bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Constraints on post‐glacial boreal tree expansion out of far‐northern refugia
Authors: Edwards Mary E. , Armbruster W. Scott , Elias Scott E. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractAimTo use a variety of data sources to infer how northern boreal trees recovered their range upon deglaciation and/or Holocene warming.LocationScandinavia, Alaska/north‐west Canada (eastern Beringia).MethodsMapped fossil occurrences for Picea (spruce) were assessed against available palaeoenvironmental and phylogeographic information.ResultsFor Scandinavia, Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) evidence of Picea is confined to one DNA record, but late‐glacial and early‐Holocene records include scattered macrofossils. Holocene pollen data show a clear east–west increase to high values. A haplotype unique to the Scandinavian Peninsula is recognized. For eastern Beringia pre‐ and post‐LGM macrofossils occur, but the LGM fossil record comprises only scattered low pollen values. Early Holocene pollen values increase markedly c. 11 cal yr bp (north‐west Canada) and c. 10 kcal yr bp (central Alaska). Also at this time three sites on the Bering Land Bridge indicate the presence of Picea where it is now absent. Several unique regional haplotypes were recorded; while most are rare one is common in some modern populations.Main conclusionsSmall Picea populations probably occurred in pre‐Holocene Scandinavia, but pollen patterns argue against immediate expansion with the onset of warmer conditions. Despite relatively weak fossil evidence, refugial populations are also probable in eastern Beringia, particularly given the extent of unglaciated terrain. Post‐glacial pollen patterns are more nuanced, suggesting two spatially and temporally distinct expansions, one possibly consistent with a unique central Alaskan haplotype, and subsequent westerly ‘filling‐in’. The presence of macrofossils and/or neutral markers does not require that current northern populations are derived primarily from refugial ones, particularly where pollen patterns show delayed directional expansion of large populations though time. Refugial populations initially responded weakly to major post‐glacial environmental change; if subject to genetic isolation and strong selection pressure they may have had little potential to do otherwise, instead being largely replaced by in‐migrating populations with greater genetic diversity.
Endoscopic‐Assisted Resection of a Pedunculated Uterine Leiomyoma With Maximal Tissue Preservation in a Cow and a Mare
Authors: Schneeweiss Wilfried , Krump Lea , Metcalfe Lucy , Ryan Eoin , Beltman Marijke , Jahns Hanne , David Florent 
Published: August 2014

ObjectiveTo report successful minimally invasive treatment of a uterine leiomyoma in a cow and a mare.Study DesignClinical report.Animal PopulationLimousine cow (n = 1), Thoroughbred mare (n = 1).MethodsA 10‐year‐old cow and an 18‐year‐old mare were presented for difficulties in breeding and infertility, respectively. Examination of the reproductive tract revealed the presence of a large mass attached to the uterine wall via a wide and short peduncle in both cases. The mass expanded into the uterine lumen in the mare and into the abdomen in the cow. Both masses were removed using a minimally invasive endoscopic approach and a vessel‐sealing and dividing device.ResultsMinimally invasive surgical resection of a subserosal and a submucosal leiomyoma with maximal sparing of uterine tissue resulted in a short convalescence period and apparent return to breeding function in a cow and a mare. Use of a vessel‐sealing and dividing device provided excellent hemostasis and decreased tissue handling.ConclusionLeiomyoma with short, wide, and thick peduncles were treated successfully in a cow and a mare with minimally invasive endoscopic approaches aiming at maximal uterine tissue preservation.
Closed Suction Drainage for Treatment of Septic Peritonitis of Confirmed Gastrointestinal Origin in 20 Dogs
Authors: Adams Robert J. , Doyle Ronan S. , Bray Jonathan P. , Burton Carolyn A. 
Published: August 2014

ObjectiveTo determine survival rate in dogs with septic peritonitis of confirmed gastrointestinal origin treated with closed suction drainage.Study DesignRetrospective case series.AnimalsDogs (n = 20) with septic peritonitis.MethodsMedical records (2007–2010) of dogs with septic peritonitis of confirmed gastrointestinal origin treated by closed suction drainage were reviewed. Information on signalment, clinicopathologic abnormalities, underlying cause, surgical procedure performed, postoperative management, complications, and outcome was obtained.ResultsDehiscence of a previous anastomosis was the most common source of contamination (80%). Drains remained in place, collecting fluid produced within the abdomen, for a median of 6 days (range, 2–11 days). Eighteen dogs received nutritional support, and 14 received plasma transfusions. Seventeen dogs (85%) survived to discharge.ConclusionsClosed suction drainage together with resolution of the underlying cause of peritonitis and appropriate postoperative management is an effective technique for treatment of septic peritonitis of confirmed gastrointestinal origin in dogs.
Distribution mapping of world grassland types
Authors: Dixon A. P. , Faber‐Langendoen D. , Josse C. , Morrison J. , Loucks C. J. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractAimNational and international policy frameworks, such as the European Union's Renewable Energy Directive, increasingly seek to conserve and reference ‘highly biodiverse grasslands’. However, to date there is no systematic global characterization and distribution map for grassland types. To address this gap, we first propose a systematic definition of grassland. We then integrate International Vegetation Classification (IVC) grassland types with the map of Terrestrial Ecoregions of the World (TEOW).LocationGlobal.MethodsWe developed a broad definition of grassland as a distinct biotic and ecological unit, noting its similarity to savanna and distinguishing it from woodland and wetland. A grassland is defined as a non‐wetland type with at least 10% vegetation cover, dominated or co‐dominated by graminoid and forb growth forms, and where the trees form a single‐layer canopy with either less than 10% cover and 5 m height (temperate) or less than 40% cover and 8 m height (tropical). We used the IVC division level to classify grasslands into major regional types. We developed an ecologically meaningful spatial catalogue of IVC grassland types by listing IVC grassland formations and divisions where grassland currently occupies, or historically occupied, at least 10% of an ecoregion in the TEOW framework.ResultsWe created a global biogeographical characterization of the Earth's grassland types, describing approximately 75% of IVC grassland divisions with ecoregions. We mapped 49 IVC grassland divisions. Sixteen additional IVC grassland divisions are absent from the map because of the fine‐scale distribution of these grassland types.Main conclusionsThe framework provided by our geographical mapping effort provides a systematic overview of grasslands and sets the stage for more detailed classification and mapping at finer scales. Each regional grassland type can be characterized in terms of its range of biodiversity, thereby assisting in future policy initiatives.
Sustaining a Culture of Practice Development in an Acute Adolescent Inpatient Mental Health Unit
Authors: Vella Natalie , Page Laura , Edwards Clair , Wand Timothy 
Published: August 2014

TopicIt is recognized that facilitating change in workplace culture is a significant challenge in healthcare service delivery. Practice development strategies and principles provide a framework for initiating and sustaining programs focused on enhancing patient‐centered care by concentrating on the therapeutic attributes of nursing. However, little literature exists on explicating “what worked” in practice development programs.PurposeThis paper details the processes, people, resources, and relationships that enabled the successful implementation, and led to the sustainability, of a practice development program employed in an acute adolescent mental health unit in Sydney, Australia.Sources UsedFollowing an external review of the unit, a meeting of key stakeholders was convened and subsequently an advisory panel formed to address specific issues facing nursing staff. This process resulted in the development of an educational package and adoption of the tidal model as the framework for mental health nursing practice in the unit. Clinical reasoning sessions and journal article presentations were incorporated to consolidate and maintain the change in nursing care.ConclusionsA planned, structured, and inclusive practice development program has transformed the nursing culture and vastly improved the care provided to adolescents presenting in acute states of distress to this mental health unit.
Keynes and the International Clearing Union: A Possible Model for Eurozone Reform?
Authors: Whyman Philip B. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractEconomic and monetary union in Europe, as currently constituted, has a number of structural weaknesses. Large, persistent international payments imbalances necessitate deficit nations to deflate their economies or squeeze social wages in order to restore competitiveness. Surplus nations accrue reserves, with little pressure to maintain related contribution to spending power in the real economy. The asymmetric treatment of credit and debit nations reduces aggregate demand in the eurozone. This article examines a solution, first proposed by John Maynard Keynes, whereby symmetrical treatment of balance of payments transactions may promote economic growth and higher levels of employment. It outlines the key features of the system and highlights the relevance of the solution to the issues faced by the eurozone.
‘Talking the Talk or Walking the Walk’: Understanding the EU's Security Identity
Authors: McDonagh Kenneth 
Published: August 2014

AbstractHow do European Union security practices constitute the EU as an ‘actor’ in global politics? Debates about the EU's actorness are as old as the concept of European integration itself. Christopher J. Bickerton has argued that rather than debating the EU's role in global politics from the perspective of ‘actorness’, research should focus on the functions of EU policy practices and the role they play in defining and creating that ‘actorness’. His approach leaves unquestioned the relationship between identity, interests and these practices. This article reorients these discussions towards the literature on security, identity and foreign policy. It argues that security practices are performative, that they play an active role in constructing the ‘selves’ they claim to protect and the ‘others’ deemed threatening or as targets for intervention. It proceeds by examining twenty‐first‐century European security practices in order to understand what, if any, security identity the EU is constructing.
A survey of wild marine fish identifies a potential origin of an outbreak of viral haemorrhagic septicaemia in wrasse, Labridae, used as cleaner fish on marine Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., farms
Authors: Wallace I S , Donald K , Munro L A , Murray W , Pert C C , Stagg H , Hall M , Bain N 
Published: August 2014

AbstractViral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV) was isolated from five species of wrasse (Labridae) used as biological controls for parasitic sea lice predominantly, Lepeophtheirus salmonis (Krøyer, 1837), on marine Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., farms in Shetland. As part of the epidemiological investigation, 1400 wild marine fish were caught and screened in pools of 10 for VHSV using virus isolation. Eleven pools (8%) were confirmed VHSV positive from: grey gurnard, Eutrigla gurnardus L.; Atlantic herring, Clupea harengus L.; Norway pout, Trisopterus esmarkii (Nilsson); plaice, Pleuronectes platessa L.; sprat, Sprattus sprattus L. and whiting, Merlangius merlangus L. The isolation of VHSV from grey gurnard is the first documented report in this species. Nucleic acid sequencing of the partial nucleocapsid (N) and glycoprotein (G) genes was carried out for viral characterization. Sequence analysis confirmed that all wild isolates were genotype III the same as the wrasse and there was a close genetic similarity between the isolates from wild fish and wrasse on the farms. Infection from these local wild marine fish is the most likely source of VHSV isolated from wrasse on the fish farms.
Curvilinear Relationship Between Depression and Unprotected Sexual Behaviors among Men Who Have Sex with Men
Authors: Shiu Cheng-Shi , Chen Yen-Chin , Tseng Po-Chia , Chung An-Chun , Wu Meng-Tzu , Hsu Su-Ting , Ko Nai-Ying 
Published: August 2014

Abstract

Introduction
The relationship between depressive symptomatology and risky sexual behaviors has been controversial in literature.

Aim
The current study aims to reexamine the relationship between depression and sexual behaviors among men who have sex with men (MSM) using different sets of analytical assumption.

Methods
Six hundred twenty MSM were recruited in a lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender community center in Taiwan to participate in a cross-sectional survey. An additional variable of squared depressive symptomatology was used to detect nonlinearity between depressive symptomatology and logit-transformed unprotected anal intercourse (UAI) and unprotected oral sex (UOS). Multivariable logistic regression was applied to further estimate the relationship among the three variables.

Main Outcome Measures
Depressive symptomatology was measured by the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), UAI, and UOS.

Results
Depressive symptomatology had a nonlinear relationship with unprotected anal and oral sex. While linear BDI scores of MSM were not associated with unprotected sexual behaviors in the logistic model, their scores were significantly associated with unprotected sexual behaviors in the model that included both the linear (UAI, odds ratio [OR] = 1.087; P &lt; 0.01; UOS, OR = 1.099, P &lt; 0.01) and quadratic BDI scores (UAI, OR = 0.998, P &lt; 0.01; UOS, OR = 0.997, P &lt; 0.01). The relationship between BDI scores and the probability of unprotected sexual behaviors corresponded to an inverted U-shaped curve, as opposed to a straight line.

Conclusions
Our findings suggest that depressive symptomatology has a significant curvilinear relationship with unprotected sexual behaviors. MSM with moderate levels of depression may be at elevated risk of engaging in unprotected sexual behaviors in comparison to their peers who exhibit either significantly higher or lower depression scores.
The Sympathetic Skin Response Located in the Penis as a Predictor of the Response to Sertraline Treatment in Patients with Primary Premature Ejaculation
Authors: Xia Jiadong , Chen Taowei , Chen Jie , Han Youfeng , Xu Zhipeng , Zhou Liuhua , Chen Yun , Dai Yutian 
Published: August 2014

Abstract

Introduction
The pathologic mechanisms of primary premature ejaculation (PPE) are complex and multifactorial, and hyperactivity of the sympathetic nervous system is one of the mechanisms.

Aim
To examine the effects of sertraline on sympathetic nervous system activity and assess the predictive value of the sympathetic skin response located in the penis (PSSR) on the response to sertraline treatment in PPE patients.

Methods
Sixty-one patients with PPE were recruited. Each received 50 mg sertraline daily for 8 weeks. Before and after the experiment, the patients were evaluated for PSSR tests and sexual performance parameters. Additionally, based on the latency of PSSR, we divided the patients into a normal PSSR group and an abnormal PSSR group, and compared the sertraline treatment efficacy between the two groups.

Main Outcome Measures
Changes in intravaginal ejaculation latency time (IELT) and the Chinese premature ejaculation index-5 (CIPE-5), and the latencies and amplitudes of PSSR after sertraline treatment.

Results
Overall, 58 (95.1%) patients completed the entire study and were analyzed. After the 8-week sertraline treatment, compared with those of pretreatment, IELT and CIPE-5 scores were significantly increased (both P &lt; 0.001), and the amplitudes and latencies of PSSR in the PPE patients were remarkably decreased and prolonged, respectively (both P &lt; 0.001). In addition, the changes of the latencies of PSSR were positively correlated with the increment of IELT (r = 0.375, P = 0.004). The treatment outcome was better in patients with a baseline abnormal PSSR than in those with a baseline normal PSSR (P = 0.021).

Conclusions
These results suggest that clinical improvement in response to sertraline in the PPE patients, at least in part, is mediated through reducing sympathetic nervous system activity indexed by PSSR. Measurement of the PSSR appears to provide useful information for predicting treatment responses in the PPE patients.
Instrumental Uniaxial Compression Test of Gellan Gels of Various Mechanical Properties Using Artificial Tongue and Its Comparison with Human Oral Strategy for the First Size Reduction
Authors: Ishihara Sayaka , Isono Mai , Nakao Satomi , Nakauma Makoto , Funami Takahiro , Hori Kazuhiro , Ono Takahiro , Kohyama Kaoru , Nishinari Katsuyoshi 
Published: August 2014

AbstractInstrumental compression test using artificial tongue was carried out to compare the fracture profile of gels with the first oral strategy for size reduction by humans (termed as the first size reduction). Gellan gel samples, whose size and shape were the same as those of artificial tongue, were prepared in a wide mechanical range and were compressed uniaxially on artificial tongue at crosshead speed of 10 mm/s. When apparent Young's modulus of artificial tongue was approximately 55 kPa, fracture probability of gels corresponded to the ratio of subjects who decided to use tongue‐palate compression instead of mastication. This was applicable to the gels whose fracture strain was below 65% but not to the gels whose fracture strain was above 70% within the range of fracture stress tested; approximately 30–100 kPa. Fracture strain should be a critical initial mechanical parameter that relates to the decision of oral strategy.Practical ApplicationsThere is an increasing demand for texture‐controlled foods that can be consumed by tongue‐palate compression without the need of mastication as the number of people having oral deficiency is expanding. It is proved that instrumental texture evaluation method that the authors developed is applicable to a wide range of food texture, particularly for viscoelastic gels, with some changes of instrumental operation condition if necessary, providing a simple method for assessing textural acceptability of food products for consumption without using human subjects. From an industrial point of view, this method can contribute to the texture design of food products that are comfortable to eat and thus to the improvement of quality of life for those people. From a scientific point of view, this method can contribute to better understanding of the physiology of human tongue‐palate compression as an oral strategy for size reduction, particularly during consumption of solid or semi‐solid foods.
High‐accuracy de novo assembly and SNP detection of chloroplast genomes using a SMRT circular consensus sequencing strategy
Authors: Li Qiushi , Li Ying , Song Jingyuan , Xu Haibin , Xu Jiang , Zhu Yingjie , Li Xiwen , Gao Huanhuan , Dong Linlin , Qian Jun , Sun Chao , Chen Shilin 
Published: August 2014

Summary

A circular consensus sequencing (CCS) strategy involving single molecule, real‐time (SMRT) DNA sequencing technology was applied to de novo assembly and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) detection of chloroplast genomes.

Chloroplast DNA was purified from enriched chloroplasts of pooled individuals to construct a shotgun library for each species. The sequencing reactions were performed on a PacBio RS platform. CCS sub‐reads were generated from polymerase reads that passed the native dumbbell‐shaped DNA templates multiple times. The complete chloroplast genome sequence was generated by mapping all reads to the draft sequence constructed in a step‐by‐step manner.

The full‐chain, PCR‐free approach eliminates the possible context‐specific biases in library construction and sequencing reaction. The chloroplast genome was easily and completely assembled using the data generated from one SMRT Cell without requiring a reference genome. Comparisons of the three assembled Fritillaria genomes to 34.1 kb of validation Sanger sequences revealed 100% concordance, and the detected intraspecies SNPs at a minimum variant frequency of 15% were all confirmed.

This simple approach with potential for parallel sequencing yields high‐quality chloroplast genomes for sensitive SNP detection and comparative analyses. We recommend this approach for its powerful applicability for evolutionary genetics and genomics studies in plants based on the sequences of chloroplast genomes.
EVALUATING THE IMPACT OF ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY ON THE TREND BEHAVIOR OF US EMISSIONS OF NITROGEN OXIDES AND VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
Authors: SIDNEVA NINA , ZIVOT ERIC 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThe nature of this paper is a practical application of a proper time‐series methodology to evaluate policy impacts when there is uncertainty about the data being difference‐stationary (DS) or trend‐stationary (TS). We use this methodology to examine the trend behavior of two air pollutants, nitrogen oxides (NOX) and volatile organic compounds (VOC). In particular, we concentrate on answering two questions. First, were there breaks in the trends of NOX and VOC emissions around the same time environmental policies such as the Clean Air Act Amendments (CAAA) of 1970 were passed? And second, accounting for possible breaks are the US emissions of NOX and VOC TS or DS? Our empirical results show a clear evidence of a trend shift in NOX and VOC emissions at the time the CAAA of 1970 were passed, implying that this policy has been effective in reducing air pollution emissions, as well as additional breaks that correspond to other events and environmental policies before and after 1970. The unit root tests indicate that NOX are DS irrespective of the number of breaks in the trend whereas results for VOC emissions depend on the number of breaks assumed.
A NEW APPROACH TO SIMULATING FISHERIES DATA FOR POLICY MAKING
Authors: SIGURƉARDÓTTIR SIGRÍƉUR , SCHRUBEN LEE 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThe main objective of natural resource management is to create social and economic value while maintaining sustainability. In this paper, we introduce an enhanced method for simulating high‐dimensional time series and apply it to Icelandic fishing resource management data. The methodology can be used in many contexts, but is particularly appropriate for simulating the many complex interactions involved in natural resource management. The simulations can be used to explore the sensitivity of resource management policies to future changes using an affinity parameter. Affinity, qualitatively similar to correlation, is a ordinal measure between –1 and +1 that models one's belief how much the future might behave like, or different from, the past. The main appeal of the method is its reliance on data and relative independence from assumptions about that data. In the paper, we apply it on data on Icelandic cod with encouraging results.