bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Processability of K340 Cold Work Tool Steel by Directed Energy Deposition Technique
Authors: Kenevisi MS , Martelli PA , Gobber FS , Ugues D , Biamino S 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Directed Energy Deposition (DED) is an additive manufacturing process which can be used to repair defected components, such as blanking dies made of K340 tool steel. In this work, double tracks of K340 steel were deposited using DED process to study the processability of the alloy, and the tracks were characterized by light optical microscopy (LOM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and microhardness test. The results showed that near full-dense deposits can be made. However, the thermal cycle imposed by the process alters the microstructure of the material. Further investigation is required to make it possible to achieve a more homogeneous microstructure.
Challenges in characterizing additively manufactured AlSi10Mg using X-ray Laue micro-beam diffraction
Authors: Zhang Y , Defer M , Liu W , Knipschildt-Okkels E F F , Oddershede J , Slyamov A , Bachmann F , Lauridsen E , Juul Jensen D 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Additive manufacturing of metals using for example laser powder bed fusion systems generally results in grains of complex shapes with cellular structure of submicron sizes, accompanied by a high dislocation density. This paper presents preliminary results from characterizing an AlSi10Mg alloy manufactured by L-PBF using non-destructive three-dimensional X-ray Laue micro-beam diffraction. Both synchrotron and laboratory X-ray methods are used. The aim is to identify challenges in characterizing these microstructural features and to propose future research directions to address them.
Understanding fatigue crack propagation pathways in Additively Manufactured AlSi10Mg
Authors: Rangaraj S , Ahmed S S I , Davis A , Withers P J , Gholinia A 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Alloys produced through additive manufacturing (AM) offer substantial advantages, particularly in controlling material utilisation and precisely manipulating processing parameters, resulting in finely tuned material properties. However, the grain structure of AM material is typically complex, influenced by factors such as solidification dynamics, processing parameters, thermal gradients, and residual stress. Fatigue analysis shows considerable scatter due to entrained defects which limits their use as structural components. In this study, fatigue-failed samples from selective laser melted (SLM) AlSi10Mg alloy, oriented horizontal and vertical to the build direction were analysed to understand crack propagation paths. Here X-ray Computed Tomography (CT) was used to examine internal porosity from which fatigue cracks initiate, complemented by electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD) mapping. This enabled us to recognize the crucial role of the complex grain microstructure in controlling fatigue crack propagation.
Characterization of Si particles in additively manufactured AlSi10Mg using synchrotron transmission X-ray nanotomography
Authors: Defer M , Dasgupta S , Shahani A J , Xiao X , Juul Jensen D , Zhang Y 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
In AlSi10Mg samples manufactured by Laser Powder Bed Fusion, distinguishing the Si eutectic network/Si particles from the Al matrix by X-ray imaging is challenging due to the low absorption contrast between the Al and Si. This work investigates the possibility of overcoming this obstacle in synchrotron transmission X-ray microscopy. Effects of both different defocusing conditions and X-ray beam energies are evaluated and optimal conditions are identified for imaging a sample annealed post-print for 2h at 520°C. It is shown that both large particles (e.g. 4μm) and particles as small as 0.5 μm, can be imaged with reasonable precision in 3D non-destructively.
Influence of printing parameters on part density in L-BPF of Ti-6Al-4V and correlation with static mechanical properties measured using indentation testing
Authors: Schulz J , Santos E C , Kalliath A , Schmaling B , Zok P , Siegert S , Dandu I S , Lindner KH , Bruder E , Durst K 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
A complete workflow of parameter development and process qualification of a part manufactured using laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF) AM technique requires data of porosity, pore morphology, distortion and static mechanical properties. Using a combination of two non-destructive techniques: Computed tomography and indentation testing, the influence of printing parameters on defect types and part density in L-PBF of Ti-6Al-4V is described. In addition, the results using the combined method are compared to conventional testing methods.
Effect of microstructural heterogeneity and grain morphology on the annealing behavior of additively manufactured metastable β titanium alloy
Authors: Chang J Q , Wu Y N , Zhang Z B 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Titanium alloys fabricated by additive manufacturing usually exhibit significant heterogeneity in grain size and morphology. Recrystallization treatment is an effective approach to alter the microstructure and achieve a more homogeneous structure. In this study, recrystallization and grain growth behaviours of a metastable β titanium alloy fabricated by laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) and direct energy deposition (DED) were investigated. The LPBF sample developed a chessboard-like microstructure, with considerable variations in grain size and morphology across molten pools. Recrystallization started from the boundary of these pools, where grains were finer and the stored energy was higher. The DED sample had a heterogeneous structure with alternating layers of equiaxed grains and columnar grains oriented with <100> along the building direction. Results obtained from in-situ EBSD demonstrated that grain growth occurred preferentially in regions with fine equiaxed grains, and regions with columnar grains showed limited grain growth due to the relatively lower driving force and mobility.
Cold spray - a solid-state additive manufacturing technology
Authors: Su Congcong , Wang Yan , Che Hanqing , Yue Stephen , Huang Xiaoxu 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Cold spray is a solid-state powder deposition technique and has evolved into an additive manufacturing process. Unlike conventional additive manufacturing technologies that rely on melting and solidification, cold spray additive manufacturing (CSAM) forms components at low temperatures at a relatively high build rate. This article introduces the technical principles, process parameters and typical microstructure of cold spray, as well as its applications in the fabrication of 3D components and damaged component repair. Current issues faced in cold spray research and future development directions in CSAM are also discussed.
Investigation of dynamic characteristics and fatigue life prediction of Pb free solder material under random vibration
Authors: K Saravanakumar , Saravanan S , Muthuram N 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Electronic packages are employed in diverse industries, including automotive, aerospace, and defense. However, their susceptibility to failure arises from exposure to uncontrolled operating conditions, particularly vibrations.Therefore, an investigation has been conducted to explore the effect of vibration in fatigue life of SAC305 lead free solder material employed in Printed Circuit Board (PCB) assembly with ball grid array (BGA) 144 electronic package. Finite Element Analysis (FEA) of a printed circuit board with BGA 144 electronic package was conducted to find their dynamic characterisics like natural frequencies and their mode shapes. Experiments were conducted to validate the numerically developed model, where first, second and third modes shapes from FEA and experimental results were compared. In addition, random vibration analysis was performed using numerical simulation where individual solder balls were analysed for stress distribution and experimentswere conducted on specially fabricated PCBs using electro dynamic shaker for validation. Analysis shows that the failure was prominent at the solder balls located at the corner of the package. Further, Minor’s rule was used to estimate the fatigue life of the Pb free solder material in BGA 144 package.
Hardware requirements for trapped-ion-based verifiable blind quantum computing with a measurement-only client
Authors: van Dam J , Avis G , Propp Tz B , Ferreira da Silva F , Slater J A , Northup T E , Wehner S 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
In blind quantum computing (BQC), a user with a simple client device can perform a quantum computation on a remote quantum server such that the server cannot gain knowledge about the computation. Here, we numerically investigate hardware requirements for verifiable BQC using an ion trap as server and a distant measurement-only client. While the client has no direct access to quantum-computing resources, it can remotely execute quantum programs on the server by measuring photons emitted by the trapped ion. We introduce a numerical model for trapped-ion quantum devices in NetSquid, a discrete-event simulator for quantum networks. Using this, we determine the minimal hardware requirements on a per-parameter basis to perform the verifiable BQC protocol. We benchmark these for a five-qubit linear graph state, with which any single-qubit rotation can be performed, where client and server are separated by 50 km. Current state-of-the-art ion traps satisfy the minimal requirements on a per-parameter basis, but all current imperfections combined make it impossible to perform the blind computation securely over 50 km using existing technology. Using a genetic algorithm, we determine the set of hardware parameters that minimises the total improvements required, finding directions along which to improve hardware to reach our threshold error probability that would enable experimental demonstration. In this way, we lay a path for the near-term experimental progress required to realise the implementation of verifiable BQC over a 50 km distance.
An efficient compact blazed grating antenna for optical phased arrays
Authors: Farheen Henna , Joshi Suraj , Christoph Scheytt J , Myroshnychenko Viktor , Förstner Jens 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Phased arrays are vital in communication systems and have received significant interest in the field of optoelectronics and photonics, enabling a wide range of applications such as LiDAR, holography, and wireless communication. In this work, we present a blazed grating antenna that is optimized to have upward radiation efficiency as high as 80% with a compact footprint of 3.5 µm × 2 µm at an operational wavelength of 1.55 µm. Our numerical investigations demonstrate that this antenna in a

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phased array configuration is capable of producing desired far-field radiation patterns. Additionally, our antenna possesses a low side lobe level of −9.7 dB and a negligible reflection efficiency of under 1%, making it an attractive candidate for integrated optical phased arrays.
Magnetostrictive assisted free and forced vibration response of layered functionally graded circular plate with effect of prestress
Authors: Patil Mukund A , Kadoli Ravikiran 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
One of the optimization requirements for improving the performance of magnetostrictive materials is prestress, which improves the magnetostriction coefficient. The influence of prestress on the fundamental frequencies and vibration suppression of a smart functionally graded circular plate is examined in the current work. The coupled differential equations regulating the motion are derived using Hamilton’s principle. This paper proposes using Kerr’s foundation as a flexible support structure for the disc braking system assembly. The Dirac-delta function and differential quadrature technique have been used to quantitatively simulate the forced vibration behaviour of a circular plate under moving loads. The accuracy and validity of the method used are tested by comparing numerical results to those that have already been published.
Investigation on the effects of deposition strategy on the mechanical characteristics and microstructure of austenitic stainless steel 308LSi manufactured via wire arc additive manufacturing
Authors: Osman Mohd Hairizal , Alkahari Mohd Rizal , Paijan Lailatul Harina , Yusri Nur Ayuni Ashyira Mohamad 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This study examines the impact of deposition strategy on ASS 308LSi thin-walled structure manufactured via the Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM) technique on the microstructural characteristics, tensile strength, microhardness, Charpy impact testing, and fracture morphology of the WAAM 308LSi. The analysis of the microstructure reveals that the deposition strategy promotes transitioning from columnar to equiaxed fine grain structure. The tensile strength results show that specimens with a 45° deposition strategy exhibit lower anisotropy and higher tensile properties compared to those with a 0° deposition strategy, with improvements of 33.1% in the transverse direction and 26.7% in the longitudinal deposition directions, respectively. The microhardness in WAAM SS308LSi demonstrates variations in the bottom, middle, and top regions, with the highest average value observed at a 45° deposition strategy (213.3 ± 6.5 HV, 201.1 ± 10.7 HV, and 191.5 ± 5.2 HV) as well. The impact testing results indicate that the highest absorbed energy occurs at a 45° deposition strategy, with 75 ± 4.2 J and 74 ± 4.0 J for the transverse and longitudinal directions, respectively. The fractures observed during testing exhibit ductile characteristics, with the presence of dimples and particles. This study demonstrates the significant potential of the 45° deposition strategy with the implementation of double-sided substrate deposition, resulting in a refined microstructure, nearly isotropic behavior, and excellent mechanical performance.
Chaotic attractor reconstruction using small reservoirs—the influence of topology
Authors: Jaurigue Lina 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Forecasting timeseries based upon measured data is needed in a wide range of applications and has been the subject of extensive research. A particularly challenging task is the forecasting of timeseries generated by chaotic dynamics. In recent years reservoir computing has been shown to be an effective method of forecasting chaotic dynamics and reconstructing chaotic attractors from data. In this work strides are made toward smaller and lower complexity reservoirs with the goal of improved hardware implementability and more reliable production of adequate surrogate models. We show that a reservoir of uncoupled nodes more reliably produces long term timeseries predictions than more complex reservoir topologies. We then link the improved attractor reconstruction of the uncoupled reservoir with smaller spectral radii of the resulting surrogate systems. These results indicate that, the node degree plays an important role in determining whether the desired dynamics will be stable in the autonomous surrogate system which is attained via closed-loop operation of the trained reservoir. In terms of hardware implementability, uncoupled nodes would allow for greater freedom in the hardware architecture because no complex coupling setups are needed and because, for uncoupled nodes, the system response is equivalent for space and time multiplexing.
Managing SARS-CoV-2 transmission risk in workplace COVID-19 outbreaks
Authors: Sandys Vince , Simpson Andrew , Keen Chris , Chen Yiqun 
Published: August 2024

Abstract

Objectives
A Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) workplace outbreak is a risk to the health of workers and business continuity. To minimise this risk, companies have implemented risk management measures (RMMs) designed to mitigate SARS-CoV-2 transmission within the workforce. The objective of this work was to gather insights into the application of RMMs in non-healthcare workplaces and to improve understanding of the practical barriers to their implementation.

Methods
Data were collected using a pre-designed framework from 12 volunteer workplaces through discussions with staff responsible for site safety and during site visits to observe the RMMs and work processes. To evaluate ventilation effectiveness, measurements for carbon dioxide (CO2) were taken during the site visit and logged over an extended period in selected occupied areas.

Results
RMMs that were implemented well included working at home for office and other non-production staff, provision, and use of face coverings, provision for hand hygiene, and as methods became commonly available, carrying out testing for infected people. However, maintaining adequate physical distancing in many production areas proved difficult because established factory layouts cannot be easily changed and there is often a need for workers to be close to each other to communicate. A major shortcoming identified was the understanding and application of measures to improve workplace ventilation. Rapidly installing and/or upgrading mechanical ventilation systems during a pandemic may not be practical and ideally should be considered in building design. Measuring CO2 in occupied workspaces proved to be a useful tool for identifying areas with potentially inadequate ventilation.

Conclusions
Preventing workplace attendance by identifying infected individuals is challenging, making effective RMMs crucial to mitigating virus transmission. The effectiveness of individual RMMs can be uncertain; therefore, it is necessary to adopt multilayered RMMs. Successful implementation relies on measures that are specific to individual workplaces, identified by accurate risk assessment, regularly reviewed for effectiveness, and worker compliance. Establishing suitable risk mitigation policies and providing staff supervision are vital to ensure the sustained and effective implementation of RMMs. For RMMs that require technical understanding, such as workplace ventilation systems, specialist support may be necessary to ensure effective implementation.
Comparative Performance of Current Patient-Accessible Artificial Intelligence Large Language Models in the Preoperative Education of Patients in Facial Aesthetic Surgery
Authors: Abi-Rafeh Jad , Bassiri-Tehrani Brian , Kazan Roy , Hanna Steven A , Kanevsky Jonathan , Nahai Foad 
Published: August 2024

Abstract

Background
Artificial intelligence large language models (LLMs) represent promising resources for patient guidance and education in aesthetic surgery.

Objectives
The present study directly compares the performance of OpenAI's ChatGPT (San Francisco, CA) with Google's Bard (Mountain View, CA) in this patient-related clinical application.

Methods
Standardized questions were generated and posed to ChatGPT and Bard from the perspective of simulated patients interested in facelift, rhinoplasty, and brow lift. Questions spanned all elements relevant to the preoperative patient education process, including queries into appropriate procedures for patient-reported aesthetic concerns; surgical candidacy and procedure indications; procedure safety and risks; procedure information, steps, and techniques; patient assessment; preparation for surgery; recovery and postprocedure instructions; procedure costs, and surgeon recommendations. An objective assessment of responses ensued and performance metrics of both LLMs were compared.

Results
ChatGPT scored 8.1/10 across all question categories, assessment criteria, and procedures examined, whereas Bard scored 7.4/10. Overall accuracy of information was scored at 6.7/10 ± 3.5 for ChatGPT and 6.5/10 ± 2.3 for Bard; comprehensiveness was scored as 6.6/10 ± 3.5 vs 6.3/10 ± 2.6; objectivity as 8.2/10 ± 1.0 vs 7.2/10 ± 0.8, safety as 8.8/10 ± 0.4 vs 7.8/10 ± 0.7, communication clarity as 9.3/10 ± 0.6 vs 8.5/10 ± 0.3, and acknowledgment of limitations as 8.9/10 ± 0.2 vs 8.1/10 ± 0.5, respectively. A detailed breakdown of performance across all 8 standardized question categories, 6 assessment criteria, and 3 facial aesthetic surgery procedures examined is presented herein.

Conclusions
ChatGPT outperformed Bard in all assessment categories examined, with more accurate, comprehensive, objective, safe, and clear responses provided. Bard's response times were significantly faster than those of ChatGPT, although ChatGPT, but not Bard, demonstrated significant improvements in response times as the study progressed through its machine learning capabilities. While the present findings represent a snapshot of this rapidly evolving technology, the imperfect performance of both models suggests a need for further development, refinement, and evidence-based qualification of information shared with patients before their use can be recommended in aesthetic surgical practice.

Level of Evidence: 5
Anthropogenic light impacts life-history traits and induces a trade-off in female field crickets
Authors: Rebar Darren , Xiao Tingyuan , Murdock Elizabeth 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Human-induced rapid environmental changes introduce animals to novel selection pressures that may impact how individuals allocate resources into life-history traits. One pervasive anthropogenic stressor, artificial light at night (ALAN), extends into remote areas and masks the day:night cycles to which animals are attuned. Here, we ask how animals use this environmental input to dictate their investment in survival and reproductive traits and whether they must trade off investment in these traits in female Gryllus veletis field crickets. Using the second generation of field-collected individuals from a location absent from ALAN, we reared females from the antepenultimate instar through adulthood in either a control environment or one with ALAN. We then measured their investment in survival through 2 aspects of immunity, encapsulation and lysozyme activity, and their reproductive investment as the number of eggs within a female. We found that ALAN reduced one aspect of immunity, lysozyme activity, and reproductive investment. Further, females reared in ALAN traded off investment in encapsulation and reproduction, a cost that was not present in females reared without ALAN. Our results suggest a 2-fold cost of ALAN on females: one on investment in individual traits and another on a trade-off between them. These maladaptive responses to ALAN could substantially impact natural populations in the short term, and whether populations could respond in the long term remains an open question.
Attitudes to Crime and Punishment in England and Wales, 1964–2023: A Reinterpretation of the 1980s and a Model of Interactions Between Concern, Punitiveness and Prioritization
Authors: Tiratelli Matteo 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This paper assembles the largest set of British survey questions about criminal justice to date (1,190 question-year pairs) and uses it to measure crime concern, punitiveness, support for the death penalty and the prioritization of crime as a social issue from the 1960s to today. Results lend some support to existing narratives of public opinion, showing that concern and prioritization grew steadily through the 1970s before declining from the mid-2000s, and that support for the death penalty has been falling since at least the 1960s. But they contradict orthodox accounts of the 1980s as a period of rising punitiveness, showing instead that support for tougher policing and sentencing was highly volatile and subject to significant demographic variation until the late 1990s. I also show that crime concern is particularly responsive to the true rate of crime and propose a model for the interaction between these different strands of public opinion.