bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Molecular preservation in halite‐ and perchlorate‐rich hypersaline subsurface deposits in the Salar Grande basin (Atacama Desert, Chile): Implications for the search for molecular biomarkers on Mars
Authors: Fernández‐Remolar D. C. , Chong‐Díaz G. , Ruíz‐Bermejo M. , Harir M. , Schmitt‐Kopplin P. , Tziotis D. , Gómez‐Ortíz D. , García‐Villadangos M. , Martín‐Redondo M. P. , Gómez F. , Rodríguez‐Manfredi J. A. , Moreno‐Paz M. , De Diego‐Castilla G. , Echeverría A. , Urtuvia V. N. , Blanco Y. , Rivas L. , Izawa M. R. M. , Banerjee N. R. , Demergasso C. , Parro V. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractSimilarities between the Atacama Desert (Chile) and Mars include extreme aridity, highly oxidizing chemistry, and intense ultraviolet radiation that promoted the photochemical production of perchlorates and nitrates. Concentration of these ions under hyperarid conditions led to the formation of nitrate‐ and perchlorate‐bearing deposits in ephemeral lakes, followed by later deposition of chlorides and sulfates. At some locations, such as the Salar Grande, hypersaline deposits have remained unaltered for millions of years. We conducted a drilling campaign in deposits of the Salar to characterize the preservation state of biological molecules. A 5 m deep discontinuous core was recovered and subjected to multitechnique analysis including the antibody microarray‐based biosensor LDChip300 and the SOLID (Signs Of Life Detector) instrument, complemented by geophysical, mineralogical, geochemical, and molecular analysis. We identified two units based on the mineralogy: the upper one, from the surface to ~320 cm depth characterized by a predominance of halite and anhydrite, and the lower one, from 320 to 520 cm, with a drop in halite and anhydrite and an enrichment in nitrate and perchlorate. Organic compounds including biomolecules were detected in association with the different depositional and mineralogical units, demonstrating the high capacity for molecular preservation. Hypersaline environments preserve biomolecules over geologically significant timescales; therefore, salt‐bearing materials should be high‐priority targets for the search for evidence of life on Mars.
Gender disparities in research productivity among 9952 academic physicians
Authors: Eloy Jean Anderson , Svider Peter F. , Cherla Deepa V. , Diaz Lucia , Kovalerchik Olga , Mauro Kevin M. , Baredes Soly , Chandrasekhar Sujana S. 
Published: April 2013

Objectives/HypothesisThe number of women in medicine has increased considerably over the past 3 decades, and they now comprise approximately half of medical school matriculants. We examine whether gender disparities in research productivity are present throughout various specialties and compare these findings to those previously described among otolaryngologists.Study DesignBibliometric analysis.MethodsResearch productivity, measured by the h‐index, was calculated for 9,952 academic physicians representing 34 medical specialties. Additionally, trends in how rate of research productivity changed throughout different career stages were compared.ResultsWomen were underrepresented at the level of professor and in positions of departmental leadership relative to their representation among assistant and associate professors. Male faculty had statistically higher research productivity both overall (H = 10.3 ±0.14 vs. 5.6 ± 0.14) and at all academic ranks. For the overall sample, men and women appeared to have equivalent rates of research productivity. In internal medicine, men had higher early‐career productivity, while female faculty had productivity equaling and even surpassing that of their male colleagues beyond 20 to 25 years. Men and women had equivalent productivity in surgical specialties throughout their careers, and similar rates in pediatrics until 25 to 30 years.ConclusionsFemale academic physicians have decreased research productivity relative to men, which may be one factor contributing to their underrepresentation at the level of professor and departmental leader relative to their proportions in junior academic ranks. Potential explanations may include fewer woman physicians in the age groups during which higher academic ranks are attained, greater family responsibilities, and greater involvement in clinical service and educational contributions.Level of EvidenceN/A. Laryngoscope, 123:1865–1875, 2013
Effect of Low‐Level Laser Therapy (LLLT) on Acute Neural Recovery and Inflammation‐Related Gene Expression After Crush Injury in Rat Sciatic Nerve
Authors: Alcântara Carolina C. , Gigo‐Benato Davilene , Salvini Tania F. , Oliveira Alexandre L. R. , Anders Juanita J. , Russo Thiago L. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesPeripheral nerve function can be debilitated by different kinds of injury. Low‐level laser therapy (LLLT) has been used successfully during rehabilitation to stimulate recovery. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of LLLT (660 nm, 60 J/cm2, 40 mW/cm2) on acute sciatic nerve injury.Materials and MethodsThirty Wistar male rats were divided into three groups: (1) Normal, intact nerves; (2) I3d, crushed nerves evaluated on Day‐3 post‐injury; (3) I + L3d, crushed nerves submitted to two sessions of LLLT and investigated at 3 days post‐injury. Sciatic nerves were removed and processed for gene expression analysis (real‐time PCR) of the pro‐inflammatory factors TWEAK, Fn14 and TNF‐α and extracellular matrix remodeling and axonal growth markers, such as TIMP‐1, MMP‐2, and MMP‐9. Zymography was used to determine levels of MMP‐2 and MMP‐9 activity and Western blotting was used to evaluate TNF‐α protein content. Shapiro–Wilk and Levene's tests were applied to evaluate data normality and homogeneity, respectively. One‐way ANOVA followed by Tukey test was used for statistical analysis with a significance level set at 5%.ResultsAn increase in TNF‐α protein level was found in I + L3 compared to Normal and I3d (P < 0.05). Zymography showed an increase in proMMP‐9 activity, in both I3d and I + L3d groups (P < 0.05). The increase was more evident in I + L3d (P = 0.02 compared to I3d). Active‐MMP‐9 isoform activity was increased in I + L3d compared to Normal and I3d groups (P < 0.05). Furthermore, the activity of active‐MMP‐2 isoform was increased in I3d and I + L3 (P < 0.05). An increase in TIMP‐1 expression was observed in both I3d and I + L3d groups (P < 0.05).ConclusionsThe current study showed that LLLT increased MMPs activity, mainly MMP‐9, and TNF‐α protein level during the acute phase of nerve injury, modulating inflammation. Based on these results, it is recommended that LLLT should be started as soon as possible after peripheral nerve injury. Lasers Surg. Med. 9999:XX–XX, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Measuring Sponsorship Performance: Challenge and Direction
Authors: Meenaghan Tony 
Published: April 2013

ABSTRACTCorporate investment in sponsorship represents one of marketing's more dramatic investment stories of recent decades with global sponsorship expenditure forecast to reach US $53.3 billion in 2013. The scale of this investment, as well as the scrutiny to which sponsorship activity has been subjected during the “Financial Crisis” has added significant momentum to the demand for improved methodologies for evaluating the returns resulting from sponsorship investment. Indeed a range of recent sponsorship studies clearly indicate the pressure, not just for greater accountability, but a demand for new and improved methodologies for measuring sponsorship performance. Against this backdrop this special issue of Psychology and Marketing is timely. It seeks to bring together a selected series of papers from leading edge practitioners and academics which critically review certain current approaches to evaluation, explores important research methodology issues, and outlines recently developed models which quantify the value generated by sponsorship investment. It is hoped that this special issue will lead to increased levels of understanding and interaction between the academic community concerned with researching sponsorship and the practitioner community charged with managing sponsorship and will, in future, serve as a key reference source for these communities in their quest for improved methodologies to measure sponsorship performance.
A novel islanding fault detection for distributed generation systems
Authors: Wu Zhipeng , Yang Fuwen , Han Qing‐Long 
Published: April 2013

SUMMARYThis paper proposes a novel islanding fault detection method for distributed generation systems. Islanding fault detection of distributed generation systems in microgrids and smart grids is an essential security technology. The existing methods for islanding fault detection can be classified as passive methods (such as under/over voltage detection, under/over frequency detection, and voltage phase jump detection, based on natural effects of islanding) and active methods (impedance measurement, slip mode frequency shift, Sandia frequency shift and so on). Once the power consumed by a local load matches the power generated by a local inverter, the islanding phenomenon will be not obvious, and traditional passive methods may fail. In contrast, the active methods can overcome this disadvantage. However, active methods create extra disturbances that may degrade the quality of power generated by the inverter. By reducing the harmonics of the inverter output, coupled with the use of a novel filtering method, the proposed approach can be achieved without additional disturbance and does no nondetection zone islanding detection. In this paper, current harmonic compensation is applied to inverter control to minimize the inverter output harmonics, highlighting on the grid harmonics. Set‐membership filter is developed to estimate the voltage harmonics. Islanding condition is detected by the changes of the specific order harmonics. The effectiveness of the proposed method is demonstrated by simulations. A Kalman filter contrast experiment is presented to confirm that the set‐membership filter can more effectively detect islanding. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modelling dichotomously marked muscle fibre configurations
Authors: Davies Tilman M. , Cornwall Jon , Sheard Philip W. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractHuman skeletal muscle consists of contractile elements (fibres) that may be differentiated according to their physiological and biochemical properties. The different types of fibre are distributed throughout each muscle, with the pattern (when viewed as a cross‐section) of cell distribution being an important determinant of the functional properties of each muscle. It is well known that the proportions and distributions of muscle fibre types change with advancing age or disease, but few studies have quantitatively investigated these changes. A better knowledge of the nature of changes in muscle fibre distributions is an essential requirement for future development of therapies and interventions directed at maintaining or restoring good muscle function. In this work, we examine several statistical methods designed to gauge the departure of a dichotomously labelled muscle fibre distribution from that of a random fibre‐type dispersal. These methods are also applicable to a wide range of biological investigations in which the spatial distribution of cells or specimens underpins an important biological principle. This work includes the proposal of a novel technique, based on weighted kernel‐smoothed density ratios, which can account for the variable areas of the individual fibres. We illustrated the methodology by using a number of real‐data examples, and we employed a comprehensive set of simulations to assess the empirical power and false‐positive rates of these tests. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analysis of user selection in collaborative spectrum sensing with correlated shadowing
Authors: Chen Yunfei 
Published: April 2013

ABSTRACTCollaborative spectrum sensing with user selection is analyzed for correlated shadowing in the practical cases of imperfect power measurements and noisy secondary links. The user selection is performed using the minimum probability of missed opportunity criterion and the random search criterion. Both the Neyman–Pearson rule and the minimum probability of error rule are considered. The sensing performance is examined with respect to different system parameters. Numerical results show that user selection can achieve a large amount of resource saving at little performance loss. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An analysis of China's energy demand and supply policy framework
Authors: Zhang ZhongXiang 
Published: April 2013

The energy and carbon pictures in China have changed dramatically since launching its open‐door policy and economic reforms in late 1978. China is already the world's largest energy consumer and carbon emitter. Its energy use and carbon emissions continue to be on the climbing trajectories beyond 2030 as it is approaching to be the largest economy. Clearly, meeting China's increasing energy needs to fuel its rapid economic growth presents an enormous challenge, not simply for China but for the entire world. This paper focuses on assessing those crucial issues on energy demand and supply in China. Given the inevitable rising trend of China's energy demand and continuous coal dominance in China's energy and power generation mix over the next two decades and beyond, the paper discusses China's efforts toward energy conservation and how China can generate electricity with coal more efficiently and environmentally friendly to limit its impacts. This is followed by examining a variety of policies that China has taken to address its growing dependence on imported oil. The paper also discusses the evolving of China's nuclear power policy, and indicates that the expansion of nuclear power is inevitable in China to cope with its daunting energy security and environmental challenges. The Fukushima accident will have no effect on China's stance on nuclear power, although it, at most, will slightly affect the pace of its development. From a long‐term perspective, widespread use of renewable energy is a real solution. Therefore, the paper discusses in great detail China's dramatic efforts to meet its ambitious renewable targets, focusing on wind power that is identified as a priority for diversifying China's energy mix. All taken together and integrated well, these policies help China to transit to a low‐carbon economy.This article is categorized under:

Energy Policy and Planning > Systems and Infrastructure
Metal‐based nanoparticle interactions with the nervous system: the challenge of brain entry and the risk of retention in the organism
Authors: Yokel Robert , Grulke Eric , MacPhail Robert 
Published: April 2013

AbstractThis review of metal‐based nanoparticles focuses on factors influencing their distribution into the nervous system, evidence they enter brain parenchyma, and nervous system responses. Gold is emphasized as a model metal‐based nanoparticle and for risk assessment in the companion review. The anatomy and physiology of the nervous system, basics of colloid chemistry, and environmental factors that influence what cells see are reviewed to provide background on the biological, physical–chemical, and internal milieu factors that influence nervous system nanoparticle uptake. The results of literature searches reveal little nanoparticle research included the nervous system, which about equally involved in vitro and in vivo methods, and very few human studies. The routes of uptake into the nervous system and mechanisms of nanoparticle uptake by cells are presented with examples. Brain nanoparticle uptake inversely correlates with size. The influence of shape has not been reported. Surface charge has not been clearly shown to affect flux across the blood‐brain barrier. There is very little evidence for metal‐based nanoparticle distribution into brain parenchyma. Metal‐based nanoparticle disruption of the blood‐brain barrier and adverse brain changes have been shown, and are more pronounced for spheres than rods. Study concentrations need to be put in exposure contexts. Work with dorsal root ganglion cells and brain cells in vitro show the potential for metal‐based nanoparticles to produce toxicity. Interpretation of these results must consider the ability of nanoparticles to distribute across the barriers protecting the nervous system. Effects of the persistence of poorly soluble metal‐based nanoparticles are of particular concern. WIREs Nanomed Nanobiotechnol 2013, 5:346–373. doi: 10.1002/wnan.1202This article is categorized under:

Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Neurological Disease
Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Oncologic Disease
Toxicology and Regulatory Issues in Nanomedicine > Toxicology of Nanomaterials
Extended Lymphadenectomy in Pancreatic Cancer Is Crucial
Authors: Fujii Tsutomu 
Published: April 2013

AbstractLymph node metastasis is considered one of the most significant factors associated with postoperative prognosis in patients with pancreatic cancer. Some prospective studies found no significant differences in survival between patients who underwent pancreatic cancer surgery with extended lymphadenectomy and those who underwent surgery with standard lymphadenectomy. However, recent reports, such as those describing the significance of the metastatic to examined lymph node ratio, suggest the need for some degree of lymphadenectomy. This review describes the findings of published studies and discusses the usefulness of LN dissection in patients with pancreatic cancer.
The impact of the Japanese clinical guidelines on the clinical management of patients with acute cholecystitis
Authors: Shinya Satoshi , Yamashita Yuichi , Takada Tadahiro 
Published: April 2013

AbstractBackground/purposeThe Japanese clinical guidelines for treating acute cholecystitis (AC), proposed in 2005, provide criteria not only for diagnosis, but also for management depending on the severity of the disease. The aim of this study was to assess how the Japanese guidelines for AC have impacted the clinical situation in Japan.MethodsA postal questionnaire was sent to the councillors of the Japanese Society of Abdominal Emergency Medicine three times to ascertain the impact of the Japanese guidelines for AC. We surveyed 291 councillors one year before publication of the guidelines (2004), 279 councillors one year after publication (2006), and 191 councillors six years after publication (2011).ResultsThe response rate was 72.5 % one year before publication of the guidelines, 51.9 % one year later and 69.1 % six years after publication.Early cholecystectomy was used by 41.7 % of the respondents one year before publication, while 57.3 % of the respondents used this treatment one year after publication and 62.3 % of the respondents used it six years after publication. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy was used by 79.1 % of the respondents one year before the guidelines were published, while 87.3 % of the respondents used it one year after publication and 90 % of the respondents reported its use six years after publication.ConclusionsThe Japanese guidelines for AC are increasingly used and have changed the clinical management of patients with AC. The use of early and laparoscopic cholecystectomy for treating patients with AC has been increasingly adopted in Japan.
Towards a Robuster Interpretive Parsing
Authors: Biró Tamás 
Published: April 2013

AbstractThe input data to grammar learning algorithms often consist ofovert formsthat do not contain full structural descriptions. This lack of information may contribute to the failure of learning. Past work onOptimality TheoryintroducedRobust Interpretive Parsing(RIP) as a partial solution to this problem. We generalize RIP and suggest replacing the winner candidate with a weighted mean violation of the potential winner candidates. A Boltzmann distribution is introduced on the winner set, and the distribution’s parameter$$T$$is gradually decreased. Finally, we show that GRIP, theGeneralized Robust Interpretive Parsing Algorithmsignificantly improves the learning success rate in a model with standard constraints for metrical stress assignment.
Reduction of RNA A‐to‐I editing in Drosophila acclimated to heat shock
Authors: Stocker Joel , Huang Hurng‐Wern , Wang Hong‐Ming , Chang Hsueh‐Wei , Chiu Chien‐Chih , Cho Chung‐Lung , Tseng Chao‐Neng 
Published: April 2013

AbstractAlthough an increasing number of RNA adenosine‐to‐inosine (A‐to‐I) editing sites are being discovered, how the editing frequencies of these sites are modulated to fine‐tune protein function in adaptive responses is not well understood. A previous study screening for heat tolerance in Drosophila mutants discovered a hypnos‐2 mutant strain that was later found to be defective in dADAR, the Drosophila gene encoding the A‐to‐I editing enzyme. This supports the hypothesis that cells and organisms respond to stressful environments by ADAR (adenosine deaminase acting on RNA)‐mediated RNA editing. Here, we investigated changes in the RNA A‐to‐I editing frequencies of 30 Drosophila nervous system targets in response to heat shock, a stress acclimatization that requires the dADAR function. To our surprise, most of these nervous system editing targets showed reduced editing. Our results suggest that a change in RNA editing pattern is a mechanism by which organisms acclimate to drastic environmental change. However, how RNA editing confers heat resistance is more complicated and requires further investigation.
A comparison between succinylcholine and rocuronium on the recovery profile of the laryngeal muscles during intraoperative neuromonitoring of the recurrent laryngeal nerve: A prospective porcine model
Authors: Lu I‐Cheng , Chang Pi‐Ying , Hsu Hung‐Te , Tseng Kuang‐Yi , Wu Che‐Wei , Lee Ka‐Wo , Ho Kuen‐Yao , Chiang Feng‐Yu 
Published: April 2013

AbstractThe use of succinylcholine and rocuronium are reportedly feasible during intraoperative neuromonitoring (IONM) of the recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) in thyroid surgery. This study aimed to investigate and compare the recovery profiles of succinylcholine and rocuronium on the laryngeal muscle during IONM of the RLN in a porcine model. Nine male Duroc‐Landrace piglets were anesthetized with thiamylal and underwent tracheal intubation without neuromuscular blocking agents (NMBAs). Needle electrodes were inserted into the vocalis muscles through the cricothyroid ligament. The RLN was exposed and stimulated. Electromyographic (EMG) signals were obtained before and after the intravenous administration of a NMBA. The EMG amplitudes were measured before and after (at 1‐minute intervals) the administration of the study drug until complete recovery. The study NMBA regimen included succinylcholine (1 mg/kg), low‐dose rocuronium (0.3 mg/kg), and standard dose rocuronium (0.6 mg/kg). The maximal neuromuscular blockade and 80% recovery (i.e., duration) of the control responses were recorded and analyzed. The 80% recovery of the control response for succinylcholine (1 mg/kg) was 19.7 ± 1.5 minutes; low‐dose rocuronium (0.3 mg/kg), 16.3 ± 2.5 minutes; and standard dose rocuronium (0.6 mg/kg), 29.3 ± 5.7 minutes. Succinylcholine (1 mg/kg) and low‐dose rocuronium (0.3 mg/kg) had significantly shorter durations than standard dose rocuronium (0.6 mg/kg). The EMG signal recovery returned to baseline within 30 minutes in the succinylcholine and low‐dose rocuronium groups, but it did not return to baseline until 1 hour after surgery in the rocuronium (0.6 mg/kg) group. In this study, succinylcholine (1 mg/kg) and low‐dose rocuronium (0.3 mg/kg) had favorable recovery profiles on the laryngeal muscle. It is recommended that low‐dose rocuronium may replace succinylcholine for the induction of general anesthesia during IONM of the RLN in thyroid surgery.