bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Long-term Study of a Quadrivalent Human Papillomavirus Vaccine
Authors: Ferris Daron , Samakoses Rudiwilai , Block Stan L. , Lazcano-Ponce Eduardo , Restrepo Jaime Alberto , Reisinger Keith S. , Mehlsen Jesper , Chatterjee Archana , Iversen Ole-Erik , Sings Heather L. , Shou Qiong , Sausser Timothy A. , Saah Alfred 
Published: August 2014

BACKGROUND:
We present a long-term safety, immunogenicity, and effectiveness study of a quadrivalent human papillomavirus (HPV4) vaccine.

METHODS:
Sexually naive boys and girls aged 9 to 15 years (N = 1781) were assigned (2:1) to receive HPV4 vaccine or saline placebo at day 1 and months 2 and 6. At month 30, the placebo group (n = 482) received HPV4 vaccine following the same regimen and both cohorts were followed through month 96. Subjects ≥16 years were eligible for effectiveness evaluations. The primary objective was to evaluate the long-term anti-HPV6/11/16/18 serological levels. The secondary objective was to estimate vaccine effectiveness against HPV6/11/16/18-related persistent infection or disease.

RESULTS:
For each of the HPV4 vaccine types, vaccination-induced anti-HPV response persisted through month 96. Among 429 subjects who received HPV4 vaccine at a mean age of 12, none developed HPV6/11/16/18-related disease or persistent infection of ≥12 months’ duration. Acquisition of new sexual partners (among those ≥16 years) was ∼1 per year. Subjects receiving HPV4 vaccine at month 30 (mean age 15 years) had a similar baseline rate of seropositivity to ≥1 of the 4 HPV types to those vaccinated at day 1 (mean age 12 years; 1.9% [9 of 474] vs 1.7% [20 of 1157]); however, 4 of the 9 subjects vaccinated at the later age were seropositive to 3 vaccine types, indicating previous HPV exposure. No new significant serious adverse events were observed for 8 years postvaccination in both genders.

CONCLUSIONS:
When administered to adolescents, the HPV4 vaccine demonstrated durability in clinically effective protection and sustained antibody titers over 8 years.
Automated Urinalysis and Urine Dipstick in the Emergency Evaluation of Young Febrile Children
Authors: Kanegaye John T. , Jacob Jennifer M. , Malicki Denise 
Published: August 2014

OBJECTIVE:The performance of automated flow cytometric urinalysis is not well described in pediatric urinary tract infection. We sought to determine the diagnostic performance of automated cell counts and emergency department point-of-care (POC) dipstick urinalyses in the evaluation of young febrile children.METHODS:We prospectively identified a convenience sample of febrile pediatric emergency department patients &lt;48 months of age who underwent urethral catheterization to obtain POC and automated urinalyses and urine culture. Receiver operating characteristic analyses were performed and diagnostic indices were calculated for POC dipstick and automated cell counts at different cutpoints.RESULTS:Of 342 eligible children, 42 (12%) had urinary bacterial growth ≥50 000/mL. The areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves were: automated white blood cell count, 0.97; automated bacterial count, 0.998; POC leukocyte esterase, 0.94; and POC nitrite, 0.76. Sensitivities and specificities were 86% and 98% for automated leukocyte counts ≥100/μL and 98% and 98% for bacterial counts ≥250/μL. POC urine dipstick with ≥1+ leukocyte esterase or positive nitrite had a sensitivity of 95% and a specificity of 98%. Combinations of white blood cell and bacterial counts did not outperform bacterial counts alone.CONCLUSIONS:Automated leukocyte and bacterial counts performed well in the diagnosis of urinary tract infection in these febrile pediatric patients, but POC dipstick may be an acceptable alternative in clinical settings that require rapid decision-making.
Pre- and Postnatal Exposure to Parental Smoking and Allergic Disease Through Adolescence
Authors: Thacher Jesse D. , Gruzieva Olena , Pershagen Göran , Neuman Åsa , Wickman Magnus , Kull Inger , Melén Erik , Bergström Anna 
Published: August 2014

OBJECTIVES:
To examine the role of prenatal and postnatal second-hand tobacco smoke (SHS) exposure on asthma, rhinitis, and eczema development up to 16 years of age.

METHODS:
A birth cohort of 4089 children was followed for 16 years. Information on parental smoking habits, lifestyle factors, and symptoms of allergic disease was gathered using repeated parental questionnaires. Generalized estimating equations assessed the overall and age-specific associations between SHS exposure and allergic disease at ages 1 to 16 years.

RESULTS:
Exposure to SHS in utero was associated with an overall elevated risk of developing asthma up to 16 years (odds ratio [OR] = 1.45; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.15–1.83) but not for rhinitis or eczema. After additional adjustment for parental smoking throughout childhood, excess overall risks for asthma remained statistically significant. Moreover, a dose-dependent pattern with SHS was observed. Exposure to SHS during infancy was associated with an overall elevated risk of asthma (OR = 1.23; 95% CI, 1.01–1.51), rhinitis (OR = 1.18; 95% CI, 1.01–1.39), and eczema (OR = 1.26; 95% CI, 1.09–1.45) up to 16 years. When age-specific associations were examined, the elevated risks related to SHS exposure in utero or during infancy were mostly confined to early childhood for asthma and rhinitis, whereas the excess risk of eczema appeared greatest at later ages.

CONCLUSIONS:
Our findings indicate that early SHS exposure, in utero or during infancy, influences the development of allergic disease up to adolescence. Excess risks for asthma and rhinitis were seen primarily in early childhood, whereas those for eczema occurred at later ages.
Missed Opportunities for HPV Vaccination in Adolescent Girls: A Qualitative Study
Authors: Perkins Rebecca B. , Clark Jack A. , Apte Gauri , Vercruysse Jessica L. , Sumner Justen J. , Wall-Haas Constance L. , Rosenquist Anna W. , Pierre-Joseph Natalie 
Published: August 2014

OBJECTIVE:
The goal of this study was to identify the rationale by parents/guardians and providers for delaying or administering human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination to girls.

METHODS:
Qualitative interviews were conducted with parents/guardians accompanying their vaccine-eligible 11- to 17-year-old daughters to medical visits. Interviews were conducted in 1 public clinic and 3 private practice settings to ascertain why girls did or did not receive HPV vaccination. Questions probed vaccine decision-making from the point of view of parents/guardians and providers.

RESULTS:
A total of 124 parents/guardians and 37 providers participated. The most common reasons parents reported for not vaccinating their daughters was the lack of a physician recommendation (44%). Both parents and providers believed that HPV vaccination provided important health benefits, but the timing of vaccination with relation to sexual activity was an important theme related to vaccine delay. Providers with lower self-reported vaccination rates delayed vaccine recommendations in girls perceived to be at low risk for sexual activity, and several parents reported that their providers suggested or supported delaying vaccination until their daughters were older. However, parents/guardians and providers agreed that predicting the timing of sexual debut was extremely difficult. In contrast, providers with high vaccination rates presented HPV vaccination as a routine vaccine with proven safety to prevent cancer, and parents responded positively to these messages.

CONCLUSIONS:
Although most parents and providers believe that HPV vaccination is important, missed opportunities result from assumptions about the timing of vaccination relative to sexual activity. Routinely recommending HPV vaccination as cancer prevention to be coadministered with other vaccines at age 11 years can improve vaccination rates.
Establishing Benchmarks for the Hospitalized Care of Children With Asthma, Bronchiolitis, and Pneumonia
Authors: Parikh Kavita , Hall Matt , Mittal Vineeta , Montalbano Amanda , Mussman Grant M. , Morse Rustin B. , Hain Paul , Wilson Karen M. , Shah Samir S. 
Published: August 2014

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES:
Asthma, pneumonia, and bronchiolitis are the leading causes of admission for pediatric patients; however, the lack of accepted benchmarks is a barrier to quality improvement efforts. Using data from children hospitalized with asthma, bronchiolitis, or pneumonia, the goals of this study were to: (1) measure the 2012 performance of freestanding children’s hospitals using clinical quality indicators; and (2) construct achievable benchmarks of care (ABCs) for the clinical quality indicators.

METHODS:
This study was a cross-sectional trial using the Pediatric Health Information System database. Patient inclusions varied according to diagnosis: asthma (International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification [ICD-9-CM] codes 493.0–493.92) from 2 to 18 years of age; bronchiolitis (ICD-9-CM codes 466.11 and 466.19) from 2 months to 2 years of age; and pneumonia (ICD-9-CM codes 480–486, 487.0) from 2 months to 18 years of age. ABC methods use the best-performing hospitals that comprise at least 10% of the total population to compute the benchmark.

RESULTS:
Encounters from 42 hospitals included: asthma, 22 186; bronchiolitis, 14 882; and pneumonia, 12 983. Asthma ABCs include: chest radiograph utilization, 24.5%; antibiotic administration, 6.6%; and ipratropium bromide use &gt;2 days, 0%. Bronchiolitis ABCs include: chest radiograph utilization, 32.4%; viral testing, 0.6%; antibiotic administration, 18.5%; bronchodilator use &gt;2 days, 11.4%; and steroid use, 6.4%. Pneumonia ABCs include: complete blood cell count utilization, 28.8%; viral testing, 1.5%; initial narrow-spectrum antibiotic use, 60.7%; erythrocyte sedimentation rate, 3.5%; and C-reactive protein, 0.1%.

CONCLUSIONS:
We report achievable benchmarks for inpatient care for asthma, bronchiolitis, and pneumonia. The establishment of national benchmarks will drive improvement at individual hospitals.
Control de Diabetes mellitus e hipertensión arterial en personas afiliadas al Seguro Popular. El caso de habitantes de las localidades rurales en Tabasco, México
Authors: Montero Mendoza Elda 
Published: August 2014

En este artículo se presentan los resultados de un estudio cuyo objetivo fue conocer la atención que se brinda en las clínicas del primer nivel a personas que tienen un diagnóstico de diabetes mellitus o de hipertensión arterial y que cuentan con Seguro Popular. Participaron habitantes de tres localidades del municipio de Nacajuca, Tabasco con menos de 1,200 habitantes y 98,4% en hogares indígenas. Se realizó una encuesta de hogares; entrevistas abiertas y pláticas informales con autoridades municipales y médicos alópatas. A través de la encuesta se obtuvo información completa de 328 hogares donde se identificó a 107 personas con una enfermedad crónica, 79,4% de ellas afiliadas al Seguro Popular. Las principales enfermedades reportadas son diabetes mellitus trastornos de la visión e hipertensión arterial. La mayoría de las personas entrevistadas (73,2%) acude al control de estas enfermedades a la clínica institucional que se ubica en o cerca de su localidad de residencia. Sin embargo, mencionan que esta cita de controles tiene un requisito a cumplir. En las clínicas de salud no se siguen los procedimientos normados y existe desabasto de medicamentos específicos, por lo que las personas entrevistadas siguen diversas estrategias para adquirir los medicamentos. Se concluye que el tratamiento y control de la hipertensión arterial y de la diabetes mellitus se contemplan en los servicios que otorga el Seguro Popular; sin embargo, existen deficiencias en el cumplimiento de lo normado oficialmente. Se sugiere que los tomadores de decisiones públicas en salud otorguen la importancia que merece el primer nivel de atención médica en la atención de las enfermedades crónicas.
Las inequidades geográficas en la mortalidad infantil en Costa Rica, período 2008-2012
Authors: Chamizo García Horacio Alejandro , Behm Ammazzini Ingrid 
Published: August 2014

Se presenta un estudio exploratorio ecológico sobre la mortalidad infantil en Costa Rica, sus inequidades geográficas y determinantes sociales. Se calculó la tasa mortalidad infantil, el riesgo relativo de morir para menores de un año de vida por unidades territoriales (del año 2008 al 2012) y se representó cartográficamente. Se analizó el patrón espacial de la mortalidad infantil estableciendo correlaciones lineales con diversos indicadores socioeconómicos, como el índice de desarrollo humano, gini y un indicador sintético de calidad ambiental a nivel doméstico y comunal. Los territorios con mayor riesgo de morir se localizan hacia zonas fronterizas y costeras, así como las peores condiciones socioeconómicas y calidad ambiental. Se ha evidenciado que, en la medida que empeoran las condiciones socioeconómicas y ambientales en los cantones, se incrementa la mortalidad infantil.
Susceptibilidad y síntomas respiratorios asociados a la exposición a dióxido de carbono y dióxido de azufre provenientes del volcán Turrialba, Costa Rica
Authors: Yglesias-González Marisol , Chamizo-García Horacio Alejandro 
Published: August 2014

El volcán Turrialba ha mantenido en los últimos años una actividad de desgasificación, y paulatinamente se han mostrado los efectos de este dinamismo sobre la vegetación e infraestructuras de las comunidades aledañas. Entre las sustancias que conforman esta actividad de desgasificación se encuentra el dióxido de carbono y el dióxido de azufre que se han ido incrementando y son capaces de afectar la salud respiratoria de quienes se exponen a ellas. El objetivo de esta investigación es analizar la proclividad de las poblaciones aledañas de desarrollar síntomas respiratorios ante las exposiciones vía aérea de dióxido de carbono y dióxido de azufre provenientes del volcán Turrialba. La investigación consistió en un estudio transversal, descriptivo, analítico y cuantitativo. Se trabajó con ocho comunidades, y se obtuvo una muestra de 502 personas. Las comunidades estudiadas fueron: Hacienda La Fuente, La Central, La Silvia, Miravalles, Finca El Retiro, Guayabo Arriba, Las Virtudes y La Alegría. Esta última fue la comunidad control. Los estratos con mayor riesgo de presentar molestias en la garganta cuando hay exposición a gases volcánicos fueron los niños y adultos mayores (OR=1,93), mujeres (OR=1,86), personas que emplean varios tipos de cocina (OR=2,07), individuos con ocupaciones al aire libre (OR=1,51) y personas con ingresos iguales o mayores a los USD $475 (OR=2,09). Los estratos con mayor riesgo de presentar molestias en la nariz fueron los niños y adultos mayores (OR=1,37), mujeres (OR=1,83), personas que emplean cocina eléctrica (OR=2,23), individuos con ocupaciones dentro de edificaciones (2,12) y personas con ingresos inferiores a los USD $475 (OR=2,30).
Studying Motion of 〈100〉 Tilt Grain Boundaries Using Molecular Dynamics Simulation
Authors: Lu Shijing , Brenner Donald W. 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTIn the study of grain boundary migration of metallic materials using molecular dynamics simulation (MDS), grain boundary mobilities and activation energies are often found to be different from experimentally observed values. To reconcile the discrepancies, tremendous effort has been made to replicate experiment conditions in MDS, e.g.as low a driving force as possible, near zero grain boundary velocity. In the present study, we propose an analytic method that removes effects from non-physical conditions such as high driving force or high temperature. The analytic model presumes that two types of rate limiting events coexist during grain boundary migration. Kinetics parameters, such as activation energies, of the rare events are different and therefore should be modeled separately. Activation energies from this model are closer to experiment than previously reported values. Further, by analyzing the evolution of atomic structures, these two types of rate limiting events correspond to shear coupled migration and grain boundary sliding mechanisms, respectively.
Clinical Factors Affecting Length of Stay after 100 Consecutive Cases of Primary Cleft Lip Repair
Authors: Oh Albert K. , Magge Keshav , Sauerhammer Tina M. , Kim Jacqueline , Atnafu Mahlet , Boyajian Michael J. , Rogers Gary F. 
Published: August 2014

Objective To analyze the hospital course of 100 consecutive infants after primary cleft lip repair (PCLR) and identify factors related to length of stay (LOS). Design Retrospective analysis of 100 consecutive infants who were routinely admitted after PCLR. Setting Tertiary care center. Patients One hundred consecutive infants undergoing PCLR. Demographic and perioperative data were collected and analyzed. Main Outcome Measure LOS, planned before data collection. Results Male:female ratio was 65:35. Seventy-two infants had unilateral cleft lip; syndromic association was documented in 15 patients. Mean age and weight at PCLR were 5.6 ± 4.0 months and 6.7 ±1.3 kg, respectively. Mean duration of surgery was 2.5 ± 0.9 hours, and mean duration of general anesthesia was 3.4 ± 0.9 hours. A total of 3.3 ±1.5 mL of intraoperative local anesthetic was used per patient. Intravenous fluids were necessary after transfer from the post-anesthesia care unit to the general ward in 98% of patients. Almost half (44%) of all patients received intravenous morphine 23 hours or more after hospital admission. Mean LOS was 35.8 ± 13.9 hours. No association was identified between patient demographic factors and LOS. Multivariate linear regression models identified significant positive correlation between LOS and duration of general anesthesia ( P = .002). Greater volume of postoperative oral intake ( P = .000) and higher acetaminophen dosage on the floor ( P = .000) correlated with decreased LOS. Conclusions This study identifies perioperative factors associated with LOS. Our findings question the safety of routine outpatient or short-stay observation after PCLR.
Negotiating Relationships of Power in a Maternal and Child Health Centre: The Experience of WHO Nurse Margaret Campbell Jackson in Iran, 1954–1956
Authors: Wytenbroek Lydia 
Published: August 2014

AbstractFrom November 1954 to November 1956, Canadian nurse Margaret Campbell Jackson was employed by the World Health Organization (WHO) and was stationed in Tehran, Iran, where she participated in the establishment of a Maternal and Child Health (MCH) Centre. The objective of the project, known as Iran 10, was twofold: to set up a health service for mothers and children and to initiate a field training program for Iranian physicians, nurses, and other health care providers. Drawing on 180 letters Jackson wrote to her family in Canada from Iran, this article analyzes the MCH Centre as a contact zone and considers the relationships Jackson developed with staff affiliated with the project. The Centre became a space of cross-cultural encounters, where locally and foreign-trained Iranian staff and expatriates mingled and shared working relationships. I argue that authority was negotiated and contested through interactions and associations that were often unequal and framed by notions of progress, modernization, race, and health. Personality also played an important role.
Modern Models of Psychosocial Adaptation to Chronic Illness and Disability as Viewed Through the Prism of Lewin’s Field Theory: A Comparative Review
Authors: Livneh Hanoch , Bishop Malachy , Anctil Tina M. 
Published: August 2014

Purpose: In this article, we describe how four recent models of psychosocial adaptation to chronic illness and disability (CID) could be fruitfully conceptualized and compared by resorting to the general framework of Lewin’s field theory—a theory frequently regarded as a precursor and the primary impetus to the development of the field of somatopsychology.Method: Based on a comprehensive literature review and theoretical integration, we have provided the reader with a brief review of Lewin’s field theory and its applications to rehabilitation and psychosocial adaptation to CID, highlighted the main components of the four models of psychosocial adaptation to CID, and reviewed the models through the theoretical lens of Lewin’s theory.Results: Lewin’s field theory provides a robust and viable theory to conceptualize psychosocial adjustment for CID. Research and clinical implications to practicing rehabilitation counselors and researchers based on the conceptual and practical synergy formed through the understanding of psychosocial adaptation to CID within Lewin’s theoretical framework have also been provided.Conclusions: Lewin’s field theory provides a theoretical framework for understanding research and clinical implications related to psychosocial adaptation for individuals with CID.
The Impact of Novice Counselors’ Note-Taking Behavior on Recall and Judgment
Authors: Lo Chu-Ling , Wadsworth John 
Published: August 2014

Purpose:To examine the effect of note-taking on novice counselors’ recall and judgment of interview information in four situations: no notes, taking notes, taking notes and reviewing these notes, and reviewing notes taken by others.Method:The sample included 13 counselors-in-training recruited from a master’s level training program in rehabilitation counseling. A multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) was conducted to detect significant differences in recall and clinical judgment. Spearman’s rho correlation was used to determine if there were significant relationships in general judgment across note-taking conditions. The participants’ notes were examined to describe the note-taking strategies used by the participants.Results:MANOVA analysis showed a significant within-subjects effect in relation to the four note-taking behaviors (F[6, 70] = 2.475,p= .031). Univariate analyses for effects of note-taking indicated that there were significant differences for recall (F[3, 36] = 3.214,p= .034) but not clinical judgment (F[3, 36) = 1.936,p= .141). Specifically, the results showed that when counselors reviewed the provided notes, they recalled more facts than when they took notes themselves. The Spearman’s rho correlation results indicated that the counselors’ perceptions of the client changed, but did not become more accurate, as a function of note-taking activity.Conclusion:Note-taking was not a successful strategy to improve recall or judgment among these novice counselors. Counselor educators and supervisors should not assume that the benefits that come from note-taking in academic settings generalize to the clinical setting.