bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Response To Bunker Fuel Oil: The Options
Authors: Lunel Tim , Davies Louise 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
As a general “rule of thumb,” a dispersant response is not the most appropriate response to a spill of Intermediate Fuel Oil (IFO)-380 bunker fuel oil However, as with all rules of thumb, there are some exceptions. There has been increasing evidence that a limited number of oil spill dispersants can be used on certain types of oil spill where previously dispersants would not have been considered. A new dispersant tested in field trials carried out by AEA Technology in 1997 (Lunel and Lewis, 1999), indicated that there might be an opportunity to treat viscous emulsions and bunker fuel oils by dispersant spraying. Following these field trials, AEA Technology undertook a number of laboratory-based studies, including tests in France during the first week of the Erika spill, which indicate that IFO-180 and IFO-380 bunker fuel oils may be dispersible under favorable conditions when fresh and when lightly emulsified.
At present, the authors conclude that the rule of thumb—a dispersant response is not likely to be the most appropriate response to most spills of IFO-380—holds. However, the authors believe that there may be some conditions when a dispersant response can be considered as part of a response to a spill of IFO-380 to reduce the volume of oil beaching. It has been recognized by most experts dealing with this issue that a field trial is needed to establish the validity of this assertion. In the absence of a field trial, the authors believe that a dispersant response to IFO-380 can be considered providing that:The reduction of volume beaching will result in a significant net environmental or economic benefit.The sea temperature is 10°–15°C or greater.The dispersant to be used is COREXIT®9500, Dasic Slickgone LTSW, Inipol 90, or Superdispersant 25.The characteristics of the IFO-380 are known and have been assessed by an oil spill expert at the time of the spill.In situ monitoring is in place to assess whether the response is effective.
Fish and Wildlife Contingency Planning for Oil Spills: The Need for A National Wildlife Plan1
Authors: Ott Gary L. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
If responders believe preplanning will help them become more successful during an oil spill, a recent survey shows that they are not very successful at wildlife protection and response preplanning in Area Contingency Plans (ACPs), at least here on the Atlantic Coast. Wildlife planners in a few states, such as California and Alaska, have committed considerable resources to develop statewide goals, best practices, and standards for wildlife planning and have also described tactical implementation for wildlife protection. In most areas of the United States, however, planning for protection and rehabilitation of wildlife is limited to listing the name and phone number of the regional wildlife volunteer organization.
How is “success” achieved for wildlife protection and rehabilitation? Wildlife Resource Management Agencies have a responsibility to support the ACP planning process as well as to tell industry what they expect them to accomplish during an oil spill. Without goals and some tangible definition of success it is not possible for planners neither to determine if they have done adequate planning nor to determine if any given spill response actually met the Wildlife Resource Management Agency's expectations.
Wildlife Resource Management Agencies should provide the Area Committees with appropriate wildlife protection and response goals, recommended protocols, and best practices. The objective of the February 2001 workshop funded by the Prince William Sound Oil Spill Recovery Institute (OSRI) is to develop national standards and protocols relative to migratory birds affected or potentially affected by an oil spill. Perhaps these protocols and standards could be published in a National Wildlife Plan.
A National Wildlife Plan should enable the Area Committee to identify at least three things: (1) appropriate goals, such as which sensitive wildlife resources are most at risk and should be protected; (2) appropriate protocols and strategies for the protection and rehabilitation of wildlife including countermeasures to protect wildlife habitats and the most useful wildlife hazing and preemptive capture strategies to protect the maximum number of the most critical resources; and (3) levels of wildlife protection and response resources needed to accomplish these strategies.
The building of a National Wildlife Plan will require a thoughtfully structured consensus process. One method would be for representatives of Wildlife Resource Management Agencies to actively participate in workshops or in an ecological risk assessment process designed to reach consensus on a wide range of wildlife issues.
Offshore Operations Following the Erika Oil Spill
Authors: Cabioc'h Fanch , Peigne Georges 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
On December 12, 1999, the Maltese tanker Erika, loaded with 30,000 tons of heavy fuel oil and sailing from Dunkirk (France) to Livorno (Italy), broke up into two parts in bad weather and sank 40 miles off the Brittany coast in the northern part of the Biscay Bay. The very first assessment of the situation revealed that between 5,000 and 7,000 tons of Fuel Oil No. 6 had been released into the sea. French Customs remote-sensing aircraft revealed many black and thick slicks drifting southwards at a speed of 1.2 knots.
On December 15, a French oil recovery vessel (ORV) called Ailette arrived on-site equipped with a Transrec 250 skimmer in very rough seas and was followed a few days later by four other ORVs: Alcyon (French) and three other ships belonging to the European fleet, British Shield (United Kingdom), Neuwerk (Germany), and Area (Netherlands). Finally, after 2 weeks at sea, but only a few days during which conditions permitted the recovery operation to proceed, more than 1,100 tons were retrieved by the five ORVs.
This paper describes the cleanup operation at sea, and analyses problems and difficulties encountered because of bad weather, the way the slick evolved, the way subsequent floating slicks behaved and the difficulty in detecting them, and the limitations of the equipment available in the event of this major oil spill.
Do Trajectories Belong in Area Plans? A New Approach in California Using the Trajectory Analysis Planner (Tap II)1
Authors: Hall Heather Parker , Barker Christopher , Gautier Peter , Holmes Tim , Hardwick James 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The National Contingency Plan (NCP) requires that Area Contingency Plans (ACPs) be adequate to address the removal of a worst case discharge from a vessel or facility operating in or near the area. The U.S. Coast Guard took this requirement further by issuing guidance in 1992 that ACPs address response to worst case, maximum most probable, and most probable discharges. As a result, many ACPs include area-specific scenarios applying these discharge quantities. However, there remains very little guidance about including trajectories in the ACPs. For example, only three of California's six ACPs include trajectories from computer models; the remaining three contain only oil spill scenarios that incorporate committee-selected environmental conditions to help estimate where oil might go.
The 2000 revision of the San Francisco Bay and Delta ACP includes a new type of trajectory using the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA's) Trajectory Analysis Planner (TAP II). TAP II is a statistical model rather than a single scenario-based deterministic model. It generates statistics that describe oil spill behavior using an ensemble modeling approach. These statistics are generated from an ensemble of thousands of possible trajectories resulting from hundreds of oil spill scenarios computed within a given location. This approach is designed specifically for planning purposes, and not response. A statistics-based approach facilitates the planning process by providing key information, including which shorelines have the highest probability of being impacted, the size of the area that might be affected, how quickly a response should be mounted, what quantity of oil could impact a shoreline location, which resources will be oiled, which assets will be affected, and the most threatening origin of possible oil discharge. The authors describe how the TAP II model employs ensemble modeling, detail its application in the 2000 version of the San Francisco Bay and Delta ACP, and discuss possibilities for future applications.
Combining Oil and Hazardous Materials Worst Case Discharge Scenarios
Authors: Wolf Martha A. , Baker Chuck 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Consideration of credible worst case discharges (WCDs) is part of the contingency planning processes mandated by the Clean Air Act 112(r) and the Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (OPA 90) to be included in Facility Response Plans, Area Contingency Plans, Risk Management Plans, and other related plans. The WCD must be in accordance with the National Response Plan. The process of developing a WCD gives the facility or Area Committee a tool to determine the resources and training needed, and sensitive areas that need to be protected. While working with Area Committees in developing WCDs, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Region VIII has recognized the value of examining both oil and hazardous materials. In many cases, it is very effective to combine the two into one WCD, yet, in other cases, the scenario would be so far fetched that it is best to have two separate WCDs.
Response scenarios are complicated in those situations where an oil spill occurs along with the release of a hazardous chemical. For inland areas, the most likely scenarios involving the release of oil products and hazardous chemicals are associated with rail transportation adjacent to major waterways. Often, the oil spill will become of secondary importance when accompanied by a human life-threatening chemical release, but, with prior planning, human health can be protected and environmental damage associated with the oil spill can be minimized. Simultaneous oil and hazardous chemical releases complicate response actions. Additional agencies will be involved, and complications with regard to health and safety, and regulatory constraints are additional factors during these response actions. This paper describes some of these additional considerations in planning for an oil and hazardous chemical release and draw on the experiences derived from actual oil and hazardous material responses.
Cooperative Assessment of Natural Resource Injuries: Why Can It Work?
Authors: Grenon Stéphane , Waxman Jeffrey B. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Around the world, typically, when a spill situation occurs, the main objective of the responsible party (RP) is to reduce the costs of the response as much as possible. At the other end, governments will want to protect the environment in the most efficient manner. These two positions will often clash resulting in stalled interventions to the disadvantage of both parties. Unfortunately, this situation is common and can lead to prosecution of the ship by governmental authorities. Examples of this behavior were recently observed in some Canadian cases where response was prolonged unnecessarily because of a lack of collaboration from RP.
This paper will explore the benefits associated with a collaborative approach for the assessment of environmental damages between RP and governments. The authors will use a recent Canadian spill where such an approach was used to illustrate with concrete examples the benefits that where obtained.
A Case Study in Public Health Risk Assessment and Communication During the New Carissa In Situ Burning
Authors: Barnea Nir , Holloway Charles , Kirn Lilo , Orme Patricia 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The cargo vessel New Carissa ran aground in February 1999 in Coos Bay, Oregon, only a few miles from nearby towns with a total population of 26,000. When the ship began leaking oil, in situ burning remained the only viable option to minimize a potentially major spill. Experts at the local, state, and federal levels cooperated in using modeling, previously done research, and monitoring, to conduct a public health risk assessment of the smoke plume on residents in the nearby communities, which were found to be very low. Risk communication was done to provide this information to the public and the media. Easily accessible information on in situ burning and improved communication between the Unified Command and local public health officials are recommended for similar future incidents.
New Carissa Response Air Operations
Authors: Miller Judith A. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
In early February 1999, the unladen freighter M/V New Carissa ran aground near Coos Bay, Oregon. The subsequent oil spill, burning, and breaking, pumping, towing, and wreck removal efforts proved to be challenging and often unpredictable. Air operations were a critical and complex component of the New Carissa response. This paper contains an overview of the varied duties carried out utilizing aircraft, and discusses how both fixed-wing airplanes and helicopters were critical to response and salvage operations. The overview includes descriptions of air operations activities and discusses the types of aircraft utilized specific to each job. In addition, the challenges of successfully integrating air operations with the overall response will be addressed. New Carissa air operations included challenges, opportunities, and lessons that all responders will find useful.
IDENTIFICATION OF SENSITIVE AREAS FOR AREA CONTINGENCY PLANS IN ALASKA
Authors: Mutter Douglas L. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The Oil Pollution Act of 1990 requires identification of sensitive areas through the area contingency planning process. In 1992, a process was begun in Alaska to identify and document information about sensitive areas that could be affected by oil spills. Sensitive areas are based on natural resources and human uses, such as wildlife habitats, land management designations, fish hatcheries, cultural resources, hunting and fishing locations, and community water intakes. At the request of the U.S. Coast Guard, a Sensitive Areas Work Group (SAWG) was established in 1992 to prepare the “Sensitive Areas Section” of Alaska's first Subarea Contingency Plan (SCP).
The SAWG continues to identify sensitive areas for all 10 subareas of the state, covering 365 million acres of land and 47,000 miles of shoreline. The SAWG coordinates with and reviews sensitive areas identification and mapping carried out by federal and state agencies and oil spill response cooperatives. SAWG participants vary by subarea, but include federal and state natural resource trustee agencies, local governments, nonprofit organizations, oil spill response cooperatives, and oil industry companies. In 1995, the SAWG prepared a 5-year strategic plan with these objectives: (1) establish a process to develop and maintain sensitive areas information; (2) present, in a standard format, sensitive areas information in all 10 SCPs; (3) map sensitive areas and develop more detailed computer-generated maps; and (4) provide input to the development of detailed response plans.
Results to date include: (1) establishment of the SAWG as a statewide team for identifying and maintaining sensitive areas information for spill response planning; (2) completion of sensitive areas sections for all 10 SCPs; (3) participation with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) in preparing environmental sensitivity index (ESI) maps/data files for four subareas and initiating work on five others; and (4) participation in the creation of over 75 site-specific response strategies prepared by stakeholder teams for high-risk sensitive areas. The cooperative process used in Alaska could serve as a model for sensitive areas identification elsewhere.
OHMSETT TRAINS OIL SPILL RESPONDERS
Authors: Nolan Kathleen , Schmidt William , Lane James , Jensen David 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The OHMSETT Test Facility, operated by the U.S. Minerals Management Service, is dedicated to testing full-scale oil spill response equipment, conducting research on innovative spill response technology, and conducting training sessions with oil. The facility's most recent contribution to increasing marine environmental protection is training public and private oil spill responders in the use of new and existing response technologies in a test tank under controlled conditions. The U.S. Coast Guard (USCG) recently has increased the number and the frequency of their courses at OHMSETT. Increased training options and satisfied students make OHMSETT a unique training opportunity for the oil spill response community. Training at OHMSETT allows students to increase their recovery proficiency while receiving real-world training recognized by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and the USCG. OHMSETT also is researching the idea of using the Sandy Hook Bay for actual field exercises. This would be an additional option for the oil spill responders' course taught by the National Spill Control School at Texas A&M University-Corpus Christi.
RESPONSE QUALIFICATION SYSTEM: IS THE OIL SPILL RESPONSE INDUSTRY READY?
Authors: Linderman Ken 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The oil spill response industry is continuously driven to elevate the level of readiness of response personnel. The industry challenges itself to maintain a roster of spill response personnel that are trained and ready to fulfill “specialty functions” and operate “specialty equipment” in the event of a major oil spill.
It is easy to respond to questions like: “Who are your oil spill response vessel operators?” or “Who are your response barge crew members?” However, how should one react when presented with the next set of questions: “What are your vessel operators qualifications?” or “How do you determine what qualifies them to perform that function?” Since it provides emergency response, the oil spill response industry is now asked these questions and is required to provide definitive responses. To avoid becoming complacent, it is necessary to provide a training curriculum that goes beyond the basics.
A basic training program that simply includes a 24- or 40-hour HAZWOPER course coupled with a course on booming and skimmers will not suffice. The spill response industry is brimming with individuals that possess basic training. Today, to maintain a high state of response readiness, an oil spill training program must offer more than the basic components. To be effective, response personnel must maintain the highest level of competency to ensure readiness when responding to an oil spill. The industry must be confident that it will succeed in its responsibility to operate response equipment efficiently and effectively. It is imperative that the oil spill response industry demonstrates to the governing agencies that it has the personnel with the necessary skills to operate special equipment and fulfill the specialty functions that arise during the course of an oil spill response. If not, the industry is putting the environment and itself at risk. Therefore, Alaska Clean Seas' latest efforts have been directed toward developing a highly competent oil spill Response Qualification System (RQS).
AUTOMATED ICS: A FRAMEWORK FOR SUCCESS
Authors: Costanzo Don 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Over the years, many organizations have attempted to automate the Incident Command System (ICS). These attempts have ranged from computerizing T-cards to a nationwide spill operations system. Over time, these systems have had varying degrees of success. While certain inherent reasons exist for not automating ICS, they are outweighed by the tremendous potential of successful automation. The need to produce documentation, the integration of ICS sections, and the rapid change of information all lend themselves to automation. Successful ICS automation does not start with computerizing ICS forms. The hey to automating ICS is to automate both ICS and response processes. In a response effort, many separate and distinct processes occur daily. The requisitioning of resources, the planning and application of the response organization, cost accounting, and the development of an Incident Action Plan (IAP) occur many times during an incident. This paper describes a framework for automating and integrating these processes. This framework offers organizations a road map for successful ICS automation. The poster presentation includes a software demonstration that illustrates the benefits of integrated automation.
MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS USED FOR INLAND RESPONSES IN EPA REGION VIII
Authors: Wolf Martha A. , Christner Jan 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Management systems are a focus of Sub-Area Contingency Plans (SACPs) developed in the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Region VIII. The key element to planning is working with facilities and local, state, tribal, and federal agencies to provide for coordinated response to oil and hazardous materials emergencies. Because a variety of management systems are used, even within small subareas, negotiation, education, and practice are required to encourage responders to set up incident command and to be prepared for expansion into a unified command structure when justified by the nature of the incident.
SACPs currently are being prepared for areas as small as two counties and as large as twelve counties within two states, two EPA regions, and one Canadian province. The SACPs contain the information needed by the incident commander and support personnel to provide a coordinated response among facilities, local, state, tribal, and federal agencies. Plans include a notification tree showing how initial communications between agencies are handled, phone lists of emergency responders and authorities, response roles, equipment lists, lists of trained response personnel, immediate actions for oil spill response, and a summary of the incident command system with forms that may be used by those agencies without their own. In plans that cross into Canada, additional coordination is required to ensure that all affected parties participate in a common management system and include the appropriate parties.
Facilities that may pose potential hazards are included in the planning process to encourage communication, cooperation, and planning prior to and during an emergency. Facilities have a vested interest in participating because establishing relationships with local, state, and federal responders reduces conflict during an actual response and because swift, effective response will minimize the costs of initial response, long-term restoration, and natural resource damages. This paper presents successful techniques used in Region VIII to prepare consolidated response plans for use by all levels of responders.
DEVELOPING AN OIL SPILL MANAGEMENT SYSTEM FOR INDONESIA
Authors: Armstrong Louis J. , Gunawan Iwan 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Indonesia is a major player in the world's oil and gas development. Much of the oil and gas exported from Indonesia is produced in the coastal and offshore areas. Protection and management of coastal resources are therefore high priorities for the government of Indonesia. Given the high priority of protecting the coast, an integrated oil spill management system has been developed for the East Kalimantan area of Indonesia. The system is comprised of a Geographical Information System (GIS) for management and interpretation of marine, coastal, and oil production/transportation data integrated with an oil spill trajectory model.