bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Are there magnetic resonance imaging‐detectable pathologies in idiopathic scoliosis patients?
Authors: Stanley Victoria GH 
Published: October 2013

AbstractScoliosis may be a spinal manifestation of underlying disease, therefore, imaging plays a very important role in determining the underlying aetiology of so‐called ‘idiopathic’ scoliosis. If underlying intraspinal defects go unrecognised and untreated, irreversible neurological deficit can develop.Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the modality of choice for imaging the spinal canal, albeit controversially. This literature review has been designed to find out whether there are associated MRI‐detectable pathologies in idiopathic scoliosis patients. If so, what is the incidence of such abnormalities? And when would MRI evaluations be warranted for idiopathic scoliosis patients?Twenty studies relating to MRI and scoliosis met the criteria and were used to perform a meta‐analysis. The majority of the articles took the view that a non‐invasive investigation which does not use ionising radiation and which can reliably exclude such intraspinal occult disease should not be withheld.Results showed that, in a population of 1398 idiopathic scoliosis patients, MRI detected 226 (16%) related intraspinal pathologies. The most common pathologies were 73 syringomyelias (32%) and 44 Chiari malformations (19%). In conclusion, until further investigation is conducted into the clinical significance of the intraspinal diseases with idiopathic scoliosis, whole spine MRI evaluations with a variety of imaging planes and pulse sequences are warranted in all idiopathic scoliosis patients, even if it is from a defensive risk management viewpoint.
Mammography interpretation: factors influencing the assessment of accuracy and the perception of abnormality
Authors: Reed Warren 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThis article examines the issues concerning the assessment of observer performance and the process by which abnormalities are perceived and reported upon in screening mammography. The assessment of observer accuracy and the perception of abnormality are discussed to gain some insight into the image interpretation process. It is surmised that, with further research into these areas, it may be possible to inform educators to adopt teaching strategies that can improve the detection of breast cancers in screening mammography.
Edge sharpness as a function of depth in plain film radiography
Authors: Auton Timothy , Bishop Romilly , Haliczenko Kylie , Hurley Matthew , Madden Shane , Rose Bethany , Hart Robin 
Published: October 2013

AbstractDetermination of the axial relationship between anatomical structures along the beam path in plain film radiography is often important in determining the appropriate positioning corrections to overcome initial positioning error. It has been suggested that this determination can be made on the basis of the relative sharpness of bony edges, with geometric theory predicting that the edge further from the image receptor will produce a wider penumbra (be ‘less sharp’) than an equivalent edge closer to the image receptor. In clinical practice it is doubtful if this technique is useful. Using a double‐blind trial, 33 participants including both females and males, and student and qualified medical imaging practitioners, viewed 29 images of known geometry and assessed the relative sharpness of two bony edges. Of 950 individual observations, 436 were identified correctly and 514 incorrectly. By using χ2 and binomial distribution tests, we found this result does not differ significantly from that obtained by chance, (P < 0.01). It is strongly suggested that edge sharpness alone should not be used or taught as a method to determine the relative positions of structures lying along the x‐ray beam path.
Radiographer reporting in emergency departments – a literature review
Authors: Radovanovic Hailey , Armfield Nicole 
Published: October 2013

AbstractRadiographer reporting is an ongoing issue in radiology departments worldwide, and is accompanied by some complex and controversial themes. In this article, ten studies examining the accuracy of radiographer reporting are compared and considered. The ability of a radiographer to discriminate abnormal radiographs and, in addition, to identify such abnormalities, is investigated. Any biases detected in the studies are noted. Discussion leads to the conclusion that with training, radiographers are able to provide reports similar in accuracy to radiologists.Radiographer reporting is a theme that has been noted in departments throughout the last century; however the issue has become more prevalent since the early 1980s. The term ‘radiographer reporting’ is used in many instances, but generally refers to a situation where a radiographer is required to give a professional opinion on a radiograph. This may include a radiographer being required to identify examinations where any abnormality is noted on a radiograph, such as radiographer abnormality detection systems (RADS) and specially trained radiographers writing a full report on the examination, as a radiologist would. There are considerable advantages to such a system, and to a lesser degree, disadvantages. Various studies have been conducted to investigate the efficacy of radiographer reporting systems, looking specifically at the radiographers' abilities to determine and identify any abnormality demonstrated. In addition, studies have been performed to distinguish whether special training can improve results in either of these categories.Radiographer abnormality detection systems are used worldwide, with some countries implementing and embracing full systems and training for their radiographers in both the public and private sectors. Perhaps the most well known form of radiographer reporting is the ‘Red Dot System’ (RDS), which was created in London in 1981 and is now used in over 150 hospitals throughout the UK. The RDS was devised following the discharge of a patient with a fractured neck of femur by a casualty officer, which the radiographer had actually identified. The RDS requires radiographers to flag cases where an abnormality is noted, possibly preventing other professionals missing these abnormalities. Compared with many hospitals overseas, Australia has been slow to trial RADS and has yet to put into operation any specific system.
Online versus offline corrections: opposition or evolution? A comparison of two electronic portal imaging approaches for locally advanced prostate cancer
Authors: Middleton Mark , Rolfo Aldo , Medwell Steve , See Andrew , Wong Jacky , Joon Michael Lim , Lynton‐Moll Mary 
Published: October 2013

AbstractGiven the onset of dose escalation and increased planning target volume (PTV) conformity, the requirement of accurate field placement has also increased. This study compares and contrasts a combination offline/online electronic portal imaging (EPI) device correction with a complete online correction protocol and assesses their relative effectiveness in managing set‐up error. Field placement data was collected on patients receiving radical radiotherapy to the prostate. Ten patients were on an initial combination offline/online correction protocol, followed by another 10 patients on a complete online correction protocol. Analysis of 1480 portal images from 20 patients was carried out, illustrating that a combination offline/online approach can be very effective in dealing with the systematic component of set‐up error, but it is only when a complete online correction protocol is employed that both systematic and random set‐up errors can be managed. Now, EPI protocols have evolved considerably and online corrections are a highly effective tool in the quest for more accurate field placement. This study discusses the clinical workload impact issues that need to be addressed in order for an online correction protocol to be employed, and addresses many of the practical issues that need to be resolved. Management of set‐up error is paramount when seeking to dose escalate and only an online correction protocol can manage both components of set‐up error. Both systematic and random errors are important and can be effectively and efficiently managed.
Comparison of FIESTA and gadolinium‐enhanced T1‐weighted sequences in magnetic resonance of acoustic schwannoma
Authors: Rigby Paul J. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractAcoustic schwannomas (AS) are a treatable cause of sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL). Currently, the gold standard magnetic resonance (MR) examination for exclusion of acoustic schwannoma is gadolinium‐enhanced T1‐weighted images of the cerebropontine angles (CPA). The FIESTA (fast imaging employing steady‐state acquisition) sequence is a true‐FISP (free induction steady‐state precession) sequence that provides high‐resolution fluid‐bright images of the CPAs and basal cisterns. The T1‐weighted sequence adds cost and time to the examination, and possibility of contrast medium reaction exists. This study of 50 patients compared the gadolinium‐enhanced T1‐weighted images and FIESTA images. The hypothesis was that the FIESTA sequence could repIACe the gadolinium‐enhanced T1‐weighted images for the diagnosis of AS. The results showed that in 98% of cases, this was possible. The conclusion was that when the FIESTA sequence does not demonstrate AS, this sequence may be employed in isolation. However, gadolinium‐enhanced images should be employed when pathology is seen and to follow‐up post‐surgical patients.
The Red‐dot system in medical imaging: ethical, legal and human rights considerations
Authors: Smith Lac 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThe Red‐dot system, used extensively overseas, but sporadically in Australia, allows radiographers to bring abnormal images to the attention of the referring medical practitioner, prior to the issuance of a formal radiologist's report.There is much discussion in the public arena as to the increasing workload of medical practitioners, and the role other health professionals may play in easing this burden. In addition, hospital emergency departments across Australia are under pressure to minimise ambulance bypass and patient waiting times, while maintaining optimal diagnostic and treatment standards.The third component to this discussion is some radiographers' general hesitance regarding the Red‐dot system because of legal issues. In addition, there is the issue of many medical practitioners not wanting to give up aspects of their practice, citing a potential decrease in the quality of the health service.Analysis of the legal and human rights literature with respect to the provision of emergency medical services in particular, as well as detailed exploration of the various ethical issues involved with the Red‐dot system indicate to the author that such a system has a significant role to play in the provision of healthcare, particularly where a radiologist's report may be delayed. Additionally, radiographers are able to accept the challenge of contributing to healthcare without fear of legal endangerment in particular, provided they are willing to maintain a level of excellence with respect to their image interpretation skills.The Australian Institute of Radiography (AIR) is correct in listing the ability of radiographers to notify referring doctors of abnormal results and offering opinions on radiographic examinations within their expertise, when requested. It is the conclusion of this paper that use of the Red‐dot system is best practice and as such should be implemented in all radiography departments associated with emergency medicine departments.
Critical analysis of the argument in favour of radiographer assistants
Authors: Smith Tony 
Published: October 2013

AbstractIt is apparent from current literature that Australia, like other countries, is facing an inevitable workforce crisis because of its aging population. It is predicted that, while the patient population will increase, the size of the health care workforce will decline. Health professionals are being encouraged by governments to examine new ways to practice. In the United Kingdom reform and restructuring of the radiography workforce has already taken place, apparently with some success. The introduction of assistant practitioners has aided the development of advanced and consultant practitioner roles. In Australia, health professions other than radiography have had assistant practitioners for many years. It is argued that the introduction assistant practitioners into the workforce has the potential to improve the perceived professionalism of radiographers. The radiography profession has been subject to ‘subordination’ and ‘limitation’ from the medical profession for decades but does not have capacity to formally delegate tasks to another subordinate occupation. With the prospect of health care workforce reform clearly evident, it may be timely for the radiography profession to proactively explore new, more flexible models of practice. The implementation of assistant practitioners may be a widely beneficial component of radiographic workforce reform.
Is there structured career management in the medical radiations profession?
Authors: Chan Angela 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThe medical radiations profession in Australia is experiencing staff recruitment and retention problems. In addition, the profession currently lacks a clear and consistent career management structure. This paper explores the published literature that relates to medical radiations career management. Upon investigation, there appears to be limited literature on the topic of career management in medical radiations. This does not mean that active career management is not taking place in the medical radiations profession; it may be that career management is not being fully explored or documented in the literature. With limited literature, a broad view needed to be taken with this paper to examine a number of issues currently impacting on the medical radiations profession.Literature suggests that encouraging, supporting and rewarding staff through career management is required if the profession is to move forward. The profession must take control in defining itself and shaping its future. Developing career management strategies that promote and support staff in the pursuit of career development activities must occur if the profession is to overcome staff shortages and issues of low staff morale. As an emerging profession, it is time for the profession to define itself and advance in a manner that recognises career management and career structure as being central to addressing the current recruitment and retention issues.
A review of the development of electronic portfolios in education and health care disciplines: supporting students' learning and continuing professional development
Authors: Ng Curtise KC , White Peter , McKay Janice C 
Published: October 2013

AbstractUsing a portfolio approach is not a new idea in health care disciplines as an alternative assessment format and for Continuing Professional Development (CPD). Increasingly, the use of electronic portfolios is noted in the literature. This paper critically reviews developments, features, advantages and problems relating to different modes of operation. The review is conducted with educational and CPD usage in mind particularly for the health care professions where reflective practice, applied learning and outcomes‐based education are prominent pedagogies. The most appropriate types of electronic portfolio practice are also discussed. Although a number of problems were noted with earlier types of electronic portfolio, they have been rectified by the current existing modes of operation. It is suggested that the development of reflective abilities and professional development are well served with the currently available technology incorporating capabilities of collaborative learning, storage and management, portability and access, flexibility and multi‐media contents. Although web and web database portfolios tend to be role models for electronic portfolios, the most appropriate type depends on the values of the stakeholders. This paper concludes that web portfolios provide greater flexibility in building and are feasible in small size situations such as subject‐based portfolio practice or personal use for CPD records. Web database portfolios should be the only choice at institution or professional society level because of the capability to serve a large population. Reflective learning and professional development can be captured using electronic portfolio systems, and further advances on the current technology will evolve. What is important in establishing an electronic portfolio is to ensure that the content requirements remain the most important aspect and that development is seen to support this aspect rather than focusing on the technical process of portfolio building.
Failure to correct femoral anteversion on the AP Pelvis radiograph leads to errors in prosthesis selection in total hip arthroplasty
Authors: Meyer C , Kotecha A 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThe antero‐posterior pelvis radiograph is used in templating to calculate the size of components used in hip arthroplasty. This study investigates whether failure to account for femoral neck anteversion, when obtaining preoperative AP radiographs, may lead to the selection of an incorrectly sized femoral stem. Three anatomically correct saw‐bone models were labelled with radio‐opaque markers. Serial radiographs were taken as each model was rotated though successive angles, as determined with a goniometer. The resultant offset was measured from each image. The length of offset is greatest at 15° degrees of internal rotation. The length of offset is altered by rotation (Friedman Xr2 9.0, k 4, N 3, P <0.01, two‐tailed test). The results indicate that, for the Exeter hip system, this could lead to the selection of a stem two sizes too small. Lesser degrees of rotation, not readily identified by looking at the image, could still lead to the selection of an incorrectly sized stem. This finding is applicable to other modular hip replacement systems in common use. To ensure that patients receive hip prostheses of correct size, preoperative radiographs should account properly for femoral anteversion. A foot box may help to standardise the amount of femoral anteversion when preoperative radiographs are taken.
Feed‐and‐sleep: a non‐invasive and safe alternative to general anaesthesia when imaging very young children
Authors: Hansen Susanne S 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThe successful image acquisition during a Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) examination requires the subject to remain motionless. For very young children this requirement presents a challenge since reduced cooperation is to be expected with young patients. A general anaesthetic is often needed to immobilise the patient and satisfactorily complete the MRI. However, utilising a general anaesthetic involves costs in terms of staffing requirements, recovery time, pharmaceuticals and specialised equipment. A non‐invasive method to ensure paediatric patient immobility during MRI may therefore be considered a better option. Evaluation of the success rate of completing paediatric MRI examinations at the Mater Private MRI Unit, Brisbane, by using food, comfort and an immobilisation device to induce sleep in infants has been undertaken. Over a period of 15 months a group of 36 infants were scanned without the aid of a general anaesthetic. The patients arrived in the department and were fed and nursed until they settled down. Once calm, the child would be taken into the scan room, accompanied by a parent or guardian and positioned in an immobilisation beanbag. The “feed‐and‐sleep” approach enabled the successful completion of scans in 89 per cent of patients in the study group. Using a feed‐and‐sleep method to complete a diagnostic imaging test offers a non‐invasive option for the young paediatric patient. The advantage of the feed‐and‐sleep method is a reduction of cost and time associated with a general anaesthetic.
Research interests identified at the coal‐face: initial Delphi analysis of Australian radiation therapists' perspectives
Authors: Cox JM , Halkett GKB , Anderson C 
Published: October 2013

AbstractRadiation therapists (RTs) need to engage more in research for the benefit of their patients and their own professional development. However, radiation therapy in Australia is new to research with an undeveloped research culture, so RTs need direction when wishing to embark upon research projects. This manuscript provides the results of the first stage of a Delphi process aimed at defining RTs' areas of research interest. Questionnaires were sent to all Australian departments of radiation oncology (n = 41) asking for a group in each department to identify what problems they experienced while treating patients or working with colleagues, and what areas of radiation therapy they felt required further research by radiation therapists. The response rate was 70.7%. Of the designated RTs who collected the data, 82.8% had greater than 10 years experience and 48.1% had postgraduate qualifications. Two of the researchers categorised the responses and derived a list of themes to describe the identified questions. Of 410 research questions, 374 could be coded (91.2%). The categories defined were “Staff issues” (58.3%), “Technical issues” (28.9%) and “Patient related issues” (12.9%). The RTs were interested in many research areas, but it is of concern that the largest theme identified was “Staff issues”, which could indicate some dissatisfaction in the workplace. However, it was clear that RTs are thinking about their practice and identifying gaps in knowledge in the technical and patient related areas. The second stage of this project was to create research areas that represented the themes identified in this first stage and send them back to the radiation oncology departments for prioritising; these data are currently being analysed.
The relationship between diabetes and abdominal fat distribution, as measured by CT scanning
Authors: Stieler G , Yelland M 
Published: October 2013

AbstractBackground: Diabetes is rapidly becoming Australia's fastest growing disease. Efforts to prevent or detect this disease earlier have led to research into risk factors which may be relevant. The objective of this project was to examine the relationship between diabetes and abdominal fat distribution as measured by computed tomography (CT) scanning. Methods: A consecutive series of patients undergoing abdominal CT scanning, including 10 patients with type 2 diabetes and 32 patients without diabetes, who presented for CT scanning, were included in the study. Total abdominal and intra‐abdominal fat (within the peritoneum) were measured from the CT images. Results: There was no significant difference between the mean age, weight and total abdominal fat of diabetics and non‐diabetics. The diabetics had a greater amount of intra‐abdominal fat (mean: 41.3 cm3) compared to the non‐diabetic group (27.2 cm3); mean difference 14.1 cm3, 95% CI; 1.4 cm3−26.8 cm3, P = 0.028. The percentage of total abdominal fat that was intra‐abdominal was also greater among diabetic patients; diabetic 35.3%, non‐diabetic 27.6%; mean difference: 7.6%, 95% CI; 1.1%‐14.2%, P = 0.02. Conclusions: The results support the debate that location of abdominal fat within the peritoneum is more prevalent with diabetic subjects. Radiologists should consider this when reporting abdominal CT.