bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Is DOG1 really useful in the diagnosis of salivary gland acinic cell carcinoma? - A DOG1 (clone K9) analysis in fine needle aspiration cell blocks and the review of the literature
Authors: Canberk Sule , Onenerk Mine , Sayman Elif , Goret Ceren Canbey , Erkan Murat , Atasoy Tugba , Kilicoglu Gamze Z. 
Published: August 2015

Introduction:DOG1 is a transmembrane protein originally “discovered on gastrointestinal stromal tumors,” works as a calcium-activated chloride channel protein. There is a limited number of studies on the potential usage of this antibody in the diagnosis of salivary gland tumors on routine practice in cell blocks. The aim of this study was to search for the usefulness of K9 clone in oncocytic type tumors and review of the literature.Materials and Methods:Sixty-nine fine needle aspiration (FNA) cytologic materials of predominantly oncocytic morphology salivary gland tumors; acinic cell carcinoma (AciCC) (n= 8), adenoid cystic carcinoma (n= 2), pleomorphic adenoma (PA) (n= 22), Warthin tumor (WT) (n= 20), myoepithelioma (ME) (n= 5), benign oncocytoma (BeO) (n= 3), mucoepidermoid carcinoma (MEC) (n= 7), mammary analog salivary gland carcinoma (n= 2) were immunostained with DOG1 (clone K9) stain.Results:Of the 8 AciCCs, 7 were observed apical-luminal positive staining, demonstrating 1–3 + intensity, and involving 40–70% of the tumor cells. One MEC of 7 (14%), 1 ME of 5 (20%), and 4 PA of 22 (18%) showed weak (1+) cytoplasmic granular staining in 5–10% of the tumor cells. Pure oncocytic neoplasms (WT, BeO) showed no expression with DOG1-K9.Conclusions:FNA is a common tool in the diagnosis and management of salivary gland tumors. DOG1-K9 clone was very useful with a unique staining pattern of apical-luminal positivity in the differential diagnosis of AciCC from other oncocytic salivary gland tumors.
La señalización de los contenidos en las principales cadenas de televisión españolas
Authors: Ortiz Sobrino Miguel Ángel , Fuente Cobo Carmen , Martínez Otero Juan María 
Published: August 2015

Este artículo analiza cómo señalizan las televisiones los contenidos de sus programas y si lo hacen según lo establecido por el Código de Autorregulación sobre Contenidos de Televisión e Infancia. También recoge la opinión de expertos sobre los problemas de los operadores de televisión para interpretar los criterios de clasificación y señalización que aparecen en la normativa legal. Metodología: Se utiliza una metodología basada en el Estudio de Caso, completada con un cuestionario Delphi y una entrevista a un grupo de expertos. Resultados. Se constata que, aunque las cadenas señalizan la emisión, en algún caso se detecta falta de señalización en la EPG, en la web y en el teletexto. También se confirman dificultades para interpretar los criterios del Código de Autorregulación. Discusión y conclusiones: Urge una reflexión sobre los criterios orientadores del Código, una mejor información a los usuarios y el control de contenidos audiovisuales on line.
Judicial snapshots and fair use theory
Authors: Birnhack Michael 
Published: August 2015

Decision-makers and legislatures around the world have recently placed copyright limitations and exceptions on their agenda. The main reference point is the American fair use defence. The policy debates focus on the advantages and disadvantages to the content industries, intermediaries and users. Unfortunately, too often missing from this discussion is the underlying theory of the exceptions. The risk is that a foreign concept will be detached from its origin and transplanted within a different legal setting, without sufficient attention as to how it should be absorbed within the recipient legal body. Theory can fulfil the crucial function of enabling the successful absorption of the transplant.
The article strives to redirect us back to the theoretical avenue. It classifies fair use justifications in two categories: those that are internal to copyright law and those external thereto. These justifications should be read against the background of the overall conception of copyright law. The case study at stake is Israeli copyright law. Israel was the first common law country to shift from a British-based, relatively narrow rule of fair dealing defence to the American, open standard of fair use, in its 2007 Copyright Act. However, courts began the shift more than a decade before the legislation, inserting American considerations into the British statutory structure. In so doing, courts relied on a partial, slightly outdated version of fair use, in what I call a judicial snapshot. The result was two decades of incoherent and unstable doctrine. Accordingly, this article warns against the perils of un-theorized transplant.
How to patent a chemical? The instability of a new type of intellectual property (Switzerland, 1888–1907)
Authors: Chachereau Nicolas 
Published: August 2015

The extension of intellectual property, and the pressure exerted on developing countries through trade agreements, is not as recent as is often thought. This article examines such a historical case, when Switzerland revised its patent law in 1907, to extend patent protection to chemicals. This was largely due to the pressure exerted by the German government and to the lobbying of the country's chemical industry.
Examining closely the elaboration of the new patent law, the article reveals how unstable the category of patents on chemical inventions was. It did not simply cross a border, being exported from Germany to Switzerland. As Swiss politicians and industrialists discussed the new patent law, they referred to other countries, but they did not only copy, they also rejected some of their features. The reasons for this instability were not to be found only in the pressure and criticism exerted by Germany, or the willingness to protect the interests of the Swiss chemical industry. The Swiss law also differed because of real and legitimate concerns regarding the effects of patents on society and economy.
La formación del profesorado en didáctica de la historia: modelos de formación y propuestas para el desarrollo profesional
Authors: Martínez Pedro Miralles , Ibáñez Raquel Sánchez , Ferrer Laura Arias 
Published: August 2015

En este artículo de reflexión teórica se muestra, en primer lugar, un estado de la cuestión del perfil profesional de los docentes de Educación Infantil, Primaria y Secundaria que imparten la asignatura de Historia. Se comparan los resultados de los cuestionarios aplicados a los maestros por los órganos de la Administración del Estado español, hace una década, con las conclusiones de algunos de los trabajos más recientes realizados por equipos de investigación de universidades españolas. En la segunda parte de este artículo se señala el déficit de conocimiento histórico de los alumnos de Educación Infantil y Primaria de Grado de la Universidad de Murcia (UMU), a partir de los primeros resultados de una investigación, que se inició en el año 2013, por el grupo de investigación de Didáctica de las Ciencias Sociales de la UMU. Se trata de una investigación cualitativa sobre las ideas previas de los estudiantes acerca de acontecimientos importantes de la historia de España, realizada mediante cuestionarios con preguntas semi-estructuradas y abiertas para los estudiantes. Las conclusiones de estas investigaciones sugieren que algunas debilidades en la formación académica de los profesores hace una década, aún persisten en la actualidad. Por esta razón, en la última parte de este trabajo se centra en el mayor peso que debe tener la enseñanza de las ciencias sociales en la formación de docentes que darán a la historia en los diferentes niveles educativos.
Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG) Testing in Specimens of Tumor and Myometrial Tissues During Surgical Treatment of Gestational Trophoblastic Tumors
Authors: Reda Hemida  , Mohammad Arafa  , Hosam AbdElfattah  , Doaa Sharaf-Eldin  
Published: August 2015

Background: Gestational trophoblastic tumors originate from trophoblastic tissues and secrete human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG). Surgical treatment may be a line of treatment of chemoresistant cases. Objective: To evaluate the accuracy of hCG dipsticks in detection of hCG in tissues of trophoblastic tumors and healthy myometrium during surgery of trophoblastic tumors. Methods: We included 19 samples of tumor and apparently healthy myometrial tissues during surgical treatment of 5 cases of gestational trophoblastic tumors. The hCG dipstick was immersed in a solution containing 1x1 cm of tumor or myometrial tissues. The results of the tests were compared to the histopathological results. Results: The mean age of patients were 38.8 years, the mean parity was 3.4. The mean serum B-hCG level was 101,745.6 mu/ml. Except for one specimen in case 5, all results of the hCG dipsticks were concordant with final histopathologic analysis of the specimens. Sensitivity of hCG test was 100% and specificity was 90%. Conclusion: Intraoperative detection of hCG in different tissues and suspicious masses can be considered as simple, rapid, inexpensive, and reliable test. It can be used to detect the trophoblastic nature of tissues if frozen section is not available as some low resource setting countries. We recommend further larger prospective studies to compare the accuracy and reliability of this novel technique and frozen section analysis.
Intense magmatic degassing through the lake of Copahue volcano, 2013–2014
Authors: Tamburello G. , Caselli A. , Tassi F. , Vaselli O. , Calabrese S. , Rouwet D. , Capaccioni B. , Di Napoli R. , Cardellini C. , Chiodini G. , Bitetto M. , Brusca L. , Bellomo S. , Aiuppa A. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractHere we report on the first assessment of volatile fluxes from the hyperacid crater lake hosted within the summit crater of Copahue, a very active volcano on the Argentina‐Chile border. Our observations were performed using a variety of in situ and remote sensing techniques during field campaigns in March 2013, when the crater hosted an active fumarole field, and in March 2014, when an acidic volcanic lake covered the fumarole field. In the latter campaign, we found that 566 to 1373 t d−1of SO2were being emitted from the lake in a plume that appeared largely invisible. This, combined with our derived bulk plume composition, was converted into flux of other volcanic species (H2O ~ 10989 t d−1, CO2 ~ 638 t d−1, HCl ~ 66 t d−1, H2 ~ 3.3 t d−1, and HBr ~ 0.05 t d−1). These levels of degassing, comparable to those seen at many open‐vent degassing arc volcanoes, were surprisingly high for a volcano hosting a crater lake. Copahue's unusual degassing regime was also confirmed by the chemical composition of the plume that, although issuing from a hot (65°C) lake, preserves a close‐to‐magmatic signature. EQ3/6 models of gas‐water‐rock interaction in the lake were able to match observed compositions and demonstrated that magmatic gases emitted to the atmosphere were virtually unaffected by scrubbing of soluble (S and Cl) species. Finally, the derived large H2O flux (10,988 t d−1) suggested a mechanism in which magmatic gas stripping drove enhanced lake water evaporation, a process likely common to many degassing volcanic lakes worldwide.
Pressurization and depressurization phases inside the plumbing system of Mount Etna volcano: Evidence from a multiparametric approach
Authors: Cannata Andrea , Spedalieri Giancarlo , Behncke Boris , Cannavò Flavio , Di Grazia Giuseppe , Gambino Salvatore , Gresta Stefano , Gurrieri Sergio , Liuzzo Marco , Palano Mimmo 
Published: August 2015

AbstractDuring 2013 Mount Etna volcano experienced intense eruptive activity at the summit craters, foremost at the New Southeast Crater and to a minor degree at the Voragine and Bocca Nuova (BN), which took place in two cycles, February–April and September–December. In this work, we mainly focus on the period between these cycles, applying a multiparametric approach. The period from the end of April to 5 September showed a gradual increase in the amplitude of long‐period (LP) events and volcanic tremor, a slight inflation testified by both tilt and GPS data, and a CO2 flux increase. Such variations were interpreted as due to a gradual pressurization of the plumbing system, from the shallowest part, where LP and volcanic tremor are located, down to about 3–9 km below sea level, pressure source depths obtained by both geodetic and CO2 data. On 5 September, at the same time as a large explosion at BN, we observed an instantaneous variation of the aforementioned signals (decrease in amplitude of LP events and volcanic tremor, slight deflation, and CO2 flux decrease) and the activation of a new infrasonic source located at BN. In the light of it, the BN explosion probably caused the instantaneous end of the pressurization, and the opening of a new vent at BN, that has become a new steady source of infrasonic events. This apparently slight change in the plumbing system also led to the gradual resumption of activity at the New Southeast Crater, culminating with the second lava fountain cycle of 2013.
Multidecadal variability of potential temperature, salinity, and transport in the eastern subpolar North Atlantic
Authors: Holliday N. P. , Cunningham S. A. , Johnson C. , Gary S. F. , Griffiths C. , Read J. F. , Sherwin T. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractThe Extended Ellett Line (EEL) hydrographic section extends from Scotland to Iceland crossing the Rockall Trough, Hatton‐Rockall Basin, and Iceland Basin. With 61 full‐depth stations at a horizontal resolution of 10–50 km, the EEL samples the upper limb of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation flowing across the Iceland‐Scotland Ridge into the Nordic Seas. The Rockall Trough has been sampled nearly four times per year from 1975 to 1996, and the full section annually since 1996. The EEL is an exceptionally long‐time series of deep ocean temperatures and salinities. This study extends prior work in the Rockall Trough, and examines for the first time 18 year records in the Iceland and Hatton‐Rockall Basins. We quantify errors in the time series from two sources: observational errors and aliasing. The data quality and annual sampling are suitable for observing interannual to decadal variability because the variability exceeds our error estimates. The upper waters of all three basins are cooler/fresher from 1997 to 2001, warmer/more saline 2001–2006, and cooler/fresher from 2006 to 2014. A reference level for geostrophic shear is developed heuristically and by comparison with sea‐surface altimetry. The mean northward transport in the upper waters is 6.7 ± 3.7 Sv and there is a 6.1 ± 2.5 Sv southward flow below the thermocline. Although the magnitude of the Iceland Basin overturning circulation (4.3 ± 1.9 Sv) is greater than in the Rockall Trough (3.0 ± 3.7 Sv), the variability is greater in the Rockall Trough. We discuss the results in the context of our understanding of drivers of variability.
Recent Developments in the Synthesis and Reactivity of Isoxazoles: Metal Catalysis and Beyond
Authors: Hu Feng , Szostak Michal 
Published: August 2015

AbstractIsoxazoles are important five‐membered aromatic heterocycles in organic chemistry. Recently, many exciting advances in the synthesis and functionalization of isoxazoles have been reported. New transition metal‐catalyzed reactions have resulted in the development of attractive and highly efficient synthetic approaches to densely functionalized isoxazoles. Complete control of regioselectivity can be achieved on the basis of a judicious choice of metal catalyst and reaction partners using dipolar cycloaddition and cycloisomerization reactions, while more recent studies have focused on the site‐selective functionalization of isoxazoles via CH functionalization. New strategies for the use of isoxazoles as scaffolding templates in asymmetric synthesis have emerged, thus opening new prospects for the synthesis of enantioenriched motifs under the conditions that are orthogonal to other transformations. In this review, recent advances involving the synthesis and reactivity of isoxazoles are summarized. The review covers the period from January 2005 to June 2015.magnified image
Fluorophore‐Conjugated Holliday Junctions for Generating Super‐Bright Antibodies and Antibody Fragments
Authors: Li Zeyang , Theile Christopher S. , Chen Guan‐Yu , Bilate Angelina M. , Duarte Joao N. , Avalos Ana M. , Fang Tao , Barberena Roberto , Sato Shuji , Ploegh Hidde L. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractThe site‐specific modification of proteins with fluorophores can render a protein fluorescent without compromising its function. To avoid self‐quenching from multiple fluorophores installed in close proximity, we used Holliday junctions to label proteins site‐specifically. Holliday junctions enable modification with multiple fluorophores at reasonably precise spacing. We designed a Holliday junction with three of its four arms modified with a fluorophore of choice and the remaining arm equipped with a dibenzocyclooctyne substituent to render it reactive with an azide‐modified fluorescent single‐domain antibody fragment or an intact immunoglobulin produced in a sortase‐catalyzed reaction. These fluorescent Holliday junctions improve fluorescence yields for both single‐domain and full‐sized antibodies without deleterious effects on antigen binding.
Identifizierung von Intermediaten der PR‐Toxin‐Biosynthese durch Penicillium roqueforti
Authors: Riclea Ramona , Dickschat Jeroen S. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractDas Sesquiterpenoid 7‐epi‐Neopetason wurde über das Wieland‐Miescher‐Keton synthetisiert. Die Verbindung war identisch zu einem zuvor vorläufig identifizierten Bestandteil des Bouquets von Penicillium roqueforti. Fütterungsexperimente mit 13C‐markierten Isotopomeren von Mevalonolacton zeigten, dass die Oxidation an C12 und die Isomerisierung der C11‐C12‐ zur C7‐C11‐Doppelbindung unabhängig voneinander und nicht über ein C7‐C11‐C12‐Allylradikal in einem Schritt ablaufen. Fütterung von (11,12,13‐13C3)‐7‐epi‐Neopetason resultierte im Einbau der Isotopenmarkierung in PR‐Toxin, wodurch die Verbindung als biosynthetisches Intermediat etabliert wurde.
Transition‐Metal‐Catalyzed Hydrogen‐Transfer Annulations: Access to Heterocyclic Scaffolds
Authors: Nandakumar Avanashiappan , Midya Siba Prasad , Landge Vinod Gokulkrishna , Balaraman Ekambaram 
Published: August 2015

AbstractThe ability of hydrogen‐transfer transition‐metal catalysts, which enable increasingly rapid access to important structural scaffolds from simple starting materials, has led to a plethora of research efforts on the construction of heterocyclic scaffolds. Transition‐metal‐catalyzed hydrogen‐transfer annulations are environmentally benign and highly atom‐economical as they release of water and hydrogen as by‐product and utilize renewable feedstock alcohols as starting materials. Recent advances in this field with respect to the annulations of alcohols with various nucleophilic partners, thus leading to the formation of heterocyclic scaffolds, are highlighted herein.
Testing parameterization schemes for simulating depositional growth of ice crystal using Koenig and Takahashi parameters: a pre‐summer rainfall case study over Southern China
Authors: Li Xiaofan , Zhu Peijun , Zhai Guoqing , Liu Rui , Shen Xinyong , Huang Wei , Wang Donghai 
Published: August 2015

AbstractIn this study, the three (Hsie, Krueger and Zeng) schemes that parameterize depositional growth of ice crystal are tested using Koenig and Takahashi parameters in modeling China pre‐summer torrential rainfall event. The Krueger scheme with the Takahashi parameter produces the closest simulations to the observations because it increases cloud ice and snow in the upper troposphere. The increased ice hydrometeor enhances and suppresses infrared radiative cooling above and below 12 km, respectively. The suppressed infrared cooling reduces net condensation while the enhanced infrared cooling suppresses hydrometeor loss through the reduction in melting of ice hydrometeor.
Dual lifetime referencing enables pH‐control for oxidoreductions in hydrogel‐stabilized biphasic reaction systems
Authors: Begemann Jens , Spiess Antje C. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractpH‐shifts are a serious challenge in cofactor dependent biocatalytic oxidoreductions. Therefore, a pH control strategy was developed for reaction systems, where the pH value is not directly measurable. Such a reaction system is the biphasic aqueous‐organic reaction system, where the oxidoreduction of hydrophobic substrates in organic solvents is catalysed by hydrogel‐immobilized enzymes, and enzyme‐coupled cofactor regeneration is accomplished via formate dehydrogenase, leading to a pH‐shift. Dual lifetime referencing (DLR), a fluorescence spectroscopic method, was applied for online‐monitoring of the pH‐value within the immobilizates during the reaction, allowing for a controlled dosage of formic acid. It could be shown that by applying trisodium 8‐hydroxypyrene‐1, 3, 6‐trisulfonate as pH indicator and Ru(II) tris(4, 7‐diphenyl‐1, 10‐phenantroline) (Ru[dpp]) as a reference luminophore the control of the pH‐value in a macroscopic gel‐bead‐stabilized aqueous/organic two phase system in a range of pH 6.5 to 8.0 is possible. An experimental proof of concept could maintain a stable pH of 7.5 ± 0.15 during the reaction for at least 105 h. With these results, it could be shown that DLR is a powerful tool for pH‐control within reaction systems with no direct access for conventional pH‐measurement.
Preparation of core–shell structure Fe3O4@SiO2 superparamagnetic microspheres immoblized with iminodiacetic acid as immobilized metal ion affinity adsorbents for His‐tag protein purification
Authors: Ni Qian , Chen Bing , Dong Shaohua , Tian Lei , Bai Quan 
Published: August 2015

AbstractThe core–shell structure Fe3O4/SiO2 magnetic microspheres were prepared by a sol–gel method, and immobiled with iminodiacetic acid (IDA) as metal ion affinity ligands for protein adsorption. The size, morphology, magnetic properties and surface modification of magnetic silica nanospheres were characterized by various modern analytical instruments. It was shown that the magnetic silica nanospheres exhibited superparamagnetism with saturation magnetization values of up to 58.1 emu/g. Three divalent metal ions, Cu2+, Ni2+ and Zn2+, were chelated on the Fe3O4@SiO2–IDA magnetic microspheres to adsorb lysozyme. The results indicated that Ni2+‐chelating magnetic microspheres had the maximum adsorption capacity for lysozyme of 51.0 mg/g, adsorption equilibrium could be achieved within 60 min and the adsorbed protein could be easily eluted. Furthermore, the synthesized Fe3O4@SiO2–IDA–Ni2+ magnetic microspheres were successfully applied for selective enrichment lysozyme from egg white and His‐tag recombinant Homer 1a from the inclusion extraction expressed in Escherichia coli. The result indicated that the magnetic microspheres showed unique characteristics of high selective separation behavior of protein mixture, low nonspecific adsorption, and easy handling. This demonstrates that the magnetic silica microspheres can be used efficiently in protein separation or purification and show great potential in the pretreatment of the biological sample. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.