bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The potential to retrofit sustainable drainage systems to address combined sewer overflow discharges in the Thames Tideway catchment
Authors: Stovin Virginia R. , Moore Sarah L. , Wall Matthew , Ashley Richard M. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractExperience of retrofitting sustainable drainage systems (SuDS) in the United Kingdom is limited, and there are no well‐established procedures for evaluating the feasibility, value or cost‐effectiveness of doing this, particularly at the catchment scale. This paper demonstrates a two‐phase process for evaluating the potential to retrofit SuDS to address combined sewer discharges in three subcatchments within the Thames Tideway catchment of London. The first phase evaluates what might be achieved with various levels of disconnection (‘global’ disconnection scenarios) using hydraulic models, while the second phase considers how disconnection might practically be achieved. High levels of disconnection are technically possible but practicably difficult. In selected cases, and with aggressive implementation of SuDS, combined sewer overflow CSO discharges could potentially be eliminated or reduced to acceptable levels without the need for any modifications to underground assets. However, retrofit SuDS could not eliminate the requirement for some form of sewer modification in any subcatchments.
Population structure and range expansion: the case of the invasive gastropodCyclope neriteain northwest Iberian Peninsula
Authors: COUCEIRO Lucía , LÓPEZ Lúa , RUIZ José Miguel , BARREIRO Rodolfo 
Published: September 2012

AbstractBiotic invasions have a reputation for unpredictable behavior. Here, we report how slight changes in human activity responsible for the introduction and range expansion of a non‐native mollusk have led to detectable differences in the genetics of the invasion.Cyclope neriteais a non‐predatory gastropod introduced to 2 areas of the European Atlantic: the northwest Iberian Peninsula (NWIP) and the French Atlantic coast (FAC). Shellfish seabed farming is intense in both areas but focuses on different commercial species. Using mitochondrial gene sequences, the lower genetic diversity recorded along the NWIP suggests a more homogeneous range of source populations than in the FAC. Unlike FAC, genetic diversity and haplotype composition in the NWIP correlate with the date of first occurrence ofC. neriteaat each site rather than with geographical location. Although this pattern evokes the genetic signature expected under a serial‐founder colonization model from a single initial enclave, a comparison with samples from potential source populations suggests that the NWIP probably experienced several independent reintroductions. The jump dispersal pattern ofC. neriteain the NWIP, together with the observation that populations established in the same year are genetically undifferentiated, point to human transport as the most plausible explanation for the current range expansion. Despite evidence for human‐mediated dispersal,C. neriteamanaged to develop a seemingly non‐random genetic pattern in the NWIP. It is suggested that caution must be exerted when interpreting genetic patterns in invaders.
Truth and consequences: the bioinvasion of the Mediterranean Sea
Authors: GALIL Bella Sarah 
Published: September 2012

AbstractOver 660 alien marine multicellular species have been recorded in the Mediterranean Sea, with many establishing viable populations and subsequently dispersing from their points of entry. A brief overview is presented of the current state of knowledge of bioinvasions in the Mediterranean Sea, with particular attention paid to gelatinous invasive species. A database of alien species records was used to characterize their identity, pattern of expansion and native region, and to discuss the relative importance of different taxa and vectors in the various regions of the sea. The temporal and spatial spread of 4 alien scyphozoans and 2 alien ctenophores is outlined. Although thermophilic species constitute the majority of Mediterranean aliens, Erythrean aliens are predominant in the east, with shipping and mariculture being mainly responsible for introductions in the northwest. The propagule pressure driving the Erythrean invasion is powerful in the establishment and spread of alien species in the eastern Mediterranean. The implications of the enlargement of the Suez Canal, reflecting patterns in global trade and economy, are briefly discussed. Finally, as alien species inventories play a pivotal role in informing regional policy and management decisions and identifying resource priorities, the scientific community is called upon to pay particular attention to their accuracy and veracity.
Seed wasp invasions promoted by unregulated seed trade affect vegetal and animal biodiversity
Authors: AUGER‐ROZENBERG Marie‐Anne , ROQUES Alain 
Published: September 2012

AbstractCone and seed insects are considered the most important predators of tree seeds during the pre‐dispersal phase of development. Among them, exotic seed chalcids in the genusMegastigmusinvaded Europe as a result of the rapidly‐increasing and mostly unregulated seed trade for afforestation and ornamental plantations. Unlike their economic impact in seed orchards, until recently, little attention was paid to the ecological impact of these insects. In the present study, selected case studies of alienMegastigmusspp. were considered to assess their specific impact on the potential of natural regeneration of native woody plants and on the native entomofauna competing for seed resource. We re‐analyzed data from former studies that did not focus on these ecological interactions and, here, present previously unpublished results. Seeds of Douglas‐fir, true cedars, true firs and wild roses were sampled all over Europe, and the relative importance of the native and invasive chalcid species was assessed as well as their specific impact on seed yield. In most cases, the recent arrival of alien chalcids resulted in a significant decrease in the regeneration potential of the host trees. In the absence of competitors, alien chalcids occupied the entire seed niche in Douglas‐fir, but their impact tended to decrease after the arrival of invasive seed bugs. In firs, alien chalcids tended to displace the native chalcids, but not in wild roses and cedars, where their damage was increasing. Different biological traits that might explain invasive success of alien chalcids are discussed. However, no general invasive patterns seem to exist.
Enhanced UV‐B Radiation Increases Glyphosate Resistance in Velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti)
Authors: Yin Lina , Zhang Mingcai , Li Zhaohu , Duan Liusheng , Wang Shiwen 
Published: September 2012

AbstractDepletion of the ozone layer leads to increasing UV‐B radiation on the earth's surface, which may affect weeds and their responses to herbicides. However, the effect of increased UV‐B radiation on weeds and the interaction of weeds and herbicides are still obscure. The objective of this study was to compare glyphosate efficacy on velvetleaf that was grown under with and without increased UV‐B radiation. Leaf area, dry weight and net photosynthesis of velvetleaf seedlings were adversely affected by increased UV‐B radiation. Leaf cuticle wax significantly increased by 28% under increased UV‐B radiation. Glyphosate efficacy on velvetleaf, evaluated by shoot dry weight, was significantly decreased by increased UV‐B radiation. Exposure to increased UV‐B radiation significantly decreased 14C‐glyphosate absorption from 49% to 43%, and also resulted in less 14C‐glyphosate translocation out of treated leaves and less glyphosate accumulation in newly expanded leaves. The decrease in glyphosate efficacy was due to changes in absorption and distribution, which were attributed to increased cuticle wax and decreased photosynthesis caused by increased UV‐B radiation. These results suggest that the responses of weeds to herbicides may be affected by increased UV‐B radiation, to the extent that higher rates may be required to achieve the desired effects.
Social Mobility, Equity and the Politics of Recruitment
Authors: Fevre Ralph 
Published: September 2012

AbstractMuch reliance has been placed on increased equity as a way of improving social mobility but the evidence base for this view, for example in Britain, looks less and less convincing. Part of the attraction of equity was that it was believed to promote efficiency through the refinement of meritocracy. Sociological theory now suggests that the equation of equity with efficiency may have prevented reforms which would have improved social mobility. This theory fills a gap in the human resource management (HRM) literature to show that it is far from obvious what managers should do to increase organisational efficiency when they make recruitment decisions. Instead of recruiting for efficiency, their decisions are shaped by the politics of recruitment both inside organisations, affecting management decision‐making particularly, and outside organisations amongst legislators and pressure groups (for example). This politics has shaped the way equity figures in recruitment, it has, for the most part, only figured to the extent that it was believed to serve efficiency, yet what counted for efficiency was itself a political product. When it is hide‐bound in this way it is small wonder that insufficient progress has been made in improving social mobility, in Britain and elsewhere, by increasing equity.
Research on Women in Policing: A Look at the Past, Present and Future
Authors: Archbold Carol A. , Schulz Dorothy Moses 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThere are more women employed by police agencies today than ever before. Their role and workplace experiences have changed significantly from the time that they were first employed as police matrons in the late 1800s‐early 1900s. This article covers the history of women in policing. It provides an overview of past and contemporary research focused on female police officers. A trend found in the contemporary research reveals that there are many similarities among male and female police officers. This trend is interesting as policing has traditionally been a male dominated profession in the United States.
Protective Effects of the Delta Opioid Peptide [D‐Ala2, D‐Leu5]enkephalin in an Ex Vivo Model of Ischemia/Reperfusion in Brain Slices
Authors: Zheng Yong‐Jun , Wang Xiang‐Rui , Chen Hong‐Zhuan , Wu Xing‐Jun , Zhao Yan‐Hua , Su Dian‐San 
Published: September 2012

SummaryIntroductionThe delta opioid peptide [D‐Ala2, D‐Leu5]enkephalin (DADLE) plays a key role in neuronal protection against both hypoxic and ischemic conditions. However, the cellular mechanisms of action of DADLE under these conditions remain unclear.MethodsIschemia was simulated with perfusing the brain slices with glucose‐free artificial cerebrospinal fluid. Apoptosis was examined using an in situ cell death detection kit and expressed as the percentage of positively labeled neurons relative to total number of neurons. PCR was performed by adding cDNA, 5 pm dNTP, 1 μL Taqase, and primers. PCR products were separated with electrophoresis, stained with ethidium bromide, and visualized under ultraviolet light.AimsTo investigate the potential effects of DADLE in an ex vivo model of cerebral ischemia/reperfusion.ResultsDADLE attenuated lactic dehydrogenase release and neuronal apoptosis in a concentration‐dependent manner. The protective effects of DADLE were attenuated by representative selective delta2, but not delta1 opioid antagonists. Treatment with PD98059, a selective inhibitor of ERK kinase (MEK), also blocked the protective effect of DADLE as well as ERK phosphorylation induced by DADLE.ConclusionsEndogenous opioid peptides could promote cell survival via delta2 opioid receptors, possibly through the downstream MEK‐ERK pathway.
Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor Protects C17.2 Cells from Radiation‐Induced Injury through ERK1/2
Authors: Luan Ping , Zhou Hai‐Hong , Zhang Bei , Liu An‐Ming , Yang Lian‐Hong , Weng Xue‐Ling , Tao En‐Xiang , Liu Jun 
Published: September 2012

SummaryAimsTo establish a radiation‐induced neural injury model using C17.2 neural stem cells (NSCs) and to investigate whether basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) can protect the radiation‐induced injury of C17.2 NSCs. Furthermore, we aim to identify the possible mechanisms involved in this model.MethodsC17.2 NSCs received a single exposure (3, 6, and 9 Gy, respectively) at a dose rate of 300 cGy/min with a control group receiving 0 Gy. Different concentrations of bFGF were added for 24 h, 5 min postirradiation. The MTS assay and flow cytometry were used to detect cytotoxicity and apoptosis. Expression of FGFR1, ERK1/2, and p‐ERK1/2 proteins was detected with or without U0126 was pretreated prior to C17.2 NSCs receiving irradiation.ResultsC17.2 NSCs showed a dose‐dependent cell death as the dose of radiation was increased. Additionally, the rate of apoptosis in the C17.2 NSCs reached 31.2 ± 1.23% in the 6 Gy irradiation group, which was the most significant when compared to the other irradiation treated groups. bFGF showed protective effect on cell apoptosis in a dose‐dependent manner. The mean percentage of apoptotic cells decreased to 7.83 ± 1.75% when 100 ng/mL bFGF was given. Furthermore, U0126 could block the protective effect of bFGF by inhibiting the phosphorylation of ERK1/2.ConclusionsAn in vitro cellular model of radiation‐induced apoptosis of NSCs, in C17.2 NSCs, was developed successfully. Additionally, bFGF can protect neurons from radiation injury in vitro via the ERK1/2 signal transduction pathway.
THE PHOTOGRAPHY OF HIGH‐SPEED METALLIC JETS*
Authors: HEINE‐GELDERN R. V. , PUGH E. M. , LaPaz Lincoln 
Published: September 2012

ABSTRACTUsing a Kerr cell camera at exposure times of ½ microsecond, the authors have obtained visible‐light photographs of the metallic jets squirted from the lined conical cavities of high‐explosive charges. Since these jets travel at nearly meteoritic velocities, their front ends are heated to incandescence and vaporized. This paper presents a number of photographs of such jets traveling thru air, water, steel, glass, and plexiglas.
THE FORMATION OF CRATERS BY HIGH‐SPEED PARTICLES*
Authors: ROSTOKER NORMAN , LaPaz Lincoln 
Published: September 2012

ABSTRACTSome investigators have discussed the formation of craters by high‐speed particles on the basis of experimental data taken over a limited velocity spectrum for the incident particle. Their interpretation of the data has been that the crater volume is proportional to the kinetic energy of the incident particle. In this paper, we discuss an approach to this problem that was originated by Öpik for the formation of meteorite craters. Öpik's theory is based on a hydrodynamic approximation similar to the approximation that has been successfully employed by Pugh in explaining the penetration produced by shaped‐charge jets. The estimates of the mass of a meteorite based on Öpik's theory differ radically from the estimates made by Rinehart that are based on the assumption that crater volume is proportional to the kinetic energy of the incident particle up to meteoritic velocities. The essential purpose of this paper is to reëxamine both points of view in order to illuminate the details of their differences. Experimental evidence is presented from the study of shaped‐charge jets that indicates that Rinehart's extrapolation is incorrect. The data from shaped‐charge experiments are in rough agreement with Öpik's theory.
RESULTS OF A SYSTEMATIC STUDY OF THE RATIO OF METEORITE TO OXIDITE AT THE BARRINGER METEORITE CRATER OF ARIZONA*
Authors: KREINS EARL RAYMOND , Leonard Frederick C. 
Published: September 2012

ABSTRACTIn a region approximately 60° west of north and about one mile distant from the rim of the Barringer Meteorite Crater of Arizona (CN = + 1110,350), it has been determined, from the results of a systematic survey, that, in an area of 4 square meters, in which there was at least one meteorite, there was, on the average, 1.33 times as much meteorite by weight as oxidite.
RECENT AND FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS IN METEORITICS*
Authors: LEONARD FREDERICK C. 
Published: September 2012

ABSTRACTThis paper consists of (1) the opening remarks made on the occasion of the dedication of the new building for the Institute of Meteoritics of the University of New Mexico; (2) the answers received from a number of leading American meteoriticists to three questions pertaining to the subject of the address and propounded in the introduction; (3) a list of some fifty meteoritical problems currently awaiting solution or requiring further research; and (4) the closing statement.
THE EMPIRICAL FORMULAS FOR KAMACITE AND TAENITE
Authors: BUDDHUE JOHN DAVIS 
Published: September 2012

ABSTRACTThe average of 10 analyses of kamacite corresponds to the formula Fe16Ni. Hexahedrites are composed mainly of kamacite, but the average of 48 analyses of 34 hexahedrites corresponds to the formula Fe18Ni. Kamacite is doubtless a saturated solution of nickel in iron.The average composition of taenite is close to Fe2Ni. Taenite is possibly an intermetallic compound of iron and nickel.Plessite, being a mixture of kamacite and taenite, has no meaningful average composition.
THE PECULIAR STRUCTURE OF THE SHIRAHAGI, JAPAN, SIDERITE (CN =± 1375,367)*
Authors: MURAVAMA SADAO 
Published: September 2012

ABSTRACTA short history of the Shirahagi siderite (subclass = O (m)) is given, the peculiar structure of the iron is described and illustrated, and several possible explanations to account for that structure are advanced. It is concluded that the unusual structure was acquired most probably during the flight of the meteorite thru the Earth's atmosphere.
GRAPHIC INVESTIGATION OF A FIREBALL TRAJECTORY*
Authors: HUZARSKI RICHARD G. 
Published: September 2012

ABSTRACTThis paper presents a projective graphic method for reconstructing from field observations made by laymen the trajectory of a meteorite thru the atmosphere. Given sufficient data, the method quickly produces the geographic coördinates and the elevation above sea‐level of both the beginning and the end point of the trajectory, the curvatures of the path of the meteorite in both the vertical and the horizontal planes, the point of impact with the Earth, and the mean velocity of the meteorite. The solution can be carried out fully under field conditions, and produces results of an accuracy commensurate with the accuracy of the original observations.
PRELIMINARY NOTE ON THE CHICO, NEW MEXICO, AEROLITE (CN = 1042,365)*
Authors: LAPAZ LINCOLN 
Published: September 2012

ABSTRACTThis paper gives an account of the discovery and identification of the largest aerolite found to date in the State of New Mexico, namely, Chico, Colfax County (CN = 1042,365). The meteorite, which weighs 231 pounds, is a chondrite notable for the extraordinary size of some of the chondri that it contains. The largest of these bodies so far found is in shape approximately an ellipsoid of three unequal axes of dimensions 57 × 44 × 26 mm. Since the density of this metal‐rich chondrus is certainly in excess of the average density, S.5, determined for the whole meteorite, its weight exceeds 120 gm., i.e., one‐fourth of a pound.
THE MARLOW, OKLAHOMA, AEROLITE (CN = 0981,346)*
Authors: LEONARD FREDERICK C. 
Published: September 2012

ABSTRACTA 344‐gm., nearly complete aerolite, found about 1936 February, in the vicinity of Marlow, Stephens County, Oklahoma (CN of the place of find = 0981,346), is described. The specimen is classified provisionally as an enstatite‐olivine chondrite (symbol = Cop1).
ALTERATION OF THE WIDMANSTÄTTEN STRUCTURE OF METEORITES BY HEATING*
Authors: KNOX REED 
Published: September 2012

ABSTRACTShort‐timed, elevated‐temperature heat‐treatments performed on a small Barringer Crater iron indicate that taenite lamellae will survive such treatments with little apparent alteration. The writer states his belief that diffusion during prolonged heating, such as might occur in the case of a meteorite's closely approaching the Sun, would eventually erase an original octahedral taenite pattern. He suggests that meteorites may exist that are octahedritic in chemical composition but that do not exhibit the Widmanstätten structure on a macroscopic scale.
THE RECOVERY OF A FIFTH MEMBER OF THE CAPE YORK, WEST GREENLAND, SIDERITIC FALL (CN = 0670,760:)*
Authors: Leonard Frederick C. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThe circumstances of the discovery and recovery, on 1955 August 9, of what appears to be the fifth and, to date, the smallest‐known member of the famous Cape York, West Greenland, sideritic fall — a mass weighing 106 pounds — are detailed, together with a brief description of the specimen, in a letter received from Mr. William G. Melbourne, a U.C.L.A. alumnus and a member of the party that recovered the meteorite.
THE PROBLEM OF THE CHINGUETTI [FRENCH WEST AFRICA] METEORITE [CN = 0127,202:]*
Authors: Monod Théodore , Brady L. F. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThis paper presents an account of the discovery of the giant Chinguetti (Adrar), French West Africa meteorite (CN = 0127,202:) and a history of the subsequent searches conducted in an attempt to relocate the mass. Suggestions are made for further investigation into the problem of the rediscovery of the meteorite thru the use of an air‐borne magnetometer.]
THE PREPARATION OF A SPHERICAL SPECIMEN OF METEORITIC IRON*
Authors: Buddhue John Davis 
Published: September 2012

Abstract and IntroductionMeteoritic‐iron specimens are nearly always prepared for study by making a flat surface in a random direction, which seldom bears any definite relation to the crystallographic axes of the specimen. For some purposes a sphere would be preferable, but spheres are almost never prepared. The only ones known to me are one in the British Museum (Natural History)1 and another described and figured by Goldschmidt.1,2 A third is rumored to have turned up in a Los Angeles pawn shop, but I have not seen it. This scarcity of spheres is due possibly to the mistaken notion that they are difficult to prepare. That they are not difficult to make would seem to be demonstrated by the fact that I made one the first time I tried, even tho I had never used a metal lathe before. No special tools were required.
MINERAL FORMULAS, THE CLASSIFICATIONAL SEQUENCE, AND THE AOUELLOUL CRATER*
Authors: Leonard Frederick C. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThis communication is a miscellany consisting of notes on “I. Formulas for the Meteoritic Silicates Expressed as Series of Oxides”; “II. Alternative Formulas for Other Meteoritic Minerals”; “III. On the Classificational Sequence of Meteorites”; and “IV. On the Form of the Aouelloul, French West Africa, Crater (CN = 0127,202).”
NEW SURFACE AREA FORMED BY A PROJECTILE STRIKING LIMESTONE PARTICLES
Authors: Morrison H. L. , Allen W. A. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractExperiments were performed by using 50‐caliber projectiles with different nose‐shapes to determine the amount of projectile energy expended in comminution of the target material when the target was limestone particles. The energy expended by the projectile in crushing the target material is characterized by Von Rittinger's number, which is the increase of surface area of target material per unit of energy expended in crushing. It has been found that, for a crushed limestone target, the energy expended in comminution is a definite fraction of the total kinetic energy of the projectile. This fraction was found to vary slightly for different projectile configurations.
THE FIREBALL OF 1954 MAY 15*
Authors: Russell John A. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractOrbital elements of the fireball of 1954 May 15 indicate that the meteorite that caused it was moving in a direct orbit of low inclination and moderate semi‐major axis but of high eccentricity. The intrinsic luminosity is estimated to have been 70 billion candlepower! The color of the meteor changed progressively along the visible path from blue‐green to red.