bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Business Strategies for Resilience: The Case of Zeeland's Oyster Industry
Authors: Doeksen Anne , Symes David 
Published: July 2015

AbstractThe article examines approaches to resilience building adopted by 18 out of the 29 active oyster firms in Zeeland, the southwestern delta province of the Netherlands, where a highly dynamic natural environment exposes oyster growing to known but unpredictable environmental disturbances. Survey results reveal a range of actions across three interrelated areas of decision‐making: maricultural practice, the business and the household. Closer analysis indicates two contrasting strategies for resilience building: a more cautious, cost saving approach adopted by the smaller ‘oyster farmer’ and a more adventurous approach based on vertical and horizontal integration favoured by ‘farmer traders’, often involving expansion into other forms of seafood production and trade. The actions of individual firms in seeking to build resilience within their own enterprises is not matched by collaborative initiatives nor, in the view of the industry, by government action.
Thromboelastography (TEG®) compared with total platelet count in thrombocytopenia haematological malignancy patients with bleeding: a pilot observational study
Authors: Kasivisvanathan R. , Koutra M. , Rooms M. , Black E. , Desai L. , Mallett S. V. , Rao‐Baikady R. 
Published: July 2015

SUMMARYBackgroundThere has been no reported use of Thromboelastography® (TEG®) in assessing thrombocytopenic haematological malignancy (HM) patients experiencing bleeding.ObjectivesTo assess whether there are differences in TEG® variables in thrombocytopenic HM patients experiencing clinically significant bleeding compared with those not experiencing bleeding.MethodsThirty adult patients with HM and a total platelet count (TPC) of ≤30 × 109 L−1 were observed for greater than or equal to grade two World Health Organisation (WHO) bleeding episodes for 72 h. They had TPC, TEG® parameters [maximal amplitude (MA), reaction time (R‐time), alpha (α‐angle) and functional fibrinogen (FF) levels], activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) and prothrombin time (PT) measured at inclusion, 24 and 48 h.ResultsFive patients had nine significant bleeding episodes. Patients bleeding (n) were all more hypocoaguable when measured by TEG® than patients not bleeding at inclusion n = 4 (MA: 16·9 vs 31·8 mm, P < 0·01; R‐time: 10·1 vs 7·5 min, P = 0·02; α‐angle: 18·8 vs 28·4, P < 0·01; FF: 182·4 vs 204 mg dL−1, P < 0·01), at 24 h n = 3 (MA 18 vs 29·4 mm, P = 0·02; R‐time: 9·4 vs 7·4mins, P = 0·02; α‐angle: 21·6 vs 26·5, P = 0·04 and FF: 168 vs 201 mg dL−1, P = 0·01) and at 48 h n = 2 (MA: 29·7 vs 23·0, P = 0·02; R‐time: 8·1 vs 6·7mins, P = 0·05; α‐angle: 22·6 vs 26·5, P = 0·04; FF: 170 vs 208 mg dL−1, P = 0·01). There were no significant differences in TPC, APTT or PT between patients that bled and those that did not at each time point.ConclusionsThrombocytopenic HM patients experiencing bleeding are hypocoaguable on TEG®.
Prevalence and specificity of RBC alloantibodies in the general hospitalised population in Guangxi
Authors: Mo Z. , Li H. , Huang L. , Jiao W. 
Published: July 2015

SUMMARYObjectivesThe aim of this work was to investigate the prevalence and specificities of red blood cell (RBC) alloantibodies in the general hospitalised population in Guangxi, China.BackgroundAlloimmunisation to RBC antigens is a major complication of transfusion therapy, and alloantibodies pose many clinical problems such as blood transfusion–related adverse reactions. The frequency and specificity of erythrocyte alloantibodies were different in populations from different geographic areas and races. However, the data on alloantibodies in the Guangxi population are limited; thus, we aimed to investigate them in this study.MethodsErythrocyte request records of Guangxi patients were retrospectively reviewed from January 2013 to February 2014. Data from antibody screening tests for 20 283 patients were retrieved for analysis. Clinical data, including gender, age, medical history, transfusion history, pregnancy history and alloantibody specificity were collected.ResultsData from 20 283 patients were analysed, and a total of 166 alloantibodies were identified in 150 patients (0·74%). The most frequent alloantibodies were anti‐E (39·76%), anti‐Mia/Mur (11·45%), anti‐c (10·84 %), anti‐Lea (8·43%) and anti‐M (6·63%). Three cases of anti‐D (1·81%) and two rare cases of anti‐H (1·20%) were also detected.ConclusionsThe frequency and specificities of erythrocyte alloantibodies among hospitalised patients in Guangxi were different from those in other Chinese populations and Caucasians, although the alloantibodies against the antigens of the Rh system are still common. Anti‐E and anti‐Mia/Mur were more common in Guangxi patients, but anti‐K and anti‐D, which are prone to develop in Caucasians, were less likely to develop in our patients.
Computed Tomography Determined Changes in Position of the Hepatobiliary and Gastrointestinal Systems after CO2 Insufflation to Determine Optimal Positioning for Abdominal Laparoscopy
Authors: Elliott Ross C. , Kirberger Robert M. , Joubert Kenneth E. 
Published: July 2015

ObjectiveTo evaluate changes in body position and effect of CO2 insufflation on the hepatobiliary and gastrointestinal systems using computed tomography (CT) to determine optimal laparoscopic approach.Study DesignExperimental study.AnimalsHealthy intact female Beagles (n = 6) of similar age, weight, and body condition score.MethodsUrinalysis, peripheral blood smear, and abdominal ultrasonography were performed to determine dog health. A series of pre insufflation (PrI) CT scans in ventrodorsal routine (VDR), ventrodorsal Trendelenburg (VDT), left lateral (LL), and right lateral (RL) recumbency were performed before and after abdominal insufflation (PoI) with CO2 (10–14 mm Hg). Pre‐determined measurements were made on PrI and PoI scans and differences compared.ResultsLiver position was affected by body position and under gravitational influence moved to the dependent part of the abdominal cavity. The gallbladder was best exposed in LL. Stomach position was not significantly changed after insufflation. Different areas of small intestine were dependent on gravitational effects. The pancreas maintained a similar position after insufflation.ConclusionsVDR was the ideal position for all laparoscopic procedures of the liver. The LL position could be used for surgery of the gallbladder but likely provides poor exposure to the rest of the liver. In approaching the stomach and intestines, the area of interest should be used to determine the best position.
Role of habitual physical activity in modulating vascular actions of insulin
Authors: Padilla Jaume , Olver T. Dylan , Thyfault John P. , Fadel Paul J. 
Published: July 2015

New Findings

What is the topic of this review?
This review highlights the importance of increased vascular insulin sensitivity for maintaining glycaemic control and cardiovascular health.

What advances does it highlight?
We discuss the role of habitual physical activity in modulating vascular actions of insulin.

Type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease commonly coexist. Current evidence suggests that impaired insulin signalling in the vasculature may be a common link between metabolic and cardiovascular diseases, including glycaemic dysregulation and atherosclerosis. Herein, we highlight the importance of the actions of insulin on the vasculature for glycaemic control and arterial health. In addition, we summarize and discuss findings from our group and others demonstrating that increased physical activity may be an effective approach to enhancing vascular insulin sensitivity. Furthermore, in light of the existing literature, we formulate the hypothesis that increased shear stress may be a prime mechanism through which habitual physical activity improves insulin signalling in the vasculature. Ultimately, we propose that targeting vascular insulin resistance may represent a viable strategy for improving glycaemic control and reducing cardiovascular risk in patients with type 2 diabetes.
Comparing Severe Injuries by Sex and Sport in Collegiate-Level Athletes: A Descriptive Epidemiologic Study
Authors: Hurtubise Johanna M. , Beech Cheryl , Macpherson Alison 
Published: July 2015

Context:There is a lack of research on sex differences for severe injuries across a variety of sports at the collegiate level.Objective:To compare differences in injury severity and concussion between sexes and collegiate sports.Design:Descriptive epidemiological study.Participants:1,657 injuries were analyzed from collegiate teams at York University.Data Collection and Analysis:Injuries were assessed by a certified or student athletic therapist and were categorized based on degree of tissue and/or joint damage as either severe or nonsevere. Severe injuries included those with third degree damage, while all others were classified as nonsevere. Injury severity was compared between the sexes and across different sports using Pearson chisquare analysis. Logistic regression was used to assess the relative contribution of each covariate.Results:Males sustained 1,155 injuries, with 13.3% of them being severe, while females sustained only 502 injuries, 17.7% of which were severe. The odds of sustaining severe injuries among female athletes are 1.4 times the odds of male athletes (OR: 1.40, CI 1.05−1.86). Eleven percent of all female injuries were concussions—significantly more than males (χ2 = 11.03, p = .001). The odds of female athletes having a concussion are 1.9 times the odds of a male athlete (OR: 1.85, CI 1.28−2.67).Conclusion:Based on our analysis, females are at an increased risk of sustaining a severe injury, particularly concussions. These findings highlight the need for future research into sex and sport-specific risk factors. This may provide information for health care professionals, coaches, and athletes for the proper prevention, on-field care, and treatment of sport injuries.
Timing of diagnosis affects mortality in critical congenital heart disease
Authors: Eckersley Luke , Sadler Lynn , Parry Emma , Finucane Kirsten , Gentles Thomas L 
Published: July 2015

ObjectiveScreening for critical congenital heart disease (CHD) with prenatal ultrasound or postnatal pulse oximetry has the potential to improve outcome. To guide screening recommendations, this study aimed to identify the proportion and outcome of major CHD diagnosed before (early) or after (late) postnatal discharge prior to the introduction of postnatal oximetry screening.DesignA retrospective, population-based review of all major CHD in New Zealand from 2006 to 2010. The timing of diagnosis relative to discharge and to intervention in critical and non-critical cases with intention to treat was determined, as was the relationship of diagnostic timing to mortality at 1 year of age.ResultsLate diagnosis occurred in 20% of critical and 51% of non-critical cases. Mortality occurred in 18% of critical vs 8% of non-critical cases. Mortality was lower with an early diagnosis of critical CHD (early diagnosis 16% vs late diagnosis 27%, p=0.04). Isolated critical CHD benefited most from early diagnosis (mortality, early diagnosis 12% vs late diagnosis 29%, p=0.002). Early diagnosis occurred in >90% critical complex CHD and hypoplastic left heart syndrome, 85% d-transposition of the great arteries (d-TGA) and 53% critical left ventricular outflow tract obstruction (LVOTO). Deaths in d-TGA and LVOTO primarily occurred prior to intervention and for d-TGA most often when birth was distant from the cardiac centre.ConclusionsExcess mortality occurs following late diagnosis of critical CHD, and for d-TGA even with early diagnosis if intervention is not immediately available. Antenatal detection retains an important role in reducing mortality related to critical CHD.
Cardiac sarcoidosis: diagnosis and management
Authors: Dubrey S W , Sharma R , Underwood R , Mittal T 
Published: July 2015

ABSTRACT
Cardiac sarcoidosis is one of the most serious and unpredictable aspects of this disease state. Heart involvement frequently presents with arrhythmias or conduction disease, although myocardial infiltration resulting in congestive heart failure may also occur. The prognosis in cardiac sarcoidosis is highly variable, which relates to the heterogeneous nature of heart involvement and marked differences between racial groups. Electrocardiography and echocardiography often provide the first clue to the diagnosis, but advanced imaging studies using positron emission tomography and MRI, in combination with nuclear isotope perfusion scanning are now essential to the diagnosis and management of this condition. The identification of clinically occult cardiac sarcoidosis and the management of isolated and/or asymptomatic heart involvement remain both challenging and contentious. Corticosteroids remain the first treatment choice with the later substitution of immunosuppressive and steroid-sparing therapies. Heart transplantation is an unusual outcome, but when performed, the results are comparable or better than heart transplantation for other disease states. We review the epidemiology, developments in diagnostic techniques and the management of cardiac sarcoidosis.
Late-onset neutropenia after treatment with rituximab for rheumatoid arthritis and other autoimmune diseases: data from the AutoImmunity and Rituximab registry
Authors: Salmon J H , Cacoub P , Combe B , Sibilia J , Pallot-Prades B , Fain O , Cantagrel A , Dougados M , Andres E , Meyer O , Carli P , Pertuiset E , Pane I , Maurier F , Ravaud P , Mariette X , Gottenberg J E 
Published: July 2015

ObjectivesTo evaluate the prevalence of late-onset neutropenia and its complications in patients treated with rituximab (RTX) for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and other autoimmune diseases (AIDs) in a prospective registry.MethodsThe AutoImmunity and Rituximab registry is an independent 7-year prospective registry promoted by the French Society of Rheumatology. For each episode of neutropenia, data were validated by the clinician in charge of the patient.ResultsAmong 2624 patients treated with RTX for refractory AIDs, and at least 1 follow-up visit (a total follow-up of 4179 patient-years in RA and 987 patient-years in AIDs), late-onset neutropenia was observed in 40 patients (25 RA (1.3% of patients with RA, 0.6/100 patient-years), and AIDs in 15 (2.3% of patients with AIDs, 1.5/100 patient-years)). 6 patients (15%) had neutrophils <500/mm3, 8 (20%) had neutrophils between 500 and 1000/mm3, and 26 (65%) had neutrophils between 1000 and 1500/mm3. Neutropenia occurred after a median period of 4.5 (3–6.5) months after the last RTX infusion in patients with RA, and 5 (3–6.5) months in patients with AIDs. 5 patients (12.5%), 4 of them with neutrophils lower than 500/mm3, developed a non-opportunistic serious infection and required antibiotics and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor injections, with a favourable outcome. After resolution of their RTX-related neutropenia, 19 patients (47.5%) were re-treated, and neutropenia reoccurred in 3 of them.ConclusionsLate-onset neutropenia might occur after RTX and may result in serious infections. Thus, monitoring of white cell count should be performed after RTX. However, in this large registry of patients with AIDs, the frequency of RTX-induced neutropenia was much lower than that previously reported in patients treated for blood malignancies or AIDs.
RAS/MAPK Activation Drives Resistance to Smo Inhibition, Metastasis, and Tumor Evolution in Shh Pathway–Dependent Tumors
Authors: Zhao Xuesong , Ponomaryov Tatyana , Ornell Kimberly J. , Zhou Pengcheng , Dabral Sukriti K. , Pak Ekaterina , Li Wei , Atwood Scott X. , Whitson Ramon J. , Chang Anne Lynn S. , Li Jiang , Oro Anthony E. , Chan Jennifer A. , Kelleher Joseph F. , Segal Rosalind A. 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Aberrant Shh signaling promotes tumor growth in diverse cancers. The importance of Shh signaling is particularly evident in medulloblastoma and basal cell carcinoma (BCC), where inhibitors targeting the Shh pathway component Smoothened (Smo) show great therapeutic promise. However, the emergence of drug resistance limits long-term efficacy, and the mechanisms of resistance remain poorly understood. Using new medulloblastoma models, we identify two distinct paradigms of resistance to Smo inhibition. Sufu mutations lead to maintenance of the Shh pathway in the presence of Smo inhibitors. Alternatively activation of the RAS–MAPK pathway circumvents Shh pathway dependency, drives tumor growth, and enhances metastatic behavior. Strikingly, in BCC patients treated with Smo inhibitor, squamous cell cancers with RAS/MAPK activation emerged from the antecedent BCC tumors. Together, these findings reveal a critical role of the RAS–MAPK pathway in drug resistance and tumor evolution of Shh pathway–dependent tumors. Cancer Res; 75(17); 3623–35. ©2015 AACR.
Molecular Pathways: Overcoming Radiation Resistance by Targeting DNA Damage Response Pathways
Authors: Morgan Meredith A. , Lawrence Theodore S. 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
DNA double-strand breaks are the critical lesions responsible for the majority of ionizing radiation–induced cell killing. Thus, the ability of tumor cells to elicit a DNA damage response following radiation, via activation of DNA repair and cell-cycle checkpoints, promotes radiation resistance and tumor cell survival. Consequently, agents that target these DNA damage response pathways are being developed to overcome radiation resistance. Overall, these agents are effective radiosensitizers; however, their mechanisms of tumor cell selectivity are not fully elucidated. In this review, we focus on the crucial radiation-induced DNA damage responses as well as clinical and translational advances with agents designed to inhibit these responses. Importantly, we describe how synthetic lethality can provide tumor cell–selective radiosensitization by these agents and expand the therapeutic window for DNA damage response–targeted agents used in combination with radiotherapy. Clin Cancer Res; 21(13); 2898–904. ©2015 AACR.
mTORC2 Balances AKT Activation and eIF2α Serine 51 Phosphorylation to Promote Survival under Stress
Authors: Tenkerian Clara , Krishnamoorthy Jothilatha , Mounir Zineb , Kazimierczak Urszula , Khoutorsky Arkady , Staschke Kirk A. , Kristof Arnold S. , Wang Shuo , Hatzoglou Maria , Koromilas Antonis E. 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
The mTOR nucleates two complexes, namely mTOR complex 1 and 2 (mTORC1 and mTORC2), which are implicated in cell growth, survival, metabolism, and cancer. Phosphorylation of the α-subunit of translation initiation factor eIF2 at serine 51 (eIF2αS51P) is a key event of mRNA translation initiation and a master regulator of cell fate during cellular stress. Recent studies have implicated mTOR signaling in the stress response, but its connection to eIF2αS51P has remained unclear. Herein, we report that genetic as well as catalytic inhibition of mTORC2 induces eIF2αS51P. On the other hand, the allosteric inhibitor rapamycin induces eIF2αS51P through pathways that are independent of mTORC1 inactivation. Increased eIF2αS51P by impaired mTORC2 depends on the inactivation of AKT, which primes the activation of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-resident kinase PERK/PEK. The biologic function of eIF2αS51P was characterized in tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC)-mutant cells, which are defective in mTORC2 and AKT activity. TSC-mutant cells exhibit increased PERK activity, which is downregulated by the reconstitution of the cells with an activated form of AKT1. Also, TSC-mutant cells are increasingly susceptible to ER stress, which is reversed by AKT1 reconstitution. The susceptibility of TSC-mutant cells to ER stress is further enhanced by the pharmacologic inhibition of PERK or genetic inactivation of eIF2αS51P. Thus, the PERK/eIF2αS51P arm is an important compensatory prosurvival mechanism, which substitutes for the loss of AKT under ER stress.
Implications: A novel mechanistic link between mTOR function and protein synthesis is identified in TSC-null tumor cells under stress and reveals potential for the development of antitumor treatments with stress-inducing chemotherapeutics. Mol Cancer Res; 13(10); 1377–88. ©2015 AACR.
Assessment of Esophageal Adenocarcinoma Risk Using Somatic Chromosome Alterations in Longitudinal Samples in Barrett's Esophagus
Authors: Li Xiaohong , Paulson Thomas G. , Galipeau Patricia C. , Sanchez Carissa A. , Liu Karen , Kuhner Mary K. , Maley Carlo C. , Self Steven G. , Vaughan Thomas L. , Reid Brian J. , Blount Patricia L. 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Cancers detected at a late stage are often refractory to treatments and ultimately lethal. Early detection can significantly increase survival probability, but attempts to reduce mortality by early detection have frequently increased overdiagnosis of indolent conditions that do not progress over a lifetime. Study designs that incorporate biomarker trajectories in time and space are needed to distinguish patients who progress to an early cancer from those who follow an indolent course. Esophageal adenocarcinoma is characterized by evolution of punctuated and catastrophic somatic chromosomal alterations and high levels of overall mutations but few recurrently mutated genes aside from TP53. Endoscopic surveillance of Barrett's esophagus for early cancer detection provides an opportunity for assessment of alterations for cancer risk in patients who progress to esophageal adenocarcinoma compared with nonprogressors. We investigated 1,272 longitudinally collected esophageal biopsies in a 248 Barrett's patient case–cohort study with 20,425 person-months of follow-up, including 79 who progressed to early-stage esophageal adenocarcinoma. Cancer progression risk was assessed for total chromosomal alterations, diversity, and chromosomal region-specific alterations measured with single-nucleotide polymorphism arrays in biopsies obtained over esophageal space and time. A model using 29 chromosomal features was developed for cancer risk prediction (area under receiver operator curve, 0.94). The model prediction performance was robust in two independent esophageal adenocarcinoma sets and outperformed TP53 mutation, flow cytometric DNA content, and histopathologic diagnosis of dysplasia. This study offers a strategy to reduce overdiagnosis in Barrett's esophagus and improve early detection of esophageal adenocarcinoma and potentially other cancers characterized by punctuated and catastrophic chromosomal evolution. Cancer Prev Res; 8(9); 845–56. ©2015 AACR.