bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Early growth, dominance acquisition and lifetime reproductive success in male and female cooperative meerkats
Authors: English Sinead , Huchard Elise , Nielsen Johanna F. , Clutton‐Brock Tim H. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractIn polygynous species, variance in reproductive success is higher in males than females. There is consequently stronger selection for competitive traits in males and early growth can have a greater influence on later fitness in males than in females. As yet, little is known about sex differences in the effect of early growth on subsequent breeding success in species where variance in reproductive success is higher in females than males, and competitive traits are under stronger selection in females. Greater variance in reproductive success has been documented in several singular cooperative breeders. Here, we investigated consequences of early growth for later reproductive success in wild meerkats. We found that, despite the absence of dimorphism, females who exhibited faster growth until nutritional independence were more likely to become dominant, whereas early growth did not affect dominance acquisition in males. Among those individuals who attained dominance, there was no further influence of early growth on dominance tenure or lifetime reproductive success in males or females. These findings suggest that early growth effects on competitive abilities and fitness may reflect the intensity of intrasexual competition even in sexually monomorphic species.
A hierarchical nest survival model integrating incomplete temporally varying covariates
Authors: Converse Sarah J. , Royle J. Andrew , Adler Peter H. , Urbanek Richard P. , Barzen Jeb A. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractNest success is a critical determinant of the dynamics of avian populations, and nest survival modeling has played a key role in advancing avian ecology and management. Beginning with the development of daily nest survival models, and proceeding through subsequent extensions, the capacity for modeling the effects of hypothesized factors on nest survival has expanded greatly. We extend nest survival models further by introducing an approach to deal with incompletely observed, temporally varying covariates using a hierarchical model. Hierarchical modeling offers a way to separate process and observational components of demographic models to obtain estimates of the parameters of primary interest, and to evaluate structural effects of ecological and management interest. We built a hierarchical model for daily nest survival to analyze nest data from reintroduced whooping cranes (Grus americana) in the Eastern Migratory Population. This reintroduction effort has been beset by poor reproduction, apparently due primarily to nest abandonment by breeding birds. We used the model to assess support for the hypothesis that nest abandonment is caused by harassment from biting insects. We obtained indices of blood‐feeding insect populations based on the spatially interpolated counts of insects captured in carbon dioxide traps. However, insect trapping was not conducted daily, and so we had incomplete information on a temporally variable covariate of interest. We therefore supplemented our nest survival model with a parallel model for estimating the values of the missing insect covariates. We used Bayesian model selection to identify the best predictors of daily nest survival. Our results suggest that the black flySimulium annulusmay be negatively affecting nest survival of reintroduced whooping cranes, with decreasing nest survival as abundance ofS. annulusincreases. The modeling framework we have developed will be applied in the future to a larger data set to evaluate the biting‐insect hypothesis and other hypotheses for nesting failure in this reintroduced population; resulting inferences will support ongoing efforts to manage this population via an adaptive management approach. Wider application of our approach offers promise for modeling the effects of other temporally varying, but imperfectly observed covariates on nest survival, including the possibility of modeling temporally varying covariates collected from incubating adults.
Satellite‐derived estimations of spatial and seasonal variation in tropospheric carbon dioxide mass over China
Authors: Xu Yuyue , Ke Changqing , Wang Juanle , Sun Jiulin , Liu Yang , Harris Warwick , Kou Cheng 
Published: October 2013

AbstractChina has frequently been questioned about the data transparency and accuracy of its energy and emission statistics. Satellite‐derived remote sensing data potentially provide a useful tool to study the variation in carbon dioxide (CO2) mass over areas of the earth's surface. In this study, Greenhouse gases Observing SATellite (GOSAT) tropospheric CO2 concentration data and NCEP/NCAR reanalysis tropopause data were integrated to obtain estimates of tropospheric CO2 mass variations over the surface of China. These variations were mapped to show seasonal and spatial patterns with reference to China's provincial areas. The estimates of provincial tropospheric CO2 were related to statistical estimates of CO2 emissions for the provinces and considered with reference to provincial populations and gross regional products (GRP). Tropospheric CO2 masses for the Chinese provinces ranged from 53 ± 1 to 14,470 ± 63 million tonnes were greater for western than for eastern provinces and were primarily a function of provincial land area. Adjusted for land area troposphere CO2 mass was higher for eastern and southern provinces than for western and northern provinces. Tropospheric CO2 mass over China varied with season being highest in July and August and lowest in January and February. The average annual emission from provincial energy statistics of CO2 by China was estimated as 10.3% of the average mass of CO2 in the troposphere over China. The relationship between statistical emissions relative to tropospheric CO2 mass was higher than 20% for developed coastal provinces of China, with Shanghai, Tianjin, and Beijing having exceptionally high percentages. The percentages were generally lower than 10% for western inland provinces. Provincial estimates of emissions of CO2 were significantly positively related to provincial populations and gross regional products (GRP) when the values for the provincial municipalities Shanghai, Tianjin, and Beijing were excluded from the linear regressions. An increase in provincial GRP per person was related to a curvilinear increase in CO2 emissions, this being particularly marked for Beijing, Tianjin, and especially Shanghai. The absence of detection of specific elevation of CO2 mass in the troposphere above these municipalities may relate to the rapid mixing and dispersal of CO2 emissions or the proportion of the depth of the troposphere sensed by GOSAT.
Individual differences in migratory behavior shape population genetic structure and microhabitat choice in sympatric blackcaps (Sylvia atricapilla)
Authors: Rolshausen Gregor , Segelbacher Gernot , Hermes Claudia , Hobson Keith A. , Schaefer H. Martin 
Published: October 2013

AbstractIn migratory birds, traits such as orientation and distance are known to have a strong genetic background, and they often exhibit considerable within‐population variation. How this variation relates to evolutionary responses to ongoing selection is unknown because the underlying mechanisms that translate environmental changes into population genetic changes are unclear. We show that within‐population genetic structure in southern German blackcaps (Sylvia atricapilla) is related to individual differences in migratory behavior. Our 3‐year study revealed a positive correlation between individual migratory origins, denoted via isotope (δ2H) values, and genetic distances. Genetic diversity and admixture differed not only across a recently established migratory polymorphism with NW‐ and SW‐migrating birds but also across δ2H clusters within the same migratory route. Our results suggest assortment based on individual migratory origins which would facilitate evolutionary responses. We scrutinized arrival times and microhabitat choice as potential mechanisms mediating between individual variation in migratory behavior and assortment. We found significant support that microhabitat choice, rather than timing of arrival, is associated with individual variation in migratory origins. Moreover, examining genetic diversity across the migratory divide, we found migrants following the NW route to be genetically more distinct from each other compared with migrants following the traditional SW route. Our study suggests that migratory behavior shapes population genetic structure in blackcaps not only across the migratory divide but also on an individual level independent of the divide. Thus, within‐population variation in migratory behavior might play an important role in translating environmental change into genetic change.
Synthesis, Crystal Structure, DNA Binding, Antibacterial, and Cytotoxic Activities of Two Chiral Copper(II) Complexes
Authors: Fei Bao‐Li , Li Wen , Xu Wu‐Shuang , Long Jian‐Ying , Liu Qing‐Bo , Sun Wei‐Yin , Anson Christopher E. , Powell Annie K. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractTwo chiral copper(II) complexes [Cu(L)2Cl]Cl (1) and [Cu(L)2Br]Br (2) {L = N‐[(pyridin‐2‐ylmethylene)imino]dehydroabietylamine} have been synthesized and fully characterized. The coordination geometry of the CuII ions in 1 and 2 can be described as an intermediate between square‐pyramidal and trigonal‐bipyramidal. DNA binding studies suggest that the complexes interact with salmon‐sperm DNA through intercalation, and 2 exhibits a higher binding affinity. The new complexes were screened for their antibacterial and cytotoxic ability. They have similar cytotoxic activity and they represent the first rosin‐derivative‐based simple Schiff base complexes with strong anticancer potential.
Influence of the Phosphonate Ligand on the Structure of Phosphonate‐Substituted Titanium Oxo Clusters
Authors: Czakler Matthias , Artner Christine , Schubert Ulrich 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThe reaction of titanium isopropoxide, Ti(OiPr)4, with bis(trimethylsilyl) phosphonates has led to structures containingTi3O units [= Ti3(μ3‐O)(μ2‐OiPr)3(OiPr)3(O3PR)3] as the basic structural motif. This unit can be capped by a single Ti(OiPr)2L group (L = neutral ligand) through phosphonate bridges (for R = xylyl), or sandwich‐like structures can be formed with two Ti3O units bonded to a central Ti atom (for R = CH2CH2CH2Cl or benzyl). For R = allyl or ethyl, dimeric clusters were formed in which two Ti4 cluster units are bridged by isopropyl phosphonate ligands. For comparison, Ti(OiPr)4 was also treated with allylphosphonic acid to yield a Ti4 cluster. The reaction of Ti(OiPr)4 with the bulky bis(trimethylsilyl) 2‐naphthylmethyphosphonate did not yield an oxo cluster but instead the phosphonate‐substituted titanium alkoxide Ti4(OiPr)8(O3PCH2naphthyl)4.
Noncentrosymmetric Cubic CsCdBO3 with Bichromophore
Authors: Yu Hongwei , Wu Hongping , Pan Shilie , Zhang Bingbing , Wen Ming , Yang Zhihua , Li Hongyi , Jiang Xiangzhan 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThe noncentrosymmetric borate CsCdBO3 was synthesized by a solid‐state reaction, and its structure was determined by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. The crystal structure is a complicated three‐dimensional network composed of CdO6 octahedra, CsO6 octahedra, and BO3 triangles. Interestingly, CsCdBO3 crystallizes in the cubic space group P213, which is quite rare for borate‐containing anisotropic polarized planar BO3 groups. Furthermore, the IR spectrum confirms the presence of BO3 groups. Second harmonic generation (SHG) measurements on powder samples reveal that the SHG response of CsCdBO3 is approximately 0.5 × KDP (KH2PO4). Thermal analysis and UV/Vis/NIR diffuse reflectance spectroscopy data, as well as electronic band structure calculations, are also reported.
Organic plant ingredients in the diet of Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): Impact on fish muscle composition and oxidative stability
Authors: Baron Caroline P. , Svendsen Gry Hougaard , Lund Ivar , Jokumsen Alfred , Nielsen Henrik Hauch , Jacobsen Charlotte 
Published: October 2013

Rainbow trout were fed diets containing either fish meal and fish oil (FM‐FO) (control) or diets in which 40% of the fishmeal was substituted with a mixture of ingredients grown organically including plant protein concentrate (PP) in combination with either fish oil (FO) as lipid source, or one of the following organic plant oils; rapeseed (RO), linseed/flaxseed (LO), grape seed (GO), or sunflower (SO). The impact of these substitutions was investigated by measuring fish muscle fatty acid profile as well as oxidative and color stability of the fillet during 14 days ice storage. The inclusion of plant protein concentrate did not affect the fatty acid profile significantly but resulted in a slightly improved oxidative stability of the fish fillets as compared to the control diet. The fatty acid profile of the oil used was in general well reflected in the fish muscle fatty acid profile. Fish fed PP‐RO were the most oxidatively stable during ice storage but the omega‐3 fatty acid content was reduced by 40% compared to fish fed the FM‐FO control diet. Replacing FO by LO was not suitable as it induced oxidation and the fillet contained 40–50% less of long chain omega‐3 fatty acids.Practical applications: Replacing marine ingredient by organic plant ones in the diet of rainbow trout is feasible but it impacts the fish fatty acid profile of the fish muscle and its oxidative stability. Plant protein improved the oxidative stability of the fillet during ice storage. Moreover, replacement of fish oil with more saturated plant oils in the diet of trout lead to an increased oxidative stability of the fillet, but at the same time reduced the level of omega‐3 fatty acids in the fish muscle. Linseed oil resulted in a more favorable omega‐3 content (ALA) than the other plant oils but resulted in highly unstable fish muscle with respect to oxidation. Substitution of fish ingredients in the fish diet significantly influenced the nutritional value of the fish fillet, as it resulted in significant less EPA and DHA in the muscle.
Recent Progress in Phosphorescent Organic Light‐Emitting Devices
Authors: Sasabe Hisahiro , Kido Junji 
Published: October 2013

AbstractOrganic light‐emitting devices (OLEDs) are solid‐state light‐emitting devices based on organic semiconductors. Recent rapid advances in materials chemistry have enabled white OLEDs to be used for general lighting and large‐area flat panel display. White OLED panel efficacy has reached 90 lm W–1, and a tandem white OLED panel has achieved a lifetime of over 100000 h at 1000 cd m–2. LG is set to launch a 55″ OLED TV in 2013, and OLEDs will be expected to make bigger breakthroughs. Although white OLED panels show superior performance, there is still much room (nearly 160 lm W–1) for improvement, in view of the theoretical limit of 248 lm W–1. To reach this objective, OLEDs need to achieve three goals: (1) high internal quantum efficiency, (2) low operation voltage, and (3) high light‐outcoupling efficiency at the same time. For organic chemists creating new organic semiconductors, issues (1) and (2) are particularly important because these relate to materials chemistry. Here we review recent developments in phosphorescent OLED technology, especially from materials chemistry.
N‐Thiocarbonyl Iminosugars: Synthesis and Evaluation of Castanospermine Analogues Bearing Oxazole‐2(3H)‐thione Moieties
Authors: Silva Sandrina , Sánchez‐Fernández Elena M. , Ortiz Mellet Carmen , Tatibouët Arnaud , Pilar Rauter Amélia , Rollin Patrick 
Published: October 2013

AbstractA straightforward and efficient synthetic route to a new class of glycosidase inhibitors containing an oxazole‐2(3H)‐thione moiety has been devised. The approach involves the formation of α‐hydroxy ketones, which, after condensation with thiocyanic acid, leads to the formation of the heterocycle. By exploiting the ability of the nitrogen atom of oxazoline‐2‐thione precursors to act as nucleophiles in intramolecular addition, castanospermine analogues could be readily prepared in good overall yields. Glycosidase inhibitory activity compared to oxazolidinethione analogues showed a strong influence of the double bond, for example with pseudoiminosugar 19, by suppressing α‐glucosidase inhibition and introducing, to a moderate level, β‐glucosidase inhibitory activity. Reactivities showed the propensity of oxazole‐2(3H)‐thiones – especially when fused on carbohydrate frames – to convert into 1,3‐oxazolidine‐2‐thione aminals through nucleophilic addition to the double bond, leading to unexpected tricyclic structure 21.
Enantiopure Chiral Concave N‐Heterocyclic Carbene Precursors
Authors: Reimers Tim , Haberhauer Gebhard , Benkhäuser Christian , Schmidtchen Franz P. , Lützen Arne , Lüning Ulrich 
Published: October 2013

AbstractChiral concave imidazolinium salts 4·Cl– with different ring sizes were synthesized as precursors of chiral concave N‐heterocyclic carbenes, starting from di‐ortho‐substituted anilines 5 and 2,7‐disubstituted aminonaphthalenes 6. The terminal alkene groups of the substituents were cyclized by ring‐closing metathesis to give bimacrocyclic axially chiral concave imidazolinium salts 14·Cl–, and, after hydrogenation of the double bonds, 4·Cl–. The overall yields of bimacrocycles 4b·Cl– and 4c·Cl– were 54 and 39 %, starting from amino‐substituted arenes 5 and 6, respectively. Racemic mixtures of the three concave NHC precursors 4a–c·Cl– were separated by chiral HPLC techniques, and their absolute stereochemistry was assigned by comparison of simulated and experimental CD spectra.
5‐Substituted Derivatives of the Tricyclic (+)‐Sparteine Surrogate in the Enantioselective Lithiation/Stannylation of an O‐Alkyl Carbamate
Authors: Breuning Matthias , Hein David 
Published: October 2013

Abstract5‐Mono‐ and 5,5‐disubstituted tricyclic bispidines, derivatives of the known (+)‐sparteine surrogate, have been synthesized in four‐to‐six steps from the natural alkaloid (–)‐cytisine and evaluated as chiral ligands in the enantioselective lithiation/stannylation of an O‐alkyl carbamate. Structure–selectivity studies revealed that a small 5‐endo substituent is tolerated, whereas larger 5‐endo substituents and even small 5‐exo substituents lead to significantly reduced levels of chirality transfer.
Microwave‐Assisted [3+2] Cycloaddition and Suzuki–Miyaura Cross‐Coupling for a Concise Access to Polyaromatic Scaffolds
Authors: Hédou Damien , Deau Emmanuel , Dubouilh‐Benard Carole , Sanselme Morgane , Martinet Anthony , Chosson Elizabeth , Levacher Vincent , Besson Thierry 
Published: October 2013

AbstractNovel 3‐(prop‐2‐ynyl)pyrido[2,3‐d]pyrimidin‐4(3H)‐ones and 3‐(prop‐2‐ynyl)quinazolin‐4(3H)‐ones have been synthesized in a high‐yielding microwave‐assisted one‐pot procedure. The one‐pot sequence was conveniently extended to the synthesis of commercially unavailable 6‐bromo‐N3‐propargylpyrido[2,3‐d]pyrimidinone by a regiocontrolled bromination with NBS. The synthetic scaffolds were successfully converted into triazoles by copper(I)‐catalyzed [3+2] cycloaddition and substituted at the 6‐position by Suzuki–Miyaura cross‐coupling in high overall yields.
Expeditious Synthesis of the Marine Natural Products Prepolycitrin A and Polycitrins A and B through Heck Arylations
Authors: Canto Karen , da Silva Ribeiro Rodrigo , Biajoli André F. P. , Correia Carlos Roque D. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractNew, efficient protocols for the syntheses of the marine natural products prepolycitrin A as well as polycitrins A and B were developed by employing the Heck–Matsuda arylation of maleic anhydride or dimethyl fumarate with aryldiazonium tetrafluoroborates. Both symmetrical and unsymmetrical 3,4‐diarylmaleic anhydrides were easily and effectively prepared. Efficient bromination reactions that employed tribromoisocyanuric acid provided access to the polycitrin family of compounds. Under microwave irradiation in the presence of tyramine, the corresponding maleimides were obtained in high yields from the brominated 3,4‐diarylmaleic anhydrides. This methodology provided for the concise synthesis of prepolycitrin A and the total syntheses of the marine alkaloids polycitrins A and B in overall yields of 37 and 47 % from maleic anhydride and dimethyl fumarate, respectively.
Rhenium‐Catalyzed Oxidative Cyanation of Tertiary Amines with TMSCN
Authors: Lin Aijun , Peng Hao , Abdukader Ablimit , Zhu Chengjian 
Published: October 2013

AbstractOxidative cyanation of sp3 C–H bonds at the α position of tertiary amines by using TMSCN as the cyanide donor and a novel high‐valent rhenium(V) complex was developed. The reaction offers the corresponding α‐aminonitriles in good yields with tert‐butyl hydroperoxide as the oxidant under mild and acid‐free reaction conditions.
Synthesis of Thioamides by Catalyst‐Free Three‐Component Reactions in Water
Authors: Xu Hualong , Deng Hang , Li Zhengkai , Xiang Haifeng , Zhou Xiangge 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThree‐component reactions involving amines, aldehydes, and elemental sulfur powder are reported to afford thioamides in a simple one‐pot procedure in the absence of a catalyst. A variety of thioamides can be obtained in good to excellent yields up to 88 %.
Tin(II) Chloride Mediated Coupling Reactions between Alkynes and Aldehydes
Authors: Masuyama Yoshiro , Takamura Wataru , Suzuki Noriyuki 
Published: October 2013

AbstractTin(II) chloride, which is insensitive to water and air, mediated the coupling reaction between alkynes and aldehydes as a Lewis acid in nitromethane to produce (E)‐α,β‐unsaturated ketones by a skeletal transformation in which one alkynic carbon atom changed into an oxo carbon atom accompanied by the cleavage of a C=O bond in the starting aldehydes. This coupling reaction was promoted by a catalytic amount of a primary or secondary alkanol. The coupling reaction between 1‐deuterio‐2‐phenylethyne and benzaldehyde with BuOH afforded 1,3‐diphenyl‐2‐deuterio‐2‐propenone (2‐deuteriation: 94 % D), whereas the coupling reaction between phenylethyne and benzaldehyde with BuOD afforded 1,3‐diphenyl‐2‐propenone (2‐deuteriation: 0 % D). Because almost no exchange between hydrogen and deuterium at the 2‐position of 1,3‐diphenyl‐2‐propenone occurs in either of the reactions, the coupling reaction between alkynes and aldehydes with tin(II) chloride is presumed to proceed by nucleophilic addition of alkynes to aldehydes. The cleavage of the C–O single bond generated by the nucleophilic addition might be induced by the strong oxophilicity of tin.
ipso‐Hydroxylation of Arylboronic Acids and Boronate Esters by Using Sodium Chlorite as an Oxidant in Water
Authors: Gogoi Pranjal , Bezboruah Pranjal , Gogoi Junali , Boruah Romesh C. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractA facile and efficient procedure for the ipso‐hydroxylation of arylboronic acids to phenols in water was developed. A series of electron‐rich and electron‐deficient arylboronic acids were smoothly ipso‐hydroxylated with this protocol to afford products in excellent yields. Moreover, the protocol is amenable to boronate esters. In most cases, the phenolic products were obtained in pure form without any chromatographic purification.
Tautomerism in Bis(oxazoline)s
Authors: Walli Adam , Dechert Sebastian , Meyer Franc 
Published: October 2013

AbstractBis(oxazoline)s (BOXs) are a privileged ligand class and have found widespread use in catalysis. Herein, the tautomerism of selected BOX ligands was evidenced by X‐ray diffractometry as well as by NMR and IR spectroscopy and supported by DFT calculations. In CDCl3 solution at room temperature, the new 1,1‐bis(4,4‐dimethyl‐1,3‐oxazolin‐2‐yl)‐1‐phenylmethane (Ph,HBOX‐Me2) ligand is present as a 1:1 mixture of the diimine and iminoenamine tautomers. Thermodynamic and kinetic data for the tautomeric equilibrium were determined, which allowed comparison with related bidentate ligand classes. The other BOXs studied, H,HBOX‐Me2, Me,HBOX‐Me2, and tBu,HBOX‐Me2, are largely present in the diimine form under similar conditions. IR spectroscopy was identified as a valuable tool for detecting the presence of the iminoenamine form as a minor component.