bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
N‐ and Ga‐K‐edge XAFS study of the effect of annealing on In implanted GaN
Authors: Katsikini M. , Pinakidou F. , Paloura E. C. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractGaN implanted with In, with fluencies (Φ) in the range of 1×1014 to 1×1016cm‐2, is studied by means of X‐ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy (XAFS). The heavily implanted samples, which are either highly defective or amorphous, are also studied after annealing at temperatures up to 1000 °C. The extended XAFS (EXAFS) spectra recorded at the Ga‐K‐edge reveal that the coordination numbers decrease with Φ while the Debye‐Waller factors increase accordingly. Annealing at 1000 °C of the sample implanted with Φ = 1×1015cm‐2recovers the coordination numbers and Debye‐Waller factors to the values of the as‐grown sample. Contrary to that, annealing even at 1000 °C does not induce recovery of the local coordination of Ga in the amorphized layers, although significant improvement in the EXAFS parameters is observed. In this case the detected undercoordination of Ga reveals loss of nitrogen after implantation and/or annealing. Annealing also improves the N‐K‐edge near edge (NEXAFS) spectra of the heavily implanted samples. More specifically, the NEXAFS peaks become sharper and the resonance lines that have been attributed to N‐split‐interstitials and N2 disappear even at low annealing temperatures. However, the absence of angular dependence of the NEXAFS spectra of the annealed layers, that became amorphous after the implantation, reveals the formation of randomly oriented microcrystallites. (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Second‐generation biofuels: why they are taking so long
Authors: Hayes Daniel J. M. 
Published: December 2012

There has been a significant degree of hype regarding the commercial potential of second‐generation biofuels (2GBs; biofuels sourced from lignocellulosic materials). In 2007, ambitious targets for the mass substitution of fossil‐fuel‐derived transport fuels by 2GBs were put forward in the United States and similar targets exist for other countries. However, as of May 2012, no commercial‐scale 2GB facilities are currently operating. The technical and financial obstacles that have delayed the deployment of these facilities are discussed, as are recent advancements in research that may help to overcome some of these. There are six commercial‐scale facilities currently (May, 2012) in construction and many more are planned in the near term. The prospects for 2GBs are more promising now than in the past but the delays in getting to this point mean that the ambitious targets of several years ago are unlikely to be reached in the near term.This article is categorized under:

Bioenergy > Science and Materials
Bioenergy > Economics and Policy
Bioenergy > Systems and Infrastructure
Hyperbolization of cocycles by isometries of the Euclidean space
Authors: PONCE MARIO 
Published: December 2012

AbstractWe study hyperbolized versions of cohomological equations that appear with cocycles by isometries of the Euclidean space. These (hyperbolized versions of) equations have a unique continuous solution. We concentrate on the question whether or not these solutions converge to a genuine solution to the original equation, and in what sense we can use them as good approximative solutions. The main advantage of considering solutions to hyperbolized cohomological equations is that they can be easily described, since they are global attractors of a naturally defined skew-product dynamics. We also include some technical results about twisted Birkhoff sums and exponential averaging.
An eye for an eye: Reciprocity and the calibration of redress
Authors: Dellis Andrew , Spurrett David 
Published: December 2012

AbstractGeneral systems for reciprocity explain the same phenomena as the target article's proposed revenge system, and can explain other cooperative phenomena. We need more reason to hypothesise a specific revenge system. In addition, the proposed calculus of revenge is less sensitive to absolute magnitudes of revenge than it should be.
Revenge without redundancy: Functional outcomes do not require discrete adaptations for vengeance or forgiveness
Authors: Holbrook Colin , Fessler Daniel M. T. , Gervais Matthew M. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractWe question whether the postulated revenge and forgiveness systems constitute true adaptations. Revenge and forgiveness are the products of multiple motivational systems and capacities, many of which did not exclusively evolve to support deterrence. Anger is more aptly construed as an adaptation that organizes independent mechanisms to deter transgressors than as the mediator of a distinct revenge adaptation.
Forgiveness is institutionally mediated, not an isolable modular output
Authors: Ross Don 
Published: December 2012

AbstractMcCullough et al. recognize that revenge and forgiveness jointly constitute a functional strategic complex. However, they model the halves of the complex as outputs of modules selected for regulating dyadic relationships. This is backwards. Forgiveness is a culturally evolved institution that can be exapted for use in dyadic contexts; it would be cheap talk among dyads were it not for the shadow of society.
High-Resolution Confocal Microscopy with Simultaneous Electron and Laser Beam Irradiation
Authors: Poplawsky Jonathan , Dierolf Volkmar 
Published: December 2012

AbstractWe have developed a fiber-based confocal optical microscope that operates inside of a commercial scanning electron microscope (SEM) instrument (JEOL 6400; JEOL Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) enabling the excitation of a sample either by a laser or by electron beam, and hence combining the complimentary techniques of photoluminescence and cathodoluminescence. The instrument uses single-mode fibers that enter the SEM by vacuum feedthroughs. The illumination and collection fibers operate as effective pinholes providing, in combination with a microscope objective (NA = 0.3), high spatial resolution (~2 μm) and excellent collection efficiency. The high spatial resolution ensures that the light collected from the sample is in a region of optimal laser beam and electron beam overlap. The capabilities of this instrument are tested by experiments involving the excitation of europium ions in situ doped in GaN thin films.
Running as a resource of hope? Voices from Eldoret
Authors: Jarvie Grant , Sikes Michelle 
Published: December 2012

There is a continuing debate about East African running success. Few studies have considered wealth as a key motivation behind wanting to run. This article focuses upon the motivations of Kenyan women who choose to participate in professional running and the impact on them, their families and wider communities. Much of the fieldwork for this study took place in and around the town of Eldoret. It encourages researchers interested in sport in Africa to develop a political economy approach to running and to critically evaluate the claims made for sport as a resource of hope.
[L'entreprenariat en tant que ressource d'espoir? Des voix s'élèvent depuis Eldoret.] Il y a un débat qui se poursuit au sujet du succès dans l'émergence de l'Afrique de l'Est. Peu d'études ont considéré la richesse comme étant une motivation clé derrière le désir d'entreprendre. Cet article se concentre sur les motivations des femmes kenyanes qui choisissent de participer à la gestion d'entreprise et son impact sur elles, sur leurs familles et sur les communautés plus étendues. Une grande partie du travail sur le terrain et pour cette étude, a eu lieu dans et autour de la ville d'Eldoret. Il encourage les chercheurs qui s'intéressent au sport en Afrique à développer une approche d'économie politique à l'exécution et à l'évaluation critique des demandes formulées pour le sport en tant que ressource d'espoir.

Mots-clés: courir au Kenya  ; les femmes  ; les chances de la vie  ; les motivations  ; les richesses  ; les ressources
Rear surface protection and front surface bi-layer passivation for silicon nanostructure-textured solar cells
Authors: Dou Bingfei , Jia Rui , Li Haofeng , Chen Chen , Ding Wuchang , Meng Yanlong , Liu Xinyu , Ye Tianchun 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
Silicon nanostructure arrays were synthesized via Ag-catalysed chemical etching on solar cells. In contrast to the traditional etching in HF/AgNO3, the new technique used in this work produced nanostructure textures located only on the front surface of the cells. Furthermore, a SiO2/SiN
X
bi-layer was used to passivate the surface of the cells. By these optimizations, nanostructure-textured cells' performance was improved. The data obtained from this work are fundamental and has some reference value for future studies.
Achieving concentrated graphene dispersions in water/acetone mixtures by the strategy of tailoring Hansen solubility parameters
Authors: Yi Min , Shen Zhigang , Zhang Xiaojing , Ma Shulin 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
Although exfoliating graphite to give graphene paves a new way for graphene preparation, a general strategy of low-boiling-point solvents and high graphene concentration is still highly required. In this study, using the strategy of tailoring Hansen solubility parameters (HSP), a method based on exfoliation of graphite in water/acetone mixtures is demonstrated to achieve concentrated graphene dispersions. It is found that in the scope of blending two mediocre solvents, tailoring the HSP of water/acetone mixtures to approach the HSP of graphene could yield graphene dispersions at a high concentration of up to 0.21 mg ml−1. The experimentally determined optimum composition of the mixtures occurs at an acetone mass fraction of ∼75%. The trend of concentration varying with mixture compositions could be well predicated by the model, which relates the concentration to the mixing enthalpy within the scope of HSP theory. The resultant dispersion is highly stabilized. Atomic force microscopic statistical analysis shows that up to ∼50% of the prepared nanosheets are less than 1 nm thick after 4 h sonication and 114g centrifugation. Analyses based on diverse characterizations indicate the graphene sheets to be largely free of basal plane defects and oxidation. The filtered films are also investigated in terms of their electrical and optical properties to show reasonable conductivity and transparency. The strategy of tailoring HSP, which can be easily extended to various solvent systems, and water/acetone mixtures here, extends the scope for large-scale production of graphene in low-boiling-point solutions.
Electrical and spectroscopic characterization of a surgical argon plasma discharge
Authors: Keller Sandra , Bibinov Nikita , Neugebauer Alexander , Awakowicz Peter 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
For electrosurgical procedures, the argon plasma coagulation (APC) discharge is a well-established atmospheric-pressure plasma tool for thermal haemostasis and devitalization of biological tissue. To characterize this plasma source, voltage–current measurements, microphotography, optical emission spectroscopy and numerical simulation are applied. Two discharge modes are established during the operation of the APC plasma source. A short transient spark discharge is ignited within the positive half period of the applied high voltage after a streamer channel connects the APC probe and the counter-electrode. During the second phase, which continues under negative high voltage, a glow discharge is stabilized in the plasma channel.
Comparison of hybrid and baseline ELMy H-mode confinement in JET with the carbon wall
Authors: Beurskens M.N.A. , Frassinetti L. , Challis C. , Osborne T. , Snyder P.B. , Alper B. , Angioni C. , Bourdelle C. , Buratti P. , Crisanti F. , Giovannozzi E. , Giroud C. , Groebner R. , Hobirk J. , Jenkins I. , Joffrin E. , Leyland M.J. , Lomas P. , Mantica P. , McDonald D. , Nunes I. , Rimini F. , Saarelma S. , Voitsekhovitch I. , de Vries P. , Zarzoso D. 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
The confinement in JET baseline type I ELMy H-mode plasmas is compared to that in so-called hybrid H-modes in a database study of 112 plasmas in JET with the carbon fibre composite (CFC) wall. The baseline plasmas typically have β
N ∼ 1.5–2, H
98 ∼ 1, whereas the hybrid plasmas have β
N ∼ 2.5–3, H
98 < 1.5. The database study contains both low- (δ ∼ 0.2–0.25) and high-triangularity (δ ∼ 0.4) hybrid and baseline H-mode plasmas from the last JET operational campaigns in the CFC wall from the period 2008–2009. Based on a detailed confinement study of the global as well as the pedestal and core confinement, there is no evidence that the hybrid and baseline plasmas form separate confinement groups; it emerges that the transition between the two scenarios is of a gradual kind rather than demonstrating a bifurcation in the confinement. The elevated confinement enhancement factor H
98 in the hybrid plasmas may possibly be explained by the density dependence in the τ
98 scaling as n
0.41 and the fact that the hybrid plasmas operate at low plasma density compared to the baseline ELMy H-mode plasmas. A separate regression on the confinement data in this study shows a reduction in the density dependence as n
0.09±0.08. Furthermore, inclusion of the plasma toroidal rotation in the confinement regression provides a scaling with the toroidal Alfvén Mach number as

and again a reduced density dependence as n
0.15±0.08. The differences in pedestal confinement can be explained on the basis of linear MHD stability through a coupling of the total and pedestal poloidal pressure and the pedestal performance can be improved through plasma shaping as well as high β operation. This has been confirmed in a comparison with the EPED1 predictive pedestal code which shows a good agreement between the predicted and measured pedestal pressure within 20–30% for a wide range of β
N ∼ 1.5–3.5. The core profiles show a strong degree of pressure profile consistency. No beneficial effect of core density peaking on confinement could be identified for the majority of the plasmas presented here as the density peaking is compensated by a temperature de-peaking resulting in no or only a weak variation in the pressure peaking. The core confinement could only be optimized in case the ions and electrons are decoupled, in which case the ion temperature profile peaking can be enhanced, which benefits confinement. In this study, the latter has only been achieved in the low-triangularity hybrid plasmas, and can be attributed to low-density operation. Plasma rotation has been found to reduce core profile stiffness, and can explain an increase in profile peaking at small radius ρ
tor = 0.3.
Particle Distribution and Composition of Retail Whole Wheat Flours Separated by Sieving
Authors: Doblado‐Maldonado Andrés F. , Rose Devin J. 
Published: December 2012

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this study was to evaluate the differences among four retail whole wheat flours with respect to particle size distribution and composition of fractions separated by sieving. Interestingly, not only were significant differences discovered among the brands for particle size distribution, but lots within two of the brands were significantly different (P < 0.05), suggesting that flour particle size produced by the same company is not always consistent. Starch damage ranged from 4.67 to 7.69%. As expected, darker colors were associated with the larger particle size fractions, and the colors lightened as particle size decreased. This observation suggested that the differences in particle size resulted from differences in the degree to which the bran fraction of the kernel was milled, an observation substantiated by the distribution of ash in each fraction, which ranged from 0.37 to 38.0% of total ash. Distribution of protein ranged from 0.19 to 61.8% of total protein. These data are relevant because differences in particle size distribution and composition affect functionality, sensory acceptability, nutritional properties, and shelf life of whole wheat flour.
Modelling the sputtering of Au surfaces using a multi time-scale technique
Authors: Scott Chris , Smith Roger 
Published: December 2012

We present results from an atomistic computer simulation model of the sputtering of gold crystal surfaces under 500 eV ion bombardment by Au and Ar ions for doses up to 10
14
ions cm
−2
. The multi time-scale technique uses molecular dynamics to calculate the fast ballistic collision processes in the early stages of the cascade, whereas an on-the fly kinetic Monte Carlo technique is used to model the relaxation and diffusion processes between successive ion impacts when the defect motion has begun to be dominated by rare events. The results indicate a large amount of crystalline recovery between impacts, some facetting of the crystal surfaces but no large sub-surface defect accumulation. Because of this recovery process, sputtering yields and energy distributions are in good agreement with those obtained assuming a perfect crystal surface and also with those experimentally measured.
Adherence to MRI protocol consensus guidelines in multiple sclerosis: An Australian multi‐centre study
Authors: Curley Michael , Josey Lawrence , Lucas Robyn , Dear Keith , Taylor Bruce V , Coulthard Alan ,   Ausimmune Investigator Group, Chapman Caron , Coulthard Alan , Dear Keith , Dwyer Terry , Kilpatrick Trevor , Lucas Robyn , McMichael Tony , Pender Michael P , Ponsonby Anne‐Louise , Taylor Bruce , Valery Patricia , van der Mei Ingrid , Williams David 
Published: December 2012

AbstractIntroductionMultiple sclerosis (MS) is a debilitating disease that causes significant morbidity within a young demographic. Diagnostic guidelines for MS have evolved, and imaging has played an increasingly important role in diagnosis over the last two decades. For imaging to contribute to diagnosis in a meaningful way, it must be reproducible. Consensus guidelines for MRI in MS exist to define correct sequence type and imaging technique, but it is not clear to what extent they are followed. This study reviewed MRI studies performed on Australian individuals presenting with a first clinical diagnosis of central nervous system demyelination (FCD) for adherence to published guidelines and discussed practical implementation of MS guidelines in light of recent updates.MethodsThe Ausimmune study was a prospective case control study of Australian participants presenting with FCD from 2003 to 2006. Baseline cranial and spinal cord MRI studies of 226 case participants from four separate Australian regions were reviewed. MRI sequences were classified according to anatomical location, slice plane, tissue weighting and use of gadolinium‐containing contrast media. Results were compared with the 2003 Consortium of Multiple Sclerosis Centres MRI protocol for the diagnosis of MS.ResultsThe composition of core cranial MRI sequences performed varied across the 226 scans. Of the studies, 91% included sagittal fluid attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) sequences. Cranial axial T2‐weighted, axial FLAIR and axial proton density‐weighted sequences were performed in 88%, 60% and 16% (respectively) of scans. Only 25% of the studies included a T1‐weighted contrast‐enhanced sequence. Concordance with the guidelines in all sequences was very low (2).ConclusionOnly a small number of MRI investigations performed included all of the sequences stipulated by consensus guidelines. This is likely due to poor awareness in the imaging community of the guidelines and the rationale behind certain sequences. Radiologists with a sub‐speciality interest in neuroradiology should take ownership of this issue and ensure that recommended imaging guidelines are followed.
Regional venous oxygen saturation versus mixed venous saturation after paediatric cardiac surgery
Authors: MORENO G. E. , PILÁN M. L. , MANARA C. , MAGLIOLA R. , VASSALLO J. C. , BALESTRINI M. , LENZ A. M. , KRYNSKI M. , ALTHABE M. , LANDRY L. 
Published: December 2012

BackgroundCentral venous oxygen saturation (ScvO2) remains the gold standard surrogate for tissue oxygen extraction in paediatric cardiac surgery. Near‐infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) has been developed as a non‐invasive diagnostic tool for regional oxygen saturation. The aim was to compare regional oxygen saturation measured by NIRS with ScvO2 in postoperative paediatric cardiac patients.MethodsIn this prospective study, we included newborns and infants younger than 45 days undergoing heart surgery. We recorded continuous ScvO2 and NIRS regional saturation placed on the forehead (B) and right flank (S) for 48 h postoperatively. A Bland–Altman's analysis was used to assess the agreement between these measurements.ResultsA total of 23 patients were included with a median age of 12 days (2–46) and median weight of 3.1 kg (2.3–4.47). The mean difference (MD) ScvO2‐ B NIRS was 10.45% with limits of agreement (LOA) −17.23 to 38.13% and ScvO2‐ S NIRS MD 7.16% with LOA: −25.51 to 39.84%. The single ventricle ScvO2‐ S NIRS subgroup had MD within ± 5%; however, wide LOA was observed. The remaining subgroups showed MD nearly above ± 5%, with wide LOA.ConclusionsThe regional oxygen saturation of brain and kidney did not match ScvO2 as estimation of global tissue perfusion. Nevertheless, NIRS may still provide information regarding regional circulation that may help in the management of neonatal cardiac surgery patients.
Ethical Considerations in Education Research in Emergency Medicine
Authors: Kraus Chadd K. , Guth Todd , Richardson Derek , Kane Bryan , Marco Catherine A. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThe 2012 Academic Emergency Medicine consensus conference on education research in emergency medicine (EM) addressed various issues, including that of ethics in medical education research for EM. Education research in EM is essential to patient care and safety, and with recent advances in simulation and the advent of the Milestones project, it will become even more vital. Education research in EM is guided by the same principles that guide the ethical conduct of all human subjects' research: respect for persons, beneficence, and justice. Regulatory provisions and widely accepted ethical standards provide a framework for research in EM education; however, special considerations exist for education research. To ensure patient and trainee safety and to maintain the integrity of new knowledge, ethical considerations should remain at the forefront of EM education research. For EM education researchers, recognition of the vulnerability of residents, medical students, and others as research subjects is paramount. This article fills an important gap by outlining the principles guiding education research in EM, exploring the ethical challenges and approaches to education research, and offering a framework and future directions for the ethical conduct of education research in EM.
Reflections on the Consensus Process: A Leadership Role for Emergency Medicine in Educational Scholarship and Practice Across Health Care
Authors: Gordon James A. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractIn just a few decades, emergency medicine (EM) has assumed a leadership role in medical education across many academic medical centers. This rapid evolution suggests medical education as a natural priority area for EM scholarship. This year's Academic Emergency Medicine consensus conference provides an ideal forum to focus on educational research as a core element of the specialty's academic portfolio.