing authoritarian tendencies in the Middle East.
Color banding in the Triassic terebratulid brachiopodCoenothyrisfrom the Muschelkalk of Central Europe
Authors: Hagdorn Hans , Sandy Michael R. 
Published: July 2015

The Triassic terebratulid brachiopodCoenothyrisfrequently displays preserved color patterns; such patterns have commonly been recorded from Paleozoic terebratulid brachiopods. Despite the frequency with which color patterns are preserved inCoenothyris, there has been no recent investigation of the cause and significance of this phenomenon. Shell material is well-preserved; energy-dispersive spectroscopy and microprobe analysis has been unable to detect compositional differences between colored and noncolored shell. This supports the organic origin of the color patterns as suggested for Devonian terebratulids by Richter (1919); color patterns originate from organic pigment in the primary shell layer.Three subtypes of radial color banding are identified: subtype A with a relatively large number (up to 80) of delicate color bands on each valve; subtype B with fewer and generally wider color bands (less than 20) on each valve of adult specimens; subtype C with faint to fairly wide but very short color bands along the anterior margin (ranging from a few to more than 50 in number). Serial sections prepared from subtypes A and B confirm their congeneric status.As shell form (length/width/thickness ratio) and maximum size varies, color pattern types differ in various stratigraphic horizons and also in isochronous populations from different geographic localities, indicating different facies. However, the variation in color patterns is not due to systematic differences at the species or subspecies level but rather reflects a tendency amongCoenothyris vulgaristo respond to different environmental parameters. This variation in color patterns is ecophenotypic.
Ichnology of an Upper Carboniferous fluvio-estuarine paleovalley: The Tonganoxie Sandstone, Buildex Quarry, Eastern Kansas, USA
Authors: Buatois Luis A. , Mangano M. Gabriela , Maples Christopher G. , Lanier William P. 
Published: July 2015

Tidal rhythmites of the Tonganoxie Sandstone Member (Stranger Formation, Douglas Group) at Buildex Quarry, eastern Kansas, contain a relatively diverse ichnofauna. The assemblage includes arthropod locomotion (Dendroidichnites irregulare, Diplichnites gouldi types A and B, Diplopodichnus biformis, Kouphichnium isp., Mirandaichnium famatinense, and Stiaria intermedia), resting (Tonganoxichnus buildexensis) and feeding traces (Stiallia pilosa, Tonganoxichnus ottawensis); grazing traces (Gordia indianaensis, Helminthoidichnites tenuis, Helminthopsis hieroglyphica); feeding structures (Circulichnis montanus, Treptichnus bifurcus, Treptichnus pollardi, irregular networks), fish traces (Undichna britannica, Undichna simplicitas), tetrapod trackways, and root traces. The taxonomy of some of these ichnotaxa is briefly reviewed and emended diagnoses for Gordia indianaensis and Helminthoidichnites tenuis are proposed. Additionally, the combined name Dendroidichnites irregulare is proposed for nested chevron trackways. Traces previously regarded as produced by isopods are reinterpreted as myriapod trackways (D. gouldi type B). Trackways formerly interpreted as limulid crawling and swimming traces are assigned herein to Kouphichnium isp and Dendroidichnites irregulare, respectively.Taphonomic analysis suggests that most grazing and feeding traces were formed before the arthropod trackways and resting traces. Grazing/feeding traces were formed in a soft, probably submerged substrate. Conversely, the majority of trackways and resting traces probably were produced subaerially in a firmer, dewatered and desiccated sediment.The Buildex Quarry ichnofauna records the activity of a terrestrial and freshwater biota. The presence of this assemblage in tidal rhythmites is consistent with deposition on tidal flats in the most proximal zone of the inner estuary, between the maximum landward limit of tidal currents and the salinity limit further towards the sea.