bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Eosinophils Mediate Protective Immunity against Secondary Nematode Infection
Authors: Huang Lu , Gebreselassie Nebiat G. , Gagliardo Lucille F. , Ruyechan Maura C. , Luber Kierstin L. , Lee Nancy A. , Lee James J. , Appleton Judith A. 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
Eosinophils are versatile cells that regulate innate and adaptive immunity, influence metabolism and tissue repair, and contribute to allergic lung disease. Within the context of immunity to parasitic worm infections, eosinophils are prominent yet highly varied in function. We have shown previously that when mice undergo primary infection with the parasitic nematode Trichinella spiralis, eosinophils play an important immune regulatory role that promotes larval growth and survival in skeletal muscle. In this study, we aimed to address the function of eosinophils in secondary infection with T. spiralis. By infecting eosinophil-ablated mice, we found that eosinophils are dispensable for immunity that clears adult worms or controls fecundity in secondary infection. In contrast, eosinophil ablation had a pronounced effect on secondary infection of skeletal muscle by migratory newborn larvae. Restoring eosinophils to previously infected, ablated mice caused them to limit muscle larvae burdens. Passive immunization of naive, ablated mice with sera or Ig from infected donors, together with transfer of eosinophils, served to limit the number of newborn larvae that migrated in tissue and colonized skeletal muscle. Results from these in vivo studies are consistent with earlier findings that eosinophils bind to larvae in the presence of Abs in vitro. Although our previous findings showed that eosinophils protect the parasite in primary infection, these new data show that eosinophils protect the host in secondary infection.
Blau Syndrome–Associated Nod2 Mutation Alters Expression of Full-Length NOD2 and Limits Responses to Muramyl Dipeptide in Knock-in Mice
Authors: Dugan Jae , Griffiths Eric , Snow Paige , Rosenzweig Holly , Lee Ellen , Brown Brieanna , Carr Daniel W. , Rose Carlos , Rosenbaum James , Davey Michael P. 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
The biochemical mechanism by which mutations in nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing 2 (NOD2) cause Blau syndrome is unknown. Several studies have examined the effect of mutations associated with Blau syndrome in vitro, but none has looked at the implication of the mutations in vivo. To test the hypothesis that mutated NOD2 causes alterations in signaling pathways downstream of NOD2, we created a Nod2 knock-in mouse carrying the most common mutation seen in Blau syndrome, R314Q (corresponding to R334Q in humans). The endogenous regulatory elements of mouse Nod2 were unaltered. R314Q mice showed reduced cytokine production in response to i.p. and intravitreal muramyl dipeptide (MDP). Macrophages from R314Q mice showed reduced NF-κB and IL-6 responses, blunted phosphorylation of MAPKs, and deficient ubiquitination of receptor-interacting protein 2 in response to MDP. R314Q mice expressed a truncated 80-kDa form of NOD2 that was most likely generated by a posttranslational event because there was no evidence for a stop codon or alternative splicing event. Human macrophages from two patients with Blau syndrome also showed a reduction of both cytokine production and phosphorylation of p38 in response to MDP, indicating that both R314Q mice and cells from patients with Blau syndrome show reduced responses to MDP. These data indicate that the R314Q mutation when studied with the Nod2 endogenous regulatory elements left intact is associated with marked structural and biochemical changes that are significantly different from those observed from studies of the mutation using overexpression, transient transfection systems.
Epidemiology Data from the Scottish Health and Ethnicity Linkage Study (SHELS)
Authors: Fernandez Judith , Douglas Anne , Cezard Genevieve , Bhopal Raj 
Published: November 2014

We linked the 2001 Scottish Census, which contains ethnicity, socio-economic and demographic data to health and death records, creating an anonymised retrospective cohort study of 4.65 million people to assess the association between ethnicity and health outcomes in Scotland. The databases contain data mostly from hospital discharge and mortality records, but also from other registers. The databases are stored in a safe haven at the National Records of Scotland (NRS). NRS is currently exploring the feasibility of making Scottish Health and Ethnicity Linkage Study (SHELS) data open access while ensuring that the same level of confidentiality is maintained. If SHELS becomes open access it could be reused, with the appropriate approvals, to assess the influence of other socio-economic or demographic measures on the Scottish population’s health.
Effects of additional vapors on sterilization of microorganism spores with plasma-excited neutral gas
Authors: Matsui Kei , Ikenaga Noriaki , Sakudo Noriyuki 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
Some fundamental experiments are carried out in order to develop a plasma process that will uniformly sterilize both the space and inner wall of the reactor chamber at atmospheric pressure. Air, oxygen, argon, and nitrogen are each used as the plasma source gas to which mixed vapors of water and ethanol at different ratios are added. The reactor chamber is remotely located from the plasma area and a metal mesh for eliminating charged particles is installed between them. Thus, only reactive neutral particles such as plasma-excited gas molecules and radicals are utilized. As a result, adding vapors to the source gas markedly enhances the sterilization effect. In particular, air with water and/or ethanol vapor and oxygen with ethanol vapor show more than 6-log reduction for Geobacillus stearothermophilus spores.
Anthropogenic influence on recent circulation‐driven Antarctic sea ice changes
Authors: Haumann F. Alexander , Notz Dirk , Schmidt Hauke 
Published: November 2014

AbstractObservations reveal an increase of Antarctic sea ice over the past three decades, yet global climate models tend to simulate a sea ice decrease for that period. Here we combine observations with model experiments (MPI‐ESM) to investigate causes for this discrepancy and for the observed sea ice increase. Based on observations and atmospheric reanalysis, we show that on multidecadal time scales Antarctic sea ice changes are linked to intensified meridional winds that are caused by a zonally asymmetric lowering of the high‐latitude surface pressure. In our simulations, this surface pressure lowering is a response to a combination of anthropogenic stratospheric ozone depletion and greenhouse gas increase. Combining these two lines of argument, we infer a possible anthropogenic influence on the observed sea ice changes. However, similar to other models, MPI‐ESM simulates a surface‐pressure response that is rather zonally symmetric, which explains why the simulated sea ice response differs from observations.
Cirrus feedback on interannual climate fluctuations
Authors: Zhou C. , Dessler A. E. , Zelinka M. D. , Yang P. , Wang T. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractCirrus clouds are not only important in determining the current climate but also play an important role in climate change and variability. Analysis of satellite observations shows that the amount and altitude of cirrus clouds (cloud optical depth < 3.6, cloud top pressure < 440 hPa) increase in response to interannual surface warming. Using cirrus cloud radiative kernels, the magnitude of the interannual cirrus feedback is estimated to be 0.20 ± 0.21 W/m2/°C, which represents an important component of the cloud feedback. Thus, cirrus clouds are likely to act as a positive feedback on interannual climate fluctuations, by reducing the Earth's ability to radiate longwave radiation to space in response to planetary surface warming. Most of the cirrus feedback comes from increasing cloud amount in the tropical tropopause layer (TTL) and subtropical upper troposphere.
A missing variable in solar wind‐magnetosphere‐ionosphere coupling studies
Authors: Sergeev V. A. , Sormakov D. A. , Angelopoulos V. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThe auroral electrojet (AL) index is commonly used to characterize the magnetospheric activity. The ground magnetic perturbations that comprise AL are formed predominantly by Hall currents, however, and the Hall conductivity is sensitive to plasma sheet Te and Ne parameters, which control the production of energetic electrons via their field‐aligned acceleration. Using AL index and nightside‐dawn sector plasma sheet electron data, we demonstrate that a hotter, lower density plasma sheet is associated with stronger ground magnetic variations in the nightside auroral zone than a colder, denser plasma sheet under similar solar wind driving conditions. The ‐dependent difference may exceed a factor of 4 during the growth phase events, whereas the acceleration during substorm expansions smears it out. Background plasma sheet state is mainly controlled by the solar wind velocity and density. We suggest that plasma sheet variable constitutes an important (and currently ignored) variable in studies of solar wind‐magnetosphere‐ionosphere coupling.
Hemispheric asymmetry of the structure of dayside auroral oval
Authors: Hu Ze‐Jun , Ebihara Yusuke , Yang Hui‐Gen , Hu Hong‐Qiao , Zhang Bei‐Chen , Ni Binbin , Shi Run , Trondsen Trond S. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractA comprehensive analysis of long‐term and multispectral auroral observations made in the Arctic and Antarctica demonstrates that the dayside auroral ovals in two hemispheres are both presented in a two‐peak structure, namely, the prenoon 09:00 magnetic local time (MLT) and postnoon 15:00 MLT peaks. The two‐peak structures of dayside ovals, however, are asymmetric in the two hemispheres; i.e., the postnoon average auroral intensity is more than the prenoon one in the Northern Hemisphere but less in the Southern Hemisphere. The hemispheric asymmetry cannot be accounted for by the effect of the interplanetary magnetic field By component and the seasonal difference of ionospheric conductivities in the two hemispheres, which were used to interpret satellite‐observed real‐time auroral intensity asymmetries in the two hemispheres in previous studies. We suggest that the hemispheric asymmetry is the combined effect of the prenoon‐postnoon variations of the magnetosheath density and local ionospheric conductivity.
Modulation of the dayside diffuse auroral intensity by the solar wind dynamic pressure
Authors: Shi Run , Hu Ze‐Jun , Ni Binbin , Han Desheng , Chen Xiang‐Cai , Zhou Chen , Gu Xudong 
Published: November 2014

AbstractCompared to the recently improved understanding of the nightside diffuse aurora, the mechanism(s) responsible for the dayside diffuse auroral precipitation remains limitedly understood. We investigate the dayside diffuse aurora observed by the all‐sky imagers of Chinese Arctic Yellow River Station in the time interval of 02:00–10:00 UT (05:00–13:00 magnetic local time) on 2 January 2006. In this interval, the intensity of dayside diffuse aurora is highly correlated with the solar wind dynamic pressure with a maximum coefficient of 0.89. Moreover, there are similar spectra characteristics in the Pc5 range between the intensity of dayside diffuse aurora and solar wind dynamic pressure (proton density) during a portion of the time interval, in which the interplanetary magnetic field Bz is northward. The observation indicates that changes in solar wind dynamic pressure can efficiently modulate the magnitude of the dayside diffuse aurora, except when the interplanetary magnetic field is southward. The enhancement of the solar wind dynamic pressure can provide favorable circumstances for dayside chorus wave generation, so we consider that the dayside chorus could be a candidate for the production of the dayside diffuse aurora. Furthermore, since the compressional Pc4‐Pc5 pulsations can also modulate the intensity of whistler mode chorus waves, the solar wind dynamic pressure modulates the dayside diffuse aurora through affecting dayside chorus wave activity and the associated scattering process.
Neutrons and energetic charged particles in the inner heliosphere: Measurements of the MESSENGER Neutron Spectrometer from 0.3 to 0.85 AU
Authors: Rodgers Douglas J. , Lawrence David J. , Feldman William C. , Peplowski Patrick N. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractEnergetic charged particle and neutron data from the Neutron Spectrometer (NS) on board the MErcury Surface, Space ENvironment, GEochemistry, and Ranging (MESSENGER) spacecraft have been acquired for solar distances ranging from 0.3 to 0.85 AU. The NS is sensitive to ions with energies greater than 120 MeV/nucleon and has made the first measurements of these energetic ions in the inner heliosphere since the mid‐1970s. The high‐energy ion measurements are well correlated with Earth‐based neutron monitor measurements, which themselves provide a measure of the solar modulation of galactic cosmic rays (GCRs). These measurements provide an explicit demonstration of the expected GCR solar modulation for solar distances to 0.3 AU. These NS data also represent the first interplanetary neutron measurements in the inner heliosphere. The time variability of the neutron measurements are driven by two primary effects: time variable production of neutrons from GCRs interacting with local spacecraft material and small count rate changes due to temperature‐driven gain changes in the NS instrument. When these time‐dependent variations are removed from the neutron measurements, there is no statistically significant variation of neutron count rates versus solar distance. These data are used to derive an upper limit on solar neutron production of 1024 neutrons[0.5 < E < 9 MeV] sr−1 s−1 during quiescent periods.
Broadband meter‐wavelength observations of ionospheric scintillation
Authors: Fallows R. A. , Coles W. A. , McKay‐Bukowski D. , Vierinen J. , Virtanen I. I. , Postila M. , Ulich Th. , Enell C‐F. , Kero A. , Iinatti T. , Lehtinen M. , Orispää M. , Raita T. , Roininen L. , Turunen E. , Brentjens M. , Ebbendorf N. , Gerbers M. , Grit T. , Gruppen P. , Meulman H. , Norden M. J. , de Reijer J‐P. , Schoenmakers A. , Stuurwold K. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractIntensity scintillations of cosmic radio sources are used to study astrophysical plasmas like the ionosphere, the solar wind, and the interstellar medium. Normally, these observations are relatively narrow band. With Low‐Frequency Array (LOFAR) technology at the Kilpisjärvi Atmospheric Imaging Receiver Array (KAIRA) station in northern Finland we have observed scintillations over a three‐octave bandwidth. “Parabolic arcs,” which were discovered in interstellar scintillations of pulsars, can provide precise estimates of the distance and velocity of the scattering plasma. Here we report the first observations of such arcs in the ionosphere and the first broadband observations of arcs anywhere, raising hopes that study of the phenomenon may similarly improve the analysis of ionospheric scintillations. These observations were made of the strong natural radio source Cygnus‐A and covered the entire 30–250 MHz band of KAIRA. Well‐defined parabolic arcs were seen early in the observations, before transit, and disappeared after transit although scintillations continued to be obvious during the entire observation. We show that this can be attributed to the structure of Cygnus‐A. Initial results from modeling these scintillation arcs are consistent with simultaneous ionospheric soundings taken with other instruments and indicate that scattering is most likely to be associated more with the topside ionosphere than the F region peak altitude. Further modeling and possible extension to interferometric observations, using international LOFAR stations, are discussed.
EUV emissions from solar wind charge exchange in the Earth's magnetosheath: Three‐dimensional global hybrid simulation
Authors: He Fei , Zhang Xiao‐Xin , Wang Xue‐Yi , Chen Bo 
Published: November 2014

AbstractIn this paper, a three‐dimensional (3‐D) global hybrid simulation code and a 3‐D geocoronal hydrogen model are used to systematically study the extreme ultraviolet (EUV) emissions at 30.4 nm produced by solar wind charge exchange (SWCX) in the Earth's magnetosheath, associated with different solar wind‐interplanetary magnetic field (SW‐IMF) conditions and different imaging perspectives. We have found that the EUV emission intensities in the magnetosheath are highly variable from several mR to ~1200 mR and increase with the flow speed, the density, the temperature, and the He2+/H+ density ratio of the solar wind; the northward IMF leads to a minimum emission in the magnetosheath, whereas the southward IMF generates a maximum emission; with the increase of the magnitude of IMF, the emission pattern in the nightside splits from single field‐aligned shape into a butterfly shape around the magnetic equator; and the EUV emissions vary with the imaging positions, reflecting different latitudinal and longitudinal information of the magnetosheath. It is noted that the SWCX EUV emissions in the magnetosheath for highly disturbed solar wind conditions should be considered in processing the Moon‐based plasmaspheric EUV images. We suggest that EUV imaging of the global magnetosheath requires an EUV imager with large field‐of‐view, high‐sensitivity, large dynamic range, and low intrinsic dark count rate. This investigation could provide us with an overall understanding on SWCX EUV emissions in the magnetosheath which can potentially be used to image the global magnetosheath to study the solar wind‐magnetosphere coupling in the future.
Antarctic Bottom Water temperature changes in the western South Atlantic from 1989 to 2014
Authors: Johnson Gregory C. , McTaggart Kristene E. , Wanninkhof Rik 
Published: November 2014

AbstractWarming of abyssal waters in recent decades contributes to global heat uptake and sea level rise. Repeat oceanographic section data in the western South Atlantic taken mostly in 1989 (1995 across the Scotia Sea), 2005, and 2014 are used to quantify warming in abyssal waters that spread northward through the region from their Antarctic origins in the Weddell Sea. While much of the Scotia Sea warmed between 1995 and 2005, only the southernmost portion, on the north side of the Weddell Gyre, continued to warm between 2005 and 2014. The abyssal Argentine Basin also warmed between 1989 and 2005, but again only the southernmost portion continued to warm between 2005 and 2014, suggesting a slowdown in the inflow of the coldest, densest Antarctic Bottom Waters into the western South Atlantic between 1989 and 2014. In contrast, the abyssal waters of the Brazil Basin warmed both between 1989 and 2005 and between 2005 and 2014, at a rate of about 2 m°C yr−1. This warming is also assessed in terms of the rates of change of heights above the bottom for deep isotherms in each deep basin studied. These results, together with findings from previous studies, suggest the deep warming signal observed in the Weddell Sea after the mid‐1970s Weddell Polynya was followed by abyssal warming in the Argentine Basin from the late 1970s through about 2005, then warming in the deep Vema Channel from about 1992 through at least 2010, and warming in the Brazil Basin from 1989 to 2014.
Insurance Pricing/Nonlife
Authors: Ai Jing , Brockett Patrick L. 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
The essentials of nonlife insurance pricing are based on the same fundamental principles as applied in pricing life insurance. However, distinct characteristics of nonlife risks (e.g., shorter contract duration, more complicated claim structure, and the possibility of multiple occurrences of an event within the contract period) have inspired development of actuarial/financial pricing techniques specific to nonlife risk area, where insurers cope with a more regulated yet highly competitive market. This article serves as a brief introduction to various aspects of nonlife insurance pricing. Manual rates, individual risk rating, and classification are first introduced. Credibility theory and its use in determining rates for individual risks are discussed. Important premium principles and properties of these premium principles are also presented. In addition to traditional actuarial approaches, we ultimately discuss financial models that are widely employed in this area, including insurance capital asset pricing models (CAPMs), discounted cash flow models, and option pricing models. We conclude with a remark on the integration of insurance and financial pricing.
Testosterone and male cognitive performance in Tsimane forager‐horticulturalists
Authors: Trumble Benjamin C. , Stieglitz Jonathan , Thompson Melissa Emery , Fuerstenberg Eric , Kaplan Hillard , Gurven Michael 
Published: November 2014

ObjectiveTestosterone plays a vital role in brain function and behavior. Among humans, age‐related decline in testosterone is associated with declining cognitive functioning, and aging men with higher testosterone maintain better cognitive performance. However, most research focuses on industrialized populations with widespread access to formal schooling, high testosterone, and low parasite and pathogen load. We examine whether men's testosterone is associated with cognitive performance among Tsimane forager‐horticulturalists of Bolivia despite relatively lower levels of testosterone and higher immune burden.MethodsNinety‐four Tsimane men aged 36–86 (median = 49) participated in a cognitive battery (assessing short‐ and long‐term recall, digit span, semantic memory, and visual scan) and provided urine and blood samples to measure testosterone and markers of immune activation. Linear mixed effects regressions were used to model associations between cognitive performance and testosterone, controlling for age, years of schooling, Spanish fluency, and village residence. For a subset (n = 66) we included immune activation markers to examine mediator effects.ResultsTestosterone is positively associated with short‐ and long‐term verbal memory (β = 0.267, P = 0.018; β = 0.326, P = 0.005 respectively) and visual scanning (β = 0.306, P = 0.008) after controlling for potential confounders. Markers of immune activation were negatively associated with cognitive function, but did not change the associations between testosterone and cognitive performance.ConclusionTsimane men show positive associations between testosterone and cognitive performance, particularly for recall and visual scanning, despite higher immune burden. Testosterone may help motivate both physical and cognitive capacities that were essential for extracting the difficult‐to‐acquire, high‐quality resources upon which humans relied over evolutionary history. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 27:582–586, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Reversible kovalente Vernetzung erzeugt eine “Post‐it”‐DNA
Authors: Tomás‐Gamasa María , Serdjukow Sascha , Su Meng , Müller Markus , Carell Thomas 
Published: November 2014

AbstractWir berichten von der Entwicklung eines “Heterobasenpaars”, das durch Bildung einer Schiff'schen Base kovalent verknüpft wird. Diese Vernetzung erzeugt eine hohe Stabilisierung von DNA‐Doppelsträngen, aber kann aufgrund reversibler Iminchemie geöffnet werden. Darüber hinaus ist sogar der enzymatische Einbau der Vernetzung möglich. Unser Heterobasenpaar eröffnet neue Möglichkeiten zur Stabilisierung von DNA‐Doppelsträngen und ‐Nanostrukturen unter Bedingungen, die kompatibel mit biologischen Sytemen sind.
Paraformaldehyd und Methanol als C1‐Rohstoffe in metallkatalysierten C‐C‐Kupplungen π‐ungesättigter Edukte
Authors: Sam Brannon , Breit Bernhard , Krische Michael J. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractDie rutheniumkatalysierte reduktive Kupplung von Paraformaldehyd mit Dienen, Alkinen und Allenen ermöglicht den Zugang zu hydrohydroxymethylierten Produkten, welche so unter Hydroformylierungsbedingungen nicht selektiv zugänglich sind. In speziellen Fällen, unter der Verwendung von Ni‐Katalysatoren, kann die Regioselektivität dieser C‐C‐Kupplung umgedreht werden. Ir‐Katalysatoren ermöglichen mit Methanol eine redoxneutrale, regioselektive Hydrohydroxymethylierung.