bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evidenced‐based, practical food portion sizes for preschool children and how they fit into a well balanced, nutritionally adequate diet
Authors: More J. A. , Emmett P. M. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractBackgroundHealthy eating guidelines for 1–4‐year‐old children are available but evidence‐based portion sizes have not been specified. Parents and early‐years providers are concerned about under‐ or over‐feeding young children. The present study aimed to report detailed information about appropriate average portion size ranges and suggest a practical food plan for feeding preschool children, providing adequate nutrient intakes within energy requirements.MethodsTwo sources of information were used to obtain an appropriate portion size range for the types of foods normally eaten by this age group. Median portions of a variety of foods were combined into a food plan fulfilling healthy eating guidelines regarding the number of servings from each food group. The nutrient and energy content of the plan was assessed and compared with recommended adequate nutrient intakes and percentage energy contributions from macronutrients. UK children, aged 1–4 years, taking part in Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children and National Diet and Nutrition Survey, were used in the present study.ResultsPortion size ranges were developed for 164 foods. The theoretical food plan using foods with high to medium nutrient density was shown to provide an adequate intake of all nutrients, except vitamin D, for which there are very few food sources.ConclusionsThese practical food portion size ranges could be used both in early years settings and in advice to parents. The food plan emphasises the need to include a variety of nutrient‐dense foods if a balanced diet is to be achieved for preschool children.
Investigating the age‐related “anterior shift” in the scalp distribution of the P3b component using principal component analysis
Authors: Alperin Brittany R. , Mott Katherine K. , Rentz Dorene M. , Holcomb Phillip J. , Daffner Kirk R. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractAn age‐related “anterior shift” in the distribution of the P3b is often reported. Temporospatial principal component analysis (PCA) was used to investigate the basis of this observation. ERPs were measured in young and old adults during a visual oddball task. PCA revealed two spatially distinct factors in both age groups, identified as the posterior P3b and anterior P3a. Young subjects generated a smaller P3a than P3b, while old subjects generated a P3a that did not differ in amplitude from their P3b. Rather than having a more anteriorly distributed P3b, old subjects produced a large, temporally overlapping P3a. The pattern of the age‐related “anterior shift” in the P3 was similar for target and standard stimuli. The increase in the P3a in elderly adults may not represent a failure to habituate the novelty response, but may reflect greater reliance on executive control operations (P3a) to carry out the categorization/updating process (P3b).
Development and validation of a clinical risk score for predicting drug‐resistant bacterial pneumonia in older Chinese patients
Authors: Ma Hon Ming , Ip Margaret , Woo Jean , Hui David SC 
Published: March 2014

AbstractBackground and objectiveHealth care‐associated pneumonia (HCAP) and drug‐resistant bacterial pneumonia may not share identical risk factors. We have shown that bronchiectasis, recent hospitalization and severe pneumonia (confusion, blood urea level, respiratory rate, low blood pressure and 65 year old (CURB‐65) score ≥3) were independent predictors of pneumonia caused by potentially drug‐resistant (PDR) pathogens. This study aimed to develop and validate a clinical risk score for predicting drug‐resistant bacterial pneumonia in older patients.MethodsWe derived a risk score by assigning a weighting to each of these risk factors as follows: 14, bronchiectasis; 5, recent hospitalization; 2, severe pneumonia. A 0.5 point was defined for the presence of other risk factors for HCAP. We compared the areas under the receiver‐operating characteristics curve (AUROC) of our risk score and the HCAP definition in predicting PDR pathogens in two cohorts of older patients hospitalized with non‐nosocomial pneumonia.ResultsThe derivation and validation cohorts consisted of 354 and 96 patients with bacterial pneumonia, respectively. PDR pathogens were isolated in 48 and 21 patients in the derivation and validation cohorts, respectively. The AUROCs of our risk score and the HCAP definition were 0.751 and 0.650, respectively, in the derivation cohort, and were 0.782 and 0.671, respectively, in the validation cohort. The differences between our risk score and the HCAP definition reached statistical significance. A score ≥2.5 had the best balance between sensitivity and specificity.ConclusionsOur risk score outperformed the HCAP definition to predict pneumonia caused by PDR pathogens. A history of bronchiectasis or recent hospitalization is the major indication of starting empirical broad‐spectrum antibiotics.
Nosocomial infections within the first month of solid organ transplantation
Authors: Dorschner P. , McElroy L. M. , Ison M.G. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractInfections remain a common complication of solid organ transplantation. Early postoperative infections remain a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in solid organ transplant (SOT) recipients. Although significant effort has been made to understand the epidemiology and risk factors for early nosocomial infections in other surgical populations, data in SOT recipients are limited. A literature review was performed to summarize the current understanding of pneumonia, urinary tract infection, surgical‐site infection, bloodstream infection, and Clostridium difficult colitis, occurring within the first 30 days after transplantation.
Efficacy of just‐in‐time plerixafor rescue for Hodgkin's lymphoma patients with poor peripheral blood stem cell mobilization
Authors: Yuan Shan , Nademanee Auayporn , Kaniewski Mark , Palmer Joycelynne , Shayani Sepideh , Wang Shirong 
Published: March 2014

BackgroundPlerixafor is a Food and Drug Administration–approved agent for improving peripheral blood stem cell (PBSC) mobilization in filgrastim (granulocyte–colony‐stimulating factor [G‐CSF])‐stimulated patients with multiple myeloma and non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma. Limited information is available on its use in Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL) patients. We describe our experience with plerixafor as an immediate rescue agent in HL patients with poor PBSC mobilization.Study Design and MethodsWe retrospectively reviewed the collection data of 27 consecutive HL patients at our center in whom plerixafor was added to rescue a failing PBSC collection after G‐CSF and chemotherapy (26) or G‐CSF alone (1). Plerixafor was added in 11 patients due to peripheral blood (PB) CD34+ counts that persisted below the threshold (>10 × 106/L) to initiate collection (median, 1.47 × 106; range 0 × 106‐6.28 × 106/L) and in 16 patients due to low collection yields, who had a median yield of 0.33 × 106 (0.14 × 106‐0.65 × 106) CD34+ cells/kg on the last collection before plerixafor administration.ResultsAfter a median of 2 (range, 2‐4) collections with plerixafor, the patients collected a median of 1.82 × 106 (0.52 × 106‐11.14 × 106) CD34+ cells/kg. The addition of plerixafor enabled 20 patients (74.1%) to reach the 2.0 × 106 CD34+ cells/kg minimum required for autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) during the same collection cycle. Subsequent remobilization in three patients with plerixafor enabled all three to reach this goal.ConclusionPlerixafor can be used in HL patients with poor mobilization as a rescue agent and boosts mobilization sufficiently in most patients in the same collection attempt, thus not only permitting ASCT, but also avoiding remobilization and the associated costs, treatment delays, and patient inconvenience.
Computational study of flow characteristics of acid mine drainage on the structure of oxidation pond
Authors: Lee Dong‐Kil , Cheong Young‐Wook 
Published: March 2014

AbstractA computational flow analysis using the concept of the inflow age was conducted to evaluate the flow characteristics and retention time depending on the shape and number of inlets and outlets in an oxidation pond. The oxidation pond was rectangular in shape with a width‐to‐length ratio of 3, a depth of 3 m, an area of 500 m2, and square‐shaped inlet and outlet. The flow rate of the mine drainage was set to 5 L/s. The computational flow analysis showed that the homogeneity and inflow exchange efficiency were the highest when the width‐to‐height ratio of the inlet and outlet was 0.5, while they were the lowest when it was 1.0. The number of inlets in the oxidation pond had a significant effect on the flow characteristics in the pond, whereas the number of outlets had no significant effect. The homogeneity and inflow exchange efficiency appeared to be the highest when the number of inlets was two.
Effect of rhizome fragment length and burial depth on emergence of Tussilago farfara
Authors: Dalbato A L , Alfredsson T , Karlsson L M , Andersson L 
Published: March 2014

SummaryMechanical control of Tussilago farfara is carried out mainly by soil cultivation. The aim is to deplete the energy stored in the rhizomes. The treatment includes cutting the rhizomes, to stimulate increased shooting, followed by renewed soil cultivation to destroy the shoots and incorporate them into the soil. Factors generally regarded as important in the control of perennial weeds are extent of fragmentation and burial depth. In this study, the importance of these two factors on T. farfara emergence was studied in detail in two pot experiments. Rhizomes were cut into different lengths (5–25 cm) and buried at various depths (1–42 cm) in pots filled with peat soil or clay loam. Shoot germination, emergence and early plant performance were studied. Intensive fragmentation and deep burial (possible to achieve using conventional tillage) are not enough to completely hinder emergence of T. farfara; 6‐cm fragments emerged and developed normal leaves from 42 cm depth, regardless of soil type. However, there were higher total emergence and emergence rates in peat soil than in clay soil. Burial depth was correlated with time to emergence; burying rhizome fragments, not longer than 25 cm, to at least 20 cm depth gave a time to emergence of at least 20 days. The delay of weed emergence should allow good establishment of a crop and ensure a significant competitive effect against T. farfara.
Alternatives to hexazinone and terbuthylazine for chemical control of Cytisus scoparius in Pinus radiata plantations in New Zealand
Authors: Watt M S , Rolando C A 
Published: March 2014

SummaryTwo herbicides used for post‐plant weed control in commercial forests in New Zealand, terbuthylazine and hexazinone, are not endorsed for use on land certified by the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC). These herbicides are effective for controlling competitive woody weeds, such as Cytisus scoparius (broom). To investigate the potential of non‐residual, alternative herbicides for the control of C. scoparius after planting, a range of treatments were implemented at two trials. The trials were established in newly planted Pinus radiata plantations where C. scoparius dominated. The objectives were to (i) optimise application rates of alternative herbicides and compare their efficacy to current practice and (ii) identify if treatment efficacy varied across sites. Treatments at each site included weedy and weed‐free controls, current practice using terbuthylazine and hexazinone, applied as both spot treatment and broadcast application, and a range of new treatments consisting of different dosage combinations of clopyralid, triclopyr and picloram. Broadcast application of the clopyralid, triclopyr and picloram mixture showed increasing weed‐control efficacy against C. scoparius with increasing dose rate, resulting in increased tree volume. Broadcast application of the clopyralid, triclopyr and picloram mixture at 75% or 100% of a typical industry use rate (100% industry rate includes clopyralid 1.5 kg a.i. ha−1, triclopyr 0.15 kg a.i. ha−1 and picloram 0.05 kg a.i. ha−1) achieved greatest tree volume by year four with tree volumes exceeding that obtained using the operational spot treatment with terbuthylazine and hexazinone. Treatment rankings were similar between locations. The result supports the use of clopyralid, triclopyr and picloram to control C. scoparius during the first year of P. radiata establishment.
Disparities in selective referral for cancer surgeries: implications for the current healthcare delivery system
Authors: Sun Maxine , Karakiewicz Pierre I , Sammon Jesse D , Sukumar Shyam , Gervais Mai-Kim , Nguyen Paul L , Choueiri Toni K , Menon Mani , Trinh Quoc-Dien 
Published: March 2014

ObjectivesAmong considerable efforts to improve quality of surgical care, expedited measures such as a selective referral to high-volume institutions have been advocated. Our objective was to examine whether racial, insurance and/or socioeconomic disparities exist in the use of high-volume hospitals for complex surgical oncological procedures within the USA.Design, setting and participantsPatients undergoing colectomy, cystectomy, oesophagectomy, gastrectomy, hysterectomy, lung resection, pancreatectomy or prostatectomy were identified retrospectively, using the Nationwide Inpatient Sample, between years 1999 and 2009. This resulted in a weighted estimate of 2 508 916 patients.Primary outcome measuresDistribution of patients according to race, insurance and income characteristics was examined according to low-volume and high-volume hospitals (highest 20% of patients according to the procedure-specific mean annual volume). Generalised linear regression models for prediction of access to high-volume hospitals were performed.ResultsInsurance providers and county income levels varied differently according to patients’ race. Most Caucasians resided in wealthier counties, regardless of insurance types (private/Medicare), while most African Americans resided in less wealthy counties (≤$24 999), despite being privately insured. In general, Caucasians, privately insured, and those residing in wealthier counties (≥$45 000) were more likely to receive surgery at high-volume hospitals, even after adjustment for all other patient-specific characteristics. Depending on the procedure, some disparities were more prominent, but the overall trend suggests a collinear effect for race, insurance type and county income levels.ConclusionsPrevailing disparities exist according to several patient and sociodemographic characteristics for utilisation of high-volume hospitals. Efforts should be made to directly reduce such disparities and ensure equal healthcare delivery.
A performance-aware quality of service-driven scheduler for multicore processors
Authors: Sironi Filippo , Sciuto Donatella , Santambrogio Marco D. 
Published: March 2014

In the latest decade, the IT industry shifted from single to multicore processors. Multicore processors require better support from operating systems and runtimes to allow applications to achieve predictable performance and guarantee quality of service (QoS). Finding a proper schedule to yield the specified performance for single and multi-threaded applications can be cumbersome; dealing with multi-programmed workloads may be even worse.
We present a performance-aware QoS-driven scheduler for multicore processors, which exploits the availability of runtime application-specific performance measurements to determine a suitable allotment of cores for multi-programmed workloads so as to achieve the desired level of QoS. The proposed scheduler is meant to be implemented in user-mode and harnesses an auto-regressive moving average performance model to put in a relationship performance measurements and resource allocation and is capable of embodying applications' characteristics such as execution phases.
Biological Metaphor of “Natural History” for Internet Use: The Child–Adult Social Maturation Journey
Authors: Green Lelia , Holloway Donell , Holloway David 
Published: March 2014

Using a metaphor borrowed from the biological sciences, this article discusses a “natural history” of internet use. As “digital natives” many of today’s teenagers and young people have grown up and matured interacting with the internet from an early age. Research about young people’s internet use tends, however, to focus on the protection of minors. Young people, 16 years or older, are often excluded from non-commercial research about how young people grow into more mature patterns of internet use. This article highlights how parents with teenagers are building dynamic models of their children’s engagement with the internet as they mature. Parents reported changes in the level of their children’s internet use as they age and they envisage further changes as their children mature. We also identify the variety of ways in which parents support their children’s developing internet skills that anticipate and respond to internet risks and excessive internet use.
Risk factors for mortality in patients with Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteremia; retrospective study of impact of combination antimicrobial therapy
Authors: Kim Youn Jeong , Jun Yoon Hee , Kim Yang Ree , Park Kang Gyun , Park Yeon Joon , Kang Ji Young , Kim Sang Il 
Published: March 2014

Abstract

Background
Whether the combination of antimicrobial therapy is a factor in mortality in Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteremia remains to be elucidated. This study investigated the risk factors for mortality in P. aeruginosa bacteremia patients and the influence of adequate antimicrobial therapy and combination therapy on clinical outcomes.

Methods
This retrospective study analyzed data of 234 patients with P. aeruginosa bacteremia at a 1,200-bed tertiary teaching university hospital in South Korea between January 2010 and December 2012. Factors associated with mortality were determined. Mortality was compared in patients with adequate empirical and targeted combination therapy, and monotherapy, and inappropriate therapy.

Results
A total of 141 (60.3%) patients were given appropriate empirical antibiotic treatment (combination therapy in 38 and monotherapy in 103). Among 183 patients (78.2%) who finally received appropriate targeted treatment, 42 had combination therapy and 141 had monotherapy. The percentage of patients receiving empirical combination therapy was slightly, but not significantly higher, in the survivor group than in the nonsurvivor group (17.0% [31/182] vs. 13.5% [7/52], p = 0.74). A similar tendency was demonstrated for targeted combination therapy (19.8% [36/182] vs. 11.5% [6/52], respectively; p = 0.31). However, in a subgroup analysis of data from patients (n = 54) with an absolute neutrophil count less than 500/mm3, the patients who had appropriate empirical or targeted combination therapy showed better outcomes than those who underwent monotherapy or inappropriate therapy (p < 0.05). Mechanical ventilation (odds ratio [OR], 6.93; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.64–18.11; p = 0.0001), the use of a central venous catheter (OR, 2.95; 95% CI, 1.35–6.43; p = 0.007), a high Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II score (OR, 4.65; 95% CI, 1.95–11.04; p = 0.0001), and presence of septic shock (OR, 2.91; 95% CI, 1.33–6.38; p = 0.007) were independent risk factors for 14-day mortality.

Conclusions
Disease severity was a critical factor for mortality in our patients with P. aeruginosa bacteremia. Overall, combination therapy had no significant effect on 14-day mortality compared with monotherapy. However, appropriate combination therapy showed a favorable effect on survival in patients with febrile neutropenia.
Is boosting the immune system in sepsis appropriate?
Authors: Cavaillon Jean-Marc , Eisen Damon , Annane Djilalli 
Published: March 2014

AbstractA relative immunosuppression is observed in patients after sepsis, trauma, burns, or any severe insults. It is currently proposed that selected patients will benefit from treatment aimed at boosting their immune systems. However, the host immune response needs to be considered in context with pathogen-type, timing, and mainly tissue specificity. Indeed, the immune status of leukocytes is not universally decreased and their activated status in tissues contributes to organ failure. Accordingly, any new immune-stimulatory therapeutic intervention should take into consideration potentially deleterious effects in some situations.
Fatigue Crack Growth Behavior of Friction Stir Welded 2024-T3 Aluminum Alloy Tested under Accelerated Salt Fog Exposure
Authors: Milan M. T. , Bose W. W. , Tarpani J. R. 
Published: March 2014

Abstract
Fatigue crack growth properties of friction stir welded joints of 2024-T3 aluminum alloy were studied via constant amplitude load (increasing ΔK) testing under open air and accelerated salt fog exposure conditions. For low ΔK values, longitudinal crack growth in the weld line center was slower under corrosion fatigue than by air because of the prevalence of corrosion-induced crack closure. On the other hand, growth rates of transverse crack crossing the weld nugget were not affected by the environment aggressiveness because of a balance between hydrogen embrittlement and corrosion inducing crack closure along with welding compressive residual stresses. For intermediate ΔK values, propagation rates 5 times faster were observed for both longitudinal and transverse cracks under salt fog ambient as a result of hydrogen-induced embrittlement, which is favored by larger crack tip openings allowing local corrosive medium access. As the final catastrophic fracture approaches, longitudinal and transversal crack propagation rates under corrosion fatigue approximated the values observed in air testing, as time, under the 30-Hz loading frequency applied, was scarce for an effective interaction between crack tip fresh material and the hostile environment. For longitudinal cracks, precracking in air resulted in fatigue-corrosion limit factor ΔKth slightly lower than that obtained in salt fog precracked specimens, as the corrosive role played by the salt fog environment along the precrack introduction contributed to crack-closure effect, so increasing the apparent value of ΔKth. On the other hand, the environment in which a transverse precrack was created had a negligible effect on ΔKth because of the establishment of an equilibrium condition between corrosion-induced precrack closure and hydrogen embrittlement.
Effects of Long Term Exposures on Fatigue of PM Disk Superalloys
Authors: Gabb T. P. , Sudbrack C. K. , Draper S. L. , MacKay R. A. , Telesman J. 
Published: March 2014

Abstract
Turbine disks in some advanced engine applications may be exposed to temperatures above 700°C for extended periods of time, approaching 1000 h. These exposures could affect near-surface composition and microstructure through formation of damaged and often embrittled layers. The creation of such damaged layers could significantly affect local mechanical properties. Powder metal disk superalloys LSHR and ME3 were exposed at temperatures of 704, 760, and 815°C for times up to 2020 h, and the types and depths of environmental attacked were measured. Fatigue tests were performed for selected cases at 704 and 760°C, to determine the impacts of these exposures on properties. Fatigue resistance was reduced up to 98 % in both superalloys for some exposure conditions. The changes in surface composition and phases, depths of these changed layers, failure responses, and failure initiation modes were compared.