bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Components of hot and cold executive functions and their relations to different forms of stress resilience: A systematic review
Authors: Mecha Patricia , Rodriguez‐Morales Maria , Sanchez‐Lopez Alvaro 
Published: June 2024

AbstractIncreasing evidence points out that Executive Functions (i.e., EFs) may be core mechanisms for the generation of resilient responses to adversity. A systematic review testing the relations between either affective (hot) and/or non‐affective (cold) EFs (i.e., inhibition, flexibility and working memory updating) and resilience was conducted. A total of 449 articles were initially identified. After two steps of title‐and‐abstract (k = 449), and full‐text reading filtering (k = 67), 11 studies were reviewed. Three studies included cold measures of working memory and supported significant positive relations between higher working memory functioning and higher trait resilience levels. One study included cold measures of inhibition and another one both hot and cold measures, with only the first one supporting a positive relation between more efficient inhibition and higher trait resilience levels. Finally, 7 studies measured flexibility in its cold and/or hot dimensions and overall supported significant relations between higher flexibility and higher levels of trait, process and outcome resilience measures. These results support the role of EFs performance to promote different forms of resilience. This review allows to identify different issues that need to be addressed in future research and highlight the need to integrate the analysis of all hot and cold EFs components to understand their role in the generation of resilience.
Safety of percutaneous dilatational tracheostomy performed by intensivists versus surgeons: A retrospective cohort study
Authors: Miller Asaf , Noy Roee , Simchon Omri , Gvozdev Natalia , Shkedy Yotam , Epstein Danny 
Published: June 2024

AbstractBackgroundPercutaneous dilatational tracheostomy (PDT) is the preferred method for managing critically ill patients requiring prolonged mechanical ventilation. We aimed to compare the safety of PDT performed by intensivists versus surgeons.MethodsThis retrospective, single center, cohort study included all the patients who underwent PDT from 2014 to 2023. Propensity score matching was performed to adjust the imbalances of covariates between the groups. The primary outcome was the occurrence of early complications after PDT. Secondary outcomes were the development of late complications of PDT and mortality directly related to tracheostomy.Results1685 consecutive patients with critical illness were included in the analysis. Of these, 1396 (82.8%) PDTs were performed by surgeons and 289 (17.2%) by intensivists with background residency training in internal medicine. Early complications were reported in 80 (5.7%) of the patients in the surgeon group and in 13 (4.5%) patients in the intensivist group (p = 0.40). Minor hemorrhage was the most common early complication. Secondary outcomes were comparable in both groups. In a propensity score‐matched cohort, the findings remained consistent.ConclusionsThis study suggests that PDT can be performed by intensivists, as well as surgeons, with the same safety profile. Our findings underscore the importance of incorporating PDT into the intensive care unit (ICU) training syllabus, ensuring the procedure is readily accessible with reliance on the expertise of ICU staff.
Narrative Analysis and Framing Analysis of Disinformation
Authors: Hellman Maria 
Published: June 2024

AbstractThis chapter situates the current study in narrative methodology and discusses how looking at the world as the telling of stories can help us to see how strategies of disinformation are discursively constructed, and how they become harmful. Framing analysis is also included in the method, however, to provide insights into how problems and solutions are defined and explained in the news coverage. Framing analysis enables a systematic and structured reading of the material, and therefore acts to provide an overview of the news content studied. A major part of the analysis concerns the identification and analysis of strategic narratives, and how these are constructed and take on meaning. Narrative analysis is the method selected. The chapter presents and discusses the narrative approach to the study of news coverage and the methodology used in the empirical analyses.
Obsessive Gender Concerns Leading Sweden Astray
Authors: Hellman Maria 
Published: June 2024

AbstractThis chapter presents a narrative analysis of the Russian state-affiliated news media RT and Sputnik’s coverage of Sweden from July 2019 to January 2021 with regard to gender. Using the method of analysis developed by Wagnsson and Barzanje (A framework for analysing antagonistic narrative strategies: A Russian tale of Swedish decline. Media, War and Conflict, 14(2), 239–257, 2021), the analysis projects how disinformation targeting a foreign country is constructed by RT and Sputnik. The analysis also pays attention to the use of storytelling techniques which contribute to distinguish disinformation from journalism. It demonstrates how a gender narrative is used to disinform and to denigrate Sweden as part of the Russian security strategy. RT and Sputnik explain how Sweden is weakened as a result of the feminization of politics and society and how preoccupation with gender issues causes tensions between Swedes, and between Swedes and the Swedish Muslim community. A number of sub-narratives were identified that taken together made up the narrative. These sub-narratives structure the presentation of the analysis and include: Sweden is unsafe for women; Feminized societal security; The armed forces, firefighters, and the police; Gender as an absurd Swedish obsession; Muslim traditions clash with feminism and gender equality; Women moving ahead: are they taking over? The vulgarity of women; and finally, The wounded (un)sexy space. Across these sub-narratives the most significant story telling techniques were the instigation of polarization combined with emotionality (i.e. emotionally charged coverage).
Liberalistic Defiance During a Pandemic
Authors: Hellman Maria 
Published: June 2024

AbstractThis chapter is an analysis of RT and Sputnik’s coverage of Sweden with regard to the Covid-19 pandemic. The results of the analysis show how the Russian state media used the pandemic to denigrate Sweden, highlight weaknesses and shortcomings in its social fabric, and expose its leadership as incompetent and the hypocritical self-perception and self-promotion of the Swedish nation as a well-functioning country with trusted institutions and loyal citizens as a myth. This narrative, which was prompted by the pandemic, during which the Swedish authorities embarked on a different path, and to many a controversial strategy, shows how a global crisis might affect disinformation and the construction of harmful narratives. More importantly, however, it demonstrates that the narratives were similar in content and format to the other news themes, which strengthens the thesis about disinformation as everyday practice. Even at times of crisis, the harmful narratives remain the same. We must therefore be cautious about talking in terms of disinformation “campaigns”, which would indicate that the disinformation is temporary and a result of external events.
One-Dimensional Percolation
Authors: Malthe-Sørenssen Anders 
Published: June 2024

AbstractThe percolation problem can be solved exactly in two limits: in the one-dimensional and the infinite dimensional cases. Here, we will first address the one-dimensional system. While the one-dimensional system does not allow us to study the full complexity of the percolation problem, many of the concepts and measures introduced to study the one-dimensional problem can generalized to higher dimensions.
Subset Geometry
Authors: Malthe-Sørenssen Anders 
Published: June 2024

AbstractSo far, we have studied the geometry of the percolation system. Now, we will gradually address the physics of processes that occur in a percolation system. We have addressed one physics-like property of the system, the density of the spanning cluster, and we found that we could build a theory for the density P as a function of the porosity (occupation probability) p of the system. In order to address other physical properties, we need to have a clear description of the geometry of the percolation system close to the percolation threshold. In this chapter, we will develop a simplified geometric description that will be useful, indeed essential, when we discuss physical process in disordered media. We will introduce various subsets of the spanning cluster—sets that play roles in specific physical processes.
Dreams and Consciousness
Authors: Ahrweiler Petra 
Published: June 2024

AbstractGabriel and Tilda’s first business trip in the new year brought them to Budapest in Hungary, one of Gabriel’s favourite cities. From the Liszt Ferenc airport, they went to the Science Academy’s Guest House by taxi. For Gabriel, it was a pleasure to help the academy do business because it was under heavy pressure from the Orbán government’s stupid antiscience policy, which was bleeding it out by denying it funding. When he told this Tilda, she accused him of having naïve views on politics. “Why is Orbán such a bad guy to use his state apparatus and violence? Are the others any better? Nobody can tell me that it is justice when the Americans simply kill a persona-non-grata like Al Badawi,” she said. Gabriel winced at that but said nothing. After work, Tilda and Gabriel walked around Fisherman’s Bastion for some basic Budapest sightseeing. They had a nice vegetarian/pescetarian meal in a little Italian restaurant sitting outside in the streets of Buda with some heaters above and a candle between them. Gabriel had black spaghetti with shrimp. However, most interesting, indeed, was the dinner talk.
An Alternative Society
Authors: Ahrweiler Petra 
Published: June 2024

AbstractArriving at Tucson, Arizona, USA, Gabriel and Tilda fetched their rental car. They had meetings both in Tucson and in Phoenix and had decided to establish Tucson as their base for flying in and out of Germany. Already in the morning after their arrival, they went off to Phoenix. It was a nice day. Tilda was driving. Sitting in the passenger seat, Gabriel was in high spirits while preparing some PowerPoint slides for their Phoenix partners. “The Phoenix workshop will use participatory formats and ‘energisers’ to get everybody going. I will teach you some dances,” he said eagerly. Tilda scowled. “Please don’t. I can do without,” she said.
Final Unity
Authors: Ahrweiler Petra 
Published: June 2024

AbstractBreakfast took place in the dining hall of the monastery, a room called the refectory, where they had been the evening before. After breakfast, which consisted of rice with some vegetables and sauce and was taken in total silence with an amiably squatting congregation of about ten people, Gabriel and Tilda, like all other guests, helped with peeling and cutting vegetables for today’s meal on the open terrace of the dining hall. It was a lovely morning but looked a little like rain. After they were done, they had a work meeting with the prior, updating him about the new project, about the Indian case study as it stood in the moment and about the Indian project partners they would visit or had already visited in Chennai and Kerala. They also announced Ayaan’s visit for the day of their departure, who will talk about Shantivanam as a potential safe space for the project.
Sexual Dimorphism: The Interrelation of Shape and Color
Authors: Pokorný Šimon , Pavlovič Ondřej , Kleisner Karel 
Published: June 2024

AbstractSex-typicality displayed as sexual dimorphism of the human face is a key feature enabling sex recognition. It is also believed to be a cue for perceiving biological quality and it plays an important role in the perception of attractiveness. Sexual dimorphism of human faces has two main components: sexual shape dimorphism of various facial features and sexual color dimorphism, generally manifested as dimorphism of skin luminance, where men tend to be darker than women. However, very little is known about the mutual relationship of these two facets. We explored the interconnection between the dimorphism of face shape and dimorphism of face color in three visually distinct populations (Cameroonian, Czech, and Vietnamese). Our results indicated that populations which showed a significant dimorphism in skin luminance (Cameroon, Vietnam) had low levels of sexual shape dimorphism, while a population with higher levels of sexual shape dimorphism (Czech Republic) did not exhibit a significant dimorphism of skin luminance. These findings suggest a possible compensatory mechanism between various domains of sexual dimorphism in populations differing in the levels of shape and color dimorphism.
Meteorology Modulates the Impact of GCM Horizontal Resolution on Underestimation of Midlatitude Ocean Wind Speeds
Authors: Werapitiya Geethma , McCoy Daniel , Elsaesser Gregory , Field Paul , Rahimi Stefan 
Published: June 2024

AbstractWe utilize ocean 10‐m wind speed (U10m) from the microwave Multi‐sensor Advanced Climatology data set to examine the coupling between convective cloud and precipitation processes, synoptic state, and U10m and to evaluate the representation of U10m in global climate models (GCMs). We find that midlatitude U10m is underestimated by GCMs relative to observations. We examine two potential mechanisms to explain this model behavior: cold pool formation in cold air outbreaks (CAOs) associated with downdrafts that enhance U10m and sea surface temperature (SST) gradients affecting U10m through thermally forced surface winds at regional scales. When the effects of the CAO index (M) and SST gradients on U10m are accounted for, a relationship between GCM horizontal resolution and U10m appears. The strongest correlation between resolution and U10m is over the western boundary currents characterized by frequent CAOs atop strong SST gradients which drives the strongest surface fluxes on Earth.
Crustal Structure of Etna Volcano (Italy) From P‐Wave Anisotropic Tomography
Authors: Lo Bue R. , Rappisi F. , Firetto Carlino M. , Giampiccolo E. , Cocina O. , Vanderbeek B. P. , Faccenda M. 
Published: June 2024

AbstractSeveral seismic tomographic studies have been carried out to outline the intricate interplay between tectonics and magma uprising at Etna volcano. Most of these studies assume a seismically isotropic crust. Here we employ a novel methodology that accounts for the anisotropic structure of the crust. Anisotropy patterns are consistent with the Etna structural trends, unveiling the depth extent of fault segments. A high‐velocity volume, deepening toward the northwest, identifies the subducting foreland units that appear to confine a low‐velocity anomaly, interpreted as the expression of magmatic fluids within the crust. A discontinuity, likely tectonic in origin, affects the subducting units and allows magma transfer from depth to the surface. This structural configuration may explain the presence of such a very active basaltic strato‐volcano within an atypical collisional geodynamic context.
Upper Limit of Outer Belt Electron Acceleration and Their Controlling Geomagnetic Conditions: A Comparison of Storm and Non‐Storm Events
Authors: Hua Man , Bortnik Jacob 
Published: June 2024

AbstractWe perform a comprehensive investigation of the statistical distribution of outer belt electron acceleration events over energies from 300 keV to ∼10 MeV regardless of storm activity using 6‐years of observations from Van Allen Probes. We find that the statistical properties of acceleration events are consistent with the characteristic energies of combined local acceleration by chorus waves and inward radial diffusion. While electron acceleration events frequently occur both at <2 MeV at L < 4.0 and at multi‐MeV at L > 4.5, significant acceleration events are confined to L > ∼4.0. By performing superposed epoch analysis of acceleration events during storm and non/weak storm events and comparing their geomagnetic conditions, we reveal the strong correlation (>0.8) between accumulated impacts of substorms as measured by time‐integrated AL (Int(AL)) and the upper flux limit of electron acceleration. While intense storms can provide favorable conditions for efficient acceleration, they are not necessarily required to produce large maximum fluxes.
Metaproteomic portrait of the healthy human gut microbiota
Authors: Tanca Alessandro , Palomba Antonio , Fiorito Giovanni , Abbondio Marcello , Pagnozzi Daniela , Uzzau Sergio 
Published: June 2024

AbstractGut metaproteomics can provide direct evidence of microbial functions actively expressed in the colonic environments, contributing to clarify the role of the gut microbiota in human physiology. In this study, we re-analyzed 10 fecal metaproteomics datasets of healthy individuals from different continents and countries, with the aim of identifying stable and variable gut microbial functions and defining the contribution of specific bacterial taxa to the main metabolic pathways. The “core” metaproteome included 182 microbial functions and 83 pathways that were identified in all individuals analyzed. Several enzymes involved in glucose and pyruvate metabolism, along with glutamate dehydrogenase, acetate kinase, elongation factors G and Tu and DnaK, were the proteins with the lowest abundance variability in the cohorts under study. On the contrary, proteins involved in chemotaxis, response to stress and cell adhesion were among the most variable functions. Random-effect meta-analysis of correlation trends between taxa, functions and pathways revealed key ecological and molecular associations within the gut microbiota. The contribution of specific bacterial taxa to the main biological processes was also investigated, finding that Faecalibacterium is the most stable genus and the top contributor to anti-inflammatory butyrate production in the healthy gut microbiota. Active production of other mucosal immunomodulators facilitating host tolerance was observed, including Roseburia flagellin and lipopolysaccharide biosynthetic enzymes expressed by members of Bacteroidota. Our study provides a detailed picture of the healthy human gut microbiota, contributing to unveil its functional mechanisms and its relationship with nutrition, immunity, and environmental stressors.
Comparison of Early Fungicidal Activity and Mortality Between Daily Liposomal Amphotericin B and Daily Amphotericin B Deoxycholate for Cryptococcal Meningitis
Authors: Kimuda Sarah , Kwizera Richard , Dai Biyue , Kigozi Enos , Kasozi Derrick , Rutakingirwa Morris K , Tukundane Asmus , Shifah Nabbaale , Luggya Tony , Luswata Andrew , Ndyetukira Jane Frances , Yueh Spencer L , Mulwana Suzan , Wele Abduljewad , Bahr Nathan C , Meya David B , Boulware David R , Skipper Caleb P 
Published: June 2024

Abstract

Background
Limited data exist on the antifungal activity of daily liposomal amphotericin B with flucytosine induction regimens for cryptococcal meningitis, which are recommended in high-income countries. Liposomal amphotericin B monotherapy at 3 mg/kg previously failed to meet noninferiority criteria compared to amphotericin B deoxycholate in its registrational clinical trial. We aimed to compare the quantitative antifungal activity and mortality between daily amphotericin B deoxycholate and daily liposomal amphotericin B among persons with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)–related cryptococcal meningitis receiving adjunctive flucytosine 100 mg/kg/day.

Methods
We analyzed data from 3 clinical studies involving participants with HIV-associated cryptococcal meningitis receiving either daily liposomal amphotericin B at 3 mg/kg/day with flucytosine (n = 94) or amphotericin B deoxycholate at 0.7–1.0 mg/kg/day with flucytosine (n = 404) as induction therapy. We compared participant baseline characteristics, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) early fungicidal activity (EFA), and 10-week mortality.

Results
We included 498 participants in this analysis, of whom 201 had available EFA data (n = 46 liposomal amphotericin B; n = 155 amphotericin B deoxycholate). Overall, there is no statistical evidence that the antifungal activity of liposomal amphotericin B (mean EFA, 0.495 [95% confidence interval {CI}, .355–.634] log10 colony-forming units [CFU]/mL/day) differ from amphotericin B deoxycholate (mean EFA, 0.402 [95% CI, .360–.445] log10 CFU/mL) (P = .13). Mortality at 10 weeks trended lower for liposomal amphotericin B (28.2%) versus amphotericin B deoxycholate (34.6%) but was not statistically different when adjusting for baseline characteristics (adjusted hazard ratio, 0.74 [95% CI, .44–1.25]; P = .26).

Conclusions
Daily liposomal amphotericin B induction demonstrated a similar rate of CSF fungal clearance and 10-week mortality as amphotericin B deoxycholate when combined with flucytosine for the treatment of HIV-associated cryptococcal meningitis.
Associations of neighborhood social cohesion and changes in BMI—The Maastricht Study
Authors: Chan Jeffrey A , Koster Annemarie , Lakerveld Jeroen , Schram Miranda T , van Greevenbroek Marleen , Bosma Hans 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
The role of the social environment can facilitate positive health outcomes through active community engagement, normalization of healthy behaviors, and stress buffering. We aim to examine the associations of neighborhood social cohesion with changes in BMI over time. A total of 7641 participants from The Maastricht Study between the ages of 40 and 75 years were analyzed. Weight and height were measured at baseline, and weight was self-reported annually up to 10 years of follow-up (median = 4.7 years). Perceived social cohesion was obtained by questionnaire. Home addresses for each participant were linked to geographic information system data from the Geoscience and Health Cohort Consortium to create neighborhood exposure variables including area level social cohesion, neighborhood walkability, and food environment within a 1000 m Euclidian buffer. Linear regression analyses were performed with BMI adjusted for socioeconomic variables. A mixed model analysis was carried out to examine changes in BMI. Living in the highest quartile area of individually perceived social cohesion was associated with lower BMI (Q4 B: −.53; 95% CI = −.79, −.28) compared to the lowest quartile. Similar findings were discovered using the area level measure (Q4 B: −.97; 95% CI = −1.29, −.65). There was no longitudinal association between social cohesion and BMI. Neighborhood social cohesion was associated with lower BMI classifying it as an obesogenic area characteristic that influences weight, independent of conventional built environment features.
Atoning vs. evading when caught transgressing: two multi-theory-based experiments investigating strategies for politicians responding to scandal
Authors: Clementson David E , Zhao Wenqing , Beatty Michael J 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Politicians tend to try deflecting scandals. Based on an attribution theory-driven perspective on persuasion, however, politicians should proactively confess. In a preregistered, multiple-message design, we conduct controlled, random assignment experiments. A mediation model is tested. Inspired by crisis communication’s change-of-meaning concept, the first variable appraises the extent to which voters perceive that the messaging indicates the politician is engaging in a cover-up. The second linkage is the politician’s credibility. The outcome variable is voters’ behavioral intentions. In Experiment 1 (N = 905 U.S. voters), stealing thunder and apologizing outperform stonewalling, changing the subject, sequentially apologizing plus deflecting, or silence. Experiment 2 (N = 277) finds that, in a sex scandal, stealing thunder and apologizing continue to perform equally well. Our theoretical contribution resides in enhancing the explanatory power of theories designed to explain image repair, as well as empirically testing the independent and combined role of apology and stealing thunder.