bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Messdatenbasierte Empfehlungen von Wind‐ und Wellenparametern für die Auslegung von Offshore‐Windenergieanlagen
Authors: Schmidt Boso , Ernst Benedikt , Wilms Mayumi , Hildebrandt Arndt , Hansen Michael 
Published: August 2014

AbstractMit der Forschungsplattform FINO 1 in der Nordsee werden seit 2003 Daten über Wind und Seegang für den Standort des ersten deutschen Offshore‐Windparks alpha ventus gesammelt. An weiteren Standorten in Nord‐ und Ostsee wurden seither mehrere Forschungsstationen mit ähnlicher Zielstellung installiert. Damit liegen langjährige Datenbanken über maßgebende Einflussgrößen im Offshore‐Bereich vor, die im Rahmen eines Verbundforschungsvorhabens gezielt wissenschaftlich ausgewertet werden. Windlasten werden auch für die Offshore‐Standorte normenkonform nach validierten Windlastmodellen bestimmt. Der Seegang hingegen wird zumeist rechnergestützt simuliert und die maßgebenden Parameter wie Wellenhöhe, ‐periode sowie Wellen‐ und Strömungsrichtung somit abgeschätzt. Mit den Messstationen in Nord‐ und Ostsee ist es möglich, Einwirkungsparameter aus Wind und Seegang messdatenbasiert zu analysieren. In diesem Beitrag werden die Herangehensweise und die verwendete Methodik der durchgeführten Analysen getrennt für den Wind und den Seegang beschrieben. Die nach der Auswertung verfügbaren Ergebnisse werden mit den nach nationalen und internationalen Regelwerken anzusetzenden Größen qualitativ und quantitativ verglichen und daraus Empfehlungen für die praktische Umsetzung abgeleitet.Measurement based recommendations of wind and wave parameters for the design of offshore wind turbinesAt the research platform FINO 1 near the first German offshore wind farm alpha ventus wind and wave data are collected since 2003. With a similar objective several research platforms have been installed at other locations in the North and Baltic Sea. Based on the extensive measurements at these platforms a long‐term database of significant parameters was created. These parameters are scientifically analyzed in a joint research project. Currently, wind loads at offshore locations are determined according to predefined wind load models from standards. However, sea state usually is simulated by computer and significant parameters such as wave height, wave period as well as the direction of wave and sea current are estimated. But now, based on this pool of data it is possible to analyze the load parameters from wind and sea state more reliable. Within this paper the approach and methodology of these analyzes are described separately for wind and sea state. The outcomes are compared qualitatively and quantitatively with equivalent parameters in standards and recommendations for the practical implementation are given.
BOX Ligands in Biomimetic Copper‐Mediated Dioxygen Activation: A Hemocyanin Model
Authors: Walli Adam , Dechert Sebastian , Bauer Matthias , Demeshko Serhiy , Meyer Franc 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThe μ‐η2:η2‐peroxodicopper(II) core found in the oxy forms of the active sites of type III dicopper proteins have been a key target for bioinorganic model studies. Here, it is shown that simple bis(oxazoline)s (BOXs), which are classified among the so‐called “privileged ligands”, provide a suitable scaffold for supporting such biomimetic copper/dioxygen chemistry. Three derivatives R,HBOX‐Me2 (R = H, Me, tBu) with different backbone substituents have been used. Their bis(oxazoline)‐copper(I) complexes bind dioxygen to yield biomimetic μ‐η2:η2‐peroxodicopper(II) species. O2 can be reversibly released upon an increase in temperature. Their formation kinetics have been studied under cryo‐stopped‐flow conditions for the tBu derivative, giving activation parameters ΔH‡on = (2.27 ± 0.18) kcal mol–1, ΔS‡on = (–46.3 ± 0.8) cal K–1 mol–1 for the binding event and ΔH‡off = (11.7 ± 1.9) kcal mol–1, ΔS‡off = (–16.1 ± 8.2) cal K–1 mol–1 for the release of O2, as well as thermodynamic parameters ΔH° = (–10.0 ± 1.7) kcal mol–1 and ΔS° = (–32.7 ± 7.4) cal K–1 mol–1 for this equilibrium. The μ‐η2:η2‐peroxodicopper(II) complexes have been isolated as surprisingly stable solids and investigated in depth by a variety of methods, both in solution and in the solid state. Resonance Raman spectroscopy revealed a characteristic isotope‐sensitive stretch $\tilde {\nu}$O–O = 731–742 cm–1 (Δ[18O2] ≈ –39 cm–1) and an intense feature around 280 cm–1 diagnostic for the fundamental symmetric Cu2O2 core vibration. A slight butterfly‐shape of the Cu2O2 core has been derived from EXAFS data and DFT calculations. SQUID magnetic data evidenced strong antiferromagnetic coupled CuII2 (–2J ≥ 1000 cm–1). Thermal degradation in solution yields bis(hydroxo)‐bridged [(tBu,HBOX‐Me2)(L)Cu(OH)]2(PF6)2 (L = H2O, MeCN or THF); whereas in the case of H,HBOX‐Me2, ligand oxygenation has been detected. Preliminary reactivity studies with the substrate 2,4‐di‐tert‐butylphenol indicate the formation of the C–C coupling product 3,3′,5,5′‐tetra‐tert‐butyl‐2,2′‐biphenol, whereas ortho‐hydroxylation was not observed. The copper(I) complex [(tBu,HBOX‐Me2)Cu(MeCN)]PF6 as well as two dicopper(II) complexes [(L)(tBu,HBOX‐Me2)Cu(OH)]2(PF6)2 have been characterised by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. Considering the vast number of known BOX derivatives, a rich and versatile Cu/O2 chemistry based on this platform is anticipated.
Improved learning and memory with theta‐burst stimulation of the fornix in rat model of traumatic brain injury
Authors: Sweet Jennifer A. , Eakin Katharine C. , Munyon Charles N. , Miller Jonathan P. 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTObjective: Learning and memory deficits are a source of considerable morbidity after traumatic brain injury (TBI). We investigated the effect of different patterns of hippocampal stimulation via a fornix electrode on cognitively demanding tasks after TBI. Methods: Male Sprague‐Dawley rats underwent fluid‐percussion injury and were compared with sham‐operated rats. Electrodes were implanted into the fornix and hippocampus, and stimulation of the fornix produced robust evoked potentials in the hippocampus. A 60‐s delayed non‐match‐to‐sample (DNMS) swim T‐maze was serially performed using four stimulation patterns: no stimulation (No Stim), low‐frequency stimulation (LFS, 5 Hz), high‐frequency stimulation (HFS, 130 Hz), and theta‐burst stimulation (TBS, 200 Hz in 50 ms trains, five trains per second; 60 µA biphasic pulses). In a separate cohort of sham and injured animals, Morris water maze (MWM) was performed with or without TBS. Results: In the DNMS swim T‐maze, LFS and HFS did not significantly improve performance after TBI. However, there was a significant difference in performance between TBI + No Stim and TBI + TBS groups (P < 0.05) with no significant difference between Sham + No Stim and TBI + TBS. In the MWM, latency in the TBI + TBS group was significantly different from TBI + No Stim starting on day 2 (P < 0.05) and was not different from Sham + No Stim. The TBI + TBS group performed significantly more platform crossings in the probe trial (P < 0.01) and exhibited improved search strategy starting on day 3 (P < 0.05) compared with TBI + No Stim. Conclusions: Deficits in learning and memory after TBI are improved with TBS of the hippocampus. HFS and LFS do not appear to produce as great an effect as TBS. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Phenolic composition and antioxidant capacity of pomaces from four grape varieties (Vitis vinifera L.)
Authors: de la Cerda‐Carrasco Aarón , López‐Solís Remigio , Nuñez‐Kalasic Hugo , Peña‐Neira Álvaro , Obreque‐Slier Elías 
Published: August 2014

AbstractBACKGROUNDPhenolic compounds are widely distributed secondary metabolites in plants usually conferring them with unique taste, flavour and health‐promoting properties. In fruits of Vitis vinifera L., phenolic composition is highly dependent on grape variety. Differential extraction of these compounds from grapes during winemaking is critically associated with wine quality. By‐products of winemaking, such as grape pomace, can contain significant amounts of polyphenols. However, information concerning the varietal effect on wine grape pomace is scarce. In this study, pomaces from Sauvignon Blanc (SB), Chardonnay (CH), Cabernet Sauvignon (CS) and Carménère (CA) grape varieties were characterized spectroscopically and by HPLC‐DAD analysis.RESULTSWhite grape pomaces (SB and CH) presented higher antioxidant capacities and higher contents of total phenols and total proanthocyanidins compared with red grape pomaces (CS and CA), whereas the latter showed much higher anthocyanin levels and colour intensities. Concentrations of monomeric proanthocyanidins and low‐molecular‐weight phenols in the four grape pomace varieties were significantly different.CONCLUSIONGrape pomaces from four varieties showed high but diverse contents of polyphenols and antioxidant capacities. Thus grape pomaces represent an important potential source of polyphenols, which could be useful for nutritional and/or pharmacological purposes. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Nanoparticle/Polymer Assembled Microcapsules with pH Sensing Property
Authors: Zhang Pan , Song Xiaoxue , Tong Weijun , Gao Changyou 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThe dual‐labeled microcapsules via nanoparticle/polymer assembly based on polyamine–salt aggregates can be fabricated for the ratiometric intracellular pH sensing. After deposition of SiO2 nanoparticles on the poly(allylamine hydrochloride)/multivalent anionic salt aggregates followed by silicic acid treatment, the generated microcapsules are stable in a wide pH range (3.0 ∼ 8.0). pH sensitive dye and pH insensitive dye are simultaneously labeled on the capsules, which enable the ratiometric pH sensing. Due to the rough and positively charged surface, the microcapsules can be internalized by several kinds of cells naturally. Real‐time measurement of intracellular pH in several living cells shows that the capsules are all located in acidic organelles after being taken up. Furthermore, the negatively charged DNA and dyes can be easily encapsulated into the capsules via charge interaction. The microcapsules with combination of localized pH sensing and drug loading abilities have many advantages, such as following the real‐time transportation and processing of the carriers in cells.
Synthesis and properties of arborescent polyisobutylene‐poly(ethylene oxide) graft copolymers: a comparison of linear and arborescent graft copolymer architectures
Authors: Karamdoust Solmaz , Crewdson Patrick , Ingratta Mark , Gillies Elizabeth R 
Published: August 2014

AbstractPolymer architecture can have a significant effect on the properties and potential applications of materials. In this study, arborescent polyisobutylene (PIB)‐poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) graft copolymers with varying PEO content were synthesized from arborescent PIB‐co‐polyisoprene and compared with linear PIB‐PEO graft copolymers. By AFM imaging, phase separation was detected in a 48 wt% PEO arborescent copolymer. Tensile testing revealed that, in general, increasing PEO content led to increased tensile strength and Young's modulus but decreased elongation at break. Arborescent analogues exhibited lower elongation at break and lower strength compared with linear analogues but also less plastic deformation and yielding behaviour. Like linear analogues of comparable PEO content, films of the arborescent graft copolymers resisted the adsorption of rhodamine‐labelled fibrinogen, suggesting that they may also exhibit non‐fouling properties. Finally, the assembly of these amphiphilic copolymers in aqueous solution was investigated. Unlike the linear analogues, the sizes of the assemblies were not greatly affected by their method of preparation. This work demonstrates that it is possible to prepare PIB‐based materials with a wide range of interesting properties by tuning not only the content of PEO but also the architectures of the macromolecules. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Macroinvertebrate Community Responses to Annual Flow Variation from River Regulation: An 11‐Year Study
Authors: Holt C. R. , Pfitzer D. , Scalley C. , Caldwell B. A. , Batzer D. P. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThe majority of the world's large river systems is affected by dams. The influences of unnatural regimes induced by flow management are wide‐ranging from both biotic and abiotic standpoints. However, many of these effects are not evident over short (1–2 years) periods (e.g. impacts of annual flow variation). This study examines the long‐term effects of annual flow variation on the macroinvertebrate community in the Chattahoochee River (GA) in the reaches below Buford Dam, the major water control structure on the river. Quarterly, macroinvertebrate samples were taken from 2001 to 2011 using Surber and Hester–Dendy plate samplers at six locations spread across 65 km below the dam. Data were analysed via analysis of similarities to determine differences in community composition between high‐flow (mean discharge = 58.27 m3/s) and low‐flow (mean discharge = 26.53 m3/s) years. Taxa that contributed most to community differences were determined via similarity percentages analyses and subsequent t‐tests. Several insect taxa (e.g. Cheumatopsyche and Ceratopsyche caddisfly larvae, Maccaffertium mayfly nymphs and Taeniopteryx stonefly nymphs) were more prevalent under the high‐flow regime. Non‐insect macroinvertebrates (e.g. Crangonyx amphipods, Tricladida flatworms and Caecidotea isopods) were more abundant under low‐flow conditions. In terms of taxon richness, no significant effects of flow regime were detected. Implications of macroinvertebrate patterns for the fishery and ecological health of the river are discussed. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Intra‐rater Reliability of B‐Mode Ultrasound Imaging of the Abdominal Muscles in Healthy Adolescents During the Active Straight Leg Raise Test
Authors: Linek Pawel , Saulicz Edward , Wolny Tomasz , Myśliwiec Andrzej 
Published: August 2014

AbstractBackgroundTo date, the reliability of ultrasound imaging (USI) measures of the abdominal muscles in children and adolescents during the active straight leg raise (ASLR) test has not been confirmed.ObjectiveTo assess the intra‐rater reliability of USI measures of the thickness and percentage thickness change of the external oblique (EO), internal oblique (IO), and transversus abdominis (TrA) on both sides of the body during the ASLR test in healthy adolescents.DesignSingle‐group repeated‐measures intra‐rater reliability study.SettingSchool.ParticipantsThirty‐nine adolescents between the ages of 13 and 16 years.MethodsThree repeated USI measurements were recorded in the supine resting position and during the ASLR test at 2 sessions, 6 to 8 days apart. In the supine position, measurements were collected at the end of normal expiration. In the case of ASLR, measurements were collected when the person undergoing examination touched the transverse delimiter with the distal part of their lower leg, that is, to a 30° flexion of the hip.Main Outcome MeasurementsUSI of abdominal muscle thickness.ResultsBy using the mean of 3 measures in the supine, resting position, intra‐examiner reliability point estimates (intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC]3.3) ranged from 0.95 to 0.97 for EO, IO, and TrA. During the ASLR test, the ICC result of thickness measurements of all muscles was also above 0.90. In terms of percentage change of muscle thickness, the highest ICC3.3 result obtained for the TrA was 0.81‐0.85; for EO the result ranged from 0.72‐0.89, and the result for the IO was between 0.65 and 0.79.ConclusionUSI measurements of the thickness of the EO, IO, and TrA muscles at rest and during the ASLR test in healthy adolescents between 13 and 16 years of age are reliable. Because of an increase in the precision of measurements, we recommend using the mean of 3 consecutive measurements of the EO, IO, and TrA muscles in adolescents to ensure a good reliability level. Based on 3 consecutive measurements, good reliability for the percentage change in the TrA thickness was achieved.
Catholics, science and civic culture in Victorian Belfast
Authors: FINNEGAN DIARMID A. , WRIGHT JONATHAN JEFFREY 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThe connections between science and civic culture in the Victorian period have been extensively, and intensively, investigated over the past several decades. Limited attention, however, has been paid to Irish urban contexts. Roman Catholic attitudes towards science in the nineteenth century have also been neglected beyond a rather restricted set of thinkers and topics. This paper is offered as a contribution to addressing these lacunae, and examines in detail the complexities involved in Catholic engagement with science in Victorian Belfast. The political and civic geographies of Catholic involvement in scientific discussions in a divided town are uncovered through an examination of five episodes in the unfolding history of Belfast's intellectual culture. The paper stresses the importance of attending to the particularities of local politics and scientific debate for understanding the complex realities of Catholic appropriations of science in a period and urban context profoundly shaped by competing political and religious factions. It also reflects more generally on how the Belfast story supplements and challenges scholarship on the historical relations between Catholicism and science.
Role of Bruton’s tyrosine kinase (BTK) in growth and metastasis of INA6 myeloma cells
Authors: Bam R , Venkateshaiah S U , Khan S , Ling W , Randal S S , Li X , Zhang Q , van Rhee F , Barlogie B , Epstein J , Yaccoby S 
Published: August 2014

AbstractBruton’s tyrosine kinase (BTK) and the chemokine receptor CXCR4 are linked in various hematologic malignancies. The aim of the study was to understand the role of BTK in myeloma cell growth and metastasis using the stably BTK knockdown luciferase-expressing INA6 myeloma line. BTK knockdown had reduced adhesion to stroma and migration of myeloma cells toward stromal cell-derived factor-1. BTK knockdown had no effect on short-term in vitro growth of myeloma cells, although clonogenicity was inhibited and myeloma cell growth was promoted in coculture with osteoclasts. In severe combined immunodeficient-rab mice with contralaterally implanted pieces of bones, BTK knockdown in myeloma cells promoted their proliferation and growth in the primary bone but suppressed metastasis to the contralateral bone. BTK knockdown myeloma cells had altered the expression of genes associated with adhesion and proliferation and increased mammalian target of rapamycin signaling. In 176 paired clinical samples, BTK and CXCR4 expression was lower in myeloma cells purified from a focal lesion than from a random site. BTK expression in random-site samples was correlated with proportions of myeloma cells expressing cell surface CXCR4. Our findings highlight intratumoral heterogeneity of myeloma cells in the bone marrow microenvironment and suggest that BTK is involved in determining proliferative, quiescent or metastatic phenotypes of myeloma cells.
Evidence of Geobacter-associated phage in a uranium-contaminated aquifer
Authors: Holmes Dawn E , Giloteaux Ludovic , Chaurasia Akhilesh K , Williams Kenneth H , Luef Birgit , Wilkins Michael J , Wrighton Kelly C , Thompson Courtney A , Comolli Luis R , Lovley Derek R 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
Geobacter species may be important agents in the bioremediation of organic and metal contaminants in the subsurface, but as yet unknown factors limit the in situ growth of subsurface Geobacter well below rates predicted by analysis of gene expression or in silico metabolic modeling. Analysis of the genomes of five different Geobacter species recovered from contaminated subsurface sites indicated that each of the isolates had been infected with phage. Geobacter-associated phage sequences were also detected by metagenomic and proteomic analysis of samples from a uranium-contaminated aquifer undergoing in situ bioremediation, and phage particles were detected by microscopic analysis in groundwater collected from sediment enrichment cultures. Transcript abundance for genes from the Geobacter-associated phage structural proteins, tail tube Gp19 and baseplate J, increased in the groundwater in response to the growth of Geobacter species when acetate was added, and then declined as the number of Geobacter decreased. Western blot analysis of a Geobacter-associated tail tube protein Gp19 in the groundwater demonstrated that its abundance tracked with the abundance of Geobacter species. These results suggest that the enhanced growth of Geobacter species in the subsurface associated with in situ uranium bioremediation increased the abundance and activity of Geobacter-associated phage and show that future studies should focus on how these phages might be influencing the ecology of this site.
The dynamics of correlated novelties
Authors: Tria F. , Loreto V. , Servedio V. D. P. , Strogatz S. H. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractNovelties are a familiar part of daily life. They are also fundamental to the evolution of biological systems, human society and technology. By opening new possibilities, one novelty can pave the way for others in a process that Kauffman has called “expanding the adjacent possible”. The dynamics of correlated novelties, however, have yet to be quantified empirically or modeled mathematically. Here we propose a simple mathematical model that mimics the process of exploring a physical, biological, or conceptual space that enlarges whenever a novelty occurs. The model, a generalization of Polya's urn, predicts statistical laws for the rate at which novelties happen (Heaps' law) and for the probability distribution on the space explored (Zipf's law), as well as signatures of the process by which one novelty sets the stage for another. We test these predictions on four data sets of human activity: the edit events of Wikipedia pages, the emergence of tags in annotation systems, the sequence of words in texts and listening to new songs in online music catalogues. By quantifying the dynamics of correlated novelties, our results provide a starting point for a deeper understanding of the adjacent possible and its role in biological, cultural and technological evolution.
Distinctive structural motifs of RNA G-quadruplexes composed of AGG, CGG and UGG trinucleotide repeats
Authors: Malgowska Magdalena , Gudanis Dorota , Kierzek Ryszard , Wyszko Eliza , Gabelica Valérie , Gdaniec Zofia 
Published: August 2014

AbstractTrinucleotide repeats are microsatellite sequences that are polymorphic in length. Their expansion in specific genes underlies a number of neurodegenerative disorders. Using ultraviolet-visible, circular dichroism, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopies and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, the structural preferences of RNA molecules composed of two and four repeats of AGG, CGG and UGG in the presence of K+, Na+ and NH4+ were analysed. (AGG)2A, (AGG)4A, p(UGG)2U and p(UGG)4U strongly prefer folding into G-quadruplexes, whereas CGG-containing sequences can adopt different types of structure depending on the cation and on the number of repeats. In particular, the two-repeat CGG sequence folds into a G-quadruplex in potassium buffer. We also found that each G-quadruplex fold is different: A:(G:G:G:G)A hexads were found for (AGG)2A, whereas mixed G:C:G:C tetrads and U-tetrads were observed in the NMR spectra of G(CGG)2C and p(UGG)2U, respectively. Finally, our NMR study highlights the influence of the strand sequence on the structure formed, and the influence of the intracellular environment on the folding. Importantly, we highlight that although potassium ions are prevalent in cells, the structures observed in the HeLa cell extract are not always the same as those prevailing in biophysical studies in the presence of K+ ions.