bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Antagonism to Insulin Action on the Perfused Hind Limb of the Rat by a Reduced Insulin B Chain-Albumin Complex
Authors: Mahler Richard J , Szabo Olga , Penhos Juan C 
Published: December 2014

A muscle perfusion technic, employing the hind limb of the rat, has been developed. Significant enhancement of glucose utilization by this tissue is seen with 500 μU./ml. of insulin. Maximal glucose uptake is seen at an insulin concentration of 1,000 μU./ml., although a significantly earlier insulin effect is noted when 10,000 μU./ml. is used.
The presence of 7.5 μg./ml. of a reduced B chain-albumin complex in the perfusion system causes highly significant inhibition of action of 1,000 μU./ml. of insulin. Neither equivalent concentrations of sulfonated B chain nor equimolar concentrations of a sulfhydryl donor, 2-mercaptoethanol, are capable of causing comparable insulin antagonism.
Passage of Insulin and Inulin Across Vascular Membranes in the Dog
Authors: Rasio E A , Mack E , Egdahl R H , Herrera M G 
Published: December 2014

The equilibration of IRI and NSILA between arterial plasma and lymph was studied at different sites in sixteen anesthetized dogs. Lymph was collected from the thoracic duct in one group, from the main hepatic lymph vessel in another, and from the leg lymphatic in a third group. No baseline gradients were observed between arterial serum and lymph IRI concentrations. Lymph/serum NSILA concentration ratios were 0.62 ± 0.29 for leg lymph, 0.66 ± 0.20 for thoracic duct lymph and 0.84 ± 0.63 for hepatic lymph. Two tests were carried out in each dog:
(1) IVGTT (0.5 gm./kg.) Evans Blue was injected concurrently in some cases. Net glucose disappearance rate and serum IRI and NSILA patterns were similar in the three groups. Serum IRI passed rapidly into hepatic and thoracic duct lymph reaching plateau levels of 40 and 35 μU. per ml. respectively within 15 min. Leg lymph glucose concentration increased immediately but IRI appearance was delayed: A plateau of 20 μU, per ml. was reached after 30 min. No significant passage of Evans Blue into paw lymph was observed. Glucose injection was followed by a significant decrease in serum NSILA. Hepatic and thoracic duct lymph NSILA levels decreased slightly but NSILA concentration remained unchanged in leg lymph.
(2) One hour after the first test 0.2 U. per kg. of pork insulin and 25 uc 14C-inulin were injected intravenously. The patterns of distribution of these two substances were similar. Both reached peak concentrations first in hepatic lymph then in thoracic duct lymph. In paw lymph their appearance was delayed and the maximum concentration achieved was lower. It is concluded that differences in capillary permeability are likely to determine in part the distribution of IRI and NSILA in body fluids and thus may influence their biological activity.
Effect of Porcine Proinsulin in Vitro on Adipose Tissue and Diaphragm of the Normal Rat
Authors: Shaw Walter N , Chance Ronald E 
Published: December 2014

The effect in vitro of porcine proinsulin and single component porcine insulin on the epididymal adipose tissue and the isolated diaphragm of the normal rat has been investigated. Both proteins enhance the oxidation of labeled glucose to carbon dioxide and its conversion to fatty acids by adipose tissue as well as glycogen formation from glucose by the hemidiaphragm. Kunitz pancreatic trypsin inhibitor (KPTI) but not the purified Kazal or soybean trypsin inhibitor block these effects of proinsulin on adipose tissue and diaphragm. KPTI has no effect on the response of these tissues to the single component insulin. Anti-insulin serum blocks the response of both adipose tissue and hemidiaphragm to proinsulin and single component insulin. The enhancement of the oxidation of carbon one of glucose to carbon dioxide by adipose tissue in the presence of proinsulin is also blocked by KPTI.
It is concluded that porcine proinsulin itself cannot affect the glucose metabolism of adipose tissue and hemidiaphragm of the normal rat. Proinsulin exerts the biologic effect seen in this study because it is converted by an enzyme or group of enzymes present in adipose tissue and diaphragm muscle, to a molecule which is similar to or identical with insulin.
Plasma Glucose, Free Fatty Acids, and Immunoreactive Insulin in Sixty-six Obese Children: Studies in Reference to a Family History of Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Paulsen Elsa P , Richenderfer Lee , Ginsberg-Fellner Fredda 
Published: December 2014

Oral glucose tolerance tests (1.75 gm./kg. ideal body weight) were performed on sixty-six obese children and adolescents, four to sixteen years of age. Ten subjects of normal height and weight of the same age range and without a family history of diabetes served as controls. Plasma glucose, immunoreactive insulin, and free fatty acid levels were determined.
Twenty-seven (45 per cent) of the subjects had normal tolerance, fifteen (23 per cent) had distinctly abnormal tolerance. Hyperinsulinemia was observed in nearly all the obese subjects, but it was significantly greater in those with abnormal tolerance than in those with normal tolerance. Free fatty acids fell rapidly after the ingestion of glucose in the majority of subjects. In some there was a delay in return to fasting levels.
Thirty-four of the obese subjects had close diabetic relatives (diabetic family history [DHF+]) and thirty-two did not (DFH −). The incidence of moderately abnormal tolerance in the two groups, was the same but markedly abnormal tolerance was found only in the DFH + group. DFH + children had significantly greater elevations in insulin levels than DFH − children at both levels of tolerance. The DFH + subjects with severe hyperglycemia had somewhat increased levels of insulin occurring only after the first hour of the test.
The hyperinsulinemia observed in the obese children in this study cannot be completely explained by compensatory overproduction due to peripheral resistance to insulin, and an alternate hypothesis is suggested.
Metabolic Effects of Nicotinic Acid in Acute Insulin Deficiency in the Rat
Authors: Gross Richard C , Carlson Lars A 
Published: December 2014

To investigate the role of increased free fatty acid (FFA) mobilization in the hyperglycemia, ketonemia, hyperlipemia and fatty liver produced by acute insulin deficiency, nicotinic acid was used to inhibit FFA mobilization in rats given guinea pig anti-insulin serum (AIS). Effects on concentration of plasma FFA, blood glucose and betahydroxybutyric acid (BHBA), and plasma and liver lipids were studied acutely after nicotinic acid administration and during six and twenty-four hours of treatment with this compound.
Nicotinic acid produced an immediate fall in plasma FFA and a lesser but significant decrease in blood glucose when given two hours after AIS. When treatment was begun simultaneously with administration of AIS and repeated every four hours, plasma FFA and plasma and liver lipids were kept at normal control levels or lower for at least six hours, and blood BHBA for eighteen hours. Blood glucose remained at 70 per cent of values in untreated rats for eighteen hours, yet exceeded control levels during this time. At twenty-four hours there were no important differences between treated and untreated animals in any parameter except plasma triglycerides. This change was possibly related to a rebound of FFA levels in the nicotinic acid treated group.
The effects of nicotinic acid on plasma FFA, blood BHBA and plasma and liver lipids are most likely due to inhibition of FFA release from adipose tissue. Increased FFA mobilization in acute insulin deficiency could thus explain the increase in concentration of these substances during the first several hours after AIS administration. The mechanism of action of nicotinic acid and the influence of plasma FFA levels on glucose concentration is less clear.
Effects of Plasma Albumin on Glycolytic Intermediates in Rat Diaphragm Muscle
Authors: Karl Irene E , Voyles Nancy , Recant Lillian 
Published: December 2014

The effects of a variety of albumin fractions and subfractions (human and bovine) on the steady state levels of the glycolytic intermediates and cofactors of muscle and adipose tissue were tested in vitro. In muscle, the pattern is characterized by decreases in pyruvate (Pyr), adenosinetriphosphate (ATP) and phosphocreatine (PC) and increases in phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP), 3 phosphoglycerate (3PG), αglycerophosphate (αGOP) and dihydroxacetonephosphate (DHAP). There are no marked changes in glycogen (Gly), glucose-6-phosphate (G6P), fructose-diphosphate (FDP), lactate (Lac), adenosine-mono- and diphosphates (AMP, ADP), and inorganic phosphate (Pi). The Lac to Pyr ratio is increased while the αGOP to DHAP ratio is unchanged. There appears to be no change in pyridine nucleotides in the presence of albumin.
Although all preparations tested were active in producing these substrate changes, the albumin molecule per se is probably not the active factor since albumin, from which a small molecular component designated as X is removed, has lost its capacity to alter the substrates of the glycolytic pathway as well as its insulin inhibitory activity.
The nature of the substrate changes in the presence of albumin suggests either a block of the pyruvate kinase enzyme with subsequent accumulation of glycolytic intermediates behind the block or an enhancement of conversion of Pyr to PEP. Studies with Pyr indicate the capacity of muscle to convert Pyr to PEP, but they do not elucidate the nature of the albumin-induced substrate changes.The addition of insulin or anti-insulin serum in vitro does not reverse these changes.
In rat adipose tissue the presence of albumin does not inhibit insulin action nor does it appear to produce the above substrate changes.
The pathophysiologic significance of these observations remains to be demonstrated.
Glucose Intolerance in Hypernatremic Rats
Authors: Nitzan Menachem , Zelmanovsky Sophia 
Published: December 2014

A study has been made of the effect of hypernatremia on carbohydrate metabolism in the rat. It was shown that rats rendered hypernatremic by subcutaneous injections of hypertonie sodium solutions manifest increased fasting blood glucose levels, as well as a decreased ability to dispose of an exogenous glucose load.
The mechanism by which hypernatremia alters carbohydrate metabolism has not been determined. However, an impairment of normal cellular functions known to accompany hypertonicity of body fluids as well as disturbed secretion of the hormones which regulate carbohydrate metabolism, could explain the metabolic abnormality.
A Study in the Pathogenesis of Hyperlipemia in a Patient with Acromegaly and Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Camitta Francine D , Gray Timothy K 
Published: December 2014

1. Metabolic and endocrine investigations were undertaken in a patient with acromegaly, diabetes mellitus, and hyperlipemia.
2. “Milky serum” disappeared with insulin therapy and diabetic control.
3. No abnormality in serum lipids or lipoprotein patterns was produced despite excess plasma growth hormone, excess adrenal corticosteroids, and the administration of fat or carbohydrate loads as long as rigid diabetic control was maintained.
4. Insulin deficiency was shown to be the major factor responsible for the hyperlipemia that occurred in this diabetic patient with active acromegaly.
Diabetes, Hyperglycemia and Glycosuria Among Indians, Malays and Africans (Bantu) in Cape Town, South Africa
Authors: Marine N , Vinik A I , Edelstein Isobel , Jackson W P U 
Published: December 2014

Whole representative groups or randomly selected samples of Indians (of Asian origin) (1,520), Malays (1,252) and African Bantu (1,029) living in the Cape Town area were interviewed by social workers and screened by urine and blood sugar estimations after either a heavy meal or 50 gm. of glucose. Subjects who “screened positive” were subjected to full glucose tolerance tests, on which the final diagnosis of “discovered diabetes” was based. The screening methods used were of approximately comparable sensitivity,and the two sexes were almost equally represented in each age group and race.
The difference between postprandial and post-glucose blood sugar was not consistent, and rose with age. The meanscreening blood sugar levels of adults rose with age, but in young adults it was no higher than in children. There was no difference between the sexes, except apparently in the Malays. Africans had the lowest and Malays the highest mean blood sugar levels at all ages. (Known diabetics were excluded from these observations.)
The known diabetes rate among Indians was 4 per centover age fifteen, or 10.2 per cent when age-corrected. This is one of the highest prevalence rates known. Known diabetes (0.9 per cent) among the Africans was very similarto that usually reported among white populations. The total (known and discovered) diabetes prevalence among Indians was 10.4 per cent over age fifteen, rising to 60 per cent in women over fifty-five; among Africans it was3.6 per cent over age fifteen, with more diabetes in middleaged than in elderly people. Among the Malays the prevalenceof diabetes was intermediate (6.6 per cent over age fifteen).
Comparisons with other reported prevalence rates are extremely difficult because of great discrepancies due to differences in methods and interpretation. Thus whenever glucose loads and blood sugar estimations are used for screening, the prevalence is comparatively high; it is also high when a single blood glucose level is used for diagnosis.
Juvenile diabetes was rare; we found no known diabetic under age twenty and no African diabetic under thirty-five. Two seventeen-year-old Malay girls and one fifteen-year-old Indian were discovered to have asymptomatic diabetes.
Glycosuria was rare under age fifteen; it is argued thatthe renal threshold may fall with age. Glycosuria prevalence rose with age and was more common in men than women. The presence of glycosuria even after glucose was inconsistent. Glycosuria after glucose was more frequent than after a meal; among the Indians, postprandial glycosuria screening would have missed two thirds of the discovered diabetics, whereas all but one had glycosuria after glucose. Ninety-one per cent of the total newly discovered diabetics had glycosuria at one or another time of testing
Metabolic Homeostasis in Juvenile Diabetes Mellitus: II. Increased Ketone Responsiveness to Epinephrine
Authors: Baker Lester , Kaye Robert , Hague Nasir 
Published: December 2014

A series of epinephrine infusions were performed to study the possible role of catecholamines in the observed metabolic lability of juvenile diabetics. The data obtained in twenty insulin dependent juvenile diabetics were compared with the results obtained in eleven normal children.
Glucose and free fatty acid concentrations rose sharply in the diabetic group at the start of the epinephrine infusion, despite initial concentrations that were markedly elevated. The most striking difference between the diabetic children and the normal group, however, was seen in the blood ketone response. There appeared to be an increased ketone responsiveness to epinephrine stimulation in the diabetic child documented by the rate and magnitude of the ketone elevation, and by the absence of any lag period between the start of the epinephrine infusion and the rise of the blood ketone concentration.
Increased ketone responsiveness to epinephrine would appear to be an important characteristic of the juvenile diabetic. The ketone rise can be blocked by acute beta adrenergic blockade, indicating the dependence of the ketone rise on free fatty acid mobilization. The possible importance of hepatic triglycerides in diabetic ketosis is discussed.
Oral Administration of D-Ribose in Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Steinberg Terry , Poucher Russell L , Sarin Raj K , Rees Richard B , Gwinup Grant 
Published: December 2014

Thirty-four subjects were categorized on the basis of their glucose tolerance as normal (thirteen subjects), probable diabetics (six subjects), mild diabetics (five subjects), tolbutamide-responsive diabetics (five subjects) and insulin-dependent diabetics (five subjects). Fifteen grams of d-ribose dissolved in six ounces of water were administered orally to each of the subjects and the effect on serum glucose concentration was measured. The hypoglycemie effect of d-ribose varied in an orderly and progressive manner through the different categories of glucose intolerance. As their glucose intolerance increased in severity, the subjects were significantly less responsive to the blood glucose lowering effect of d-ribose.
The serum immunoreactive insulin concentration in response to the oral administration of d-ribose was measured in the normal and mild diabetic subjects. The mild diabetics had a mean peak increase in immunoreactive insulin which was 2.6-fold greater than the normal subjects; however, the insulin concentrations attained were not significant in either group. Thus the insulinogenic response as determined in peripheral venous blood does not account for the differential hypoglycemie effect of d-ribose.
Comparison of the 50 and 100 Gram Oral Glucose Tolerance Test
Authors: Sisk Charles W , Burnham Clinton E , Stewart John , McDonald Glen W 
Published: December 2014

A series of two 100 gm. and two 50 gm. oral glucose tolerance tests were performed on each of ninety-six young, healthy, prison inmates under rigidly controlled experimental conditions. Mean blood glucose levels for fasting, one, two, and three hour-postchallenge determinations were compared between challenges. The interrelationships of these determinations were also compared between the two standard loading doses.
Mean two-hour levels were 14 to 27 per cent higher after the larger challenge. With an appropriate conversion factor, the absolute difference in two-hour values could be equated. Thus, despite these unequal means, the diagnostic information obtained with either challenge at one and two hours does not differ. The fact that the one-hour determination was not related to loading dose size or obesity as expressed by the weight index [100 (weight)/height2] and was highly correlated with the Tolerance Index, suggests that it is the preferable screening test for diabetes. Studies in other populations are needed to confirm this, however.
Although mean levels at three hours were the same, the distribution of tolerance responses for this determination differed for the two challenges. An excess of both relative hypoglycemic andhyperglycemic responses occurred with the larger loading dose. These contrasting distributions suggest that the 100 gm., three-hour determination may possess unique diagnostic power to ascertainearly chemical diabetes. Until adequate criteria of an abnormal three-hour response are established, however, this determination cannot be used as a screening test for diabetes.
Physiologic variability for all specific determinations and the complete tolerance test were similar for both challenges. The fact that only a moderate degree of correlation was found between repeat tolerance responses greatly compromises the clinical values of a single glucose tolerance test.
Influence of Obesity on the Relationship Between Insulin and Triglyceride Levels in Endogenous Hypertriglyceridemia
Authors: Bagdade John D , Bierman Edwin L , Porte Daniel 
Published: December 2014

In order to assess the influence of obesity on the relationship between insulin and triglyceride levels, basal plasma triglyceride (TG) and immunoreactive insulin (IRI) levels prior to and during oral glucose (100 gm.) tolerance tests were compared in nonlipemic control subjects and patients with endogenous hypertriglyceridemia with comparable glucose tolerance. Basal IRI and body weight correlated closely in both lipemic (r = +.75, p &lt; .001) and nonlipemic groups (r = +.72, p &lt; .001), and no significant increase in basal IRI was observed in the lipemic subjects when matched for weight.
In both lipemic and control groups basal IRI and TG levels were related to a comparable degree (r = +.44, p &lt; .01); however, for any given basal IRI, TG levels in the lipemic group were dramatically increased. No relationship was demonstrable between TG and stimulated IRI levels expressed either as absolute increments or when the effects of obesity on insulin secretion were excluded by expression of each insulin response to glucose as a percentage of the basal level.
In both groups, glucose intolerance and the per cent increment in IRI at both sixty and 180 min. were inversely related, and when matched for glucose tolerance, no quantitative difference in stimulated IRI levels was demonstrable in patients with endogenous hypertriglyceridemia and the control group. When factors such as glucose intolerance have been controlled, variations in IRI are best explained by variations in body weight.
These findings indicate that the high IRI levels often observed in patients with endogenous hypertriglyceridemia result from coexisting obesity.
Diabetes in the Pima Indians: Evidence of Bimodality in Glucose Tolerance Distributions
Authors: Rushforth Norman B , Bennett Peter H , Steinberg Arthur G , Burch Thomas A , Miller Max 
Published: December 2014

Venous plasma glucose levels two hours after a 75 gm. carbohydrate load were determined on over 2,900 Pima Indians, a population known to have an extremely high prevalence of diabetes mellitus. In each sex and in each decade above twenty-five years of age, the frequency distributions of the logarithms of the glucose levels were clearly bimodal, but below this age a single symmetrical unimodal distribution was found. A maximum likelihood procedure was used to derive the best fitting theoretical gaussian distributions for each group of data, together with the parameters of each distribution.
The observed bimodal distributions were found to be in satisfactory agreement with a model of two overlapping gaussian distributions, indicating that a logical separation between those with normal and high levels of glucose is possible, although the presence of overlap indicates that some misclassification will occur if any finite level is used to subdivide the population.
The data indicate that among the Pima: 1. The frequency distributions of two-hour glucose tolerance levels can be used to identify objectively and describe a hyperglycemic population without recourse to other criteria for diabetes. 2. There are small changes in the parameters of “normal” glucose tolerance between the ages of twenty-five and sixtyfour years. 3. The increase in mean glucose level found with rising age in this population is mainly the result of an increasing proportion of subjects who are in the group characterized by marked glucose intolerance.
The bimodal distributions of plasma glucose levels The bimodal distributions of plasma glucose levels among the Pima Indians contrast with those described so far in other groups. It seems likely that differences are attributable to the lower prevalence of diabetes elsewhere which would obscure the identification of bimodality.