bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lexical Effects in Word Naming in Spanish Children
Authors: Avdyli Rrezarta , Castejón Luis , Cuetos Fernando 
Published: April 2014

AbstractReading strategies depend on the consistency of the orthographic system. Recently
the use of lexical strategies at early stages of reading acquisition has been
shown even in transparent orthographies. The aim of this study was to know how
different lexical and sublexical variables affect the reaction times (RTs) and
articulation times (ATs) in word reading in Spanish children. A group of 46
children of typical reading level in the second and fourth grades of primary
school were asked to read aloud 100 words presented on a computer screen. The
stimuli were morphologically simple nouns with different ranges of length,
frequency, imageability, orthographic neighbors and age of acquisition (AoA).
Reading and articulation time were measured. Differences between means of the
second and the fourth grade were seen in RTs (p <
.001; Cohens´ d = 1.41) and ATs
(p < 001;Cohen´s d
= 1.41) in a t-test. Analyses of mixed-effects revealed that
word length, a sublexical variable, and frequency and AoA, lexical variables,
affected both grades, mainly on the RTs. The presence of lexical variables
reducing RTs and ATs in second grade suggests that lexical reading is present
from very early stages in Spanish children.
Efficacy of Disseminating Educational Materials in General Practices
Authors: Ulbricht Sabina , Gross Beatrice , Kunstmann Wilfried , John Ulrich , Meyer Christian 
Published: April 2014

Aims: This study investigated the effects of providing an educational manual (EM), advising general practitioners (GPs) on how to manage patients who may have problems with psychotropic prescription drug use on three process of care measures: assessment, referral and treatment. The length of time spent evaluating the EM was investigated as a moderator. Methods: A nationwide representative random sample of 1822 German GPs was assigned to an intervention (IG) or a control group (CG). The GPs in the CG were assessed after they were invited to participate, the GPs in the IG were assessed three months after the EMs were disseminated (participation rate 59.3 %). The associations between the process of care measures and the study groups were investigated using negative binomial regression analysis for 852 GPs. Results: No differences between the study groups were found. GPs who read through the EM for more than 30 minutes increased the expected number of referrals and treatment for patients with prescription drug dependence by 69.8 % and 47.6 % compared to the CG. Conclusion: Simple dissemination of EMs alone has been shown to be ineffective regarding process of care measures. It is likely that additional strategies are needed to influence the clinical practice of GPs.
Reduzierung alkoholbedingter Mortalität durch Behandlung der Alkoholabhängigkeit
Authors: Rehm Jürgen , Rehm Maximilien , Shield Kevin D. , Gmel Gerrit , Frick Ulrich , Mann Karl 
Published: April 2014

Fragestellung: Ziel dieser Studie ist es, die von riskantem Trinken und von Alkoholabhängigkeit in Deutschland verursachte Krankheitslast zu quantifizieren. Weiterhin sollen die erwartbaren Auswirkungen eines verbesserten Zugangs von Alkoholabhängigen zu effektiven Therapien auf die alkoholbedingte Sterblichkeit abgeschätzt werden. Methodik: Die Krankheitslast wurde anhand von „Attributable Fractions“ berechnet, die den durch die jeweilige Exposition bedingten Anteil an den Todesfällen einer umfassenden Liste von durch Alkohol verursachten Krankheiten beziffern. Mögliche Auswirkungen eines verbesserten Zugangs zu Behandlungen wurden berechnet durch modellgemäße Veränderungen in der Zusammensetzung der trinkenden Bevölkerung. Alle Modelle legten das Jahr 2004 und die Bevölkerung zwischen 15 und 64 Jahren zugrunde, d. h. ausschließlich vorzeitige Todesfälle wurden berücksichtigt. Ergebnisse: Riskantes Trinken ist bei Frauen für rund 58 % und bei Männern für rund 71 % aller vorzeitigen alkoholbedingten Todesfälle ursächlich. Die entsprechenden Anteile der mit riskantem Trinken stark überlappenden Kategorie der Alkoholabhängigkeit liegen bei 40 % (Frauen) und 68 % (Männer). Eine Erhöhung der gegenwärtigen Behandlungsquote auf 40 % aller Alkoholabhängigen zeitigte eine Verringerung um bis zu 13,1 % bei den männlichen und 10,7 % bei den weiblichen alkoholbedingten Todesfällen innerhalb eines Jahres, eine Erhöhung auf 20 % war mit einer Verringerung um bis zu 6.5 % bei den männlichen und 5.3 % bei den weiblichen alkoholbedingten Todesfällen verbunden. Schlussfolgerungen: Durch einen verbesserten Zugang besonders der abhängig Erkrankten zu effektiven therapeutischen Interventionen könnte ein bedeutsamer Teil der alkoholbedingten Krankheitslast vermindert werden.
Metallic nanostructures for light trapping in energy-harvesting devices
Authors: Fei Guo Chuan , Sun Tianyi , Cao Feng , Liu Qian , Ren Zhifeng 
Published: April 2014

AbstractSolar energy is abundant and environmentally friendly. Light trapping in solar-energy-harvesting devices or structures is of critical importance. This article reviews light trapping with metallic nanostructures for thin film solar cells and selective solar absorbers. The metallic nanostructures can either be used in reducing material thickness and device cost or in improving light absorbance and thereby improving conversion efficiency. The metallic nanostructures can contribute to light trapping by scattering and increasing the path length of light, by generating strong electromagnetic field in the active layer, or by multiple reflections/absorptions. We have also discussed the adverse effect of metallic nanostructures and how to solve these problems and take full advantage of the light-trapping effect.
Adaptive optical microscopy: the ongoing quest for a perfect image
Authors: Booth Martin J 
Published: April 2014

AbstractAdaptive optics is becoming a valuable tool for high resolution microscopy, providing correction for aberrations introduced by the refractive index structure of specimens. This is proving particularly promising for applications that require images from deep within biological tissue specimens. We review recent developments in adaptive microscopy, including methods and applications. A range of advances in different microscope modalities is covered and prospects for the future are discussed.
Ultrasmooth, extremely deformable and shape recoverable Ag nanowire embedded transparent electrode
Authors: Nam Sanggil , Song Myungkwan , Kim Dong-Ho , Cho Byungjin , Lee Hye Moon , Kwon Jung-Dae , Park Sung-Gyu , Nam Kee-Seok , Jeong Yongsoo , Kwon Se-Hun , Park Yun Chang , Jin Sung-Ho , Kang Jae-Wook , Jo Sungjin , Kim Chang Su 
Published: April 2014

AbstractTransparent electrodes have been widely used in electronic devices such as solar cells, displays and touch screens. Highly flexible transparent electrodes are especially desired for the development of next generation flexible electronic devices. Although indium tin oxide (ITO) is the most commonly used material for the fabrication of transparent electrodes, its brittleness and growing cost limit its utility for flexible electronic devices. Therefore, the need for new transparent conductive materials with superior mechanical properties is clear and urgent. Ag nanowire (AgNW) has been attracting increasing attention because of its effective combination of electrical and optical properties. However, it still suffers from several drawbacks, including large surface roughness, instability against oxidation and moisture and poor adhesion to substrates. These issues need to be addressed before wide spread use of metallic NW as transparent electrodes can be realized. In this study, we demonstrated the fabrication of a flexible transparent electrode with superior mechanical, electrical and optical properties by embedding a AgNW film into a transparent polymer matrix. This technique can produce electrodes with an ultrasmooth and extremely deformable transparent electrode that have sheet resistance and transmittance comparable to those of an ITO electrode.
Intermediate-band dynamics of quantum dots solar cell in concentrator photovoltaic modules
Authors: Sogabe Tomah , Shoji Yasushi , Ohba Mitsuyoshi , Yoshida Katsuhisa , Tamaki Ryo , Hong Hwen-Fen , Wu Chih-Hung , Kuo Cherng-Tsong , Tomić Stanko , Okada Yoshitaka 
Published: April 2014

AbstractWe report for the first time a successful fabrication and operation of an InAs/GaAs quantum dot based intermediate band solar cell concentrator photovoltaic (QD-IBSC-CPV) module to the IEC62108 standard with recorded power conversion efficiency of 15.3%. Combining the measured experimental results at Underwriters Laboratory (UL®) licensed testing laboratory with theoretical simulations, we confirmed that the operational characteristics of the QD-IBSC-CPV module are a consequence of the carrier dynamics via the intermediate-band at room temperature.
Analysis and discussion of false triggering of Vce desaturation protection circuit in a T‐type neutral point clamped inverter and its solutions
Authors: Wu Yu , Sun Yaojie , Lin Yandan 
Published: April 2014

IGBT in a T‐type inverter delivers unusual performance when accommodated with the conventional collector–emitter voltage (Vce) desaturation protection circuit. By analysing the switching behaviours in the corresponding control sequence, this study presents a false triggering failure phenomenon on the protection circuit. The phenomenon is theoretically analysed. It is aggravated at a larger load current and influenced by the capacitive effects in the antiparallel diode. Analysis done by the authors is validated in a three‐phase 15 kW T‐type inverter prototype. A false triggering of the protection circuit occurs when the current commutes among the insulated gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs) as a result of the IGBT characteristics being influenced. This study also puts forward a logic algorithm to provide guidance on hardware drive circuit or digital signal processor design depending on the analysis.
Die Komponentenseparation zum Verschluss komplexer Bauchwandhernien: Entwicklung einer
Technik von 1990 bis heute
Authors: Köhler G. , Luketina R. , Koch O. , Emmanuel K. 
Published: April 2014

Hintergrund: Die Separation von autologen, funktionell aktiven Komponenten der lateralen
Bauchwand zum Verschluss großer Mittelliniendefekte wurde 1990 vorgestellt. Die Originaltechnik
der Komponentenseparation (CS) hat seither zahlreiche Veränderungen erfahren. Ziel dieser Arbeit
ist es, die wesentlichen Schritte der Weiterentwicklungen zusammenfassend darzustellen.
Methode: Gestützt auf eine Literaturanalyse werden die Originaltechnik und ihre
Modifikationen hinsichtlich Indikationen, Techniken und Ergebnissen dargestellt und bewertet.
Resultate: Die Originaltechnik hat noch einen hohen Stellenwert, weil sie ein hohes
Ausmaß zur Medialisierung des Rektusmuskelkomplexes erzielt. Zahlreiche Modifikationen der
konventionellen Komponentenseparation mit unterschiedlichen Ergebnissen wurden beschrieben. Ein
wesentlicher Entwicklungsschritt war die minimalinvasive anteriore Komponentenseparation mit
Ballondilatationstrokaren, wodurch die generell hohe Wundmorbidität gesenkt werden konnte. In
letzter Zeit hat sich die modifiziert posteriore Komponentenseparation durch Ablösung des
M. transversus abdominis als Weiterentwicklung der Sublay-Technik als vielversprechende
Alternative herauskristallisiert. Die einzelnen Techniken werden mit Implantation von
synthetischen oder biologischen Netzen in intraperitonealer Onlay-Technik (IPOM), Sublay- oder
Onlay-Technik kombiniert, wodurch sich generell die Rezidivraten senken ließen.
Schlussfolgerung: Aus heutiger Sicht kann keine allgemeingültige Empfehlung zu einer
der zahlreichen Methoden der Komponentenseparation ausgesprochen werden. Die neuen Ansätze der
minimalinvasiven Zugänge und der posterioren Separation zielen auf eine Reduzierung der
Komplikationen und Rezidivraten ab. Die operative Strategie hängt nach wie vor von der
Komplexität des Bauchwanddefekts ab und wird individuell und gegebenenfalls interdisziplinär
festgelegt.
Paradigmenwechsel in der sog. „gesundheitlichen Eignung“ von neu einzustellenden Beamtinnen und Beamten
Authors: Lange R. 
Published: April 2014

ZusammenfassungDas Bundesverwaltungsgericht hat in aktueller Rechtsprechung den Maßstab für die „gesundheitliche Eignung“ von neu einzustellenden Beamtinnen und Beamten wesentlich abgesenkt. Für die vorgeschriebene amtsärztliche Einstellungsuntersuchung bedeutet dies, dass bei kritischen Fällen eine Empfehlung zur Nichteinstellung mangels belastbarer, d. h. trennscharfer wissenschaftlicher Grundlagen kaum noch in Frage kommt. Damit entfällt weitgehend die vormals beamtenrechtlich angestrebte Filterwirkung. Auch wenn dieser weit eröffnete Zugang zum Beamtenstatus für die gesundheitlich vorbelasteten Interessenten erfreulich sein mag, so sind die nachfolgenden Auswirkungen auf dienstlich-organisatorische wie auch auf fiskalische Aspekte (Beihilfen, Versorgungslasten) schwer absehbar. Die amtsärztliche Einstellungsuntersuchung wird daher zukünftig einen zunehmenden Schwerpunkt in einer Beratung über die möglicher Weise zu berücksichtigenden Verwendungsbeschränkungen der zuzulassenden Bewerberinnen und Bewerber entwickeln.
Built-in voltage of organic bulk heterojuction p-i-n solar cells measured by electroabsorption spectroscopy
Authors: Siebert-Henze E. , Lyssenko V. G. , Fischer J. , Tietze M. , Brueckner R. , Schwarze M. , Vandewal K. , Ray D. , Riede M. , Leo K. 
Published: April 2014

We investigate the influence of the built-in voltage on the performance of organic bulk heterojuction solar cells that are based on a p-i-n structure. Electrical doping in the hole and the electron transport layer allows to tune their work function and hence to adjust the built-in voltage: Changing the doping concentration from 0.5 to 32 wt% induces a shift of the work function towards the transport levels and increases the built-in voltage. To determine the built-in voltage, we use electroabsorption spectroscopy which is based on an evaluation of the spectra caused by a change in absorption due to an electric field (Stark effect). For a model system with a bulk heterojunction of BF-DPB and C60, we show that higher doping concentrations in both the electron and the hole transport layer increase the built-in voltage, leading to an enhanced short circuit current and solar cell performance.
On non-detects in qPCR data
Authors: McCall Matthew N. , McMurray Helene R. , Land Hartmut , Almudevar Anthony 
Published: April 2014

Motivation: Quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) is one of the most widely used methods to measure gene expression. Despite extensive research in qPCR laboratory protocols, normalization and statistical analysis, little attention has been given to qPCR non-detects—those reactions failing to produce a minimum amount of signal.Results: We show that the common methods of handling qPCR non-detects lead to biased inference. Furthermore, we show that non-detects do not represent data missing completely at random and likely represent missing data occurring not at random. We propose a model of the missing data mechanism and develop a method to directly model non-detects as missing data. Finally, we show that our approach results in a sizeable reduction in bias when estimating both absolute and differential gene expression.Availability and implementation: The proposed algorithm is implemented in the R package, nondetects. This package also contains the raw data for the three example datasets used in this manuscript. The package is freely available at http://mnmccall.com/software and as part of the Bioconductor project.Contact: mccallm@gmail.com
Multiple personalities of the RNA polymerase active centre
Authors: Zenkin Nikolay 
Published: April 2014

Transcription in all living organisms is accomplished by highly conserved multi-subunit RNA polymerases (RNAPs). Our understanding of the functioning of the active centre of RNAPs has transformed recently with the finding that a conserved flexible domain near the active centre, the trigger loop (TL), participates directly in the catalysis of RNA synthesis and serves as a major determinant for fidelity of transcription. It also appears that the TL is involved in the unique ability of RNAPs to exchange catalytic activities of the active centre. In this phenomenon the TL is replaced by a transcription factor which changes the amino acid content and, as a result, the catalytic properties of the active centre. The existence of a number of transcription factors that act through substitution of the TL suggests that the RNAP has several different active centres to choose from in response to external or internal signals.
A video of this Prize Lecture, presented at the Society for General Microbiology Annual Conference 2014, can be viewed via this link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=79Z7iXVEPo4
Transient electromagnetic modelling of an isolated wire loop over a conductive medium
Authors: Persova Marina G. , Soloveichik Yuri G. , Trigubovich Georgy M. , Vagin Denis V. , Domnikov Petr A. 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTA large closed wire loop is generally used in field experiments for testing airborne electrical exploration equipment. Thus, methods are required for the precise calculation of an electromagnetic response in the presence of a closed wire loop. We develop a fast and precise scheme for calculating the transient response for such a closed loop laid out at the surface of a horizontally layered conductive ground. Our scheme is based on the relationship between the magnetic flux flowing through a closed loop and the current induced in it. The developed scheme is compared with 2D and 3D finite‐element modelling for several positions of an airborne electromagnetic system flying over a closed loop. We also study the coupling effect between the current flowing in the closed loop and the current flowing in the horizontally layered conductive medium. The result shows that for the central position of the transmitter, the difference between axisymmetrical finite‐element modelling and our scheme is less than 1%. Moreover, for the non‐coaxial transmitter–receiver–loop system, the solution obtained by our scheme is in good agreement with full 3D finite‐element modelling, and our total simulation time is substantially lower: 1 minute versus 120 hours.
Comparison of equipment prescriptions in the toilet/bathroom by occupational therapists using home visits and digital photos, for patients in rehabilitation
Authors: Sim Sharon , Barr Christopher J. , George Stacey 
Published: April 2014

Background/aimHome visits, used by occupational therapists to facilitate independence and enhance safety, are effective but costly and time consuming. This research aims to establish the level of agreement in equipment prescribed by occupational therapists using: digital photographs only, and using home visits and digital photographs, respectively.MethodQuasi‐experimental methodological design conducted in private dwellings in the community in Adelaide with rehabilitation patients and their family members. The equipment recommended by occupational therapists for the toilet and bathroom using similar methods (both digital photographs from previous data; n = 5) was compared with equipment recommended using different methods (conventional home visits vs. digital photographs; n = 14).ResultsPercent agreement for equipment prescribed between groups, that is digital only and home visit/photography, respectively, were: 72.5/83.9% for toilet; 87.4/88.3% for bathroom and 83/87% for toilet and bathroom. Variability of agreement in the equipment prescribed showed that some items of equipment were incongruently prescribed, by both methods for toilet and bathroom areas.ConclusionUsing digital photographs taken by family members, patient information, and an equipment list is a reliable method of making accurate equipment prescriptions in the toilet and bathroom areas. To enhance accuracy, in‐depth patient information via face‐to‐face interview and measurements of physical environment should be included.
Eighteen‐month follow‐up of a play‐based intervention to improve the social play skills of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
Authors: Wilkes‐Gillan Sarah , Bundy Anita , Cordier Reinie , Lincoln Michelle 
Published: April 2014

Background/aimThere is a well‐documented need for interventions to successfully address the social difficulties of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. This study aimed to further the development of a previously conducted pilot of a play‐based intervention. To achieve this, children's social play outcomes pre–post and 18‐month following the intervention were examined by raters unaware of the study's purpose. Additionally, parents’ experiences of the intervention were explored.MethodsParticipants included five children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder who had participated in a play‐based intervention and their typically developing playmates; parents of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder also participated. Children and their playmates attended an 18‐month follow‐up play session and parents participated in semi‐structured interviews. The Test of Playfulness was used to measure children's play outcomes in the context of social play with a peer, pre–post and 18‐months following the intervention. Wilcoxon signed‐ranks (Z) and Cohen's‐d were used to measure effect. Thematic analysis was used to analyse reoccurring themes from parents’ interviews.ResultsChildren's social play outcomes improved pre–post intervention (Z = 2.02; P = 0.04; d = 1.6) and were maintained 18‐month post intervention (Z = 0.14; P = 0.89; d = −0.4). Core themes included: the intervention as an enjoyable experience, a common language for talking about play/social interactions, an observable change in children's skills, transference of skills and the need for support to refresh learnt lessons over time.ConclusionsThe intervention demonstrated preliminary and long‐term efficacy in developing the social play skills of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Further research is required to optimise intervention feasibility and parent involvement prior to conducting a large‐scale research.
Tolerance to acetic acid is improved by mutations of the TATA‐binding protein gene
Authors: An Jieun , Kwon Hyeji , Kim Eunjung , Lee Young Mi , Ko Hyeok Jin , Park Hongjae , Choi In‐Geol , Kim Sooah , Kim Kyoung Heon , Kim Wankee , Choi Wonja 
Published: April 2014

SummaryScreening a library of overexpressing mutant alleles of the TATA‐binding gene SPT15 yielded two Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains (MRRC 3252 and 3253) with enhanced tolerance to acetic acid. They were also tolerant to propionic acid and hydrogen peroxide. Transcriptome profile analysis identified 58 upregulated genes and 106 downregulated genes in MRRC 3252. Stress‐ and protein synthesis‐related transcription factors were predominantly enriched in the upregulated and downregulated genes respectively. Eight deletion mutants for some of the highly downregulated genes were acetic acid‐tolerant. The level of intracellular reactive oxygen species was considerably lessened in MRRC 3252 and 3253 upon exposure to acetic acid. Metabolome profile analysis revealed that intracellular concentrations of 5 and 102 metabolites were increased and decreased, respectively, in MRRC 3252, featuring a large increase of urea and a significant decrease of amino acids. The dur1/2Δmutant, in which the urea degradation gene DUR1/2 is deleted, displayed enhanced tolerance to acetic acid. Enhanced tolerance to acetic acid was also observed on the medium containing a low concentration of amino acids. Taken together, this study identified two SPT15 alleles, nine gene deletions and low concentration of amino acids in the medium that confer enhanced tolerance to acetic acid.