bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assessment of FLUENT Code as a Tool for SCW Heat Transfer Analysis
Authors: Farah Amjad , Harvel Glenn , Pioro Igor 
Published: February 2014

Generation-IV SuperCritical Water-cooled Reactors (SCWRs) are expected to have high thermal efficiencies within the range of 45–50% owing to the reactor’s high pressures and outlet temperatures. The behavior of supercritical water however, is not well understood and most of the methods available to predict the effects of the heat transfer phenomena within the pseudocritical region are based on empirical one-directional correlations which do not capture the multi-dimensional effects and do not provide accurate results in regions such as the deteriorated heat transfer regime.
Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) is a numerical approach to model fluids in multidimensional space using the Navier-Stokes equations and databases of fluid properties to arrive at a full simulation of a fluid dynamics and heat transfer system.
In this work, the CFD code, FLUENT-12, is used with associated software such as Gambit and NIST REFPROP to predict the Heat Transfer Coefficients at the wall and corresponding wall temperature profiles inside vertical bare tubes with SuperCritical Water (SCW) as the cooling medium. The numerical results are compared with experimental data and 1-D models represented by existing empirical correlations.
Analysis of the individual heat-transfer regimes is conducted using an axisymmetric 2-D model of tubes of various lengths and composed of different nodalizations along the heated length. Wall temperatures and heat transfer coefficients were analyzed to select the best model for each region (below, at and above the pseudocritical region). Two turbulent models were used in the process: k-ε and k-ω, with variations in the sub-model parameters such as viscous heating, thermal effects, and low-Reynolds number correction.
Results of the analysis show a fit of ±10% for the wall temperatures using the SST k-ω model in the deteriorated heat transfer regime and less than ±5% for the normal heat transfer regime. The accuracy of the model is higher than any empirical correlation tested in the mentioned regimes, and provides additional information about the multidimensional effects between the bulk-fluid and wall temperatures.
Heat Transfer Correlation for Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Flowing in Vertical Bare Tubes
Authors: Gupta Sahil , Saltanov Eugene , Pioro Igor 
Published: February 2014

Canada among many other countries is in pursuit of developing next generation (Generation IV) nuclear-reactor concepts. One of the main objectives of Generation-IV concepts is to achieve high thermal efficiencies (45–50%). It has been proposed to make use of SuperCritical Fluids (SCFs) as the heat-transfer medium in such Gen IV reactor design concepts such as SuperCritical Water-cooled Reactor (SCWR). An important aspect towards development of SCF applications in novel Gen IV Nuclear Power Plant (NPP) designs is to understand the thermodynamic behavior and prediction of Heat Transfer Coefficients (HTCs) at supercritical (SC) conditions.
To calculate forced convection HTCs for simple geometries, a number of empirical 1-D correlations have been proposed using dimensional analysis. These 1-D HTC correlations are developed by applying data-fitting techniques to a model equation with dimensionless terms and can be used for rudimentary calculations.
Using similar statistical techniques three correlations were proposed by Gupta et al. [1] for Heat Transfer (HT) in SCCO2. These SCCO2 correlations were developed at the University of Ontario Institute of Technology (Canada) by using a large set of experimental SCCO2 data (∼4,000 data-points) obtained at the Chalk River Laboratories (CRL) AECL. These correlations predict HTC values with an accuracy of ±30% and wall temperatures with an accuracy of ±20% for the analyzed dataset. Since these correlations were developed using data from a single source - CRL (AECL), they can be limited in their range of applicability. To investigate the tangible applicability of these SCCO2 correlations it was imperative to perform a thorough error analysis by checking their results against a set of independent SCCO2 tube data.
In this paper SCCO2 data are compiled from various sources and within various experimental flow conditions. HTC and wall-temperature values for these data points are calculated using updated correlations presented in [1] and compared to the experimental values. Error analysis is then shown for these datasets to obtain a sense of the applicability of these updated SCCO2 correlations.
Research of Seawater Effects on Thermal-Hydraulic Behavior at Severe Accident: 1 — Research Plan and Results of Preliminary Experiments
Authors: Liu Wei , Nagatake Taku , Takase Kazuyuki , Yoshida Hiroyuki , Nagase Fumihisa 
Published: February 2014

The development of analytical method to predict and assess the current state of the reactor cores of Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant is required. Experimental researches are also required to obtain data to verify the analytical results and to understand the phenomena that are important to the accident progress evaluation.
In the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant accident, seawater was injected into the reactors to cool down nuclear fuels. Core cooling with seawater has never been assumed and the effect of seawater on heat transfer in core is not clear. Then, effects of seawater on thermal-hydraulic behavior must be investigated to understand the phenomena occurred in the accident and to evaluate current state of the reactor cores.
In this series of research work, the effects of seawater on thermal-hydraulic behavior before and after degradation of the cores will be researched experimentally. Experimental results will be incorporated to numerical simulation codes to evaluate effects of seawater on the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant accident. In the experimental research part, we have a plan performing two heat transfer experiments to evaluate thermal hydraulic performance of sea water and effects of salt precipitation. A precipitation state confirmation experiment is performed to obtain basic information required for the experiments with salt precipitation. In this paper, outline of the research plan is explained and the results of the precipitation state confirmation experiment is shown.
Predicting Thermal Mixing and Fatigue Inside Control Rod Guide Tubes
Authors: Lillberg Eric 
Published: February 2014

The cracked control rods shafts found in two Swedish NPPs were subjected to thermal fatigue due to mixing of cold purge flow with hot bypass water in the upper part of the top tube on which the control rod guide tubes rests. The interaction between the jets formed at the bypass water inlets is the main source of oscillation resulting in low frequency downward motion of hot bypass water into the cold purge flow. This ultimately causes thermal fatigue in the control rod shaft in the region below the four lower bypass water inlets.
The transient analyses shown in this report were done to further investigate this oscillating phenomenon and compare to experimental measurements of water temperatures inside the control rod guide tube. The simulated results show good agreement with experimental data regarding all important variables for the estimation of thermal fatigue such as peak-to-peak temperature range, frequency of oscillation and duration of the temperature peaks.
The results presented in this report show that CFD using LES methodology and the open source toolbox OpenFOAM is a viable tool for predicting complex turbulent mixing flows and thermal loads.
Thermal Conductivity Measurements for Simulated PWR Crud
Authors: Wang G. , Byers W. A. , Young M. Y. , Deshon J. , Karoutas Z. , Oelrich R. L. 
Published: February 2014

This paper describes a laboratory test program to measure the thermal conductivity of corrosion product deposits on the surface of a Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR) fuel rod under a variety of thermal hydraulic conditions. This thermal conductivity information is necessary to allow more accurate predictions of fuel rod surface temperatures in the presence of fuel deposits, commonly known as crud.
In this paper, a four regime theory and methodology are proposed and utilized for crud thermal conductivity measurements and calculations. The relevant measurements were performed at the Westinghouse Advanced Loop Tester (WALT) facility, which is a single rod crud thermal-hydraulic test loop built at the Westinghouse Science and Technology Center (STC). This facility is described and then selected experiments and calculated results of this study are presented and discussed.
Analysis of Accident Progression of Fukushima Daiichi NPPs With SAMPSON Code
Authors: Naitoh Masanori , Pellegrini Marco , Mizouchi Hideo , Suzuki Hiroaki , Okada Hidetoshi 
Published: February 2014

The Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant units 1, 2, and 3 had serious damages due to the huge earthquake and tsunami which occurred on March 11th 2011. Pressure transients in the reactor pressure vessels (RPVs) of the units 1, 2, and 3 were analyzed with the severe accident analysis code, SAMPSON for a few days from the scram until occurrence of depressurization. Since preliminary analysis results with the original SAMPSON showed difference from the measured data, the following phenomena were newly considered in the current analyses.
For unit 1: Damage of a source range monitor, which is one of in-core monitors.
For unit 2: Part load operation of the reactor core isolation cooling system.
For unit 3: Part load operation of the high pressure coolant injection system.
The calculation results showed fairly good agreements with the measured pressure data and showed RPV bottom damage for all the units resulting in falling of debris in the core region into the pedestal of the drywell.
Shielding Calculation Research Based on Point-Kernel Integral Method
Authors: Yin Yuhao , Ding Sizhong , Huang Yichao 
Published: February 2014

Point-kernel integral method, which has been verified by authorities, is widely used in radiation shielding calculations. In this article, we introduced point-kernel integral method in detail. Calculations have been performed for the radiation shielding design of TEG (gaseous waste processing system) system of one Chinese CRP1000 reactor, using the point-kernel integral codes QAD-CGA and Microshield 9. Dose results calculated by the two representative codes are compared from several aspects. We also focus our discussion on the impact of buildup factors that are fitted by different kinds of methods, which are the most important parameters in point-kernel integral method.
From the discussion in this article, we can draw the conclusions that 1)both of the two codes are of accurate and consistent calculation results, shielding calculation results are convinced; Microshield 9 proved to be reasonably reliable compared to results of traditional code QAD-CGA; 2) compared with QAD-CGA, Microshield 9 uses the latest database and simpler input form, but cannot calculate more than one source at one time; 3) buildup factor plays the most important role in point-kernel integral method; the two codes adopt different kinds of buildup factor fitting method; for the difference of dose calculation results using buildup factor or not, QAD-CGA is a little higher than Microshield 9 because of the different buildup factor calculation principles; 4) besides, the buildup factor reference material is advised to use either the last or the most dominant shielding.
The Document Management of Major Scientific Projection of Fusion
Authors: Wang Shenji , Fu Xiaofeng , Ye Minyou , Li Jia , Gong Meijing 
Published: February 2014

As we all know the nuclear energy is becoming more and more important in our current life, as well in the future. Considering the radiation protection, nuclear safety, security, fusion attracts more and more view of scientists compared with fission. International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) is the world’s biggest energy research project, aiming to prove the feasibility of fusion power as a possible source of safe, sustainable and abundant energy. China together with EU, India, Japan, the Russian Federation, South Korea and the USA are working together on this major research facility. It is an example of international scientific collaboration on an unprecedented scale that will provide the link between plasma physics and engineering and future commercial fusion-based power plants. ITER design and construction have resulted in new issue that how the seven members collaborate all over the earth. So the Document Management has become the indispensable part. This article according to the document management of ITER, as we all know, the IDM system analysis the key point of scan and search, document operating, security settings, process controlling and other information.
In order to progress the document management of major scientific project of fusion for China, for example the China Fusion Engineering Test Reactor (CFETR), the first step we should learn from IDM of ITER. Then try to solve the current problem of IDM, such as the response speed, operating difficulty and so on.
This paper gives a conceptual design solution for the document management system of major scientific projection like CFETR including document storage, document classification and nomenclature, access control, workflow and roles setting of the system.
Physiological Response, Time–Motion Characteristics, and Reproducibility of Various Speed-Endurance Drills in Elite Youth Soccer Players: Small-Sided Games Versus Generic Running
Authors: Ade Jack D. , Harley Jamie A. , Bradley Paul S. 
Published: February 2014

Purpose:To quantify the physiological responses, time–motion characteristics, and reproducibility of various speed-endurance-production (SEP) and speed-endurance-maintenance (SEM) drills.Methods:Sixteen elite male youth soccer players completed 4 drills: SEP 1 v 1 small-sided game (SSG), SEP running drill, SEM 2 v 2 SSG, and SEM running drill. Heart-rate response, blood lactate concentration, subjective rating of perceived exertion (RPE), and time–motion characteristics were recorded for each drill.Results:The SEP and SEM running drills elicited greater (P < .05) heart-rate responses, blood lactate concentrations, and RPE than the respective SSGs (ES 1.1–1.4 and 1.0–3.2). Players covered less (P < .01) total distance and high-intensity distance in the SEP and SEM SSGs than in the respective running drills (ES 6.0–22.1 and 3.0–18.4). Greater distances (P < .01) were covered in high to maximum acceleration/deceleration bands during the SEP and SEM SSGs than the respective running drills (ES 2.6–4.6 and 2.3–4.8). The SEP SSG and generic running protocols produced greater (P < .05) blood lactate concentrations than the respective SEM protocols (ES 1.2–1.7). Small to moderate test–retest variability was observed for heart-rate response (CV 0.9–1.9%), RPE (CV 2.9–5.7%), and blood lactate concentration (CV 9.9–14.4%); moderate to large test–retest variability was observed for high-intensity-running parameters (CV > 11.3%) and the majority of accelerations/deceleration distances (CV > 9.8%) for each drill.Conclusions:The data demonstrate the potential to tax the anaerobic energy system to different extents using speed-endurance SSGs and that SSGs elicit greater acceleration/deceleration load than generic running drills.
Draft Genome Sequence of Ralstonia pickettii AU12-08, Isolated from an Intravascular Catheter in Australia
Authors: Zhang Li , Morrison Mark , Rickard Claire M. 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACT

Ralstonia pickettii
is a nonfermenting Gram-negative bacillus that creates a significant problem in clinical settings, as it is a widespread cause of nosocomial infections. Here, we report the draft genome sequence of
R. pickettii
AU12-08, isolated from an intravascular catheter tip.
Draft Genome Sequence of the Filamentous Cyanobacterium
Leptolyngbya
sp. Strain Heron Island J, Exhibiting Chromatic Acclimation
Authors: Paul Robin , Jinkerson Robert E. , Buss Kristina , Steel Jason , Mohr Remus , Hess Wolfgang R. , Chen Min , Fromme Petra 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACT

Leptolyngbya
sp. strain Heron Island is a cyanobacterium exhibiting chromatic acclimation. However, this strain has strong interactions with other bacteria, making it impossible to obtain axenic cultures for sequencing. A protocol involving an analysis of tetranucleotide frequencies, G+C content, and BLAST searches has been described for separating the cyanobacterial scaffolds from those of its cooccurring bacteria.
Complete Genome Sequence of Mycobacterium avium subsp.
paratuberculosis
, Isolated from Human Breast Milk
Authors: Bannantine John P. , Li Lingling , Mwangi Michael , Cote Rebecca , Raygoza Garay Juan A. , Kapur Vivek 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACT

Mycobacterium avium
subsp.
paratuberculosis
is the etiologic agent of Johne's disease in ruminants and has also been associated with human Crohn's disease. We report the complete genome sequence of
M. avium
subsp.
paratuberculosis
, isolated from the breast milk of a Crohn's disease patient. This sequence has high identity with characterized strains recovered from cattle.
Complete Genome Sequence of the WHO International Standard for HIV-1 RNA Determined by Deep Sequencing
Authors: Gall Astrid , Morris Clare , Kellam Paul , Berry Neil 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACT
The World Health Organization (WHO) International Standard for HIV-1 RNA nucleic acid assays was characterized by complete genome deep sequencing analysis. The entire coding sequence and flanking long terminal repeats (LTRs), including minority species, were assigned subtype B. This information will aid the design, development, and evaluation of HIV-1 RNA amplification assays.
Laboratory test ordering and results management systems: a qualitative study of safety risks identified by administrators in general practice
Authors: Bowie Paul , Halley Lyn , McKay John 
Published: February 2014

ObjectiveTo explore experiences and perceptions of frontline administrators involved in the systems-based management of laboratory test ordering and results handling in general medical practice.DesignQualitative using focus group interviews.SettingWest of Scotland general medical practices in three National Health Service (NHS) territorial board areas.ParticipantsConvenience samples of administrators (receptionists, healthcare assistants and phlebotomists).MethodsTranscript data were subjected to content analysis.ResultsA total of 40 administrative staff were recruited. Four key themes emerged: (1) system variations and weaknesses (eg, lack of a tracking process is a known risk that needs to be addressed). (2) Doctor to administrator communication (eg, unclear information can lead to emotional impacts and additional workload). (3) Informing patients of test results (eg, levels of anxiety and uncertainty are experienced by administrators influenced by experience and test result outcome) and (4) patient follow-up and confidentiality (eg, maintaining confidentiality in a busy reception area can be challenging). The key findings were explained in terms of sociotechnical systems theory.ConclusionsThe study further confirms the safety-related problems associated with results handling systems and adds to our knowledge of the communication and psychosocial issues that can affect the health and well-being of staff and patients alike. However, opportunities exist for practices to identify barriers to safe care, and plan and implement system improvements to accommodate or mitigate the potential for human error in this complex area.
Carotid artery stenting in nonagenarians: are there benefits in surgically treating this high risk population?
Authors: Wach Michael M , Dumont Travis M , Shakir Hakeem J , Snyder Kenneth V , Hopkins L Nelson , Levy Elad I , Siddiqui Adnan H 
Published: February 2014

BackgroundCarotid angioplasty and stenting (CAS) is considered desirable treatment for patients at high risk for carotid endarterectomy. Despite a growing elderly population, scant data exist on CAS in nonagenarians. Nonagenarians represent a high risk population for open and endovascular interventions due to unique anatomic and physiologic characteristics presenting significant challenges to anesthesiologists and surgeons. Studies have quantified that symptomatic and asymptomatic patients should survive 2 and 5 years, respectively, to gain benefit from revascularization; thus doubt exists on the value of CAS in nonagenarian patients because of their extreme age and unique risk factors. We therefore evaluated CAS safety and efficacy in our hospital's nonagenarian population.MethodsCAS cases performed in patients aged ≥90 years between April 2005 and January 2013 were retrospectively examined. Relevant demographic and medical data were reviewed. Rates of perioperative complications and complications until end of follow-up (including stroke, myocardial infarction, death) were compiled.ResultsAmong 21 nonagenarian cases of stent placement performed in 20 patients (11 symptomatic, nine asymptomatic), two patients suffered perioperative stroke after undergoing CAS and one died during the perioperative period. 50% of symptomatic patients were alive at 19 months; 50% of asymptomatic patients were alive at 47 months.ConclusionsCAS in nonagenarian patients carried increased risk of perioperative ischemic events, compared with contemporary trial results in symptomatic and asymptomatic patients. Further, mean survival time postprocedure fell short of guidelines for receiving procedural benefit. Although larger scale multicenter research is needed, we recommend careful consideration of overall health status when contemplating stenting in nonagenarians.
Loop invariants
Authors: Furia Carlo A. , Meyer Bertrand , Velder Sergey 
Published: February 2014

Software verification has emerged as a key concern for ensuring the continued progress of information technology. Full verification generally requires, as a crucial step, equipping each loop with a “loop invariant.” Beyond their role in verification, loop invariants help program understanding by providing fundamental insights into the nature of algorithms. In practice, finding sound and useful invariants remains a challenge. Fortunately, many invariants seem intuitively to exhibit a common flavor. Understanding these fundamental invariant patterns could therefore provide help for understanding and verifying a large variety of programs.
We performed a systematic identification, validation, and classification of loop invariants over a range of fundamental algorithms from diverse areas of computer science. This article analyzes the patterns, as uncovered in this study, governing how invariants are derived from postconditions; it proposes a taxonomy of invariants according to these patterns; and it presents its application to the algorithms reviewed. The discussion also shows the need for high-level specifications based on “domain theory.” It describes how the invariants and the corresponding algorithms have been mechanically verified using an automated program prover; the proof source files are available. The contributions also include suggestions for invariant inference and for model-based specification.