bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Human health risk assessment of uranium in drinking water sampled from drilled wells located in rural areas of the Lower Silesian region (Poland) / Ocena ryzyka zdrowotnego związanego z obecnością uranu w wodzie przeznaczonej do spożycia pobieranej z wierconych studni zlokalizowanych na obszarach wiejskich Dolnego Śląska (Polska)
Authors: Garboś Sławomir , Święcicka Dorota 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
Uranium concentrations in groundwater taken from private drilled wells have been never determined in Poland, implying a lack of available data to quantify the human exposure to U through drinking water consumption, especially in rural areas influenced by mining activities. The main aim of the study was the assessment of human health risk related to the consumption of well waters containing U, collected from selected rural areas of the Lower Silesian region (Poland). The random daytime (RDT) sampling method was applied to the collection of well waters from three control study areas (CSA): Mniszków (CSA-A), Stara Kamienica/M. Kamienica/Kopaniec (CSA-B) and Kletno (CSA-C). The analyses of RDT samples were performed by validated method based on inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Uranium concentration ranges in well waters and the estimated geometric means for individual control study areas were: 0.005-1.03 μg/L and 0.052 μg/L (CSA-A), 0.027-10.6 μg/L and 0.40 μg/L (CSA-B), and 0.006-27.1 μg/L and 0.38 μg/L (CSA-C). The average and individual chronic daily intakes (CDI) of U by drinking water pathway (adults/children) were in the ranges of: 0.0017-0.013/0.0052-0.040 μg · kg-1 · day-1 and 0.0002-0.90/0.0005-2.71 μg · kg-1 · day-1. The average %TDI and ranges of individual %TDI (adults/children) were: 0.17%/0.52% and 0.02-3.4%/0.05-10.3% (CSA-A), 1.3%/4.0% and 0.09-35%/0.27-106% (CSA-B), and 1.3%/3.8% and 0.02-90%/0.06-271% (CSA-C). The estimated average CDI values of U through well water are significantly lower than the TDI (1 μg · kg-1 · day-1), while for individual CDI values the contribution to the TDI can reach even 90% (adults) and 271% (children), indicating essential human health risk for children consuming well water from private drilled wells located in CSA-B and CSA-C (5.3% of total number of samples collected).
Influence of sludge-ash composts on some properties of reclaimed land / Wpływ kompostów osadowo-popiołowych na niektóre właściwości rekultywowanego gruntu
Authors: Baran Stanisław , Wójcikowska-Kapusta Anna , Żukowska Grażyna , Bik-Małodzińska Marta , Wesołowska-Dobruk Sylwia 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
The study was conducted in the area of the impact of sulfur mine in Jeziórko. The aim of the study was to assess changes in pH, cation exchange capacity and content of available phosphorus, potassium and magnesium after 6 years of conducting remediation. In the experiment (plots with an area of 15 m2) degraded soil was rehabilitating by post-floating lime and compost from sewage sludge, sewage sludge and ash from combined heat and power (CHP). Composts at a dose of dry matter 180 t · ha-1 (6%), were determined in accordance with Minister of the Environment Regulation from 2001, applied the following options: control (only native soil limed), compost from municipal sewage sludge, sewage sludge compost (80%) and ash (20%), compost from sewage sludge (70%) and ash (30%). The reclaimed plots were sown with mixture of rehabilitation grass. Single de-acidification, land fertilization and a further 6-year extensive (without fertilization) use had a different influence on the properties of the native soilless substratum. Irrespective of the reclamation manner, after six years land use in the upper layers, observed increase in the average content of available phosphorus, available potassium content does not changed significantly but recorded a tenfold decrease in the content of available magnesium.
On a new subclass of bi-univalent functions satisfying subordinate conditions
Authors: Altınkaya Şahsene , Yalçın Sibel 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
In the present investigation, we find estimates on the coefficients |a2| and |a3| for functions in the function class SΣ (λ,φ) . The results presented in this paper improve or generalize the recent work of Magesh and Yamini
All maximal idempotent submonoids of HypG(2)
Authors: Wongpinit Weerapong , Leeratanavalee Sorasak 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to determine all maximal idempotent submonoids and some maximal compatible idempotent submonoids of the monoid of all generalized hypersubstitutions of type τ = (2).
Development and evaluation of a virtual patient-based exam in occupational medicine
Authors: Hege Inga , Schröpfer Iris , Radon Katja 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
Occupational medicine (OM), especially the ability to recognize potentially workplace-related diseases or accidents, is important for medical students to learn. The assessment in OM at the Ludwig-Maximilians-University is implemented as a paper-based, multiple-choice question exam that does not assess the students’ ability to remember occupational aspects in clinical contexts. Therefore, the aim of this study was to create and evaluate an online exam based on 19 virtual patients to assess the aspects of OM in an interdisciplinary setting. Thirty-nine medical students participated in the exam with an average score of 65%. The score for freetext questions assessing OM aspects was low (39%). The study showed that the implementation of an interdisciplinary VP-based exam is feasible. The integration of such an interdisciplinary exam would be feasible, for example, as an open-book assessment.
The impact of an embodied theory of meaning on the epistemology of semiotics
Authors: Klinkenberg Jean-Marie 
Published: May 2015

AbstractCognitive semiotics has an experiential basis: its thesis is that the origin of meaning – a problem that classical semiotics usually glosses over – lies in the sense system. This paper will outline the mechanisms that make possible such meaning construction, but its main focus will be the impact of the cognitive perspective on the epistemology of semiotics. It implies a process of naturalization of the humanities and the social sciences. This naturalization has triggered harsh criticism: its arguments are supposed to be circular; these are secretly founded on a postulate of innateness; it is at the service of an individualistic ideology in tune with a neoliberal society…. The paper will examine these pieces of criticism, which lead us to oppose and challenge both neural autonomism and the culturalist autonomism inherent in classical European semiotics. The conclusion is a plea for a continuum between nature and culture.
Synthesis, Purification, and Quantification of Fatty Acid Ethyl Esters After trans-Esterification of Large Batches of Tobacco Seed Oil
Authors: Ashraf-Khorassani Mehdi , Coleman William Monroe , Dube Michael Francis , Isaac Giorgis , Taylor Larry Thomas 
Published: May 2015

Summary
The goal of the study was to quantify fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEE’s) produced from two large batches of tobacco seed oil after trans-esterification by heating in ethanol with sulfuric acid catalyst. Purification of the combined ethyl ester reaction products by removing as much of the color and odor from the final product as possible was achieved via conventional column chromatography with amorphous silica and tandem elution of first hexane and then ethyl alcohol as the mobile phase. Gas chromatography was used to quantify specific FAEE’s in the purified material. Recovery of pure FAEE's in batch #1 was near 87%; while, recovery of FAEE’s in batch #2 was greater than 89% with mass yields greater than 400 g of ethyl esters per esterification trial. The FAEE’s possessed no detectable aroma and only a slight yellow color after this chromatographic treatment. Supercritical fluid chromatography with a mobile phase of methanol/acetonitrile modified carbon dioxide and an octadecyl bonded silica stationary phase were used to characterize the purity of each batch of fatty acid ethyl ester product. No free fatty acids nor glycerolrelated impurities were detected in the purified transesterified product.This is the first report describing the optimized trans-esterification of tobacco seed oil on a relatively large scale coupled with subsequent purification and isolation of the resultant ethyl esters. [Beitr. Tabakforsch. Int. 26 (2015) 205-213]
An Improved Theoretical Model of Cigarette Smoke Filtration across Mono-Segment Cellulose Acetate Filters
Authors: Wen Du , Jianhui Wen , Bing Peng , Xiaobin Zhang , Fuwei Xie , Huimin Liu , Kejun Zhong 
Published: May 2015

Summary
An improved theoretical model was presented to predict the filtration efficiency of cigarette filters. Filtration equations of single fibers considering the interference of neighboring fibers were applied in the model. Cellulose acetate fibers in cigarette filters were approximated as cylinders. The fiber size was adjusted by its size projected on the flow field. The solid fraction of fibers in cigarette filters was recalculated using the size of the virtual cylinders. The varying flow velocity during smoking was taken into account when calculating the filtration efficiency. The effective hydrodynamic particle diameter of cigarette smoke was estimated to be 0.44 μm by the difference of filtration efficiencies under ISO and Health Canada Intense (HCI) smoking regimes. Filtration contributions due to diffusion, interception and inertial impaction were 62%, 32% and 6%, respectively, at a flow velocity of 0.38 m/s for particles of 0.44 μm diameter. The effect of inertial impaction was insignificant but not negligible under ISO smoking regime. The measured and predicted efficiencies of two cigarette samples were compared and satisfactory agreement was obtained. [Beitr. Tabakforsch. Int. 26 (2015) 232-240]
Similar foliage area but contrasting foliage biomass between young beech and spruce stands / Porovnateľná plocha avšak kontrastná biomasa asimilačných orgánov medzi mladými porastmi buka a smreka
Authors: Konôpka Bohdan , Pajtík Jozef 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
The study focuses on two young stands of European beech (Fagus sylvatica) and Norway spruce (Picea abies) of the same age (12-yearold) with similar sized trees grown at near identical sites. After performing a destructive sampling technique which included all tree compartments except fine roots; allometric equations were constructed for all tree components. Diameter at stem base (do) was utilized as an independent variable for the equations. The models expressed not only biomass of woody parts (branches, stem and coarse roots) and foliage but also foliage area and specific leaf area (SLA). Results indicate that the basic morphological properties of foliage vary in both species along the vertical crown profile. In spruce, contrasting values of needle area and SLA were recorded among needle sets (based on year of establishment). On a tree level, both spruce and beech had similar foliage areas however, beech had a larger biomass comprising of woody parts while spruce biomass was dominated by foliage. Therefore the leaf mass ratio (LMR) defined as the ratio between foliage biomass and total tree biomass, as well as leaf area ratio (LAR) defined as the ratio between leaf area and total tree biomass were much larger in spruce than in beech species. On a stand level, spruce manifested a higher value (18.64 m2.m−2) of leaf area index (LAI) than beech (12.77 m2.m−2). Moreover, while the biomass of foliage was 4.6 times higher in spruce than in beech, total biomass of woody parts were similar in both stands. These contrasts indicate very different growth strategies and biomass allocations between beech and spruce at the young growth stages
Abiotické poškození smrkových porostů ve střední Evropě: příkladová studie sněhových polomů z let 2005–2011 v Moravskoslezských Beskydech / Abiotic damage of spruce stands in central Europe: case study of snow damage from the period 2005–2011 in the Moravian-Silesian Beskids
Authors: Křístek Štěpán , Holuša Jaroslav 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
In the case study from the basin of the Šance reservoir in the Moravian-Silesian Beskids, we examined the differences in the extent of damage in individual winter seasons and differences in the quantity of snow in individual situations. The intensity of damage to predominantly spruce stands was evaluated as the ratio of the number of individual trees damaged in the particular season to the total number of trees in the study plots. The quantity of snow was measured using quantitative parameters of snow cover. The objective of this paper was to describe model scenarios characterised by the expected intensity of stand damage corresponding to the course of winter expressed in quantitative parameters of snow cover on the base of similar/dissimilar situations. Individual winter seasons were thoroughly described in the results. The output is the description of three model scenarios with different intensities of stand damage that differ in the measured values of snow quantity
Ekonomická doba obmýtní / Economic rotation period
Authors: Pulkrab Karel , Sloup Miroslav , Sloup Roman 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
The article presents selected results of the project of the Czech National Agency for Agricultural Research, “Differentiation of intensities and management practices in relation to forest biodiversity and economic sustainability of forestry” executed at the Department of Forest Economy and Forestry Management, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Agriculture in Prague. The results included the quantification of forest rotation periods derived from total mean increment, total mean value increment, and annual gross profit of forest production. Significant differences between the rotation period currently recommended and the rotation period relevant to economic optimum (maximum) were observed. The better the forest site (site quality class), the bigger is the difference
Differences in evaluation of three different approaches in home range sizes of red deer Cervus elaphus in Western Carpathians / Rozdiely vo vyhodnotení veľkosti domovských okrskov jeleňa lesného Cervus elaphus v Západných Karpatoch tromi rôznymi prístupmi
Authors: Adam Alfadil Mohammed Abdelrahman , Kropil Rudolf , Pichler Viliam 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate differences using three different approaches in home range sizes of selected male individuals of red deer (Cervus elaphus). This study was conducted in the Kremnica Mountains (the Western Carpathians) located in central Slovakia. The study included data from three individuals, collared and tracked by using the VHF (Very High Frequency) telemetry. The data were evaluated within three different seasons (winter, summer and rut). For the measuring of home range sizes three methods were used: Minimum Convex Polygon (MCP), Kernel Home Range (KHR) and Local Convex Hull (LoCoH). The seasonal effect on home range size was analyzed by using the analysis of variance (ANOVA) two and three main effects. The study showed differences in home range sizes and core areas in red deer population. The migrant individual had a lager home range size with used methods. The differences occurred between total seasonal home ranges, but statistically not significant. The home range created by Local Convex Hull was significantly smaller than the home range created by Kernel Home Range.
Porovnání vlivu příměsi na růstové veličiny, strukturu a stabilitu porostu borovice lesní (Pinus sylvestris L.) na antropogenních půdách sokolovského regionu / Influence of admixed tree species on growth, structure and stability of Scots pine stands on anthropogenic soils of the Sokolov region
Authors: Dragoun Lukáš , Stolariková Radka , Merganič Ján , Šálek Lubomír , Krykorková Jitka 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
The reclamation of landscape disturbed by mining is a topical issue in the Czech Republic and elsewhere. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether the afforestation by Scots pine mixed with beech and lime trees on anthropogenic soils was advantageous in terms of timber production capacity and stability of forest stands, and whether it improved structural functionality of the forest ecosystem. The study was performed in the 40 year-old stand at Antonín dump near the town of Sokolov (Czech Republic) on a clay substrate. Basic stand variables and multivariate analysis of variance (ANOVA) of tree variables were used to compare different mixtures and monocultures. The comparison of pine monocultures with the mixed parts of the stand showed that the admixture of beech in the stands increased their stability, while the production was higher in the parts with an admixture of lime trees. Due to neglected stand tending, stability of all parts of the stand was reduced. Although lime generally appears as the most advantageous admixed tree species, further research is needed to prove the conclusions.
An attempt to use the fungus Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuill. in forest protection against the bark beetle Ips typographus (L.) in the field
Authors: Grodzki Wojciech , Kosibowicz Mieczysław 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
In 2011-2013, trials on the use of the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana against bark beetle (Ips typographus) populations were carried out under open field conditions in Norway spruce stands suffering from an outbreak in the Beskid Żywiecki Mts. in Poland. Modified pheromone traps were deployed to capture and thereafter release fungus-infected bark beetles to the forest environment. Infested spruce trees felled next to the traps remained unaffected by the transmission of the fungus to insect populations. Direct spraying or dusting of lying trap logs and suspended caged rearing bolts did not have any effect on spruce infestation by I. typographus, its reproduction success and development or natural enemies inside the bark.
A very small effect on mortality rates of target as well as non-target insects overwintering in the dusted litter was observed. Treated stands, unlike control stands, were indirectly affected by the treatment, evidenced by the reduction of tree mortality due to bark beetle infestation.
At present, no recommendations concerning the potential use of the fungus in forest protection can be given. However such an environmentally friendly approach represents a promising future prospect.
The station of the hoptree (Ptelea trifoliata L. ssp. trifoliata) in the forests of the Wyszków Forest District
Authors: Ciosek Marek , Krechowski Janusz , Piórek Katarzyna , Roman Sikorski 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
This paper presents the results of studies carried out on Ptelea trifoliata populations in the Wyszków Forest District in 1998 and 2013. P. trifoliata is a native species of North America (United States of America, northern part of Canada) and has a wide ecological range. However, it prefers fertile, wet soils and moderate light. In Europe, it is planted for its decorative value and is mainly found in synanthropic habitats (parks, graveyards, roadsides, fortifications) in Poland. The station of P. trifoliata is situated in the oak-hornbeam forest, Tilio-Carpinetum typicum, with a significant fraction of the stand consisting of Pinus sylvestris. Hop trees occur mainly along forest section lines and are rarely found inside the sections. In the last 15 years, an increase in the number and size of P. trifoliata clusters has been observed. The species spreads along forest section lines, which form a convenient migration route by creating favourable conditions for the germination and growth of seedlings (good access to light, fragments of bare soil). The presence of new individuals far from the pre-existing clusters indicates that the generative way of propagation dominates. Biometric measures indicate significant differences in length and width of whole leaves as well as leaflets, with leaves and leaflets of vegetative specimens significantly larger than generative ones.
As a consequence of the high rate of P. trifoliata expansion along forest section lines and occurrence of single specimens inside the forest sections, we assume this species to be potentially invasive.
Increase of natural regeneration area of Norway spruce (Picea abies L. Karst.) in the Kaszuby Lake District during the decade 2002–2012
Authors: Szydlarski Marcin , Modrzyński Jerzy 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
The Kaszuby Lake District is located beyond the natural range of Norway spruce, however its share in local forest stands is considerable (14.8%) and its vitality and growth are here not less than within the natural range. The study presents the results of stock-taking of natural regeneration of Norway spruce in this region in year 2002 and 2012 and the relevant silvicultural recommendations. The stock of spruce natural regeneration was taken using the electronic database of the Regional Headquarters of State Forests in Gdańsk. The regeneration was put into following categories: seedlings (height below 0.5 m), lower advanced growth (height above 0.5 m and DBH below 7 cm), higher advanced growth (height above 3 m and DBH above 7 cm) and undergrowth (with dominating self sown spruce). In total 20 834 ha of Norway spruce natural regenerations were listed in year 2002 and 26 016 ha in year 2012 (increase by 24.9%). Most of them occur in fresh sites suited for mixed deciduous forests (LMśw) - in years 2002 and 2012 respectively 52.5% and 50.1%, and fresh sites suited for mixed coniferous forests (BMśw) - in years 2002 and 2012 respectively 30.4% and 32%.
The increase of natural regeneration of Norway spruce in this period was connected with the 23.6% decrease in volume of spruce stands in age of above 40 years.
Majority of spontaneously arriving spruce regenerations turn to the undergrowth, because of unfavorable light conditions under canopy and much to high density of seedlings and advanced growth. Good quality advanced growth on suited forest sites should be uncovered by thinning cuttings and consequently included into the future multispecies stands, with Norway spruce share up to 30%.
Aspects of using wood biomass for energy production
Authors: Gołos Piotr , Kaliszewski Adam 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
This article presents the most important aspects relevant to forest-derived biomass utilization for the purposes of energy production by professional energy providers. The issues discussed here are divided into four groups: environmental, social, economic and technological aspects of biomass utilization in energy production. The environmental part focuses on the effects of intensive use of leftovers from timber harvest on forest ecosystems as well as the problem of ash utilization. Economic and social problems include the costs of energy production from timber, consequences of intensified fuel wood demand for the state of the timber and paper industry as well as the impact on the labor market. The technology section of the article covers questions related to the harvest and transport of forest-derived biomass.
We conclude that, before regarding it as an energy source, wood should be mainly used for the production of timber due to the necessity and difficulty of considering all of the above-mentioned diverse aspects of energy production. Wood should be used for the production of energy only after its usage as timber products and their recycling.