bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A large-scale investigation of wind reversal in a square Rayleigh–Bénard cell
Authors: Podvin Bérengère , Sergent Anne 
Published: February 2015

AbstractWe consider the numerical simulation of Rayleigh–Bénard convection in a 2D square cell filled with water ($\mathit{Pr}=4.3$) at a turbulent Rayleigh number of $\mathit{Ra}=5\times 10^{7}$. We focus on the structures and dynamics of the large-scale intermittent flow. Two quasi-stable flow patterns are identified: one consists of a main diagonal roll with two corner rolls; and the other of two horizontally stacked rolls. These stable flow structures are associated with two types of events, which involve corner flow growth and pattern rotation: reversals, when the main roll rapidly switches signs; and cessations, when it disappears for longer periods. Proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) is applied independently to the velocity field and to the temperature field. In both cases, three principal modes were identified: a single-roll, large-scale circulation; a quadrupolar flow; and a double-roll, symmetry-breaking mode. The large-scale circulation is the kinetic mode with the highest energy. The most energetic temperature mode is associated with the mean temperature and corresponds to a velocity field of quadrupolar nature. The vertical heat flux is concentrated in these two modes. The reversal process is characterized by sharp fluctuations in the amplitudes of all modes. Analysis of the interaction coefficients between the spatial modes leads us to propose a three-dimensional model, based on the interaction of the large-scale circulation, the quadrupolar flow and horizontal rolls. The main dynamics and time scales of reversals and cessations are reproduced by the model in the presence of noise.
What Is Litigation in the World Trade Organization Worth?
Authors: Bechtel Michael M. , Sattler Thomas 
Published: February 2015

AbstractConventional wisdom holds that the creation of international, court-like institutions helps countries to peacefully settle trade conflicts, thereby enhancing overall welfare. Many have argued, however, that these institutions remain ultimately ineffective because they merely reflect the distribution of power in the anarchic international system. We argue that international litigation provides economic spillovers that create opportunities for judicial free-riding and explore empirically how litigation in the World Trade Organization affects bilateral trade between countries involved in a trade dispute. We use a matching approach to compare the dynamics of trade flows between countries that experienced a panel ruling with trade relations of observably similar country pairs that did not experience a ruling. Based on this comparison we find that sectoral exports from complainant countries to the defendant increase by about $7.7 billion in the three years after a panel ruling. However, countries that have proactively filed a complaint and carried the main costs of litigation do not systematically gain more than less-active third parties that merely joined an existing trade dispute. This suggests that international judicial institutions can provide positive economic externalities and may thereby lead to a less power-based distribution of the gains from trade.
Changes in neurocognitive functioning during transition to manifest disease: comparison of individuals at risk for schizophrenic and bipolar affective psychoses
Authors: Metzler S. , Dvorsky D. , Wyss C. , Müller M. , Gerstenberg M. , Traber-Walker N. , Walitza S. , Theodoridou A. , Rössler W. , Heekeren K. 
Published: February 2015

BackgroundNeurocognitive deficits are important aspects of schizophrenic disorder because they have a strong impact on social and vocational outcomes. Previously it was assumed that cognitive abilities progressively deteriorate with illness onset. However, recent research results have contradicted this with observations of continuous or even improved performance in individuals at risk for psychosis or manifest schizophrenia. The objective of our longitudinal study was to examine neurocognitive functioning in help-seeking individuals meeting basic symptoms or ultra-high-risk criteria for schizophrenic psychosis (HRSchiz) or risk criteria for affective psychosis (HRBip). The progression of cognitive functioning in individuals converting to psychosis was compared with that of at-risk individuals who did not convert during the follow-up period.MethodData were available from 86 study participants who completed neurocognitive and clinical assessments at baseline and, on average, 12.8 (s.d. = 1.5) months later. Neurocognitive measures were grouped according to their load in factor analysis to five cognitive domains: speed, attention, fluency, learning and memory, and working memory.ResultsNeurocognitive functioning in HRSchiz and HRBip individuals generally improved over time. Subjects converting to manifest psychosis displayed a stable neurocognitive profile from baseline to follow-up. Compared with non-converters, they had already demonstrated a significantly lower level of performance during their baseline examinations.ConclusionsOur data provide no evidence for a progressive cognitive decline in individuals at risk of psychosis. In line with the neurodevelopmental model, our findings suggest that cognitive deficits are already present very early, before or during the prodromal stage of the illness.
Alternative international systems? System structure and violent conflict in nineteenth-century West Africa, Southeast Asia, and South Asia
Authors: BUTCHER CHARLES , GRIFFITHS RYAN 
Published: February 2015

AbstractWere precolonial state systems different to the European model? If so, how did these state systems vary, and do variations in system structure influence the frequency of war? In this article we assess the structure off international systems in nineteenth-century West Africa, Southeast Asia, and South Asia using new data on precolonial states that corrects for some of the biases in the existing Correlates of War state system membership data. We develop a framework to capture variation in political order above and below the state, and explore the similarities and differences between these systems and the European system we know and study. We then assess how rates of inter- and intra-state war varied across these systems. Our results suggest: (1) It is the nature of hierarchy (not so much anarchy) that varies across these systems; and (2) inter-state wars are more frequent, but less intense, in systems composed of decentralised states.
Weak language norm(s) versus domestic interests: Why Ukraine behaves the way it does
Authors: FEDOTOV EGOR 
Published: February 2015

AbstractMany analyses of the role of international norms in world politics study those particular norms that can be classified as relatively robust. Furthermore, such analyses critique alternative theories which foreground the role of domestic interests in affecting the behaviour of state elites, by calling into question the presumed objectivity of interests. The present article takes a different tack to the largely similar challenge. Specifically, it shows – on the example of Russian speakers in Ukraine – that even weak and contested international norms, like the norm of language rights for national minorities, can have independent effects on the behaviour and policy of state elites. The latter holds, in demonstrable terms, if state elites act in ways that militate against their most salient apparent interests. In the Ukraine case, this article argues, such ‘interests’ are the protection of the Ukrainian language as the country’s sole official language. So the cause of the (variable) behaviour of elites in Ukraine lay in a weak and contested norm, namely the norm of language rights for national minorities.
Mesencephalic Astrocyte-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Is Involved in Inflammation by Negatively Regulating the NF-κB Pathway
Authors: Chen Lijian , Feng Lijie , Wang Xia , Du Jian , Chen Ying , Yang Wen , Zhou Chengyue , Cheng Li , Shen Yujun , Fang Shengyun , Li Jun , Shen Yuxian 
Published: February 2015

AbstractInflammation can cause endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and therefore activates the unfolded protein response (UPR). ER stress and the consequent UPR have the potential to activate NF-κB. However, the factors mediating the crosstalk between ER stress and the NF-κB pathway remain unclear. Here, we determined that ER stress inducible protein Mesencephalic Astrocyte-derived Neurotrophic Factor (MANF) was up-regulated in autoimmune diseases and inflammatory disease models. Inflammation caused MANF to relocalize to the nuclei. MANF interacted with the DNA binding domain of p65 through its C-terminal SAP-like domain in the nuclei under the condition of inflammation or ER stress. MANF consequently inhibited p65-mediated transcriptional activation by interfering with the binding of p65 to its target genes promoters. Consistently, MANF suppressed the expressions of NF-κB-dependent target genes and the proliferation of inflammatory synoviocytes. These findings suggest that MANF may be a negative regulator of inflammation and mediate the crosstalk between the NF-κB pathway and ER stress.
A simple rule for quadrupedal gait generation determined by leg loading feedback: a modeling study
Authors: Fukuoka Yasuhiro , Habu Yasushi , Fukui Takahiro 
Published: February 2015

AbstractWe discovered a specific rule for generating typical quadrupedal gaits (the order of the movement of four legs) through a simulated quadrupedal locomotion, in which unprogrammed gaits (diagonal/lateral sequence walks, left/right-lead canters and left/right-lead transverse gallops) spontaneously emerged because of leg loading feedbacks to the CPGs hard-wired to produce a default trot. Additionally, all gaits transitioned according to speed, as seen in animals. We have therefore hypothesized that various gaits derive from a trot because of posture control through leg loading feedback. The body tilt on the two support legs of each diagonal pair during trotting was classified into three types (level, tilted up, or tilted down) according to speed. The load difference between the two legs led to the phase difference between their CPGs via the loading feedbacks, resulting in nine gaits (32: three tilts to the power of two diagonal pairs) including the aforementioned.
A ruthenium(II) complex as turn-on Cu(II) luminescent sensor based on oxidative cyclization mechanism and its application in vivo
Authors: Zhang Yunfei , Liu Zonglun , Yang Kui , Zhang Yi , Xu Yongqian , Li Hongjuan , Wang Chaoxia , Lu Aiping , Sun Shiguo 
Published: February 2015

AbstractCopper ions play a vital role in a variety of fundamental physiological processes not only in human beings and plants, but also for extensive insects and microorganisms. In this paper, a novel water-soluble ruthenium(II) complex as a turn-on copper(II) ions luminescent sensor based on o-(phenylazo)aniline was designed and synthesized. The azo group would undergo a specific oxidative cyclization reaction with copper(II) ions and turn into high luminescent benzotriazole, triggering significant luminescent increasements which were linear to the concentrations of copper(II) ions. The sensor distinguished by its high sensitivity (over 80-fold luminescent switch-on response), good selectivity (the changes of the emission intensity in the presence of other metal ions or amino acids were negligible) and low detection limit (4.42 nM) in water. Moreover, the copper(II) luminescent sensor exhibited good photostability under light irradiation. Furthermore, the applicability of the proposed sensor in biological samples assay was also studied and imaged copper(II) ions in living pea aphids successfully.
Enhancement of polarizabilities of cylinders with cylinder-slab resonances
Authors: Xiao Meng , Huang Xueqin , Liu H. , Chan C. T. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractIf an object is very small in size compared with the wavelength of light, it does not scatter light efficiently. It is hence difficult to detect a very small object with light. We show using analytic theory as well as full wave numerical calculation that the effective polarizability of a small cylinder can be greatly enhanced by coupling it with a superlens type metamaterial slab. This kind of enhancement is not due to the individual resonance effect of the metamaterial slab, nor due to that of the object, but is caused by a collective resonant mode between the cylinder and the slab. We show that this type of particle-slab resonance which makes a small two-dimensional object much “brighter” is actually closely related to the reverse effect known in the literature as “cloaking by anomalous resonance” which can make a small cylinder undetectable. We also show that the enhancement of polarizability can lead to strongly enhanced electromagnetic forces that can be attractive or repulsive, depending on the material properties of the cylinder.
Governmental management by trust communication: German organizational rhetoric in the 2008 financial crisis
Authors: König Jan C. L. , Wiedmann Klaus-Peter 
Published: February 2015

Purpose– The purpose of the authors of this paper is to observe the German Government’s rhetorical communication measurements during the 2008 financial crisis.Design/methodology/approach– The authors compiled approaches of organizational rhetoric and pragma-linguistics first to offer a consistent concept and method for observation and analysis. Later on, they give an overview of the problem of trust and confidence according to Luhmann’s approach and its meaning for crisis rhetoric and marketing and managing approaches.Findings– In the following case study, the authors offer a rhetorical text analysis, combined with a pragmatic perspective of accompanying legal measurements of the government as non-verbal communication. The authors show how the government re-established trust among German consumers and eventually overcame the crisis mainly by rhetorical action.Research limitations/implications– Regarding future crises, the authors suggest that the interaction of trust, financial markets and rhetorical approaches could be better understood. This could include both more quantitative research and qualitative rhetorical approaches.Practical implications– Practical implications clearly show the importance of rhetorical education, especially for crises. This counts for governmental managers, as well as entrepreneurs and spokesmen.Social implications– The authors also revealed the problem of unjustified trust which can become dangerous for social welfare, even if it is only produced by misleading communication. This problem can only be solved by a careful public regulation.Originality/value– Finally, the authors could describe the importance of effective language and communication as a tool for the German Government in the financial crisis in 2008. It can be also described as an example for decision-makers in similar situations.
Analyzing pedagogical components using multiple regression
Authors: Kalish Mia 
Published: February 2015

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to show how one instructor used an integrated collection of technological and cognitive tools that consistently led to student success. Educators today struggle with the need to improve student success in a dynamic and increasingly technological world. Learners need to master more, more quickly and educators need to upgrade their skills to meet these needs.

Design/methodology/approach
– This vision-based research design focused on the goal that all students can succeed. The design took the non-traditional approach of separating pedagogical models that worked from those that did not. The objectives were achieved by successively improving the pedagogy. The components of the final model were evaluated using multiple regression to determine individual and summative effectiveness.

Findings
– The pedagogical model designed around the goals of allowing adequate time for scaffolded acquisition and increasing skill development demonstrated consistent student success in the A and B grade range.

Research limitations/implications
– A sophisticated knowledge of the issues involved underlies the actualization of this research. The success of the approach will be determined by the author’s ability to enable the method to function on its own.

Practical implications
– With the increasing sophistication of teaching and learning tools, opportunities arise for more detailed and complex pedagogical analyses.

Social implications
– With improved pedagogies, more students will succeed.

Originality/value
– Using Microsoft® Excel® for evaluation of a pedagogical model that is also quantitatively analyzable.
The development and administration of collaborative social work programs: challenges and opportunities
Authors: Wang Donna 
Published: February 2015

Purpose
– The purpose of this exploratory research was to document the history, structure and administration of current collaboratives, as well as overall challenges and benefits. Little is known about how and why collaborative graduate social work programs were started, how they operate or what are the challenges and benefits.

Design/methodology/approach
– Six case studies were conducted through semi-structured interviews of a purposive sample of key personnel from collaborative programs.

Findings
– Findings revealed that each collaborative program grew from existing undergraduate social work programs. Key primary benefits include that collaborative programs provide service to regions that would otherwise not have access to graduate social work education and added diversity and depth to programs. Greatest challenges are day-to-day operationalization and the cohesiveness to be “one program” among faculty and students.

Practical implications
– Suggestions are provided to programs interested in developing a collaborative program.

Originality/value
– Because such little is known about collaborative programs, it is hoped that this article offers insight and issues to consider when beginning and administering collaborative social work programs.
Does complete plastid genome sequencing improve species discrimination and phylogenetic resolution in Araucaria?
Authors: Ruhsam Markus , Rai Hardeep S. , Mathews Sarah , Ross T. Gregory , Graham Sean W. , Raubeson Linda A. , Mei Wenbin , Thomas Philip I. , Gardner Martin F. , Ennos Richard A. , Hollingsworth Peter M. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractObtaining accurate phylogenies and effective species discrimination using a small standardized set of plastid genes is challenging in evolutionarily young lineages. Complete plastid genome sequencing offers an increasingly easy‐to‐access source of characters that helps address this. The usefulness of this approach, however, depends on the extent to which plastid haplotypes track morphological species boundaries. We have tested the power of complete plastid genomes to discriminate among multiple accessions of 11 of 13 New Caledonian Araucaria species, an evolutionarily young lineage where the standard DNA barcoding approach has so far failed and phylogenetic relationships have remained elusive. Additionally, 11 nuclear gene regions were Sanger sequenced for all accessions to ascertain the success of species discrimination using a moderate number of nuclear genes. Overall, fewer than half of the New Caledonian Araucaria species with multiple accessions were monophyletic in the plastid or nuclear trees. However, the plastid data retrieved a phylogeny with a higher resolution compared to any previously published tree of this clade and supported the monophyly of about twice as many species and nodes compared to the nuclear data set. Modest gains in discrimination thus are possible, but using complete plastid genomes or a small number of nuclear genes in DNA barcoding may not substantially raise species discriminatory power in many evolutionarily young lineages. The big challenge therefore remains to develop techniques that allow routine access to large numbers of nuclear markers scaleable to thousands of individuals from phylogenetically disparate sample sets.
Noninvasive Fetal Electrocardiography: An Overview of the Signal Electrophysiological Meaning, Recording Procedures, and Processing Techniques
Authors: Agostinelli Angela , Grillo Marla , Biagini Alessandra , Giuliani Corrado , Burattini Luca , Fioretti Sandro , Di Nardo Francesco , Giannubilo Stefano R. , Ciavattini Andrea , Burattini Laura 
Published: February 2015

BackgroundNoninvasive fetal electrocardiography (fECG), obtained positioning electrodes on the maternal abdomen, is important in safeguarding the life and the health of the unborn child. This study aims to provide a review of the state of the art of fECG, and includes a description of the parameters useful for fetus clinical evaluation; of the fECG recording procedures; and of the techniques to extract the fECG signal from the abdominal recordings.MethodsThe fetus clinical status is inferred by analyzing growth parameters, supraventricular arrhythmias, ST‐segment variability, and fetal‐movement parameters from the fECG signal. This can be extracted from an abdominal recording obtained using one of the following two electrode‐types configurations: pure‐abdominal and mixed. Differently from the former, the latter also provides pure maternal ECG tracings. From a mathematical point of view, the abdominal recording is a summation of three signal components: the fECG signal (i.e., the signal of interest to be extracted), the abdominal maternal ECG (amECG), and the noise. Automatic extraction of fECG includes noise removal by abdominal signal prefiltration (0.5–45 Hz bandpass filter) and amECG cancellation.ConclusionsDifferences among methods rely on different techniques used to extract fECG. If pure abdominal electrode configurations are used, fECG is extracted directly from the abdominal recording using independent component analysis or template subtraction. Eventually, if mixed electrode configurations are used, the fECG can be extracted using the adaptive filtering fed with the maternal ECG recorded by the electrodes located in the woman thorax or shoulder.
Pediatric ovarian neoplastic tumors: incidence, age at presentation, tumor markers and outcome
Authors: Taskinen Seppo , Fagerholm Riitta , Lohi Jouko , Taskinen Mervi 
Published: February 2015

AbstractObjectiveTo investigate the incidence, age of onset and tumor marker levels in benign and malignant pediatric ovarian neoplastic tumors.DesignRetrospective database study.SettingSingle‐center study.PopulationForty‐five 0–15‐year‐old girls operated on for ovarian neoplastic tumors from the beginning of 1999 to the end of 2013.MethodsSerum alpha‐fetoprotein, human chorionic gonadotropin and CA 125 levels as well as follow‐up data were recorded from patient charts and tumor histology was re‐evaluated.Main outcome measuresIncidence of ovarian neoplastic tumors in the pediatric population. Differences in patient characteristics and tumor marker levels between those with benign and malignant tumors.ResultsThe annual incidence of ovarian tumors was 2.2/100 000 females. Median age at presentation was 13.0 years (range 0.9–15.7), similar in both the 33 (73%) girls with a benign tumor and the 12 (27%) girls with a malignant tumor. The tumors with the highest propensity to metastasize (yolk sac tumors, mixed germ cell tumors, small cell carcinoma) were only found in girls > 9 years. Elevated serum alpha‐fetoprotein and CA 125 values associated more often with malignant tumors (p < 0.001 and p < 0.031, respectively). There were no deaths or local recurrences. Four girls with a mature teratoma developed a contralateral benign ovarian tumor during follow up.ConclusionsBoth benign and malignant ovarian tumors are rare in the pediatric population, but the incidence increases with age. High alpha‐fetoprotein and CA 125 levels were associated with malignant tumors. The prognosis of the pediatric ovarian tumors seems to be favorable.