bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Conducting Media Ethnographies in
A
frica
Authors: Bosch Tanja 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
This chapter explores the methodology of ethnography in postcolonial Africa, with specific reference to anthropological media research. The chapter draws on an ethnography of a local radio station in South Africa as a starting point from which to make several observations about media ethnographies and anthropological approaches to media production and consumption. It outlines how the chosen methodology revealed unique characteristics of the local, as well as how the findings and experiences could be related to national and regional contexts. Moreover, the chapter explores notions of reflexive “backyard” or “native” ethnographies, and reveals the complex relational issues that can arise from this approach. This case study is premised on the notion of media as a collective mediation of culture; and argues that the practice of ethnography allows for a refreshing departure from the more common armchair textual analyses that permeate media studies.
Autoethnography in Media Studies
Authors: Uotinen Johanna 
Published: December 2013

AbstractThis chapter discusses the possibilities and limits of autoethnography for media studies. As an example, I use my own technological experiences with television as it relates to the digitalization process of television broadcasting that occurred in Finland. The chapter demonstrates how autoethnography makes it possible to study media‐related everyday practices that are difficult to research with other methods, as these practices have become invisible due their repetitive and mundane nature. To conclude, I suggest that autoethnography is a method that offers possibilities for connecting the personal to the cultural and social and thus grasps everyday‐based small agency.
The Basics of Experimental Research in Media Studies
Authors: Leshner Glenn 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
This chapter discusses the basics of experimental design used in media studies research. Many scientific researchers believe, with good reason, that the controlled experiment is perhaps the best research method for determining a cause and effect relationship between variables. The chapter considers the types of research questions experiments can address, how the experiment can demonstrate causal relationships between variables, common experimental designs, data collection and interpretation, and ethical considerations. A major part of the chapter deals with internal validity pitfalls, such as confounds, randomization, and how to determine acceptable sample sizes. It also considers what may be regarded as controversial issues in experimental research, such as generalizability (or lack thereof), how to create treatment variance, the issues involved with creating message variance, and handling the issues of design complexity and manipulation checks.
Eye Tracking in Media Studies
Authors: Geise Stephanie 
Published: December 2013

AbstractThis chapter provides an overview of the fundamentals, theories, and application of eye tracking as a method of communication and media studies. The examined “object for analysis” – the process of visual perception – is understood here as a multidimensional phenomenon, to which justice can be done only through a multifaceted theoretical foundation. An approach to the method of eye tracking must therefore start with theoretical considerations on the physiological and psychological aspects of (visual) perception and cognition. The chapter then elaborates on the implications of these theoretical considerations with regards to operationalization, analysis, and interpretation of the eye‐tracking data. Finally, it discusses and critically assesses specific examples of studies employing eye tracking to illustrate how the method may be applied to media studies research.
Schaltbare Transparenz in hochgradig lumineszierenden dünnen Filmen der Raumnetzverbindung 3∞[EuIm2] abgeschieden durch Femto‐Laserablation
Authors: Fischer Dieter , Meyer Larissa V. , Jansen Martin , Müller‐Buschbaum Klaus 
Published: December 2013

AbstractHochgradig lumineszierende schaltbare dünne Filme der dichten Raumnetzverbindung ${{}_\infty ^3 \left[ {{\rm{Eu}}{\mathop{\rm Im}\nolimits} _2 } \right]}$ wurden mithilfe einer Laserablationstechnik mit Femtosekunden‐Laserpulsen erzeugt. Die Filme können dabei bezüglich Filmdicke und abgeschiedener Materialmenge genau eingestellt werden, wobei die Eigenschaften des Bulk‐Materials auf der Nanometerskala erhalten bleiben. Auf diese Weise können polykristalline Filme erzeugt werden, die zwischen transparent bei sichtbarem Licht und intransparent unter UV‐Licht durch die dadurch angeregte Emission des Materials geschaltet werden, und erweitern so das Konzept intelligenter Filme. Somit wird auch ein Zugang zu Beschichtungen für Raumnetzverbindungen und Koordinationspolymere mithilfe der neuen Femtosekunden‐PLD‐Methode vorgestellt.
Efficient Amide Bond Formation through a Rapid and Strong Activation of Carboxylic Acids in a Microflow Reactor
Authors: Fuse Shinichiro , Mifune Yuto , Takahashi Takashi 
Published: December 2013

AbstractThe development of highly efficient amide bond forming methods which are devoid of side reactions, including epimerization, is important, and such a method is described herein and is based on the concept of rapid and strong activation of carboxylic acids. Various carboxylic acids are rapidly (0.5 s) converted into highly active species, derived from the inexpensive and less‐toxic solid triphosgene, and then rapidly (4.3 s) reacted with various amines to afford the desired peptides in high yields (74 %–quant.) without significant epimerization (≤3 %). Our process can be carried out at ambient temperature, and only CO2 and HCl salts of diisopropylethyl amine are generated. In the long history of peptide synthesis, a significant number of active coupling reagents have been abandoned because the highly active electrophilic species generated are usually susceptible to side reactions such as epimerization. The concept presented herein should renew interest in the use of these reagents.
Conversion of a Disulfide Bond into a Thioacetal Group during Echinomycin Biosynthesis
Authors: Hotta Kinya , Keegan Ronan M. , Ranganathan Soumya , Fang Minyi , Bibby Jaclyn , Winn Martyn D. , Sato Michio , Lian Mingzhu , Watanabe Kenji , Rigden Daniel J. , Kim Chu‐Young 
Published: December 2013

AbstractEchinomycin is a nonribosomal depsipeptide natural product with a range of interesting bioactivities that make it an important target for drug discovery and development. It contains a thioacetal bridge, a unique chemical motif derived from the disulfide bond of its precursor antibiotic triostin A by the action of an S‐adenosyl‐L‐methionine‐dependent methyltransferase, Ecm18. The crystal structure of Ecm18 in complex with its reaction products S‐adenosyl‐L‐homocysteine and echinomycin was determined at 1.50 Å resolution. Phasing was achieved using a new molecular replacement package called AMPLE, which automatically derives search models from structure predictions based on ab initio protein modelling. Structural analysis indicates that a combination of proximity effects, medium effects, and catalysis by strain drives the unique transformation of the disulfide bond into the thioacetal linkage.
Stereoselective Synthesis of Silicon‐Stereogenic Aminomethoxysilanes: Easy Access to Highly Enantiomerically Enriched Siloxanes
Authors: Bauer Jonathan O. , Strohmann Carsten 
Published: December 2013

AbstractA route towards the synthesis of N,O‐functionalized silicon‐stereogenic organosilanes with excellent optical purities has been developed. Investigations into the stereoconvergence and configurational stability of an aminomethoxysilane suggest a kinetically controlled multistep substitution mechanism. Selective exchange of the Si‐N bond by a second Si‐O bond builds the basis for the controlled formation of chiral siloxane units with different oxygen‐containing functional groups. Subsequent reactions of the chiral aminomethoxysilanes with hydroxy groups support a general inversion mechanism at the asymmetrically substituted silicon atom of N,O‐functionalized organosilanes.
Electrical and EMI shielding characterization of multiwalled carbon nanotube/polystyrene composites
Authors: Sachdev Virendra Kumar , Bhattacharya Sudeshna , Patel Kamlesh , Sharma Surender Kumar , Mehra Navin Chand , Tandon Ram Pal 
Published: December 2013

AbstractThe electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding mechanism of carbon nanotube (CNT)/polymer nanocomposites synthesized through a unique processing technique has been studied. As CNT/polymer nanocomposites evolve towards device applications, homogenous dispersion of CNTs has become a main objective to realize their full potential. In this work, dispersion of multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) in polystyrene (PS) powder via dry state tumble mixing has been carried out. This involves the coating of the PS particles with the MWCNTs. Pellets were prepared by hot compression of resulted mixture. Conductivity behavior has shown that an extremely small mass fraction of 0.05 wt % MWCNTs in PS is good enough for percolation threshold. A detailed study of EMI shielding behavior of these composites is reported in addition to physical phenomena involved. The shielding effectiveness achieved is higher compared to solution mixing technique used by others. Decrease in hardness with increase in MWCNT content is little. Scanning electron microscope studies of these nanocomposites revealed a web/mesh like structure consisting of MWCNTs. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40201.
Bicyclo[6.3.0]undecapentaenyl Anion: The Next Higher Homolog of the Indenyl Anion with Exceptionally Large Ion‐Pairing Effects on its Tropicity
Authors: Ozoe Hiroaki , Uno Yasutaka , Kitamura Chitoshi , Kurata Hiroyuki , Oda Masaji , Jones John W. , Scott Lawrence T. , Kawase Takeshi 
Published: December 2013

AbstractThe title anion 1 was generated as a fairly thermally stable species in tetrahydrofuran (THF) and dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) by the action of several bases (sodium hydride, potassium hydride, lithium diisopropylamide, and lithium hexamethyldisilazide) with appropriate bicyclo[6.3.0]undecapentaenes. Variable‐temperature 1H NMR spectra of 1⋅Li+ in [D8]THF reveal that the anion exhibits exceptionally large ion‐pairing effects; proton chemical shifts vary by more than 1 ppm as a function of ion‐pairing conditions. Thus, anion 1, in a contact ion pair (Li+ at ambient temperature in THF), behaves as an aromatic cyclopentadienyl anion that is perturbed only slightly by the electronic effects of a paramagnetic cyclooctatetraene (COT), whereas 1 in a separated ion pair (Li+ at low temperatures in THF or at ambient temperature in DMSO) behaves as an overall paratropic species with a 12 π‐electron periphery. 13C NMR spectroscopy indicates no major skeletal rearrangement and only small variations of the electron density. The variable tropicity of 1 can be ascribed to small conformational changes of the molecule. In addition to its unusual, tunable tropicity, anion 1 can also serve as a versatile building block for the synthesis of cyclopentanoid conjugated systems fused to a fully unsaturated eight‐membered ring. A theoretical calculation predicts that the 10‐position of 1 should have the highest electron density. In agreement with this prediction, the reactions of 1 with electrophiles occur predominantly at the 10‐position. The corresponding ferrocene, two fulvenes, two diazo derivatives, and a COT‐fused azulene were obtained by the reactions of 1 with appropriate electrophiles.
Energy Transfer in Aminonaphthalimide‐Boron‐Dipyrromethene (BODIPY) Dyads upon One‐ and Two‐Photon Excitation: Applications for Cellular Imaging
Authors: Collado Daniel , Remón Patricia , Vida Yolanda , Najera Francisco , Sen Pratik , Pischel Uwe , Perez‐Inestrosa Ezequiel 
Published: December 2013

AbstractAminonaphthalimide–BODIPY energy transfer cassettes were found to show very fast (kEET≈1010–1011 s−1) and efficient BODIPY fluorescence sensitization. This was observed upon one‐ and two‐photon excitation, which extends the application range of the investigated bichromophoric dyads in terms of accessible excitation wavelengths. In comparison with the direct excitation of the BODIPY chromophore, the two‐photon absorption cross‐sectionδof the dyads is significantly incremented by the presence of the aminonaphthalimide donor [δ≈10 GM for the BODIPY versus 19–26 GM in the dyad atλexc=840 nm; 1 GM (Goeppert–Mayer unit)=10−50 cm4 s molecule−1photon−1]. The electronic decoupling of the donor and acceptor, which is a precondition for the energy transfer cassette concept, was demonstrated by time‐dependent density functional theory calculations. The applicability of the new probes in the one‐ and two‐photon excitation mode was demonstrated in a proof‐of‐principle approach in the fluorescence imaging of HeLa cells. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of the merging of multiphoton excitation with the energy transfer cassette concept for a BODIPY‐containing dyad.
Der Nachweis der inneren Sicherheit von pfahlartigen Tragelementen im Boden
Authors: Alber Dirk 
Published: December 2013

AbstractDieser Aufsatz stellt ein Konzept zum Nachweis der inneren Tragfähigkeit pfahlartiger Tragelemente im Boden zur Diskussion. Diese Nachweise werden nach den Baustoffnormen geführt, während die Einwirkungen und Anforderungen den Regeln der Geotechnik unterliegen. Mit der Einführung der neuen Normengeneration ist diese Schnittstelle bei der Umsetzung in die Bemessungspraxis nicht gerade übersichtlicher geworden. Die einheitliche Handhabung des Nachweises der inneren Tragfähigkeit ist eine Notwendigkeit, besonders unter den Aspekten eines vergleichbaren Sicherheitsniveaus und des Wettbewerbs unterschiedlicher Herstellverfahren.The proof of the internal bearing capacity of pile‐like elements in soilThis paper presents an approach for the proof of internal load bearing of pile‐like elements in the ground for discussion. These proofs are carried out according to the material standards, while the actions and requirements are subject to the rules of geotechnics. With the introduction of the new generation of standards this interface did not become clearer in practice. The uniform application of proofs of internal load bearing capacity is a necessity, especially in the aspects of a comparable level of safety and competition of different manufacturing technologies.
Bionisch‐inspirierte Faserverbundstrukturen
Authors: Waimer Frédéric , La Magna Riccardo , Reichert Steffen , Schwinn Tobias , Menges Achim , Knippers Jan 
Published: December 2013

AbstractDas Interesse an freien Formen in der Architektur und im Industriedesign nimmt immer stärker zu. Für komplex geformte Strukturen sind faserbasierte Werkstoffe nahezu prädestiniert und bieten gegenüber klassischen Materialien im Bauwesen etliche Vorteile. Dennoch finden diese Materialien nur in seltenen Fällen Einzug in das Bauwesen. Die Abbildung von Geometrie und Materialität stellt dabei eine erhebliche Komplexität dar. Aus diesem Grund wurden von den Autoren neue bionische und multidisziplinäre Ansätze verfolgt, die es erlauben, das Potenzial des Materials für hocheffiziente Strukturen auszuschöpfen. Hierzu wurden ein angepasstes Verfahren zur Fertigung und neue Simulationswerkzeuge zur Planung für Architekten und Ingenieure entwickelt. Die entwickelten Methoden dienten als Grundlage eines im Sommer 2012 umgesetzten Versuchsbaus auf dem Campus der Universität Stuttgart und konnten dadurch erprobt und verifiziert werden. Die Strukturlogik des semitransparenten Pavillons wurde durch die räumliche Anordnung von Carbon‐ und Glasfasern definiert. Er hatte bei einer Spannweite von 8 m nur eine durchschnittliche Bauteildicke von 4, 6 mm und wog trotz seiner beachtlichen Größe weniger als 320 kg.Bio‐inspired fibre composite structures – principles for fabrication and designThe request of free‐form surface generation strategies in architecture and industrial design is ever more increasing. For complex‐shaped structures, fibre‐based materials are often an obvious choice as they offer numerous advantages compared to traditional building materials and techniques. However, the usage of these materials in the construction field is still limited. Moreover, the design and simulation of fibre‐based materials is still a very challenging topic. For these reasons the authors developed an innovative, bionic‐inspired and multidisciplinary approach which allows the exploitation of the material potential to create highly efficient structures. Following this purpose, an integrated methodology for the simulation and manufacturing process was conceived for the architects and engineers. The developed methods were the basis for a prototype realized on the campus of the University of Stuttgart in the summer 2012, allowing the testing and proof of the proposed approach. The semi‐transparent pavilion spanned 8 m for a thickness of only 4.6 mm and weighed, despite its considerable size, less than 320 kg.
Cellular Loop: Ein Freischwinger, entwickelt nach dem Vorbild der Natur
Authors: Bernotat Anke 
Published: December 2013

AbstractBeim ersten Blick könnte der Cellular Loop ein gewöhnlicher Freischwingerstuhl sein, wären da nicht die außergewöhnliche Zellstruktur und hätte er nicht die Form ähnlich der eines naht‐ und endlosen Möbiusbandes. Cellular Loop ist leicht, besitzt aber auch die Stabilität und Steifigkeit sowie die Elastizität, die man von einem Freischwingerstuhl erwartet. All diese Eigenschaften verdankt er der Übertragung von Konzepten aus der Natur auf seine Konstruktion und Form. Der Cellular Loop ist der erste Freischwinger, der im Rapid‐Manufacturing‐Verfahren hergestellt wurde. Ziel des Forschungsprojekts war die Entwicklung einer Fertigungstechnik für die Bauteileherstellung nach biologischen Konstruktions‐ und Strukturierungsprinzipien. Ein Freischwingerstuhl wurde als Demonstrator gewählt, weil Stühle im Design als die Königsdisziplin gelten und weil sich anhand eines Freischwingers Themen wie dynamische Kräfte, Elastizität und Materialminimierung gut untersuchen lassen. Dank der Übertragung von Vorbildern aus der Natur auf die additive Fertigungstechnik konnte ein leichter, aber auch stabiler Stuhl entstehen, dessen innere Baustruktur an unterschiedliche lokale Belastungen angepasst ist. Selektives Lasersintering ermöglichte ein schichtweises Wachstum der Bauteile nach bionischem Vorbild.Cellular Loop: a chair based on biomimeticsAt first sight, Cellular Loop might be mistaken for an ordinary cantilever chair – if it wasn't for its eye‐catching cell structure and its seamless, endless ribbon shape, similar to a moebius strip. The chair is lightweight, but also possesses the stiffness and stability as well as the elasticity one would expect from a cantilever chair. In order to achieve these characteristics, concepts from the natural world have been transferred to its construction and production method. Cellular Loop is also the first cantilever chair to be produced by Rapid Manufacturing. The aim of the research project was to develop a production method for components, inspired by biological construction principles and based on selective laser sintering. A cantilever chair was chosen as demonstration object, because chairs are considered the supreme discipline of design, but also because a cantilever chair is the perfect object for testing issues like dynamic strain, basic stiffness and minimal use of material.
Was macht die Architektin im Dschungel?
Authors: Gruber Petra 
Published: December 2013

AbstractDer Artikel gibt eine Einführung in das Feld der Architekturbionik und präsentiert zwei Forschungsprojekte der Autorin, BioSkin und Biornametics, sowie die Entwicklung einer Methode des Einsatzes von Bionik als Innovationswerkzeug im Entwurf von Architektur.
The role of the Belgian engineer Paul Christophe on the development of reinforced concrete at the turn of the 20th century
Authors: Hellebois Armande , Espion Bernard 
Published: December 2013

AbstractPaul Christophe (1870–1957) owes his fame to being the author of the book Le béton armé et ses applications, published first in 1899 and again in 1902. This publication is considered internationally as one of the first treatises on reinforced concrete which included detailed explanations of the various computation models in use at the turn of the 20th century. He concluded by proposing rational modelling of reinforced concrete based mainly on the previous work of Coignet & de Tedesco. Until the present research, the professional life of Christophe and the context of his publication were unknown. The discovery of large parts of the family archives has allowed clarification of the role of Paul Christophe in the theoretical development of reinforced concrete. Therefore the paper proposes first to draw up the biography of Paul Christophe, secondly to expose the ins and outs of the publication Le béton armé et ses applications and finally to explore his relations with others precursors of reinforced concrete such as the Austrian engineer Fritz von Emperger (1862–1942).Die Rolle des belgischen Ingenieurs Paul Christophe auf die Entwicklung des Stahlbetonbaus zur Zeit der JahrhundertwendePaul Christophe (1870–1957) verdankt seinen Ruf dem Buch Le béton armé et ses applications, dessen Autor er war. Erstmals veröffentlicht wurde das Buch 1899, ein zweites Mal im Jahr 1902. Dieses Werk wird international als eine der ersten Abhandlungen über den Stahlbetonbau angesehen, die detaillierte Erläuterungen zu den verschiedenen, zur Zeit der Jahrhundertwende üblichen Berechnungsmodellen enthält. Der Autor schloss sein Buch mit der These, dass eine vernünftige Modellierung von Stahlbeton hauptsächlich auf die früheren Arbeiten von Coignet & de Tedesco zurückgeht. Bis dato war in der heutigen Forschung nichts über das Berufsleben von Christophe und den Zusammenhang mit seiner Veröffentlichung bekannt. Die Entdeckung von großen Teilen des Familienarchivs ermöglichte es nun zu klären, welche Rolle Paul Christophe im Bereich der theoretischen Entwicklung des Stahlbetonbaus inne hatte. Der Beitrag beginnt mit seiner Biographie. Anschließend wird gezeigt, welche Strömungen und Arbeiten Einfluss auf sein Buch Le béton armé et ses applications hatten und welchen Einfluss das Buch wiederum auf die Fachwelt hatte. Zuletzt werden seine Beziehungen zu anderen Vorreitern des Stahlbetonbaus, wie z.B. zum österreichischen Ingenieur Fritz von Emperger (1862–1942) erkundet.