bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Raltegravir‐emtricitabine‐tenofovir as HIV nonoccupational post‐exposure prophylaxis in men who have sex with men: safety, tolerability and adherence
Authors: McAllister J , Read P , McNulty A , Tong WWY , Ingersoll A , Carr A 
Published: September 2013

ObjectivesThree‐drug nonoccupational post‐exposure prophylaxis (NPEP) typically includes co‐formulated emtricitabine‐tenofovir (FTC‐TDF) and a protease inhibitor. However, protease inhibitors can cause significant toxicities, can interact with prescribed and illicit drugs, and work late in the viral cycle. Agents that act before viral integration into host DNA may have efficacy advantages. Raltegravir (RAL) is a good candidate for NPEP as it has few side effects or drug interactions and acts prior to HIV integration. The objective of this study was to investigate the use of RAL in 3‐drug NPEP in terms of safety, adherence and tolerability.MethodsWe evaluated 28 days of RAL‐FTC‐TDF treatment in 86 men and FTC‐TDF treatment in 34 men eligible for three‐ and two‐drug NPEP, respectively. We assessed adherence (compared between groups and with nonstudy controls) and clinical and adverse events at weeks 1, 2 and 4, and efficacy at week 12. Analyses were by intention to treat, excluding from the adherence analysis subjects who ceased NPEP because their source was HIV‐uninfected.ResultsNo participant became infected with HIV. For RAL‐FTC‐TDF and FTC‐TDF, regimen completion rates were 92% and 91% and medication adherence rates were 89% and 90%, respectively. Eight (9%) RAL recipients developed mild myalgias, with four developing transient grade 4 elevations in creatine kinase (two developed both), all of which improved to grade 2 or less by week 4 without RAL discontinuation. Eight prescribed and 37 potential illicit drug interactions with a protease inhibitor were avoided by use of RAL.ConclusionsRAL‐FTC‐TDF is well tolerated as NPEP, results in high levels of adherence and avoids potential drug−drug interactions. Patients and clinicians should be aware of the potential for acute muscle toxicity when RAL is used as NPEP.
Field margins: a comparison of establishment methods and effects on hymenopteran parasitoid communities
Authors: Ó hUallacháin Daire , Anderson Annette , Fritch Rochelle , McCormack Stephen , Sheridan Helen , Finn John A. 
Published: September 2013

Abstract

Field margins within intensively managed ecosystems are often seen as a last refuge for biodiversity, and are typically targeted with measures within many agri‐environment schemes. Grassland accounts for 81 million ha of land within the EU; however, the ecology of field margins associated with permanent grassland has not been well studied.

This study investigated the effects of experimental field margin measures on hymenopteran parasitoid communities over a 5‐year period. Hymenopteran parasitoids were chosen because they occupy high trophic levels, feed on a diverse range of plant and invertebrate hosts, and are considered good indicators of arthropod diversity. Establishment methods included: fencing, natural regeneration, and reseeding with a wildflower mixture, at three margin widths.

Field margin establishment method had a significant effect on abundance of parasitoids. Establishment method did not have a significant effect on parasitoid genera diversity, but did affect parasitoid community composition. Margin width had no significant impact on parasitoid communities.

Grazing had a significant negative effect on parasitoid genus richness and community structure. This suggests that structural diversity of vegetation plays an important role in parasitoid community structure.

Plant species richness did not significantly affect parasitoid abundance or genera richness. Noxious species within plots resulted in a significantly greater abundance and diversity of parasitoids and of idiobionts in particular.

Where plant species richness is limited, simple measures such as fencing of narrow field margins may be as effective at increasing parasitoid taxon richness and abundance (indicators of arthropod richness and abundance) as expensive measures such as reseeding and wider margin widths.
Effects of tomato pulp addition on the extrudate quality parameters and effects of extrusion on the functional parameters of the extrudates
Authors: Caltinoglu Cagla , Tonyalı Bade , Sensoy Ilkay 
Published: September 2013

SummaryEffects of addition of tomato pulp on the quality parameters of the extrudates, and effects of extrusion on the functional properties of the extrudates were investigated. Bulk density, volume expansion index, longitudinal expansion index and porosity did not indicate a significant difference between the extrudates with or without tomato pulp. Sectional expansion index showed a slight increase with pulp addition. Textural analysis indicated that hardness and fracturability of the extrudates with or without pulp did not show a significant difference. DPPH (2, 2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging activity test indicated that antioxidant activity of tomato pulp added extrudates decreased from 16.71 ± 0.42 to 12.84 ± 0.36 μmol Trolox equivalent/g dry weight after extrusion. Total phenol content decreased from 15.37 ± 0.09 to 7.49 ± 0.11 mg gallic acid equivalent/g dry weight after extrusion process. The results suggest that tomato pulp can successfully be added as a functional ingredient to develop new functional extruded food products.
Properties of an Infrared‐Transparent MgO:Y2O3 Nanocomposite
Authors: Harris Daniel C. , Cambrea Lee R. , Johnson Linda F. , Seaver Robert T. , Baronowski Meghan , Gentilman Richard , Scott Nordahl C. , Gattuso Todd , Silberstein Stephanie , Rogan Patrick , Hartnett Thomas , Zelinski Brian , Sunne Wayne , Fest Eric , Howard Poisl W. , Willingham Charles B. , Turri Giorgio , Warren Cori , Bass Michael , Zelmon David E. , Goodrich Steven M. 
Published: September 2013

A 50:50 vol% MgO–Y2O3 nanocomposite with ~150 nm grain size was prepared in an attempt to make 3–5 μm infrared‐transmitting windows with increased durability and thermal shock resistance. Flexure strength of the composite at 21°C is 679 MPa for 0.88 cm2 under load. Hardness is consistent with that of the constituents with similar grain size. For 3‐mm‐thick material at 4.85 μm, the total scatter loss is 1.5%, forward scatter is 0.2%, and absorptance is 1.8%. Optical scatter below 2 μm is 100%. Variable intensity OH absorption (~6% absorptance) is observed near 3 μm. The refractive index is ~0.4% below the volume‐fraction‐weighted average of those of the constituents. Thermal expansion is equal to the volume‐fraction‐weighted average of expansion of the constituents. Specific heat capacity is equal to the mass‐fraction‐weighted average of heat capacities of the constituents. Thermal conductivity lies between those of the constituents up to 1200 K. Elastic constants lie between those of the constituents. The Hasselman mild thermal shock resistance parameter for the composite is twice as great as that of common 3–5 μm window materials, but half as great as that of c‐plane sapphire.
Defining Borders and People in the Borderlands: EU Policies, Israeli Prerogatives and the Palestinians
Authors: Del Sarto Raffaella A. 
Published: September 2013

AbstractThis article investigates the rules and practices pertaining to visa regimes and the crossing of borders across the European Union, Israel and the Palestinian territories. Their consideration as three interlinked entities rests on the high degree of EU–Israeli interdependence, the EU's deep involvement in the Palestinian territories and Israel's control over the latter. The article evidences the existence of variegated borders regimes applying to different categories of Israelis, Palestinians and EU citizens, together with Israel's outstanding prerogatives in defining these practices. The analysis suggests conceptualizing the space comprising the EU and Israel/Palestine as overlapping borderlands, with Israel and the territories emerging as a single, yet highly fragmented, space in which borders are alternative expressions of power relations in protracted conflicts. With the EU being drawn into prevailing conflict dynamics, the type and extent of EU–Israeli–Palestinian interconnectedness thus undermine the coherent implementation of Brussels’ mainly bilateral policies towards Israel and the territories.
Mechanisms for axon maintenance and plasticity in motoneurons: alterations in motoneuron disease
Authors: Jablonka Sibylle , Dombert Benjamin , Asan Esther , Sendtner Michael 
Published: September 2013

AbstractIn motoneuron disease and other neurodegenerative disorders, the loss of synapses and axon branches occurs early but is compensated by sprouting of neighboring axon terminals. Defective local axonal signaling for maintenance and dynamics of the axonal microtubule and actin cytoskeleton plays a central role in this context. The molecular mechanisms that lead to defective cytoskeleton architecture in two mouse models of motoneuron disease are summarized and discussed in this manuscript. In the progressive motor neuropathy (pmn) mouse model of motoneuron disease that is caused by a mutation in the tubulin‐specific chaperone E gene, death of motoneuron cell bodies appears as a consequence of axonal degeneration. Treatment with bcl‐2 overexpression or with glial‐derived neurotrophic factor prevents loss of motoneuron cell bodies but does not influence the course of disease. In contrast, treatment with ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) significantly delays disease onset and prolongs survival of pmn mice. This difference is due to the activation of Stat‐3 via the CNTF receptor complex in axons of pmn mutant motoneurons. Most of the activated Stat‐3 protein is not transported to the nucleus to activate transcription, but interacts locally in axons with stathmin, a protein that destabilizes microtubules. This interaction plays a major role in CNTF signaling for microtubule dynamics in axons. In Smn‐deficient mice, a model of spinal muscular atrophy, defects in axonal translocation of β‐actin mRNA and possibly other mRNA species have been observed. Moreover, the regulation of local protein synthesis in response to signals from neurotrophic factors and extracellular matrix proteins is altered in motoneurons from this model of motoneuron disease. These findings indicate that local signals are important for maintenance and plasticity of axonal branches and neuromuscular endplates, and that disturbances in these signaling mechanisms could contribute to the pathophysiology of motoneuron diseases.
Male and female involvement in the birth and child‐rearing process
Authors: Maroto‐Navarro Gracia , Pastor‐Moreno Guadalupe , Ocaña‐Riola Ricardo , Benítez‐Hidalgo Vivian , García‐Calvente María del Mar , Gutiérrez‐Cuadra María del Pilar , Gijón‐Sánchez María T , Río‐Lozano María del , Marcos‐Marcos Jorge 
Published: September 2013

Aims and objectivesTo know the male involvement during pregnancy and childbirth, with special attention to their participation in public services of perinatal health and the impact that this participation has on their subsequent involvement in child‐rearing, to compare the male and female involvement in child‐rearing and to identify the factors associated with a greater male involvement.BackgroundMost of the research on male involvement in birth and child‐rearing comes from Anglo‐Saxon and Scandinavian countries. These studies show a lower involvement of men in relation to women, even in countries with instruments to promote gender shared responsibility. The Spanish Ministry of Health has developed strategies to improve the male involvement in the public services of perinatal health to advance in gender equality. This is a suitable context to contribute to the lack of information about fatherhood and the gender inequalities in the Spanish context.DesignTransversal design.MethodsA questionnaire was administered to 150 fathers and 157 mothers residing in Granada, with at least one biological child aged 2 months to 3 years.ResultsA minority of the men attended the childbirth education whereas most of them attended pregnancy check‐ups and were present at birth. Women spent more time with their children and took charge of tasks of child‐rearing to a larger extent. The profile of an involved father is a man with a higher level of education, not married, his partner has a full‐time employment, born in Spain and attended to the childbirth education classes.ConclusionThis study shows gender inequalities in the reproductive field beyond the biological conditions.Relevance to clinical practiceThe challenge of the health services is to promote social change and identify areas for improvement to include the father figure in public services of perinatal health.
Can racial/ethnic subgroup criterion‐to‐test standard deviation ratios account for conflicting differential validity and differential prediction evidence for cognitive ability tests?
Authors: Berry Christopher M. , Barratt Clare L. , Dovalina Christen L. , Zhao Peng 
Published: September 2013

Differential validity and differential prediction analyses have come to conflicting conclusions regarding whether the relationship between cognitive ability tests and performance is the same across racial/ethnic subgroups. A prominent criticism of differential validity analyses is that they are confounded by subgroup differences in the ratio of criterion‐to‐test standard deviations (SDs). We investigated whether subgroup differences in these ratios can account for this conflicting evidence. Drawing on data from over 1 million participants, we find that subgroup differences in criterion‐to‐test SD ratios in general only account for a relatively small portion of subgroup differences in test‐criterion correlations.Practitioner points

Cognitive ability tests exhibit differential validity for Asian, Black, Hispanic, and White subgroups.

In most domains, subgroup differences in criterion‐to‐test SD ratios only account for a relatively small portion of these validity differences and thus do not explain why validities differ across subgroups.

Still, because a portion of the already‐small validity differences are accounted for by SD ratios, the magnitude of any subgroup regression slope differences is small and is unlikely to result in underprediction of criterion performance for Asian, Black, and Hispanic subgroups.
Less acting, more doing: How surface acting relates to perceived meeting effectiveness and other employee outcomes
Authors: Shanock Linda R. , Allen Joseph A. , Dunn Alexandra M. , Baran Benjamin E. , Scott Cliff W. , Rogelberg Steven G. 
Published: September 2013

This study adds to the growing body of research on work meetings and extends the emotional labour literature beyond a service context by examining the relationship between surface acting during meetings and perceived meeting effectiveness. Additionally, the relationships of surface acting during meetings and perceived meeting effectiveness with time‐lagged reports of intention to quit and emotional exhaustion 3 months later were investigated. Structural equation modelling of data from 178 working adults revealed negative relationships between surface acting and perceptions of meeting effectiveness. Perceived meeting effectiveness partially mediated the relationship between surface acting and both intention to quit and emotional exhaustion 3 months later. These findings expand both the limited research on perceived meeting effectiveness and the surface acting nomological network to include a consideration that expressing inauthentic emotions in meetings (surface acting) may relate to the perceived effectiveness of the meeting. As well, both surface acting during meetings and perceived meeting effectiveness may relate to how emotionally exhausted employees feel and their intentions to seek other employment. Given the cost and pervasiveness of meetings in daily organizational life and their potential effects on the well‐being of employees, understanding how to make meetings effective is paramount – particularly if researchers and practitioners want to better understand how perceived meeting effectiveness may be related to various employee outcomes.Practitioner points

Organizations use up to 15% of their personnel budget on meetings, yet meetings are often considered ineffective by employees.

Organizations wishing to increase the perceived effectiveness of their meetings can work to reduce the degree to which employees feel they have to express inauthentic emotion in meetings.

In turn, expressing inauthentic emotion in meetings related to employees' future emotional exhaustion and intent to leave the organization.
Homeownership, Mobility, And Local Income Redistribution
Authors: RÖHRS SIGRID , STADELMANN DAVID 
Published: September 2013

AbstractRegions are characterized by different homeownership rates. Homeowners and renters differ in their mobility costs, renters having lower mobility costs. This paper analyses how the presence of those different types of households affects income sorting and tax differences between local jurisdictions. To this aim, we analyze a model of local income redistribution with mobile (renter) and immobile (homeowner) households. Linear income taxes finance a lump sum transfer. Policies are determined endogenously through voting. In such a framework, if there are no or only few homeowners, no income‐sorting equilibrium exists. Above a certain threshold for the homeownership rate we find an inverted U‐shaped relationship between tax differences and homeownership rates, such that tax differences between jurisdictions are highest for intermediate homeownership rates.
Trilostane Therapy for Treatment of Spontaneous Hyperadrenocorticism in Cats: 15 Cases (2004–2012)
Authors: Mellett Keith A.M. , Bruyette D. , Stanley S. 
Published: September 2013

BackgroundMedical treatment with trilostane improves clinical signs, causes unclear insulin requirement changes, and variable survival times in cats.Objectives/HypothesisTo characterize the long‐term efficacy of trilostane in treating cats with hyperadrenocorticism (HAC).AnimalsFifteen client‐owned cats with spontaneous HAC.MethodsMulticenter descriptive retrospective study with a search performed on all medical records for cats diagnosed with spontaneous HAC.ResultsClinical signs (13 of 15 cats) and ACTH stimulation testing results (13 of 15) improved with trilostane therapy. Diabetes mellitus was reported in 9/15 cases. Insulin requirements decreased by 36% within 2 months in 6/9 diabetic cats. Median survival time was 617 days for all cats (range 80–1,278 days). Complications included weight loss, urinary tract infections, chronic kidney disease, seizures, and recurrent pancreatitis. Hypocortisolemia was documented in 1 case. Cause of death occurred as a result of nonadrenal or nondiabetic illnesses (renal failure, seizures [caused by hypoglycemia or unknown]), or lymphoma.Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceTrilostane ameliorates clinical signs of HAC in cats, is tolerated well in the long term, and can lead to improved regulation of diabetes.
Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Concentrations in Dogs with Spirocercosis
Authors: Mukorera V. , Kirberger R.M. , Mabeta P. , Dvir E. 
Published: September 2013

BackgroundVascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a potent proangiogenic factor associated with tumor development. Spirocerca lupi is a nematode of canids that induces an esophageal nodule that progresses to a sarcoma in 25% of cases. Determination of neoplastic transformation is challenging and usually based on endoscopy‐guided biopsies under general anesthesia, an expensive procedure that often yields nondiagnostic, necrotic samples.HypothesisCirculatory VEGF concentrations are increased in dogs with neoplastic spirocercosis and can distinguish between dogs with neoplastic and nonneoplastic disease.AnimalsA total of 24 client‐owned dogs, 9 nonneoplastic, 9 neoplastic, and 6 controls.MethodsCase‐control study. Plasma and serum VEGF concentrations at the time of diagnosis were compared with those of healthy controls. Measurement of VEGF was performed using a canine‐specific ELISA. Kruskal‐Wallis and Dunn's tests were used for statistical analysis with significance set at P < .05.ResultsThe median plasma VEGF concentrations of dogs with neoplastic spirocercosis were 629 pg/mL (range, 282–2,366) higher than both the nonneoplastic (<39.5 pg/mL; range, <39.5–716) and control dogs (<39.5 pg/mL; all values, <39.5; P = .0003). The median serum VEGF concentration of the neoplastic dogs was 69 pg/mL (range, <39.5–212) higher than the nonneoplastic (<39.5 pg/mL; range, <39.5–44.13) and control dogs (<39.5 pg/mL; all values, <39.5; P = .001).Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceBoth plasma and serum VEGF concentrations can be used to differentiate nonneoplastic and neoplastic spirocercosis. The role of VEGF in neoplastic transformation of S. lupi‐induced nodules and the potential utility of anti‐VEGF drugs in spirocercosis‐induced sarcoma warrant further investigation.
Longitudinal Analysis of Quality of Life, Clinical, Radiographic, Echocardiographic, and Laboratory Variables in Dogs with Myxomatous Mitral Valve Disease Receiving Pimobendan or Benazepril: The QUEST Study
Authors: Häggström J. , Boswood A. , O'Grady M. , Jöns O. , Smith S. , Swift S. , Borgarelli M. , Gavaghan B. , Kresken J.‐G. , Patteson M. , Åblad B. , Bussadori C.M. , Glaus T. , Kovačević A. , Rapp M. , Santilli R.A. , Tidholm A. , Eriksson A. , Belanger M.C. , Deinert M. , Little C.J.L. , Kvart C. , French A. , Rønn‐Landbo M. , Wess G. , Eggertsdottir A. , Lynne O'Sullivan M. , Schneider M. , Lombard C.W. , Dukes‐McEwan J. , Willis R. , Louvet A. , DiFruscia R. 
Published: September 2013

BackgroundMyxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD) is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in dogs.ObjectivesTo compare, throughout the period of follow‐up of dogs that had not yet reached the primary endpoint, the longitudinal effects of pimobendan versus benazepril hydrochloride treatment on quality‐of‐life (QoL) variables, concomitant congestive heart failure (CHF) treatment, and other outcome variables in dogs suffering from CHF secondary to MMVD.AnimalsA total of 260 dogs in CHF because of MMVD.MethodsA prospective single‐blinded study with dogs randomized to receive pimobendan (0.4–0.6 mg/kg/day) or benazepril hydrochloride (0.25–1.0 mg/kg/day). Differences in outcome variables and time to intensification of CHF treatment were compared.ResultsA total of 124 dogs were randomized to pimobendan and 128 to benazepril. No difference was found between groups in QoL variables during the trial. Time from inclusion to 1st intensification of CHF treatment was longer in the pimobendan group (pimobendan 98 days, IQR 30–276 days versus benazepril 59 days, IQR 11–121 days; P = .0005). Postinclusion, dogs in the pimobendan group had smaller heart size based on VHS score (P = .013) and left ventricular diastolic (P = .035) and systolic (P = .0044) dimensions, higher body temperature (P = .030), serum sodium (P = .0027), and total protein (P = .0003) concentrations, and packed cell volume (P = .030). Incidence of arrhythmias was similar in treatment groups.Conclusions and Clinical ImportancePimobendan versus benazepril resulted in similar QoL during the study, but conferred increased time before intensification of CHF treatment. Pimobendan treatment resulted in smaller heart size, higher body temperature, and less retention of free water.