bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Validation of the actuator line method using near wake measurements of the MEXICO rotor
Authors: Nilsson Karl , Shen Wen Z. , Sørensen Jens N. , Breton Simon‐Philippe , Ivanell Stefan 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe purpose of the present work is to validate the capability of the actuator line method to compute vortex structures in the near wake behind the MEXICO experimental wind turbine rotor. In the MEXICO project/MexNext Annex, particle image velocimetry measurements have made it possible to determine the exact position of each tip vortex core in a plane parallel to the flow direction. Determining center positions of the vortex cores makes it possible to determine the trajectory of the tip vortices, and thus the wake expansion in space, for the analyzed tip speed ratios. The corresponding cases, in terms of tip speed ratios, have been simulated by large‐eddy simulations using a Navier–Stokes code combined with the actuator line method. The flow field is analyzed in terms of wake expansion, vortex core radius, circulation and axial and radial velocity distributions. Generally, the actuator line method generates significantly larger vortex cores than in the experimental cases, but predicts the expansion, the circulation and the velocity distributions with satisfying results. Additionally, the simulation and experimental data are used to test three different techniques to compute the average axial induction in the wake flow. These techniques are based on the helical pitch of the tip vortex structure, 1D momentum theory and wake expansion combined with mass conservation. The results from the different methods vary quite much, especially at high values of λ. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Detecting a population decline of woodland caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou) from non‐standardized monitoring data in Pukaskwa National Park, Ontario
Authors: Patterson Lucy D. , Drake Christine C. , Allen Martha L. , Parent Lynn 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACTObservation bias from methodological inconsistencies plague many long‐term ecological monitoring studies, leaving land managers to question the validity of apparent population trends over time. Furthermore, some species are cryptic and have low detectability, so assessments are naturally imprecise. We assessed the utility of aerial surveys for woodland caribou from 1972 to 2009 at a Canadian national park in detecting a reliable population trend for this threatened species. The surveys varied in flight patterns, total distance flown, observer experience, speed, altitude, timing, temperature, and snow depth. Of these, distance and the speed/altitude index influenced the population estimates, whereas no variables influenced the calf:female ratio or winter range size. Year was included in all plausible models for population estimates, and the majority of plausible models for calf:female ratio and winter range size. Population size, recruitment and winter range size all declined over time in the respective models with the lowest AICc. Switching methodologies mid‐way through a long‐term aerial survey monitoring program creates greater complexity for trend analysis over time; however, this study suggests that reliable conclusions can still be drawn from long‐term monitoring data if confounding factors are accounted for in the analysis. © 2014 The Wildlife Society.
Effects of wind and thermal conditions on timberline formation in central Japan: a lattice model
Authors: Takahashi Koichi 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe upper distribution limit of tall tree species Abies mariesii is the timberline in central Japan, and dwarf pine Pinus pumila dominates above the timberline to near the summit. My previous studies suggested that the main cause of the timberline formation is the increase in mortality due to strong wind in winter rather than low growth due to low summer temperature. This study evaluated how wind velocity affects timberline formation and if the altitude of timberline moves upward due to high thermal conditions, by using a lattice model. Increase in wind velocity throughout the altitude lowered the altitudes of upper distribution limits of the two species. On the contrary, prolonged growth period due to high thermal conditions increased the upper distribution limit of P. pumila, and the upper distribution limit of A. mariesii was hardly affected by the change of growth period. However, the upward shift of the upper distribution limit of P. pumila due to the prolonged growth period in the model would not be realistic because P. pumila had already distributed up to near the summit. This study concludes that A. mariesii is a superior competitor to P. pumila at low altitudes with low wind velocity, but dwarf pine P. pumila can dominate at higher altitudes because A. mariesii suffers severe mechanical damage due to strong wind in winter, and that the altitude of the timberline does not move upward even under high thermal conditions due to global warming.
Birth weight alters the response to postnatal high-fat diet-induced changes in meat quality traits and skeletal muscle proteome of pigs
Authors: Liu Jingbo , He Jun , Yu Jie , Mao Xiangbing , Zheng Ping , Huang Zhiqing , Yu Bing , Chen Daiwen 
Published: January 2014

Low birth weight (LBW) exerts persistent effects on the growth and development of offspring. The present study was conducted to test the hypothesis that LBW alters the response of pigs to high-fat (HF) diet-induced changes in meat quality and skeletal muscle proteome. Normal-birth weight (NBW) and LBW piglets were fed a control diet or a HF diet from weaning to slaughter at 110 kg body weight. Most of the meat quality traits were influenced by LBW. Meat quality analysis revealed that LBW piglets had a greater ability to deposit intramuscular lipids than their heavier littermates when fed a HF diet. Increased shear force, lower pH45minand drip loss were observed in the skeletal muscle of LBW piglets compared with NBW piglets. Proteomic analysis revealed forty-six differentially expressed proteins in the skeletal muscle of LBW and NBW piglets fed the control diet or HF diet. These proteins play a central role in cell structure and motility, glucose and energy metabolism, lipid metabolism, and cellular apoptosis, as well as stress response. Of particular interest is the finding that LBW altered the response to HF diet-induced changes in the expression of proteins related to stress response (heat shock protein) and glucose and energy metabolism (pyruvate kinase, phosphoglycerate mutase, enolase and triosephosphate isomerase). Taken together, our findings revealed that the HF diet-induced changes in the expression of glucose and energy metabolism-related proteins varied between NBW and LBW piglets, which provides a possible mechanism to explain higher intramuscular fat store in LBW pigs when fed a HF diet.
“The Rare White at the Window”: A Reappraisal of Mark Costello and David Foster Wallace'sSignifying Rappers
Authors: MORRISSEY TARA , THOMPSON LUCAS 
Published: January 2014

Stay Fly, and Shit …DF Fresh WDavid Foster Wallace, letter to Bonnie Nadell (5 July 1989)This article evaluates David Foster Wallace and Mark Costello'sSignifying Rappersin terms of its contribution to both early hip-hop and whiteness studies, as well as positioning the text in relation to Wallace's career. First, the article traces many of Wallace's subsequent thematic concerns and literary techniques back to this early text, locating the origin of some of his most characteristic stylistic devices withinSignifying Rappers.Ultimately, this retrospective reading shows that far from being a mere curiosity piece in Wallace's corpus, radically disconnected from anything he published either before or after, a close interrogation ofSignifying Rappersenriches our understanding of Wallace's work, revealing an oblique vision of Wallace striving to articulate a personal artistic agenda in response to the postmodern literary tradition. The essay proceeds to address Wallace and Costello's uncanny presaging of many of the preoccupations of institutional hip-hop and whiteness studies, offering an extended interpretation of the text in light of these disciplines. This analysis also explores representations of race within Wallace's work more generally, as well as addressing the underlying reasons behind the obscure status ofSignifying Rapperswithin these two related fields.
On the Relation between EGARCH Idiosyncratic Volatility and Expected Stock Returns
Authors: Guo Hui , Kassa Haimanot , Ferguson Michael F. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractA spurious positive relation between exponential generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity (EGARCH) estimates of expected monthtidiosyncratic volatility and monthtstock returns arises when the monthtreturn is included in estimation of model parameters. We illustrate via simulations that this look-ahead bias is problematic for empirically observed degrees of stock return skewness and typical monthly return time series lengths. Moreover, the empirical idiosyncratic risk-return relation becomes negligible when expected monthtidiosyncratic volatility is estimated using returns only up to montht− 1.
An unusual cause of chronic otitis media with effusion
Authors: Cooper L , Ford K , Talwar R , Wareing M 
Published: January 2014

AbstractObjective:To describe an unusual cause for hearing loss in an adult.Case report:A 37-year-old man presented with a year's history of right-sided hearing loss. He had no history of trauma, or local or systemic infection. He was otherwise well, took no medication and had no allergies. He had a two-year history of low back pain. On examination, he had a retracted right tympanic membrane with no perforation, and a middle-ear effusion. Nasendoscopy was normal. Examination of other systems was unremarkable. Computed tomography of the temporal bones with contrast demonstrated a large, right, intra-cerebral internal carotid artery aneurysm compressing the eustachian tube. After a balloon occlusion test, he underwent endovascular occlusion of the parent vessel. He made a good post-operative recovery. A subsequent abdominal ultrasound excluded an abdominal aneurysm as a cause of his low back pain. His hearing had not improved three days post-operatively, and was to be formally assessed and monitored in the clinic.Discussion:A carotid aneurysm is a rare cause of eustachian tube compression but must be considered in the differential diagnosis of conductive hearing loss. Aneurysms may have systemic causes, and their presence in other systems should be excluded as they may be multiple.
The tracheostomy clinical nurse specialist: an essential member of the multidisciplinary team
Authors: Crosbie R , Cairney J , Calder N 
Published: January 2014

AbstractBackground:Tracheostomies are a common procedure within the specialties of otolaryngology and intensive care. The ENT department at Monklands Hospital has developed the position of tracheostomy clinical nurse specialist to improve the management of tracheostomy patients. There is evidence to support the development of a multidisciplinary team for the management of tracheostomy patients following intensive care unit treatment; however, the creation of a specific tracheostomy clinical nurse specialist position has not been widely endorsed in the literature.Objective:This paper describes the role of the tracheostomy clinical nurse specialist, advocating this position within the multidisciplinary team.
Signatures of adaptation to plant parasitism in nematode genomes
Authors: BIRD DAVID McK. , JONES JOHN T. , OPPERMAN CHARLES H. , KIKUCHI TAISEI , DANCHIN ETIENNE G. J. 
Published: January 2014

SUMMARYPlant-parasitic nematodes cause considerable damage to global agriculture. The ability to parasitize plants is a derived character that appears to have independently emerged several times in the phylum Nematoda. Morphological convergence to feeding style has been observed, but whether this is emergent from molecular convergence is less obvious. To address this, we assess whether genomic signatures can be associated with plant parasitism by nematodes. In this review, we report genomic features and characteristics that appear to be common in plant-parasitic nematodes while absent or rare in animal parasites, predators or free-living species. Candidate horizontal acquisitions of parasitism genes have systematically been found in all plant-parasitic species investigated at the sequence level. Presence of peptides that mimic plant hormones also appears to be a trait of plant-parasitic species. Annotations of the few genomes of plant-parasitic nematodes available to date have revealed a set of apparently species-specific genes on every occasion. Effector genes, important for parasitism are frequently found among those species-specific genes, indicating poor overlap. Overall, nematodes appear to have developed convergent genomic solutions to adapt to plant parasitism.
On the open problems connected to the results of Lazer and Solimini
Authors: Hakl Robert , Zamora Manuel 
Published: January 2014

A well-known theorem proved by Lazer and Solimini claims that the singular equationhas a periodic solution if and only if the mean value of the continuous external force is positive. In this paper, we show that this result cannot be extended to the case when h is an integrable function, unless additional assumptions are introduced. In addition, for each p ≥ 1 and h-integrable function in the pth power, we give a sharp condition guaranteeing the existence of periodic solutions to the above-mentioned equation, showing that there is a close relation between p and the order of the singularity λ.
Shrinkage of X cells in the lateral geniculate nucleus after monocular deprivation revealed by FoxP2 labeling
Authors: DUFFY KEVIN R. , HOLMAN KAITLYN D. , MITCHELL DONALD E. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe parallel processing of visual features by distinct neuron populations is a central characteristic of the mammalian visual system. In the A laminae of the cat dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN), parallel processing streams originate from two principal neuron types, called X and Y cells. Disruption of visual experience early in life by monocular deprivation has been shown to alter the structure and function of Y cells, but the extent to which deprivation influences X cells remains less clear. A transcription factor, FoxP2, has recently been shown to selectively label X cells in the ferret dLGN and thus provides an opportunity to examine whether monocular deprivation alters the soma size of X cells. In this study, FoxP2 labeling was examined in the dLGN of normal and monocularly deprived cats. The characteristics of neurons labeled for FoxP2 were consistent with FoxP2 being a marker for X cells in the cat dLGN. Monocular deprivation for either a short (7 days) or long (7 weeks) duration did not alter the density of FoxP2-positive neurons between nondeprived and deprived dLGN layers. However, for each deprived animal examined, measurement of the cross-sectional area of FoxP2-positive neurons (X cells) revealed that within deprived layers, X cells were smaller by approximately 20% after 7 days of deprivation, and by approximately 28% after 7 weeks of deprivation. The observed alteration to the cross-sectional area of X cells indicates that perturbation of this major pathway contributes to the functional impairments that develop from monocular deprivation.
Making sense of apparent chaos: health-care provision in six country case studies
Authors: Pavignani Enrico , Michael Markus , Murru Maurizio , Beesley Mark E. , Hill Peter S. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThis research examines the impact on health-care provision of advanced state failure and of the violence frequently associated with it, drawing from six country case studies. In all contexts, the coverage and scope of health services change when the state fails. Human resources expand due to unplanned increased production. Injury, threat, death, displacement, migration, insufficient salaries, and degraded skills all impact on performance. Dwindling public domestic funding for health causes increasing household out-of-pocket expenditure. The supply, quality control, distribution, and utilisation of medicines are severely affected. Health information becomes incomplete and unreliable. Leadership and planning are compromised as international agencies pursue their own agendas, frequently disconnected from local dynamics. Yet beyond the state these arenas are crowded with autonomous health actors, who respond to state withdrawal and structural violence in assorted ways, from the harmful to the beneficial. Integrating these existing resources into a cohesive health system calls for a deeper understanding of this pluralism, initiative, adaptation and innovation, and a long-term reorientation of development assistance in order to engage them effectively.
Ecogenomic sensor reveals controls on N2-fixing microorganisms in the North Pacific Ocean
Authors: Robidart Julie C , Church Matthew J , Ryan John P , Ascani François , Wilson Samuel T , Bombar Deniz , Marin Roman , Richards Kelvin J , Karl David M , Scholin Christopher A , Zehr Jonathan P 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
Nitrogen-fixing microorganisms (diazotrophs) are keystone species that reduce atmospheric dinitrogen (N2) gas to fixed nitrogen (N), thereby accounting for much of N-based new production annually in the oligotrophic North Pacific. However, current approaches to study N2 fixation provide relatively limited spatiotemporal sampling resolution; hence, little is known about the ecological controls on these microorganisms or the scales over which they change. In the present study, we used a drifting robotic gene sensor to obtain high-resolution data on the distributions and abundances of N2-fixing populations over small spatiotemporal scales. The resulting measurements demonstrate that concentrations of N2 fixers can be highly variable, changing in abundance by nearly three orders of magnitude in less than 2 days and 30 km. Concurrent shipboard measurements and long-term time-series sampling uncovered a striking and previously unrecognized correlation between phosphate, which is undergoing long-term change in the region, and N2-fixing cyanobacterial abundances. These results underscore the value of high-resolution sampling and its applications for modeling the effects of global change.
Genomic analysis of Chthonomonas calidirosea, the first sequenced isolate of the phylum Armatimonadetes
Authors: Lee Kevin C-Y , Morgan Xochitl C , Dunfield Peter F , Tamas Ivica , McDonald Ian R , Stott Matthew B 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
Most of the lineages of bacteria have remained unknown beyond environmental surveys using molecular markers. Until the recent characterisation of several strains, the phylum Armatimonadetes (formerly known as ‘candidate division OP10’) was a dominant and globally-distributed lineage within this ‘uncultured majority’. Here we report the first Armatimonadetes genome from the thermophile Chthonomonas calidirosea T49T and its role as a saccharide scavenger in a geothermal steam-affected soil environment. Phylogenomic analysis indicates T49T to be related closely to the phylum Chloroflexi. The predicted genes encoding for carbohydrate transporters (27 carbohydrate ATP-binding cassette transporter-related genes) and carbohydrate-metabolising enzymes (including at least 55 putative enzymes with glycosyl hydrolase domains) within the 3.43 Mb genome help explain its ability to utilise a wide range of carbohydrates as well as its inability to break down extracellular cellulose. The presence of only a single class of branched amino acid transporter appears to be the causative step for the requirement of isoleucine for growth. The genome lacks many commonly conserved operons (for example, lac and trp). Potential causes for this, such as dispersion of functionally related genes via horizontal gene transfer from distant taxa or recent genome recombination, were rejected. Evidence suggests T49T relies on the relatively abundant σ-factors, instead of operonic organisation, as the primary means of transcriptional regulation. Examination of the genome with physiological data and environmental dynamics (including interspecific interactions) reveals ecological factors behind the apparent elusiveness of T49T to cultivation and, by extension, the remaining ‘uncultured majority’ that have so far evaded conventional microbiological techniques.
Alamouti space–time block coded hierarchical modulation with signal space diversity and MRC reception in Nakagami‐m fading channel
Authors: Saeed Ayesha , Xu Hongjun , Quazi Tahmid 
Published: January 2014

This study presents a novel approach to an Alamouti transmission scheme for hierarchical modulation (HM) with signal space diversity (SSD) in a Nakagami‐m fading channel. The bit‐error‐rate (BER) performance of the proposed system is determined using the nearest neighbourhood (NN) approximation approach and is briefly discussed. In addition, a reduced complexity maximum likelihood‐based decoder is proposed. Simulation results verify a significant BER improvement of the proposed system when compared with previously implemented schemes as well as the accuracy of the NN approximation and the proposed detector. Specifically, gains of up to 8 dB at a BER of 1 × 10−5 for both base and refinement bits have been observed when comparing the proposed HM SSD Alamouti scheme with an HM SSD scheme without Alamouti transmit diversity at a hierarchy of α = 4, channel conditions at m = 1 and N = 1 receiver antennas. Additional results for varying hierarchy at increasing number of receiver antennas and improving channel conditions is also presented. The performance of the proposed reduced complexity decoder is also presented as well as its complexity reduction analysed.
Three‐dimensional TiO2/Bi2WO6 hierarchical heterostructure with enhanced visible photocatalytic activity
Authors: Junqi Li , Zhanyun Guo , Yu Wang , Zhenfeng Zhu 
Published: January 2014

A three‐dimensional TiO2/Bi2WO6 hierarchical heterostructure was successfully prepared by a simple and practical liquid phase method. The as‐synthesised nanostructure consisted of TiO2 nanoparticles growing on the surface of flower‐like Bi2WO6 microspheres. The UV–vis diffuse reflectance spectra indicated that the TiO2/Bi2WO6 composites have a significantly enhanced optical absorption in the visible light region and red‐shift phenomenon compared with that of pure Bi2WO6 microspheres. The photocatalytic activity of the TiO2/Bi2WO6 composites increases first and then decreases with increasing loading content of TiO2 under 500 W Xe lamp light irradiation. The composite coated with 3 ml content tetrabutyl titanate showed the highest photocatalytic activity compared with that of the other samples in the decomposition of Rhodamine B in water which is a typical model pollutant. The improved light harvesting ability and efficient separation of photo‐generated electron and hole pairs could be responsible for the improved photocatalytic performance.
Myosin-binding protein C displaces tropomyosin to activate cardiac thin filaments and governs their speed by an independent mechanism
Authors: Mun Ji Young , Previs Michael J. , Yu Hope Y. , Gulick James , Tobacman Larry S. , Beck Previs Samantha , Robbins Jeffrey , Warshaw David M. , Craig Roger 
Published: January 2014

Significance
Myosin-binding protein C (MyBP-C) is a component of myosin filaments, one of the two sets of contractile elements whose relative sliding is the basis of muscle contraction. In the heart, MyBP-C modulates contractility in response to cardiac stimulation; mutations in MyBP-C lead to cardiac disease. The mechanism by which MyBP-C modulates cardiac contraction is not understood. Using electron microscopy and a light microscopic assay for filament sliding, we demonstrate that MyBP-C binds to the other set of filaments, containing actin and the regulatory component, tropomyosin. In so doing, it displaces tropomyosin from its inhibitory position to activate actin filament interaction with myosin, promoting filament sliding. These findings provide insights into the molecular basis of heart function.