bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Marine and Coastal Sensitivity Mapping for Oil Spill Preparedness and Response
Authors: Nxumalo G. M. , Lee J. T. , Ross S. G. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
This paper summarises the approaches used for desk-based sensitivity mapping and the alignment with international best practice guidelines. The primary focus is on available data sources for developing a robust baseline database and how these can be made accessible through interactive Geographic Information Systems (GIS) tools. The conclusions focus on the benefits of sharing information and key lessons learned for developing these collaboration tools.
Based on the most recent IMO/IPIECA sensitivity mapping guidelines this paper outlines a staged approach to sensitivity assessment. Initial desk-based mapping and sensitivity classification draws on existing data sources and remote sensing interpretation, which subsequently informs more detailed field surveys. This approach enables rapid assessment of potentially sensitive locations to provide an immediate overview of risks, ahead of targeted field assessments to fill data gaps in support of the contingency planning process.
A key tool for successfully implementing these projects has been the use of GIS. In addition to providing the analytic tools and central data and document repository, web-based GIS viewers provide instant access to project data and metadata from any location. Web editing tools enable planners and response personnel to plot and share proposed locations for response resources (e.g. staging areas) during the response planning stage. This approach dramatically reduces reliance on traditional paper mapping during planning stages while still allowing responders to produce field maps for working in a response situation.
In the wake of the Deep-water Horizon incident many oil and gas operators are re-examining their risk exposure with regard to potential accidental oil spill incidents. In many instances this now includes consideration of larger potential impact zones resulting from a worst case oil spill scenario. Key to successful planning is understanding where the potential sensitive coastal and offshore environmental and socio-economic resources are, and communicating these effectively to incident management specialists, regulatory agencies and other stakeholders.
Mercury Guideline for the Norwegian Oil and Gas Industry
Authors: Naerheim Jakob 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Mercury has been identified as a major health hazard in the oil & gas industry. The reason is on the one side the presence of mercury and on the other side its neurotoxicity and its ability to accumulate. Mercury may be found in crude oil and natural gas condensate and follows the production flow in different chemical forms. Reservoirs with sweet crude oil and high temperature/pressure seem to experience the highest content of mercury.
To help the Norwegian petroleum industry to control the risk of mercury exposure, a guideline has been developed. The experience and needs of the different actors in the industry have been collected, shared and discussed to compile this guideline. The objective of this work has been to control the health risk associated with handling and processing crude oils and natural gas condensates that contain mercury.
The guideline has been developed, tested and implemented in the industry. It has in some instances been an eye opener to reveal a hidden hazard, in other case it has been an effective transfer of good practice between companies. Prior to its release the guideline was field tested in real offshore maintenance activities. The experiences from the testing have been implemented into the final version of the guideline.
Joining forces to prepare industry guidelines is a fruitful way of compiling and sharing best practise. The mercury guideline has acted as an eye opener to the industry, and has enabled the industry to better control mercury exposure.
The Value of Safety Indicators
Authors: van Kampen Jakko , van der Beek Dolf , Groeneweg Jop 
Published: June 2014

Summary
Organizations are searching for ways to gain insight into the level of safety in their company so that additional measures can be taken when necessary, and so the effectiveness of interventions can be measured. That said, measuring safety, health, and the environment is not easy. A survey among members of the Netherlands Society for Safety Science (NVVK) was conducted and analyzed. Companies that fall under the European Union SEVESO II Directive were analyzed separately. This study shows which indicators are used the most in the industry. It also shows that the respondents take safety very seriously; on average, they use 15 of the 37 safety indicators stated. This study also asks what the organizations do with these indicators in practice. Much of the collected information is not used as an indicator to improve organizations, even those that are considered to be of utmost importance for safety.
The number of indicators used in organizations proved to be a reasonably good measure of discriminating between companies with a good or not-so-good personal safety performance, as measured by self-reported lost-time injury frequency (LTIF). It cannot be concluded from this that the use of more indicators leads to fewer accidents. It is more likely that good organizations gather and use more information to steer safety efforts, and that this leads to fewer personal accidents. What is also evident is that more-successful organizations make more use of specific types of indicators. Notably, neither the amount nor the nature of indicators collected can be related to process safety performance as measured by self-reported “loss of containment” events. This could be because of the lack of standardization with respect to what is measured and how it is standardized. At present, there are no set indicators that can be collected from organizations that can reliably discriminate between organizations with no or few or organizations with many process-related incidents. This study legitimizes the continued pursuit of suitable “leading indicators” for process safety.
Innovations in Sustainable Shale Gas Water Managment High Recovery Reverse Osmosis Case Study
Authors: Kimball R. J. , Locke A. L. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Natural gas production from low permeability shale formations (shale gas) has recently become economically viable due to technological advancements in horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing. Shale gas is present in numerous and large "basins" around the world, including across the United States, and has been largely untapped due to the very "tight" nature of shale rock. With horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing, previously inaccessible natural gas is made to flow through newly formed fractures in the shale to production wells.
As a result of this technology, natural gas is now one of the world’s fastest growing energy sources. The development of unconventional sources, such as coal seam gas, will grow dramatically due to vast basins in the United States, and Europe. These reserves are being tapped with new techniques for detection, hydraulic stimulation and extraction.
Leveraging any natural resource requires responsible environmental management. Development includes many protective measures, with special concern for water resources and water quality. There is considerable debate about environmental concerns related to produced water. Our industry has a role to identify and apply robust, reliable and efficient scientific and engineering methods to help protect water supplies and the environment.
Water management is one of the biggest operating issues for resource developers. While well development may require 4-5 million gallons of water per horizontal well, more liquid is produced throughout the gas well’s lifecycle containing constituents at concentrations much higher than in surface water—all of which requires management through treatment and beneficial use. To protect fresh water resources and control treatment costs, resource developers are seeking innovative treatment and reuse options.
This paper provides detailed information and context from case studies including references of relevance to the gas field produced water characteristics of representative Europe and American gas fields.
Improvement of Chemical Working Environment in Shaker Room with Enclosed Shaker Design and Optimized Ventilation Rates
Authors: Aase Bodil , Jensen Ellen Katrine , Omland Tor Henry 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Drilling operations require use of drilling fluid and solids control equipment to remove cuttings from the well. To maintain the drilling fluid at its desired properties it is essential to have efficient solids removal, which requires good solids control equipment in addition to good routines and practice for inspection of the shale shakers. Solids removal takes place in the shaker room, where the return fluid from the well is processed by shale shakers. Chemical emission of volatile compounds occur as the warm drilling fluid passes through the screens in the shaker and cuttings are discharged, and despite the use of ventilation system the emissions highly effect the working environment and point out the shaker room as a hot spot for occupational exposure.
During an onshore test of various shakers, factors expected to effect the chemical working environment while using oil based drilling fluid was examined. The factors were traditional open versus enclosed shaker design / front hood, and high and low ventilation rate. The evaporation level was monitored with a real time instrument for measurement of volatile organic compounds, while the level of oil vapour and oil mist were captured with filter and adsorbent tube sampling. The test methodology has been evolved from prior offshore and onshore tests (Bråtveit et al. 2009; Peikli et al. 2010; Steinsvåg et al. 2011; Aase et al. 2012).
The results from the chemical emission measurements showed that the separation system with highest degree of enclosure, i.e. fully enclosed, gave the lowest values, thus, provided the best chemical working environment. For semi-enclosed solutions, it was possible to reduce the emissions through optimizing the ventilation rate. However, the chemical emissions were still above the tests acceptance criteria. For a fully open system it was not possible to apply ventilation only in order to control chemical emissions to an acceptable level. As a result of the test all participating shaker suppliers have initiated design improvements to achieve a better chemical working environment in the shaker room.
A Generic Model to Assess Major Incident Frequencies for Offshore Assets
Authors: Emery R. J. , Flynn J.. , Smith D.. , Linzi P 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Quantitative risk assessments (QRAs) for offshore oil and gas exploration and production assets are commonly used in the industry to demonstrate that risks are within tolerable limits. The results of these QRAs are included in an installation’s Operations Safety Case, which is prepared in response to the requirements of Regulation 7 of the Offshore Installations (Safety Case) Regulations 2005 (SI 2005/3117). These results provide part of the demonstration that the risks are managed to ALARP and are also used as input into the Justification for Continued Operations. A limitation of these assessments, however, is that a realistic comparison between assets is often not possible since methods, input data and assumptions vary from one QRA to another, in some cases quite widely. These variations may include the use of differing leak frequency databases, differing parts count definitions, ignition models, and fatality and impairment probabilities. In addition, QRAs do not focus on potential asset, or environmental consequences which are of significant interest to operators and equity partners.
This paper presents a methodology for assessing Major Incident Frequencies to enable a realistic comparison, on a like for like basis, of a range of asset types, which have been assessed using differing QRA methodologies. The methodology presented within this paper has been applied to various assets including fixed manned and unmanned installations, FPSO’s and FSO’s. The results indicate that the methodology developed is sufficiently robust to allow a meaningful comparison to be made between different types of assets, and provides an improved estimation of the overall major incident risk frequency compared with that which is typically presented in installation specific safety cases.
HSE Leadership Toolkit: a Valuable Approach to Improve Performances and Reduce Incidents
Authors: Frattini Luca , Scataglini Luciano , Migliore Francesco , Petrone Annamaria 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
This paper presents the toolkit developed by Eni E&P to strengthen the manager’s HSE leadership and commitment.
The first tool is a self assessment form to measure the leadership strength of each manager on the 5 key elements for accident prevention:
- Communication of HSE issues with the workforce. - Reduction of accidents causes. - Promotion of Contractors HSE issues. - Supervision. - Audits and visits.
The self-assessment then guides the user to express his/her personal commitment into visible actions like:
- Site visits. - Participation to HSE Audits. - Periodical meetings/reports/newsletters. - Pre job meetings.
Regular site visits, in particular, help managers understand in depth the company’s activities and where the challenges are, delivering the message that HSE is an essential aspect of everybody’s job and it deserves the highest attention and full commitment.
To help managers get the most from site visits, some checklists have been developed guiding them on the task:
- An "aide memoire" which condenses the key HSE aspects to observe on a site together with some tips on how to reinforce a safe behaviour or how to manage an observed unsafe act. - A pocket-size checklist covering the main aspects of the HSE Management System which, guiding through common management system faults ad typical rule–breaking mechanisms, provides useful indications on the health condition of the site HSE Management System. - A suite of checklists to analyse in detail the compliance to each of the 10 Eni Safety Golden Rules. These checklists are intended to be used with the assistance of an HSE professional and the involvement of the concerned contractor’s representatives.
The leadership and commitment of company managers is essential for the achievement of zero incidents on work activities. This paper aims at disseminating some fundamentals for an effective and visible HSE leadership together with some useful tools which can be deployed to reinforce the HSE leadership and commitment of the managers.
Infectious Disease Outbreak Management: An Effective Tool to Control Outbreaks in an LNG Construction Project in Papua New Guinea
Authors: Nowosiwsky Andry , Diara Malick , Dockins Richard , Burke Nick , Harmen Sonia , Ngunjiri Susan , Brown Amanda 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
IDOM (Infectious Disease Outbreak Management) is a prevention and control approach used by ExxonMobil Corporation for infectious disease outbreak control in remote and offshore settings, The company examined the effectiveness of IDOM in containing varicella outbreaks in a large scale project in Papua New Guinea with a globally mobile labour force.

Application:
Infectious disease outbreaks can have serious health consequences, disrupt operations and affect company productivity. They are of particular concern in remote sites where large-scale outbreaks can exceed project medical team response capabilities as well as those of the local health system. Outbreaks can spread from the worksites to surrounding communities, impact the health of the populations and affect the company’s image and license to operate. IDOM is a public health tool combining sets of easily applicable procedures for outbreak prevention, preparedness and response.

Observations:
From December 2011 to May 2012, four separate outbreaks of varicella virus (chicken pox) were reported in various locations of the Liquified Natural Gas Project. The outbreaks occurred at three large-scale construction camps and one off-shore vessel resulting in 41 cases of chicken pox (approximate total worker population of affected sites 10,000). Earlier adoption of IDOM across project sites allowed quick case detection with timely implementation of mitigation measures that effectively interrupted transmission of the highly infective varicella virus. Several sites reported a single case but no further transmission was observed and no varicella case was reported in any of the surrounding communities.

Significance:
Adoption of IDOM was shown to be very effective for infectious disease outbreak prevention, preparedness and response in large-scale oil and gas construction projects and in preventing transmission to local communities.
The Use of Alternating Flow to Characterize Porous Media Having Storage Pores
Authors: Stewart C.R. , Lubinski A. , Blenkarn K.A. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Storage porosity has been considered one of the important pore geometry characteristics of heterogeneousporosity limestones. Storage pores are only containers for fluids, in contrast to flow channel pores which both contain fluids and provide continuity for fluid flow. The concept of another geometry characteristic, "porostriction", is presented as a second pertinent variable in describing limestone pore space. In simple terms, porostriction is a measure of the flow resistance between storage and flow channel pores.
Alternating-flow core-testing theory provides flow relationships which can be used to divide the pore space of heterogeneous-porosity media into flow channel and storage pores and to measure the "porostriction" of the latter. Experimental application of this theory to naturally occurring heterogeneous limestones shows that "porostriction" and the ratio of storage to flow channel pores can be estimated.
Porostriction and porosity ratio are microscopic characteristics which should influence oil-recovery efficiencies during certain types of displacement processes. A knowledge of pore geometry should be valuable in designing or selecting the most effective oil-recovery process for heterogeneous limestones containing storage porosity.

Introduction
The primary and secondary recovery of oil from limestone (carbonate) reservoirs has been and will continue to be a major source of the world's supply of petroleum. Oil recovery from this type of formation is strongly influenced by the size, shape and arrangement of the pore spaces which hold the formation fluids. Therefore, it is expected that better knowledge of pore geometry would lead to design of more effective recovery processes.
The concept of storage and flow channel pores has been presented as an important characteristic of limestone porosity. In this concept, storage pores are only containers for fluids, whereas flow channel pores are those pores which both contain and transmit the fluids. The work reported herein involves the concept of an additional pore characteristic called "porostriction".
Lessons Learned Regarding Offshore Oilfield Applications and Hydraulic Fluids
Authors: McGrath Robert , Davila Sara , Wagner Natalie , Miller Mark 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
As interest and demand increase for reduced liability and exposure related to offshore hydraulic applications, equipment and fluid manufacturers are starting to work together. Over the years, many drilling contractors have learned by trial and error with significant equipment and maintenance costs as a result. One drilling contractor’s goal to reduce the exposure to risk, from purchase to disposal, has led years of experience in the area. As decisions based on a paper review of datasheets can be problematic, understanding the application is vital to ensure performance. As such, there is a need for a better understanding of fluid dynamics and the related tests in a holistic perspective. Specific lessons learned about fluid testing standards and methods, in relation to both performance and environmental parameters, are shared. Topics include case studies on types of environmentally friendly hydraulic (HE) fluids and the associated engineering and compatibility concerns.
An Efficient Reservoir-Simulation Approach To Design and Optimize Unconventional Gas Production
Authors: Yu Wei , Sepehrnoori Kamy 
Published: June 2014

Summary
Shale-gas production has gained worldwide attention over the past several years. Production from shale-gas reservoirs requires horizontal drilling with multiple hydraulic fracturing to obtain the most economical production. However, there are high cost and uncertainty because of many inestimable and uncertain parameters (e.g., reservoir permeability, porosity, fracture spacing, fracture half length,fracture conductivity, gas desorption, geomechanics, and existing natural fractures). Therefore, the development of a way to quantify uncertainties and optimization of shale-gas production in an efficient and practical method is clearly desirable. In this paper, we present a user-friendly and efficient framework to obtain the optimal gas-production scenario by optimizing the uncertain factors by integrating several commercial simulators, an economic model, design of experiment (DoE), and response-surface methodology (RSM) with a global optimization search engine. Specifically, we use factorial design to screen insignificant factors and find the most influential design and uncertain factors; then, we use RSM to design over those most influential factors to fit a response surface using net present value (NPV) as the objective function; finally, we identify the most economical production scenario under conditions of uncertainty. Eight uncertain parameters [i.e., porosity, permeability, reservoir thickness, reservoir pressure, bottomhole pressure (BHP), fracture spacing, fracture half-length, and fracture conductivity] with a reasonable range on the basis of Barnett-shale information are investigated. Also, different gas prices are considered for the optimization process. This framework is effective and efficient for hydraulic-fracturing- treatment design and production-scheme optimization in unconventional gas reservoirs. It can contribute to providing guidance for engineers to modify the design of a hydraulic-fracture treatment before the actual fracture treatment.