bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tuberculosis Vaccines and Prevention of Infection
Authors: Hawn Thomas R. , Day Tracey A. , Scriba Thomas J. , Hatherill Mark , Hanekom Willem A. , Evans Thomas G. , Churchyard Gavin J. , Kublin James G. , Bekker Linda-Gail , Self Steven G. 
Published: November 2014

SUMMARY

Tuberculosis (TB) is a leading cause of death worldwide despite the availability of effective chemotherapy for over 60 years. Although
Mycobacterium bovis
bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccination protects against active TB disease in some populations, its efficacy is suboptimal. Development of an effective TB vaccine is a top global priority that has been hampered by an incomplete understanding of protective immunity to TB. Thus far, preventing TB disease, rather than infection, has been the primary target for vaccine development. Several areas of research highlight the importance of including preinfection vaccines in the development pipeline. First, epidemiology and mathematical modeling studies indicate that a preinfection vaccine would have a high population-level impact for control of TB disease. Second, immunology studies support the rationale for targeting prevention of infection, with evidence that host responses may be more effective during acute infection than during chronic infection. Third, natural history studies indicate that resistance to TB infection occurs in a small percentage of the population. Fourth, case-control studies of BCG indicate that it may provide protection from infection. Fifth, prevention-of-infection trials would have smaller sample sizes and a shorter duration than disease prevention trials and would enable opportunities to search for correlates of immunity as well as serve as a criterion for selecting a vaccine product for testing in a larger TB disease prevention trial. Together, these points support expanding the focus of TB vaccine development efforts to include prevention of infection as a primary goal along with vaccines or other interventions that reduce the rate of transmission and reactivation.
The impact of universal newborn hearing screening on long-term literacy outcomes: a prospective cohort study
Authors: Pimperton Hannah , Blythe Hazel , Kreppner Jana , Mahon Merle , Peacock Janet L , Stevenson Jim , Terlektsi Emmanouela , Worsfold Sarah , Yuen Ho Ming , Kennedy Colin R 
Published: November 2014

ObjectiveTo determine whether the benefits of universal newborn hearing screening (UNHS) seen at age 8 years persist through the second decade.DesignProspective cohort study of a population sample of children with permanent childhood hearing impairment (PCHI) followed up for 17 years since birth in periods with (or without) UNHS.SettingBirth cohort of 100 000 in southern England.Participants114 teenagers aged 13–19 years, 76 with PCHI and 38 with normal hearing. All had previously their reading assessed aged 6–10 years.InterventionsBirth in periods with and without UNHS; confirmation of PCHI before and after age 9 months.Main outcome measureReading comprehension ability. Regression modelling took account of severity of hearing loss, non-verbal ability, maternal education and main language.ResultsConfirmation of PCHI by age 9 months was associated with significantly higher mean z-scores for reading comprehension (adjusted mean difference 1.17, 95% CI 0.36 to 1.97) although birth during periods with UNHS was not (adjusted mean difference 0.15, 95% CI −0.75 to 1.06). The gap between the reading comprehension z-scores of teenagers with early compared with late confirmed PCHI had widened at an adjusted mean rate of 0.06 per year (95% CI −0.02 to 0.13) during the 9.2-year mean interval since the previous assessment.ConclusionsThe benefit to reading comprehension of confirmation of PCHI by age 9 months increases during the teenage years. This strengthens the case for UNHS programmes that lead to early confirmation of permanent hearing loss.Trial registration numberISRCTN03307358.
Online decision making in crowdsourcing markets
Authors: Slivkins Aleksandrs , Vaughan Jennifer Wortman 
Published: November 2014

Over the past decade, crowdsourcing has emerged as a cheap and efficient method of obtaining solutions to simple tasks that are difficult for computers to solve but possible for humans. The popularity and promise of crowdsourcing markets has led to both empirical and theoretical research on the design of algorithms to optimize various aspects of these markets, such as the pricing and assignment of tasks. Much of the existing theoretical work on crowdsourcing markets has focused on problems that fall into the broad category of online decision making; task requesters or the crowdsourcing platform itself make repeated decisions about prices to set, workers to filter out, problems to assign to specific workers, or other things. Often these decisions are complex, requiring algorithms that learn about the distribution of available tasks or workers over time and take into account the strategic (or sometimes irrational) behavior of workers.
As human computation grows into its own field, the time is ripe to address these challenges in a principled way. However, it appears very difficult to capture all pertinent aspects of crowdsourcing markets in a single coherent model. In this paper, we reflect on the modeling issues that inhibit theoretical research on online decision making for crowdsourcing, and identify some steps forward. This paper grew out of the authors' own frustration with these issues, and we hope it will encourage the community to attempt to understand, debate, and ultimately address them.
Nitric Oxide Mediates Metabolic Coupling of Omentum-Derived Adipose Stroma to Ovarian and Endometrial Cancer Cells
Authors: Salimian Rizi Bahar , Caneba Christine , Nowicka Aleksandra , Nabiyar Ahmad W. , Liu Xinran , Chen Kevin , Klopp Ann , Nagrath Deepak 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
Omental adipose stromal cells (O-ASC) are a multipotent population of mesenchymal stem cells contained in the omentum tissue that promote endometrial and ovarian tumor proliferation, migration, and drug resistance. The mechanistic underpinnings of O-ASCs' role in tumor progression and growth are unclear. Here, we propose a novel nitric oxide (NO)–mediated metabolic coupling between O-ASCs and gynecologic cancer cells in which O-ASCs support NO homeostasis in malignant cells. NO is synthesized endogenously by the conversion of l-arginine into citrulline through nitric oxide synthase (NOS). Through arginine depletion in the media using l-arginase and NOS inhibition in cancer cells using NG-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (l-NAME), we demonstrate that patient-derived O-ASCs increase NO levels in ovarian and endometrial cancer cells and promote proliferation in these cells. O-ASCs and cancer cell cocultures revealed that cancer cells use O-ASC–secreted arginine and in turn secrete citrulline in the microenvironment. Interestingly, citrulline increased adipogenesis potential of the O-ASCs. Furthermore, we found that O-ASCs increased NO synthesis in cancer cells, leading to decrease in mitochondrial respiration in these cells. Our findings suggest that O-ASCs upregulate glycolysis and reduce oxidative stress in cancer cells by increasing NO levels through paracrine metabolite secretion. Significantly, we found that O-ASC–mediated chemoresistance in cancer cells can be deregulated by altering NO homeostasis. A combined approach of targeting secreted arginine through l-arginase, along with targeting microenvironment-secreted factors using l-NAME, may be a viable therapeutic approach for targeting ovarian and endometrial cancers. Cancer Res; 75(2); 456–71. ©2014 AACR.
HER2 as a Therapeutic Target in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Authors: Pollock Netanya I. , Grandis Jennifer R. 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
The majority of patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) present with advanced-stage disease. The current standard of care is surgery followed by adjuvant radiotherapy with or without chemotherapy or chemoradiation alone. The addition of cetuximab for the treatment of patients with locally advanced or recurrent/metastatic HNSCC has improved overall survival and locoregional control; however, responses are often modest, and treatment resistance is common. A variety of therapeutic strategies are being explored to overcome cetuximab resistance by blocking candidate proteins implicated in resistance mechanisms such as HER2. Several HER2 inhibitors are in clinical development for HNSCC, and HER2-targeted therapy has been approved for several cancers. This review focuses on the biology of HER2, its role in cancer development, and the rationale for clinical investigation of HER2 targeting in HNSCC. Clin Cancer Res; 21(3); 526–33. ©2014 AACR.
Induction of Robust Type-I CD8+ T-cell Responses in WHO Grade 2 Low-Grade Glioma Patients Receiving Peptide-Based Vaccines in Combination with Poly-ICLC
Authors: Okada Hideho , Butterfield Lisa H. , Hamilton Ronald L. , Hoji Aki , Sakaki Masashi , Ahn Brian J. , Kohanbash Gary , Drappatz Jan , Engh Johnathan , Amankulor Nduka , Lively Mark O. , Chan Michael D. , Salazar Andres M. , Shaw Edward G. , Potter Douglas M. , Lieberman Frank S. 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
Purpose: WHO grade 2 low-grade gliomas (LGG) with high risk factors for recurrence are mostly lethal despite current treatments. We conducted a phase I study to evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of subcutaneous vaccinations with synthetic peptides for glioma-associated antigen (GAA) epitopes in HLA-A2+ adults with high-risk LGGs in the following three cohorts: (i) patients without prior progression, chemotherapy, or radiotherapy (RT); (ii) patients without prior progression or chemotherapy but with prior RT; and (iii) recurrent patients.
Experimental Design: GAAs were IL13Rα2, EphA2, WT1, and Survivin. Synthetic peptides were emulsified in Montanide-ISA-51 and given every 3 weeks for eight courses with intramuscular injections of poly-ICLC, followed by q12 week booster vaccines.
Results: Cohorts 1, 2, and 3 enrolled 12, 1, and 10 patients, respectively. No regimen-limiting toxicity was encountered except for one case with grade 3 fever, fatigue, and mood disturbance (cohort 1). ELISPOT assays demonstrated robust IFNγ responses against at least three of the four GAA epitopes in 10 and 4 cases of cohorts 1 and 3, respectively. Cohort 1 patients demonstrated significantly higher IFNγ responses than cohort 3 patients. Median progression-free survival (PFS) periods since the first vaccine are 17 months in cohort 1 (range, 10–47+) and 12 months in cohort 3 (range, 3–41+). The only patient with large astrocytoma in cohort 2 has been progression-free for more than 67 months since diagnosis.
Conclusion: The current regimen is well tolerated and induces robust GAA-specific responses in WHO grade 2 glioma patients. These results warrant further evaluations of this approach. Clin Cancer Res; 21(2); 286–94. ©2014 AACR.
First Report on an Inotropic Peptide Activating Tetrodotoxin-Sensitive, “Neuronal” Sodium Currents in the Heart
Authors: Kirchhof Paulus , Tal Tzachy , Fabritz Larissa , Klimas Jan , Nesher Nir , Schulte Jan S. , Ehling Petra , Kanyshkova Tatayana , Budde Thomas , Nikol Sigrid , Fortmueller Lisa , Stallmeyer Birgit , Müller Frank U. , Schulze-Bahr Eric , Schmitz Wilhelm , Zlotkin Eliahu , Kirchhefer Uwe 
Published: November 2014

Background—
New therapeutic approaches to improve cardiac contractility without severe risk would improve the management of acute heart failure. Increasing systolic sodium influx can increase cardiac contractility, but most sodium channel activators have proarrhythmic effects that limit their clinical use. Here, we report the cardiac effects of a novel positive inotropic peptide isolated from the toxin of the Black Judean scorpion that activates neuronal tetrodotoxin-sensitive sodium channels.

Methods and Results—

All venoms and peptides were isolated from Black Judean Scorpions (Buthotus Hottentotta) caught in the Judean Desert. The full scorpion venom increased left ventricular function in sedated mice in vivo, prolonged ventricular repolarization, and provoked ventricular arrhythmias. An inotropic peptide (BjIP) isolated from the full venom by chromatography increased cardiac contractility but did neither provoke ventricular arrhythmias nor prolong cardiac repolarization. BjIP increased intracellular calcium in ventricular cardiomyocytes and prolonged inactivation of the cardiac sodium current. Low concentrations of tetrodotoxin (200 nmol/L) abolished the effect of BjIP on calcium transients and sodium current. BjIP did not alter the function of Nav
1.5
, but selectively activated the brain-type sodium channels Nav
1.6
or Nav
1.3
in cellular electrophysiological recordings obtained from rodent thalamic slices. Nav
1.3
(SCN3A) mRNA was detected in human and mouse heart tissue.

Conclusions—
Our pilot experiments suggest that selective activation of tetrodotoxin-sensitive neuronal sodium channels can safely increase cardiac contractility. As such, the peptide described here may become a lead compound for a new class of positive inotropic agents.
Effect of a Real-Time Radiation Monitoring Device on Operator Radiation Exposure During Cardiac Catheterization
Authors: Christopoulos Georgios , Papayannis Aristotelis C. , Alomar Mohammed , Kotsia Anna , Michael Tesfaldet T. , Rangan Bavana V. , Roesle Michele , Shorrock Deborah , Makke Lorenza , Layne Ronald , Grabarkewitz Rebecca , Haagen Donald , Maragkoudakis Spyros , Mohammad Atif , Sarode Karan , Cipher Daisha J. , Chambers Charles E. , Banerjee Subhash , Brilakis Emmanouil S. 
Published: November 2014

Background—
The Radiation Reduction During Cardiac Catheterization Using Real-Time Monitoring study sought to examine the effect of a radiation detection device that provides real-time operator dose reporting through auditory feedback (Bleeper Sv; Vertec Scientific Ltd; Berkshire, UK) on patient dose and operator exposure during cardiac catheterization.

Methods and Results—

Between January 2012 and May 2014, 505 patients undergoing coronary angiography, percutaneous coronary intervention, or both were randomized to use (n=253) or no use (n=252) of the Bleeper Sv radiation monitor. Operator radiation exposure was measured in both groups using a second, silent radiation exposure monitoring device. Mean patient age was 65±8 years, most patients (99%) were men, and 30% had prior coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Baseline clinical characteristics were similar in the 2 study groups. Radial access was used in 18% and chronic total occlusion percutaneous coronary intervention constituted 7% of the total procedures. Median procedure time was 17 (12–27) minutes for diagnostic angiography, 42 (28–70) minutes for percutaneous coronary intervention, and 27 (14–51) minutes in the overall study population, with similar distribution between the study groups. First (9 [4–17] versus 14 [7–25] μSv;
P
<0.001) and second (5 [2–10] versus 7 [4–14] μSv;
P
<0.001) operator radiation exposure was significantly lower in the Bleeper Sv group. Use of the device did not result in a significant reduction in patient radiation dose. The effect of the Bleeper Sv device on operator radiation exposure was consistent among various study subgroups.

Conclusions—
Use of a real-time radiation monitoring device that provides auditory feedback can significantly reduce operator radiation exposure during cardiac catheterization.

Clinical Trial Registration—

URL:
http://www.clinicaltrials.gov
. Unique identifier: NCT01510353.
Vuvuzela Magic
Authors: Jethro Duane 
Published: November 2014

During the FIFA 2010 World Cup in South Africa, a mass-produced, plastic football supporters’ horn known as the vuvuzela attracted worldwide fame and infamy. This article discusses the vuvuzela’s construction as a material and sonorous register of ‘African’ and ‘South African’ cultural distinctiveness. Specifically, it discusses the production, circulation and consumption of its ‘African’ cultural significance as a heritage form. It outlines the contested political and ideological economy – involving the South African state and football officials, FIFA, a local manufacturer, indigenous groups and football fans – through which the instrument travelled. Demonstrating the instrument’s circulation through this network, the article shows how the construction and authentication of the vuvuzela materially and sonically staged the negotiation of notions of ‘Africanness’ and ‘South Africanness’, as well as their complex relationship in post-apartheid South Africa, during the tournament.
Multiscale Modeling and Evaluation of Urban Surface Energy Balance in the Phoenix Metropolitan Area
Authors: Shaffer S. R. , Chow W. T. L. , Georgescu M. , Hyde P. , Jenerette G. D. , Mahalov A. , Moustaoui M. , Ruddell B. L. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractPhysical mechanisms of incongruency between observations and Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model predictions are examined. Limitations of evaluation are constrained by (i) parameterizations of model physics, (ii) parameterizations of input data, (iii) model resolution, and (iv) flux observation resolution. Observations from a new 22.1-m flux tower situated within a residential neighborhood in Phoenix, Arizona, are utilized to evaluate the ability of the urbanized WRF to resolve finescale surface energy balance (SEB) when using the urban classes derived from the 30-m-resolution National Land Cover Database. Modeled SEB response to a large seasonal variation of net radiation forcing was tested during synoptically quiescent periods of high pressure in winter 2011 and premonsoon summer 2012. Results are presented from simulations employing five nested domains down to 333-m horizontal resolution. A comparative analysis of model cases testing parameterization of physical processes was done using four configurations of urban parameterization for the bulk urban scheme versus three representations with the Urban Canopy Model (UCM) scheme, and also for two types of planetary boundary layer parameterization: the local Mellor–Yamada–Janjić scheme and the nonlocal Yonsei University scheme. Diurnal variation in SEB constituent fluxes is examined in relation to surface-layer stability and modeled diagnostic variables. Improvement is found when adapting UCM for Phoenix with reduced errors in the SEB components. Finer model resolution is seen to have insignificant (<1 standard deviation) influence on mean absolute percent difference of 30-min diurnal mean SEB terms.
Separation of Climatological Imprints of the Kuroshio Extension and Oyashio Fronts on the Wintertime Atmospheric Boundary Layer: Their Sensitivity to SST Resolution Prescribed for Atmospheric Reanalysis
Authors: Masunaga Ryusuke , Nakamura Hisashi , Miyasaka Takafumi , Nishii Kazuaki , Tanimoto Youichi 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
Mesoscale structures of the wintertime marine atmospheric boundary layer (MABL) as climatological imprints of oceanic fronts within the Kuroshio–Oyashio Extension (KOE) region east of Japan are investigated by taking advantage of high horizontal resolution of the ERA-Interim global atmospheric reanalysis data, for which the resolution of sea surface temperature (SST) data has been improved. These imprints, including locally enhanced sensible and latent heat fluxes and local maxima in cloudiness and precipitation in association with locally strengthened surface-wind convergence in the vicinities of SST fronts along the warm Kuroshio Extension and cool Oyashio to its north, are also identified in high-resolution satellite data. In addition to these mesoscale MABL features, meridionally confined near-surface baroclinic zones and zonally oriented sea level pressure (SLP) minima associated with the dual SST fronts are represented in ERA-Interim only in the period of high-resolution SST, but those imprints of the Oyashio front are missing in the low-resolution SST period. In the presence of the prevailing monsoonal northerlies, latitudinal displacements of the SLP trough, baroclinic zone, and the peak meridional gradient of the turbulent heat fluxes from each of the corresponding SST fronts are also found to be sensitive to the frontal width that depends on the SST resolution. The analysis herein suggests that the converging surface northerlies into the SLP minima can contribute positively to the formation of a surface baroclinic zone along the Kuroshio Extension, while a stronger baroclinic zone along the Oyashio front is maintained primarily through the pronounced cross-frontal contrast in sensible heat release from the ocean.
Intraoperative Use of QuikClot During Adenotonsillectomy
Authors: Derkay Craig S. , Baydoun Hind A. , Stone Laura 
Published: November 2014

Background: Achieving hemostatic control after intracapsular adenotonsillectomy with minimal cauterization may potentially lead to improved outcomes with respect to return to normal diet, normal activity, and less use of narcotic pain medications. Methods: A prospective, nonrandomized, consecutive series of children with obstructive tonsils and adenoids at a tertiary children’s hospital was undertaken. Results: One hundred consecutive children (52 boys/48 girls) ages 0-16 (mean = 4.8, SD = 3.7, median = 4.0) years were recruited with complete data available on all 100. Mean total procedure time was 19.8 (SD = 4.3, median = 19.5) minutes, including mean total cauterization time of 155.3 (SD = 59.7 seconds, median = 143.0) (adenoids: mean = 60.9, SD = 31.5, median = 53.0; tonsils: mean = 94.5, SD = 41.9, median = 82.0) minutes. Mean estimated blood loss was 29.4 (SD = 40.9, median = 25.0) ml. There were no major complications (0/100 episodes of bleeding or dehydration after surgery). Mean return to normal diet was 3.4 (SD = 2.2, median = 3.0) days; mean return to normal activity was 2.8 (SD = 2.1, median = 3.0) days, and mean days to no further narcotics was 3.0 (SD = 2.3, median = 2.0) days. Mean days to complete recovery (normal diet, normal activity, and no narcotics) was 4.5 (SD = 2.1, median = 4.0, range: 1-10). Total cautery time was significantly correlated with time to complete recovery ( P < .05). Conclusions: Intracapsular microdebrider tonsillectomy with adenoidectomy utilizing QuikClot to enhance the hemostasis results in recovery times better than previously reported for this common operation in children.