bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Kompaktionsdynamik granularer Materie: Warum sind Corn‐Flakes Tüten nie ganz voll?
Authors: Linz Stefan J. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractBeim erstmaligen Öffnen von Corn‐Flakes‐Packungen stellt man mit Erstaunen fest, dass sie eigentlich nicht randvoll, sondern nur zu circa achtzig Prozent gefüllt sind. Als Erklärung wird auf der Packung z. B. die Bemerkung „Füllhöhenschwankungen transportbedingt”︁ offeriert. Was sich physikalisch dahinter verbirgt, nämlich die Kompaktionsdynamik granularer Materie, hat sich in den letzten Jahren zu einem aktuellem Forschungsgebiet der klassischen Vielteilchenphysik entwickelt. In diesem Artikel sollen Grundaspekte, neuere experimentelle Resultate und einfache theoretische Erklärungsansätze des Kompaktionsproblems näher beleuchtet werden.
Energie: Kernfusion als Energiequelle der Zukunft: Der International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor ITER ist der nächste Schritt auf dem Weg zum Fusionskraftwerk
Authors: Bosch Hans‐Stephan , Bradshaw Alexander 
Published: February 2013

AbstractIn einem Fusionskraftwerk soll Energie — ähnlich dem Prozess in der Sonne — durch die Verschmelzung von leichten Atomkernen gewonnen werden. Von allen möglichen Verschmelzungsreaktionen, die für ein solches Kraftwerk in Frage kämen, liefert die Reaktion zwischen den Wasserstoffisotopen Deuterium und Tritium die größte Energieausbeute bei der niedrigsten Temperatur. Der Fusionsreaktor der Sonne verwendet normalen Wasserstoff, der als heißes Plasma durch die eigene Schwerkraft zusammengehalten wird. Im irdischen Kraftwerk dagegen muss das heiße Brennstoffgemisch in einem Magnetfeldkäfig eingeschlossen und damit von den Wänden des Vakuumgefäßes ferngehalten werden. Die Vorteile der Fusionsenergie sind bekannt: hohe intrinsische Sicherheit, fast grenzenlose Brennstoffvorräte, keine Emissionen und wenig radioaktiver Abfall. Wie weit die Fusionsforschung in den letzten Jahren gekommen ist und wie lange es noch dauert, bis diese Energiequelle den von den Fusionsforschern erwarteten Beitrag zur Grundlast der Stromversorgung liefert, sind die wichtigsten Themen dieses Artikels.
Polymer‐ und Kolloidphysik in der BASF
Authors: Rieger Jens , Iden Rüdiger 
Published: February 2013

AbstractShampoos, Plastiktüten, Waschmittel, Vitamine, Klebstreifen, Styropor, Beton, Anstrichfarbe, Meerwasserentsalzung. Diese kleine Aufstellung, die sich fast beliebig fortsetzen ließe, soll einen Eindruck davon vermitteln, womit sich Physiker in der industriellen Polymerforschung beschäftigen. Welche Rolle sie dabei spielen, soll dieser Beitrag zeigen. Dazu muss man auch auf die Philosophie in der industriellen Forschung eingehen, die sich deutlich von der Denkweise an den Universitäten unterscheidet. und schließlich möchten wir noch darauf aufmerksam machen, dass es Fragen gibt, die aus unserer Sicht intensiverer physikalischer Grundlagenforschung bedürfen.
The clathrin adaptor complexes as a paradigm for membrane‐associated allostery
Authors: Canagarajah Bertram J. , Ren Xuefeng , Bonifacino Juan S. , Hurley James H. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe clathrin‐associated adaptor protein (AP) complexes AP‐1 and AP‐2 are two members of a family of heterotetrameric assemblies that connect transmembrane protein cargo to vesicular coats. Cargo binding by AP‐1 is activated by the small GTPase Arf1, while AP‐2 is activated by the phosphoinositide PI(4,5)P2. The structures of both AP‐1 and AP‐2 have been determined in their locked and unlocked conformations. The structures show how different activators use different mechanisms to trigger similar large scale conformational rearrangements. The details of these mechanisms show how membrane docking and allosteric activation of AP complexes are intimately connected.
Biodegradable Nanocapsules as siRNA Carriers for Mutant K‐Ras Gene Silencing of Human Pancreatic Carcinoma Cells
Authors: Lin Guimiao , Hu Rui , Law Wing‐Cheung , Chen Chih‐Kuang , Wang Yucheng , Li Chin Hui , Nguyen Quoc Toan , Lai Cheng Kee , Yoon Ho Sup , Wang Xiaomei , Xu Gaixia , Ye Ling , Cheng Chong , Yong Ken‐Tye 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe application of small interfering RNA (siRNA)‐based RNA interference (RNAi) for cancer gene therapy has attracted great attention. Gene therapy is a promising strategy for cancer treatment because it is relatively non‐invasive and has a higher therapeutic specificity than chemotherapy. However, without the use of safe and efficient carriers, siRNAs cannot effectively penetrate the cell membranes and RNAi is impeded. In this work, cationic poly(lactic acid) (CPLA)‐based degradable nanocapsules (NCs) are utilized as novel carriers of siRNA for effective gene silencing of pancreatic cancer cells. These CPLA‐NCs can readily form nanoplexes with K‐Ras siRNA and over 90% transfection efficiency is achieved using the nanoplexes. Cell viability studies show that the nanoparticles are highly biocompatible and non‐toxic, indicating that CPLA‐NC is a promising potential candidate for gene therapy in a clinical setting.
Trauma‐related Preventable Deaths in Berlin 2010: Need to Change Prehospital Management Strategies and Trauma Management Education
Authors: Kleber C. , Giesecke M. T. , Tsokos M. , Haas N. P. , Buschmann C. T. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractBackgroundFatal trauma is one of the leading causes of death in Western industrialized countries. The aim of the present study was to determine the preventability of traumatic deaths, analyze the medical measures related to preventable deaths, detect management failures, and reveal specific injury patterns in order to avoid traumatic deaths in Berlin.Materials and methodsIn this prospective observational study all autopsied, direct trauma fatalities in Berlin in 2010 were included with systematic data acquisition, including police files, medical records, death certificates, and autopsy records. An interdisciplinary expert board judged the preventability of traumatic death according to the classification of non‐preventable (NP), potentially preventable (PP), and definitively preventable (DP) fatalities.ResultsOf the fatalities recorded, 84.9 % (n = 224) were classified as NP, 9.8 % (n = 26) as PP, and 5.3 % (n = 14) as DP. The incidence of severe traumatic brain injury (sTBI) was significantly lower in PP/DP than in NP, and the incidence of fatal exsanguinations was significantly higher. Most PP and NP deaths occurred in the prehospital setting. Notably, no PP or DP was recorded for fatalities treated by a HEMS crew. Causes of DP deaths consisted of tension pneumothorax, unrecognized trauma, exsanguinations, asphyxia, and occult bleeding with a false negative computed tomography scan.ConclusionsThe trauma mortality in Berlin, compared to worldwide published data, is low. Nevertheless, 15.2 % (n = 40) of traumatic deaths were classified as preventable. Compulsory training in trauma management might further reduce trauma‐related mortality. The main focus should remain on prevention programs, as the majority of the fatalities occurred as a result of non‐survivable injuries.
Survey of Central Line–Associated Bloodstream Infection Prevention Practices across American Burn Association–Certified Adult Burn Units
Authors: Sood Geetika , Heath Doris , Adams Kerri , Radu Charlotte , Bauernfeind Judy , Price Leigh Ann , Zenilman Jonathan 
Published: February 2013

Central line–associated bloodstream infections (CLABSIs) have a considerable impact on morbidity, length of stay, and potential mortality. The estimated per-case cost of CLABSIs is $11,000–$56,167, and there is consensus that most are preventable. Publicly reported CLABSI data are also now used as a metric to compare hospitals.There are published guidelines for the prevention of central line–associated infections, but these practices have not been studied in burn patients. Patients with severe burns pose unique and specific challenges and differ substantially from the typical medical or surgical intensive care unit (ICU) patient. Our objective was to assess CLABSI prevention practices in burn units.We identified all American Burn Association (ABA)–certified adult burn centers through the ABA website (http://www.ameriburn.org) and contacted nursing leadership of each burn intensive care unit to conduct a telephone survey of CLABSI prevention practices in March 2012. The survey project was approved by the Johns Hopkins institutional review board.We had 100% survey participation. There was substantial variation among burn units in the number of beds, the mix of patients, and the acuity of patients' illness. Bed size varied from 4 to 38. Eight units stated that their burn unit incorporated a step-down unit or floor-status beds in their bed count. Thirty (58.8%) of the 51 units defined themselves as mixed burn/surgical or trauma units. The percentage of burned patients seen in the burn units varied from 10% to 100%, with 8 (15.4%) of 51 units stating that their census consisted of fewer than 30% burned patients in their burn ICU.
Clathrin Light Chains Regulate Clathrin-Mediated Trafficking, Auxin Signaling, and Development inArabidopsis
Authors: Wang Chao , Yan Xu , Chen Qian , Jiang Nan , Fu Wei , Ma Bojun , Liu Jianzhong , Li Chuanyou , Bednarek Sebastian Y. , Pan Jianwei 
Published: February 2013

AbstractPlant clathrin-mediated membrane trafficking is involved in many developmental processes as well as in responses to environmental cues. Previous studies have shown that clathrin-mediated endocytosis of the plasma membrane (PM) auxin transporter PIN-FORMED1 is regulated by the extracellular auxin receptor AUXIN BINDING PROTEIN1 (ABP1). However, the mechanisms by which ABP1 and other factors regulate clathrin-mediated trafficking are poorly understood. Here, we applied a genetic strategy and time-resolved imaging to dissect the role of clathrin light chains (CLCs) and ABP1 in auxin regulation of clathrin-mediated trafficking in Arabidopsis thaliana. Auxin was found to differentially regulate the PM and trans-Golgi network/early endosome (TGN/EE) association of CLCs and heavy chains (CHCs) in an ABP1-dependent but TRANSPORT INHIBITOR RESPONSE1/AUXIN-BINDING F-BOX PROTEIN (TIR1/AFB)-independent manner. Loss of CLC2 and CLC3 affected CHC membrane association, decreased both internalization and intracellular trafficking of PM proteins, and impaired auxin-regulated endocytosis. Consistent with these results, basipetal auxin transport, auxin sensitivity and distribution, and root gravitropism were also found to be dramatically altered in clc2 clc3 double mutants, resulting in pleiotropic defects in plant development. These results suggest that CLCs are key regulators in clathrin-mediated trafficking downstream of ABP1-mediated signaling and thus play a critical role in membrane trafficking from the TGN/EE and PM during plant development.
β‐amyloid context intensifies vascular smooth muscle cells induced inflammatory response and de‐differentiation
Authors: Vromman Amélie , Trabelsi Nesrine , Rouxel Clotilde , Béréziat Gilbert , Limon Isabelle , Blaise Régis 
Published: February 2013

SummarySeveral studies have shown that the accumulation of β‐amyloid peptides in the brain parenchyma or vessel wall generates an inflammatory environment. Some even suggest that there is a cause‐and‐effect relationship between inflammation and the development of Alzheimer's disease and/or cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA). Here, we studied the ability of wild‐type Aβ1‐40‐peptide (the main amyloid peptide that accumulates in the vessel wall in sporadic forms of CAA) to modulate the phenotypic transition of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) toward an inflammatory/de‐differentiated state. We found that Aβ1‐40‐peptide alone neither induces an inflammatory response, nor decreases the expression of contractile markers; however, the inflammatory response of VSMCs exposed to Aβ1‐40‐peptide prior to the addition of the pro‐inflammatory cytokine IL‐1β is greatly intensified compared with IL‐1β‐treated VSMCs previously un‐exposed to Aβ1‐40‐peptide. Similar conclusions could be drawn when tracking the decline of contractile markers. Furthermore, we found that the mechanism of this potentiation highly depends on an Aβ1‐40 preactivation of the PI3Kinase and possibly NFκB pathway; indeed, blocking the activation of these pathways during Aβ1‐40‐peptide treatment completely suppressed the observed potentiation. Finally, strengthening the possible in vivo relevance of our findings, we evidenced that endothelial cells exposed to Aβ1‐40‐peptide generate an inflammatory context and have similar effects than the ones described with IL‐1β. These results reinforce the idea that intraparietal amyloid deposits triggering adhesion molecules in endothelial cells, contribute to the transition of VSMCs to an inflammatory/de‐differentiated phenotype. Therefore, we suggest that acute inflammatory episodes may increase vascular alterations and contribute to the ontogenesis of CAA.
Pharmacology of AMG 181, a human anti‐α4β7 antibody that specifically alters trafficking of gut‐homing T cells
Authors: Pan WJ , Hsu H , Rees WA , Lear SP , Lee F , Foltz IN , Rathanaswami P , Manchulenko K , Chan BM , Zhang M , Xia XZ , Patel SK , Prince PJ , Doherty DR , Sheckler CM , Reynhardt KO , Krill CD , Harder BJ , Wisler JA , Brandvig JL , Lynch JL , Anderson AA , Wienkers LC , Borie DC 
Published: February 2013

Background and PurposeAMG 181 is a human anti‐α4β7 antibody currently in phase 1 and 2 trials in subjects with inflammatory bowel diseases. AMG 181 specifically targets the α4β7 integrin heterodimer, blocking its interaction with mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule‐1 (MAdCAM‐1), the principal ligand that mediates α4β7 T cell gut‐homing.Experimental ApproachWe studied the in vitro pharmacology of AMG 181, and the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of AMG 181 after single or weekly i.v. or s.c. administration in cynomolgus monkeys for up to 13 weeks.Key ResultsAMG 181 bound to α4β7, but not α4β1 or αEβ7, and potently inhibited α4β7 binding to MAdCAM‐1 (but not vascular cell adhesion molecule‐1) and thus inhibited T cell adhesion. Following single i.v. administration, AMG 181 Cmax was dose proportional from 0.01 to 80 mg·kg−1, while AUC increased more than dose proportionally. Following s.c. administration, dose‐proportional exposure was observed with single dose ranging from 5 to 80 mg·kg−1 and after 13 weekly doses at levels between 20 and 80 mg·kg−1. AMG 181 accumulated two‐ to threefold after 13 weekly 80 mg·kg−1 i.v. or s.c. doses. AMG 181 had an s.c. bioavailability of 80%. The linear elimination half‐life was 12 days, with a volume of distribution close to the intravascular plasma space. The mean trend for the magnitude and duration of AMG 181 exposure, immunogenicity, α4β7 receptor occupancy and elevation in gut‐homing CD4+ central memory T cell count displayed apparent correlations.Conclusions and ImplicationsAMG 181 has in vitro pharmacology, and pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic and safety characteristics in cynomolgus monkeys that are suitable for further investigation in humans.
Demographic assessment of a stocking experiment in European Eels
Authors: Desprez M. , Crivelli A.J. , Lebel I. , Massez G. , Gimenez O. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractSince the 1980s, the European eels’ stocks have dramatically decreased with no sign of recovery, resulting in their classification as Critically endangered on the IUCN red list of threatened species. The European Council Regulation 1100/2007 requires that 35% of glass eels caught annually by fishing be released in European waters for restocking. However, the efficiency of this measure on population viability has never been evaluated. Here, we estimated demographic parameters of a stocked population of French eels using a multistate capture–recapture model. Using these estimates, we then estimated population size and predicted the number of future genitors obtained by stocking. We found that the stage in which eels were stocked did not influence their future survival and that the maximal number of silver eels was quickly reached, after 3 years following stocking. We concluded that stocking experiments in the Mediterranean region are efficient for fast production of genitors. We suggest that further studies should assess the quality of these genitors.
Clinical and MRI predictors of response to interferon‐beta and glatiramer acetate in relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis patients
Authors: Romeo M. , Martinelli‐Boneschi F. , Rodegher M. , Esposito F. , Martinelli V. , Comi G. ,   San Raffaele Multiple Sclerosis Clinical Group
Published: February 2013

Background and purposeIt is still unclear which patients benefit more from available disease‐modifying treatments (DMTs) in multiple sclerosis (MS). Our objective is to identify the baseline clinical and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) predictors of response to first‐line DMTs in a cohort of relapsing–remitting (RR) MS patients in a real‐world clinical setting.MethodsConsecutive naïve RRMS patients treated with interferon‐beta or glatiramer acetate have been included and followed for 2 years. Patients were grouped into responders (R) in case of absence of clinical and MRI activity, and non‐responders (NR) if the on‐treatment annualized relapse rate (ARR) reduction was < 50% of the ARR in the 2 years before treatment or in the presence of MRI activity (≥ 2 active lesions at 1‐year MRI or ≥ 4 active lesions at 1 + 2‐year MRI).ResultsAt 2‐year follow‐up, 272 patients were R (34.6%) and 322 NR (40.9%), and multivariate analysis revealed that a later age at onset of the disease (P < 0.0001), a lower disability (P < 0.0001) and a lower number of gadolinium‐enhancing lesions at baseline MRI (P = 0.002) were predictors of efficacy of DMTs. Moreover, the first year response had a good predictive power on the second year, as 73.7% of 1‐year R had no evidence of clinical and MRI activity within the ensuing year.ConclusionA lower baseline MRI and clinical activity have been identified as predictors of DMT efficacy in patients with RRMS in routine clinical practice. Evaluation of clinical and MRI activity at 1 year is recommended to monitor patients over time.
The Effectiveness of Visual Art on Environment in Nursing Home
Authors: Chang Chia‐Hsiu , Lu Ming‐Shih , Lin Tsyr‐En , Chen Chung‐Hey 
Published: February 2013

AbstractPurposeThis Taiwan study investigated the effect of a visual art–based friendly environment on nursing home residents’ satisfaction with their living environment.DesignA pre‐experimental design was used. Thirty‐three residents in a nursing home were recruited in a one‐group pre‐ and post‐test study.MethodsThe four‐floor living environment was integrated using visual art, reminiscence, and gardening based on the local culture and history. Each floor was given a different theme, one that was familiar to most of the residents on the floor. The Satisfaction with Living Environment at Nursing Home Scale (SLE‐NHS) was developed to measure outcomes.FindingsOf the 33 participants recruited, 27 (81.8%) were women and 6 (18.2%) were men. Their mean age was 79.24 ± 7.40 years, and 48.5% were severely dependent in activities of daily living. The SLE‐NHS showed adequate reliability and validity. Its three domains were generated and defined using factor analysis. After the visual art–based intervention, the score on the “recalling old memories” subscale was significantly higher (t = −13.32, p < .001). However, there were no significant score changes on the “convenience” and “pretty and pleasurable” subscales. In general, the participants were satisfied with the redesigned environment and felt happy in the sunny rooms.ConclusionsVisual art in a nursing home is a novel method for representing the local culture and stressing the spiritual value of the elderly residents who helped create it. Older adults’ aesthetic activities through visual art, including reminiscence and local culture, may enrich their spirits in later life.Clinical RelevanceOlder adults’ aesthetic activities through visual art have been shown to improve their satisfaction with their living environment. The SLE‐NHS is a useful tool for evaluating their satisfaction.
Knockdown of GDCH gene reveals reactive oxygen species‐induced leaf senescence in rice
Authors: ZHOU QIYING , YU QIAN , WANG ZHANQI , PAN YUFANG , LV WENTANG , ZHU LILI , CHEN RONGZHI , HE GUANGCUN 
Published: February 2013

AbstractGlycine decarboxylase complex (GDC) is a multi‐protein complex, comprising P‐, H‐, T‐ and L‐protein subunits, which plays a major role in photorespiration in plants. While structural analysis has demonstrated that the H subunit of GDC (GDCH) plays a pivotal role in GDC, research on the role of GDCH in biological processes in plants is seldom reported. Here, the function of GDCH, stresses resulting from GDCH‐knockdown and the interactions of these stresses with other cellular processes were studied in rice plants. Under high CO2, the OsGDCH RNA interference (OsGDCH‐RNAi) plants grew normally, but under ambient CO2, severely suppressed OsGDCH‐RNAi plants (SSPs) were non‐viable, which displayed a photorespiration‐deficient phenotype. Under ambient CO2, chlorophyll loss, protein degradation, lipid peroxidation and photosynthesis decline occurred in SSPs. Electron microscopy studies showed that chloroplast breakdown and autophagy took place in these plants. Reactive oxygen species (ROS), including O2− and H2O2, accumulated and the antioxidant enzyme activities decreased in the leaves of SSPs under ambient CO2. The expression of transcription factors and senescence‐associated genes (SAGs), which was up‐regulated in SSPs after transfer to ambient CO2, was enhanced in wild‐type plants treated with H2O2. Evidences demonstrate ROS induce senescence in SSPs, and transcription factors OsWRKY72 may mediate the ROS‐induced senescence.
Zaire for Jesus: Ford Philpot’s Evangelical Crusades in the Democratic Republic of Congo, 1966-1978
Authors: Rich Jeremy 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This essay explores how Congolese Protestants developed a partnership with Kentucky-born Methodist evangelist Ford Philpot from 1966 to 1978. Philpot’s revival tours allowed Congolese clergy to negotiate as equals with U.S. Protestants, marking a major change from the dominant role of missionaries prior to independence in 1960. During and after Philpot’s crusades Congolese Protestants wrote Philpot about their spiritual views and their troubles in Mobutu’s Zaire. Instead of being merely passive followers of Philpot’s evangelical and charismatic preaching, Congolese sought to use him as a source of financial patronage as well as spiritual support. This essay questions common assumptions regarding U.S.-Congolese ties under Mobutu, and investigates how the rise of evangelical Christianity in postcolonial Africa was clearly shaped by cold war concerns as well as anxieties over national identity and the rise of African dictatorships.
Overexpression of miR-155 causes expansion, arrest in terminal differentiation and functional activation of mouse natural killer cells
Authors: Trotta Rossana , Chen Li , Costinean Stefan , Josyula Srirama , Mundy-Bosse Bethany L. , Ciarlariello David , Mao Charlene , Briercheck Edward L. , McConnell Kathleen K. , Mishra Anjali , Yu Lianbo , Croce Carlo M. , Caligiuri Michael A. 
Published: February 2013

Key PointsmiR-155 tg mice have increased NK-cell number, enhanced NK-cell survival, excess immature CD11blowCD27high NK cells, and an activated phenotype. miR-155 tg NK cells exhibit enhanced expansion, interferon-γ production, AKT and ERK activation, and killing of lymphoma in vivo.