bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
How well do children estimate the time it takes to cross a road? A risk factor for pedestrian injury
Authors: O'Neal E , Plumert J , Schwebel D 
Published: October 2012

BackgroundPedestrian injuries are the sixth leading cause of death in US children ages 6–9. Several developmental components contribute to pedestrian safety, including cognitive and perceptual skills which are needed to attend to traffic, process perceived information, and decide when to cross safely. One underexplored aspect of cognitive-perceptual skill is children's judgments of the time needed to traverse a street. Pedestrians must accurately estimate the time needed to cross the street in order to judge whether a traffic gap offers sufficient time for safe crossing.Aims/Objective/PurposeThis study examined accuracy of children's crossing time estimates.MethodsAs part of a pedestrian safety study, 194 participants ages 6–9 completed two tasks. First, they walked a distance of 25 feet as if they were crossing a real street (four trials). Second, while next to a crosswalk adjacent to an elementary school, participants estimated the time it would take to cross the 32.5-foot street (five trials). Walking time was adjusted for the 32.5-foot distance, and trial averages were used for analyses.Results/OutcomesChildren estimated they could cross the street faster (M=5.32 s, SD=3.14) than they actually walked (M=7.28, SD=1.37), t(192)=−8.28, p<.001. Age was not correlated to actual or estimated walking speeds (all rs<.10).Significance/Contribution to the FieldResults indicate that underestimation of the time needed to cross streets may contribute to child pedestrian injuries. Consideration of children's ability to judge the time required to cross streets accurately may be a valuable addition to the development of effective pedestrian safety training programmes.
Supervision and risk of unintentional injury in young children
Authors: Schnitzer P , Dowd M , Morrongiello B , Kruse R 
Published: October 2012

BackgroundDespite advances in prevention, injuries remain a leading cause of morbidity and mortality among children. Supervision is often cited as an important determinant of child safety.Aims/Objectives/PurposeAssess the association between caregiver supervision and acute unintentional injury in young children.MethodsWe interviewed parents of children ≤age 4 whose injuries required Emergency Department (ED) treatment or admission to the hospital, to collect information on supervision (proximity, attention, continuity) at the time of injury and 1 h before the injury). Hospital admission was a proxy for injury severity. Case-crossover analyses were conducted.Results/OutcomesInterviews were completed by 222 participants; 50 (23%) were parents of children admitted to the hospital. For each dimension of supervision assessed, children admitted to the hospital were at higher risk of injury; proximity was associated with the highest risk. Compared to 1 h prior to injury, children were more likely to be beyond reach of their caregiver at the time of injury (OR 11.5, 95% CI 2.7 to 48.8 for children admitted to the hospital; OR 2.9, 95% CI 1.8 to 4.9 for children treated in the ED). Injury risk was highest for children with the least supervision; the magnitude of this association was higher for children admitted to the hospital (OR 11.5, 95% CI 2.7 to 48.8) than for children treated in the ED (OR 3.5, 95% CI 2.0 to 6.0).Significance/Contribution to the FieldLess vigilant supervision increases risk of serious injury in young children. Proximity may be the most important supervision dimension for assessing child injury risk.
Crossing busy city roads by pedistrian school-bound children: how vulnerable they remain for fatal RTAS in Bangladesh!
Authors: Kazi Selim Anwar , Hossain Mollah Abid , Kumar SenGupta Pradip , Reaz Monowar Syed , Ayesha Begum , Ali Molla Azaher , Nazmun Nahar 
Published: October 2012

BackgroundGlobally, Road-Traffic Accident (RTA)-induced injuries remain the second leading cause of death in 5–14 years old children. Contrary to safeguarding child's right, RTA constitutes a veritable epidemic among the pedestrian-children, two-third of which occurs in south-east-Asia. We report here the risky practices of reckless-road-crossing among school-children in Bangladesh, being vulnerable and resource constraint.PurposeTo explore practices and compliances of road safety and traffic-rules/regulations by the pedestrian school-bound children while crossing busy city-roads.MethodsTotal 148 purposively selected school-bound children were studied cross-sectionally while crossing busy-roads adjacent to nine randomly-selected school-fringes in Dhaka city using a structured questionnaire.OutcomeOf these school-bound children (mean age: 9.6±2.4 years), majority (87%) were found to run-off busy city-roads showing no difference in age-groups (p=0.122) or sex (p=0.164). School-girls were accompanied by mothers (75%) more than school-boys (25%) (p<0.03). Around 78% used to cross roads 2–3 times/day, recklessly, even knowing its dangerous-consequences. Alarmingly, no zebra-crossing/over-bridge existed in 56% and no traffic-police seen in ∼half of school-fringes surveyed. More shockingly, most of on-duty traffic-police (69%) showed reluctant-attitude to come forward to assist these children in crossing roads, safely. Nearly 24% of children who had RTA once or twice within the last 12 months, 10% sustained severe and 14% had minor injuries, as informed.Significance/ContributionThis alarming scenario demands immediate intervention to save these children from fatal RTAs by concerned departments, instituting zebra-crossing/over-bridge, deploying ‘STOP’/lollipop-guides and enforcing low-speed of vehicle near school-fringes. Creating mass-awareness among these children/mothers through periodic education/practical-training on road-safety and traffic-regulations remains imperative.
Road use behaviour of urban primary school children in Ghana: case study of Ablekuma South Education Circuit of Metropolitan Accra
Authors: Yankson IK 
Published: October 2012

BackgroundApproximately 300 children die through traffic injuries annually in Ghana and school children are the majority.ObjectiveTo observe the road use behaviour of urban public primary school pupils in the Ablekuma South Education Circuit of Metropolitan Accra.MethodsThis unobtrusive observational study targeted Primary 1–6 pupils. Five behaviours were graded: Walking while crossing the road; Stopping at the kerb; Looking left-right-left before crossing; Keep looking left-right-left while crossing and Facing traffic while walking along the road. Eight public primary schools were randomly selected from the Ablekuma South Circuit of Accra. Minimum of 100 pupils were observed from each school. All 882 pupils were observed while on their way to or from school.Results/OutcomeA little over two in three children stopped at the kerb before crossing the road while almost three in four children looked for cars before stepping off the kerb. A little over three in four children walked while crossing as against less than one in four children who kept looking while crossing. Not looking for cars before crossing, not facing on-coming traffic and not keeping looking for cars while crossing the road, were more associated with boys than girls (p<0.001 in all cases). This suggests that girls behaved significantly more safely than boys. In stopping at the kerb, there was no difference in gender behaviour (p<0.135).Child Road Safety Education in Schools and Communities is recommended.Significance/Contribution to the FieldThe study will inform policy direction in helping to reduce childhood road traffic injuries in Ghana.
A population bases ED and office visits for paediatric concussion
Authors: MacPherson Alison 
Published: October 2012

BackgroundPaediatric concussions are an important reason for children to seek care from their physician or in the Emergency Department (ED). Although studies are suggesting that paediatric concussions are increasing for sports-related diagnoses, there is a paucity of population-based information for all causes and including both office and emergency department visits. The objective of this study was to provide population-based estimates of paediatric concussions by age, sex, and external cause of injury.MethodsThe National Ambulatory Care Reporting System (NACRS) was used to report on children in Ontario, Canada who attended an ED with a discharge diagnosis of concussion (S06) from 2003 to 2006. Children whose physician billed an office visit for a concussion based on the Ontario Health Insurance Program were also included.ResultsThere were over 80 000 children treated for concussions in Ontario over the seven study years. Fifty-two per cent were treated in physician's offices. Boys incurred 66% of all concussions, and the incidence was highest among 14-year-olds to 16-year-olds. The incidence of concussion is increasing, with an increase of 45% in physicians' offices, and an increase of 26% in EDs. Within the ED, 34% of all concussions were due to falls, and 18% were due to hockey or skating.ConclusionConcussions are an important cause of morbidity within the paediatric population in Ontario, and the incidence is increasing. It is important to capture both physician visits and ED visits when calculating incidence. Evidence-based strategies can be used to reduce the burden, with particular emphasis on falls and sports-related concussions.
Cluster randomised trial of an integrated, education, restraint subsidisation and fitting programme to increase child restraint use in 3-year-old to 5-year-old children
Authors: Keay L , Hunter K , Brown J , Simpson JM , Bilston LE , Elliott M , Stevenson M , Ivers RQ 
Published: October 2012

BackgroundWhile age-appropriate restraints protect child passengers against injuries, best practice child restraint use has been difficult to achieve.Aims/Objectives/PurposeTo evaluate the effectiveness of an education and distribution programme in increasing age-appropriate and correct child restraint use.MethodsWe conducted a cluster randomised trial of a multifaceted education, restraint distribution and fitting programme during 2010 and 28 early childhood education services in low socio-economic areas of urban Sydney, Australia participated. The main outcome measure was optimal restraint use defined as age-appropriate restraints, installed into the vehicle correctly and used correctly.Results/OutcomeOne service from the intervention arm withdrew after randomisation, so data are presented for 689 child passengers, aged 3–5 years arriving by vehicle at 27 centres during September–December 2010. More children attending intervention centres were optimally restrained (43% vs 31%, p=0.01, allowing for clustering by centre). The largest difference was among 3-year-olds using forward-facing seats rather than booster seats and among 5-year-olds using booster seats instead of seat belts alone at intervention centres. Among families who spoke a language other than English at home, more children attending intervention centres (43%) were optimally restrained than at control centres (17%) (p=0.002, allowing for clustering by center).Significance/Contributions to the FieldThe programme increased the use of age-appropriate restraints and the correct use of restraints which translates to improved protection against crash injury. This research shows that multifaceted education, seat distribution and fitting enhances the effects of legislation, particularly in linguistically isolated groups.
Plunket car seat rentals, protecting New Zealand children for over 30 years
Authors: Campbell S , McLaren C 
Published: October 2012

BackgroundIn 1978 a nationwide roadside survey in New Zealand revealed that only 20% of children used any kind of restraint while travelling in a vehicle. Plunket identified this as a major well child issue and in 1981 a pilot car seat rental scheme was launched, targeted at getting all new babies into a safe car seat. This was a world-leading initiative. A total of 150 rental schemes rapidly appeared countrywide and these outlets quickly became the place to get a child restraint for your child. By 1983, 283 schemes were offering 5500 infant restraints and 6893 child restraints. The retail value was NZ$1.1 million.AimsThe rental scheme aims to ensure children are secure in an appropriate restraint, installed correctly for every ride; to provide child restraints to New Zealand families at an affordable cost and to advocate for child passenger safety.MethodA variety of child restraints are available for hire. Qualified child restraint technicians assist the hirer to choose an appropriate restraint for the child and ensure they can install it correctly. The scheme continuously adapts to market change and staff professional training requirements to provide an expert service.Contribution to the FieldOver the last 30 years the Plunket car seat rental scheme has helped turn child restraint usage from a rare event to the norm on New Zealand roads. The Plunket car seat rental scheme remains the lead provider of restraints for hire throughout New Zealand.
Children's road traffic accidents in Republic of Bulgaria
Authors: Jeni Staykova , Galya Tsolova 
Published: October 2012

Background and ObjectiveChildren's Road Traffic Accidents (CRTA) is a question of present interest in several countries in the European Union, including in Bulgaria. The purpose of the present research is to make an analysis of children's and youths' involvement in road traffic accidents in the country, as well as to analyse the main reasons for their occurrence, with a view to the realisation of preventive activities in this direction.Materials and MethodsThe object of this research is all children up to the age of 17 who have suffered in road traffic accidents during the period 2008–2010.Results and ConclusionThe results from the research show that for the analysed period 3 771 children have become victims in Road Traffic Accidents, 175 of them died, and 3596 of them were afflicted with different traumas with different localisation and varying degree of severity. Nearly half of the children were involved in a Road Traffic Accident as passengers (respectively 69.1% of the dead and 45.7% of the injured). In most cases, the drivers of the Road Vehicles were the parents themselves, which enforces the development and realisation of preventive activities for the children's road traffic accidents.
Helmets for Kidsprogramme increases helmet use among students
Authors: Brondum L , Truong TNT , Dinh KP 
Published: October 2012

BackgroundResearch reveals that child helmet use rates in Vietnam are very low, despite legislation mandating that children 6 years and above must wear helmets. With motorcycles comprising 95% of all vehicles on the road, and an estimated 4000 children killed in road traffic crashes in Vietnam every year, helmets are a cost-effective and proven intervention. AIP Foundation'sHelmet for Kids(HFK) programme provides free helmets and traffic safety education to primary school students and encourages them to wear their helmets every day.ObjectiveTo evaluate the effectiveness ofHFKin increasing helmet use among elementary school children in Vietnam.MethodsHelmet observations were conducted at 24 elementary schools in four provinces in Vietnam, prior to and again within 2 weeks after the helmet donation. Qualitative interviews and focus group discussions were used to evaluate parents and teachers' integration, perceptions, and contributions.ResultsOn average, compliance rates increased from 25% in the pre-observation to 94% in the post-observation. Qualitative data reveals that teachers and parents, who play in important role in encouraging helmet use, appreciate the programme but that there is room for improvement with respect to parent mobilisation.SignificanceThe success of HFK in Vietnam suggests it can function as a model to promote child helmet use. Moreover, the in-depth understanding gained through evaluation allows opportunities for improvement and for an effective adaption to different contexts.
Development, implementation and evaluation of low speed vehicle runover education intervention
Authors: Bron KA , Roy Include Susan Teerds 
Published: October 2012

BackgroundLSVRO incidents are a significant cause of paediatric transport-related morbidity and mortality in Queensland—there are approximately three LSVRO incidents per week. Together with Kidsafe Queensland, an intervention (poster/sticker) was designed based on preliminary research findings of a retrospective analyses of 11 years of linked date on LSVRO incidents in QLD.AimsThis study was designed to evaluate the impact of a population-level education intervention to increase awareness regarding LSVRO incidents, and also to identify relevant target groups with low knowledge or inadequate behaviour in relation to LSVRO incidents.MethodKidsafe Queensland coordinated the poster printing and distribution. The poster was sent to all early childhood education centres, kindergartens, maternal child health units, and Kidsafe House. Prior to the intervention implementation, a cross-sectional sample of the population was interviewed at a shopping centre (pre-intervention), and this was repeated 4-months post-intervention. Data collected included: Demographic characteristics; LSVRO Environmental Risk Factors; LSVRO Knowledge, Attitudes and Behaviour.ResultsParticipants in the study had poor knowledge regarding LSVRO incidents, and poor safe driveway behaviour. The results highlight that there is no one group to target in relation to increasing awareness regarding LSVRO incidents, and prevention. There were limitations to this study, but the findings provide some evidence that the population-level intervention was successful in increasing awareness and improving behaviour regarding LSVRO incidents.Significance/Contribution to the FieldThis is the first survey known to the authors that has assessed knowledge, attitudes and behaviour in relation to LSVRO incidents.
Differential diagnosis of childhood abusive injury from unintentional injury based on bodygraphical information of injury
Authors: Kitamura K , Nishida Y , Yamanaka T 
Published: October 2012

Background/PurposeAlthough it is important to distinguish abusive injury from accidental injury, there is no standard differential diagnosis methods based on the data. One of useful information is data on injured body parts. It is said that its trends are different, but there is no tools for judging the difference based on the data. The purpose of this study is to develop a system for supporting differential diagnosis based on the data on injured body parts.MethodsWe have developed a system for collecting data on injured body parts for preventing childhood unintentional injury. This system enables us to describe injured body parts by painting on the three-dimensional shape model of a child. By overlaying data of multiple cases, the system calculates frequency distribution of injury. So far we've collected more than 16 000 unintentional injury data. Based on these data, we developed a system that computes probability of injury due to accident by calculating similarity between injury suspected of abuse and unintentional injury.Using data of 40 cases suspected of abuse, we verified the usefulness of developed system. The average of probability is 0.10 (SD=0.13). Since 40 cases are suspected of abuse, the result is reasonable and it indicates the usefulness of our system.ConclusionWe developed the system for supporting differential diagnosis based on data about injured body part. The usefulness of developed system was verified. Now we are verifying the feasibility in cooperation with a child guidance centre and some kindergarten.
Population attributable risk of unintentional childhood poisoning in Karachi Pakistan
Authors: Bilal Ahmed , Zafar Fatmi , Amna R Siddiqui 
Published: October 2012

IntroductionThe percentage of unintentional childhood poisoning cases in a given population attributable to specific risk factors (ie, the population attributable risk) was calculated as they are necessary to focus on the prevention strategies.MethodsWe calculated population attributable risks (PARs), using 120 cases with unintentional poisoning and 360 controls in a hospital based matched case- control study. The risk factors were accessibility to hazardous chemicals and medicines due to unsafe storage, child behaviour reported as hyperactive, storage of kerosene and petroleum in soft drink bottles, low socioeconomic class, less education of the mother and the history of previous poisoning.ResultsThe following attributed risks were observed: 12% (95% CI=8% to 16%) for both chemicals and medicines stored unsafe, 19% (15% to 23%) for child reported as hyperactive, 40% (38% to 42%) for storage of kerosene and petroleum in soft drink bottles, 48% (42% to 54%) for low socioeconomic status, 38% (32% to 42%) for no formal mothers education and 5.8% (2% to 10%) for history of previous poisoning. All 48% of cases for overall study population which could be attributed to at least one of the six risk factors. Among girls, this proportion was 23% and 43% among boys. About half of the unintentional childhood poisoning cases in this Pakistani population could be avoided.ConclusionExposure to potentially modifiable risk indicators explained about half of the cases of unintentional poisoning among children under 5 years of age in this Pakistani population, indicating the theoretical scope for prevention of the disease.
The first-aid advice and safety training (fast) parent programme to prevent unintentional home injuries in preschool children
Authors: Mytton J , Stewart-Brown S , Hewison C , Potter B , Azuike V , Park P 
Published: October 2012

BackgroundParenting programmes that improve understanding of the relationship between injury risk, parent-child interaction, child behaviour and child development have the potential to reduce child injuries. Educational anticipatory guidance has been recommended, but no such programmes currently exist.Aims/Objectives/PurposeWe aimed to develop a parenting programme that provided injury prevention education tailored to the stages of child development, for parents of preschool children who had sustained a medically attended injury in the last year.MethodsWorking with two voluntary sector organisations; Parenting UK and the Whoops! Child Safety Project, we developed a programme based on evidence-based components of existing parenting programmes where available and appropriate. The programme was evaluated against a validated parenting programme evaluation tool, against injury prevention criteria, and deliverability assessed through a feasibility cluster randomised trial.Results/OutcomeAn 8-week, group-based programme was developed where recommended parenting practices were illustrated with child injury risk scenarios, and included first aid advice as well as safety promotion. Four courses were delivered and feedback from parents and providers collected. The course was broadly welcomed by practitioners and acceptable to some parents. Recommendations for future use and development were given.Significance/Contribution to the FieldThe programme has the potential to be tested in a multicentre randomised controlled trial to determine effectiveness and cost-effectiveness in reducing injury occurrence. The potential stigma felt by parents of children who have been injured should not be underestimated and provides a major challenge for recruitment to such programmes.