bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
L'ombre de la mère chinoise et le « père de la préhistoire individuelle »
Authors: Moïse-Durand Brigitte 
Published: February 2014

Dans un conte vietnamien du xvi e transcrit en chinois littéraire, une femme élevant seule son bébé, en l’absence du père et dans un état d’urgence de la vie, soumise aux dictats moraux d’un confucianisme archaïque, trouve en elle la force pour utiliser sa propre ombre projetée sur le mur de la chambre, comme premier pôle-tiers séparant la dyade mère-enfant, permettant alors l’indentification primaire du petit être à un père aimant, « père de la préhistoire individuelle ». L’analyse de ce conte permet de faire des liens entre universalité psychique et spécificités culturelles.
Routine controversies : Mathematical challenges in Mersenne's correspondence
Authors: Goldstein Catherine 
Published: February 2014

Controverses routinières: Les défis mathématiques dans la correspondance de Mersenne Les défis ponctuent l’histoire des mathématiques des xvi e et xvii e siècles, depuis l’amère dispute sur les équations cubiques entre Tartaglia, Cardan et Ferrari dans les années 1540 jusqu’au conflit de dimension européenne sur la cycloïde, un siècle plus tard. Si l’histoire culturelle s’efforce de contextualiser ces défis en les rapprochant d’autres pratiques contemporaines, comme les duels ou l’autopromotion dans certains marchés de compétences, l’histoire des mathématiques les a généralement traités comme les restes puérils d’un âge préscientifique que la science moderne et son idéal baconien de coopération allaient bientôt balayer. Pourtant, le nombre de défis et de controverses semble croître à l’intérieur d’une des premières organisations scientifiques visant à une collaboration efficace entre ses membres : le cercle de Marin Mersenne. C’est ce paradoxe qui est au centre de l’article : il s’agit d’y examiner le rôle des défis, et des controverses qui leur sont attachées, dans l’économie des échanges mathématiques (et de la création mathématique) dans la France moderne. Nous y montrons, en étudiant des cas réussis, mais aussi quelques échecs, comment ces défis opéraient : non seulement comme mises en scène d’oppositions méthodologiques, mais aussi et surtout comme liens dans un environnement mathématique structuré par les correspondances et la résolution de problèmes. Cette situation montre en particulier que les controverses potentielles ont pu être une partie constitutive des activités scientifiques normales, et non leur rupture, tout en formatant leur développement dans des directions spécifiques.
Protestants et juifs français : des précurseurs de la laïcité
Authors: Cabanel Patrick 
Published: February 2014

Le processus de laïcisation à la française, au XIX e siècle, a fait un perdant, le catholicisme, et des gagnants, les minorités protestante et juive. Celles-ci s’accommodaient pourtant fort bien, dans un premier temps, du système des « cultes reconnus » qui leur offrait protection et même réparation de la part d’un État qui avait cessé d’être catholique. Mais la radicalisation ultramontaine de l’Église, le vote de la loi Falloux (1850), et aussi les progrès du libéralisme religieux dans leurs rangs, ont conduit protestants et juifs à souhaiter la laïcité de l’école et plus largement de l’espace public et de la culture de la nation. Ils ont donné, les premiers surtout, à la laïcité du dernier tiers du siècle un certain nombre de penseurs et de dirigeants de premier plan. Ils ont nourri le rêve, bientôt déçu, d’instaurer en France une forme de République kantienne, qui aurait uni religion laïque et laïcité religieuse.
La difficile laïcisation du serment judiciaire
Authors: Lalouette Jacqueline 
Published: February 2014

Au XIX e siècle, et au-delà, le sacré qui imprègne les rituels judiciaires, se doubla d’une empreinte religieuse, exprimée par la référence à Dieu, explicite ou implicite, dans le serment prêté par les jurés et les témoins, et par la présence de crucifix dans les tribunaux. Le serment posa divers problèmes ; les quakers et les anabaptistes ne voulaient pas jurer ; les juifs refusaient le rite judaïque que les pouvoirs publics leur imposaient ; les libres penseurs exigeaient le retrait du nom de Dieu de la formule du serment prêté aux assises. La Cour de cassation donna satisfaction aux protestants dissidents et aux juifs. Mais, durant la Troisième République, par crainte de l’athéisme, le Législateur, dont le concours était nécessaire pour modifier les Codes, se refusa à laïciser la formule du serment, qui ne devint laïque qu’en 1972. Quant aux crucifix, ils furent retirés par voie réglementaire en 1904.
Clément Ader, entrepreneur d'invention
Authors: Carnino Guillaume 
Published: February 2014

Clément Ader est l’inventeur de l’avion (le véhicule et le mot). Or, la vie du « père de l’aviation » se trouve affublée d’une dimension mythologique, ayant invariablement pour but de révéler la gloire éternelle (et en son temps méconnue) du génial inventeur. En réalité, Ader est loin d’avoir été un martyr, et il a même amassé une considérable fortune au cours de sa brillante carrière d’entrepreneur d’invention. À partir de l’étude des archives du fonds Ader au CNAM, cet article retrace la façon dont la légende noire de l’inventeur s’est progressivement instaurée, au détriment de la réalité historique.
Preliminary Study of Autologous Bone Marrow Nucleated Cells Transplantation in Children With Spinal Cord Injury
Authors: Jarocha Danuta , Milczarek Olga , Kawecki Zdzislaw , Wendrychowicz Anna , Kwiatkowski Stanislaw , Majka Marcin 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThe objective of this study was to assess the safety and efficacy of transplanting bone marrow nucleated cells (BMNCs) to treat children with complete interruption of spinal cord (SC) continuity. The present study was conducted from 2005 to 2011. The inclusion criteria were a magnetic resonance imaging-confirmed complete interruption of SC continuity and no improvement in neurological status within 6 months after standard therapy. Bone marrow was isolated from the iliac ala and submitted to BMNC isolation. Subsequently, the cell suspension was administered into the SC cavity and intravenously. In total, 18 of 19 intraspinal and intravenous BMNC transplantation procedures performed caused no adverse events. One case was connected with transient bradycardia. The experimental therapy showed no late complications in the 1- to 6-year follow-up evaluation period. Neurological improvement was observed in two patients who received multiple implantations. One patient demonstrated improved superficial sensation from Th3 to Th12/L1 and a restored bladder-filling sensation. In the other case, superficial sensation was improved from C2 to C5, and the respiratory drive, the swallowing reflex, and tongue movements were restored. Spasticity and quality of life were improved in three of five patients. In addition, skin pressure ulcers healed and did not recur. Our preliminary results demonstrate the safety and feasibility of BMNC transplantation in children with complete SC injury. The results indicate that a certain degree of neurological and quality-of-life improvement can be attained by children with chronic complete SC injury who receive multiple BMNC implantations.
Chemically Induced Specification of Retinal Ganglion Cells From Human Embryonic and Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells
Authors: Riazifar Hamidreza , Jia Yousheng , Chen Jing , Lynch Gary , Huang Taosheng 
Published: February 2014

Abstract

The loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) is the primary pathological change for many retinal degenerative diseases. Although there is currently no effective treatment for this group of diseases, cell transplantation to replace lost RGCs holds great potential. However, for the development of cell replacement therapy, better understanding of the molecular details involved in differentiating stem cells into RGCs is essential. In this study, a novel, stepwise chemical protocol is described for the differentiation of human embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells into functional RGCs. Briefly, stem cells were differentiated into neural rosettes, which were then cultured with the Notch inhibitor N-[N-(3,5-difluorophenacetyl)-l-alanyl]-S-phenylglycine t-butyl ester (DAPT). The expression of neural and RGC markers (BRN3A, BRN3B, ATOH7/Math5, γ-synuclein, Islet-1, and THY-1) was examined. Approximately 30% of the cell population obtained expressed the neuronal marker TUJ1 as well the RGC markers. Moreover, the differentiated RGCs generated action potentials and exhibited both spontaneous and evoked excitatory postsynaptic currents, indicating that functional and mature RGCs were generated. In combination, these data demonstrate that a single chemical (DAPT) can induce PAX6/RX-positive stem cells to undergo differentiation into functional RGCs.
Delayed‐type hypersensitivity (DTH) test anergy does not impact CD4 reconstitution or normalization of DTH responses during antiretroviral therapy
Authors: Minidis Natascha M , Mesner Octavio , Agan Brian K , Okulicz Jason F 
Published: February 2014

IntroductionDelayed‐type hypersensitivity (DTH) testing is an in vivo assessment of cell‐mediated immunity. Although highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) improves immunologic parameters, the relationship between DTH responsiveness and CD4 gains on HAART is not completely understood. We investigated CD4 reconstitution and the change in DTH responses from treatment baseline through 24 months of viral load (VL)‐suppressive HAART in the U.S. Military HIV Natural History Study.MethodsTreatment‐naïve subjects with VL <400 copies/mL after ≥24 months on HAART were included (n=302). DTH testing consisted of ≥3 recall antigens, and responses were classified by the number of positive skin tests: anergic (0–1) or non‐anergic (≥2). Pre‐HAART DTH results were compared for the outcome of CD4 reconstitution at 24 months of HAART. Improvement in DTH responses was also analyzed for those anergic before HAART initiation.ResultsNon‐anergic responses were observed in 216 (72%) participants, while 86 (28%) individuals were anergic prior to HAART initiation. Demographically there were similar distributions of age at HIV diagnosis and HAART initiation, as well as gender and race or ethnicity. There were no significant differences between non‐anergic and anergic participants in pre‐HAART CD4 count (409 cells/μL, interquartile range (IQR) 315–517 vs. 373 cells/μL, IQR 228–487; p=0.104) and VL (4.3 log10 copies/mL, IQR 3.4–4.9 vs. 4.4 log10 copies/mL, IQR 3.6–5.0; p=0.292). Median CD4 gains 24 months after HAART initiation were similar between the non‐anergic (220 cells/μL, IQR 115–358) and anergic groups (246 cells/μL, IQR 136–358; p=0.498). For individuals anergic before HAART initiation, DTH normalization occurred at 24 months post‐HAART in the majority of participants (51 of 86, 59%). Normalization of DTH responses was not associated with CD4 count at HAART initiation (OR 0.73, 95% CI 0.47, 1.09 per 100 cells; p=0.129) nor with AIDS diagnoses prior to HAART (OR 0.34, 95% CI 0.04, 2.51; p=0.283).ConclusionsDTH responsiveness has been shown to predict HIV disease progression independent of CD4 count in untreated individuals. In the setting of HAART, pre‐HAART anergy does not appear to impact CD4 gains or the ability to normalize DTH responses after 24 months of VL‐suppressive HAART.
Prevalence and Pattern of Corneal Morbidity Based on a New Nomogram and Graticule
Authors: Bhardwaj Richa , Chaudhary KP , Sharma RL , Gupta Vinay 
Published: February 2014

Purpose:
To study the pattern of corneal diseases using a new nomogram and graticule.

Materials and Methods:
256 eyes of 200 patients attending the cornea services of the institute from July 2011 to June 2012 were included in the study. The visual status of the patients was assessed using the WHO definition for visual impairment. Patient evaluation was done using Haag-Striet photo slit lamp and images were recorded. A new nomogram was created for topographical mapping of corneal lesions by dividing the cornea into four concentric zones i.e. central optical (4mm), paracentral (4-8mm), peripheral (8-11mm) and limbal (11-12mm) taking the optical centre of the cornea (O) as the reference. Each zone was further divided into four quadrants (UN, UT, LN and LT) by a horizontal and vertical axis passing through O. Visual axis (VA) passed through V, represented 5°nasal to O. The graticule (magnification 6X) was superimposed on the photograph for mapping the lesions.

Results:
The most common disease entities affecting the cornea were infective causes (27%), corneal opacities (25%) and PBK (13%). Central zone (Z I) was involved most frequently and VA involvement was seen in (79%) cases. The corneal lesions were described as per the methodology and correlated well with the visual morbidity pattern.

Conclusions:
This new nomogram may provide a precise methodology for mapping of corneal lesions along with the assessment of visual morbidity and VA involvement.
Ocular Torsional Changes in Anterior Plagiocephaly
Authors: Jethani Jitendra , Jethani Monika 
Published: February 2014

Introduction:
Anterior plagiocephaly has been associated with a mechanical disadvantage to superior oblique secondary to the retrusion of trochlea. This posterior placement should theoretically strengthen the superior oblique in its torsion action both in primary and secondary position (abduction).

Materials and Methods:
We did an observation study to document the ocular torsional changes by measuring disc foveal angle (DFA) in fundus photograph in five patients with anterior plagiocephaly and unilateral inferior oblique overaction. All patients had right sided anterior plagiocephaly and 2 patients had an associated posterior plagiocephaly.

Results:
Mean DFA in right eye (affected eye) was 15.8 +/-1.9 (13 -18 degrees) and the unaffected eye was 7.6 +/- 2 (range 6-10 degrees). All the patients showed inferior oblique overaction and a V pattern. We found that the affected eye shows excyclotorsion instead of an expected incyclotorsion. This cannot be explained on the basis of retrusion of trochlea and a mechanical disadvantage to the posterior fibres (responsible for depression in adduction) of the superior oblique.

Conclusions:
The affected eye in anterior plagiocephaly shows excyclotorsion.
Juxtapapillary Hemangioblastoma: Case Report and Review of Literature
Authors: Narula Anurag , Guliani BP , Sethi HS , Ranjan Pratyush , Shastri Aniket , Gupta Vishnu 
Published: February 2014

Purpose:
To report a case of retinal vascular tumor and to review literature pertaining to management of retinal vascular tumors of the eye.

Methods:
Clinical data including medical history, findings on physical examination, local examination, Fundus Fluorescein Angiography, USG B-Scan, MR Angiography of head and orbit was done for a 31 year old male, case of retinal juxtapapillary hemangioblastoma. Patient was given 2 injections of intravitreal Anti-VEGF at 4 weeks interval to reduce tumor vascularity, size and associated exudation, oedema and SRF to improve visual acuity. PDT was done following this for the residual tumor mass.

Results:
Visual acuity of the patient improved from finger counting at 3mts to 6/24 following intravitreal injections. Following PDT vision further improved to 6/18 and was maintained at that. No new tumor activity was observed over next 6 months.

Conclusions:
Combination of Anti-VEGF and PDT is an effective method of treatment of juxtrapapillary hemangioblastomas and of improving and preserving vision of the patient.
Ambient tremors in a collisional orogenic belt
Authors: Chuang Lindsay Yuling , Chen Kate Huihsuan , Wech Aaron , Byrne Timothy , Peng Wei 
Published: February 2014

AbstractDeep‐seated tectonic tremors have been regarded as an observation tied to interconnected fluids at depth, which have been well documented in worldwide subduction zones and transform faults but not in a collisional mountain belt. In this study we explore the general features of collisional tremors in Taiwan and discuss the possible generation mechanism. In the 4 year data, we find 231 ambient tremor episodes with durations ranging from 5 to 30 min. In addition to a coseismic slip‐induced stress change from nearby major earthquake, increased tremor rate is also highly correlated with the active, normal faulting earthquake swarms at the shallower depth. Both the tremor and earthquake swarm activities are confined in a small, area where the high attenuation, high thermal anomaly, the boundary between high and low resistivity, and localized veins on the surfaces distributed, suggesting the involvement of fluids from metamorphic dehydration within the orogen.
Preparation of Anti‐Inflammatory Mesenchymal Stem/Precursor Cells (MSCs) Through Sphere Formation Using Hanging‐Drop Culture Technique
Authors: Bartosh Thomas J. , Ylostalo Joni H. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractHerein, we describe a protocol for preparation of pre‐activated anti‐inflammatory human mesenchymal stem/precursor cells (MSCs) in 3‐D culture without addition of exogenous chemicals or gene‐transfer approaches. MSCs are an easily procurable source of multipotent adult stem cells with therapeutic potential largely attributed to their paracrine regulation of inflammation and immunity. However, the culture conditions to prepare the ideal MSCs for cell therapy remain elusive. Furthermore, the reported lag time for activation in experimental models has prompted investigations on pre‐activating the cells prior to their administration. In this protocol, standard 2‐D culture‐expanded MSCs are activated by aggregation into 3‐D spheres using hanging‐drop cultures. MSC activation is evaluated by real‐time PCR and/or ELISA for anti‐inflammatory factors (TSG‐6, STC‐1, PGE2), and by a functional assay using lipopolysaccharide‐stimulated macrophage cultures. Further, we elucidate methods to prepare MSC‐sphere conditioned medium, intact spheres, and suspension of single cells from spheres for experimental and clinical applications. Curr. Protoc. Stem Cell Biol. 28:2B.06.1‐2B.06.23. © 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Mesoporous Niobium Oxide Spheres as an Effective Catalyst for the Transamidation of Primary Amides with Amines
Authors: Ghosh Subhash Chandra , Li Cheng Chao , Zeng Hua Chun , Ngiam Joyce S. Y. , Seayad Abdul M. , Chen Anqi 
Published: February 2014

AbstractMesoporous niobium oxide spheres (MNOS), conveniently prepared by a novel antisolvent precipitation approach, have been shown to be an effective catalyst for the transamidation of primary amides with amines. This novel transamidation can be efficiently carried out under solvent‐free conditions and is applicable to a wide range of primary amides and amines to provide N‐alkyl amides in good to excellent yields. The catalyst is highly stable and reusable. The application of this transamidation reaction has been demonstrated in the synthesis of antidepressant drug moclobemide and other drug‐like compounds.magnified image
Preparation and Photoinduced Energy and Electron Transfer of Donor‐Silicon‐Acceptor Polymers
Authors: Ohshita Joji , Kaneko Fumiya , Tanaka Daiki , Ooyama Yousuke 
Published: February 2014

AbstractTwo organosilicon polymers with donor‐silicon‐acceptor (D‐Si‐A) repeating units were prepared and their optical properties were investigated. One with bithiophene and diethynylbenzothiadiazole units as the donor and acceptor exhibits clear photoinduced electron transfer even in nonpolar cyclohexane. In contrast, for the other D‐Si‐A polymer with more expanded π‐conjugated units, terthiophene and dithienylbenzothiadiazole, photoenergy transfer occurs efficiently in cyclohexane and electron transfer occurs only in polar benzonitrile. DFT calculations were performed to understand the different photoluminescence properties of these D‐Si‐A polymers.
Fluoride‐Bridged {GdIII3MIII2} (M=Cr, Fe, Ga) Molecular Magnetic Refrigerants
Authors: Pedersen Kasper S. , Lorusso Giulia , Morales Juan José , Weyhermüller Thomas , Piligkos Stergios , Singh Saurabh Kumar , Larsen Dennis , Schau‐Magnussen Magnus , Rajaraman Gopalan , Evangelisti Marco , Bendix Jesper 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThe reaction of fac‐[MIIIF3(Me3tacn)]⋅x H2O with Gd(NO3)3⋅5H2O affords a series of fluoride‐bridged, trigonal bipyramidal {GdIII3MIII2} (M=Cr (1), Fe (2), Ga (3)) complexes without signs of concomitant GdF3 formation, thereby demonstrating the applicability even of labile fluoride‐complexes as precursors for 3d–4f systems. Molecular geometry enforces weak exchange interactions, which is rationalized computationally. This, in conjunction with a lightweight ligand sphere, gives rise to large magnetic entropy changes of 38.3 J kg−1 K−1 (1) and 33.1 J kg−1 K−1 (2) for the field change 7 T→0 T. Interestingly, the entropy change, and the magnetocaloric effect, are smaller in 2 than in 1 despite the larger spin ground state of the former secured by intramolecular Fe–Gd ferromagnetic interactions. This observation underlines the necessity of controlling not only the ground state but also close‐lying excited states for successful design of molecular refrigerants.
Growth of Chlorella vulgaris using sodium bicarbonate under no mixing condition
Authors: Kim Jinsoo , Lee Joo‐Youp , Ahting Christina , Johnstone Rachel , Lu Ting 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACTNaHCO3 was used to increase the concentration of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) for autotrophic microalgal cultivation in open pond systems. The effects of DIC on the growth of Chlorella vulgaris were investigated under different initial DIC concentrations of 17, 33, 62, 123, and 361 mg carbon/L under no mixing condition. NaHCO3 was found to be an excellent buffer that can help increase DIC concentrations in the culture medium for open pond systems with an advantage of keeping the pH of the medium suitable for algal culture. The cell growth did not show any significant differences with respect to DIC concentrations available in the culture media under no mixing condition. A mass balance model for DIC shows that the external mass transfer resistance between the bulk culture media and the algal cell surface is not significant. The DIC consumption rate inside the algal cell is very likely to be a rate‐limiting step for the growth. Copyright © 2014 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Structural evolution of poly(lactic acid)/poly(ethylene oxide)/unmodified clay upon ambient ageing
Authors: Derho Joffrey , Soulestin Jérémie , Krawczak Patricia 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACTPoly(lactic acid) (PLA) and poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO)/unmodified clay masterbatches are compounded together in order to investigate the ambient ageing of the resulting PLA/PEO/clay ternary blends. Binary blends are miscible up to 20 wt PEO% and in ternary counterparts, clay is intercalated at a nanometric scale, similarly to the clay dispersion state in masterbatches. PEO/clay interactions are strong, as confirmed by the lower plasticization of ternary blends. Furthermore, structural modifications occurring over time are evidenced for all blends through the observation of changes in thermal responses. Over the 220‐day observation period, lower plasticized samples undergo physical ageing only whereas blends close to the miscibility limit know a rapid PLA/PEO phase separation without physical ageing. For blends with intermediate PEO concentrations, both phenomena are observed with slower PLA chain mobility transition. Remarkably clay appears to affect both phenomena, ternary blends having limited physical ageing and slower PLA/PEO segregation. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40426.