bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Improved nuclear delivery of antisense 2'‐Ome RNA by conjugation with the histidine‐rich peptide H5WYG
Authors: Asseline Ulysse , Gonçalves Cristine , Pichon Chantal , Midoux Patrick 
Published: July 2014

AbstractBackgroundAntisense oligonucleotides are promising medicines for treating various diseases, although their efficiency still requires high doses. Their delivery in the cytosol and nucleus to reach their mRNA targets would increase their efficiency at the same time as reducing the dose.MethodsWe conjugated the histidine‐rich peptide H5WYG (GLFHAIAHFIHGGWHGLIHGWYG) at the 5'‐end of the RNase H‐incompetent antisense 2'‐O‐methyl‐phosphodiester oligonucleotide (2'‐Ome RNA705) targeting aberrant splicing of luciferase pre‐mRNA in HeLa pLuc705 cells. H5WYG was also conjugated with 2'‐Ome‐RNA705 labelled by fluorescein at the 3'‐end. Then, H5WYG‐2'‐Ome‐RNA705 conjugate and 2'‐Ome‐RNA705 were formulated with lipofectamine to favor their uptake in HeLa pLuc705 cells.ResultsConfocal microscopy showed that, after 4 h and overnight incubation, the presence of fluorescein‐labelled 2'‐Ome‐RNA705 in the cytosol and nucleus was enhanced when the oligonucleotide was conjugated with H5WYG. We found that H5WYG‐2'‐Ome‐RNA705 increased the splicing redirection and restoration of a functional luciferase mRNA. Luciferase activity and luciferase mRNA levels in these cells were 6.6‐ and two‐fold higher, respectively, with H5WYG‐2'‐Ome‐RNA705 than with 2'‐Ome‐RNA705.ConclusionsThe results of the present study show that the conjugation of 2'‐Ome antisense RNA to peptide H5WYG is a good strategy for improving its cytosol delivery, accumulation in the nucleus and antisense activity. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modelling the influence of urbanization on the 20th century temperature record of weather station De Bilt (The Netherlands)
Authors: Koopmans S. , Theeuwes N. E. , Steeneveld G. J. , Holtslag A. A. M. 
Published: July 2014

ABSTRACTMany cities have expanded during the 20th century, and consequently some weather stations are currently located closer to cities than before. Due to the urban heat island (UHI) effect, those weather stations may show a positive bias in their 2‐m temperature record. In this study, we estimate the impact of urbanization on the temperature record of WMO station De Bilt (The Netherlands). This station has a long historical record, but the nearby city of Utrecht and its suburbs expanded during the 20th century. The temperature rise due to urbanization is estimated by conducting representative mesoscale model simulations for the land‐use situation for the years 1900 and 2000. This is performed for 14 different episodes of a week, each representing a typical large‐scale flow regime (Grosswettertypes) in both the winter and the summer season. Frequency distributions of these flow regimes are used to estimate an average temperature rise. We find that the model results with two rather different atmospheric boundary‐layer schemes, robustly indicate that the urbanization during the 20th century has resulted in a temperature rise of 0.22 ± 0.06 K. This is more than a factor of 2 higher than a previously estimated temperature trend by using observed temperature records of stations close to De Bilt.
Deconstructing evolution education: The relationship between micro‐ and macroevolution
Authors: Novick Laura R. , Schreiber Emily G. , Catley Kefyn M. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractWith applications of Tree of Life data becoming ever more prevalent in everyday contexts, tree thinking has emerged as a vital component of scientific literacy. This article reports a study testing the hypothesis that instruction in natural selection, which is the primary focus of US evolution education at the high school and introductory college levels, does little to promote tree‐thinking skills and that explicit instruction in understanding evolutionary tree diagrams is required. Testing this contention required the creation of a novel tree‐thinking assessment and an instructional intervention, both guided by deep knowledge of evolutionary biology and of science education research. College students (N = 124) with weaker versus stronger backgrounds in biology were randomly assigned to control versus instructional conditions and were also assessed for their knowledge of natural selection. Although knowledge of natural selection and ability to engage in tree thinking were correlated, a short instructional booklet that provided a basic introduction to evolutionary trees predicted tree‐thinking success more strongly than did either knowledge of natural selection or previous college coursework in biology. Clearly, tree thinking and natural selection are dissociable constructs that must both be taught for students to grasp the full gamut of evolutionary patterns and processes. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 51: 759–788, 2014
Revision of the corticolous Mazosia species, with a key to Mazosia species with 3-septate ascospores
Authors: APTROOT André , MENEZES Aline Anjos , XAVIER-LEITE Amanda Barreto , SANTOS Viviane Monique dos , ALVES Marilia Muryel Estevam , CÁCERES Marcela Eugenia da Silva 
Published: July 2014

AbstractA revision of corticolous Mazosia specimens showed that four species are present, all differing from the foliicolous taxa in the genus. One of them is widely distributed in the tropics and the others are, as far as is known, neotropical. Three species are co-occurring in NE Brazil. They can be distinguished as follows: M. leptosticta (Nyl.) Sparrius has longer ascospores (22–35×4–7 µm) than the other species, M. endonigra A. A. Menezes, M. Cáceres & Aptroot sp. nov. has sessile apothecia on a smooth thallus and occasionally also sessile pycnidia, M. carnea (Eckfeldt) Aptroot & M. Cáceres comb. nov. has immersed apothecia and a smooth thallus, and M. viridescens (Fée) Aptroot & M. Cáceres comb. nov. has distinct verrucae on the thallus. Descriptions are given and an identification key is presented to all Mazosia species with 3-septate ascospores, which includes all corticolous species known so far.
Occurrence, genetic characterization and antimicrobial resistance ofSalmonellaisolated from chicken meat and giblets
Authors: ABD-ELGHANY S. M. , SALLAM K. I. , ABD-ELKHALEK A. , TAMURA T. 
Published: July 2014

SUMMARYThis study was undertaken to survey the presence ofSalmonellain 200 chicken samples collected from Mansoura, Egypt.Salmonellawas detected in 16% (8/50), 28% (14/50), 32% (16/50) and 60% (30/50) of whole chicken carcasses, drumsticks, livers and gizzards, respectively, with an overall prevalence of 34% (68/200) among all samples. One hundred and sixty-six isolates were identified biochemically asSalmonella, and confirmed genetically by PCR, based on the presence ofinvAandstngenes. ThespvC gene, however, was detected in only 25·3% (42/166) of the isolates. Isolates were serotyped asSalmonellaEnteritidis (37·3%),S.Typhimurium (30·1%),S.Kentucky (10·8%),S.Muenster (8·4%),S.Virchow (4·8%),S.Anatum (4·8%),S.Haifa (1·2%), and four were non-typable. Antimicrobial susceptibility tests of theSalmonellaisolates revealed that 100% were resistant to each of erythromycin, penicillin, and amoxicillin, while 98·8%, 96·4%, 95·2%, and 91·6% were resistant to nalidixic acid, sulphamethoxazole, oxytetracycline, and ampicillin, respectively. Multidrug resistance was evident for 92·8% of the isolates. The high contamination level of chicken meat with multidrug-resistant Salmonellacan constitute a problem for public health.
Die Evaluation von Therapieeffekten bei sozialen Angststörungen in einer Hochschulambulanz mit verhaltenstherapeutischem Schwerpunkt
Authors: Crecelius Verena , Hiller Wolfgang 
Published: July 2014

Hintergrund: Verhaltenstherapie hat sich bei sozialen Angststörungen in zahlreichen randomisiert-kontrollierten Studien als wirksam erwiesen. Entsprechende Nachweise unter Routinebedingungen sind bislang selten. Fragestellung: Welche Effektstärken, Response- und Remissionsraten können unter Routinebedingungen in einer verhaltenstherapeutisch orientierten Hochschulambulanz bei sozialen Angststörungen erreicht werden? Methode: Es wurden insgesamt 247 Patienten mit sozialer Angststörung zu Therapiebeginn, -ende sowie nach 6 und 12 Monaten untersucht. Ergebnisse: Es ergeben sich signifikante Unterschiede zwischen Prä- und Postmesszeitpunkt. Die Effektstärke der Completer erreichte d = 1.04 und zeigte sich auch zu den Katamnesezeitpunkten stabil. Die Kriterien für Response erreichten 62,5 % der Completer, 39,6 % erreichten durch die Therapie die Kriterien für Remission. Diskussion: Die Therapieeffekte, die unter Routinebedingungen erreicht werden konnten, gelten nach den Konventionen nach Cohen (1992) als hoch und lagen im guten Mittel im Vergleich zu RCTs sowie naturalistischen Studien.
Growth form defines physiological photoprotective capacity in intertidal benthic diatoms
Authors: Barnett Alexandre , Méléder Vona , Blommaert Lander , Lepetit Bernard , Gaudin Pierre , Vyverman Wim , Sabbe Koen , Dupuy Christine , Lavaud Johann 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
In intertidal marine sediments, characterized by rapidly fluctuating and often extreme light conditions, primary production is frequently dominated by diatoms. We performed a comparative analysis of photophysiological traits in 15 marine benthic diatom species belonging to the four major morphological growth forms (epipelon (EPL), motile epipsammon (EPM-M) and non-motile epipsammon (EPM-NM) and tychoplankton (TYCHO)) found in these sediments. Our analyses revealed a clear relationship between growth form and photoprotective capacity, and identified fast regulatory physiological photoprotective traits (that is, non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) and the xanthophyll cycle (XC)) as key traits defining the functional light response of these diatoms. EPM-NM and motile EPL showed the highest and lowest NPQ, respectively, with EPM-M showing intermediate values. Like EPL, TYCHO had low NPQ, irrespective of whether they were grown in benthic or planktonic conditions, reflecting an adaptation to a low light environment. Our results thus provide the first experimental evidence for the existence of a trade-off between behavioural (motility) and physiological photoprotective mechanisms (NPQ and the XC) in the four major intertidal benthic diatoms growth forms using unialgal cultures. Remarkably, although motility is restricted to the raphid pennate diatom clade, raphid pennate species, which have adopted a non-motile epipsammic or a tychoplanktonic life style, display the physiological photoprotective response typical of these growth forms. This observation underscores the importance of growth form and not phylogenetic relatedness as the prime determinant shaping the physiological photoprotective capacity of benthic diatoms.
A simple generative model of collective online behavior
Authors: Gleeson James P. , Cellai Davide , Onnela Jukka-Pekka , Porter Mason A. , Reed-Tsochas Felix 
Published: July 2014

Significance
One of the most common strategies in studying complex systems is to investigate and interpret whether any “hidden order” is present by fitting observed statistical regularities via data analysis and then reproducing such regularities with long-time or equilibrium dynamics from some generative model. Unfortunately, many different models can possess indistinguishable long-time dynamics, so the above recipe is often insufficient to discern the relative quality of competing models. In this paper, we use the example of collective online behavior to illustrate that, by contrast, time-dependent modeling can be very effective at disentangling competing generative models of a complex system.
Testing for memory-free spectroscopic coordinates by 3D IR exchange spectroscopy
Authors: Borek Joanna A. , Perakis Fivos , Hamm Peter 
Published: July 2014

Significance
When the speed of a chemical reaction becomes as fast as the relaxation of its solvent, the Markovian assumption is likely to break down. In this case, the probability of a reaction to happen at a given time point depends not only on the current state of the molecular system itself, but also on the memory that persists within the solvent. The Markovian assumption is nevertheless essentially always made, because deviations from Markovianity are difficult to determine experimentally. Three-dimensional IR exchange spectroscopy provides a very sensitive test of Markovianity, which, in turn, opens important insights on how solvents influence or even control the course of chemical reactions.
Numbers in the Dark
Authors: Castronovo Julie 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
How do we represent numbers in the dark? Is vision necessary in the elaboration of numerical representations and skills? These questions are of great interest, as for a long time, the role of vision has been implicitly and explicitly stressed in the acquisition and development of numerical representations and skills. Over the last few years, several researchers have directly addressed this question by studying the impact of early visual deprivation on numerical representations and skills. Different numerical processes have been investigated in blind people: numerical comparison, parity judgement, numerical bisection, numerical estimation, subitizing, and finger-counting. All these different studies, reviewed in the current chapter, strongly demonstrate that vision is not necessary in the elaboration of numerical representations and skills. However, more surprisingly, early visual deprivation might have a positive impact on numerical skills.
Stromal miR‐21 is more important than miR‐21 of tumour cells for the progression of gastric cancer
Authors: Uozaki Hiroshi , Morita Shigeki , Kumagai Arisa , Aso Tatsuya , Soejima Yurie , Takahashi Yoshihisa , Fukusato Toshio 
Published: July 2014

BackgroundGastric cancer (GC) is a common cancer globally. miRNA‐21 (miR‐21) appears to be important in the tumourigenesis of almost all types of human cancer. However its precise localization in GC has yet to be clarified. We thus examined miR‐21 localization in GC and revealed its clinicopathological importance.MethodsTissue arrays of 469 GCs from 454 patients were examined for miR‐21 using in situ hybridization (ISH). The positivity was evaluated separately in tumour cells and stromal cells. Conventional sections of 10 GCs were also stained. Eight cases were examined by quantitative RT‐PCR (qRT‐PCR).ResultsmiR‐21 was highly expressed in tumour cells of 44% of cases and in cancer stroma of 51% of cases. miR‐21 of tumour cells was not related to clinicopathological factors, whereas stromal miR‐21 was related to many factors including tumour stage, size, and nodal metastasis. Stromal miR‐21 gradually increased during tumour progression. ISH of whole sections showed stronger stromal positivity in invasive areas with desmoplastic reaction. Cancer stroma also showed higher miR‐21 expression than tumour and non‐tumourous tissue in the qRT‐PCR study.ConclusionStromal miR‐21 is closely related to tumour progression in GC. Stromal miR‐21 of tumours might be a target of treatment.
Elevated miR‐122 serum levels are an independent marker of liver injury in inflammatory diseases
Authors: Roderburg Christoph , Benz Fabian , Vargas Cardenas David , Koch Alexander , Janssen Joern , Vucur Mihael , Gautheron Jeremie , Schneider Anne T. , Koppe Christiane , Kreggenwinkel Karina , Zimmermann Henning W. , Luedde Mark , Trautwein Christian , Tacke Frank , Luedde Tom 
Published: July 2014

AbstractBackground & AimsSerum concentrations of miR‐122 were proposed as a marker for various inflammatory diseases, but the mechanisms driving alterations in miR‐122 serum levels are unknown.MethodsWe analysed miR‐122 serum levels and hepatic miR‐122 expression in mice after hepatic ischaemia and reperfusion (I/R) injury. These data were compared with data from mice after caecal pole ligation and puncture (CLP) procedure. To translate these data into the human, we analysed miR‐122 serum concentrations in a cohort of 223 patients with critical illness and 57 patients with cirrhosis.ResultsWe detected strongly elevated levels of miR‐122 in mice after hepatic I/R injury. miR‐122‐concentrations correlated with the degree of liver damage according to AST/ALT and were associated with the presence of hepatic cell death detected by TUNEL staining. miR‐122 levels were elevated in the cellular supernatants in an in vitro model of hepatocyte injury, supporting the hypothesis that the passive release of miR‐122 represents a surrogate for hepatocyte death in liver injury. Moreover, miR‐122 levels were almost normal in patients with cirrhosis without ongoing liver damage, but were elevated when liver injury was present. In contrast to previous assumptions, miR‐122‐concentrations were independent of the presence of infection/sepsis in mice or human patients. miR‐122 levels did not correlate with disease severity or mortality in critically ill patients. In contrast, serum miR‐122 levels strictly correlated with the presence of hepatic injury in these patients.ConclusionIn mice and humans, miR‐122 levels represent an independent and potent marker of ongoing liver injury and hepatic cell death regardless of the underlying disease.
GRAY WOLF POPULATION PROJECTION WITH INTRASPECIFIC COMPETITION
Authors: HOCHARD J. , FINNOFF D. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractCompetition effects are incorporated into a model of wolf‐population dynamics. A classic single‐state model is augmented into a dual‐state mapping of the evolution of the size of wolf packs and the number of wolf packs. This dual‐state model, unlike the single‐state density dependent model, is amenable to analyzing intraspecific competition. The single‐state, dual‐state and dual‐state with competition models are estimated using Yellowstone National Park (YNP) data on wolf populations and pack structures from 1996 to 2011. The dynamic properties of each model are examined under an array of harvesting policies. Results suggest that intraspecific competition matters when projecting wolf populations. Wolf pack removal has competition‐reducing effects from added territory availability, making populations more sensitive to pack size reduction than reduction in the number of packs. This research suggests that wildlife managers may consider monitoring the composition of wolf kills throughout a harvesting season, adaptively adjusting harvesting quotas and delineating harvesting zones over a few pack territories rather than spreading these effects evenly across all packs.
The Temple of Apollo and Diana in Rome
Authors: Wiseman T.P. 
Published: July 2014

Summary‘The temple of Apollo and Diana’ is Vitruvius' example of the diastylos type, with comparatively wide‐spaced columns. Since there were only two Apollo temples in Rome, and that of Apollo ‘Sosianus’ outside the Porta Carmentalis was of the pycnostylos type, Vitruvius must have been referring to the temple on the Palatine dedicated by Imperator Caesar (soon to be Augustus) on 9 October 28 BC. That conclusion is normally contested or ignored, on the grounds that it is inconsistent with the remains of the concrete core of the platform on which the Palatine temple stood. I argue that the archaeological evidence should not be treated as decisive, and that the identification of the Palatine temple as a joint dedication to Apollo and his sister, perhaps with back‐to‐back cellae, may help to resolve the recent controversy over which way the temple faced.
The immunobiology of myiasis infections – whatever happened to vaccination?
Authors: Sandeman R. M. , Bowles V. M. , Colwell D. D. 
Published: July 2014

SummaryThe current state of myiasis vaccine technologies are reviewed mainly in the primary research genera of Lucilia and Hypoderma. The importance of myiasis flies as primary causes of morbidity and mortality in agricultural species and man has not diminished despite the existence of good control strategies. However, the development of vaccines against myiasis infections has been relatively quiescent for more than 10 years despite the rapid development of genomic and proteomic analysis and of skills in data interpretation. The value of vaccine research in an era of chemical primacy is analysed. In fact, recent findings of drug resistance and the impact of animal welfare concerns should mean a renewed interest in alternative controls. The reasons that this has not been true to date are explored and new possibilities discussed.
Rearing European brown shrimp (Crangon crangon, Linnaeus 1758): a review on the current status and perspectives for aquaculture
Authors: Delbare Daan , Cooreman Kris , Smagghe Guy 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThe European brown shrimp, Crangon crangon, is a highly valued commercial species fished in the north‐eastern Atlantic, especially the North Sea. The shrimp fisheries are mainly coastal and exert high pressures on the local ecosystems, including estuaries. The culture of the species provides an alternative to supply a niche market (large live/fresh shrimps) in a sustainable manner. However, after more than a century of biological research on this species, there is still little knowledge on its optimal rearing conditions. C. crangon remains a difficult species to keep alive and healthy for an extended period of time in captivity. This review is based on a comprehensive literature search and reflects on the current status of experimental rearing techniques used for this species, identifies the problems that compromise the closing of the life cycle in captivity and provides examples on how these problem issues were solved in the culture of commercial shrimp species or other crustaceans. The ability to consistently produce high‐quality offspring could initiate the commercial production of this valuable shrimp. A further advantage of the ability to consistently produce high‐quality offspring of this species would facilitate research on the development of new bioassays with this ecologically and economically important species in a wide variety of biochemical and physiological studies.
Parametric Estimation of Menarcheal Age Distribution Based on Recall Data
Authors: Salehabadi Sedigheh Mirzaei , Sengupta Debasis , Das Rituparna 
Published: July 2014

AbstractMenarche, the onset of menstruation, is an important maturational event of female childhood. Most of the studies of age at menarche make use of dichotomous (status quo) data. More information can be harnessed from recall data, but such data are often censored in a informative way. We show that the usual maximum likelihood estimator based on interval censored data, which ignores the informative nature of censoring, can be biased and inconsistent. We propose a parametric estimator of the menarcheal age distribution on the basis of a realistic model of the recall phenomenon. We identify the additional information contained in the recall data and demonstrate theoretically as well as through simulations the advantage of the maximum likelihood estimator based on recall data over that based on status quo data.
Wage Returns to Experience and Tenure for Young Men in Italy
Authors: Sulis Giovanni 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThis paper provides estimates of wage returns to experience‐, firm‐, sector‐ and occupation‐specific tenure for a sample of young Italian male workers. By comparing returns obtained using different estimators, I evaluate the importance of endogeneity and selection problems generated by specific unobserved components and individual fixed effects. After controlling for the role of collective bargaining agreements and occupation categories, results indicate that general labour market experience is the fundamental source of wage growth for blue and white collars, while returns to firm tenure are insignificant. There is some evidence of positive returns to sector and occupational tenure for white collars. Estimates from different sectors suggest that union coverage can be relevant in offsetting the role of search and matching in wage determination.