bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sodium Sulfate in Gas Turbines★
Authors: SIMONS EDWARD L. , BROWNING GEORGE V. , LIEBHAFSKY H. A. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Sodium sulfate forms when residual fuels are burned in gas turbines. Its presence in the deposits which may appear on the working surfaces has undesirable physical and chemical effects. The physical effects are discussed in terms of sintering and melting. The chemical effects considered are the various possible corrosion reactions. Although all of these reactions are complex, simplified mechanisms for them are proposed, which are consistent with the experimental results and with general experience.
In particular, the violent destruction of a high temperature alloy by sodium sulfate in large excess is attributed to the triggering of an autocatalytic reaction involving this salt. Even with thin films of sodium sulfate, enhanced oxidation is observed when the atmosphere is alternately reducing and oxidizing. The following mechanism is suggested for this enhancement. Lower-valent sulfur produced in a reducing environment leads to the formation of a liquid metal-metal sulfide eutectic, which penetrates the alloy. The metal dissolved in this eutectic is more rapidly oxidized by atmospheric oxygen than is the sulfur-free alloy. Sodium sulfate itself appears to be innocuous so long as all lower-valent sulfur is absent.
Because sodium sulfate will be formed from any sodium compound present in residual fuels, the General Electric Gas Turbine Department has undertaken large-scale measures to remove sodium compounds from the fuels before combustion. Results so far are promising.
Corrosion Studies on a Model Rotary Air-Preheater★
Authors: THURLOW G. G. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Tests have been carried out on a model rotary air heater in an attempt to study, on a laboratory scale, corrosion phenomena under conditions similar to those experienced in industrial practice.
The acid dew-point of the combustion gases used varied from 240 to 320 F and maximum corrosion occurred at surface temperatures within the range 215–240 F. The results confirm previous conclusions as to the influence of the acid dew-point and of the sulfur trioxide content of the gases on corrosion.
High Temperature Hydrogen Sulfide Corrosion★
Authors: BACKENSTO E. B. , DREW R. D. , STAPLEFORD C. C. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
High temperature hydrogen sulfide corrosion of carbon steel and low chrome alloys has become a serious problem in the petroleum industry in connection with the increasing use of high pressure hydrogenation and dehydrogenation processes for upgrading petroleum fractions.
The effect of temperature, pressure and hydrogen sulfide concentration on the corrosion rate of a wide range of commonly used carbon steels and alloys has been determined in laboratory tests. It has been established that the low chrome alloys (up to 5 percent chromium) which have been used to combat sulfur corrosion in fractionation and cracking equipment, show little or no advanage over carbon steel in resisting attack by hydrogen sulfide. Of the conventional alloy steels tested, only the 18-8 chrome nickel and higher alloys have shown good resistance to this type of corrosion over a wide range of pressure, temperature and hydrogen sulfide concentration. It was found that aluminum coated steels also showed very good corrosion resistance.
Three methods were proposed for minimizing hydrogen sulfide corrosion: (1) Reduction of hydrogen sulfide in process streams, (2) Use of chrome-nickel alloys, and (3) Protection of metals by aluminum coating.
Magnetic Amplifier Type Recording Instrument For Electrolysis Survey
Authors: TANAKA MICHIO , YAMAGUCHI JIRO , SAKURAI YOSHIFUMI 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
In order to make plans for corrosion control of underground metallic structures it is necessary to survey the sheath current and potential against the ground. A current and voltage recording instrument which was designed for making an electrolysis survey is described and field tests results are reported. The instrument consists of a push-pull self-saturation type magnetic amplifier and a conventional electrical recording voltmeter. It was found to perform as follows:For obtaining 0.6 volt (this corresponds to the full scale 50 mm in the recording meter used), input voltage of the amplifier with Mo-Permalloy cores was 0.48 millivolt for sheath current measurement and 740 millivolts for cable to ground potential measurement in case of the power source of 90 cps with rectangular wave form.Response time was 7 cycles for current measurement and 4.5 cycles for voltage measurement.When the source was supplied from the power line (60 cps), the amplification factors decreased about 10 to 35 percent.
The device had good stability, negligible drift and rugged construction. Therefore it is clear that this device is suitable for field test. 4.5.3
Corrosion of Metals by Liquid Fertilizer Solutions★
Authors: VREELAND D. C. , KALIN S. H. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Laboratory corrosion tests were conducted on aluminum, carbon steel, chromium, and chromium-nickel stainless steels to evaluate their suitability as constructional materials for storage, transport, and applicator tanks for “nitrogen” and “complete-mix” liquid fertilizers. Two types of corrosion tests were conducted: (1) Partial immersion of small specimens of each material in each fertilizer solution, and (2) Simulated service tests in which small tanks fabricated of each of the test materials were partially filled with each of the fertilizer solutions. The amount and type of corrosion was evaluated by weight-loss determinations, thickness changes, pit-depth measurements, and metallographic examinations.
The results of the corrosion tests showed that in the nitrogen fertilizer solutions aluminum and several chromium and chromium-nickel stainless steels, were not attacked while carbon steel was attacked. In the complete-mix fertilizer solutions, only the chromium-nickel stainless steels were not attacked while aluminum, carbon steel, and three chromium stainless steels were attacked.
Service tests are being considered on carbon steel and some of the stainless steels that had satisfactory corrosion resistance in the laboratory tests. 4.3.4
Internal Casing Corrosion in Sour Oil Wells★
Authors: CALDWELL J. A. , LYTLE M. L. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
A low-cost method of reducing internal casing corrosion in sour oil wells is needed. Results of laboratory weight loss tests suggest that treatment of the inside of the casing with an oil-inhibitor mixture may be a feasible solution. Results of other laboratory tests show that the weight of a paraffin-oil-inhibitor mixture adhering to a steel coupon is several times that of the film deposited from an oil-inhibitor mixture alone. Preliminary results of a field test on two wells showed that rapid injection of several barrels of an oil-inhibitor mixture into the tubing-casing annulus gave complete coverage of the outside of the tubing in the gas space and that the film remained intact for at least six months. It is probable that the inside of the casing in the gas space also was completely covered by the oil-inhibitor mixture.
The Cathodic Protection of Metallic Structures In Marine Environments★
Authors: BOWEN W. A. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Theoretical and practical considerations involved in using cathodic protection in sea water are covered, including anode location, polarization, economics and other factors. Specific cases of cathodic protection application are mentioned, including drydocks and ships. Means of checking the effectiveness of cathodic protection are reviewed. The importance of supervision by competent personnel is mentioned, as is automatic control of potentials. Other topics discussed include use of compartmented cells, effect of cathodic protection current on marine growth and problems involved in making cathodic protection automatic. 5.2.1
Chemical Surface Preparation of Steel Prior to Painting★
Authors: PATTERSON H. E. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
The proper surface preparation of metal prior to painting is becoming more and more important to industry. Experience has proven that a properly prepared surface will greatly increase the life of a paint system and the product and reduce maintenance costs.
Advantages and disadvantages of various types of cleaning are listed. Methods discussed include solvent cleaning, alkali cleaning, emulsifiable solvent cleaning, steam cleaning, and acid cleaning. Other topics covered include pickling, the treating of pickled metal, the use of inhibitors in pickling, and the use of phosphate coatings. 5.9.2
Quantitative Comparison of Surface Finishes And Heat Treatment of Stainless Steel With Respect to Corrosion by Jet Fuels★
Authors: CARLSON R. G. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Samples were made from free machining AISI 440C stainless steel. They were identically hardened and tempered at 16 different tempering temperatures. The samples were then given five different surface finishes (i.e., grit blast, chro honed, ball burnished, ground and carborundum blast). After initial weighing the samples were subjected to a corrosion environment of JP-4 fuel and water. The samples were removed at varying times, cleaned, and again weighed. Weight losses were compared for different tempering temperatures and different surface finishes.
From the test results it was concluded that: (1) This steel should not be heated above 400 C (750 F) for greatest corrosion resistance, (2) Corrosion is greater when no JP-4 fuel is above the water, (3) The order of corrosion resistance was due largely to surface roughness of the different finishes. This order, in decreasing corrosion resistance, is as follows: (a) Ground surface, (b) Ball burnished, (c) Carborundum blast, (d) Chro honed, (e) Grit blast. 6.2.5
Inhibiting a Cooling Water Tower System★
Authors: WHITNEY F. L. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
When recirculating cooling tower systems are used as a source of cooling water for plant operations, quality and composition of the initial and make-up water systems are not the only factors to be considered when selecting an inhibitor. Also important are the contaminating factors introduced from the atmosphere.
This paper describes a situation wherein at one plant the initial inhibitor treatment became ineffective due to expansion of plant activities and introduction of additional and greater amounts of atmospheric contamination. The value of laboratory screening tests followed by plant tests to assure proper protection are discussed. As a result of this incident the value of continuous testing in the field in a versatile and ever-growing plant is reported. 4.6.4
Inhibiting Effect of Hydrofluoric Acid In Fuming Nitric Acid on Liquid and Gas Phase Corrosion of Several Metals
Authors: MASON DAVID M. , TAYLORS LOIS L. , RITTENHOUSE JOHN B. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Measurements were made at 130 degrees F of the extent of corrosion of several metals exposed to the liquid and the gas phase of thermally stable nitric acid containing 11 to 13 weight percent nitrogen dioxide and 2 to 4 weight percent water with and without hydrofluoric acid added as a corrosion inhibitor. Liquid-phase corrosion of the following metals was readily inhibited by hydrofluoric acid in fuming nitric acid of this composition: aluminum alloys 2S-0 (1100), 14S-T6 (2014-T6), 17S-T4 (2017-T4), 24S-T4 (2024-T4), 61S-T6 (6061-T6), and 75S-T6 (7075-T6); aluminum 2S-0 welded to 356; and chromium-nickel steels 302, 303, 304, 321, 347, Armco 17-7PH, and Uniloy 19-9DL and 19-9DX. Carbon steel C1020 and chromium alloy steels 4130, 410, 430, and 446 having intact natural metal oxide films, which were formed in moist air, were inhibited by hydrofluoric acid. Corrosive attack of these steels without the oxide film, however, was aggravated by the presence of hydrofluoric acid in fuming nitric acid, the corrosion becoming more extensive the lower the chromium content of the steel. Commercially pure lead was inhibited by hydrofluoric acid, whereas pure chromium, Nickel-A, tantalum, and titanium alloys 75A and 130A were either only slightly inhibited or showed corrosion rates which actually were increased by presence of hydrofluoric acid in fuming nitric acid. Inhibition of gas-phase corrosion was found to occur readily in the case of the following metals tested: steels 303, 410, 430, and 446 and aluminum 61S-T6. Gas-phase corrosion of steels 4130 and 1020 was usually aggravated by hydrofluoric acid. Exposure of aluminum 61S-T6 and stainless steel 347 to fuming nitric acid with a repeated cycling of temperature between 70 and 160 degrees F was found not to impair the inhibiting effect of hydrofluoric acid on gas and liquid-phase corrosion of these metals.
A few tests of the liquid and gas-phase corrosion of aluminum 61S-T6 and steels C1020 and 347 by nitrogen dioxide at 130 degrees F were also made, and this medium was found in general to be much less corrosive than fuming nitric acid. 4.3.2
A Special N-80 Steel Tubing Developed in France To Resist Sulfide Stress Corrosion in Sour Gas Wells★
Authors: CAUCHOIS L. , DIDIER J. , HERZOG E. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
The presence of hydrogen sulfide in the Lacq gas field in France resulted in a number of equipment failures. It was found advisable to use a steel tubing having the N-80 grade steel mechanical properties but having a better sulfide stress corrosion resistance under the action of hydrogen sulfide than the conventional N-80 steel. The steel developed for this purpose was designated APS 10 M4 and was a chromium-aluminum-molybdenum alloy which had been heat treated in such a manner as to obtain a thermodynamically stable structure of carbon-free ferrite with highly dispersed fine carbides.
Specimens of the newly developed steel were subjected to a number of laboratory tests including the Jones Test, Cantilever Beam Test, U-Bend Test, Expansion Test, and Tensile Test. Extensive data are given from these tests. It was found that appropriately heat treated APS 10 M4 steel had a very high resistance to hydrogen sulfide as compared with other materials in general and with the conventional N-80 steel in particular.
Field tests were made on 23/⅜-inch tubing made from APS 10 M4 steel. After six months of testing it was found that the steel was sufficiently resistant to hydrogen sulfide to be satisfactory for use at the Lacq field. 3.2.2
Corrosion of Aluminum-Nickel Type Alloys In High Temperature Aqueous Service
Authors: KRENZ F. H. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Aluminum can be made resistant to high temperature water by small alloying additions of Ni, Fe and Cu. In the presence of adequate concentrations of the cathodic second phase formed by these additions, the high temperature attack changes from grain boundary penetration and blistering to a more desirable uniform overall attack. The latter causes two films to be formed on the corroding surface, Film A growing outward from the original surface and Film B growing inward into the metal. Film A reaches a limiting thickness after 2-3 weeks at 300 C, but Film B continues to grow linearly with time. At this stage the corrosion rate is acceptably low (~∼ 1 × 10−3 inches/yr) but the corrosion film is 10-20 μ thick, relatively brittle and subject to severe, mechanical damage in water flowing at high linear velocities. Reactor radiation has an insignificant effect upon corrosion. Heat fluxes of the order of 10O watts/cm2 also appear to have little, effect, though in this instance the effect may have been obscured by mechanical damage.
Extensive test data are reported on the corrosion resistance in high temperature water of three specially selected aluminum alloys. 4.6.5
Investigation of Inorganic Inhibitors for Minimizing Galvanic Corrosion of Magnesium Coupled to Aluminum★
Authors: KETCHAM SARA J. , BECK WALTER 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
A fundamental study has been conducted of some inhibitors found to be effective in reducing galvanic corrosion between magnesium alloy AZ31B and aluminum alloy 2024-T3 in saline solutions. The object of the study was to determine the mechanism of protection afforded by the inhibitors, Mg(V03)2, BaK2(CrO4)2, and CaS, singly and in combination. The effect of these inhibitors on the polarization characteristics of the metals was determined with the electrodes isolated in separate compartments, bridging being accomplished with agar-NaC1 bridges. In this group of tests, the polarization potentials, recovery potentials, and corrosion currents were measured, the latter by means of the zero resistance ammeter circuit. Additional tests were made with the electrodes in the same beaker, corrosion currents and corrosion rates being determined under these conditions.
Correlation of results from the potential, corrosion current, and corrosion rate data indicates that the Mg(VO3)2 and BaK2CCrO4)2 polarize the aluminum strongly in the anodic direction, thereby reducing the galvanic current and the weight loss of magnesium.
Weight loss on aluminum was related to the increase in alkalinity occurring in experiments made in the same beaker.
Corrosion current measurements may serve as a useful tool for the determination of effectiveness of inhibitors, but the method should not be used indiscriminately.
Practical conclusions should only be drawn from the results obtained in experiments with both metals exposed in the same compartment. 5.8.3
The Effect of NO, HNO2 and HNO3 On Corrosion of Stainless Steel by H2SO4★
Authors: McKINNELL W. P. , LOCKWOOD L. F. , SPEISER R. , BECK F. H. , FONTANA M. G. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Earlier work by other investigators has shown that nitrous acid is involved in the passivation of iron in concentrated nitric acid solutions. This paper describes the effect of nitric oxide, HNO2 and HNO3 on the corrosion of active Type 302 stainless steel by 10 percent H2SO4.
Specimens of Type 302 stainless steel, activated by abrading on 240 grit emery cloth and exposed to 10 percent H2SO4 solutions, were passivated by bubbling nitric oxide through the solution. Bubbling oxygen through the solution did not passivate these abraded specimens. Abraded specimens exposed to an atmosphere of nitric oxide before immersion in nitric oxide-free H2SO4 remained active. Spot tests of 10 percent H2SO4 treated with nitric oxide revealed the presence of nitrite and nitrate ions in the solution. The addition of one part of 10 percent HNO3 to 60 parts of 10 percent H2SO4 was found to produce passivity of abraded stainless steel specimens exposed to the solution. 4.3.2
Cathodic Protection of Iron In the Temperature Range 25 C-92 C★
Authors: HOEY G. R. , COHEN M. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
The cathodic protection of iron was studied in the temperature range 25 C to 92 C. The limiting protective current density and the open circuit cathodic current density for iron in dilute NaCl solution goes through a temperature maximum at roughly 75 C. This is explained in terms of the effect of decreasing oxygen solubility at the higher temperature on the local cathodic reaction, 2H+ + O2 + 4e = 20H-
Iron corrodes under cathodic control at room temperature, whereas at the higher temperatures there is a mixed cathodic-anodic control.
Cathodic polarization curves for iron in dilute NaCl solution were obtained in the temperature range 25 C to 92 C. Unsteady potentials were observed in the vicinity of the limiting protective current, whereas at higher and lower currents, steady potentials were observed. The current density at which the potential of the iron reaches —0.5 volt on the hydrogen scale gives satisfactory protection.
The nature of the corrosion products of iron is unaffected by temperature in the range studied. 5.2.2
The Current-Voltage Relationship Of Galvanic Anode Arrays in Cathodic Protection★
Authors: WALDRON L. J. , PETERSON M. H. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
The current output of full-scale arrays of several anode sizes in use by the U. S. Navy for the cathodic protection of ship hulls were determined. Impressed-current anodes formed from sheet steel were substituted for conventional galvanic anodes to reduce the weight and number of arrays necessary to obtain the desired information. Five anode sizes were investigated. A 1500-foot steel sea wall located in water with a resistivity of 34 to 38 ohm-cm acted as an un-polarizable cathode. The output currents were determined for driving potentials of 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 0.7, and 1.0 between the cathode and the anode arrays; hence the data can be used to estimate for any galvanic material both the initial current output of an anode array, and the continuing current output against a cathode polarized to a known potential.
The anodes in all arrays investigated suffered mutual interference as indicated by decreased current outputs from individual anodes as the number of anodes in the array increased. It was found that the addition of anodes is more efficient than a moderate separation of anodes in increasing the total current output.
An empirical equation was derived from the data of the continuous linear arrays which relates the current output to total anode area and driving potential. It may be used to estimate the current output of arrays for which more specific data have not been obtained, but these estimations should be confirmed by experimentation wherever possible. 5.2.2
Corrosion in a Hydrocarbon Conversion System★
Authors: PRANGE F. A. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Under some inexactly defined conditions, steels and alloys are attacked by atmospheres resulting from oxidation of hydrocarbon. In a fixed-bed catalytic system for dehydrogenation of butane the metal loss which contaminates the catalyst with a fine oxide dust causes undesirable side effects. The way in which the metal loss occurs is described and the effects of alloying agents on both laboratory tests and actual equipment are mentioned. Some examples of metal dusting give a clue to the mechanism of metal loss, but are not complete enough to define it fully. 4.4.6
Control of Internal Corrosion of Petroleum Products Pipelines With Oil Soluble Inhibitors★
Authors: BARUSCH M. R. , HASKELL L G. , PIEHL R. L 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
This article summarizes the corrosion inhibitor program of a products pipeline system since its initial operation eight years ago. Initially alkaline sodium nitrite solutions were utilized for corrosion protection. This material was an effective corrosion inhibitor, but its use resulted in the production of large quantities of rust and scale, and in addition contributed to water cloud problems. Use of an oil soluble corrosion inhibitor minimized these problems and resulted in improved protection of the pipeline. During the past three years an average internal corrosion rate of only 0.025 mil per year was observed, in spite of the fact that prolonged periods occurred when no inhibited product contacted sections of the pipe.
A mechanism explaining the behavior of oil soluble corrosion inhibitors in a pipeline is presented. This theory accounts for the outstanding effectiveness of such materials and explains why they protect the metal during the prolonged periods when uninhibited stocks are present. The use of more than one oil soluble corrosion inhibitor in products transported through a pipeline causes mixtures of inhibitor molecules to be adsorbed on the surface of the pipe. One inhibitor in contact with the pipe tends to displace another inhibitor previously adsorbed on the surface. This results in some interchange of the corrosion inhibitors in the products transported. The degree of protection realized from the use of several corrosion inhibitors in a pipeline system is discussed. 5.8.2