bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Chart to Provide Approximate Correction for Temperature and Deviation from Boyle's Law
Authors: Brokaw Albert D. 
Published: June 2014

The accompanying chart was devised to provide a rapid and simple method ofcorrecting for temperature and compressibility (deviation from Boyle's law) ofgas under relatively high pressures and temperatures, such as are encounteredin many deep reservoirs.
The chart was prepared by interpolating for the desired values in theexperimental data of Burke and Keyes and Kvalnes and Gaddy on thecompressibility of methane, after adjusting their results from 0?C to 60?F andcombining the correction factors for compressibility and temperature into asingle multiplier, which, applied to the product of pressure and reservoirvolume, gives at once the volume at one atmosphere (14.7 lb. per sq. in. abs.)and 60?F. The relationship of this multiplier to the compressibility factor Z, as used in most discussions, is simply:
(Equation)
where Z is the compressibility factor and T the absolute temperature(Rankine).
Fahrenheit temperatures are shown on the vertical axis and pressures inpounds per square inch absolute on the horizontal axis.
Correction factors or multipliers at intervals of 0.05 from 0.55 to 1.4?have been plotted on the chart and are calculated to give volume of gas at oneatmosphere pressure (14.7 lb.) and 60?F. The operation is as follows: Thereservoir volume, times the number of atmospheres pressure, times themultiplier, gives the volume of gas measured at one atmosphere (14.7 lb. persq. in.) and 60?F.
For example, a reservoir is estimated to have a volume of 10,000,000 cu.ft., bottomhole pressure is 2940 lb. per sq. in. and temperature is 184?F.
To make the correction for methane, follow the 184? line horizontally to the2940-lb. pressure line. The intersection lies between the 0.85 and 0.90correction lines, and by interpolation we may estimate the multiplier at0.863.
T.P. 1375
A Preliminary Report on the Application of the Mass Spectrometer to Problems in the Petroleum Industry
Authors: Hoover Herbert , Washburn Harold 
Published: June 2014

This paper is in the nature of a rough preliminary report on the progressthat has been made in the application of the mass spectrometer to variousproblems arising in the petroleum industry. A few years ago the authorsconsidered a number of the problems that were arising in the qualitative andquantitative measurement of small amounts of hydrocarbons. The methodsavailable of making analyses by chemical techniques appeared to leave much roomfor improvement. Without going into the reasons at this point, attention wasturned to the possibility of employing physical instead of chemical methods ofaccomplishing the desired results.
A preliminary investigation disclosed that the mass spectrometer presented apossibility of solving many problems which could not easily be accomplished byother methods. Work was begun in developing the necessary apparatus andtechnique. A great deal of encouragement and many valuable suggestions werereceived from Dr. Robert A. Millikan, Dr. W. R. Smythe, and
Dr. W. N. Lacey, of the California Institute of Technology, and from Dr. E. O.Lawrence, who recently received the Nobel Prize, of the University ofCalifornia. The authors particularly wish to acknowledge the very greatwillingness of these outstanding scientists to be helpful in solving many ofthe problems that were involved.
So far as the authors are aware, this was the first application of the massspectrometer to commercial work. The results were considerably better than hadat first been anticipated. Briefly, it is possible to run a qualitative andquantitative analysis of an unknown mixture of hydrocarbon gases, with anaccuracy of better than plus or minus 5 per cent of each of the variousconstituents. An exceedingly high degree of sensitivity has been obtained, anda relatively short time is required to complete an analysis. Furthermore, it isunnecessary to separate a mixture of gases into its various' components inorder to complete the analysis.

The Mass Spectrometer
The mass spectrometer should not be confused in any way with the optical orgrating type of spectrograph now in general use. The operation of the massspectrometer is entirely different in principle and bears practically noresemblance to the optical or grating instruments.
The original conception and development of the mass spectrometer dates from andis generally credited to Aston, of Cambridge, England. An early accomplishmentof his research, about 20 years ago, was the discovery that the inert gas neonwas actually a mixture of two kinds of atoms, one of the atomic weight 20 andthe other of atomic weight 22. These two components occurred mixed in suchproportion as to yield the usual atomic weight of 20.2.
T.P. 1205
Chemical Treatment of Bentonitic Suspensions and the Relationship to the Heaving-shale Problem
Authors: Power H.H. , Houssiere Charles R. 
Published: June 2014

The development of effective and dependable methods for drilling through theso-called "heaving-shale" horizons, particularly in the Gulf Coastarea, is believed to comprise a major contribution to drilling technology, andto the task of finding and developing our undiscovered oil pools. Manymechanical remedies have been proposed and are in use in troublesome areas forcombating heaving shale. However, in conducting a research program it wasconcluded that the physical and chemical properties of shales should beinvestigated, and the effect of added chemicals on such properties determined.As a preliminary step, the effect of chemicals on bentonitic suspensions wasdetermined in accordance with recent contributions in the field of ceramics.The most plausible theoretical explanations for the behavior of the clayminerals involved are offered in the paper that follows. It is hoped thatsubsequent investigation of actual shale from troublesome wells will be aidedby the initial work done on bentonitic suspensions of known composition.

Introduction
Formations variously designated as "heaving shale," "sloughingshale" and "caving shale" impede and may even preclude drilling ofoil wells, particularly in certain parts of the Gulf Coast. In a previous paperit has been stated that the development of effective and dependable methods fordrilling through these troublesome beds is believed to comprise a majorcontribution to drilling technology, and to the task of finding and developingour undiscovered oil pools.
Since the attack on the heaving-shale problem by mechanical means wasprincipally a matter of field investigation, it was concluded that a researchprogram should be concerned with the physical and chemical properties ofheaving shales, and the effect of added chemicals on such properties. It wasrealized that a study of shales required an advanced knowledge of the behaviorof the individual clay minerals. A thorough review of the literature led theauthors to the conclusion that very recent contributions in the field ofceramics furnished the most plausible theoretical explanations for the behaviorof clay minerals. Accordingly, these fundamental ideas will be used in anattempt to explain the behavior of more complex systems whose composition andreplaceable ions are known.
T.P. 1401
Equilibrium Constants for Hydrocarbons in Absorption Oil
Authors: Webber C.E. 
Published: June 2014

The economical recovery of the valuable constituents from the effluent ofgas-condensate wells has developed into a problem of balancing the cost ofrecovery against the cost of compressing the residual gas back into theformation. A possible method of extracting the gasoline and distillate from thenatural gas is by oil absorption at high pressures. In order to design andevaluate an absorption plant, fundamental data on the composition of thecoexisting hydrocarbon vapor and liquid phases at various temperatures andpressures are essential.
A review of the literature indicated that the necessary data for the design ofsuch plants are lacking. The nearest approach to desired published data is thatof Katz and Hackmuth, who experimentally determined the composition of thecoexisting vapor and liquid phases in a natural gas-crude oil system atpressures up to 3000 lb. per sq. in. and at temperatures from 40? to200?F.
This paper presents the results of the experimental determination of theequilibrium distribution of the hydrocarbons methane through hexane betweennatural gas and a typical absorber oil. The ranges of temperature and pressurechosen were from 33? to 180?F. and from 100 to 5000 lb. per sq. inch.

Materials
The absorber oil was a typical naturally occurring, straw-colored distillatethat had previously been steam-distilled to an initial boiling point of 300?F.The physical and chemical properties, including the results of an Englerdistillation, are presented in Table I. A large volume of this oil was obtainedand it was used throughout the complete set of experiments.
The n-hexane was obtained from the Ohio Chemical and Manufacturing Co., Cleveland, Ohio. This liquid had a boiling range of from 149? to I52.6?F., witha density of 0.667 at 60?F. and a molecular weight of 85 by benzenefreezing-point depression. The propane, isobutane, n-butane, isopentane andn-pentane were obtained from the Philgas Department of the Phillips PetroleumCo. Certified analyses of these compounds showed their purity to be in excessof 99.5 per cent and they were not further purified.
T.P. 1252
A Plan for Operation of the Paloma Field
Authors: Geis W.H. 
Published: June 2014

The following pages summarize the causes that led to the suggestion of unitoperation of the Paloma field, the organization of committees, preparation ofthe Paloma Operators Agreement and the reasons for rejection of the plan.

Introduction
Long ago an Austrian physicist observed that under certain conditions thecondensation of a liquid from gaseous mixtures resulted from pressurereduction. Some 50 years later he would have known that his research was not invain. He would have seen a group of serious operators and engineers seeking toapply that principle to a conservation program for unitized production in thePaloma gas field - but he would also have been saddened to see that forcesunsympathetic to the application of science in oil production, with little orno appreciation of modern methods and the advantages of cooperation, so farhave prevented the adoption of that program.
Soon after the Paloma field was discovered it was realized that all thehydrocarbons in the reservoir existed in the gaseous phase. This condition wasconfirmed over a large area. Therefore, if the field was to be properlyexploited with the greatest ultimate recovery of condensate, the hydrocarbonsin the reservoir must be produced in the single or gas phase. They must becautiously extracted with the least possible reduction of the naturalpressure.
If this could be accomplished, or if artificial pressure control wereutilized, the condensation and underground loss of the valuable distillatewould be preventable - otherwise it would not be.
Wholehearted cooperation of all operators was required in order toaccomplish the conservation purposes of the program. To this end the productionengineers of the several companies concerned lent their time and talents. Theyfully investigated the physical relationships of the products within thecomplicated gaseous mixture, prepared extensive reports on the subject and drewup a reasonably efficient plan of operations, which now is commonly called the "Paloma Unit Plan" but actually was entitled "The Paloma OperatorsAgreement."
All of the engineers were not in perfect agreement on all the features ofthe plan, or even on all the engineering principles. However, it is safe to saythat on all the important or essential factors there was a unanimity ofopinion, particularly as to the objectives. These were fairly simple and reduceto one controlling item, "pressure control" by cycling orrecycling.
T.P. 1472
Unsteady Flow of Gas through Porous Media
Authors: Hetherington Charles R. , MacRoberts D.T. , Huntington R.L. 
Published: June 2014

Since the equation of continuity governing transient flow of gases throughporous media cannot be integrated mathematically into a simple usableexpression free from series terms, empirical and approximate equations havebeen advanced relating cumulative production and future production rates fromgas reservoirs with time. In order to check the accuracy of these empiricalequations and to obtain an insight into the initial conditions pertinent to thesolution of the fundamental equation of continuity, experimental work has beenconducted on a vertical 2-in. tube, 91.6 ft. high, packed with unconsolidatedWilcox sand. The results presented in graphical form show the accuracy of theapproximate relations.
Data from unsteady-flow runs on the 2-in. experimental tube are presentedgraphically, and are applied to obtain an equation for this specific case, andare offered as an aid in future investigations of this basic equation.
The close agreement between equations calculated for steady-state flow andthe experiments indicates that the decline of actual gas reservoirs may betreated by an application of these equations without serious error.

Introduction
The steady-state flow of gas through a porous material-that is, flow whereinthe boundary conditions do not vary with time-is subject to analyticalsolution. Muskat has shown that the general differential equation is simply the La Place equation in P2. Direct solutionsmay be at once obtained.
The unsteady state, on the other hand, is not analytically reducible. Sincenearly all phenomena of practical interest in gas production involve flow inthe unsteady rather than in the steady state, it has been necessary to deriveapproximate solutions to the general equation. The validity of suchapproximations has not hitherto been adequately tested.
In the experiments to be described a simple, closed, linear system issubstituted for the real complex gas field. The general results, however, areindependent of the geometry of the system. The problem studied is the rate ofproduction, and the accompanying variations in pressure, when one end of alinear porous system is opened to the atmosphere and permitted to produce toexhaustion. An approximate solution to the general differential equation, basedupon the assumption of an "infinite series of steady states," is thenapplied to the results to determine the validity of this method of dealing withactual reservoirs.
T.P. 1398
Some Factors in the Economics of Recycling
Authors: Kaye Emby 
Published: June 2014

It is the purpose of this paper to outline briefly some of theconsiderations that enter into the economics of so-called recycling, thegeneric designation of the relatively recently developed process by which acondensate is separated from gas-distillate gas at high pressure and theresidual gas returned to the reservoir. This subject necessarily embraces notonly a discussion of factors that should be considered in projecting arecycling operation, such as estimating reserves, investment and operatingcosts, but also a comparison of condensate with other types of petroleum. Theplace of condensate in its relation to the total supply of crude oil is pointedout as well as certain logical methods of product disposal. The cost ofdrilling wells and lease maintenance is not pertinent to this discussionbecause income and revenue are in this paper confined to that retained by theplant or plant operator for supplying processing facilities for the gas.
Before the development of recycling a great many gas-distillate gas fieldsin Louisiana and Texas provided no income to their owners. When gas was soldfrom these reservoirs it was accompanied by irretrievable losses of condensatein the formation. The understanding of the function of retrograde condensationresulted in the introduction of a new commercial petroleum recovery process forthese hitherto unexploited fields and now permits the conditioning of this typeof wet gas field for the sale of dry gas therefrom without waste.

Some Economic Factors
The study of a gas-distillate field for possible exploitation necessarilyinvolves the critical appraisal of a number of elements, chief of which will bediscussed here:estimate of distillate in placeestimate of distillatethat can be brought to the surfaceavailable marketcosts.
The considerations affecting the estimating of distillate reserves in placeare in the main subject to the same errors as are involved in determining drygas reserves. Determinable data including acreage, sand thickness, reservoirpressure, reservoir temperature, porosity and connate water provide the basisfor calculating the volume of gas in place. Ample allowance must be made forconnate water, which may occupy from 20 to 35 per cent of the pore space of thesand. The factor of supercompressibility is to a considerable extent nullifiedby the reservoir temperature.
T.P. 1304
An Electrical Device for Analyzing Oil-reservoir Behavior
Authors: Bruce W.A. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
This paper covers the theory and present state of development of anapparatus for the nonmathematical analysis of complex problems of reservoir andwell behavior.
At the present stage of development of this apparatus, it is capable ofsolving the waterdrive problem of any reservoir performance for which amathematical solution has been presented in the literature, either on the basisof steady or unsteady-state flow analysis.
The theory is presented for the extension of the scope of this analyzeralong the lines of the present development. The resulting apparatus should beable to solve reservoir-performance problems previously thought too difficultfor practical solution by mathematical means.
As an illustration of its operation and present scope, the analysis of areservoir problem and synthesis of expected performance is presented.

Introduction
In this method of analyzing problems of petroleum-reservoir and wellbehavior, the porous continuum of the reservoir is assumed to be divided intosmall blocks, or units. Each block is assumed to be small enough so that for amaterial balance on the fluids in the block an average pressure for the blockcan be used. In analyzing reservoir behavior from this point of view bymathematical means, a set of simultaneous difference equations would beobtained (two for each block), which must be solved or combined into a partialdifferential equation. In the method to be described here, instead of solvingthese sets of equations analytically, electrical units are constructed, whichwill behave in respect to the flow of electricity exactly as the reservoirunits behave under various conditions of fluid flow. The electrical units arethen wired together in the same way that the reservoir units are connectednaturally by virtue of their geometrical locations and shapes.
T.P. 1550
The Use of Electrode Spacing in Well Logging
Authors: Zinszer Richard H. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Application of electric logs has been used in correlation of subsurfacestructure to determine the size and shape of the oil reservoir.
Such a knowledge is hardly complete until saturation and productivity aredetermined for the various horizons. It is difficult to use electric logssuccessfully for this purpose because of the many factors that influence thecurves. In this work an effort was made to establish an empirical correlationbetween formation resistivity for a series of electric-log curves and watersaturation and oil productivity of sand. Electric logs were obtained byrecording with 10 different electrode spacings through the same interval of awell. In the analysis of these curves all factors except two, a dependent andindependent variable, were held constant. The interval studied had been coredand a large number of samples were analyzed in the core laboratory in order tocompare the values of permeability and saturation with the measured values offormation resistivity.
Results of this analysis indicate:the depth to which mud filtrateenters a sand bodya correlation between permeability and sand resistivityfor shallow penetration depthsthat the water saturation for an oilsand can be determined from the measured sand resistivity after making suitablecorrections for sand thickness.
The procedure in the last method depends on acorrection for thickness factor and a theoretical curve. The accuracy of thetheoretical curve is now being tested in the laboratory.

Introduction
In an effort to place the analysis of electric logs on a quantitative basis, there is need for a better understanding of the many factors that influence anelectric-log curve. These factors may be large differences in sand thickness, permeability of the sand, salinity of the interstitial water, mud resistivity, formation temperature, and other sources. A number of examples were presentedby Archie, which treat the effect of sand thickness on measuredresistivity.
T.P. 1590
The Effect of Casing Perforations on Well Productivity
Authors: Muskat Morris 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Analytical calculations have been carried out on theeffect of casing perforations on the productivity of wells, and formulas havebeen derived for general types of perforation patterns. The numericalcalculations, however, show that the resultant well productivity is essentiallyindependent of the perforation pattern, but is determined mainly by the totalperforation density. thus, for example, for a density of three perforations perfoot of casing the well productivity will be cut to one third of that of theuncased well for a perforation radius of 1/8 in., and to approximately one halfof a perforation radius of 1/4in., regardless of the detailed manner in whichthe perforations are distributed over the casing surface. the analytical theoryis also extended to included wells completed with slotted liners. it is showthat the reduction in productivity due to such liners will be relativity smallas compared with that due to perforated casings.

Introduction
The increasingly important role being played byproductivity factors of wells in determining well potentials and in the generalevaluation of producing formations lends interest to the analysis of all thevarious factors that may influence the productivity of a well. In recent papersthe results have been given of theoretical studies made to determine the effecton the productivity factors of a well of the gas-oil ration of the productionand the connate water within the sand. These have served to show that both ofthese factors may, under suitable conditions materially reduce the effectiveproductivity factors below those that would be anticipated on the assumptionthat the wells produce homogeneous fluids.
In this paper will be presented the results of theanalysis of an entirely different factor influencing the productivity of awell.This refers to that resulting from the increased use of the methodof completing wells by setting casings opposite all of the productive strataand then gun-performing the particular zones of immediate interest. Thepractical success of this method of completion would appear to be an answer tothe question as to whether it seriously reduces the well productivity ormaterially cuts down the ultimate oil recovery that may be derived from theproducing section.