bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the Knife's Edge: Public Officials and the Life Cycle
Authors: Loomis Burdett 
Published: September 2013

LaRuth, at forty, was on the knife's edge. Another two years and he'd be a man of influence, and therefore ineligible for any politics outside the House–or not ineligible, but shopworn, no longer new, no longer fresh. He would be ill-suited, and there were other practical considerations as well, because who wanted to be a servant for twelve or fourteen years and then surrender an opportunity to be master? Not LaRuth. So the time for temporizing was nearly past. If he was going to forsake the House and reach for the Senate (a glamorous possibility), he had to do it soon.Ward Just,The Congressman Who Loved FlaubertWard Just's fictional congressman LaRuth faces two distinct, but related pressures. First, for members of the House, therearefew opportunities for advancement. This truncated “structure of opportunities” forces tough choices upon ambitious politicians. The second pressure is no less profound. Ticking away are the dual clocks of chronological age and congressional seniority. Most members seek higher office early in their congressional career (though this may be changing some), when their ties to the House are least strong and the fires of ambition burn the hottest. Much as the externally imposed structure of opportunities affects career choices, so too do the roughly defined internal mandates of human development.
Phonon transport assisted by inter-tube carbon displacements in carbon nanotube mats
Authors: Aitkaliyeva Assel , Chen Di , Shao Lin 
Published: September 2013

AbstractThermal transport in carbon nanotube (CNT) mats, consisting of randomly networked multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs), is not as efficient as in an individual CNT because of the constrained tube-to-tube phonon transport. Through experiments and modeling, we discover that phonon transport in CNT mats is significantly improved by ion irradiation, which introduces inter-tube displacements, acting as stable point contacts between neighboring tubes. Inter-tube displacement-mediated phonon transport enhances conductivity, while inter-tube phonon-defect scattering reduces conductivity. At low ion irradiation fluence, inter-tube thermal transport enhancement leads to thermal conductivity increase by factor > 5, while at high ion irradiation fluence point defects within tubes cause a decrease in thermal conductivity. Molecular dynamics simulations support the experimentally obtained results and the proposed mechanisms. Further conductivity enhancement in irradiated mats was obtained by post-irradiation heat treatment that removes majority of the defects within the tubes without affecting thermally stable inter-tube displacements.
Soft forwarding technique for unitary space‐time modulation
Authors: Liu Qianqian , Cao Yewen 
Published: September 2013

The authors propose two soft forwarding schemes for unitary space‐time modulation, namely estimate‐and‐forward (EF) and mutual information‐based forwarding (MIF), which are ideally suited for rapid piecewise‐constant fading scenarios with no channel state information both at transmitters and receivers. In the EF scheme, the relay regenerates signal via the conditional expectation of the source unitary space‐time (UST) signal given the received matrix at the relay node instead of hard decisions. The MIF scheme employs the instantaneous mutual information between the source UST signal and received matrix at the relay node as a measurement for maximum‐likelihood detection. The authors provide the relay forwarding functions, the normalisation factors, and the detection methods at the destination firstly. Above all, the generalised signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) at the destination for our unitary space‐time modulated relaying system is analysed and simulated firstly. Simulation results reveal that the proposed EF and MIF schemes can outperform the existing amplify‐and‐forward (AF) and detect‐and‐forward (DF) schemes in terms of bit‐error‐rate performances in most scenarios. For a parallel relay network with two relays, the proposed EF scheme achieves 2 and 3 dB SNR gain over AF and DF schemes, respectively. Moreover, the MIF scheme can further give about 1.5 dB SNR gain.
Flicker mitigation strategy for a doubly fed induction generator by torque control
Authors: Zhang Yunqian , Hu Weihao , Chen Zhe , Cheng Ming , Hu Yanting 
Published: September 2013

Owing to the rotational sampling of turbulence, wind shear and tower shadow effects grid connected variable speed wind turbines could lead to the power fluctuations which may produce flicker during continuous operation. A model of an megawatt (MW)‐level variable speed wind turbine with a doubly fed induction generator is presented to investigate the flicker mitigation. Taking advantage of the large inertia of the wind turbine rotor, a generator torque control (GTC) strategy is proposed, so that the power oscillation is stored as the kinetic energy of the wind turbine rotor, thus the flicker emission could be reduced. The GTC scheme is proposed and designed according to the generator rotational speed. The simulations are performed on the national renewable energy laboratory 1.5 MW upwind reference wind turbine model. Simulation results show that damping the generator active power by GTC is an effective means for flicker mitigation of variable speed wind turbines during continuous operation.
Fabrication and analytical evaluation of three‐dimensional microsolenoids achieved in fused silica by femtosecond‐laser‐based microsolidifying process
Authors: Liu Keyin , Yang Qing , Zhao Yulong , Chen Feng , Shan Chao , Fan Xiaole , Meng Xiangwei , Du Guangqing , Bian Hao 
Published: September 2013

In this reported work, a femtosecond‐laser‐based microsolidifying method was employed to fabricate three‐dimensional (3D) microsolenoids by injecting liquid metal into helicalmicrochannels in fused silica and solidifying the liquid metal, and a proposed finite element method‐3D‐vector simulation approach was used to analyse the structure influence. An improved femtosecond laser irradiation followed by chemical etching technology was used to fabricate the complex 3D microchannels, in which an optimal laser power compensation strategy of tuning laser power from 7 to 12 mW was involved. Asilanisation process was carried out before the injection process to facilitate the injection of gallium. 3D numerical simulations of the microsolenoids were carried out by an electromagnetic‐coupled analysis method; and a simulation‐based co‐energy calculation method was used to evaluate the inductance of the 3D microsolenoids. 3D microsolenoids of optimised configurations were then achieved according to the analytical results.
Lung epithelial branching program antagonizes alveolar differentiation
Authors: Chang Daniel R. , Martinez Alanis Denise , Miller Rachel K. , Ji Hong , Akiyama Haruhiko , McCrea Pierre D. , Chen Jichao 
Published: September 2013

Significance
Mammalian organs, including the lung and the kidney, often use a branched design to maximize their functional capacity and efficiency. Lung formation requires two developmental processes: branching morphogenesis to build a treelike tubular network, and alveolar differentiation to generate specialized epithelial cells for gas exchange. Although each process has been extensively studied, much less is known about whether and how the two processes are coordinated. We show that an epithelial branching morphogenesis program antagonizes alveolar differentiation in the mouse lung. Our findings may provide fresh insights to lung immaturity in preterm neonates and the increase in organ complexity during evolution.
Exploring variation-aware contig graphs for (comparative) metagenomics using MaryGold
Authors: Nijkamp Jurgen F. , Pop Mihai , Reinders Marcel J. T. , de Ridder Dick 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
Motivation: Although many tools are available to study variation and its impact in single genomes, there is a lack of algorithms for finding such variation in metagenomes. This hampers the interpretation of metagenomics sequencing datasets, which are increasingly acquired in research on the (human) microbiome, in environmental studies and in the study of processes in the production of foods and beverages. Existing algorithms often depend on the use of reference genomes, which pose a problem when a metagenome of a priori unknown strain composition is studied. In this article, we develop a method to perform reference-free detection and visual exploration of genomic variation, both within a single metagenome and between metagenomes.
Results: We present the MaryGold algorithm and its implementation, which efficiently detects bubble structures in contig graphs using graph decomposition. These bubbles represent variable genomic regions in closely related strains in metagenomic samples. The variation found is presented in a condensed Circos-based visualization, which allows for easy exploration and interpretation of the found variation.
We validated the algorithm on two simulated datasets containing three respectively seven Escherichia coli genomes and showed that finding allelic variation in these genomes improves assemblies. Additionally, we applied MaryGold to publicly available real metagenomic datasets, enabling us to find within-sample genomic variation in the metagenomes of a kimchi fermentation process, the microbiome of a premature infant and in microbial communities living on acid mine drainage. Moreover, we used MaryGold for between-sample variation detection and exploration by comparing sequencing data sampled at different time points for both of these datasets.
Availability: MaryGold has been written in C++ and Python and can be downloaded from http://bioinformatics.tudelft.nl/software
Contact: d.deridder@tudelft.nl
Single assay-wide variance experimental (SAVE) design for high-throughput screening
Authors: Murie Carl , Barette Caroline , Lafanechère Laurence , Nadon Robert 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
Motivation: Advantages of statistical testing of high-throughput screens include P-values, which provide objective benchmarks of compound activity, and false discovery rate estimation. The cost of replication required for statistical testing, however, may often be prohibitive. We introduce the single assay-wide variance experimental (SAVE) design whereby a small replicated subset of an entire screen is used to derive empirical Bayes random error estimates, which are applied to the remaining majority of unreplicated measurements.
Results: The SAVE design is able to generate P-values comparable with those generated with full replication data. It performs almost as well as the random variance model t-test with duplicate data and outperforms the commonly used Z-scores with unreplicated data and the standard t-test. We illustrate the approach with simulated data and with experimental small molecule and small interfering RNA screens. The SAVE design provides substantial performance improvements over unreplicated screens with only slight increases in cost.
Contact: robert.nadon@mcgill.ca
Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
customProDB: an R package to generate customized protein databases from RNA-Seq data for proteomics search
Authors: Wang Xiaojing , Zhang Bing 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
Summary: Database search is the most widely used approach for peptide and protein identification in mass spectrometry-based proteomics studies. Our previous study showed that sample-specific protein databases derived from RNA-Seq data can better approximate the real protein pools in the samples and thus improve protein identification. More importantly, single nucleotide variations, short insertion and deletions and novel junctions identified from RNA-Seq data make protein database more complete and sample-specific. Here, we report an R package customProDB that enables the easy generation of customized databases from RNA-Seq data for proteomics search. This work bridges genomics and proteomics studies and facilitates cross-omics data integration.
Availability and implementation: customProDB and related documents are freely available at http://bioconductor.org/packages/2.13/bioc/html/customProDB.html.
Contact: bing.zhang@vanderbilt.edu
Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Neonatal Exposure to Sevoflurane in Mice Causes Deficits in Maternal Behavior Later in Adulthood
Authors: Takaenoki Yumiko , Satoh Yasushi , Araki Yoshiyuki , Kodama Mitsuyoshi , Yonamine Ryuji , Yufune Shinya , Kazama Tomiei 
Published: September 2013

Abstract

Background:
In animal models, exposure to general anesthetics induces widespread increases in neuronal apoptosis in the developing brain. Subsequently, abnormalities in brain functioning are found in adulthood, long after the anesthetic exposure. These abnormalities include not only reduced learning abilities but also impaired social behaviors, suggesting pervasive deficits in brain functioning. But the underlying features of these deficits are still largely unknown.

Methods:
Six-day-old C57BL/6 female mice were exposed to 3% sevoflurane for 6 h with or without hydrogen (1.3%) as part of the carrier gas mixture. At 7–9 weeks of age, they were mated with healthy males. The first day after parturition, the maternal behaviors of dams were evaluated. The survival rate of newborn pups was recorded for 6 days after birth.

Results:
Female mice that received neonatal exposure to sevoflurane could mate normally and deliver healthy pups similar to controls. But these dams often left the pups scattered in the cage and nurtured them very little, so that about half of the pups died within a couple of days. Yet, these dams did not show any deficits in olfactory or exploratory behaviors. Notably, pups born to sevoflurane-treated dams were successfully fostered when nursed by control dams. Mice coadministered of hydrogen gas with sevoflurane did not exhibit the deficits of maternal behaviors.

Conclusion:
In an animal model, sevoflurane exposure in the developing brain caused serious impairment of maternal behaviors when fostering their pups, suggesting pervasive impairment of brain functions including innate behavior essential to species survival.
Speciation and Distribution of Arsenic in the Nonhyperaccumulator Macrophyte Ceratophyllum demersum
Authors: Mishra Seema , Wellenreuther Gerd , Mattusch Jürgen , Stärk Hans-Joachim , Küpper Hendrik 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
Although arsenic (As) is a common pollutant worldwide, many questions about As metabolism in nonhyperaccumulator plants remain. Concentration- and tissue-dependent speciation and distribution of As was analyzed in the aquatic plant Ceratophyllum demersum to understand As metabolism in nonhyperaccumulator plants. Speciation was analyzed chromatographically (high-performance liquid chromatography-[inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry]-[electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry]) in whole-plant extracts and by tissue-resolution confocal x-ray absorption near-edge spectroscopy in intact shock-frozen hydrated leaves, which were also used for analyzing cellular element distribution through x-ray fluorescence. Chromatography revealed up to 20 As-containing species binding more than 60% of accumulated As. Of these, eight were identified as thiol-bound (phytochelatins [PCs], glutathione, and cysteine) species, including three newly identified complexes: Cys-As(III)-PC2, Cys-As-(GS)2, and GS-As(III)-desgly-PC2. Confocal x-ray absorption near-edge spectroscopy showed arsenate, arsenite, As-(GS)3, and As-PCs with varying ratios in various tissues. The epidermis of mature leaves contained the highest proportion of thiol (mostly PC)-bound As, while in younger leaves, a lower proportion of As was thiol bound. At higher As concentrations, the percentage of unbound arsenite increased in the vein and mesophyll of young mature leaves. At the same time, x-ray fluorescence showed an increase of total As in the vein and mesophyll but not in the epidermis of young mature leaves, while this was reversed for zinc distribution. Thus, As toxicity was correlated with a change in As distribution pattern and As species rather than a general increase in many tissues.
Knowledge transfer, educational change and the history of education
Authors: Collins Jenny , Allender Tim 
Published: September 2013

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to present a theoretical overview of the field of knowledge transfer and educational change and a discussion of the issues raised in the six papers in this special edition.

Design/methodology/approach
– A theoretical analysis of the field of knowledge transfer.

Findings
– The six papers consider issues such as the interplay of ideas between British and Indian educationalists, post-war debates over literacy standards, the use of curriculum materials for the process of citizen formation, the influence of international exchanges in the education of adolescents for citizenship, Vigotsky and the transfer of knowledge across time, space, culture, disciplines and networks, and the way constructions of Chinese identity within history books were shaped by knowledge processes that transcended nation states.

Originality/value
– This special issue of the History of Education Review engages with new approaches that have become available to historians in the past decade illustrating how they might be applied for the first time to key issues in the history of education across colonial and state borders. It addresses questions about the movement of knowledge across national and cultural boundaries, and examines key problems facing educators in a range of colonial and postcolonial contexts.
STAT6 polymorphisms are associated with neonatal regulatory T cells and cytokines and atopic diseases at 3 years
Authors: Casaca V. I. , Illi S. , Klucker E. , Ballenberger N. , Schedel M. , von Mutius E. , Kabesch M. , Schaub B. 
Published: September 2013

AbstractBackgroundThe transcription factor STAT6 is crucial for activation of the interleukin (IL)‐4/IL‐13 pathway and has been linked to regulatory T cells (Tregs). Associations of STAT6 polymorphisms with IgE levels were described; however, their impact on neonatal immune responses and early disease development is unknown.MethodsSTAT6 polymorphisms were genotyped in cord blood mononuclear cells by matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (MALDI‐TOF‐MS). Gene expression was assessed by real‐time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and cytokines by Multiplex. At age 3 years, atopic diseases were assessed by questionnaires.ResultsSTAT6 rs324011 but not rs1059513 polymorphism was associated with significant or borderline significant decreased mRNA expression of Treg‐associated genes (FOXP3, GITR, LAG3). Heterozygotes and minor allele homozygotes of rs324011 had low levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF‐α) and increased interferon gamma (IFN‐γ) (P ≤ 0.04), while heterozygotes and minor allele homozygotes of rs1059513 had increased TNF‐α and Granulocyte–macrophage colony‐stimulating factor (GM‐CSF) (P ≤ 0.05). In minor allele homozygotes of rs324011, expression of Treg‐associated genes was strongly inverse correlated with IFN‐γ (unstimulated, r = −0.7, P = 0.111; LpA stimulation, r = −0.8, P = 0.011), but not in heterozygotes or major allele homozygotes. Heterozygotes and minor allele homozygotes of rs324011 presented a lower risk of atopic dermatitis and obstructive bronchitis until age 3 years.ConclusionsTwo STAT6 polymorphisms were associated with altered immune responses already at birth. STAT6 rs324011 was associated with lower neonatal Treg and increased Th1 response. Those neonates had a lower risk of atopic dermatitis and obstructive bronchitis until 3 years. Our data suggest a role for STAT6 polymorphisms in early immune regulation and implications on early atopic disease development.
Prevalence and classification of rhinitis in preschool children in Portugal: a nationwide study
Authors: Morais‐Almeida M. , Santos N. , Pereira A. M. , Branco‐Ferreira M. , Nunes C. , Bousquet J. , Fonseca J. A. 
Published: September 2013

AbstractBackgroundInformation on rhinitis epidemiology in preschool children is scarce.ObjectivesTo estimate, in children with 3–5 years of age, current rhinitis prevalence, to describe rhinitis symptoms and associated sociodemographic characteristics, and to report allergic rhinitis and its impact on asthma (ARIA) classification.MethodsCross‐sectional, nationwide, population‐based study including children aged 3–5 years. A multistep selection strategy was used to obtain a representative sample. Data were collected at kindergartens and parish centers by face‐to‐face interview to caregivers, using an adapted ISAAC questionnaire. ‘Current rhinitis’ (CR) was defined as the presence of ≥1 rhinitis symptom (repeated sneezing and/or itchy nose, blocked nose for >1 h, or runny nose without having a cold/flu) in the last year. Rhinitis lasting ≥4 days/week and ≥4 consecutive weeks was classified as persistent. Moderate–severe disease interfered ‘a moderate amount’ or ‘a lot’ in daily activities.ResultsFive thousand and eighteen children were included. CR prevalence was 43.4% [95% CI (42.0–44.8%); n = 2179] and that of physician‐diagnosed rhinitis was 11.7% [95% CI (10.8–12.6%); n = 588]. Of children with CR, 67% reported blocked nose, 48% rhinorrhea, and 46% sneezing/itchy nose. Considering ARIA classification, 30% of the population had mild intermittent, 3% mild persistent, 7% moderate–severe intermittent, and 3% moderate–severe persistent rhinitis. Children with CR had more current wheezing, physician‐diagnosed asthma, self‐reported food allergy, and family history of allergic disease. These characteristics were also associated with persistent and moderate–severe rhinitis.ConclusionsThis is the first nationwide population‐based study reporting rhinitis prevalence and ARIA classification in preschool children. In this age‐group, rhinitis is frequent and underdiagnosed. About 25% children with rhinitis presented moderate–severe disease.
Allergology in Europe, the blueprint
Authors: de Monchy J. G. , Demoly P. , Akdis C. A. , Cardona V. , Papadopoulos N. G. , Schmid‐Grendelmeier P. , Gayraud J. 
Published: September 2013

AbstractThe number of patients with allergic diseases in Europe, and thus relevant demand for health care, is continuously increasing. In this EAACI‐UEMS position paper, a rationale is given for the medical specialty of allergology. General practitioners and general paediatricians usually cannot elucidate and address all causative factors. Throughout Europe, therefore, the expertise of allergologists (allergists) is required. In collaboration with other medical professionals, they take care of allergic patients, in private practices or in specialized public centres. A well‐structured collaboration between allergists and allergy centres offers the possibility of rapid signalling of new trends developing in the population of allergic patients (e.g. in food and drug allergy). Allergy centres also can perform clinical (and basic) research, teach medical students, future allergists and provide postgraduate training. To prevent that the quality of care in one or several countries within Europe lags behind developments in other countries, the UEMS Section and Board on Allergology together with the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology advocates the status of a full specialty of allergology in each European country, with a further intention to align their activities (blueprint, curriculum and centre visitation) with the UEMS Section of Paediatrics.