bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
50 Years of Reading Research Quarterly (1965–2014): Looking Back, Moving Forward
Authors: Ray Reutzel D. , Mohr Kathleen A.J. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThis issue of Reading Research Quarterly (RRQ) marks the journal's golden (50th) anniversary and 200th published issue. Given this historic milestone, an understanding of the journal's content and impact might inform its readership about the field of literacy broadly and the contribution of RRQ in particular. This study reports a content and trend analysis using a convergent parallel mixed methods design to profile the content of 50 years of RRQ. Grounded in polysystem and cultural field theories, four parallel investigative tracks afforded a complementary understanding of what the journal has published over five decades and together highlight salient aspects of the journal's history. Analyses targeted the most frequently researched topics and populations, as well as trends in research and analysis types and most frequently cited articles. Bibliometric data add information about the status and online use of the journal as it celebrates its 50th year. In addition, a qualitative analysis of editorials complements the quantitative data to provide a panoramic retrospective that answers five research questions. Data led the researchers to identify trends that supported identification of five pillars that characterize the nature and impact of RRQ in the past and present. Recommendations are made about how RRQ might preserve its core strengths or pillars and develop new directions to expand its influence and impact.
Differentiation of genetic abnormalities in early pregnancy loss
Authors: Romero S. T. , Geiersbach K. B. , Paxton C. N. , Rose N. C. , Schisterman E. F. , Branch D. W. , Silver R. M. 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACTObjectiveTo characterize the types of genetic abnormalities and their prevalence in early pregnancy loss at different developmental stages. We hypothesized that the prevalence of genetic abnormalities in pregnancy loss would differ across developmental stages.MethodsWomen with a pregnancy loss at < 20 weeks' gestation (n = 86) were enrolled at the time of diagnosis. Maternal tissue without a fetal component was found in 13 samples. Chromosomal microarray analysis (CMA) was performed on 74 samples (including two samples from a twin pregnancy); 15 were pre‐embryonic (no visible embryo on ultrasound examination), 31 were embryonic (embryo; 6 + 0 to 9 + 6 weeks' gestation) and 28 were fetal (fetus; 10 + 0 to 19 + 6 weeks' gestation) losses. The twin pregnancy was found to be monochorionic diamniotic and was subsequently treated as a single sample in our analysis. Nine samples that underwent CMA were excluded from analysis because of 100% maternal‐cell contamination.ResultsThe overall prevalence of genetic abnormalities differed across developmental stages (9.1% pre‐embryonic, 69.2% embryonic and 33.3% fetal; P < 0.01). This difference persisted when comparing pre‐embryonic with embryonic samples (P < 0.01) and embryonic with fetal samples (P = 0.02) but not pre‐embryonic with fetal samples (P = 0.12). Additionally, the prevalence of aneuploidy differed significantly across developmental stages (0.0% in pre‐embryonic samples vs 65.4% in embryonic samples vs 25.9% in fetal samples, P < 0.001). Abnormalities were most common in embryonic cases, followed by fetal and then pre‐embryonic. Maternal cell contamination (MCC) was noted in 47.4% of 46,XX cases assessed.ConclusionsGenetic abnormalities detected by CMA are more likely to occur in the embryonic period than in pre‐embryonic or fetal stages. MCC is common in early pregnancy loss and should be excluded when results demonstrate a 46,XX karyotype. Copyright © 2014 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Evaluating Use of the Siebens Domain Management Model During Inpatient Rehabilitation to Increase Functional Independence and Discharge Rate to Home in Stroke Patients
Authors: Kushner David S. , Peters Kenneth M. , Johnson‐Greene Doug 
Published: October 2014

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate use of the Siebens Domain Management Model (SDMM) during stroke inpatient rehabilitation (IR) to increase functional independence and rate of discharge to home.DesignBefore and after study.SettingIR facility.ParticipantsBefore the intervention: 154 patients with ischemic/hemorrhagic strokes who were admitted to an IR facility in 2010; on average, they were admitted 9.1 days after receiving acute care. After the intervention: 151 patients with ischemic/hemorrhagic strokes who were admitted to an IR facility in 2012; on average they were admitted 7.3 days after receiving acute care. The comorbidity tier severity and prestroke living setting and living support appeared to be similar in both the preintervention and postintervention groups.InterventionUse of the SDMM involving weekly adjustments of IR care focused on potential barriers to discharge home including medical/surgical issues, cognitive/emotional coping issues, physical function, and living environment/community re‐entry needs.Main Outcome MeasuresUse of Functional Independence Measure (FIM) score change during IR length of stay (LOS; FIM‐LOS efficiency) and rates of discharge to community/home, acute care, and long‐term care (LTC) to compare 2010/preintervention data with postintervention data from 2012, along with comparison of facility data to national aggregate data from the Uniform Data System for Medical Rehabilitation (UDSMR) for both years.ResultsPreintervention 2010 FIM‐LOS efficiency was 1.44 compared with a 2012 postintervention FIM‐LOS efficiency of 2.24, which was significant (t = 4.3; P < .0001). Comparison of the UDSMR 2012 national FIM‐LOS efficiency score (1.72) to the 2012 postintervention score of 2.24 reached significance (t = 2.6; P < .01). In addition, a significant difference was found between groups for discharge location: In the preintervention group, 57.8% were discharged to home/community, 14.9% to LTC, and 27.3% back to acute care compared with the postintervention group, in which 81.2% were discharged to home/community, 9.4% to LTC, and 9.4% back to acute care (χ2 = 8.98; P < .001). Also significant was comparison between the 2012 postintervention group and the 2012 national UDSMR data for the same 3 discharge locations (χ2 = 3.94; P < .05). Comparison of 2010 to 2012 facility data then shows a 23.4% increase in discharge to the community compared with an increase of 5.8% for the UDSMR 2010 to 2012 data, representing a community discharge rate that is 4 times greater for the 2012 facility postintervention group (χ2 = 83.596; P < .0001).ConclusionsUse of the SDMM during stroke IR may convey improvement in functional independence and is associated with an increased discharge rate to home/community and a reduction in institutionalization and acute‐care transfers.
Managing Upper Extremity Clonus With Intramuscular Botulinum Toxin–A Injections in a Patient Poststroke
Authors: Kassam Adam , Phadke Chetan P. , Ismail Farooq , Boulias Chris 
Published: October 2014

AbstractSpasticity and clonus are common clinical signs of upper motor neuron lesions poststroke. Intramuscular botulinum toxin–A injections have been shown to reduce spasticity and to improve quality of life. Upper extremity clonus can have a significant impact upon activities of daily living and can pose challenges to comfort, self‐care, hygiene, and appearance. Although less common than in the ankle, it is important to understand how upper extremity clonus management may be beneficial to patients presenting with this finding. The majority of previous reports have focused on management of clonus in the lower extremity, but very few have addressed the management of upper extremity clonus. We present a case of poststroke upper extremity clonus with marked improvements following intramuscular botulinum toxin–A injections.
Algorithm for Quantifying Frontal EMG Responsiveness for Sedation Monitoring
Authors: Lapinlampi Timo Petteri , Viertiö-Oja Hanna Elina , Helin Matti , Uutela Kimmo Henrik , Särkelä Mika Olli Kristian , Vakkuri Anne , Young Gordon Bryan , Walsh Timothy Simon 
Published: October 2014

AbstractIntroductionTo study stimulation-related facial electromyographic (FEMG) activity in intensive care unit (ICU) patients, develop an algorithm for quantifying the FEMG activity, and to optimize the algorithm for monitoring the sedation state of ICU patients.MethodsFirst, the characteristics of FEMG response patterns related to vocal stimulation of 17 ICU patients were studied. Second, we collected continuous FEMG data from 30 ICU patients. Based on these data, we developed the Responsiveness Index (RI) algorithm that quantifies FEMG responses. Third, we compared the RI values with clinical sedation level assessments and adjusted algorithm parameters for best performance.ResultsIn patients who produced a clinically observed response to the vocal stimulus, the poststimulus FEMG power was 0.33 µV higher than the prestimulus power. In nonresponding patients, there was no difference. The sensitivity and specificity of the developed RI for detecting deep sedation in the subgroup with low probability of encephalopathy were 0.90 and 0.79, respectively.ConclusionConsistent FEMG patterns were found related to standard stimulation of ICU patients. A simple and robust algorithm was developed and good correlation with clinical sedation scores achieved in the development data.
Blood Conservation in Neurosurgery: Erythropoietin and Autologous Donation
Authors: McGirr Alexander , Pavenski Katerina , Sharma Bhanu , Cusimano Michael D. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractBackgroundNeurosurgery may involve significant blood loss and frequently requires allogeneic red blood cell (RBC) transfusion. Preoperative recombinant erythropoietin (EPO) may be used to improve erythroid status and recovery, and used either alone or in combination with preoperative autologous donation (PAD) it may reduce exposure to allogeneic RBC. We wished to study the use of EPO with and without PAD and the risk of RBC transfusion in neurosurgery.MethodsUsing a retrospective case-control design, 57 patients who received EPO preoperatively were matched 2:1 for age, sex, year of surgery, and International Classification of Diseases code most responsible for surgery (three were excluded because of stringent matching criteria, leaving 54 cases and 108 comparison subjects). Thirty-two cases participated in PAD. Medical and anesthetic records as well as laboratory investigations were reviewed and extracted.ResultsAllogeneic RBC exposure was identical for EPO cases and comparison subjects (18.5%). Concomitant PAD and EPO did not reduce allogeneic RBC exposure (21.9%), and resulted in a greater number of RBC units transfused. Last recorded hemoglobin levels suggested that autologous RBCs were not more liberally used. Patients who engaged in PAD and EPO suffered from iatrogenic anemia. A significant proportion (58.6%) of the autologous RBCs was ultimately not used and discarded.ConclusionFurther research is needed to determine the efficacy of EPO in neurological surgery. PAD does not appear to reduce the risk of allogeneic RBC transfusion, despite concomitant EPO. Indeed, PAD resulted in iatrogenic anemia and increased transfusion requirements. The cost-effectiveness of blood conservation efforts in neurosurgery deserves additional research.
Adherence to Guidelines: Experience of a Canadian Stroke Prevention Clinic
Authors: Al-Salti Abdullah , Vieira Lucy , Côté Robert 
Published: October 2014

AbstractBackgroundFew studies have assessed the performance of stroke prevention clinics. In particular, limited information exists on patient compliance, achievement of therapeutic targets, and related occurrence of vascular events.MethodsWe compared our clinical practice to recommendations from published guidelines in newly referred patients for transient ischemic attack (TIA) or ischemic stroke between 2008 and 2010. We monitored our cohort for at least 1 year and assessed for adequacy of vascular risk factor management, drug adherence, and occurrence of nonlethal vascular outcomes.ResultsOf 408 patients, 57.8% had a stroke and 42.2% a TIA. The mean age was 68±13 years, and 52% male. Average follow-up was 15.8 months. During follow-up, 253 patients (70.3%) completely achieved their blood pressure target, 151 (45.5%) achieved their low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol target, and 407 (99.8%) were on antithrombotics. Eighty-nine patients (21.8%) attained optimal therapy status, defined as reaching targets for LDL cholesterol, blood pressure, and antithrombotic use. Adherence to drug therapy was associated with attainment of optimal therapy status (p=0.01). Diabetes was associated with lower probability of attaining optimal therapy status (odds ratio [OR], 0.36; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.20-0.66) and blood pressure targets (OR, 0.09; 95% CI, 0.05-0.17). During follow-up, 52 (12.7%) patients had a nonlethal vascular event.ConclusionOur study shows good attainment of therapeutic goals associated with adherence to drug therapy. However, optimal therapy status and blood pressure targets were more difficult to attain in patients with diabetes; therefore, more intensive preventive efforts may be required for these individuals.
The effect of Reynolds number on turbulent drag reduction by streamwise travelling waves
Authors: Hurst Edward , Yang Qiang , Chung Yongmann M. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThis paper exploits the turbulent flow control method using streamwise travelling waves (Quadrio et al. J. Fluid Mech., vol. 627, 2009, pp. 161–178) to study the effect of Reynolds number on turbulent skin-friction drag reduction. Direct numerical simulations (DNS) of a turbulent channel flow subjected to the streamwise travelling waves of spanwise wall velocity have been performed at Reynolds numbers ranging from $\mathit{Re}_{{\it\tau}}=200$ to 1600. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the highest Reynolds number attempted with DNS for this type of flow control. The present DNS results confirm that the effectiveness of drag reduction deteriorates, and the maximum drag reduction achieved by travelling waves decreases significantly as the Reynolds number increases. The intensity of both the drag reduction and drag increase is reduced with the Reynolds number. Another important finding is that the value of the optimal control parameters changes, even in wall units, when the Reynolds number is increased. This trend is observed for the wall oscillation, stationary wave, and streamwise travelling wave cases. This implies that, when the control parameters used are close to optimal values found at a lower Reynolds number, the drag reduction deteriorates rapidly with increased Reynolds number. In this study, the effect of Reynolds number for the travelling wave is quantified using a scaling in the form $\mathit{Re}_{{\it\tau}}^{-{\it\alpha}}$. No universal constant is found for the scaling parameter ${\it\alpha}$. Instead, the scaling parameter ${\it\alpha}$ has a wide range of values depending on the flow control conditions. Further Reynolds number scaling issues are discussed. Turbulent statistics are analysed to explain a weaker drag reduction observed at high Reynolds numbers. The changes in the Stokes layer and also the mean and root-mean-squared (r.m.s.) velocity with the Reynolds number are also reported. The Reynolds shear stress analysis suggests an interesting possibility of a finite drag reduction at very high Reynolds numbers.
Viscous effects of shock reflection hysteresis in steady supersonic flows
Authors: Tao Yuan , Fan Xiaoqiang , Zhao Yilong 
Published: October 2014

AbstractIn this paper, the viscous effects of shock reflection hysteresis in steady supersonic flow is studied analytically, experimentally and numerically, taking the boundary layer developed over the reflecting surface into consideration. Based on a hypothesis that the interaction origin keep invariable during the shock–boundary layer interaction, the separation region is replaced by a virtual wedge with a fixed angle. Combined the free-interaction theory with the shock reflection hysteresis theory, a detailed analysis describing the viscous flow structures of shock reflection configurations is proposed. It is illustrated by mean of further analysis that a shock reflection hysteresis which is similar to the one that exists in the reflection of symmetric shock waves is found theoretically. Experimental results verify the analytical interaction model as well as the existence of two shock reflection patterns, although the hysteresis is not conformed by experiments. This paper also presents results of simulations for the hysteresis process which results from keeping the wedge angle constant and changing the free-stream Mach number, for confirming the hysteresis phenomenon.
Convectively driven shear and decreased heat flux
Authors: Goluskin David , Johnston Hans , Flierl Glenn R. , Spiegel Edward A. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractWe report on direct numerical simulations of two-dimensional, horizontally periodic Rayleigh–Bénard convection between free-slip boundaries. We focus on the ability of the convection to drive large-scale horizontal flow that is vertically sheared. For the Prandtl numbers ($\mathit{Pr}$) between 1 and 10 simulated here, this large-scale shear can be induced by raising the Rayleigh number ($\mathit{Ra}$) sufficiently, and we explore the resulting convection for $\mathit{Ra}$ up to $10^{10}$. When present in our simulations, the sheared mean flow accounts for a large fraction of the total kinetic energy, and this fraction tends towards unity as $\mathit{Ra}\rightarrow \infty$. The shear helps disperse convective structures, and it reduces vertical heat flux; in parameter regimes where one state with large-scale shear and one without are both stable, the Nusselt number of the state with shear is smaller and grows more slowly with $\mathit{Ra}$. When the large-scale shear is present with $\mathit{Pr}\lesssim 2$, the convection undergoes strong global oscillations on long timescales, and heat transport occurs in bursts. Nusselt numbers, time-averaged over these bursts, vary non-monotonically with $\mathit{Ra}$ for $\mathit{Pr}=1$. When the shear is present with $\mathit{Pr}\gtrsim 3$, the flow does not burst, and convective heat transport is sustained at all times. Nusselt numbers then grow roughly as powers of $\mathit{Ra}$, but the growth rates are slower than any previously reported for Rayleigh–Bénard convection without large-scale shear. We find that the Nusselt numbers grow proportionally to $\mathit{Ra}^{0.077}$ when $\mathit{Pr}=3$ and to $\mathit{Ra}^{0.19}$ when $\mathit{Pr}=10$. Analogies with tokamak plasmas are described.
Dynamics of sessile drops. Part 1. Inviscid theory
Authors: Bostwick J. B. , Steen P. H. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractA sessile droplet partially wets a planar solid support. We study the linear stability of this spherical-cap base state to disturbances whose three-phase contact line is (i) pinned, (ii) moves with fixed contact angle and (iii) moves with a contact angle that is a smooth function of the contact-line speed. The governing hydrodynamic equations for inviscid motions are reduced to a functional eigenvalue problem on linear operators, which are parameterized by the base-state volume through the static contact angle and contact-line mobility via a spreading parameter. A solution is facilitated using inverse operators for disturbances (i) and (ii) to report frequencies and modal shapes identified by a polar $k$ and azimuthal $l$ wavenumber. For the dynamic contact-line condition (iii), we show that the disturbance energy balance takes the form of a damped-harmonic oscillator with ‘Davis dissipation’ that encompasses the dynamic effects associated with (iii). The effect of the contact-line motion on the dissipation mechanism is illustrated. We report an instability of the super-hemispherical base states with mobile contact lines (ii) that correlates with horizontal motion of the centre-of-mass, called the ‘walking’ instability. Davis dissipation from the dynamic contact-line condition (iii) can suppress the instability. The remainder of the spectrum exhibits oscillatory behaviour. For the hemispherical base state with mobile contact line (ii), the spectrum is degenerate with respect to the azimuthal wavenumber. We show that varying either the base-state volume or contact-line mobility lifts this degeneracy. For most values of these symmetry-breaking parameters, a certain spectral ordering of frequencies is maintained. However, because certain modes are more strongly influenced by the support than others, there are instances of additional modal degeneracies. We explain the physical reason for these and show how to locate them.
The effect of viscoelasticity on the turbulent kinetic energy cascade
Authors: Valente P. C. , da Silva C. B. , Pinho F. T. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractDirect numerical simulations of statistically steady homogeneous isotropic turbulence in viscoelastic fluids described by the FENE-P model, such as those laden with polymers, are presented. It is shown that the strong depletion of the turbulence dissipation reported by previous authors does not necessarily imply a depletion of the nonlinear energy cascade. However, for large relaxation times, of the order of the eddy turnover time, the polymers remove more energy from the large scales than they can dissipate and transfer the excess energy back into the turbulent dissipative scales. This is effectively a polymer-induced kinetic energy cascade which competes with the nonlinear energy cascade of the turbulence leading to its depletion. It is also shown that the total energy flux to the small scales from both cascade mechanisms remains approximately the same fraction of the kinetic energy over the turnover time as the nonlinear energy cascade flux in Newtonian turbulence.
Vaccines and diagnostics for zoonotic schistosomiasis japonica
Authors: YOU HONG , MCMANUS DONALD P. 
Published: October 2014

SUMMARYSchistosomiasis is one of the most prevalent, insidious and serious of the tropical parasitic diseases. Although the effective anthelmintic drug, praziquantel, is widely available and cheap, it does not protect against re-infection, drug-resistant schistosome may evolve and mass drug administration programmes based around praziquantel are probably unsustainable long term. Whereas protective anti-schistosome vaccines are not yet available, the zoonotic nature of Schistosoma japonicum provides a novel approach for developing a transmission-blocking veterinary vaccine in domestic animals, especially bovines, which are major reservoir hosts, being responsible for up to 90% of environmental egg contamination in China and the Philippines. However, a greater knowledge of schistosome immunology is required to understand the processes associated with anti-schistosome protective immunity and to reinforce the rationale for vaccine development against schistosomiasis japonica. Importantly as well, improved diagnostic tests, with high specificity and sensitivity, which are simple, rapid and able to diagnose light S. japonicum infections, are required to determine the extent of transmission interruption and the complete elimination of schistosomiasis following control efforts. This article discusses aspects of the host immune response in schistosomiasis, the current status of vaccine development against S. japonicum and reviews approaches for diagnosing and detecting schistosome infections in mammalian hosts.