bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The C*–algebras of Compact Transformation Groups
Authors: Archbold Robert J. , an Huef Astrid 
Published: November 2014

AbstractWe investigate the representation theory of the crossed–product C*–algebra associated with a compact group G acting on a locally compact space X when the stability subgroups vary discontinuously. Our main result applies when G has a principal stability subgroup or X is locally of finite G–orbit type. Then the upper multiplicity of the representation of the crossed product induced from an irreducible representation V of a stability subgroup is obtained by restricting V to a certain closed subgroup of the stability subgroup and taking the maximum of the multiplicities of the irreducible summands occurring in the restriction of V. As a corollary we obtain that when the trivial subgroup is a principal stability subgroup; the crossed product is a Fell algebra if and only if every stability subgroup is abelian. A second corollary is that the C*–algebra of the motion group ℝn ⋊ SO(n) is a Fell algebra. This uses the classical branching theorem for the special orthogonal group SO(n) with respect to SO(n − 1). Since proper transformation groups are locally induced from the actions of compact groups, we describe how some of our results can be extended to transformation groups that are locally proper.
The role of mast cells in atherosclerosis
Authors: Wezel A. , Quax P. H. A. , Kuiper J. , Bot I. 
Published: November 2014

SummaryRupture of an atherosclerotic plaque is the major underlying cause of adverse cardiovascular events such as myocardial infarction or stroke. Therapeutic interventions should therefore be directed towards inhibiting growth of atherosclerotic lesions as well as towards prevention of lesion destabilization. Interestingly, the presence of mast cells has been demonstrated in both murine and human plaques, and multiple interventional murine studies have pointed out a direct role for mast cells in early and late stages of atherosclerosis. Moreover, it has recently been described that activated lesional mast cells correlate with major cardiovascular events in patients suffering from cardiovascular disease.This review focuses on the effect of different mast cell derived mediators in atherogenesis and in late stage plaque destabilization. Also, possible ligands for mast cell activation in the context of atherosclerosis are discussed. Finally, we will elaborate on the predictive value of mast cells, together with therapeutic implications, in cardiovascular disease.
Modification of the loss cone for energetic particles
Authors: Porazik Peter , Johnson Jay R. , Kaganovich Igor , Sanchez Ennio 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThe optimal pitch angle which maximizes the penetration distance, along the magnetic field, of relativistic charged particles injected from the midplane of an axisymmetric field is investigated analytically and numerically. Higher‐order terms of the magnetic moment invariant are necessary to correctly determine the mirror point of trapped energetic particles, and therefore the loss cone. The modified loss cone resulting from the inclusion of higher‐order terms is no longer entirely defined by the pitch angle but also by the phase angle of the particle at the point of injection. The optimal orientation of the injection has a nonzero component perpendicular to the magnetic field line, and is in the plane tangential to the flux surface. Numerical integration of particle orbits were carried out for a relativistic electron in a dipole field, showing agreement with analytic expressions. The results are relevant to experiments, which are concerned with injection of relativistic beams into the atmosphere from aboard a spacecraft in the magnetosphere.
Trend and interannual variability in southeast Greenland Sea Ice: Impacts on coastal Greenland climate variability
Authors: Moore G. W. K. , Straneo F. , Oltmanns M. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractWe describe the recent occurrence of a region of diminished sea ice cover or “notch” offshore of the Kangerdlugssuaq Fiord, the site of the largest tidewater glacier along Greenland's southeast coast. The notch's location is consistent with a topographically forced flux of warm water toward the fiord, and the decrease of the sea ice cover is shown to be associated with a regional warming of the upper ocean that began in the mid‐1990s. Sea ice in the vicinity of the notch also exhibits interannual variability that is shown to be associated with a seesaw in surface temperature and sea ice between southeast and northeast Greenland that is not describable solely in terms of the North Atlantic Oscillation. We therefore argue that other modes of atmospheric variability, including the Lofoten Low, are required to fully document the changes to the climate that are occurring along Greenland's east coast.
Vertical velocities and turbulence in midlatitude anvil cirrus: A comparison between in situ aircraft measurements and ground‐based Doppler cloud radar retrievals
Authors: Muhlbauer Andreas , Kalesse Heike , Kollias Pavlos 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThis study introduces a statistical comparison of vertical velocity observations within cirrus from aircraft and ground‐based Doppler cloud radar. Two cases of midlatitude anvil cirrus forming under very similar environmental conditions are examined. The case studies benefit from simultaneous observations of vertical velocities in cirrus collected at and around the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Southern Great Plains site during the U.S. Department of Energy Small Particles in Cirrus field campaign. Observations from both platforms suggest that the majority of vertical velocities in the examined midlatitude anvil cirrus cases are roughly within ±1 m s−1 although higher vertical velocities are occasionally observed. The quality of the vertical velocity comparison between in situ aircraft measurements and ground‐based Doppler radar retrievals depends on the case. For the first case on 23 April 2010, the comparison suggests that the radar retrieval may underestimate vertical velocities in the range between roughly 50 cm s−1 and 1 m s−1. For the second case on 14 June 2010, the agreement between radar and aircraft is excellent, and the differences are largely within the observed variability of vertical velocities within cirrus. Differences in the spatial scales of vertical velocities and turbulence sampled by the aircraft and Doppler radar, which arise due to differences in the temporal resolution of the observational platforms are not found to explain the observed discrepancies. Estimates for the dissipation rate of turbulent kinetic energy agree to within 1 order of magnitude between the two observational platforms.
An empirical model of the occurrence of an additional layer in the ionosphere from the occultation technique: Preliminary results
Authors: Zhao Biqiang , Zhu J. , Xiong B. , Yue X. , Zhang M. , Wang M. , Wan W. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractAbout 8 year electron density profile (EDP) data from the COSMIC/FORMOSAT‐3 satellites radio occultation technique were used to investigate the additional stratification of the F2 (the so‐called F3 layer) layer over the equatorial and low‐latitude ionosphere on a global scale for both the bottomside and topside ionosphere. The F3 layer was recognized through the altitude differential profile featured by two maxima existing from the selected EDP profile. There were ~37,000 (bottomside) and 25,000 (topside) cases of F3 layer selected out of ~1.27 million occultation events at equatorial and low‐latitude areas during the period of April 2006 to August 2014. The statistical results for the bottomside ionosphere resemble that reported in Zhao et al. (2011a), while in the topside the highest occurrence of F3 layer shows a 3–4 h delay depending on the altitude range of the stratification. The magnetic latitude distribution shows different dependence with a tendency to form a single crest toward high altitude. Also, the seasonal variation is weaker in the topside ionosphere compared to the bottomside one, especially in the high altitude. Then we build up an empirical model of the F3 layer occurrence using the bottomside statistics based on empirical orthogonal function (EOF) decomposition as it gets the inherent characters inside the data set and converges quickly. The model well grasps the main features of the F3 occurrence, e.g., the F3 occurrence's sensitivity on the magnetic latitude. Further, in order to accommodate the ground observation a corrected factor was introduced. As F3 layer is an important phenomenon in the low‐latitude ionosphere, we have made an attempt to describe its feature with a consecutive function although future work needs to be done for an overall expression of this structure.
Hot magnetospheric O+ and cold ion behavior in magnetopause reconnection: Cluster observations
Authors: Wang S. , Kistler L. M. , Mouikis C. G. , Liu Y. , Genestreti K. J. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractIn reconnection, the presence of heavy ions like O+ increases the ion mass density reducing the fluid's Alfvén speed. In addition, it may modify the reconnection structure, which can also change the reconnection rate. However, because O+ ions have a larger Larmor radii than H+ ions at the same velocity, they may not be fully entrained in the reconnection flow and may have kinetic effects other than just increasing the mass density. In this study, for the first time, the ion velocity distribution functions of H+ and O+ from one magnetopause reconnection event with a strong guide field are analyzed to determine in detail the behavior of the different ion populations. We show that the hot magnetospheric O+ ions, along with the hot magnetospheric H+ ions almost fully participate in the reconnection exhaust flows. Finite Larmor radius effects are also apparent and control how far the ions extend on the magnetosheath side. Ion signatures consistent with heating after being picked up in the reconnection exhaust flow are observed in the H+ and O+ distribution functions. The dynamics of the cold magnetospheric ions depends on where they enter the reconnection region. If they enter the reconnection region at the downstream separatrix, they will be taken away by the magnetic field in an adiabatic way as analyzed by Drake et al. (2009a); if they enter close to the diffusion region, they behave as pick‐up ions.
Observation of a retreating x line and magnetic islands poleward of the cusp during northward interplanetary magnetic field conditions
Authors: Wilder F. D. , Eriksson S. , Trattner K. J. , Cassak P. A. , Fuselier S. A. , Lybekk B. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractWhen the interplanetary magnetic field is northward, reconnection occurs in each hemisphere on lobe field lines, poleward of the cusp. We have identified a case where the Cluster spacecraft crossed the magnetopause and encountered a tailward retreating x line. The x line is identified by the encounter of both a tailward and sunward jet, as well as Hall magnetic field signatures in the out‐of‐plane direction. Additionally, we find no signatures of electron heating and hypothesize that the spacecraft is too close to the x line to observe the accelerated electrons. Using two spacecraft, we are able to resolve the velocity of the structure, which moves near the magnetosheath speed. The speed of the x line is also consistent with the asymmetric reconnection theory. To our knowledge, this is the first time the speed of a retreating x line has been measured directly. Additionally, we observe ion distribution functions with counterstreaming populations, suggesting that a second x line formed sunward of the original one, leading to a magnetic island.
Ion composition in interchange injection events in Saturn's magnetosphere
Authors: Thomsen M. F. , Reisenfeld D. B. , Wilson R. J. , Andriopoulou M. , Crary F. J. , Hospodarsky G. B. , Jackman C. M. , Jia X. , Khurana K. K. , Paranicas C. , Roussos E. , Sergis N. , Tokar R. L. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractInterchange injection events are commonly observed by the Cassini spacecraft in the region between about 6 and 12 Rs (1 Rs = 60,268 km) and even frequently beyond. In this study, 13 examples of interchange injection events are identified in Cassini/Cassini Plasma Spectrometer data under special conditions such that time‐of‐flight (TOF) mass spectra could be obtained from entirely within the events. Using the TOF data to separate the main ion species H+, H2+, and W+, approximate densities of each species are calculated under the assumption that all distributions were isotropic. The light‐ion density ratios, H2+/H+, in the injection events are not discernibly different from those ratios in control intervals from the ambient plasma. However, the water‐group ratio, W+/H+, is significantly lower than ambient. The comparison of the measured density ratios with the range of values observed throughout Saturn's magnetosphere indicates that the values of W+/H+ that are as low as those observed within the injection events are found primarily beyond L~14 (where L is the equatorial crossing distance, in Saturn radius, of a dipole field line), indicating that the injection events are delivering plasma from the outer magnetosphere at times traveling at least 6 Rs.
Model for predicting the injury severity score
Authors: Hagiwara Shuichi , Oshima Kiyohiro , Murata Masato , Kaneko Minoru , Aoki Makoto , Kanbe Masahiko , Nakamura Takuro , Ohyama Yoshio , Tamura Jun'ichi 
Published: November 2014

AimTo determine the formula that predicts the injury severity score from parameters that are obtained in the emergency department at arrival.MethodsWe reviewed the medical records of trauma patients who were transferred to the emergency department of Gunma University Hospital between January 2010 and December 2010. The injury severity score, age, mean blood pressure, heart rate, Glasgow coma scale, hemoglobin, hematocrit, red blood cell count, platelet count, fibrinogen, international normalized ratio of prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, and fibrin degradation products, were examined in those patients on arrival. To determine the formula that predicts the injury severity score, multiple linear regression analysis was carried out. The injury severity score was set as the dependent variable, and the other parameters were set as candidate objective variables. IBM spss Statistics 20 was used for the statistical analysis. Statistical significance was set at P < 0.05. To select objective variables, the stepwise method was used.ResultsA total of 122 patients were included in this study. The formula for predicting the injury severity score (ISS) was as follows: ISS = 13.252–0.078(mean blood pressure) + 0.12(fibrin degradation products). The P‐value of this formula from analysis of variance was <0.001, and the multiple correlation coefficient (R) was 0.739 (R2 = 0.546). The multiple correlation coefficient adjusted for the degrees of freedom was 0.538. The Durbin–Watson ratio was 2.200.ConclusionsA formula for predicting the injury severity score in trauma patients was developed with ordinary parameters such as fibrin degradation products and mean blood pressure. This formula is useful because we can predict the injury severity score easily in the emergency department.
Press‐through package mis‐swallowing: Usefulness of computed tomography
Authors: Kanazawa Ayako , Kamezaki Fumihiko , Kido Takashi , Yamasaki Seigen , Someya Kazuki , Takama Tatsuo , Otsubo Hiroki , Yoshikawa Ichiro , Kamochi Masayuki , Mayumi Toshihiko 
Published: November 2014

CaseAn 88‐year‐old female with Alzheimer's‐type dementia who mis‐swallowed a press‐through package visited our emergency department.OutcomePlain radiography detected no foreign bodies, whereas plain computed tomography showed an elliptical body with a high density in the lower esophagus. The press‐through package containing a tablet in the esophagogastric junction was successfully removed without severe complications using the endoscopic protector hood. In cases of press‐through package mis‐swallowing, it is important for emergency physicians to make an early and correct diagnosis of the location of the package, which shows high radiolucency. Based on the results of this case, we hypothesize that carrying out early computed tomography examinations is useful for identifying swallowed press‐through packages. Our retrospective investigation showed that computed tomography has a sensitivity of 100% for detecting press‐through packages.ConclusionWe experienced a case of press‐through package mis‐swallowing diagnosed on computed tomography. We recommend performing computed tomography examinations, especially in patients with an uncertain history and unclear symptoms.
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis onset is influenced by the burden of rare variants in known amyotrophic lateral sclerosis genes
Authors: Cady Janet , Allred Peggy , Bali Taha , Pestronk Alan , Goate Alison , Miller Timothy M. , Mitra Robi D. , Ravits John , Harms Matthew B. , Baloh Robert H. 
Published: November 2014

ObjectiveTo define the genetic landscape of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and assess the contribution of possible oligogenic inheritance, we aimed to comprehensively sequence 17 known ALS genes in 391 ALS patients from the United States.MethodsTargeted pooled‐sample sequencing was used to identify variants in 17 ALS genes. Fragment size analysis was used to define ATXN2 and C9ORF72 expansion sizes. Genotype–phenotype correlations were made with individual variants and total burden of variants. Rare variant associations for risk of ALS were investigated at both the single variant and gene level.ResultsA total of 64.3% of familial and 27.8% of sporadic subjects carried potentially pathogenic novel or rare coding variants identified by sequencing or an expanded repeat in C9ORF72 or ATXN2; 3.8% of subjects had variants in >1 ALS gene, and these individuals had disease onset 10 years earlier (p = 0.0046) than subjects with variants in a single gene. The number of potentially pathogenic coding variants did not influence disease duration or site of onset.InterpretationRare and potentially pathogenic variants in known ALS genes are present in >25% of apparently sporadic and 64% of familial patients, significantly higher than previous reports using less comprehensive sequencing approaches. A significant number of subjects carried variants in >1 gene, which influenced the age of symptom onset and supports oligogenic inheritance as relevant to disease pathogenesis. ANN NEUROL 2015;77:100–113
Mice with megalencephalic leukoencephalopathy with cysts: A developmental angle
Authors: Dubey Mohit , Bugiani Marianna , Ridder Margreet C. , Postma Nienke L. , Brouwers Eelke , Polder Emiel , Jacobs J. Gerbren , Baayen Johannes C. , Klooster Jan , Kamermans Maarten , Aardse Romy , de Kock Christiaan P. J. , Dekker Marien P. , van Weering Jan R. T. , Heine Vivi M. , Abbink Truus E. M. , Scheper Gert C. , Boor Ilja , Lodder Johannes C. , Mansvelder Huibert D. , van der Knaap Marjo S. 
Published: November 2014

ObjectiveMegalencephalic leukoencephalopathy with cysts (MLC) is a genetic disease characterized by infantile onset white matter edema and delayed onset neurological deterioration. Loss of MLC1 function causes MLC. MLC1 is involved in ion–water homeostasis, but its exact role is unknown. We generatedMlc1‐null mice for further studies.MethodsWe investigated which brain cell types express MLC1, compared developmental expression in mice and men, and studied the consequences of loss of MLC1 inMlc1‐null mice.ResultsLike humans, mice expressed MLC1 only in astrocytes, especially those facing fluid–brain barriers. In mice, MLC1 expression increased until 3 weeks and then stabilized. In humans, MLC1 expression was highest in the first year, decreased, and stabilized from approximately 5 years.Mlc1‐null mice had early onset megalencephaly and increased brain water content. From 3 weeks, abnormal astrocytes were present with swollen processes abutting fluid–brain barriers. From 3 months, widespread white matter vacuolization with intramyelinic edema developed.Mlc1‐null astrocytes showed slowed regulatory volume decrease and reduced volume‐regulated anion currents, which increased upon MLC1 re‐expression.Mlc1‐null astrocytes showed reduced expression of adhesion molecule GlialCAM and chloride channel ClC‐2, but no substantial changes in other known MLC1‐interacting proteins.InterpretationMlc1‐null mice replicate early stages of the human disease with early onset intramyelinic edema. The cellular functional defects, described for human MLC, were confirmed. The earliest change was astrocytic swelling, substantiating that in MLC the primary defect is in volume regulation by astrocytes. MLC1 expression affects expression of GlialCAM and ClC‐2. Abnormal interplay between these proteins is part of the pathomechanisms of MLC. ANN NEUROL 2015;77:114–131
Extended Reaction Scope of Thiamine Diphosphate Dependent Cyclohexane‐1,2‐dione Hydrolase: From CC Bond Cleavage to CC Bond Ligation
Authors: Loschonsky Sabrina , Wacker Tobias , Waltzer Simon , Giovannini Pier Paolo , McLeish Michael J. , Andrade Susana L. A. , Müller Michael 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThDP‐dependent cyclohexane‐1,2‐dione hydrolase (CDH) catalyzes the CC bond cleavage of cyclohexane‐1,2‐dione to 6‐oxohexanoate, and the asymmetric benzoin condensation between benzaldehyde and pyruvate. One of the two reactivities of CDH was selectively knocked down by mutation experiments. CDH‐H28A is much less able to catalyze the CC bond formation, while the ability for CC bond cleavage is still intact. The double variant CDH‐H28A/N484A shows the opposite behavior and catalyzes the addition of pyruvate to cyclohexane‐1,2‐dione, resulting in the formation of a tertiary alcohol. Several acyloins of tertiary alcohols are formed with 54–94 % enantiomeric excess. In addition to pyruvate, methyl pyruvate and butane‐2,3‐dione are alternative donor substrates for CC bond formation. Thus, the very rare aldehyde–ketone cross‐benzoin reaction has been solved by design of an enzyme variant.
An Isotope‐Coded Fluorogenic Cross‐Linker for High‐Performance Target Identification Based on Photoaffinity Labeling
Authors: Tomohiro Takenori , Morimoto Shota , Shima Toshiya , Chiba Junya , Hatanaka Yasumaru 
Published: November 2014

AbstractA photoaffinity labeling (PAL)‐based method for the rapid identification of target proteins is presented in which a high‐performance chemical tag, an isotope‐coded fluorescent tag (IsoFT), can be attached to the interacting site by irradiation. Labeled peptides can be easily distinguished among numerous proteolytic digests by sequential detection with highly sensitive fluorescence spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. Subsequent MS/MS analysis provides amino acid sequence information with a higher depth of coverage. The combination of PAL and heterogeneous target‐selecting techniques significantly reduces the amount of time and protein required for identification. An additional photocleavable moiety successfully accelerated proteomic analysis using cell lysate. This method is a widely applicable approach for the rapid and accurate identification of interacting proteins.
Enantioselective Synthesis of α‐Secondary and α‐Tertiary Piperazin‐2‐ones and Piperazines by Catalytic Asymmetric Allylic Alkylation
Authors: Korch Katerina M. , Eidamshaus Christian , Behenna Douglas C. , Nam Sangkil , Horne David , Stoltz Brian M. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThe asymmetric palladium‐catalyzed decarboxylative allylic alkylation of differentially N‐protected piperazin‐2‐ones allows the synthesis of a variety of highly enantioenriched tertiary piperazine‐2‐ones. Deprotection and reduction affords the corresponding tertiary piperazines, which can be employed for the synthesis of medicinally important analogues. The introduction of these chiral tertiary piperazines resulted in imatinib analogues which exhibited comparable antiproliferative activity to that of their corresponding imatinib counterparts.