bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Problems with using total serum bilirubin as a criterion for phototherapy in extremely low‐birthweight infants
Authors: Ichinomiya Kenji , Inoue Fumitaka , Koizumi Aya , Inoue Takahiro , Fujiu Toru , Maruyama Kenichi 
Published: April 2014

AbstractBackgroundDespite the early use of phototherapy and exchange transfusion in premature infants based on total serum bilirubin (TSB), the reemergence of kernicterus has been reported. The aim of this study was to assess the validity of using TSB as the criterion for phototherapy in extremely low‐birthweight infants (ELBWI).MethodsWe reviewed the medical charts of 43 ELBWI admitted to hospital between January 2009 and December 2010, and analyzed the relationship between TSB and unbound bilirubin (UB).ResultsNo infant underwent exchange transfusion or developed acute bilirubin encephalopathy. There was a significant correlation between TSB and UB measured immediately before phototherapy during the first 7 days of life (r = 0.657, P < 0.001), but none thereafter (r = 0.120, P = 0.213). Thirty‐seven percent of infants who underwent phototherapy during the first 7 days of life had suprathreshold USB but subthreshold TSB, whereas this rose to 97% thereafter.ConclusionsNo correlation was observed between TSB and UB in ELBWI after the first 7 days of life, and almost all phototherapy sessions were initiated based on the UB criterion, even though TSB was below the accepted threshold. UB may be high if jaundice is evaluated solely on the basis of TSB.
Rapid C‐reactive protein and white cell tests decrease cost and shorten emergency visits
Authors: Kokko Eeva , Korppi Matti , Helminen Merja , Hutri‐Kähönen Nina 
Published: April 2014

AbstractBackgroundElevated white blood cells (WBC) in blood and C‐reactive protein (CRP) in serum are often used as non‐specific markers for bacterial etiology of infection in children. The aim of the present study was to evaluate how rapid WBC and CRP testing influences patient flow and cost in the pediatric emergency room (ER).MethodsThis study was a retrospective chart review. In all, 166 children who were treated during 3 months in the ER of a children's hospital, and in whom rapid tests for WBC and CRP were done, were included. The association between rapid testing and length of ER stay was evaluated, and the cost of rapid tests was compared with the corresponding cost if done in the hospital laboratory.ResultsMedian ER stay was 147.5 min, if no examinations other than rapid CRP and WBC tests were done and if no emergency treatment was given, compared with 201.5 min for laboratory tests or emergency treatment given (P < 0.001). The respective figures were 142.5 min and 179.5 min in those 96 children discharged home (P = 0.003). The cost of rapid testing was only 41.5% of the corresponding laboratory cost.ConclusionThe simultaneous rapid testing of CRP and WBC in children with presumable infection decreased cost and shortened the length of ER stay, if no other examinations or emergency treatment were needed. The cost of rapid testing was less than half of the corresponding cost in laboratory.
Plasma Antimullerian Hormone as a Predictor of Ovarian Antral Follicular Population in Bos indicus (Nelore) and Bos taurus (Holstein) Heifers
Authors: Batista EOS , Macedo GG , Sala RV , Ortolan MDDV , Sá Filho MF , Del Valle TA , Jesus EF , Lopes RNVR , Rennó FP , Baruselli PS 
Published: April 2014

ContentsIn Bos taurus cattle, antimullerian hormone (AMH) has been demonstrated to have a high degree of correlation with ovarian antral follicle count and the number of healthy follicles and oocytes. To document the correlation between the plasma concentration of AMH and follicular number in Bos indicus and Bos taurus heifers, Nelore (Bos indicus, n = 16) and Holstein heifers (Bos taurus, n = 16) had their ovarian follicular waves synchronized. After synchronization, ovarian antral follicular population (AFP) was evaluated three times at 60‐day (d) intervals (T‐120 d, 120 days before plasma AMH determination; T‐60 d, 60 days before; and T0, at the time of plasma AMH determination). The plasma AMH concentration was positively correlated with the number of ovarian follicles on the day of the follicular wave emergence in Bos indicus (Nelore) and Bos taurus (Holstein) heifers at each evaluation time (p < 0.05). The AFP was higher in Bos indicus (Nelore) than in Bos taurus (Holstein) heifers (p < 0.05). Similarly, the AMH concentration was higher in Bos indicus (Nelore) than in Bos taurus (Holstein) heifers (p < 0.0001). When heifers were classified as to present high or low AFP according to the mean of the AFP within each genetic group, high‐AFP heifers presented a greater (p < 0.0001) AMH concentration than low‐AFP heifers, regardless of the genetic group. In conclusion, the AFP is positively correlated with plasma AMH concentration in both Bos indicus (Nelore) and Bos taurus (Holstein) heifers. Furthermore, Bos indicus (Nelore) heifers presented both greater plasma AMH concentrations and AFP than Bos taurus (Holstein) heifers.
Treatment with eCG Decreases the Vascular Density and Increases the Glandular Density of the Bovine Uterus
Authors: Mona e Pinto J , Pavanelo V , Alves de Fátima L , Medeiros de Carvalho Sousa LM , Pacheco Mendes G , Machado Ferreira R , Ayres H , Sampaio Baruselli P , Palma Rennó F , de Carvallo Papa P 
Published: April 2014

ContentsThe uterus plays an essential role in mammalian reproduction and is a target of several hormonal protocols used to improve fertility in cattle. Many studies highlighted the importance of eCG treatment following fixed‐time artificial insemination in improving follicular growth, ovulation and pregnancy rates in cattle. Moreover, eCG has been implicated in angiogenesis, leading to important changes in uterine blood flow and vascularisation. However, there is still a lack of information regarding the specific alterations induced by eCG upon glandular and vascular characteristics of bovine uterus. To investigate the influence of eCG on: uterine thickness and area; uterine artery diameter and area; uterine vascular and gland density; and the expression of the VEGFA‐system, the uteri of crossbred beef cows were collected. All cows were submitted to follicular wave emergence synchronization. On day four of protocol, cows submitted to superovulation (n = 6) received 2000 IU eCG, on day eight, after expected follicular deviation, cows submitted to stimulatory treatment (n = 5) received 400 IU eCG. Control cows (n = 5) did not receive eCG. On day five po cows were subjected to ultrassonographic evaluation and slaughtered for uterine tissue sampling on day six po. Uterine vessels and glands were quantified by the counting point stereological method. The VEGFA‐system was localized in different cellular types, showing no qualitative or quantitative differences in the site of expression or the intensity of the positive signal among the groups. Vascular density was decreased in the endometrium of stimulated and myometrium of superovulated cows compared with the control ones, which showed higher vascular density in the myometrium and endometrium of the ipsilateral uterine horn. The uterine gland density was higher in superovulated compared with stimulated and control cows. Thus, we can infer that stimulatory or superovulatory treatments with eCG influence the vascular density in the endometrium and myometrium in cattle.
How Do Technical Barriers to Trade Affect China's Imports?
Authors: Bao Xiaohua 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThis research adopts the heterogeneous‐firm approach to analyze how technical barriers to trade (TBT) imposed by China affect its imports. The empirical analysis is based on a sample covering China's import control measures (e.g. TBT, tariff, license and quota) of all harmonized system (HS) 4‐digit products during the period 1998–2006. A modified two‐stage gravity model is used to correct for Heckman selection bias and firm heterogeneity bias. This paper finds that, in general, TBT reduce China's import probability with potential trade partners, but raise the import values with existing trade partners. Further evidence shows that the TBT effects on trade value remain quite stable. However, the TBT effects on trade probability vary a great deal across industries and countries in different time periods.
Mental Illness and Criminal Behavior
Authors: Vogel Matt 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe tragic events in Aurora, CO and Newtown, CT have renewed public perception of mentally persons as ‘dangerous’ and ‘criminal.’ Unfortunately, this perception is based more on conjecture and fear than research. The following essay takes stock of the empirical research on mental illness and criminal behavior. Three noteworthy trends emerge from this literature. First, the prevalence of mental illness is substantially higher among individuals who have come in contact with the criminal justice system relative to the general population. Second, individuals with psychotic and externalizing behavioral disorders, particularly those who also abuse drugs and alcohol, tend to engage in higher levels of violence than individuals with other forms of mental illness. Third, mental illness does not determine whether someone will break the law; rather, it is but one of many criminogenic risk factors that interact in complex ways to influence individual behavior.
Social Movement Engagement over the Long Haul: Understanding Activist Retention
Authors: Bunnage Leslie A. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThis article offers a broad review of the scholarship of the ‘retention’ of social movement activists, examining it from the individual, social relational, and organizational levels of analysis. The following contribute to the likelihood that a participant sustains their engagement: accommodation of individual needs and motivations, a social network to reinforce attachment to activism, and a successful organization that promotes its members' empowerment. The conclusion considers the insights gained from the scholarship so that organizations might increase activist persistence and notes gaps that merit further study, particularly regarding the emerging effects of ‘internet communication technology’ (ICT).
The ‘New’ Sociology of Deindustrialisation? Understanding Industrial Change
Authors: Strangleman Tim , Rhodes James 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThis article reviews a range of new and established writing on deindustrialisation. It traces the origins of the concept from its popularisation in the early 1980s with the onset of large scale loss in the industrial regions of North America and Europe. We argue that with the passage of time, the academic field of deindustrialisation has matured as the scale and consequences of industrial loss become more apparent. We suggest here that sociology has not made the contribution it could have in this debate and that one of the key strengths of the area is its interdisciplinary nature; especially from disciplines such as geography, anthropology, and social history. Its key aim is to explain why this is the case and suggest that by fully engaging with the issue of deindustrialisation and the range of new material available, the sociology of economic life can develop a more rounded account both of work and its absence.
Recidivism, Redemption, and Desistance: Understanding Continuity and Change in Criminal Offending and Implications for Interventions
Authors: Nakamura Kiminori , Bucklen Kristofer Bret 
Published: April 2014

AbstractAs the US incarceration rate has reached an unprecedented level, so has the number of people leaving prison and returning to the community. Faced with the prison population growth together with the economic downturn and budget crises, many states are seeking ways to break the increasing cycle of recidivism. Although research on recidivism and desistance has not always learned from each other, recently, there is an increasing convergence of these two streams of research. This convergence has been stimulated by a variety of factors, but most notably, it draws from emerging research on redemption, which focuses on the inverse relationship between recidivism risk and time since previous contact with the criminal justice system. Although the concepts of recidivism, desistance, and redemption are all about continuity and change in criminal offending over time, the relationship between the three has not been examined. In this paper, we discuss the interface between recidivism and desistance research with a particular focus on redemption research; point out one emerging consensus from both recidivism and desistance research, namely, the importance of offenders' motivation and individual internal change; and discuss new ideas to effectively improve our approaches of reducing recidivism and facilitating desistance.
Elucidating the clinical characteristics of patients captured using different definitions of massive transfusion
Authors: Zatta A. J. , McQuilten Z. K. , Mitra B. , Roxby D. J. , Sinha R. , Whitehead S. , Dunkley S. , Kelleher S. , Hurn C. , Cameron P. A. , Isbister J. P. , Wood E. M. , Phillips L. E. ,   the Massive Transfusion Registry Steering Committee
Published: April 2014

Background and ObjectivesThe type and clinical characteristics of patients identified with commonly used definitions of massive transfusion (MT) are largely unknown. The objective of this study was to define the clinical characteristics of patients meeting different definitions of MT for the purpose of patient recruitment in observational studies.Materials and MethodsData were extracted on all patients who received red blood cell (RBC) transfusions in 2010 at three tertiary Australian hospitals. MT patients were identified according to three definitions: ≥10 units RBC in 24 h (10/24 h), ≥6 units RBC in 6 h (6/6 h) and ≥5 units RBC in 4 h (5/4 h). Clinical coding data were used to assign bleeding context. Data on in‐hospital mortality were also extracted.ResultsFive hundred and forty‐two patients met at least one MT definition, with 236 (44%) included by all definitions. The most inclusive definition was 5/4 h (508 patients, 94%) followed by 6/6 h (455 patients, 84%) and 10/24 h (251 patients, 46%). Importantly, 40–55% of most types of critical bleeding events and 82% of all obstetric haemorrhage cases were excluded by the 10/24 h definition. Patients who met both the 5/4 h and 10/24 h definitions were transfused more RBCs (19 vs. 8 median total RBC units; P < 0·001), had longer ventilation time (120 vs. 55 h; P < 0·001), median ICU (149 vs. 99 h; P < 0·001) and hospital length of stay (23 vs. 18 h; P = 0·006) and had a higher in‐hospital mortality rate (23·3% vs. 16·4%; P = 0·050).ConclusionThe 5/4 h MT definition was the most inclusive, but combination with the 10/24 h definition appeared to identify a clinically important patient cohort.
Fail-Safe? A Study About the Integrity of Safety Valves for Tanks for Dangerous Goods
Authors: Reich F. , Otremba F. , Würsig A. 
Published: April 2014

In Europe, tanks designed on different safety philosophies are used for transporting one and the same liquid dangerous goods (Krautwurst, 2011). Owing to this circumstance, the BAM was commissioned by the BMVBS to conduct a research project designed to analyse and assess the equipment of tanks. Furthermore in these project were researched some failure mechanism of pressure relief devices (PRD).
Based on the knowledge gained, possible solutions were worked out under safety-relevant aspects that would benefit tank transport by providing a lower hazard potential. Besides looking at the mode of operation and the construction of PRV, their blow-off characteristics and total flow rate are considered from a safety engineering point of view.
Based on in-depth studies, a concept for and the further approach to examinations of the failure limits of PRD, especially of spring loaded relief valves, was developed and comprehensively described in the report “The use of safety devices, particularly safety valves, on transport containers” (Pötzsch, Reich, & Jochems, 2011).
The purpose of this study was to investigate failure causes of safety valves by normal modes and accidental fire heat loads. A series of investigations for different influences using safety valves for tanks were obtained. Testing vibration modes and corrosion presents some design limits. Experimental study of a pressure vessel engulfing in fire identify significant design limits. The complete set of results provides direct information of fail-safe modes and discusses the usage.
DDPM-DEM Simulations of Particulate Flows in Human Tracheobronchial Airways
Authors: Feng Yu , Kleinstreuer Clement 
Published: April 2014

Dense particle-suspension flows in which particle-particle interactions are a dominant feature encompass a diverse range of industrial and geophysical contexts, e.g., slurry pipeline, fluidized beds, debris flows, sediment transport, etc. The one-way dispersed phase model (DPM), i.e., the conventional one-way coupling Euler-Lagrange method is not suitable for dense fluid-particle flows [1]. The reason is that such commercial CFD-software does not consider the contact between the fluid, particles and wall surfaces with respect to particle inertia and material properties. Hence, two-way coupling of the Dense Dispersed Phase Model (DDPM) combined with the Discrete Element Method (DEM) has been introduced into the commercial CFD software via in-house codes. As a result, more comprehensive and robust computational models based on the DDPM-DEM method have been developed, which can accurately predict the dynamics of dense particle suspensions.
Focusing on the interaction forces between particles and the combination of discrete and continuum phases, inhaled aerosol transport and deposition in the idealized tracheobronchial airways [2] was simulated and analyzed, generating more physical insight. In addition, it allows for comparisons between different numerical methods, i.e., the classical one-way Euler-Lagrange method, two-way Euler-Lagrange method, EL-ER method [3], and the present DDPM-DEM method, considering micron- and nano-particle transport and deposition in human lungs.
Thermo-Mechanical Fatigue Life Prediction of Heavy Duty Diesel Engine Cylinder Heads
Authors: Guo Xuyang , Cheng Ying , Zhang Ziming 
Published: April 2014

Due to the complex geometry and loading conditions, cylinder head is the most challenging part among all components in heavy duty diesel engines. It experiences both severe thermal loads and mechanical loads, resulting thermal fatigue, mechanical fatigue and thermo-mechanical fatigue (TMF). The demands for higher power and lower emissoins and fuel consumption accelerate fatigue.
In this paper, a life time prediction process is presented with emphasis on analyses of multiaxial stress state and fatigue life assessment models in critical areas. The specimen test is used to obtain the material properties. The influences of thermal and mechanical loads on the critical areas are investigated. In addition, different fatigue life models are applied to estimate fatigue life of a heavy duty diesel engine cylinder head. It is proved that both the crack locations and life time are predicted with high accuracy.
Cavitating Flow in Engine Piston Ring-Cylinder Liner Conjunction
Authors: Shahmohamadi Hamed , Rahmani Ramin , Rahnejat Homer , King Paul , Garner Colin 
Published: April 2014

The main function of piston compression ring is to seal the space between the piston and the liner, acting as slider bearing, subjected to reciprocating motion. The compression ring-cylinder liner conjunction has been extensively studied and it is responsible for a significant part of the total frictional parasitic power losses of an engine. Paradoxically, the required sealing function of the compressions ring can result in increased friction. Therefore, in order to improve engine efficiency, it is important to fundamentally understand and subsequently palliate some of these losses. Another problem in any slider bearing-type contact is lubricant film rupture and cavitation in the conjunctional outlet zone, reducing load carrying capacity and potentially leading to erosion damage.
A cavitation model presented in two-phase flow CFD analysis of the ring-bore contact under isothermal conditions. Liquid flow is modelled as a continuous phase and a dispersed phase, representing cavitation bubbles. Many of the fundamental physical processes assumed to take place in cavitating flows are incorporated into the model.
The Effect of Flow Pulsation on Ultrafiltration System Limiting Flux Behavior
Authors: Huang Chyouhwu Brian , Chen Hung-Shyong 
Published: April 2014

Ultrafiltration (UF) is an important industrial operation and is found in the food industry, separation of oil-water emulsions, treatment effluents from the pulp and paper industry, and environmental protection systems. Despite being widely used in these areas, UF systems exhibit a limiting flux behavior caused by concentration polarization on the membrane surface. Concentration polarization can be severe in macromolecular solutions due to low diffusivity on membrane separation and both mechanical and chemical methods have been used to reduce this phenomenon.
This study introduces a new mechanical method that improves the performance of membrane separation and decreases concentration polarization. It involves pulsing the feed flow discontinuously and based on our results, feed flow velocity and solution bypass/membrane filtration time ratio are two vital factors when it comes to improving permeate flux. The proposed method is expected to find wide application, particularly in the processing of macromolecular solution.
Forensic Engineering Analysis Methods Employed for the Purpose of Determining the Location of a Long-Range Shooter Based on Terminal Bullet Trajectory
Authors: Knox Michael A. 
Published: April 2014

The reconstruction of shooting incidents based on the terminal bullet trajectory is commonly carried out over short distances using a linear trajectory simplification model. However, when shooting incidents, such as sniper attacks, take place over longer distances, linear simplification models destabilize and result in large errors in determining the location of the shooter. In such cases, it becomes necessary to account for a large number of variables affecting the flight path of the bullet.
While linear simplification models for bullet trajectories do not require robust engineering analysis methods, reverse modeling of long-range bullet trajectories can only be carried out using numerical methods for solving the differential equations of projectile motion.
This paper will explore methods for employing computational engineering methods to model the trajectories of bullets with a focus on reverse modeling from the trajectory terminus. In this way, the forensic engineer can use basic measurements of the terminal angle of the bullet trajectory combined with appropriate knowledge of the firearm and ammunition to model the bullet’s path back to a probable location of the shooter.
This paper will focus on methods that the forensic engineer can employ when solving problems involving determination of the location of a shooter based on limited physical evidence at the scene. Computational analysis tools will be presented.