bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Child Abuse Reporting Trends: An Unprecedented Threat to Confidentiality
Authors: Weinstock R , Weinstock D 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Some recent interpretations of the child abuse laws are creating serious and unprecedented erosions of therapist/patient confidentiality. In contrast to the Tarasoff decisions and laws, the child abuse statutes introduced a new element of mandatory reporting which permits no discretionary alternatives and presents prospects of criminal penalties for failure to report. A recent development suggests a possible requirement for therapists to violate confidentiality for the sole purpose of punishing perpetrators. Overinterpretations of the laws by some child protective services have led to recommendations that long past child abuse must be reported, even when no current child is in danger. The California Attorney General's Office has issued a clarification stating that the child abuse statute refers to children and not to adults molested as children. A survey of forensic psychiatrists and psychologists shows that most perceived an ethical problem in reporting adults molested as children when no is presently in danger, and the purpose of the report is solely for maximal legal self-protection. The survey indicates that fears induced by rigid and intimidating child abuse laws can influence therapists to act in ways most consider unethical. Recommendations are made for improving the current child abuse laws so that they accomplish their goals more effectively.
Glycogenated Squamous Epithelial Cells as a Marker of Foreign Body Penetration in Sexual Assault
Authors: Randall B 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Nonconsensual insertion of a foreign object into the vagina, anus, or mouth in some judicial jurisdictions is synonymous with rape, and elsewhere may constitute some degree of sexual assault or battery. Few techniques, however, are available to assist the criminalist in determining whether an object has been criminally inserted. Glycogenated epithelial cells have been used as a marker for vaginal epithelium, and as such, may indicate vaginal insertion if recovered from an object. This hypothesis was tested by studying orally and vaginally inserted objects from 42 volunteers and 20 rectally inserted objects recovered from cadavers. Glycogen positivity was assayed from smears of object swabbings stained with the periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) technique.
More than 75 glycogen positive cells were recovered from 39 of 42 vaginally inserted objects. Glycogenated cells were recovered from 8 of 20 rectally inserted objects (5 with more than 100 positive cells). Of 42 orally inserted objects, 32 also contained glycogen positive cells, but none with more than 28 positive cells. No glycogen positive cells were seen in skin exposed but not inserted objects. Large numbers of glycogen cells were seen in dried saliva drops. Amylase activity was not seen on 5 of 20 orally inserted shields, and thus the possibility of noninsertional saliva contamination could not be ruled out with shields yielding only small numbers of positive cells. Recovery of large numbers of glycogenated cells from foreign objects is strongly suggestive of either vaginal or anal insertion assuming amylase negativity. Glycogen positive cells are not seen secondary to glabrous skin exposure.
An Unusual Case of Child Abuse Homicide/Suicide
Authors: Fain DB , McCormick GM 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
This case report examines a child abuse homicide in which the perpetrator committed suicide a few hours after the infant's death. At the time of the perpetrator's suicide he was not under investigation, nor was he a suspect in the death of the child. Although the literature does not contain reports of similar cases, we are sure they exist. This report raises the question of the degree of social stigma attached to the accusation of child abuse. It also serves as a warning to those who must deal with the potentially suicidal child abuser.
3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and Other Amphetamine Derivatives
Authors: Bost RO 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
As various substances of abuse come under Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) Schedule restrictions, slightly modified derivatives (designer drugs) replace them. A series of amphetamine derivatives are discussed in this presentation. Applicable analytical methods are presented. Details of cases handled by the office (hospital patients, driving while under the influence/driving under the influence of drugs [DWI/DUID], and medical examiner cases) are discussed.
5-Methylthio Ninhydrin and Related Compounds: A Novel Class of Fluorogenic Fingerprint Reagents
Authors: Almog J , Hirshfeld A , Frank A , Grant H , Harel Z , Ittah Y 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Ninhydrin derivatives bearing sulfur-containing groups at position 5 exhibit excellent properties as fluorogenic fingerprint reagents on paper. Their sensitivity markedly exceeds that of ninhydrin and even that of 5-methoxy ninhydrin. Preliminary experiments indicate it as equal to or better than 1–8-diazafluorene-9-one (DFO). One member of this group, 5-methylthio ninhydrin, has been recently declared an operational fingerprint developer in our laboratory.
A BASIC Algorithm for Calculating the Postmortem Interval from Arthropod Successional Data
Authors: Schoenly K , Lee Goff M , Early M 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A computer algorithm, implemented in the BASIC language, is presented for calculating the postmortem interval (PMI) from arthropod successional data. Entomology-assisted determination of the PMI promises to be a reliable technique in cases of homicide, suicide, accidental death, and unattended death due to natural causes. The program requires, as input, the identity of arthropod taxa recovered from human remains in a death scene investigation and machine-readable data on carrion-associated arthropod taxa and their known successional patterns of activity for the same geographical area. The program performs rapid comparisons of these lists and, on output, calculates an upper and lower estimate of the PMI, identifies the definitive taxa for these limits, and determines if the remaining corpse taxa have known successional patterns that are consistent for this estimate. An alternate output is provided if one or more corpse taxa do not overlap all the others at any single time in the succession. In that event, the user is prompted to recheck the identity of the non-overlapping taxon or taxa or reevaluate the environmental circumstances surrounding the case in question. Results of the analysis are saved to an ASCII file for output to a printer for making paper copies useful for the entomologist's Case Study Final Report. This program may make possible wider use of this technique in law enforcement and medical investigator offices that utilize both forensic entomologist expertise and IBM PCs (or compatible computers).
Prosecuting Assaultive Psychiatric Patients
Authors: Norko MA , Zonana HV , Phillips RTM 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
For many reasons, inpatient psychiatric units are increasingly faced with treatment and management of violent individuals. This fosters a need to consider potential institutional responses to patient violence. This paper focuses on one response—prosecution of these persons. The existing literature on this topic is reviewed. In addition, the case history of a difficult but successful prosecution of an assaultive patient is presented. This case highlighted the development of guidelines, which are outlined herein, for determining the appropriateness of seeking legal action against patients. The paper concludes with an assessment of the benefits and risks associated with patient prosecution.
Homelessness and the Mentally Ill Offender
Authors: Richman BJ , Convit A , Martell D 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
This paper presents the results of a retrospective analysis of the discharge summaries of 69 mentally ill offenders. The subjects were patients in a New York State Psychiatric Hospital for a two-year period between January 1988 and December 1989 who were referred by the courts under New York State Criminal Procedure Law (CPL). The subjects were further compared as to homelessness at the time of the instant offense to study the association of this variable and criminal behavior among the mentally ill. Statistical analyses demonstrated significant relationships between variables of homelessness, prior offense history, and substance abuse.
The Essential Commitment for a Forensic Scientist
Authors: Frank RS 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Forensic scientists have a unique and essential role in the criminal and civil justice system. They examine physical evidence associated with an event or situation, develop and report facts associated with the evidence, and provide expert opinion regarding their observations. The facts and opinions, in and of themselves, do not establish the guilt or innocence of someone suspected of wrongdoing; however, they may be the primary information available to allow a conclusion of guilt or innocence to be drawn. The impact of the forensic scientist's conclusions affords no room for error, because such errors may be the direct cause of an injustice.
Quantitative Determination of Cocaine and Heroin by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrophotometry
Authors: Ravreby M 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Cocaine hydrochloride salt (HCl) and heroin HCl were determined quantitatively by choosing a carbonyl absorption peak as the analytical peak and measuring absorbance versus concentration in standard KBr pellers. The effect of various additives and diluents such as starch, sugars, mannitol, caffeine, and procaine was also studied. Methods were devised to correct for interference contributions based on spectral subtraction of the interfering component or subtraction of the interfering spectral contribution based on absorbance ratios with a noninterfering spectral peak. In mixtures containing both the free base and the hydrochloride salt, the most satisfactory method for determining the concentration was by area integration of the two carbonyl peaks.
Suicide Far from Home: The Concept of Transjurisdictional Suicide
Authors: Hanzlick RL , Ross WK 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A review of a series of eleven persons who committed suicide in a city long distances from home is presented, and the concept of transjurisdictional suicide is introduced. Those eleven cases suggest a high likelihood that the victim will be found in a hotel or motel bed by a hotel/motel employee within a day of check-in; the victim will be a white male who drove to the city and who lived in a hometown closely associated with an urban center which is within a day's drive and on an interstate route connecting the hometown to the city selected; the victim will be older than twenty-one years, married or never married but not divorced or widowed, and will not have been born in the state where death occurred; a suicide message will be found, and a specific reason for selecting a given city will not be apparent.
Models of Mental Health Service Delivery to Correctional Institutions
Authors: Maier GJ , Miller RD 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The mentally disordered offender falls into the “no man's land” between prison and mental health systems. A number of reasons are given to explain why mental health service to this special group is in crisis again, and to lay the base for understanding the advantages and disadvantages of five different models of service delivery. The authors conclude by favoring small psychiatric units attached to major prisons.
Suicide Disguised as Murder: A Dimension of Munchausen Syndrome
Authors: McDowell CP 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
This case study reports on a suicide made to look like murder. The case highlights the issue of false claims of criminal victimization and suggests the need for a reexamination of the dynamics of factitious allegations of criminal victimization. Factitious complaints of mental or physical illness are typically self-reported to psychiatric or medical authorities. This paper illustrates a different kind of phenomenon: one in which an injury or disorder is brought to medical attention by way of the police, who report the death or injury as arising from criminal victimization.
Medicolegal Aspects of Necrotizing Fasciitis of the Neck
Authors: Sperry K , McFeeley PJ 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Necrotizing fasciitis of the neck (NFN) is a relatively rare, fulminating infectious process of the cervicofacial tissues which may cause sudden and unexpected death. Although often the result of a dental infection, injuries of the soft tissues of the neck may also initiate rampant cellulitis, and recognition of the underlying etiology of such cases is necessary to determine properly the manner of death. Five cases of NFN are presented with a review of the causative factors and usual bacteriology, and specific factors of medicolegal interest are addressed.
A Review of Taylor's Principles and Practice of Medical Jurisprudence
Authors: Wiecking DK 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
To produce a condensed version of a great work is a constant struggle between faithfulness to the original and an awareness of what the new reader needs to know. In this 13th edition of Taylor, Professor Mant as editor has striven mightily to reduce the two-volume 12th edition into a new one-volume compendium of English forensic medicine, to present the pertinent materials for the present-day practitioner, and also apparently to keep the purchase price within range of its intended readers. To a considerable degree he has succeeded, eliminating virtually all of the sections on toxicology and much of the previous extensive discussion described as “sexual medical jurisprudence.” These deletions make the 13th edition much more ready-reference for the practicing coroner or barrister, although it is a shame to leave out such titillating chapters as “virginity and defloration,” and “masturbation, indecent exposure, and gross indecency”! Of course anyone interested in those subjects could always refer to the previous edition.
Comparison of Automotive Gasolines Using Capillary Gas Chromatography II: Limitations of Automotive Gasoline Comparisons in Casework
Authors: Mann DC 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
When comparing gasoline recovered from a fire scene with a possible source, several factors must be considered, including the variability introduced by the recovery method, possible contamination of the data by pyrolysis products, distortion of the data as a result of evaporation of the gasoline, and other alterations of the recovered gasoline by chemical and physical interactions. All of these factors can contribute to a decrease in the specificity of comparisons of gasoline recovered from fire debris relative to liquid gasoline comparisons.
Restoration of Stamp Marks on Steel Components by Etching and Magnetic Techniques
Authors: Turley DM 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The relation between the depth of the stamp mark and the depth to which the stamp mark can be restored has been determined using both etching (Fry's reagent) and magnetic techniques. The depths of restoration increased with increasing depth of stamp mark. Increasing the stamp size also resulted in an increase in the depth of restoration. For new stamp marks, the magnetic technique was more sensitive, giving, in some cases, depths of restoration about 10% greater than the maximum depths determined by etching. For old stamp marks, the sensitivity of the magnetic technique was considerably reduced, whereas the etching technique was unaffected and therefore was the more sensitive. The etching technique could also often restore stamp marks which had been obliterated by overpunching, whereas the magnetic technique could not. A recommended procedure for the restoration fo stamp marks is given.
Prison Psychiatry and Professional Responsibility
Authors: Smith CE 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Professional responsibility is a multifaceted concept embracing elements of technical competence and accountability. It may seem anachronistic to examine professional responsibility in the context of prison psychiatry, which is a relatively unpopular and often controversial health service activity. Upon closer scrutiny, however, it appears that prison psychiatry presents a paradigm of the uncertainties, conflicts, and dilemmas which underlie current concerns about professional responsibility in psychiatry. In this paper, the author examines some of these issues and proposes some tentative answers, focusing on the critical question of the proper roles of psychiatry in prisons.
Effect of Biofeedback on the Detection of Deception
Authors: Timm HW 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
This study examined the effect of audio electrodermal biofeedback training on the detection of deception. The subjects consisted of 68 volunteers enrolled in selected undergraduate college courses. Each subject was required to commit a mock murder, after which a polygraph examiner administered a series of five consecutive “lie detector” tests to ascertain the facts involved in his/her murder. Before testing, subjects were randomly assigned to either a biofeedback condition or to a control group. The detection efficiency associated with the subjects' respiration responses was significantly enhanced by simultaneous auditory biofeedback given during the polygraph testing; however, the feedback's effect upon the detection rates associated with the electrodermal measures that it was reflecting was neither statistically significant nor in the same direction. The results support the premise that audio biofeedback might be useful in enhancing respiration's detection efficiency during polygraph testing.
An Aluminum Template for Casting Agarose Gels
Authors: Budowle B , Mudd JL 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Time-consuming construction and repair often is necessary for gel templates composed of glass plates and plastic strips. An aluminum template was developed to overcome these problems. It is sturdy, permanent, and produces agarose gels that yield linear, well resolved, and reproducible protein profiles. Further, agarose gels of varying thicknesses (1 to 3 mm) can be cast with this template.
A Review of HLA Techniques for Blood Bankers
Authors: Huestis DW 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
This small book is intended to supplement an earlier (1982) book from the same publisher on Theoretical Aspects of HLA. Originally, both books were manuals to be given out to participants in workshops held by the American Association of Blood Banks, and were intended to present the ins and outs of HLA to blood bankers who were not already experts in the field.
The Separation of Lysergide (LSD) from Related Ergot Alkaloids and Its Identification in Forensic Science Casework Samples
Authors: Japp M , Gill R , David Osselton M 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The separation of lysergide (LSD) from related ergot alkaloids, and its isomer lysergic acid methylpropylamide (LAMPA), has been investigated using the techniques of capillary gas chromatography and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Capillary gas chromatography using fused silica nonpolar bonded phase columns gave good discrimination, and retention indices for several ergot alkaloids have been measured. The applicability of this technique to the analysis of illicit LSD preparations has been demonstrated by preparing extracts from LSD microdot tablets and card and paper squares. The HPLC systems examined in the present study were unable to achieve baseline resolution of LSD and LAMPA.
Natural Death While Driving
Authors: Öström M , Eriksson A 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Of sudden natural deaths while driving, 126 occurred during 1980 through 1985 in the northern half of Sweden. The mean age of the 69 car driver victims was 59 years, considerably higher than that of traumatic car deaths, and all but 2 were males. The mean age of 57 operators of other vehicles was 66 years, and of these, 6 were women. Seven car drivers were stricken during commercial employment. Most accidents occurred during daytime and the distribution of the weekdays was fairly even. ischemic heart disease accounted for 112 deaths, and other cardiovascular diseases for an additional 9 deaths. Only ⅕ of the victims experienced previous symptoms of disease. Out of at least 31 other persons at risk in the car deaths, only 2 passengers suffered minor injuries. The trauma in the deceased was in most cases minor in both car and other vehicle deaths. Property damage was also minimal. At least ⅓ of the drivers were able to stop the car before becoming unconscious. In none of the car cases was alcohol detected in the blood, while alcohol was identified in at least 2 of the other vehicle victims. The findings here agree with previous studies that natural deaths at the wheel are fairly uncommon, and that the risk for other persons is not significant. The value of adequate postmortem examinations of drivers dying in traffic is stressed—natural deaths can otherwise be overlooked.
Study of Inorganic Residues Around Entrance and Exit Projectile Orifices
Authors: Villanueva E , Hernandez-Cueto C , Lorente JA , Garcia-Quiles J , Rodrigo MD 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Lead, antimony, and barium determinations have been made at entrance and exit orifices produced by firearms. Gunshots were made at seven different distances: 20, 40, 80, 200, 500, 1000, and 2500 cm using two kinds of ammunition. Our results demonstrate the usefulness of these elements to make a differential diagnosis between entrance and exit orifices produced by firearms; they are also useful to determine the distance between the firearm and the victim.
Complications of Cervical Manipulation: A Case Report of Fatal Brainstem Infarct with Review of the Mechanisms and Predisposing Factors
Authors: Jentzen JM , Amatuzio J , Peterson GF 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Medical and surgical complications of chiropractic manipulation occur infrequently in relation to the number of procedures performed. These complications include intracranial hemorrhage, spinal cord injuries, trauma to the carotid and vertebral arteries, and vertebral-basilar distribution infarction. This is a report of a case of vertebrobasilar infarction following chiropractic manipulation leading to a comatose state within 1 h following the manipulative procedure. This case report should alert the forensic pathologist to the possibility of cervical manipulation as a cause of acute brainstem infarction, and the mechanism and the predisposing factors to injury should be reviewed. The importance of careful autopsy technique and use of postmortem arteriographic techniques are emphasized.
Suicide by Air Rifle and Shotgun
Authors: Cohle SD , Pickelman J , Connolly JT , Bauserman SC 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
We report the case of a 39-year old white male who committed suicide by shooting himself with an air rifle and a shotgun. The ballistics of air guns and rifles, with particular reference to the Sheridan air rifle, are reviewed. Only two cases of multiple firearm suicide have been reported; both involved simultaneously fired handguns. Ours is the first case, to our knowledge, of an air rifle and a shotgun used in sequence to commit suicide.
Gunshot Wound with Asphalt Related Pseudo-Soot, Pseudo-Tattooing, and Pseudo-Scorching
Authors: Zaki SA , Hanzlick R 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Artifacts which mimic the tattooing and soot deposition of close range gunshot wounds have been described as “pseudo-soot” and “pseudo-tattooing.” The origin of such findings includes glass, intermediate targets, insect bites, medical manipulation, graphite, and sutures. The authors present a case of pseudo-soot and pseudo-tattooing as a result of asphalt pavement, and describe the associated entity of pseudo-scorching.