bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An in-vivo and in-vitro taste masking evaluation of bitter melt-extruded drugs
Authors: Maniruzzaman Mohammed , Bonnefille Marion , Aranyos Attila , Snowden Martin J , Douroumis Dennis 
Published: November 2013

Abstract

Objectives
The purpose of this study was to investigate the potential of hot-melt extrusion (HME) for masking the taste of bitter active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) when incorporated into different polymer formulations.

Methods
Extrudates were produced by HME using two water soluble cationic model drugs (cetirizine HCl and verapamil HCl) processed with various grades of anionic polymers (Eudragit L100 and Eudragit L100-55 (Acryl EZE)). The process was optimised by using a single screw extruder to produce extruadates with the desirable characteristics.

Key findings
In-vivo results obtained from a panel of six healthy human volunteers demonstrated that the HME extruded formulations improved the taste significantly compared with that of the pure APIs. In addition, an in-vitro evaluation carried out by an Astree e-tongue equipped with seven specific sensors demonstrated significant taste improvement of the extrudates compared with placebo polymers and the pure APIs. Furthermore, the extrudates characterised by SEM, X-ray and differential scanning calorimetry studies showed the existence of molecularly dispersed APIs while in-vitro dissolution showed fast release for all drug substances.

Conclusions
HME can effectively be used to mask the taste of bitter APIs by enhancing drug–polymer interactions.
Leveraging External Sources of Innovation: A Review of Research on Open Innovation
Authors: West Joel , Bogers Marcel 
Published: November 2013

This paper reviews research on open innovation that considers how and why firms commercialize external sources of innovations. It examines both the “outside‐in” and “coupled” modes of open innovation. From an analysis of prior research on how firms leverage external sources of innovation, it suggests a four‐phase model in which a linear process—(1) obtaining, (2) integrating, and (3) commercializing external innovations—is combined with (4) interaction between the firm and its collaborators. This model is used to classify papers taken from the top 25 innovation journals, complemented by highly cited work beyond those journals. A review of 291 open innovation‐related publications from these sources shows that the majority of these articles indeed address elements of this inbound open innovation process model. Specifically, it finds that researchers have front‐loaded their examination of the leveraging process, with an emphasis on obtaining innovations from external sources. However, there is a relative dearth of research related to integrating and commercializing these innovations.Research on obtaining innovations includes searching, enabling, filtering, and acquiring—each category with its own specific set of mechanisms and conditions. Integrating innovations has been mostly studied from an absorptive capacity perspective, with less attention given to the impact of competencies and culture (including “not invented here”). Commercializing innovations puts the most emphasis on how external innovations create value rather than how firms capture value from those innovations. Finally, the interaction phase considers both feedback for the linear process and reciprocal innovation processes such as cocreation, network collaboration, and community innovation.This review and synthesis suggests several gaps in prior research. One is a tendency to ignore the importance of business models, despite their central role in distinguishing open innovation from earlier research on interorganizational collaboration in innovation. Another gap is a tendency in open innovation to use “innovation” in a way inconsistent with earlier definitions in innovation management. The paper concludes with recommendations for future research that include examining the end‐to‐end innovation commercialization process, and studying the moderators and limits of leveraging external sources of innovation.
“And Thence from Jerusalems Ruins”: Romantic Prophecy and the End(s) of History
Authors: Bundock Christopher 
Published: November 2013

AbstractSeveral comprehensive and influential studies of Romanticism in the 1950s, 60s and 70s paid special attention to the role of prophecy as an aesthetic and psychological framework for reading the major Romantic poets – Keats, Byron and Coleridge but especially Wordsworth, Shelley and Blake. One of the goals of this paper is to suggest that this interest, perhaps now seen as somewhat dated, is not so much past as sublated in several more contemporary studies. As recent work illustrates, prophecy remains a vital phenomenon for reading Romanticism, though realizing its full potential means imagining the concept anew. Once rethought, prophecy offers a productive focus for reconsidering the interrelation of major topics in Romanticism including the imagination, representation, subjectivity, performativity and history – all of which are touched on below. This topic is particularly important today when prevailing attitudes toward the future seem divided between either a fascination with the non‐future of apocalyptic annihilation – whether natural or supernatural – or the perpetuation of history's “end” in neoliberal capitalism, an opposition Fredric Jameson expresses as the strange fact that today “it is easier to imagine the end of the world than the end of capitalism” (199). The hope here is that a review of Romantic prophecy may inspire more varied and creative responses to contemporary thought about what is and is not possible for art and history. What follows is a kind of biography of the philosophical life of prophecy that takes account of how the concept is serially revised as it is assimilated by different literary‐critical movements from approximately the 1950s to the present day. This is not to say that there is a simply linear development in the thinking of the phenomenon; rather, and most interestingly, different notions of prophecy overlap with each other, producing a palimpsest indicating multiple, simultaneous levels of significance. Nor is this paper a comprehensive catalogue of critical work on Romantic prophecy – this would require much more time. Rather, it attempts to sketch out some of the most important and interesting directions scholarship on this topic has taken over the past few decades.
Poe. The Politics of a Poetry without Politics (Part I)
Authors: McGann Jerome 
Published: November 2013

AbstractExcerpted from parts of two chapters in a forthcoming book on Poe's poetry and poetics, this essay argues that Poe's poetry needs to be approached through the interpretive lines initially laid down by the French, especially Mallarmé, Rimbaud, and Valéry. While that reception history is well‐known and well‐documented, it has never been realized in a system of detailed analysis and explication such as is offered here. This approach involves reading the poetry as a radically formalist undertaking by which meaningful particulars are generated through the elementary acoustic and bibliographical character of the poems. Poe's musical theory of poetry leads to the creation of poetic compositions that require actual performance – a result that makes the reader the central focus and subject of the poetry. Anticipating Gertrude Stein's Modernist commitment to “Composition as Explanation”, Poe demonstrates that the “Explanation” can only be completed in a reciprocal process of “Performance as Explanation”. This approach leads Poe to set a deeply troubling question at the center of all his poetry: what ethical authority can poetry claim when it consciously locates itself in a field of ideological illusions?
Poe. The Politics of a Poetry without Politics (Part II)
Authors: McGann Jerome 
Published: November 2013

AbstractExcerpted from parts of two chapters in a forthcoming book on Poe's poetry and poetics, this essay argues that Poe's poetry needs to be approached through the interpretive lines initially laid down by the French, especially Mallarmé, Rimbaud, and Valéry. While that reception history is well known and well‐documented, it has never been realized in a system of detailed analysis and explication such as is offered here. This approach involves reading the poetry as a radically formalist undertaking by which meaningful particulars are generated through the elementary acoustic and bibliographical character of the poems. Poe's musical theory of poetry leads to the creation of poetic compositions that require actual performance – a result that makes the reader the central focus and subject of the poetry. Anticipating Gertrude Stein's Modernist commitment to “Composition as Explanation”, Poe demonstrates that the “Explanation” can only be completed in a reciprocal process of “Performance as Explanation”. This approach leads Poe to set a deeply troubling question at the center of all his poetry: what ethical authority can poetry claim when it consciously locates itself in a field of ideological illusions?
Climate‐induced Late‐Holocene ecological changes in Pichavaram estuary, India
Authors: Srivastava Jyoti , Farooqui Anjum , Hussain Shaik M. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractVariation in sedimentology as well as freshwater and marine palynomorphs has been studied in ecological perspective in two 2.5‐ and 5‐m deep sediment cores deposited since 3440 and 3630 cal BP, respectively in the central part of Pichavaram mangrove wetland, Cauvery River delta. The palynological and sedimentological results of the sediments reveal a monsoonal circulation and a climatic shift from warm and humid with strengthened monsoon (3630–3190 cal BP) to dry and arid (~2750–760 cal BP). Since the last millennium (~760 cal BP), Pichavaram estuary has been influenced by a similar cyclicity but with a less wet and humid climate due to weakened monsoon conditions. These ecological changes in turn affect the relative sea level rise and fall which is reflected by the variability/extinction of freshwater and marine palynomorphs. The estuary remained an active water channel between ~3630 and 2750 cal BP, responding to the strengthened monsoon, during which the freshwater algal remains with thecamoebians and marine dinoflagellate cysts and foraminiferal linings both dominated with a ratio of 1.5 for marine/freshwater forms. After this period, since ~2750 cal BP there has been a dominance of marine forms with a ratio of 4.5 for marine/freshwater forms, indicating fluvio‐marine sediment deposition and suggesting the recent landward intrusion of seawater during weakened monsoon conditions. Freshwater thecamoebians are vulnerable to the salinity >3 in the aqueous soil solution of estuarine sediment, and therefore serve as an excellent proxy for monitoring salinity gradient along with short‐term high resolution palaeoecological fluctuations induced by climate and relative sea‐level changes in an estuarine ecosystem.
Diversity and temporal fluctuations of epiphytes and sessile invertebrates on the rhizomesPosidonia oceanicain a seagrass meadow offTunisia
Authors: Mabrouk Lotfi , Ben Brahim Mounir , Hamza Asma , Bradai Med‐Najmeddine 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe aim of this work is to study the temporal dynamics of rhizome epiphytes and sessile animals living on the rhizomes of the seagrassPosidonia oceanicain the east ofTunisia. Surveys were conducted inOctober 2009, and inJanuary,April andAugust 2010 on a fringing reef located inChebba. Rhizomes were sampled bySCUBAdiving at three stations. Samples were examined with a microscope to estimate the cover of macroinvertebrate and macroalgal organisms on the top 10 cm of each rhizome. Results revealed a high diversity of epiphytes onP. oceanicarhizomes with a dominance of red and brown algae, ascidians, and bryozoans. Distinct temporal changes were observed inOuedLafrann, with a highJanuary cover (winter period) for all groups. These winter increases can be attributed to: (i) the low phenological parameters ofP. oceanicain winter that reduce the effects of shading, (ii) life cycles of the epiphytes and invertebrates, (iii) water motion and (iv) grazing.
Evidence for regulation of columnar habit in apple by a putative 2OG‐Fe(II) oxygenase
Authors: Wolters Pieter J. , Schouten Henk J. , Velasco Riccardo , Si‐Ammour Azeddine , Baldi Paolo 
Published: November 2013

Summary

Understanding the genetic mechanisms controlling columnar‐type growth in the apple mutant ‘Wijcik’ will provide insights on how tree architecture and growth are regulated in fruit trees.

In apple, columnar‐type growth is controlled by a single major gene at the Columnar (Co) locus. By comparing the genomic sequence of the Co region of ‘Wijcik’ with its wild‐type ‘McIntosh’, a novel non‐coding DNA element of 1956 bp specific to Pyreae was found to be inserted in an intergenic region of ‘Wijcik’.

Expression analysis of selected genes located in the vicinity of the insertion revealed the upregulation of the MdCo31 gene encoding a putative 2OG‐Fe(II) oxygenase in axillary buds of ‘Wijcik’.

Constitutive expression of MdCo31 in Arabidopsis thaliana resulted in compact plants with shortened floral internodes, a phenotype reminiscent of the one observed in columnar apple trees. We conclude that MdCo31 is a strong candidate gene for the control of columnar growth in ‘Wijcik’.
The dynamic pipeline: hydraulic capacitance and xylem hydraulic safety in four tall conifer species
Authors: MCCULLOH KATHERINE A. , JOHNSON DANIEL M. , MEINZER FREDERICK C. , WOODRUFF DAVID R. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractRecent work has suggested that plants differ in their relative reliance on structural avoidance of embolism versus maintenance of the xylem water column through dynamic traits such as capacitance, but we still know little about how and why species differ along this continuum. It is even less clear how or if different parts of a plant vary along this spectrum. Here we examined how traits such as hydraulic conductivity or conductance, xylem vulnerability curves, and capacitance differ in trunks, large‐ and small‐diameter branches, and foliated shoots of four species of co‐occurring conifers. We found striking similarities among species in most traits, but large differences among plant parts. Vulnerability to embolism was high in shoots, low in small‐ and large‐diameter branches, and high again in the trunks. Safety margins, defined as the pressure causing 50% loss of hydraulic conductivity or conductance minus the midday water potential, were large in small‐diameter branches, small in trunks and negative in shoots. Sapwood capacitance increased with stem diameter, and was correlated with stem vulnerability, wood density and latewood proportion. Capacitive release of water is a dynamic aspect of plant hydraulics that is integral to maintenance of long‐distance water transport.
Contextualising Causation Part II
Authors: Reiss Julian 
Published: November 2013

AbstractIn recent years, a number of philosophers have attempted to fix paradoxes of the counterfactual account of causation by making causation contrastive. In this framework, causation is understood to be not a two‐place relationship between a cause and an effect but a three or four‐place relationship between a cause, an effect and a contrast on the side of the cause, the effect or both. I argue that contrasting helps resolving certain paradoxes only if an account of admissibility of the chosen set of contrasts is given. I show by means of numerous examples that it is contextual features that determine admissibility. This way, context becomes part of the semantics of causation. I finally argue that once contextualised, explicit contrasting is redundant: causation is therefore a three‐place relationship between a cause, an effect and a context.
Armed Jihad in the Islamic Legal Tradition
Authors: Al‐Dawoody Ahmed 
Published: November 2013

AbstractArmed jihad in the Islamic legal tradition has been the subject of lengthy discussions, interpretations, and deliberations among Muslim jurists and scholars for over 14 centuries. Different interpretations of the nature of armed jihad as offensive or only defensive armed conflict have been advocated depending on the interpretations of certain incidents of fighting that took place between the Prophet and the enemies of the Muslims after the flight to Medina and the Qur'ānic texts addressing these incidents. The Islamic rules developed by the classical Muslim jurists regulating the use of force considerably succeeded in humanizing the primitive war situations of their times. However, the different interpretations of the texts and contexts of these incidents of fighting, on the one hand, and the struggle to put limitations on the use of force in certain primitive war tactics and operations in order not to endanger the lives and property of enemy non‐combatants without losing the war, on the other, resulted in advocating contradictory rules by jurists of the different schools of Islamic law. Therefore, the redevelopment of Islamic rules regulating the use of force in the contemporary war situations and in the light of the international treaties becomes a matter of urgent necessity for today's world peace and security.
A Brief History of the Bhagavad Gita's Modern Canonization
Authors: Rao Mani 
Published: November 2013

AbstractBelieved to have been written well over 2000 years ago, the Gita's original social, cultural, and religious or philosophical context is far removed from the context of the present, and it is written in a language no longer used in daily speech. In its original form, it was not even a complete, independent text, it was a small part of the Mahabharata epic and only one of many texts expounding vedantic ideas. Yet, the Gita enjoys currency, new translations are released by major publishers every year. The Gita is believed to be the most translated text after the Bible today. This essay investigates the process by which the Gita has achieved its canonical status and thinks about why the Gita—and no other Hindu text—is today regarded the representative text of Hinduism. For this purpose, the essay surveys recent history over the last 200 years since Wilkins' translation into English and the process of interpretation, translation, and dissemination by which the Gita was adapted to contexts and made instrumental to ideologies. Comparing the Gita to other Hindu texts provides clues for the suitability of the Gita, time and time again, to such adaption.
Review Of Methodological Issues in Cost-Effectiveness Analyses Relating to Injecting Drug Users, and Case-Study Illustrations
Authors: White Simon R. , Bird Sheila M. , Grieve Richard 
Published: November 2013

SummaryGuidelines for good practice in cost-effectiveness analyses (CEAs) are available from the UK's National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence, which address the scope of the CEA study, appropriateness of the data used and how to account for model as well as statistical uncertainty. Within these three broad headings, we identify 10 specific issues that may affect materially the CEA of a public health intervention for which injecting drug users are a major target group. The 10 issues relate to injecting drug users' under-representation in randomized controlled trials; their risk of blood-borne viruses—such as human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis C virus—which have long-term chronic sequelae, their markedly higher age-specific mortality than in the general population and the relapsing–remitting nature of opiate dependence with its associated risk of overdose. We consider how adequately three key UK CEAs accounted for the relevant injecting drug user specific issues that we have highlighted. The three case-studies are antiviral treatment of carriage of hepatitic C virus, opiate substitution therapy and needle and syringe programmes.
Annexin 1 regulates the H2O2‐induced calcium signature in Arabidopsis thaliana roots
Authors: Richards Siân L. , Laohavisit Anuphon , Mortimer Jennifer C. , Shabala Lana , Swarbreck Stéphanie M. , Shabala Sergey , Davies Julia M. 
Published: November 2013

SummaryHydrogen peroxide is the most stable of the reactive oxygen species (ROS) and is a regulator of development, immunity and adaptation to stress. It frequently acts by elevating cytosolic free Ca2+ ([Ca2+]cyt) as a second messenger, with activation of plasma membrane Ca2+‐permeable influx channels as a fundamental part of this process. At the genetic level, to date only the Ca2+‐permeable Stelar K+ Outward Rectifier (SKOR) channel has been identified as being responsive to hydrogen peroxide. We show here that the ROS‐regulated Ca2+ transport protein Annexin 1 in Arabidopsis thaliana (AtANN1) is involved in regulating the root epidermal [Ca2+]cyt response to stress levels of extracellular hydrogen peroxide. Peroxide‐stimulated [Ca2+]cyt elevation (determined using aequorin luminometry) was aberrant in roots and root epidermal protoplasts of the Atann1 knockout mutant. Similarly, peroxide‐stimulated net Ca2+ influx and K+ efflux were aberrant in Atann1 root mature epidermis, determined using extracellular vibrating ion‐selective microelectrodes. Peroxide induction of GSTU1 (Glutathione‐S‐Transferase1 Tau 1), which is known to be [Ca2+]cyt‐dependent was impaired in mutant roots, consistent with a lesion in signalling. Expression of AtANN1 in roots was suppressed by peroxide, consistent with the need to restrict further Ca2+ influx. Differential regulation of annexin expression was evident, with AtANN2 down‐regulation but up‐regulation of AtANN3 and AtANN4. Overall the results point to involvement of AtANN1 in shaping the root peroxide‐induced [Ca2+]cyt signature and downstream signalling.