bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reducing the Blood Culture Contamination Rate in a Pediatric Emergency Department and Subsequent Cost Savings
Authors: Hall Randon T. , Domenico Henry J. , Self Wesley H. , Hain Paul D. 
Published: December 2012

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE:
Blood culture contamination in the pediatric population remains a significant quality and safety issue because false-positive blood cultures lead to unnecessary use of resources and testing. In addition, few studies describe interventions to reduce peripheral blood culture contamination rates in this population. We hypothesized that the introduction of a standardized sterile collection process would reduce the pediatric emergency department’s peripheral blood culture contamination rate and unnecessary use of resources.

METHODS:
A sterile blood culture collection process was designed by analyzing current practice and identifying areas in which sterile technique could be introduced. To spread the new technique, a web-based educational model was developed and disseminated. Subsequently, all nursing staff members were expected to perform peripheral blood cultures by using the modified sterile technique.

RESULTS:
The peripheral blood culture contamination rate was reduced from 3.9% during the baseline period to 1.6% during the intervention period (P &lt; .0001), with yearly estimated savings of ∼$250 000 in hospital charges.

CONCLUSIONS:
Subsequent to our intervention, there was a significant reduction of the peripheral blood culture contamination rate as well as considerable cost savings to the institution. When performed in a standardized fashion by using sterile technique, blood culture collection with low contamination rates can be performed via the insertion of an intravenous catheter.
Oral Neutrophils Display a Site‐Specific Phenotype Characterized by Expression of T‐Cell Receptors
Authors: Lakschevitz Flavia S. , Aboodi Guy M. , Glogauer Michael 
Published: December 2012

Background: Neutrophils, key cells of the innate immune system, were previously thought to be terminally differentiated cells, incapable of altering their gene expression after differentiation and maturation in the bone marrow. Only recently has it been shown that neutrophils perform rapid and complex changes in gene expression during inflammatory responses. Previous work by the authors has demonstrated differences in reactive oxygen species production between oral and peripheral blood neutrophils isolated from patients with chronic periodontitis, suggesting that oral neutrophils present with a unique oral phenotype. Understanding differences in the neutrophil transcriptome after transit from circulation into the site of inflammation will give new insights into how these innate immune cells function during inflammation.Methods: Venous blood and oral rinse samples were obtained from five healthy participants. Blood neutrophils were isolated using a standard gradient method. Oral neutrophils were isolated through nylon mesh filters of different pore sizes (40 to 10 μm). RNA was purified from isolated neutrophils, and gene expression microarray analysis was completed. Results were confirmed by quantitative reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction and immunofluorescence microscopy.Results: Oral neutrophil isolation, which is critical when analyzing gene expression with samples clear of epithelial cell contamination, was optimized. It was also demonstrated that oral neutrophils present with a significant increase in T‐cell receptor expression compared with circulating neutrophils, suggesting a role for oral neutrophils in crosstalk between the innate and adaptive immune system in the mouth.Conclusion: To the best of the authors’ knowledge, it is demonstrated for the first time that, compared with circulating neutrophils, oral neutrophils present a site‐specific gene expression profile in healthy individuals.
TLR3, TRIF, and Caspase 8 Determine Double-Stranded RNA-Induced Epithelial Cell Death and Survival In Vivo
Authors: McAllister Christopher S. , Lakhdari Omar , Pineton de Chambrun Guillaume , Gareau Mélanie G. , Broquet Alexis , Lee Gin Hyug , Shenouda Steven , Eckmann Lars , Kagnoff Martin F. 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
TLR3 signaling is activated by dsRNA, a virus-associated molecular pattern. Injection of dsRNA into mice induced a rapid, dramatic, and reversible remodeling of the small intestinal mucosa with significant villus shortening. Villus shortening was preceded by increased caspase 3 and 8 activation and apoptosis of intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) located in the mid to upper villus with ensuing luminal fluid accumulation and diarrhea because of an increased secretory state. Mice lacking TLR3 or the adaptor molelcule TRIF mice were completely protected from dsRNA-induced IEC apoptosis, villus shortening, and diarrhea. dsRNA-induced apoptosis was independent of TNF signaling. Notably, NF-κB signaling through IκB kinase β protected crypt IECs but did not protect villus IECs from dsRNA-induced or TNF-induced apoptosis. dsRNA did not induce early caspase 3 activation with subsequent villus shortening in mice lacking caspase 8 in IECs but instead caused villus destruction with a loss of small intestinal surface epithelium and death. Consistent with direct activation of the TLR3–TRIF–caspase 8 signaling pathway by dsRNA in IECs, dsRNA-induced signaling of apoptosis was independent of non-TLR3 dsRNA signaling pathways, IL-15, TNF, IL-1, IL-6, IFN regulatory factor 3, type I IFN receptor, adaptive immunity, as well as dendritic cells, NK cells, and other hematopoietic cells. We conclude that dsRNA activation of the TLR3–TRIF–caspase 8 signaling pathway in IECs has a significant impact on the structure and function of the small intestinal mucosa and suggest signaling through this pathway has a host protective role during infection with viral pathogens.
Accuracy and Reliability of Uterine Contraction Identification Using Abdominal Surface Electrodes
Authors: Hayes-Gill Barrie , Hassan Sarmina , Mirza Fadi G. , Ommani Sophia , Himsworth John , Solomon Molham , Brown Raymond , Schifrin Barry S. , Cohen Wayne R. 
Published: December 2012

Objective To compare the accuracy and reliability of uterine contraction identification from maternal abdominal electrohysterogram and tocodynamometer with an intrauterine pressure transducer. Methods Seventy-four term parturients had uterine contractions monitored simultaneously with electrohysterography, tocodynamometry, and intrauterine pressure measurement. Results Electrohysterography was more reliable than tocodynamometry when compared to the intrauterine method (97.1 versus 60.9 positive percent agreement; P < 0.001). The root mean square error was lower for electrohysterography than tocodynamometry in the first stage (0.88 versus 1.22 contractions/10 minutes; P < 0.001), and equivalent to tocodynamometry in the second. The positive predictive values for tocodynamometry and electrohysterography (84.1% versus 78.7%) were not significantly different, nor were the false positive rates (21.3% versus 15.9%; P = 0.052). The sensitivity of electrohysterography was superior to that of tocodynamometry (86.0 versus 73.6%; P < 0.001). Conclusion The electrohysterographic technique was more reliable and similar in accuracy to tocodynamometry in detecting intrapartum uterine contractions.
Staff perceptions of families in rural residential aged care
Authors: Ervin Kaye Elizabeth , Cross Maddalena , Koschel Alison 
Published: December 2012

Abstract:Objective – The aim of the project was to identify staff opinions of working with families rural in residential aged care. Method – Staff from 3 aged care facilities completed and returned a questionnaire on their opinion about working with families and family participation in aged care settings. Results – There was a 46.9% return rate, with 85% of staff reporting that families should be encouraged to participate in the care of their relatives. However, the findings also report 87% of staff perceived that family members were hostile without good reason and 76% report families were angry with aged care workers and undermined their treatment efforts. Conclusions – Family participation in aged care settings is essential for provision of person-centred care practices. The current negative perceptions of families expressed by rural aged care staff requires further research or at a minimum the use of a tool to monitor organisations performance in relations with families. Key Words Aged care, Family participation, Person-centred care, Residential care, Staff/Family relationships
AlexanderIof Epirus
Authors: Landucci Franca 
Published: December 2012

AbstractAlexander I of Epirus (ca. 362–330bce), also known as Molossian, was the son of Neoptolemos and brother of Olympias, who in 357 was given as wife to Philip II of Macedon by her uncle Arybbas, king of the Molossians (on Alexander's genealogy, Just.Epit. 7.6.10–11; 8.6.5–6; on Molossians and Epirus in the fourth centurybce, Funke 2000: 159–88).
Architecture, ancient Near East
Authors: Warburton David A. 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
The evolution of houses, temples, palaces, and fortifications reflects social development. The size, complexity, and density of buildings increased as Neolithic villages gave way to Bronze Age cities; the urban palaces and temples betray the ideology of power structures just as city walls betray competition between emerging polities. History stresses elite buildings rather than village houses, which have remained largely unchanged since the Late Neolithic. The elite buildings follow different routes: palaces and temples tend to be conservative in different ways, while private houses reveal more variety.
Army, ancient Near East
Authors: Jacquet Antoine 
Published: December 2012

Abstract

Starting in the fourth millennium
bce
, Mesopotamian sources attest to war between Sumerian city‐states as well as military expeditions against foreign peoples. Armed forces must originally have been enlisted through temporary conscription, but it is likely that there soon emerged professional armies that were composed of recruits enrolled for long‐term service, hierarchically organized, and of substantial strength.
Aryans
Authors: Beckman Gary 
Published: December 2012

Abstract

Derived from Sanskrit
ārya
‐ “noble; nobleman,” the term “Aryan” was adopted by early modern linguists to refer to the Indo‐European languages, particularly those of the Indo‐Iranian sub‐family, and their speakers. Later speculation extended the word's meaning to designate a putative racial group, identified by (predominantly) German racialist writers of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries as the Nordic “master race,” responsible for the greater part of the achievements of European civilization. This wider usage having long been discredited, Aryan is still often employed in relation to the ancient Near Eastern world as a synonym for Indo‐European, or more precisely, for Indo‐Iranian.
Emotions, ancient Near East
Authors: Snell Daniel C. 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
The seat of emotions in the ancient Near East was the innards, sometimes identified with the liver and the heart. People felt anger, pain, and fear, and those feelings were said to come from inside the person (Kämmerer and Schwiderski 1998). There is not the extended rhetoric of emotions afflicting a person from the outside as seen in Greek.
Graeco‐Babyloniaca
Authors: Geller M. J. 
Published: December 2012

Abstract

Twenty clay tablets from ancient Babylon known as “Graeco‐Babyloniaca” serve as witnesses to the latest phase of Cuneiform writing before its demise, after which nearly two millennia elapsed before Decipherment recovered the script. These tablets are unique in having cuneiform script on one side, with transliterations in Greek script on the reverse, indicating that both Akkadian and Sumerian languages written in cuneiform characters were still legible in the Seleucid and Parthian periods in Mesopotamia, mostly dating (according to Greek paleography) between the first century
bce
and second century
ce
.
Dendra in the Argolid
Authors: Galanakis Yannis 
Published: December 2012

Abstract

A site in the Argolid (northeastern Peloponnese) about 10 km southeast of Mycenae, where an important Mycenaean necropolis (1700–1200
BCE
), thought to be associated with Midea, has been excavated since 1926 by Swedish and Greek archaeologists.
Gla in Boiotia
Authors: Galanakis Yannis 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
The largest fortified Mycenaean citadel (20 ha), ten times larger than Tiryns and five times larger than Mycenae, Gla is situated on a rocky outcrop (38 masl) in the northeast corner of the Kopais basin in Boiotia (central Greece), about 18 km east of Orchomenos and 25 km northwest of Thebes.
Lefkandi
Authors: Livieratou Antonia 
Published: December 2012

Abstract

Lefkandi is an important site on the west coast of central Euboea, consisting of a settlement area on the coastal mound of Xeropolis, which was continuously inhabited from the Early Bronze Age (roughly around 2100
BCE
) to the end of the Geometric period (around 700
BCE
), and rich Early Iron Age cemeteries on a hill further inland.
Mende
Authors: Paspalas Stavros A. 
Published: December 2012

Abstract

Situated on the western coast of Pallene, and identified as a colony of Eretria (Thuc. 4.123.1; Harp. s.v. Mένδη), Mende was one of the major
poleis
of the Chalcidic peninsula in both the Archaic and Classical periods.
Anastasios I
Authors: Haarer F. K. 
Published: December 2012

Abstract

Anastasios I, emperor 491–518
CE
(born Dyrrachium ca. 430), acceded to the throne as the choice of Ariadne, widow of the Isaurian emperor Zeno, whom he later married. Little is known about Anastasios before his elevation, except that he held the office of silentiary and had been nominated to succeed Peter The Fuller as patriarch of Antioch in 488.
Basileus/autokrator
, Byzantine
Authors: Pazdernik Charles F. 
Published: December 2012

Abstract

As an official title of Roman and Byzantine emperors,
autokrator
was the Greek equivalent of the Latin
Imperator
. Where the latter emphasized the holder's power of (in particular, military) command (
imperare; see Imperium
), the former connoted autonomy and absolute power (
kratos
).
Schism
Authors: Louth Andrew 
Published: December 2012

Abstract

Schism, as distinct from heresy, refers to divisions in the Christian Church over issues other than doctrine, usually matters of discipline. This distinction, though found in the Patristic period, is not always very clear, however. In the mind of the Fathers, schism was more dangerous even than heresy, for it sought to divide the Body of Christ, the Church. However, the conviction that Christ would preserve his Church intact meant that schism was always understood as schism
from
the Church, not schism
within
the Church.
Social Structure and Mobility,
B
yzantine
Authors: Pazdernik Charles F. 
Published: December 2012

Abstract

The principal horizontal division in society between the fourth and seventh centuries
CE
was between those whose wealth, privilege, and status placed them in the category of “the powerful” or “the notable,” and everyone else. This division has conventionally been expressed in terms of a distinction between

HONESTIORES

and

HUMILIORES

, but equivalent expressions appear in a variety of contexts.
Zenobia
Authors: Garland Lynda 
Published: December 2012

Abstract

Zenobia (ca. 240–ca. 274
CE
), ruler of the important trading‐centre of Palmyra, came to power in 267 as regent for her son Vaballathus when her husband Odaenathus and his eldest son were assassinated (Zos. 1.39.2). She claimed descent from Cleopatra VII, and Callinicus of Petra apparently dedicated a history of Alexandria to her as “Cleopatra”. She had an interest in Hellenic culture and surrounded herself with philosophers and poets, such as the sophist Cassius Longinus.
Acropolis
Authors: Hurwit Jeffrey M. 
Published: December 2012

Abstract

Of all Greek acropoleis, the Athenian Acropolis (lit., “high city” or “city on the heights”) was culturally and historically (if not geologically) the most impressive. Natural springs at its base attracted inhabitants as early as the Neolithic period, and clusters of huts probably dotted its slopes and summit by the fourth millennium
bce
. But it was not until the Late Bronze (or Mycenaean) Age that the monumental history of the site began. A palace was built on a series of terraces on the north side of the summit: like the megaron‐palaces of Mycenae and Tiryns (which it must have resembled), it was defended by a thick, high wall of “Cyclopean masonry” constructed around 1250
bce
– a wall that remained the Acropolis' principal defense for almost eight centuries.
Aigospotamoi, battle of
Authors: Asmonti Luca 
Published: December 2012

Abstract

Aigospotamoi was a small river issuing into the Hellespont, north of Sestos. In late summer of 405
bce
it was the theater of a naval battle between the Spartan and Athenian fleets that marked the end of the Peloponnesian War and of Athens' naval imperialism.
Aleria, Alalia
Authors: Lomas Kathryn 
Published: December 2012

Abstract

Aleria was a settlement on the east coast of Corsica, at the mouth of the Tavignano River. There is evidence of Paleolithic and Neolithic occupation. In 565 and 545
bce
Phokaian Greeks settled there, but their activities as pirates caused tension (Hdt. 1.165–6; Ptol. 3.2.5). In ca. 540 they were defeated by an Etruscan and Carthaginian fleet, and the Greek population fled. Aleria fell under Etruscan control (Diod. Sic. 5.13.3–4) and until the third century had a mixed population of Etruscans, Phoenicians, and indigenous inhabitants, with a predominantly Etruscan culture. After a short period of Carthaginian rule, Aleria was conquered by the Romans under L. Cornelius Scipio in 259. A Sullan colony was founded there in 82–80
bce
, with a second colonization by Augustus between 36 and 27
bce
(Plin.
HN
3.12.1). In the Early Empire, Corsica (previously ruled from Sardinia) became a province in its own right, and Aleria became the seat of provincial government.
Charondas of Katane
Authors: Papakonstantinou Zinon 
Published: December 2012

Abstract

Charondas was a lawgiver of Katane in Sicily, active during the sixth century
bce
. Very little is known about his life. Aristotle (
Pol
. 1296a21) claims that he originated “from among the middle citizens.” Similarly to other Archaic lawgivers, late traditions associate Charondas with a number of fanciful episodes.
Hypomeion/hypomeiones
(Sparta)
Authors: Jensen Sean R. , Figueira Thomas J. 
Published: December 2012

Abstract

Hypomeion
“inferior” refers to a Spartan class demoted from full citizen status because of non‐payment of membership dues to the
Syssitia
(Arist.
Po l
. 1271a26–37, 1272al3–16).
Lesbos
Authors: Dimopoulou Athina 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThe third largest Greek island situated in the northeastern Aegean, named after the mythical hero Lesbos. Inhabited since the Neolithic period, the main coastal Early Bronze Age urban settlement was situated in Thermi. According to Homer, several incidents in the Achaian expedition to Troy were linked with Lesbos. Mycenaean presence on the island was, however, scarce and affinities with Anatolia prevail. Population migration in the Late Bronze Age to Lesbos from mainland Greece, possibly Thessaly, was the origin of the Aiolic dialect spoken on the island. In Archaic times Lesbos became a strong naval power, controlling lands on the opposite shore of Asia Minor and in Thrace. The main cities of Lesbos at this time were Mytilene, Methymna, Eresos, Antissa, Pyrrha, and Arisbe.
Lycurgus, Spartan legislator
Authors: Nafissi Massimo 
Published: December 2012

AbstractAs founder of all or most Spartan institutions, Lycurgus was a key figure in the ancient literature on the Spartanpoliteia(Hdt. 1.65–6; Xen.Lac.; Ephoros inFGrH70 F 118, 149; Arist.Pol. 1269a29–1271b19; Diod. Sic. 7.12; Plut.Lyc.).
Stratokles, Athenian politician
Authors: Tracy Stephen V. 
Published: December 2012

Abstract

Stratokles of Diomeia, son of Euthydemos, was a leading Athenian politician during the last quarter of the fourth century (ca. 355 to ca. 285?
BCE
). He came from a wealthy family: his grandfather and father had served as trierarchs – that is, they commanded and maintained a Trireme (
IG
II
2
1612.136–40, 317–23; Davies 1971: 494–5).
Abgar Legend
Authors: Karaulashvili Irma 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThe plot of the apocryphal Legend of Abgar revolves around the story of the first royal conversion to Christianity. The legend, the importance of which was underlined first by citing a letter supposedly written by Jesus to King Abgar (which soon became regarded as a protective amulet), and later by inclusion of an account of an image of Christ not made by human hands, became so popular in the Christian world that it constituted part of its historical writings and ecclesiastical collections, and several separate versions of the legend developed.
Acts of the Apostles
Authors: Pervo Richard I. 
Published: December 2012

Abstract

“Acts of the Apostles” is the traditional name (since ca. 175
ce
) for the fifth book in the Christian New Testament. This narrative begins at Jerusalem shortly after the crucifixion of Jesus and follows the early community, initially led by Peter, through its rapid expansion into the eastern Mediterranean and Aegean regions. By chapter 13, the gentile mission has been inaugurated, Peter recedes into the background, and Paul emerges as the central character. The last quarter (chapters 21–8) recounts Paul's legal travails, ending at Rome without an announcement of his fate.
Baptism
Authors: Ferguson Everett 
Published: December 2012

Abstract

Baptism was the central act in the ceremony of initiation into the Christian church. It was normally administered by immersion to penitents upon a confession of faith in Jesus Christ. Christian usage preferred the Greek form
baptisma
(“dipping” or “plunging”) over
baptismos
(used more often for non‐Christian rites), which, however, gave the common Latin transliteration
baptismus
.
Cerinthus
Authors: Hill Charles E. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractCerinthus (ca. 50–125ce) is portrayed by several early Christian sources as a heretic of the apostolic age, active in Asia Minor, and a nemesis of the apostle John. If Cerinthus produced any writings, none has survived, and the patristic testimony about him is at points confused. Modern scholarship on Cerinthus has largely been an attempt to sort out the competing elements and place him in a credible context of the late first and early second century, where he is placed by Irenaeus and others.
Annona
Authors: Stern Gaius 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThe term “annona” refers to the annual crop yield (like a GDP), which evolved to mean both the tax on land produce and the handout of food (the dole, a form of ancient welfare) in the city of Rome. Annona, a minor goddess of crop production, who personified the above‐mentioned dole, appears on many coins, often beside amodius(basket) carrying acornucopia(horn of plenty), sometimes with a ship in the background to represent the import of foreign grain with which to feed the city.