bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Immune Response against Hamster Erythrocytes in the Low‐Responder Mouse Strains
Authors: Nomoto Kikuo , Kuroiwa Ataru , Mashiba Harukazu , Takeya Kenji 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACT1) A subcutaneous injection of hamster erythrocytes (HRBC) in Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA) or an intravenous injection of hamster lymph node (HLN) cells suppressed antibody production against HRBC in the low‐responder C57BL/6 and AKR mice, when HRBC in saline were given on the same day; 2) The suppressing effect of such treatments was neither detectable in the high‐responder SL mice, nor in the C57BL/6 mice, which had been pre‐sensitized with HRBC in FCA or hamster lymphoma cells; 3) Positive reactions of the peritoneal macrophage disappearance test and the enhanced antibody production were detected seven days after treatment with HRBC in FCA and HRBC in saline, or HLN cells and HRBC in saline; 4) The suppressing effect of such simultaneous treatments on anti‐HRBC antibody production was eliminated by a transfer of normal syngeneic thymus cells to AKR mice or a transfer of thymus cells from SL to C57BL/6 mice. Suppression of the antibody production in the low‐responder mice by the described simultaneous treatments may be due to a competitive involvement of HRBC‐specific thymus‐derived cells (T cells) in the developmental stages of delayed hypersensitivity and antibody production. High‐responder SL mice appear to have enough T cells for development of the delayed hypersensitivity and as helper cells in antibody production. These results appear to support the concept that T cells for delayed hypersensitivity and antibody production to HRBC antigen are derived from the same original pool.
Studies on Temperate Phages of Lactobacillus salivarius
Authors: Tohyama Kiyoshi 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTComparative studies were carried out on the mode of action of the defective temperate phage 208 against the homologous lysogenic strain S‐208 and a nonlysogenic strain S‐161 of Lactobacillus salivarius. Treatment of both strains with phage 208 led to a specific inhibition of protein synthesis, cell killing without any reversion of protein synthesis, and of viable counts by treatment with trypsin. Killing action of phage 208 followed a single hit kinetics for nonlysogenic S‐161 and S‐208 No. 006, which is a cured strain of S‐208, whereas, two to five hit kinetics was obtained for lysogenic S‐208. Phage particles exposed to ultraviolet light (5.7 kergs/cm2) also killed S‐161 with a single hit kinetics and S‐208 with a 3‐hit kinetics. However, the kinetics of killing approached a single hit when the protein synthesis of S‐208 was inhibited by chloramphenicol prior to the phage addition. Based upon these results, the possible mechanisms of immunity breakdown and of subsequent cell killing were discussed.
Antibody Responses in Germ‐Free Chickens to Bacteria Isolated from Various Sources
Authors: Morishita Yoshiyuki , Mitsuoka Tomotari 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTThe germ‐free chickens were mono‐ or dicontaminated with various species of facultative anaerobes and obligate anaerobes isolated from chickens, humans, pigs, and fermentation products, and their sera were studied for agglutinins against these organisms. After contamination, gnotobiotic chickens developed relatively high titers of agglutinins against Streptococcus faecalis var. liquefaciens from a chicken and obligate anaerobes such as Bifidobacterium thermophilum (strain T 111), Bacteroides sp. (Au 21–27), and Fusobacterium (Sphaerophorus) sp. (EBF 59/96p) from chickens, Bacteroides sp. (A 269–5) from a human, and B. thermophilum (P 2–91) and Fusobacterium (Sphaerophorus) sp. (PNC 2–23) from pigs. On the contrary, little or no detectable agglutinins were observed against Bacteroides sp. (Ch 220–17) from a chicken, Bifidobacterium adolescentis and Bifidobacterium bifidum from humans and Lactobacillus casei and Lactobacillus plantarum from fermentation products. Anti‐Escherichia coli agglutinins were sensitive to 2‐mercaptoethanol, but anti‐B. thermophilum agglutinins were not.
Physicochemical Properties of Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus
Authors: Inaba Yuji , Tanaka Yoshio , Omori Tuneyoshi , Matumoto Minoru 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTOne of virus strains, isolated from Japanese cattle and serologically identified as bovine respiratory syncytial (RS) virus, was examined. The virus was shown to be an RNA virus with a buoyant density of 1.225, filtrable through a Sartorius membrane filter of 200 nm pore size but not through a 100 or 50 nm filter, sensitive to ether, chloroform and deoxycholate, readily inactivated by trypsin, labile at 56 C and 37 C but stable at −80 C, rapidly inactivated at pH 3.0, and resistant to freeze‐thawing. These properties are compatible with those previously reported for RS virus of human and bovine origin.
Alternate Changes of Surface Antigen(s) in Adenovirus Type 12‐Transformed and Tumor Cells1
Authors: Nakajima Setsuko , Hamada Chuya , Uetake Hisao 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTAlternate changes of specific surface antigen(s) (S antigen) were examined in transformed and tumor cells induced by human adenovirus type 12. All of the hamster and mouse cells transformed in vitro showed ring‐form membrane fluorescence staining by anti‐S antigen rabbit sera, whereas tumor cells, either induced by the virus in vivo or produced by inoculation with the S(+)‐transformed cells, did not show any fluorescence. When the S(–) tumor cells were serially subcultured in vitro, all of them converted to S(+) cells, although more than ten subcultures were necessary. For the S(+) cells to form tumors in hamsters about ten times as many cells were necessary as the S(–) cells. This difference became greater when tumor formation was tested in preimmunized hamsters, while little, if any, when tested in X‐irradiated hamsters. In addition, immunogenicity of the S(+) cells was suggested to be higher than that of the S(–) cells. These findings indicate that the S(+) cells are more immunosensitive and immunogenic than the S(–) cells, and that in vivo conversion from S(+) to S(–) may be due to selection of S(–)‐mutant cells. In vitro conversion from S(–) to S(+) was also suggested to be due to the appearance of S(+)‐mutant cells.
Transmission of Bacteriocinogenicity by Conjugation in Group D Streptococci
Authors: Tomura Tsuneko , Hirano Toyo , Ito Takako , Yoshioka Morimasa 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTSeventy‐seven out of eighty‐one group D streptococcal strains isolated from humans and animals were found to produce bacteriocins that were active on other streptococcal strains of gorup A and D, but inactive on their own cells. On the bases of the spectra of indicator strains, and the sensitivities to heat, chloroform, and trypsin, seven types of bacteriocins were classified. Streptococcus faecalis var. liquefaciens strain 4532 or strain A (liq‐A) was UV‐irradiated, and mutants which lost bacteriocin‐ as well as the β‐hemolysin‐forming activities (Bact–.Hem–) were obtained. Cells of the type I bacteriocin producer (SMr.TCr.Bact‐I+.Hem+) and nonproducer 2025 (PCr.Bact‐I–.Hem–), both belonging to S. faecalis var. liquefaciens, were mixed and incubated in broth. Recombinants (PCr.‐SMs.TCs.Bact‐I+.Hem+) were obtained at a high frequency (5.8% preinoculum size of PCr.‐Bact‐I–.Hem–), and the character was stable for at least ten transfers. In the mixed culture, a marked decrease in the recipient 2025 cell number was observed. The occurrence of recombinants was not inhibited by deoxyribonuclease. A cell‐free filtrate of Bact+.Hem+ cells mixed with Bact–.Hem– cells did pot cause a mutation of the latter combined characters. The transfer of a genetic marker is discussed as an event of the cell‐to‐cell contact.
Adjuvant Action of Capsular Polysaccharide of Klebsiella pneumoniae on Antibody Response
Authors: Nakashima Izumi , Kato Nobuo 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTA study was made to characterize the active substance for the extraordinarily strong adjuvant effect of the capsular polysaccharide of Klebsiella pneumoniae (CPS‐K) type 1 Kasuya strain. CPS‐K was fractionated into acidic and neutral CPS‐K by the addition of cetyl‐pyridinium chloride. Neutral CPS‐K exhibited an extremely strong adjuvant effect. The active substance in neutral CPS‐K was precipitable when mixed with a rabbit homologous antiserum. The neutral CPS‐K antigen was serologically distinct from the O antigen and from the acidic CPS‐K which was the type‐specific capsular antigen. Among preparations of neutral CPS‐K from eight different strains of K. pneumoniae tested, the preparation from only one strain (MH‐2) exhibited a strong adjuvant effect comparable to that of the neutral CPS‐K from the Kasuya strain. The neutral CPS‐Ks from Kasuya and MH‐2 strains were antigenically identical. This antigen was not found in all preparations of neutral CPS‐Ks obtained from seven different strains. Preparations of acidic CPS‐Ks from all strains of K. pneumoniae tested with various serologic types including Kasuya and MH‐2 strains were found to exhibit only weak adjuvant effects. The active substance (neutral CPS‐K antigen from Kasuya strain) was shown to form a single peak upon analyses by gel filtration (Sephadex G‐100) and ultracentrifugation. Sedimentation coefficient of the substance was approximately 20 S at a concentration of 5 mg per ml in 0.1 M NaCl. The active substance finally purified by gel filtration contained 65% sugars (as glucose equivalents), 6.8% hexuronic acids, 2.6% hexosamine, 2.3% proteins, and very small amounts of lipids.
Intestinal Resistance in the Experimental Enteric Infection of Mice with a Mouse Adenovirus
Authors: Hashimoto Kazuo , Okada Yasuo , Tajiri Takashi , Amano Hiroshi , Aoki Nobuhiro , Sasaki Shogo 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTThe influence of cyclophosphamide (Cy) on the establishment and duration of the intestinal resistance against enteric infection with a mouse adenovirus, strain K87, was examined in inbred mice, strain DK1. When Cy (40 mg/kg/day) was administered to mice for 17 days from the time of virus challenge, a clear prolongation of viral growth and a delayed appearance of neutralizing (NT) antibody in the intestinal wall as well as in the serum were observed. When Cy (40 mg/kg/day, for 14 days) was administered after cessation of viral growth (4 to 6 weeks after virus challenge) and part of the mice were rechallenged with the virus, titers of NT antibody and immunoglobulins became significantly lower than those in control mice not treated with Cy, and regrowth of the virus was observed in eight out of twenty‐five Cy‐treated mice, regardless of the presence or absence of re‐challenge. In this experiment, antibody titers in the intestinal contents of eight virus‐positive mice were significantly lower than those of the remaining seventeen virus‐negative mice. The time when the decrease of intestinal NT antibody was maximum coincided with the time of the maximal frequency of viral regrowth. It was discussed that these facts might present an evidence to support the idea that the intestinal resistance was acquired through local NT antibody belonging to IgA in the intestinal tract.
Antiinfluenzal Effect of Rugulosin
Authors: Nakamura Shinichi , Nii Fusako , Inoue Satoru , Nakanishi Isao , Shimizu Masanao 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACT(–)Rugulosin showed an antiinfluenzal effect in the allantoic cavity of chicken eggs as well as in cultured chorioallantois, proving itself to be more potent than 1‐adamantanamine. Also, (–)rugulosin, when administered by inhalation, was as effective for protection of mice against aerosol influenzal infection as orally administered 1‐adamantanamine. The effect of (–)rugulosin seemed to be mainly due to direct inactivation of influenza virus.
Production and Purification of Human Leukocyte Interferon
Authors: Matsuo Akio , Hayashi Saburo , Kishida Tsunataro 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTInterferon production in human leukocyte suspensions induced by Newcastle disease virus is significantly affected by the pH of the culture. The optimal pH for interferon production is higher than the physiological pH level. Human leukocyte interferon has at least three types of surface charge as demonstrated by DEAE‐cellulose column chromatography. The molecular wight of these three types of interferon, as measured by gel chromatography on several kinds of Sephadex is equally 25 000. The main fraction of human leukocyte interferon was purified approximately 1400‐fold by a sequence of procedures which involved ammonium sulfate salting out, CM‐ and DEAE‐cellulose column chromatography and gel filtration on Sephadex G‐50. Human leukocyte interferon of a high specific activity of about 2 130 000 units/mg of protein was thus obtained.
The Role of Macrophages in Candida albicans Infection In Vitro
Authors: Ozato Keiko , Uesaka Ichiro 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTMouse peritoneal macrophages cultivated in vitro were infected with Candida albicans. The uptake of 3H‐uridine and 3H‐leucine as well as morphological changes in macrophages and fungus cells were studied by autoradiography. Phagocytized fungus cells remained in the yeast form and showed no activity toward incorporating 3H‐uridine and 3H‐leucine for 2 hr after infection. Cells not phagocytized began to produce germ tubes and actively incorporated both labeled precursors. Fungus cells within the macrophages produced germ tubes after 3 hr, some of which ruptured the host cells, then grew pseudohyphae and true hyphae. The uptake of both precursors was vigorous in candidal elements, but decreased in macrophages. Networks of long candidal filaments appeared 4 hr after infection and macrophages seemed to be degenerating with severely damaged synthesizing activities. When growth of C. albicans was compared in four different media, one with macrophages and the other three without macrophages, much more mycelial growth was obtained in the medium in which macrophages were present than in media without macrophages. From these results the role of macrophages in Candida infection was discussed.
Studies on the Growth Conditions of Campylobacter fetus
Authors: Miyamae Takeo 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTThe nutritional requirement of Campylobacter fetus was investigated by static cultivation at pH 6.80 in the presence of 0.05% thioglycollate, which was added aseptically to avoid reduction of the growth‐promoting effect due to heating. Remarkable multiplication was recognized by the coexistence of l‐cystine and thioglycollate in a vitamin‐free amino acid semisolid medium. l‐Cystine was very important for growth, and the composition of a minimum number of amino acids was also required for growth, such as l‐aspartic acid, l‐glutamic acid, l‐cystine and dl‐methionine. Guanine among the nucleic acid bases brought about a distinctively heavy growth. Ribonucleic acid, ribose, glutathione, pimelic acid and a certain commercial brand of glycogen clearly showed growth‐promoting effects as demonstrated by the increase in additional amounts in a conditional amino acid medium. Similarly, taurocholate acted as an effective growth promoter out of four bile salts tested. Guanine and ribonucleic acid were detected by paper chromatography from the ingredients of media in common use for cultivation of C. fetus. A homemade yeast extract medium retained the typical cell form in almost all of the cultures during long term preservation at room temperature, in contrast to the production of various involution forms in commercial media and a meat extract medium. In conclusion, supplies of both thiol and disulfide groups fulfilled an important role by bringing into action some additives as nutritive substances to be utilized by C. fetus.
Studies on the Growth Conditions of Campylobacter fetus
Authors: Miyamae Takeo 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTThe collaborative function of some surfactants for selective cultivation of Campylobacter fetus was examined using a plain homemade yeast extract agar medium supplemented with thioglycollate as a simple basal medium. Out of the combinations of various growth‐inhibiting substances with colistin used as the main selective growth‐inhibiting surfactant, the combined use of colistin (250 u/ml) and either desoxycholate (0.01%) or taurocholate (0.02%) in addition to brilliant green (1: 400 000–500 000) brought about a satisfactory result. There was no serious disorder of each selective inhibitory function for the growth of C. fetus and suppression to other bacteria, particularly to both Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Proteus vulgaris. It was presumed that this selectivity depended upon both the well‐balanced combination in the quantities of the surfactants and the use of a plain basal medium such as the homemade yeast extract agar.
Growth Characteristics of Bordetella pertussis in the Chick Tracheal Organ Culture
Authors: Iida Tsuyoshi , Ajiki Yoko 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTIn the chick tracheal organ culture of Bordetella pertussis phase I organisms, marked bacterial growths were observed in the culture medium and on the tracheal fragments. However, serum‐free fresh or conditioned medium alone as well as an emulsion of tracheal tissues prepared in the conditioned medium supported little growth of the bacteria. The need for the existence of the organ fragment was inevitable. Fluorescence microscopy of the infected tracheal fragment and a time course study of bacterial growth in the medium with the organ culture suggested that the principal site of bacterial growth appeared to be on the surface of the tracheal fragments and the increase in the culture medium might be brought about mainly by the release of bacteria therefrom.
Mapping of Antibiotic Resistance Markers in Mycobacterium smegmatis
Authors: Suga Kiyoko , Mizuguchi Yasuo 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTLinkage relationships among loci conferring resistances to neomycin–kanamycin (nek), viomycin‐capreomycin (vic) and streptomycin (str), as well as auxotrophic markers, were analyzed employing the conjugation system of Mycobacterium smegmatis strains Rabinowitchi and PM5. Nek and vic loci were found to be closely linked to each other and also linked to argA‐6 and argB‐1. No linkage was observed between str and nek or vic. The locations of other loci, met‐5, his‐13 and leu‐11, also could not be determined. In certain recombinant types, nek and vic alleles formed stable heterogenotes. When nekr and neks or vier and vics alleles existed in one cell, sensitivity to those drugs was dominant over resistance. Segregants of nekr or vicr from the heterogenotes were detected at a frequency of about 10–4 to 10–5. Such a stable heterogenote was not detected in str allele.
Biochemical Studies on Germination of Bacterial Spores
Authors: Watabe Kazuhito , Nishihara Tsutomu , Kondo Masaomi 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTThe inhibitory mechanism of D‐alanine on L‐alanine‐induced germination in spores of Bacillus thiaminolyticus was studied. D‐Alanine completely inhibited every L‐amino acid‐induced germinations and had the strongest inhibitory effect among all D‐isomers. A kinetic analysis of the inhibitory effect indicated that D‐alanine competitively inhibited the incorporation of L‐alanine during the initial stages of germination.
Serologic Relationship of Coxsackie A16 Viruses from the Epidemic of Hand‐Foot‐and‐Mouth Disease in Japan, 1970, to the Prototype Strain
Authors: Fujimiya Yoshiaki , Oyama Shinobu , Numazaki Yoshio , Ishida Nakao 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTIn 1970, a great outbreak of hand‐foot‐and‐mouth disease (HFMD) due to Coxsackie A16 virus (Cox A16) occurred throughout Japan. When serologic relationship between the viruses isolated during the epidemic and the prototype strain of the serotype was examined by the tube neutralization test, the crude new isolates were found to be poorly neutralized by both an antiserum against the prototype strain and those against the isolates, although they were neutralized significantly in the plaque reduction test. However, about 2% of virus in crude suspensions of the isolates remained unneutralized even in the plaque reduction test and this fraction could be eliminated by filtering the virus materials through a 100 mμ Millipore filter. Therefore, the difficulty in neutralization of the isolates by the tube method could be accounted for by the presence of aggregated viruses. Even when filtered viruses were used, the reciprocal neutralization kinetic studies revealed a significant serological difference between the isolates and the prototype strain. Such serological properties of the isolates were not influenced by the cell types used for virus isolation or passages. All the results suggest that the Cox A16 isolates from the epidemic of HFMD in Japan, 1970, are serologically different from the prototype strain.
Genetic and Biochemical Studies on Drug‐Resistant Mutants in Mycobacterium smegmatis
Authors: Mizuguchi Yasuo , Suga Kiyoko , Masuda Kunitsugu , Yamada Takeshi 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTGenetic analyses of the loci conferring resistance to antibiotics known to affect protein synthesis were made employing the conjugation system of Mycobacterium smegmatis. By the complementation tests, vic (viomycin–capreomycin‐resistant) mutants were classified into two different groups; cistrons A and B. Neomycin–kanamycin‐resistant (nek) mutants, on the contrary, fall into a single cistron. Erythromycin‐resistance (ery) locus was linked to vic–nek region. The map order deduced was argB, argA, (vicA, vicB), nek, ery. Biochemical studies showed that strains resistant to streptomycin, neomycin–kanamycin or viomycin–capreomycin had altered ribosomes.
Experimental Salmonellosis
Authors: Osawa Nobutaka , Kurashige Satonori , Saito Kazuko , Mitsuhashi Susumu 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTAn immune ribonucleic acid (RNA) preparation was obtained from the spleens of mice immunized with a live vaccine of Salmonella enteritidis. When peritoneal macrophages were infected with S. enteritidis 116–54 which had been treated by mixed cultivation with the peritoneal exudate cells of mice previously treated with an immune RNA preparation, they showed cellular resistance against the infecting bacteria. According to the results described previously and those described in this article, it can be concluded that the cellular resistance against an infection with S. enteritidis is traceable to a cellular antibody (or antibodies) detected in macrophages of mice immunized with a live vaccine of the same organism or of mice treated in vivo (or in vitro) with an immune RNA preparation.
Effect of a Lactobacillus Product Administration on the Anaerobic Intestinal Flora of Aged Adults
Authors: Yamagishi Takayoshi , Serikawa Toshihiko , Morita Ryoko , Takahashi Kentaro , Nishida Shoki 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTEstimations were performed on the numbers of Clostridium perfringens in 1‐ml samples of fecal specimens collected from 30 healthy aged adults. These measurements were repeated 15 times for each individual during a 16‐week period. Most of the fecal samples proved to consistently contain more than 105 C. perfringens cells and the majority of aged adults were observed to carry over 106 cells of this organism on more than eight testing occasions. Few adults were revealed to carry over 107 cells with fairly strong α‐toxigenicities without any clinical symptoms. An attempt to decrease the numbers of organisms present by continued drinking of a commercial product containing live lactobacilli resulted in failure, whilst a gradual increase in the numbers of lactobacilli and a decrease in the numbers of Bacteroides were observed. Most infants when examined for the numbers of C. perfringens in a 1‐ml portion of their fecal specimens, showed less than 102 cells of this organism and when given the Lactobacillus preparation per os exhibited a rapid increase in the numbers of lactobacilli in their intestinal contents.