bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Generation of Arynes Triggered by Sulfoxide–Metal Exchange Reaction of ortho-Sulfinylaryl Triflates
Authors: Yoshida Suguru , Uchida Keisuke , Hosoya Takamitsu 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
Arynes were efficiently generated from readily available ortho-sulfinylaryl triflates by the treatment with phenylmagnesium bromide in tetrahydrofuran at −78 °C. Aryne generation was initiated by a rapid sulfoxide–metal exchange reaction, followed by the immediate elimination of the ortho-OTf group. Various arynophiles efficiently reacted with arynes generated by this method within 10 min, providing the corresponding adducts in high yields.
The Human dsRNA binding protein PACT is unable to functionally substitute for the Drosophila dsRNA binding protein R2D2
Authors: Dickerman Benjamin K , McDonald Jocelyn A , Sen Ganes C 
Published: October 2013

The primary function of the dsRNA binding protein (dsRBP) PACT/RAX is to activate the dsRNA dependent protein kinase PKR in response to stress signals. Additionally, it has been identified as a component of the small RNA processing pathway. A role for PACT/RAX in this pathway represents an important interplay between two modes of post-transcriptional gene regulation. The function of PACT/RAX in this context is poorly understood. Thus, additional models are required to clarify the mechanism by which PACT/RAX functions. In this study,Drosophila melanogasterwas employed to identify functionally orthologous dsRNA-binding proteins. TransgenicDrosophilaexpressing human PACT were generated to determine whether PACT is capable of functionally substituting for theDrosophiladsRBP R2D2, which has a well-defined role in small RNA biogenesis. Results presented here indicate that PACT is unable to substitute for R2D2 at the whole organism level.
Achilles tendinopathy management
Authors: Kearney R. S. , Parsons N. , Costa M. L. 
Published: October 2013

Objectives To conduct a pilot randomised controlled trial to evaluate the feasibility of conducting a larger trial to evaluate the difference in Victorian Institute of Sports Assessment-Achilles (VISA-A) scores at six months between patients with Achilles tendinopathy treated with a platelet-rich plasma (PRP) injection compared with an eccentric loading programme. Methods Two groups of patients with mid-substance Achilles tendinopathy were randomised to receive a PRP injection or an eccentric loading programme. A total of 20 patients were randomised, with a mean age of 49 years (35 to 66). All outcome measures were recorded at baseline, six weeks, three months and six months. Results The mean VISA-A score for the injection group at the primary endpoint of six months was 76.0 (95% confidence interval (CI) 58.3 to 93.7) and for the exercise group was 57.4 (95% CI 38.1 to 76.7). There was no statistically significant difference between these scores (p = 0.171), which was expected from such a pilot study. Conclusions This pilot study has been key to providing data to inform a larger study and shows that the methodology is feasible. Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2013;2:227–32.
What is being conveyed to health professionals and consumers through web and print sources of nutrition information?
Authors: Wills Wendy J. , Dickinson Angela M. , Short Frances , Comrie Fiona 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
Nutrition misinformation can be harmful. Within dietetics there is an acknowledgement that nutrition information should be consistent, science-based and made relevant to different segments of the population. This paper reports on a study, conducted in Scotland, which involved focus groups and interviews with consumers and health professionals to explore messages relating to a healthy diet and to starchy foods and foods high in fat or sugar in particular. The research also involved a discourse analysis of articles aimed at health professionals and consumers. Evidence based, clearly written web and print articles were not the norm. Many articles contained value-laden messages and inconsistent or unclear advice. Nutrition information was rarely contextualized for consumers to help them incorporate the advice into their daily lives. Consumers and health professionals reported feeling ‘bombarded’ by messages about diet, which was sometimes confusing. There is considerable scope for improving nutrition messaging in Scotland.
Trust in science – not in scientists
Authors: Estupinyà Pere 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
This article offers the personal viewpoint of author and science journalist, Pere Estupinyà, regarding food-related science communication, addressing various issues related to food, the media and the work of journalists. The author advocates adopting a critical standpoint that combines documentary rigour and journalistic clarity. He also introduces a reflection about the impact of social media in science journalism.
Communication 2.0, food and human evolution: The case of IPHES
Authors: Bellmunt Cinta S. 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
This short professional note describes the science communication experience of the Catalan Institute of Human Paleoecology and Social Evolution, specifically its focus on food research and advances made in researching the links between hominids and large social carnivores to ascertain food resource distribution and competition for territory.
Public Election Funding: An Assessment of What We Would Like to Know
Authors: Mayer Kenneth R. 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
The implementation and expansion of public funding programs around the US over the past decade raised the possibility of major changes in the financing of campaigns at the state and local level. Advocates claimed that these programs increased electoral competition, reduced the influence of campaign contributors and lobbyists, and changed the distribution of political power. While there was evidence of a modest increase in competitiveness, primarily through reducing the number of incumbents who ran uncontested, the longer-term pattern has shown no significant change in incumbency reelection rates, margins of victory, or legislature demographics. Claims of major policy change have also been overstated. The Supreme Court’s rejection of spending triggers for additional grant awards in Arizona Free Enterprise PAC v. Bennett makes full public funding programs less attractive, since publicly funded candidates are less able to keep pace with high-spending opponents or independent expenditures. Future research should focus on how these programs affect the way that candidates and legislators engage with the public.
Impregnation of laser incised wood of Douglas fir and Japanese cedar by dipping (passive impregnation) in solutions of copper azole (CuAz-B) and a fire retardant (PPC)
Authors: Islam Md Nazrul , Ando Keisuke , Yamauchi Hidefumi , Kamikawa Daisuke , Harada Toshiro , Khalil H.P.S. Abdul , Hattori Nobuaki 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
The performance of the passive impregnation method of CO2-laser incised lumber has been investigated concerning wood preservation against different wood-destroying agents. Copper azole type B (CuAz-B) preservative and polyphosphatic carbamate (PPC) fire retardant were impregnated into Douglas fir and Japanese cedar lumber under both green and kiln-dried conditions. Final drying of the lumber was performed by steam injection or kiln drying. The temperature and pressure change in the lumber, as well as the total chemical retention, penetration, decay resistance, fire retardancy and total treatment time were calculated according to different standards. The preservative retention was higher in the Japanese cedar for both green and kiln-dried conditions (5.32 and 5.58 kg m-3, respectively) compared to Douglas fir (5.01 and 4.81 kg m-3). Fire retardant retentions were more than 100 kg m-3 in all cases. The penetration was approximately 100% throughout the lumber. There were no significant differences in the decay resistance test between the different categories of lumber. Moreover, it was possible to treat the green lumber in less than 48 h starting from the green conditon to the final drying. Hence, the presented passive impregnation technique could be useful for industrial application.
Assembling the Puzzle of the Nonprofit-Economic Development Linkage
Authors: Brennan John F. , Paarlberg Laurie , Hoyman Michele 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThis study seeks to quantify the impact of the nonprofit sector on economic development by more clearly defining the diverse roles that nonprofits may play in development – instrumental, expressive, and connective. We begin by summarizing existing research on nonprofit organizations and economic development. Using secondary data, we test our model in 360 U.S. metropolitan areas for the years 2001–2006. Do nonprofit organizations produce economic growth? Our statistical findings suggest, “Not really” and “It depends.” While some forms of nonprofit organizations (business associations) are positively related to growth, others such as congregations and social and fraternal associations may have a dampening effect. Overall, our findings suggest complex relationships between individual forms of capital, organizational structures, and development that may be place and time dependent. While our findings currently provide little guidance for policy makers attempting to promote economic development, our findings do have important implications for nonprofit and public policy scholars. Any attempt to explore the relationship between nonprofit activity and development must untangle indicators of individual behavior (church attendance or census return rates) from indicators of organizational structures (such as the number of specific organizations). Second, any effort to understand the impact of the nonprofit sector should disaggregate sector measures based upon a conceptual understanding of the diverse roles of various organizational types (for example, human service organizations versus social and fraternal organizations). Finally, growth and development and the role of the sector are contextual, exhibiting significant regional and temporal variation.
Factorization of rational matrix functions and
difference equations
Authors: Rodríguez J.S. , Campos L.F. 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
In the beginning of the twentieth century, Plemelj introduced
the notion of factorization of matrix functions. The matrix
factorization finds applications in many fields such as in the
diffraction theory, in the theory of differential equations and in
the theory of singular integral operators.

However, the explicit formulas for the factors of the factorization
are known only in a few classes of matrices. In the
present paper we consider a new approach to obtain the factorization
of a rational matrix function, relative to the unit circle.
The constructed method is based on the relation between the
general solution of a homogeneous Riemann-Hilbert problem
and a solution of a linear system of difference equations with
constant coefficients.
Using intraoperative dynamic contrast-enhanced T1-weighted MRI to identify residual tumor in glioblastoma surgery
Authors: Özduman Koray , Yıldız Erdem , Dinçer Alp , Sav Aydın , Pamir M. Necmettin 
Published: October 2013

Object
The goal of surgery in high-grade gliomas is to maximize the resection of contrast-enhancing tumor without causing additional neurological deficits. Intraoperative MRI improves surgical results. However, when using contrast material intraoperatively, it may be difficult to differentiate between surgically induced enhancement and residual tumor. The purpose of this study was to assess the usefulness of intraoperative dynamic contrast-enhanced T1-weighted MRI to guide this differential diagnosis and test it against tissue histopathology.

Methods
Preoperative and intraoperative dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI was performed in 21 patients with histopathologically confirmed WHO Grade IV gliomas using intraoperative 3-T MRI. Standardized regions of interest (ROIs) were placed manually at 2 separate contrast-enhancing areas at the resection border for each patient. Time-intensity curves (TICs) were generated for each ROI. All ROIs were biopsied and the TIC types were compared with histopathological results. Pharmacokinetic modeling was performed in the last 10 patients to confirm nonparametric TIC analysis findings.

Results
Of the 42 manually selected ROIs in 21 patients, 25 (59.5%) contained solid tumor tissue and 17 (40.5%) retained the brain parenchymal architecture but contained infiltrating tumor cells. Time-intensity curves generated from residual contrast-enhancing tumor and their preoperative counterparts were comparable and showed a quick and persistently increasing slope (“climbing type”). All 17 TICs obtained from regions that did not contain solid tumor tissue were undulating and low in amplitude, compared with those obtained from residual tumors (“low-amplitude type”). Pharmacokinetic findings using the transfer constant, extravascular extracellular volume fraction, rate constant, and initial area under the curve parameters were significantly different for the tumor mass, nontumoral regions, and surgically induced contrast-enhancing areas.

Conclusions
Intraoperative dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI provides quick, reproducible, high-quality, and simply interpreted dynamic MR images in the intraoperative setting and can aid in differentiating surgically induced enhancement from residual tumor.
Minimally invasive removal of thoracic and lumbar spinal tumors using a nonexpandable tubular retractor
Authors: Nzokou Andre , Weil Alexander G. , Shedid Daniel 
Published: October 2013

Object
Resection of spinal tumors traditionally requires bilateral subperiosteal muscle stripping, extensive laminectomy, and, in cases of foraminal extension, partial or radical facetectomy. Fusion is often warranted in cases of facetectomy to prevent deformity, pain, and neurological deterioration. Recent reports have demonstrated safety and efficacy of mini-open removal of these tumors using expandable tubular retractors. The authors report their experience with the minimally invasive removal of extradural foraminal and intradural-extramedullary tumors using the nonexpandable tubular retractor.

Methods
A retrospective chart review of consecutive patients who underwent minimally invasive resection of spinal tumors at Notre Dame Hospital was performed.

Results
Between December 2005 and March 2012, 13 patients underwent minimally invasive removal of spinal tumors at Notre Dame Hospital, Montreal. There were 6 men and 7 women with a mean age of 55 years (range 20–80 years). There were 2 lumbar and 2 thoracic intradural-extramedullary tumors and 7 thoracic and 2 lumbar extradural foraminal tumors. Gross-total resection was achieved in 12 patients. Subtotal resection (90%) was attained in 1 patient because the tumor capsule was adherent to the diaphragm. The average duration of surgery was 189 minutes (range 75–540 minutes), and the average blood loss was 219 ml (range 25–500 ml). There were no major procedure-related complications. Pathological analysis revealed benign schwannoma in 8 patients and meningioma, metastasis, plasmacytoma, osteoid osteoma, and hemangiopericytoma in 1 patient each. The average equivalent dose of postoperative narcotics after surgery was 66.3 mg of morphine. The average length of hospitalization was 66 hours (range 24–144 hours). All working patients returned to normal activities within 4 weeks. The average MRI and clinical follow-up were 13 and 21 months, respectively (range 2–68 months). At last follow-up, 92% of patients had improvement or resolution of pain with a visual analog scale score that improved from 7.8 to 1.2. All patients with neurological impairment improved. The American Spinal Injury Association grade improved in all but 1 patient.

Conclusions
Intradural-extramedullary and extradural tumors can be completely and safely resected through a minimally invasive approach using the nonexpandable tubular retractor. This approach may be associated with even less tissue destruction than mini-open techniques, translating into a quicker functional recovery. In cases of foraminal tumors, by eliminating the need for facetectomy, this minimally invasive approach may decrease the incidence of postoperative deformity and eliminate the need for adjunctive fusion surgery.
Predictive value of MRI in decision making for disc surgery for sciatica
Authors: el Barzouhi Abdelilah , Vleggeert-Lankamp Carmen L. A. M. , Lycklama à Nijeholt Geert J. , Van der Kallen Bas F. , van den Hout Wilbert B. , Koes Bart W. , Peul Wilco C. 
Published: October 2013

Object
In a randomized controlled trial comparing surgery and prolonged conservative treatment for sciatica of 6–12 weeks' duration, more than one-third of patients assigned to conservative treatment underwent surgery. The objective of the present study was to evaluate whether MRI at baseline could have predicted this delayed surgery.

Methods
Independently evaluated qualitative and quantitative MRI findings were compared between those patients who did and those who did not undergo surgery during follow-up in the conservative care group. In addition, area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was used to assess how well MRI parameters discriminated between those who did and those who did not undergo delayed surgery (0.5–0.7 poor discrimination, ≥ 0.7 acceptable discrimination).

Results
Of 142 patients assigned to receive prolonged conservative care, 55 patients (39%) received delayed surgery. Of the 55 surgically treated patients, 71% had definite nerve root compression at baseline compared with 72% of conservatively treated patients (p = 0.76). Large disc herniations (size > 50% of spinal canal) were nearly equally distributed between those who did and those who did not undergo surgery (25% vs 21%, p = 0.65). The size of the dural sac was smaller in the patients who underwent surgery (101.2 vs 122.9 mm2, p = 0.01). However, the size of the dural sac discriminated poorly between those who did and those who did not undergo delayed surgery (area under ROC curve, 0.62).

Conclusions
In patients who suffered from sciatica of 6–12 weeks' duration, MRI at baseline did not distinguish between patients who did and those who did not undergo delayed surgery. Clinical trial registration no.: ISRCTN26872154 (http://www.controlled-trials.com/ISRCTN/).
Improvement of Adequate Use of Warfarin for the Elderly Using Decision Tree-based Approaches
Authors: Liu K. E. , Lo C.-L. , Hu Y.-H. 
Published: October 2013

SummaryObjectives: Due to the narrow therapeutic range and high drug-to-drug interactions (DDIs), improving the adequate use of warfarin for the elderly is crucial in clinical practice. This study examines whether the effectiveness of using warfarin among elderly inpatients can be improved when machine learning techniques and data from the laboratory information system are incorporated.Methods: Having employed 288 validated clinical cases in the DDI group and 89 cases in the non-DDI group, we evaluate the prediction performance of seven classification techniques, with and without an Adaptive Boosting (AdaBoost) algorithm. Measures including accuracy, sensitivity, specificity and area under the curve are used to evaluate model performance.Results: Decision tree-based classifiers outperform other investigated classifiers in all evaluation measures. The classifiers supplemented with AdaBoost can generally improve the performance. In addition, weight, congestive heart failure, and gender are among the top three critical variables affecting prediction accuracy for the non-DDI group, while age, ALT, and warfarin doses are the most influential factors for the DDI group.Conclusion: Medical decision support systems incorporating decision tree-based approaches improve predicting performance and thus may serve as a supplementary tool in clinical practice. Information from laboratory tests and inpatients’ history should not be ignored because related variables are shown to be decisive in our prediction models, especially when the DDIs exist.
Orchid protocorm‐like bodies are somatic embryos
Authors: Lee Yung‐I , Hsu Shan‐Te , Yeung Edward C. 
Published: October 2013

• Premise of the study: Protocorm‐like bodies (PLBs) of orchids are important in orchid micropropagation and outwardly resemble somatic embryos in form and development. To determine whether PLBs are truly embryogenetic, we compared PLBs with somatic embryos and zygotic embryos to determine whether they had similar surface molecules and whether hydroxyproline‐rich glycoprotein (HRGP) inhibitors similarly alter their growth.• Methods: Embryogenic calluses (ECs), zygotic embryos, and protocorms were collected for histological and histochemical studies with light microscopy. The presence of JIM11 and JIM20 epitopes was determined using immunodot blots and immunolocalization procedures. The importance of wall proteins in the formation of PLBs was investigated using 3,4‐dehydro‐l‐proline (3,4‐DHP), an inhibitor of HRGP biosynthesis.• Key results: At the early stages of PLB formation, the cytoplasm of the globular cell clusters and meristemoids took on a vacuolated appearance. Starch granules and protein bodies appeared, albeit transitory in nature. Positive localizations of JIM11 and JIM20 were noted in the embryogenic culture and developing PLBs similar to zygotic embryos. The inclusion of an inhibitor to HRGPs inhibited PLB formation.• Conclusions: This study demonstrates that during the early stages of PLB formation, the cells show cytological characteristics and cell wall markers similar to zygotic embryo development, justifying the statement that PLBs are indeed somatic embryos of orchids. Thus, these results suggest that PLBs could be used as an experimental embryological system for physiological or molecular characterization.
Predispersal seed predation is higher in a rare species than in its widespread sympatric congeners (Astragalus, Fabaceae)
Authors: Combs Julie K. , Lambert Amy M. , Reichard Sarah H. 
Published: October 2013

• Premise of the Study: Rare plants may be rare, in part, because they are more susceptible to damage by predispersal insect seed predators than widespread congeneric species; thus, seed predation may be an important determinant of plant rarity. Scant evidence exists to either support or reject this hypothesis, limiting our ability to predict herbivore effects on plant rarity. We used a comparative framework to test this hypothesis in rare–common, sympatric congeners.• Methods: We compared seed consumption by insect type and seed production among a rare Astragalus (Fabaceae) species and two sympatric, widespread congeners. We measured plant traits and tested whether traits were correlated with seed damage within and among rare–common species.• Key Results: Seed predation was significantly higher in a rare species than in common congeners over 2 yr. Seed production per pod was significantly lower in the rare species. Seed weevils exclusively consumed seeds of the rare species. Higher seed predation in the rare species is related to a combination of factors: plant phenology, dispersal ability, and vigor; seed predator identity; and insect phenology.• Conclusions: Our results support the hypothesis that a rare plant is more susceptible to seed predators than two common, sympatric congeners. Seed predator reduction is a promising management tool to increase seed‐set, recruitment, and survival of the rare species. Further studies that compare rare–common, sympatric congeners are greatly needed to broadly evaluate the hypothesis concerning rarity and susceptibility to seed predators and to inform conservation plans for rare species.