bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Accelerators for Inertial Fusion Energy Production
Authors: Bangerter R. O. , Faltens A. , Seidl P. A. 
Published: February 2014

Since the 1970s, high energy heavy ion accelerators have been one of the leading options for imploding and igniting targets for inertial fusion energy production. Following the energy crisis of the early 1970s, a number of people in the international accelerator community enthusiastically began working on accelerators for this application. In the last decade, there has also been significant interest in using accelerators to study high energy density physics (HEDP). Nevertheless, research on heavy ion accelerators for fusion has proceeded slowly pending demonstration of target ignition using the National Ignition Facility (NIF), a laser-based facility at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. A recent report of the National Research Council recommends expansion of accelerator research in the US if and when the NIF achieves ignition. Fusion target physics and the economics of commercial energy production place constraints on the design of accelerators for fusion applications. From a scientific standpoint, phase space and space charge considerations lead to the most stringent constraints. Meeting these constraints almost certainly requires the use of multiple beams of heavy ions with kinetic energies >1 GeV. These constraints also favor the use of singly charged ions. This article discusses the constraints for both fusion and HEDP, and explains how they lead to the requirements on beam parameters. RF and induction linacs are currently the leading contenders for fusion applications. We discuss the advantages and disadvantages of both options. We also discuss the principal issues that must yet be resolved.
Middle Carboniferous intracontinental subduction in the Outer Zone of the Variscan Belt (Montagne Noire Axial Zone, French Massif Central): multimethod geochronological approach of polyphase metamorphism
Authors: Faure Michel , Cocherie Alain , Gaché Julien , Esnault Chloé , Guerrot Catherine , Rossi Philippe , Wei Lin , Qiuli Li 
Published: February 2014

Abstract

In the migmatitic dome of the Montagne Noire Axial Zone (Variscan French Massif Central), mafic eclogites yield zircon and rutile U–Pb SHRIMP and secondary-ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) ages of
c.
315–308 Ma. These ‘young’ dates, obtained in two different laboratories, do not comply with the geological constraints available for the study area that suggest an older age of the high-pressure–low-temperature (M
1
) metamorphism. Nevertheless, the Sm–Nd age of the same rock at
c.
358 Ma appears in better agreement with the geological constraints, and therefore might reflect the age of the high-pressure (HP) event. Similar 357–352 Ma monazite U–Th–Pb
tot
ages are obtained from relict grains in the Axial Zone kinzigites that represent restites enclosed in migmatites. Furthermore, monazite grains from biotite–garnet–staurolite micaschists from the dome envelope and Axial Zone kinzigites yield U–Th–Pb
tot
ages in the range 340–320 Ma. These dates are in good agreement with previously documented zircon and monazite ages from the migmatite and anatectic granites that represent a high-temperature–low-pressure (M
2
) event. The significance of the zircon and rutile ages in the eclogites is discussed in terms of hydrothermal circulations. A crustal-scale model considers: (1) a north-directed intracontinental subduction, responsible for the high-pressure–low-temperature (M
1
) metamorphism, coeval with kilometre-scale south-vergent recumbent folds in the Palaeozoic non-metamorphic cover, followed by (2) a high-temperature–low-pressure (M
2
) event, coeval with the development of the Axial Zone migmatitic dome, and upright folding in the Palaeozoic non-metamorphic series.
Timing of granite emplacement, crustal flow and gneiss dome formation in the Variscan segment of the Pyrenees
Authors: Denèle Yoann , Laumonier Bernard , Paquette Jean-Louis , Olivier Philippe , Gleizes Gérard , Barbey Pierre 
Published: February 2014

Abstract

The Variscan segment of the Pyrenees is well suited to study the timing of crustal-scale deformations as crustal flow and gneiss dome formation. This has been constrained from a synthesis of available structural and geochronological data of intrusive rocks, as well as new zircon U–Pb age determinations via laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS). After a stage of moderate thickening by fold–thrust belt development in the upper crust between 323 and 308 Ma, the Variscan segment of the Pyrenees experienced crustal flow at
c.
306 Ma and then gneiss dome formation at
c.
304 Ma. Localization of the deformation along reverse-dextral shear zones occurred at
c.
300 Ma. The Variscan segment of the Pyrenees recorded a high-temperature regime, which allowed crustal flow of the middle crust, but with limited amounts of heat which induced rapid cooling. The development of this enigmatic orogenic segment of the Variscan belt is closely contemporaneous with the formation of the Cantabrian Orocline and could correspond to a lithospheric-scale shear zone that accommodated buckling of the orocline. Late Variscan lithospheric delamination and asthenospheric upwelling associated with buckling in the core of the Cantabrian Orocline could explain the short-period high-temperature regime in the Variscan segment of the Pyrenees.

Supplementary material:

Review of published U–Th–Pb, Ar–Ar and K–Ar ages of granites from the Axial Zone of the Pyrenees; LA-ICP-MS U–Pb dating methodology (Clermont-Ferrand, France); and zircon LA-ICP-MS U–Pb data for Ax-les-Thermes, Carançà, Mont-Louis and Cauterets granites are available at
http://www.geolsoc.org.uk/SUP18729
.
Repeatability of Quantitative FDG-PET/CT and Contrast-Enhanced CT in Recurrent Ovarian Carcinoma: Test–Retest Measurements for Tumor FDG Uptake, Diameter, and Volume
Authors: Rockall Andrea G. , Avril Norbert , Lam Raymond , Iannone Robert , Mozley P. David , Parkinson Christine , Bergstrom Donald , Sala Evis , Sarker Shah-Jalal , McNeish Iain A. , Brenton James D. 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
Purpose: Repeatability of baseline FDG-PET/CT measurements has not been tested in ovarian cancer. This dual-center, prospective study assessed variation in tumor 2[18F]fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose (FDG) uptake, tumor diameter, and tumor volume from sequential FDG-PET/CT and contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CECT) in patients with recurrent platinum-sensitive ovarian cancer.
Experimental Design: Patients underwent two pretreatment baseline FDG-PET/CT (n = 21) and CECT (n = 20) at two clinical sites with different PET/CT instruments. Patients were included if they had at least one target lesion in the abdomen with a standardized uptake value (SUV) maximum (SUVmax) of ≥2.5 and a long axis diameter of ≥15 mm. Two independent reading methods were used to evaluate repeatability of tumor diameter and SUV uptake: on site and at an imaging clinical research organization (CRO). Tumor volume reads were only performed by CRO. In each reading set, target lesions were independently measured on sequential imaging.
Results: Median time between FDG-PET/CT was two days (range 1–7). For site reads, concordance correlation coefficients (CCC) for SUVmean, SUVmax, and tumor diameter were 0.95, 0.94, and 0.99, respectively. Repeatability coefficients were 16.3%, 17.3%, and 8.8% for SUVmean, SUVmax, and tumor diameter, respectively. Similar results were observed for CRO reads. Tumor volume CCC was 0.99 with a repeatability coefficient of 28.1%.
Conclusions: There was excellent test–retest repeatability for FDG-PET/CT quantitative measurements across two sites and two independent reading methods. Cutoff values for determining change in SUVmean, SUVmax, and tumor volume establish limits to determine metabolic and/or volumetric response to treatment in platinum-sensitive relapsed ovarian cancer. Clin Cancer Res; 20(10); 2751–60. ©2014 AACR.
Rubbing salt into wounded endothelium: Sodium potentiates proatherogenic effects of TNF-α under non-uniform shear stress
Authors: Wild Johannes , Soehnlein Oliver , Dietel Barbara , Urschel Katharina , Garlichs Christoph D. , Cicha Iwona 
Published: February 2014

SummaryIncreased consumption of sodium is a risk factor for hypertension and cardiovascular diseases. In vivo studies indicated that high dietary sodium may have a direct negative influence on endothelium. We investigated the effects of high sodium on the endothelial activation during early steps of atherogenesis. Endothelial cells (HUVECs) grown in a model of arterial bifurcations were exposed to shear stress in the presence of normal or high (+ 30 mmol/l) sodium. Adherent THP-1 cells, and the adhesion molecule expression were quantified. Sodium channel blockers, pathways’ inhibitors, and siRNA against tonicity-responsive enhancer binding protein (TonEBP) were used to identify the mechanisms of sodium effects on endothelium. ApoE-deficient mice on low-fat diet received water containing normal or high salt (8% w/v) for four weeks, and the influence of dietary salt on inflammatory cell adhesion in the common carotid artery and carotid bifurcation was measured by intravital microscopy. In vitro, high sodium dramatically increased the endothelial responsiveness to tumour necrosis factor-α under non-uniform shear stress. Sodium-induced increase in monocytic cell adhesion was mediated by reactive oxygen species and the endothelial nitric oxygen synthase, and was sensitive to the knockdown of TonEBP. The results were subsequently confirmed in the ApoE-deficient mice. As compared with normal-salt group, high-salt intake significantly enhanced the adhesion of circulating CD11b+ cells to carotid bifurcations, but not to the straight segment of common carotid artery. In conclusion, elevated sodium has a direct effect on endothelial activation under atherogenic shear stress in vitro and in vivo, and promotes the endothelial-leukocyte interactions even in the absence of increased lipid concentrations.
Temporal Trends in Ischemic Heart Disease Mortality in 21 World Regions, 1980 to 2010
Authors: Moran Andrew E. , Forouzanfar Mohammad H. , Roth Gregory A. , Mensah George A. , Ezzati Majid , Murray Christopher J.L. , Naghavi Mohsen 
Published: February 2014

Background—
Ischemic heart disease (IHD) is the leading cause of death worldwide. The Global Burden of Diseases, Risk Factors and Injuries 2010 Study estimated global and regional IHD mortality from 1980 to 2010.

Methods and Results—
Sources for IHD mortality estimates were country-level surveillance, verbal autopsy, and vital registration data. Regional income, metabolic and nutritional risk factors, and other covariates were estimated from surveys and a systematic review. An estimation and validation process led to an ensemble model of IHD mortality for 21 world regions. Globally, age-standardized IHD mortality has declined since the 1980s, and high-income regions (especially Australasia, Western Europe, and North America) experienced the most remarkable declines. Age-standardized IHD mortality increased in former Soviet Union countries and South Asia in the 1990s and attenuated after 2000. In 2010, Eastern Europe and Central Asia had the highest age-standardized IHD mortality rates. More IHD deaths occurred in South Asia in 2010 than in any other region. On average, IHD deaths in South Asia, North Africa and the Middle East, and sub-Saharan Africa occurred at younger ages in comparison with most other regions.

Conclusions—
In most world regions, particularly in high-income regions, age-standardized IHD mortality rates have declined significantly since 1980. High age-standardized IHD mortality in Eastern Europe, Central Asia, and South Asia point to the need to prevent and control established risk factors in those regions and to research the unique behavioral and environmental determinants of higher IHD mortality.
Clinical Usefulness, Angiographic Characteristics, and Safety Evaluation of Intracoronary Acetylcholine Provocation Testing Among 921 Consecutive White Patients With Unobstructed Coronary Arteries
Authors: Ong Peter , Athanasiadis Anastasios , Borgulya Gabor , Vokshi Ismail , Bastiaenen Rachel , Kubik Sebastian , Hill Stephan , Schäufele Tim , Mahrholdt Heiko , Kaski Juan Carlos , Sechtem Udo 
Published: February 2014

Background—
Coronary spasm can cause myocardial ischemia and angina in patients with and those without obstructive coronary artery disease. However, provocation tests using intracoronary acetylcholine administration are rarely performed in clinical routine in the United States and Europe. Thus, we assessed the clinical usefulness, angiographic characteristics, and safety of intracoronary acetylcholine provocation testing in white patients with unobstructed coronary arteries.

Methods and Results—

From September 2007 to June 2010, a total of 921 consecutive patients (362 men, mean age 62±12years) who underwent diagnostic angiography for suspected myocardial ischemia and were found to have unobstructed coronary arteries (no stenosis ≥50%) were enrolled. The intracoronary acetylcholine provocation testing was performed directly after angiography according to a standardized protocol. Three hundred forty-six patients (35%) reported chest pain at rest, 222 (22%) reported chest pain on exertion, 238 (24%) reported a combination of effort and resting chest pain, and 41 (4%) presented with troponin-positive acute coronary syndrome. The overall frequency of epicardial spasm (>75% diameter reduction with angina and ischemic ECG shifts) was 33.4%, and the overall frequency of microvascular spasm (angina and ischemic ECG shifts without epicardial spasm) was 24.2%. Epicardial spasm was most often diffuse and located in the distal coronary segments (
P
<0.01). No fatal or irreversible nonfatal complications occurred. However, 9 patients (1%) had minor complications (nonsustained ventricular tachycardia [n=1], fast paroxysmal atrial fibrillation [n=1], symptomatic bradycardia [n=6], and catheter-induced spasm [n=1]).

Conclusions—
Epicardial and microvascular spasm are frequently found in white patients with unobstructed coronary arteries. Epicardial spasm is most often diffuse and located in the distal coronary segments. The intracoronary acetylcholine provocation test is a safe technique to assess coronary vasomotor function.
Thrombolysis Delivery by a Regional Telestroke Network—Experience From the UK National Health Service
Authors: Agarwal Smriti , Day Diana J. , Sibson Lynda , Barry Patrick J. , Collas David , Metcalf Kneale , Cotter Paul E. , Guyler Paul , O'Brien Eoin W. , O'Brien Anthony , O'Kane Declan , Owusu‐Agyei Peter , Phillips Peter , Shekhar Raj , Warburton Elizabeth A. 
Published: February 2014

Background
The majority of established telestroke services are based on “hub‐and‐spoke” models for providing acute clinical assessment and thrombolysis. We report results from the first year of the successful implementation of a locally based telemedicine network, without the need of 1 or more hub hospitals, across a largely rural landscape.

Methods and Results

Following a successful pilot phase that demonstrated safety and feasibility, the East of England telestroke project was rolled out across 7 regional hospitals, covering an area of 7500 square miles and a population of 5.6 million to enable out‐of‐hours access to thrombolysis. Between November 2010 and November 2011, 142 telemedicine consultations were recorded out‐of‐hours. Seventy‐four (52.11%) cases received thrombolysis. Median (
IQR
) onset‐to‐needle and door‐to‐needle times were 169 (141.5 to 201.5) minutes and 94 (72 to 113.5) minutes, respectively. Symptomatic hemorrhage rate was 7.3% and stroke mimic rate was 10.6%.

Conclusions
We demonstrate the safety and effectiveness of a horizontal networking approach for stroke telemedicine, which may be applicable to areas where traditional “hub‐and‐spoke” models may not be geographically feasible.
Mechanism of the Susceptibility of Remodeled Pulmonary Vessels to Drug‐Induced Cell Killing
Authors: Ibrahim Yasmine F. , Wong Chi‐Ming , Pavlickova Ludmila , Liu Lingling , Trasar Lobsang , Bansal Geetanjali , Suzuki Yuichiro J. 
Published: February 2014

Background
Pulmonary arterial hypertension remains a devastating disease without a cure. The major complication of this disease is the abnormal growth of vascular cells, resulting in pulmonary vascular remodeling. Thus, agents, which affect the remodeled vessels by killing unwanted cells, should improve treatment strategies. The present study reports that antitumor drugs selectively kill vascular cells in remodeled pulmonary vessels in rat models of pulmonary hypertension.

Methods and Results

After developing pulmonary vascular remodeling in chronic hypoxia or chronic hypoxia/SU‐5416 models, rats were injected with antitumor drugs including proteasome inhibitors (bortezomib and MG‐132) and daunorubicin. Within 1 to 3 days, these agents reduced the media and intima thickness of remodeled pulmonary vascular walls, but not the thickness of normal pulmonary vessels. These drugs also promoted apoptotic and autophagic death of vascular cells in the remodeled vessels, but not in normal vessels. We provide evidence that the upregulation of annexin A1, leading to GATA4‐dependent downregulation of Bcl‐

x
L

, is a mechanism for specific apoptotic killing, and for the role of parkin in defining specificity of autophagic killing of remodeled vascular cells. The reversal of pulmonary vascular remodeling increased the capacity of vasodilators to reduce pulmonary arterial pressure.

Conclusions
These results suggest that antitumor drugs can specifically kill cells in remodeled pulmonary vascular walls and may be useful for improving the efficacy of current therapeutic strategies to treat pulmonary arterial hypertension.
Serum Cholesterol Concentration and Prevalence, Awareness, Treatment, and Control of High Low‐Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol in the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys 2008–2010: Beyond the Tip of the Iceberg
Authors: Lee Yong‐ho , Lee Sang‐Guk , Lee Myung Ha , Kim Jeong‐Ho , Lee Byung‐Wan , Kang Eun Seok , Lee Hyun Chul , Cha Bong Soo 
Published: February 2014

Background

The mortality rate from cardiovascular disease (
CVD
) among young adults has declined less than that in the older population, raising concerns about the increasing prevalence of obesity‐related conditions including hypercholesterolemia in the younger population. We investigated the age‐standardized mean levels of serum cholesterols and the prevalence, awareness, treatment and control rates of hyper‐low‐density lipoprotein (
LDL
)‐cholesterolemia based on age.

Methods and Results

Nationally representative samples of 19 489 subjects aged ≥20 years were analyzed from the
K
orea
N
ational
H
ealth and
N
utrition
E
xamination
S
urveys 2008–2010. Hyper‐
LDL
‐cholesterolemia was individually evaluated by the 2004
N
ational
C
holesterol
E
ducation
P
rogram
A
dult
T
reatment
P
anel III guidelines. Age‐standardized mean levels of total cholesterol, high‐density lipoprotein‐cholesterol,
LDL
‐cholesterol, and triglycerides were 186.8, 48.0, 112.9, and 136.0 mg/dL, respectively. Age‐standardized prevalence of hyper‐
LDL
‐cholesterolemia was 23.2% (men, 25.5%; women, 21.8%). Among subjects with hyper‐
LDL
‐cholesterolemia, awareness and treatment rates were significantly lower in younger adults (<50 years) compared to older adults ≥50 years (awareness, 8.0% versus 21.5%; treatment, 5.1% versus 18.5%, all
P
s<0.001), indicating significant discrepancies in awareness and treatment rates of hypercholesterolemia between younger and older adults. Among subjects aware of their hyper‐
LDL
‐cholesterolemia, younger adults were more likely to have controlled
LDL
‐cholesterol than the elderly (82.1% versus 67.5%,
P
<0.001).

Conclusions

Compared to the elderly, significant proportions of young and middle‐aged adults are unaware of their hypercholesterolemia and are not treated with proper lipid‐lowering medications. Early screening, education, and proper management should be stressed in national public healthcare policies to reduce the increasing burden of
CVD
in the younger population with undiagnosed hypercholesterolemia.
Mapping Fixed Prayers from the Dead Sea Scrolls onto Second Temple Period Judaism
Authors: Penner Jeremy 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
When situating fixed prayers from the Dead Sea Scrolls corpus within the broader literary horizons of Second Temple period Judaism a number of discernible features emerge that allow us to group together prayers into clusters or streams of tradition according to a coherence and affinity of ideas. This article focuses on two distinct clusters of prayers: the first is influenced by the type of apocalyptic thinking espoused 1 Enoch, particularly the book’s views on cosmology and angelology; the second is influenced by a penitential theology inspired by the cycle of national reward and punishment that is illustrated in Deuteronomy and by the priestly laws of reparation in Leviticus.
The Negotiation and Contestation of EU Migration Policy Instruments: A Research Framework
Authors: Trauner Florian , Wolff Sarah 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
This article develops a research framework for the analysis of the politics of migration policy instruments. Policy instruments are seen as living instruments; they evolve and develop similar to moving targets. A scholar interested in this field of research may focus either on the establishment of a given instrument or on its use. The question of an instrument’s design relates to the policy transfer literature focusing on how certain policies move from one setting to another. In the context of a policy transfer, actors from the other – ‘receiving’ – institutional setting negotiate and, potentially, contest or reinterpret a policy instrument. The evolution of policy instruments once adopted in a specific institutional context is a second area of interest. The original goals can be diluted throughout the implementation process notably due to tensions between intergovernmental and supranational actors, or sticky institutionalization, which is characterized by path-dependencies. Often the choice of new instruments derives from an inefficiency or loss of credibility of past instruments. This editorial therefore seeks to make a twofold contribution: first it investigates the added-value of a policy instrument approach to the study of migration; second it furthers research on the external dimension of EU migration policy.
Transnational Diffusion or Different Models? Regional Approaches to Migration Governance in the European Union and Mercosur
Authors: Arcarazo Diego Acosta , Geddes Andrew 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
This article compares the regional governance of migration in Europe and South America to show significant variation in approaches. Regional migration governance can transcend the historical and political embeddedness of member state approaches to migration while also providing a context within which the meaning of neo-liberalism is constructed and contested. On this basis, eu and Mercosur provide new settings within which responses to migration are re-thought and within which new approaches have developed, but we find little evidence of the transnational diffusion of policy instruments between the two regions. Indeed, in South America, the regional governance of migration has in part developed in conscious contrast to the eu’s approach.