bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Global pattern of phylogenetic species composition of shark and its conservation priority
Authors: Chen Hungyen , Kishino Hirohisa 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThe diversity of marine communities is in striking contrast with the diversity of terrestrial communities. In all oceans, species richness is low in tropical areas and high at latitudes between 20 and 40°. While species richness is a primary metric used in conservation and management strategies, it is important to take into account the complex phylogenetic patterns of species compositions within communities. We measured the phylogenetic skew and diversity of shark communities throughout the world. We found that shark communities in tropical seas were highly phylogenetically skewed, whereas temperate sea communities had phylogenetically diversified species compositions. Interestingly, although geographically distant from one another, tropical sea communities were all highly skewed toward requiem sharks (Carcharhinidae), hammerhead sharks (Sphyrnidae), and whale sharks (Rhincodon typus). Worldwide, the greatest phylogenetic evenness in terms of clades was found in the North Sea and coastal regions of countries in temperate zones, such as the United Kingdom, Ireland, southern Australia, and Chile. This study is the first to examine patterns of phylogenetic diversity of shark communities on a global scale. Our findings suggest that when establishing conservation activities, it is important to take full account of phylogenetic patterns of species composition and not solely use species richness as a target. Protecting areas of high phylogenetic diversity in sharks, which were identified in this study, could form a broader strategy for protecting other threatened marine species.
Highly Reactive NiII‐Bound Nitrile–Oxime Coupling Intermediates Stabilized by Substituting Conventional Nitriles with a Dialkylcyanamide
Authors: Andrusenko Elena V. , Kabin Evgeniy V. , Novikov Alexander S. , Bokach Nadezhda A. , Starova Galina L. , Zolotarev Andrey A. , Kukushkin Vadim Yu. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractNickel(II)‐mediated coupling between the cyanamide Me2NCN and the ketoximes Me(R)C=NOH (R = Me, Ph) gives chelates of the general formula [NiClx(H2O)y{HN=C(NMe2)(ON=C(R)Me)}2]n+ ([1]+: R = Me; x = 1, y = 0; salts with both Cl– and [NiCl4]2– were isolated; [2]2+: R = Me; x = 0, y = 2; salt with Cl– was isolated; [3]+: R = Ph; x = 1, y = 1; salt with Cl– was isolated) and the iminium salts [H2N=C(NMe2)ON=C(R)Me]+ ([4]+: R = Me; salt with [NiCl4]2– was isolated; [5]+: R = Ph; salt with Cl– was isolated). This reaction demonstrates the difference in the reactivity between conventional nitriles and dialkylcyanamides: whereas nitriles RCN (R = Alk, Ar) react with NiII/ketoxime systems to afford (1,3,5‐triazapentadiene)NiII species, formed by postulated nitrile–oxime coupling intermediates, cyanamides under the same conditions give either stable cyanamide–oxime coupling products or the Busch‐type complex [Ni{HN=C(Me)CH2C(Me2)NH2}2]Cl2 ([6]Cl2). The reason for the different stability of the coupling products was interpreted theoretically on the basis of quantum chemical calculations (M06‐L/6‐31G* level of theory). The NMe2 moiety in the chelate ligands leads to an increase in electron‐density delocalization and also stabilizes the systems in terms of electrostatic factors.
The Industrial Age of Biocatalytic Transamination
Authors: Fuchs Michael , Farnberger Judith E. , Kroutil Wolfgang 
Published: September 2015

AbstractDuring the last decade the use of ω‐transaminases has been identified as a very powerful method for the preparation of optically pure amines from the corresponding ketones. Their immense potential for the preparation of chiral amines, together with their ease of use in combination with existing biocatalytic methods, have made these biocatalysts a competitor to any chemical methodology for (asymmetric) amination. An increasing number of examples, especially from industry, shows that this biocatalytic technology outmaneuvers existing chemical processes by its simple and flexible nature. In the last few years numerous publications and patents on synthetic routes, mainly to pharmaceuticals, involving ω‐transaminases have been published. The review gives an overview of the application of ω‐transaminases in organic synthesis with a focus on active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) and the developments during the last few years.
Ruthenium‐Catalyzed Atom‐Economical Stereo‐ and Regioselective Synthesis of Long‐Chain Fatty Acid Enol Esters
Authors: Jena Rajesh K. , Bhattacharjee Manish 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThe ruthenium(II) complex [Ru(dppp)2(CH3CN)Cl][BPh4] {dppp = diphenylphosphinopropane} is an efficient catalyst for the synthesis of enol esters of long‐chain acids from reaction of alkynes with long‐chain fatty acids.
A Micromechanical Cantilever‐Based Liposome Biosensor for Characterization of Protein‐Membrane Interaction
Authors: Zhang Z. , Sohgawa M. , Yamashita K. , Noda M. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractWe have newly evaluated the interaction of lipid membrane with two different proteins of lysozyme and carbonic anhydrase from bovine (CAB) using a micro cantilever‐based liposome biosensor with a new droplet‐sealing structure. Herein 1,2‐dipalmitoyl‐sn‐glycero‐3‐phosphocholine (DPPC) liposomes are used as model lipid membrane and are immobilized on the surface of cantilever. The interaction of DPPC liposome with the target protein causes deflection of the micro‐cantilever, which can stably be detected by measuring the resistance change of the strain gauge. The resistance change dependent on time is used to evaluate the characteristic of liposome‐protein interaction. The resistance of the cantilever‐based biosensor increases monotonously with time in both of the two protein solutions. Especially, chronological resistance change depends markedly on both the concentration and species of target proteins. Finally, these results lead us to conclude that the cantilever‐based liposome biosensor with the droplet‐sealing structure facilitates the characterization of protein‐membrane interaction. It also means that this biosensor is a promising candidate device for label‐free detection of concentration and species of different target proteins.
Li‐ion batteries: basics, progress, and challenges
Authors: Deng Da 
Published: September 2015

AbstractLi‐ion batteries are the powerhouse for the digital electronic revolution in this modern mobile society, exclusively used in mobile phones and laptop computers. The success of commercial Li‐ion batteries in the 1990s was not an overnight achievement, but a result of intensive research and contribution by many great scientists and engineers. Then much efforts have been put to further improve the performance of Li‐ion batteries, achieved certain significant progress. To meet the increasing demand for energy storage, particularly from increasingly popular electric vehicles, intensified research is required to develop next‐generation Li‐ion batteries with dramatically improved performances, including improved specific energy and volumetric energy density, cyclability, charging rate, stability, and safety. There are still notable challenges in the development of next‐generation Li‐ion batteries. New battery concepts have to be further developed to go beyond Li‐ion batteries in the future. In this tutorial review, the focus is to introduce the basic concepts, highlight the recent progress, and discuss the challenges regarding Li‐ion batteries. Brief discussion on popularly studied “beyond Li‐ion” batteries is also provided.
Pharmacokinetic‐Pharmacodynamic Modeling of Intravenous and Oral Topiramate and Its Effect on the Symbol‐Digit Modalities Test in Adult Healthy Volunteers
Authors: Lim Chay Ngee , Birnbaum Angela K. , Brundage Richard C. , Leppik Ilo E. , Cloyd James C. , Clark Annie , Marino Susan E. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractA sequential pharmacokinetic‐pharmacodynamic (PK‐PD) modeling approach was used to quantify the effects of a single dose of topiramate (100 or 200 mg) on working memory, attention, and psychomotor speed as measured by the Symbol‐Digit Modalities Test (SDMT). Established on data pooled from 3 randomized, crossover studies in healthy subjects (19–55 years of age), using both oral and a novel stable‐labeled intravenous (IV) formulation of topiramate, an inhibitory Emaxmodel was found to characterize the topiramate concentration‐SDMT score relationship well. At the EC50 of 2.85 μg/mL, this topiramate plasma concentration value was estimated to be associated with a 25.5% reduction of SDMT score relative to baseline. Age was an important determinant of the baseline SDMT score, with an estimated decrease of 1.13% in baseline SDMT score with every year of age. Moreover, this approach enabled the quantification of the practice effect observed with repeated administration of the neuropsychological test over shorter testing intervals than have previously been reported in the literature. The finding of a significant effect following a single dose of topiramate in the range widely used to treat migraine and epilepsy needs to be evaluated in a broader patient population undergoing chronic treatment, as the narrow range of resultant concentrations limits the generalizability of the findings.
Fear of Losing Emotional Control Is Associated With Cognitive Processing Therapy Outcomes in U.S. Veterans of Afghanistan and Iraq
Authors: Miles Shannon R. , Smith Tracey L. , Maieritsch Kelly P. , Ahearn Eileen P. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractEvidence‐based treatments for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) can reduce symptoms and improve veterans’ psychological health. Unfortunately, many veterans leave treatment before receiving maximum benefit. Fear of emotions is related to severity of PTSD, and changes in fear of emotions are correlated with changes in PTSD symptoms. This study built upon the literature linking greater fear of emotions to PTSD severity by examining whether pretreatment fear of emotions, measured by the Affect Control Scale, was associated with completion of cognitive processing therapy (CPT) and severity of posttreatment PTSD in a sample of 89 U.S. veterans who had served in Afghanistan and Iraq. About 60% of veterans completed 10 or more therapy sessions. A logistic regression on 51 of the 89 subjects that more fear of anxiety at pretreatment was associated with decreased likelihood of completing treatment, OR = 0.93, 95% CI [0.87, 1.00]. Of those veterans who completed treatment, higher fear of anger at pretreatment was negatively related to severity of PTSD posttreatment (β = −.29, p = .037), in a model with the other predictors. Assessing veterans for fear of anxiety and anger before CPT and teaching emotion regulation skills to those in need may reduce treatment dropout.
DSC Kinetics Analysis for the Synthesis of Three‐Arms Poly(ε‐caprolactone) Using Aluminum Tri‐sec‐Butoxide as Initiator
Authors: Limwanich Wanich , Punyodom Winita , Kungwan Nawee , Meepowpan Puttinan 
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACTThe kinetics of the ring‐opening polymerization (ROP) of ε‐caprolactone (ε‐CL) initiated by soluble aluminum tri‐sec‐butoxide (Al(OsecBu)3) has been investigated by the differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The DSC polymerizations were carried out under nonisothermal and isothermal conditions to obtain three‐arms poly(ε‐caprolactone) (PCL). From nonisothermal DSC, the polymerization rate (dα/dt) increased with increasing heating rates. The values of Ea were determined from Kissinger ( kJ mol−1), Friedman (31.0 – 63.0 kJ mol−1), and Starink (64.0 – 71.0 kJ mol−1) methods. From isothermal DSC, the dα/dt and the apparent rate constant (kapp) increased with increasing polymerization temperatures. The ROP of ε‐CL initiated by Al(OsecBu)3 occurred via the coordination insertion mechanism. The number average molecular weight () and percent yield of the synthesized PCL was enhanced by increasing polymerization temperature. The synthesized PCL with of 2.4 × 104 was obtained using a molar ratio of monomer to Al‐O active center ([M]/[Al‐O]) of 400 at 150ºC for 24 h. Al(OsecBu)3 is one of the promising initiator due to its solubility, low transesterification reaction, and high efficiency in ε‐CL polymerization.
Isotope Effects in the Solvolysis of Sterically Hindered Arenesulfonyl Chlorides
Authors: Iazykov Mykyta , Canle L. Moisés , Santaballa J. Arturo , Rublova Ludmila 
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACTSolvent isotope effects in the ethanolysis of sterically hindered arenesulfonyl chlorides ruled out a proton transfer in the rate‐determining step and agreed with a SN2 mechanism involving at least a second solvent molecule in the transition state (TS). The lack of a secondary kinetic isotope effect in the o‐alkyl groups allows us to disregard the possible contribution of σ–π hyperconjugation. The measured activation parameters are consistent with a SN2 mechanism involving the participation of solvent molecules in the TS, possibly forming a cyclic TS through a chain of solvent molecules.
Polypept(o)ides: Hybrid Systems Based on Polypeptides and Polypeptoids
Authors: Klinker Kristina , Barz Matthias 
Published: September 2015

Polypept(o)ides combine the multifunctionality and intrinsic stimuli‐responsiveness of synthetic polypeptides with the “stealth”‐like properties of the polypeptoid polysarcosine (poly(N‐methyl glycine)). This class of block copolymers can be synthesized by sequential ring opening polymerization of α‐amino acid N‐carboxy‐anhydrides (NCAs) and correspondingly of the N‐substituted glycine N‐carboxyanhydride (NNCA). The resulting block copolymers are characterized by Poisson‐like molecular weight distributions, full end group integrity, and dispersities below 1.2. While polysarcosine may be able to tackle the currently arising issues regarding the gold standard PEG, including storage diseases in vivo and immune responses, the polypeptidic block provides the functionalities for a specific task. Additionally, polypeptides are able to form secondary structure motives, e.g., α‐helix or β‐sheets, which can be used to direct self‐assembly in solution. In this feature article, we review the relatively new field of polypept(o)ides with respect to synthesis, characterization, and first data on the application of block copolypept(o)ides in nanomedicine. The summarized data already indicates the great potential of polypept(o)ides.
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Helical Poly(phenylacetylene) Bearing Chiral and Achiral Imidazolidinone‐Based Pendants that Catalyze Asymmetric Reactions due to Catalytically Active Achiral Pendants Assisted by Macromolecular Helicity
Authors: Takata Leandro M. S. , Iida Hiroki , Shimomura Kohei , Hayashi Koutarou , dos Santos Alcindo A. , Yashima Eiji 
Published: September 2015

A series of optically active helical copolymers of phenylacetylenes are prepared by the rhodium‐catalyzed copolymerization of the imidazolidinone‐linked, catalytically active achiral phenylacetylenes and catalytically inactive chiral phenylacetylenes. The obtained chiral/achiral copolymers exhibit an induced circular dichroism in the UV–vis regions of the copolymer backbones resulting from a preferred‐handed helical conformation biased by the chiral imidazolidinone units incorporated in the copolymers. The copolymers are found to catalyze the asymmetric Diels–Alder reaction and produce the products with a moderate enantioselectivity in spite of the fact that the catalytically active units of the copolymers are achiral, indicating that the observed enantioselectivity totally originates from the helical chirality dynamically induced by the optically active, but catalytically inactive imidazolidinone units incorporated in the copolymers.
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Light pigmentation phenotype is correlated with increased substantia nigra echogenicity
Authors: Rumpf Jost‐Julian , Schirmer Maria , Fricke Christopher , Weise David , Wagner Justinus Aspasios , Simon Jan , Classen Joseph 
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACTObjectiveThis study was undertaken to address the question of whether pigmentation may be mechanistically linked with Parkinson's disease.MethodsIn a cross‐sectional, observational study, 116 healthy subjects received transcranial sonography of the substantia nigra. Pigmentation phenotype was assessed using the Fitzpatrick skin phototype classification, and five additional phenotypic pigmentation traits as well as a photographic method (Melanin index) in a subgroup of 46 subjects.ResultsLighter skin phototype was associated with larger echogenic substantia nigra area and increased prevalence of abnormally enlarged echogenic substantia nigra area. The strongest association of substantia nigra echogenicity and phenotypic pigmentation traits was found for hair color and facial tanning.InterpretationFindings suggest an increasing prevalence of structural abnormality of substantia nigra with decreasing darkness of skin and thus may provide additional evidence in favor of a pathogenic link of pigmentation and Parkinson's disease. © 2015 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
Systematic review of surgical treatment of post radical prostatectomy stress urinary incontinence
Authors: Crivellaro Simone , Morlacco Alessandro , Bodo Giovanni , Agro' Enrico Finazzi , Gozzi Christian , Pistolesi Donatella , Del Popolo Giulio , Ficarra Vincenzo 
Published: September 2015

Context Stress urinary incontinence (SUI) after radical prostatectomy (RP) continues to be a significant problem with several implications including patient quality of life and other critical postoperative outcomes.Objectives To report the results in terms of efficacy (pad count, 24 hr pad test, QOL questionnaires) and safety (complication rate and type of complications) of all surgical devices approved for the treatment of SUI after RP.Evidence Acquisition A systematic review was conducted in accordance with the PRISMA Statement. A literature search was carried out through the PubMed/Medline, SCOPUS, and Web of Science databases using the keywords “incontinence,” “radical prostatectomy,” and “‘treatment”. Inclusion criteria were: number of patients higher than 30, mean follow up longer than 12 months and definition of a successful outcome as the use of 0 to 1 safety pads a day.Evidence Synthesis 113 papers underwent primary review. 51 papers met the inclusion criteria with a total sample size of 4022 patients. Efficacy (0–1 safety pads) was on average 65.7% for AUS, 48.2% for Invance Sling, 48.8% for Advance Sling, 64.2% for ProACT. Twenty four hour pad test and QOL questionnaires were respectively available only in 4 and 18 studies. The overall complication rate was 19.43% for AUS, 7.4% for Invance Sling, 12.3% for Advance Sling, 12.3% for ProACT.Authors' Conclusions Due to the poor overall quality of available studies, it was impossible to identify or refute clinically important differences between the alternative surgical procedures. Although our data seems to suggest that AUS has the highest efficacy in the treatment of SUI following RP it is also associated with the highest complication rate, but this may be due to the longest follow up. Larger rigorous trials are needed in order to support this evidence. Neurourol. Urodynam. 35:875–881, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Micro‐CT Imaging and Analysis of Enamel Defects on the Early Late Pleistocene Xujiayao Juvenile
Authors: Xing S. , Guatelli‐Steinberg D. , O'Hara M. , Li J. , Wei P. , Liu W. , Wu X. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractDental pathologies and enamel defects in East Asian hominins have rarely been reported. Here, we systematically document and describe a suite of enamel defects in the Xujiayao juvenile maxilla, an East Asian hominin from the early Late Pleistocene that may represent an unknown hominin lineage. In addition, we determine the chronology of growth disruptions represented by matched linear enamel hypoplasias, evaluate the long‐held hypothesis that the large brownish pit on the I1 is evidence of dental fluorosis and assess the utility of micro‐computed tomography (micro‐CT) techniques in analyzing enamel defects. With the use of binocular microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and micro‐CT imaging techniques, the Xujiayao teeth were found to exhibit a high number of pit‐form defects seldom seen in the fossil record. By matching the timing of linear enamel hyperplasia across multiple teeth, a minimum of five developmental disruptions were identified, indicating that the Xujiayao juvenile experienced several growth disturbances during its short lifespan. Our SEM and micro‐CT analyses suggest that the large pit on the I1 is an enamel hypoplasia due to its morphology and pre‐eruptive enamel thinning. It is not a post‐eruptive fluorotic pit, and there is no evidence of chalkiness or opacity associated with dental fluorosis. The micro‐CT technique made it possible to verify the presence of enamel hypoplasia and to more precisely quantify defect dimensions, especially in unerupted teeth and shallow hypoplasias that are difficult to detect by binocular microscopy or SEM. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Tailoring block copolymer and polymer blend morphology using nanoparticle surfactants
Authors: Ku Kang Hee , Yang Hyunseung , Jang Se Gyu , Bang Joona , Kim Bumjoon J. 
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACTCombining the functionality of nanoparticles (NPs) with the processability of polymers offers great promise for designing novel materials. In particular, NPs with tailored surface properties can effectively modify the interface between two distinct fluids and/or different polymer matrices which allows them to function as efficient surfactants. The efficiency of NP surfactants is strongly affected by their size and shape, which influences their adsorption energy to the interface, and the entropic contribution to the system. In this review, the assembly of size‐ and shape‐controlled inorganic NPs at the interface of block copolymers (BCPs) and polymer blends has been focused. First, we discuss the design of size‐ and shape‐controlled NP surfactants and we review the examples of NP surfactant‐driven BCPs and polymer blend morphologies. In addition, we review the recent investigations of the morphological transition of BCP emulsion particles induced by NP surfactants. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2016, 54, 228–237
Nanoparticle‐based luminescent probes for intracellular sensing and imaging of pH
Authors: Schäferling Michael 
Published: September 2015

Fluorescence imaging microscopy is an essential tool in biomedical research. Meanwhile, various fluorescent probes are available for the staining of cells, cell membranes, and organelles. Though, to monitor intracellular processes and dysfunctions, probes that respond to ubiquitous chemical parameters determining the cellular function such as pH, pO2, and Ca2+ are required. This review is focused on the progress in the design, fabrication, and application of photoluminescent nanoprobes for sensing and imaging of pH in living cells. The advantages of using nanoprobes carrying fluorescent pH indicators compared to single molecule probes are discussed as well as their limitations due to the mostly lysosomal uptake by cells. Particular attention is paid to ratiometric dual wavelength nanosensors that enable intrinsic referenced measurements. Referencing and proper calibration procedures are basic prerequisites to carry out reliable quantitative pH determinations in complex samples such as living cells. A variety of examples will be presented that highlight the diverseness of nanocarrier materials (polymers, micelles, silica, quantum dots, carbon dots, gold, photon upconversion nanocrystals, or bacteriophages), fluorescent pH indicators for the weak acidic range, and referenced sensing mechanisms, that have been applied intracellularly up to now. WIREs Nanomed Nanobiotechnol 2016, 8:378–413. doi: 10.1002/wnan.1366This article is categorized under:

Diagnostic Tools > In Vitro Nanoparticle-Based Sensing