bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ultrasound‐based clinical prediction rule model for detecting papillary thyroid cancer in cervical lymph nodes: A pilot study
Authors: Patel Nayana U. , McKinney Kristin , Kreidler Sarah M. , Bieker Teresa M. , Russ Paul , Roberts Katherine , Glueck Deborah H. , Albuja‐Cruz Maria , Klopper Joshua , Haugen Bryan R. 
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACTPurposeTo identify sonographic features of cervical lymph nodes (LNs) that are associated with papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) and to develop a prediction model for classifying nodes as metastatic or benign.MethodsThis retrospective study included the records of postthyroidectomy patients with PTC who had undergone cervical ultrasound and LN biopsy. LN location, size, shape, hilum, echopattern, Doppler flow, and microcalcifications were assessed. Model selection was used to identify features associated with malignant LNs and to build a predictive, binary‐outcome, generalized linear mixed model. A cross‐validated receiver operating characteristic analysis was conducted to assess the accuracy of the model for classifying metastatic nodes.ResultsWe analyzed records from 71 LNs (23 metastatic) in 44 patients (16 with PTC). The predictive model included a nonhomogeneous echopattern (odds ratio [OR], 5.73; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.07–30.74; p = 0.04), microcalcifications (OR, 4.91; 95% CI, 0.91–26.54; p = 0.06), and volume (OR, 2.57; 95% CI, 0.66–9.99; p = 0.16) as predictors. The model had an area under the curve of 0.74 (95% CI, 0.60–0.85), sensitivity of 65% (95% CI, 50% to 78%), and specificity of 85% (95% CI, 73% to 94%) at the Youden optimal cut point of 0.38.ConclusionsNonhomogeneous echopattern, microcalcifications, and node volume were predictive of malignant LNs in patients with PTC. A larger sample is needed to validate this model. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 44:143–151, 2016
Understanding and Engaging with Development through International Volunteering
Authors: Brown Eleanor Joanne 
Published: September 2015

AbstractUnderstanding development issues and finding a space to interpret and debate our roles as citizens, consumers and individuals towards greater global justice are complex and contested. In this paper, I consider engagement in development through education‐based international volunteering and report on a case study of a 9‐month course designed to provide development education in preparation for a 2‐month period of international volunteering. I argue that through opening spaces for dialogue and experiential learning, international volunteering, accompanied by critical development education, has the potential to address questions about what responsible development might mean, and how we can actively contribute to it. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rescuing Girls, Investing in Girls: A Critique of Development Fantasies
Authors: Caron Cynthia M. , Margolin Shelby A. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThe girl child increasingly is at the centre of development programming. We draw on Slavoj Žižek's notion of fantasy to show how and, more importantly, why girl‐centred initiatives reproduce the shortcomings of women and gender‐focused programmes before them. Through an analysis of three girl‐centred campaigns, we illustrate how experts identify and diagnose girls' problems and prescribe solutions that not only circumscribe girls' futures, but are also counterproductive. We argue that even as campaigns try to integrate lessons learned from earlier gender and development initiatives, the critical reflection that a Žižekian approach promotes would better enable development actors to reformulate campaigns and fundamental campaign assumptions. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Computerized 3D morphological analysis of glenoid orientation
Authors: Ghafurian Soheil , Galdi Balazs , Bastian Sevag , Tan Virak , Li Kang 
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACTAn accurate preoperative measurement of glenoid orientation is crucial for evaluating pathologies and successful total shoulder arthroplasty. Existing methods may be labor‐intensive, observer‐dependent, and sensitive to the misalignment between the scapula plane and CT scanning direction. In this study, we proposed a computation framework and performed an automated analysis of the glenoid orientation based on 3D surface data. Three‐dimensional models of 12 scapulae were analyzed. The glenoid cavity and external anatomical features were automatically extracted from these 3D models. Glenoid version was calculated using the scapula plane and the fulcrum axis alternatively. Glenoid inclination was measured both relative to transverse axis of the scapula and the medial pole‐inferior tip axis. The mean (±SD) of the fulcrum‐based glenoid version was −0.55° (±4.17°), while the scapular‐plane‐based glenoid version was −5.05° (±3.50°). The mean (±SD) of glenoid inclinations based on the medial pole and inferior tip was 12.75° (±5.03°) while the mean (±SD) of the glenoid inclination based on the medial pole and glenoid center was 4.63° (±4.86°). Our computational framework was able to extract the reproducible morphological measures free of inter‐ and intra‐ observer variability. For the first time in 3D, we showed that the fulcrum axis was practically perpendicular to the glenoid plane normal (radial line), and thus extended the fulcrum‐based glenoid version for quantifying 3D glenoid orientation. © 2015 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 34:692–698, 2016.
Virtual population‐based assessment of the impact of 3 Tesla radiofrequency shimming and thermoregulation on safety and B1+ uniformity
Authors: Murbach Manuel , Neufeld Esra , Cabot Eugenia , Zastrow Earl , Córcoles Juan , Kainz Wolfgang , Kuster Niels 
Published: September 2015

PurposeTo assess the effect of radiofrequency (RF) shimming of a 3 Tesla (T) two‐port body coil on B1+ uniformity, the local specific absorption rate (SAR), and the local temperature increase as a function of the thermoregulatory response.MethodsRF shimming alters induced current distribution, which may result in large changes in the level and location of absorbed RF energy. We investigated this effect with six anatomical human models from the Virtual Population in 10 imaging landmarks and four RF coils. Three thermoregulation models were applied to estimate potential local temperature increases, including a newly proposed model for impaired thermoregulation.ResultsTwo‐port RF shimming, compared to circular polarization mode, can increase the B1+ uniformity on average by +32%. Worst‐case SAR excitations increase the local RF power deposition on average by +39%. In the first level controlled operating mode, induced peak temperatures reach 42.5°C and 45.6°C in patients with normal and impaired thermoregulation, respectively.ConclusionImage quality with 3T body coils can be significantly increased by RF shimming. Exposure in realistic scan scenarios within guideline limits can be considered safe for a broad patient population with normal thermoregulation. Patients with impaired thermoregulation should not be scanned outside of the normal operating mode. Magn Reson Med 76:986–997, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Managing perturbations during handover meetings: a joint activity framework
Authors: Mayor Eric , Bangerter Adrian 
Published: September 2015

AbstractAimTo document the prevalence of perturbations of handover meetings and understand how nurses manage temporal, physical and social meeting boundaries in response to perturbations.BackgroundHandovers are joint activities performed collaboratively by participating nurses. Perturbations of handover are frequent and may potentially threaten continuity of care.DesignWe observed and videotaped handovers during five successive days in four nursing care units in two Swiss hospitals in 2009.MethodsVideorecordings were transcribed. All perturbations during the handovers were noted. We performed content analysis of the sources of perturbations from the notes and interactional micro‐analyses of handover interactions based on video and transcripts.ResultsNurses are the most frequent sources of perturbations during handovers. Perturbations are collaboratively managed. A tacit division of labour is enacted via multimodal communication strategies, whereby perturbations are dealt with using both linguistic and bodily signals.
Transition absorption as a mechanism of surface photoelectron emission from metals
Authors: Zhukovsky Sergei V. , Protsenko Igor E. , Ikhsanov Renat Sh. , Smetanin Igor V. , Babicheva Viktoriia E. , Uskov Alexander V. 
Published: September 2015

Transition absorption of a photon by an electron passing through a boundary between two media with different permittivities is described both classically and quantum mechanically. Transition absorption is shown to make a substantial contribution to photoelectron emission at a metal/semicon‐ductor interface in nanoplasmonic systems, and is put forth as a possible microscopic mechanism of the surface photoelectric effect in photodetectors and solar cells containing plasmonic nanoparticles.
magnified image(© 2015 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH &Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Exploring New Physics Frontiers Through Numerical Relativity
Authors: Cardoso Vitor , Gualtieri Leonardo , Herdeiro Carlos , Sperhake Ulrich 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThe demand to obtain answers to highly complex problems within strong-field gravity has been met with significant progress in the numerical solution of Einstein’s equations — along with some spectacular results — in various setups.We review techniques for solving Einstein’s equations in generic spacetimes, focusing on fully nonlinear evolutions but also on how to benchmark those results with perturbative approaches. The results address problems in high-energy physics, holography, mathematical physics, fundamental physics, astrophysics and cosmology.
Mentorship as Experienced by Women Surgeons in Japan
Authors: Yorozuya Kyoko , Kawase Kazumi , Akashi‐Tanaka Sadako , Kanbayashi Chizuko , Nomura Sachiyo , Tomizawa Yasuko 
Published: September 2015

AbstractBackgroundWomen have accounted for over 30 % of new medical students since 1995 in Japan. Establishing support systems for women surgeons to continue their work is a major issue in Japan. Mentorship can be one of the most effective means to help women surgeons to continue their work. The purpose of this study was to clarify the current status of mentorship among Japanese women surgeons and to discuss the role of mentors for women surgeons.MethodsInvitation letters were sent to all female members of the Japan Association of Women Surgeons in April 2011. An 84‐item questionnaire survey was sent to those who agreed to participate in this study via the internet.ResultsFifty‐five surgeons participated in this study, a response rate of 48.7 %. Sixty‐seven percent of respondents found it difficult to continue in their job; 85 % thought mentorship was necessary for women surgeons to progress in their careers; and 84 % reported that they already had a mentor. Respondents thought that a mentor helped them to advance their clinical career, to stay in their job, and to provide moral support. However, mentors appeared to be less useful in helping them to advance their research career, to network, to increase their status, and to achieve a work–life balance.ConclusionsThis study revealed areas where mentors appeared to be less helpful to women surgeons. The survey gave an indication of how to help improve and develop the career and personal life of women surgeons in Japan.
Effects of heterologous expression of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase on organic acid production in Aspergillus carbonarius
Authors: Yang Lei , Lübeck Mette , Lübeck Peter S 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
Aspergillus carbonarius has a potential as a cell factory for production of various organic acids. In this study, the organic acid profile of A. carbonarius was investigated under different cultivation conditions. Moreover, two heterologous genes, pepck and ppc, which encode phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase in Actinobacillus succinogenes and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase in Escherichia coli, were inserted individually and in combination in A. carbonarius to enhance the carbon flux toward the reductive TCA branch. Results of transcription analysis and measurement of enzyme activities of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase in the corresponding single and double transformants demonstrated that the two heterologous genes were successfully expressed in A. carbonarius. The production of citric acid increased in all the transformants in both glucose- and xylose-based media at pH higher than 3 but did not increase in the pH non-buffered cultivation compared with the wild type.
The Complex Epidemiology of Carbapenem-ResistantEnterobacterInfections: A Multicenter Descriptive Analysis
Authors: Lazarovitch Tsilia , Amity Keren , Coyle Joseph R. , Ackerman Benjamin , Tal-Jasper Ruthy , Ofer-Friedman Hadas , Hayakawa Kayoko , Bogan Christopher , Lephart Paul R. , Kaplansky Tamir , Maskit Moran , Azouri Tal , Zaidenstein Ronit , Perez Federico , Bonomo Robert A. , Kaye Keith S. , Marchaim Dror 
Published: September 2015

BACKGROUNDThe pandemic of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) was primarily due to clonal spread ofblaKPCproducingKlebsiella pneumoniae. Thus, thoroughly studied CRE cohorts have consisted mostly ofK. pneumoniae.OBJECTIVETo conduct an extensive epidemiologic analysis of carbapenem-resistantEnterobacterspp. (CREn) from 2 endemic and geographically distinct centers.METHODSCREn were investigated at an Israeli center (Assaf Harofeh Medical Center, January 2007 to July 2012) and at a US center (Detroit Medical Center, September 2008 to September 2009).blaKPCgenes were queried by polymerase chain reaction. Repetitive extragenic palindromic polymerase chain reaction and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis were used to determine genetic relatedness.RESULTSIn this analysis, 68 unique patients with CREn were enrolled. Sixteen isolates (24%) were from wounds, and 33 (48%) represented colonization only. All isolates exhibited a positive Modified Hodge Test, but only 93% (27 of 29) containedblaKPC. Forty-three isolates (63%) were from elderly adults, and 5 (7.4%) were from neonates. Twenty-seven patients died in hospital (40.3% of infected patients).Enterobacterstrains consisted of 4 separate clones from Assaf Harofeh Medical Center and of 4 distinct clones from Detroit Medical Center.CONCLUSIONSIn this study conducted at 2 distinct CRE endemic regions, there were unique epidemiologic features to CREn: (i) polyclonality, (ii) neonates accounting for more than 7% of cohort, and (iii) high rate of colonization (almost one-half of all cases represented colonization). Since false-positive Modified Hodge Tests inEnterobacterspp. are common, close monitoring of carbapenem resistance mechanisms (particularly carbapenemase production) amongEnterobacterspp. is important.Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol.2015;36(11):1283–1291
Could the beneficial effects of dietary calcium on obesity and diabetes control be mediated by changes in intestinal microbiota and integrity?
Authors: Gomes J. M. G. , Costa J. A. , Alfenas R. C. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractEvidence from animal and human studies has associated gut microbiota, increased translocation of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and reduced intestinal integrity (II) with the inflammatory state that occurs in obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Consumption of Ca may favour body weight reduction and glycaemic control, but its influence on II and gut microbiota is not well understood. Considering the impact of metabolic diseases on public health and the role of Ca on the pathophysiology of these diseases, this review critically discusses possible mechanisms by which high-Ca diets could affect gut microbiota and II. Published studies from 1993 to 2015 about this topic were searched and selected from Medline/PubMed, Scielo and Lilacs databases. High-Ca diets seem to favour the growth of lactobacilli, maintain II (especially in the colon), reduce translocation of LPS and regulate tight-junction gene expression. We conclude that dietary Ca might interfere with gut microbiota and II modulations and it can partly explain the effect of Ca on obesity and T2DM control. However, further research is required to define the supplementation period, the dose and the type of Ca supplement (milk or salt) required for more effective results. As Ca interacts with other components of the diet, these interactions must also be considered in future studies. We believe that more complex mechanisms involving extraintestinal disorders (hormones, cytokines and other biomarkers) also need to be studied.
The role of models in translating within-host dynamics to parasite evolution
Authors: GREISCHAR MEGAN A. , REECE SARAH E. , MIDEO NICOLE 
Published: September 2015

SUMMARYMathematical modelling provides an effective way to challenge conventional wisdom about parasite evolution and investigate why parasites ‘do what they do’ within the host. Models can reveal when intuition cannot explain observed patterns, when more complicated biology must be considered, and when experimental and statistical methods are likely to mislead. We describe how models of within-host infection dynamics can refine experimental design, and focus on the case study of malaria to highlight how integration between models and data can guide understanding of parasite fitness in three areas: (1) the adaptive significance of chronic infections; (2) the potential for tradeoffs between virulence and transmission; and (3) the implications of within-vector dynamics. We emphasize that models are often useful when they highlight unexpected patterns in parasite evolution, revealing instead why intuition yields the wrong answer and what combination of theory and data are needed to advance understanding.
‘Spoken language is a prison’: ways of belonging and speaking in northwest Greenland
Authors: Leonard Stephen Pax 
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACT‘Speaking’ and ‘belonging’ have a particular salience as indices of intimacy in a remote corner of northwest Greenland where connectedness is constantly reinforced through a distinct commonality of expression and certain social practices, such as very frequent visiting of one another, story-telling, recycling of names and a shared monistic philosophy. The Inugguit define themselves by a repertoire of communicative and behavioural strategies which are used to ensure that one is accepted in a supportive kin group: the perennial social and personal imperative for each member of the group. This article shows how despite social and climatic upheaval, these practices remain, but that the hunters’ ‘symbiotic’ relationship with nature is eroding as the loss of sea ice means they can no longer live like the animals they hunt.
Organizing Puerto Rican Domestics: Resistance and Household Labor Reform in the Puerto Rican Diaspora after 1930
Authors: Amador Emma 
Published: September 2015

AbstractOn November 28, 1946, a group of Puerto Rican women picketed the Chicago offices of Castle, Barton, and Associates, a private employment agency that had brought them to the city to become domestic workers. They protested low wages, long hours, and deductions from their pay for transportation and other costs. Their resistance challenged the Puerto Rican and United States governments to both recognize local labor exploitation and grapple with Puerto Rican rights as those of migrant United States citizens. These women made demands on the Puerto Rican state to regulate migrant contract work and sponsor training programs for domestic work. They would succeed as colonial subjects to gain recognition as workers. Nonetheless, they failed to win well-paid, safe, and desirable jobs. This history of Puerto Rican women's domestic work and their struggle for regulation illuminates a formative moment in the history of Puerto Rican women's organizing and activism for labor rights.
Wages of Intimacy: Domestic Workers Disputing Wages in the Higher Courts of Nineteenth-Century Brazil
Authors: Lima Henrique Espada 
Published: September 2015

AbstractExploring the legal context and arguments put forth by women who sued for their wages, this article illustrates how contested definitions of “work” and “intimacy” played a fundamental role in the arguments that both domestic workers and those whom they challenged in court made. It discusses a sample of legal complaints concerning labor arrangements (specifically, wage contracts, or contratos de soldada) from the Brazilian National Archives involving women working in the households of single men or widowers in nineteenth-century Brazil. Brought by both former slaves and Portuguese immigrants and other “free” women, domestic workers advanced demands for compensation, claiming wages and entitlements that clearly defined their connection to their masters as “work,” even when personal intimacy and sex were also present. The article also considers the place occupied by “free” domestic work in a slave society, relating it to the changing legal and social context of nineteenth-century Brazil.
Breaking the “Harness of Household Slavery”: Domestic Workers, the Women's Division of the St. Louis Urban League, and the Politics of Labor Reform during the Great Depression
Authors: Ervin Keona K. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractLargely denied membership in organized labor and access to basic labor protections, black domestic workers of St. Louis employed the local chapter of the Urban League's Women's Division to carve out a space for themselves in a growing, predominantly white, male labor movement and in the multiple coalitions that configured the New Deal. Domestics used household employment reform codes to lay the groundwork for dignity to manifest itself in their labor and contractual agreements. From the Household Workers Mass Meeting of 1933 to the close of the St. Louis Urban League's first phase in the late 1940s, black working-class women joined forces with progressive black women who led the Urban League's Women's Division to reform domestic employment through negotiation, enforcement, collective action, and everyday resistance. A border city with a large and settled black working class located within its core, St. Louis had acute class, gender, and racial divisions that shaped the terms of black women's economic activism. The Gateway City's mix of urban Midwestern-, northern-, and southern-style geopolitics propelled domestics’ mobilization, offering space for dissident women to call for changes to the social, political, and economic order.
Masculinity and Organized Resistance in Domestic Service in Colonial Dar es Salaam, 1919–1961
Authors: Pariser Robyn 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThis article analyzes the relationship between masculinity and domestic service by exploring how servants resisted the changing culture and realities of their work in colonial Dar es Salaam, the capital of British colonial Tanganyika. Domestic servants formed nearly half the working class in the city, and ninety-seven percent of servants were African men. Considered during the early decades of colonialism to be a well-paid, skilled, and respectable occupation, domestic service transformed in the 1940s and 1950s, due to the World War II economic crisis, soaring urban population, and introduction of new labor regulations. The primary threats to servants’ masculinity during the latter half of the colonial era were the growing limitations the occupation placed on men's abilities to achieve the financial and social capital required to achieve senior status and respect within their families and the African community. In response to rising exploitation and declining wages, servants formed Tanganyika's first African labor union.