bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Razão pública e paisagem: reflexões e subsídios teóricos-conceituais para o entendimento para a qualificação da urbanização contemporânea
Authors: Queiroga Eugenio Fernandes 
Published: April 2015

<p>Este artigo apresenta uma discussão referente à esfera de vida pública na contemporaneidade, e apresenta uma formulação do conceito de “esfera pública geral”, incluindo, além da esfera pública política, toda a vida em público. A partir da teoria da ação comunicativa elaborada por Habermas, fundamenta-se a expressão “razão pública”. Tendo por base a noção de paisagem enquanto mediação entre sujeito que percebe e formas, agentes e ações percebidas, discute-se o papel ativo da paisagem enquanto dimensão pública, constitutiva dos processos socioespaciais no meio urbano. Dessa maneira, a relevância da paisagem e do projeto para a qualificação do cotidiano e da esfera pública nas cidades brasileiras precisa ser melhor considerada, sobretudo para a constituição da cidadania (domínio das liberdades), mais do que simples crescimento do mercado consumidor interno (domínio das necessidades).</p>
Arborização urbana e qualificação da paisagem
Authors: Basso Jussara Maria , Corrêa Rodrigo Studart 
Published: April 2015

<p>Este trabalho quantificou o papel de diferentes espécies arbóreas na amenização do microclima na área central de Campo Grande (MS) por meio da avaliação da contribuição da arborização urbana sobre o conforto térmico do espaço público da cidade. A cidade de Campo Grande apresenta clima tropical com estação seca, característico do Cerrado brasileiro. Apontar espécies arbóreas capazes de qualificar a paisagem e amenizar o microclima urbano torna-se importante. Neste trabalho buscou-se avaliar a melhoria da sensação de conforto térmico alcançada com a amenização da radiação solar caracterizada pelas diferenças apresentadas nas temperaturas superficiais de ruas e calçadas sob influência de árvores adultas das espécies mais utilizadas na arborização da área central da cidade. Para tanto foram feitas medições com um termômetro sob a sombra e o entorno próximo de doze espécies existentes nas calçadas. Os resultados indicaram a dimensão, em relação ao conforto térmico, que uma espécie apresenta perante outras e possibilitaram uma projeção da amenização do calor no recinto urbano, o que pode contribuir na tomada de decisões de planejamento e desenho paisagístico da cidade. </p>
Zhou History and Historiography: Introducing the Bamboo manuscript Xinian
Authors: Pines Yuri 
Published: April 2015

Xinian is a recently published bamboo manuscript from the collection of Qinghua (Tsinghua) University. It is the lengthiest, most detailed historical text unearthed in recent decades. The text narrates major events from the history of the state of Chu, its rivals, and its allies from the beginning of the Western Zhou period to the early fourth century bce. In this introductory article I argue the following: first, both the language and the content of Xinian indicate that this text was based on earlier historical sources from the states of Chu and Jin, in addition to sources from within the Zhou royal domain; second, the authors’ utilization of their primary sources differs markedly from those observable in Zuo zhuan (with which Xinian has many overlapping parts) and in later collections of anecdotes; and third, Xinian may represent a heretofore unknown genre of “informative history.” In addition, I explore the new perspectives that Xinian sheds on early Qin and Chu history. Le Xinian est un manuscrit sur bambou récemment publié, appartenant à la collection de l’Université Qinghua (Tsinghua). Il s’agit du texte historique le plus long et le plus détaillé exhumé au cours des dernières décennies, relatant les événements importants de l’histoire de l’État de Chu, de ses rivaux et de ses alliés depuis le début des Zhou Occidentaux jusqu’au début du ive siècle avant notre ère. Cet article introductif propose les conclusions suivantes: d’abord, la langue comme le contenu du Xinian indiquent que le texte est basé sur des sources historiques plus anciennes provenant des États de Chu et de Jin, auxquelles s’ajoutent des sources du domaine royal des Zhou ; ensuite, l’usage que font ses auteurs de leurs sources diffère notablement de ce qui peut être observé dans le Zuo zhuan (avec lequel le Xinian se recoupe en de nombreux endroits) et dans les collections d’anecdotes postérieures ; enfin, le Xinian pourrait être représentatif d’un genre jusqu’ici inconnu d’“histoire informative”. L’article explore par ailleurs certaines perspectives nouvelles suggérées par le texte sur l’histoire du début du Qin et celle du Chu.
Superior Virtue, Inferior Virtue: A Doctrinal Theme in the Works of the Daoist Master Liu Yiming (1734–1821)
Authors: Pregadio Fabrizio 
Published: April 2015

The Daoist master Liu Yiming (1734–1821) frequently mentions “superior virtue” and “inferior virtue” (shangde and xiade) in his works. In his view, these terms define two aspects, or degrees, of Neidan (Internal Alchemy), respectively focused on “non-doing” (wuwei) and “doing” (youwei), and concerned with the cultivation of Nature (xing) and Existence (ming). This article presents Liu Yiming’s main writings on this subject and their background. Originally formulated in the Daode jing and first applied to alchemy in the Cantong qi, the distinction between the two types of “virtue” also reflects the history of the Neidan tradition and in particular the development of practices of self-cultivation that emphasize the “conjoined cultivation of Nature and Existence” (xingming shuangxiu). Le maître taoïste Liu Yiming (1734–1821) mentionne fréquemment la “vertu supérieure” et la “vertu inférieure” (shangde et xiade) dans ses œuvres. Pour lui, ces termes définissent deux aspects, ou degrés, du Neidan (alchimie interne), centrés respectivement sur le “non-faire” et le “faire” et s’attachant à cultiver la nature (xing) et l’existence (ming). Cet article présente les principaux écrits de Liu Yiming sur le sujet ainsi que leur arrière-plan. Formulée à l’origine dans le Daode jing et appliquée pour la première fois à l’alchimie dans le Cantong qi, la distinction entre ces deux types de “vertu” reflètent également l’histoire de la tradition Neidan et plus particulièrement le développement de pratiques de culture du soi mettant l’accent sur la “culture conjointe de la nature et de l’existence” (xingming shuangxiu).
Impacts of External Forcing on the Decadal Climate Variability in CMIP5 Simulations*
Authors: Song Yi , Yu Yongqiang 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
Decadal climate variability is usually regarded as an internal variability in the climate system. However, using the coupled simulations from phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5), it is demonstrated that the external radiative forcing plays an important role in modulating decadal variability of the global mean surface air temperature (SAT). In historical runs, the standard deviations of the global mean SAT exhibit robust increases relative to preindustrial runs, indicating that external forcing acts on decadal variability of the global mean SAT through enhancing amplitude and modulating phase. By comparing model results using different external forcing agents, it is found that the natural forcing agent has the strongest impact on the decadal time scale. Every type of simulation (i.e., the preindustrial, historical, natural forcing, and anthropogenic forcing runs) from almost all the CMIP5 models exhibits a high correlation between the net shortwave (SW) radiative flux at the top of the atmosphere (TOA) and the global mean SAT with a 13-month lag. However, after taking the multimodel ensemble mean for the TOA SW radiative flux and the SAT, respectively, the correlations from the external forcing runs are much higher than those from preindustrial runs. This is because that the decadal SAT anomalies from multiple models cancel each other out in the preindustrial runs without external forcing but generally follow decadal evolution of the external forcing with a 13-month lag. The most significant regional responses to external forcing are found in the tropical Indian and Pacific Oceans, although with different physical mechanisms for the natural and greenhouse gas forcing agents.
Roles of Barotropic Convective Momentum Transport in the Intraseasonal Oscillation*
Authors: Liu Fei , Wang Bin , Kang In-Sik 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
Both observational data analysis and model simulations suggest that convective momentum transport (CMT) by cumulus convection may play a significant role in the intraseasonal oscillations (ISO) by redistributing atmospheric momentum vertically through fast convective mixing process. The authors present a simple theoretical model for the ISO by parameterizing the cumulus momentum transport process in which the CMT tends to produce barotropic wind anomalies that will affect the frictional planetary boundary layer (PBL). In the model with equatorial easterly vertical wind shear (VWS), it is found that the barotropic CMT tends to select most unstable planetary-scale waves because CMT suppresses the equatorial Ekman pumping of short waves, which reduces the shortwave instability from the PBL moisture convergence and accelerates the shortwave propagation. The model with subtropical easterly VWS has behavior that can be qualitatively different from the model with equatorial easterly VWS and has robust northward propagation. The basic mechanism of this northward propagation is that the CMT accelerates the barotropic cyclonic wind to the north of ISO, which will enhance the precipitation by PBL Ekman pumping and favor the northward propagation. The simulated northward propagation is sensitive to the strength and location of the seasonal-mean easterly VWS. These results suggest that accurate simulation of the climatological-mean state is critical for reproducing the realistic ISO in general circulation models.
A Comparative Analysis of TRMM–Rain Gauge Data Merging Techniques at the Daily Time Scale for Distributed Rainfall–Runoff Modeling Applications
Authors: Nerini Daniele , Zulkafli Zed , Wang Li-Pen , Onof Christian , Buytaert Wouter , Lavado-Casimiro Waldo , Guyot Jean-Loup 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
This study compares two nonparametric rainfall data merging methods—the mean bias correction and double-kernel smoothing—with two geostatistical methods—kriging with external drift and Bayesian combination—for optimizing the hydrometeorological performance of a satellite-based precipitation product over a mesoscale tropical Andean watershed in Peru. The analysis is conducted using 11 years of daily time series from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Multisatellite Precipitation Analysis (TMPA) research product (also TRMM 3B42) and 173 rain gauges from the national weather station network. The results are assessed using 1) a cross-validation procedure and 2) a catchment water balance analysis and hydrological modeling. It is found that the double-kernel smoothing method delivered the most consistent improvement over the original satellite product in both the cross-validation and hydrological evaluation. The mean bias correction also improved hydrological performance scores, particularly at the subbasin scale where the rain gauge density is higher. Given the spatial heterogeneity of the climate, the size of the modeled catchment, and the sparsity of data, it is concluded that nonparametric merging methods can perform as well as or better than more complex geostatistical methods, whose assumptions may not hold under the studied conditions. Based on these results, a systematic approach to the selection of a satellite–rain gauge data merging technique is proposed that is based on data characteristics. Finally, the underperformance of an ordinary kriging interpolation of the rain gauge data, compared to TMPA and other merged products, supports the use of satellite-based products over gridded rain gauge products that utilize sparse data for hydrological modeling at large scales.
Youth social withdrawal behavior (hikikomori): A systematic review of qualitative and quantitative studies
Authors: Li Tim MH , Wong Paul WC 
Published: April 2015

Objective: Acute and/or severe social withdrawal behavior among youth was seen as a culture-bound psychiatric syndrome in Japan, but more youth social withdrawal cases in different countries have been discovered recently. However, due to the lack of a formal definition and diagnostic tool for youth social withdrawal, cross-cultural observational and intervention studies are limited. We aimed to consolidate existing knowledge in order to understand youth social withdrawal from diverse perspectives and suggest different interventions for different trajectories of youth social withdrawal. Method: This review examined the current available scientific information on youth social withdrawal in the academic databases: ProQuest, ScienceDirect, Web of Science and PubMed. We included quantitative and qualitative studies of socially withdrawn youths published in English and academic peer-reviewed journals. Results: We synthesized the information into the following categories: (1) definitions of youth social withdrawal, (2) developmental theories, (3) factors associated with youth social withdrawal and (4) interventions for socially withdrawn youths. Accordingly, there are diverse and controversial definitions for youth social withdrawal. Studies of youth social withdrawal are based on models that lead to quite different conclusions. Researchers with an attachment perspective view youth social withdrawal as a negative phenomenon, whereas those who adopt Erikson’s developmental theory view it more positively as a process of seeking self-knowledge. Different interventions for socially withdrawn youths have been developed, mainly in Japan, but evidence-based practice is almost non-existent. Conclusion: We propose a theoretical framework that views youth social withdrawal as resulting from the interplay between psychological, social and behavioral factors. Future validation of the framework will help drive forward advances in theory and interventions for youth social withdrawal as an emerging issue in developed countries.
Mechanical and physicochemical contribution in removal of different soil types on cotton fabric
Authors: Han Hye Ree , Chung Seung Eun , Kim Jooyoun , Park Chung Hee 
Published: April 2015

The research was conducted to identify the optimal washing methods for three types of soils, in terms of washing efficiency and eco-efficiency. To this end, the mechanical action by the washer’s agitation and the physicochemical action by detergents were investigated for their respective contribution to the detergency of three kinds of artificial soils: oil, protein, and their mixture. In general, washing efficiency increased with the increased agitation speed and the amount of detergent use. Most of the washing conditions presented a positive synergistic effect when both the mechanical and physicochemical actions were applied simultaneously. The contributing ratio of the physicochemical action was greater for oily soil than for other soil types, due to the effective rolling-up by the detergent for the oily soil. The contributing ratio attributable to the mechanical action was higher when the protein was present in the soil composition, and the mechanical contribution was compromised as detergent usage was increased. The washing condition with the largest synergy did not always correspond with the condition of the highest washing efficiency. Energy Efficiency for Detergency was increased in all soil types as the agitation speed increased. It is suggested that the washing method be determined considering (1) the level of soiling and the acceptable washing performance, (2) the synergistic effect of mechanical and physicochemical actions, and (3) the eco-efficiency of washing methods.
Temporal profiles of high-mobility group box 1 expression levels after cortical spreading depression in mice
Authors: Takizawa Tsubasa , Shibata Mamoru , Kayama Yohei , Toriumi Haruki , Ebine Taeko , Koh Anri , Shimizu Toshihiko , Suzuki Norihiro 
Published: April 2015

Introduction Cortical spreading depression (CSD) has recently been shown to induce the release of the nuclear protein termed high-mobility group box 1 from neurons, causing activation of the trigeminovascular system. Here, we explored the effects of single and multiple cortical spreading depression inductions on high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) transcriptional activity relative to high-mobility group box 1 protein expression levels and intracellular localization in cortical neurons and astrocytes. Methods Single or multiple cortical spreading depression inductions were achieved by KCl application to the mouse cerebral cortex. The animals were sacrificed at 30 minutes, 3 hours and 24 hours after cortical spreading depression induction. High-mobility group box 1 expression levels were explored with in situ hybridization, Western blotting and immunostaining. Results Cortical spreading depression up-regulated high-mobility group box 1 transcriptional activity in neurons at 3 hours in a manner that was dependent on the number of cortical spreading depression inductions. At 24 hours, the high-mobility group box 1 transcriptional activity had returned to basal levels. Cortical spreading depression induced a reduction in high-mobility group box 1 protein expression at 3 hours, which was also dependent on the number of cortical spreading depression inductions. Following cortical spreading depression, the release of high-mobility group box 1 from the nucleus was observed in a small proportion of neurons, but not in astrocytes. Conclusion Cortical spreading depression induced translocation of high-mobility group box 1 from neuronal nuclei, driving transcriptional up-regulation of high-mobility group box 1 to maintain protein levels.
Pitching Performance and Longevity After Revision Ulnar Collateral Ligament Reconstruction in Major League Baseball Pitchers
Authors: Marshall Nathan E. , Keller Robert A. , Lynch Jonathan R. , Bey Michael J. , Moutzouros Vasilios 
Published: April 2015

Background: Medial ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) reconstruction is a common procedure performed on professional pitchers in Major League Baseball (MLB). Although a great deal is known about primary reconstruction, much less is known about revision reconstruction. Purpose/Hypothesis: The purpose of this study was to evaluate statistical performance, return to play, and career longevity in MLB pitchers after revision UCL surgery, with the hypothesis that pitching performance and career longevity will decline after revision surgery. Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: A total of 33 MLB pitchers who underwent revision UCL reconstruction surgery (UCL-R group) were identified and compared with 33 age- and position-matched controls (CTL group). Return to play, total years played, and statistical performance were evaluated and compared with controls. Results: After revision surgery, 65.5% of UCL-R pitchers returned to the MLB level. On average, the UCL-R pitchers played 0.8 years less in the majors ( P < .01) than did the control pitchers. The UCL-R pitchers who returned to the MLB level had a similar earned run average (UCL-R: 4.88, CTL: 4.76, P = .82) and walks/hits per innings pitched (UCL-R: 1.58, CTL: 1.44, P = .22) compared with the control pitchers. There were significant declines, however, in terms of innings pitched (UCL-R: 36.95, CTL: 75.00, P < .01), walks per 9 innings (UCL-R: 4.75, CTL: 3.49, P < .01), and wins (UCL-R: 1.88, CTL: 4.10, P < .01) as well as nonsignificant declines in wins above replacement (UCL-R: 0.25, CTL: 0.62, P = .06) and runs above replacement (UCL-R: 3.26, CTL: 6.91, P = .07). Conclusion: MLB pitchers who undergo UCL-R have a low rate of return to MLB play and have shortened careers after return. Pitchers who returned to the MLB level maintained performance in several statistics such as earned run average and walks/hits per innings pitched; however, pitchers returned with a significantly decreased workload.
Integrating Biopsychosocial Intervention Research in a Changing Health Care Landscape
Authors: Ell Kathleen , Oh Hyunsung , Wu Shinyi 
Published: April 2015

Objective: Safety net care systems are experiencing unprecedented change from the Affordable Care Act, Patient-Centered Medical Home (PCMH) uptake, health information technology application, and growing of mental health care integration within primary care. This article provides a review of previous and current efforts in which social workers deliver biopsychosocial depression care. Method: Recent research trials tested biopsychosocial care for patients with major depression and concurrent illness and technology-facilitated patient–provider and provider–provider communication within the Los Angeles County Department of Health Services (DHS). In addition, qualitative studies assessed patient, social worker, and medical provider perceptions. Results: DHS has recently activated its PCMH model, technology applications aimed at facilitating cross-provider communication, and the integration of colocated social workers. Conclusions: This article demonstrates both need and opportunity to develop, apply, and test social work integrated biopsychosocial and technology activated care within a large safety net care system.
The political dimension of multicultural social work education
Authors: Nadan Yochay , Weinberg-Kurnik Galia , Ben-Ari Adital 
Published: April 2015

Summary This article explores the forces altering the political dimension of social work in one specific sphere – multicultural social work education. Politics in social work is those relationships and activities that reflect power and value differences, and which influence critical decisions about the distribution of resources, rights, access, opportunities and status ( Reisch & Jani, 2012 ). We present and discuss the findings of a qualitative study of in-depth interviews with 25 Israeli social work educators. Findings Data analysis indicated three processes in which the political dimension is excluded from professional discourse: giving precedence to a micro perspective over a macro approach; excluding the ‘other’ while gaining knowledge about him; and placing conflictual relations between groups outside the boundaries of discourse. Applications Silencing ‘the political’ does not challenge social gaps and keeps social workers and their clients controlled by a wide range of oppressive and reductive forces. Examining these processes of silencing may facilitate a moral and ethical connection between knowledge and professional action. Multicultural social work education can be a rich and accessible framework for dealing with ‘the political’, relying on reflective pedagogical practices that are anti-oppressive and critical. Such practices enable problematization and politicization of multicultural discourse.