bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mitral valve lipomatous hamartoma: a rare entity
Authors: Francisco Andreia , Gouveia Rosa , Anjos Rui 
Published: September 2013

AbstractLipomatous hamartoma of cardiac valves is a very rare entity, with only three reported cases in children. We describe the case of a 9-year-old girl with a mass in the mitral valve, which was detected in an echocardiogram performed for heart murmur investigation. At surgery, a white round-shaped tumour was removed and histopathological examination revealed a lipomatous hamartoma.
Prospective Memory in Parkinson's Disease: A Meta-analysis
Authors: Ramanan Siddharth , Kumar Devvarta 
Published: September 2013

AbstractProspective memory (PM) refers to the ability to remember to carry out an intended action in the future and it is pervasive in our daily living. A failure to execute an intended action (e.g., take medication) at the appropriate juncture in future (e.g., after dinner) can negatively affect our daily functioning and at times, may have devastating effects (e.g., forgetting to turn off the gas stove before leaving the house). Patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) exhibit widespread cognitive deficits including deficits in PM. The present study provides a meta-analytic review of PM in PD. Results across nine studies indicated time and event-based PM to be similarly impaired in PD, with time-based PM compromised to a slightly larger extent (Hedges’ g = −0.71) as compared to event-based PM (Hedges’ g = −0.55). The impairment in PM is more likely due to failure in self-initiated retrieval of intention to be executed, rather than forgetting the content of the intention itself. Furthermore, factors such as intervening task complexity and the mediating role of other executive functions have also been proposed to be responsible for impaired PM in PD. (JINS, 2013, 19, 1–10)
Good Agreements Make Good Friends
Authors: Han The Anh , Pereira Luís Moniz , Santos Francisco C. , Lenaerts Tom 
Published: September 2013

AbstractWhen starting a new collaborative endeavor, it pays to establish upfront how strongly your partner commits to the common goal and what compensation can be expected in case the collaboration is violated. Diverse examples in biological and social contexts have demonstrated the pervasiveness of making prior agreements on posterior compensations, suggesting that this behavior could have been shaped by natural selection. Here, we analyze the evolutionary relevance of such a commitment strategy and relate it to the costly punishment strategy, where no prior agreements are made. We show that when the cost of arranging a commitment deal lies within certain limits, substantial levels of cooperation can be achieved. Moreover, these levels are higher than that achieved by simple costly punishment, especially when one insists on sharing the arrangement cost. Not only do we show that good agreements make good friends, agreements based on shared costs result in even better outcomes.
Subicular activation preceding hippocampal ripples in vitro
Authors: Norimoto Hiroaki , Matsumoto Nobuyoshi , Miyawaki Takeyuki , Matsuki Norio , Ikegaya Yuji 
Published: September 2013

AbstractSharp wave-ripple complexes (SW-Rs), a transient form of high-frequency field oscillations observed in the hippocampus, are thought to mediate memory consolidation. They are initiated mainly in hippocampal CA3 area and propagate to the entorhinal cortex through the subiculum; however, little is known about how SW-Rs are initiated and propagate. Here, we used functional multineuronal calcium imaging to monitor SW-R-relevant neuronal activity from the subiculum at single-cell resolution. An unexpected finding was that a subset of subicular neurons was activated immediately before hippocampal SW-Rs. The SW-R-preceding activity was not abolished by surgical lesion of the CA1-to-subiculum projection and thus, it probably arose from entorhinal inputs. Therefore, SW-Rs are likely to be triggered by entorhinal-to-CA3/CA1 inputs. Moreover, the subiculum is not merely a passive intermediate region that SW-Rs pass through, but rather, it seems to contribute to an active modification of neural information related to SW-Rs.
Targeted delivery of proapoptotic peptides to tumor-associated macrophages improves survival
Authors: Cieslewicz Maryelise , Tang Jingjing , Yu Jonathan L. , Cao Hua , Zavaljevski Maja , Motoyama Koka , Lieber Andre , Raines Elaine W. , Pun Suzie H. 
Published: September 2013

Significance
Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are cells of our innate immune system that have been associated with poor prognosis in many types of cancers. When polarized toward the anti-inflammatory state, TAMs promote immune evasion and angiogenesis, thereby driving tumor growth. Using a peptide library selection strategy, we identified a sequence, called M2pep, that preferentially binds to anti-inflammatory murine macrophages. We then used M2pep to carry a proapoptotic peptide to TAMs by i.v. delivery and demonstrated that selective reduction of TAMs resulted in improved survival in tumor-bearing mice. These results suggest that a molecular-targeting approach for TAM depletion is a promising adjunct strategy to add to the arsenal of anticancer therapies.
Cell motility and drug gradients in the emergence of resistance to chemotherapy
Authors: Wu Amy , Loutherback Kevin , Lambert Guillaume , Estévez-Salmerón Luis , Tlsty Thea D. , Austin Robert H. , Sturm James C. 
Published: September 2013

Significance
Ultimately, chemotherapy often fails because of the emergence of cancer cells resistant to the chemotherapy. We show that this emergence can be driven by the presence of chemotherapy drug gradients and motility of the cancer cells within the gradient.
Constrained optimization framework for joint inversion of geophysical data sets
Authors: Sosa A. , Velasco A. A. , Velazquez L. , Argaez M. , Romero R. 
Published: September 2013

AbstractMany experimental techniques in geophysics advance the understanding of Earth processes by estimating and interpreting Earth structure (e.g. velocity and/or density structure). Different types of geophysical data can be collected and analysed separately, sometimes resulting in inconsistent models of the Earth depending on the data used. We present a constrained optimization approach for a joint inversion least-squares (LSQ) algorithm to characterize 1-D Earth's structure. We use two geophysical data sets sensitive to shear velocities: receiver function and surface wave dispersion velocity observations. We study the use of bound constraints on the regularized inverse problem, which are more physical than the regularization parameters required by conventional unconstrained formulations. Specifically, we develop a constrained optimization formulation that is solved with a primal-dual interior-point (PDIP) method, and validate our results with a traditional, unconstrained formulation that is solved with a truncated singular value decomposition (TSVD) for a set of numerical experiments with synthetic crustal velocity models. We conclude that the PDIP results are as accurate as those from the regularized TSVD approach, are less affected by noise, and honour the geophysical constraints.
Weighing the Local Group in the presence of dark energy
Authors: Partridge C. , Lahav O. , Hoffman Y. 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
We revise the mass estimate of the Local Group (LG) when dark energy (in the form of the cosmological constant) is incorporated into the timing argument (TA) mass estimator for the LG. Assuming the age of the Universe and the cosmological constant according to the recent values from the Planck cosmic microwave background experiment, we find the mass of the LG to be MTAΛ = (4.73 ± 1.03) × 1012 M⊙ which is 13 per cent higher than the classical TA mass estimate. This partly explains the discrepancy between earlier results from Lambda cold dark matter simulations and the classical TA. When a similar analysis is performed on 16 LG-like galaxy pairs from the Constrained Local Universe Simulations, we find that the scatter in the ratio of the virial to the TA estimated mass is given by Mvir/MTAΛ = 1.04 ± 0.16. Applying it to the LG mass estimation we find a calibrated Mvir = (4.92 ± 1.08(obs.) ± 0.79(sys.)) × 1012 M⊙.
Sodium Reduction in Bread Using Low‐Sodium Sea Salt
Authors: Miller Rebecca A. , Jeong Juhui 
Published: September 2013

ABSTRACTYeast bread is a major contributor of sodium in the American diet. Because of its functional impact on dough rheology and the quality of the final baked product, simply reducing the level of sodium chloride (salt) in the formula or replacing it with salt substitutes has found minimal success. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of sea salt containing 57 or 64% less sodium than common sea salt on the breadmaking properties and consumer acceptability of bread. The sodium content of the salt had no effect on dough strength, mixing time, gas production, loaf volume, or crumb grain. The flavor and overall liking of breads containing sea salt with 57 and 64% less sodium content were scored only slightly lower than bread containing the control salt by an untrained panel of 118 consumers. No difference in texture and no unacceptable flavor notes in the bread made with reduced‐sodium salts were reported. Thus, it appears that use of reduced‐sodium sea salt is a satisfactory alternative to reduce the sodium content of bread.
Using a Systematic Approach to Select Flagship Species for Bird Conservation
Authors: VERÍSSIMO DIOGO , PONGILUPPI TATIANA , SANTOS MARIA CINTIA M. , DEVELEY PEDRO F. , FRASER IAIN , SMITH ROBERT J. , MACMILAN DOUGLAS C. 
Published: September 2013

AbstractConservation marketing campaigns that focus on flagship species play a vital role in biological diversity conservation because they raise funds and change people's behavior. However, most flagship species are selected without considering the target audience of the campaign, which can hamper the campaign's effectiveness. To address this problem, we used a systematic and stakeholder‐driven approach to select flagship species for a conservation campaign in the Serra do Urubu in northeastern Brazil. We based our techniques on environmental economic and marketing methods. We used choice experiments to examine the species attributes that drive preference and latent‐class models to segment respondents into groups by preferences and socioeconomic characteristics. We used respondent preferences and information on bird species inhabiting the Serra do Urubu to calculate a flagship species suitability score. We also asked respondents to indicate their favorite species from a set list to enable comparison between methods. The species’ traits that drove audience preference were geographic distribution, population size, visibility, attractiveness, and survival in captivity. However, the importance of these factors differed among groups and groups differed in their views on whether species with small populations and the ability to survive in captivity should be prioritized. The popularity rankings of species differed between approaches, a result that was probably related to the different ways in which the 2 methods measured preference. Our new approach is a transparent and evidence‐based method that can be used to refine the way stakeholders are engaged in the design of conservation marketing campaigns.
Global Climate Change Justice: Toward a Risk‐Adjusted Social Floor
Authors: Siegel Paul B. , Jorgensen Steen L. 
Published: September 2013

SummaryAddressing climate change from social justice and human rights perspectives is a global challenge, and international negotiations dealing with climate change need to incorporate such concerns. This paper reviews existing literature on sustainable development, social justice, human rights, and climate change justice and argues that all approaches lead to a focus on providing everyone a guaranteed social minimum of basic needs, or a social floor. A social floor needs to be dynamic and flexible so that it also includes a risk adjustment (or insurance) component to compensate for the unknown direct and indirect impacts of climate change on households, communities and nations. The proposed globally guaranteed, nationally designed and managed, and locally implemented risk‐adjusted social floor is a forward‐looking approach to climate change justice that focuses on creating resilient economic, social and environmental systems that are equitable and sustainable. The risk‐adjusted social floor is based on UN agreements that guarantee human rights and basic needs, and the security of basic needs. The risk‐adjusted social floor is consistent with principles of the UN Social Protection Floor Initiative and the proposed Global Fund for Social Protection. Implementation of a risk‐adjusted social floor could draw upon existing social protection practices around the world that deliver basic needs (e.g., conditional cash transfers, use of vouchers, fee waivers, feeding programs, micro‐insurance, productive safety nets), along with advances in the use of early warning and rapid response systems to target and deliver emergency assistance. There are also innovations in global insurance instruments and risk pooling methods. The risk‐adjusted social floor integrates key aspects of risk‐based and rights‐based approaches to social protection and poverty reduction.
Taxation and Development: What Have We Learned from Fifty Years of Research?
Authors: Bird Richard M. 
Published: September 2013

SummaryThis paper considers how economic thinking about taxation in developing countries has changed over the last half century. It suggests that three different ‘models’ of development taxation may be discerned over this period. The key element in the first model, which was derived from the dominant public finance literature in the 1950s and 1960s, was the introduction of a comprehensive progressive personal income tax. Experience proved that this approach was not very useful. Fortunately, increased knowledge of the reality of conditions in developing countries, combined with post‐1970 theoretical and empirical studies of taxation, soon led to the emergence of a second model for development taxation, centered on a broad‐based VAT and much lower rate income taxes, both personal and corporate. While there is still much to be said for this model, more recent investigations of the political and administrative as well as economic dimensions of tax systems in developing countries have led to the gradual emergence of a third ‘model’– or, perhaps better, framework – for development taxation. Unlike the earlier approaches, this approach focuses on the need to ‘custom build’ the different components of the tax system as well as the system as a whole and emphasizes the extent to which sustainable reforms must be developed ‘in house’ by countries themselves.
Revenue Reform and Statebuilding in Anglophone Africa1
Authors: Moore Mick 
Published: September 2013

SummaryWithin the development field, tax administration reform is an area of relative success. Over the past two decades, the national revenue systems of most countries in anglophone Africa have undergone major reforms. These comprise, in particular, the introduction of Value Added Tax (VAT), the adoption of ‘advanced’ tax administration practices, and the creation of semi‐autonomous revenue authorities. What do these reforms imply for emerging patterns of politics and governance in anglophone Africa?The first conclusion is conceptual and theoretical. The impact of these reforms has been shaped by the broad context within which they were being implemented, especially the increasingly transnational character of many important policymaking relationships (Orenstein and Schmitz 2006; Stone 2008; Weiss 2005). Senior African revenue staff feature increasingly in transnational expert networks, and face a wider range of employment opportunities, public and private, both at home and abroad. The second conclusion is that these revenue reforms have contributed only modestly to statebuilding. While the new revenue agencies are in many respects impressive organisations, actual revenue collection has not increased much; improvements in organisational capacity have been concentrated at national and capital city level; potentially synergistic improvements in the capacity to formulate tax policy have not occurred; and some anticipated spillover benefits from improving the revenue collection apparatus have not been realised. The third conclusion is that, while these reforms have made it possible for governments to raise revenue from the organised private sector in a more ‘Weberian’ (institutionalised, rule‐bound) and a more consensual manner, they have also increased the possibility that the taxation system will be shaped by private sector interests, making it difficult for governments to raise the revenue that they claim they need.
Taxing the Informal Economy: Challenges, Possibilities and Remaining Questions*
Authors: Joshi Anuradha , Prichard Wilson , Heady Christopher 
Published: September 2013

SummaryRecent years have witnessed significantly increased attention to the challenge of taxing small businesses in the informal sector. However, much of this recent attention has remained focused on comparatively technical issues of revenue maximisation and policy design. This paper argues that this debate should focus increasingly on the wider development implications of informal sector taxation, as well as the political and institutional barriers to improved performance.When considering the merits of committing scarce resources to taxing small informal sector firms, debate has frequently focused on limited revenue potential, high costs of collection and potentially perverse impacts on small firms. By contrast, recent arguments have increasingly emphasised more indirect benefits of informal taxation in relation to economic growth, tax compliance and governance. These potentially broader benefits are increasingly finding support in recent research, but they are contingent on government support and consequently demand further attention.When we turn our attention away from whether tax authorities should tax small informal businesses towards the challenge of how to do so more effectively, we again argue that a broader frame of analysis is needed. Most existing research has focused on developing less distortionary tax regimes and on tax simplification in order to reduce the costs of compliance. However, while important, there strategies remain too narrow. Encouraging tax compliance demands not only lowering costs but also strengthening the potential benefits of formalisation, from increased security to new economic opportunities. As importantly, successful reform needs political support from political leaders, tax administrators and taxpayers alike. This demands greater attention to strengthening political incentives for reform, through strategic policy, administrative and institutional reform. With this in mind, the paper highlights a number of recent experiences that have sought to address these challenges, but which need further study.
c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase regulates mGluR‐dependent expression of post‐synaptic FMRP target proteins
Authors: Schmit Travis L. , Dowell James A. , Maes Margaret E. , Wilhelm Michael 
Published: September 2013

AbstractFragile X syndrome (FXS) is caused by the loss of functional fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP). Loss of FMRP results in an elevated basal protein expression profile of FMRP targeted mRNAs, a loss of local metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR)‐regulated protein synthesis, exaggerated long‐term depression and corresponding learning and behavioral deficits. Evidence shows that blocking mGluR signaling in FXS models ameliorates these deficits. Therefore, understanding the signaling mechanisms downstream of mGluR stimulation may provide additional therapeutic targets for FXS. Kinase cascades are an integral mechanism regulating mGluR‐dependent protein translation. The c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase (JNK) pathway has been shown to regulate mGluR‐dependent nuclear transcription; however, the involvement of JNK in local, synaptic signaling has not been explored. Here, we show that JNK is both necessary and sufficient for mGluR‐dependent expression of a subset of FMRP target proteins. In addition, JNK activity is basally elevated in fmr1 knockout mouse synapses, and blocking JNK activity reduces the over‐expression of post‐synaptic proteins in these mice. Together, these data suggest that JNK may be an important signaling mechanism downstream of mGluR stimulation, regulating FMRP‐dependent protein synthesis. Furthermore, local, post‐synaptic dysregulation of JNK activity may provide a viable target to ameliorate the deficits involved in FXS.
image
Expression of many FMRP target proteins is enhanced in FXS. Here, we evaluated the role of JNKs in FXS. We found that JNK signaling is activated upon mGluR stimulation in wild‐type neurons. Conversely, JNK activity is basally elevated in fmr1 knockout. Inhibiting JNK reduced the expression of FMRP target proteins and driving JNK activity increased the expression of these proteins.
Artifact‐resistant motion estimation with a patient‐specific artifact model for motion‐compensated cone‐beam CT
Authors: Brehm Marcus , Paysan Pascal , Oelhafen Markus , Kachelrieß Marc 
Published: September 2013

Purpose:In image‐guided radiation therapy (IGRT) valuable information for patient positioning, dose verification, and adaptive treatment planning is provided by an additional kV imaging unit. However, due to the limited gantry rotation speed during treatment the typical acquisition time is quite long. Tomographic images of the thorax suffer from motion blurring or, if a gated 4D reconstruction is performed, from significant streak artifacts. Our purpose is to provide a method that reliably estimates respiratory motion in presence of severe artifacts. The estimated motion vector fields are then used for motion‐compensated image reconstruction to provide high quality respiratory‐correlated 4D volumes for on‐board cone‐beam CT (CBCT) scans.Methods:The proposed motion estimation method consists of a model that explicitly addresses image artifacts because in presence of severe artifacts state‐of‐the‐art registration methods tend to register artifacts rather than anatomy. Our artifact model, e.g., generates streak artifacts very similar to those included in the gated 4D CBCT images, but it does not include respiratory motion. In combination with a registration strategy, the model gives an error estimate that is used to compensate the corresponding errors of the motion vector fields that are estimated from the gated 4D CBCT images. The algorithm is tested in combination with a cyclic registration approach using temporal constraints and with a standard 3D–3D registration approach. A qualitative and quantitative evaluation of the motion‐compensated results was performed using simulated rawdata created on basis of clinical CT data. Further evaluation includes patient data which were scanned with an on‐board CBCT system.Results:The model‐based motion estimation method is nearly insensitive to image artifacts of gated 4D reconstructions as they are caused by angular undersampling. The motion is accurately estimated and our motion‐compensated image reconstruction algorithm can correct for it. Motion artifacts of 3D standard reconstruction are significantly reduced, while almost no new artifacts are introduced.Conclusions:Using the artifact model allows to accurately estimate and compensate for patient motion, even if the initial reconstructions are of very low image quality. Using our approach together with a cyclic registration algorithm yields a combination which shows almost no sensitivity to sparse‐view artifacts and thus ensures both high spatial and high temporal resolution.