bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
AN OIL SPILL MODEL SYSTEM FOR ARCTIC WATERS
Authors: Spaulding Malcolm , Isaji Tatsusaburo , Jayko Katherine 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
An Arctic coastal sea model system, consisting of submodels for weather, hydrodynamics, waves, suspended sediment, ice cover, oil spill trajectory and fates, and ecosystem dynamics is presented. The structure and operation of each sub-model and linkages among the various model components are briefly described. The weather, hydrodynamic, ice, and oil spill fates components of the model system are applied to predict hydrodynamics and oil spill trajectories from selected release points in the Bering Sea. Trajectory data are analyzed to describe the percent of trajectories affecting land and the direction, length, and duration distribution of trajectories. A detailed sensitivity study is performed to determine the role of the various mean current components and wind drift effects in describing spill trajectories. Model predictions highlight the importance of accurately representing the environmental data used as input to the model.
USE OF SOIL-AQUIFER TREATMENT IN OIL POLLUTION CONTROL OF UNDERGROUND WATERS
Authors: Béraud Jean-François , Ducreux Jean , Gatellier Claude 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
One case history describes the remedial actions taken to mitigate the contamination of a pumping field for drinking water supply by a spill of 5,000 gallons of leaded gasoline:Providing continuous pumping to prevent further migrationAssessing the hydrodynamic context by a water table surveyUsing ground purification processes based on the techniques developed for wastewater treatment by infiltration.
The plan of action is fully described. Attention is drawn to the importance of the aeration of the system, ensured by a controlled alternating of watering and drying phases. After one year, the aromatic hydrocarbon content was lowered from 0.8 mg/L to an undetectable level. The overall cost of the operation was about $70,000 in U.S. dollars.
RESPONSE TO THE APRIL 1988 OIL SPILL AT MARTINEZ, CALIFORNIA
Authors: Fraser J. P. , Mortenson J. R. , Montoro D. P. , Rugg M. E. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
A spill of approximately 9,400 bbl of San Joaquin Valley crude oil (13.5 API gravity) occurred on April 23, 1988, from the Shell Oil Company Martinez Manufacturing Complex. Part of the high-viscosity oil eventually reached Carquinez Strait and Suisun Bay. Areas initially affected by the spill included a 103-acre freshwater marsh, the shorelines of Carquinez Strait and Suisun Bay, saltwater marshes associated with both the strait and the bay, three marinas, two local parks, and waterfront properties in Benicia.
To aid in the cleanup, Shell used the facilities of the local oil spill cooperative, Clean Bay, Inc., four oil spill contractors, and U.S. Navy skimmers. Two local organizations were actively involved in caring for birds and other widlife oiled by the spill. Within four weeks, over 90 percent of the spilled oil was judged by the federal On-Scene Coordinator to have been recovered. Cleanup of floating oil involved use of skimmers and vacuum trucks. Sorbent materials were used extensively for shoreline cleanup, and a substantial amount of vegetation was removed to reduce the risk of wildlife contamination. High-pressure hot water was used to clean some rocky shorelines.
Chevron Worldwide Exposures Project
Authors: Boortz Marielle J. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The Chevron Worldwide Exposures (WIE) Project illustrates the application of risk management to spill prevention and response planning efforts. The WIE project team defined two terms, “relative risk” and “relative exposure,” for describing the risk of a large spill with negative consequences. The team developed a worldwide exposures survey form to collect data for making relative risk and relative exposure evaluations. Using the form, the team identified and evaluated over 500 operations worldwide where Chevron has exposure to oil and chemical spills to surface water. The project team's findings are primarily being used within Chevron to prioritize operations for reviews of spill prevention, preparedness, and response capabilities.
Task Force on Oil Spill Preparedness: A Canadian On-Shore Evaluation
Authors: Wiebe Wayne O. , Wotherspoon Paul 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The oil industry's ability to effectively contain and clean up oil spills has been questioned over the years, and recent events have heightened this concern. Growing public interest and efforts by the upstream oil industry in Canada to assess its operations resulted in formation of the Task Force on Oil Spill Preparedness. The study was sponsored by the Canadian Petroleum Association and the Independent Petroleum Association of Canada, which represent most companies in the upstream industry. The overall evaluation concentrates on both onshore and offshore activities, but this paper discusses only the onshore segment.
In the past 40 years the industry has made substantial efforts to prevent oil spills. As a result, Canada has experienced no catastrophic oil spills in operating about 40,000 producing wells and 37,000 km of oil pipelines. In spite of these efforts, the industry believes there is room for improvement. The study recommends allocating more resources to improving equipment, training on-site personnel, establishing better communications within companies and between companies and regulatory agencies, and continuing research in oil spill countermeasures. These recommendations are being incorporated in the existing framework to improve the response capability of the upstream oil industry.
Beach Cleaning Trials: Newhaven 1989
Authors: Webb Maurice , Turner Anthony C. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The aims of the work described here were to develop the most cost effective ways for mechanical removal of stranded oil from shingle beaches and to establish a basic set of procedures for responding to any future emergency. Previously, such a coherent response had been limited to firm sand.
The experimental work was carried out at Tide Mills Beach, New-haven, England during February 1989. It comprised 28 experiments which involved flexible trackway, vehicle mobility testing, removal of oil emulsion by both scooping and scraping, beach material washing, demulsification, and aerial surveillance.
Selective scooping with a large excavator bucket was the quickest and most economical removal method, achieving in excess of 0.25 cubic meters per minute. The beach material washing plant achieved efficiencies up to 99.9 percent and rates in excess of 30 metric tons per hour. A standard cleaning cycle has been specified which allows cleaned shingle to be returned to the beach.
Oil Tracking, Containment, and Recovery During the Exxon Valdez Response1
Authors: Noerager Jere A. , Goodman Ron H. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The initial response to the Exxon Valdez oil spill, in Prince William Sound, Alaska, March 24, 1989, was to locate, contain, and recover free oil on the open water before it reached the shoreline. Mobilizing the necessary equipment and materials was a major challenge. Oil was tracked primarily by airborne observers supplemented by remote-sensing devices; the immediate generation of maps showing the oil's location was a critical component in the initial response. Free oil was contained mainly by the placement of booms of various designs and manufactures in crucial locations. Ultimately, more than 100 miles of containment boom were used for this purpose. After containment, oil was removed by skimmers and other devices from the water's surface. Additional equipment was needed to transfer the recovered oil from the skimmers to temporary storage, where it was held pending final disposal. This paper presents the details of the tracking, containment, and recovery operations, with comments on how well various types of equipment performed.
Rehabilitation of Oiled Seabirds and Bald Eagles Following the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill
Authors: Wood Millicent A. , Heaphy Nicolette 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The International Bird Rescue Research Center coordinated a six-month-long oiled bird rehabilitation program that spanned three seasons. Over 1,600 migrating, breeding, nesting, and fledgling oiled birds, representing 71 species, were presented for care to four rehabilitation centers. Many of these species, including puffins, cormorants, shearwaters, murrelets, petrels, and bald eagles, have rarely, if ever, been treated in large numbers in an oil spill rehabilitation effort.
Bald eagles, oiled and secondarily poisoned by the ingestion of oil-laden food sources, were of major concern. Their successful rehabilitation required special handling, caging, cleaning, and release criteria.
Extensive clinical and pathological evaluations of the effects of oil contamination were ongoing. The findings spirited the development of new techniques and equipment that enhanced survival rate. These new developments and knowledge will greatly benefit affected animals in future oil spill rescue and rehabilitation endeavors.
Adaptation of the Incident Command System to Oil Spill Response During the American Trader Spill
Authors: Rolan Robert G. , Cameron Keith H. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
While developing its new crisis management plan in 1989, BP America (BPA) modified the incident command system (ICS) for use as the organizational structure of its oil spill response team. This was done to be compatible with the post-Exxon Valdez organization of the Alyeska response team and for certain advantages it would provide for responses in other locations and in other types of crisis situations. The ICS was originally developed for fighting wildfires in California and has since been widely adopted by other fire and emergency services in the U. S. While retaining most of the ICS structure, ?PA developed modifications necessary to fit the unique requirements of oil spill response.
The modified ICS was used during a full scale test of ?PA's draft crisis management plan in December 1989, and thus was familiar to ?PA's top executives and other participating response team members. When the American Trader spill occurred in February 1990, BPA's management used the modified ICS organization even though the crisis management plan had not been finalized or widely distributed within the company. Details of the organizational structure evolved as the spill response progressed, in part due to the changing requirements of the response over time and in part because of previously unrecognized issues. This paper describes that evolution and the resulting final structure. Essential differences between the original ICS and BPA's oil spill version of it are highlighted. Despite the unrecognized issues and the unfamiliarity of some team members with the ICS, the organization worked well and can be credited with a share of the success of the American Trader response.
Response to the American Trader Oil Spill1
Authors: Card Capt. James C. , Meehan Lt. John A. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
A spill of approximately 9,500 bbl of Alaskan North Slope crude oil (27.5 API gravity) occurred on February 7, 1990, when the 818-foot, 37,768-gross-ton, U.S.-flag tank vessel American Trader grounded on one of her anchors while attempting to maneuver into Golden West Refining Company's Huntington Beach offshore mooring at position 33°37.7’N, 118°00.5’W. Oil flowed from a three-foot-by-five-foot puncture in the No. 1 starboard wing tank, and a 40-square-mile slick developed during the next three days. By February 13, 14 miles of recreational beach along Southern California's heavily populated coast had been affected by the spill.
The response mounted by the federal on-scene coordinator (OSC) and the responsible party as a result of this accident became one of the most successful open sea oil recovery operations in U. S. history and has been called a textbook example of shoreline cleanup and interagency cooperation. The relative effectiveness and short duration of the cleanup were due to favorable weather, fast response, availability of oil spill recovery equipment, good strategic planning, and cooperation between the responsible party and the government.
An extensive offshore response effort (15 major skimming systems, 25 support vessels), coupled with fair weather and mild sea conditions, resulted in unusually high open sea oil recovery rate (25.1 percent of the total crude spilled). Major wetlands, including the Bolsa Chica National Wildlife Refuge, Newport Bay, and the Santa Ana River, were protected with containment booms within eight hours after the accident, excluding the oil slick from these vital estuaries. An intensive beach cleanup with sorbents and shovels began with initial shoreline oiling on February 8 and peaked on February 13, when some 1,300 workers were deployed to combat heavy oil sludge forced ashore by southerly storm winds. By employing people in lieu of heavy machinery on these fragile beaches (Huntington Beach, Newport Beach, Bolsa Chica Beach), environmental impact was minimized and a rapid, thorough cleanup was attained. By March 2, all beaches had been cleaned; the rest of the cleanup consisted of low-pressure cold water flushing and high-pressure hot water spraying of oil-contaminated jetties, piers, and rocky shorelines. On April 3, 1990, final cleanup operations were completed, and the OSC concluded all monitoring activities associated with this incident.
An Overview of the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill
Authors: Harrison O. R. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
While the Exxon Valdez oil spill had a significant and far-reaching impact, important progress has been made since the massive cleanup operation was launched in the spring of 1989. In 1989, Exxon treated almost 1,100 miles of shoreline identified to be impacted. This effort involved more than 11,000 people and 1,400 marine vessels. Environmental recovery is well under way in areas impacted by the spill, thanks to nature's own cleansing power and man's efforts. The 1990 cleanup primarily used nonintrusive techniques and addressed 10 to 15 percent of the shoreline treated in 1989. Much has been learned about how to prevent and respond to such an incident in the future.
Public Perceptions in Spill Response
Authors: Meidt Richard M. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The federal on-scene coordinator's public information mechanism is an often underused resource that can help responders overcome communications problems and better accomplish goals in spill situations. Media coverage of recent spills indicates recurring problems with regard to the way the responses were perceived. Responders’ actions tended to be characterized by contradiction and misunderstanding, questions about leadership, and failure to act in a timely manner. This paper examines some of that media coverage and outlines the basic guidelines which federal on-scene coordinators use to avoid such problems: access, focus, and control/coordination. The paper is intended to help the response community better understand the OSC's public information role and missions; it may help the response community make greater use of the OSC public information program to communicate vital information during a spill response.
Crisis Management During an Oil Spill Response
Authors: Noble John M. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
In an oil spill response operation, events generate an “incident personality.” How this personality develops depends greatly upon how control is exercised. This paper considers the crisis management element in an oil spill response and seeks to differentiate between response management and crisis management. Three incidents are briefly used as examples of how a crisis management role was defined and implemented, or not, as the case may be.
The concept of crisis management is introduced. The crisis management team, or manager, will assume a role that allows for flexibility, without direct involvement in response activities. Many major companies already operate, or have plans for, a crisis management team. However, in many instances, shipowners or operators rely on their P&I clubs to step into the role of crisis management, without actively contributing themselves.
Linkages between Oil Spill Removal Activities and Natural Resource Damages
Authors: Dunford Richard W. , Hudson Sara P. , Desvousges William H. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The new Oil Pollution Act of 1990 defines natural resource damages from oil spills as the sum of the cost to restore foregone natural resource services, the diminution of value of natural resource services prior to restoration, and damage assessment costs. Natural resource damages are usually determined once removal activities (containment, protection, and cleanup) are completed. Nevertheless, removal activities affect the magnitude of all three natural resource damage components. Consequently, to minimize the total cost of oil spills, decisions on removal activities should consider the linkages between removal activities and natural resource damages.
Successful containment results in minimal natural resource damages, because oil generally does far less damage to natural resources in open water than on shore. If oil cannot be contained, the potential natural resource damages from oil coming ashore in certain areas can help determine priorities for protection activities. In particular, oil may harm natural resource services much more in some areas than in others. Furthermore, some natural resource services are more costly to restore and assess than others. Finally, some cleanup activities do more harm than good to natural resource services. If the effects of cleanup activities on natural resource damages are ignored, “excessive” cleanup activities are likely.
Toward a French Approval Procedure for the use of Dispersants in Inland Waters
Authors: Merlin F. , Bocard C. , Cabridenc R. , Oudot J. , Vindimian E. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The use of dispersant at sea has been well defined in many studies. For inland waters the situation is not the same. At the request of the French authorities, a study was performed to assess the use of dispersants in fresh water. This study leads to the conclusion that dispersant use in fresh water is possible only in running and turbulent waters. The toxicity of a light crude oil and a diesel oil to some freshwater animals was assessed, leading to preliminary recommendations. In other respects, too, the effectiveness of dispersants has been tested; many products that are effective in seawater give poor results in fresh water. Consequently, dispersants must be controlled prior to their use in rivers. As it has for dispersant use at sea, France is establishing a procedure for approving use of dispersants in fresh water. This procedure involves specific laboratory tests to test their effectiveness, toxicity, and biodegradability in fresh water.
The Region III Regional Response Team Technical Symposium on Dispersants: An Interactive, Educational Approach to Enlightened Decision Making
Authors: Walker Ann Hayward , Henne Donald R. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Chemical dispersant use is one of the most controversial, complex, and time-critical issues facing officials with the responsibility for making decisions about the response methods used on coastal oil spills. Under U. S. law affected states have the authority to veto the use of dispersants. Consequently, the responsible government officials and their technical support staffs need to be prepared to make informed decisions when requested to approve dispersant use.
This paper describes the conceptual approach and structure used in the Region III Regional Response Team (RRT) technical symposium, held in April 1990. The purpose of this symposium was to provide detailed and balanced technical information on the environmental effects of dispersant use to state officials, and other key members of the response community, including the federal on-scene coordinators and those members of the RRT that would be involved in a dispersant use decision.
The symposium was designed to overcome many of the information transfer obstacles associated with communicating technical information to the technically and organizationally diverse audience of the Region III decision makers and advisors. Based on a decision-making practicum following the information presentations, where the technical information was applied in scenario-based exercises, the overall approach was successful in enhancing the decision-making climate among the affected response community in the mid-Atlantic.
Testing the Effectiveness of Spill-Treating Agents: Laboratory Test Development and Initial Results
Authors: Fingas Mervin F. , Stoodley Robert , Stone Nanci , Hollins Russel , Bier Ian 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Laboratory effectiveness tests have been developed for four classes of spill treating agents: solidifiers, demulsifying agents, surface-washing agents, and dispersants. Many of the currently available treating agents in these four categories have been tested for effectiveness. These results are presented.
Solidifiers or gelling agents change liquid oil to a solid. Tests show that these require a large amount of agent to solidify oil, ranging from 16 percent by weight to over 200 percent. Demoussifiers or emulsion breakers are used to prevent or reverse the formation of water-in-oil emulsions. A newly developed effectiveness test shows that only one product is highly effective. However, many products will work, but require large amounts of spill treating agent.
Surfactant-containing materials are of two types, surface-washing agents and dispersants. Testing has shown that an agent that is a good dispersant is conversely a poor surface-washing agent, and vice versa. Tests of surface washing agents show that only a few agents have effectiveness of 25 to 40 percent, where this effectiveness is defined as the percentage of oil removed from a test surface. Extensive work has been done on dispersant testing and comparison of laboratory tests. All laboratory tests will yield the same effectiveness value if the oil-to-water ratio is about 1:1,000 or greater, and if a settling time of 10 or more minutes is employed. Extensive results using the “swirling flask” testare reported. Heavy oils show effectiveness values of about 1 percent, medium crudes of about 10 percent, light crude oils of about 30 percent, and very light oils of about 90 percent.
The Development of a Beaufort Sea Shoreline Cleanup Response and Operations Manual
Authors: Vanderkooy Nick , Owens Edward H. , Sartor Michael , Lumpkin Michael 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The coast of the Canadian Beaufort Sea has been analyzed into segments, and for each the shoreline character and sensitivity were described in detail and a protection and cleanup plan developed. These “miniplans” together provide a regional response plan and define resource and logistic requirements for spills of different sizes in any part of the Canadian Beaufort Sea. In the event of a spill, low-altitude videotape reconnaissance surveys would first define the location of the oil and be followed by ground surveys to document the oiling conditions and to develop cleanup recommendations and strategies. Such information would be collected systematically, using standardized forms and terminology, and could be archived in a data base or Geographical Information System (GIS).