bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Heterogeneity Politics of the Welfare State: Changing Population Heterogeneity and Welfare State Policies in High‐Income OECD Countries, 1980‐2005
Authors: Wagle Udaya R. 
Published: January 2014

Whether and how developments and changes in welfare state policies are related with population heterogeneity has been a subject of contention. This article examines this relationship using data on welfare state provisions and practices, and ethno‐racial, religious, and immigration heterogeneity, from 17 high‐income Organisation for Economic Co‐operation and Development countries between 1980 and 2005. Findings suggest that while religious diversity lacks a systematic association with welfare state policies, the relationship of ethno‐racial and especially immigration diversity bifurcates between welfare state decommodification and expenditures. The welfare state expenditure‐increasing and welfare‐state‐provision‐decreasing roles of immigration, in particular, provide important insights into why welfare state policies may have been limited in some countries and lately scaled back in others.Related Articles:
Gainous, Jason, Stephen C. Craig, and Michael D. Martinez. 2008. “.” Politics & Policy 36 (): 972‐1004. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747‐1346.2008.00147.x/abstract

Byrne, Jennifer. 2011. “.” Politics & Policy 39 (): 485‐514. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747‐1346.2011.00301.x/abstract

Flavin, Patrick, Alexander C. Pacek, and Benjamin Radcliff. 2011. “.” Politics & Policy 29 (): 251‐269. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747‐1346.2011.00290.x/abstract
Related Media:Databases: by Wagle, Udaya. 2013. “.” http://homepages.wmich.edu/~uwagle/

. https://www.cia.gov/
Late electrophysiological modulations of feature‐based attention to object shapes
Authors: Stojanoski Bobby Boge , Niemeier Matthias 
Published: January 2014

AbstractFeature‐based attention has been shown to aid object perception. Our previous ERP effects revealed temporally late feature‐based modulation in response to objects relative to motion. The aim of the current study was to confirm the timing of feature‐based influences on object perception while cueing within the feature dimension of shape. Participants were told to expect either “pillow” or “flower” objects embedded among random white and black lines. Participants more accurately reported the object's main color for valid compared to invalid shapes. ERPs revealed modulation from 252–502 ms, from occipital to frontal electrodes. Our results are consistent with previous findings examining the time course for processing similar stimuli (illusory contours). Our results provide novel insights into how attending to features of higher complexity aids object perception presumably via feed‐forward and feedback mechanisms along the visual hierarchy.
Mining Trajectory Data and Geotagged Data in Social Media for Road Map Inference
Authors: Li Jun , Qin Qiming , Han Jiawei , Tang Lu‐An , Lei Kin Hou 
Published: January 2014

AbstractAs mapping is costly and labor‐intensive work, government mapping agencies are less and less willing to absorb these costs. In order to reduce the updating cycle and cost, researchers have started to use user generated content (UGC) for updating road maps; however, the existing methods either rely heavily on manual labor or cannot extract enough information for road maps. In view of the above problems, this article proposes a UGC‐based automatic road map inference method. In this method, data mining techniques and natural language processing tools are applied to trajectory data and geotagged data in social media to extract not only spatial information – the location of the road network – but also attribute information – road class and road name – in an effort to create a complete road map. A case study using floating car data, collected by the National Commercial Vehicle Monitoring Platform of China, and geotagged text data from Flickr and Google Maps/Earth, validates the effectiveness of this method in inferring road maps.
Posttranscriptional Control of Microbe-Induced Rearrangement of Host Cell Actin
Authors: Gruber Charley C. , Sperandio Vanessa 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACT

Remodeling of the host cytoskeleton is a common strategy employed by bacterial pathogens. Although there is vigorous investigation of the cell biology underlying these bacterially mediated cytoskeleton modifications, knowledge of the plasticity and dynamics of the bacterial signaling networks that regulate the expression of genes necessary for these phenotypes is lacking. Enterohemorrhagic
Escherichia coli
attaches to enterocytes, forming pedestal-like structures. Pedestal formation requires the expression of the locus-of-enterocyte-effacement (LEE) and
espFu
genes. The LEE encodes a molecular syringe, a type III secretion system (T3SS) used by pathogens to translocate effectors such as EspFu into the host cell. By using a combination of genetic, biochemical, and cell biology approaches, we show that pedestal formation relies on posttranscriptional regulation by two small RNAs (sRNAs), GlmY and GlmZ. The GlmY and GlmZ sRNAs are unique; they have extensive secondary structures and work in concert. Although these sRNAs may offer unique insights into RNA and posttranscriptional biology, thus far, only one target and one mechanism of action (exposure of the ribosome binding site from the
glmS
gene to promote its translation) has been described. Here we uncovered new targets and two different molecular mechanisms of action of these sRNAs. In the case of EspFu expression, they promote translation by cleavage of the transcript, while in regard to the LEE, they promote destabilization of the mRNA. Our findings reveal that two unique sRNAs act in concert through different molecular mechanisms to coordinate bacterial attachment to mammalian cells.

IMPORTANCE
Pathogens evolve by horizontal acquisition of pathogenicity islands. We describe here how two sRNAs, GlmY and GlmZ, involved in cellular metabolism and cellular architecture, through the posttranscriptional control of GlmS (the previously only known target of GlmY and GlmZ), which controls amino sugar synthesis, have been coopted to modulate the expression of virulence. These sRNAs quickly allow for plasticity in gene expression in order for enterohemorrhagic
Escherichia coli
to fine-tune the expression of its complex type III secretion machinery and its effectors to promote bacterial attachment and subsequent actin rearrangement on host cells. Pedestal formation is a very dynamic process. Many of the genes necessary for pedestal formation are located within the same operon to evolutionarily guarantee that they are inherited together. However, it is worth noting that within these operons, several genes need to yield more proteins than others and that these differences cannot be efficiently regulated at the transcriptional level.
Enterobiasis-related inflammatory caecal polyp masquerading as a malignancy
Authors: Elsaid Nada , Mahmood Humza , Tekkis Paris , Tan Emile 
Published: January 2014

SummaryA 55 -year-old Asian man was seen in the emergency department with bleeding per rectum. He was a teetotaller and had no previous abdominal surgery. He did, however, report a change in bowel habit towards constipation. He underwent colonoscopy which revealed a lesion, highly suspicious of malignancy, in the caecum. On review by two consultants, a decision to completely resect this lesion was made. Histological analysis of the polypoidal growth showed it to be a consequence of chronic infection with the helminthEnterobius vermicularis. Importantly, there was no evidence of dysplastic or malignant cells. The patient was subsequently discharged with a 3-day course of antihelminthic mebendazole and reassured that his per rectal bleeding was most likely due to haemorrhoids discovered at rectal examination.
Selective Complex Fractionated Atrial Electrograms Targeting for Atrial Fibrillation Study (SELECT AF)
Authors: Verma Atul , Sanders Prashanthan , Champagne Jean , Macle Laurent , Nair Girish M. , Calkins Hugh , Wilber David J. 
Published: January 2014

Background—
This study compared generalized complex fractionated atrial electrograms (CFAE) ablation versus a selective CFAE ablation strategy targeting areas of continuous electric activity.

Methods and Results—

Subjects with symptomatic, persistent/high-burden paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (AF) were enrolled at 6 centers (n=86) and randomized to 1 of 2 arms. For group I, all CFAE regions with an interval confidence level >7 were ablated followed by pulmonary vein isolation (PVI). For group II, only CFAE sites with continuous electric activity were ablated followed by PVI. For PVI, all 4 PV antra were isolated with confirmed entrance block. Subjects were followed for 1 year with a visit, ECG, and 48-hour Holter every 3 months. Symptoms were confirmed by loop recording. The primary end point was freedom from arrhythmia >30 seconds at 1 year. For both group I and II, CFAE ablation prolonged AF cycle length (25±33 versus 23±33 ms;
P
=0.78) and resulted in similar rates of AF termination (37% versus 28%;
P
=0.42). Radiofrequency duration during CFAE ablation was significantly less in group II (23±20 versus 38±20 minutes;
P
=0.002). At 1-year follow-up, freedom from AF/atrial flutter/atrial tachycardia recurrence was significantly higher in group I versus group II after 1 procedure (50% versus 28%;
P
=0.03). There were also significantly fewer repeat procedures in group I (13% versus 36%;
P
=0.021).

Conclusions—
Continuous electric activity ablation+PVI result in a similar incidence of acute AF termination with significantly less radiofrequency time. However, incidence of repeat procedures and long-term recurrence of AF/atrial flutter/atrial tachycardia are significantly lower using generalized CFAE ablation+PVI.

Clinical Trial Registration—

URL:
http://www.clinicaltrials.gov
. Unique identifier: NCT00926783
National Trends in Visits to Physician Offices and Outpatient Clinics for Angina 1995 to 2010
Authors: Will Julie C. , Loustalot Fleetwood , Hong Yuling 
Published: January 2014

Background—
We asked whether visits to physician offices and hospital outpatient clinics for angina have changed over time and whether more frequent use of certain diagnostic techniques or referrals in this setting may account for such changes.

Methods and Results—

We combined data from the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey and the National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey to study visits to physician offices and outpatient departments. We calculated both crude and standardized rates for these visits using a modified version of technical specifications published by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. In 1995 to 1998, there were on average 3.6 million office/clinic visits each year for angina among adults in the United States. By 2007 to 2010, this had declined to 2.3 million visits each year. Angina visit rates per 100 000 declined significantly (
P
<0.05), with the greatest decline from 1995 through 1998 to 2003 through 2007. Coronary atherosclerotic disease diagnoses also declined after 2002. Both stress testing and referring patients out for care doubled during some study periods.

Conclusions—

Office and clinic visits for angina have declined over time. This trend parallels findings for both preventable hospitalization and emergency room visits for angina. Previous research’s decline in angina hospitalizations is not likely attributable to decreased referrals to hospital and emergency rooms for diagnosis and management. Although changes in
International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification
coding guidelines may explain some of the decline in angina and coronary atherosclerotic disease visits, it seems that other factors such as improved treatment or prevention may have played an additional role.
Patient Phenotypes Associated With Outcomes After Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
Authors: Ibrahim George M. , Morgan Benjamin R. , Macdonald R. Loch 
Published: January 2014

Background and Purpose—
Predictors of outcome after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage have been determined previously through hypothesis-driven methods that often exclude putative covariates and require a priori knowledge of potential confounders. Here, we apply a data-driven approach, principal component analysis, to identify baseline patient phenotypes that may predict neurological outcomes.

Methods—
Principal component analysis was performed on 120 subjects enrolled in a prospective randomized trial of clazosentan for the prevention of angiographic vasospasm. Correlation matrices were created using a combination of Pearson, polyserial, and polychoric regressions among 46 variables. Scores of significant components (with eigenvalues >1) were included in multivariate logistic regression models with incidence of severe angiographic vasospasm, delayed ischemic neurological deficit, and long-term outcome as outcomes of interest.

Results—
Sixteen significant principal components accounting for 74.6% of the variance were identified. A single component dominated by the patients’ initial hemodynamic status, World Federation of Neurosurgical Societies score, neurological injury, and initial neutrophil/leukocyte counts was significantly associated with poor outcome. Two additional components were associated with angiographic vasospasm, of which one was also associated with delayed ischemic neurological deficit. The first was dominated by the aneurysm-securing procedure, subarachnoid clot clearance, and intracerebral hemorrhage, whereas the second had high contributions from markers of anemia and albumin levels.

Conclusions—
Principal component analysis, a data-driven approach, identified patient phenotypes that are associated with worse neurological outcomes. Such data reduction methods may provide a better approximation of unique patient phenotypes and may inform clinical care as well as patient recruitment into clinical trials.

Clinical Trial Registration—

URL:
http://www.clinicaltrials.gov
. Unique identifier: NCT00111085.
Hemicraniectomy and Durotomy Upon Deterioration From Infarction-Related Swelling Trial
Authors: Frank Jeffrey I. , Schumm L. Philip , Wroblewski Kristen , Chyatte Douglas , Rosengart Axel J. , Kordeck Christi , Thisted Ronald A. ,   HeADDFIRST Trialists, Bernardini Gary , Andrefsky John , Krieger Derk , Elkind Mitchell , Coplin William , Graffagnino Carmelo , Biller Jose , Wang David , Cruz-Flores Salvador , Brock David , Demchuk Andrew , Verro Piero , Frank Jeffrey , Woo Daniel , Suarez Jose , Pettigrew Creed , LaMonte Marian 
Published: January 2014

Background and Purpose—
Hemicraniectomy and Durotomy Upon Deterioration From Infarction-Related Swelling Trial (HeADDFIRST) was a randomized pilot study to obtain information necessary to design a Phase III trial to evaluate the benefit of surgical decompression for brain swelling from large supratentorial cerebral hemispheric infarction.

Methods—
All patients with stroke were screened for eligibility (age 18–75 years, National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale ≥18 with Item 1a<2 [responsive to minor stimulation], and CT demonstrating unilateral, complete middle cerebral artery territory infarction by specific imaging criteria). All enrolled patients were treated using a standardized medical treatment protocol. Those with both ≥4 mm of pineal shift and deterioration in level of arousal or ≥7.5 mm of anteroseptal shift within 96 hours of stroke onset were randomized to continued medical treatment only or medical treatment plus surgery. Death at 21 days was the primary outcome measure.

Results—
Among 4909 screened patients, only 66 (1.3%) patients were eligible for HeADDFIRST. Forty patients were enrolled, and 26 patients developed the requisite brain swelling for randomization. All who failed to meet randomization criteria were alive at 21 days. Mortality at 21 and 180 days was 40% (4/10) in the medical treatment only and 21% (3/14) and 36% (5/14) in the medical treatment plus surgery arms, respectively.

Conclusions—
HeADDFIRST randomization criteria effectively distinguished low from high risk of death from large supratentorial cerebral hemispheric infarction. Lower mortality in the medical treatment only group than in other published trials suggests a possible benefit to standardizing medical management. These results can inform the interpretation of recently completed European trials concerning patient selection and medical management.

Clinical Trial Registration—
This trial was not registered because enrollment began before July 1, 2005.
Supraventricular Premature Beats and Short Atrial Runs Predict Atrial Fibrillation in Continuously Monitored Patients With Cryptogenic Stroke
Authors: Kochhäuser Simon , Dechering Dirk G. , Dittrich Ralf , Reinke Florian , Ritter Martin A. , Ramtin Shahram , Duning Thomas , Frommeyer Gerrit , Eckardt Lars 
Published: January 2014

Background and Purpose—
Supraventricular premature beats (SPBs) may help to assess the risk of atrial fibrillation (AF) in patients with cryptogenic stroke and therefore guide therapy.

Methods—
An internal loop recorder was implanted in consecutive patients with acute cryptogenic stroke. The occurrence and quantity of SPBs and short supraventricular runs (SVRs) in 24-hour ECG in patients with and without future AF were analyzed. We evaluated the relative risk of the upper quartile of SPB and SVR patients against the remainder and used binary logistic regression to evaluate a possible independent influence of SPBs and SVRs on AF occurrence.

Results—

Twelve of 70 included patients (mean age, 59±13 years) experienced development of AF during a mean monitoring duration of 536±212 days. Patients with AF had a median of 22.8 SPBs/h versus 1.2 SPBs/h (
P
<0.0001) in patients without AF and a median of 0.7 SVRs/h (AF) versus 0 SVR/h (non-AF). Patients in the upper quartile of SPBs (>14.1/h) and SVRs (>0.2/h) demonstrated a relative risk of 4.0 (95% confidence interval, 1.1–14.6;
P
=0.04) and 6.9 (95% confidence interval, 1.8–26.7;
P
=0.005) for future AF, respectively. In binary logistic regression, SPBs (
P
=0.02) and SVRs (
P
=0.05) remained significant independent predictors for occurrence of AF.

Conclusions—
Numerous SPBs and SVRs demonstrated a high risk for future AF in patients with cryptogenic stroke.
Thrombelastography Detects the Anticoagulant Effect of Rivaroxaban in Patients With Stroke
Authors: Bowry Ritvij , Fraser Stuart , Archeval-Lao Joancy M. , Parker Stephanie A. , Cai Chunyan , Rahbar Mohammad H. , Grotta James C. 
Published: January 2014

Background and Purpose—
Factor Xa inhibitors are prescribed for stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation. Managing such patients is challenging especially if they are eligible for thrombolysis because there is no rapidly available test to detect the effect of such medications. Thrombelastography analyzes the dynamics of coagulation and can be rapidly performed. We sought to determine whether thrombelastography can detect the anticoagulation effect of factor Xa inhibitors in patients with stroke.

Methods—
Blood from 10 patients with stroke was analyzed by thrombelastography at baseline and 2 to 18 hours after rivaroxaban administration.

Results—
Increased R, K, and δ were seen at 2, 4, and 6 hours, while G, maximum amplitude, α-angle, and LY30 were decreased. Baseline R was 5.8±0.5 when compared with 11.4±1.0 at 2 hours. R remained prolonged at 18 hours. Other thrombelastography parameters were normal by 18 hours.

Conclusions—
Thrombelastography can detect the anticoagulant effect of factor Xa inhibitors in patients with stroke and might be useful in the emergency management of those eligible for thrombolysis.
Radiofrequency ablation combined with transcatheter therapy in rabbit VX2 liver tumors: effects and histopathological characteristics
Authors: Duan XuHua , Zhou GuoFeng , Han XinWei , Ren JianZhuang , Zheng ChuanSheng , Liang HuiMin , Feng GanSheng 
Published: January 2014

Background Transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) combined with radiofrequency ablation (RFA) treatment (TACE-RFA) has been confirmed superior to TACE or RFA alone in animal liver tumors. TACE before RFA was shown to increase hepatocellular damage. Further optimization of the combination strategy for transcatheter arterial embolization (TAE) or TACE combined with RFA is warranted. Purpose To determine the optimal strategy for radiofrequency ablation combined with transcatheter therapies in VX2 liver tumors in a rabbit model. Material and Methods Twenty-four Japanese White rabbits with VX2 liver tumors were randomly divided into four groups: TACE-RFA (TACE-RFA group), transcatheter arterial embolization (TAE) combined with RFA treatment (TAE-RFA group), RFA only group, and TACE only group. Blood samples were collected 1 day before the operation and at 3 and 7 days postoperatively. Seven days after the operation, maximal diameters of coagulation or infarcted zones in the gross specimens, CT images, histopathological characteristics, tumor necrotic rate, and growth rate were compared. Results Significantly larger mean long-axis ( P < 0.05) and short-axis ( P < 0.05) diameters of coagulation and infarction were observed in the TACE-RFA group compared with the TAE-RFA, RFA, and TACE groups on day 7; and the TAE-RFA group showed a significant ( P < 0.05) increase versus the RFA and TACE groups on day 7. There were no significant differences in tumor growth rate (109.3 ± 37.5 vs. 119.0 ± 43.1%, P = 0.45) and necrotic rate (89.5 ± 12.0 vs. 83.5 ± 9.3%, P = 0.73) between the TACE-RFA and TAE-RFA groups. TACE-RFA was more effective for achieving tumor destruction than the other treatment strategies, but led to increased rabbits discomfort and more severe liver dysfunction compared with TAE-RFA. Conclusion TAE-RFA appears to be a beneficial therapeutic modality for treating VX2 liver tumors in a rabbit model.
FVIIa as used pharmacologically is not TF dependent in hemophilia B mice
Authors: Feng Dengmin , Whinna Herbert , Monroe Dougald , Stafford Darrel W. 
Published: January 2014

Key PointsA chimeric molecule that does not bind TF is as effective as FVIIa in preventing bleeding. An in vivo model of TF dependence of FVIIa supports the phospholipid-binding model.