bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Actinobacillus
Authors: Olsen Ingar , Møller Kristian 
Published: August 2015

Ac.ti.no.ba.cil' lus. Gr. n.actisa ray; L. dim. masc. n.bacillusa small staff or rod; M.L. masc. n.Actinobacillusray bacillus or rod.Proteobacteria / Gammaproteobacteria / Pasteurellales / Pasteurellaceae / ActinobacillusCells, measuring 0.4 ± 0.1 × 1.0 ± 0.4 µm, are spherical, oval, or rod‐shaped (Phillips, 1984).Most often bacillary but sometimes interspersed with coccal elements that may lie at the pole of a larger form, producing the characteristic“Morse‐code”form. Cell forms up to 6 µm in length may appear when grown on media containing glucose or maltose. Cells are single or arranged in pairs or, more rarely, in chains. Endospores are not formed. Gram negative, but staining is irregular. Not acid fast. India ink may demonstrate small amounts of extracellular slime in wet preparations.Nonmotile. Organisms are aerobic, microaerobic, facultatively anaerobic, or chemoorganotrophic, having both respiratory and fermentative types of metabolism. After growth for 24 h on blood agar, translucent colonies, usually 1–2 mm in diameter appear. Surface colonies have low viability and may die in 2–7 days. Growth may be very sticky upon primary cultivation, making it difficult to remove colonies completely from the agar surface. Optimum growth temperature is 37°C. Temperature range for growth is 25–42°C.The mol%G+C of the DNA is: 35.5–46.9.Type species:Actinobacillus lignieresiiBrumpt 1910, 849.
Not All Hazards are Created Equal: The Significance of Hazards in Inattentional Blindness for Static Driving Scenes
Authors: Pammer Kristen , Bairnsfather Jane , Burns Jacqueline , Hellsing Annika 
Published: August 2015

SummaryExplaining how we attend to some objects and not others in real world environments remains a challenge for theories of attention. Driving is an ideal example of this, as it requires a complex synthesis of attentional processing, while still allowing attention to be captured by hazards. In the current study we employed a static inattentional blindness (IB) driving task in which participants were required to make decisions about the content of driving‐related scenarios. In a critical trial, an additional stimulus was added to the driving scenario. All unexpected stimuli were thematically consistent with a normal driving environment but varied in their level of hazard threat. Rates of IB were consistent with the level of hazard threat of the stimuli. The results are discussed in terms of semantic‐based attentional capture in driving, and models of IB.Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Association Between the Use of Oral Contraceptives and Patient‐Reported Outcomes in an Early Arthritis Cohort
Authors: Albrecht Katinka , Callhoff Johanna , Buttgereit Frank , Straub Rainer H. , Westhoff Gisela , Zink Angela 
Published: August 2015

ObjectiveTo evaluate the association between exposure to oral contraceptives (OCs) and clinical outcomes in an early arthritis cohort.MethodsFemale patients with early inflammatory arthritis, ages 18–60 years, who were enrolled in an early arthritis cohort and had no exposure to hormone replacement were studied (n = 273). Associations between OC exposure (current/past/never) and disease activity, treatment, and patient‐reported outcomes, including the Rheumatoid Arthritis Impact of Disease Score (RAID), the Rheumatoid Arthritis Disease Activity Index (RADAI), the Profile of Mood and Discomfort (PROFAD), and the Hannover Functional Assessment (FFbH), were studied over 2 years. Linear mixed models adjusted for age, body mass index, parity, smoking, and education were used.ResultsEighteen percent of patients had never used OCs, 63% had used OCs in the past, and 19% currently used OCs. After adjustment, the current/past OC use was associated with better RAID, PROFAD, RADAI, and FFbH scores at 12 months (P < 0.05 for all) compared to never use. Longitudinally over 2 years, the mean RAID scores were significantly better in women with current/past OC use (P < 0.001). Actual inflammatory markers were not associated with OC use. Glucocorticoids were used by a higher percentage of OC never users than by current/past users (P = 0.08), especially in patients with impaired function (FFbH <70: odds ratio 4.2 [95% confidence interval 1.6–11]).ConclusionFor past as well as current use, OCs seem to moderate patient‐reported outcomes in inflammatory arthritis. Protective effects may be induced via central nervous pathways rather than through the suppression of peripheral inflammation.
Diagnosing Balamuthia mandrillarisEncephalitis With Metagenomic Deep Sequencing
Authors: Wilson Michael R. , Shanbhag Niraj M. , Reid Michael J. , Singhal Neel S. , Gelfand Jeffrey M. , Sample Hannah A. , Benkli Barlas , O'Donovan Brian D. , Ali Ibne K.M. , Keating M. Kelly , Dunnebacke Thelma H. , Wood Matthew D. , Bollen Andrew , DeRisi Joseph L. 
Published: August 2015

ObjectiveIdentification of a particular cause of meningoencephalitis can be challenging owing to the myriad bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites that can produce overlapping clinical phenotypes, frequently delaying diagnosis and therapy. Metagenomic deep sequencing (MDS) approaches to infectious disease diagnostics are known for their ability to identify unusual or novel viruses and thus are well suited for investigating possible etiologies of meningoencephalitis.MethodsWe present the case of a 74‐year‐old woman with endophthalmitis followed by meningoencephalitis. MDS of her cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was performed to identify an infectious agent.ResultsSequences aligning to Balamuthia mandrillaris ribosomal RNA genes were identified in the CSF by MDS. Polymerase chain reaction subsequently confirmed the presence of B. mandrillaris in CSF, brain tissue, and vitreous fluid from the patient's infected eye. B. mandrillaris serology and immunohistochemistry for free‐living amoebas on the brain biopsy tissue were positive.InterpretationThe diagnosis was made using MDS after the patient had been hospitalized for several weeks and subjected to costly and invasive testing. MDS is a powerful diagnostic tool with the potential for rapid and unbiased pathogen identification leading to early therapeutic targeting. Ann Neurol 2015;78:Ann Neurol 2015;78:679–696
Boryl (Hetero)aryne Precursors as Versatile Arylation Reagents: Synthesis through CH Activation and Orthogonal Reactivity
Authors: Demory Emilien , Devaraj Karthik , Orthaber Andreas , Gates Paul J. , Pilarski Lukasz T. 
Published: August 2015

Abstract(Pinacolato)boryl ortho‐silyl(hetero)aryl triflates are presented as a new class of building blocks for arylation. They demonstrate unique versatility by delivering boronate or (hetero)aryne reactivity chemoselectively in a broad range of transformations. This approach enables the unprecedented postfunctionalization of fluoride‐activated (hetero)aryne precursors, for example, as substrates in transition‐metal catalysis, and offers valuable new possibilities for aryl boronate postfunctionalization without the use of specialized protecting groups.
A Unique Ternary Semiconductor–(Semiconductor/Metal) Nano‐Architecture for Efficient Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution
Authors: Zhuang Tao‐Tao , Liu Yan , Sun Meng , Jiang Shen‐Long , Zhang Ming‐Wen , Wang Xin‐Chen , Zhang Qun , Jiang Jun , Yu Shu‐Hong 
Published: August 2015

AbstractIt has been a long‐standing demand to design hetero‐nanostructures for charge‐flow steering in semiconductor systems. Multi‐component nanocrystals exhibit multifunctional properties or synergistic performance, and are thus attractive materials for energy conversion, medical therapy, and photoelectric catalysis applications. Herein we report the design and synthesis of binary and ternary multi‐node sheath hetero‐nanorods in a sequential chemical transformation procedure. As verified by first‐principles simulations, the conversion from type‐I ZnS‐CdS heterojunction into type‐II ZnS‐(CdS/metal) ensures well‐steered collections of photo‐generated electrons at the exposed ZnS nanorod stem and metal nanoparticles while holes at the CdS node sheaths, leading to substantially improved photocatalytic hydrogen‐evolution performance.
Facile Enzymatic Synthesis of Ketoses
Authors: Wen Liuqing , Huang Kenneth , Wei Mohui , Meisner Jeffrey , Liu Yunpeng , Garner Kristina , Zang Lanlan , Wang Xuan , Li Xu , Fang Junqiang , Zhang Houcheng , Wang Peng George 
Published: August 2015

AbstractStudies of rare ketoses have been hampered by a lack of efficient preparation methods. A convenient, efficient, and cost‐effective platform for the facile synthesis of ketoses is described. This method enables the preparation of difficult‐to‐access ketopentoses and ketohexoses from common and inexpensive starting materials with high yield and purity and without the need for a tedious isomer separation step.
Single‐Flask Multicomponent Palladium‐Catalyzed α,γ‐Coupling of Ketone Enolates: Facile Preparation of Complex Carbon Scaffolds
Authors: Grigalunas Michael , Norrby Per‐Ola , Wiest Olaf , Helquist Paul 
Published: August 2015

AbstractA three‐component palladium‐catalyzed reaction sequence has been developed in which γ‐substituted α,β‐unsaturated products are obtained in a single flask by an α‐alkenylation with either a subsequent γ‐alkenylation or γ‐arylation of a ketone enolate. Coupling of a variety of electronically and structurally different components was achieved in the presence of a Pd/Q‐Phos catalyst (2 mol %), usually at 22 °C with yields of up to 85 %. Most importantly, access to these products is obtained in one simple operation in place of employing multiple reactions.
Ligand Control over the Electronic Properties within the Metallic Core of Gold Nanoparticles
Authors: Cirri Anthony , Silakov Alexey , Lear Benjamin J. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractThe behavior of electrons within the metallic core of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) can be controlled by the nature of the surface chemistry of the AuNPs. Specifically, the conduction electron spin resonance (CESR) spectra of AuNPs of diameter 1.8–1.9 nm are sensitive to ligand exchange of hexanethiol for 4‐bromothiophenol on the surface of the nanoparticle. Chemisorption of the aromatic ligand leads to a shift in the metallic electron’s g‐factor toward the value expected for pure gold systems, suggesting an increase in metallic character for the electrons within the gold core. Analysis by UV/Vis absorption spectroscopy reveals a concomitant bathochromic shift of the surface plasmon resonance band of the AuNP, indicating that other electronic properties of AuNPs are also affected by the ligand exchange. In total, our results demonstrate that the chemical nature of the ligand controls the valence band structure of AuNPs.
Exploiting Atropisomerism to Increase the Target Selectivity of Kinase Inhibitors
Authors: Smith Davis E. , Marquez Isaac , Lokensgard Melissa E. , Rheingold Arnold L. , Hecht David A. , Gustafson Jeffrey L. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractMany biologically active molecules exist as rapidly interconverting atropisomeric mixtures. Whereas one atropisomer inhibits the desired target, the other can lead to off‐target effects. Herein, we study atropisomerism as a possibility to improve the selectivities of kinase inhibitors through the synthesis of conformationally stable pyrrolopyrimidines. Each atropisomer was isolated by HPLC on a chiral stationary phase and subjected to inhibitor profiling across a panel of 18 tyrosine kinases. Notably different selectivity patterns between atropisomers were observed, as well as improved selectivity compared to a rapidly interconverting parent molecule. Computational docking studies then provided insights into the structure‐based origins of these effects. This study is one of the first examples of the intentional preorganization of a promiscuous scaffold along an atropisomeric axis to increase target selectivity, and provides fundamental insights that may be applied to other atropisomeric target scaffolds.
Hydrophosphination of CO2 and Subsequent Formate Transfer in the 1,3,2‐Diazaphospholene‐Catalyzed N‐Formylation of Amines
Authors: Chong Che Chang , Kinjo Rei 
Published: August 2015

AbstractHydrophosphination of CO2 with 1,3,2‐Diazaphospholene (NHP‐H; 1) afforded phosphorus formate (NHP‐OCOH; 2) through the formation of a bond between the electrophilic phosphorus atom in 1 and the oxygen atom from CO2, along with hydride transfer to the carbon atom of CO2. Transfer of the formate from 2 to Ph2SiH2 produced Ph2Si(OCHO)2 (3) in a reaction that could be carried out in a catalytic manner by using 5 mol % of 1. These elementary reactions were applied to the metal‐free catalytic N‐formylation of amine derivatives with CO2 in one pot under ambient conditions.
Ammonia–(Dinitramido)boranes: High‐Energy‐Density Materials
Authors: Bélanger‐Chabot Guillaume , Rahm Martin , Haiges Ralf , Christe Karl O. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractTwo ammonia–(dinitramido)boranes were synthesized by the reaction of dinitroamine with ammonia–borane. These compounds are the first reported examples of (dinitramido)boranes. Ammonia–mono(dinitramido)borane is a perfectly oxygen‐balanced high‐energy‐density material (HEDM) composed of an ammonia–BH2 fuel group and a strongly oxidizing dinitramido ligand. Although it is thermally not stable enough for practical applications, its predicted specific impulse as a solid rocket propellant would be 333 s. Its predicted performance as an explosive matches that of pentaerythtritol tetranitrate (PETN) and significantly exceeds that of trinitrotoluene (TNT). Its structure was established by X‐ray crystallography and vibrational and multinuclear NMR spectroscopy. Additionally, the over‐oxidized ammoniabis(dinitramido)borane was detected by NMR spectroscopy.
Unusual H‐Bond Topology and Bifurcated H‐bonds in the 2‐Fluoroethanol Trimer
Authors: Thomas Javix , Liu Xunchen , Jäger Wolfgang , Xu Yunjie 
Published: August 2015

AbstractBy using a combination of rotational spectroscopy and ab initio calculations, an unusual H‐bond topology was revealed for the 2‐fluoroethanol trimer. The trimer exhibits a strong heterochiral preference and adopts an open OH⋅⋅⋅OH H‐bond topology while utilizing two types of bifurcated H‐bonds involving organic fluorine. This is in stark contrast to the cyclic OH⋅⋅⋅OH H‐bond topology adopted by trimers of water and other simple alcohols. The strengths of different H‐bonds in the trimer were analyzed by using the quantum theory of atoms in molecules. The study showcases a remarkable example of a chirality‐induced switch in H‐bond topology in a simple transient chiral fluoroalcohol. It provides important insight into the H‐bond topologies of small fluoroalcohol aggregates, which are proposed to play a key role in protein folding and in enantioselective reactions and separations where fluoroalcohols serve as a (co)solvent.
Synthesis of blocked and branched waterborne polyurethanes for pigment printing applications
Authors: Mao Haiyan , Qiang Siyu , Yang Fan , Zhao Caiyun , Wang Chaoxia , Yin Yunjie 
Published: August 2015

ABSTRACTA series of blocked and branched waterborne polyurethanes (BBPUs) have been successfully synthesized and applied in pigment printing of cellulosic substrate. The branched structure was based on an “A2 + CB2” approach with diisocyanate prepolymer and diethanol amine. The terminal isocyanate groups were blocked by sodium bisulfite to lower curing temperature and improve the color fastness. The prepolymerization and chain extending could be considered as the end at 70°C after 90 min and at 80°C after another 90 min, respectively. It was suitable for sodium bisulfite to block isocyanate groups at 0°C–5°C for 40 min. The microphase separation of BBPU based on the longest polyethylene glycol (PEG) soft segment appeared. Both curing rate and pencil hardness of BBPU films distinctly reduced as the molecular mass of PEG soft segment ascended. The moisture rate increased from 18.1% to 49.2% with increasing the molecular weight of PEG, indicating that water resistance of the film became poor. Excellent acid and alkali resistances of the BBPU films were obtained. Color fastness to washing, rubbing, and light of the printed cotton fabrics was remarkably enhanced as the BBPU amount ascended to 10% which were cured at 85°C for 6 min. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42780.
Morphological study of the prostate gland in viscacha (Lagostomus maximus maximus) during periods of maximal and minimal reproductive activity
Authors: Chaves Maximiliano , Aguilera‐Merlo Claudia , Cruceño Albana , Fogal Teresa , Mohamed Fabian 
Published: August 2015

ABSTRACTThe viscacha (Lagostomus maximus maximus) is a rodent with photoperiod‐dependent seasonal reproduction. The aim of this work was to study the morphological variations of the prostate during periods of maximal (summer, long photoperiod) and minimal (winter, short photoperiod) reproductive activity. Prostates of adult male viscachas were studied by light and electron microscopy, immunohistochemistry for androgen receptor, and morphometric analysis. The prostate consisted of two regions: peripheral and central. The peripheral zone exhibited large adenomeres with a small number of folds and lined with a pseudostratified epithelium. The central zone had small adenomeres with pseudostratified epithelium and the mucosa showed numerous folds. The morphology of both zones showed variations during periods of maximal and minimal reproductive activity. The prostate weight, prostate‐somatic index, luminal diameter of adenomeres, epithelial height and major nuclear diameter decreased during the period of minimal reproductive activity. Principal cells showed variations in their shape, size and ultrastructural characteristics during the period of minimal reproductive activity in comparison with the active period. The androgen receptor expression in epithelial and fibromuscular stromal cells was different between the studied periods. Our results suggest a reduced secretory activity of viscacha prostate during the period of minimal reproductive activity. Thus, the morphological variations observed in both the central and peripheral zones of the viscacha prostate agree with the results previously obtained in the gonads of this rodent of photoperiod‐dependent reproduction. Additionally, the variations observed in the androgen receptors suggest a direct effect of the circulating testosterone on the gland. Anat Rec, 298:1919–1931, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Computer vision approach for the classification of bike type (motorized versus non‐motorized) during busy traffic in the city of Shanghai
Authors: Zaki Mohamed H. , Sayed Tarek , Wang Xuesong 
Published: August 2015

SummaryThis article describes a novel approach for the binary classification of two‐wheeler road users in a dense mixed traffic intersection. The classification is a supervised procedure to differentiate between motorized and non‐motorized (human‐powered) bikes. Road users were first detected and tracked using object recognition methods. Classification features were then selected from the collected trajectories. The features include maximum speed, cadence frequency in addition to acceleration‐based parameters. Experiments were conducted on a video data set from Shanghai, China, where cyclists as well as motorcycles tend to share the main road facilities. A sensitivity analysis was performed to assess the quality of the selected features in improving the accuracy of the classification. A performance analysis demonstrated the robustness of the proposed classification method with a correct classification rate of up to 93%. This research contributes to the literature of automated data collection and can benefit the applications in many transportation‐related fields such as shared space facility planning, simulation models for two‐wheelers, and behavior analysis and road safety studies. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Enzymatic passaging of human embryonic stem cells alters central carbon metabolism and glycan abundance
Authors: Badur Mehmet G. , Zhang Hui , Metallo Christian M. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractTo realize the potential of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) in regenerative medicine and drug discovery applications, large numbers of cells that accurately recapitulate cell and tissue function must be robustly produced. Previous studies have suggested that genetic instability and epigenetic changes occur as a consequence of enzymatic passaging. However, the potential impacts of such passaging methods on the metabolism of hESCs have not been described. Using stable isotope tracing and mass spectrometry‐based metabolomics, we have explored how different passaging reagents impact hESC metabolism. Enzymatic passaging caused significant decreases in glucose utilization throughout central carbon metabolism along with attenuated de novo lipogenesis. In addition, we developed and validated a method for rapidly quantifying glycan abundance and isotopic labeling in hydrolyzed biomass. Enzymatic passaging reagents significantly altered levels of glycans immediately after digestion but surprisingly glucose contribution to glycans was not affected. These results demonstrate that there is an immediate effect on hESC metabolism after enzymatic passaging in both central carbon metabolism and biosynthesis. HESCs subjected to enzymatic passaging are routinely placed in a state requiring re‐synthesis of biomass components, subtly influencing their metabolic needs in a manner that may impact cell performance in regenerative medicine applications.
Three‐dimensional corrective osteotomies of mal‐united clavicles—is the contralateral anatomy a reliable template for reconstruction?
Authors: Hingsammer Andreas M. , Vlachopoulos Lazaros , Meyer Dominik C. , Fürnstahl Philipp 
Published: August 2015

In computer‐assisted preoperative planning of corrective osteotomies, the unaffected contralateral bone often serves as three‐dimensional template for the reconstruction of mal‐united bones. Before applying this approach to new anatomy such as the clavicle bone, it is important to study asymmetry between the sides. The purpose of this study was to investigate bilateral symmetry of the clavicle in healthy cadavers using three‐dimensional measurement techniques. Bilateral symmetry of 102 clavicles (51 cadavers, mean age: 52.19 years, 37 male) was measured based on three‐dimensional models reconstructed from computed tomography. Besides length, volume, and surface, the side‐differences were evaluated by considering the mirrored left clavicle as the reconstruction template and the right clavicle as the one that will be realigned by osteotomy. The relative transformation between the aligned segments was measured to express the difference with to three‐dimensional translation and rotation. The same procedure was repeated using mean‐sized clavicles, one for each gender, as the template. The contralateral side was a significant more accurate reconstruction template compared to a mean‐sized clavicle (P < 0.001). Nevertheless, an average side‐differences with respect to rotation and translation of 8.79° ± 5.2° and 3.5 mm ± 2.7 mm, respectively. The left clavicles were significant (P = 0.001) longer with 154 mm compared to the right ones (151 mm). Three‐dimensional differences between the left and right clavicles exist, but can be considered as small. Therefore, the contralateral side appears to be a reliable reconstruction template, in particular compared to a mean‐sized clavicle. Clin. Anat. 28:865–871, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.