bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Wirkung von Farnesylmethyläther auf die Atmung von Tenebrio molitor-Puppen
Authors: Schmialek P. , Drews G. 
Published: March 2015

Oxygen consumption of Tenebrio molitor during the chrysalis stage is indicated by a U-shaped curve.
The application of farnesylmethylether, which has a strong Corpus allatum hormone effect, results, in this stage of metamorphosis in a lesser and not so long lasting reduction of respiration, in comparison with control tests.
Untersuchungen über die Tubulogenese der Niere
Authors: Saxén Lauri , Toivonen Sulo , Vainio Tapani , Korhonen Paavo 
Published: March 2015

Die Entwicklung der embryonalen Mäuseniere ist mit der Zeitraffermethode in vitro untersucht worden, wobei besonderes Gewicht auf die durch die Ureterknopse induzierten Frühveränderungen gelegt wurde. Als erste Anzeichen der beginnenden Differenzierung sind Kondensation des Mesenchyms um den Induktor herum und Abschwächung der Zellmotilität zu beobachten. Die induzierende Einwirkung betrifft eine ca. 200 μ breite Zone im Mesenchym. Später, wenn die Äste des Ureterbäumchens sich weiter voneinander entfernen, spaltet sich die ursprünglich einheitliche Kondensation zu prätubulären Inseln, die jede Endigung der Äste umgeben, und die sich später in situ zu Nierenkanälchen entwickeln.
Die Resultate sind mit der Theorie der „selektiven Fixation“ zu erklären versucht worden.
Untersuchungen zum Mechanismus der Umwandlung von 4.2′.4′.6'-Tetrahydroxychalkon in Taxifolin in Chamaecyparis obtusa.
Authors: Grisebach Hans , Kellner Siegfried 
Published: March 2015

For the formation of dihydroflavonols (3-hydroxyflavanones) from flavanones (chalcones) several pathways can be formulated: 1. Direct oxydation of a flavanone at C-3. 2. Formation via chalconeepoxide. 3. The pathway flavanone → flavone → flavonol → dihydroflavonol. 4. Addition of water to the 2.3-double bond of a flavone. For the purpose of eliminating either pathways 1 and 2 or pathways 3 and 4 as possibilities, an experiment was carried out in which a chalcone labelled in the β-position both with 14C and tritium was synthesized and administered to a plant producing a dihydroflavonol. In the case of pathways 1 and 2 the tritium should be retained in the dihydroflavonol whereas it would be lost in the case of pathways 3 and 4. which involve a flavone as an intermediate.
4.2′,4′.6′-Tetrahydroxychalcone-2′-glucoside-[β - 14C-β-T] (I) with a 14C/T ratio of 1 : 2.1 was fed to leaves of Chamaecyparis obtusa. The isolated Taxifolin-3-xyloside (II) had a 14C/T ratio of 1 : 2,3. When II was oxidized to quercetin-3-xyloside this ratio increased to 1 : 0,13 proving that the bulk of the tritium in II was located at the exspected position. These results exclude the pathways 3 and 4 and make it probable that 3-hydroxyflavanones arise by a stereospecific oxydation of flavanones at the 3-position.
Über die durch Trocknen bewirkten Absorptions-Änderungen von Chloroplasten und Algen
Authors: Menke Wilhelm , French C. Stacey , Butler Warren L. 
Published: March 2015

Derivative spectra of isolated chloroplasts in water of air dried and freeze dried chloroplasts are compared with spectra of lipid extracts free of solvent. During freeze drying the chlorophyll does not dissolve in the separated chloroplast lipids as appears to follow from X-ray investigations.
By freeze drying, the red absorption of algae and isolated chloroplasts is shifted more or less to longer wavelengths. During slow drying in air the red absorption band is shifted by some algae to shorter wavelengths. Some algae do not show this shift. These changes of absorption are partly caused by different selective light scattering and partly by an alteration of the relative amounts of various spectroscopic forms of the chlorophyll a. A clear decision upon these two factors is impossible.
Über die automatische Registrierung der Hämolyse durch Serumkomplement und Lysolecithin
Authors: Siedentopf H. G. , Lauenstein K. , Fischer H. 
Published: March 2015

An experimental set up is described in which the degree of optical density during lysis of sensitized sheep erythrocytes by complement (C′) and other hemolytic agents is followed photometrically and recorded automatically.
The time required for 50% reduction in optical density is inversely proportional to the serum dilution and thus can be taken for quantitative measurement of C′-activity. The linear relationship forms the basis for a quantitative comparison of the effect of various inhibitors. A definite advantage of the method is due to the ease with which kinetic studies of whole complement and the intermediate steps of its action can be performed.
Using this method the influence of variations of the quantity of red cells, of antibody concentration, and of temperature are reported.
To demonstrate the usefulness of the method a number of experiments are given, each of which is characteristic for a certain field of application. They include estimation of lytic activity of serum complement, comparison of different C′ inhibitors, action of C′ on tanned erythrocytes in the absence of antibody, estimation of lytic activity of lysolecithin (LL), hemolysis by LL as obtained by activation of C′ in serum and from erythrocytes lysed by C′, inhibition of C′ and of LL by albumin and by lecithin.
4-, 5- und 8-Hydroxy-1 -naphthylessigsaure als mögliche Stoffwechselprodukte der 1-Naphthylessigsäure
Authors: Legler Günter , Klämbt Hans-Dieter , Garel Jean-Pierre 
Published: March 2015

4-, 5- and 8-hydroxy-1-naphthyl acetic acid have been synthesized and compared with a metabolic product of 1-naphthyl acetic acid isolated from wheat coleoptils. The observed chromatographic identity of the 5-hydroxy acid with the natural product was confirmed by cocrystallisation of 5-methoxy-1-naphthyl acetic acid with the methyl ether of the labelled metabolite. From the UV-spectrum of the metabolite and the large amount of radioactivity remaining in the mother liquor of the first crystallisation it was inferred that a second metabolite its present besides 5-hydroxy-1-naphthyl acetic acid.
The 8-hydroxy acid could only be obtained as lactone.
I. Preparation of some Dipterex Analogues and stability of O,O-Dimethyl-2,2,2-Trichloro-1- Methoxyethyl Phosphonate
Authors: Zayed S. M. A. D. , Hassan A. , Fakhr I. M. I. 
Published: March 2015

Dipterex and its homologues have been prepared by a single vessel reaction in good yields. The stability of O,O-dimethyl-2,2,2-trichloro-1-methoxyethyl phosphonate Ib towards temperature and pH variation has been studied using P32-labelled compounds. Compared with the parent substance (Dipterex), Ib is much more stable.
The anticholinesterase activity of Dipterex was found to be over 300 times higher than that of the methyl ether Ib; thus proving that the presence of the free hydroxyl group in Dipterex and its anticholinesterase activity are correlated.
Zur Tryptophanpyrrolase-Aktivität in der embryonalen Hühnerleber
Authors: Leibenguth Friedrich 
Published: March 2015

Es wird der Verlauf der Tryptophanpyrrolase-Aktivität vom 6. Bebrütungstage bis zum Schlüpfen in der embryonalen Leber von Hühnern der Rasse Cathlines verfolgt sowie die Beeinflussung der Aktivität durch Folsäure im in vitro-Versuch und nach Injektion von Testosteronpropionat und 5-Fluoruracil getestet.
Die Kynureninformylase wird als im Überschuß vorhanden angesehen. Die Tryptophanpyrrolase-Aktivität steigt vom 5. bis 8. Tag langsam an, schnellt dann innerhalb von 3 Tagen auf den vierfachen Betrag und sinkt bis zum Schlüpfen allmählich wieder ab. Der Aktivitätsverlauf wird mit der zweiphasigen Wachstumskurve der Leber verglichen. Testosteronpropionat-Gaben beeinflussen sowohl im Lang- als auch im Kurzzeitversuch weder die Tryptophanpyrrolase noch das Leberwachstum noch die Regression des rechten Müller sehen Ganges bei weiblichen Embryonen. Das Basenanaloge 5-Fluoruracil hat je nach Entwicklungsstadium und Einwirkungsdauer einen fördernden oder hemmenden Einfluß auf die Aktivität der Tryptophanpyrrolase. Ob der erstere der beiden Effekte in der Aufhebung einer cytoplasmatischen Repression des Enzyms besteht, kann noch nicht entschieden werden.
Untersuchungen über die Oberflächenstruktur des Thylokoidsystems der Chloroplasten mit Hilfe von Antikörpern gegen die Ferredoxin-NADP-Reduktase
Authors: Berzborn Richard J. 
Published: March 2015

Our earlier results are confirmed by new experiments with ultrasonically disrupted isolated thylakoid systems and with “broken chloroplasts”: Chloroplast membrane systems are not agglutinated directly by antisera against ferredoxin-NADP reductase, although this protein is an integral part of the surface of the thylakoids. An indirect agglutination of the preparations, however, occurs, when the thylakoid systems are incubated with antisera against the reductase and then an antiserum against rabbit-γ-globulin or soluble reductase is added. Therefore the hypothetical deepenings discussed in the former publication must be located in the surface of the outer membranes of the thylakoid stacks. The thylakoid systems cannot be agglutinated directly by antibodies against reductase, because the antibody molecules are too short to connect the reductase located in the deepenings of the particles. The minimum depth of the cavities therefore must be about 60 A. The maximum depth is estimated experimentally to be about 200 A.
By treatment with EDTA the molecular structure of the thylakoid surface is altered in such a manner, that after this treatment the thylakoid systems can be agglutinated by antibodies against reductase directly. This treatment with EDTA is said to detach protruding knobs of the coupling factor of the photosynthetic phosphorylation. Thus our results are in agreement with the hypothesis, that the coupling factor is a protruding knob. Ferredoxin-NADP reductase would be located in the surface of the outer membranes of the thylakoid system between the knobs. - Other possible hypotheses to explain our immunological results are excluded by several control experiments.
Photovoltaic Effect of Acriflavine in Collodion Film
Authors: Tomita Giiti 
Published: March 2015

The photovoltaic effects of free and bound acriflavine were studied to find the elemenatary processes in photochemical behaviours of the dye. The observed photopotential in aqueous acriflavine solution is positive or negative against the dark electrode, depending on pH. The positive sign implys that the photoreduction of dye is more predominant than the photooxidation. The negative sign is obtained when the photooxidation is the predominant reaction.
Using the electrode coated directly or indirectly with a very thin film of acriflavine-dispersed collodion, the contributions from photo-reduction and -oxidation to the photopotential were separated. The spectral sensitivity of photopotentials gives us an useful information about the oxidationreduction mechanism of bound dyes. The photo-ejection of an electron from the excited singlet state of dye molecule, which was considered by LIM and others1 to be responsible for the delayed fluorescence of acriflavine in rigid media, seems to be favourable for understanding of photopotential properties at shorter wavelengths of excitation.
Synthese und Eigenschaften von 3-Äthoxy-1.2-dithiolium-Salzen
Authors: Faust J. , Fabian J. 
Published: March 2015

Die farblosen, feuchtigkeitsempfindlichen 3-Äthoxy-1.2-dithioliumfluoborate (1, X = BF4) können durch Umsetzung von 1.2-Dithiolonen- (3) (2) mit Triäthyloxoniumfluoborat in Dichlormethan erhalten werden. Das Fluoborat-Anion ist austauschbar, ein nucleophiler Angriff ist an verschiedenen Stellen des reaktionsfähigen Moleküls möglich. Dialkylsulfate, Alkyltosylate und Alkylhalogenide sind zur Alkylierung der 2 ungeeignet, die Umsetzung von 3-Chlor-1.2-dithiolium-Salzen (4) mit Alkoholen führt ebenfalls nicht zu 3-Alkoxy-1.2-dithiolium-Verbindungen.
Die charakteristischen Absorptionen der 3-Äthoxy-1.2-dithioliumionen (1) im Ultravioletten werden angegeben und durch SCF-LCI-PPP-Berechnungen theoretisch abgeleitet. Ein Vergleich dieser Absorptionen mit den Spektren der 1.2-Dithiolone-(3) (2) in konzentrierter Schwefelsäure zeigt, daß die Carbonyl-Verbindungen unter diesen Bedingungen am Sauerstoff protoniert werden.
Über Phosphazene, XXX.
Authors: Schmidpeter Alfred , Weingand Caspar , Hafner-Roll Elke 
Published: March 2015

The ammonolysis of a chlorophosphorane is characterised by the side by side substitution and condensation competing with one another. The different results fit into one reaction model from which the determining factors may be derived. Within the normal temperature range condensation proceeds only as long as both Cl and NH2 functions at the phosphorus are present.
Presubstitution by dialkylamines reduces condensation. Thus the partially alkylsubstituted tetraamino phosphonium and hexaamino diphosphorus nitride salts P (NR2)2(NH2)2
⊕, N [P (NR2) (NH2)2] 2⊕ and N [P (NR2) 2 (NH2)] 2⊕ are synthesised.
Die primäre Proteinstruktur von Stämmen des Tabakmosaikvirus
Authors: Jauregui-Adell J. , Hindennach I. , Wittmann H. G. 
Published: March 2015

The sequence of amino acids within the coat protein of the strain Holmes rib grass of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) has been determined. In this communication the amino acid compositions of the coat protein and of all tryptic peptides are reported. Furthermore the experimental details are given for the elucidation of the amino acid sequences within the first three tryptic peptides, containing 61 amino acids.
It has been found that the strain Holmes rib grass differs very extensively in the primary structure from the other TMV strains whose sequences are known. It differs from each of the other strains in more than 50% of the amino acid positions and it contains two amino acids less per protein subunit than the other TMV strains.
Die primäre Proteinstruktur von Stämmen des Tabakmosaikvirus
Authors: Wittmann H. G. , Hindennach I. , Wittmann-Liebold B. 
Published: March 2015

Experimental data for determining a) the amino acid sequences of eight tryptic peptides containing 95 amino acids and b) the order of the tryptic peptides are given. Combining the data of this and of a previous paper the complete amino acid sequence of the coat protein of the TMV strain Holmes rib grass (HRG) is established (Fig. 5). It is compared with three other TMV strains the sequences of which have been determined before (Fig. 6).
Differences and similarities between the sequences of the four TMV strains are discussed. HRG has a deletion of two amino acids and it is the most distantly related of the four TMV strains. When the sequence of HRG is compared to that of any of the other strains it turns out that in each case more than 50% of the 156 positions contain different amino acids (Fig. 7).
The number of positions with the same amino acid in all strains and mutants so far studied is 30 per cent. These positions are not randomly distributed but clustered mainly in two regions. This finding probably reflects the restriction of amino acid exchanges by the spatial structure of the viral rod.
Untersuchungen des Verhaltens von Kephalin/Cholesterin-Membranen in Metallchloridlösungen
Authors: Berger R. , Fritz H. P. 
Published: March 2015

Das Leitfähigkeits- und pH-Verhalten einer Kephalin/Cholesterin-Modellmembran wurde in Gegenwart von 0,1 M Metallchlorid-Lösungen untersucht. Bei den Lösungen der Erdalkalichloride, von CuCl2, CoCl2 und FeCl3 ergab sich eine deutliche Leitfähigkeitsabnahme als Funktion der Zeit.
Da einwertige Kationen aus der Membran gedrängt werden, wenn mehrwertige Ionen in der Lösung vorhanden sind und umgekehrt, muß ein lonenaustausch an solchen Modellmembranen angenommen werden, der sich durch pH-Messungen eindeutig sichern läßt.
Wechselwirkung pflanzlicher Wachstumshormone mit Membranen
Authors: Weigl Josef 
Published: March 2015

A strong physical association of indoleacetic acid. 2.4-dichloro-phenoxyacetic acid, indolepropionic acid and indolebutyric acid with lecithin was found which might have physiological significance (regulation, polar mobility). The association is assumed to be mainly due to bonding between the complementary charged groups of the phospholipid and auxin molecules and to specific interaction of the more hydrophobic parts of the molecules.
The following interactions were established:
Lecithin dissolved in CCl4 moves indoleacetic acid and 2.4-dichloro-phenoxyacetic acid out of an aqueous phase. Cholesterol, long chain fatty acids and amines did not give this interaction with indoleacetic acid and 2.4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid 4, 5.
1 mole lecithin was found to bind up to 0.8 mole indoleacetic acid. Cephalin and phosphatidylserin exhibit a weaker interaction. Indolepropionic acid and indolebutyric acid were found to compete with indoleacetic acid. There was no effective competition of benzoic acid, phenoxyacetic acid, phenylacetic acid, cholesterol and several fatty aids with indoleacetic acid for the binding sites on the lecithin molecule. 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid appears to be bound stronger than indoleacetic acid and phenoxyacetic acid. Indoleacetic acid and 2.4-dichlorophenoxyaetic acid were incorporated into swollen lecithin lamellae.
Similar interactions are to be expected for other hormones and phospholipids. The lipoprotein structures of cell membranes may be visualized to interact even more specificly with growth hormones than our model system. It is suggested that interaction of hormones with membranes should be considered in theories on regulation. Experiments on ion permeability indicate an influence of indoleacetic acid on cell membranes.
Phosphorylchloridfluorid-amid, Phosphoryldichlorid-amid und N-Trichlorphosphoranyliden-phosphoryl-chloridfluoridamid
Authors: Roesky H. W. , Niecke E. 
Published: March 2015

Durch Umsetzung von Phosphoryltrihalogeniden mit Ammoniak in Äther konnte Phosphorylchloridfluorid-amid, Phosphoryldichlorid-amid und das bereits bekannte Phosphoryldifluorid-amid gewonnen werden.
Phosphorylchloridfluorid-amid reagiert mit Phosphorpentachlorid zu N-Trichlorphosphoranyliden-phosphoryl-chloridfluoridamid, O = PFClN = PCl3.
Die neuen Verbindungen werden durch ihre Elementaranalyse, IR-Spektren und 31P-, 19F- und 1H-KMR-Spektren charakterisiert.
Zur Photosynthese grüner Pflanzen I: Versuche mit H2
18O und K2C18O3 an Chlorella pyrenoidosa Chick / Photosynthesis in Green Plants I. Experiments with H2
18O and K2C18O3 on Chlorella pyrenoidosa Chick
Authors: Budzikiewicz, H. , Inhoffen H. H. 
Published: March 2015

1. A method is described for the simultaneous monitoring of H2O, O2, CO2 and their 18O-labelled analogs in experiments on the photosynthesis both of aquatic and terrestrial plants. The apparatus consists of a Varian-MAT mass spectrometer with a modified inlet system equipped at the entrance of the ion source with a polyethylene membrane permeable for H2O, O2 and CO2.
2. Experiments have been performed with Chlorella pyrenoidosa Chick. using H2
18O and K2C18O3 as substrates while H2O and O2 and CO2 in solution as well as their 18O-labelled analogs were monitored during dark and light periods.
3. It has been observed that the isotopic composition of the photosynthetic oxygen corresponds to that of the surrounding water and differs grossly from that of the dissolved CO2 and K2CO3. It is concluded that either H2O is the precursor of the photosynthetic oxygen or that in case CO2 is involved a very fast and complete equilibration between the latter and H2O has to occur after CO2 enters the cell.
Strahleninduzierte freie Radikale in phosphoroorganischen Verbindungen II
Authors: Lassmann G. , Damerau W. , Lohs Kh. 
Published: March 2015

The structure of radicals in X-irradiated polycrystalline phosphonic acid esters (trichlorphontype) and trichlorphon single crystals has been investigated by ESR. At room temperature in trichlorphon the radical (R0)2 > P(O) - CHOH - ĊCl2 (R = CH3) is formed by removal of a chlorine atom. The g-factor is 2,010 and the hyperfine parameters are αH
β= 7 ± 0,5 G for the isotropic β-proton and αCL= 7 - 14 G for the two anisotropic chlorine atoms.
The structure of this radical type is not influenced by a substitution of the methyl groups by larger alkyl groups (R = C2H5, C3H7, C4H9 etc.). ESR-spectra of some other irradiated insecticides are described.
Difficulties in the analysis of ESR spectra of aliphatic radicals with chlorine-hyperfine structure (especially quadrupole-effects) are discussed.
Überschüssige Plastidenchinone in Blättern
Authors: Lichtenthaler H. K. 
Published: March 2015

The synthesis of plastidquinones was studied during the development through the degeneration of Ficus leaves and compared with chlorophyll and carotenoid synthesis.
1. The plastidquinone content of Ficus chloroplasts increases steadily with increasing age of leaf tissue. The augmentation of the plastidquinone level is mainly due to the synthesis of the reduced quinone forms plastoquinol 45 (Plastohydrochinon 45) and a-tocopherol, the chromanol of α-tocoquinone. In several years old leaves the concentration (moles) of plastoquinol 45 and α-tocopherol reaches or exceeds that of chlorophyll a.
2. The naphthoquinone vitamin K1 (phylloquinone) as well as the oxidized quinone forms (α-tocoquinone and plastoquinone 45) seem not to be produced in excess amounts. The levels of the latter increase, however, in older and senescent leaves, apparently by oxidation of some α-tocopherol and plastoquinol 45 respectively.
3. The production of excess plastidquinones starts very early during leaf development. The main synthesis phase begins after the end of chlorophyll and thylakoid synthesis and continues in senescent Ficus leaves during the breakdown of chlorophyll until the early yellow stage.
4. The young pale green leaves still rolled up within the buds, possess a quinone and carotenoid composition which is quite different from that of fully expanded leaves. It resembles that of shortly illuminated etiolated seedlings.
5. The carotenoid level of older fully grown Ficus leaves slowly increases, mainly by synthesis of lutein. These additional carotenoids represent excess amounts, which are deposited together with the excess plastidquinones in the plastoglobuli of the plastid stroma.
6. There is no indication for a re-incorporation of excess plastidquinones in the general chloroplast metabolism. Thus the excess plastidquinones, accumulated in the osmiophilic plastoglobuli, may be regarded as secondary plant products.
Nucleinsäuren in chloroplasten.
Authors: Ruppel Hans Georg 
Published: March 2015

Chloroplasten-Ribosomen (67s) von Allium porrum besitzen eine niedermolekulare, einheitliche RNS-Komponente mit einer Sedimentationskonstanten von 5s. Die 5s-RNS der Chloroplasten-Ribosomen wird nach Chromatographie an methyliertem Serumalbumin mit einer höheren NaCl-Konzentration von der Säule eluiert als die entsprechende 5s-RNS der Cytoplasma-Ribosomen.
Auf Grund der gleichen Sedimentation und des einheitlichen Verhaltens bei Gelfiltration an Sephadex G-100 kann auf eine ähnliche wenn nicht gleiche Molekülgröße der 5s-RNS aus Cytoplasma- und Chloroplasten-Ribosomen geschlossen werden.
In grünen und etiolierten Pflanzen von Zea Mays werden neben Cytoplasma-Ribosomen auch Plastiden-Ribosomen nachgewiesen. Beide Ribosomenklassen besitzen neben ihren hochmolekularen RNS-Komponenten jeweils eine 5s-RNS.
Damit kann ganz allgemein gesagt werden, daß Plastiden-Ribosomen, unabhängig vom Entwicklungszustand der Plastiden, 3 RNS-Fraktionen besitzen: 5s, 16s, 23s.