bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Employment Flexibility, Dual Labour Markets, Growth, and Distribution
Authors: Krishna Dutt Amitava , Charles Sébastien , Lang Dany 
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACTMany policymakers and economists have argued in favour of greater labour market flexibility as a part of structural adjustment reforms that are expected to improve economic performance. Existing post‐Keynesian‐Kaleckian (PKK) models are unable to address these issues because they assume away long‐term labour by allowing employment to be short term and adjusting freely with output. This paper introduces long‐term labour into PKK models. We develop a model that provides alternative ways of modelling labour market flexibility and suggest that when aggregate demand issues are important, an increase in employment flexibility is likely to have adverse growth and distributional impacts.
The Angiosome Concept Evaluated on the Basis of Microperfusion in Critical Limb Ischemia Patients—an Oxygen to See Guided Study
Authors: Rother Ulrich , Kapust Johannes , Lang Werner , Horch Raymund E. , Gefeller Olaf , Meyer Alexander 
Published: September 2015

AbstractObjectivesAim of this clinical study was to evaluate the angiosome concept with regard to the microcirculation of the foot in patients with CLI and to evaluate its relevance by means of combined laser Doppler flowmetrie and white‐light tissue spectrophotometry.MethodsTwenty‐eight patients who underwent leg revascularization in the stage of CLI were prospectively examined. The microperfusion was assessed by light guided spectrophotometry. The measuring points were set according to the angiosome concept into direct and indirect revascularized areas of the foot. Investigations were performed pre and postinterventionally and after 4 and 12 weeks in baseline‐position as well as in an elevated position of the leg.ResultsMicrocirculation parameters (oxygen saturation, blood flow, velocity) of the revascularized leg showed a significant increase in elevation and baseline position compared to the preoperative values in most analyses. No significant differences between the direct and indirect revascularized angiosome were apparent.ConclusionThe light‐guided spectrophotometry measurement proved to be feasible in terms of measuring changes in the microcirculation after leg revascularization. However, our data do not support the value of the “angiosome concept” concerning the individual changes in microperfusion of the foot in patients with CLI.
Tick abundances in South London parks and the potential risk for Lyme borreliosis to the general public
Authors: NELSON C. , BANKS S. , JEFFRIES C. L. , WALKER T. , LOGAN J. G. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractTick abundances and prevalences of infection with Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, the causative agent of Lyme disease, were investigated in four South London parks. A total of 360 transects were sampled using three methods of collection (blanket, leggings and flags) simultaneously. No ticks were found on Wimbledon Common or at Hampton Court, but 1118 Ixodes ricinus (Ixodida: Ixodidae) ticks were collected at Richmond and Bushy Parks. At Richmond Park, lower canopy humidity [odds ratio (OR) 0.94; P = 0.005], increased mat depth (OR 1.15; P < 0.001) and increased soil moisture (OR 1.40; P = 0.001) predicted the presence of I. ricinus, and increased sward height [incidence rate ratio (IRR) 1.01; P = 0.006] and decreased ground temperature (IRR 0.90; P = 0.009) predicted increased abundance. At Bushy Park, thicker mat depth predicted tick presence (OR 1.17; P = 0.006) and increasing temperature correlated with tick absence (OR 0.57; P = 0.023). A total of 279 ticks were screened for the presence of B. burgdorferi using quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Point prevalences of 0% for larvae (n = 78), 2.14% for nymphs (n = 174) and 0% for adult ticks (n = 7) related to an acarological risk of 0.22 infected ticks per 40 m transect in Richmond Park. The abundance of ticks and the acarological risk, particularly at Richmond Park, highlight the need for appropriate communication of the associated risk to the general public frequenting these recreational areas.
On the Dynamics of Conversation
Authors: Rothschild Daniel , Yalcin Seth 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThere is a longstanding debate in the literature aboutstaticversusdynamicapproaches to meaning and conversation. A formal result due to van Benthem (,) is often thought to be important for understanding what, conceptually speaking, is at issue in the debate. We introduce the concept of aconversation system, and we use it to clarify the import of van Benthem's result. We then distinguish two classes of conversation systems, corresponding to two concepts of staticness. The first class corresponds to a generalization of the class of systems that van Benthem's result concerns. These are thestronglystatic conversation systems. The second class is broader, and allows for a certain commonly recognized form of context sensitivity. These are theweaklystatic conversation systems. In the vein of van Benthem's result, we supply representation theorems which independently characterize these two varieties of conversation system. We observe that some canonically dynamic semantic systems correspond to weakly static conversation systems. We close by discussing some hazards that arise in trying to bring our formal results to bear on natural language phenomena, and on the debate about whether the compositional semantics for natural language should take a dynamic shape.
How have studies of ancient DNA from sediments contributed to the reconstruction of Quaternary floras?
Authors: Birks H. John B. , Birks Hilary H. 
Published: September 2015

SummaryAncient DNA (aDNA) from lake sediments, peats, permafrost soils, preserved megafaunal gut contents and coprolites has been used to reconstruct late‐Quaternary floras. aDNA is either used alone for floristic reconstruction or compared with pollen and/or macrofossil results. In comparative studies, aDNA may complement pollen and macrofossil analyses by increasing the number of taxa found. We discuss the relative contributions of each fossil group to taxon richness and the number of unique taxa found, and situations in which aDNA has refined pollen identifications. Pressing problems in aDNA studies are contamination and ignorance about taphonomy (transportation, incorporation, and preservation in sediments). Progress requires that these problems are reduced to allow aDNA to reach its full potential contribution to reconstructions of Quaternary floras.

Contents

Summary
499

I.
Introduction
499

II.
Research approaches and investigative stages
500

III.
Types of plant aDNA studies
500

IV.
aDNA and fossil identifications
500

V.
aDNA as the sole basis for floristic reconstructions
500

VI.
Comparative aDNA, pollen, and/or macrofossil studies
501

VII.
Future challenges
502

VIII.
Conclusions and appraisal
504

Acknowledgements
504

References
505
Competitive avoidance not edaphic specialization drives vertical niche partitioning among sister species of ectomycorrhizal fungi
Authors: Mujic Alija B. , Durall Daniel M. , Spatafora Joseph W. , Kennedy Peter G. 
Published: September 2015

Summary

Soil depth partitioning is thought to promote the diversity of ectomycorrhizal (EM) fungal communities, but little is known about whether it is controlled by abiotic or biotic factors.

In three bioassay experiments, we tested the role of vertical soil heterogeneity in determining the distributions and competitive outcomes of the EM sister species Rhizopogon vinicolor and Rhizopogon vesiculosus. We planted Pseudotsuga menziesii seedlings into soils that were either a homogenized mix of upper and lower depths or vertically stratified combinations mimicking natural field conditions.

We found that both species colonized the upper or lower soil depths in the absence of competition, suggesting that their distributions were not limited by abiotic edaphic factors. In competition within homogeneous soils, R. vesiculosus completely excluded colonization by R. vinicolor, but R. vinicolor was able to persist when soils were stratified. The amount of colonization by R. vinicolor in the stratified soils was also significantly correlated with the number of multilocus genotypes present.

Taken together, our findings suggest that the differential vertical distributions of R. vinicolor and R. vesiculosus in natural settings are probably attributable to competition rather than edaphic specialization, but that soil heterogeneity may play a key role in promoting EM fungal diversity.
Hypocrisy and the Standing to Blame
Authors: Fritz Kyle G. , Miller Daniel 
Published: September 2015

AbstractHypocrites are often thought to lack the standing to blame others for faults similar to their own. Although this claim is widely accepted, it is seldom argued for. We offer an argument for the claim that nonhypocrisy is a necessary condition on the standing to blame. We first offer a novel, dispositional account of hypocrisy. Our account captures the commonsense view that hypocrisy involves making an unjustified exception of oneself. This exception‐making involves a rejection of the impartiality of morality and thereby a rejection of the equality of persons, which we argue grounds the standing to blame others.
Effect of different organic amendments on lettuce fusarium wilt and on selected soilborne microorganisms
Authors: Gilardi G. , Pugliese M. , Gullino M. L. , Garibaldi A. 
Published: September 2015

This study evaluated the effect of different organic amendments on lettuce fusarium wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lactucae in pots under controlled conditions. Their effects on the density of the pathogen, on the total fungi and on fluorescent Pseudomonas spp. were also evaluated after two subsequent lettuce crops. A significant reduction in the severity of the symptoms of F. oxysporum f. sp. lactucae was found after the use of Brassica carinata pellets (52–79% reduction) and compost (49–67% reduction), while Brassica green manure and cattle and chicken manure only provided partial control of fusarium wilt. However, variations in effectiveness were observed for the same treatment in repeated trials. In general, an increase was observed in Pseudomonas and a decrease in fungal populations in the growing medium, which was obtained by mixing a blonde sphagnum peat and a sandy loam soil with B. carinata pellets and compost after two consecutive cropping cycles. Prolonging the Brassica and compost treatments from 30 to 60 days did not significantly affect disease severity, plant growth or the microbial population of the total fungi or Pseudomonas. The largest lettuce biomass was obtained in the non‐inoculated growing medium amended with brassica flour, chicken manure, B. carinata pellets and compost, as a consequence of fertilization. The treatment with B. juncea green manure, B. carinata (pellets and flour) and compost applied 30 days before planting led to promising results and merits further investigation for use under field conditions.
Infrared microspectroscopic imaging of plant tissues: spectral visualization of Triticum aestivum kernel and Arabidopsis leaf microstructure
Authors: Warren Frederick J. , Perston Benjamin B. , Galindez‐Najera Silvia P. , Edwards Cathrina H. , Powell Prudence O. , Mandalari Giusy , Campbell Grant M. , Butterworth Peter J. , Ellis Peter R. 
Published: September 2015

SummaryInfrared microspectroscopy is a tool with potential for studies of the microstructure, chemical composition and functionality of plants at a subcellular level. Here we present the use of high‐resolution bench top‐based infrared microspectroscopy to investigate the microstructure of Triticum aestivum L. (wheat) kernels and Arabidopsis leaves. Images of isolated wheat kernel tissues and whole wheat kernels following hydrothermal processing and simulated gastric and duodenal digestion were generated, as well as images of Arabidopsis leaves at different points during a diurnal cycle. Individual cells and cell walls were resolved, and large structures within cells, such as starch granules and protein bodies, were clearly identified. Contrast was provided by converting the hyperspectral image cubes into false‐colour images using either principal component analysis (PCA) overlays or by correlation analysis. The unsupervised PCA approach provided a clear view of the sample microstructure, whereas the correlation analysis was used to confirm the identity of different anatomical structures using the spectra from isolated components. It was then demonstrated that gelatinized and native starch within cells could be distinguished, and that the loss of starch during wheat digestion could be observed, as well as the accumulation of starch in leaves during a diurnal period.
A phosphopantetheinyl transferase that is essential for mitochondrial fatty acid biosynthesis
Authors: Guan Xin , Chen Hui , Abramson Alex , Man Huimin , Wu Jinxia , Yu Oliver , Nikolau Basil J. 
Published: September 2015

SummaryIn this study we report the molecular genetic characterization of the Arabidopsis mitochondrial phosphopantetheinyl transferase (mtPPT), which catalyzes the phosphopantetheinylation and thus activation of mitochondrial acyl carrier protein (mtACP) of mitochondrial fatty acid synthase (mtFAS). This catalytic capability of the purified mtPPT protein (encoded by AT3G11470) was directly demonstrated in an in vitro assay that phosphopantetheinylated mature Arabidopsis apo‐mtACP isoforms. The mitochondrial localization of the AT3G11470‐encoded proteins was validated by the ability of their N‐terminal 80‐residue leader sequence to guide a chimeric GFP protein to this organelle. A T‐DNA‐tagged null mutant mtppt‐1 allele shows an embryo‐lethal phenotype, illustrating a crucial role of mtPPT for embryogenesis. Arabidopsis RNAi transgenic lines with reduced mtPPT expression display typical phenotypes associated with a deficiency in the mtFAS system, namely miniaturized plant morphology, slow growth, reduced lipoylation of mitochondrial proteins, and the hyperaccumulation of photorespiratory intermediates, glycine and glycolate. These morphological and metabolic alterations are reversed when these plants are grown in a non‐photorespiratory condition (i.e. 1% CO2 atmosphere), demonstrating that they are a consequence of a deficiency in photorespiration due to the reduced lipoylation of the photorespiratory glycine decarboxylase.
BEST‐TEST2: assessment of hematology trainee knowledge of transfusion medicine
Authors: Lin Yulia , Tinmouth Alan , Mallick Ranjeeta , Haspel Richard L. ,   for the BEST‐TEST2 Investigators
Published: September 2015

BACKGROUNDAs transfusion is a common therapy and key component in every hematologist's practice, hematology training programs should dedicate significant time and effort to delivering high‐quality transfusion medicine education to their trainees. The current state of hematology trainee knowledge of transfusion medicine is not known.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODSA validated assessment tool developed by the Biomedical Excellence for Safer Transfusion (BEST) Collaborative was used to assess prior transfusion medicine education, attitudes, perceived ability, and transfusion medicine knowledge of hematology trainees.RESULTSA total of 149 hematology trainees at 17 international sites were assessed. The overall mean exam score was 61.6% (standard deviation, 13.4%; range, 30%‐100%) with no correlation in exam scores with postgraduate year or previous transfusion medicine education in medical school or internal medicine residency. However, better scores correlated with 3 or more hours of transfusion medicine education (p = 0.0003) and perceived higher‐quality education during hematology training (p = 0.03). Hematology trainees at US sites, where hematology is often combined with oncology training, had statistically lower scores than trainees at non‐US sites (56.2% vs. 67.4%; p < 0.0001). In terms of topic areas, although 93% of participants had obtained consent for transfusion, the lowest scores were on transfusion reaction–related questions.CONCLUSIONGiven the overall poor performance, this study serves as an impetus for all hematology training programs to reevaluate the quality and quantity of transfusion medicine training and can assist in the development of targeted curricula.
Keratomycosis in five dogs
Authors: Nevile Jessica C. , Hurn Simon D. , Turner Andrew G. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractFive cases of canine keratomycosis were diagnosed and treated at a private Veterinary Ophthalmology Practice in Melbourne, Australia. Clinical presentations varied between dogs. Predisposing factors were identified in 4 of 5 cases. Diagnostic modalities utilized were corneal cytology and fungal culture. Corneal cytology confirmed the presence of fungal organisms in all five cases.Aspergillus, Scedosporium,andCandidawere cultured from three cases, respectively. Specific antifungal treatment included 1% voriconazole solution or 1% itraconazole ointment. Keratectomy and conjunctival grafting surgery was performed in two patients. Resolution of infection and preservation of vision were achieved in 4 of 5 patients.
Acute and chronic effect of sprint interval training combined with postexercise blood‐flow restriction in trained individuals
Authors: Taylor Conor W. , Ingham Stephen A. , Ferguson Richard A. 
Published: September 2015

New Findings

What is the central question of this study?
Does the combination of sprint interval training with postexercise blood‐flow restriction enhance maximal aerobic physiology and performance in trained individuals?

What is the main finding and its importance?
We demonstrate the potency of combining blood‐flow restriction with sprint interval training in increasing maximal oxygen uptake in trained individuals; however, this did not translate to an enhanced exercise performance. We also show that blood‐flow restriction combined with sprint interval training enhanced postexercise hypoxia‐inducible factor‐1α mRNA expression, suggesting the possibility for greater hypoxia‐mediated adaptations, such as enhanced capillary growth, with this intervention.

This investigation assessed the efficacy of sprint interval training (SIT) combined with postexercise blood‐flow restriction as a novel approach to enhance maximal aerobic physiology and performance. In study 1, a between‐groups design was used to determine whether 4 weeks (2 days per week) of SIT (repeated 30 s maximal sprint cycling) combined with postexercise blood‐flow restriction (BFR) enhanced maximal oxygen uptake () and 15 km cycling time‐trial performance (15 km TT) compared with SIT alone (CON) in trained individuals. The increased after BFR by 4.5% (P = 0.01) but was unchanged after CON. There was no difference in 15 km TT performance after CON or BFR. In study 2, using a repeated‐measures design, participants performed an acute bout of either BFR or CON. Muscle biopsies were taken before and after exercise to examine the activation of signalling pathways regulating angiogenesis and mitochondrial biogenesis. Phosphorylation of p38MAPKThr180/Tyr182 increased by a similar extent after CON and BFR. There was no difference in the magnitude of increase in PGC‐1α, VEGF and VEGFR‐2 mRNA expression between protocols; however, HIF‐1α mRNA expression increased (P = 0.04) at 3 h only after BFR. We have demonstrated the potency of combining BFR with SIT in increasing in trained individuals, but this did not translate to an enhanced exercise performance. Sprint interval training alone did not induce any observable adaptation. Although the mechanisms are not fully understood, we present preliminary evidence that BFR leads to enhanced HIF‐1α‐mediated cell signalling.
Environmental extremes: origins, consequences and amelioration in humans
Authors: Tipton M. J. 
Published: September 2015

New Findings
What is the topic of this review?
This review concerns human responses to extreme environmental stresses.
What advances does it highlight?
This review highlights the following factors: the relatively limited and varying value of adaptation; the value of research in this area to inform other medical conditions; the physiological pathways to drowning; the importance of multistressor studies and multistressor adaptation; and the need for a better understanding of the metabolomic and biomolecular basis of responses and their variation in extreme environments.
Professor Sir George Lindor Brown (1903–1971) is known for his pioneering research into cholinergic neuromuscular transmission. However, during World War II he worked in hyperbaric physiology, and his research into underwater physiology greatly improved the safety of divers. It is perhaps fitting, therefore, that this review, which accompanies the Physiological Society's G. L. Brown Prize Lecture for 2015, explores the impact and mitigation of the environmental stresses which, to varying extents, have shaped our past, threaten our present and inform our future. From a whole‐body, integrative perspective, this review examines our current understanding of microgravity, hypo‐ and hyperbaria, heat, cold air and cold water as both individual and combined stresses. Consideration is given to ways of mitigating the threat posed by environmental extremes, including the differing extents to which humans can demonstrate adaptation to them. Finally, recommendations for further study are suggested that might result in both direct and indirect insights.
Novel Agents against Miltefosine-Unresponsive Leishmania donovani
Authors: Das Mousumi , Saha Gundappa , Saikia Anil K. , Dubey Vikash Kumar 
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACT
Visceral leishmaniasis is a deadly endemic disease. Unresponsiveness to the only available oral drug miltefosine poses a big challenge for the chemotherapy of the disease. We report a novel molecule, PS-203 {4-(4,4,8-trimethyl-7-oxo-3-oxabicyclo[3.3.1]non-2-yl)-benzoic acid methyl ester}, as effective against a miltefosine-unresponsive strain of the parasite. Further, combinations of PS-203 with miltefosine were also evaluated and showed promising results against a miltefosine-unresponsive strain.
Genetic and Biochemical Characterization of FRI-1, a Carbapenem-Hydrolyzing Class A β-Lactamase from Enterobacter cloacae
Authors: Dortet Laurent , Poirel Laurent , Abbas Samia , Oueslati Saoussen , Nordmann Patrice 
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACT

An
Enterobacter cloacae
isolate was recovered from a rectal swab from a patient hospitalized in France with previous travel to Switzerland. It was resistant to penicillins, narrow- and broad-spectrum cephalosporins, aztreonam, and carbapenems but remained susceptible to expanded-spectrum cephalosporins. Whereas PCR-based identification of the most common carbapenemase genes failed, the biochemical Carba NP test II identified an Ambler class A carbapenemase. Cloning experiments followed by sequencing identified a gene encoding a totally novel class A carbapenemase, FRI-1, sharing 51 to 55% amino acid sequence identity with the closest carbapenemase sequences. However, it shared conserved residues as a source of carbapenemase activity. Purified β-lactamase FRI-1 hydrolyzed penicillins, aztreonam, and carbapenems but spared expanded-spectrum cephalosporins. The 50% inhibitory concentrations (IC
50
s) of clavulanic acid and tazobactam were 10-fold higher than those found for
Klebsiella pneumoniae
carbapenemase (KPC), IMI, and SME, leading to lower sensitivity of FRI-1 activity to β-lactamase inhibitors. The
bla
FRI-1
gene was located on a ca. 110-kb untypeable, transferable, and non-self-conjugative plasmid. A putative LysR family regulator-encoding gene at the 5′ end of the β-lactamase gene was identified, leading to inducible expression of the
bla
FRI-1
gene.