bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Enhanced thermal properties of novel shape-stabilized PEG composite phase change materials with radial mesoporous silica sphere for thermal energy storage
Authors: Min Xin , Fang Minghao , Huang Zhaohui , Liu Yan’gai , Huang Yaoting , Wen Ruilong , Qian Tingting , Wu Xiaowen 
Published: August 2015

AbstractRadial mesoporous silica (RMS) sphere was tailor-made for further applications in producing shape-stabilized composite phase change materials (ss-CPCMs) through a facile self-assembly process using CTAB as the main template and TEOS as SiO2precursor. Novel ss-CPCMs composed of polyethylene glycol (PEG) and RMS were prepared through vacuum impregnating method. Various techniques were employed to characterize the structural and thermal properties of the ss-CPCMs. The DSC results indicated that the PEG/RMS ss-CPCM was a promising candidate for building thermal energy storage applications due to its large latent heat, suitable phase change temperature, good thermal reliability, as well as the excellent chemical compatibility and thermal stability. Importantly, the possible formation mechanisms of both RMS sphere and PEG/RMS composite have also been proposed. The results also indicated that the properties of the PEG/RMS ss-CPCMs are influenced by the adsorption limitation of the PEG molecule from RMS sphere with mesoporous structure and the effect of RMS, as the impurities, on the perfect crystallization of PEG.
Decellularized human liver as a natural 3D-scaffold for liver bioengineering and transplantation
Authors: Mazza Giuseppe , Rombouts Krista , Rennie Hall Andrew , Urbani Luca , Vinh Luong Tu , Al-Akkad Walid , Longato Lisa , Brown David , Maghsoudlou Panagiotis , Dhillon Amar P. , Fuller Barry , Davidson Brian , Moore Kevin , Dhar Dipok , De Coppi Paolo , Malago Massimo , Pinzani Massimo 
Published: August 2015

AbstractLiver synthetic and metabolic function can only be optimised by the growth of cells within a supportive liver matrix. This can be achieved by the utilisation of decellularised human liver tissue. Here we demonstrate complete decellularization of whole human liver and lobes to form an extracellular matrix scaffold with a preserved architecture. Decellularized human liver cubic scaffolds were repopulated for up to 21 days using human cell lines hepatic stellate cells (LX2), hepatocellular carcinoma (Sk-Hep-1) and hepatoblastoma (HepG2), with excellent viability, motility and proliferation and remodelling of the extracellular matrix. Biocompatibility was demonstrated by either omental or subcutaneous xenotransplantation of liver scaffold cubes (5 × 5 × 5 mm) into immune competent mice resulting in absent foreign body responses. We demonstrate decellularization of human liver and repopulation with derived human liver cells. This is a key advance in bioartificial liver development.
3′-Untranslated regions are important in mRNA localization and translation: lessons from selenium and metallothionein
Authors: Hesketh J. 
Published: August 2015

There is increasing evidence that 3′-UTRs (3′-untranslated regions) of mRNAs contain regulatory elements that have important roles in post-transcriptional control of gene expression. For example, 3′-UTRs are important in determining mRNA localization and directing selenocysteine insertion during selenoprotein synthesis. Metallothionein mRNA is localized around the nucleus and associated with the cytoskeleton; this is determined by the 3′-UTR. Deletion and mutagenesis studies are defining the nature of the signal. Incorrect mRNA localization prevents subsequent nuclear localization of metallothionein protein and affects its function. Selenium (Se) is incorporated as selenocysteine into approx. 30 mammalian proteins by a mechanism that requires a specific structure within the 3′-UTR of the corresponding mRNAs. When Se supply is low the effect on selenoprotein expression is not uniform but shows differential effects that are tissue- and protein-specific; there is a ‘prioritization’ of selenoprotein synthesis that is partly influenced by the 3′-UTRs of the different mRNAs. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the gene regions corresponding to 3′-UTRs could potentially influence gene regulation. We have discovered a common polymorphism in a part of the glutathione peroxidase 4 gene which corresponds to the 3′-UTR, and our recent results suggest that this single-nucleotide polymorphism has functional and physiological effects, as well as altered frequency in disease.
The Type IIB restriction endonucleases
Authors: Marshall Jacqueline J.T. , Halford Stephen E. 
Published: August 2015

The endonucleases from the Type IIB restriction–modification systems differ from all other restriction enzymes. The Type IIB enzymes cleave both DNA strands at specified locations distant from their recognition sequences, like Type IIS nucleases, but they are unique in that they do so on both sides of the site, to liberate the site from the remainder of the DNA on a short duplex. The fact that these enzymes cut DNA at specific locations mark them as Type II systems, as opposed to the Type I enzymes that cut DNA randomly, but in terms of gene organization and protein assembly, most Type IIB restriction–modification systems have more in common with Type I than with other Type II systems. Our current knowledge of the Type IIB systems is reviewed in the present paper.
Dendritic trafficking for neuronal growth and plasticity
Authors: Ehlers Michael D. 
Published: August 2015

Among the largest cells in the body, neurons possess an immense surface area and intricate geometry that poses many unique cell biological challenges. This morphological complexity is critical for neural circuit formation and enables neurons to compartmentalize cell–cell communication and local intracellular signalling to a degree that surpasses other cell types. The adaptive plastic properties of neurons, synapses and circuits have been classically studied by measurement of electrophysiological properties, ionic conductances and excitability. Over the last 15 years, the field of synaptic and neural electrophysiology has collided with neuronal cell biology to produce a more integrated understanding of how these remarkable highly differentiated cells utilize common eukaryotic cellular machinery to decode, integrate and propagate signals in the nervous system. The present article gives a very brief and personal overview of the organelles and trafficking machinery of neuronal dendrites and their role in dendritic and synaptic plasticity.
Glomerular Permeability during Proteinuria Induced by Plasma Infusion
Authors: Petrie J. J. B. , Cleland J. F. , MacLean Pamela R. , Robson J. S. 
Published: August 2015

1. Glomerular permeability to protein and dextran was studied in four patients with bleeding disorders who had normal renal function and in whom proteinuria occurred during the large infusions of plasma needed for treatment of the primary disorder.
2. Results are expressed in terms of selectivity indices which relate clearance to molecular weight.
3. Dextran selectivity was high both in the presence and absence of proteinuria and protein selectivity during proteinuria was also high.
4. Proteinuria induced by plasma infusion is likely to be glomerular in origin and the results indicate that the normal glomerulus is highly selective to plasma protein as well as to dextran.
Demography of Serum Immunoglobulins: Differences in IgG and IgM Levels in two Normal Mexican Adult Populations
Authors: Alarcón-Segovia D. , Fishbein Eugenia 
Published: August 2015

1. The three major immunoglobulins were quantitatively determined in the serum of 112 healthy Mexico City residents by the single radial immunodiffusion method.
2. Mean levels of IgG and particularly of IgM were unusually low as compared to (a) mean levels reported from elsewhere, (b) a group of thirty-eight healthy residents of Acapulco, Mexico of similar racial background and income and (c) a ‘British’ standard reference serum.
3. It is suggested that low IgG and IgM levels in Mexico City residents may be related to its high altitude.
4. Diminished immunoglobulin levels, particularly those of IgM, might be a compensatory mechanism for the increase in blood viscosity caused by high altitude erythrocytosis.
Protein Turnover in Skeletal Muscle. I. The Measurement of Rates of Synthesis and Catabolism of Skeletal Muscle Protein Using [14C]Na2CO3 to Label Protein
Authors: Millward D. J. 
Published: August 2015

1. The turnover of rat skeletal muscle protein was studied using [75Se]selenomethionine, [6-14C]arginine and [14C]Na2CO3 to label protein.
2. In rats labelled with both [75Se]selenomethionine and [14C]Na2CO3 the 14C activity of mixed skeletal muscle protein fell rapidly with a half-life of 6·0 days for the specific activity and 10·5 days for the total activity. There was no loss of 75Se activity from muscle protein during the 12 days of the experiment.
3. Following the injection of [6-14C]arginine both sarcoplasmic and myofibrillar proteins continued to incorporate label for 6 days after which time the label was lost fairly rapidly.
4. Following the injection of [14C]Na2CO3 muscle protein was maximally labelled by 6 h, at which time specific activity of the free amino acids had fallen to a very low level. Aspartate and glutamate in particular had lost over 99% of their maximum activity by this time in comparison to arginine which was still highly labelled after 24 h.
5. 14C activity was lost more rapidly from aspartate and glutamate isolated from sarcoplasmic and myofibrillar protein than from the other labelled amino acids. The half-lives of the two protein fractions were 3·9 and 7·2 days from the specific activity curves and 6·0 and 19·0 days from the total activity curves.
6. The differences between the half lives of muscle proteins labelled with different amino acids are discussed in terms of the effects of reutilization of the labelled amino acid used. It is postulated that aspartate and glutamate labelled by the injection of [14C]CO=3 are only reutilized to a very small extent and therefore afford the means by which the rates of protein synthesis and catabolism in skeletal muscle can be measured with reasonable accuracy.
Exercise Tolerance Breathing a Low Density Gas Mixture, 35% Oxygen and Air in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Bronchitis
Authors: Raimondi A. C. , Edwards R. H. T. , Denison D. M. , Leaver D. G. , Spencer R. G. , Siddorn J. A. 
Published: August 2015

1. We have examined the effects of (a) reducing the density of the inspired gas and of (b) increasing inspired oxygen concentration on the exercise performance of eight men with chronic obstructive bronchitis (COB).
2. Each subject performed two types of exercise test breathing three different gas mixtures: air, 35% oxygen in nitrogen and 21% oxygen in helium. The exercise capacity, ventilation and heart rate were recorded. Indices of pulmonary mechanics were measured to determine where and how any change in ventilatory capacity might have been achieved.
3. (a) Effort tolerance at a constant load (70% capacity breathing air) was greater when the inspired gas mixture was 35% oxygen in nitrogen than when air or 21% oxygen in helium was breathed.
(b) Peak expiratory flow (PEF) was greater when the helium mixture was breathed, but the forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) and maximum expiratory flow at 50% vital capacity (MEF50%) were the same as when breathing air. Effort tolerance was the same breathing the helium mixture and air in both the progressive and constant load tests.
(c) PEF, FEV and MEF50% were greater immediately after than before exercise on all gas mixtures.
4. It is concluded that a reduction in the density of the inspired gas does not improve effort tolerance in patients with COB. Possible reasons for this lack of benefit are discussed.
Relationships between Potassium, Chloride, Intracellular and Extracellular pH in Dogs
Authors: Wilson A. F. , Simmons D. H. 
Published: August 2015

1. Total body, intracellular, and extracellular electrolyte and acid-base changes were studied following sodium nitrate-induced potassium and chloride depletion and subsequent selective chloride repletion.
2. It was found that potassium and chloride depletion was associated with markedly decreased extracellular Na, K, Cl and water content. Intracellular Na increased, intracellular K decreased and there was a large transcellular redistribution of acid, i.e. extracellular alkalosis and intracellular acidosis ensued.
3. Selective chloride repletion was associated with return of extracellular pH towards normal. Extracellular K and intracellular parameters showed very little change. Further chloride administration was followed by extracellular acidosis, but extracellular K remained low.
4. There was close relationship between extracellular chloride and hydrogen ion concentrations ([Cl−]e and [H+]e) and extracellular potassium and intracellular hydrogen ion ([K+]e and [H+]i) but not between any of the other parameters. The close relationship between [H+]e and [Cl−]e may be explained by the chemical relationship between [H+]e, Pco2, and [HCO3−]e and empirical relationships between [Cl−]e and [HCO3−]e, and Pco2 and [HCO3−]e.
Role of Circulating Catecholamines in Human Eccrine Sweat Gland Control
Authors: Foster K. G. , Ginsburg Jean , Weiner J. S. 
Published: August 2015

1. Intra-arterially as well as intradermally administered adrenaline or noradrenaline produces a sweat response.
2. The intensity of the intradermal response is always considerably less than that due to acetylcholine and the threshold of effective concentration is considerably greater than for acetylcholine. The glands also fail to respond to repeated small doses of intradermal catecholamine and to continued arterial catecholamine infusion.
3. Intradermal administration of a mixture of adrenaline and acetylcholine did not indicate that adrenaline potentiates the cholinergic response.
4. Intravenous infusions of 20 μg/min adrenaline neither produce a response by the resting glands nor affect the response of the active glands. Whilst intra-arterial infusions of high doses of adrenaline or noradrenaline produce a response by the resting glands they reduce the response of the active glands.
5. The results show that even though the catecholamine levels in a discharge of a phaeochromocytoma can be high enough to cause a discharge by resting glands, as the glands are likely to be secreting in response to neural stimulation, the effect of the secreted catecholamine would be inhibitory.
Different Effects of Frusemide Administered during Hypertonic Saline Infusion in Healthy Subjects and Hypertensive Patients
Authors: Radó J. P. , Szende L. , Borbély L. , Báanos Cs. , Takó J. , Fischer J. 
Published: August 2015

1. The effects of hypertonic saline and frusemide administered during hypertonic saline infusion were studied during antidiuresis and infusion of lysine-vasopressin in fifteen healthy subjects and seventeen patients with hypertension.
2. Rates of excretion of water and sodium were higher during salt loading in the hypertensive patients as compared to the healthy persons. On the other hand, frusemide administered during saline infusion had a greater effect in the normal subjects.
3. Free water reabsorption increased markedly in the first 10-min clearance period after frusemide injection in the healthy subjects, while in the hypertensive group there was no significant change. This suggested that the diuretic may have a more marked proximal tubular effect in the healthy persons and/or a more intensive Henle's loop action in the hypertensives. However, the latter possibility was not supported by data concerning the correlation between solute excretion and free water reabsorption.
4. It is suggested that sodium transport is competitively inhibited in the same segment(s) of the nephron by frusemide and hypertonic saline and that this may explain the decreased effect of frusemide in the hypertensives.
Transferable Pyrogen in Human Experimental Fever
Authors: Rawlins M. D. , Cranston W. I. , Luff R. H. 
Published: August 2015

1. Steady-state fever has been produced in normal volunteers by an intravenous priming injection followed by a sustaining infusion of leucocyte pyrogen. During this fever, volumes of up to 550 g blood were withdrawn, and separated into cells and plasma.
2. No febrile responses were observed when on subsequent days the cells or the plasma was re-infused.
3. These findings are compatible with the hypothesis that the inability to detect a circulating pyrogen in patients with inflammatory fever, reflects the difficulty of obtaining sufficiently large volumes of blood.
4. Transfusion of blood is unlikely to be a useful means of establishing whether circulating endogenous pyrogen is concerned in naturally occurring fever.
Forearm Circulation in Man at High Altitude
Authors: Weil J. V. , Byrne-Quinn E. , Battock D. J. , Grover R. F. , Chidsey C. A. 
Published: August 2015

1. Several phenomena observed in man during acute exposure to high altitude could be explained in part by a decrease in compliance of systemic capacitance vessels.
2. Serial measurements of forearm venous compliance were made with a water-filled plethysmograph in healthy men during a 24 h stay at 4300 m.
3. A decrease in venous compliance (increase in venous tone) occurred in all subjects and averaged 17·0 ± 6·2% (SEM).
4. In seven normal men during 1 week at 4300 m, a decrease in venous compliance again occurred in all subjects and was sustained throughout the 1 week period. There was also a rise in forearm blood flow and a fall in forearm vascular resistance. Increases in urinary excretion of noradrenaline and vanilmandelic acid suggested that these responses are mediated by the sympathetic nervous system.
5. Acute laboratory studies suggest that the response is primarily triggered by hypocapnia and potentiated by hypoxia; it cannot be duplicated by hyperventilation or by mild hypoxia in the absence of hypocapnia.
6. This decrease in systemic venous compliance may play an important role in the increased central blood volume and cardiac output which are seen acutely following ascent to high altitude.
Reactions of Arterial and Venous Vessels in the Human Forearm and Hand to Deep Breath or Mental Strain
Authors: Delius W. , Kellerová E. 
Published: August 2015

1. Arterial and venous reactions in forearm and hand to a deep breath or to mental strain (a 50 s period of arithmetic) were measured in fourteen individuals. Blood flow and tissue volume change were measured by venous occlusion plethysmography, and venous tone by the occluded limb technique.
2. A deep breath caused cutaneous vasoconstriction which was short-lasting in resistance (arterial) vessels and long-lasting in capacitance vessels.
3. Mental strain caused cutaneous venous constriction and muscular arterial dilatation with a similar time-course, while the cutaneous arterial reaction was variable.
The Causes of Hypocalcaemia in Chronic Renal Failure
Authors: Cochran M. , Nordin B. E. C. 
Published: August 2015

1. Serum calcium and phosphate, calcium absorption and calcium excretion were measured in twenty-seven cases of chronic renal failure.
2. Hypocalcaemia was present in thirteen cases and tended to be more severe in patients with the most severe degree of renal failure.
3. The hypocalcaemia could not be attributed to hyperphosphataemia since many of the patients with hypocalcaemia had normal serum phosphate concentrations.
4. Malabsorption of calcium was observed in all but three patients, and was significantly related to the degree of renal failure, but there was only a weak correlation between absorption and the serum calcium concentration. The 24 h calcium excretion was not significantly related to creatinine clearance or to calcium absorption.
5. The relation between serum calcium concentration and fasting urine calcium excretion, expressed in mg per 100 ml of glomerular filtrate, was grossly abnormal. Instead of the positive correlation previously established in normal subjects, plasma calcium and urine calcium expressed in this way were inversely related, signifying a severe reduction in the tubular reabsorption of calcium.
6. Calcium and sodium excretion (each expressed in units per 100 ml of glomerular filtrate) were significantly related, but calcium excretion and serum bicarbonate were not. However, examination of the urine calcium/sodium relationship at urine sodium excretion rates below 1·5 mEq per 100 ml of glomerular filtrate indicated that, within this range, urine calcium excretion was inversely related to serum bicarbonate concentration and positively related to urine sodium excretion.
7. We conclude that there is reduced tubular reabsorption of calcium in renal failure, and this is attributable both to metabolic acidosis and to the increased rate of sodium excretion per nephron, and that it could be a significant contributory factor in the hypocalcaemia which may be observed in renal failure without hyperphosphataemia.
Metabolism of Palmitic and Linoleic Acids in Man: Differences in Turnover and Conversion to Glycerides
Authors: Nestel P. J. , Barter P. 
Published: August 2015

1. The metabolism of palmitic acid (a saturated fatty acid) and linoleic acid (a polyunsaturated fatty acid) was compared in seven subjects during constant infusions of the radioactive tracers.
2. The studies were repeated in some subjects after the turnover of the free fatty acids and the size of the fatty acid and glyceride pools had been altered with sucrose or polyunsaturated fat diets.
3. The fractional turnover of linoleic acid was nearly always greater than that of palmitic acid, though its total turnover rate was less.
4. A lesser proportion of the turnover of linoleate than of palmitate was incorporated into plasma triglyceride over a range of turnover rates of free fatty acids and glyceride fatty acid pools. This may be a factor in the lowering of plasma triglyceride concentrations with diets rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids.
A Study of the Metabolism of Fibrinogen after Surgical Operations
Authors: Hickman J. A. 
Published: August 2015

1. The turnover of fibrinogen was studied in twenty-eight patients after moderate and major surgical operations and in a contrast group of thirteen patients suffering from miscellaneous chronic disorders.
2. After operation the mean biological half-life of fibrinogen was 60.1 h (SD 16.4) and the mean plasma loss of fibrinogen was 40.1% (SD 12.6) of the intravascular fibrinogen pool each 24 h. In the contrast group, respective values of 96.2 h (SD 13.1) and 22.5% (SD 2.0) were obtained, which are in agreement with published values for the normal catabolism of fibrinogen.
3. When the post-operative increase in the plasma fibrinogen pool was taken into account, a massive increase in the absolute plasma loss of fibrinogen was observed with values approaching those reported for albumin turnover.
4. Possible sites of loss and the relevance of this investigation to the detection of disseminated intravascular coagulation and venous thrombosis are discussed.
Ragweed Pollen: Morphological Changes on Incubation with Saliva from Ragweed-Allergic and Non-Allergic Humans
Authors: Mayron L. W. , Loiselle R. J. 
Published: August 2015

1. The interactions between ragweed pollen and the saliva from ragweed-sensitive and non-sensitive humans have been examined. A number of morphological changes of the pollen grains take place under the conditions of the incubation. Of these changes, two occur only with incubation in allergic saliva and one occurs with the use of ‘inflammatory’ saliva, allergic or non-allergic.
2. The two changes that are associated only with incubation in saliva from an individual who is ragweed-sensitive appear to be related. They consist of a clearing of the background material surrounding the pollen grain and the formation of a halo of white, mat-like material around the grain.
3. The incubation of pollen with ‘congestive’ or ‘inflammatory’ saliva resulted in the exudation of granular material, encased in a membrane, from the pollen grain.
4. Kinetic studies give the development time of particular changes and their duration.