bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Surface melt dominates Alaska glacier mass balance
Authors: Larsen C. F. , Burgess E. , Arendt A. A. , O'Neel S. , Johnson A. J. , Kienholz C. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractMountain glaciers comprise a small and widely distributed fraction of the world's terrestrial ice, yet their rapid losses presently drive a large percentage of the cryosphere's contribution to sea level rise. Regional mass balance assessments are challenging over large glacier populations due to remote and rugged geography, variable response of individual glaciers to climate change, and episodic calving losses from tidewater glaciers. In Alaska, we use airborne altimetry from 116 glaciers to estimate a regional mass balance of −75 ± 11 Gt yr−1 (1994–2013). Our glacier sample is spatially well distributed, yet pervasive variability in mass balances obscures geospatial and climatic relationships. However, for the first time, these data allow the partitioning of regional mass balance by glacier type. We find that tidewater glaciers are losing mass at substantially slower rates than other glaciers in Alaska and collectively contribute to only 6% of the regional mass loss.
Role of Interactivity in Learning from Engineering Animations
Authors: Pedra Agnaldo , Mayer Richard E. , Albertin Alberto Luiz 
Published: June 2015

SummaryThis study examines the pedagogic value of incorporating sophisticated interactivity features into lessons on hand‐held devices. Engineering students (Experiment 1) and non‐engineering college students (Experiment 2) spent 5 min studying an animation showing a six‐step maintenance procedure for a mechanical device called a Power Take‐Off presented on an iPad. In both experiments, students who received high interactivity (i.e., rotation through dragging movements and zoom through pinching movements) reported higher interest but did not show better learning as compared to the low interactivity group (i.e., pause and continue buttons on the touch screen) or no interactivity group. Across two experiments, the interactivity hypothesis was supported in terms of increased interest but not supported in terms of improved learning. Thus, there was not support for the idea that increasing situational interest through high levels of interactivity primes deeper learning processes that produce better learning outcomes. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Soluble Adamantyl‐Substituted Oligothiophenes with Short Fluorescence Decay: An Approach for Ultrafast Optical Signal Processing
Authors: Schlücker Thorben , Dhayalan Vasudevan , Langhals Heinz , Sämann Christoph , Knochel Paul 
Published: June 2015

AbstractTHF‐soluble, adamantyl‐substituted oligothiophenes (n=1–3) were prepared via Negishi cross‐coupling reactions. Thus, the synthesis of 2‐(1‐adamantyl)quaterthiophene was realized by cross‐coupling of 5‐bromo‐2′′‐(1‐adamantyl)terthiophene with 2‐thienylzinc chloride. Treatment of these oligothiophenes with FeCl3 affords the corresponding dimeric compounds, which have pigment properties. In contrast, the mono‐substituted (1‐adamantyl)oligothiophenes (n=1–4) are readily soluble in organic solvents. Particularly the quarter‐oligomer displays remarkable optical properties such as an increased Stokes’ shift in combination with a very fast fluorescence decay of 0.39 ns and a high fluorescence quantum yield. The compound was incorporated in a solid poly(methyl methacrylate) matrix and its optical properties were nearly unaltered. This may allow applications in high‐throughput optical signal processing exceeding the GBit scale.
Patients with chronic rhinosinusitis and simultaneous bronchial asthma suffer from significant extraesophageal reflux
Authors: Zeleník Karol , Matoušek Petr , Formánek Martin , Urban Ondřej , Komínek Pavel 
Published: June 2015

BackgroundThe aim of this study was to determine the severity of extraesophageal reflux (EER) in patients with various degrees of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS), and particularly in patients with simultaneous bronchial asthma.MethodsPatients with different severity of CRS were invited to participate in the study. Group I consisted of patients with CRS without nasal polyps or bronchial asthma; group II consisted of patients with CRS with nasal polyps but without bronchial asthma; group III consisted of patients with CRS with nasal polyps and bronchial asthma. The age, gender, Reflux Symptom Index, severity of EER evaluated using the Restech system, and number of previous functional endoscopic sinus surgeries (FESSs) were compared between groups.ResultsA total of 90 patients (30 in each group) were recruited for the study. Pathological EER was significantly often present in group III when compared with group I and group II in all parameters analyzed (RYAN score, number of EER episodes, total percentage of time below pH 5.5). Furthermore, patients from group III had undergone more surgeries in the past.ConclusionPatients with CRS with nasal polyps and simultaneous bronchial asthma suffer from significant EER. Antireflux therapy can be recommended for these patients. However, the effect has to be confirmed in further studies.
Self‐Immolative Spacers: Kinetic Aspects, Structure–Property Relationships, and Applications
Authors: Alouane Ahmed , Labruère Raphaël , Le Saux Thomas , Schmidt Frédéric , Jullien Ludovic 
Published: June 2015

AbstractSelf‐immolative spacers are covalent assemblies tailored to correlate the cleavage of two chemical bonds after activation of a protective part in a precursor: Upon stimulation, the protective moiety is removed, which generates a cascade of disassembling reactions leading to the temporally sequential release of smaller molecules. Originally introduced to overcome limitations for drug delivery, self‐immolative spacers have gained wide interest in medicinal chemistry, analytical chemistry, and material science. For most applications, the kinetics of the disassembly of the activated self‐immolative spacer governs functional properties. This Review addresses kinetic aspects of self‐immolation. It provides information for selecting a particular self‐immolative motif for a specific demand. Moreover, it should help researchers design kinetic experiments and fully exploit the rich perspectives of self‐immolative spacers.
Energy saving and noise reduction of flow mixing performance intensified by rigid‐flexible combination impeller
Authors: Liu Zuohua , He Haixian , Zhu Jun , Liu Renlong , Tao Changyuan , Wang Yundong 
Published: June 2015

AbstractDuring fluid mixing in stirred reactor, energy, which spreads among the fluid with the impeller, is used for fluid rotation and internal transfer. Meanwhile, a part of the energy is consumed by fluid mixing noise. The premises of effective mixing are to improve utilization rate of energy. The energy‐saving and noise reduction behavior of rigid‐flexible combination impeller in fluid mixing were studied by adopting the combination of numerical simulation and experimental analysis. Comparative experiments were carried out to study the noise variation between rigid‐flexible combination impeller and rigid impeller at 210 rpm. The results showed that the energy was mainly concentrated at the tip of rigid impeller (the maximum speed of fluid was 2.85 m/s, while turbulent kinetic energy was 0.32 m2/s2). Meanwhile, the energy at the tip of rigid‐flexible combination impeller was thoroughly dissipated (the maximum speed of fluid was 2.31 m/s, while turbulent kinetic energy was 0.26 m2/s2), which evenly distributed the energy at the flow field, thereby contributing to good mixing performance. The sound pressure level of the rigid‐flexible combination impeller was 7% lower than that of rigid impeller at the same location, whereas the measured value at the surface and the simulated values were identical. Copyright © 2015 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Interactive constrained dynamics for rigid and deformable objects
Authors: Vezzaro Luca , Zerbato Davide , Fiorini Paolo 
Published: June 2015

AbstractFollowing the continuous increase in computational power of consumer hardware, interactive virtual environments have been recently enriched with more and more complex deformable objects. However, many physics engines are still very limited in the way they handle interacting rigid and deformable objects. This paper proposes a constraint‐based approach to real‐time simulation of coupled rigid and deformable objects capable of providing two‐way interactions. Similar techniques have seen widespread usage for either rigid or deformable objects, but not for the simultaneous simulation of both. By extending such approaches, we show not only how interaction is possible but also how it can be performed at real‐time rates. We address contact response and also show how to implement typical constraints to enforce limitations in the degrees of freedom and to enhance the dynamical properties of deformable objects. The method is easily integrated into existing physics engines that use similar constraint solvers and is independent on the kind of deformable object paradigm chosen. The provided simulation results show that the method is fast and effective in handling contacts between rigid and deformable objects and in simulating friction and other kinds of constraints. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Anion‐ and Spacer‐Directed Host–Guest Complexes of Bipyridine with Pyrogallol[4]arene
Authors: Patil Rahul S. , Kumari Harshita , Barnes Charles L. , Atwood Jerry L. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractNew oval‐shaped capsular and bilayer‐type hydrogen‐bonded arrangements of C‐propyl‐ol‐pyrogallol[4]arene (PgC3‐OH) with bipyridine‐type spacer complexes are reported here. These complexes are engineered by virtue of derivatization of C‐alkyl tails of pyrogallol[4]arene and the use of divergent spacer ligands. Complexes of PgC3‐OH, PgC3‐OH with bpy (4,4′‐bipyridine) and PgC3‐OH with bpa (1,2‐bis(4‐pyridyl)acetylene) have bilayer type arrangements; however, the use of hydrogen chloride causes protonation of bpy molecule, which is then entrapped flat within an offset oval‐shaped dimeric hydrogen‐bonded PgC3‐OH nanocapsule. The presence of chloride anion in the crystal lattice controls the geometry of the resultant nanoassembly.
Unexpectedly Simple Synthesis of Benzazoles by tBuONa‐Catalyzed Direct Aerobic Oxidative Cyclocondensation of o‐Thio/Hydroxy/Aminoanilines with Alcohols under Air
Authors: Shi Xinkang , Guo Junmei , Liu Jianping , Ye Mingde , Xu Qing 
Published: June 2015

AbstracttBuONa‐catalyzed direct aerobic oxidative cyclocondensation reactions of readily available alcohols and o‐thio/hydroxy/aminoanilines under air have been developed and provide an efficient, practical, and green method for the synthesis of benzazoles. Mechanistic studies revealed that o‐substituted anilines promote the initial aerobic alcohol‐oxidation step, which explains the high reactivity and success of this unexpectedly simple and practical cyclocondensation method.
The Electronic Structure of the Al3− Anion: Is it Aromatic?
Authors: Mercero Jose M. , Matito Eduard , Ruipérez Fernando , Infante Ivan , Lopez Xabier , Ugalde Jesus M. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractMulticonfigurational high‐level electronic structure calculations show that the ${{\rm Al}{{- \hfill \atop 3\hfill}}}$ ring‐like cluster anion has three close low‐lying electronic states of different spin, all of them having strong multiconfigurational character. The aromaticity of the cluster has, therefore, been studied by means of total electron delocalization and normalized multicenter electron delocalization indices evaluated from the multiconfigurational wave functions of each state. The lowest‐lying singlet and triplet states are found to be highly aromatic, whereas the next lowest‐lying state, the quintet state, has much less, though non‐negligible, aromatic character.
ChemInform Abstract: D‐Glucosamine as a Green Ligand for Palladium‐Catalyzed Cross‐Coupling of Aryl and Heteroaryl Halides.
Authors: Jha Abadh Kishor , Shahni Rahul Kumar , Jain Nidhi 
Published: June 2015

AbstractD‐glucosamine is found to be an efficient green replacement for phosphine ligands in the palladium‐catalyzed Heck coupling of aryl and heteroaryl halides.
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric N‐Heterocyclic Carbene Catalyzed Annulation of 2‐Alkenylbenzothiazoles with α‐Chloro Aldehydes.
Authors: Song Xiaoxiao , Ni Qijian , Zhu Chen , Raabe Gerhard , Enders Dieter 
Published: June 2015

AbstractThe NHC‐catalyzed 1‐azadiene Diels—Alder reactions give efficient access to optically active benzothiazolopyridinone derivatives.
Numerical methods and software tools for simulation, design, and resonant mode analysis of radio frequency birdcage coils used in MRI
Authors: Gurler Necip , Ider Yusuf Ziya 
Published: June 2015

ABSTRACTDesign of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) radiofrequency (RF) coils using lumped circuit modeling based techniques begins to fail at high frequencies, and therefore more accurate models based on the electromagnetic field calculations must be used. Field calculations are also necessary to understand the interactions between the RF field and the subject inside the coil. Furthermore, observing the resonance behavior of the coil and the fields at the resonance frequencies have importance for design and analysis. In this study, finite element method (FEM) based methods have been proposed for accurate time‐harmonic electromagnetic simulations, estimation of the tuning capacitors on the rungs or end rings, and the resonant mode analysis of the birdcage coils. Capacitance estimation was achieved by maximizing the magnitude of the port impedance at the desired frequency while simultaneously minimizing the variance of RF magnetic field in the region of interest. In order for the proposed methods to be conveniently applicable, two software tools, resonant mode and frequency domain analyzer (RM‐FDA) and Optimum Capacitance Finder (OptiCF), were developed. Simulation results for the validation and verification of the software tools are provided for different cases including human head simulations. Additionally, two handmade birdcage coils (low‐pass and high‐pass) were built and resonance mode measurements were made. Results of the software tools are compared with the measurement results as well as with the results of the lumped circuit modeling based method. It has been shown that the proposed software tools can be used for accurate simulation and design of birdcage coils. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Concepts Magn Reson Part B (Magn Reson Engineering) 45B: 13–32, 2015
A switch‐utilization‐improved switched‐inductor switched‐capacitor converter with adapting stage number
Authors: Chang Yuen‐Haw , Chen Yu‐Jhang 
Published: June 2015

SUMMARYA novel closed‐loop switched‐inductor switched‐capacitor converter (SISCC) is proposed by using the pulse‐width‐modulation (PWM) compensation for the step‐up DC–DC conversion/regulation, and together by combining the adaptive‐stage‐number (ASN), control for the higher switch utilization and wider supply voltage range. The power part of SISCC is composed of two cascaded sub‐circuits, including (i) a serial‐parallel switched‐capacitor circuit withncpumping capacitors and (ii) a switched‐inductor booster withmcresonant capacitors, so as to obtain the high step‐up gain of (nc + 1) × mc /(1 − D) at most, whereDis the duty cycle of PWM adopted to enhance output regulation as well as robustness to source/loading variation. Besides, the ASN control is presented with adapting the stage numbern(n = 0, 1, 2, …, nc) of pumping capacitors to obtain a flexible gain of (n + 1) × mc /(1 − D), and further in order to make the SISCC operating at a properly small duty cycle for improving switch utilization and/or supply voltage range. Some theoretical analysis and control design include formulation, steady‐state analysis, ASN‐based conversion ratio, efficiency, output ripple, stability, inductance and capacitance selection, and control design. Finally, the performance of this scheme is verified experimentally on an ASN‐based SISCC prototype, and all results are illustrated to show the efficacy of this scheme. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The mouse gene expression database: New features and how to use them effectively
Authors: Finger Jacqueline H. , Smith Constance M. , Hayamizu Terry F. , McCright Ingeborg J. , Xu Jingxia , Eppig Janan T. , Kadin James A. , Richardson Joel E. , Ringwald Martin 
Published: June 2015

SummaryThe Gene Expression Database (GXD) is an extensive and freely available community resource of mouse developmental expression data. GXD curates and integrates expression data from the literature, via electronic data submissions, and by collaborations with large‐scale projects. As an integral component of the Mouse Genome Informatics Resource, GXD combines expression data with genetic, functional, phenotypic, and disease‐related data, and provides tools for the research community to search for and analyze expression data in this larger context. Recent enhancements include: an interactive browser to navigate the mouse developmental anatomy and find expression data for specific anatomical structures; the capability to search for expression data of genes located in specific genomic regions, supporting the identification of disease candidate genes; a summary displaying all the expression images that meet specified search criteria; interactive matrix views that provide overviews of spatio‐temporal expression patterns (Tissue × Stage Matrix) and enable the comparison of expression patterns between genes (Tissue × Gene Matrix); data zoom and filter utilities to iteratively refine summary displays and data sets; and gene‐based links to expression data from other model organisms, such as chicken, Xenopus, and zebrafish, fostering comparative expression analysis for species that are highly relevant for developmental research. genesis 53:510–522, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Radial glial cell‐specific ablation in the adult Zebrafish brain
Authors: Shimizu Yuki , Ito Yoko , Tanaka Hideomi , Ohshima Toshio 
Published: June 2015

SummaryThe zebrafish brain can continue to produce new neurons in widespread neurogenic brain regions throughout life. In contrast, neurogenesis in the adult mammalian brain is restricted to the subventricular zone (SVZ) and dentate gyrus (DG). In neurogenic regions in the adult brain, radial glial cells (RGCs) are considered to function as neural stem cells (NSCs). We generated a Tg(gfap:Gal4FF) transgenic zebrafish line, which enabled us to express specific genes in RGCs. To study the function of RGCs in neurogenesis in the adult zebrafish brain, we also generated a Tg(gfap: Gal4FF; UAS:nfsB‐mcherry) transgenic zebrafish line, which allowed us to induce cell death exclusively within RGCs upon addition of metronidazole (Mtz) to the media. RGCs expressing nitroreductase were specifically ablated by the Mtz treatment, decreasing the number of proliferative RGCs. Using the Tg(gfap:Gal4FF; UAS:nfsB‐mcherry) transgenic zebrafish line, we found that RGCs were specifically ablated in the adult zebrafish telencephalon. The Tg(gfap:Gal4FF) line could be useful to study the function of RGCs. genesis 53:431–439, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Electrochemically Exfoliated Black Phosphorus Nanosheets – Prospective Field Emitters
Authors: Erande Manisha B. , Suryawanshi Sachin R. , More Mahendra A. , Late Dattatray J. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractHerein we report field emission (FE) investigations on an electrochemically exfoliated few‐layered black phosphorus nanosheet emitter at a base pressure of approximately 1 × 10–8 mbar. The turn‐on electric field required to draw an emission current density of approximately 10 μA/cm2 is found to be about 4.2 V/μm. Furthermore, few‐layered black phosphorus nanosheet emitters deliver an emission current density of about 170 μA/cm2 at an applied field of about 7.5 V/μm. The emission current vs. time plot measured at preset current values of about 5 μA shows emission current fluctuations within ±10 % of the average value, indicating the highly stable nature of the black phosphorus field emitter. Thus, the 2D black phosphorus nanosheets synthesized using the simple electrochemical exfoliation method can be utilized for micro/nanoelectronics and flat panel FE display applications.
Enantioselective Synthesis of Quaternary Carbon Stereogenic Centers through the Primary Amine‐Catalyzed Michael Addition Reaction of α‐Substituted Cyclic Ketones at High Pressure
Authors: Horinouchi Ryo , Kamei Kouhei , Watanabe Riki , Hieda Nobushige , Tatsumi Naoki , Nakano Keiji , Ichikawa Yoshiyasu , Kotsuki Hiyoshizo 
Published: June 2015

AbstractThe enantioselective Michael addition reaction of α‐substituted cyclic ketones with acrylates was efficiently promoted by a primary amine chiral catalyst under high‐pressure conditions (1.0 GPa) in tetrahydrofuran. This method was highly successful for the construction of an all‐carbon‐substituted quaternary‐carbon stereogenic center at the α‐position of cyclic ketones in high enantiomeric excess, and could be conveniently applied to the formal synthesis of (+)‐aspidospermidine.
Synthesis and Energetic Properties of 4‐Diazo‐2,6‐dinitrophenol and 6‐Diazo‐3‐hydroxy‐2,4‐dinitrophenol
Authors: Klapötke Thomas M. , Preimesser Andreas , Stierstorfer Jörg 
Published: June 2015

Abstract4‐Amino‐3,5‐dinitroaniline (3) was synthesized by fluorine/amine exchange of 4‐fluoro‐3,5‐dinitroaniline in ethanol. 4‐Diazo‐2,6‐dinitrophenol (Iso‐DDNP, 4) was obtained after nitration in HNO3 (100 %) and acetic anhydrid. 4‐Amino‐2,3,5‐trinitrophenol (7) was obtained by nitration of N‐(4‐acetoxyphenyl)acetamide and deprotection of the amine. Further nitration resulted in 6‐diazo‐3‐hydroxy‐2,4‐dinitrophenol (8). The thermal stability and sensitivity of 4 and 8 toward impact and friction was compared to commercially used DDNP (2‐diazo‐4,6‐dinitrophenol). All target compounds were characterized by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction, NMR and elemental analysis and DSC. The sensitivities were determined by BAM methods (drophammer and friction tester). The heats of formation were calculated by using CBS‐4M electronic enthalpies and the atomization method. Various detonation parameters such as detonation velocity and pressure were computed by using the EXPLO5 computer code V6.01.
Asymmetric Formal [3+2] Cycloaddition Reaction of Succinaldehyde and Nitroalkene Catalyzed by Diphenylprolinol Silyl Ether
Authors: Umemiya Shigenobu , Hayashi Yujiro 
Published: June 2015

AbstractThe enantioselective domino Michael/Henry reaction of nitroalkenes with succinaldehyde was found to proceed efficiently upon using diphenylprolinol silyl ether as the organocatalyst. The reaction affords cis‐disubstituted nitropentenes with excellent diastereoselectivities and enantioselectivities after treatment of the Michael product with Ac2O and pyridine.