bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Friction Coefficients and Surface Properties for Laser Sintered Parts
Authors: Roppenecker Daniel B. , Grazek Rebecca , Coy Johannes A. , Irlinger Franz , Lueth Tim C. 
Published: April 2014

Today different types of established rapid prototyping (RP) systems are available. In a Selective Laser Sintering (SLS)-process a CAD-model is designed and converted into a STL-file (Standard Tessellation Language). Next the body information is sliced into layers and transferred to the production system. By melting the powder-material using a laser beam, parts can be created layer by layer. Afterwards the parts are cleaned and several finishing treatments can be applied.
The primarily aim in using RP was to reduce the product development time and to create design models. Nowadays whole assemblies and complex parts can be produced altogether in one manufacturing step with RP-systems. To ensure a save part construction due to calculation formulas and basic material constants, predictable design calculations are necessary. Concerning SLS-materials like polyamide PA 2200 components, only specific mechanical values like the tensile and flexural modulus have been identified.
To fill this gap concerning tribological characteristics and to reach the next level of rapid manufacturing the key aspects of this article are the determination of the coefficient of friction μ0 of SLS-parts made of polyamide PA 2200 concerning several influence factors. An anisotropic material behavior, a decrease of the coefficient of friction μ0 with increasing contact pressure, larger contact areas and more intensive finishing treatment could be detected. Due to the knowledge of the identified material properties, now friction loaded components can be configured and used as functional machine parts.
Control Algorithm for Anti-Lock Braking System
Authors: Sahu Devesh , Sharma Rishi , Bharti Devesh , Srivastava Utkarsh Narain 
Published: April 2014

Safer, controlled and efficient braking is the primary objective of Anti-lock Braking System wherein an efficient and robust braking system significantly enhances the vehicle performance during both straight line motion and cornering thus resulting in drastic reduction of stopping time and distance especially for a race car in long run. Hence clocking better lap times and a considerable reduction in wear of tires are an obvious outcome apart from the enhanced vehicle stability.
This work on Anti-lock Braking System (ABS) prediction and control algorithm deals with technical paradigm for estimation of vehicle velocity using wheel angular velocity from wheel rpm sensors as the sole input and methodology to control the braking torque on each wheel so as to prevent loss of traction. The proposed algorithm is modeled using advanced simulating tools involving theoretical estimation of braking torque on each wheel. This is supposed to reduce tire skid with controlled wheel slip estimated using the tire data and the car vehicle dynamics with formula student vehicle as the subject. The work and hence the control algorithm can potentially be extended into a better traction control strategy with acceleration and yaw inputs from accelerometers and yaw sensors.
Heart-Rate Variability and Training-Intensity Distribution in Elite Rowers
Authors: Plews Daniel J. , Laursen Paul B. , Kilding Andrew E. , Buchheit Martin 
Published: April 2014

Purpose:Elite endurance athletes may train in a polarized fashion, such that their training-intensity distribution preserves autonomic balance. However, field data supporting this are limited.Methods:The authors examined the relationship between heart-rate variability and training-intensity distribution in 9 elite rowers during the 26-wk build-up to the 2012 Olympic Games (2 won gold and 2 won bronze medals). Weekly averaged log-transformed square root of the mean sum of the squared differences between R-R intervals (Ln rMSSD) was examined, with respect to changes in total training time (TTT) and training time below the first lactate threshold (>LT1), above the second lactate threshold (LT2), and between LT1 and LT2 (LT1–LT2).Results:After substantial increases in training time in a particular training zone or load, standardized changes in Ln rMSSD were +0.13 (unclear) for TTT, +0.20 (51% chance increase) for time >LT1, –0.02 (trivial) for time LT1–LT2, and –0.20 (53% chance decrease) for time >LT2. Correlations (±90% confidence limits) for Ln rMSSD were small vs TTT (r = .37 ± .80), moderate vs time >LT1 (r = .43 ± .10), unclear vs LT1–LT2 (r = .01 ± .17), and small vs >LT2 (r = –.22 ± .50).Conclusion:These data provide supportive rationale for the polarized model of training, showing that training phases with increased time spent at high intensity suppress parasympathetic activity, while low-intensity training preserves and increases it. As such, periodized low-intensity training may be beneficial for optimal training programming.
Relationship of Falls and Fear of Falling to Activity Limitations and Physical Inactivity in Parkinson’s Disease
Authors: Bryant Mon S. , Rintala Diana H. , Hou Jyh-Gong , Protas Elizabeth J. 
Published: April 2014

Aim:To investigate the relationships between falls, fear of falling, and activity limitations in individuals with Parkinson’s disease (PD).Design/methods:Cross-sectional study of individuals with mild to moderate PD (N = 83). Associations among demographic data, fall frequency, disease severity, motor impairment, ability to perform activities of daily living (ADL), Activities Balance Confidence Scale, Iowa Fatigue Scale, Comorbidity Index, and Physical Activity Scale for Elders were studied.Results:Frequent fallers had more ADL limitations than nonfallers (p < .001) and rare fallers (p = .004). Frequent fallers reported a lower percentage of ability to perform ADL than nonfallers (p = .003). Frequent fallers and rare fallers were less physically active than nonfallers (p = .015 and p = .040, respectively). Frequent fallers and rare fallers reported a higher level of fear of falling than nonfallers (p = .031 and p = .009, respectively).Conclusions:Falls and fear of falling were associated with more ADL limitations and less physical activity after adjusting for physical impairments.
Validity and Reliability of Maximal-Strength Assessment of Knee Flexors and Extensors Using Elastic Bands
Authors: Guex Kenny , Daucourt Chantal , Borloz Stéphane 
Published: April 2014

Context:In the field of sport rehabilitation, an easy, valid, and reliable assessment of maximal strength is crucial for efficient muscle rehabilitation. Classically, it is performed on fitness equipment that is not necessary available in the field. Thera-Band has developed elastic bands with different resistances depending on the color of the band and on the percentage of its stretch. This may allow testing maximal strength.Objective:To determine validity and reliability of maximal-strength assessment of knee flexors and extensors using elastic bands.Design:Reliability and validity study.Participants:22 healthy participants (31.3 ± 7.0 y, 175.5 ± 8.5 cm, 70.7 ± 12.9 kg).Intervention:Participants performed 2 maximal-strength assessments, separated by 7 d, of the knee flexors and extensors using elastic bands. After the 2nd trial, a maximal concentric isokinetic test at 60°/s was performed.Main Outcome Measures:Correlations between 1-repetition maximum using elastic bands and peak torque on an isokinetic dynamometer were used to determine the validity of the proposed method, while ICC, CV, and SEM were used to determine reliability between the 1st and 2nd trials.Results:The validity of the proposed method was found to be very high (r = .93 for both knee flexors and extensors). The relative reliability was found to be very high (ICC = .98 and .99 for knee flexors and extensors, respectively), while absolute reliability was also very satisfying (CV = 3.44% and 2.33%; SEM = 1.70 and 2.16 kg for knee flexors and extensors, respectively).Conclusions:Thera-Band is a valid and reliable alternative to the use of fitness equipment to test maximal strength of the knee flexors and extensors in healthy subjects. The ease of use, accessibility, and low cost of elastic bands should allow regular assessment during the rehabilitation process.
Performance of the Architect EBV Antibody Panel for Determination of Epstein-Barr Virus Infection Stage in Immunocompetent Adolescents and Young Adults with Clinical Suspicion of Infectious Mononucleosis
Authors: Guerrero-Ramos Alvaro , Patel Mauli , Kadakia Kinjal , Haque Tanzina 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACT
The Architect EBV antibody panel is a new chemiluminescence immunoassay system used to determine the stage of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection based on the detection of IgM and IgG antibodies to viral capsid antigen (VCA) and IgG antibodies against Epstein-Barr nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA-1). We evaluated its diagnostic accuracy in immunocompetent adolescents and young adults with clinical suspicion of infectious mononucleosis (IM) using the RecomLine EBV IgM and IgG immunoblots as the reference standard. In addition, the use of the antibody panel in a sequential testing algorithm based on initial EBNA-1 IgG analysis was assessed for cost-effectiveness. Finally, we investigated the degree of cross-reactivity of the VCA IgM marker during other primary viral infections that may present with an EBV IM-like picture. High sensitivity (98.3% [95% confidence interval {CI}, 90.7 to 99.7%]) and specificity (94.2% [95% CI, 87.9 to 97.8%]) were found after testing 162 precharacterized archived serum samples. There was perfect agreement between the use of the antibody panel in sequential and parallel testing algorithms, but substantial cost savings (23%) were obtained with the sequential strategy. A high rate of reactive VCA IgM results was found in primary cytomegalovirus (CMV) infections (60.7%). In summary, the Architect EBV antibody panel performs satisfactorily in the investigation of EBV IM in immunocompetent adolescents and young adults, and the application of an EBNA-1 IgG-based sequential testing algorithm is cost-effective in this diagnostic setting. Concomitant testing for CMV is strongly recommended to aid in the interpretation of EBV serological patterns.
Combining Parasite Lactate Dehydrogenase-Based and Histidine-Rich Protein 2-Based Rapid Tests To Improve Specificity for Diagnosis of Malaria Due to Plasmodium knowlesi and Other Plasmodium Species in Sabah, Malaysia
Authors: Grigg Matthew J. , William Timothy , Barber Bridget E. , Parameswaran Uma , Bird Elspeth , Piera Kim , Aziz Ammar , Dhanaraj Prabakaran , Yeo Tsin W. , Anstey Nicholas M. 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACT

Plasmodium knowlesi
causes severe and fatal malaria in Malaysia. Microscopic misdiagnosis is common and may delay appropriate treatment.
P. knowlesi
can cross-react with “species-specific” parasite lactate dehydrogenase (pLDH) monoclonal antibodies used in rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) to detect
P. falciparum
and
P. vivax
. At one tertiary-care hospital and two district hospitals in Sabah, we prospectively evaluated two combination RDTs for malaria diagnosis by using both a pan-
Plasmodium
-pLDH (pan-pLDH)/
P. falciparum
-specific-pLDH (
Pf
-pLDH) RDT (OptiMAL-IT) and a non-
P. falciparum
VOM-pLDH/
Pf
-HRP2 RDT (CareStart). Differential cross-reactivity among these combinations was hypothesized to differentiate
P. knowlesi
from other
Plasmodium
monoinfections. Among 323 patients with PCR-confirmed
P. knowlesi
(
n
= 193),
P. falciparum
(
n
= 93), and
P. vivax
(
n
= 37) monoinfections, the VOM-pLDH individual component had the highest sensitivity for nonsevere (35%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 27 to 43%) and severe (92%; CI, 81 to 100%)
P. knowlesi
malaria. CareStart demonstrated a
P. knowlesi
sensitivity of 42% (CI, 34 to 49%) and specificity of 74% (CI, 65 to 82%), a
P. vivax
sensitivity of 83% (CI, 66 to 93%) and specificity of 71% (CI, 65 to 76%), and a
P. falciparum
sensitivity of 97% (CI, 90 to 99%) and specificity of 99% (CI, 97 to 100%). OptiMAL-IT demonstrated a
P. knowlesi
sensitivity of 32% (CI, 25 to 39%) and specificity of 21% (CI, 15 to 29%), a
P. vivax
sensitivity of 60% (CI, 42 to 75%) and specificity of 97% (CI, 94 to 99%), and a
P. falciparum
sensitivity of 82% (CI, 72 to 89%) and specificity of 39% (CI, 33 to 46%). The combination of CareStart plus OptiMAL-IT for
P. knowlesi
using predefined criteria gave a sensitivity of 25% (CI, 19 to 32%) and specificity of 97% (CI, 92 to 99%). Combining two RDT combinations was highly specific for
P. knowlesi
malaria diagnosis; however, sensitivity was poor. The specificity of pLDH RDTs was decreased for
P. vivax
and
P. falciparum
because of
P. knowlesi
cross-reactivity and cautions against their use alone in areas where
P. knowlesi
malaria is endemic. Sensitive
P. knowlesi
-specific RDTs and/or alternative molecular diagnostic tools are needed in areas where
P. knowlesi
malaria is endemic.
Sequence-Level and Dual-Phase Identification of Salmonella Flagellum Antigens by Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS)
Authors: Cheng Keding , Sloan Angela , Meakin Julie , McCorrister Stuart , Jerome Morganne , Westmacott Garrett , Drebot Mike , Nadon Celine , Knox J. David , Wang Gehua 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACT

Forty-three reference strains involving the 24 most common serovars of
Salmonella enterica
were examined by using a mass spectrometry-based H antigen typing platform (MS-H). The results indicate that MS-H can be used as a sensitive, rapid, and straightforward approach for the typing of
Salmonella
flagella at the molecular level without antiserum and phase inversion.
Detection of Antibodies to the Feline Leukemia Virus (FeLV) Transmembrane Protein p15E: an Alternative Approach for Serological FeLV Detection Based on Antibodies to p15E
Authors: Boenzli Eva , Hadorn Maik , Hartnack Sonja , Huder Jon , Hofmann-Lehmann Regina , Lutz Hans 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTThe aim of this report was to investigate whether the diagnosis of feline leukemia virus (FeLV) infection by serology might be feasible and useful. Among the various viral proteins, the FeLV env-gene product (SU) and the envelope transmembrane protein p15E were considered promising candidates for the serological diagnosis of FeLV infection. Thus, we evaluated p15E and three other FeLV antigens, namely, a recombinant env-gene product, whole FeLV, and a short peptide from the FeLV transmembrane protein, for their potential to detect FeLV infection. To evaluate possible exposure of cats to FeLV, we tested serum and plasma samples from experimentally and naturally infected and vaccinated cats for the presence of antibodies to these antigens by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs). The serological results were compared with the p27 and proviral real-time PCR results. We found that p15E displayed a diagnostic sensitivity of 95.7% and a specificity of 100% in experimentally infected cats. In naturally infected cats, p15E showed a diagnostic sensitivity of 77.1% and a specificity of 85.6%. Vaccinated cats displayed minimal antibody levels to p15E, suggesting that anti-p15E antibodies indicate infection rather than vaccination. The other antigens turned out to be too unspecific. The lower specificity in cats exposed to FeLV under field conditions may be explained by the fact that some cats become infected and seroconvert in the absence of detectable viral nucleic acids in plasma. We conclude that p15E serology may become a valuable tool for diagnosing FeLV infection; in some cases, it may replace PCR.
ROCK1 and LIM Kinase Modulate Retrovirus Particle Release and Cell-Cell Transmission Events
Authors: Wen Xiaoyun , Ding Lingmei , Wang Jaang-Jiun , Qi Mingli , Hammonds Jason , Chu Hin , Chen Xuemin , Hunter Eric , Spearman Paul 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACT
The assembly and release of retroviruses from the host cells require dynamic interactions between viral structural proteins and a variety of cellular factors. It has been long speculated that the actin cytoskeleton is involved in retrovirus production, and actin and actin-related proteins are enriched in HIV-1 virions. However, the specific role of actin in retrovirus assembly and release remains unknown. Here we identified LIM kinase 1 (LIMK1) as a cellular factor regulating HIV-1 and Mason-Pfizer monkey virus (M-PMV) particle release. Depletion of LIMK1 reduced not only particle output but also virus cell-cell transmission and was rescued by LIMK1 replenishment. Depletion of the upstream LIMK1 regulator ROCK1 inhibited particle release, as did a competitive peptide inhibitor of LIMK1 activity that prevented cofilin phosphorylation. Disruption of either ROCK1 or LIMK1 led to enhanced particle accumulation on the plasma membrane as revealed by total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy (TIRFM). Electron microscopy demonstrated a block to particle release, with clusters of fully mature particles on the surface of the cells. Our studies support a model in which ROCK1- and LIMK1-regulated phosphorylation of cofilin and subsequent local disruption of dynamic actin turnover play a role in retrovirus release from host cells and in cell-cell transmission events.

IMPORTANCE
Viruses often interact with the cellular cytoskeletal machinery in order to deliver their components to the site of assembly and budding. This study indicates that a key regulator of actin dynamics at the plasma membrane, LIM kinase, is important for the release of viral particles for HIV as well as for particle release by a distantly related retrovirus, Mason-Pfizer monkey virus. Moreover, disruption of LIM kinase greatly diminished the spread of HIV from cell to cell. These findings suggest that LIM kinase and its dynamic modulation of the actin cytoskeleton in the cell may be an important host factor for the production, release, and transmission of retroviruses.
Efficient Norovirus and Reovirus Replication in the Mouse Intestine Requires Microfold (M) Cells
Authors: Gonzalez-Hernandez Mariam B. , Liu Thomas , Payne Hilary C. , Stencel-Baerenwald Jennifer E. , Ikizler Mine , Yagita Hideo , Dermody Terence S. , Williams Ifor R. , Wobus Christiane E. 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACT
Microfold (M) cells are specialized intestinal epithelial cells that internalize particulate antigens and aid in the establishment of immune responses to enteric pathogens. M cells have also been suggested as a portal for pathogen entry into the host. While virus particles have been observed in M cells, it is not known whether viruses use M cells to initiate a productive infection. Noroviruses (NoVs) are single-stranded RNA viruses that infect host organisms via the fecal-oral route. Murine NoV (MNV) infects intestinal macrophages and dendritic cells and provides a tractable experimental system for understanding how an enteric virus overcomes the intestinal epithelial barrier to infect underlying target cells. We found that replication of two divergent MNV strains was reduced in mice depleted of M cells. Reoviruses are double-stranded RNA viruses that infect hosts via respiratory or enteric routes. In contrast to MNV, reovirus infects enterocytes in the intestine. Despite differences in cell tropism, reovirus infection was also reduced in M cell-depleted mice. These data demonstrate that M cells are required for the pathogenesis of two unrelated enteric viruses that replicate in different cell types within the intestine.

IMPORTANCE
To successfully infect their hosts, pathogens that infect via the gastrointestinal tract must overcome the multilayered system of host defenses. Microfold (M) cells are specialized intestinal epithelial cells that internalize particulate antigens and aid in the establishment of immune responses to enteric pathogens. Virus particles have been observed within M cells. However, it is not known whether viruses use M cells to initiate a productive infection. To address this question, we use MNV and reovirus, two enteric viruses that replicate in different cell types in the intestine, intestinal epithelial cells for reovirus and intestinal mononuclear phagocytes for MNV. Interestingly, MNV- and reovirus-infected mice depleted of M cells showed reduced viral loads in the intestine. Thus, our work demonstrates the importance of M cells in the pathogenesis of enteric viruses irrespective of the target cell type in which the virus replicates.
Ebolavirus Entry Requires a Compact Hydrophobic Fist at the Tip of the Fusion Loop
Authors: Gregory Sonia M. , Larsson Per , Nelson Elizabeth A. , Kasson Peter M. , White Judith M. , Tamm Lukas K. 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACT
Ebolavirus is an enveloped virus causing severe hemorrhagic fever. Its surface glycoproteins undergo proteolytic cleavage and rearrangements to permit membrane fusion and cell entry. Here we focus on the glycoprotein's internal fusion loop (FL), critical for low-pH-triggered fusion in the endosome. Alanine mutations at L529 and I544 and particularly the L529 I544 double mutation compromised viral entry and fusion. The nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) structures of the I544A and L529A I544A mutants in lipid environments showed significant disruption of a three-residue scaffold that is required for the formation of a consolidated fusogenic hydrophobic surface at the tip of the FL. Biophysical experiments and molecular simulation revealed the position of the wild-type (WT) FL in membranes and showed the inability of the inactive double mutant to reach this position. Consolidation of hydrophobic residues at the tip of FLs may be a common requirement for internal FLs of class I, II, and III fusion proteins.

IMPORTANCE
Many class I, II, and III viral fusion proteins bear fusion loops for target membrane insertion and fusion. We determined structures of the Ebolavirus fusion loop and found residues critical for forming a consolidated hydrophobic surface, membrane insertion, and viral entry.