bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Imaging of α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in brain and cerebral vasculature of juvenile pigs with [18F]NS14490
Authors: Rötering Sven , Deuther-Conrad Winnie , Cumming Paul , Donat Cornelius K , Scheunemann Matthias , Fischer Steffen , Xiong Guoming , Steinbach Jörg , Peters Dan , Sabri Osama , Bucerius Jan , Brust Peter 
Published: August 2014

Abstract

Background
The α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) is an important molecular target in neuropsychiatry and oncology. Development of applicable highly specific radiotracers has been challenging due to comparably low protein expression. To identify novel ligands as candidates for positron emission tomography (PET), a library of diazabicyclononane compounds was screened regarding affinity and specificity towards α7 nAChRs. From these, [18F]NS14490 has been shown to yield reliable results in organ distribution studies; however, the radiosynthesis of [18F]NS14490 required optimization and automation to obtain the radiotracer in quantities allowing dynamic PET studies in piglets.

Methods
Automated radiosynthesis of [18F]NS14490 has been performed by [18F]fluorination with the tosylate precursor in the TRACERlab™ FX F-N synthesis module (Waukesha, WI, USA). After optimization, the radiochemical yield of [18F]NS14490 was consistently approximately 35%, and the total synthesis time was about 90 min. The radiotracer was prepared with >92% radiochemical purity, and the specific activity at the end of the synthesis was 226 ± 68 GBq μmol−1. PET measurements were performed in young pigs to investigate the metabolic stability and cerebral binding of [18F]NS14490 without and with administration of the α7 nAChR partial agonist NS6740 in baseline and blocking conditions.

Results
The total distribution volume relative to the metabolite-corrected arterial input was 3.5 to 4.0 mL g−1 throughout the telencephalon and was reduced to 2.6 mL g−1 in animals treated with NS6740. Assuming complete blockade, this displacement indicated a binding potential (BPND) of approximately 0.5 in the brain of living pigs. In addition, evidence for specific binding in major brain arteries has been obtained.

Conclusion
[18F]NS14490 is not only comparable to other preclinically investigated PET radiotracers for imaging of α7 nAChR in brain but also could be a potential PET radiotracer for imaging of α7 nAChR in vulnerable plaques of diseased vessels.
A Highly Efficient Cooperative Effect in an Acylation Catalyst Bearing Weak Lewis Base and Lewis Acid Sites
Authors: Kojima Satoshi , Banden Narumi , Yamamoto Yohsuke 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
Tetrakis(2-pyridyl)stannane (o-Py4Sn), which bears only weakly nucleophilic and Lewis basic pyridines, and a weakly acidic tetraaryltin moiety, was found to efficiently catalyze the reaction between acetic anhydride and alcohols. The reaction rate measurements using 1-phenylethanol show the catalytic activity of o-Py4Sn to be up to 20% of that of 4-(dimethylamino)pyridine (DMAP) and more than 100 times that of pyridine alone. Furthermore, the reaction using (t-BOC)2O was found to be comparable to that with DMAP, with o-Py4Sn being more selective. Thus, a highly efficient cooperative effect is operative with o-Py4Sn.
Photochemical Reduction of CO2 with Red Light Using Synthetic Chlorophyll–Rhenium Bipyridine Dyad
Authors: Kitagawa Yuichi , Takeda Hiroyuki , Ohashi Kenji , Asatani Tsuyoshi , Kosumi Daisuke , Hashimoto Hideki , Ishitani Osamu , Tamiaki Hitoshi 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
We successfully performed the reduction of CO2 to CO by selective illumination of red visible light to a chlorophyll derivative covalently linked with a rhenium bipyridine complex. This is the first example of the photochemical reduction of CO2 using a sensitizer that has strong absorption at a wavelength over 650 nm.
Thiazole-fused Benzothiadiazole as a Key Skeleton for T-Shaped Electron-accepting Building Blocks
Authors: Satou Motoi , Uchinaga Kensuke , Wakamiya Atsushi , Murata Yasujiro 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
A series of thiazole-fused benzothiadiazoles were designed and synthesized, and their structural, electrochemical, and photophysical properties were analyzed. The observed high solubility, in combination with desirably high levels of electron-accepting ability and planarity in the solid state, promises great potential for the application of these compounds as π-electron-accepting building blocks in organic electronic materials. In addition, the two-dimensional expansion of π conjugation through the fused thiazole moiety renders these compounds ideal candidates for use as T-shaped π-conjugation junctions.
Fabrication of Lead Halide Perovskite Film by Controlling Reactivity at Room Temperature in Mixed Solvents
Authors: Jin Yi , Chumanov George 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
Uniform and fully converted CH3NH3PbI3 films were synthesized at room temperature by converting PbI2 in a saturated solution of CH3NH3I in 2-propanol–hexane (cyclohexane). This simple and robust method yields films with 20 nm RMS roughness and provides a new opportunity for the low-cost fabrication of large-area perovskite solar cells.
Dynamic Bargaining in a Supply Chain with Asymmetric Demand Information
Authors: Feng Qi , Lai Guoming , Lu Lauren Xiaoyuan 
Published: August 2014

We analyze a dynamic bargaining game in which a seller and a buyer negotiate over quantity and payment to trade for a product. Both firms are impatient, and they make alternating offers until an agreement is reached. The buyer is privately informed about his type, which can be high or low: the high type's demand is stochastically larger than the low type's. In the dynamic negotiation process, the seller can screen, whereas the buyer can signal information through their offers, and the buyer has an endogenous and type-dependent reservation profit. With rational assumptions on the seller's belief structure, we characterize the perfect Bayesian equilibrium of the bargaining game. Interestingly, we find that both quantity distortion and information rent may be avoided depending on the firms' relative patience, and the seller may reach an agreement with either the high type or the low type first, or with both simultaneously. Furthermore, we explore our model to characterize the effect of demand forecasting accuracy on firm profitability. We find that improved demand forecast benefits the buyer but hurts the seller when the buyer's forecasting accuracy is low. However, once the buyer's forecasting accuracy exceeds a threshold, both firms will benefit from further improvement of the forecast. This observation makes an interesting contrast to previous findings based on the one-shot principal–agent model, in which improvement of forecasting accuracy mostly leads to a win–lose outcome for the two firms, and the buyer has an incentive to improve his forecasting accuracy only when it is extremely low.This paper was accepted by Yossi Aviv, operations management.
Explaining approaches in pedagogic practice for healthcare assistants
Authors: Hayes Catherine 
Published: August 2014

This article provides a basic insight into the teaching and learning strategies most likely to be encountered by HCA staff, following the impending regulation of the HCA workforce. Understanding processes of teaching and learning affords HCAs the opportunity of reflecting on how they learn, as well as the strategic content of what they are learning. This means that HCAs will be better placed to evaluate their educational experiences, consider what their own individual learning styles might be and also reflect on how their lifelong learning might be shaped by the learning opportunities afforded to them. Following a brief discussion of approaches to pedagogic practice, the article provides an insight into social constructivism and its inherent link to problem-based learning, social learning and the impact that all three have on how mentorship infrastructures are shaped in practice. The article also incorporates a consideration of learning domains, so that HCAs might become more familiar with the differentiation of types and styles of learning.
Economic feasibility of large scale PV water pumping applications utilizing real field data for a case study in Jordan
Authors: Odeh Ibrahim 
Published: August 2014

Economic viability of photovoltaic, diesel and grid connected water pumping systems is investigated and compared for system capacities in the range 1500 m4/day to 100,000 m4/day. Actual performance data from installed systems are considered in calculating systems outputs for base case scenarios. Sensitivity analysis is carried out to generalize results for other locations and conditions. Several scenarios of the effect of variation electricity tariffs, components prices, diesel fuel prices, operation cost and interest rate on the output water unit cost (US$/1000m4) are investigated. Breakeven points of PV pumping systems are determined at certain input parameters.
Utilization of Iles-Iles and Sorghum Starch for Bioethanol Production
Authors: Kusmiyati Kusmiyati , Sulistiyono Agus 
Published: August 2014

The aims of this study were to convert the starches from iles-iles tubers (Amorphophalus campanulatus) and sorghum grains (Sorghum bicolor L) into bioethanol as an alternative energy. Both of these agricultural products contains a high content starches and they do not use as the major foods in Indonesia. To find out the maximum ethanol concentration and yield, both the raw materials were converted to ethanol on various process variables including the concentration of flour substrate solution (100-300 g/L), β-amylase enzyme concentration (0.8 - 6.4 ml/kg of flour ), the concentration of dry yeast S. cerevisiae (2-15 g), and fermentation time (72-168 hours). The results showed that at the flour substrate concentration of 250 g/L produced the maximum ethanol contents of 100.29 g/L and 95.11 g/L for iles-iles and sorghum, respectively. Effect of β-amylase enzyme in the saccharification process showed that at concentration of 3.2 ml/kg the maximum reducing sugar content of 204.94 g/L and 193.15 g/L for iles-iles and sorghum substrate, respectively were generated therefore it was corresponding to the maximum ethanol production. The concentration effect of dry yeast S. cerevisiae in the fermentation stage for the iles-iles and sorghum substrate revealed that the maximum ethanol obtained at 5 g yeast activated in 100 ml medium starter resulted the highest ethanol content 100.29 g/L 95.11 g/L for iles-iles and sorghum substrate, respectively. To determine the effect of fermentation time on ethanol yield from iles-iles and sorghum substrate, the fermentation process were performed at 3, 5, and 7 days. The maximum ethanol fermentation was obtained at 5 days fermentation. The ethanol yield is calculated by weight of ethanol is formed (g) divided by the weight of flour (g). Based on the experiment results, conducted, generally the highest ethanol yield of iles-iles was higher than that of sorghum flour. The highest yield (g/g) iles-iles and sorghum flour were 71.25 and 68.92 respectively
Castor Seed from Melkasa Agricultural Research Centre, East Showa, Ethiopia and it’s biodiesel performance in Four Stroke Diesel Engine
Authors: Tegegne Akanawa Tesfahun , Gebrehiwot Moges Haimanot , Babu Ramesh , Bisrat Daniel 
Published: August 2014

This study focused in investigating the fuel properties of Castor oil Methyl Ester (CME) and its blend with diesel fuel in running a diesel engine. Engine tests have been carried out with the aim of obtaining comparative measures of torque, power, and specific fuel consumption. Castor oil was extracted by using a mechanical pressing machine and trans-esterification was made by methyl alcohol and potassium hydroxide as a catalyst. So that its viscosity and density were reduced and by increasing its volatility. By following the procedures given in American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) book the fuel characteristics were identified whether it fulfil the requirements needed to be used as a fuel in internal combustion engines or not. From the characterization result, it was proved that trans-esterified castor oil was found to be a promising alternative fuel for compression ignition (diesel) engines. But the viscosity of CME was still higher and the energy content was a little bit less as compared to petro diesel. To solve these problems CME was blended with petro diesel in some proportion (B5, B10, B20, B40, B80). The torque, power and brake specific fuel consumption performances of CME and its blends with petro diesel were tested in a four stroke diesel engine. The analyzed results were compared with that of petro diesel and found to be very nearly similar, making CME a suiTable alternative fuel for petro diesel.
The Effect of Vertically Differentiated Entry Under Retail-Minus Access Pricing
Authors: Byun Jeong Wook , Kim Sung-Hwan 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
We examine the effect of vertically differentiated entry under retail-minus access pricing. Unlike the existing studies, we show that retail-minus regulation could obtain the intended result of reducing the retail price. This concurs to a great extent with conventional wisdom, which has been criticized, but not entirely, because the price-reducing effect in our model is not driven by competition. Such an effect is more obvious in the case of inferior-quality entry, where the lower incumbent price can help the entrant expand the market. The key is that the retail-minus rule offers the incumbent an incentive to reduce its price in order to utilize the value created by the entrant. The outcome relies on the combination of a differentiated entry and the retail-minus rule. Differentiated entry under the retail-minus rule could benefit both the incumbent and consumers because the rule protects the incumbent from business stealing while allowing value creation by the entrant.
Complementation in linear and dialogic syntax: The case of Hebrew divergently aligned discourse
Authors: Maschler Yael , Nir Bracha 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThis study investigates the interaction between linear and dialogic syntax in Hebrew conversation. Analyzing resonance in divergently aligned contexts, we examine a particular dialogic modification of complex syntactic constructions: the embedding of one construction within the scope of another. Specifically, we examine a family of constructions which, in the terms of linear syntax, are analyzed as forms of complementation (via the complementizer še- ‘that’, via a question word, or via the conditional conjunction 'im ‘if ’). However, the dialogic alignment of these forms with their preceding utterances reflects a complex picture, in which some patterns are still definable by linear syntax, but others are not accounted for by these traditional terms. Rather, the application of the Dialogic Syntax framework calls into question defining such constructions from a purely structural perspective and supports a more fluid, Emergent Grammar approach. Moreover, we illustrate how dialogic actions in fact motivate the interaction-based grammaticization of new constructions, culminating, in the case of the constructions examined here, in the emergence of discourse markers.
K-theory of minuscule varieties
Authors: Buch Anders Skovsted , Samuel Matthew J. 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
Based on Thomas and Yong’s K-theoretic jeu de taquin algorithm, we
prove a uniform Littlewood–Richardson rule for the K-theoretic
Schubert structure constants of all minuscule homogeneous spaces.
Our formula is new in all types. For the main examples of
Grassmannians of type A and maximal orthogonal Grassmannians it has
the advantage that the tableaux to be counted can be recognized
without reference to the jeu de taquin algorithm.
Optogenetics for gene expression in mammalian cells
Authors: Müller Konrad , Naumann Sebastian , Weber Wilfried , Zurbriggen Matias D. 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
Molecular switches that are controlled by chemicals have evolved as central research instruments in mammalian cell biology. However, these tools are limited in terms of their spatiotemporal resolution due to freely diffusing inducers. These limitations have recently been addressed by the development of optogenetic, genetically encoded, and light-responsive tools that can be controlled with the unprecedented spatiotemporal precision of light. In this article, we first provide a brief overview of currently available optogenetic tools that have been designed to control diverse cellular processes. Then, we focus on recent developments in light-controlled gene expression technologies and provide the reader with a guideline for choosing the most suitable gene expression system.
Humor use, reactions to social comments, and social anxiety
Authors: Kuiper Nicholas A. , Aiken Audrey , Pound Maria Sol 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThis study investigated how the use of different humor styles by individuals described as being either socially anxious or non-anxious can have an impact on the perceptions and evaluations made by others about these individuals. Participants read a set of scenarios describing brief interactions with a casual acquaintance (either socially anxious or non-anxious) who made four different types of social comments (affiliative, self-enhancing, aggressive or self-defeating). When the affiliative and self-enhancing comments were delivered humorously, participants indicated more positive evaluations and less social rejection of the casual acquaintance. This finding was obtained for both the socially anxious and non-anxious casual acquaintances. In contrast, the use of self-defeating comments, both with or without humor, was particularly detrimental to evaluations of the socially anxious acquaintance. In addition, participants were generally less interested in future interactions with a socially anxious acquaintance, and rated themselves more negatively when this acquaintance was portrayed as being socially anxious. Discussion focused on the pervasive role of humor in facilitating more positive reactions and responses to social comments made by both socially anxious and non-anxious individuals.
Definitions of Fraud and Misconduct Revisited
Authors: Hermerén Göran 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
Definitions of fraud and misconduct are not ethically neutral, and they have implications for the process and procedure of investigations into cases of suspected fraud and misconduct. The aim of this paper is to discuss the strengths and weaknesses of some current definitions of fraud and misconduct, including disjunctive and parallel sets of definitions. Possible purposes of these definitions are explained. Since intention to deceive is difficult to prove, and word often stands against word, allegations may be difficult or impossible to substantiate. If the accused person is not proven guilty, this may be perceived as a signal to the research community that the accused was innocent - even though the work by the accused author contains many serious deviations from good research practice. It turns out that several distinctions need to be made between different kinds of fraud and misconduct, and that these have implications for how best to deal way with suspected scientific dishonesty.
Lebensbegriffe in den Handlungskontexten der Synthetischen Biologie
Authors: Köchy Kristian 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
Die Synthetische Biologie ist eng mit der Frage ‚Was ist Leben?‘ verbunden. Mögliche Antworten auf diese Frage werden im vorliegenden Beitrag unter Berücksichtigung der jeweiligen Verwendungskontexte, Sprachspiele, Denkstile und epistemischen Tugenden untersucht. Im Sinne des practical turns werden dabei einerseits die praktischen Verfahren der Aneignung als Momente des Definitums verstanden, andererseits jedoch werden auch die jenseits operationaler Zugriffe liegenden präoperativen Vorgaben erkennbar. In den multidisziplinären Kontexten der Synthetischen Biologie stehen sich drei interagierende Cluster von Lebensbegriffen gegenüber: Unter dem Leitbild ingenieurtechnischen Designs wird Leben in Analogie zu technischen Artefakten, unter dem Leitbild systembiologischer Simulation zu mathematischen Operationen und unter dem Leitbild biochemischer Konstruktion zu chemischen Prozessen verstanden. Alle konkreten technisch-praktischen Strategien (sowie die mit ihnen verbundenen Strategien der Benennung) treffen jedoch auf den Widerstand der präoperativen Bedingungen lebendiger Selbstorganisation. Da gerade diese Selbstbildung in der Synthetischen Biologie zum Vorbild, Material und Mittel der technischen Fertigung erhoben wird, ergeben sich jenseits epistemischer auch ethische Herausforderungen.
Leben und Moral
Authors: Rödl Sebastian 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
Hat es eine ethische Bedeutung - eine Bedeutung dafür, wie zu handeln unbedingt gut ist - wenn das, bezogen worauf wir handeln, lebendig ist? Um darüber nachzudenken, müssen wir uns über den Begriff des guten Handelns und über den des Lebens verständigen. Der Begriff des Lebens bezeichnet die intern zweckmäßige Tätigkeit, die Tätigkeit, die keinen Zweck hat, der außerhalb ihrer läge als ihr Resultat, sondern die so gegliedert ist, dass sie sich durch sich selbst in sich selbst erhält. Leben ist also an sich selbst Zweck. Man kann meinen, das bedeutet, dass Leben von uns die Achtung seiner verlangt: Einen Zweck an sich kann man nicht als bloßes Mittel seinen Zwecken unterordnen. Das wäre ein Kurzschluss. Dass eine gegebene Lebenstätigkeit ein Zweck an sich ist, bedeutet nicht - gerade nicht - dass sie ein letzter Zweck unserer Lebenstätigkeit wäre. Das zeigt aber nicht, dass es keine ethische Bedeutung hat, dass etwas lebt. Ja, es ist nicht klar, was es hieße, in dieser Frage Erkenntnis zu erlangen.
A FORMAÇÃO CONTÍNUA DE PROFESSORES – NOVAS TENDÊNCIAS E NOVOS CAMINHOS
Authors: Costa Nadja Maria de Lima 
Published: August 2014

O presente trabalho consiste em um recorte dos estudos sobre formação e profissionalização docente, abordando as questões teóricas dos modelos de formação continuada de professores no que se refere às suas características, formas de desenvolvimento no cotidiano escolar e na vida desses profissionais, bem como discute as implicações e contribuições que determinadas práticas trazem para o atual contexto educacional. Demarca a existência de dois grandes modelos teóricos de formação e suas formas multifacetadas de existência, quais sejam, as denominadas por alguns autores, como estruturantes ou clássicas e o modelo construtivista ou interativo-reflexivo. Tem a preocupação de traçar as necessidades para a formação do professor reflexivo, mapeando as novas tendências na formação continuada de professores em contraponto com o modelo
clássico, e ainda aponta alguns caminhos a se percorrer baseado nestas sistematizações. A partir desse referencial, discutem-se as atuais mudanças na formação continuada de
professores, a quem caberá um importante papel nesta dinâmica e como poderá ser articulado um modelo de formação contínua que valorize o espaço escolar e o permanente exercício da ação-reflexão-ação como um elemento intrínseco à formação docente. É um ensaio que visa a contribuir com as novas perspectivas da formação continuada de docentes na busca de uma significativa atuação profissional.

Palavras chaves: Formação docente, novas tendências e professor reflexivo