bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Site‐Specific Loading at the Fifth Metatarsal Base in Rehabilitative Devices: Implications for Jones Fracture Treatment
Authors: Hunt Kenneth J. , Goeb Yannick , Esparza Rolando , Malone Maria , Shultz Rebecca , Matheson Gordon 
Published: May 2014

BackgroundFractures of the fifth metatarsal base are a relatively common injury. Whether treated surgically or nonsurgically, injury rehabilitation typically involves immobilization in a rigid sandal or short controlled ankle movement (CAM) walker boot.ObjectiveTo determine the peak pressure, contact pressure, and impulse at the base of the fifth metatarsal in 3 common footwear devices during common gait activities.DesignThis was a retrospective comparative study.SettingResearch was conducted in a sports performance laboratory at a university.ParticipantsTwenty subjects without a recent history of foot injuries volunteered to participate.MethodsEach subject performed 3 common gait activities (walking, heel walking, and pivoting) in 3 footwear devices (short CAM walker boot, postoperative sandal, running shoe). Pressure data were sampled (100 Hz) using individually sized plantar pressure insoles and software (Tekscan). Walking trials were collected at 1.0 m/s ± 5% (FusionSport Timing Gates).Outcome MeasurementsPeak pressure, contact pressure, and impulse at the fifth metatarsal base region were determined for all trials for all subjects. Mixed‐effect regression models were used to compare pairwise differences in outcome variables between footwear devices.ResultsThe CAM walker boot resulted in significantly lower peak pressure at the fifth metatarsal during walking and heel‐walking relative to the postoperative sandal (P < .01) and during heel‐walking (P < .01) relative to the standard athletic shoe. The CAM walker boot significantly reduced contact pressures at the fifth metatarsal during walking and heel‐walking relative to the postoperative sandal (P < .01), and during heel‐walking relative to the standard athletic shoe (P < .001).ConclusionsOur results suggest that the short CAM walker boot more effectively offloads the fifth metatarsal during common gait activities than a postoperative sandal or a standard athletic shoe. A short CAM walker boot may be a beneficial rehabilitative tool for patients undergoing rehabilitation after treatment of Jones fractures and other base of fifth metatarsal fractures.
Do genetic risk scores for body mass index predict risk of phobic anxiety? Evidence for a shared genetic risk factor
Authors: Walter S. , Glymour M. M. , Koenen K. , Liang L. , Tchetgen Tchetgen E. J. , Cornelis M. , Chang S.-C. , Rewak M. , Rimm E. , Kawachi I. , Kubzansky L. D. 
Published: May 2014

BackgroundObesity and anxiety are often linked but the direction of effects is not clear.MethodUsing genetic instrumental variable (IV) analyses in 5911 female participants from the Nurses' Health Study (NHS, initiated 1976) and 3697 male participants from the Health Professional Follow-up Study (HPFS, initiated 1986), we aimed to determine whether obesity increases symptoms of phobic anxiety. As instrumental variables we used the fat mass and obesity-associated (FTO) gene, the melanocortin 4 receptor (MC4R) gene and a genetic risk score (GRS) based on 32 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that significantly predict body mass index (BMI). ‘Functional’ GRSs corresponding with specific biological pathways that shape BMI (adipogenesis, appetite and cardiopulmonary) were considered. The main outcome was phobic anxiety measured by the Crown Crisp Index (CCI) in 2004 in the NHS and in 2000 in the HPFS.ResultsIn observational analysis, a 1-unit higher BMI was associated with higher phobic anxiety symptoms [women:β = 0.05, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.030–0.068; men:β = 0.04, 95% CI 0.016–0.071). IV analyses showed that BMI was associated with higher phobic anxiety symptoms in theFTO-instrumented analysis (p = 0.005) but not in the GRS-instrumented analysis (p = 0.256). Functional GRSs showed heterogeneous, non-significant effects of BMI on phobic anxiety symptoms.ConclusionsOur findings do not provide conclusive evidence in favor of the hypothesis that higher BMI leads to higher levels of phobic anxiety, but rather suggest that genes that influence obesity, in particularFTO, may have direct effects on phobic anxiety, and hence that obesity and phobic anxiety may share common genetic determinants.
Poverty Transitions and Trigger Events across EU Groups of Countries: Evidence from EU-SILC
Authors: POLIN VERONICA , RAITANO MICHELE 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThe dynamics of income poverty in European countries have been extensively analysed using the ECHP dataset, run from 1994 to 2001 in the ‘old’ fifteen member states. Using EU-SILC longitudinal data, the purpose of this paper is to update this type of analysis to 2006 by including the ‘new’ EU member states and focusing on poverty mobility. The demographic and economic events associated with households falling into or exiting poverty are analysed through both descriptive analyses and logit regressions. The analysis compares six groups of countries clustered according to welfare regime typologies. The results reveal that most poverty transitions are associated with economic events, but the entry rates after the occurrence of demographic events are also crucial. With respect to poverty entry rates, differences among groups of countries are consistent with their welfare regime typologies, but a less clear ranking among them emerges when considering poverty exit rates and when regressions are estimated while controlling for household characteristics.
Homelessness, Empowerment and Self-reliance in Scotland and Ireland: The Impact of Legal Rights to Housing for Homeless People
Authors: WATTS BETH 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThis paper explores the impact of legal rights to housing for homeless people, focusing on the capacity of such rights to ‘empower’ those experiencing homelessness. Lukes’ (2005) three-dimensional view of power, complemented by Bourdieu's (1972) concept of ‘habitus’, is used to distinguish between conceptualisations of empowerment. A distinction is drawn between ‘traditional’ understandings of empowerment, which focus on people's capacity to realise their ‘subjective interests’, and on understandings that foreground ‘real interests’. These latter ‘radical’ perspectives direct attention to people's ‘habitus’ – their internalised dispositions to perceive situations and act in particular ways. Empirically, the paper draws on a qualitative comparison of approaches to homelessness in Scotland and Ireland. Whereas in Scotland virtually all those who are homeless now have a legal right to settled accommodation, Ireland has rejected such a ‘legalistic’ approach, pursuing a consensus driven ‘social partnership’ model. Based on primary research with national experts, service providers and homeless single men in both countries, it is argued that legal rights can effectively empower homeless people. These findings call into question popular and political understandings of the relationship between legal welfare rights and self-reliance.
Reshaping critical geopolitics? The materialist challenge
Authors: SQUIRE VICKI 
Published: May 2014

AbstractHow can the ‘materialist turn’ contribute to the reshaping of critical geopolitics? This article draws attention to the limits of an approach that emphasises the representational, cultural, and interpretive dimensions of geopolitics, while acknowledging the difficulties of an ontological shift to materiality for many scholars of critical geopolitics. It draws on the work of Karen Barad and Annemarie Mol in order to advance three arguments for the reshaping of critical geopolitics as a field of research. First, it argues for an approach to the analysis of power that examinesmaterialdiscursive intra-actionsand that cuts across various ontological, analytical, and disciplinary divides. Second, it argues for an analysis of boundary-production that focuses on the mutualenactmentor co-constitution of subjects, objects, and environments rather than on performance. Third, it argues for an analytical approach that engages the terrain of geopolitics in terms of amultiplicity of ‘cuts’that trouble simplifying geopolitical imaginations along with the clear-cut boundaries that these often imply. In so doing, the article makes the case for a more-than-human approach that does not overstate the efficacy of matter, but rather that engages processes of materialisation and dematerialisation without assuming materiality to be a determinant force.
The effects of swing-leg retraction on running performance: analysis, simulation, and experiment
Authors: Karssen J. G. Daniël , Haberland Matt , Wisse Martijn , Kim Sangbae 
Published: May 2014

SUMMARYUsing simple running models, researchers have argued that swing-leg retraction can improve running robot performance. In this paper, we investigate whether this holds for a more realistic simulation model validated against a physical running robot. We find that swing-leg retraction can improve stability and disturbance rejection. Alternatively, swing-leg retraction can simultaneously reduce touchdown forces, slipping likelihood, and impact energy losses. Surprisingly, swing-leg retraction barely affected net energetic efficiency. The retraction rates at which these effects are the greatest are strongly model-dependent, suggesting that robot designers cannot always rely on simplified models to accurately predict such complex behaviors.
The decoupling of affluence and waste discharge under spatial correlation: Do richer communities discharge more waste?
Authors: Ichinose Daisuke , Yamamoto Masashi , Yoshida Yuichiro 
Published: May 2014

AbstractA number of developing countries have come to face the growing problems of municipal solid waste management caused by rapid economic growth. Although there are many studies on the environmental Kuznets curve, very few address the issue of municipal solid waste, and there is still controversy concerning the validity of the waste version of the Kuznets curve hypothesis. It is demonstrated that the turning point for household municipal solid waste is approximately 3.7 million yen per person, which is far less than the maximum income in the sample and valid evidence for absolute decoupling. The success of our study partially stems from our highly disaggregated data and use of spatial econometrics. The former aspect indicates that distinguishing between household and business waste reveals the waste–income relationship, whereas the latter indicates the importance of peer effects when municipal governments formulate waste-reduction policies.
Scanning Electron Microscopy of Scales and its Taxonomic Application in the Fish Genus Channa
Authors: Dey Sudip , Biswas Shyama P. , Dey Samujjwal , Bhattacharyya Shankar P. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractScanning electron microscopy (SEM) of scales in six species of the fish genus Channa revealed certain features relevant to taxonomic significance. The location of focus, inter-radial distance and width of circuli, inter-circular space, width of radii, shape and size of lepidonts, etc. were found to be different in different species. The importance of SEM of scales in poorly understood taxonomy and phylogeny of the fish genus Channa is discussed with the help of relevant literature. Further, the role of SEM of fish scales for taxonomic applications is discussed in detail.
The full-length cell–cell fusogen EFF-1 is monomeric and upright on the membrane
Authors: Zeev-Ben-Mordehai Tzviya , Vasishtan Daven , Siebert C. Alistair , Grünewald Kay 
Published: May 2014

AbstractFusogens are membrane proteins that remodel lipid bilayers to facilitate membrane merging. Although several fusogen ectodomain structures have been solved, structural information on full-length, natively membrane-anchored fusogens is scarce. Here we present the electron cryo microscopy three-dimensional reconstruction of the Caenorhabditis elegans epithelial fusion failure 1 (EFF-1) protein natively anchored in cell-derived membrane vesicles. This reveals a membrane protruding, asymmetric, elongated monomer. Flexible fitting of a protomer of the EFF-1 crystal structure, which is homologous to viral class-II fusion proteins, shows that EFF-1 has a hairpin monomeric conformation before fusion. These structural insights, when combined with our observations of membrane-merging intermediates between vesicles, enable us to propose a model for EFF-1 mediated fusion. This process, involving identical proteins on both membranes to be fused, follows a mechanism that shares features of SNARE-mediated fusion while using the structural building blocks of the unilaterally acting class-II viral fusion proteins.
Visualization and Communication of Pharmacometric Models With Berkeley Madonna
Authors: Krause A , Lowe PJ 
Published: May 2014

Population or other pharmacometric models are a useful means to describe, succinctly, the relationships between drug administration, exposure (concentration), and downstream changes in pharmacodynamic (PD) biomarkers and clinical endpoints, including the mixed effects of patient factors and random interpatient variation (fixed and random effects). However, showing a set of covariate equations to a drug development team is perhaps not the best way to get a message across.Visualization of the consequences of the knowledge encapsulated within the model is the key component. Yet in many instances, it can take hours, perhaps days, to collect ideas from teams, write scripts, and run simulations before presenting the results—by which time they have moved on. How much better, then, to seize the moment and work interactively to decide on a course of action, guided by the model.We exemplify here the visualization of pharmacometric models using the Berkeley Madonna software with a particular focus on interactive sessions. The examples are provided as Supplementary Material.CPT Pharmacometrics Syst. Pharmacol. (2014) 3, e116; doi:10.1038/psp.2014.13; published online 28 May 2014
Hyperthyroidism is a Risk Factor for Developing Adhesive Capsulitis of the Shoulder: A Nationwide Longitudinal Population-Based Study
Authors: Huang Shih-Wei , Lin Jia-Wei , Wang Wei-Te , Wu Chin-Wen , Liou Tsan-Hon , Lin Hui-Wen 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence and risk of adhesive capsulitis among hyperthyroidism patients. The data were obtained from the Longitudinal Health Insurance Database 2005 (LHID 2005) in Taiwan, using 1 million participants and a prospective population-based 7-year cohort study of survival analysis. The ambulatory-care claim records of patients diagnosed according to the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM) codes relating to hyperthyroidism between January 1, 2004 and December 31, 2007, were obtained. The prevalence and the adjusted hazard ratio (HR) of adhesive capsulitis among hyperthyroid patients and the control group were estimated. Of 4472 hyperthyroid patients, 162 (671/100 000 person-years) experienced adhesive capsulitis during the 24 122 person-year follow-up period. The crude HR of stroke was 1.26 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.06 to 1.49), which was larger than that of the control group. The adjusted HR of developing adhesive capsulitis was 1.22 (95% CI, 1.03 to 1.45) for hyperthyroid patients during the 7-year follow-up period, which achieved statistical significance. The results of our large-scale longitudinal population-based study indicated that hyperthyroidism is an independent risk factor of developing adhesive capsulitis.
Ultra‐wideband planar LPDA antenna with mode converter balun
Authors: Mirzapour M.I. , Razavi S.M.J. , Mohseni Armaki S.H. 
Published: May 2014

A new balun used for feeding a planar log‐periodic dipole array antenna (PLPDA) is proposed. This balun, which is based on mode conversion, converts gradually the transmission mode from quasi‐TEM (coaxial cable) to full TEM (balanced line), with an accessible excitation current property (ECP), which is not achievable in classical feeding techniques (infinite or self balun). To validate this approach, an ultra‐wideband (UWB) PLPDA antenna was designed with these balun structures for operating in the L and S bands (1–4 GHz) and the results were compared in terms of reflection coefficient and radiation pattern. A PLPDA antenna with a mode converter balun was fabricated. Results show that the proposed balun is a low length (10 mm) frequency‐independent (4.5 GHz based on |S11| ≤ −10 dB) device useful for feeding the UWB PLPDA antenna. Moreover, antenna's ECP can be modified, which is necessary for phase centre variation compensation.
Augmented radial basis function neural network predistorter for linearisation of wideband power amplifiers
Authors: Hui Ming , Liu Taijun , Zhang Meng , Ye Yan , Shen Dongya , Ying Xiangyue 
Published: May 2014

An augmented radial basis function neural network (ARBFNN) is proposed for modelling and linearising a wideband Doherty power amplifier (DPA) with strong memory effects and static nonlinearity. To evaluate the performance of the ARBFNN, a 51 dBm DPA and a 25 MHz mixed test signal were used in modelling and linearisation measurement. Compared with the memory polynomial (MP) model and the real‐valued time‐delay neural network (RVTDNN), the ARBFNN is highly effective, leading to 3 and 5 dB improvements in the normalised mean square error. More importantly, the ARBFNN predistorter represents a significant improvement over the RVTDNN and MP in the suppression of the out‐of‐band spectral regrowth. In addition, the ARBFNN has a similar linearisation capability as the generalised MP model, but has much better numerical stability.
Systems analysis utilising pathway interactions identifies sonic hedgehog pathway as a primary biomarker and oncogenic target in hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Efroni Sol , Meerzaman Daoud , Schaefer Carl F. , Greenblum Sharon , Soo‐Lyu Myung , Hu Ying , Cultraro Constance , Meshorer Eran , Buetow Kenneth H. 
Published: May 2014

The development and progression of cancer is associated with disruption of biological networks. Historically studies have identified sets of signature genes involved in events ultimately leading to the development of cancer. Identification of such sets does not indicate which biologic processes are oncogenic drivers and makes it difficult to identify key networks to target for interventions. Using a comprehensive, integrated computational approach, the authors identify the sonic hedgehog (SHH) pathway as the gene network that most significantly distinguishes tumour and tumour‐adjacent samples in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The analysis reveals that the SHH pathway is commonly activated in the tumour samples and its activity most significantly differentiates tumour from the non‐tumour samples. The authors experimentally validate these in silico findings in the same biologic material using Western blot analysis. This analysis reveals that the expression levels of SHH, phosphorylated cyclin B1, and CDK7 levels are much higher in most tumour tissues as compared to normal tissue. It is also shown that siRNA‐mediated silencing of SHH gene expression resulted in a significant reduction of cell proliferation in a liver cancer cell line, SNU449 indicating that SHH plays a major role in promoting cell proliferation in liver cancer. The SHH pathway is a key network underpinning HCC aetiology which may guide the development of interventions for this most common form of human liver cancer.
Encoding and storage of spatial information in the retrosplenial cortex
Authors: Czajkowski Rafał , Jayaprakash Balaji , Wiltgen Brian , Rogerson Thomas , Guzman-Karlsson Mikael C. , Barth Alison L. , Trachtenberg Joshua T. , Silva Alcino J. 
Published: May 2014

Significance
The retrosplenial cortex (RSC) is a key part of a network of brain regions that processes and stores spatial information. However, it is unclear whether the RSC actually encodes or stores spatial information. With time-lapse two-photon in vivo imaging that allowed us to study the immediate early gene c-fos expression in tens of thousands of cells in the RSC, we uncovered repetitive activation of a fraction of cells in this structure during spatial learning. We also showed that RSC inactivation disrupts performance in a spatial task, whereas overexpressing of the transcription factor CREB results in enhanced spatial memory. Silencing the CREB-expressing neurons occluded these memory enhancements. These results demonstrate that the retrosplenial cortex is involved in the formation and storage of spatial information.
Vaccinating captive chimpanzees to save wild chimpanzees
Authors: Warfield Kelly L. , Goetzmann Jason E. , Biggins Julia E. , Kasda Mary Beth , Unfer Robert C. , Vu Hong , Aman M. Javad , Olinger Gene Gerrard , Walsh Peter D. 
Published: May 2014

Significance
Although infectious disease is now recognized as a major threat to wild gorillas and chimpanzees, safety fears have stifled the use of a powerful disease control tool, vaccination. To illustrate that safety can be rigorously evaluated before vaccines are used on wild apes, we conducted what is, to our knowledge, the first conservation-oriented vaccine trial on captive chimpanzees. We tested an experimental virus-like particle (VLP) vaccine against Ebola virus, a leading killer of wild apes. Our trial illustrates both the ape conservation value that will be lost if efforts to end vaccine trials on captive chimpanzee are successful and the broader potential that noninfectious VLP vaccines have in other wildlife applications.
Switching brain serotonin with oxytocin
Authors: Mottolese Raphaelle , Redouté Jérôme , Costes Nicolas , Le Bars Didier , Sirigu Angela 
Published: May 2014

Significance
Serotonin (5-HT) and oxytocin (OXT) are two neuromodulators involved in human affect and sociality and in disorders like depression and autism. Here we show that these chemical messengers interact in areas of the human brain important for the regulation of emotion-based behavior. By highlighting the role of OXT in the regulation of 5-HT signaling, our findings can lead to novel therapeutic strategies for mental disorders such as social anxiety, depression, and autism.
IκB kinase-induced interaction of TPL-2 kinase with 14-3-3 is essential for Toll-like receptor activation of ERK-1 and -2 MAP kinases
Authors: Ben-Addi Abduelhakem , Mambole-Dema Agnes , Brender Christine , Martin Stephen R. , Janzen Julia , Kjaer Sven , Smerdon Stephen J. , Ley Steven C. 
Published: May 2014

SignificanceTPL-2 is a MEK-1/2 kinase that mediates Toll-like receptor activation of ERK-1/2 MAP kinases in macrophages and is critical for TNF induction during inflammation. TPL-2 activation of MEK-1/2 requires release from its associated inhibitor NF-κB1 p105, resulting from p105 proteolysis triggered by the IκB kinase (IKK) complex. Here, we show that IKK phosphorylation of the TPL-2 C terminus induces 14-3-3 association with TPL-2, stimulating its MEK kinase activity, which is essential for TPL-2 activation of ERK-1/2. The 14-3-3 binding to TPL-2 is also indispensible for its induction of TNF, which is regulated independently of ERK-1/2 activation. The IKK complex, a key regulator of NF-κB transcription factors, therefore directly controls two key steps for TPL-2 activation in inflammatory responses.