bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Wax Ester Variation in Olive Oils Produced in Calabria (Southern Italy) During Olive Ripening
Authors: Giuffrè A. M. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe wax ester composition of pressed olive oil and its variation during olive ripening were investigated by column chromatography/GC‐on column technique. Six compounds were identified: C36, C38, C40, C42, C44 and C46 wax esters, which were grouped as total detected wax esters (TDWEs). The European Union (EU) includes C40, C42, C44 and C46 waxes (TEWEs) as a distinctive characteristic between different categories, with a maximum total content ≤250 mg/kg for an extra virgin olive oil. The International Olive Council (IOC) includes C42, C44 and C46 waxes (TIOCWEs) as a purity parameter, with a maximum total content ≤150 mg/kg for an extra virgin olive oil. The analytical technique proposed by EU and IOC do not separate the wax esters from fatty acids esters with diterpenic alcohols (phytol and geranylgeraniol) that interfere with detected peaks. Although the examined cultivars were grown in the same geographical area and the same agricultural practices were applied to the trees, ANOVA analysis found significant differences among the oils extracted with the same machinery. The oil produced from the Itrana cultivar showed the lowest content in TEWEs (25.00–39.00 mg/kg) and in TIOCWEs (5.67–9.00 mg/kg). Wax content in Leccino and Pendolino cultivars showed a significant tendency to decrease during olive maturation, and a tendency to increase in all other cultivars from the first to the last harvest date when olive pigmentation changed from green to black.
The Consequences of Migration to the United States for Short-Term Changes in the Health of Mexican Immigrants
Authors: Goldman Noreen , Pebley Anne R. , Creighton Mathew J. , Teruel Graciela M. , Rubalcava Luis N. , Chung Chang 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
Although many studies have attempted to examine the consequences of Mexico-U.S. migration for Mexican immigrants’ health, few have had adequate data to generate the appropriate comparisons. In this article, we use data from two waves of the Mexican Family Life Survey (MxFLS) to compare the health of current migrants from Mexico with those of earlier migrants and nonmigrants. Because the longitudinal data permit us to examine short-term changes in health status subsequent to the baseline survey for current migrants and for Mexican residents, as well as to control for the potential health selectivity of migrants, the results provide a clearer picture of the consequences of immigration for Mexican migrant health than have previous studies. Our findings demonstrate that current migrants are more likely to experience recent changes in health status—both improvements and declines—than either earlier migrants or nonmigrants. The net effect, however, is a decline in health for current migrants: compared with never migrants, the health of current migrants is much more likely to have declined in the year or two since migration and not significantly more likely to have improved. Thus, it appears that the migration process itself and/or the experiences of the immediate post-migration period detrimentally affect Mexican immigrants’ health.
SHOULD SUBJECTIVE PROBABILITIES BE SHARP?
Authors: Bradley Seamus , Steele Katie 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThere has been much recent interest in imprecise probabilities, models of belief that allow unsharp or fuzzy credence. There have also been some influential criticisms of this position. Here we argue, chiefly against Elga (2010), that subjective probabilities need not be sharp. The key question is whether the imprecise probabilist can make reasonable sequences of decisions. We argue that she can. We outline Elga's argument and clarify the assumptions he makes and the principles of rationality he is implicitly committed to. We argue that these assumptions are too strong and that rational imprecise choice is possible in the absence of these overly strong conditions.
Nonlinear wave run-up in bays of arbitrary cross-section: generalization of the Carrier–Greenspan approach
Authors: Rybkin Alexei , Pelinovsky Efim , Didenkulova Ira 
Published: April 2014

AbstractWe present an exact analytical solution of the nonlinear shallow water theory for wave run-up in inclined channels of arbitrary cross-section, which generalizes previous studies on wave run-up for a plane beach and channels of parabolic cross-section. The solution is found using a hodograph-type transform, which extends the well-known Carrier–Greenspan transform for wave run-up on a plane beach. As a result, the nonlinear shallow water equations are reduced to a single one-dimensional linear wave equation for an auxiliary function and all physical variables can be expressed in terms of this function by purely algebraic formulas. In the special case of a U-shaped channel this equation coincides with a spherically symmetric wave equation in space, whose dimension is defined by the channel cross-section and can be fractional. As an example, the run-up of a sinusoidal wave on a beach is considered for channels of several different cross-sections and the influence of the cross-section on wave run-up characteristics is studied.
Foraging in subterranean termites (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae): how do Heterotermes tenuis and Coptotermes gestroi behave when they locate equivalent food resources?
Authors: Lima J.T. , Costa-Leonardo A.M. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractA previous research suggests that when subterranean termites locate equivalent food they consume the initial food resource. However, little is known about the movement of foragers among these food sources. For this reason, this study analyzed the feeding behavior of Heterotermes tenuis and Coptotermes gestroi in the presence of equivalent foods. The experimental arenas were composed of a release chamber connected to food chambers. The consumption of each wood block and percentage of the foraging individuals recruited for the food chambers were observed in relation to the total survival rate. The results showed that in the multiple-choice tests, wood block consumptions and the recruitment of individuals did not differ between replicates of each termite species. However, in different tests of tenacity, the chambers with the first food presented higher feeding rates by both H. tenuis and C. gestroi and resulted in a higher recruitment of workers and soldiers. In these conditions, it may be concluded that foragers of either species do not concentrate their efforts on the consumption of only one food resource when they are able to reach multiple cellulosic sources simultaneously. Additionally, the data concerning tenacity tests suggest that there is a chronologic priority of consumption in relation to the discovery of available food sources. Knowledge about the foraging biology of subterranean termites is important for future studies of their feeding behavior, and it is indispensable for improving control strategies.
Le député québécois en circonscription : évolution, rôle et réalités
Authors: Montigny Eric , Morency Rébecca 
Published: April 2014

RésuméCet article présente l'évolution du rôle et du travail en circonscription de députés évoluant au sein d'un système de type Westminster. En se basant sur le cas québécois, il repose sur des données recueillies auprès d'élus de l'Assemblée nationale et de la Chambre des communes et sur une mise à jour de données datant de plus de 40 ans. En plus de constater des distinctions selon le genre quant à la conception de leur rôle ainsi qu'un écart perceptuel quant aux attentes de la population, les députés accordent toujours priorité à leur rôle de représentant, mais seraient moins porteurs d'idées personnelles. La nature des activités de circonscription varie également selon le profil du député. Un niveau de collaboration élevé est constaté entre eux, de même qu'une évolution quant à la nature des dossiers traités.
Dead or alive? Comparing costs and benefits of lethal and non-lethal human–wildlife conflict mitigation on livestock farms
Authors: McManus J. S. , Dickman A. J. , Gaynor D. , Smuts B. H. , Macdonald D. W. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractLivestock depredation has implications for conservation and agronomy; it can be costly for farmers and can prompt retaliatory killing of carnivores. Lethal control measures are readily available and are reportedly perceived to be cheaper, more practical and more effective than non-lethal methods. However, the costs and efficacy of lethal vs non-lethal approaches have rarely been compared formally. We conducted a 3-year study on 11 South African livestock farms, examining costs and benefits of lethal and non-lethal conflict mitigation methods. Farmers used existing lethal control in the first year and switched to guardian animals (dogsCanis familiarisand alpacasLama pacos) or livestock protection collars for the following 2 years. During the first year the mean cost of livestock protection was USD 3.30 per head of stock and the mean cost of depredation was USD 20.11 per head of stock. In the first year of non-lethal control the combined implementation and running costs were similar to those of lethal control (USD 3.08 per head). However, the mean cost of depredation decreased by 69.3%, to USD 6.52 per head. In the second year of non-lethal control the running costs (USD 0.43 per head) were significantly lower than in previous years and depredation costs decreased further, to USD 5.49 per head. Our results suggest that non-lethal methods of human–wildlife conflict mitigation can reduce depredation and can be economically advantageous compared to lethal methods of predator control.
The expression of virulence for a mixed-mode transmitted parasite in a diapausing host
Authors: SHEIKH-JABBARI ELHAM , HALL MATTHEW D. , BEN-AMI FRIDA , EBERT DIETER 
Published: April 2014

SUMMARYMany parasites survive harsh periods together with their hosts. Without the possibility of horizontal transmission during host diapause, parasite persistence depends entirely on host survival. We therefore hypothesize that a parasite should be avirulent during its host's diapausing stage. In contrast, the parasite may express higher virulence, i.e. parasite-induced fitness reduction of the host, during host life stages with good opportunities for horizontal transmission. Here we study the effects of a vertically and horizontally transmitted microsporidium parasite, Hamiltosporidium tvaerminnensis, on the quantity and survival of resting eggs of its host Daphnia magna. We find that the parasite did not affect egg volume, hatching success and time to hatching of the Daphnia's resting eggs, although it did strongly reduce the number of resting eggs produced by infected females, revealing high virulence during the non-diapause phase of the host's life cycle. These results also explain another aspect of this system – namely the strong decline in natural population prevalence across diapause. This decline is not caused by mortality in infected resting stages, as was previously hypothesized, but because infected female hosts produce lower rates of resting eggs. Together, these results help explain the epidemiological dynamics of a microsporidian disease and highlight the adaptive nature of life stage-dependent parasite virulence.
Sodium content of bread from bakeries and traditional markets in Maputo, Mozambique
Authors: Silva Vânia , Padrão Patrícia , Novela Célia , Damasceno Albertino , Pinho Olívia , Moreira Pedro , Lunet Nuno 
Published: April 2014

AbstractObjectiveThe Na content of bread is one of the most common targets of initiatives to reduce Na intake worldwide. Assessing the Na content of staple foods is of major relevance in Mozambique, given the high burden of hypertension in this setting. We aimed to estimate the Na content of white bread available in different bakeries and markets in Maputo.DesignA cross-sectional study of the Na content of white bread available for sale at twenty-five bakeries and markets in Mozambique. Flame photometry was used to quantify the Na content of the bread. The percentage of samples meeting manufacturer Na targets from South Africa and six countries from other regions, selected as benchmarks, was computed.SettingMaputo, Mozambique.SubjectsThree loaves of white bread from each selected bakery/market.ResultsThe mean Na content of bread was 450·3 mg/100 g (range: 254·9–638·3 mg/100 g), with no significant differences between bakeries and traditional markets. Most samples (88 %) did not meet the regulation in South Africa (≤380 mg/100 g). When considering the targets from other countries (range: ≤360–550 mg/100 g), the prevalence of non-compliance varied between 8 % and 92 %. There were no significant differences in the price of bread with Na content below and above the targets.ConclusionsThe content of Na in bread varies widely in Mozambique, reaching high values in a high proportion of the bakeries and markets in Maputo. Measures to regulate the Na content in bread may contribute to a reduction in Na intake and improved health at the population level.
SMALL DOUBLING IN ORDERED GROUPS
Authors: FREIMAN GREGORY , HERZOG MARCEL , LONGOBARDI PATRIZIA , MAJ MERCEDE 
Published: April 2014

AbstractWe prove that if $\def \xmlpi #1{}\def \mathsfbi #1{\boldsymbol {\mathsf {#1}}}\let \le =\leqslant \let \leq =\leqslant \let \ge =\geqslant \let \geq =\geqslant \def \Pr {\mathit {Pr}}\def \Fr {\mathit {Fr}}\def \Rey {\mathit {Re}}S$ is a finite subset of an ordered group that generates a nonabelian ordered group, then $|S^2|\geq 3|S|-2$. This generalizes a classical result from the theory of set addition.
Acceptance and valued living as critical appraisal and coping strengths for caregivers dealing with terminal illness and bereavement
Authors: Davis Esther L , Deane Frank P. , Lyons Geoffrey C.B. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractObjective:Informal caregivers of palliative care patients play an essential role in the coordination of care for patients during their final phases of life. However, undertaking a caregiving role can have enduring psychological consequences for caregivers and interfere with functioning. Studies have investigated a variety of factors associated with individual differences in caregiver psychosocial outcomes, but little is known about their relative impact, and there is a need for guiding models to support research in this area.Method:A review of the literature was conducted on factors influencing the psychological distress and grief of caregivers. Drawing from acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) and Stroebe and colleagues' integrative risk factor framework, we developed a process model to describe individual differences in caregiver psychological distress and grief.Results:The model presents caregiver psychological distress and grief as functions of death attitudes and communication about death and dying, mediated by acceptance and valued living from an ACT perspective. An outline of the empirical and theoretical underpinnings for each component in the model is provided.Significant of results:The presented model is an inherently strengths-based model that is concordant with acceptance- and values- (ACT) based interventions to facilitate coping in caregivers.
Spectral interferometric microscopy reveals absorption by individual optical nanoantennas from extinction phase
Authors: Gennaro Sylvain D. , Sonnefraud Yannick , Verellen Niels , Van Dorpe Pol , Moshchalkov Victor V. , Maier Stefan A. , Oulton Rupert F. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractOptical antennas transform light from freely propagating waves into highly localized excitations that interact strongly with matter. Unlike their radio frequency counterparts, optical antennas are nanoscopic and high frequency, making amplitude and phase measurements challenging and leaving some information hidden. Here we report a novel spectral interferometric microscopy technique to expose the amplitude and phase response of individual optical antennas across an octave of the visible to near-infrared spectrum. Although it is a far-field technique, we show that knowledge of the extinction phase allows quantitative estimation of nanoantenna absorption, which is a near-field quantity. To verify our method we characterize gold ring-disk dimers exhibiting Fano interference. Our results reveal that Fano interference only cancels a bright mode’s scattering, leaving residual extinction dominated by absorption. Spectral interference microscopy has the potential for real-time and single-shot phase and amplitude investigations of isolated quantum and classical antennas with applications across the physical and life sciences.
Multiscale Design of Cell‐Type–Specific Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Models for Personalized Medicine: Application to Temozolomide in Brain Tumors
Authors: Ballesta A , Zhou Q , Zhang X , Lv H , Gallo JM 
Published: April 2014

Optimizing anticancer therapeutics needs to account for variable drug responses in heterogeneous cell populations within the tumor as well as in organs of toxicity. To address cell heterogeneity, we propose a multiscale modeling approach—from in vitro to preclinical and clinical studies—to develop cell‐type–specific pharmacokinetic–pharmacodynamic (PK‐PD) models. A physiologically based mechanistic modeling approach integrating data from aqueous solutions, U87 glioma cells, mice, and cancer patients was utilized to characterize the brain disposition of temozolomide (TMZ), the cornerstone of chemotherapy against glioblastoma multiforme. The final model represented intracellular normal brain and brain tumor compartments in which TMZ pH‐dependent conversion to the DNA‐alkylating species leads to the formation of DNA adducts that serve as an entry point for a PD model. This multiscale protocol can be extended to account for TMZ PK‐PD in different cell populations, thus providing a critical tool to personalize TMZ‐based chemotherapy on a cell‐type–specific basis.CPT Pharmacometrics Syst. Pharmacol. (2014) 3, e112; doi:10.1038/psp.2014.9; published online 30 April 2014
Characterization of limes (Citrus aurantifolia) grown in Bhutan and Indonesia using high-throughput sequencing
Authors: Penjor Tshering , Mimura Takashi , Matsumoto Ryoji , Yamamoto Masashi , Nagano Yukio 
Published: April 2014

AbstractLime [Citrus aurantifolia (Cristm.) Swingle] is a Citrus species that is a popular ingredient in many cuisines. Some citrus plants are known to originate in the area ranging from northeastern India to southwestern China. In the current study, we characterized and compared limes grown in Bhutan (n = 5 accessions) and Indonesia (n = 3 accessions). The limes were separated into two groups based on their morphology. Restriction site-associated DNA sequencing (RAD-seq) separated the eight accessions into two clusters. One cluster contained four accessions from Bhutan, whereas the other cluster contained one accession from Bhutan and the three accessions from Indonesia. This genetic classification supported the morphological classification of limes. The analysis suggests that the properties associated with asexual reproduction and somatic homologous recombination, have contributed to the genetic diversification of limes.
Coherent destruction of tunneling in chaotic microcavities via three-state anti-crossings
Authors: Song Qinghai , Gu Zhiyuan , Liu Shuai , Xiao Shumin 
Published: April 2014

AbstractCoherent destruction of tunneling (CDT) has been one seminal result of quantum dynamics control. Traditionally, CDT is understood as destructive interference between two intermediate transition paths near the level crossing. CDT near the level anti-crossings, especially the “locking”, has not been thoroughly explored so far. Taking chaotic microcavity as an example, here we study the inhibition of the tunneling via the strong couplings of three resonances. While the tunneling rate is only slightly affected by each strong coupling between two modes, the destructive interference between two strong couplings can dramatically improve the inhibition of the tunneling. A “locking” point, where dynamical tunneling is completely suppressed, has even been observed. We believe our finding will shed light on researches on micro- & nano-photonics.
Improving Clinical Services: Be Aware of Fuzzy Connections Between Principles and Strategies
Authors: Gillam Sandra Laing , Gillam Ronald B. 
Published: April 2014

Purpose
This article is a response to Alan Kamhi's treatise on improving clinical practices for children with language and learning disorders by focusing on what is known about learning (see Kamhi, 2014, article in this issue).

Method
Descriptive methods are used to discuss general learning principles and the fact that they do not always translate readily into effective language intervention practices. The authors give examples of 2 instances in which popular intervention strategies should have worked but did not. The authors also summarize what they learned about their own approach to contextualized language intervention for teaching priority goals related to narration and the Common Core State Standards (CCSS; National Governors Association Center for Best Practices, & Council of Chief State School Officers, 2010).

Conclusion
Even theoretically sound, well-intentioned, and carefully implemented interventions can result in equivocal outcomes. When they do, careful attention to the evidence and willingness to rethink strategy often serves to right the course.
Prologue: Improving Clinical Practice From the Inside Out
Authors: Hoffman LaVae 
Published: April 2014

Purpose
This prologue introduces a clinical forum entitled “Reflections on Improving Clinical Practice” and orients the reader to the scope of articles included within it.

Method
The purpose of the clinical forum is described, its lead article is introduced, and brief summaries of the 7 response articles are provided.

Conclusions
The commentaries in this clinical forum draw on scientific evidence and assert that current intervention services for children and adolescents who have language and learning disorders could be improved. Authors describe rationales for doing so and provide practical suggestions that could promote better intervention outcomes.
Mütterliche Risiken bei Schwangerschaft mit Fetalchirurgie von TTTS und fetalen Fehlbildungen
Authors: Arabin B. 
Published: April 2014

ZusammenfassungDie Weiterentwicklung pränataler Diagnostik, der anästhesiologischen Methoden für Schwangere und Fet sowie spezieller Instrumente haben in den vergangenen Jahren dazu geführt, dass fetalchirurgische Maßnahmen an einer zunehmenden Zahl spezieller Zentren angewandt werden, um fetale Patienten zu behandeln und dabei nicht nur das Überleben der Kinder, sondern auch deren Lebensqualität zu sichern.Für Entscheidungen in der Schwangerschaft muss jedoch auch berücksichtigt werden, welchen Risiken die Mütter während und nach diesen Eingriffen ausgesetzt sind. Dabei können sich Auswirkungen des plazentaren oder fetalen Krankheitsbildes mit den Folgen der Operationen überlagern. Eine fetalchirurgische Operation kann sogar mütterliche Risiken reduzieren. In diesem Artikel werden die bisher bekannten mütterlichen Kurz- und Langzeit-Risiken bei einer Anzahl plazentarer und fetaler Erkrankungen und deren Therapie beleuchtet. Durch interdisziplinäre Teambesprechungen sollten gemeinsam mit den Eltern die oft differenzierten Abwägungen der fetalen, neonatalen und mütterlichen Konsequenzen diskutiert und hierdurch Entscheidungsprozesse unterstützt werden.