bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Need for Scientific Experiments: The Experience of Pre-service Science Teachers
Authors: Jain Jasmine , Abdullah Nabilah , Lim Beh Kian 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThe availability of scientific information nowadays necessitates scientifically literate learners and teachers well-versed in both content and nature of science (NOS). Despite a clear description of NOS in the Malaysian Education Blueprint, NOS elements have been sidelined by educational practices in Malaysia. This study illuminates the conceptions of pre-service science teachers in Malaysia about one aspect of NOS— the purpose for scientific experimentation. A phenomenographic approach was used to achieve this aim where 10 pre-service teachers were interviewed. Findings revealed three categories, namely a) Experiments prove, b) Experiments invent, and c) Experiments support ideas. The findings also inferred that there are more ways to conceptualise the purpose of scientific experiments other than what has been previously reported. This paper concludes with suggestions on improving the current practices of experimentation in schools and calls for a rethink on the current teachers’ preparatory course in Malaysia.
Parkinson disease: A summary of recent evidence-based medicine reviews
Authors: Chen Jack J. 
Published: December 2014

ABSTRACT
Parkinson disease (PD) is a complex movement disorder in which the symptomatology, severity and progression vary substantially among patients. Therefore, there is a need to individualize patient therapy. Factors that should be considered when individualizing therapy include published guidelines, practice parameters, and Evidence Based Medicine (EBM) reviews, as well as clinical experience and judgment, patient specific factors and preferences, consensus and expert opinions, and health economic constraints. This article discusses EBM findings regarding treatment of the motor symptoms and the non-motor symptoms associated with PD.
Sharing Singapore's experience: The Joint Commission International accreditation of a psychiatric hospital
Authors: Wijesinghe Ruki 
Published: December 2014

The United States (US) has successful accreditation systems for their healthcare facilities and this perception continues to grow globally. As one would assume, worldwide standards of assessment are not the same as standards for facilities within the US. Joint Commission International (JCI) has a comparable but different set of standards that have been developed to incorporate unique economic, social, and cultural differences.
Presently, the JCI standards for international psychiatric facilities are the same as the standards set for international hospitals. Institute of Mental Health, an acute tertiary psychiatric hospital in Singapore, has received JCI hospital accreditation consecutively since 2005. ‘Medication Management and Use’ is an important component of the survey process. Product selection, storage, administration and monitoring of medication effects are complex and require expertise to achieve high levels of patient safety. Certain standards and processes that are implemented, measured and undertaken by the pharmacy department are addressed.
The benefits of a JCI accreditation are countless for the organization involved. Considered as the international gold standard for hospitals, successive JCI accreditations illustrate that a healthcare organization is committed to improving safety and quality of patient care by continually striving to reduce risks.
Evaluation of the link between chronic antipsychotic use and osteoporosis
Authors: Downs Rohini , Mathys Monica 
Published: December 2014

Background: Patients with schizophrenia are at increased risk for developing osteoporosis, which has historically been attributed to poor diet and lack of exercise. However, more recent data suggest a link between antipsychotic use and osteoporosis due to increased prolactin levels. Hyperprolactinemia can lead to suppression of hypothalamus-pituitary axis regulation of sex hormone production and over time, hypogonadism, which can affect bone health. There have been a few studies evaluating the link between antipsychotic use and osteoporosis; however, the link is not well established and there is very little guidance regarding monitoring of prolactin levels.

Objectives:Determine the prevalence of osteoporosis in patients receiv ing antipsychotic medications.
Evaluate the duration of antipsychotic therapy, prolactin levels (prevalence of monitoring and mean levels), and incidence of fractures for the study patients diagnosed with osteoporosis.

Methods:The study was a retrospective cohort study evaluating patients 18 years of age and older who were prescribed an antipsychotic at the Dallas VA Medical Center from 1/1/2008-12/31/2009. The patients included had to be taking the same antipsychotic for at least one year. Subjects were excluded if they had significant co-morbidities or were taking other medications that increase osteoporosis risk. Patient demographics, antipsychotic information, and pertinent lab values such as vitamin D, prolactin, testosterone and FSH/LH levels were recorded. The use of other medications that may increase prolactin, smoking status, bone mineral density, and history of fracture were also noted.

Results:This study showed that 26% of patients taking antipsychotics for at least one year develope d osteoporosis. The dose or type of antipsychotic (prolactin-sparing versus prolactin-raising) did not appear to be contributing factors. Based on this study's data, the duration of antipsychotic therapy and the concurrent use of other prolactin raising medications may be more concerning.
Reprise: The effect of metformin on anthropometrics and insulin resistance in patients receiving atypical antipsychotic agents: A meta-analysis
Authors: Ehret Megan J 
Published: December 2014

ABSTRACT
Atypical antipsychotics are well-established agents for the treatment of various psychiatric illnesses, although they are associated with adverse metabolic effects. There have been a few methodologically sound studies that have assessed the approach of adding metformin to atypical antipsychotics to reduce body weight. A systematic literature review of MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane was performed from the earliest possible dates to December 31, 2008. Metformin was found to be associated with a decrease in weight, waist circumference, bmi, and insulin resistance (p<0.005). The data supports the consideration of metformin for the reduction of metabolic effects developed from the atypical antipsychotics in clinical practice. Ultimately, additional rigorous controlled trials with the various antipsychotics and at different time points in the development of the metabolic effects are needed.
The role of turbulent mixing in the modified Shelf Water overflows that produce Cape Darnley Bottom Water
Authors: Hirano Daisuke , Kitade Yujiro , Ohshima Kay I. , Fukamachi Yasushi 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThe mixing process associated with modified Shelf Water (mSW) overflows that eventually mix to form Cape Darnley Bottom Water (CDBW) was investigated by hydrographic and microstructure observations off the Cape Darnley Polynya (CDP), East Antarctica, in January 2009. Closely spaced microstructure observations revealed that mSW properties varied considerably within a distance of ∼4 km across the shelf edge. Near the bottom, the rate of turbulent kinetic energy dissipation was enhanced to values greater than 10−7 W kg−1, and the vertical scale of the bottom boundary layer (BBL) was on the order of 10 m. The observed BBL around the shelf edge was characterized by strong vertical mixing with turbulent eddy diffusivities of
(10−3−10−2) m2 s−1. A geostrophically balanced density current, which resulted from the presence of mSW over the continental shelf, is considered the primary energy source for the turbulent mixing in the BBL. This turbulent mixing transforms the overflowing mSW through mixing with ambient water masses, specifically with the overlying modified Circumpolar Deep Water. The BBL is also thought to partly contribute to the gradual descent of mSW down the continental slope through bottom Ekman transport. We conclude that turbulent mixing, primarily caused by a density current, plays an important role in CDBW formation, by modifying the mSW overflowing from the CDP.
Decadal variability of the Pacific Subtropical Cells and its relevance to the sea surface height in the western tropical Pacific during recent decades
Authors: Yamanaka Goro , Tsujino Hiroyuki , Nakano Hideyuki , Hirabara Mikitoshi 
Published: December 2014

AbstractDecadal variability of the Pacific Subtropical Cells (STCs) and associated sea surface height (SSH) in the western tropical Pacific during recent decades are examined by using an historical OGCM simulation. The model represents decadal variations of the STCs concurrent with tropical Pacific thermal anomalies: the eastern tropical Pacific is warmer when the STCs are weaker and cooler when they are stronger. The spatial patterns of the SSH in the western tropical Pacific show different features, depending on events associated with decadal variability. During the warm phase (1977–1987), the SSH anomalies exhibit deviations from a meridionally symmetric distribution, with weakly positive (strongly negative) anomalies in the western tropical North (South) Pacific. Analysis of the heat budget in the upper tropical Pacific indicates that the termination of the warm phase around 1985 results from a poleward heat transport anomaly that is induced by a horizontal gyre associated with the SSH anomalies. During the cold phase (1996–2006), in contrast, the SSH anomalies are nearly meridionally symmetric, with positive anomalies in both hemispheres. Enhanced easterly wind anomalies contribute to the development of the cold phase after the late 1990s.
Mild and General Access to Diverse 1H‐Benzotriazoles via Diboron‐Mediated NOH Deoxygenation and Palladium‐ Catalyzed CC and CN Bond Formation
Authors: Gurram Venkateshwarlu , Akula Hari K. , Garlapati Ramesh , Pottabathini Narender , Lakshman Mahesh K. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractBenzotriazoles are a highly important class of compounds with broad‐ranging applications in such diverse areas as medicinal chemistry, as auxiliaries in organic synthesis, in metallurgical applications, in aircraft deicing and brake fluids, and as antifog agents in photography. Although there are numerous approaches to N‐substituted benzotriazoles, the essentially one general method to N‐unsubstituted benzotriazoles is via diazotization of ortho‐phenylenediamines, which can be limited by the availability of suitable precursors. Other methods to N‐unsubstitued benzotriazoles are quite specialized. Although reduction of 1‐hydroxy‐1H‐benzotriazoles is known, the reactions are not particularly convenient or broadly applicable. This presents a limitation for easy access to and availability of diverse benzotriazoles. Herein, we demonstrate a new, broadly applicable method to diverse 1H‐benzotriazoles via a mild diboron reagent‐mediated deoxygenation of 1‐hydroxy‐1H‐benzotriazoles. We have also evaluated sequential deoxygenation and Pd‐mediated CC and CN bond formation as a one‐pot process for further diversification of the benzotriazole moiety. However, the results indicated that purification of the deoxygenation product prior to the Pd‐mediated reaction is critical to the success of such reactions. The overall chemistry allows for facile access to a variety of new benzotriazoles. Along with the several examples presented, a discussion of the advantages of the approaches is described, as is also a possible mechanism for the deoxygenation process.magnified image
Die frühe Entstehung der ionenleitenden Pore in Channelrhodopsin‐2
Authors: Kuhne Jens , Eisenhauer Kirstin , Ritter Eglof , Hegemann Peter , Gerwert Klaus , Bartl Franz 
Published: December 2014

AbstractKanalrhodopsine (Channelrhodopsins, ChRs) sind lichtgesteuerte Ionenkanäle, die zahlreiche Anwendungen in der Optogenetik finden. Sie ermöglichen die genaue Kontrolle neuronaler Aktivität durch Licht. Hier entwickeln wir auf der Basis zeitaufgelöster FTIR‐Spektroskopie ein Modell für die frühe Bildung der ionenleitenden Pore auf molekularer Ebene. Die Photo‐Isomerisierung des Retinal‐Chromophors führt zu einer Abwärtsbewegung der hochkonservierten Aminosäure E90; dies öffnet die Pore. Moleküldynamik(MD‐Simulationen zeigen das Eindringen von Wassermolekülen durch diese Öffnung in das hydrophobe Vestibül oberhalb der Pore. Dadurch kippt Helix 2, und der Kanal öffnet sich vollständig innerhalb von Millisekunden. Da E90 in ChRs hochkonserviert ist, könnte das hier vorgestellte “E90‐Helix2‐tilt(EHT)‐Modell” einen generellen Aktivierungsmechanismus darstellen. Es eröffnet einen neuen Ansatz für weitere mechanistische Studien sowie die Möglichkeit, den Kanal für spezifische Anwendungen maßzuschneidern.
Optimal design of an imprinted preassembled system by quantum chemical calculations and preparation of a surface‐imprinted material for the selective removal of quinoline
Authors: Yang Wenming , Ma Pengfei , Fan Ting , Zhou Zhiping , Liu Hong , Xu Wanzhen 
Published: December 2014

ABSTRACTIn this study, we examined the rational preparation of molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) for the selective removal of quinoline from octane. Before the preparation, density functional theory, as one of the methods of quantum chemical calculation, was used for the simulation of a quinoline‐imprinted preassembly system. Methacrylic acid turned out to be the more suitable monomer for quinoline compared with acrylamide, and different template–monomer ratios, including 1:1, 1:2, and 1:3, were studied and are discussed. On the basis of the result of molecular simulation, quinoline‐imprinted polymers were prepared with a combination of surface imprinting and living polymerization. The prepared quinoline–MIPs were characterized and used as selective adsorbents for batch‐mode binding experiments. The fitting result of the adsorption data indicates that the adsorption kinetics and adsorption isotherms of the quinoline‐imprinted polymers fit well a pseudo‐second‐order kinetics model and the Freundlich model, respectively. A selective recognition ability was demonstrated by equilibrium binding analysis. This study will provide needful guidance and a theoretical basis for the preparation of imprinted materials in the field of industrial denitrification. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41730.
Towards a Psychoanalytic Concept of Community (II): Relevant Psychoanalytic Principles
Authors: Koh Eugen , Twemlow Stuart 
Published: December 2014

AbstractIn the first of three papers the current philosophical, sociological and ecological approaches to “community” were considered from a psychoanalytic perspective. This second paper aims to arrive at a set of principles that will underpin a psychoanalytic concept of communities. Those principles include: psychoanalytic understandings of groups; the unconscious of the collective; the subjectivity and inter‐subjectivity of individuals and collectives; the symbolic function of an abstract concept; and the processes involved in making sense, such as mentalization and symbolization. The emerging psychoanalytic framework conceptualizes communities in terms of their collective psychological tasks, such as the maintenance of shared identification and boundaries, their responses to trauma and the work of mourning, rather than by their geographical or sociological characteristics. This new approach to the concept of community also highlights the utility of distinguishing the nature of groups by their respective, collective psychological tasks. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Physiological reactivity to nonideographic virtual reality stimuli in veterans with and without PTSD
Authors: Webb Andrea K , Vincent Ashley L. , Jin Alvin B. , Pollack Mark H. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractBackgroundPost‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) currently is diagnosed via clinical interview in which subjective self reports of traumatic events and associated experiences are discussed with a mental health professional. The reliability and validity of diagnoses can be improved with the use of objective physiological measures.MethodsIn this study, physiological activity was recorded from 58 male veterans (PTSD Diagnosis n = 16; Trauma Exposed/No PTSD Diagnosis: n = 23; No Trauma/No PTSD Diagnosis: n = 19) with and without PTSD and combat trauma exposure in response to emotionally evocative non‐idiographic virtual reality stimuli.ResultsStatistically significant differences among the Control, Trauma, and PTSD groups were present during the viewing of two virtual reality videos. Skin conductance and interbeat interval features were extracted for each of ten video events (five events of increasing severity per video). These features were submitted to three stepwise discriminant function analyses to assess classification accuracy for Control versus Trauma, Control versus PTSD, and Trauma versus PTSD pairings of participant groups. Leave‐one‐out cross‐validation classification accuracy was between 71 and 94%.ConclusionsThese results are promising and suggest the utility of objective physiological measures in assisting with PTSD diagnosis.
From Electrochemical Interface to Interphase (2D→3D) on Ionomer Membranes
Authors: Buchmüller Yves , Hafner Regina , Wokaun Alexander , Schmidt Thomas J. , Gubler Lorenz 
Published: December 2014

AbstractPolypyrrole (PPy) is introduced into proton exchange membranes via one‐sided polymerization to form a thin PPy/ionomer mixed layer, penetrating 1–10 μm into the bulk of the membrane. The proposed reaction mechanism enables variable thickness of the composite layer by adjustment of the synthetic parameters. The mixed layer extends the electrochemically active region from 2D (interface) to 3D (interphase). The created interphase allows detecting or triggering of electrochemical processes within the mixed ionomer/PPy zone. We present here an approach to electrochemically trigger two types of redox‐active species within the membrane: hydroquinone and a polymer‐bound phenolic compound (tyramine). The current response of the electrochemical process is increased by two orders of magnitude when comparing the 3D to the 2D configuration.
Hybrid C3N4/Fluorine‐Doped Tin Oxide Electrode Transfers Hydride for 1,4‐NADH Cofactor Regeneration
Authors: Cazelles R. , Liu J. , Antonietti M. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractHerein, we report the use of graphitic carbon nitride (C3N4)‐modified fluorine‐doped tin oxide electrodes for the electroregeneration of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADH). We synthesized and functionalized these hybrid electrodes by using anodic aluminum‐oxide‐templated C3N4 growth. Electrochemical activation of the semiconducting C3N4 islands with a rhodium complex permits selective regeneration of biologically active 1,4‐NADH cofactor.
Tris(3,5‐dimethylpyrazolyl)methane‐Based Heterobimetallic Complexes that Contain Zn and CdTransition‐Metal Bonds: Synthesis, Structures, and Quantum Chemical Calculations
Authors: Meyer Jens , González‐Gallardo Sandra , Hohnstein Silvia , Garnier Delphine , Armbruster Markus K. , Fink Karin , Klopper Wim , Breher Frank 
Published: December 2014

AbstractReactions of the tris(3,5‐dimethylpyrazolyl)methanide amido complexes [M′{C(3,5‐Me2pz)3}{N(SiMe3)2}] (M′=Mg (1 a), Zn (1 b), Cd (1 c); 3,5‐Me2pz=3,5‐dimethylpyrazolyl) with two equivalents of the acidic Group 6 cyclopentadienyl (Cp) tricarbonyl hydrides [MCp(CO)3H] (M=Cr (2 a), Mo (2 b)) gave different types of heterobimetallic complex. In each case, two reactions took place, namely the conversion of the tris(3,5‐dimethylpyrazolyl)methanide ligand (Tpmd*) into the ‐methane derivative (Tpm*) and the reaction of the acidic hydride MH bond with the M′N(SiMe3)2 moiety. The latter produces HN(SiMe3)2 as a byproduct. The Group 2 representatives [Mg(Tpm*){MCp(CO)3}2(thf)] (3 a/b) form isocarbonyl bridges between the magnesium and chromium/molybdenum centres, whereas direct metal–metal bonds are formed in the case of the ions [Zn(Tpm*){MCp(CO)3}]+ (4 a/b; [MCp(CO)3]− as the counteranion) and [Cd(Tpm*){MCp(CO)3}(thf)]+ (5 a/b; [Cd{MCp(CO)3}3]− as the counteranion). Complexes 4 a and 5 a/b are the first complexes that contain ZnCr, CdCr, and CdMo bonds (bond lengths 251.6, 269.8, and 278.9 pm, respectively). Quantum chemical calculations on 4 a/b* (and also on 5 a/b*) provide evidence for an interaction between the metal atoms.
Are primary care providers prepared to care for survivors of breast cancer in the safety net?
Authors: Dawes Aaron J. , Hemmelgarn Marian , Nguyen David K. , Sacks Greg D. , Clayton Sheilah M. , Cope Jacqueline R. , Ganz Patricia A. , Maggard‐Gibbons Melinda 
Published: December 2014

BACKGROUNDWith the growing number of survivors of breast cancer outpacing the capacity of oncology providers, there is pressure to transition patients back to primary care. Primary care providers (PCPs) working in safety‐net settings may have less experience treating survivors, and little is known about their knowledge and views on survivorship care. The current study was performed to determine the knowledge, attitudes, and confidence of PCPs in the safety net at delivering care to survivors of breast cancer.METHODSA modified version of the National Cancer Institute's Survey of Physician Attitudes Regarding Care of Cancer Survivors was given to providers at 2 county hospitals and 5 associated clinics (59 providers). Focus groups were held to understand barriers to survivorship care.RESULTSAlthough the majority of providers believed PCPs have the skills necessary to provide cancer‐related follow‐up, the vast majority were not comfortable providing these services themselves. Providers were adherent to American Society of Clinical Oncology recommendations for mammography (98%) and physical examination (87%); less than one‐third were guideline‐concordant for laboratory testing and only 6 providers (10%) met all recommendations. PCPs universally requested additional training on clinical guidelines and the provision of written survivorship care plans before transfer. Concerns voiced in qualitative sessions included unfamiliarity with the management of endocrine therapy and confusion regarding who would be responsible for certain aspects of care.CONCLUSIONSSafety‐net providers currently lack knowledge of and confidence in providing survivorship care to patients with breast cancer. Opportunities exist for additional training in evidence‐based guidelines and improved coordination of care between PCPs and oncology specialists. Cancer 2015;121:1249–1256. © 2014 American Cancer Society.