bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Novel Dimeric BINOL for Enantioselective Recognition of 1,2‐Amino Alcohols
Authors: Velmurugan Krishnaswamy , Tang Lijun , Nandhakumar Raju 
Published: September 2014

AbstractA novel auxillary chiral dimeric binol has been designed, synthesized, and used to enantioselectively recognize 1,2‐amino alcohols through the three point of interactions, the reversible imine bond, resonance assisted hydrogen bonding and the hydrogen bonding by the additional chiral moiety introduced at the receptor. The enantioselectivities were comparable to those of the previous reported receptors.
Recent Advances of the Combination of Au/Acid Catalysis
Authors: Zhang Shuo , Wei Fang , Song Chuangling , Jia Jiong , Xu Zhenghu 
Published: September 2014

AbstractRecently, homogeneous gold catalysis has attracted tremendous attention and has also been widely used in multistep synthesis. The current reaction methodology starts from the gold activation of unsaturated carbon bond and subsequent nucleophilic attack. The combination of a gold catalyst with another acid catalyst, including Bronsted acid and Lewis acid, is possible to bring two distinctive catalytic systems together and deliver unprecedented new reactions. More essentially, it avoids the purification of unstable intermediates and improves the step and atom economy. Here, the recent progress in the Au/Acid combined catalysis is reviewed, including the scope of reactions, mechanism and synthetic applications.
Synthesis of Functionalized 1‐Benzamido‐1,4‐dihydropyridines via a One‐Pot Two‐Step Four‐Component Reaction
Authors: Sun Jing , Shen Guoliang , Xie Yajing , Yan Chaoguo 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThe one‐pot four‐component reaction of benzohydrazide, acetylenedicarboxylate, aromatic aldehydes and malononitrile in ethanol with triethylamine as base catalyst afforded functionalized 1‐benzamido‐1,4‐dihydropyridines in satisfactory yields. Under similar conditions, picolinohydrazide or nicotinohydrazide can also be successfully utilized in the reactions to give corresponding functionalized 1,4‐dihydropyridines. 1H NMR data indicated that an equilibrium of cis/trans‐conformations exist in 1‐benzamido‐1,4‐dihydropyridines.
Modern Obesity Pharmacotherapy: Weighing Cardiovascular Risk and Benefit
Authors: Cunningham Jonathan W. , Wiviott Stephen D. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractObesity is a major correlate of cardiovascular disease. Weight loss improves cardiovascular risk factors and has the potential to improve outcomes. Two drugs, phentermine plus topiramate and lorcaserin, have recently been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for the indication of obesity; a third, bupropion plus naltrexone, is under consideration for approval. In clinical trials, these drugs cause weight loss and improve glucose tolerance, lipid profile, and, with the exception of bupropion plus naltrexone, blood pressure. However, their effect on cardiovascular outcomes is unknown. In defining appropriate roles for these drugs in preventive cardiology, it is important to remember the checkered history of drugs for obesity. New weight‐loss drugs share the serotonergic and sympathomimetic mechanisms that proved harmful in the cases of Fen‐Phen and sibutramine, respectively, albeit with significant differences. Given these risks, randomized cardiovascular outcomes trials are needed to establish the safety, and potential benefit, of these drugs. This review will discuss the history of pharmacotherapy for obesity, existing efficacy and safety data for the novel weight‐loss drugs, and issues in the design of postapproval clinical trials.
Elevated risks of subsequent primary malignancies in patients with thyroid cancer: A nationwide, population‐based study in Korea
Authors: Cho Yoon Young , Lim Jiwon , Oh Chang‐Mo , Ryu Junsun , Jung Kyu‐Won , Chung Jae Hoon , Won Young‐Joo , Kim Sun Wook 
Published: September 2014

BACKGROUNDThyroid cancer affects relatively young adults, and its overall survival is excellent. With long life expectancy, the development of subsequent cancers is an important concern for survivors of thyroid cancer. The objective of this study was to investigate the incidence and types of second primary malignancies in Korean patients with thyroid cancer.METHODSThe study cohort included 178,844 registrants with thyroid cancer from the Korea Central Cancer Registry (KCCR) database between 1993 and 2010. Standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) were calculated using a statistical software program (SEER*Stat 8.0.4).RESULTSAmong 178,844 patients with thyroid cancer, 2895 (1.6%) were diagnosed with subsequent second primary malignancies. The overall risks of a second primary cancer were elevated by 6% in patients who had thyroid cancer compared with the general population during the same period. The elevated risks for developing second cancers were observed in all sites except the stomach and cervix. The elevated risk of second primary cancers was observed within the first 10 years of follow‐up. Leukemia and cancers of the salivary gland, kidney, prostate, lung, and breast had the most significantly elevated risks as secondary cancers and presented as early as during the first 5 years after the initial diagnosis of thyroid cancer.CONCLUSIONSThis is the largest, standardized, population‐based study to date using nationwide data from the entire Korean population. The risks of several cancers were elevated significantly during follow‐up, thus alerting physicians to pay special attention in their care of patients with thyroid cancer and long‐term survivors. Cancer 2015;121:259–68. © 2014 American Cancer Society.
Parent decision‐making around the genetic testing of children for germline TP53 mutations
Authors: Alderfer Melissa A. , Zelley Kristin , Lindell Robert B. , Novokmet Ana , Mai Phuong L. , Garber Judy E. , Nathan Deepika , Scollon Sarah , Chun Nicolette M. , Patenaude Andrea F. , Ford James M. , Plon Sharon E. , Schiffman Joshua D. , Diller Lisa R. , Savage Sharon A. , Malkin David , Ford Carol A. , Nichols Kim E. 
Published: September 2014

BACKGROUNDLi‐Fraumeni syndrome is a rare genetic cancer predisposition syndrome caused by germline TP53 mutations. Up to 20% of mutation carriers develop cancer during childhood. The benefits of TP53 mutation testing of children are a matter of debate and knowledge of parent decision‐making around such testing is limited. The current study examined how parents make decisions regarding TP53 testing for their children.METHODSFamilies offered and those pursuing TP53 testing for their children were identified across the study sites. Qualitative interviews with 46 parents (39 families) were analyzed to describe decision‐making styles and perceived advantages and disadvantages of testing.RESULTSTP53 mutation testing uptake was high (92%). Three decision‐making styles emerged. Automatic decisions (44% of decisions) involved little thought and identified immediate benefit(s) in testing (100% pursued testing). Considered decisions (49%) weighed the risks and benefits but were made easily (77% pursued testing). Deliberated decisions (6%) were difficult and focused on psychosocial concerns (25% pursued testing). Perceived advantages of testing included promoting child health, satisfying a “need to know,” understanding why cancer(s) occurred, suggesting family member risk, and benefiting research. Disadvantages included psychosocial risks and privacy/discrimination/insurance issues.CONCLUSIONSAlthough empirical evidence regarding the benefits and risks of TP53 testing during childhood are lacking, the majority of parents in the current study decided easily in favor of testing and perceived a range of advantages. The authors conclude that in the context of a clinical diagnosis of Li‐Fraumeni syndrome, parents should continue to be offered TP53 testing for their children, counseled regarding potential risks and benefits, and supported in their decision‐making process. Cancer 2015;121:286–93. © 2014 American Cancer Society.
Synthesis and Visible‐Light Photocatalytic Performance of Cadmium Sulfide and Oxide Hexagonal Nanoplates
Authors: Lang Di , Liu Fan , Qiu Guohong , Feng Xionghan , Xiang Quanjun 
Published: September 2014

AbstractCadmium sulfide and oxide hexagonal nanoplates were prepared by a facile ion‐exchange strategy and crystal transformation process by using morphology‐analogous cadmium oxyhydroxide as a precursor. The precursors of uniform Cd(OH)2 hexagonal nanoplates was first synthesized by a simple ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid disodium salt assisted hydrothermal method. Then, through ion‐exchange reactions of the as‐prepared Cd(OH)2 precursors with S2− anions, cubic‐phase CdS was formed immediately on the surface of Cd(OH)2 nanoplates. The above intermediates could be further completely converted into CdS and CdO nanoplates without morphology changes through thermal treatment at 280 °C for 4 h under a sulfur atmosphere and under air, respectively. The photocatalytic activity of all samples was evaluated by the photocatalytic decolorization of an aqueous solution of methylene blue and photocatalytic hydrogen production under visible‐light irradiation. The results show that the CdS hexagonal nanoplates exhibit high visible‐light photocatalytic degradation properties and photocatalytic hydrogen production activity. The enhanced visible‐light photocatalytic activity can be related to several factors, including a suitable band gap, phase structure, and morphology of the hexagonal nanoplates.
Understanding the Change Process Involved in Solving Psychological Problems: A Model‐based Approach to Understanding How Psychotherapy Works
Authors: Marken Richard S. , Carey Timothy A. 
Published: September 2014

A review of the literature on psychotherapy suggests that improvements in effectiveness, efficiency and accessibility have been hampered by a lack of understanding of how psychotherapy works. Central to gaining such understanding is an accurate description of the change process that occurs when someone solves a psychological problem. We describe the Perceptual Control Theory (PCT) model of human functioning, which can be used to understand the nature of psychological problems and how they are solved. PCT suggests that problems can be broadly grouped into two categories: those that can be solved using existing skills and those that require the generation of new skills. In general, psychological problems belong in the second category. PCT describes a fundamental form of learning in which existing structures and systems are reorganized to create new skills, perspective and insights. Psychotherapy based on PCT is aimed at directing reorganization to the source of the problem. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.Key Practitioner Message

Understanding the phenomenon of control is central to understanding how psychotherapy works.
Conflict could be considered a general formulation for psychological distress.
Therapy will be efficient when the reorganization process is focused at the right level of the client's control hierarchy.
Therapy will be effective only when the client's reorganization system—not the therapist—has managed to come up with a solution to the client's problem.
What the client says about the nature and reason for their problem is less important than the point of view from which these problems are being discussed.
Rapid Conversion of Sorbitol to Isosorbide in Hydrophobic Ionic Liquids under Microwave Irradiation
Authors: Kamimura Akio , Murata Kengo , Tanaka Yoshiki , Okagawa Tomoki , Matsumoto Hiroshi , Kaiso Kouji , Yoshimoto Makoto 
Published: September 2014

AbstractSorbitol was effectively converted to isosorbide by treatment with [TMPA][NTf2] in the presence of catalytic amounts of TsOH under microwave heating at 180 °C. The reaction completed within 10 min and isosorbide was isolated to about 60 %. Ionic liquids were readily recovered by an extraction treatment and reused several times.
Detection of an unknown fusion protein in confiscated black market products
Authors: Walpurgis Katja , Krug Oliver , Thomas Andreas , Laussmann Tim , Schänzer Wilhelm , Thevis Mario 
Published: September 2014

Even without clinical approval, many performance‐enhancing drugs are available on the black market and can therefore be easily obtained by cheating athletes. The misuse of these preparations can be associated with unforeseeable health risks – either due to a poor quality of the drugs or as a result of an insufficient clinical assessment. Moreover, confiscated black market products have frequently been shown to contain ingredients other than those declared on the label as well as additional by‐products or compounds with a modified molecular structure.This communication describes the identification of an unknown fusion protein observed in several unlabelled black market products obtained from independent sources. Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS‐PAGE) and liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry (LC‐MS/MS) analysis of the confiscated preparations indicated the presence of an 18‐kDa fusion protein consisting of the bacterial redox protein thioredoxin‐1 (Trx, 12 kDa) and a 6‐kDa peptide of unassigned composition. Trx has no relevance as performance enhancing agent but is routinely used as solubility tag for recombinant protein production. Further evaluation of the acquired MS/MS data revealed both an additional His tag and a thrombin cleavage site between the tags and the presumed bioactive peptide. However, thrombin cleavage of the fusion protein and LC‐MS/MS analysis of the resulting peptide fragment finally suggested that the unknown protein is only the product of an empty expression vector without the DNA insert of interest. These findings are a further alarming example for the high level of risk that athletes take when misusing drugs obtained from the black market. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Herbaceous peony seed oil: A rich source of unsaturated fatty acids and γ‐tocopherol
Authors: Ning Chuanlong , Jiang Yao , Meng Jiasong , Zhou Chunhua , Tao Jun 
Published: September 2014

Herbaceous peony (Paeonia lactiflora Pall.) seed oil (HPSO) was extracted from seeds by ultrasonic‐assisted extraction (UAE). Changes in the oil yield, fatty acid (FA) composition, retinol and tocopherol (α‐, γ‐, and δ‐tocopherol) contents of HPSO at the different developmental stages and in tested cultivars were examined, and the microscopic structure of HPSO droplets was also observed. The results showed that the HPSO yield increased with the seed development and reached its maximum level at the mature stage with values from 29.04 to 34.98% for different cultivars. The unsaturated fatty acid (UFA) contents were between 88.36 to 94.58%. Among the UFAs, the contents of oleic acid (27.19–45.06%), linoleic acid (20.59–37.59%), and α‐linolenic acid (13.59–30.87%) were relatively high. The average γ‐tocopherol content was 337.47 ± 57.42 µg/g, accounting for approximately 92.97% of the total tocopherol content. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observations of the HPSO microscopic structures indicated that the quantity and size of the oil bodies increased with the development of endosperm cells in P. lactiflora. This report was the first to study the HPSO, and the results will provide theoretical guidance for the exploitation and utilization of P. lactiflora resources.The content of UFA (A) was more than 90% in HPSO, and the content of γ‐tocopherol was 353.67 ± 0.22 µg/g, accounting for about 93% of total tocopherols content (B).
An efficient and reusable Li/NiO heterogeneous catalyst for ethanolysis of waste cottonseed oil
Authors: Kaur Mandeep , Ali Amjad 
Published: September 2014

In order to use ethanol in place of methanol for biodiesel production a series of Li+ impregnated NiO (Li/NiO) was prepared in nano particle form in aqueous medium without adding any organic solvent or templates. The structure of the catalyst was established by powder XRD, surface morphology, and particle size by field emission scanning and high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy studies. Basic strengths of the catalysts were measured by Hammett indicators and found to be maximum in case of catalyst prepared with 5 wt% Li+ in NiO followed by calcination at 600°C (5‐Li/NiO‐600). Catalyst characterization supported the oxidation of Ni2+ into Ni3+ upon lithium impregnation, which impart the enhanced ethanolysis activity to the Li/NiO catalyst. Under optimized reaction condition of 5 wt% catalyst, ethanol‐to‐oil molar ratio of 12:1 and at 65°C reaction temperature, >98% fatty acid ethyl ester yield was obtained in 3 h. The catalyst was found to be effective for the ethanolysis of vegetable oils (VO) having up to 8.3 wt% free fatty acids. During reusability experiments, Li/NiO catalyst was able to catalyze seven reaction cycles without major loss in activity. The ethanolysis of VO was found to follow pseudo first order kinetics and activation energy for the same reaction was found to be 74.2 kJ/mol. Thus, the present work has demonstrated the development of a “greener” and completely renewable biofuel, fatty acid ethyl esters, using waste cottonseed oil as feedstock.Practical applications: Due to high free fatty acid and water contents, homogenous catalysts could not be employed for the transesterification of waste cooking oils. The present study demonstrates the preparation of Li/NiO and its application as reusable solid catalyst for the ethanolysis of waste cottonseed oil to produce fatty acid ethyl esters.The prepared catalyst 5‐Li/NiO‐600 was able to show the ethanolysis of waste cottonseed oil during seven successive catalytic runs. Thus, catalyst was found to be effective for the preparation of renewable diesel fuel substitute, fatty acid ethyl esters.
Toward Pyridine–Heterocycle Patterns through Prins and Aza‐Prins Cyclisations: Application to a Short Synthesis of (±)‐Anabasine
Authors: Colin Olivier , Greck Christine , Prim Damien , Thomassigny Christine 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThe formation of pyridine‐containing bisheterocycles through a Prins‐type cyclisation is described. Pyridine–tetrahydropyran and pyridine–piperidine conjugates could be efficiently obtained using various carbaldehydes including dicarbaldehydes, and either homoallylic alcohols or a homoallylic amine. Selective partial or complete hydrogenation led to new bisheterocycle combinations. A two‐step sequence involving an aza‐Prins cylisation allowed us to prepare the alkaloid anabasine.
Ionic Liquid Reference Electrodes With a Well‐Controlled Co(II)/Co(III) Redox Buffer as Solid Contact
Authors: Zou Xu U. , Chen Li D. , Lai Chun‐Ze , Bühlmann Philippe 
Published: September 2014

AbstractSolid‐contact reference electrodes that comprise a polymeric reference membrane doped with an ionic liquid are an alternative to conventional reference electrodes with a salt bridge. To enhance the electrode‐to‐electrode reproducibility of solid‐contact reference electrodes, a hydrophobic redox buffer consisting of the Co(III) and Co(II) complexes of 1,10‐phenanthroline ([Co(phen)3]3+/2+) was incorporated into these reference membranes, providing redox buffer capacity at the interface of the reference membrane and the underlying solid electron conductor. As required for proper functioning, the E° of these reference electrodes is not sample dependent and exhibits a good electrode‐to‐electrode reproducibility, with a standard deviation as low as 2.1 mV.
Gold and Nanogold Electrodes Modified with Gold Nanoparticles and meso‐2,3‐Dimercaptosuccinic Acid for the Simultaneous, Sensitive and Selective Determination of Dopamine and Its Biogenic Interferents
Authors: Łuczak Teresa 
Published: September 2014

AbstractGold and nanogold electrodes modified with self‐assembled layers composed of gold nanoparticles and organic sulfur compounds were applied for quantitative determination of dopamine and its biogenic interferents like: ascorbic and uric acids. For the novel sensor a linear relationship between the current response of dopamine at the potential of peak maximum and the concentration was found over a wide analyte concentration range in solution with a very good detection sensitivity and detection limit. It was proved that current peaks of dopamine and both ascorbic and uric acids were clearly separated from each other enabling selective detection of these compounds coexisting in a mixture in solution of pH 7.
Electrochemical Detection of Steroid Hormones Using a Nickel‐Modified Glassy Carbon Electrode
Authors: Muna Grace W. , Partridge Michael , Sirhan Hala , VerVaet Bridget , Guerra Nigel , Garner Holly 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThis paper demonstrates the development of an analytical method for detecting steroid hormones by coupling HPLC to electrochemical detection, using a nickel‐modified glassy carbon electrode. The method was evaluated in terms of sensitivity, linear dynamic range, limit of detection, and response stability. The developed method exhibited good figures of merit for the steroid hormones studied with no evidence of electrode fouling. As an example, the limit of detection (S/N=3) for E3 was 0.10 µM and the response precision (n=5) was 0.6 %. The application of the method for the analysis of a real river water sample is demonstrated.
Multichannel lens‐free CMOS sensors for real‐time monitoring of cell growth
Authors: Chang Ko‐Tung , Chang Yu‐Jen , Chen Chia‐Ling , Wang Yao‐Nan 
Published: September 2014

A low‐cost platform is proposed for the growth and real‐time monitoring of biological cells. The main components of the platform include a PMMA cell culture microchip and a multichannel lens‐free CMOS (complementary metal‐oxide‐semiconductor) / LED imaging system. The PMMA microchip comprises a three‐layer structure and is fabricated using a low‐cost CO2 laser ablation technique. The CMOS / LED monitoring system is controlled using a self‐written LabVIEW program. The platform has overall dimensions of just 130 × 104 × 115 mm3 and can therefore be placed within a commercial incubator. The feasibility of the proposed system is demonstrated using HepG2 cancer cell samples with concentrations of 5000, 10 000, 20 000, and 40 000 cells/mL. In addition, cell cytotoxicity tests are performed using 8, 16, and 32 mM cyclophosphamide. For all of the experiments, the cell growth is observed over a period of 48 h. The cell growth rate is found to vary in the range of 44∼52% under normal conditions and from 17.4∼34.5% under cyclophosphamide‐treated conditions. In general, the results confirm the long‐term cell growth and real‐time monitoring ability of the proposed system. Moreover, the magnification provided by the lens‐free CMOS / LED observation system is around 40× that provided by a traditional microscope. Consequently, the proposed system has significant potential for long‐term cell proliferation and cytotoxicity evaluation investigations.