bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Unequivocal Identification of Several Common Adulterants and Diluents in Street Samples of Cocaine by Infrared Spectroscopy
Authors: López-Artíguez M , Cameán A , Repetto M 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
This paper describes an improved method for the direct identification of adulterants and diluents in street samples of cocaine using infrared spectroscopy. The proposed method requires a versatile software package designed for handling infrared data on a personal computer. The spectra of the mixtures of cocaine.HCl and several common adulterants (caffeine, procaine.HCl, lidocaine.HCl and piracetam) and diluents (glucose, lactose, sucrose, starch and mannitol) were recorded. Two regions were chosen in the infrared spectra: 1800–1500 cm−1, which includes all the assayed adulterants, and 960–860 cm−1, for sugars and polyalcohols. The display of the different spectra through the computerized program allowed the identification of the above mentioned substances even at 5% concentration.
Distribution of Ethanol in Postmortem Liver
Authors: Jenkins AJ , Levine BS , Smialek JE 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The analysis of multiple specimens for ethanol has become a necessary and accepted practice in postmortem forensic toxicology. The correlation between blood and various body fluids has been well documented. However, there is little data on the distribution of ethanol in specimens such as the liver. In postmortem cases where blood is unavailable or contaminated, liver may be used for alcohol and drug analyses. This study reports the analysis, by head space gas chromatography, of heart blood and liver specimens for ethanol from 103 postmortem cases. The average liver/heart blood ratio in cases with a blood alcohol level (BAC) ≥0.04 g/dL was 0.56, SD = 0.30, with a range of 0–1.40.
Typing of DNA HLA-DQα Alleles Extracted from Human Nail Material Using Polymerase Chain Reaction
Authors: Tahir MA , Watson N 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) typing of human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) DQα from human fingernails is described. HLA-DQα genotypes can be accurately determined from clipped fingernails. We have typed 26 nails accurately, while one did not give any type since that one sample did not amplify due to the low quantity of DNA. The cut off limit for the digested material to be amplified is approximately 9 mgs of nail material.
Detection of D1S80 (pMCT118) Locus Polymorphism Using Semi-nested Polymerase Chain Reaction in Skeletal Remains
Authors: Honda K , Nakatome M , Islam MN , Bai H , Ogura Y , Kuroki H , Yamazaki M , Terada M , Misawa S , Wakasugi C 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
We evaluated the usefulness of a semi-nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method for detecting D1S80 (pMCT118) locus polymorphisms of DNA extracted from old skeletal remains. The semi-nested PCR has been applied to the amplification of D1S80 nucleic acid sequences. For amplification of the locus D1S80, a pair of oligonucleotide primers have been used widely as described by Kasai et al. We have designed another set of primers for semi-nested PCR. This method resulted in D1S80-VNTR detection from low-titered DNA isolated from old skeletal remains. The first and second step PCR achieved amplification from as little as 10 ng and 10 pg of template DNA, respectively. Specificity and sensitivity of the amplification products was markedly improved by semi-nested PCR. In DNA extracted from biological samples, this method took about 5 hours to amplify the target DNA and 3 hours for electrophoretic separation. We demonstrated that this semi-nested PCR method was superior in sensitivity to conventional 1-step standard amplification for VNTR typing of the D1S80 locus.
A Method for the Purification and Recovery of Genomic DNA from an HLA DQA1 Amplification Product and Its Subsequent Amplification and Typing with the AmpliType® PM PCR Amplification and Typing Kit
Authors: Hochmeister MN , Budowle B , Borer UV , Dirnhofer R 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
DNA from plucked single hairs from ten individuals was extracted by two different methods and subsequently amplified and typed using the AmpliType™ HLA DQ alpha Forensic DNA Amplification and Typing Kit. The remaining untyped portions of the DQA1 amplification products were stored refrigerated or frozen for two weeks and subsequently purified using Centricon™ 100 microconcentrators. Genomic DNA was recovered from the DQA1 amplification PCR and used again as a template for a subsequent multiplex PCR. Twenty μL of each retentate were amplified and typed with the AmpliType® PM PCR Amplification and Typing Kit. All typing results were consistent with DQA1 and PM results of control hairs and reference blood samples from the donors and all results were consistent with those obtained when the samples were typed solely for PM. The DQA1-Centricon™ 100-PM approach is useful when the genomic DNA from an evidentiary sample has been used completely for HLA-DQA1 typing, so that only the amplified product is remaining. The typing of five more genetic markers can be achieved from a HLA-DQA1 sample, so additional information for identification purposes could be provided. However, genomic DNA as well as the DQA1 product are recovered and the latter will also serve as a template in the subsequent PM amplifications. Therefore there will be more DQA1 product after the PM amplification than would be expected when only genomic DNA was used as a template. Thus certain practices should be considered when reading the types from PM probe strips if this DQA1-Centricon™ 100-PM approach is used.
Crystal Violet Lactone as a Security Marker for Fuels
Authors: McDermott SD , Parkes J , Kearney A 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Crystal Violet Lactone (CVL) is normally used in carbonless copy paper. The reaction between CVL and polar substances such as silica gel produces a blue color. A novel use of CVL as a security marker in the larceny of fuel is described.
Microsatellite DNA Polymorphism Analysis in a Case of an Illegal Cattle Purchase
Authors: Beamonte D , Guerra A , Ruíz B , Alemany J 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A case of illegal cattle purchasing is presented. Basque country police submitted six blood samples: three from the allegedly stolen animals and three from the putative mothers. Four polymorphic DNA loci were analyzed to establish the parental relationship. From the case investigation the maternity of the alleged cattle was determined.
Artefact in Forensic Medicine: Pseudo-Rodent Activity
Authors: Patel F 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Postmortem rodent activity is a potential source of confounding marks for forensic pathologists when unmasking criminal activity. It might also be that something innocent could be masquerading an “end result” of rodent disturbance. A chronic skin lesion which proved to be a “pseudo-rodent” artefact is briefly communicated and supplements an earlier published article on artefact in forensic medicine.
A Comparative Study of Genetic Variation at Five VNTR Loci in Three Ethnic Groups of Houston, Texas
Authors: Sharma BR , Thompson M , Bolding JR , Zhong Y , Jin L , Chakraborty R 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Following the technique of Southern blot restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLP) analysis, we generated a database of DNA profiles at five Variable Number of Tandem Repeats loci (D1S7, D2S44, D4S139, D10S28, and D17S79) for 669 individuals of three major ethnic populations (Caucasians, Blacks, and Hispanics) of Houston, Texas. Analysis of fragment sizes at these loci within each sample, as well as their fixed-bin analyses, reveal that the assumptions of independence of allelic occurrences within and between loci are valid for this database. Fixed-bin allele frequency tables, therefore, are the best descriptors of this database for conservative forensic calculations. Finally, we demonstrate that this regional database from Houston, Texas, does not yield any meaningfully different forensic inference than the one obtained from the National database of the respective ethnic groups.
Forensic Identification of Ungulate Species Using Restriction Digests of PCR-Amplified Mitochondrial DNA
Authors: Murray BW , McClymont RA , Strobeck C 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A survey of mitochondrial D-loop variation in 15 species of ungulates was conducted via amplification by the polymerase chain reaction followed by restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. This survey included moose (Alces alces), caribou (Rangifer tarandus), mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus hemionus), black-tailed deer (O. h. columbianus), white-tailed deer (O. virginianus), wapiti (Cervus elaphus), pronghorn antelope (Antilocapra americana), bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis), Stone's sheep (O. dalli), domestic sheep (O. aries), moulflon sheep (O. musimon), mountain goat (Oreamnos americanus), domestic goat (Capra hircus), domestic cattle (Bos taurus), and bison (Bison bison). The results of this preliminary survey indicate that there may be sufficient species specific variation in the D-loop region of the mitochondrial genome of the ungulate species examined here, with the exception of deer (Odocoileus) species, to establish the species origin of the mitochondrial haplotypes of this group. The Odocoileus species are known to hybridize and sharing of mtDNA haplotypes was observed. The chelex DNA extraction technique was successfully used on small blood stains.
Qualitative and Quantitative Determination of Residual Solvents in Illicit Cocaine HCl and Heroin HCl
Authors: Morello DR , Meyers RP 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Methodology has been developed which utilizes static headspace-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (SHS-GC-MS) to identify and quantitate residual solvents occluded in illicit cocaine HCl and heroin HCl. The liberation of the occluded solvents was ensured by complete solubilization of the crystal matrices in aqueous 22% sodium sulfate. Ion trap mass spectrometry is used for both identification and quantitation; five deuterated, structurally related internal standards are utilized for more accurate quantitation. Overall method precision for 25 commonly encountered solvents averaged 6.7% RSD. Minimum detection limits ranged from 3 to 87 ppm for a 15 mg equivalent cocaine sample weight, and from 2 to 43 ppm for a 30 mg equivalent heroin sample weight. Qualitative and quantitative data for the 25 most commonly encountered occluded solvents in cocaine HCl and heroin HCl exhibits are presented.
Crime Laboratory Proficiency Testing Results, 1978–1991, I: Identification and Classification of Physical Evidence
Authors: Peterson JL , Markham PN 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The proficiency testing of crime laboratories began in the mid-1970s and presently assumes an important role in quality assurance programs within most forensic laboratories. This article reviews the origins and early results of this testing program and also examines the progress of proficiency testing in allied scientific fields. Beginning in 1978, a fee-based crime laboratory proficiency testing program was launched and has grown to its present level involving almost 400 laboratories worldwide. This is the first of two articles that review the objectives, limitations and results of this testing from 1978 through 1991. Part I reviews the success of laboratories in the identification and classification of common evidence types: controlled substances, flammables, explosives, fibers, bloodstains, and hairs. Laboratories enjoy a high degree of success in identifying drugs and classifying (typing) bloodstains. They are moderately successful in identifying flammables, explosives, and fibers. Animal hair identification and human hair body location results are troublesome. The second paper will review the proficiency of crime laboratories in determining if two or more evidentiary samples shared a common origin.
Crime Laboratory Proficiency Testing Results, 1978–1991, II: Resolving Questions of Common Origin
Authors: Peterson JL , Markham PN 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A preceding article has examined the origins of crime laboratory proficiency testing and the performance of laboratories in the identification and classification of common types of physical evidence. Part II reviews laboratory proficiency in determining if two or more evidence samples shared a common source. Parts I and II together review the results of 175 separate tests issued to crime laboratories over the period 1978 to 1991. Laboratories perform best in determining the origin of finger and palm prints, metals, firearms (bullets and cartridge cases), and footwear. Laboratories have moderate success in determining the source of bloodstains, questioned documents, toolmarks, and hair. A final category is of greater concern and includes those evidence categories where 10% or more of results disagree with manufacturers regarding the source of samples. This latter group includes paint, glass, fibers, and body fluid mixtures. The article concludes with a comparison of current findings with earlier LEAA study results, and a discussion of judicial and policy implications.
The Evaluation and Implementation of Match Criteria for Forensic Analysis of DNA
Authors: Laber TL , Iverson JT , Liberty JA , Giese SA 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
This study describes a method for establishing match criteria used in forensic DNA typing. The validity of applying different match criteria based upon the molecular weight of a DNA band is discussed. The match criteria presented allow visually matching DNA patterns to be confirmed by computer assisted image analysis over the entire range of the sizing ladder.
Approximately 5000 intragel and 5000 intergel comparisons were made between the restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) DNA band sizes obtained from casework, mock cases, and environmentally insulted samples and the band sizes obtained from their corresponding bloodstain standards (controls). Analyses of these data suggested that fragments located in different molecular weight size regions of an analytical gel required different match criteria for assessing a visual match. The results of these analyses support the use of the following match criteria: Intragel 0.5–10 kb = ±1.7%, 10–15 kb = ±3.2%, 15–22.6 kb = ±5.8%; Intergel and blind control 0.5–10kb = ±3.0%, 10–15 kb = ±4.2%, 15–22.6 kb = ±10.0%; and human cell-line K562 and the monomorphic locus D7Z2 = ±2.5%. Each match criterion was also evaluated with respect to the distance in millimeters between matching bands throughout the 0.5–22.6 kb molecular weight size range. Applying these match criteria to different gel regions has been shown to be valid and reliable in comparisons conducted on more than 10,000 validation samples, in over 500 forensic cases and in more than 200 searches of a criminal sexual offender (CSO) database containing over 5000 individuals.
Genotyping of the DQA1*4 Alleles by Restriction Enzyme Digestion of the PCR Product from the AmpliType® PM Kit
Authors: Lee JC-I , Tsai L-C , Chang J-G 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
An earlier study has shown that the three DQA1*4 alleles (0401, 0501 and 0601) can be distinguished by restriction enzyme digestion of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) product derived from the DQα AmpliType™ kit (Perkin-Elmer, Norwalk, NJ). We have found that the AmpliType® PM kit (Perkin-Elmer, Branchburg, NJ) can also be used to achieve the same goal. In this case, a Bio-Profil image analysis system (Vilber Lourmat, Marne La Vallee, France) is used for evaluating the restricted patterns. After typing the six alleles of DQA1 by the AmpliType HLA DQ α Detection Reagent Set (Perkin-Elmer, Branchburg, NJ), the PCR products from the PM kit with allele 4 were digested with Fok I and Rsa I, separately. Since the other five fragments from PM kit will conceal the digested fragments of the HLA DQA1 PCR products, we measured the optical density of the pre- and post-digested 242 bp fragments in Fok I digestion, and 214/221 bp fragments in Rsa I digestion to decide the results of enzyme digestion. Out of 136 samples used in this study, 61 contain the DQA1 allele 4 determined by the DQα AmpliType™ method. All 61 were typed with enzyme digestion, of which there are 2.3%, 19.8% and 8.1% in allele 0401, 0501 and 0601, respectively. Our procedure can thus extend the utilization of AmpliType® PM kit and increase the discrimination power of the DQA1 system, especially in populations with high distribution of allele 4.
Genetic Polymorphism of Alpha-2-HS-Glycoprotein in Northern Bavaria (Germany). Simplified AHSG-Phenotyping by Isoelectric Focusing Using Dry Gels
Authors: Hausmann R , Leonhardy K , Martus P , Lötterle J 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A simple and practical method of detecting AHSG using isoelectric focusing on dry gels is described. The procedure is both rapid and provides reliable results. AHSG phenotypes were determinated in 215 unrelated individuals from Northern Bavaria. The allele frequencies obtained were: AHSG*1 = 0.7139, AHSG*2 = 0.2697 and AHSG*3 = 0.0164.
Methamphetamine and Amphetamine Derived from the Metabolism of Selegiline
Authors: Romberg RW , Needleman SB , Jacob Snyder J , Greedan A 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Routine methamphetamine testing identified a urine specimen with inconsistent screening and confirmation results. The methamphetamine RIA screening test (Diagnostic Products Corporation) indicated a borderline positive specimen, while the achiral confirmatory GC/MS result showed 4690 ng/mL of methamphetamine and 1895 ng/mL of amphetamine. Analysis of the specimen after derivatization with S(-)-N-trifluoroacetylprolyl chloride showed only the presence of 1-amphetamine and 1-methamphet-amine. It was later learned that the individual providing the specimen had been taking Selegiline.
Selegiline, (-) propynylmethamphetamine, is a monoamine oxidase inhibitor used for the treatment of Parkinson's disease. It is sold under the trade name Eldepryl. Its major metabolites are 1-methamphetamine, 1-amphetamine and N-desmethylselegiline.
Urine specimens from other Selegiline users were obtained and analyzed. A characteristic metabolic pattern was noted, exemplified by a ratio of 1-methamphetamine to 1-amphetamine of about 2.8. This is in contrast to what is observed in the urine of individuals who ingest pure 1-methamphetamine, such as with Vicks Inhaler, where the 1-methamphetamine to 1-amphetamine ratio in the urine is usually greater than 8. Caution is advised when interpreting methamphetamine results without using a chiral identification technique.
A Novel Method for the Analysis of Gasoline from Fire Debris Using Headspace Solid-Phase Microextraction
Authors: Furton KG , Almirall JR , Bruna JC 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Solid-phase microextraction (SPME) has been adapted for the analysis of gasoline in fire debris. Compared to traditional passive headspace concentration (activated charcoal strip), the SPME method presented here was found to be faster, simpler and have a higher sensitivity. This method also eliminates the need for the highly flammable and toxic solvent carbon disulfide.
Assessing the Unique Characteristics of Close-Proximity Soil Samples: Just How Useful Is Soil Evidence?
Authors: Junger EP 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
An evaluation of current techniques used in the forensic analysis of soils and geologic evidence. Research was performed to determine the discriminative qualities of the various procedures to discern at what point soils become indistinguishable from one another. Included in this research is an assessment of the techniques from an analyst standpoint to determine what level of advanced mineralogical examination is required to segregate one sample from another.
One hundred samples were collected from three different sites; a beach, an island isolated by a river, and a bus parking lot. The samples were analyzed utilizing color determination, particle size distribution analysis and mineralogical profiles of the twenty-five most common soil minerals. Of the three hundred samples examined, over one-half could be discriminated by color alone, the remainder needing only particle size distributions analysis for differentiation, negating the need for lengthy mineralogical examinations. These examinations were conducted with very inexpensive equipment and calculations which could be used with a minimum of training and cost.
A Unique and Sensitive ELISA Technique for Typing ABH Antigens in Bloodstains Using UEA-I Lectin—The Removal of Detergent with a Sephadex G-25 Mini-Column Improves Sensitivity
Authors: Matsubara K , Tanabe K , Yuasa I , Nakamura H , Tanabe Y , Idzu T , Takahashi S , Kimura K 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A unique sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the determination of ABH antigens in bloodstains has been developed. Human anti-A and -B antisera and Ulex europaeus anti-H lectin were coated on the inner surface of microplate wells. The sample antigens from bloodstains, solubilized with n-octyl-β-D-glucopyranoside which was then removed by passing through a Sephadex G-25 (G-25) mini-column, were placed in the wells. After washing the wells repeatedly, peroxidase-conjugated Ulex europaeus lectin I was added and incubated. Antigen activities were determined by the development of colors using o-phenylenediamine/H2O2. This technique permitted clear detection of all ABH antigens corresponding to the antisera and lectin with high sensitivities. The A and B antigens were solubilized as aggregates with H antigen from the erythrocyte membrane. Excess detergent remaining in the sample reduced the sensitivity and accuracy of this ELISA, probably due to the removal of antibody from the wells by the effect of the surfactant. The treatment of solubilized antigens with G-25, an indispensable step, eliminated the adverse effect of the detergent on the ELISA. The ELISA method reported here was proved to be easy, economical and sensitive, and this technique should be useful in the forensic practice.
Employee Sabotage in the Workplace: A Biopsychosocial Model
Authors: Klein RL , Leong GB , Silva JA 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Recently, there has been an increased interest in workplace violence. However, the psychiatric literature has paid little, if any attention to the specific subject area of workplace property harm or sabotage by employees.
The specific psychology and/or psychopathology of the individual worker may be relevant in the evaluation of sabotage behavior. However, psychosocial factors associated with behavior within organizations and originating in part from the job itself are not likely to be considered in the initial assessment. We therefore introduce concepts from the organizational behavior literature that may facilitate and complement psychiatric evaluation of sabotage in the workplace. These concepts will fill the gap in a biopsychosocial assessment of sabotage in the workplace and provide a nexus for future interdisciplinary studies of workplace property violence.
Predicting Aggressive and Socially Disruptive Behavior in a Maximum Security Forensic Psychiatric Hospital
Authors: Hill CD , Rogers R , Bickford ME 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The predictive utility of Hare, Hart, and Cox's Psychopathy Checklist Screening Version (PCL:SV) was assessed utilizing a sample of forensic psychiatric patients from Vernon State Hospital in Vernon, Texas. A sample of 55 patients were interviewed and rated on the PCL:SV. During a six month follow up, occurrences of self-harm (suicide attempts and self mutilation), aggression (verbal abuse and threats, irritability, belligerence, and fighting) escape potential (threats and attempts), and treatment refusal (medication, tests, and physician's appointments) were rated. Separate stepwise multiple regression analyses were performed utilizing patient's age, type of charges, documented history of alcohol/drug abuse and the PCL:SV as predictor variables. Results indicate that the PCL:SV is predictive of aggression and treatment noncompliance.