bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Abstract C73: Differences in UPR signaling in ER+ breast cancer between African American and Caucasian women
Authors: Eltayeb Ahreej E. , Shajahan-Haq Ayesha N. , Dave Krupesh , Clarke Robert 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
Cancer is one of the leading causes of death amongst ethnic minorities. African American women between the ages of 40 and 50 are associated with higher rate of mortality due to breast cancer compared to Caucasian women. Estrogen receptor positive (ER+) subtype is the most common amongst all races. However, amongst those with ER+ breast cancer, African American women face a higher mortality rate compared to Caucasian women. We hypothesize that this higher mortality in African American women is potentially due to increased drug resistance to anti-estrogen therapy and disease progression to either inherent or acquired resistance to endocrine therapy. Despite the clinical advances with anti-estrogen agent, tamoxifen, many women experience recurrence. We have shown that the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) plays an important role in anti-estrogen sensitivity through the unfolded protein response (UPR), a stress response for cellular self-preservation. The UPR pathway consists of three known pathways that eventually lead to either apoptosis (cell death) or autophagy (“self-eating”); PERK, ATF6 and IRE1a. We will investigate the potential difference between these signaling receptors and downstream signaling proteins affiliated with the UPR pathway between African American and Caucasian American ER+ breast cancer from public databases. Understanding whether the UPR is differently regulated in different ethnic background of women may help uncover why mortality in African American women with ER+ breast cancer has a higher mortality rate.
Citation Format: Ahreej E. Eltayeb, Ayesha N. Shajahan-Haq, Krupesh Dave, Robert Clarke. Differences in UPR signaling in ER+ breast cancer between African American and Caucasian women. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Sixth AACR Conference: The Science of Cancer Health Disparities; Dec 6–9, 2013; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2014;23(11 Suppl):Abstract nr C73. doi:10.1158/1538-7755.DISP13-C73
Abstract C84: Body size across the lifecourse and risk of breast cancer in African American women, the Carolina Breast Cancer Study
Authors: Robinson Whitney , Tse Chiu Kit , Olshan Andrew F. , Troester Melissa 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
Background: Body size is a modifiable risk factor associated with postmenopausal breast cancer in US White women. However, in African-Americans, there have been fewer studies and relationships are not well established.
Aims and Methods: We investigated the association between breast cancer risk and body size in childhood, young adulthood, and near the time of breast cancer diagnosis using data from the Carolina Breast Cancer Study, a 1993-2001 population-based case-control study of African-American (AA) cases (343 premenopausal, 445 postmenopausal) and controls frequency-matched by age and race. We investigated whether a) self-reported body size at age 10, age 18, age 35, and a year before interview and b) nurse-measured BMI, waist circumference, and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) at interview were associated with cancer risk. Logistic regression models were adjusted for age, family history of breast cancer, education level, alcohol use, age at menarche, parity, age at first birth, and lactation.
Results: For premenopausal AA women, larger body size tended to be positively associated with cancer risk. The strongest results were for WHR (0.84+ vs &lt;0.77): OR=2.00 [1.28, 3.13]). For postmenopausal women, body size was not significantly associated with risk, but weak inverse associations with higher adiposity were observed for nurse-measured BMI, weight at age 10, and possibly WHR (0.84+ vs &lt;0.77) (OR=1.20 [0.76, 1.89]).
Conclusions: Associations between body size and breast cancer risk varied by menopausal status, measure of adiposity, and timing in the lifecourse. Strikingly, associations were not in the direction expected from the previous literature, which is based predominantly on Caucasian women. In fact, body size associations for premenopausal AA women may be inverse of that observed in Whites.
Impact: African-American women have higher risk of breast cancer at young ages (&lt;40 years), but the causes of this disparity are not well understood. Given that the prevalence of obesity is high among African American women, understanding how body size relates to their risk of premenopausal breast cancer may offer insights for prevention.
Citation Format: Whitney Robinson, Chiu Kit Tse, Andrew F. Olshan, Melissa Troester. Body size across the lifecourse and risk of breast cancer in African American women, the Carolina Breast Cancer Study. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Sixth AACR Conference: The Science of Cancer Health Disparities; Dec 6–9, 2013; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2014;23(11 Suppl):Abstract nr C84. doi:10.1158/1538-7755.DISP13-C84
Abstract CN01-04: Cancer survivors: Opportunities and challenges in managing comorbidities among disadvantaged populations
Authors: Henderson Tara O. 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
As the treatment of cancer is becoming more successful, there is a growing population of cancer survivors. For patients diagnosed with a cancer prior to the age of 21 years, over 80% will be cured and as a result there are more than 350,000 survivors of childhood cancer currently living in the US. Research in large cohorts of childhood cancer survivors indicate these patients are at significant risk of premature mortality due to late effects and second cancers due to their previous therapy. Recognizing this, in 2003, the Institute of Medicine has recommended lifelong, risk-based long term follow up care focused on monitoring for cancer recurrence, surveillance and early intervention of late effects, and second cancers and education. Despite these recommendations, survivors are not receiving risk based care. There are many barriers to medical care in this vulnerable population. Many of these patients are young adults and not able to secure employment and/or insurance. Our research has indicated that primary care physicians who follow patients in the community are not aware of the risks and surveillance guidelines for these patients. Further, most survivors and their primary care physicians report that they do not have a treatment summary and follow up plan. These issues are likely compounded in disadvantaged populations. Research must be focused on examining risk of late effects and second cancers in minority populations in order to tailor surveillance recommendations. Intervention studies must be designed that are focused on the dissemination of treatment summaries and care plans for survivors not cared for in tertiary care centers, but in the community. Specific education must be in place at the time of cancer care such that patients are aware of their risks and need for long term follow up care. Policy measures must include focused efforts for disadvantaged survivors in order to ensure appropriate health care coverage to meet their significant and specialized health care needs.
Citation Format: Tara O. Henderson. Cancer survivors: Opportunities and challenges in managing comorbidities among disadvantaged populations. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Sixth AACR Conference: The Science of Cancer Health Disparities; Dec 6–9, 2013; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2014;23(11 Suppl):Abstract nr CN01-04. doi:10.1158/1538-7755.DISP13-CN01-04
Abstract CN03-03: Cancer survivorship and health equity research: Lessons learned from pediatric, adolescent, and young adult survivors
Authors: Casillas Jacqueline 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
Pediatric, adolescent and young adult survivors of childhood cancer are at risk for premature morbidity and mortality due to their cancer treatment at a young age. They require lifetime follow-up care for targeted surveillance for late effects detection and risk-reduction counseling. Yet, disparities in the receipt of and access to high quality survivorship care can exist. In this session, we will
describe outcomes by race/ethnicity in adult survivors of pediatric cancer. We will also characterize risks for disparities in the young adult childhood cancer survivor population. New research paradigms designed to outreach to minority childhood cancer survivors aimed at improving access to risk-based survivorship care will be described
Citation Format: Jacqueline Casillas. Cancer survivorship and health equity research: Lessons learned from pediatric, adolescent, and young adult survivors. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Sixth AACR Conference: The Science of Cancer Health Disparities; Dec 6–9, 2013; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2014;23(11 Suppl):Abstract nr CN03-03. doi:10.1158/1538-7755.DISP13-CN03-03
Abstract ED03-02: Communication in the context of community-based participatory research
Authors: Estrada John J. 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
Scientists and healthcare providers have begun to recognize that addressing prevention and treatment in the context of health and wellness, requires consideration of complex non-clinical issues not entirely familiar to them. These issues are social, economic, political, and environmental, together known as the Social Determinants of Health. In addition, communities have become more aware of the importance of biological determinants of health. Community-based participatory research (CBPR) is a collaborative approach to address these determinants. This collaborative approach to health care and research equitably involves all partners in the process and recognizes the unique strengths that each partner brings. It aims to combine scientific knowledge with interventions to improve health and ultimately brings social change. CBPR then poses new challenges regarding communication among health care providers, academia and communities. The intervention begins with a brief socio-cultural contextualization of communication between two stakeholders: communities and health professionals. Then the intervention discusses some case studies, challenges, and reflections around communication in the context of CBPR. Finally, the presentation ends with practical recommendations for considering the adoption of methodologies and processes to bring balance to communication between these two communities.
Citation Format: John J. Estrada. Communication in the context of community-based participatory research. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Sixth AACR Conference: The Science of Cancer Health Disparities; Dec 6–9, 2013; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2014;23(11 Suppl):Abstract nr ED03-02. doi:10.1158/1538-7755.DISP13-ED03-02
Abstract OS01-02: Eliminating Cancer Health Disparities: Can It Be Done?
Authors: Thompson Beti 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
Background: Cancer health disparities continue to be a vexing problem in the United States. As long ago as 1985, the then-Secretary of Health and Human Services noted that the disparities in cancer research and treatment present “an affront to the ideals and genius of American medicine.” Almost three decades letter, the disparities continue. Much has been attempted to reduce these disparities; most recently, a community-based participatory research methodology, where researchers work WITH communities, is being used to reduce disparities. In this presentation, we explore some of the challenges and successes that accompany community engagement in reducing health disparities. Two initiatives that use community-based participatory research are reviewed.
Methods: In the first initiative, ongoing research with communities is described. In the second initiative, cancer prevention activities currently taking place in a predominantly Hispanic region in eastern Washington State are described. A Community Advisory Board (CAB) has been working with researchers to increase colorectal cancer (CRC) screening among Hispanics. Using a pre- post-test design, 947 participants were asked about CRC knowledge and intention to be screened.
Results: Engaging the community in research activities has a positive outcome both in terms of community participation and in screening outcomes. In the CRC study, for example, odds ratios indicate that Hispanics are much less likely to be ever screened for CRC than non-Hispanic Whites (NHW). Further, when given the opportunity to participate in screening, 76 percent of Hispanics given an FOBT screening kit returned the completed kit; others not receiving the kit, significantly increased their intention to be screened.
Discussion: Access to care continues to be a major impediment to the Latino population in terms of cancer prevention behavior. Using community-based participatory research, it is possible to engage members of underserved communities in cancer prevention. With the advent of the Affordable Care Act and complementary interventions to enroll Latinos, it may be possible to remove one of the primary obstacles to the reduction of health disparities.
Citation Format: Beti Thompson. Eliminating Cancer Health Disparities: Can It Be Done?. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Sixth AACR Conference: The Science of Cancer Health Disparities; Dec 6–9, 2013; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2014;23(11 Suppl):Abstract nr OS01-02. doi:10.1158/1538-7755.DISP13-OS01-02
Abstract PC01-02: Colorectal cancer screening for African Americans: Should we be screening at an earlier age? Con
Authors: Gupta Samir 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
African Americans have the highest colorectal cancer (CRC) incidence and mortality of any racial/ethnic group. Citing the higher age-specific rate of CRC compared to whites that begins after age 45, several medical societies have recommended early age of screening initiation for African Americans at age 40 or 45 years. However, there are several reasons why early screening initiation may be a suboptimal strategy for improving CRC outcomes among African Americans. First, evidence to support effectiveness of early screening initiation for improving CRC outcomes is limited. The highest excess rates of CRC among African Americans occur after age 60, and the most rigorous studies suggest that there are not substantial differences in rates of polyps between African Americans and other groups younger than age 50, making the effectiveness of early initiation uncertain. Second, there are substantial logistical challenges to implementing early age of screening initiation for African Americans, but not other groups. Third, many alternate strategies have been proven to improve CRC screening; if implemented widely these strategies might be more effective than lowering the age of screening initiation. In taking the “Con” position against lowering the screening age, the author will highlight these issues, and make the case that lowering the screening age may not be the optimal strategy for improving CRC outcomes among African Americans.
Citation Format: Samir Gupta. Colorectal cancer screening for African Americans: Should we be screening at an earlier age? Con. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Sixth AACR Conference: The Science of Cancer Health Disparities; Dec 6–9, 2013; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2014;23(11 Suppl):Abstract nr PC01-02. doi:10.1158/1538-7755.DISP13-PC01-02
Abstract SS01-02: Microbial sulfur metabolism and colorectal cancer risk
Authors: Gaskins H. Rex 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
Both sporadic and IBD-associated colon cancer result from multifactorial interactions among common alleles of polymorphic genes and insults in the intestinal environment. We are examining the extent to which bacterial-derived hydrogen sulfide may serve as a proinflammatory and genotoxic insult that modifies colon cancer risk. Data will be presented which demonstrate that the human colonic mucosa is persistently colonized by bacteria capable of generating sulfide from both inorganic and organic sulfur sources along with evidence that sulfide activates molecular pathways that underlie epithelial inflammation and hyperplasia, a phenotype common to both ulcerative colitis and colorectal cancer. Our published studies will also be summarized, which demonstrate that exogenous sulfide is a potent genotoxin that acts independent of cellular metabolism and mediated by free radicals. These observations highlight the possible role of sulfide as an intestinal insult that, given a predisposing genetic background, may lead to genomic instability or the cumulative mutations characteristic of colorectal cancer.
Citation Format: H. Rex Gaskins. Microbial sulfur metabolism and colorectal cancer risk. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Sixth AACR Conference: The Science of Cancer Health Disparities; Dec 6–9, 2013; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2014;23(11 Suppl):Abstract nr SS01-02. doi:10.1158/1538-7755.DISP13-SS01-02
Abstract SS02-01: Splice variants associated with African American prostate cancers promote oncogenesis and chemoresistance
Authors: Lee Norman 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
There are striking population disparities in cancer risk and survival outcome borne out of current health statistics. African American (AA) men are approximately 1.6 times more likely to develop prostate cancer (PCa), and 2.4 times more likely to die from this disease compared to their Caucasian American (CA) counterparts. A growing body of biological and genetic evidence suggests that genetic polymorphisms and aberrant gene expression are important influences predisposing or contributing to the disparities of cancer incidence and mortality. Perhaps underappreciated has been the role of alternative splicing in cancer health dis¬parities, and cancer development in general. The expression of specific variants is regulated in a developmentally- and tissue-specific manner. Alternative spliced isoforms from the same gene can pro¬duce proteins with drastically different prop¬erties. We demonstrate that differential alternative splicing takes place for ∼400 genes in PCa specimens of AA compared to CA patients. Many are oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes. In addition, we provide evidence of 4 genes (PIK3CD, FGFR3, TSC2 and RASGRP2) that undergo population-dependent differential splicing where the AA-specific variants are engendered with a more aggressive oncogenic phenotype. Of interest, small molecule inhibitors are clinically available (or being tested clinically) for PIK3CD and FGFR3 in the treatment of various cancers, and we demonstrate in vitro that the AA-specific PIK3CD variant, but not the CA-counterpart, is resistant to small molecule inhibitor CAL-101. Xenograft studies of the splice variants are underway to look at cancer growth, metastasis and response to small molecule inhibitors. Based on our in vitro findings, we hypothesize that the existence of AA-specific splice variants encoding more aggressive oncogenic proteins and/or oncogenic proteins resistant to small molecule inhibitors may account for, in part, the observed cancer health disparities.
Citation Format: Norman Lee. Splice variants associated with African American prostate cancers promote oncogenesis and chemoresistance. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Sixth AACR Conference: The Science of Cancer Health Disparities; Dec 6–9, 2013; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2014;23(11 Suppl):Abstract nr SS02-01. doi:10.1158/1538-7755.DISP13-SS02-01
Abstract SS03-01: Promise and pitfalls of personalized medicine from a clinical science perspective
Authors: duPont Nefertiti C. 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
Personalized medicine tailors treatment to meet an individual patient's needs and specific disease. While the idea of personalized medicine is not new, advances in biomedical science have evolved to target molecular pathways to reduce toxicity and provide more effective treatment options to patients with many common cancers. For a few cancers, such as breast cancer, biomarker assisted diagnoses and therapy have already replaced the standard “one size fits all” treatment. As our understanding of molecular genetics increases we will be able to offer tailored cancer therapy to more patients, however, the cost of cancer care will continue to be a public policy concern. In this session we will discuss the promise and pitfalls of personalized medicine from a clinical science perspective.
Citation Format: Nefertiti C. duPont{Authors}. Promise and pitfalls of personalized medicine from a clinical science perspective. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Sixth AACR Conference: The Science of Cancer Health Disparities; Dec 6–9, 2013; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2014;23(11 Suppl):Abstract nr SS03-01. doi:10.1158/1538-7755.DISP13-SS03-01
Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress–Activated Cell Reprogramming in Oncogenesis
Authors: Chevet Eric , Hetz Claudio , Samali Afshin 
Published: May 2015

AbstractStress induced by the accumulation of unfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is observed in many human diseases, including cancers. Cellular adaptation to ER stress is mediated by the unfolded protein response (UPR), which aims at restoring ER homeostasis. The UPR has emerged as a major pathway in remodeling cancer gene expression, thereby either preventing cell transformation or providing an advantage to transformed cells. UPR sensors are highly regulated by the formation of dynamic protein scaffolds, leading to integrated reprogramming of the cells. Herein, we describe the regulatory mechanisms underlying UPR signaling upon cell intrinsic or extrinsic challenges, and how they engage cell transformation programs and/or provide advantages to cancer cells, leading to enhanced aggressiveness or chemoresistance. We discuss the emerging cross-talk between the UPR and related metabolic processes to ensure maintenance of protein homeostasis and its impact on cell transformation and tumor growth.Significance: ER stress signaling is dysregulated in many forms of cancer and contributes to tumor growth as a survival factor, in addition to modulating other disease-associated processes, including cell migration, cell transformation, and angiogenesis. Evidence for targeting the ER stress signaling pathway as an anticancer strategy is compelling, and novel agents that selectively inhibit the UPR have demonstrated preliminary evidence of preclinical efficacy with an acceptable safety profile. Cancer Discov; 5(6); 586–97. ©2015 AACR.