bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of maize seed treatments for Pratylenchus zeae control
Authors: de Souza Confort Pedro Marcus , Inomoto Mário M. 
Published: July 2015

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of maize (Zea mays) seed treatments for the control of Pratylenchus zeae under glasshouse conditions. Seeds of the maize hybrid DKB390 treated with thiametoxam, thiametoxam + abamectin and imidacloprid + thiodicarb were used as treatments. The treated maize seeds were sown in plastic cups containing soil inoculated with 200 nematodes (juveniles and females). Two of the four experiments that were done were evaluated at 60 and 90 days after sowing (DAS). The first experiment was evaluated 30, 60 and 90 DAS, and the fourth experiment only at 90 DAS. Fresh root mass and total nematodes extracted and counted from roots of each plant were used as the assessment criteria. All seed treatments tested showed a degree of efficacy in reducing the reproduction rates of P. zeae under glasshouse conditions. The imidacloprid + thiodicarb treatment showed consistent results in all replications of all four experiments, often being the one resulting in the lowest P. zeae density. The thiametoxam + abamectin treatment was also effective in reducing nematode numbers and differed significantly from the control treatments for all four experiments. Thiametoxam used on its own as a seed treatment proved to be as effective as the mixture with abamectin in two of the four experiments and does not provide consistent results in terms of reducing P. zeae population levels.
Parasitodiplogaster citrinema is an internal necrophagous species of the pollinating fig wasp Pegoscapus tonduzi
Authors: Ramírez-Benavides William , Salazar-Figueroa Luis 
Published: July 2015

Parasitodiplogaster has been considered to be an internal specialised parasite of the pollinating fig wasps. We found that the second-stage juveniles of Parasitodiplogaster citrinema emerge directly from the eggs retained in the ovaries, penetrate the adult female wasps at their eclosion from their galls, and moult to inactive dauers. Parasitodiplogaster dauers are ensheathed, and do not abandon the living host, while the pre-adults become necrophagous inside the wasp cadaver. The adult nematodes emerge from the wasp’s cadaver 72 h (up to 240 h) after the wasp perishes. Parasitodiplogaster citrinema was found to be proovigenic, has about 15 developed eggs in each oviduct and is ovoviviparous. Unfed caged adult female wasps remained alive for 65 h despite being infected. The dauers do not feed or grow inside the living hosts, and the adults seem to feed on dead fig tissues.
Comparative Assessment of COSMIC Radio Occultation Data and TIMED/SABER Satellite Data over China
Authors: Fan Z. Q. , Sheng Z. , Shi H. Q. , Yi X. , Jiang Y. , Zhu E. Z. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractThe accuracy of temperature data from the Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere and Climate (COSMIC) radio occultation and Thermosphere, Ionosphere, Mesosphere Energetics, and Dynamics/Sounding of the Atmosphere using Broadband Emission Radiometry (TIMED/SABER) observation over China is analyzed. High-resolution sounding data are used to assess the accuracy of these two kinds of satellite observation data at corresponding heights, and the two sets of data are compared in the height range 15–40 km. Very good agreement between radiosondes and COSMIC is observed in the stratosphere. In the troposphere COSMIC temperatures are about 2 K higher than the radiosonde observations. SABER detection at 15–32 km agrees well with a maximum warm bias of ~2 K around 25-km altitude. The comparison between SABER and COSMIC for altitudes 15–40 km also indicates higher temperatures of SABER in the lower stratosphere. The standard deviations are all greater than 2.5 K and are larger near 15 km and smallest at 20 km. The temperature deviation and in particular the standard deviation comparing SABER and COSMIC changes with altitude, season, and latitude. The results of this comparative assessment can offer a basis for research into the application of COSMIC and TIMED/SABER over China.
A Numerical Study on the Attitudes and Aerodynamics of Freely Falling Hexagonal Ice Plates
Authors: Cheng Kai-Yuan , Wang Pao K. , Hashino Tempei 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
The fall attitudes and the flow fields of falling hexagonal ice plates are studied by numerically solving the transient incompressible Navier–Stokes equation for flow past ice plates and the body dynamics equations representing the 6-degrees-of-freedom motion that determine the position and orientation of the ice plates in response to the hydrodynamic force of the flow fields. The ice plates investigated are from 1 to 10 mm in diameter, and the corresponding Reynolds number ranges from 46 to 974. The results indicate that the 1-mm plate generates a steady flow field and exhibits a steady motion, whereas the rest of the ice plates generate unsteady flow fields and exhibit unsteady motions, including horizontal translation, rotation, and axial oscillation. The horizontal translation is primarily determined by the inclination due to oscillation. The pressure distributions around the falling plates are examined and discussed in association with the oscillation. The vortex structure in the wake of the plate is examined. Empirical formulas for fall speed, oscillation frequency, and drag coefficient are given. Potential impacts of the fall attitudes and flow characteristics on the microphysics of ice plates are discussed.
Robust Future Changes in Temperature Variability under Greenhouse Gas Forcing and the Relationship with Thermal Advection
Authors: Holmes Caroline R. , Woollings Tim , Hawkins Ed , de Vries Hylke 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Recent temperature extremes have highlighted the importance of assessing projected changes in the variability of temperature as well as the mean. A large fraction of present-day temperature variance is associated with thermal advection, as anomalous winds blow across the land–sea temperature contrast, for instance. Models project robust heterogeneity in the twenty-first-century warming pattern under greenhouse gas forcing, resulting in land–sea temperature contrasts increasing in summer and decreasing in winter and the pole-to-equator temperature gradient weakening in winter. In this study, future changes in monthly variability of near-surface temperature in the 17-member ensemble ESSENCE (Ensemble Simulations of Extreme Weather Events under Nonlinear Climate Change) are assessed. In winter, variability in midlatitudes decreases whereas in very high latitudes and the tropics it increases. In summer, variability increases over most land areas and in the tropics, with decreasing variability in high latitude oceans. Multiple regression analysis is used to determine the contributions to variability changes from changing temperature gradients and circulation patterns. Thermal advection is found to be of particular importance in the Northern Hemisphere winter midlatitudes, where the change in mean state temperature gradients alone could account for over half the projected changes. Changes in thermal advection are also found to be important in summer in Europe and coastal areas, although less so than in winter. Comparison with CMIP5 data shows that the midlatitude changes in variability are robust across large regions, particularly high northern latitudes in winter and middle northern latitudes in summer.
Bias Correction of GCM Precipitation by Quantile Mapping: How Well Do Methods Preserve Changes in Quantiles and Extremes?
Authors: Cannon Alex J. , Sobie Stephen R. , Murdock Trevor Q. 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Quantile mapping bias correction algorithms are commonly used to correct systematic distributional biases in precipitation outputs from climate models. Although they are effective at removing historical biases relative to observations, it has been found that quantile mapping can artificially corrupt future model-projected trends. Previous studies on the modification of precipitation trends by quantile mapping have focused on mean quantities, with less attention paid to extremes. This article investigates the extent to which quantile mapping algorithms modify global climate model (GCM) trends in mean precipitation and precipitation extremes indices. First, a bias correction algorithm, quantile delta mapping (QDM), that explicitly preserves relative changes in precipitation quantiles is presented. QDM is compared on synthetic data with detrended quantile mapping (DQM), which is designed to preserve trends in the mean, and with standard quantile mapping (QM). Next, methods are applied to phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) daily precipitation projections over Canada. Performance is assessed based on precipitation extremes indices and results from a generalized extreme value analysis applied to annual precipitation maxima. QM can inflate the magnitude of relative trends in precipitation extremes with respect to the raw GCM, often substantially, as compared to DQM and especially QDM. The degree of corruption in the GCM trends by QM is particularly large for changes in long period return values. By the 2080s, relative changes in excess of +500% with respect to historical conditions are noted at some locations for 20-yr return values, with maximum changes by DQM and QDM nearing +240% and +140%, respectively, whereas raw GCM changes are never projected to exceed +120%.
Role of Longwave Cloud–Radiation Feedback in the Simulation of the Madden–Julian Oscillation
Authors: Kim Daehyun , Ahn Min-Seop , Kang In-Sik , Del Genio Anthony D. 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
The role of the cloud–radiation interaction in the simulation of the Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO) is investigated. A special focus is on the enhancement of column-integrated diabatic heating due to the greenhouse effects of clouds and moisture in the region of anomalous convection. The degree of this enhancement, the greenhouse enhancement factor (GEF), is measured at different precipitation anomaly regimes as the negative ratio of anomalous outgoing longwave radiation to anomalous precipitation.
Observations show that the GEF varies significantly with precipitation anomaly and with the MJO cycle. The greenhouse enhancement is greater in weak precipitation anomaly regimes and its effectiveness decreases monotonically with increasing precipitation anomaly. The GEF also amplifies locally when convection is strengthened in association with the MJO, especially in the weak precipitation anomaly regime (&lt;5 mm day−1).
A robust statistical relationship is found among CMIP5 climate model simulations between the GEF and the MJO simulation fidelity. Models that simulate a stronger MJO also simulate a greater GEF, especially in the weak precipitation anomaly regime (&lt;5 mm day−1). Models with a greater GEF in the strong precipitation anomaly regime (&gt;30 mm day−1) represent a slightly slower MJO propagation speed. Many models that lack the MJO underestimate the GEF in general and in particular in the weak precipitation anomaly regime. The results herein highlight that the cloud–radiation interaction is a crucial process for climate models to correctly represent the MJO.
Influence of illusory kinesthesia by vibratory tendon stimulation on acute pain after surgery for distal radius fractures: a quasi-randomized controlled study
Authors: Imai Ryota , Osumi Michihiro , Morioka Shu 
Published: July 2015

Objectives: We investigated the effects of inducing an illusion of motion by tendon vibration on sensory and emotional aspects of pain and range of motion in patients with fractures of the distal radius. Design: A quasi-randomized controlled trial. Setting: Kawachi General Hospital, Japan. Subjects: A total of 26 patients with fractures of the distal radius were distributed quasi-randomly to either the illusory kinesthesia group ( n = 13) or control group ( n = 13). Intervention: The intervention was performed on seven consecutive days from postoperative Day 1. Evaluation was performed at seven days, one month, and two months after the surgery. Main measures: Data were collected for pain at rest, movement pain, the pain catastrophizing scale, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, and range of motion. Results: The illusory kinesthesia group reported improved pain at rest ( p < 0.001), movement pain ( p < 0.001), pain catastrophizing scale ( p < 0.001), Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale ( p < 0.01), and range of motion ( p < 0.05) compared with the control group at seven days, one month, and two months after the surgery. The mean (SD) score of the visual analogue scale of pain at rest was 51.3 (16.8) at one day and 4.2 (4.7) at seven days in the illusory kinesthesia group, and 56.8 (22.1) at one day and 35.5 (16.2) at seven days in the control group. Conclusion: Illusory kinesthesia group improves the sensory and emotion aspects of pain in patients with fractures of the distal radius.
Systematic review of adjunct therapies to improve outcomes following botulinum toxin injection for treatment of limb spasticity
Authors: Mills Patricia Branco , Finlayson Heather , Sudol Malgorzata , O’Connor Russell 
Published: July 2015

Objective: To determine the quality of evidence from randomized controlled trials on the efficacy of adjunct therapies following botulinum toxin injections for limb spasticity. Data sources: MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials electronic databases were searched for English language human studies from 1980 to 21 May 2015. Study selection: Randomized controlled trials assessing adjunct therapies postbotulinum toxin injection for treatment of spasticity were included. Of the 268 studies screened, 17 met selection criteria. Data extraction: Two reviewers independently assessed risk of bias using the Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) scale and graded according to Sackett’s levels of evidence. Data synthesis: Ten adjunct therapies were identified. Evidence suggests that adjunct use of electrical stimulation, modified constraint-induced movement therapy, physiotherapy (all Level 1), casting and dynamic splinting (both Level 2) result in improved Modified Ashworth Scale scores by at least 1 grade. There is Level 1 and 2 evidence that adjunct taping, segmental muscle vibration, cyclic functional electrical stimulation, and motorized arm ergometer may not improve outcomes compared with botulinum toxin injections alone. There is Level 1 evidence that casting is better than taping, taping is better than electrical stimulation and stretching, and extracorporeal shock wave therapy is better than electrical stimulation for outcomes including the Modified Ashworth Scale, range of motion and gait. All results are based on single studies. Conclusion: There is high level evidence to suggest that adjunct therapies may improve outcomes following botulinum toxin injection. No results have been confirmed by independent replication. All interventions would benefit from further study.
The effectiveness of behaviour change interventions to increase physical activity participation in people with multiple sclerosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Sangelaji Bahram , Smith Catherin M , Paul Lorna , Sampath Kesava Kovanur , Treharne Gareth J , Hale Leigh Anne 
Published: July 2015

Objective: A systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted to illustrate whether people with multiple sclerosis engage in more physical activity following behaviour change interventions. Data resources: MEDLINE, CINAHL, PubMed, Web of Sciences, Cochrane Library, SCOPUS, EMBASE and PEDro were searched from their inception till 30 April 2015. Trial selection: Randomized and clinical controlled trials that used behaviour change interventions to increase physical activity in people with multiple sclerosis were selected, regardless of type or duration of multiple sclerosis or disability severity. Data extraction: Data extraction was conducted by two independent reviewers and the Cochrane Collaboration’s recommended method was used to assess the risk of bias of each included study. Results: A total of 19 out of 573 studies were included. Focusing on trials without risk of bias, meta-analysis showed that behaviour change interventions can significantly increase physical activity participation (z = 2.20, p = 0.03, standardised main difference 0.65, 95% confidence interval 0.07 to 1.22, 3 trials, I2 = 68%) (eight to 12 weeks’ duration). Behaviour change interventions did not significantly impact on the physical components of quality of life or fatigue. Conclusion: Behaviour change interventions provided for relatively short duration (eight to 12 weeks) may increase the amount of physical activity people with multiple sclerosis engage in, but appear to have no effect on the physical components of quality of life and fatigue. Further high quality investigations of the efficacy of behaviour change interventions to increase physical activity participation that focus on dose, long-term impact and method of delivery are warranted for people with multiple sclerosis.
Protein microarray with horseradish peroxidase chemiluminescence for quantification of serum α-fetoprotein
Authors: Zhao Yuanshun , Zhang Yonghong , Lin Dongdong , Li Kang , Yin Chengzeng , Liu Xiuhong , Jin Boxun , Sun Libo , Liu Jinhua , Zhang Aiying , Li Ning 
Published: July 2015

Objectives To develop and evaluate a protein microarray assay with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) chemiluminescence for quantification of α-fetoprotein (AFP) in serum from patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Methods A protein microarray assay for AFP was developed. Serum was collected from patients with HCC and healthy control subjects. AFP was quantified using protein microarray and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results Serum AFP concentrations determined via protein microarray were positively correlated ( r = 0.973) with those determined via ELISA in patients with HCC ( n = 60) and healthy control subjects ( n = 30). Protein microarray showed 80% sensitivity and 100% specificity for HCC diagnosis. ELISA had 83.3% sensitivity and 100% specificity. Protein microarray effectively distinguished between patients with HCC and healthy control subjects (area under ROC curve 0.974; 95% CI 0.000, 1.000). Conclusion Protein microarray is a rapid, simple and low-cost alternative to ELISA for detecting AFP in human serum.
The match between everyday technology in public space and the ability of working-age people with acquired brain injury to use it
Authors: Malinowsky Camilla , Larsson-Lund Maria 
Published: July 2015

Introduction In today's society, the access to and use of everyday technology, such as cell phones and internet-based services, can be claimed as a condition for participation in many tasks in everyday life. This study aims to determine and compare levels of perceived access to and difficulties in the use of common everyday technologies in public space, among people with acquired brain injury compared with controls. Methods The perceived access to and difficulty in the use of 14 everyday technologies were investigated in a sample with acquired brain injury ( n = 59; returned to work, n = 28; not returned to work, n = 31) and matched controls ( n = 52) using the everyday technology use questionnaire. Findings Perceived access to the everyday technologies was generally high. The potential to use each of the everyday technologies independently or with minor difficulties significantly differed between controls and persons with acquired brain injury in eight of the 14 everyday technologies. In particular, difficulties were found among those persons with acquired brain injury who had not returned to work. Conclusion People with acquired brain injury perceive that they have access to everyday technologies commonly used in public space, but the everyday technology difficulty is not always satisfactorily matched to their ability to use it. To enable participation in society, it is important to consider both the accessibility and usability of everyday technology.
The Culturally Diverse Nursing Student
Authors: Clary Muronda Valerie 
Published: July 2015

Purpose: The purpose of this article is to discuss the facilitators and barriers to the retention and graduation of the culturally diverse nursing student using the social ecological model (SEM). Design: Literature review. Method: A review of the literature was conducted and the SEM was used to evaluate the facilitators and barriers to the success of culturally diverse nursing students. Findings: The SEM is an appropriate means to evaluate the facilitators and barriers to the retention and success of the culturally diverse nursing student. Researchers link health disparities in marginalized populations with diversity of the health care workforce. Consequently, the SEM provides a multidimensional view of the problem of focus, while providing a guide for the development for sustainable solutions to address the issues. Additional research is necessary using a social determinant of health model such as the SEM to facilitate dialogue and change in current retention strategies.
The effect of oral immunomodulatory therapy on treatment uptake and persistence in multiple sclerosis
Authors: Warrender-Sparkes Matthew , Spelman Tim , Izquierdo Guillermo , Trojano Maria , Lugaresi Alessandra , Grand’Maison François , Havrdova Eva , Horakova Dana , Boz Cavit , Oreja-Guevara Celia , Alroughani Raed , Iuliano Gerardo , Duquette Pierre , Girard Marc , Terzi Murat , Hupperts Raymond , Grammond Pierre , Petersen Thor , Fernandez-Bolaños Ricardo , Fiol Marcela , Pucci Eugenio , Lechner-Scott Jeannette , Verheul Freek , Cristiano Edgardo , Van Pesch Vincent , Petkovska-Boskova Tatjana , Moore Fraser , Kister Ilya , Bergamaschi Roberto , Saladino Maria Laura , Slee Mark , Barnett Michael , Amato Maria Pia , Shaw Cameron , Shuey Neil , Young Carolyn , Gray Orla , Kappos Ludwig , Butzkueven Helmut , Kalincik Tomas , Jokubaitis Vilija ,   on behalf of the MSBase study group
Published: July 2015

Objective: We aimed to analyse the effect of the introduction of fingolimod, the first oral disease-modifying therapy, on treatment utilisation and persistence in an international cohort of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). Methods: MSBASIS, a prospective, observational sub-study of the MSBase registry, collects demographic, clinical and paraclinical data on patients followed from MS onset ( n=4718). We conducted a multivariable conditional risk set survival analysis to identify predictors of treatment discontinuation, and to assess if the introduction of fingolimod has altered treatment persistence. Results: A total of 2640 patients commenced immunomodulatory therapy. Following the introduction of fingolimod, patients were more likely to discontinue all other treatments (hazard ratio 1.64, p<0.001) while more patients switched to fingolimod than any other therapy (42.3% of switches). Patients switched to fingolimod due to convenience. Patients treated with fingolimod were less likely to discontinue treatment compared with other therapies ( p<0.001). Female sex, country of residence, younger age, a high Expanded Disability Status Scale score and relapse activity were all independently associated with higher rates of treatment discontinuation. Conclusion: Following the availability of fingolimod, patients were more likely to discontinue injectable treatments. Those who switched to fingolimod were more likely to do so for convenience. Persistence was improved on fingolimod compared to other medications.