bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
From food databases to dietary assessment: A beginning to an end approach for quality nutrition data
Authors: CHAMPAGNE Catherine M. , WROTEN Kathryn C. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractAim:  This paper reviews the historical basis of modern assessment of nutrient composition—from food composition tables and the transition to nutrient databases.Method:  A narrative review was formed beginning with the first, very crude printed food composition tables, to electronic food databases and continuing to how dietary assessment is currently impacted by state‐of‐the‐art techniques and what that means for food composition.Results:  A plethora of studies, especially international studies, have utilised information from food composition via nutrient databases and software designed to extract food composition data into relevant files for dietary assessment. The United States Department of Agriculture's nutrient data bank is widely used, even internationally, and concerns about its appropriateness in other locales needs to be addressed. A number of countries have developed food composition databases unique to the foods of their population. International studies realised a number of problems related to inconsistencies between countries. Essentially, high‐quality food composition data requires up‐to‐date information on food supply, supplement use and potential food contaminants. Food composition tables form the basis for data published on nutrient intakes of individuals via food diaries, food recalls and surveys and, in addition, nutrient claims for some food products; thus, accuracy and reliability are paramount. New tools in dietary assessment, such as food photography, make nutrient assessment more widely available, requiring even more attention paid to the accuracy of food composition databases.Conclusions:  The globalisation of food sources and the need for continuity regarding dietary data present challenges needing reconciliation. International concepts for food composition tables have evolved to address these problems.
Advancing practice: Using nutrition information and technology to improve health—the nutrition informatics global challenge
Authors: AYRES Elaine J. , HOGGLE Lindsey B. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractAims:  The unique combination of technology, information and nutrition has been utilised in health care for decades. As technology and effective use of health data evolve, the field of ‘nutrition informatics’ is positioned to advance best practices of nutrition care delivered by registered dietitians and dietetic technicians registered. The present paper reviews the opportunities.Methods:  A narrative review was constructed with reference to the literature.Results:  Evolution of the use of digital health care in the USA is on an aggressive timeline because of regulations, which provide financial incentives to eligible professionals and hospitals who can prove ‘meaningful use’ of certified health‐care technology. While adoption and use of electronic health records has occurred at the international level for decades, only recently have American adoption rates increased. Health‐care providers are adjusting to rapid cultural changes, which support the interoperability of health data. The dietetics profession must move in tandem with this transition to digital care. This requires implementation and development of nutrition standards, vocabularies and quality measures, which support exchange of pertinent nutrition data critical to patient care and wellbeing. All dietetic professionals need to appreciate the paradigm shift in health care.Conclusions:  Dietitians who are involved with informatics will help with this transition through their work with systems implementations, understanding competencies necessary for successful integration of digital nutrition and using electronic nutrition data for research.
Microbial community structure and dynamics in anaerobic fluidized‐bed and granular sludge‐bed reactors: influence of operational temperature and reactor configuration
Authors: Bialek Katarzyna , Kumar Amit , Mahony Thérèse , Lens Piet N. L. , O' Flaherty Vincent 
Published: September 2012

SummaryMethanogenic community structure and dynamics were investigated in two different, replicated anaerobic wastewater treatment reactor configurations [inverted fluidized bed (IFB) and expanded granular sludge bed (EGSB)] treating synthetic dairy wastewater, during operating temperature transitions from 37°C to 25°C, and from 25°C to 15°C, over a 430‐day trial. Non‐metric multidimensional scaling (NMS) and moving‐window analyses, based on quantitative real‐time PCR data, along with denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) profiling, demonstrated that the methanogenic communities developed in a different manner in these reactor configurations. A comparable level of performance was recorded for both systems at 37°C and 25°C, but a more dynamic and diverse microbial community in the IFB reactors supported better stability and adaptative capacity towards low temperature operation. The emergence and maintenance of particular bacterial genotypes (phylum Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes) was associated with efficient protein hydrolysis in the IFB, while protein hydrolysis was inefficient in the EGSB. A significant community shift from a Methanobacteriales and Methanosaetaceae towards a Methanomicrobiales‐predominated community was demonstrated during operation at 15°C in both reactor configurations.
The RCMP's “Mr. Big” sting operation: A case study in police independence, accountability and oversight
Authors: Puddister Kate , Riddell Troy 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThis paper analyses the RCMP's “Mr. Big” undercover investigation technique, which involves the use of undercover officers posing as high‐ranking members of a criminal organization. These officers befriend a target (the suspect) and promise the suspect that their leader (Mr. Big) can help the target in several ways; in exchange, the officers demand that the suspect truthfully reveal past criminal activity to establish credibility and protect the organization against surprises. There appears to be little interest on the part of state actors, other than the courts, in reducing police independence and providing more accountability and oversight for Mr. Big and other undercover operations. Yet, as parts of Canada's criminal justice system, such operations deserve scrutiny because of their cost and potential for wrongful convictions. This article calls for oversight of the police by several actors, including legislators providing guidelines for police investigations, closer judicial scrutiny and executive oversight of police operations, and improved police training.
Distribution and diversity of bacterial secretion systems across metagenomic datasets
Authors: Barret Matthieu , Egan Frank , O'Gara Fergal 
Published: September 2012

SummaryBacteria can manipulate their surrounding environment through the secretion of proteins into other living organisms and into the extracellular milieu. In Gram stain negative bacteria this process is mediated by different types of secretion systems from type I through type VI secretion system (T1SS–T6SS). In this study the prevalence of these secretion systems in 312 publicly available microbiomes derived from a wide range of ecosystems was investigated by a gene‐centric approach. Our analysis demonstrates that some secretion systems are over‐represented in some specific samples. In addition, some T3SS and T6SS phylogenetic clusters were specifically enriched in particular ecological niches, which could indicate specific bacterial adaptation to these environments.
Periodontitis with hypercementosis: report of a case and discussion of possible aetiologic factors
Authors: Zhou J , Zhao YF , Xia CY , Jiang L 
Published: September 2012

AbstractBackground:  Hypercementosis may be idiopathic or secondary to either local factors or systemic disorders. However, periodontitis as an aetiologic factor in the formation of hypercementosis has never been documented in the literature.Methods:  We report a case of periodontitis with hypercementosis, affecting the right mandibular second premolar and first molar teeth.Results:  Our patient’s maxillary was edentulous and the mandibular teeth #47, #43, #42, #41, #31, #32, #33, #36, #37 were missing. The right mandibular second premolar and first molar had first‐degree mobility and second‐degree mobility respectively. Periodontal pocket depth in the right mandibular second premolar and first molar were 5 mm and 8 mm at buccal pockets, 6 mm and 9 mm at distal pockets, respectively. The radiograph revealed that the roots of both teeth were grossly thickened and blunted. The right mandibular first molar was extracted and sent for histopathological examination. The definitive diagnoses were periodontitis and hypercementosis.Conclusions:  The concomitant occurrence of periodontitis and hypercementosis in our patient suggests that periodontitis is a predisposing factor for hypercementosis development. This condition may be associated with various local stimuli and possible compensative phenomenon.
The impact of automation on workload and dispensing errors in a hospital pharmacy
Authors: James K Lynette , Barlow Dave , Bithell Anne , Hiom Sarah , Lord Sue , Pollard Mike , Roberts Dave , Way Cheryl , Whittlesea Cate 
Published: September 2012

Abstract

Objectives
To determine the effect of installing an original-pack automated dispensing system (ADS) on dispensary workload and prevented dispensing incidents in a hospital pharmacy.

Methods
Data on dispensary workload and prevented dispensing incidents, defined as dispensing errors detected and reported before medication had left the pharmacy, were collected over 6 weeks at a National Health Service hospital in Wales before and after the installation of an ADS. Workload was measured by non-participant observation using the event recording technique. Prevented dispensing incidents were self-reported by pharmacy staff on standardised forms. Median workloads (measured as items dispensed/person/hour) were compared using Mann–Whitney U tests and rate of prevented dispensing incidents were compared using Chi-square test. Spearman's rank correlation was used to examine the association between workload and prevented dispensing incidents. A P value of ≤0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Key findings
Median dispensary workload was significantly lower pre-automation (9.20 items/person/h) compared to post-automation (13.17 items/person/h, P &lt; 0.001). Rate of prevented dispensing incidents was significantly lower post-automation (0.28%) than pre-automation (0.64%, P &lt; 0.0001) but there was no difference (P = 0.277) between the types of dispensing incidents. A positive association existed between workload and prevented dispensing incidents both pre- (ρ = 0.13, P = 0.015) and post-automation (ρ = 0.23, P &lt; 0.001). Dispensing incidents were found to occur during prolonged periods of moderate workload or after a busy period.

Conclusion
Study findings suggest that automation improves dispensing efficiency and reduces the rate of prevented dispensing incidents. It is proposed that prevented dispensing incidents frequently occurred during periods of high workload due to involuntary automaticity. Prevented dispensing incidents occurring after a busy period were attributed to staff experiencing fatigue after-effects.
Treatment of gingival recession defects with a coronally advanced flap and a xenogeneic collagen matrix: a multicenter randomized clinical trial
Authors: Jepsen Karin , Jepsen Søren , Zucchelli Giovanni , Stefanini Martina , de Sanctis Massimo , Baldini Nicola , Greven Björn , Heinz Bernd , Wennström Jan , Cassel Björn , Vignoletti Fabio , Sanz Mariano 
Published: September 2012

AbstractAimTo evaluate the clinical outcomes of the use of a xenogeneic collagen matrix (CM) in combination with the coronally advanced flap (CAF) in the treatment of localized recession defects.Material & MethodsIn a multicentre single‐blinded, randomized, controlled, split‐mouth trial, 90 recessions (Miller I, II) in 45 patients received either CAF + CM or CAF alone.ResultsAt 6 months, root coverage (primary outcome) was 75.29% for test and 72.66% for control defects (p = 0.169), with 36% of test and 31% of control defects exhibiting complete coverage. The increase in mean width of keratinized tissue (KT) was higher in test (from 1.97 to 2.90 mm) than in control defects (from 2.00 to 2.57 mm) (p = 0.036). Likewise, test sites had more gain in gingival thickness (GT) (0.59 mm) than control sites (0.34 mm) (p = 0.003). Larger (≥3 mm) recessions (n = 35 patients) treated with CM showed higher root coverage (72.03% versus 66.16%, p = 0.043), as well as more gain in KT and GT.ConclusionsCAF + CM was not superior with regard to root coverage, but enhanced gingival thickness and width of keratinized tissue when compared with CAF alone. For the coverage of larger defects, CAF + CM was more effective.
Altered response to hydrogen sulphide during experimental colitis in rats
Authors: Steidle J. , Würner L. , Diener M. 
Published: September 2012

SummaryHydrogen sulphide (H2S) is produced in the intestine by sulphate‐reducing bacteria and during metabolism of L‐cysteine within the mucosa. This gasotransmitter induces anion secretion by stimulating enteric neurons and by a direct effect on epithelial cells. As H2S is discussed to exert both pro‐ and anti‐inflammatory actions, we aimed to investigate the role of H2S during experimental colitis by comparing the effects of blockade of H2S‐forming endogenous enzymes with the effect of a S‐reduced diet to diminish microbial production of H2S. Rectal application of trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS) was used to induce chronic colitis. The level of inflammation was assessed macroscopically and histologically. In Ussing chamber experiments, colonic specimens from TNBS‐treated animals exhibited a higher tissue conductance, that is, a higher epithelial permeability, and a slightly reduced basal short‐circuit current (a measure of net ion transport) in relation to non‐inflamed control tissue. Analgetic treatment with flupirtine, a central antinociceptive analgetic, did not interfere with the induction of the inflammatory response so that all animals were treated with flupirtine to reduce pain and distress during the development of colitis. The secretory response evoked by an exogenous H2S donor, NaHS, was significantly decreased after induction of colitis, whereas the response to Ca2+‐ or cAMP‐dependent secretagogues was unaltered. This downregulation was not observed in the colitis group fed on a S‐reduced diet. The decreased NaHS response indicates a desensitization of the tissue by inflammation, which might be explained by an upregulation of colonic H2S production as described in some models of inflammation.
Comparison of three markers for the determination of bacterial protein in terminal ileal digesta in the growing pig
Authors: Miner‐Williams W. , Moughan P. J. , Fuller M. F. 
Published: September 2012

SummaryThe aim of the study was to compare three methods commonly used to determine the concentrations of bacterial protein in digesta collected from the terminal ileum of growing pigs that had been fed a casein‐based diet. The amounts of bacterial protein in terminal ileal digesta were determined using three different markers: 2.6‐diaminopimelic acid (DAPA) and the d‐amino acids, d‐aspartic acid (d‐Asp) and d‐glutamic acid (d‐Glu). The effectiveness of each marker was compared against a control based on physical fractionation by centrifugation. The total bacterial protein concentrations derived from the markers d‐Asp and d‐Glu were significantly different (p = 0.05) to those calculated from DAPA and the control, but there was no difference between DAPA and the control. The percentage of bacterial nitrogen ranged from 40% to 52% dependent on the marker used. Bacterial protein expressed as a percentage of the total protein, ranged from 48% to 62%, a substantial proportion of which (12–28%) was derived from lysed bacterial cells. Statistical correlations between the estimation methods were low. Such poor correlation between the markers may be the result of random errors such as variance in the epimerization of the two d‐amino acids during protein hydrolysis. DAPA was accepted as a reliable marker for determining microbial protein in ileal digesta.
Expression of peptidylarginine deiminase‐2 and ‐4, citrullinated proteins and anti‐citrullinated protein antibodies in human gingiva
Authors: Harvey G. P. , Fitzsimmons T. R. , Dhamarpatni A. A. S. S. K. , Marchant C. , Haynes D. R. , Bartold P. M. 
Published: September 2012

Background and ObjectiveThe presence of citrullinated proteins, and peptidylarginine deiminase types ‐2 (PAD‐2) and ‐4 (PAD‐4) in periodontal tissues, determine the presence of anti‐cyclic citrullinated protein antibodies (anti‐CCP) in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and compare the expression of these proteins between inflamed and non‐inflamed sites.Material and MethodsTissue sections were stained using antibodies against citrullinated proteins, PAD‐2 and PAD‐4. RT‐PCR was performed to investigate PAD‐2 and PAD‐4 mRNA in inflamed and non‐inflamed gingival tissues. Anti‐CCP antibodies in gingival crevicular fluid were detected by ELISA.ResultsCitrullinated proteins, PAD‐2 and PAD‐4 were detected in gingiva. There was a correlation between inflammation and expression of these proteins. mRNAs for PAD‐2 and PAD‐4 were detected in both inflamed and non‐inflamed gingival tissues. Antibodies to CCP were found mostly in the GCF of individuals with periodontitis.ConclusionPAD‐2 and PAD‐4 (protein and mRNA) as well as citrullinated proteins are present in inflamed gingiva, and anti‐CCP antibodies can be detected in the GCF of some patients. Tissue expression of citrullinated proteins and PAD increased with the severity of inflammation. The presence of anti‐CCP antibodies in GCF was almost exclusive to a subset of patients with periodontitis. Increased expression of these proteins in inflamed gingiva lends support to the notion that periodontal inflammation contributes to the inflammatory burden in a similar way to rheumatoid arthritis.
Rapidly increasing incidence of eosinophilic esophagitis in a large cohort
Authors: van Rhijn B. D. , Verheij J. , Smout A. J. P. M. , Bredenoord A. J. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractBackground  Recent literature has shown increasing incidence and prevalence rates of eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE). However, data are mainly based on small studies and come from centers dedicated to EoE. Aim of this study was to estimate the incidence rates of EoE by using a large database.Methods  We performed a cross‐sectional study of the pathology reports describing esophageal eosinophilia from 1996 through 2010, using the nationwide network and registry of histo‐ and cytopathology in The Netherlands (PALGA). All histopathology reports nationwide enter this database. We classified cases according to the diagnosis made by the pathologist. Annual incidence rates of EoE were estimated.Key Results  Our search criteria yielded 8838 positive pathology reports. Eosinophilic esophagitis was diagnosed in 674 patients, of which 74% were men. In another 174 patients, no distinction was made between eosinophilia caused by gastro‐esophageal reflux disease or EoE. The incidence of EoE increased considerably over the years, being 0.01 in 1996, 0.01 in 2000, 0.14 in 2005, and 1.31 per 100 000 persons in 2010. Eosinophilic esophagitis was diagnosed in all age groups, but in 2010 the highest incidence was seen in 20–29 years old males, in whom it was estimated to be 3.23 per 100 000 persons. The incidence in children was 0.73 per 100 000 in 2010. No seasonal variation in diagnosis of EoE was observed.Conclusions & Inferences  In this large study, we found robust data on increasing incidence rates of pediatric and adult EoE in the past 15 years. This rapidly increasing incidence has not reached a plateau yet.
Expression signature in peripheral blood cells for molecular diagnosis of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Braakhuis BJM , Graveland AP , Dijk F , Ylstra B , van Wieringen WN , Leemans CR , Brakenhoff RH 
Published: September 2012

Patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) have a poor prognosis due to the development of locoregional recurrences, distant metastases, and second primary tumors. There is an urgent need for biomarkers that enable detection and monitoring of the disease to provide adequate therapeutic strategies. In this study, we have investigated markers in peripheral blood cells (PBC) of 28 HNSCC patients who underwent surgery by means of expression profiling. Our hypothesis is that nucleated blood cells circulate continuously, also pass the tumor, and change their expression profile in response to tumor cell factors. For comparison, we enrolled a control group of 11 patients who underwent surgery in the head and neck region for non‐HNSCC reasons. A set of 2949 genes was found to be statistically different between the groups (P < 0.05, false discovery rate‐corrected) and the most prominently different pathways were EIF2, EIF4, and mTOR signaling. These preliminary results are promising and warrant further studies on the definitive role of PBC gene expression as a biomarker for HNSCC detection and monitoring.
Desensitization to antibiotics in children
Authors: Cernadas Josefina R. 
Published: September 2012

To cite this article: Cernadas JR. Educational case series: Desensitization to antibiotics in children. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2012.AbstractDrug hypersensitivity reactions can occur to almost all drugs and antibiotics are among the most common cause for this kind of reactions. Drug hypersensitivity may affect any organ or system, and manifestations range widely in clinical severity from mild pruritus to anaphylaxis. In most cases, the suspected drug is avoided in the future. In case of infection, there is usually a safe antibiotic alternative. Nonetheless, in some cases, no alternative treatment exists for optimal therapy. Under these circumstances, desensitization may be performed. Drug desensitization is defined as the induction of a temporary state of tolerance to a drug which can only be maintained by continuous administration of the medication responsible for the hypersensitivity reaction. Desensitization is mainly performed in IgE‐mediated reactions. Increasing doses of the implicated drug are administered over a short period of time, until the therapeutic dose is achieved and tolerated. Very few studies confined to children are found in literature. Most of them are case reports. In general, the proposed desensitization schemes are similar to those used in adults differing only in the final dose administered. The purpose of this study is to review desensitization to antibiotics in children presenting and discussing three clinical practical cases of desensitization in this age group.