bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Microporous Polymeric 3D Scaffolds Templated by the Layer‐by‐Layer Self‐Assembly
Authors: Paulraj Thomas , Feoktistova Natalia , Velk Natalia , Uhlig Katja , Duschl Claus , Volodkin Dmitry 
Published: July 2014

Polymeric scaffolds serve as valuable supports for biological cells since they offer essential features for guiding cellular organization and tissue development. The main challenges for scaffold fabrication are i) to tune an internal structure and ii) to load bio‐molecules such as growth factors and control their local concentration and distribution. Here, a new approach for the design of hollow polymeric scaffolds using porous CaCO3 particles (cores) as templates is presented. The cores packed into a microfluidic channel are coated with polymers employing the layer‐by‐layer (LbL) technique. Subsequent core elimination at mild conditions results in formation of the scaffold composed of interconnected hollow polymer microspheres. The size of the cores determines the feature dimensions and, as a consequence, governs cellular adhesion: for 3T3 fibroblasts an optimal microsphere size is 12 μm. By making use of the carrier properties of the porous CaCO3 cores, the microspheres are loaded with BSA as a model protein. The scaffolds developed here may also be well suited for the localized release of bio‐molecules using external triggers such as IR‐light.
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Solvent Vapor Annealing: An Efficient Approach for Inscribing Secondary Nanostructures onto Electrospun Fibers
Authors: Liu Jianzhao , Bauer Adam J. P. , Li Bingbing 
Published: July 2014

Solvent vapor annealing (SVA) is originally developed to attain equilibrium nanostructures from microphase‐separated block polymer thin films. Interestingly, by carefully choosing a solvent vapor that can selectively mobilize the amorphous chains of a semicrystalline polymer while preserving the integrity of its crystalline structure, this study demonstrates that the SVA method can also be utilized to introduce hierarchical structures onto semicrystalline polymer‐based materials. This study on electrospun poly(ε‐caprolactone) (PCL) fibers clearly shows that acetone, a poor solvent for PCL, can effectively delocalize the amorphous chains and redeposit them onto the pre‐existing crystal edges, giving rise to secondary nanostructures inscribed onto the PCL fibers. In the past decade, various fiber fabrication methods and numerous fiber products are reported. The easy one‐step approach reported here provides new insight into the design and fabrication of structurally hierarchical polymeric materials.
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Creep/Stress Relaxation of Novel Hybrid Organic‐Inorganic Polymer Systems Synthesized by Joint Polymerization of Organic and Inorganic Oligomers
Authors: Iurzhenko Maksym , Mamunya Yevgen , Boiteux Gisele , Lebedev Eugene , Davydenko Valeriy , Seytre Gerard , Matkovska Lubov 
Published: July 2014

SummaryThe scientific and industrial field of hybrid organic‐inorganic polymer systems (HOIS) is widened in recent years due to possibility of combination of various organic and inorganic building blocks and obtaining hybrid materials with novel characteristics. The aim of the present paper is to develop the knowledge of the relationships between mechanical properties and structure of the synthesized HOIS. Novel hybrid organic‐inorganic polymer systems have been synthesized by joint polymerization of organic and inorganic components due to reactions between their reactive groups, namely free NCO‐groups in the organic component and OH‐groups in the inorganic component. Creep and stress relaxation measurements of HOIS with different chemical composition of the organic component have been fulfilled. Good correlations between changes of mechanical parameters, structure of hybrid organic‐inorganic networks, which are formed during synthesis of HOIS, and the theoretical model have been established.
Affinity maturation of Cry1Aa toxin to the Bombyx mori cadherin‐like receptor by directed evolution based on phage display and biopanning selections of domain II loop 2 mutant toxins
Authors: Endo Haruka , Kobayashi Yuki , Hoshino Yasushi , Tanaka Shiho , Kikuta Shingo , Tabunoki Hiroko , Sato Ryoichi 
Published: July 2014

AbstractDirected evolution of a Cry1Aa toxin using phage display and biopanning was performed to generate an increased binding affinity to the Bombyx mori cadherin‐like receptor (BtR175). Three mutant toxins (371WGLA374, 371WPHH374, 371WRPQ37425) with 16‐, 16‐, and 50‐fold higher binding affinities, respectively, for BtR175 were selected from a phage library containing toxins with mutations in domain II loop 2. However, the observed toxicities of the three mutants against B. mori larvae and cultured cells expressing the BtR175 toxin‐binding region did not increase, suggesting that increased binding affinity to cadherins does not contribute to the insecticidal activity. Affinity maturation of a Cry toxin to a receptor via directed evolution was relatively simple to achieve, and seems to have potential for generating a toxin with increased insecticidal activity.
Fast GRAPPA reconstruction with random projection
Authors: Lyu Jingyuan , Chang Yuchou , Ying Leslie 
Published: July 2014

PurposeTo address the issue of computational complexity in generalized autocalibrating partially parallel acquisition (GRAPPA) when several calibration data are used.MethodGRAPPA requires fully sampled data for accurate calibration with increasing data needed for higher reduction factors to maintain accuracy, which leads to longer computational time, especially in a three‐dimensional (3D) setting and with higher channel count coils. Channel reduction methods have been developed to address this issue when massive array coils are used. In this study, the complexity problem was addressed from a different prospective. Instead of compressing to fewer channels, we propose the use of random projections to reduce the dimension of the linear equation in the calibration phase. The equivalence before and after the reduction is supported by the Johnson‐Lindenstrauss lemma. The proposed random projection method can be integrated with channel reduction sequentially for even higher computational efficiency.ResultsExperimental results show that GRAPPA with random projection can achieve comparable image quality with much less computational time when compared with conventional GRAPPA without random projection.ConclusionThe proposed random projection method is able to reduce the computational time of GRAPPA, especially in a 3D setting, without compromising the image quality, or to improve the reconstruction quality by allowing more data for calibration when the computational time is a limiting factor. Magn Reson Med 74:71–80, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Broadband absorption enhancement in ultra‐thin crystalline Si solar cells by incorporating metallic and dielectric nanostructures in the back reflector
Authors: Jain Samarth , Depauw Valerie , Miljkovic Vladimir D. , Dmitriev Alexander , Trompoukis Christos , Gordon Ivan , Van Dorpe Pol , El Daif Ounsi 
Published: July 2014

AbstractWe propose a back reflecting scheme in order to enhance the maximum achievable current in one micron thick crystalline silicon solar cells. We perform 3D numerical investigations of the scattering properties of metallic nanostructures located at the back side and optimize them for enhancing absorption in the silicon layer. We validate our numerical results experimentally and also compare the absorption enhancement in the solar cell structure, both with quasi‐periodic and random metallic nanostructures. We have looked at the interplay between the metallic nanostructures and an integrated back reflector. We show that the combination of metallic nanoparticles and a metallic reflector results in significant parasitic absorption. We compared this to another implementation based on titanium dioxide nanoparticles, which act as a Lambertian reflector of light. Our simulation and experimental results show that this proposed configuration results in reduced absorption losses and in broadband enhancement of absorption for ultra‐thin solar cells, paving the way to an optimal back reflector for thin film photovoltaics. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Coloring networks for attacker identification and response
Authors: Sairam Ashok Singh , Roy Sangita , Sahay Rishikesh 
Published: July 2014

AbstractNetwork‐based attacks such as denial‐of‐service attacks are usually performed by spoofing the source IP address. Packet marking techniques are used to trace such attackers as close as possible to their source. A packet mark consists of some traceback information pertaining to a router being embedded in the IP packet header. In this work, we use the concept of star coloring to assign reusable colors (marks) to routers but at the same time limits false positives and false negatives. The proposed scheme minimizes the bit space required for marking in the IP header. We introduce the concept of path identifier, to identify an attack path. The path identifiers are used to provide an elegant solution to collect attack packets in the midst of a distributed denial‐of‐service attack and then traceback. Although identifying the attacker is crucial to institute protection measures against future attacks, it cannot mitigate the effects of an ongoing attack. We establish the use of path identifiers, to filter packets during an ongoing attack. We present a validation of the proposed techniques in an emulated environment using real attack traffic. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Enzymatically Modified Fats Based on Mutton Tallow and Rapeseed Oil Suitable for Fatty Emulsions
Authors: Kowalska Małgorzata , Żbikowska Anna , Kowalski Bolesław 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThe aim of this work was to develop a new fat by enzymatic interesterification of mutton tallow with rapeseed oil. It was assumed that by inducing hydrolysis of fats by addition of water to the enzymatic preparation (8, 10, 15 wt%) natural emulsifiers would be produced in the reaction environment. Fat blends obtained from the enzymatic reactions were evaluated as a fat base for emulsion systems. It was found that the fat resulting from interesterification in the presence of Lipozyme RM IM (immobilized lipase from Rhizomucor miehei, Novozymes Bagsvaerd, Denmark) with 15 wt% of water possessed the highest content of polar fraction (MAG and DAG), and served as the most suitable blend for emulsification, producing emulsions that exhibited the highest stability.
The FIGO Leadership in Obstetrics and Gynecology for Impact and Change (LOGIC) Initiative in Maternal and Newborn Health
Authors: Taylor David J. , Vander Plaetse Bart 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThe FIGO Leadership in Obstetrics and Gynecology for Impact and Change (LOGIC) Initiative in Maternal and Newborn Health developed the organizational capacity of national professional organizations of obstetrics and gynecology in eight African and Asian countries. The initiative was funded by a grant from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation and had three key objectives. These goals were to support the eight FIGO member associations to strengthen their capacity to work effectively; to influence national policies on maternal and newborn health; and to work toward improving clinical practice in this area. The current supplement presents evidence that the focus and effectiveness of a national obstetric and gynecologic association—as well as its influence on major public health issues (such as United Nations Millennium Development Goals 4 and 5)—can be substantially broadened and enhanced by the provision of external support.
Use of the nine-step inflation/deflation test and resting middle-ear pressure range as predictors of middle-ear barotrauma in aircrew members
Authors: Hussein A , Abousetta A 
Published: July 2014

AbstractObjective:To explore the role of the nine-step inflation/deflation tympanometric test and resting middle-ear pressure range as predictors of barotrauma in aircrew members.Methods:A prospective, non-randomised study was conducted on 100 aircrew members. Resting middle-ear pressure was measured and the nine-step inflation/deflation test performed on all subjects before flights. Subjects were allocated to two groups according to resting middle-ear pressure range (group A, within the range of +26 to +100 and −26 to −100 mmH2O; group B, −25 to +25 mmH2O). All aircrew members were assessed after flights regarding the presence and the grade of barotrauma.Results:In both groups, the sensitivity and specificity values of the entire post-inflation/deflation test were close to those of the post-deflation part of the test. The post-deflation test had a higher negative predictive value than the post-inflation test. Ears with resting middle-ear pressure lower than −55 mmH2O experienced barotrauma, regardless of good or poor post-inflation or post-deflation test results.Conclusion:In an aircrew member, a resting middle-ear pressure within the range of −55 and +50 mmH2O, together with good post-deflation test results, are considered reliable predictors for fitness to fly.
Remediating Fassbinder
Authors: Pellegrini David 
Published: July 2014

AbstractTwo stage productions based on screenplays by Rainer Werner Fassbinder— The Marriage of Maria Braun directed by Tomas Ostermeier and In a Year With 13 Moons directed by Robert Woodruff—span a range of possibilities for film-to-stage adaptations. Fassbinder provides an interesting case study because over the course of his career, he created numerous adaptations for the stage, screen, and television. While Ostermeier’s epic theatre adaptation re-situated Fassbinder within the context of German modernist and avant-garde theatre, Woodruff’s production demonstrated that live, intermedial performance is capable of reconciling Fassbinder’s practice of enfranchising multiple textualities, including the dramaturgical, theatrical, cinematic, and televisual codes of representation he was constantly re-deploying. Focusing on performative elements, such as acting style, mise-en-scene, and hypermediacy, as well as extra- and para-textual dimensions, this paper provides an overview of the aesthetic categories of production, reception, and intention as they pertain to theatrical adaptations of ‘art-house’ films.
Therapeutic use of anti-CTLA-4 antibodies
Authors: Blank Christian U. , Enk Alexander 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Targeting CTLA-4 represents a new type of immunotherapeutic approach, namely immune checkpoint inhibition. Blockade of CTLA-4 by ipilimumab was the first strategy to achieve a significant clinical benefit for late-stage melanoma patients in two phase 3 trials. These results fueled the notion of immunotherapy being the breakthrough strategy for oncology in 2013. Subsequently, many trials have been set up to test various immune checkpoint modulators in malignancies, not only in melanoma. In this review, recent new ideas about the mechanism of action of CTLA-4 blockade, its current and future therapeutic use, and the intensive search for biomarkers for response will be discussed. Immune checkpoint blockade, targeting CTLA-4 and/or PD-1/PD-L1, is currently the most promising systemic therapeutic approach to achieve long-lasting responses or even cure in many types of cancer, not just in patients with melanoma.
Herschel/PACS observations of the host galaxy of GRB 031203
Authors: Symeonidis M. , Oates S. R. , de Pasquale M. , Page M. J. , Wiersema K. , Starling R. , Schady P. , Seymour N. , O'Halloran B. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
We present Herschel/PACS observations of the nearby (z = 0.1055) dwarf galaxy that has hosted the long gamma-ray burst (LGRB) 031203. Using the PACS data, we have been able to place constraints on the dust temperature, dust mass, total infrared (IR) luminosity and IR-derived star formation rate (SFR) for this object. We find that the GRB host galaxy (GRBH) 031203 has a total IR luminosity of 3 × 1010 L⊙ placing it in the regime of the IR-luminous galaxy population. Its dust temperature and specific SFR are comparable to that of many high-redshift (z = 0.3–2.5) IR-detected GRB hosts (Tdust &gt; 40 K; sSFR &gt; 10 Gyr−1); however, its dust-to-stellar mass ratio is lower than what is commonly seen in IR-luminous galaxies. Our results suggest that GRBH 031203 is undergoing a strong starburst episode and its dust properties are different to those of local dwarf galaxies within the same metallicity and stellar mass range. Furthermore, our measurements place it in a distinct class to the well-studied nearby host of GRB 980425 (z = 0.0085), confirming the notion that GRB host galaxies can span a large range in properties even at similar cosmological epochs, making LGRBs an ideal tool in selecting samples of star-forming galaxies up to high redshift.
Phylogenetic Clades 6 and 8 of Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 With Particular stx Subtypes are More Frequently Found in Isolates From Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome Patients Than From Asymptomatic Carriers
Authors: Iyoda Sunao , Manning Shannon D. , Seto Kazuko , Kimata Keiko , Isobe Junko , Etoh Yoshiki , Ichihara Sachiko , Migita Yuji , Ogata Kikuyo , Honda Mikiko , Kubota Tsutomu , Kawano Kimiko , Matsumoto Kazutoshi , Kudaka Jun , Asai Norio , Yabata Junko , Tominaga Kiyoshi , Terajima Jun , Morita-Ishihara Tomoko , Izumiya Hidemasa , Ogura Yoshitoshi , Saitoh Takehito , Iguchi Atsushi , Kobayashi Hideki , Hara-Kudo Yukiko , Ohnishi Makoto , Arai Reiko , Kawase Masao , Asano Yukiko , Asoshima Nanami , Chiba Kazuki , Furukawa Ichiro , Kuroki Toshiro , Hamada Madoka , Harada Seiya , Hatakeyama Takashi , Hirochi Takashi , Sakamoto Yumiko , Hiroi Midori , Takashi Kanda , Horikawa Kazumi , Iwabuchi Kaori , Kameyama Mitsuhiro , Kasahara Hitomi , Kawanishi Shinya , Kikuchi Koji , Ueno Hiroyuki , Kitahashi Tomoko , Kojima Yuka , Konishi Noriko , Obata Hiromi , Kai Akemi , Kono Tomomi , Kurazono Takayuki , Matsumoto Masakado , Matsumoto Yuko , Nagai Yuhki , Naitoh Hideki , Nakajima Hiroshi , Nakamura Hiromi , Nakane Kunihiko , Nishi Keiko , Saitoh Etsuko , Satoh Hiroaki , Takamura Mitsuteru , Shiraki Yutaka , Tanabe Junichi , Tanaka Keiko , Tokoi Yuki , Yatsuyanagi Jun 
Published: July 2014

AbstractBackground.  Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) O157:H7 infection causes severe diseases such as bloody diarrhea and hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS). Although EHEC O157:H7 strains have exhibited high genetic variability, their abilities to cause human diseases have not been fully examined.Methods.  Clade typing and stx subtyping of EHEC O157:H7 strains, which were isolated in Japan during 1999–2011 from 269 HUS patients and 387 asymptomatic carriers (ACs) and showed distinct pulsed-field gel electrophoresis patterns, were performed to determine relationships between specific lineages and clinical presentation.Results.  Clades 6 and 8 strains were more frequently found among the isolates from HUS cases than those from ACs (P = .00062 for clade 6, P &lt; .0001 for clade 8). All clade 6 strains isolated from HUS patients harbored stx2a and/or stx2c, whereas all clade 8 strains harbored either stx2a or stx2a/stx2c. However, clade 7 strains were predominantly found among the AC isolates but less frequently found among the HUS isolates, suggesting a significant association between clade 7 and AC (P &lt; .0001). Logistic regression analysis revealed that 0–9 year old age is a significant predictor of the association between clade 8 and HUS. We also found an intact norV gene, which encodes for a nitric oxide reductase that inhibits Shiga toxin activity under anaerobic condition, in all clades 1–3 isolates but not in clades 4–8 isolates.Conclusions.  Early detection of EHEC O157:H7 strains that belonged to clades 6/8 and harbored specific stx subtypes may be important for defining the risk of disease progression in EHEC-infected 0- to 9-year-old children.
Searching for γ-ray pulsars among Fermi unassociated sources: 2FGL J1906.5+0720
Authors: Xing Yi , Wang Zhongxiang 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
We report the results from our analysis of the Fermi Large Area Telescope data for the Fermi unassociated source 2FGL J1906.5+0720, which is a high-ranked candidate pulsar. In order to better study our target, we first update the ephemeris for PSR J1907+0602, which is used to help remove any possible contamination due to strong emission from this nearby pulsar. From our analysis, 2FGL J1906.5+0720 is confirmed to have a significant low-energy cut-off at ∼ 1 GeV in its emission (14 σ–18 σ significance), consistent with those seen in young pulsars. We search for pulsations but no spin frequency signals are found in a frequency range of 0.5–32 Hz. No single model can fully describe the source's overall Fermi γ-ray spectrum, and the reason for this is the excess emission detected at energies of ≥ 4 GeV. The high-energy component possibly indicates emission from a pulsar wind nebula, when considering 2FGL J1906.5+0720 as a young pulsar. We conclude that 2FGL J1906.5+0720 is likely a pulsar based on the emission properties we have obtained, and observations at other energies are needed in order to confirm its pulsar nature.
Expression noise facilitates the evolution of gene regulation
Authors: Wolf Luise , Silander Olin K. , van Nimwegen Erik 
Published: July 2014

AbstractIn studies of gene regulation, it is often tacitly assumed that the interactions between transcriptional regulators and their target promoters are finely tuned to ensure condition-appropriate gene expression of the targets. However, how natural selection might evolve such precise regulation from an initial state without regulation, is rarely discussed. In addition, the accuracy of gene regulation is affected by noise in gene expression [1]. Expression noise varies greatly across genes [2–5], suggesting that natural selection has affected noise levels, but the role of expression noise in gene regulation is currently poorly understood [6]. Here we present a combination of experimental evidence and theoretical modeling showing that the transmission of expression noise from regulators to their targets can function as a rudimentary form of gene regulation that facilitates the evolution of more finely tuned gene regulation. To assess how natural selection has affected transcriptional noise inE. coli, we evolved a large set of synthetic promoters under carefully controlled selective conditions and found, surprisingly, that nativeE. colipromoters show no signs of having been selected for minimizing their noise. Instead, a subset of native promoters, which are characterized by high expression plasticity and high numbers of regulatory inputs, show elevated noise levels. A general theoretical model, which recognizes that target genes are not only affected by the condition-dependent activities of their regulators, but also by the regulators’ noise, explains these observations. Noise transmission from regulators to their targets is favored by selection whenever regulation is imprecise, and may even constitute the main function of coupling a promoter to a regulator. Our theory provides a novel framework for understanding the evolution of gene regulation, demonstrating that in many situations expression noise is not the mere unwanted side-effect of regulatory interactions, but a beneficial function that is key to the evolvability of regulatory interactions.