bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Developments in Nanolaminated Materials to Enhance the Performance and Longevity of Metal Components in Offshore Applications
Authors: Lomasney Christina , Collinson Leslie , Burnett Timm 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
Nature provides many examples of the incorporation of laminated structures that have evolved over ages to enable novel classes of material that are stiffer, harder and tougher than the "Rule of Mixtures" for the same materials would otherwise predict. Modumetal has lead efforts to emulate nature's toughening mechanisms by configuring layered metal, ceramic and polymer matrices into laminated structure. This innovation has demonstrated material properties that many times to many orders of magnitude greater performance that of their constituents.
While derived from the same basic raw materials as conventional metals, Modumetal’s nanolaminated alloys can be used virtually anywhere conventional metals and alloys are used today, but they provide significant performance improvements over conventional metals, including: superior strength, corrosion resistance, wear resistance, thermal properties, fatigue performance and more. Similar in concept to the difference in structure of plywood versus homogeneous wood, Modumetal’s products are layered on the nanometer scale, a configuration which affords this significant increase in performance. Modumetal is bringing nanolaminated alloys and protective alloy coatings to the industrial marketplace through patented manufacturing techniques which deliver nanolaminated alloys at a cost that is competitive with conventional, homogeneous metal alloys. It is this combination of ultra-high performance and competitive cost that are the foundation of Modumetal’s value proposition to industrial sector users.
Since the Company’s founding in 2007, Modumetal has partnered with organizations across energy, steel manufacturing, aerospace, automotive, defense and construction sectors to develop specific nanolaminated alloy systems for these industrial markets. The performance and value of Modumetal’s nanolaminated coating products have been validated by industry leaders in the upstream oil and gas sector, which are now conducting full-scale field trials after several years of successful specification testing. This paper focuses on test results from those applications of nanolaminated materials which improve the longevity of assets and support increased efficiency over the extended life. Applications for offshore rig maintenance and downhole production lift systems are described. Due to its low-cost, low-capex manufacturing process, Modumetal can provide improvements at comparable or lower cost to conventional metals.
Frontier Deepwater Developments - The Impact on Riser Systems Design in Water Depths Greater than 3,000m
Authors: Saglar N. , Toleman B. , Thethi R. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractThe offshore industry anticipates the need for production riser systems in ultra-deepwater fields where water depths are between 3,000m to 4,500m. The development of ultra-deepwater fields leads to many challenges on the selection of the riser concept and in some instances such applications may require extending riser technology beyond its current limits. Consequently, there is a need to understand the feasibility of riser systems in such ultra-deepwater applications and the technology gaps that exist.In ultra-deepwater, long suspended riser lengths will significantly increase the riser weight potentially leading to challenges with offshore installation related to laying vessel capability. High external and internal pressure on the riser will lead to the need for heavy wall pipes. Thick-wall riser pipe will bring about riser design challenges in fabrication of pipes, riser pipe welding, riser hang-off system selection, long-term fatigue design, and fabrication of specialty riser joints. By looking into these challenges, it is very important to select the most appropriate riser concept for the ultra-deepwater fields and understand the current pipe manufacturing limits, enabling technology needed for such systems, and technology gaps considering the critical points mentioned above.This paper addresses the key riser design issues considering wall thickness sizing, top tension, axial dynamics, selection of pipe material, design of key components, and installation issues. This paper evaluates feasibility of a number of production and export riser configurations for ultra-deepwater applications based on existing technology, identifies current technology limits, and determines technology gaps that exist. Methods of advancing the current capability to meet the requirements of frontier deepwater applications are also proposed in the paper.
Case Studies of Testing at NASA's Neutral Buoyancy Laboratory (NBL) for Oil & Gas Industry Risk Mitigation
Authors: Hogan George , Bloomfield Michael , Smith Mark 
Published: April 2015

Abstract

Objectives/Scope
Space exploration and operations like Offshore Oil and Gas exploration and production operations is expensive, and inherently risky. NASA's operational tests, executed at the NBL facility, are critical to maintaining safe and effective human spaceflight operations. Likewise, the Oil and Gas industry is using NASA's NBL is to reduce exploration and production operations cost and risk.

Methods, Procedures, Process
The NBL, once a dedicated pool facility of the U.S. Space Program, with its unique facility, services and capabilities, including availability of a NBL-resident Millennium Work Class Remote Operated Vehicle (ROV) hosts underwater testing, training, system integration tests, tool/hardware development, factory acceptance test and verification tests, or rehearsals of processes and procedures for commercial industrial projects prior to offshore deployment, or other commercial operations.

Results, Observations, Conclusions
Benefits of utilizing the NBL by the Oil & Gas industry will be demonstrated by reviewing and presenting actual space and commercial testing case studies that have been performed at the NBL at various stages of hardware life cycle phases including: concept, design, development, production and operations.

Novel/Additive Information
This paper will present tests that the Subsea Oil and Gas Indus Industry has executed at the NBL as a means to manage exploration and production operational risks, lower overall operational costs, and improve safety at various phases of product life cycle. Use of the NASA NBL facility is mission critical to maintaining safe and effective human spaceflight operations and is now available to the Oil and Gas industry.
Ship-Based Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage for Enhanced Oil Recovery
Authors: Ozaki Masahiko , Nakazawa Naoki , Omata Akira , Komatsu Masao , Manabe Hiroki 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
This report presents details of a proposed ship-based carbon dioxide capture and storage (CCS) method. CCS is one of the key technologies essential to achieve greenhouse gas reduction. This technology can also contribute to enhanced oil recovery (EOR) efforts by increasing oil production in mature fields. The liquefied CO2 (LCO2) to be sequestered is injected directly into subseabed geological formations through a flexible riser pipe using injection facilities contained onboard an LCO2 carrier ship. The primary characteristics of this LCO2 subseabed injection system are as follows: the presence of LCO2 injection equipment onboard the LCO2 carrier ship, a direct injection into subseabed geological formations through a flexible riser pipe, and the absence of any stationary sea surface structures at the offshore CO2 injection site. The advantage of ship-based transportation is flexibility in regard to i) multiple CO2 shipping locations and storage sites, ii) multiple injection sites from a large CO2 storage port, and iii) relocation of the injection site resulting from either termination of oil production or the site becoming filled with CO2. That is, ships can easily alter their shipping ports and routes to the offshore injection site(s), depending on requirements.
Multiscale Site Investigation of a Giant Mud-Volcano Offshore Azerbaijan - Impact on Subsea Field Development.
Authors: Contet J. , Unterseh S. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractA 3D seismic, AUV and geotechnical data integration has been conducted in order to assess the potential impact of a large Mud Volcano (MV) activity and its related mudflows for subsea field development.The studied area is located within the South Caspian Basin (SCB). The tectonic compression of the SCB led to the development of horizontal stresses within the sedimentary sequence and to the formation of anticlinal folds throughout the basin, pierced by large mud volcanoes affecting up to the seabed.The potential future material expulsion and associated seabed mudflows may represent a significant threat for any subsea installation (flowlines, wellhead, templates…) of E&P activities. The 3D seismic dataset has therefore been used to identify and describe the MV complex interaction with large regional Mass Transport Complexes (MTC). AUV data were essential to provide high resolution informations regarding the geometry and succession of the different mud flows through time, associated with the MV activity.A large pseudo-circular topographic high forming the crater of the MV at seabed is located into a wider low circular relief. In more details, within the crater, smaller steep side cones associated to seabed high seismic amplitudes are identified as gryphons (secondary small vents), from where recent seabed mud flows have been expulsed. The surrounding depression around the MV has canalized the recently expulsed mudflows southward thanks to lower relief and the present bathymetry. Five recent seabed mudflows have been clearly discriminated, indicating that the MV has been active during the last 5000 years B. P. As a consequence and since the latest catastrophic event (dated 735 years BP) exceeds the estimated mud expulsion recurrence time (500 years), the mud flow zone is considered as a hazardous area for the time being leading to a "No Go" classification for any drilling activity and subsea installation.This study demonstrates the added value of HR geophysical (AUV) data and geotechnical ground truthing integration with the regional shallow geological understanding derived from 3D seismic data to assess geohazards in a complex and active shallow geological context.
A Critical Review of Serviceability Limit State Requirements for Monopile Foundations of Offshore Wind Turbines
Authors: Arany László , Bhattacharya Subhamoy , Macdonald John H.G. , Hogan S. John 
Published: April 2015

AbstractObjective/ScopeOffshore wind turbines (OWTs) are getting taller and heavier, and medium water depths are utilized in recent and future offshore wind farms. The increasing turbine size brings with it the increasing size of monopile foundations according to current design guidelines. The increasing diameter of monopiles increases the costs of the foundation, that is material, manufacturing, transportation and installation costs. In addition, it poses engineering challenges, as well as environmental problems due to the high levels of noise emitted by pile driving. The strictest requirement on the monopile diameter is imposed by Serviceability Limit State requirements, which include allowable maximum deflection, allowable maximum initial- and accumulated rotation at the pile head (mudline). These seem to derive from manufacturer requirements for the safe operation of wind turbines and from visual concerns, and may originate from onshore wind technology. However, no obvious reasons were found by the authors for the strict requirements in offshore wind technology considering the additional costs they add. Therefore, the objective of this paper is to critically review the SLS requirements of OWT monopile foundations and investigate the possible reasons for the strict requirements. In addition, in light of the much higher allowable tilt prescribed for floating OWTs, alternative scenarios are investigated with adjusted SLS requirements on pile head deflection and rotation.Methods, Procedures, ProcessIn order to confirm that the SLS requirements typically dominate design with the current guidelines, a simple framework assuming a thin walled pile is given to compare the monopile dimensions required for the Ultimate, Fatigue and Serviceability Limit States. Possible reasons for the strict requirements are investigated, and using the presented simple framework, monopile dimension requirements are recalculated for adjusted less strict SLS requirements.Results, Observations, and ConclusionsThe SLS requirements are confirmed to give the highest dimension requirements for monopiles. Slightly higher allowable tilt and deflections already show reduced dimension requirements for monopiles. The investigation into reasons for strict requirements suggest that a critical review of these requirements for design codes is necessary and would be beneficial in terms of costs and applicability of monopile foundations for large turbines and medium waters.Novel/Additive InformationThe investigation reveals possible opportunities to review design guidelines for offshore wind turbine foundations. Adjusting the design requirements in offshore environments with a cost-benefit approach in mind could save substantial costs in material, manufacturing, transportation and installation of monopiles as well as extend the applicability of this type of foundations.
Effects of BETX on the Abnormal Geopressures
Authors: Ma Qisheng , Aften Carl W. , Shuler Patrick J. , Tang Yongchun 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
Generation/accumulation of hydrocarbon has been considered as one of the most plausible mechanisms related to abnormal geopressures observed in many conventional and unconventional reservoirs. In this presentation, we demonstrate that hydrocarbon compositions and phase behaviors of the petroleum fluid can be closely related to the observed abnormal geopressures (either overpressure or underpressure) phenomena. Vapor-Liquid Equilibriums (VLE) of various binary hydrocarbon mixtures as functions of temperature and pressure are determined using the Peneloux Soave-Redlich-Kwong (SRK) Equation of State (EoS) method. Our results indicate that (1) Existence of aromatic hydrocarbon compounds such as Benzene, Ethylbenzene, Toluene, and Xylene (BETX) could mix with hydrocarbon gases in porous spaces under typical offshore shallow well conditions. (2) Abnormal geopressures could occur when the hydrocarbon mixture undergoes a phase transformation acrossing the bubble or dew linee, i.e., when the vapor-liquid co-existance zone disappears. And (3) whether if a geopressure is overpressure or underpressure is determined from the critical temperature (Tc) of the petroleum fluid and the reservoir temperature T. When T &gt; Tc, the hydrocarbon mixture will be in the supercritical phase with increasing pressure and an overpressure zone can be formed, whereas for T &lt; Tc, all hydrocarbon will go into a condensed liquid phase to form an underpressure zone. Our interpretation can be applied to both underpressure and overpressure theoretical models. Accurate knowledge of pore pressure is fundamental to any safe and economic well construction. Various interpretation/prediction models have been developed to incorporate geopressure into the reservoir and basin modeling. This work intends to demonstrate that the phase behavior of hydrocarbons plays an important role in pore pressures.
Development & Large Scale Validation of a Transient Flow Assurance Model for the Design & Monitoring of Large Particles Transportation in Two Phase (Liquid-Solid) Riser Systems
Authors: Beauchesne Claire , Parenteau Thomas , Septseault Cyril , Béal Pierre-Antoine 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
The flow assurance aspects of all subsea projects have a major contribution to the pipe design, field layout, choice of lifting equipment (subsea-pump or air lift), power requirement and system operability.
The context of Deep-Sea Mining pushes beyond their validation limits the existing flow model of particle transportation due to the transient flow of large particle sizes in a small diameter riser evolving in a wave shape. In order to correctly assess the pressure drop in the deep-sea mining riser using a pump lift (Solid-Liquid two-phase flow), TECHNIP has developed a new transient flow assurance model named FASST – Flow Assurance Simulation for Slurry Transportation. This software enables numerous design calculations and riser live monitoring.
This publication establishes the limitations to date of the existing large particle transportation theories before describing the novelties implemented into FASST: a lagrangian tracking of the particles coupled to classical slurry pressure drop calculations for Liquid-Solid two phase flow.
In order to extend FASST applicability, some of the numerical aspects will be highlighted to demonstrate the capacity of the model to calculate solids transportation in "real-time".
The model was validated against both small scale and large scale tests performed at GIW in Augusta. Theoretical results proved to be in agreement with experimental results allowing a very good confidence in the FASST prediction of transient flow regimes.
Verification of Fatigue Analysis Methods for Bottom Founded Offshore Wind Turbine Support Structures
Authors: Lo Tzu-Wei , Yu Qing , Kim Kunho 
Published: April 2015

Fatigue analysis of offshore wind turbines (OWT) support structures could be a costly process, particularly for those having complex geometries and connections such as jacket-type support structures. This paper presents the study on the applicability of the spectral fatigue analysis method to OWT support structures and the use of the scatter diagram lumping method to accelerate the time-domain fatigue analysis.
The spectral fatigue analysis method has long been used in the design of offshore platforms in the offshore oil and gas industry. The applicability of this method to the monopile foundation of OWT was studied in the past with some success. However, few studies have been done for OWTs supported by more complex substructures such as jackets. This paper presents the results of a recent study in which systematic benchmark analyses are carried out to evaluate the applicability of the spectral fatigue analysis to OWT support structures. As part of a broader effort to evaluate alternative methods to improve the efficiency of fatigue analysis for OWT support structures, the paper also presents the verification of using various lumping schemes for the three-dimensional scatter diagram to accelerate fatigue analysis in the time domain.
A monopile and a jacket, each of which carries the NREL 5-MW Reference Wind Turbine, are selected for the benchmark study. The equivalent structural model representing the jacket in the fully-coupled aero-hydro-servo- elastic analysis using the NREL FAST program is derived based on the procedure verified through the IEA OC4 project. Load mapping procedures in both the frequency domain and the time domain are developed to allow the time series of global loads calculated using the NREL FAST program to be passed on to the detailed model of the support structure. The spectral fatigue analysis method is adapted from API RP 2A, while the benchmark results are calculated using the time-domain fatigue analysis method. The application of two different scatter diagram lumping schemes to the monopile and the jacket-supported OWTs is evaluated through the comparison with reference solutions obtained using the full scatter diagram.
Significant discrepancies are observed between the spectral fatigue analysis results and the benchmark results from the time-domain fatigue analysis. The verification of scatter diagram lumping schemes indicates that the recommended method is effective and can be applied to significantly reduce the cost of performing the timedomain fatigue analysis for OWT support structures, in particular those with complex configurations.
Lessons Learned from Offshore Fields Turning to Produce HS
Authors: Bronneberg Jos 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
Offshore production experience has proven that sweet oil reservoirs, in course of the production life, gradually turn sour. The main cause of the souring is the creation of the appropriate conditions for Sulphate Reduction Bacteria (SRB's) in the reservoir through (sea) water flooding operations.
This paper provides background information on the parameters driving the souring the potential mitigation methods and addresses the experience with floating production facilities that were designed for sweet crudes, but over their life time were fed with increasingly sour reservoir fluids. The sour gas content of the reservoir fluids not only affects all the systems through which it passes, but also the working environment for personnel on board. Sour Gas (H2S) has a major impact on the safety of the unit. The fact that the average project life time is becoming longer only exacerbates the importance of this subject.
Relatively simple provisions can be added to the design to allow the production facilities to operate safely during its design life.
Disconnectable Mooring Systems for Arctic Conditions
Authors: Bauduin C. , Boulard R. , Caille F. , Newport A. 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
This paper reviews the issues associated with mooring a ship shaped Floating Production Unit (FPU) in arctic conditions, and presents the development of a novel disconnection and reconnection system for such conditions.
The mooring systems of FPUs operating in arctic conditions must be disconnectable to allow the FPU to leave the station to avoid collision with icebergs, or to avoid overloading the mooring legs due to sea ice acting on the FPU hull. In the case of sea ice, the FPU may be required to disconnect under much higher loads than the non-arctic disconnectable systems in operation today. A recent study for the design of an arctic mooring system identified a number of key developments that are required before such systems could be deployed.
The disconnection system is a safety critical element, and requires high reliability and redundancy to ensure the FPU can always rapidly disconnect from its mooring when required. In addition, the large number of risers that may be installed for these large field developments, combined with the significant suspended weight resulting from the high capacity mooring system, leads to large buoyancy requirement for the buoy which must support the risers and mooring system when disconnected from the vessel. As a consequence the analysis of the reconnection process must account for the coupled behaviour of the large buoy body, the mooring system, and the risers and umbilicals. Such analysis has shown that using conventional disconnectable turret technology, the large buoy size coupled with the requirement to reconnect in heavy sea states, can readily generate snatch loads that would break the pull-in winch wire.
In response to the above, this paper presents two significant advances in disconnectable mooring technology. The first is the development of a new locking system to connect the buoy to the turret, which has been qualified at full scale. The second concerns the design of a new pull-in arrangement that eliminates the risk of snatch loads even in sea states in excess of 3m Hs. The system robustness has been demonstrated through model testing.