bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Social protection assessment‐based national dialogue exercises: Cambodia, Indonesia, Thailand, Viet Nam
Authors: Schmitt Valérie , Chadwick Rachael 
Published: March 2014

AbstractBetween 2011 and 2013, the International Labour Organization, in collaboration with governments and several United Nations agencies working as part of the Social Protection Floor Initiative, conducted social protection assessment‐based national dialogue (ABND) exercises in Cambodia, Indonesia, Thailand and Viet Nam. The exercises were carried out in order to take stock of existing social protection realities in the respective countries, including social insurance, social assistance and anti‐poverty programmes. These inventories present a comprehensive picture of what elements of national social protection floors (SPFs) are in place, where “holes” in national floors exist, and provide a framework within which to propose recommendations for the further design and implementation of social protection provisions that guarantee at least the SPF to the entire population. This article describes the methodology for conducting ABND exercises, the situational analysis of the SPF in four countries, and the policy recommendations that were formulated for achieving basic health care and income security for children, the working‐age population and the elderly. The results of preliminary calculations of the cost of implementing proposed policy options are also outlined.
Intravesical Ureteric Plication and Reimplantation for Megaureters in Children
Authors: ÖZEN H. A. , TEKGÜL S. , ERKAN I. , BAKKALOĞLU M. 
Published: March 2014

Summary— Historically, megaureters have always been a surgical dilemma for paediatric urologists. However, the evolution of modern diagnostic and surgical methods such as tailoring, folding and plication have made it possible to ensure successful correction in most patients.We report 17 megaureters (11 refluxing and 6 obstructing) in 11 children who were treated with intravesical plication and the transtrigonal advancement technique between January 1986 and April 1991. Results were excellent in 11 ureters and satisfactory in 4. In one ureter additional surgery was needed because of obstruction at the implantation site and in another ureter reflux persisted.Intravesical plication and reimplantation is a good alternative procedure for grossly dilated ureters owing to its low morbidity and high success rate.
BEHAVIORAL THERAPY FOR OVERACTIVE BLADDER
Authors: PAYNE CHRISTOPHER K. 
Published: March 2014

ABSTRACTWhat is behavioral therapy? On the one hand there is no consensus in the literature as to the definition of the treatment or the optimal mode of delivery. On the other hand, it is possibly the “best” single treatment for urinary incontinence when viewed from a risk:benefit analysis. There is general agreement that within this framework wide variations exist in intensity of treatment, expertise required to deliver the treatment, and the subsequent cost of therapy. A definition of behavioral therapy should include at least the following techniques: first, education and explanation of normal lower urinary tract function; second, micturition charts and diaries; and finally, timed voiding/bladder training regimens. All of the behavioral methods are demonstrably effective, with improvement rates in incontinence episodes uniformly in excess of 50%. Our challenge is to define the critical parts of behavioral therapy and develop algorithms that can be delivered to the incontinent population in the most cost‐effective manner.
ELECTRICAL STIMULATION IN OVERACTIVE BLADDER
Authors: BRUBAKER LINDA 
Published: March 2014

ABSTRACTElectrical stimulation is an effective and well‐tolerated treatment for overactive bladder. Initial work in animals indicated the potential of this treatment, and early clinical experience in Europe further supported its likely efficacy. Although the mechanism of action of electrical stimulation remains unproven in humans, it is believed to be a neuromodulating therapy which affects the neural signaling that controls continence. There is also strong evidence that electrical stimulation affects striated muscle. The therapy can cause hypertrophy of skeletal muscle fibers, possibly by the recruitment of faster‐conducting motor units, which would not normally be recruited during voluntary efforts. In addition, electrical stimulation can alter the expression of myosin isoforms, favoring a conversion to type I muscle. Despite our incomplete understanding of the mechanism of action of electrical stimulation, clinical devices have been developed quickly. Case series have been reported throughout Europe. These were followed by controlled clinical trials in the United States. There is good evidence that the use of vaginal electrical stimulators can reduce the occurrence of symptoms of overactive bladder in about half of the patients treated. Multiple uses of nonimplanted stimulation, including thigh stimulation, anal stimulation, and direct pelvic muscle stimulation, have been reported. In these trials, it is common for objective findings to be poorly correlated with subjective reports of improvements or cure. Patients frequently report that the urge‐to‐leak time improves, but this is difficult to measure objectively. The use of nonimplanted devices is effective and well tolerated, and should precede the use of implanted devices. A direct comparison with other effective methods of treatment for overactive bladder is warranted.
MUSCARINIC RECEPTOR ANTAGONISTS IN THE TREATMENT OF OVERACTIVE BLADDER
Authors: CHAPPLE CHRISTOPHER R. 
Published: March 2014

ABSTRACTA wealth of clinical evidence supports the view that muscarinic receptor antagonists are effective in the treatment of overactive bladder. However, treatment‐limiting adverse effects such as dry mouth, constipation, and blurred vision have restricted the usefulness of previously available agents, such as oxybutynin. A real need therefore existed for effective and well‐tolerated agents for the long‐term management of the troublesome symptoms of overactive bladder. This review outlines the various approaches that have been used in attempts to overcome the tolerability problems of oxybutynin. It also describes how advances in our understanding of muscarinic receptors and bladder function has led to the potential development of either tissue‐ or subtype‐selective antimuscarinic agents with improved tolerability. Drugs that have been developed in this way include tolterodine and darifenacin, each of which shows some bladder selectivity in animal models. Unlike darifenacin, however, the bladder selectivity of tolterodine has been confirmed by numerous clinical studies. Tolterodine's improved tolerability compared with oxybutynin, along with its equivalent therapeutic efficacy at recommended dosages, permits patients to experience the beneficial effects of long‐term treatment. Tolterodine therefore represents a real alternative for the long‐term management of overactive bladder. The results of ongoing clinical studies with darifenacin are awaited before it can be concluded that selective antagonism of M3 receptors leads to improved tolerability over existing agents in the treatment of overactive bladder. Similarly, the potential improvements in tolerability associated with different dosage formulations of oxybutynin, and the clinical utility of S‐oxybutynin, are yet to be conclusively demonstrated.
Excess caffeine exposure impairs eye development during chick embryogenesis
Authors: Ma Zheng‐lai , Wang Guang , Cheng Xin , Chuai Manli , Kurihara Hiroshi , Lee Kenneth Ka Ho , Yang Xuesong 
Published: March 2014

AbstractCaffeine has been an integral component of our diet and medicines for centuries. It is now known that over consumption of caffeine has detrimental effects on our health, and also disrupts normal foetal development in pregnant mothers. In this study, we investigated the potential teratogenic effect of caffeine over‐exposure on eye development in the early chick embryo. Firstly, we demonstrated that caffeine exposure caused chick embryos to develop asymmetrical microphthalmia and induced the orbital bone to develop abnormally. Secondly, caffeine exposure perturbed Pax6 expression in the retina of the developing eye. In addition, it perturbed the migration of HNK‐1+ cranial neural crest cells. Pax6 is an important gene that regulates eye development, so altering the expression of this gene might be the cause for the abnormal eye development. Thirdly, we found that reactive oxygen species (ROS) production was significantly increased in eye tissues following caffeine treatment, and that the addition of anti‐oxidant vitamin C could rescue the eyes from developing abnormally in the presence of caffeine. This suggests that excess ROS induced by caffeine is one of the mechanisms involved in the teratogenic alterations observed in the eye during embryogenesis. In sum, our experiments in the chick embryo demonstrated that caffeine is a potential teratogen. It causes asymmetrical microphthalmia to develop by increasing ROS production and perturbs Pax6 expression.
High to ultrahigh temperature contact metamorphism and dry partial melting of the Tasiuyak paragneiss, Northern Labrador
Authors: Mitchell R. K. , Indares A. , Ryan B. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractContact aureoles of the anorthositic to granitic plutons of the Mesoproterozoic Nain Plutonic Suite (NPS), Labrador, are particularly well developed in the Palaeoproterozoic granulite facies, metasedimentary, Tasiuyak gneiss. Granulite facies regional metamorphism (MR),c. 1860 Ma, led to biotite dehydration melting of the paragneiss and melt migration, leaving behind biotite‐poor, garnet–sillimanite‐bearing quartzofeldspathic rocks. Subsequently, Tasiuyak gneiss within ac. 1320 Ma contact aureole of theNPSwas statically subjected to lower pressure, but higher temperature conditions (MC), leading to a second partial melting event, and the generation of complex mineral assemblages and microstructures, which were controlled to a large extent by the textures of theMRassemblage. This control is clearly seen in scanning electron microscopic images of thin sections and is further supported by phase equilibria modelling. Samples collected within the contact aureole near Anaktalik Brook, west of Nain, Labrador, mainly consist of spinel–cordierite and orthopyroxene–cordierite (or plagioclase) pseudomorphs afterMRsillimanite and garnet, respectively, within a quartzofeldspathic matrix. In addition, some samples contain fine‐grained intergrowths of K‐feldspar–quartz–cordierite–orthopyroxene inferred to be pseudomorphs after osumulite. Microstructural evidence of the former melt includes (i) coarse‐grained K‐feldspar–quartz–cordierite–orthopyroxene domains that locally cut the rock fabric and are inferred to represent neosome; (ii) very fine‐ to medium‐grained cordierite–quartz intergrowths interpreted to have formed by a reaction involving dissolution of biotite and feldspar in melt; and (iii) fine‐scale interstitial pools or micro‐cracks filled by feldspar interpreted to have crystallized from melt. Ultrahigh temperature (UHT) conditions during contact metamorphism are supported by (i) solidus temperatures >900 °C estimated for all samples, coupled with extensive textural evidence for contact‐related partial melting; (ii) the inferred (former) presence of osumilite; and (iii) titanium‐in‐quartz thermometry indicating temperatures within error of 900 °C. TheUHTenvironment in which these unusual textures and minerals were developed was likely a consequence of the superposition of more than one contact metamorphic event upon the already relatively anhydrous Tasiuyak gneiss.
Mechanoadaptation of developing limbs: shaking a leg
Authors: Pollard A. S. , McGonnell I. M. , Pitsillides A. A. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThe proportion of total limb length taken up by the individual skeletal elements (limb proportionality), varies widely between species. These diverse skeletal forms have evolved to allow for a range of limb uses and they first emerge as the embryo develops, to achieve the characteristic skeletal architecture of each species. During this time, the developing skeleton experiences mechanical loading as a result of embryonic muscle contraction. The possibility that adaptation to such mechanical input may allow embryos to coordinate the appearance of skeletal design with their expanding range of movements has so far received little attention. This is surprising, given the critical role exerted by embryo movement in normal skeletal development; stage‐specific in ovo immobilisation of embryonic chicks results in joint contractures and a reduction in longitudinal bone growth in the limbs. Epigenetic mechanisms allow for selective activation of genes in response to environmental signals, resulting in the production of phenotypic complexity in morphogenesis; mechanical loading of bone during movement appears to be one such signal. It may be that ‘mechanosensitive’ genes under regulation of mechanical input adjust proportionality along the bone's proximo‐distal axis, introducing a level of phenotypic plasticity. If this hypothesis is upheld, species with more elongated distal limb elements will have a greater dependence on mechanical input for the differences in their growth, and mechanosensitive bone growth in the embryo may have evolved as an additional source of phenotypic diversity during skeletal development.
A split‐face comparative study to evaluate efficacy of combined subcision and dermaroller against combined subcision and cryoroller in treatment of acne scars
Authors: Gadkari Reshma , Nayak Chitra 
Published: March 2014

SummaryBackgroundAcne scars occur consequent to abnormal wound healing following sebaceous follicular inflammation in acne. Various types of acne scars are icepick, rolling, boxcar, hypertrophic, and keloidal. Different modalities of treatment include subcision, dermaroller, cryoroller, punch excision, chemical peeling, and lasers.ObjectivesTo compare the efficacy of combined subcision and dermaroller vs. combined subcision and cryoroller in acne scar treatment.MethodsThirty patients (19 males and 11 females) with grade 2, 3, and 4 postacne scarring (Goodman and Baron qualitative grading system) were enrolled in the study. Three sittings each at 1‐month interval were carried out of subcision under nerve block on the entire face followed by derma roller (2.5 mm) and cryoroller on one half of the face. Standardized digital photography was performed preprocedure and at 6 months. Grading of acne scar photographs using the Goodman and Baron qualitative and quantitative grading scale was carried out by a blinded observer pre‐ and postprocedure at 6 months. Patients' own evaluation based on patient scar severity perception scale of 1–10 was also taken into account.ResultsAssessment using the quantitative grading scale showed a 57% improvement using combined subcision and cryoroller against 40% improvement with combined subcision and dermaroller. Average improvement perceived by the subjects was 61% with combined subcision and cryoroller against 45% with combined subcision and dermaroller. The data were analyzed using Wilcoxon signed rank test and found statistically significant. Postinflammatory hyperpigmentation on the cryoroller side and erythema, edema, and hematoma formation due to subcision was transient.ConclusionCombined subcision and cryoroller is more effective than combined subcision and dermaroller for treatment of acne scars.
Calcium hydroxylapatite for jawline rejuvenation: consensus recommendations
Authors: Dallara Jean‐Marie , Baspeyras Martine , Bui Patrick , Cartier Hugues , Charavel Marie‐Hélène , Dumas Laurent 
Published: March 2014

SummaryBackgroundAge‐associated volume loss is now known to play an important role in the structural changes of the aging face. In the lower face, this manifests as drooping of the corners of the mouth and jowl leading to a loss of the oval jawline of youth. Jawline reshaping by replacing volume has therefore become an indispensable component of modern facial rejuvenation.AimCalcium hydroxylapatite (CaHA; Radiesse®, Merz Pharmaceuticals GmbH, Frankfurt, Germany) is an injectable filler with a cosmetic indication for tissue augmentation. The ability of calcium hydroxylapatite to provide immediate and long‐lasting volume enhancement makes it an ideal agent for restoring an oval jawline.MethodThis consensus statement has been developed to assist clinicians who would like to gain more experience in the use of volumizing agents to achieve an optimal outcome with this procedure.ResultsUsing the recently developed Merz Aesthetics Scale® for jawline, the consensus provides a treatment protocol for individuals at each stage of oval loss and presents a series of before and after images to illustrate the improvements that can be achieved. Specific recommendations for calcium hydroxylapatite including type of anesthesia, injection techniques, volume for injection, use in combination with other procedures, and expected duration of corrections are provided. Techniques for minimizing and managing expected problems and potential complications are also described.ConclusionCalcium hydroxylapatite is appropriate for treating patients at any stage of oval loss.
Short‐flap facelift with 924 nm/975 nm laser lipolysis: a retrospective study of 78 patients
Authors: Ramirez Patrick , Leibowitz Alicia , Traylor‐Knowles Mimi , Taghizadeh Farhan 
Published: March 2014

SummaryObjectivesThis study reviews the overall outcome of 78 patients undergoing a short‐flap facelift with laser‐assisted lipolysis using a continuous‐wave 924/975‐nm diode laser.MethodsSeventy‐eight patients undergo treatment of lipolysis and facelift using the traditional platysmaplasty technique along with continuous‐wave 924/975‐nm diode laser‐assisted lipolysis. A combination of 3D and 2D photographs is used from before, 6 weeks after, and 6 months after the procedure to judge the overall improvement in the cervicomental angle and the patient's general appearance. The Cervicomental Scale and the Global Aesthetic Improvement Scale Assessments, respectively, are used among a professional panel of three judges to determine improvement.ResultsElevated flap, continuous‐wave lipolysis showed remarkable improvement in patients base on the CAS and GAIS judging system. Ninety‐five percent of patients showed improvement on CAS and 100% of patients showed improvement on GAIS when 6 months had passed after time of procedure.ConclusionThe use of a continuous‐wave 924/975‐nm diode laser shows remarkable effectiveness in lipolysis of the sensitive jowl and neck area. Flap elevation serves as an important technique in assuring safety during procedure. This dual‐wavelength laser presents a revolutionary advance in performing facelifts and lipolysis in higher BMI patients.
HOW TO IMPLEMENT IMMUNOADSORPTION IN A POLYVALENT DIALYSIS UNIT: A REVIEW
Authors: Maggioni Sébastien , Hermelin Martine , Faubel Eric , Allal Asma , Kamar Nassim , Rostaing Lionel 
Published: March 2014

SUMMARYBackgroundMany kidney‐transplant candidates have anti‐HLA alloantibodies (HLAi): these make transplantation difficult, even from a living kidney (LK) donor, because of the presence of donor‐specific anti‐HLA alloantibodies. Due to the shortage of deceased kidney donors, the number of LK transplants is increasing, but is potentially limited by ABO incompatibility (ABOi).ObjectivesTo make ABOi and/or HLAi patients suitable for kidney transplantation they need to be desensitised: this strategy is mainly based on rituximab therapy combined with either plasmapheresis (PP) or immunoadsorption (IA). IA can be more efficient than PP because greater plasma volumes can be treated within a single session than a PP session (>4 vs. 1.5–2). IA can be specific (ABOi setting) or non‐specific (HLAi).DesignWe describe how we designed and implemented a desensitisation programme based on IA. This was started in the first trimester of 2010 within the Acute Polyvalent Haemodialysis and Apheresis Unit in Toulouse University Hospital, France. So far, we have performed >200 IA sessions with good results.ResultsThe IA sessions were associated with a net body‐weight gain of ∼1 kg. Normally, IA is performed first and then haemodialysis on the same or next day; however, we have been able to, for the first time, couple IA with haemodialysis. Moreover, we can now carry out this procedure 24 hours a day, seven days a week.ConclusionThis procedure has improved patient care and reduced costs. The IA desensitisation programme has enabled successful transplantation in 24 patients to date.
Does fluoride in drinking water delay tooth eruption?
Authors: Jolaoso Ismail Adeyemi , Kumar Jayanth , Moss Mark E 
Published: March 2014

AbstractObjectivesThe objectives of this study are to determine the effect of fluoride exposure on permanent tooth eruption patterns as well as to understand its effect on caries attack rate by accounting for the number of erupted tooth surfaces.MethodsWe analyzed data from the 1986‐1987 National Survey of Oral Health of US Schoolchildren to determine the mean number of erupted permanent teeth and permanent first molars according to fluoride level in drinking water. The analysis included 13,348 children aged 5‐17 years with a history of single residence. We also estimated the attack rate (decayed, missing, and filled surfaces/surfaces at risk) for fluoride deficient, suboptimal, and optimally fluoridated areas adjusting for covariates. Multivariable statistical analyses were performed to control for potential confounders.ResultsBy age 7, almost all permanent first molars had erupted. The adjusted mean number of erupted permanent first molars per child were 3.81, 3.67, and 3.92 in areas with <0.3, 0.3‐<0.7, and 0.7‐1.2 ppm of fluoride, respectively. The adjusted caries attack rate in the first permanent molars among 5‐ to 17‐year‐old children was 93, 81, and 78 per 1,000 surfaces in fluoride deficient, suboptimal, and optimally fluoridated areas, respectively (P < 0.0001). This pattern of higher first molar attack rate among children in the fluoride‐deficient communities was also observed in all erupted teeth.ConclusionExposure to fluoride in drinking water did not delay the eruption of permanent teeth. The observed difference in dental caries experience among children exposed to different fluoride levels could not be explained by the timing of eruption of permanent teeth.
Learning and adherence to baby massage after two teaching strategies
Authors: Cruz Cláudia Marchetti , Caromano Fátima Aparecida , Gonçalves Lia Lopes , Machado Thais Gaiad , Voos Mariana Callil 
Published: March 2014

AbstractPurposeLittle is known about learning/adherence after different baby massage teaching strategies. We compared the learning/adherence after two strategies.Design and MethodsTwenty mothers from the group manual‐course (GMC) and 20 from the group manual‐orientations (GMO) received a booklet. GMC participated in a course during the third trimester. GMO received verbal instructions during the postpartum hospital stay. Multiple‐choice and practical tests assessed learning (GMC: performing strokes on a doll; GMO: on the baby). Adherence was measured 3 months after childbirth.ResultsNo differences were found between the groups in learning/adherence.Practice ImplicationsBoth teaching strategies showed similar and positive results.