bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Thermal magnetic susceptibility data on natural iron sulfides of northeastern Russia
Authors: Minyuk P.S. , Tyukova E.E. , Subbotnikova T.V. , Kazansky A.Yu. , Fedotov A.P. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractDependences of magnetic susceptibility (MS) on the temperature of natural iron sulfide samples (pyrite, marcasite, greigite, chalcopyrite, arsenopyrite, pyrrhotite) from the deposits of northeastern Russia were studied. The thermal MS curves for pyrite and marcasite are the same: On heating, MS increases at 420–450 °C, and unstable magnetite (maghemite) and monoclinic pyrrhotite with a well-defined Hopkinson peak are produced. In oxygen-free media with carbon or nitrogen, magnetite formation is weak, whereas pyrrhotite generation is more significant. The heating curves for chalcopyrite are similar to those for pyrite. They show an increase in MS at the same temperatures (420–450 °C). However, stable magnetite is produced, whereas monoclinic pyrrhotite is absent. In contrast to that in pyrite, marcasite, and chalcopyrite, magnetite formation in arsenopyrite begins at &gt; 500 °C. Arsenopyrite cooling is accompanied by the formation of magnetite (S-rich arsenopyrite) or maghemite (As-rich arsenopyrite) with a dramatic increase in MS. Arsenopyrite with an increased S content is characterized by insignificant pyrrhotite formation. Greigite is marked by a decrease in MS on the heating curves at 360–420 °C with the formation of unstable cation-deficient magnetite.Monoclinic pyrrhotite is characterized by a decrease in MS at ~320 °C, and hexagonal pyrrhotite, by a transition to a ferrimagnetic state at 210–260 °C. The addition of organic matter to monoclinic pyrrhotite stimulates the formation of hexagonal pyrrhotite, which transforms back into monoclinic pyrrhotite on repeated heating. The oxidation products of sulfides (greigite, chalcopyrite) show an increase in MS at 240–250 °C owing to lepidocrocite.
The Radheshyam Ramayan and the Sanskritizationof Khari Boli Hindi
Authors: LOTHSPEICH PAMELA 
Published: March 2013

AbstractThis paper charts the linguistic shifts in a popular iteration of the story of Lord Ram, commonly known as the ‘Radheshyam Ramayan’ (composed in the first quarter of the twentieth century), across four versions of the text published in the devanāgarī script, between 1939 and 1969. It argues that the author, Radheshyam Kathavachak, likely revised his text over the course of many years, in large part to bring its language closer to śuddh (pure) Hindi on the Hindi-Urdu spectrum—a labour that was in the service of the Hindi language movement, if not also Hindu nationalism. Whilst the language in the 1939 printing is a mixed register of Hindi-Urdu, by 1959, the language has undergone a process of ‘Sanskritization’. That is, much of the vocabulary of Persian and Arabic origin, and also much vocabulary associated with the Braj tradition, have been replaced with words from Sanskrit. The progressive editing of text also shows a deep concern for the standardization and occasionally, elevation of literary Hindi, and simultaneously, the correction of defects in meter and style. The example of Kathavachak's ‘many Radheshyam Ramayans’ offers insight into the timing and pace of the Sanskritization of Hindi letters, suggesting that for some, the process may have been more protracted and anguished than is often thought.
Patterns of direct and indirect contact between cattle and badgers naturally infected with tuberculosis
Authors: DREWE J. A. , O'CONNOR H. M. , WEBER N. , McDONALD R. A. , DELAHAY R. J. 
Published: March 2013

SUMMARYTuberculosis (TB) due to infection with Mycobacterium bovis is transmitted between cattle and badgers (Meles meles) in the UK and Ireland but it is unclear where or when transmission occurs. We investigated direct and indirect interactions between badgers and cattle using automated proximity loggers on animals and at badger latrines located on pasture, in an area of south-west England with a high-density badger population. Direct contacts (interactions within 1·4 m) between badgers and cattle at pasture were very rare (four out of >500 000 recorded animal-to-animal contacts) despite ample opportunity for interactions to occur. Indirect interactions (visits to badger latrines by badgers and cattle) were two orders of magnitude more frequent than direct contacts: 400 visits by badgers and 1700 visits by cattle were recorded. This suggests that indirect contacts might be more important than direct contacts in terms of disease transmission at pasture. The TB infection status of individual badgers (ascribed with 93% accuracy using three diagnostic tests) did not affect the frequency or duration of their visits to latrines located on pasture grazed by cattle. Nevertheless, there was wide variation in contact behaviour between individuals, which highlights the importance of understanding heterogeneity in contact patterns when developing strategies to control disease spread in wildlife and livestock.
Solving the snake cube puzzle in Haskell
Authors: JONES MARK P. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractWe describe a concise and elegant functional program, written in Haskell, that computes solutions for a classic puzzle known as the “snake cube.” The program reflects some of the fundamental characteristics of the functional style, identifying key abstractions, and defining a small collection of operators for manipulating and working with the associated values. Well-suited for an introductory course on functional programming, this example highlights the use of visualization tools to explain and demonstrate the choices of data structures and algorithms that are used in the development.
Visualization, decentralization and metropolitan improvement: ‘light-and-air’ and London County Council photographs, 1899–1908
Authors: ROONEY DAVID 
Published: March 2013

ABSTRACT:In the 1890s, the London County Council began a project to photograph old buildings in the capital. The common interpretation is that this was preservationist activity to record architectural treasures being ‘lost’. However, after 1899, many images appear not to fit neatly into a story of selective preservation. By examining metropolitan improvement schemes and the politics of housing, this article examines alternative contexts in which the images were made. It suggests the photographs acted in political dialogues about geographies of light and air, time and space, and the right place of working Londoners, as well as more mundane concerns over spending.
Effect of Spinal Immobilization on Heart Rate, Blood Pressure and Respiratory Rate
Authors: Bruijns Stevan R. , Guly Henry R. , Wallis Lee A. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractIntroductionVital signs remain important clinical indicators in the management of trauma. Tissue injury and ischemia cause tachycardia and hypertension, which are mediated via the sympathetic nervous system (SNS). Spinal immobilization is known to cause discomfort, and it is not known how this might influence the SNS and contribute to abnormal vital signs.HypothesisThis study aimed to establish whether the pain and discomfort associated with spinal immobilization and the maneuvers commonly used in injured patients (eg, log roll) affect the Heart rate (HR), Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP) and Respiratory rate (RR). The null hypothesis was that there are no effects.MethodsA prospective, unblinded, repeated-measure study of 53 healthy subjects was used to test the null hypothesis. Heart rate, BP and RR were measured at rest (five minutes), after spinal immobilization (10 minutes), following log roll, with partial immobilization (10 minutes) and again at rest (five minutes). A visual analog scale (VAS) for both pain and discomfort were also collected at each stage. Results were statistically compared.ResultsPain VAS increased significantly during spinal immobilization (3.8 mm, P < .01). Discomfort VAS increased significantly during spinal immobilization, after log roll and during partial immobilization (17.7 mm, 5.8 mm and 8.9 mm, respectively; P < .001). Vital signs however, showed no clinically relevant changes.DiscussionSpinal immobilization does not cause a change in vital signs despite a significant increase in pain and discomfort. Since no relationship appears to exist between immobilization and abnormal vital signs, abnormal vital signs in a clinical situation should not be considered to be the result of immobilization. Likewise, pain and discomfort in immobilized patients should not be disregarded due to lack of changes in vital signs.BruijnsS, GulyH, WallisL. Effect of spinal immobilization on heart rate, blood pressure and respiratory rate. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2013;28(2):1-5.
Pre-pregnancy obesity and maternal nutritional biomarker status during pregnancy: a factor analysis
Authors: Tomedi Laura E , Chang Chung-Chou H , Newby PK , Evans Rhobert W , Luther James F , Wisner Katherine L , Bodnar Lisa M 
Published: March 2013

AbstractObjectivePre-pregnancy obesity has been associated with adverse birth outcomes. Poor essential fatty acid (EFA) and micronutrient status during pregnancy may contribute to these associations. We assessed the associations between pre-pregnancy BMI and nutritional patterns of maternal micronutrient and EFA status during mid-pregnancy.DesignA cross-sectional analysis from a prospective cohort study. Women provided non-fasting blood samples at ≤20 weeks’ gestation that were assayed for red cell EFA; plasma folate, homocysteine and ascorbic acid; and serum retinol, 25-hydroxyvitamin D, α-tocopherol, soluble transferrin receptors and carotenoids. These nutritional biomarkers were employed in a factor analysis and three patterns were derived: EFA, Micronutrients and Carotenoids.SettingThe Antidepressant Use During Pregnancy Study, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.SubjectsPregnant women (n 129).ResultsAfter adjustment for parity, race/ethnicity and age, obese pregnant women were 3·0 (95 % CI 1·1, 7·7) times more likely to be in the lowest tertile of the EFA pattern and 4·5 (95 % CI 1·7, 12·3) times more likely to be in the lowest tertile of the Carotenoid pattern compared with their lean counterparts. We found no association between pre-pregnancy obesity and the Micronutrient pattern after confounder adjustment.ConclusionsOur results suggest that obese pregnant women have diminished EFA and carotenoid concentrations.
New model of Mars surface irradiation for the climate simulation chamber ‘Artificial Mars’
Authors: Tarasashvili M.V. , Sabashvili Sh.A. , Tsereteli S.L. , Aleksidze N.G. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractA new model of the Mars surface irradiation has been developed for the imitation of radiation–temperature parameters within Mars Climate Simulation Chamber (MCSC). In order to determine the values of annual and diurnal variations of the irradiance on the Martian surface, the Solar illumination E has been expressed by the distance r between the Sun and Mars and the Sun's altitude z in the Martian sky, along with its midday zenith distance zmin. The arrangements of spring and autumn equinoxes as well as summer and winter solstice points in the Martian sky are discussed regarding the perihelion of Mars. Annual orbital points and variability of Solar zmin for different planetary latitudes have been calculated for the 15 selected values of Mars's true anomaly, along with the illumination E for 12 hourly moments of Martian daytime on the Martian equator. These original calculations and the data which have been obtained are used for the construction of technical tools imitating variations of the surface irradiation and temperature within MCSC, programming of the supporting computer and the electric scheme, which provide proper remote control and set the environmental parameters that are analogues to the 24 hours 39 minutes circadian cycle on planet Mars. Spectral distribution as monochromatic irradiance, humidity control, atmospheric composition and other environmental parameters of planet Mars are also imitated and remotely controlled within MCSC, however, are not discussed in this particular article.
The effect of medical malpractice liability on rate of referrals received by specialist physicians
Authors: Xu Xiao , Spurr Stephen J. , Nan Bin , Fendrick A. Mark 
Published: March 2013

AbstractUsing nationally representative data from the United States, this paper analyzed the effect of a state's medical malpractice environment on referral visits received by specialist physicians. The analytic sample included 12,839 ambulatory visits to specialist care doctors in office-based settings in the United States during 2003–2007. Whether the patient was referred for the visit was examined for its association with the state's malpractice environment, assessed by the frequency and severity of paid medical malpractice claims, medical malpractice insurance premiums and an indicator for whether the state had a cap on non-economic damages. After accounting for potential confounders such as economic or professional incentives within practices, the analysis showed that statutory caps on non-economic damages of $250,000 were significantly associated with lower likelihood of a specialist receiving referrals, suggesting a potential impact of a state's medical malpractice environment on physicians’ referral behavior.
Segmented superluminescent diode with linear power–current characteristics and adjustable radiation pattern
Authors: Causa Federica 
Published: March 2013

This study presents the modelling and experimental characterisation of 980 nm segmented‐contact superluminescent diodes designed to produce linear power–current characteristics for applications requiring high output powers and readily reproducible operational characteristics, with adjustable beam width, radiation pattern and spectral width. The maximum measured output power was 160 mW at 4 A pulsed driving current, resulting in 2% wall‐plug efficiency per pulse, with ripple‐free broad‐band output. Coupling into multi‐ and single‐mode optical fibres was achieved with efficiencies of, respectively, 60 and 17%.
Water management in Ghana: between the idea and the implementation
Authors: Agyenim Joseph Boateng , Gupta Joyeeta 
Published: March 2013

Abstract
Four major paradigm shifts in water management include the shift from: government to governance, centralization to decentralization, water as a gift of God to water as an economic good, and sectoral to integrated water resource management. Are these paradigm shifts compatible with cultural/institutional practices in Ghana? Using theoretical and empirical arguments, this paper affirms that Ghana often adopts such paradigm shifts due to exogenous pressures but the absence of domestic ownership, inadequate resources, and institutional mismatches, often result in limited implementation. This paper recommends water governance which focuses more on prioritization, indigenizing exogenous ideas, and working within existing cultural practices.
Development and evaluation of preparations with low energy density for a food service
Authors: Faria Tavares Carolina , Lipi Marisa , Lobo Marchioni Dirce Maria , Elisabeth Machado Pinto e Silva Maria 
Published: March 2013

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to evaluate the energy density (ED) of preparations served by a food service and develop and evaluate the acceptability of preparations in which the ED was reduced by substitution and/or reduction of fat and sugar.Design/methodology/approachThe preparations served most frequently by a food service were identified and described using datasheets. Nutritional assessment of the preparations was performed while the ED was estimated by the ratio of energy value to final weight of the preparations. The preparations were analyzed for their sensory characteristics and reproducibility. Sensory analysis was performed using acceptability and affective tests. The scores obtained on the hedonic scale (1‐9) were assessed by ANOVA and Tukey's test.FindingsThe percentage difference between the ED of traditional and modified preparations showed an ED reduction of 6 to 28 per cent in savory preparations and 5 to 63 per cent in sweet preparations. Preparations that had an average acceptance of greater than or equal to 7 were considered acceptable. All preparations were considered acceptable by the judges. Many preparations depend on ingredients with high ED for their success and removing these ingredients can undermine acceptance of the preparation. It is important to understand the role of each ingredient in recipes as a whole, in order to retain the characteristics and palatability of preparations.Originality/valueThe reduction of ED in preparations is an effective strategy for reducing energy intake and increasing weight loss, where ED of preparations can be reduced while maintaining the level of acceptability.
Qualifications mismatch and skills mismatch
Authors: Sutherland John 
Published: March 2013

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to estimate the extent of “over‐qualification” (i.e. holding a qualification which is above that required to gain entry to the job being done) and “skills under‐utilisation” (i.e. being in a job which does not make use of the knowledge and skills possessed) in the United Kingdom and to examine whether these conditions are correlated with age.Design/methodology/approachThe paper makes use of the 2006 Skills Survey. Cross tabulations of both conditions with age are produced and binomial probit estimates of both conditions are reported.FindingsIt is estimated that 38 per cent are over qualified; 15 per cent are in jobs which do not make use of the knowledge and skills they possess; and age is correlated with the probability of being over qualified but not with the condition of under‐utilising the knowledge and skills possessed.Social implicationsSkills policy in the United Kingdom focuses almost exclusively upon increasing the supply of more highly qualified individuals. Given the extent of over‐qualification and skills under‐utilisation demonstrated in the paper, more effort should be made by policy makers to design and implement policies which increase the demand for highly skilled labour.Originality/valueThe paper answers three questions: How prevalent are qualification mismatches? How prevalent are skills mismatches? To what extent are the two conditions of being over‐qualified and being in a job which does not offer scope to make use of the knowledge and skills possessed correlated with age?
Entrepreneurship education in Italian universities: trend, situation and opportunities
Authors: Iacobucci Donato , Micozzi Alessandra 
Published: March 2013

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to provide an analysis of the present situation and recent evolution of entrepreneurship education in Italian universities and to discuss whether these courses and curricula match the demand for entrepreneurial competences.Design/methodology/approachThe empirical analysis is based on a census of entrepreneurship courses and curricula run by universities. The information collected through the internet refers to the academic years 2003‐2004 and 2009‐2010.FindingsCompared with the situation observed in the USA and in other European countries, entrepreneurship education in Italy is rather “underdeveloped”. Only a few universities have courses or specific curricula dedicated to entrepreneurship. The courses are concentrated within business faculties while very few exist in science and engineering faculties. The slow pace with which Italian universities are keeping up with the global trend in entrepreneurship education at university level seems in vivid contrast with the need for the Italian economy to change its industry structure from the so‐called “traditional” to “high‐tech” sectors. The paper discusses the reasons for this situation.Research limitations/implicationsThe paper does not evaluate the impact of entrepreneurship education. A suggestion for future research could be to analyze the role of these courses in encouraging entrepreneurial activity of students.Practical implicationsEntrepreneurship education at university level can play an important role in the Italian economic system, fostering the creation of new business in knowledge‐intensive sectors.Social implicationsThe exploratory analysis of the state of entrepreneurship education in Italy suggests the need to develop these courses and spread the presence, especially in the science and engineering universities.Originality/valueThe paper covers a lack of research on the attitude of higher education institutions towards entrepreneurship education in Italy.
Measuring entrepreneurial orientation of university students
Authors: Taatila Vesa , Down Samuel 
Published: March 2013

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to discuss the measurement of entrepreneurial orientation (EO) in the student population of different academic programmes, in order to enhance entrepreneurship‐related procedures within universities.Design/methodology/approachA survey‐based tool for measuring EO is presented and used in one university. The answers are explored using statistical methods.FindingsThe results show that the survey provides the user with adequate data about EO within student groups. They also demonstrate that while entrepreneurial desire differs between academic programmes, actual EO results do not.Practical implicationsIn the paper it is suggested that the new information can be used for developing entrepreneurial courses as well as student selection procedures. Some modifications for the survey, as well as initiation of a wider research programme, are also proposed.Originality/valueThe paper uses a traditional survey for EO in a novel setting, amongst university students. The results create new interesting knowledge about the differences and similarities of the students of different academic programmes.
Assessment: examining practice in entrepreneurship education
Authors: Pittaway Luke , Edwards Corina 
Published: March 2013

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to develop knowledge about the nature of student assessment practice in entrepreneurship education.Design/methodology/approachThis paper introduces general assessment practice issues and highlights key considerations. It explains prior research on assessment practice in entrepreneurship education and argues that there is too little empirical research on the subject. Finally, it outlines a typology of entrepreneurship education that highlights variation between different: forms; learning outcomes; subjects; and, possible methods of assessment practice. The methodology for the study gathers data from course outlines (syllabi) and explains how these were collected and analysed.FindingsThe results show that educational practice in entrepreneurship education continues to be dominated by the “About” form and highlight that there are different cultures of assessment practice in the UK and the USA. The paper finds compelling evidence that different forms are using assessment in different ways.Research limitations/implicationsThis paper identifies that there have been few studies exploring assessment practice in entrepreneurship education and argues that further research is required in this area. It also highlights a need for a focus on assessment practice in disciplines beyond the business school. The work demonstrates that further research could explore other stakeholders in the assessment process and seek to understand how these external assessors affect student learning.Practical implicationsIn conclusion, the paper highlights that assessment generally needs to become more innovative, more reflective in nature and include more stakeholders in the process.Originality/valueUnderstanding is enhanced because the paper explores what entrepreneurship educators actually “do” when they assess entrepreneurship education and, therefore, the research moves beyond prescriptive accounts and provides a detailed understanding of actual practice.