bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Invited review: Graphite and its hidden superconductivity
Authors: Esquinazi Pablo 
Published: December 2013

We review experimental results, from transport to magnetization measurements, on different graphite samples, from bulk oriented graphite, thin graphite films to transmission electron microscope lamellae, that indicate the existence of granular superconductivity at temperatures above 100~K. The accumulated evidence speaks for a localization of the superconducting phase(s) at certain interfaces embedded in semiconducting crystalline regions with Bernal stacking order.Received: 25 January 2013, Accepted: 10 October 2013; Reviewed by: E. M. Forgan, School of Physics & Astronomy, University of Birmingham, U.K.; Edited by: S. A. Grigera; DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4279/PIP.050007Cite as: P Esquinazi, Papers in Physics 5, 050007 (2013)
Adhesion energy between mica surfaces: Implications for the frictional coefficient under dry and wet conditions
Authors: Sakuma Hiroshi 
Published: December 2013

AbstractThe frictional strength of faults is a critical factor that contributes to continuous fault slip and earthquake occurrence. Frictional strength can be reduced by the presence of sheet‐structured clay minerals. In this study, two important factors influencing the frictional coefficient of minerals were quantitatively analyzed by a newly developed computational method based on a combination of first‐principles study and thermodynamics. One factor that helps reduce the frictional coefficient is the low adhesion energy between the layers under dry conditions. Potassium ions on mica surfaces are easily exchanged with sodium ions when brought into contact with highly concentrated sodium‐halide solutions. We found that the surface ion exchange with sodium ions reduces the adhesion energy, indicating that the frictional coefficient can be reduced under dry conditions. Another factor is the lubrication caused by adsorbed water films on mineral surfaces under wet conditions. Potassium and sodium ions on mica surfaces have a strong affinity for water molecules. In order to remove the adsorbed water molecules confined between mica surfaces, a differential compressive stress of the order of tens of gigapascals was necessary at room temperature. These water molecules inhibit direct contact between mineral surfaces and reduce the frictional coefficient. Our results imply that the frictional coefficient can be modified through contact with fluids depending on their salt composition. The low adhesion energy between fault‐forming minerals and the presence of an adsorbed water film is a possible reason for the low frictional coefficient observed at continuous fault slip zones.
Isoprene emission variability through the twentieth century
Authors: Unger N. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractA biochemical model of isoprene emission embedded within a global chemistry‐climate simulation framework is applied to investigate the transient response to environmental change over the past century. In the model, the isoprene production is directly coupled to photosynthesis and depends on intercellular carbon dioxide concentration (CO2), atmospheric CO2, and canopy temperature. Sensitivity runs are performed to isolate the relative roles of individual global change drivers: CO2, physical climate, and anthropogenic land cover change (ALCC). Between 1880 and 2000, atmospheric CO2 increased by ~30% from 291 to 370 ppmv, global average surface air temperature increased by 0.7°C, and the crop cover fraction of vegetated land area more than doubled from 15 to 37%. Over the past century, isoprene emission has decreased globally by 20% from 534 to 449 Tg C/yr, while gross primary productivity has increased by 15% from 107 to 124 Pg C/yr mostly due to CO2 fertilization. In terms of individual drivers, the global isoprene source increased by 7% due to the atmospheric CO2 concentration rise (including the opposing effects of CO2 fertilization and CO2 inhibition), decreased by 22% due to ALCC, and increased by only 3% due to physical climate change. Thus, ALCC is the dominant driver of isoprene emission change. Modeled global isoprene emissions were higher in the preindustrial than in the present day. In the industrial era, isoprene emission change represents a human‐induced climate forcing, analogous to land use‐driven CO2 emission, not a climate feedback because temperature‐driven increase was a relatively weak driver of isoprene emission change from 1880 to 2000.
Short‐term separation from groups by male Japanese macaques: Costs and benefits in feeding behavior and social interaction
Authors: Otani Yosuke , Sawada Akiko , Hanya Goro 
Published: December 2013

AbstractTo expand our understanding of fission–fusion behavior and determine its variability among primates, studies of both individual‐based and group‐based fission–fusion are necessary. We conducted a parallel tracking study of male and female Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata yakui) during the non‐mating season to clarify the general features of separate ranging by males of this species, an example of fission–fusion behavior, and to reveal its associated costs and benefits. Males frequently engaged in short‐term separate ranging, leaving the company of females and ranging on their own for periods averaging 68 min in duration. However, the males did not venture outside the group's home range. When ranging separately from the group, males spent more time feeding, particularly on fruit, stayed longer in each feeding tree, and fed at a lower rate than when ranging with the group. These behavioral changes suggest that males can avoid within‐group feeding competition by ranging alone. However, this behavior was also associated with higher traveling costs, and these separated males were more vulnerable to intergroup competition and had fewer opportunities for social interaction. The frequency of separate ranging was lower when highly clumped food plant species were the main food source. Lower‐ranked males, who received more aggression when ranging with the group, exhibited a higher frequency of separate ranging. This behavioral flexibility with respect to group cohesion may allow males to reduce the costs of group living without completely losing the benefits. Specifically, by ranging alone, males may acquire sufficient feeding time without being disturbed by other group members. Conversely, when ranging with the group, males can access grooming partners and advantages in intergroup competition. Am. J. Primatol. 76:374–384, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Self‐Host Blue‐Emitting Iridium Dendrimer with Carbazole Dendrons: Nondoped Phosphorescent Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes
Authors: Xia Debin , Wang Bin , Chen Bo , Wang Shumeng , Zhang Baohua , Ding Junqiao , Wang Lixiang , Jing Xiabin , Wang Fosong 
Published: December 2013

AbstractA blue‐emitting iridium dendrimer, namely B‐G2, has been successfully designed and synthesized with a second‐generation oligocarbazole as the dendron, which is covalently attached to the emissive tris[2‐(2,4‐difluorophenyl)‐pyridyl]iridium(III) core through a nonconjugated link to form an efficient self‐host system in one dendrimer. Unlike small molecular phosphors and other phosphorescent dendrimers, B‐G2 shows a continuous enhancement in the device efficiency with increasing doping concentration. When using neat B‐G2 as the emitting layer, the nondoped device is achieved without loss in efficiency, thus giving a state‐of‐art EQE as high as 15.3 % (31.3 cd A−1, 28.9 lm W−1) along with CIE coordinates of (0.16, 0.29).
Die Witkop‐Cyclisierung: eine photoinduzierte C‐H‐Aktivierung des Indolsystems
Authors: Gritsch Philipp J. , Leitner Christian , Pfaffenbach Magnus , Gaich Tanja 
Published: December 2013

AbstractUntersuchungen von photochemisch induzierten Redoxprozessen leisten einen besonderen Beitrag zur organischen Photochemie und zu ihrer Anwendungen in der Synthese komplexer Zielstrukturen. Die richtige Wahl des Reduktions‐ und Oxidationspotentiale sowie die Energie des angeregten Zustands von Akzeptor und Donor müssen richtig gewählt werden, damit in diesem Redoxprozess über einen Einelektronentransfer ein intermediäres Radikalion erzeugt werden kann, das schließlich zu den Produkten weiterreagiert. Die Witkop‐Cyclisierung stellt eine intramolekulare Variante eines solchen Prozesses dar – typischerweise mit einem Indol‐Heterocyclus als Elektronendonor. Der synthetische Mehrwert dieser Reaktion besteht in einer C‐C‐Bindungsknüpfung ohne die sonst notwendige Präfunktionalisierung des Indolkerns. Dieser Kurzaufsatz behandelt bereits erfolgte Anwendungen der Reaktion und möchte zu ihrer Weiterentwicklung vor allem an komplexen Systemen anstoßen.
Stereocontrol of All‐Carbon Quaternary Centers through Enantioselective Desymmetrization of Meso Primary Diols by Organocatalyzed Acyl Transfer
Authors: Roux Christèle , Candy Mathieu , Pons Jean‐Marc , Chuzel Olivier , Bressy Cyril 
Published: December 2013

AbstractThe symmetry breaking of meso primary diols bearing a tetrahydropyran ring was employed, using catalytic asymmetric acyl transfer, to control all‐carbon quaternary stereocenters. The planar chiral Fu DMAP catalyst was used in this reaction to reach a high degree of enantioselectivity (up to 97:3 e.r.) through a synergic effect combining a desymmetrization step and a kinetic resolution. Moreover, a beneficial effect was exhibited by C6F6 solvent, yielding the first example of an organocatalyzed asymmetric acyl transfer. The desymmetrized monoesters were then used to obtain, after a straightforward ring opening sequence, complex polyketide building blocks bearing all‐carbon quaternary stereocenters.
Morphology and microwave absorption of carbon nanotube/bismaleimide foams
Authors: Liu Xiao‐Li , Lu Hai‐Jun , Xing Li‐Ying 
Published: December 2013

ABSTRACTProper dispersion should be guaranteed when using carbon nanotubes (CNTs) as effective absorbents. Physical dispersion methods, such as mechanical mixing, ball milling, and calendering process (three‐roll milling), were adopted to disperse CNTs in the bismaleimide matrix to foam. The effects of the dispersion methods on viscosity, bubble morphology, and microwave‐absorbing properties at 12–18 GHz were studied. The results indicated that, three‐roll milling can more efficiently separate individual CNTs from the agglomerates compared with the other two methods. This method exhibited the highest viscosity, the most irregular cell shape, and the best microwave‐absorbing property. The effects of CNT concentration and foam thickness on the microwave‐absorbing properties were also studied. The reflectivity decreased and the position of the reflectivity peak moved to a lower value with increase in CNT concentration and foam thickness. The foam with 30 mm thickness achieved a reflection loss below −8 dB over 3.0 GHz in the range of 13.5–16.5 GHz. The minimum value is −14.2 dB at 14.6 GHz. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40233.
Isolation and purification of recombinant human plasminogen Kringle 5 by liquid chromatography and ammonium sulfate salting‐out
Authors: Bian Liujiao , Ji Xu , Hu Wei 
Published: December 2013

ABSTRACTIn this work, a novel method was established to isolate and purify Human plasminogen Kringle 5 (HPK5) as a histidine‐tagged fusion protein expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3). This method consisted of sample extraction using a Ni‐chelated Sepharose Fast‐Flow affinity column, ammonium sulfate salting‐out and Sephadex G‐75 size‐exclusion column in turn. The purity analysis by SDS–PAGE, high‐performance size‐exclusion and reversed‐phase chromatographies showed that the obtained recombinant fusion HPK5 was homogeneous and its purity was higher than 96%; the activity analysis by chorioallantoic membrane model of chicken embryos revealed that the purified recombinant HPK5 exhibited an obvious anti‐angiogenic activity under the effective range of 5.0–25.0 µg/mL. Through this procedure, about 19 mg purified recombinant fusion HPK5 can be obtained from 1 L of original fermentation solution. Approximate 32% of the total recombinant fusion HPK5 can be captured and the total yield was approximately 11%. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
What is to be done? future research on the assessment and behavioral treatment of sex offenders
Authors: Earls Christopher M. , Quinsey Vernon L. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractMuch progress has been made in the assessment and treatment of sexually aggressive men. There remains, however, a great deal of work to be done. Future research should move on three fronts simultaneously: the extension and refinement of assessment methods which will serve to discriminate sex offenders from other persons and different sorts of sex offenders from each other, the further development of, and comparison among, treatment techniques designed to change sex offenders on relevant dimensions, and long‐term followups of sex offenders who have been treated with different methods. Basic research concerning not only sex offenders but also the development of human sexuality is also required for the formulation of a theory which will guide future research.
Research directions in the evaluation and treatment of sex offenders: An analysis
Authors: Grossman Linda S. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractA review of the research on early and current techniques for evaluating and treating male sex offenders is presented, with emphasis on biological and behavioral therapies. Biological techniques found to be most promising include two types of antiandrogen hormone therapy: medroxyprogesterone acetate and cyproterone acetate. Behavioral techniques which have produced evidence of effectiveness include methods to eliminate deviant sexual behavior and methods to increase appropriate sexual behavior. The methodological shortcomings in the research of both biological and behavioral therapies are discussed, and new directions for future research are proposed.
Sulfation Rates of Particles in Calcium Looping Reactors
Authors: Alonso Mónica , Cordero José M. , Arias Borja , Abanades Juan C. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractThe sulfation reaction rate of CaO particles in three reactors comprising a post‐combustion calcium looping system is discussed: a combustion chamber generating flue gases, a carbonator reactor to capture CO2 and SO2, and an oxy‐fired calciner to regenerate the CO2 sorbent. Due to its strong impact on the pore size distribution of CaO particles, the number of carbonation/calcination cycles arises as a new important variable to understand sulfation phenomena. Sulfation patterns change as a result of particle cycling, becoming more homogeneous with higher number of cycles. Experimental results from thermogravimetric tests demonstrate that high sulfation rates can be measured under all conditions tested, indicating that the calcium looping systems will be extremely efficient in SO2 capture.
Synthesis of CuITrifluoromethylselenates for Trifluoromethylselenolation of Aryl and Alkyl Halides
Authors: Chen Chaohuang , Ouyang Li , Lin Quanfu , Liu Yanpin , Hou Chuanqi , Yuan Yaofeng , Weng Zhiqiang 
Published: December 2013

AbstractThe development of new strategies for synthesis of trifluoromethylthiolate compounds is of considerable importance in pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and advanced materials. Accordingly, currently much attention is being devoted to the development of effective methods and reagents for their synthesis. In contrast, considerably less effort has been afforded to the development of preparing CSeCF3bonds. Herein we report a concise route to synthesize a family of copper(I) trifluoromethylselenolate reagents by the reaction of CuI with the Ruppert’s reagent (Me3SiCF3), KF, and elemental selenium in the presence of dinitrogen ligands in CH3CN at room temperature. The reagent [Cu(bpy)(SeCF3)]2was proven to be air‐stable and highly efficient for nucleophilic trifluoromethylthselenolation of a broad range of (hetero)aryl halides and alkyl halides. This method represents a powerful protocol for the construction trifluoromethylselenolate compounds.
Ammonium‐Kanal in Venus‐Fliegenfalle
Authors: Feil Sylvia 
Published: December 2013

AbstractDie Venus‐Fliegenfalle bessert ihre Nährstoffversorgung auf, indem sie Insekten fängt und verdaut. Bislang unbekannt war, dass sie dabei Proteine ihrer Beute als Ammonium‐Quelle nutzt [1]. Der neu entdeckte Ammonium‐Transporter arbeitet als spannungsabhängiger Ionenkanal.
Rückgewinnung sortenreiner Baustofffraktionen aus Mauerwerk
Authors: Müller Anette , Landmann Mirko , Palzer Ulrich 
Published: December 2013

AbstractDie Verwertung von Mauerwerkbruch als Rohstoff für die erneute Produktion von Mauersteinen oder anderen Baustoffen erfordert sortenreine Materialfraktionen. Dazu ist der Aufschluss der einzelnen Materialien aus dem Verbundbaustoff erforderlich, um zunächst den gesuchten Wertstoff freizulegen und so die sich anschließende Abtrennung von Fremd‐ und Störstoffen durch Sortierprozesse zu ermöglichen. Der Aufschluss geschieht i. d. R. durch eine Zerkleinerung. In der vorliegenden Veröffentlichung wird über Zerkleinerungsversuche an Musterwänden berichtet, die aus verschiedenen Wandbaustoffarten bestanden. An den Zerkleinerungsprodukten wurden die erreichte Partikelgrößenreduktion und der Aufschlussgrad untersucht.Recovery of Homogeneous Building Material Fractions from Masonry Construction. The application of masonry rubble as raw material for the further production of masonry blocks or other building materials requires homogeneous material fractions. This necessitates disintegration of the individual components of the composite masonry material, so that the recyclable fraction is exposed and can be separated from impurities and contaminants through a further sorting process. Typically, this disintegration is accomplished through crushing. The following paper describes the results of crushing trials undertaken on material from sample masonry walls of differing construction. Investigation of the products of the crushing process considered particle size reduction and the degree of disintegration.
A Method for Design of a Growing Complex Network
Authors: Mizuno Haruki , Okamoto Takashi , Koakutsu Seiichi , Hirata Hironori 
Published: December 2013

SUMMARYA complex network design method that finds a desired network structure can be a powerful tool in large‐scale system design. Conventional complex network design methods tackle only static networks, that is, they do not consider growth of the target network. In this paper, we propose a new method for the design of a growing complex network. First, we consider evaluation functions which quantitatively represent the characteristics of desired structures by using feature quantities. Then, we formulate the design problem of a growing complex network as a multi‐objective optimization problem in order to determine the connection targets of new nodes by using the evaluation functions. By solving the problem, we grow the network, thus obtaining the desired network. We try to generate networks which have the desired clustering coefficient and average path length concurrently. Through numerical experiments, we confirm that the proposed method is effective as a method for the design of growing complex networks. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn, 97(1): 70–81, 2014; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/ecj.10382
High‐Efficiency Mixing Chip with Liquid Flow Actuators Operated by Surface Acoustic Waves
Authors: Saiki Tsunemasa , Utsumi Yuichi 
Published: December 2013

SUMMARYSurface acoustic wave (SAW) devices can be used as component parts for micro total analysis systems (μTAS) because their structures are very simple. We thus fabricated a mixing chip with liquid flow actuators operated only by SAWs. The chip consists mainly of one Y‐type flow channel, two pumps, and one mixer. The pumps are located in the upstream areas of the merging point of the flow channel, and the mixer is located in its downstream area. Additionally, the flow actuators have interdigital transducers (IDTs) to generate the SAWs. The IDTs were fabricated by patterning Al/Cr on a LiNbO3 substrate, and the flow channel wall was made of the epoxy‐based negative resist SU‐8. Using the mixing chip, we carried out a mixing experiment with two water solutions of different concentrations using glycerin, and a chemical reaction experiment involving luminol luminescence. Through the experiments, it was found that local and rapid mixing of a continuous liquid flow was possible by using the SAW actuators, and the capability of our fabricated mixing chip as a reactor was demonstrated. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn, 97(1): 54–61, 2014; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/ecj.11440
Development of Independent‐Type Optical CT
Authors: Yamaguchi Tatsushi , Shiozawa Daigoro , Rokunohe Toshiaki , Kida Junzo , Zhang Wei 
Published: December 2013

SUMMARYOptical current transformers (CTs) have the advantages that they can be made much smaller and lighter than conventional electromagnetic induction transformers by their simple structure, and contribute to improvement of equipment reliability because of their excellent surge resistance performance. The authors consider optical CTs to be next‐generation transformers, and are conducting research and development of optical CTs aiming to apply them to measuring and protection in electric power systems. Specifically, we developed an independent optical CT utilizing basic data on optical CTs accumulated for large‐current characteristics, temperature characteristics, vibration resistance characteristics, and so on. In performance verification, type tests complying with IEC standards, such as short‐time current tests, insulation tests, accuracy tests, and so on, showed good results. This report describes the basic principles and configuration of optical CTs. After that, basic characteristics of optical CTs including the conditions and results of verification tests for dielectric breakdown characteristics of sensor fibers, large‐current characteristics, temperature characteristics, and vibration resistance characteristics are described. Finally, a development outline of the independent optical CT intended for application to all‐digital substations and its type tests results are described. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn, 97(1): 28–36, 2014; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/ecj.11487
A Study on Combination of Reliability‐Based Automatic Repeat Request with Error Potential‐Based Error Correction for Improving P300 Speller Performance
Authors: Takahashi Hiromu , Yoshikawa Tomohiro , Furuhashi Takeshi 
Published: December 2013

SUMMARYBrain–computer interfaces (BCIs) are systems that translate one's thoughts into commands to restore control and communication to severely paralyzed people, and are also appealing to healthy people. The P300 speller, one of the best‐known BCIs for communication, allows users to select letters just by thoughts. However, due to the low signal‐to‐noise ratio of the P300, signal averaging is often performed, which improves the spelling accuracy but degrades the spelling speed. The authors have proposed reliability‐based automatic repeat request (RB‐ARQ) to ease this problem. RB‐ARQ could be enhanced when it is combined with error correction based on the error‐related potentials (ErrPs) that occur on erroneous feedbacks. Thus, this study aims to reveal the characteristics of the ErrPs in the P300 speller paradigm, and to combine RB‐ARQ with ErrP‐based error correction to further improve performance. The results show that the ErrPs observed in the current study resemble the previously reported ErrPs observed in a cursor control task using a BCI, and that the performance of the P300 speller could be improved by 35% on average. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn, 97(1): 12–21, 2014; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/ecj.11492