bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ontology Content Patterns as Bridge for the Semantic Representation of Clinical Information
Authors: Schulz S. , Martínez-Costa C. 
Published: July 2014

SummaryObjective: Semantic interoperability of the Electronic Health Record (EHR) requires a rigorous and precise modelling of clinical information. Our objective is to facilitate the representation of clinical facts based on formal principles.Methods: We here explore the potential of ontology content patterns, which are grounded on a formal and semantically rich ontology model and can be specialised and composed.Results: We describe and apply two content patterns for the representation of data on tobacco use, rendered according to two heterogeneous models, represented in openEHR and in HL7 CDA. Finally, we provide some query exemplars that demonstrate a data interoperability use case.Conclusion: The use of ontology content patterns facilitate the semantic representation of clinical information and therefore improve their semantic interoperability. There are open issues such as the scalability and performance of the approach if a logic-based language is used. Implementation decisions might determine the final degree of semantic interoperability, influenced by the state of the art of the semantic technologies.Citation: Martínez-Costa C, Schulz S. Ontology content patterns as bridge for the semantic rRepresentation of clinical information Appl Clin Inf 2014; 5: 660–669http://dx.doi.org/10.4338/ACI-2014-04-RA-0031
Evidence for production and lateral transport of dissolved organic phosphorus in the eastern subtropical North Atlantic
Authors: Reynolds Sarah , Mahaffey Claire , Roussenov Vassil , Williams Richard G. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThe concentration of phosphate and dissolved organic phosphorus (DOP) is chronically low and limits phytoplankton growth in the subtropical North Atlantic relative to other ocean basins. Transport of phosphate and DOP from the productive flanks of the gyre to its interior has been hypothesized as an important phosphorus supply pathway. During a cruise in the eastern Atlantic in spring 2011, the rates of phosphate uptake, alkaline phosphatase activity (APA), and DOP production were measured in the northwest African shelf region, subtropics, and tropics. Rates of DOP production were sixfold higher in the shelf region (43 ± 41 nM d−1) relative to the subtropics (6.9 ± 4.4 nM d−1). In contrast, APA was threefold higher in the subtropics (8.0 ± 7.3 nM d−1), indicative of enhanced DOP utilization, relative to the shelf region (2.6 ± 2.1 nM d−1). Hence, observations suggest net production of DOP in the shelf region and either net consumption of DOP or a near balance in DOP production and consumption in the gyre interior. Eddy‐permitting model experiments demonstrate that (i) DOP accounts for over half the total phosphorus in surface waters, (ii) DOP is transported westward from the shelf region by a combination of gyre and eddy circulations, and (iii) advected DOP supports up to 70% of the particle export over much of the subtropical gyre. Our combined observational and modeling study supports the view that the horizontal transport of DOP from the shelf region is an important mechanism supplying phosphorus to the surface subtropical North Atlantic.
Plasma physics of magnetic island coalescence during magnetic reconnection
Authors: Zhou Meng , Pang Ye , Deng Xiaohua , Huang Shiyong , Lai Xiangsheng 
Published: July 2014

AbstractA large‐scale two‐dimensional electromagnetic particle‐in‐cell simulation was employed to study the magnetic island coalescence/merging process during magnetic reconnection with guide field. The merged island after coalescence is characterized by strong core field and plasma density dip at the island center. We found that the core field enhancement is caused by the out‐of‐plane magnetic field pileup, as well as the field line twisting due to Hall effect. There is an in‐plane electric current loop, which is mainly carried by electrons, circumventing the enhanced core field region. Total force points away or tangentially to the surface of density dip within the merged island, which prevents electrons from higher‐density region entering the lower density region between two merging islands. This is contrary to the force in the secondary island, inside which the total force points toward the island center and constrains plasma there. The coalescence process involves a reconnection at the merging sheet between two islands. Electron frozen‐in condition is violated locally along the merging sheet. It is contributed by both the divergence of electron pressure tensor and electron inertial. Energy dissipation is concentrated on the merging line during coalescence, while a train of dynamo (j′ · E′ < 0) and dissipation (j′ · E′ > 0) regions are distributed along the merging sheet after coalescence. Electrons and ions within the density dip at the island center are accelerated antiparallel to the ambient magnetic field, i.e., along the out‐of‐plane direction. The resultant distribution can excite the Buneman instability and two‐streaming instability, which probably account for the electrostatic solitary waves observed by satellite.
Reactive halogens (BrO and OClO) detected in the plume of Soufrière Hills Volcano during an eruption hiatus
Authors: Donovan Amy , Tsanev Vitchko , Oppenheimer Clive , Edmonds Marie 
Published: July 2014

AbstractVolcanic plumes are sites of dynamic chemistry involving halogen gases. Here we present new data on the relative abundances of SO2, BrO and OClO gases emitted from Soufrière Hills Volcano [SHV). They were collected during an eruptive hiatus but during sustained degassing at this halogen‐rich volcano. By comparison with data from a previous study during an eruptive phase and application of the data and modeling of Villemant et al. (2008), we suggest that, after consideration of errors, either the rate of HBr conversion to BrO is variable, ranging from ∼30% to ∼15%, and/or the relative partitioning of Cl and Br into the gas phase from the melt changes according to eruptive activity. We examine the potential implications of this for fluid‐melt partitioning, and compare our results with data from the experimental literature. Our work contributes toward understanding the controls on the BrO/SO2 ratio for volcano monitoring purposes; the changes in plume chemistry with regard to bromine at the onset of lava extrusion may be large and rapid. OClO was detected in the plume at SHV for the first time. This species has only previously been detected in emissions from Mount Etna (using ground‐based methods) and from Puyehue Cordon Caulle (using satellite‐based methods). No HCHO or NOy species were detected in the spectra.
First modulation of high‐frequency polar mesospheric summer echoes by radio heating of the ionosphere
Authors: Senior A. , Mahmoudian A. , Pinedo H. , La Hoz C. , Rietveld M. T. , Scales W. A. , Kosch M. J. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThe first high‐frequency (HF, 8 MHz) observations of the modulation of polar mesospheric summer echoes (PMSE) by artificial radio heating of the ionosphere are presented and compared to observations at 224 MHz and model predictions. The experiments were performed at the European Incoherent Scatter facility in northern Norway. It is shown that model results are in qualitative and partial quantitative agreement with the observations, supporting the prediction that with certain ranges of ice particle radii and concentration, PMSE at HF radar wavelengths can be enhanced by heating due to the dominance of dust charging over plasma diffusion.
A hydrologic model demonstrates nitrous oxide emissions depend on streambed morphology
Authors: Marzadri A. , Tonina D. , Bellin A. , Tank J. L. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractRivers are hot spots of nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions due to denitrification. Although the key role of rivers in transforming reactive inorganic nitrogen is widely recognized, the recent estimates of N2O emissions by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) may be largely underestimated. This denotes a lack of reliable and robust methodologies to upscale denitrification, and other biogeochemical processes, from the local to the network scale. Here we demonstrate that stream hydromorphology strongly influences N2O emissions. We provide an integrative methodology for upscaling local biogeochemical processes to the catchment scale with a Damköhler number, which accounts for the complex interplay between stream hydromorphology and biogeochemical characteristics of streambed sediments. Application of this theoretical framework to the large data set collected as part of the second Lotic Intersite Nitrogen eXperiment (LINXII) demonstrates that stream morphology is a key factor controlling emissions of N2O from streams.
Characteristics of the O+(2P–2D) 732.0 and 733.0 nm airglow emissions observed with WINDII and simulated with the C‐IAM
Authors: Shepherd Gordon G. , Cho Young‐Min , Fomichev Victor I. , Martynenko Oleg V. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThis paper provides new data on the O+(2P–2D) 732 nm and 733 nm daytime airglow emissions that enhance our understanding of the role that local and conjugate photoelectrons play in the excitation of this emission, updating earlier investigations of its production by solar EUV photoionization of neutral atomic oxygen. The Wind Imaging Interferometer on the Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite, launched in 1991, retrieved these emissions using a filter primarily intended for observations of the hydroxyl P1(2) line but with invalid results. The first corrected results are presented here and compared with simulations by the Canadian Ionosphere and Atmosphere Model. Reasonable agreement is obtained in terms of vertical profiles, solar flux, and solar zenith angle variations. Observations made during local twilight demonstrate that conjugate photoelectrons do not contribute to the excitation of this emission. This paves the way for future determinations of atomic oxygen concentrations.
Changes in global net radiative imbalance 1985–2012
Authors: Allan Richard P. , Liu Chunlei , Loeb Norman G. , Palmer Matthew D. , Roberts Malcolm , Smith Doug , Vidale Pier‐Luigi 
Published: July 2014

AbstractCombining satellite data, atmospheric reanalyses, and climate model simulations, variability in the net downward radiative flux imbalance at the top of Earth's atmosphere (N) is reconstructed and linked to recent climate change. Over the 1985–1999 period mean N (0.34 ± 0.67 Wm−2) is lower than for the 2000–2012 period (0.62 ± 0.43 Wm−2, uncertainties at 90% confidence level) despite the slower rate of surface temperature rise since 2000. While the precise magnitude of N remains uncertain, the reconstruction captures interannual variability which is dominated by the eruption of Mount Pinatubo in 1991 and the El Niño Southern Oscillation. Monthly deseasonalized interannual variability in N generated by an ensemble of nine climate model simulations using prescribed sea surface temperature and radiative forcings and from the satellite‐based reconstruction is significantly correlated (r∼0.6) over the 1985–2012 period.
Using MFACE as input in the UAM to specify the MIT dynamics
Authors: Prokhorov B. E. , Förster M. , He M. , Namgaladze A. A. , Holschneider M. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThe magnetosphere‐ionosphere‐thermosphere (MIT) dynamic system significantly depends on the highly variable solar wind conditions, in particular, on changes of the strength and orientation of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF). The solar wind and IMF interactions with the magnetosphere drive the MIT system via the magnetospheric field‐aligned currents (FACs). The global modeling helps us to understand the physical background of this complex system. With the present study, we test the recently developed high‐resolution empirical model of field‐aligned currents MFACE (a high‐resolution Model of Field‐Aligned Currents through Empirical orthogonal functions analysis). These FAC distributions were used as input of the time‐dependent, fully self‐consistent global Upper Atmosphere Model (UAM) for different seasons and various solar wind and IMF conditions. The modeling results for neutral mass density and thermospheric wind are directly compared with the CHAMP satellite measurements. In addition, we perform comparisons with the global empirical models: the thermospheric wind model (HWM07) and the atmosphere density model (Naval Research Laboratory Mass Spectrometer and Incoherent Scatter Extended 2000). The theoretical model shows a good agreement with the satellite observations and an improved behavior compared with the empirical models at high latitudes. Using the MFACE model as input parameter of the UAM model, we obtain a realistic distribution of the upper atmosphere parameters for the Northern and Southern Hemispheres during stable IMF orientation as well as during dynamic situations. This variant of the UAM can therefore be used for modeling the MIT system and space weather predictions.
Solar wind control of the terrestrial magnetotail as seen by STEREO
Authors: Opitz Andrea , Sauvaud Jean‐Andre , Klassen Andreas , Gomez‐Herrero Raul , Bucik Radoslav , Kistler Lynn M. , Jacquey Christian , Luhmann Janet , Mason Glenn , Kajdic Primoz , Lavraud Benoit 
Published: July 2014

AbstractAt the beginning of 2007 the twin STEREO spacecraft provided a unique opportunity to study the global solar wind control of the terrestrial magnetotail under typical solar activity minimum conditions. The STEREO‐B (STB) spacecraft flew in the vicinity of the far terrestrial magnetotail, while the STEREO‐A (STA) spacecraft was located in front of the Earth performing measurements in the undisturbed solar wind. In February, the STB spacecraft was located in the magnetosheath most of the time but experienced several incursions into the distant magnetotail. Comparison of STA and STB observations determines unambiguously whether solar wind events such as energetic particle enhancements observed by STB are of pure solar origin or due to the influence of the terrestrial magnetosphere. During this time period in 2007, there were solar minimum conditions with alternating fast and slow solar wind streams that formed corotating interaction regions, which were the dominating source of magnetospheric disturbances encountering the Earth almost every week. Under these conditions, STB experienced multiple bow shock and magnetopause crossings due to the induced highly dynamic behavior of the terrestrial magnetotail and detected bursts of tailward directed energetic ions in the range of 110–2200 keV accompanied by suprathermal electrons of ~700–1500 eV, which were not seen in the undisturbed solar wind by STA. The corotating interaction regions triggered these energetic particle enhancements, and we demonstrate their magnetosphere‐related origin. Even after leaving the magnetosheath in March 2007, STB continued to observe antisunward directed energetic ion bursts until May up to a distance of ~ 800 RE behind Earth, the largest distance to which solar wind and magnetospheric interaction has been observed. These results show that Earth is a very significant source of energetic particles in its local interplanetary environment.
Saffold cardiovirus and multiple sclerosis: no evidence for an association
Authors: Galama Jochem M. D. , Zoll Jan G. , Lanke Kjerstin H. , de Jong Arjan S. , Melief Jeroen , Huitinga Inge , Verbeek Marcel M. , van Kuppeveld Frank J. M. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractSaffold cardiovirus, a newly discovered human cardiovirus, has close similarity with Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) which can cause a chronic demyelinating encephalomyelitis in mice. In this study, we tested whether Saffold cardiovirus infection of the brain is associated with multiple sclerosis (MS). Autopsy white matter samples from 19 MS and 9 normal brain donors were tested by polymerase chain reaction. All were negative. Paired cerebrospinal fluid and serum samples from 24 MS patients and 27 controls were tested for Saffold cardiovirus‐specific oligoclonal bands, two patients and two controls reacted positive. We conclude that an association between Saffold cardiovirus and MS is highly improbable.
Activation Energies Control the Macroscopic Properties of Physically Cross‐Linked Materials
Authors: Appel Eric A. , Forster Rebecca A. , Koutsioubas Alexandros , Toprakcioglu Chris , Scherman Oren A. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractHere we show the preparation of a series of water‐based physically cross‐linked polymeric materials utilizing cucurbit[8]uril (CB[8]) ternary complexes displaying a range of binding, and therefore cross‐linking, dynamics. We determined that the mechanical strength of these materials is correlated directly with a high energetic barrier for the dissociation of the CB[8] ternary complex cross‐links, whereas facile and rapid self‐healing requires a low energetic barrier to ternary complex association. The versatile CB[8] ternary complex has, therefore, proven to be a powerful asset for improving our understanding of challenging property–structure relationships in supramolecular systems and their associated influence on the bulk behavior of dynamically cross‐linked materials.
Monitoring Morphology and Hydrogen Coverage of Nanometric Pt/γ‐Al2O3 Particles by In Situ HERFD–XANES and Quantum Simulations
Authors: Gorczyca Agnes , Moizan Virginie , Chizallet Celine , Proux Olivier , Del Net William , Lahera Eric , Hazemann Jean‐Louis , Raybaud Pascal , Joly Yves 
Published: July 2014

AbstractPlatinum nanoclusters highly dispersed on γ‐alumina are widely used as heterogeneous catalysts. To understand the chemical interplay between the Pt nanoparticles, the support, and the reductive atmosphere, we performed X‐ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) in situ experiments recorded in high energy resolution fluorescence detection (HERFD) mode. Spectra are assigned by comparison with simulated XANES spectra on models obtained by molecular dynamics (DFT‐MD). We propose platinum cluster morphologies and quantify the hydrogen coverages compatible with XANES spectra recorded at variable hydrogen pressures and temperatures. Using cutting‐edge methodologies to assign XANES spectra, this work gives unequalled atomic insights into the characterization of supported nanoclusters.
Katalytische enantioselektive C‐H‐Funktionalisierung von Alkoholen durch redoxgesteuerte Addition an die Carbonylgruppe: Wasserstoff‐Ausleihe und Kohlenstoff‐Rückgabe
Authors: Ketcham John M. , Shin Inji , Montgomery T. Patrick , Krische Michael J. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractDie Verwendung von Alkoholen und ungesättigten Reaktanten zur redoxvermittelten Bildung von Nucleophil‐Elektrophil‐Paaren stellt einen breiten, neuartigen Ansatz in der Chemie der Carbonyl‐Addition dar. Mit dieser Vorgehensweise lassen sich diskrete Redoxmanipulationen, die oftmals für die Erzeugung von Carbonyl‐Elektrophilen und vormetallierten Kohlenstoff‐zentrierten Nucleophilen benötigt werden, vermeiden. Die Methode begründet eine neue Klasse von enantioselektiven C‐C‐Kupplungen, die durch Iridium‐ oder Rutheniumkomplexe katalysiert werden.
Polyvinylalkohol als biokompatibles Polymer zur Passivierung von Goldnanostäbchen
Authors: Kinnear Calum , Burnand David , Clift Martin J. D. , Kilbinger Andreas F. M. , Rothen‐Rutishauser Barbara , Petri‐Fink Alke 
Published: July 2014

AbstractDie Oberflächenfunktionalisierung von Goldnanostäbchen mit Polymeren ist aufgrund der daraus resultierenden kolloidalen Stabilität und der Bioverträglichkeit der Nanopartikel von großer Bedeutung. Die normalerweise vorhandene toxische Doppelschicht aus dem kationische Tensid Cetyltrimethylammoniumbromid (CTAB), das an die Oberfläche der Nanostäbchen adsorbiert ist, erschwert diesen Prozess jedoch erheblich. Nachstehend erläutern wir eine Strategie zur biokompatiblen Funktionalisierung der Nanostäbchen mit hydrophoben Polymervorläufern, hier Polyvinylacetat, die anschließend in ihr hydrophiles Gegenstück, Polyvinylalkohol, überführt werden. Dieses Polymer wurde aufgrund seiner hohen Bioverträglichkeit, den veränderbaren hydrophilen und hydrophoben Eigenschaften und dem hohem Funktionalisierungsgrad gewählt. Die Verträglichkeit der oberflächenfunktionalisierten Goldnanostäbchen wurde an primären Makrophagen, die aus Monozyten differenziert wurden, getestet; die Vorteile der veränderlichen hydrophoben Eigenschaften wurden durch die langfristig stabile Einkapselung eines hydrophoben Beispielmedikaments gezeigt.
Hexacoordinate Nickel(II)/(III) Complexes that Mimic the Catalytic Cycle of Nickel Superoxide Dismutase
Authors: Chatterjee Sudip K. , Maji Ram Chandra , Barman Suman Kumar , Olmstead Marilyn M. , Patra Apurba K. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractA functional model complex of nickel superoxide dismutase (NiSOD) with a non‐peptide ligand which mimics the full catalytic cycle of NiSOD is unknown. Similarly, it has not been fully elucidated whether NiSOD activity is a result of an outer‐ or inner‐sphere electron‐transfer mechanism. With this in mind, two octahedral nickel(II)/(III) complexes of a bis‐tridentate N2S donor carboxamide ligand, N‐2‐phenylthiophenyl‐2′‐pyridinecarboxamide (HLPh), have been synthesized, structurally characterized, and their SOD activities examined. These complexes mimic the full catalytic cycle of NiSOD. Electrochemical experiments support an outer‐sphere electron‐transfer mechanism for their SOD activity.
Chemoselective Carbophilic Addition of α‐Diazoesters through Ligand‐Controlled Gold Catalysis
Authors: Xi Yumeng , Su Yijin , Yu Zhaoyuan , Dong Boliang , McClain Edward J. , Lan Yu , Shi Xiaodong 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThe chemoselective addition of arenes and 1,3‐diketones to α‐aryldiazoesters was achieved through ligand‐controlled gold catalysis. Unlike a dirhodium catalyst (which promotes CH insertion and cyclopropanation) and a copper catalyst (which catalyzes OH and NH insertions), the gold catalyst with an electron‐deficient phosphite as the ancillary ligand exclusively gave the carbophilic addition product, thus representing a new and efficient approach to form “carbophilic carbocations”, which selectively react with carbon nucleophiles.
Sorption‐Determined Deposition of Platinum on Well‐Defined Platelike WO3
Authors: Wenderich Kasper , Klaassen Aram , Siretanu Igor , Mugele Frieder , Mul Guido 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThe photodeposition of Pt nanoparticles from [PtCl6]2− on platelike WO3 crystals occurs preferentially on the small, subordinate facets. Rather than the often‐used explanation of preferred light‐induced charge migration, we propose that this phenomenon is due to differences in the intrinsic surface charges of WO3 facets exposed to water; thus, the dark sorption of [PtCl6]2− on positively charged facets/edges is preferred. This conclusion is based on 1) (dark) impregnation studies, which showed Pt deposition to also be facet‐specific, and 2) aqueous‐phase AFM studies, which suggest intrinsic surface charges to be in agreement with sorption‐based Pt distributions.
Polyvinyl Alcohol as a Biocompatible Alternative for the Passivation of Gold Nanorods
Authors: Kinnear Calum , Burnand David , Clift Martin J. D. , Kilbinger Andreas F. M. , Rothen‐Rutishauser Barbara , Petri‐Fink Alke 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThe functionalization of gold nanorods (GNRs) with polymers is essential for both their colloidal stability and biocompatibility. However, a bilayer of the toxic cationic surfactant cetyl trimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) adsorbed on the nanorods complicates this process. Herein, we report on a strategy for the biocompatible functionalization of GNRs with a hydrophobic polymeric precursor, polyvinyl acetate, which is then transformed into its hydrophilic analogue, polyvinyl alcohol. This polymer was chosen due to its well‐established biocompatibility, tunable “stealth” properties, tunable hydrophobicity, and high degree of functionality. The biocompatibility of the functionalized GNRs was tested by exposing them to primary human blood monocyte derived macrophages; the advantages of tunable hydrophobicity were demonstrated with the long‐term stable encapsulation of a model hydrophobic drug molecule.