bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Distinguishing Features of the Study of the Ecology of Urban Landscapes
Authors: Gagné Sara A. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractThe urban transformation of the planet has spurred interest across a wide variety of disciplines in the fundamental changes to human society and the environment that result from urbanization. Landscape ecology is no exception. Since the late 1980s, the number of papers devoted to the study of the ecology of urban landscapes has risen dramatically. This trend prompted the question I address in this paper: what are the distinguishing features of the study of the ecology of urban landscapes? To answer this question, I reviewed 894 papers, published between 1987 and 2011, describing the ecology of urban terrestrial landscapes. Landscape ecologists who study urban landscapes use the gradient paradigm and the urban ecosystem framework to shape their research questions. They study subjects such as land use/land cover change, the ecological effects of land use type and pattern, and human‐made habitats that receive less attention from landscape ecologists studying non‐urban areas. They also study a very wide variety of disturbances that occur in urban landscapes. And, increasingly, they are making use of citizen‐generated data to answer their questions. Knowledge of the ecology of urban landscapes is largely based on comparisons of land use types, investigations along the urban gradient, and research centered on remnant habitat fragments in an urban matrix. Future directions for the study of the ecology of urban landscapes include testing whether understanding derived in less modified landscapes can be applied to intensively modified urban landscapes, investigating the interactions between agents of global change, such as climate change, and urbanization, investigating the effects of matrix quality on the biodiversity of habitat fragments, expanding our understanding of the ecological effects of land use pattern, and assessing the trade‐offs between human needs and the needs of other species by means of transdisciplinary collaborations.
Survey of practicing dermatologists on the prevalence of sensitive skin in men
Authors: Vanoosthuyze K. , Zupkosky P. J. , Buckley K. 
Published: April 2013

SynopsisObjectivesToday, a majority of the general population describe themselves as having sensitive skin. Although this is often considered more of a problem for women, the number of men claiming this condition is substantial. The objective of these studies was to evaluate dermatologists' perceptions with regard to the prevalence of sensitive skin among men, and the potential impact of influencing factors.MethodsQuestionnaire surveys were conducted among two groups; a European survey (1531 subjects), which included dermatologists from several geographical regions, and a US Internet survey (300 subjects).Results and ConclusionThe majority of dermatologists in both studies (82.0% and 58.3%, respectively) either agreed or strongly agreed that they have noticed an increase in male patients reporting sensitive facial skin over the past 5 years. Some regional differences were apparent in the European survey, with a significantly (P ≤ 0.05) higher proportion agreeing in Central/Eastern Europe (84.9%) and Asia (89.9%) compared with Western Europe (75.1%). General factors cited that could influence the incidence of perceived skin sensitivity included environmental factors, stress, increased acceptance in society and increased use of products. With the exception of UV light exposure, which was cited by a majority of dermatologists in all geographical regions, exacerbating environmental factors differed in a manner that may have been related to differing climates in the regions. In both surveys, over 90% of responders agreed that the selection of shaving products was important for men with sensitive skin.
Utility and assessment of non‐technical skills for rapid response systems and medical emergency teams
Authors: Chalwin R. P. , Flabouris A. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractEfforts are ongoing to improve outcomes from cardiac arrest and medical emergencies. A promising quality improvement modality is use of non‐technical skills (NTS) that aim to address human factors through improvements in performance of leadership, communication, situational awareness and decision‐making. Originating in the airline industry, NTS training has been successfully introduced into anaesthesia, surgery, emergency medicine and other acute medical specialities. Some aspects of NTS have already achieved acceptance for cardiac arrest teams. Leadership skills are emphasised in advanced life support training and have shown favourable results when employed in simulated and clinical resuscitation scenarios. The application of NTS in medical emergency teams as part of a rapid response system attending medical emergencies is less certain; however, observations of simulations have also shown promise. This review highlights the potential benefits of NTS competency for cardiac arrest teams and, more importantly, medical emergency teams because of the diversity of clinical scenarios encountered. Discussion covers methods to assess and refine NTS and NTS training to optimise performance in the clinical environment. Increasing attention should be applied to yielding meaningful patient and organisational outcomes from use of NTS. Similarly, implementation of any training course should receive appropriate scrutiny to refine team and institutional performance.
Impairment of the Sieve Tube Sealing Mechanism of Trees Infected by Mycoplasma‐like Organisms
Authors: Kollar A. , Seemüller E. , Krczal G. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractApple (Malus pumila Mill.), alder (Alnus glutinosa [L.] Gaerm.), and aspen (Populus tremula L.) belong to the tree species which do not exudate if the phloem is severed. On proliferation‐diseased apple trees as well as on alder and aspen trees similarly infected by mycoplasma‐like organisms (MLOs) it was observed that at a variable number of trees the sealing mechanism of the sieve tubes was affected. From such trees up to 10 ml exudate were obtained. On apple, exudation was significantly influenced by the cultivar. Histological studies revealed that exudation is closely related to MLO colonization at the site of incision. MLOs were always found in the sieve tube sap at a concentration of at least 2400 organisms per ml.ZusammenfassungBeeinträchtigung des Verschlußmechanismus der Siebröhren bei Bäumen mit einem Befall durch mycoplasmaähnliche OrganismenApfel (Malus pumila Mill.), Schwarzerle (Alnus glutinosa [L.] Gaertn.) und Zitterpappel (Populas tremula L.) gehören zu den Baumarten, bei denen nach Anschneiden des Phloems kein Siebröhrensaft austritt. Bei triebsuchtkranken Apfelbäumen sowie bei Schwarzerle und Zitterpappel, die ebenfalls durch mycoplasmaähnliche Organismen (MLOs) befallen waren, konnte jedoch nachgewiesen werden, daß bei einem unterschiedlichen Anteil der Bäume der Verschlußmechanismus der Siebröhren gestört ist. In solchen Fällen konnten bis zu 10 ml Siebröhrensaft pro Baum gewonnen werden. Die Exsudation war beim Apfel in starkem Maße von der Sorte abhängig. In histologischen Untersuchungen wurde festgestellt, daß der Saftaustritt eng mit der MLO‐Besiedlung an der Stelle des Anschneidens korreliert ist. In dem gewonnenen Siebröhrensaft waren regelmäßig MLOs in einer Dichte von mindestens 2400/ml nachzuweisen.
Plasmopara halstedii (Farl.) Berl. et de Toni in Sunflower Seeds and the Role of Infected Seeds in Producing Plants with Systemic Symptoms
Authors: Döken M. Timur 
Published: April 2013

AbstractFully formed seeds collected from the plants systemically infected by Plasmopara halstedii (Farl.) Berl. et de Toni rarely gave rise to plants exhibiting systemic downy mildew symptoms. However the mean ratio of infected seeds among the matured seeds of systemically infected plants was 28%. The hyphae which proceed from receptacles to ovary from the tissues where hilum region develops, cause seed infection. In the infected mature seeds mycelium is present in testa and the inner layer of pericarp. No infection appeared in the embryo of these seeds.ZusammenfassungPlasmopara halstedii (Farl.) Berl. et de Toni in Sonnenblumensamen und die Rolle von infizierten Samen in einer späteren, systemischen Symptomausprägung bei PflanzenAus reifen Samen von Pflanzen, die eine systemische Plasmopara halstedii (Farl.) Berl. et de Toni Infektion aufwiesen, wurden Pflanzen, die systemische Mehltausymptome zeigten, nur selten erzeugt. Jedoch betrug der Prozentsatz der reifen Samen, die infiziert waren, 28%. Die Hyphen, die von den Blütenböden zu den Fruchtknoten weiterwachsen, verursachen Sameninfektionen. Bei infizierten, reifen Samen wurde Myzel in der Testa und der inneren Schicht des Perikarps gefunden. Im Embryo dieser Samen wurde jedoch keine Infektion festgestellt.
An Investigation of Pathogenicity of four Isolates of Fusarium oxysporum from South America, Africa and Malaysia to Clonal Oil Palm
Authors: Flood J. , Cooper R. M. , Lees P. E. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractThe pathogenicity of four isolates of Fusarium oxysporum from Brazil, Zaire and Malaysia, to clonal oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) was examined.The isolates from Brazil and Zaire were virulent pathogens which extensively colonized inoculated plantlets, producing severe stunting and chlorosis and significantly reducing plant growth. In contrast, two isolates from Malaysia were avirulent or only weakly virulent; nevertheless, both systemically colonized plantlets and one was present in amounts comparable to the virulent isolates.The implications of these findings with regard to the planting of clonal oil palm in each of these three main growing areas is discussed.ZusammenfassungUntersuchung der Pathogenität von vier Fusarium oxysporum‐lsolaten, die von geklonten Ölpalmen aus Süd‐Amerika, Afrika und Malaysia isoliert wurdenUntersucht wurde die Pathogenität von vier Fusarium oxysporum‐Isohten aus Brasilien, Zaire und Malaysia auf geklonten Ölpalmen (Elaeis guineensis).Die Isolate aus Brasilien und Zaire zeigten sich als virulente Pathogene, die inokulierte, junge Pflanzen sehr stark kolonisierten und starke Wachstumshemmung und Chlorose verursachten. Dagegen waren die zwei aus Malaysia stammenden Isolate avirulent bzw. nur schwach virulent. Trotzdem waren diese Isolate in der Lage, junge Pflanzen systemisch zu kolonisieren, ein Isolat war sogar genau so stark vertreten wie virulente Isolate.Die Bedeutung dieser Ergebnisse bezüglich der Pflanzung von geklonten Ölpalmen in diesen drei Anbaugebieten wird diskutiert.
The Effect of Leaf Age on Susceptibility of Strawberry to Infection by Mycosphaerella fragariae
Authors: Harrison G. L. , Stewart A. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractLeaf age was shown to have a significant effect on the susceptibility of strawberry to infection by the leaf spot pathogen Mycosphaerella fragariae (Tul.) Lindau. Young rapidly expanding leaves (1–4 weeks old) were highly susceptible to infection and a large number of characteristic red/brown lesions were formed. Bud leaves and leaves older than twelve weeks at the time of inoculation were found to be resistant to infection. Several factors that may determine the difference in susceptibility of different aged leaves to infection are discussed.ZusammenfassungDer Einfluß vom Blattalter auf die Empfindlichkeit von Erdbeerpflanzen auf eine Mycosphaerella fragariae‐InfektionFestgestellt wurde, daß das Blattalter einen bedeutenden Einfluß auf die Empfindlichkeit von Erdbeerpflanzen auf eine Infektion durch das Blattfleckenpathogen Mycospharella fragariae (Tul.) Lindau hat. Junge, schnell wachsende Blätter (1–4 Wochen alt) waren sehr anfällig gegenüber einer Infektion, und es wurden zahlreiche, charakteristische rot/braune Läsionen gebildet. Knospenblätter und Blätter älter als 12 Wochen zur Zeit der Inokulation dagegen waren résistent gegen eine Infektion. Diskutiert werden einige Faktoren, die für die unterschiedliche Empfindlichkeit von Blättern verschiedenen Alters auf eine Infektion verantwortlich sein können.
Fusarium graminearum Schwabe (Teleomorph Gibberella zeae Schw. Petch) — Cultural Characteristics, Pathogenicity Towards Cereal Seedlings and Ability to Produce Mycotoxins
Authors: Manka Malgorzata , Chelkowski J. , Brayford D. , Visconti A. , Kwasna H. , Perkowski J. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractAll 20 strains of Fusarium graminearum Schwabe isolated from cereals in Poland formed perithecia of the teleomorph Gibberella zeae (Schw.) Petch; all except two produced zearalenone at concentrations of up to 90 mg/kg and deoxynivalenol (= vomitoxin) up to 77 mg/kg under laboratory conditions. The ten strains tested proved to be strong pathogens of wheat, rye, triticale and barley seedlings in infection experiments. Strains were pathogenic to a similar extent, irrespective of the cereal species from which they had been isolated. However, triticale seedlings were most susceptible to infection.ZusammenfassungFusarium graminearum Schwabe (Teleomorph Gibberella zeae (Schw.) Petch — Kulturmerkmale, Pathogenität gegenüber Getreidesämlingen und Fähigkeit der MykotoxinproduktionUnter Laborbedingungen bildeten alle 20 Fusarium graminearum Schwabe‐Stämme, die von Getreide in Polen isoliert worden waren, Perithezien der Hauptfruchtform Gibberella zeae (Schw.) Petch, sowie, mit Ausnahme von zwei Stämmen, Zearalenon und Deoxynivalenol (= Vomitoxin) in Konzentrationen bis zu 90 bzw. 77 mg/kg. Die zehn getesteten Stämme zeigten sich als starke Pathogene an Weizen‐, Roggen‐, Triticale‐ und Gerstensämlingen in Infektionsversuchen. Die Pathogenitätsstärke der Stämme war gleich und mit der Wirtspflanze nicht gekoppelt. Die Triticalesämlinge erwiesen sich jedoch als am meisten anfällig.
Bacterial Leaf Spot of Anthurium (Anthurium spp.) Caused by a Pseudomonas sp. in the French West Indies
Authors: Prior P. , Rott P. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractA Pseudomonas species is reported as a new pathogen of the leaves and spathe of anthurium. This vascular disease is characterized by black necrotic spots surrounded by greasy margins and a bright chlorotic halo on leaves and a violet halo on the spathe. Symptoms observed on naturally infected material as well as pathogenicity tests showed both local and systemic infections. Morphological, cytological, physiological, biochemical and serological characteristics of the pathogen are presented. There is evidence that this bacterium may be a new species.ZusammenfassungBakterielle Blattflecken von Anthurium (Anthurium spp.) in Guadeloupe und Martinique verursacht durch ein Pseudomonas sp.Berichtet wird über einen Pseudomonas sp., der als ein neuer Blatt‐ und Blütenscheidepathogen bei Anthurium auftrat. Diese Leitbündelkrankheit wird durch schwarze nekrotische Flecken, die von einem fettigen Rand umgeben sind, charakterisiert. Auf den Blättern werden diese Flecken mit einem hellen, chlorotischen Halo, auf den Blütenscheiden einem violetten Halo umrandet. Die beobachteten Symptome sowohl nach natürlichen Infektionen als auch in Pathogenitätsprüfungen, deuteten auf lokalen und systemischen Befall hin. Präsentiert werden morphologische, cytologische, physiologische, biochemische und serologische Eigenschaften des Pathogens. Es gibt Beweise dafür, daß das Bakterium eine neue Spezies sein könnte.
Effect of Herbicides on Rhizoctonia Seedling Disease of Soybeans in Glasshouse Experiments
Authors: Bowman J. E. , Sinclair J. B. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractThe effect of 13 herbicides, alone or in combination, on the seedling disease of soybeans (Glycine max cv. Williams), caused by Rhizoctonia solani, was studied in the glasshouse. Seedlings grown in soil infested with R. solani and treated with alachlor, chloramben, dinoseb, fluchloralin, or naptalam significantly decreased aspects of seedling development in one or more experiments. Metolachlor, metribuzin, oryzalin, pendimethalin, profluralin, as well as the combinations of alachlor + chloramben, trifluralin + chloramben and trifluralin + metribuzin did not significantly affect any aspect of seedling development. Treatment with trifluralin gave mixed results. No herbicide consistently improved seedling development in the presence or absence of the pathogen.ZusammenfassungEinfluß von Herbiziden auf die Rhizoctonia‐Sämlingskrankheit der Sojabohne in GewächshausuntersuchungenIm Gewächshaus wurde der Einfluß von 13 Herbiziden, allein oder in Mischungen, auf die Sämlingskrankheit der Sojabohne (Glycine max, Sorte Williams), die durch Rhizoctonia solani verursacht wird, untersucht. In R. solani‐verseuchter Erde entwickelten sich Sämlinge nach einer Alachlor‐, Chloramben‐, Dinoseb‐, Fluchloralin‐ oder Naptalambehandlung deutlich schlechter in einem oder mehreren Versuchen. Die Sämlingsentwicklung wurde durch Behandlungen mit Meto‐lachlor, Metribuzin, Oryzalin, Pendimethalin, Profluralin, sowie die Mischungen Alachlor + Chloramben, Trifluralin + Chloramben und Trifluralin + Metribuzin nicht beeinflußt. Eine Trifluralinbe‐handlung führte zu schwankenden Ergebnissen. Eine stetige Verbesserung der Sämlingsentwicklung nach einer Herbizidbehandlung, bei Vorhandensein oder NichtVorhandensein des Pathogens, konnte nicht ermittelt werden.
The Coat Protein of Tobacco Mosaic Virus does not Play a Significant Role for Cross‐Protection
Authors: Gerber M. , Sarkar S. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractDT‐1G, a symptomless coat‐protein‐free TMV mutant was used to induce a high degree of cross‐protection (about 90%) against U1 strain in samsun tobacco. This mutant spreads slowly from cell to cell, so that it is difficult to have all cells infected in the leaf by mechanical inoculation and to achieve 100% cross‐protection. The absence of coat protein in DT‐1G infected samsun leaves was proved: 1. by silver staining of polyacrylamide gels after separation of total proteins by electrophoresis and 2. ELISA‐test with two different enzyme conjugates. Cross‐protection effect was quantified by measuring the amount of coat protein produced by the challenging Ul strain.The presence of TMV coat protein is not essential for cross‐protection.ZusammenfassungDas Hüllprotein von Tabakmosaikvirus spielt keine bedeutende Rolle für die PrämunitätDT‐1G, eine symptomlose, Hüllprotein‐freie TMV Mutante wurde benutzt, um ein hohes Maß an Prämunität (ca. 90%) gegen den Ul Stamm (Wildstamm) in Samsun Tabak zu induzieren. Diese Mutante breitet sich langsam von Zelle zu Zelle aus, so daß es schwierig ist, bei mechanischer Inokulation alle Zellen in einem Blatt zu infizieren und eine 100%ige Prämunität zu erreichen. Das Fehlen von Hüllprotein in DT‐IG infizierten Samsun Blättern wurde überprüft: 1. durch Silberfärbung von Polyacrylamid Gelen nach Auftrennung von gesamtextrahierbarem Protein und 2. ELISA Test mit zwei verschiedenen Enzymkonjugaten. Der Prämunitätseffekt wurde quantifiziert durch Messung von Hüllprotein, das durch den zweitverimpften Ul Stamm produziert wurde.Das Vorhandensein von TMV Hüllprotein ist nicht essentiell für das Auslösen der Prämunität.
Evaluation of Antisera to an Inhibitor of Virus Replication (IVR)
Authors: Gera A. , Loebenstein G. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractAntisera to an inhibitor of virus replication (IVR) were prepared. The two biologically active fractions — IVR‐1 (MW 26,000) and IVR‐2 (MW 57,000) were either mixed or used separately for injection into rabbits. The mixed antiserum enabled a clear distinction in ELISA and in agar gel diffusion tests between preparations of IVR from the incubation medium of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV)‐infected protoplasts, and the preparation obtained from control protoplasts. Antisera prepared against each of the two fractions were highly cross‐reactive in both ELISA and agar‐gel diffusion tests. The mixed IVR antiserum totally abolished the inhibitory activity of IVR, whereas normal antiserum had no effect on its biological activity. IVR antiserum did not react with TMV, TMV coat protein, human leukocyte interferon, or the antiviral factor (AVF). These results strengthen our previous suggestion that IVR‐2 is a dimer of IVR‐1.ZusammenfassungBewertung von Antiseren gegen einen Inhibitor der Virusreplikation (IVR)Hergestellt wurden Antiseren gegen einen Inhibitor der Virusreplikation (IVR). Die zwei biologisch aktiven Fraktionen — IVR‐1 (MGew. 26000) und IVR‐2 (MGew. 57000) — wurden entweder zusammen oder allein in Kaninchen injiziert. Das gemischte Antiserum ermöglicht, nach ELISA oder Agargeldiffusionstests, daß IVR‐Präparationen aus dem Inkubationsmedium von Tabak Mosaik Virus (TMV)‐infizierten Protoplasten und die von Kontrollprotoplasten voneinander deutlich unterschieden werden konnten. Antiseren, die gegen die zwei Fraktionen hergestellt wurden, hatten eine hohe Kreuzreaktion in ELISA und Agargeldiffusionstests. Das gemischte IVR‐Antiserum annullierte total die hemmende Aktivität der IVR, normales Antiserum dagegen beeinflußt derenbiologische Aktivität nicht. Das IVR‐Antiserum reagierte nicht mit TMV, TMV‐Hülleprotein, menschlichem Leukozyteninterferon oder dem Antivirusfaktor. Diese Ergebnisse bestätigen unsere frühere Hypothese, daß IVR‐2 ein Dimer des IVR‐1 ist.
Prevention of early childhood caries
Authors: Ismail Amid I. 
Published: April 2013

Abstract—This paper reviews the methods used for the prevention of early childhood caries (ECC). The education of mothers or caregivers to promote healthy dietary habits in infants has been the main strategy used for the prevention of ECC. This review found that education has a modest impact on the development of ECC. While education should be promoted especially in high risk communities and population groups (low‐income families and native populations), it should not be the only preventive strategy of ECC. Early screening for signs of caries development, starting from the first year of life, could identify infants and toddlers who are at risk of developing ECC and assist in providing information to parents about how to promote oral health and prevent the development of tooth decay. High risk children include those with early signs of ECC, poor oral hygiene, limited exposure to fluorides, and frequent exposure to sugary snacks and drinks. These children should be targeted with a professional preventive program that includes fluoride varnish application, fluoridated dentifrices, fluoride supplements, sealants, diet counseling, and chlorhexidine. Prevention of ECC also requires addressing the social and economic factors that face many families where ECC is endemic.
Public health issues in early childhood caries
Authors: Weinstein Philip 
Published: April 2013

Abstract—Early childhood caries (ECC) is primarily a disease of poor, minority population children who generally have limited access to dental services. Public health dental clinics have not made the prevention and control of ECC a priority, and the services provided have not controlled ECC. New training and early screening are recommended. Additionally, repeated accessing of mothers and children through prenatal and postnatal medical visits is recommended. At such visits behavioral and chemotherapeutic strategies need to be utilized. Examples from a demonstration project in the Commonwealth of Northern Marianas are presented.
Participatory Gains and Policy Effectiveness: The Open Method of Co‐ordination Information Society
Authors: Harcourt Alison 
Published: April 2013

AbstractThis article provides empirical findings on the relationship between the open method of co‐ordination and participation (OMC). Empirically, it draws on within‐case analysis to examine how participation, venues and outcomes have varied in different domains of information society policy. This is a challenging case for claims about the participatory effects of the OMC because it is not a policy originally designed to address social policy concerns or unemployment problems. The main conceptual argument is that the OMC is a political opportunity structure that distributes participatory gains. The article examines this opportunity structure by separating out the dimensions of ‘procedure’ and ‘outcomes’ and including ‘transparency’ as a moderating variable. The findings point to participatory effects in all but one case, although not for the same actors and at the same level (European Union or national/sub‐national).