bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Distribution of Personal Income in Prussia, 1852 to 1875: An Exploratory Study
Authors: Tilly Richard 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
This article describes the distribution of personal income in Prussia, Germany’s former largest state, in the period from 1851 to 1875 the classic phase of the German Take-off. Like its many forerunners, it is based on Prussian income tax data. Since these are available at the level of an intermediate administrative district, the Regierungsbezirke, the project of which this article is one part has both a temporal and spatial dimension. Here, however, the focus is aggregative and on change over time; the spatial dimension will be the subject of a subsequent paper. In contrast to most work on the German income distribution, which has focused on incomes at the top, this study reproduces the entire distribution from the bottom up. After a brief introduction, the paper discusses the historiography and historical background of the topic, turning then to presentation and evaluation of the statistical results. A brief summary concludes, followed by an appendix which explains estimating procedures.
Finanzierung von Wiederaufbau und Expansion - Cashflows westdeutscher Automobilhersteller zwischen 1948-1960
Authors: Kresse Patrick 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
Prior research showed that in 1957, the German motor car industry provided 92 percent of its finance by internal ressources. This suggests a generally sound financial basis of German carmakers. However, the picture is misleading. The comparison of net cash flows of Volkswagen with that of BMW proves that corporate finance patterns among individual companies differed starkly. The reason for this was not only a different business policy but also the pre-1948 premises under which each company recommenced its production of cars. At Volkswagen, an assertive general director implemented a succesful economies of scale policy at a large industrial base that due to the historical circumstances was nearly free of cost of capital. On the other hand, BMW due to its substantial war and post-war damages as well as the market failure of its business policy had to rely on increasingly expensive debt. Against this background, Volkswagen was in a much better situation than BMW to benefit from the federal government’s stimulus to self-finance that was based on an expansive depreciation policy. As a result, Volkswagen financed nearly all of its capital expenditure with its operating cash flow, while BMW dragged to the edge of insolvency.
Italian Big Business and The Italian Automotive Industry. Fiat Internationalization in the Vittorio Valletta Era and its ongoing Reorganization (1946-1972)
Authors: Casalino Chiara 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
An international dimension has characterized the automotive industry since its origins, both as far as supply is concerned, where the car product results from the convergence of a series of multiple design innovations and continuous improvements in manufacturing processes, and as far as demand is concerned, given the narrowness of the home markets and the homogeneity of the buyers’ social peculiarities. One observation is particularly appropriate in the case of Italy: in the early twentieth century, Fiat was already making some two thirds of its turnover from sales on foreign markets and, absorbing more than 60 percent of vehicles produced in the twenties and again 3540 per cent at the end of the next decade, this proved to be the preferred outlet for its production.
The research that this paper summarises is inspired by this statement and takes as the analysis target the adoption of the internationalization theme as a key to understanding and guiding the reconstruction of the history of the automotive industry, and the Fiat enterprise, who was the first in Italy to embrace a development model no longer based solely on import substitution, but on the willingness and ability to compete with companies in industrially advanced countries.
Contextually, the monitoring of the temporal evolution of this process, emphasizing the years between the interwar period and the years of the economic boom, helped to expand the different meanings of the same concept of internationalization. The study of the first stage of Fiat’s international growth (§ 1) and of its foreign presence both in terms of the product and of foreign investments during Vittorio Valletta’s management (§ 2), is combined with the review of the reorganization and relaunching plans created in the immediate subsequent years (§ 3) in order to produce some final thoughts on the various stages of the major Italian car company′s internationalization process (§ 4).
The German occupation and its consequences for the composition and changes of Norwegian business elites
Authors: Espeli Harald 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
The German occupation had dramatic consequences on the pre-war political and military elites in Norway, due to the ways in which they behaved during German rule. These elites were almost completely replaced by a younger generation of men. The occupation had no comparable effect on prewar business elites. In light of the pre-war economic elites’ extensive economic collaboration with the Germans starting immediately after the occupation, a different outcome might have been expected. One of the reasons for the lack of purges of the pre-war business elites was that very few of them were members of the Norwegian Nazi Party. Another important explanation is that a number of the leading men advocating and practising economic collaboration in the first phases of the occupation later became leading figures in the resistance movement. A third factor was that a purge of business leaders for economic collaboration could have undermined the economic recovery and growth of the nation state after the liberation.
The Effect of Wages and “Demographic Pressure” on Migration from the Habsburg Monarchy to the United States of America in 1910
Authors: Stockhammer Engelbert , Steidl Annemarie , Zeitlhofer Hermann 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
The paper investigates the determinants of migration from rural districts in the Austrian part of the Habsburg Monarchy to the USA in 1910 by combining information from passenger records of ships to the USA and economic and demographic data on district level from the Austrian census and information on wages from an Austrian survey in 1893. The analysis focuses on the effects of the level of wages and demographic pressure. We find support for a non-linear effect of wages on emigration and fail to find evidence for a negative effect of demographic pressure along Malthusian lines on wages.
Von der „Säuberung“ zum Generalpardon: Die Entnazifizierung der westdeutschen Wirtschaft
Authors: Ahrens Ralf 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
Immediately following World War II, the allied occupational powers started a process of denazifying West German business in more or less the same way as the political and administrative apparatus. Initial approaches to solve the task by a radical purge of highly incriminated company managers soon gave way to more extensive investigations of party members and Nazi sympathizers also on lower ranks. Denazification escalated into bureaucratic mass procedures and finally ended up in various forms of amnesty and pardon in the late 1940s and early 1950s. A key feature in this process was the successively growing participation of German actors like various commissions, chambers of commerce and the companies themselves. On the one hand, comprehensive investigation and punishment under a re-installed rule of law had to rely upon cooperation of German actors and their expertise on the reality of the Nazi past; on the other hand, the integration of business itself into denazification procedures allowed company managers to benefit from informational advantages. Focussing the interaction between denazification authorities and business in the three West German zones of occupation, the article argues that under the general conditions of economic reconstruction and democratization the degeneration from purge to pardon was hardly avoidable, but that nevertheless the effects of temporary punishments should not be underestimated.
Vergleichende Aspekte der Großen Krisen nach 1929 und 2007
Authors: Holtfrerich Carl-Ludwig 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
The two Great Crises occurred in times of very different international political relations. While they were conditioned by some different economic circumstances, they also display many common characteristics. From comparing such similarities one might deduce the causes of Great Crises and develop policy concepts for protecting economies against such breakdowns. This article limits the comparison mainly to developments in the United States, where both Great Crises originated. It sets the scene with some general remarks on the recent financial crisis, its timing, and some of its economic consequences in comparison to those of the 1930s′ crisis. It then takes stock of the classical-liberal laissez-faire setting that the Republicans in power during the New Era of the 1920s created for business to thrive in. This setting is remarkably similar to the blueprint of neo-liberal policies that were set in motion in the second half of the 1970s and have led up to the recent Great Crisis.
Resolving business and national interests in time of war. Fritz von Friedländer-Fuld and his German resources in Norway during the First World War
Authors: Stensland Rolf Harald 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
This article documents the connection between Germany’s raw sulphur requirements and the way in which Norwegian pyrite deposits at Björkaasen in Northern Norway were managed by its owner in Berlin, von Friedländer-Fuld. During the early phase of the war Björkaasen was unprepared for production, but by greatly increasing its labour force it was possible to gear the mines up for exports during the course of the war. The British blockade prevented exports to Germany. Using the railway from Narvik it was possible to export pyrites to Sweden to cover the requirements of the Swedish sulphite cellulose industry. Swedish interests wanted to acquire Björkaasen, but without German partownership, while German majority ownership and corresponding German control of production were Friedländer-Fuld’s basic goals. After Friedländer-Fuld’s death in the summer of 1917 Björkaasen was sold in line with Swedish wishes. The Swedish buyers wanted to re-sell Björkaasen but were unable to do so in a wartime economy that was on the wane.
Die Identifikation internationaler Konjunkturzyklen in disaggregierten Daten: Deutschland, Frankreich und Großbritannien, 1862-1913
Authors: Uebele Martin 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
This article analyzes international business cycles in Europe 1862-1913 using disaggregated data and Dynamic Factor Analysis. It is important to know if crises are of national or international nature in order to correctly understand their causes and develop adequate solutions to prevent future crises. In comparison with estimates of real national product there is more evidence for international business cycles in disaggregated data of Germany, France and Great Britain before World War I. This is because data used to construct historical national accounts are often not sufficient, and especially because little is known about general price fluctuations. Thus, national products in current prices show higher degrees of international correlation than deflated ones although price indices themselves are not very well correlated across countries.
Die Finanzkrise, die Ökonomen, der „Crashprophet“ und die Wissenschaft von der Ökonomie
Authors: Otte Max 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
The global financial crisis of 2007-2008 was a clear and logical result of the financial and economic conditions which preceded it, yet highly respected economists the world over failed to foresee the crash, and many continued to discount the possibility of a recession even after the crisis was well underway. Inaccurate economic forecasting is by no means a new phenomenon, and this paper examines some of the institutional and psychological grounds for economists’ faulty track record. The paper also discusses issues associated with modern economic modelling techniques and offers a brief assessment of where the world economy stands today as well as where it might be heading.
Einleitung
Authors: Spree Reinhard 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
This introduction to the special issue on “Cycles and Crises” offers in part a critical look at developments in economic theory that have diverted interest from the business cycle, now considered to be obsolete. To the contrary, we argue here that all economic crises including the most recent are based on cyclical downtrends that are reinforced, prolonged and transformed by externalities.
Moreover, these pages present the thesis that cyclical downtrends turn into profound and long-lasting economic crises when they occur during phases of accelerated structural change in economy and society. Thus they happen simultaneously with political conflicts among the larger groups of winners and losers in the processes of change.
These contributions question what, if anything, might be learned from the history of cycles and crises. Probably very little, because the desire for excessive profit prompts investors to ignore larger lessons. Instead, people brush aside whatever rules and guidelines are suggested by the study of history. Finally, individual contributions on the topic are briefly introduced.
Städtischer Immobilienmarkt und Finanzkrisen im späten 19. Jahrhundert
Authors: Nützenadel Alexander 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
The article explores the relationship between the dynamics of urban real estate markets and financial crises in the second half of the 19th century. This period was not only characterized by brisk urbanization, but also by the emergence of novel instruments to finance the developments of the large metropolises. We argue that basic elements of modern real estate crises can be found already during the 19th century: the inherent trend towards price bubbles, easy credit conditions which allowed the emergence of a subprime market, the close relation between real estate investments and the banking system, and an increasing importance of international finance. There are thus good reasons to compare the crises of 2008 with the financial crises of the late 19th century instead of taking the Great Depression of the 1930s as a yardstick.
Global Genomic Diversity of Oryza sativa Varieties Revealed by Comparative Physical Mapping
Authors: Wang Xiaoming , Kudrna David A , Pan Yonglong , Wang Hao , Liu Lin , Lin Haiyan , Zhang Jianwei , Song Xiang , Goicoechea Jose Luis , Wing Rod A , Zhang Qifa , Luo Meizhong 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
Bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) physical maps embedding a large number of BAC end sequences (BESs) were generated for Oryza sativa ssp. indica varieties Minghui 63 (MH63) and Zhenshan 97 (ZS97) and were compared with the genome sequences of O. sativa spp. japonica cv. Nipponbare and O. sativa ssp. indica cv. 93-11. The comparisons exhibited substantial diversities in terms of large structural variations and small substitutions and indels. Genome-wide BAC-sized and contig-sized structural variations were detected, and the shared variations were analyzed. In the expansion regions of the Nipponbare reference sequence, in comparison to the MH63 and ZS97 physical maps, as well as to the previously constructed 93-11 physical map, the amounts and types of the repeat contents, and the outputs of gene ontology analysis, were significantly different from those of the whole genome. Using the physical maps of four wild Oryza species from OMAP (http://www.omap.org) as a control, we detected many conserved and divergent regions related to the evolution process of O. sativa. Between the BESs of MH63 and ZS97 and the two reference sequences, a total of 1532 polymorphic simple sequence repeats (SSRs), 71,383 SNPs, 1767 multiple nucleotide polymorphisms, 6340 insertions, and 9137 deletions were identified. This study provides independent whole-genome resources for intra- and intersubspecies comparisons and functional genomics studies in O. sativa. Both the comparative physical maps and the GBrowse, which integrated the QTL and molecular markers from GRAMENE (http://www.gramene.org) with our physical maps and analysis results, are open to the public through our Web site (http://gresource.hzau.edu.cn/resource/resource.html).
Physician Burnout and Its Associated Factors: A Cross‐sectional Study in Shanghai
Authors: Wang Zhihui , Xie Zhenyu , Dai Junming , Zhang Liqian , Huang Yunbiao , Chen Bo 
Published: January 2014

Physician Burnout and Its Associated Factors: A Cross‐sectional Study in Shanghai: Zhihui WANG, et al. School of Public Health, Fudan University China—ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to determine the rate of burnout and the contributing factors behind it among physicians in Shanghai.MethodsIn this cross‐sectional study, a total of 457 physicians from 21 hospitals in Shanghai completed self‐reported questionnaires in June 2008. The Chinese version of the job content questionnaire (C‐JCQ) and the Chinese version of the effort‐reward imbalance questionnaire (C‐ERI) were used to measure occupational stress. The Chinese version of Maslach Burnout Inventory (C‐MBI) was used to measure burnout rate. We then performed regression analysis of physician burnout.ResultsThe MBI model revealed that 277 physicians (60.6%) were experiencing a mild degree of burnout and that 27 physicians (5.9%) were experiencing a severe degree of burnout. In the assessment of occupational stress, most physicians (64.8%) had a demand/control ratio higher than 1, and 21.9% of all physicians had an effort/reward ratio higher than 1, indicating a high level of occupational stress exposure. Regression analyses showed higher levels of burnout among physicians of younger age, less work experience, longer working hours, on shift duty, or from highergrade hospitals. Both the JCQ and ERI models showed good predictive power for physician burnout, with the ERI model performing better.ConclusionsPhysicians in Shanghai were experiencing a high degree of burnout, which was significantly associated with occupational stress as well as distinctive personal and work characteristics. Interventions aiming at reducing job‐related stress can be effective approaches to prevent burnout among physicians.
Effect Modification by Coping Strategies on the Association of Organizational Justice with Psychological Distress in Japanese Workers
Authors: Nakagawa Yuko , Inoue Akiomi , Kawakami Norito , Tsuno Kanami , Tomioka Kimiko , Nakanishi Mayuko , Mafune Kosuke , Hiro Hisanori 
Published: January 2014

Effect Modification by Coping Strategies on the Association of Organizational Justice with Psychological Distress in Japanese Workers: Yuko NAKAGAWA, et al. Department of Health Policy and Management, Graduate School of Medical Science, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan—ObjectivesSeveral previous studies showed that the lack of organizational justice was associated with poor mental health. However, no study examined the effect modification by internal factor, such as coping strategies, on the association of organizational justice with mental health. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect modification by coping strategies on the association of organizational justice with psychological distress.MethodsA total of 471 men and 764 women from a manufacturing company in Japan completed self‐administered questionnaires, including the Organizational Justice Questionnaire, K6 scale (i.e., psychological distress scale), Brief Scales for Coping Profile, and demographic characteristics. Multiple logistic regression analyses were conducted for each coping strategy.ResultsAfter adjusting for demographic characteristics, the association of the lack of procedural justice with psychological distress was greater among the low changing a point of view group than among their counterparts. Furthermore, the interaction term of procedural justice with changing a point of view was significant. The association of the lack of procedural justice and interactional justice with psychological distress was also greater among the high emotional expression involving others group than among their counterparts, while the interaction terms of procedural justice and interactional justice with emotional expression involving others were marginally significant.ConclusionsPositive emotion‐focused coping strategies, such as changing a point of view, may effectively prevent psychological distress when there is a lack of organizational justice, while problem‐focused coping strategies may have no effects, and negative emotion‐focused coping strategies, such as emotional expression involving others, may have harmful effects on the association.
Fabrication and Characterization of Macroporous Chitosan/PVA Composite Sponges for Wound Dressing
Authors: Chen Changfeng , Liu Li , Wang Qiong , Huang Tao , Fang Yue`e 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACTThe present investigation involves the synthesis of chitosan based composite sponges in view of their applications in wound dressing, antibacterial and haemostatic. A facile CO2 bubbles template freeze-drying method was developed for the fabrication of macroporous chitosan- poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) composite sponges with a typical porosity of 50% and pore size of 100-300 µm. The composite sponges show a high water absorption rate up to 60 times of its weight and a water vapor transmission rate of 30 ∼ 70g/m2 • h. Effects of the content of cross-linking agent and PVA on mechanical properties and moisture permeability were examined. Improved strength and flexibility of the chitosan sponges were observed with the presence of PVA. Further, the antibacterial and haemostatic activities have been demonstrated. The Chitosan/PVA sponges of high liquid absorption, appropriate moisture permeability, excellent antimicrobial and haemostatic activities have a great potential for wound dressing applications.
Density Functional Study of Benzoic Acid Derivatives Modified SnO2 (110) Surface
Authors: Khishigjargal Tegshjargal , Ueda Kazuyoshi 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACTTin oxide is one of the popular metal oxide semiconductor used in solar cells, sensors, and catalysts. The surface modification by organic self assembled monolayer is one of the promising techniques to tune and to control the surface work function. In our study, we investigated the work function change of the SnO2 (110) surface which was modified with various benzoic acids derivatives using density functional theory (DFT). All calculations were carried out on Quantum Espresso program. Electron correlation and exchange parts were treated by local density (LDA), generalized gradient approximation (GGA) with Hubbard U term. To improve band structure calculation we used LDA+U method. The results of the calculation with LDA method indicated that the work functions of the pure and modified surface of SnO2 (110) with -C6H4-COOH molecule were calculated to be 7.40 eV and 6.18 eV, respectively. As the experimental value of work function of SnO2 (110) surface is about 7.74 eV, the results of the DFT calculation for pure SnO2 (110) surface modification by benzoic acid derivatives are in good agreement with the experimental.