bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Observation of ‘hidden’ planar defects in boron carbide nanowires and identification of their orientations
Authors: Guan Zhe , Cao Baobao , Yang Yang , Jiang Youfei , Li Deyu , Xu Terry T 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
The physical properties of nanostructures strongly depend on their structures, and planar defects in particular could significantly affect the behavior of the nanowires. In this work, planar defects (twins or stacking faults) in boron carbide nanowires are extensively studied by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Results show that these defects can easily be invisible, i.e., no presence of characteristic defect features like modulated contrast in high-resolution TEM images and streaks in diffraction patterns. The simplified reason of this invisibility is that the viewing direction during TEM examination is not parallel to the (001)-type planar defects. Due to the unique rhombohedral structure of boron carbide, planar defects are only distinctive when the viewing direction is along the axial or short diagonal directions ([100], [010], or

1
¯

10

) within the (001) plane (in-zone condition). However, in most cases, these three characteristic directions are not parallel to the viewing direction when boron carbide nanowires are randomly dispersed on TEM grids. To identify fault orientations (transverse faults or axial faults) of those nanowires whose planar defects are not revealed by TEM, a new approach is developed based on the geometrical analysis between the projected preferred growth direction of a nanowire and specific diffraction spots from diffraction patterns recorded along the axial or short diagonal directions out of the (001) plane (off-zone condition). The approach greatly alleviates tedious TEM examination of the nanowire and helps to establish the reliable structure–property relations. Our study calls attention to researchers to be extremely careful when studying nanowires with potential planar defects by TEM. Understanding the true nature of planar defects is essential in tuning the properties of these nanostructures through manipulating their structures.
Impulsive fractional boundary-value problems with fractional integral jump conditions
Authors: Thaiprayoon Chatthai , Tariboon Jessada , Ntouyas Sotiris K 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
In this paper we establish the existence and uniqueness of solutions for impulsive fractional boundary-value problems with fractional integral jump conditions. By using a variety of fixed-point theorems, some new existence and uniqueness results are obtained. Illustrative examples of our results are also presented.

MSC:34A08, 34B37, 34B15, 34B10.
Hyperlactatemia in a group of HIV patients living in Yaounde-Cameroon
Authors: Mamiafo Corinne Tchoula , Moor Vicky Jocelyne Ama , Nansseu Jobert Richie N , Pieme Constant Anatole , Tayou Claude , Yonkeu Jeanne Ngogang 
Published: January 2014

AbstractBackground and aimProlonged exposure to highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) is associated with adverse effects such as hyperlactatemia. We determined the prevalence and risk factors for developing hyperlactatemia among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected cameroonians on antiretroviral therapy (ART).MethodsWe conducted a cross-sectional study from January to April 2012 involving 91 HIV-infected patients receiving ART for at least 12 months and 30 HIV-infected patients who have never received ART (ART-naïve patients). Plasma lactate levels were determined after at least 12 hours of overnight fasting and hyperlactatemia defined as lactate concentrations ≥ 3 mmol/L. The prevalence of hyperlactatemia was determined and the risk factors were analyzed by a multivariate logistic regression model.ResultsThe mean lactataemia was significantly higher in the group of HIV patients currently taking ART than in the ART-naïve one (2.3 ± 1.3 and 1.7 ± 0.7 mmol/L respectively, p = 0.002). Patients on first line ART regimens had significantly higher lactatemia than those on second line regimens (2.5 ± 1.5 and 1.9 ± 0.7 mmol/L respectively, p = 0.014). The prevalence of hyperlactatemia in HIV patients receiving ART and in ART-naïve HIV patients was respectively 18.7 and 6.7% (p = 0.095). ART-exposure (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 5.44, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.06 – 27.84; p = 0.042) and being on a first line regimen (aOR 16.22, 95% CI 1.57 – 167.91; p = 0.019) were independent strong predictors of hyperlactatemia.ConclusionHyperlactatemia was not rare in our study population. Being on a first line regimen constitutes an important risk factor for developing hyperlactatemia. Measurement of plasma lactate may be useful in optimizing the management of HIV-positive persons on ART.
Effects of the C57BL/6 strain background on tauopathy progression in the rTg4510 mouse model
Authors: Bailey Rachel M , Howard John , Knight Joshua , Sahara Naruhiko , Dickson Dennis W , Lewis Jada 
Published: January 2014

Abstract

Background
Cross-breeding of transgenic mice is commonly used to assess gene-gene interactions, particularly in the context of disease. Strain background changes can influence the phenotype of mouse models and can confound crossbreeding studies. We sought to determine if changing the strain background of a commonly used mouse model of tauopathy (rTg4510) would significantly impact the originally reported phenotype. On the original F1 FVB/N x 129S6 background, rTg4510 mice present with progressive cognitive decline, increased insoluble tau, robust tau pathology and age-dependent neurodegeneration. One of the most common strains in mouse modeling is C57BL/6. We and others have previously reported that this strain background alters the phenotypes of various models, including the JNPL3 model of tauopathy. To determine if the phenotype of rTg4510 mice was similarly affected by the introduction of the C57BL/6 background, we compared rTg4510 mice on the original F1 FVB/N x 129S6 background to rTg4510 mice on an F1 FVB/N x C57BL/6NTac (B6/NTac) background, herein termed rTg4510B6.

Results
Despite a small, but significant increase in soluble human tau levels, young rTg4510B6 mice had equivalent levels of tau phosphorylation, aggregation and cognitive impairments as age-matched rTg4510 mice. At 6.5 months of age, rTg4510B6 mice displayed hyperphosphorylated insoluble tau and robust cortical tau neuropathology that was equivalent to age-matched rTg4510 mice; however, 10.5-month-old rTg4510B6 mice had greater amounts of phospho-tau in the cortex and hippocampus when compared to age-matched rTg4510 mice. Non-transgenic (NT) littermates of rTg4510B6 (NTB6) mice also had greater amounts of cortical and hippocampal phospho-tau at 10.5 months of age when compared to NT littermates of rTg4510 mice. Additionally, older rTg4510B6 mice had gross forebrain neurodegeneration that was equivalent to age-matched rTg4510 mice.

Conclusions
Overall, our data shows that introduction of the C57BL/6 strain into the rTg4510 mouse background modestly alters the tau pathology that was originally reported in rTg4510 on the F1 FVB/129 background. In contrast, behavioral and neurodegenerative outcomes were not altered. These studies support the use of the rTg4510 mouse model on a partial C57BL/6 strain background without losing fidelity of the phenotype and suggest that the C57BL/6 background does not inherently protect against tauopathy.
Cloning and characterization of an Eimeria necatrix gene encoding a gametocyte protein and associated with oocyst wall formation
Authors: Liu Dandan , Cao Liqin , Zhu Yulan , Deng Changjing , Su Shijie , Xu Jinjun , Jin Wenjie , Li Jingui , Wu Lili , Tao Jianping 
Published: January 2014

AbstractBackgroundGametocyte proteins ofEimeria(E.) spp. are important components of the oocyst wall and some have been used to develop transmission-blocking vaccines against avian coccidiosis.MethodsTotal RNA isolated fromE. necatrixgametocytes was utilized as templates for RT-PCR amplification and sequencing of cDNA encoding a gametocyte protein using gene-specific primers. The cDNA was cloned into the bacterial expression vector pET28a(+) and expressed inE. coliBL21 cells. The antigenicity of the recombinant gametocyte protein and its localization in differentE. necatrixlife-cycle stages were determined by western blot and indirect immunofluorescence analyses, respectively.ResultsA 731-nucleotide sequence of cDNA [GenBank: KF649255] ofE. necatrixhad 97.7% identity to that of Etgam22ofE. tenella. The cDNA ORF encoded a 186-amino acid protein containing a histidine-proline-rich region. The recombinant gametocyte protein (rEnGAM22) was predominately expressed in the insoluble inclusion body and recognized by antiserum from chickens immunized with oocysts ofE. necatrix,E. maximaandE. tenella. A specific antibody to the rEnGAM22 protein recognized the wall-forming bodies in macrogametocytes and the walls of oocysts and sporocysts.ConclusionsThe gene cloned fromE. necatrixgametocytes is an ortholog to Etgam22ofE. tenellaand presents a potential target for future recombinant subunit vaccines against coccidiosis.
Correlation between clonorchiasis incidences and climatic factors in Guangzhou, China
Authors: Li Tiegang , Yang Zhicong , Wang Ming 
Published: January 2014

Abstract

Background
Human infection with Clonorchis sinensis is still a big public health problem in Guangzhou. To investigate the correlation between clonorchiasis and climatic factors, we analyzed the clonorchiasis reported cases and simultaneous meteorological data during 2006–2012 in Guangzhou City, China.

Findings
Annual incidence rate of clonorchiasis from 2006 to 2012 was 166.76, 191.55, 247.37, 213.82, 246.03, 274.71, and 239.63 (per 100 000), respectively. Each 1°C rise of temperature corresponded to an increase of 1.18% (95% CI 0.88% to 1.48%) in the monthly number of cases, and a one millimeter rise of rainfall corresponded to increase of 0.03% (95% CI 0.01% to 0.04%). Whereas each one percent rise of relative humidity corresponded to a decrease in the number of cases by 1.51% (95% CI -1.75% to -1.27%).

Conclusions
We reported incidence rates of clonorchiasis showed an increasing trend by years. Temperature and rainfall were positively associated with clonorchiasis incidence, while relative humidity was inversely associated with clonorchiasis incidence. Our study provided evidence that climatic factors affect the occurrence of clonorchiasis in Guangzhou city, China.
Intra-articular injection of collagenase in the knee of rats as an alternative model to study nociception associated with osteoarthritis
Authors: Adães Sara , Mendonça Marcelo , Santos Telmo N , Castro-Lopes José M , Ferreira-Gomes Joana , Neto Fani L 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
Introduction
Animal models currently used in osteoarthritis-associated pain research inadequately reproduce the initiating events and structural pathology of human osteoarthritis. Conversely, intra-articular injection of collagenase is a structurally relevant model, as it induces articular degeneration both by digesting collagen from cartilage and by causing articular instability, thereby reproducing some of the main events associated with osteoarthritis onset and development. Here, we evaluated if the intra-articular injection of collagenase can be an alternative model to study nociception associated with osteoarthritis.

Methods
Osteoarthritis was induced by two intra-articular injections of either 250 U or 500 U of collagenase into the left knee joint of adult male Wistar rats. A six weeks time-course assessment of movement- and loading-induced nociception was performed by the Knee-Bend and CatWalk tests. The effect of morphine, lidocaine and diclofenac on nociceptive behaviour was evaluated in animals injected with 500 U of collagenase. Joint histopathology was scored for both doses throughout time. The expression of transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) in ipsilateral dorsal root ganglia (DRG) was evaluated.

Results
An increase in nociceptive behaviour associated with movement and loading of affected joints was observed after intra-articular collagenase injection. With the 500 U dose of collagenase, there was a significant correlation between the behavioural and the histopathological osteoarthritis-like structural changes developed after six weeks. One week after injection of 500 U collagenase, swelling of the injected knee and inflammation of the synovial membrane were also observed, indicating the occurrence of an early inflammatory reaction. Behavioural changes induced by the 500 U dose of collagenase were overall effectively reversed by morphine and lidocaine. Diclofenac was effective one week after injection. TRPV1 expression increased six weeks after 500 U collagenase injection.

Conclusion
We conclude that the intra-articular injection of 500 U collagenase in the knee of rats can be an alternative model for the study of nociception associated with osteoarthritis, since it induces significant nociceptive alterations associated with relevant osteoarthritis-like joint structural changes.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa serotypes in nosocomial pneumonia: prevalence and clinical outcomes
Authors: Lu Qin , Eggimann Philippe , Luyt Charles-Edouard , Wolff Michel , Tamm Michael , François Bruno , Mercier Emmanuelle , Garbino Jorge , Laterre Pierre-François , Koch Holger , Gafner Verena , Rudolf Michael P , Mus Erkan , Perez Antonio , Lazar Hedvika , Chastre Jean , Rouby Jean-Jacques 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
Introduction
Pseudomonas aeruginosa frequently causes nosocomial pneumonia and is associated with poor outcome. The purpose of this study was to assess the prevalence and clinical outcome of nosocomial pneumonia caused by serotype-specific P. aeruginosa in critically ill patients under appropriate antimicrobial therapy management.

Methods
A retrospective, non-interventional epidemiological multicenter cohort study involving 143 patients with confirmed nosocomial pneumonia caused by P. aeruginosa. Patients were analyzed for a period of 30 days from time of nosocomial pneumonia onset. Fourteen patients fulfilling the same criteria from a phase IIa studyconducted at the same time/centers were included in the prevalence calculations but not in the clinical outcome analysis.

Results
The prevalence of serotypes was: O6 (29%), O11 (23%), O10 (10%), O2 (9%), and O1 (8%). Serotypes with a prevalence of less than 5% were found in 13% of patients, 8% were classified as not typeable. Across all serotypes, 19% mortality, 70% clinical resolution, 11% clinical continuation, and 5% clinical recurrence were recorded. Age and higher APACHE II (Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II) were predictive risk factors associated with probability of death and lower clinical resolution for P. aeruginosa nosocomial pneumonia. Mortality tends to be higher with O1 (40%) and lower with O2 (0%); clinical resolution tends to be better with O2 (82%) compared to other serotypes. Persisting pneumonia with O6 and O11 was, respectively, 8% and 21%; clinical resolution with O6 and O11 was, respectively, 75% and 57%.

Conclusions
In P. aeruginosa nosocomial pneumonia, the most prevalent serotypes were O6 and O11. Further studies including larger group sizes are needed to correlate clinical outcome with virulence factors of P. aeruginosa in patients with nosocomial pneumonia caused by various serotypes; and to compare O6 and O11, the two serotypes most frequently encountered in critically ill patients.
Activation Energy of the Belousov–Zhabotinsky Reaction in a Gel with [Fe(bpy)3] Catalyst
Authors: Hara Yusuke , Mayama Hiroyuki , Yamaguchi Yoshinori , Fujimoto Kenji 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
We synthesized a novel poly(ACMO-co-[Fe(bpy)3]) gel covalently bonded to an Fe-catalyst moiety for the Belousov–Zhabotinsky (BZ) reaction. The novel gel was composed of acryloyl morpholine (ACMO) and bis(2,2′-bipyridine)(4-vinyl-4′-methyl-2,2′-bipyridine)iron bis(hexafluorophosphate) ([Fe(bpy)3]·2PF6). The period of the BZ reaction in the poly(ACMO-co-[Fe(bpy)3]) gel decreased with increasing temperature. The activation energy of the self-oscillation of the gel was found to be 78 kJ mol−1, which is higher than that of the self-oscillating polymer system with [Ru(bpy)3] (about 60 kJ mol−1).
On Pandanus leram and the other botanical binomials of Sir William Jones
Authors: Noltie Henry J. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractSix binomials coined by Sir William Jones are discussed, and confirmed as attributable to his authorship; their current status is given—still recognised are Pandanus leram and Valeriana jatamansi (though application of the latter remains unclear); Andropogon jwarancusa is still recognised in the genus Cymbopogon; Kaempferia bhuchampac and Nerium septaparna are illegitimate renamings for K. rotunda and Echites scholaris respectively; Aquilicia samudraca is an earlier name for Leea macrophylla.
The effect of preservation methods on plant morphology
Authors: Parnell John , Rich Tim , McVeigh Andrew , Lim Astrid , Quigley Sean , Morris David , Wong Zeno 
Published: January 2014

AbstractApplication of conventional (plant pressing followed by air drying) and Schweinfurth drying techniques to different plant taxa is shown to result in both significant contraction and, occasionally, significant expansion of plant organs. The results are taxon dependent. The Schweinfurth drying process usually results in greater shrinkage than conventional drying. Herbarium specimens are shown to exhibit significant differences in the dimensions of plant organs as compared to fresh material. Organ accessibility and availability can also have an impact on the dimensions recorded and, as with the drying process, an impact on the correct recognition of taxa. The lack of discussion of these important differences, their impact on other taxonomic processes and suggestions for further investigation, for example the use of spirit preserved material and rehydration of herbarium material, are highlighted.
Lumping or splitting? The case of Racomitrium (Bryophytina: Grimmiaceae)
Authors: Larraín Juan , Quandt Dietmar , Stech Michael , Muñoz Jesús 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe genus Racomitrium (Grimmiaceae: Racomitrioideae) was recently segregated into four genera—Racomitrium, Niphotrichum, Codriophorus, and Bucklandiella—following an infrageneric division originally proposed more than 100 years ago based on morphological traits such as the presence and shape of laminal cell papillae and hyaline leaf hairpoints, and differences in peristome teeth morphology and costa structure. Here we present a molecular phylogeny of Racomitrium s.l. based on nuclear ITS and plastid rps4–trnL and trnK/matK–psbA sequences, to test the monophyly of these four morphological entities. Our results solely support the monophyly of Racomitrium s.str., which includes only R. geronticum, R. lanuginosum, and R. pruinosum, while the members of the other segregate genera are distributed in different clades, rendering them polyphyletic (Bucklandiella, Codriophorus) or paraphyletic (Niphotrichum). Ancestral state reconstruction shows high levels of homoplasy in the characters usually used for the infrageneric division of Racomitrium s.l. (i.e., leaf papillae shape, perichaetial leaves morphology). Based on this evidence, we propose a return to a broader concept of Racomitrium, and adopt a revised sectional classification. Therefore, we propose new combinations for some recently described species of Bucklandiella and Codriophorus.
The correct names for species ofAloesect.Chortolirion(Asphodelaceae:Alooideae)
Authors: Klopper Ronell R. , Smith Gideon F. , Figueiredo Estrela , Grace Olwen M. , van Wyk Abraham E. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe correct names and synonymy for species of Aloe sect. Chortolirion (A. Berger) Boatwr. & J.C. Manning (Asphodelaceae: Alooideae) are provided. This treatment recognises four species in this section, namely A. welwitschii, A. barendii, A. jeppeae and A. subspicata. Aloe subspicata and A. welwitschii are treated as conspecific by some authors.
Molecular phylogeny of Menonvillea and recognition of the new genus Aimara (Brassicaceae: Cremolobeae)
Authors: Salariato Diego L. , Zuloaga Fernando Omar , Al-Shehbaz Ihsan A. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractMonophyly and phylogeny of Menonvillea were studied using molecular phylogenetic analyses of nuclear ribosomal (ITS) and chloroplast (trnL–F) DNA sequences. The phylogenies obtained were contrasted with the morphology of the genus. Menonvillea, excluding M. rollinsii, is monophyletic, and this species is sister to Cremolobus. Molecular and morphological data support the segregation of M. rollinsii into the new genus Aimara. Within the Menonvillea clade, three strongly supported and morphologically well–defined lineages were obtained. The geographical distribution of Aimara and the Menonvillea lineages are discussed.
Identity and lectotypification of Amomum compactum and Amomum kepulaga (Zingiberaceae)
Authors: Droop Jane , Kaewsri Wittaya , Lamxay Vichith , Poulsen Axel D. , Newman Mark 
Published: January 2014

AbstractAmomum compactum Sol. ex Maton (Java cardamom) is widely cultivated across Southeast Asia as a spice and medicine. Confusion has surrounded this species both morphologically and nomenclaturally. The nomenclatural confusion between Elettaria cardamomum (L.) Maton and certain other names in Amomum is discussed, and the identity of A. compactum is clarified with respect to A. verum Blackw. More than one element of original material of A. compactum has been located and a lectotype is chosen. The identity of A. kepulaga Burkill & Sprague is discussed and a lectotype chosen.
Effects of Measurement Frequency on Analytical Quality Required for Glucose Measurements in Intensive Care Units: Assessments by Simulation Models
Authors: Boyd James C , Bruns David E 
Published: January 2014

Abstract

BACKGROUND
Total error allowances have been proposed for glucose meters used in tight-glucose-control (TGC) protocols. It is unclear whether these proposed quality specifications are appropriate for continuous glucose monitoring (CGM).

METHODS
We performed Monte Carlo simulations of patients on TGC protocols. To simulate use of glucose meters, measurements were made hourly. To simulate CGM, glucose measurements were made every 5 min. Glucose was measured with defined bias (varied from −20% to 20%) and imprecision (0% to 20% CV). The measured glucose concentrations were used to alter insulin infusion rates according to established treatment protocols. Changes in true glucose were calculated hourly on the basis of the insulin infusion rate, the modeled patient's insulin sensitivity, and a model of glucose homeostasis. We modeled 18 000 patients, equally divided between the hourly and every-5-min measurement schemas and distributed among 45 combinations of bias and imprecision and 2 treatment protocols.

RESULTS
With both treatment protocols and both measurement frequencies, higher measurement imprecision increased the rates of hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia and increased glycemic variability (SD). These adverse effects of measurement imprecision were lower at the higher measurement frequency. The rate of hypoglycemia at an imprecision (CV) of 5% with hourly measurements was similar to the rate of hypoglycemia at 10% CV when measurements were made every 5 min. With measurements every 5 min, imprecision up to 10% had minimal effects on hyperglycemia or glycemic variability. Effects of simulated analytical bias on glycemia were unaffected by measurement frequency.

CONCLUSIONS
Quality specifications for imprecision of glucose meters are not transferable to CGM.