bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Watching the Watchmen, Mediating the Mediators
Authors: Polley Jason S 
Published: August 2013

AbstractAlan Moore and Dave Gibbons Watchmen (1987) is the only graphic narrative included in “Time's Greatest 100 Novels: 1923–Present.” The text abounds with the detritus of American Cold War culture. Among many other things, Watchmen solicits informed re‐readings of Cold War (fictional) narratives and their legacies. Watchmen proves to be an apocalyptic and encyclopedic story replete with stories – notes, journal entries, photos, backstories, flashbacks, newspaper clippings, comics, signboards, graffiti, and a litany of literary allusions proliferate in this very long, very graphic, graphic novel. But this text is also about more than intertwining and conflicting over‐ and underworld Cold War‐historicities and histories and stories. Moving beyond Watchmen's problematizing of American Exceptionalism, its humanizing of heroism, and its reconceptualizing of Cold War America, the Hugo Award‐winning novel questions the official traffic of official information – and the official act of representation itself. At stake here is the fact that ideologically polarized newspapers, The New Frontiersman and Nova Express, vie for the monopoly of publicized truth, or, more rightly, for the control of a “formally‐sanctioned cultural narrative.” No scholars, to date, have discussed the media battle that rests at the heart of this seminal graphic novel. Every reading of Watchmen forces intentionally frustrated reader to sift the doomsday ashes of so‐called information, disinformation, and misinformation. The graphic novel thus speaks to the fundamental quandary of the contemporary human experience: the impossibility of unfiltered truth.
Building awareness of the health risks of sunbed use: identification of target groups for prevention
Authors: Diehl Katharina , Bock Christina , Breitbart Eckhard W. , Greinert Rüdiger , Schneider Sven 
Published: August 2013

SummaryPurposeSunbed use, a recognized risk factor for skin cancer development, is common in developed countries. Cost‐efficient interventions to reduce the negative health consequences of sunbed use are needed. As a first step to identify what kind of intervention might be useful, we aimed to assess the awareness of potential health risks of sunbed use in current, former, and never users as well as in current users with differing risk profiles.MethodsWe assessed risk awareness using items addressing the potential health risks of sunbed use (e.g. skin damage) in a representative sample of 4851 individuals. The response format assessed agreement with each statement. Risk profiles were defined by a large number of birthmarks, a history of frequent childhood sunburn, or a (family) history of melanoma.ResultsMany individuals were not aware of potential risks (e.g. agreement to skin cancer risk 72.6%). Current users were less aware compared with former and never users [e.g. skin cancer risk (65.6% vs. 75.9% and 73.0%, respectively; P < 0.001]). Among current users, those with at least two risk factors showed the highest proportion of risk aware individuals.ConclusionLow risk awareness among current users suggests the need for targeted interventions to reduce or discontinue sunbed use.
A Moral Equivalent of Consent of the Governed
Authors: Reiman Jeffrey 
Published: August 2013

AbstractThough genuine (voluntary, deliberate) consent of the governed does not occur in modern states, political legitimacy still requires something that does what consent does. Dereification of the state (recognizing that citizens continually create their state), combined with a defensible notion of moral responsibility, entails citizens' moral responsibility for their state. This implies that we may treat citizens morally as if they consented to their state, yielding a moral equivalent of consent of the governed, and a conception of political legitimacy applicable to modern states thought legitimate. It implies that legitimate states have a moral right to rule, and their citizens have a prima facie moral obligation to obey the law.
The Political Obligation To Donate Organs
Authors: Den Hartogh Govert 
Published: August 2013

AbstractThe first question I discuss in this paper is whether we have a duty of rescue to make our organs available for transplantation after our death, a duty we owe to patients suffering from organ failure. The second question is whether political obligations, in particular the obligation to obey the law, can be derived from natural duties, possibly duties of beneficence. Such duties are normally seen as merely imperfect duties, not owed to anyone. The duty of rescue, however, is a perfect one, mainly because it applies to us when we are in a unique position to provide urgent help to a person in need. The basic idea of a natural duty account of political obligation is that such unique positions can be artificially created by institutionalized coordination schemes. The remaining problem is how any particular coordination scheme could claim our allegiance rather than any other. This problem can be solved in different ways in the organ donation case, and in respect to a limited set of political obligations, mainly negative ones. A natural duty account is best seen as a constitutive part of a multiple principle theory of political obligation.
The Development of Externalist Semantics
Authors: Putnam Hilary 
Published: August 2013

AbstractIn this lecture I describe the path by which I was led to the “semantic externalism” for which I was honoured with the Rolf Schock Prize. Although my interest in linguistics goes back as far as my undergraduate days, it was conversations with Jerrold Katz and Jerry Fodor at MIT (where all three of us taught at the time) in the 1960s that first led to an effort by all three of us to develop semantic theories. My own direction was a false one, by my present lights; at that time all three of us defended the “internalist” view that the meaning of a word is fixed by a “battery of semantical rules” implicitly known by each speaker. I describe how I was led to the realization that this could not be right, and finally to the views I defended in “The Meaning of ‘Meaning' ”.
Semantic Externalism and Knowing Our Own Minds: Ignoring Twin‐Earth and Doing Naturalistic Philosophy
Authors: Boyd Richard 
Published: August 2013

AbstractIn this article I offer a naturalistic defence of semantic externalism. I argue against the following: (1) arguments for externalism rest mainly on conceptual analysis; (2) the community conceptual norms relevant to individuation of propositional attitudes are quasi‐analytic; (3) externalism raises serious questions about knowledge of propositional attitudes; and (4) externalism might be OK for “folk psychology” but not for cognitive science. The naturalist alternatives are as follows. (1) Community norms are not anything likea priori; sometimes they are incoherent. (2) Often propositional attitudes lack determinate content: we do not know the content of thoughts or sentences because there is no fully definite content to be known. (3) Often achieving determinate content is a major socially mediated cognitive achievement that depends on just the factors of social and environmental embedding posited as individuative by externalists, so (4) externalism explains how people can, sometimes, come to have, and to know, determinate attitude contents. (5) Reference and content, for both thought and language, are determined by complex and messy dialectical relations involving many such environmental and social factors; consequently, determinate reference, truth‐conditions, etc., are somewhat uncommon outcomes. (6) The basic semantic relation is (typically imperfect) socially mediated accommodation between perceptual, cognitive, linguistic, classificatory and inferential dispositions and relevant causal structures in the environment. (7) This accommodation explains how concepts, language, taxonomies, etc., contribute to individuals' rational inductive, explanatory and practical achievements. (8) So externally individuated propositional attitudes are required for cognitive science explanations of individual human rationality and its inductive and explanatory achievements. “Individual rationality ain't (entirely) in the individual head.”
Seroprevalence of Trypanosoma cruzi in kidney transplant donors and recipients in Mexico City
Authors: Rodríguez‐Romo R. , Morales‐Buenrostro L.E. , Reyes P.A. , Gracida C. , Medeiros M. , Mancilla E. , De Leo C. , Alberú J. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractInfectious diseases are common causes of morbidity and mortality among kidney transplant recipients. Chagas disease (CD) has been recognized as an emerging infectious complication of transplantation caused by the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi. CD is prevalent in Mexico, particularly in the southern coastal region. The impact on Mexican kidney transplant programs has not been previously studied prospectively. From 2009 through 2010, serum samples from 59 kidney transplant donors and 405 renal transplant recipients were screened for antibodies against T. cruzi. Serum was initially screened using a locally developed ELISA test; positive results were confirmed by an indirect immunofluorescense test, in accordance with Panamerican Health Organization/World Health Organization guidelines. None of the donors were seropositive for T. cruzi, while 8 (1.97%) kidney transplant recipients were confirmed to be seropositive for T. cruzi. None of them have developed clinical manifestations of CD, although specific screening of recipients was not performed. A prospective study is planned to define the epidemiology and outcome of CD among kidney transplant donors and recipients in Mexico more thoroughly.
Monitoring child survival in ‘real time’ using routine health facility records: results from Malawi
Authors: Amouzou Agbessi , Kachaka Willie , Banda Benjamin , Chimzimu Martina , Hill Kenneth , Bryce Jennifer 
Published: August 2013

AbstractObjectivesFew developing countries have the accurate civil registration systems needed to track progress in child survival. However, the health information systems in most of these countries do record facility births and deaths, at least in principle. We used data from two districts of Malawi to test a method for monitoring child mortality based on adjusting health facility records for incomplete coverage.MethodsTrained researchers collected reports of monthly births and deaths among children younger than 5 years from all health facilities in Balaka and Salima districts of Malawi in 2010–2011. We estimated the proportion of births and deaths occurring in health facilities, respectively, from the 2010 Demographic and Health Survey and a household mortality survey conducted between October 2011 and February 2012. We used these proportions to adjust the health facility data to estimate the actual numbers of births and deaths. The survey also provided ‘gold‐standard’ measures of under‐five mortality.ResultsAnnual under‐five mortality rates generated by adjusting health facility data were between 35% and 65% of those estimated by the gold‐standard survey in Balaka, and 46% and 50% in Salima for four overlapping 12‐month periods in 2010–2011. The ratios of adjusted health facility rates to gold‐standard rates increased sharply over the four periods in Balaka, but remained relatively stable in Salima.ConclusionsEven in Malawi, where high proportions of births and deaths occur in health facilities compared with other countries in sub‐Saharan Africa, routine Health Management Information Systems data on births and deaths cannot be used at present to estimate annual trends in under‐five mortality.
Infrared ocular thermography in dogs with and without keratoconjunctivitis sicca
Authors: Biondi Flávia , Dornbusch Peterson T. , Sampaio Manuella , Montiani‐Ferreira Fabiano 
Published: August 2013

AbstractInfrared thermography was used to measure temperature differences of the corneal surface between nasal and temporal limbus regions and central cornea of normal dogs and dogs with keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS), in order to establish temperature values in normal canine eyes and in patients with decreased Schirmer tear tests (STT) values. Dogs investigated were all either patients seen at the Veterinary Teaching Hospital of Federal University of Paraná or normal dogs that belonged to the same institution. STT were performed in all eyes. A total of 40 control eyes (STT ≥15 mm/min) and 20 eyes with low STT values (STT ≤14 mm/min) were examined. The mean STT value for eyes with normal STT values was 22.9 ± 3.9 mm/min (mean ± standard deviation), and the mean STT value for eyes with low STT value was 7.2 ± 4.8 mm/min. The mean corneal temperature was significantly lower in eyes with low STT values than in control eyes (P < 0.0001). The following significant correlations were found: (i) Schirmer and breakup time (BUT) (P = 0.0001, r = 0.5); (ii) STT values and corneal surface temperature (P = 0.001, r = 0.256); (iii) STT values and age (P = 0.0001, r = −0.448); (iv) age and corneal surface temperature (P = 0.0001, r = −0.281); and (v) BUT and corneal surface temperature (P = 0.0001, r = 0.36). Thermography is a method that can differentiate between eyes with normal and abnormal STT values. In the future, thermography might be incorporated as part of the ophthalmic examination and perhaps become a popular ancillary test for the diagnoses of ocular surface disorders.
Optimization of Labyrinth Seal Performance Combining Experimental, Numerical and Data Mining Methods
Authors: Braun Erik , Dullenkopf Klaus , Bauer Hans-Jörg 
Published: August 2013

Numerous experimental and numerical studies were performed in the past by various authors to reduce the leakage of labyrinth seals and thus increase the performance of turbo machines. Based on the experience of more than 20 years of research activities in this area at the ITS, the authors aim to improve the prediction quality for labyrinth seal performance by combining experimental, numerical and data mining methods. Special emphasis in this work lies on more complex and also worn labyrinth geometries and thus on a more universal optimization tool for labyrinth seals incorporating more realistic engine running conditions as well as wear mechanisms. Better understanding of labyrinth seal behavior based on the new correlations and models will thus lead to optimized geometries and improved designs.
The paper contains the results of experiments to determine the discharge coefficients of different straight-through labyrinth seals with three and five fins and two different fin geometries over a large range of pressure ratios as well as results from a stepped labyrinth seal with six fins in convergent and divergent flow direction. The collected data extends an existing data base of labyrinth seal performance already presented in the paper of Pychynski et al. [1]. This data base is used to create models to calculate labyrinth seal performance depending on up to 25 input parameters. The resulting models will be used as a basis for a universal optimization tool for labyrinth seals.
In the paper the new and versatile test rig for various kinds of labyrinth and gap seals is presented and an analysis of measurement accuracy will be given. The results of a first set of experiments performed with new (i.e. unworn) geometries are compared to experimental data of similar labyrinth geometries from previous investigations, showing an excellent agreement.
The results are then interpreted using Data Mining Methods to identify correlations between different input parameters and the labyrinth seal discharge coefficient. The paper will show that a data based approach can yield similar quality relations as empirical studies but is much less time consuming and more versatile. Several models with different sets of input parameters will be presented and compared as to their applicability in automated geometry optimization using a newly developed optimization tool.
Uncertainty Quantification and Conjugate Heat Transfer: A Stochastic Analysis
Authors: Montomoli F. , D’Ammaro A. , Uchida S. 
Published: August 2013

Conjugate Heat Transfer studies are a common method to predict the thermal loading in high pressure nozzles. Despite the accuracy of nowadays tools, it is not clear how to include the uncertainties associated to the turbulence level, the temperature distribution or the thermal barrier coating thickness in the numerical simulations. All these parameters are stochastic even if their value is commonly assumed to be deterministic.
For the first time, in this work a stochastic analysis is used to predict the metal temperature in a real high pressure nozzle. The domain is the complete high pressure nozzle of F-type Mitsubishi Heavy Industries gas turbine with impingement, film and trailing edge cooling. The stochastic variations are included by coupling Uncertainty Quantification Methods and Conjugate Heat Transfer. Two Uncertainty Quantification methods have been compared: a Probabilistic Collocation Method (PCM) and a Stochastic Collocation Method (SCM).
The stochastic distribution of thermal barrier coating thickness, used in the simulations, has been measured at the midspan. A Gaussian distribution for the turbulence intensity and hot core location has been assumed. By using PCM and SCM, the probability to obtain specific metal temperature at midspan is evaluated. The two methods predict the same distribution of temperature with a maximum difference of 0.6% and the results are compared with the experimental data measured in the real engine. The experimental data are inside the uncertainty band associated to the CFD predictions except near at the trailing edge on the pressure side.
This work shows that one of the most important parameters affecting the metal temperature uncertainty is the pitch-wise location of the hot core. Assuming a probability distribution for this location, with a standard deviation of 1.7 degrees, the metal temperature at midspan can change up to 30%. The impact of turbulence level and thermal barrier coating thickness is one order of magnitude less important.
Experimental and Numerical Investigation of the Flow Field at Radial Holes in High-Speed Rotating Shafts
Authors: Sousek Jan , Riedmüller Daniel , Pfitzner Michael 
Published: August 2013

Rotating and stationary orifices are used within the secondary air system to transport sealing/ cooling air to its consumers. This paper reports on measurements of the discharge coefficient of rotating radial holes as their aerodynamical behaviour is different from the one of axial or stationary holes due to the presence of centrifugal and Coriolis forces.
A test rig containing two independently rotating shafts was designed to investigate the flow phenomena and the discharge behaviour of these orifices. The required air mass flow is delivered by a screw compressor and can be regulated independently to supply the inner and outer annular passages of the test rig. It allows measurements of the discharge coefficient with cross flow and co- and counter-rotating shafts with centrifugal and centripetal flow through the rotating holes.
On the outer shaft, absolute and differential pressures and temperatures in the rotating frame of reference are measured via a telemetry system. Measurements of the discharge coefficient for sharp-edged and rounded shaft inserts at a variety of different flow conditions and with swirl added to the air upstream of the orifice are presented. Furthermore experiments were conducted to quantify the influence of the inner shaft (non-rotating and rotating) on the discharge behaviour of orifices in the outer shaft. To complement the data acquired from the experiments and to get a better understanding of the flow field near the rotating holes also numerical flow simulations were performed.
Numerical Study of Water Droplets’ Heat and Mass Transfer Characteristics in an Entry Strut’s Icing Test
Authors: Zhu Jian-Jun , Dong Wei , Cai Ying-Lei 
Published: August 2013

In order to ensure the flight safety, ground icing tests, including aero-engine entry components tests, must be done during the R&D process of a new machine type. Most of these tests are taken in icing tunnels, which consist of usual wind tunnels and spray systems, and can be used to simulate the movement of super cooled water droplets in air. Generally, diameters of the droplets produced by the system are not unique in each test, and temperature of the water at the position of injections is much higher than the air at the same position. These factors may affect the droplets impingement characteristics and cause heat and mass transfer between droplets and the free steam. So they should be taken into account in test analysis.
In this paper, an improved Lagrangian approach is presented to simulate the unsteady process of droplets movement in the icing tunnel. This method considers the droplet size distribution where they are injected and heat and mass transfer during their movements. In addition, statistical approach is also developed in this method so that local collection coefficient of complex three-dimensional surface can be calculated. An entry strut of a turbo-shaft engine is chosen as a case to validate the effectiveness of the method. By compared with the results of experiment and former calculation, it shows that the improved method in this paper is more accurate to simulate the water droplets impingement characteristics in icing test facilities and droplets’ temperatures decrease quickly during their movements in test processes.
Pressure Losses for Jet Array Impingement With Crossflow
Authors: Levy Yeshayahou , Rao Arvind G. , Erenburg V. , Sherbaum V. , Gaissinski I. , Krapp V. 
Published: August 2013

Jet impingement is an efficient heat transfer method and has been used successfully in cooling of turbine blades in gas turbine engines. Although many studies have been conducted on the heat transfer characteristics of jet impingement array, there is a lack of knowledge in pressure drop characteristics of large jet impingement arrays. The pressure losses encountered are becoming increasingly important when applied to micro gas turbines, cooling concentrated solar panels and high density electronic chips. The present work focuses on experimental and theoretical investigation of pressure losses in low Re impingement arrays, 200< Re <3000.
Experiments were carried out on jet impingement array with nozzle diameters of 200 to 800 μm. Numerical simulations were also performed with available commercial CFD tools. Reasonable comparisons between experimental results and numerical simulations were obtained. Detailed flow structure, mass flow rate distribution, jet velocity profiles, and pressure drop within the array in the streamwise direction were obtained from the CFD simulations. These simulations enhance the understanding of the physics within multiple jet impingement system.
Additionally a semi empirical–analytical method is developed for calculating the total pressure loss within a multi jet impingement system. This simple methodology can provide a quick estimate of the total pressure drop and hence is suited for first order optimization. The methodology is validated by results obtained from experiments and from CFD simulations.