bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Longer consumption of flaxseed oil enhances n‐3 fatty acid content of chicken meat and expression of FADS2 gene
Authors: Mirshekar Reza , Boldaji Fathollah , Dastar Behrouz , Yamchi Ahad , Pashaei Somayeh 
Published: December 2014

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different durations of flaxseed oil consumption on broiler performance, fatty acid content of meat and expression of FADS2 gene in the liver of chicken. A total of 336 unsexed day old chicks were randomly assigned to 7 dietary treatments with 4 replicates of 12 chickens in each. Body weight, weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion ratio were not affected by dietary treatments. Longer consumption of flaxseed oil resulted in higher deposition of long chain n‐3 fatty acids in broiler breast and thigh (P < 0.05). Regression analysis showed that feeding broilers with diet enriched with flaxseed oil 17 and 7 days prior to slaughter for breast and thigh respectively, is enough for producing n‐3 labeled meat. Weekly replacement of oil source of diet (soybean oil) with flaxseed oil increased expression of FADS2 gene. To incorporate enough n‐3 fatty acids into chicken meat through addition of flaxseed oil to broiler diet and to maximize de novo long chain n‐3 fatty acid synthesis in broiler body, we recommend adding flaxseed oil to broiler diets 17 days prior to slaughter.Practical applications: Omega‐3 enrichment of broiler chickens depends on both nutrition and gene expression. Flaxseed oil is an omega‐3 oil source that can be supplemented to broiler diet to enrich chicken meat with the beneficial n‐3 fatty acids. However, adding such oil sources to broiler rations is restricted because of their negative effects on broiler performance and meat quality. Therefore, shorter period of such oil sources consumption is preferred. Flaxseed oil consumption can affect gene expression too. Thus, it is necessary to determine the optimum duration of flaxseed oil supplementation to broiler diets to produce omega‐3 labeled chicken using both nutrition and gene expression.Flaxseed oil consumption can affect fatty acid profile of chicken meat through manipulation of fatty acid deposition, de novo fatty acid synthesis, fatty acid oxidation and expression of genes involved in fatty acid metabolism. To incorporate enough n‐3 fatty acids into chicken, providing at least 3 g n‐3 fatty acid per kilogram of meat, by adding flaxseed oil to broiler diet, we recommend adding flaxseed oil to broiler diets 17 days prior to slaughter.
Seed oils recovered from industrial fruit by‐products are a rich source of tocopherols and tocotrienols: Rapid separation of α/β/γ/δ homologues by RP‐HPLC/FLD
Authors: Górnaś Paweł , Soliven Arianne , Segliņa Dalija 
Published: December 2014

The profiles of tocopherols and tocotrienols (vitamin E) in the seed oils recovered from apple (Malus domestica Borkh.), canary melon (Cucumis melo L.), gooseberry (Ribes uva‐crispa L.), grape (Vitis vinifera L.), Japanese quince (Chaenomeles japonica), pomegranate (Punica granatum L.), red currant (Ribes rubrum L.), sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.), and watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) by‐products of the fruit industry were studied. The highest concentration of tocochromanols was found in pomegranate seed oil (398.73 mg/100 g) and the lowest in gooseberry seed oil (69.13 mg/100 g). The γ and α homologues were the predominant forms of tocopherol and tocotrienol in all fruit seed oils studied. The pomegranate, canary melon, watermelon, gooseberry and red currants seed oils contained mainly γ‐tocopherol (382.69, 63.08, 111.01, 60.35, and 156.39 mg/100 g, respectively). In the apple, sea buckthorn and Japanese quince seed oils, α‐tocopherol was the predominant tocochromanol (58.77, 121.79, and 198.94 mg/100 g, respectively). High concentrations of tocotrienol homologes (γ and α) (49.49 and 34.53 mg/100 g, respectively) were found only in grape seed oil. A significant correlation (r = 0.994, p < 0.00001) between the total content of tocochromanols in the seed oils and scavenging of the free radical DPPH was found.Practical applicationsThis study demonstrated that seed oils recovered from industrial fruit by‐products generated by the food industry are valuable source of tocochromanols. Therefore, fruit seed oils may be successfully applied to obtain new products rich in vitamin E for the food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries, with environmental sustainability benefits and a more effective use of harvested plant material.The profiles of tocopherols and tocotrienols in the seed oils recovered from apple (Malus domestica Borkh.), canary melon (Cucumis melo L.), gooseberry (Ribes uva‐crispa L.), grape (Vitis vinifera L.), Japanese quince (Chaenomeles japonica (Thunb.) Lindl. ex Spach), pomegranate (Punica granatum L.), red currant (Ribes rubrum L.), sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) and watermelon (Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai) by‐products of the fruit industry were studied. The homologues γ and α were predominant for both, tocopherols and tocotrienols. However, the concentration and composition of tocochromanols varied considerably in seed oils recovered from industrial fruit by‐products.
Effects of centrally acting analgesics on spinal segmental reflexes and wind‐up
Authors: Mazo I. , Roza C. , Zamanillo D. , Merlos M. , Vela J.M. , Lopez‐Garcia J.A. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractBackgroundThe spinal cord is a prime site of action for analgesia. Here we characterize the effects of established analgesics on segmental spinal reflexes. The aim of the study was to look for the pattern of action or signature of analgesic effects on these reflexes.MethodsWe used a spinal cord in vitro preparation of neonate mice to record ventral root responses to dorsal root stimulation. Pregabalin, clonidine, morphine and duloxetine and an experimental sigma‐1 receptor antagonist (S1RA) were applied to the preparation in a cumulative concentration protocol. Drug effects on the wind‐up produced by repetitive stimulation of C‐fibres and on responses to single A‐ and C‐fibre intensity stimuli were analysed.ResultsAll compounds produced a concentration‐dependent inhibition of total spikes elicited by repetitive stimulation. Concentrations producing ∼50% reduction in this parameter were (in μM) clonidine (0.01), morphine (0.1), pregabalin (1), duloxetine (10) and S1RA (30). At these concentrations clonidine, pregabalin and S1RA had significant effects on the wind‐up index and little depressant effects on responses to single stimuli. Morphine and duloxetine did not depress wind‐up index and showed large effects on responses to single stimuli. None of the compounds had strong effects on the amplitude of the non‐nociceptive monosynaptic reflex.Conclusionsmorphine and duloxetine had general depressant effects on spinal reflexes, whereas the effects of clonidine, pregabalin and S1RA appeared to be restricted to signals originated by strong repetitive activation of C‐fibres. Results are discussed in the context of reported behavioural effects of the compounds studied.
Effect of Ionic Liquid Anion Type in the Performance of Solid Polymer Electrolytes Based on Poly(Vinylidene fluoride‐trifluoroethylene)
Authors: Leones R. , Costa C. M. , Machado A. V. , Esperança J. M. S. S. , Silva M. M. , Lanceros‐Méndez S. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThe effect of different anions within the ionic liquid in the characteristics of solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) based on P(VDF‐TrFE) has been investigated. 1‐ethyl‐3‐methylimidazolium acetate, [C2mim][OAc], 1‐ethyl‐3‐methylimidazolium triflate, [C2mim][(CF3SO3)], 1‐ethyl‐3‐methylimidazolium lactate, [C2mim][Lactate], 1‐ethyl‐3‐methylimidazolium thiocyanate, [C2mim][SNC] and 1‐ethyl‐3‐methylimidazolium hydrogen sulfate [C2mim][HSO4] have been used in SPE prepared by solvent casting. The polymer phase, thermal and electrochemical properties of the SPE have been determined. The thermal and electrical properties of the SPEs strongly depend on the selected IL, as determined by their different interactions with the polymer matrix. The room temperature ionic conductivity increases in the following way for the different anions: [SNC]>[CF3SO3)]>[HSO4]>[Lactate]>[OAc], which is mainly dependent on the viscosity of the ionic liquid.
Pig feeds rich in rapeseed products and organic selenium increased omega‐3 fatty acids and selenium in pork meat and backfat
Authors: Gjerlaug‐Enger Eli , Haug Anna , Gaarder Mari , Ljøkjel Kari , Stenseth Ragna Sveipe , Sigfridson Kerstin , Egelandsdal Bjørg , Saarem Kristin , Berg Per 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThe concentration of omega‐3 fatty acids and selenium (Se) is generally too low in the Western diet. But as the nutrient composition of pork meat and adipose tissue is influenced by the feed given to the animals, the product can be changed to support nutrient demands. Half (297/594) the pigs were given a feed concentrate based on low‐glucosinolate rapeseed products (RS), while the other half was fed a traditional concentrate (Contr): TheRSfeed had an omega‐6/omega‐3 ratio of 3.6:1, and the Contr feed had a ratio of 8.9:1, and both feeds were supplemented with 0.4 mg Se/kg (organic Se: inorganic Se, 1:1). There was a small difference in growth rate, but no differences in feed conversion ratio, lean meat percentage, carcass value, and margin per pig for the two groups. There were no differences in meat quality between the two groups, but there were differences in technological fat quality. TheRSpigs contained about 2 times more alpha‐linolenic acid in the backfat and 41% more in the meat (M. longissimus dorsi) compared to the controls. The concentration ofEPA,DPA, andDHAwere 42% and 20% higher in backfat and meat of theRSpigs compared to the control pigs respectively. The ratio between omega‐6/omega‐3 fatty acids were 4.7 in the meat and 4.0 in the backfat in theRSpigs, and the corresponding values were 6.6 and 8.0 in the control pigs. The selenium content was 0.3 mg/kg meat in both groups. The study showed that a portion of the present pig meat (175 g) provided the daily recommended intake of Se for men and women and about 1/6 of proposed reference intake of omega‐3LCPUFA(250 mg/day) to reduce the risk ofCVDthereby providing a meat that is somewhat healthier for the consumer.
Mechanik des Kriechens von Böschungen und Hängen
Authors: Goldscheider Michael 
Published: December 2014

AbstractFür natürliche Hänge auf einer Tonschicht und mit veränderlichem Grundwasserspiegel werden die Phänomene Kriechen als Folge von geschwindigkeitsabhängigem (viskosem) Materialverhalten und Rutschen als Grenzfall und plastisches Versagen definiert und erklärt. Für beide Phänomene werden die maßgebenden Materialgesetze für die entfestigten Zonen dargestellt. Das viskose Materialgesetz, welches in undränierten Versuchen (CU‐Triaxialversuchen) zu beobachten ist, wird so verallgemeinert, dass es auch für die dränierten Verhältnisse in einem Hang gilt und die Änderung der Kriechgeschwindigkeit mit der Änderung der Höhe des Grundwasserspiegels vorhersagt. Es wird beschrieben, wie mit diesen Materialgesetzen und anhand von Bewegungsmessungen in Bohrlöchern die genauest mögliche rechnerische Vorhersage der Kriechgeschwindigkeit ebenso wie der Sicherheit gegen Rutschen bei Änderung des Grundwasserspiegels und/oder der Belastungen oder Einbau einer stützenden Konstruktion durchzuführen ist. Die Vorausberechnung der Kriechgeschwindigkeit verläuft dabei wie eine modifizierte Berechnung der Sicherheit gegen Rutschen.Mechanics of creeping of slopes and hillsides. The mechanics of creeping due to rate‐dependant (viscous) material behaviour and sliding as the limiting state of plastic failure are defined and outlined for hillsides with variable groundwater level situated on top of a clay layer. For both phenomena, the proper material laws for the zones of softened soil are depicted. The viscous material law obtained by undrained tests (CU triaxial tests) is generalized for the application to drained conditions in a hillside so that it can also be used to predict changes of the creep rate depending on changing groundwater levels. It is described in detail how these material laws, together with displacement measurements in boreholes, can be used to make reliable predictions of the creep rate and safety against sliding caused by changes of groundwater level and/or loads or by the installation of retaining structures. The prediction of the creep rate proceeds as a modified conventional calculation of the safety against sliding.
Zur Tragfähigkeit einzelner und benachbarter Streifenfundamente – Berechnungen zum Einfluss der Sohlreibung und von Wechselwirkungsfaktoren mittels der KEM
Authors: v. Blumenthal Achim , Gussmann Peter , Lavasan Arash Alimardani , König Diethard , Schanz Tom 
Published: December 2014

AbstractDie Beurteilung der Grundbruchsicherheit flach gegründeter Fundamente ist ein zentrales Thema auf dem Gebiet der Bodenmechanik und des Grundbaus. In Deutschland ist die Nachweisführung in [1] für ausgewählte Randbedingungen geregelt. Die Grundbruchgleichung basiert auf dem Superpositionsansatz nach Terzaghi. In diesem Beitrag wird der signifikante Einfluss der Sohlreibung auf den Bruchmechanismus und die Tragfähigkeit eines einzelnen Streifenfundaments diskutiert. Für eine raue Sohlausbildung wird der bekannte Berechnungsansatz für den Grundbruchwiderstand für den Fall zweier benachbarter und wechselwirkender Streifenfundamente erweitert. Mit Hilfe der Kinematischen Elemente Methode (KEM) nach [2] und [3] werden zunächst ein geeigneter Bruchmechanismus entwickelt und anschließend für unterschiedliche Abstände S zwischen den beiden Fundamenten und verschiedene Reibungswinkel ϕ die Traglasten der Fundamente berechnet. Durch Einführung eines Wechselwirkungsfaktors η, der die Traglast benachbarter Fundamente mit der eines frei stehenden Fundaments in Relation setzt, wird die Steigerung der Traglast beschrieben. Ein Vergleich mit anderen theoretischen sowie experimentellen Untersuchungen zeigt eine gute Übereinstimmung mit den mit der KEM berechneten Ergebnissen bei vergleichbaren Annahmen der Bruchmechanismen sowie der Sohlreibungsverhältnisse.On the bearing capacity of single and interfering strip footings – Analysis of the influence of footing‐base‐friction and interference factors by the KEM. The assessment of bearing capacity of shallow footings is one of the main topics in soil mechanics as well as in foundation engineering. In Germany the safety analysis is regulated in [1]. Chosen boundary conditions are considered. The so called ground failure equation is based on the superposition principle after Terzaghi. In the present article the significant influence of base‐friction on the bearing capacity of shallow strip footings will be discussed. The general approach of the bearing capacity analysis will be extended to the boundary condition of two adjacent interfering rough footings. By using the Kinematical Element Method (KEM), originally developed in [2] and [3], an appropriate failure mechanism will be developed and bearing capacity calculations are carried out for varying distances S between the footings. Also different friction angles ϕ of the soil will be considered in this parameter study. By defining an efficiency factor η, as the ratio of an interfering footing and one that is isolated, the change in bearing capacity can be evaluated. A comparison with available theoretical and experimental data confirms the present KEM‐results.
Beyond BOLD: Optimizing functional imaging in stroke populations
Authors: Veldsman Michele , Cumming Toby , Brodtmann Amy 
Published: December 2014

AbstractBlood oxygenation level‐dependent (BOLD) signal changes are often assumed to directly reflect neural activity changes. Yet the real relationship is indirect, reliant on numerous assumptions, and subject to several sources of noise. Deviations from the core assumptions of BOLD contrast functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), and their implications, have been well characterized in healthy populations, but are frequently neglected in stroke populations. In addition to conspicuous local structural and vascular changes after stroke, there are many less obvious challenges in the imaging of stroke populations. Perilesional ischemic changes, remodeling in regions distant to lesion sites, and diffuse perfusion changes all complicate interpretation of BOLD signal changes in standard fMRI protocols. Most stroke patients are also older than the young populations on which assumptions of neurovascular coupling and the typical analysis pipelines are based. We present a review of the evidence to show that the basic assumption of neurovascular coupling on which BOLD‐fMRI relies does not capture the complex changes arising from stroke, both pathological and recovery related. As a result, estimating neural activity using the canonical hemodynamic response function is inappropriate in a number of contexts. We review methods designed to better estimate neural activity in stroke populations. One promising alternative to event‐related fMRI is a resting‐state‐derived functional connectivity approach. Resting‐state fMRI is well suited to stroke populations because it makes no performance demands on patients and is capable of revealing network‐based pathology beyond the lesion site. Hum Brain Mapp 36:1620–1636, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Differential Effects of Declining Rates in a Per Diem Payment System
Authors: Besstremyannaya Galina 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThe paper demonstrates differential effects of a prospective payment system with declining per diem rates, dependent on the percentiles of length of stay. The analysis uses dynamic panel data estimates and a recent nationwide administrative database for major diagnostic categories in 1068 Japanese hospitals in 2006–2012 to show that average length of stay significantly increases for hospitals in percentiles 0–25 of the pre‐reform length of stay and significantly decreases for hospitals in percentiles 51–100. The decline of the average length of stay is larger for hospitals in higher percentiles of the length of stay. Hospitals in percentiles 51–100 significantly increase their rate of nonemergency/unanticipated readmissions within 42 days after discharge. The decline in the length of total episode of treatment is smaller for hospitals in percentiles 0–25. The findings are robust in terms of the choice of a cohort of hospitals joining the reform. The paper discusses applicability of ‘best practice’ rate‐setting to help improve the performance of hospitals in the lowest quartile of average length of stay. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Experimental Insights into the Structure and Reactivity of Frustrated Lewis Pairs
Authors: Rocchigiani Luca 
Published: December 2014

AbstractFrustrated Lewis pairs (FLPs), namely the combination of a Lewis acid (LA) and a Lewis base (LB) that cannot fulfil their natural propensity to form stable Lewis adducts, have been recently exploited to activate small molecules, such as H2 and CO2, and have drawn much interest, due to their applicability in metal‐free catalytic reactions. This review focuses mainly on the experimental studies of both the structure and reactivity of FLPs providing a starting body of evidence to elucidate the mechanism of their action. Important insights coming from NMR spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction and other experimental techniques are highlighted and discussed. In particular, evidence about the tendency of LA and LB to interact in the absence of a substrate are commented on for both inter‐ and intramolecular FLPs, underlining the role played by the structure of LA and LB in determining the level of interaction. Next, the effect of the structure of FLPs on the kinetics and thermodynamics of substrate activation is illustrated, with a particular focus on catalytic hydrogenation reactions.
Novel tea polyphenol‐modified calcium phosphate nanoparticle and its remineralization potential
Authors: He Libang , Deng Dongmei , Zhou Xuedong , Cheng Lei , ten Cate Jacob M. , Li Jiyao , Li Xudong , Crielaard Wim 
Published: December 2014

AbstractTea polyphenols (TP) are not only potent antimicrobial and antioxidant agents but also effective modifiers in the formation of nanosized crystals. Since nano‐hydroxyapatite (n‐HA) is known to enhance remineralization of dental hard tissue, our aims were to synthesize nanosized calcium phosphate particles incorporating TP and to test their potential as caries preventive agent. An ammonia water diffusion method was used to synthesize nanosized calcium phosphate particles (TP‐CaP) in the presence of various amounts of TP. The resultant products were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X‐ray diffraction (XRD). The remineralization potential of the nano TP‐CaP was then investigated in a 12‐day pH‐cycling model. Nano TP‐CaP slurries, at pH 7.0 and pH 5.5, were applied onto preformed enamel lesions 4 × 3 min per day. n‐HA slurries at pH 7.0 and pH 5.5 were used as positive controls, and deionized water was served as a negative control. SEM showed nanosized particles were only formed at 27 mg/mL of TP. Further characterization of the nanosized particles revealed the components were amorphous calcium phosphate, HA, and TP. Both surface microhardness and transverse microradiography analyses showed that nano TP‐CaP at pH 5.5, but not at pH 7.0, significantly enhanced remineralization, to the same extent as the n‐HA controls. Furthermore, significantly higher amount of TP was found in the supernatant of TP‐CaP at pH 5.5 than those at pH 7.0. Since TP can inhibit bacterial growth and enzyme activities, the novel nanosized TP‐CaP particle, at low pH, is a potential dual‐functional‐remineralization and antibacteria‐product. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 103B: 1525–1531, 2015.
Production of protein‐ and carbohydrate‐EPS in activated sludge reactors operated at different carbon to nitrogen ratios
Authors: Geyik Ayşe Gül , Çeçen Ferhan 
Published: December 2014

AbstractBACKGROUNDThis study aimed to clarify how a variation in the carbon to nitrogen (C/N) ratio in influent wastewater affects the production and composition of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) in activated sludge. In the literature such a comparative analysis is rarely presented, most studies on EPS focus on simultaneous organic carbon removal and nitrification whereas little attention is paid to the case of low organic load or separate‐stage nitrification.RESULTSAmong the very loosely bound, loosely bound and tightly bound EPS fractions, tightly bound EPS prevailed in semi‐continuously fed batch activated sludge reactors that were fed at a C/N ratio of 10, 5 and 0, respectively. The C/N ratio had no clear effect on total EPS production, however it changed the proportion of proteins and carbohydrates. In each sludge proteins constituted the dominant part of EPS, but the EPS of the nitrifying sludge (C/N = 0), had a definitely higher protein content. As evidenced by HPSEC fingerprints, in all EPS fractions most proteins had MWs ≤16 kDa. Depending on the C/N ratio in a reactor, high MW proteins in EPS shifted from tightly bound fractions to others.CONCLUSIONThe study is among the few that highlight how the protein and carbohydrate content in EPS changes at different C/N ratios. Since wastewater composition in a treatment system affects the chemical composition of EPS, each sludge might have different responses to uptake of xenobiotics such as metals. Further, this difference in composition might affect sludge settling, dewatering and membrane fouling. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry