bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Utilization of host‐derived cysteine‐containing peptides overcomes the restricted sulphur metabolism of Campylobacter jejuni
Authors: Vorwerk Hanne , Mohr Juliane , Huber Claudia , Wensel Olga , Schmidt‐Hohagen Kerstin , Gripp Eugenia , Josenhans Christine , Schomburg Dietmar , Eisenreich Wolfgang , Hofreuter Dirk 
Published: July 2014

SummaryThe non‐glycolytic food‐borne pathogen Campylobacter jejuni successfully colonizes the intestine of various hosts in spite of its restricted metabolic properties. While several amino acids are known to be used by C. jejuni as energy sources, none of these have been found to be essential for growth. Here we demonstrated through phenotype microarray analysis that cysteine utilization increases the metabolic activity of C. jejuni. Furthermore, cysteine was crucial for its growth as C. jejuni was unable to synthesize it from sulphate or methionine. Our study showed that C. jejuni compensates this limited anabolic capacity by utilizing sulphide, thiosulphate, glutathione and the dipeptides γGlu–Cys, Cys–Gly and Gly–Cys as sulphur sources and cysteine precursors. A panel of C. jejuni mutants in putative peptidases and peptide transporters were generated and tested for their participation in the catabolism of the cysteine‐containing peptides, and the predicted transporter protein CJJ81176_0236 was discovered to facilitate the growth with the dipeptide Cys–Gly, Ile–Arg and Ile–Trp. It was named Campylobacter peptide transporter A (CptA) and is the first representative of the oligopeptide transporter OPT family demonstrated to participate in the glutathione‐derivative Cys–Gly catabolism in prokaryotes. Our study provides new insights into how host‐ and microbiota‐derived substrates like sulphide, thiosulphate and short peptides are used by C. jejuni to compensate its restricted metabolic capacities.
Returns to Skills and the Distribution of Wages: Spain 1995–2010
Authors: Carrasco Raquel , Jimeno Juan F. , Ortega A. Carolina 
Published: July 2014

AbstractIn contrast to the pattern observed in other developed countries, the Spanish wage distribution compressed between 1995 and 2006 and became more disperse afterwards, so that in 2010 wage inequality was roughly similar to 1995. In this paper, we analyze the role of supply and demand factors when accounting for these facts. We start by decomposing observed wage changes into changes in the composition of the labour force and changes in the returns of workers' and jobs' characteristics. The results indicate that the compression of the wage distribution between 1995 and 2006 is largely explained by changes in returns, and particularly, by a decrease in the returns to education. We show that both the increase in the supply of high‐skilled workers and the increasing weight of low‐skilled occupations are related to the decreasing trend in the skill premium over this period. In contrast, the widening of the wage distribution after 2006 is largely explained by an increase in the relative demand for high‐skilled workers generating an increase in the school premium.
Incidence, Management, and Prevention of Right Ventricular Perforation by Pacemaker and Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator Leads
Authors: MIGLIORE FEDERICO , ZORZI ALESSANDRO , BERTAGLIA EMANUELE , LEONI LOIRA , SICILIANO MARIACHIARA , De LAZZARI MANUEL , IGNATIUK BARBARA , VERONESE MARTA , VERLATO ROBERTO , TARANTINI GIUSEPPE , ILICETO SABINO , CORRADO DOMENICO 
Published: July 2014

BackgroundCardiac perforation of the right ventricle (RV) is a rare but potentially life‐threatening complication of both pacemaker (PM) and implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) implant. Appropriate management is still uncertain. We assessed the incidence of subacute (24 hours–1 month) or delayed (>1 month) cardiac perforation by RV lead and the results of percutaneous lead extraction.MethodThe study population included all patients diagnosed with subacute or delayed RV‐lead perforation during the period 2007–2013. The incidence of perforation according to device type and fixation mechanism was calculated. The outcome of the percutaneous approach, consisting of lead extraction by simple traction, was assessed.ResultsCardiac perforation was diagnosed in 14 (eight females, mean age 71 [range 47–83] years) patients out of 3,815 who received an RV‐lead implant (0.4%). The overall incidence of RV‐lead perforation was similar between ICD (0.3%) and PM (0.4%) implants (P = 1.0) and between active (0.5%) and passive (0.3%) fixation leads (P = 0.3). All perforating leads were originally placed at the RV apex. Five patients were asymptomatic, but all presented altered lead electrical parameters. Surgical removal of the lead was performed in one patient while in the remaining the leads were successfully extracted by direct manual traction in the absence of any complications. In all patients, new active fixation leads were positioned in the RV septum and the follow‐up (42 ± 27 months) was uneventful.ConclusionsRV perforation is a rare complication of both PM and ICD implants, regardless of the lead fixation mechanism. In most patients, percutaneous lead extraction is a safe and effective management approach.
Perception of Pediatric Pain: a comparison of postoperative pain assessments between child, parent, nurse, and independent observer
Authors: Khin Hla Thel , Hegarty Mary , Russell Phil , Drake‐Brockman Thomas F , Ramgolam Anoop , von Ungern‐Sternberg Britta S. 
Published: July 2014

SummaryIntroductionPain is a subjective experience. In children with limited understanding and communication skills, reliable assessment of pain is challenging. Self‐reporting of pain is the gold standard of pain measurement. For children who are unable to self‐report their pain, assessments made by their parents are often used as a proxy measure. The validity of this approach has not been conclusively determined.AimTo investigate differences in the assessment of pediatric pain between children, parents, nurses, and independent observers in the acute postoperative setting.MethodThree hundred and seven children (207 verbal, 100 nonverbal) undergoing elective day‐case surgery were asked to participate in this quality of care audit. Pain scores given by verbal children, their parents, nurses, and independent observers were collected. A numerical rating scale or the Wong‐Baker Faces Pain Scale was used. All participants were blinded from other scorers.ResultsFor verbal children, scores reported by patients and their parents did not differ significantly. Median [inter‐quartile range (IQR)] scores by children, parents, nurses, and independent observers were, respectively, 2.0 (0–4.0), 2.0 (1.0–4.0), 0.0 (0–2.0), and 1.0 (0–2.0). In nonverbal children, median (IQR) scores by parents, nurses, and independent observers were 1.0 (0–3.0), 0 (0–1.0), and 0 (0–2.0), respectively. The agreement between the different scorers was statistically significant.ConclusionChildren's pain self‐reports should be used wherever possible to guide management, but in their absence, parental pain scores can be reliably used as a surrogate measure. Nurses and independent observers produce lower pain scores than parents or children, which may result in inadequate treatment of pain.
Virus‐induced gene silencing reveals control of reactive oxygen species accumulation and salt tolerance in tomato byγ‐aminobutyric acid metabolic pathway
Authors: BAO HEXIGEDULENG , CHEN XIANYANG , LV SULIAN , JIANG PING , FENG JUANJUAN , FAN PENGXIANG , NIE LINGLING , LI YINXIN 
Published: July 2014

Abstractγ‐Aminobutyric acid (GABA) accumulates in many plant species in response to environmental stress. However, the physiological function ofGABAor its metabolic pathway (GABAshunt) in plants remains largely unclear. Here, the genes, includingglutamate decarboxylases(SlGADs),GABA transaminases(SlGABA‐Ts) andsuccinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase(SlSSADH), controlling three steps of the metabolic pathway ofGABA, were studied through virus‐induced gene silencing approach in tomato. Silencing ofSlGADs(GABAbiosynthetic genes) andSlGABA‐Ts(GABAcatabolic genes) led to increased accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) as well as salt sensitivity under 200 mmNaCltreatment. Targeted quantitative analysis of metabolites revealed thatGABAdecreased and increased in theSlGADs‐ andSlGABA‐Ts‐silenced plants, respectively, whereas succinate (the final product ofGABAmetabolism) decreased in both silenced plants. Contrarily,SlSSADH‐silenced plants, also defective inGABAdegradation process, showed dwarf phenotype, curled leaves and enhanced accumulation ofROSin normal conditions, suggesting the involvement of a bypath for succinic semialdehyde catabolism toγ‐hydroxybutyrate as reported previously inArabidopsis, were less sensitive to salt stress. These results suggest thatGABAshunt is involved in salt tolerance of tomato, probably by affecting the homeostasis of metabolites such as succinate andγ‐hydroxybutyrate and subsequentROSaccumulation under salt stress.
Identification and functional characterization of the Arabidopsis Snf1‐related protein kinase SnRK2.4 phosphatidic acid‐binding domain
Authors: JULKOWSKA MAGDALENA M. , MCLOUGHLIN FIONN , GALVAN‐AMPUDIA CARLOS S. , RANKENBERG JOHANNA M. , KAWA DOROTA , KLIMECKA MARIA , HARING MICHEL A. , MUNNIK TEUN , KOOIJMAN EDGAR E. , TESTERINK CHRISTA 
Published: July 2014

AbstractPhosphatidic acid (PA) is an important signalling lipid involved in various stress‐induced signalling cascades. Two SnRK2 protein kinases (SnRK2.4 and SnRK2.10), previously identified as PA‐binding proteins, are shown here to prefer binding to PA over other anionic phospholipids and to associate with cellular membranes in response to salt stress in Arabidopsis roots. A 42 amino acid sequence was identified as the primary PA‐binding domain (PABD) of SnRK2.4. Unlike the full‐length SnRK2.4, neither the PABD‐YFP fusion protein nor the SnRK2.10 re‐localized into punctate structures upon salt stress treatment, showing that additional domains of the SnRK2.4 protein are required for its re‐localization during salt stress. Within the PABD, five basic amino acids, conserved in class 1 SnRK2s, were found to be necessary for PA binding. Remarkably, plants overexpressing the PABD, but not a non‐PA‐binding mutant version, showed a severe reduction in root growth. Together, this study biochemically characterizes the PA–SnRK2.4 interaction and shows that functionality of the SnRK2.4 PABD affects root development.
Effects of flower dimorphism and light environment on arbuscular mycorrhizal colonisation in a cleistogamous herb
Authors: Parra‐Tabla V. , Munguía‐Rosas M. , Campos‐Navarrete M. J. , Ramos‐Zapata J. A. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractAlthough it is known that floral dimorphism contributes to the maintenance of mixed breeding systems, the consequences of producing progeny of a contrasting genetic background and seeds with differential resource allocation has been practically ignored regarding establishment of belowground organisms–plant interactions. This article evaluates the combined effect of floral dimorphism with cross type and light environment on interactions between Ruellia nudiflora and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). R. nudiflora produces cleistogamous (CL) flowers that exhibit obligate self‐pollination and chasmogamous (CH) flowers with facultative self‐ (CHs) or cross‐ (CHc) pollination. We evaluated the establishment of the plant–AMF interaction in progeny derived from each floral type, under two light conditions (shaded versus open). We established different scenarios depending on the existence of inbreeding depression (ID) and whether the differential resource allocation (DRA) to CH and CL flowers affected the R. nudiflora–AMF interaction. We predicted that under shaded light conditions there might be an intensification of ID, having a negative effect on AMF colonisation. The percentages of hyphae and vesicles in the harvested roots was significantly higher in the shaded plants (F ≥ 4.11, P < 0.05), while progeny of CHc and CHs presented a higher percentage of hyphae and vesicle colonisation compared to CL progeny (F = 15.26, P < 0.01). The results show that DRA to CH flowers and light availability both determines the establishment of R. nudiflora–AMF interaction. The results also suggest that even under stressful light conditions, endogamy does not affect this interaction, which may explain the success of R. nudiflora as an invasive species.
Persimals
Authors: Luper Steven 
Published: July 2014

AbstractWhat sort of thing, fundamentally, are you and I? For convenience, I use the termpersimalto refer to the kind of thing we are, whatever that kind turns out to be. Accordingly, the question is, what are persimals? One possible answer is that persimalhood consists in being a human animal, but many theorists, includingDerekParfit andJeffMcMahan, not to mention John Locke, reject this idea in favor of a radically different view, according to which persimalhood consists in having certain sorts of mental or psychological features. In this essay, I try to show that the animalist approach is defensible as against the mentalist approach. I also suggest that animalists have a plausible story to tell about cases such as brain transplantation and dicephaly that might appear to support the mentalist approach.
Animalism and the Persistence of Human Organisms
Authors: Dupré John 
Published: July 2014

AbstractHumans are a kind of animal, and it is a natural and sensible idea that the way to understand what it is for a human person to persist over time is to reflect on what it is for an animal to persist. This paper accepts this strategy. However, especially in the light of a range of recent biological findings, the persistence of animals turns out to be much more problematic than is generally supposed. The main philosophical premise of the paper is that living systems generally are best treated as processes rather than things. These processes prove to be so complexly intertwined and interdependent, that there is no unique, objective way of distinguishing the individuals from which they are composed. For this reason the animalist perspective, it is argued, problematizes as much as it resolves the problem of personal identity. Traditional concerns with responsibility and reactive attitudes provide an intelligible and defensible motivation for distinguishing the individuals we standardly assume as the explanandum in these discussions. But, from a biological point of view, the underlying individualism is a contingent perspective, as much justified by these concerns as providing an objective grounding for them.
The Modeling and Analysis of a Package-Scale Circulating Fluidized Combustor
Authors: Kremer Matthew J. , Yavuzkurt Savas 
Published: July 2014

The preliminary analysis of a package-scale circulating fluidized bed (CFB) combustor through modeling and experimentation was performed to help determine particle trajectories and carbon burnout efficiency. The CFB consisted of a primary fast fluidizing bed and two bubbling beds. The fluidized bed models found in literature and a freeboard model utilizing a commercial code, FLUENT, were used in simulations. Primary gas velocity of the fast fluidizing bed was varied between 4.9 and 12.2 m/s and gas temperatures were varied between 800 and 1200 K. For comparison with computations of hydrodynamics, a scaled down version of the combustor was run using granulated plastic particles at 300 K.
The results of computations showed that the freeboard has a very complex flow with many recirculation zones that usually become larger and move away from the walls with increasing primary velocity. There was less particle movement in the experiments than in the simulations due to the differences in particle diameters, the type of particles, the gas temperature, and the scaling geometry.
Model Based Control Concepts for Jet Engines
Authors: Lietzau Klaus , Kreiner Andreas 
Published: July 2014

Many jet engine variables cannot be measured in-flight or can only be measured with a complex, and hence unreliable, instrumentation system. This includes variables that are of imminent importance for the safe operation of the engine or for engine life, such as the temperature of the high pressure turbine blades or the surge margins of the turbo compressors, for instance. Current control systems therefore transform limits on these variables into limits on other variables measured by the engine’s sensors. This leads to increased safety margins and thus to non-optimal engine performance. An onboard engine model incorporated into the engine control system could provide information about all engine variables. This could enable further control and monitoring system optimisations leading to improved engine performance, reduced fuel consumption, increased safety and engine life.
This paper explains the principle of model based engine control and gives an overview about possible applications for conventional and also thrust vectored jet engines. Modeling methods for real-time simulation as well as methods for online model adaptation are presented. The potential of model based jet engine control is analyzed and fortified by some prototype realizations.
Hybrid Magnetic/Foil Bearing System for an Oil-Free Thrust Bearing Test Rig
Authors: Russell Thomas E. , Heshmat Crystal , Locke Dennis 
Published: July 2014

A novel, high-speed, high temperature, oil-free, foil thrust bearing test rig has been developed with a critical element being a double-acting, active magnetic thrust bearing. The magnetic thrust bearing is used to react against loads applied to the foil thrust bearing under test. The magnetic bearing has the capability of reacting against thrust loads of up to 2224 N (500 pounds) at speeds to 80,000 rpm, while the rotor is supported by foil journal bearings.
Two issues that are especially challenging for this test rig are magnetic material selection and the electronic control system. The magnetic material selection is critical due to the high centrifugal stresses that occur at 80,000 rpm. The electronic control system must handle the non-linear variation in stiffness and damping that is seen by the magnetic thrust bearing as the foil thrust bearing is loaded, as well as maintain rotor system stability as the foil bearing is purposefully overloaded to the point of failure to discover maximum load and performance capabilities.
This paper describes the design of the active magnetic thrust bearing, the material selection process, and the development of a digital signal processor based control system.
Typical experimental data obtained during operation of the test rig will also be presented.
Improved Gas Turbine Performance Prediction Using a Map Based Fleet Analysis
Authors: Werner Klaus 
Published: July 2014

The more accurate a performance prediction is the higher the benefit will be for both, the customer and the manufacturer of gas turbines. The customer will achieve an advantage as the whole plant will work close to its design parameters and thus close to the planned economical optimum, while the manufacturer can guarantee the performance of the gas turbine with minimised margins.
This paper describes how the combination of certain software tools and detailed fleet analysis leads to performance predictions with high confidence levels considering at the same time that the handling of thousands of data has to be based on a sufficient quality procedure. As the methods focus on heavy duty gas turbines producing electrical power in commercial applications, only quasi steady state operation at constant speed is investigated.
Based on the definitions for compressor and turbine maps the paper explains, how test data are evaluated, statistically investigated and finally used as an input for a routine that assimilates the maps to the best knowledge of what has been concluded out of the test experiences so that the circle is closed. Showing examples out of a fleet analysis for a Siemens gas turbine the principles of the single steps are illustrated. The structure of the used maps is described as well as the basic application of the mathematical methods.
The focus, however, is not on the special mathematical solution itself, but on the principle of the general procedure, i.e. that for the specific task of predicting those performance data that have direct impact on plant economics, a simplified method can be derived that not necessarily has to take into account the physical correlation of parameters that are used to describe a gas turbine cycle on a higher detailed level. Thus the paper should not be understood as a further attempt to optimise mathematical functions for maps in order to simulate gas turbine operation, but as a report on how sufficient results may be obtained concerning to practical and fast performance prediction, even though only a few values are measured and investigated theoretically.
Flashback in a Swirl Burner With Cylindrical Premixing Zone
Authors: Fritz Jassin , Kröner Martin , Sattelmayer Thomas 
Published: July 2014

Flame flashback from the combustion chamber into the mixing zone is one of the inherent problems of lean premixed combustion and essentially determines the reliability of low NOx burners. Generally, flashback can be initiated by one of the following four phenomena: flashback due to the conditions in the boundary layer, flashback due to turbulent flame propagation in the core flow, flashback induced by combustion instabilities and flashback caused by combustion induced vortex breakdown.
In this study, flashback in a swirling tubular flow was investigated. In order to draw maximum benefit from the tests with respect to the application in gas turbines, the radial distribution of the axial and circumferential momentum in the tube was selected such that the typical character of a flow in mixing zones of premix burners without centerbody was obtained. A single burner test rig has been designed to provoke flashback with the preheating temperature, the equivalence ratio and the mean flow rate being the influencing parameters. The flame position within the mixing section is detected by a special optical flame sensor array, which allows the control of the experiment and furthermore the triggering of the measurement techniques. The burning velocity of the fuel has been varied by using natural gas or hydrogen.
The characteristics of the flashback, the unsteady swirling flow during the flame propagation, the flame dynamics and the reaction zones have been investigated by applying High Speed Video recordings, the Laser Doppler Anemometry and the Laser Induced Fluorescence. The presented results show that a combustion induced vortex breakdown is the dominating mechansim of the observed flashback. This mechanism is very sensitive to the momentum distribution in the vortex core. By adding axial momentum around the mixing tube axis, the circumferential velocity gradient is reduced and flashback can be prevented.
Performance Prediction and Combustion Modeling of Low-CO2 Emission Gas Turbines
Authors: Bozza Fabio , Cameretti Maria Cristina , Tuccillo Raffaele 
Published: July 2014

The authors present a comprehensive analysis of innovative solutions for reducing the CO2 emission from gas turbine based power plants. Two different gas turbine types are considered, first in their baseline arrangement and then with modified configurations with regenerative, water-intercooled cycles.
The carbon dioxide reduction is obtained through a partial oxidation of the natural gas upstream of the combustion chamber.
The analyses are carried out with an increasing level of complexity, starting from a purely thermodynamic approach and then proceeding with a component matching based method.
Finally, the comparison of the CFD simulation of the combustion processes of the conventionally fuelled combustor and of the one supplied with the decarbonized fuel is presented.