bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Simulation-augmented education in the rehabilitation professions: A scoping review
Authors: Yeung Euson , Dubrowski Adam , Carnahan Heather 
Published: June 2014

Background Simulation-augmented education is playing an increasingly important role in health professions education, yet little is known about the uptake of these interventions in the educational programmes and research for rehabilitation professions. Therefore, it is difficult to determine the benefits of simulation-augmented education interventions, and how such approaches can inform education practice, policy and research. Aims The purpose of this review was to determine what is currently known about the use of simulation in the education of rehabilitation professionals. Methods We conducted a scoping review that included a literature review of published and grey literature, followed by qualitative content analysis of the included references. A program evaluation framework was employed to structure data extraction and analysis. Results Several forms of simulation are commonly used among rehabilitation professions for expertise development, formative and summative evaluations, and to enhance course work and curricula. However, there is a dearth of published literature concerned with the longitudinal impact of simulation-augmented educational strategies, the perspectives of accrediting bodies, and the processes that lead to successful or unsuccessful educational interventions. Conclusions Results provide important future directions for the field of simulation-augmented education, which will optimize their benefits in educational programming and research for the rehabilitation professions.
Impacts and perceptions of a computer-based length of stay benchmarking program
Authors: Roberts Kate , Stiller Kathy , Harling Rachel , Lynch Elizabeth , Forward Sally 
Published: June 2014

Aims Length of stay (LOS) benchmark figures can be used to guide clinical practice in a rehabilitation setting. This prospective study trialled a computer-based program that provided real-time LOS benchmark figures and alerted staff of patients approaching or exceeding LOS benchmark figures, and assessed its ability to identify patients with LOS beyond benchmark figures, reasons for these delays and effect on LOS, and staff perceptions of its usefulness. Methods One-hundred-and-eight inpatients in a stroke rehabilitation unit (SRU) and 94 inpatients in a brain injury rehabilitation unit (BIRU) were included in the patient component of the study; 13 staff completed a post-trial survey. Findings LOS in excess of benchmark figures was found for 48 (44%) SRU and 44 (47%) BIRU participants, resulting in a total discharge delay of 6311 days. Reasons for discharge delay were diverse. Using the computer-based program did not consistently decrease LOS compared to data from the previous year. Staff perceptions regarding the usefulness of the computer-based program were mixed. Conclusions The use of a computer-based program that provided real-time LOS benchmark figures was able to identify patients with LOS beyond benchmark figures but did not consistently decrease LOS and, on the whole, was not favourably received by clinical staff.
Whole body vibration training for lower limb motor function among stroke patients
Authors: Silva Adriana , Silva Andreia , Dias Miqueline , Calixto Ruanito , Martinez Beatriz , Honorato Donizeti , Fernandes Geraldo 
Published: June 2014

Background/aimMotor function impairment is a frequent problem in stroke patients and many questions remain about the application of vibration therapy for neurological patients. This study aims to verify the effects of vibration training on lower limb function in patients affected by stroke.MethodsThis was a clinical, prospective study. The study's subjects were selected via a convenience sample from Samuel Libanio Hospital's Physical Therapy and Neurology Out-patient clinics in Pouso Alegre, Brazil. The sample comprised of 27 individuals presenting with spastic hemiparesis due to stroke. Participants received whole body vibration training at a frequency of 50 Hz and 2 mm amplitude, for 8 weeks. In the first 4 weeks, participants underwent a series of four 60-second periods of vibration in the following positions: in orthostatic posture, first with the knees semi-flexed at 30°, then with the knees semi-flexed at 90°, and then with the affected knee semi-flexed at 30°, and finally in orthostatic posture again with the knees semi-flexed at 30°. In the last 4 weeks, we doubled the number of series of vibration, but used the same positions. The six minute walking test (6MWT), the stair climbing test (SCT) and the timed get up and go test (TUG) were applied to evaluate the lower members' motor function. The tests were applied before and after the intervention, as well as after a follow-up, which was performed 1 month later.ResultsThis study found statistical differences in the 6MWT (P=0.00), SCT (P=0.00), and TUG (P=0.00), indicating improvement in the participants' lower limbs motor function.ConclusionVibration therapy can contribute to the improvement of the lower limbs' motor function in patients affected by stroke.
How the Supports Paradigm Is Transforming the Developmental Disabilities Service System
Authors: Thompson James R. , Schalock Robert L. , Agosta John , Teninty Lilia , Fortune Jon 
Published: June 2014

AbstractThe supports paradigm is based on the premise that the most relevant difference between people with intellectual disability and related developmental disabilities (ID/DD) and the general population is that people with ID/DD need different types and intensities of support to fully participate in and contribute to society. The supports paradigm is changing professional work and public policies in the field of ID/DD by providing a conceptual basis for aligning the work of researchers, policymakers, and professionals at micro (individual), meso (organizational), and macro (jurisdictional) levels. The potential of the supports paradigm to transform the adult service system is discussed.
The higher education system in Iraq and its future
Authors: Jawad Saad N. , Al-Assaf Sawsan I. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Despite the fact that higher education in Iraq has suffered from the scourges of many wars (1980–1988, 1991, 2003), international sanctions (1990–2003) and governments’ interference, since 1968, the vast majority of its members struggled to keep the universities and colleges as effective instruments in teaching, researching and providing the society with qualified graduates. But one cannot deny the many obstacles and challenges that faced these institutions. After 2003, neither the occupying forces nor the political parties they imposed on Iraq showed any real interest in developing this sector. One main reason was, perhaps, because the United States feared the educated and skilled Iraqi brains that were the main reasons behind the successes the country had achieved in the past. {(One could cite the words of the former US secretary of state, Madeline Albright, who answered a question about why the sanctions were still imposed on Iraq while admitting that Iraq’s weapons of mass destruction (WMD) were destroyed; she said it was because the brains were still there (Al-Rubaie 2008). Also, the declaration of President Bashar al-Asad who said that following the occupation of Iraq in 2003 he received Colin Powell, then US secretary of state, who warned him against receiving or sheltering Iraqi scientists and academics (al-Mayadeen 2013)}. Also, because of their conservative religious attitudes, the ruling clique after 2003 alienated the technocrats fearing that their role in developing the society and the state could be a real challenge to their own parochial ideologies. The result was an acute deterioration in the field of education in general and higher education in particular.
In general, the higher education system in Iraq was faced with a major challenge, which was represented by the insistence of the different regimes to control the education system. However, the official interference was not always harmful to education in general and higher education in particular. For example, in 1968, the government approved a law requiring the free and compulsory education at all levels, and in 1977, it passed the law for the eradication of illiteracy. UNESCO duly presented Iraq with the prize of the year for eradicating illiteracy in 1982 (Ranjan and Jain 2009). Also, between 1970 and 1980, the regime took a very positive step by sending thousands of students abroad to study for higher degrees. By the end of the decade Iraqi higher education was self-sufficient in all fields of knowledge.
The aim of this essay is to show how the education system has been neglected since 2003 till the present. The article will try to discuss the reality of the higher education system, compare it to the past and look at its future, by examining the main challenges that male and female academics faced during the occupation and the domination of religious-conservative movements in the post-occupation government. The authors’ experience as former members of Baghdad University staff has been the main source for this essay.
Reviews
Authors: Talhami Ghada Hashem , Sullivan Antony T. , Bukovich Keith , Ginsberg Terri 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
The Journey of an Iraqi Pan-Arabist
My Memoirs: Half a Century of the History of Iraq and the Arab Cause, Tawfiq al-Suwaydi (2013) Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 545 pp., Introduction by Antony T. Sullivan, translation by Nancy Roberts ISBN 978-1-58826-903-4 (hbk), $55.00
Reclaiming Iraq: The 1920 Revolution and the Founding of the Modern State, Abbas Kadhim (2012) Austin: University of Texas Press, Contains index, 213 pp., ISBN: 978-0-292-73924-6 (hbk), $55.00
Breaking Iraq – The Ten Mistakes That Broke Iraq, Ted Spain and Terry Turchie (2013) Palisades, NY: History Publishing Co., 310 pp., ISBN: 978-1-933909-53-0 (hbk), $US28.95
Media Practice in Iraq, Ahmed K. Al-Rawi (2012) London and New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 221 pp., ISBN 978-0-230-35452-4 (hbk), $85.00
Sticks and Carrots in Procurement: An Experimental Exploration
Authors: Bigoni Maria , Spagnolo Giancarlo , Valbonesi Paola 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
We test the robustness of recent findings on the benefits of penalty contracts to the environments typical of B2B (and B2G) procurement, where buyers and sellers interact repeatedly, matching is endogenous and competitive, there are contractible and non-contractible tasks, and reputation-based relationships can emerge. Both bonuses and penalties boost efficiency, strongly increasing effort in the contractible task while only mildly crowding it out in the non-contractible one. However, sellers grab a higher fraction of surplus with bonuses, as buyers’ offers become more generous. Consequently, buyers prefer penalties, which may explain why they are so widespread in procurement.
Narragonia und Schlaraffia
Authors: Weidenfeld Christiane 
Published: June 2014

AbstractThe meaning of ›folly‹ in Sebastian Brant’s ›Ship of Fools‹ has been keenly and prominently debated by scholarship. Undoubtedly, Brant’s conception of folly integrates various semantic layers. Yet one, the Cockaigne layer, has been largely neglected. In his depiction of the fictional space of Narragonia, Brant draws on various Cockaigne motives, which emanate from a centuries-old, predominantly oral literary tradition. Developing these motives in his own poetic manner, Brant initiates the German Cockaigne literature of the 16th and 17th century. An analysis of the Cockaigne layer sheds new light on Brant’s conception of folly and reveals the partial synonymy of Narragonia and Cockaigne.
Effects of Bath Depth and Eccentricity on Mixing Phenomena in Shaking Ladle
Authors: Ni Shanqiang , Wang Haijuan , Zhang Jun , Chu Shaojun 
Published: June 2014

AbstractWater modeling experiments were carried out to investigate the mixing time and fluid flow phenomena in a shaking ladle, which is widely used in production of low and medium carbon ferromanganese and ferrochrome and also other metallurgical processes. Mixing time was determined by electrical conductivity probe method. A new concept of CSS-MT (critical shaking speed based on mixing time) was defined, which was different from the previous CSS-WH (critical shaking speed based on wave height). And the influences of bath depth and eccentricity on the CSS-MT were studied. The results showed that the mixing behaviors in shaking ladle can be categorized into shallow water type and deep water type, and the mixing efficiency of the former is poor and should be avoided in the industry practice. For the deep water type, the CSS-MT increases with increasing of bath depth and is approximately 15 rpm greater than the CSS-WH obtained from Ishii’s empirical formula. A larger eccentricity is helpful to decrease the critical shaking speed within certain limitations which is 30 mm; however, it is useless for increasing the eccentricity when it is above the limitation.
Emergence of Organic Farming under Imperfect Competition: Economic Conditions and Policy Instruments
Authors: Jaeck Mélanie , Lifran Robert , Stahn Hubert 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
This paper explores the economic conditions for the viability of organic farming in a context of imperfect competition. While most research dealing with this issue has adopted an empirical approach, we propose a theoretical approach. Farmers have a choice between two technologies, the conventional one using two complementary inputs, chemicals and seeds, and the organic one only requiring organic seeds. The upstream markets are oligopolistic and the firms adopt Cournot behavior. The game is solved backward. The equilibrium distribution of the farmers between both sectors is obtained by a free-entry condition. Since multiple equilibria could exist, including the non-emergence of organic farming, we spell out viability conditions for organic farming. Then, using an “infant industry” argument, we propose several public policy instruments able to support the development of organic farming and assess their relative efficiency. Results could be useful to assess the conditions of emergence and viability of agricultural innovations in analogous contexts.
Zeithistoriker in den Archiven der Sozialwissenschaften
Authors: Pleinen Jenny , Raphael Lutz 
Published: June 2014

Vorspann
Die Debatte, die Rüdiger Graf und Kim Christian Priemel 2011 in den Vierteljahrsheften eröffnet haben, geht in eine neue Runde: Wie soll die Zeitgeschichte mit den Daten und Deutungsangeboten der Sozialwissenschaften umgehen, so lautet die zentrale Frage. Jenny Pleinen und Lutz Raphael plädieren dafür, die Historisierung sozialwissenschaftlicher Analysen mit einer methodisch reflektierten Nutzung der ihnen zugrunde liegenden Daten zu kombinieren und zeigen in ihrer äußerst aspektreichen Studie an mehreren Beispielen, was sie genau damit meinen. Mit bloßer Rückbesinnung auf das historische Kerngeschäft ist es in ihren Augen nicht getan. An eigener Begriffs- und Theoriebildung führt kein Weg vorbei. Eine wichtige Herausforderung - keine Frage.
Ultrasonic Synthetic Aperture Focusing Technique With Finite Source Element for Focused Transducers
Authors: Chang Chih-Hsiung , Chang Young-Fo , Shih Ruey-Chyuan , Shung K. Kirk 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
A spherically focused transducer (SFT) can concentrate the ultrasounds to a focal zone that yields a better lateral resolution at a certain axial range. Unfortunately, this result is always accompanied by a loss of resolution outside the focal zone. The synthetic aperture focusing technique (SAFT) is a type of digital signal processing technique that is commonly based on the point-source wavefront backpropagation (WFBP) theory to improve the axial resolution of the image. However, the ultrasound is refracted when it propagates through the couplant–specimen interface to detect the flaws in specimens; thus, the capability of a virtual point-source SAFT in refocusing ultrasonic energy is deteriorated caused by the phase aberration by an SFT. Therefore, in this study, the finite source element (FSE) refraction corrected WFBP SAFT imaging method will be introduced to reduce the phase aberration effect when refocusing a defocused ultrasonic image. Study results show that the axial resolution of the image is largely improved by this technique, but improvement is not yet attained in the lateral resolution. In addition, the signal-to-noise ratio of the image is enhanced. Therefore, for cases with a strong phase aberration, the proposed method is recommended for obtaining better image resolution.
Enttäuschung als Politikressource
Authors: Gotto Bernhard 
Published: June 2014

Deutsche EinleitungDie westdeutsche Friedensbewegung erzielte anfangs beeindruckende Mobilisierungserfolge, musste dann aber zahlreiche Rückschläge einstecken. Enttäuschung machte sich breit, ihr Sturz in die Bedeutungslosigkeit ließ aber auf sich warten. Bernhard Gotto, Mitarbeiter des Instituts für Zeitgeschichte und Koordinator der Leibniz Graduate School „Enttäuschung im 20. Jahrhundert. Utopieverlust - Verweigerung - Neuverhandlung“, analysiert die Ursachen dieser erstaunlichen Selbstbehauptung und verweist dabei vor allem auf das raffinierte Gefühlsmanagement, das die Friedensbewegung im Umgang mit Rückschlägen und Misserfolgen entwickelt hatte. Es immunisierte gegen Frustration und Resignation, ihm war es sogar zu verdanken, dass aus Enttäuschungen Lerneffekte resultierten, die zur Vitalisierung der Demokratie als Lebensform führten.
Forum Demokrasi (Democratic Forum): An Intellectuals’ Responses to the State and Political Islam
Authors: SRS. Herdi 
Published: June 2014

Indonesian political life are colored appearance of intellectual religious organizations. Listed first is the Association of Indonesian Muslim Intellectuals (ICMI), which was established in 1990. Following years formed the Indonesian Hindu Intellectuals Forum (FCHI) and the Indonesian Buddhist Scholars Family (KCBI). While the Association of Indonesian Christian Intelligentsia (PIKI) and the Indonesian Catholic Scholars Association (ISKA), each of which stands in 1963 and 1958, re-grown, along with the others.Among these organizations, ICMI is a religious organization-the most prominent scholars. Most of his followers and their role in political life is crucial. A large number of its members supported the fact that the majority of Indonesian Muslims. While the success of ICMI more possible role of elite countries that provide full support. The bureaucrats, ranging from ministerial level to local officials, many who take charge of ICMI. Even the chairman of ICMI itself is B.J. Habibie, who was then serving as Minister of Research and Technology.DOI: 10.15408/sdi.v2i4.825
God and Spiritual Beings in the Cirebon- Javanese Belief System: A Reluctant Contribution against the Syncretic Argument
Authors: AG. Muhaimin 
Published: June 2014

The study of Javanese Islam has given rise to a controversy between those who deny the strong influence of Islam on the local culture, and they are looking the other way. The first group of many arguments based on deterministic mindset historical-psychological situation of the engineering community as well as Java. This mindset has weakened in line with studies done on Javanese Islam more deeply and critically by both groups. The findings showed that both groups of Islamic turns out to have a strong influence in the cultural roots of the local community.System-Cirebon Javanese belief, for example, no indication of syncretism. They do not have a concept of God that is different from Islam. The terms are not derived from the traditions of Islam, such as prayer or prince, it can be found; but is not a key element in building their confidence. Instead, the entire contents of the trust and the local community has its roots in line with Islamic tradition orthopraxy. Almost everything has a grounding and validation that comes from the grip of Islam: the Qur'an, the Hadith and the interpretations of scholars.DOI: 10.15408/sdi.v3i2.806
Radiation sterilization of new drug delivery systems
Authors: Abuhanoğlu Gürhan , Özer A. Yekta 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Radiation sterilization has now become a commonly used method for sterilization of several active ingredients in drugs or drug delivery systems containing these substances. In this context, many applications have been performed on the human products that are required to be sterile, as well as on pharmaceutical products prepared to be developed. The new drug delivery systems designed to deliver the medication to the target tissue or organ, such as microspheres, nanospheres, microemulsion, and liposomal systems, have been sterilized by gamma (γ) and beta (β) rays, and more recently, by e-beam sterilization. In this review, the sterilization of new drug delivery systems was discussed other than conventional drug delivery systems by γ irradiation.
Current practice and perspective of hands-free defibrillation in Hungary — Investigating the obstacles of implementation
Authors: Diószeghy Csaba , Molnár Noémi 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Defibrillation with self-adhesive pads is the gold standard method during resuscitation as it allows minimal interruptions of chest compressions. Unfortunately, the implementation of the new recommendations often requires the purchase of new equipment. We have conducted a nationwide survey by telephone interviews with senior clinicians in order to investigate the current position of the implementation and to identify possible obstacles. We have audited 56 hospitals and 92 departments across the country and interviewed the senior consultants of the intensive care units (ICUs) and emergency departments (EDs). Only 6.5% of all responders were using hands-free defibrillation routinely at the time of the survey. According to 67.4% of respondents, purchasing of new equipment was not likely within 2 years. The major obstacle was the perceived higher costs (59.8%); however, the majority of clinicians (92.4%) were aware of the potential benefits of hands-free defibrillation. Our results suggest that the implementation of the new guidelines is slower than expected due to the unavailability of hands-free defibrillators. The major obstacle is the perceived cost-efficiency concerns. The need for an interim recommendation for safe delivery of defibrillation using hard paddles might be considered to enhance the chance of survival for a large number of patients.
Enhanced response in InAs quantum dots in an InGaAs quantum well solar cells by anti-reflection coatings
Authors: Makableh Y. F. , Vasan R. , Sarker J. C. , Lee S. , Khan M. A. , Manasreh M. O. 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTA study on light absorption enhancement of an InAs quantum dots embedded into InxGa1-xAs quantum well with GaAs as a barrier solar cells was carried out. Solar cell devices were fabricated from different structures, which were grown by using molecular beam epitaxy, with the In mole fraction (x) varied between 0 – 25 %. Poly-L-Lysine ligands and ZnO sol-gel was used to modify the surface of the solar cells and act as anti-reflection coatings. The anti-reflection characteristic of the ligands and the sol-gel were investigated by measuring the solar cell characteristics before and after the solar cells surface modifications. The current-voltage characteristics were measured of the fabricated solar cells before and after Poly-L-Lysine and ZnO coatings. A significant enhancement on the order of 40 % of the solar cells performance was observed. This type of enhancement was observed in the power conversion efficiency, spectral response measurements, and external quantum efficiency.