bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Standards and Standardization
Authors: Geisinger Kurt F. , Carlson Janet F. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe meaningfulness of personality measures depends upon a number of factors: validity studies, score scales which are understood by test users, knowledge that the measure has been studied with members of a population to which an individual test taker or a group of test takers belongs, and so on. Fundamental to such considerations is that the measure has been administered under the same or comparable circumstances as it was when normed, validated, checked for appropriate types of reliability, and otherwise researched. This article examines issues specific to testing individuals, focusing on test standardization and test administration. It stresses the need to perform generalizability studies to show that the meaningfulness and validity of tests generalizes across administrative changes, language variations, and cultural differences for varying groups of individuals. Truly, psychological testing needs to stay rooted into its very basis: the science of individual differences. The article also considers the testing of minorities and disabled people.
Theory and Measurement of Personality Traits
Authors: Harkness Allan R. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article describes the connections between basic emotion systems and personality traits. It discusses the fear, anger (or rage), interest (or seeking), and joy emotion systems and links them to personality traits. The article argues that modern psychological findings from behavior genetic, longitudinal, and clinical studies cannot be interpreted without including stable individuating personality traits as causes in psychological theories. Using personality sketches to illustrate behavioral features, it provides an introduction to trait concepts that can enrich clinical case conception. The article looks at the highly available Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2) personality trait scales, called the Personality Psychopathology-Five scales, and how they are used in personality assessment.
Clinical Applications of Behavioral Assessment
Authors: Haynes Stephen N. , Yoshioka Dawn T. , Kloezeman Karen , Bello Iruma 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article presents a case study of a family with marital, substance-use, mood, external-stressors, and parent–child difficulties to illustrate the principles and methods of pretreatment behavioral assessment. Several guiding principles are discussed: an emphasis on identifying functional relations relevant to behavior problems and treatment goals, especially those that help us explain behavior problems; a multimodal focus during assessment, attending to overt behavior, thoughts, emotions, and physiology; the importance of the conditional and contextual nature of behavior; an emphasis on temporally contiguous and environmental events, thoughts, and emotions in triggering and maintaining behavior problems; the dynamic nature of behavior problems and causal variables; an emphasis on specificity and precision of measurement; and individual differences in the elements, correlates, and causes of behavior problems. A diverse set of methods is congruent with the principles of behavioral assessment and includes behavioral interviews and questionnaires, observation in natural and analog environments, and self- and instrument-aided monitoring of behavior and events in natural and analog environments.
Use of the MMPI-2 in Neuropsychological Evaluations
Authors: Gass Carlton S. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe measurement of personality and psychopathology in neuropsychological contexts is essential because brain injury affects psychological status, and psychological problems can mimic brain dysfunction. A neuropsychological evaluation is incomplete without an assessment of personality and emotional status. The MMPI-2 is, by far, the most widely researched and clinically utilized test to meet this need. The long history of its use in neuropsychology has generated numerous areas of investigation designed specifically to enhance its application with individuals with known or suspected brain damage. The MMPI-2 content scales, subscales, and RC Scales provide information that helps the clinician refine and supplement interpretation of Clinical Scales. This article reviews special administrative and interpretive considerations that apply in neuropsychological settings. It looks at recent and controversial developments in MMPI-2 research and application.
Assessment of Suicide Risk
Authors: Stolberg Ronald A. , Bongar Bruce 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe assessment of suicide risk remains one of the most important, complex, and difficult tasks performed by clinicians. Many suicidal individuals do not voluntarily report their thoughts or plans for self-harm to the professionals who are trained to act accordingly. If we work from the premise that not all patients are willing to admit their suicidal ideation to their health-care provider, then we must utilize other resources to guide our intervention strategies. Because suicide is one of the few fatal consequences of a psychiatric illness, accurate assessment of suicide risk is essential. The optimal risk assessment integrates a sound clinical interview with actuarial instruments providing supplementary or clarifying information. This article explores the historical and contemporary literature on the use of psychological tests, suicide scales, and risk estimators, as well as the epidemiological and clinical data on risk factors. It highlights the importance of formulation of clinical judgment via important clinical observations and key elements in the clinical interview, as integral components of a model of comprehensive clinical assessment and risk management.
Assessment of Feigned Psychological Symptoms
Authors: Berry David T. R. , Sollman Myriam J. , Schipper Lindsey J. , Clark Jessica A. , Shandera Anne L. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractFeigned-symptom reports have become of increasing interest in recent years, in part because the results of psychological evaluations are more widely accepted in legal proceedings. This article examines several pertinent issues regarding assessment of malingering, including methodological concerns, base rates of feigning, and coaching to avoid detection. It evaluates several frequently used measures of malingering, including the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2), Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI), Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory-III, Structured Inventory of Malingered Symptomatology, Miller Forensic Assessment of Symptoms Test, and Structured Interview of Reported Symptoms (SIRS). The article provides cutting scores, sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive powers at various base rates of feigning. After the SIRS, the feigning scales of the MMPI-2 have the most support for malingering detection, followed by the PAI scales. Generally, all measures reviewed showed greater negative predictive power rates; thus, a two-stage sequential process for malingering detection is discussed.
Assessment of Clients in Pretreatment Planning
Authors: Harwood T. Mark , Beutler Larry E. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractPretreatment planning is an essential element in psychotherapy. Constraints imposed by managed care, efficiency-of-treatment/cost-effectiveness issues, and increased likelihood of change and increased magnitude of change are obvious justifications for the provision of individualized and comprehensive pretreatment assessment. Relatedly, quality pretreatment assessment is essential for accurate patient–treatment matching. In this vein, systematic treatment selection, prescriptive psychotherapy, systematic treatment, and Innerlife are variants of an overriding empirically supported model of patient–treatment matching. More specifically, they employ accurate, comprehensive pretreatment assessment to help guide the clinician in the selection and matching of specific psychotherapeutic strategies and principles. Questions regarding diagnosis, prognosis, current level of functioning, most effective treatment, and causation/maintenance are answerable through an evaluation of relevant patient predisposing variables. While there are many qualities of problems that vary as a function of specific situations and circumstances, three appear to be of major importance to the differential assignment of treatment: patient expectations, subjective distress, and functional impairment.
Assessment of Treatment Resistance via Questionnaire
Authors: Perry Julia N. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article explores how evaluating trait-like resistance with objective personality-assessment instruments can assist therapists in better anticipating, understanding, and responding to their clients' signs of therapeutic resistance. First, it reviews the data regarding gender-influenced attitudes toward psychological treatment, and then presents and discusses specific Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) validity, clinical, and content scales that measure elements of treatment resistance. The article also analyzes clinical and normative data on the Butcher Treatment Planning Inventory, a measure that was created specifically for treatment-planning purposes. Finally, it presents a case example to illustrate specific methods of informing psychotherapy with objective test data.
Animals in Classical and Late Antique Philosophy
Authors: Clark Stephen R. L. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article explores a large array of conceptions and theories in the ancient world, with an emphasis on what the ancients thought of both themselves and the other “animals.” The scope is immense in terms of leading schools of philosophy: the Pre-Socratics, the Golden Age of Athens, the Hellenistic period, and the Late Antique period. One generalization that does seem to hold is that non-human animals were commonly viewed as foils—beastly in habits and without minds of moral significance. The discussion assesses the ancient, classical, Greek, and Mediterranean attitudes as complicated and often contradictory. In general, animals were seen as entirely unlike us, but humans also were seen as capable of a descent into beastly behavior—to the point that humans were in effect seen as no more than animals.
Animals and Ethics in the History of Modern Philosophy
Authors: Garrett Aaron 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article examines the history of early modern philosophy, principally in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. It explains why early modern philosophers and jurists seldom reflected deeply about animal life and why the arrival of a decent theory of animal rights in early modern philosophy was a remarkable development. It begins with the general background of rights theory as it was developing in political philosophy. It uses as an instructive example eighteenth-century experimentalist Robert Boyle and his thesis that there is a duty to experiment on animals. It describes the steady movement toward both a rejection of Boyle's view and toward the view that we have moral duties to animals. It argues that this historical trend led to the “invention” of animal rights at the hands of Scottish moral philosopher Francis Hutcheson.
A Humean Account of the Status and Character of Animals
Authors: Driver Julia 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article presents a theory inspired by and rooted in the work of the Scottish philosopher and historian David Hume. Hume anticipated some features of Darwinian thinking about animal minds. In particular, Hume believed that when the term “understand” is used properly, animals can understand many features of the world. Hume attributed rationality to some animals, on grounds that these animals are significantly like humans in the principles of their nature, their patterns of learning, and their powers of inference. This article interprets Hume to hold that animals resemble human beings both in a variety of behaviors and in critical aspects of their mental lives. It finds that these behavioral and psychological similarities form the basis of a Humean argument that animals have moral status, though it acknowledges that Hume is less interested in moral status questions and more interested in animal minds.
Rights Theory and Animal Rights
Authors: Beauchamp Tom L. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article presents a theory of animal rights developed from basic categories in moral and political philosophy about the nature and sources of rights. It concentrates on aspects of contemporary rights theory that are suited to the analysis and justification of animal rights. It argues that rights are justified claims that individuals, groups, and institutions can press upon others or upon society. “Animal rights” in this way give an animal or group of animals valid claims against the harm-causing activities of humans. The discussion proposes a robust theory of animal rights that would significantly alter many current practices. A critical part of this argument is that there is a firm correlativity between rights and obligations: all rights entail obligations and all obligations entail rights.
Animals That Act for Moral Reasons
Authors: Rowlands Mark 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article argues that some animals are moral subjects in the sense that they can be, and sometimes are, motivated by moral considerations. It argues that there are no empirical or conceptual obstacles to regarding some animals as motivated by moral concerns. To suppose otherwise, the discussion notes, is to fall victim to certain views that invest quasi-magical properties in “meta-cognition”—properties that afford humans a status of a sort possessed by no other beings. It argues that the sentiments of animals can be genuinely moral ones and that there are no compelling reasons to suppose that these animals are not moral subjects that can be morally evaluated—even if they cannot be moral agents.
Human/Nonhuman Chimeras
Authors: Greely Henry T. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The term “chimera” has many meanings, but this article's concern is restricted to living organisms that have, as part of their bodies, some living tissues, organs, or structures of human origin and some of nonhuman origin. The discussion confines the analysis to creatures that are, or are viewed as, nonhuman creatures to which human tissues are added. It points out that most of the discussion took off from scientific study of the Human Neuron Mouse and focused on nonhuman creatures with “humanized” brains. It then describes the arguments and policies that have developed in regard to human/nonhuman chimeras, and this is followed by a discussion of three particularly sensitive types of chimeras. Such developments can be used to create important human knowledge and medical treatments, but they need to be employed only for such good reasons.
Environmental Ethics, Hunting, and the Place of Animals
Authors: Varner Gary 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article notes that deep philosophical differences divide environmentalists and animal welfarists. Environmental ethicists often see the practical implications of animal welfare and animal rights views as anti-environmental; they are seen as sometimes harming ecosystems and as sometimes inexcusably banning interventions that environmentalists support. This article argues that environmental ethicists have sometimes zealously caricatured animal welfare and animal rights views, and that a close examination of the interests of each group shows that there is more of a convergence of values than many have thought. While it is true that ecosystems and non-animal species have only instrumental value from an animal welfare or animal rights perspective, an appropriately structured environmental ethic need not deny this claim and can still attribute an appropriate level of value to ecosystems and non-sentient organisms.
The Darwinian Context: Evolution and Inheritance
Authors: Paul Diane B. , Moore James 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article shows how Darwinian theories and writings play a vital role in shaping scientific and popular attitudes on questions related to human breeding. It lays the theoretical groundwork for eugenics and a large number of statistical studies demonstrate national decline in Britain. Evolution is driven by a global struggle among such units for living space and raw materials. This article argues that the laws of inheritance applied to humans just as much as they did to other animals, and that mental and temperamental as well as physical traits were inherited from both parents. It further discusses the importance of laws of inheritance in improving human populations through breeding that were limited by ignorance of the laws of inheritance. The understanding to these laws increases the perspectives of this work.
Eugenics and the Science of Genetics
Authors: Roll‐Hansen Nils 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article deals with the history of eugenics, which started as a science-based movement to combat threatening degeneration. It was initiated by idealistic scientists and was inspired by a humanistic Enlightenment ideal of science as the servant of human welfare. The general goal was to improve the biological heredity of human populations. The article considers the main scientific input to the birth of eugenics and looks at the Darwinian theory of evolution. Furthermore, it deals with the distinction between positive and negative eugenics that is central to eugenic policy discussions. It further discusses the dispute between eugenics and genetics that raised the possibility that race crossings could produce genetically unbalanced and thus inferior hybrids. Finally, it concludes with some implications that make the best out of eugenics by establishing effective democratic political control of its practical applications.
Eugenics in China and Hong Kong: Nationalism and Colonialism, 1890s–1940s
Authors: Chung Yuehtsen Juliette 
Published: February 2013

AbstractEugenics became an important element in Chinese political reforms allowing a critique of imperialist encroachment while offering a program for improving and strengthening the nation. This article considers the appropriation of Lamarckism as a series of ideas emphasizing environmental factors, which could thus be used to develop social control projects based on the inheritance of acquired characteristics. It discusses the incorporation of eugenic ideas into social hygiene and the use of eugenics to promote birth control supported as a practical solution to the unsolved problems of ongoing female child slavery and the customs of infanticide and abandonment of baby girls and disabled children. The rhetoric of sanitation—already an issue in Britain—became a focal point of discourse as Westerners traveled and lived in China. Finally, the article concludes with the discussion of the discourse on national character in Hong Kong legitimated the British racial hierarchical view of Chinese, while in China it worked as a mechanism of self-criticism.
Eugenics in Colonial Kenya
Authors: Campbell Chloe 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The application of eugenics to a new environment raises questions about the individuals who served as conduits for these ideas. This article discusses eugenics as a serious preoccupation within the medical profession in Kenya. It is concerned with native development and welfare, issues that were dismissed by more politically extreme settlers for whom African welfare was a waste of resources. It states that eugenics and its application to race and intelligence took root in the Kenyan medical profession because it promised biological solutions to perceived social problems, in particular African backwardness and the shape of future African development. This article also provides an understanding of the demise of the Kenyan eugenics movement and ends with the discussion of the Kenyan eugenics movement supported by successive governors, directors of education and health, the acting chief native commissioner, as well as district commissioners.
Eugenics in the Netherlands and the Dutch East Indies
Authors: Pols Hans 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Eugenics has never held broad appeal in the Netherlands and is taken up far more enthusiastically in the Dutch East Indies. This article aims to investigate the characteristics of the racial and ethnic groups that inhabited the Indonesian archipelago, acclimatization, the consequences of crossbreeding, and the effects of rapid modernization. It discusses percieved threats to the quality of the Dutch population. It concerns the participation of eugenicists in public health discussions that focuses on the quality of the future population of the Netherlands. Tensions between racial and ethnic groups provide the main context for a growing interest in eugenics in the Dutch East Indies. This article discusses the main reason for the lack of success of the rather moderate eugenics movement in the Netherlands as related to the pillarization of Dutch society.
The Scandinavian States: Reformed Eugenics Applied
Authors: Tydén Mattias 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article deals with Scandinavian eugenics and issues of morality and history, guilt and rehabilitation and it also challenges the conventional conception of Scandinavian contemporary history. It discusses a number of studies that show links between eugenics and progressive social thought and also throws light on the political implications of this issue. The three Scandinavian countries—Denmark, Norway, and Sweden—share experiences that were important for the development of eugenic ideas and policies. This article mentions that the development of Mendelism and a growing understanding of the complexity of heredity marks different views about the potential of racial hygiene and for tensions within the community of eugenicists. Finally, it presents a discussion on Scandinavian eugenics that focuses on the way sterilization was used in the framework of the Social Democratic welfare states from the 1930s onward.
Eugenics in Interwar Iran
Authors: Schayegh Cyrus 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article outlines the hygiene roots of eugenics and puériculture in Iran and points out the social and political reasons why both arose in the 1920s. It explains Iran's demographic problem, and lists the variety of measures intended to tackle it, and demonstrates eugenics' explicit role in, and implicit effects on, these measures. It further explains why modern middle-class physicians were the dominant socio-professional group responsible for the adaptation particularly of puériculture; and shows how Iran's semi-colonial position affected its adaptation of eugenics. This placed Iran at the margins of international networks of scientific research and, at the same time, turned France into its paramount source of biomedical education and social reformism.
The Path of Eugenics in Brazil: Dilemmas of Miscegenation
Authors: Hochman Gilberto , Lima Nísia Trindade , Maio Marcos Chor 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article deals with the diffusion of eugenics in Brazil that occurred in the context of the social and economic problems associated with widespread infectious and parasitic diseases, and are often regarded as a serious obstacle to Brazil's successful transformation into a nation. It explains that Brazilian eugenics has brought together a wide range of professionals—physicians, journalists, and lawyers—and involves a series of different and sometimes contradictory responses to local challenges of national identity. It proceeds with the discussion of racial theories and Brazilian dilemmas at the end of nineteenth century and formulates the matrix for reflection on the possibilities of a civilized country. The strong association between eugenics and hygiene, with its emphasis on intervention in the environment and the regulation of, among other practices, alcoholism and sexual behavior is also addressed. This article presents eugenics as a heterogeneous intellectual and political movement and examines the national and the racial question.