bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparing the Impacts of Tropical SST Variability and Polar Stratospheric Ozone Loss on the Southern Ocean Westerly Winds*
Authors: Schneider David P. , Deser Clara , Fan Tingting 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
Westerly wind trends at 850 hPa over the Southern Ocean during 1979–2011 exhibit strong regional and seasonal asymmetries. On an annual basis, trends in the Pacific sector (40°–60°S, 70°–160°W) are 3 times larger than zonal-mean trends related to the increase in the southern annular mode (SAM). Seasonally, the SAM-related trend is largest in austral summer, and many studies have linked this trend with stratospheric ozone depletion. In contrast, the Pacific sector trends are largest in austral autumn. It is proposed that these asymmetries can be explained by a combination of tropical teleconnections and polar ozone depletion. Six ensembles of transient atmospheric model experiments, each forced with different combinations of time-dependent radiative forcings and SSTs, support this idea. In summer, the model simulates a positive SAM-like pattern, to which ozone depletion and tropical SSTs (which contain signatures of internal variability and warming from greenhouse gasses) contribute. In autumn, the ensemble-mean response consists of stronger westerlies over the Pacific sector, explained by a Rossby wave originating from the central equatorial Pacific. While these responses resemble observations, attribution is complicated by intrinsic atmospheric variability. In the experiments forced only with tropical SSTs, individual ensemble members exhibit wind trend patterns that mimic the forced response to ozone. When the analysis presented herein is applied to 1960–2000, the primary period of ozone loss, ozone depletion largely explains the model’s SAM-like zonal wind trend. The time-varying importance of these different drivers has implications for relating the historical experiments of free-running, coupled models to observations.
The Frequency of White Blood Cell and Temperature Events During Mechanical Ventilation and Their Association With Ventilator-Associated Events
Authors: Edriss Hawa , Whiting Jeremy , Nugent Kenneth 
Published: September 2015

Background: Changes in white blood cell (WBC) counts and/or temperature could have important implications in patients on ventilators, but the frequency of these events is uncertain. Methods: We reviewed the medical records from 281 ventilation episodes in our medical intensive care unit to determine patient characteristics and the indications for ventilation. We determined the number of days during each ventilation episode in which the temperature (<96.8°F, >100.4°F) or WBC count (<4000/µL, >12 000/µL) was out of the normal range. Results: This study included 257 patients with a mean Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation 2 score of 13.5 ± 5.9 and a mean initial Pao2/Fio2 of 210 ± 110. The median number of ventilator days was 4 (interquartile range, 3-9). One hundred ninety-six of 275 eligible ventilator episodes (71.3%) had 1 or more temperature events, and 194 of 253 eligible ventilator episodes (76.7%) had 1 or more WBC events. Nineteen patients met the Center for Disease Control criteria for a ventilator-associated event (VAE). Twelve patients had an increased WBC count during the VAE period, and 11 had an increased temperature during this period. Conclusions: White blood cell counts and temperature events occur frequently in patients on ventilators and need evaluation but do not reliably identify patients with ventilator-associated complications.
The activation of grammaticalized meaning in L2 processing: Toward an explanation of the morphological congruency effect
Authors: Jiang Nan , Hu Guiling , Chrabaszcz Anna , Ye Lijuan 
Published: September 2015

Objectives: The study was intended to test the hypothesis that L2 speakers have difficulty in automatically activating a grammaticalized L2 meaning that is not morphologically marked in L1. Methodology: The study consisted of three experiments. A sentence–picture matching task was designed to assess the activation of grammaticalized meaning. The participants were asked to judge if a sentence correctly described the physical relationships of three objects in a picture. Hidden in the stimuli that required a positive response was a number agreement manipulation whereby a noun phrase in the sentence may agree or disagree with the number of objects in the picture. A number disagreement effect, as shown in a delay in producing a positive response on items of number disagreement was used to assess automatic activation of number meanings. Data and Analysis: The data constituted reaction times and accuracy rates from 32 English native speakers, 36 Chinese native speakers, 54 Chinese–English bilinguals, and 26 Russian–English bilinguals. Analyses of variance were performed in analyzing these data. Findings: The results showed a number disagreement effect in L1 and L2 among Russian English as a second language (ESL) speakers only. Chinese ESL speakers showed no difference between the two critical conditions in either language. A follow-up experiment showed that Chinese ESL speakers had no difficulty in automatically activating number meanings which were expressed lexically in English sentence processing. These findings provided support for the idea that the well documented difficulty L2 learners have in learning incongruent L2 inflectional morphemes may have to do with their difficulty in automatically activating a grammaticalized meaning that is not grammaticalized in their L1. Originality: The sentence–picture matching task represented a unique and effective approach to the study of the activation of grammaticalized meanings. Significance: The findings from the study represented some first psycholinguistic evidence regarding the activation of grammaticalized meanings among non-native speakers.
Directionality of cross-linguistic influence: Which referring choices do bilingual Ukrainian–English children make?
Authors: Mykhaylyk Roksolana , Ytterstad Elinor 
Published: September 2015

Aims and research questions: This paper presents a new study addressing the issue of cross-linguistic influence in acquisition of referring expressions. The main research question is how to predict directionality of this influence in a dual language development. Methodology: The method is an elicited production task. We consider the phenomenon of direct object referring choices, i.e. noun, pronoun and null element, in a ‘null-object’–‘overt-object’ language pair (Ukrainian and English). Data and Analysis: Participants of the experiment are 4–6-year-old Ukrainian–English bilinguals (N20) and Ukrainian monolinguals (N21). The data are analyzed in the statistical program R, utilizing the R-library function lme4. The results are presented as odds ratios (ORs) of each direct object type. Findings: Our data reveal that while there is no significant difference in Ukrainian object types in most of the age groups, there is a considerable amount of null object usage in English at the ages of four to five. Originality: The innovative nature of this study lies in: (i) the consideration of a licit object omission at a later stage of language development (from 4 to 6 years of age); (ii) the examination of an under-investigated language combination (i.e. English and Ukrainian); and (iii) the innovative approach to linguistic data analysis (e.g. comparing OR values). Implications: Our findings suggest that the directionality of influence in dual language acquisition depends on the developmental stage, language-specific means of syntax–pragmatics interaction, and extra-linguistic input-related factors. At the early stages of development, the null-object language is likely to influence the overt-object language, especially under conditions of limited exposure to the latter.
Arterial Embolisms and Thrombosis in Upper Extremity Ischemia
Authors: Skeik Nedaa , Soo-Hoo Sarah S. , Porten Brandon R. , Graber John , Alden Peter , Cragg Andrew , Alexander Jason Q. , Rizvi Adnan , Manunga Jesse M. , Garberich Ross F. , Sullivan Timothy 
Published: September 2015

Objective: Upper extremity ischemia (UEI) is an uncommon condition that can lead to permanent disability. There is a limited understanding of the etiology, management, and outcomes of the disease. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the charts of all patients who were diagnosed with “embolism and/or thrombosis of arteries of upper extremity” at our institution from January 2005 to December 2013. Results: Patients diagnosed with embolisms were older ( P < .001), more likely to undergo thromboembolectomy ( P < .001), had higher rates of hypertension ( P = .001), and had longer lengths of hospital stay ( P = .002). There were no significant differences in complications or mortality at 30 days and up to 1 year. Conclusion: At our center, embolism was found to be the most common etiology for UEI followed by thrombosis and stenosis. Patients presented with embolism were older, were more likely to undergo thromboembolectomy, and had higher rates of hypertension and longer hospital stays.
Open Versus Endovascular Repair of Inflammatory Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms
Authors: Kakkos Stavros K. , Papazoglou Konstantinos O. , Tsolakis Ioannis A. , Lampropoulos George , Papadoulas Spyros I. , Antoniadis Pavlos N. 
Published: September 2015

Objectives: Open surgical repair (OSR) of inflammatory abdominal aortic aneurysms (IAAAs) can have significant morbidity. The aim of the present investigation was to compare IAAA outcome after OSR and endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) and perform a meta-analysis of the literature. Methods: Twenty-seven patients with an intact IAAA operated on during a 21-year period were included. Results: Nine patients were managed with EVAR and 18 with OSR. In the EVAR group, the number of transfused red blood cell units ( P = .001), procedure duration ( P < .001), and postoperative hospitalization ( P = .004) were significantly reduced compared to OSR. A trend for decreased morbidity with EVAR (11% vs 33% for OSR, P = .36) was observed. On literature review and meta-analysis, morbidity after EVAR was 8.3%, significantly lower compared to OSR (27.4%, P = .047). Mortality for nonruptured IAAAs was 0% after EVAR and 3.6% after OSR ( P = 1.00). Conclusions: Endovascular aneurysm repair of IAAAs is associated with decreased procedure duration, transfusion needs, hospitalization, and morbidity compared to OSR.
MYC-IG rearrangements are negative predictors of survival in DLBCL patients treated with immunochemotherapy: a GELA/LYSA study
Authors: Copie-Bergman Christiane , Cuillière-Dartigues Peggy , Baia Maryse , Briere Josette , Delarue Richard , Canioni Danielle , Salles Gilles , Parrens Marie , Belhadj Karim , Fabiani Bettina , Recher Christian , Petrella Tony , Ketterer Nicolas , Peyrade Frederic , Haioun Corinne , Nagel Inga , Siebert Reiner , Jardin Fabrice , Leroy Karen , Jais Jean-Philippe , Tilly Herve , Molina Thierry Jo , Gaulard Philippe 
Published: September 2015

Key Points
MYC-IG translocation partner gene is a negative predictor of survival in DLBCL patients.
Genetic and morphological evidence for introgression between three species of willows
Authors: Fogelqvist Johan , Verkhozina Alla V. , Katyshev Alexander I. , Pucholt Pascal , Dixelius Christina , Rönnberg-Wästljung Ann Christin , Lascoux Martin , Berlin Sofia 
Published: September 2015

AbstractBackgroundHybridization and introgression are said to occur relatively frequently in plants, and in particular among different species of willows. However, data on the actual frequency of natural hybridization and introgression is rare. Here, we report the first fine-scale genetic analysis of a contact zone shared between the three basket willow species,Salix dasyclados,S. schweriniiandS. viminalisin the vicinity of the Lake Baikal in Southern Siberia. Individuals were sampled in fourteen populations and classified as pure species or hybrids based on a set of morphological characters. They were then genotyped at 384 nuclear SNP and four chloroplast SSR loci. The STRUCTURE and NewHybrids softwares were used to estimate the frequency and direction of hybridization using genotypic data at the nuclear SNP loci.ResultsAs many as 19 % of the genotyped individuals were classified as introgressed individuals and these were mainly encountered in the centre of the contact zone. All introgressed individuals were backcrosses toS. viminalisorS. schweriniiand no F1 or F2 hybrids were found. The rest of the genotyped individuals were classified as pure species and formed two clusters, one withS. schweriniiindividuals and the other withS. viminalisandS. dasycladosindividuals.The two clusters were significantly genetically differentiated, withFST = 0.333 (0.282–0.382,p < 0.001). In contrast, for the chloroplast haplotypes, no genetic differentiation was observed as they were completely shared between the species. Based on morphological classification only 5 % of the individuals were classified as introgressed individuals, which was much less than what was detected using genotypic data.ConclusionsWe have discovered a new willow hybrid zone with relatively high frequency of introgressed individuals. The low frequency of F1 hybrids indicates that ongoing hybridization is limited, which could be because of the presence of reproductive barriers or simply because the conditions are not favorable for hybridization. We further conclude that in order to get a complete picture of the species composition of a hybrid zone it is necessary to use a combination of morphological characters and genetic data from both nuclear and chloroplast markers.
The Effect of Federal Drug Law on the Incidence of Drug Abuse
Authors: Anthony James Christopher 
Published: September 2015

The Controlled Substances Act (CSA) is the prevailing “drug abuse” control statute in the United States. Its manifest objective is to prevent or reduce drug use's “substantial and detrimental effect on the health and general welfare of the American people.” Evaluating CSA's effectiveness in 1975, a Domestic Council Task Force reported in a White Paper to President Gerald Ford that its control measures do “reduce abuse of dangerous drugs.” The Task Force's evidence was based upon a before-and-after analysis of the frequency of “drug abuse episodes” reported to the nation's Drug Abuse Warning Network (DAWN).
This research note challenges the conclusion of the Domestic Council Task Force, subjecting the DAWN evidence to more rigorous scrutiny, and concluding that we do not presently have adequate materials to assess whether CSA meets its health objectives. The context of this conclusion is that of drug control, but its implications apply to health policy and health policy evaluation in general.
Maximum Allowable Cost: Can the Government Control Drug Costs? A Retrospective Political Analysis of Events and Issues
Authors: Smith Michael Ira , Wertheimer Albert I. 
Published: September 2015

In 1973 the federal government moved to limit drug reimbursement to providers in federally sponsored or supported programs, to the lowest cost at which the drug is generally and consistently available unless a difference in therapeutic effect can be demonstrated between the brand name and generic drug. This paper examines the political evolution and rationale for this program and explores the issues surrounding the ongoing controversy regarding publicly financed programs offering drug benefits.
The authors speculate that the government's first attempt to control prices of pharmaceuticals, prior to enactment of some form of national health insurance, if successful, will call forth pharmaceutical industry strategies which could negate program benefits.
A Qualitative Assessment of Previous Efforts to Contain Hospital Costs
Authors: Pearson David A. , Abernethy David S. 
Published: September 2015

In April 1977, the Administration's Hospital Cost Containment Act was introduced in the House of Representatives and the Senate. Reaction to the proposal on the part of the hospital industry was immediate and generally negative. The congressional response has consumed over a year's time, partly due to the complexity of many details incorporated in the proposal plus concern that its provisions were inequitable or inappropriately focused. Alternative proposals were introduced which led to a further compounding of the difficulties faced by Congress, and a further lengthening of the process. This paper provides information which places current activities surrounding the debate over the Hospital Cost Containment Act of 1977 in historical perspective, and analyzes previous major attempts to contain the rising costs of hospital care.
These attempts are described in three general categories: (1) controls on reimbursement; (2) controls on the supply of facilities; and (3) controls on utilization. Events surrounding them reveal that any effort to constrict the flow of resources to the health care industry will engender serious opposition. In addition, there are serious problems in defining health care needs and reasonable levels of reimbursement. These problems, coupled with society's general opposition to centralized planning and control, portend little success for centralized techniques in the foreseeable future.
Health Policy and Religion: Conflict and Accommodation in Israeli Politics
Authors: Yishai Yael 
Published: September 2015

This paper focuses on the impact of religious values and organizations on two issues of health policy, abortion and autopsy, both of which have been subjects of deep controversy between religious and nonreligious groups. The comparison between the issues centers on three stages of policy making: problem formation, problem solving and decision making.
Two models of influence on public policy are employed: (1) one in which political parties attempt to suppress issues, and (2) a group model which applies to a well articulated, controversial issue which is resolved by groups with direct access to decision makers.
The party model is relevant to the abortion issue, which was submerged beneath the surface of the public agenda due to national-religious value orientations. The group model fits the autopsy issue, which has been a subject of controversy between the Medical Association and religious groups.
Decision making on these issues was characterized by a pattern of compromise and accommodation which resulted in only slight deviations from norms of behavior previously practiced. The decisions made reflected the intricacies of the Israeli political system, and the salience of religious values in health policy making.
Work Force Policy Perspectives: Registered Nurses
Authors: Friss Lois O'Brien 
Published: September 2015

If the decline in full-time labor force participation by registered nurses in hospitals is to be reversed, the issue of equal pay for comparable work must be addressed. Under pressure for cost containment, policies tend to focus on labor force economics rather than on limitations of services. While the two are interrelated, wage policies must be considered independently.
This article describes the network which determines how nurse salaries are set: the relationship between the private sector, the general schedule and the Veterans' Administration. The effects of this system are documented, using testimony from a case in the tenth circuit, as well as comparisons with other reference groups: policemen, teachers, laborers, and VA career fields. The evidence suggests that there is a need for policy intervention. Prime areas for action are the comparability practices by governments, particularly in the areas of classification standards and pay setting. Hospital personnel practices which continue past effects of occupational segregation also should be changed.
Macrophage migration inhibitory factor and placental malaria infection in an area characterized by unstable malaria transmission in central Sudan
Authors: Eltayeb Reem , Bilal Naser , Abass Awad-Elkareem , Elhassan Elhassan M. , Mohammed Ahmed , Adam Ishag 
Published: September 2015

Background:The pathogenesis of malaria during pregnancy is not fully understood. A proinflammatory cytokine, macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is suggested as a factor involved in the pathogenesis of malaria during pregnancy.Methods:A cross-sectional study was conducted in Medani Hospital, Sudan to investigate MIF levels in placental malaria. Obstetrical and medical characteristics were gathered from each parturient woman using questionnaires. All women (151) were investigated for malaria using blood film and placental histology. MIF levels were measured using ELISA in paired maternal and cord blood samples.Results: There were noP. falciparum-positive blood films obtained from maternal peripheral blood, placenta or cord samples. Out of 151 placentae, four (2.6%), one (0.7%), 32 (21.2%) showed acute, chronic and past infection on histopathology examinations respectively, while the rest (114; 75.5%) of them showed no signs of infection.There was no significant difference in the median (interquartile) of maternal [5.0 (3.7─8.8) vs 6.2(3.5─12.0) ng/ml, P=0.643] and cord [8.1(3.3─16.9) vs 8.3(4.2─16.9), ng/ml, P= 0.601] MIF levels between women with a positive result for placental malaria infection (n=37) and women with a negative result for placental malaria infection (n=114). In regression models placental malaria was not associated with maternal MIF, hemoglobin or birth weight. MIF was not associated with hemoglobin or birth weight.Conclusion: There was no association between maternal and cord MIF levels, placental malaria, maternal hemoglobin and birth weight.
Patient-Controlled Analgesia Basal Infusion Overdose; Life-threatening Errors with Flecainide Suspension in Children; Medical Product Error-Prevention Efforts Need to be Shared and Harmonized Internationally
Authors: Cohen Michael R. , Smetzer Judy L. 
Published: September 2015

These medication errors have occurred in health care facilities at least once. They will happen again—perhaps where you work. Through education and alertness of personnel and procedural safeguards, they can be avoided. You should consider publishing accounts of errors in your newsletters and/or presenting them at your inservice training programs. Your assistance is required to continue this feature. The reports described here were received through the Institute for Safe Medication Practices (ISMP) Medication Errors Reporting Program. Any reports published by ISMP will be anonymous. Comments are also invited; the writers’ names will be published if desired. ISMP may be contacted at the address shown below. Errors, close calls, or hazardous conditions may be reported directly to ISMP through the ISMP Web site ( www.ismp.org ), by calling 800-FAIL-SAFE, or via e-mail at ismpinfo@ismp.org . ISMP guarantees the confidentiality and security of the information received and respects reporters’ wishes as to the level of detail included in publications.