bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Scapular Muscle Exercises Following Neck Dissection Surgery for Head and Neck Cancer: A Comparative Electromyographic Study
Authors: McGarvey Aoife C. , Osmotherly Peter Grant , Hoffman Gary R. , Chiarelli Pauline E. 
Published: February 2013

Background
Shoulder pain and dysfunction can occur following neck dissection surgery for cancer. These conditions often are due to accessory nerve injury. Such an injury leads to trapezius muscle weakness, which, in turn, alters scapular biomechanics.

Objective
The aim of this study was to assess which strengthening exercises incur the highest dynamic activity of affected trapezius and accessory scapular muscles in patients with accessory nerve dysfunction compared with their unaffected side.

Design
A comparative design was utilized for this study.

Methods
The study was conducted in a physical therapy department. Ten participants who had undergone neck dissection surgery for cancer and whose operated side demonstrated clinical signs of accessory nerve injury were recruited. Surface electromyographic activity of the upper trapezius, middle trapezius, rhomboid major, and serratus anterior muscles on the affected side was compared dynamically with that of the unaffected side during 7 scapular strengthening exercises.

Results
Electromyographic activity of the upper and middle trapezius muscles of the affected side was lower than that of the unaffected side. The neck dissection side affected by surgery demonstrated higher levels of upper and middle trapezius muscle activity during exercises involving overhead movement. The rhomboid and serratus anterior muscles of the affected side demonstrated higher levels of activity compared with the unaffected side.

Limitations
Exercises were repeated 3 times on one occasion. Muscle activation under conditions of increased exercise dosage should be inferred with caution.

Conclusions
Overhead exercises are associated with higher levels of trapezius muscle activity in patients with accessory nerve injury following neck dissection surgery. However, pain and correct scapular form must be carefully monitored in this patient group during exercises. Rhomboid and serratus anterior accessory muscles may have a compensatory role, and this role should be considered during rehabilitation.
Low weight as an independent risk factor for adverse events during cardiac catheterization of infants
Authors: Backes Carl H. , Cua Clifford , Kreutzer Jacqueline , Armsby Laurie , El‐Said Howaida , Moore John W. , Gauvreau Kimberlee , Bergersen Lisa , Holzer Ralf J. 
Published: February 2013

BackgroundStudies have documented the importance of procedure type and hemodynamic variables on the incidence of procedure related adverse events (AE) after cardiac catheterization. However, little is known about the impact of low weight on the incidence and severity of AE. Methods: Data were prospectively collected using a multicenter registry (C3PO). Infants <1 year were divided into four weight categories: <2 kg, 2–3 kg, 3–5 kg, ≥5 kg. AE severity was classified as level 1–5 (none, minor, moderate, major, death).ResultsEight centers submitted details on 3,679 cases (34% diagnostic) performed in infants <1 year from 2/07 to 6/10: <2 kg: 57 (1.5%), 2–3 kg: 403 (11%), 3–5 kg: 1,527 (41.5%), ≥5 kg: 1,692 (46%). AE occurred in 20% of cases (<2 kg: 28%, 2–3 kg: 25%, 3–5 kg: 23%, ≥5 kg: 16%) with 41% of all AE being level 3–5 AE. Death occurred more frequently in the <2 kg group (12%), 71% of which were interventional cases. The case‐related mortality in all other weight groups was <1%. By multivariable analysis, weight <2 kg, 2–3 kg, and 3–5 kg were independent risk factors for high severity (level 3–5) AE (<2 kg: OR 2, 95%CI 1.1–3.6; 2–3 kg: OR 1.4, 95%CI 1–1.8; 3–5 kg: OR 1.3, 95%CI 1.1–1.5), with similar findings for all AE. Blood transfusions were more common in lower weight categories (<2 kg: 42%, 2–3 kg: 29%, 3–5 kg: 25%, ≥5 kg: 15%, p<0.001). Conclusions: The risk of AE during cardiac catheterization of infants increases with lower weight. Infants who weigh less than 2 kg have a significantly higher risk of adverse events (most notably death) even after correcting for hemodynamic vulnerability and procedure type risk group. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
ChemInform Abstract: Zero Thermal Expansion in K0.46Co1.27 [Fe(CN)6]·5.5H2O.
Authors: Liu Min , Xu Ming‐Xiang 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe title compound is synthesized from solutions of K3[Fe(CN)6], KNO3, and Co(NO3)2 (5 h) and its thermal expansion behavior is characterized by powder XRD.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis, Crystal Structure and Magnetic Properties of Rb2Mn3O4.
Authors: Nuss Juergen , Jansen Martin 
Published: February 2013

AbstractRb2Mn3O4 is synthesized by the azide/nitrate route from a stoichiometric mixture of RbN3, RbNO3, and MnO (773 K, 30 h) and by solid state reaction of Rb2O and MnO (773 K, 130 h).
ChemInform Abstract: CsCoO2 Featuring a Novel Polyoxocobaltate(III) Anion Based on a Two‐Dimensional Architecture of Interconnected Tetrahedra.
Authors: Ali Naveed Zafar , Nuss Juergen , Kremer Reinhard K. , Jansen Martin 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe title compound is synthesized by the azide/nitrate route from CsN3, CsNO3, and Co3O4 (Ar flow, 833 K, 60 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Baeyer—Villiger Oxidation and Oxidative Cascade Reactions with Aqueous Hydrogen Peroxide Catalyzed by Lipophilic Li[B(C6F5)4] and Ca[B(C6F5)4]2.
Authors: Uyanik Muhammet , Nakashima Daisuke , Ishihara Kazuaki 
Published: February 2013

AbstractTwo lipophilic catalysts are used for the title reactions of a variety of cycloalkanones to give lactones in high yields.
ChemInform Abstract: α‐Hydroxylation of 1,3‐Dicarbonyl Compounds Catalyzed by Polymer‐Incarcerated Gold Nanoclusters with Molecular Oxygen.
Authors: Miyamura Hiroyuki , Kobayashi Shu 
Published: February 2013

Abstractα‐Hydroxylation of 1,3‐dicarbonyl compounds is successfully catalyzed by carbon‐stabilized polymer‐incarcerated gold nanoclusters.
ChemInform Abstract: α‐Amination of Aldehydes Catalyzed by in situ Generated Hypoiodite.
Authors: Tian Jie‐Sheng , Ng Kang Wai Jeffrey , Wong Jiun‐Ru , Loh Teck‐Peng 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe metal‐free amination of aldehydes with secondary amines in the presence of methanol is catalyzed by hypoiodite, which is generated in situ from iodine and sodium percarbonate as the co‐oxidant.
ChemInform Abstract: Iron‐Catalyzed N‐Alkylation of Azoles via Cleavage of an sp3 C—H Bond Adjacent to a Nitrogen Atom.
Authors: Xia Qinqin , Chen Wanzhi 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe title reaction provides a new and inexpensive method to prepare a number of heteroaromatic N‐methylamides.
ChemInform Abstract: Stereoselective Synthesis of Enamides by Pd‐Catalyzed Hydroamidation of Electron‐Deficient Terminal Alkynes.
Authors: Panda Niranjan , Mothkuri Raghavender 
Published: February 2013

AbstractTreatment of electron‐deficient alkynes with primary amides, carbamates, and urea is found to result in mild, efficient, and stereoselective formation of (Z)‐enamides.
ChemInform Abstract: Indium‐Promoted Reformatsky Reaction: A Straightforward Access to β‐Amino and β‐Hydroxy α,α‐Difluoro Carbonyl Compounds.
Authors: Poisson Thomas , Belhomme Maria‐Charlotte , Pannecoucke Xavier 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe reaction of ortho‐hydroxyphenones allows formation of fluorinated lactones such as (VII).
ChemInform Abstract: Enantioselective Hydrogenation of (Z)‐ and (E)‐β‐Arylenamides Catalyzed by Rhodium Complexes of Monodentate Chiral Spiro Phosphorous Ligands: A New Access to Chiral β‐Arylisopropylamines.
Authors: Zhu Shou‐Fei , Liu Tao , Yang Shuang , Song Song , Zhou Qi‐Lin 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe reaction is carried out in the presence of phosphine PHL‐1 and phosphite PHL‐2 to produce both enantiomers of the desired amines, building blocks of natural products, form either (E)‐ or (Z)‐substrates.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Application of Proline Based Organocatalyst for Highly Enantioselective Aldol Reaction by Hydrogen Bonding.
Authors: Thorat Prashant B. , Goswami Santosh V. , Khade Bhimrao C. , Bhusare Sudhakar R. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractPTF is found to be the catalyst of choice for the direct asymmetric aldol reaction of cyclohexanone with aromatic aldehydes to yield the adducts with (nearly) complete diastereoselectivity and good enantioselectivity under optimized conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: Novel Approach to the Synthesis of Aliphatic and Aromatic α‐Keto Acids.
Authors: Balducci Daniele , Conway Philip A. , Sapuppo Giulia , Mueller‐Bunz Helge , Paradisi Francesca 
Published: February 2013

Abstract1,4‐Diacetylpiperazine‐2,5‐dione is used in the reaction with the aromatic and aliphatic aldehydes to afford the aldol intermediates with complete (Z)‐selectivity.
ChemInform Abstract: A New Synthesis of 2‐Aryl/Alkylbenzofurans by Visible Light Stimulated Intermolecular Sonogashira Coupling and Cyclization Reaction in Water.
Authors: Ghosh Somnath , Das Jhantu , Saikh Forid 
Published: February 2013

AbstractA photolytic tandem Sonogashira/5‐endo‐dig cyclization of ortho‐halogenated phenols with terminal alkynes is developed giving moderate yields of title compounds.
ChemInform Abstract: Pd(0)‐Catalyzed Decarboxylative Coupling and Tandem C—H Arylation/Decarboxylation for the Synthesis of Heteroaromatic Biaryls.
Authors: Nandi Debkumar , Jhou Yang‐Ming , Lee Jhen‐Yi , Kuo Bing‐Chiuan , Liu Chien‐Yu , Huang Pei‐Wen , Lee Hon Man 
Published: February 2013

AbstractIn the presence of carbene complex PAL, the acids (I) and (IV) undergo decarboxylative coupling with aryl bromides as a new and regioselective access to heteroaromatic biaryls like (III) and (V).
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium(II)‐Catalyzed Tandem Cyclization/C—H Functionalization of Alkynes for the Synthesis of Functionalized Indoles.
Authors: Xia Xiao‐Feng , Wang Ning , Zhang Lu‐Lu , Song Xian‐Rong , Liu Xue‐Yuan , Liang Yong‐Min 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe Pd‐catalyzed reaction of aminoalkynes of type (I), (VII), and (X) with internal alkynes provides a new approach to polycyclic indoles.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis, Reactions, and Rearrangements of 2,4‐Diazabicyclo[3.1.0]hexan‐3‐ones.
Authors: Quast Helmut , Stawitz Josef Walter , Mueller Bodo 
Published: February 2013

AbstractCopper‐mediated cyclopropanation of dihydroimidazolones (I) using diazomethane (II) and methyl diazoacetate (VI) provides access to diazabicyclohexanones (IIIa), (IIIb), (VII), and (XI) and the first diaza[4.3.1]propellane (IIIc).
ChemInform Abstract: 2,5‐Dihydro‐1,3‐thiazoles as Scaffolds in the Synthesis of O,N‐Diacyl O,N‐Acetals in a One‐Pot Reaction.
Authors: Stalling Timo , Brockmeyer Fabian , Kroeger Denis , Schwaeblein Almuth , Martens Juergen 
Published: February 2013

AbstractSeveral dihydrothiazoles (III) are obtained by the Asinger reaction and converted into novel diacyl acetals by acylation with acyl chloride (IV) followed by reaction with sodium carboxylates (V).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Some New 2‐(Benzylsulfonylethylsulfonylmethyl)oxazolines and Thiazolines.
Authors: Padmavathi V. , Premakumari C. , Venkatesh B. C. , Prakash T. Bhanu , Padmaja A. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractAlternative routes for the synthesis of the title compounds (IV) and (VI) are described.
ChemInform Abstract: Facile Synthesis and Quantitative Structure—Activity Relationship Study of Antitumor Active 2‐(4‐Oxo‐thiazolidin‐2‐ylidene)‐3‐oxo‐propionitriles.
Authors: Hanna Mona Maurice , George Riham Francois 
Published: February 2013

AbstractMost of the synthesized compounds exhibit promising antitumor properties against colon HCT116 and breast T47D cell lines.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Evaluation of Novel 1,3,4‐Oxadiazole Derivatives of Marine Bromopyrrole Alkaloids as Antimicrobial Agent.
Authors: Rane Rajesh A. , Gutte Shweta D. , Sahu Niteshkumar U. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractSeveral analogues of marine bromopyrrole alkaloids are designed, synthesized, and evaluated for their antibacterial, antifungal, and antitubercular activities.
ChemInform Abstract: A Green Synthesis and Antibacterial Activity of 2‐Aryl‐5‐(coumarin‐3‐yl)‐thiazolo[3,2‐b][1,2,4]triazoles.
Authors: Jakhar Komal , Makrandi J. K. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractAll new triazoles (IV) show moderate to strong activities against gram‐negative bacteria, whereas only compounds (IVa)—(IVc), (IVe) exhibit moderate activities against gram‐positive bacteria.
ChemInform Abstract: An Efficient and Highly Selective Approach for the Construction of Novel Dispiro Heterocycles in Guanidine‐Based Task‐Specific [TMG][Ac] Ionic Liquid.
Authors: Dandia Anshu , Jain Anuj K. , Sharma Sonam 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe three‐component reaction affords spirocyclic products (IV) with high chemo‐, regio‐ and stereoselectivity in tetramethylguanidine acetate as optimal solvent.
ChemInform Abstract: Copper‐Catalyzed Selective Synthesis of Highly Substituted Pyridones by the Reaction of Enaminones with Alkynes.
Authors: Shao Yushang , Yao Wenjun , Liu Jun , Zhu Kai , Li Yanzhong 
Published: February 2013

AbstractAn efficient copper‐catalyzed cyclocondensation of enaminones with acetylenedicarboxylates is described, allowing the synthesis of a range functionalized pyridones.
ChemInform Abstract: Combined Thiourea Dioxide—Water: An Effective Reusable Catalyst for the Synthesis of Polyhydroquinolines via Hantzsch Multicomponent Coupling.
Authors: Kumar Neeraj , Verma Sanny , Jain Suman L. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThiourea dioxide is found to be an efficient and reusable catalyst for the Hantzsch‐type synthesis of dihydropyridines (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: Cationic Ruthenium Catalysts for Alkyne Annulations with Oximes by C—H/N—O Functionalizations.
Authors: Kornhaass Christoph , Li Jie , Ackermann Lutz 
Published: February 2013

AbstractRu2Cl4(p‐cymene)2 and KPF6 efficiently promote coupling of aromatic oximes with alkynes giving a number of isoquinolines in good to high yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Application of Chlorotrimethylsilane in Pictet—Spengler Reaction.
Authors: Ryabukhin Sergey V. , Panov Dmitriy M. , Plaskon Andrey S. , Tolmachev Andrey A. , Smaliy Radomyr V. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractA variety of tetrahydro‐β‐carbolines and their analogues is readily prepared by chlorotrimethylsilane‐promoted Pictet—Spengler reaction (33 examples).
ChemInform Abstract: A Novel Synthesis of Imidazo[1,2‐a]quinoxalines.
Authors: Marjani A Poursattar , Khalafy J. , Prager R. H. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe title compounds (IV) are obtained in the reaction of arylaminoisoxazolones (II) and 2,3‐dichloroquinoxaline (I) followed by rearrangement of the N‐quinoxalinylisoxazoles (III) formed under mild base‐catalyzed conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: Efficient Synthesis of 2,6,9‐Triazabicyclo[3.3.1]nonanes Through Amine‐Mediated Formal [4 + 4] Reaction of Unsaturated Imines.
Authors: Tanaka Katsunori , Siwu Eric R. O. , Hirosaki Shinji , Iwata Takayuki , Matsumoto Risa , Kitagawa Yasutaka , Pradipta Ambara R. , Okumura Mitsutaka , Fukase Koichi 
Published: February 2013

AbstractBicyclic bases (III) are formed in quantitative yield from allylamine and benzylic analogues under very mild conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: Chemo‐ and Regioselective 4CR Synthesis of Oxathiaaza[3.3.3]propellanes via Sequential C—S, C—N and C—O Bond Formation in a Single Pot.
Authors: Rezvanian Atieh , Alizadeh Abdolali , Zhu Long‐Guan 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe one‐pot four component reaction for the synthesis of the title propellanes (V) involves the initial formation of a Knoevenagel adduct which reacts with unsymmetrical thioureas, generated in situ.
ChemInform Abstract: Convenient Syntheses of Novel 1‐Isothiocyano‐alkylphosphonate Diphenyl Ester Derivatives with Potential Biological Activity.
Authors: Psurski Mateusz , Pigula Marta , Ciekot Jaroslaw , Winiarski Lukasz , Wietrzyk Joanna , Oleksyszyn Jozef 
Published: February 2013

AbstractA novel one‐pot method is developed to synthesize isothiocyanates of type (IV) (10 examples), where the resulting primary adducts are cleaved at the carbamate moiety by acid.
ChemInform Abstract: Retro‐Aldol Reactions in Micellar Media.
Authors: Vashchenko Elena V. , Knyazeva Irina V. , Krivoshey Alexander I. , Vashchenko Valerii V. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractCarrying out the retro‐aldol reaction under acidic conditions in the micellar medium of the cationic surfactant cetylpyridinium chloride enables to obtain the optically pure (3R)‐methylcyclohexanone within a short reaction time in high yields and purity.
ChemInform Abstract: An Improved Synthesis of Methyl Protodioscin. Part 2. A Direct E‐Ring Opening by BF3—Et2O/Ac2O from Dioscin Ester.
Authors: Wang Bo , Liu Yang , Liu Xin , Cheng Mao‐sheng 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe direct E‐ring opening in diosgenin‐derived glycoside derivative (I) by the system acetic anhydride/boron trifluoride etherate is studied.
ChemInform Abstract: Phenylalanine Derivatives as GPR142 Agonists for the Treatment of Type II Diabetes.
Authors: Du Xiaohui , et al. et al. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractOptimization of GPR142 agonists possessing a pyridone‐phenylalanine scaffold leads to the discovery of the proof‐of‐concept compound (I) which reveals in vivo efficacy with dose‐dependent increase in insulin secretion and a decrease in glucose levels.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Crown Ether Fused Quinazoline Analogues as Potent EGFR Inhibitors.
Authors: Hu Shaojing , et al. et al. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe title analogues are obtained in two steps from (dimethoxyquinazolinyl)phenyl‐amines by treatment with boron tribromide and subsequent ring formation with α,ω‐dihalogen or α,ω‐tosylates.
Cysteine‐capped gold nanoparticles suppress aggregation of proteins exposed to heat stress
Authors: Luthuli Sifiso D. , Chili Muntuwenkosi M. , Revaprasadu Neerish , Shonhai Addmore 
Published: February 2013

AbstractGold nanoparticles show a lot of promise as potential agents for drug delivery and disease diagnosis. Because of this, it is important that the interaction between gold nanoparticles and biomolecules be well characterized to avoid undesirable consequences. In this study, gold nanoparticles were synthesized by the reduction of gold salt by sodium borohydride in the presence of cysteine as the capping agent. The physical features of the nanoparticles were analyzed using Ultraviolet–Visible spectrophotometry and transmission electron microscopy. The interaction between gold nanoparticles and the following proteins: bovine serum albumin, citrate synthase, malate dehydrogenase, and human heat shock protein 70 was investigated by UV–Vis spectrophotometry. The stability of the proteins against heat stress was assessed by monitoring their aggregation at 48 °C, either in the presence or absence of gold nanoparticles. The gold nanoparticles were capable of suppressing the heat‐induced aggregation of the proteins. Furthermore, apart from possessing independent protein‐aggregation suppression function, the AuNPs also augmented the chaperone function of human heat shock protein 70. Findings from this study demonstrate that cyteine‐coated gold nanoparticles exhibit chaperone‐like activity and have the capability to stabilize proteins to which they may be conjugated. © 2013 IUBMB Life, 65(5):454–461, 2013.
Outcomes After Hepatic and Pulmonary Metastasectomies Compared With Pulmonary Metastasectomy Alone in Patients With Colorectal Cancer Metastasis to Liver and Lungs
Authors: Hattori Norifumi , Kanemitsu Yukihide , Komori Koji , Shimizu Yasuhiro , Sano Tsuyoshi , Senda Yoshiki , Mitsudomi Tetsuya , Fukui Takayuki 
Published: February 2013

AbstractBackgroundSurgical resection is the most effective treatment for colorectal cancer that has metastasized to the liver. Similarly, surgical resection improves survival for selected patients with pulmonary colorectal metastases. However, the indication for pulmonary metastasectomy is not clear in patients with both hepatic and pulmonary colorectal metastases. Therefore, we evaluated outcomes after pulmonary resection of colorectal metastases in patients with or without a history of curative hepatic metastasectomy.MethodsWe retrospectively analyzed 96 patients who underwent pulmonary metastasectomy from March 1999 to November 2009. Patients were grouped according to treatment: resection of pulmonary metastases alone (lung metastasectomy group) or resection of both hepatic and pulmonary metastases (liver and lung metastasectomy group). Overall survival (OS) and disease‐free survival (DFS) were evaluated by Kaplan–Meier analysis. Survival curves were compared using the log‐rank test.ResultsThe 5‐year OS for all patients was 61.3 %, and the 5‐year DFS was 26.7 %. Group comparisons showed that the 5‐year OS of the lung metastasectomy group was significantly better than that of the liver and lung metastasectomy group (69 vs. 43 %; p = 0.030). However, the 5‐year DFS rates of the lung metastasectomy group (25.8 %) and liver and lung metastasectomy group (28.0 %) did not differ significantly. Recurrence was higher after resection of both hepatic and pulmonary metastases than after pulmonary metastases alone (79 vs. 45 %; p = 0.025).ConclusionsResection of pulmonary colorectal metastases may increase survival. However, the combination of liver and lung metastasectomies had a worse prognosis than pulmonary metastasectomy alone. In selected patients, combined liver and lung metastasectomy can be beneficial and result in acceptable DFS.
DNA barcoding of freshwater Rotifera in Mexico: Evidence of cryptic speciation in common rotifers
Authors: García‐Morales A. E. , Elías‐Gutiérrez M. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractDNA barcodes are useful tools to identify and discover new species in a wide range of taxa. Here, we report the first barcode study of monogonont rotifers from fresh and brackish waters in Mexico, and discuss the taxonomic implications of this work. We used DNA barcodes based on the sequence of cytochrome oxidase I to examine patterns of divergence among 417 specimens that represented 63 morphological taxa of rotifers. The mean sequence divergence among conspecific rotifer individuals was 0.75%, whereas the mean sequence divergence among congeneric taxa was 20.8%. The barcodes could discriminate between all the morphospecies identified. Moreover, the barcoding data revealed the presence of possible cryptic species in Ascomorpha ovalis, Lecane bulla, L. cornuta, L. curvicornis, L. crepida, L. lunaris, L. hastata, Platyias quadricornis, Keratella cochlearis, Brachionus calyciflorus and Testudinella patina, as well as in some forms and varieties such as B. quadridentatus f. brevispinus, B. quadridentatus f. cluniorbicularis and Mytilina ventralis var. macracantha. Barcode analysis also enabled some forms and varieties of common species to be identified as separate species. The results obtained support recent taxonomic revisions, such as the recognition of the genus Plationus, and the presence of cryptic speciation in L. bulla. This work shows that DNA barcoding identifies species effectively, can aid taxonomists by identifying cryptic species, and is an important tool for resolving taxonomic controversies.
Taxonomy, Zonation and Correlation of the Graptolite Fauna across the Lower/Middle Ordovician Boundary Interval in the Yangtze Gorges Area, South China
Authors: Chuanshang WANG , Xiaofeng WANG , Xiaohong CHEN , Zhihong LI 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe graptolite fauna across the Lower and Middle Ordovician boundary at the Huanghuachang GSSP section, Yichang and the Jianyangping section, Xingshan County is described. The taxonomy of the pendent didymograptids, the graptolite zonations across the base of Middle Ordovician and their correlations are discussed in this paper. The two revised graptolite zones, the Didymograptellus bifidus Zone and the Azygograptus suecicus Zone, can be well correlated to their equivalents elsewhere in the world.