bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ultimate Biodegradation of Commercial Linear Alkylbenzene Sulphonates (LAS) Under ISO 14593 Headspace CO2 Test: Compliance with EU Detergent Regulation 648/2004
Authors: Serrano L. I. , Velasco C. A. P. , Malagón A. S. C. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
The EU Detergent Regulation 648/2004 introduces a new pass-fail criterion for the biodegradability of all surfactant classes used in household detergents. The new criterion is based on the determination of the mineralisation of the surfactant, ultimate biodegradability. There are a series of official biodegradation tests allowed in the new Regulation as well as a reference test based on the ISO 14593 method. There are few data in the literature about the biodegradation results of common surfactants using the above methodology and consequently the aim of our study was to apply it to a variety of commercial LAS products. Both the influence of the counter-ion and initial concentration of LAS have been assessed. The results confirm that LAS complies with the ultimate biodegradation requirements fixed on the new EU Detergent Regulation.
The Influence of Surfactant's Synergism on the Solubilization of Some Fluorescent Compounds
Authors: Abdel-Rahem R. , Abdel-Shafi A. A. , Al-Hawarine J. , Ayesh A. S. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
Aqueous solutions of anionic surfactant sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS) and cationic surfactant cetyltrimethyammonium bromide (CTAB) were prepared at room temperature in order to investigate the influences of surfactants mixing on the solubilization of 2-naphthol-6-sulfonate and toluene. The phase behavior of CTAB/SDS was firstly investigated to obtain the optimum ratio of CTAB/SDS that result in an isotropic solution before reaching the two phase region. From the conductivity and surface tension measurements, the critical micelle concentrations (CMC) of single and mixed surfactant solutions were obtained and the interaction parameter (β) were evaluated. Water solubility enhancement of (0–3 wt.%) toluene by micellar solutions of single surfactant SDS, CTAB and mixed solutions of SDS-CTAB surfactants were then investigated by establishing the phase behavior and measuring the absorption and the emission spectra of these solutions. The toluene was completely solubilized by the micellar solution of single surfactants, whereas turbidity was observed at toluene concentration of about 1.5 wt.% in the micellar solution of SDS-CTAB. The fluorescence behavior of 2-naphthol-6-sulfonate (2NO6S) and toluene in the single and mixed surfactant solutions was also compared. The solubilization of toluene in surfactant solutions was explained in terms of hydrophobic interaction occurring within the surfactant core and the palisade layers.
A Novel Synthesis of Anionic Heterogemini Surfactants Containing COOH, SO3H and PO(OH)2 Headgroups from Corynomicolic Acid and its Derivatives
Authors: Kawase T. , Aisaka T. , Oida T. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
Anionic heterogemini surfactants with –COOH, –SO3H and –PO(OH)2 headgroups in combination were synthesized from Corynomicolic acid derivatives having R = C11H23. The –SO3H headgroup was obtained by the successive conversion of OH → OMs → SCN → SH → –SO3H. The PO(OH)2 headgroup was introduced by the conjugate-addition to E-isomer of α,β-unsaturated ester derived from Corynomycolic acid ester. Heterogemini surfactant with –SO3H and –PO(OH)2 headgroups was also synthesized from phosphonate analog of Corynomycolic acid. The stereoisomers (syn- and anti-isomers) of heterogemini surfactants were separately prepared except for heterogemini surfactants with –COOH and –PO(OH)2 headgroups. Effects of variation and stereochemistry of two anionic headgroups on their surfactant properties were also studied on the basis of surface tension measurements.
Synthesis and Interfacial Properties of Novel Imidazoline Gemini Surfactants
Authors: LiKey W. , Tian H. , Zhou X. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
Two novel imidazoline gemini surfactants quaternary ammonium salts of di(2-undecyl (heptadecyl)-1-formyl aminoethyl imidazoline) hexanediamine (SUAEIHDI/SHAEIHDI) were synthesized in this article, and their interfacial properties were studied. It was found that SUAEIHDI had a higher CMC value than SHAEIHDI in distillated water at constant temperature (12 ± 2) °C, indicating that it was easier for SHAEIHDI to form micelles in water. The symmetrical molecular structure of SUAEIHDI/SHAEIHDI is composed of lipophilic group and hydrophilic group comprising many active elements i. e. O, N and two imidazoline rings. The novel imidazoline gemini surfactants can be viewed as block-like copolymers, whose surface-modifying effects on nanomaterials are promising.
Synthesis and Properties of Disodium Mono-fatty Alcohol Citrate
Authors: Song Jin-ling , Yang Xiu-quan , Zhou Zhang-cai 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
The long reaction time and low conversion of the existing technologies in indirect synthesis of disodium mono-fatty alcohol citrate constrain their industrialized application. Here, we developed a new technology and synthesized a series of monoester of citric acid salts different carbon atoms in hydrophobic group. The structures of intermediate and products were defined by infrared spectra and hydrogen nuclear magnetic resonance spectra. Their physico-chemical properties were systematically studied for the first time, including equilibrium surface tension, wetting ability, emulsification stability and foaming behavior in aqueous solution. The results show that ifs the number of carbon atoms in the hydrophobic group increases, the critical micelle concentration (CMC) decreases, wetting ability weakens, the foaming volume in hard water increases and emulsification stability for liquid paraffin and bean oil increases, but opposite for oil acid.
Investigating the Activity of Zirconia as a Catalyst and a Support for Noble Metals, in Green Oxidation of Cyclohexane
Authors: Sadiq M. , Alam S. , Mabood F. , Bangash F. K. , Ilyas M. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
Green oxidation of cyclohexane by molecular oxygen was carried out over ZrO2 and noble metals (Pd and Pt) supported on zirconia in solvent free conditions. Studies have been carried out in a typical three-necked batch reactor. Reaction products were identified by GC and UV spectrophotometer. Reaction rates were determined as a function of temperature, partial pressure of oxygen, amount of catalyst, volume of reactants, agitation and reaction duration. The agitation effect and activation energy revealed the absence of mass transfer resistance. Experimental results unveiled the effect of morphology of ZrO2 on catalysis. 1.0 wt.% noble metal/ZrO2(m) was found more selective for cyclohexanol production at low temperature, agitation 900rpm and partial pressure of 101.325 KPa while at high temperature cyclohexanol was further oxidized to cyclohexanone. Comparison of Pt/ZrO2 and Pd/ZrO2 catalysts was made on the basis of reactivity and selectivity. Catalysts were characterized by using BET surface area and pore size analyzer, XRD and SEM. To conclude shortly, for the oxidation of cyclohexane, platinum or palladium supported on zirconia are selective, recyclable and could behave as truly heterogeneous catalysts.
Investigating the Catalytic Activity of Monoclinic Zirconia; Oxidation of Benzyl Alcohol in Aqueous Medium at Mild Conditions
Authors: Sadiq M. , Ilyas M. , Alam S. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
The oxidation/degradation of benzyl alcohol in artificially contaminated water under atmospheric pressure by molecular oxygen/air over ZrO2(m) catalyst was investigated. Monoclinic phase ZrO2 was synthesized and characterized by modern techniques. Oxidation of benzyl alcohol in aqueous medium was carried out in a typical three necked double walled batch reactor equipped with thermometer and condenser. The rate of oxidation was affected by different reaction parameters such as speed of agitation, catalyst loading, temperature, concentration of substrate solution (46.3 – 185 mmol/L) and partial pressure of oxygen. Major products were detected with GC and UV spectrophotometer. Optimal conditions were setup for better catalytic activity of ZrO2(m). To sum up, catalytic oxidation of benzyl alcohol in aqueous medium by ZrO2(m) is a useful and cheaper method for the conversion of benzyl alcohol to valuable products as well as for the removal of benzyl alcohol from industrial waste water.
Nonionic Surfactants: Octanol-Water Partition Coefficients with the Slow Stirring/Surface Tension Method
Authors: Miller Dennis J. , McWilliams Phil 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
LogP values for several nonionic surfactants were measured by the slow stirring/surface tension method. Aqueous surfactant solution is equilibrated with octanol. A surface tension technique is used to determine the concentration in the aqueous phase. Interference from octanol, which is surface active, is prevented by evaporation and re-dissolution of the sample. The effect of initial concentration on the observed logP value is discussed. Above a certain concentration the amount of surfactant in the aqueous phase exceeds the critical micelle concentration (cmc). In this region logP appears to decrease markedly with initial concentration. Using a simple model, which includes the effect of octanol on the cmc, the apparent logP can be corrected for this micellisation effect. With a tristyrylphenol ethoxylate the concentrations in aqueous and octanol phases were determined by UV absorption, giving a logP value in good agreement with the surface tension method. For a series of commercial undecyl ethoxylates, the logP value was found to decrease with increasing length of the EO chain. Products with more than 4 EO have a logP less than 3, indicating that they are unlikely to bioaccumulate.
Synthesis, Characterization and Anti-redeposition Properties of Sulfoethyl Locust Bean Gum – Interaction with Laundry Detergent Enzymes
Authors: Čížová Alžbeta , Sroková Iva , Sasinková Vlasta , Gaff Graeme R. , Lant Neil J. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
A series of sulfoethyl locust bean gum derivatives with a degree of substitution (DS) ranging from 0.05 to 0.33 was prepared by etherification of locust bean gum with vinylsulfonic acid sodium salt in alkaline 2-propanol suspension. The derivatives were characterized by means of FT-IR and elemental analysis, and evaluated for laundry anti-redeposition performance, alone and in systems with mannanase and/or cellulase enzymes. Optimum anti-redeposition performance was observed at degrees of substitution of around 0.15. Mannanase was found to have a negative effect on sulfoethyl locust bean gum derivatives' performance although a system comprising sulfoethyl locust bean gum derivative and cellulase was found to be complementary.
Preparation and Performance of Catanionic Surfactants
Authors: Yan Hui-Cheng , Li Qiu-Xiao , Geng Tao , Jiang Yajie , Luo Yi 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
A series of catanionic surfactants based on the general formula CH3CH2(CH2)11CH2N+(CH3)3 · −OOCCH2(CH2)nCH2CH3 (n = 2, 4, 6, 8, 10) were synthesized, and measured their critical micelle concentrations (CMC) and the corresponding surface tension at CMC (γCMC). The results revealed that the surface tensions of water were decreased to 21–34 mN · m−1 when applying these surfactants at a concentration range from 10−3 to 10−4 mol · L−1. Moreover, the performance of foaming, emulsification, anti-static and rewetting of the surfactants were investigated and the results showed that both the rewetting and emulsifying ability of the prepared surfactants were much better than that of conventional surfactants. In addition, the anti-static and foaming properties were also improved at the same condition compared to that of conventional surfactants.
Micellization of Alkyl Trimethyl Ammonium Bromides in Aqueous Solutions–Part 1: Critical Micelle Concentration (CMC) and Ionization Degree
Authors: Oremusová Jarmila 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
Conductivities of alkyl trimethyl ammonium bromides (alkyl = hexyl-, octyl-, decyl-, dodecyl-, tetradecyl-, hexadecyl-, and octadecyl-) in aqueous solutions were measured as afunction of molarity of surfactants, length of chain and temperature. Critical micelle concentrations (CMC) were estimated from the dependence of the specific conductivity on molarity of the surfactants. It was determined that the temperature dependence of CMC is U-shaped with aminimum shifting toward higher temperatures with decreasing chain length of the alkyl group. Quantities characterizing behaviors of surfactants below and above CMC were calculated and compared from conductivity measurements. Measured and calculated values of studied compounds were also compared with results of many other authors. The paper has the form of a minireview. It is a comparison of the presented experimental data of alkyltrimethylammonium bromides (C6–C18) with earlier works reported.
Electrical Properties of PANI/Chalcogenide Junctions Doped with Ionic Liquids Anions
Authors: Benabdellah Abdelkader , Belarbi El-Habib , Ilikti Hocine , Hatti Mustapha , Fettouhi Bekhaled 
Published: December 2013

AbstractIonic liquids like 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([BMIM] Cl, 1-butyl-3-methyl-imidazolium hexafluorophosphate [BMIM] PF6, 1-butyl-3-methyl-imidazolium tetrafluorobrate [BMIM] BF4, 1-butyl-3-methyl-imidazolium bis (trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide [BMIM] NTf2) were used as doping elements in polyaniline. Pure polyaniline (EB) and polyaniline doped with different anions of ionic liquids (ESs) were chemically synthesized using ammonium peroxydisulphate (APS) and ionic liquids as oxidants. Junctions have been prepared by evaporating chalcogenide materials (ZnSe, CdSe) on conducting polyaniline (EB & ESs) pellets using a vacuum evaporation technique. I-V characteristics of junctions have been studied at room temperature using the Keithley electrometer 6517A. I-V measurements show the rectification effect. A junction of ES [BF4−] anion may be preferred over the other junctions due to its low ideality factor and maximum rectification ratio.
Synthesis and Surface Activity of Guerbet Betaine Surfactants with Ethylene Oxide Groups
Authors: Qiao Weihong , Cui Yingchun , Zhu Youyi , Cai Hongyan 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
Three series of Guerbet betaine surfactants with ethylene oxide groups were synthesized by Guerbet alkyl polyoxyethylene ether surfactants, epichlorohydrin, dimethylamine and sodium chloro-acetate. Their structures were confirmed by MS. The critical micelle concentrations (CMC) and surface tension at CMC (γCMC) of all prepared Guerbet betaine surfactants were determined by K100C processor tensiometer with the Wilhelmy-plate method at 25°C. It is found that synthesized surfactants exhibit great efficiency of reducing surface tension. As the number of ethylene oxide groups increases, the γCMC gradually increases. As the length of the hydrophobic chain of Guerbet betaine surfactants increases, the γCMC increases firstly and then decreases.
Effect of Molecular Structure on Interfacial Activity and Emulsification Property
Authors: Chen Lifeng , Zhao Xiutai , Wang Zengbao , Bai Yingrui 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
This paper presents the reasons for the differences in interface tension and emulsion stability of Span60, Tween20, Tween60, Tween80 from the perspective of the molecular structure. For a surfactant emulsion, there is no complete correlation between interfacial tension and emulsion stability. Interface tension cannot determine the emulsion stability, but the molecular structure of the surfactant is the determinant of both the interface tension and emulsion stability. The branching degree of hydrophilic group, carbon chain length of hydrophobic group and carbon-carbon double bond had played a very important role. The clarification of the effect of molecular structure has significant theoretical meanings for modifying and synthetizing new surfactants.
Fluorescent-Tagged Double-Hydrophilic Block Copolymer as a Green Inhibitor for Calcium Carbonate Scales
Authors: Liu Guangqing , Huang Jingyi , Zhou Yuming , Yao Qingzhao , Ling Lei , Zhang Peixin , Wang Huchuan , Cao Ke , Liu Yahui , Wu Wendao , Sun Wei , Hu Zhengjun 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
Allyloxy polyethoxy ether (APEG) and succinic anhydride were used to prepare allyloxy polyethoxy carboxylate (APEL). 8-Hydroxy-1,3,6-pyrene trisulfonic acid trisodium salt (PY) reacted with allyl chloride to produce fluorescent monomer 8-allyloxy-1,3,6-pyrene trisulfonic acid trisodium salt (PA). APEL and PA were copolymerized with maleic anhydride (MA) to synthesize the PA tagged, phosphate and nitrogen free CaCO3 inhibitor MA-APEL-PA. Structures of PA, APEG, APEL, and MA-APEL-PA were obtained by FT-IR and 1H-NMR measurements. The observation shows that the dosage of MA-APEL-PA plays an important role on CaCO3 inhibition. The effect on the formation of CaCO3 was investigated by a combination of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) analysis. The relationship between MA-APEL-PA's fluorescent intensity and its dosage was also studied. Correlation coefficient '9 of MA-APEL-PA's fluorescent intensity and its dosage is 0.9997. MA-APEL-PA can be used to measure accurately the polymer consumption on line besides providing excellent CaCO3 inhibition.
Mixed Micelles Containing Sodium Laurate: Effect of Chain Length, Polar Head Group, and Added Salt
Authors: Kakehashi Rie , Shizuma Motohiro , Yamamura Shingo 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
We studied the mixing behavior of binary mixtures of alkylglycosides (CnGly); i.e. n-Octyl β-D-glucopyranoside, n-Decyl β-D-glucopyranoside and n-Decyl β-D-maltoside in combination with sodium laurate (NaL), and N,N-dimethyldodecylamine oxide in combination with NaL. The critical micelle concentration (CMC) data were obtained as functions of the composition based on equilibrium surface tension measurements. The cmc values with and without the addition of salt systems were then analyzed according to the regular solution model developed by Rubingh for mixed micelles. For the added salt systems, we applied Maeda's formulation for ionic/nonionic mixed micelles. For NaL/CnGly mixed systems, an increase in the hydrophilicity of the polar head group of CnGly resulted in a strong interaction between NaL and CnGly. In addition, introducing ionic species to the added salt systems stabilized the nonionic micelles.
Investigating of Synthesis Parameters, Kinetics and Pilot Plant of Sodium Sarcosinate
Authors: Hassanzadeh Masoumeh , Kambarani Masoud , Saghafi Reza , Dezfouli Hedieh 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
Sodium sarcosinate, an anionic surfactant, is known as a methylated glycine derivative, that is synthesized in a one-step amidation reaction. In this work, to find out the best conditions, several experiments carried out. So, the highest yield was obtained at (303)°C, by gradual addition of sodium monochloro acetate to methylamine solution. The total reaction time is 6 hours. Based on data, and the plots of kinetics of the reaction, a second-order reaction equation was suggested for this synthesis reaction. The rate constant (κ), and the regression coefficient (R2) were found as 0.0085 and 0.0934, respectively, which were in the best agreement with second-order reactions. According to the results, these data were applied for scale up laboratory to pilot phase. In addition, an industrial plant was suggested and designed.
Mixed Micellization and Surface Properties of Ionic Liquids/Triton X-100 Mixture System in Aqueous Media
Authors: Sun Lei , Han Chunyu , Liu Chunsheng , Luo Genxiang 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
Two binary systems of nonionic surfactant Triton X-100 and imidazolium ionic liquid surfactants with different carbon chain: C12mimBr (1-dodecyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide) and C14mimBr (1-tetradecyl-3-methylimidazoliumbromide) have been studied in this paper. The micellization and surface properties of the binary systems were determined by surface tension and conductivity methods, respectively. The critical micelle concentration (CMC), the maximum surface excess (Γmax), minimum area per molecule (Amin) and surface pressure at the CMC (ΠCMC) of single and mixed systems were obtained. Rubingh's theory was used to calculate the composition of the mixtures, and the molecular interaction parameter β. Negative value of β indicates synergism in mixed micelle formation. The order of absolute value of β and average β: C12mimBr/Triton X-100 > C14mimBr/Triton X-100. The values of ΔG0
m and ΔG0
ads have also been calculated, and both of them were found to be negative in all pure and mixed surfactants, indicating the spontaneity of micellization and adsorption of the surfactants.
Preparation and Application of Cationic Surfactant Ion-selective Electrode
Authors: Yuan Guang-yu , Hou Ji-rui , Liu Bi-xin , Luo Ye-yuan 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
In this study, a cationic surfactant ion-selective electrode was prepared; its performance was determined. The electrode showed good Nernstian response to some kinds of cationic surfactants and had lower detection limits (10−
6 mol/L order of magnitude). Potentiometric titration was employed to determine the concentrations of three cationic surfactants (DDMBAC, CTAB, OTMAC) using the electrode as indicator electrode and sodium tetraphenylborate solution as titrant. The titration results were satisfactory compared with the two-phase titration method. The relative errors between the electrode and two-phase titration were 2.12 %, 3.45 %, and 4.21 %, respectively. In addition, the electrode was used to determine the critical micelle concentration of cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) in organic solvent/water, and the CMC measured using the electrode method was nearly identical with that measured using the conductivity method.
Synthesis of Thermoresponsive SiO2 Composite Modified by Nonionic Organosilicone Surfactant
Authors: Tai Xiumei , Ma Jinghong , Du Zhiping , Wang Wanxu 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
Nonionic organosilicone surfactant trisiloxane-modified oligo (propylene oxide-block-ethylene oxide) was selected as the typical modifying agent in the synthesis of thermoresponsive SiO2 composite. Absolute ethanol was used as the reaction medium. The properties of the prepared composite were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), contact angle measurement instrument and dynamic light scatter (DLS). The results showed that the low critical solution temperature (LCST) of the composite is consistent with the cloud point of trisiloxane-modified oligo (propylene oxide-block-ethylene oxide).
Clouding Behavior of Amphiphilic Drug Clomipramine Hydrochloride with Pharmaceutical Excipients
Authors: Rub Malik Abdul , Asiri Abdullah M. , Azum Naved , Khan Anish , Khan Aftab Aslam Parwaz , Kabir-ud-Din  
Published: December 2013

Abstract
The clouding behavior of amphiphilic drug clomipramine hydrochloride (CLP) in presence of different additives like bile salts, hydrotropes (anionic, cationic and nonionic), fatty acids, sugars and cyclodextrin has been investigated. These additives are commonly used as drug delivery systems. The additives like anionic hydrotropes, bile salts and fatty acid salts increase the cloud point (CP) of CLP, when added in low concentrations, whereas at high concentration, decrease it. Cationic and nonionic hydrotropes increase the CP of CLP at all concentrations. All sugars decreased the CP because of their water structure making property. β-cyclodextrin behaves like simple sugar and decreases the CP of the drug solutions. The thermodynamic parameters are also evaluated: where ΔGc° is found to be negative and ΔHc° and TΔSc° values are negative as well as positive depending upon type and nature of additive.