bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The thermodynamics of boron extraction from liquid silicon using SiO2–CaO–MgO slag treatment
Authors: White Jesse F. , Allertz Carl , Du Sichen 
Published: March 2013

Abstract
In the refining of solar-grade silicon using slag treatment, boron dissolved in the silicon is oxidized and rejected to a liquid oxide (slag) phase. In this study the partitioning of boron between liquid silicon and SiO2–CaO–MgO slags was examined at 1 873 K over a range of slag compositions and oxygen partial pressures. It was found that the distribution of boron is indeed dependent on both the slag composition and the oxygen partial pressure. The concentration of MgO seems to have little impact on the partition ratio.
Effect of Hexamethylene Diisocyanate as Compatibilizer on the Mechanical Properties of Banana Fiber/Poly(butylene succinate) Composites
Authors: Kajiyama T. , Yasuda T. , Mimoto S. , Shimizu K. , Hayashi K. , Yamanaka T. , Murakami M. 
Published: March 2013

Abstract
We prepared banana fiber (BF)/poly(butylene succinate) (PBS) composites using hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI) as a compatibilizer. BF was treated with NaOH aqueous solution (BF-A). Both BF/PBS/HDI and BF-A/PBS/HDI composites were made by applying a batch type twin-kneader at 130°C. Dumbbell specimens were prepared by an injection molding machine at 130°C. Effect of concentration of NaOH aq on tensile strength and impact strength, effect of amount of HDI on tensile strength and Izod impact strength, and effect of mixing time on tensile strength and Izod impact strength of BF/PBS/HDI and BF-A/PBS/HDI composites were studied. When contents of HDI in composites were increased, tensile strength increased. In addition, when mixing times were increased, tensile strength increased. Although the mechanical properties of PBS were first degraded with the addition of BF, alkaline treatment to BF and the addition of HDI improved the mechanical properties. This probably due to the promotion of the adhesion between BF and PBS. The surface morphology of the fracture surfaces of the composites were observed with a scanning electron microscope (SEM). It shows that higher mechanical properties can be expected from compatibilized composites based on BF-As with aliphatic polyesters.
Improving Melt Strength of Polylactic Acid
Authors: Liu X. , Yu L. , Dean K. , Toikka G. , Bateman S. , Nguyen T. , Yuan Q. , Filippou C. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractMelt strength of polylactic acid (PLA) was improved through various modifications including grafting, crosslinking, chain extension, blending, plasticizing and nucleation. The results showed that melt strength was increased, to varying degrees, by crosslinking, chain extension and blending. In addition, melt strain (detected by velocity) was increased by chain extension, blending with elastomer, and plasticizing, but was decreased by crosslinking. The molecular weights, thermal properties and viscosity of the modified PLAs were also studied to investigate the causes of the observed variations in melt strength. Viscosity results generally corresponded with that of melt strength, but not with that of melt strain. With the exception of plasticizing and nucleation, the modifications had no significant effect on the thermal properties of PLA. The molecular weight (in particular the extremely large molecules representing by Mz) and the polydispersity of PLA were significantly increased after crosslinking and chain extension, which accounts for the observed increase in melt strength.
Long-Term Monitoring of an Endangered Desert Fish and Factors Influencing Population Dynamics
Authors: Van Haverbeke David R. , Stone Dennis M. , Coggins Lewis G , Pillow M. J. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractThe lower perennial corridor of the Little Colorado River in Grand Canyon, Arizona, is numerically dominated by endemic desert fishes and therefore significant for conservation of these species. From 2000 to 2012, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service conducted monitoring of native fishes in the Little Colorado River near its confluence with the Colorado River. The primary focus of these efforts was to estimate the spring and fall abundance of native fishes, especially the federally endangered humpback chub Gila cypha. Because humpback chub in Grand Canyon are influenced by operations of Glen Canyon Dam, our efforts provide managers of the Glen Canyon Dam Adaptive Management Program with abundance estimates and trends of humpback chub in the Little Colorado River, the most important tributary in Grand Canyon for spawning and production of this species. From 2001 to 2006, the spring abundance estimates of humpback chub ≥150 and ≥200 mm remained relatively low (≤3,419 and ≤2,002 fish, respectively), thereafter significantly increasing to highs of 8,083 and 6,250, respectively, by spring 2010. Also from 2000 to 2006, the fall abundance estimates of humpback chub were substantially below those abundances estimated after 2006. In addition, flannelmouth sucker Catostomus latipinnis and bluehead sucker Catostomus discobolus showed post-2006 increases in relative abundance, suggesting a systemwide event occurred that was beneficial to native fishes. Most of the increases of humpback chub occurred during the spring season in the reaches of the Little Colorado River between 5 and 13.57 km upstream from the confluence. Successful production of age 0 year classes of humpback chub may be partially driven by hydrograph dynamics of the Little Colorado River, whereas water temperatures and predation pressures in the mainstem Colorado River likely influence survivorship of native fishes into subadult and adult life stages.
Influence of Body Size on Dietary Nutrition of White-Tailed DeerOdocoileus virginianus
Authors: Luna Ryan S. , Duarte Adam , Weckerly Floyd W. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractIntraspecific competition is one of the major factors that can have an effect on the resources utilized within a habitat. Differences in diet quality of selected forage have been noted in size-dimorphic ungulates. However, on an intraspecific basis, data demonstrating a body size influence on diet quality are lacking. We examined diet quality across a range of body masses (14–76 kg) in white-tailed deer Odocoileus virginianus (n  =  108) in a 2,628-ha enclosure at Kerr Wildlife Management Area, Kerr County, Texas, USA. The quality of the diet consumed was determined by crude protein, acid detergent fiber, and neutral detergent fiber content of digesta in the rumen–reticulum. Results indicated that in relation to body mass, the ratio of crude protein to acid detergent fiber was greater for smaller bodied white-tailed deer. By consuming a diet higher in crude protein than did large bodied individuals, small-bodied individuals should meet their high mass-specific metabolic demands more efficiently. Furthermore, selective foraging by different-sized individuals might also reduce intraspecific competition. Information presented herein is relevant to wildlife managers in that by increasing available high-quality forage, small-bodied individuals will more efficiently meet their metabolic demands, which could have ramifications on recruitment within that population.
IL7Rα Contributes to Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis through Altered T Cell Responses and Nonhematopoietic Cell Lineages
Authors: Ashbaugh Jessica J. , Brambilla Roberta , Karmally Shaffiat A. , Cabello Cecilia , Malek Thomas R. , Bethea John R. 
Published: March 2013

Abstract
A mutation in the IL7Rα locus has been identified as a risk factor for multiple sclerosis (MS), a neurodegenerative autoimmune disease characterized by inflammation, demyelination, and axonal damage. IL7Rα has well documented roles in lymphocyte development and homeostasis, but its involvement in disease is largely understudied. In this study, we use the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model of MS to show that a less severe form of the disease results when IL7Rα expression is largely restricted to thymic tissue in IL7RTgIL7R−/− mice. Compared with wild-type (WT) mice, IL7RTgIL7R−/− mice exhibited reduced paralysis and myelin damage that correlated with dampened effector responses, namely decreased TNF production. Furthermore, treatment of diseased WT mice with neutralizing anti-IL7Rα Ab also resulted in significant improvement of EAE. In addition, chimeric mice were generated by bone marrow transplant to limit expression of IL7Rα to cells of either hematopoietic or nonhematopoietic origin. Mice lacking IL7Rα only on hematopoietic cells develop severe EAE, suggesting that IL7Rα expression in the nonhematopoietic compartment contributes to disease. Moreover, novel IL7Rα expression was identified on astrocytes and oligodendrocytes endogenous to the CNS. Chimeric mice that lack IL7Rα only on nonhematopoietic cells also develop severe EAE, which further supports the role of IL7Rα in T cell effector function. Conversely, mice that lack IL7Rα throughout both compartments are dramatically protected from disease. Taken together, these data indicate that multiple cell types use IL7Rα signaling in the development of EAE, and inhibition of this pathway should be considered as a new therapeutic avenue for MS.
Submandibular Abscess due to an Infected Keratocystic Odontogenic Tumor associated with Simultaneous Occurrence of a Traumatic Bone Cyst: A Rare Case Report
Authors: Davoodi Poorandokht , Rezaei-Soufi Loghman , Jazaeri Mina , Langaroodi Adineh Javadian , Zarch Seyed Hossein Hoseini 
Published: March 2013

ABSTRACT

Aim
The aim of this report is to introduce a rare case in which an infected keratocystic odontogenic tumor (KCOT) was initially diagnosed and treated as a dentoalveolar abscess.

Background
Keratocystic odontogenic tumor (KCOT) is a benign neoplasm that can be secondarily infected. However, cervical soft tissue abscess formation as a result of an infected odontogenic cyst or tumor is a rare condition few of which have only been described in the existing literature. Also, there has been a single report regarding the coincidence of a traumatic bone cyst and a keratocytic odontogenic tumor to date.

Case report
The patient was a 29-year-old male, complaining of fever, pain and swelling in the left submandibular region. The panoramic radiography showed a well-defined and partially corticated radiolucency between the roots of the second and third left mandibular molars. In addition, a well-corticated radiolucent lesion was incidentally found on the right side of the mandible, which, following surgical exploration, was diagnosed as a traumatic bone cyst.

Conclusion
In the present report, an infected KCOT manifested as a cervical abscess, coincided with a traumatic bone cyst.

Clinical significance
From the clinical point of view, it is of paramount significance to prevent misdiagnosis of similar presentations as pulp and periapical lesions, which may lead to mistreatment and thus complications.

How to cite this article
Davoodi P, Rezaei-Soufi L, Jazaeri M, Javadian Langaroodi A, Hoseini Zarch SH. Submandibular Abscess due to an Infected Keratocystic Odontogenic Tumor associated with Simultaneous Occurrence of a Traumatic Bone Cyst: A Rare Case Report. J Contemp Dent Pract 2013;14(1): 133-136.
Factores de Riesgo Para Desarrollar Empiema Postraumático
Authors: Salcedo Alexander , Henao Carlos Alberto , Cardona Alexandra , Naranjo Santiago , Villegas María Isabel , Morales Carlos Hernando 
Published: March 2013

RESUMEN

Introducción
El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar los factores de riesgo asociados con el desarrollo del empiema postraumático en pacientes con trauma de tórax tratados con toracostomía cerrada.

Materiales y métodos
Estudio de casos y controles, en pacientes mayores de 12 años con trauma de tórax que requirieron una toracostomía cerrada para el tratamiento de su lesión torácica. Realizado en el Hospital Universitario San Vicente Fundación, (Medellín, Colombia) entre mayo de 2003 y diciembre de 2010.

Resultados
Se revisaron las historias de 220 pacientes, 52 casos y 168 controles. Se hizo un análisis bivariado y posteriormente una regresión logística en la que se demostró que los Factores de Riesgo (FR) independientes para el desarrollo de empiema postraumático (EPT) fueron: la presencia de hemotórax coagulado postraumático (OR: 52,22 – IC 95%: 16,99-160,52), no dar antibiótico presuntivo (OR: 4,54 – IC del 95%: 1,33-15,55) y tener trauma cerrado (OR: 5,07 – IC del 95%: 1,48-17,40). En la mayoría de los casos, el empiema fue tratado con toracoscopia y toracotomía. El germen más frecuentemente aislado fue el estafilococo aureus.

Conclusión
Dos factores de riesgo independientes son modificables; algunos autores han mencionado la utilización del antibiótico presuntivo para disminuir el riesgo de empiema. Y el hemotórax coagulado postraumático puede ser prevenido verificando tempranamente (posiblemente antes de 48 horas), que espacio pleural esté libre de colecciones.
Associação do Valor Preditivo do New Injury Severity Score (Niss) Com A Escala de Resultados de Glasgow em Pacientes Com Lesão Axonial Difusa
Authors: de Alencar Domingues Cristiane , de Cássia Almeida Vieira Rita , de Andrade Almir Ferreira , de Paula Guirado Vinícius Monteiro , de Sousa Regina Márcia Cardoso 
Published: March 2013

ABSTRACT
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) affects large numbers of victims and constitutes a serious public health problem in Brazil. Diffuse axonal injury (DAI) is the most common consequence of TBI and it is responsible for most of the chronic sequelae. Analysis of the prognostic index new injury severity score (NISS) determines the severity of injuries by body region examined during the hospital stay and it is really useful in making decisions about treatment strategies and to predict mortality of victims. Given the above, the purpose of this study was to collect epidemiological data of victims with exclusive diagnosis of DAI and test the association of the predictive value of the NISS with the Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) at the hospital discharge. We analyzed medical records of 21 victims with exclusive diagnosis of DAI admitted to the DAI ambulatory at Clinics Hospital of the Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, located in São Paulo city, from January 2011 to February 2012. The results show a predominance of male (76.2%) aged 24 years (±11.9) admitted during the morning (42.8%), on Saturday (23.8%), victims of motorcycle accidents (74 42%), referred to the hospital by prehospital specialized service (85.7%), with Glasgow Coma Scale less than or equal to 8 (76.2%); 71.4% of the victims were addmited at the Intensive Care Unit (ICU), with an lenght of hospital stay of 07 days (±20.46) and NISS mean of 36 (± 9.99). All victims had serious head injury with elevated head MAIS and severe disability (66.7%). Statistically significant association was found between NISS and the GOS. The severity of the victims with DAI by NISS is an important indicator of health care and can assist in the planning of multidisciplinary rehabilitation program specialist.

How to cite this article
de Alencar Domingues C, de Cássia Almeida Vieira R, de Andrade AF, de Paula Guirado VM, de Sousa RMC. Associação do Valor Preditivo do New Injury Severity Score (Niss) Com A Escala de Resultados de Glasgow em Pacientes Com Lesão Axonial Difusa. Panam J Trauma Critical Care Emerg Surg 2012;1(3):186-187.
Eficacia de la Goma de Mascar en el Restablecimiento del Tránsito Intestinal por íleo Paralitico Postoperatorio: Un Estudio Prospectivo y Aleatorio
Authors: Cabrera Gonzalo Torres Ortiz , Justiniano Klaus , Herrera Luis , Ortiz Marlen Vásquez , Vargas Vivian Corrales 
Published: March 2013

RESUMEN

Introducción
El íleo postoperatorio es una importante causa de morbilidad después de un procedimiento quirúrgico abdominal. Un factor causal del retardo de la motilidad del tracto gastrointestinal es la presencia de una hiperactividad simpática generalizada que inhibe la motilidad intestinal.
La fase cefálica de la digestión se inicia con la masticación, que activa al nervio vago (parasimpático) estimulando la actividad eléctrica del músculo gastrointestinal y control hormonal. Por tal motivo, el presente trabajo pretende conocer si la goma de mascar estimula la actividad parasimpática y si logra restablecer el tránsito intestinal lo más precoz posible.

Métodos
Estudio experimental, prospectivo, longitudinal, randomizado y aleatorio. Se seleccionaron 2 grupos de acuerdo al orden de ingreso en Servicio de Cirugía—Hospital Clínico Viedma (hospital 3er nivel), atendidos por herida penetrante de abdomen con lesión del tubo digestivo, un grupo control y otro de estudio a los que se administró goma de mascar a las 6 horas del postoperatorio.

Resultados
Pacientes que recibieron goma de mascar recuperaron más rápidamente la motilidad intestinal con expulsión de gases antes de las 12 horas en el 76% de los casos, en comparación con el grupo control que eliminó más allá de las 24 horas, pacientes del grupo estudio experimentaron movimientos intestinales y defecación por primera vez dentro de las primeras 48 horas en un 65%, dos días antes que el grupo control.
Es así que a los pacientes del grupo estudio se les administró alimentación vía oral al día siguiente de su cirugía en el 76% de los casos en relación al grupo control que recibieron alimentación tres a cuatro días después.

Conclusiones
La goma de mascar debería incluirse como terapia complementaria en el postoperatorio de estos pacientes, ya que favorece el temprano restablecimiento del tránsito intestinal y constituye una forma económica y fisiológica de estimular la motilidad intestinal.
Cystoscopy in Non-Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer: When and how (Rigid or Flexible)
Authors: Cicione Antonio , Cantiello Francesco , Damiano Rocco 
Published: March 2013

Cystoscopy is a common procedure in the urological practice due to its ability to survey the bladder for a variety of indications. It is the principal means of diagnosis and surveillance of bladder tumors. Hematuria is the most common finding of non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC), as a consequence of that it is one of the most frequent reasons to perform cystoscopy. The follow-up of patients treated for NMIBC is of great importance because of the high incidence of recurrence and progression of the disease, whereby patients with NMIBC undergo cystoscopy repeatedly (every three months generally). At present, the schedule and methods of follow-up is a sign of patient's progression and recurrence risk, which has to be rated for each patient when follow-up begins. Moreover, before the development of flexible cystoscopy, patients underwent rigid cystoscopy with greater discomfort. The advance of flexible cystoscopy has significantly decreased the pain and discomfort associated with the procedure, and the flexible instrument is currently considered the standard tool to perform cystoscopy. However, controversies exist about the use of anesthetic gel during cystoscopy. The aim of this study is to report some short evidence about cystoscopy in particularly about the follow-up timing for NMIBC and the use of rigid or flexible cystoscopy.
Second-Line Intravesical Therapy. What is the Present Role of Device-Assisted Therapy?
Authors: Racioppi Marco , D'Agostino Daniele , Di Gianfrancesco Luca , Bassi Pier Francesco 
Published: March 2013

Non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer is a common urinary malignancy whose management is a challenge: strong evidence supports the use of passive intravesical chemotherapy in the management of this tumor. Despite current guidelines, the treatment is suboptimal as illustrated by the high risk of recurrence and progression. Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) is the gold standard for the treatment of high-grade non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer, but in case of disease persistence, after 2 consecutive induction courses of BCG, patients must undergo radical cystectomy. We discuss options for second-line adjuvant therapy for non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer in standard treatment non-responder patients. We investigated the use and application of device-assisted therapy for the intravesical treatment of bladder cancer, such as thermochemotherapy (TCT) and electromotive drug administration (EMDA). Many studies demonstrate their synergistic therapeutic effect, greater than the single treatment with chemotherapy, inducing an increased absorption of the chemotherapeutic agent (Mitomycin C) to the urothelium. TCT and EMDA are safe and effective in terms of outcomes. For the future it will be important to encourage the use of the existing technology within the appropriate clinical indications.
How Inspecting a Picture Affects Processing of Text in Multimedia Learning
Authors: Eitel Alexander , Scheiter Katharina , Schüler Anne 
Published: March 2013

SummaryWe investigated how a picture fosters learning from text, both with self‐paced presentation and with short presentation before text. In an experiment, participants (N = 114) learned about the structure and functioning of a pulley system in one of six conditions: text only, picture presentation for 150 milliseconds, 600 milliseconds, or 2 seconds, or self‐paced before text, or self‐paced concurrent presentation of text and picture. Presenting the picture for self‐paced study time, both before and concurrently with text, fostered recall and comprehension and sped up text processing compared with presenting text only. Moreover, even inspecting the picture for only 600 milliseconds or 2 seconds improved comprehension and yielded faster reading of subsequent text about the spatial structure of the system compared with text only. These findings suggest that pictures, even if attended for a short time only, may yield a spatial mental scaffold that allows for the integration with verbal information, thereby fostering comprehension. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
H ∞  filtering for discrete‐time Markov jump systems with unknown transition probabilities
Authors: Luan Xiaoli , Zhao Shunyi , Shi Peng , Liu Fei 
Published: March 2013

SUMMARYThis paper investigates the state estimation problem for a class of Markov jump systems with unknown transition probabilities (TPs). Considering more general cases where the TPs are unknown, but the distribution of TPs can be approximated by Gaussian process, we use the Gaussian transition PDF to describe the random distribution characteristics of TPs. With the proposed PDF description, the corresponding Markov jump systems can cover the systems with precisely known and partially known TPs as two special cases. A discretization method is firstly developed to obtain the expectation of TPs from the Gaussian PDF. Then, an H ∞  filter is designed such that the closed‐loop systems are stochastically stable and the estimation error satisfies a given noise attenuation level. Finally, a numerical example is worked out to illustrate the effectiveness of the theoretical results.Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.