bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Efecto de la temperatura sobre la expresión de genes IFN-1(α), STAT-1 y Mx-1 en alevines de trucha arcoíris Oncorhynchus mykiss (Salmoniformes: Salmonidae) expuestos al el virus de la necrosis pancreática infecciosa (IPNV)
Authors: Arguedas Cortés Donald , Romero Zuñiga Alex P. , Enriquez Sais Ricardo , Martínez Castañeda José S. , Ortega Santana César 
Published: April 2015

The infectious pancreatic necrosis (IPNV)<strong> </strong>is the causative agent of an acute illness well characterized in salmonids worldwide. Clinical signs and mortality rates are dependent on several factors such as the viral dose, the age of the fish, the water temperature, among others. An experimental study was conducted to measure the effect of temperature on the gene expression profile of IFN-1(α), STAT-1 and Mx-1 in rainbow trout fry, exposed to IPNV. Fry (n=198) were exposed at 8, 12 and 16°C, and samples were taken for 21 days to determine the virus titer and gene expression. In the first 11 days the greatest viral titer was recorded at 8°C compared with the values obtained at 12 and 16°C. At 8°C, there was a significant increase on day 4 of mRNA Mx-1 (t-test, p&lt;0.05), time in which the viral titer began to decrease. Furthermore, as the viral titer increased, STAT-1 and Mx-1 (r=0.91) and (r=0.96) increased, respectively. The animals were able to recover from day 4 from some of the symptoms of IPN. Clinical disease was developed only in fish exposed to 12°C and all died between days 6 and 14, despite the highly significant increase shown in the average expression level of Mx-1, compared with the values recorded at 8°C and 16°C (Tukey, p&lt;0.0001). Additionally, the expression profiles of IFN-1(α) and STAT-1 decreased completely (~0.016) and (~0.020 times) on day 7. The highest expression level of IFN-1(α), occurred at 16°C (Tukey, p&lt;0.0005). Fry exposed at 16°C were normal during the experiment. IFN-1(α) possibly generated a protector effect from day 2 when they showed a significant expression increase compared with the results at 8°C and 12°C (t-student, p&lt;0.0001); however, STAT-1 was not significantly affected by temperature, although the highest average expression value was recorded at 16°C. Our research supports the expression of relevant anti-viral response genes as IFN-1(α), STAT-1 and Mx-1 are physiologically modulated by the water temperature, directly influencing the development of the IPN disease in rainbow trout.
Sodium Metal Production for Energy Storage from Warm Seawater Discharged at Nuclear Power Plant
Authors: Murahara Masataka , Sato Yuji 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACTThe storage and transportation barriers of hydrogen are cleared by sodium metal “Source of Hydrogen” produced from warm seawater discharged at the nuclear power plant. The warm seawater is electrolyzed to produce sodium hydroxide; which is then subjected to molten-salt electrolysis by surplus power of the plant to produce sodium metal “a hydrogen generator”. The seawater contains salt most after fresh water; which is the raw material of sodium metal and is never drained. The sodium metal is transported to the electric power station in a consumption place, where a large amount of hydrogen is generated immediately by adding water on the sodium metal for power generation. Salt, the raw material of sodium metal, is in the sea over the world, and it is not necessary to worry about the maldistribution and exhaustion.
Phase transition of sigma-CrFe under fast electron irradiation
Authors: Nagase T. , Anada S. , Kobayashi K. , Yasuda H. , Mori H. 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACTPreparation of a sigma-CrFe single-phase specimen was achieved by arc melting of pure Fe and Cr, cold rolling, and subsequent annealing at 973 K or 1073 K in vacuum. Cold rolling before annealing is effective for the annealing-induced formation of sigma-CrFe from the bcc solid-solution phase. The phase stability and the structural change from sigma-CrFe to a bcc solid-solution phase under fast electron irradiation were investigated by in situ transmission electron microscope (TEM) observation in the temperature range between 22 K and 473 K by using an ultra-high voltage electron microscope (UHVEM). The phase transition of sigma-CrFe by fast electron irradiation was found to occur at a particular temperature.
Molecular Dynamics Simulation of the Impact of Fission Fragment Energy Deposition on Ion Tracks in Uranium Dioxide
Authors: Wormald Jonathan L. , Hawari Ayman I. 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACTIn fission based nuclear reactors, uranium dioxide fuel is subject to an intense neutron environment that drives the fission chain reaction. In this process, fission fragments will be produced with an energy reaching 1 MeV/amu. These fragments will initially lose energy through inelastic interactions resulting in excitations of the electronic structure. The excitations subsequently transfer energy to the atomic lattice through electron-phonon (e-p) coupling resulting in a thermal spike which may enhance mobility of fuel atoms. Consequently, the enhanced mobility resulting from fission energy deposition is expected to promote annealing of lattice defects such as ion tracks. Classical molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of uranium dioxide were performed using the LAMMPS code to investigate the effects of fission enhanced mobility on ion tracks formed in the fuel. The MD model was composed of 10×60×60 unit cells, 432000 atoms, and used a Buckingham potential to describe interatomic interactions. A two-temperature model was used to capture the process of fission energy deposition in the electronic subsystem and its transfer to the atomic lattice through e-p coupling. Previous MD simulations demonstrated that fission-enhanced diffusion became more pronounced as the electronic system behavior was varied from metal-like to insulator-like, i.e., increasing the e-p coupling strength. In the present MD simulations, the annealing of an existing ion track (radius nearly 3.0 nm) due to the interaction with 18 keV/nm and 22 keV/nm fission fragments was observed. For a metal-like system (weak e-p coupling), it was found that the track persisted with a radius of nearly 3.0 nm. For an insulator-like system (strong e-p coupling), it was found that the track can be reduced significantly in size approaching a radius of 1.4 nm.
Use of complex modifiers for improvement of steel R7 quality
Authors: Tatarko J. , Kushnir M. , Markova I. , Ivchenko T. 
Published: April 2015

Purpose. Stabilizing of chemical composition and properties, decrease of detrimental impurities concentrations, amount of nonmetallics, grinding down of grain of the R7 wheeled steel by treatment of multicomponent modifiers. Methodology. Probed chemical composition and mechanical properties in accordance with UIC 812-3 and EN 13262 serial melting steel R7 and treated a multicomponent deoxidizers-modifiers are researched. Processing of data is conducted by a regressive-cross-correlation analysis. Findings. Influence of operations of out-of-furnace treatment is set on detrimental impurities concentration. Using of complex modifiers has reduced the concentration of sulfur most effectively. It is shown that in the modified melting variation of both basic alloying elements and admixtures has decreased, homogeneity and dispersion of structure have increased, what mechanical properties of wheels were stabilized due to. Originality. Influence was first set each of the stages of out-of-furnace treatment steel R7 on the detrimental impurities concentration, micro hardness, structure of hard-tempered tests. Dependences of mechanical characteristics were got of the detrimental impurities concentrations. Practical value. By treatment of multicomponent deoxidizers-modifiers, stabilization of chemical composition, sulfur concentration reducing, nonmetallic inclusions amount, grain refining and improving the homogeneity of the structure are achieved, this led to stabilizing and increase of mechanical properties level. It is shown the efficiency of multicomponent deoxidizers-modifiers usage in order to improve quality of steel R7 and reliability of wheels made of it.
Features of the high frequency power transformer calculation
Authors: Zabarilo D. A. 
Published: April 2015

Purpose. The windings of power transformers have low resistance value and a most inductance, which reduces the rate of rise of current in the windings. Therefore, when the estimated amount of current is set one should make sure of the possibility of achieving it. As inductance is characterized by a short-circuit voltage, it is necessary to develop a technique for determining the maximum magnitude of the current in the windings of the transformer according to the short-circuit voltage and operating frequency. Methodology. The classical method of calculation of transient processes to determine the value of the transient current of the transformer windings to achieve purpose is used. Findings. The nature of the transient current in the windings of high-frequency transformer, which is powered by a voltage inverter is investigated and analyzed. Originality. The method for determining the maximum amount of current depending on the short-circuit voltage and frequency of the applied voltage with other set-up parameters was proposed. Practical value. The proposed method allows determining the maximum value of the current in the windings of the high-frequency transformer including its RL-parameters. This will let compare the value of a given current with possible depending on short-circuit voltage and frequency of the applied voltage. Research material may be applied for power transformers design.
Influence assessment of the passive restraint system devices of the passenger locomotive on its dynamic loading during accidenton the railroad
Authors: Naumenko N. E. , Khizha I. Yu. 
Published: April 2015

The purpose. To evaluate the work of passenger locomotive protective devices in the test scenarios of collisions adopted in the Russian requirements to the passive safety system. Methodology. Minimization of the effects of incident collisions is done by inclusion of the passive safety devices designed to absorb the kinetic energy of collision in the car bodies bearing constructions. To estimate the maximum accelerations of the train, as well as the compressing longitudinal forces arising in the intercar connection during collisions the discrete mass model of the train is used. Interaction of the train cars was simulated by introducing intercar connections. Findings. At collision of a locomotive at 20 km/h speed (both in separate and in standard train), which does not have a passive safety system, with a vehicle of 10 tones weight the plastic deformations in the locomotive structural elements are observed. At collision of a locomotive with a vehicle, which a mass is comparable to the mass of the loaded car, the plastic deformations in the locomotive structural elements occur at the 10 km/h speed of collision. Originality. It is shown that to decrease the maximum longitudinal force occurring between the locomotive and an obstacle like a freight car of 80 tons mass to the standard value it is necessary to equip the end parts of locomotive with safety devices, which deformation is about 1.5 m. Practical value. To preserve the car structures integrity and passengers, staff and locomotive brigade safety at the incident collisions, a new generation passenger locomotives have to be equipped with the passive safety system devices. On this basis, it is necessary to conduct further researches in the field of passive safety systems for carriages.
The influence mechanism of ferrite grain size on strength stress at the fatigue of low-carbon steel
Authors: Vakulenko I. A. , Proydak S. V. 
Published: April 2015

Purpose. Explanation of the influence mechanism of ferrite grain size on the fatigue strength of low-carbon steel. Methodology. Material for research is the low-carbon steel with 0.1% of carbon contnent. The different size of ferrite grain was obtained due to varying the degree of cold plastic deformation and temperature of annealing. The estimation of grain size was conducted using methodologies of quantitative metallography. The microstructure of metal was investigated under a light microscope with increase up to 1500 times. As a fatigue response the fatigue strength of metal – a maximal value of load amplitude with endless endurance limit of specimen was used. Fatigue tests were carried out using the test machine «Saturn-10», at the symmetric cycle of alternating bend loading. Findings. On the basis of research the dependence for fatigue strength of low-carbon steel, which is based on an additive contribution from hardening of solid solution by the atoms of carbon, boundary of the ferrite grain and amount of mobile dislocations was obtained. It was established that as the grainy structure of low-carbon steel enlarges, the influence of grain size on the fatigue strength level is reduced. For the sizes of grains more than 100 mcm, basic influence on fatigue strength begins to pass to the solid solution hardening, which is determined by the state of solid solution of introduction. Originality. From the analysis of the obtained dependences it ensues that with the increase of ferrite grain size the required amount of mobile dislocations for maintenance of conditions for spreading plastic deformation becomes less dependent from the scheme of metal loading. Practical value. The obtained results present certain practical interest when developing of recommendations, directed on the increase of resource of products work from low-carbon steels in the conditions of cyclic loading. Estimation of separate contribution of the studied processes of structural changes with fatigue load allows one to choose a rational solution – to use the hardening effect from the ferrite alloying or to change the grain size of ferrite.
Indicators of global sustainable sourcing as a set covering problem: an integrated approach to sustainability
Authors: Huber Patrick R. , Springer Nathaniel P. , Hollander Allan D. , Haden V. Ryan , Brodt Sonja , Tomich Thomas P. , Quinn James F. 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
Sustainability describes a broad set of themes centered on current human uses of the planet’s resources. The multiple uses and users of the term have led to a proliferation of salient issues and associated indicators. We present a new method to systematically link these issues and indicators under two conceptual frameworks of sustainability in order to enable quantitative analyses. We demonstrate this approach with a specific use case focused on the global sourcing of agricultural products. We use the optimization software Marxan in a novel way to develop minimum sets of indicators that provide maximum coverage of sustainability issues. Minimum covering sets were identified and accumulation curves were developed to measure the contribution of each indicator in each set to overall issues coverage. While greater detail in the assessment of each indicator would likely provide more effective sets of indicators, those that were generated provide optimism that this approach can bring better focus to sustainability assessments.
Multienvironment Validation of the Effectiveness of Phenotypic and Genomewide Selection within Biparental Maize Populations
Authors: Krchov Lisa‐Marie , Gordillo G. Andrés , Bernardo Rex 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACTPublished information is lacking on whether genomewide selection, based on a single tester and a single year of testing, can identify maize (Zea mays L.) lines that would perform well in multiple subsequent years and with multiple testers. Our objectives were to determine (i) if phenotypic selection or genomewide selection is more predictive of maize performance in future environments and with different testers, (ii) if combining both marker and phenotypic information is advantageous in selection, and (iii) the upward bias in correlations between marker‐predicted values and phenotypic values (rMP) when cross‐validation across individuals and across environments is not performed. We evaluated four elite populations, each with 150 or 250 doubled haploid (DH) lines, in 18 environments in the US Corn Belt. The DH lines were genotyped with 3072 single nucleotide polymorphism markers. The rMP values were 0.14 to 0.66 for grain yield and 0.49 to 0.66 for moisture. Phenotypic selection was always as effective as or more effective than genomewide selection. The rMP was lower when different testers were used for the training and test populations. Selection based on marker and phenotypic information was slightly more effective than genomewide selection or phenotypic selection alone. The correlation between predicted and observed performance was higher when cross‐validation across individuals and years was not performed than when cross‐validation across individuals and years was performed. For genomewide selection to be superior to phenotypic selection, the gains must not be measured in terms of the per‐generation response with equal population sizes and selection intensities.
Genetic Diversity among Wheat Accessions from the USDA National Small Grains Collection
Authors: Bonman J. Michael , Babiker Ebrahiem M. , Cuesta‐Marcos Alfonso , Esvelt‐Klos Kathy , Brown‐Guedira Gina , Chao Shiaoman , See Deven , Chen Jianli , Akhunov Eduard , Zhang Junli , Bockelman Harold E. , Gordon Tyler C. 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACTAccessions of common wheat (Triticum aestivum L. subsp. aestivum) from the USDA–ARS National Small Grains Collection (NSGC) are a resource for wheat scientists worldwide. The genetic diversity of the wheat core subset, representing approximately 10% of the collection's 42,138 T. aestivum accessions, was examined using 390 diversity arrays technology (DArT) markers, 4941 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), and descriptor data. The marker profiles revealed duplicates, which were excluded to form an informative core (iCore) of 3230 accessions. The iCore population structure and diversity within various subgroups were examined with analysis of molecular variance, principal coordinate analysis, cluster analysis, and by ranking the contribution of individual accessions to overall diversity. Accession groups based on molecular marker data corresponded well to their geographic origin, and population structure was accounted for primarily by differences between Iranian landrace accessions and the rest of the accessions. Accessions classified as breeding lines were overrepresented among those ranked as most diverse based on SNP data, whereas Iranian landraces were underrepresented. Although less diverse as a group, Iranian landrace accessions had a higher frequency of resistance to bunt diseases and Russian wheat aphid compared with the iCore as a whole. The present study provides support for establishing core subsets based on geographic origin of accessions and will be a basis for further study of diversity among NSGC wheats.
Study on Essential Derivation in Maize: III. Selection and Evaluation of a Panel of Single Nucleotide Polymorphism Loci for Use in European and North American Germplasm
Authors: Rousselle Yves , Jones Elizabeth , Charcosset Alain , Moreau Philippe , Robbins Kelly , Stich Benjamin , Knaak Carsten , Flament Pascal , Karaman Zivian , Martinant Jean‐Pierre , Fourneau Michael , Taillardat Alain , Romestant Michel , Tabel Claude , Bertran Javier , Ranc Nicolas , Lespinasse Denis , Blanchard Philippe , Kahler Alex , Chen Jialiang , Kahler Jonathan , Dobrin Seth , Warner Todd , Ferris Ron , Smith Stephen 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACTPairwise distance data for maize (Zea mays L.) inbred lines generated using sets of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) selected from a 50k Infinium array were compared with pairwise distances generated using a set of 163 simple sequence repeat (SSR) loci previously identified to help determine essentially derived variety (EDV) status (UPOV, 1991). Final comparisons were made using 26,874 SNPs after discarding SNPs with insufficient data quality or vulnerability to ascertainment bias. Inbred lines developed in the United States or in western Europe that had been previously published to establish SSR‐based thresholds provided the means to determine equivalent SNP‐based protocols. Use of 3072 SNPs selected to provide even genomic coverage according to genetic and physical maps provided robust, precise, high discrimination among inbred lines with consistent zonal classification with up to 20% missing data. Comparisons of intercepts and slopes for SSR and SNP inbred pairwise distance data translated the 82% SSR green‐orange similarity threshold to 91% using SNPs and the 90% SSR orange‐red threshold to 95% using SNPs. Information required to conduct analyses using these 3072 SNPS is presented.
A High‐amylose Modifier Locus Revealed by Analysis of a Homozygous Amylose‐extender Mapping Population
Authors: Wu Yusheng , Huang Ruijia , Auger Donald , Campbell Mark , Yen Yang 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACTRecent food industry applications have increased interest in high amylose starch. Starch from the maize endosperm is typically around 25% amylose, but increases to around 50% in plants that are homozygous for the recessive amylose‐extender1 (ae1) allele. A maize (Zea mays L.) line, GEMS‐0067 (Reg. no. GP‐550, PI 643420), has been demonstrated to produce starch with up to 70% amylose. We were interested in locating genetic modifiers that influence endosperm amylose in GEMS‐0067. An F1 population was made by crossing GEMS‐0067 with H99ae, the latter with an amylose content of approximately 55%. Generations were advanced to produce F2 and F3 populations. Amylose content of samples from the advanced generations was measured by amylose‐iodine colorimetry and the genotypes of F2 and F3 individuals were scored for polymorphisms of simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. A major quantitative trait locus (QTL), which explained 43% of the total variance and demonstrated additive inheritance, was detected on the short arm of chromosome 5. The starch branching enzyme 1 (sbe1) gene lies within the interval of this QTL. Sequences of sbe1 from both GEMS‐0067 and H99ae indicated that the two translated proteins had six amino acid polymorphisms. The amino acid sequence for GEMS‐0067 appeared to be unique, while H99ae was nearly identical to the translated sbe1 sequences represented in previous publications on this general topic. We proposed that sbe1 is a strong candidate gene for this QTL.