bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Neglected Elements
Authors: Maxwell Richard , Miller Toby 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThis chapter applies a materialist, ecological approach to analyze the physical environment in which media production takes place, focusing on media‐related occupations across global supply chains. We argue that conventional production studies have too narrowly circumscribed this sector and that more comprehensive research on media production labor is needed. We critique the idealism and pro‐growth ideology that draws production studies toward both a focus on consciousness and the so‐called aristocracy of talent. Our aim here is to find ways for media production studies to help establish a just system of environmental accounting, which challenges the creative industries to stop stealing from the Earth and from working people in the name of growth.
And Now a Click from Our Sponsors
Authors: Jennings Nancy A. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractMany children worldwide spend a considerable amount of time with media. However, children's exposure to advertising may differ as a reflection of different public policies enforced around the world. Many policies worldwide place limits on the amount of advertising permitted, yet concerns rise about the nature of the messages (whether few or many) that children encounter. Therefore, this literature review will examine advertising messages that appear in children's media environments, focusing on television content and then exploring advertising in new media, specifically online advertising. Content analyses of electronic advertising reflect the interplay between public policy, industry self‐regulation, and marketplace forces. As such, the United States provides an example of how these three forces operate together and is the focus of this review.
“Honey‐Drenched, Rags to Riches, Good versus Evil Stories”
Authors: Avila‐Saavedra Guillermo 
Published: January 2013

AbstractA telenovela is a Latin American form of serialized television melodrama. Until recently, telenovelas were only broadcast in the United States for Spanish‐speaking audiences. This essay explores how mainstream American print media framed the telenovela genre in their coverage of four telenovela adaptations broadcast in English on My Network TV (a Fox‐owned station) in 2006 and 2007. The analysis helps locate the coverage of the telenovela in a larger social and cultural context. Specifically, My Network TV's telenovelas suffered from an identity crisis. They were never embraced as telenovelas by the network, they were promoted as a new US genre, and their Latino identity was never explicit enough to be relevant.
Shifting Contours of Indian Womanhood in Popular Hindi Cinema
Authors: Moorti Sujata 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThis essay offers an overview of the shifts in representations of woman and femininity in popular Hindi cinema. Through a historical overview the essay underscores the relationship between the cinematic figure of the woman and the nation‐state. During the colonial era, the category Indian woman was a capacious one, including men who cross‐dressed and foreigners as well as Indian women. Ironically, these images were allegories for the anticolonial nation‐in‐formation. In the postcolonial era (1950s–1980s), the figure of the woman symbolized the many facets of India's struggle for self‐reliance. Since the 1990s, images of Indian women have become one of the primary sites where the anxieties of globalization are worked through. The essay argues that contemporary Bollywood films offer a very limited repertoire of images of the ideal Indian woman. However, Hindi films from an earlier era offered more tantalizing possibilities for the articulation of a female subjectivity.
Calypso and the Performance of Representational Politics
Authors: Harewood Susan 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThis chapter focuses on the intersection of representation in calypso performance, representation in calypso research, and representation in parliament. The chapter highlights the ways in which a particular discourse of citizenship shapes the ways in which calypso is thought about and how the democratic project in the English‐speaking Caribbean is imagined through calypso performance. The argument focuses on the productive nature of calypso research. It is contended that much of this research, though vitally important to identifying the significance of calypso within the region, has, nevertheless, tended to reinscribe a rather limited view of citizenship. The chapter makes a case for reimagining calypso's political significance by suggesting ways to reinvigorate the creative practices of calypso research.
Technology, Convergence, and Power
Authors: Mazzarella Sharon R. 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
In this introduction, I provide a historical, methodological, and epistemological context for a discussion of the current state of text‐only approaches to media studies as exemplified by the chapters in this volume. I begin with a discussion of the specific methodology of content analysis not to give it primacy, but rather for the sake of chronology. I then discuss more qualitative approaches to the study of media content and representation before justifying why text‐only studies of media are relevant. Finally, I explain the organizational structure of the volume and introduce the individual chapters before offering concluding thoughts and future directions for media content studies, specifically, the need to: (1) continue to embrace and respect a range of methodological and theoretical perspectives; (2) remain open to evolving and refining our research questions as the technology and content evolve; and (3) acknowledge the potential of interdisciplinarity to make our scholarship more robust.
The Audience in the Graduate Curriculum
Authors: Durham Meenakshi Gigi 
Published: January 2013

AbstractBecause media audiences are changing as technologies and populations change, ethnographic approaches offer nuanced and versatile ways of understanding the complex interactions between people and media. Although a quarter‐century ago cultural theorists like Richard Johnson and Stuart Hall drew attention to the linkages among production, texts, and audiences, a great deal of research – especially student research – tends to center on texts. But texts are meaningless until they are interpreted by audiences; and, increasingly, audiences are producing texts for mediated distribution, which adds a new twist to our conceptualization of “the audience.” In this chapter I address the crucial issues that are to be raised in teaching audience research to graduate students – from access to ethics and power in the field, to data collection, to writing media ethnographies – and I discuss how these issues play out in the classroom and in supervised research contexts. I also tackle the problems of negotiating institutional support for long‐term ethnographic work. All this material is illustrated through examples of ethnographic fieldwork conducted by graduate students, and I focus particularly on studies that raise sensitive methodological and theoretical questions.
Studying Audiences with Sense‐Making Methodology
Authors: Reinhard CarrieLynn D. , Dervin Brenda 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe field of audience or media reception studies is concerned with questions of what, when, where, how, and why people engage with media products. Across divergent fields of inquiry, research has focused on understanding how aspects of the media product, the person consuming the product, and the situation impact outcomes of reception. Amid the various options available for defining the audience and for labeling audiences on the basis of the media products they engage with, at the core of any concept of the audience are human beings attempting to make sense of their everyday lives. Woven into the fabric of people's everyday lives, the media are an integral part of audiences' attempts to make sense of the different worlds they inhabit. Dervin's sense‐making methodology provides a theoretical and methodological approach to understanding audiences at the evolving time–space intersections of individual, collective, and situated dimensions. This methodology allows scholars to understand human beings' sense‐making processes in the midst of contexts that constitute their daily lives, both as individuals and as parts of a collective. The chapter discusses examples of research that use the sense‐making approach to study audiences' modes of “engaging” with gendered media and with virtual worlds in order to illustrate how knowledge of audiences gained via this methodology can enrich the existing work on media audiences.
The Abbreviated Field Experience in Audience Ethnography
Authors: Murphy Patrick D. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractIn an effort to contend with virtual fields of communication and cultural exchange and institutional constraints, a growing corpus of ethnographic work within audience studies has dispatched with the notion that fieldwork is constituted through sustained encounters in stable, situated fieldsites, thus shifting the ethnographic mise‐en‐scène to more accessible networked worlds of virtual communities or to inquiry driven wholly by prearranged interviews, conducted outside the flow of everyday practices. These shifts have converged with institutional realities (e.g., restrictive travel funds, reductions in sabbaticals, elimination of internal summer grants). Together, these factors position observation through embodied fieldwork at the margins of much ethnographic practice within media studies. Given these investigative trajectories and institutional limitations, this chapter explores how audience researchers can return to a more existentially grounded notion of fieldwork, which is capable of enriching the study of networked communities as well as other areas of inquiry. Focusing on short‐term fieldwork, I use tales from the field to make a case for how and why even abbreviated site visits can generate crucial data for crafting audience ethnographies that can help us interpret better the links between media consumption and production.
Studying Addiction
Authors: Acosta‐Alzuru Carolina 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThere are stories that are addictive. In particular, there are some stories, originally scripted in Latin America, that constitute a pandemic transmitted daily via the television screens of more than 130 countries. These serialized dramas are called telenovelas, and the simplicity of their codes belies the complexity of their production and consumption. This chapter focuses on the audience study aspects of my journey through the telenovela landscape. Telenovela consumption loci defy national borders. Such consumption occurs not only via television, but also on the Internet. Hence, in addition to the use of interviews, focus groups, and participant observation in Venezuela, my studies have required my presence in the swampy grounds of Internet message boards dedicated to telenovelas and in social media outlets where my movements are still somewhat tentative. The chapter's tone varies from descriptive to personal as the chapter itself chronicles more than a decade of research attempting to understand telenovelas' addictive soul.
Language and Indian Film Audiences
Authors: Chitrapu Sunitha 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThis chapter makes a case for political economy and audience studies to complement each other, using Indian film audiences as an illustration. From a historical point of view, linguistic diversity has played an important role in state formation and politics on the one hand, and in the sphere of media and culture, including Indian film production, on the other. The reception literature on Indian film audiences reveals that films in the local languages hold great attraction for speakers of these languages; however, expensive and slick productions in languages other than the mother tongue do sometimes manage to capture audiences as well. Further, the language of a film determines its territorial site of viewing and therefore the extent of revenues that can be earned by that film; additionally, class acts as another mediator of film consumption. Film audiences in states with larger linguistic populations have access to a different set of films from the one accessible to film audiences in states with smaller linguistic populations. Fleshing out these connections, the present chapter raises questions that are of interest to audience research. If political economy directs audience studies toward considering the influence of regulations, policies, and the economics of production and distribution on film viewers' taste cultures, the messy realities and contradictions uncovered in audience ethnography can challenge political economy to incorporate social and cultural theories in order to modify its tendencies toward economic determinism.
Watching Telenovelas in Brazil
Authors: La Pastina Antonio C. 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Telenovelas in Brazil are, undisputedly, still the most popular form of entertainment. Even after almost 50 years of daily broadcasting and radical changes in media technologies that challenged the dominant media producers, a Globo network telenovela can still gather over 30% of the audience on a daily basis. Why have telenovelas managed to capture and hold the imagination of so many viewers in that country? On the basis of a range of qualitative reception and ethnographic studies that began to be produced both in Brazil and abroad in the early 1980s, and on the basis of my own ethnographic work, it seems that Brazilians have relied on telenovelas to maintain a sense of connection to the nation, to grasp and understand new urban middle‐class trends, and to question normative ideas and structures in their day‐to‐day lives. On a less optimistic note, this chapter also argues that telenovelas, unintentionally, have reinforced a rural–urban divide in Brazil.
Counting, and Accounting for, Online Audiences
Authors: Bermejo Fernando 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Audiences rarely define themselves. Rather, they can be considered to be the product of research procedures implemented by media/advertising industries and by academics. In spite of the evolving nature of these research procedures – which is due to methodological variations, market competition, and paradigmatic disputes – there existed in past decades a certain degree of consensus on how to count, and how to account for, media audiences. This fragile consensus has been challenged in recent years as a result of the prominence achieved by online media. In consequence, the media/advertising industries have had to reconsider measurement procedures in order to adapt to the characteristics of online media and audiences, and even the very nature and necessity of measurement has been questioned. In turn, academic researchers have had to reconsider their conceptualization of audiences, to the point of putting into question the very idea of the audience. The present chapter examines this dual attempt at reformulating the ways in which audiences are counted and accounted for in the context of online media.
Studying Online News Audiences
Authors: Chung Deborah S. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe exponential growth of thousands of online newspapers and millions of online news consumers is evidence that online news publications are a critical source of information. Online news sites have evolved over the past several years in content and form, and many have developed into serious publications incorporating innovative storytelling techniques and providing various methods of audience engagement. While research examining the evolving form of news online exists, very little is known about the audiences who visit the sites of these publications. How are online news audiences using interactive tools? How has the relationship between traditional information senders and receivers changed? This chapter surveys the major trends taking place in the world of online news publications and the latter's efforts to engage their audiences, as news organizations struggle to re‐evaluate their traditional roles and practices in the online climate. This chapter's discussion includes, as part of news production, the integration of interactive features, the emergence of blogs, citizen journalism, and other social tools such as Twitter and Delicious.
Tracing the Course of Reality TV Effects Research
Authors: Nabi Robin L. , So Jiyeon , de los Santos Theresa 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThis chapter overviews the history of reality‐based TV research, starting with efforts to define the genre and understand why people watch such programming, with particular attention to issues of voyeurism and desire for fame. The discussion then turns to research on the effect of reality TV consumption, which has progressed primarily through the lenses of cultivation theory, social cognitive theory, and perceived realism. Given the general focus on the negative effects of reality TV consumption, the chapter goes on to examine the possible benefits of watching reality TV, such as enhancing learning, coping potential, and cooperative behavior. The chapter concludes with some consideration of the health implications of watching reality TV programming, including desire for cosmetic surgery enhancements and motivation for healthy living.
Callous/Malice
Authors: Leone Ron , Paradise Angela 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThis chapter explores the complex relationship between exposure to media violence, aggression, and desensitization across various effects dimensions, from physiological and cognitive to affective and behavioral. The impact of contextual factors of media violence is explored, supported by a discussion of Leone's work on “ratings creep.” Susceptibility to media violence is also discussed, informed by Paradise's videogame research dealing with trait aggression and playing style. The authors conclude that the relationship between exposure to media violence, aggression, and desensitization is not linear. Short‐term increases in responsiveness to violent media – suggesting aggression‐causing effects – can cede to decreased responses – indicative of a desensitization effect – over time. It is this pattern, the authors assert, that is most likely to guide future research into these phenomena.
Media Use, Scholastic Achievement, and Attention Span
Authors: Comstock George 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Since the introduction of television, concern has mounted about the potential influence of television and other media on children's scholastic achievement. Can television and other media forms interfere in the development of skills necessary for successful test scores, grades, and other measures of academic achievement? Or, conversely, can media facilitate the development of such skills? In the current chapter, the research evidence pertaining to these questions is reviewed, exploring such related issues as whether television contributes to a diminished attention span, declines in fantasy play, imagination or creativity, or displaces time that could be spent with homework or other educational opportunities.
The Effects Of Internet Communication On Adolescents' Psychological Development
Authors: Peter Jochen , Valkenburg Patti M. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractIn this chapter, we discuss both the appeal and psychosocial consequences of different types of Internet communication, such as instant messaging and social network sites. We identify five characteristics of Internet communication that may explain both the attraction of Internet communication for adolescents, as well as its potential positive and negative consequences. Next, we review the research that has addressed some opportunities (i.e., friendship formation and quality) and risks (i.e., cyberbullying; relationships with online strangers) of the Internet for psychosocial development. We end by outlining shortcomings of existing research and make some suggestions for future research1.
The impact of media policy on children's media exposure
Authors: Jordan Amy B. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractChildren's media policy is designed with two primary goals: first, to increase children's access to beneficial content; and second, to decrease their exposure to harmful content. This chapter explores the principles on which US children's media policy has been established. It then outlines current US media policies that address content deemed to be detrimental to children (including junk food advertising and violent content) and seek to improve access to media technology and educational content that is considered beneficial to children (such as E‐Rate and the Children's Television Act). In addition to reviewing media policies, the chapter considers research on the implementation and impact of the policies, including the abject failure of the V‐chip legislation and the ongoing discourse about privacy protection. The chapter concludes by arguing the need for a more deliberate use of effects research in the development and evaluation of children's media policy.
Betting on YouTube Futures (for New Media Writing and Publishing)
Authors: Juhasz Alexandra 
Published: January 2013

Abstract

The work of media scholar, artist, and activist Alexandra Juhasz directly addresses many of the concerns that Lovink and Rossiter raise in the previous two chapters. In this chapter, Juhasz repurposes blog posts about her undergraduate media studies course and “video‐book”
Learning from YouTube
to consider the future of new media scholarship: how academics might write and publish about and in new media. By moving her writing from screen to page, the chapter itself enacts the concerns of circulation, vernacular, standards, and publication at the heart of new media studies projects and the work of writing about them. Juhasz demonstrates and discusses how academic styles, methods, and audiences can adapt in ways that are productive and dynamic. The changing roles that control, knowledge, and reflexivity play for YouTube, Juhasz's course, and digital culture more generally are central frames for the chapter, as Juhasz thinks through what her own experience teaching with and writing about YouTube suggests for the future of digital humanities.
How To Have Social Media In An Invisible Pandemic1
Authors: Cartwright Lisa 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThis essay examines the use of social media as platforms for public education about pandemics, focusing on the case of the 2009 H1N1 pandemic. Lisa Cartwright considers the 2009 H1N1 outbreak and its designation as a pandemic by organizations like the World Health Organization and the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, comparing the public social media management of this pandemic to the media campaigns mounted to address previous outbreaks and pandemics. Using the example of hepatitis C (HCV), a pandemic of long duration managed without the same sensibility of urgency and crisis that marked the H1N1 campaigns, Cartwright analyzes the ways in which notions oftemporalityinform the pandemic concept, considering the mediation of HCV against the example of the heavy mediation of H1N1 in campaigns which were both market‐oriented and driven by anxiety about pandemic futurity. This approach is particularly troubling in that it tends to miss pandemics like hepatitis C with a tendency to manifest slowly and imperceptibly, with an invisible but massive presence that is compounded by public health inattention. It is proposed that the chronicity of the hepatitis C virus does not match the the temporality of social media, which is immediate and fast, and of health communication, which is also organized around immediacy and emergence, and also futurity and potential emergency. Cartwright argues that we need to examine and rethink the social mediation of pandemics with attention to the respective temporal and visual conditions of the lives of viruses and their pandemics. More generally, a critique is put forth of the approach in public health characterized as pandemic futurity in which pandemic announcement serves as pandemic prevention, and anticipatory disease surveillance techniques inform the social mediation of designated outbreaks, epidemics, and pandemics.