bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Policing the Desert: The IOM in Libya Beyond War and Peace
Authors: Brachet Julien 
Published: August 2015

AbstractThe war that took place in Libya in 2011 forced 1.5 million people to leave the country. Many of them, from sub‐Saharan Africa, were helped to return to their countries of origin by the International Organization for Migration (IOM). This paper questions the purely humanitarian nature of the IOM intervention with references to its activities before and after the conflict. It shows that this organization has long participated in the implementation of European migration policies in Libya, and more widely in the Sahara, without being accountable to any people. Through the replacement of local politics by international crisis management, the Sahara is gradually integrated into a zone of international bureaucratic expedience. War and humanitarian intervention appear as contingencies in the progressive implementation of a global system of surveillance, spatial control and management of mobility in Africa.
The impact of ranibizumab on the level of intercellular adhesion molecule type 1 in the vitreous of eyes with proliferative diabetic retinopathy
Authors: Yan Ying , Zhu Li , Hong Ling , Deng Jun , Song Yanpin , Chen Xiao 
Published: August 2015

AbstractPurposeThis study was to investigate the impact of ranibizumab on the level of intercellular adhesion molecule type 1 (ICAM‐1) in the vitreous of eyes with PDR.MethodsThis is an interventional case–control study. A total of 82 eyes from 82 patients who had undergone vitreous surgery for the treatment of retinal disorders were included. Twenty‐two eyes with PDR received an intravitreal ranibizumab injection (IVR) 3–7 days before vitrectomy and were grouped as ‘PDR with recent IVR’ or Group 1. Sixteen eyes with PDR received IVR more than 7 days before vitrectomy and were grouped as ‘PDR with remote IVR’ or Group 2. Twenty‐two matched PDR eyes did not receive IVR before vitrectomy and were grouped as ‘PDR without IVR’ or Group 3. Finally, 22 eyes from 22 patients with idiopathic macular pucker (IMP) served as the ‘non‐diabetic control’ group, or Group 4. Vitreous samples were obtained at the time of vitrectomy from all eyes, and the levels of vascular endothelium growth factor (VEGF) and ICAM‐1 were analysed using ELISA.ResultsPDR without IVR (Group 3) had the highest vitreous VEGF concentration; the difference was significant compared with those in the PDR with recent IVR (Group 1), PDR with remote IVR (Group 2) and the non‐diabetic control group (Group 4) (p < 0.001). Group 2 had a lower vitreous VEGF level than Group 1 (p = 0.041). Group 1 had the highest vitreous ICAM‐1 levels (p < 0.001 versus. Groups 2, 3 and 4); Group 2 had a lower vitreous ICAM‐1 level than Group 3 (p = 0.028).ConclusionThe vitreous fluid level of ICAM‐1 was significantly increased within 1 week of IVR administration, but markedly decreased after a week of administration in eyes with PDR. This suggests that leucostasis, vascular leakage and endothelial dysfunction may be amplified in the early days after IVR, but that a therapeutic effect of IVR in these processes may appear after 1 week of ranibizumab administration in eyes with PDR.
The Upper Mississippi River floodscape: spatial patterns of flood inundation and associated plant community distributions
Authors: De Jager Nathan R. , Rohweder Jason J. , Yin Yao , Hoy Erin 
Published: August 2015

AbstractQuestionsHow is the distribution of different plant communities associated with patterns of flood inundation across a large floodplain landscape?LocationThirty‐eight thousand nine hundred and seventy hectare of floodplain, spanning 320 km of the Upper Mississippi River (UMR).MethodsHigh‐resolution elevation data (Lidar) and 30 yr of daily river stage data were integrated to produce a ‘floodscape’ map of growing season flood inundation duration. The distributions of 16 different remotely sensed plant communities were quantified along the gradient of flood duration.ResultsModels fitted to the cumulative frequency of occurrence of different vegetation types as a function of flood duration showed that most types exist along a continuum of flood‐related occurrence. The diversity of community types was greatest at high elevations (0–10 d of flooding), where both upland and lowland community types were found, as well as at very low elevations (70–180 d of flooding), where a variety of lowland herbaceous communities were found. Intermediate elevations (20–60 d of flooding) tended to be dominated by floodplain forest and had the lowest diversity of community types.ConclusionsAlthough variation in flood inundation is often considered to be the main driver of spatial patterns in floodplain plant communities, few studies have quantified flood–vegetation relationships at broad scales. Our results can be used to identify targets for restoration of historical hydrological regimes or better anticipate hydro‐ecological effects of climate change at broad scales.
Evidence That the Gene–Environment Interactions Underlying Youth Conduct Problems Vary Across Development
Authors: Burt S. Alexandra 
Published: August 2015

AbstractGene–environment interactions (G × E) are thought to constitute a core mechanism through which genes influence youth conduct problems. Although biometric G × E studies have yielded provocative leads, two interrelated issues have yet to be meaningfully considered. First, most work has been focused on the diathesis‐stress model of G × E, in which genetic risk is amplified following exposure to an environmental pathogen. Although this form of G × E appears to be important, other possible instantiations of G × E exist. For example, in bioecological G × E, deleterious environments amplify environmental influences on the outcome. Second, conduct problems change dramatically from childhood to adolescence in that high levels of physical aggression give way to high levels of nonaggressive delinquency. As such, researchers must consider development to understand G × E. I consider both of these issues in relation to one another to encourage additional research on the development of G × E.
Quality Counts: Developmental Shifts in Associations Between Romantic Relationship Qualities and Psychosocial Adjustment
Authors: Collibee Charlene , Furman Wyndol 
Published: August 2015

The present study assessed a developmental task theory of romantic relationships by examining associations between romantic relationship qualities and adjustment across 9 years using a community‐based sample of 100 male and 100 female participants (Mage Wave 1 = 15.83) in a Western U.S. city. Using multilevel modeling, the study examined the moderating effect of age on links between romantic relationship qualities and adjustment. Consistent with developmental task theory, high romantic quality was more negatively associated with internalizing symptoms and dating satisfaction during young adulthood than adolescence. Romantic relationship qualities were also associated with externalizing symptoms and substance use, but the degree of association was consistent across ages. The findings underscore the significance of romantic relationship qualities across development.
Differentiation of ICOS+ and ICOS− recent thymic emigrant regulatory T cells (RTE Tregs) during normal pregnancy, pre-eclampsia and HELLP syndrome
Authors: Wagner M I , Jöst M , Spratte J , Schaier M , Mahnke K , Meuer S , Zeier M , Steinborn A 
Published: August 2015

Summary
Two different subsets of naturally occurring regulatory T cells (nTregs), defined by their expression of the inducible co-stimulatory (ICOS) molecule, are produced by the human thymus. To examine the differentiation of ICOS+ and ICOS−CD45RA+CD31+ recent thymic emigrant (RTE) Tregs during normal pregnancy and in the presence of pre-eclampsia or haemolysis elevated liver enzymes low platelet (HELLP)-syndrome, we used six-colour flow cytometric analysis to determine the changes in the composition of the ICOS+ and ICOS− Treg pools with CD45RA+CD31+ RTE Tregs, CD45RA+CD31− mature naive (MN) Tregs, CD45RA−CD31+ and CD45RA−CD31− memory Tregs. With the beginning of pregnancy until term, we observed a strong differentiation of both ICOS+ and ICOS−CD45RA+CD31+ RTE, but not CD45RA+CD31− MN Tregs, into CD45RA−CD31− memory Tregs. At the end of pregnancy, the onset of spontaneous term labour was associated with a significant breakdown of ICOS+CD45RA−CD31− memory Tregs. However, in the presence of pre-eclampsia, there was a significantly increased differentiation of ICOS+ and ICOS−CD45RA+CD31+ RTE Tregs into CD45RA−CD31+ memory Tregs, wherein the lacking differentiation into CD45RA−CD31− memory Tregs was partially replaced by the increased differentiation of ICOS+ and ICOS−CD45RA+CD31− MN Tregs into CD45RA−CD31− memory Tregs. In patients with HELLP syndrome, this alternatively increased differentiation of CD45RA−CD31− MN Tregs seemed to be exaggerated, and presumably restored the suppressive activity of magnetically isolated ICOS+ and ICOS− Tregs, which were shown to be significantly less suppressive in pre-eclampsia patients, but not in HELLP syndrome patients. Hence, our findings propose that the regular differentiation of both ICOS+ and ICOS−CD45RA+CD31+ RTE Tregs ensures a healthy pregnancy course, while their disturbed differentiation is associated with the occurrence of pre-eclampsia and HELLP syndrome.
Inter‐device comparison of retinal sensitivity measurements: the CenterVue MAIA and the Nidek MP‐1
Authors: Wong Evan N , Mackey David A , Morgan William H , Chen Fred K 
Published: August 2015

AbstractBackgroundOur aim is to compare retinal sensitivity measurements obtained on two microperimeters: the CenterVue MAIA and the Nidek MP‐1.DesignA prospective study was conducted in a private ophthalmology clinic.ParticipantsSeventeen individuals with a range of stable macular function were recruited as participants.MethodsMicroperimetry in one eye with identical test strategy in both devices, with randomized testing order, is used.Main outcome measuresThe main outcome measures include differences in mean sensitivity (MS), point‐wise sensitivity (PWS) and duration. Limits of agreement (LoA) in MS and pooled PWS were calculated. Concordance in scotoma assessment was analysed by kappa (κ) agreement of local defect classification (LDC), LoA in number of scotomatous loci detected and congruence in scotoma localization (CSL).ResultsMedian (interquartile range) MS of the MP‐1 and MAIA was 13.3 (5.6–18.1) and 21.2 (14.5–27.0) dB, (P < 0.05). Mean difference in PWS was 7.3 dB (MAIA > MP‐1). Median (interquartile range) duration for the MP‐1 and MAIA was 10′28″ (7′17″–11′53″) and 8′46″ (8′30″–9′06″), (P = 0.21). LoA for MS and pooled PWS was 1.4 to 13.3 dB and −3.9 to 18.5 dB. There was moderate agreement between the devices for LDC (weighted κ = 0.55, P < 0.05). LoA in number of scotomatous loci detected was −13 to 18. CSL varied from 0 to 100% and correlated strongly with increasing scotoma size.ConclusionsThe large LoA and variation in scotoma mapping concordance suggest that the same microperimeter should be used for follow‐up examination. We recommend caution in comparing results derived from different types of microperimeters.
Demographics and ocular biometric characteristics of patients undergoing cataract surgery in Auckland, New Zealand
Authors: Yoon Jinny J , Misra Stuti L , McGhee Charles NJ , Patel Dipika V 
Published: August 2015

AbstractBackgroundThe aim is to investigate ethnic variation, in presentation and biometric parameters, within the population undergoing cataract surgery in Auckland.DesignThe design is a retrospective study.ParticipantsFour thousand nine hundred thirty‐one eyes of 3524 consecutive patients undergoing cataract surgery in Auckland Public Hospital over 18 months were included in the study.MethodsAnalysis of preoperative medical records was performed.Main Outcome MeasuresAge, gender, self‐reported ethnicity, keratometry, anterior chamber depth, axial length and intraocular lens (IOL) power data were collected.ResultsMāori (4.7%) were under‐represented compared with the proportion of Māori attending the eye clinic (5.5%) and in the major patient catchment area (8.2%). People of Māori, Pacific and Indian ethnicities presented at a significantly younger age (66.4, 65.9 and 67.9 years, respectively) than those of Caucasian and Asian ethnicities (76.4 and 71.3 years, respectively, P < 0.001). Advanced cataract was more likely in Pacific peoples and Māori than Caucasians. The mean axial length was longest in Asian eyes (23.83 ± 1.52 mm). The mean anterior chamber depth in the eyes of Pacific peoples (3.20 ± 0.39 mm) was significantly greater than that of Caucasians (3.09 ± 0.42 mm, P = 0.001) and Asians (3.05 ± 0.49 mm, P < 0.001). The mean IOL power in Asian eyes was 19.45D. This was significantly lower than the IOL power required by Caucasian (20.72D, P < 0.001) and Pacific ethnicities (20.61D, P = 0.001). With‐the‐rule astigmatism was highly prevalent in Māori and Pacific peoples, whereas in all other ethnicities, against‐the‐rule astigmatism was more common.ConclusionsThis study identified significant ethnic variation in presentation for cataract surgery and ocular biometric parameters. These data may help identify potential biometric refinements and those at risk of developing ocular morbidities known to be associated with these parameters.
Morbidity and medication in a large population of individuals with Down syndrome compared to the general population
Authors: Alexander Myriam , Petri Hans , Ding Yingjie , Wandel Christoph , Khwaja Omar , Foskett Nadia 
Published: August 2015

AimThe aim of this study was to describe the incidence of morbidities and the prevalence of medical prescriptions in a large Down syndrome population.MethodA retrospective cohort study was carried out using the UK Clinical Practice Research Datalink from 1 January 2004 to 31 December 2013. We matched individuals with Down syndrome to randomly selected control participants by practice site, sex, birth year, and recording period.ResultsA total of 6430 individuals with Down syndrome (3009 females, 3421 males) and 19 176 controls (8966 females, 10 210 males) were included in the study. The incidence of cardiovascular disorders, gastrointestinal diseases (incidence rate ratio [IRR] 7.9 at 3 to <6y: yearly prevalence ratio [YPR] for laxatives 4.7), and sleeping disorders (IRR 4.8 in 3 to <6y) was increased in children with Down syndrome versus control participants. New onset of congenital heart malformation, ear diseases, eye disorders, autism, hypothyroidism, diabetes, and obesity were more frequent in childhood and remained elevated in adulthood (overall IRR 35.5, 1.7, 3.1, 4.4, 13.1, 1.3, and 2.6 respectively), whereas the gap widened in adulthood for epilepsy and intellectual disability (IRR 15.2 and 158 respectively, in participants older than 30y). At ≥30 years, the incidence of hypotension and dementia was raised (IRR 3.0 and 92.1 respectively; YPR for dementia drugs: 76.3); and that of hypertension, depression and anxiety was lowered (IRR 0.2, 0.5, and 0.4 respectively).InterpretationThe profile of newly occurring morbidities in Down syndrome varies across the developmental lifespan.
Latencies from intracranial seizure onset to ictal tachycardia: A comparison to surface EEG patterns and other clinical signs
Authors: Hirsch Martin , Altenmüller Dirk‐Matthias , Schulze‐Bonhage Andreas 
Published: August 2015

SummaryObjectiveInformation on the relative timing of electroencephalography (EEG) seizure onset, ictal tachycardia (ITC), and first other clinical seizure manifestations is crucial for an understanding of the potential benefit of ITC‐detection based closed‐loop intervention systems for epilepsy treatment. This study analyzes the temporal relation of ITC, other clinical signs, and seizure onset in relation to intracranial and surface EEG.MethodsSeventy‐eight seizures with ITC from 13 patients undergoing invasive EEG recordings with simultaneous recordings of electrocardiography (ECG), intracranial EEG (iEEG) and surface EEG, and video recordings to determine clinical onset were analyzed. Latencies for ITC were calculated for thresholds of 100 bpm and for a 20% heart rate increase above baseline obtained 60 s prior to seizure onset on iEEG. Patient‐based, seizure‐based, and seizure origin–based analyses were performed.ResultsMean latencies between seizure onset in invasive EEG and the following onset of ITC in the seizure‐ and patient‐based analysis for both thresholds varied between 21.6 and 23.7 s, showing that ITC is an ictal rather a preictal phenomenon. In 10 of 13 patients and in 56 of 78 seizures, at least one of the thresholds for ITC was crossed before any other clinical sign. In the majority of cases, ITC also preceded ictal onset as determined in surface EEG. Latencies to ictal tachycardia were shorter for hippocampal than for extrahippocampal temporal seizure onset. ITC occurred earlier in right than in left temporal seizures.SignificanceiEEG preceded other seizure manifestations, but ictal tachycardia was an early sign particularly in mesial temporal and in right temporal seizure onset and often preceded not only other clinical manifestations but also first visible patterns in surface EEG. Detection of ictal tachycardia was thus the best noninvasively assessed marker for closed‐loop interventions in this multimodally assessed patient group.
Association between sesamoiditis, subclinical ultrasonographic suspensory ligament branch change and subsequent clinical injury in yearling Thoroughbreds
Authors: Plevin S. , McLellan J. , O'Keeffe T. 
Published: August 2015

SummaryReasons for performing studySesamoiditis is a common radiological finding in yearling Thoroughbreds. The condition is believed to be associated with suspensory ligament branch injury (SLBI), which is known to affect racing performance. The presence of subclinical suspensory ligament branch change (SSLBC) in untrained yearlings has not been investigated. Associations between sesamoiditis, SSLBC and subsequent SLBI would allow more accurate prognoses to be made regarding the development of SLBI. They could also provide opportunity for intervention and prevention of SLBI.ObjectivesTo test our hypotheses that untrained yearling Thoroughbreds with sesamoiditis would be more likely to have ultrasonographic findings of SSLBC and those horses with concurrent sesamoiditis and SSLBC would be more likely to develop clinical suspensory ligament branch injury with training.Study designProspective, cohort, observational study.MethodsYearling Thoroughbreds located at a single training centre were evaluated at the onset of their training careers and for the next 9 months. Radiographic and ultrasonographic examination of bilateral forelimb proximal sesamoid bones and suspensory ligament branches was performed.ResultsFifty horses were eligible, resulting in 200 forelimb sesamoid/suspensory ligament branch pairs. A significant relationship existed between possibly significant (PS) sesamoiditis and PS SSLBC (P<0.001). The odds ratio of sesamoids with PS sesamoiditis also demonstrating concurrent PS SSLBC was 5.1 (95% confidence interval 2.68–9.70, P<0.001). A significant relationship also existed between the concurrent presence of PS sesamoiditis and PS SSLBC and the subsequent development of clinical signs of SLBI (P<0.001, odds ratio 11.7, 95% confidence interval 4.1–33.4).ConclusionsThe associations identified in this study highlight the importance of ultrasonographic examination of suspensory ligament branches in horses with PS sesamoiditis. This information should allow more accurate prognostic advice regarding potential SLBI development and also provide opportunities for intervention and prevention of clinical SLBI.The Summary is available in Chinese ‐ see Supporting information
Human hair follicle organ culture: theory, application and perspectives
Authors: Langan Ewan A. , Philpott Michael P. , Kloepper Jennifer E. , Paus Ralf 
Published: August 2015

AbstractFor almost a quarter of a century, ex vivo studies of human scalp hair follicles (HFs) have permitted major advances in hair research, spanning diverse fields such as chronobiology, endocrinology, immunology, metabolism, mitochondrial biology, neurobiology, pharmacology, pigmentation and stem cell biology. Despite this, a comprehensive methodological guide to serum‐free human HF organ culture (HFOC) that facilitates the selection and analysis of standard HF biological parameters and points out both research opportunities and pitfalls to newcomers to the field is still lacking. The current methods review aims to close an important gap in the literature and attempts to promote standardisation of human HFOC. We provide basic information outlining the establishment of HFOC through to detailed descriptions of the analysis of standard read‐out parameters alongside practical examples. The guide closes by pointing out how serum‐free HFOC can be utilised optimally to obtain previously inaccessible insights into human HF biology and pathology that are of interest to experimental dermatologists, geneticists, developmental biologists and (neuro‐) endocrinologists alike and by highlighting novel applications of the model, including gene silencing and gene expression profiling of defined, laser capture‐microdissected HF compartments.
Environmental costs and benefits of growingMiscanthusfor bioenergy in theUK
Authors: McCalmont Jon P. , Hastings Astley , McNamara Niall P. , Richter Goetz M. , Robson Paul , Donnison Iain S. , Clifton‐Brown John 
Published: August 2015

AbstractPlanting the perennial biomass cropMiscanthusin theUKcould offset 2–13 Mt oil eq. yr−1, contributing up to 10% of current energy use. Policymakers need assurance that upscalingMiscanthusproduction can be performed sustainably without negatively impacting essential food production or the wider environment. This study reviews a large body ofMiscanthusrelevant literature into concise summary statements. PerennialMiscanthushas energy output/input ratios 10 times higher (47.3 ± 2.2) than annual crops used for energy (4.7 ± 0.2 to 5.5 ± 0.2), and the total carbon cost of energy production (1.12 g CO2‐C eq. MJ−1) is 20–30 times lower than fossil fuels. Planting on former arable land generally increases soil organic carbon (SOC) withMiscanthussequestering 0.7–2.2 Mg C4‐C ha−1 yr−1. Cultivation on grassland can cause a disturbance loss ofSOCwhich is likely to be recovered during the lifetime of the crop and is potentially mitigated by fossil fuel offset. N2O emissions can be five times lower under unfertilizedMiscanthusthan annual crops and up to 100 times lower than intensive pasture. Nitrogen fertilizer is generally unnecessary except in low fertility soils. Herbicide is essential during the establishment years after which natural weed suppression by shading is sufficient. Pesticides are unnecessary. Water‐use efficiency is high (e.g. 5.5–9.2 g aerialDM(kg H2O)−1, but high biomass productivity means increased water demand compared to cereal crops. The perennial nature and belowground biomass improves soil structure, increases water‐holding capacity (up by 100–150 mm), and reduces run‐off and erosion. Overwinter ripening increases landscape structural resources for wildlife. Reduced management intensity promotes earthworm diversity and abundance although poor litter palatability may reduce individual biomass. Chemical leaching into field boundaries is lower than comparable agriculture, improving soil and water habitat quality.