bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Workplace Technology and the Creation of Boundaries
Authors: Thomas Kristopher J. 
Published: May 2014

The Problem Significant advances in technology and the increasing ways in which employees use it in their work and personal lives have led to an environment in which employees can work nearly anytime and anywhere. Although virtual human resource development (VHRD) brings with it useful efficiencies and increased opportunities for learning, the prospect of 24/7 learning can have a deleterious impact on work–life balance for employees. The Solution The aim of this article is to first explain how work–life balance and workplace technology interact to affect the lives of employees. The article models boundaries between these areas and recommends that attention to work–life balance become part of practice when human resource development (HRD) professionals design virtual learning or help develop workplace technologies and policies. The Stakeholders Stakeholders include HRD professionals, scholars who study work–life balance, and organizational leaders who implement workplace technology policies and practices.
Postprandial Plasma Glucose Response and Gastrointestinal Symptom Severity in Patients With Diabetic Gastroparesis
Authors: Olausson Eva A. , Grundin Håkan , Isaksson Mats , Brock Christina , Drewes Asbjørn M. , Attvall Stig , Simrén Magnus 
Published: May 2014

Background: Gastroparesis is a well-known diabetic complication. The pathogenesis is not fully understood. However, it is important to early diagnose these patients. Method: This study evaluated the plasma glucose response after a test meal, and gastrointestinal (GI) symptom severity in patients with clinical suspicion of diabetic gastroparesis, and assessed its usefulness to predict gastroparesis. In all, 83 subjects with insulin-treated diabetes mellitus (DM) type 1 and 2 were included; 53 subjects had gastroparesis and 30 had normal gastric emptying determined by gastric scintigraphy. GI symptom severity during the preceding 2 weeks was evaluated with a validated questionnaire. The test meal consisted of 100 g meat, 40 g pasta, 150 g carrot, and 5 g oil. The subjects ingested the meal under fasting conditions, and plasma glucose was followed during 180 minutes. Results: Patients with gastroparesis demonstrated a blunted plasma glucose response after a test meal versus patients with normal gastric emptying ( P < .005), reflected by lower maximum increase in plasma glucose response and incremental area under the curve of the plasma glucose, but a similar time to the maximum plasma glucose level. All GI symptoms were more severe in patients with gastroparesis. GI symptom severity had the best discriminative value to identify patients with gastroparesis with an area under the receiver operating curve of 0.83 (optimal cutoff: sensitivity 87%, specificity 80%). Conclusions: Patients with diabetic gastroparesis have a blunted postprandial plasma glucose response. Combining this information with the presence of GI symptoms can help clinicians identify diabetic patients with gastroparesis.
Genome-wide identification of heat shock proteins (Hsps) and Hsp interactors in rice: Hsp70s as a case study
Authors: Wang Yongfei , Lin Shoukai , Song Qi , Li Kuan , Tao Huan , Huang Jian , Chen Xinhai , Que Shufu , He Huaqin 
Published: May 2014

AbstractBackgroundHeat shock proteins (Hsps) perform a fundamental role in protecting plants against abiotic stresses. Although researchers have made great efforts on the functional analysis of individual family members, Hsps have not been fully characterized in rice (Oryza sativaL.) and little is known about their interactors.ResultsIn this study, we combined orthology-based approach with expression association data to screen rice Hsps for the expression patterns of which strongly correlated with that of heat responsive probe-sets. Twenty-seven Hsp candidates were identified, including 12 small Hsps, six Hsp70s, three Hsp60s, three Hsp90s, and three clpB/Hsp100s. Then, using a combination of interolog and expression profile-based methods, we inferred 430 interactors of Hsp70s in rice, and validated the interactions by co-localization and function-based methods. Subsequent analysis showed 13 interacting domains and 28 target motifs were over-represented in Hsp70s interactors. Twenty-four GO terms of biological processes and five GO terms of molecular functions were enriched in the positive interactors, whose expression levels were positively associated with Hsp70s. Hsp70s interaction network implied that Hsp70s were involved in macromolecular translocation, carbohydrate metabolism, innate immunity, photosystem II repair and regulation of kinase activities.ConclusionsTwenty-seven Hsps in rice were identified and 430 interactors of Hsp70s were inferred and validated, then the interacting network of Hsp70s was induced and the function of Hsp70s was analyzed. Furthermore, two databases named Rice Heat Shock Proteins (RiceHsps) and Rice Gene Expression Profile (RGEP), and one online tool named Protein-Protein Interaction Predictor (PPIP), were constructed and could be accessed athttp://bioinformatics.fafu.edu.cn/.
Characterization of necrosis-inducing NLP proteins in Phytophthora capsici
Authors: Feng Bao-Zhen , Zhu Xiao-Ping , Fu Li , Lv Rong-Fei , Storey Dylan , Tooley Paul , Zhang Xiu-Guo 
Published: May 2014

Abstract

Background
Effector proteins function not only as toxins to induce plant cell death, but also enable pathogens to suppress or evade plant defense responses. NLP-like proteins are considered to be effector proteins, and they have been isolated from bacteria, fungi, and oomycete plant pathogens. There is increasing evidence that NLPs have the ability to induce cell death and ethylene accumulation in plants.

Results
We evaluated the expression patterns of 11 targeted PcNLP genes by qRT-PCR at different time points after infection by P. capsici. Several PcNLP genes were strongly expressed at the early stages in the infection process, but the expression of other PcNLP genes gradually increased to a maximum at late stages of infection. The genes PcNLP2, PcNLP6 and PcNLP14 showed the highest expression levels during infection by P. capsici. The necrosis-inducing activity of all targeted PcNLP genes was evaluated using heterologous expression by PVX agroinfection of Capsicum annuum and Nicotiana benthamiana and by Western blot analysis. The members of the PcNLP family can induce chlorosis or necrosis during infection of pepper and tobacco leaves, but the chlorotic or necrotic response caused by PcNLP genes was stronger in pepper leaves than in tobacco leaves. Moreover, PcNLP2, PcNLP6, and PcNLP14 caused the largest chlorotic or necrotic areas in both host plants, indicating that these three genes contribute to strong virulence during infection by P. capsici. This was confirmed through functional evaluation of their silenced transformants. In addition, we further verified that four conserved residues are putatively active sites in PcNLP1 by site-directed mutagenesis.

Conclusions
Each targeted PcNLP gene affects cells or tissues differently depending upon the stage of infection. Most PcNLP genes could trigger necrotic or chlorotic responses when expressed in the host C. annuum and the non-host N. benthamiana. Individual PcNLP genes have different phytotoxic effects, and PcNLP2, PcNLP6, and PcNLP14 may play important roles in symptom development and may be crucial for virulence, necrosis-inducing activity, or cell death during infection by P. capsici.
High-separation efficiency micro-fabricated multi-capillary gas chromatographic columns for simulants of the nerve agents and blister agents
Authors: Li Yi , Du Xiaosong , Wang Yang , Tai Huiling , Qiu Dong , Lin Qinghao , Jiang Yadong 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
To achieve both high speed and separation efficiency in the separation of a mixture of nerve and blister agent simulants, a high-aspect-ratio micro-fabricated multi-capillary column (MCC, a 50-cm-long, 450-μm-deep, and 60-μm-wide four-capillary column) was fabricated by the application of the microelectromechanical system (MEMS) techniques. Mixtures of chemical warfare agent (CWA) simulants - dimethyl methylphosphonate (DMMP), triethyl phosphate (TEP), and methyl salicylate - were used as samples. The fabricated MCC allowed for the separation of all the components of the gaseous mixture within 24 s, even when the difference in boiling point was 4°C, as in the case of TEP and methyl salicylate. Furthermore, interfering agents - dichloromethane, ethanol, and toluene - were also included in the subsequent gaseous mixture samples. The boiling point of these six components ranged from 78°C to 219°C. All six components were clearly separated within 70 s. This study is the first to report the clear separation of gas mixtures of components with close boiling points. The column efficiency was experimentally determined to be 12,810 plates/m.
Synthesis and structure of undoped and indium-doped thermoelectric lead telluride nanoparticles
Authors: Kadel Kamal , Kumari Latha , Wang Xuewen , Li Wenzhi , Huang Jian Yu , Provencio Paula Polyak 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
Undoped and indium (In)-doped lead telluride (PbTe) nanostructures were synthesized via solvothermal/hydrothermal route. The crystalline structure of the as-prepared undoped and In-doped PbTe samples was examined by X-ray diffraction (XRD) which indicated the formation of face-centered single-phase cubic crystal. A first principle calculation on indium doping shows that the indium atoms are more likely to replace lead (Pb) rather than to take the interstitial sites. Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) analysis confirms that indium is incorporated into the PbTe matrix of the indium-doped PbTe samples. The effects of surfactant and synthesis temperature on the structure and morphology of the undoped PbTe were also investigated; it was found that PbTe nanostructures synthesized with the addition of surfactants exhibited uniform shapes and their size increased with the synthesis temperature.
A genetic variant in osteoprotegerin is associated with progression of joint destruction in rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Knevel Rachel , de Rooy Diederik PC , Saxne Tore , Lindqvist Elisabet , Leijsma Martha K , Daha Nina A , Koeleman Bobby PC , Tsonaka Roula , Houwing-Duistermaat Jeanine J , Schonkeren Joris JM , Toes Rene EM , Huizinga Tom WJ , Brouwer Elisabeth , Wilson Anthony G , van der Helm-van Mil Annette HM 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
Introduction
Progression of joint destruction in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is partly heritably; 45 to 58% of the variance in joint destruction is estimated to be explained by genetic factors. The binding of RANKL (Receptor Activator for Nuclear Factor κ B Ligand) to RANK results in the activation of TRAF6 (tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor associated factor-6), and osteoclast formation ultimately leading to enhanced bone resorption. This bone resorption is inhibited by osteoprotegerin (OPG) which prevents RANKL-RANK interactions. The OPG/RANK/RANKL/TRAF6 pathway plays an important role in bone remodeling. Therefore, we investigated whether genetic variants in OPG, RANK, RANKL and TRAF6 are associated with the rate of joint destruction in RA.

Methods
1,418 patients with 4,885 X-rays of hands and feet derived from four independent data-sets were studied. In each data-set the relative increase of the progression rate per year in the presence of a genotype was assessed. First, explorative analyses were performed on 600 RA-patients from Leiden. 109 SNPs, tagging OPG, RANK, RANKL and TRAF6, were tested. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) significantly associated in phase-1 were genotyped in data-sets from Groningen (Netherlands), Sheffield (United Kingdom) and Lund (Switzerland). Data were summarized in an inverse weighted variance meta-analysis. Bonferonni correction for multiple testing was applied.

Results
We found that 33 SNPs were significantly associated with the rate of joint destruction in phase-1. In phase-2, six SNPs in OPG and four SNPs in RANK were associated with progression of joint destruction with P-value <0.05. In the meta-analyses of all four data-sets, RA-patients with the minor allele of OPG-rs1485305 expressed higher rates of joint destruction compared to patients without these risk variants (P = 2.35x10−4). This variant was also significant after Bonferroni correction.

Conclusions
These results indicate that a genetic variant in OPG is associated with a more severe rate of joint destruction in RA.
Exploration of bacterial community classes in major human habitats
Authors: Zhou Yanjiao , Mihindukulasuriya Kathie A , Gao Hongyu , La Rosa Patricio S , Wylie Kristine M , Martin John C , Kota Karthik , Shannon William D , Mitreva Makedonka , Sodergren Erica , Weinstock George M 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
Background
Determining bacterial abundance variation is the first step in understanding bacterial similarity between individuals. Categorization of bacterial communities into groups or community classes is the subsequent step in describing microbial distribution based on abundance patterns. Here, we present an analysis of the groupings of bacterial communities in stool, nasal, skin, vaginal and oral habitats in a healthy cohort of 236 subjects from the Human Microbiome Project.

Results
We identify distinct community group patterns in the anterior nares, four skin sites, and vagina at the genus level. We also confirm three enterotypes previously identified in stools. We identify two clusters with low silhouette values in most oral sites, in which bacterial communities are more homogeneous. Subjects sharing a community class in one habitat do not necessarily share a community class in another, except in the three vaginal sites and the symmetric habitats of the left and right retroauricular creases. Demographic factors, including gender, age, and ethnicity, significantly influence community composition in several habitats. Community classes in the vagina, retroauricular crease and stool are stable over approximately 200 days.

Conclusion
The community composition, association of demographic factors with community classes, and demonstration of community stability deepen our understanding of the variability and dynamics of human microbiomes. This also has significant implications for experimental designs that seek microbial correlations with clinical phenotypes.
Highly extensible skeletal muscle in snakes
Authors: Close Matthew T. , Perni Stefano , Franzini-Armstrong Clara , Cundall David 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
Many snakes swallow large prey whole by passively stretching the extensible soft tissues connecting the unfused anterior tips of their mandibles. Under these conditions, the intermandibular muscles are highly stretched but subsequently recover normal function. In the highly stretched condition we observed in snakes, sarcomere length (SL) increases 210% its resting value (SL0), and actin and myosin filaments no longer overlap. Myofibrils fall out of register and triad alignment is disrupted. Following passive recovery, SLs were 82% SL0, creating a region of double-overlapping actin filaments. Recovery requires recoil of intracellular titin filaments, elastic cytoskeletal components for realigning myofibrils, and active contraction. Stretch of whole muscles exceeded that of sarcomeres due to extension of folded terminal tendon fibrils, stretching of endomysial elastin, and independent slippage of muscle fibers. Snake intermandibular muscles thus provide a unique model of how basic components of vertebrate skeletal muscle can be modified to permit extreme extensibility.
Manipulation of BK channel expression is sufficient to alter auditory hair cell thresholds in larval zebrafish
Authors: Rohmann Kevin N. , Tripp Joel A. , Genova Rachel M. , Bass Andrew H. 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
Non-mammalian vertebrates rely on electrical resonance for frequency tuning in auditory hair cells. A key component of the resonance exhibited by these cells is an outward calcium-activated potassium current which flows through large-conductance calcium activated potassium (BK) channels. Previous work in midshipman fish (Porichthys notatus) has shown that BK expression correlates with seasonal changes in hearing sensitivity and that pharmacologically blocking these channels replicates the natural decreases in sensitivity during the winter non-reproductive season. To test the hypothesis that reducing BK channel function is sufficient to change auditory thresholds in fish, morpholino oligos were used in larval zebrafish (Danio rerio) to alter expression of slo1a and slo1b, duplicate genes coding for the pore-forming α-subunits of BK channels. Following morpholino injection, microphonic potentials were recorded from the inner ear of larvae. Quantitative real-time PCR was then used to determine the morpholino effect on slo1a and slo1b expression in these same fish. Knockdown of either slo1a or slo1b resulted in disrupted gene expression and increased auditory thresholds across the same range of frequencies of natural auditory plasticity observed in midshipman. We conclude that interference with the normal expression of individual slo1 genes is sufficient to increase auditory thresholds in zebrafish larvae and that changes in BK channel expression are a direct mechanism for regulation of peripheral hearing sensitivity among fishes.
Using accelerometers to determine the calling behavior of tagged baleen whales
Authors: Goldbogen Jeremy A. , Stimpert Alison K. , DeRuiter Stacy L. , Calambokidis John , Friedlaender Ari S. , Schorr Greg S. , Moretti David J. , Tyack Peter L. , Southall Brandon L. 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
Low-frequency acoustic signals generated by baleen whales can propagate over vast distances, making the assignment of calls to specific individuals problematic. Here we report the novel use of acoustic recording tags equipped with high-resolution accelerometers to detect vibrations on the surface of two tagged fin whales that directly match the timing of recorded acoustic signals. A tag deployed on a buoy in the vicinity of calling fin whales, and a recording from a tag that had just fallen off of a whale, were able to detect calls acoustically but did not record corresponding accelerometer signals that were measured on calling individuals. Across the hundreds of calls measured on two tagged fin whales, the accelerometer response was generally anisotropic across all three axes, appeared to depend on tag placement, and increased with the level of received sound. These data demonstrate that high-sample-rate accelerometry can provide important insights into the acoustic behavior of baleen whales that communicate at low frequencies. This method helps identify vocalizing whales, which in turn enables the quantification of call rates, a fundamental component of models used to estimate baleen whale abundance and distribution from passive acoustic monitoring.
Chronic stress alters concentrations of corticosterone receptors in a tissue-specific manner in wild house sparrows (Passer domesticus)
Authors: Lattin Christine R. , Romero L. Michael 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
The physiological stress response results in release of glucocorticoid hormones such as corticosterone (CORT). Whereas short-term activation of this response helps animals cope with environmental stressors, chronic activation can result in negative effects including metabolic dysregulation and reproductive failure. However, there is no consensus hormonal profile of a chronically-stressed animal, suggesting researchers may need to look beyond hormone titers to interpret the impacts of chronic stress. In this study, we brought wild house sparrows (Passer domesticus) into captivity. We then compared glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptor concentrations in sparrows exposed either to a standardized chronic stress protocol (n=26) or to standard husbandry conditions (controls; n=20). We used radioligand binding assays to quantify receptors in whole brain, liver, kidneys, spleen, gonads, gastrocnemius and pectoralis muscle, omental and subcutaneous fat, and bib and back skin. In most tissues, CORT receptors did not differ between controls and stressed animals, although we found marginal increases in receptor density in kidney and testis in stressed birds at some time points. Only in pectoralis muscle was there a robust effect of chronic stress, with both receptor types higher in stressed animals. Increased pectoralis sensitivity to CORT with chronic stress may be part of the underlying mechanism for muscle wasting in animals administered exogenous CORT. Furthermore, the change in pectoralis was not paralleled by gastrocnemius receptors. This difference may help explain previous reports of a greater effect of CORT on pectoralis than on other muscle types, and indicate that birds use this muscle as a protein reserve.
Jumping mechanisms in flatid planthoppers (Hemiptera, Flatidae)
Authors: Burrows Malcolm 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThe jumping performance of three species of hemipterans from Australia and Europe belonging to the family Flatidae, were analysed from images captured at a rate of 5000 s-1. The shape of a flatid was dominated by large triangular or wedge-shaped front wings which, when folded, covered and extended above and behind the body to give a laterally compressed and possibly streamlined appearance. Body length of the three species of adults ranged from 7 to 9 mm and their mass from 8 to 19 mg. The propulsive hind legs were 30% longer than the front legs but only 36-54% of body length. Jumps with the fastest take-off velocities of 2.8-3.2 m s-1 had acceleration times of 1.4-1.8 ms. During such jumps adults experienced an acceleration of 174 - 200 g. These jumps required an energy expenditure of 76-225 μJ, a power output of 13-60 mW and exerted a force of 9-37 mN. The required power output per mass of jumping muscle in adults ranged from 24,000 to 27,000 W kg-1 muscle, 100 times greater than the maximum active contractile limit of normal muscle. The free-living nymphs were also proficient jumpers, reaching take-off velocities of 2.2 m s-1. To achieve such a jumping performance requires a power amplification mechanism. The energy store for such a mechanism was identified as the internal skeleton linking a hind coxa to the articulation of a hind wing. These pleural arches fluoresced bright blue when illuminated with ultraviolet light indicating the presence of the elastic protein resilin. The energy generated by the prolonged contractions of the trochanteral depressor muscles was stored in distortions of these structures and their rapid elastic recoil powered the synchronous propulsive movements of the hind legs.
Integrated Practices: Huron-Wendat Traditions of Diplomacy and Museology
Authors: de Stecher Annette 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
The Huron-Wendat Museum in Wendake, Quebec is an example of a new form of cultural institution: museums/cultural centres founded by North American Indigenous nations. This article explores the history of Wendat traditions and concepts of culture keeping, preservation of heritage material, and the transmission of knowledge, which continue today in the contemporary practices of the Huron-Wendat Museum. The study foregrounds the Wendat origin of customs that translate into western curatorial understandings of collection and exhibition, yet remain embedded in Wendat values and worldview.