bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Distribution and morphological pattern of clefts in the craniofacial region seen in a sub‐Saharan tertiary hospital
Authors: Olusanya A.A. , Michael A.I. , Olawoye O.A. , Akinmoladun V.I. , Ademola S.A. , Iyun A.O. , Oluwatosin O.M. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractAimClefts in the craniofacial region are one of the commonest congenital anomalies recorded in literature. The incidence varies globally with racial differences observed. In Nigeria, the evaluation of the absolute incidence of oral clefts is a challenge as births and deaths are not adequately registered. Especially lacking is the relative prevalence of rare craniofacial clefts to the more common cleft lip and palate anomaly.This study aims to document the pattern of distribution of craniofacial clefts, including cleft lip and palate anomaly, rare craniofacial clefts, unusual presentation of some of these anomalies, as well as other abnormalities noted in affected cleft patients seen at our centre.Material and methodsInformation on age, gender, weight at presentation, type of cleft anomaly, other abnormalities, as well as affected relatives were extracted from the clinic records of the Cleft Clinic of the University College Hospital, Ibadan, Oyo, Nigeria, from April 2010 to September 2012.ResultsOne hundred and forty‐two cases were seen within the 30‐month period, consisting of 58 men and 84 women with a mean age of 43.54 months and a median of 2.0 months. Eighty‐eight per cent of the cases were cleft lip and palate anomalies, while 12.0% were craniofacial clefts. Thirteen per cent had other abnormalities, while 3.5% were considered to be unusual cleft anomalies.ConclusionThe pattern of distribution of clefts in the craniofacial region in our centre has been documented. Cleft of the primary palate was the commonest while rare craniofacial clefts constituted about one‐eighth of all the craniofacial clefts.
Relationship between starch degradation and carbon demand for maintenance and growth in Arabidopsis thaliana in different irradiance and temperature regimes
Authors: PILKINGTON SARAH M. , ENCKE BEATRICE , KROHN NICOLE , HÖHNE MELANIE , STITT MARK , PYL EVA‐THERESA 
Published: June 2014

AbstractExperiments were designed to compare the relationship between starch degradation and the use of carbon for maintenance and growth in Arabidopsis in source‐limited and sink‐limited conditions. It is known that starch degradation is regulated by the clock in source‐limited plants, which degrade their starch in a linear manner such that it is almost but not completely exhausted at dawn. We asked whether this response is maintained under an extreme carbon deficit. Arabidopsis was subjected to a sudden combination of a day of low irradiance, to decrease starch at dusk, and a warm night. Starch was degraded in a linear manner through the night, even though the plants became acutely carbon starved. We conclude that starch degradation is not increased to meet demand in carbon‐limited plants. This network property will allow stringent control of starch turnover in a fluctuating environment. In contrast, in sink‐limited plants, which do not completely mobilize their starch during the night, starch degradation was accelerated in warm nights to meet the increased demand for maintenance and growth. Across all conditions, the rate of growth at night depends on the rate of starch degradation, whereas the rate of maintenance respiration decreases only when starch degradation is very slow.
Carbon isotope compositions (δ13C) of leaf, wood and holocellulose differ among genotypes of poplar and between previous land uses in a short‐rotation biomass plantation
Authors: VERLINDEN M. S. , FICHOT R. , BROECKX L. S. , VANHOLME B. , BOERJAN W. , CEULEMANS R. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractThe efficiency of water use to produce biomass is a key trait in designing sustainable bioenergy‐devoted systems. We characterized variations in the carbon isotope composition (δ13C) of leaves, current year wood and holocellulose (as proxies for water use efficiency, WUE) among six poplar genotypes in a short‐rotation plantation. Values of δ13Cwood and δ13Cholocellulose were tightly and positively correlated, but the offset varied significantly among genotypes (0.79–1.01‰). Leaf phenology was strongly correlated with δ13C, and genotypes with a longer growing season showed a higher WUE. In contrast, traits related to growth and carbon uptake were poorly linked to δ13C. Trees growing on former pasture with higher N‐availability displayed higher δ13C as compared with trees growing on former cropland. The positive relationships between δ13Cleaf and leaf N suggested that spatial variations in WUE over the plantation were mainly driven by an N‐related effect on photosynthetic capacities. The very coherent genotype ranking obtained with δ13C in the different tree compartments has some practical outreach. Because WUE remains largely uncoupled from growth in poplar plantations, there is potential to identify genotypes with satisfactory growth and higher WUE.
Broader autism phenotype in mothers predicts social responsiveness in young children with autism spectrum disorders
Authors: Hasegawa Chiaki , Kikuchi Mitsuru , Yoshimura Yuko , Hiraishi Hirotoshi , Munesue Toshio , Nakatani Hideo , Higashida Haruhiro , Asada Minoru , Oi Manabu , Minabe Yoshio 
Published: June 2014

AimsThe aim of this study was to identify phenotypes in mothers and fathers that are specifically associated with disturbances in reciprocal social interactions and communication in their young children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in a Japanese sample.MethodsAutistic traits in parents were evaluated using the Autism‐spectrum Quotient (AQ), the Empathy Quotient (EQ) and the Systemizing Quotient (SQ) in 88 parents (44 mothers and corresponding fathers) of children with ASD and in 60 parents (30 mothers and corresponding fathers) of typically developing (TD) children. For the measurement of autistic traits in children, we employed the Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS).ResultsIn two of the five AQ subscales (social skills and communication), the parents of ASD children scored significantly higher than did the parents of TD children, regardless of whether the parent was a mother or a father. In addition, in mothers of ASD children, there were significant positive correlations between two of the five AQ subscales (attention‐switching and communication) and the SRS T‐score in their children.ConclusionsThis is the first study to demonstrate that the social skills and communication subscales in the AQ are more sensitive as autism traits in a Japanese sample and to demonstrate that some autistic traits in mothers are specifically associated with disturbances in the social ability of their young children with ASD, as measured by the SRS score. Further study is necessary to determine whether these results were caused by genetic or environmental factors.
Human filarial Wolbachia lipopeptide directly activates human neutrophils in vitro
Authors: Tamarozzi F. , Wright H. L. , Johnston K. L. , Edwards S. W. , Turner J. D. , Taylor M. J. 
Published: June 2014

SummaryThe host inflammatory response to the Onchocerca volvulus endosymbiont, Wolbachia, is a major contributing factor in the development of chronic pathology in humans (onchocerciasis/river blindness). Recently, the toll‐like pattern recognition receptor motif of the major inflammatory ligands of filarial Wolbachia, membrane‐associated diacylated lipoproteins, was functionally defined in murine models of pathology, including mediation of neutrophil recruitment to the cornea. However, the extent to which human neutrophils can be activated in response to this Wolbachia pattern recognition motif is not known. Therefore, the responses of purified peripheral blood human neutrophils to a synthetic N‐terminal diacylated lipopeptide (WoLP) of filarial Wolbachia peptidoglycan‐associated lipoprotein (PAL) were characterized. WoLP exposure led to a dose‐dependent activation of healthy, human neutrophils that included gross morphological alterations and modulation of surface expressed integrins involved in tethering, rolling and extravasation. WoLP exposure induced chemotaxis but not chemokinesis of neutrophils, and secretion of the major neutrophil chemokine, interleukin 8. WoLP also induced and primed the respiratory burst, and enhanced neutrophil survival by delay of apoptosis. These results indicate that the major inflammatory motif of filarial Wolbachia lipoproteins directly activates human neutrophils in vitro and promotes a molecular pathway by which human neutrophils are recruited to sites of Onchocerca parasitism.
Towards a Polycentric Region? The Socio‐economic Trajectory of Rome, an ‘Eternally Mediterranean’ City
Authors: Salvati Luca 
Published: June 2014

AbstractThe present study explores the long‐term changes (1971–2001) in the socio‐economic structure of a monocentric Mediterranean urban region (Rome's province, central Italy) undergoing moderately polycentric development. Descriptive and correlation statistics and a multiway factor analysis (MFA) have been used to analyse the spatio‐temporal evolution of 24 socio‐economic indicators made available at the urban district/municipal scale. The socio‐economic disparities observed along the urban‐rural gradient in 1971 decreased only moderately in 2001. The MFA clearly separates urban districts from suburban municipalities in both 1971 and 2001. Results indicate that exurban development has impacted only partly Rome's urban form which remained mainly compact and dense with persisting socio‐economic gaps between urban and suburban areas. The paper discusses the partial failure of Rome's master plan to promote a really polycentric development and a new, more sustainable, urban form.
Comparative Approaches to Gentrification: A Research Framework
Authors: Lagendijk Arnoud , van Melik Rianne , de Haan Freek , Ernste Huib , Ploegmakers Huub , Kayasu Serap 
Published: June 2014

AbstractComparative research on gentrification is on the rise, especially since gentrification is no longer confined to historical, central neighbourhoods in First World countries, but also appeared in rural, new‐built areas and Second World countries. In this paper we present our comparative approach to investigate gentrification processes in four European cities (Arnhem, Istanbul, Vienna, Zurich), which differs from previous studies in its use of assemblage theory as research framework. The multi‐layered framework discerns three levels: ‘metrics’, ‘interpretations’, and ‘practices’. We argue that many comparative studies mainly focus on metrics, while researching interpretations and practices instead – and how these three levels influence each other through processes of actualisation and counteractualisation – would enhance our knowledge on gentrification. In doing so, we aim to provide a precise account of the nested relations of different layers of empirical reality and thus respond to various calls in the debate to intensively examine ‘geographies of gentrification’.
Long‐chain base phosphates modulate pollen tube growth via channel‐mediated influx of calcium
Authors: Wu Juyou , Qin Xiaoya , Tao Shutian , Jiang Xueting , Liang Yun‐Kuan , Zhang Shaoling 
Published: June 2014

SummaryLong‐chain base phosphates (LCBPs) have been correlated with amounts of crucial biological processes ranging from cell proliferation to apoptosis in animals. However, their functions in plants remain largely unknown. Here, we report that LCBPs, sphingosine‐1‐phosphate (S1P) and phytosphingosine‐1‐phosphate (Phyto‐S1P), modulate pollen tube growth in a concentration‐dependent bi‐phasic manner. The pollen tube growth in the stylar transmitting tissue was promoted by SPHK1 overexpression (SPHK1‐OE) but dampened by SPHK1 knockdown (SPHK1‐KD) compared with wild‐type of Arabidopsis; however, there was no detectable effect on in vitro pollen tube growth caused by misexpression of SPHK1. Interestingly, exogenous S1P or Phyto‐S1P applications could increase the pollen tube growth rate in SPHK1‐OE, SPHK1‐KD and wild‐type of Arabidopsis. Calcium ion (Ca2+)‐imaging analysis showed that S1P triggered a remarkable increase in cytosolic Ca2+ concentration in pollen. Extracellular S1P induced hyperpolarization‐activated Ca2+ currents in the pollen plasma membrane, and the Ca2+ current activation was mediated by heterotrimeric G proteins. Moreover, the S1P‐induced increase of cytosolic free Ca2+ inhibited the influx of potassium ions in pollen tubes. Our findings suggest that LCBPs functions in a signaling cascade that facilitates Ca2+ influx and modulates pollen tube growth.
The plant glycosyltransferase clone collection for functional genomics
Authors: Lao Jeemeng , Oikawa Ai , Bromley Jennifer R. , McInerney Peter , Suttangkakul Anongpat , Smith‐Moritz Andreia M. , Plahar Hector , Chiu Tsan‐Yu , González Fernández‐Niño Susana M. , Ebert Berit , Yang Fan , Christiansen Katy M. , Hansen Sara F. , Stonebloom Solomon , Adams Paul D. , Ronald Pamela C. , Hillson Nathan J. , Hadi Masood Z. , Vega‐Sánchez Miguel E. , Loqué Dominique , Scheller Henrik V. , Heazlewood Joshua L. 
Published: June 2014

SummaryThe glycosyltransferases (GTs) are an important and functionally diverse family of enzymes involved in glycan and glycoside biosynthesis. Plants have evolved large families of GTs which undertake the array of glycosylation reactions that occur during plant development and growth. Based on the Carbohydrate‐Active enZymes (CAZy) database, the genome of the reference plant Arabidopsis thaliana codes for over 450 GTs, while the rice genome (Oryza sativa) contains over 600 members. Collectively, GTs from these reference plants can be classified into over 40 distinct GT families. Although these enzymes are involved in many important plant specific processes such as cell‐wall and secondary metabolite biosynthesis, few have been functionally characterized. We have sought to develop a plant GTs clone resource that will enable functional genomic approaches to be undertaken by the plant research community. In total, 403 (88%) of CAZy defined Arabidopsis GTs have been cloned, while 96 (15%) of the GTs coded by rice have been cloned. The collection resulted in the update of a number of Arabidopsis GT gene models. The clones represent full‐length coding sequences without termination codons and are Gateway® compatible. To demonstrate the utility of this JBEI GT Collection, a set of efficient particle bombardment plasmids (pBullet) was also constructed with markers for the endomembrane. The utility of the pBullet collection was demonstrated by localizing all members of the Arabidopsis GT14 family to the Golgi apparatus or the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Updates to these resources are available at the JBEI GT Collection website http://www.addgene.org/.
Conducting Systematic Reviews of Intervention Questions II: Relevance Screening, Data Extraction, Assessing Risk of Bias, Presenting the Results and Interpreting the Findings
Authors: Sargeant J. M. , O'Connor A. M. 
Published: June 2014

SummaryThis is the fifth in a series of six articles describing systematic reviews in animal agriculture and veterinary medicine. The previous articles in this series overviewed the development of a review protocol and the initial steps in conducting a systematic review: identification of a structured question to be answered and conducting a comprehensive literature search to find potentially relevant original research to address the review question. This article describes relevance screening of literature identified in the search to determine which of the original research articles are relevant to the review question, data extraction from primary research studies, the use of standardized procedures to assess the risk of bias in the relevant research studies, presenting the results of the body of research identified and interpreting these results.
The biology of developmental plasticity and the Predictive Adaptive Response hypothesis
Authors: Bateson Patrick , Gluckman Peter , Hanson Mark 
Published: June 2014

AbstractMany forms of developmental plasticity have been observed and these are usually beneficial to the organism. The Predictive Adaptive Response (PAR) hypothesis refers to a form of developmental plasticity in which cues received in early life influence the development of a phenotype that is normally adapted to the environmental conditions of later life. When the predicted and actual environments differ, the mismatch between the individual's phenotype and the conditions in which it finds itself can have adverse consequences for Darwinian fitness and, later, for health. Numerous examples exist of the long‐term effects of cues indicating a threatening environment affecting the subsequent phenotype of the individual organism. Other examples consist of the long‐term effects of variations in environment within a normal range, particularly in the individual's nutritional environment. In mammals the cues to developing offspring are often provided by the mother's plane of nutrition, her body composition or stress levels. This hypothetical effect in humans is thought to be important by some scientists and controversial by others. In resolving the conflict, distinctions should be drawn between PARs induced by normative variations in the developmental environment and the ill effects on development of extremes in environment such as a very poor or very rich nutritional environment. Tests to distinguish between different developmental processes impacting on adult characteristics are proposed. Many of the mechanisms underlying developmental plasticity involve molecular epigenetic processes, and their elucidation in the context of PARs and more widely has implications for the revision of classical evolutionary theory.
Inheritance is where physiology meets evolution
Authors: Danchin Étienne , Pocheville Arnaud 
Published: June 2014

AbstractPhysiology and evolutionary biology have developed as two separated disciplines, a separation that mirrored the hypothesis that the physiological and evolutionary processes could be decoupled. We argue that non‐genetic inheritance shatters the frontier between physiology and evolution, and leads to the coupling of physiological and evolutionary processes to a point where there exists a continuum between accommodation by phenotypic plasticity and adaptation by natural selection. This approach is also profoundly affecting the definition of the concept of phenotypic plasticity, which should now be envisaged as a multi‐scale concept. We further suggest that inclusive inheritance provides a quantitative way to help bridging infra‐individual (i.e. physiology) with supra‐individual (i.e. evolution) approaches, in a way that should help building the long sough inclusive evolutionary synthesis.
The holist tradition in twentieth century genetics. Wilhelm Johannsen's genotype concept
Authors: Roll‐Hansen Nils 
Published: June 2014

AbstractThe terms ‘genotype’, ‘phenotype’ and ‘gene’ originally had a different meaning from that in the Modern Synthesis. These terms were coined in the first decade of the twentieth century by the Danish plant physiologist Wilhelm Johannsen. His bean selection experiment and his theoretical analysis of the difference between genotype and phenotype were important inputs to the formation of genetics as a well‐defined special discipline. This paper shows how Johannsen's holistic genotype theory provided a platform for criticism of narrowly genocentric versions of the chromosome theory of heredity that came to dominate genetics in the middle decades of the twentieth century. Johannsen came to recognize the epoch‐making importance of the work done by the Drosophila group, but he continued to insist on the incompleteness of the chromosome theory. Genes of the kind that they mapped on the chromosomes could only give a partial explanation of biological heredity and evolution.
Cross‐species cloning: influence of cytoplasmic factors on development
Authors: Sun Yong‐Hua , Zhu Zuo‐Yan 
Published: June 2014

AbstractIt is widely accepted that the crosstalk between naive nucleus and maternal factors deposited in the egg cytoplasm before zygotic genome activation is crucial for early development. This crosstalk may also exert some influence on later development. It is interesting to clarify the relative roles of the zygotic genome and the cytoplasmic factors in development. Cross‐species nuclear transfer (NT) between two distantly related species provides a unique system to study the relative role and crosstalk between egg cytoplasm and zygotic nucleus in development. In this review, we will summarize the recent progress of cross‐species NT, with emphasis on the cross‐species NT in fish and the influence of cytoplasmic factors on development. Finally, we conclude that the developmental process and its evolution should be interpreted in a systemic way, rather than in a way that solely focuses on the role of the nuclear genome.
Chasing Mendel: five questions for personalized medicine
Authors: Joyner Michael J. , Prendergast Franklyn G. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractIdeas about personalized medicine are underpinned in part by evolutionary biology's Modern Synthesis. In this essay we link personalized medicine to the efforts of the early statistical investigators who quantified the heritability of human phenotype and then attempted to reconcile their observations with Mendelian genetics. As information about the heritability of common diseases was obtained, similar efforts were directed at understanding the genetic basis of disease phenotypes. These ideas were part of the rationale driving the Human Genome Project and subsequently the personalized medicine movement. In this context, we discuss: (1) the current state of the genotype–phenotype relationship in humans, (2) the common‐disease–common‐variant hypothesis, (3) the current ability of ‘omic’ information to inform clinical decision making, (4) emerging ideas about the therapeutic insight available from rare genetic variants, and (5) the social and behavioural barriers to the wider potential success of personalized medicine. There are significant gaps in knowledge as well as conceptual, intellectual, and philosophical limitations in each of these five areas. We then provide specific recommendations to mitigate these limitations and close by asking if it is time for the biomedical research community to ‘stop chasing Mendel?’