bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Stuttering and Auditory Central Nervous System Disorder
Authors: Gregory Hugo H. 
Published: July 2014

The observation that delayed side-tone affects speech fluency has renewed interest in the possibility of a neurophysiological factor in stuttering. This investigation was designed to explore the possibility that stutterers have an auditory central nervous system disorder.
Thirty stutterers and 10 non-stutterers were equated on the basis of age, auditory acuity, and intelligence. Tests of personality and motor coordination, and tests for pure-tone-loudness balances, the median plane localization of pure tones, and the discrimination of monaurally- and binaurally-presented distorted speech were administered.
Findings did not support the hypothesis that stutterers have an auditory central nervous system disorder.
An Audio-Visual Test for Evaluating the Ability to Recognize Phonetic Errors
Authors: Irwin Ruth Beckey , Krafchick Ivan Paul 
Published: July 2014

An audio-visual test was developed for ascertaining ability inrecognizing misarticulations. Two films, each with a different set of 23 words representing 23 initial and 20 final sounds, were produced. Each test included 138 consonant sounds in phrases, 276 in isolated words, and 144 in trios of words. An empirical “correct” answer sheet was prepared by two experienced clinicians after repeated viewings of the films. Six children with misarticulations presented stimuli in the films.
One-hundred-fifty subjects included speech clinicians with five or more years of experience, graduating senior majors in speech pathology, and experienced teachers. Each subject took three tests: Film A (audio-visual), Film B (audio-visual), and the sound-track of Film A presented without motion pictures (audio only). Correctly identified misarticulations, falsely identified misarticulations, and total correct responses were tabulated. Both forms of the audio-visual test were considered valid since the clinicians and students were significantly better than the teachers in identifying misarticulations. Satisfactory reliability was also established, since Films A and B were not significantly different in the accurate identification of sounds in words.
Performance was significantly better for audio-visual representation than for audio only; and identification of misarticulation was best with isolated words and worst with phrases. Experienced teachers did not identify 12 of the sounds as accurately as experienced clinicians.
The Variability of Occluded and Unoccluded Bone-Conduction Thresholds
Authors: Dirks Donald , Swindeman John G. 
Published: July 2014

A series of three experiments of similar basic design was performed on individuals with normal hearing to compare the variability associated with occluded and unoccluded bone-conduction thresholds.
Estimates of threshold were obtained at each test frequency for air conduction, unoccluded bone conduction, and occluded bone conduction stimuli. Eleven young adults participated in Experiment I. Their ears were occluded by TDH-39 earphones encased in MX41/AR cushions. In Experiment II 11 young adults were tested with a Grason-Stadler 001 circumaural cushion replacing the MX41/AR cushion. Two types of occluders were compared in Experiment III, using nine subjects with previous experience in Bekesy tracing.
The variability of the occluded bone-conduction thresholds was either similar or less than that observed during the unoccluded measurements. The variability of the occlusion effect itself was comparable or less than the variability of the unoccluded or occluded bone-conduction thresholds. The source of the variability stemmed largely from differences between individuals rather than from test-retest variability. Although the variability of the occluded thresholds was reduced slightly when the circumaural cushion was used as compared to the supra-aural cushion, the results of the final experiment did not completely support the earlier finding.
Linguistic Factors in Stuttering
Authors: Soderberg George A. 
Published: July 2014

Ten stutterers recorded a 141 word passage in the presence of a single listener. The words in the passage were classified as lexical or function words and pronouns, and high information or low information words. In addition, unitary stutterings were classified as either prolongations or repetitions. The linguistic factors, stutterings, and stuttering types were analyzed with respect to initial, medial, and final positions of words in phonemic clauses and total words in the clauses.
The findings of this study support the contention that stuttering is related to the encoding processes of speaking. It was hypothesized that the phonemic clause operates as an encoding unit in speaking and both grammatical and lexical uncertainty play roles in eliciting the instance of stuttering and type of stuttering instance.
The Visibility of Terminal Pitch Contour
Authors: Fisher Cletus G. 
Published: July 2014

The purpose of this study was to test the visibility of one suprasegmental morphemic structure—terminal pitch contour. Twenty-one college students viewed three speakers who had been recorded on video tape as they spoke interrogative statements structured to allow the terminal pitch contour to either rise or fall and still remain grammatically correct. The students responded by identifying the direction of the pitch movement.
For each speaker, direction of terminal pitch contour was significantly identified beyond chance. These results lead to the conclusion that pitch variation, as it is morphemic, is visible and that more information is needed about the visibility of pitch variation and other suprasegmental morphemes.
Relationship Between Speech Sound Discrimination Skills and Language Abilities of Kindergarten Children
Authors: Perozzi Joseph A. , Kunze LuVern H. 
Published: July 2014

Thirty normal-hearing kindergarten youngsters were administered two speech-sound discrimination (SSD) tests and the revised edition of the Illinois Test of Psycholinguistic Abilities (ITPA). The primary difference between the two SSD tests was the context of the stimuli. On one test the discriminating sound elements were imbedded in words (Word Test), and on the other test the same sound elements were imbedded in nonsense syllables (Syllable Test).
Pearson-Product correlations between the two SSD tests and each ITPA subtest and the ITPA total score were all positive. One SSD test did not appear to be significantly more or less related to any of the language measures than did the other SSD test. The very high correlation (0.873) between the two SSD tests indicated that the two tests were measuring the same skill. It was suggested that a subject’s performance on any paired-syllable test would predict his performance on a paired-word test that contained the same sound elements. The significant correlations between the SSD tests and two ITPA subtests measuring expressive language skills and the insignificant correlations between the two SSD tests and subtests measuring receptive and associative language skills indicated that the ability to discriminate among speech sounds is more closely related to speaking than to the understanding or association of linguistic expressions. These findings were interpreted as support for the motor theory of speech perception.
Disambiguation of Ditropic Sentences
Authors: Van Lancker Diana , Canter Gerald J. , Terbeek Dale 
Published: July 2014

In a previous study, we demonstrated that listeners were highly successful in identifying the intended meaning of spoken ditropic sentences (those which may carry either a literal or an idiomatic meaning) when speakers were instructed to convey the distinction. The present communication reports on acoustic and phonetic analyses carried out with the goal of identifying cues that distinguished the literal and idiomatic utterances. Certain prosodic differences were observed. Literal utterances were systematically longer than idioms. This was partly due to increased use of pauses, as well as to increased duration of major lexical items. Moreover, literal sentences were typically characterized by greater numbers of pitch contours (discernible rise-fall excursions of fundamental frequency) and open junctures than were idiomatic utterances. In addition to suprasegmental contrasts, articulatory distinctions—corresponding to lento-allegro phonological rules—were also observed.
These distinctions directly reflect the structural differences intrinsic to the two types of utterances. A literal sentence is formulated by the organization of constituent words and phrases. Idioms, on the other hand, are holistic units, largely nontransparent to syntactic structure or the usual meaning of the lexical members.
Auditory Stimulation, Rhythm, and Stuttering
Authors: Martin Richard R. , Johnson Linda J. , Siegel Gerald M. , Haroldson Samuel K. 
Published: July 2014

In a previous experiment, Martin, Siegel, Johnson, and Haroldson (1984) found that stutterers reduced their stuttering under amplified sidetone, but only if the amplified sidetone condition had been preceded by a condition of speaking in noise. The authors speculated that when stutterers were exposed initially to loud noise and its attendant reduction in stuttering, they became "sensitized" to reduced stuttering in any subsequent condition where their auditory feedback was modified. The current experiment tested that hypothesis with 24 adult stutterers divided evenly into three groups.
One group of stutterers spoke with no auditory stimulation (quiet), then while receiving 100 dB SPL white noise, and then while receiving amplified sidetone (0, +10, +20 dB SPL). A second group spoke in quiet, then while receiving amplified sidetone, and then while receiving amplified sidetone again. A third group spoke in quiet, then while receiving rhythmic stimulation, and then while receiving amplified sidetone. Relative to vocal intensity in quiet, stutterers spoke with increased vocal intensity during noise, with decreased vocal intensity during amplified sidetone, and with no significant change in vocal intensity during rhythmic stimulation. Relative to stuttering frequency in quiet, subjects spoke with decreased stuttering frequency during loud noise and during amplified sidetone, but only when the amplified sidetone was preceded by the loud noise condition. These results are discussed in terms of the "sensitizationrdquo; hypothesis.
Developmental Trends in Vocal Fundamental Frequency of Young Children
Authors: Robb M. P. , Saxman J. H. 
Published: July 2014

Developmental trends in vocal fundamental frequency of young children. Robb, M. P., & Saxman, J. H. September 1985, pp. 421-427.
In the Discussion section at the bottom of page 426, two lines were omitted in the paragraph. The entire paragraph should read:

Taking into account that such a discontinuity in F
0
[might exist between non-intentional and intentional utterances, an interesting trend for the developmental] course of F
0
variability is suggested. The child's transition from meaningless, phonologically undifferentiated babbling to productions of meaningful speech (11-16 months) is a period in which large interutterance variability might be expected. Even within the transition period of larger variability, the function of decreasing interutterance standard deviation across age is apparent and is depicted quite clearly in Figure 1. We cannot, however, rule out the influence of segment duration on the reported F
0
variability values. The decrease in F
0
standard deviation as a function of age was not independent of segment duration decreases, and as such, the influence of one upon the other is not clearly discernible during this early age period.
Predicting Reading Problems In At-Risk Children
Authors: Menyuk Paula , Chesnick Marie , Liebergott Jacqueline Weis , Korngold Blanche , D'Agostino Ralph , Belanger Albert 
Published: July 2014

This study was designed to determine early predictors of reading problems in children at risk for such problems. Three groups of children participated in the study: those with a specific language impairment; those who presumably had a language delay or disorder early in life and had no or a mild disorder at present; and a group of premature children. The data collected were standard speech and language test measures, given as the children entered the study, measures of language metaprocessing abilities on an experimental battery, given 6 months after they entered the study; and standard measures of reading, given when the children were aged 80 to 96 months. Many significant relations were found between measures of oral language ability and meta-processing ability at an earlier age and reading ability in first and second grade. The language processing battery scores accounted for a somewhat greater amount of variance on the reading tests than did the scores on the standard language tests.
Three ability groups, comparatively high, middle, and low, were found in the population as a result of cluster analysis. Some premature children and some children with early language disorder or mild language disorder at entry into the study, as well as most SLI children, were members of the low language-ability group. These data were then examined to see if membership in the low language-ability group, as measured by either standard speech and language tests or the language meta-processing battery predicted at-risk reading performance on the WRAT. Forty-six children were found to be at risk by this test. Twenty-one of the children were identified by either set of measures, an additional 10 were identified by the language meta-processing measures alone, an additional 3 by the intake measures alone, and 12 of the children were not identified by either set of measures as potential problem readers. The results indicate that early measures of language awareness are good predictors of later reading performance but that different measures of this awareness are good predictors for different children.
Conductive Hearing Loss During Infancy
Authors: Gunnarson Adele D. , Finitzo Terese 
Published: July 2014

Long-term effects on auditory electrophysiology from early fluctuating hearing loss were studied in 27 children, aged 5 to 7 years, who had been evaluated originally in infancy. For controls (Group A), infant auditory brain stem responses (ABRs) were normal from birth to age 2 years. A second group (Group B) had intermittent conductive hearing loss. A third group (Group C) had more abnormal ABRs during infancy than Group B and more severe and frequent conductive hearing loss. For this follow-up study, all children had normal peripheral hearing at test. ABRs were obtained to monaural and binaural stimuli. Binaural interaction (BI) in the ABR was assessed in difference traces, derived by subtracting summed binaural from summed monaural waveforms.Controls differed from both groups with early hearing loss for wave III and wave V latencies and interpeak I–III and I–V latencies. There was a significant difference in the presence of BI. Eight of 9 A subjects and 8 of 9 B subjects, but only 4 of 9 C subjects, had demonstrable BI. Findings suggest that early fluctuating hearing loss disrupts later auditory brain stem electrophysiology.
Disfluencies in the Conversations of Young Children Who Stutter
Authors: Weiss Amy L. , Zebrowski Patricia M. 
Published: July 2014

Parents of children who stutter are often advised to reduce the number of questions they ask their children. Implicit in this advice is the assumption that children who stutter will be more disfluent when answering questions. This study assessed parent-child conversational speech for 8 parent-child pairs to determine the relative amounts of disfluency in the child’s responses to questions versus making assertions. Length and complexity of the children’s utterances and the frequency of the parents’ requests by level of demand were also evaluated.
Results suggested that the responses made by the children to their parents’ requests were significantly less likely to contain disfluencies than were their assertions. Also, longer and more complex utterances were more likely to contain disfluencies, regardless of their designation as assertions or responses. Parents were shown to favor request types of lower levels of demand in conversations. Requests posed with greater levels of demand were somewhat more likely to yield disfluent responses than were those at a lower demand level.
Comparisons Among Aerodynamic, Electroglottographic, and Acoustic Spectral Measures of Female Voice
Authors: Holmberg Eva B. , Hillman Robert E. , Perkell Joseph S. , Guiod Peter C. , Goldman Susan L. 
Published: July 2014

This study examines measures of the glottal airflow waveform, the electroglottographic signal (EGG), amplitude differences between peaks in the acoustic spectrum, and observations of the spectral energy content of the third formant (F3), in terms of how they relate to one another. Twenty females with normal voices served as subjects. Both group and individual data were studied. Measurements were made for the vowel in two speech tasks: strings of the syllable /pæ/ and sustained phonation of /æ/, which were produced at two levels of vocal effort: comfortable and loud voice. The main results were:
1. Significant differences in parameter values between /pæ/ and /æ/ were related to significant differences in the sound pressure level (SPL).
2. An “adduction quotient,” measured from the glottal waveform at a 30% criterion, was sensitive enough to differentiate between waveforms reflecting abrupt versus gradual vocal fold closing movements.
3. DC flow showed weak or nonsignificant relationships with acoustic measures.
4. The spectral content in the third formant (F3) in comfortable loudness typically consisted of a mix of noise and harmonic energy. In loud voice, the F3 spectral content typically consisted of harmonic energy.
5. Significant differences were found in all measures between tokens with F3 harmonic energy and tokens with F3 noise, independent of loudness condition.
6. Strong relationships between flow- and EGG-adduction quotients suggested that these signals can be used to complement each other.
7. The amplitude difference between spectral peaks of the first and third formant (F1-F3) was found to add information about abruptness of airflow decrease (flow declination) that may be lost in the glottal waveform signal due to low-pass filtering.
The results are discussed in terms of how an integrated use of these measures can contribute to a better understanding of the normal vocal mechanism and help to improve methods for evaluating vocal function.
Drafting a Blueprint for Successful Funding in Schools
Authors: Wheat Kathy , Hall-Mills Shannon , Deppe Janet 
Published: July 2014

Purpose:
Securing funding for school based services is challenging in current economic times. Using a DIY (Do-It-Yourself) analogy, this article will help school-based speech-language pathologists (SLPs) and audiologists (AUDs) draft and execute a blueprint plan for obtaining funding to support their services.

Method:
The need for school-based members to self-advocate for funding is illustrated with highlights from a recent survey of school-based SLPs and AUDs. We present a nuts-and-bolts guide to assist with efforts to secure funding for materials, equipment, and technology to best serve students within the school setting.

Conclusion:
Funding goals can be reached by individual SLPs and AUDs as illustrated by a series of funding success stories.
Intergenerational transmission of emotional trauma through amygdala-dependent mother-to-infant transfer of specific fear
Authors: Debiec Jacek , Sullivan Regina Marie 
Published: July 2014

Significance
Despite clinical evidence that specific fear is transmitted across generations, we have little understanding of mechanisms. Here, we model social transmission of mother-to-infant fear in rodents. We show that maternal fear responses to a conditioned fear odor are sufficient to induce robust fear learning throughout infancy, with robust retention. Assessment of mechanism showed that maternal fear expression increases pups’ stress hormone corticosterone and amygdala activation to induce this cue-specific fear learning. Suppressing pups’ amygdala or preventing pups from mounting a stress response blocked this fear learning. Specific fears may thus be transferred across generations through maternal emotional communication and infant’s associative learning mechanisms. Elucidating the mechanisms of this transmission may inform the development of novel therapeutic and preventive approaches.
The habenula encodes negative motivational value associated with primary punishment in humans
Authors: Lawson Rebecca P. , Seymour Ben , Loh Eleanor , Lutti Antoine , Dolan Raymond J. , Dayan Peter , Weiskopf Nikolaus , Roiser Jonathan P. 
Published: July 2014

Significance
Organisms must learn adaptively about environmental cue–outcome associations to survive. Studies in nonhuman primates suggest that a small phylogenetically conserved brain structure, the habenula, encodes the values of cues previously paired with aversive outcomes. However, such a role for the habenula has never been demonstrated in humans. We establish that the habenula encodes associations with aversive outcomes in humans, specifically that it tracks the dynamically changing negative values of cues paired with painful electric shocks, consistent with a role in learning. Importantly, habenula responses predicted the extent to which individuals withdrew from or approached negative and positive cues, respectively. These results suggest that the habenula plays a central role in driving aversively motivated learning and behavior in humans.
Structures and organization of adenovirus cement proteins provide insights into the role of capsid maturation in virus entry and infection
Authors: Reddy Vijay S. , Nemerow Glen R. 
Published: July 2014

Significance
Adenoviruses cause acute respiratory, ocular, and enteric diseases, with significant health concerns for immunocompromised individuals. Replication-deficient adenoviruses are among the most frequently used vectors for human gene therapy. However, the structural details of these large (150-MDa) and complex viral vectors remain obscure. In this study, we determined the crystal structures of all cement proteins in the context of the entire virion and, in the process, revised the existing cement protein structures and their locations. Significantly, our results revealed the structure of protein VI, for the first time to our knowledge, with its cleaved propeptide sequestered within peripentonal hexons. This permits untethering and release of the membrane-lytic segment, thereby providing the molecular basis for maturation cleavage of protein VI in adenovirus-mediated endosome disruption.
Modeling first impressions from highly variable facial images
Authors: Vernon Richard J. W. , Sutherland Clare A. M. , Young Andrew W. , Hartley Tom 
Published: July 2014

Significance
Understanding how first impressions are formed to faces is a topic of major theoretical and practical interest that has been given added importance through the widespread use of images of faces in social media. We create a quantitative model that can predict first impressions of previously unseen ambient images of faces (photographs reflecting the variability encountered in everyday life) from a linear combination of facial attributes, explaining 58% of the variance in raters’ impressions despite the considerable variability of the photographs. Reversing this process, we then demonstrate that face-like images can be generated that yield predictable social trait impressions in naive raters because they capture key aspects of the systematic variation in the relevant physical features of real faces.