bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Plasma Polymerization Modified Polyvinylidene Fluoride (PVDF) Membrane Development and Characterization for Degumming of Soybean Oil
Authors: Onal‐Ulusoy Baran , Tur Eren , Akdoğan Ebru , Mutlu Mehmet 
Published: August 2014

AbstractUnmodified and surface‐modified polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membranes were tested for their ability to degum soybean crude oil and crude oil miscellas. The membrane was modified with 1,1,1,3,3,3‐hexafluoro‐2‐propanol or hexamethyldisiloxane (HMDSO) by radio‐frequency plasma polymerization at 10–100 W glow discharge power and 1–30 min contact time. The membranes were characterized by contact angle measurements, attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. Modification of the PVDF membrane with HMDSO at 60 W power for 5 min increased the interfacial free energy between water and solid surface from 30 ± 2 to 64 ± 2 mJ/m2. This membrane was tested for permeate flux and phospholipid rejection with crude oil and different concentrations of miscella. Although formation of the polymer film on the membrane tended to decrease membrane pore size, the modified membrane had an oil flux as good as the unmodified membrane did. In addition, the modified‐membrane improved the phospholipid rejection and removed 76 % of the phospholipids from the crude oil and 81–90 % of the phospholipids from crude oil miscellas.
Influence of flue gas cleaning system on characteristics of PM2.5 emission from coal-fired power plants
Authors: Wang Ao , Song Qiang , Tu Gongming , Wang Hui , Yue Yong , Yao Qiang 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThis study investigated the influence of precipitators and wet flue gas desulfurization equipment on characteristics of PM2.5 emission from coal-fired power stations. We measured size distribution and removal efficiencies, including hybrid electrostatic precipitator/bag filters (ESP/BAGs) which have rarely been studied. A bimodal distribution of particle concentrations was observed at the inlet of each precipitator. After the precipitators, particle concentrations were significantly reduced. Although a bimodal distribution was still observed, all peak positions shifted to the smaller end. The removal efficiencies of hybrid ESP/BAGs reached 99 % for PM2.5, which is considerably higher than those for other types of precipitators. In particular, the influence of hybrid ESP/BAG operating conditions on the performance of dust removal was explored. The efficiency of hybrid ESP/BAGs decreased by 1.9 % when the first electrostatic field was shut down. The concentrations and distributions of particulate matter were also measured in three coal-fired power plants before and after desulfurization devices. The results showed diverse removal efficiencies for different desulfurization towers. The reason for the difference requires further research. We estimated the influence of removal technology for particulate matter on total emissions in China. Substituting ESPs with hybrid ESP/BAGs could reduce the total emissions to 104.3 thousand tons, with 47.48 thousand tons of PM2.5.
Modelling of material pitting from cavitation bubble collapse
Authors: Hsiao Chao-Tsung , Jayaprakash A. , Kapahi A. , Choi J.-K. , Chahine Georges L. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractMaterial pitting from cavitation bubble collapse is investigated numerically including two-way fluid–structure interaction (FSI). A hybrid numerical approach which links an incompressible boundary element method (BEM) solver and a compressible finite difference flow solver is applied to capture non-spherical bubble dynamics efficiently and accurately. The flow codes solve the fluid dynamics while intimately coupling the solution with a finite element structure code to enable simulation of the full FSI. During bubble collapse high impulsive pressures result from the impact of the bubble re-entrant jet on the material surface and from the collapse of the remaining bubble ring. A pit forms on the material surface when the impulsive pressure is large enough to result in high equivalent stresses exceeding the material yield stress. The results depend on bubble dynamics parameters such as the size of the bubble at its maximum volume, the bubble standoff distance from the material wall, and the pressure driving the bubble collapse. The effects of these parameters on the re-entrant jet, the following bubble ring collapse pressure, and the generated material pit characteristics are investigated.
Buoyant convection from a discrete source in a leaky porous medium
Authors: Roes Mark A. , Bolster Diogo T. , Flynn M. R. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThe application of turbulent plume theory in describing the dynamics of emptying filling boxes, control volumes connected to an infinite exterior through a series of openings along the upper and lower boundaries, has yielded novel strategies for the natural ventilation of buildings. Making the plume laminar and having it fall through a porous medium yields a problem of fundamental significance in its own right, insights from which may be applied, for example, in minimizing the contamination of drinking water by geologically sequestered $\def \xmlpi #1{}\def \mathsfbi #1{\boldsymbol {\mathsf {#1}}}\let \le =\leqslant \let \leq =\leqslant \let \ge =\geqslant \let \geq =\geqslant \def \Pr {\mathit {Pr}}\def \Fr {\mathit {Fr}}\def \Rey {\mathit {Re}}{\mathrm{CO}}_2$ or the chemicals leached from waste piles. After reviewing the theory appropriate to rectilinear and axisymmetric plumes in porous media, we demonstrate how the model equations may be adapted to the case of an emptying filling box. In this circumstance, the long-time solution consists of two ambient layers, each of which has a uniform density. The lower and upper layers comprise fluid that is respectively discharged by the plume and advected into the box through the upper opening. Our theory provides an estimate for both the height and thickness of the associated interface in terms of, for example, the source volume and buoyancy fluxes, the outlet area and permeability, and the depth-average solute dispersion coefficient, which is itself a function of the far-field horizontal flow speed. Complementary laboratory experiments are provided for the case of a line source plume and show very good agreement with model predictions. Our measurements also indicate that the permeability, $k_f$, of the lower opening (or fissure) decreases with the density of the fluid being discharged, a fact that has been overlooked in some previous studies, wherein $k_f$ is assumed to depend only on the fissure geometry.
Different patterns of Australian adults' knowledge of foods and nutrients related to metabolic disease risk
Authors: Worsley Anthony , Wang Wei C. , Byrne Stephanie , Yeatman Heather 
Published: August 2014

AbstractA nationwide survey of 2022 consumers was conducted in Australia in late 2011. A short list of questions about knowledge of the nutrient composition of common foods was administered along with questions about the respondents' food attitudes, demographics, school education and dieting practices. Overall, the results showed that nutrition knowledge was relatively high. Latent class analysis showed two groups of consumers with ‘high’ and ‘low’ knowledge of nutrition. Higher knowledge was positively associated with age, female sex, university education, experience of home economics or health education at school, having a chronic disease, and attitudes to food issues, and negatively with type 1 diabetes or the use of diabetes-control diets. The implications of the findings for nutrition communication are discussed.
Mannoheptulose has differential effects on fasting and postprandial energy expenditure and respiratory quotient in adult Beagle dogs fed diets of different macronutrient contents
Authors: McKnight Leslie L. , Flickinger Elizabeth A. , France James , Davenport Gary M. , Shoveller Anna K. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThe present study aimed to determine the effects of mannoheptulose (MH) (8 mg/kg) on energy expenditure (EE), respiratory quotient (RQ) and glycaemic response in healthy adult Beagle dogs (n8; 9·62 (sem0·31) kg; body condition score 4·5). The study was designed as replicated 4 × 4 Latin squares with a 2 × 2 factorial treatment structure. The dietary treatments were low carbohydrate (CHO) relative to fat diet (LC; 31 % CHO, 28 % fat) with placebo (0 mg/kg) or MH supplement and high CHO relative to fat diet (HC; 54 % CHO, 11 % fat) with placebo (0 mg/kg) or MH supplement. Dogs were fed to maintain body weight (HC and HC+MH3625 (sem295) kJ and LC and LC+MH3542 (sem284) kJ). Resting and postprandial (0–4 h; 5–10 h; 11–17 h; 18–23 h) EE and RQ were determined by indirect calorimetry (days 12 or 14). Glycaemic response to a meal (24 h) and plasma MH concentrations were determined on days 12 or 14. Plasma MH followed first-order kinetics, confirming that MH is absorbed and available to the animal. In the presence of high dietary CHO, MH increased postprandial EE (5–10 h only), suggesting MH increased dietary induced thermogenesis. In contrast to earlier reports, MH did not affect serum glucose or insulin in the present study. Irrespective of MH, dogs adapted RQ to diet composition and dogs consuming the LC diet had a greater incremental AUC for glucose, but not insulin, than dogs consuming the HC diet.
Millimetre-Wave Site Characteristics at the Australia Telescope Compact Array
Authors: Indermuehle Balthasar T. , Burton Michael G. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractWe present a millimetre-wave site characterisation for the Australia Telescope Compact Array (ATCA) based on nearly 9 yr of data from a seeing monitor operating at this facility. The seeing monitor, which measures the phase fluctuations in the signal from a geosynchronous satellite over a 230-m baseline caused by water vapour fluctuations along their sight lines, provides an almost gapless record since 2005, with high time resolution. We determine the root mean square (rms) of the path length variations as a function of time of day and season. Under the assumption of the ‘frozen screen’ hypothesis, we also determine the Kolmogorov exponent, α, for the turbulence and the phase screen speed. From these, we determine the millimetre-wave seeing at λ = 3.3 mm. Based on the magnitude of the rms path length variations, we estimate the expected fraction of the available observing time when interferometry could be successfully conducted using the ATCA, as a function of observing frequency and antenna baseline, for the time of day and the season. We also estimate the corresponding observing time fractions when using the water vapour radiometers installed on the ATCA in order to correct for the phase fluctuations occurring during the measurement of an astronomical source.
Bayesian analysis of additive epistasis arising from new mutations in mice
Authors: CASELLAS JOAQUIM , GIANOLA DANIEL , MEDRANO JUAN F. 
Published: August 2014

SummaryThe continuous uploading of polygenic additive mutational variability has been reported in several studies in laboratory species with an inbred genetic background. These studies have focused on the direct contribution of new mutations without considering the possibility of epistatic effects derived from the interaction of new mutations with pre-existing polymorphisms. In this work we focused on this main topic and analysed the statistical and biological relevance of the epistatic variance for 9 week body weight in two populations of inbred mice. We developed a new linear mixed model parameterization where founder-related additive genetic variability, additive mutational variability and the interaction terms between both sources of variation were accounted for under a Bayesian design and without requiring the inversion of a matrix of epistatic genetic covariances. The analyses focused on a six-generations data set from C57BL/6J mice (n = 3736) and a five-generations data set from C57BL/6Jhg/hgmice (n = 2843). The deviance information criterion (DIC) clearly favoured the model accounting for epistatic variability with reductions larger than 50 DIC units in both populations. Modal estimates for founder related, mutational and epistatic heritabilities were 0·068, 0·011 and 0·095 in C57BL/6J and 0·060, 0·010 and 0·113 in C57BL/6Jhg/hg, ruling out any doubt about the biological relevance of epistasis originating from new mutations in mice. These results contribute new insights on the relevance of epistasis in the genetic architecture of mammals and serve as an important component of an additional source of genetic heterogeneity for inbred strains of laboratory mice.
Organization for rare diseases India (ORDI) – addressing the challenges and opportunities for the Indian rare diseases' community
Authors: RAJASIMHA HARSHA KARUR , SHIROL PRASANNAKUMAR BASAYYA , RAMAMOORTHY PREVEEN , HEGDE MADHURI , BARDE SANGEETA , CHANDRU VIJAY , RAVINANDAN M. E. , RAMCHANDRAN RAMANI , HALDAR KASTURI , LIN JIMMY C. , BABAR IMRAN A. , GIRISHA KATTA M. , SRINIVASAN SUDHA , NAVANEETHAM DURAISWAMY , BATTU RAJANI , DEVARAKONDA RAJASHREE , KINI USHA , VIJAYACHANDRA KINNIMULKI , VERMA ISHWAR C. 
Published: August 2014

SummaryIn order to address the unmet needs and create opportunities that benefit patients with rare disease in India, a group of volunteers created a not-for-profit organization named Organization for Rare Diseases India (ORDI; www.ordindia.org). ORDI plans to represent the collective voice and advocate the needs of patients with rare diseases and other stakeholders in India. The ORDI team members come from diverse backgrounds such as genetics, molecular diagnostics, drug development, bioinformatics, communications, information technology, patient advocacy and public service. ORDI builds on the lessons learned from numerous similar organizations in the USA, European Union and disease-specific rare disease foundations in India. In this review, we provide a background on the landscape of rare diseases and the organizations that are active in this area globally and in India. We discuss the unique challenges in tackling rare diseases in India, and highlight the unmet needs of the key stakeholders of rare diseases. Finally, we define the vision, mission, goals and objectives of ORDI, identify the key developments in the health care context in India and welcome community feedback and comments on our approach.
YOUTH, MANHOOD, POLITICAL AUTHORITY, AND THE IMPEACHMENT OF THE DUKE OF BUCKINGHAM
Authors: KOABEL GREG 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTThis article examines the attempted impeachment of the duke of Buckingham by parliament in 1626 through the lens of manhood, and specifically early modern definitions of youth. The parliamentary speeches of Buckingham's accusers and the reports of observers such as the Venetian ambassador are used to demonstrate how youth and inexperience were deployed as evidence of his insufficient manhood, and therefore legal justifications for Buckingham's removal from power. The attributes of youth – wilfulness, rashness, and being a prisoner to one's passions – provided a narrative in which Buckingham could be placed to discredit his political authority. Additionally, through personal correspondence with his allies, and Buckingham's own defence of himself before parliament, this article demonstrates that definitions of youth and its relationship with political authority were malleable in the early modern period. Buckingham's impassioned defence of both his political career, and himself as a man, point to an ongoing negotiation over the terms of manhood, and how men were judged as figures of legitimate political authority.
CITIZENSHIP, WAR, AND THE ORIGINS OF INTERNATIONAL ETHICS IN AMERICAN POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY, 1960–1975
Authors: FORRESTER KATRINA 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTThis article examines a series of debates about civil disobedience, conscription, and the justice of war that took place among American liberal philosophers, lawyers, and activists during the civil rights movement and the Vietnam War. It argues that these debates fundamentally reshaped American political philosophy, by shifting the focus from the welfare state to the realm of international politics. In order to chart this transition from the domestic to the international, this article focuses on the writings of two influential political theorists, John Rawls and Michael Walzer. The turn to international politics in American political philosophy has its origins, in part, in their arguments about domestic citizenship. In tracing these origins, this article situates academic philosophical arguments alongside debates among the American public at large. It offers a first account of the history of analytical political philosophy during the 1960s and 1970s, and argues that the role played by the Vietnam War in this history, though underappreciated, is significant.
FRIEDRICH GENTZ'S TRANSLATION OF BURKE'SREFLECTIONS
Authors: GREEN JONATHAN ALLEN 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTIn his influential work on German Romanticism, Isaiah Berlin suggested that Edmund Burke'sReflections on the Revolution in France(1790) catalysed the growth of the nineteenth-century counter-Enlightenment. This causal thesis, however, ignored the extent to which theReflections' German translator, Friedrich Gentz (1764–1832), altered the meaning of the text to suit his own philosophical agenda. Although Burke saw rationalism and revolution as natural allies, Gentz – a student of Immanuel Kant – used theReflectionsto articulate a conservative form of rationalism that, he believed, could stand up to thephilosophes' radicalism. Through his selective translation, numerous in-text annotations, and six long interpretive essays, Gentz pressed Burke'sReflectionsinto a Kantian epistemological paradigm – carving out a space for a priori right in the logic of the text, and demoting traditional knowledge from a normative to a prudential role. In Gentz's translation, Burke thus appeared as a champion, not a critic, of Enlightenment.
THE TREND IN AGE AT MENARCHE IN INDONESIA: BIRTH COHORTS 1944–1988
Authors: SOHN KITAE 
Published: August 2014

SummaryEmploying the Indonesian Family Life Survey, this paper depicts the trend in age at menarche in Indonesia for women born in 1944–1988. Mean age at menarche decreased from 14.39 years for birth year 1944 to 13.18 years for birth year 1988. Subsequently, this trend is related to the improvement in material conditions, measured by GDP per capita in childhood. The OLS results indicate that this decrease is largely explained by the improvement in material conditions. If age at menarche is considered an indicator of biological standard of living, these results suggest that the improvement in material conditions during the period converted to an improvement in biological standard of living.
CHILDLESSNESS AND INVESTMENT IN NIECES, NEPHEWS, AUNTS AND UNCLES IN FINLAND
Authors: TANSKANEN ANTTI O. 
Published: August 2014

SummaryKin selection theory predicts that individuals may increase their inclusive fitness by investing in their genetically related kin. In addition, according to the reproductive value hypothesis, individuals may increase their fitness more by investing in their kin in descending rather than ascending order. The present study uses the Generational Transmissions in Finland data collected in 2012 (n=601 women) and analyses whether childless younger women invest more in their kin than younger women with children. The study finds that childless women are more likely than mothers to invest in their nieces and nephews but not their aunts and uncles. Thus the results are in line with the reproductive value prediction.
Impulsivity in disorders of food and drug misuse
Authors: Mole T. B. , Irvine M. A. , Worbe Y. , Collins P. , Mitchell S. P. , Bolton S. , Harrison N. A. , Robbins T. W. , Voon V. 
Published: August 2014

Background.Evidence suggests some overlap between the pathological use of food and drugs, yet how impulsivity compares across these different clinical disorders remains unclear. Substance use disorders are commonly characterized by elevated impulsivity, and impulsivity subtypes may show commonalities and differences in various conditions. We hypothesized that obese subjects with binge-eating disorder (BED) and abstinent alcohol-dependent cohorts would have relatively more impulsive profiles compared to obese subjects without BED. We also predicted decision impulsivity impairment in obesity with and without BED.Method.Thirty obese subjects with BED, 30 without BED and 30 abstinent alcohol-dependent subjects and age- and gender-matched controls were tested on delay discounting (preference for a smaller immediate reward over a larger delayed reward), reflection impulsivity (rapid decision making prior to evidence accumulation) and motor response inhibition (action cancellation of a prepotent response).Results.All three groups had greater delay discounting relative to healthy volunteers. Both obese subjects without BED and alcohol-dependent subjects had impaired motor response inhibition. Only obese subjects without BED had impaired integration of available information to optimize outcomes over later trials with a cost condition.Conclusions.Delay discounting appears to be a common core impairment across disorders of food and drug intake. Unexpectedly, obese subjects without BED showed greater impulsivity than obese subjects with BED. We highlight the dissociability and heterogeneity of impulsivity subtypes and add to the understanding of neurocognitive profiles across disorders involving food and drugs. Our results have therapeutic implications suggesting that disorder-specific patterns of impulsivity could be targeted.
How Has the Abolition of Agricultural Taxes Transformed Village Governance in China? Evidence from Agricultural Regions
Authors: Chen An 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThe abolition of agricultural taxes (AAT) (2005–2006) significantly changed the workload, finance, authority and functions of village governments. In agricultural regions, village cadres had their agendas reset, with the top priority switching to the search for new revenues through “attracting investment” (zhaoshang yinzi). This new agenda fits perfectly with the demands of township governments. Facing an even worse fiscal crisis, township governments attempted to cover up their deficits using village revenues. The shared stake in increasing revenue has resulted in the convergence of the functions of township and village authorities. However, the change in the function of village governments has increased the disengagement between cadres and villagers.
Constitutional Delay Influences the Auxological Response to Growth Hormone Treatment in Children with Short Stature and Growth Hormone Sufficiency
Authors: Gunn Katherine C. , Cutfield Wayne S. , Hofman Paul L. , Jefferies Craig A. , Albert Benjamin B. , Gunn Alistair J. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractIn a retrospective, population based cohort study, we examined whether constitutional delay was associated with the growth response to growth hormone (GH) in children with short stature and normal GH responses. 70 patients were treated with 21 GH iu/m2/week from 1975 to 2013 throughout New Zealand. Demographic and auxological data were prospectively collected and standard deviation scores (SDS) were calculated for height (HtSDS), yearly growth velocity (GV-SDS), body mass index (BMI-SDS) and predicted adult height (PAH-SDS) at time of the last available bone age. In the first year, GH was associated with marked increase in HtSDS (+0.46 (0.19, 0.76), p < 0.001) and GV-SDS (from −1.9 (−3.6, −0.7) to +2.7 (0.45, 4.2), p < 0.001). The increase in HtSDS but not in GV-SDS was greatest with younger patients and greater bone age delay, with no effect of sex, BMI-SDS or baseline HtSDS. PAH-SDS increased with treatment (+0.94 (0.18, 1.5)); increased PAH-SDS was associated with less bone age delay and greater initial increase in HtSDS. This study shows that greater bone age delay was associated with greater initial improvement in height but less improvement in predicted adult heights, suggesting that children with very delayed bone ages may show accelerated maturation during GH treatment.